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 LI PPINCOTT-^PRONOUNCINC GAZETTEER. 
 
 ^^ REVISED EDITION.-1866. 
 
 A COMPLETE 
 
 PRONOUNCING GAZEHEER; 
 
 OB 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ORLD. 
 
 CONTAININQ A NOTICE AND THE 
 
 ^vonmwiattott of tftc ^mm 
 
 OF NEARLY ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PLACES. 
 
 RECENT AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION RESPECTING THE COUNTRIES, ISLANDS, RIVERS, 
 MOUNTAINS, CITIES, TOWNS, &c., IN EVERY PORTION OF THE GLOBE. 
 
 Scbisttr ibition, t|titl^ m Sppcnbix BICL107H£ 
 
 CONTAIKIXa NEAKLY «_/. C*f,(' C.t/f * 
 
 ?.r:.\ F?:Ar;c 
 
 TEIV TH:OXJSA.Pfr> IVEW NOTICES 
 
 AND THE MOST RECENT STATISTICAL INFORMATION, ACCORDING TO THE LATEST 
 CENSUS RETURNS, OF THE UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 J. THOMAS M.D., AND T. BALDWIN, ^ 
 
 ASSISTED BT 8EVSBAL OTHEK Q£ML£1I£K. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 1868, 
 
 CO 
 

 Entered according to Act of Coiigresa, in the year 1866, by 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT 4 CO., 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 

 PREFACE TO THE EEVISED EDITIOIN. 
 
 In the attempt to render the present edition of the Gazetteer every way 
 worthy of the favor which has been so liberally bestowed upon the work ever 
 since its first appearance, no expense or labor has been spared. Not only 
 has an Appendix containing nearly 10,000 new articles (chiefly relating 
 to the United States) been added ; but every portion of the work has been 
 subjected to a careful revision ; and a vast number of such alterations and 
 corrections as the lapse of ten progressive years has rendered necessary, 
 have been made. Even in the department of pronunciation, a few errors 
 which a more thorough investigation of the subject by the editors had 
 brought to light, have been corrected. And besides the liberal addition of 
 new matter contained in the Appendix, a very large portion of the body 
 of the work has been re-written, and the most recent statistics of manu- 
 factures, commerce, «&c., that could be procured, have been inserted. It should 
 be observed, however, that in some instances exceptions have been made to 
 this rule, especially in regard to places difficult of access on account of recent 
 military operations; and some others, of which any accurate description 
 as they exist at present, — whether they have directly suifered by the ravages 
 of war, or their prosperity has been largely modified by a temporary change 
 in their industrial pursuits, — would afford a far less correct view of their 
 intrinsic importance than would be given by their original notices. 
 
 It should be observed that the populations of places in the United States, 
 when no date is given, have reference to the census of 1860. The popula- 
 tions of the states, cities, and principal towns of Europe have been taken 
 from the most recent census of the respective countries to which they 
 belong. 
 
 It remains for us to express our cordial thanks to those of our friends who 
 in various parts of the Union have furnished us with fresh and valuable infor- 
 mation, without which we should have been unable to have given any ade- 
 
 iii 
 
iV PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. 
 
 quate view to the changes and improvements which have taken place in 
 many of the most flourishing towns and villages in the United States. 
 
 Our particular acknowledgments are due to the Hon. Joseph C, G. Kennedy, 
 Superintendent of the Census, by whose courtesy and kindness we have been 
 furnished with the advanced sheets containing the statistics of manufactures, 
 and various other important items, so that it has not been necessary for us 
 to delay our work till the several volumes of the census were published. 
 
 Kor must we omit to mention our important obligations to the editors of the 
 National Almanac (1864) for the valuable assistance which we have derived 
 from their labors, more especially in regard to the statistics of educational, 
 charitable, and other institutions. 
 
 Our warmest thanks are also due to Lorin Blodget, Esq. (of the Trea- 
 sury Department), to whose kindly and generous words of encouragement, 
 no less than to his direct assistance, we have been especially indebtod. durinsr 
 the anxieties and toils of our most arduous task. 
 
 Philadelphia, January, 1R66 
 
 ik 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The recently increased facilities for travel, and the unexampled extension of commercial 
 relations, which, -within a few years, have been established between the remotest portions ot 
 the globe, give at the present time an extraordinary interest and importance to every thing 
 relating to the science of Geography. Hence, a Geographical Dictionary — a work to which 
 the reader may refer, not merely to ascertain the position of any place he may be in search 
 of, but also, if occasion require, to inform himself of its advantages as a place of residence, 
 or of its importance as a centre of commerce or manufactures — becomes a desideratum — 
 almost a necessity — to every intelligent person. 
 
 The value of a work of this class, it is obvious, must depend entirely — first, on the fulness 
 and accuracy of the information which it contains, and secondly, upon the facility of refer- 
 ence, or, in other words, upon the convenience with which the information sought for may 
 be obtained. In both of these respects the present Gazetteer will be found, it is believed, 
 far superior to every other. 
 
 In preparing this work, it has been the aim of the editors not merely to supply the 
 more obvious deficiencies of previous gazetteers, but, if possible, to produce a geogra- 
 phical dictionary as comprehensive in its plan, as perfect in its arrangement, and as com- 
 plete and accurate in its execution, as the best dictionary of the English language. With 
 this object, they have used, as the basis of their work, the best and most recent of the English 
 gazetteers, two of which are conspicuous for their superiority over all other works of this 
 class that have yet appeared — Johnston's Geographical Dictionarv, and the Imperial 
 Gazetteer. The former has the merit of great completeness, as well as extraordinary 
 general accuracy ; and — what is no small praise — to almost every article is given a space 
 and prominence very nearly proportioned to its real importance. On the other hand, the 
 Imperial Gazetteer possesses the great advantage of being not only far more extensive, but 
 more recent by several years : we should hazard little in saying that since the publication 
 of Malte Brun's great work, there has been no single contribution to geography of anything 
 like equal importance, whether we regard the amount of valuable and original matter con- 
 tained, or the eminent ability with which most of the important articles have been written. 
 
 While freely and cordially acknowledging our great obligations to the above works, we 
 may remark that the present gazetteer will be found to embody, it is believed, whatever is 
 most valuable in both, and, at the same time, to comprise a vast amount of important matter 
 not contained in either, but derived from a great variety of sources, including publications 
 in all the principal European languages. In regard to the number of names, it may be 
 observed that our work contains about two and a half times as many as the Imperial 
 Gazetteer, and more than twice as many names and nearly three times as much matter 
 as Johnston's Geographical Dictionary. 
 
 In regard to every thing that relates to our own country, the Gazetteer of the United 
 States, by the editors of the present volume, has been adopted as the principal authority. 
 It is, however, important to observe, that, in the preparation of this work, the Gazetteer 
 
 V 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 of the Uriited States has undergone a complete revision, and a vast amount of new matter 
 has been added, especially in relation to commerce, railways, &c. 
 
 Particular attention has been given in the present work to the subject of statistics, which, 
 from the late unparalleled extension of commerce, and various other causes, has recently 
 acquired an interest and importance which it never possessed before. Never at any former 
 period has so much been done by governments, or by societies established for this express 
 object in all civilized nations, to promote this branch of knowledge, and bring statistical 
 information of every kind within the reach of all who may feel an interest in such inquiries. 
 Of the vast amount of materials thus accumulated, the editors have assiduously labored to 
 embody in their work all the most interesting and important results ; and in this respect, 
 whether we regard fulnjess, accuracy, or recentness of information, the present gazetteer 
 will be found, it is believed, far superior, on the whole, to every other work of the kind 
 yet published. — It may be observed, in this connection, that, in preparing this gazetteer, 
 all foreign measures have been changed into English, and foreign currencies into Federal 
 and sterling money — the use of the latter being, with but few exceptions, limited to 
 Great Britain and her colonies. 
 
 In addition to its great distinguishing characteristic, pronunciation, (which will be 
 treated of at length in another place,) the present work will be found to possess several 
 other important features, either entirely original, or else exhibited here in a form far more 
 complete than in any other gazetteer. Among others, we would particularly call attention 
 to the following : — 
 
 First. The adjective and appellation of the inhabitant, derived from the names of the 
 countries, cities, &c., have been added, whenever these appeared to be sanctioned by usage, 
 or by the authority of some writer of established reputation. Thus, from Denmark we 
 derive the adjective Danish and the noun Dane; from Bootan we have Booteea as the 
 name of the inhabitant ; from Scio, Sciot or Sciote, &c. This feature is essential to the 
 character of a complete gazetteer, and is the more indispensable, because the greater 
 number of this numerous class of words (which with the progress of geographical know- 
 ledge are daily coming into more frequent use) are not to be found in the most complete 
 dictionaries of the English language, nor in any other book of reference whatever. In 
 order to add as much as possible to the utility of this part of the work, whenever the 
 adjective or appellation of the inhabitant would, in their proper alphabetical place, be 
 materially removed from the name to which they belong, a reference has been inserted ; 
 thus, from Dane and Danish the inquirer is referred to Denmark; from Singhalese and 
 Cingalese, to Ceylon, &c. &c. It may be remarked that words of this class are invariably 
 added at the end of the article treating of the countries, cities, &c. to which they belong. 
 
 Secondly. The ancient or classical names of places in the Eastern continent have been 
 added, in the present work, to the modern or popular name, whenever we have found them 
 supported by good authority. Names of this class, it is true, are frequently given in other 
 gazetteers ; but, so far as we are acquainted, no care has been taken to distinguish between 
 those which are merely conjectural, and those which are generally recognised by the best 
 classical authorities. The former are often given without any qualification or mark of 
 doubt, even when there is the strongest reason to believe them erroneous ; while the latter, 
 though supported by the most unquestionable authority, are not unfrequently omitted 
 altogether. Great attention has been bestowed on this subject in the present gazetteer. 
 The best classical works have been carefully consulted, and many ancient names, not to bo 
 found in the best English geographical dictionaries, have been inserted in this ; while all 
 those which appeared t^' be in anywise doubtful have been marked with a point of infierro- 
 
PREFACE. vil 
 
 gation. A reference, moreover, has been inserted from every important classical name to 
 the modern name ; thus, from Agrigentum there is a reference to Girgenti ; from Athesis, 
 to Adige ; from Ccesaraugusta, to Saragossa ; from Eboracum, to York ; from Tamesis, to 
 Thames, &c. &c. Hence, so far as regards ancient geography, this gazetteer will be found 
 to supply, in a great measure, the place of a classical dictionary. 
 
 Thirdly, The signification of the names of places has very often been given, more 
 especially in cases where by such signification the name would be associated in the mind 
 of the reader with some important geographical or historical fact ; for example, Bombay, 
 signifying "good harbor;" Puerto Bello, "beautiful port;" Salado, (Rio,) "salt river;" 
 Kin-sha-kiang, "river of golden sands;" Ta-sieue-shan, "great snow mountain ;" San- 
 GuiNETTO, "bloody" rivulet; OesterreicJi, (Austria,) "eastern kingdom;" Tripoli, "three 
 cities." Such explanations will be found useful not merely by aiding the memory through 
 the power of association, but, by imparting to the study of geography the charm of greater 
 variety, will render the impressions received more pleasing and more vivid, and therefore 
 less likely to be forgotten. 
 
 For the greater convenience of those who may feel a particular interest in this subject, a 
 very full etymological vocabulary has been added at the end of the Gazetteer, exhibiting, 
 in a compact form, very convenient for consultation, ail or nearly all the most interesting 
 words of this class. With the exception of a very short list (without any examples, or other 
 explanation than the simple signification of the words) in the Imperial Gazetteer, this is, so 
 far as we are acquainted, the only vocabulary of the kind in the English language, and 
 will be found, it is believed, not only much fuller in respect to the number of names, but 
 more complete and satisfactory in the illustrations, than the best French or German voca- 
 bularies of this class. 
 
 Especial attention has been given to the subject of Arrangement, so all-important in 
 every work of reference. The larger articles are divided into sections distinguished by 
 headings which indicate at a glance the part where the inquirer must look for the partic- 
 ular information he may be in search of. Under the head of "Objects of Interest to 
 Tourists" (in the articles on the difierent States) is comprised a much greater variety of 
 subjects than would be implied in the common expression " Natural Curiosities " ; it 
 seemed proper, indeed, to include under this division not merely natural but artificial curi- 
 osities, — in short, everything of especial interest to the scientific and general inquirer. It 
 is customary in many of the most popular gazetteers to give all places having a common 
 name under one head — a method which often proves very confusing to the reader. In the 
 present work, each place is described under a distinct and separate head. This will be 
 found greatly to promote both facility and rapidity of reference. 
 
 In regard, indeed, to this great feature — convenience op reference — the present 
 work will be found, ifc is believed, incomparably superior, to all other gazetteers. 
 Nor will this language appear exaggerated, when it is remembered that this whole subject, 
 though of the highest practical importance, has, for some unaccountable reason, been here- 
 tofore almost entirely overlooked. Even the proper mode of spelling geographical names, 
 so essential to a clear and convenient alphabetical arrangement, appears to have received 
 scarcely any attention from those writers whose works are acknowledged to be among the 
 most valuable contributions to geographical science. 
 
 That the reader may be satisfied that we have not overestimated the importance ot this 
 subject, we propose to devote a brief space to its consideration. 
 
 Geographical names may properly be divided into twa great classes. The first division 
 comprises those which, in their native language, are written either in Roman letters, or else 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 in characters fUke the German and Greek) which can readily be converted into corresponding 
 Romaa letters. (See Introduction, X.) The mode of spelling such names is geaerally 
 uniforna, and the same in each of the different European languages. Thus, Etna — the 
 name by which the great volcanic mountain of Sicily is known to the Italians — is also the 
 English, French, German, Dutch, Sj)anish, and Portuguese name for the same mountain 
 So Latbach, the capital of Illyria, is not only the German, but the English, French, Italian, 
 and Spanish name. Thus, also, York, a city of England, is not merely the English name, 
 but the French, German, Dutch, Italiaiw Spanish, &o. The same rule holds true with 
 regard to a large majority of the names of Western and Southern Europe. The exceptions 
 (which are very few, compared with the whole number of names) will be spoken of in another 
 place. 
 
 The other division of geographical names, embraces those, which, in their native language, 
 are neither written in Roman letters, nor in characters that can be converted into correspond- 
 ing Roman letters: such are the Russian, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, &c. Names of this 
 class, with few if any exceptions, are written differently in the different European languages, 
 each nation aiming to express the sound or pronunciation of the foreign name by the letters 
 of its own tongue. Thus, for example, an Englishman visiting the capital of Fezzan, in 
 Northern Africa, and wishing to indicate the sound of the name as pronounced by the 
 inhabitants, would naturally write it Moorzook ; a Frenchman would write Motjrzoxjk ; a 
 German, Mursuk ; these various spellings being intended to represent precisely the same 
 sound. Again, if an Englishman wished to represent the native pronunciation of a certain 
 city of Persia, he would write it Shooster or Shustee ; a Frenchman would spell it Chou- 
 STER ; a German, Schuster ; an Italian, Sciuster ; a Portuguese, Chuster or Xuster, &c. ; 
 these being, in fact, the correct spellings of the above name in those different languages 
 respectively. 
 
 This mode or rule of writing African and Oriental names is, generally speaking, very 
 strictly adhered to by the greater number of French and German writers ;* but, unfortunately, 
 
 • It is worthy of remark that the French not only spell the names of those Asiatic countries which hare not submitted 
 to European domination — as Persia, China, &c. — according to the rule above giren, but even the names of British India, 
 although these might be considered, in some sense, as belonging to the same class as those of Western Europe. Accoii* 
 ingly, we have not merely 
 
 Freneh. 
 
 Badakhchan, for 
 
 English. 
 Buduklishan, 
 
 
 
 German. 
 
 (Badakhschan) 
 
 Beioutchistan, « 
 
 Beloochistan, 
 
 
 
 (Beludschistan) 
 
 Caboul, " 
 
 Cabool, 
 
 
 
 (Kabul) 
 
 Chiras, " 
 
 Sheeraz or Shlra*, 
 
 
 (Schiras) 
 
 Kirmanchah, " 
 
 Kermanshah, 
 
 
 
 (Kermanschab) 
 
 Mechhed, " 
 
 Meshed, 
 
 
 
 (Mesched) 
 
 Eecht, " 
 
 Reshd, 
 
 
 
 (Rescht) 
 
 Thian-chan, « 
 
 Thian-shan, 
 
 
 
 (Thian-schan) 
 
 Chan-si, « 
 
 Shan-see or Shan-si, 
 
 
 (Schan-si) 
 
 the most popular French geographical works. 
 
 examples like the following: — 
 
 French. 
 Adjmir, 
 
 instead of 
 
 
 English. 
 Ajmeer or AJmere. 
 
 rjelalabad. 
 
 « 
 
 
 Jelalabad. 
 
 DieypovLT, 
 
 « 
 
 
 Jeypoor. 
 
 
 Djessalmir, 
 
 M 
 
 
 Jessulmeer. 
 
 Hindoo, 
 
 M 
 
 
 Hindoo. 
 
 
 Halderabad, 
 
 M 
 
 
 Hyderabad. 
 
 Hougli, 
 
 K 
 
 
 Hoogly. 
 
 
 Malssour, 
 
 « 
 
 
 Mysore. 
 
 
 Ponnali, 
 
 M 
 
 
 Poonah. 
 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 the English geographers have, for the most part, pursued a very different course. InsfceacJ 
 of conforming to a rule which has the double merit of being simple and easy for the writer,* 
 and clear and satisfactory to the reader, they have, by sometimes writing in the French and 
 sometimes in the German mode, and not unfrequently combining the two in the same name.t 
 iavolved the department of Oriental geography in a confusion which is most perplexing t(? 
 all, and is absolutely inextricable to those who have not made this subject one of long and 
 laborious study. 
 
 Many of the foreign spellings found in the writings of English geographers have doubt- 
 less been taken from French and German works, the copyist neglecting to translate the 
 names, while making a translation of the rest of the book. 
 
 From these different causes, the evil in question has grown to such a magnitude, as not 
 merely to involve in hopeless perplexity those unacquainted with the theory of spelling such 
 names, but, in countless instances, to embarrass and mislead our ablest and most accurate 
 writers on Geography. In some remarks on this subject immediately following the Preface 
 of the Imperial Gazetteer, this language occurs : " The result of all this confusion 
 necessarily is that the Gazetteer is often consulted in vain, in consequence of the name being 
 looked for under a different spelling from that which has been adopted by the compiler." 
 But the most decisive testimony on this point is to be found in the evident misapprehen- 
 sions and errors contained in the works of those who are justly considered to stand in the 
 very foremost rank of English geographers. On Worcester's School Atlas, Shendy and 
 Chandi are given as two distinct towns of Abyssinia, while, in fact, the one is a French 
 and the other an English spelling of one and the same name. Similar errors are to be 
 found on other maps, remarkable for their general accuracy. In the Imperial Gazetteer 
 we find a description of a peculiar people of Persia under the head of Eels, while the same 
 people are again described under Iliyats. (See Fraser's " Khorasan," from which the 
 first article is taken, where " Illeyaut" is given as one of the forms of their name.) A 
 multitude of instances might be cited from our very best gazetteers, in which the same 
 place is described under two different heads, the error arising solely from adopting two 
 different modes of representing one and the same pronunciation. A few examples, selected 
 from a great number, will suflBce to illustrate and establish our assertion. In Johnston's 
 Geographical Dictionary, (which is especially full in regard to Oriental and Russian names,) 
 we find, among others, the following : — Boczoulouk and Bcsuluk, (the first being the French, 
 the second the German spelling — the two representing precisely the same sound,) described 
 under two distinct heads ; also Booro and Bouro ; Goonong Tella and Gunong Tella ; 
 Ghczel Hissar and Ghieuzel Hissar ; Hadjypoor and Hajypoor ; Lutzk and Luck, (the 
 former being the German, the latter the Polish mode of representing the same sound or 
 pronunciation — lootsk;) Jerim and Yerim, {j in German being exactly equivalent to y in 
 
 It may be remarked that the French names In the foregoing list, with one or two exceptions, represent the same 
 sound as the English, and are eyldently only a French translation of the English name. 
 
 It should be further observed, that, while the German geographers spell the names of other psurts of Asia (see the last 
 column in the first of the foregoing lists) according to the principle above stated, (that is, representing the sound of the 
 foreign name by the letters of their own language,) they generally write the names of British India after the English 
 mode; as, IItderabad, Jevpooe, Mysore, &c. They usually write, however, Hiigli instead of Hoogit. 
 
 • Of course, reference is here made to an English traveller writing the name for the first time. It certainly would be 
 qaite as easy, to say the least, for an Englishman to represent any given sound in such a name by the letters of his 
 mother tongue as by those of a foreign language. 
 
 f As Ahutige, (more properly Abutisch or Aboutige; better Abootizh;) itourzuk, (more properly Mukspk, Mourzock 
 or Moorzook;) Vrghendj, (more properly Urqenz, Ourghexdj or Oorghenj;) Voronetch, (more properly Vorosw, Woi.o 
 RESca or Voronezh.) 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 English ;) Jalutrovsk and Yalutorovsk ; Jizdra and Shisdra, {j in French and sh in 
 German ])eing employed to indicate the sound of eh in English ;) Menselinsk and Menze- 
 i,iNSK, {s in German being used to denote the same sound as z in English or French :) 
 MooTAPiLLY and Moutapillf, Ouglitch and Uglitch, Ouman and Uman, Oustioujna and 
 UsTicsHNA, OrjST Sysolsk and Ust Sysolsk, Rjev and Rshev, Senkov and Zenkov, &c. 
 In the Imperial Gazetteer, among others, we find the following: Louga and Luga, Lougan- 
 skoe and Luganskoe, Loeboe (Loehoe) and Loubou, (oe in Dutch being exactly equivalent 
 in sound to ou in French, both these spellings are to be pronounced loo-boo.) In Worcester's 
 Gazetteer we find Ciara, Seara, and Siara, given under different heads, as if they were 
 three distinct places in Brazil, whereas they are but different spellings of one name. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to say that, in the foregoing remarks, not the slightest reflection 
 is intended against the works which we have cited. On the contrary, it is because of their 
 acknowledged superiority that we have cited them. Had we chosen to have recourse to 
 works of a mediocre character, we might probably have offered statements still more striking. 
 But our object has been to show, that inasmuch as the ablest geographical writers in the 
 English language, have been perplexed and misled by the present preposterous system 
 which prevails with respect to Oriental names, it has become a matter of imperative neces- 
 sity to introduce some reform into this department of geography. 
 
 The plan adopted by us has the approval of the most eminent Oriental scholars ; it will, 
 moreover, we believe, be found sufficiently simple for convenient use, and fully adequate to 
 correct the evil in question. This plan is to write all Oriental names (except a very few, 
 the orthography of which may be considered as fixed) repj'esenting, as nearly as possible by 
 English letters, the native sound or prominciation of the name. It is by their having adopted 
 such a system, adapted to the sounds of their respective languages, that the French and 
 German geographers have escaped all that embarrassment and confusion in which we are 
 so unfortunately involved ; and it is only by our conforming to some similar uniform 
 method, that we can ever hope to bring any order out of the present chaos. This obvious 
 position being conceded, it only remains to determine whether we shall adopt an English, 
 French, or German orthography, or some other arbitrary system of spelling, differing from 
 them all. We think the reasons for preferring the first are so cogent as to leave no room 
 for a moment's hesitation. 
 
 In the first place, it is obviously an immense advantage, in an English work intended 
 for general readers, to write names in such a manner that they can without difficulty be 
 pronounced correctly by the ordinary English scholar. Another very strong argument in 
 favor of the use of English in such cases, is that it is capable of conveniently expressing or 
 representing a greater variety of sounds than any other European language. There is no 
 sound, we believe, that is extensively used in Oriental names which we cannot express 
 as well as the French, and there are several which we can express much better than 
 they ; while there are some sounds, perfectly familiar to our tongue, which they cannot 
 express at all. Take, for example, the sound of our /— a very common one in the names 
 both of Asia and Africa : what we express by a single letter is indicated less perfectly in 
 their language by two — dj, (as, DJidda for Jidda, Djoulamerk for Joolamerk, &c. ;) so, also, 
 the sound of ch, one of continual occurrence both in the names of Asia and Eastern 
 Europe, Is represented in French by three letters — tch, (as Tchanda for Chanda, Tchambal 
 for Chumbul, &c.) True, the English often use (especially at the end of a syllable) tch in 
 order to denote the same sound ; it is, however, important to observe that this sour-1 '•< 
 well as that oij, is one of the most common and familiar to the English tongue, while both 
 are foreign to the French language, since neither of them is to be found in any genuine 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 French word. Again, our w expresses a sound (common in the Oriental languages) Avhich 
 is not nearly so neatly nor so well expressed by the French ou, the latter being the proper 
 equivalent of our oo. This defect in their language is so obvious, that some of the most 
 eminent French writers (Pauthier, for example, in his works on China) make use of the 
 English w in writing certain foreign names. Thus, instead of employing ouou to express 
 the sound of woo, they write wou; instead of ouen, wen, &c. Lastly, there are sounds ex- 
 pressed in our tongue with the utmost facility which they cannot represent at all ; among 
 these are the sounds of the Greek 9 (th) and h [d), common in Turkey and the Grecian 
 Islands — the former exactly corresponding to our th in thin, the latter to th in this. 
 
 With respect to the German language, there is, if we mistake not, but one frequently 
 occurring sound in Oriental names (that of kh — represented by the German ch) which can 
 be represented by it better than by. the English, while there are many which can not only 
 be expressed in English more conveniently, but more correctly, than in German. Thus, the 
 Germans employ four letters {dsch) to indicate the sound of our j, and, after all, represent 
 it most imperfectly ; for example, they write Dschulamerk, Dschidda, DscMlolo, for Joola- 
 MERK, Jidda, and Gilolo. Their four letters tsch do not represent correctly the sound of 
 our ch, nor does their sch convey even a tolerable idea of our zh, (that of s in pleasure or 
 occasion.) Like the French, they have no letter or combination of letters equivalent to our 
 w, nor can they in any manner represent the sound of the modern Greek 9 or 8. 
 
 Another mode of writing Oriental names, adopted by some of the best English geogra- 
 phers, is to employ the English consonants in conjunction with Italian or German vowels, 
 those vowels which have a long or full sound being marked with an accent, thus: Shapiir, for 
 Shapoor or Shapour ; Tabriz, for Tabreez, &c. Soch a system uniformly adhered to, would 
 doubtless be far preferable to the prevailing want of system : it has, however, no advantage 
 over that which we have recommended, and is moreover attended with several very serious 
 objections. 1st, It is far less simple and intelligible to the mere English scholar, and, 
 therefore, not well adapted to general and popular use; in the next place, the accent is very 
 apt to be omitted either through an oversight in the writer or printer, or what is still more 
 likely to happen, through a want of the proper kind of type. This, in fact, is found con- 
 tinually to occur in popular works on geography ; and let it be remembered that the omis- 
 sion of the proper accent in such a name is really equivalent to the omission of a letter, 
 with this great disadvantage, that the former error would be much less likely to attract 
 attention, and, therefore, be less readily corrected. In fact, such a method would in popular 
 use be nothing more than to adopt the Italian vowels without the accent. 
 
 The general rule which we have adopted for writing Oriental names has necessarily been 
 somewhat modified by those great practical laws of language, founded on usage, which 
 overrule all considerations of mere theoretical propriety. Accordingly, we have never at- 
 tempted to change any spelling which universal usage appears to have established, Not 
 only have the common English names of the great countries of Asia and Africa (as Per- 
 sia, HiNDOsTAN, China, Egypt, Morocco, &c,) been retained, but the ordinary spelling of 
 names of far less note, when sanctioned by the universal or almost universal practice of the 
 best English writers, has been scrupulously adhered to. Thus, we write Delhi, and not 
 Delhee or Dellee; Khiva, and not Kheeva; Cairo, not Kahera, &c. In short, it is only 
 when there has appeared to be no settled usage among geographical writers, that we have 
 taken the liberty of selecting out of many forms, that which we deemed preferable to the 
 others. Happily for the cause of science, the established irregularities are but a very 
 few out of a vast multitude, and scarcely constitute a perceptible blemish on the uniform 
 simplicity of the general system. 
 
Xll PREFACE. 
 
 The method adopted in this work will, it is believed, be found not only to possess the 
 merit of great simplicity, but the additional advantage of extraordinary completeness. Thus 
 Oriental names being uniformly written according to the English sounds of the letters, 
 their pronunciation is rendered easy to the English reader, and all danger of embarrassment 
 from the different spellings of the same name is obviated. At the same time care has 
 ■been taken with regard to every name of any importance, to give all the different spellings 
 with a reference to that spelling under which the place is described. 
 
 That this system, or one similar to it in all essential points, is destined ultimately to pre- 
 vail wherever the English language is spoken, we have not the slightest doubt.* It is easy 
 to perceive a gradual progress towards such a consummation, in all those countries where 
 the English have established themselves, whethe* by conquest or for purposes of trade. A 
 number of names in Southern Asia, formerly written in the French or German mode, as 
 
 Oiijein or Ougein, Moulian, Cabul, &c., have now almost universally an English spelling 
 
 OojEiN, MooLTAX, Cabool, &c. A Very obvious change in the mode of writing many Chi- 
 nese names has taken place since the recent English war with China ; whereas we had 
 formerly Chan-si and Chan-tong or Chan-toung, (which to the English reader were calcu- 
 lated to convey a most erroneous idea — or none at all — of the real pronunciation,) we now 
 find in the most recent geographical works, Shan-see and Shantoong or Shantung ; instead 
 of Kiang-sou (or Kiang-su,) How-nan, &c., we have Kiang-soo, Hoo-nan, &c. It is worthy 
 of remark that in the Imperial Gazetteer, the most recent publication of this class, we find 
 a larger number of Oriental names spelled according to the English sounds of the letters, 
 than in any other Gazetteer that has yet appeared. Thus it has Hoo-nan, Koordistan, 
 Kiang-soo, Koeichoo, Kiang-see, Qcang-see, Pechelee or Petchelee, Shansee, Tabreez, 
 &c. &c., instead of the more common but fixr less appropriate spellings, Hmman, Kurdistan, 
 Kiang-su (or Kiang-sou,) Koeitcheou, Kiang-si, Quang-si, Fechih (or Petchili,) C7umsi (or 
 Shansi,) and Tabriz. It would be difficult to say in what respect these last spellings are pre- 
 ferable to those before given, unless it be an advantage to write names in such a manner 
 that none can pronounce them except those who have made them a subject of particular 
 study. If it be said, as we have sometimes heard it alleged, that they at least will have the 
 advantage of being understood by foreigners, we would ask why not then throw aside the 
 English language altogether, and write for the especial accommodation of foreign nations ? 
 But, in fact, the ordinary mode adopted in English works is far from possessing the single 
 advantage claimed. It is, if possible, still more perplexing to them than to us, for the sim- 
 ple reason that it has no uniformity or consistency. In the Introduction to the admirable 
 " Dictionnaire Geographiqiie" of Adrien Gcibert, published in Paris in 1850, the editor, in 
 speaking of the difficulty in writing the different foreign names according to a uniform sys- 
 tem, says, that French geographers have been obliged in a great measure to derive this class 
 of names through the English language ; — " la langue dont la prononciation est peut-etre 
 la plus incertaine, surtmit lorsqu'il s'agif des noms propres;" — " the language whose pronun- 
 tiation is perhaps the most uncertain of all, especially in regard to proper names." 
 
 Pronunciation. — It is scarcely necessary to dwell upon the essential importance of thia 
 great feature, since it enforces its own claims upon " all who talk or read." In fact the 
 need of some uniform system of geographical pronunciation, appears now to be universally 
 felt and acknowledged. Among other proofs of this, we may cite the following passage 
 
 • The fact that the English language seems destined to be the mother tongue of a larger portion of the human race 
 than that of any other civilized nation, ought undoubtedly to have some influence in determining our choice In a 
 question of this kind. On the American principle of consulting the interest of the m^ority, ne should, ■without 
 hesitation, decide in fcvor of writing such names after the English system. 
 
PREFACE. Xiii 
 
 from the Imperial Gazetteer: "Numerous requests have been made that the pronuneia 
 fcion of the names of places in the Imperial Gazetteer should be given. This would, indeed 
 have been a very useful addition to the work, and under this impression it has been care 
 fully considered. The difiBculties, however, which stand in the way of carrying out a scheme 
 of pronunciation to anything like a satisfactory result, have been found insuperable." (The 
 grounds of our dissent from the judgment expressed in the last sentence, will be fully stated 
 in another place.) 
 
 To those who have given any attention to the subject, it is scarcely necessary to say that 
 the only rational system of geographical pronunciation, is that which is based on the prin- 
 ciple to pronounce all names of places as nearly as possible as they are pronounced by the edu- 
 cated people of the respective countries to which they belong, with the exception of those few 
 well-known foreign names which appear to have acquired a fixed English pronunciation, as 
 Paris, Naples, Florence, Venice, Munich, Ac. ; these exceptional names being pronounced 
 according to the usage of the best English speakers. 
 
 It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in which it is impossible to convey, with 
 any great degree of precision, the native pronunciation of other countries by means of 
 English letters ; but something is undoubtedly gained by such an approximation to the 
 true sound, as would enable one more readily to understand, and to be understood by, those 
 who are familiar with the names of places as spoken by the inhabitants themselves. 
 
 Some, indeed, have maintained the propriety of pronouncing foreign names as they are 
 written, giving to every letter its proper English sound. But such a system would ob- 
 viously lead to the greatest confusion, and be attended with inextricable difficulties. What, 
 for example, would be the proper English pronunciation of Seine? Should the ei be pro- 
 nounced like ee, as in the words seize, ceiling, receive, &c. ; or like ai, as in vein, weight, in- 
 veigh; or like i long, as in height, sleight, &c.? Should Seine then be pronounced seen, sain, 
 or sine? or should we sound the final e, and make it see-nee, sai-nee, or si-nee f 
 
 This one instance, out of a multitude, may perhaps serve to show the endless diversity 
 and confusion into which such a system, or rather want of system, must of necessity lead. 
 But this is not all; there are innumerable cases wherein it is very difficult, if not impossi- 
 ble, to pronounce the names of other countries according to the English sound of the let- 
 ters, e.g., CzERNiGOW, Csongrad, Hjelmar, Hjoring, Ljxjsne, Szegedin, Tjiringin, &c., 
 while there is no difficulty whatever, in pronouncing them according to the native sound. 
 A multitude of instances also occur, in which the English manner of pronouncing names, 
 though not difficult, is far less euphonious than that of the inhabitants of the country to 
 which such names belong. Minho, (meen'yo,) a river, and Batalha, (bi-til'yi,) a town of 
 Portugal, and Bacchiglione, (bik-keel-yo'ni,) a river of Italy, may serve as examples. 
 
 For a fuller exposition of some of the more important principles and features of our sys- 
 tem, and also for an explanation of the elements of the different European languages, the 
 reader is referred to the Introduction. It may, however, b6 proper here to offer some re- 
 marks on the "insuperable difficulties" alluded to in the passage already quoted. Un- 
 doubtedly the obstacles in the way of carrying out satisfactorily a system of geographical 
 pronunciation are very great; but they are, we would respectfully submit, not alto- 
 gether insurmountable. It is all-important to observe that the only formidable difficulties 
 to be encountered in such a work, are for the author, and not for the reader. The former, in 
 order to the proper fulfilment of his task, has not merely to make himself master of the 
 general principles of pronunciation in each of the different languages, but he must likewise 
 inform himself respecting the exceptions to each general rule, whether those exceptions 
 relate to the accent or to the sounds of the letters. One who is perfectly familiar with the 
 
XIV PREFACE. 
 
 elomonts of Spanish pronunciation, if unacquainted with the exceptions referred to, •would 
 often be in danger of pronouncing names in such a manner as to render them unintelligible 
 to an ear which has always been accustomed to the true pronunciation. Cardenas, for ex- 
 am plo, according to the general rule of Spanish accentuation, would be pronounced Tear' 
 day^jias, as in fact we not unfrequently hear it; it should, however, have the accent on tha 
 first syllable, Car'denas. Guines, by one acquainted only with the general rules of Spanish 
 pronunciation, would almost certainly be pronounced ghednes or ghe-nessf, while the true 
 pronunciation is gweefnes, almost wednes; this being a rare instance in which u in the 
 Spanish syllable gui, is not silent, taking a sound almost like that of our w. To search 
 out and mark correctly all these exceptions, is a task of immense labor; but after this labor 
 has once been adequately performed, it is no more difficult for the reader to pronounce such 
 names correctly, than those which have no peculiarity in accent or in the sound of the let- 
 ters. We repeat, then, that the only serious difficulty is for the author who is engaged in 
 the preparation of such a system of pronunciation. 
 
 The acquisition of ten or twelve new sounds, which might be easily learned by persons 
 of ordinary aptitude in a few hours, would enable any one who can read correctly the Eng- 
 lish pronunciation as marked in Walker's or Worcester's dictionary, to pronounce with toler- 
 able correctness all the names of Portugal, Spain, Italt, France, Belgium, the Nethee- 
 LANDs, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and perhaps of Hungary. The difficulties 
 in regard to the names of Poland, Bohemia, and the Slavonian countries generally, are 
 confessedly much greater — but of this hereafter. 
 
 Persons who view the different European languages separately, are apt to regard the mas- 
 tering of the difficult sounds in all, as a much more formidable task than it really is. They 
 forget that a large proportion of tlie most difficult sounds are common to several different lan- 
 guages, and after being once thoroughly learned, can, of course, present no further obstacle. 
 Of this class is the French and Dutch (or Flemish) u, equivalent to the German and Hunga- 
 rian u, and to the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish y. Here it will be seen that the same 
 sound occurs in seven different languages. The German ce or 6 is likewise found in Danish, 
 Norwegian, Swedish, and Hungarian, and nearly corresponds to one of the most difficult 
 Dutch sounds, that of eeu as in Leeuwarden ; the German ch in ach or nocTi is almost 
 exactly equivalent in sound to the Spanish y or x, and is essentially the same as the Polish, 
 Dutch, Scotch, and Welsh ch, and the Dutch g. 
 
 It is worthy of remark that in all the thousands of Italian names, there is not a single 
 sound which an Englishman cannot utter with perfect ease. We do not mean to deny that 
 there are combinations of letters, as cia, (pronounced chd,) giu, (pronounced Joo,) and sciu, 
 (pronounced shoo,) which, without any explanations, might appear difficult to the mere 
 Eno-lish scholar ; but when these combinations, as shown above, are represented by their 
 proper English equivalents, there is obviously no difficulty whatever. What has been said 
 of Italian, is substantially true of Portuguese ; the nasal sounds in such words as alem, Sao, 
 though having no exact equivalent in English, are by no means difficult for an Englishman 
 to acquire; and, indeed, unless great nicety be called for, might very well be supplied by 
 the English ng, (thus alem might be pronounced i-lfeng', and Sao, sowng.) In Spanish there 
 is but one difficult sound, that of y or a;, corresponding, as already remarked, to the German 
 ch in ach. So that by the acquisition of one, or, at most, of two foreign sounds, an Eug- 
 lishman or American will be enabled (if the pronunciation be properly marked) to pro- 
 nounce correctly the fifty thousand or more names of Italy, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, and 
 Spanish America. It would, we think, be well worth while to give the pronunciation of 
 these names, even were it impossible to give correctly those of any of the other European 
 
PREFACE. XV 
 
 countrlsa But no such impossibility exists. With the exception of the Slavonic Ian 
 guages, the pronunciation of the French is by far the most difficult for the English schola? 
 to acquire. Yet any child with an average capacity for acquiring language, will master al) 
 the French sounds in a few lessons. The German comes next in point of difficulty, and 
 after it scarcely any thing more remains to be done so far as regards the languages of Western 
 and Northern Europe. 
 
 Although we have spoken as if the pupil was expected to learn the difficult sounds of 
 foreign languages, in order to enable him to pronounce geographical names according to 
 the system adopted in this work, we do not consider this as absolutely essential. If he 
 pronounce according to the English sound of the letters employed in marking the pronun- 
 ciation, (see Introduction, V.) he will in most cases approximate very nearly to the true 
 standard ; and such a system of orthoepy, imperfect as it might be deemed by some, would, 
 beyond all question, be immensely preferable to no system at all. 
 
 As to the Slavonic languages, we freely admit that a number of the Polish and Bohemian 
 names are absolutely unpronounceable ; but as Poland is a part of Russia, we could with 
 perfect propriety adopt in such cases the Russian name and pronunciation, which, with few 
 exceptions, are sufficiently easy for the English speaker. So, also, if we find it impossible 
 to pronounce some of the names of Bohemia, Galicia, &c., we might in like manner substi- 
 tute the German names in those instances — the German being the official language of the 
 Austrian government, to which Bohemia and Galicia belong. 
 
 In this connection it may be proper to remark that the pronunciation of the names of the 
 class first mentioned (those belonging to Western Europe, Germany, &c.) will generally be 
 found, it is believed, very correctly represented in the present work, both as regards accent 
 and the sound of the letters. There is, in regard to such names, little or no difficulty in 
 ascertaining the correct spelling, because, as a general rule, there is but one mode of writing 
 them recognised in the respective countries to which they belong. The true spelling once 
 settled, to determine the correct pronunciation in languages in which the rules of orthoepy 
 are, generally speaking, remarkably uniform and exact,* is a work of diligence and care, 
 rather than of difficulty or perplexity.f 
 
 * This observation is especially true of the Spanish, German, and Italian, in which languages, the spelling may be 
 said always to represent correctly the pronunciation of the educated classes. Doubtless, instances may be found wherein 
 the local pronunciation differs considerably from that which is generally recognised by the most correct speakers. It 
 may well be a question with us — as it is with some of the most intelligent natives of the countries alluded to — whether 
 In such cases we ought not to adopt those local pronunciations, when they are sanctioned by the practice of the best 
 speakers of the respective districts. Through our anxiety to avoid unnecessarily complicating the subject of geogra- 
 phical pronunciation, as well as from a wi.sh to conform to the rule already laid down, " to pronounce all names, ag 
 nearly as possible, as they are pronounced by the eddcated people of the respective countries to which they belong," we 
 nave, for the most part, adhered to the pronunciation geneballt eecoonised by the men of learning throughout the 
 country. 
 
 In French, the irregularity is considerably greater than in the languages before mentioned; in all cases, however, W9 
 have sought to be guided by the usage of the best educated classes, although these, it must be confessed, do not always 
 agree among themselves. Thus, it will be found that some of the most correct and accomplished French scholars are, in 
 many instances, inclined to adopt the local or provincial pronunciation of the names of places in France; while othen 
 »re In favor of strictly conforming to those general rules which are recognised throughout the whole country It k^ 
 however, undoubtedly true that the opinions of the former class are more and more gaining ground. Many accom- 
 plished scholars now advocate the pronunciation of the final consonants, not only in such names as Aix, Dax, Gex, but 
 also in Doubs, Lot. &c. 
 
 t The same general observations are true — though not quite to the same extent — in regard to the names of those 
 parts of the world that have been colonized from the countries above referred to; for example, the names of Peru, New 
 Granada, and Mexico, colonized from Spain; of Brazil, settled from Portugal; and of part of Java, a colonial possession 
 of the Netherlands, would, as a general rule, be written and pronounced according to t^ie language of those oountriel 
 rtspectively. 
 
XVI PREFACE. 
 
 With regard, however, to the languages of Russia, Turkey, &c., the case is very different 
 The names of the places in these countries, as we meet with them, being not really Russian 
 or Turkish names, but only French, German, or English transcripts of those names, there 
 is often much greater difficulty in determining the correct spelling and pronunciation. 
 Even scholars the most thoroughly acquainted with those languages, often feel uncertain as 
 to the best mode of representing names of this class in the languages of Western Europe. 
 Hence it follows that it is next to impossible, in such cases, to attain that correctness, or 
 rather exactness, in spelling, and precision in marking the pronunciation, which can be 
 attained with comparative ease in names written in Roman or German characters. This 
 being the case, we have not attempted to mark the pronunciation of the names of Eastern 
 Europe, Asia, &c. with minute exactness, but have merely aimed to- represent those obvious 
 elements or features of pronunciation which are indicated in the spelling of such names as 
 given in the most accurate French, German, or English works on geography. To make 
 our meaning more clear, we may cite an example. There are two letters in the Russian 
 and Polish languages (XXII. 15, 16,) with sounds quite distinct, though somewhat resem- 
 bling each other ; both are indicated in French by the letter y. We have represented them 
 in English by zh,* this being their nearest equivalent in our language ; and as we have mado 
 no distinction between them in writing the names, we have not thought it necessary tc 
 mark any distinction in the pronunciation. To have marked all the nice differences of 
 sound in Russian and Oriental names, in pronunciation, when such differences could not be 
 represented in the spelling, could have no other effect than to hopelessly embarrass this 
 whole subject, and must rather retard than advance the study of Oriental geography. If 
 in the languages of Western Europe, (in French and German, for example,) we have some- 
 times noted distinctions even nicer than those above referred to, let it be borne in mind 
 that, as there is, in such cases, a difference in the spelling, it would be manifestly proper 
 to mark the difference in pronunciation also ; at the same time, the fact that French and 
 German are studied in this country by a thousand persons where the Oriental languages 
 are studied by one, seems to render necessary a greater exactness in marking the pronuncia- 
 tion of the former. 
 
 From what has already been said, it will be perceived that to write Oriental names pro- 
 perly and to pronounce them correctly, arQ essentially one and the same thing.f In accom- 
 plishing this twofold task, we have availed ourselves of every accessible source of informa- 
 tion, whether this information was to be obtained from the oral communications of intelli- 
 gent travellers and eminent Oriental scholars, or from the numerous valuable publications 
 on these subjects that have made their appearance within the last few years. Among the 
 works of this class to which we are especially indebted, may be mentioned "Chesney's 
 Expedition to the Euphrates," and the fiuccessive contributions to that invaluable publica- 
 tion, the "Journal of the Royal Geographical Society" of London. 
 
 * It is somewhat remarkable that English geographical writers have not generally made use of zh in representing 
 these sounds, as there appears to he a manifest propriety in employing this combination, which is purely English, 
 rather than the French j or the German sch; more especially as in Polish the sounds referred to are both indicated by 
 the letter z, distinguished, however, by different marks — the one by a dot (i), the other by an accent (*) ; both may be 
 said to be an aspirated form otz. It is undoubtedly because they have considered those letters as modifications of z, 
 that even some French writers have employed zh as their appropriate representative; thus, for example, instead of the 
 ordinary French form Nijnei or Nijni, they write Nizhnei. The same sounds are commonly represented in German by 
 tell, (equivalent to our sh;) but some German writers, aiming to indicate them more exactly, use th, s in German being 
 the nearest equivalent for our z. 
 
 t This would be literally and strictly true, if we possessed, in all instances, information so complete as to warrant oui 
 determining positively the form of the name according to the English system. In a number of doubtful .-ases, however 
 we have thought it better to preserve the spelling as we have found it, and wait for fuller and more d«tinite inform* 
 flon, before deciding positively on the correct mode of writing it according to the general plan which we have adopWd 
 
PREFACE. XVi: 
 
 The names of Great Britain and the United States may be considered to constitute still 
 another class ; while in the fixedness of the spelling they resemble those of Spain, France, 
 Ac, in difficulty of pronunciation they almost exceed those of Russia or Poland. Thia 
 characteristic of English and American names is evidently to be attributed to the 8am» 
 cause — the introduction of new and incongruous foreign elements into the language, aftei 
 this has been to a certain extent formed and fixed. The existence in the same country of 
 several entirely distinct nations, Welsh, Saxons, Danes, &,c., each tenacious of its own 
 national peculiarities, which have been in a measure protected and fostered by the freedom 
 of the government, has doubtless been the principal cause of the great irregularity and 
 incongruity of the English language. We find, indeed, as regards English names, scarcely 
 one general rule of pronunciation, either in relation to accent or to the sounds of the letters, 
 on which we can with confidence rely: the actual practice of the best speakers is, therefore, 
 our only safe guide. With respect to all the more important names of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, we flatter ourselves that the pronunciation given in this work will be found very 
 correct ; but in regard to those of little note, we have sometimes found it impossible to 
 determine satisfactorily the true pronunciation. In some instances there can be said tc 
 be no recognised pronunciation among the best speakers, and to adopt, as a universal rule, 
 the local mode of speaking such names, would, it appears to us, be a step of more than 
 doubtful propriety. In those equivocal cases, we have not only diligently sought to ascertain 
 the practice of the best speakers residing in the vicinity of the places in question, but have 
 made it a point, whenever it has been possible, to compare the local pronunciation with 
 that of speakers of acknowledged authority in matters of this kind. 
 
 Anomalies similar to those which prevail in England, (though modified by varying cir- 
 cumstances,) are not unfrequently to be met with in our own country. Terre Bonne, (pro- 
 nounced tar bon or tar binn,) Natchitoches, (usually called nak-e-tQsh',) Terra Haute. 
 tir'rah hot, tar hot or tfei''rah hut,) and Sault Saint Marie, (soo sent mi'ree,) are remark- 
 able examples of this class. Settled originally and named by the French, although after- 
 wards chiefly inhabited by tljose speaking English, the names of those places are neither 
 English nor French, nor even a mixture of the two, but a strange corruption produced, it 
 would seem, by each of the American settlers imagining that if he was careful to utter a 
 sound which none could suspect of being English, he must as a matter of course speak very 
 good French. 
 
 In the present work, great care has been taken, especially in regard to the languages 
 of Central, Southern, and Western Europe, not only to give the accent correctly, but also 
 to notice all important peculiarities of pronunciation.* In performing this arduous task, 
 it has been our earnest endeavor to consult in every instance the very best authorities in 
 each of the different languages. In most of the languages above referred to, the accent is 
 the principal difficulty, since the best general scholars in any country will frequently be 
 unable to determine the correct accent of a name, when this belongs to some remote or 
 obscure place. Hence it becomes important to seek information from individuals who have 
 resided in different portions of the same country. It would be in vain for us to attempt 
 
 * We ought perhaps to notice here one or two slight exceptions to the above statement. We have not represented 
 the sound of the initial s in German names by z, although nearly all educated Germans pronounce it in this man- 
 ner, beoiuse we seldom, if ever, hear English speakers adopt this sound in German names, even when they follow the 
 vJerman pronunciation in every other respect. Nor have we represented the Italian s, when occurring between two 
 vowels, by z, though many of the best Italian speakers recommend this mode of pronouncing it. Our aim has been 
 to avoid as much as possible complicating the subject of geographical pronunciation. We have, accordingly, omitted 
 »very thing that seemed to savor of excessive nicety, more especially when such nicety did not appear to be univer- 
 foS^ recognised by all good speakers. 2 
 
XVlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 to cite tho names of all the different persons -whom we hare consulted in regard to ques 
 tiops of this kind. It is, however, due to justice and to the character of our work, that we 
 should express our particular obligations to a number of gentlemen to whom we are deeply 
 indebted, not merely for important information respecting the names of different foreign 
 countrie»-un-attainable from any other source— but also for the unfailing courtesy and kind- 
 ness with which our oft-repeated applications have ever been received. 
 
 Justice, however, requires us to state distinctly, that these gentlemen are in nowise re- 
 sponsible for any errors that may occur in our gazetteer ; it being impossible, in a work 
 like the present, (in which the names of each country are scattered through the entire 
 volume,) to avail ourselves of the benefit which might result from their revision. 
 
 Signor V. de Amarelli, 
 Professor of the Italian language and literature in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania; also Professor of the French and 
 Spanish languages and literature in the Polytechnic College 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 Herr Torben Bille, 
 Charge d' Affaires of Denmark. 
 
 C. S. Buxton, Esq., 
 Many years an officer in the British service in India. 
 
 M. F. Drottin, 
 Formerly Professor of Rhetoric in the University of France. 
 
 M. Gardel, 
 Professor of French in the city of Philadelphia. 
 
 Senhor Joz£ da Silta Maia Ferreira. 
 
 El Seflor Don Felix Merino, 
 Formerly Professor of Spanish in the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Henry Kulussowski, Esq., 
 Interpreter of languages at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Daniel L. Kurtz. 
 
 Edward Muhlenbruch, 
 Professor of Ancient and Modem languages. 
 
 FOR THE NAJfES OF ITALY AND THB TTAL- 
 IAN SETTLEMENTS OF DALJtATIA AKD 
 GREECE. 
 
 FOB DEmCAKK. 
 
 FOBIKDIA. 
 
 - FOB FBAirCI* 
 
 FOB POBTTTSAL AND BRAZIL. 
 
 FOB SPAnr AND SPANISH AUXBIOA. 
 
 FOB RUSSIA AND POLAND. 
 
 FOB THE NETHEBLANDS. 
 
 FOB 6EBMANT. 
 
 For the pronunciation of names of Great Britain and of the various colonies of the 
 British empire, as well as of the anglicized forms of well-known foreign names, and for 
 other important information of a more general character, we cannot forbear to express our 
 great obligations to 
 
 G. B. Matthew, Esq., 
 Her Britannic Majesty's Consul for the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 It may be remarked with regard to those names which are written in Roman letters, but 
 spelled differently in the different European languages, (as Atignon, Vienna, Venice, &c..) 
 that the diversity of spelling is to be attributed to the same cause as the diversity in the 
 mode of writing Oriental names, that is, to each nation endeavoring to represent the sound 
 of the foreign name according to the letters of its own language. Names of this class, as 
 might be expected, will be found nearly always to belong to places of note, since it is only 
 those well known to foreign nations, that would be likely to become thus corrupted. The 
 various spellings in question originated in those ages when but a very small j<roportion of 
 the people could read and write, and men learned the names of places by the ear only. 
 
PREFACE. XIX 
 
 Afterwards, the sound of the foreign name, which had necessarily become more or lest* 
 corrupted in passing into another language, was represented in writing according to the 
 power of the letters in the respective languages of the different nationa. We frequently 
 meet with names of this class, which, although written variously, represent precisely the 
 eame sound, thus exactly corresponding to the diflferent modes of writiug Oriental names. 
 This will be found to be the case where the pronunciation is easily imitated, and perhaps 
 almost equally familiar to the people of two different nations; for example, Minho in 
 Portuguese and Mifio in Spanish, (both pronounced meen'yo,) Catalufia, (Catalonia,) in 
 Spanish and CatalunJia in Portuguese, (both pronounced ki-t^-loon'yi,) Carufia, (Corunka,) 
 Spanish, and CorunJia, Portuguese, (pronounced ko-roon'yi,) Paolia, Italian, and Palta, 
 Spanish, (both pronounced pil'yi,) &c. &c. Avifion and Biillon, the Spanish representa- 
 tions of the French names Avignon and Bouillon, are exactly equivalent to the latter, 
 with the exception of the nasal n, the sound of which is not found in the Spanish language. 
 
 "We cannot close these prefatory remarks without expressing our grateful acknowledg- 
 ments to our many friends, both in this city and in other portions of the Union, to whose 
 kindness and zeal in promoting the cause of knowledge we are indebted for much valuable 
 information of various kinds, without which our work would have been defective in many 
 respects. Confident that the desire of notoriety formed no part of the incentives to their 
 liberality, we doubt not this general expression of our sincere and cordial thanks for their 
 disinterested kindness, will be far more acceptable than a more particular and open acknow- 
 ledgment of our gratitude. 
 
 There are, however, others whose contributions to our work have been so extensive and 
 important, that justice to the public, to them, and to ourselves, alike demand that we should 
 state more fully and explicitly the nature of our obligations. Our heartfelt acknowledg- 
 ments are especially due to Dr. Robley Dunglison, to whose great general knowledge and 
 accurate taste in all that relates to orthoepy, we are indebted in no slight measure for 
 whatever merit our work may in this respect possess. His high and long-established repu- 
 tation, both at home and abroad, renders almost superfluous any praise which we have it 
 in our power to bestow. To those, however, who have known him only or chiefly in his 
 professional character, we may be permitted to say, that his varied and extensive attain- 
 ments, not merely in his particular profession, but also in the wide field of general science, 
 are only equalled by the thoroughness and accuracy of his knowledge, and by his courtesy 
 and liberality in imparting it. 
 
 It is with cordial pleasure that we embrace this opportunity to express our deep sense 
 of obligation for the many and important contributions furnished to our work by Mr. James 
 H. Young, to whose extensive and accurate geographical knowledge and eminent skill as 
 an engraver, the public are indebted for one of the best and most popular series of school 
 geographies and atlases ever published in this or any other country. 
 
 Gratitude and justice alike demand that we should here acknowledge the important 
 assistance we have received from Mr. Nelson Griswold, for more than two years associated 
 with us as collaborator in our arduous undertaking. To his untiring diligence and well- 
 directed research, the present work owes no small share of its completeness and accuracy 
 in almost every respect ; but more especially in regard to the department of statistics in 
 its various branches. 
 
 Nor must we omit to mention our great obligations to Mr. William S. Washburn, whose 
 indefatigable perseverance, during the entire year for which we enjoyed his invaluable ser- 
 vices, has only beet equalled by his conscientious fidelity and watchfulness in whatever 
 relates to the accuracy of the work, in every particular, and in all its departments. 
 
XX . PREFACE. 
 
 Among the great multitude of works that we have freely consulted, there are a fevf 
 (in addition to those that we have mentioned in the foregoing pages) which we cannot pass 
 without an expression of our especial obligations. In the foremost rank of these stands 
 Hunt's " Merchants' Magazine," a commercial journal of the highest character, treating 
 of almost every subject related either directly or indirectly to trade finance, internal im- 
 provements, &c. A pretty extensive and thorough acquaintance with this publication, has 
 satisfied us that it is fully equal, if not superior, to any other journal of the kind, either 
 in this country or in Europe. • 
 
 We should withhold a just tribute from one of the ablest and most interesting periodi- 
 cals published in our country, did we omit to acknowledge the important assistance we 
 have derived from De Bow's " Commercial Review ;" nor are we less indebted to the 
 " Internal Resources of the South and West," a work comprising an immense amount of 
 geographical and statistical information respecting a vast region whose resources have till 
 recently been almost unexplored. 
 
 We gladly embrace this occasion to express our heartfelt thanks to the Hon. J. Guthrie, 
 Secretary of the Treasury, to the Hon. J. C. Dobbin, Secretary of the Navy, and to the 
 Hon. J. Campbell, Postmaster-General, for the courtesy and kindness manifested in fur> 
 nishing us from their respective departments the various documents necessary to the com- 
 pletion of our work. 
 
 PaiLADEiiPBiA, August 1, 18&5. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is proposed, under this head, to set forth 
 more fully some of the arguments alluded to 
 in the Preface, by which the propriety of our 
 system of pronunciation is supported, as well 
 as to explain the particular method in which 
 this system has been carried out in the work 
 before us. 
 
 I. It has already been intimated, that not 
 only the present practice of the best speakers, 
 but the usage of our more distinguished poets, 
 is clearly in favour of the system which we 
 have chosen. If any might be allowed to 
 pronounce foreign names without regard to 
 the peculiar sounds of- the letters, or to the 
 accents, which prevail in other countries, 
 this privilege might surely be claimed by the 
 poets, who, in the use even of English words, 
 are considered to enjoy a special license. It 
 is very evident, however— as every one who 
 will take the trouble to examine the works 
 of the better class of them, must admit — 
 that, as a body, they have neither claimed 
 nor used this privilege. On the contrary, 
 our more distinguished poets have usually 
 exhibited a classical — we might almost say 
 a punctilious — accuracy, in the employment 
 of foreign names, whether of places or per- 
 sons. To illustrate by examples : — Granada* 
 
 "In Lithuania had he served and Russe; 
 No Christian man so ofl of his degree. 
 At Algezi'ras, in Granata, he 
 
 Had join'd the siege ; " — Chaucbb. 
 
 "The Moorish king rides up and down 
 
 Through Granada's royal town" 
 "And Granada must be won, 
 
 And thykelf with her undone." — Btron. 
 "Granada caught it in her Moorish hall, 
 Galicia bade her children fight or Ml." — Scott. 
 •There was crying in Granada when the sun was going 
 
 down." 
 
 ' Farewell, farewell, Granaba, thou city without peer." 
 
 LOCKHART. 
 
 and GknoaI are pronounced by all the great 
 poets who use these names, from Chacceb 
 and Shakspeare down to the present time, 
 with the native accentuation ; that is, Gra- 
 nada has the accent on the penultima, and 
 Genoa on the antepenultima, though the ge- 
 nerality of English— or at least of American 
 — speakers, who have not heard these namea 
 pronounced, but merely follow analogy, or 
 their own notions of propriety, reverse the 
 accentuation, making Granada rhyme with 
 Canada, and Genoa with boa. 
 
 No poet, perhaps, employs foreign namea 
 so frequently as Byron, and yet — though he 
 often writes very carelessly — it would be 
 difficult, in all the poetry he has written, to 
 point out half a dozen instances whc'^ he 
 has not conformed to the foreign accentua- 
 tion, excepting always those few well-known 
 names which have acquired an established 
 English pronunciation, and in these cases he 
 appears invariably to adopt the pronuncia- 
 tion of the best English speakers. The same 
 may be said of Scott ; though he writes with 
 great freedom, he rarely, if ever, violates the 
 strictest rules of geographical pronunciation. 
 In the poetry of Rogers, Southey, Moore, 
 Campbell, and Montgomery, we have met 
 with scarcely a solitary example of departure 
 from the native accentuation of names, which 
 "does not properly come within the exception 
 
 f " Signior Baptista may remember me 
 Near twenty years ago, in Genoa, where 
 We were lodgers at the Pegasus." — Shakspears. 
 
 "Were Genoa's galleys riding in the port " — Btkoii . 
 
 " How quick they carved their victims and how well. 
 
 Let Saxony, let injured GEyoA tell." — Moore. ' 
 "That noble haven, where, when Genoa reign'd, 
 
 A hundred galleys shelter'd " — Rogers. 
 
 "My native Genoa, if with tearless eye 
 
 Prone in the dust thy beauteous form I see." 
 
 MONTOOIOEBX 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 INTKODUCTIOX. 
 
 aliove stated. Wordsworth takes the liberty 
 of changing the accent in a single instance — 
 CiiAMOUNY — but acknowledges the authority 
 of the law by apologizing in a note for its 
 violation. (See Descriptive Sketches of a 
 Tour among the Alps.) 
 
 Among the principal languages of conti- 
 nental Europe, the German, in its accent 
 and in the metre of its verse, has the nearest 
 affinity to the English ; and it is worthy of 
 remark, that precisely the same general usage 
 prevails with respect to foreign names in Ger- 
 man poetry, as in that of our own tongue. 
 It may be observed, however, that the Ger- 
 mans conform more exactly to the native 
 accentuation of the names of other countries, 
 than the English. Any one may satisfy 
 himself of the correctness of these statements, 
 if he will take the trouble to consult the 
 poems of Schiller, who appears to have had 
 occasion to use foreign names far more fre- 
 quently than almost any other German poet. 
 In his drama of " Don Carlos," Madrid occurs 
 near twenty times, and always with the accent 
 on the last syllable. This one fact (even were 
 there no other) may show how sparingly the 
 " poetical licens*," so often alluded to, is 
 used by the most popular, and perhaps the 
 most careless in versification, of all the great 
 poets of Germany.* — Mirandola (a town in 
 Italy) occurs twice, and in both instances 
 has the accent on the antepenultima. This 
 is the more remarkable, because Mirandola 
 is an exception to the general rule of Italian 
 pronunciation, which places the accent on the 
 penultima of words ending in a vowel. If 
 our poet is not equally correct in, regard to 
 Alcala, (a small town of Spain,) it was 
 owing, doubtless, either to the difficulty of 
 making such a name "lie smooth in rhyme," 
 or to his being ignorant of its true accentua- 
 tion. The latter is by no means improbable,, 
 inasmuch as the Spanish language is far less 
 studied by the generality of European scho- 
 lars than the Italian. That it was not the 
 result of carelessness is shown by the fact 
 that Alcala is always pronounced in the poem 
 in the same manner, and accordmg to the ge- 
 neral, rule of Spanish accentuation ; that is, 
 with the accent on the penultima. It will 
 be perceived that Schiller places the accent 
 
 • Schiller has been accused of being very careless in his 
 rnymes, but he can scarcely be charged with carelessness in 
 Uw loetre of hJs verse. 
 
 on the last syllable of Paris, St. Denis, and 
 St. QuENTiN.t — in all of which he aiffers from 
 the English and conforms to the French ac- 
 centuation. (See "Kemarks on the French 
 Accent," page 18.) 
 
 But perhaps the most remarkable illustra- 
 tion of this tendency to adopt the native pro- 
 nunciation of foreign names is found in hia 
 drama of "Mary Stuart;" where the poet, 
 with the obvious intention of obliging his 
 countrymen to pronounce the English names 
 correctly, invariably in his verse spells Lei 
 CESTER " Lester," although in the explana- 
 tory (prose) parts of the play he as invariably 
 writes it Leicester, as we do in English. 
 For the same reason, doubtless, he writes 
 BoLEYN "BouLEN," as this spelling would 
 lead his countrymen to pronounce the name 
 " Boo^len," nearly as it is spoken in Eng- 
 land. Had he written it Boleyn, the Ger- 
 mans would be in danger of placing the 
 accent on the last syllable, as we frequently 
 hear it pronounced in the United States. 
 
 What has been said above respecting 
 the usage of the poets refers principally to 
 accentuation, which, for the most part, can 
 be readily determined by the metre of the 
 poetry. Their manner of pronouncing the 
 letters of a foreign name is far less easily 
 ascertained, since it can only be known when 
 the name ends a line in rhyme ; and even 
 then it is often extremely uncertain, as they 
 appear to consider themselves entitled, in 
 such cases, to much greater license than in 
 the accentuation of words. Thus we often 
 see associated, in rhyme, words which corre- 
 spond but very imperfectly in sound, as 
 enemy and lie, m.ourn and bum, &c. Never- 
 theless, by comparing a number of exam- 
 ples, and especially by observing the usage 
 of those poets who are most remarkable for 
 the correctness of their rhymes, we shall fre- 
 quently be enabled to ascertain the true pro- 
 nunciation of a word or name. 
 
 Now it will be found that the system which 
 we have adopted is supported by the practice 
 of the poets in this respect also. In other 
 words, it will be found that while foreign 
 names that are in familiar use in our own 
 language, have an English pronunciation, 
 those not very well known are generally 
 pronounced with the foreign sound of the 
 
 ■f The two fonner names occur in the " Maul of Orleans," 
 (" Die Jungfrau von Orleans,") the last in " Don Carlofc" 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 11 
 
 letters, as will be seen from the following 
 passages : 
 
 " Not now to while an hour away, 
 Gone to the falls in Valombre'." — 
 "'Tis JacqudiTiet 'tis Jacqudine," 
 
 Her little brother laughing cried; 
 "I know her by her kirtle green, 
 
 She comes along the mountain side." 
 "De Couwy, lord of Argentiere I 
 
 Thy thirst for vengeance sought the snare." — Rooees. 
 " Winding between Alpine trees ; 
 Splry and dark around their house of prayer. 
 Below the icy bed of bright Argentiere." — Wordsworth. 
 "This circumstance may serve to give a notion 
 Of the high talents of this new Vauban,* 
 But the town ditch below was deep as ocean, 
 The rampart higher than you'd wish to hang." — BrRorr. 
 "For many an age remember'd Vmg 
 Shall live the towers of Hmgomont,* 
 
 And fields of Waterloo."— Scott. 
 
 It would be easy to cite a multitude of such 
 examples; but these will perhaps be sufficient 
 to illustrate our position. 
 
 On the other hand, we shall find the poets 
 pronounce foreign names of some celebrity, 
 such as Nile, Paris, Lyons, Cadiz, Poitiers 
 or PoiCTiERS, &c., with the English sound of 
 the letters, as may be seen from these and 
 similar examples : 
 
 "Deep in those solitary woods 
 Where oft the genii of the floods 
 Dance round the cradle of their NtU, 
 And hail the new-bom Giant's smile." — MOORB. 
 "Oh never talk again to me 
 
 Of northern climes and British ladies; 
 It has not been your lot to see, 
 Like me, the lovely girl of Cadiz." — Byros. 
 "And C!ourtenay's pride and Percy's fame 
 Blazed broader yet in after years. 
 
 At Cressy red and fell Poitiers." — Scott. 
 
 "So the shaft 
 
 Of victory mounts high, and blood is quaff 'd 
 In fields that rival Cressy and Poictiers — 
 Pride to be wash'd away by bitter tears." — Wordsworth. 
 
 II. Instead of saying that the poets con- 
 form to the native accentuation of proper 
 names, except in cases where these are well 
 known, we might, perhaps, with more pro- 
 priety, say that they merely follow the prac- 
 tice of the best speakers, of which their own 
 may generally be regarded as the written 
 
 * In these names the letter n is similar in sound to ng. 
 The t at the end of Hougomont is silent. The rhymes, 
 liowever, are not quite perfect; the o in the last syllable of 
 llougomont should be sounded like o in vx/nH. The latter 
 gyllable of Vavhan sounds like hong. — Vauban was a noted 
 FTench militar/ engineer, who flourished in the reign of 
 LtrtiwXIV. 
 
 representation. With this view of the sub- 
 ject, we have occasionally cited in the bod> 
 of our work passages from the poets, in sup- 
 port of the pronunciation there given. ThefiO 
 citations, for the most part, are not intended 
 to be decisive of any doubtful question, but 
 rather to illustrate and confirm what is be- 
 lieved, on other grounds, to be the correct 
 pronunciation. The supreme tribunal to 
 which we would on all occasions appeal is 
 the authority of the best speakers^ in England 
 and this country. To the former we gene- 
 rally give the preference when the question 
 relates to names belonging to the old conti- 
 nent — to the latter, when it relates to those 
 of America. But since it is impossible to 
 produce oral evidence in a book, we have 
 availed ourselves of the authority of the 
 poets, as the only one at our command, to 
 prove or illustrate what we have, in all 
 cases, studiously endeavoured to learn, by 
 actual hearing, from those who are con- 
 sidered best qualified to determine questions 
 of orthoepy. 
 
 Ons. We sometimes hear it objected to the 
 authority of the poets, that well-known names 
 are occasionally pronounced, even by those 
 who rank among our best poets, quite differ- 
 ently from the prevailing practice of the best 
 speakers. Goldsmith, for example, accent- 
 uates the penultima of Niagara, J and Camp- 
 bell the antepenultima of Wyoming,? just 
 reversing the correct pronunciation, which 
 places the accent on the third syllable from 
 the end in Niagara, and on the second in Wy- 
 oming. But this discrepancy is readily ex- 
 plained by the fact that neither of these poets 
 was ever in this country, and probably had 
 no opportunity to learn the practice of the 
 best speakers in the United States. It may be 
 observed, however, that Goldsmith gave what 
 was probablv the correct accentuation of Nia- 
 gara in his day. (See § IX. Obs. 2 ; also Nia- 
 
 t By this phrase, we do not mean those who, from their 
 superior knowledge and judgment on general subjects, may 
 be presumed to be qualified to decide questions of orthoepy. 
 In order to deserve a place among the hest speal-ers, it is not 
 enough that one should have what is commonly termed a 
 good education and good sense; he must have paid particu- 
 lar aUention to the subject of pronunciation — unless he has 
 been surrounded during the whole period of his education 
 with none but correct speakers, which is seldom or nevei 
 the case, at least in this country. 
 
 J "Where wDd Oswego spreads her swamps around, 
 And NUOARA stuns with thxind'ring sound." 
 
 ThyTravelUr. 
 
 J "On Susquehanna's side fair Wtoming." 
 "And scarce had Wyoming of war and crime 
 Heard but in transatlantic story rung." 
 
 dertrude qf W^/owtnp, Vaxi 1 
 
12 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 GAR A, m the body of the work.) Scarcely a 
 single instance can be pointed out, wherein 
 any good English poet has misaccentuated a 
 name with the sound of which he was fami- 
 liar ;* we are therefore warranted in conclud- 
 ing that when a name in a region remote or 
 rarely visited, is mispronounced, it is owing 
 rather to the want of knowledge than to the 
 carelessness or license of the poet. 
 
 III. There is one difficulty in carrying out 
 the system of geographical pronunciation 
 adopted by us, which it may be proper to 
 notice here, viz. that of drawing the line be- 
 tween foreign names which are, and those 
 which are not, well known. With respect to 
 the more obvious in each division there can- 
 not be the slightest hesitation ; but the two 
 classes meet and pass into each other by im- 
 perceptible gradations, so that sometimes the 
 question whether they should be pronounced 
 according to the foreign or the English mode 
 can only be settled by arbitrary decision. In 
 these doubtful instances, we have spared no 
 pains in order to ascertain the prevailing 
 practice of the best speakers, as well as the 
 usage of the poets: when these have been 
 found unsatisfactory, nothing has remained 
 for us but to decide according to the best of 
 our ability. We have, in these cases, usually 
 given both pronunciations, placing that first 
 which, in our judgment, is to be preferred. 
 
 IV. It should be observed, that although we 
 have endeavoured to give the native pronun- 
 ciation of the names of other countries with 
 minute accuracy, we have aimed to avoid, 
 as much as possible, the use of sounds which 
 cannot readily be uttered by the mere English 
 scholar — more especially in regard to those 
 geographical names which are commonly 
 taught in schools. 
 
 V. In those cases where it is impossible 
 to express the sounds of other languages by 
 means of English letters, we have endea- 
 voured to employ a mode of indicating those 
 sounds, which, if it does not affijrd any effec- 
 tual assistance to the mere English scholar, 
 may at least be in no danger of embarrass- 
 ing or leading him astray. Thus we have 
 represented the sound of the German ch by 
 K, distinguished by being a small capital. 
 Perhaps a strongly aspirated h — which 
 might be indicated by hh — would convey a 
 
 • The Instance of Ch amount, referred to on page 10 in the 
 Introduction, is hardly an exception to this statement, on ac- 
 coonlof the equivocal nature of the French accent. (See p. IS.) 
 
 nearer idea of the German sound ; but it 
 seemed less eligible than the other mode, 
 both because persons might differ in the pro- 
 nunciation of it, or perhaps be at a loss tc 
 pronounce it at all, and because the esta- 
 blished mode of anglicizing the German ch 
 seems to be to change its sound to that of A;, 
 as in the instances, Blucher,! Blumenbach, 
 Metternich, &c. The Scotch and Dutch 
 sounds of ch, so similar to the German, when 
 anglicized, assume invariably, if we mistake 
 not, the sound of k. The ordinary mode of 
 pronouncing the Greek x tends to the same 
 result. We have not, however, represented 
 the sound of the German g, at the end of a syl- 
 lable, in the same manner as the ch, though 
 it has the same sound, because it is not custom- 
 ary to anglicize it by the sound of k, except in 
 a few instances. J Were the pronunciation of 
 such a word as berg represented by berK, it 
 would have the effect to lead the English 
 scholar to pronounce it differently from the 
 ordinary mode, while he would be in no re- 
 spect nearer the German than those who 
 pronounce the word according to the English 
 sound of the letters. Another consideration 
 may, perhaps, be allowed to have some 
 weight, viz. that though the more approved 
 mode of German pronunciation requires that 
 g, when it does not begin a word, should be 
 pronounced like ch, yet in some parts of Ger- 
 many it is pronounced in every case like g 
 hard in English. In a similar manner, and 
 for similar reasons, we have usually repre- 
 sented the German tc by a w, and not by a 
 V, though this is nearer the sound of the Ger 
 man letter. 
 
 With regard to French names, however, 
 a different plan has been pursued, both 
 because it is less easy, so to speak, to angli- 
 cize the French letters, and because, from the 
 circumstance of this being far more studied 
 than any other foreign language, it is much 
 more usual to adopt all the peculiar sounds 
 
 t Although, In America, we Tery frequently hear thii 
 name pronounced Blu'tdier by intelligent speakers, the ch 
 should unquestionably be hard, as is indicated by the fol- 
 lowing passage fi-om Moore's Fudge, Family in Biris: 
 " A fine sallow sublime sort of Werter-fJsced man, 
 With mustachios that gave (what we read of so oft) 
 The dear Corsair expression, half savage, half soft ; 
 As Hyenas In love may be &ncied to look; or 
 A something between Abelard and old Elucher * 
 J Dantzic, or Dantzick, (German, Damig,) L Japsic tr Ixih- 
 SICK, (Ger. Leipzig.) Slxswick, (Ger. SMeswig; Dan iiUsvifi,, 
 ai8 the only examples that we now recoueci 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 13 
 
 of the letters in pronouncing French words 
 or names. 
 
 VI. In giving the pronunciation of the 
 ge >graphical names contained in the present 
 work, we have adhered, in the main, to the 
 method of Walker, not only from a desire to 
 avoid all unnecessary innovation upon a sys- 
 tem which has been so generally received, 
 but also because we regard it, on the whole, 
 as superior to any other system which has 
 hitherto been given to the public* As, how- 
 ever, a multitude of instances occur, wherein 
 the ordinary spelling of geographical names 
 indicates exactly or very nearly the proper 
 manner of pronouncing them, it has been 
 thought unnecessary in such cases to give a 
 different spelling in order to show the exact 
 pronunciation. Thus, in giving the pronun- 
 ciation of such names as 2'ipton, Tilsit, &c., 
 we have not rewritten them, as Walker would 
 have done, tlF-slt, tip'-tftn, or tlp-t'n, but 
 merely given Tii^-ton, Til^-sit. 
 
 In several other respects we have differed 
 from Walker in marking the pronunciation ; 
 thus, in such names as Berkshire, Bern, 
 &c., instead of writing, after Walker's method, 
 bSrk^-shlr, b^rn, we write berk'-shir, bern, 
 &c., the point under the e and i denoting that 
 this vowel has an obscure sound nearly like 
 short u. We have not represented the sound 
 by the short u, (burk^-shtir, burn,) since our 
 most celebrated orthoepists make a decided 
 distinction between the sounds of e and n in a 
 syllable ending with r.f To represent, on the 
 other hand, the sound of e in Bern by ^, (e in 
 ten-or or herring,) or that of i in Berkshire 
 by 1, (i in spirit,) would obviously be still 
 wider from the mark. The mode adopted 
 by us will, it is hoped, be found sufficiently 
 
 • It may not be improper to observe, that with respect to 
 actual pronunciation we have differed from Walker in a 
 number of particulars. Thus, we pronounce Asia, a'-she-a, 
 accordins to the practice of the best English speakers, 
 thoufrh Walker gives a'-zhe-a as the true pronunciation.' 
 (See Principles of Pronunciation, 453.) In a few in.stances 
 we have departed from his practice in the accentuation of 
 classical names, e.fj.we have, with the sanction of the high- 
 est authorities of the present day, given the name of the an- 
 cient capital of Egypt with the accent on the penultima, 
 thus — Ai.e.kam)ri'a — though Walker accentuates the ante- 
 penultima. as we do, in pronouncing the modem Alex.an- 
 nwA. (See Alexandria, in the body of this work.) 
 
 + Walker says that " Derby Is pronounced NEARLY as if 
 ■written Z>Mr6y— and that "fir, a tree, is perfectly similar 
 [fn sound] to the first sellable in ferment, though often 
 conRrPTLY pronounced like /«r, a skin." (See Principles of 
 Pronunciation, 100 and 109. 
 
 definite, at the same time that it obviatet 
 both of the difficulties just mentioned. 
 
 VII. With a view to simplify as much as 
 possible, we have rejected Walker's second 
 and third sounds of o, (the former being 
 equivalent to oo, the latter to mi,) and his 
 third sound of u, (corresponding with oo in 
 good, a sound which we have represented by 
 00.) From the same motive, we have dis- 
 pensed with the figured vowels, whenever 
 their use has not appeared to be necessary 
 in order to avoid ambiguity. Thus (as al- 
 ready observed) we Avrite simply Til^-sit 
 and not Tilsit, tlK-slt, as Walker would 
 have done. All marks or figures which 
 are not needed in order to indicate the 
 exact pronunciation, must tend rather to 
 embarrass than to aid the learner. 
 
 VIII. The Latin names of foreign countries 
 are nearly always to be pronounced with the 
 English sounds of the letters. Thus, in Ba- 
 va^ria, Bulga'ria, Ltjsa^tia, and Transtl- 
 VA^NiA, the accented a should have its first 
 sound. 
 
 Obs. In Prussia and Russia, the u instead 
 of being pronounced short, as it would natu- 
 rally be in Latin names of this kind, was for- 
 merly sounded like oo', but this usage is be- 
 coming obsolete, the u being now sounded 
 as in hut or rush. The first syllable of Bul- 
 garia, however, is, if we mistake not, gene- 
 rally pronounced bool, and not bul. 
 
 IX. In the anglicized forms of foreign 
 names, and in most well-known names of 
 foreign countries, the same rules 6f pronun- 
 ciation, generally speaking, obtain, as in 
 genuine English words, e. g. Spain, Italy, 
 Naples, &c. 
 
 Obs. 1. At the same time, we may observe 
 a general tendency to adopt those sounds of 
 the English vowels which approach most 
 nearly to the foreign sounds : thus the a in 
 the first syllable of Adriatic and Paris has 
 its fourth sound, which is much nearer to the 
 French and Italian a than its first sound, 
 though this would probably be given to the-^io 
 names by the mere English scholar, who 
 should be guided by analogy solely. In 
 like manner, the i in Mil.^vn is made short, 
 so as nearly to correspond to the Italian i, 
 which is like our h or ee. 
 
 Obs. 2. In the pronunciation of foreign 
 names that have become thoroughly angli- 
 cized, it is interesting to observe the tend- 
 ency of our language to throw the accent 
 as far as possible from the termination. 
 Thus Paris is pronounced with the accent 
 on the first sj'llable, thougjh the French ap- 
 pear to place it on the kst; and the Ger- 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 mans, who have not the same aversion to the 
 idiimate accent that vre have, lay the stress 
 of voice distinctly on the final syllable, thus, 
 pi-riss'. Hanovkr, which might be pro- 
 nounced with the native accentuation (Ha- 
 no^ver} without the slightest offence to the 
 genius of our tongue,* has become irrecover- 
 ably Handover. Thus, also, we pronounce 
 Andalu'sia, (in Spanish, Andaluci^a,) 
 Ar^agox, (in Spanish, Aragon',) &c. So, in 
 our own country, the old Niaga^ra has be- 
 come unalterably fixed as Niag'ara; and 
 Huron' has given place to Hu'ron. 
 
 X. It may be observed that with respect 
 to foreign names, not only in the French, 
 Italian, and other languages that are written 
 in the Roman letters, but also in Germanf 
 and Greek, (the characters of which may be 
 readily converted into corresponding Roman 
 letters,) it is generally customary in English 
 to retain the literal spelling, e. g. Anspach, 
 (German, ^nSlpad^O Konigsberg, (German, 
 ^ottigSbcrg,) Chios, (Greek, Xwj,) &c., 
 excepting a very few well-known names, as 
 Lyons, (French, Lyon,) Naples, (Italian, 
 Napoli,) Munich, (German, SJtutt^ett,) 
 Dantzic, (German, ^aitjig,) Leipsic, (Ger- 
 man, 8ci:pgig ;) "^^ often find, however, the 
 last two names spelled literally Danzig and 
 Leipzig. 
 
 XI. On the other hand, names in lan- 
 guages of which the characters cannot be 
 readily converted into Roman letters, or 
 which are but little known as written lan- 
 guages, are usually spelled according to 
 their sound in some well-known European 
 tongue. Thus the name of one of the cities 
 of Persia is written, in English, Shoosier or 
 Shtisier, in German, Schuster, and in French, 
 Chmister, precisely the same sound being 
 expressed by these different spellings. 
 
 We find, in English works of the highest 
 character, these various modes of writing 
 oriental and other names employed indiscri- 
 minat«ly. Thus in McCulloch's Geographi- 
 cal Dictionary, under the article Shuster, 
 we find within the space of eight lines Kliu- 
 zistan, (Khoozistan,) Karoon, and DezpJioul, 
 (Dezfool ;) the first name being, as regards 
 the sound of the vowels, German or Italian, 
 the second English, and the third French. On 
 
 * We have a multitude of words similar In accent, as 
 promoter, devotion, &c. 
 
 t It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to remark, that Roman 
 letterf! are nnt unfirequently employed in writing and print- 
 In;: German 
 
 the map of Persia, published by the Society fol 
 the DiffusionofUsefulKnowledge, names writ- 
 ten according to these three different modes 
 occur promiscuously in almost every part. 
 Even the same name is frequently spelled 
 differently in different parts of the same 
 work. Thus, on the map just mentioned, 
 OoRFA is written " Or/a or Our/a," while on 
 another of the same set it is spelled Urfa. In 
 the Penny Cyclopaedia we find Boossa and 
 Bcmssa, Soodan and Sudan, Toorkistan and 
 Turhistan, &c. McCulloch gives Shumla 
 (Shoomla) under its proper head, but men- 
 tioning the town in another place, writes it 
 Schumla: in the same article, Africa, he 
 has both Soodan and Soudan, each occurring 
 several times: under Mogadore he gives 
 Shwera (more properly Sweera) as the Moor- 
 ish name of this town ; afterward, in enume- 
 rating the principal fortified and garrison 
 towns of Morocco, he gives Suira, (pro- 
 nounced Sweera,) without so much as men- 
 tioning the name of Mogadore. As neither 
 Schumla nor Suira are to be found in his 
 Gazetteer under their respective heads, it is 
 scarcely possible that any one unacquainted 
 with the different modes of writing these 
 names should know what places are meant 
 by them, or in what part of his work to look 
 for information respecting them. 
 
 XII. In order to avoid the perplexity and 
 confusion resulting from the diversity which 
 prevails in the mode of writing oriental names 
 and others of the same class, we have made it 
 a point always to spell them after the English 
 manner, except in a few instances where a 
 different spelling appears to have become 
 thoroughly established by usage. Accord- 
 ingly, we have given Oorfa, Soodan, Toor- 
 kistan, &c., as the preferable mode of writing 
 such names; at the same time, under tbo 
 heads of Ourfa and Urfa, Soudan and Su- 
 dan, and TuRKiSTAN, the reader will find a 
 reference to the names as spelled in the Eng- 
 lish manner, to which he must look for a de- 
 scription of those places.. By adopting this 
 plan, it is believed that the correct pronun- 
 ciation of oriental names will be taught in 
 the simplest and easiest manner; the per- 
 plexity and error into which the prevailing 
 inconsistent mode of writing such names has 
 sometimes led even well-informed geogra- 
 phers, will be avoided; and the apparent 
 contradictions which are bo ofltin met with 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 15 
 
 in our most popular geographical works will 
 be accounted for and reconciled.* 
 
 XIII. In giving the pronunciation of this 
 class of geographical names, to represent the 
 accent correctly is the principal difficulty 
 to be encountered. Those acquainted with 
 French are aware that this language has no 
 accent, in the sense in which we employ the 
 term. The same may be said of the Hunga- 
 rian, and perhaps also of the Arabic, Turk- 
 
 * There can be little doubt, that the practice which pre- 
 vails among' the English, of writing oriental names after the 
 manner of other European oations, has sometimes led geo- 
 graphers of the highest character into error. Thus Man- 
 tchoo, the name of a tribe cf Tartars inhabiting the north 
 part of the Chinese empire, is written, by some of the most 
 respectable authorities, Manchow. It is probable that in 
 the first place some English writer or writers spelled it 
 J/antchou. after the French manner, and that others, sup- 
 posing it to be English, and wishing to adopt a mode of 
 spelling less equivocal, wrote it Manchnw. It may be, how- 
 ever, that the latter indicates the true pronunciation, and 
 that the name was originally written correctly Mantchou, 
 the ou having its genuine English sound ; and that some 
 English writer, naturally supposing it to be French, (for 
 many, if not most, of the English appear to prefer the 
 French mode of spelling such names to their own,) without 
 Investigating the subject, converted the name, as they 
 thought, into English, by writing it Mantchoo. As Man- 
 tchooria (the country of the Mantchoos) is rarely visited by 
 Europeans, this question may long remain undecided. At 
 present, Mantchoo appears to have become almost universal. 
 In one of the earlier numbers of the Penny Cyclopaedia 
 {artide. Chixa) we find it written Manchow, but in other 
 parts of the work, Mandshoo, which does not differ mate- 
 rially in sound from Mantchoo. 
 
 Had the English uniformly adopted the practice of writ- 
 ing oriental names according to the sounds of their own 
 language, it is probable that Cabul would never have lost 
 its native sound (Kfi'-b'l) so far as to be generally pronounced 
 by the English and French, (Mmtl or Oaboul. (See Cabool, 
 In the body of this work.) It is true that it was formerly 
 written correctly, in English works, Clibid or Cuuhul; but 
 the practice of spelling oriental names according to the 
 German or Italian mode is so common among English wri- 
 ters, that analogy would naturally lead us to adopt or con- 
 firm that pronunciation of Oibul, which appears to be now 
 BO thoroughly established. Had it been the uniform prac- 
 tice of English travellers and geographers to write such 
 naires as Surnud, Dezful, (or Dezphout,) according to the 
 sounds of their own tongue, viz. Snormool and Dezfool, no 
 English reader would have thought of pronouncing the u 
 In Cabvl like oo. The erroneous pronunciation of a single 
 name may, perhaps, justly be regarded as of little moment; 
 but the embarrassment and error into which the prevailing 
 practice of English writers on geography is continually 
 Mable to lead both the ignorant and learned, appear to us 
 to involve considerations of the highest importance to the 
 Interests of geographical science. From a sincere wish to 
 add 4s much as possible to the utility of the present work, 
 we have had recourse to the system of writing oriental 
 names which has already been explained. It may be re- 
 narked, that though this system Is frequently at variance 
 with common usage, it is sanctioned by the example of the 
 Most distinguished French geographers, as well as of several 
 English writers of the highest character. 
 
 ish, and Persian. At all events, those best 
 acquainted with these languages are not 
 unfrequently at a loss, when they wish to 
 represent accurately in English the accentu- 
 ation of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian words. 
 Nevertheless, it will be found that here, as in 
 the French and Hungarian, there is something 
 analogous to our accent, which will generally 
 serve to guide us in marking in English the 
 accentuation of names in these languages. 
 The different syllables of oriental names, 
 however, like those of French words, are not 
 unfrequently pronounced with a stress of 
 voice so nearly equal, that it has been deem- 
 ed proper, in a number of instances, to use 
 the secondary accents, in order to indicate 
 more precisely the true pronunciation. (See 
 Remarks on the French accent, Section 
 XVI.) 
 
 Obs. 1. It may not be improper here to re- 
 mind the reader, that the accents which we 
 often see upon oriental names are by no 
 means to be understood as always indicating 
 the manner in which an Englishman should 
 accentuate these names in pronunciation, as 
 they are often employed to denote some par- 
 ticular sound in the vowels over which they 
 are placed. Thus some authors place an ac- 
 cent upon a, when they wish merely to sig- 
 nify that this letter has the clear full sound 
 of a mfar. In the same manner, an accent 
 is placed upon u, in order to show that it has 
 the Italian or German sound, or, in other 
 words, is to be pronounced like oo. 
 
 Obs. 2. The sound of a in several of the 
 oriental languages is often very broad, ap- 
 proaching nearly to that of an, in English. 
 Hence we often see Afghaux instead of 
 Afghan, Cauvery instead of Cavery, sultann 
 instead o{ sttltan, &c. In writing Nepaul and 
 BnoPAUL, the improper diphthong au appears 
 to be almost universally employed by the 
 English. The French indicate the same 
 sound by using a with a circumflex, e. ff. 
 NepaI,, BnopJL, &c. This method is, per- 
 haps, preferable to ours, the sound of a being 
 intermediate between that in the English 
 wordyar and that in fall. 
 
 Obs. 3. The Arabic article al or el is often 
 changed in pronunciation, so as to correspond 
 with the initial consonant of the word to which 
 it is prefixed ; thus, El-Rasheed, (Rashid,) El- 
 Sham, (the Arabic name of Syria,) and El- 
 SiooT, are pronounced, and should be written 
 in English, Er-Rasheed, Esh-Sham, Es-Sioot. 
 The vowel sound of the article also varies 
 considerably, sometimes approaching that of 
 00 ; thus the " Country of Dates," is usually 
 pronounced Beled^ijol Jer-eed'. So Es-Sioot 
 (or SiooT, without the article) is sometimes 
 written Assyout and Osioot. 
 
 Obs. 4. Gh, in the Arabic and some othei 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 oriental tongue?, is not merely a hard g, as 
 in the Italian, nor an aspirate like the Ger- 
 man cli, as in the Irish language, but a harsh 
 guttural, bearing the same relation to the 
 German ch that g bears to k. As it has no 
 equivalent in any European language, we 
 
 have not attempted to distinguish it in pro 
 nunciation, having represented it merely by 
 a hard g. 
 
 Obs. 5. Kh is equivalent to ch in German, 
 and accordingly has been represented by k, 
 distinguished as a small capital. 
 
 GENERAL PRmcrPLES OF PROmJNCIATIOE' OF THE MORE 
 IMPORTAJ^T EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 It may, perljaps, be proper to remark that 
 this brief exposition of the peculiar sounds 
 of the different European languages has been 
 prepared solely with reference to the pronun- 
 ciation of foreign geographical names. The 
 object has been twofold : first, to enable the 
 reader more fully to understand the system 
 of orthoepy adopted in this Gazetteer; se- 
 condly, to furnish some general hints for the 
 proper pronunciation of those European names 
 which are not found in the present work. Some 
 explanation of the kind has been deemed in- 
 dispensable ; and, brief and imperfect as this 
 Diay be, it is hoped that it will be found to 
 answer the particular object proposed. 
 
 BOHEMIAN. 
 [See Observation at the end of Section XXn.j 
 
 DANISH. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 1. A is pronounced generally as in the English word /ar, 
 though it frequently approaches the sound erf a in fat. 
 
 2. E, at the end of an accented syllable, usually has a 
 Bound like that of i in pin ; in other cases it is sometimes 
 like € in met, and sometimes like e in battery. 
 
 3. / is like ee, or like i in pin. 
 4 O is like the English o. 
 
 6. CTis like 00. 
 
 6. Fis equivalent to the French u or fi. 
 
 7. Aa sounds like o. 
 
 8. Ae sounds like a in/afe. 
 
 9. le sounds like ee. in English 
 
 10. Oe or S is the same as in German. 
 
 11. The consonants b, c,f, h, k, I, m, n, p, q, s, t, x, z, are 
 llKe the English. 
 
 12. D, between two vowels, or at the end of a syllable in 
 which it follows a vowel, sounds like th in tliis; in other 
 ■ituations it is usually the same as in English. 
 
 13. G is always hard ; at the end of a word it is sounded 
 Tery slightly, so as to resemble h ; e. g. Aalborq is pro- 
 nounced nearly ol'-bor'h. 
 
 14. J' is like the English y, (consonant.) 
 
 15. K is similai- to the German. 
 
 16. V is usually like the English, but it sometimes ap- 
 pears to have a vowel sound; thus, havn is pronounced 
 tlmost houn. 
 
 17. W xias a sound similar to the German. 
 
 DUTCH. 
 
 XV. 
 
 1. The vowels a, t, i, o, and u are similar to the French. 
 
 2. T is like long i in English, as in nigk. 
 
 Obs. Ij is sometimes made use of instead of y; thus,Ov» 
 RTSSEL is not unfrequently written Overijssel. 
 
 3. Ae is equivalent to &h or &. 
 
 4. Je souths like ee in English. 
 
 5. Oe sounds like oo, 
 
 6. Oo sound.s like o long. 
 
 7. Ui or uy is similar to oi in English, or eu In German. 
 
 8. The consonants b, c,f, h, k, I, m, n,p, q, r, i, t, x, t, 
 are similar to the English. 
 
 9. Z>, at the end of a word, Is like t; In other cases it la 
 the same as in English. 
 
 10. O resembles in sound a strongly aspirated h, or the 
 German c7i. 
 
 11. J is equivalent to the English y, (consonant.) 
 
 12. V, at the beginning of a word or name, usually sounds 
 like/, as in German. 
 
 13. W is somewhat like the German, but softer. In the 
 word Nieutv, ("new,") followed by a consonant, as Nieuw- 
 POORT, (written also Nifupoort.) it is siU'nt. 
 
 14. Ch is similar to the German eh. (15.) i&Ji, however, 
 has not, as in German, the sound of the English sh, but 
 the pure sound of s, followed by the guttural ch, resembling 
 sic in English. 
 
 Obs. The Flemish is so closely allied to the Butch, that it 
 may be regarded as essentially the same language. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 XVI. 
 
 1. A, in French, is generally considered to have two 
 sounds: the first long, as in the English word /ar, e. g. in 
 pas; the second short, almost like a in fat, e. g. in bal. A 
 circumflexed, (d,) however, has a sound broader than the a 
 in pas, being intermediate between that in far and that in 
 faU. In giving the pronunciation of French names con- 
 taining an d, we have used the same letter, as we have no 
 equivalent in English. 
 
 Obs. The French a would frequently seem to be interme- 
 diate between its second English sound and that of short u. 
 However this may be, the French writers often employ a in 
 spelling oriental names, when the English make use of u, 
 e. g. in Cutch, (Fr. Catch;) Furrockabad, (Bi. Mxrrahdbdd ;) 
 MusKAT, (Fr. Mascate.) 
 
 2. E has three sounds: (1.) close, like a in fate, e.g. in 
 iti; (2.) open, nearly as in met, but more prolonged, e. p. in 
 prods and tite;* (3.) obscu'rey as in battery, e. g. in raxncr, 
 devrait.-\ 
 
 • In pronouncing this sound, the mouth must be freely opened, 
 whence the name. 
 
 t The « in these and similar cases is often scarcely sounded at 
 all, and appears to pass imperceptibly into e mnte retour and 
 deorait may be pronounced r'toi/r and d'eray. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 17 
 
 3. 7 has two sounds : the first nearly as in the English 
 trord fig, e. g. in il, ami; the second like ie in fidd, or efi, 
 t.g. in gtte. 
 
 4. has three sounds : (1.) nearly as In robe, e. g. in 
 trdne; (2.) as in rob, e. g. in parole; (3.) as in lord, «. jr. in 
 corps. 
 
 Obs. circumflexed, in French, has a deeper and fuller 
 sound than n long in PInglish : in giving the pronunciation 
 of French names containing this letter, we have used the 
 same, as no Knglish vowel or vowels could accurately indi- 
 cate its sound, e. g. Puy de Dome, pwee cTMine, 
 
 5. The sound of the French u has no equivalent in Eng- 
 lish. It may be said to be intermediate between ee and oo; 
 but it can be learned from an oral instructor only. In the 
 present work it is represented by the German ff, (or t/«.) 
 
 Obs. U, before n, nasal, h.as its second English sound 
 nearly, u)t being pronounced almost fix". 
 
 6. Fis similar to the French t. 
 
 7. Ai is like i, or e open. 
 
 8. Au is like o. 
 0. M is like i. 
 
 Ods. In giving the pronunciation of French names in 
 which ai or ei (not followed by n nasal) occur. «. g. Lok- 
 EAiNE, Seine, Ac, we have sometimes represented the sound 
 of these diphthongs by A or ai, because this is the usual 
 mode of anglicizing'such names. But with regard to places 
 less known, ai and ei are rendered by i, (e in met,) as Bab- 
 TENHEiM. 1 laRHeh-nJm'. In these instances the sound of h 
 should be somewhat prolonged, the mouth at the same 
 time being freely opened. 
 
 10. Etc is similar to the English « in tub, but the sound 
 Is more prolonged, nearly resembling u In fur. 
 
 Obs. En. in the different parts of the verb avoir, " to have," 
 always h.is the sound of simple u. 
 
 11. le is like ee in English, or i. 
 
 12. Oi ususally sounds like wd, «. g. moi is pronounced 
 mwi or mivdh, 
 
 Obs. Oi was formerly used in the termination of the 
 French verbs, e. g. avois, avoit, avoient ; also in the final 
 syllable of a number of adjectives, as Polonnis, " Polish," 
 and Lyonnois, "belonging to Lyons." The oi in these 
 words — which are now usually written avais, avail, avaient, 
 Polonais, Lyonnais — sounds like ai, (or i.) 
 
 13. Ou sounds like oo in English. 
 
 14. B, c,* d,f, Jc, p, t, V, and z, are the same as in English. 
 
 15. O, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word 
 gap ; before e, t, and y, it is soft, having the sound of zh, or 
 of s in pleasure. Gu sounds like g hard ; thus, gui, guide, 
 are pronounced gi, gheed. 
 
 16. i? is never pronounced in French so forcibly as in 
 English. Some orthoepists say that h has no sound in 
 French.f 
 
 17. J sounds like soft g in French, or zh in English. 
 
 18. L has usually the same sound as in English; but 
 when it ends a word, being preceded by t, or when U follows 
 i, in any situation, it usually has what is called its liquid 
 sound. This may be said to answer nearly to the sound of 
 Ui in million, the sound of I in such cases being blended 
 with that of y, (consonant ;) e. g. papillon is pronounced 
 pi^-peer-y^N"'; Chantihy, shSxo'-teel^-yee', &e. It should, 
 however, be observed that, according to the present practice 
 of the more polite French speakers, the sound of I is scarcely 
 heard at all in such words, so that their pronunciation might 
 rather be indicated thus — pd'-pee'-yAN"' ; shS>'«Mee'-yee'. 
 
 19. 3Aaiid iV, when followed by a vowel, or when double, 
 have the same sound as in English ; but when at the end 
 of a word, (not immediately followed by another word be- 
 i»inning with a vowel,) or when followed by another conso- 
 
 * C, with 3. cedilla, (?,) before o, o, and u, sounds like *; thui 
 ■XI, fo, fii, are pronounced «a, so, »u. 
 t See Bohnar'a Fables— Remark on the letter h, page i. 
 B 
 
 nant in the middle of a word, they have what is termed tha 
 nasal sound, which resembles that of ng, as in long, pang, 
 &c., but is somewhat softer ;J thus, m and n are nasal in 
 such words as coyiparer, coyte.yte, but have their natura' 
 sound in such as commune, connu. Melun, before a conso 
 nant, or standing by itself, would be pronounced almost 
 m'lu^i"; but if followed immediately by a vowel, as in the 
 sentence, Melun a six viiUe habitans, " Melun has six thou- 
 sand inhabitants," the final n is sounded distinctly likenn; 
 the pronoun sirn, when not followed by a vowel, is pro- 
 nounced nearly sc-In"'; but when it takes the feminine 
 termination, the n, being doubled, has the same sound as 
 in English, so that sienne is proBOunced sc<nn'. 
 
 20. Mor n, nas.al, when preceded by e, usu-ally causes this 
 vowel to assume the broad sound of a: thus, dents, sens, are 
 pronounced like the French words dans and sans, almost as 
 if written in English dds' and sd^t". 
 
 21. In, im, ain, aim, ein, oin, and en, preceded immediately 
 by i, when nasal, have a sound nearly resembling that of 
 ang in the English word pang. In such cases, in, im, ain, 
 aim, ein, and en are pronounced alike, Sn"; the o in oin has 
 the sound of our w, so that loin and soin are pronounced 
 almost Iw^N", swixo. 
 
 22. In om and on, nasal, the o is long, as in won't. 
 
 Obs. The French nasal sound is represented in the present 
 work by n«, and .sometimes by x or m distinguished as a small 
 capital, e. g. Chaumo.nt, sho^-mis"'; Quimpek, kiM^-pifce'. 
 
 23. Q or qu, in French, always sounds like U, e. g. quel is 
 pronounced kel ; qui, lee. 
 
 Obs. Q, in French words, (except when terminal, as in coq 
 and cinq.) is always followed by u, though it is sometimes 
 employed without this letter in writing certain foreign 
 names. Thus Balbi iind sever.al other authors, both French 
 and English, write Qeni for Keneh; Qonm for KooM, Ac. 
 In such ciises, q is used to denote a sound like that of k, 
 but somewhat more guttural. 
 
 24. R is like the English, but is trilled more strongly, es- 
 pecially when it precedes another consonant, or stands at 
 the end of a word, as in veviu,puniv.: in similar cases, the 
 English r is but very slightly sounded. This sound is in- 
 dicated by a small capital R. 
 
 25. S, when single and between two vowels, sounds like 
 z: in other cases it is the same as in English. 
 
 26. ^generally has the same sound as in English, but is 
 sometimes sounded like s, e. g. in six, pronounced seece, and 
 Bnixelles, (Brus.sels,) pronounced brll* sell'; and occasionally 
 like z, as in dixiime, de^-ze-aiml. 
 
 27. Cli is like sh in English : th is like t. 
 
 28. On (the same as in Italiiin) has a sound which blends 
 that of n and y, (consonant,) or, in other words, is equiva- 
 lent to the sound of ni in minion. Thus, Aviqnox is pro- 
 nounced i^-veen^-yAsi"'. 
 
 Obs. This sound is represented in Spanish by fl. and bears 
 the same relation to n that the liquid I (1) d.oes to the ordi- 
 nary I. In Hungarian it is expressed by ny, and in Portu- 
 guese by nh. 
 
 When it occurs in the middle of a word, we h.ive repre- 
 sented it by n and y, as in the ex.ample above given ; but 
 when it st.ands at the end of a word, as it cannot then be 
 expres.sed by any letter or combination of letters in English, 
 it has been indicated by the Spanish fl.- accordingly, the 
 French pronunciation of such names as Cologne and Bou- 
 logne are thus given — koMofi', booMoH'. 
 
 SILENT LETTERS. 
 
 29. The vowel e at the end of a word, when not marked 
 with an accent, is invariably mute, e. g. in parle, con- 
 tente,^^ &c. 
 
 X In uttering this aonnd, care should be taken not to press th« 
 back part of the tongue against the palate, as is done in pro- 
 nouncing the English ng. 
 
 5 The particles le, ne, and the pronoans je, me, te, to., are 
 perhaps, strictly speaking, exceptions; but though the e la 
 
18 
 
 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 80. Thft (Trench consonants, when occurring at the end of 
 a word, arc gnneraUy not pronounced^ unless they are imme- 
 diately followed by a word beginning with a vowel, e. g. in 
 contem, Bordeaux, and dents. If, however, they are followed 
 by a mute e, or any other rowel, they must always be arti- 
 culated, «. ff. in conUwie, demi, &c. 
 
 Obs. 1. The letters e,f, I, and r are, when final, very often 
 pronounced; «. g. in avec, nevf, il, and puiiir. 
 
 Ob8. 2. The French articulate the final consonants in 
 almost all forei<rn and classical names, e. g. in Amsterdam, 
 (to not nasal,) Vfxus, Ac 
 
 REMARKS ON THE FRENCH ACCENT. 
 
 It may be observed that the French language has no ac- 
 cent, in the sense in which we employ this term. The 
 marks called accents, that are placed over the different 
 vowels, serve only to indicate some particular sound of 
 these letters, and not that peculiar impulse of the voice 
 which characterizes an accented syllable in the English and 
 most other European tongues. Thus, the accent over the « 
 In parli serves to show that this vowel has its first French 
 sound, and at the same time distinguishes it from park, 
 another form of the same verb, in which the e is mute. The 
 circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is placed a 
 longer and deeper sound than ordinary ; «. g. in hdte, tem- 
 petc, gtU, and apStre. 
 
 It is commonly said that the French pronounce all the 
 syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that 
 they seem, to an English ear, to accentuate the last, because. 
 In our language, the universal tendency is to throw the ac- 
 cent toward the beginning of the word. (See IX. Obs. 2.) 
 Others, on the contrary, maintain that in pronouncing 
 words of a number of syllables, the voice of a native French 
 speaker almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and 
 that this peculiar terminal intonation is very analogous, 
 and nearly equivalent, to our accent. This last opinion ap- 
 pears to us to be not without a real foundation. But, how- 
 ever the question may be settled, the fact that the English, 
 who have learned the pronunciation of names from hearing 
 them spoken by the French themselves, almost invariably 
 throw the accent on the final syll.ible, furnishes, in our 
 judgment, suflScient ground for establishing a general rule 
 on this subject. Accordingly, in the present work, we have, 
 with very few exceptions, placed the principal accent on the 
 last syllable of French geographical names ; at the same time 
 it has been thought proper to mark the others with second- 
 ary accents, in order to prevent them from being pronounced 
 too slightly or indistinctly, as is usually the case with unac- 
 cented syllables in English. The pronunciation of Ori.£as8, 
 for example, has been thus given — OR'-lA'-ds»'. 
 
 Obs. Particular care, however, should be taken not to 
 break such names into as many isolated sounds as there are 
 different syllables ; but, while pronouncing these syllables 
 with a stress of voice nearly equal, to let each glide smoothly 
 into that which follows it. It may be observed, that the 
 French, in uttering short sentences, usually make the dlf- 
 ' ferent words run into each other, as if they were parts of 
 the same word. 
 
 GERMAN. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 1. A, in German, usually sounds as in the English word 
 far, though sometimes approximating the a in fat. 
 
 2. E, when long, sounds like a \nfate : when short, like 
 e in met : frequently, however, it has an obscure sound, like 
 «in haiUry. 
 
 these words is not always absolutely mute, it is very often so ; 
 thus, the sentence tota me trouverez U m^me. Is pronounced 
 room trooe nl mame, the vowel in vie and n« being entirely 
 Cnpprossed, and the consonants attached to the preceding 
 words. 
 
 3. 7, long, sounds like i in marint, (or tt in English,} 
 i, short, like t in pit. 
 
 4. 0, long, is like that in no; o, short, like that in on. 
 
 5. U, long, is like oo in cuckoo; u, short, like oo in good- 
 
 6. iT sounds like the German t. 
 
 7. Ae, or d, is similar to the German e, or to the English 
 a in fate. 
 
 8. Oe, or o, nearly resembles the eu in French, but has 
 no parallel sound in English ; the sound in our language 
 nearest to it is that of e in her, or u in fur: the German 
 poets often rhyme it with e, (A or i.) 
 
 9. He, or fi, is like the French u. 
 
 10. Au is equivalent to the English ou in our. 
 
 11. Au and eu resemble in sound the English oi, as in oiZ 
 
 12. Ei and ey have the sound of t in mine, as pronounced 
 by the Americam, (the English draw the corners of the mouth 
 farther back.) 
 
 13. Ai is similar to the preceding, but somewhat broader. 
 
 Obs. It may be observed that ot and au, in German, as 
 well as in several other languages, are proper diphthongs, 
 the vowels preserving their distinct and proper sound; thus, 
 ai is equivalent to i'-e, and au to d'-oo, in English. 
 
 14. Ui sounds like oo-e. 
 
 15. le is equivalent to e< in English." 
 
 16. The consonants /, k, I, m, n, p, q, t, and x are pro- 
 nounced as in English. 
 
 17. B and d, at the beginning of a word, have the same 
 sound as in English; at the end of a word, h is pronounced 
 like p, and d like t. 
 
 18. C, before a, o, and u, sounds like k; before e, i, and y, 
 like ts. 
 
 19. Ch has a sound unknown in our language, and which, 
 consequently, can be learned from an oral instructor only. 
 It somewhat resembles that of oiir h, with a strong aspira- 
 tion : after a, o, and u, it is guttural ; for example, in the 
 word ach.* 'When it follows e,i,a, li, u, Uu, or eu, it seems 
 to be sounded more in the palate, as in icJi.* Vi'e have re- 
 •presented this sound in the present work by k, distinguished 
 as a small capital. 
 
 Obs. Ch, before it, radicals, (i. e. forming » part of the root 
 of the word,) has the sound of k; e.g. Ochs is pronounced 
 oks ; Sacksen, sdk'-sf n, &c. 
 
 20. G, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in the Eng- 
 lish word<7et. In other situations, it should be pi-onounced 
 nearly like the Germ.an c7(,in which cases it is represented by o 
 small capital. (See Section V.) In some German dialects, how- 
 ever, it is sounded, in all ca-ses, nearlj- like g hard, in English. 
 
 21. His pronounced only when it begins a word. 
 
 Obs. 1. When g and Ji occur in the middle of a compound 
 word, they have the same sound as when they are initial, 
 provided they begin any part which is a complete word in 
 itself: thus, in the participle gegeben, (given,) the latter p 
 has the same sound as the former, because it begins the 
 verb geben, (to give,) from which that participle is derived. 
 It is sounded in like manner in aufgeben, (to give up.) and 
 rergehen, (to forgive,) Ac. H, in similar lnstan.es, is pro- 
 nounced ; e. g. in gehaU, aufiwlten, &c. 
 
 Obs. 2. Gand 7i, occurring after a vowel, lengthen its sound; 
 c. g. in Tag, Zald, Floh, pronounced tig, tsAI, fi6, Ac. 
 
 22. J has the sound of the English y, (consonant.) 
 
 23. Q is only used before u, and sounds as in the English 
 word quit 
 
 24. i? is pronounced like rr in the English word terror, 
 but somewhat more strongly. (See XVI. 24.) 
 
 Obs. Care should be taken to pronounce the r, In German, 
 
 • Those who have no opportunity of acquiring this sound 
 from a German, might perhaps learn it fiom t Scotchman, as 
 the Sootch ch is essentially the same with the C-Tman, tfauogh 
 pronounced somewhat more strongly. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 W 
 
 distinctly and foiciWy. In such words as herg and vjcrth, 
 the learner should be particularly on his guard against al- 
 lowing the e to become like short ti. as in similar words in 
 English. The «, in such cases, should have the same sound 
 as in our word joeHt, so that berg should be pronounced 
 almost as if written hairg, (not burg ;) wertli, as wairt, (not 
 wurt,) but somewhat shorter. 
 
 25. S, at the beginning of a word, or between two Towels, 
 is like' z ; in other cases it is sharp, as In thU. Ss is always 
 Ebarp. 
 
 26. Sch sounds like the English sh ; sz like ss, 
 
 27. TIl is pronounced like t, bs in most other lanj^ages. 
 
 28. F sounds like /in English, except when between two 
 Towels ; it is then usually pronounced like our v. 
 
 29. fT resembles our v, but in pronouncing it the upper 
 teeth should not be allowed to touch the lower lip, as is 
 done in uttering the English v. This sound is indicated by 
 s w marked thus, *. 
 
 30. Z and tz sould like ts. 
 
 Obs. No general rule can be given for the accent of German 
 words or names: it may be remarked, however, that the 
 penultimate accent occurs much less frei^uently than in the 
 Soanish or Italian languages. 
 
 GREEK, (MODERN.) 
 xvm. 
 
 1. A « (alpha) is like a \nfar. 
 
 2. E t (epsilon) is like a in fate, 
 
 3. H ;; (eta) is like ee in English. 
 
 4. I ( (iota) is like e in mt, or i in pin. 
 6. O (omicron) is like o in English. 
 
 6. Y w (upsilon) is nearly like the French u, (or fi.) 
 
 7. il <i) (omSga) is like o in English, there being no dif- 
 ference between this and omicron in prose ; In poetry (o is 
 lonprer. 
 
 8. At is like a in/a<e. 
 
 9. E( and o« sound like ee in English. 
 
 10. Oti is like our oo. 
 
 11. B 6 (beta) is like v in English. 
 
 12. r Y (gamma) is like g hard, as in geL 
 
 13. A i (delta) is like th in tMs. 
 
 14. Z ? (zeta) is like the Engli.sh z. 
 
 15. 9 (theta) is like th In thin, 
 
 16. K K (Icappa) is like k. 
 
 17. A X (lambda) is like I, 
 
 18. M n (mu) is like m, 
 
 19. N V (nu) is like n, 
 
 20. S I (xi) is like x. 
 
 21. n T (pi) is usually like the English p ; but after /I (m) 
 it is like 6 ; e. g. epiiropoi is pronounced em'bo-ros. 
 
 22. P p (rho) is similar to the German r. 
 
 23. 2 (7 5 (sigma) is like the English s. 
 
 24. T T (tau) is usually like the English t ; after v, (n,) 
 however, it is sounded like d; e g. ivrd; is pronounced 
 tn-dns'. 
 
 25. Y 1), (consonant,) when before a vowel, or the liquids 
 I, m, n, r, is like our v; e.g. aicpvb) is pronounced dv-A-rtt'-o, 
 ci>o{, iv-los*, avpiov, Jv'-reon: in other cases it is like/; 
 e. g. KtVKaSia (Leucadia) is pronounced lef-kd-THee'3. 
 
 26. <I> (phi) is equivalent to our/. 
 
 27. X X {'^^^) 5s simiLar to ch in German. 
 
 28. ♦ xj/ (psi) is like j)s in English. 
 
 Obs. Rwently it has become the practice to give all, or 
 nearly all, the islands, towns, Ac. of modem Greece, their- 
 ancient names ; and it is probable that at no distant period 
 sucl. la'.odern corruptions as Tlii-aln for Tthaca. Sao for Chios, 
 m.ay be regarded as obsolete. But, as the modern names are 
 employed in nearly all our books on geography, and in the 
 writings of the English travellers and poets, it has been 
 thought proper in a work like the present, which is intended 
 for pouulai use, to assign to them their accustomed place. 
 
 HUNGARIAN. 
 XIX. 
 
 1. A, unaccented, is like o In not ; with an accent, (d,) it 
 has the sound of a in far, and is always long; thus, Aba 
 Uj-v&r, the name of a town, is pronounced 0b-6h oo-e v&R. 
 
 2. E, unaccented, is like e in met; with an accent, (i.)* 
 it has a sound intermediate between e in met and i in jnt, 
 but more prolonged. 
 
 3. /, and y when a vowel, are similar to e in me, or i in 
 fff- 
 
 4. O, without an accent, is the same as in English; when 
 accented, (<5.)* it has a longer and deeper sound. 
 
 5. U, without an accent, is like oo in English ; with the 
 accent, (&,)* its sound is fuller and deeper. 
 
 6. Oe or o, and fi, are the same as in German. 
 
 7. The consonants b, d,f, h, k, I, m, n,p, t, v, z, are like 
 the English. 
 
 8. C is not used without being joined with some other 
 consonant ; cs is sounded like ch in English ; cz like fc. 
 
 9. O, except when followed byjor y, is always hard, as 
 in the English word gei. Gh sounds like a simple g. 
 
 10. J is usually like e in English; uj is pronounced oo-e. 
 Dj and gj are equivalent to dy and gy, and tj to ty. (See 16, 
 17, and 20 of this Section.) 
 
 11. R is like the German ; in other words, is to be trilled 
 more strongly than the English, 
 
 12. S is like the English sh, 
 
 13. & is like s sharp, or ts. 
 
 14. Ts is equivalent to cs, or cJi in English. 
 
 15. Tz is like cz, or ts in English. 
 
 16. T, in Hungarian, is nearly always a consonant. TV'hen 
 it follows d, g I, n, and t, it seems to be blended with these 
 letters, so as to form but one consonant sound. 
 
 17. Dy and gy are alike. Magyar is pronounced mOd-ydR. 
 
 18. Ly is like I in Spanish, or Ui in the English word 
 million, V4sfirhely is pronounced in three syllables — 
 vi-ph4R-hM. 
 
 19. iVy is like the Spanish It, or ni In minion. Mirtony 
 is pronounced in two syllables — mdR-toH. 
 
 20. Ty approximates the sound of our ch, bearing the some 
 relation to t that dy does to d. 
 
 21. Zs sounds like the French j", or zh In English. 
 
 Obs. The Hungarian language cannot be said to have any 
 accent, in the sen.se in which we employ this term : the syl- 
 lables of words, however, are distinguished from each other 
 by quantity. As quantity in Latin and Greek is converted 
 into accent by the usage of English pronunciation, so, in 
 giving Hungarian names, we have aimed to place, as far as 
 practicable, the accent according to the quantity: e.g., Cson- 
 gr&d, chou'grM'; or else according to the mode adopted 
 with regard to French names — that of placing the accent 
 (with few exceptions) on every syllable. This plan, though 
 perhaps open to some objections, has appeared to be, on the 
 whole, the best that can be adopted. 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 XX. 
 
 1. A, in Italian, is like the English a in far, though its 
 sound varies somewhat in different sitiiatlons.t 
 
 ^ * The peculiarity of these sounds cannot be indicated by Etg- ■ 
 lish letters ; in giving the pronunci.ation of Ilungarian names, 
 we have merely distinguished them as being long. 
 
 t There are a number of niceties in Italian pronunciation, 
 which, however interesting to a thorough linguist, cannot pro- 
 perly be noticed in a work like the present. The difficulty of 
 giving a brief, and, at the same time, a satisfactory exposition 
 of the principles of this language, is increased by the existence 
 of different dialects in different parts of Italy. It has been 
 deemed sufficient, in this synopsis, merely to explain those 
 principles of pronunciation which appear to be recognised by 
 the Itivlians generally. 
 
20 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 2. £ hHS two sounds: (1.) dose, as a In faU; (2.) opirn, 
 like e in wf/, 
 
 3. 7is 'Ike e in m«, or i in^. 
 
 4. ty has two sounds : (1.) dose, as in note ; (2.) open, si- 
 milar to o iu not, but rather broader. 
 
 5. Cis like oo in English. 
 
 6. Ai and au, in Italian, are proper diphthonss. (See 
 XYII. 13, Obs.) Accordingly, Cairo is to be pronounced 
 ki'-ro, and Ausa, 5w'-si, &c. 
 
 7. The consonants b, d,f, I, m, n, p, q, s, t, and v are simi- 
 Lir to the English. 
 
 Obs. K. w, x, and y are not used by the Italians, except 
 In spelling foreign names. 
 
 6. C and cc, before a, o, and u, are sounded like k; before 
 e, i, and y, like ch or tsh. 
 
 Obs. Q: should be pronounced more strongly than a single 
 r. This remark will apply to all double letters in Italian, as 
 well as in most other languages. 
 
 9. As c, when InunedLitely before a, o, or w, is nerer pro- 
 nounce<l like cA, in order to express this sound in such 
 cases, the vowel t is inserted; thus, cia, do, ciu, are pro- 
 nounced chi, cJiO, choo. (See table at the end of this Sec- 
 tion ) 
 
 10. Ch is employed to express the sound of k before « 
 and I. 
 
 11. G, before a, o, and «, is hard, as in the Englbh word 
 gd ; before e, t, and y, it sounds like the English j.- ffia,gio, 
 ffiu, are pronounced jd, jo, joo. (See table at the end of this 
 Section.) 
 
 12. Gh is used to express the sound of hard g, before « 
 and i. 
 
 13. Gli h.<>s the sound of the liquid I, (I,) or of tti iumittim ; 
 thus, Bocuo is pronounced bcHe'-yo, or bAl'yo. 
 
 14. Gn has the same sound as in French; or, in other 
 words, is like the Spanish « ; e. g. Bologna is pronounced 
 bo-lAn'yi, (bo-lone'-y2.) 
 
 15. n is never sounded in Italian. 
 
 16. J, at the beginning of a syllable, is like the English y, 
 (consonant;) at the end of a word it is equivalent to ii, 
 (Italian.) 
 
 17. a resembles the French, but is trilled somewhat more 
 strongly. (See X\l. 24.) 
 
 18. Sc, before e and t, b like the English sk ; e. g. Scio is 
 pronounced Shee^-o. 
 
 19. X commonly has the sound otdz in English; zz is pro- 
 nounced like ts. 
 
 The following table will perhaps enable the reader more 
 
 readily to understand the mode in which c and ch, g aadgk 
 are employed by the Italians: 
 
 ca is pronounced ki. ga is pronounced gi. 
 
 che ki. ghe gL 
 
 chi ke. ghi ghe. 
 
 CO ko. go go. 
 
 cu koo. gu goo. 
 
 cia chd. gia j3. 
 
 ee chA. ge jA. 
 
 ci che. gl je. 
 
 cio cho. gio jo. 
 
 ciu choo. giu joo. 
 
 Obs. 1. In Italian, the accent of words ending in a vowel 
 If usually on the penultima; but to this general rule there 
 are many exceptions. 
 
 Obs. 2. It may be observed that, in consequence of the posi- 
 tion of lts\y. and its former extensive and intimate com- 
 mercial rel.itions with the Levant, a jrreat number of the 
 peo'jraphical names of Greece. Syria, and Egypt, as well as 
 many of those along the southern shore of the Mediterra- 
 nean. are written in the Italian mode, and should be pro- 
 nounced according to the principles of this language ; e. g. 
 CoPFU. TKIPOUZZ.A. Sao, Jaffa, Cairo, &.c 
 
 NORWEGIAN. 
 XXI. 
 
 As a written language, the Norwegian nuiy l>e said to ba 
 identical with the Danish, since not only the grammar, but, 
 with very few exceptions, the words of both, are precisely 
 the s-ame. In pronunciation, however, the Norwegians 
 differ widely from the Danes, while these, again, differ con- 
 siderably among themselves. Under Section XIV. we have 
 given the elements of Danish pronunciation, as the language 
 is spoken by the educated classes in Copenhagen. The prin- 
 cipal points of difference between tliis and tie Norwegian 
 appear to be the following: (1.) d, in the latter tongue, 
 always has its proper sound, while in the Danish it is often 
 pronounced like the English th ; (2.) g, at the end of a word, 
 in Norwegian, is to be sounded distinctly as g h.ird iu Eng- 
 lish; (3)e, at the end of a word, always retains its dis- 
 tinct sound; ou is like the Dutch and English on, or 
 like 6w. 
 
 POLISH, 
 xxn. 
 
 1. A sounds as a in the English word/ar. 
 
 2. E, without an accent, like « in met; with an accent, 
 (i,) like a in. fate. 
 
 3. 7 as in marine. 
 
 4. O, unaccented, as in lu^ ; with an accent, like oo in 
 good, or 66. 
 
 6. U is like oo in moon. 
 
 6. r resembles emmt, but is more guttural, being simi- 
 lar to t in pin. 
 
 7. The consonants h, d,f, g, (always hard,) ti, k, I, m, n, 
 p, s, (always sharp,) t and z, are essentially the same as in 
 English. 
 
 8. Ciu .ill eases, even before a or o, sounds like U in Eng- 
 lish ; cz is e<iuivalent to our ch ; cJi is like the German ek. 
 
 Q. J is Jike the German, being equivalent to y, (conso- 
 nant.) 
 
 10. R is like the German. 
 
 11. W is similar to the German, resembling our v. 
 
 12. N, with an accent over it, (n',) sounds like the Spa- 
 nish H. 
 
 13. S, marked in a similar manner, (s*,) has a sound blend- 
 ing that of s and y, (consonant.) S'& has a sound which 
 cannot be given in English : its nearest approximation in 
 our language is sts. 
 
 14. Sz is equivalent to sh in English. 
 
 15. Z, with a point over it, is like the French j^, or zh in 
 English. 
 
 16. Z. with an accent (z*,) is somewhat similar to the 
 above, but has no equivalent in our language. 
 
 Obs. 1. The accent in Polish words or names of more than 
 one syllable, is always on the penultima. In llussian, how- 
 ever, "it is almost alwavs on the Last s\-llable. 
 
 Obs. 2. The sounds of the letters in Slavonian, Bohemian, 
 and lllvrian correspond, with very slight exceptions, to 
 those of the Polish language, 
 
 PORTUGUESE. 
 
 XXIII, 
 
 1. The vowels a, e, i, o, u, and y, and the diphthongs at, 
 ay, au,* are es.sentially the same as in Spanish. 
 
 2. AO Is pronounced almost Owitg. 
 
 3. The consonants 6, d, f,l,m, n, p, s, t, v, an* ? are simi- 
 lar to the English. 
 
 • Ei and ey are almost the same as in Spso'sh, but hare a 
 found sometimes approaching to the English long •. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 21 
 
 4. Cis the same as In JVench, differing from the English 
 only by sometimes having the cedilla. 
 
 5. Ch is the same as in French ; or, in other words, Is 
 like our sh. 
 
 6. (? and J are the same as in French. (See XVI. 15 and 
 17.) 
 
 7. H, in Portuguese, is always silent. "When, however. 
 It follows I or n, it renders these letters liquid; th\is,filho 
 (son) is pronounced feel'-yo ; senhora, (la^yO sane-yo'-rd, &c. 
 
 8. M, fre<iuently, and n, sometimes, has a nasal sound. 
 &i7n, like sao, is pronounced ilmost soung; aUm, or alen 
 sounds like d-leng'. 
 
 9. Qu is pronounced as in French, the u in this case not 
 being sounded. 
 
 10. R is like the French. (See XVI. 24.) 
 
 11. Xis sounded like ch in Portuguese, or sh in English. 
 
 0ns. In Portuguese, the general rules of accentuation are 
 similar to those in the Spanish language. (See XXIV. Obs. 1.) 
 
 RUSSIAN. 
 
 As the Russians neither employ Roman characters, nor 
 those which can be readily converted into corresponding 
 Roman letters, we have, in writing the geographical names 
 of Russia, followed the mode adopted with respect to orien- 
 tal names. (See XI. and XII.; also, XXII. Obs. 1.) 
 
 SPANISH. 
 XXIV. 
 
 1. The Spanish a sounds as in the English word /ar; e 
 like a in ale; i like e in mete; o as in English; u like oo; 
 and y like Spanish t. 
 
 2. .(It and ajr are like long tin Englisn. .Au sounds like ou 
 la our. (See XVII. 13, Obs.) Ei and ey are pronounced A'-e. 
 
 3. The consonants/, I, (single,) m, n, p, s, t, and rare pro- 
 nounced nearly as in English. 
 
 4. B, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in English; 
 but when between two vowels, its sound somewhat re- 
 sembles that of r, but with this difference — v is pronounced 
 with the upper teeth placed against the under lip, while the 
 sound of the Spanish 6 is formed by tiringing the lips loosely 
 or feebly into contact. This sound seems to be between 
 that of 6 and the English w. It is represented by b or y. 
 
 . 5. C, before a, o, and u, is pronounced as in English; 
 before e and i, it has the sound of th in the word Viin. In 
 the Catalan dialect it is the same as in English. 
 
 6. Ch has the same sound as in English, except in the 
 dialect of Catalonia, where it is pronounced like k. 
 
 7. D, at the beginning of a word, is sounded nearly as in 
 English, but is pronounced with the tip of the tongue 
 against the upper teeth, while in pronouncing the English 
 d, the tongue is made to touch the roof of the mouth. At 
 the end of a syllable, or between two vowels, d, in Spanish, 
 sounds like the Engli.ih ih in this, but is somewhat softer. 
 This sound is usually represented, in the present work, by 
 a small capital d. 
 
 8. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in English. 
 
 9. G, before « and t, and j before every vowel, are pro- 
 nounced like a strong guttural /;, similar to the German ch 
 rn ach. This sound is indicated by h, distinguished as .% 
 
 . imall capital. 
 
 10. Gun and giio sound somewhat like gwi, gwo, but the 
 ff is so soft that it is scarcely perceived : so that in these 
 cases the sound of gu seems to approximate very nearly to 
 that of the English w. Gu, before e and i, is usually sounded 
 like g hard: thus, Gciana is pronounced ghe-d'nd. When, 
 however, the u is marked with a diseresis, thus, gUi, these 
 two letters have the same sound as when before a or o, and 
 9onsequently gui is pronounced gwe or we. (See table at the 
 Kid of this Section.) 
 
 11. IT, in Spanish, is never pronounced, except in words 
 beginning with hue, and then very slightly. 
 
 12. J: for this letter, see 9 and 18 of this Section. 
 
 13. LI (now sometimes written I) has a sound which com 
 bines that of I and y, (consonant,) and is similar to the liquid 
 tin. French; e. g. villa or vila is pronounced veel'-yd; Llb- 
 RENA, lyA-ri'-nd. 
 
 14. ^, in similar manner, unites the sounds of n and y, and 
 is like gn in French ; thus, petla is pronounced pJn'yi, or 
 pAne'yd. 
 
 15. Q, in Spanish, is always followed by u. Qu, before \ 
 and 0, is sounded as in English, or, in other words, is e<iuiva- 
 lent toAio; before e and i, it is pronounced like k, unless the 
 u be marked with a diaeresis, in which case it is like lew. (Sea 
 table at the end of this Section.) 
 
 16. ^ is similar to the French, but is trilled more strongly. 
 (See XVI. 24.) 
 
 17. r is to be pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue 
 against the upper teeth. 
 
 18. X is usually sounded like the Spanish j, which letter, 
 according to the present mode of spelling, has been gene- 
 rally substituted for it; thus, instead of the old spelling, 
 XiMENES, XucAR, Ac, We now see Jimenes, Jucar, &c. S, 
 before a consonant, or before a vowel marked with thin 
 sign /v, is sounded as in English: Example — Exterior 
 Exdminar. 
 
 19. Z is to be pronounced like th in thin. 
 
 The following table may serve to show more clearly tU« 
 manner in which c, g. j, q, x, and z are used in Spanish. 
 
 ea — is pronounced kd. cua or qua is pronounced qu3- 
 
 que kA. cue or qtle qui 
 
 qui ke. cui or qUi que. 
 
 CO — ko. cuo or quo quo. 
 
 cu — koo. 
 
 ga is pronounced gj. gua is pronounced gwd or wd. 
 
 gue gA. gUe gwi or wa. 
 
 gui g/ie. gui gwe or we 
 
 go go. guo gwo or wo. 
 
 gu goo. 
 
 ja or xa — is pron'ced nd; 
 
 je,xe,orge hA. 
 
 ji, xi, or gi He. 
 
 jo or xo — HO. 
 
 la — Is pronounced thi. 
 
 ze or ee thA. 
 
 zi or ci the. 
 
 zo — tho. 
 
 thoo. 
 
 ju or xu Hoo. zu — 
 
 Ob3. 1. Spanish words or names ending in a consonan*, 
 have the accent almost always on the last syllable : those 
 ending in a vowel are generally accentuated on the 
 penultima. If a word or name be an exception to either of 
 these rules, in correctly printed Spanish works the accent is 
 usually marked ; as, C6i!1>ova, AlcalA, JCcar, CAckres. It 
 should be observed that the » in the plural does not change 
 theaccent; hence, ca.^as, "houses," though ending in a conso- 
 nant, has the penultimate accent as well as cam, " a house.'' 
 
 OiiS. 2. The Spanish language, as spoken in Mexico and 
 South America, differs in some points materially from the 
 true Spanish. Thus, z (and c, before e and i) instead of 
 having the sound of th, are generally pronounced like s. 
 Among the uneducated classes. U is universally sounded 
 like y; thus, galU) is pronounced almost gd'yo. 
 
 SWEDISH. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 1. The vowel a, e, i, SL, and 6" are similar to the German. 
 
 2. 1 sounds like the English o, LuleA is pronounced 
 loo'lA-O; TorneA, tor'nA-fl, &c. 
 
 3. 0. at the end of a syllable, is like our oo ; in other 
 cases, like o in not. 
 
 4. U appears to blend the sounds of short e and of oo, 
 being somewhat similar to h'-oo. It has been represented, 
 in the present work, by oo, this sound lieing the nearest to 
 it of any in our language. 
 
22 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 6. ria the same m in Danish; or, in other words, is simi- 
 lar to the French u. 
 
 6. The Swedish consonants are, for the most part, pro- 
 nounced lilve the English, with the exception of j, and g, 
 (before e, i, a, 5, and S,) which are equivalent to y consonant, 
 and of z, which sounds lilie ts. 
 
 7. ^"sounds lilie the Knglish ch in child: thus, Kjuping 
 (written, also, simply KOjiing) is pronounced choja'-ing. 
 
 "WELSH. 
 
 XXVL 
 
 1. ^ ia pronounced as in the English word far, and 
 sometimes aa in fat. When circumflexed, it has the same 
 •ound as in /ate. 
 
 2. E sounds as in met ; when circumflexed, as in bear, 
 
 flu. 
 
 3. I sounds as injig, or marine. 
 
 4. O, with an acute accent, as o in gone; when circum- 
 flexed, as in note. 
 
 5. C has the sound of i in pin; circumflexed, as ee in 
 seen. 
 
 6. TTsounds like the English oo. 
 
 7. Y, in the penultima, or antepenultima, has the sound 
 of « in fur or tub; in the final syllable, or in a monosyl- 
 bible, it sounds as in pin; when circumflexed, it is like ee. 
 
 The English word sundry will serve to exemjilify its sound, 
 both in the penultima and ultima. 
 
 8. The Welsh diphthongs may all be said to be proper, 
 ^i sounds like long t in English; aw, like mo, as in noto; 
 wio, like e-oo or u, &c. 
 
 9. The consonants b, d, h, Jc, I, m, n, p, r, t, t, are the same 
 as in Englisli. 
 
 10. Cis always hard, like k. 
 
 11. J" (single) is like our v. 
 
 12. G is always hard, as in get. 
 
 13. Ch is similar to the Qerman eh, or to the Greek X- 
 
 14. Dd has the sound of th in thit. 
 
 15. Ff is like the English/. 
 
 16. LI is I aspirated, and has no equivalent in English. 
 It bears a resemblance (though somewhat remote) to the 
 sound of thl. " It is pronounced by fixing the tip of the 
 tongue to the roof of the mouth, and breathing forcibly 
 through the jaw-teeth on both sides, but more on the right, 
 as if written in English Wi." Tliis sound (except at the be- 
 ginning of names) is usually angliciaed by Oil: e. g. Llaxelly, 
 lan-eth'lee, Llangoilen, lan-gothlen, Ac. 
 
 17. Ph is the same as in English, or like/. 
 
 18. Th, in Welsh, is the same as in the English words 
 Viin, mouth, &c. 
 
 Obs. The accent, in all Welsh words, is either on the pe- 
 nultima or on the last sjrUaUe —never on the antepenultima. 
 
EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 
 
 A VERY few abbreviations (those only which are sanctioned by general usage) are employed in 
 
 the descriptive portion of this Gazetteer. They are as follow: — 
 
 E east or eastern. 
 
 N north or northern. 
 
 S south or southern 
 
 W west or western. 
 
 CO. or cos county or counties. 
 
 lat. latitude. 
 
 Ion. longitude. 
 
 P. or Pop Population, 
 
 The following abbreviations relate to pronunciation, &o. : 
 
 Int. „ Introduction. 
 
 It. Italian. 
 
 L. Latin. 
 
 Port Portuguese. 
 
 Adj Adjective. 
 
 anc. anciently. 
 
 Arab. Arabic. 
 
 Dan Dani.sh. 
 
 Fr French. 
 
 Gar German. 
 
 Gr Greek. 
 
 Hun Hungarian. 
 
 inhab inhabitant. 
 
 proa prnnuDciation. 
 
 Kuss Kupsian. 
 
 Sp Spanish. 
 
 Sw Swedish. 
 
 Turk Turkish. 
 
 To avoid a repetition of the same name, an ellipsis like the following is frequently employed 
 •' Leeds, a town of England, county, and 23 miles W.S. W. of York;" meaning, "in the county of 
 Fork, and 23 miles W.S.W. of the city of York." 
 
 SIGNS, ETC. RELATING TO ORTHOEPY. 
 
 A has fire sounds, represented as follows: 
 
 4 as a in fate, fable, &c. 
 
 2 as a in father, far, or in the last syllable of mama. 
 
 4 as a in fall, all, being equal to aw. 
 & as a in hat, fat, &c. 
 
 ^ obscure, as in organ, oval. 
 
 ah is used to denote a sound intermediate between 4 and 
 1, as al-a-bah'ma. 
 
 E has three sounds : 
 
 6 (or simple «, when it ends a syllable) as e in me. 
 
 5 as c in met, merry. 
 
 f, obscure, as e in berth, raveL 
 
 I has three sounds : 
 
 I as i in pine, min«. 
 
 I or 1 as t in pin, pit. 
 
 J, obscure, as infirm, evil. 
 
 O has three sounds : 
 
 6 (or simple o, when ending a syllable) as o in note, no. 
 5 as in not, hot, &c, 
 
 9, obscure, as In sermon, harbor. 
 
 IT has two sounds: 
 
 ^ (or u, ending a syllable) as u in tube, hue. 
 
 Q as u in tub, fur. 
 
 Th has two sounds : 
 
 th as in thin. 
 
 TH (small capitals) as in this. 
 
 8 has a sound similar to the French eu, or nearly like 
 that of e in her. It may be anglicized by e. (See Intro- 
 duction, XVII. 8.) 
 
 U is like the French u, being intermediate between ec and 
 00. (XIX. 5.) 
 
 D, (small capital.) in the pronunciation of a name, indi- 
 cates that its sound is nearly similar to th in tlds. 
 
 and K (small capitals) indicate the sound of the Gerinai, 
 cJi, or one similar to it (V. and XX. 19, 20.) 
 
 H (small capital) has a sound nearly similar to the pre- 
 ceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h. 
 
 1 (I liquid) Is to be pronounced like lit in million : it blends 
 the sounds of I and y consonant. (XXIV. 13.) 
 
 B in like manner blends the sounds of n and y consonant. 
 
 M and N (small capitals) and »<> are nasal, being similar in 
 sound to ng. (XVI. 19.) 
 
 R (small capital) has the sound of rr in terror. (XVI. 24.) 
 
 u (small capital) indicates the sound of the French eu. It 
 is pronounced nearly as u in tub or \nfur. 
 
 ^ indicates a sound similar to our v. 
 
 Kand ey, at the end of an unaccented syllable, sound 
 like e in me. 
 
 Ai and ay are considered to be equivalent to a in faJt. 
 
 Au and aw have the sound of a in fall. 
 
 i€ indicates a sound similar to t in pit or in the first syl- 
 lable of spirit. 
 
 dw or ou, as in now or our. 
 
 Gh is employed in pronunciation for g hard, before e and i 
 
 Sometimes different modes are adopted to indicate the 
 same sound; e. g. ee instead of A or e. The object has been 
 to mark the true pronunciation in a manner most likely 
 to be clearly understood. This is believed to be of mora 
 importance than absolute uniformity. 
 
 23 
 
24 EXPLANATIONS, ETC. 
 
 Jg^* The primary or principal accent in any name is marked thus (') ; the secondary thus (^) ; 
 afc, Pas^samaquod''dy. 
 
 J6^° When the right or left bank of a river is spoken of, the speaker or reader is supposed to be 
 looking down the stream, or in other vrords, going with the current. 
 
 When two or more names with the same spelling occur in succession, and the pronunciation of 
 the first only is given, it is intended, as a general rule, that all shall be pronounced alike. 
 
 The pronunciation of a name is distinguished from the name itself by its kot beginning with a capital. 
 When, immediately after a name, there occurs one or more names in capitals, or beginning with a 
 capital, enclosed in a parenthesis, these are to be xmderstood as different modes of writing the first ; 
 but if the word enclosed begins with a small letter, it is merely the pronunciation of the first name. 
 
 g@" Every letter, or combination of letters, occurring in ih^ pronunciation of a word or name, is 
 to be pronounced with its proper English sound ; for example, g must be hard, as in get, give, soft 
 g being always represented in the pronunciation by J; ch must be sounded as in chill, choose, &c., 
 and NEVER as sh. 
 
 In the pronunciation of foreign European names, care should be taken not to allow k to fall into 
 the third or broad sound of this vowel — an error to which American and English speakers are very 
 prone. It would be much less a fault, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It should, 
 however, be observed that a preceding the nasal n« in French is usually broad, almost like o in noL 
 (See Introduction, XVI. 19 and 20.) 
 
 When e or end a syllable in the pronunciation of a word, they are always to be pronounced 
 distinctly with their first sound, (as in me or no.) 
 
 marked long, (o,) though often employed in English names in order to show merely that this 
 letter has it first sound, when it occurs in the pronunciation of foreign words or names, always indi- 
 cates that the sound of the vowel is to be prolonged. In like manner, o indicates that this letter has 
 a sound like o in not, to be pronounced distinctly, but very short. 
 
 The sound of u before a vowel, in Spanish words, is usually represented by w. Thus, nuevo is 
 pronounced nwa'vo, which is nearly equivalent to noo-a'vo. In Italian, the u before a vowel appears 
 to be sounded more distinctly : accordingly, we have indicated the pronunciation of nuovo, diiomo, 
 by noo-o'vo, doo-o'mo. In these cases, noo-o and doo-o are to be pronounced almost in one syllable. 
 
 Persons who have not had considerable practice, are frequently at a loss to understand the pro- 
 nunciation of names, as indicated by letters and accents. In determining the pronunciation of a 
 diflBcult name, it is important, first, to sound the separate syllables distinctly, going over the word 
 CAREFULLY Several times ; and, lastly, to pronounce the whole name continuously and smoothly, 
 without separating the syllables at all, at the same time taking care to sound, with the proper force 
 and fulness, those which are marked with accents. 
 
 It is believed that the inexperienced will be materially aided in acquiring the art of reading pro- 
 nunciations, by seeing the same pronunciation expressed in two or three different modes, as exhi- 
 bited in the following examples : — 
 
 Alameda — ah-lahmay'dah, or i-Ii-mi'dl. 
 
 Nevada — naj'-vah'dah, or nA-vd'dl. 
 
 Apache — ah-pah'chay, i-pi'chl, or d-pitch'i. 
 
 America — ah-mer're-ktih, or i-mJr'e-ka. 
 
 Canada — kan'fih-dtih, or kJn'a-da. 
 
 Chihuahua — che-wi'wi, tchee-wi'wS, or chee-wah'wah. 
 
 Chiquitos — chee-kee'toce, or che-kee'tis. 
 
 Lanehing — lin-chiug' or Idn-tcheeN"'. 
 
 Nueva — noo-ay'rah, noo-A'Ti, nway'vah, or nwi'vi 
 
 Nuovo — noo-o'vo, nwo'ro, or noo-<l>'vA. 
 
 Chiana — ke-S'nl. kyl/nd, or ke-ah'nah. 
 
 Lacchiarella— li-ke-J-rMlJ or lak-yJ-rMlah. 
 
 Argentiere — aR'zhSso'te-aiK/, ar^zhdN<=*tyAE/, or ar''zh8N«^ 
 
 te-aiR/. 
 Juan (Sp. pron.) — Hoo-3n' or uw3n. 
 joao^zho-3/AN°, zho-OwNo', zho-ah'ooxo, zhwCwN", zhwi'As*. 
 
 In the above examples, each of the several pronunciations of a name are intended to convey 
 nearly the same sound. In Alameda, Nevada, Apache, &c., the pronunciation is given at first 
 without figured vowels* by comparing this with the second, the pupil will more readily under- 
 stand the signification of the figured vowels. 
 
 In the second list, Nueva, Nuovo, &c., noo-i — , noo-o — , ke-i — , li-ke-i — , and — te-ain arc 
 to be pronounced almost like nwi, nwo, kyi, lak-y4, and tyaia respectively. Were the first 
 pronunciation only given, the reader might be in danger of separating the syllables (noo-i — , 
 ke-a, &c.) too much; if only the latter, he might not sound them with sufficient distinctness, 
 the true pronunciation being between the two. To one, however, at all acquainted with the 
 languages to which those names belong, either mode of representation would be quite sufficient 
 to indicate the proper pronunciation. 
 
PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER 
 
 WORLD. 
 
 FAte, f2r, tin, tit, mS, m Jt, pine or pine, pin, n6, nftt ; |, equivalent to M, or i long ; oo, as in moon ; S6, hs in good ; Cw, a» 
 in now; a, f, p, short and indistinct; gh is equivalent to^ liard; N nai^l,a8 in won^t. — &« Kxplanations on page 23. 
 
 AA 
 
 AA,iA,ti oontraction of the old German ATiha, and the 
 -ii- same with Aaeh or Ach, signifies " flowing water." It 
 proljably has the same root witli the Latin Aqtui. (See Aix- 
 LA-CriAPELLE.) Aa is the nameof a multitude of little streams 
 in Germany, Netherlands, France, &c., the principal of which 
 are the followin;; : 
 
 AA, di or d, an aiSuent of the Ems, which it joins at 
 Mtinster. 
 
 AA, a river of European Russia, government of Livonia, 
 flowing W. into the gulf of Riga. 
 
 AA, a river of France, department Nord, flowing into the 
 North Sea nearGraveliues. 
 
 AA, a river of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, forms the 
 lakes of Baldegg and llallwyl, and joins the Aar iaelow 
 Aarau. 
 
 AA.a riverof Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, traverses 
 the lakes of Lungern and Sarnen, and falls into the Lake 
 of Four Cantons near Alpnach. 
 
 AA, a river of llollaiid. in Brabant, passes Ilelmond, and 
 joins the Domniel at I!</is-le-Duc. 
 
 AACII, 4k, a small town of Baden, 15 miles N.E. of Sehaff- 
 hausen. on the river of the same name, which falls into Lake 
 Constance. 
 
 AACIIBN, d'Ken. See Aix-iA-CnAPELLE. 
 
 AAG.VUD. 6'ga'ud, a village of Denmark, North Jutland, 25 
 miles W.N.AV. of Aalborg, celebrated for the battle of St. 
 JUrgens Berg. a.d. 1441. 
 
 AAlvIBKEBY, o-k66R/kgh-bU\ a town of Denmark, island 
 of Bornholm, near the S. caist, with a church built of black 
 marble, quarried in its vicinity. 
 
 A A L. ol or aul, a town of Norway, on the Ustedal, 120 miles 
 N.W. of Bergen. 
 
 AALBOUG. oinioRQ, i. e. " Eel Castle," (L. Albur'gum,)& city 
 and seiiport of Denmark, province of Jutland, on the S. shore 
 of the Lymfiord, near its mouth in the Cattegat. Lat. 57° 2' 
 46" N.; Ion. VP 55' 38" E. Pop. 10,009. It has a school of na- 
 vigation, with manufactories, and a large herring fishery. 
 From 400 to 500 vessels annually enter its harbor. Aal- 
 borg is in direct communication by steam and packetrboats 
 with Copenhagen ; 74 vessels, including 2 steamers, belong 
 to its p<irt. 
 
 A.\LKX, 3/len, a fortified town of Wtlrtemberg, on the Ko- 
 Cher, 40 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2800. 
 
 AALESUN'D, o'leh-soond\ (». e. " Eel Sound,") a small sea- 
 port town of Norway. Lat. 62° 24' N. ; Ion. 6° 5' E. 
 
 A.\LSMEI';rv.ais'maiR.a vill.age of North Holland, 8 miles 
 S.W. of Amsterdam. Fishing, especi.ally of eels, is carried on 
 to some extent, whence the nanie Aalsmeer, signifying " Eel 
 Sea.' 
 
 A.\LST, 3lst, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 North Biabant. 3 miles S. of Eyndhoven. 
 
 A AT,?T, a town of Belgium. See Alost. 
 
 AALTEX. ai'ten. a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Guelderlaud. on the Aa. 29 miles E. of Arnheih. Pop. 3524. 
 
 AAMODT, or .\AMADT, o/mott, a town of Norway, on the 
 Glommen, 86 miles N.N.E. of Christiania. Pop. 2729. 
 
 AAU, dR.fanc Ohrin^ga.) arXver of Switzerland, rises in the 
 Grinisol and Schreckhorn, canton of Bern, forms the remark- 
 able fall of Ilandeck, traverses the lakes of Brienz and Thuri. 
 passes Thun, l!ern, Soleure, and Aarau, and fells into the 
 Rhine opposite Waldshut. It is navigable from the Khine 
 to Thun. — Aah is the name of several .small German rivers. 
 
 AAKAU, or AR AU, i'rf w, a town of Switzerland, capital of 
 the canton of Aargau. on the Aar, 41 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 
 4627. It has a cantonal academy and library, manufactories 
 of silks, cotton cloth, mathematical instruments, leather, and 
 vitriol, and a cannon foundry. 
 
 AAHBKRG. dR/bfeo, a town of Switzerland, on the Aar.9J 
 miles N.W. of Bern, with a bridge on the Aar, defended by 
 foitifications, constructed since 1830. 
 
 AAl'.BUIiG, or .\KBUltG, iRtjCflRG, a town of Switzerland, 
 oil the -■Var. 6 miles S.W. of .4arau. 
 
 AAI!DKNBUl{G.4r%n-l)(S8RG\a townof the Netherlands, 
 prtvince of Zealand. 4 miles S.E. of Sluis. 
 
 lAl'iGAU, dR'gSw, (Fr. Argovie, da^go'vee/; L. Argo^via,) 
 
 ABA ■ 
 
 a canton of Switzerland, bounded by the cantons of Zurich 
 Zug, Lucerne. Bern, Soleure, Ba.sel, and the lihine, which se 
 parates it from Baden. Area, 503 square miles. Pop. in 1S50, 
 109,720, 107.194 being Protestants— 91,09H Roman Catholics 
 Surface undulating, and traver.sed by the Aar, Reus.a, and 
 Limmat. Soil well cultivated. Vineyards extensive. Prin- 
 cipal manufectures, cottons, silks, and linens woven by hand , 
 those, with straw hats, cattle, cheese, and corn, form the 
 chief exports. The name, which is German, signifies the 
 "country or district of the Aar." Capital. Aarau. 
 
 AAKIIUUS, oR/hooce, a seaport-town of Denmark, North 
 Jutl.and, on the Cattegat, at the mouth of the Molle-Aue, 37 
 miles S.E. of Yiborg. I>at. 66° 9' 27" N., Ion. 10° 12' 46" B, 
 Pop.l 1,009. It has a cathedral, a lyceum, museum, and 
 library, various manufactures, and a regular steam-con)mun»- 
 cation with Kallundborg and Copenhagen : 4& vessels belong 
 to its port. 
 
 AAKLANDERVEEN, dR/ldn-der-vain', a town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Ilolland, 17 miles S.S.E. of Haarlem, 
 Pop. 2688. 
 
 AAKIyK, dRlfh, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 North Brabant, on the Aa, 18 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Du''. 
 
 AABOE, (Aaroe.) 5'ro'fh, a small island of Denmark, 
 Sleswick, in the Little Belt, 10 miles E. of Uadersleben. 
 Opposite the island, on the E. coast of Sleswick, is A.\UOE- 
 SUND, (Aariiesund.) c'rO^h-soond', a post and ferry station, 
 with steam-communication l>etween Sleswick and Funeo. 
 
 AAIION, a peninsula of France. See Saint Maix). 
 
 A A'UONS-BUKG, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 
 on an affluent of Penn's creek, 89 miles N.N.W. of Ilarrisburg 
 
 AAROXSBUUG, a post-office of Clinton co.. New York. 
 
 AARON'S RUX,a post-ofliceof Montgomery co., Kentucky. 
 
 AKWANGEN, dR'*ang-?n, a village of Switzerland, on the 
 Aar, 24 miles N.N.E. of Bern. 
 
 AAS, ds. a village of France, Basses-Pyr6n6es,S.E. of Oleron. 
 Frequented for its baths and mineral waters. 
 
 A.\SY, El, a river of Syria. See Okontis. 
 
 AATH. See Ath. 
 
 AAT YL, or ATIL, d'tH, a town of Syria, pashalic of Bama.* 
 cus. with extensive ruins. Population chiefly Dru.ses. 
 
 .a:BABDE. d-bdb'deh,or SIIEIK ABADEU. sh.Vik d-bd'deh, 
 a village of Middle Egvpt, on the right bank of the N He, 8 miles 
 S. of Benni Hassan. "Lat. 27° 43' N. ; Ion. 30° 57' E. Near it 
 are the ruins of the ancient Antinoe, or Antinnopdtis, a city 
 built by the Emperor Adrian, and named from his favorite 
 Antinous, who was drowned in the Nile. These remains, 
 which are entirely Roman, are supposed to occupy th« site 
 of a still more ancient city, named Besa, famed for its oracles, 
 and mentioned by Abulfeda under the name of Ansina, or 
 Ansineh, by which the place is still sometimes designated. 
 Little of it now remains except its theatre, the substructure 
 of v.arious buildings, and the hippodrome without the walls. 
 
 AB.\C.\XIS.d-bd-kd-shees', a river of Brazil, pas.ses through 
 Lake Guaribas, and falls into the Furo or Mauhe, an affluent 
 of the Amazon. 
 
 AB.\CII, dOjdK, (anc. Ahudiamm1)a.\a-wa of Bavaria, on the 
 Danube, 5 miles S. of Ratisbon. It has mineral springs. 
 
 ABACO, dnid-ko, or LUCAYA, loo-kl'yd, the largest of the 
 Bahama islands. N. point in lat. 26° 30' N., ion. 76° 57' W., 80 
 miles in length by about 20 in breadth. A natural perfora- 
 tion of the rock at its S. E. point forms a landmark well 
 known to seamen as the HoU in tlie Watt. L.at. of lighthouse, 
 25° 51' .30" N.; Ion. 77° W 45" W.; elevation, 160 ifeet. 
 
 Little Ab.aco,28 miles long, lies immediately W. of the N. 
 extremity of the above, which is called, for the sake of dis- 
 tinction. " Great Ab.aco." 
 
 ABAD. d'bdd', a village of Beloochistan, on the Naree oi 
 Nari. 22 miles S.E. by E. of Gundava. 
 
 ABADEIL d-bd/dgh. a town of Persia. 110 milosN.of Sheeraz, 
 to which city it sends fruit. Pop. 5000. (?) 
 
 .\BADES,"d-bd'r)?s, a town of Spain, 8 miles W. of Segovia. 
 
 ABAI, or .\BAY, k-W. a town and harbor on the N.W. 
 coast of Borneo, alwut lat. 6° 21' N. 
 
 AB.\I, or AB.\Y, d-bi,' a river of Abyssinia, tributary 
 of the Nile, rises about lat. 11° N., Ion. 37° E., at an eleva? 
 
 25 
 
ABA 
 
 ABE 
 
 tion of 8700 feel, pai,«es through the S. part of Lake Dembea, 
 anii joins the Nile in lat. 15° 32' N. 
 
 A BAITE, d-bi'tA, a river of Brazil, flows into the Sao Fran- 
 dsc<j. 
 
 AUAK AN, or ABAKANE, a-bi-kin', a river of Siberia, flows 
 Into the Yenisei. 
 
 ALAKANSK.i-bi-k3nsk', afortified town of Siberia, govem- 
 ment of Yeniseisk, on the Abakan, near its junction with the 
 Yenisei. Lat. 54° N. ; Ion. 91° 2& E. It is remarkable for 
 the ancient tombs discovered in its vicinity, which contain 
 ornaments of silver and gold, and on which are to be seen 
 statues of men from seven to nine feet high, with carved 
 work of an extraordinary character. It appears that this 
 country, at present so imperfectly civilized, was once inha- 
 bited by a people acquainted with wiiting and other arts. 
 This is regarded as the mildest and most salubrious spot in 
 Siberia. 
 
 ABALAK, a-bd-l^k', a town of Siberia, S.E. of Tobolsk, on 
 the Irtish, It is a celebrated place of pilgrimage. 
 
 ABALLABA. See Appleby. 
 
 ABANCAY, 3-b3n-kI', a town of Peru, capital of a province 
 and on a river of its own name, 65 miles W.S.W. of Cuzco. It 
 has important sugar-refineries. Pop. estimated at 5000. 
 
 AB AXILLA, i-bd-neel'yd, a fortified town of Spain, 18 miles 
 K.E. of Murcia. Pop. 3794. 
 
 ABAXO, 3-b3/no, a town of Lombardy, 5 miles S.W. of Pa- 
 dua. Pop. 2600. It is famous for its sulphureous waters and 
 mud baths, much resorted to in chronic cutaneous diseases, 
 gout. &c. 
 
 AB AX Y, a-blfii', a town of Hungary, 50 miles S.E. of Pesth. 
 Pop. 7784, comprising many Jews. 
 
 ABAKAN, i-bd-rdn', a city of Asiatic Russia, Georgia, 30 
 miles X.X.W. of Erivan. 
 
 ABASA, ABASIA, or ABASCIA, Caucasus. See Abkasu. 
 
 ABATIS A'lLLA. See ABBEvaLE. 
 
 AB ATZ KAY A, i-bdts-ki'y 4, a town of Siberia, on the Ishhn, 
 40 miles E. of Ishim. 
 
 ABA UJ YAK, (Aba Uj V4r,) Oh^bCh'oo'e v|R',a co. or dis- 
 trict of Upper Hungary. Area 1117 sq. m. Pop. 166,195. 
 
 ABAY. See Abai. 
 
 ABB, dbb.a town of Arabia, Y'emen. 80 miles E. of Mooha. 
 
 ABBADIA, Sb-bi-dee'S, a town of Italy, Piedmont, 2 miles 
 W. of Pinerolo. 
 
 ABBADIA, Ib-bi-dee'l, a town and port of Brazil, on the 
 Areguitiba. near the Atlantic, 25 miles S. W. of Sergipe. 
 
 ABBADIA SAX SALVADOKE, d-bd-dee'i .sin sal-vi-do'rA, 
 a town of Tuscany, 17 miles S.W. of ChiusL Near it is the "Ab- 
 bey of San Salvadore," whence the name is derived. 
 
 ABB.A.-JARET. See Abba-Y.\rkt. 
 
 ABBASABAD, ab-bis-sa-bjd', a fortified town of Asiatic 
 Bussia. on the Aras, (Araxes,) 8 miles S. of Xakchivan. 
 
 ABHAS.\BAD, an insignificant town of Persia, in the pro- 
 vince of Khora-ssan. 
 
 ABB.\-SAXTA. ib-bi sln'td, or AQOA SANTA, ik'wj 
 sSn/ta, a town in the island of Sardinia, province of Busachi. 
 
 ABBA-YARKT or ABB.\-JAUET. iVU yi'rSt, a moun- 
 tain of .\byssinia. Elevation, 14.918 feet. 
 
 ABB.A.YE' POINT, in the upper peninsula of Michigan, 
 is situated between Huron Bay and Keweenaw Bay, on Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 ABBAZACCA, db-ba-zik/kl, a town of Western Africa, on 
 the Quorra. 
 
 ABBEXBUOEK, ab^ben-brOok', a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South" Holland. 6 miles S.E. of Jiriel. 
 
 ABBEOKOOTA, Ib-beo-koo'ta, or ABBEKUTA, db-ln-koo'- 
 ti, a large town of Western Africa, capital of the province of 
 Egba, kingdom of Yarribah or Yoruba,60 miles X.E. of Ba- 
 dagry, in the Bight of Benin. It is built on granite hills 
 of moderate elevation, the highest not exceeding 500 feet. 
 Its streets are narrow and irregular. Its population is com- 
 posed of the inhabitants of a number of towns and villages 
 which were destroyed duiing a war that took place in 1817 ; 
 and it is since that period that Abbeokootji has become the 
 important place it now is, being about 2 miles long, and 
 nearly as broad, with a pop. of 50,000. 
 
 ABBEllLEY, ab/ber-lee, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 
 A.IVBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex 
 
 ABBKltTOX. a parLsh of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 AIVBEKVILLE. a post-office of Lafavette co.. Mississippi. 
 
 ABBEVILLE, abb'veel',(L.^6a<« TO/a.) a fortified town of 
 Frince. department of Somme, on the Somme, 12 miles from 
 the English Channel, 25 miles N.W. of Amiens, on tne Kail- 
 way du Xord and the Canal de la Somme. Pop.(18-'2)19,1.58. 
 It is well built, but dirty, with houses mostly of bricK, some 
 fine public edifices, especially the cathedral, a large cloth 
 factory founded under Colbert in 1669, and manufactories. 
 Vessels of 150 tons come up the Somme to .\bbeville. 
 
 ABBEVILLK.ab'be-viU district in theW.X.W. part of South 
 Carolina, bordering on Georgia, has an area of about 960 square 
 miles. The Savannah river (navigable by small boats) forms 
 the entire boundary on the S.W., and the Saluda river on 
 the X.E. The soil is generally fertile, well watered, and ex- 
 tensively cultivated. It is intersected by the Greenville and 
 Columbiii Railroad, lately cousti'ucted. Abbeville is one of 
 36 
 
 the most populous districts in the N.W. part of the state 
 Capital, Abbeville. Pop. 32.385. 
 
 ABBEVILLE, a small town, capital of the aforesaid district^ 
 situated on an affluent of Little river, 97 mi'es W. by N 
 of Columbia, (with which it is connected by railroad.) and 
 529 miles S.W. of Washington. It contains a court-bouse^ 
 jail, arsenal, magazine, and a newspaper office. Pop. 592. 
 
 ABBE\"ILLE, a post-village, capital of Henry co., Alabama, 
 on Yattayabba creek, 211 miles S.E. of Tuscaloo.sa. It was 
 chosen as the county seat in 1834. Present pop. about 300. 
 
 ABBEVILLE, a post-oflice of Vermilion parish. Louisian.i, 
 
 ABBEYFEALE, ab'be-fail'. a parish and village of Ireland, 
 Munster, co. of Limerick, on the Feale, 12 miles S.W. of Kath- 
 keale. Pop. 5492. 
 
 ABBEYLEIX. aVbe-lAce/. a town and parish cf Ireland, 9 
 miles S.S.W. of Maryborough. Pop. of parish. ii719. 
 
 ABBEY VILLE, aiybe-vil. a post-village of Medina co., Ohio, 
 on a branch of Rocky river, 123 miles X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 ABBIATEGRASSO, db-be-d'tA-gras'.so, or BIAGKASSO, be- 
 3-grSs'so. a town of X'orthern Italy, on the Canal di IJere- 
 guardo, 14 miles W.S.W. of Milan. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ABBITIBBE, or ABBITIBBIE, ab-botiWliee, the name of 
 a lake, river, and trading station in British North America, 
 near Hudson bav. Lat. of station, 49° X. ; Ion. 78° 10' W. 
 
 ABBOXDAXZA, ib-bon-ddn'zi, or ABOXDANCE, a'L<i.V- 
 dd.Ns', a town of Savoy, 12 S.S.E. of Thonon. 
 
 AlVBOT, a post-township of Piscataquis co.. Maine, 76 miles 
 N. by E. of Augusta, on the I'iscatatiuis river. Pop. 790. 
 
 ABBOT, a township of Shetoygan co., Wisconsin. P. 1507. 
 
 AIVBOTS-AXXE. a parish of Engl.and, co. of Hants. 
 
 AlVBcyr.-i-BICK'INGTON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ABBOTSBL'RY, abMxit.s-ber^. a town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Dorset, 8 miles W.S.W. of Dorchester. Some vestiges 
 remain of a large abbey founded here in the time of Canute; 
 and a swannery originally belonging to the abbey is still pre- 
 
 AIVBOTSFORD, the celebrated seat of Sir Walter Scott, in 
 Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, on the S. bank of the Tweed, near 
 Melrose Abbey, 28 miles S.E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 AIVBOTSFORD. a post-office of Westchester co. New York. 
 
 AIVBOTS-IIALL/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 AIVBOT-SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 AB/BOTSIDE, two townships of England, in Aysgarth pa- 
 rish, CO. of York, North riding. 
 
 AlVBOTS-KERSAVELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 AIVBOTS-LANGLEY, (laug/lee,) a pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Herts. This Is the birthplace of Nicholas Breakspear, after- 
 wards Adrien lY., the only Englishman who ever became 
 pope. 
 
 ABBOTS-LEIGH, ab'bgt.s-lee', a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 AB/BOTSLEY, or ABBOTS-LEIGH, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Huntingdon. 
 
 AIVBOTS-MORrrON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 Ali/BOT-STONE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 A B'BOTT'S CREEK, Xorth Carolina, flows into the Yadkin. 
 
 AB/BOTTSTOWX, a post-village of Adams co., Peunsyl 
 vania, 1 6 miles W.S.W. of York, and 29 miles S. of Ilarrisburg, 
 
 AB'BOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 ABB"S V.^L'LEY, a post-office of Tazewell cc. Virginia. 
 
 ABCOUDE, db-kuw'dfh, a village of the XetherianJ.s, on 
 the Vecht. and on the Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Arnhem 
 Itailway. 14 miles X.W. of Utrecht. 
 
 ABDA, iWdS, a province in the W. part of Morocco, and 
 bordering on the Atlantic. 
 
 ABD.\TZK, il)-ddtsk'. a town of Asiatic Russia, government 
 of Tobolsk, on the Ishim. 
 
 A BD-EL-CUKl A, dbd-^l-koo're-i. or ABD-UL-KOO'REE. (or 
 KOURI.)an ishand, Indian Ocean, Ut. 11° 5.5' X .Ion. 52° 30' E, 
 
 ABD-EL-KOOREE, ABD-EL-KOUKI, ABD-UL-KU1!I, ibd- 
 el-koo/ree', or PALIXU'RUS SHOAL, is the name of a dan- 
 gerous reef of rock and coral, lying off' the S. cixist of Arabia, 
 in lat. 14° 54' 50" N., and Ion. 50° 45' 20'- E. ; discovered by 
 Captain Harris so lately as 1835. It extends 1850 yards 
 from N.N.E. to S.S.W., with a breadth of fnm 300 to 600 
 yards ; its highest point, at the time of its discovery, being a 
 pointed rock, was only 17 feet below the surface. It is 8i 
 miles distjint from the nearest land, be;iring N. by W.; the 
 soundings in its neighborhood vary suddenly, and aie not 
 to lie relied upon. Between the shoal and the shr re, thfre 
 is a depth of 120 &tboms, but the safest navigation is to 
 seaward. 
 
 ABDERA. See Adra. 
 
 ABDIE, aVdee, a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Fife. The battle 
 of Blackearnside, between the Scots, under Wallace, and the 
 English, was fought in this parish. 
 
 AlfDOX, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 ABDCLPOOK'. a town of India. 45 miles X.E. of Bejapoor. 
 
 ABEAKEUTAH. .See Abbeoki"T\. 
 
 ABEXBEKG. i'bf n-bfeRG\a small town of Bavari.i, 16 miles 
 S.S.W. of Xuremberg. 
 
 ABEXHEIM. J/ben-hime\ a village of Hesse I-armstadt, 
 4 miles X.W. of Worms. 
 
 ABEXSBERG, a'bens-beRG\ (anc. Abu!nna^)-\ sma'l mnnu- 
 factui'ing town of Bavaria, on the Al^ns, IS miles S.1K of 
 
ABE 
 
 Eatisbon It has a, '•astle and mineral 'batlis. Ilere Na- 
 poleon dtfi-xted the Austrians, 20th April, 1S09. 
 
 ABliK, d'b^r 01- aVgr. a parish of Wales, co. of Caiemarvon. 
 
 ABEitAKKOX.orABKKAYllDN.ab-er-i'rgn.aseaporttown 
 of Wales,. CO. and on the Bay of Cardigan, at the mouth of 
 the Aeron, 13 miles S.W.of Aberystwith. 
 
 ABEllAVON, or ABKRAFU.\.ab-pr-A/von, a parliamentary 
 and municipal borough, and parish of Wales, co. of Glamor- 
 gan. It returns, along with Swansea, Neath, Llonghor, and 
 Kenfig, one member to the House of Commons. 
 
 ABKKBROTIIWICK, a parish of Scotland. See Arbro.WH. 
 
 Ali'KK-C01lN\ a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow. 
 
 AUKKCKOMBIE, aWer-krom-be, or ST. MONAJSCE',apar 
 rish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 A liERDALGtK.aVei^dal'ghee.parish of Scotland. co.Perth. 
 
 Ali'EKDAKE', a pa'ri.sh of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 AIVKUDA'KON, a parish of Wales, co. of Carnan'on. 
 
 AB'EKDEEN'', or AHKRDEENSHIRE, abVr-deen'shir, a 
 county of Scotland, having on the N. and E. the North Sea, 
 and on other sides the counties of Forfar. Perth, Kincardine, 
 Banff. Elgin, and Inverness. Area, 1,21)0.800 ai'res. Pop. in 
 1851, 212.032. In the S.W. are some of the highest moun- 
 tains in Scotland, including Ben Macdhui, •i;!0o feet. Nearly 
 two-thirds of surface waste; arable bind mostly in E. Chief 
 rivers, Dee and Don. More cattle are bred in this than in 
 any other Scotch county. Extensive salmon tisheries on the 
 coast and in the Dee. Principal nianufactuies, woollen, cotr 
 ton, and linen goods. This county returns one member to 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 ABERDEEN', (L. Alxirdn/nia, or Dt:vafna.) a parlia- 
 mentary and municipal borough and sonport of Scot- 
 land, capital of- the county of the same name, on the 
 Qreat Northern Railway of Scotland, between the Don and Deo, 
 at their entrance into the North Sea, 90 miles N.N.E. of Edin- 
 burgh. Lat. of observatory, 57° 8' 9" N.; Ion. 2° 5' 7" W. 
 Pop. of parliamentary borough, (ISOl,) 73,79-1. The parlia- 
 mentary borough consists of the following towns, about 1 
 mile apart, viz. : 
 
 ABERDEEN, Old, on the Don, here crossed by two 
 (tone bridges. Its old parish, now subdivided into five 
 )>arishes, had an area of 16 square miles, with a popula- 
 tion of 31,993; but the population of this city, as diBtinct 
 from the parish, is only about 2000. Chief buildings — the 
 liathedral, erected about 1367, King's College, founded in 
 1505, a neat town-house, the trades' hospital, &c. The haven 
 ht the mouth of the Don admits only small ves.sels, and Old 
 Aberdeen, having littli) trade, depends mostly for support on 
 its university. 
 
 ABERDEEN, New, on rising ground upon the N.bank of 
 the Dee, near its mouth, 1 mile S. of Old Aberdeen. Pop. 41,470 ; 
 Including parliamentary boundaries, 73,400. It is a hand- 
 some city, with spacious streets, and houses built of granite. 
 Here are a town-house, court-house, and prison, a cross 
 ericted in 1686, a spacious new market, two bridges across 
 tba Dee, and one over a ravine within the city, several 
 churches, schools, and hospitals, the county-rooms, and Jla- 
 rischal (mar'shal) College — all elegant edifices, besides nume- 
 rous other public buildings. The construction of a granite 
 pier, loOO feet in length, and a breakwater, has made the 
 harbour one of the best in this part of Scotland. At its en- 
 trance is Girdloness lighthouse, with two lights. New Aber- 
 deen has flourishing manufiictories of cotton, linen, and wool- 
 len goods, carpets, machinery, rope, leather, paper, soap, and 
 sail-cloth, with extensive iron-foundries, breweries, and dis- 
 tilleries; and a considerable foreign and coasting trade, the 
 latter especially with London, to which it sends salmon, 
 provisions, and granite. — It has regular steam-communica- 
 tion with London, Leith, and Orkney. Exports estimated 
 at from one and a half millions to two millions pounds ster- 
 ling yearly. Customs revenue, (1846.) 81.433/. In 1849 the 
 number of sailing vessels belonging to Aberdeen was 340 ; 
 tons, 65,559. Aberdeen sends one member to the House 
 of Commons. King's College, Old Aberdeen, was chai'- 
 tered by papal bull in 1494, has spacious buildings, a library 
 of 30,000 volumes, a museum, 9 professors, and 128 bursaries 
 of from 61. to bOl. each. It is governed by a chancellor and 
 senate. Average number of students, 365. Marischal Col- 
 lege, in New Town, was founded by George Keith, 5th Earl 
 Marischal, in 1503. and is also governed by a chancellor and 
 senate; has elegant new buildings, numerous professors and 
 lecturers, and 106 bursaries of from &l. to 26i. Average num- 
 ber of students, 250. 
 
 AB^Elt-DEEN', a flourishing town, capital of Monroe co., 
 Mississippi, is situated on the right bank of Tombigbee 
 river, 165 miles N.E. of Jackson, 28 miles N. of Columbus, 
 Knd about 540 miles by wat«r from Mobile. It is the largest 
 town on the Tombigbee. and one of the most flourishing and 
 commercial places in the state. Steamboats navigate the 
 nver regularly from Mobile to Aberdeen during the gi-eiiter 
 part of the year-, and about 30,000 bales of cotton are dipped 
 Hnnually from the latter town. It was formerly considered 
 the limit of stream navigation on this titer, but recently 
 beats have ascended 40 miles farther during high water. 
 The Mobile and Ohio Railroad pa.sse8 about eight miles 
 West from Aberdeen. The adjaceut country is Li^iUly 
 
 ABI 
 
 pioductive. Two or three newspapers are published in the 
 town. An active emigration has been directed to this vict 
 nitv during the last ten years. Fust settled in 1836. Pop 
 in 1860, about 3500. 
 
 ABEliDEEN, a post-office of Monroe w>,, Arkansas. 
 
 ABERDEEN, a small village of Monroe CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 ABEI{DEF;N, a post-vill.age of Brown co. Ohio, 123 miles S. 
 W. of Columbus. It is situated on the Ohio river, opposite 
 Maysville in Kentucky. Pop. 836. 
 
 ABERDEEN, a pont-oftice of Ohio co., Indiana. 
 
 ABERDEENSHIRE, a co. of Scotland. See Aberdeen. 
 
 ABERDOUR,ab'fr-door', (rhyming with jjoor,) a parish ot 
 Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 ABERDOUR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Fritb 
 of Forth, 6 miles S.W. of Kirkcaldy. It has a tidal harbor 
 an ancient castle, and some remarkable antiquities. 
 
 ABKREDW.ab'er-ed'oo, or ABEKEDW Y, ab'er-Sd'we, a 
 larish of Wales, co. of Badnor. 
 
 ABERERCH. aVg r-6rK'. a parish of Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 ABERFELDIE, aVjr-lel'dee, a viUago of Scotland, co. cf 
 Perth, on the Tay. 
 
 ABERFFRAW, a^ber-frdw', a seaport and pari.sh of Wales, 
 CO. of Anglesea, 5 miles W.N.W. of Newborough. 
 
 AB/ERFORD, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding, 5 miles S.W. of Tadcaster. 
 
 AB^ER-FOIl/, a postroffico of Macon co., Alabama, 168 miles 
 S.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 ABERFOYLE, aVer-foil', a village, parish, and defile of the 
 Grampians, in Scotland, co. of Perth. This is the scene of 
 much of Sir Walter Scott's J{ob liny. 
 
 ABERGAVENNY, aVfr-g.Vne, (L. Gobanium.) a market- 
 town of Wales, CO. of Monmouth, on the Usk, joined here by 
 the Gavenny, and crossed by a bridge of 15 arches, 13 mUes 
 W. of Monmouth. 
 
 ABERGELEY, aVei^ghee/le, a town of Wales, co. of Den- 
 bigh, 6 miles W.N.W". of St. Asaph. 
 
 ABERG WILLY, abV-g^ith'le, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Caermarthen. 
 
 ABEIUIAVESP, aVfi^hav'fsp, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Air ER-LA'DY, a village of Scotland, on the Frith of Forth, 
 CO. and 5 miles N.W. of Haddington. 
 
 A15*Eli-LEM'N0, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 ABERLOUR, aVfr-loor', a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff. 
 
 AlVER-NANT', a parish of Wales, co. of Caermarthen. 
 
 ABERNETIIY, ab'fr-nfth-e,a townand parish of Scotland, 
 COS. of Perth and Fife, at the estuary of the Tay, 6i miles S. 
 E. of Perth. It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient 
 metropolis of the Picts : a curious round-tower of remote date 
 stands in the churchyard. 
 
 ABERNETIIY, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Elgin and In 
 verness. 
 
 ABERNETIIY, aVer-nfth-e, a post-vilage of Perry co., 
 Mis.souri, about 10 miles S. W. of Mississippi river. 
 
 ABERNYTE, a ab'gr-nite', a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Perth. 
 
 ABERPORTH, aVgr-pOrth', a parish of Wales, co. of Car- 
 digan. 
 
 AB'ER-TARFF'andBOLESKINE, united parishes of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Inverness, extending along the S. side of Loch- 
 ness. 
 
 ABERT (A/bgrt) LAKE, Oregon, in lat. about 42° 45' N., 
 Ion. 120° W., is about 20 miles long, and 5 miles wide. 
 Named in honor of Colonel J. J. Abert, chief of the Topo- 
 graphical Bureau at Washington. 
 
 ABERVSCIR, abVr-is/kir, a pari.sh of ^Vales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 AB^ER-Y'ST'WITII, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, market-town, and seaport of Wsdes, co. and 33 miles N. 
 of Cardigan, on the Y'stwith, at its mouth in Cardigan bay.E. 
 Lat. of lighthouse, 5'2° 25' N.; Ion. 4° 5' W. Pop. of munici- 
 pal borough, 5189 ; of parliamentary borough, 5231. It has 
 steep but well-paved streets, a theatre, and remains of an 
 ancient castle; is now a fashionable watering-place. It 
 unites with Cardigan, &c. in sending one member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 AB'ER-YST-RUTII, a chapelry of Wales, co. of Monmouth, 
 9 miles S.W. of Abergavenny. 
 
 ABE SPRING, a postoiiice of Calhoun co., Florida. 
 
 ABHA, iWhi, a large trading village of Abyssinia, TigrS, 
 
 50 miles N.E. of Axoom. 
 
 AB/HER,orEB'HER, a walled town of Persia, 110 mil.M N.E. 
 of Ilamadan. Near it is the ruined fort of Dara or Darius. 
 
 ABI LIN, i^be-leen', a village of Syria, 10 miles S.E. of Acre. 
 
 ABIMES, Les, (Les Abtmes.) lh,6 ^'beem', a town of tha 
 French colony of Guadeloupe, on the S.W. coast of Grando 
 Terre. 
 
 AiyiNGDON, a parliamentary and municipal borough and 
 market-town of England, co. of Berks, on the Ock. where it 
 joins the Isis. 4 miles N. of the Great Western Hallway, and 
 
 51 miles W.N.W'. of London. Pofi. 5954. It sends one mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. 
 
 AB/INGDON, a post-village of Harford CO., Maryland, about 
 25 miles N.E. of Baltimore, and 52 N.N.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 ABINGDON, a handsome town, capital of Washington Co., 
 Vi^oia, is pleasantly situated in a valley between the main 
 
 27 
 
t7«= 
 
 ABI 
 
 torks of Ilotston river, about 7 miles from each, 304 miles 'VT. 
 by S. of lUchmond, and nearly 8 miles from the boundary of 
 Tennessee. It is the most considerable and flourishing town 
 In the i}.\V. part of Virginia. The situation is elevated, the 
 town is well built, and the principal street is macadamized. 
 It contains 6 churches, 2 academies. 2 printing-offices, and 
 manuficrories of leather, saddles, and harness. Abingdon 
 is on the Virginia and Tennessee railroad which connects it 
 with Lynchburg on one hand, and Knoxville, Tennessee, on 
 the other. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 ABINGDON, a post-village and township of Knox co., Illi- 
 nois, 10 miles by railroml S. of Galcsburg. Pop. 1032. 
 
 ABINGDON, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 4 miles S. 
 W. of Waukegan, and 2-13 N. by K. of Springfield. 
 
 ABINGDON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 ABINGER, aViu-jer, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 AlVING-HALI/, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 AB'INGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ABINGTON, Great, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 aBINOTON, Little, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge, adjacent to the last. 
 
 ABINGTON PIG'OTTS, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 ABINGTON, a vilLage of Scotland, co. of Lanark, near which 
 some gold mines were wrought in the reign of James VI. 
 
 AB'INGTON, a post-township of Plymouth co., Ma.ssachu- 
 setts, on the Old Colony Railroad. 20 miles S. by E. of Boston. 
 The manufacture of boots and shoes is probably carried on 
 here more extensively than in any other town in the state 
 of equal population. Nails are also manufactured. P. 8527. 
 
 ABINGTON, a post-village of Windham co., Connecticut, 
 39 miles E. by N. of Hartford. 
 
 ABINGTON, a post-town.ship of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 10 miles N. of Philadelphia, and 109 E. of Ilar- 
 risburg. The post-office is at the vill.ige of Mooretown, on 
 the Philadelphia and Doylestown Turnpike. Pop. 205S. 
 
 ABINGTON, a postrvill.ige and township of Wayne co., 
 Indiana, on the E. fork of Whitewater river, 72 miles E. of 
 Indianapolis. Pop. of the township, 924. 
 
 ABINGTON, a thriving village in Knox co., Illinois. See 
 ABixanoN. 
 
 ABINGTON, a township In the N.E. part of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 25 miles N.N.E. of Wilkesbarre. P.2t)61. 
 
 ABINGTON CENTRE, a flourishing post-vilLige in the 
 alxjve township, 135 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. It is a place 
 of active business, and is rapidly improving. It is connected 
 liy railroad with the New York and Erie Railroad at Great 
 Bend. The name of the post-office has been changed to Wa- 
 verley. Pop. 354. 
 
 ABIQUIU, 4'be-ke-oo', a post-town of Rio Arriba co.. New 
 Mexico, on the left bank of the Rio de Chama, about 60 miles 
 N.W. of Santa Fe. in lat. about 36° 5' N.; Ion. 106° 40' W. 
 
 ABISTADA (Ih-is-Wdi) LAKE, in Afghanistan. 65 miles 
 S. by W. of Ghuznee, in lat. 32° 35' N., and Ion. 68° E. It is 
 about 18 miles in length, 8 in breadth, 44 In circumference, 
 and supposed to be 7076 feet above the sea. It is shallow 
 and salt : it receives the Ghuznee river, and several smaller 
 streams. 
 
 ABKASTA, ab-kJsh'c-a, ABASIA, or ABASCIA, i-bash'- 
 e-3, an Asiatic territory subordinate to Russia, bounded S. 
 and W. by the Black Sea, and N. by the Caucasus. Area, 
 estimated at nearly 3000 square miles. Pop. about 52,000. 
 
 Adj. Abk.^sian, ab-kd'she-an. Inhab. Abkasi.4N, or Abkas, 
 
 (Abkase,) db-kis'. 
 
 AB-IvKTTLE-BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 ABL.4, J'bld, a town of Sp:rin, Granada, province of Alme- 
 ria. 33 miles N.W. of Almeria. Pop. 2117. 
 
 ABO, i'bo, (Sw..46rt,6'boo,) a city and seaport of Russia in 
 Europe, until 1819 the capital of Finland, on the Aurajoki, 
 near its entrance into the Gulf of Bothnia. Lat. 60° 26' 58" N. ; 
 Ion. 22° 19' E. Pop. 14,000, mostly of Swedish descent. It is 
 an archbishop's see. It was formerly the seat of a unlrersity, 
 removed to Ilelsingfors, after a destructive fire at Abo in 
 1827. The Aura intersects the city, and its mouth, 3 miles 
 distant, forms a good port, protected by a fortress. Abo has 
 a few manufactures, and some trade with Sweden and South- 
 ern Europe. 
 
 ABO, AKCinPELAGO OF, an extensive group of low 
 rocky islands in the Baltic Sea, spread along the S. and W. 
 coasts of Finland, opposite the city of Abo, rendering the 
 navi<:ation difficult and dangerous. 
 
 ABOIL i'bo, IBO, or EBOE, eeihO, a town of Africa, capital 
 of the stat«, on the Niger, (Quorra.) 80 miles from the ocean, 
 jjid 60 miles S.E. of Benin. Lat. 5° 40' N.; Ion. 6° 25' E. 
 
 ABOITE.a-boit/.a river.AUen co., Indiana, joins Little river. 
 
 ABOITK, a post-township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 876. 
 
 ABOITE, a post-village of Allen co., Indiana, on the canal 
 connect! n ; Fort Wavue with Peru. 
 
 AB'>MKY. abVmi/. a town of Africa, capital of Dahomey. 
 Lat. 7° 30' N. ; Ion. 1° 40' E. Pop. 24,000. (?) 
 
 ABONY. See Nauy-.^bont. 
 
 ABOO, a town of Western India, province of Ajmeor, 50 
 aiiles W. by S. of Odevpoor. 
 
 ABf>)-AllISH, or ABU-ARISCH. J-boo-J'rlsh, a town of 
 Arabia, capital of the petty state of the same name, 24 miles 
 28 
 
 ABY 
 
 from the Red Sea. Lat. 17° 40' N.; Ion. 40° 25' E. Pop 
 5000. (?) 
 
 ABOO-GIKGEII, ABOUGIRGEII. or ABUGIRGEII, iOxK)'. 
 i66K'jeh, a large Fellah town of Middle Egypt, about 2 miles 
 W. of the Nile, and 50 miles S. of Beni Sooef. Lat. 28° 30' N. ; 
 Ion. 30° 50' E. It is situated on a rich plain at a spot wliere 
 several extensive mounds point out the site of an ancient city, 
 the name of wliich is unknown. 
 
 ABOOKEER, ABOUKIK. or ABUKIR, i'boo-keen/, a villaga 
 of Egypt, with a citadel, on a promontisry at the W. extrtr- 
 mity of the bav of the same name, 15 miles N.E. of Alexsa- 
 dria. Lat. of tower. 31° 19' 44" N. ; Ion. 29° 4' 28" E. Near 
 it are the ruins of the ancient Cuno'pus or Cinofbus. 
 
 ABOOKEER (or ABOUKIR) BAY, N. coast of Egypt, be- 
 tween the promontory of AVookeer on the W. and the I!o- 
 setta mouth of the Nile on the E., celebrated for Nelson's 
 victory over the French fleet, 1st of August, 1798. There is 
 generally from 6 to 8 fathoms of water in the bay, but It 
 encloses a dangerous bank, a reef of i-ocks called the CuUo- 
 den's Reef, and the small island of Abookeer, or Nelson 
 Island. 
 
 ABOOLONIA, ABOULONIA, S-boo-lo/ne-a. or ABfLLI- 
 ONTE, i-hoo-leon'tL(auc.Apf>lMiia ad R}iyn>dacmn,)a village 
 of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, on a small island iu the 
 Lake of Aboolonia, 20 miles W. by S. of Bru.sa. It has about 
 300 houses, a Greek church, and several remains of antiquity. 
 
 ABOOLONIA LAKE, of Asia Minor. 18 miles in length, by 
 12 in breadth, 30 miles W. of Brusa. It is studded with seve- 
 ral small islands, is traversed by the Rhyndacus, and supplies 
 Brusa with fish. 
 
 ABOO-SABEL, or ABUSABEL, i-boo-siAbel, a town of Mid- 
 dle Egj'pt, 18 miles N. of Cairo. 
 
 ABOOSIIEHR, See Bishire. 
 
 ABOOTIZH, d-boo-teezh', ABOUTIJ, ABinniQE, or ABU- 
 TISCII. (anc. Abnlh, or Abuth.) a town of Upper Egypt, oa 
 the Nile, 13 miles S.E. of Sioot, noted for its opium. 
 
 ABORRUAS. See Khaboor. 
 
 ABOU-ARISCIL See Adoo-Arish. 
 
 ABOUGIRGEII. See Aboo-Gibgeh. 
 
 ABOUKIR. See Abookeer. 
 
 ABOULONIA. See Aboolonia. 
 
 ABOU SABEL. See Anoo-S.AiiEL 
 
 ABOUTIGE. See Abootizh. 
 
 ABOYNE, J-boin', a pari.^h of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 A'BRA-IIAM-T0\VN\ a post-office of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 ABR.\M"S CREEK, a small stream of Columbia co., New 
 York, falling into the lludson river, 4 miles above Iludson 
 city. 
 
 ABR ANTES, 3-brdn't^s, {1..Ahranltium,) a fortified town of 
 Portugal, Estremadui'a, with a citadel on the Tagus, 80 miles 
 N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 6000. Its inhabitants send a great 
 deal of grain, oil. and fruit down the Tagus to Lisbon. 
 
 ABRANTES, d-brln'tjs, a town of Brazil, 20 miles N.E. of 
 Bahia. near the Atlantic. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ABRESCIIWILLER, ai>-r^sh-*il'ler, (Fr. pron. i'brJshVir- 
 lain/.) a village of France, department of Meurthe, 6 miles 
 S.S.E. of Sarrebourg. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ABRIES, (Abrifes,) iHire-A'.a village of France, department 
 of Ilautes-Alpes, 24 miles S.E. of IJrian^on. 
 
 ABRIOLA, a-bre-o'lS. a town of Naples, province of Basili- 
 cata, 10 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 ABROLHtJS. d-brole'voce. a p'oup of low rocky islands off 
 the coast of Brazil. L;it. 17° 58' S. : Ion. 38° 42' W. 
 
 ABRUD-BANYA. ob-rood-b|n'y6h, a town of Transylv.inia, 
 commune of Unter-Weis.senburg. 27 miles N.W. of Karlsburg. 
 Pop. 4100. Celebrated for its gold mines. 
 
 ABRUZZO, 3-broot'so, a country and former division of the 
 kingdom of Naples, forming the present provinces of Abnizzo 
 Citra (chee^trd) and Abruzzo Ultra (ool'trl) I. and II., be- 
 tween lat. 41° 40' and 42° 55' N., on the Adriatic. Area, 
 about 5000 square miles; and pop. (lS(i2} 866,828. Surface, 
 mostly mountainous and rugged, or covered with forests. 
 Monte Corno, 9,519 feet high, the loftiest of the Apennines, 
 is in Abruzzo Ultr.a. Along the coast are some well-watered 
 lands : cattle-rearing employs most of the rural pojjulation. 
 It has no good ports, or any manufactures of ctmsnquence. 
 Chief towns, Chieti, Aquila, Teramo, Sulmona, Lanciano, 
 and Civita Ducale. 
 
 ABSCO'TA, a post-offlce of Calhoun co., Michigan, 120 
 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 ABSK'CUM, (written, also, ABSECOMBE, ABSECOM, and 
 ABSECON.) a post-village of Atlantic co., New Jersey, on a 
 creek of the same name, 95 miles S. of Trenton, and 2 miles 
 alx)ve Absecom bay. It is connected with Camden by the 
 Camden and .Atlantic railroad. 
 
 ABTIIORPE, aVthorp, a parish of England, co. of Ncrfli- 
 ampton. 
 
 ABU-ARISCH. See Aboo-Abish. 
 
 ABUDIACU.M. See Abach. 
 
 ABUKIR. See Abookeer. 
 
 ABULLIONTE. See Aboolonia. 
 
 AUUHY. a par. of England. See AvEBimr. 
 
 ABU-SHEIIR. See Bushire. 
 
 ABUSINA. See Abknsbero. 
 
 ABUTISCU, or ABUTIGE. See Abootsh. 
 
ABi 
 
 ABY^OS, (Gr. ASvSof. Ahudos.) an ancient city of Asia 
 Minor, on the Hellespont, on the sit« of the modern fort 
 Nat;ara. Near this place Xerxes and his army crossed over 
 to Europe on a bridge of boats. The story of Hero and 
 Leander has also given an enduring celebrity to Abydos. 
 
 Ain'SSINIA, ABHSSINI A, ab-is-sin'e-a. or IIAiiKSII. hS/- 
 bfeih\ (Fr. JbffRSinie. d^bees^see'nee'; Ger. Ahexxinien, S-b4s- 
 siVne-f n. or Ifahesnn'ien.) a country of Kast Africa, between 
 lat. 7° 40' and 10° 40' N.. and Ion. 3-5° and 4.3° 20' E. ; bounded 
 E. by Adel, N.E. by the lied Sea, N.W. by Kubia, and S. and 
 S.E. by the country of the Galias. It forms an elevated 
 table-land, and contains many fertile valleys watered by 
 numerous river courses, the chief of which are the Abai, 
 (Bahr-el-A/,rek, or lilue Nile.) the Tacazze, and the Uawash. 
 Many of its rivers are lost in the sands, or only reach the 
 «ea during the rainy season. Lake Deniliea. or Tzana, about 
 &0 miles in length, Is the largest in the country. The high- 
 est mriuntiiin range is in the S.W. table-land, where the 
 peak of Amba Ilai (dm'bi hi) attains a height of 15,000 feet, 
 and Mount Buahat 14,.364 feet ; the upper part of these moun- 
 tains is covered with snow, and their sides are clothed with 
 trees and tine grass. 
 
 The temperature of Abyssinia is much lower than that of 
 Nubia or Egypt, owing to the elevation of the soil, the nu- 
 merous rivers, and the abundant summer rains. The mine- 
 ral products of the country are iron-ore. rock-salt, and a sniiili 
 quantity of gold. The cultivated grains are wheat, barley, 
 oats, maize, rice, millet, and teff;* fruits, cotton, and colfee 
 are also produced. 
 
 Animals. — The domestic animals consist of horses, cattle, 
 sheep, goats, mules, and asses. The horses are small, but 
 strong and active; the cattle and goats are generally small 
 in stature, of all colours, and have very large horns; the 
 sheep have a white body, black head and neck, are covered 
 with hair, and have thick, short, fat tails — male without 
 horns. Mules, camels, and asses are the usual beasts of 
 burden, the horses being generally reserved for war and the 
 chase. A'ast herds of o.xen. often amounting to many thou- 
 sands, are met with throughout the country. The oxen 
 reared on the low grounds. Killed the Galla ox. have horns 
 of immense size. The wild animals are the lion, elephant, 
 hippopotamus, rhinoceros, crocodile, buffalo, hyena, leopjird. 
 boar, antelope, zebra, quagga. giraffe, and gazelle, l^ionsare 
 not numerous, being but rarely met with. Elephants al)Ound 
 in the X. and S. borders of the country, particularly in theex- 
 t«nsive forests lying N. of Tigi-6. The hippopi itamus al)OUnds 
 in Lake Dembea, where great numlters are killed annually for 
 their ttesh and hides. The rhinoceros is numerous in certain 
 districts. A two-horned rhinoceros is met with but rarely. 
 Crocodiles are found in various rivers in .\byssinia; but the 
 largest and most dreaded by the natives are those that in- 
 habit the Tacazze: these are of a greenish colour, and of for- 
 midable size. The buffalo, a compai'atively haimless animal 
 in other countries, is here extremely terocious. and will often 
 attack travellers. Hyena-s and leopards are numerous, espe- 
 cially the former, but, .according to the account of Isenberg 
 and Krapf's guide, they never inhabit the same region, tlie 
 leopard draicUng tlie superior strength and fero<'ity of the 
 hyena: although the former will attack m.an, the"latter flees 
 from him. Serpents are numerous, and some of them of 
 great size. Among the latter is the boa, which often attiiins 
 the length of 20 feet. The varieties of birds are also great, 
 and include eagles, vultures. Alpine navens, parrots, herons, 
 Guinea fowls, partridges, quails, snipes, larks, and pigeons. 
 Bees are numerous, honey being a general article of food ; 
 locusts often lay the land waste: and saltsalya — a tiy a 
 little larger than a bee — causes whole tribes to change their 
 residence through terror of its sting, of which even the lion, 
 it is said, stands in dread. 
 
 In Industry and commerce the Abyssini.ans have made 
 some progress; tliey manufacture tanned skins for tents, 
 shields of hide, agricultural implements, coarse cotton and 
 woollen cloths, and pottei-y-ware. The imports hidude raw 
 cotton, pepper, blue and red cotton cloth, glass, and tobacco. 
 Abyssinia, comprised in the ancient Ethiopia, appears to have 
 been the cradle of African civilization, but the early history 
 of the people is merely traditional : they were converted tO' 
 Christianity in the time of Constantino, and their first rulers 
 geera to have possessed great inlluence : in the sixth century 
 they conquered part of Yemen in Arabia. The present inb.v 
 Ititants have preserved nothing of their former power ; the 
 lurks on the one side, and the ferocious Galias on the other, 
 have almost entirely separated them from other n.ations. 
 For more than a century the princes of the ancient dynasty 
 have been deprived of their authority, and the empire has 
 been divided into several petty states, the chief of which are 
 Shoa, Tigr6, and Amhara. Ankober. the capital of the king- 
 dom of Shoa, is the only place deserving the n.ame of a town 
 
 in Abvssinia. -idj. and inhab., AiiVSSiNlAX, aVbe-sin'e-an. 
 
 AC.VDE.MIji., ak-a-dee'cie-a, a post-office of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 "• The ^f^or lafo is a grain smaller than imistard-seed, and 
 *eU tasted. Bishop Gobat speaks of the bread made of it a« 
 "excellent." — Ulumenbach thinks that teff is the same with 
 the I'oa Abyssinica.—hi±LTt: Bkus 
 
 ACH 
 
 ACADErMTA, a postofBce of Knox co., Tennessee. 
 ACAB'EMY, a post-office of Ontario co.. New York. 
 
 ACADKMY, a post-office of I'oc.ahontas co., Virginia. 
 
 AC.\DIA*tbe original name of Nova S';oriA, which see. 
 
 ACAl'()NKTA, d-kd-po-nd/td. a considerable town of th« 
 Mexican Confederacy, 175 miles N.W. of Guadalajara 
 
 ACAI'ULCO, d-kd-pool'ko. a seaport town of Mexico,State 
 of Guerrero, on the Pacific, 185 miles S.S.W, of Mexico. Lat. 
 10° 50' N. ; Ion. 99° 48' W. The harl)or is neivrly landIocke<l, 
 and is one of the best and most extensive in tbe world. The 
 town is ill built and very unhealthy. It formerly engrossed 
 the whole trade between the Spanish dominions in America 
 and those in the East; and w.-is long famous for being the 
 resort of the relel)rated Manilla galleons. Under the re- 
 public, its trade greatly declined till the discovery of the 
 California gold-mines, since which it has become the most 
 important port in Mexico, and the princi|).tl point for the em- 
 barkation of pa.ssengers between the .\tlanticand I'arific porta 
 of the United States. Of the 2.50.092 b.ns of shipping wliich 
 entered Mexico in 1852-.3, 131. 3.".0 were entered at.Acapulco; 
 and of the 219 steamers arrived. 145 entered at .this port. 
 The total number of passengers which arrived in Mexico 
 was 43.816. of which 31.242 landed at .\capuIco; and of tlie 
 40.153 whii'h left, 28.540 embarked at the .same port. Ne.ar 
 the town stands the castle and fort of San Diego, capable of 
 mounting tW guns, I'op. 5000, 
 
 ACAUI, d-kd-ree', a town of Peru. Lat, 15° 15' S.; lon.740 
 45' W., 20 miles from the i'acific. Pop, 6<i00, 
 
 AC.\UNA'.M.\. a department of Oreeoe. chiefly between 
 lat. 38° 20' and 39° N.. and Ion. 20° 45' and 21° 30' E., hav- 
 ing N. the Gulf of Artjv, and W. the Ionian Sea, Pop. 
 25,118.3. .\dj. and inhab. Acarxaman, ak-ar-nd/ne-an. 
 
 ACASABA.'^TLAN, d-kd-sd-bds-tldn', a town of Centr.al 
 America, 78 miles N,E, of Guati-mala. 
 
 ACA.<'TEU-MAL'IUS, a parish and township of England, 
 CO. of York. East Hiding. 
 
 ACATLAN, d-kd-tldn', a village of the Mexican Confede 
 racy, SO miles S. of La Puebla, on the Na.sca. 
 
 .\CnAKABAD. See Aora. 
 
 ACCADI A. dk-kd-dee/d, a town of Naples, 5 miles S, of Bo- 
 vino. Pop, 3iil5. 
 
 ACCATINK', a post-village of ?'airfax co,, Virginia. 
 
 APCKTTrnA.atch-^it-too/rd. a town of Naples, 19 milea 
 S.E,.of Potenza. I'op. 3140, 
 
 ACCIANO. dt-chd'uo, a town of Naples, Abruzzo Ultra. 19 
 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 773. 
 
 ACCII'KNT. a post-ofllce of .Vlleghany co., Maryland. 
 
 AC'COMACK\ a county in the E, part of Virginia, bnrder- 
 ing on Maryland, has an area of about 480 scjuare miles. 
 It forms part of a peninsula lying Ijetween the Chesapeake 
 B.ay and the Atlantic, and comprises numerous low sandy 
 islands along the sea-c-oast. Formed in 1072, and named 
 from a tribe of Indians who onte frequented this region. 
 Surface level ; soil moderately fertile. Capital, Accomack 
 Conrt-IIouse, or Druminond Town. Pop. 18,5So; of wliom 
 14.079 were free, and 4MI7 slaves. 
 
 ACCOM.'i.CK COUKT-H()USB. or DRUM'MOND TOWN, a 
 small post-village, capital of the atove county, 193 miles 
 E. by N. of Kichmond. Pop. about 300. 
 
 ACCONBUIIV, ak'pn-b^r-e. or ACOKXBTIRY, a parish of 
 England, co. of Hereford. Hereare some Roman antiquities. 
 
 ACCORD, a post-office of Ulster CO.. New York. 
 
 ACCRA, ACCIIAH or .\CKA, dk'krj or d/krd, a country 
 of Africa, on the Guinea coast, aliout lat. 5° 35' N.. Ion. 0° 12' 
 W',, belonging to England, Holland, and Denmark, British 
 Accra consists of Fort St. James, in lat, 5° 32' N„ Ion. 0- 12' 
 W., with a small territory. Pop, 3000, (?) mostly blacks. One 
 mile E. of James Fort is tlie Dutch fort of Crevecoeur, de- 
 stroyed by the English in 1782, and partially restored in 1839. 
 
 AC'CKIXGTON. New, a township, England, co. I.jinca.ster. 
 
 ACCUMOLI, dk-koo/nio-lee, a town of Italy, in Naples, 27 
 miles N,N.W. of Aquila. Pop. 3700. 
 
 ACE, Sc»e Ache. 
 
 ACEBO. dth:Vlx), a village of Spain, in Estromadura, 48 
 miles N, of Caceres. Pop. 2350. 
 
 ACERENZA, d-chd-rjn'zd. (anc. Achtrcmftia.) a city of Na- 
 ples, on the Bradano, 16 miles N,N,E. of Potenza. P. 3420. 
 
 ACEIINO, dcheii'no, a town of Naple.s, 14 miles E.N.E. of 
 Salerno, on the site of the ancient iHcen'tia. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ACERR.\, d-ch^R'ad, (anc. Acer'rce,) a town of Naples, on 
 the .\gno, 7 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 0300. 
 
 ACESIXES. SeeCHENAi'B. 
 
 ACHAGUAS, d-chd'gwds, a town of South America, Vene- 
 zuela, 50 miles S.W. of San Fernando. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ACHAIA. a-k.Vya or d-ki'yd, (Gr. Axaia.) a depart.ment of 
 the kingdom of Greece, in the Morea, extending about 65 
 miles from E, to W., with an average width of from 12 to 20 
 miles along the S. side of the Corinthian gulf The interior 
 is mountainous, and the coast low, with few good ports. 
 Chief town, Patras. Adj. and inhab. AciiaiaN. a-kd'.-jn. 
 
 .\CHEEN. ATCHEEN, ACHEN or ATCHIN, at-cheen', 
 (properly ATJIH,) a town of Sumatra, near its N.W. extr» 
 mity, capital of an independent kingdom of the same name, 
 on the river Acheen, near the sea. Lat. 5° 34' N.; Ion. 95° 
 34' E. It is built on piles of wood, and is said to comprise 
 
 29 
 
ACH 
 
 8000 house* The kiURdom of Aeheen extends from the river 
 Siiikel, l(.a. ^S° K., to the W. end of (he Island. It was once 
 a powerful state. .\dj. and iiihab. Achisese. atchMn-ees'. 
 
 ACHKKN or ACHEN HEAD, is the name of the N.W. 
 point of S^umatra. 
 
 AClIEliOUS, ak-e-le'us. See Aspro-Potamo. 
 
 ACIIEN, i'Kfx. a river of Bavaria, falls into Chietn See. 
 
 ACUKICX, d'Kgrn, a'towa of ISaden, ou a river of it-s own 
 uame, and on the railroad fiom Carlsruhe to Freiberg, 30 
 loiies S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1938. 
 
 ACIIEKON, ak'e-ron. See Mavropotamos. 
 
 ACIIEIIONTIA. See Acere.nza. 
 
 ACIIIGAN. See Saint Riwh de l'Achioan. 
 
 ACHILL, ak'il, or EA(}LE ISLAND, an island off the W. 
 coast of Ireland, co. of Mayo. Circumference about .iO miles. 
 Pop. of parish, 6392. Its W. point forms Achill Head, 2222 
 feef in elevation. Lat. 53° 59' N.; Ion. 10° 12' W. 
 
 \CIU LL BEG is an island immediately S. of the foregoing. 
 
 ACH. MI M. See Akh.mym. 
 
 ACIIMOUNEYN. See OsHMOONErx. 
 
 ACHO. See Acre. 
 
 ACHONRY, ak-on-rl', a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo. 
 
 ACIIOR, A'kjr, or ACIIORTOWN, a post-villaRe of Colum- 
 blana co., Ohio, about 3 miles W. of the Pennsylvania line. 
 
 ACIIRAY, L(X;k, Iok aK-rA'. a small picturescjue Jake of 
 Scotland, co. of Perth, 15 miies N.W. of Stirling. 
 
 ACHRIS (ak'ris) HEAD, a headland on the W. coast of 
 Ireland. Lat. 53° 33' N.; Ion. 10° 10' W. 
 
 ACHSAI. See Aksai. 
 
 ACHTYRKA or AKHTIRKA, lK-t66ii'ki, a town of Euro- 
 pean Russia, 60 miles N.W. of Kharkov, on a small river of 
 the same name. Pop. 14,205. 
 
 ACI, i/chee, or ACI UEALE, d'ehee r.^-^U, a town and sea- 
 port of Sicily, well built on a height at the mouth of the Acl, 
 
 7 miles N.E. of Catania. Pop. 24,151. It is built mostly of 
 lava, and has many fine edifices, and an active trade. It ii 
 celebrated for its mineral waters, and for the cave of Poly- 
 phemus and grotto of Galatea in its vicinity. 
 
 ACiCEN, dk'kfn, a walled town of I'russian Saxony, on 
 the Kibe, 22 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 4100. 
 
 ACK'L.4.M, E.CST, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 and North Ridings. 
 
 ACKLAM, West, parish, England, no. York. North Riding. 
 
 ACK'LIN ISLAND, a .small isUnd in the Bahama group, 
 120 miles N.E. of Cuba. 
 
 ACK'WORTH, a parish, England, co. York, West Riding. 
 A large school was established here by the Friends in 1777. 
 
 ACLE, ak'gl. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 AC-METCHET. See Simferopol. 
 
 ACOBAMBA, a-ko-bdra'bd, a small town of South Peru, 
 42 miles S.W. of Huamanga. 
 
 ACOM.V, i-ko'md, a pueblo or village in Socorro co.. New 
 Mexico, on a small branch of the Puerco River, about 60 miles 
 W.S.W. of Albuquerque. 
 
 ACOMB, .Vkom, or AKKHAM, i'kam, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of York. 
 
 ACO'NA, a postofiice of Holmes co.. Mississippi. 
 
 ACONCAGUA, d-kon-kd'gwd, a mountain of South Ame- 
 rica, in Chili, the loftiest of the Andes, being 23.910 feet 
 above the level of the sea. situated in lat. 32° 38' 30" S., Ion. 
 70° 0' 30" W. It has been erroneously called a volcano. 
 
 ACO.VCAGUA, a river rising on the S. side of the above, 
 flows S.W., and joins the Pacific 12 miles N. of Valparaiso. 
 
 ACONCAGUA, a province in the central part of Chill. 
 
 ACONCAGUA, a town of Chili. See San Felipe. 
 
 ACOO'NO-COO'NO, a town .and district of Africa, on the E. 
 bank of the Old Calabar or Cross River; lat. 6° 29' N.. Ion. 
 8° 27' E. Pop. 4000. (?) 
 
 AQORES, islands of the Atlantic Ocean. See Azores. 
 
 ACQS, a town of France. See Dax. 
 
 ACQUAC'K.\.N0NCK\ a post-township of Passaic co.. New 
 Jersey, 13 miles S.W. of New York, and about 80 N.E. of 
 Trenton. A village of the same name is situated on the 
 Passaic River, at the head of sloop n.avigation. Pop. 32.35. 
 
 ACQUA , JkHiwi, a village of Tuscany, province of Pisa, 16 
 miles E. of Leghorn. 
 
 ACQUA L A6NA, ak-kwdV Jn'ya, a vUlage of Italy, on a hill, 
 
 8 miles S. of Urbino. 
 
 ACQU A-NEGR A, dkOcwa-ni/gri, a village of Northern Italy, 
 16 miles W. of Mantua. 
 
 ACQUAPENDENTE, ak'kwI-pJn-dJn'tfl, (.anc. Auada, or 
 Jcuhi?)n town of Italy, 12 miles N.W. of Orvieto. Pop. 2400. 
 It is a bishop's see. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, the cele- 
 brated anatoimist, was born here in 1537. 
 
 ACQUA SANTA. See Abba Sama. 
 
 ACQU.\-SPARTA, ak-kwd-spaR/a, a town of Italy, Ponti- 
 fical States, 10 miles S.W. of Spoleto. 
 
 ACQUAVIVA, dk'kwi-vee/vl, a town of Naples, 16 miles 
 S.S.W\ of Bari. Pop. 5400. 
 
 ACQUAVIVA, a town of Naples, 22 miles N.N.E. of Campo- 
 basso. 
 
 ACQUT, akntwee, {s.xi<:.AIqua;,or Alqv(r StaHtVlce.)a. walled 
 
 town of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, division of Alles- 
 
 Eandria. capital of the province, on the left bank of the Bor- 
 
 mida, 18 miles S.S.W.of Allessandriiu Pop. 7800. Celebrated 
 
 30 
 
 ADA 
 
 for Its great antJqiilty. and for the rpm.aln« of a 'Rr.man 
 aqueduct. It is much frequented for its sulphur b.iths. 
 
 ACyuiNTON, a post-oflice of King William co., Virginia. 
 
 AC'RA, a post-village of Greene co.. New York. 47 uiUea 
 S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 ACRE, a/kfr or .-l/kfr. AKKA, akOsL or ST. JEAN D'ACKE, 
 saN" zhSs" ddk'r. (anc. /Ice, or ylc'co/or Itolema'is.} a city 
 and seaport of Syria, capital of the pashalic of its own name, 
 on a promontoi-y at the foot of Mount Carmol. ^Mi. 32° SS* 
 N. ; Ion. 35° 6' E. Pop. 10.000. (?) Acre is famous for the me- 
 morable sieges which it has sustained. It was tak>-u by the 
 fii-st Crusaders in 1104. retaken by the .^aracens in 11^7. and 
 recovered by the Christians under Richard Coeur de Lion 
 in 1191, and given to the Knights of St. John (in Fivnch, 
 St. Jenn) of Jerusalem, whence it received the name of St. 
 Jean DWcre. In 1291 it again fell in the hands of the Sara- 
 cens. Bonaparte attempted to storm this pl.Hce in 1799, Imt 
 retreated after a siege of 61 days. It was taken by Ibrahim 
 Pasha in 1832. and again by the combined English and A us 
 trian siiuadronsin 1840. The l«y of Acre is much frequented 
 by French, Italian, and Austrian vessels. Acre has lieen cele- 
 brated fi-om remote antiquity. Stralto calls it Ace. i A«r;.) 
 
 ACRl, a/kree. a town of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 
 capital of the canton, 15 miles N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 7861. 
 
 ACKISE. .-I'kriss. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 AC/ROCORINTHUS, or AC'l{U€ORaNTH, a pivcipitous 
 and somewhat conical rock near the city of Corintii, in 
 Greece, on which stood the ancient acrojwlis, or citadel of 
 the place, and a temple of Venus. It is about 2o(K» feet 
 alx)ve the level of the sea, and is the site of a modem fijrti- 
 flcation, which is considered one of the strongest in Greece. 
 
 ACKOTIRION, i-kro-tee're-on. a small town of the Grecian 
 archipel.igo, on the S.W. side of the island of Santorini. 
 
 ACS, |tch, a town of Hungary, 6 miles S.W. of Komom. 
 Pop. 32:i7, employed in rearing sheep. 
 
 ACSA. See Ak Hissar. 
 
 ACTvWON ISLANDS, a group of three low, wooded islands 
 in the Pacific Ocean, discovered 1837. The central island is 
 in lat. 21° 23' S.: Ion. 136° 32' W. 
 
 ACTIUM, ak'she-um or ak'te-um, a promontorj' and town 
 of ancient Greece, situated near the entrance of the gulf of 
 Arta, on the N. coast of Acarnania, Celebrated for the vie- 
 torv won by Octavius Cwsar over Mark Antony, B.C. 30. 
 
 AC/rON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. Dorfold Hall, 
 a fine building of the seventeenth century, is In this pailsh. 
 
 ACTO.N, a parish of England, oo. of Suffolk. Acton is the 
 name of several townshi|)S in the cos. of Chester, Gloucester, 
 Northuml)erland. Salop, Stafford, and Y'ork. 
 
 ACTON, a village and parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 about 8 miles W. of I^mdou. on the road to Oxford. 
 
 ACTON, a post-township of York co.. Maine, SXi miles S.W. 
 of Aueusta, on the head waters of the Salmon Falls river 
 Pop. l'21S. 
 
 ACTON, a post'township of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, 
 situat*'d on the Boston and Fitchburg Railroad, 22 miles .N. 
 W. of Boston, and intersected bv Assabet river. Pop. 17J6. 
 
 ACTON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Halton. 40 
 miles W. by N. of Toninto. It contains a tannery, a cabinet- 
 shop, and several stores. 
 
 ACTON COR'NER,apost>-village of York co., Maine, about 
 90 miles S.W. of Autrusta. 
 
 ACT'ON BEAUCIIAMP, (bee/chtim) a parish of England, 
 CO. of Worcester. 
 
 ACTON-BUR'NELL.a small villw^e and parish of England, 
 CO. of Salop. 74 miles S. of Shrewsbury. Here are the remains 
 of an ancient castle, where Edward I., in 1283, held a parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 ACTON-ROUND, a pari.sh of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 ACTON-SCOTT, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 ACTOPAN, dk-to-pdn', a town, valley, and district of 
 Mexico; the former 70 miles N.N.E. of the city of Mexico: 
 lat. 20° 17' 28" N.; Ion. 98° 48' 52" AV. Its population con- 
 sists chiefly of Othomies Indians, of whom there are betwt.en 
 2000 and 3000 families. 
 
 ACUL, d'ktll', a town and seaport of Hayti, N. coast, 10 
 miles W. of Cape Fran9ais. Lat. 19° 47' N. ; Ion. 72° 27' W. 
 
 ACULCO, d-kool'ko, a lake in Chili, 38 miles S.S.W.of San- 
 tiago; it is about 9 miles in length, and 3 in breadth. 
 
 ACULA. See Acquapendente. 
 
 ACAVORTH, a post-township of Sullivan co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, 46 miles W. of Concord, has manufactures of bobbins, 
 starch, and le.ather. Pop. 1180. 
 
 AC WORTH, a post-village of Cobb co., Georgia, situated on 
 the Western and Atlantic Kailroad, 12 nules N.'\V. of Mari- 
 etta. Pop. about 100. 
 
 ADA, ah'diy. a post-township of Kent co., Michig.^n. 
 
 ADA, a village in the above township, situated at the con- 
 fluence of Thornapple creek with Grand river, 10 miles by 
 railroad E. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 ADAFOODIA. d-dd-foo'dt^a, a town in the FooLih conn- 
 try. West Africa: lat. 13° 6' N.; Ion. 1° 3' E. It is said to 
 be as large as Abomey, and its trade in native merchandise 
 nearly equal. Pop. 24.000. 
 
 ADAHUESCA. ft-od-w^s/kd, a town of Spain, Aragon, 16 
 miles K.S.E. of Huesca. 
 
ADA 
 
 ADATEP, a post-offire of N'nchitoohes parish, Louisiana. 
 APAI U', a county In the S. jmrt of Kentucky, has an area of 
 t50 square uiiles. It is int«rse<-ted by (in-en river, and also 
 drained by Little Barren river and Kusscll's creek. The 
 soil is moderately fertile. Orpinized in 1801, and named in 
 honor of .I(}lin Adair. United States senator from Kentucky. 
 C'a|iitiil, Columbia. Pop. 9509; of whom79u7 were free, and 
 lti02 (daveg. 
 
 AI).\IR, a county in tlie N.N.E. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 670 square miles. It is intersected by Cliarit<>n river 
 and l)y the North fork of Salt river. Xlieiioil is generally fer- 
 tile, adai)ted to (fraiu and grass. Organized about the year 
 1840. Capital, Kirksvillo. Pop. 8631 ; of whom 8445 were 
 free, and 8ti slaves. 
 
 ADAIH, a county in the 8.W. central part of Towa, has an 
 a'va of 576 Sfiuare miles. It is drained by Middle river, an 
 affluent f)f Des Moines, and by the head streams of Nodaway 
 river. The state road from I'ort Des Moines to Council 
 KlufTs passes through the county. Capital, Foiitenello. 
 Pop. in 1H>.(». nS4. 
 
 ADAIR.S'V I l,LE,iithrivin.!i post-village of Cass co.,Ocorgia, 
 on the Western and Atlantic railroad, 01) miles N.W. of At- 
 lanta. It is situated in a fine farming regiim. Pop. 333. 
 
 AI)AII!SVILLi';,apostrvlllage of Logan co., Kentucky, 180 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 ADA.IA, i-hii'ui. a river of Spain, in Old Castile, rising 
 near I'ieilrahita, in the Sierra de Avila, falls into the Duero, 
 after a course of t'ctwi-en SO and 90 miles. 
 
 ADALIA. A-dili-i-'i. SAT.\LIKU. satit/leeSfh, or ATTA- 
 LlYKII,aseaiX)rt of Anatolia, 'Asiatic Turkey, on the gulf of 
 the same name. Lat. 30° 52' 2" N.; Ion. 30° 45' K. It is 
 plea!«tntly situated on the slope of a hill, rising to the heijrht 
 of 70 feet above the se:i. The houses Ixdng liuilt circularly 
 an>und the harliour, the strin-ts app<'ar to rise tiohind each 
 other like the seats of a theatre. J'op. of the town, SOOO. 
 AIVALINK, a jiost-offlco of Marshall co.. Virginia. 
 AU'AM B.\^Y, on the ,N.\V. coast of Australia, stretches 6 
 miles inland, and is 10 in breadth at the entrance, with 9 
 fiitiioms of water. 
 
 AU'AMS, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, border- 
 ing on Maryland, has an area of 6.30 S({uare miles. Cone- 
 wago creek and its branches, I^timore, liemiudian. and 
 Opossum creeks; Hf>ck, Marsh, and .Middle cn-eks. and the 
 head streams of Monocacy river, rise in the county ; the ridge 
 called South Mountain extends along the N.\V. liorder. This 
 county was settltid by Scotch and Irish, alout 174ti, and or- 
 ganized in 1800. Named in honor of .Tohn .Adams, second 
 President of the United States. Capital, CJettysburg. I'op. 
 28.0<itl. ■ 
 
 ADAMS, a connty In the S.W. part of Mississippi has an 
 area of about 440 s<iuare miles. The Mississipjii river lK)unds 
 It on the "W.. dividing it fnnn Ix)uisiavia. and the Ilomochitto 
 on tlie S. Adams county is important on account of contain- 
 ing the city of Natchez, the largest town of the state, as well 
 as the county se.nt. Pop. '.'0,16.1. 
 
 AD.X.M.'^.a county In the S. piirt of Ohio, has an area of 500 
 square miles. The Ohio river forms its entire l)oumh»r\- on 
 the S., dividing it from Kentucky, and Brush cnvk tiows 
 through it from N. to S. Organized in 1797. Capltiil, West 
 Union. Pop. ■M,3')'.). 
 
 ADAMS, a county in the V.. part of Indiana, bordering on 
 Ohio, contains 3it s<iuare miles. It is draine<l by the VaKt-^h 
 Slid St. Mary's rivers. The surface is nearlv level; the soil 
 productive. Organized in 1830. Capital, Decatur. P. 9252. 
 .VI).\MS. a county in the extreme W. part of Illinois, lor- 
 dering on the Mississippi river, which sepiirates it from the 
 state of Missouri, has an area of 760 square miles. The soil 
 is exceedingly rich, and extensively cultivated. The Co. ia 
 intersected by the Chicago. Burlington and Quincy Rjiil- 
 road, and the Quincy and Toledo H.U. Adams county is 
 the most populous in the state, excepting Cook, and La 
 Salle counties. Capital, Quincy. Pop. 41,323. 
 
 ADAMS, a county in the S.W. iiart of Iowa, lias an area 
 of 432 square miles; drained by the Nodaway river and 
 several of its head streams. This county is not included in 
 the census of 18o0. Capital, Quincy. Pop. in ISOO, 1633. 
 
 ADAMS, a county toward the W. part of \Vi.tconsin. con- 
 tains about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Wisconsin river ; it is also drained by the Roche a Cross 
 river. The surface is mostly covered with forests, from 
 which large quantities of lumber are procured and rafted 
 down the Wisconsin river. Tlie streams above named fur- 
 nish extensive water-power. Capit.il, Quincy. Pop. 0492. 
 AD.\MS,atp.in Berkshire co., Mass., comprising four vil- 
 lages, N. Adams, S. .\dams. Maple Grove, and Blackinton. It 
 is tlie present terminus of two railroa<is, the Troy and Boston 
 and Pittsfteld and N. Adams. It is noted for its great number 
 of mills, factories, print works. Ac, and for being the W. ter- 
 minus of the Great lloosac Tunnel now in progress. It con- 
 tains .Mt.Greylock and a fine Natural Briilge. "P. about SOOO. 
 ADAMS, a iiost-village and township of Jefferson co.. New 
 York, on the Wiitertown and Rome Rjiilroad. 166 miles 
 W.N.W. of Albany. It contains 2 banks Pop. 3496. 
 
 ADAMS, a post-village of Irwin co., Georgia, on the S.W. 
 ■ide of the Oc Jiulgee Kiver, 97 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 ADA 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 129S, 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 976. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Coshocton co.. Ohio. Pop. 1178. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 17.i5. 
 
 AD.\I1S, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 764. 
 
 ADA.MS, a township of Guernsoy co., Ohio. I'op. 804. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1179. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of .Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 822. 
 
 A D AMS.a post-township of Seneca co.,Ohio,on Green cre<*k, 
 96 miles N. of Columbus, i'op. li'>6l. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Washington co.,0hlo. Pop. 1955. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 1773. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 922. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Cuss co., Indiana. Pop. 743. 
 
 ADA.MS, a township of Decatur Co., Indiana. Pop. 1795. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Hamilton co.. Indiana. I'op. 1523. 
 
 AD.AMS, a township of Madison co , Indiana. Pop. 1463. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 1948. 
 
 AD.VMS, a township of Uiplcy co., Indiana. Poji. 2333. 
 
 AI).\M8. a post-township in the central jiart of Hillsdale 
 CO., Michigan, intersected bv the Michigan Soutliern rail- 
 road. 93 miles S.W. of D.tnlit. Pop. 1667 
 
 ADAMS, a iiost-ollice of Adams co., Illinois. 
 
 ADA.MS, a post-township of Greene co., Wisconsin. P. 840. 
 
 ADAMS, a post-ollice of Walworth co., Wisconsiu. 
 
 ADAMS, a towiiship of Sauk co., Wit^cousin. 
 
 AD.\MS' B.\S1N, a post-village of Monroe co.. New York, 
 on the Krie Canal. aUiut 2;J0 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 ADAM'S BiniXiK, a chain of shoals extending across the 
 Gulf of Man.iar. Ix-tween Ceylon and the peninsula of Ilin- 
 d(>stan. .'!«'»< M.\>A.\R. 
 
 AD'.VMSBUItG, a post-village of Westmori'land co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the ro.ad from Greensburg to Pittsburg, 183 
 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 AD.\MSBUHG,a post-village of G.isconade co„ Missouri, on 
 the road between St. Louis and Jeiferson City, alx>ut 60 miles 
 K. bv S. of the Latter town. 
 
 Ab.\M.S' CKNTliK. a post-village of Jefferson co^ New 
 York, on the N. branch of Sandy creek, 1G2 miles N.'W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 ADAMS' MILIJ?, a post-ofRce of Pulaski co., Kentucky. 
 
 ADAMS' M1LL.S. a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio Can.nl. 01 miles K. of Columbus. 
 
 ADA>1S' MftUXT, New llampshiio. .See Mou.nt Adams. 
 
 ADAMS' MOCNT, a mountain in On-gon, 30 miles N. of 
 the ColumbL'i river, and aUmt 100 miles due K. of Its 
 mouth : It Is det;iched from the Cascade Mountains, being 
 aliout 26 miles K. of that range. 
 
 Alt/AMSON'S HARBOH, or PORT ESPERANCE. a small 
 arm of the sea. on the S. coast of Van Diemen's I..and. 
 
 ADAM'S I'KAK. a loftv mountain of Ceylon, In the centre 
 of the Island. Lat 6° 52' N. ; Ion. 80° 32' E. Uelght, alsjut 
 700f) feet. 
 
 ADAM.'!. POINT or CAPE, in Oregon, on the S. side of the 
 mouth of Columbia river. I<at. 40° Vi' N.: Ion. 1'23° 56' W. 
 
 ADAM.S' RUN, a post-offlce of Colleton district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 ADAMS' STORE, a po8i«flBce of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 ADAMS' STORE, a post-offlce of Tallapoosa co., Alabama. 
 
 A D'AMSTI )W N. a villaL'e and jwirish of Ireland, co. of ^^■ex- 
 ford. and 17i miles W.N.W. of Wexford. 
 
 AD.VMSTOWN, a post-village of Ijincaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vani.-u '20 mili'S \. of Lancaster. Pop. 432 
 
 ADAM.^TOWN. a pos^ofRce of Frederick CO., Marvland. 
 
 ADAMSVILLK. ad'amz-vil. a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, 104 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 ADAMSVILLK, a post-office of Newport co., Rhode Island. 
 
 AD.\MS\'1LLE, a post-village of Washington co.. New 
 York. 58 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 AD.\MSVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, aliout 2.10 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 AD.\MSV1LM';, a post-office of Ilarri.son co., Virginia. 
 
 AD.VMSVILLK. a village of Cass co., Georgia, about 15C 
 miles N.W. of Milledgevillo. 
 
 ADAMSVILLK. a post-office of Marlon co., Florid;i. 
 
 AD.VMSVlbLK. a post-vill.ige of Morgan co., Kentucky. 
 
 AD.\MSV1LLE, a jiost-viilage of McNairy co., Tennessee, 
 139 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 AD.VMSVILLK, a post-village in Salem township, Mus- 
 kingum CO.. Ohio, about 10 miles N.N.E. of Zanesviile. 
 
 ADAMSVILLK, a post-village of Cass co., Michig.in, 172 
 miles W. by S. of Detroit. 
 
 AD.IMUZ. i-D.^-mooth', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 21 
 miles N.E. of Cordova, with •2t'40 inhabitants. 
 
 AD.\NA. i'di'aSi. (&nc. I}<tth/na;'!)ii city of Asia Jlinor, capi- 
 tal of the pashalic of Itch-Elee, on the right lank of the 
 Sihoon, 30 miles from the sea. Lat. 37° 10' N.: Ion. 35" K' 
 E. Pop. alxiut 10,000. It is well built, and has a castle, 
 several remains of antiquity, a bridge over the Sihoon, s.aid 
 to have been built by Justinian, with a trade in wool, cotton, 
 corn. wine, and fruit. 
 
 ADAXAD, a-dd-ndd', or ADINATHA, a-de-n2/t'ha. a town 
 of Hindostan, province of Malabar, 23 miles S.S.E, of 
 Calicut. 
 
 Si 
 
ADA 
 
 ADE 
 
 A DA RE, a-dair', a decayed town and parish of Ireland, 
 eo. I'f l.iuierick. 
 
 ADAUIO, j-dah're-o, a post-ofBce of Richland co^ Ohio. 
 
 ADARIO, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. 
 
 A DB ASTON, a parish of Knjrland, co. of Stafford. 
 
 ADDA, dd'di, (anc. Adidua.) a river of Northern Italy, rises 
 near Borinio in the Valtellina, tlows genei-ally S., traversing 
 Lakes Oomo and Lecco, and, aft<ir a coui-se of SO miles, joins 
 the I'o. 7 miles W. of Cremona. 
 
 AD'DA, a Danish province and negro village of Africa, 
 near the coast, on the W. bank of the river Volta. 
 
 ADDEKBURY, ad'd?r-bgr-^, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 ADDERGEY, 3d-der^' or ^d-dgr-ghi', a small town of 
 Abyssinia, kingdom of Tigrfi, on the route followed by Bruce 
 on his journey from Axoom to Gondar. Lat. 13°35'N.; Ion. 
 36^ o' E. 
 
 ADPEKLEY, ad'der-lee, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 AI)'I)IXGH.\M, a piirish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 ADDINGHAM, a parish of Kngland, co. of York. 
 
 AD'DIXGTON, a parish of England, eo. of Bucks. 
 
 ADUI.NGTOX, a pjirish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ADDINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 ADIUNGTOX, a county in the S.E. part of Canada West, 
 bordering on Lake Ontario, h.is an area of 576 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Nepanee river and other streams, 
 and contains several small lakes, the principal of which is 
 Beaver lake, having an outlet through Salmon river. The 
 chief staples are lumber, wool, and the productions of the 
 dairy. This county is traversed by the routes of two pro- 
 posed railroads, one" le.ading from Kingston to Toronto, a:;d 
 the other from Pittsburg to Peterborough. Chief town, 
 Bath. Pop. IbMfi. 
 
 ADItlXGTON, GRE.iT, a parish of England, co.of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ADDI^TON, lilTTLE, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 AIVDISON, a county in the W. part of A'ermont, has an 
 area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 Lake Champlain, and is driiined principally by Otter creek 
 and its tributaries, which aJford most valuable water-power. 
 The suifjice is level or slightly undulating near the lake, but 
 in the E. part rough and mountainous, and more adapted to 
 gnuin_'. The soil is fertile, particularly along the lake shore. 
 There are in this county quarries of white and variegated 
 marble, which are largely worked. Lake Champlain is navi- 
 gable along its AV. border, .ind sloops can ascend Otter creek 7 
 miles to Vergennes. The railroad connecting Bellows Falls 
 with P>urlington piisses through this county. Organized in 
 17^^7. and named in honor of Joseph Addison, the cele- 
 brated English writer. Capital, Middlebury. Pop. 24.010. 
 
 ADDISON, a township of Washington co., Maine, 135 miles 
 E. bv N. of Augusta, between Indian and Pleii&ant rivers. 
 Pop." 1-272. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, 43 
 miles W.S.W. of ilontpelier. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ADDISON,a post-township and village of Steuben co.,New 
 York, on the Cani-teo river, and on the Erie KR., 302 miles 
 from New York. It has an academy and a bank. Pop. 1715. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Youghiogheny, 153 miles S.W. of llarrisburg. P.15I0. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1201. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-office of Lenawee co , Michigan 
 
 ADDISON, a township of Oakland CO., Michigan. Pop. 1067. 
 
 ADHISON, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 2422. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-township of Du Page co., Illinois. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-township of Washington co.,Wiscon8in, 
 86 mibs N.W. of Milwaukie. Pop. 2046. 
 
 ADDISON CORNERS, a village of Canada West, co. of 
 Leeds. 12 miles from Brockville, which is on the St. Law- 
 rence. There are in the vilKage and vicinity several mills, 
 (including flour and saw mills.) manufactories of carriages, 
 potash, shoes, ic The post-office is called simply Addison. 
 Pop. 200. 
 
 ADDISON POINT, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 ADDLE, ad'd'l, a p,vish of Encland. co. of York. 
 
 AD'DLiyrilOHPE. a pjirish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ADUilKV, or ADOU, dMoo', one of the Maldive Islands, 10 
 miles in length, and 7 in breadth. 
 
 ADDUA. See Adda. 
 
 AD EG HEM, d'di-gh^m, a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Ilanders, 3 miles W.N.W. of Eecloo. Pop. 3534. 
 
 ADEL, S-dJl', or SOMAL'LI.so-mawlee. a country of Africa, 
 extending along its N.E. coast from .4bvssinia to Cape Guai^ 
 dafui. iftween lat. 8° and 12=' N., and Ion. 4:3° and 51° E. 
 Pop. Mdhammed.in, and subordinate to an imam. It is 
 marshy and unhealthy, but exports wax. myrrh, ivory, 
 gold-ilnst. and cattle. Chief port.s. Zeila and Berliera. 
 
 ADEL.\IDE, ad'f-Ud, a municipal city, the capital of 
 South .\ustralia. on the Torrens River, near its mouth in 
 Gulf St. Vincent. Lat. 34° 55' S.; Ion. 138° 38' E. Pop. in 
 1855, estimated at 20.000. It stands on rising ground, 
 backed by woods, and divided by the Torrens into South 
 and North Adelaide. It was founded in 1836, and in 1843 
 already covered 1000 acres. I< has regular streets, good 
 32 
 
 .shops and hotels, numerous places of worship, a government 
 house, barracks, and theatre. A chamVier of commerce, in- 
 surance company, assay office, and different banks, have 
 Ijeen establi.-hed. In 1852 there were in the city 27 public 
 schools, attended by 1497 pupils, besides the Collegiate School 
 of St. Peter's, incorporated in 1S49. The ass.iy office was 
 opened in 18,i2. The quantity of gold introduced into it 
 by overland escort during the j'ear ending February 15, 1863, 
 was 412.06ti ounces, valued at 1.462.830/. 
 
 Port .Adelaide is situated about 6 miles N.N.W. of the 
 town, and communicates with it by a railway. It is a free 
 port, and the centre of all the commerce of the colony. The 
 expoi-ts increased from 46o,878Z. in 1848 to 736,267/. (not in- 
 cluding bullion) in 1852: and the imports from 346,137/. to 
 5o8.973/.. The harbor is accessible for vessels drawing about 
 18 feet of water. The railway is in course, of construction 
 to North Ann Harbor, which has a much greater depth. 
 
 ADELAIDE ISLANDS, or QUEEN ADELAIDE ISLANDS, 
 a chain of islands off the S.W. coast of Patagonia. The west- 
 ernmost is called .\delaide Island. Lat. 52° S. : Ion. 75° W. 
 
 ADEL.\IDE. a river in the N.W. of Australia, tails into 
 Adam bay. and is navigable 50 miles for vessels drawing 12 
 feet of water. 
 
 ADELEBSEN, or ADELEPSEN. aMeh-Up'sen. a village of 
 Hanover, 7 miles N.W. of Gottingen, on the right bank of 
 the Schwillme. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ADELFORS. ^'del-tors', a village of Sweden, Isen J8nk8- 
 ping, on the .\mman, 20 miles S.E. of Ekesjo, with a gold 
 mine nearly aliandoned. 
 
 .\DELIE, i^d.'VUee', a tract of barren land in the Antarctic 
 Ocean. Lat. 60° 30* S.; Ion. 136° to 142° E. Discovered by 
 D'Urville in 1840. 
 
 ADELINE, a post-office of Ogle co.. Illinois. 
 
 AD-EL-JIVAZ. 3d-Jl-jeeVis/. a walled town of .Asiatic Tui^ 
 kej-, 14 to 16 miles from .A.khlat., on the N.A\'. .shore of Lake 
 Van. Coarse cotton cloths are manufactured, there being 
 about 20 looms in the town employed in the production of 
 thes& fiibrics. 
 
 .\DELL', a post-village, capital of Dallixsco., Iowa, on 
 Riiccoon river, about 21 miles W. of Des Moines. Pop. 19G9. 
 
 .\DELL. a post-office of Shebovtan co., Wisconsin. 
 
 ADELNAU, ^del-n6w\a town of Prussi.1, 40 miles N.E. 
 of Breslau 
 
 ADELPIII, 1-dM'feo, or FRATELLI, frj-t^aee, (/. «. the 
 " Brothers.-') two small islands in the Grecian archipelago, 
 alKiut 40 miles W. of Scarpanto. Lat. 39° 5' 8" N.; Ion. 23° 
 59' 2" E. 
 
 ADEI/PIII, a post-village in Colerain township, Ross co, 
 Ohio, 67 miles S. of Columbus. Pop. :il)()iit 500. 
 
 ADELSBEKG, i'del.s-l iJro\ a market town of Illyria, Car- 
 niola, 22 miles N.E. of Triest. It is remarkable for the sta- 
 lactite caves that exist in the limestone rock in the vicinity, 
 which are the largest hitherto discovei-ed in Europe. 
 
 ADELSllEIM. l'dfls-hlme\ a town of Baden, 32 miles E. 
 of Heidelberg. Pop. 1476. 
 
 ADEMUZ. l-Di-mooth', a town of Spain, 62 miles N.W. of 
 Valencia. Pop. 3033. 
 
 ADEX, ^d^n or i'dtn. a town and seaport of Arabi.i. which 
 since 1839 h.as l>elon2ed to the British, on the E. side of Cape 
 Aden. Lat. 12° 46' 15" N. : Ion. 45° 10' 20" E. The Jiopula- 
 tion, which in 1839 w.as said to te under 1000. amounted in 
 1842 to 19,938. Its fortitications. which had fallen into de- 
 cay, are now being gn-atly extended and improved : and, 
 with the natural advant.ages of its situation, it will most 
 probably become the (iibraltar of this part of the East. Nu- 
 merous mosiiues and other buildings attest its former mag- 
 nificence. Opposite the shore is the rocky island Seerah. at 
 low water joined to the mainland. Aden is well supplied 
 with water, and before the rise of Mocha, was the chief trad- 
 ing port of Ai-abia. It was fortified by the Turks during 
 the reign of Solyman the Magnificent : but before its occu- 
 pation by the British, it had shrunk into comparative 
 insignificance. In 1839, the town and the peninsula on 
 which it stands were purcha.sed by the East India Company, 
 to be made a depot for coals and a calling station for the mail 
 steamers between India and Suez: and the result is. th.it 
 not less than 24.000 tons of shipping visit the port annually 
 to supply the depots with coals. The harbors, two in num- 
 ber, are considered the best in .\sia. 
 
 ADEN, CAPE, a rocky peninsula on the S. coast of Ar> 
 bia, rises to 1776 feet in height, stretches into the ocean 
 about 5 miles, varying in breadth from 2 to 3^ miles, is con- 
 nected with the mainland by a sandy isthmus jf of a mile 
 broad, and has a harbor on either side, both of which are 
 good, especially that on the N.W. 
 
 ADEN, GULF OF. the name now given to that portion of S€« 
 lying K-tween the north coast of Adel, terminating E. with 
 Has Jerdaffoon, (Cape Guardafui.) and the S. coast of .\rabia, 
 between Ras .\rrah and Ras Agab: the foriuer in lat. 12° 40' 
 N.. Ion. 44° E.; the latter in 15° 15' N., Ion. 51° 30' E. Itf 
 length frem E. to W. is thus about 480 miles, Hs breadiu 
 from N. to S. varying from 160 to 200 miles. 
 
 ADENAR.\, or ADANARA, i-da-nd'ri an islaua in tho 
 Malay Archipelago, lielonging to the Dutch: lat. 8° J7' S. 
 Ion. 123° 14' E. ; about 35 miles lonj;, and 15 bro.td. 
 
ADE 
 
 ADR 
 
 ADEN'ATJ, 3/den-5wNa toTra of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles 
 W. of CoUentz. 'Pop. 1330. 
 
 ADERNO, i-diRfno, a town of Sicily, at the S.E. foot of 
 Mount Etna, near the Simeto, 17 miles X.W. of Catania. Pop. 
 6623. It has remains of old walls, and the ruins of the 
 ancient Adralnwn. 
 
 ADEU.SHACII, d'ders-baK\ a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Koniggi-atz, 9 miles W.N.AV^. of Braunau, celebrated for a col- 
 lection of detached rocks, covering a surfece of several square 
 miles, and rising to a great height. 
 
 ADIAMAN, d-de-i-mdn', a small town in Asiatic Turkey, 
 132 miles N.E. by N. of Aleppo ; lat. 37° 45' N., Ion. 38° 32 E. 
 It contains several mosques and 1100 houses. 
 
 ADIGE, ad'e-je, (It. pron. d'de-jrl; Ger. Etsch, Stch; L. 
 AWesis.) a river of Northern Italy, formed by numberless 
 streamlets from the Helvetian Alps, which unite at Glurns, 
 where it takes the name of the fUsch. Near Bolsano it is 
 called the Adige, and, receiving the Eisach, it becomes navi- 
 gable. It enters Lombai-dy 13 miles S. of Roveredo, and, 
 flowing S. and E., enters the Gulf of Venice at Porto-Fossone, 
 13 miles N.E. of Adria, after a course of 220 miles. Affluents 
 on the left, the Passer, Eisach, Avisio, and Alpone; on the right, 
 the Nos. The cities of Glurns. Trent, Roveredo, and Verona 
 are on its banks. It is navigable from Trent to the sea; but 
 its velocity renders the Jiavigation difficult. 
 
 ADIGETTO, d-de-j5ftA, is a canal which commences near 
 Bddia, passes Rovigo, and, by means of the canals of Scortico 
 and Bianco, connects the Adige with the Po. 
 
 ADIXIvERKE, d'din-kJR^keh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, 18 miles S.W. of Ostend. 
 
 ADIXJEEK, or ADINJIK, d-din-jeek', a small town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, on the S. shore of the Sea of Marmora, from 
 which it is distant about li miles. Lat. 40° 20' N.; Ion. 
 27° 50' E. 
 
 ADIRONDACK, adVron'dak, a post-village in Newcomb 
 township, Essex co.. New York, near 2O00 feet above the sea, 
 and 100 miles N.N.W. of Albanv, contains a bank. 
 
 ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, a group in the state of New 
 Tork, W. of Lake Cbaniplain. included chieHy within Hamil- 
 ton, Essex, Franklhi. and Clinton counties. The highest 
 gummit. Mount Tahawus, (or Marcy,) has an elevation of 
 about 54fiO feet above the sea. 
 
 ADJYGIItlR, ad-jI-gQr', a town of British India, presi- 
 dencv of Bengal, province of Allahabad, with a hill fortress, 
 taken by the British in 1S09. 
 
 ADivlN'SVITiLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Virginia. 
 
 AU.MIK ALTV (ad'me-ral-t4) INLET, a bay on the S. side of 
 Barrow Strait, North America, lat. 73° 49' N., Ion. 83° W. The 
 name Admir.alty Inlet has also been given to a deep indenta- 
 tion in the laud recently discovered in the Antarctic seas by 
 Captain Ross, about lat. 64° 15' S., and Ion. 50° W. 
 
 ADMIRALTY ISLAND, an isl.and of Russian America, 
 Lat. 58° N., Ion. 134* W. It is about 90 miles in length, N. 
 to S., by 25 in breadth. 
 
 ADMIRALTY ISLANDS, a cluster of islands in the Paci- 
 fic, N.E. of I'apvia, the largest nearly 60 miles in length, and 
 in lat. 2° S., Ion. 147° 19' 52" E. They were discovered in 
 1616 by an experienced navigator, named Cornelius Schooten. 
 
 ADMIRALTY ISLANDS, a number of small islands at 
 the entrance of Admiralty Bay, in New Zealand. Lat. 40° 
 48' S.. Ion. 174° 2' W. 
 
 ADMIRALTY SOUND, Terra del Fuego. It extends in- 
 land 43 miles S.E.. h.aving a width of 7 miles at the entrance, 
 which gradually diminishes to 3. 
 
 AD'MISTON, or ATHELHAMP'STONE, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Dorset. 
 
 AD MONT, dd'mont, a town of -Austria, Upper Styria, on the 
 Enns, 56 miles N.W. of Gratz, with a population of 800 and 
 an extensive abbey. 
 
 ADOL/PHUSTOWN,a post^villageand town.ship of Canada 
 West, CO. of Ivenox, 32 miles W. by S. of Kingston. 
 
 ADONI, d-do'nee, a town of British India, presidency of Ma- 
 dras, 42 miles N.E. of Bellary ; taken and ruined by Tippoo 
 Saib in 1787. 
 
 ADONY, d-doK'. a town of Hungary, Stuhlweissenburg, on 
 the right bank of the Danube, 28 miles S. of Pesth. Pop. 3000. 
 
 ADORF, ^doRf, the southernmost town of Saxony, on the 
 Elster, 29 miles S.S.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 2800. It has manu- 
 factories of cotton and woollen cloths, and musical instru- 
 ments. 
 
 ADORP, d'doRp, a village of the Netherlands, province and 
 4 miles N.N.W. of Grouingen. Pop. 1008. 
 
 ADOUR, dd^ooii/, (anc. At'urus,) a riverof France, rises in the 
 Tourmalet Pyrenees, near BarSges, passes Bagnferes-de-Bi- 
 gorre, Tarbes, S. of Sever and Dax, where it becomes naviga- 
 ble; and after a course of 200 miles, falls into the Bay of Bis- 
 cay N. of Bayonne. Affluents, Midouze, Gabas, Luy, and 
 Gave de Pan. 
 
 ADOWA. d/do-wi, or ADOVA. a town of Abyssinia, capital 
 of the state of Tigrg. at the foot of a hill, 145 miles N.E. of 
 Gondar. Lat. 14° 12' N.; Ion. 39° 5' E. Pop. 8000. It is 
 regularly laid out; houses conical, and interspersed with 
 trees. It has manufactories of cotton and woollen cloths, 
 and is the chief entrep&t of trade between the interior of 
 Tigre and the coast. 
 
 C 
 
 AD'P.^R, a town and parliamentary borough of W.iles, co. 
 of Cardigan, parish of Ijandyfriog, on the Teifi, a bridg,.' across 
 which joins it to Newcastle Emlyn, 85 miles E.S.E. of Cai» 
 digan. Pop. 1746. It has 11 annual cattle fairs, with a re- 
 tail trade for the supply of an extensive district. Adpai^ 
 Emlyn unites with Cardigan, Aberystwith, Ac. in sending 
 one member to the House of Commons. 
 
 ADRA, d'nri, (anc. Abdejra,) a town and seaport of Spain. 
 Andalucia, province and 60 miles S.E. of Grenada, on the 
 Mediterranean. Pop. 7400. Chiefly employed in the exten- 
 sive lead mines in its vicinity, the greater part of the ore 
 fi'om which is exported to Marseilles. 
 
 ADR AM YTI, d\lr3-mee'tee, {imc.AdramytHium,) a town and 
 seaport of Asia Minor, 4 miles from the head of the Gulf of 
 Adramyti, and 83 miles N. of Smyrna. Pop. 6000. (?) It is 
 ill built and dirty. Exports large quantities of olives and 
 wool to Constantinople, and gall-nuts to other parts of 
 Europe. 
 
 ADRANOS, M'r.vnos\ or ED'RENOS\ an ancient town of 
 Turkey in Asia, on a river of the same name, at the foot of a 
 limestone hill, 10 miles S.W. of Olympus, and 135 N.N.E. 
 of Smyrna ; lat. 39° 59' N., Ion. 28° 55'E. 1 1 is now in ruins, 
 but these are of a very imposing and interesting character. 
 
 ADRANUM. See Aderno. 
 
 ADRAR.\. d-drd'rj, a village of Lombardy, 14 miles E. of 
 Bergamo, with an ancient castle, celebrated in the wars of 
 the Guelphs and Ouilielines. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ADRIA, d/dre-d, (anc. Jla/dria, IfaHria, or A'tn'a,) a town 
 of Lombardy, government of A'enice, between the Po and 
 Adige, 13 miles E. of Rovigo. Pop. 10,000. It has remains 
 of fine edifices, and was. anciently a seaport of such conse- 
 quence as to give its name to the Adriatic, from wliich it is 
 now 14 miles distant. Its port is quite obliterated. Adria 
 is the see of .an archbishop. 
 
 AD*RIAMI>ATAM', a maritime town of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, district and 34 miles S.E. of Tanjore. 
 
 ADRIAN, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 ADRIAN, d/dre-.an, a flourishing town, capital of Lenawee 
 CO., Michigan, is situateed on a branch of the Raisin river, 
 and on the Michigan Southern railroad, 37 miles W. of Mon- 
 roe, 80 miles S.E. of I-ansing, and 70 miles W.S.W. of De- 
 troit. The Erie and Kalamazoo railroad, which was opened 
 in 1830, connects the town with Toledo, 32 miles distant ; 
 and the Southern niilroad was extended westward to Chi- 
 cago in 1852. Since the construction of these improvements, 
 Adrian has increased rapidly, and become the centre of trada 
 for a fine farming region of large extent, which is chiefly 
 appropriated to the growth of the different kinds of grain. 
 It has 2 banks. Its extensive water-p(5wer is einployed in 
 mills of various kind.s. Adrian has public buildings of a 
 superior order, among which are several places of worship 
 and high-schools. It Wivs in 1860 the third town of the 
 state in population. Pop. 6213. 
 
 ADRIANCE, 4/dre-ance,apost-villageof Dutchess co.. New 
 York. 
 
 ADRIANOPLE, ad-re-an-o'p'l, or ADRINOPLE, (Tuikish, 
 EDRENEH, M'rJ-neh, anc. AdrkniojMis or Hudriiiniyphilin.) 
 a city of EuropeanTurkey.province of Room-Elee,built partly 
 on a hill and partly on the banks of the Tundja. near its con- 
 fluence with the Maritza, 137 miles N.W. of Constantinople. 
 L,at. 41° 41' 26" N. ; Ion. 26° 35' 41" E. Pop. 160.000. It is 
 considered as the second capital of the empire. Formerly, the 
 suburbs were surrounded by a strong wall, commanded by 
 12 towers and a citadel : but these are now in ruins. It has 
 an arsenal, a cannon foundry, .and numerous caravanseries 
 and bazaars. The mos<iue of the Sultan Selim is a .'■plen- 
 did structure, with four lofty minarets and a richly deco- 
 rated interior. Tills edifice is considered the finest Moslem 
 temple extant. The aqueduct which supplies the city foun- 
 tains is also a noble structure. Adrianople is the see of a 
 Greek bishop, dependent on the patriarchate of Constantino- 
 ple. On the right bank of the Tundja. which is crossed by a 
 fine stone bridge, is situated the Eski-Serai, the old palace 
 of the sultans, now much decayed. Adrianople possesses 
 important manufactories of silks, woollens, and linens, has 
 celebrated dye-works and tanneries, and an active commei-ce 
 in manufactured goods and the products of a fertile districts 
 The chief outlet for this commerce is the port of Enos, which 
 was taken by the Russians on the 20th August, 1829. Adri- 
 anople was the capital of the Ottoman empire from 1366 to 
 145.3. Hadrianopolis was founded by the Emperor Hadrian. 
 
 ADRIATIC, ad're-afic, (anc. A'di-ia and Maire AdriaVicum; 
 It. Mare Adriatico, md'ri d-dre-d'te-ko ; Ger. Adriatisches 
 Meer, d-dre-d'tisb-es malR: Fr. Mer-Adriatinue.. maiR dMfe 
 dHeek',) or GULF OF VEN'ICE, an arm of the Mediterrs 
 nean, extending from lat. 40° to 45° 46' N., between Italy, 
 Illyria, and Albania. Length, 500 miles; mean breadth, 100 
 miles. It is n.amed from the city Adria. and forms on the W 
 the Gulf of Manfredonia, on the coast of the kingdom ol 
 Naples. The name Gulf of Venice is more properly given to 
 the N.W. part. On the E. are the Gulfs of Triest. Fiume, and 
 Cattaro, onthecoastof Austria. andofDrino, in.\lbania. The 
 shores ofthis sea are generally low on the Venetian side; it has 
 many shoals, and its muddy shores are covered with unwhole- 
 some marshes. On the Dalmatian side, the waves dash agfiinsl 
 
 23 
 
ADR 
 
 enormous rocks, or ripyle among beautiful strands formed 
 by the numerous islands which eiiviron the coast, affording 
 to vessels a secure retreat from storms. During summer, 
 the navigation of the gulf is safe and simple, because the 
 prevailing wind is very favorable for leaving it, but in win- 
 ter the S.E. winds cause much destruction. The Adriatic 
 receives few rivers of importance, except the Adige and the 
 Po. Its depth, between Dalmatia and the mouths of the 
 Po, is 22 fathoms ; but a large part of the Gulf of Triest, 
 and the Adriatic, opposite Venice, is less than 12 fathoms 
 deep. Farther to the S., where it is less affected by the in- 
 flux of great rivers, the gulf deepens considerably. It has 
 little or no perceptible tide, except at Venice, where there is 
 a riAe of a few ft*'t. Notwithstanding the present shallowness 
 of the Adriatic, there can be little doubt that its original depth 
 was much greater than it is now, as was also its extent ; the 
 former being affected by the deposits of sand, marl, and terta- 
 ••eous incrustations — strictly analogous to the strata of which 
 the subapeunine and other hills of the Italian peninsula are 
 composed — which are rapidly accumulating at the bottom ; 
 and the latter by the low alluvial tracts forming along its bor- 
 ders. The most remarkable instance of these accessions of 
 land occurs on the W. coast, where a series of lagoons, formed 
 by long lines of sandbars, are rapidly tilling up and being 
 converted into meadows by newly deposited mud brought 
 down by the streams. Between the N. point of the Gulf of 
 Triest down to the S. of Ravenna, there is an unintei^ 
 rupted series of recent accessions of land more than 100 
 miles in length, which, within the last 2000 years, have in- 
 creased from 2 to 20 miles in breadth. It is calculated that 
 the mean rate of advance of the delta of the Po on the Adri- 
 atic, between the years 1200 and 1000, was about 27 yai-ds a 
 year; whereas, the mean auntial gain, fhjm IGOO to 1S04, 
 was 76 yai-ds. (Lyell's Geology.) 
 
 ADRO, 5'dro, a town and capital of Venetian Lombardy, 12 
 miles W.X.'W. of Brescia. Pop. 2214. 
 
 AD'STOCK. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 ADUR. i'dQr. a river of Kngland, co. of Sussex, rising a 
 little S.W. of Horsham, flowing S.. and entering tlie English 
 Channel at Shoreham. after a course of 25 miles. Its mouth is 
 supposed by some to h:ive formed the ancient Pnrtus Adurni. 
 
 ADU'LIS,. ADULE. J-dooHeh. or ZULLA, zooWl the ruins 
 of an ancient town of Abj-ssinia. teirritory of the Dankali. 
 near the head of Annesley bay, on the W. coast of the Red 
 Sea. 30 miles S.S.E. of Arkeeko. Lat. 15° 15' X. ; Ion. 39° 55' E. 
 
 ADVENTURE, a post-office of Ontonagon co_ Michigan. 
 
 ADVENTURE BAY, a large semicircular bay in Brune 
 Island, off the S.E. coast of S'an Diemen's Land. It is well 
 sheltered, the auchonige good, and an abundance of wood 
 and water to be found on its shores. 
 
 ADVENTURE SOUND and HARBOR, E. of F.alkland 
 Island. The former is a bay 20 miles in length, and from 3 
 to 4 miles in brejidth. The -latter is in the S. part of the 
 Sound, and is one of the best in it. 
 
 AD^VELL. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 AD'WICK-LE-STREET, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 ADnVICK-UPON-DEARNE— (_dern,) a parish of England, 
 CO. of York. 
 
 .aiGADES, ee'gS-diz. a proup of islands off the W. coast 
 of Sicily, from 15 to 35 miles W. of Trapani; the principal 
 being Favignana. Levanzo, and Maritimo. 
 
 ^GAE. See Aias. 
 
 .SGEAN (e-jee/an) SEA. orGRE'CIAX ARCHIPEVAGO, 
 is a name given by the Greeks and Romans to that part of the 
 Mediterranean lying between Asia Minor on the E.. Greece 
 and part of Turkey on the W., and the shores of Room-Elee 
 in the latter country on the N. Its length, from N. to S., is 
 about 400 miles ; its breadth, generallj', upwards of 2iK), ex- 
 cepting at Ciipe Doro, at the S. extremity of the island of 
 Xegropont, where it narrows to 90 miles, but afterwards 
 widens to nearly its former width. Its depth is very great, 
 there being, in many places, at less th.an a mile from the 
 shore, no bottom to be found with a 200-fatliom line. It 
 contains numerous islands, many of which are of volcanic 
 origin ; others are composed entirely of pure white marble. 
 Meet of them are high, their mountain elevations having 
 an average heiiiht of from 1500 to 1800 feet. 
 
 jEGIUA. See Ckbiiotto. 
 
 ^MINA. EGINA. e-jI'na,orENGIA.en'je-9i, an island of 
 Greece, in the Gulf of .Esrina, {Saronicus Sinus.) 16 miles S. by 
 W. of Athens. Lat. of Mount EMas. on the S. pjirfi^Oil' 9" 
 N.: Ion. 23° 30' E. It is 8 miles in length, and about the 
 same in breadth. This island was anciently celebrated for 
 the splendor of its buildings, among which was the famous 
 temple of Jupiter, (now in ruins.) situated on»Mount St. 
 Elia.s. Pop. alx)Ut 16.000. 
 
 .^GINA, a compjiratively recent town of Greece, situated 
 on the island of Egina. For some time it was the residence 
 of the Greek senat* and governor, but the removal of the 
 court to Athens, along with the library and other stores of 
 the town, has aiused it greatly to decline. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 ^GINA, GULF OF, (anc. ftinmHais Sifnuf^on the E. side 
 of Greece, l>etween .Attica and Peloponnesus, is near oO miles 
 in length, and perhaps 30 In breadth. It contains the 
 Islands of Salamis, ^giua, and several islets. 
 
 AFG 
 
 ^.GYPTUS. See Egypt. 
 
 AELTERE, ^I't.i-reh, a village of Belgium, on the tuilway 
 from Ghent to Bruges, 12 miles N.N.W. of Ghent. 
 
 .SMILIA, a stiite of Italy. See APPENDIX. 
 
 JiMO'NA. See Latbach. 
 
 AENG, SJing'', a fi-ontier town in Farther India, presl- 
 dencv of Bengal, 80 miles SJi. of Aracan. 
 
 -DNARIA. See IscHU. 
 
 .cEOLI-E INSULyE. See Lipari Islands. 
 
 AERNEX, aiR/nen, a considerable village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Valais, on the Rhone. 7 miles N.E. of Brieg. 
 
 AEROE, (Aeroe or .Slroe.) A'riiVh, or ARROE, an island of 
 Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, in the Baltic, io miles S. of 
 I"unen, 14 miles in length by 5 miles mean breadth. Pop. 
 10,200. It is fertile and well cultivated. 
 
 AEROESKIOBING, i/riM'S-ky M dng, (r. e: "the mart of 
 Aerije,") a town and seaport, capital of the above island, on 
 the X.E. side. Pop. 1600, with ship-building docks, and an 
 active navigation. 
 
 AERSCHOT. or AARSCHOT, In/skot, a town of Belgium, 
 province of S.Brabant, on the Demer, 23 miles X.E. of Brus- 
 sels, with distilleries and commerce in grain. Pop. o900. 
 
 AERTRYCKE, |R/trI-keh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of W. Flanders, 8 miles S.AV. of Bruges. Pop. 2*587. 
 
 AERZEELE, |R/zA-leh, a villjige of Belgium, W. Flanders, 
 15 miles X.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 3192. 
 
 ^SIS. See Iesi. 
 
 AERZEX, aiRt/sen, a town of Hanover, Kalenberg, 5 miles 
 S.W. of Hameln, with powder-works. Pop. 1000. 
 
 J.STUARIUM VAVARIS. See Moray Frith. 
 
 ETHIOPIA. See Ethiopu. 
 
 J5T0LI A, e-tc/le-a, a government of the kingdom of G reece, 
 on the continent, between lat. 38° 17' and 38° 50' X., and 
 Ion. 21° 10' and 22° 5' E., having E. the governments of 
 Phocis and Phthiotis, W. Acarnania, N. Eurjtania. and S. 
 the Gulf of Patras. Pop. (1S40) 25.144. It is mostly moun- 
 tainous, but .ilong the Corinthian gulf barley, rye, and olives 
 are raised. Highest point, Mount Oxeaon, its X. frontier, 
 4636 feet highr Chief river, the Phidaris. Capital, Mis- 
 solonghi. Adj. and inhab. ^i;tolian, e-to'le-an. 
 
 AFFOGADOS, df-fo-gi'doce. a village of Brazil, province of 
 Pemambuco. near the sea, on the left liank of one of the 
 mouths of the Capibaribe, and ",i miles S. of Recife, or Per- 
 nambuco. It has a harbor suitable for large vessels, and 
 carries on some trade in cotton and sugar. Pop. 1000. 
 
 AFFOLTERX, ilf-fol'tem. a village of Switzerland, 8 miles 
 S.W. of Zurich. Pop. 1794. 
 
 . AFGHAXISTAX, if-gln'is-tiln'. ("Afghan-land," or "Af- 
 ghan-country,") an extensive inland country of A sia. lying be- 
 tween lat. 28° 50' and 30° 30' X., and Ion. 62° and 72° 30' E, 
 having E. the Punjab, S.Bhawlpoor, Sinde, and Beloochistan, 
 W. the Persian dominions, and X. Independent Toorkistan, 
 (Balkh, Khoondooz, Kafiristan,) from which it is .separated by 
 the Hindoo Koosh and its prolongations. Area estimated at 
 225,000 square miles, and the population at about 5.000.000. 
 From the table-land in the X., varying from 15.000 to 16,000 
 feet in height, (the highest part being the Hindoo Koosh, 
 20,493 feet.) many mountain ranges proceed to the S.. E., and 
 W. Although by far the greater portion of Afghanistan is 
 a land of deserts, rocks, and mountiiins. and .some of the last 
 of the most inhospitable character, there are yet a number of 
 fertile valleys, well watered, covered with clover, thyme, vio- 
 lets, and many odoriferous plants, and remarkaWe for their 
 picturesque lieauty. In these favored spots grain is grown in 
 abundance, and, as elsewhere mentioned, fruits of all kinds, 
 including oranges, citrons, grapes, pomegranates, apricots, 
 apples, quinces, peaches, pears, plums, almonds, and wal- 
 nuts. 'The most extensive of these valleys or plains aie 
 those of Cabool and Peshawer ; tut there is also an exceed- 
 ingly rich, level tract in the vicinity of Herat. A great part 
 of Seistan is a mere desert, as is likewise a large portion of 
 the S. and S.W. part of the country, extending over a space 
 of about 300 miles in length by 100 in breadth. 
 
 The climate of Afghanistan is various, depending more on 
 the difference of elevation than on that of latitude, the cold 
 being very severe in the higher regions, and the heat in- 
 tense in the lower. Tlicse txtremes »re strikingly illus- 
 trated by the circumstance of the summits of the mountains 
 being often covered with snow, while the heat of the plains 
 below is all but intolerable. Sewee, situated in Sewis- 
 tan. the territory forming the S.E. portion of Afghanistan, 
 and in lat. 29° 20' X., and Ion. 67° 58' E., is regarded as the 
 hottest place in the territory. It is also extremely hot at 
 Candahar, the thermometer, in the summer, being fre- 
 quently above 110° in the shade; while in winter the inha- 
 bitants suffer from cold, fuel lieing extremely scarce. At 
 Catiool, the snow lies for several months together, during 
 which the people remain in their houses, and sleep, like the 
 Russians, close to the stoves, the thei-mometer falling to 5° 
 or 6° below zero. The prevailing winds are from the west, 
 and are in general cold; while the easterly winds are hot- 
 The climate, on the whole, however, is fav..rab:e to the hu- 
 man constitution, and in some parts highly salubrious; 
 diseases are few — the principal are fevers, agues, small pox, 
 and ophthalmia. 
 
AFI 
 
 AFR 
 
 Afirhanistan was formerly a monarchy, the crown heing 
 hereditary in a branch of the house of Suddazye : it is now 
 divided into three cliiefsliips, Herat, Cabool, and Gandahar. 
 The revenue of the first is about 200.000?., the one-half in 
 money, the other in produce. Cabool is believed to have 
 yielded, under a system of grinding taxation, about 
 240.000?.. and Kandahar about 80,000J. The whole Afphan 
 force, which is chiefly cavalry, amounts to about 16,000 men. 
 They are imperfectly disciplined, and are embarrassed by the 
 multitude of their arms, which consist of a long, heavy 
 matchlock, with a bayonet, a sabre, a blunderbuss, and 
 three long pistols, a cnuteati de chasse, a dagger, and four or 
 five knives, besides a shield. 
 
 The chief rivers are the Cabodl, Helmund, Gomul, Ix)ra, 
 &c.. but none is of great size. The morass Ilamoon, in the 
 S.W.. scarcely belouirs to Afghanistan : the only lake of con- 
 seriuence is that of Abistada. The vegetation in the lowlands 
 is like that of India; rice, cotton, the sugar-cane, millet, 
 maize, and turmeric are raised. In the uplands, the timber- 
 trees, herbs, and fruits of Europe grow wild, and wheat, 
 barley, beans, turnips, mustard, and artificial grasses are 
 cultivated. Cabool is supposed to excel all other cities in 
 the variety and excellence of its fruits. Tobacco is exten- 
 sively produced ; and India is mostly supplied with madder 
 from hence. Gold, silver, mercury, iron, lead, copper, anti- 
 mony, coal, sulphur, and naphtha are met with. Arts and 
 husbandrj' are in a very low condition; carpets are made at 
 Herat, but other manufactures are few, and mostly confined 
 to cctton, woollen, and silk stuffs for home use, with sad- 
 dlery, harness, and cattle-trappings. Sheep and goats are 
 abundant, producing a fine wool, used in the manufacture 
 of shawls. Imports, coarse cottons, indigo, muslins, silks, 
 and brocade, ivory, wax, sandal-wood, sugar, and spices, 
 from India; horses, gold and silver, cochineal, and broad- 
 cloth, from Toorkistan; with some cutlery hardware, and 
 other European goods, from Kussia, through Bokhara ; silks, 
 cottons, embroidery, and chintz, fi-om Persia; slaves, from 
 Arabia and Abyssinia; silks, tea, porcelain, dyes, and pre- 
 cious metals, overland from China ; and dates and cocoa- 
 nuts, from Beloochistan. Altogether, the imports may 
 amount to 500,000?. a year. The exports consist of madder, 
 assafnetida, tobacco, fruits, and horses, with furs, shawLs, 
 and chintz, to India; shawls, turbans, indigo, and other In- 
 dian produce, to Toorkistan ; and the same articles, with 
 Herat carpets, to Persia. The demand for British manufac- 
 tures has l.itely increased, so as nearly to su)M>rsede the im- 
 poi-tation of manuCictured goods overland from 1! ussia. The 
 transit trade is considerable, and wholly conducted by means 
 of camels and horees, the employment of wheelt^ vehicles 
 lieing impracticable. The population comprises llelooches, 
 Oosbeks, Huzarehs, Eimauks, Persians, and Hindoos; but 
 the great mass are of the Afghan race, and Mohammedans 
 of the Soonite sect. Chief cities, Cabool, Gandahar, Herat, 
 
 Peshawer, .Jelalabad, and Ghuznee. Adj. and inhab., 
 
 Afoiiax. ,V-gdn'. or df-ghaun'. 
 
 AFIOO.M. AFIOUM, AFIUM.a-fe^m', or AFITJM-KARA- 
 HISS AR, kj'ri'his-sar'. (Black Castle of Opium.) a city of Asia 
 .Minor, in Anatolia, capital of a sanjak, on a mountain side, 50 
 Miles S.S.IO. of Kutaieh. Pop. estimated at 60,000. (?) It is 
 pretty well built ; has a citadel crowning a lofty rock, numer- 
 ous mosques, ch.apels, baths, khans, manufiictures of black 
 felts, carpets, anus, saddlery, stirrups, and a large tiade in 
 opium, irrown near it, whence its name. Afioom is the resi- 
 dence of a p.isha. and the seat of an Armenian lii.«hop. 
 
 AFIJAGOLA, i-frjgo/li, a town of Xaples, province, and 6 
 milesN.N.E. of Naples. Pop. 13,000. It has exten.sive manu- 
 factures of straw bonnets. 
 
 AFRICA, af're-ka. (called also LiVya by the ancients, who, 
 however, appear to have been familiar with the N. part only ; 
 Fr. Jfriqiie. d'freek'; Ger. Afrika, i/fre-kS; It.. Pp.. and Port., 
 Africa. 3'fre-kJ,) one of the great divisions of the globe, and 
 tlie third in superficial extent, lies between 37° 20' N. lat. and 
 34° 50' S. lat.. and between 51° 22' E. and 17° 32' AV. Ion., 
 being about 5000 miles in extreme length, from Cape Bianco 
 on the Mediterranean to Gape Agulhas, 100 miles S.K. of the 
 Cape of Good Hope; and 4800 in its greatest breadth, be- 
 tween Cape Guardafui (l!as Jerdaffoon) on the Indian Ocean 
 to Cape A'erde on the Atlantic ; including an area of alxiut 
 12.000,000 square miles. It is bounded on the X. by the 
 Mediterranean; on the N.E. and S.E. by the Isthmus of 
 Suez. Ited Sea. and the Indian Ocean ; on the S. by the 
 Southern, and on the S.W. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; 
 being wholly surrounded by sea, excepting where the Isth- 
 mus of i*uez connects it with Arabi.a, approaching, how- 
 over, within a few miles of Europe at the Straits of Gib- 
 raltar, and of Asia at the Strait of Bab-el-Mnndeb. Though 
 it presents a coast line of upwards of 15,000 miles, it is 
 Qowhere indented by any great gulf or bay, if we ex- 
 cept the Gulf of Guinea on the W. coast, which is rather 
 a trending invrard of the .shore, than a gulf opening into 
 the land. The other principal indentations are the Gulf 
 of Sidra on the N. coast. Bights of Benin and Biafra on 
 the W. coast, and Delagoa and Sofala bays on the E. coast. 
 Its most reviarkable capes are Capes Bianco and Sp;ir- 
 t«jl i)n it? N. ihoros, Cape Verde on the K .AV., Cape Agulhas 
 
 on the S., and Ras Jerdaffoon, or Cape Guardafui, on tli» 
 E. coast. 
 
 Papulation. — The inhabitants of this immense region are 
 generally of an inferior physical conformation, and in a low 
 state of intellectual development. Probably the want of 
 great gulfs or navigable rivers penetrating the interior, by 
 shutting out commerce, tliat great clvilizer, may have had 
 something to do with this result; to which the toirid cli- 
 mate, by its enei-vating influence, has no doubt largely ejn- 
 tributed. AVhen transferred to contact with civilization, 
 they rapidly acquire its customs and manners. In tlie 
 United States, the peculiarities of feature which characterize 
 some of the most barbarous tribes, are gradually modllied, 
 and approach the European conformation. As to the 
 amount of population of this .vast continent, we have no 
 certain data on which to form estimates. Balbi states it at 
 60,000,000, and Malte Brun and the Weimar Almanac at 
 101,000,000. With the exception of the N. portions, and 
 those on the Red Sea, and the settlements recently made at 
 and N. of the Cape of Good Hope, Africa has been inhat ited 
 from the earliest times by barbarous or semilarbarous 
 tribes and nations, mostly with a black skin and wo(.lly 
 hair, but with diflerent degrees of intellectual devekpnient. 
 In some tribes, the lips are very large ahd projecting, the 
 no.se Hat, and the forehead low and receding; while in others 
 the feature* approach in conformation those of the Caucasian 
 race. The region N. of Senegal, and W. of Egypt, is inhatitt d 
 by Arab races ; Egypt is inhabited by Copts. The Hotten- 
 tots, once occupying the country at pre.sent called Cape 
 Colony, now inhabit the tract extending N. of that colony 
 and washed by the Atlantic, up to 24° S. lat. They are of a 
 yellowish color, with high cheek-bones, flat, broad noses, 
 small eyes, and hair in separate tufts. They are short in sta- 
 ture, the men being about 4t, and the women 4 feet high. 
 Their language is guttural, ending with a peculiar click. 
 Though an inoffensive race, they have made but little pio- 
 gross towards civilization. Those nearest Cape Colony have 
 become subject to European influence; but the interior 
 tribes live in dirty huts or kraals built of mats or sticks, 
 wear sheepskin dresses, live on the milk of their cattle, and 
 migrate from place to place. Mohammedanism and Fetishism 
 are the prevailing religions of Africa, except in Abyssinia, 
 where a corrupt form of Christianity exists. A feti.sh may be 
 any thing, a rock, stick, or stone, that the individual chooses 
 to invest with the attributes of divinity; which, from the 
 moment he sets it apart, is feared and adored as an agent ol 
 good or evil. Some have serpents and lizards as their su 
 prenie fetish : others worship the .sun, moon, stars, and idols 
 in human form. Human sjicriflces are practised among some 
 of the negro nations, but rarely, except, on great occasions. 
 The victim must be brought from a di.stance. and his fate 
 concealed from him till the monjent the blow is struck. 
 
 Laitf/tuigea. — .\s in all barbarous countries, the languages 
 and dialects are numerous. The Arabic, Berlser, and Man- 
 dingoe are tlie most widely difTused ; the last prevailing over 
 nearly the whole W. coast, and the other two over the N . and 
 N.E. parts of the continent. In South Africa the Hottentot 
 and Kaffir tongues are best known. The numlier of lan- 
 gu.ages has been estimated, for the whole continent, at 150. 
 The sociiil condition of Africa, as compared with Europe, is 
 low, but yet not so debased as it has often been represented. 
 The black population are generally kind, cheerful, and hu- 
 mane, and show an aptness to receive the advantages of 
 civilized life. The African black has none of the moodiness 
 and ferocity of temper of the savages of the South Sea and 
 Pacific islands ; nor has he the stern cruelty and reserve of 
 the American Indian. Both in the E. and W. coasts, tra- 
 vellers represent them as exhibiting warm affections, pater- 
 nal feelings, and generous hospitality. The Foolahs, on 
 the W. coast, exhibit the nearest approach to the customs 
 of civilized life ; while the Ashantees, who are among the 
 most intelligent of the races of Africa, are the most cruel and 
 ferocious, and, it is believed, practi.se cannibalism. Some uf 
 the tribes have made quite resijectable advances in manu- 
 factories, but their agriculture is of the rudest kind. Lea- 
 ther, wrought metals, and cotton cloths are among their 
 manufactures. 
 
 i/umpfan Setthmciifs. — The principal British settlements 
 are at Sierra Leone, Gape Coast Castle, and the Cape of Good 
 Hope, with several unimportant establishments on the Gold 
 iind Slave coasts. The Dutch have possessions on the Gold 
 coast, as al.so have the Danes, besides some on the Slave 
 coast. The Portuguese have several pos.sessions on both the 
 W. and E. coasts; and the French on the Senegal and Gan>- 
 bia rivers. The Colonization Society of the United States 
 have founded the njitive republic of Liberia, for the recep- 
 tion of free negroes. 
 
 Face of the Cmmtry, Mmmtains, cfc. — A greater portion 
 of the interior of Africa is desert than of either of the other 
 grand divisions of the globe. The desert of Sahara, (see S.aha- 
 RA.) the largest in the world, extends from the Atlantic ocean 
 nearly to the J!ed Sea, a distance of upwards of 3000 miles, 
 having an average breadth of from 600 to 900 miles, and 
 covering an area of 2.000.000, square miles, or a space double 
 the superfices of the Mediterranean. The deserts of JNubia, 
 
 35 
 
AFR 
 
 AFR 
 
 Lybia, and Southern Africa will be descriljed under their 
 Kevei"i be«ds. Africa is believed, from what imperfect know- 
 U^iije we haw of it, tj rise in successive terraces from the 
 C'-ast to the interior. This is known to be the case in South 
 Atrial and Abyssinia, where the features of the country are 
 tlie grandest, and is inferred from the fall of the rivers in 
 other paits. Little ib known of the interior, however, few 
 p lints having been reached by explorers. The Mountains 
 or the M'jon, ttie most extensive known ran;;©, commence at 
 Rissi-Ivissi, about 200 miles S.E. of Sierra Leone, in lat. 9° 
 N., and Ion. 9° 20' V«'., and running in a S.K. direction 
 ni-aily parallel with the coast (but at distances of from SO to 
 I"'"' miles) to Ion. 26° E., turn suddenly to the N.E.. and 
 liave been generally supposed to cross the entire continent 
 to Cape Guardafui, at a distmce of 4000 miles from their 
 place of bejrinnin:.'. In Guinea this range h;is the name of 
 the Kong mountains. At about 12° E. Ion., a branch chain, 
 called the Cameroon mountains, shoots off in a S.W. direc- 
 tion to the Bight of Biafra, attaining, near the sea, an eleva- 
 tion of 13,000 ieet. North of the Kong mountains are various 
 lofty ranges, running in- a X. direction ; among which are 
 the Domlwri and Batake. Between 7° and 11° W. Ion. and 
 11° and 14° N., another chain of rocky heights, rising to an 
 elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet, and cleft by tremen- 
 dous ravines, skirts the .Toliba or Niger. The other more 
 reraark.able mounteins of Africa are those comprising the 
 Mount Atlas range, (which sea,) beginning at Cape Geer or 
 Ghir, 10° W. lon^. and extending E. as fiir as 50° \V. Ion., 
 where it approaches the 32° X. lat. The dist.ince from one 
 side to the other of this range has been estimated at from 
 30 to 40 miles, and the .altitude of the highest summit, 
 Mount Miltseen, 27 miles S.E. of the town of Morocco, at 
 11,380 feet above the level of the sea. The higher regions 
 of these mountains are seldom entirely free from snow. A 
 mountain of great height has recently been discovered in 
 Etist Africa, by the Kev. Mr. Rebmann, a missionaiy, wlio 
 places this mountain, which he rails Kilimandjaro, or Kili- 
 nia-dj.n-aro, " Mountain of Greatness," in 3° 40* S. lat., and 
 36° E. Ion. ; and represents it as being covered with perpetual 
 snow, which, being so near the efjuator, would indicate a 
 height of at least 20,000 feet. The mountain is described 
 as h.aving two summits rising to the limit of snow, of 
 which the eastern is the lower, and terminates in several 
 peaks, covered, during the rainy sea.son, far down with 
 snow ; but which, in the dry season, sometimes melts en- 
 tirely away. The western, or higher summit, is in the 
 form of an immense dome. The two summits are 10 or 12 
 miles apart. If the position of Kilimandjaro be c-orrectly 
 'aid down by Mr. Rebmann, it lies about 600 miles due W. 
 of Mombas, on the coast of Zanzibar, and just so far into a 
 hitherto unexplored country, of which nothing wivs pre- 
 viously known. In the province of Shoa, the mountains 
 att:iin a considerable elevation ; that portion of it called EtTat 
 lieing entirely surrounded by lofty and cniggy hills. Recent 
 explorations seem to show that the Mountains of the Moon 
 do not extend so far N. as had hitherto l>een supposed, or. at 
 least, that about the sources of the Nile (the head waters of 
 which were not reached b3' Mr. R0II6, who Jipproached with- 
 in 4j° of the equator from the N.) the mountains make a 
 great bend to the S. 
 
 i[i>ierals. — Africa has long been famous for her gold; and 
 though now eclipsed by the newer goldfields of California 
 and Australia, full explorations of the country and scientific 
 mining maj- restore to Africa its former pre-eminence in this 
 respect. The richest gold-mine known on this continent is that 
 of Natakoo.a small, round, isolated hill, about 300 feet high 
 and 9000 in circumference, situated on a plain of alluvial for- 
 mation, being composed of argillaceous earth, containing gold 
 in all the forms of lumps, grains, and spangles. Every cubic 
 fx)t. it is said, is charged with metal. The hill is 'perforated 
 in all directions with holes 6 t'et in diameter and 40 feet in 
 depth. The gold is met with at about 4 feet below the sur- 
 face, becoming more abundant with the depth. Forty miles 
 N. of Natakoo are the gold-mines of Semayla ; next to these 
 in respect to richness is the mine of Nambia. situated ne.ar 
 the T.abaoura mountains. Large quantities of this precious 
 metal are also found on the banks of the Barra river, where 
 10.000 sLaves are said to be employed .searching for it. The 
 gold region (except Barra) lies in Bambook, S. of the Sene- 
 gal river, and occupies 12100 square miles. Iron is found 
 in 5I0TOCCO, Algeria, Abyssinia, and in various mountainous 
 districts of Central and South ,\frica. Salt is abundant, 
 both as a residuum and a fossil, though there are large dis- 
 tricts destitute of it. Manganese is common ; and extensive 
 deposits of nitrate of potjush and soda are found near Angra 
 Pequen.a, on the W. coast of South Africa. Copper of the 
 richest description is found beyond the Orange river, and 
 lead in the district of Citenh.age, Cape Colony. Recent ad- 
 vices stat3 that gold h.as been found in great abundance in 
 South .\frica, especially in the district of Caledon, and be- 
 tween Table bay and Orange river. It is found associated 
 with copper-ore, and also with quartz. 
 
 /?7.v', GiJ/^, and Rir^'.rt. — Africa is not traversed bv such 
 Immense rivers as Amerii 1 and Asia. Among its principal 
 streams are the Joliba, 01 Quorr.a, (better known to Europe- 
 36 
 
 ans as the Niger,) and the Nile. The former has attrarted 
 the attention of geographers for many centuries, from the 
 mystery that hung over its source and course, which has so 
 long baffled the efforts of explorers ; and the latter, from its 
 banks h;iving beentheseatof a civilization antedating that of 
 Greece .and Rome. It was reserved for Richard and John Lau- 
 der, former servants of Capt. Clapperton, to remove the vail, 
 and to proclaim to the world that the ancient Niger has its 
 exit in the Bight of Benin. It was in 1S30 that the brothers 
 Lander, bj' descending fi-om Boossa to the gulf just named, 
 on the bo.som of this sti-eam, set this vexed question for ever 
 at rest. The principal rivers in West Africa, beginning at 
 the Straits of Gibraltar and proceeding S., are the Senegal, 
 Gambia, Casamanz.a, Cacheo, the Jeba or Geba, the Kio 
 Grande, the Nufiez, the Sierra Leone, the Adirri orVolta. the 
 Quorra Joliba or Niger, the Congo or Zaire, the Coanz;i. and 
 the Gariep or Orange river. On the E. coast, the larg- 
 est rivers are the Zjimbeze, or Quillimane, and the Ju'^ 
 or Fumbo. The former of these is said to be 900 miles in 
 length, and to be navigable, during the wet season, from 200 
 to 300 miles above its mouth, which is in the channel of Mo- 
 z.ambique. The Juba enters the Indian ocean neai-ly under 
 the equafcir, and is represented to be navigable for boats for 
 into the interior. The other principal rivers on the E. coast 
 are the Ilaw.ash, flowing into the straits of Bab-el-niandeb, 
 and the Atabara, Bahr-el-Abiad. (White Nile,) and the Bahr- 
 el-Azi-ek, (Blue Nile.) all branches of the Nile, which is the 
 only large river which enters the Mediterranean from Afi-ica. 
 See Nile. 
 
 Although much of Africa is yet unexplored, it is known 
 to contain several large lakes. Of these. Lake Tchad, situ- 
 ated in Bornoo. nearly in the centre of the continent, is the 
 largest. The 14th parallel of N. lat. and the loth meridian 
 of E. Ion. intersect this lake, which is alx)ut 220 miles in 
 length, and, in its widest part, about 140 miles in breadth. 
 About 10° W. of this, the Niger flows through Lake Debo, in 
 Soodan ; and some 20° to the E. of it, the Bahr-el-Azrek, 
 or E. branch of the Nile, traverses Lake Dembe.a. in Abyssinia. 
 South of the equator are Lake Nyassi. iutor.':ccted by the 12th 
 p.arallel of S. lat. and the 34th meridian of E. Ion., and the 
 recently discovered L.ake Ngami, between 20° and 21° S. lat. 
 and 23° and 24° E. Ion., reported to be about 70 miles long. 
 Of Lake JIaravi. (or Zewa.) in East Africa, (supposed liy .some 
 to be the same as Nj-a.s.si.) little is known. P.K. of Tunis, on 
 the slopes of Mount .\tlas, is Lake Lowdeah, or Sibkaii-el- 
 Lowdeah. For a full description of the rivers and lakes, see 
 «eparate articles. 
 
 Climate. — Taken as a continent, owing to its situation in or 
 near the torrid zone, Africa has a higher temperature than 
 either of the other grand divisions of the ejirth ; though 
 even here the variety is great. The desert plains, m.arshes, 
 swamps, and the alluvions of the river banks, with their 
 pestilential exh.alations. give it a fatal distinction. The S. and 
 N. extremities, being within the temperate zone, are mode- 
 rateh- healthy; but even here the temperature is height- 
 ened by their proximity to the torrid zone, and yet more, 
 perhaps, by the hot winds from the deserts. The E. coast, 
 with some exceptions, is general!}' healthy; but the W. 
 coast is most de.structive to the white i-ace of any region 
 yet visited by the European; especially between 10° and 
 11° N. lat., in Senegambia, being, perhaps, the hottest 
 place on the globe. The whole of the Gold coast is likewise 
 very unhealthy, owing, it is supposed, to the great contrast 
 between the temperature of midday and midnight, and to 
 sulphurous exhalations which rise from the valleys every 
 morning ; and this in the midst of most delightful scenery, 
 varied by rock, still water, and forest. The appalling 
 mortality attending the different expeditions that have 
 gone to the W. coast and ascended its rivci-s, bear full testi- 
 mony to its reputation. About one-third of the Euix)ix'ans 
 who have endeavored to a.scend the Senegal river h.ave 
 perished in the attempt; and nearly half of those composing 
 the expedition sent out by the English government in ISIO to 
 explore the riverCongo,shared a similar fate. On the Niger 
 expedition in lS41,out of 143 Europe.ans, 41 diedinle.ss than 
 two months. River water, formerly supjxi.sed to lie tlio fatal 
 agency, from containing sulphuretted hydrogen, was care- 
 fully analyzed by this expedition, without finding the gas to 
 exist in any excess, either in the air or water. Sierra Leone 
 is, perhaps, the most unhealthj' spot in these unhealthy re- 
 gions, 'fhe mortality is generally caused by violent fever 
 of the intermittent kind : and yet the climate, to all outward 
 appearance, is delightful. And in the case of Captain 
 Tuckey's expedition — in which he liim.self was a victim — 
 the thermometer never sank below CO°at night, and seldom 
 rose alx)ve "C° in the daytime. There ai-e but two .seasons 
 in Africa, the wet and the dry ; the former extending from 
 M.ay to October, inclusive of both; the dry season occupying 
 the remaining months. The wet season commences and ter- 
 minates with tornadoes and tremendous storms of thunder 
 and lightning. Sir James Alexander, speaking of the W. 
 coast of North Africa, says that, from 5^ till 8 o'clock, the 
 mornings were delightful ; but that after the la'.'er hour the 
 sun shone forth with intense fierceness, vegetation drooped, 
 and men withdrew to their huts or tents, and i><e 1 nuiials 
 
AFR 
 
 AFS 
 
 to the forest, Thoiish many parts of Africa are delugi-d 
 with rain, in the deserts and in iijrypt it seldom or never 
 fells one of the causes, no doubt, of the higher tempera- 
 ture of this continent. The ransre of the thermometer on 
 the W. co;ist. in 1819, was at the iiighest only 95°, me;in 76°, 
 not hi<;her than an ordinary American summer, in lat. 40° 
 N. ; while the averajre heat at Sierra I.«onewas 82°; at Cape 
 Coast Castle from 86° to 90°; and at the Cape of Good Hope 
 from 80° to 90<^ in the warm season. The iii.nhest it was ever 
 ob.S(n'Ved at the last place was 102°, and it Is never below 50°. 
 
 Veffclabk Productions. — Perhaps nothing can better char 
 racterize the vegefcition of this region than the fact that the 
 palm is found, in one or other of its varieties, throughout its 
 whole extent, except in its S. extremity. Along the shores 
 of the Mediterranean, wlieat and maize are cultivated ; the 
 olive, the orange, the castor-oil plant, the fig-tree, and the 
 dwarf and the date palms, are plentiful; the lotus, so famed 
 tn ancient history, is abundant, and still eaten to some ex- 
 tent. South of the Atlas mountains, the date-p;ilm (Phcenix 
 ductiilife.ra) is so abundant as to give its name to the coun- 
 try, nice, maize, plantains, yams, manioc, pulse, and 
 earth-nuts (AracliU hijpogea) are cultivated along the whole 
 W. coast, within the tropics. On the K. coast, within the 
 same parallels, the products are similar, but rice is more and 
 maize less cultivated; to which may be added tnmarinds 
 and cotton in great abundance. The baobab-tree, sometimes 
 30 feet in diameter, though but 10 or 15 feet high, was first 
 discovered in Senegambia, but is also found in Nubia, and 
 as far as 20° S. lat. It has a bushy head, and forms an im- 
 portant article of native food. In the same region grows the 
 acacia, which furnishes the gum-senegal. Along the W. 
 coast likewise, but especially on the coast of Guine.a, are 
 found the Elms Gmnef.nsis, from which palm-oil and wine 
 are obtained ; the cabbage palm, the wax palm, and the Shea 
 butter-tree, all yielding products important to man. To 
 these may tie added the African oak and the mangrove. Of 
 fruits, the Ijest are the banan.a, pawpaw, custard apple, 
 lemon, orange, and tamarind. At the Capo of Good Hope, 
 wheat and other cereals are cultivated ; but the most cha- 
 racteristic vegetation of this district is the heaths, which 
 grow in wonderful profusion, in great variety, and of sur- 
 passing beauty. Geraniums and various buUxius and orchi- 
 daceous plants are also abundant. The X.K. part of Africa, 
 in the vicinity of Cape Guardafui, Is rich in frankincense, 
 myrrh, cinnamon, and numerous otiier spices. The high- 
 lands of Ethiopia are the native place of the colTee-plant, 
 which gives its name to the province of KafTa. In many 
 parts, this tree forms thick woods. Abyssinia, though with- 
 in the tropics, has, on account of its elevation, more the 
 vegetation of the temperate than the torrid zone, (part of it, 
 however, is in the spice region,) while Nubia, which is farther 
 from tile equator, is much more tropical in its vegetation. 
 The palm-oil tree and Indian cotton are among its promi- 
 nent plants. Kgypt, from early times, has been celebrated 
 for its wheat, and also produces rice, beans, peas, sesamum, 
 cotton, senna, and other cassias. Here, too, are the date, 
 dwarf, and doum palm. 
 
 Zoology. — Africa is remarkable for the variety of her ani- 
 mals, especially of those of the carnivorous and ferocious 
 kind. Of .300 mammals that inhabit this continent, 242 are 
 peculiar to it. The lion, the largest and most ferocious of 
 his species, the leopard, panther, hyena, (two varieties, 
 spotted, and strand or coast>-wolf,) civet, and ichneumon are 
 among its carnivora; the hare, rabbit, jer1x>a, squirrel, rat, 
 and mouse, among its rodentia ; the ground-hog, sloth, and 
 long-tailed pangolin, {Manis tetradactt/la,) among its eden- 
 tata ; the elephant, the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, wild-boar, 
 the zebra, and quagga, among its pachydermata : 50 species 
 of antelope, the giraffe, buffalo, (in several varieties,) among 
 its ruminantia; and the chimpanzee, baboon, ape, and mon- 
 key, among its quadnimana, comprising, in all, 55 species 
 of the last, of which 48 are peculiar; 30 of bats, of which 26 
 are peculiar; of carnivora 66, of which 52 are peculiar; of 
 rodentia 48, of which .38 are peculiar; edentata 3, all pecu- 
 liar; pachydermata 15, peculiar 12; ruminantia 73, peculiar 
 63; and whales {G'tacetc) 10, peculiar 8, Of horned cattle 
 there are many different varieties : the oxen of Abyssinia 
 and Bornoo, both having horns of immense size — the former 
 1 feet in length and 2 feet in circumference at the base; the 
 broad-tailed sheep of Barbary, the Cape of Good Hope, and 
 other jiarts of Africa; and the long-legged, small-tailed 
 sheep of Egypt, Sennaar, and Nubia. The domestic cat is 
 rare, but dogs are numerous. Among reptiles, are the cro- 
 codile, (found in all the tropical countries, and in the Nile 
 below the first cataract,) lizard, serpents, and various species 
 of voracious reptiles. Among birds are the ostrich, now 
 iilmost confined to Africa: vultures, found among the lofty 
 mountains of Central Africa, in the most inaccessible places 
 towards tlie Ited Sea, in Northern Africa, and in Cape Colony. 
 There are two species, the VuUur Kolbi and the VuUur auri- 
 cularis. or social vulture. The latter is of gigantic size, and 
 extremely useful in devouring carcasses and refuse matter, 
 rhe Guinea-fowl is the only indigenous gallinaceous fowl. 
 Among the many thousand varieties of insects are the 
 locust, so unfavorably known for its devastations on vegetar 
 
 tion, and destructive ants in myriads, whose habitations at 
 a distance present the appearance of villages. Thej move 
 in large bodies, consuming every substance, animal or vege- 
 tiible, that comes in their way. 
 
 Comvif.rce. — The commerce of Africa, owing to its barba 
 rous state, unhealthy clin\ate, and want of great gulfs, lays, 
 and rivers permeating the interior, has never Ijeen at all'in 
 proportion to the area of this va.st region. To the disgrace 
 of humanity, one of its largest items of commerce lias been 
 that of human beings ; and according to the luijierial Gazet- 
 teer, amounts to more than 100,000 slaves per annum. At 
 present, Brazil and CuVui are the great recipients of tills un- 
 righteous traffic. The internal slave-trade is probably not 
 less than the external. Slave-marts are established tor their 
 disposal, and they are moved about in caravans of from lUO 
 to 3000, chiefly lioys and girls. Slavery in AVesfern Africa 
 is said to exist in a much milder form than in other parts 
 of the world, the slaves lieing rarely subjected to corporal 
 punishment, and among the I'oolahs the children of slaves 
 are never sold. The principal articles exported are palm-oil, 
 gold, gold-dust, ivory, gums, timber, wax, hides, and fea- 
 thers, from Western Africa. The gum-senegal is exported 
 in large quantities l)y the Moorish tribes, who possess the 
 gum forests of Sahara, The annual produce of these forests 
 is estimated at 1,200,000 pbvinds. The Moors excliange blue 
 calico<?s for the gum. Gold, fa.shioned into trinkets, is a 
 c-onsiderable article of commerce, and salt is a very import- 
 ant article of internal traffic. The cowrie, a small shell im- 
 ported from the >Ialdive islands, is the principal circulating 
 medium of Interior and Southern Afiica. From 4(H)0 to 
 5000 of these are equivalent to aliout $5. Among the ex- 
 ports to Western Afi-ica in 1842, there were, from England, 
 haberdashery. Ac. between 12,O00A and 13,000/.; brass and 
 copper manufactures, 13,860Z,; cotton manufactures, 220,564/.; 
 books, 362/.: and arms and ammunition. 96.000/. 
 
 Ilidiiry of Discovery. — It is supposed that the penins\ilar 
 fonn of AfricH was known to the ancients, and that the I'he- 
 nlcians and Egyptians had circumnaviijnted it. The Car- 
 thaginians trafficked regularly on the W. coast, and miuie 
 settlements there; but their accounts are very hiief and 
 indefinite, as are those of the Romans who followed them. 
 No definite knowledge of Central and Southern Africa was 
 obtained till the commencement of the fifteenth century, 
 when Portuiruese enterprise revealed the regions beyond 
 Cape Bojador, liaving doubled that point in 1433; but they 
 did not discover the Cape of Good Hope till 61 years after- 
 wards, nor did Vaseo de Gama double it till 1408. In loSS, 
 Queen Elizabetli granted a patent to some merch.ants to carry 
 on the trade of the Senegal and Gambia. In 1618. Piiez. a 
 Portuguese, visited the sources of the Bahi^l-Azrek, and 
 the same year the Gambia was ascended as far as Tenda. 
 In 1C50 the Dutch formed a colony at the Cape of Good 
 Hope. In 1761, Captain Henri Hop, a Dutchman, traversed 
 the country of the Namaquas. In 1770, Bruce travelled 
 through Abyssinia. In 1795. Park traced the source of the 
 Niger. In 1793-0, Browne visited Cirfoor and Bornoo. In 
 1797. Barrow penetrated as far as the snow mountains in 
 South Africa. In 1801, Trutter and Somerville reached I^nt- 
 takoo, the capihil of the Bechuanas. In 1805. Park again 
 attempted to trace the Niger, but never returned. In 1822, 
 Denham and Clapperton crossed the Sahara, discovered Lake 
 Tchad, and travelled through Bornoo and the Eellatah 
 country. In 1826, Laing penetrated to Timbuctoo. In 18.311, 
 Lander explored the Niger or Joliba. and ascertained its out- 
 let to be in the Bight of Benin. In 18-14, Duncan penetrated 
 into the interior from the Bight of Benin, to lat. 13° 6' N. ; 
 Ion. 1° 3' E. In 1845-6, Hichardsou traversed a great part 
 of the Desert of Sahara; and the Kev. Mr. Kebmann disco- 
 vered a lofty mountain, covered with perpetual snow, in 
 Eastern Africa, al)0ut 285 miles W. of Mombas. In 1849, 
 Mr. Livingstone discovered a large lake called Ngami in South 
 Africa. Dr. Knoblicher reached about lat. 4° N. on the White 
 Nile in 1850, without arriving at its source, or reaching the 
 supposed Mountains of the Moon. In 1850-51, Urs. Barth 
 and Overweg explored Lake Tchad, and visited several im 
 
 portant places (hitherto little known) in Central Africa, 
 
 Adj. and inhab. African, af're-kan; (Fr. Africain, d^fiee'- 
 k^N"', feminine, Africaine, i'free'kSn/; Ger,adj. Afrikanisch, 
 d-fre-ki'nish ; inhab. Afrikaner, 3-fre-kd'ner.) 
 
 AFKICA. a village of Franklin co.. Penn.sylvania, 7 miles 
 E. of Chambersburg. Pop. 200, mostly negroes. 
 
 AFUICAN. AFKJCAIN, or AFKWAINE. See Africa. 
 
 AFRICAN ISLANDS, a group of low islets in the Indian 
 Ocean. N.ofthe .\mii-ante Inlands. Lat. 4° 55' S., Ion, 53° 33' i'l. 
 
 AFKIKA, AFRIKANIHCH, AFRIKANER. See Africa. 
 
 AFIUKIAH or AFRIKIYAH. i-triter^ee'yi, or MAHA- 
 DIAII, md-h3/dee'3. a decayed town and seaport of Tunis, on 
 the Mediterranean. 115 miles S.S.E. of Tunis. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 AFRIQUE. See Africa. 
 
 AFSHARS or AFSCHARS. df 'sharz', one of the many tribes 
 of Persia, of foreign descent, forming distinct classes apart from 
 the original Persians. The Afshars, who trace their origin 
 to the Toorkomans, are divided into two princip.al branches, 
 Sh.amloo (Shamlu) and Kirkloo, (Kirklu.) It is a numerous 
 tribe, inhabiting altogether about 20,000 houses. They prln- 
 
 37 
 
AFV 
 
 ciptilly reside in towns, and are to be found in greatest num- 
 N m it Vbiverd and Ilelat. 
 
 AFVESTADT or AFVESTAD. See Avestad. 
 
 AP Z\JL-GHII K/, a V^v n of Hindostan, province of Delhi, 
 presidtncy of Bengal, A«nr the Kumaon mountaius. Lat. 
 29° 25' N. ; Ion. 78° 40* E. 
 
 AGABLY, or AGIIABLY, Jva/blee, a town of Africa, oasis 
 of Tooat, on the route from Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat. 26° 
 40' N.; Ion. 0° {)S' E. It is built of stone, said to be well 
 provided with water, and is a station where the merchants 
 of Morocco meet with those of Tripoli, Tunis, and Fezzan. 
 
 AGADEZ, AGADES, d.i^'i-djz^ AGDES, or AGDAS, dgMis/, 
 a considerable city of Central Africa, capital of the kingdom 
 of Asben, in an oasis of the Sahara. Lat. 18° 10' N. ; Ion. 13° 
 E ^t has a fortified palace. Here the merchants of Soodan 
 meet at stated periods those of the North African states. 
 Agadez was formerly a large city, with a population of fi-om 
 60,000 to 60,000. Dr. Barth estimates the iiihabitaats at pre- 
 sent at 7000 or 8000. 
 
 AGADIR, AG ADEEK, a-gil-deer', or SANTA CRUZ, a for- 
 tified town, and the most southern seaport of Morocco, pro- 
 vince of Soos,on the Atlantic, 2.3 miles S.E. of Cape Ghlr. I^t. 
 30° 26' 35" N. ; Ion. 9° 35' 56" E. Pop. 600. (?) It stands on 
 a declivity overlooking a lai-ge and safe harbor, and has 
 Eome trade with Marseilles. 
 
 AGALEGAS, a-ga-ld/gis, or GALEGA. g^-LVga, a small 
 Island in the Indian Ocean, about 485 miles N.W. of the X. 
 extremity of Madagascar. The N. end of the island is in lat. 
 10° 21' 30" S. ; Ion. 56° 38' E. It is 11 miles in length, and 
 little more than 1 mile in braadth. 
 
 AGAME, d-gi'mSh, a province of Tigre, in Abyssinia, in 
 the N.E. part of that territory, and W. from the great SiUt 
 plain in which the country terminates N.E. 
 
 AGAMh^N'TlCUS MOUNTAIN, in York co., Maine, aljout 
 4 miles from the oce,an. It is important as a landmark for 
 seamen. The summit is 673 feet above the level of the 
 sea. 
 
 AGANA, 3-gJ'ni, a fortified town, and capital of Guahsn, 
 one of the I^adrones, on its W. coast. Pop. 3000. 
 
 AGAKRIB. a mountain of Egypt. See Agkeeb. 
 
 AG'ATE harbor, in the N. part of the upper peninsula 
 of Miohiiran, on Keweenaw Point. 
 
 AGATHA. See Aode. 
 
 AGATHAPOLIS. See Sant Aoata. 
 
 AGATTOO, d-giftoo, or AGAT'TA, a small island of the 
 Aleutiau group, whose centre is in lat. 52° 43' N., Ion. 173° 
 37' W. 
 
 AG^AWAM', a post-townsliip of Hampden CO., Massaclm- 
 selts, on the W. side ot Connecticut river, about 3 miles 
 S.W. of Springfield. Pop. 1698. 
 
 AG'AWAN'RIVER, a small stream of Plymouth co., in the 
 E. part of Massachusetts, which unites its watei-s with Butr 
 termilk bay. 
 
 AGDAS. or AGDASS. See Aoadez. 
 
 AGDE, igd, (!inc.Ag>aiha,) a town of France, department of 
 Ilfirault. port on left bank of the Herault, (which is here 
 crossed by a suspension bridge.) and Can.al du Midi, 2 miles 
 from the Mediterranean, and 30 miles S.VV. of Montpelier. 
 Pop. (1852)9115. It is ple.asantly situated, but being built 
 of black bas.tlt, has a grim appearance, and is popularly 
 ciided the Black town. It is surrounded by strong walls, 
 and has a college, a school of navigation, and an active coast- 
 ing trade. Its port is defended by Fort Brescau. 
 
 AGDKH, ag'deh, or AUGDEH, a town of Pei-sia, 70 miles 
 W.N.W. of Yezd, to which city the inhabitants send goats' 
 hair for the manufacture of shawls. 
 
 AGEN, i'zhjN"',*(anc. AgMnum,) a town of France, capi- 
 tal of the department of Lot^t'Saronne, on the right bank 
 of the Garonne, here crossed by two bridges, 73 miles S.E. of 
 Bordeaux. Pop. (1852) 16,027. It is most agreeably situated, 
 and has some good public edifices, including the prefecture, 
 seminary, public library, with 15.000 volumes, and several 
 churches. It has a royal court, large sail-cloth factory, and 
 manufactures of .serge, cotton prints, starch, leather, &c.. and 
 is an entreijot for the trade between Bordeaux and Toulouse. 
 
 A'GENCY,or AGENCY CITY, a post-village of Wapello co.. 
 low.'i. about 4 miles N.E. of the Des Moines river. Pop. 567. 
 
 AGENCY, a village of Winuisheik co., Iowa, on Turkey 
 river. 
 
 AQENDICUM. See Sens. 
 
 AGENOIS, (Agfinois,) d'zhA'nwJ', an ancient district of 
 France, in Guienne. It constituted part of the old kingdom 
 of Aquitaine, and is now comprised in the dep;irtment of 
 Lot-etrGaronne. 
 
 AGKR, i-HaiK', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 25 miles 
 N.N.E. of Lorida. in a valley. Pop. 2200. . 
 
 AGEROLA, A-jA-nVll a town of Naples, in Prlncipato Ci- 
 tra, on a mountain, 10 miles W.S.W. of .Salerno, Pop. 3470. 
 
 AG'GKK, canal, a natural communication between the 
 Lymfiord and the North Sea, In Denmark, N. of Jutland ; 
 ftnrmed during a storm in 1825. 
 
 AGGERSHUUS, ag'ger»-hooss\a stlft or province of Noi^ 
 
 • This is an exception to a general rule : tlie regular pronun- 
 ciation would be almoit ah'xboug'. 
 
 AGO 
 
 way. situated between lat. 58° 56' and 62° 68' N., and lou. 8° 
 and 12° E. Capital Christiania. Pop. (1845)592,581. Forita 
 agriculture, its mines, and its commerce, it is the most im- 
 portant province in the kingdom. 
 
 AGGERSHUUS, the name of an old fort, which served as 
 a citadel to Christiania, and which gives its name to the pro- 
 viuce of Aggershuus. 
 
 AGGERSOE, (Aggersoe,) dg'gers-iyeh, a small island of Den- 
 mark, in the Great Belt, 5 miles from the S.W. point of See- 
 land. 
 
 AGGIUS, Jd'je-ooce, a village of the island of Sixrdinia, 35 
 miles N.E. of Sass;iri. Pop. 2026. 
 
 AGHABOE, ao'a-bo, a parish of Irel.and,Leiuster, Queen's co. 
 
 AGHADES. See Agadez. 
 
 AGHADOE, do'a-do, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 27 
 miles S.W. of Castlemaine. The ruins of an ancient castle 
 and the cithedral still remain. 
 
 AGHAROON, or AGIIARUN, i-gd-roon', or KIIANZIR, 
 kSu'zeer, (j. e. " hog,") a village of Turkey in Asia,pa.shalicof 
 Diarbekir, finely situated in a gorge of the mountains of Dar- 
 kfish-Dagh, and surrounded by magnificent walnut-trees. 
 
 AGHM.^T, ia'mdt/, a fortified town of Morocco, on the 
 river of the same name, and on the N. declivity of Mount 
 Atlas, 24 miles S. of Morocco. Pop. 6000, including about 
 1000 .Tews. 
 
 AGHOR, a/Gor, or HIN-GOI/, a river of Beloochist.in. lall- 
 ing into the Arabian sea, and dividing the provinces of Loos 
 and Kelat. 
 
 AGHRIM, or AUGIIRIM,awg'rim orawn'rim. a parish of 
 Ireland, co. of Galway, 13 miles N.E. of Loughrea. It is 
 famous in British history for the great victory obtiiined here 
 in 1691 by the troops of William III. over tho.se of .James II. 
 
 AGINCOURT, i^zh&No'kooK/, or AZINCOURT, i'-Ay^^koorJ, 
 a village of France, department of Pas de Calais, 13 miles N 
 W. of St. Pol., near which, on the 25th October, 1415, the 
 Englisli, under Henry V., totally defeated a vastly sujjerior 
 French force. 
 
 AGIO STRATI, d'jo strd/teo, an island of the Grecian ai^ 
 chipelago, 20 miles S. of Lemnos. and 46 miles W.N.W. of 
 Mitylene,lat. 39° 31' N., Ion. 25° 1' 7" E. 
 
 AGL.\SOON, or AGLASOUN, dVl^-soon'^ (anc- ^igalaslsus,) 
 a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on a mountain, 55 niUes N. 
 of Sataliah. 
 
 AGLIK, dl'yA, or AGLIA, Sl'yS, a town of Piedmont, and 
 9 miles S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 4300. It has a splendid royal 
 palace, with exten.sive parks and gardens. 
 
 AGLY, d^glee', a small river of France, departments of 
 Aude and Pyr6nees-0rientales, fiiUs into the Gulf of Lyons. 
 
 AtiNADELLO, dn-yi-dello, a village of Venetian Lom- 
 bardy, 10 miles E. of Lodi. Here, in 1509, Louis VII., King 
 of Frjince, gained a complete victory over the Austriiins; and 
 here, in 1705, Prince Eug6ne was defeated by the Duke of 
 Vendome. Pop. 1600. 
 
 AGNANO, dn-yjl/no, a village of Tuscany, 3j miles N.E. of 
 Pisa. It has mineral springs and a cavern of mepliitio 
 vapour in its vicinity. 
 
 AGNANO, LAKE, in the kingdom and 3 miles W. of N.v 
 pies. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano, and is 
 about half a mile in diameter. Near it are the Grotta del 
 Cane and the sulphur baths of San (iermano. 
 
 AG'NEVV'S MILLS, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 AGNO, dn'yo, a river of Lombardy, an affluent of the 
 Adige from the left. Length, alx)ve 50 miles. 
 
 AGNO, dn'yo, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 
 in a fertile valley of the same name, at the mouth of the 
 Bedagio, 3 miles W. of Lugano. Pop. 726. 
 
 AGNONE, dn-yo'nA, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 
 on a hill, 20 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 7000. Said to 
 produce the best copper wares in the kingdom. 
 
 AGWUR/, or AKWUR', a town of the Punjab, on the right 
 bank of the Chenaub. 35 miles above where it is joined by the 
 Tauhi or Makkati river, 95 miles N.N.W. of Lahore; lat. 32° 
 52' N.. Ion. 74° 58' E. 
 
 AGO, d'goo, a small island of Sweden, in the Gulf of Both- 
 nia: l.at. 61° 32' N., Ion. 17° 22' E. 
 
 AGOA FRIA, i/gwd-free'd, (i.e. "cold water,") a town of 
 Brazil, province and 100 miles N. by W. of lialiia. 
 
 AGOA Dii PAO, i'gwd d.a pd'^N", a mountain peak of the 
 island of St. Michael, Azores, near its centre, 3066 feet in 
 elevation. 
 
 AGOA DE PAO, a vill.age on the S. shore of the above 
 island. 15 miles E. of Ponta Delgada. Pop. 3000. 
 
 AGOA-QUENTE. ii/gwd kJn'tS, (t. «. " hot water," or « hot 
 spring,") a town of Brazil, province of Goyaz. near the mouth 
 of the Rio das Almas, 190 mUes N.E. of Goyaz. 
 
 AtJOAS-DOCES, d/gwis do'c^s. (('. e. " sweet water,") a town 
 of Brazil, province of Min.as-Geraes, on a tributary of the Sao 
 Francisco. 
 
 AGcyOEBIC LAKE, in the N. part of tho upper peninsula 
 of Slichigan. Its outlet joins Ontonagon river. I^ength. fol- 
 lowing the bend of tho lake, aliout 15 miles ; breadth. 2 miles, 
 
 AGtJG.NA, i-gOn'yd. or GOGNA, gOn'yd, a river )f I'ied- 
 mont, rising in Lake Orta, aud flowiug S. to tb>> Po, * 6 mi?e8 
 aji. of Alessaudi-la. 
 
AGO 
 
 AGU 
 
 AOOONA, a castle of Italy, in Piedmont, near the left 
 bauk or the Agogcna river, 4 miles S.W. of Mortara. 
 
 AOr>\, i^gi^N"', a small seaport of France, department of 
 Mauche, at the mouth of the Seine, on the coast, opposite 
 Jersey, and 5 miles W. of Coutances. Pop. 1561. 
 
 A(5()0N \, d-^oo'ni. a small state of Western Africa, on the 
 Gold Coa-st, territory of Ashnntee, between lat. 5° 26' and 5° 
 45' N., Ion. 10' and 40' W. It is thus about 30 miles from E. 
 to W., and about 20 from N. to S. There are one Danish, one 
 Dutch, and one British .settlement on the coast of this dis- 
 trict, named, respectively, Christiansborg, Crevecoeur, and 
 Fort James. 
 
 AGOKDO, J-ROR'do, a town or Northern Italy, government 
 of Venice, in a fruitful plain, 12 miles N.W. of Belluno. It 
 poBsesses, in the valley of Imperina, the richest copper mines 
 in Italy. Pop. 3500. 
 
 AGOSTA. a-gos/td, or AUGUSTA, Cwgoos'til.afortitied city 
 of Sicily, province of Catenia, on a peninsula in the Medi- 
 terraneiin, 14 miles N. of Syracuse. Pop. 10,000. Its port is 
 defended by a tower, and by forts Oania and Vittoria. In 
 1693 it was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, on which 
 occasion more than one-third of the inhabitants were buried 
 under its ruins. Exports salt, oil, wines, and honey. 
 
 AGOAVS, a/t;dwz\ a people of Abyssinia, divided into three 
 distinct ti-ilies, one of which inhabits the fertile country 
 lyinjt immediately W. of the sources of the lilue Nile, in the 
 territory of Amhara: another, called the Gualin Agows, in- 
 habit the district, on the E. bank of the Tecazze, in Tifrrfi ; 
 the third occupies a tract on the N. bank of the same river, 
 also in Tip-fi. 
 
 AGRA, ri/iiri, a government, province, and district of Ilin- 
 dostao. I'he government includes the N.W. provinces of 
 Delhi, Meerut, Bohilcund Agra, Allahabad, and Benares. 
 Area, 85,571 square miles; population, 23,800,549. The pro- 
 Tince of Agra is situated chiefly between lat. 25° and 2S-> N. 
 It is about 250 miles long and ISO broad. Watered by the 
 Ganges, the Jumna, the Chuaibul, and various smaller 
 streams. It is generally fiat, and destitute of wood. In many 
 parts there is a deficiency of water, tlie smaller streams Ixing 
 either absorbed by the heat or turned aside for the purpose 
 of irrigation; wells are therefore the only resource of the in- 
 habitants, 'fho soil is well adapted to the cultivation of 
 Indigo, cotton, tobacco, and sugar; wheat and barley, how- 
 ever, form the principal crops, and rice is cultivated in the 
 Tielnity of the rivers. Cotton is the staple product. 
 
 AGUA. i'grd. or AKBAHABAD, ak-bdri-bad', a city of 
 Hindostan, capital of the province of the same name, on the 
 right bank of the river Jumna. 115 miles S.S.E. of Delhi. 
 740 miles W.N'.W. of Calcutta. («0 mUes N.N.K. of Bomliay, 
 and 1000 miles X. by W. of .Madra.s. Lat, 27° 11' N.; l<m. 
 78° E. A great part of the city is now in a ruinous state, but 
 it still maintains much of its original splendor. The houses 
 generally are lofty, consisting of several stories; the strnets 
 are extremely narrow. It contains no modem buildings 
 of any note, but some of its more ancient struct\ires are on 
 a scale of great magnificence. Of these, the most celebrated 
 is Taiy or Taj Malinl, a mausoleum built in the seven- 
 teenth century by the Emperor Shah Jehan, in commemo- 
 ration of Xoor Jehan. his favorite queen. This superb edi- 
 tice, the finest in India, and probably in the world, stands on 
 the banks of the Jumna, is enclosed on three sides by a high 
 redstone wall, and forms a ([uadrangle of 190 square yards, 
 with a lofty dome of 70 feet diameter in the centre, and ttiU 
 minarets rising from the angles in the terrace. It is built 
 of white marble; and the great central hall, in which are the 
 tombs of the emperor and the queen, is paved with alter- 
 nate squares of various-colored marble, while the walls, 
 tombs, and screens are ornamented with the most exquisite 
 mosaic-work, chiefly of cornelian, lapis lazuli, and jasix;r. 
 The chambers and corridors which suiTOund the hall are 
 finished with similar elegance. The whole cost of tlie 
 building is said to have been 3,174,802/. sterling. It is 
 surrounded by a beautiful garden, adorned with fountains 
 of white marble, and containing a profusion of fine trees and 
 flowering shrubs. It is now in charge of the British govern- 
 ment, and is kept in the highest order. Th(tfort of Agra is 
 large, and strongly built of red sandstone, with a ditch, a 
 double nimpiu-t. and bastion. It has lieen rep.aired and 
 much Improved for the accommodation of the Britisli garri- 
 son. The trade of Agra, carried on partly by land and partly 
 by water, consists chiefly in the exportation of indigo, silk, 
 and sugar, and the importation of horses, camels, grain, 
 fresh and dried fruits, and manufactured silk and cotton. 
 Pop. in 1837, 96.597. From 1504 to 1647, Agra was the seat 
 of the Mohammedan empire in India. It was taken by the 
 Briti-sh in the Mahratta war, 17th of October. 1803. 
 
 AGRAKIUN. ig-ril-kan', a cape in the Caspian Sea. Rus- 
 sian territory, lat. 43° 40' N., Ion. 48° 10' E., with a bay of 
 the same name on the N. side. 
 
 AGRAM, 6g*r6m/, or ZAORAB. zl^sriy, CL. Zaffraha.) a 
 city of the Austrian empire, capital of Croatia, on a hill near 
 the S.ave. 160 miles S.S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 14,800. It is 
 handsome : has many good buildings, including a cathedral 
 and the government house. It is the residence of the ban, 
 and seat of the superior courts of Croatia, Slavonia, and the 
 
 Ban.at; and has a royal academy, a pyuinasium, s^ietyo- 
 music, manufactures of silks and porceUin, and a larg*' 
 trade in corn and tobacco. Two journals are publisheO iii 
 the town, which also contains 2 libraries, a theological semi- 
 nary, civil and military hospitals, and an institution fur 
 sisters of charity. 
 
 AGRAMUNT, i-grd-moonf, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 
 30 miles N.E. of Lerida, on the Sio. Pop. 26.80. It has a 
 cathedral school of jjrimary instruction, and a square in 
 which is an artesian fountain. 
 AGKAPHA, a/grl-fit, a village in the Isle of Corfu. 
 AGI{.\PIIO, a/gri-fo, a part of the Pindus range of moun- 
 tains, in Greece, between Thessaly and Epirus. 
 
 AOREDA, ag-riVna, a town of Spain, Old Castile, at the 
 foot of .Aloncaldo, 23 miles N.K. of Soria. Pop. 3847. It is 
 divideil by the Quciles, which is crossed by a magnificent 
 stone bridge of one arch. Commerce in grain and fruit. 
 
 AGRED.\, ag-r.Vdi. a town of Houth America, New Gra- 
 nada, province of Pofiavan, with gold-mines. 
 
 AGREED. AGRlli. "a-greel/, AGARRIB. aV3r-roelV, or 
 GRARIB, gra-reeW, MOUNT, a remarkable mountain of 
 Central Egj'pt. almut 16 miles Inland from the ccwst of the 
 Gulf of Suez. Lilt. 28° 12' N.; Ion. 32° 42' E. It is of a 
 conical form, and of so great a height that it can bo seen at 
 a distance of loo miles. 
 AGRIA. SeeEnuu. 
 AGRIGENTUM. .S'e GreoF.VTl. 
 
 AGTELEK, fig'fciU^k', a village of Ilunpary, county of 
 Giimor, celebrated for the stalactit*- grotto of Baradla. 
 
 AGUA CALIENTE, a/gwa kaii-fn't.'i. (i.e. "warm wat«r," 
 or " warm spring,") a small settlement in San Diego co.. Ca- 
 lifornia, al)Out 60 miles N.E. of San Diego. It is named from 
 a warm spring in the vicinity. 
 
 AGUAS CAUENTES. i'gwis ka-le-?n'tJs. a town of Mexico, 
 state of .\gu.is Calientes. 270 ndles N'.W. of the city of Mexico. 
 Lat. 22° N., Ion. 101° 45' W. It stands in a level plain upwards 
 of OtiOO feet above the sea, and is very favoral>ly .situated for 
 trade, the great road from Zacat^cas to Sonora and Durango 
 crossing here the highway from San Luis Pofosi toGuadnl.i- 
 jar.a. It has numerous churches, three convents, and a hos- 
 pital, and is surrounded by rich gardens, with olives, vines, 
 figs, pears. &c. In the vicinity are two warm mineral springs, 
 from which the town takes its name. Estiniate<J pop. 20,000l 
 AGUAS CAidENTES. a recently organized sUle in the 
 S.E. central part of Mexico. Capital, .\gua8 Calientes. Pop. 
 lu 18.54.81.727. 
 
 AGU.\C1I.\I*A, a'gwa-cha'p.l, a town of Guatemala, pro- 
 vince of San Salvador. It lies about 30 miles from the 
 Pacific, on the road between the city of Guatemala and 
 Sonsonate. Lat. 14° N., Ion. 89° 40' W. 
 
 A<iU.\I)ILL.\. a-gwa-neel'ya. a town and seaport of the An- 
 tilles, island of Porto Rico, on its N.W. coast, tJ5 miles W. of 
 San Juan. I'op. 2500. (?) The anchorage is good. 
 
 AGUA DULCE.a/gwa dool'sA. (i.e. "sweet water,") a creek 
 of Nueces co.. Texas, flows into I.aguna del Madre. 
 
 AGC.A. FRI.\, a'gwd tree's, (i.e. "cold water." or "cold 
 spring.") a small village of New Mexico, in Santa Fe co., 
 about fi nules S.W. of Sant.-i F'e. 
 
 AGU-\ FRIA. a post-town in Mariposa co.. California, in 
 the mining district, at the W. ba.se of the Sierra Nevada. It 
 is about 70 miles S.E. of Stockton, on a creek of its own 
 name, flowinir into Mariposa river. 
 
 AGUAl'Ein. aVwi-pA-hee'. a river of Brazil, rises near lat. 
 1fi° 15' S., and, after a coui-se of about 100 miles, falls into 
 the .Tanru, an aftluent of the Parairuav. 
 
 AGUA, VOLCAN DE, vol-kan' dA a'gwS, (i.e. "volcano of 
 water,") a mountain of Central America, state and 25 miles 
 S.W. of Guatemala: its crater is 15.000 fwt aliove the sea. 
 
 AGDEDA. a-gA'i>a. a river of Spain, affluent of the Douro, 
 formimr part of the frontier of Portugal, on the N.E.of Beira. 
 AGU1L.\. a/ghe-ia. or ag'wil-a, a small creek of Victoria co., 
 Texas, falling into Lavacca bay. 
 
 AGUILAR, d-ghe-laR', a town of Spain, in Navarre, in a 
 vallev of the same name. Pop. 516. 
 
 AGUILAR DE CAMPO, a-srhe-laR/ dA kjm'po. a town of 
 Spain. 59 miles N.N.E. of Palencia. on the Pisuerga, sur- 
 rounded by ruined walls: with a school of primary instruc- 
 tion and a public hospital. Pop. 618. 
 
 AGUILAR DE CAMPOS, a-ghe-Ian/ dA kSm'poce, a town 
 of Spain, province and 34 miles N.W. of Valladolid, with an 
 ancient castle. Pop. 775. 
 
 AGUILAR DE LA FRONTERA. i-ghe-lan/ dA la fron- 
 iVr.-l, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, capital 
 of the judicial district, on the Cabra, is remarkable for the 
 whiteness of its houses and the cleanliness of its streets 
 It iias, besides three elegant public squares, a new town- 
 hall, several chapels, a ho.spital. a dismantled Aloorish cas 
 tie, and several schools. Trades in corn and wine. Pop 
 11,836. 
 
 AGUILAS. a/ghe-lAs, a town of Spain, province of Murcia, 
 on the Mediterranean, 37 miles S.W. of Cartagena, with a 
 small but very secure port: residence of vice-consuls of Eng- 
 land, France, and Portugal. It is regular and well built, 
 with a castle and a fortress garrisoned by 100 men. Chief 
 commerce, export of grain. Pop. 4832, including garrison, 
 
 39 
 
AGU 
 
 AIG 
 
 AGtriLLA or AGUII A. (a-gwilla?) CREEK, Texas, flows 
 southward, and enters the Brazos in MacLennan county. 
 
 AGUIMES, (Aftiiimcs.) i-gwec'mJs, a town of the Grand 
 Canary Island, at the foot of Slount Guayadeque, and about 
 1100 feet above the sea-level. Pop. 3073. 
 
 AGULEMTZA, S-goo-lA-nifsi, a town of Greece, in the 
 Morea, government of Triphylia, near the mouth of the 
 Koophia, 20 miles S.E. of Gastooni. It has some trade in 
 wine, &c. 
 
 AGULIIAS, d-gool'yJs, (sometimes improperly written 
 LAGULLAS,) CAPE and BANK. The former is in lat. 34° 
 51' 30" S., Ion. 19° 56' 30" E., being the southernmost point 
 of Africa, is situated about 100 miles E.S.E. from the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Its highest part is -loS feet above the level 
 of the sea. A lighthouse has been recently erected on the 
 cape, the light of which was exhibited for the first time 
 March 1, 1S49. The structure stands on an elevation of 
 about 52 feet above high water. 
 
 AIIADKOI, S-hM-koy/, a village of Asiatic Turkey, Ana- 
 tolia, 6 miles from Ushak. It has ruins supposed to be 
 those of ancient Trajanopolis. 
 
 AHAGUAY, dh-it-gwi', a slave-port on the E. coast of Gui- 
 nea, about lat. 6° 0' 15" N.; Ion. 1° 45' E. 
 
 AIIAXT A, a-hdn'ta, a kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa, 
 extending from Ancobra to the Chama; bounded on the W. 
 by Apollonia, and on the E. by the I'antee territories. It is 
 the richest, and, in every respect, most improved district on 
 this coast. It is now, like the whole of the Gold Coast, sub- 
 ject to the kingdom of Ashantee. 
 
 AIIAH, i-hai-', a town of Persia, provinceof Azerbaijan, on 
 an afHuent of the Koor, 60 miles N.E. of Tabreez. It has 
 700 houses enclosed by a ruined wall. 
 
 AIIASCPiAGII, fc'krd or ds'krdH, a town and parish of 
 Ireland, co. of Galway. The town is neat and clean — a rare 
 occurrence in this part of Ireland. 
 
 AIIAUS, 3/h6wss, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, on the 
 Aa, 27 miles W.X.W. of Milnster, with a castle, tlie residence 
 of the prince of Salm-Kyrburg. Manufactures of linen and 
 tobacco. Pop. 1072. 
 
 Aim, i>ee' or I'yee', or PEACOCIC ISLAND, a small unin- 
 habited island in the Low Archipelago, or Panmotu group. 
 South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 14° 35' S.; Ion. 143° 8' W. It is 
 surrounded by a coral belt from 200 to 500 feet in breadth. 
 
 AHIOLO, a-Hee'o-lo, AKHIOLI, iK-heeVlee', or AKI ALEE, 
 J-kee'd-lee', (anc. Anchifale, Anchi>alus,} a town and seaport 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Black Sea, 48 
 miles S.S.W. of Varna. It has some trade in • salt, procured 
 from springs in the neighborhood. 
 
 AIILEN, Men, a town of Prussian Westjihalia. 18 miles 
 S.E. of MUuster, on the Worse. Pop. 2050 ; with distilleries, 
 oil-mills, and linen weaving. 
 
 AHLFELD, or ALFELD, iVtilt, a town of Hanover, on the 
 Lcine and Warne, 27 miles S. of the city of Hanover. P. 2.370. 
 
 AHLTEN, ^I'ten, a town of Hanover, Luneburg, on the 
 Aller, 7 miles E. of Hanover, with a castle. Pop. 800. 
 
 AHMAR or EL-AIIMAR, el-dli'mer, (the " red mound,") 
 called also EL-KOM, the site of Hierac(mpoHs,a. very ancient 
 city of Upper Egypt, which stood on the W. bank of the Nile, 
 about lat. 25° 10' N., Ion. 32'' 40' E., neariy opposite El-Kab. 
 
 AHMED AIJ AD, H/meA-'i-Hd', (i.e. " abode of Ahmed,") capi- 
 tal of a district of the same name, in the province of Guzerat, 
 on the Subbermuttee. 120 miles N.N.W. of Surat. Lat. 23° 1' 
 N. ; Ion. 72° 48' E. Pop. estimated at 100,000. The city is 6 
 miles in circumference, strongly walled, and was formerly 
 noted for its magnificence, but is now much decayed, having 
 been nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1822. The 
 mosque and tomb of Ahmed deserve notice. Here are the 
 head-quarters of the N . division of the Bombay army. 
 
 AIDIEDNUGGUR, Sh'med-nag'gtir, a city and fort, capi- 
 tal of a district of the same name, on the Seena, 64 miles N.E. 
 of Poonah. Pop. 20,000. (?) The city, enclosed by a wall, is 
 half a mile from the fort, which is stone built, 1 mile in cir- 
 cuit, and occupied by a British garrison. It was taken by 
 the British under General Wellesley, August 12, 1803. Near 
 it is a fine pjilaee of the former native princes. 
 
 AHMEDNUGGUR, a town in the province of Guzerat, 
 on the left bank of the Subbermuttee. Lat. 23° 40' N.; Ion. 
 73° 10' E. 
 
 AH'MEDPOOR', a town of British India, 11 miles S.W. of 
 Juggernaut. 
 
 AHMED1>00R-BARRA, bar'rj, (t. e. " the great,") a town 
 of Bhawlpixir, Hindostan, in a well-irrigated and fertilized 
 tract, 30 miles S.W. of Bhawlpoor. Pop. 20,000. (?) It is 
 meanly built, but has a large mosque, a fort, and manufac- 
 tui-es of matchlocks, gunpowder, cotton, silks, and scarfs, 
 
 AHMEDPOOR-CHUTA, choo/ta, (i. e. " the little,") a town 
 in Hindostan, Bhawlp*)or, near the Indus. It is large, and 
 enclosed liy mud walls movinting a fijw cannon. 
 
 AH^MOOD', atown of British India, presidency of Bombay, 
 district and 12 miles N. by W. of Baroach. Pop. in 1S32, 
 13,144. 
 
 AHOGHILL, l-h5ii'il, almost d-hoU', a parish of Ireland, 
 Ulster, CO. of Antrim. 
 
 AHK or AAK, fe, a river of Prussia, province of Ijower 
 Rhine, rising in the Eiffelberg mountains, and fiUling into the 
 40 
 
 Rhine near Sinzig, and opposite the town of Lintz, after a 
 course of about 30 miles. 
 
 AHRENSBOK, (Ahrensbiik,) i'rens-bok\ a village of Den- 
 mark,ln Ilolstein, 10 miles N.K. of Lubeck. Pop. 1200. 
 
 AHRENSBURG, S/rens-bOdRG', a village of Denmark. In 
 Ilolstein, 13 miles N.E. of Hamburg. Pop., with adjacent vil 
 lage of Woldenhorn, 1000. 
 
 AHRWEILER, dR/wfler, a walled town of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, 23 miles N.W. of Coblentz, on the Ahr, the centre of the 
 wine trade of the Ahr valley. Manufactmes woollens and 
 leather. Pop. 2600. 
 
 AHUN, a^Cix"' or i^htiN"', (anc. Ag';dn/num.) a town ol 
 France, department of Creuse, 11 miles S.E. of Gueret. Pop. 
 2242. In its vicinity are extensive coal-mines. It was for- 
 merly important, and has several interesting ruins. 
 
 Alius or AHUIS, c/hooss, a maritime village of Sweden, 
 canton of Christianstad, on the Baltic,12mi]es,S.E. of Chris- 
 tianstad, of which it is the port, having a good harbor at 
 the mouth of the Helged. 
 
 AHWAZ, JhVdz', or AlPWUZ', (written also HAWAZ,) a 
 small town of Persia, province of Khoozistan, 48 miles S. 
 of Shooster, on the Karoon. Lat. 31° 22' N., Ion. 49° E. 
 
 AI, a postK)flice of Fulton CO., Ohio. 
 
 AI, i, a river of Russia in Europe, province of Orenboorg, 
 rising in the W. slopes of the Ural mountains, flows gene- 
 rally N.W., and falls into the river Oofa, after a course of 
 aliout 170 miles. 
 
 AI, a town of France. See At. 
 
 AIAS, (Aias,) fis, (anc. ^fga,) a town and seaport of Asia 
 Minor, on the N.W. shore of the Gulf of Iskanderoon, 35 
 miles S.E. of Adaua. 
 
 AIASALUK, or AIASALOUK. See Atasoolook. 
 
 AICHA or AYCIIA, i'Kd, a village of Bohemia, 19 miles N. 
 by E. of liuntzlau. 
 
 AICHACH, I'KdK, a town of Bavaria, on the Paar, 11 mUes 
 N.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 1570. 
 
 AID, a post-township of Lawrence CO., Ohio, about 100 miles 
 S.S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1425. 
 
 AIDAB, rddW; or DJIDYD, je-deed', a seaport town of Nu- 
 bia, on the Red Sea, 171 miles N.W. of Berenice; lat. 22° 3' 
 N., Ion. 37° 10' E. 
 
 AIDIN, i-deen',or6UZEL-HISSAR,gu'zul', his^safi', writ- 
 ten also IDEN, (.inc. TraVles.) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pa- 
 shalic of Anatolia, on the Mender, about CO miles S.E. of 
 Smyrna. It is 4 miles in circvut, and is the residence of a 
 pasha, and a place of great trade, being next in commercial 
 rank to Smyrna. Bazaars, shaded by trees, line the streets 
 It contains many fine mosques, churches, and synagogues. 
 
 AIDIN JIK, fdln-jeek', a town of Asia Minor, pa-'halic of 
 Anatolia, near the peninsula of Cyzicus and Sea of Marmora, 
 60 miles W. by N. of Brusa. It has 400 or 500 houses. 
 
 AIDONE, i-do'ni, a town of Sicily, province of Catania, 35 
 miles S.W. of Catania. Pop. 3800. 
 
 AIDOS, i'dos\ a town of EuropeanTurkey, in Room-Elee, 
 on a river of the same name, 75 miles N.E. of Adrianople. 
 It has extensive ruins. 
 
 AIGASH, i'gash', or AIGAS, A-giss/, a small but beauti- 
 ful island in Iverness-shire, Scotland, formed by the rivei 
 Beauly. 
 
 AIGEN, i'ghen, the n.ime of numerous small places in 
 Austria, Bavaria, and Wtirtemberg. 
 
 AIGLE, A'g'l, a town of Switzerland, canton of A'aud, 21 
 miles S.E. of Lausanne. Black marble is quarried in its 
 vicinitv. 
 
 AIGLE, a cape of France. See Laigle. 
 
 AIGRE, aigR or 5gR, a small town of France, department 
 of Charente, 20 miles N.N.W. of Angouleme. 
 
 AIGREFEUILLE, aig'r'ful' or ggV'f u'ye, the name of two 
 villages of France ; one in the department of Chaiente In- 
 ferienre. and the other in Loire Iiiferieure. 
 
 AIGUEBELLE, aig'^bJU', a small but prosperous town of 
 Savoy, on the left bank of the Arc, 15 miles E. of ChambSry. 
 Celebrated for the victory gained by the French and Spa- 
 niards over the troops of the king of Savoy, in 1742. Near it 
 begins the road constructed by Napoleon over Mont Cenis. 
 
 AIGUEBLANCHE, aig'blSxsh', a villjige of Piedmont, 
 Savoy, birthplaae of Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Here- 
 ford. 
 
 AIGUEPERSE, aig^pZnss', (L. A'qtia Sparha.) a town of 
 France, department of Puy-de-Dome, 11 miles N.N.E. of lUom. 
 Pop. about 2700. It has manufactures of linen, and mineral 
 springs. 
 
 AIGUES-JIORTES, aig'moKtA (L. A'quo' Mor'tuxt,) a town 
 of France, department of Gard, in a m.arshy tract, 3 miles 
 from the Mediterranean, and 21 miles S.W. of Mmes. Pop. 
 4046. It was founded by St. Lnuis in 1248, and still retains 
 its ancient fortifications, which present a perfect specimen 
 of a feudal fortress. The town is poor and mean, but has 
 considerable trade in fish, fresh and salted, exported by 
 the canal of Beaucaire and the Grand Roubine canal. 
 
 AIGUES-VIVES, aigVeev', (L. Alqwr- Vi'vn;,) a villasre cf 
 France, department of Gard, S.S.W. of Nlmes. Pop. »6s7 • 
 with considerable distilleries of eau-de-vie. 
 
 AIG UILLE, L', l.Vgheel' or l^V'hco'y?; (tbe needle,) a r.oun- 
 tain of France, formerly reckoned one of the seven wonders 
 
AIG 
 
 AIX 
 
 of DauphinS, on the left of the trreat road from Grenoble to 
 Gap, 65ii2 feet a^«ve the leTcl of the sea. 
 
 AIGlilLLON, li''^hee^y />;*''', a town of France, department 
 of IiOt-et-Oarno ne, at the confluence of the Lot with the Ga- 
 ronne, 15 miles N.W. of A<;en. Pop. 4020. It has a com- 
 munal college, and was formerly a place of great strength; 
 its fortress was successfully held by the Engli-sh in li!45 
 against a numerous French army. 
 
 AIGURANDE, i^gtlVfi.vd', a town of France, department 
 of Indro, 13 miles S.VV. of La Chatro. I'op. (1852) 23.'H0. 
 
 AIIIA, I'hd\ a walled town of .Mantchooria, province of 
 Leaotong, 100 miles E. of Nieu-tchuang. 
 
 AUKRIJAXGLS. i'yer-bang'ghis.a town of the Dutch East 
 Indies, capital of the district of the same name, on the W. 
 coast of the island of Sumatra, 30 miles ."*. E. of Natal. 
 
 AI'KEN, a i)ost-office of Barnwell district, South Carolina. 
 
 AIKTON, aik'ton, a parish of H^glan'd, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 AIL.\1I, ndh', or ELAXA, li-ld'ni, a decayed town of Ara- 
 bia, in the Ilejaz, at the N. extremity of the Gulf of Akabah, 
 and 130 miles E. of Suez. 
 
 AILOCIIE, AUosh'. a small town of Piedmont, province of 
 Vercelli, in a rich territory. Pop. 727. 
 
 AILS.4. (.-ile'sa) CRAIG, a remarkable Insulated rook of co- 
 lumnar ba.salt, at the entrance of the Frith of Clyde, in Scot- 
 land, rising to an elevatiim of 1000 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Ijat. 5.5° 15' N. ; Ion. 5° 7' VV. 
 
 AILU, I'loo\ a small island in the North Pacific ocean flat. 
 10° 27' N., Ion. 170° E. 
 
 AIMARAEZ, i-md-rj-e.s', almost i-md-rlce', a province of 
 Peru, department of Cuzco, at the foot of the Cordillera de 
 Iluambo, extending about l.'JO miles from N. to S., and 20 
 from E. to W., and comprising 60 villages. Pop. 1850, 18,258. 
 
 AIJIAUfiUE.S, .VmaRg'. a town of France, department of 
 Gard, 12 miles S.W. of Mme.s. Pop. 2651. 
 
 AIME or .\YME, aim or Im, (anc. Axima,) a village of the 
 Sardinian St!>tes, Savoy, province of Tarantalse, 9 miles 
 N.E. of Mouticrs. Pop. 1050. It has remains of ancient 
 edifices. 
 
 AIX, Ky. (anc. Daniix f) a river of France, rises In the Jura 
 mountains, near Nozeroy, and joins the Rhone on the right, 
 18 miles above Lyons. 
 
 A IN, a frontier department in the E. of France, bordering 
 on Savoy. Area, 2258 square mile.s. i'op. (1801) 369,707. On 
 the E. it is mountainous, and in the S. and W. marshy. 
 The Rhone bounds it on the S., and the SaOne on the W. ; 
 the Ain traverses its centre. Chief town, Rourg. The whole 
 numljer of lakes in the department^ — the largest not above 
 " miles long — exceeds 1000. It forms the diocese of Belley. 
 
 AIN, Ane. or ine. an Arabic word signifying '-fount^Ja," 
 forming a part of the names of numerous places in Arabia 
 and North Africa. 
 
 AINAD, Tndd', or ATNAUD. Tnaud', a town and district 
 of Aniliia, pi-oviiice of Iladramaut, on the right bank of the 
 VViidy Ilagger, about 207 miles N Ji. of Aden; lat. 15° 12' N., 
 Ion. 47° 1(1' W. 
 
 AINAD.\. See Inada. 
 
 AIN-.\M KR. Ane i/mer, a village of Algeria, Sahara desert, 
 10 miles S.E. of Oorgla :' lat. 31° N., Ion. 3° 8' i;. 
 
 AIXUEIiBY-STEEl'LE, Ane'der-bi, a parish of England, 
 CO. of York. North Riding. 
 
 AIN-MADI, ,Ane-ini'dee^, a town of Northern Africa, Alge- 
 ria, built on a hill, about 40 miles W. of El-Aroot, (or El- 
 Arout ;) lat. 33° 53' N.. Ion. 2° 48' W. 
 
 AIN-SALAII, .Ane (or Ine) sd/ldh, a town of Africa, in the 
 Sahaiu, district of Tooat. In this region are forests of date- 
 palms, grain, cattle, and sheep. 
 
 AI.\'-SEFR.\, Ane si^f'ri a village of Algeria, 151 miles 
 S.S.W. of Oran; lat. 33° 30' N., lon.'l° W. 
 
 AIN-SEFISIFIA, Ane s-A-fe-se^fee/d, or simply SEFISTFIA, 
 a village of Algeria. 161 miles S.S.W. of Oran, lat. 33° 25' N., 
 Ion. 1° 15' W., on a small stream of the same name, and on the 
 S. slope of the Merad hills. 
 
 AINSTABLE, Ane'sta-b"l, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 AINSTY, Ane'st«e, a district of England, co. of Y'ork, AVest 
 itiding. 
 
 AINT.VB, rne-tdW, (anc. Antinchifa-ad-TMirum,) a town 
 o" Asiatic Turkey, on the S. slope of Mount Taurus, 60 
 miles N.N.E. of Aleppo. Pop. 20,000. (?) It is well built, 
 and abundantly supplied with water'. It h.as large bazaars, 
 a fertress, manufactures of goatskins, leather, and woollen 
 cloths. 
 
 AIN-TACAZZE, ine-tl-kit's.A. (t. «. the " fountain or source 
 of the Tacazze.") a small lake in Abyssinia, S. part of the 
 province of TigrS, fi'om which flows the river Tacazze, one 
 of the largest streams in Abyssinia. 
 
 AINUNAII, I-noo'nd, or AINUNE, I-noo'neh, a haven of 
 ikrabU, on the Red Sea, E. of the entrance to the Gulf of 
 .\kabah ; lat. 28° 3' N., Ion. 35° 18' E. The interior of the 
 liaven is atout 12 miles long. 6 broad, and from 12 to 13 
 •athoras in depth, and is the only secure place of shelter in 
 the N. end of the Red Sea. 
 
 AIOU, rew\ (or YOWL) ISLANDS, a circular group of low 
 isles in the Malay Archipelago, about 100 miles X. by W. 
 Crom the N.W. extremity of Papua or New Guinea. 
 
 AIR, a town of Bedford co., Pennsylrania, on Big Core 
 
 creek. 
 
 AIR, a post-oflSce of Johnson co., Missouri. 
 
 AIR or AHIR, d-eeR/, or d-heeR/. See Asbe\. 
 
 AIR, POINT OF, in North Wales, co. of Flint, at the ^f 
 entrance of the river Dee; lat. 53° 21' 26" N., Ion. 3° 1'/ l* 
 W. There is here a round tower, having two fixed lights. 
 
 AIRAINES, A'rAne' or A\-6n', a commune and town of 
 France, department of Somme, 16 miles N.W. of Aniien«, 
 with important manufactures of vegetible oils. Pop. 2061 
 
 AIRASCA, i-rds'ka, a town of Piedmont, 5 miles E.N.E. 
 of IMnerolo. Pop. 1700. 
 
 AIRDltlE, air'dree, a parliamentary and muni<ipal bo- 
 rough and niarketrtown of Scotland, co. of Lanark, parish of 
 New Monkland, 11 miles E. by N. of Glasgow, with whioh it 
 is connected by canal and railway. The town is divided 
 into two parishes. Pop. in 1851, 14,435. It Is well built, 
 paved, and light*»d with gas; has a neat town-house, branch 
 banks, and several schools and charities. It owes its rapid 
 growth to the iron and coal of its vicinity, now very exten- 
 sively wrought, and to its proximity to Glasgow, in the ma- 
 nufactures of which city its weavers are engaged. It unites 
 with Lanark, Hamilton, &c. in sending one member to the 
 llou.so of Commons. 
 
 AIRDS, airdz. THE, a district of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 remarkable for its picturesque scenery. 
 
 AIKD'S MOSS, a tract of moorland in Scotland, co. of Ayr, 
 Ixjtween the Ayr and Lugar. 
 
 AIRE, aiR, or AIRE-SUR-LA-LYS, 4n-sllR-U leece, a forti- 
 fied town of France, department of Pas-de-Calals, on the 
 Lys. (which communicates with the Deule by the Canal 
 of Aire and La Bassee.) 10 miles S.E. of St. Omer. Pop. 
 in 1852, 8781. It is well built, has a Gothic church and 
 belfry, barracks for 6000 men, manufactures of woollen 
 stuff:* and yarn, hats, soaps. &c. 
 
 AIRE, Ar, or AlRI>SUK-L'ADOUR, AR-siiR-ldMooR', (ane. 
 Vilcaa Ju'liiu, afterwards Atufrts.) an ancient cpiscopsvl 
 town of France, situated near the E. boundary of the de 
 partment of Lancies, on the left bank of the Adour. 20 miles 
 S.E. of Mont de Marsan. It is well and regularly built, and 
 contains a college and cathedral. It was at one time im- 
 portant as the capital of the Visigoths. Pop. in 1852, 
 4S17. 
 
 AIRE, air. a river of England, co. of Y'ork. joins the Ouse 
 5 miles N.W. of Ooole. Chief affluent, the Calder. 
 
 AIR or AY'RE, air or Ar, Point of, Isle of Man, the 
 fHost northerly point of the island. L;it. 54° 25' N. ; Ion. 4° 
 26' W. There" Is a lighthou.se on this point, with a single 
 revolving light, 106 feet atnive the level of the sea. 
 
 AIRLIE. alrHee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 AIR MOUNT, a post-village of Clark co., Alabama, 118 
 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 AIROL.^, f-nyii, a town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Ijivoro, 23 miles N.E. of Naples. I'op. 4260. 
 
 AIROLO, I-roOo, a villageof Switzerland. canton of Tessin, 
 on the S. side of Mount St. Gothiud, 26 miles N.W. of Bel- 
 linzona. Pop. 860. This was the scene of a sanguinary 
 bjittle lietween the Russians and French, in which the for- 
 mer wore victorious, 13th of September, 1799. 
 
 AIRTIL Arth. a i>.arish and village of Scotland, co. of Stir^ 
 ling, on the Frith of Forth, 4 miles N.E. of Falkirk. 
 
 AlitVAULT, aiaVo', a well-built town of France, depart- 
 ment of Deux-Sevres, on the Thouet, 23 miles N.N.E. of Par- 
 thenay. Pop. (1852) 1942. 
 
 AISNE, ain or in, {&uc. Axiana,) & river of France, rises 
 at Somme-Aisne. department of Meuse, passes Chateau Por- 
 cien, where it becomes navigable, flows by Solssons, and Is 
 joined by the Oise on the left, near Compiegne. Length, 
 20 miles. The canal of Ardennes connects it with the 
 Meu.se. 
 
 AISNE. a department in the N. of France. Pop. (1861) 
 .504.597. Area, 2322 square miles. Surface, fiat ; soil, fertile ; 
 agriculture, good. Chief rivers, JIarne in the S.. Oise in the 
 N., and Aisne in the centre — all navigable. Manufactures 
 very important. Principiil town. I^aon. 
 
 AISTIIORPE, As'thorp, or EAST THORPE, a parish of 
 England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 AIT'KIN LAKE, in the N. paj-t of the state of Minnesota, 
 N. of Sandy Lake. 
 
 AIT'KIN'S FERRY, in Minnesota, on the Mississippi 
 river, near the Fourth Rapids. 
 
 AITHSTING, Ath'sting. a maritime pariish of Shetland, 
 mainland. The Bay of Aith affords good anchorage. 
 
 AIX, Aks, (anc. A'qum Sex>ti(F.) a city of France, depart- 
 ment of Bouclies-du-Rhone, capital of the arrondissement, in 
 a plain, 17 miles N. of Marseilles. Pop. (1852) 27,255. It 
 still retains its feudal walls and gates. The modern town is 
 well built, with squares, fountains, and boulevards. It is 
 the seat of an archbishop, and has a fine cathedral, palace, 
 town-h.all, royal court, royal academy, a library of 100,000 
 volumes, museum, royal college, barracks, public granaries, 
 and numerous public buildings. Aix is denominated the 
 Athens of the S. of France. The hot s;iline spring used by 
 the Romans exists in a suburb, where are several remains 
 of antiq^uity. Aix tiae cottou-tlu'ead and silk iactories, clotl^ 
 
 41 
 
i.IX 
 
 p-inting works, and m artive trade in fine oliveoil and 
 fiuite. 
 
 AIX (anc. A'quce Oratia>n<T,) a very ancient town of Sar- 
 dinia, province of Savoy, 8 miles X. of Chamlfery, in a fer- 
 tile and delijrhtful viUley near tlie Lalie of Bourget. Pop. 
 8500. It is celebrated and mucii resorted to for its tliermal 
 waters, and has nuniernii? remains of antiquity. 
 
 AIXE, aix, a town of France, department of Haute Tienne. 
 «apital of the canton, miles S.W. of Limoges, on the left 
 tank of the Vienne. Pop. (1852) 2803. 
 
 AIX D'ANGILLOX.aix d5N«^ zhee'y As"', a town of France, 
 lepartmeut of Cher, 12 miles X.E. of Bourges. 
 
 AIX-EN-OTHE, aix-ftn-ot, a town of France, department 
 ■>f Aube, capital of the canton, 15 miles AV.S.W. of Troyes. 
 Pop. of commune, (1852) 2310. 
 
 AIX, ILE D', eel daix. a small island off the W. coast of 
 France, department of Charente Inffirieure. 14 miles N.AV.of 
 Koohefort, Pop. 260. It has a strong military fort. There 
 are villages of this name in the departments of Xord, Cor- 
 rtze. Cher, and Pas-de-Calais. 
 
 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, .Aks-lJ-sha>>n', (T.. Jquix Oranum, 
 Ger. Aachen, d/ken. i. e. the " waters" or " fountains," corre- 
 sponding to the Latin Aqiue, a name often given hy the Ro- 
 mans to warm springs ; see Aa.) a frontier city of Rhenish 
 Pruijsia, capital of the government, 40 miles W.S.W. of Co- 
 logne, on the railway from Liege to Cologne. Pop. 58,ft53. 
 It is surrounded by a wall with ramparts and fosses, and is 
 well built and handsome, with a cathedral founded in 790, 
 a large town-hall on the site of Charlem.agne's palace, several 
 fine churches, celebrated mineral baths, (temperature from 
 111° to 114° Fahr,.) many hospitals, a public library, gym- 
 nasium, chamber of commei-ce, and an elegant theatre. As 
 the chief station of the Belgo-Rhenish railway, connecting 
 with Antwerp, Ostend, and Cologne, Aix-!a-Chapelle affords 
 an extensive mart to the commerce of Prussi.a, and is the 
 seat of commercial and Cictory courts. It was formerly emi- 
 nent as a manufacturing city, especially of cloth and needles, 
 and its prosperity in this respect seems of late to be reviving. 
 Its wooUen cloths are highly esteemed on the continent of 
 Europe. In 1846, there were 2362 hand and power looms 
 employed in this manufacture ; 62 spinning factories, with 
 62,699 spindles, for carded, and 7 mills, with 6570 spindles, 
 for comljed wool. 
 
 In the market'-place is a bronze statue of Charlemagne, 
 whose fiivorite residence was here, and whose successors in 
 the empire were crowned at Aix-ia-Chapelle until the six- 
 teenth century. Two celebrated treaties of peace were con- 
 cluded here : (1) between France and Sp:iin, by which Franco 
 secured possession of Flanders, in 1688 ; and (2) in 1748, which 
 termi nated the war of succession in Austria. A congress 
 was held here in 1818. 
 
 AIZEXAY, 4'zfh-n.V, a town of France, department of 
 Vendue. 5 miles N.W. of Bourbon- A'endSe. Pop. of com- 
 mune, (1852) 3793. 
 
 A.IACCIO. 3-yafcho. or A.TAZZO, I-yit/so, a seaport, the 
 capital of Corsica, is situated on its W. coast, at the N. of 
 the gulf of the same name, in lat. 41° 54' N.; Ion. 8° 44' E. 
 Pop. (1852) 11.944. It is built in an agreeable situation, 
 with a good port defended by a citadel. It is the see of a 
 bishop, and has a cathedral and a royal court, a library of 
 18,000 volumes, and an active trade in wine, oil, and coral. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte was born here on the 15th of August, 
 1769 : the house is still standing, and Is one of the best on 
 the island. 
 
 AJAN, i-zh3n', a country of Africa, extending along its 
 E. caist from Cape' Gu.vdafui to Zanguebar, between lat. 4° 
 and 11° N., bounded X. by Adel, E. by the Indian Octaji. 
 Chief towns, Brava, Magadoxo, and Melinda. 
 
 A.TASALUK. See Atasoolook. 
 
 A.T.\ZZO. SeeAjACCTO. 
 
 AJEHO, i*ye-ho', (?) a town of the Chinese Empire, terri- 
 tory of Maiitchooria, 120 miles N. of Kirin, and 75 miles W. 
 of Soongaree. It is of recent formation, and is inhabited 
 solely by Immigrants from Chiniu The population amounts 
 to 60.000. and Ls daily increasing. 
 
 AJELLO. i-yJllo, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra. 9 miles S.W. of Co.senza. Pop. 4000. It lias a fortress, 
 and is supposed to replace the ancient Tiksio. 
 
 AJELL< ). a small town of Naples, province of Frincipato 
 Cltra, 4 miles N.N.K. of S-ilemo. 
 
 A.J KLLO, a small town of Naples, Abnizzo Ultra n., S.S.E. 
 of -t'luil.i. 
 
 A.I KLLO. a town of Hlyria. 12 miles S.W. of Gorizia. 
 
 AJKT.\. 3-yA'tl, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Otra. 8 miles N. of Soalea. Pop. .34f»0. 
 
 AJTSTAN. ijis-tin'. a town of Persia, province of Irak- 
 Ajemee,80 miles E.S.K. of Kashan. It is large and straggling, 
 is surrounded t>v irardens. and has a roy.al pilace. 
 
 A.JMEER. A.niEHE, Jj-meer, or RAJPOOTANA. r^-poo- 
 tiL'ni, a city , capital of a province of the same name, formerly 
 the capital of Agra, is situated on a hill-elope, crowned by a 
 fortress, 220 miles S.W. of Delhi. Pop. estimated at 25.000. 
 It is regularly built and handsome, has a large bazaar, and 
 Is one of the most flourishing towns of the British dominions 
 In the East. 
 42 
 
 AKI 
 
 A JOFRIN, 3-HO-freen', a town of Spain, New Castile, pro- 
 vince and 9 miles S. of Toledo. Pop. 2S33. 
 
 AiJUNTTAlI. (the "strong pa.<:s,") a large fortified town 
 of British India, 63 miles N. by E. of Auningabad. 
 
 AJL'RUOCA, d-zhoo-roo-o'ki. a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Geraes. on the Ajuruoca liver, here cros.sed by a 
 bridge, 117 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro. The district is 
 rich in tobacco, millet, mandioca. sugar-cane, and coffee; 
 and. with the town, contains a popul.ition of 12.000. 
 
 AKABAH. in^i-H. a fortified village of .\rabia. on the E. 
 side of the Gulf of .\kabah near its N. extremity. Lat. 29° 24' 
 30" N. ; Ion. 35° 6' E. 
 
 AKABAH. l/kd-bi. GULF OF. (anc. Si'mis ^hmrVicus,) 
 an inlet forming the E. horn of the Red Sea. after its bifur- 
 cation in lat. 28<5 N., extends N.N.E. to lat. 29° 36' N.. bound- 
 ing the peninsula o£ Sinai on the E. Average breadth, 12 
 miles. It has lofty and phecipitous shores. 
 
 AK\A.LIGUR',atown of the Punjab, between the Chenauh 
 and Ravee. Lat. 32° 17' N.; Ion. 73° 37' E. 
 
 AKALZIK. See Akhai.zikh. 
 
 AKARAO. i-ki-rifo. a harbor or inlet in the island of New 
 Munster, New Zealand. Ijit. 43° bi' S. : Ion. 173° 1' E. 
 
 AK.\SSA, i-kiB-si', NOON. NOUN, or NUN, noon, a town 
 or village of Morocco, on the banks and near the mouths of 
 the river Noon. 
 
 AK ASSA, a river of Africa. See Noo!T. 
 
 .\KASEE or AKASl, d-ki-see', a town of Japan, island of 
 Niphon. 
 
 AKATO, l-k3'to.a town of Japan, island of Niphon. 
 
 AKASHANSK or AKASCIIANSK, it-kdsh-ansk'. a town 
 of Asiatic Russia, government of lrkootsk,on the Onoru 
 
 AK-BASHI-LIMAN, the ancient Seii/js. See Sestos. 
 
 AKBARABAR. See Aor.A. 
 
 AK-DEYAVIN, ^k-d.-l-yd-Teen', a village of Asia Minor, 40 
 miles S.E. of Aleppo, with some remarkable ruins. 
 
 AKEER, or AKIR.i-keei-'.a village in the S. part of Pales- 
 tine, near the right bank of AVady-es-Surar. 
 
 AKEHAM, a parish of England. See Actejra. 
 
 AKELEY. aikOee, a pari.sh of England, co. of Buckingham. 
 
 AKEN, i'ken. or ACKEN. dk'kgn. a town of Prussian 
 Saxony, on tlie left bank of the Ellje, 25 miles S.E. of Magde- 
 burg. Pop. 4290. 
 
 AKEN1I.\M. aik'num. a pari.sh of Engl.ind. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 AKEI\EH. S'kA-reh. a town or l.'u-ge village of .\siatic Tur- 
 key, Koordistan. on the S. side of the Zebari range, 35 miles 
 N.E. of Mosul. It has alout 500 houses. 
 
 AKERSLOOT, d/kfr-sl6te», a villivge of the Netherlands, 
 North Holland. Pop. 964. 
 
 AKERM.\N, JHcer-mdn', (anc. Ti/'ra.i.) a fortified town of 
 the Russian dominions, province of Bessarat ia. on the right 
 bank of the Dniester, ne;ir its mcmth in the Black Sea, oppo- 
 site Ovidiopol. 20 miles S.AV. of Odessa. Uit. 46° 11 ' 51" N.; 
 Ion. 30° 21' 52" E. Pop. with 2 suburbs. 26,0tX). It has a 
 port, and an extensive trade in salt from adjacent lakes. 
 The famous treaty concluded at Akerman in 1S20. exempted 
 the Danubiau provinces from all but a nominal dependence 
 on Turkey. 
 
 AKERSUND. J/kgr-soond\ a town of Sweden, on the N. 
 shore of Lake Wetter. 112 miles W.S.AT. of Stockholm. 
 
 AKII.UI SIIEHK, ifKA sheh'r. (AKHISSAK?) a small 
 seaport town of .\sia Minor, Anatolia, on the Black Sea, 
 15 miles S.W. of Ereglee. Some ship-building is here car- 
 ried on. 
 
 AKHALKALAKL a-Kdl-ka-ldniee, or AKHALKALAK.a 
 town and fort of Russian .\rmenia. on a tributary of the 
 Koor. 30 miles S.E. of Akhalzikh. 
 
 AKHALZIKM or AKALZIK, d-Kjl-zeeK', called also AKIS- 
 KA, d-kis'kd, a city of Asiatic Russia, province of Georgia, 
 and formerly capital of a Turkish pashalic, on .an aflluentof 
 the Koor, 103 miles W. of Tiiiis. Ltit. 41° 40' N. : Ion. 4;J° 1' E. 
 Pop. in 183S. 10,000, of whom two-thirds were .\rmenian8. 
 It has a castle and mosque^ with a college and liKiry. many 
 churches and a synagogue. Its slave-market has been sup- 
 pressed; it has an active trade in silk and honev- 
 
 AK-HISSAR, ak"his-saR', (i. e. "white castle.") or EK-inS- 
 S.AR. (anc. Thyo.U'ra.) a town of Asia Jlinor. pashalic of Ana- 
 tolia. 58 miles N j:. of Smyrna. Pop. 60(10. (?) It stands on 
 a slight eminence; h.as about 1000 Turkish. 300 Greek, and 
 30 Armenian dwellings, several khans and bazaars, a Greek 
 school, and many remains of antiquity. It exports cotton 
 goods. 
 
 AKIILAT, JkMdt/, or ARDISH.aR'deesh', a town of Asiatic 
 Turkev, on the M'. shore of Lake Van, 35 miles N.W. of Van. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 AKHMYM or ACHMIM, jK-meem', sometimes EKIOIYM, 
 (anc. Cliemhnis and Funnp>(Ah.) a town of Upper Egvpt, on the 
 E. bank of the Nile. Lat. 26° 40' N. ; Ion. 31° 50' E. 
 
 AKHTIAR. a toAvn of Ru.ssia. See Sevastopol. 
 
 AKHTIRKA. See Achtyrka. 
 
 AKI, iTiee, a principality of Japan, in the W. portion of 
 the island of Niphon. 
 
 .4KINDA, i-kin'di, a town of Japan, in the island of 
 Niphon. 
 
 ,\KIXD.\TORI, J-kln-dl-to'ree, a towp of Japan, in the 
 island of Niphon. 
 
AKI 
 
 ALA 
 
 AKIN'S (Vklnz) STORE, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 AKIR. See Akeeb. 
 
 AKISKA. See AKIIALZTKII. 
 
 AKKA, dk'kS, a town or villaf^e of Sahara, on the borders 
 of Morocco, in lat. 28° 30' N. ; Ion. W W. It is a sUtion for 
 the caravans between Morocco and Timbuctoo. 
 
 AKKA. See Ache. 
 
 AKKKUM,dk'krilra, avillageof Holland. provlnceof Fries- 
 land. ^ miles N'.W. of Ilei'senveen, and 7 miles E. of Sneek. 
 
 AlCLANSK,3k-lJnsk', asarrisoned town iif Siberia, govern- 
 ment of Okhotsk. Lat. 02° 50' N., Ion. 167° E. 
 
 AK.METCUET or AKMEDSIIID. See Simteropoi. 
 
 AKNUR. See Agnur. 
 
 AKOLAII, d-k(/l3, a city of Ilindostan, 55 miles S.W. of 
 EUichpoor. It is enclosed by wall8,_aud surrounded by ex- 
 tensive ruins. 
 
 AKOON or AKUN, 3'koon', one of the Aleutian islands, is 
 an active volcano. I>at. 54° 17' N. ; Ion. 105° 32' W. 
 
 AKOOSIIA or AKUSCIf A, 3-koo'sh4, a territory and town 
 of Russia, province of Daghestan. The former occupies the 
 E. slope of the Caucasus. The town, capital of the district, 
 is situated .55 miles W.N'.W. of Derl)end. 
 
 AKOOTAN or AKUTAX, i-koo-tdn', an Island and active 
 volcano of the Aleutian series, 3332 feet in height. 
 
 AK()R.\, i-k&ri, a. town of Afghanistan, on the Cabool 
 river. lU miles N.W. of Attock. 
 
 AKOUCHA. See Akoosha. 
 
 AKOWA AY, d-ko-wM or d-ko-wi', a town and independent 
 settlement on the Guinea coast. The former is well built for 
 a town in this part of Africa. Pop. 7000 to 800O. 
 
 AKI'AU'NAY, a fortified town of British India, presiden- 
 ;y of Bombay, district of Candeish. 
 
 AKUKK or AKRI,!ik'ree, a small Moslem villaffe of Pales- 
 tine, 15 miles W.N.W. of Jerusalem ; probably the ancient 
 £l.ror>. 
 
 AKRKYRI, dkri'ree, a town of Iceland, on the Eyiafiord; 
 lat. fi5° 40' N. It has a good harlwr, and is, next to Klykla- 
 vik, the most important trading place in Iceland. 
 
 AIv'RON, a post-village of Erie co., New York, about 270 
 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 AK'ROX, a beautiful and flourishing town of Portage 
 township, and capital of Summit co., Ohio, on the Ohio and 
 Erie Canal, at its junction witli the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 Canal, and on the Cleveland and /jinesvillo liailroad, 38 miles 
 S. of Cleveland. It occupies the highest ground on the lino 
 of the canal between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, and is 
 400 feet .ibove tlie lake. By means of the canal and Little 
 Cuyahoga river, the town is amply supplied with water- 
 power, which Ls employed in a variety of manufiictures : and 
 its mercantile business is exten.sive. Immense quantities 
 of wheat are shipped here. Akron was laid out in 1825. In 
 1827 the Ohio and Erie Ciinal was constructed to this point, 
 and in 1841 Akron was chosen as the county -seat. The ca- 
 nal was finished in 1832; cost, $5,000,000. The same year, 
 the canal which connects it with Beaver, Pennsylvania, was 
 opened, and a new impetus given to its improvement. It 
 has a union school, 3 bank.'), 2 woollen factories, 5 l.arjre 
 flouring mills, a steam-engine factory, 1 blast-furnace, and 
 1 mineral-paint mill, 1 extensive stove manufactory, and 1 
 card ma.nufactory, besides various other establishments ; all 
 of which are propelled by water-power. Immen.se beds of 
 Ohio mineral fireproof paint are found in the vicinity, and 
 the article is exported to all parts of the Union. Pop. in 
 1850, .3266; in IStH), 3457. 
 
 AKS.\I, dk-sl', a river of Circassifi, rising on the N.E. 
 slopes of the Caucasus, tills into the Torek, after a course of 
 about 120 miles. 
 
 AKS.Vl, a village on the right bank of the above river, 35 
 miles S.S.VV. of Ivizliar. 
 
 AK-SEK AT, dk-s^ri', (i. e. " white palace.") a town of Asi.itic 
 Turkey, pashalic of Karamania, on the Kizil-Irmak, 80 miles 
 N.E. of Konieh. Pop. 5000. (!) It has a castle, and many 
 Saracenic remains. 
 
 Aiv-SKRAI, ik-sg-rl', a village of Afghanistan, 22 miles X. 
 of Cabool. 
 
 AKSIIKHR, AKCIIEHR, AKSCIIEIIER, or AK-SIIEIIER, 
 Jk'shJh'r^ or dk-shA/her, (»'. e. " white city,") a city of .\siatic 
 Turkey, pash.altc of Karamani.a, 10 miles S. of the salt lake of 
 the same name, 65 miles N.W. of Konieh. It contains about 
 1500 houses. Ak-shehr is the ancient Phil/)mdion of Straho. 
 
 AKSOO, AKSOU, or AKSU, ik'soo/, a town of Chinese 
 Toorkistan, on a river, S. of the Tbian-Shan mountains, 250 
 miles N'.E. of Yarkund ; lat. 41° 7' N., Ion. 79° E. Pop. 6000, 
 besides a Chinese garrison of 3000 men, (it being the mili- 
 tary headn^uarters of this part of the empire.) It has manu- 
 factures of woollen stuffs and jasper, and' is resorted to by 
 tradin"? caravans from all parts of Central Asia. 
 
 AKSOO, AKSOD,or AKSU, dk'soo', a small town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, 18 miles E. by S. of Brusa. 
 
 AKSOO or AKSU ('•white river,") the name of several 
 Asiatic rivers, the principal of which traverses Chinese Toor- 
 kistan; but, it is doubtful whether it is an affluent of tlie 
 Irtish or of the Iloang-ho. 
 
 AiiST^Vi'A, ik'std'fa\ a river and vaUev of Georgia. The 
 
 river falls into the Koorfrom the nght, about 32mnes S.S.E 
 of Titlis. The valley is volcanic, and is occupied with Arm» 
 nian villages. 
 AKSU. See Aksoo. 
 
 AKTEBOLI, dk-te-bc/lee, a small haven of Etiropean Tur- 
 key, on the S.W. coast of the Black Sea. 
 AKUN. See Akoon. 
 AKUSCHA. See Akoosha. 
 AKUTAN. See Akootan. 
 AKURKA. See Achttbka. 
 
 AKYAB, ik'ydW, a town and senport of Farther Indl& 
 presidency of Bengal, province of Aracan, on the E. side of 
 the island of Akyab. It is built of wood, and is the residenc« 
 of a British commissioner, ,with a garrison of sepoys. 
 
 ALA, ini, a town of Piedmont, island of Sardinia, pro- 
 vince of O/.ieri. Pop. 950. 
 
 ALA, i/li, a town of Austria, Tyrol, on the left bank of the 
 Adige, 10 miles S.S.W. of Itovei-edo. Pop, 3000, employed in 
 manufactures of silks and velvets. 
 
 ALABAMA, al-a-bah'ma, a river of Alabama, is formed 
 by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, which unite 10 miles N. of the 
 city of Montgomery. It then flows W. to Selma ; below that 
 point it pursues a very tortuous course towards the S.W., 
 until it unites with the Tombigbee, about 45 miles N. of the 
 city of Mobile. The river formed by this confluence is 
 called the Mobile. The Alalmma is iin excellent stream for 
 sttvamboat navigation, lieing navigable for the birgest cla.vs 
 of Ixmts through its whole extt-nt, and at all seasons of the 
 year, except in instances of extraordinary drought. The 
 length of the main stream is about .300 miles, and the dis- 
 tance from Moljile to Wetumpka, which is at the head of the 
 navigation for large boats, is aliout 460 miles. The region 
 through which it flows is occupied by plantations of cotton 
 extensive savanna.s, and forests of valual)le tiuil)er. 
 
 ALABAMA, one of the Southern States of the American 
 conftHleracy, is bounded on the >f. by Tennessee, E. by Ueor- 
 gia, S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Missis- 
 sippi. It lies l)etwecn 30° 10' and 35° N. lat., and between 
 85° and 88° 30' W. Ion. ; being aliout 330 miles in extreme 
 length from N. to S., and 300 miles in its greatest breadth ; 
 including an area of 50,722 siiuare miles, or 3^462,080 acres, 
 : 0,385,724 of which were improved in l8t>0. 
 
 Face of tlie Country. Mountainf, rfc. — The Alleghany Moun- 
 i tains have their termination in the N. part of Alabama, 
 where they become depressed to little more than elevated 
 hills. The state gradually declines from the N'. to the Gulf 
 j of Mexico, being hilly and Imiken in the centre, and level for 
 ; 50 or 60 miles from the coast. All the rivers of any magni- 
 j tude. except the Tennessee, (^which makes a l)end into the 
 j N. part of the state,) descend towards the Gulf of Mexico. 
 1 MineraU. — .\labama is rich in mineral treasures, p/irticu- 
 larly in coal. iron, limestone, and marble. Ited ochre, lead, 
 , (scattered alwut the state in various parts.) and manganese 
 j are also met with. Iron is found extensively in Shelby, Bibb, 
 j Jefferson, and Tuscaloosa counties. Bituminous coal of a 
 ! suiierior qujility' abounds. "A vein of this coal is first seen 
 ■ in the bed of the Black Warrior river, neiir Tuscaloosit, and 
 pursues a N.E. direction till it crosses the Alabama and 
 Coosa rivers at or just above their falls, and thence probably 
 p.isses into Georgia." (De. Bow's Indmtrial Hesources.) There 
 are salt, sulphur, and chalybeate springs in different .seetions 
 of the state. Gold li.as been found in St. Clair county, and a 
 mine was worked there for a short time. Beautifully varie- 
 gated marl)les exist near the head of navigation on the 
 ; rivers, particularly on theCahawba, and in Talladega county. 
 Some of these marbles are buff-colored, filled with organic 
 remains, some white and crystalline, and some are black. 
 Statuary granite, said to be the best In the United States, 
 and marble of a superior (juality, are found in Coo.sa county. 
 A more particular notice of these, however, will be given 
 under the head of Coosa. 
 
 Kivers, Bays, tfc.— The principal bays in Alabama are Mo- 
 bile bay, extending N. 30 miles from the Gulf of .Mexico; 
 Bonsecour bay, (an eastern arm of Mobile bav,) and Pasca- 
 goula l)ay, or sound, west of Mobile bay. All these open into 
 the Gulf of Mexico. Perdido bay lies on the boundai-y line 
 between Alabama and West Florida. All the rivers of Ala- 
 bama, with the exception of the Tennessee, which makes a 
 sweep into the northern part of the state, and some smaller 
 rivers passing into West Florida, unite their waters in the 
 Mobile river and bay. The Tombigbee comes into Alabama 
 from the N.E. part of Mississippi, receives the Tuscaloosa or 
 Black Warrior from the former state, and unites w ith the 
 Alabama to form the Mobile. The Alabama, in its turn, is 
 formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa fi-om the N. of Georgia, 
 and flows S.W. till it meets the Tombigbee. The Chatta- 
 hoochee forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama 
 for about 150 miles. The ilobile river throws off an arm 
 from its E. bank, which flows into the bay at Blakely. The 
 Cahawba joins the Alabama from the middle of the state. 
 The Escambia, Blackwater, Y^ellowwater. and Choitawha- 
 tehee flow from the S.E. of Alabama into West Florida. The 
 Tombigbee is about 500 miles long, and aU its course in Ala- 
 bama is navigable for ste.amboats. The Alafjama, including ' 
 , its head waters, is about 600 miles long, and may be ascended 
 
 4S 
 
ALA 
 
 by stoamtioat'S to Wetumpka, on the Coosa branch, 460 miles 
 firom the gulf. The Tuscaloosa is about 150 miles long, and 
 is navigalile fur steamboats to Tuscaloosa. The Tennessee 
 has 130 miles of its course in Alalxmia, but its navigation is 
 here obstructed by the Muscle Shoals, above which impedi- 
 ment it is. however, again navigable. See Muscle Shoals. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tmirists. — Though Alabama has no 
 mountains of great elevation or stupendous cataracts, slie is 
 bj- no means deficient in objects of interest to the curious 
 and inquiring mind. De Kalb county is noted for wild and 
 picturesque views; and in Walker county there is a natural 
 bridge, said to be equally curious with the famous one in 
 Kockbridge county, Virginia, while many wild and romantic 
 gorges lie among its hills, which are the highest S. of the 
 mountains. There are in Alabama a number of mineral 
 springs for the resort of those seeking health or pleasure : 
 BloUnfs Springs, in Blount county, a fashionable watering- 
 place, contains several different varieties of sulphur waters 
 within the space of twenty feet. Chalybeate waters occur at 
 the .same plac-e : and other sulphur springs are found in Tal- 
 ladega and Shelby counties. Bladen Springs is also a lii- 
 shionable watering place. There are .salt springs in Clarke 
 county, now aljandoned. At Tuscumbia there is a spring 
 Issuing from a huge fissure in the limestone rock ; it is said 
 to disciiarge 20,000 cubit feet of water per minute, forming a 
 large stream, which falls into the Tennes.see, 21 miles below. 
 
 Climate, Soil, arid Productions. — Approaching to within 7° 
 of the tropics, Alabama is allied in its climate and produc- 
 tions to the torrid zone. The rivers here seldom freeze in 
 winter, and the summer heats ai-e mitigated by the breezes 
 from the Gulf of Mexico. According to meteorological obsei> 
 vations made at Eutaw, in Greene county, in the j'ears 
 1860-51, the maximum temperature of the three winter 
 months was 82°, the minimum 18° ; the mean temperature 
 at 3 o'clock P.M. 48° 25'. The maximum of the spring months 
 was 93°, minimum 22°, average 62° 2<T. The maximum of 
 the summer months was 104°, minimum 00°, mean 81° 49'. 
 The maximum of November 82°, the minimum 19°, mean 
 51° OO*. The bottom lands are unhealthy near the rivers 
 and the Muscle Shoals, but the climate in the uplands is 
 salubrious. Alabama has. in many parts, a soil of exuberant 
 fertility ; yielding more cotton, the great staple of the South, 
 than any other member of the confederacy. Even the low 
 mountains of the N. have fine grazing lands, while the flats 
 between them are very rich in soil. The central piirt is 
 occupied by fertile pi-airies ; and the southern, thougli often 
 sandy and inferior in productiveness, has many fertile 
 alluvial bottoms, which yield rice. In Marengo and Greene 
 counties were formerly extensive canebrakes, which are now 
 neai'ly cleared, disclosing some of the best lands in the state. 
 Sugar-cane grows in the S.W. neck, between Mobile bay and 
 Mississippi. Besides the great staple already named, Ala- 
 bama pi-oduces large quantities of Indian corn, oats, live 
 stock, sweet potatoes-, and butter; a considerable amount of 
 wheat, rye, rice, wool, hay, peas, beans, Irish potatoes, fruits, 
 market vt^etables, and sugar; and some tobacco, l>arley, 
 buckwheat, wine, cheese, grass seeds, hops, flax, and silk are 
 rai.sed. Indigo was formerly cultivated, but being under- 
 sold by the fjreign article, its culture was given up. though 
 not from want of adaptibility in the soil. According to the 
 census of 18l'0 tliere were in Alabama 6,386,724 acres of Im- 
 proved land (12,718,821 lieiug tuiimproved), producing 
 1,218,444 bushels of wheat; 33,226,282 of Indian corn; 
 682,179 of oats; 1.482,036 of peas and beans; 491,646 of Irisli 
 potatoes; 5,439,917 of sweet potatoes; 175.000 pounds of 
 Bugar; 232,914 of tol>acco; 775,117 of wool; 6,028,47S of 
 butter; 4113,406 of rice; 100.9S7 of beeswax; 989,955 bales 
 (of 400 lbs. each) of cotton; 55,t:'o3 gallons of sorghum mo- 
 lasses; (12,211 tons of hay ; live stock, valued at$43,411.711; 
 orchard products at $223,312 ; market products at $103,002, 
 and slauglitered animals at $10,237,131, Value of liirmiug 
 Implements and machinery. $7,433,178. 
 
 Forest Trees. — In the central and northern parts of the 
 state, oak of different varieties, poplar, hickory, chestntit, 
 and mullierry are the princi|)al woods, while in the south are 
 cypress and loblolly ; pine is abundant S. of the mountains. 
 
 AnimuU. — AVild deer and turkeys are plentiftil, and bears, 
 wolves, and foxes are still met with. 
 
 Manti/iictures. — But little attention, comparativelj' speak- 
 ing, has been paid to manufiictures in Alabama; but accord- 
 ing to the census of 1800 tlicre were in tlie state 1459 manu- 
 facturing estalilishments, employing 7889 persons, con.sum- 
 Ing i-aw material worth $5,489,903, producing goods to the 
 value of $10.5SS,.i71 annually. Total amount of capital in- 
 vested, $11,098,181. Of these 31 were estalilishments for pre- 
 paring, t nil niiinufacturing cotton, capital invested $1,652,450, 
 Talue of iinniial products $1,483,2.52; 3.36 saw-mills, capital 
 invested $1,756,.572, annual products $1,873,484; 236 flour 
 and meal establi.shmtnt.s, capital invested $092,733, annual 
 products $2,343,238; 27 turi)entine distilleries, 3 liquor dis- 
 tilleries. 10 machine-shops, 62 carriage fiictories, 132 estab- 
 lishments for tlie manufacture and preparation of leather, 
 140 blacksniltlis' shops. Value of home-made manufac- 
 . tares, $1,817,520. 
 
 Jntemal Jmprovemenls. — ^There were In Alabama, in 18C0, 
 44 
 
 ALA 
 
 743 miles of railroad completed, and several hundred in 
 course of construction. Among the former are the Memphis 
 and Cliarleston liailroad, the E. terminus of which is at 
 Stevenson, on the Tennessee River ; the Alabama and Flor- 
 ida, which connects Montgomery with Peusacolu; tlie Mo- 
 bile and Oliio, 03 miles of which are within this state; the 
 Aliibuma and Missi.-ssippi Kiver Railroad, which extends from 
 Selma westward to Meridian.&c. The Alabama and Tennessee 
 River Railroad is completed from Selma to Talladega, 110 
 miles. Another railroail connects Montgomery with W est 
 Point, Georgia. The Mobile and Girard Railroad is a long 
 line, part of which is not yet finished. Its eastern termi- 
 nus is at Girard, which is adjacent to Columbus, Georgia. 
 The northern pari of the state is traversed by a railroad 
 from Kashville to the Tennessee River. 
 
 thmmerce. — This state enjoys great advantages for both 
 foreign and internal commerce, her ports lx>ing open to the 
 sea through Mobile bay, and having more than 1500 miles 
 of steamlxKtt navigation on her rivers, giving an f.utlet not 
 only to her own productions, but also to some of those of 
 Mississippi and Georgia. According to De Bow, thei-e were 
 549,499 bales of cotton brought to Mobile in 1851-2, K'sides 
 wliat was sent to New Orleans and the ports of Florida. 
 The exports of Alabama in 1851 were $18,528,824, ini]iorts 
 $413,440. Tonnage owned in 1852, 28,533; numK-r of ves- 
 sels built in the state, 6, whose tonnage was only S54"62. 
 Considerable qtiantities of sawed lumlier and staves are ex- 
 ported from Mobile to Cuba, to Mexico, and to domestic 
 ports. The sawed lumber exported in 1850-51 amounted to 
 6,816,054 feet, and of staves 360,779. 
 
 Education. — According to the census report of 1860, -Mar 
 bama h.ad 17 colleges, with 2120 students, and $124,894 in- 
 come, of which $22,020 was from endowments ; 1903 public 
 schools, witli 61,751 pupils, and $489,474 income, of wliicli 
 $63,845 was from taxes, and $199,318 from public funds : 206 
 academies and other schools, witli 10,778 pupils, and $221,634 
 income, of which $37,800 was endowments, and $23,547 from 
 public funds. There are also in this state 395 libraries, 36 
 of whicli are public, 1 school, 22 Sunday-school, 3 college, 
 and 8 church libraries, embracing 13,050 volumes. The State 
 University, located at Tuscaloosa, was in a flourisliing con- 
 dition previous to the civil war, witli an annual inctimc of 
 $15,000. The free school system went into operation in 1854. 
 
 I'eriodicals. — In 1860, there were in Alabama, 96 period- 
 icals, 9 of which were issued daily, 6 tri-weekly, 1 semi- 
 weekly, 75 weekly, and 3 monthly. Of these, 89 were politi- 
 cal, 4 were literary, 2 religions, and 1 miscellaneous. Cir- 
 culatiim of daily papers, 8y20; of tri-weekly, 2886; of semi- 
 weekly, 400; of weeklj-, 74,2S9; of monthly, 7200 copies. 
 Whole number issued annually, 7,175,444. 
 
 Jieligious Drnominalinns. — Of the 1875 churches in Alar 
 bama in 1860, 805 belonged to the Biiptists ; 22 to the Chris- 
 tians; 67 to the Cumberland Presbyterians; 34 to the Epis- 
 copiUians; 777 to the Methodists ; 135 to the Presbyterians; 
 9 to the Roman Catholics; and 17 to the Unionists. The 
 rest are owned by Free-Will Baptists, Universalists, and 
 other smaller sects. 
 
 J'ldilic InditiUions. — There is a state penitentiary at We- 
 tumpka, which liad 151 prisoners on October 1st. 1851. Pro- 
 vision has been mside by the state for the establishment of a 
 state lunatic asylum at Tuscaloosa. A blind asylum h.1.0 
 been recently established at Mobile, and $5000 have been 
 appropriated by the legislature for org.tiiiziug and sustain 
 ing an institution for the deaf and dumb. The buildingn 
 of the Alabama university, near Tuscaloosa, are very fine, 
 and cost $150,000. There were in Alabama, in l!-60, 4 pub- 
 lic libraries, with 3S4S volumes; 32 school libraries, with 
 3500 volumes: 15 Sunday-school libraries, with 5775 volumes; 
 and 5 collide libraries, with 7500 volumes. Total, 50 libraries, 
 with 20,623 volumes. 
 
 Government. — The governor of Alaliama is elected for two 
 years by the people, and receives an annmil salary of $2500. 
 The senate consists of 33 members, elected for four years, 
 and the house of representat i ves of 100 memliers, elected foi 
 two years, both by the people. The pay of members of both 
 branches is $4 per diem. One-half of the senate is elected 
 every second year. The legislature meets biennially. The 
 judiciary consists — 1. Of a supreme court, composed of one 
 chief and four a.ssociate judges, elected by fhe'legi.^latiiiv for 
 six years, and receiving $2250 per annum: 2. Ofa court of 
 chancery, composed of three chancellors, elected in the same 
 manner; 3. Of nine circuit courts, holding two sessions s 
 year In each county; 4. The city court of Mobile. Tlia 
 judges of probate, who are also clerks of the court and regis- 
 ters of deeds, are, as well as the circuit judges and the judges 
 of the Jloliile court, elected bj- the people for six years. All 
 these judges receive $1500 per annum, except the jud'.re of 
 the Mobile court, who receives $2000. The asses.sed value of 
 property in Alabama, in IS.W, was $219,476,150; estima.ed 
 value, $22S,204,83-2. Public debt, $0,742,339. of which 
 $1,087,501 was contingent. Ordinary annual expenses, ex- 
 clusive of debt and schools, about $11)0,000. The number oT 
 banking institutions, Januarj-, 1852, was only 2, with a ca- 
 pital of $2,000,000, a circulation C:1$3,50'.1,000, and |1,SOO.OOO 
 in coin. 
 
 lic= 
 
ALA 
 
 ALA 
 
 Populatirm. — The ntimber of inliatiitants in the state in 
 1820 was 127,901 ; 309.627 in lh30 ; 590.756 in 1840; in 1850, 
 771,C23; in 1860, 9r4,'i01; of whom 526,271 were wliites, 
 2690 free colored, 435,080 slaves, and 160 Indians. Popula- 
 tion to a square mile 19. l{epre,sentative population, 790,169. 
 Of the free population, in 18G0, 320,026 were born in the 
 state, 196,743 in other states, 12,352 in foreign countries, of 
 wliora 1174 were born in Enfrland, 6664 in Irelariil, 696 in 
 Scotland, 11 in Wales, 239 in Britisli America, 2001 in Ger- 
 many, 859 in France, and 1208 in other foreign countries. 
 Of tlie population, in the leading pursuits, 67,743 were far- 
 mers and planters; 14,282 fami laborers; 10,026 laborers ; 
 4870 servants; 4141 overseers; 3669 clerks; 2638 merchants; 
 23SC carpenters; 2255 students; 2131 teacliera; 1797 me- 
 chanics; 1755 physicians; 1307 blacksmiths; 903 seam- 
 stresses; 877 clergymen; 830 shoemakers; 7''3 factory 
 hands; 763 lawyers; 637 grocers; 026 railroad men; 559 
 millers; 431 wheelwrights; 404 painters; S18 tailors; 315 
 coachmakers; 299 weavers; 295 printers; 295 machinists; 
 232 mariners; 226 masons; 205 steamboat-men ; 200 brick- 
 layers; 199 mantua-makers ; 193 drivers; 191 cabinet- 
 makers; 181 innkeepers; 176 tinsmiths; 173 saddlers; 
 151 laundresses; 144 millwrights, Ac, &c. In the year end- 
 ing June 1st, 1860, there occurred 12,760 deatbs, or 13-4 in 
 every thousand. The number of deaf and dumb was 277, of 
 ■wliom 208 were free, and 67 slaves (see introduction to the 
 Tolunie on Population of the Kighth Census, j))). liv, Iv, Ivi, 
 Ac); of 318 blind, 114 were slaves; of 257 insane, 32 were 
 slaves ; of 537 idiotic, 134 were slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Tliere are in Alabama. 52 counties.viz Autauga, 
 Baldwin, Barbour. Blount, Bibb. Butler, Calhoun. Chambers, 
 Clarke, Choctaw, Cherokee, Coffee, Con<'Culi, Coosa, Coving- 
 ton, Dale, Dallas, l)e Kalb, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Hen- 
 ry, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Lowndes, Lauderdale, 
 Limestone, Macon, Miulison, Jlarion, Marengo, Marshall, 
 Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgiin, I'erry. Pickens, Pike, 
 Randolph, l{ussell. Shelby. St.Clair, t^unitiT.Tallailega, Talla^ 
 poosa,Tuscaloosa,Walker.Washington,AViliox,and Winston. 
 
 Cilies and Towns. — Mobile, the roniniercial metropolis of 
 Alabama, had a population of 29.258 in ISOO. The other prin- 
 cipal towns are Montgomery, the capital of the state, popu- 
 lation, 8843; Tuscaloosa, 3989; Ilnnt.'fville, 36:J4 ; Selma, 
 3177 ; Kingston, 1900 ; Cahnba, 1920 ; Marion, 1408. 
 
 Jlhtnry. — The famous exploring expedition of De Soto 
 across the southern part of the (present) United States, al)Out 
 the year 1541. is believed to have been the tirst vi.sit of the 
 white man to the wilds of Alabama. De Soto met with 
 fierce opposition from tribes of savagtw, who appear to 
 have b«;n more populous and less rude than the northern 
 aborigines. The houses of these people evinced less barba- 
 rism, than many other Indian tribes. " The chief 's house 
 was. in one instance, 120 feet by 40, and included small 
 buililinss like offices. A remarkable temple found upon the 
 Savannah river, at Silver Bluff, was lOO feet long, 40 fi'et 
 wide, and proportionably high." (De Boxv's Jmhistrial J>'e- 
 tourcrs of the South and West.) In 1702, Bienville, a French- 
 man, built a fort on Mobile bay. The present site of Mobile, 
 however, was not occupied till nine years after. At tlie 
 peace of 1763. Alabama, with all the French possessions K. 
 of the Mississippi (except New Orleans) fell to the English. 
 This state formed a part of Georgia until 1802 : from this 
 date it was included in Mississippi Territory till 1817, when 
 it was organized into a separate government, and in 1819 
 became an indejiendent member of the great American con- 
 federacy, and now ranks fourth in population of the South- 
 ern States. 
 
 ALAB.\MA, a post-township of Genesee co., Xew York, 12 
 miles from Batavia. and 263 miles W. of Albany. It is in- 
 tersected by the Tonawanda Cret>k. Pop. 2061. 
 
 ALAB.\MA, a small bayou of Iberville par., I>ouisiana, 
 communicating in time of Hoods with the Atchafiilaya. 
 
 ALABAMA or BIG SANDY CREEK, Texas, tlows on the 
 S.W. border of Tyler county, and falls into the Neches 15 
 miles above Beaumont. 
 
 AL.\BA^IA. a village of Leon co., Texas, on the right 
 bank of Trinity river, about 60 miles in a straight line 
 N N'.E. of Washinaton, the former capital of the state. 
 
 ALABASTER ISLAND. See Eleuther.\. 
 
 ALABAT, i-ll-bdf, one of the smaller Philippines, on the 
 E. coast of the island of Luzon, near the head of the exten- 
 sive inlet at the S. end of the island, which terminates at the 
 Quhor Bay of Lamon or Lampon. Lat. 14° N., Ion. 122° 13' E. 
 The inli:ibitauts are described as a savage race. 
 
 ALABI,EE. ALABLl, a-lil1ilee, or IIALABLI. hd-lifblee. 
 a sm.'ill village of Asiatic Turkey, Anatolia, on the Black Sea, 
 4 miles S.W. of Ereglee. 
 
 ALACHUA, a-latch'u-a, a county in the N.W. of part of the 
 peninsula of Florida, has an area of about 1000 square miles. 
 The Santa Fe river forms its northern, and the Suwanee its 
 western boundary. Orange lake is partly Included in its 
 limits, and it contains several ponds. Surface rolling or level ; 
 soil generally fertile. Capital, Newnansvillo. Pop. 8232; 
 of whom 3775 were free, and 4457 slaves. It was named 
 from Alachua savanna, a grassy and marshy plain in the 
 county, N. of Lake Orange. 
 
 ALACRANE (al-a-kran/) ISI-ANDS, a group in ths Gull 
 of Mexico, about 70'miles N. of Yucatan, on a reef it mllea 
 in length N. and S., by 12 miles in breadth. 
 
 ALACUiySA CREEK, Cherokee co., Georgia, a brai ch o. 
 Little River. 
 
 A1>.\-DA0II, Sid-ddg', (i. e. "beautiful mountain,") r 
 mountain chain of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 39° and 40'- 
 N., and Ion. 39° and 44° E. It extends W. from Mount 
 Ararat, separating the two heads of the Euphrates. 
 
 ALADAN,(a-ia-dan',)or ALADINE (a-lS-deen') ISLANDS, 
 a cluster of small i.slands in the Bay of Bengal, forming part 
 of tha Mergui Arcliipelago. 
 
 ALAl-JDS, d-ld-.Vhoce, a town of Spain, Leon, 30 mllea 
 S.W. of A'alladolid, near the left bank of the Trabancos. 
 Pop. 3255. 
 
 ALACillEZ, d-ia-ghfz', or ALI-GIIEZ. Unee-^hh', a volcanic 
 mountain and mountain range, bordering on the N. side of 
 the basin of Armenia. It lies on the N. side of the great 
 plain of the Araxes. The highest peak rises 13,628 teet 
 above the level of the sj>a. 
 
 ALAGO.V. d-ld-go/d. a town and district on the S. shore oJ 
 the island of St. Slichael. Azort-s. I'op. of district, 7S00. 
 
 AL.\GU.\S, 4-lil-go'ds, a maritime province of Brazil, derivr 
 ing its name fi-om various intercomniuniiating lakes for 
 which it is noted. It lies between lat. 9° and 10° 30* S., ia 
 bounded N. and W. by the province of Pernambuco, S. by 
 the province of Sergipe del Key, and comprises an area of 
 15.036 square miles. Pop. 220.u*iO. 
 
 ALAGOAS, VILLA DO FORTE DAS, Teelld dofoR'tii dis 
 d-ld-giyJs, a city of ISrazil. in the alwve province, on the N 
 extremity of Sianguaba, 140 miles N.E. of Sergipe del Key. 
 It has 8 churches and 2 convents. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ALAGON, d-l4-gou'. a river of Spain, falls into the Tagus 
 alxiut 2 miles N.E. of Alcantara. It is about 120 miles in 
 length, and noted for the size and flavor of its trout and 
 other fish. 
 
 AL.\GO.V, a town of Spain, near the confluence of the 
 Ebro and the Jalon. 15 miles N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. l'.J32. 
 
 ALAI'EDi).\, a township of Ingham co., Michigan, about 
 70 mites W. by N. of Detroit. Pop. 96fl. 
 
 AIjAIS, J'bi', (anc. Alf/sia.) a town of France, department 
 of Gard, on the Garden, at the fpot of the C6veunes, 25 miles 
 N.W. of Ntmes, with which it is united by railway. Pop. 
 (1862) 18,871. It is situated in a productive coalfield, and 
 has extensive manufactui-es. 
 
 ALAJAIIISSAR, ALADJAHISSAB, a-ia^jd-hisViR/, or 
 IvKUSCIIOVATZ,atownofEuror#an Turkey, capital of the 
 sanjak of Kru.scliovatz, province of Servia, on the right bank 
 of the ^lorava, alxiut SI5 miles S. of Semendria. 
 
 AL.\.]AN or ALADJAN, A-ia-jAn', a town of Asia Minor, 
 pashalic of Anatolia, near the Black Sea, 37 miles S.E. of 
 Sinope. 
 
 ALAJUELA,3-ia-noo-!l/l.i acity of Central America, state 
 of Costa Rica, 35 miles W. by S. of Cartago. Pop. 10,000, in- 
 cluding snburl)S. 
 
 AL.\lvANAND.\, 3-ia-k3-ndn'd3. a small river, which, is- 
 suing from the Himalaya Mountains, unites with the hbar 
 girathi at Devaprayaga, and forms the main source of the 
 Ganges. 
 
 ALA-KOI, a/ld^koi', (i. e. "beautiful village,") a village of 
 Asiatic Turlvey, on the E. side of Lake Van. 
 
 ALAKTOO-K<X)L or ALAKTOU-KOUL, d-lik'too-kool/, a 
 lake in Chinese Toorkistan, lat. 45° 17' N., Ion. 82° 27' E^ 
 has in its centre an extinct volcano. 
 
 ALAMAKEE. See Allomakee. 
 
 ALA.MANCE. il'S-mance, a creek of North Carolina, flows 
 into the Haw river from the W.. in Al.amance co. 
 
 AL.4MANCE, a county in the N. central part of North 
 Carolina, has an area of about 600 square miles. Haw river, 
 a branch of the Cape Fear, flows through the middle of the 
 county, and Alamance Creek, from whi<h tiie name is de- 
 rived, flows through the W. part into the Haw P.iver. Tho 
 surface is undulating; the soil productive. The Centre Rail- 
 road, now in progress, passes through the county, and a 
 plank-road is projected from the county-.seat to the coal- 
 mines on Deep river. Formed out of the W. part of Orange, 
 in 1848. Capital, Graham. Pop. 11.S52; of whom 8407 wen 
 free, and 3445 slaves. 
 
 ALAMEDA, Mi-mWdH, (i. e. " a row of poplar-trees,") a 
 village of Spain, in Old Castile, province of Soria. 
 
 ALAMEDA, a town of Spain, in And.ilusia, 54 miles N.W. 
 of Malaga, on the road from Seville to Granada. Pop. 3690. 
 
 ALAMEDA, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 8 miles from 
 Madrid. 
 
 ALAMEDA, a village of Spain, in Leon, about 16 miles 
 from Ciudad Rodrigo. 
 
 ALAMEDA, a-l|-md'd|. a county in the W. centra! part 
 of California, formed since 1S52 out of Contra Costa and 
 SiUita Clara counties. Area about SOO sq. miles. Pop. 8927. 
 
 ALAMEDA, a-la-ma'da, a town of Bernalillo county. New 
 Mexico, on the left Imnk of the Rio Grande, 6 miles above 
 Albuquerque. Pop. 649. 
 
 ALAJIED.\, Santa MARi.i de la, s3n't| md-ree'd d.\ l| 
 a-la-ma'da, a town of Spain, in Old Cixstile, 36~mile3 W. of 
 Madrid. 
 
 45 
 
ALA 
 
 ALAMEDA DE LA SAGRA, a-lJ-mJ'dJ di llsi/grli, a town 
 Of Spalu, In Old Castile, 8 miles from Tllescas. 
 
 ALAMEDA DEL VALLE, d-ld-mi'da dM vJl'yil, a town of 
 Spain, in OH Castile, 10 miles from Buitrago. 
 
 ALAMO, Texas. See Foet Alamo. 
 
 ALAMO, a /a-mo, a postrTillage of Montgomery co, Indiana, 
 65 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ALAMO, a post-township of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, 70 
 miles W.S.A^^. of Lansing. Pop. 943. 
 
 ALAMO, a post-Tillage of Contra Costa co., California. 
 
 AI AMODE', a post-office of Reynolds co., Missouri. 
 
 ALAMOOT or ALAMUT, d'U-moof, a district of Persia, 
 N.W. of Teheran. 
 
 ALAMOS, LOS, loce S/li-moce, (i.e. "the poplar-trees,") 
 a town of Mexico, province of Sonora, 140 miles N.W. 
 of Ciualoii, In a district celebrated for its silrer-mines. 
 It has some well-paved streets, and the houses are gene- 
 rally built of stone or brick, laid over with stucco. Pop. 
 sbout 10,000, 3000 or 4000 of which are employed in the 
 mines. 
 
 ALAMUTCH'A. a post-village of Lauderdale co., Missis- 
 sippi, about 80 miles E. of Jackson. 
 
 AiyAN' or CAM'EL, a river of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 ALAND, i/land, or O'LAND (Sw. Aland, Mdnd) ISLANDS, 
 an archipelago of about SO inhabited islands, and a vast num- 
 ber of rocks and islets. Russia, province of Abo, in the Gulf of 
 Bothnia, at its entrance, between lat. 59° 56' and 60° 32' N., 
 and Ion. 19° and 21° E. Pop. 15,000. These islands, taken 
 from Sweden in 1809, are of great political .and military im- 
 portance to Russia, and contain several fortified ports, gene- 
 rally the station of a part of the Baltic fleet. Near this Peter 
 the Great gained his first naval battle over the Swedes, in 
 1714. 
 
 ALANT), I'llnt, a river of Hanover joins the Elbe. 
 
 AL.iNNO, 4-Un'no, a town of Naples, 11 miles S. of Civita 
 di Penne. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ALANTIIUS GROVE, a postofflce of Gentry co., Missouri, 
 about 200 miles N.W. of .TelTerson City. 
 
 ALAPAEVSK, i-li-pd^^vsk', a town of Russia in Asia, 
 government of Perm', on the Alapaika, 48 miles N.W. of 
 Irbit. 
 
 ALAPATI.4., ah-lap'a-haw,.a river of Georgia, flowing into 
 the Suwanee. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 ALAPAIIA. a post-village of Lowndes co., Georgia, 2G2 
 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 AL.\QU.A, al'a-quaw, a small river of Florida, flowing into 
 Choctawatchee bay. 
 
 ALAQUA, a post-village of Walton co,, Florida, on the 
 above river, aliout 125 miles W. by N. of Tallahassee. 
 
 AL-ARAISCn. See El-Araish. 
 
 ALAR'K.\, a post-office of M;icon co., North Carolina, 
 
 ALARM b'ORK, a village of Oregon CO., Missouri, 15 miles 
 S. of Thoniiisville. 
 
 ALARO, i-Wro, a town of Spain, island of Majorca, 12 
 miles N.N. E. of Piilma. Pop. 40S1. 
 
 ALASKA, a-li-sil/a, written also ALASEY and ALASE.T, 
 i-li-s.V. an important river in the N.E. of Siberia, rises in 
 lat. 67° N.. and falls into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 ALA-SIIEIIK or ALASCIIEUR,d'ia-sh6hVor dHS-.shi'hfr, 
 (i. e. " the exiUted city," anc. PUiladelpUifa, founded 200 years 
 B. c. by Atta'us Plnladelplmf. a walled city of Asia Minor, 
 at the N.E. base of Mount Tmolus, 83 miles E. of Smyrna. 
 Pop. 15.000.(?) It is a Greek archbishop's see, h.HS nume- 
 rous remains of antiquity, 5 Christian churches, and an 
 active trade. 
 
 ALASIIGERD, Armenia: See Topr.vk-Kulah. 
 
 AL.\SKA. See Ali.vsk.a. 
 
 AL ASSIO. i-lis'se-o, a se.aport town of the Sardinian states, 
 division of Genoiu on the Mediterranean, 4 miles S.W. of Al- 
 benga. Pop. 6500. 
 
 ALASSON-\, a-lis-so'n^t, a town of European Turkey, 35 
 miles N.E. of Trikhala. Pop. 3000. 
 
 AL.\TA, J-ld'tS, a small river in Abyssinia, a tributary of 
 Bahr-el-.Vzrek, near its confluence with which occurs the 
 celebrated cataract of Alata. 
 
 AL.A.T.V. irWtA, a village in the island of Corsica, about 6 
 miles .V. of Ajaccio. 
 
 ALA-'I'.\<;h. See Al.a-D^gh. 
 
 ALATAMAIIA. See Altamaha. 
 
 ALATEEK or ALATYR. i-ld-teea/. a river of Russia, rising 
 In the government of Penza, falls into the Soora, after a 
 course of upwards of 125 miles. 
 
 ALATKKR, or ALATYR, a town of Russia, 80 miles N.W. 
 ofSimbeersk, at the junction of the Alateer and Soora rivers. 
 Pop. 4407. 
 
 ALA'I'IU, i-Id/tree, (anc. AlaHrium.) a town of Italy, Pon- 
 tifical States, 6 miles N. of Frosinone, on a mountain. Pop. 
 9000. It h.HS a manufactory of woollen good.s, and is of high 
 antifjuity. its walls exhibiting some perfect remains of Cyclo- 
 pean architecture. 
 
 ALATYR. See Al.^teer. 
 
 ALAUSI, i-low-see', a valley of the Andes, and town of the 
 republic of Ecuador, on the Alausi, 7980 feet above the sea. 
 
 AL.\V'.\. d'Id-vd, a province of Northern Spain, (one of 
 the three Bm.siiub provinces,) between lat. 42° 20' and 43° N., 
 46 
 
 ALB 
 
 comprising an area of 1292 square miles. Pop. in 1849 
 81,397. The surfsce is mountainous. 
 
 AL.4.YA. d-li'yd, (anc. Om-acefsutm.) a decayed town ot 
 Asiatic Turkey, on a promontory in the Mediterranean, 100 
 miles S.S.W. of Konieh. Pop. 2000. It has a good anchor- 
 age, but no harbor. 
 
 ALAYOR, d-ld-yoR/, or ALEYOR, d-lA-y6R/, a town in the 
 island of Minorca, belonging to Spain, situated in the 
 interior, and about 10 miles W.N.W. of Port Mahon. Pop. 
 4722. 
 
 ALAZON, d-ld-zon', a river of Georgia, joins the Koor 126 
 miles S.E. of Tiflis. after a S.E. course of 140 miles. 
 
 ALB or ALP, dip, called also the SAVA'BIAN ALPS, a 
 chain of mountains appertaining almost exclusively to 
 WUrtemberg, extending S.W. to X.E., from the source of 
 the Neckar, a total length of 84 miles, and having a breadth 
 varying from 15 to 20 miles. 
 
 A LB.\, dllid, (anc. Al/ba TbrnpeHa.) a town of Piedmont, on 
 the Tanaro, 30 miles S.E. of Turin. ' Pop. 8286. 
 
 ALBA, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II.. at 
 the foot of Monte Velino, 4 miles N. of Avezzano. It is the 
 Al/lia fkicenftia of the Romans. 
 
 Al/BA, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 143 
 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 ALBACETE, dl-bd-th.VtA, a town of Spain, Murcia, 138 
 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 13,143. It manufactures steel 
 gootls, and has large cattle-fairs in September. 
 
 ALBA DE TORMES, dl'bd d;l toR/mJs, a town of Spain, 14 
 miles S.E. of S.alamanca, on the Tormes. Pop. 2166. 
 
 ALBA JULIA. See K.arlsburg. 
 
 ALBAL.A, dl'bd-ld, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 20 
 miles S.S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2133. 
 
 ALBALATE DEL ARZOBISPO, dl-bd-ld'td dll !»R-tho- 
 bees'po, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 46 miles S.E. of Zara- 
 goza, on the left bank of the Slartin, an affluent of the Ebro. 
 
 ALBA LONGA. See Albano. 
 
 ALBANCIIEZ, dl-bdn-chjth', a town of Spain, in Andalu- 
 sia, 28 miles N.E. of Almeria. 
 
 ALBANCIIEZ, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 16 miles E, 
 of Jaen. 
 
 ALBAN DES URTIERES, drbSx"/ ddze URHe-aiR/,avmage 
 of Italy, Sardinian States. 6 miles S. of Aiguebelle. 
 
 ALBANELLA, dl-bd-nJWd, a town of Naples, 4 miles N.N.E. 
 of Capaecio. 
 
 ALBANIA, al-bA/ne-a, (modern Gr. pron. dl-bd-nee'd : Turk. 
 Arnanndlik, Amanotleek, or ArnaoutUk, aR'nd-oot'leek.) called 
 SIIKIPERI (fihkip'e-ree^) by the natives, (from S/ikipe, "a 
 rock.") a mountainous country of European Turkey, between 
 lat. 39° and 43° N., and Ion. 19° 5' and 21° 28' E. Extreme 
 length, about 290 miles; breadth, varying from 40 to 90 
 miles.' Bounded W. and S.W. by the Adriatic and Ionian 
 Sea.s. It is composed of as many as nine ridges of mountains, 
 nearly all of which have a direction N .W. and S.E. Of the.se the 
 principal heights vary from about 2500 to 8500 feet alxive the 
 sea. Alliania has no great rivers. It partakes of the peculiar 
 system of subterranean streams that characterizes the waters 
 of Greece. In this respect, the province of Epirus is espe- 
 cially remarkable for its circular basins, its cavities without 
 water, its ponds and watercourses that disappear at certain 
 seasons, and also for its gulfs and subterranean rivers. In 
 the import and export trade of Albania, vessels under the 
 British and Ionian, the Greek and Ottoman flags, are almost 
 the only ones engaged. The exports are shipped chiefly at 
 Prevesa, at the entrance to the Gulf of Arta. The other 
 ports are Parga, Avlona. Durazzo, &c. The internal trade 
 is carried on by means of pack-hor.ses, four or five of which 
 are attached to e.ach other by cords, and guided by one man. 
 Albania is under the government of the different Turkish 
 pash.as in whose country it is situated. Population esti- 
 mated at 1,600,000. .^.dj. and inhab. Albanian. al-biUne- 
 
 an. or Arxaoot, (Arnaout,) dR/nd-oot\ native, Shkip\\t.ar/ or 
 
 SKIP\4T.iR'. 
 
 ALBANO, dl-bd'no, (anc. Alhafnum,) an episcopal city of 
 Italy, Pontifical States, Com.arca di Rom.a, on the.A'iaAp- 
 pia, 14 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 5600. It is built on the 
 site of Pompey's Villa, and being celebrated for beauty of 
 scenery and purity of air, is a favorite summer resort of the 
 Roman nobility. It comprises the ruins of Doniitiau's pa- 
 lace and of a praetorian camp, with the modern villas of the 
 princes Barberiui, Altieri, &c. It has a mu.seum of anti- 
 quities from Alba Longa. 
 
 ALBANO, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 11 
 miles E.S.E. of Potenz.a. Pop. 2700. 
 
 ALBANO, a lake and mountain of Italy, 13 miles S.E. of 
 Rome. The lake, 6 miles in circumference, being the cratei 
 of an extinct volcano, is enclosed by high banks. aroun<l 
 which are many elegant villas and several grottoes, witi 
 the Castel Gandolfo, the summer residence of the pope 
 There are many historical monuments in its vicinity 
 among others, ifn ancient jiqueduct cut in the flank of the 
 mountain liy the Romans, during their contest Mith the 
 A'eientes in the year 394 b. c. to drain of^ the w.aters ot the 
 lake, and prevent it from overflowing its banks. — Alba 
 Longa stood on its N.E. margin. — Mount Albano or Moxtb 
 Cavo, on the E., and 2046 feet above the lake, has on Its 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 Bnmmit tho ruins of tho tomple of Latian Jupiter {Jupiter 
 Latiali.t), conimaiiiling a njagnificeut prospect over tlie 
 Bci'iie of the lust six books of the /Encid, and of the early 
 history of the Roman state. 
 
 ALBANY, ll'ba-ne, a district of Scotland, more ustially 
 called IjKKvriAi.iuM:, which see. The second son of the 
 Bovereij;n of Kngland is usually styled the Duke of Albanj' 
 
 ALBANY, ^I'ba-ne, a county in the K. part of New York, 
 has an ai-ea of about 4S3 square miles.. It is bounded on 
 tho E. by the Hudson, and partly on the N. by the Mohawk; 
 and is principally drained by Normanskill and Catskill 
 Creeks, which alford valuable water-power. The surface in 
 tho W. and N. is rough and mountainous, but along the 
 Hudson and other streams nearly level. The soil along the 
 River is fertile, but in the interior sandy, and in some places 
 quite sterile. Tho Krie and Champlain Canals lerminatc in 
 the N.K. part of the county, which is also intersected by va- 
 rious railroads. Organized in 10S3. (See next article.) Capi- 
 tal, Albany. Pop. 113,917. 
 
 ALBANY, tho capital of Now York, and the second city 
 in importance in that state, is situated on the W. bank of 
 tho Hudson River, Ho miles N. of New York city, l&t W. 
 by N. of Boston, and about 370 N.E. of Washington: lat. of 
 tho Dudley Observatory, 420 :;9' 49" N., Ion. 7;;° 44' 38" W. 
 As viewe<l from some parts of the Hudson, the api)earance 
 of the city is highly picturesque and imposing. A low, 
 alluvial flat, from 15 to 100 rods wide, extends along 'the 
 margin of the river, but W. of this the ground rises about 
 220 feet in the distance of a mile. Tho principal street of 
 Albany is .State street, extending from the Hudson to the 
 Capitol; from the river to Broadway it is quite narrow, but 
 on reaching that street it widens to 150 feet or upwards, and 
 continues of this breadth to its W. extremity. Broadway 
 is an important business street,running parallel with the 
 river It has a street railroad running from South Ferry to 
 West Troy. There is also a street railroaii in South Pearl 
 street (parallel with Broadway), and one in State street. 
 The city contains a number of public squares, the most im- 
 portant of which is situjited at the end of State street. Among 
 tho princijial edifices of Albany may be mentioned the Capi- 
 tol, a substantial and handsome stone building, 115 feet long 
 and about 90 feet wide ; the walls are about .50 feet high, 
 consisting of two stories and a basement-story of 10 feet; it 
 is faced with brown freestone from the quarries on the Hud- 
 son below the Highlands. The columns, pilasters, and other 
 decorations are of marble, chiefly from Berkshire, in Massa- 
 chusetts. The edifice is crowned with a dome, on which 
 stands a statue in wood of the goddess Themis (Justice), 11 
 feet high, with a sword in her right hand and a balance in 
 her left. The Capitol contains an assembly chamber 50 feet 
 long, 50 feet wide, and 28 high, and a senate chamber 60 feet 
 long, 28 feet wide, and the same in height, besides various 
 other apartments. The Capitol staiKls on the W. side of the 
 public square already alluded to. On the opposite side of 
 the square, facing the W., is tho State Hall, a massive struc- 
 ture of marble, containing tho different offices of tho state 
 government; on the same side is situated tho City Hall, a 
 large and handsome building, also of marble, with a gilded 
 dome. Tho Albany Exchange, on Broadway at the foot of 
 State street, is a massive granitS building, containing the 
 Post-ofiice. Albany has 57 churches, many of which are 
 handsome buildings. The Roman Catholic Cathedral is one 
 of tho most splendid, as well as largest, church edifices in 
 the United States. It fronts on Eagle street, having its N. 
 and S. sides on Lydius an<l Jefferson streets. Standing on 
 an eminence, it presents the whole of its magnificent jiro- 
 portions as the most prominent object to one approaching 
 the city from the S. and E. 
 
 Albany is distinguished for her educational and literary 
 institutions, among which may be mentioned the University 
 of Albany, incorporated in 1852, but not yet fully organ- 
 ized. This is intended to be national in its character, and, 
 in some respects, of a higher order than any similar insti- 
 tution in the country ; its departments are of law, medicine, 
 scientific and practical agriculture, civil and mechanical 
 engineering, the nnjchanic arts, physical geography, political 
 economy, history in its relations to civilization, chemistry 
 in its application to the arts, and astronomy. There is a 
 splendid observatory (completed in 1858), called the Dudley 
 Observatory, on a hill on the \. side of the city. The A Ibany 
 Medical Colh^go was founded in 1839, and is furnished with 
 the most ample means of instruction. It has one of the best 
 museums of the kind in this country, and a well selected 
 library of ."000 volumes, 500 of which are set apart for the 
 use of students free of charge. The State Normal School, 
 a flourishing institution, under the control of the state, was 
 established in 1844, "for the instruction and practice of 
 teachers of common schools in the science of education and 
 the art of teaching:" it has a library of near 1000 volumes. 
 The Albany Academy, on the E. side of tho public square, 
 opposite; tho Capitol, and the .\lbany Female Academy, in 
 Pearl street, enjoy a high reputation as institutions of in- 
 struction. The former, which is incorporated, is for the edu- 
 cation of boys, and has from 300 to 400 students : they are 
 fitted for any class in college or for business pursuits. The 
 
 latter, also incorporated, has about 300 pupils. Belonging 
 to the public schools are libraries, containing in all above 
 8000 volumes. The Albany Institute, having for its object 
 the collection and diffusion of scientific information, possesses 
 a valuable mineralogical ciibinet and a library of some 6000 
 volumes. The Young Men's Association, established for 
 mutual improvement, has a valuable library of 8000 or 9000 
 volumes, and sustains annually, during the winter season, a 
 course of lectures upon literary and scientific s»ibjects. Be- 
 sides the libraries mentioned, there is the Slate Library, con- 
 nected with tho Capitol by a corridor, a fire-proof brick edi- 
 fice, with freestone fronts upon two streets, and the upper 
 room lighted from the roof. The law department is sa:d to 
 be the best of any library in the Union. The entire library 
 numbers near 7o,000 volumes, and is rapidly increasing. It 
 has also a valuable collection of coins, inanuscrijjts, and maps. 
 
 The State Agricultural Rooms or Halls, in tho old State 
 House building on State street, contain a valuable and most 
 interesting collection in natural history and agriculture; 
 above them are the Geological Rooms. In the same building 
 are the valuable collections nuide in the progress of the 
 preparation of the magnificent State Natural llistoi y. 
 
 Among the benevolent institutions may be named the 
 Orphan Asylum, which is liberally endowed, and provides 
 for all tho destitute orphans of the county: the building is 
 a fine structure, situated 1 mile W. of tiio City Hall. The 
 Almshouse, Ij/^ miles S.W. of the city, is a large establish- 
 ment, with a farm and also a lunatic asylum attached to it. 
 
 Seven daily, three semi-weekly, and seven weekly itapors 
 are publisheil in the city. There are also 9 banks and 6 
 savings institutions. A new railroad bridge crosses the 
 Hudson hero 
 
 Albany is advantageously situated for commerce, at the 
 hciul of the sloop navigation on the Huilson, and comnmui- 
 cates by means of canals with Lake Erie, I.ako Ontario, and 
 Lake Cliamplain. An immense amount of freight arriving 
 by tho Erie Canal here enters the Hudson River. It is also 
 the centre in which a number of very inii)ortant railroads 
 meet, connecting it with New York, Boston, Buffalo, and 
 other less prominent places. One of the most important 
 articles in the commerce of Albany is lumber. The clear 
 pine of Michigan and Canada, the oak, cherry, and poplar 
 of Ohio, the common pine of Pennsylvania and New York, 
 meet here, furnishing one of the largest luinlier markets in 
 the world. The value of lumber staves and shingles received 
 at Albany in lSri3 exceeded $7,000,000. The receii»ts of lum- 
 ber, &c., by canal for the five years previous to and including 
 18tJ3 are as follows :. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Boards and Scantling 
 
 Shingles. 
 
 Timber. 
 
 Slavei. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Thousand. 
 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 I8S9 
 1860 
 1861 
 lWi2 
 1863 
 
 291,771,762 
 301,022,600 
 162.9i2,'i00 
 223,899,100 
 243,611,500 
 
 48,7S6 
 41.222 
 31,-82 
 32,622 
 21,223 
 
 70,38 f 
 46,888 
 44.754 
 148,217 
 307,700 
 
 87,035 
 74,392 
 71,892 
 105,106 
 73,373 
 
 Albany is supplied with water from Patroon Creek,recei ved 
 into a general reservoir 4 miles from the city, whence it is 
 distributed by means of intermediate reservoirs to 267 
 hydrants. 
 
 " The Dutch first established a trading-post on Castle Island, 
 immediately below the present site of Albany, in 1614. Fort 
 Orange Wiis erected, where the city now stands, in 1623. The 
 place was subsequently known as Beaver Wyck and William- 
 stiilt. It received the name of Albany, in honor of the 
 Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II., at the 
 time when it came into the possession of the English, in 
 1664. It was chartered a city in 1686. 
 
 Pop. in 1800, 5289; inl820, 12,630; in 1840, 33,721 ; in 1850, 
 50,713; in 1860, 02,367. 
 
 ALB.^NY, a thriving post-village and township of Greene 
 CO., Wisconsin, 16 miles from Monroe, and 8 m. from Broad- 
 head. The village is on Sugar River. It has 6 stores, 100 
 dwellings, 2 churches, and 2 flouring-mills. Pop. about 600. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-village, capital of Gentry co., Missouri, on 
 the W. fork of Grand River, 45 miles N.K. of St. Joseph. It 
 has 2 churches and 1 newspaper office. Pop. about 600. 
 
 ALBANY, a river, fort, and district of British North 
 America: the river, connected by a series of lakes with Lake 
 Winnipeg, flows E.N.K. through 8 degrees of Ion., and enters 
 James"s Bay near Fort Albany. 
 
 ALBANY, a small maritime division of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, about 550 miles E. of Cape Town. Whole length 
 about 65 miles; breadth, from 30 to 40 miles. The N. 
 portion of the division is intersected by Great Fish River. 
 The climate is extremely healthy. The cotton-tree, 
 though not cultivated to any extent, succeeds well, and 
 produces cotton of good quality. The most productive of 
 cereals is maize; wlieat is successfuily cultivated, but 
 is subject to rust ne.ar the coast. Barley and oats are 
 abundant. Great solicitude is entertained for the im- 
 Ijrovement of live-stock. The stock of sheep amounts to 
 about 311,000; goats, 84,963; horned cattle, 46,429 ; horses, 
 
 47 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 S0!4. Oapital, Graham's Town. Pop. of division, 14,723, of 
 whJeh 6132 are colored. 
 
 .\LbA\Y, a post-township of Oxford CO., Maine, 15 miles 
 W. l>y N. of Paris. Pop. 813. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-township of Carroll co., New Hampshire, 
 about 60 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 430. 
 
 ALP.ANY, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, 6 
 miles 8. of Iraslnirg. Pop. 1224. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. ir.86. 
 
 ALBANY, a township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1137. 
 
 ALBANY, a flourishing town of Baker co., Geor<ria,on tne 
 right bank of Flint River, at the mouth of Kinchafoonee 
 Creek, 110 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. It is the largest 
 town in the county, and is a place of much activity. Steam- 
 boats ascend the river from the Gulf of Mexico to this pkace. 
 The cotton which is annually shipped here amounts to 
 about 12.000 bales. The South-Western Railroad, which now 
 terminates at Oglethorpe on Flint river, will probably be ex- 
 tended to Albany, and increase its importance. The adja- 
 cent country is considered as fertile as any part of the state. 
 Albany is incorporated, and contains 2 or 3 churches, 18 
 stores, and a newspaper office. Pop. 1618, 
 
 ALBANY, a post-office of Caddo parish, Louisiana. 
 
 ALBANY, a postrvillage of Henry co., Tennessee, 106 miles 
 W. of Na.shville. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Kentucky, 
 126 miles S. of Frankfort. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. 
 
 ALB.VNY, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, about 10 
 miles N.E. of Muncie. 
 
 ALB.ANY, a flourishing post-village of Whitesides co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Mississippi River, 177 miles N. by W. of Sprinc- 
 field. It carries on an active trade on the river. Pop. 628. 
 
 ALB.ANY, a post-village of Albany township. Greene co., 
 Wisconsin, on Sugar River, abo\it 26 miles S. of Madison; 
 The river furnishes fine water-power, which gives motion 
 to several mills. 
 
 ALBANY, a township of Marquette CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 AI.iB.VNY, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on the right 
 bank of the Willamette, at itsjunction with the Callapooya 
 river, about 25 miles S. of Salem. It is the county-seat. 
 
 ALBANY, a town and seaport of W. Australia, capital of 
 the CO. of Plantagenet, on King George Sound ; lat. 35° 3' S., 
 Ion. 117° 52' 40" K. 
 
 ALBANY ISLES, on the N.E. coast of Australia. There 
 are six in number, but only one of considerable size. In 
 the S.W. of the great island there is a harbor suitable for 
 large vessels, where drinking water may be obtained. 
 
 ALBARKDO, ai-bS-nVDo, a village of Northern Italy, 15 
 miles S.I<I. of Yerona. near the Adige. 
 
 ALBAUI!ACIN,ill-biR-id-theen', a town of Spain, on the 
 Guadalaviar, Aragon. 19 miles AY-N.W. of Teruel. at the S. 
 declivity of a mountain. It is a bishop's see, and has some 
 manufactures. 
 
 AL'BATROSS ISLAND, a small island of Bass's Strait, 
 Australia ; lat. 40° 22' S., Ion. 144° 39' E. 
 
 AI.,B.VY, dl-bl', a town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, capi- 
 tal of the province, and residence of a governor ; the province 
 is fertile, but subject to frequent volcanic eruptions. Pop. 
 13,115: of the province. 123.695. 
 
 AL15AY BAY or GULF, on the coast of the isl.and of Lu- 
 zon, one of tiie Philippines. It is large and secure, and 
 almost landlocked. 
 
 ALBAYDA, il-Wni,, a town of Spain, Valencia, 12 miles 
 S.W. of San Felipe. Pop. 3130. 
 
 ALBEGNA, Sl-b^n'yd, or ALBANIA, ai-bain'yj, (anc. Al- 
 binia,) a river of Tuscany, rises in Slonte Labro, flows S.W., 
 and enters the Mediterranean, 5 miles N. of Orbltello, after a 
 course of 30 miles. 
 
 ALBEMARLE, a town of France. See Aumale. 
 
 ALBEilARLE, al-lje-marl', a county in the E, central part of 
 Virginia; area about 700 square miles. The James River 
 forms its .southern boundary, and it is drained by tlie Ri- 
 vanna and Hardware lUvers, affluents of the James, which 
 rise by several small branches in the W. part of the county. 
 The lilue Ridge forms its N.W. boundary, and a ridge called 
 Southwest Mountain, or Carter's Mountain, extends across 
 the county in a N.E. and S.W. direction. The surface is 
 beautifully diversified, and the scenery in all parts of the 
 county is exceedingly picturesque. The soil of the valleys 
 and 1 iver bottoms is remarkably fertile, and a large portion 
 of the highlands is susceptible of cultivation. In 1S50 it 
 produced 798,354 bushels of corn; 278,575 of wheat ; 191.549 
 of oats; 4328 tons of hay; 1.456,.300 pounds of toljacco, and 
 164,882 pf)und8 of butter. The produce of com was greater 
 than that of any other county in the state. Rivanna River 
 is navigable in the eafitern part of the county, which is in- 
 tersected by the Central Railroad of Virginia, lately con- 
 Btructed, while the James River Can.il p.isses along the S. 
 border. Alljemarle is distinguished as the native phvce of 
 Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States. 
 Capital, Charlottesville, Pop, 20,026 ; of whom 12,709 were 
 free, and 13,916 sIuvob. 
 4S 
 
 ALBEMARLE, a post-village, capital of Stanton cc., North 
 Carolina, 120 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 ALBE.AIARLE, a post-office of Carroll CO., Blississippi. 
 
 ALBEMARLE (iil-be-marl') ISLAND, the largest of the 
 Galapagos, in the Pacific ocean ; lat. 0° 66' S., Ion. 91° 38' W. 
 Summit, 4700 feet in elevation. 
 
 ALBEMARLE SOUND, situated in the N.E. part of North 
 Carolina, extends from the Atlantic westward alxmt 60 miles, 
 and is from 4 to 15 miles wide. It communicates with Cur- 
 rituck Sound and with Pamlico Sound by narrow inlets. 
 Tlie water is nearly fresh, and not affected by the tide wave 
 of the sea, from which it is separated by a narrow island. 
 
 ALBENDORF, Sl'bgn-dorf\ a village of Prussian Silesia, 
 8 miles W.N.W. of Glatz. Near it is the sanctuary of New 
 Jerusalem, said to be visited annually by 80,000 pilgrims. 
 
 ALBENGA, il-bJn'gd, (Hnc.AVbium,Tn(j(n(frmm,) a seaport 
 city of Sardinia, at the mCiuth of the Centa, in an unhealthy 
 spot of the Riviera, 44 miles S.W. of Genoa. Pop. 4736. It 
 has Roman antiquities and feudal editices. Albenga was 
 the head-<iuarters of Napoleon in 1796. 
 
 ALBENS, drb6N<=', a town of Sai-diuiii, in Savoy, 6 miles 
 N.N.E. of Aix. 
 
 ALBERBURY, iW>er-ber^, a pari.sh of England and Wales, 
 cos. of Salop and Montgomery. Old Parr was born in this 
 parish in 1483. 
 
 ALBERCA, ai-bJK/ki, a town of Spain, 4 miles S. of Mur- 
 cia. Pop. 2406. The name Alberca is also given to a river 
 in Alicante, a mountain in Avella, a town in New Castile, 
 and a village in Leon. 
 
 ALBERCIIE, il-baiR'ch.'l, a river of Spain, which rises in 
 Old Castile, and after a course of about 148 miles, falls into 
 the Tagus. 
 
 ALBERES (drbair/) MOUNTAINS, the name of the E. por- 
 tion of the Pyrenees. 
 
 ALBERIQUE, dl-bil-ree/kA, a town of Spain, in A'alencia, 11 
 miles N. of San Felipe, on the high road to Madrid. P. 3101. 
 
 ALBERONA, il-bA-ro/nS, a town of Naples, in a valley, 22 
 miles W. of Foggia. Pop. 2900. 
 
 ALBEROBELLO, iP bi-ro-bSllo, a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Bari. Pop. 3800. 
 
 ALBERSDORF, ai/bers-doRf\ a village of Denmark, Hoi 
 stein, 19 miles S.W. of llendsburg; near it is a remarkable 
 Ilea then altar. 
 
 ALBERT, irbain/, (formerly called Ancre,} a town of 
 France, department of Somne, on the Railway du Nord, 18 
 miles N.E. of Amiens, with woollen and cotton factories, and 
 paper mills. Pop. (1852) 3,507. 
 
 Al/BERT LAKE, in South Australia, Russell co., joins Lake 
 Victoria by a strait at its N. extreniitj-. 
 
 ATjBERTON, dl'bgr-t9n, a post-office of Howard co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 AI/BERTON, a town of North Australia, on the banks of 
 the Alliert River. 
 
 ALBERTOPOLI. See Aldert-Ville. 
 
 ALBERT RIVER, North Australia, falls into the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria. 
 
 Al/BERTS, a post-ofiice of Luzerne co., Pennsylv.ania. 
 
 ALBERTSON, Al'bert-spn, a village of Tipp.ah co., Missis- 
 sippi, 16 miles S. of Ripley, and about 200 miles N. of Jack- 
 son. It is surrounded .by rich plantations of cotton. 
 
 ALBERTSON'S, a post-office of Duplin co,. North Carolina, 
 about 80 miles S.E, of Raleigh. 
 
 ALBERT TOWN, a village of South. Austnalia, about 1 
 mile distant from Adelaide, and connected with it by a good 
 road, constructed at an expense of 14.000?, 
 
 ALBEltT-VILLE, drbaiii/veel, {li. Alhertrrpdi, dl-b^R-top/o- 
 le,) a city of Sardinia, Upper Savoy, near the confluence of 
 the Isero and Arlv, formed by tlie union of the two towns 
 Ospitale(L'lIopital)and Conflans, in 1835. Pop. 3406. 
 
 ALBI. See Alhy. 
 
 ALBIA, al'be-a, a new and thriving town, capital of Mon- 
 roe CO., Iowa, about 60 S.E. of Dos .Mcjines, and .about 24 
 miles S.S.W. of Oskaloosa. It is situated in a fertile farming 
 district, diversified by prairies and woo<llaiKls. Pop. 620. 
 
 ALBIANO, dl-be-d/no, a vill.age of Italy, in Tuscany, pro- 
 vince of Pisa, 16 miles S. by E. of Pontrenioli. 
 
 ALBINEN, dl-bee'ngn, a village in Switzerland, canton of 
 Valais. 
 
 ALBIGA. See Aibt. 
 
 ALBIGEOIS or ALBIGENSES. See Aldt. 
 
 ALBINO, Sl-bee'no, a town of Northern Italy, 8 miles N.E. 
 of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ALBION, Allie-on, the ancient name of Great Brit.ain, said 
 to have been given to it on account of the lofty white cliffs 
 on the S. shores of the island. 
 
 ALBION, Jlljo-on, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 26 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop VtH. 
 
 ALBION, a post-village of Providence co., Rhode Island, 18 
 miles from Providence, has manufactures of prints. 
 
 ALBION, a stopping-place on the New York and Erie Rail- 
 road, in tlie township of New Albion, 31 i- miles E,SJ!;. of 
 Dunkirk. 
 
 ALBION, a post-village and township, capital of Orleans co., 
 New York, is situated in Barre townsliip. on the Erie C.inal, 
 and the Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Fails Railroad, 
 
ALB 
 
 ALC 
 
 •botit 40 m. N.E. of Biiffiilo. The village contains 5 clnirclies, 
 
 1 academy for boys, 1 feniiile seminary. 7 uteam-engines for 
 driving niacliinery, 1 coiirt-linnse, 1 jail, "2 stove-foniiilries, 
 
 2 banks and 1 newspaper office. Pop. of tlie townsliip, 2'J70. 
 ALBION, a township of Oswego co., New York, on the 
 
 Watertown and Kome Kailroad, 30 miles from M'atertown. 
 Pop. 2348. 
 
 ALBION', or JACK'SONVILLE, a thriving postrvillage of 
 Erie co., Pennsylvania, on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 26 
 miles S.\V. of Erie. It owes its (growth to the navigation of 
 the canal, which was completed in 1 845. Pop. 300. 
 
 ALBION, a post-villajje of Ashland co., Ohio, about 88 miles 
 in a straight line N.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 ALBION, a post-township of Calhoun co., Michigan, 97 
 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. 1720. 
 
 ALBION, a flourishing post-village of Calhoun co., Michi- 
 gan, in the above township, on the Kalamazoo Kiver and 
 Slichigan Central Railrojul, 97 miles W. of Detroit, 12 miles 
 E. of Marshall, in the midst of an undulating and fertile 
 country. It is a place of considerable importance, and one 
 of the principjil villages in the covinty. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 ALBION, a thriving town, capital of Noble co., Indiana, 
 125 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis, and 20 miles N.^y. of Fort 
 W,iyne, was laid out in 1847. The couuty has a fertile soil, 
 and is settling rapidly. Pop. 403. 
 
 ALBION, a post-village, capital of Edwards co., Illinois, 
 170 miles i^.E. of Springfield, has a high and healthy situa- 
 tion. A plank-road alx)ut 13 miles long connects it with 
 Graysvilie. Albion contains a brick court house, 5 churches, 
 1 bank, and a woollen factory. 
 
 ALBION, a post-township of D,ane co., Wisconsin. The 
 Till.age is about 25 miles S.ii. of .Madison. Pop. 1152. 
 
 ALUION, a small vilhige of Iowa co., Wisconsin, about 50 
 miliM? W. of Madison. 
 
 ALBION GORE, a small district or township in Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. I'op. 110. 
 
 ALBIS. See Eliib. 
 
 ALBIS. irbefV, mountains in Switzerland. See ZcEirn. 
 
 ALBISOLA MAlUNA.dl-lx-s-yiimd-reo'ni.atown of Pied- 
 mont, province of .'^avona, with extensive manufiictures of 
 porcelain vases. Pop. 1503. 
 
 ALBISOLA SUPKIIIORK, M-he^onS. soo-p.VnHyrA, a town 
 of Piedmont, province of Stivona. Pop. 2317. 
 
 ALBLA.S.'illKDAM, dl-blds's r-ddm',* village of the Nether 
 lands, .South Holbind, 9 miles .S.E. of Rotterdam. Here is a 
 dam on the little streiiin Albljis, whence the name. Pop. 2040. 
 
 ALB0CA(~;EK. dl-b<>ka/ther. a town of Spain, in Valencia, 
 32 miles N.W. by N. of Castellon de la Plana. 
 
 ALBOLODPiEY. (ll-bo-lo-driUe, a town of Spain, in And.alu- 
 cla, 20 miles N.N.W. from Almoria, on the left bank of the 
 'iver Almeria. I'op. 2007. 
 
 ALBONA, il-lWni, a town of Istria, near its E. coast, 42 
 miles S.E. of Triost, with a college. 
 
 ALBON. drbAxo'. a town of France, department of Drome. 
 5 miles N.N.E. of St. Vallier, near the Rhone, with ruins of 
 the ancient castle of the Comtes d'Albon. 
 
 ALBOIt AN, 4l-bo-rdn', a small island in the Mediterranean, 
 beloniiing to Spain, half a mile lonz and one-fourth of a mile 
 broad. Lat. 35° 56' N.; Ion. 3° 6' 40" W. Inhabited by 
 fl.shermen. 
 
 AI>-liO.STAN, Jl-bostin', (i.e. "the garden,") a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey. See Bostan, El. 
 
 ALBOllG, a town of Denmark. See Aalboro. 
 
 ALBOURN, 41'burn, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ALBOX. dl-bon', a town of Sp.ain, in AndalusLo, 40 miles 
 N.N.E. of Almeria, on the banks of the Rambla de Oria. 
 which divides the town into the two quarters of San Fran- 
 cisco and La Lema. It has several good streeis, and a fine 
 square. Pop. 7425. 
 
 ALBRF'DA, drbr.iMJ', a town of Africa, in Senegambi.a, on 
 the O.ambia, below the British Fort James. The French have 
 a trading station here. 
 
 ALBRTGHTON, Al'brl-ton, a pjirish of England co. of Salop. 
 
 ALBRIGHTS, Allirltes,' a post-village of Des Moines co., 
 Iowa .about 3 miles N.W. of the Mississippi River, and 65 
 miles S.S.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 ALBRIGHTS VILLE, dl^brites-viP, a post-viUage of Carbon 
 JO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ALBUERA, al-boo-A/ri, a river of Spain, province of Ba- 
 iajos, rising in the mountains, empties itself into the Gu.a- 
 rtiana after a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 ALBUERA, La, Id ll-boo-.Vra or li Jl-bw^'ri, a town of 
 Spain, in Estremadura, 13 miles S.E. of Bada.ios, on the left 
 bank of the river of the same name. On the 16th of M.ay, 1811, 
 the British and allies, under General Beresford, here gained 
 a victory over the French, commanded by Marshal Soult. 
 
 ALBUFEIUA, dl-boo-fj/e-rj, a seaport town of Portug.al, 
 province of .ilgarve, on the Atlantic, 46 miles E. of Cape 
 St. Vinieut. Pop. 2800. Its h.arbor, which admits the largest 
 vessels, is defended bv a citadel and batteries. 
 
 ALB0FERA, M-ho6-f\/ri, a lake of Spain, on the coast, 7 
 miles S. of Valencia, 11 miles in length by 4 in breadth. 
 It communicates by a narrow channel with the Mediterra- 
 nean, and abounds iu fish and wild fowl. Rice is cultivated 
 oa its banks. 
 
 ALBTJLA, Jl'boo-lJ, a mountain pass of Switzerland, Ori 
 sons, leads ai'ross Mount Albula from the valley of BergUn 
 to the Upper Engadine, and fiom the basin of the Rhine to 
 that of the Inn. Its culminating point is 7713 feet abovu 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 ALBUSfOL, dl-boon-yol', a town of Spain, in Andalu.sia, 
 province of Grenada, 35 miles W. by S. of Almeria, near the 
 coast of the Mediterranean. It is well built, has clean, paved 
 streets, a iroo<l .square, and several convents. Pop. 0764. 
 
 ALBUeiUEKQUE, ll-boo-kSn/kA. a town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, near the Portuguese frontier. 20 miles N. of liadajos. 
 Pop. 5470. It has a castle, and manufactures of cotton ana 
 W0f)llen cloths. 
 
 ALBUQUERQUE, Jl-boo-kJH/ki. almost dl-boo-kair'k.A, a 
 post-town of Bernalillo co., New Mexico, on the left bank 
 of the Rio Grande, aliout 60 miles S.W. of Santa Fe. Camp 
 Vigilance, a United States military post, garrisoned by dra- 
 goons, is in the immedi.ate vicinity. Pop. 1203 
 
 ALBUQUERQUE, dl-boo-k^R'kA, a village of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Matto Grosso, on the Paraguay, 88 miles N. of Fort 
 Nova Coimbra. 
 
 ALBUQUERQUE ISLANDS, or SOUTH-WEST KEYS, a 
 group of islands in the Caribbean Sea, 110 miles E. of the 
 Mos(iuito coast. Lat. 12° 4' N. ; Ion. 81° .50' E. 
 
 AliBURG. Al'bftjg, a post-township of Grand Isle co., Ver- 
 mont, situated on a peninsula between the Canada line, Mis- 
 sisque Bay, and Richelieu River, communicating with Lake 
 Chami>lain. Pop. 1793. 
 
 ALBURG SPRINGS, a post^village of Grand Isle co., Veiv 
 mont, 87 miles N.AV. of Mnntpclier. 
 
 ALBU'RGII, dl'brp' or il'btir-fih, a parish of England, co. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 ALBURY, ill'ber-e, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 ALBURY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ALBUKY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 ALBY or ALBI, alOiee or drhee', (L. AUriffa, Allha Au- 
 (7!«.s'fci.) a city of France, capital of the department of Tarn, on 
 the left bank of the Tarn River, on a hill in the midst of the 
 plain of Languedoc, ,338 miles S. of Paris, and 42 miles N.E. 
 of Toulimso. It is the seat of an archbishop. It is very ill 
 built, the streets being narrow, irregular, and dirty, and the 
 houses all of brick. Besides a tribunal of commerce and a 
 commercial college, there are in the town a museum of na- 
 tural history, a .socioty of rural economy, trade, and statis- 
 tics, and a public library of more than 12,000 volumes; also, 
 a theatre and l)arracks. The manutactures are of coarse 
 linen cloths, sacking, cottons, tal)le-cloths, kandkerchiefs, 
 and wax candles. The town suffered much in the religious 
 wars of France: and from it the Protestant reformers of the 
 twelfth and thirteenth centuries, called in French Alhirjemx, 
 (rlrbee^zhw J' : Latin, Alhi'ijenses, al-be-jia's6z,) took their 
 nam.>. Pop. in 1852) 1.3,788. 
 
 A LB Y or A L B I, al'l )et^ ( Fr. pron . 3Pbee'.> a town of Sardin ia, 
 in Savov, on the Cheran, 9 miles S.E. of Annecy. Pop. 1092. 
 
 ALBY or ALDBY, Al'bee, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ALBYN or ALBINN, the ancient (Celtic?) name of Scot- 
 land, from Alb or Alp, signifying " highland" or " moun- 
 tain." 
 
 AlyCACER DO SAL, al-klss/er do sjl, (i. c. "salt ca-stle.") 
 (anc. S(/aaa,) a town of Portugal, province of Estr<>madnra, 
 on the Sadao, 46 miles S.E. of Lisbon. It has manufactures 
 of mats and trade in salt. 
 
 ALCALA DE CHIVERT, il-kj-la/ drl cbe-valt!tA a town of 
 Spain, in Valencia, 29 miles N,E. of Castellon. Pop. 4954. 
 
 ALCALA DE GUADATRA, M-ki-W dA gwa-Di'rd, a town 
 of Spain, 7 miles E. of Seville ; with a Moori.sh castle, and an 
 extensive trade in grain. Pop. 6702. 
 
 ALCALA DE HENARES, i\-ki-W dA f'n-SJrh. a walled 
 city of Spain, in New Castile, 17 miles E.N.E. of Madrid, on 
 the right bank of the Ilenares. Since the removal of its 
 university to Madrid, it is in a state of rapid decay. The 
 printing establishment founded by Ximenes, and which pro- 
 duced his polyglot bible, no longer exists. Alcal.a has a 
 military academy, 2 public libraries, and 3 schools of primary 
 instruction. Cervantes was born here in 1547. Pop. in 
 1768, 22,000: now, 3500. 
 
 ALCALA DEL JUCAR, ll-ka-lS/ dM Ho-VkaR, a town of 
 Spain, in Murcia, in a rocky locality, on the left bank of the 
 Jucar, 19 miles N. by W. of Albiicete. Pop. 2883. 
 
 ALCALA DE LOS GAZULES, il-ki-W d.i loce gl-thoo/l?s, 
 a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the slope of the Ronda 
 Jlountains. 37 miles E. by S. of Cadiz. It is situated at a 
 height of 2530 feet above the sea, and comprises an old and 
 new town. Pop. 6120. 
 
 ALCALA DEL RIO, l\-ki-W d?l ree/c, a town of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, 8 miles N. of Seville, on the Guadalquiver. 
 Pop, 2820. 
 
 ALCALA-LA-REAL, K\-H-W-\i-A-iV, a city of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, 30 miles S.W. of .Taen. in a glen, on the N. side 
 of the Granada Mountains, at a height of about 2700 feet 
 above the sea level. It is irregularly built, with steep and 
 narrow streets, but has a large square, ornamented with a 
 fountain. The chief public buildings are a town and court 
 house, a civil hospital, formerly a fine abl)ey, several con- 
 
 49 
 
ALC 
 
 vents, and a t<iwer containing the first clock made in Spain. 
 Pop. 11.521. 
 
 ALCAMO. aiOtl-mo, a town of Sicily, 22 miles E. of Tra- 
 pani, c;ipit;U of the district, picturesquely situated on a hill, 
 with towers ana edifices of a Moorish origin. Pop. 15,500. 
 Near it are the ruins of a theatre, and other interesting re- 
 mains of the ancient S''fl'''-</ta. 
 
 ALCAXADRE, dl-kd-nd/dri, a river of Spain, in Aragon, 
 rises in the Sierra de Guara, and joins the Cinca after a 
 eoui-se of about 00 miles. 
 
 ALCAXAR, il-fcd-naR', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 19 
 miles S. of Torto.sa. Pop. 3022. 
 
 ALCAXKDE, dl-kd-ni'dd, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Estremailura, 12 miles X. of Santarem. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ALCASf [Z, il-kin-yeeth', a walled town of Spain, in Ara- 
 gon, province of Teruel, on the right bank of the Guadalupe, 
 60 miles S.E. of Saragossa, Pop. 5100. 
 
 ALCANTARA, dl-kdn'ti-rl, (Arab. " the bridge," anc. Korf- 
 ba OcEsarela.) a fortilied town of Spain, in Estremadura, on 
 the left bank of the Tagus, near the Portuguese frontier, 35 
 miles N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 4273. The city derives its name 
 from the magnificent bridge over the Tagus, which was 
 burned by the national troops in 1836, and remains in a 
 ruined state. 
 
 ALCANTARA, dl-kSn tl-ri, a river of Sicily, which sepa- 
 rates the districts of Messina and Catania, and falls into the 
 Mediterranean S. of Taormina. 
 
 ALCANTARA, dl-kdn'td-ri, a seaport town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Marauhao, on the W. side of the estuary of the 
 Haranhao, near its mouth. 
 
 ALCANTARILLA, dl-kan-td-reel'ya, ("the little bridge,") 
 a town of Spain, 5 miles S. of Murcia. Pop. 3481. 
 
 ALCANTARILLA, an inn and a Roman bridge in Spain, 
 IS miles S. of Seville. 
 
 ALCARAZ, ll-k^rdth', a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 34 miles W.S.W. of Albacete, at the foot of the Sierra de Al- 
 caraz. It has ruins of an ancient castle, and manufactures 
 of woollens, and mines of copper and zinc. Pop. 7325. 
 
 ALCASAiyiCA CREEIC, of Georgia, enters the Ocmnlgee 
 in Irwin co. 
 
 ALCASSAR CEGUER,al-kas'serthA-gaiR/,a small fortified 
 village of Morocco, on the Strait of Gibraltar, at its narrow- 
 est part. 
 
 ALCATRAZ or ALCATRAS, il-ki-trls', a small rocky 
 islet on the N.W. coast of Africa; lat. 10° 37' N., Ion. 15° 
 21' W. 
 
 ALCATRAZES or ALCATRASSES, il-kj-tras'sls, a group 
 of barren rocks on the E. coast of South America, 20 miles 
 from the mainland; lat, 24° 6' S., Ion. 45° 40' W. 
 
 ALCAUDETE, dl-kOw-d-Vti, (anc. ITiiditufnum?) a town of 
 Spain. Andtdueia, 24 miles S.W. of Jaen. Pop. 6242. 
 
 ALCAZAR (or ALCACER) DE SAN JUAN, dl-kd/thf r d.i 
 sin-hoo-dn' (almost sdn-Hwdn',)a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile, 46 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 7540. It has manu- 
 factures of soap, gunpowder, and hitre. 
 
 AIXAZ/AKKEBEER (or KEBIR,) ke-beeR/, ("the great 
 palace,") a city of Morocco, 80 miles N.W. of Fez. Pop. 5000. 
 Near it is a bridge (Alcantara) where Sebastian, king of Por- 
 tugal, was defeated and killed, August 4, 1578. 
 
 ALCESTE, Jl-sesf, a small island in the Gulf of Pe-chee- 
 lee. (Yellow Sea,) 3 miles N.W. of the N.E. point of Shan-toong. 
 
 ALCESTER, pronounced and sometimes written AWL'- 
 STER or AW/STER, a market-town of England, co. of War- 
 wick, at the junction of the Alne and Arrow, 13 miles W.S.W. 
 of Warwick. Pop. in 1851, 2339. It has a fine church, and 
 is the principal seat of the needle manufacture. Alcester 
 is supposed to have been a Roman station, and was a plaoe 
 of note before the Contjuest. Traces of its ancient abbey 
 are still visible. 
 
 ALCIRA. il-thee'ri, (anc. Srriahicula.) an ancient walled 
 town of Spain, 25 miles S.W. of Valencia, on an island in the 
 Jucar. Pop. 13,000, mostly agricultural. It has 2 fine 
 bridges, and ne.ar it is a remarkable stalactitic cavern. 
 
 ALCISTON, il'sis-ton, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ALCOBA, SERRA DE, sjK'Ridi dl-ko^bd, a chain of moun- 
 tains in Portugal, province of Beira. 
 
 AIXJOBA^A, dl-ko-bS/sl, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Estrem.idura, on the small river Alcoa, 20 miles S.W. of Lei- 
 rla. Pop. 2000, with an ancient abbey, in which are the 
 tombs of many kings of Portugal. 
 
 A LCOB E N D A S, Jl-ko-pjn'd,^, a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile, 10 miles N.N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1052. 
 
 ALCOCER, il-koHhaia/, a town of Spain, 29 miles S.E. of 
 Guadalajara. Pop. 1350. 
 
 ALCOENTRE, al-ko-^n'trd, a small town of Portugal, 20 
 miles S.W. of Santarem. 
 
 ALCOLEA DEL RKI, ai-ko-lA'i dJl ree'o, a town of Spain, 
 26 miles N,E. of Seville, near the right bank of the Gujidal- 
 quivir. with ruins of an ancient castle. Pop. 1747. Many 
 small Spanish towns are named Alcolea. 
 
 ALCO'NA, a county recently organized in the E.N.E. 
 part of Michigan, bordering on Lake Huron, contains about 
 e30 square miles. It is drained by the Au Sable River. The 
 census of 1850«gives no returns of the (lopulation or pro- 
 ductions of this county. Pop. in 1860, 1S6. 
 60 
 
 ALD 
 
 ALCONBtTRT, Jl'kpn-ber-i, two pfirishes of England, CO. 
 of Huntingdon. 
 
 ALCONCUEL, dl-kon-chJl', a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura. 25 miles N.N.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2020. 
 
 ALCORA, dl-ko/rd. a town of Spain, 45 mile.s N.N.E. of Va- 
 lencia, Pop. 5609. Exports fruit. 
 
 AiycORN'S, a village of Ad;iu- co., Iowa, 100 miles W. by 
 S. of Iowa City. 
 
 ALCOUTIM or ALCOTDI, ai-ko-tee\G',atownof Portugal, 
 province of Algarve, on the Guadiana, 25 miles N.E, of 
 Tavira. 
 
 ALCOVE, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin, 
 about 70 miles N.E. of Madison. 
 
 ALCOVER, il-ko-vaiR', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 10 
 miles N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 2812. 
 
 ALCOA'Y RIVER, Georgia. See L'lcofauhachee. 
 
 ALCOY, ai-ko'e, a town of Spain, 24 miles N.N.W. of Ali- 
 cante, Pop. 27,0(30. It has many new buildings, numerous 
 paper and woollen factories, and consider.tble commercial 
 activit)'; 200,000 reams of paper are annually made. 
 
 ALCOY, il-ko'e, the name of a small river of Spain, in 
 Valencia, flowing N.E. about 45 miles into the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 ALCDDIA, dl-koo'Do-d, a fortified town of Spain, in Ma- 
 jorca, on a peninsula at its N. extremity, between the 
 b.ays of Puerto Mayor and Puerto Menor, 31 miles N j;. of 
 Pal ma, 
 
 ALCUDIA DE CAR LET, dl-koo'i>e-l Ah kaR-lJt', a town of 
 Spain, 22 miles S.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1759. Alcudia is 
 the name of several other Spanish towns. 
 
 ALCUESCAR, il-kwiVkdR, a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura, 28 miles S, of Cioeres, Pop. 3560. It was founded by 
 the Moors of Granada in 830. 
 
 ALDABRA, il-di'bra, an island in the Indian ocean, com- 
 posed of three sepai-ate parts connected by coral rocks, N. of 
 Madagascar ; lat. 9° 20' S., Ion. 46° 35' E. 
 
 ALD.\N, il-ddn', a river of Siberia, government of Ya- 
 kootsk, the principal tributary of the Lena, rises in the Aldai> 
 Mountains, near the Chinese frontier, and joins the Lena in 
 lat. 63° 12' N., Ion. 129° 40' E., after a course of about 300 
 miles. 
 
 ALDAN (al-dinO MOUNTAINS, a chain of mountains in 
 E. Siteria, branching off northwestward from the Stanovoi 
 Mountains, from lat. 61° 20' to 67° 30' N. Total length, above 
 900 miles. The elevation varies from 2000 feet to upwards 
 of 4000 feet. Mount Kapitan, the most elevated summit, is 
 4263 feet high. According to some geographers, the Aldan 
 Mountitins comprise the whole mountain system in the N Ji 
 part of Asia, including the Kamtchatka chain. 
 
 ALDAYA, il-di'd, a town of Spain, 7 miles W. of Valen- 
 cia. Pop. 1975. 
 
 ALDBOROUGII or ALDEBURGH, ild/bflr-iih, a seaport 
 town of England, co. of Suffolk, between the sea and the 
 estuary of the Aide, 9^ miles S. of Dunwich. It has lately 
 become a place of resort for sea bathing. Crabl)e; the poet, 
 was born here in 1754. Pop. (1851) 1627. 
 
 ALDBOROUGII. a marketrto^vn and parish of England, co. 
 of Y'ork, West Riding, wapentake of Claro, on the Ure, 16 
 miles W.N.W. of Y'ork. It is irregularly built on the North 
 Watling Street, and is supposed to replace the ancient Isn^ 
 rium Brigantium. Pop. (1851) 2438, 
 
 ALDBOROUGII, a parish of Emrland, co. of Norfolk 
 
 ALDBOURNE. Ald'biirn, or AUBOURNE,aw'burn, a parish 
 of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ALDBROUGII, ild'brtth, (?) a parish of England, co. of 
 Y'ork, Etist Riding, contains a flourishing village. One of 
 the finest Roman pavements in Britain was discovered here 
 in 1848. 
 
 ALDBROUGII, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 ALDBURY, Ald'ber-e. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 ALDBY'. a parish of England. See Albt. 
 
 ALDE. Aid, a river of England, co. of Suffolk, rises near 
 Framlingham, runs generally south-eastward, and near 
 Aldobrough dilates into a long and winding estuary, which 
 joins the North Sea at Orford. 
 
 ALDEA DA VILA DE DUERO, dl-d.VI di've-ld Ah doo-Vro, 
 a town of Spain. 43 miles W. of Salamanca, on the left bank 
 of the Duero. Pop. 1490. 
 
 ALDEA DEL CANO, dl-d.VJ dJl kd'no, a town of Spain, 15 
 miles S. of C&ceres. Pop. 1205. 
 
 ALDEA DEL OBISPO, dl-d.VJ dM o-bees^po, a town of 
 Sp.ain. province of Salamanca. Pop. 506. 
 
 ALDEA DEL REY, dl-dA'S dJl A or rhie, a t^wn of Spain, 
 New C.tstile, 12 miles S.S.E. of Ciudad Real. Po),. 16.50, 
 
 ALDEA GALEQA, iUWi. gd-l.Vgd.a town of Portugal, Es- 
 tremadura, on the estuary of the Tagus, 10 uiil.s E. of Lis- 
 bon. It is a ferry station on the way from Lislxin to Ba- 
 dajos. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ALDEA A'ELHA, dl-d.Vd vtM'yd, a seaport town and hai^ 
 bor of Brazil, on the Bay and 8 miles S.E. of EspirVo Santo. 
 
 ALDEBY, dl'dt-be, or ALDEBURGH, dld'bQr-ah, a parish 
 of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ALDEN, dl'dfn, a post-township of Erie co.. New York, 
 22 miles E. of Buffalo, and iS20 W. of Albany. Pop. 2442. 
 
ALD 
 
 ALE 
 
 The Tillage is situated on the Rochester and Buffalo Rail- 
 road. 
 
 AFjDEN, a post-villaze and township In the N. part of 
 MoIIenry co.. Illinois. TO miles N.W. of Chicago. I'op. 94.i. 
 
 ALDI<;N'IIAM. Sl'den-am.a parish of England, eo. of Herts. 
 
 ALiDKNIIOVKN, dl'den-hoVen. a town of Khenish Prus- 
 sia, Sk miles .'*.W. of .luiieh. Pop. 12u6. 
 
 ALPENVILr>E,Al'den-Til, a post-office of W.-jyne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ALDEKBROOK, il'df r-br6«k, a posfcoffice of Independence 
 CO., Arliansas. 
 
 ALDEHBURY, 4l'der-ber-4, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 ALDER (.il'dfr) CREEK, a post-office of Oneida co., 107 
 miles W.N.W. of Altianv. 
 
 ALDERFORD, dl'der-ford, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ALDERLEY, ^I'der-l^, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. In the church is the tomli of Sir Jlatthew Hale, 
 born in this parish Xoveml)er 1, 1009. 
 
 ALDERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Chester. It is 
 the stjition of the Manchester and Birmingham Railway. 
 
 ALUElt.MASTON, .'il'dfr-uia.'i't9n, a market-town and p.a- 
 rish of England, co. of Berks, on the Kennet, 8 miles E. of 
 Newburv. Pop. 783. 
 
 ALDEIOIINSTER, dl'd?r-min*st?r, a parish of England, 
 CO. of \Vorcest<>r. 
 
 Ar.DERNEY, Al'der-n*, or AURIGNY, (anc. Piduna.) an 
 Island in the ICnglis'h Channel, off the coast of Normandy, 
 belonging to Great Britain, diocese of Minchester. 10 miles 
 W. of Cape la Uogue. Lat. of telegraph. 49° 41' 5" N. : Ion. 
 2° 13' 7" W. Circumference, about 8 miles. Pop. 1030. It 
 is well cultivated, and not<'d for its breed of small cows, but 
 has no good harbor, and little trade. In its centre is a town 
 of the same name. 
 
 ALUKKXEV, Race op, a strait between the alwve Island 
 and Capt" la Ilogue, dangerous ft-om the strength and rapid- 
 ity of its tides. .See Caskets. 
 
 ALDERSHOLT, dl'dfrs-hAlt, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hajits. 
 
 ALDEBTON, Al'der-ton, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 ALDERTOX, a p-arish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ALDERT(tX, a parish of Ensland, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ALDERTOX. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 AI>UEOHD.;ild'tfira, a pjirish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 ALDII.VM, dl'dam. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ALDIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 AIVDIE. a small post-vilUige of Loudon CO., Virginia, Little 
 River, 149 miles X. of Richmond. A slackwater navigation 
 is in progress of construction, which will ext<ind from this 
 villase to the Potomac, a distance of 17 miles. 
 
 ALDIXGBOURXE, ild'ing-burn, a parish of England, co. 
 of Sussex. 
 
 ALDIXGIIAM, .ild'ing-am, two united parishes of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Lancaster. 5J 'miles S. of Ulverstone. The area 
 of these parishes lias been much diminished within the last 
 three or four centuries by encroachments of the sea. 
 
 ALDIXGTOX, ild'ing-ton, a parish of England, co. of 
 Kent. 
 
 ALDRIDGE. .ild'ri.i, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 ALDllIXGIIAM, dld'ring-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 ALDSTOXE, Ald'ston or Jl'ston, or ALSTOX-MOOR, a 
 market-town and parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 19 
 miles E.S.E. of Carlisle. Slore than 1000 persons are em- 
 ployed in the lead-mines in the vicinity. 
 
 ALD.^WOltTU, dlds'wgrth, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 ALDWIXCKLE,01d'win-k-l,)ALL S.UXTS, a parish of 
 England, co. of Northampton. Dryden was born here in 
 1631. 
 
 ALDWIXCKLE, St. PETER'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 ALDWDRTII. dld'wprth, or ALLDER, Al'dgr, a parish of 
 England, co. of Berks. 
 
 ALEDO. i-Wno. a town of Spain, 17 miles S.S.W. Murcia; 
 with ancient Roman walls. Pop. 1029. 
 
 ALEGRETE. i-lA-gru'tA, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Alemtejo. 8 miles S.E. ol' l^ortalegre. 
 
 ALEGRI.A., R-LA-gree'd, a village of Spain, province of Oui- 
 puzcoa, in a plain on the Oria, at the foot of ."Mount AldaVia. 
 2 miles S.W. of Tolosa. Pop. 857. Chief industry, agricul- 
 ture, and iron-forges on the Oria. 
 
 A LEI, i-lrl'. a river of Siberia, an affluent of the Obi, in the 
 government of Tomsk. 
 
 ALETSKOI-LOKTEVSKOT, i-lA'^skoyMok-tSv'skoyS a 
 town of Asiatic Russia, government of Tomsk, 137 miles 
 S.W. of B^jsk, and near one of the richest copper-mines in 
 Sil>eria. 
 
 ALEKSAXDRI.A., 1-lSk-sin'dre-Jl, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Caucasus, 10 miles S. of Georgievsk. 
 
 ALEKSAXDRdV or ALEXAXDROV, a-Uk-san-drov^ a 
 town and forrress of Russia, government of Caucasus, 
 eituaiau 43 miles N.W. of Georgievsk. 
 
 ALEKSAXDROV. European Russia. See Alexaxt>bov. 
 
 ALKKSAXDROVKA or ALEXAXDRUVIvA, ^-iMi-sdn- 
 drov'kj. the name of a great number of small towns ii) 
 Russia, there being no fewer than four in the government 
 of Kherson. 
 
 ALEKS.^XDROVSK, a town of European Russia. See 
 Alexantiriivsk. 
 
 ALEKSIEPSKOE, ^-Uk-se-Jp'sltoAN a town of Rus.sia, 
 government, and 110 miles X.E. of Saratov. 
 
 ALHKSIX or ALKXIXK, ^-IJx-een', written also ALE- 
 SEI.\.\, a town of European Russia, government of Toola, 
 on the -Oka, about loil miles S. of Moscow. Two great fairs 
 are held here annually. Pep. 2500. 
 
 ALEM.4XIA, the Spanish name of Germant. which see. 
 
 ALEMOL'TII, AILOIOUTII. or ALXEMOUTU, a st-aport 
 town of England, co. of Northumberland, at the mouth of 
 the Alne in the Xorth Sia. 4 miles S.E. of Alnwick. P. 4S8 
 
 ALEMQUER or.ALENQUER, a-l^N^-kaip.', a fortified town 
 of.i'ortugal. in Estremadura. on the river of the same name, 
 25 miles X.X.E. of Listen. Pop. 3200, with extensive paper- 
 mills. 
 
 ALEMQUER or ALENQUER, i-l^so-kalR', a town of Bra- 
 zil. 60 miles W.S.M'. of Montalegre. 
 
 ALEMTK.TO or ALEXTE.I(), d-lt'^NO-tA'zho, (i. e. "beyond the 
 T.agus." the speaker l>oing supp<ised to stand in Lisbon.) a pro- 
 vince of Portugal, between lat. 37° 20' and 39° 40' N. ; having 
 Beiraontho N., Algarve on the S., Spiiin on the E.. and the 
 Atlantic Ocean and part of E,stremadnra on the W. Area, 
 10.024 square miles. Pop.(]S60) 284,831. Climate extremely 
 hot and dry: surface undulating. Chief rivers, the Tagus 
 (Tejo) in the N., Guadl.ana in the E., and Sado in the S. Lis- 
 bon is mostly supi)lied with com from hence, and rice is 
 grown in the low grounds. There are manufactures of 
 woollen cloth and eaithenware. Principal towns, Evora, 
 (the capita!,?) Beja,VillarVi9osa, Portalegre, Elvas, and ts- 
 tremoz. 
 
 ALEXQOX, 3-lJn'son, (Fr. pron. SM^noVAno',) a city of 
 France, capital of the department of Orne. in a plain on the 
 Sai-the, 105 miles W.S.W. of Paris. Pop. (1852) 14,760. It 
 is well built, with promenades on the site of its ancient 
 walls, a cathedral, court-house, public library, and a church 
 built in the eighth century. The industry of this town has 
 greatly changed within twenty years; it now consists of 
 tanneries, cider distilleries, lileaching, spinning, and print- 
 ing. The manufacture of the celebrated lace called point 
 d'Alen^on still occupies five or six principal houses: the 
 produce is distinguished in the exliibitions of national in- 
 dustry. The crystjil.s called Alongon diamonds are found in 
 its vicinity. 
 
 ALKP'l'O, called by the natives (Arabs) HALEB, or 
 IIALEB ES SlIABBA, hi'lJb ?8 shaVbi, (anc. ClMlh/hm 
 and JleraJa,) a city of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a pa- 
 shalic, in the N. of Syria, and one of the princijial 
 empfiriums of the Ottoman Empire, on the Kowek. (anc. 
 ChuHm.) 70 miles E. of the Jiedit^-rranean. Lat. 36° ll' X. ; 
 Ion. 37° 10' E. Pop. estimated at from 60,000 to 85,000 : Tiut 
 previously to the earthiiuake of 1S22 it is said to have beeu 
 upwards of 200,(X)0. In ancient times the citj' rose to im- 
 portance on the destruction of Palm3ra, and became the 
 great emporium of trade between Europe and the East. It 
 is encircled by Saracenic walls, outside of which are large 
 suburbs, the whole being aliout 7 miles in circumference. 
 Its appearance, on appraaching it, is striking and pictu- 
 resque. Numerous mosques, cupfibis, and min.arets — the 
 last of dazzling whiteness — crowd on the eye; the fiat roofs 
 of the houses on the hills rise, one Ix'hind another, in a suc- 
 cession of hanging terraces: while a profusion of cypress and 
 poplar trees imparts lieauty .and animation to the whole. 
 But on entering the gates, much of this pleasing illusion is 
 dispelled. The .streets are found to be gloomy and silent; 
 the shops mean-looking, and the baths and fountains heavy, 
 unadorned structures. The houses, however, are well and 
 substantially built of stone, two or three stories in height ; 
 mostly in the Saracenic style, with spacious apartments, large 
 windows, and richly ornamented walls and ceilings, the latter 
 Ijeing often beautifully painted and gilded. An abundant 
 supply of water is furnished from springs about 8 miles dis- 
 tant, by means of an ancient aqueduct. The celebrated gar- 
 dens, 12 miles in length, are situated to the S.E. of.the city. 
 Aleppo has a castle, a Mohammedan college with numerous 
 pupils, many Christian schools and churches, .several large 
 inns, and many extensive warehouses and bazaars. Sillis, 
 cottons, and gold and silver thread stuffs are prepared here 
 for the supply of the Turkish provinces ; and here are also 
 extensive soap-factories, dye-works, and rope-walks, the last 
 in some vast caverns outside the city. Aleppo has numerous 
 mercantile houses, and its position for trade is very advan- 
 tageous. Principal imports, galls, sUk, wool, goats'-hair, 
 India piece-goods from England: cotton yarn and fabrics, 
 cochineal, sugar, indigo, silks, woollens, and colonial goods, 
 from France; woollens, cups, glass, coral, paper, velvets, 
 steel. &c., from Germany and Italy. Large caravans arrive 
 from Bagdad, Bosra, Diarbekir, Mosul, Koordistan, and 
 Armenia. Consuls of most European nations reside at 
 Aleppo. About 30 miles N.W. is AnqouTagh, a mountain 
 
 61 
 
ALE 
 
 with ruins of a convent, and a number of deserted villages. 
 
 which indicate its former populousuess. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 Alkpi'I.ne, ^lep-peen'; native Halebee. hi'leb-ee. 
 
 ALKIVPO, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1198. 
 
 ALERIA, d-li-ree'i, a decayed town of Corsica. It derives 
 its name from the liomaii colony of Aleria. 
 
 ALEUT/, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 .\LGS, d/lJs, an episcopal town in the island of Sardinia, 30 
 miles N.N.AV. of Cagliari. It has a small but elegant cathe- 
 dral, and mineral springs. Pop. 1135. 
 
 ALliSlIK, i-ljshk', a town of llussia, government of Tau- 
 rida, on the left bank of an estuai-y of the Dnieper, opposite 
 Kherson. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ALKSI.\. See Alms. 
 
 ALESIUM. See Ause-Sainte-Reine. 
 
 ALKSS.4lM)RIA, ai-Js-sdn/dre-a, (called "Delia Paglia," 
 — dfil-id pal'yd, from its first houses having been roofed 
 with straw,) a fortified city of Piedmont, in a sterile 
 plain on the Tanaro, and on the railway from Turin totienoa. 
 b<i% miles E.S.E. of Turin. Pop. of the town, in 1S62, 
 27,027, exclusive of the suburbs, and the garrison. It is 
 well built, is the see of a bisliop, luis a catliedral, a royal 
 college, and a theological seminary, several hospitals and 
 orphan asylums, a gymnasium, and very e.xtensive bar- 
 racks. The formidable foriifications constructed during 
 the domination of the French rendered it one of the strongest 
 places in Europe ; but these are demolished, and only the 
 citadel is left. It has fabrics of silk. linen, and woollen 
 goods, stockings, and hats, with a large trade, and two 
 great annual fairs. Two miles S.E. of Alessandria, in an 
 extensive plain, is the village of Marengo, celebrated for the 
 great victory gained here by jS'apoleon over the Austrians, 
 14th of June, 1800. 
 
 ALESSANDRIA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citia, 1-1 miles N.E. of Castrovillari. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ALESSANO, M5s-s^no, a town of Naples, 19 miles S.W. of 
 Otranto. Pop. 1745. 
 
 ALESSIO, ^l&'se-o, (anc. irs'.ws,) a town of European 
 Turkey, in Albania, on the left bank and near the mouth 
 of the Drin, 17 miles S.E. of Scutari. Pop. 3000. Scander- 
 beg was buried in its fortress. 
 
 ALET or ALETII, knif, (L. Alec>ta,) a small town of 
 France, department of Aude, on the river Aude, 6 miles S.E. 
 of Limoux. 
 
 ALEUTIAN (a-lu'she-an) or ALEUTAN (a-lu'tan) ISLANDS, 
 a group of i.slands belonging to Russia, iii the North Pacific, 
 extending between Kamtchatka and the peninsula of Aliaska, 
 in Russian Americi. from lat. 52° to 53° N., and from Ion. 
 172° W. to 171° £. They include several groups, y'iz.. the true 
 Aleutian, Andreanov, and Fox Islands, and are rocky and 
 volcanic, having some volcanoes in constant activity. The 
 inhabitants, estimated at 8700, subsist mostly by hunting 
 end fishing, vegetation being scanty, and agriculture almost 
 unknown. Chief exports, otter, fox, and other skins, the 
 trade in which is monopolized by the Russo-Americau Com- 
 pany. 
 
 ALEXANDER (Island,) a small island in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, about lat. 69° 30' S. ; Ion. 75° 0' W. 
 
 ALEX.'VX'DER, a county towards the W. part of North 
 Carolina, has an area of perhaps 300 square miles. It is 
 drained by the South Yadkin. The surfiice is elevated and 
 hilly; a portion of the soil is fertile. The county was formed 
 in 1846, from Wilkes. Caldwell, and Iredell counties. Capi- 
 t)il, 'liiylorsville. Pop. tj022; ot whom 5411 were free, and 
 611 slaves. 
 
 ALEXANDER, a county forming the S. extremity of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 245 S(iuare miles. It is situated at the 
 confluence of the Ohio with the Jlississippi River, the latter 
 of which forms its boundary on the S. and S.AV., and sepa- 
 rate-s it from Missouri. Ca-sh River flows along the E. border 
 of the county until it enters the Ohio a few miles from the 
 mouth of the latter. The surface is. low, and some parts are 
 subject to inundation; the soil is fertile. The Central Rail- 
 road of Illinois has its S. terminus at Caii-o, in this county. 
 Capital, Tliebes. Pop. 4707. 
 
 ALEXANDER, a post-township of Wasliington co., Maine, 
 25 miles N. of Macliias. Pop. 445. 
 
 ALEXANDER, a post-township of Genesee co., New York. 
 Pop. 1801. 
 
 ALEXANDER, a post-village in the above township, on 
 Tonawanda Creek and the Ratavia and Attica Railroad, 258 
 miles W. of Albany. It contains 6 stores, 3 churches, and a 
 fiourishing seminary. Pop. about 350. 
 
 ALE.XANDEll, a post-village of Rurke co.. Georgia, near 
 the source of Beaver Dam Creek, about 90 miles E. of Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 ALEXANDER, a small village of Cannon co.. Tennessee. 
 
 ALK.XAXDER, a township of Athens co.. Ohio, about 80 
 miles S.E. of Columbus. The village is nearly in the centre 
 of tlie township, on the road which runs S. from Athens to 
 the Ohio River. Pop. 1675. 
 
 AliKXANDER, a village of Licking co., Ohio, on the Rac- 
 coon Fork of Licking River, about 12 mUes VV. of Newark. 
 Pop. 350. 
 
 5-.^ 
 
 ALE 
 
 ALEXANDERSBAD, a-Ux-du'dei-s-blf, mineral springs 
 and baths, in Bavaria, province of Upper Franconi.t, 17 milce 
 N.E. of Baireuth. 
 
 ALEXAN/DERSVILLE or ALEXAN/DERVI LLE,a post^vil- 
 lage of Montgomery co., Ohio, on the Miami Canal, and near 
 the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, 7 miles S. of Dayton, 
 and 75 miles AV.S.AV. of Columbus 
 
 A LEXAN DRAPOL FORT, Russia. See Goombee. 
 
 ALEXANDP.ETTA, al-e.K-an-dret/ta. See IsK,\NnEROON. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, al-ex-an'dre-a, (anc. AlexandrVa ; Gr. AAtf- 
 aviptia; Arab, and Turk. Iskanderec/yeh ; named from its 
 founder, Alexander the Great,) a celebrated city and seaport of 
 Egypt, near the westernmost branch of the Nile, on theMedi- 
 terranean, 112 miles N.W. of Cairo, with which it commuui- 
 cates by the Mahmoodeey eh Canal and the N ile. Lat. of I 'haros, 
 31° 12' 9" N. ; Ion. 29° 53' E. The modem city is built on a 
 peninsula, (anciently the Island of Pharos.) and on the isth- 
 mus connecting it with the continent; the ancient city was 
 on the mainland, where its ruins cover a vast extent of sur- 
 face. Alexandria has a new p;ilace of the pasha, a large 
 naval arsenal, naval and milittiry hospitals, a custom-house, 
 tribunal of commerce, primary school of instruction, medi- 
 cal, naval, and other schools. In the new streets and 
 squares it has more the a.spect of a European than of an 
 African or Asiatic city. The Turkish quarter is irregular 
 and dirty, but the Frank quarter has many good streets, 
 and a fine scjuare outside of the cit}'. Country houses line 
 a part of the ancient canal leading to the W. arm of the 
 Nile, which was restored by Mohammed All. There are two 
 ports, in the western and best of which ships anchor in fiom 
 22 to 40 feet of water. A castle called Farillon, and serving 
 as a landmark to sailors, replaces the famous Pharos of anti- 
 quity. Alexandria is the great emporium of Egypt. The 
 principal exports are corn, cotton, wool, gums, rice, dates, 
 senna, and hides. The principal imports are cotton, woollen, 
 and silk goods, hardware, and machinery, with timber, coal, 
 drugs, and colonial products. The total value of exports in 
 1847 was $11,659,705, ($5,322.3.39 to Great Britain.) and of 
 imports, $6,744,085, of which $2,216,255 was fi-om Great 
 Britain. The number of foreign arrivals in 1849 was 1499, 
 clearances. 1400. Alexandria is an important station in the 
 overland route to India. A railroad has recently been con- 
 structed to Cairo; a connection which must contribute 
 greatly to the prosperity of both cities. It has regular steam 
 communication %vith Constantinople, Triest. JIarseilles, and 
 England. Consuls of the chief European countries reside here. 
 
 The ancient city of Alexandria was founded in the year 332 
 B. c. Under the liberal sw.ny of the Ptolemies it rose to great 
 eminence as a seat of learning, becoming not more famous for 
 theextentof its commerce and wealth than for its philosophy 
 and literature. Even after its subjection to the Roman Em 
 pire, Alexandria scarcely lost any of its splendor. It wag 
 considered second only to Rome, and still engrossed, as it 
 had done before, the trade of India. Its library, fjunded by 
 Ptolemy Philadolphus, surpassed all others of which anti- 
 quity could boast, nitmbering 700,000 volumes, of which 
 400.000 were in the library of the Museum, and the remain- 
 ing 300,000 in the library attached to the temple of Serapis. 
 The former was accidentally destroyed by fire dviiing the 
 war with Julius Caesar, and the latter by command of the 
 Calif Omar, in the year 640. From this period the city fell 
 into decay, till its ruin was completed by the discovery of 
 the passage to India by the Cape of Good Hope. Its popu- 
 lation, once numbering 600,000 souls, is said to have lieen 
 reduced to 6000. But, under the goverment of Mohammed 
 Ali, it greatly recovered; and at present its population is 
 computed to amount to 80,000. including the garrison of 
 6000 or 8000 men, and the sailors of the fleet, reckoned at 
 12,000. The ancient city of .Alexandria was of gre.it extent, 
 having a circumference of 15 miles. Of the entire area, one- 
 fourth was covered with temples, palaces, and public build- 
 ings. Pompey's Pillar, Cle<3patra's Needles, and the cata- 
 combs at the Necropolis, are now the most interesting 
 
 remains. Ad,), and inh.ab. .\lf.xandrl\n, al-ex-au'dre-an ; 
 
 Arab. Ska\dera.\ee, skdn-der-3'nee. 
 
 ALEXAN'DRI.\, Piedmont. See Alessandria. 
 
 ALEXAN/DRI.i, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, 
 parish of Bouhill, on the Leven, 3i miles N. of Dumbarton. 
 Pop. 30.39, mostly employed in cotton printing. 
 
 ALE.XAN/DRIA, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on the Potomac River, opposite AVashington City, 
 has an area of about 36 square miles. The surface is hilly; 
 the soil thin. The Or.ange and -Alexandria Rai!roa<l termi- 
 nates at Alexandria, the capital of the county; and a canal 
 has been made from that city to Georgetown, in the District 
 of Columbia. Pop. 12,652, of whom 11,2 i6 were free, and 1388 
 slaves. This county formerly constituted a part of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia. ■ It was retroceded to Virginia by an actof 
 Congress passed tluly 9th. 1844. 
 
 ALI-LX.ANDltlA. a post-township of Grafton, co., NaT* 
 Hampshire. .34 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1253. 
 
 ALKXANDUIA, a village towards the S.E. extremity of 
 Essex CO., New York, near the N. end of Lake George. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, a post-township of JeiT-rson co.. Now 
 York, on the river St. Lawrence; it comprises within it? 
 
ALE 
 
 ALG 
 
 limits a portion of the Thousand Islands in that river. 
 Pop. 3S0S. 
 
 AIjK.YANDRIA, a village in the above township, aliout a 
 mile from the .St. I>awren<,'e. and 27 miles X. of Watertown. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, a township in Hunterdon co., New Jer- 
 sey. Pop. 4ns8. 
 
 ALK.XANDRIA, a posl>iiorou;jh in Morris township, 
 Huntinijrdon co., Pennsylvani.^, on the Pennsylvania Canal, 
 and on Frankstown branch of the Juniata. 98 miles W. by 
 N. of llarrislmrji. It is a place of active business, and one 
 of the larfiest towns in the county. Pop. in 1860, 534. 
 
 ALKXAXDRIA, a city, port of entry, and capital of Alex- 
 andria CO., Virijinia, on the rif;ht bank of the Potomac, 7 
 miles Iwlow Wa-shington. Lat. 38° 49' N.; Ion. 77° 4' W. 
 The river, here one mile wide, forms a commodious harbor, 
 suRiciently deep for the largest ships. The city is pleasantly 
 situated on uiidulatin!» ground, with a fine view of the Capi- 
 tol at Washington and of the broad Potomac. The streets 
 cross each other at right angles, and are generally well 
 piived and lighted with gas. The public buildings are a 
 court-house and alxiut 12 churches. There are 3 banks. 2 
 newspaper offices, and several excellent schools. W^ter ig 
 supplied to the city from a small stream called Cameron's 
 Run. Some shipping is owned here. In which grain and 
 flour are exported. Tobacco was formerly an export. A 
 canal has been opened to Georgetown, iiitensocting the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and a railroad 90 iiiile.s long 
 extends tVom tliis city to Gordonsvillo on the Central Rjiil- 
 road. Tliese iiiiprovenieuts were finislied in 1802, and 
 have attracted considerable trade to tliis port. The ship- 
 ping ot tlie district, June 30, 1S51, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 3771 tons regi.stered, and &044 tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the latter, 7o2i) tons were employed in the 
 coa.st trade, and liiCO tons in steam navigation. The foreign 
 arrivals for the year were 67, (tons 20,866,) and the clear- 
 ances for foreign ports Gl, (tons 17,o6.5.) 
 
 Alexandria is now connected with Leesburg (about 40 
 miles distant), and a railroad has lately been opened' to 
 \Va.shington, thus communicating with tlie Baltimore and 
 Ohio Road. Pop. in ISOO, 12,654. 
 
 ALi;XANDKIA. a post-village of Benton co., Alabama, 
 aljout 130 miles N.E. of Tu.soaloosa. 
 
 AI/KXAXDRIA. a post-village, capital of Rapides parish, 
 Ltmisiana, on Red lUver. 350 miles by water W.X.W. of New 
 Orleans, and 160 miles liy the course of the river from its 
 mouth. Steamboats ply fre<iuently at all seflsong between 
 this town and New Orleans, and they can also ascend many 
 miles further. The village is pleasantly situated on a plain 
 in the ceutreof a rich cotton-growing region. Pop. 1401. 
 
 ALKXAXDRIA. a post-village of De Kalb co., Tennessee, 
 45 miles K. of Nashville. 
 
 ALK.XANDRIA, a post-village, capital of (Campbell co., 
 Kentucky, on the state road, leading from Newport (the for- 
 mer cjipital of the county) to Lexington, about 13 miles 
 S.S.K. of Newport, and 60 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 
 alout 1000. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, a postrvillage of Scioto co., Ohio, near the 
 mouth of Scioto River, 4 miles W.S.W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 ALEXANDHIA. a flourishing post-village of Madison CO., 
 Indiana, on Pipe Cfeek, alxiut 45 miles N.N.E. of IndianajK)- 
 lis. This place has several steam saw-mills and stores, and 
 is improving rapidly. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, a thriving town of Clarke co., Missouri, 
 situated on Fox River, near its entrance into the Missis.sippi. 
 It contains some 20 stores or upwards, and would doubtless 
 rise to be a place of much importance, was it not unfortu- 
 nately subject to inundations. Pop. 952. 
 
 ALEXAN'DRIA, a postrvillage of Canada West, co. of Glen- 
 garry, 70 miles W. of Montreal. It contains a carding-mill 
 and tannery: also manuf;ictures of cloth, pearl-ash, wagons, 
 and other articles. Pop. about 500. 
 
 ALKXANDRIA CENTRE, a post-village of Jefferson co.. 
 New York. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, (J-Ux-in/dre-a,) St. PAUL, a village of 
 Russian America, in the island of Kodiak, with an excellent 
 port. 
 
 ALEXANOiRIA TRO'AS, called by the Turks ESKEE 
 ST.A.MBOOL, (i. e. " old city,") a small town on the coast of 
 Asia Minor, 4 miles S.E. of Tenedos. 
 
 ALEXANDRIANA, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., 
 North Carolin.a, 160 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 ALEXANDRINA, LAIiE, South Australia. See Victoria. 
 
 ALEXANDROPOL. See Goomree. 
 
 ALEXANDROVorALEKSANDR0V.a-l5x-anMrov'.atown 
 of Russia, government, and 55 miles W.N.W. of Vladimeer, 
 on an affluent of the Kliasma. It has an imperial stud, and 
 a convent founded by Ivan IV., who established here the 
 Srst printing-press known in Russia. 
 
 ALEX.\NDROV, a new town of Ru.ssian Poland, govern- 
 ment, and about 60 miles W". of M'ar.saw. Pop. 3200. 
 
 ALEXANDROV, a Russian fortress, government of Cau- 
 casus. See -AlF.KSANDROV. 
 
 ALEXANDROVKA. See At.eksandrovka. 
 ALEXANDROVSK, i-lix'hi'drovsk'. a fortified town of 
 Jussia, capital of a cu-cle, on the left bank of the Dnieper, 
 
 below its cataracts, government and 40 miles S. of Tekate 
 rino.slav. Pop. 4000. It is the place of embarkation lor !il. 
 the products exported by this river to the Black Sea. Therr 
 are towns and stations of the same name in the government* 
 of Orenlxxjrg, Caucasus, and in Russian America. 
 
 ALEXANDR(A>KY, it-lex-an-drov'skee, or ALKKSAN- 
 DROVSKAYA, d-lJx-dn-drov-skd/yd, a manufactui-ing depot 
 of Russia, government and 6 miles S.E. of St. Petersburg, on 
 the left bank of the Neva, with cotton, flax, and yarn tacto- 
 ries, sail-cloth, m.achinei-y, and a government porcelain fac- 
 tory. It was destroyed by fire January 1, 1840: but has 
 since been restored. 
 
 ALEXISBAD, d-Ux'is-bat/, a resort for mineral wat<?rs. ic 
 AnhaltrBemburg, 2 miles W. of Ilarzgerode. 
 
 ALEXOPOL, a-lJxVpol- or ALEXINK. ^-l^x-een', a town ol 
 Russia, government and 40 miles S. of Poltava, on the Orel 
 having a large annual fair. 
 
 ALEYBEII, d-lA'beh, a village of Western Africa, near the 
 left bank of the Senegal. Lat'. 16° 50' N. ; Ion. 14° 4' W. It 
 is a large and populous placg, 
 
 ALEYOR. See Alavor. 
 
 ALFACAR, il-f3-kd.K/, a town of Spain, in Granada, at the 
 foot of a mountain of the same name. Pop. 1049. The 
 houses of this town retain all the jx^culiarities of Moorish 
 architecture. 
 
 ALFAQUES, dl-f^'kis, a seaport of Spain, In Catalonia, 
 province of Tarragona, on the B;iy of Alfaques, (i.e. "'the Kiy 
 of the sandbanks.") in the Mediterranean, at the mouth of 
 a branch of the Ebro, and joined to it by a canal, 14 miles 
 S.E. of Tortosa, of which it is the entrepdt. It has extensive 
 salt-works. 
 
 ALFARO, ai-fJ/ro, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, on the 
 Ebro, 37 miles S.E. of I^ogrofio. Pop. 4084. 
 
 ALFELD. 41'f^lt, a town of Germany, 27 miles S. of Han- 
 over, on the I>eine. Pop. 2600. 
 
 ALFIDEN A, M-fe-dtVnL (anc. Avfidefna,) a town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Citra, 23 miles S. by E. of Sulmona, 
 on the Sangro. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ALFOLD, 41'fold, or AW'FOLD, a parish of England, co. 
 of Sui rey. 
 
 ALFONT'. a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, 24 mile* 
 N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ALFORD. il'tord, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Jiincoln, 24 miles N.N.E. of Boston. Pop. 1045. 
 
 ALFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 
 AIjF(JRD, 4l'f9rd, a district and parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 ALFORD, Al'f9rd, a post-township of Berksliire co., Mas.sa- 
 chusetts, on Green river, au affluent of the Uousatonie, 130 
 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 542. 
 
 ALF0RDS\'1LLE, Al'fijrds-vil, a past-village of Robeson 
 CO., North Carolina, 107 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 ALFORDSViLIiE, a vill.age of Davie.ss co., Indiana, near 
 the East Fork of White river, and 15 miles S.E. of Washing- 
 ton, the county seat. 
 
 ALFORT. dribii/, a hamlet of France, depariment of Seine, 
 5 miles S.E. of Paris, with a royal veterinary college, esta- 
 blishment of rural economy, and a botanical garden. 
 
 ALFORJA. dl-foR'iii, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15 
 miles W. by N. of Tarragona. Pop. 2230. 
 
 ALFRED, Al'frfd, a post-village and township, capit.al of 
 York CO., Maine. 78 miles S.W. of Augusta. The village cm- 
 tains a court-house, jail, 4 churches, and an academy. P. 1256. 
 
 AIjFRED, a township of Alleghany co.. New York, inter- 
 sected by the New Y'ork and Erie Railroad, about 250 miles 
 W.S.W. of Albany. It contains an academy. Pop. 1S67. 
 
 ALFRED, a post-village in Orange township, Meigs co., 
 Ohio, about 100 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 ALFRED CENTRE, a post-village in Alfred township, Al- 
 leghany CO., New Y'ork, 250 mles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 ALFRETON, lil'fre-ton, a market-town and paris'h of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Derby, 12 miles N.N.E. of Derby, it is supposed 
 to derive its name from Alfred the Great. The town is irre- 
 gularly built, and many of the houses are very old. Pop. 8326. 
 
 ALFRISTON, lll'fris-tpn or il'fris-ton, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Sussex. 
 
 ALGAJOLA, il-gk-yof\i, a small fortified town and seaport 
 of Corsica, 6 miles N.E. of Calvi. 
 
 ALGAN'SEE or ALGANSI, a post-township of Branch co., 
 Michigan. Pop, 1121. 
 
 ALGARINEJO,ai-gi-re-nA'Ho,atown of Spain, 48 miles W. 
 of Granada. Pop. 4383, mostly agricultural. 
 
 At/GARKIRK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ALG ARROBO, 4l-gdR-Ro/bo. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 18 miles E.N.E. of Mal.aga. Pop. 2914. 
 
 ALGARVE, 4l-gaR/vA, or ALGAR/BIA, the southernmo.st 
 province of Portugal, with the title of a kingdom, having N. 
 the province Alemtejo, E. Spain, and S. and W. the Atlantic. 
 Area, 2151 square miles. Pop. (1850) 141.027. On its N, 
 frontier is the Sierra de Monchique, ramifications of which 
 cover most of its surface. In the S. are plains yielding aloes, 
 dates, and other tropical products. Some wine is grown, but 
 little corn or forage. Chief exports, dried fruits, kermes, 
 wine, salt, and tunny-fish. Chief towns, Tavira, Furo, and 
 Lagos. 
 
 53 
 
ALG 
 
 ALG 
 
 ALGATOCiy, |l-gJ-to-thcen', a town of Spain, in Anda-l 
 luaia, 40 miles \v7by~S. of Malagii. Pop. 2-Aii. 
 
 A UJ.A i'DA, Jl-shl'di, a town of the island of Majorca, 6 
 miles S.K. of Palina. Pop. 2869. 
 
 ALGECIIiAS or AL6KZIKAS, al-jez-ee'ras. (Sp. pron. of 
 both, il-aA-thee'ras,) a seaport town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 proi iucM of Cadiz, on the W. side of the bay of Gibraltar, 
 opposite l^ and 6 miles AV. of Gibraltar. Lat. 36° 8' N ; Ion. 
 5° 26' 5" W. Kesident pop. about 11,000. It is well built, 
 and has a well-frefjuented h;irbor. The fort is guarded by a 
 battery called Fuerte de Santia^, and it has a military hos- 
 pital of the first class. The town is supplied with water from 
 springs by means of an aqueduet, carried over the Sliel, 45 
 feet above the water. Chief tr.ade, export of charco.il and 
 tanned leiithor. It was the scene of a s;inguinary naval en- 
 gagement between the English and French squadrons, 4th 
 July, 1801. 
 
 AL6EMESI, dl-Hd-m.^-see', a town of Spain, province of 
 Valencia, near the Jucar, 21 miles S.S.W. of Valencia. Chief 
 products, rice and silk. It has a celebrated annual lair in 
 Septemlwr. Pop.4492. 
 ALGER. See .Algiers. 
 
 ALGERIA, al-jetyre-a, (Fr. Algirie, 2rzhi''ree',) a territory 
 of Northern Africa, once the Turkish regency or pashalic of 
 Algiers, but since 1S30 a French colonial province; bounded 
 on the N. by the Mediterranean Sea, E. by the regency of 
 Tunis, S. by the great Sahara Desert, and W, by the empire 
 of Morocco ; being comprised between Ion. 2° W. and 8° 45' 
 E., and between 37° 5' X. lat. seaward, and an irregular line 
 stretching S. as far as the 34th N. parallel. Its greatest 
 length from E. to W. is about 600 miles ; its great<?st breadth 
 about 160 or 170 miles ; and its superficial area has been 
 vaguely estimated at 90,000 square miles, much of which, 
 however, is only nominally under the dominion of the 
 French. The country, under the Turks, was divided into 
 the four provinces of Algiers, Oran, Coustantina. and Titte- 
 rie; but, since 1S43, the French have comprised it within 
 the three of these first named. Algiei-s is subdivided into 
 four departments, Oran into four, and Constantina into 
 three. The zone or stripe of cultivated land lying between 
 the mountains and the sea is called the Tell ; it varies in 
 breadth, from 50 miles in the provinces of Oran and Titterie, 
 to 120 miles in the province of Constantina. 
 
 The Algerian territory is mountainous, consi-sting princi- 
 pally of the ridges or slopes of Mount Atlas, which ramifies 
 throughout Algeria, enclosing several plains and valleys 
 sloping towards the Mediterranean Sea. The principjil of 
 these are the Wana.shrees, in the province of Oran. and the 
 Jurjura, S.E. of Algiers, both of which are capped with 
 snow in winter; the chain of the lefser Atlas, wliioh tenni- 
 nat-es W. of Bona, being the extreme slope of the List longi- 
 tudinal terrace of the Northern Atlas. A few peaks of the 
 greater Atlas rise between 9000 and 10,000 feet, whereas only 
 one peak in the lesser Atlas attains a height of 4500 .feet. 
 Several low plains lie between the lesser Atlas and the coast, 
 the longest being that of Metidjah, or Blidah, S. of Algiers; 
 it is nearly 44 miles long and 16 broad, and rises towards 
 the Atlas range from a siindy flat, covered with grass and 
 brushwood, to the beautiful green slopes of the mountains, 
 diversified by meadows, fields, .and woods, closely resembling 
 the scenery of Europe^ The coa.«it line, which is about (500 
 miles in length, consists nearly of an uninterrupted succes- 
 sion of clitfs. 
 
 None of the rivers of Algeria, most of which flow into the 
 Mediterranaan, are navigable for any great distance above 
 their embouchures. The country is everywhere intersected 
 by watercourses, which, although dry for a part of the year, 
 bring down, during the rains, a quantity of water which 
 floods and fertilizes the plains. These streams are divided 
 by ihe Atl.as range into those which flow N. to the Mediter- 
 ranean, and those that run S., and are lost in the lakes, 
 swamps, or sands of the Sahara. The primary formations, 
 which are found chiefly on the ranges of Mount Atlas, com- 
 prise gneiss and micaceous schist, with smaller patches of 
 granite. The secondary rocks consist of lias and calcareous 
 beds, containing few organic remains ; and those of the ter- 
 tiary period are chiefly of a yellow-gray limestone, or sand 
 and tertiary clay, enclosing beds of gypsum, iron, and salt. 
 As regards mineral product.s, iron is most abundant, espe- 
 cially in the province of Oran. Copper is found also in con- 
 siderable quantities; and there are rich lead-mines in the 
 Jobel Wanashre<!S and nejir Mascara, which are said to yield 
 80 per cent, of pure metal. Cinnatiar. also, is wrought in 
 small quantities, and there are ext»?nsive quarries of nitre, 
 salt, talc, and potter's clay. Salt and thermal springs are 
 numerous. 
 
 The climate of Algeria, on the table-lands of the lesser 
 Atlas, is salubrious and temperato, btnng unhealthy only 
 near the marshy plains, or on the coasts at the outlets of 
 flooded valleys. The average annual temperature may be 
 stated at 50° or 60° Fah. ; but. during the hot season, it fre- 
 quently rises to 100°; and. during the cold season, it falls as 
 low ns 36°. The barometer varies but little amidst all the 
 chanses of the weather, and the .annual average fall of rain 
 at Algiers may amount to 28 inches. ' The prevailing winds 
 54. 
 
 are N., varj-ing from due N. to N.E. and N.W. At certidn 
 seasons the kamseen, (khamsin.) or hot wind of the Sahara, 
 blows for a few d.ays in succe.ssion, considerably iucre.asiug 
 the temperature, and even blighting vegetation. 
 
 AVhen duly irrigated, the soil of .\lgeria is as fertile as in 
 the southern territories of Europe, ilany of the hills are 
 clothed with wood to the summit, the forests forming, in- 
 deed, a chief portion of the natural wealth of the country 
 The fig-tree, in some districts, is cultivated to a great extent, 
 and pomegranates are abundant. From the fruit of the 
 jujube-tree, which is very common, an agreeable kind of 
 cider is made. The orange and lemon groves are very ex- 
 tensive. The carob or locust-tree is found wild on the hills. 
 Cherry-trees are also met with in the wild state. The date- 
 pjilm is cultivated in the interior onlj-. The black mulberry 
 and wild olive trees are the largest in the country, and the 
 latter is among the most common, especially in the vicinity 
 of Algiers. A"in&s are grown in seveial places, from the pro- 
 duce of which good wines are made. The principal cereal 
 crops are barley and red wheat, the foi-mer cut in Maj', and 
 the latter in June. A little rye is also cultivated by the 
 French colonists. The sugar-cane has been tried, but with- 
 out success, owing to the winter's frost. Wixh indigo and 
 cochineal the result has been more favorable. Tobacco has 
 been tried, and with such success as to lead to the hope that 
 it may become a staple article of produce. But one of the 
 most useful vegetable productions of the country is the 
 dwarf-palm, which covers large districts. Its leaves are made 
 into baskets, cords, lans, sacks, sleeping mats, Ac. and the 
 tender footstalks of the lesives and tbe young flowers form a 
 principal article of food for the Arabs. The culinary vege- 
 tables comprise peas, beans, potatoes, artichokes, onions, 
 carrots, lettuce, gourds, cucumbers, parsley, basilic, sweet- 
 savory, chervil, fennel, mint, marjoram. &c., all of which are 
 in great demand. The flora of Algeria is nearly identical 
 with that of the S. of Spain. The French government has 
 done much to improve the agriculture of the country, and 
 early established a model garden, orchard, and nursery at 
 Algiers, which has now several dependent esttiblishments in 
 other parts. 
 
 Besides the animals which are found in the opposite 
 southern regions of Eiu-ope, the lion, leopard, jackall. and 
 hyena are occasionally seen in the fastnesses of the upper 
 Atlas. There are .also antelopes, jerboas, ic. and a few mon- 
 keys; and near the Sahara, vultures and ostriches are met 
 with. There are some chameleons and a few scorpions and 
 serpents, but most of the latter are harmless. Locusts occa- 
 sionally visit the country, and are sometimes destructive to 
 tbe harvests. The coasts abound with fish, including fine 
 tunny. 
 
 The indigenous population comprises Berbers, Moors, 
 Arabs. Turks, Koloughs. and Jews. The Berbers (called 
 also Kabyles) form nearly a half of the whole: they inhabit 
 the mountains lying towards the Desert of Sahara, where 
 they live in small villages. The Berbers are the most an- 
 cient inhabitants of Northern Africa. The Moors are a 
 mixed race, formed by the union of various raivs; the 
 m.ijority of their ancestors being invaders or immigrants 
 from Morocco or other regions of the W. The Anils were 
 originally Asiatics, and have preserved their distinctive 
 habits for perhaps thirty centuries : but it is probal'le that 
 at one period they greatly intermixed with the Berbers. 
 The Turks, during three centuries masters in the land, 
 have dwindled to a handful since the F'rench conquest. The 
 Koloughs, or "children of soldiers." are a mixed race, from 
 Turkish men and Moorish women. There are likewise many 
 Jews, especially in Algiers and Oran, and carrying on a con- 
 siderable foreign trade. The nature of the religion of the 
 Berbers is nearly unknown : but Islamism is the creed of 
 all the other native races, except the Jews. The general 
 language of the country is AraWe, adulterated by foreign 
 words, and others from the Berlier or Kabyle dialect. 
 
 The total indigenous population of Algi-ria is estimated 
 by some at about 2.000,000, and by others at double th.at 
 amount; but the exact numliers cannot yet lie satislactorily 
 ascertained. The progress of the increase of the European 
 population, as will be seen from the following figures, has 
 l»en rapid:— Tn 1840 it was 28,736; in 1844, 75.420; in 
 1845.96.190: 1852,119,264. 
 
 In 1845 there were 12,000 Roman Catholics in Algeria, 
 having 24 churches and 23 chapels, with a bishop and 55 
 priests. The Protestants also have consistories at Algiers 
 and Oran. The Moslem and Jewish town population 
 amounts to aliout 82.000. The public education is under 
 an inspector appointed by the French ministers. A college 
 at .Algiers has 15 professors, who give instruction in Arabic 
 and French, as well as mathematical .and practical science, 
 to about 150 students. Oran, Bona. Philippeville. and Bou- 
 giah hnvealso their res].«ctive schools, attended by about 
 ltX)0 pupils, of whom three-fourths are European, and one- 
 sixth .lews : and in all the .eading towns are communal 
 and primary schools. The ignorance of the natives, how- 
 ever, is di'i>lorable; and hitherto, owing p;«rtly to indolence, 
 partly to religious prejudiiv. they have rej-!Cted all attempts 
 at their mental improvement. Algiers uks li kcwise a theo 
 
ALG 
 
 ALQ 
 
 IO!»lcal seminary, and a collepre for Arabs of hiyh rank. 
 Nuns also, of several orders, have formed schools for the 
 natives in various districts. 
 
 The value of imports into Algeria in 1S44 was, from 
 France, 2.228,.380;. ; other foreign countries, 973,390/.: and 
 the exfiorts to France, 100.550?.; to other countries, 224,000J. 
 Ot the imports the principal were, cotton goods, valued at 
 480.300/.; woollen goods, at 259.200/.; silii gwxls, at 128,000/.: 
 grain and flour, at 1100.200/.; lime, at 259,500/. ; and refined 
 *ugar, at 116.000/.; and of these. S4 per cent, are talien by 
 the cities of .\lgi('rR, Oran, and Philippeville. The exports 
 of the same vear comprised coral, valued at 50.840/.; animal 
 skins, at 30.8t.0/.; whe.at, at 13,890/.; olive-oil, at 13,340/.; 
 and r.aw wool, at 5430/., with smaller amounts of wax, 
 leeches, tan-bark, bones, horns, and dressed feathers. In 
 the same year (1844) Frjince employed in trade with Algeria 
 »00 ships, of 154.000 tons; Knghind, 190 ships, of 22.650 
 tons; and all other countries, 3030 ships, of 316.000 tons. 
 The manufactures of Algeria are exceedingly backward, 
 owing alike to tlie indolence and ignorance of tlie natives. 
 The Jews take the higher branches of handicraft, as jewelry, 
 watcliraaking, tailoring, &c.; the .\rabs are employed prin- 
 cipally as carpenters and tanners; tlie negroes as masons, 
 bricklayers, &c. ; and the IJerljers manufacture gunpowder, 
 and work in the iron, lead, and copper mines. Tlie cliief 
 manufactures comprise linen, woollen, and silk fiibrics, sad- 
 dlery, car])ets, firearms, hardware goods, coarse potti-ry, and 
 gunjwwder. The textile fabrics are wholly made by the 
 women, who are employed .also in giindlng com. 
 
 The roads, previous to the conquest, were exceedingly de- 
 fective ; indeed, there was not a regularly formed roail in tlie 
 whole territory. It now appears, liowever, by the docu- 
 ments accompanying the French general budget of 1845, 
 that the government engineers had completed, up to the 
 close of the fifteeuth year of occupation, 4500 miles of new 
 road. 
 
 Ouvernment. — Algeria, which is divided into the three 
 provinces of Algiers. Oran, and Constantina, was. before 
 1830, under a Turkish dey. or pa.sha, of ab.solute authority, 
 elected by and ruling over the army ; but it is now under 
 the supreme power of a governor-general appointed by the 
 French government; and under him are a secretary and in- 
 tendant, the lattt'r of whom is termed the director of Ara- 
 bian affairs. The governor occupies also tlie post of com- 
 mander-in-chief. There is likewise a council of management, 
 composed of three mein)>i>rs. the director of the interior, the 
 naval commandant, military intendant, attorney-general, 
 and director of finances, nominated by the government, who 
 advise upon and confirm the acts of the govenior-genenil. 
 All the civil provinces, tiesidcs. have their m.iyors, justices 
 of the peace, and commissaries of police. The annual sala- 
 ries of the chief government officers are estimated by Quetin 
 at 149,000 francs, or .5960/. sterling; but the entire actual 
 expense to France, of the civil government of Algeria, 
 amounted, in 1845, to 2,526,000 francs, or 101.040/.; while 
 the public works ,and improvements cost 105.800/., and main- 
 tenance of the army 366,(X)0/.; making a grand yearly total of 
 673,300/. It appears, however, from the Almanaeh de f'ravce 
 for 1845, that the annual cost of Algeria to France amounts. 
 in fact. 1.210.000/.; while the gross receipts of customs and 
 dues from the colony amount ye.irly only to 4,808.000 francs, 
 or 191,700/. The military foi-ce kept up by the French com- 
 prises about 100.000 men, one-tenth of wliom are natives ; 
 and the principal military posts are at Algiers, Ilona. Calla, 
 Guelma. Missergliiii. and Mas;<gram; besides which there 
 are garrisons of French troops, to overawe the natives, in all 
 the larger towns. 
 
 Histnry. — The country now called Algeria, after having 
 reached an extr.aordinary decrw of prosperity and gnatness 
 tinder the Carthagenians for 700 years, and again under the 
 Romans for 600. fell afterwards into the power of the Van- 
 dals, and after these came the Arabs. These last, newly con- 
 verted to Mahommedanism. and commanded by skilful lead- 
 ers, had formed, in 1068. a vast empire, wliich, in the sequel, 
 ■was broken up into petty monarchies; and then the pro- 
 vince of .\lgiors made part of the kingdom of Telemsan. or 
 Tlemsen. In after days, the brothers Moudji and Kain-ed- 
 dln, noted corsairs, who were the terror of mariners, aided 
 by a band of Turkish pirates, established themselves a.s sove- 
 reign masters of the city of Algiers ; and, from that time, 
 (a.d. 1506.) it became the seat of Barbary piracy, and so con- 
 tinued for more than three centuries, to the disgrace of all 
 Christian nations. The Turkish militarv at no time ex- 
 ceeded a total of from 13,000 to 18,000 in the region of Al- 
 giers. At .all times they dwelt apart, as an alien cast*, dis- 
 daining to intermarry among the people of the country. In 
 the city of Algiers alone, in the year 1576, it was ascertained 
 that there were 25.000 Christian slaves held in rigorous 
 bondage. Finding it in vain to attempt to subdue these 
 plnates by force of arms, the Christian powers gradually 
 adopted the less troublesome expedient of paying a regular 
 tribute to the Pasha (now called Bey) of Algiers, to enable 
 their subjects to traverse the Kuropean seas in peace. Mat- 
 ters remained in this state till 1655. when .\dmiral Blake, by 
 a well-administered castigation, taught the Algerines, for the 
 
 first time, to entertain a due respect for the British flag: and 
 he was followed. al)0ut a half i-eutury later, by Admiral >iatf 
 thews, who couipelled them to submit to humiliating teriu.i. 
 and to pay a heavy fine. In 1815. the Americans captuied 
 an Algerino frigate, and compelled the dey to renounce all 
 exactions and to pay an indemnity of $r,o,OOi). But the en 
 tire aliolition of Christian slavery in the Barbary folates wan 
 accomplished July 26. 1816, ))y bombarding the town and 
 port of Algiers with 13 Eugli.sh and 6 Dutch ships, when 
 the fleet and arsenal of the .Mgeriues were utterly aunilii- 
 lated, and the libeiiition of 1008 captives effected, together 
 with the repayment of ransom to i'ieily and Sardinia, 
 amounting to $383,500. Besides this, the dey was compelled 
 to sign a treaty by which the practice of enslaving Chris 
 tians was aixilished. Kleven years after this iieriod, an in 
 suit offered by Hussein Pasha, the last dey, to the French 
 consul, whom he struck in a moment of irritation, induced 
 the government of Fiance to send an expedition against Al- 
 giers, (ieneral 15ourniont was chosen to command the army, 
 Admiral Duperre the fleet, and Captain Ilougon the convoy. 
 All set s.-iil from Toulon, May 25, 1830. On the 14th the 
 troops landed at f-idi-Feruch, 15 miles W. of the city of Al- 
 giers. After some figliting. iu which the Frendi always had 
 the advantage. Algiers o|xnied its gates, July 13, when the 
 dey gave up his city, government, and treasure: the latter 
 estimated at 48.000.000 francs, (about 9,600.000 dollars,) ex- 
 clusive, it may be added, of what was taken away privately 
 or hidden from the French. A few years after the nomiiial 
 con(iuest cf Algeria — for it was little else, in i-eality, foi 
 many yeare subsetjuent to that event — a forniidalle enemy 
 to the French arose, in the person of Abd-el-Kader. the Bey 
 of Mascara, who. placing himself at the head of all the re- 
 fractory Arabs in tlie W. part of the country, kept the French 
 at liay for upwards of 14 years. In 1845. and during this 
 protracted warfare iKjtween Alid-el-Kader and the French, 
 the latter Ixirliarously destroyed 500 or COO Jloors, by suf 
 focating them with smoke in the cavern of Dahra, in which 
 they lijid taken refuge. In retaliation for this dreadful atro- 
 city. Abd-el-Kader, in the f(.)llowing year, put to death 300 
 Fnmch prisoners. I>atterly, the war iu Algeria had been car- 
 rii>d on by the French against the ptn'son of Alid-el-Kadet 
 alone, who now resided entirely in tlie mountain tracts of 
 Morocco. Hi're, hemmed in liy tlie French, and by the forces 
 of the Kmperor of Morocco, who was in the French interest, 
 and exliausted by numerous riiverses. Ald-el-Kader at 
 length surrendereil (December 22. 1847) tf) the French gene- 
 ral. I>amori<iere : and thus terniin.ated the war. leaving the 
 con<iuei'ors in ((uiet possession of tlieir conrjUest. and at full 
 leisure to follow out those plans for the civilization and im- 
 provement of the country which they seem to have earnestly 
 entertained. Adj. and inbal). AuiEiu.vx. al-jee/re-an. 
 
 AI>(ii:i<lA DK ALAVA, &\-HiJTe-i Ak dnd-vA, a town of 
 Spain, province of Alava, 9 miles E. of Vittoriiu Pop. 857. 
 
 AI<<il';TF,, dl-n.VtA. a town of Spain, province of Madrid, 
 near the river Jarama. Pop. 1500. 
 
 AL(ii;ZAHl';S. dl-ll.'i-th^/r^s. a town of Spain, province of 
 Muriia. Pop. 2117. F;xix)rts grain and frxiit to Gibraltar. 
 
 AUiF.ZKKItAII or AIXiKZIItAU. See Mesopot.\mia 
 
 ALliEiaSE. ALGEHIN, ALGKKIXO. See Aloikus. 
 
 ALGI'iZUK or ALJK/UK. i.\-?.\ik-j.oo?J. a small town of 
 Portugal, in .\lgarve. 23 miles N.X.K. of Cape St. Vincent 
 
 ALOIIKUO. il-gi/ro, or ATXillEKI, ai-gi'ree,- a fortified 
 town and small port of the island of Sardinia, r^ipital of the 
 province, on the W. coast, 14 miles S.W. of Sassjiri. Pop. 
 hOOO. It is well defended next the sea. but is commanded 
 bj' the surrounding mountains. It has a cathedral, eon- 
 vent.s, and public schools. The port fur large ves.sels is at 
 I'orto Corte. 9 miles N.W. of Alghero. In 1837. 395 vessels 
 (aggregate burden, 10.863 .tons) entered and left the port. 
 Exports wine, grain, wool, skins, tob.acco. anchovies, coral. &e. 
 
 AUilEUS. ai-jeerz', (Arab. Al-Jezair, aijA-zaiii': Fr. Alger, 
 iPzhaiR': Sp. ylr//^;/. aR-nM': Port..47-(?c/.aR-zhel': GeT.Algier, 
 31'gheeR^; It. Algifri. dl-je-i'ree.) a seaport and city of North 
 .\frica. on the W. side of a bay of its own name, on the Medi- 
 terranean. Lilt. 36° 47' 3" X., ion. 3° 4' 5'' E. If was once the 
 capital of the regency or pashalic of the same name, long 
 nominally dependent on the Ottoman Empire; but, since 
 1831. has been the capital of the Fi-ench colonial province 
 of Algeria. It is built on the X. slope of Mount Boujarin, 
 which ri.ses about 500 feet above the bay, and the houses 
 are arranged amphitheatrewise, terminating in the espla- 
 nade on which stands the Kasbah. or old citadel. It is 
 wholly e.nclosed by an embattled wall 12 feet thick and 30 
 feet high, the strength of which is vastly increased by four 
 castles and casemated batteries. The external aspect of the 
 city is exceedingly imposing, owing not only to its fonn and 
 position, but also to the dazzling whiteness of its houses, 
 which are visil)le at a great distance. The strwits are mostly 
 narrow, tortuous, and extiemely dirt.v. as in all Moorish 
 towns : but there have lieen recently constructed, to connect 
 the principjil quarters of the town, three long thoroughfares, 
 which are tolerably wide, and comprise the principal bazaars 
 and markets. These improvements are constantly progres- 
 sive; and Algiers, which has already three well built, open 
 squares, bids tau to have its character wholly changed, ant 
 
 65 
 
 =s2i 
 
ALG 
 
 to Tje one of the handsomest cities on the Meditorranean. 
 The houses, whether of stone or brick, are annually white- 
 wssbed ; and. in consequence of the earthqjiakes. they are 
 seldom built of more than one story above the biisement, 
 e.ich tenement being flat-roofed, and provided with a tank at 
 the top to catch the rain-'nater; besides which, Algiers has 
 numerous fountains, supplying an abundance of water from 
 the aqueducts and reservoirs above the town. Among the 
 public buildings and establishments, are 10 large mosques, a 
 iiandsome cathedral, several Roman Catholic churches, a 
 Vrotestant chajjel. a number of Jewish synagc^nies, six col- 
 leges, and some convents, used as girls' schools, a govern- 
 ment house, exchange, bank, 4 courts of justice, a bishop's 
 palace, public library and museum, observatory, several hos- 
 pitals, and most extensive barracks for cavalry and infantry. 
 Algiers is the residence of the governor-general and all the 
 leading officers of the Algerian colony. The harbor of Algiers 
 is a work of inimen.se labour, tirst formed by Barbarossa in 
 1530. having a mole 580 feet in length by l-io in width, ex- 
 tending from the mainland to an islet, on which are a strong 
 castle with batteries, and a lighthouse exhibiting a revolv- 
 ing light. The bay offers no safe anchorage against the 
 severe weather of winter. The extensive jetty, or break- 
 water, however, which is to be 2400 feet long, and was com- 
 menced in 1836, has produced a sensible alteration for the 
 better. The commerce of Algiers, which was wholly insig- 
 nificant in the time of the regency, has risen to gi-eat im- 
 portance: and it has become the entrepSt of foui^fifths of the 
 trade with France and other European countries, as well as 
 with Blidah. Milianah. and other towns of the province. 
 Steam vessels leave Toulon and Marseilles three times each 
 month, and the passage is performed in 48 or 50 hours. 
 Sta-uners also frequently run between Algiers, Bona, Oran, 
 Bougiah and Philippeville. Algiers is the healthiest of all 
 the cities in the colony. Pop. 94.600. of whom 45.000 are 
 
 Europeans. Ad}, and inhab. Algeri.ne. al-jer-een'; (Fr. 
 
 Ai/jfKis, ^rzh.-l'rix"'; Ger. Aloierisch. dl'ghee-rish ; It. Al- 
 eEBJNO, ll-j.^-ree/no ; Sp. Argeuxo. aR-H.'l-lee'no.) 
 
 AI/3IERS, Louisiana. P. 5816. See New Okleaxs, p. 1318. 
 
 ALGIXET. ill-je-nSt/ or Jl-He-nfet/, a town of Spain, 16 miles 
 S. hy W. of Yalenci.a. 
 
 AliGOA (al-go/a) BAY, an extensive bay on the S.E. coast 
 of Africa. Cape Colony . between Capes Recife and Padron.425 
 miles E. of the Cape of Good Hope. It is open to S. winds, 
 but h.as good anehor.ige. The Sunday and Baasher rivers 
 flow into the bay, and at the mouth of the latter is Fort 
 Eljzalwth. Fort Frederic is on a hill adjacent. Lat. of Croix 
 Island, in the bav. 3.3° 47' 6" S. : Ion. 25° 46' 7" W. 
 
 ALGODONALES. dl-go-Do-niafs. a town of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, at the foot of the SieiTa de Lijar, 49.miles X.E. of Cadiz. 
 Pop. 33:38. 
 
 AIXiODOXES. Jl-go-do'nJz, a small village of New Mexico, 
 on the left bank of the Kio del Norte, o8 miles S.AV. of 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 ALGO'.MA, a post-village of Winnebago co., 'Wisconsin, 
 about 80 miles N.N.E. of Madison. Pop. 699. 
 
 ALGONAC, argo-nak', formerly MAN'CHESTER. a post- 
 village of St. Clair co.. Slichigan. on St. Clair River, 40 
 miles X.E. of Detroit. It has several churches and stores. 
 
 ALGOX'QUIN. a nation of Indians, once very powerful, 
 who, on the first settlement of the Europeans, possessed an 
 extensive domain along the N. hank sf the St. Lawrence, 
 about 300 miles above Trois Riviires. The entire Algonquin 
 nation at present does not number above 600. The princi- 
 pal tribe now is the Chippewas. 
 
 ALGONQUIN, a post-ofiice of Carroll co.. Ohio. 
 
 ALGONQUIN, a post>village of Houghton co. Michigan, 
 about 400 miles in a straight line N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 ALGONQUIN, a post-township of McIIenry co., Illinois, 
 about 50 miles N.W. of Chicago, intersected by the Fox 
 River Valley Railroad. Pop. 1US7. 
 
 ALGUADA or ALGOADA (il-gwiMi) POINT, on the coast 
 of Malabar, forming the N. extremity of Goa Bay ; lat. 15° 
 29' N.. Ion. 73° 50' E. 
 
 AL-HADIIR. ai-hJdV. (anc. linftm.) a mined city of Asi- 
 atic Turkey, in Mesopotamia. 60 miles S.S.W. of Mosul, 
 having a circular s))ace 1 mile in di.ameter, enclosed bv abas- 
 tioned wall, and many perfect remains and traces of build- 
 ings and tombs. 
 
 ALU AM A, dl-a/mj or dl-hi'mi, ("the bath,") a town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, 26 miles S.W. of Granad.o. on the little 
 stream Marchan. (maR-chiii'.) Pop. 6284. It has ruins of 
 Moorish walls, and near it are the celebrated warm l>atbs, 
 whence its Arabic name. 
 
 ALHAM A. a town of .«pain, 13 miles S.W. of Murci.a, with 
 6935 inhabitants, a hospital.a ruined castle, and warm baths. 
 
 ALH.\.MnK.\. the Moorish palace. See Gran.^da. 
 
 ALHAMBRA. il-hSni'liri. a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 48 miles E.S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 760. 
 
 ALHAMBHA. a town of Spain. 62 miles S.W. of Saragossa. 
 on the Jalon. Pop. 558 : with celebrated mineral springs 
 and l«ths. the A>iiu(f BiVrilitahw of ihe Romans. 
 
 ALHAM'HRA. a nost-villatre of .Madison co.. Illinois. 
 
 ALUANDRA. dl-Su'dri. a town of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dura, on the right bank of the Tagus, 18 miles N.li. of Lis- 
 66 
 
 ALI 
 
 bon. Pop. 1800. It has a safe i)ort, a fishery, and extensive 
 tile and brick works. 
 
 ALII.^NDRA, ll-hiu'drii, a town of South America, in 
 Brazil. 15 miles S.S.E. of I'aranahiba. 
 
 AWIAURIN DE LA TORRE. iWw-reen/ dii Id tor./KA, a 
 town of Spain, in Granada. 15 miles S.^V. of Malaca. P. 2717 
 
 AIJIAURIN EL GRANDE, dl-ow-reen' 61-gr4nM,-l, a town 
 of Spain, in Andalusia, 20 mily W. from Malaga. There 
 are 4 squares, 2 churehes, a town house, public store, hospi- 
 tal, numerous fountains, and soiie remains of an Arab forti- 
 fication, and of a Roman aqueduct. The people are chiefly 
 employed in working the marble, fi-eestone, and granite 
 quarries in the vicinity. Pop. 5514. 
 
 ALIIENDIN, Sl-en-deen/. a town of Sp.ain, in Andalusia, 
 on the Dilar. 6 miles S.W, of Granada. Pop. 2275. 
 
 ALHUCEMAS, 4l-oo-thA/nids, a small island and fortress 
 h)elonging to Spain, in the Medit*;rranean, on the coast of 
 of Moi-occo, 5 miles S.E. of Cape Morro. Lat. 35° 15' N., Ion. 
 4° 12' E. It was taken possession of by the Spaniards 
 in 1673. 
 
 ALI, I/lee, an ancient town of SicUy, 15 miles S.S.W. of 
 Messina, with sulphur baths. Pop. loOO. 
 
 ALIA, d/le-i, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 miles S.W. 
 of Logrosan. Pop. 3122. 
 
 ALI-ABAD, Mee-il-b4d', (i.e. "the abode or city of Ali,") 
 a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajeniee, 85 miles N.E. of 
 Kashan, with 500 houses. Neai- it is a royal residence, buUt 
 by Shali-Ablias. 
 
 ALI-AB.\D, a seaport town of Persia, province of Mazan- 
 deran. on the Caspian Sea, 30 miles N.W. of Amol. 
 
 ALI-ABAD, a village of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 65 
 miles N .E. of Tabreez. Au-Abad is the name of several other 
 villages in'Asia. 
 
 ALIAGA. 3-le-d/gi, a town of Spjiin, in Aragon, capital of 
 ajudici;il district of its own name, on the Guadalupe, 23 
 miles N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 1122. It was greatly iujuied by 
 the troops of Don Carlos, in 1840. 
 
 ALIASKA, ai-yasOvi or ALIASHKA, a peninsula of Rus- 
 sian America, in the Pacific, lietween lat. 50° and 55° N., Ion. 
 155° W., 350 miles in length from N, to S. by 25 miles in 
 average breadth ; having several active volcanoes. 
 
 AI.il-BOGnAN, ^ee-bo'g3n'. a town cf Afghanistan, in the 
 valley and 10 miles E. of Jelalabad, at an elevation of 1900 
 feet. 
 
 ALI-BUNDER, J/lee-b&n'der, a town of Sinde, on the 
 Gonnee, a branch of the Indus, in its delta. 76 miles S.SJi, 
 of Hyderaliad. A dam erected here in 1799 has rendered 
 the tionnee innavigable even for boats. 
 
 ALICANTE, d-le-kdn'tA or al-e-kant/, (anc. Lucenltum,) a 
 city and seaport of Spain, in Valencia, capital of the pro- 
 vince of the same name, at the head of an extensive bay 
 having Cape la Huertas at its N.E. extremity, and Cape Santa 
 Pola on the S., 12 miles apart. It lies in lat. 38° 20' 7" N., 
 Ion. 0° 26' W., (R.) at the base of a rocky eminence 400 feet 
 high, surmounted by a strong castle, which overlooks it, and 
 commands the bay. It is surrounded by walls, entered hy 
 four gates; is well built; has clean, well-paved stovts, and 
 lofty and substantial stone houses, provided with terraces 
 and verandas. It has three generiU hospitals, a military 
 hospital, a lying-in hospital, orphan asylum, and house of 
 mercy; a college, a theatre, several extensive storehouses, 
 public baths, and eight fountains: but the water is not 
 good, being inipregnated with the salts of magnesi.i. lit 
 manufactures are comparatively insignificant, consisting 
 chiefly of esparta cordage and matting; much reduced, ho\f- 
 ever. of late years, owing to the unmanutactured ru.shes ex- 
 ported and sent back in a manufactured state. The govern- 
 ment has here a cigar factory, which employs more than 2200 
 women ; and a British company has established in the neigh- 
 Iwrhood, at tlie foot of Mount Molinet, works for smelting 
 and refining the ores from the mines of Murcia. Though 
 the city is considered the chief commercial port of Valencia, 
 and has many French and English resident merchants, its 
 trade has greatly declined of late, in consequence of the high 
 import duties, which have given rise to an extensive sy.stem 
 of smuggling, connived at by the authorities. The harbor 
 of Alicante is only a roadstead in a deep bay. small vessels 
 alone being able to approach the quay. The mole lias been 
 greatly extended, and a fixed light has been placed on the 
 mole head. Pop. 19,021. 
 
 ALICANTE,aprovinceofSpain. formed in 1834 rf the S. 
 part of the ancient kingdom of A'alencia, and a small part 
 of Murcia. Area, 2868 square miles. The soil is fertile, pro- 
 ducing wine, sugar, rice, oranges, citron, figs, and other 
 fruits. Pop. 1849, 363,219. 
 
 ALICATA. i-le-k^ta, or LICATA. le-k^/tj, a se.».;x)rt town 
 of Sicily, province of Girgenti. capital of the canton, on the 
 Mediterranean, 26 miles S.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 13.4C5. It 
 exports corn, macaroni, fruit, sulphur, soda, and excellent 
 wines. Vessels load al)out 1 mile from the town. Near it 
 are the ruins of the ancient Gthi. 
 
 ALICE. Jl'iss, a lately erected and rising town in the ex- 
 treme E. of Cape Colony, division or district of A'i-toria, on 
 a small afiiuent of the Cbumie, 41 uiiies N J';, of Graham's 
 Town. 
 
ALI 
 
 ALL 
 
 AfJCE-nOLT (ai'iss-hi^lt) FOR'EST, in England, co. of 
 Hants, on the border of Surrey. Area, with Woolmer Fo- 
 rest, 15,000 Hcres, of which 8700 are crown lands. 
 
 ALICUDf, d-le-koo/dee, (anc. Ericu/sa,) the westernmost 
 of the Lipari Islands. It is conical in form, 6 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and rises abruptly from the sea. It produces 
 sulphur, fruits, and palms. Pop. 1000. 
 ALI'DA, a post-oilice of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 ALIFK, d-lee/fi, (anc. AUH/ck or AUilpha,) a town of Naples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, 16 miles N.N.E. of Capua, 
 nearly deserted on account of the insalubrity of its atmo- 
 sphere. Pop. 1043. 
 
 ALIGAUM, il-e-gaum', a town of British India, Nizam's 
 dominions. 68 miles S.W. of Kllichpoor. 
 
 AI/IGIHIK/ or AL'LYGUUlt'. a fort in British India, in a 
 district of the same name, 50 miles N. of Agra, was taken by 
 the British on the 4th of Septemlier, 1803. The chief civil 
 officers of the district reside at Coel, 2 miles southward. 
 
 ALIKE ISLANDS, three small islands in the strait of Jla- 
 cassar, l;it. 3° 41/ S., Ion. 110° 54' E. 
 
 ALIMKNA, d-le-md/ud, a town in the island of Sicily, 52 
 miles S. !■:. nf Palermo. I'op. 3400. 
 
 ALI-MUSJID, a'lee-mua'jiil. or ALIMUSJED, a ruined 
 fort of Afghanistan, in the Kliyher pass, on a peaked rock, 
 2433 feet hi^h. and 25 miles W. of Peshawer. In the lite 
 war, it was held alternately by the British and Afghans, and 
 was destroyed by Sir W. Nott. November, 1842. 
 
 ALINE LOCII, d-leon' loK. a small arm of the sea, in Ar- 
 eyleshire, Sound of Mull, Scotland, about 3i miles long, and 
 half a mile broad. 
 
 ALINGSAES,3/ling-s.4s\ a town of Sweden, 32 miles S.S.E. 
 of Wenerslmrg, witli mineral springs, and manufactures of 
 hosiery, wofillen cloths, and tobacco pi|)es. 
 
 ALIO-AMBA, d/le-o dm'b.i. a market-town of Abyssinia, 
 kingdom of Shoa, 5271 feet above the level of the sea, and 5 
 miles E. of Ankober. 
 
 ALIPEE, dlVpee'.or AL'LAPEE/, a seaport town of Hin- 
 dostan, state of Travancore. Lat. 9° SC N.; Ion. 76° 24' E. 
 30 miles S. Viy E. of Cochin. It carries on a considerable trade 
 in teak-timber, betel-nut, coir, and pepper. Pop. about 
 13,000. 
 
 ALISE-SAINTR-HEIXE, dUoez'-saNt-rAne, a village of 
 France, department of C8te-d'0r, 8 miles N.E. of Semur, with 
 iron-mines and minonil waters in its vicinity. This is the 
 ancient AUhhim, descrilwd by Ca?.sar, {Bell. CaUic. lib. vii. 
 sect. 69.) and taken by him from Vercingetorix. 
 ALISON I A. See Allisoma. 
 
 ALIWAL, dl-e-will'. a vilbige and "grassy plain" in North- 
 western India, near the S.E. bank of the Sutlej, N.W. of Loo- 
 dianah. Here, on the 28th of .lanuary, 1S46, General Sir U. 
 Smith, with about 12,000 troops, totally defeated a Sikh army 
 cf double that numlter. 
 
 ALIXAN, dMix'fiK"^, (L. Jlexia/num,) a village of France, 
 department of Drome, 7 miles N.E. of Valence. Pop. 2400. 
 AL.fKZUI!. See Algezur. 
 
 AL,TUBAKROTA, dl-zhoo-biR-Ro'tA, a town of Portugal, 
 province of Estremadura, 15 miles S.W. of Leiria, on the 
 summit of a mountain. In the neighborhood, John I. of 
 Portugal, surnamed the Great, obtained a signal victory 
 over .John I.. King of Ca,stile, August 14, 13S5, when 12,000 
 Castilians were slain. 
 
 AUUSTKEL, dl-zhoo-strJl', a town of Portugal, province 
 of Alemtejo. 77 miles S.E. of Li.slion. 
 
 AL-KAISAREEYEII or Al^KAISSEKIA, ai-kl-sei^-ee/y,ih. 
 a town in the N.W. part of Morocco, not fer from Al-Cazar. 
 Pop. about 8000. of which 500 are Jews. 
 
 ALKEN. dl'ken, a village of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 bourg. on the railway from Landen to Ilasselt, 4 miles S. of 
 Hasselt. Pop. 2711. 
 ALKK.UTON. Al'ker-ton. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 ALKIIAM, il'kam, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 ALKINGTON, a parish of Kndand. See Whitchurch. 
 ALKMAARor ALCKMAER, alk-mdR/, (L. ^?«na/r!a,) an 
 old and important town of Holland, province of North IIol- 
 land, 20 miles N.N.W. of Amsterd.am. and 5 miles from the sea, 
 on the Great Amsterdam Canal. Lat.52°37'N.: lon.40°44'E. 
 Alkma.1T is a clean, well and regularly built town, intersected 
 by various gracliten. (grdK/ten.) or small canals, the banks 
 of which are planted with trees. It is the seat of a court of 
 first resort, and of a tribunal of commerce; is well supplied 
 with education.al and sqientific institutions, having, besides 
 public schools, a Latin school, a drawing school, a school of 
 clinical medicine, a natural history and literary society, a 
 society of science and art. &c. Alkmaar possesses a roomy 
 haven, and carries on a considerable export trade in butter 
 and cheese. It is indeed, for cheese, the greatest mart in 
 Holland, or even . in the world : the quantity sold annually 
 in the town being upwards of 4000 tons. This cheese is ex- 
 ported to all parts of Europe, to the West Indies, and to 
 South America. The manufactures consist of sjilt, soap, 
 vinegar, earthenware, leather, and parchment. Its success- 
 ful defence against the Spaniards in 1573. gave rise to the 
 (paying. " Victory besins at Alkmaar." Various eminent 
 men were natives of this town, of whom may be named 
 Cornelius Drebbel, the inventor of the thermometer; he died 
 
 in 1634. In 1595, damask weaving was inrented here Tjy 
 Paschiers Lammertyn. Pop. aliout 9000. 
 
 AL-KOSII, dr-kosW, a walled, fortified tcin of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Koordistan, 16 miles N. of MjsuI. Near it is a 
 Chaldean convent, the monks of which live in caverns. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 ALLAHABAD, dl-ldh-hd-bdd', (i. e. the "city of God,"') an 
 ancient city of Hindostan, capital of a province of its own 
 name, situated near the junction of the Ganges and Jumna, 
 450 miles N. by W. of Calcutta. I^t. 25° 25' 20" N.; Ion. 81° 
 51' 1" E. The town was originally built of lirick, but now 
 consists principally of mud houses raised on the foundations 
 of the old buildings. Its antiquity and former extent a^e 
 attested by the fact that, for several miles around tbi; for* 
 the soil consists of mortar, broken pf)ttery, and brickdust. 
 The only semarkable buildings are the fort, the Juniun 
 Musjid,or principal mosque, the serai of the Sultan Khusro, 
 and the imperial tombs, or mausoleums. The fort conj- 
 pletely counnands the navigation, and its site has I**"*, 
 selected as the chief military deiiot f(ir the upper pi-ovinca* 
 AUahaViad is the seat of a sufierior court of justice, and ha? 
 a school, established by some English gentlemen in 1825, tr 
 which native pupils are taught Persic, Ilindostanee, and 
 stsveral common branches of education. Pop. in 1832, 04,78*1, 
 of which 20.6t'>9 were Mnssulmen, and 44,116 Hindoos. 
 
 ALL.\HABAD, a town of North-w^estern Hindostan, in 
 Bliawlfioor, 25 miles S.W. of Ahmedpoor. 
 AL-KSAK, a town of .Morocco. Hev Alcvzar Kereer. 
 ALLAGNA DI SESIA, dl-ldn'yit dee sa/se-4, a town of the 
 Sardinian States, in tlie valley of the Sesia, 15 miles W.N.W. 
 ofVarallo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ALLAII-SHEHR. See Aia-Shehr. 
 
 ALLAIRE. driAn/. a village of Franco, department of Moi* 
 bihan, 26 miles E. of Vannes. Pop. 2018. 
 
 ALLAMUCHY,al-U-mootch'ee,or ALLAMUCIIEE, a iwst- 
 village of Warren co. New Jersey, about 60 mUes N. of 
 Trenton. 
 
 ALL.\N, al1.in, a river of Scotland, co. of Perth, joining 
 the Forth 2 miles alx)ve Stirling, after a course of 18 miles. 
 ALLAN, a small river of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 ALLAN, BRIDGE OF, a beautiful village of Scotland, eo. 
 of Stirling, on the Allan, 3 miles N. of Stirling. Near it 
 is a mineral spring, which of late yeara has been much re- 
 sorted to. 
 
 ALLAN, dn^N"', a commune and villageof France, dep-irt- 
 ment of Drome, arrondissement of Moiit61imart, celebrated 
 for its excellent wine, (rouges d'irrdinaire.) Pop. 600. The 
 first muloerry -trees brought to France were planted in this 
 commune. 
 
 AL'LANBURG, a post-village of Canada West. co. of Wel- 
 land, at the N. end of the deep cut on the Welland Canal, 7 
 miles from St. Catharine's. It contains a giist mill, a saw 
 mill; al.so, manufactures of cloth and other articles. P. 300. 
 ALLANCHE. dri6>'sh', a town and commune of France, 
 department of Cantal, 8 miles N.E. of Murat. 
 AliLANDALE, a postrvillage of Habersham co., Georgia. 
 ALLAPAHA. See Alapaha. 
 
 AI/LAPUTTY. a small island off Jaffnaopatam, at the N. 
 extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 9° 45/ N. ; Ion. SO'' 'JJ E. 
 
 ALL.\RIZ, di-ydrreeth', a walled town of Spain, in G.nlicia, 
 13 miles S.E. of Oren.se. Pop. 2756. 
 
 ALLARMONT, driaR'm<!>N»', a commune and village of 
 Fi-ance, department of Vosges, 13 miles N.N.E. of St. Die, 
 with paper-mills. Pop. 754. 
 
 ALLASS (dl-ldss/) STRAIT, a channel between the Islands 
 of Lombok and Sumbawa, in the Malay Archipelago. 
 Length, about 50 miles ; breadth, at the narrowest part, 9 
 miles. 
 
 ALLASSAC. dl'lds'sdk', a town of France, department of 
 Corrfeze, 15 miles W. of Tulle. Pop. 1151. 
 
 ALLATOO/NA, a post-village of Cass co.. Georgia, on the 
 Western and Atlantic Railroad, 130 miles N.W. of MiUedge- 
 ville. 
 
 ALL.^UCH, driOsh', a town and commune of France, de- 
 partment of Bouches-du-Rh6ne, on a hill, 6 mUes N.E. of 
 Marseilles. Pop. 1606. 
 
 ALLA-YAR-KA-TANDA, dl-ld-yar-kd-tdn'dd, a town of 
 Sinde, 20 miles E. of Hyderabad. Pop. 5000. It has cotton 
 manufactures and dye-works. 
 ALL'BRIGHT, a postroflfice of Preston co., A'irginia. 
 ALLCANNINGS, Al-kan'nings, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 ALLE, dlleh, a river of East Prussia, having its sources 
 in some small lakes on the S. borders of Polish Prussia, falls 
 into the Pregel 27 miles above Konigsberg. Its whole length 
 is about 115 miles. 
 
 ALLEE BLANCHE, ITW blftNsh, (i. e. the "white p,"iss- 
 age,") a valley of Sardinia, in Piedmont, which owes its 
 n.ame to the deep snow with which it is always covered, 
 more or less, in the greatest summer heats. 
 
 AL1.EGAN, a county in the W.S.W. part of Michigan, 
 bordering on Lake Michigan, has an area of 840 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Kalamazoo, liiver, (navigable by smalJ 
 steamtoats,) and also drained by Black and Rabbit I'.ivers. 
 The surface is generally undulating; the soil on the margins 
 
 57 
 
ALL 
 
 of ihe rivers ia a deep, black alluvion, and in some other 
 parts sand and clay predominate. The county is mostlj- 
 covered with forests, from which larse quantities of luml>er 
 are procured. A limestone quarry has been opened in the 
 S.W. part of the county. Capital. Allegan. Pop. 16,087. 
 
 ALLEGAN, a thriving post-villiige, capital of Allegan co., 
 Michigan, on both sides of the Kalamazoo Kiver, 160 miles 
 W. by X. of Detroit. It is situated at the he.ad of naviji ation 
 for small boats, and has an active trade. Lumber is the 
 chief article of export. Laid out in 1835. A bridge crosses 
 the river at this place. Pop. of the township, 938. 
 
 ALLEGANY. See Alleghany. 
 
 ALLEGHANY,* al-le-gA'nee, a river which rises in Potter 
 CO., in the N. part of Pennsylvania. After making a circuit 
 in New York, it returns again into Pennsylvania, and unit^ 
 ing with the Jlonongahela at Pittsburg, forms the Ohio. It 
 flows through a hilly country, in which pine timber and 
 stone coal are abundant, and is navigable for small steam- 
 boats nearly 200 miles from Pittsburg. The principal towns 
 on its banks are Warren, Franklin, and Kittaniiing. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a county in the W.S.W. part of New York, 
 bordering on Pennsylvania, has an areaof about 1050 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Genesee River, and princi- 
 pally drained by its tributaries, which turn numerous grist 
 and saw mills. The Genesee Falls at Portage, in the N.part 
 of the county, produce an immense water-power. The coun- 
 try on each side of the Genesee Valley rises, and in the E. 
 and AV. parts the surface consists of table-land. The soil is 
 generally fertile; in the N. part best for grain, although the 
 whole county is better adapted to grazing than tillage. Bog 
 iron ore .ind limestone are found. The New York and Erie 
 Kail road and the Genesee Canal travei-se this county. Or- 
 ganized in 1806. having been formed from a portion of Gene- 
 see county. Capital, Belmont. Pop. 41.881. 
 
 ALLEGHANY,a county in theW.S.W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 h:is an area of about 750 square miles. The Alleghany and 
 MoDongahela Rivers unite near the centre of the county, and 
 form the Ohio, which flows towards the S.W. It is also 
 drained by the Youghiogheny River, and by Chariiers, 
 Turtle, and Pine Creeks. The surface in the vicinity of the 
 rivers is much broken, and furrowed into deep ravines ; a 
 large portion of the upland is rolling or hilly, and presents 
 a beautiful variety of landscape. The soil of the S.E. part is 
 excellent, h.iving a basis of limestone; in the N.'SV. part the 
 soil is clayey, and nearly all of the county is arable kind. 
 Large quantities of bituminous coal are procured from the 
 hills near Pittsburg. The manufacture of iron, glass, wool. &c. 
 is carried on very extensively ; a more particular account of 
 this branch of industry will be found under Pittsbvrg. The 
 county is literally supplied with water-power. The Penn- 
 sylvania Canal follows the course of the Alleghany and Ohio 
 Rivers through the county; the Central Railroad has its 
 western terminus at Pittsburg; wliieh is also a terminus 
 of two other raih-oads, viz., tlie Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and 
 Chicago, and tlie fittsburg and Kittanning. In respect to 
 population and manufacturing industry, AUeghany county 
 Is the second in the state. Organized in 1788, and named 
 from the AUegliany River. Capital. Pittsburg. Pop. 178,831. 
 
 ALLEGH.A.N Y, a county forming the W. extremity of Mary- 
 land, bordering on Pennsylvania and A'irginia. has an area 
 of about 8(X) square miles. The extreme length is 65 miles; 
 the breadth varies from 7 to 35 miles. The southern bound- 
 ary is formed by the l»otomac River and its north branch; 
 the county is intersected in the western part by the Youghi- 
 ogheny River, and also drained by Town, Evi'is AVills. and 
 Glade Creeks. It is traversed by the main Alleghany Moun- 
 tain, and by several minor ridges, and the surface is exceed- 
 ingly broken and rocky. The mountainous districts present 
 broad valleys called glades, the soil of which is fertile, and 
 peculiarly adapted to grazing and dairy farms. They fui^ 
 nish the celebrated glades butter and mountain mutton. 
 The prevailing rocks are limestone and variou.sly colored 
 sandstf)nes. Iron ore alx)unds in many parts of the county; 
 large quantities of stone-coal are procured from the mines a 
 few miles W. from Cumberland. The beds of coal are from 
 3 to U feet in thickness, and extend from the Potomac River 
 to the bou ndary of Pennsylvania, The county is intersected 
 
 • It is much to be desired that a uniform orthographv of this 
 name should be adopted. In New York it is commonly written 
 Alhganyj ; in Pennsylvania, Allegheny; and in Virginia and 
 the Southern States, Alleghany. As nearly all of the works on 
 general geography, even those published in New York and Penn- 
 »ylvania, spell the name Ai-legha-ny, the citizens of those states 
 might, it is believed, without any unmanly concession, or with- 
 out the slightest abandonment of what is due to the dignity of 
 sovereign states, conform in this respect to the usage of the 
 majority. The impropriety, not to say absurditv, of this dis- 
 crepany in the spelling, will be seen by referring to a represent- 
 ation of New York and Pennaylvania on the same map. We 
 •hall there find one and the same river named AUeghem/ near 
 t(.s source ; while lower down, for the distance of some JO or 50 
 miles, it ia Allegany, and then again Allegheny for the rest of its 
 eourse. If we have occasion to speak of the mountains, wo must, 
 according to this method, call them Allegany in a description of 
 New York ; Allegheny in an article on Pennsylvania; and Alle- 
 
 ghiiny in treating of Virginia or anyof the Southern or Western 
 tates. 
 
 58 
 
 ALL 
 
 by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Capital, Camberland. 
 Pop. 28.;:U8. of whom 27.6S2 are free. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a county situated a little S.W. from th« 
 centre of Virginia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It 
 is intersected by .Tackson's River, which unites with the 
 Cow Pasture River on the E. border to form the .lame* 
 Kiver; and it is also drained liy Potts and Dunlap Ci-eekA 
 The main Alleghany chain forms its boundary on the N.W.; 
 a ridge called Middle Jlountain extends along the S.E. Imr- 
 der, and the Warm Springs and Peters Mountains stretch 
 across the middle of the county. The scenery of this county 
 is remarkably fine, particularly at the passage of Jackson's 
 River through one of the mountains. The soil of the val- 
 leys is fertile. Iron ore is found in the county. The James 
 Kiver Canal is designed to terminate at Coving-ton, the 
 county seat. A railroad is projected from this point to the 
 Ohio Kiver at Guyandotte. The Red Sweet Springs of this 
 county have some celebrity, and have been finely improved; 
 Capital, Covington. Pop. 6705, of whom 5776" were free, 
 and 990 slaves. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, formeriy called BUR'TON, a post>.villag9 
 and town.ship of Cattaraugus co„ New York, on tiie N. bank 
 of the Alleghany River, and on the New York and Erie Rail- 
 road, 408 miles from New York City. The village contains 
 a bank, and receives the business of the valley of the Five- 
 mile Run. Pop. 2129. 
 
 A LLEGnANY,a post-office of .\llegbany co.,Pennsylvania. 
 
 ,\LLEGHANY, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 2496. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1649. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1994. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 706. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania* 
 Pop. 988. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania; 
 Pop. l.'>72. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a township of AVestmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. ISSS. 
 
 ALLEGHANY BRIDGE, a postofiice of McKean eo., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 ALLEGHANY CITY. See Pittsburg. 
 
 ALLEGHANY COLLEGE. Pennsylvania. See Meajvillb. 
 
 ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS, or ALLEGnAN]ES,a desif^ 
 nation sometimes used as .synonymous with APPALACHIAN 
 JIOUNTAINS, and employed to denote the great mountain 
 chain or system which extends south-westerly, nearly paral- 
 lel to the Atlantic coast, along the south-eastern side of the 
 North American continent. (See Appalachlan .Mountaixs.) 
 This name is. however, more commonly, though rather 
 loosely, applied to that portion of the App.i!a<-biau Rystem 
 lying S.AV. of the Hudson Kiver. and constituting the line 
 which divides the waters that flow into the Atlantic on the 
 E. from those which descend the Mississippi on theW. 
 
 The term Alleguaxy Mountains, in a still moi'e restricted 
 sense, is applied to a broad range or mass of mountains in 
 Pennsylvani.a, Maryland, and Virginiix, forming the western 
 portion of the great AppaLichian system in those states. 
 The ridges vrhich form the .\lleghany .ire not very distinctly 
 defined, although the entire chain is so remarkable a feature 
 in the geography of our country. The length of this moun' 
 tain range may be- stated at 300 miles : the mean height is 
 about 2500 feet. The Alleghanies. like mo;.t of the other 
 chains of the Appabichian system, do not rise into peaks, but 
 stretch in parallel ridges, exhibiting the appearance of gentlj 
 rounded knolls, or of ea.sy curves, marking the line of the 
 distant horizon. The highest summits of this range are th« 
 peaks of Otter, in A'irginia. 4-200 feet above the sea. 
 
 ALLEGHENY. See .Mlegiiaxt. 
 
 ALLEGRAN'ZA, (Sp. Alegrama. J-W-gn^n'thil.) the most 
 northern of the Canary Islands, 10 miles N. of Lanzarote 
 Lat. 29° 26' N.: Ion. 13° 31' AV. 
 
 ALLEGRE, dlMaigr', a town and commune of France, a< 
 the foot of a volcanic mountain, department of Haut* 
 Loire. 12 miles N.AV. of Le Puv. Pop. (1851) "2048. 
 
 ALLEMAGNE and ALLEMANNI. Stxj Germaxt. 
 
 ALLEMANCE, il-leh-mdus', a post-office of Guildford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 ALLEMANCE COUNTY. See AiA>fAxrE. 
 
 ALLEMOND-EN-OYSANS, airmAxo'-dftx-wa'zSs'*', a vil 
 lage of France, department of Isere, in a beautiful valley, 
 about 18 miles S.E. of Grenoble. 
 
 AL'LEN, the name of two sm.all rivers and several 
 streams in England. 
 
 AL'LEN. a county in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 on Tennessee, has an area of 300 square miles. Big Barren 
 River forms its boundary on the N.E.. and it is traversed 
 by Trammel's Creek. The surface is generally level; the 
 soil moderately fertile. Several caves have been found in th<> 
 limestone formation of this county, but they have not been 
 explored to any great extent. Salt springs are found The 
 county was formed in 1815. and named in memory of Colo- 
 nel John Allen, who fell at the battle of tliu river Itolalu. 
 
ALL 
 
 Capital. ScottHville. Pop. 9187, of whom 7665 were free, 
 and I'l'J'i slaves. 
 
 ALLKN, a county in the W.N.W. part of Ohio, has an 
 area of 40.5 square miles. It is intersected by Autrlaizeand 
 Ottawa lUvers, and also drained by Riley and Sujmr 
 Creeks. The peneral surface is level; the soil is fertile, 
 and well timbered with hard wood. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, potatoes, cattle, and swine are the staples. The 
 county is intersected by the Miami Canal, by the Ohio and 
 Indiana Railroad, and the Dayton and Michij^an Railroad. 
 The canal affords valuable water-power. Capital, Lima. 
 Pop. VJ,\Sb. 
 
 ALLKN, a county in the E.N E. part of Indiana, boi-der- 
 ing on Ohio, has an area of 608 squaro miles. The St. Jo- 
 seph and St. Mary Rivers, which rise in Ohio, unite at the 
 county seat, and form tlio Maumee; the county is also 
 drained by the sources of the Aboito and Little Rivers, 
 and by Cedar and Crooked Creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level; the soil is excellent, well watered, and e.xtensively 
 cultivated. Excepting some wet prairies and "oak open- 
 ings" of moderate extent, the county is well timbered with 
 oak. hickory, beech, maple, ash, &c. In 18.50, this county 
 produced 189,500 bushels of wheat, more than any other in 
 the state, except La Port. It is intersected by the Wa- 
 bash and Erie Canal, by the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 
 and tiie Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chicago Iliiilroad Cap- 
 ital, Fort Wayne. Allen county was organized in 1824, 
 and named in honor of Colonel William Allen, of Ken- 
 tucky. Pop. 29,328. 
 
 ALLEN, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York, 250 
 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 991. 
 
 ALLKN, a post-office of Cumberland Co., Pennsjivania. 
 
 ALLEN, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. lo3f.. 
 
 ALLEN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 5.36. 
 
 ALIjKN, a township of Hancock co.. Ohio. Pop. 1009. 
 
 ALLEX, a township of Union co., Ohio, intersected by Big 
 Dorby Creek. Pop. 10.52. 
 
 ALLEN, a township of Hillsdale co.. Michigan. Pop. 1590. 
 
 ALLKN, a postoffice of Guthrie co., Iowa, about 100 miles 
 W. of Iowa City. 
 
 ALLEN, Bog of, the general name applied to a numerous 
 series of lx)gs in Ireland, strotcliing across the centre of the 
 country from Wicklow Ilend to Galw.iy on the S., and from 
 Ilowth Head to Sligo on the N., having thus a breadth of 
 alxiut 27 miles at the E., and of 80 at the W. extremity. 
 The liogs. however, all lie on the E. side of the Shannon, and 
 are for the most part of that kind called red bog. 
 
 ALLENHURO, ai1en-bMRa/,a town of F^ast Prussia, on the 
 Alio, 30 miles S.E. of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 1370. 
 
 ALLKN CENTRE, a post-village in .\llen township, Alle- 
 ghany CO.. New York, about 260 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 ALLEN CENTRE, a post-village in Allen township. Union 
 CO.. Ohio, .about 36 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 AL'LENDALE', a town and parish of England, co. of North- 
 umbeiland, 33 miles E. of Carlisle, on the East Allen. The 
 Inh.abitants are employed principally in the lead-mines in 
 the vidnitv. 
 
 ALLENDALE, a post-office of Barnwell district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ALLENDALE, a post-office of Greene co., Kentucky. 
 
 ALLEND.^^LE, a post-township of Ottx)wa co., Michigan, 
 20 miles S.E. of Grand Haven. Pop. 245, 
 
 ALLENDORF, 3l1en-doRf\ a town of Ilesse-Cassel, in a 
 pretty valley on the Werra, where it receives the -\ltehains- 
 bach, 24 miles E. of Cassel. Some wine and silk are pro- 
 duced, and a good deal of tobacco is raised and manufactured. 
 Pop. 3200. 
 
 ALLENDORF, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 miles N.E. of 
 Qies.sen. 
 
 ALLENDORF is likewise the name of four villages in 
 Hesse -Cass(!l, of three villages in Hesse-Darmstadt, and of 
 ten others in Prussian Hanover, Nassau, &e. 
 
 AL/LEN'S, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio, 62 miles W. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 ALLEN'S BRIDGE, a post-office of ]\Larlon district, South 
 Carolina, about 1.30 miles E. of Columbia. 
 
 ALLEN'S BRIDGE, a sm.all village of Marion co., .Alabama. 
 
 AL'LENSBURG,a postvillage of Highland co., Ohio, 8 miles 
 W. of Hillsborough. 
 
 ALLEN'S CREEK, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia. 
 
 ALLEN'S FRESH, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland. 
 
 ALLEN'S GROVE, a village of Scott co., Iowa, about 50 
 miles E. of Iowa City. 
 
 ALLEN'S GROVE, a post-viUage of Walworth co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 ALLEN'S HILL, a post-village of Ontario co.. New York, 
 deliirhtfully situated 8 miles S. of the Niagara Falls Railroad 
 at Bloonifield, with which it communicates by a plank-road. 
 
 ALLEN'S ISLE, an island at the head of the Gulf of Car- 
 pentaria, in North Australia. I^t. 17° 6' S., Ion. 139° 25' E. 
 
 AL'LENSMOKK. a parish of England '^ of Hereford. 
 
 ALLEN'S SETTLEMENT, a post-office of CLaibome parish, 
 Louisiana, about 400 miles N.W. of New Orleans. 
 
 ALLEN'S SPRING, a post-ofBce of Allen co., Kentucky. 
 
 ALL 
 
 ALLENSTEIN, ailgn-sfineS a town of Ea.>rt Prussia, on 
 
 the .Mle. 65 miles E. of KSnigsberg. Pop, 3360. 
 
 AL'LENSTOWN, a post-township of Merrimac CO., New 
 Hampshire. 10 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 414. 
 
 AL'LKNSVILLE, apost-village of Mifflin CO., Pennsylvania, 
 76 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 ALLENSVILLE. a post-village of Tod'l co., Kentucky, 
 about 180 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 ALLKNSVILLE, a post-village of Vinton CO., Ohio, about 
 60 miles S.S.IC. of Columbus. 
 
 ALLENSVILLE, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana, 
 about 100 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 AL'LENTON or ALI/WINTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 AL'LENTON, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 ALLENTON, a post-village of Wilcox co., Alabama, about 
 110 miles S' by E. of Tuscaloosa, 
 
 AL'LENTOWN, a post-village in Upper Freehold township, 
 Monmouth co., New ,lersey, 12 miles B. by N. of Trenton, 
 It ha.s 3 churches and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 ALLENTOWN, formerlv NOKTHAMl'TON, a thriving 
 borough, capital of Lehigli co., I'enn.sylvania, on the right 
 bank of the Lehigh river, at the mouth of Jordan Creek, 
 85 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg, and 51 miles N. by W. of 
 Philadelphia. It is pleasantly situated on an eminence; 
 and the dwellings are substantially built of brick and stone. 
 It contains a fine court-house, an academy, a theolodcal 
 seminary, a military institute, 7 churches, 3 banks, aiid 6 
 newspajier offices. The canal of the Lehigh Coal Company, 
 and the Lehigh Valley Rjiilroad ipa,ss throudi Allentown, 
 which U also connected with Headinir by another railroad. 
 The Allentown iron-works, the Lehigh rolling-mill, the 
 Allentown rolling-mill, and numerous other iron-works 
 contribute largely to its prosperity. The adjacent country 
 is fertile, and highly imjiroved. and contains extensive beds 
 of iron ore, limestone, and roofing-slate. There are in the 
 town and its vicinity some 15 flourishing mills, and 10 large 
 anthracite furnaces. Pop. 8025. 
 
 ALLENTOWN, a post-village of Allen co., Ohio, on Ottowa 
 Creek, 6 or 7 miles W. of Lima, and 90 N,W. of Columbus. 
 Pop. about 200. First settled a1x)ut 1843. 
 
 ALLER.dller, a river of Germany, rises near Magdeburg, 
 Prussia, flows* N.W., and joins the Weser on the right. 
 Length, about 130 miles. Principal affluents, the Ocker arid 
 Leine on the left. 
 
 Al/LER, a parish and village of England, co. of Somerset, 
 6J miles W. by N. of Somerton. 
 
 AI/LERDALE, the name of two of the five wards into 
 which the county of Cumlierland, England, is divided; they 
 together return two memljers to the House of Commons. 
 
 AL'LERSTON, a p.^rish of England, co. of York. 
 
 ALLERTHORPE, ll/lf r-thoi-p, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. 
 
 AT/IjERTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 AI^LERTON, a township of England, co. of York. 
 
 ALLERTON CHAPEL, a parish of England, no. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 ALLERTON MAULEVERER, mal-ev'?r-fr, a parish of 
 England, co. of York. 
 
 ALLESLEY, Slzlee, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 ALLESTAR, AriJs-tan/, a town in flie peninsula of M» 
 lacca, kingdom of Queda or Kedda, on the Queda River. It 
 was once the residence of the king, and, in 1832, contained 
 2000 houses. 
 
 ALLESTREE or ALLEST15EY, alles-tree or alz/tree, a 
 parish of England, co. of DerV>y. 
 
 ALLEA^\RD, ^UVaR/, a town and commune of France, de- 
 partment of Is4re, 23 miles N.E. of Grenoble, on the Ozeins. 
 it is celebrated for its important iron-mines, yielding about 
 4500 tons .annually. Near it are the ruins of the chateau 
 Bayard, where was born, in 1476, the chevalier "sans peur 
 et sans reproche," (without fear and without reproach.) 
 
 AL/LEXTON or ALLIXTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 ALLEY'S MILLS, a post-office of Cass co., Texas, .about 
 300 miles N.E. from Austin. 
 
 ALLGO'SA, a post-office of Spartanburg district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ALLHALIiOWS, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 ALLI, illee, a small river of Naples, Calabria Ultra, rises 
 in Mount Calii?tro, and after a course of about 18 miles falls 
 into the Gulf of Squillace. 
 
 ALLIANCE, al-ll'ans, a post>-village of Lexington town- 
 sliip, Starke CO., Oliio, on the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chi- 
 ca'.ro Railroad, where it is crossed by tbe Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg Railroail, 82 miles N.W. of Pittsburg, and 136 
 miles N.E of Columbus. It was laid out in 1850, and seems 
 destined to become a place of importance. Pop. 1421. 
 
 ALLIKR, JlMe-4', (anc. Ela'ver,) a river of Franco, the most 
 important affluent of tlie Loire. It rises in the forest of Mer- 
 coeur, and flowing N.N.W., falls into the Loire about 4 miles 
 W. of Nevors. Its entire length is about 260 miles, for a 
 third of which it is navigable. 
 
 ALLIER, a department in the central part of Fran ;e, bor- 
 
ALL 
 
 ALM 
 
 dering on the Loire, and intersected by the river Alller, from 
 which it takes its name. The surCice is undulating, and the 
 Boil peuerally fertile, producing more grain than is consumed. 
 Small proprietors here, as well as throughout France, have 
 much increased since the first revolution. The vine is hut 
 little cultivated. Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats 
 are reared, and horses of a strong breed. A'arious mines 
 of iron, coal, and antimony, marble and granite quarries, 
 and porcelain-clay pits are worked. Two canals, and one 
 of the great roads leading from Paris to Lyons, cross the 
 department. Area, 2762 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 356,432. 
 
 ALLIF.E. See ALIFE. 
 
 AI/LIGATOK,a river of Xorth Carolina, is an inlet which 
 extends from Albemarle Sound southward into Tyrrell 
 county, and into the Alligator Swamp. 
 
 ALLKjATOR, a post-village, capital of Columbia co., Flo- 
 rida, on the road from Tallahassee to Jacksonville. 120 miles 
 E. of the former. It contains 6 stores, a steam saw mill, a 
 tannery, and alx)ut 300 inhabitants. 
 
 ALLIGATOR, a post-office of St. Mary's parish. Louisiana. 
 
 ALLIGATOR'S RIVERS, South and East,) two rivers 
 of North Australia, both of which flow into Van Diemen's 
 Gulf, at a distance from each other of about 20 miles. 
 
 ALLIGAT()R SWAMP, an extensive marshy tract in 
 North Carolina, occupying a great part of the peninsula be- 
 tween Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds. 
 
 ALLIGNY, dl^een'yee', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ni^vre. 12 miles N.E. of Chateau Ciiinon. 
 
 ALLIXGE, dl'ling-gheh, a villjige of Denmark, with a 
 small haven, on the N.E. coast of the island of Bornholm. 
 
 AI/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 ALLIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. Ailing- 
 ton Castle, on tlie Med way, is one of the most perfect feudal 
 remains in Kent. 
 
 AL/LIXOTON, a parish of England, co. of Sufifolk. See 
 Athelington. 
 
 ALLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ALLIXGTON. East, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ALLIXGTON, West, or AL'VINGTON, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Devon, adjoining the preceding. 
 
 ALLIXGTON, West, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 AL'LISOX, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 6StO. 
 
 ALLISON, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky. 
 'ALLISONIA, al-lis-so'ne-a, a thriving post-village of 
 Franklin co., Tennessee, on Elk River, and on the railroad 
 between Nashville and Chattanooga, 77 miles S.E. of the 
 former, and 74 miles from the latter. It is an important 
 Etation on the railroad, and has a large cotton factory, 
 which cost al)out $100,000, including machinery. The 
 water-power is said to be unsurpassed by any in the state. 
 Laid out about 1860. 
 
 ALLISON'S CREEK, of York district, South Carolina, 
 flows into Cat.awba River from the right. 
 
 ALLOA, al'lo-ft, a seaport, market-town, and parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Clackmannan, on the Forth, at the head of 
 its frith. 25 miles W.N. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of town (1841) 
 64-W. The town is irregular, but lately improved. Its older 
 portion is built around the remains of an old castle of the Mar 
 femily. In the harbor, ships lie beside a stone quay in 24 
 feet water at spring tides. Here are ship-building yards, a 
 drydock, tile-works, 'glass-works, and e.xtensive collieries, 
 distilleries, and breweries, the last producing excellent ale. 
 Woollen goods and castings are produced in the town. 
 Chief imports, flax, linseed, grain, timber, iron, from Hol- 
 land and the Baltic coasts, with which countries it has a 
 considerable trade. St«am communication daily with 
 Edinburgh and Stirling. Tonnage of vessels belonging to 
 the port, about 16.000. It is supposed to be on the site 
 of the Alan/iM of Ptolemy. 
 
 AL'LOMAKEli', a county forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, and on the Mississippi 
 River, which separates it from Illinois, h.as an area of about 
 660 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Yellow River, 
 and intersected by the Upper Iowa. The surface is undu- 
 lating, diversified by prairies and woodlands; the soil is 
 productive. Capital, Wawkoii, or Lansing. Pop. 12,237. 
 
 ALLONBY or AL ANB Y, iWon-be, a chapelry of England. 
 CO. of Cumberland, parish of Broomfield, on a bay of Sol- 
 way Frith 9 miles N.X.W. of Cockermouth. Allonby is re- 
 sorted to for sea bathing. 
 
 ALLOS. irios/. a town of France, department of Basses 
 Alpes. 10 miles S. of Barcelonette. Pop. (1852) 1426. 
 
 Al/LOWAY, a post-village of Lyons township. Wayne 
 CO., New York, on the Canaudaigua Outlet, 3 miles S. of 
 Lyons. 
 
 ALLOW AY'S CREEK, of Sal(}m co.. New Jersey, flows 
 Into the Delaware Hiver 6 miles S. of Salem. 
 
 AL'LOWAY KIRK, RciKS OF, the scene of Burns's 
 poem of Tarn O'Shanter, near the cottage in which the poet 
 was born. 2J miles S. of .\yr. On the banks of the Doon, 
 about one-fourth of a mile from the ruin, is an elegant 
 monument in honor of Burns. 
 
 AL'LOW.WSTOWN. a post-village of Salem co., New Jer- 
 sey, 60 miles S.S.W. of Trenton. 
 60 
 
 ALL-SAINTS, a parish of England. See Elmham, bocTH 
 
 ALL-SAINTS BAY, or BAIIIA DE TODOS OS SANTOS, 
 bj-ee/d dA to/doce oce sin'toce, a bay on the coast of Brazil, 
 province of Bahia, lat. 13° 10' S., Ion. 38° 60' W. It has 
 two entrances, the principal of which. 8 or 9 miles wide, is 
 formed on the E. coast by the promontory of St. Antonia, 
 on which is situated the town of Bahia ; and on the W. by 
 the island of Itaparica. The least breadth of the cliaiinel 
 here is little less than ii miles ; the other entrance, called 
 Barra Falsa, (fiilse bar,) is less than 2 miles in width. The 
 bay, taken in its whole extent, forms a very deef jCul^ 
 which bears the name of Reconcavo, and is from 90 to 100 
 miles in circuit. The largest fleet may ride in it in safety. 
 
 ALLS'BOROUGII, a postvillage of Franklin co.. Alabama. 
 
 ALLST.EDT. (Allstadt.) dll'stStt. a town of Germany, ia 
 Saxe-Weimar. 25 miles W.S.W. of Halle. Pop. 2476. 
 
 Al/LUM BAY, a harlxtr of the Isle of Wight, England. 
 Lat. of Needles light-house, 50° 39' 54" N., Ion. 1° 33' 56" W. 
 
 ALLYGHUR. See Aughir. 
 
 ALM.\, il'mj, a little river of Russia, in the Crimea, flows 
 W., and falls into the sea about 20 miles N. of Sevastopol. 
 September 20, 1854. after a severe contest for an hour and a 
 half, the passage of this river, disputed by the Russians, was 
 forced by the allied English. French, and Turkish troops. 
 
 ALMACII.A.R. il-mJ-cha8/, a town of Spain, in Granada, 18 
 miles X.by W. of .Malaga. Pop. 2081. 
 
 ALMADA, Jl-md'dS, a town of Portugal, province of Estre- 
 madura, on the estuary of the Tagus, opposite Lisbon. It 
 has a strong castle on a rock, a hospital for British seamen, 
 a Latin school, and several depots for wine. Pop. 4538. 
 
 ALMA-D.\GII, 4l'md-dilG', (anc. Amafnus,) a range of moun- 
 tains in Asiatic Turkey, Ls a branch of the Mount Taurus 
 system, forming the N. boundary of Syria, Length, about 
 160 miles : width. 30 miles. 
 
 ALMADEX, ai-uid-D^n', or ALMADEN DEL AZOGUE, 31- 
 m J-D^n' dil d-tho'gi, (i. e. " the mines of quicksilver,") a town 
 of Spain, in New Gistile, capital of the judicial district in the 
 Sierra Morena, 55 miles S.W. of Ciudad ReaL Pop. 8645. It 
 has an extensive practical school of mines, eEt.ablished in 
 1835, 2 Latin schools, and 3 hospitals. l"he quicksilver-mines 
 of Almaden are considered the most productive in existence ; 
 they are " the most curious for their natural history, and the 
 most ancient in the known world."' About 5000 men are 
 employed in and aliout the mines, and those who woik be- 
 low are employed only six hours a day. The average amount 
 of quicksilver annually produced is aijout 2.000.000 pounds. 
 
 ALMADEN DE LA PLATA, 4l-md-Den/ di M plj'td, (i.«. 
 "the mines of silver;" anc. Sis>ap<m or Sisfapo.) a town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia. 30 miles N.X.E. of Seville. Pop. 485. 
 Silver-mines were formerly worked in its vicinitv. 
 
 ALMADIA (dl-md-dee'd) ISLBTS, a ledge of black rocks 
 running out from the extreme point of Ciipe Verde; lat. 14° 
 44' 30" N., Ion. 17° 35' W. 
 
 ALMAGELL. dl-md-ghJU'. Pass of, Switzerland, in Va- 
 lais, between the valleys of Zermatt and Visp, 11,6(53 feet in 
 elevation, being the highest pass in Europe. 
 
 ALMAGRERA, SIERRA DE, se^jr'rd dd dl-ma-gri'rd, a 
 cl.ay-slate mounfjiin range of Spain, in the E. of Andalusia, 
 celebrated for its mines of silver and lead. 
 
 ALMAGRO, dl-md/gro, a city of Spain, in New Castile. 12 
 miles E.S.E. from Ciudad Real. It is extremely well built, 
 has spacious, well-paved street.s, a fine square, a town hall, 
 two hospitjils, a barrack, formerly the palace of the grand- 
 masters of Calatrava; it has Latin, nomial. and primary 
 schools. The inhabitants are engaged in distilling brandy, 
 manufacturing soap, gypsum, and eartlienware. and in mak- 
 ing lace for the markets of Madrid and Paris; this last trade 
 occupying no less than 8000 females, in this and the neigh- 
 bouring towns and villages. Pop. 12.600. 
 
 ALM.AGUER, dl'md^gain/, a town of South America, in 
 New Granada, 40 miles S.S.W. of Popayan, on a table-land 
 7440 feet in elevation. 
 
 ALMAIIADIA, or MAIIADIA. See Afrikiah, 
 
 ALMALEE,or ALMALI,dl-md-lee',a large town of Asi.itic 
 Turkey, pash.alic of Anatolia, on the sm.all river My nt, 25 miles 
 from its junction with the sea, and 57 miles W.S.W. of .\da- 
 lia. Lilt. 36° 47' N.; Ion. 29° 50' E. It is beautifully situ- 
 ated in a little valley or natural amphitheatre of the Mas- 
 sacytus mountains. The whole appearance of the town is 
 exceedingly pleasing and picturesque, being at once finely 
 set off and relieved by numerous tall poplars and lofty mi- 
 narets; and further adorned by gardens with which it is 
 surrounded. It is well supplied with w.iter, having not 
 only enough for domestic purposes, but for the propulsion 
 of numerous mills, and the accommodation of several tan- 
 yards, dye-works, and factories. Many Frank merch.ants 
 resort to "this citv to make purchases. Pop. al>out 20,000. 
 
 ALMAXS.A, dl-mdn'sd, a city of Spain, in Murcia. 37 miles 
 E. of Albacete. It is a flourishing place, and has mauufao 
 tures of linen, cotton, and hempen fabrics, brandy, leather, 
 and soap. Near this is a monument op the spot where tha 
 French, under the Duke de Berwick, gained a victory over 
 the British and Spanish troops. April 25. 1707. 
 
 ALMAXSOR, dl-mdn-soR/. I'ortugal, an aflSuent of the Ta- 
 gus, which it Joins after a coui-se of 24 miles. 
 
ALM 
 
 ALN 
 
 ALM ANZA, 3l-m3n'thd, a town of Spain, province of Leon, 
 on the Cea, 33 miles E.N.K. of Leon. 
 
 ALMA^■7.0^^A, ^l-m^n-tho'rd, a river of Spain, Andalusia, 
 fiiUs Into the Mediterranean after a course of about 50 
 miles. 
 
 ALWIARAZ/, or il-mi-rith', a town of Spain, Estremadnra, 
 48 miles N.K. of Caceres. The Ta.L?us is crossed by tlie celo- 
 brated bridf^e of Almaraz, built in 1552. On the 18th of May, 
 1812. Lord Ilill gained a victory over the French, from which 
 he took the title of Almaraz. Pop. 500. 
 
 AL>L'VS, drinOsh', alarjje market-town of Hungary, co. of 
 BAcs, about 22 miles K. of the Dauulie. l^at. 40° V N.; Ion. 
 19° 23' E. Pop., chiefly Roman Catholics, 8500. Almas, 
 either singly or with various preiixes, is the name of not 
 fewer than 39 places in Hungary, and of numerous places in 
 Transylvania. 
 
 ALMAS, il'mjs, a village of Brazil, province of Goyaz, 60 
 miles G. of City of Natividade. 
 
 ALMAS.llio DOS. a river of Brazil, falls into theMaranhao 
 after a course of about 90 miles. 
 
 ALMAZAN, ai-mJ-than', a walled town of Spain, in Old 
 Castile, on the Douro, here crossed by a fine bridge, 15 miles 
 S. of Soria. Pop. 24i)0. 
 
 ALMAZAHRON, dl-raa-thaR-Ron', or MAZARRON, mi- 
 th^R-roii', a town and port of Spain, 20 miles ^V. of Carta- 
 gena. It is well built with wide, though crooked and steep 
 streets, and comprises two p.irish churches, a conveut, schcxjl, 
 town and session house, prison, &c. The trade of Almazai^ 
 ron is small, being chiefly coasting. Pop. 6814. 
 
 ALMAZOllA, ai-md-tho/rd, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 
 3 miles S. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 3035, 
 
 ALMEBY, dm'bee, or ALMERLEY, dm'gr-le, a parish of 
 England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 ALMKIDA, il-m.Ve-dd, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of lieira, on the Coa, 95 miles N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 
 6200. Almeida is one of the most important strongholds in 
 the kingdom. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1702, again 
 by the French in 1810. On the 5th of August, 1811, the 
 allies under Wellington here defeated the French under 
 Massena. 
 
 ALMKIDA, il-mj/e-d.i, a town of Brazil, province of Espi- 
 ritoSanto, agreeably situated on a height fronting the sea, 
 at the mouth of the Reis-Magos, about 20 miles N. of Vic- 
 toria, possesses a church, an extensive market-place, and a 
 large edifice erected by the Jesuits, (who founded the town 
 in 1580,) which is now used as the town-hall, the jail, and 
 the curate's dwelling-house. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ALMKIRIM or ALMEYRIM, ll-mil-reong', a town of Por- 
 tugal, province of Estremadura, 5 miles S.li. of Santarem. 
 
 ALMKLEY, Im'lee, or ALMERLEY, dm'er-le, a parish of 
 England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 ALMELO. ll-mA-lo', a town of the Netherlands, on the Al- 
 melo Aa, 25 miles E.S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 3238. It has a 
 Latin school, and manufactories of cotton and calico. 
 
 ALMENDRALE.IO, dl-mSn-dri-li'uo, a town of Spain, in 
 Estremadura, 28 miles S.E. of Badajos. It comprises one 
 grand square, with numerous, generally well-cuustructed, 
 paved, and clean streets, ornamented with arcades and wa- 
 tercourses. The inhabitants are employed in agriculture, 
 weaving, expressing oil, and distilling brandy on an exten- 
 sive scale. Pop. 6810, 
 
 ALMEJJNO SAN SALVATORE, dl-mSn'no sin si\-vi-MrA, 
 a town of Venetian Lombardy, capifcU of district of same 
 name. 7 miles N.\V. of Bergamo, on the river Brembo. 
 
 ALMER, dl'mer, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 AL:MERIA, il-m.i-ree'd, (anc. Murlgis,) a city and port of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, on the Mediterranean, capital of a pro- 
 vince of its own name, 104 miles E. of Malaga. It stands S. 
 of the Sierra de Enix, in an extensive and fertile plain. It 
 Is in great part enclosed by Moorish bastioned walls, about 
 2 milcS in ciicuit. and is defended seaward by the two forts 
 of Trinidad and Tiro. The streets are narrow, tortuous, and 
 HI built, but tolerably well paved and clean, lined princi- 
 pally with houses erected round small intern.al squares, 
 forming court yards. Almeria has a cathedral, a theologi- 
 cal, a classical, and a female college. In the bay there is 
 good and safe anchorage, in 12 and 14 fathoms. About 130 
 Spanish, .ind about 355 foreign vessels enter and leave the 
 port annually, besides which it has between 700 and SOO 
 coasters. The average value of exports amounts to $248,298. 
 Its imports comprise coal, fire-bricks, and woollen, cotton, 
 and .=ilk fabrics. Pop. 17,800. 
 • ALMERIA, Gulp of, Spain, in Griinada, about 25 miles 
 iu width at the entrance, and in depth inland about 10 miles. 
 
 ALMERODE, SP-mfr-o'deh, a town of Gerniiiny, 13 miles 
 E.S.E. of Cassel. Pop, 2107. 
 
 ALMEYDA, Portugal. See Almeida. 
 
 ALMEYDA (dl-mi/da) BAY, on the E. coast of Africa, Mo- 
 eambique, is in lat, about 13° 30' S.; Ion. 40° 30' E. It has 
 safe and sheltered anchorage. 
 
 ALMIRANTE, al^me-rant/, a post-village of W.Hlton co., 
 Florida, near the Yellow Water River, about 140 miles 
 W.N.W. of Tallahassee. 
 
 ALMIiiANTE ISLANDS. See Amirajjte Islands. 
 
 ALJUSSA, il-mis'sd, a town of Dalmatia, 15 miles S.E. of 
 
 Spaliitro, at the mouth of the Cettina in the Pea, Is renowned 
 for the wines produced in its vicinity. 
 
 ALJIKERK, aim^k^Rk', a village of the Netherlands, in 
 Noi'th Brabant, on the Aim. Pop. 16S9. 
 
 ALMOBOVAR, dl-mo-do'var, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Alemtejo, 73 miles S.S.W. of Evora. Pop. 2tiuO. 
 
 ALMODOVAR DEL CAMPO. il-mo-do'var dil kdra'po, a 
 tov, n of Spain, in New Castile, 16 miles S.W. of Ciudad Real. 
 It has a mint, cathedral, and oil-mills. Pop. 5020. 
 
 ALMODOVAR DEL PINAR, Al-mo-do'var dM pe-naii/, a 
 town of Spain, province of Cuunca. Pop. 934. 
 
 ALMODDVAR DEL RIO, iil-mo-do/var All ree'o, a town of 
 Spain, province of Cordova. Pop. 1292. 
 
 AL.MOGIA, dl-mo-nee'd, a town of Spain, 10 miles N.W. of 
 Malaga. Pop. 4068. 
 
 ALMOOUERA, dl-mo-gA'ri, or UCERO, oo-th.Vro, a river 
 of Spain, iu Old Castile, liills into the Douro. 
 
 ALMOHARIN, dl-mo-i-reen', a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura, 32 miles S.S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2191. 
 
 ALMONACID DE ZORITA, dl-mo-nd-tbeeD/ dd tho-ree/td, 
 a town of Spain, 19 miles S.E. of Guadalajara. Near this the 
 French gained a victory over the Spaniards, 11th of August, 
 1809. 
 
 ALMONASTEB LA REAL, dl-mo-nd.s-taiii/ Id rd-dl',a town 
 of Spain, 43 niiles N.W. of Seville. Pop. 2007. 
 
 ALMOND, d/mond, a small liver of Scotland, co, of Edin- 
 burgh, falling into the Frith of Forth at Cnuuond. The Ed- 
 inburgh and Glasgow Railway crosses it near Kirkliston. 
 
 ALMOND, a small river of Scotland, co. of Perth, flowing 
 K. to join the Tay, near Perth, 
 
 AL.MOND, al'mynd, a post-township of Alleghany co.. 
 New York, on the Canisteo River. Pop. 1739. 
 
 ALMOND, a prettily situated vill.ige in the above town- 
 ship, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 123 miles E. of 
 Dunkirk. Pop. alx)ut 1200. 
 
 ALMOND, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama. 
 
 Almond, a post-viUage of Portage co., ^\'isconsin, about 
 90 miles N. of Madison. 
 
 AL.MONDBURY, d/mf)ud-bfr-e, a large village, township, 
 and parish in England, co. of York, West Riding. The vil- 
 lage lies on the river Calder, 35 miles S.W. of York. The in- 
 habitants of Ixjth the village and parish are chiefly employed 
 in cotton, woollen, and silk mills. Pop. in 1841, 37,315; of 
 township, 8828. 
 
 ALMOND GROVE, a post-office of Red River co.. Texas. • 
 
 AL.MONDSBURY, d'mpnz-bjr-e, a parish of England, co. 
 of Gloucester. 
 
 AL^MONT', atownshipof Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop.'2296. 
 
 ALMONT, a post-village in the alx)ve township, on an 
 affluent of Clinton River, 50 miles N. of Detroit. 
 
 AL5I0NTE, dl'mon'td, a town of Spain, iu Andalusia, in a 
 fertile district, 21 miles E. of Huelva. Pop. i.779. 
 
 AJjMONTE, a river of Sixain, in Estremadura, falls into 
 the T.agus; entire length about 75 miles. 
 
 ALMORA, dl-mo/rd, a town and fortress of Northern Hin- 
 dostan, presidency of Bengal, on a ridge 5337 feet above the 
 sea, 85 miles N. of Bareily. 
 
 ALJIORADI, dl-mo-rd-dee', a town of Spain, in Valencia, 
 on the Segura, 28 miles S.S.W of Alicante. Pop. 3095. 
 
 ALMORlTIA,al-m;-ree/Ae-a,orBALLYMORAN, bal-le-mo'- 
 ran, a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath. 
 
 ALMSFORD, dmz'ford, or ANSFOKD, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset. 
 
 ALMUDEVAR, dl-moo-dd-vaii/, a town of Spain, Aragon, 
 12 miles S.W. of Huesca. 
 
 A LM uSeC A R, dl-moon-yd-kaR/, (anc. Sexfi,) a seaport town 
 of Sp,Hin, in Andalusia, on the Mediterranean, 33 miles S. 
 of Granada. Pop. 5000. Chief trade in cotton, sugar, and 
 export of fruit. 
 
 ALMUNIA DE DOffA GODINA, dl-moo/ne-d dd din/yd 
 go-dee/ud, a town of Spain, on the right bank of the Grio, 25 
 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 356:3. 
 
 AL:\1WY'CII, a town of Wales. See Amlwch. 
 
 AI/NA. a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, 20 miles 
 S.S.E. of Augusta, on the Sheepscot River. Ship-building is 
 carried on here. Pop. 805. 
 
 ALNE, din? the name of three small rivers of England, in 
 the counties of Cumberland, Northumberland, and Warwick. 
 
 ALNE, a pai'ish of England, iu the co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 ALNEMOLTII, a town of England. See Alemouth. 
 
 ALNESS, dl-ness', a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross. 
 
 ALNEY', dl'hee, an island iu the river Severn, England, 
 CO. and half a mile from Gloucester. 
 
 ALNHAM, dl'nam, a parish and township of England, 
 CO. of Northumberland. 
 
 ALNO, dl'no, an island in the Gulf of Bothnia, about 9 
 miles long, by 4 miles broad. Lat. 62° 25' N.; Ion. 17° 20' E 
 
 ALNWiCK or ALNEWICK, an'uik, a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Northumberland, on the river Alne, 
 from which it derives its name, 32 miles N. of Newcastle, 
 connected by a short branch with the Berwick and Newcas- 
 tle Railway. The streets are in general sp-icious. well paved, 
 and lighted with gas, and the town throughout abundantly 
 supplied w^ith water. The houses ai-e mostly of freestonqi 
 
 61 
 
ALN 
 
 ALP 
 
 many of tliem handsome, and nearly all of modem erection. 
 Pop. in lSo2, 7327. 
 
 ALNWICK C.\STLE, the seat of the Duke of Xorthum- 
 berland, adjoining the above town on the N., is supposed to 
 have been founded by the Romans. It covers five acres, is 
 one of the noblest mansions in England, and has belonged 
 to the Percy family since the reign of Edward II. In 1830, 
 It was repaired at an expense of 200.CXX)^ 
 
 ALOXI.A.. a-lo'nee'd. or LIMAN PASHA, le-mSn' pl'shdS 
 (anc. Halo>ne.) a small island of Asiatic Turkey, in the Sea 
 of Marmora. 
 
 ALOOSHTAor ALUSCIITA, d-loosh'tl sometimes written 
 ALOUCIIT.\. a town of European Russia, on the S. coast of 
 the Crimea, beautifully situated, 22 miles S.E. of Simferopol. 
 It appeal's to have l>een a place of considerable importance. 
 The first mention made of it is in the sixth century, when 
 its castle, which bore the name of Alouston, was repaired 
 by the Emperor Justinian. The ruins of the castle still 
 crown the rock on which the town is built. 
 
 ALOOTA, ALOUTA, or ALUTA, i-\ooliL called also ALT. 
 ilt. a rapid river of Transylvania, rises in the W. Carpathian 
 Mountains, crosses Wallachi.i, and falls into the Danube at 
 Nicop;<!is, after acourse of alwut 270 miles. 
 
 ALOHA, i-Wi-L a city of Spain.in Andalusia, 24 miles X.W. 
 of JIalaga. Agriculture, pressing of oil, and the manuSic- 
 ture of soap are the chief employments of the people. Pop. 
 6794. 
 
 ALORE. l-lOr'. a large village of British India, presidency 
 of Madras. 17 miles N.W. of NeUore. 
 
 ALORIE, 3-lo'ree\ a large town of Western Afi-ica, in 
 Guine.%, territ'^ry of Yarriba. E. of the Kong Mountains. 40 
 miles S.S.^V. of Katunga. and ISO miles N.E. of Lagos; lat. 
 8° 15' N'.. Ion. 6° 46' E. 
 
 ALOSNO, d-los'no, a town of Spain, 19 miles N.W. of Ku- 
 elva. Pop. 2884. 
 
 ALOST. Jlost, or AALST, list, a town of Beldum, pro- 
 vince of E.Tst Flanders, near the confines of South Brabant, 
 15 miles W.X.W. of Brussels, and 3 miles S. of the .^^udegem 
 station of the Ostend and Bru.ssels Railway. It is sur- 
 rounded with walls, which have five gates, and is traversed 
 by the Dender, which h.is been c-onverted into a canal, from 
 Ak)st to its junction with the Scheldt at Temionde or Den- 
 iermonde, S miles below. The handsomest building in the 
 town is the church of St. Martiu. one of the largest and finest 
 in Belgium. The chief public institutions Ivsides the college, 
 a. handsome structure, are the hospital, the academy of de- 
 sign, the chamber of commerce, and the horticultural so- 
 ciety. Both the trade and manufactures of Alost are of 
 considerable importance. The former is in corn, oil, and 
 particularly hops, which are extensively grown in the neigh- 
 bourhood. The latter are chiefly hice, leather, tobacco, and 
 the various products of numerous breweries, distilleries, salt 
 refineries, ttax, and cotton mills, dye-works, copper and iron 
 foundries. Alost, of which the earliest mention in chaj-ters 
 Is A. D. 870, W.1S anciently the capital of what was c-UleJ Im- 
 peri.al Flanders. Popi 19,3s3. 
 
 ALOUCIITA. See Aloosuta. 
 
 ALOUTA. See.A.L00TA. 
 
 ALOZAYN A. aio-thl'nd, a town of Spiun,. in Granada, X.E. 
 Of Coin. Pop. 2432. 
 
 ALPEX, dl'pen. a vilLige of Rhenish Prussia, 9 miles N.E 
 of Geldern. Pop. 779. 
 
 ALPliyXA. originally cilled AXAMTCKEE, a new counS. 
 In the N.E. part of Michigan, bordering on Lake Huron and 
 Tliuuder Bay. The area is estimated at 700 square miles. 
 It is drained by Thunder Bay River. The census of 1850 
 furnishes no returns for this county. Pop. in IStiO, 290. 
 
 ALPERA, dl-p.Vr3, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 30 miles 
 N.E. of Albticete. Pop. 2432. 
 
 ALPES-BASSES, ALPES-IIAUTES. See Basses-Alpes, 
 Hadtes-Alpes. 
 
 ALPH.\, il'fa. a post-office of Clinton co., Kentucky. 
 
 ALPHA, a po.st-otfice of Greene co.. Ohio. 
 
 ALPH'AMSTOXE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ALPHEN, ll'feu. a town of the Netherlands, in South 
 Holland, on the old Rhine, 7 miles E. of Leyden. Pop. 2794, 
 with manufictures of linen and tobacco pipes. 
 
 ALPHE.N-EN-KIEL. ai'ten-^n-reel, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, in North Brabant, 11 miles S.E. of Breda. Pop. 1726. 
 
 ALPIIKTON, al'fe-ton or dl'fe-ton, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 ALPIIKCS. a river of Greece. See Rocthu. 
 
 AL'PIIINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ALPHOXSE (arfonz/) ISLANDS, two small islands sur- 
 rounded by extensive reefs, situated in the Indian Ocean. 
 The N. piiat is in lat. ti° 5J' 30" S.: Ion. 52° 41' E. 
 
 ALPIGX.\.NO, dl-peen-yi'no, a town of Piedmont, pro- 
 vince of Turin. Pop. 1600. 
 
 AL'PIXGTON. a parish of England, oo. of Norfclk. 
 , ALPIRSBACH, ai'p6eiis-bdK\ a town of Wtirtemberg, on 
 the Kinzig. Pop. 16Si.). 
 
 ALPX.ICII. aip'nilK, or ALPNACIIT, llp/nilKt. a village 
 
 of Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden. on the S.W. arm of 
 
 the I*»ke of Four Cantons, 8 miles S.S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 
 
 1300. The Slide of Mpnuc/t «vas a remarkable vooden rail- 
 
 fi2 
 
 way. by which timlier from Mont Pilate was formerly eon 
 veyed down to the lake. 
 
 ALPS, ilps. a range of mountains the most remarkable 
 in Europe, whether in regjird to extent or elevation : they 
 form a crescent-shaped chain, culminating in Mont Blanc, 
 and covering the greater part of Switzerland, and part of 
 France, Northern Italy, Bavaria, Austria, and Turkey, 
 foi-ming the central portion of the great mountain system 
 of Southern Europe, which, in a manner more or Uss con- 
 nected, extends from Cape Finist^rre, on the Atlantic, to 
 the Bl.-ick Sea. Descriptively, the Alps may be said to ori- 
 ginate on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. betweeii 
 Lyons and Nice; when, separating the basin of the Rhone 
 from the affluents of the Po, the chain stretches across 
 Switzerland and the Tyrol to the uitu-ces of the Drave and 
 the Salzach, where it bifurcates. 'l"he N. branch covers the 
 country round Salzbung, Styria. and Austria, and proceeds 
 N.E. to Brody, in Galicia; wliile the S. branch, after having 
 separated Carinthia from the Venetian territory, snlKlivides 
 on the frontiers of Illyria into two branches, including the 
 basin of the Save, and appears to terminate at the head of 
 the Gulf of Quarnero. at the banks of the Kulpa. From 
 this river, however, a chain stretches S.E. through Dalmatia 
 and Bosnia, lowering down at the river Narenta, (an affluent 
 of the Adriatic,)' which is now conventionally assumed as 
 the S.E. boundary of the Alps. From the slojies of the 
 A\ps flow, directly or by affluent.*, the great rivei-s of Cen- 
 tral Europe, the Danube, Rhine, Rhone, and Po. From the 
 Jura Mountains, the Alps are separated by the narrow gorge 
 through which the Rhone passes below Geneva, fi-om the 
 .\pennines by the valley of Savona. E. of the Col-de-Tende. 
 
 The Alps comprise the following divisions: — the AVestern 
 -ilps, (consisting of 14 branches,) which have a general 
 direction from S. to N.. and extend, under the names of the 
 Maritime Alps, from the sea to Monte Viso. near the .sources 
 of the Po: the Cottian .\lps. (consisting of 9 branches,) 
 which prolong the chain to Mont Cenis, and include Mont 
 Genevre: ami the Graian Alps. (L. At'j)es Graila;.) which in- 
 clude Little St. Bernard, and terminate at Mont Blanc. The 
 Eastern .\lps, or those chains which extend from W. to E., 
 having much greater breadth, are sepitrateU into a northern 
 and southern series: the foi-mer comprise the Bernese Alps, 
 on the N. of the valley of the Rhone, the.\]ps of St. Gall, on 
 the N.W. of the valley of the Rhine, the Noric Alps, which 
 may be considered as extending from Lake Constance to 
 the Kahleuberg, near A'ienna. and the Styrian Alps, a 
 small chain between the Noric and Carnic Alps. The 
 southern series is composed of the Pennine Alps. l*tween 
 Mont Bianc and Monte Rosa; the Lepontine Alps, thence 
 to Mont Bernardin, near the sources of the Upper Rhine; 
 the Rhetian .\lps, which terminate at Jlonte Croce, near 
 the sources of the Piave; and the Carnic Alps, extending 
 to the lowest part of the river Mur, which separates them 
 fi-om the mountains of Bakony. Mont Blanc, which at- 
 tains an elevation of 15,810 feet, is the culminating point 
 of the .A-lps and of all Europe; the other principal summits 
 are Monte Ros.^, 15,208 feet, Finsteraarhorn. in tlie Bei-- 
 nese .\lps. 14.026 feet, Monte Viso. 12.5^5 feet, the Ortler 
 Spitz, in the Rhetian Alps, 12.821 feet, the Gross Glockncr, 
 in the Noric .\lps. 13,100 teet. the Terglou, in the Carnic Alps, 
 9380 feet, and the Eisenhut. in the Styrian Alps. 
 
 The passes of the Alps, called in French cnls. that is. de- 
 pressions, are the roads by which communication is etlected 
 between districts on opposite sides of the mountains. They 
 may be divided into three classes: 1. Tliose practicable for 
 wheeled carri.ages; 2. Those practicable for horses or mules; 
 3. Tho.se suited only for foot passengers. Of the first class, 
 by far the most frequented, is the Mont Cenis, 0775 feet 
 high, forming the principiil route from France to ] taly ; the 
 Simplon, 6592 feet high, from Valais into Piedmont: and 
 the SplUgen, 6939 feet high, and Bernardino, leading from 
 the Grisons into Lombai-dy. According to their altitude, 
 the Alps are sometimes divided into Ix)W. Jliddle, and 
 High. In the first of these divisions are included all from 
 2tKW to 5500 feet high : in the second, those from SolK) feet 
 to 8000 feet, where the snow line commences; and. in the 
 third, those from 8000 feet to 15.000 feet, whose summits 
 are covered with perpetual snow. The other jirincipal 
 p.^sses are the Col de Tende. in the Maritime Alps, 5>90 
 feet; the pass of Mont Genfevre, in the Cottian Alps. 65C0 
 feet: the pass of the Great St. Bernard, 8150 feet: the pass 
 of Mount St. Gothard, in the Lepontine Alps, 6976 feet; the 
 Loiblberg, in the Carnic -ilps. and the Semmering. in the* 
 Noric Alps. The Stelvio, in the Empire of Austria. 9100 
 feet, is the highest carriage pass in the Alps, and that of 
 St. Gothard is the only one which is carried over the crest 
 of the mountains ; the others generally cross by the beds 
 of torrents. 
 
 The higher Alps are covered with perpetual snow, and 
 present, with their magnificent glaciers, the innumerable 
 cascades which are precipitated from their summits, and the 
 forests and meadows which cover their flanks the most im- 
 posing and picturesque scenery in Europe. It is calculated 
 that in the range of the Alps tliere are fields of ice covering 
 an area of 1500 square miles, of 100 feet iu .bickuess. Gla- 
 
ALP 
 
 ALT 
 
 ciero aro to be met with in various Alpine regions, but those 
 of the Alps have been more minutely investiirated than any 
 others. They consist of masses of snow-ice formed in val- 
 leys above the line of perpetual congelation, whose prolonga- 
 tions extend to those lower down, reaching frequently to 
 the borders of cultivation. They present the appearance of 
 a frozen torrent, frequently several miles in length, tra- 
 versed by deep rents called crevasses, and are composed of 
 snow melted by solar heat, and frozen into granular ice, 
 constituting a compound of ice and water more or less yield- 
 ing, according to the state of wetness or infiltration. Gla- 
 ciers are constantly subject to the laws of fluids, and, 
 therefore, by no moans stationary, except probably during 
 winter, but continually moving, their rate of progression 
 during summer being from 18 to 24 inches in 24 hours. On 
 their surface they bear large quantities of stones, some of 
 them of enormous size, brought down from the mountain 
 recesses where the glaciers originate. These heaps are 
 alternately deposited at the fix)t of the glaciers, and form tei^ 
 minal mfrraiws, presenting the geologist with excellent ma- 
 terials for studying the structure of the mountains whence 
 they have been derived. In thickness, glaciers range from 
 a few feet to several hundreds. In the winter of 1818-19, 
 some Swiss glaciers increased so greatly, and came so far 
 down into the lower valleys, as to sweep away whole villages. 
 In the valleys above the glaraers, deep lakes are sometimes 
 formed which, at times bursting their barriers, rush down 
 the gorges and lower valleys with destructive fury. Small 
 lakes frequently occur in the Alps of great altitudes and of 
 considerable depth. They are to be met with near the 
 summit of many of the cols or pas.ses, at the top of the 
 water sheds, and fi)rm the natural sources of streams, which 
 sometimes have their courses in opposite directions. 
 
 Among the most remarkable of the phenomena connected 
 with the Alps, are the whirlwinds, called iourmentet (tooR^- 
 m5xf) liy the French, and Guxtn (gdflx'en) by the Germans. 
 They arise with great violence, often accompanied by thun- 
 der and lightning, tossing the snow in eddying clouds, 
 which blind or, perhaps, overwhelm the traveller; and fre- 
 quently setting in motion the still more formidable ava- 
 lanche. The last (called in French Lavanclie, IdVftNsh', or 
 L'lvaiige. Id^vAxzh'; German, Diwine. Id-ftee'neh, or Lauwini', 
 ldw-<*ee'iieh) may be described as enormous masses of snow, 
 which, detached by various causes from their original posi- 
 tion, roll with tremendous noise and force over rock and 
 precipice, down to ths plains below, overwhelming man and 
 beast, forest and dwelling, in one common destruction. A 
 touch of the foot, or the slightest motion of the air, even 
 that produced by the sound of a small bell or other instru- 
 ment, is often sufficient to .set the aviilanche in motion. 
 The most destructive are those which are composed of 
 hardened snow, and which, rolling or sliding down fix)m the 
 mountains, cai-ry all before them. From the frequent oc- 
 currence of avalanches, some parts of the Alps are entirely 
 uninhabited : and, in others, large patches of the tallest and 
 strongest trees are left standing, in order to arrest their pro- 
 gress; houses are built under the shelter of rocks, and all 
 other available means adopted to avoid the effects of these de- 
 structive visitants. 
 
 The higher ridges of the Alps consist of granite, gneiss, and 
 other primitive rocks, fianked by a wide extent of limestone, 
 sandstone, and slate. The summits ascend considerably 
 above the line of perpetual snow, (in this latitude about 
 8900 feet above the sea:) glaciers descend as low as 3400 feet 
 above the sea. Wheat is raised at an elevation of 3600 feet; 
 oats, at 4900 feet; barley, at 5100 feet: the oak is found to 
 the height of 4500 feet ; pines and larches as high as 6500 
 feet above the sea; and the Alpine rose reaches the limit 
 of perpetual snow. The mineral products are chiefly iron. 
 copper, and lead; but quicksilver, rock-salt, and some gold 
 and silver are met with. In the French Alps, near Gre- 
 noble, small veins containing native gold have been 
 worked; after being neglected for half a century, the 
 works were resumed in 1837. Adj. Alpine, il'pln. 
 
 ALPS, a post-village in Nassau township, UensseLier co., 
 New York, 24 miles K. by S. of Albany. 
 
 ALPS, LOWER, or ALPES, BASSES. See B.isSES-ALPES. 
 
 ALPS, SWABIAN. See AtB. 
 
 ALPS. UPPER, or ALPES, IIAUTES. See IIautes-Alpes. 
 
 ALPUEXTE. dl-poo-6n'ti or il-pwSn'ti, a town of Spain, 
 48 miles \.W. of Valencia. I'op. 2356. It was a Komau sta- 
 tion, and has many ancient remains. The name signifies 
 " at or near the bridge," referring perhaps to the bridge in 
 the vicinity over an affluent of the Ouadalaviar river. 
 
 ALPUJ.\RRAS, dl-poo-HdR/ais, a mountainous region of 
 Spain, in Granad;i, extending from the Mediterranean to 
 the Sierra N'evada, divided in 1834 between the provinces 
 of Granada and Almeria. 
 
 ALQUI'XA.a postrvillage of Fayette CO., Indiana, 62 miles 
 ES.E. of Indi.anapoHs. 
 
 AL'RESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ALRESFOliD, New, a marke<>town of England, co. of 
 Hants. 7 miles N.E. of Winchester. Pop. 1578. 
 
 ALRESF01{D. Ova, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 
 adjoining the above. 
 
 AI/REWAS or ALDERWAS, il'der-was, a parish of Eng. 
 land, CO. of Stafford. 
 
 ALROE. (Alriie,) il'ro^gh, an island of Denmark. ,at the 
 mouth of Ilorsens-fiord. Lat. 55° 50' N.; Ion. 10° 5' E. It 
 contains a village called Alroe-Ry, which, with the district 
 around, forms the Danish parish of the Siime name. 
 
 ALSACE, dl'sdss/. (L. Ahalia. al-.sA/she-a; Ger. Elscifs, iV 
 s3ss.) one of the old German provinces, having the lihino 
 on the E., and the Yosges Mountains on the W. It was 
 ceded to France in 1648. and now forms the departments of 
 Ilaut and Bas Khin, (Upper and Lower I'.hine.) 
 
 ALSACE, il'siss, a township Of Berks co., Pennsvlvanla. 
 Pop. 1299. 
 
 AL-SALIK, ai-sdneek/, or AL-SALIII, a town of Arabia, 
 alxiut 2 miles from its S. coast, and 10 miles N.E. of Cape 
 Has Seilan. It has 2u0 houses. 
 
 ALSDORF, ais/doRf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles 
 N.X.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1095. 
 
 ALSEN, dl/sen, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, 
 duchy of Sleswick, and .separated from the mainland by a 
 narrow channel, between lat. 54° 61' and 55° 5' N., and Ion. 
 9° 37' and 10° V E. Pop. 22.600. 
 
 ALSENO, il-.s.i/no, a town of Italy, duchy of Parma, 18 
 miles E.S.E. of Piacenza. 
 
 .\LSFELD, dls/f^lt, a town of Hesse Darmstadt, on the 
 Schwalm, 26 miles Fl.N.F!. of Giessen. Pop. 3700. 
 
 ALSII, LOCH, loK Slsh, is on the W. coast of Scotland, 
 CO. of Ross. opiK>site the S. end of the Isle of Skye. 
 
 AL8LEBEX, Ils^lA'bea, a town of Prussian Saxony, in 
 Mersehurg. on the Saale, 29 miles S.of Magdeburg. P. 1945. 
 
 ALSLEBE.X, ALTDORF, an adjoining village, with a 
 castle and fief of the duchy of Anhalt Dessau. Pop. 1424. 
 
 ALSO-KUBIN, crsho'koo'been', a town of Hungary, in 
 Arva, on the river .\rva, 32 miles N.N.E. of Xeusohl. 
 
 ALSTAHOUG. dl.s'ta-hoog\ a maritime village of Norway, 
 province of Nordland, the most northern bishopric in Eu- 
 rope, on the S. shore of the island of Alston. I^at. 04° 55' N. 
 
 ALSTE.\D, Al'sted, a post-township of Cheshire co.. New 
 Hampshire, 50 miles AV. by S. of Concord. It has several 
 foundries and paper mills. Pop. 1318. 
 
 ALSTEN. il'st^n, an island of Norway, province of Nord- 
 land. Lat. C6° N.; Ion. 13° E. The island is mountainous; 
 one of the Seven Sisters attains an elevation of 4379 feet. 
 
 ALSTER, dl'ster, a river of Denmark, in Uolstein, flows 
 into the Elbe. 
 
 ALSTON, a town of England. See Aldstone. 
 
 ALSTON, a post-office of Fairfield district. South Carolina. 
 
 ALSTONFIELD, Al'stpn-feeld, a parish of EngUiud, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 ALSTON- MOOR, a parish of England. See Aldstoxe. 
 
 ALT, lit, or ALTEX, dl'ten, a German word, signifying 
 "old," forming the prefix of numerous names in Central 
 Europe, as Alt-Ofen. •' Old Ofen or Buda." Such compounds 
 are usually given under the name to which they are prefixed. 
 
 ALTAFULLA, ai-ti-fool'ya, a town of Spain, 6 miles E. of 
 Tarragona, near the mouth of the Gava. Pop. 11 19. 
 
 ALTA GRACIA, IVil grd'se-d, a town of South America, 
 in New Granada, on the Orinoco. 40 miles S. of Bogota. 
 
 ALTA GRACIA, a town of La Plata, in the province of Cor^ 
 dova. 25 miles S.W. of Cordova. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ALTA GR.\CIA, a town of South America, in A'enezuela, 
 .at the mouth of the Maracaylx) Strait. 
 
 ALTAI, dl-tl', more correctly ALTA YEEN OOLA, {i.t. 
 "golden mountain,") the n.ime of a group of mountains 
 projecting into the plains of Siberia from the N.W. angle 
 of the elevated table-land of Central Asia, and lying between 
 the sources of the Irtish on the W. and the Yeui.sei on the 
 E. The literal appropriateness of the name borne by a 
 group of mountains so distinguished at the present day for 
 its mineral riches is probably but accidental. The country 
 in question was formerly the seat of the Mongolian tribe, 
 called the Golden Horde, (prhi atent,) and it is consonant 
 with their usages to suppose that they dignified with the 
 title of golden the residence of their chief, or the locality in 
 which ho fixed his camp ; and that the name. Alia Yekx Ool.^, 
 or Golden Mountain, {alta signifying "golden," in Mongo- 
 lian.) which denoted at first only the court, or royal resi- 
 dence, came at length to be applied to the whole territory of 
 the tribe. At the present day the name Altai is given exclu- 
 sively, both by natives and Russian settlers, to the country 
 actually occupied by the Kalmuks. and is thus confined in 
 its application within comparatively narrow bounds. Eu- 
 ropean geographers, on the other hand, have hitherto used 
 it as a general denomination for a supposed chain of moun- 
 tains extending continuously from the upper wateis of the 
 Irtish W. to Lake Baikal. The Altai Mountains, taken ac- 
 cording to the widest acceptation of the name at the pre- 
 sent day, extend through 6j° of latitude, viz. from the 
 vicinity of Tomsk, at the N. foot of the Alatoo, or from lat. 
 56° N. to the neighborhood of Bookhtarminsk, at the conflu- 
 ence of the Bookhtarma and Irtish, in lat. 49° .00' N.; and 
 through 7° of longitude, from the mountains of Kolj'van, 
 in the W., (Ion 82° E.,) to the Sayan chain in the E. The 
 several ranges embraced within these limits are, pi'oceeding 
 from N. to S. and from W. to E. as follows: — The Alatoo 
 
ALT 
 
 ALT 
 
 winding rerj irregularly from N.W. to S.E., aiid sendini; 
 down copious streams botti to the Obi and Yenisei; tlie 
 chain of Salair, (sl-ld-eer',) separated from the Alatoo by 
 the valleys of the Tom and Inya. 
 
 To the S. and W. of these mountains lies the wide valley 
 of the Obi. to the southward of which we find the following 
 Alpine ranges, riz. the Bashalatsk, Chechuliha. Tegeretsk, 
 and Kolyvan Mountains, all striking nearly N.W. and S.E. ; 
 then the Alps of Korgone, Koksoo, Oobinsk, Toorgoosoon, 
 (Turgusune.) and Oolbinsk ; and, bordering on the left bank 
 of the Katoonya. the Alps of Oorsool (Ursfil) and Teretinsk ; 
 on the right bank, the fchains of Kholsoon, (Kholsune,) 
 Katoonya. and Arghyte; S. of these, the Shebenooha (Sche- 
 benfiha) chain presents to the N. a concave outline, pro- 
 longed towards the N.E.; and this direction of the moun- 
 tain chain becomes more frequent on the E. of the Ka- 
 toonya. The Saljar, Kurai, and Toboshok Alps still stretch 
 from X.W. to S.E., but the Karagai and Moongooutaiga 
 chiiins. and part of the Sayan, extend in a S.W. to X.E. 
 direction. The mountainous region thus described occu- 
 pies an area of alx)ut 40.000 geographical square miles, 
 which is nearly e<(ual to that of England : it is all comprised 
 in the government of Tomsk, with the exception of the val- 
 ley of the Abakan, towards the N.E., which belongs to the 
 governmentof Yeniseisk. The S.W. slopes of the Oobinsk,0ol- 
 binsk, and Toorgoosoon ranges pour some streams into the 
 Irtish, while the X.E. face of the Alatoo range contributes 
 to swell tlie Yenesei ; but with these few exceptions, the 
 waters of this extensive region, the rivers of which are large 
 as well as numerous, all flow into the main branch of the 
 Obi. The Altai group has been de.scribed by a geological 
 writer of great authority as a vast promontory, connected 
 on the S. with the mainland of primitive rocks, and sur- 
 rounded on the other three sides by an ocean of diluvial 
 deposits. This opinion refiuires some modification, perhaps. 
 as far as regards the E. district of the Altai, of which only 
 the N. portion presents to view diluvial formations. The 
 physiognomy of the Altai Mountains, in their W. and S. 
 divisions, is generally grand and interesting. The rivers, 
 which are very numerous, flow rapidly with full streams; and 
 the various forms of the stratified and metamorphosed 
 rocks, of the limestones, porphyry, and granite, with the 
 Bielki (white or snowy mountains) in the distance, lend to 
 the scene the charm of perpetual novelty. The banks of 
 the Katoonya, in the heart of the mountains, presents a 
 landscape of the most impressive character, an immense 
 wall of rock extending from W. to E. supports fields of per- 
 petual snow and glaciers, from the midst of which rise nu- 
 merous rocky points, pyramids, and truncated cones ; while 
 In the distiince are seen the two towering peaks named the 
 Pillars of the Katoonya. These peaks, which are supposed 
 to be the highest summits of the Altai Mountains, stand on 
 a wide and elevated table-land lying between the sources 
 of the Katoonya, the Bielaya. (falling into the Tehuya or 
 Chuya,) and the Berell, which joiqs the Bookhtarma. 
 Glaciers, spreading from the bases of the Bielookha (Bie- 
 lukh.%) or "snowy cones," supply the fountains of these 
 three rivers. The absolute height of the Pillars has 
 been estimated by Dr. Gebler at 11,723 feet, and by Tchi- 
 hatcheff at 12,790 feet. The area covered by perpetual 
 snow in the AJtai is very considerable, but the height of 
 the snow line, which is very irregular, does not appear to 
 have been yet ascertained for any locality by exact observa- 
 tion. It is supposed to be relatively high, owing, probably, 
 to the great mass of the highland, and to the contiguity of 
 the mountains, as well as to the peculiar condition of the 
 atmosphere ; and in the S. and more elevated portion of the 
 Altai, its general elevation do3S not, perhaps, tall much 
 short of 8000 feet. The glaciers of the same region occupy 
 a large extent, but they never descend far below the snow 
 line ; and it is a remarkable feet, that though in the gra- 
 nitic districts of the Altai, valleys are to be found strewed 
 over with blocks of granite, which in some places occur in 
 great numbers even on the crests of the mountains, yet 
 boulders, properly so called, the distribution of which is 
 generally ascribed to the agency of the glaciers, are never 
 met with either in the Alpine regions of the Altai or the 
 plains surrounding them. The Altai Mountains owe their 
 reputation and importance chiefly to their mineral trea- 
 sures, rich silver, copper, and iron ores, to which gold has 
 been recently added. A variety of porphyry, commonly 
 styled jasper, which is formed in the lathe into handsome 
 vases, and takes a fine polish, may be enumerated among 
 the valuable minerals of the Altai. 
 
 Al.TAMAH.4. il'ta-ma-haw', a river of Georgia, formed 
 by the union of the Oconee and Ogeechee, in the S.E. central 
 part of the state. It flows south-eastward through sandy 
 plains, which are partly occupied by pine barrens, and 
 empties itself into the Atlantic, 12 miles below Darien. and 
 about 60 miles S.W. of S.avannah. It is navigable for vessels 
 of 30 tons through its whole extent, which is about 140 miles. 
 
 ALTAMIRA, dl-tS-mee'ril, a town of Mexico, state of Ta- 
 maulipas, 10 miles N.W. of Tampico. 
 
 ALTAMO.NT, Jl'tymont\ a small post-village, capital of 
 flrimdy co., Tennessee, situated on the top of Cumberland 
 64 
 
 Mountain, 80 miles S.E. of Nashville, was laid out in 1848, 
 in the midst of the woods. 
 
 ALTAMURA, 41-td-moo/rd. a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Bari, at the foot of the Apennines. 28 miles !^.V\ . of Bari 
 It is handsome, has a fine cathedral, a hospital, and a 
 university, founded by Charles of Anjou. It is defended 
 by a good castle, and is built on the ruins of tlie ancient 
 Lupatia. • Altamura is the residence of the royal governor 
 Pop, 16,000. 
 
 ALT.i SPRINGS, a post-village of Limestone co., Texas. 
 
 ALTAVILIiA, ^Hi-vil1d, a town of Naples, province of 
 Priiicipato Ultra, 6 miles N. of Avellino. Pop. 2i;00. 
 
 ALTAVILLA, a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Citna. 9 miles S. of Campagna. Pop. 2400. 
 
 ALT.VY, ^l-t.V, a post-ofiice of Steulsen co., New York. 
 
 ATiTAY MOUNTAINS. .«oe Altai. 
 
 ALTDAMM, dlfdSmm. a fortified city of Prussia, province 
 of Pomerania, 4 miles E.S.E. of Stettin, where the river 
 Plone flows into Dammsche-see. Pop. 2419. 
 
 ALTC.\R, ilt/kar, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ALTDORP, Switzerland. See Altorf. 
 
 ALTDORF, dltMoRf, or ALTOKF, il'toRf, a town of Bava- 
 ria, on the river Schwarzach, in a beautiful and fertile 
 country. 13 miles E.S.E of Nuremberg. Pop. 2700. 
 
 ALTDORF, a-town of Wtirtemberg, 2 miles N.NJE. of 
 Ravensburg. Pop. 'iVTi, (Roman Catholics.) 
 
 ALTDORF, a village in the Grand Duchy of Baden, In 
 a fertile district, on the high road from Ofteuljurg to Frei- 
 burg. Altdorf is also the name of numerous other localities, 
 all unimportant. 
 
 ALTE, dl/tA, or ALTA, dl'td, a village of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Algarve, N. of Louie, in a basin-like valley, on the 
 border of a mountain ridge. 
 
 ALTEA, dl-t.Vi, a seaport town of Spain, on a bay of the 
 same name, 27 miles N.E. of .Vlicante, on the Alger, and on 
 the Mediterranean. Pop. 5502. 
 
 ALTliN,dl'ten, a river of Norway, province of Finmark, 
 rising in two sources, falls into the Altenfiord after a course 
 of about 50 miles. 
 
 ALTKNA, dl'te-nd, a town of Prussia, ^Vestphaliii. 18 
 miles S.W. of Arnsberg, on the Lenne. Pop. 4100. It has 
 manufactures of iron and steel. 
 
 ALTENA. Denmark. See Alton.\. 
 
 ALTENAU, dl'ten-Ow',a mining-town of Hanover, in the 
 Harz Slountains, E. of Klausthal. Pop. 1620. 
 
 ALTENAU is also the name of several other villages, one 
 in Prussia, and one in Bavaria. 
 
 ALTENBERG, ai'ten-btag\ (old hill.) the name of nu 
 merous towns, villages, and districts throughout Germany 
 of which the only one worthy of being named is in Saxony, 
 20 miles S. of Dresden, capital of the bailiw iek of the same 
 name. It is the seat of local courts of justice. Pop. 2036. 
 
 ALTENBRUCil, dl'tgn-brooK\ a town of Hanover, 4 miles 
 S.E. of Cuxhaven. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ALTENBURG, ai'ten-bdoRO, or SAXE-ALTENBURO, sax 
 dl'ten-bCdRO, (Ger. Sacfisen-Altenburg. sdk'sen-al'ten-li<SdEG.) 
 a duchy of West Germany, consisting of two divisions, 
 which are separated from each other by the interposition of 
 Reuss-Gera. The area of the divisicjns is nearly equal, that 
 of Altenburg containing about 240 square miles, and that 
 of Saal-Eisenberg, nearly 270 stiuare niile.s. but the popula- 
 tion of the former jar exceeds that of the latter, the one be- 
 ing 85,400, and the other only 47,4.W. The dilference of 
 population is accounted for by the different characters of 
 the surfiice of the countries. Altenburg is one of the most 
 fertile and best-cultivated districts in Germany ; while Saal- 
 Eisenberg. particularly in the S.E., is covered with moun- 
 tains and forests. 
 
 ALTENBURG, ("old castle,") a city of Germany, capital 
 of the duchy of Saxe Altenburg, 26 miles S. of Leip.sic, with 
 which it is connected by a railway; lat. 50° 5(i' N., Ion. 12° 
 27' E. It is walled, and though irregularly built upon .seve- 
 ral hills, has some fine streets and many handsome edifices. 
 It is the seat of the higher courts and government offices, 
 and contains 7 churches, a gymnasium, a considerable 
 library, 3 hospitals, philosophical, horticultural, historical, 
 and antiquarian societies, a drawing academy, a theatre, 
 &c. The chief manufactures are of linen, worsted, brandy, 
 starch, porcelain, optical instruments, &.c. Pop. 17,459. 
 
 ALTENBURG, (Hun. Mcigi/ar Oi-ar, mUd'^yOR/ o'vaR/,) a 
 market-town of Ilungary, 47 miles S.^E. of Vienna, in a 
 marsh, on an island of tlie Leytha. Pop. 3400. At least 48 
 pla,ces in Germany have the common name of Alteniiurg. 
 
 A1VTI;NBURG, a village of Perry co., Missouri, about 5 
 niiles W. of the Mississippi. 
 
 ALTENDORF, M^n-doRr, ("old village,") the name of 
 numerous villages in Germany, Bavaria, Hesse, Hanover, 
 Ilolstein, Austria, Prussia, and Saxony. The largest is a 
 village In Moravia, on the Podelskybache, near Olmutz. 
 Pop. 2020 
 
 ALTENGAARD, Jl't?n-goRd\ a seaport town of Norway, 
 capital of the province of Finmark, on the Alten, at the 
 head of a fiord. 53 miles S.S.W. r f Hammerfest. lat. 69° By 
 N., Ion. 23° 6* 20" E.. near the N. limit of the cultivation of 
 barley. In 1842, 195 vessels, mostly Russian and Kor- 
 
ALT 
 
 ALT 
 
 we^lan, entered its port, ■with cargoes valued at 68,72fl?., 
 and 185 clwtred with carfrcxis of an aggregate value of 72.400/. 
 
 ALTEN-OOTTEKN. il'tfn-got/teru, a village of Prus.sian 
 Saxony. 24 miles X.W. of Erfurt. 
 
 ALTEMIKIM, dl'tfn-hlme\ a village of the Grand Duchy 
 of Baden, situated in a rich champaign country. 
 
 ALTKNIIOF, 4l'tvn-hOf\ a village of Denmark^ duchy of 
 Sle.swlck, .3 miles S.E. of P'ckernfiirde. Pop. 500. 
 
 ALTENKIKGIIEN,ai'ten-k66RKVn,(t'.e. -old churches,") 
 a fortified town of Prussia, province of Lower Khine, 16 
 miles N. of CoWentz, on the ^Wed. There are several other 
 places in Germany named Altenkirchen. 
 
 ALTENMAltKT, ^l/ten-maukO, (i.e. "old market,") the 
 name of numerous unimportant places in Gennanv. 
 
 ALTEXPLATUOW, dl'ten-pia/tov, a village ofPrus.«ian 
 Saxony, regency of Magdeburg, circle of Jerichow. i'op. 
 1565. 
 
 ALTE\STADT, ai'ten-statt\ (i.e. "old town,") the name 
 of seven unimportant places in Bavaria, two in llesso, one 
 In '\VUrtem!x!rg, and one in Austria. 
 
 Al.TKXSTElG or ALLTENSTAIG, ai'ten-stIo\ a town of 
 Wiirtemberg, on the Nagold, 28 miles H.W. of Stuttgart. 
 I'op. 2000. It has a castle and various manuf ictories. 
 
 ALTER-DO-C'IIA.M (or Cil.AO.)dl-taiR/dr>-sha/Axg, (almost 
 shOwng.) a walled town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 
 on the Ariz. 14 miles S.W. of I'ortalegre. I'op. 2000. 
 
 ALTEH-DO-CI lAM or CIIAO, il-taiR'do-shd>6Ng, a town of 
 Brazil, on the Tapajos, at its junction with the Amazon, 10 
 miles S. of Santiirem. 
 
 ALTEKNON or A LTAUN UN, Al'tar-nQn, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Cornwall. 
 
 ALT-GI!ADISKA, dlt-grS-dis'ki a fortress of Austria. Sla- 
 vonia, on the Save, opfjosito BerMr, or Turkish Gradiska, 
 and 24 miles S.W. of I'oscliega. Pop. 2:500. 
 
 A LTH A LPENSLEBEN, dlt-hdl'dens-h^bf n, a town of Prus- 
 sia, in Saxony, on the Bever, 13 miles N.W. of Magdeburg. 
 
 AI/riK il!.\ K, Al'thorn. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ALTlKUtl' (ftl'thorp) MANOR, in the co. of Northampton, 
 England, about 6 miles N.W. of Northampton. It h.as been 
 possessed by the Spencer tamily for upwards of three centu- 
 ries, and is famous for its noble library. 
 
 ALTIIOKI:' MANOR, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Lincoln, 
 on tlie Trt^nt, where joined by the Stamford and Keadby 
 Canal. 
 
 AI/l'IN or ALTYN, il-tin', or TELETSKOI or TELET- 
 SKOE, tVl^t-skoi', a lake of Siberia, 320 miles S.S.E. of Tomsk. 
 It is of irregulai' shape, 75 miles in length from N. to S., by 
 20 milos in average breadth, and traversed by a head stream 
 of the Obi. 
 
 ALTKIRCn, aifkCCitk', (i. «. "old church,") a manufac- 
 turing town of France, department of Haut Rhin, (Alsace,) 
 17 miles W. of Basel. Pop. in 1S52, 3611. 
 
 ALTMITIIL, (AltmUhl.) dlf mUl, a river of Bavaria, rises 7 
 miles N.E. of Rothenburg, passes Leutersbausen. Giinzeuh.'iu- 
 sen, and EichstSdt, and joins the Danube at Kelheim. The 
 project of Charlemagne to join the Altmtlhl with theitegnitz, 
 and so unite the Khine with the Danube, has been recently ex- 
 ecuted by the Bavarian government; and the Ludwigs Cunal, 
 or canal of the Maine and Danube, between Bamberg on the 
 Regnitz, and Dietfurt on the AltmUhl, thus connects the 
 Black Sea with the German Ocean. The iron hoht Amstj^rdam 
 en Wmen performed the first voyage direct from Amsterdam 
 to A'ienna in August, 1846. 
 
 Al/rO, a post-office of Louisa CO., Virginia. 
 
 ALTO, a post-office of Cherokee co.. Texas. 
 
 ALTO, a postK)ffice of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 ALTO, a post-office of Howard co., Indiana, 
 
 ALTO, a post-townsliip forming the south-western extre- 
 mitv of Eond du Lac co.. Wisconsin. Pop. 1266. 
 
 ALT-(ETTING, Slt^ot'ting, (i. e. "Old dotting,") a market- 
 town of I5avaria. 41 miles S.W. of Passau. Pop. 1500. In 
 one of its numerous religious edifices, is the tomb of the 
 famous Avistiian general Tilly. See (Ettiso. 
 
 ALT-OFEN, ait'-A/fen, (i.e. "Old Ofen or Buda,") a muni- 
 cipal town of Hungary, forming almost a suburb of Buda. 
 It is supposed to occupy the site of the Sicambria of the Ro- 
 mans. Pop. 9150. 
 
 ALTOMONTE, lilHo-mon'tA, or ALTAMONT, JlHi-mont/, a 
 town of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 12 miles S.W. of 
 Cassano. In the neighbourhood are mines of gold, silver, 
 and iron, and a salt spring. Pop. 4600. 
 
 ALTON, Al'tyn. a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Hants, on the Wey. 16 miles E.N.E. of Winchester. It is 
 the polling place for the county. Pop. 3139. 
 
 ALTON, Al'tpn. a post-office of Penobscot CO., Maine. 
 
 ALTON, a post-township of Belknap co.. New Hampshire, 
 on the Cocheco Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 
 2018. 
 
 ALTON, a post-village of Sodus township, Wayne co.. New 
 York, is situated on a branch of the Syracuse and Rochester 
 Railroad, 10 miles N, of Lyons. 
 
 ALTON, a post-village, capital of Denton co,, Texas, is 
 «bout 240 miles N. by E. of Austin City, and a few miles W. 
 of the main fork of Trinity River. It is situated in a rich 
 farming district, which produces cotton, wheat, and Indian 
 
 corn, and is well supplied with timber. The county is tra. 
 vei-sed by tlie large forests called the " Cross Timbers."' 
 Alton has sprung up since 1846. 
 
 ALTON, a post-vilhige of Franklin co., Ohio, on the 
 National Road. 9 miles W. of Columbus. 
 
 ALTON, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 ALTON, Arton. a city and port of entry, Niadison CO., Illi- 
 nois, on the Mississippi River, 21 miles above St. Ijouis, 3 miie» 
 above the nioutli of the Missouri, and 70 miles S.S.W. of 
 Springfield. It is the market and shipping point of a large 
 scope of interior prairie country, from which, grain, hay, 
 frnit, and lime are exported. The tr.ade of Alton is facili- 
 tated by two long lines of railroad, viz., the Chicago Alton 
 and St. Louis Railroad, and tlie St. Louis Alton and Terre 
 Haute Railroad. The city contains a large Roman Catholic 
 Cathedral, 9 or 10 churches, 1 or 2 banks, and 5 printing 
 offices, from which 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers are 
 issued. It is the seat of the diocese of the Roman Catholic 
 Church for southern Illinois. Alton, which is one of tho 
 oldest towns in tho state, has grown rapidly since the state 
 penitentiary was located there in 1832. Tlie penitentiary 
 has recently been removed to .Toliet. Limestone and stone 
 coal are abundant in this vicinity. Population in 1850, 
 3875; in 1860, 6:33-'. 
 
 ALTONA or ALTENA, ai't^nJ, the second city in the 
 kingdom of Denmark, and though the most recent, yet the 
 largest and most populous in the duchy of llolstein. on tlie 
 right bank of the Elbe, a little below Hanilnirg. Of its six 
 churches, the only one deserving of notice is the high 
 church, which has two towers, and is considered the finest 
 in the duchy. Among other buildings may be mentioned 
 a gymnasium, with a library of 12,000 volumes, an orph.an 
 hospital, and a large infirmary. Tho trade and manufac- 
 tures of Altona are extensive, and have been carefully fos- 
 tered by the Danish government, which has endeavoured, 
 by special privileges and immunities, to attract to it part of 
 the extensive commerce previously monopolized by Ham- 
 burg. Notwithstanding the rapid and, for a Euroi)ean 
 continental town, almost unprecedented rise of Altona, 
 Hamburg maintains its pre-eminence, and has even con- 
 verted the former into a kind of suburb where the mer- 
 chants of the latter reside, not to carry on but to retire from 
 business. Perhaps the most important manufacture of 
 Altona is that of tobacco. One single factory employs 12 
 persons, and works up 600,000 jmunds per annum. The othe 
 public works are soap and oil works, dye-works for woollen 
 goods, chemical-works, vinegar-works, a type foundry, an ex 
 tensive linen and cotton priutfield, roperies, tanneries, an 
 breweries, famous for their beer. The railways recentl 
 completed in the neighborhood have added greatly to the 
 importance of Altona, both in a commercial and military 
 point of view. Its harbor is only a winter liaven of the 
 third class; but the largest merchant vessels once over the 
 bar of lilankenese, can iinload at the W. end of the town. 
 The number of vessels belonging to Altona is 238 ; and that 
 of the vessels of all kinds tliat visit the port annually has 
 been stated as high as 5000. Pop. of Altona proper in 1845, 
 :B2.200; but including Otteusen and Neumiihl, which ought 
 to be regarded as its suburbs, 37,000; in ISiiO, 45,.V24. Other 
 three places in llolstein and eleven in different parts of 
 Germany have the name of Altona. 
 
 AL'T(3N B.\ Y,a post-office of Belknap co.,New Hampshire. 
 
 AL'TON B.ARNES, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 AI/TON hill, a post-office of Macon co., Tennessee. 
 
 AL'TON I'AN'OKAS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 AL'TON PRI'OKS, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts, 1 
 mile S of Alton Barnes. See Alvetox. 
 
 ALTOO'NA, a thriving borough of Blair co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Central Railroad, 244 miles W. of Philadel- 
 phia, and 117 miles E of Pittsburg. It stands near the E. 
 base of the Alleghany Mountain, where the railroad begins 
 to ascend it. It contains 11 churches, 1 high-school, 2 banks, 
 3 newspaper offices, 6 hotels, and extensive machine-shops 
 of tlie railroad company, who employ about 800 operatives. 
 Locomotives and railway cars are manufactured here. Laid 
 out in 1849. Pop, in 1860, 3591 ; in 1865, about ."i5uO. 
 
 ALTOON-KUPREE or ALTUN-KIUPRI, Jl'toon' kyoo'pree, 
 (i.e. "golden bridge,") a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Al- 
 toon-soo, (gold-river,) 00 miles E.S,E. of Mosul. It is said 
 to have 8000 inhabitants, but its population has been much 
 reduced by plague and famine. 
 
 ALTORF or ALTDORF, il'toRf, a town of Switzerland, 
 near the S. extremity of the Lake of Lucerne and 9j miles 
 S. of Schwytz. It has a decorated tower, said to mark the 
 place where Tell shot the apple off his son"s head. Burglen, 
 the reputed birthplace of Tell, is a village in the immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 ALTORF, Bavaria. See Altdorp. 
 
 ALTORFF, drtoRff/, a village of France, department of 
 Sleurthe. 
 
 ALTRINGHAM, Al'tring-am, or ALTRINCHAM, a mai^ 
 ket-town and chapelry of England, co. of Chester, on Bowdon 
 Downs, 8 miles S.W. of Manchester. Pop. of chapelry, 4488. 
 It has some manulactories. 
 
 ALTSOL, aiVsOl, or ZOLItJM, an old hnperial free towp 
 
 Go 
 
ALT 
 
 of Hiiiiga«7' 72 tulles N. of Pesth. on the Gran, -n-here it is 
 joined by the Szalatna. On a rocky height is the remains 
 of a castle, supposed to have been built in 1457, once the 
 favorite hunting seat of King Mathlas I., called by the 
 Hungarian peasjints, "the good King Mathias," now prin- 
 cipally used as a prison. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ALTSTyETTEN, (Altstatten,) ilt/stjt'tgn. a town of Swit- 
 zerland, 8 miles S.E. of St. Gall, near the Khine. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ALTSTKELITZ, Slt-strd/lits, a walled town of Mecklen- 
 burg, circle of Stargard, in a plain, near the Mtihlenbach, 
 which here forms a lake, 58 miles N.N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 
 2943. 
 
 ALTUX-KUPRI. See Altoox-Kuprek. 
 
 ALTURA, dl-too/rj, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on the 
 right bank of the Palencia, 25 miles W.S.W. of Castellon de 
 la Plana. Pop. 1305. 
 
 ALTWARP, dlt/<*aRp, a -village of Prussia, Pomerania, 
 on the Great Half. E. of UckermUnde. Pop. 1200. 
 
 ALTWASSER, aitr<*as'ser, a Tillage of Prussia, 35 miles 
 S.W. from Breslau. 
 
 ALTZEY. See Alzet. 
 
 ALUM BANK, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ALUM CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Delaware CO., and Hows 
 Into Big Walnut Creek, about 8 miles from Columbus. 
 
 ALUM CREEK, a post-office of Bastrop co., Texas. 
 
 ALUM CREEK, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 AL^UM-POOR/, a town of Uindostan, in the Deccan, on 
 the Kistna. 
 
 ALUM ROCK, a postK)ffice of Alleghany co., Virginia. 
 
 ALUM SPRINGS, a postrofflce of Rockbridge co., Virginia. 
 
 ALUSIITA. See Alooshta. 
 
 ALUTA. See Aloota. 
 
 ALVA, dl'va, a Tillage and parish of Scotland, co. of Stir- 
 ling, 7 miles N.E. of Stirling. Pop. 2092. 
 
 ALVAH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff. 
 
 ALVAN, S,l'Tan, a post-ofRce of Jefferson co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 ALVAK, iWar', AL'VUR'or AL'AVUR', a princip.ality of 
 Upper Hindostan, between lilt. 27° and 28° N., N.W. of the 
 district of Agra, and S.W. of Delhi. Area, 3000 square 
 miles. In Mohammedan histories it is sometimes called 
 Mewat, and its inhabitants Mewaties. 
 
 ALVARADO. dl-Td-rd/DO, a small town and port of Mexico, 
 40 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. The port is capable of admitting 
 vessels of 12 and 13 feet draught. There is a dockyard at 
 AlTarado. 
 
 ALA'ARADO, a river of Mexico, formed by the union of 
 geTeral streams, rising in the mountains of the state of 
 Oajaca, falls into the Gulf of Mexico through the ?agoon or 
 harbor of Alvarado, after flowing a direct distance of 120 
 miles from the junction of the head streams. ^ 
 
 ALVARADO, a post-town of Alameda co., California. 
 
 ALVAYAZERE, ^1-vi-i-zi/rd, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Beira-Baixa, 31 miles S. of Coimbra. Pop. 1343. 
 
 ALVECHURCU, 4lv/church, a parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 ALVEDISTON, commonly pronounced as/t9n, a parish of 
 England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ALVELEY, Alv'lee. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 ALVERCA, dl-T^RTid, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Estremadura, on the Tagus, with a small port, 16 miles 
 N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 1275. 
 
 ALVERCA, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 17 miles 
 N.N.E. of Guarda. Pop. 780. 
 
 ALVERDISCOTT, pronounced and sometimes written 
 ALSCOTT, il'scot, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ALVERNIA, il-v^R/ne-d, a village of Tuscany, on a moun- 
 tain of Its own name, 2 miles N. of Chiusi. Its monastery, 
 founded a. d. 1218 by St. Francis d'Assisi, was the cradle of 
 the Franciscan order. 
 
 AL/VERSOXta post>office of Ingham co., Michigan. 
 
 ALVERSTOKE, 4l/ver-stoke, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 ALVES, il'vez, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin. 
 
 AI/VESCOTT, or il'scot, a parish of England, co. of Ox- 
 ford. 
 
 AL'VESTON, or ^Wton, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester, 9 miles N. by E. of Bristol. In this parish are ves- 
 tiges of two Roman camps. 
 
 ALVESTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 AU VETON or ALTON, Al'ton, a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 ALVIE, 31'vee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness. 
 
 ALVIONANO, dl-veon-yd/no, a town of Naples, 5 miles N. 
 of Cajazzo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ALVINCZ, 01 vints'. a town of Austria, in Transylvania, 
 on the right bank of the Maros, 6 miles S.W. of Karlsburg. 
 Pop. 3300. 
 
 ALVINGHAM, il/ying-ham, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 ALVINGTON, 4l/ving-t9n, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 ALV5NGT0N, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ALVIKGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ALVI'RA, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 66 
 
 AMA . 
 
 ALVISO, 31-vee'so, a small town of Santa Clara co., Cali- 
 fornia, at the head of San Francisco Bay. A steamboat 
 runs regularly between this place and San Francisco. 
 
 ALVITO, dl-vee/to, a town of Italy, in Naples, 7 miles S.B. 
 of Sora. Pop. 3200. 
 
 ALVOR, dl-voR', a town of Portugal, province of Algarre, 
 on a streamlet of the same name, 8 miles N.E. by K. of 
 Lagos. 
 
 ALVORNINIIA, dl-voR-neen'yJ, a town of Portug.il, pro- 
 vince of Estremadura, 54 miles N. of Lisbon. 
 
 ALAVALTON or AL/LERTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 ALWINGTOX, 4lAwing-ton, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 ALYTII, 3/lith, a market-town and parish of Scotland, 
 COS. of Perth and Forfar, 12 miles W. of Forfar. Pop. 2910. 
 
 ALZANO-JIAGGIORE, il-z^no-mM-}o'ri., a village of 
 Northern Italy, 4 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2100. 
 
 ALZENAU, alt/sg-n(3w\ a market-town of Bavaria, on the 
 Kahlbach, 20 miles E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It is the 
 seat of a local court, and has a I'oyal castle. Pop. 1041. 
 
 ALZEY, dlt/sl, a walled town of Hesse Darmstadt, on 
 the Selz, 19 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 4583. It has 
 some trade in leather. 
 
 ALZONNE, irzonn/, a town of France, department of 
 Aude, 8 miles N.W. of Carcassonne, on the Canal du Midi. 
 Pop. (1852) 1598. 
 
 AM, dm, a frontier stronghold of Afghanistan, on the 
 Indus, between that river and the Mabeen Hills, 60 miles 
 N.E. of Attock. 
 
 AMACET/TA a post-office of Wayne co., W. A'irginia. 
 
 AMACURA, d-md-koo/rd, a river of South America, fell- 
 ing into the great southern mouth of the Orinoco, in Ifvt. 8<^ 
 34' N., and Ion. 60° 7' W. ; and in the lower part of its 
 course forming the boundary between British and Colom- 
 bian Guiana. It is navigable for small vessels to the influx 
 of the Yarakita, lat. 8° N. 
 
 AMADEEYEH, AMADIAII. or AMADIEII, d-md-deo^ya, 
 a fortified town of Asiatic Turkey, in Koordistan, on a tri- 
 butary of the Tigris, Co miles N.N.W. of Mosul. There is 
 here a tomb much frequented by Mohammedan devotees. 
 
 AMAGAN'SETT, a post-village of East Hampton town- 
 ship, Suffolk CO., New York, near the E. end of Long Island, 
 about 25 miles from Riverhead. 
 
 AMAGEB, d/md-gher, sometimes erroneously called 
 AMAK, an island of Denmark, separated from the island 
 of Seeland and city of Copenhagen merely by the harbor of 
 the latter; indeed, part of the city and suburbs of Chris- 
 tuvnshavn are built on it. Area, about 20 square miles. It 
 is flat, well cultivated, and may be regarded as the kitchen 
 garden of the capital, with which it is connected by means 
 of bridges across the harbor. 
 
 AMAKOOSA, AMACUSA, or AMAKOUSA, d-md-koo/sd, 
 an island in the Japanese Empire, off the W. coast of tho 
 island of Kioosioo or Kiusiu. The centre of Amakoosa is in 
 about lat. 32° 20' N. ; Ion. 130° 15' E. 
 
 AMAKOOTAN or AMAKUTAN. See Koorile Islands. 
 
 AMAKOSA. See Kaffraria. 
 
 AMAL, d/mdl, a town of Sweden, 50 miles N.N.E. of We- 
 nersborg. 
 
 AMALFI, d-mdl'fee, (L. AmaVpliis,) a decayed city and 
 seaport of Naples, province of Principato Citra. on the Gulf 
 of Salerno, and 23 miles S.E. of Naples. Lat. 40° 3S' N. ; Ion. 
 14° 37' 10" E. The position of the city is extremely pic- 
 turesque, extending over the summits of a sei'ies of lofty 
 rocks, still crowned with embattled walls and ruined 
 towers — memorials of its former greatness. Its trade, 
 which at one time comprehended that of all the Levant, 
 has now almost entirely disappeared; and with it the 
 greater proportion of the population, which has fallen from 
 50,000 to less than 4000. Amalfi rose early into import- 
 ance, having attained the height of its prosperity during 
 the eleventh century, at which time it was the great mart 
 of all kinds of Eastern merchandise. It assumed the form 
 of an independent republic, and continued to retain its 
 rank as a commercial and maritime city tor several centu- 
 ries, when it fell into a decay l'r(m\ which it never after- 
 wards recovered. Amalfi took an active part in theCrusades. 
 It is the birthplace of Flavia Gioja, to whom the invention 
 of the mariners compass has been assigned, and of Masac 
 niello, the fisherman of Naples. 
 
 AMAL'LAPOORAM', a town of Hindostan, jntheCircars, 
 on one of the outlets of the Godavery, 05 miles E N.E. of 
 Masulipatam. Its inhabitants, who exceed 5000, are en- 
 gaged in weaving cotton fabrics. 
 
 AMAMBAHI, d-mdm-bd'ee', or AMAMBAY, d-mdm-bi'. a 
 mountainous range and river of South America. The 
 mountain range, about 200 miles long, forms the water- 
 shed between the Parana and the Paraguay Rivers; and 
 from its eastern slope flows the Tiver of the .same name B. 
 to the Parana, which it joins after a total course of about 
 100 miles. 
 
 AMANA, d-md-nd^, a river of Venezuela, province of Cu- 
 mana, rises a little W. of Urica, and fiills iiitr the Gulf of 
 Poria. its entire course beinij about 140 mile.s. 
 
> AMA 
 
 AM ANA, l-mH--aS/, a lake in Brazil, formed by a Wfurcar 
 tioti of the Tijuaoa. It lies in lat. 2° 35' S., Ion. 64° 38' W., 
 and is about 20 miles long by 10 miles broad. About 8 miles 
 N. of the lake is a villajre of the same name. 
 
 AMANAPOOR, S-mdn-i-poor', a military station Jn the 
 Island of Ceylon. Lat. 7° 15' N. ; Ion. 80° 45' E. 
 
 AMAXCK, iVftNss/, a rillafre and commune of France, 
 department of Aube, 12 miles from Bar-sur-Aube. 
 
 AMAXCE. (anc. ./lm<;??'Ma?)a village of France, department 
 of Meurthe. 37 miles N.W. of Nancy. 
 
 AMAXCK, a small river of France, department of Aude, 
 fiUls into the Aude below Basse-Fontaine. 
 
 .tMAX'DA. a post-office of Greenup co., Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio liiver. 1.38 miles E.X.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 AMAXDA, a township of Allen co., Ohio, 90 miles >f.W. 
 of Columbus. Pop. 117N. 
 
 AMANDA, a villase of Butler co., Ohio, in Lemon town- 
 ship, on the Miami Canal. 12 miles N.E. of Hamilton. 
 
 AMAXDA. a post-village and township of Fairfield co., 
 Ohio, on the Zane.sville and Maysville Turnpike. 8 miles S.W. 
 of r.«ncaster, the county seat, and 130 miles from Cincinnati. 
 Pop. 1702. 
 
 A.M.\.\'DA, a township of Hancock co., Ohio, about 10 
 miles S.E. of Finley. Pop. 1470. 
 
 AMAXDA, a township of Allen CO.. toward the X.W. part 
 of Ohio, Intei-sected bv the Bis Auglaize Kiver, about 10 
 miles W.S.W. of Lima." Pop. 1178. 
 
 AMAX'DAVILLE, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia, 
 about 90 miles X.W. of Augusta. 
 
 AMAXLJS, d^uiSN'o'leo', a village of France, department of 
 lUe-et-Vilaine. Pop. (1852) 2721. 
 
 AMAXTEA, 3-mdn-ta/3, a fortified seaport town of Naples, 
 15miles S.W. ofCosenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 AMAXUS. See ALMA-DAGH. 
 
 AMARAXTE. 3-m3-rin'tA, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Minho, on the Tamega, a tributary of the Douro, 38 
 miles N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 4000. It is a very ancient town, 
 and has a fine bridge, which was frequently contested dur- 
 ing the war in 1809^ 
 
 AMARAPOORA. AMAKAPURA. iim 3 ra-poo/ra, or UM'- 
 MERAPOO'RA, a fortified city, and formerly the capital of 
 the Burmese dominions, on the Irrawadi, 6 miles X.K. of 
 Ava. In 1800, the population was estimated at 175,000, but 
 the seat of government having been transferred to Ava in 
 1819. it has since rapidly declined. Most of its houses are 
 of bamboo, and near it is the temple with the great bronze 
 statue of Gaudama, brought from Aracan on its conquest 
 by the Burmese in 1784. 
 
 AMARGUKA. 3-maR-goo'ra, an island and volcano in the 
 South Pacific Ocean, one of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 17° 
 58' S.: Ion. 174° 16' AV. 
 
 AMARIBO, a-mJVe-bo', or MAN A, mS'ni;. a river in 
 French Guiana, rises about li)t.3° 35' N., and, aft-er a course 
 of 146 miles, falls into the Atlantic. 
 
 AMASIA, AMASIEII, or AMASIYAH, i-mSi/soe'a. a city 
 of .\sia Minor, on the Yeshil-Ii-mak, (anc. Iris,) 95 miles 
 N.W.of Seevas, and 63 miles S. by W. of Samsoon. It has 
 nearly 4000 houses, of which 3500 are Tui'kish. 350 Arme- 
 nian, and 120 Greek; whence its population mav be esti- 
 mated at from 20.000 t» 25.000. It stands on botli b,anks of 
 the river, between almost perpendicular rocks ; a handsome 
 stone bridge connects its two divisions. Many of the houses 
 are built of stone; it has a strong citadel, a fine mosque, 
 well-supplied bazaars, and a considerable trade in silk, of 
 which 48.000 okes. or 132.000 pounds, (an unusual crop.) 
 were produced in its vicinity in 1840. It exports silk and 
 salt. Outside of the city are the excavated " tombs of the 
 kings," described bv Strabo. a native of Amasia. 
 
 AMASTRA, a-m"as'tra, AMAS/ERAII, or AMASREII, 
 i-m.^s'reh, (anc, Amas'lTis.) a fortified seaport town of Asia 
 Minor, on a rocky peninsula in the Black Sea, 60 miles X^.E, 
 of Ereglee. Pop. about 800. It has a bay on its E. side, 
 where vessels anchor in 3 or 4 fathoms of water. 
 
 AMATAK.\. See York Ishxd. 
 
 AMATIIOXTE, S-mi-thon't4, (anc, Amlafhus.) a village of 
 the island of Cyprus, near its S. coast, apparently the same 
 place as Old Limasol. See LiM.\sOL. 
 
 AMATITLA.Y, a-ma-t«e-tliin', or AMTTITAN, J-m^-tee- 
 tin'. a-town of Central America, state of Ouatem.ala, about 
 15 miles S, of the city of Gxiatemala, Lat. 14° 30' X'.; Ion. 
 90° 17' W. It is irregularly built, and none of the houses- 
 have more than the ground story ; they are principally con- 
 structed of mud, beaten hard with a wooden mallet after 
 being put into a wooden liox of the dimensions of the 
 walls; which box is moved from place to place until the 
 desired height, length, and breadth are attained, Each 
 house has a large yard and a plantation of cactus attached 
 to it, the leaves of which are cut and ranged in long, nar- 
 row sheds, to preserve the cochineal insect in the winter 
 season. The wells in the town are all brackish; and most 
 of those in the vicinity, particularly in low situations, are 
 belling hot, but perfectly clear and free from impurities. 
 Amatitlan is a place of some antiquity, having been one of 
 the principal seats oC the Jesuits, who had large sugar 
 estates in the vicinity. The Inhabitants, nearly all mulat- 
 
 AMA 
 
 toes and samboes, are active, industrious, and enterprising, 
 Pop. from 10,000 to 12.000. 
 
 AMATRICE, ^-md-tree'chi, a '"wn of Naples, province of 
 Abru/.zo Ultra II,, 22 miles N, Oi .iC,uil,''., Pop, 5000, It 
 has a manufactory of woollen stuffs, and a &i.tiOv,l of belles- 
 lettres. 
 
 AM.\XICIIT, 3-mdx-ee/kee, a seaport town, and the -ari:- 
 tal of the Ionian island of Santa Maura or Leucadia, on its 
 E, coast, and separated from the castle of Santa Jlaura, at 
 the X. extremity of the island, by a lagoon about 1 mile 
 across. Pop, of town and citadel, 6000, The haibor, im- 
 proved by a mole, is adapted only for small craft, Amaxichi 
 is the residence of a Greek archbishop and of a British go- 
 vernor. Opposite the town is an a(iueduct. remarkable for 
 its length, nearly destroyed by the late earthquake, and 
 near it are remains of Cyclopean walls, probably those of 
 the ancient LrvJcas. 
 
 A M A Y, d'uiA'. a town of Belgium, province of Liege, on the 
 Mouse, and on the railway from Nnniur to Liege. 14^ miles 
 S.W, of Liege, Pop, 2470, many of whom are brickmakers. 
 
 AMAZOX, nm',i-z9n, (Sp, pron, d-mif-thSn',) sometimes 
 called MARASfoX, m.^-rdn-yon', ORELLAXA, o-rM-v.Vnd, 
 or SOLIMO'KXS, Ihe large.st river not only of South'Amo- 
 rica, but of the globe, (though the MissLssippi is longer.) has 
 its sources among the Andes, in the interior of Peru, and 
 pursuing first a N,W,, and then a slightly N,E. coiu-se 
 almost across the entire continent, empties the drainage of 
 more than half of South America into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 by two great mouths, the southeiTi, called Para River, 
 which enclose on three sides the large island of Joannes 
 or Mar.ijo, The outlets of this giant stream are almost 
 directly under the equator, and in about 50° \V, Ion. Its 
 entire length is about 4000 miles, and such is its volu»- e 
 and impetus, that it carries its waters unmixed into 
 the sea to the distance of above eighty leagues. The 
 breadth of the largest mouth, according to the Imperial 
 G.azetteer, is 96 miles; but the two arms, with the isl.and 
 included, cover a width of perhaps 250 milefi. Geographers 
 are not agreed as to which sti-eani shall be entitled to the 
 parentage of this great flood of waters ; .some a.ssigning it to 
 the Tunguragua, and others to tlie Ucayale and Apurimac. 
 Our own opinion inclines to the first named as the most 
 western branch, and most direct in its coiirse, though not the 
 largest; but the same principle decides in the case of the Mis- 
 sissippi, which is also the more direct in its course, though 
 much inferior in length and in volume of water to its groat 
 tributary the Missouri. But great as is the Mississippi, it 
 must yield both in quantity of water and the number and 
 magnitude of its tributaries, to the Amazon, the king of 
 rivers. The Amazon has its sources among the slopes 
 of the Andes, in the interior of Peru, and between 10" 
 and \i\° S. lat. and 70° and 77° W. Ion. The Tungurar 
 gua or Upper MaraBon. the most western branch, rising in 
 L.ake Lauricocha. in lat. 10° SO' S., and Ion, 76° 25' W,, 
 flows N.W, to a little N. of 6° S. lat., and nearly 79° W. Ion., 
 where it bends to the N.E., which course it maintains, with 
 slight variations, to its exit under the equator; so that in 
 crossing the continent from its most western curve, its 
 windings deviate within 6° of a direct eastern course, in a 
 flow of about 3000 miles. Passing E. on the southern side, 
 there enter the Amazon, in the order named, the Iluallaga, 
 the Ucayale, the Jaliaryor Yavary — all from Peru; the Ju- 
 tay. JuruS. Telle or Tefe, Coary, Purus, Madeira, Tapajos, 
 Xingu, and Tocantins, from Brazil; while from the X., 
 commencing at the Xapo, in Ion. 7.3° SCW., and following 
 the s,ame order, there are the Putumayo or I^a from Equa- 
 dor, the Japura or Caqueta, the Kio Xegro and Trombetas 
 from New Granada. Venezuela, and Northern Brazil. Bth 
 sides these main tributaries, there are smaller affluents and 
 sub-tributaries, that elsewhere would be classed as large 
 rivers, numbering, according to some geographers, more 
 th.an 200. The sources of the Tunguragua or Upper Mara- 
 f!on, of the Iluallaga and the Montanjv — one of the main 
 confluents of the Ucayale — are all within a few miles of each 
 other; so that assume which we may of the three rivers- 
 just named as the parent stream, its origin will be nearly 
 the same. The Apurimac. however, another, and the largest 
 confluent of the head waters of the Ucayale, rises in a small 
 lake in lat. 15° 38' S., and Ion, 7.5° W,, nearly 5° farther S. 
 than the other sources of the Amazon. Of ths great tri- 
 butaries, the Madeira has a course of about 2000 miles, th* 
 Rio Xegro of 1500, and the Ucayale, Tapajos, Xingu, Tocan- 
 tins, and Caqueta or Japura. perhaps fiom 1000 to 1200 miles 
 each. These affluents, with their sub-tributaries, pour into 
 the parent stream the drainage of the greatest river basin — 
 area estimat<>d at from 1,5C0.0<I0 to 2.500.000 square miles — in 
 the known world, finding its outlet into the ocean through 
 one main channel. The Amazon or Orellana is called by 
 the inh.ibitants of the country Tunguragua or Upper Mara- 
 fion to the junction of the Ucayale; and from thence to its 
 junction with the Rio X^egro it is frequently called the 
 Solimoens : and from this point to the oc-ian it receives the 
 same appellation as that by which it is known to foreigners. 
 According to Lieutenant Herndon. of the United States 
 Navy, who explored this river In 1852, ft-om its sources to 
 
 67 
 
AJIA 
 
 AMB 
 
 its mouth, by nrdor of his government — the Amazon is 
 tmvl^ahlo on the Ucayale l)ranch to a point, at high wa- 
 t^r, distant 3:360 miles from the ocean, on the Iluallaga 
 bi-nch to 2813 miles, and on the main stream to San Boija, 
 al>out 3000 miles for vessels of 5 or 6 feet draught at low 
 water. It is probable that, if the same system of boating, 
 were adoptt^ as in the 'Western United States, these streams 
 mi;;ht l)e ascended by steamboats to points still higher than 
 (hose named above. In connection with its innumerable 
 tiranches, this river opens to the ocean perhaps not less 
 tlihn 10,000 miles of interior navigation for large vessels, 
 independent of its singular union with the Orinoco, 
 through the Cassiquiare and Rio Negro rivers. The Ama- 
 zon is 500 yards wide at the mouth of the Iluallaga, about 
 2S30 miles from its mouth; at Xanta, 2325 miles from the 
 sea, it is J of a mile; J of a mile at Loreto; Ij mile at the 
 mouth of the Jabary; from 4 to 5 miles opposite the mouth 
 of Japura; 1 mile above Coary; 10 miles at Gurupa; 
 about 35 miles above the separation of its channels of exit, 
 where it is perhaps 150 miles wide. According to Hern- 
 don's table of distances, it is 31)44 miles from Oroya, at the 
 head of the Huallaga branch, to the Para mouth. The 
 Amazon is studded with islands (.some of them quite large) 
 throughout its course; it tlows with a current varying 
 from 1 mile to 3.7 miles an hour, with a geueral average of 
 about 2^- miles, and with a depth of from 42 feet at the 
 mouth of the Iluallaga, to 312 fet;t in the Para branch, just 
 at the commencement of the Delta. These measurements, 
 as well as most of the more recent facts in this sketch, are 
 tjiken from Lieutenant IIerxdon's Explorations down the 
 VaUey of the Amazon. The Amazon is perceptibly affected 
 by the tides as far as Obidos. a distance of about 400 miles 
 from its mouth. During the rainy season it overflows its 
 banks, submerging the country for hundreds of miles. The 
 Amazon abounds in fish, turtle, and alligators. It traverses 
 a region of almost inexhaustible fertility, covered with dense 
 and Idfty forests. "If the name of primeval forest," says 
 Humboldt, " can be given to any forest on the face of the 
 eiu-th, none can claim it perhaps so strictly as those that 
 fiU the connected basin of the Orinoco and the Amazon." 
 
 A remarkable feature of this river is the bore, which occurs 
 at its mouth, two days before and two days after full moon. 
 •On these occasions the waters of the oce;in rush into the river 
 in huge waves of from 10 to 20 feet in height, three or four 
 of which follow each other in succession with irresistible 
 force. These are sometimes very destructive to small craft 
 on the river, whence originated probably the Indian name 
 of the stream — A.m.\ssona, i-m3s'so-nd\ signifying '-Ixsat de- 
 stroyer." The mouth of the Amazon was discovered in the 
 year 1500 by Viscount Yanez Pingon; but the first Kxxro- 
 pean who descended the stream was Francis d'Orellana. a 
 Spaniard, who, in 1533. sailed from the mouth cf the Kio 
 Xapo to the ocean. AVith this adventurer originated the 
 story of a community of female warriors whom he saw (as 
 he relates) in great numbers on the river banks in the in- 
 terior of the continent, and whom he represents as similar 
 in their customs to the Amazons of antiquity. It is not 
 improbable that the Indian name of the river (Amas.sona) 
 may have suggested to Orellana the fable of the Amazons. 
 
 AM'AZON, a village of Boone co., Illinois, about 15 miles 
 N.E. of Belvidere. 
 
 AMAZON'AS, d-mS-so'nSs, a department in the \. part of 
 Peru, divided into the provinces of Chachapoyas and May nas. 
 
 AM.\ZU>IA, d-mJ-zoo'm3. a large town of West Africa, on 
 the left bank of the Niger, about lat. 5° 10' N., Ion. 6° 10' E. 
 
 A.MBABIKOI, dm-bd-be^koy' a vilLage of Lower Egypt, 58 
 miles N.W. of Cairo. 
 
 AMBACIA. See Amboise. 
 
 AMBALEGA, dm-bd-li'gi, a town in the island of >Ia- 
 duna, Malay archipelago. It lies near the centre of the 
 island, and is suri-ounded by fine wood, has a temple, and 
 4000 inh.abUants. 
 
 AMBAKES, Sji'biVA/, a village of France, department of 
 Oux>nde. Pop. (1862) 2701. 
 
 AMBATIKI, dm-bd-tee^kee, an Island in the South Pa- 
 cific, one of the Feejee group, of a dome shape, and ri.sing 
 to the height of 750 feet. Lat. 17° 47' S. ; Ion. 179° 10' W. 
 
 AMBA'i'O or IIAMBATO, dm-bi'to, a nev.ado or snowy 
 summit of the Andes, W. of Cordillera, immediately N. of 
 Arequipa. 
 
 AMBATO, am-bd'to, or HAMBATO, ASIEXTO D', d-se- 
 In'to ddm-bd'to, a town of Eeuiidor, 100 miles S.E. of 
 Quito. It was destroyed in 169S by an eruption of Cotopaxi. 
 It w:is rebuilt shortly afterwards, and soon became more 
 flourishing than before. It has some good buildings, 
 and an active trade in grain, sugar, and cochineal. Pop. 
 12,000. 
 
 AMBAZAC, ftM^bdV.dk'. a town of France, department of 
 llaute-Vienne, 10 miles N.N'.VV. of Limoges. Pop. 3021. 
 
 AMBELAKIA, dm-bi-ld'kee'l or AMPELAKIA, a town 
 of European Turkey, province of Thessaly, on the S. slope of 
 Slount Ossa, above the pass of Tempe, 15 miles N.E. of La- 
 rissa. It was at one time famous for its cotton and yarn 
 spinning and dyeing, but the former has been nearly anni- 
 liilated by the cheaper productions of England. The popu- 
 
 lation in 1798 was 4000 ; it afterwards rose to SOOO, and now 
 has sunk below 3000. 
 
 AM'BER or AMB'IIEER', a town of Ilindostan, Rajpoo 
 tana, 5 miles N.E. of Jeypoor, and formerly capital of tha 
 Jeypoor dominions. 
 
 AJI'BER, a post-village of Otisco township, Onondaga co., 
 New York, is situated near Otisco Lake, about 14 miles S.S.E, 
 of Syracuse. 
 
 AMBERU. dm'btea. a walled town of Bavaria, formerly 
 capital of Upper Pjil;itinate, on both sides of the vils, 35 
 miles E. of Nuremberg. It is well built, has broad and 
 clean streets, and contains a lyceum. gymnasium, theologi- 
 cal seminary, normal school, public library, and several en- 
 dowed hospitals. It has a royal manufiictory of arms, which 
 produces yeiirly from 10,000 to 20,000 muskets of the best 
 quality; and also manufactures of cotton stuffs. Here, on 
 August 24, 1796, the Archduke Charles defeated the rear- 
 guard of the French army under General Jourd:vn. Pop. 
 12.942. 
 
 AM/BER-GATE, a station on the North Jlidlan EaUway, 
 England, co. and lOi miles N. of Derby. 
 
 AMBERGRIS (amntigr-grees') KEY, an uninh.aljited island 
 of Central America, Yucatan, off the N.E. shore of British 
 Honduras. Length, 20 miles from N.E. to S.W.; average 
 breadth, 3 miles. Its name is derived from the ambergris 
 found on its .shores. 
 
 AMBJ^UIEUX, 6.M^b.AVe-tjh', a town of France, 'department 
 of Ain, 18 miles S.S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 245S. 
 
 AMBERLEY^, amA)er-le. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 AMBERSON'S VALLEY, a post^iffice of FrankUn co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 AMBEllT, flM'baln/, a town of France, department of Puy- 
 de-D6me, on the Dore, 35 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 
 (1852) 8133, with extensive paper-works and m.auufactures 
 of ribbons. 
 
 AJIBIALET, <^-M*be'd-l;l/, a vUlage of France, department 
 of Tarn, 10 miles E.N.E. of Alby. Pop. 32 '6. 
 
 AJIBIL, dm-beel', one of tbe smaller Pliilippine islands, 
 70 miles S.W.of Manila, containing a lofty volcanic moun- 
 tain. 
 
 AMBIJ, dm-bl', a village of Netherlands, province of Lim- 
 burg. Pop. 685. 
 
 A.MBLAU or AMBLAUW, dmV13w', an island of the 
 Malay Archipelago, 12 miles S.E. of Booro. Lat. 3° 62* 
 S. , Ion. 127° IS' E. It is 10 miles long,.and dependent on 
 the Dutch government of Ambovna. Pop. 733. 
 
 AMBLECOAT or AMBLECOTE, am^el-kote, a hamlet of 
 England, co. of Stafford, tuilf a mile N. of Stourbridge. 
 Pop. 10:33. 
 
 AM'BLER'S MILLS, a postroffice of Louisa co., Virginia. 
 
 AM'BLESIDE, a market-town .and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Westmoreland, near the N. extremity of Lake AVin- 
 dermere, 12 j miles N.W. of Kendal. 
 
 AMBLESTON, am'bglz-t.9n, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Pembroke. 
 
 AMBLETEUSE, 8M'b"l-tnz', a decayed seaport of France, 
 department of Pas-de-Calais, on the English Channel, 6 
 miles N. of Boulogne. Pop. 581. Here James II. landed 
 after his abdication in 1689; and near it is the celebrated 
 granite column which Napoleon erected to the grand army 
 in 1805. 
 
 AilBLEVE. dmHjld-veh, a river in Prussia, flows W., and 
 falls into the Ourthe 10 miles N.ofDnrbuy. Ithasacourse of 
 about 50 miles, of which the last 7 are navigable. 
 
 AMBOISE, 6.MbVdz', (anc. Amba'cia,) a town of France, 
 department of Indre-et-Loire, on the Loire, and on the rail- 
 way from Orleans to Tours, 14 miles E. of Tours. Pop. (1S52) 
 4762. Its ancient castle, memorable in history as the re- 
 sidence of many French kings, has been lately modernized 
 and improved. Amboise is celebrated for the " anjitraiion 
 (TAmboise," formed against the Guises, iu 1560. It has ex- 
 tensive manufactures. 
 
 AMBOISE. am'boiz' or dmVwdz', a cape, island, and an- 
 chorage of Africa, coast of Benin : lat. 3° 58' N., Ion, 9° 15' E. 
 
 AMBO'LOor AMBOULE, dm-bool', a town of the island 
 of JIailagascar; Lat. 24° 15' S., Ion. 47° 0' E, in a rich and 
 beautiful valley, on a stream of the same name. 
 
 AMBOLON, dm-bo-15n', one of the Philippine Islands, 
 S.W. of Mindoro; lat. 12° 9' N., Ion. 121° 12' E. 
 
 AMBON, iyi^h6y-f, a town of France, department of Mor 
 bihan. Pop. 2175, with a smiiU port on the Penerf. 
 
 AiPBOOR/, a town of British IndLa, presidency of, and 
 108 miles W.S.W. of M.adras. 
 
 AMBOW or AMBAU, dm'bdw', a small island in the South 
 Pacific, one of the Feejee group; lat. 10° 30' S.. Ion. 17S° E, 
 It is only one mile iu length, and about half a mile in 
 breadth, but is of importance, having a large town of tha 
 same name, and being the seat of a kind of sovereign 
 authority. 
 
 AM BOY', a post-township of Oswego co., towards the N, 
 part of New York, about 17 miles S.E. of Pulaski. Pop. 1 402. 
 
 AMBOY', a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pep. 1033. 
 
 AMBOY', a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 
 AM BOY, Hillsdale co., Midiigan. See Appesdix. 
 
 AMliOY, a post-office oi Waaliiugton co., lo.vA. 
 
AMB 
 
 AMROY CEXTRK. a postroffice of Oswego co., New York. 
 AMBOY. PEUTH, New Jersey. See Perth Ambot. 
 AMBOV.VA or AMBOI.N'A, Jra-boi'na, (Malay, Amhm, 
 " dew,") an island in the Malay Archipelago, the most im- 
 portant, though not the largest of the Moluccas, lying K. of 
 Booro, lat. (Allavy Point) 3° 46' S., Ion. 127° 59' E. The 
 island is about 30 miles long, by about 10 miles in breadth 
 at its broadest part, though generally it is not above 5 or 6 
 miles: area. 282 .square miles. It is subject to earthquakes; 
 is of a primitive formation, granite in some localities rising 
 even to the summits of the mountjiins, while in others it 
 underlies serpentine and recent calcareous deposits; in the 
 valley the .soil is of a reddish clay, mixed with sand. Cloves 
 are the staple product, the annual quantity produced being 
 from 500,000 to (500,000 pounds. In 1796 the island was cap- 
 tured by the British, and restored to the Dutch in 1801, at 
 the peace of Amiens; but was again taken in 1810, and 
 finally restored to Holland in 1814, at the treaty of Paris. 
 The government of .\mboyna includes, besides the above, 
 Zooroo. .\mblau, Ceram, and several smaller islands. Pop. 
 (1841) 29..^92. 
 
 AMBOV.VA, AMBOT ANA, or AMBOYANA, am-boi-a/nd, 
 capital of the above island, and of the Dutch residence or 
 government of Amboyna, Moluccas ; lat. of Fort Victoria, 
 30 ii> ;// s^ io„_ 1-280 10' E., on the S.E. side of the Bay of 
 Amboyna. It is of a triangular form, is clean and neat, and 
 regularly built, with straight and wide streets, intersected 
 by numerous streams, planted on either side with shrub- 
 bery. A public garden is attached to the town, and a row 
 of houses, adorned with a double row of nutmeg-trees, and 
 occupied by the principal inhabitants, terminates in a long 
 esplanade, lo;iding to the citiidel of Fort Victoria. The Bay 
 of .\mboyna is about 20 miles long and from 2 to 7 broad, 
 the roads secure and commodious, and the arichor.age good, 
 with a depth of from 20 to 45 fathoms. Pop. of the town 
 in 1841, 891)6. 
 
 AMBllAOIA. and AMBRACIUS SINUS. See Arta. 
 
 AMBlllKilKS. dM^bre-aiii/, a town of France, department 
 and miles N. of Mayenne, on the Varenne. Pop. 1221. 
 
 AMBIllM,am-breem', an Island in the Pacific Ocean, New 
 Hebrides, lat. l(i° 9' 30" S., Ion. 167° 50' E. It is 50 miles in 
 circumference, fertile, and cultivated. 
 
 AMBRIZ, am'brii! or im-breez', a small independent Ne- 
 gro kingdom of Africa, S. of Guinea, with a port at the 
 mouth of the river.Ambriz, on the Atlantic Ocean, about 
 70 miles N. of Loanda. Slavery is unknown in this little 
 territory, and among its singular customs is the prohibi- 
 tion of horses and beasts of burden. Its capital is Que- 
 branza. At the port there are Portuguese and .\merican 
 stores, and it has an extensive tnade in gum and ivory. 
 
 AMBHlZETTK,dm-bre-zett/or dm-bre-z^ftA, a kingdom of 
 Africa, in South Guinea, between the Congo and Anibri- 
 zette Uivers, with a town on the coast, about 30 miles N. 
 of Ambritz. 
 
 AMBROOK ISLAND, a small island of Russia, in the Bal- 
 tic Sea, about 21 miles N.E. of Demesnes Point. 
 
 AMBRON.W, iM^bro^nA', a town of France, department 
 of Ain. 15 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 1737. It has an an- 
 cient Benedictine abbey. 
 
 AM/BROSDEN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 AM'BRUSETOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 AMBROSIA, am-brc/zhe-a, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 AM'BRYN, an island of the New Hebrides, in the South 
 Pacific, lat. 16° 14' S., Ion. 168° 24' E. 
 
 AMBUKOL, dm^boo^kol', a village of Nubia, on the Nile. 
 Lat. 18° 4' 31" N.; Ion. 31° 34' 46" E., about 8 miles W. of 
 which is a waste named Haagbarlak, the superficial stratum 
 of which is coarse sandstone, containing many silicious 
 fossil trees, parts of which are splintered off by the pea- 
 santry and used as gun-flints. 
 
 AMKDorAMID. See Diardekir. 
 
 A.MEENANA, a-mee^nS/nd, a town of Sinde, on an isl.and 
 formed by the Narra and Indus, 12 miles N. of Sehwan. 
 
 AM HIDE, d-mi'deh, a village of Netherland.s, on the Lek, 
 with a brewery. Pop. 1070. 
 
 AMKLA.N'D, d/me-ldut\ an island of the Netherlands, in 
 the North Sea, 4 miles N. of the coast of Friesland ; lat. 53° 
 30' N., Ion. 6° 15' E. The island is 13 miles in length from 
 E. to \V., by 2 miles in width. 
 
 AM ELIA, d-m.i1e-d, or AM ERTA, d-mA/re-d, a town of the 
 Papal States, delegation of and 22 miles S.W. of Spoleto; it 
 is the .see of a bishop, having a cathedral, 3 churches, and 
 some convents. It was the ancient ^nie/n'a, one of the oldest 
 cities of Umbria, and the birthplace of Koscius, the cele- 
 brated Roman actor, so frequently mentioned by Cicero. 
 Pop. 5500. 
 
 A.MELIA, a-mee'le-a, a county towards the S.E. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 300 square miles. The Appomattox 
 river forms about half of the boundary, enclosing it on 
 neiirly all sides excepting the S.; it is also drained by the 
 Namazine, Flat, and Deep Creeks. The surfiice is'somewhat 
 diversified; the soil of the valleys is naturally fertile, but 
 impoverished by long cultivation. A portion of the land 
 ?ias been " turned out," and can be bought at a merely no- 
 /ninal rate. The county is intersected by the Kicbmoad 
 
 AME 
 
 and Danville Railroad. Organized in 1734. Capital, Amelia 
 Court House. Pop. 10,741 ; of whom 3086 were free, ana 
 76.i5 slaves. 
 
 AMELIA, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, in Batavia 
 township. 25 miles E. by S. from Cincinnati. 
 
 AMELIA COURT H<)USE, a post-village, capital of Ame 
 lia CO., Virginia, 47 miles S.W. of Richmond. It contain* 
 very few dwellings. 
 
 AMELIA ISLAND is situated on the coast of Nassau co., 
 in the N.E. part of Florida. It is about 16 miles in length, 
 and 4 in bre.adth, and is separated from the mainland by a 
 channel of from 2 to 4 miles wide. The soil is generally 
 
 AM^LIE-LES-BAINS, d'mA'leeaA'baNo', or ARLES-LES- 
 BAINS, anlHA^bixg', a village of France, department of 
 Pyrenees-Orientales, 3 miles W. of Ceret. 
 
 AMEND, d'm^nt, a village of Rhenish Prussia. Pop. S40. 
 
 AMENI or AMENY, d"m.Vnee\ one of the Laccadive 
 Islands; l.at. 11° 6' N., Ion. 72° 41' E. It is of a circular 
 form, 1 or li miles in diameter. 
 
 AAIENIA, .vmee'ne-a, a post-village and township ot 
 Dutchess CO.. New York, on tlie Harlem Railroad, 88 miles 
 N.N.E. of New York. It contains several churches, a bank, 
 an academy, and a few stores. Pop. of the township, 228S. 
 
 A.MENIA UNION, a post-village of Amenia township, 
 Dutchess CO., New York, 25 miles E.N.E. of Poughkecpsie. 
 
 AMERICA. a-m?r'e-ka. (Fr. JmMqiie, d'mAVeek': Ger. 
 Amerila, d-mA're-kd; It.'Sp.. and Port. America, d-niA're-kd ; 
 named from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who vi.sited 
 South America in 1499, and published, in 1500. an interest- 
 ing account of his voyage.) one of the great divisions of the 
 globe, and. with the exception of Asi.i. the largest, extends 
 from Point Barrow, in lat. 71° 24' N., to Cape Forward, the 
 most southerly point of the continent, on the Straits of 
 Magellan, lat. 53° 5,3' 7" S. Horn Island, on which Cape 
 Horn is situated, and the other islands constituting the 
 archipelago of Terra del Fuego. and which .ire considered 
 as forming part of South America, extend between 2° and 
 3° further south. America consists of two vast peninsulas, 
 called respectively North and South America, connected by 
 the Isthmus of Panama or Darien, which, at its narrowest 
 part, is only 28 miles in breadth, its general width being 
 about 40 miles. The near approach to entire separation be- 
 tween the two peninsulas is effected by the Gulf of Mexico 
 and the Caribbean Sea, which form a vast recess, bounded 
 on the S. by the northern shores of South America, on the 
 N. by the United States, and extending VV. more than Hif 
 beyond the most eastern point of South America. The 
 entire American continent, stretching, as it does, from the 
 Northern icy ocean to the cold region of the south, a dis- 
 tance, in a straight line, of about 9000 miles, constitutes 
 the longest continuous body of land on the globe. Its 
 greatest breadth, S. of the equator, is between Cape St 
 Roque in Brazil, and Cape Parina in Peru, between lat. 4° 
 and 7° S., where it is more than 3250 miles wide. North 
 of the equator, the greatest breadth is near the parallel of 
 45°, between Cape Causo in Nova Scotia, and Cape Lookout 
 in Oregon, where it is more than 3100 miles in width. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, which sepa- 
 rates it from Europe and Africa, and on the W'. by the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, which divides it from Asia and Australia. From 
 Siberia, however, it is separated only by Behring Straits, 
 not more than 48 miles in width at the narrowest part. 
 The extent of surface has been variously estimated. Hassel 
 has given it at 17,303,000, and Balbi at 14,622,0000 square 
 miles; but in every estimate allowance must be made for 
 the uncertainty of the northern limits. Berghaus makes 
 the area about 14.219.967 square miles, not reckoning the 
 islands, to which he assigns an area of about 98,660 square 
 miles, which, without doubt, is too little. The physical 
 features of this great division of the globe are on the most 
 gigantic scale. Here are the greatest rivers and lakes, the 
 largest valleys, the loftiest mountains, (with the exception 
 of the Himalayas, which, however, they greatly exceed in 
 length,) and the most magnificent forests in the world. 
 Here, also, is exhibited the greatest development of vol- 
 canic phenomena, the chain of the Andes furnishing the 
 most remarkable example of linear volcanoes of any region 
 on the globe. Out of 270 active volcanoes, the estimated 
 number of all that are in that state on the surface of the 
 earth, in the world, 190 are on the shores and islands of 
 America, being upwards of two-thirds of the whole. 
 
 In bodily conformation, the aboriginal tribes of America 
 present remarkable similarities ; but their languages, though 
 containing many roots in common, are exceedingly various, 
 amounting in number to no fewer than 600. 
 
 Although differing considerably in general contour, the 
 two great peninsulas present some remarkable points of re- 
 semblance. Both taper towards their southern extremities, 
 iind the form of both seems to have been in a great mea- 
 sure determined by a range, and by a system of moun- 
 tains; on tho W. by the Andes, and their continuations 
 the Rocky Mountains, stretching from Terra del Fuego to 
 near the Arctic Ocean; and on the E. by the Brazilian Moun- 
 tains, and the Alleghany or Appalachian chain. A sub- 
 
AME 
 
 divis'oTj oalUJ Central America comprises part of North 
 Amoi ica This divisiou will be uoticed after North America. 
 
 Adj. a..d inhab. American. a-mSr-ekan, (Fr. Am£uicain, 
 
 J'mi'ree'kLNo'; Uer. adj. Amerik'anisch, il-ini-re-ki'nish ; in- 
 hab. Amerikanischer. l-mA-re-ki'iiish-gr.) 
 
 AMEHICA, NOKTII. (Fr. Aminqtie-SeptentHmale, a'mA - 
 reek' s5tH5No'tre-o''n3l', or AmiriquK-du-Nm-d, d'm.AVeek' dil 
 bor; Ger.Nnrd Amerila. noRt A-mA're-kd; &■[>. America Sckn- 
 trional, j-mi're-kS sA-t^n-tre-o-iidl'.) exclusive of Central Ame- 
 rica, lies between the 16th degree of N. lat. and the Arctic 
 Ocean. It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the 
 Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, and S. by the Gulf of Mexico 
 and Central America, and W. by the Pacific Ocean. It is 
 more irregular in form than South America, being deeply 
 indented with gulfs, bays, and inlets. Its length from 
 Hudson's Straits to the Florida channel, following the wind- 
 ings of the coast, is probably 4800 miles, and from thence 
 to Panama about 4500 more. The whole length on the Pa- 
 cific side, including the coasts of the Gulf of California, has 
 been computed at 10,500 miles. Of the extent of the N. 
 and N.E. shores, no conjecture has yet been hazarded, but 
 it is probably not less than 3000 miles; thus making an 
 entire coast line of perhaps 22,800 miles. Of so irregularly 
 shaped a region, any estimate of its area must be exceed- 
 ingly conjectural ; but it is generally computed to be about 
 8.000.000 square miles. J. D. B. De Bow, Superintendent 
 of the census bureau at Washington, stjjtes the area 
 to be 8,373,648 square miles, assigning 3,050,398 square 
 miles to British America. 3.306,865 to the United States, 
 1.038,834 to Mexico, 394,000 to Russian America, 384.000 
 to Danish America, (Greenland,) and 203,551 to Central 
 America. 
 
 Pnlitical Divisions. — Xorth America, including Greenland, 
 is divided into six political organizations, viz. Danish Ame- 
 rica or Greenland; British America, occupying all the ter- 
 ritory N. of the great lakes and 49° of N. lat., and E. of 
 about 132° W. Ion.; Russian 'America, including all the 
 N.W. portion of the continent W. of 132° W. Ion.; the 
 United States, occupying the territory between British 
 America on the N., and the Gulf of Mexico aud the re- 
 public of Mexico on the S.; Mexico, lying between 16° 
 30' and 32° N. lat., and between the Pacific on the W. 
 and the Gulf of Mexico on the E.; and Central America, 
 which occupies all the northern peninsula S. of Mexico. 
 The unsettled political condition of Mexico and Central 
 America makes it difBcult to cla.^s them, as civil con- 
 tentions and divisions are constantly taking place. 
 
 F.ioK iifllie Country, Mountains, dv. — The mountain ranges 
 of North America comprise two principal systems, viz. the 
 Chippewayan or Rocky Mountains, a continuation of the 
 Andes, stretching along the AV. coast at a distance varying 
 from 450 to 900 miles from the P;Mific, and the Appalachian, 
 which extends in a N.E. and S.W. direction along the Atlan- 
 tic coast. Several peaks of the former system rise far above 
 the line of perpetual snow, of which the higliest ascertained 
 are Popocatapetl and Orizaba in Mexico, the former 17,720 
 feet, aud the latter 17.380 feet above the sea-level; Fre- 
 moufs Peak, in the United States, 13.570 feet, and Mount 
 Brown and Mount Hooker in British America, which have 
 an elevation of 15,990 and 15.700 feet respectively. A range 
 which may be considered as a part of the same system, ex- 
 tends between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific, com- 
 mencing in the S.E. of Russian America, and terminating 
 in the peninsula of California. This chain is called in Ore- 
 gon and Washington Territories the Cascade Bange, and in 
 California the Sierra Nev.ida Mountains. Still nearer to 
 the sea, which in many places it borders, is the Coast Range. 
 The highest summits of the Cascade Mountains vary from 
 10,000 to 17,900 feet, the latter being the altitude of Mount 
 St. Elias, in Russian America, believed to be the highest 
 land in North America. The Cordilleras, of Mexico and 
 Centi-al America, have several of the most active volcanoes 
 on the globe. The other mountain system, the Appala- 
 chian, on the Atlantic side of the continent, taking its ri.se 
 in the extreme N.E. of the United States, extends nearly 
 parallel to the coast, at a distance varying from less than 
 100 to near 300 miles, to the state of Alabama, culminating 
 in Mount Mitchell (6470 feet high) in North Carolina. It 
 comprises several ranges nejirly parallel, which have a mean 
 elevation of about 2500 feet. Between these two mountain 
 systems lies an immense plain, the largest (if we except 
 the desert plain of Africa) in the world, stretching fi-om 
 the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, a distance of about 
 2800 miles. Much of this vast region is covered with im- 
 mense forests ; a large portion is no doubt doomed to ever- 
 lasting sterility on account of the severity of the climate; 
 but the region S. of the 45th parallel of N. latitude, com- 
 prising an area of about 1,500,000 square miles, is one of 
 almost unexampled fertility. In this plain are situated 
 the great American lakes, and over its level surface flow 
 the majestic rivers Mississippi, Mackenzie, and St. Law- 
 renct, the one forming the southern, the other the north- 
 ern, and the third the eastern outlet for its waters. 
 
 Gedogi/. Mineralixiy, <fc. — A remarkable analogy exists in 
 Uie structure of the land in North America and Central 
 70 
 
 AME 
 
 and Northern Europe. Gneiss, mica-schist, and granite 
 prevail over wide areas in the Alleghanies; on the Atlantic 
 slope and the N. latitudes of the American continent, and 
 on the high and middle latitudes, the Silurian strata ex- 
 tend over 2000 miles. Crystalline and Silurian rocks form 
 the substratum of Mexico, for the most part covered with 
 plutonic and volcanic formations aud secondary limestone. 
 The Rocky Mountains are mostly silm'ian, except the E. 
 ridge, which is of stratified crystalline rocks, amygdaloid, 
 and ancient volcanic productions. The Coast Chain has the 
 s;ime character, with immen.se tracts of volcanic rocks, both 
 ancient and modern, especially obsidian. In North Ame- 
 rica, volcanic action is entirely confined to the coast and 
 highlands along the Pacific. The principal minerals are 
 gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and coal. The tirst two are 
 found in the greatest abundance in the S.W. part of the 
 continent, in California, New Mexico, aud Mexico; but the 
 Alleghany Mountains contain gold in considerable quanti- 
 ties, especially between Marjland and Alabama. The 
 amount of precious metals produced annually in Mexico 
 previous to the revolution was nearly $25,000,000; but 
 since that time it has sunk to about half that amount. 
 From the discovery of gold in California in December, 1847, 
 down to the close of 1853, the amount received at the dif- 
 ferent United States mints was $219,144,919 ; but it is esti- 
 mated that $70,000,000 more was either exported to foreign 
 countries, manufactured, or remained in California. Alxiut 
 $17,000,000 had been sent to the United States mints from 
 the Alleghany mines between 1828 and 1854. Copper exists 
 in great abundance, particularly in Mexico and on the 
 shores of Lake Superior. In the latter locality it is chi- 
 selled from its native Ijed, in masses of 150 tons of nearly 
 pure metal. Quicksilver is found in California and Mexico. 
 Perhaps the richest lead district in the world is to be found 
 between lat. 41° and 44° N., on both banks of the Missis- 
 sippi. In one year, 54.000,000 pounds have been mined at 
 this point. The coalfields of North America are prodigious, 
 covering, in the United States alone, an area of altout 
 133.000 square miles; besides extensive beds in New Brunst- 
 wick. Nova Scotia, and Vancouver's Island. Bituminous 
 coal is the most abundant; but Eastern Penn.sylvauia 
 alone sends to market above 5.000,000 tons annually of 
 anthracite. Iron exists in profusion. Zinc, cobalt, anti- 
 mony, arsenic, titanium, chrome, Ac. are found in greater 
 or less abundance. Salt is widely diffused. 
 
 Bays, Gulfs, Lakes, and Jiivers. — North America, like 
 Europe, is indented with great bays, gulfs, and lakes, 
 opening her interior to commerce, and thus promoting 
 early settlement, civilization, and advancement. Com- 
 mencing on the N.E. are Baffin's Bay, separating British 
 America from Greenland; Hudson's Bay. a great interior 
 sea, opening into the Atlantic by three wide channels: the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, giving entrance to the great lakes 
 or fresh-wjvter seas of North America ; the Bays of F'undy, 
 and Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Delaware, and Chesapeake 
 bays; Long Island, Albemarle, and Pamlico Sounds: the 
 Giilf of Mexico, and Bay of Hondura.s — all on the E. coast. 
 The indentations on the Pacific are not so numerous or so 
 large: the principal are. the Gulf of California, the Bay of 
 San Francisco, Straits of Juan de Fuca, (leading into Pu- 
 get's Sound, Admiralty Inlet; and St. George's Gulf or 
 Channel.) Queen Charlotte's Sound, Cook's Inlet, and Bristol 
 Bay. Five of the largest fresh-water lakes on the earth — 
 viz. Superior, covering 32,000 square miles; Miihiean, 
 22.000; Huron, 20.400; Erie. 9600: and Ontario. 6300— lie 
 between 41° and 49° N. lat.. and between 76° and 93° of W. 
 Ion., all connected with each other by straits or channels; 
 and, by means of their common outlet, the St. Lawrence, 
 open the commerce of the interior of North America to the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Winnipeg, Athabasca, Slave, and Great 
 Bear Lakes, in British America; Lake Nicaragua, in Central 
 America; Lake Chapala, in Jlexico, and Lake Champlain 
 and Great Salt Lake, in the United States, are of various 
 lengths of from 70 to 300 miles. Besides these. North Ame- 
 rica alx)unds in beautiful sheets of water, from the size of 
 ponds up to that of lakes of from 10 to 50 or 60 miles in 
 length, particularly N. of 42° N. lat. No portion of the 
 world is more favored with large rivers than North America, 
 rendering almost every portion of the continent accessible 
 to the sea. From the great table-land of the interior, the 
 Mackenzie River runs N. into the Arctic Ocean, the Sa.s- 
 katchawan, E. into Hudson's Bay, the St. Lawrence into 
 the Atlantic, and the Mississippi. Missouri, and Kio Grande 
 del Norte S. into the Gulf of Mexico. The Columbia, empty- 
 ing into the Pacific, and the Colorado of the W. into the 
 Gulf of California, have their sources in tlie western de- 
 clivities of the Rocky Mountains. The Atlantic slope is 
 drained by a large number of rivers from 200 to OtO miles 
 in length, many of which are navigable for from 60 to 
 200 miles. The Missouro-Mississippi has a course of 4349 
 miles; while its great tributaries, the Arkansas and Red 
 from the W., and the Ohio from the E.. hs^e coiTses of 
 from 1000 to 2500 miles each, and these, aj;ain. h ave tri- 
 butaries and sub-tributaries of large size. The St. I aw 
 rence, from the head of the Bt Louis, one of the nio»t Im- 
 
AME 
 
 AME 
 
 portant affluents of Lake Superior, to its mouth in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, is 2250 miles long. The Columbia is 
 about 12r»0; the Colorado of the West, 1000; and the Rio 
 Grande, 1800 miles long. There are a number of important 
 streams not enumerated, emptyiiij; into the Gulf of Mexico 
 from the United States. Mexico and Central America have 
 no large rivers. 
 
 Jdandx. — Ketween North and South America, in the great 
 recess formed by the narrowing of the continent at Central 
 America and the Isthmus of Darien or Panauin, and be- 
 tween the Atlantic f)ce.an and Caribbean Sea. lies an exten- 
 sive archipelago called the West Indies, which extends E. 
 from the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico to about 60° W. Ion., 
 whence it turns almost directly S.. stretching to the mouth 
 of the Orinoco Kiver, and enclosing the Caribbean Sea on 
 the N. and E. The largest of these islands are Cuba, (also 
 the mo.st western.) Ilayti, Jamaica, and Porto Kico, which, 
 with a gnat number of smaller ones, include, in the whole, 
 an area of perhaps 90.000 square miles. About the mouth 
 of the St. Lawrence is the large island of Newfoundland, 
 with the smaller islands of Cape Breton, Prince Edward, 
 Anticosti. kc. ; while off the coast of the United States — ex- 
 cept a number of small islands on the shores of Maine and 
 Massachusetts, the liahama Isles off Florida and the Ber- 
 mudas, 700 to 900 miles E. of Georgia — the only considerable 
 Island is Long Island. On the Pacific coast, the largest 
 i.slands are Vancouver's, Queen Charlott«'s, and King 
 George III.'s Archipelago. W. of British America; and 
 Prince of Wales, Sitka, Admiralty Island, and the Aleutian 
 Islands on the coast of Itussian America. The latter extend 
 W. toward the shores of Asia. In the Arctic Ocean are a 
 numlier of large but barren islands, of which almost nothing 
 is known. 
 
 Climate. — In general, North America has a temperature 
 10° lower than in the same parallels in Western Europe, 
 and is subject to greater extremes and more sudden changes. 
 In lat. 40° N., in summer, for a few days, the heat is .as 
 great as at Calcutta, and in winter, for short periods, the 
 cold is as severe as that of Russia. The Pacific coa.st is 
 as mild in climate as the western portion of Europe. 
 In the northern part of British America almost per- 
 petual winter reigns, and in the southern the winters are 
 long and severe, hut the air is still, and the temperature 
 not so variable as further S. ; so that the cold is not felt as 
 keenly as in some lower latitudes. The want of any great 
 chain of mountains to the N;, and the great breadth of land 
 untempered by the influence of approximate seas, render 
 even the temperate regions subject to frefiuent spells of 
 fierce cold N. and N.W. winds. In the middle and on the 
 E. side of the continent N. of 50°, the cold is so intense as 
 to make the country almost uninhabitable; while in 
 Southern Mexico and Central America, the usual climates 
 of the torrid zone prevail, varied, however, to a considerable 
 degree by the mountains and the proximity of the seas, 
 the former occasionally producing frosts even between 15° 
 and 25° N. lat. The table-lands of Mexico, with the excep- 
 tion of their liability to great droughts, form a delightful 
 climate. In the Canadas, the transition from winter to 
 summer is very sudden, leaving a very short spring. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — North America is characterized 
 both by the immensity of^its forests and the value and size 
 of its timber; especi-ally a species of pine or fir in Oregon, 
 which attains a height of fiom 200 to 300 feet, and a girth 
 of from 60 to 80 feet. The forests of Canada contain pine, 
 oak, ash. hickory, red beech, birch, and the lofty Canadian 
 poplar. In the United States are several varieties of oak, 
 chestnut, w^alnut, several varieties of maple, (among tliem 
 the sugar-maple,) hickory, cedar, spruce, hemlock, bass- 
 wood, palmetto, dogwood, willow, csitalpa, wild cherry, 
 birch, ash. tulip or American poplar, elm. scycamore, locust, 
 gum, magnolia, cypress, Ac. In California there is a species 
 of cypress called redwood, that attains an enormous size, 
 sometimes 20 feet in di.ameter. 
 
 Maize, or Indian corn, which is the only important fari- 
 naceous plant peculiar to the New World, has an extensive 
 range in North America; but is most successfully cultivated 
 In the Central United States. Millet, cocoa, pimento, vanilla, 
 copfiiba, cinchona, jalap, sassafras, nux vomica, tobacco, and 
 the cochineal plant (cactus cochinilifer) are also indigenous. 
 So likewise is the potato, now widely diffused throughout 
 Europe. Wheat, barley, oats, peas, and rice succeed well 
 throughout large portions of the continent; so also do va- 
 rious kinds of fruit-trees, such as oranges, peaches, lemons, 
 and apples ; but the native fruits are mostly of the nut kind. 
 Sugar, coffee, and cotton are among its staple vegetable 
 productions. The vine hitherto has not been so successfully 
 cultivated, probably more owing to defect of culture than of 
 ancongeniality in the soil or climat*. There are several 
 species of wild or indigenous vines. 
 
 Zfioltx/y. — The animals found in America at the conquest, 
 of the larger kind, were, in general, fewer in number and 
 Inferior in ferocity to those of the eastern continent, with, 
 however, striking exceptions, among which are the polar 
 bear ai.a the grizzly bear, the largest of their species, as 
 well as the most ferocious. The latter is peculiar to North 
 
 America, and is found principally in the regions aaj;iv*-t 
 to the Rocky Mountains, from New Slexico to at least 61° 
 N. lat. The white or polar bear is seldom seen S. of 55° N. 
 lat. The bison or American buffalo, the largest native 
 quadruped of the New A\'orld now existing, roams in im- 
 mense herds on the prairies W. of the Mississippi, but in 
 fast diminishing in numbers before the advance of the 
 white man, as well as by the hand of the Indian. Tlie buf 
 falo sometimes attains a weight of 2000 pounds. The musk 
 ox is a small animal, weighing little more than 300 poundti, 
 with a strong scent of musk. There are several varieties 
 of deep, the most remarkable of which, as well as t he largest, 
 is the moose, attaining a height of 6 feet, and with antlerrf 
 weighing more than 50 pounds. The reindeer is al.so found 
 here. Among the Rocky Mountains are a peculiar race 
 of sheep and goats, the former much larger than '.he do- 
 mestic sheep, with short, tine, and flexible wool; and the 
 latter, which fre(iuents the highest .peaks of the mountains, 
 is covered with a long hair, beneath which is a flne wool. 
 The wolves and dogs of America are peculiar, and S( me of 
 them numerous. The prairie wolves inhabit both sides of 
 the Rocky Mountains, are very swift, and hunt in packs. 
 Among the domestic dogs are the well-known Newfi.undland 
 dog, and the Mackenzie River dog. a small and playful ani- 
 mal. Foxes are numerous, and of several varieties ; among 
 them are the red, kit, and Arctic fox. The red fox is mucli 
 hunted for his skin. Of beasts of prey, the most fero- 
 cious are the grizzly hear, the cougar or panther, lynx, 
 and wildcat. Among the smaller quadrupeds are beavers, 
 ottei'S, racoons, badgers, opossums, wea.si'ls, hares, musk- 
 rats, marmots, squirrels, porcujiines. gophers, and prairie 
 dogs. The latter two are burrowing animals. Reptiles are 
 numerous, and some dangerous; of the latter class is the 
 rattlesnake, the lite of which is tiital, unless an immediate 
 remedy is applied; it attains a length of 6 feet. The pike- 
 muzzled cayman (a species of crocodile) is a native of the 
 Southern United States and Mexico, is found in the Missis- 
 sippi, and grows to the length of 14 or 16 feet. Frogs and 
 toads are numerous. Tortoises of several varietje.s, and sea 
 turtles abound on the S. coasts. Of birds, there are 471 
 known species in North America, 371 of which are pecvtliar. 
 Of these, the wild turkey formerly existed in great num- 
 bers, but it diminishes as the settlements advance. Wild 
 pigeons go in such immense flocks as to darken the air. and 
 when tliey roost, to break the branches from the trees. 
 Among the rapacious birds are the bald and Washington 
 eagle, the sparrowhawk. swallow-tailed hawk, falcon, vul- 
 ture, turkey buzzard, and owl. Among gallinaceous birds, 
 turkeys, pigeons, grouse, quails, and pheasants. Among 
 gralla', crows, herons, flamingoes, spoonbills, rails, and 
 purple gallinules. Among waterfowls, .swan.s, wild geese 
 and ducks, (including the canvasback and eider duck.) peli- 
 cans, Ac: and among the smaller birds, lark.s. orioles, bunt- 
 ings, magpies, jays, cedar-birds, shrikes, mocking-birds, 
 tlirushes, robins, bluebirds, grosbeaks, parrots, woodpeck- 
 ers, humming-birds, kingfishers, chuckwills-widow, whip- 
 poorwill. and turtle-doves. Of fish, there are innumerable 
 varieties; among them are the sturgeon, salmon, salmon 
 trout, whitefish, (peculiar to the great lakes.) mackerel, 
 shad, herring, halibut, sheepshead, trout, perch, bass, pike, 
 char, &e. &c. 
 
 I'tijmhiliim. — The aboriginal races in Central America and 
 Mexico still form an imjjortant element of the population, 
 and number, probably — including the mestizoes, (white and 
 Indian.) and the Indiiins of North Anurica — S.OliO,000 per- 
 sons. While in the West Indies and the United States, 
 about 5.000.000 are Africans and their de.«cendants. mostly 
 in a state of slavery. In the Viost Indies the African race 
 constitutes much the larger part of the population, while 
 in .some of the Southern United States it nearly equals, and 
 in one instance surpasses the white inhabitants in num- 
 bers. The entire population of North America in 1854 may 
 be safely stated as exceeding 40.000.000. The white popu- 
 lation in the United States and in British America is in- 
 creasing in a ratio hitherto unexampled in the^ world. 
 
 Jiaces of Mm. — The origin of the American race is wholly 
 unknown, although there has been no want of conjecture on 
 the subject, most of it more plausible than satisfactory. This, 
 however, is certain, that America was inhabited by a people 
 who lived long antecedent to the races or tribes by which 
 the continent was occupied when first visited by Columbus, 
 but concerning whom history has preserved no record; 
 although many evidences remain, not only to prove the fact 
 of their having existed, but to show that they had attained 
 a degree of civilization altogether unapproached by the ab- 
 origines of the present daj'. Among the.se evidences are 
 stone walls of regular masonry, and hearths of brick, medals 
 of copper and silver, swords, and implements of iron. The 
 Indian tribes of America, with the exception, perhaps, of the 
 more westerly Esquimaux, have all so strong a resemblance 
 to each other in physical formation, and also, though in a 
 less obvious degree, in intellectual character, as to leave no 
 doubt of their being of one family, and of their having a 
 common origin. The most generally received opinion is, 
 that they sprang originally from the neighboring tribes of 
 
 7J 
 
AME 
 
 Asia, who inhabited the extreme eastern portion of the old 
 world, and whom accident or adventure had wafted across 
 Kehring Straits. Indeed, it is said that tradition assigns 
 the first origin of the American race to a migration of their 
 fiithers from beyond the Western Ocean, and that a simi- 
 larity of language may be traced between the tribes that in- 
 habit the Caucasian i-ange, and those of the Cordilleras of 
 Mexico and I'eru. The American Indians, with the excep- 
 tion above made, are of large size, robust, and well-propor- 
 tioned, of a bronze or reddish complexion; hence the name 
 "red men" which they have bestowed upon themselves; 
 coarse, long, blacli, and shining hair, thin beasd, low fore- 
 head, high eyebrows, prominent cheek-bones, nose a little 
 Hattened, but well marlved. The head is of a square shape, 
 face broad and tapering toward the chin, features viewed in 
 profile prominent and deeply sculptured. Their moral cha- 
 racter has been variously represented — sometimes better 
 and sometimes worse than it re;illy is. Excepting extra- 
 ordinary powers of endurance, they seem to possess precisely 
 the virtues and vices common to all savages, along with 
 some good qualities, somewhat rare, perhaps, among uncivil- 
 ized trilxjs. They are grateful, hospitable, and capable some- 
 times of a savage magnanimity; but they are also vindictive 
 and cruel. They are patient in suffering, heroic in death, 
 but wavering iu temptation, and without honor in the field; 
 and the man who can beiir, without flinching, the most ex- 
 quisite tortures, will often perish beside a barrel of spirits 
 which he wanted the resolution to resist. An idea very 
 generally prevails that the aborigines of America are singu- 
 larly grave and taciturn. But Washington Irving repre- 
 sents them as " taciturn only when in company with white 
 men, whose good-will they distrust, and whose language 
 they do not understand ; and that when among themselves, 
 there cannot be greater gossips. Half th^ir time is taken 
 up in talking over their adventures in war and hunting, 
 and iu telling whimsical stories. They are great mimics 
 and buffoons also ; and entertain themselves excessively at 
 the expense of the whites with whom they have associated, 
 and who have supposed them impressed with profound re- 
 spect for their grandeur and dignity. They are curious ob- 
 servers, noting every thing in silence, but with a keen and 
 watchful eye; occasionally exchanging a glance or a grunt, 
 with eiich other when any thing particularly strikes them, 
 but reserving all comment till they are alone. Then it is 
 that they give full scope to criticism, satire, mimicry, and 
 mirth. In the course of my journey along the frontier, I 
 have had repeated opportunities of noticing their excitability 
 and boisterous merriment at their games; and have occa- 
 sionally noticed a group of Osages sitting around a fire until 
 lat« at night, engaged in the most animated and lively con- 
 versation, and at times making the woods resound with 
 peals of laughter." The Indians of North America have 
 been considered an inferior race intellectmilly, and they 
 have not, perhaps, made advances in civilization and the 
 arts commensurate with their opportunities ; yet it may be 
 doubted whether it is not owing to their unconquerable 
 love of liberty, and their impatience of the restraints which 
 civilization imposes, rather than to any want of capacity. 
 The Indians of Mexico and Central America, still forming 
 the larger part of the inhabitants, have amalgamated to a 
 considerable extent with the whites, and to some degree 
 have adopted their habits. The more barbarous tribes of 
 the United States, however, seldom mix with the whites, 
 and are already pushed by the advancing tide of civilization 
 beyond the Mississippi, while a counter tide of emigration 
 from the Pacific shores is hemming them iu on the W., and 
 they seem to be rapidly diminishing before the power, the 
 cunning, and the diseases of the white man. Still a large 
 portion of the continent is in possession of aborigines com- 
 prising, besides the '.'/. central portion of the United State.s, 
 the N. part of Mexico, and the N.W. part of British America. 
 Their entire number is supposed to amount to rather more 
 than half a million, of which about 300,000 are within the 
 federal territory. On the borders of the United States and 
 Mexico are the Comanches and the Apaches, two of the 
 most powerful and warlike tribes of all the North American 
 Indians. 
 
 Hidory. — If we except the reputed early visits of the 
 Danes and Norwegians to Greenland in the ninth and tenth 
 centuries, the coasts of North America were first made 
 known to the civilized world by the discoveries of John 
 Cabot and his son Sebastian, in 1497, one year before Co- 
 lumbus discovered the mainland of South America. The 
 Cabots sailed under a patent of Henry Vll. of England, and 
 it is believed the first year touched at Labrador, and the 
 next year at Newfoundland. Caspar de Cortereal, a Portu- 
 gue.se nobleman, followed in 1500, and surveyed 600 or 700 
 miles of the coast of Labrador. He sailed again in a few 
 years afterward, but never returned; it is supposed he was 
 murdered by the natives, in revenge for having carried off 
 a number of the natives as slaves in his first voyage. Two 
 expeditions which sailed in search of him were never heard 
 of afterwards. In 1512, S.Cabot visited Hudson's Bay, and 
 In the same year Ponce de Leon discovered Kloriia. Gio- 
 vanni Vert izzano, a Florentine navigator, under the piitron- 
 72 
 
 AME 
 
 age of Francis I. of France, in 1524 surveyed upwards of 
 2000 miles of coast, including all the United States, and 
 part of British America. Some years afterwards, Jacques 
 Cartier performed several voyages, surveying Newfound- 
 laud, and was the first to ascend the St. Lawrence. Not many 
 years subsequent to this, a French fortress was erected near 
 the present site of Quebec. Previous to that, in 1519, Mexi 
 CO had been discovered and conquered by Cortes. In July, 
 1S50, Captain McClure, of the British navy, entered Behr- 
 ing"s Straits, and was seen, on the 31st of that month, 
 off Cape Lisburne, steering in a N.E. direction. He was 
 next seen in the Bay of Mercy, on the 6th of April, 1853, 
 by Lieutenant Pim, coming from the east, thus establish- 
 ish the fact of a comrauniaition by water between the At- 
 lantic and Pacific, through the Arctic seas. This passage 
 has never been entirely made by vessels, the journey in 
 question having been performed partly on ice by sledges, 
 and partly by sailing. 
 
 Americ-\, Central, is the narrow, tortuous strip ol 
 land uniting North and .South America, but lielongiug pro- 
 perly to the former, lies between about 7° .and 18° of N 
 lat. ; but as different limits are assigned to it by different 
 authorities, these cannot be s;ud to be exactly determined. 
 Its entire length is between SCO and 900 miles, and its 
 breadth varying from about 20 to 30 miles in the nar- 
 rowest part of the isthmus, to 300 to 400 miles in its 
 widest parts; including an area of about 200,000 square 
 miles. Taking the limits above stated. Central America 
 will be found to comprise the Isthmus of Panama, Guate 
 mala, British Honduras, and parts of Mexico; some au- 
 thorities also include Yucatan. It is bounded N. by 
 Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, E. by the Caribbean Sea, 
 and S.W. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. The political states 
 generally known as Central America, including Guate- 
 mala. San Salvador, Hondura.s, Nicaragua, and Costa Kica, 
 lie between about 8° and 17° N., excluding the narrowest 
 part of , the isthmus on tlie S., (which belongs to New Gra- 
 nada,) and Balize, Yucatan, and part of Mexico on the N.; 
 though, geographically, the limits seem to be fixed by 
 nature at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on the N.W., and 
 the entrance into the Isthmus of Panama from New Gra- 
 nada, on the S.E. 
 
 Face of the Omntry, Mountains, cfc. — The topographical 
 fejitures of Central America are very striking. Tlie llocky 
 Mountain chain, or the Andes, traverses the whole country 
 near the Pacific border; and though not rising to the great- 
 est altitudes, its numerous volcanoes, which are frequently 
 in action, give it an interest greater than that felt in coun- 
 tries whose mountains are even more lofty. The great 
 range is divided, in Central America, into three distinct 
 groups, viz. the Honduras and Nicaragua group, the Costa 
 Kica group, and the group of Guatemala. The latter, in 
 the N.W. of Central America, has more active volcanoes 
 th.in any other country of equal area, except the island of 
 Java, on the globe. Of these, the Volcan de Agua, so 
 called from emitting torrents of water and stones, instead 
 of fire, is said to be ISKIOO feet in elevation, being the high- 
 est land in Central America; but the general height of 
 the range, taken as a whole, averages only from 3000 to 5000 
 feet. Some parts of the Costa Kica group, in the Isthmus 
 of Panama, attain a height of' 9000 feet, and the volcano of 
 Irasu is 11,478 feet above the sea. On the N. side of Lake 
 Nicaragua, the border of the plateau forming its W. limit 
 rises suddenly to a height of 8200 feet. On the western 
 slope the mountains often come down to the very verge of 
 the sea. The E. or N.E. portion is a vast forest, generally 
 known as the Mosquito shore. 
 
 Geology and Minerals. — Tlie greater part of the rocks in 
 the Istlimus, near Puerto Bello, are porphyritic or horn- 
 blendic. Limited lines of granite and schistose formations 
 occur; but silica is deficient, quartz rare, and limestone 
 very scarce. Iron is abundant, and lime and building 
 stone are obtained from coral rocks on the Atlantic ; on the 
 Pacific, shells alone afford lime. A kind of aluminous 
 magnesia is found on the same side, but argillaceous depo- 
 sits and aluminous rocks are rare; stratification is seldom 
 seen, except in the valleys between the ridges of the moun- 
 tains, or near the sea. Granite, gneiss, and mica-slate form 
 the substrata of the country, but the abundance of igne- 
 ous rocks bear witness to volcanic action, both in ancient 
 and recent times. An earthqxiake, so lately as April, 
 1854, at San Salvador, caused the loss of 200 lives and some 
 millions of property. Gold, silver, lead, and mercury are 
 found. Jasper and marble are worked in Honduras ; and 
 sulphur is collected near the volcano of Quezaltenango. 
 There are also many salt springs; and salt is procured in 
 large quantities on the shores of the Pacific. 
 
 Mays, Gulfs, Lakes, and llivers. — The rivers of Central 
 America are sufficiently numerous, but necessarily short in 
 their courses from the narrowness of the country. They 
 have, however, become an object of much interest from the 
 general desire of the civilized world to open a ship commu- 
 nication between the two oceans at this place. Of the 
 rivers, the TJsumaslnta, flowing into the Bay of Cam peachy. 
 is the largest; but the Sau Juan, the outlet of L*ke Nica- 
 
AME 
 
 AME 
 
 ragua, Is best known and most tiaverped, as it forms a part 
 of the overland route of one of the lines of Calilbrnia 
 steamers, and from its having been accuiately surveyed 
 with reference to the canal alluded to above. The former 
 is perhaps about 2uO and the latter 100 miles in length. 
 All the longer streams are on the N. and E. sides of the 
 mountains, and discharge their waters into the Atlantic 
 seas or gulfs. Of these the most important are, proceeding 
 N. from the mouth of the San Juan, the Bluefields or Es- 
 condido, \\'anks or Cape, Tinto or Poyais, the Ulna or Ulua, 
 Motagua or Molagua, and Cajabon. The most important 
 bays, beginning at the isthmus on the Pacific side, are the 
 Bay of Panama, Gulf of Dulce or Dolce, Gulf of Nicoya. and 
 Bay of Fonseca or Conchagua; and on the Atlantic side the 
 Bay of Honduras (occupying the angle between Balize and 
 Honduras) and Gulf of Darien or tlraba. The portion of 
 the Caribbean Sea bounding Central America on the E. is 
 often called the Bay of Guatemala. The principal lake is 
 Lake Nicaragua, near the W. coast, which is about 90 miles 
 in length and 30 in breadth, with a depth varying from 12 
 to 240 feet, and an elevation of 125 feet above the Pacific. 
 The other lakes are Managua or Leon, a little X.W.of Nica- 
 ragua; Lake Atitlan or Atitan and Peter's Lake, in the N. 
 of Central America; and several .salt lakes or lagoons on the 
 Caribbean shores. Lake Atitan is 24 miles iu length by 10 
 in breadth, and is surrounded by mountains, which are so 
 precipitous that there is little gradation of depth near the 
 margin. Bottom has not been found at 300 fathoms. 
 
 Climate. — In Central America, says Captain Fitz Roy, 
 there are two season.s, one of which, though called winter, 
 is when the sun is nearly verticjil; and the opposite period, 
 when the sun is not so high at midday, is the summer, in 
 which hot and dry weather prevails, accompanied by a clear 
 and healthy atmosphere. In the northern parts of the 
 isthmus the dry season lasts longer than that about Darien 
 and Choco, where there are only short Intervals without 
 some rain. About three months in the year can alone be 
 depended on as dry and truly fine weather in the vicinity 
 of the Gulf of Darien. At that time regular breezes prevail 
 from the northward and eastward, interrupted occasionally 
 by gales from the N. In the season called winter the sun 
 is seldom .seen, so clouded is the sky and so frequent are 
 the torrents of rain. The air Is then extremely sultry. 
 Lightning and thunder are very frequent, and westerly 
 winds, with hard squalls, are prevalent. There is a short 
 interval of fine weather in the middle of the rainy sea.son, 
 near the end of June, (called the Little Summer of St. 
 John;) but the regular and continued summer, a very dry 
 and parching time in the northern parts of the isthmus, 
 lasts from December to April or May. In low places, near 
 rivers especially, where fresh and salt waters mi.x, where 
 mangrove-trees abound, and decomposition is rapid, the 
 climate is very unhealthy — often fatally so; contagious 
 miasmatii being abundant. But in higher regions, where 
 the ground is less hidden from the sun and wind, and 
 noxious vapors are not generated, there is nothing in the 
 climate to injure a healthy European who lives temperately 
 and avoids extremes. In the low districts fevers and 
 agues and yellow-fever prevail, and strangers are particu- 
 larly liable to be attacked by them. Besides storms from 
 the N.W. during the rainy season, gales from the N.E. are 
 experienced during the dry period. Panama Bay is ex- 
 posed during the long rainy season to westerly winds, 
 which cause heavy swells and do much mischief to the 
 shipping. The drj' season lasts from October to May; and 
 though the rest of the year is called the rainy sejison, the 
 rain fells mostly at night, the days being generally fair, 
 and the air pure and refreshing. The thermometer rises 
 occasionally to 86° in March and April, but usually ranges 
 between 74° and 82° at midday. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — The grains, vegetables, and fruits 
 Of Europe grow on the higher parts of the table-lands, 
 while iu the lower and warmer districts Indian corn, sweet 
 potatoes, sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco, cocoa, cochineal, ba- 
 nanas, mandioca, and almost every species of tropical fruits 
 flourish, including the cherimoya, said to be the most ex- 
 quisite of fruits. The forests, which are very extensive, 
 produce mahogany, logwood, lignumvita;, pimento, sarsa- 
 parilla, vanilla, and black-balsam, together with various 
 gums, drugs, and valuable woods. The forests of Panama 
 contain at least 97 different kinds of trees fatal to animal 
 life. The coffee crop of Costa Hica in 1852 was 90,000 quintals. 
 
 Zoology. — The only animals peculiar to Central America 
 are the manati or manatee, found at the mouth of the Kio 
 Juan, the winged squirrel, and various kinds of quadru- 
 mana. The m.anati is something between a quadruped 
 and a fish, with the forefeet, or rather hands, of the former, 
 and the tail of the latter. It is from 8 to 12 feet long, and 
 weighs from 500 to 800, and even 1500 pounds. Among 
 the birds the most remarkable are humming-birds; the 
 quezal, whose feathers are of a bright emerald green; the 
 great macaw, and several others of the most beautiful plu- 
 mage. Serpents are numerous, and some of them dangerous, 
 especially on the thickly wooded coast of the Pacific. Two 
 pedes of locusts are known here, a brown and a green; 
 
 the former is particularly destructive. The rivers, lakes, 
 and seas abound in fine fish. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of Central America is verj 
 trifiing, and the value of its exports has declined since thtr 
 revolution. Trade, however, is perfectly free in ill the 
 states, and foreigners possess all the privileges en jjyed by 
 natives. The ordinary revenue in the different states is 
 derived from duties and imposts, a duty of 5 per cent, on 
 the transfer of real property, and a monopoly on the sale of 
 spirits and tobacco. The discovery of gold in California, 
 since it has led to much travel through this territory, wil) 
 very probably awaken the slumbering energies of the peo- 
 ple, and dispose them to commercial intercourse. Most of 
 the travel between the Eastern United States and Califor- 
 nia passes through this territory, and a railroad frora 
 Aspinwall to Panama was opened February 17, 1855. The 
 idea of opening a passage for vessels through the Isthniue 
 of Panama has long agitated the civilized world. Two 
 different routes have been proposed, both within Central 
 America — one across the Isthmus, from Chagres or Puerto 
 Bello, to Panama; and a second from Port San Juan, on the 
 Caribbean Sea, up the San Juan Kiver, across Lake Nicar 
 ragua, and from thence to the Pacific by different routes. 
 Two other lines are proposed, not strictly within the limits 
 here assigned to Central America: one fi-om the jnouth of 
 the river Co.atzacoalco to Tehuantepec ; and a second from 
 the Bay of Choco along the Atrato and Naipi, one of its 
 branches, and thence by canal to Cupica Bay on the Pacific. 
 An attempt to explore a routo by way of the Chucanaque 
 Kiver, by a corps under the direction of the United States 
 government, in 1854, resulted in a complete failure, and in 
 great suffering to all, and death to several of the party. 
 
 Grivernment. — The five states of Guatemala, San Salvador, 
 Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Pica associated, in 1821, in 
 a confederation similar to that of the United States; but 
 this being dissolved in 1839, the different states, though 
 nominally republican, have since been in reality ruled by 
 a succession of military despots, who.se reign has usually 
 been as lawless as brief Attempts have been made to form 
 other and partial confederations, whose duration, when 
 formed, was but short. The state of Guatemala has pro- 
 bably had the most stable government, under the despotic 
 and sanguinary Cari'era, an ignorant mestizo of the lowest 
 birth, of whom Squiers has said, "He exercised a power 
 never controlled by justice or tempered with mercy." 
 
 PipuliUinn. — The population of Central America consist? 
 of three classes: whites and Creoles; mestizoes, or the off 
 spring of whites and Indians; and aboriginal natives. The 
 proportions of this population have been estimated at one- 
 twelfth whites, four-twelfths mixed races, and seven-twelfths 
 Indians. The total population is stated at 2,140,000. The 
 moral condition of the whit«s and Creoles is represented to 
 be iu a low state, while ignorance and superstition pervade 
 nearly all classes, and many of the aborigines still practise 
 in secret their pagan rites, and venerate their ancient 
 idols. 
 
 History. — Columbus visited the E. coast of Central Ame- 
 rica in 1502, passing along the shores of Honduras, the 
 Mo.squito Territory, Costa Rica, and Veragua. In 1523, 
 Cortez despatched Pedro Alvarado to subdue Central Ame- 
 rica, which he effected in two years. From that period it 
 remained subject to Spain until 1823, when it threw off the 
 yoke and formed itself into a federal republic, composed of 
 the states of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras. Salvador, 
 and Costa Rioa. This confederation lasted till 18.39. Since 
 then the country has been in a continual state of disturbance. 
 
 AMERICA. SOUTH, (Vt. Amiriqve-mridional. i'm.Vreek' 
 mAVeeMe-o'nSl', or Amirique-du-Sud. J'mA^reek'dii sfid: Ger. 
 Slid Amerila, slid 3-m.Vre-kd ; Sp. Atnerica Meridi'mal. d-mA'- 
 re-kd mil-re-de-o-nil'.) is a vast triansvtlar peninsula, extend- 
 ing from Point Gallinas, in lat. 12° 30' N.. to Cspe Horn, in lat. 
 55° 59' S. Its greatest length, from N. to S.. is 4S0O miles, and 
 its greatest breadth, from E. to W., 3230 miles, including an 
 area of about 6.500,000 square miles. About three-fourths of 
 it lie within the tropics, and the remainder in the S. tem- 
 perate zone. Its coast lines are comparatively little broken by 
 indentations, particularly on theW. side, excepting towards 
 the southern extremity, where there are considerable bays 
 and gulfs on both shores. At the southei n extremity there is 
 a group of mountainous Islands, forming the Archipelago of 
 Terra del Fuego. which are penetrated in every direction by 
 bays and narrow inlets, ending often in glaciers formed from 
 the snow on the summits of mountains 6000 feet high. 
 
 BAitical Divisions. — South America comprises the follow- 
 ing states, viz. the republics of Now Granada. A'enezuela, 
 and Ecuador, (formerly constituting the republic of Co- 
 lombia,) British, French, and Dutch Guiana, the republics 
 of Peru, Bolivia, Chili, the United Provinces of La Plata(or 
 Argentine Republic,) Paraguay, Uraguay, or Banda Oriental 
 the Empire of Brazil. Patagonia, Terra del Fuego, and the 
 Falkland and other islands. 
 
 J^'ace. of the Onmtry, Mountains, dx. — A great chain of 
 mountains under the name of the Andes, which connects 
 with the Cordilleras and the Rocky Mountains of North 
 America, stretches from the Isthmus of Panama 4500 miles 
 
 73 
 
AME 
 
 AME 
 
 along the W. coast, in one continued chain, to the Straits 
 of Magellan or Magalhaens. The Andes run nearly parallel 
 with the Pacific, and at no great distance from it. The 
 ."dghest known peak is that of Aconcagua, l)eing 23,910 feet 
 )i\ eleTation alx)ve the sea, and only inferior to the highest 
 j-oaks of the Himalaya in Asia, Another range or rather 
 t">ro ranges in Brazil, run parallel to the coast of the Atlan- 
 tic, at various, but not very great distances, and with nu- 
 merous branches stretching far into the interior. The 
 mountains of the coast extend in a N. and S. direction, and 
 those in the interior from E. to W. The highest peak in 
 Brazil is Itembe, which is 5960 feet high. Another chain, 
 called the Parime or Parima, also the highlands of Guiana, 
 and sometimes the Acaray Mountains, extend in an E, and 
 W direction about 600 or 700 miles, separating the plains 
 of the lower Orinoco from those of the Hlo Negro and the 
 Amazon. The highest points are the Mararaca, about 
 10.500 feet high, and the Duida, 8,500 feet high. A branch 
 of the Andes, under the name of the Coast Chain of Vene- 
 zuela, stretches in a N.E. direction from New Granada, 
 through Venezuela to and along the Caribbean Sea. The cul- 
 miuating point of this chain is the Silla de Caracas, which 
 »ttains an elevation of 8700 feet. There are upwards of 30 
 volcanoes in South America in a state of activity, and all 
 I'elonging to the Andes. The highest of these is Gualatieri 
 or Sehama, one of the Peru and Bolivian series, in l.at. 20° 
 13' S.; Ion. 69° 17' W.; height, 22.000 feet. The heights of 
 the others vary from 13.000 to 18.000 feet. The last erup- 
 tion occurred in 18.31, in the volcano Pichincha, one of the 
 Quito series, in lat 0° 12' S.; Ion. 83° 30' 30" W. The inte- 
 rior of South America is occupied by vast plains, stretching 
 for many hundred miles without exhibiting the slightest 
 perceptible inequality. In the rainy season they display a 
 surface of beautiful green ; but in the dry season the soil 
 crumbles into dust, and the surface is rent in cracks. Cro- 
 sodiles and larger serpents remain imbedded in the dried- 
 up mud till the first showers of spring arouse them fi'om 
 tlieir torpidity, when, says Humboldt, on the authority of 
 the aborigines, " t)ie moistened clay on the margin of the 
 swamps is sometimes seen to blister, and ri.«e slowly in a 
 kind of mound ; then with a violent noise, like the out- 
 break of a small mud volcano, the heaped up earth is cast 
 high into the air, and forth issues a gigantic water-snake 
 or scaly crocodile." The.se great plains are called Llanos in 
 Venezuela, and oa the Orinoco, where they occupy 153.000 
 square miles; Pampas, In Buenos Ayres, where they 
 stretch over a surface of 315,000 square miles, elevated 
 about 1000 feet above the level of the sea; and Silvas. in 
 the valley of the Amazon, where they cover an area of 1500 
 miles in length, by 350 to 800 in breadth, densely covered 
 with wood. The Pampas of Buenos Ayres in some parts 
 are covered with thistles and lucerne, in some with long 
 grass, and in others with bushes and dwarf trees, or occu- 
 pied with swamps and bogs, and overrun by thousands of 
 wild cattle and horses. In the dry season, however, viz. 
 between November and February, these plains are converted 
 into desolate wastes, when all vegetation is destroyed, the 
 waters dried up. and the earth rent in deep crevices. The 
 deserts of Patagonia occupy a table-land which appears to 
 rise by successive steps from the sea-level towards the inte- 
 rior. They cover an area of 100.000? square miles, com- 
 posed of sandy sterile dunes, intermixed with stones and 
 gravel ; occasionally diversified by huge boulders, tufts of 
 brown grass, low bushes, armed with spines, brine lakes. 
 Incrustrations of salt, white as snow, and by black basaltic 
 platforms. In some parts the Andes spread out to a 
 great breadth, forming S. of Quito, a table-land sometimes 
 160 miles in width, divided into three parallel chains united 
 by transverse ranges. These plains are often flanked by 
 lofty ranges on the E. and W., that rise from them as from 
 a base, forming a great valley nearly equal in elevation to 
 the highest mountains of Europe. One of the grandest fea- 
 tures of the Andes is the qtiebradas, kA-brd'dls — immense 
 •' breaks." or valleys, frequently 2000 feet deep, with a stream 
 running at the bottom. Two of the most remarkable. Chota 
 and Cutaco, measured by Humboldt, were respectively 4920 
 and 42(',0 feet in depth, while their floors were many'thou- 
 sand feet in elevation above the sea. The tropical Andes, 
 however, with all their grandeur, lack one source of sulv 
 limity, namely, glaciers like those of Switzerland or of the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy. — Granite forms the base of the 
 whole continent, having gneiss here and there associated 
 with it, but mica schist is the most common of the crystal- 
 line rocks. Quartz rock is much developed, generally mixed 
 with mica, and rich in gold and specular iron. The pampas 
 of Buenos Ayres are entirely alluvial — the deposit of the 
 La Plata and Parana Kivers. Granite prevails to the extent 
 of 2000 miles along the coast of Brazil ; and, with the sy- 
 enite, forms the base of the table-land. The superstructure 
 of the latter consists of metamorphic and old igneous rocks, 
 sandstone, clay-slate. limestone, (in which are large caverns, 
 with bones of extinct animals.) and alluvitil soil. Porphyry 
 and red sandstone abound all over the .\ndes. Granite, 
 which tbrms the loftiest summits in Europe, is not found 
 74 
 
 in America above 14.500 feet; while basalt, which Is found 
 in Europe only at the height of 4225 feet, in the Andes 
 reaches the altitude of 15.500 feet. Coal has been found at 
 8650 and 14,700 feet above the sea-level. South America, 
 like Mexico, has from the earliest period after its discovery 
 down to the present time, been highly productive in the 
 precious metals, and especially in silver. Peru has yielded 
 most largely of gold. Bolivia (formerly Upper Peru) of sil- 
 ver, and Brazil of diamonds. Chili is also famous for its 
 gold, silver, and copper. Rumors have reached us of recent 
 discoveries of gold in Peru. The province of Minas Geraes, 
 in Brazil, is rich in mines as its name imports. Besides the 
 mines there are also rich gold and silver waslnngs in Brazil 
 and other parts of South America. Bell gives the total 
 product of all the silver and gold mines in South America, 
 down to 1803 and 1806, at $3,035,730,769. Though the 
 mines have been much less productive in the last half cen- 
 tury than formerly, the feet is believed to be more owing to 
 the disturbed state of the South American governments, 
 and to an ineflScient system of mining, than to an ex- 
 haustion of the .sources of supply. 
 
 Rivers, Lules, and Oulff. — The rivers of South America 
 are on a scale no less grand than its mountains — there are 
 three great river basins. On the N. is the Orinoco, with a 
 very winding course of about 1400 miles. Braining the 
 centnal regions is the Amazon, a river of near 4000 miles in 
 length, .some of whose tributaries surpass the largest rivers 
 in Europe. Having its sources in the Andes, it receives the 
 waters of their eastern slope from the S. of New Granada to 
 the S. of Bolivia, and crossing almost the entire continent, 
 carries to the ocean under the equator the drainage of per- 
 haps, the greatest river basin on the globe. On the S. 
 is the La Plata, (with its great branches the I'aranaaud Pa- 
 raguiiy.) which, through its many tributaries, receives the 
 waters of Central and Southern Brazil, Southern Bolivia, 
 Paraguay, Buenos Ayres. and Uraguay. and empties into 
 the ocean by a channel 150 miles wide, in about 35° S. lat. 
 Among the great tributaries of the Amazon are the Kio 
 Negro and Japura from the N., and Ucayale, Madeira, Tapar 
 jos. Xingu, and Tocantins from the S. The Sao Francisco, 
 in Eastern Brazil, isa river of, perhaps, 1200 miles in length. 
 The Kio de la Plata is rather an estuary than a river; its 
 navigation, owing to its shoals and strong irregular cur- 
 rents, is difficult. Its waters are so turbid that they tinge 
 the sea visibly for 200 miles from its mouth. The basins of 
 the Amazon and Orinoco are singularly connected by the 
 Cassiquiare, which at high water unites the waters of the 
 Kio Negro with the Orinoco. 
 
 For so great an extent of country. South America is sin 
 gularly deficient in large bays and great lakes, but the defi- 
 ciency in bays and gulfs Is ainply compensated by the three 
 great rivers Amazon, Orinoco, and La Plata, which are nar 
 vigable far into the interior. On the N. are the Gulfs of 
 D.irien, and Venezuela or Maracaybo, (the latter opening 
 into Lake Maracaybo, which, however, is more properly a 
 gulf) and the Gulf of Paria: on the E. are the Bays of 
 Bahia or Sao Salvador. Kio Janeiro. St. Matthias, and Bay 
 of St. George; and on the AV. the GulfsofPeiSas,Guaytecas, 
 Guayaquil; and the Bay of Choco. None of these are. how- 
 ever, of the first magnitude. The largest lake in' South 
 America is Lake Titicaca, which is situated on the frontiers 
 of Bolivia and I'eru. and covers aii area of about 4000 square 
 miles. It is said to be 120 fathoms deep, and is elevated 
 12.800 feet above the level of the .sea. Some of the tempo- 
 rary lakes of South America, alternately inundated and 
 dry, or in a marshy state, cover, when flooded, vast tracts 
 of country; that of Xarayos. on both sides of the Paraguay, 
 extends over 36,000 square miles. In the elevated moan- 
 tain valleys and table-lands of the Andes, there are many 
 small lakes of the purest blue and freen colors, and some 
 of them are intensely cold, being near the line of perpetual 
 congelation. 
 
 Zofilfigy. — South America does not abound in the large 
 and fiercer quadrupeds: the jaguar, (felis onca.) an animal 
 larger than the panther, but inferior in strength and 
 ferocity to the Beng.al tiger, is the most important. The 
 puma or American lion, the ocelot, and tiger-cat are found 
 in South America, as are al.«o the anteater, sloth, armadillo, 
 tapir, deer, and antelope. The lama, alpaca, and vicuiSa 
 are peculiar to South America. Apes and monkeys abound 
 within the tropics; and the winged vampiic, an enormous 
 bat, is almost wholly confined to Gui.ana. Colombia, and 
 Brazil. This dangerous creature sucks the blood of animals, 
 and even of man, when asleep. In the marshes of tropical 
 America coils the huge boa constrictor, and large centi- 
 pedes, scorpions, and spiders abound. Ants, termites, and 
 locusts also swarm, the latter to an .ilarming extent, c.-ver- 
 ing the ground, especially in Buenos Ayres. for 200 iv lies, 
 and eating up every green thing, consuming even the i sots 
 of the grass, furniture, clothes, curtains. &.<■.. The mos(i lito 
 is also a sore grievance, particularly in Venezuela. In the 
 same localities is the cliegre, another dreaded insect In 
 Brazil is the beautiful diamond beetle. The condor, the 
 largest bird of flight known, frequents the most inaccessi- 
 ble parts of the Andes. It is a species of vulture, md bas _ 
 
AME 
 
 AME 
 
 been known to measure from 3 to 3J feet from the end of 
 the beak to the extremity of the tall, and 14 feet from tip 
 to tip of the wings. Among the birds are vultures, eagles, 
 folcoiis. and other birds of prey ; and many birds of beau- 
 tiful plumage, among which are a great variety of humming- 
 birds, parrots, macaws, the courouooui (trogon pavoninus) 
 with its splendid robe of green, toucans, orioles, shrikes, 
 thrushes, umbrella chatterer, &c. Among gallinaceous 
 birds are the curassow, penelope, guan, and tinamon. 
 Grouse, bustards, and pheasants are unknown, and par- 
 tridges rare. Waterfowls are few, but water-hens, tiger- 
 bitterns, and a few ducks, unknown in the Northern States, 
 frequent the marshes. The seas abound in fish, and in the 
 tropical regions are enormous lizards and alligators. The 
 electiical eel is found in the lakes of Caracas. 
 
 Olimate. — There are no parts of South America so hot as 
 we should be led to expect from- its geographical position — 
 a result produced by the operation of the trade winds, the 
 influence of high mountains, and other physical causes. In 
 the steppes of Venezuela, the hottest region of South Ame- 
 rica, the temperature of the air during the day is only 9S° 
 in the shade ; while it rises to 112° in the sandy deserts 
 around the Ked Sea., Throughout the whole basin of the 
 Amazon, though under the efjuator, the climate is not ex- 
 cessively hot. This arises from its immense forests, and a 
 cool easterly breeze, (a branch of the trade wind,) which 
 ascends the channel of the Amazon to the foot of the Andes. 
 Brazil, and the country extending westward from it, also 
 enjoys an equable and temperate climate. At l!io Janeiro 
 the annual mean temperature is only about 73°; 76° at 
 Lima, and 68° at Buenos Ayres. The narrowness of the 
 continent toward the S., and its exposures to the rigors of 
 the Polar regions, produce at the Straits of Magellan, a 
 temperature which never exceeds 46°, while snow falls 
 almost daily. Ou the \V. coast tiiere is a district of nearly 
 1000 miles in length, between 7° and y2° S., where it seldom 
 rains. 
 
 Vigetahh Productions. — Extending through so large a 
 space, and possessing, in consequence, so great a variety of 
 climate, no special character can be given to the vegetation 
 of South America. Its most distinguisViing feature is its 
 prodigious forests, which cover about two-thirds of the 
 whole continent, and are so dense in many places as to 
 make it necessary to clear the way with a hatchet. The 
 trees are much more various and graceful than in the old 
 world — many even of the largest being adorned with the 
 most brilliant flowers. A'egetation presents a great number 
 of gradations; at about 3000 feet above the sea, we meet 
 with magnificent palms, odoriferous lilies, balsams, cin- 
 chona.s, and jessamines. A single variety of the palm in- 
 habits heights of from 5400 to 8700 feet above the sea. The 
 arbore.scent ferns do not grow beyond 4S00 feet; while the 
 cinchona extends to 8700 feet above the sea. In the same 
 region grows the passion-flower tree, as lofty as the Eu- 
 ropean oak, besides a number of beautiful flowers. The 
 oaks do not commence in the tropics at a lower elevation 
 than 5000 feet; and the trees with large trunks do not 
 grow beyond the level of 9000 feet, and at 10,800 feet almost 
 all vegetation disappears. A broad zone of from 6000 to 
 12,600 feet presents us with the region of alpine plants, 
 which is succeeded for 2400 feet by grasses. SugaiM-ane, 
 wheat, barley, Indian corn, and potatoes flourish at various 
 points between 3000 and 11,000 feet. Among the fruits, 
 oranges, limes, cocoa-nuts, pine-apples, mangoes, bananas, 
 pomegranates, mammoons, goyabas, jambas, aracas, and 
 mangabas flourish in those regions where there is a due pro- 
 portion of heat and moisture. South of the tropics are found 
 the bitter quassia, tinga-bean, rosewood, indigo, coffee, 
 sugar-cane, maize, and cacao. " Individual plants," says 
 Humboldt, " languishing in hot-houses, can give us but a 
 &int idea of the majestic vegetation of the tropical zone." 
 
 Cbmnierce. — South America abounds in productions to 
 stimulate commerce, including the precious metals and 
 stones coveted by all nations and peoples, the most deli- 
 cious fruits, the most useful grains, and some of the most 
 efficient medicinal plants, among which latter may be 
 named the Peruvian or Jesuit's bark. The coffee and sugar 
 Of Brazil and Venezuela, and the hides, horns, and tallow 
 of the same countries and Buenos Ayres, have long been 
 exteiisively exported, as well as oranges, cacac, rosewood. Ac. 
 
 Population. — There exists a very striking physical resem- 
 blance between the native inhabitants throughout the 
 whole continent of America: being almost all of a reddish- 
 brown or copper color, with long, black hair, deep-set black 
 eyes, aquiline nose, and often handsome slender forms. In 
 South America many are half civilized, but the greater 
 number are still in a state of utter barbarism. The Arau- 
 eanos are more advanced in civilization than the Indians 
 of the Pampas, and associate in small communities, have 
 fixed residences, cultivate the ground, and manufacture 
 quite a find species of woollen cloth; they are also skilful 
 in working metals, especially gold and silver. The Pampas 
 Indians are of a very dark complexion, with long, thick, 
 coarse, oiack hair ; black, scowling eyes ; low, broad foreheads ; 
 faces flat ; high cheek-bones ana large jaws ; no beard ; low 
 
 stature and ill made, but mus/'ijlar and athletic. They ars 
 expert horsemen, do rwj caitivate tno ground, and are of a 
 cruel and ferociour. uisposition, .settling their uisputes with 
 the knife. Of the Indians of Brazil there are said to hare 
 been no fewer than 200 distinct tribes, the principal of 
 which are the Tapuyas, .said formerly to have been canni- 
 bals; the Tupis or Tupinambas. inhabiting the coast from 
 the Camana to the Sao Francisco, paint their bodies; the 
 Cafusos, a mixture of Indians and negroes, remarkable for 
 their straight hair, which rises perpendicularly from the 
 forehead to the height of 12 or 18 inches; the Purls, the 
 most revengeful and vindictive of the races of Brazil ; and 
 the Itotocudos, also a cruel and savage race, between the 
 Kio Doce and the Bio Pardo. The Indians of Brazil are 
 generally of a short or middle stature, and mostly of a 
 robust, broad make. The Patagonian Indians are remark- 
 able for their high stature, being, on an average, about 6 
 feet; they lead a nomadic life, living in tents formed of 
 poles and skins. Tlie entire population of South America, 
 of all races, is e.stimated at 16,0i,0,000. 
 
 llistcrji. — Christopher Columbus himself discovered the 
 continent of South America, on his third voyage, in 1498, 
 landing near the mouth of the Orinoco Biver, and thus re- 
 ceived some small compon.sation for his great enterprise, 
 and for the severe labors of body and mind he had undei^ 
 gone, not unmixed with the galling sting of ingratitude. 
 His recorded words show the great pleasure he enjoyed in 
 beholding " the beauty of thp new land," which made him 
 feel as though " he could never leave so charming a spot." 
 He also visited the Oulf of Darien in 1502. Alonzo de 
 Ilojeda .sailed along the coast of Venezuela as far as Cape 
 Vela, and returned to Spain in 1508. In the same year, 
 Vincent Yanez Pinion, a companion of Columbus on his 
 first voyage, discovered the coast of Brazil, and explored the 
 mouths of the Amazon, beholding with amazement its 
 vast width, and the immense body of water it rolled into 
 the ocean. At the close of 1500, lioderigo de Bastedas ex- 
 plored the coast from Cape Vela, where Ilojeda's progress 
 terminated, to Puerto del Beterte, where that of Columbus 
 closed. In 1507, Pin9on and Juan Diaz de Solis explored 
 the coast to the 40th degree of S. lat. About 1511, the gallant 
 Vasco NuHez de Ballioa crossed the Isthmus of Darien, 
 discovered the Pacific, and opened the way to Peru for the 
 cruel conqueror Pizarro, who followed about 1524. In 
 1519, Magellan or Magalhaons discovered and sailed 
 through the straits now bearing his name, passing W. 
 across the Pacific, and thus fii-st circumnavigating the 
 globo. 
 
 AMEIWCA, a post-village of Wabash co., Indiana, about 
 80 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 AMKR'ICAN CREEK, a small stream of Marin co., in 
 the W.N.W. part of California, falls into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 AMERICAN FORK, a postK)ftice of Utah Territorv. 
 
 AMERICAN RIVER, in the N. central part of California, 
 is formed by the union of its North and South forks at the 
 W. extremity of El Dorado co.. and after flowing in a gene- 
 ral S.W. course between Placer and Sacramento counties, 
 falls into the Sacramento River near the city of this name. 
 It has lately been rendered navigable for small steamboats 
 for about 6 miles. 
 
 Branches. — North fork, (considered by some as the true 
 American River.) rising among the hills at the foot of the 
 Sierra Nevada, flows in a general W.S.W. direction, marking 
 the greater part of the boundary between Placer and El 
 Dorado counties, and after a course of near 100 miles, unites 
 with the South fork from 25 to 30 miles above Sacramento 
 City. South fork takes its source from Bbnpland lake, in 
 El Dorado CO., and flowing first in a W.S.W. and then in a 
 nearly W. course, forms part of the boundary between El 
 Dorado and Sacramento counties. Gold is abundant on 
 those streams, which pass through one of the principal 
 mining districts. 
 
 AMER/ICUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Sumter co., 
 Georgia, on the Muckalee Creek, 100 miles S.W. of Milledge- 
 ville, is the centre of an active retail trade. It contains 3 
 churches, 2 academies, and several stores and mechanics' 
 shops. Incorporated in 1832. Pop. in 1860, about 1700. 
 
 AMERICUS, a post>-village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, on 
 the Wabash River and Canal, 10 miles N.E. of Lafayette, is 
 surrounded by a rich farming district which is improving 
 rapidly. 
 
 AMERKOTE, amVr-kOt/, or OM'ERKOTE', a town and 
 fort of India, in Sinde, 90 miles E. of Hyderabad. Lat. 25° 
 19' N.; Ion. 69° 47' E. in the Eastern desei-t. It is cele- 
 brated as the birthplace of the Emperor Akbar. The fort is 
 about half a mile from the town. 
 
 AMERONGEN, d/mer-ong^n. a village of the Netherlands, 
 provincejind 21 miles S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 1500. 
 
 AMERSFOBT or AMERSFOORT, l/mers-f6P.t\ a town of 
 the Netherlands, province of Utrecht, with a port on the 
 Eem, 12i miles N.E. of Utrecht. Pop. about 13,000. It has 
 a court of primary jurisdiction, a Latin school, and school 
 of industry, manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, and 
 an active trade in dried herrings, tobacco, and corn, of which 
 the two latter are extensively cultivated in the vicinity. 
 
 75 
 
A.ME 
 
 Ar^nCRSIIAM. am'ersliam, or ArrMOMDESTIAM. a mar- 
 ket-town. aii(i parish (and until tlie Reform Act, a parlia- 
 mentary borough (of England, co. of Bucks. 27 miles S.E. of 
 Buckingham. Tlie poet Waller, who twice sat for the bo- 
 rough in Parliament, was born in Coleshill. iu this parish, 
 in I'eOo. 
 
 AMES, aimz, a post^village of Canajoharie township, 
 Montgomery co., New York, about 13 mUes nearly S.W. of 
 Fonda. It has an academy. 
 
 AMES, a post-township of Athens CO., Ohio, about 30 
 miles W. of Marietta. Pop. 1335. 
 
 AMESBURY, aimz/bgr-e, a post-township of Essex oo., 
 Massachusetts, extending from the N. bank of the Merri- 
 mack to Xew Hampshire, about 40 miles N. of Boston, has 
 some manufactures. One vompany for making flannels has 
 a capital of $200,000. Pop. 3877 . 
 
 AMESBURY, aunz/bgr-e, (formerly AMBROSEBURY or 
 ,\MBRESBURY,) a town and parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. It is of high antiquity, has the remains of a cele- 
 brated abbey; near it are Stonehenge, and Amesbury 
 House. Addison was bom at Milston, near Amesbury, on 
 the 1st of May, 1672. 
 
 AMESBURY MILLS, a manufacturing village of Essex 
 CO., Massachusetts, about 4 miles N.W. of Newburyport. 
 
 AMESVILLE, aunz/vill, a postroffice of Ulster co.. New 
 York, 
 
 AMESVILLE, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, in Ames 
 township, on the road from JMarietta to Athens, 11 miles 
 . N.E. of the latter, in the midst of a rich farming district. 
 
 AMESVILLE, a post/village of Boone co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago and Galena Railroad, 70 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 AMFBEVILLE, 6M'freh-veel', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine Inferleure. 
 
 AMGA, dm-gd/, a river of Siberia, government of Yakootsk. 
 It rises in the offshoots of the Yablonoi Krebet Mountains, 
 about lat. 59° N., Ion. 126° 30' E., flows N.E., and falls into 
 the Aldan in ion. 135° E., after a course of about 460 miles. 
 At Amginsk, where it flows between steep rocks 30 feet in 
 height, it is 3000 feet broad. 
 
 AMGIXSIi, im-gheensk', a village of Siberia, on the 
 Amga, which is here about 3000 feet wide. It is a posting 
 station and ferry on the way between Yakootsk and Okhotsk. 
 Lat. 61° N.; Ion. 132° E. 
 
 AMHAR.A, im-h3/r3, a kingdom of Abyssinia. It com- 
 prises all the country W. of the Tacazze, and was formerly 
 one of the most powerful states of Abyssinia. The capital 
 is Gondar. .A.dj., Amharic, am-hJr'ik. 
 
 AMHERST, am'frst, a seaport town of the British terri- 
 tory in Farther India, capital of the most N. of the Tenas- 
 serim provinces, and their chief military station, on Amherst 
 peninsula. 30 miles S.W. of Maulmein. Lat 16° 4' 48" N. ; 
 Ion. 97° 45' 24" E. Pop. in 1838, 5000. (?) It was founded 
 in 1826. The harbor is spacious and secure, and ships may 
 lie within 100 yards of the shore, in 3 fethoms water at 
 low tide. 
 
 AMHERST, a county in the S. central part of Virginia, has 
 an ai-ea of 418 square miles. The James River flows along its 
 S.W. and S.E. borders, forming in its course almost a right 
 angle, and constituting about half of the entire boundary. 
 The Blue Ridge forms the boundary of the county on the 
 N.W., and the surface is beautifully diversified by moun- 
 tains and valleys. The passage of James River through 
 the Blue Ridge is a sublime feature in the scenery of this 
 region. The soil is n,aturally fertile. A canal has been 
 opened along James River, on the border of the county. 
 Formed from Albemarle in 1761. Capital, Amherst Court 
 House. Pop. 13,742; of whom 7464 were free, and 6278 
 slaves. 
 
 AilHERST, a ijost-township of Hancock co., Maine, 25 
 miles E. of Bangor. Pop. 3S4. 
 
 AMHERST, a post-township of Hillsborough co., New 
 Hampshire. 23 miles S. of Concord, on the Souhegan River, 
 which iiffords fine water-power. Pop. 1508. 
 
 AMHERST, a post-township of Hampshire co., Mas.saehu- 
 setts, 82 miles W. of Boston, intersected by two branches of 
 the Connecticut River, affording good watei^power. It 
 has manufactories of machinery, edge-tools, cotton goods, 
 paper, palm leaf for hats, 2 banks, 8 churches, 1 newspaper, 
 and a high school, &c. Amherst College, a flourishing insti- 
 tution, incorporated iu 1821, is situated in this township, on 
 an elevation commanding a beautiful view of the surround- 
 ing country. Pop. 320*1. 
 
 AM (I ERST, a township of Erie CO., New York. Pop. 50S9 
 
 AMHER.-<T. a village of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 AMHERST, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 1882. 
 
 AMHERST, a post-village in the above township, about 
 33 miles S.W. by W. of Cleveland. 
 
 AMHEHSTBijRGH, am'erst-bUrg. a garrison iown of 
 Canada West, Essex co., on the Detroit River, 5 miles 
 above its junction with Lake Erie, 225 miles W S W 
 of Toronto. Lat. 42° 7' N. ; Ion. 83° 9' W. The town con- 
 tains a court house, 5 places of worship, a reading room !ind 
 market place, a newspaper office, 3 assurance agencies, a 
 good hotel, (the British North American.) various manufac- 
 tories, and above 15 stores of different kinds. Pop. 1300 
 76 
 
 AMI 
 
 AMHERST COURT HOUSE, a post^viU.ige, capital of Am- 
 herst CO., Virginia, about 15 miles N. by E. of Lynchburg. 
 
 AMHERST FOUR CORNERS, a village in Amherst town- 
 ship, Lorain co., Ohio, about 35 miles S.W. by W. of Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 AMHERST ISLANDS, a group lying W. of the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of the Corean peninsula. Lat. 34° 25' N. ; Ion. 126° 
 WE. 
 
 AMHERST ISLES, off the S.W. coa.st of Aracan, be- 
 tween the island of Cheduba and the mainland. Lat. 18° 
 45' N.; Ion. 94° E. 
 
 AMHERST ROCKS, in the Tong Hai, or Eastern Se.a, o9 
 the coast of the Chinese province of Kiang, in lat. 31° 10' N, 
 
 AMICALO'L.\, a postrOfHce of liUmpkin co., Georgia. 
 
 AMICU, a-me-koo', or AMUCU, 4-nioo-koo/, a lake in 
 South America, in Venezuela, province of Cuman.a. situated 
 on a level tract between the rivers Rupununy and Tocoto. 
 It is of small extent in the dry season, Iwing scarcely three 
 miles in length. The country in which this lake is situ- 
 ated was the El Dorado of the days of Queen Elizabeth, and 
 was known as " the great lake with golden banks ;" and 
 within a few miles of it was supposed to stand the far-famed 
 imperial and golden city of Slanoa, the object of the unfor- 
 tunate expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 AMIENS, am'e-enz, (Fr. pron. d^me-in"'; anc. SamarahrVva, 
 afterwards Ambiafni.) a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Somme, on the railway from Boulogne to Pari.s, in 
 the centre of a pleasing and fertile district, and traversed 
 by the Somme, which within the town is subdivided into 11 
 canals, and affords great facilities for its numerous manu- 
 factures. It was once a place of strength, and still pos- 
 sesses a regular citadel; but its other fortifications h.ave 
 been dismantled, and the ramparts have been replaced by 
 boulevards lined with trees, which encircle the town, have ■ 
 a circumference of about 3 miles, and form not the least 
 important of its decorations. Amiens is divided into the 
 upper and lower town. The fomier has wide and regular 
 streets, lined with hou.sos, with a few exceptions, built on 
 a uniform plan, and generally of two stories. The latter 
 has narrow streets, hou.ses old without being properly an- 
 cient, and is throughout so intersected by the ramifications 
 of the Somme, and the numerous bridges over them, .^s to 
 liave made Louis XI. give it the n.^me of his "little Ve- 
 nice." The most magnificent edifice of Amiens is its cathe- 
 dral, of European lame. It was founded in 1220. and not 
 completed till 1288. Its W. front, which is .said not to have 
 been finished till a century later, is flanked b}' two quad- 
 rangular towers, and decorated in the richest Gothic style. 
 The spire, of a light and airy form, is 420 feet high, i'he 
 length of the edifice from E. to W. is 415 feet; length of tiie 
 tran.sept from N. to S., 182 feet'; bre.adth of the nave with its 
 aisles, 78 feet 9 inches; breadth of the transept, 42 feet 9 
 inches. Other buildings of note are the Hotel de A'ille: the 
 royal college, formerly the abbey of St. John; the Hotel 
 Dieu, or general hospital, in the Rue St. Leu; the grand 
 seminary, with its magnificent stair and columned chapel; 
 the Chateau d'Eau ; Slalmaison, occupied by the exchange 
 and school of design; the theatre; and the Bibliotheque 
 Communale, a handsome edifice, with a peristyle of Doric 
 columns, containing 40,000 printed and 4(1© manuscript 
 volumes. Amiens having an opening to the sea by the 
 Somme, whic-h Is navigable for vessels of 40 or 50 tons, is 
 well situated for trade, and has numerous important manu- 
 factures. From 70.000 to 80.000 pieces of cotton velvef^- 
 the peculiar species of it called velvet of Uti-ccht — alone 
 employing 400 looms, and 130.000 pieces of fine kerseymei-e, 
 with considerable quantities of serges, plush, drugget, cam- 
 bric tapestry, and other cotton, linen, and woollen stuffs 
 in great variety, are annually produced. The spinning of 
 flax and worsted is also one of the great staples of Amiens. 
 The former employs 3000 looms, while the wool worked up 
 by the latter amounts to 450,000.000 kilogrammes, equal, 
 nearly, to 1,000.000,000 English pounds, or 40.000.0t0 packs. 
 Among the miscellaneous works in which numerous hands 
 are employed, miiy be mentioned dye. soap, and beet-root 
 sugar works, ble.achfields, and paper-mills. Among histori- 
 cal recollections may be mentioned that here St. Louis gave 
 judgment as arbiter in the quarrel between Henry 111. of 
 England and his barons, relative to the statutes of Oxford; 
 and tliat here, during the struggles to regain the Holy 
 Land, the kings of England, France, Aragon, Navarre, and 
 Bohemia met to concert a new crusade. Here too, to come 
 down to more recent times, was signed in 1802, between 
 Great Britain and France, a short-lived peace, which Xiears 
 the name of Amiens. Pop. (1852) 62,149. in 1861, 68,780. 
 
 AMIRANTE (amVrant/) ISLANDS. (Port. lUias do ^Imi- 
 ranle, eel'y.1s do dl-me-rdn't<^, i.e. "Admiral's Islands,") 
 an archipelago in the Indian Ocean. S.W. of the Seychelles, 
 Lat. of the southernmost island. 6° 53' 15" S.; Ion. 53° S' 
 24" E. They consist of two groups composed of eleven 
 small, low islands, united bv banks of sand and coial. 
 
 AMISTA or AMIS/IUS. See Ems. 
 
 AMISS'VILLE, a post^village of Rappahannock co., Vir- 
 ginia, 121 miles N-W. of Richmond, has about 100 inh» 
 bitAuta 
 
AMI 
 
 AMISUS. S*e SAMSOOjf. 
 
 AMITE, am-eet/, a river of Mississippi and Louisiana, 
 rises in the S.W. part of the former, and passing into Lou- 
 siaiia. pursues a southerly course until it reaches Ascension 
 parish, where it turns to the E. and enters Lrfke Maurepas. 
 Small steamboats navigate it for a- distance of CO miles. 
 
 AMITE, a county in the S.W. part of Mississipi, border- 
 ing on Louisiana, has an area of alwut 700 square miles. 
 The Amite liiver, from which it derives its name, flows 
 nearly through the middle, and the Ilomochitto washes its 
 N.W. border. The surface is uneven, and the soil fertile. 
 A large part of the county is occupied by plantations of 
 cotton, and by forests. Oapital. Liberty. Pop. 12,336; of 
 whom 4436 were free, and 79U0 slaves. 
 
 AMITITAN. See Amatitlan. 
 
 AM'I'l'Y, a post-township of Aroostook co.. Maine, about 
 100 mile? N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 302. 
 
 AMlTY,a township of Alleghany co., ^'ew York. Pop. 2268. 
 
 AMITY, a post-villago of Orange co., New York, about 
 120 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 A M ITY, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1.596. 
 
 AMITY, a townsliiji of Erie ro . I'eniisylviiiiia. Pop. 1002. 
 
 AJIITY, a post-village of Washington co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 35 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 iMITY, a small post-village of Clarke co., Arkansa.s. 
 
 AMITY, a po.st-village of Johnson co.. Indiana, on the 
 railroad from Madi.sou to Indianapolis, 6 or 7 miles S.E. of 
 Franklin, the county seat. 
 
 AMITY, a po.strofflee of Scott co., Iowa. 
 
 AMITY, a post-office of Yam Hill co., Oregon. 
 
 AMITY HILL, a po.stH)ffice of Iredell CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 AM/ITYVILLE, a postK)f(ice of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 AM.TEKAII, dm'jgr-dh, a town of llindostan, province of 
 Malwah, 50 miles S.W. of Oojein. situated in a large valley 
 >.890 feet above the sea. Lat. 22° 23' N. ; Ion. 75° 13' E. 
 
 AM LA, dm'li. one of the'Andreanov Islands, North Paci- 
 fic Ocean, immediately E. of Atcha. Length from E. to W., 
 40 miles; breadth, 10 miles. 
 
 AML.\I, dm-li', or AML1.4., one of the Aleutian Islands, 
 In the Fox group. Lat. of E. point, 52° 6' N.; Ion. 172° 
 60' W. 
 
 AMLWCH, amiook, a seaport town, pailiamentary bo- 
 rough, and parish of North Wales, co. Anglesey, on its N. 
 coast, 15 miles N.W. of Beanmaris Lat. 63° 25' N. ; Ion. 4° 
 19' W. Pop. of borough 3169. Tho rise of the town since 
 1768 has been wholly due to the Parys and Mona copper- 
 mines. Amlwch returns, along with Beaumaris, &c., one 
 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 AMMALAPOOIV, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras, 66 miles N.E. of Masi^lipatam. 
 
 AM'-MAN or AM'MON, (anc. HaUbah, the capital of the 
 Ammonites, rebuilt and called PhiUiddphila by theGreeks.) 
 \ ruined city of Syria, piishalic of Damascus, on theZurka, 
 An affluent of the Jordan, 55 miles E.N.E. of Jeru.salem. 
 'ts numerous remains of Greek edifices are now only used 
 as places of shelter for halting caravans. 
 
 AMMEli, dm'mer, a small river of Germany, in Wtirtem- 
 berg, a tributary of the Neckar, which it joins near Tu- 
 bingen. 
 
 AM'MEH or AMPER, Sm'per, a small river of Germany, 
 in Bavaiia, rises in the Tyrol, and joins the Isar 2 miles N . 
 of Mosburg, after a N.E. course of 76 miles. 
 
 AMMKIi, LAKE, which the above river traverses in its 
 progress, is 10 miles in length from N. to S., by 4 miles in 
 its greatest breadth. 
 
 AMMERSCHWIIIR, Im'mfe'shveeii/, a town of France, 
 department of Haut-Rhin, 3 miles N.W. of Colmar. Pop. 
 (1852) 2205. 
 
 AMMKRSTOL, ^m^mers-tol', a village of the Netherlands, 
 14 miles E. of Rotterdam, on the Lek. Pop. 602. 
 
 AM'.MITOK\ an island off the N.E. coast of Labrador, be- 
 tween 70 and 80 miles S.E. of the entrance into Hudson's 
 Straits. Lat. 59° 28' N. , Ion. 63° 0' W. 
 
 A.MMON, dm'mon, a village of Switzerland, 8 miles W.N.W. 
 ofWallenstadt. Pop. 1600. 
 
 AMMON, Syria, See Amm.».n. 
 
 AMMO'NIA, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee. 
 
 AMMONOOSUCK, LOWER, a river of New Hampshire, 
 ri.ses in Coos co., near Mount Washington, and running 
 through Grafton co., falls into the Connecticut River. 
 Length, 100 miles. One of its principal branches is called 
 the Wild Ammonoosuck. 
 
 AMMONOO'SUCK, UP'PER, a river of Coos co.. New 
 Hampshire, enters the Connecticut at Northumberland, after 
 a course of about 76 miles. 
 
 AMO.\S, d'mo-ds\ or AMWAS, dmVJs', (anc. Em)maus and 
 Nicopfiilis,) a village of Palestine, about 10 miles N.W. of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 AMOL, S^mol', a city of Persia, province of Mazanderan, 
 on the Heraz, over which is a bridge of 12 arches, 12 miles 
 above its entrance into the Caspian, and 20 miles W. by S. 
 of Balfurosh. I'op. in winter, when it is greatest, estimated 
 at from 35.000 to 40,000. 
 
 AMuNEBURG, (Amoneburg,) 3-mo'neh-lT(5oRa\ a town of 
 Ilesse-Casttfcl, 7 miles E.S.E. of Maiburg'. Pop. 1143. 1 
 
 AMO 
 
 AMOO, AMOU, or AMU, i-moo/, a name of the Oxub Ritkk 
 
 AMOOR, AMOUR, AMUR, d-moor', or SAGHALIEN 
 sd-gd-lee'an, or .si-gd-leen', a large river of Eastern Asia, 
 formed near lat. 63° N., Ion. 122° E., by the unitjn of thfe 
 Shilka and Argoon; the first rising in the Russian govern 
 ment of Irkootsk, and the latter near Oorga in Mongolia. 
 and forming for about 4U0 miles the boundary line betweec 
 the Russian and Chinese Empires. Both streams flow 
 mo.stly N.E. to their junction, from which point the Amooi 
 has a general E. course, making, however, an extensive 
 bend to the S., to traverse the centre of Mantchooria. It 
 enters the Gulf of Saghalien, opposite the island of the 
 same name, in lat. 52° 27' N; Ion. 140° E. Entire course, 
 from the head of either the Argoon or Shilka, estimated at 
 2200 miles. Chief tributaries, the Tcheek'eeree (Tshikiri) 
 from the N., Soongari and Oosoori from the S. The re- 
 gion round its .source is arid and barren; but in its 
 lower part it waters a fertile country. The towns of Yaksa 
 and Saghalien-Oola (one of the principal towns of Mant- 
 chooria) are on its banks. See SiUJiiUA 
 
 AMOORANG or AMOURANG, d-moo-rang', a b.ay and 
 village of the island of Celebes. The bav is on the N.W. 
 coast, in lat. 1° 11' S.; Ion. 124° 36' E. It "is about 14 miles 
 long inland, and 6 miles broad, having an anchorage for 
 vessels. The village lies at the head of the bay 25 miles 
 S.W. of Menado. 
 
 AMORBACH, d/mor-bjK\ a town of Bavaria, at the con- 
 fluence of the Mudau and Billiach, 44 miles S.S.E. of 
 Frankforton-the-Main. Lat. 49° 38' N.; Ion. 9° 12' E. 
 Pop. 2900. 
 
 AMORGO-POULO, d-mor'go-poolo, a small island in the 
 Grecian Archipelago, S. of Amorgo, about lat. 30° 30' N., lou. 
 25° 40' E. 
 
 AMOR'GOS or AMORGO, a-moR/go, an island in the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago, kingdom of Greece, 18 miles S.E. of Naxos. 
 Lat. of capit.al, 36° 52' N.; Ion. 25° 56 E. Length, 13 miles; 
 breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 2800. It is mountainous, and pro- 
 duces good oil, but not sufficient corn for its inhabitants. 
 Cliief town, Amorgos, with the port of Santa Anna on the 
 N.E. shore; besides which it has 4 villages, and a remarka- 
 ble monastery. Simonides was born here, B.C. 060. 
 
 AMOSKEAG, am^os-keg', an important manufacturing 
 post-village of Hillsborough co.. New Hampshire, 17 miles S. 
 by E. of Concord. The Merrimack River here falls 54 feet in 
 a mile and a half, affording extensive water-power. See 
 Manchester. 
 
 AMOU, d'moo', a town of France, department of Landes, 
 on the Luy, 13 miles S.W. of St. Sevier. Pop. 2197. It has 
 a fine chateau and Gothic church. 
 
 AMOU or AMOU DARL See Oxrs. 
 
 A.MOUlt. See Amoor. 
 
 AMOY, d-moi', or EMOUI, a seaport town of Oiina, on an 
 island of the same name, province of Fokien, lat. 24° 10' 3" 
 N., Ion. 118° 13' 5" E., nearly opposite the centre of the 
 island of Formosa. The name is a corruption of the Chinese 
 word Jltamun, pronounced by the natives Ha-nioy. It is 
 situated at the S. end of the i.sland, at the mouth of two 
 united rivers, one of which communicates with the city of 
 Chang-choo-foo, containing, it is said, upwards of 800,000 
 inhabitants, and of which Amoy. though itself a large and 
 populous city, is consideied merely the port. Amoy is built 
 on a declivity, sloping to the harbor, and, including its 
 suburbs, is supposed to be about 9 miles in ciicumference. 
 The streets are narrow and dirty, but many of the build- 
 ings are of an extraordinary size. The native imports aro 
 rice, sugar, and camphor from Formosa and Foo-choo, 
 alum and cotton from Shanghai, and grain, pulse, oilcake, 
 and a coarse description of cotton goods from the northern 
 ports. The foreign imports are Bengal and Bombay cotton, 
 cotton goods, cotton yarn, iron, lead, steel, betel-nut, liquid 
 indigo from Manila, pepper, rattans, rice, grain, bfeche- 
 de-mer, sharks' fins, and buffalo and deers' horns. The 
 native exports are camphor, sugar, sugar-candy of the finest 
 quality, earthenware, paper umbrellas, paper, joss-paper, 
 joss-stick, &c. The merchants of Amoy are distinguished 
 for their enterprise, and are considered among the wealthi 
 est in the Chinese Empire. They own upwards of 300 junks, 
 some of them 800 tons burden. On the British taking pos- 
 session of the island of Amoy, on which the town stands, 
 they found a battery 1100 yards long, mounting 90 guns, and 
 constructed with extraordinary skill. There were sevtral 
 other smaller forts and batteries, one of which mounted 42 
 guns. Amoy was captured by the British on Axigust 26. 
 1841, and by the treaty of Nanking, dated August 29, 1842, 
 that port, with others, was opened to their trade, and a Bri 
 tish consul established there. A supplementary treaty, 
 dated October 8, 1843, established a tariff of exports and 
 imports, and admitted other foreigners to the same privi- 
 leges as British subjects. Opium is sold in every part of 
 Amoy, and is hawked through the streets. The consump- 
 tion is estimated at 150 chests per month, the average value 
 being 170^ sterling per chest. The population — mostly em- 
 ployed in the coasting trade — amounts to about 250,000 to 
 300,000. 
 
 77 
 
AMP 
 
 AMS 
 
 4WPAXA5I. im-pJ-nJm', a town of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, on the W. coast of the island of Lombok ; lat. 8° 25' 
 S.. Ion. 116° E. It has an indifferent harbor, but consider- 
 able trade. 
 
 AilPAZA, im-pi'z3, a seaport town of East Africa, Zan- 
 gnebar, at the mouth of the Patta, in lat 2° S., Ion. 
 40° 50' E. 
 
 AMPELAKIA. See Ambelakia. 
 
 AMPEZZO, im-pJt/so, a village of Northern Italy, 11 miles 
 W. of Tolmezzo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 AMPFING. dmp'finjr, a Tillage of Bavaria, 5 miles W. of 
 MUhldorf. Here the Emperor Louis of Bavaria vanquished 
 Frederick of Austria In 1822; and here Moreau commenced 
 his famous retreat in 1800. 
 
 AM PHIL A, Jm-fee'li a bay and island in the Red Sea, 
 Abyssinia; the bay in lat. U'^ 42' N., Ion. 40° 22' E. 
 
 AMPIIIXOME (am-fin'o-me) SHOALS, on the N.W. coast 
 of Australia; lat, 19° 41' S., Ion. 119° 24' E. 
 
 AMPIIISSA. a town of Greece. See Salona. 
 
 AMPiriTKlTE (am-fe-tri'tee) ISLANDS, a part of the 
 group known by the name of the Paracels, in the China Sea, 
 lyinjc to the S.E. of the i.sland of Hainan, near 16° N. lat. 
 and 112° E. Ion. The Amphitrites are in two groups, to the 
 N.X.W. and S.S.E. of each other, and having a deep-water 
 diannel between them. 
 
 AM'l'LEFORD or AMPLEFORTII, am'pfl-forth, a parish 
 of Euj/land. eo. of York. 
 
 AMPLEPUIS, fiM^plch-pwee'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Kh8ne, 19 miles W. of YiUefranche. Pop. (1852) 
 4,982. 
 
 AMPXEY, amp'nee, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 
 AJliWEY CRU'CIS, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 
 AMPXEY. DOWN, a parish of England, eo. of Gloucester. 
 
 AMPNEY. ST. MARY or ASIIBKOOKE, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Gloucester. 
 
 AMPXEY. ST. PETER, or EASINGTOX, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Gloucester. 
 
 ASI'PORT, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 AM POSTA, 3m-pos'td, a town of Spain, on the Ebro, 47 
 miles S.S.W. of Tarragona. 
 
 AMI'T'HILL, a market-town and parish of England, with 
 A station on the London and Northwestern Railway, co. and 
 6 miles S. by W. of Bedford. Pop. 2001. 
 
 AMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 AJIPUDIA, dm-poo'De-3., a town of Spain, 18 miles S.W. 
 of Palencia. Pop. 1836. It was the head-quarters of Wel- 
 lington's array, 6th June, 1813. 
 
 AMPUIS, (\M*pwee', a village of France, department of 
 RhSne. on the Rhone. 
 
 AMPUKDAX, im-pooR-din'. a district of Spain, province 
 of Catalonia, between the river Ter and the town of Rosas. 
 It is the most fertile district in the province. 
 
 AMPURIAS, CASTELLO DE SAX MARTIN DE. kds-t^l'yo 
 dA s3u man'teen dj dm-poo're-ds, a poor hamlet and castle 
 of Spain, in Catalonia, on the site of a flourishing city, (the 
 anc. £mporia'.) with a small harbor on the gulf of Rosas, 
 (an inlet nf the Mediterranean. ~l 24 miles X.E. of Gerona. 
 
 AMllAX, Sm'rdn', a walled town of Arabia, Yemen, 25 
 miles X.X.W. of Sana. 
 
 AMRAX, dmVdn', a town and fort of Hindostan, in Gui- 
 cowar's dominions, Guzerat, lii miles N.E. of Jooria. 
 
 AMRAX (dmVdnO MOUNTAIXS, a range in the S.E. part 
 of Affjhanistan, the highest summits of which attain an 
 elevation of 9000 feet. 
 
 AMRAWUTTI,dm-ra-wfitnee, or AMARAVATI, dm-a-ra- 
 vd'tee. a considerable town of India, in the Deccan, Nizam's 
 dominions, 28 miles S.E. of EUichpoor. It has an active 
 trade; and much excellent cotton, grown in the neighbor- 
 hood, was formerly sent hence to Bengal by land. 
 
 AMRA^yUTTI or AMAKAVATI, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, 10 miles N.X.W. of Guntoor, with 
 some Hindoo antiquities, on the S. bank of the Kistnah. 
 
 A.M'UEE\ a vill.■^:e of Sinde, on the right bank of the In- 
 dus, 18 miles S.S.W. of Sehwan. It was formerly a large 
 town, but portions of it have been swept away by the river, 
 and it is now greatlv diminished. 
 
 i»MRrrSlR, am-rit'sir.or AMRIT'SUR, written also TJM- 
 RITSIR, um-rit'sir, a large and populous citj- of the Punjab, 
 in tlie Biirec Doab, 40 miles E. of I-ahore. Lat. 31° 40' N. ; Ion. 
 74° 56' E. It is of a compact, circular form, about 9 miles in 
 circumference, and contains 399 IHndoo and 49 Moham- 
 medan pl.toes of worship. The shops and bazaars exhibit, 
 in great abundance, the richest products of India. An 
 ample supply of excellent water is obtained from 650 wells. 
 Amritseer has been long celebrated as a holy place, in conse- 
 quence of its possessing a sacred temple situated on an 
 island in the centre of a reservoir or tank about 150 paces 
 squai-e, constructed in 1581, by Ram Das, the fourth gura, 
 or spiritual le.nder of the Sikhs, who gave to the work the 
 name of" Amrita Saras," or " fount of immortality." But the 
 most remarkable object in the town is the large fortress of 
 Oovindghur, built by Runjeet Singh, surrounded by a deep 
 ditch of about 2 miles' cii'cuit A canal was construct*^ 
 78 
 
 by the ."Mime chief, from Amritseer Tn the Ravi, a distance of 
 about 30 miles, but is little used. The staple manuth'tures 
 are shawls, inferior silks, and woollen and cottnn cloths. 
 Amritseer ha? also an extensive transit trade with larious 
 parts of India, and is. in turn, an emporium for mauy of 
 their productions, including large quantities of rock-salt^ 
 brought on camels, from a mine 120 miles N. of I.anore. 
 Pop. of town, 115,000; of which 9000 are Sikhs, the rest 
 being Hindoos and Mohammedans. 
 
 AM'ROM, AM'ROX, or AMRUM, dm'rOdm, a crescent- 
 shaped island of Denmark, in the German Ocean, about 17 
 miles from the mainland ; lat. 54° 40' X. 
 
 AMROOAIL dm-roo'd, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Agrji. 85 miles E. bv N. of Delhi. 
 
 AM/ROTH or AMOBROTH, a maritime parish of S.)uth 
 Wales. CO. of Pembroke, 7 miles S.E. of Narbeth. 
 
 AMSTEG, dm'stJc. a village of Switzerland, on the Reuss, 
 and on the route of the St. Gothard.' 
 
 AMSTEL. dm'stel, a small river of the Netherlands. North 
 Holland, formed by the union of the Drecht and My' 
 drecht, traverses the city of Amsterdam, and enters the Y 
 after a northward course of about 10 miles. 
 
 AMSTEL, NlEUWER,nytl'werdm'stfl,atown of Nether- 
 lands, province of North Holland. Pop. 5084. 
 
 AMSTEL,OUDER.ew'der dm'stel. a town of Netherlands, 
 province of North Holland, on the Amstel, 4 miles S. of Am- 
 sterdam. Pop. 2016. 
 
 AMSTELVEEN, dm'st?l-vain', ("turf or turf-lands of the 
 Amstel.") a village of North Holland, near the Amstel, 5 
 miles S.S.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 5050. 
 
 AM'STERDAJI, (Dutch pron. dm'ster-ddm'.) formerlv AM- 
 STELREDAMME or AMSTELDAMME, (•' the dike or dam of 
 the Amstel;" L. Amstelodahnum,) an important commercial 
 city, capital of the kingdom and province of Holland, at the 
 confluence of the Amstel with the Y or Ij, (pronounced eye.) 
 an arm of the Zuvder Zee, connecting with the lake o' 
 Haarlem; lat. 5'2° 22' 5" N., Ion. 4° 63' 2" E. It is the 
 largest and most important town in Holland, constitution- 
 ally its capital, (in it the ceremony of coronation is per- 
 formed.) but the seat of government and residence of the 
 sovereign is at the Hague. Amsterdam stands on soft, wet, 
 morass ground, under which, at the depth of 50 feet, is a 
 bed of sand. Into this sand, piles are driven, on which 
 buildings are reared. The sea front of the city forms nearly 
 a direct line along the Y, flanked at either end by extensive 
 docks, and near the centre intersected by the Dam-Rak. 
 The principal mouth of the Amstel, which, entering the city 
 on the S.E., takes a winding course through it, divirling it 
 into old and new sides, {Oude en Kieume Zijde,') and falls into 
 the Y by this and numerous other courses. Towards the 
 land, the walls of the city form a semicircle, surrounded by 
 a ditch 30 yards wide, bordered by a row of trees. The 
 ramparts have been pulled down, and on the eight-and- 
 twenty bastions have been erected as many windmills for 
 grinding corn and other purposes. In the walls are 8 hand- 
 some stone gates named from the towns to which they lead. 
 Outside the walls the city is surrounded by grassy meadows, 
 and on the W. are upwards of 50 saw-mills. Towards the 
 sea, on both sidos of the Amstel, the streets are narrow and 
 irregular, but behind this portion there are five main lines 
 of street.s, following the direction of the walls, and thus de- 
 scribing a semicircle. Of these, the principal three, Heeren, 
 Keizer, and Prinzensgraacht, for length, breadth, and general 
 eleg.ance, may vie with the streets of any capital in Europe. 
 In the centre of each, as in most of the streets in Amster- 
 dam, is a canal, either side of which is lined with broad, 
 brick-paved quays, planted with niws of trees. The houses 
 are mostly constructed of brick, almost all approached by 
 flights of steps ; many are six and seven stories high, pointed 
 at the top. with the gable towards the street, and decorated 
 above with a forked chimney-stack. The city is cut up into 
 90 islands by the canals, over which there are 260 bridges, 
 mostly of stone, generally provided with a draw in the centre. 
 The vessels to be seen in all parts of the city, loading and 
 unloading, and passing to and fro along the canals: the 
 lifting and lowering of drawbridges; the transit of meichan- 
 dise on sledges, and the general stir of business, give the 
 streets of Amsterdam a cheerful and lively appearance. 
 
 Among the most remarkable buildings in Amsterdam, is 
 the palace, formerly the town-hall. It is a stone edifice, in the 
 form of a parallelogram, 262 feet long, 206 feet broad, and 
 108 feet high, (roof inclusive.) resting on 13,669 piles, driven 
 70 feet into the ground. It is chiefly remarkable for the 
 great hall. 111 feet long, 52 feet wide, and GO feet high, lined 
 with- white Itali.an marble — an .apartment of great splen- 
 dor. The justiciary hall, next to the palace, is the finest 
 building in the city. It is of modern erection, in iniit.-ttlon 
 of a Grecian temple. It was opened in 1836. The churches 
 of Amsterdam are generally characterized by plainness and 
 simplicity of structure. The finest in the city, and accord 
 ing to the Dutch, one of the finest in Eurojw. is the New 
 Church. (Niemce Kerl:,) N. of the palace, founded in 1 40S. It 
 is 350 feet long, by "210 feet wide across the transepts- the 
 upper part rests on 52 stone pillars, and the chui- h i3 
 lighted by 76 large windows, some of wUch aie 1 nely 
 
AMS 
 
 ANA 
 
 painted It contains the tombs of Admiral de Ruyter, who 
 sailed up tliB Medway and burned the English fleet at Chat- 
 ham; of the famous Dutch poet, Vondel, and of various 
 other notalile individuals. The Old Church, {Oude Ke.rk,) 
 fi>unded in the fourteenth century, contains the tombs of 
 several Dutch admirals, and an organ, said to be second 
 only to that of Haarlem. Besides these two, the Calvinistie, 
 recognised as the state church, possesses eight other chapels 
 and churches. The Kvanijelical Lutherans, numbering 
 about 32.000, have 2 churches; the Scotch Presbyterians, 
 Free Church of Scotland, English Episcopalians, Moravians, 
 Baptists, Friends, and Greeks have their places of worship. 
 The Koman Catholics, numbering about 45,000, have 16 
 churches, and the Jews, numbering In all about 21,500. h.ave 
 2 principal and 7 subsidiary synagogues. Amsterdam is 
 remarkable for the number and excellence of its benevolent 
 and charitable institution.s. There are above forty of them, 
 many possessing buildings of considerable elegance. Among 
 these are hospitals for the poor, the Infirm, tlie aged of both 
 Sexes, orphans, widows, foundlings, the insane, &c., and in- 
 stitutions for blind and for deaf mutes. Many of these, being 
 devoted to the members of one religious community, the 
 result is several hospitals of the same description ; thus, the 
 Calvlnists, Lutherans, and Baptists have each their hos- 
 pital for old men and women; the Roman Catholics have 
 various similar institutions for their own members; and 
 the Jews, in like manner, have hospitals for the sons of 
 Israel. 
 
 Erlucalional Institutions, d-c. — Amsterdam possesses nu- 
 merous and excellent primary schools, and other educa- 
 tional institutions, both of a general and special kind. Like 
 the benevolent institutions, some of them are for particular 
 religious denominations. Among the most important may 
 be named the Atlicno'um lllustre, with library, botanic gar- 
 den, school of anatomy, and chairs of art, law, medicine, 
 and theology; the city Latin school; the seminaries for 
 educating preachers belonging to the Remonstrants, Evan- 
 gelical Lutherans, Baptists, and Dutch Israelites ; and the 
 medical and clinical school. Of institutions of literature, 
 science, and art, there are the royal academy of fine arts, 
 founded in 1S20, and having 450 pupils; the music school, 
 founded in 1784; the naval school; the royal Dutch insti- 
 tution for science, literature, and fine arts ; and the society 
 of literature and fine arts caled Felix M'ritis. This last 
 society has 400 members, all merchants and citizens, and 
 divided into four sections: — 1. Literature, commerce, navi- 
 gation, agriculture, and architecture. 2. Natural history. 
 3. Drawing and designing. 4. Music. 5. Last, but not least, 
 must be named the museum of pictures, founded in 1798. 
 It contains a fine collection of works of Dutch masters, and 
 one of the most remarkable collections of prints in Europe, 
 occupying 200 portfolios; 
 
 Mannfacturfx, Commerce, rfc, — The principal manufac- 
 tures include tobacco, soap, oil, canvas, cordiige, the refining 
 of salt, sugar, and other substances, glass-blowing, brew- 
 ing, and distilling; gas, commenced in 1846, steam-en- 
 gines and machinery, iron steamers, and ship-building. 
 Amsterdam, however, ranks much higher as a trading than 
 a manufactuiing town. The total value of its exports in 
 1840 was 6,225,08.3Z.; of its imports, 7,944.958/. Among the 
 articles of export, two of the most important are butter and 
 cheese. The amount of the former, exported in 1843, was 
 423,520/. ; of the latter, 508,491/., being somewhat more than 
 that of the preceding year, though less than that of 1841. 
 On the general trade of the place, however, there was, a few 
 years ago, an average inci'ea.se of about 15 per cent. The 
 exports consist of refined sugar, (in 1847, 311,174 cwt..) raw 
 sugar, (in 1847, 718,835 cwt.,) coffee, spices, thread, chee.se, 
 butter, oil, dyes, colors, corn, and meal. The exports to 
 Germany and the Rhine amount to nearly one-third of 
 the whole, or upwards of 2,000.000/., but from tiiese locali- 
 ties the imports are very limited. The number of ves- 
 sels that entered Amsterdam in 1840 was 4177; tonnage, 
 437.695: cleared, 3981; tonnage. 423.060. In 1848, the ar- 
 rivals were 1972. This great fiiUing off is attributed to the 
 limited intercourse with the Baltic^ in con.sequence of the 
 war in Sleswicli-Holstein. The approach to the port by the 
 Zuyder Zee being impeded with sand-banks, a canal, called 
 the Nieuwe Diep, was completed in 1825, leading from Buik- 
 sloot to the North Sea, at the Helder, a distance of 50 miles. 
 It is 125 feet broad at its surface, 30 feet at the bottom, 
 with a depth of 20 feet 9 inches. By the Amstel, the Zuyder 
 Zee. and various canals. Amsterdam has water communication 
 with all parts of Holland; and by riiilway, it communicates 
 on the one side with Hajirlem, the Hague, and Rotterdam; 
 and on the other with Utrecht, Arnhem, and Prussia. 
 
 The goveinment is vested in a senate or a council of 36 
 members, and 12 burgomasters. The members of the coun- 
 cil sit during life, and fill up the vacancies that occur in 
 their number by their own suffrages. 
 
 Histnrii. — Early in the thirteenth century, Amsterdam 
 was a mere fishing village, with a small castle, the residence 
 of the lords of Amst^^' Towards the middle of that cen- 
 tury it was constituted a town, and in 1296 it was wrested, 
 by WiUiom III., Count of Holland, from the lords of Am- 
 
 stel. In 1482 it was walled and fortified. Its career of rest 
 prosperity commenced about the year 1578, when it becamo 
 a part of the United Provinces, although, previously to that 
 period, it had nearly monopolized the trade of the Baltic. 
 Additional privileges were granted by the Prince of Oi'ange, 
 |n 1581, while the siege and consequent decline of Antwerp 
 in 1585, and the shutting of th«^ navigation of the Scheldt 
 in 1048, were the means of raising Amsterdam to the rank 
 of the first commercial city in Europe, But the French revo- 
 lution, and the compulsory alliance and complete incorpora- 
 tion of Holland with France, had almost annihilated the 
 commerce of Amsterdam, both foreign and domestic. After 
 the changes which took place in 1813, it began to revive, and 
 has since steadily improved. Among the numerous famous 
 individuals to whom Amsterdam has given birth, m.ay be 
 named the philosopher Spinosa. the naturalist Swammer- 
 dam, the painters Adrian and M'lUiam Van de Welde, and 
 John and Michael Van lluisum, and Admiral de Ruyter. 
 Pop. 1863, 266,679, of whom 20,000 were Jews. 
 
 AM'STERDAM, a township of Montgomery co., New York. 
 Pop. 4557^ 
 
 A;MSTERDAM, a post^village in the above township, on 
 the left or N. bank of the Slohawk River, and on the Utica 
 and Schenectady Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Albany, and 62 
 miles E. by S. of Utica. It contains churches for the Pres- 
 byterians, Baptists, Methodists, and Universalists ; 2 banks, 
 an academy, 2 newspapers, and various iftiportant manu- 
 factories. A bridge cros.ses the river at this place. Popu- 
 lation in 1864, estimated at 4000. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, a post-village of Botetourt co., Virginia, 
 181 miles W. of Richmond, contains 1 brick church and seve- 
 ral trademen's shops. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, a post>village of Jeflerson co., Ohio, in 
 Springfield township, 21 miles W.N.W. of Stf -ibenville. 
 
 AMSTERD.\M, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, on the 
 ■\Vabash and Erie Canal, 9 miles W. by S. of Loganspnrt. 
 
 AiI8TERD.\M, a village of Marion co., Iowa, on the Des 
 Moines River. 88 miles \\. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 AMSTERDAM ISLAND, an island in the S. of the In- 
 dian Ocisan, about 60 miles N. of the island of St. Paul: lat. 
 38° 5.3' S. ; Ion. 77° 37' E. It is 4i miles in length, % miles 
 in breadth, 27('0 feet in elevation, and evidently the crater 
 of an extinct volcano, having numerous hot springs. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, NEW. See New Am.sterdam. 
 
 AMSTiyrTEN, am/st^tHgn, a village of Austria, near the 
 Ips, 28 miles E.S.E. of Lintz. The French here defeated the 
 Austrians and Russians. November 5. 1805. 
 
 AMTCHlTIvA or AMTSCIUTKA, dm-chit/ka, one of the 
 most westerly of the Aleutian Islands, lat. 51° 43' N.; Ion. 
 178° 45' E. 
 
 AMTZELL, amf/sfll, a village and castle of WUrtembnrg, 
 circle of Danube, 4i miles W.N.W. of Wangen. Pop. 2130. 
 
 AMOOKHTA or AMUCHTA, d-mooK'ta, or AMOLGHTA, 
 one of the Aleutian Islands, Fox group; lat. of the centre, 
 52° 33' N.; Ion. 170° 45' W. 
 
 AMU. See Oxus. 
 
 AMUCU. See Amictj. 
 
 AMULGAWEIN, d mul-ga w.in', a small town of Arabia, at 
 theentranceof thePersiauiiulf, lat.25°35'N.; Ion. 65° 42' E. 
 
 AMUR. See Amoor. 
 
 AMUSCO, l-moosOio, a town of Spain, 11 miles N. of Va- 
 lencia. Pop. 1743. 
 
 AM'WELL. Great, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 AMWELL, Little, a liberty in the parish of All-Saints, 
 CO. of Herts, England, Ij miles S.S.E. of Ware. 
 
 AM'WELL, a former township of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersey, now divided into East and West Amwell. 
 
 AMWELL, a township of Washington co., Penns3'lvania. 
 Pop. 2042. 
 
 A JIYOON or AMYUN, im-yoon', a town of Syria, 10 miles 
 S.S,E. of Tripoli. 
 
 AXABARA. d-nS'bd-ra/, a river of Siberia, in the govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk. It rises in about lat. 60° 30' N.; Ion. 107° 
 E., and falls into the Arctic Ocean in lat. 72°40'N.; Ion. 
 112° 30' E. The Anabara is joined at its embouchure by the 
 Olen or Olia, which runs nearly parallel with It for between 
 200 and 300 miles. The entire course of the former is about 
 400 miles. 
 
 ANABON. See Axnobon. 
 
 ANACAPRI, J-nd-k^pree, a town and castle of Naples, 
 island of Capri, at its N.W. extrernity, on Mount Solaro, as- 
 cended by more than 500 steps cut in the rock. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ANACilUANA, 3-nd-choo-a'ni, a vill.age and bay on the 
 N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, lat. 6° 41' N.; Ion. 77° 
 38' W. 
 
 ANACLACHE, 3-nJ-kl3/chi, a nevado or snowy peak of 
 the Bolivian Andes, supposed to be upwards of 22,000 feet 
 high, in lat. 18° 12' S.; Ion. 09° 20' W. 
 
 ANACO'CA, a post-office of Sabine co., Louisiina. 
 
 ANACOSTIA, a postK)ffice of Washington co., District of 
 Columbia. 
 
 ANADAR/CO, a post-office of Rush co., Texas. 
 
 ANADEER, AN.4DIR, or ANADYR, a-ni-deeR', a river 
 of N.E. Asia, in Siberia, traversing the centre of the Tchookt- 
 cheecountry, N.ofKamtchatka. It rises in Lake Ivachno, 
 
 70 
 
c 
 
 ANA 
 
 Atwut lat. 66° 30' N.; Ion. 173° E.; flows firstW., then E.,and 
 &lls into an inlet of tiie Sia of Auadeer, (North raciiic.) Ion. 
 178° E. Course about 450 miles. Anadyrsk, the only sta- 
 tion on it. is in lat. 66° 10' N.; Ion. 167° 10' E. 
 
 AXADIA, d-nd-dee'd, a small town of Brazil, proTince of 
 Alairoas, 45 miles E. of a city of that name. Pop. 1200. 
 
 AXADOLI or ANADOLIA. See Anatoua. 
 
 ANADYR or ANADIR. See Anadekr. 
 
 ANAGNI, i-nin'yee, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical 
 States, 37 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 6450. It is the seat of a 
 bishopric, erected in 487, and the birthpL^ce of Popes Inno- 
 cent III., Gregory IX., Alexander IV., and Boniface VIII. 
 
 AXAGUA, a-ni'gwi, a post-oflice of Victoria co., Texas. 
 
 AXAII or AXNA, 3/ni, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the 
 Euphrates, 155 miles N.AV. of Ilillah. Pop. about 3000. It 
 Is picturesquely enclosed by rocks and date-groves. On an 
 island in the river are remains of a castle, built after that 
 destroyed by the Emperor Julian. 
 
 AN\\UILT', a parish of Ireland, co. of Down. 
 
 AXAIIUAC, dn-d-wdk', the great central table-land of 
 Mexico, between lat. 15° and 30° N., and Ion. 95° and 110° 
 W.; comprising three-fifths of the territory of the Mexican 
 confederation, and elevated fi-om 6000 to 9000 feet above the 
 sea. It is bounded E. and W. by the two great mountain 
 chains into which the cordillera of Central America subdi- 
 Tides in its progress northward. Many lofty mountains, 
 including JoruUo, Popocatepetl, (17,720 feet high.) and other 
 ^'olcanoes, i-ise out of this plateau, but much of its surface 
 is tolerably level. North of Mexico, in the Sierra Madre, 
 are the silver-mines of Zimap.^n, the richest in the world. 
 
 ANAHUAC (an-a-wack') Mountains, a mountain chain 
 W. of the upper portion of the Rio del Norte, and running 
 nearly parallel to it from 40° N. lat., to join the plateau of 
 Anahuac in Mexico. It may be regarded as a branch of 
 the Rocky IHountains. 
 
 ANAHUAC, a post-village in Liberty co., Texas, near the 
 N.E. extremity of Galveston Bay, opposite to the mouth of 
 Trinity River, a1x)ut 35 miles N.E. by N. of Galveston. 
 
 ANAJAZ, J-nd-zhiz', a river of Brazil, island of .Joannas 
 or Marajo, falls into the estuary of the Amazon after a W. 
 course of about 80 miles, in lat. 0° 52' S.; Ion. 51° 30' W. 
 
 ANAKLIA, i-nd/kle-d, a fortress and seaport of Abkasia, 
 on the E. shore of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the In- 
 gcor, 60 miles W.X.W. of Kootais. 
 
 ANAK-SOONGI, d'ndk'-soon'ghee, a sm.all state on the W. 
 coast of the island of Sumatra, between the rivers Manjoota 
 and Urie. Its capital is Moco-moca. 
 
 AN ALATIVOE, an-al-.vtee-v<y, a small island "W. of Jaffna- 
 patam, on the island of Ceylon. 
 
 AX'AiyOMIXK, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 AXAM or ANNAM, dn'ndm', EMPIRE OF, Ciilled also 
 COCinX' CHINA, from the name of one of its most im- 
 portant provinces, a country of South-eastern Asia, oc- 
 cupying the E. portion of the great promontory N.E. of 
 the Mal.ay peninsula, from which it is separated by the 
 Gulf of Siam, between lat. 9° 40' and 23° 22' N., and Ion. 
 102° .^nd 109° 30' E. It is 9C6 miles in length from N. 
 to S.; the breadth is irregular, being at the narrowest 
 part, which is in the centre, only 85 miles, expanding N. to 
 upwards of 400 miles, and S. to about 270 miles. It com- 
 prises three distinct territories and a part of a fourth. 
 These are Tonquin.(which occupies the whole N.part of the 
 empire;)Cochin China Proper, Champa, and the E. portion 
 of Cambodia, together occupying the centre and S. extremity. 
 It is Ixiunded W. by Lao or Laos and Siam, N. by China, and 
 on all other sides by the sea. The whole of the coast is con- 
 siderably indented, especially at the mouths of the rivers, 
 where it affords many safe and commodious harboi-s ; the 
 view which the country presents from the sea is that of 
 a varied landscape, composed of bold headlands, picturesque 
 valleys, well-cultivated slopes, extensive downs, and low 
 plains, frequently terminating in sand-hills, with a back- 
 ground of rather lofty mountains in the distance. Along 
 the coast there are numerous groups of islands. 
 
 ToN(juiN is mountainous on the N., but in the E. is level, 
 terminating towards the sea in an alluvial plain. It is 
 fertile, yielding good crops of rice, cotton, fruits, ginger, 
 and spices, with a great variety of varnish trees, areca 
 palms, &c. The principal river is the Sang-koi, which flows 
 from the interior in a S.K. direction, and falls into the 
 Gulf of Tonquin by several outlets. It has numerous tri- 
 butaries, and several branches are joined together by canals, 
 both for irrigation and commerce. Its periodical overflow- 
 ing fertilizes the riceflelds within the reach of its waters. 
 The other principal streams are the Koa-gok or Tonquin, 
 and the Rok-bok. The climate resembles that of Bengal, 
 but participates in the oppressive heats and very disagree- 
 able cold of China. It is peculiarly subject to typhoons, 
 which sweep the land with inconceivable violence. Ton- 
 quin is the only part of the empire that is rich in metals, 
 producing large quantities of gold, silver, copper, and iron. 
 A great deal of gold is found also in the sands of the rivers, 
 thousands of people being employed in collecting it. The 
 principal town or capital is Ketcho on the Sang-koi, about 
 100 miles .X.W. from the Gulf of Tonquin. 
 80 
 
 ANA 
 
 Cochin China Proper, lying between lat. 12° and 18° 30* N, 
 is about 90 miles in breadth; bounded on the W. by a mnge 
 of lofty barren mountains, hitherto unexplored by any 
 European. The country is for 10 miles inland a complete 
 desert, and is generally sterile, but contains many fertile 
 spots. Its sandy soil also bears productions peculiar to this 
 region, including the eagle-wood, which attains greater per 
 fection here than anywhere else. In the more favored 
 districts, grain, leguminous plants, and all the articles of 
 sustenance used by man are produced in great abundance, 
 including sugar and cinnamon, the latter of supeiior qua- 
 lity. The coast is beautiful and grand, being indented 
 with numerous bays, backed by motmtaius which rise 
 to a height of several thousand feet, and are broken into 
 innumerable valleys and ravines. There are a num 
 ber of rivers, but none of much importance. Cochin 
 China is destitute of metals so far as yet known. The capi 
 tal is Hue. 
 
 Camdodia or Kamboja; about one-half only of this terrl 
 tory is within the limits of the Empire of Auam, the other 
 portion being in Siam. The former is a continued flat of 
 rich alluvial soil, full of navigable rivers, one of which, the 
 Mekong,is among thelargest in Southern Asia. Agriculture is 
 much behind here, yet such is the fertility of the land, that 
 Cambodia is considered the granary of Cochin China. It 
 produces vast quantities of rice, betel-nuts, anise-seed, and 
 cardamoms, all esteemed of the best quality. The areca 
 palm, teak-tree, and various dye and hard woods, also grow 
 here — some of the latter are susceptible of a beautiful polish. 
 Gamboge and a variety of sweet-smelling resins, are pecu- 
 liar to this country. Sticklac, a substance used in dyeing 
 red, is also among the products of Camlwdia. The mul- 
 berry-tree is in some regions extensively cultivated, to 
 furnish food for the silkworm, the management of which is 
 Well understood by the natives. The climate is in general 
 temperate, excepting during the rainy season. May and 
 September, when it is often very sultry. Prom October to 
 January the weather is extremely boisterous, and typhoons 
 occasionally occur, but are neither so frequent nor so vio- 
 lent as in Tonquin. 
 
 Champa or 'fsiAMPA, occupies the S. portion of the Ana- 
 mese empire. It is extremely sterile, consisting in great part 
 of sand-hills without any vegetation, peaks with stunted 
 shrubs, granite formations of every description, and a red- 
 dish, disintegrated mass of stones. Its coast, however, 
 abounds in excellent harbors, and yields at least one valua- 
 ble product — the eagle-wood, (Alikxylum Agallocliuni.) which 
 is much esteemed all over Asia for its pungent fiagrancy, 
 and is, on this account, in constant use in burning incense 
 to idols. 
 
 The geology of Anam presents little variety, its prevailing 
 formations being primitive, and consisting mainly of granite 
 or sienite, with the occasional occurrence of quartz, marble, 
 limestone, and hornblende. Although nominally patriar- 
 chal, the government of Anam is actually de.'-potic, even the 
 nobility deriving their name and power from the sovereign. 
 There are two classes of mandarins — civil and military — 
 divided into ten orders, two of which compose the king's 
 council. The general administration is conducted by that 
 council as supreme, and six ministers of state, viz. the 
 minister of ceremonies and religion, the keeper of the re- 
 cords, the minister of war, the treasurer, the minister of 
 justice, and the minister of woods and forests. Each pro- 
 vince is governed by a military mandarin, and two civil 
 mandarins as deputy and sub-governor, and is divided into 
 three departments, termed kuyen, each of which is subdi- 
 vided into various districts, named tfio, and comprehends 
 an indefinite number of villages. In military allairs the 
 govei-nment claims the service of every male inhabitant 
 from 18 to 60 years of age. The entire army consists of 
 about 60,000 men; but has occasionally amounted to more 
 than double that number. The soldiers all wear uni- 
 form — a red tunic; but the officers wear the ordinary 
 dress. 
 
 The mass (tf the people do not care for supernatural wor- 
 ship, and are subject to the most abject superstition. The 
 doctrines of Boodha are pi-ofessed by a few. but they have 
 hardly either temples or priests. Veneration for the de- 
 parted dead is general ; and the temples containing their 
 tablets are the most sacred spots of worship. This re- 
 verence for the dead is manifested by an interminable 
 series of solemnities and ob.servance.s, and a reckless expend- 
 iture. The language resembles the Chinese, from whi m, 
 as they have no national literature, they receive all their 
 books. It is without inflection, and shows a gieat mass of 
 monosyllabic words. It is by no means mellifluous, and is 
 spoken with extraordinary rapidity by the natives, lu 
 writing, they use the Chinese character; with considerable 
 difference, however, in some of their combinations. Jlar- 
 riage is a matter of traffic. Polygamy is allowed, but the 
 first espoused is considered the wife. The population of 
 Anam is supposed to be between 12,000.000 and 15,000,000. 
 Adj. and inliab., Anamese. an-am-eez'. 
 
 ANAMIi.\S, i-ndm'ba.s, a group of 15 islands in the China 
 Sea, off the E. coast of the Malay peninsula, aud belonging 
 
ANA 
 
 to the kingdom of .Tohore. They lie between lat. 2° 30' and 
 8^ 30' N.; Ion. 104° and 110° E. 
 
 ANAMABOE. i^nd-marlio', a British fort of Africa, on the 
 Guinea coast, 11 miles E.N.E. of Cape Coast Castle. Lat. 5° 
 10' N.; Ion. 1° 5' ^V. Pop. 4500. It Is the residence of a 
 governor, has a small native garrison, and exports palm- 
 oil, gold-dust, ivory, and grains. 
 
 ANAMlKAPUCtj. d-nd-me-rd-poo-koo/, a river of Brazil, 
 province of Para, falls into the estuary of the Amazon, in 
 lat. 0° 15' S. ; Ion. 60° 55' W. Its whole course is about 200 
 miles. 
 
 AXAMfVSA. a post-village, capital of Jones co., Iowa, on 
 the Wapsipinicon Hiver, 40 miles N.E. of Iowa City. It is 
 BitTiatod in a fertile fanning region, which is occupied by 
 prairies and forests of hard timber. The latter are distri- 
 buted along the large streams. Pop. 8S9 
 
 ANANA, d-nd'nd. a town of Spain, province of Alava, 17 
 miles W.S.W. of Vitoria. 
 
 AXAN'APOOR', a townof British India, in the presidency 
 of Bencal. 52 miles N.N.E. of Cuttack. 
 
 ANAN"ATAPOOR'..atownof]5ritish India, in the presi- 
 dency of Madras, bH miles S.E. of Bellary. 
 
 aS;'ANDALE\ a small post>-village of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 ANANDALE, a postofflce of Fairfax co., Virgini.a. 
 
 ANANOOR or ANANIIU, d-nd-noor', a town of Georgia, 
 on an affluent of the Koor. and on the great road from Tettis 
 across the Caucasus, 32 miles N. of Teflis. 
 
 AXAPA, d-nd-pd', a seaport and fortified town of Russian 
 Circassia, on the Black Sea ; lat. 44° 54' 1". N ; Ion. 37° 18' 
 6" E. The port is tolerably good for small vessels, but the 
 outer road is unsheltered, and is safely accessible only in 
 the fine seasons. 
 
 ANAPIII. d-nd/fee, or NANHi'iriO, an island in the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago, lat. 30° 23' N. : Ion. 25° 47' E. It is about 
 7 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles broad. It is composed 
 chietiv of rocky, barren mountains, and it has no port. 
 
 ANAPLI. SeeXAUPLlA. 
 
 AN\\.QUASS'COOK,apost-offleeof Washington co., New 
 York. 
 
 AXARA.IAPURA, ANUUAPIIAPUEA, or ANOORAAD- 
 HAPOOKA. See Axarajapgora. 
 
 ANAS. See Guadiana. 
 
 AN.\STASIA. an-a-st.Vshe-a, an island on the E. coast of 
 . Florida, is 18 miles long and'li broad. Lat. about 29° 40' 
 N.: Ion. 81° W. 
 
 ANATA, d/ndHd, Cane. An'aVioth,) a village of Palestine, 
 4 miles N.E. of .lorusalem, the reputed birthplace of the 
 prophet Jeremiah. It appears to have been once a 
 place of strength, havhig remains of ancient walls and 
 columns. 
 
 ANATOLIA. dn-a-toHe-a, or ANABOLIA, d-nd-doHe-d. writ- 
 ten also ANADO'Li and NATO'LTA.a pashalic of Turkey in 
 Asia, forming the W. portion of the peninsula called Ana- 
 tolia or Asia Minor. It extends over about a half of Ana- 
 tolia or Asia Minor, in the description of which the physical 
 features, products, &c. of the pashalic are included. (See 
 the following article.) It is the largest and richest province 
 In the empire, and the most populous iu Asia. The capital 
 Is Kutaieh. 
 
 ANATOLIA, ANABOLIA, AN ADOLI, (probably from the 
 Greek AvoroXij, AnaMe, i.e. the "rising," "Orient," or 
 "East,") or NATOLIA. a name given to the peninsula 
 forming the W. extremity of Asia, and in its most e.xtensive 
 application identical with Asia Minor. It comprehends the 
 Turkish pashalics of Anatolia, Itchelee,Karamania, Marash, 
 Seevas or Room,and Trebizond. Anatolia is included between 
 the 3»jth and 42d parallels of N. lat., and between the 26th 
 and 41st meridians of E. Ion.; bounded N.by the Black Sea, 
 Sea of Marmora, and the Dardanelles, W. by the Grecian 
 Archipelago, and S. by the Mediterranean Sea; while its 
 eastern boundary, which is more arbitrary, is usually de- 
 fined by a line connecting the Alma-dagh, near the Bay of 
 Iskanderoon, with the Euphrates, and thence up to its 
 source, whence it runs down the Tchoruk to the Black Sea. 
 Its greatest length, from the Gulf of Adramyti, E. to the 
 Euphr.ates. somewhat exceeds 700 miles, and its greatest 
 breadth, from Cape Anamoor, in Xvaramania, to Cape Ke- 
 rempe, in Anatolia, is about 420 miles; estimated area, 
 about 270.000 square miles. The N. coast, facing the Black 
 Sea, which presents few striking irregularities, is bold and 
 Kteep, with very deep water close to the shore eastward, but 
 gradually fells as it approaches the Bosphorus. The W. 
 coast, from the Bosphorus downwards, presents an outline 
 as jagged and irregular, with cliffs nearly as high and pre- 
 cipitous, as almost any coast iu the world ; including the 
 Gulfs of Adramyti, Eouges, Smyrna, Sc.al.a-Nuova, Mandel- 
 yah, and Kos, within which, however, there are low allu- 
 vial shoi-es; while the S. coast presents a bold, irregular 
 outline, with steep and lofty rocks closely approaching the 
 •hore, its chief bays or indentations being the Gulfs of Ma- 
 kree, (or Makri,) Phineka, Adalia, and Iskanderoon. 
 
 The surface of Anatolia may be termed an elevated plateau 
 supporting still higher elevations, dotted with salt lakes, and 
 enclosed by two ranges or offshoots of the Armenian moun- 
 
 ANA 
 
 tain system — the Taurus and Anti-Taurus, running E.an 
 W. not far from the shores of the Levant and Black Sea 
 respectively. The S. range, or Taurus, commences close to 
 the Euphrates, where Akjah-dagh reaches an elevation of 
 about 10,000 feet, and running W., with a very irregulai 
 course, generally speaking parallel to the Levant, teiint 
 nates in the islands of the Grecian Archipelago. It has 
 numerous offsets, both N. and S., which, as well as various 
 portions of the main range, are known by speci;il names, 
 as Allah-dagh, Bulghar-dagh, Jebel-Gooreen,(Gurin. or Ku- 
 rin.) &K. The N. or Anti-Taurus range stretches from the 
 Tchoruk W., parallel to the Black Sea, and at no great dis- 
 tance from its shores, and terminates at the Bcsphorus: an 
 offset, tending S.W., comprising Mount Olympus, (8800 
 feet,) and terminating in Mount Ida, (0400 feet high.) at the 
 Gulf of Adnimyti. Between these two main ranges there 
 are many smaller ones, some of which attain a great eleva- 
 tion ; and, indeed, everywhere lofty mounhiin masses, more 
 or less connected, are to be met with. Of the loftier sum- 
 mits may be named the volcanic peak of Mount Argieus, or 
 Arjish-Dagh, 13,000 feet, the highest in Anatolia, situated 
 13 miles S. of Kaisareeyeh, (or Kaisaria;) besides which 
 there are various others, attaining an elevation of from 
 7000 to 10.000 feet. The centre of this peninsula independ- 
 ently of the mountains on it, is an extensive plateau, 
 averaging about 50C0 feet in height, about 250 miles in 
 length from N.K. to S.W., and about 100 miles iu breadth; 
 partly drained by the rivers flowing into tlie Black Sea, but 
 covered also with .salt lakes, marshes, and I'ivers having no 
 visible outlets. The largest livers of Auatolia flow into the 
 Black Sea. but their coiuses have been very impeifectly ex- 
 plored. The largest are the Kizil-lrmak, (anc.//«'/^,i.) the 
 Yeshil-Irmak, (ane.ii'7-!S,)and Sakareeyah, (anc. fiiriyafrius.) 
 The only important rivers flowing towards the Grecian Ar- 
 chipelago are the Bakeer-chai, (anc. Cai'c«.';,)theKodoos-chai, 
 (anc. Hf.rhnus,) and the Bojuk-chai, (anc. A/aan'der.) 
 
 It may be said, generally, that granite, serpentine, 
 and schist form the substance of the upper, and 
 limestone of the lower regions of Anatolia, trachytic 
 rocks being also found E., which are succeeded on the 
 W. and partly overlaid by black volcanic breccia, inter- 
 spersed with angular blocks of trachyte; while the 
 extreme W. part of the peninsula and its S. coasts consist 
 almost wholly of calcareous rocks, belonging to the chalk 
 formation; volcanic cones, and other unquestionable traces 
 of igneous action, extend over a considerable space; and 
 earthquakes still occasionally occur, such as those that* 
 destroyed Landicea, Apamea. C'iholus, SaixHs, and other 
 cities of antic(uity. Anatolia contains also numerous ther- 
 mal and sulphurous springs; some of these springs deposit 
 pure salt round their orifices, others pure sulphur, and 
 others suljihato of lime or gypsum. There is also much 
 difference iu the heat of the springs, some being quite cool, 
 and others nearly 160°. Marble exists in groat abundance, 
 an advantage which the sculptors and builders among the 
 early Greek colonists turned largely to account. Coal haa 
 recently been discovered along the coast of the Black Sea, 
 but has not hitherto been worked to much extent. 
 
 The climate of Anatolia, so much lauded by the ancients, 
 admits of no general .description, owing to the diversitj- in 
 the elevation of its surface, which presents winter and sum- 
 mer within one day's journey. The AV. shores have been cele- 
 brated in all ages for their genial warmth. The coast facing 
 the Black Sea is almost equally favored as to temperature, 
 and enjoys the additional advantage of frequent rains. The 
 elevated plains of the interior, which rise about 3000 feet 
 above the sea, exclusively of mountains towering some 
 thou.sands of feet yet higher, are extremely cold in winter, 
 but .salubrious, i'he climate of Karamania, unlike that of 
 the N. part, is oppressively hot in summer; very little rain 
 falls, and hence, from April to November, the inhabitants 
 have little water, except what is preserved in tanks and 
 cisterns. The cold in the passes of the Taurus is intense. 
 
 The N. slope of the centr.al plateau so abounds with forests 
 of oaks, beeches, planes, ashes, and almost all other build 
 ing timber, that the Turks have called one of its forests 
 the Agatch-Deng'is, or Sea of Trees. It is 120 miles long by 
 40 miles in breadth, and is the chief and all but inexhaust- 
 ible source of supply to the Turkish navy. The trees here 
 are of a larger growth than in most other countries under 
 the same parallel, especially in the sheltered valleys of the 
 S.W. Sugar-canes grow in Pamphylia; and wine, olives, 
 and figs are abundantly raised in the S. valleys, especially 
 throughout Lycia. The jwppy also is grown in very large 
 quantities. The flora of Western and Southern Anatolia 
 in all the valleys is extremely beautiful, and will bear com- 
 parison with that of Sicily and the South of Spain. Shrubs 
 and evergreens are abundant — the latter including the 
 myrtle, which here attains an immense size, bay, daphne, 
 laurel, and a variety of holly. In strong contrast with all 
 these countries are the vast and frigid plains of the inte- 
 rior, which produce only stunted shrubs, saline plants, 
 wormwood, sage, and some of the ferns. There are other 
 tracts, the only vegetation on which is two species of broom. 
 The wheat of Anatolia Is of the bearded kind; oats are set 
 
 81 
 
ANA 
 
 AND 
 
 donj seen ; the gra'n supplied to horses and other animals 
 is usually barley. Maize is raised to some extent. 
 
 The Ottoman Tu^ks. who form about nine-tenths of the po- 
 pulation, are not only the original branch of the Turkish 
 femily. but also the most numerous and most civilized; nor 
 have t hey, for many centuries, varied to any considerable ex- 
 tent from their primitive type. There are many thousands 
 of so-called Turks, who are not so really, but are descended 
 from Greek ancestors. About one-twentieth part are Greeks, 
 an unprincipled, dishonest race; and the remainder com- 
 prise Jews, Armenians, Koords, and some few Zingari or 
 Gypsies, the last of whom are itinerant jobbers and tinkers, 
 as in many countries of Europe. The total population can- 
 not be exactly ascertained, but it has been estimated to be 
 about 4,50i),000. Agriculture, as a practical art, is wholly un- 
 known. Irrigation, manuring, and cropping are little prac- 
 tised, and all the implements of husbandry are in the most 
 rude and primitive state. The principjil industry of Ana- 
 tolia consists in growing wine and oil, and in weaving car- 
 pets, shawls, and making fez caps, &c. Asia Minor was so 
 well known to the Romans, that it was traversed by them in 
 almost every direction. Of these roads, however, by far the 
 most important were the two that led into Syria. There 
 was a well-frequented road, likewise, by Nicomedia(Ismeed) 
 to Bagdad, and another led S., near the shore of the Pro- 
 pontis, to Smyrna, Ephesus, &c. In all these lines there 
 are ruins, bridges, &c., clearly marking their former exist- 
 ence and consequence. As respects the present time, roads, 
 as understood in Europe, are wholly unknown ; but relays 
 of horses are maintained, as in the days of Xerxes, at dis- 
 tant intervals, and are stationed at the large towns on the 
 leading routes. The most fi'equented road is that from 
 Smyrna to Constantinople. Anatolia, or Asia Jlinor. was 
 the seat of "the seven churches which are in Asia" — I'-phe- 
 Bus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and 
 Laodicea. These were all places of great note in apcstolic 
 times, though only some of them are so now, and that only 
 in a modified sense. The principal cities of Anatolia are 
 Smyrna, Trebizond.Iskanderoon, Adramyti, Angora, Seevas, 
 Sinope, Samsoom, Konieh, Kaisareeyeh, andAfioom-Kara- 
 Hiss;ir. Adj. and inhab. AxaTOU.vn, an-a-toAe-an. 
 
 ANATOLI CO, a-nd-tol'e-ko, an island of Greece, govern- 
 ment of ^Etolia, 6 miles N.W. of Missolonghi, in the Gulf of 
 Patras. and wholly covered by a town of 400 houses. 
 
 AXAVA, d-nd-vl', or GUANAHAU, gwi-ni-h6w', a riverof 
 Brazil, in Portuguese Guiana, a tributary of thaBranco or 
 Parima. Its whole length is about 200 miles. 
 
 ANAVELIIANA, d-nd-vJl-yd'nS, a river of Brazil, in Por- 
 tuguese Guiana, an aiHuent of the Itio Negro. It flows 
 nearly due S., and falls into that river near Toroma; length 
 about 220 miles. 
 
 ANAZO, d-nl/z6*, or IIANAZO, a considerable river of 
 Abyssinia, formed by the junction of the Melee and the 
 united streams of Ancona and Sabalatte; from which point 
 the Anazo flows nearly due E., taking the name of the Yasso 
 (yds'sO\) latterly, till it comes within 10 miles of the Sea of 
 Bab-el-Mandeb, when it sinks into the sand. 
 
 ANB.\R, dn-bar', a fortified town of Independent Tartary, 
 20 miles N.E. of Khiva. 
 
 AN BAR, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Feloojah. 
 
 ANQA, in'sd, a town of Portugal, province of Donro, about 
 8 miles from Coimbra. 
 
 ANCACII, Sn-kStch', a department of North Peru, on the 
 MaraEion. divided into 5 provinces. Capitiil, Iluaraz. Pop. 
 in 1850, 219,145. 
 
 ANCASTER, JngHvas-ter, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 AX'CASTEU, a post-village and township of Canada West, 
 CO. of Wentworth, 8 miles W.S.W. of Hamilton. It con- 
 tains a mill, an iron foundry, and various manu&etories. 
 
 ANCENIS, SNoVeh-nee', (anc. Andene/siumf) a town of 
 France, department of Loire-Inferieure, on the Loire, 21 
 miles N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 3(389. 
 
 ANCERVir,Li;, Ss'^steVeel', a town of Friince, depart- 
 ment of Sleuse, 11 miles S.W. of Bar-le-Duc. Pop. 22G.3. 
 
 ANCIIOLME, an'cholm, a river of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln, rises near Market Rasen, flows at first W. past that 
 town, and then northward to join the Ilumber, 9 miles N. of 
 Glanford Brigg, to which town it has been made navigable. 
 
 ANCHOR (ang'kgr) ISLAND, a small island of New Zea- 
 land, on the N. .side of the entrance into Dusky Bav. 
 
 ANCHOR ISLANDS, two islands off the E. coast of Brazil, 
 province of Rio de .laneiro, 3 miles E. of Cape Frio. 
 
 ANCHORITES. an'k9r ites, a group of small islands in the 
 South Pacific Ocean, about 280 miles N. of Papua. 
 
 ANCIAENS, J.v-Be-a/SNs, a walled town of Portugal, pro- 
 Tince of Tras-os-Montes, near the Douro, 70 miles eTn.E. of 
 Oporto, with thermal springs. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ANCIAO, (Anciao.) in-se-J'^ng, or almost Jn-sdwug'. a 
 small town and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, 13 
 miles S.S.E. of Coimbra. 
 
 ANCIENT, in'.shent, a post-office of Dane co., "Wisconsin. 
 
 AN'CLIFF, a hamlet of England, co.of Lancaster. 2 miles 
 from Wigan, with a remarkable well, which emits inflam- 
 mable gas. 
 
 AN CO, dn/ko, a town of Southern Pern, department of 
 82 
 
 Ayacucho, on an afSuent of the Apurimac, 50 miles E.SA 
 of Iluamanga. 
 
 ANCO'BER, a river of Africa, on the Gold Coast, lat. 4° 
 54' N., Ion. 2° 16' 16" W., forming the W. limit of the Dutch 
 possessions on this coast. 
 
 ANCOBER, a town of Abyssinia. See Ankober. 
 
 ANGOLAN (dn^ko-ianO ISLANDS, a group of small islands 
 in the North Pacific Ocean, off the N.W. coast of the S. end 
 of Luzon. 
 
 ANCONA, 3n-ko'nJ. (anc. Ancolna, Gr. .A j^ui', Ancort, i.e. 
 " elbow," " bend," or '"angle," in allusion to its position in an 
 angle of the coast.) an important city and seaport of Cen- 
 tral Italy, on the Adriatic. 132 miles N.E. of Rome. I^iit. 
 43° 37' 7" N.; Ion. 13° 30' 5" E. It is built on the slope of 
 a hill, in the form of an amphitheatre between two hills, on 
 one of which stands the citadel, and on the other the cathe- 
 dral. It is divided into two .parts, the Citt^ Vecchia (ehit- 
 td/ vJk'ke-d) and the Citta Nuova, (cbit-td' noo-o/vd :) the for- 
 mer occupies the higher ground, and is inhabited by the 
 poorer classes ; the latter is situated along the shores of the 
 gulf. Ancona is the seat of a civil tribunal, of a tribunal 
 of primary jurisdiction, of a court of appeal, and a bishop's 
 see ; and is governed by a delegate, who is a prelate of the 
 Roman Church. It has a college, 2 hospitals, 10 churches, 
 16 convents, and a lazaretto. Among the most remarkable 
 buildings are the government palace, the town-house, the 
 merchants' h.all. the cathedral, and on the mole tha tri 
 umphal Coriiitliian arch of Trajan, built of Parian marble. 
 In 1732, Ancona was declared a free port; and, with the ex- 
 ception of A'enice, it has a larger trade than any other port 
 on the same coast. In 1843, its exports, consisting of wool, 
 skins, silk, sail-cloth, tow, grain, alum, sulphur, fruit, and 
 Venetian soap, amounted to $2,072,479. The impoits of the 
 same year amounted to34,94o,526. In 1846, the number ol 
 vessels that arrived at Ancona was 1455 ; tonnage, 103,970. 
 Value of total imports,$4,746,0ol;exports.$2,142,222. Ancona 
 is an entrepot for European goods for the Levant, and the 
 chief point for the steam communication between the latter 
 and the Adriatic. The port, which is the only good one on 
 this side the Adriatic, between Venice and Maufredonia, is 
 formed by a mole and a breakwater. On the extremity of 
 the former is a battery and a lighthouse. A new beacon 
 was erected in 1842 on the Volpe or Wolf Rock, ne.ar the 
 entrance to the harbor. Ancona is supposed to have been 
 fiiunded by a Doric colony, or by a band of Syracusan patriots, 
 who fled from the tyranny of Dionysius, about 400 years 
 B.C. In the time of Caesar it fell into the hands of the Ro- 
 mans. The Emperors Trajan and Clement XII. injproved 
 and beautified the harbor. In 1798 it was taken by the 
 French; and, in the following year, it surrendered to the 
 allied Russian, Turkish, and Austrian army, after a long 
 resistance. In 1832 it was retaken by the French, who re- 
 tained possession of it until 1838. All religiovis sects enjoy 
 here complete toleration. Pop. in 18ii2, 31,238. 
 
 AN/CON A, MARCH Ql?,(li.MarcaoCAncmia,mhJki. ddn- 
 ko/nd.) an old division of territory in Central Italy, which 
 in the Middle Ages included the country between the 
 duchy of Urbino and the march of Fermo. 
 
 ANCRE. See Albert. 
 
 AN'CRAM, a post-township of Columbia co., New York. 
 Pop. 1720. 
 
 ANCRAM LEAD-5ITNE, a post-village in the above towi>- 
 ship, 50 miles S.S.E. of Albany. Lead ore of a good quality 
 is found in the vicinity, but it is not worked to any exteuL 
 
 AN/CROFT, a parish of EngLand, co. of Durham. 
 
 AN'CRUM. a parish and village of Scotland, co. of Rox- 
 burgh. In this parish was fought the battle of Ancrum 
 Moors, in 1544, between the Scotch and English, in which 
 the latter were defeated. 
 
 AN'CRUM. a parish and village of Scotland, co. of Rox- 
 burgh, on the Teviot. Here are traces of a Roman camp, 
 and other antiquities. 
 
 ANCY, Sso^see', a village of France, department of Rh6ne. 
 Pop. 949. It has manufactures of silk stuffs. 
 
 ANCY, a vUlage of France, department of Moselle. Pop. 
 1164. 
 
 ANCY-LE-FRANC, 3N"'see/-leh-frSN-«'. a town of France, 
 department of Yonne, on the Canal of Bourgogne. and on 
 the Arman^on, 10 miles SJl. of Tonnerre. It has the ruins 
 of a noble chateau. 
 
 ANCYRA. See Angor.A.. 
 
 ANDAD-KIIAN, dn-dad-kin', or ANDEJAN. Jn-de-j.<n', 
 a town of Independent Tartary. in Khokan, on the .Jaxartes, 
 55 miles E.S.E. of Khokan. The town is large, surrounded 
 with gardens, and a moated fort. 
 
 ANDAHUAYLAS, dn-dd-wi'lds, a town of South America, 
 in Southern Peru, department of Ayacucho, on an affluent 
 of the Apurimac, 50 miles S.E. of Iluamanga. 
 
 ANDAIA. See Andata. 
 
 ANDALUCIA. See Andalusia. 
 
 ANDALUSIA, an-da-lu'she-a, (Sp. Andalucia, Jn-di-loo- 
 thee'd; Fr.ylnrfa?(/xie. 6.N0'dd*luV.ee': Gor Avdalusicv. dn-dj- 
 loo'ze-en,) the largest of the ancient divisions of the S. of 
 Spain, bounded S.K. and S. by the Mediterranean and 
 the Straits of Gibraltar, S.W. by the Atla,atic. and W. by 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 Vortusal. It is now divided into the following provinces, 
 which are named from their chief towns: Almeria, Granada, 
 Jaen, Malaga, Cadiz, Cordova, Haelva, and Seville. Anda- 
 lusia is traversed by the Sierras Morena and Nevada, the 
 Latter being, with the exception of the Alps, the most ele- 
 vated range in Europe, several of its summits attaining a 
 height of from 10,000 to 11.500 feet ; the climate on the coasts 
 is extremely warm ; its chief minerals are lead, copper, iron, 
 and mercury. It is very fertile in grain, wines, olives, figs, 
 sugar, and cotton, and furnishes a considerat)le quantity 
 of silk and cochineal. On its pasture is raised a celebrated 
 breed of horses, and sheep which yield fine wool. The ma- 
 nufactures, formerly important, have greatly declined. The 
 Vand.als were established in this country during several 
 years in the fifth century, whence it was called Vandalu- 
 sia, aftei'wards corrupted into Andalusia. After the dis- 
 memberment of the empii-e of the caliphs in 1030, Andalu- 
 sia formed the kingdoms of Cordova, Seville, Jaen, Almeria, 
 Malaga, and Granada, which were all successively conquered 
 
 by the kings of Castile. I'op. (ISt'J) 2,745.858. Adj. and in- 
 
 hab. An-dalushx, an-da-lu'she-an. (Sp. And,\luz. 3n-dd-looth'.) 
 
 ANDALUSIA, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 AND.\LUSI.\, a post-village of Covington co., Alabama. 
 
 AND.\LUSI.\, a post-ofiice of Gibson co., Tennessee. 
 
 ANDALUSIA, a village of Kock Lsland co., Illinois, on the 
 Mississipiii River, 10 miles S.W. of Rock Island. Pop. 3i9. 
 
 AN D ALUSI K, ANDA LUSI EN, A NDAL UZ. See An'DALUSI.^. 
 
 ANDAMAN (an-da-man') ISLANDS, a group of den.sely 
 wooded islands in the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 10° and 
 13° N., and nearly under the 93d degree of E. Ion., 180 miles 
 S.W. of Cape Negrais, and the .same distance N. of the Nieobar 
 Islands. The Great and Little Andaman Islands are sepa- 
 rated by Duncan's Passage. Total area estimated at about 
 3000 square miles. Population apparently very scanty, and 
 in the lowest state of liarbarism. In 1793, a British settle- 
 ment was established at Port Cornwallis, in the N.E. of 
 Gre.at Andaman, but the station was abandoned in 1796. 
 
 ANDAYA, dn-dd/yd, or ANDAIA, dn-dl'i a river of Bra- 
 zil, rises in the Sierra il.'itta Goi-da, and falls into the Fran- 
 cisco at lat. 18° 10' S., its whole course being about 120 
 miles. 
 
 ANDAYE or HENDAYE, both pronounced SxoM.V, a 
 gmall seaport town of France, department of Basses-Pyro- 
 n6es, 12 mili-s S.W. of Bavonne, on the Bida-ssoa, 
 
 ANDECAVI or ANDEG^AVI. See Angers. 
 
 AN1)F]ER, dn'daiR\ a town of Switzerland, canton of Gri- 
 Bons, on the Rhine, 14 miles S.S.W. of Chur. Pop. 549. 
 
 ANDE.TAN. See Asdad-Kiian. 
 
 ANDELFINGEN, an/del-fing'en, a town of Switzerland. 
 17 miles N.E. of Zurich, on the Thur, here crossed by a co- 
 vered bridge. Pop. 2400. 
 
 AXDELLE, 6N»'dJll' a river of France, rises W. of Forges- 
 les-Eaux, department of Seine-Inferieure, passes Charleval 
 and Komilly, and falls into the Seine above Pout-do-l'Arche. 
 Length, 24 miles. 
 
 ANDELOT, fiNo'deh-lo'. a town of France, department of 
 Ilaute-Marne. 12 miles N.E. of Chaumont, on the Kognon, 
 Pop. 1077. This is a very ancient borougli, having existed 
 In the sixth century. 
 
 ANDELYS, Les, l.-\ze SNoMleo', a town of Fr-ance. formed 
 by the union of Great and Little AncTely, department of 
 Eure, 20 miles N.E. of Evreux, and near the Seine. Pop. 
 6161. Near Petit Andely -ire the ruins of the Chfiteau 
 Gaillard, an old fortress built hj Richard Coeur de Lion. 
 
 ANDEM.\TUNUM. See LANGRE.g. 
 
 AN'DENNES, feoMJun', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Namur, on the Meuse. and on the railway from Namur to 
 Liege, 11 J miles E. of Namur. Pop. 4990. It has manufac- 
 tures of porcelain and tobacco pipes. 
 
 ANDKKAB. anMer-ib', or INDERAB, In-der-SW. a town 
 of Tartary.in 15udukhsh.an,about 85 miles N.N.E. of Cabool, 
 at the junction of tlie rivers Anderab and Kiasan. It is a 
 populous place, and contains the storehouses in which are 
 kept the silver brought from Ilariana and Bendjehir. 
 
 ANDERAVIA, an'-der-d-vee'd, or INDERABIA. lu-der-J- 
 bee'd. a small island in the Persian Gulf. Lat. 2G° 41' N.; 
 Ion. f 3° 39' E. 
 
 A.NI''EliBY, an'der-be, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ANDERLECIIT. ln/der-ljKt\ a town of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, arrondissement of Brussels, of which city it 
 tbrms a sul)urb on the S.W. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ANDERMATT, an'der-matt\ a village of Switzerland, in 
 the valley of Ursern, 18 miles S. of Altorf. Near it is the 
 celebrated Devil's Bridge, crossing the Reuss, and forming 
 part of file route across Slount St. Gothard into Italy. 
 
 ANDERNACII, Sn'der-njK\ (anc. Antunacam or Antnnia- 
 cum.) a town of Prussia, province of the Lower Rliine. 10 
 miles N.W. of Coblentz, in a plain on the Rhine. Ander- 
 uach has long been famous for the production of two pecu- 
 liar articles — millstones, and trass or cement. 
 
 ANDEROT. or ANDEROV. See Undbroot. 
 
 AN'DEIiSON or ANDERSTONE WINTERBOURNE, a pa- 
 rish of Kngland, co. of Dorset. 
 
 AN'DEKSUN, a district in the N.W. part of South Caro- 
 lina, bordering on the Savannali River, which separates it 
 
 from Georgia, has an area of about 800 square miles. Tt is 
 bounded on the N.E. by the Saluda, intersected by Klowee 
 River, a branch of the Savannah, and also di-ained by 
 Rocky River and Deep Creek. The siirface is diversified by 
 hill and dale: the soil is generally fertile, well wateitsa, ana 
 extensively, cultivated. The district is intersected by the 
 Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Anderson was formed 
 out of a part of the former district of Pendleton. Pop. 22,873. 
 
 ANDERSON, a county in the E. central part of Texas, 
 contains 900 square miles. The Trinity and Neches Rivers 
 wash its western and eastern borders. The surface is un- 
 dulating, and the soil is generally fertile. The Trinity 
 River, which is navigable for steamboats as high as this 
 county, flows througfi a rich valley which is well supplied 
 with timber. An active emigration has been directed to 
 this region for a few years past. Capital, Palestine. Pop, 
 10.398; of whom 6730 were free. 
 
 ANDERSON, a county in the N.E. p.art of Tennessee, has 
 an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Clinch River, navigaljle by small boats, and also drained 
 by Powell's River. The greater part of the county consists 
 of a deep and fertile valley between Cumberland Mountain 
 on the N.W. and Chestnut Ridge on the S.E. The land is 
 well timbered and well watered. Stone-coal is found in 
 some parts of the county ; also valuable salt springs and 
 sulphur springs at Eslabrook. Capital, Clinton. Pop. 
 7068; of whom 6485 were free, and 5'>3 slaves. 
 
 ANDERSON, a county in the N. central part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. Ijy Kentucky River, intersected by SaU 
 River, and also drained by Crooked. Stony, and Hammond 
 Creeks. The surface is generally rolling, though some por- 
 tions are level; the soil is fertile. The Kentucky River is 
 navigable on the border of the county. A railroad is in 
 progress through it from Frankfort to Harrodsburg. 
 Named in honor of Richard C. Anderson, former member 
 of Congress from Kentucky. Capital. Lawrenceburg. Pop, 
 7404; of whom 00+7 were free, and 1307 slaves. 
 
 ANDERSON, a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey, 60 
 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 ANDKRSON, a po.st^village, capital of Ander.son district, 
 South Carolina, 148 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. A branch 
 railroad extends from this place to the Greenville and Co- 
 lumbia Railroad. It contains several churches and stores, 
 and a newspaper office. Pup. 625. 
 
 ANDERSON, a po.stroffice of Walker co., Georgia. 
 
 ANDERSON, a post-village, capital of Grimes co., Texaa, 
 about 140 miles E. by N. of Austin City. Pop. 677. 
 
 ANDERSON, a townshipof Ilamilttm co., Ohio. Pop. 3439. 
 
 ANDEliSON, a town.^hip of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1398. 
 
 ANDERSON, or AN'DERSONTOWN, a flourishing post- 
 village, capital of Madison co., Indiana, on the left bank of 
 A\hite River, and on the railroad from I'elfontaine, Ohio, to 
 Indianapolis, 34 miles N.E. from the latter. It is beauti- 
 fully situated on a bluff 50 feet above the river. The fer- 
 tility of the adjoining land and the facilities for transjjorta- 
 tion render tliis a place of active business. It contains a 
 national bank. A dam has been thrown across the river a 
 few miles aliove, by which a fall of 34 feet is obtained, and 
 tlie water-power is very extensive. Pop. of the village, 
 about 1500, of the township. 25,s7. 
 
 ANDERSON, a postoffice of Cl.ark co., Illinois. 
 
 ANDERSONBURG, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vani.a. 
 
 ANDERSON RIVER, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana. 
 
 ANDERSON'S CREEK, of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, 
 enters the W. branch of Susquehanna River. 
 
 ANDERSON'S CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Crawford co., 
 and forms the boundary between Spencer and Perry coun- 
 ties, until it falls into the Ohio near Troy. 
 
 ANDERSON'S INLET, in Australia, S. of Bass's Straits, 
 between Capes Liptrap and Patter.son. 
 
 ANDERSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ANDERSON'S STORE, a postoffice of Caswell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 ANDERSON'S STORE, a small post-village of McNairy CO., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 ANDERSON'S STORE, a postoffice of Morgan co.. Ohio. 
 
 ANDERSTOWN, Aladison co., Indiana. See Anderson. 
 
 ANDERSONVILLE. an'der-son-vil\ a post-village oi An- 
 derson district, South Carolina, at the confluence of the 
 Tugaloo and Kiowee Rivers, which form the Savannah, 145 
 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 ANDERSONVILLE, a post-vill.age in the N.W. part of 
 Franklin co., Indiana, about 50 miles S.E. by E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 ANDES, an'diz, (Sp. CcyrdUUrn de. Ins Andes, koR-deel-yd'rl 
 d.i loce dn'djs,) a range of mountains of such vast extent 
 and altitude ay to render it one of the most remarkable 
 pliysical features of the globe. Commencing at Cape Horn, 
 it extends nearly parallel to the Pacific coast, throughout 
 the entire length of South America to the Isthmus of Pa- 
 nama, a distance of about 4500 miles. From this point the 
 same range is continued; and, under different names, tra- 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 Terses the whole North American continent from S. to TT., 
 tfrminating iu I'oiut Barrow on tlie Arctic Ocean ; extend- 
 in:^ JQ all tbrough near 130° of latitude, or about 9000 miles. 
 The Andes consist, for the most part, of a series of lofty 
 ridges running more or less parallel to each other, and 
 coTering, with their plateaux and declivities, nearly a 
 sixth part of South America. From its S. extremity the 
 main chain runs along the W. shore of Terra del Fuego, 
 and consists of rocky summits, rising in many places to 
 2000 or 3000 feet, the culminating point of this portion 
 (Mount Sarmiento) "being CQIO feet above the sea. The 
 Patagonian Andes, which succeed those of the S. insular 
 district, run directly northward as fiir as lat. 42° S., flanked 
 by rocky and mountainous islands in the Pacific, that seem 
 to have been disunited from the mainland by volcanic 
 agency. The extreme height of the Andes in this division 
 is 8030 feet. The Andes of Chili, which follow, extend from 
 lat. 42° to lat. 21° S., and form a single chain as far as the 
 35th parallel of S. lat., having an average width of about 130 
 miles. The principal peaks are the volcanoes of Antuco, 
 (16,000 feet high,) Maypu, (15,000 feet high,) and Tupun- 
 gato, (15,000 feet high;) but Vie culminating point, nut only 
 of this portion, hut of the entire range of the Andes, is the 
 ffiant pori)hyrilic Nevado of Aconcagua, which, according to 
 Captains Fitzroy and Beechey, rises 23,910 feet above the 
 sea, and is distinctly visible from Valpiiraiso, a distance of 
 100 miles. The line of perpetual snow in these latitudes is 
 about 14.000 feet above the sea. Between the Chilian Andes 
 and the Pacific — a distance varying from 80 to 150 miles — 
 are extensive plains elevated from 1000 to 15o0 feet above 
 the sea: these are mostly clothed with forest-trees and a 
 rich vegetation; but the more elevated mountain regions 
 are rocky and nearly destitute of plants. The Bolivian 
 Andes, forming the central division (formerly supposed to 
 be the most elevated portion) of the system, extend north- 
 ward fi-om lat. 21° to 14° S., presenting one immense mass 
 of rocks, stretching in length over V° of latitude, and in 
 breadth from 200 to 250 miles. In this section, the chain 
 separates, about lat. 19° S., into two great longitudinal 
 ridges, the E. called the Cordillera Keal, and the ^V. the 
 Cordillera of the Coast. These run parallel to each other, 
 enclosing the table-land of Desaguadero, elevated 12,900 feet 
 above the sea, extending 500 miles in length, and from 30 
 to 60 in breadth along the txip of the Andes, and enclosing 
 the Lake of Titicaca. These parallel Cordilleras, situated 
 at a distance of about 230 miles from each other, are united 
 at various points by enormous transverse groups or moun- 
 tain knots, or by single ranges crossing them like dikes. 
 The descent to the Pacific is exceedingly steep ; the dip is 
 also very sudden to the K., whence ofi'shoots diverge to the 
 lower plains. The following are some of the principal sum- 
 mits in this portion of the Andes ; — 
 
 Name. 
 
 S. lat. W.lon. 
 
 I. COHnn.I.KRA OF 
 
 THE Coast.. 
 
 II. C0RDIU.KKA OP 
 
 iOR An-. 
 
 Sahania 18° 7' Wjo 52 
 
 Parlnacota 18° 10' 69° IV 
 
 Gualateiri \-Z(P 13-69^ 17' 
 
 Pomarape 118° 8' l69° 3' 
 
 Vole, of Arequipail6o 19' ^71° 23 
 
 Chipioani |17° 4'i- \e3P 47' 
 
 lUimaui(iHi,snow),163 38 67° 49' 
 
 Ancoliu'ma'.'.".".'.'.. 45052' 68° 33' 
 
 Chacbacomaui. . . 16° 
 
 iSupaiwasi, or 
 
 I Huayua Potosi 
 
 Peak I190 30- 63° 10' 
 
 Mesada Nevada.. !ll)° ;w;67<' 52' 
 
 Angel Peak jlK^ 10' IBS" 14' 
 
 Cacaca il60 25'l68'' 58' 
 
 'Cololo !u° 57"69'' 10' 
 
 Feet. 
 
 22,350 
 22,030 
 22,000 
 21,700 
 20,300 
 19,740 
 N. Peak 21,060 
 S. Peak, i 21, 149 
 N. Peak. >21, 043 
 S.Peak. 21.286 
 N.Peak. 20,233 
 
 20,260 
 19,356 
 19,060 
 18,210 
 17,930 
 
 From tb,. <ibove, which are taken from Mr. Pentland's ob- 
 servation? it will be seen that the highest summits are W., 
 not E. of the Desaguadei-o, as was long supposed by the 
 most eminent geographers. North of this the two main 
 Cordilleras reunite in the group of VilcaHota, lat. 15° S. 
 The Peruvian Andes, separated from the Pacific by a desert, 
 from 50 to 100 miles broad, extend from lat. 14° to 5° S., and 
 detach two eastern offsets; one of which runs N.W. be- 
 tween the Jlaraflon and Iluallaga Kivers, and the other 
 between the Iluallaga and the Ucayale, enclosing a pLiteau 
 11,000 feet high, called Pasco or Iluanuco. The main range, 
 termed the Cordillera of the Coast, runs W.N.W. in a di- 
 rection parallel to and about 70 miles distant from the 
 Pacific. The Andes of Quito commence at lat. 5° S., and 
 run nearly due N. to the fable-land of Quito, which is 200 
 miles long, 30 miles broad, elevated 9C00 feet above the sea, 
 and surrounded by the most magnificent series of volcanoes 
 in the world. The E. range comprises the volcanoes of 
 Saugay, (16,138 feet,) Tunguragua, (10,421 feet,) Cotopaxi, 
 (18,875 feet.) Antisana, (19,140 feet,) and Jlount Cayambe, 
 (19,535 feet high.) On the W. range stands Mount Chim- 
 borazo, 21,424 feet above the sea. About lat. 1° N. is the 
 mount;iin knot of Los Pastos, contuning several active 
 volcanoes. On the £. side, lat. 2° N., is the mountain knot 
 84 
 
 of Paramo, from which extend three separate chaimi — 1. 
 That of Suma Paz, running N.E. past L;ike Maracaybo, 
 and terminating near Caracciis, on the Caribbean Sea; 2. 
 The chain of Quindiu, extending N.N.E. between the rivers 
 Cauca and Magdalena ; and. 3. The chain of Choco, which 
 follows the Pacific coast to the Isthmus of Panama, where 
 it forms the connecting link between the Andes and the 
 Chippewayan system of North Ameiica. North of the 5th 
 parallel, the only summits within the line of perpetual 
 snow are those belonging to the E. chain. The volcano of 
 Tolima, in lat. 4° 46' N., Ion. 75° 37' W., rises to the height 
 of 18,270 feet. The coast chain is comparatively low, never 
 attaining an elevation of above 9000 feet. 
 
 J'asses. — This gigantic mountain chain is traversed in 
 different parts by numerous passes or roads, at heights 
 almost equal to those of the extreme summits of the Eu- 
 ropean ranges. Most of these are narrow, rugged, steep, 
 and sometimes slippery and dangerous, passing through 
 gorges, across yawning chasms, up nearly perpendicular 
 rocks, and often winding along the brinks of enormous 
 precipices. The pass from Valparaiso to Jlendoza is 12,450 
 feet high ; that fiom La Paz to the valley of the Beni. 15,349 
 feet; that from Arequipa to Puno, 15,590 feet; and the one 
 leading from Lima to Tarnia and Pasco is 15,760 feet, being 
 the highest known pass of the Andes. There are numerous 
 other passes across the Andes, many of which exceed 15,000 
 feet iu height. There are said to be six passes over the 
 Choco ; but these are for the most part practicable only by 
 carriage on the backs of natives. A great commercial road 
 runs longitudinally along the Andes the whole distance 
 from Trujillo to Popayan, not much less than 1000 miles. 
 
 The Andes are composed partlj' of granite, gneiss, mica, 
 and clay-slate, but chiefly of greenstone, porphyry, and ba^ 
 salt, with limestone, red sandstone, and conglomerate. 
 Salt and gypsum are also found, and seams of coal at a 
 great elevation. The topaz, amethyst, and other gems are 
 abundant. Volcanoes are numerous in the Chilian Andes, 
 where there are no less than nineteen in a state of activity; 
 and the mountains of Ecuador consist almost altogether of 
 volcanic summits, either now or formerly in active ignition. 
 Of these the most dreaded is Cotopaxi. In some of its erup- 
 tions flames rise 3000 feet above the edge of its crater, and 
 the sound of its explosions is heard at a distance of 650 
 miles. Its form is most regular and beautiful, the summit 
 forming a perfect cone, covered with an enormous bed of 
 snow. Earthquakes generally accompany the volcanic 
 eruptions, and are felt over all the adjacent continent. No 
 portion of the globe is subject to such frequent and destruc- 
 tive earthquakes as the countries embosomed within the 
 range of the Andes, and those lying between them and the 
 Pacific Ocean. The cities and towns of P.o,gota, Quito, Itio- 
 bamba, Callao, Copiapo, Valparaiso, and Conception have 
 all at different times been more or less devastated by their 
 agency. The Andes are celebrated for their mineral riches, 
 producing gold and silver in large quantities, with platina, 
 mercury, copper, lead, tin, and iron. Humboldt estimated 
 the annual product of the mines of the New AVorld, at the 
 commencement of the present century, at 43,500.000 dol- 
 lars, about 8,700,000J. Glaciers are of rare occui-rence in the 
 Andes, being found only in the narrow ravines which fur 
 row the sides of stftue of its great summits. The limit of 
 perpetual snow re.aches the height of 13.800 feet in the W 
 Cordillera of Chili; near the equator it is 15,000 feet, and 
 in the Bolivian Andes, (lat. 21° S..) 17.000 feet above the 
 sea. The potato is cultivated in the Andes at an elevation 
 of 9S00 to 13,000 feet. Wheat grows luxuriantly at a 
 height of 10,000 feet, and oats ripen in the vicinity of Lake 
 Titicaca, at an elevation of 12,795 feet. 
 
 The name Andes is derived from the Peruvian vrori Anti, 
 .signifying "'copper." It was first given to a range of moun- 
 tains near Cuzco, but aft^^rwards applied to the entire ch.iin. 
 
 ANDES, an'djz, a post-township of Delaware CO., New 
 York, 70 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2990. 
 
 AN'DKSVILLE, a post-office of Perry co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 ANDKVOOKON/TO or ANDEVOUKANTE. dn-df voo-rdn'- 
 ta., a large village or town on the E. coast of Madagascar, 
 near the mouth of a river of the same name. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 ANDI.illY, dn-de-3/ree, the name of two villaires of AVest- 
 ern Africa, in the Bondoo country, ne;ir lat. 14° 6' N., Ion. 
 l-j° ^y. One of them is a large and thriving place, with 
 neat houses. 
 
 ANDKUOO, and'koo/, ANKKOUI. Sn-koo'e, or ANKOl', 
 a town of Independent "rartary, capital of a small khanat of 
 the same n.ame, on the N. slope of the Iluzareh Mount.iius, 
 about 70 miles W. of Balkh. It is advantageously situated 
 on one of the great commercial routes between Bokhara 
 and Afghanistan, but the district is scantily supplied with 
 water. Pop., composed of Soonee Mohammedans, from 
 25,000 to 30,000. 
 
 ANDLAU, Cxd'lO', a small town of France, department' 
 of Bas-Bhin, on the Andlau, an affluent of the 111, 9 miles 
 N.N.AV. of Schelestadt. Pop. (1852) 2110. 
 
 ANDOAIN, dn-do-ine', a small town of Spain, province of 
 Biscay, 6 miles from St. Sebastian, on the Oria. It is oiu» 
 of the stopping-places of the French mail. 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 ANDOEN, (AndBen.) 2ncl'o-en, (i. e. "Diiek Island.") one 
 of the Loflfoden Islands, off the W. coast of Norwav, 20 miles 
 long, and 10 miles broad. Lat. 69° 20' N. ; Ion. 15° 15' K. 
 
 ASDOLSIIEIM, an'dols-hImti\ (Fr. pron. aN-'dorzJm'.) a 
 Tillafre of France, department of IIautri;hin. Sj miles S.E. of 
 Colmar. It has a consisforial Protestant church. P. 1092. 
 ANDORA, fc-do/ra, or MAIUNA D'ANDOKA, ma-ree/nd 
 din-do'rd, a town of the Sardinian States, territory of Ge- 
 noa, on the W. coast of the Gulf of Genoa, 3 miles SiS.W.of 
 Alassio. 
 
 . ANDO'RA. a post-office of Philadelphia co., Pennsylvania, 
 ANDOHNO CACCIOIINA. an-doR/no kat-choR/nl, a town 
 of the Sardinian States, province of I'iella, 13 miles N.E. of 
 Ivrea, on the Cervo. It was the birthplace of the painter 
 Cafcliari. 
 
 ANDORRA, 2n-dor'rJ, (Vai-Ley or) a neutral country 
 with tile name of a rcpulilic, situated on the S. slope of the 
 Pyrenees, hetween the French department of Ari^ge and 
 the Spanish province of Lerida. extendinf? from lat. 42° 22' 
 to 42° 43' N., and from Ion. 1° 25' to 1° 65' E., surrounded 
 by hijih mountains, on which the snow lies for six months 
 in the year. Its climate is cold, hut healthy; soil unpro- 
 ductive in grain, but contains many rich mines of iron, and 
 one of lead. The government, a mixture of monarchy and 
 democracy, is vested in twentj'-four consuls, elected by the 
 whole population. Its constitution was, till 1848, subject 
 to the mutual sovereignty of the King of the French and 
 the Hishop of Urgel, and under the protection of the Queen 
 of Spain. The inhabitants, mostly shepherds, speak the 
 Catalan language. The population of the valley, which has 
 been annually increasing, was in 1845 estimated at from 
 6000 to 6000. The independence of this little state dates 
 from Charlemagne, in 790 — Adj. and iuhab. Andorrese, an- 
 doB-Reeii'. 
 
 ANDURRA, dn-doR'nJ, (Fr. Jndorre, Sn^Morr'.) a sm.all, 
 ancient town, capital of the above republic, at the foot of 
 Mount Montelar, 12 miles N. of Urgel. Pop. 2800. 
 
 AN'DOVEK, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 market-town, and pari.sh of England, co. of Hants, 12 miles 
 N.W. of Wincliester, and 63 miles W.S.W. of London. 
 Pop. in 1851, 5187. 
 
 ANTJOVEK, a post-township of Oxford CO., Maine, about 
 80 miles N.W. of Paris, is well watered by Ellis's River, an 
 affluent of the Andro,scoggin. Pop. 8^4. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post'township of Merrimack co., New 
 Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 21 miles N.W. of 
 Concord. Andover Academy, incorporated in 1848, had, in 
 1S53, 9 instructors and 217 pupils. Pop. 1243. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post> town. ship of Windsor co., Vermont, 68 
 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 670. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts, 
 on the S. bank of the Merrimack River, and on the Essex 
 County, the Lawrence and Lowell, and the Boston and 
 Maine Railroads. 21 miles N. of ]?oston, and 16 miles N.E. 
 of Salem. The situation of the village is elevated and plea- 
 sant. The streams in the vicinity afford excellent water- 
 power, which is extensively employed in manufacturing. 
 Flannels, linen, and shoe-thread are the principal articles. 
 Andover is the seat of Phillips Academy, one of the oldest 
 and best-endowed academical institutions in New England ; 
 and of Andover Theological Seminary, founded in 1807. 
 Phillips Academy w.as instituted in 1778, principally 
 through the efforts of the Hon. Samuel and John Phillips, 
 from whom it derives its name. It has a valuable chemical 
 and philosophical apparatus, and libraries containing 2500 
 volumes. The buildings are on a range with those of the 
 Theological Seminary, about 40 rods distant. The large 
 income arising from the funds, amounting to about $00,000, 
 enables the trustetis to secure the services of distinguished 
 teachers, and at the s.ame time make but a moderate charge 
 for tuition. Abbott Female Academy, a flourishing insti- 
 tution, was founded here in 1829. The Andover Theological 
 Seminar}', under the direction of the Congregationalists, 
 stands on a pleasant elevation, commanding a fine prospect. 
 A president and five professors compose the faculty. Tui- 
 tion and i-oom-rent are free to all, and additional aid is fur- 
 nished to indigent students. Number of graduates up to 
 186.3, 1466. Number of students the same year, 108. 
 Volumes in the library, 24,000. Andover contains a bank 
 and a savings institution. A religious periodical of the 
 highest character, the Ribliotheca Sacra, is published here 
 quarterly. Incorporated in 1646. Pop. in 1830, 4540 ; 1840, 
 5207: 18.50, 6945; in 181M), 4765. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post-township in Tolland co., Connecticut, 
 about 18 miles E. of Hartford. Pop. 517. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post-village and township of Alleghany CO., 
 New York, on a tributary of the Genesee River, where it is 
 crossed by tlie New York and Erie Railroad. 258 miles from 
 New York city. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1724. 
 
 A.N'DOVEK, a post-village near the S extremity of Sussex 
 CO., New Jersey, about 55 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post-village and township of Ashtabula CO., 
 Ohio, 205 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. of township 986. 
 
 ANDOVER, a village of Calhoun CO., Jlichigan, about 140 
 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post-office of Henry co., Illinois, about ?t 
 miles N.W. of Peoria. 
 
 ANDRAIX, in-dvifim, ANDRACHE, an-drach. or. AN 
 DRAIG, a seaport town on the S.W. coast of the island if 
 Majorca, 8 miles S.S.AV. of Palma. Pop. 4609. 
 
 ANDRAUM, dn'di-Owm, a town of Southern Sweden, 2* 
 miles S. by W. of Christianstad, with extensive alum- 
 works. 
 
 ANDRAVA, (3n-drii/va,) RAY, Madagascar. E. coast, about 
 60 miles S.E. of Cape Amber. Lat. (Berry Head) 12° 56' 
 8"S.; Ion. 49° 56' 5" E. 
 
 ANDREANOV (dn-drjl-an-ovO or ANDRENO'VIAN IS- 
 LANDS, a group of volcanic islands in the North Pacific, 
 belonging to Rus.sia, and forming the W. division of the 
 Aleutian islands. L.at. 52° 57' N. 
 AN'DREAS, a parish, Isle of Man. 
 
 ANDREASBERO, an-drVils-bjRG'. a town of Hanover. 13 
 miles S.AV. of Elbingerode. on the declivity of the Andreas- 
 berg, at the S. foot of the Brocken, 1930 feet above the sea. 
 It is the second in importance of the mountain towns of the 
 Upper Harz, and owes its origin to the valuable mines of 
 iron, silver, lead, copper, cobalt, and arsenic, which exist in 
 the neighborhood, and were first opened at the ccmmence- 
 ment of the sixteenth century. Pop. 4;'00. 
 
 ANDKEEVA, in-dA'^vH/i or ENDERI,^n\Ier-ee', a town 
 of Russia, government of CHUcasuSjprincipality of Koomook, 
 (Koumuke.) 40 miles S. of Kizliar. It is the principal town 
 of a Tartar district, loosely governed by chiefs, really or 
 nominally subject to Russia. There are here some Moslem 
 seminaries for Circassian youths. Pop. of town, about 
 12,000. 
 
 ANDRETTA, in^ariVti, a town of Naples, in the Apen- 
 nines, 7 miles E. of St. Angelo. Pep. 4450. 
 
 AN/DREW, a county in the N.W. part of Missouri, border- 
 ing on the Mis.souri River, which separates it from Indian 
 Territory, has an area of 425 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Nodaway River, and intersected by the 
 PIatt« and One Hundred and Two Rivers, which flow from 
 N. to S. The soil is f'erlilo. Capital, Savanuah. Pop. 11, 8505 
 of whom 10.970 wore free, and 880 slaves. 
 
 ANDHEW, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, about 12 
 miles S.W. of Bellevue, the county seat. 
 
 ANDREW CHAPEL, a post-office of Madison co. Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 ANDREWS, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Virginia. 
 
 ANDREWS, a post-village in Congress township, Morrow 
 CO., Ohio, about 46 miles N. by E. of Columbus. 
 
 ANDREW'S MILL, a village in Loran township, Ste 
 phenson co.. Illinois, about 15 miles W. by S. of Freeport. 
 
 AN'DREWSVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co.. New York. 
 
 ANDRIA. an'dre-d. a town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Bari, 30 miles W.N.W. of Bari. It is built on a plain, is the 
 seat of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, founded in 1046 
 by Peter Normanno, Count of Trani. It possesses also a 
 college and three monts de piiti. Its supply of water is vei y 
 deficient, it has a good trade in almonds. Pop. in 1862, 
 30,067. 
 
 ANDRINOPLE, a corruption of ADRIANOPLE. 
 
 ANDRITZENA, dn-drit-sa/nii. a town of Greece, Morea, 20 
 miles N.E. of Kyparissia, said to afford better accommoda- 
 tion for travellers than most places in the Morea. 
 
 ANDKO, dn'dro, or AN'DROS, an isl.and of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, the most northern of the Cyclades, S.E. of Eu- 
 boea, 25 miles long, 6 miles broad, and forming, with Tenos, 
 a government of Greece. Pop. 15,200. (?) The island is 
 mountainous, and the soil fertile. 
 
 ANDROS, the capital of the above island, on its E. coast, 
 has 5000 inhabitant*;, and a harbor for small vessels; but 
 the best port in the island is that of Gaurio, on the Vi . coast. 
 
 AN'DROS, one of the Bahama islands. Lat. of S. point, 
 24° 4' N. ; Ion. 78° 45' W. 
 
 ANDROSCOGGIN, anMros-cog'ghin, or AM'ERISCOG'GIN 
 RIVER, is formed by the junction of the Margallaway 
 River and the outlet of Umbagog Lake, in Coos CO., New 
 Hampshire, and flowing southerly for some distance, turns 
 Into Maine. After intersecting Oxford and Androscoggin 
 counties, and forming the boundary between Cumborland 
 and Sagadahoc counties, it falls into the Kennebec River, 
 about 20 miles from its mouth. Its whole length is about 
 140 miles. 
 
 ANDROSCOGGIN, a county of Maine, in the S.W. central 
 part of the state, bounded N. by Franklin, E. by Kennebec, 
 S. by Cumberland, and W. by Oxford county; area, about 
 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Androscoggin 
 River, and drained by the Little Androscoggin which afford 
 extensive water-power. The railroads by which communi- 
 cation is had with other parts of the state are the Kenne- 
 bec and Penobscot, the Androscoggin, and the Maine Cen- 
 tral. Androscoggin is one of the best agricultural coun- 
 ties in the state. It was organized in 1854, when the pop- 
 ulation was about 26,000. Capital, Auburn. In 1860, the 
 population was 29,726. 
 
 ANDROY, Sn-droi', a territory of Madagascar, occupying 
 the S. extremity of the island. 
 
 ANDRUSA, in-droo'sd, a town of Greece, department of 
 
 85 
 
AND 
 
 Mcsseria, 7 miles N.W of Kalamata, in the Alorea, formerly 
 Important, but destroyed duiing the late war of iudepend- 
 ence. 
 
 ANBRYCHOW, andree'-Kov, or ANDRICHAU, an'dre- 
 k8w\ a town of Austria, in Galicia, W. of Wadowice, on the 
 Wieprz. Pop. 300u, witli mauutkctures of linen oluth. 
 
 AXDUJAU or AXDUXAK. au-doo/Har, (anc. lUilur'gis,) a 
 town of Spain, 20 miles N.W. of Jaen, at the foot of tlie 
 Sierra Morena, on the Guadalquivir. A fine road, lined with 
 trees, ieads to the river, and in the vicinity are several 
 alamedas. Some export trade is done in grain, fruit, and 
 cattle, and in immense numbers of porous pitchers, bottles, 
 and jars, for the purpose of cooling water. It is an un- 
 healthy town, experiencing great extremes of heat and cold. 
 Pop. 9353. 
 
 ANDUZK, fiso'diiz', a town of France, department of Gard, 
 on the Gardon d'Anduze, 5^ miles S.W. of Alais. Pop. (1852) 
 5399, mostly Protestants. It is ill built, but its environs 
 are tine, and it has a commercial tribunal and manufac- 
 tories of hats, silk, twist, and leather. 
 
 ANEGADA, li-n&-g'd/d'L the most N. of the Antilles, Bri- 
 tish West Indies, 18 miles N. of Virgin Gorda. It is low, 
 and of coral formation ; at its S.E. extremity is a dangerous 
 reef extending for 10 miles outwards, and has, together with 
 the island, an unhappy celebrity for shipwrecks. 
 
 ANERLEY, au'er-le, a station on the London and Brigh- 
 ton Railway, England, co. of Surrey, 9 miles S. of London. 
 
 ANET, dVd', a village of France, department of Eure-et- 
 Loir, 9 miles N.E. of Ureux, between the Eure and Vesgre. 
 Pop. 1409. Here are the ruins of a castle built by Henry II., 
 for Diana of Poitiers ; and near it is the plain of Ivry, where 
 Henry IV., in 1590, gained a decisive victory over the armies 
 of the League under Mayenne. 
 
 ANET, i'-aiJ, a village of Switzerland, 17 miles WJf.W. 
 from Berne. 
 
 ANEY, d-ni/, a parish and village of Ireland, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 ANFE, Jn'fJh, a small port of Morocco, S.W. of Salle. 
 
 ANGAM. See Axgaum. 
 
 ANGARA, ing-gd-rd', a large river of Siberia, which issues 
 from Lake Baikal, at lat. 51° 30' N., Ion. 102° 45' E., and 
 passing the town of Irkootsk, pursues a N. and W. course 
 for about 750 mUes, when it is joined by the river Tchado- 
 bcts, and flowiug 300 miles fartlier, tails into the Yenisei. 
 
 ANGAKAES, dn-gd-rd'fs, a town of Peru, capital of a pro- 
 vince of its own name, in the department of lluancavelica. 
 Pop. of the province in 1850, 20.300. 
 
 AXGAUil, Sn-gawm', or ANGAM, S.n-gS,m>, an island at 
 the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Lat. 2(5° 37' N.; Ion. 65° 
 54' E. It is from 5 to 8 miles long. 
 
 ANGAZIYA or ANGAZI.JA, an-gS-zee'ya, the largest of 
 the Comoro Islands. See Comoro. 
 
 ANGECOURT, Sszh^koou', a town of France, department 
 of Ardennes, S.W. of Sedan. Pop. 431. 
 
 ANGEJA, dn-zbA/zhl, a town of Portugal, Beira. Pop. 
 1600. 
 
 A.NGELFS, LOS. See Los Angeles. 
 
 ANGEL'ICA, a post-village of Angelica township, in 
 Alleghany county, New York, on Angelica Creek, 262 miles 
 W. by S. from Albany, and about 3 miles N. from the Erie 
 Railroad. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 2 printing offices, a 
 bank, and numerous stores. A large quantity of lumber is 
 procured in the vicinity. Pop. of the township, 1708; of 
 the village, about 1200. 
 
 ANGELINA, an-je-lee'na, a small river of Texas, rises in 
 Smith CO., toward the N.E. part of the state, and enters the 
 Neches a few miles from Bevilport. Jasper co. The upper 
 portion is called Mud Creek, until it passes the mouth of 
 Shawnee Creek. 
 
 ANGELINA, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area 
 of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by An- 
 gelina River, from which the name is derived, and on the 
 S.W. by Neches River. The surface is diversified by prairies 
 and groves. Capital, Marion. Pop. 4271 ; of whom 3585 
 were free, and 68o slaves. 
 
 AN'GEL'S CAMP, a very prosperous mining camp, of 
 Calaveras co., California, on the main road from Sacramento 
 City to Sonora, about 7 miles from the Stanislaus River. 
 Water for mining is scarce. 
 
 ANGERA, dn-jA/rd, a town of Northern Italy, on the E. 
 shore of Lago Maggiore, 38 miles N.W. of Milan, with ruins 
 of an ancient castle, and numerous Roman antiquities. 
 The vicinity furnishes the delicious wine called rocca. 
 
 ANGERA P, du'ga-rdp\ a river of Eastern Prussia, rises in 
 the Mauersee, passes Angerburg, and at Insterbm-g joins 
 the Inster to form the Pregel. 
 
 ANGERBURG, dng'^r-b<56Ro\ a town of Eastern Prussia, 
 30 miles S.W. of Gumbiunen, on the Mauersee and the 
 Angerap. Pop. 3620. 
 
 ANGERLO, dng'Her-lo\ a village of the Netherlands, 9 
 mijes E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1593. 
 
 ANGERMANN, ong'er-mitnn, a navigable river of Sweden, 
 
 rises in tlJe mountains between Norway and Sweden, collects 
 
 the waters of several lakes, and, flowing S.E., empties itself 
 
 into the G ulf of Bothnia, N. of Ileruiisaud. Length, 120 miles. 
 
 86 
 
 ANG 
 
 ANGERMANNLAND, ong/er-mdn-iand, or ANGERMA. 
 NIA, an old province of Sweden, now part of the province 
 of Herniisand. 
 
 ANGERMUNDE, (Angermiinde,) dng'er-mtin'deh, a town 
 of Prussia, 42 miles N.E. of Berlin, on Lake Miiude, and on 
 the Berlin and Stettin Railway. Pop. 4300. 
 
 ANGERN, ing'ern, a village of Prussian Saxony, 17 miles 
 N.N.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1150. 
 
 ANGERO'NA, a post-oflice of Jackson co., Virginia. 
 
 ANGERS, an'jerz, tbrmerly written ANGIERS,* Fr. pron 
 Sx^Vhi/, (anc. JuUom/agus,) a fortified city of France, capita] 
 of the department of Maine-et-Loire, formerly capital of thb 
 province of Anjou, on the Mayenne, 4 miles N. of its juno- 
 tion with the Loire, and on the railway from Tours to 
 Nantes, 161 miles S.W. of Paris. Lat. of cathedral, 47° 28' 
 17" N. ; Ion. 0° 33' 10" W. It is generally ill built, but has 
 recently been much improved. Among its ancient struc- 
 tures are the ruins of a ciistle, once the stronghold of the 
 Dukes of Anjou, now a prison and powder magazine, the 
 cathedral in which Margaret of Anjou was buried, vestiges 
 of a Roman aqueduct, the Hospice St. Jean, founded by 
 Henry II. of England, and the tower of St. Austin. The 
 Mayenne divides Angers into an upper and lower town, and 
 its old walls are converted into extensive boulevards, planted 
 with trees, and lined with handsome houses. It has a mu- 
 seum, a library of 35,000 volumes, a school of arts and trades, 
 a riding school, and an academy of belle.s-lettres. The mili- 
 tary college, where Lord Chatham and the Duke of Welling- 
 ton studied, is now removed to Saumur. Angers is the seal 
 of a royal college, university, and academy, has a sailcloth 
 factory, manufiictories of linen and woollen stuffs, cotton 
 and silk twist, and hosiery, sugar and wax refineries, tan- 
 neries, and a considerable trade in wine, corn, and slates 
 quarried in the neighborhood. Eernier the traveller and 
 David the sculptor were natives of Angers. The population 
 was, in 1670, about 50,000. After the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, it gradually declined ; and. in 1789, before the re- 
 volution, was only 27,596. Since 1815 its prosperity has re- 
 vived. Pop. in 1852, 46,599, in 1861, 51.797. 
 
 ANGERSLEIGH, ing'ggrs-le, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 ANGERVILLE, fiNo'zhjRVeel', a town of France, depai-t- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the railway from Paris to Orleans, 
 11 miles S.W. of Etampes. Pop. 1534. 
 
 ANGERVILLE, a fcwn of France, department of Seine In 
 ferieure, near Havre. Pop. 1028. 
 
 ANGERVILLE, a village of France, department of Seine 
 Inferieure, near Yvetot. Pop. 1835. 
 
 ANG HI ARI, dn-ghe-d/re, (anc. CasHrum A ngvlalre t) a town 
 of Tuscany, 10 miles N.E. of Arezzo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 ANGHIARI, a village of Lombardy, on the Adige, N.N.W. 
 of Legnago. 
 
 ANGICOS, dn-zhee'koce, a town of Brazil, province of Rio 
 Grande-do-Norte, near the Conchas, about 30 miles from its 
 mouth. Pop. of the district, 2000. 
 
 ANGISTRI, dn-iis'tree, a small island in the Gulf of 
 .iEgina. 5 miles S.W. of the island of that name. 
 
 ANGLAJS. See England. 
 
 ANGLE, ftxo'g'l. a mountain of France, department of Puy- 
 de-D6me, at the f)ot of which are the celebrated mineral 
 springs of Mont d'Or. 
 
 AN'GLK or N AN'GLE, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 ANGLftS, 6N°'gl5s/, a town of France, department of Tarn, 
 15 miles S.E. of Castres. Pop. 2S61. Many French com- 
 munes have this name. 
 
 ANGLKSIiY or ANGLESEA, ang'g'l-see. (anc. Mo'na,) an 
 i-sland and county of North Wales, in the 1 rish Sea, connected 
 with the county of Carnarvon, across Menai Strait, by the 
 Menai bridge. It is 20 miles long, and 17 miles broad. Pop. 
 50,891. Surtju-elittlediversified. most of the land unenclo.sed, 
 and timber scarce. Soil mostly fertile, and tolerably well cul- 
 tivated for wheat, barley, and oats, which, with cattle, fish, 
 copper, and lead, are exported to Liverpool. &c. Its copper- 
 mines, discovered in 1768, were, until 1800, the most pro- 
 ductive in the kingdom; but they have since greatly de- 
 clined. The principal road through the island commences 
 at the Menai Strait, which is crossed by a magnificent sus- 
 pension bridge, 580 feet between the piers, and 100 feet above 
 low-water mark, allowing the largest vessels that navigate 
 the strait to sail under it. The great Britannia tnbultir 
 bridge, for the conveyance of railway trains across the Menai 
 Strait, was opened for the first time, with great ceremony, 
 on March 5, 1849. Anglesea is the ifdna of Tacitus, who re- 
 presents it as the chief se.at of the Druids iu Britain, and i* 
 has numerous Druidic remains. 
 
 ANGLESEYVILLE, ang'g'1-se-vil, a chapelry of England 
 CO. of Hants. 
 
 ANGLET, fiN^'glA/, a town of France, department w) Bajsefr 
 Pyrenees, near Bayonne. Pop. (1862) 3223. 
 
 ANGLETERRE. See England. 
 
 ANGLEY'S (ang'glez) BRANCH, a post-office o. <5arnw »U 
 
 dist rict. South Carolina. 
 
 * "You men of Angieus, open wide your pates"— 
 "And lay tliis Anujbks even with"ttie ground.' 
 
 Kiny Jolin, act ii. some 2. 
 
ANG 
 
 ANII 
 
 ANG'MERING, a parish of Kngland, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ANGOISSE, 6x<''g\Ylco', a village of France, department of 
 Dordogne, 24 miles S.E. of Nontron. 
 
 A^GOLA, ang-gola, formerly DON'GO or AMBONDE, Sm- 
 bon'di, a country on the W. coast of Africa, commencing 
 about lat. 8° 20' S., and extending to the river Coanza, in 
 lat. 19° 20' S. Along the coast, the country is flat and ste- 
 rile, but mountainous in the Interior, though nowhere at- 
 taining any great elevation. It is copiously watered by 
 Tarious rivers, with their numerous tributaries. Among 
 the former are the Coanza, the Bengo, and the Danda. The 
 nights are cool, and the dews sufficiently copious to pro- 
 mote vegetation. Iron ore is found in various parts of the 
 country ; gold and copper also exists. Here are mot with 
 nearly all the specimens of the known wild animals of 
 Africa, including lions, tigers, hyenas, elephants, rhinoce- 
 roses, hippopotami, &c. Angola has long possessed an in- 
 famous notoriety for the extent of its slave trade, which 
 Btill appears to be as active as ever, notwithstanding all 
 the efforts that have been made for its suppression. Many 
 thousands of slaveys are annually shipped to Brazil. In 
 1840, not less than 70 or 75 vessels, each capable of carrying 
 from 300 to 500 slaves, visited this part of the African 
 coast, each vessel performing 4 or 5 voyages in the year. 
 The coast of Angola was discovered in 14Sli, by the Portu- 
 guese, who soon after Began to form settlements on the 
 Congo, and at various points S. of that river. They still 
 occupy the country, having a number of forts and commer- 
 ci.al establishments at different places ; in some instances 
 extending manj hundreds of miles into the interior, where 
 the Portuguese colonists and natives meet for the purpose 
 of trading. The religion is Fetishism. Pop. estimated at 
 2,000.000. 
 
 ANGOLA, a post-ofRce of Erie co.. New Torlt. 
 
 ANGOLA, a post-offlce of Sussex co., Delaware. 
 
 ANGOLA, a post-oflice of Onslow co., North Carolina. 
 
 ANGOLA, a postrvillage, capital of Steuben co., Indiana, 
 144 miles in a straiglit line N.E. of Indianapolis, is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile I'egion, which is rapidly improving. 
 The village has an active trade, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 ANGOLA, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, about 45 
 miles N.W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 ANGOLALLA, 3n-go-ldl'ia, a town of Abyssinia, in Shoa, 
 In which it holds the second rank as the favorite residence 
 Of the sovereign; on a hill, 17 miles W.S.AV. of Ankobar. 
 
 ANGOIIA, an-go'ra or an-goo/r.a, (Turk. Engoor or Fiigmir, 
 ?n-gooR/; anc. Anci/lra.) a town of Asiatic Turkey, 215 miles 
 E.S.E. of Constantinople ; lat. 40° 29' N., Ion. 33° 20' E. It 
 Is surrounded with ruined walls, and contains an old, 
 dilapidated castle. There are 17 or 18 khans, 3 ham&ms, 
 and a market-place, once handsome, but now in ruins, con- 
 siderable remains of Byzantine architecture belonging to 
 the ancient city, and a few relics of earlier times, both 
 Greek and Roman. Angora is celebrated for the long-haired 
 goats bred in its vicinity, called by the Arabs the chamal or 
 camel-goat, meaning '• silky or soft." The quantity of goat's 
 wool exported was estimated by Mr. Ainsworth at l,25O.0il0 
 pounds. The items of export next in Importance are me- 
 rino twist and goats' hides, dyestuffs, mastic, tragacanth, 
 and otlier gums; also honey and wax. British manufac- 
 tures are imported to some extent. Angora is the seat of 
 a Greek bishop. The population has been variously esti- 
 mated, but is probably about 35,000, of whom nearly 10,000 
 are Greeks and Armenians. 
 
 ANGORNOU or ANGORNU, in-gor-noo', written also AN- 
 GORNOW, a town of Bornoo, Central Afric.i, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Kooka, near the W. bank of Lake Tchad. Stationary 
 population, 30,000. Though only a straggling collection of 
 mud cabins, it is the centre of a laige trade in slaves, cot- 
 ton, amber, coral, metals, &c. 
 
 ANGOSTA, an-gos/td. ANG07/IIA or ANGOXA, an-go'shd, 
 a district and three islands S.E. of Africa, in Mozambique 
 Channel. The district is extremely fertile, and is watered 
 by a river of the same name. 
 
 ANGOSTURA, dn-gos-too'rd, now generally known as 
 BOLIVAR CITY, an important commercial town of Vene- 
 zuela, South America, capital of the province of Guiana, 
 on the right bank of the Orinoco, 240 miles from the sea. 
 There is here a college, an hospital, and a magnificent hall, 
 In which the second congress, commonly called the Con- 
 gress of Angostura, was installed, February 15, 1819, the 
 ninth year of the independence of Venezuela. The pass 
 in which Angostura lies is defended by Fort San Rafell, 
 situated on a hill, across the river from the town. I'rom the 
 mouth of the Orinoco to this city the voyage occupies from 
 20 to 25 days; back again, from 5 to 15 days. Angostura ex- 
 ports cotton, indigo, tobacco, coffee, cattle, &c. Value of ex- 
 ports in 1844, 92.364?. Pop. in 1840, 8500. 
 
 ANGOULEME, (AngoulSme,) SN^'gooM Jm' or S^o^goo^laim', 
 (anc. IncuUslma or Iculishna,) a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Charente, on the Charente, and on the rail- 
 way from Paris to Bordeaux, 66 miles N.E. of Bordeaux. 
 Pop. (1S52) 21,155. It is situated on an isolated hill, 200 feet 
 above the river, and, being built of white stone, has a 
 clean, cbearful appoarauce. It has an old castle, a cathe- 
 
 dral, court-house, theatre, public librarv, hospitals, s royal 
 college, numerous paper-mills, distilleries, a cannon foun- 
 dry, manufactures of serges and earthenware, and an ex- 
 tensive trade, liicilitated by a small port on the Charente. 
 The naval school, formerly here, has. since IS^SO, been trans- 
 ferred to Brest. Angouleme is the birthplace of Margaret 
 de Valois, Balz.ac, and Montalembert. 
 
 ANGOULEME, CANAL D', ki-ndl' daN«'gooUJm'. a canal 
 in the North of France, extending from the canal of St. 
 Quentin (in Aisne) to the English Channel at St. Valer}', 
 Course, mostly parallel to, or identical with, the Somme, 
 Length. 76 miles. It pas.ses Ham, Amiens, and Abbeville. 
 
 ANGOUMOJS, SN<!'goo*mwd/, an old province of Frsinco, 
 of which the capital was Angouleme, now forming the de- 
 partment of Charente and part of Dordogne. 
 
 ANGOXA or ANGOZHA. See Angosta. 
 
 AN"GOY', a territory of Lower Guinea, about lat. 6° S., 
 bounded S. by the Zaire or Congo Kiver, and W. by the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 yliVGT?^, dng'grd. a Portuguese word signifying a " creek," 
 " bay," or " station fur ships." ' 
 
 ANGRA, dn'grd, a seaport town belonging to Portugal, 
 on the S. side of Tercelra, one of the Azores, of which it is 
 the capital : lat. of custom-house 38° 38' 9" N .. Ion. 27° 13' 7" 
 \V. It is well-built, and regular, and its situation beauti- 
 ful. There are here magazines of stores for the use of the 
 royal navy, and for merchant vessels in distress. Angra 
 is the seat of the local government, of a bishnjj'R court, 
 which extends its jurisdiction over all the Azores, and is 
 the residence of English, French, and Dutch consuls. Its 
 harbor is the the only good one in the island. Its chief 
 exports are wine and grain. Pop. 10,0€0. 
 
 ANGRAB, dn-grdiy, a river of Abyssinia, takinir its rise 
 in Dembea, falls into the Tacazze in lat. 14° 20' N. Its 
 whole course is about 120 miles. 
 
 ANGRA DE CINTRA (dng'grd d.i seen'trfl) BAY. on the 
 N.W. coast of Africa. The S. part of the bay is in lat. 22° 
 68' N., Ion. 10° 30' W. The opening into it is about 7 miles 
 wide, and from 7 to 9 fathoms deep. Its extent inland is 
 about 4 miles. 
 
 ANGRA DOS REIS. dng'grd doce rklbs (or rAze.) a seaport 
 of Brazil, on a bay of the same name, 70 miles W. of Rio 
 .Taneiro. Lat. 23° 4' S.; Ion. 44° 30' E. The port in front 
 of the town forms a semicircle, the extremities of wliich are 
 defended by forts; and the roadstead, which is shut in 
 from the Atlantic by the Ilha Grande, affords anchorage 
 for the largest vessels. Angra dos Reis carries on an exteu- 
 sive trade with Rio Janeiro, principally in coCee. Pop. 
 above 3000. 
 
 ANGRA DOS REIS, a bay of Brazil, province of Rio de 
 .Janeiro, in that part of it called Illia Grande, from tlie 
 island of that name, which shelters the bay from the At- 
 lantic. It extends from E. to W. about 75 miles, and affords 
 anchorage for the largest vessels. 
 
 ANG 1! A PEQUENA, dn'grd p.A-kiUnd. (t. e. " little bay,") 
 or SANTA -CltUZ, sdn'td-crooce. a bay on the W. coiust of 
 Africa, lat. 2(i° 38' 18" S.. Ion. 15° 0' 32" E. In the vicinity 
 are extensive deposits of the nitrates of potash and .soda. 
 
 ANGRI, dn'gree, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra, on the railway from Naples to Nocera, Hi 
 miles N.W. of Salerno. I'np. 6-100. 
 
 ANGROGN.\, dn-STon'yi. a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 37 miles S.W. of Torino. Pop. 26(!0. 
 
 ANG UILLA (ang-ghilla. f^p.Angitila dn-ghee'ld) or SNAKE 
 ISLAND, one of the British West India islands. Leeward 
 Group, 8 miles N. of St. Martin. Area. 35 square miles. 
 Pop. (1842) 2934. It is low and wooded; cotton, tot)acco, 
 and sugar are its chief products. Off its N.E. coast is the 
 little island Anguii-letta. 
 
 ANGUILLARA. dn-gwil-ld/rd. a village of Northern Italy, 
 19 miles S. of Padua, on the Adige. Pop. 2.300. 
 
 ANGUILLAR.\, a village of the Pontifical States,comai'^ 
 ca of, and N.W. of Rome. 
 
 ANGUS, ang'gus, the old name of Forfarshire co., Scot- 
 land. Its titular earldom now belongs to the Duke of Ha- 
 milton. 
 
 AN HALT, dn'hdlt, three contiguous duchies of Central 
 Germany, mostly between lat. 51° .and 52° N.. and Ion. 11 
 and 13 E., surrounded by Prussian Saxony. The S.W. por- 
 tion, approaching the Harz, is hilly; the centre is a fertile 
 plain, watered by the Saale and Elbe. E. of which the soil 
 is sandy and poor. Population chiefly ProtestaTits, and 
 employed in agriculture. The fertile districts, which are 
 well cultivated, produce a surplus of corn over consump- 
 tion, with wine, tobacco, flax, hops, and 11-uits. The forests 
 in Bernburg occupy 50 square miles; there are iron, le.ad, 
 and copper mines. Manufactures of woollen goods, metallic 
 and earthen wares are carried on; but the chief exports 
 are the raw products. The duchies are distinguished by 
 the names of their chief towns. 
 
 I. Anhalt-Bernburg, dn'hdlt-bfRn'biJOiiG, in the W. Area, 
 339 square miles. Pop. in 1852 52,641, 
 
 II. Anralt-Dessau, dn'hdlt-d^s'sOw, in the E. Area, 360 
 squa.© miles. Pop. in 1852 68.082. 
 
 XII. AxuALT-KoTUEN, dn/bdlt-kiVt^n, in the centie. Area, 
 
 87 
 
ANH 
 
 ANN 
 
 318 square milps. Pop. 43,677. See note J under the article 
 GEKArANT, pase 755. 
 
 aXHANDUIIY-MIRIM. in-yan-doo-ee' me-reex<^. and AX- 
 HANDUHY-GUAZU, dn-ydn-doo-eo' gwi-zoo', the names of 
 two rivers in Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso, rising in the 
 Serra Galhano, witliia 22 miles of each other, and falling 
 into the lUo Yermelho; the former about lat. "20° ci)' S., the 
 latter in lat. 21° 20' S. ; the course of one being about 150 
 miles in length, and the other about 2iX) miles. 
 
 AN HOLT, dn'hSlt, an island of Denmark, N. of Jut- 
 land, in the Cattegat. Lat. of the lighthouse at its N.E. 
 extremity, 56" 44' 17" N.; Ion. 11° 39' 8" E. It is 7 miles in 
 length, by 4 miles in breadth, and is surrounded by dan- 
 gerous sho.als. Pop. 200, who mostly live by fishing. Since 
 1842 a floating light-vessel is stationed S.i!. of the island, 
 from 5Iarch to December. 
 
 ANHOLT, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, on the Alt 
 Yssel. an affluent of the Yssel, near the Netherlands frontier, 
 13 miles N.E. of Cleves. Pop. 1950. It is the residence of 
 the princes of Salm-Salm. 
 
 ANIANE, d^ne-in', a to\Vn of France, department of H6- 
 rault, on the Corbi^res, 16 miles AV.N.W. of Jlontpellier. 
 Pop. 2615. Chief industry, cotton-spinning and manufac- 
 tories of leather. Here are ruins of an ancient monastery, 
 founded by St. Benoit. 
 
 ANIBA, d-ne-bd/, a smaU river of Portuguese Guayana; 
 after a course of about 100 miles, it forms with other small 
 affluents of the Amazon, the island of Ramos, in lat. 2° 36' S. 
 
 ANICHE, d'neesh', a village of Trance, department of 
 Nord, E.S.E. of Douai, with extensive coal-mines. Pop. 1818. 
 
 ANICUNS, d-ne-koons', a small river of Brazil, province 
 of Goyas, rises in the Sierra Escal vada, and after a course of 
 about 200 miles fiills into the Curumba. 
 
 ANIEH. See Anizeh. 
 
 ANlLOltE, d-ne-lo'r.i. a small river of Brazil, province of 
 Para, falls into the Madeira, lat. 5° 10' S.; Ion. 60° 40' W., 
 after a N.X.'W. course of about 130 miles. 
 
 AXIMALLY,an-e-mal1ee,or ANIMALAYA, d-ne-md-ll'yd, 
 a town of British India, presidency of Madr.as, district of 
 Coimbatoor. 23 miles S.E.of Paulghautcherry. 
 
 AN 10. See Teteroxe. 
 
 ANIO, d/ne-o, or AGNO, dn'yo, a river of Naples, which 
 traverses Terra di Lavoro, and falls into the Gulf of Gaeta. 
 
 ANIOOY, d-ne-oo'6, or ANIUJ or AXIUY, dn-yoo'e, 
 GnEATER, and Lesser, two rivers in tlie N.E. of Siberia, 
 country of the Tchooktchees. The former rises about lat. 67° 
 10' N., and, after a W. course of 270 miles, falls into the 
 Kolyma by three outlets, at lat. 68° N. The latter rises in 
 lat. 06° 30' N., and after a N.W. course of about 250 miles, 
 also joins the Kolyma, at nearly the same point with the 
 Greater Aniooy, the rivers gradually converging until they 
 meet at thtar embouchures. 
 
 ANIZEU, d'nee/zJh. or HANIFAII, hd-nee'feh. a town of 
 Arabia, pj-ovince of Nedjed Proper; lat. 26° 34'' N.; Ion. 43° 
 25' E.; beautifully situated in a valley. It is extensive, 
 amply supplied with water, and well built. Being situated 
 In the heart of Arabia, and at the junction of many prin- 
 cipal caravan routes, it is a place of great commerciiil im- 
 portance. It is the birthplace of Abd-ul-Waheb, founder of 
 the sect of Wah-abees. 
 
 AN JAR, dn\jar', an uninhabited island of the Persian 
 Gulf, S.W. of Kishm. Lat. 26° 41' N.; ion. 55° 66' E. 
 
 ANVAR'. a district and fortified town of West Ilindoosian, 
 province of Cutch, the town and fort situated on the side of 
 a hill. 10 miles from the Gulf of Cutch. 
 
 AXJE-DIVA, dn-jeh-dee/va or ANJADEE'PA, an island 
 on the Malabar coast, Hind'oostan, in lat. 14° 45' N. ; Ion 
 74° 15' E. 
 
 ANJENGA, dn-jeng'ga or ANJUTENGA, dn-joo-teng'ga, 
 a small seaport of South Ilindoostan, province of Travaii- 
 core. about 70 miles N. by W. of Cape Comorin. in lat. 8° S9' 
 9" N., Ion. 76° 45' E. In 1684, the East India Company 
 obtained permission to fortify Anjenga and estalilish a 
 factory; but it was abandoned in 1813. It exports good 
 coir cables, spices, and piece goods. 
 
 ANJER, dn'yer, a town and seaport of the Dutch East 
 Indies, on the W. coast of Java, in the Straits of Sunda, 
 defended by a fort. Lat. 6° 3' 10" S.. Ion. 105° 56' 43" E. 
 
 ANJOS, dn'zhoce, a village of Brazil, province of Sao- 
 Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, on the Butucarahi. Pop. 2053. 
 
 AXJOU, Jn'joo,* or an-joo', (Fr. pron. ftN^'zhoo',) an old 
 province of France, intersected by the Loire, and now form- 
 ing the department of Mainfr«t^Loire, and parts of Sarthe, 
 Mayenne, and Indre-et-Loire. Its capital was Aneers. 
 
 ANJOUAN, one of the Comoro Islands. See Johanna. 
 
 * This accentnation of Anjou, when anglicized, is sanctioned 
 by tlie authority of Shakspeare and other poets, as well as by the 
 genius of our language. 
 
 " Command in An'JOU what yonr honor pleases." 
 "Upon condition I may quietly 
 Enjoy mine own, the county Maine and Anjou." 
 
 Zfenry VI., part i. act v. scene S. 
 
 A VKAPTT/LY, a ionsiderable town of British India, prft 
 sidency of Madras, 24 miles "W. of Yizagapatam. 
 
 ANKARA, dn-kd'rd, a country or kingdom in the N. end 
 of the island of Madagascar, extending on the E. side of 
 the island from Cape Amber to lat. 14° 25' S., and on the W. 
 side to the river Samberanoo. The country is geuer.ally 
 elevated, formed by small hills and plateaus, disposed like 
 an amphitheatre, and cut up by deep ravines. The whole 
 coasts are deeply indented with extensive well-sheltered 
 bays. The country is now suliject to the Ilovas, and is 
 nearly depopulated, the shores and the banks of the streams 
 being almost the only parts inhabited. 
 
 ANKASSGERRY, dn-kds-gher/ree, or ANKOSGERRY, a 
 town of Ilindoostan, in the Mysore territories, 40 miles S.E. 
 of Bangalore. 
 
 ANKLAM or ANCLAM, dn'kldm, a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Pomerania, 47 miles N.AV. of Stettin, capital of the 
 circle, on the Peene, 7 miles from its mouth, in the Kleine 
 llaff. Pop. 8410, who manufacture linens and woollens. 
 
 ANKOBKR or ANKOBAR, dn-ko/ber. a town of Abyssinia, 
 capifcil of the state of Shoa, on a mountain, near lat. 9° 34' 
 N., and Ion. 39° 53' E., at an elevation of 8198 feet. Pop. 
 estimated at from 12.000 to 15000. It is .said to consists of 
 clusters of thatched houses, enclosed by stockades, and in- 
 tersper.sed with trees. Chief buildings, a royal residence, 
 and several churches. 
 
 ANKOVA, dn-ko'vd, a kingdom of Madagascar, occupy- 
 ing nearly the precise centre of the island, and the most 
 powerful of all the states in it. It is destitute of wood, and 
 is without roads, canals, or other means of conveyance, 
 rendering its capabilities unavailing, and confining the 
 consumption of its own produce, chiefly rice and cotton, to 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 ANLOO, dn-liy, a town of the Netherlands, province of 
 Drenthe, 7 miles N.E. of Assen. Pop. 2216. 
 
 AN'MER, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ANNA, dn'nd, or ANA, a/nd. a town of Spain, 41 miles 
 S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 884. 
 
 ANNA. See Annah. 
 
 ANNA, (SANTA,) several places inSouth America, &c. See 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 AN'NABERG\ (Ger. pron. dn'nd-bjRo'.) a mining-town of 
 the kingdom of Saxony, in Erzgebirge, 18 miles S. of Cnem- 
 nitz. Pop. 6780. It has mines of silver, tin, and cobalt, 
 manufactories of fine lace and silk ribbons, a Ivceum, and a 
 good library. Axnaberq is also the name of numerous places 
 throughout Germany. 
 
 ANNABONW. See AnnoeoN. 
 
 ANNABURG, dn'nd-booRg\ a markot-town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 12 miles N. of Torgau, with 1600 inhabitants, and 
 an asylum for soldiers' children. 
 
 AN'NADUFF', a parish of Ireland, eo. of Leitrim. 
 
 ANNAGII, dn-nd/, two islands of Ireland, province of 
 Connaught. co. of Mayo; one between the island of Achil 
 and the mainland, and the other in Loch Conn. 
 
 AN'NAGOON'DY, a small district of British India, in Be- 
 japoor, province of Deccan, extending along the N. bank of 
 the Toombuddra River. Sur&ce wild and hilly, and covered 
 with wood. Chief town, Bijanagur. 
 
 ANNAH, dn'nd. a town of Turkey, capital of a sanjak. on 
 the Euphrates, and on the car.avan roxite from Ba^rdad to 
 Aleppo, about 160 miles N.W. of the former. Pop. 5000.(?) 
 The number of houses is about 1800. 
 
 ANNAMABOE. See Axamaboe. 
 
 AN^NAMOO/KO, one of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 20° 
 15' S. ; Ion. 175° 2' W. 
 
 AN'NAN, a river of Scotl.and. falls into the Solway Frith. 
 
 AN'NAN, a parliamentary borough, seaport town, and 
 parish of Scotland, 15 miles E.S.E. of Dumfries, on a river 
 of the same name, I5 miles from the Solway Frith. Pop. of 
 parliamentary borough in 1851, 4570. 
 
 AN'NANDALE', the valley of the Annan, Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries, a tract of country about 30 miles in length and 
 from 15 to 18 in breadth. 
 
 ANNAP'OLIS, a city and port of entry, capital of the 
 state of Maryland and of .^nne Arundel co., on the south 
 bank of Severn River, 2 miles from its entrance intoChessk- 
 peake Bay, SO miles S. by E. from Baltimore, and 37 miles 
 E. by N. of Washington. Lat. 38° 68' 50" N., Ion. 76° 29' 
 W. The Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad, 21 miles long, 
 connects it with the Baltimore and Washington llaihoad. 
 Annapolis contains a fine state-house. a bank. 6 cburchea, 
 a market-house, and 2 printing offices. It is the seat of 
 St. John's College, incorporated by tlie General Assembly 
 in 1789. It receives a regular income from the State Gov- 
 ernment. Tlireo newspapers are issued at -Annapolis. The 
 United States naval academy, established liere in 1845, to 
 educate officers for tlie navy, has been removed to New- 
 port, Rhode Island. Pop. about 5000. Annapolis was 
 founded about 1649. The settlement vfas at first called 
 Providence, afterward Anne Arundeltown; and lastly, hav- 
 ing received a city charter in 170S, Annapolis, (i.e. ''the 
 city of Anne,") in honor of Queen Anne, who bad bestowed 
 several valuable presents on the town, given an organ to 
 one of their churches, &c. 
 
ANN 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, a village of Crawford co., Ohio, 68 miles N. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 15 miles 
 W. of Steubenville. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, a flourishing postrvillago of Parke co., In- 
 diana, 75 miles W. of Indianapolis, is surrounded by a fer- 
 tile country, wliich is mostly well cultivated. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, a river of Nova Scotia, North America, at 
 its mouth expands into a wide estuary, and falls into the 
 Sea of Annapolis, after a coui-se of about 70 miles. Naviga- 
 ble about 30 miles. 
 
 ANNAP'OLIS, formerly FORT ROYAL, a fortified seaport 
 town of Nova Scotia, at the mouth of the river Annapolis, 
 In a fine inlet of tlie Bay of Fundy, 95 miles \V. of Halifax. 
 Though the first I'.uropean .settlement in this partof Morth 
 America, having lieen founded in 1604, it is neither popu- 
 lous nor flourishing. The harbor is excellent, but tlie en- 
 trance is through a difficult strait. The place was_ originally 
 gettled by the French, but they were soon after expelled by 
 the English, who founded the town in the time of Queen 
 Anne, wlinnce the name Annapolis, or "City of Anne." 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, a county of Nova Scotia, North America, 
 extending along nearly the whole coast of the Bay of Fundy. 
 Ihe soil is chiofly marsh and upland. Pop. in 1827, 14,061. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS JUNCTION, a post-office of Anne Arundel 
 CO., Mayrland. 
 
 ANN ARBOR, a flourishing city, capital of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan, on Huron River, and on the Michigan Cen- 
 tral Railroad, .38 miles W. of Detroit. It lias tlie reputation 
 of being one of tlie most pleasant and healthy phtces in the 
 state. The site is elevated and dry, and the town is regu- 
 larly laid ont. The state university, established at this 
 place in 18:!7, is a flourishing and liberally endowed institu- 
 tion,att ended l)y about 950 students. The buildings are large 
 and pleasantly situated. It has a library of 90(X) volumes, an 
 astronomical observatory, and a well equipped chemical lab- 
 oratory. The three colleges, literary, medical and law, are 
 largely attended. Ann Arbor is situated in an excellent 
 farming district, has an active trade, and contains manu- 
 factories of wool, iron, ploughs, and flour, for which tlie 
 river furijishes motive-power. The city also contains 8 
 churches, 1 national bank, 2 Qther banks, and a large 
 union school. 4 weekly newspapers are issued here. I'op. 
 of the township in 1850, 4SC8 ; in 1860, 5097 ; and in 1864, 
 8924. 
 
 ANN ARUNDEL. See Anne Arundet,. 
 
 AN'NATOM'.i\n island in the Pacific Ocean,New Hebrides, 
 lat. 21° S., Ion. 170° E. 
 
 ANNAWAI'KA, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama. 
 
 AN^NA^VUT'TV, a small town of India, Mysore territory, 
 61 miles N. of liednore. 
 
 ANNE ARUNDEL, ann i-run'dfl, a county in the cen- 
 tral part of Maryland, on the W. shore of Chesapeake Bay, 
 about 5 miles S. of Baltimore, has an area of 750 square 
 miles. The Patap.sco River forms its boundary on the N. 
 and N.E.. the I'atuxent on the S.W., and the eastern part is 
 traversed by South and Severn Rivers. The surface varies 
 from undulating to hilly; the soil is generally fertile. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, tobacco, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 925,448 bushels of corn, (more 
 than any other county in the state excepting Prince George ;) 
 and 4,52.'5,340 pounds of tobacco, (more than any other county 
 except Queen Anne.) The principal rocks are red sandstone, 
 gneiss, and sei-pentine; copper and iron are found. The 
 county is intersected by the Baltimore and Washington 
 Railroad, and in part by the Annapolis Branch Railroad. 
 Anne Arundel is the third county in the state with respect 
 to population, and is important as containing Annapolis, 
 the capital of Maryland. Named in honor of Lady Anne 
 AniniUI, afterwards the wife of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore. 
 Pop. 2:i,y00; of wlioni 16,508 were free, and 7332 slaves. 
 
 ANNECY, dnn'^sie', atownof the Sardinian dominions, in 
 Savoy, capital of the province of Genevese, at the N.W. ex- 
 tremity of a lake of tlie same name. 22 miles S. of Geneva. 
 Pop. 9000. Chief edifices, a cathedral, bishop's palace, and 
 old castle. 
 
 ANNECY, L.'VKE OF, in Savoy, province of Genevese, 22 
 miles S. of Geneva, is 9 miles in length from N.W. to S.E., 
 from 1 to 2 miles in breadth, and 1420 feet above the sea. 
 At its N.W. extremity it discharges its surplus waters into 
 the B'ieran, an affluent of the Rhone. 
 
 ANNECY LK VIEUX, dnn'see/ leh ve-uh', (anc. BmJtfef) 
 a village 2J miles N.E. of Annecy. Pop. 1320. It appears 
 to have been an important place under the Romans, and 
 has many remains of antiquity. 
 
 ANNEJIASSE, Snn^milss', a town of Piedmont, in Savoy, 
 on the Arve, 6 miles i<. of Carouge, with many Roman re- 
 mains. Pop. 1040. 
 
 ANNESLEY, an'nes-le or anzlee, a parish of England, co. 
 of Notts. 
 
 ANNESTOWN, ans'town, a maritime village of Ireland, 
 CO. of and lOj miles S.W. of Waterford, on a small bay. 
 Pop. 149. 
 
 AN/NET, one of the Scilly islands, on the S.W. coast of 
 England, oS the Land's End. 
 
 ANS 
 
 ANNEVOYE, Inn'vwl/, a village of Belgium, prtvince of 
 Namur, on the Meuse, N. of Dinant, with important fur- 
 naces, producing annually iron valued at 800,000 francs. 
 
 ANNEYRON, in^nAV^N"', a town of Franw, department 
 of Drome. Pop. 2891, with ruins of an ancient castle. 
 
 ANNI or ANI, in'nee, (L. Ahnicum,) a ruiiied city of 
 Asiatic Turkey, 28 miles E. by S. of Kars, on the Arpa-Chal. 
 Its walls, about 6 miles in circumference, and some fine Ar 
 meniau churches, are still nearly perfect ; remains of it* 
 ancient palace, a citadel, and numerous stone iiuildings, 
 exist. Until taken by Alp Arslan, in 1064, it whs the capi- 
 tal of the Pakradian (Bagratian) kings of Armenia. 
 
 AN'NIN CREEK, apost-ofliceofMcKean CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 ANWl.'^QUAM', a post-offlce of Essex co., Massachusetts. 
 
 ANNiyiERS, VAL D', \l\ ddn-nee've-i', (Ger. Eirijlschthal, 
 ine'fish-t3l,) a valley of Switzerland, canton of A'aluis. 
 
 AKNOBON, ^n^no-bon', (Port. Jnwo Bom, dn'no-biN"',) 
 a small but beautiful island on the W. coast of Africa, lat, 
 1° 24' S., Ion. 5° 35' E. It is 4 miles long, and 2 wMe, and 
 rises, from an unfiithomable depth, to the height of 30 00 feet. 
 It is covered with rich vegetation. "Vessels often stop here 
 for refreshments. 
 
 ANN(EULIN, in^nchM^N"', a town of France, department 
 of Nord, arrondissement of Lille. Pop. 3405. 
 
 ANNONAY, in'no'niU, (L. Annmteum or Annmiiacum.y & 
 town of France, department of Ardfeche, at the junction of 
 the Cance and the Deaume, here crossed by a suspension 
 bridge, 37 miles S. of Lyons. Pop. (1852)13214. It has 
 thriving manufactures of glove leather, (350,000 dozen skins 
 being prepared here annually.) and is noted for its p-iper, 
 made at the mills erected by the Montgolfiers, inventors of 
 the air-balloon, who were natives of this town. 
 
 ANNONE, dn-no'n.l, a walled town of Piedmont, on the 
 Tanaro, and on the railway fiom Turin to Genoa, 15 miles 
 W.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 1990. 
 
 ANNOT, in'no/, a small town of France, department of 
 Ba.sses-Alpes, 24 miles S.E. of Digne. Pop. 1178. 
 
 ANNS/BU1{G, atownsliip of Washington co., Maine, about 
 45 miles E. by S. of Bangor. Pop. 126. 
 
 ANNS/VILLE, a township of Oneida co., New York, about 
 40 miles N.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 2837. 
 
 ANNSVILLE, a village of Dinwiddie co., Virginia, about 
 75 miles N.W. by W. from Norfolk. 
 
 ANNVILLE, a post-office of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ANNWEILER, inn'^Tler, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on 
 the Queich, 7 miles W. of Landau. Pop.'2696. It was foi^ 
 merly a free, importing city, and has ruins of the castle of 
 Triefel.s in which Richard Coeur de Lion was confined in 1139 
 
 ANO'KA, a post-village, capital of Anoka co., Minnesota 
 on the left bank of tlie Mississippi, at the junction of Kuni 
 River, about 30 miles N.N.W. of St. Paul. A dam has been 
 constructed across Rum River at this place by whicli means 
 a valuable water-power lias been secured for mills. The 
 stream is crossed by a suspension bridge of 137}^ feet span, 
 costing $4000. Pop. 602. 
 
 ANOK.\. a county in the K. part of Minnesota, on the 
 Mississippi river. Pop. 2100. See APPENmx. 
 
 ANOPSIIEIIR, an-op-shair', or AN APASHEHER, a-nM-p-a- 
 sh^H'ligr, a populous town of British India, in Agra, on the 
 Ganges, 65 miles E.S.E. of Delhi. 
 
 ANOR, i'noa', a town of France, department of Nord, 10 
 miles S.E. of Avesues. Pop. 3006. It has important iron- 
 works. 
 
 ANOST, i^nost/, a town of France, department of Sa6ne- 
 et-Loire, near Autun. Pop. (1852) 3863. 
 
 ANOT'TA, a bay and town on the N. coast of Jamaica, lat. 
 18°19'N., Ion. 76° 33' AV. 
 
 AN OVER DE TAJO, d-no-vais/ Ak Who, a town of Spain, 
 in New Castile, 18 miles N.E. of Toledo. Pop. 1554. 
 
 ANRATII. in'rdt, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Dusseldorf, circle of Crefeld. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ANROCIITE, (Anrochte,) dn'i-tiKHeh, a village of Prussia, 
 in Westphalia, 16 miles N.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ANS, 6n" or ins, a village of Belgium. IJ miles N.W. of 
 Liefe. Pop. 3862. It is a station on the Waremme Railway. 
 
 ANSE, 6xs, a village of France, department of Rhone, 
 near the Saone, 13 miles N. of Lyons, in a district remaika- 
 ble for its fertility. Pop. (1852) 2050. 
 
 ANSE-BERTRAND, aNs-bjRHr6N«', a commune of Guade- 
 loupe, Antilles, on the coast, N,W. of Grand Terre. 
 
 ANSE-D'ARLET, 6Ns-daR^l;l/, a commune of the above 
 island. It produces the best coffee in the island. 
 
 ANSE, LA GRANDE, &Ns \i grfixd, a commune of Mar- 
 tinique, Antilles, on the N. coast of the island. Pop. 4500. 
 
 AN'SELM, a post-offlce of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 ANS-ET-GLAIN,6Ns-A-gl^N<', a commune of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Liege, on the railway between Waremme and Liege, 
 2 miles N.N.W. of the latter town. Pop. 4071. 
 
 ANSLEY, anzlee, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 ANSLEY BAY or GOOB DUCNOO^aninlet of the Red 
 Sea, Abyssinia, extending S. from Dissee, or Valentia island, 
 (lat. 15° 6') for about 25 miles S. 
 
 ANSO, in'so, a town of Spain, province of Iluesoa, 21 
 miles N.W. of jaca. Pop. 1416. It exports excellent wool. 
 
 AN/SON, a, county in the S. part of North Carolina, bor- 
 
ANS 
 
 ANT 
 
 dering on South (^rolina, has an area of 650 square miles. 
 Rocky River forms its entire boundary on the X., and the 
 Yadkin or Pedee on the E. It is also drained by Brown's 
 and Lane's Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly; the 
 soil mostly fertile. In 1S60 this county produced 10,864 
 Ijales of cotton; the greatest quantity produced by any 
 county in the state, except Surry. Granite underlies a por- 
 tion of the county. The Yadkin furnishes motive-power for 
 several cotton factories. It is intersected by a plank-road 
 leading to Cheraw, South Carolina. Capital. Wadesliorough. 
 Foi-med in 1749, and named in honor of Admiral Anson, the 
 famous navigatur. Pop. 13,664; of whom 6713 were free, 
 and 0951 slaves. 
 
 ANSON, a post-townsliip of Somerset co., Maine, on the 
 W. side of the Kennebec, 40 miles N. by "\V. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 2100. 
 
 AN'SON BAY, In the Canton Kiver, China, on the right 
 bank of the Boca Tigris, at its entrance, between the pro- 
 montories of Chuenpee and Anunghoy. Herea Chinese fleet 
 was defeated and destroyed by the British. January 7. 1841. 
 
 AXSON BAY, on the N.W. coast of Australia, lat. 13° 30' 
 S., Ion. 130° E. 
 
 ANSOXIA. an-so'ne-a, a flourishing manufacturing post- 
 village of Derby township. New Haven county, Connecticut, 
 on the Naugatuck Kailroad and Hirer, 5 miles N. of Derby, 
 and 16 miles X. of Bridgeport. This Tillage, which has 
 grown up witliin the last few years, owes its prosperity en- 
 tirely to manufactures, which are here extensively carried 
 on. It contains 2 or 3 chtu-ches, and a tine scliool. 
 
 AX'SON'S ISLAND or LORD ANSON'S ISLAND, an 
 Island in the South Pacific Ocean, called by the natives 
 Bouka; lat. of the northernmost point, 5° C S., Ion. 154° 
 
 AXSPACH, ins'plK, or AXSBACII, a fortified city of Ba- 
 Taria, on the Rezat, 25 miles S.W. of X'uremberg. Pop. 
 12,245. It has a ro}'al castle, ancient residence of the mar- 
 graves of Anspach-Baireuth, a public library of 15,000 vo- 
 lumes, and manufactures of cotton and half-silken stuffs, 
 tobacco, earthenware, playing-cards, cutlery, and white-lead. 
 
 AXSTEY, an'stee, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 AXSTEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 AXSTEY, a ixarish of England, co. of Milts. 
 
 AXSTEY, EAtT, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 AXSTEY, West, a parish of England, co. of Devon, ad- 
 joins the above on the X. 
 
 AX'STOX a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 AX'STRUTHER, E.4STER and Wester, two contigu- 
 ous parliamentary boroughs and parishes of Scotland, co. 
 of Fife, forming, with Kilrenny, a continuous narrow town 
 along the Frith of Forth, 13^ miles S.E. of Cupar. United 
 pop. 1446. There is a good harbor. These boroughs unite 
 with Cupar, Crail, &c. in returning one member to the 
 House of Commons. Anstruther-Easter was the birthplace 
 of the Rev. Dr. Chalmers, who died in Edinburgh, May 
 31, 1847. 
 
 AXT.4., in'tl, a town of Peru, 25 miles N.W. of Cuzco. 
 Lat. 13° 25' S. ; Ion. 70° 35' W. 
 
 ANTA, in'ti. a small lake of Brazil, province of Rio de 
 Janeiro, near Cabo Frio. 
 
 AXTAKIA, the modem name of Axtioch, which see. 
 
 AXTALO or AXTALOW, dn-tllS. a town of Abyssinia, 
 capital of the state of Tisrre, on a declivity, 160 miles E.X.E. 
 of Gondar, said to comprise about 1000 houses. 
 
 ANTALOX, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1045. 
 
 AXTAXG. JnHing', a village and district at the E. end 
 of the island of Java, lat. 7° 43' S., Ion. 119° 0' E., about 2000 
 feet above the sea. In its vicinity are numerous Hindoo 
 antiquities, consisting of figures of Brahma, Ganessa, Ac. 
 Population variously stated at 7627 and 10,000. 
 
 ANTARCTIC Ocean, the name given to the expanse of 
 water around the South Pole, within the Unlit of the Ant- 
 arctic Circle, but frequently used in a more extensive sense 
 to designate the cold, oceanic regions in high southern lati- 
 tudes, without any very positive regard to the limits of the 
 Antarctic Cirele. The mystery in which these all hut wholly 
 unknown regions were shrouded, had invested them with 
 an interest which prompted many a daring adventure, but, 
 until recently, without any good result. It is now other- 
 wise, although there is yet much to learn ; a space equal to 
 double the area of Europe being still unexplored. The Ant- 
 arctic Ocean was long considered impenetrable for ships, on 
 aoisount of the ice, which extends much further from the pole 
 than in the .\rctic Ocean. January 2S, 1S41, Sir James Koss, 
 in lat.-77°32'S., and Ion. 167° E., discovered a volcano 12,400 
 feet above the se*, which he named >Iount Erebus, after one 
 of the ships of the expedition. A little further E. another, 
 but extinct volcano was seen, and named Mount Terror, 
 after the other ship of the expedition. Sir James is of the 
 opinion that no vegetation exists in this high southern lati- 
 tude, no trace of it having been visible on Franklin Island, 
 (12 miles long and 6 broad,) in lat 76° 8' S., Ion. 16S° 12' E. 
 It would also appear that the seas are comparatively shallow 
 in these regions, the soundings of the Erebus and Terror 
 rarely exceeding 400 fathoms, and being more frequently 
 00 
 
 from 200 to 300. One of the most remarkable discoveries of 
 this expedition was that of the permanently low barometric 
 pressure in high southern latitude over the whole Antaro- 
 tic Ocean ; a pressure inferior, bj- more than one inch of 
 mercury, to what is found between the tropics. The posi- 
 tion of "the southern magnetic pole. Sir James places in Vio 
 toria Land, in lat. 75° 5' S., Ion. 154° 8' E. It was the opi- 
 nion of Captain Cook, and is now ascertained beyond a 
 doubt, that the ice of the antarctic greatly prtdoniinates 
 over the arctic regions; that encircling the South Pole com- 
 ing 10° nearer the Equator than the ice around the North 
 Pole. The extreme points which have been reached by 
 navigators are lat. (Biscoe, F'ebruarv 1, 1831.) CS° 51' S.; 
 Ion. 12° E.; lat. (Ross, February 2, 1841,) 78° 10' S.; Ion. 
 161° 27' W. 
 
 AXTAREE or ANTARI, an-ta'ree\ a small village of 
 South-eastern Africa, on the Zanibeze. 
 
 AXTAS, dn'tds, a town of Spain, in Andalusia. 40 miles 
 N.E. of Almeria. The population, almost exclusively agri- 
 cultural, is 2300. 
 
 AXTEQUERA, Jn-tA-bA'ra, (anc. Jntir,va'ria.) a city of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, capital of the judicial district of the 
 same name, 28 miles X.X.W. of Jl.ilaga. I'op. 17.C31. The 
 city, which is clean and well built, has eight squares, of 
 various sizes and degrees of elegance, six churches, an in- 
 firmary, poor-house, a foundling hospital, a general hospital, 
 two collegiate schools, in which all linniches of education are 
 taught, a theological seminary, numerous convents, several 
 hermitages, and an extramural cemetery In the old town, 
 which lies higher up the hill than the modern city, there 
 is a Moorish castle, built on Roman foundations. The city 
 is well supplied with good water. There are in this city 
 eight water-mills for spinning and weaving woollen fabrics, 
 ten tanneries, with an equjil number of erathenwm-e facto- 
 ries, and several dyers. 
 
 AXTERRIEUX, isoHjE-Re^rh', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Cantal. It it-places the ancient Anderilum, 
 capital of the Gabals. 
 
 AXTERY or AXTARI. 3uH<H-ree', a considerable town of 
 Hiudostan, 15 miles S.S.E. of (jwalior. 
 
 ANTES, a post-town.ship in the N.W. part of Blah ca, 
 Penusvlvania. Pop. 2204. 
 
 AXri'ESTOWN or AXTISTOWN, a post-office of Blair co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 AN'THOX Y, an'to-ne, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 AXTUONY, an'to-ne, a post-office of Kent co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 ANTHONY, a township of Montour co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 9'>5. 
 
 ANTHONY, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 559. 
 
 AXTHONY, a post-office of Delaware co.. Indiana. 
 AXTHON Y'S CREEK, post-ofiice of Greenbiier co..Tirginia. 
 ANTHONY'S HILL, rSpan. Monte. San Jntmtin. mon'ti 
 s3n dn-to'ne-o.) a mountain and port of North Spain, 17 
 miles W. of liilboa. 
 
 ANTHONY'S (or St. ANTHONY'S) NOSE, in Jlontgomery 
 CO., New York, the extremity of a hill or mountain called 
 the Klips, (i. e. "rock or cliff,") on the X. bank of the Mo- 
 hawk, resembling a nose 300 or 400 feet lopg. 
 
 AXTHOXY'S (or St. AXTHOXY'S) XO.SE. in Putnam co., 
 New York, a bold promontory on the E. side of the Ili\dson, 
 projecting from the S. side of Bi-eakneck Hill, at the N. en- 
 trance to the hiirhlands. 57 miles from New York. 
 ANTH0NY'S"^S110ALS, a post-office of Elbert co., Georsia. 
 AXTIBES. 6N«Heeb/. (anc. Anlqili,Us.) a Strongly fortified 
 seaport town of France, department of Var. at the termina- 
 tion of a peninsula in the Mediterranean. 10 miles S.E. of 
 Grasse. Lat. 43° 35' 9" N.: Ion. 0° 67' 65" E. Pop. (1S52| 
 6133, mostly employed in fishing, curing fish, and trading 
 in dried fniits and "oil. It h.is some structures of high anti- 
 quity. Its port, small but deep, is enclosed by a mole, and 
 defended at its entrance by Fort Carre on a rooky islet, on 
 which a lightrhouse was erected in 1S34. On every side, the 
 town is environed by olive, orange, and vine plantations. 
 Founded by a Greek colony from Slarseilles, B. c. 340. 
 
 ANTICOSTI, an-te-kos'toe, a large desert island of Canada 
 East, in the estuary of the St. Lawrence, between lat. 49° 
 and 50° N.. and Ion. 62° and 65° W. Area estimated at 
 2000 square miles. Interior mountainous and wooded; 
 climate severe. The N. coast is high, ami without harbors; 
 the S. shore low, and verv dangerous. The light-house on 
 its S.W. point is in lat. 4*9° 23' 53" N.; Ion. 63° 38' 47" W. 
 ANTIETAM (an-tee'tam) CREEK, rises in tlio S. i)art of 
 Pennsylvania, and flowing S. into Maryland, falls into the 
 Potoniac River. This stream gives its name to a great 
 battle fought Sept. 17, 1862, in Maryland, between the 
 Union troops under Gen. McClellan and the Confederates 
 comtnande<l by Gen. Lee. The former were victorious. 
 
 ANTIGXAXO, in-t<;en-yd'no, a town of Istria, 32 miles 
 N.W. of Fiume. Pop. 1200, who trade in wine and oil. 
 ANTIGNANO, a town of Piedmont, near Asti. Pop. 1750 
 ANTIGN .\N0, a town of Tuscany, with a fort or the coast. 
 ANTIGN Y, dN^Heen^-ee', a village of France, d'^Mrtmeut 
 of Vieune, 2 miles S.W." of St. Savin. Pop. 1126 
 
ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 ANTIGUA, 3n-tee'gd, a British West India Island, in the 
 Leeward (iroup. Lat. of St. John's, 17° 8' N. ; Ion. Gl° 52' W. ; 
 22 miles S.of Barbuda, and 50 miles N. of Guadeloupe. Area, 
 about 108 square luiles. Pop. (1847) 36,190. First settle- 
 ment of British took place in 1G.32. Coasts deeply indented 
 and rugged ; interior rich and highly diversified. Climate 
 remarkable for dryness. In favorable years sufficient grain 
 is produced for home consumption. Total value of exports 
 In 1844, $1,282,450, of which sugar amounted to $998,085, and 
 mol.T^sses to $257,318; value of imports in the same year, 
 $774,650, of which British and Irish produce amounted to 
 $422,615. Legislature intrusted to a governor, a council of 
 12, and an assembly of 25 members. Public revenue, (1842,) 
 $82,512; expenditures, $76,859. Chief towns, St. John's, 
 whi^^h is the capit.al, Falmouth, and Parham. 
 
 ANTIGUA, dn-teo'gd, a station in the Philippine Islands, 
 with a fort, and the only good anchorage on the island of 
 Panay. 
 
 ANTIGUA, LA, U kn-ieefsti, a town of the island of Fuer- 
 teventura, in the Canaries, in a fertile plain. Pop. 1780. 
 
 ANTIGUKDAD, dn-tee-gi-Ddi)/, a town of .*pain, 15 miles 
 N.K. of Palencia. Pop. 988. Chief commeree in grain. 
 
 ANTI-IilB/ANUS or ANTI-LEB/ANON,a mountain range 
 of Palestine, running parallel to and E. of Lebanon, the two 
 ranges enclosing the valley of Coelo-Syria. It becomes de- 
 tached from Mount Lebjinou about lat. 34° N., extends 
 southward to nearly opposite where Lebanon terminates, 
 and there subdivides into two chains, which bound the 
 valley of the .Jordan, the Dead Sea, and El Ghor, to the head 
 oftheGulfof Akabah. 
 
 ANTILLES, (dn'teol',) Greateb and Lesser. See West 
 India Islands. 
 
 ANTI-MELOS, in-te-meo/los. a petty island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago. 5 miles N.W. of Melos or Milo. 
 
 AN/TINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ANTIOCII, an'te-ok, (L. ylH<ioc/(i'a; tir. Avrioxtia; Turk. 
 Antah-ia, in-tifkee/a.) a city, and the ancient capit;il of 
 Syria, in its N. part, 57 miles W. of Aleppo, on the left bank 
 of the Orontes, about 20 miles above its mouth. Lat. 36° 
 11' N.; Ion. 36° 9' 30" E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Its an- 
 cient walls, varying from 20 to 70 feet in height, enclose an 
 area of uneven ground several miles in circumference, much 
 of which is now taken up by gardens. The houses are 
 mostly mean and of slight materials; they differ from those 
 of E.astern towns in general, in having sloping roofs. It 
 has about a dozen mosques ; but in this town, where the 
 designation of Cliristians was first given to the followers of 
 Jesus Christ, there is not at present a single Christian 
 church. Baths and bazaars are numerous, and there are 
 manufactures of coarse pottery, cotton stuffs, and leather; 
 but the culture of silk is the chief branch of industry. 
 About 9,000.000 drachms of silk were the average yearly 
 produce of the neighborhood in the three years ending with 
 1837, of which 6,750,000 were annually exported, chiefly to 
 France. Other exports are goat's-wool, yellow berries, and 
 salted eels. The city walls, a ruined aqueduct, two bridges, 
 and a portion of pavement are almost all the remaining 
 vestiges of ancient magnificence. Antioch was founded 
 about 300 B. c, by Seleucus Nieator. and named in honor 
 of his father Antiochus, a Macedonian, who was an officer 
 under Philip ; and, though it suffered severely by successive 
 earthquakes, it maintained its importance till taken by the 
 Sarai;ens in 638. Its ancient population has been estimated 
 at 400.000, in its most Hourishing state. Chrysostom com- 
 putes the population in his time at 200.000, more than one- 
 half of whom were Christians. It was the capital of a 
 Christian principality from 109S to 1209, since which time 
 it has constantly declined. Some ruins, about 8 miles 
 south-westward, on the S. bank of the Orontes, mark the 
 site of the ancient celebi-ated grove of Daphne and temple 
 of Apollo. 
 
 ANTIOCir. a post-office of York district. South Carolina. 
 
 ANTIOCH, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia. 
 
 ANTIOCH, a post-office of Pickens CO., Alabama. 
 
 ANTIOCH. a postKiffice of Gibson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 ANTIOCH. a sm.all post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, 128 
 miles E. of Columbus, contained, in 1850, 107 inhabitants. 
 
 ANTIOCH, a post-village and township of Lake co.. Illi- 
 nois, about 50 miles N.W. by N. of Chicago. Pop. 1494. 
 
 ANTIOCH, BAT OF, a bay of the Mediterranean, between 
 lat. 35° 50' and 36° 20' N., and in Ion. about 36° E., ovei^ 
 looked on the N. and S. by mountains upwards of 5000 feet 
 in height. It is free from rocks, is generally well sheltered, 
 and has deep water almost to the beach. The Orontes enters 
 it near its centre. On the N. side are some ruins described 
 as those of Seleucia Plena, the ancient port of Antioch. 
 
 ANTIOCH COLLEGE, Ohio. See Yellow Springs. 
 
 ANTIOCHE PEKTUIS, 6N"Heosh pi^iiHwee', a channel on 
 the W. coa.st of France, between the islands of Oleron and 
 K6. Light-house is in lat. 41)° 2' 52" N. ; Ion. ^2° 15' E. 
 
 ANTlOCHETTA, Sn-te-o-kSfta, a port of A*a Minor, in 
 Earamania, on the Mediterranean, 88 miles S. of Konieh. 
 
 ANTIOCO. dn-tiWrvko, an island in the Jlediterranean, 
 near tne S.^V. coast oi Sardinia, 8 miles long, and 3 miles 
 biY>aU. Pop. i''Jl<) Iti soil 'j fertile, aud its capital of the 
 
 same name, on the E. side of the island, has a small military 
 port. 
 
 ANTIOQUIA, dn-te-o-kee'i, or SANTA FE DE ANTTO- 
 QUIA, sdn'ta fA di dn-te-o-kee/d, a town of South America, 
 in New Gran.ida, department of Antioquia, on tlie river 
 Cauca, 190 miles N.W. of Bogota. Pop. 4000. It is the chiet 
 commercial town in the depai-tment, having an active trade 
 in maize and sugar. 
 
 ANTIP/AKOS, OLIAROS, or OLEAROS, o-lee'l-ros, an 
 island of the Grecian Archipelago, government of Naxos, IJ 
 miles \\. of Paros. Lilt, of summit, 36° 59' 40" N.; Ion. 2-5° 
 3' 27" E.; 10 miles long, and 2 miles broad. Pop. 500, 
 mostly occupied in fishing. It is celebrated for a stalactite 
 cavern near its S. extremity. 
 
 ANTI-PAXO, an'te-pax'o, a small uncultivated island in 
 the Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, \\ miles S.E. of Paxo. 
 
 ANTIPHELLUS. an-te-fil/ia.s, now ANDIPIULO, dn- 
 dee'fe-lo or ANTIPIllLO, dn-tee'fe-lo, a small seaport town 
 of Asiatic Turkey, ten-itory of Lycia, on the Mediterranean, 
 39 miles S.E. of Telmissus or Makree. Lat. 36° 15' N.; ion. 
 29° 40' E. 
 
 ANTIPODES, an-tip'o-dJz, a small island in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, S.E. of New Zealand, so called from being the 
 land most nearly opposite to Great Britain. Lat. 49° 32' S.; 
 Ion. 178° 42' E. 
 
 ANTIPOLIS. See Antibes. 
 
 ANTISANA. dn-te-sd/nd, a volcano of the Andes, in Ecuv 
 dor, 20 miles N.E. of Cotopaxi, and 35 miles S.E. of Quito: 
 19,140 feet in elevation. There is a hamlet of the same 
 name on the mountain, 13,455 feet above the sea. 
 
 ANTI-TAUKUS, an/te-tau'rus, a mountain chain or series 
 of chains of Asiatic Turkey, extending for some distance 
 parallel to the Taurus chain, whence its name. It com- 
 mences at Mount Arjish, (anc. Arga:fus,) and proceeds north- 
 Kistward into Armenia, where its ranges intermix with 
 offsets from the Caucasus, and separate the basin of the 
 Euphrates on the S. from the region watered by the Kizil- 
 Irmak. and other rivers flowing N. into the Black Sea. 
 
 ANTIUM. See Anzo, Porio d'. 
 
 ANTIVAUI, dn-tee/vd-ree, a town and the most northern 
 seaport of Albania, 14 miles N.W.of Scutari, on the Adriatic. 
 Its citiidel contains 400 hou.ses, and there are 700 more in 
 the town and suburbs. The harbor is shallow, and admits 
 only small vessels. It exports oil, &c., and its bazaar bag 
 100 retail shops. 
 
 ANTOIN', a postofflce of Clark co., Ark-ansas. 
 
 ANTOING, SnoHwAn"', a town of Belgium, province of 
 n.ainault, on the Scheldt, 3 miles S.S.E. of Tournay. Pop. 
 2152. 
 
 ANTON, a river of England, co. of Hants, rises near Over- 
 ton, flows southward, and enters the head of Southampton 
 AVator, 4 miles W. of Southampton. Total course, above 30 
 miles. On it are the towns of Andover, Whitchurch, and 
 Komsey ; from the former of which to the sea it is accom- 
 panied by the Andover Canal. 
 
 ANTONGIL, dn-ton-zheel', a bay on the E. coast of Mada- 
 gascar. 50 miles in length from S. to N., and about 25 miles 
 in width at the enti ance. I^t. 16° S. ; Ion. 50° E. 
 
 ANTONINA, dn-to-nee/nd. a town of Brazil, province of 
 Sao Paulo, on the bay, and 18 miles N.W. of Paranagua. 
 
 ANTONIO, dn-to'neo, a fort and harbor, of Jainaicji, 23 
 miles S.E. of Anottabay. Lat. 18° 14' 40" N. ; Ion. 7b° 31' W. 
 
 ANTONIVALD or AXTONIWALD, dn-to'ne-vdltS a village 
 of Bohemia, circle of BuntzIau,on the Kamenitzbach. 30 
 miles N.E. of Buntzlau. It is noted for its manufactures of 
 fine glass. 
 
 ANTOORAH, ANTOURAH, or ANTURA, dn-too/ra, a 
 town of Syria, on the W. slope of Mount Iiebanon, 14 miles 
 N.N.E. of Beyroot. 
 
 ANTOOR'LEE or ANTURLT, a village of Hindostan, pro- 
 vince and district of Candeish, 10 miles S.W. of Boorhan- 
 poor, formerly surrounded by a mud wall with brick bas- 
 tions. 
 
 ANTRAIGUES, SNo'trig', a village of France, dep.artmeni 
 of Ardfeche, on a volcanic height, llj tiiles W. of Privas. 
 Pop. 1443. Near this is the singular causeway called the 
 Chaussie-des-Gianti, (i. e. "giants' causeway,") formed by 
 colonnades of basiilt, 700 yards in length. 
 
 ANTRAIN, SxoHrlNo', town of France, department of Ille- 
 et-Vilaine, 25 miles N.N.E. of Kennes. Pop. (1852) 1648. 
 
 ANTRIM, an'trim, the north-easternmost county of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, having the Atlantic on the N.; the North 
 Channel, dividing it from Scotland, on the E. ; the counties 
 of Down and Londonderry on the S. and W. ; and Lough 
 Neagh, separating it from the counties of Tyrone and Ar- 
 magh on the S.W. Area, 1164 square miles. Pop. in 1851 
 352.264. A third part of the surface near the coast is moun- 
 tainous, and rises in some places to 1000 feet in height. 
 In the S.W. much of the surface is boggy. Chief rivers, the 
 Bann, forming the W., and the Lagan, the S. boundary. 
 The famous Giant's Causeway is on the N. coast of this 
 county, Antrim county returns two members to the House 
 of Conjmons. 
 
 ANTRIM, an inland town and pari.sh of Ireland, in the 
 above county, on Six Mile Water, near its mouth in Lough 
 
ANT 
 
 Keagh, 14 miles N.W. of Belfast. Pop. of the town, includ- 
 ing Massarene, 2645. It has two good streets, with a 
 church, several dissenting chapels, a union work-house, a 
 iwurtrhouse in which general and petty sessions are held, 
 and numerous schools. There are manufiictures of linen, 
 calico, hosiery, and paper; bleaching and malting are car- 
 iled ou here; ineal and malt are sent to Belfast by Lough 
 Neagh and the Lagan. Near it are Antrim Castle, the 
 geat of Lord Massarene ; Shane's Castle, the residence of 
 the O'Neills, and one of the most perfect of the round towers 
 of Ireland. 
 
 ANTKIM, called also MEOIS'SEE, a newly formed county 
 of Michigan, in tlie N.W. part of the lower peninsula, bor- 
 d'lring on Grand Traverse Bay, of Lake Michigan. The area 
 Is estimated at about 700 square miles. The census of 1850 
 furnishes no returns for this county. Pop. in ISciO, 179. 
 
 ANTRIM, a post-townsliip of Hillsborough co., New 
 Hampshire, 25 miles S.W. of Concord, on the E. side of Con- 
 toocool£ River. This township has a number of valuable 
 mill-seats; also several tanneries. Pop. 1123. 
 
 ANTRIM, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 
 209 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 ANTRIM, a township in the S. part of Franlilin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 3400. 
 
 ANTRIM, a small post-village of Madison township, 
 Guernsey co., Ohio, 91 miles E. b3' N. of Columbus. 
 
 ANTRIM, a post-township in the S. part of Sliiawassee 
 CO., Michigan, about 60 miles N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 646. 
 
 ANTRIM, a township in the S.E. part of Wyandott CO.. 
 Ohio, about 5S miles N. by W. Of Columbus. Po)i. 1245. 
 
 ANTKODOCO, an-troKio'KO, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II., 7i miles E. of Civita Ducale. Pop. 3450. 
 
 ANTROS, SnoHi-os', a small island or rock on the W. coast 
 of France, at the mouth of the Gironde, on which is the 
 well-known liirht-house called the Tower of Cordouan. Lat. 
 45° 35' 2" N. ;' Ion. 1° 10' 2" W. 
 
 ANTUCO. jn-too/ko, a volcano and valley of the Chilian 
 Andes, 140 miles E. of Concepcion. Lat. 26° 50' S.: Ion. 70° 
 40' W. The volcano, according to Lyell and Mi-s. Sommei^ 
 ville, is 16,000 feet high. 
 
 ANTUNACUM. See Axdernach. 
 
 ANTURA, a town of Syria. See Antoorah. 
 
 ANTURLI, a village of Hindostan. See Antoorlee. 
 
 ANTWERP, ant'werp. (Dutch, Antwerpen, dnt'<^^rp-en ; L. 
 Antuer'pia; Fr. Anve'rs. A.\"H-aiR'; Sp. Amhires, Sm-Bi/rfts,) a 
 city of Belgium, capital of a province of its own name, on 
 the right bank of the Scheldt. 27| miles by railway N. of 
 Brussels, and 32 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Lat. of the cathedral, 
 51° 13' 2" N.. Ion. 4°.24' 2" E. It is strongly fortified, its walls 
 and other defences completely encompassing the city on the 
 land side, from the river on the N. to the citadel on the S., 
 a distance, following the line of fortification, and including 
 the citadel, of about 2J miles. The last — one of the finest 
 and most complete defences of the kind anywhere existing 
 — was built by the Duke of Alva in 1567. Outworks and 
 forts extend along both sides of the river to near the Dutch 
 frontier. The general appearance of the city is exceedingly 
 picturesque — an effect produced by its numerous churches, 
 convents, magnificent public buildings, its elaborate and 
 extensive fortifications, the profusion of beautiful trees with 
 which it is adorned, and in no small degree also by the 
 stately, antique-looking houses which line its older thorough- 
 fares. The entire breadth of the city at its widest part — 
 which is between the walls and the river, or from E. to AV. 
 — is about three-quarters of a mile; its greatest length, be- 
 tween the citadel on the W. and the fortifications on the E., 
 Is alwut 1} miles, including the esplanade or Place d'Armes 
 on the one hand, and the great and small basins on the 
 other. Nearly all the streets, of which there are altogether 
 about 200. are exceedingly tortuous and irregular, so much 
 80 that a stranger has great difficulty in finding his way ; 
 still many of them, from the elegance of their buildings, are 
 imposing. The principal one, called Place de Meir, will bear 
 comparison with any street in Europe. The squares, of 
 which there are several, are also fine. At the he.ad of the 
 numerous public buildings with which the city is adorned, 
 stands the cathedral, one of the largest and most beautiful 
 specimens of Gothic architecture in Belgium. It is believed 
 to have been commenced in the middle of the thirteenth 
 century, and to have taken 84 years to fini.sh. The other 
 churches of note are St. .Tames's, St. Andrew's, and St. 
 Paul's. Among the other edifices are the Exchange, built in 
 15K3, the Hotel de Ville, a splendid structure of marble, the 
 Maison Anseatlc, or hall of the Hause Towns, and the p.ilace 
 Intended for the king and royal family when they reside in 
 Antwerp. Its institutions comprise academies of paintr 
 ing. of the fine arts, and of the sciences, a gallery of sculp- 
 ture, a picture gallery with 200 pictures, many of them the 
 finest works of tlie first masters of the Flemish .school, a 
 public library with 15.000 volumes, a botanical garden, 
 numerous lejimed societies and schools, and several hospi- 
 tals, asylums, and work-houses. Of the docks, dock-yards, 
 and l)asins constructed by Bonaparte, at an expense, it is 
 laid, of 2.000.000Z., the last only remain, the former having 
 been demolished after his down&ll; the area of the great 
 02 
 
 AOI 
 
 basin is 17 .acres, and that of the small one 7 acres They 
 are now converted into commercial docks, and are lined with 
 capacious warehouses. The harbor thus formed is one of the 
 finest in the world : it admits vessels of any size, and can 
 easily hold 1000. The principal manufactures of the city 
 are black silks and velvets, for which it is particularly 
 famed. Cotton, linen, lace, carpets, hats, and cutlery are 
 also man ufiictured to a considerable extent. There are also 
 sugar refineries, and a good deal of ship-building. The trade 
 and commerce of Antwerp are extensive, and for hides it is 
 one of tlie most important markets in Europe. The number 
 of foreign vessels that arrived there in 1846 was 1970 ; ton- 
 nage, 286,474. The passenger traffic in Antwerp is also very 
 considerable, between 4000 and 5000 arriving annuaily 
 from England by the steam-packets, of which there are 9 
 plying between Antwei-p, Hull, and London. It has. more- 
 over, become an important point of embarkation for emi- 
 grants, 15,170 having sailed from this port in 1846. Ant- 
 werp is a verj' ancient city, and had a much larger popula- 
 tion and a much more extensive foreign trade in the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries than now. It was then 
 the great centre of European commerce; its inhabitants 
 numbered 200.000, and if wo may believe the concurrent 
 testimony of different writers, 500 vessels daily entered its 
 port, and about 2500 ordinarily lay at anchor there. — Balhi. 
 Pop. in 1862. 117,324. 
 
 ANTWERP, a frontier province of Belgium; bounded 
 N. by Holland, E. by Limbourg, S. bv South Brabant. W. by 
 East Flanders. Area. 1094 square miles. Pop. (1849) 413,824. 
 Surface mostly level; princip.al rivers, the Scheldt and its 
 afHuents the Nethe and the Dyle. In the N. are extensive 
 heaths; elsewhere the soil is fertile. Products comprise 
 corn, hemp, hops, madder, pine timber, and turf Slanul'ac- 
 tures comprise l.ace. cotton, silk, and tobacco. It is divided 
 into the three arrondissements of Antwerp, IMechlin. and 
 Turnhout, its chief cities; besides which, the town of Lierre 
 is in this province. 
 
 ANTWERP, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Jefferson co., New York, with a village of the same name. 
 Pop. ;bi3. 
 
 .^NTWEPwP. a post-village of Paulding co.. Ohio, on the 
 Wabash and Erie (,:anal, about 20 miles N.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 ANTWERP, a township of A'an Buren co., >Iichigan. 
 Pop. 1021. 
 
 AN-UNG-HOY', an island of China, in the Canton River, 
 opposite Tycocktow Island, bounds with Chucupee Island, 
 the entrance of the Boca Tigris, on the E. It was strongly 
 defended by the Chinese during the late war, but, with the 
 rest of the Bogue forts, its strongholds were taken by the 
 British, February 25, 1841 ; and its works were subsequently 
 destroved. 
 
 ANt'RADHAPURA, a-noo-rS-d'hd-poo'ra, ANARA.TA- 
 POORA, a-na-rd-ji-poo'ra, or ANURAJAPOORA, the an- 
 cient capital of the island of Ceylon, now a mass of ruins. 
 It lies 45 miles S.E. of An-ipo. and 48 miles N. of Dambool, 
 on the road K'tween these two places. 
 
 ANVERS, the French name of Antwerp, which see. 
 
 ANVIL; a post-ofSce of Cl.irk co., Arkansas. 
 
 ANWICK, an'ik or au'wick, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 ANWOTII. an'ofh or an'woth, a parish of Scotland, 7 miles 
 W.N.W. of KirkcudbriiTht. 
 
 ANXIOUS BAY, South Australia. Lat. 32° 12' S.; Ion. 
 134° 15' E. 
 
 ANXUR. See Terracina. 
 
 ANZA, Sn'zd, a river of Piedmont, in Ossola, rises on the 
 E. side of Monte Rosa, and falls into the Tosa. 
 
 ANZARB.\, In-zaa'ba, (anc. Casarela Jtigtisfta,) a town 
 of Asiatic Turkey. p.ashalic of Adama, on the Jyhoon. (anc. 
 Pi/Hamtis.) 35 miles N.E. of Adana.and formerly a residence 
 of the Christian princes of Antiocb. 
 
 ANZASCA, VAL D', vll din-zisAva, a viilley of Piedmont, 
 province of Domo d'Ossola. It is picturesque in all its ex- 
 tent, and remarkable for its vegetation, its magnificent cas- 
 aides, and its views of Monte Ros.i. The beauty of the 
 women of this valley has been remarked by all travellers. 
 Gold-mines have been worked in it since the time of the 
 Romans. 
 
 ANZERMA or ANCERMA, ln-s?R'md, a town of South 
 America, New Granada, 170 mUes N.N.E. of Pop.ayan, near 
 the river Cauca. 
 
 ANZI. an'zeo, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, on 
 a mountain, 11 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3297. 
 
 ANZIN, 8N<=V.iVN°'. a town of France, department of N'^rd, 
 on the railway (wm Douai to Valenciennes, 1 mile N W of 
 Valenciennes. Pop. (1862) 5(K)6. It is the centre nt' the 
 greatest coal-works in France, and has iron foundries and 
 gla.<s-works. 
 
 A.NZO, PORTO D'. poR'to din'zo. a small seaport on the 
 Mediterranean, 34 miles S.S.E. of Rome. On a iiromontcry 
 overlooking I he port are the ruins of the Roman Anlium, 
 birthplace of Nero and Caligula. 
 
 AXZOOAN. ANZOUAN, or ANZUAN, or HINZOAN, an 
 island in Mozambique Channel. See Johanna. 
 
 AOIZ, lK>-eeth', almost i-weeth', a town of Spain, Navarro- 
 
AON 
 
 on the right bank of the Irati, 16 miles E.S.E. of Pamplona. 
 Pop. 884, chiefly agricultural. 
 
 AON I A, a-o^ne-a, a post-office of "Wilkes co., Georgia, 44 
 miles W. by N. of Augusta. 
 
 AOK, d'or, or AUK, dwr,or PO(yLO-ATJR,a small island in 
 the China Sea, off the E. coast of Malay peninsula, from 
 which it is about 47 miles distant. Lat. 2° '&)' N.; Ion. 104° 
 34' E. 
 
 AOSTA, 2-os't3, (anc. AitgmHa Pra-MHo.) a town of Pied- 
 mont, capital of the division on the rii^lit bank of the Dora, 
 49 miles N'.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 7120. It iswell built.audits 
 houses are interspersed with gardens. Among its buildings 
 are a Gothic cathedral, the remains of a Koman amjihitht-atre, 
 and a fine triumphal arch. Trade in cheese, leather, hemp, 
 and wine. A meteorological observatory has recently been 
 established at Aoste, in lat. 45° 44' 10" N., Ion. 7° 20' 12" 
 »■" E. The rich valley of Aosta is celebrated for its iirunense 
 forests of pines, extensive mines of iron, copper, lead, and 
 BJlver, and marble quarries. 
 
 AOUS. See Voyussa. 
 
 AOUSTE, d'oost/, (anc. AtigiJsta,) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Drome, on the Drome, 17 miles S.AV. of Die, with 
 oil and paper-mills. Pop. 1148. This was a llomau colony 
 in the time of Augustus. 
 
 APACHE (l-pd'chA) INDIANS, a predatory tribe inhabit- 
 ing the \V. part of Texas, and the 8. part of New Mexico. 
 
 APAE, d'pee, or APEE, a small island of the New Hebrides, 
 In the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 16° 36' S.; Ion. 168° 10' E. 
 
 APAL.ACHEE. See Appalachee. 
 
 APALACIIICOLA. See Appalachicola. 
 
 AP.\M, i'pdni', a province of Africa, Gold Coast, belonging 
 to Holland, with the fort of Lijdzaaniheit, in lat. S'^ 12' 30" 
 N., Ion. 0° 41' 30" W. Pop. of district estimated at 350 able 
 to bear arms. 
 
 APAMAMA, i-p3-md/ml, an island in the North Pacific 
 Ocean, one of the Gilbert Isles, or Kingsmill group, in lat. 
 0° SO' S., Ion. 173° 54' \V. 
 
 APAXOKMIA, a-pS-nor-mee'a, or APONORMERIA, J-po- 
 nor-m.A-ree'i, a town on the N.W. coast of the island of San- 
 torin, in the Grecian Archipelago, 7 miles N.W. of Scauro. 
 Lat. 3u° 38' N.; Ion. 25° 28' E. 
 
 A PARI, 3-pJ-ree', a town in the- isl.and of Luzon, in the 
 Philijipines, at its N. extremity on the coast. 
 
 APATIN, d-pi-teen', a town of lluugury, co. of Bacs, on 
 the left bank of the Danube, S. of Baja. Pop. 7100, who trade 
 in hemp, madder, Woad, and silk. 
 
 APEE or API. See Apab. 
 
 APELDOOKN, d/-pel-doRn\ a village of the Netherlands, 
 in the province of Gelderland, on the Grift, an affluent of 
 the Yssel, 17 miles N.E. of Arnhem, has extensive pJiper 
 mills in the vicinity. Pop. 750. 
 
 APENNINES, ap'gn-ninz^ (It. Appennino. ^p-p.i-nee'no. 
 anc. ApainVnus Mims.) a movintain chain which detaches 
 itself from the Maritime Alps, in about Ion. &° E.. having a 
 general direction first from W. to E., nearly parallel with the 
 Pennine and Leopontine Alps, from which it is separated by 
 the valley of the Po. In about Ion. 12° E. the chain turns 
 towards the S., and traverses the Italian peninsula through- 
 out its entire length to the Strait of Slcssina, separating 
 near the S. extremity so as to embrace the Gulf of Taran- 
 to. The principal branch traverses the kingdom of Na- 
 ples, separating the waters which flow to the Mediterranean 
 from those which fall into the Adiiatie and the Ionian Seas. 
 The entire length of the chain is about 800 miles. The 
 Apennines often present rounded tops and a uniform crest, 
 whence branches descend to the coasts, between which, val- 
 leys, such as that at the mouth of the Tiber, open into ex- 
 tensive plains. But the S. slope of that part of the chain 
 which bounds the Gulf of Genoa, is composed of escarpments 
 which rise abruptly from the sea. Among the detached 
 portions of the Apennines are the mountains of Piombino in 
 Tuscany, Mount Albano near Rome, and Mount Vesuvius 
 near Naples. M. Bruguiere proposes to distinguish the 
 mountains in Sicily by the name of the Insular Apennines. 
 None of the summits attain the limit of perpetual snow, 
 although snow lies on Monte Corno during 9 months in the 
 year. Mount Etna, (which may justly be regarded as form- 
 ing a part of the Apennine system.) and Monte Corno, in 
 Abruzzo Ultra, are the highest points of the chain; the 
 former having an elevation of about 10,875 feet, the 
 latter of 9519 feet. The other principal summits are 
 jlonte Cimone, in the N. Apennines, 6975 feet, and 
 Monte Amaro, summit of the Monte Majella in the S. 
 Apennines, 9131 feet, but the chain in general is of much 
 lower elevation. The S.W. part is a vast volcanic region 
 comprising Vesuvius, the only active volcano on the conti- 
 nent of Europe, and many thermal springs. On the N. is 
 the volcanic mass of Voltore near Melfi. The constitution 
 of the chain is chiefly calcareous; primary rocks are found 
 only at the two extremities, in Piedmont and Calabria. It 
 Is poor in metals; iron occurs in fm.ill quantities, and ex- 
 tensive saliferous deposites occur near Cosenza ; but the cele- 
 brated marble of Carrara, Seravezza and Sienna constitutes 
 the chief riches of the Apennines. Below 3200 feet in eleva- 
 tion the flanks of the principal chain are covered with a 
 
 APP 
 
 varied vegetation, of which the orange, citron, olive, and 
 palm form the lower zone; but forests are rare in the Apen- 
 nines. Above 3200 feet, the mountains are generally arid 
 and devoid of vegetation. 
 
 General Aspect. — The Apennines do not present the pyra- 
 midal peaks of the Alps, the cloudy tops of the Pyrenees, or 
 the scarped walls- and horizontal lines of the Jura. The 
 foi.ms presented by them are, however, agreeable to the eye. 
 The sub-Apennines are undulating and rounded in their 
 contour, while the main chain is distinguished by features 
 much more marked and irregular. 
 
 APENRADE, d-pfn-ra/dgh, a seaport town of Denmark, 
 duchy of Sleswick, on a fiord of the same name in the Little 
 Belt, 35 miles N. of Sleswick. Lat. 55° 2' 4b" N.; Ion. 
 9° 26' 12" E. Chief indu.stry in agricultural produce, ship- 
 building, and the transport of goods. 70 vessels belong to 
 the port. In 1846, 30 ships from Apenrade entered the ports 
 of Rio Janeiro and Montevideo. Pop. 4100. 
 
 APESTHORPE, aips'thorp or APPLESTHORPE, ap^pflz- 
 thorp, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 APHRODITOPOLIS. See Atfieh. 
 
 APIA, d/pe-d, a village and harbour in the island of Upolu 
 or Oahtooah, one of the Samoan group in the South Pacific 
 Ocean. Lat. 14° 2' S.; Ion. 171° 21' \i. The harbor is small, 
 but safe. It is much resorted to by whalers. 
 
 APICE, J'pee-chA, a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra, 16 miles N.N.E. of Avellino. I'op. 3500. 
 
 APLERBECK, ifpl?rlifek\a village of Prussia, in West- 
 phalia, 5 miles E.S.E. of Dortmund. Pop. 1118. 
 
 APLEY, aptee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 APO. d/po, or AP/PO, an island and shoal. Strait of Min- 
 doro, sialay Archipelago, both situated Ix'tween the island 
 of Mindoro and that of Busvagon, the N. point of the for- 
 mer being in Lit. 12° 39' N., Ion. 120° 28' E. 
 
 APO, i/po, a small island off the S. extremity of Negrog 
 Island, one of the Philippines, in lat. 9° N., Ion. 123° E. 
 
 APOLAC/ON, a township ofSus(iuehannaco.,Pennsylvania. 
 
 APOLDA, 3-pol'dd, a town of Central Germany, Saxe-Wei- 
 mar, 9 miles N.E. of 'Weimar, on the railway from ANeimar 
 to Berlin. Pop. 4000. It has mineral springs, and mauullic- 
 tories of hosiery. 
 
 APOLIJIA, i-po-lee/ml, one of the smallest of the Naviga- 
 tor's Islands; lat. 13° 49' S., Ion. 172° 3' W. 
 
 APOLLINOPOLIS-MAGNA. See Edfoo. 
 
 APOI^LO. a post-borough of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Kiskiminetas River, 42 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. The 
 Pennsylvania Canal passes through the place. Pop. in 
 1860, 449. 
 
 APOLLONIA, i-pol-lo/ne-a, or A:MANAIIEA, d-ma-nd-h.Va, 
 a district, cape, and fort in North-west Africa, on the Gold 
 Coast, Ashantee country. The district between the rivers 
 Aukober and Assinee is about 53 miles in length from E. to 
 W., and from 10 to 15 miles in breadth. Its coast line con- 
 sists of a straight, sandy beach, behind which is an undu- 
 lating range of highland. Cape Apollonia is in lat. 4° 69* 
 N., Ion. 2° 35' W. Fort .\pollonia, a British settlement, and 
 the first European fort met with after leaving Sierra Leone, 
 stands on the beach, about 4 miles trom the cape. 
 
 APOLOBAMBA.a-po-lo-bdni'ba,orAl>OLABA>IBA, atown 
 of Bolivia, capital of a province or district of its own name, 
 on a tributary of the Beni, 166 miles N. of La Paz. 
 
 APONOltMERIA. See Apanormia. 
 
 APOS'TLES' ISLANDS, in the' Straits of Magellan, where 
 it joins the Pacific Ocean, near Cape Deseado ; lat. 52° 34' S., 
 Ion. 75° 6' W. They are twelve in number, a circumstance 
 from which they have obtained their name. 
 
 APPALACIIEE, ap-pa-lah'chee, a small river of Georgia, 
 rises in Gwinnett coxmty, and, flowing S.E., enters the Oco- 
 nee about 8 miles S.W. of Greensborough. 
 
 APPALACIIEE or APALACIIEE (ap-ij-lah'chee) RIVER, 
 a name sometimes given to an arm of Appalachee Bay. See 
 St. Mark's. 
 
 APPALACHEE BAY, a laree, open bay on the S. coast of 
 Florida; lat. 30° N., Ion. 84° 15' W. Breadth, about 90 miles ; 
 extent inland, 60 miles. >, 
 
 APPALACHIAN (ap-pa-l.Vche-an) MOUNTAIN^jilso call- 
 ed ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS,'the general appellation of 
 the vast mountain system in the south-eastern part of North 
 America, extending, under various names, from Maine south- 
 westward to the northern part of Alabama. In New Hamp- 
 shire, near the Northern termination of this chain, it is less 
 than 100 miles from the Atlantic eaast, but it gradually 
 diverges as it advances southward, so that towards its 
 southern extremity it is about 300 miles from the sea. In 
 New England and New York, the chain is somewhat broken 
 and irregular, many of the ridges of which it is composed 
 running nearly N. and S. But in Pennsylvania and the 
 Southern States, the different ranges are more continuous, 
 and, for the most part, nearly parallel to the general direc- 
 tion of the entire chain. The name Alleghany Mountains 
 is more commonly applied to that portion of the Appalachian 
 system lying S. of the northern boundary of Pennsylvania, 
 although it is often extended to the mountains in the N.W. 
 part of New Jersey, and the S. and E. parts of New York, 
 including the Catskill. But as the chain is scarcely less iu- 
 
 93 
 
APP 
 
 APP 
 
 terrtpled by the Dela-ware than by the Hudson, it seems 
 iiSic lit to assign any reason why the mountains of Xew 
 Englmd should not be included under this general appella- 
 tion as well as those of Xew York. To aroid confusion of 
 names, it would be better always to use Appalachian to 
 denote the entire mountain system. 
 
 The highest summits of the Appalachian chain are Mount 
 MrrcHELi.. in North Carolina, 6470 feet. Jlount Washington, 
 in New Hampshire, 6226 feet, and Mount Tahawcs, (or Mount 
 Marcy.l in New York, 5467 feet above the sea. These will be 
 more fully noticed under their respective heads, 
 
 APPALACHICOLA, ap^pa-lahVhe-ko'la, a river of Florida, 
 formed by the Chattahoochee and Flint, which unite at the 
 S.W. extremity of Georgia. It flows southward through 
 Florida, and. after a course of about 100 miles, empties itself 
 into the Gulf of Jlexico through a bay of its own name. It 
 is navicrable for steamboats through its whole course, 
 
 Al'PALACHICOLA BAY, of Florida, between St. George's 
 Island and the mainland. The entrance is indicated by a 
 fixed liaht at the N.W. point of George Island, 
 
 APPAL.^^CIIICOLA, a post-town, port of entry, and capi- 
 tal of Franklin co.. Florid.i, at the mouth of the river of the 
 game name, (which tlows through Appalachicola Bay into 
 the Gulf of Mexico.) 135 miles S.W. of Tallahassee, The 
 harbor is accessible by steamboats from the gulf, and large 
 quantities of cotton are shipped here. It contains 2 churches, 
 1 newspaper ofiice, and numerous stores &c. Vop. 1904. 
 
 APPALACUIN or APALACHIN, ap-p.j-hih'chin, a post^ 
 office of Tioga co., New Y'ork. 
 
 APPANOOSE, ap^pa-noos', a county in the S. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Missouri, has an area of 492 square miles. The 
 Chariton Kiver flows diagonally through the county. It is 
 drained, also, by the South fork of Chariton, and by Walnut 
 and Cooper Creeks. The surface is rolling or nearly level ; 
 the soil is fertile, but mostly uncultivated. Large beds of 
 stone co,al are found in several places. The county contains 
 numerous prairies, and many of the streams are bordered by 
 trm-ts of timber. Chariton River furnishes ample w.atet^ 
 power. First settled about the year 1845. Capital, Centre- 
 viUe. Pop. 11,931. 
 
 APPANOOSE, a village of Hancock co., in the W, part of 
 Hlinois, on the Mississippi Kiver, about 6 mUes N,E, of 
 Nauvoo. 
 
 APPELTERN, ap'pel-tJRn\ a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Gelderhiud, ii miles S.S.W. of Druten. Pop. 
 2326. 
 
 APPENWEIER. lp/pen-«-rer, a town of Baden, on the 
 raihvav between Kehl and Carlsruhe, 8 miles E. of Kehl. 
 Pop. 1364. 
 
 APPENZELL, ap-pJnt-sJll'. a canton in the N,E. of Swit- 
 zerland, wholly surrounded by the canton St. Gall. Area, 
 153 square miles. Pop. (1860)" 60,431 It is subdivided into 
 the Outer and Inner Rhodes, the former liaving 48.431 inha- 
 bitantis, nearly all Protestants, and the latter 12,000, nearly 
 all Roman Catholics, Suriace mountainous, especiiilly in 
 the S., where Mount Sentis has an elevation of 8232 feet, 
 and the lowest part of the surface is 1300 feet in height. 
 Chief river, the Sittem. which runs through its centre. The 
 inhabitants of Inner Rhodes are mostly j^riculturists ; iu 
 Outer Rhodes, cotton and linen weaving, embroidering, and 
 dyeing are the principal branches of industry. Capital of 
 Inner Rhodes, Appenzell. Pop, 3200. Capital of Outer 
 Rhodes, Trogen, Pop. 2500: The government, in both sul>- 
 divisions, is vested in a grand council, which meets the 
 a.<:sembled population once a year for legislative business. 
 Appenzell holds the 13th place in the Swiss Confederation, 
 and contributes 972 men to its army. Chief towns. Tro- 
 gen, Gais, and Herisau in Outer, and Appenzell in Inner 
 Rhodes. Inhab. AppiiSZELLER, ap-pJnt-sll'ler. 
 
 APPENZELL, a town of Switzerland, capital of Inner 
 Rhodes, in the above canton, on the left bank of the Sittem, 
 6 miles S. of St. G.ill. Pop. 2,910, mostly Roman Catholics, 
 It is dirty, and ill built ; has many religious edifices, a coun- 
 eil-hou.se, an arsenal, batlis, bleacliing grounds, and a trade 
 in linen fabrics. 
 
 AP'PERSONS, a postroffice of Charles City co., Virginia. 
 
 AI'PIANO. dp-pe-d'no, a town of Northern Italy, 20 miles 
 N,N,W. of Milan. Pop. 2117. 
 
 AP'PIN, a wild district of the Scottish Highlands, Argyle- 
 shire, on Loch Linnhe, formerly the country of the Stew- 
 arts. 26 miles N.W. of Inverarv. 
 
 Ai'PlNGEDAM, ap'ping-ha-ddm', a town of Netherlands, 
 14 miles N.E. of Groningen, on a canal which joins it to the 
 estuary of the Ems, 3 miles distant. Pop. 1900. 
 
 APPLEBACHSVILLE, ap'pel-baks'vU\ a post-office of 
 Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, 
 
 APPLEBY, ap'p'1-be, (probably the anc, AhallalxL,) a mnni- 
 cipiil l>orough and market-town of England, capital of the 
 CO. of Westmoreland, on the Eden. 13 miles S.E. of Penrith. 
 Pop. 2509. The town is on a hill-slope, crowned by a castle, 
 and almost encircled by the river, over which an old stone 
 bridge leads to the suburb Bondgate. It is irregularly built, 
 but ha? many good hoases. Chief edifices, the castle, (which, 
 under the heroic Lady Pembroke, long held out against the 
 Parliiimentary army, and now belongs to her descendant, 
 
 the Earl of Thanet:) the church of St.T>awTence, the town 
 and shii-e halls, a grammar school, founded in 1574, and St, 
 Anne's Hospital for Widows, founded, in 1664, by Lady Pem- 
 broke. Previous to the Reform Act, by which it was dis- 
 franchised, it sent 2 members to the House of Commons. It 
 is the seat of the assizes for the county, and of quarter and 
 petty sessions. 
 
 APPLEBY', a p.arish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 APPLEBY, a parish of England, cos, of Derby and Lei- 
 cester. 
 
 APPLE CREEK, a post-office of Waj-ne co., Ohio, 99 milei 
 E. of Columbus. 
 
 APPLE CREEK, Illinois, faUs into the Illinois River in 
 Green county. 
 
 APPLE CREEK, a post-village of Cape Girardeau co., Mis- 
 souri, 170 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 APPLE CREEK, a small sti-eam of Henry co., in the W. 
 part of Missouri, falls into Grand River, an affluent of the 
 Osage River. 
 
 AP'PLECROSS', a very extensive maritime parish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Ross, 
 
 AP'l'LEDOKl-y, a small seaport of England, co, of Devon, 
 parish of Northampton, on the Torridge, at its moxith in 
 Barnstaple Bay, 2^ miles N, of Bideford, It is resorted to in 
 summer as a bathing-place, and has a harbor subordinate tc 
 the port of Barnstaple, 
 
 APPLEDORE, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Kent, 6 miles S.E. of Tenterden. 
 
 APPLEDRAM, ap'pl-dram, a p.arish of England, co. of 
 Sussex. 
 
 APPLEDURWELL, ap'p'l-dur'wel, a hamlet in the Isle of 
 Wight, parish of Godshill, 7 miles S.S.E. of Newport. A 
 noble mansion here, built by Sir R. Worsley, contains a fine 
 collection of paintings and antiquities. 
 
 APPLEGAKTH, apVl-garth/, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries. 
 
 APPLE GROVE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 APPLE GROVE, a post-office of Morgan co.. Alabam.%, 
 
 APPLE GROVE, a post-office of Meics co., Ohio, 
 
 APPLE GROVE, a post-office of Polk co., Iowa, 
 
 APPLE RIVER, in the N.W. part of Illinois, rises in Jo 
 Daviess county, and flowing in a southerly course with a 
 very winding channel, falls into the Mississippi Kiver in 
 Carroll county, 
 
 APPLESHAW,apVl-8haw.parish of England. CO. of Hants. 
 
 AP/PLETON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 APPLETON, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk, 
 
 APPLETON, a township of Knox co,, Maine, 25 miles E. 
 by S. of Augusta. Pop. 1573. 
 
 APPLETON, a post-township in Licking co.. Ohio. 
 
 APPLETON, a small post-village of Perry co., Hlinois, 12 
 miles N.E. of Pinckneyville. 
 
 APPLETON, a post-village, capital of Outagamie CO., Wis- 
 consin, on the Necnah or Fox River, and on the Chicago and 
 North Western Railroad. 37 miles N, of Fond du Lac, and 27 
 miles S.AV. of Green Bay. It is beautifully situated on a 
 plateau about 70 feet above the river, near the rapids called 
 the Grand Chute. It is the seat of Ijawrence University 
 and contains several churches. The river here has a natu- 
 ral fall of 49 feet, and afl'ords immense water-power, Apple- 
 ton has communication by steamboats \\1th Lake Michigan 
 on the E,, and tlie Mis.sissippi River on the W, It h;is 1 
 paper-mill, 1 woollen factory, 1 tannery, 1 iron foundry, 1 
 rake factory, 4 flouring-mills, 1 barrel factory, and 1 manu- 
 factory of fanning implements. Pop. in 1860, 2345, 
 
 APPLETON, a post-office of Cape Girardeau co., Missotiri. 
 
 APPLETON-LE-STREET, a parish of Ensland. co. of Y'ork. 
 
 APPLETON-ON-WISK, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 AP'PLING, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, has an area 
 of 1060 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.E. by 
 the Altamaha River, and drained by Little Santilla River 
 and Huiricane Creek. The surface is level, and the soil 
 sandy and poor. Named in honor of Colonel Daniel Appling, 
 an officer in the war of 1S12. Capitfil, Holmesville. Pop. 
 4190; of whom 3445 were free, and 745 slaves. 
 
 Al'PLlNG. a post-office of Jefferson co., New York. 
 
 APPLING, a post-village, capital of Columbia co., Georgia, 
 23 miles W. of Augusta, is in a declining condition. It haa 
 a court-house, academy, and a few shops. 
 
 APPODI, Ip-po-dee', a river of Brazil, province of Rio 
 Grande-do-Norte. It rises in Lit. 0° 25' S., flows N.N.E., and 
 falls into the Atlantic in lat. 4° 32' S, after a course of 150 m. 
 
 APPOLONIA, See Apollonia, 
 
 APPOM.A.TTOX, ap-po-maftox, a river in the S,E. part of 
 Virginia, rises in Appomattox county, and flowing in a 
 general eastward direction, forms the boundary between 
 several counties on each side, pjisses by the city of Peters- 
 burg, and enters the James River at City Point, Large ves- 
 sels ascend to Peter.sburg, about 20 miles from its mouth, 
 and batteaus to FarmvUle, perhaps 100 miles further. 
 Length estimated at 150 miles. 
 
 APPOMATTO.X, a county in the S,E. central part of Vii^ 
 ginia, h.as an area of 260 square miles. It is twundetl on the 
 N.W. by the James River and Canal, and drained by the 
 sources of the Appomattox Kiver, from which the name is 
 
APP 
 
 ARA 
 
 derived. The surface is diTsrsified by several small ranges 
 of mountains, and covered witli extensive forests. Tiie soil 
 is generally fortilei It is intersected by the South Side Kail- 
 road, extending fi-im Petersburg to Lynchbur;;. A plank- 
 road has lately been laid in the county. Capital, Clover 
 Hill. Pop. 8889; of wbom 4289 were free, and 4600 slaves. 
 
 APPOMATTOX DEPOT, a post-oifice of Powhatan co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 APH^OXC or PADANG, piMdng', one of the three large 
 l.slands N.K. of the coast of Sumatra, in the Straits of Ma- 
 lacca, about 90 miles S. by W. of Singapore. 
 
 APPOQUIN'NIMINK, a small creek of New Castle co., 
 Delaware, flows eastward into Delaware Bay. 
 
 APPOQUINXIMIMi, a hundred of Newcastle co., Dela- 
 ware, has a population of 4162. 
 
 APJUCENA, ipre-chd/ni, a town of Naples, province of 
 Capitanata. 23 miles N.N.W. of Foggia. Pop. 4560. 
 
 APllKiLIANO, d-preel-yi/no, a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Citra, 5 miles S.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 1000. 
 
 APS, ips, (anc. Al/ha Auffitsftal) a village of France, 
 department of Ardfeche, 12 miles S. of Privas. It was for- 
 merly important, and has many Roman antiquities. 
 
 APSIIKRON, ip-shA-ron', written also APCIIEltON and 
 ABCIIKRON, a peninsula in the Russian dominions, 
 Georgia, extends tor 40 miles into the Caspian Sea, and 
 terminates in Cape Apsheron. Lat. 40° 82' N.; Ion. 50° 12' 
 E. It forms the E. extremity of the Caucasian chain, and 
 Is of calcareous formation. Its soil is impregnated with 
 sulphur and inflammable gas, and it is famous as the place 
 of the sacred flame, so highly venerated by the fire-wor- 
 shippers of Ada. See Ateshga. About 237,000 poods of 
 black naphtha, and 8i)4 of white naphtlia are obtained an- 
 nually in this peninsula: besides 1000 poods of .salTron, 300 
 of madder, and 150,000 of salt. On its S. coast is the port 
 of Bakoo. 
 
 APSLEY (apslee) RIVER, East Australia, N. of the co- 
 lony of New South Wales, rises near lat. ol° S., and Ion. 
 151° 40' E., flows generally eastward, and enters the ocean 
 under the name of McLeay River, 40 miles N.E. of Port 
 Macfiuarrie. 
 
 AT''SLEY STRAIT. Timor Sea, is between Melville and 
 Bathurst Islands, off the N. coast of Australia. Length, 46 
 miles; breadth varies from 1^ to 4 miles; and depth of chan- 
 nel, from 8 to 24 fiithoras. Shores on both sides low. and 
 bordered by mangroves. A British settlement, now aban- 
 doned, was made at-Fort Douglas, on the strait, in 1824. 
 
 APSORUS. See Lossixr. 
 
 APT, Spt, (anc. Jp'ta Ju'lia,) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vaucluse, on the Calavon, 29 miles E.S.E. of Avig- 
 non. Pop. (lSf.2) 5770. It is enclosed by old walls, and has 
 s curious cathedi-al and many Roman antiquities, with 
 manufiietures of woollen and cotton stuffs, earthenware, 
 and confectionery. It was embellished by Csesar, whence 
 Its surname Julie. 
 
 APULIA, a-pu1e-a, or LA PUGLIA, 13 pool'yi. an ancient 
 province of Soutliern Italy, one of the principal divisions of 
 OriBcia Magna, now forming the three Neapolitan provinces 
 of Capitanata. Bari, Otranto. and part of Basilicata. A por- 
 tion of the territory is still called La Pcgua. 
 
 APULIA, a post-office of Onondaga CO., New York, 124 
 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 APURE, 3-poo'rA, a river of Venezuela, and one of the 
 chief tributaries of the Orinoco, rises in the Andes of New 
 Granada, nesir lat. 7° N., and Ion. 72° W., flows generally 
 eastward, and joins the Orinoco in lat. 7° 40' N., and Ion. 
 66° 45' W. AfBuents. including the Portuguesa and Gua- 
 rico, are mostly from the N. On it are the towns of Nutrias 
 and San Fernando. 
 
 APURIJIAC, d-poo-re-mik', a river of South America, 
 rises in a lake in the Andes of Peru, in lat, 15° 38' S,, Ion. 
 76° 25' W., among the savannas of the plain of Condoroma, 
 It flows through a mountainous country in a N. direction, 
 and joining the Ucay or A'ilcamayu, in lat. 9° 1.5' S.. Ion. 72° 
 30' W., forms the Ucay.ale,one of the principal tributaries of 
 the Amazon. Its while course, till it meets the Ucay, is be- 
 tween 600 and 600 miles. 
 
 AQUACKANOCK. New Jersey. See AcQUACKANONCK. 
 
 AQU.T; AUGUST.-E. see Dax. 
 
 AQU.5; LAT.t;. See Igualada. 
 
 AQU.?-: SEXTI.?=;. SeeAix. 
 
 AQUAMBO or AQUAMBOE, S-kwam'bS'. wi-ltten also 
 AK.\MBOE, a country of Africa, Upper Guinea, E. of the 
 liver Volta. with a town of the same name. 
 
 AQUAPIM, d-kwd-peem' or i-kwi-peeN»', a maritime state 
 of Africa, Upper Guinea, in about lat. 6° N.. and Ion. 0°, 
 having S. the Guif of Guinea. Soil rather barren near the 
 coast, but fertile inland. It is, however, very little culti- 
 vated, and the inhabitants live mostly on yams and dried 
 fish. They have some domestic manufactures, but most of 
 the woven fabrics in use are of English manufiicture, and 
 »re paid for in palm-oil and gold dust, 
 
 AQU AR A, d-kwi'rft, a village of Naples, province of Princi- 
 pato Citra, lOi miles S,S,E. of Campagna. Pop. 20.30. 
 
 AQU.^^S'CO, a post-office of Prince George's co., Maryland. 
 
 AQUL SeeAcQci. 
 
 AQUIA, akwi'a, a post-oflRce of Stafford co., Virginia. 
 
 AQUIA CREEK, in the E. part of Yirgini.i, flows through 
 Stafford co. into the Potomac. It is navigable for schooners 
 several miles from its mouth. 
 
 AQUILA, i'kwe-l3, a fortified city of Naples, capital of 
 the province of Abruzzo Ultra, on the Aterno, 58 mile.s 
 N.E. of Rome. Pop. 11,169. This is one of the best built • 
 and most commercial cities in the kingdom. It was much 
 injured by earthquakes in 1688, 1703, and 1706; on its 
 reconstruction only 1 bastion of the ancient fortification 
 was preserved. It has manufiietures of linens, and C yearly 
 fairs. Aquila was built by the Emperor Frederick II. fiODi 
 the ruins of the ancient AmitcHnum, the birthplace of Sal- 
 lust, some vestiges of which city are still traceable. 
 
 AQUILA, a-kwil'a, a post-office of Franklin CO., Georgia. 
 
 AQUILEJA. a-que-l.Vyd, a town of Northern Italy, go- 
 vernment of Triest, at the head of the Adriatic, 22 miles 
 N.N.W. of Triest. Pop. 1600. In the time of the Romans, 
 this was the centre of commerce between tlie N. and S. of 
 Europe ; its population was reckoned at 10,000 before it wa.s 
 taken and burned by Attila, It was then called the second 
 Jimne, and the Emperor Augustus often resided in it. 
 M.iny remains of anti(iuity are found in its vicinity, 
 
 AQUINO, d-kwee/no, (anc. Aquilnum, a town and bi.shop's 
 see of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 5 miles N.E. of 
 Pontecorvo. Pop. 1100. It was the birthplace of Juvenal 
 and Thomas Aquinas. 
 
 AQUIRAS, d-keo'ras, a small, poor village of Brazil, but 
 the oldest in the province of Ceara, on the Pacoti, between 
 Lake Aquiras and the ocean. Pop. of district, about 5000. 
 
 AQUIS-GRANUM. See Aix-l.v-Chapelle. 
 
 AQUITAINE. akVe-tAne', (Fr. pron. d'kee'tJn', L. Aqui- 
 tuhiia,) one of the fjur great divisions of Gaul as known to 
 the Romans. It subsequently took the name of Guienne, 
 and at present forms the departments of Gironde and Lot- 
 et-Garonne. 
 
 AQUITANIA. See Aquitaine. 
 
 AQUOKEE RIVER. See TocoA. 
 
 AQUO'NE, a post-office of Mason co.. North Carolina. 
 
 All A, ^tk, a small river of Spain, in Aragon, rising on the 
 S, side of the Pyrenees, in the province of Iluesca. and uniting 
 with the Cinca, 2 miles S. of Ainsa, after a c&urse of about 
 45 miles. 
 
 A RABAT, Jr'd-bit/, a fortress of the Crimea, on the sen 
 of Azov, 70 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. It was originally 
 fortified by the Turks. 
 
 ARABGIIEER, AKABGIR, a-rib-gbeer', or ARABKIR, 
 t-rdlvkeer'. {smc.Arahrace f) a thriving town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 pashalic of Seevas, (Sivas,) near the Euphrates, and on the 
 route between Trebizond and Aleppo, 135 miles S,S,W, of 
 Trebizond. It is enclosed by a forest of fruit-trees, and is 
 reputed to have 6000 houses, 4800 being occupied by Mo- 
 hammedans, and 1200 by Armenians, The latter are mostly 
 engaged in the manufecture of cotton goods from British 
 yarn. In 1835, they had nearly loOO looms at work. 
 
 ARABIA, a-r.A'be-.a, called in poetical Linguage ARABY 
 Jr'a-be. (Arab. jRztf.ret or Je.ziret-d,-Arah. je-zeer'f t fl 3'rdb, 
 i. e. '• the Isle or Peninsula of the Arabs ;" Turk, and Persian, 
 AruhUtun, J-rJb-e-stdn', i.e. "Arab country;" Fr. Aralne, 
 dVd^bee'; Ger. Aral/ien, d-rd'be-gn; L. Ara'bia.) the S.W. 
 part of Asia, is encompa.ssed on three sides by the sea; 
 namely, on the N.E. by the Pereian Gulf on the S.E. by the 
 Indian Ocean, and on the S.W. by the Red Sea. Its most 
 S, point — R&s'Arah, (the Cape St. Anthony of some maps.) — 
 stands in lat. 12° 35' N., Ion. 43° 56' E, The .'^hoals and 
 p.atches of rock stretching E. from this cape render its 
 vicinity dangerous to mariners. Thirty miles to the W. of 
 it are the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. The most eastern point 
 of Arabia— Ras-al-IIad— stands in lat. 22° 23' N., Ion, 59° 55' 
 E, A line drawn from the head of the Gulf of Suez to that 
 of the Persian Gulf, and marking the limits of the Araljian 
 peninsula on the N., will be found to run nearly in tlie 30th 
 parallel of N. latitude. But beyond, or N. of this line, ex- 
 tends a vast and desert region, which, being now occupied 
 chiefly by Arab tribes, is also called Arabia: it is bounded 
 on the E. by the valley of the Euphrates, on the W. bj- the 
 depressed tract in which lie the valley of thi .7oi dan and 
 the Dead Sea, while towards the N. it gradually contracts, 
 till it terminates in the vicinity of Tadmor or Palmyra, in 
 iilwut lat, 34° N,: so that Arabia extends in length from N. 
 to S, through 21° of latitude, or nearly 1300 geographical 
 miles, while its average breadth may be assumed to be about 
 600 miles. It includes also the peninsula of Sinai, betweiin 
 the Gulf of Suez and that of Akabah. The whole area of 
 the vast country thus described does not probably fall much 
 short of 750.000 geographical square mUes, or about eight 
 times that of the British Islands. 
 
 Notwithstanding the early reputation of Arabia, and the 
 interest atta«hing to a country, the inhabitants of which 
 have enacted most important parts in the early commerce 
 and general history of mankind, we still remain very imper- 
 fectly acquainted with it. European travellers have hitherto 
 penetrated but partially, and to a short distance only from 
 its coasts. We know, however, that Araiiia, taken collec- 
 tively, is an arid, sunburnt wilderness — the hills, naked 
 
 9.=> 
 
ARA 
 
 ARA 
 
 rock : the plains, rough stone or drifting sand. In this 
 dreary waste may be traced, here and there, particularly 
 near the mountains in the S. half of the peninsula, some 
 green spots which receive the ijeneiit of the annual rains; 
 and the wadies or valleys, descending from the rain-collect- 
 ing heights, figure only as so many green lines, more or 
 less strongly marked in the dazzling, sunburnt prospect. 
 But it is seldom that the tracts of cultivated land, even in 
 the plains, attain a width of 20 miles ; so that all the irri- 
 gated tehSmas or lowlands, and all the gi-een wadies of 
 Arabia taken together, bear but a small proportion to the 
 whole peninsula. 
 
 Arabia is commonly divided into three parts: — Arabia 
 Feux, or happ'j ; Pkte^a, or stony; and Deserta, or desert. 
 Arabia Felix boi-ders on the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, 
 and the S. part of the Red Sea ; Arabia Petrfea lies on the Hed 
 Sea, N. of Arabia Felix, and is underst^xid to include the terri- 
 tory N.W. of Arabia Deserta : Arabia lieserta includes all the 
 central portion of the country. Among the Arabians these 
 names are not known. They call Arabia Deserta. Xedjed or 
 Nej"d; Arabia Petraea, Hejaz; Arabia Felix is divided into 
 Yemen, Iladramaut, Oman, and Lahsa : which will be treated 
 of under their respective heads. 1 1 may be observed that the 
 above divisions are very loosely laid down by Arab writers; 
 and the limits have varied considerably at difTorent periods. 
 
 The cultivated tracts of Arabia are generally in the vici- 
 nity of the mountains, the torrents from which, in the 
 rainy season, collect soil, and endow it with fertility. The 
 proximity of the green fields, however, to the rocky heights, 
 depends on the rapidity of the streams, and the configura- 
 tion of the country. There are also some oases or produc- 
 tive spots in the interior, surrounded by deserts, and which 
 seem to indicate that the waters of streams lost in the 
 sands higher up, are here again collected and brought to- 
 wards the surfiice. The mountains exercising this benefi- 
 ■"ent influence on the land, rise, as far as we have any know- 
 ledge of them, at no great distance from the se-i-shore, and 
 form, with their ridges, a kind of elevated frame, which en- 
 closes the greater part of the peninsula. On the W., along 
 the shores of the Red Sea, from the Gulf of Akahah to the 
 Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb^a distance of 1000 miles — the 
 Arabian mountains are conspicuous throughout, presenting 
 peaked summits of naked rock, from 5000 to 8000 feet in 
 height, and varying from 12 to 60 miles in distance from 
 the coast. 
 
 The sterility of Arabia is sufficiently proclaimed when it 
 is stated that that vast country has no considerable, and 
 scarcely any permanent rivers. A few small streams, in- 
 deed, in Omin. as the Massora and Sib, are said to be con- 
 stant, that is, to contain water, and to flow throughout the 
 year from their sources to the sea; hut these, supposing 
 their permanence established, form, after all, but rare 
 exceptions. 
 
 Arabian rivers, in general, are either consumed in irriga- 
 tion or absorbed by the sands, even in crossing the narrow 
 f ehiimas or lowlands of Hejaz and Yemen, before they raich 
 the se.a-shore. The lakes of Arabia are, like the rivers, but of 
 short duration. After heavy rains, pools are formed, which, 
 being i-apidly evaporated, leave the ground incrusted with 
 salt. Arabia may be regarded, collectively, as a desert, and 
 the cultivated tracts throughout as so many oases, sur- 
 rounded by sterile and irreclaimable wastes. The desert of 
 Ahkaf. {i.e. "the waves of sands.") however, is of a peculiar 
 character, swallowing every thing which falls on it, and is 
 supposed by the natives to be the abode of demons, or of 
 the children of Ad. 
 
 In considering the climate of Arabia, it is necessary to 
 bear in mind, first, the position of that country, between the 
 burning deserts of Africa on one side, and those of Western 
 India on the other. Not that we can suppose the climate 
 of the interposed peninsula to depend on those of the ad- 
 jacent countries, but because it is evident that Arabia comes 
 under the influence of those meteorological conditions which 
 have consigned to drought and sterility a wide belt of coun- 
 try across the Old World, from the shores of the Atlantic 
 nearly to those of the Pacific Oce.an. This tract of desert, it 
 is true, lies for the most part beyond the tropic and towards 
 Central Asia, it bends much to the N.; the Arabian penin- 
 sul.i, on the other hand, extends several degrees S. of the 
 tropic. But, secondly, the intertropical position of Arabia 
 falls into the domain of the monsoons or periodical winds 
 peculiar to the Indian Seas. Now, the monsoons not only 
 interrupt the ordinary course of the trade winds, (which 
 How from the E., with an inclination to the equator.) but 
 they also interfere with th,it general law of intertropical 
 climate, by virtue of which the rain falls soon after the sun 
 has passed the zenith, .ind the hottest season is also the 
 rainy se.ison. In S. Arabia, on the other hand, the hottest 
 months of the year are comparatively dry and cloudless; 
 and the scanty rain fells chiefly in the winter, when the 
 atmosphere, being less heated, is also less loaded with 
 aqueous vapours. 
 
 To the extreme dryness of the atmosphere, and its freedom 
 from cloud or v.apour — conditions tending to accelerate evapo- 
 tion and the radiation of heat — ^may he ascribed the remark- 
 
 able degree of cold occasionally felt in Arabia, and which haa 
 given rise to very eiToneous conjectures respecting the el* 
 vation of that country. At Tayef^ not above 32U0 feet in 
 absolute elevation, and only in lat. 21° 12' N., snow is said 
 to fall once in everj* four years; and the mountains in the 
 neighbourhood, from 5000 to 6000 feet high, are annually 
 covered with snow. Further S., ice and snow are of frefjuent 
 occurrence on mountains ranging from COOO to SOOO feet in 
 height; while in Abyssinia, on the opposite side of the Bed 
 Sea. they are hardly known at the height of 12.000 feet. On 
 the S. coast, in like manner, we hear of snow and ice at 
 moderate elevations; and in Om&n, the JeTiel Akhdar, only 
 6000 feet high, and lying nearly under the trtipic, is fre- 
 quently crowned with snow in winter. Yet Muscat, on the 
 se;i-coast of Omin, is, perhaps, the hottest, inhabited place on 
 earth — a distinction which it owes in a gre.at measure to its 
 situation beneath bare cliffs, which reverljerate the heat. 
 At this place, the thermometer in the shade in June, gene- 
 rally rises above 100° Fah. in the afternoon. The heat 
 of Mocha, also, and the adjacent tehama, is to Europeans 
 insupportable in summer. In gener;il, the violent changes 
 of temperature which occur frequently in Arabia, are preju- 
 dicial to health. The humid S. wind, the cold, and dry N. 
 wind, and the stoims from the E., attended with clouds of 
 fine sand, .all bring with them the seeds of djsea.se. The N. 
 wind alone is regarded as s<Hlubrious and refreshing. The 
 coast of the Hejaz is thought to be particularly unhealthy, 
 and of late years, since the campaigns of the Egyptian army 
 against the Wahaby, the pl;igue, from which Arabia pre- 
 viously boasted to be exempt, has been added to the list of 
 endemic diseases. Here it is as well to remark, that the 
 imminent danger supposed to attend the occurrence of 
 storms of wind in the desert, the sherky (sirocco) or east 
 wind loaded with fine sand, and the simoom or hot poison 
 wind from the South, exists only iu the t;Ues of credulous 
 travellers. Whatever inconveniences must be endured on 
 such occasions by men and cattle, it seldom if ever happens 
 that they are suffocated by the pestilent bl.asts, nor are the 
 caravans ever buried iu overwhelming sands. 
 
 The flora of Arabia presents but little novelty ; it seems to 
 he made up of contributions from Africa, ludLa, and Ar- 
 menia. The sea-shore, where it is not .ab.solutely barren, 
 exhibits general plantations of the d.itopalm, which thrives 
 even where the ground is covered with jncrustatiuus of salt. 
 On the S. coast towards Omin. the mango and coco.H-nut are 
 occasionally met with. Furtlier inland grows the fig-tree, 
 the tamarind, the almond, and in Oman, the or.ange, lemon, 
 and citron. The wild bushes are chiefly mimos(v, eitphor- 
 biaccte, and the sidr or lotus nebka. With these grow l.iven- 
 der, wormwood, jasmine, and other scented plants. As the 
 mountains are ascended, the vegetation assumes a more 
 European character. Apricots, plums, pomegranates, and 
 grapes are found at the height of from 3000 to HMO feet; 
 and above these, the sides of the mountains are covered with 
 forests of juniper, less properly called cypress. The cotton- 
 plant and the sugar-cane grow in the tehama; the sumach 
 or gum arable, the aloe, and the casina fistula prefer the 
 hills; and the tree which yields the olUxiJium or frankin- 
 cense abounds in the mountjiins of Shej er or Shehr, in 
 Mahrah. 
 
 The Arabs cultivate for food, wheat, rice, barley, and 
 doorrah (durrah) or hdcus vulffare. (the jowdri of India.) be- 
 sides bananas, water-melons, and other garden produce: but 
 their chief dependence is on their d.ite plantations. These 
 occupy everj-where the irriguous land, the level margin of 
 the stream, the low sea-marsh, or the hollow moistened by 
 land-springs. The borders only of these favored spots, if 
 they admit of h.aving water occasionally led to them, are 
 given up to the cultivation of grain. >"ear every large date 
 plantation there is ordinarily a fort, with high walls and 
 dry ditch, round which is collected nearly the whole popu- 
 lation of the district or u-adj/. The cultivation of coffee was 
 introduced into Arabia from S. Abyssinia; and it is now 
 well known that the best coffee exported from Mocha, even 
 at the present day. is. in fact, the produce of Abyssinia. The 
 khat, also, a kind of te.a-plant. is originally Abyssinian; but 
 the use of it as a stimulant seems as yet hardly to extend 
 beyond Yemen ; yet there, such is the passion for it, that it 
 bears a very high price. 
 
 The Bedouin procures his supplies of cloth, oil, and oihsr 
 luxuries, in exchange for civet, musk, ostrich-feathers, an:* 
 other trifles, but chiefly for his horses and camels. The 
 trade in coffee, khat, almonds, balsam, senna, aiid gum?, 
 enriches a few proprietors: but, generally speaking, the 
 chief mercantile wealth of Arabia is, and always has beru, 
 derived from the carrying trade. The Ariib is the actire 
 factor who distributes the cotton cloth of India throughout 
 hall-civilized Africa, and carries back ivory, ghee, gums, and 
 dyewoods. in return. The productions of Arabia are. as a 
 source of wealth, quite insignificant in comparison with the 
 advantages of occupying the coasts which connect India 
 with Africa and Europe. There are, however, treasures ou 
 the Arabian coasts, which, though not absolutely large, 
 when considered as sources of national revenue, are yet im- 
 portant when compared with the much vaunte<l sweets and 
 
ARA 
 
 AEA 
 
 perfumes of the Interior. The pearl hanks In the Persian 
 Gulf extend from Bahrein E. above 300 miles. These give 
 employment to nearly 30.000 men, and from 1.500 to 2000 
 boats, yielding some £200,000 yeiirly. The ijearls are nearly 
 all bought by the biitti/as, who cngio-s still more completely 
 the produce of the pearl fi.shery in the Red Sea, on the 
 coasts of the llejfi,z. On the S. coasts of Arabia, the fisher- 
 men collect much ambergris and tortoise-shell. They take 
 immense quantities offish, particularly on the line of coast 
 between Mahrah and Omiiu, with which they supply the 
 interior. 
 
 Although the carrying trade between India and the 
 shores of the Mediterranean Sea has long since sunk into 
 comparative insignificance, yet enough remains to show the 
 importance and the foundation of the monopoly of it, once 
 enjoyed by the Arabs. 
 
 While navigation was in its infancy, that patient and en- 
 during animal, the camel — so justly entitled " the ship of the 
 desert" — offered the most convenient and econdmieal mode 
 of conveying goods from the Persian Oulf and South Arabia to 
 Egypt and I'henicia, whence they were distributed through 
 the West. It seems certiiin, that the trade routes of the 
 Arabs, in the earliest ages — in the ttfturishing days of Tyre 
 and Sidon — nearly coincided with those followed in the days 
 of the caliphs, when the caravans started from Bahrein for 
 Bagdad, and thence crossed the Syrian deserts to Aleppo, 
 Damascus, or Egypt; or, from Dhofar and the ports of Had- 
 ramaut. they passed through Yemen on their way N. The 
 establishment of the Mohammedan religion had the effect of 
 reviving this truly Arab branch of industry, for the Hadji or 
 pilgrimage to Mecca, which was enjoined on all true be- 
 lievers, drew crowds annually to the sacred shrine from all 
 parts of the Mohammedan world. This conflux of strangers 
 re<(uired large supplies, and gave 'great activity to trade; 
 but besides, the pilgrim caravans to Mecca being deemed 
 sacred, experienced tavor and prot«3ction in all Mohammedan 
 countries; and hence, the Hadji merchants, taking ad- 
 vantage of the security thus enjoyed, always united com- 
 mercial speculation with the work of piety. These caravans 
 (or l:afUii/is, as the Arabs call them) are at times exceed- 
 ingly numerous. There are authentic .accounts of caiavans 
 to Mecca which numbered 120,000 camels. Now-a-days the 
 ordinary commercial caravans rarely exceed from 600 to 
 1000 loaded camels. 
 
 Ilidnr;/. — In early times, Arabia was called by the He- 
 brews simply Kedem, or the "East." and its inhabitants 
 Beuil Ke/Un, or people of the East. The name Arabia, 
 when it first occurs in the Scriptures, (as in Ezekiel xxvii., 
 " Arabia and the princes of Kedar,") is evidently not ap- 
 plied to the whole peninsula, but only to the territory of 
 some pastoral tribes. The doctors of the Koran ascribe the 
 first origin of the Arab nation to the sons of Iram. (Ai'am.) 
 Ad, Thameed, Jorhum, Ac, whose posttrity are styled 
 Arab-el- Jraliah, or thorough-bred Arabs. These have long 
 since vanished from the page of authentic history, and 
 figure only in legends of remote antiquity. The sons of 
 Kahtan (Yoktan) are entitled Mix>tarabah (MUtarabah) or 
 Arabs by adoption; and the Ishmaelites are named, in a 
 similar sense, .Mustarabah. But it may be inferred from the 
 Hebrew Sci-iptures that some of the posterity of Ham, also 
 Seba, Havilah. Sabtah. and other sons of Cush, settled in 
 Southern Arabia, which was thus clo.seIy connected with 
 the land of Canaan. (I'henicia;) and this connection is also 
 testified by profane historians. It is reasonable to suppose 
 that the different branches of the Semitic race, who thus 
 occupied at an early epoch the Arabian peninsula, spoke 
 different dialects: but the prevalence since acquired by the 
 language of the Koran has for the most part effaced such 
 distinctions. It has, however, been recently discovered that 
 the upper classes in Mahrah. and especially in Bhofir. speak 
 a peculiar language called Ehkili, which many circum- 
 stances combine to identify with the ancient Hamyaritic. 
 At Mareb also, where remains of the celebrated dam are still 
 traceable, as well as at several places along the S. coast, in- 
 scriptions in the Hamyaritic tongue and characters (proba^ 
 bly the unknown character described by Arab writers 
 under the name of Musiind) have been copied; and from 
 the study of them it has been found that the Hamyaritic 
 language Ixire a close resemblance to Syriac and Hebrew, 
 and still more to Ethiopic, which last may be considered, 
 perhaps, as its immediate offspring. Anterior to Moham- 
 med. Hamyaritic was the general language of Southern 
 Arabia; but the language of the Koran quickly displaced 
 it; and, in the first ages of religious fervor, it fell into disuse. 
 The tribes of Mahrah and Dhofir, therefore, who now speak 
 Ehkeelee (Ehkili) are not to be considered on that account as 
 a separate race, but only as the descendants of that portion 
 of the population who rejected the proffered Isl4m in the first 
 insfcmce, and have since received it tardily, and perhaps 
 Incompletely. The others lost, with their language, a chief 
 mark of race, but they retained, and still retain, ancient 
 habits and dispositions which broadly distinguish them 
 from their Ishmaelite neighbors further N. While the lat- 
 ter are unalterably attached to a pastoral, roving life, to 
 arras, and rude independence, the former devote themselves 
 U 
 
 ardently to mercantile pursuits, and dwell in towns ; the> 
 seek the advantage of social combination, and cherish the 
 memory of their ancient kings. It would appear that Jews 
 were always numerous in Arabia. Subsequent to the dis- 
 persion, they possessed Yathrib, {Jatlirippa of Ptolemy,) 
 afterwards named Mexlineh, (the city;) and in Southern 
 Arabia, with which they were connected, perhaps, by com- 
 merce, they seem to have been settled in a still earlier age. 
 Their Scripture lore found favor with the people, who were 
 quite willing to believe themselves the posterity of Yoktan, 
 or of Abraham ; and even kings were numbered among the 
 converts. Hence we may reiiscmably conclude that of the 
 Arabian Jews of later times, the great majority are probalily 
 not Israelites by descent, but only Judaizing Arabs. A few 
 Jews, mostly silversmiths or distillers, are to be found in 
 all the chii^f market-towns of Arabia, except in Ilejiz, where 
 they are forbidden. In Muscat alone they are exempt from 
 insult and vexation. It is believed that in early ages the 
 chief objects of adoration in Southern Arabia were the sun 
 and moon, but with these there were certainlv other deities 
 of a more popular character. In the recently deciphered 
 Hamyaritic inscriptions occurs the name of .\thor. who was 
 proliably the same as Ashtoreth, the Venus of the Pheni- 
 cians. The northern tribes seem to have borrowed from 
 the pantheons of all the nations with whom they came in 
 contact; and the Ka.aba is said to have contained at one 
 time 300 idols. But Mohammed put an end to this accu- 
 mulating superstition, by establishing a system of pure 
 monotheism, with which he a.ssociated as much ritual ob- 
 servance as sufficed, without being wearisome, to connect 
 his doctrines with the habits of the people. The Ishmael- 
 its, the fellow-countrymen and companions of Slohammed, 
 hastened to rally round him as soon as success began to 
 gleam on his career, and willingly exchanged their waver- 
 ing superstitions fof doctrines at once grand, simple, and 
 decisive; bxit in the S., where Judaism, and Christianity 
 too, had gained a firmer footing, the new Ishmaelitic creed 
 met with an obstinate resistance; and it is said that some 
 tribes in Asir,at the S.sideofNedjed, remained unconverted 
 till the early part of the last century, when they were over- 
 powered by the fanatical Wahfiby. 
 
 The Ishmaelites appear to have always retained the 
 habits of Bedouins; they were wild Arabs; the i)ossessioh 
 of Jlecca and the Kajiba was theif sole boast ; and they 
 made no figure in history till the time of Mohammed. The 
 sons of Yoktan. on the other hand, in Southern Arabi.a. ad- 
 vanced in civilization, engaged in commerce, and had a 
 regal form of government. In the fourth century of our 
 era, a king of Yemen embraced Judaism, and persecuted the 
 Christians within his dominions, putting several thousands 
 of them to the sword. This .awakened the hostility of the 
 Abyssinians. (the Axumites.) and at length, in .i.D. 630, an 
 Ethiopian army crossed the lied Sea into Yemen, and put 
 an end to the Hamyarite dynasty. The year 671 gave birth 
 to Mohammed, wliose fiery genius was no doubt worked 
 upon by the contest of religious doctrines which agitated 
 Arabia in that age. With the diffusion of the new tiiith, a 
 new destiny seemed opened to the AriiV).s. The continued 
 success of their arms has no parallel in history. Within 
 the course of a few generations, Arab dynasties were esta- 
 blished from Central Asia and the frontiers of India, in 
 Samarcand, lialkh, and Cabool, to the shores of the Atlan- 
 tic, in Morocco and Spain. In the flourishing days of the 
 caliphs (t. e. "successors" of Mohammed) the Arab mer- 
 chant visited China, the interior of Africa, the shores of 
 the Baltic, and Northern Siberia. In truth, Arab commerce 
 at one time embraced nearly the whole of the Old World. 
 But this wide-spread superiority was in its nature transient. 
 The power of the caliphs was extingui.shed, after many a 
 sti-uggle, by that of the Ottomans, and in trade the Arabs 
 were graduiiUy and completely supplanted by Western na- 
 tions. Adj. Arabian, a-ri/be-an, Arabic, Sr/a-bik, and 
 
 Arabesque, ir\a-besk'; inhab. Arab, Jr'ab, and Arabia:*. 
 
 ARABIAN GULF. See Red Sea. 
 
 ARA'BIAN SEA, a large expanse of sea on the S.W. coast 
 of .\sia, lying between the peninsula of Hindostan on the E., 
 and Arabia on the W. The distance from the Arabian to the 
 Indian coast mav be. at the broadest part, about 1500 milea. 
 
 AHABICUS SINUS. See Red Sea. 
 
 ARABIE and ARABTEN. See Arabia. 
 
 ARABIS, a river of Southern Asia. See Poorallt. 
 
 ARABY. See Arabia. 
 
 ARACAN or ARKACAN, SrVa-kan' or l-rl-Hn', (called by 
 the natives liakliamg, rd-King' or rd-kiN"',) a British pro- 
 vince of Farther India, presidency of Bengal, extending 
 along the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 10° and 
 22° 30' N., and Ion. 92° and 94° E., having on the E. the 
 Burmese dominions, fi-om which it is sep-arated by a high 
 mountain range, and on the N. the British district of Chif.- 
 tagong. Area estimated at 16,500 square miles. Pop. (1889) 
 247,765. The chief rivers are the Aracan, Myoo, Aeng, and 
 Sandoway, all in some degree navigable. Along the coast* 
 are numerous islands. The soil of the higher grounds is a 
 rich loam; that of the lower and most extensive portion is 
 chiefly argillaceous, while on the rivers and on the coasts 
 
 97 
 
ARA 
 
 ARA 
 
 there are large accumulations of sand. Elevated Ibresta, 
 wooded Talleys, rivers, and small lakes form the geueral 
 features of the interior mountain district. Between the 
 mountains and the sea, it is covered with thickly wooded 
 jungles, which are so intersected by rivers, lakes, creeks, 
 and inlets, as to render communication from town to town 
 exceedin;;ly difficult The chief prodHcts are rice, indijro, 
 cotton, timber, salt, oil, buffalo hides and horns, ivory, 
 tobacco, silk, and fruits, which are exported to Bengal and 
 Chittagong. in return for betel and British and Indian 
 manufactures. Iron, coal, and naphtha are found along 
 the coast. Aracan is subdivided into the districts of Ak- 
 yab, Kamree, Aeng. and Sandoway; chief town, Aracan; 
 chief military station, Kj'ook Phyoo. This province was 
 conquered by the Burmese in 1784. and ttiken from them 
 by the British in 1S24. Adj. and inhab. Aracanese, 
 
 AKACAX or ARR.'V.CAX, a town of British India, beyond 
 the Ganges, province of Aracan, of which it was formerly 
 the capital, situated on a river of the same name, 50 miles 
 from the sea, about lat 20° 45' N.; Ion. 93° 10' K. It was 
 at one time a pliice of considerable importance, having had 
 a population of 96.000; but it is now so much reduced that, 
 In 18:j6, its population was estimated at from 8000 to 10.000. 
 
 ARACAN (or KULADYXE) RIVER rises in the Burmese 
 dominions, lat. 2.3° X. and Ion. 94° E., and after a generally 
 southward course of 200 miles, enters the Bay of Bengal in 
 Arac.in, 15 miles X.E.of Aky.ab. It is navigable in its latter 
 part for vessels of 250 tons burden. 
 
 ARACATI or ARACATY, dri-kd-tee', a river-port, Brazil, 
 about 55 miles S.E. of Ceara. on the Rio Jaguaribe,(" river of 
 Jaguars,") 10 milesfrom the sea. Lat 4" 31' S. ; Ion. 37° 48' 
 W. It contains a handsome town-hall, a prison, 3 schools, 
 and 5 churches. The princip:il exports are cotton and 
 hides, nearly all brought from the interior. Of the former 
 about 5000 bags, or 25.000 arrobas of '32 pounds each, are 
 exported annually; and of the Litter, 2000. In the rainy 
 season the river, which runs close to the town, often rises 
 12 feet above its ordinary level. The bar at the mouth of 
 the river, which h.is a depth of 8 feet at low water, is nai^ 
 row and dangerous. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 ARACATI or ARACATY. a river of Brazil, province of 
 Ceara, enters the Atlantic by two mouths. Length, 120 miles. 
 
 AR.\CE\A, d-rd-th.Vnd. a town of .'>pain. in .\nd.ilusia, 
 province of Iluelva. 33 miles N.W. of Seville. Pop. 2370. 
 
 ARACIIAS. S<v» Araxas. 
 
 AR.\QU.\HI, d-ri-swd-hee', a river of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Geraes. rises in the Serra Esmeraldius, flows X.E., 
 and falls into the Jequitinhonha, after a course of upwards 
 of 200 miles. It is tolerably deep, and might be rendered 
 navigiible for more th.an half of its course. 
 
 .A.RAD, Or^Od', a market-town of Hungary, on the Maros, 
 145 miles S.E. of Pesth, divided by the river into Old .\rad 
 and New Arad. 
 
 ARAB, Old, (Hun. Arad, o JTrod'; Ger. AU. Arad, iltr 
 d'rdt.) an open town, capital of the county or district of 
 Arad. is a bishop's see. and contains a Greek theological 
 seminary, a Roman Catholic gymnasium, and Wallacliian 
 norm.il school. Manufactures tobacco and snuff. It has an 
 important fair, second only to the fairs of I'esth and Debrec- 
 zin, and a considerable amount of trade is carried on in 
 cattle. Pop. 26.9,n9. 
 
 ARAD, New, (Hun. Uj Arad. oo>e6r%d': Qer. Xeu Arad, 
 noi d/rdt.) lies across the river from Old .\rad. in the banat 
 of Temesvar; a bridge which connected the two was de- 
 stroyed during the late revolution. New .\rad is chiefly i-e- 
 markable for its extensive fortress, one of the strongest in 
 Austria, and used also as a prison for political offenders. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 AR.\D, besides the above, is the name of 4 small places In 
 Hungary, not deserving a separate notice. 
 
 Ali.\D ISL.A.ND, Persian Gulf, near Bahrein Island. 
 
 ARAFAT (4 id-ldt') MOUNT, or JEBEL-ER-HAllM, jib' 
 Jl-Jr-rdh'm (i. e. •' the mountain of mercy"), a granite liill of 
 Arabia, 15 miles E. of Mecca. It is about 1 or Ij miles in 
 circuit, and its summit is nearly 200 feet above the level of 
 the plain. It is one of the principal objects of pilgrimage to 
 Mohammedans, who affirm that it was the place where Adam 
 first received his wife Eve, after they had been expelled from 
 Paradise, and separated from each other 120 years. On the 
 summit the spot is shown where Mohammed used to take 
 his stition during the pilgrim.-ige. The mountain not being 
 large enough to accommodate all the devotees that go annu- 
 ally on pilgrimage to Mecca, the law declares that the plain, 
 in the immediate neighborhood of the mountain, may be re- 
 garded a-s comprised under the term Mount of Aralat. 
 
 AR.^FURA. SEA OK, N. of Australia. See Papua. 
 
 All- AdO, a cape of Oregon. S. of the mouth of Umpqua River. 
 
 ARAGON or ARRAGON, &r/ra-pon, (Sp. pron. dK-nd-gOn'; 
 Fr. Aragtm. dVdV^N"'; It Aragona, 1-rd-go'nd; Ger. Ara- 
 gonxen, l-rii-go/ne-en ; L. Aragnlnia.) an ancient kingdom of 
 gpain. bounded N. by France. E. by Catalonia. S. by Valencia 
 and New Castile, and \V. by theCastiles and Navarre. Length, 
 about 240 miles ; average breadth. 90 miles: area. 1 5,988 square 
 miles. It is now divided into the three provinces of Huesca, 
 
 Saragossa, ("Zanigoza.) and Ternel. It forms a basin encom- 
 passed by the Pyrenees, the Sierras of Mosella, Albarracin, Mo- 
 lina, and Soria, while offsets of these chains traverse the inte- 
 rior in all directions. Several peaks of the I'yrenees rise up- 
 w.ards of 11,000 feet above the-^ea, their tops covered with per 
 petual snow. Tlieir sides are clothed with forests of oak, beech, 
 and pine; wliile lower down are rich and extensive pastures, 
 with many tieautiful and fertile valleys. The largest level 
 tract is formed by the valley of the Ebro, which, enteiitig: on 
 the W., flows S.E., dividing the province into tw^o nearly equal 
 parts. The Guadalaviar, the Jucar. and the Tagus nave 
 their sources in the extreme S., and the Ar;igon, an affluent 
 of the Ebro, in the N.W. part of this kingdom. The climate 
 is variable, though generally healthy. On the mountains, 
 and especially among the Pyrenees, it is extremely cold, but 
 becomes much warmer in the valleys near the Ebro and 
 Cinca, High and piercing winds from the N.W. and S.E., 
 however, fi-equently prevail; those which come swe^ping 
 down fix>m the hills of Montc.iyo being peculiarly penetrating. 
 The flora of .\ragon is varied and extensive; but, like that 
 of the rest of Spain, little known. Its minerals are ni.irbles, 
 jaspers, pit coal, copper, iron, lead, quicksilver, cobalt, and 
 alum. Extensive tracts are wholly stony and bairen. while 
 others, though capable of cultivation, are entirely neglected. 
 Still, where proper means are employed, excellent crops are 
 obtained of grain and fruit, saffron, flax, and hemp. Silk- 
 worms are reared in considerable numbers. The commerce 
 is limited, the principjil means of transix)rt being by the 
 way of the Ebro. and the gre.it canal of Aragon. which, com- 
 mencing near Tudela, in Navarre, joins the Ebro 30 miles 
 below Saragossa. Pop. 847,105. The kingdom of .Aragon 
 was founded in 1034, and was united to the crown of Castile 
 
 by Ferdinand the Catholic, who m.irried Isabella in 1474. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Aragonese. Jr*a-go-neez'. • 
 
 AR.A.GON a river of Spain, rises in the Pyrenees, and 
 flowing through Navarre, joins the Ebro opposite .\lfaro, 
 after a S.W. course of SO miles. Chief affluent, the Arga. 
 On it are the towns Verdun and Sangue-sa. 
 
 ARAGON, Imperial Canal of, in Spain, .\ragon, 
 extends in the direction of the Ebro, from Tudela to near 
 Sastago and Tauste. Length opened SO miles, average width 
 69 feet, depth 9 feet. It is mostly lined by high, massive 
 walls, is navigable for boats of from 60 to 80 tons, and 
 crosses the .T.ilon River by an aqueduct 4800 feet in length. 
 Begun by Charles V. in 152S. it remained in an unfinished 
 state for nearly 200 years. It is now in active operati( ai, but 
 the revenue in lS4i and 1844 was considerably under the 
 expenditure. 
 
 ARAGONA, d-rd-go/nd. a town of Sicily, "i miles N.N.E. of 
 Girgenti. Pop. 6630. It has a castle, with line p.iinfings 
 and antiquities. Near it is the mud volcano of Maccaluba. 
 
 ARAGONA. ARAGONIA. AKAGONESE. fee. See Araoon. 
 
 AR.\GUARI. d-rd-gwd-ree', a river of Bi'axil. province of 
 Pari, in Brazilian Guiana, rises in the Sierra de Tumcaraque, 
 in lat. 45° N, Ion. 52° 32' W., and foils into the Atlantic in 
 lat. 1° 50' N. Total couree. about 160 miles. 
 
 ARAGUAY, dr-d-gwi', or ARAGUAYA, d-r-dgwi'd. a large 
 river of Brazil, rises, with many branches, in the mountains 
 near lat. 18° 10' S., Ion. 51° 30' W. It flows northward be- 
 tween the provinces of Goyaz and Jlatto-G rosso, and joins the 
 Tocantins at Sao Joao, sifter a total course of at least 1000 
 miles, about the middle of which it separates into two arms, 
 enclosing the island of Santa Anna. 200 miles in length. 
 This river flows through about 13° of latitude, 11 of which 
 are navigable. The east branch is called the Furo. 
 
 AR.-VGONIA. See Aragon. 
 
 ARAIIAL, d-rd-hdl'. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 22 
 miles E.S.E. ftxim Seville. It has 2 squares. 3 churches, a 
 Latin school, 7 other schools, philosophical society, hospital, 
 and cemetery. It has manutactures of felt hats, so:ip, gyp- 
 sum, earthenware, oil. and wine. Pop. 69S8. 
 
 ARA JOVIS. See .\ranjuez. 
 
 ABAKAN. Aracan. 
 
 AR AKHOVA, d-rd-ko'vd. a village of Greece, government of 
 Boeotia, on the S. declivity of Mount Parnassus, 15 miles 
 W.N.W. of Livadia. 
 
 ARAL (ii-'al) SE.\, an extensive but imperfectly known 
 lake or inland .sea, in Independent Tartiry, bt>tween al>out lat. 
 42° 20'and47°0'N..!ind lon.57° 25'.ind 61°0'E. Excepting 
 the Caspian, from which it lies from 150 to 200 miles E., and 
 from which it is separated by the Khassaks Isthmus, or pla- 
 teau of OostA''oort,(Ust-Urt.Mt is the largest inland sea of 
 the Eastern Hemisphere. It is composed of two portions — 
 the broad expanse, or Sea of Aral proper. alx)ut 270 miles long 
 by 130 miles broad ; and Like Laudan at its S.W. extremity, 
 about 100 miles long, and from 10 to 25 miles broad, being, 
 properly speaking, the estuary of the river Liudan. from 
 which it is named. A similar, but less known .-ind less ex- 
 tensive expanse exists at the S.E. extremity, culled the Dan- 
 kara .Sea or Lake. Both the Laudan and the Dav.kara Lakes 
 are shallow, and overgrown with i-eeds ; the depth of the 
 former not being more, on the E. shore, than a single iach, 
 and its deepest part, as far as yet known, not exct»ed' \g 4 
 feet 10 inches. The W. shore of the Aral Sea is forineu by 
 theOo6t-Yoort,plateau, which rises upwards of ^00 leet aboi* 
 
ARA 
 
 ARA 
 
 the level of the lake, but shelves graJually down to the 
 water. The bed of the sea on this shore is beautiful sand, 
 and sinks"so gi-adually that one may advance into the water 
 a distance of 200 paces. No rivers enter the .sea on its \V. 
 shore; those that enter from the E. are the Sihon or Jax- 
 artes, the Kuwandaria, and the Jandaria. The Aral Sea is 
 supposed not to be deep, thou;;h probably having water 
 sufficient to admit of being navigated by small vessels. The 
 nom.idic tribes on its banks resort to it for the fish with 
 which it abounds, (similar to those found in the Caspian,) 
 more especially sturgeons. Seals are also met with. The 
 water is saltish, though not unpleasantly so ; it may be used 
 for culinary purposes, and is drunk freely by horses. In 
 winter it freezes, the lee attaining a thickness of at least 11 
 inches. The W. shore is infested with scorpions, which find 
 shelter under the numerous small limestones with which 
 the ground is there strewed. The Aral Sea lies between the 
 steppesof Kirgheez and Khiva,in the great depression of West- 
 ern Asia, Its elevation is uncertain, having been variously 
 estimated; l)ut, in IIumt«ldfs opinion, it may be esteemed 
 on the same level as the Caspian, of which, in times remote, 
 it doubtless formed a part. Humboldt su])poses the sea to 
 have been at first only an enlargement of the Oxus, now its 
 principal trlbutai-y. but then anatliuent of the Caspian; and 
 formed a lake which now has no visiWe outlet, and as its 
 aflluents do not furnish a supply of water equal to the amount 
 of evaporation that takes place, the lake is supposed to be 
 decreasing in size. 
 
 This lake is called by the Kirgheez, ARAl/-TESGnEEZ, i. e. 
 "island sea," (and, d-r4l', signifying " island,") from the 
 multitude of islands it contains. 
 
 AKAMP^NGO, i-rd-mfn'go, an ancient town of the Sar- 
 dinian States, in Piedmont, province of Asti. Pop. 1080. 
 
 AKAMIX'GO, formerly a districtof Philadelphia co., Penn- 
 sylvania, but now included within the limits of the city, 
 about 4i miles N. by E. of the state-house. 
 ^ ARAMON, 3'ri'm("ixo', a town of France, department of 
 Gard, on the right bank of the Rhone, 15 miles E.N.E. of 
 Ntmes. Pop. (1861) 2,727. It has manufactures of salt- 
 petre, Ac. 
 
 ARAX, d-rin', a valley of Spain, province of Lerida, sur- 
 rounded by the elevated summits of the Pyrenees, and 
 liable to dangerous avalanches. 
 
 ARANDA-DE-DUERO.d-rdn'dil-dA-dwA/ro, a town of Sp.ain. 
 capital of the judicial district of the s;une name, in Old Cas- 
 tile. 4S miles S. of Burgos, on the right bank of the Duero. 
 It was in ancient times a fortification of some importiince, 
 and still retains part of its walls, which were made availa- 
 ble in the late civil wars. When the court is held at this 
 place, the piipulation sometimes numbers 20,000 ; at other 
 times it does not exceed 4000. 
 
 AR.\XJDEZ, d-rJn-Hw?th', (anc. J'ra Jnlvin,) a town and 
 roval residence of Spain, on the left bank of the Tagus, in 
 Xew Castile, 2S miles S.S.E. of Jladrid. It is the S.S.E. ter- 
 minus of the Madrid and Aranjuez Kailw.ay. Elevation, 1640 
 feet. Ordinary pop. ?.6.'!9. As a place of recreation for the 
 court, this town combines all that is useful and agreeable : 
 palaces, hotels, cafi6s, and numerous public gardens, spacious 
 streets, and elegant squares, theatres, and bull-rings. It has 
 also an hospital, and an iustitution for public instruction. 
 
 AR.\NSAS, ar-an'sas, a small river of Texas, rises near 
 the S.E. border of Bexar county, and flowing south-east- 
 ward, forms the boundary between San Patricio county on 
 one hand, and Goliad and Refugio on the other, until it 
 empties itself into Aransas Bay. 
 
 ARANSAS BAY, otherwise called ARANSAZUA, and 
 ARANSASO BAY, on the coast of Texas, immediately N. of 
 Corpus Christi Bay. Length, about 18 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 8 miles. 
 
 AR.\XSAS, a small post-village of Refugio co., Texas, on 
 Aransas Bay. 
 
 ARAXYOS.0h-r(5n'yosh\ a river of Austria, in Transylva- 
 nia, which passes Thorenburg, and joins the ilaros on the 
 left. Grains of gold are found along this river, whence its 
 name, ariintj signifving "gold." 
 ' ARAXYOS.atownofHungary, N.W.ofBuda. Pop.lSOO. 
 
 ARAPAHOE (a-rap'a-hO) IXBIANS, a tribe dwelling be- 
 tween the South fork of Platte River and the head waters 
 of the Arkansas. 
 
 ARA PILES, d-ra-peelJs, a village of Spain, 4 miles S,E. 
 of Salamanca. Pop, 336. This was the scene of the san- 
 guinary engagement called the battle of Salamanca, in 
 which the allies under AVelliugton defeated the French 
 under Marmont, 22d July, 1812. 
 
 AR.A.R, a river of France. See Sa6xe. 
 
 ARARAT, ar'a-raC a celebrated mountain of Western A,sla, 
 in Armenia, forming the point of contact of Russia with Tur- 
 key and Persia, to each of which it partly belongs. It lies 
 In the S. portion of the extensive plain of the .\ras, about ,35 
 miles broad, and of whose length about 70 miles can be 
 taken In by the eye. It consists of two mountains, the 
 Great Ararat on the N.W., and the Little A rarat on the S.E., 
 their summits, in a direct line, being about 7 miles apart, 
 and +heir bases insensibly blending into each other by the 
 iuteriwsition of a wide, level, upland valley. The summit 
 
 of the Great Ararat Her !n lat. .39° 42' N., Ion. 43° 3R' E., ami 
 is 17,32:5 feet above the sej-level, and 14,320 feet above the 
 plain of the .\ras. The N.E. ^lopfe ,.f the mountain is about 
 14 miles in length, and the S.W. alwut 20 miles. On the 
 former, visible even from Erivan, 32 miles distant, is a deep, 
 gloomy, crater-like chasm. The mountain is covered with 
 perpetual snow and ice. from about 3 miles from its sunmiit 
 downward in an oblique direction. On the entire X. half, 
 from about 14.000 foet above the sea, it shoots up in one 
 rigid crest to its summit, and then .stret^^hes downward, on 
 its S. side, to a level not quite so low, forming what is called 
 the Silver Crest of Ararat. Little Ararat rises 13.003 fett 
 above the sea-level, and 10,140 feet above the plain of the 
 Aras, and is free from snow in Septemlwr and October. Its 
 declivities are greater and steeper than those of the Great 
 Ararat, and its almost conical form is marked with several 
 delicate furrows, that radiate downward from its summit. 
 The top of the Great Ararat was first reached, Octotier 9, 
 1829, by Professor Parrot. All doubt as to the volcanic na- 
 ture of the two Ararats was put an end to on July 2, 1S40, 
 when an eruption took place from the head of the great 
 chasm, which destroyed the monastei-y and chapel of St. 
 James, the village of Arguri, and their Inmates. That 
 Xoah's ark rested on the t'/p of Mount Ararat is not to be 
 credited; the difficulty of the descent, and the low tempera- 
 ture of the atmosphere, which must have killed many of 
 the animals, alike preclude the supposition ; and, moreover, 
 Scripture does not siiy it rested on the top, but merely " on 
 the mountains of Ararat." If this bo the mountain there 
 referred to, which is somewhat doubtful, swing that the 
 olive does not grow near it, the ark must have rested on one 
 of its lower slopes. The name Ararat is sjiid to be derived 
 from Arai, a king who lived 1760 years B.C. He fell in bat- 
 tle, in an Armenian plain, which was hence called .Vrai- 
 Arat, "the fall of Arai," Before hun reigned Amassis, the 
 sixth from .Taphet, who called the country Amasia ; hence 
 the name Massis, by which alone Armenians in the present 
 day know the mountain. By the Persians and Turks it is 
 called Agrida-rh; the third syllable, dagh, means moun- 
 tain, but philologists are not agreed on the signification of 
 Agri. 
 
 AR'ARAT,a small river of Xorth Carolina, which enters 
 Yadkin River from the X.W.. a few miles E. of Rockford. 
 
 AR.\RAT, a post-ofRce of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ARARAT, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia. 
 
 ARARAT MOUNTAIN, North Carolina. See Pilot Moun- 
 
 T.\IN. 
 
 AlHRAUMA, d-rd-rCw'md, a solt-wat«r lake of Brazil, 
 province of Rio de Janeiro ; length, from E. to W.. 22j miles ; 
 greatest fireadth, 74 miles. It communicates with the eca, 
 to which it lies paniUel, and has a depth, according to the 
 state of the tide, of from 26 to 80 feet, 
 
 ARARIPE, SERRA DE, sSr/rI dA d-rd-ree/pA, an ele- 
 vat<^d tible-land of Brjizil. between 4 and 6 miles S,W. of the 
 town of Cratoor Cratto. in about lat. 6° 30' S.; Ion. 3S° 30' 
 W. It forms a semicircle round the undulatory plain on 
 which Crato is situated, and is the source of a great many 
 fertilizing streams. 
 
 ARAS. dVds'. (anc. Araxe.% d-rax'iz.) a river of Armenia, 
 rises in the Turkish pashiUic of Erzroom, near lat 41° 30' N'., 
 and Ion. 41° 10' E.: flows eastward, dividing the territories 
 of Russia and Persia, and joins the Koor, within the Russian 
 dominions, CO mlL'S W. of its mouth in the Caspian. Total 
 course, upwards of 500 miles, very rapid, but often fordable. 
 Chief affluents .\rpa-Chai and Kara-Soo. On it are the towns 
 of Abbasabad and Terri-Kala. 
 
 ARASAIG, drVa-sAg', a village and district of Scotland, 
 CO. of Inverness, on the W. coast ; the name also of a pro- 
 montory S. of Lochna-Gaul. Steamers call regularly off 
 this place. 
 
 ARASSUAIIAY or ARASUAIII. See ARA^CAm. 
 
 ARATICA. d-rd-tee'ka, one of the Society Islands, in the 
 P.acific Ocean, in lat. 15° 2G' S., Ion. 145° 39' 46" W. It is 8 
 miles in length, by 5 miles across. 
 
 ARATOR or ARRATOR, a postrvillage of Pettis co., Mis- 
 souri, 5S miles W. bv N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ARAU. See Aakad. 
 
 ARAUCAXIA, draw-kd'ne-d, or ARAUCANA, araw4:d'- 
 nd, (Sp. pron. d-riiw-kd'ud.) an independent territory in the 
 S. part of Chili, between lat. 37° 29' and 40° 18' S., having the 
 Andes on the E , and the Pacific on the AV. Its entire length, 
 according to the above limits, is about 200 miles : its breadth, 
 from 90 to ISO. As it differs little in its physical features, 
 climate, or productions, from other parts of Chili, (which see.) 
 this article will be limited to an accnunt of its inhabitants, 
 who, though greatly overrated by the Spanish writers, are 
 one of the most remarkable, perhaps, of all the uncivilized or 
 semi-barbarous races. W ith some of the vices common to 
 all savage nations, the Araucanians possess many noble 
 qualities. They are generous and humane toward the van- 
 quished, courteous, hospitable, benevolent, and grateful ; 
 enthusiastic lovers of liberty, and ever ready to sacrifice 
 their lives in the service of their country, the Independence 
 of which they have maintained for centuries by their in- 
 domitable courage, and singular aptitude for war. Seeing 
 
ARA 
 
 ARC 
 
 the tvils of \vl)ich gold is the cause, the Araiicanians, after 
 they had expelled the Spaniards from their country by force 
 of arms, closed their uiiues, avowing the most profound 
 contempt for that precious metal, as a source of iutimous 
 cruelty, unmanly avarice, and degrading servitude. They 
 are highly susceptible of mental culture, but despise the re- 
 ftriiiuts of civilization. They cultivate poetry and rhetoric. 
 Their style of orator3', as might be expected in the case of a 
 semi-lxu-barous people, is highly figurative and allegorical ; 
 at the same time lively, bold, and original. Their most pro- 
 minent vices are drunkenness, debauchery, and presump- 
 tion. The Araueanians have divided their country into four 
 tetrarchies or districts, corresponding to the natural divi- 
 sions of the territory, namely, the "maritime country," the 
 '■plain country," the "foot of the Cordilleras," and "the 
 Andes." Each of these is governed by a Ux{ui or tetrarch. 
 The Ai'aucanians have little commerce of any kind, and all 
 their tranactions are conducted by barter. The articles 
 ■which they usually give in exchange for goods are horses 
 and horned cattle. 
 
 Polygamy obtains among the Araueanians, and celibacy 
 is considered ignominious. Their marriage ceremonies have 
 little fonnality, consisting in little more than cu'rying off 
 the bride by pretended violence. The women pay great at^ 
 tention to cle;inliness in their houses, which are swept seve- 
 ral times a day, and all their utensils carefully washed im- 
 mediately after being used. They are equally cleanly in 
 their per.sons, as are also the men, and all are partiiil to 
 freijuent bathing. Their religion is simple. They acknow- 
 ledge a Supreme Being, whom they tielieve to be attended 
 by some inferior deities, who execute his behests. They 
 believe al.so in the immortality of the soul, but have some 
 absurd notions regarding the future state. The pop. of 
 
 Araucania has been estimated at 70,000. Adj. and iuhab. 
 
 of Aralcaxian, J-raw-ki/ue-an. 
 
 AKAUCO, i-i-Ow'ko, a maritime fortress of Chili, on the 
 Bay of Arauco, 05 Jniles S.S.W. of Concepcion, built to re- 
 strain the incursions of the Araueanians. 
 
 AUAUCO, ^-rowTvO, a district of the department of La 
 Rioja. of the La I'lata Confederation. 
 
 AK.\UIIE, 3-row'ra, a city of Venezuela, plea.santly situated 
 on the Acaiigua, an affluent of the Portuguesa, 60 miles 
 E.N.E. of Trujillo. Lat. 9° 17' N.; Ion. 09° 28' W. The 
 sti-eets are straight and the houses well-built. It contains 
 a handsome square and church. It is the capital of a well- 
 watered, fertile district, which yields cotton and coffee, and 
 pastures numerous herds of cattle. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 ARAUSIO. See Orange. 
 
 ARAVULU (arV-vuiaee) MOUNTAIN'S, a range of moun- 
 tains, which, traversing the territory of Ajmeer. in the X.W. 
 part of India, from S.S.W. to X.X.E.. extend fii^m lat. 24° to 
 2S° N., or about 300 miles. It nowhere attains any great 
 elevation, the highest summit not exceeding 5000 feet above 
 the level of the .sea. 
 
 AKAWAN, El. ^1 J-ra-wSn', or AL AROUAX. 31 .4-roo 
 win', a town of Sahara, territory of Zawat, 125 miles N. of 
 Timbuctoo. Lat. 1S° 65' X.; Ion. 3° W. 
 
 .4.RAXAS, d-rd'shas, a town of Brazil, formerly in the 
 province of Ooyaz, but by decree of April 4, 1S16, transferred 
 to the province of Jlinas Geraes. It lies W. of the Matto 
 Gordo mountains. Pop. of town and disti-ict, the latter 
 being extensive. 5000. 
 
 ARAXES, a river of Armenia. See Aras. 
 
 AR'BA, a post-offlce of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 
 ARBACOO'CHEE. a post-ofiice of Randolph co., Alabama. 
 
 ARBE, aR/bi, an island in the Adriatic, Gulf of Quarnero, 
 belonging to Austria, 11 J miles in length; and, at the 
 broiidest part, near the centre, 4 miles across. The princi- 
 pal town is on the S.'VV. side of the i.^^land: it is built on a 
 hill, and contains a cathedral and collegiate church. Pop. 
 between 4000 and 5000. 
 
 ARBtyLA, a village of Palestine, E. of the Jordan, and 
 28 miles S.E. of Tiberias. 
 
 ARBF/LA, a post-office of Scotland co., Mis.souri. 
 
 ARBELA OF GALILEE, in Palestine, identified by Ro- 
 binson with Irbid. (Arab. Irhil.) is on tlie "\V. side of the 
 Lake of Tiberias, 3^ miles X.W. of Tibeiias. Adjoining are 
 some remarkable caverns. 
 
 ARBIL, ar-beel', or ERBIL, er-beel', (anc. ArbeHa,) a town 
 of Asiatic Turkey, 40 miles E. by S. of JIosul. Pop. 6000. 
 The modern town, enclosed by a bastioned brick wall, 
 mounting some cannon, is on a mound 60 or 70 feet in 
 height, at the foot of which is a ruined suburb. It has 
 some lar.'^e mosques, baths, and bazajirs. Here Alexander 
 the Great obtained his final and decisive victory over Da- 
 rius. B.C. 331. 
 
 AR'BIRLOT, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 ARBOE, ar-bo', a parish of Ireland, cos. of Londonderry 
 and Tyrone. 
 
 ARBOGA. aR-lx/gJl, a town of Sweden. 30 miles S.W. of 
 Westerjls. Pop. 2ul3. It is famous for its beer, and hiis an 
 Bctive general and transit trade with Stockholm by the Ar- 
 loga River and Ma>lar Lake. The Arboga Canal unites the 
 lakes of Jlwlar and Hjelmar. 
 
 ARBOIS, ia'bwd/, a town of France, department of Jura, 
 
 on the Cuisance, 6 miles X.E. of Poligny; elevation, 940 
 feet. I'op. (1852) 6901. It is celebrated "for its wine, and 
 has flatting mills, manufactures of eai-thenware and paper, 
 and .several Roman and lledieval remains. 
 
 ARBOLEAS, au-bo-lA/is, or ARBOLEDAS, aR-bo-L4/Das. h 
 town of Spain, in Andalusia, 41 miles X.X.E. of Almeria, 
 near the Almanzora, on a declivity, 20 miles fi-om the sea. 
 Pop. 2378. 
 
 ARBOLETES, aR-bo-li't^s, a small .seaport town cf New 
 Granada, on the Gulf of Darien. Lat.8°55'X.; lon.7D'^25'W. 
 
 ARBOX, .HR^bdiN"', (L.Arilxir FeUix.) a town of Sw itzerland, 
 canton of Thurgau, 15 miles S.E. of Constance, on its late, 
 with 1000 inhabitants, employed in cotton manufactures. 
 ARBOX, Africa. See Arebo. 
 
 AK'BORFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 AREORIO, aR-bo'ro-o, a Tillage of Piedmont, 10 milo9 
 N.N.W, of Vercelli. Pop. 1200. 
 
 AR'BORA'I'TE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 ARBOS, aR/boce, a town of Spain, on the Foix, 22 miles 
 N.E. of Tarragona. Pop. 1200. It was burned by the French 
 in ISOS. in revenge for its brave resistance. 
 
 ARBROATH, ar'breth, formeriy AlVERBROTIIXX'K, a 
 seaport and manufacturing town of Scotland, co. of F'orlar 
 or Angus, at the mouth of a small stream called the Broth- 
 ock, whence the name of the town ; the prefix Aber (Gaelic) 
 designating the mouth of a river, or its point of junction 
 with the sea. L.at. 56>^ 33' 7' X.; Ion. 2° 35' AV. It is 16 
 miles X.E. of Dundee, on the Dundee and Arbroath line of 
 niiiftay, now connected with the railways to the Xorth and 
 South of Scotland. The houses are genei-ally well buUt, and 
 the whole town has a cleanly and prosperous appearance. 
 There are public reading-rooms in the town, with a well- 
 supported public library, and several excellent scientific, edu- 
 cational, and charitable institutions. The principal manu- 
 factures are yarn spun from flax and hemp, canvas, brown and 
 bleached linen, lejither, cast-iron, and bone-dust. Arbroath 
 is a free port, and owns about 13,000 tons of shipping, being 
 an increa.se of 5tiC0 tons since 1S41. A new harbor has been* 
 constructed within the last ten years. The town owes it« 
 rise, if not its origin, to an important monastic institution 
 planted here in 1178 by William the Lion, who w;is subse- 
 quently interred within its precincts. Arbroath unites with 
 Brechin, Bervie, Forfar, and Jlontrose in sending a member 
 to the lIou.se of Commons. Pop. in 1861, 17,591. 
 
 ARBUS, aR'booce, a village in the island of Sardinia, SO 
 miles X.W. of Cagliari. Pop. of commune, 2000, employed 
 in adjacent lead-mines, and manufactiu"es of cloth. 
 
 AR/BUTHXOT. a parish of Scotland, co. of Ivincardine. 
 
 ARC, auk, or ARCO, aR/ko,a river of the Sardinian States, 
 rises in Mount Iseran. and joins the I.sire near Aiguel)elle, 
 after a X.W. course of 40 miles. It pjisses the towns of Laus- 
 lebourg, St. Jean de Maurienne. and Aiguebelle. 
 
 ARC, aitk, a river of France, department of Bouches-du- 
 Rhone, enters theEtang de Berre after a W. course of about 
 30 miles. 
 
 ARC is also the name of several villages of France, depart- 
 ments of Doubs. Ilaute-Saone, and Cote-d'Or. 
 
 AliCABUT'LA, a post-office of De Soto co., 5Iissi.=6ippi. 
 
 ARCACIIOX, BASSIX D', bSs's^.N-o' ddR'kd'shAx"', a bay of 
 France, formed by the ocean on the coast of the department 
 of Gironde. It is much frequented by foreigners, who there 
 load cargoes of resin and pitch. The river Leyre falls into 
 this bay. On its S. side is the Port de la Teste, which com- 
 municates by railway with Bordeaux. 
 
 ARCADE', a village in China township, Wyoming co., 
 Xew York, about 35 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It contains 2 
 flouring mills, 2 woollen fectorie.s, 3 stores, and 1 academy. 
 
 ARCADIA, ar-kA/de-a, (modernGr.^rA-adi'a, aR-kd-dee'i,) an 
 ancient province of Greece, in the centre of the Morea, now 
 divided into the departments of Mautinea and Gortynos. 
 The country is mountainous, and affords excellent pasturage. 
 Adj. and inhab. Arc.U)Ia.\. ar-ki/de-au. 
 
 ARCA'DIA, a post-oflice of Washington co.. Rhode Island. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-village and township of Wayne co., Xew 
 York, on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester and Syracuse 
 Railroad, 185 miles W. by N. of Allmny. It contains 1 or 2 ■ 
 churches, and several stores. Pop. of township, 5319. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-office of Bienville pai'ish, Lftuisiana. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 ARCADIA, a postroffice of ILuiiilton c-o., Indiana. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois, 40 milea 
 S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 .\RCAniA, a post-village of Iron county. Missouri, on 
 one of the sources of St. Francis River, 120 miles S.E. of 
 Jefferson Citv. 
 
 AKCADI.\." GULF OF, Greece, in the Morea. on the W 
 coast. It is shallow and open : has Cape Katacolo on the N^ 
 and Cape Konello on the S., distant from each other 3fi 
 miles. 
 
 ARCA'XUJI. a postoffice of Darke co.. Ohio. 
 
 ARCAS. aB/kds, a group of small islets or rocks in ths 
 Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 20° 12' 0" X. ; Ion. 91° 59' 2" W. 
 
 ARCAS, a.R/kds, a small island of Western Africa, Sen» 
 gambia. at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Lttt. 11° W N. 
 Ion. 15° SS' W. 
 
ARC 
 
 ARCE, an/chA, a town of Naples, prOTlnce of Terra di La- 
 voro. lOi miles S.S.W. of Sora. Pop. 4356. 
 
 ARO-KN-BARKOIS, ank-^NO-bdR^Rwd', an. ancient town of 
 France, department of Ilaute-Marne, 13 miles S.W. of Chau- 
 mont on the Anjou. Pop. 1645, who manufacture woollens. 
 
 AKCENE, aR-chA'nrl. a villafre of Lombardy, province of 
 Berxamo, in a fertile district. Pop. 1250. 
 
 AUCIIAfG, Loch. Iok ar-kaig', a lieautiful lake of Scotland, 
 CO. of Inverness, district of Lochaber, 1 mile W. of Loch 
 Lochy. Length, about 17 miles; breadth, from 1 to li miles. 
 It is hiprhly picturesque, though little visited by tounsts. 
 
 AK'^if AXtJEL, ark-An'jel, (Kuss. pron. ank-anf!:'ghSl.) or 
 AliKIIANC.HELSK, aR-kitng-gh^lsk'. a government of Ru.s- 
 sia in Kurope, extending from the Ural Mountains on the 
 K. to Finland on the W., comprising Russian Lapland, a 
 distance of about 920 miles, and from A'ologda and Olonetz 
 on the S. to the Arctic Ocean, about 400 miles. It is thus, 
 including the White Sea, which occupies a large space 
 nearly in its centre. alx)ut 400 miles longer than Great 
 Britain, and more than twice its width, except where the 
 latt<>r is broadest. It comprises, besides, the large island of 
 Nova Zembla, In lat. 76° N. The entire province is nearly 
 one continuous flat, and nearly, also, an unvaried scene of 
 desolation and sterility, especially in the northern parts, 
 whore the ground remains frozen for nine months in the 
 year. Nor are the southern portions much more inviting. 
 Here meagre pastures, marshes, swamps, and extensive 
 forests occupy nearly all the surface, leaving but little for 
 cultivation. Almost the only crops raised are hemp, flax, 
 and some rye. neither the climate nor soil admitting of the 
 cultivation of oats or wheat. The climate is excessively 
 cold in winter, and oppressively hot in summer, with sud- 
 den transitions between the two extremes. The timber of 
 the forests is valuable, and forms the principal wealth of 
 the government. The government is partitioned into eight 
 districts. Archangel, Kem, Kholmogory, Kola, Mezen, 
 Onega, Pinega, and Phenkoorsk. The means of land com- 
 "munication in all parts of the tei-ritory are very imperfect; 
 but a great government road was in 1839-40 constructed 
 along the borders of the White Sea, through Kem to Tor- 
 nei, which has since been prolonged to tlie frontiers of 
 Norway. Pop. in 1851, 234,004, .all Ru.ssians, with the ex- 
 ception of about 7000 Samoieds, 600 Syriaenese, and about 
 1700 or 2000 Laplanders. 
 
 ARCn.'VNGEL, a seaport town of Russia in Europe, capi- 
 tal of the above government, on the Uwina. 20 miles from 
 its embouchure in the Ray of Archangel, and 670 miles 
 N.E. of St. Petersburg. Lat. (Trinity Church) 64° 32' 1" N.; 
 Ion. 40° 33' 6" E. It is ill built, and consists of two princi- 
 pal and very irregular streets, connected by narrow lanes, 
 and paved with wood. The houses are mostly of wood, 
 and two stories in height; those of the wealthier classes 
 being handsomely and comfortably furnished. The most 
 remarkable buildings in the town are the great bazaar or 
 m.art, surrounded by high walLs, and a marine hospital. 
 There are 11 churches, an ecclesiastical seminary with 9 
 professors, a gymnasium, and schools for navigation and 
 engineering. In or near the town there are a sugar refine- 
 ry, a royal dock-yard, some ship-yards for building mer- 
 chant ships and coasting vessels, rope-walks, Ac. The har- 
 bor is at the island of SoUenbole, about 1 mile from the 
 town, and is usually free from ice only from July to Sep- 
 tember. The trade pf Archangel extends as far as Siberi.a, 
 and along the coasts of the Whito Sea. E. and W., but is 
 greatly dependent on the demand from the more southerly 
 ports of Europe, and especially from England, for corn; 
 accordingly, in the years of scarcity, 1846-47. the quantities 
 shipped were very great, amounting in the latter to 33.300 
 quarters of wheat, 155,258 quarters of rye. 10,4.30 quarters 
 of barley, and 108,170 quarters of oats. The other exports 
 consist principally of linseed, fiax, tow, tallow, train-oil, mats, 
 deals, battens and ends, pitch and tar. The imports chtefly 
 consist of articles of domestic use. such as coffee, spices, 
 salt, woollens, hardware, <tc. This is one of the oldest 
 ports in Russia, having been founded in 1584, and was 
 long the only one. It is the seat of an archbishop, and the 
 residence both of a civil and military governor. Pop, exclu- 
 sive of the garrison, 24,600. 
 
 ARCHANGEL, Bay of, in Russia, opens to the White 
 Sea, having Cape Keretzkoi on the N.K.. and Cape Onega 
 on the S,W.. distant from each other 85 miles. It pene- 
 trates inland about 65 miles. 
 
 ARCHANGEL, New, Russisin America. See Sitka. 
 
 ARCIIANGELSK or ARKHANGELSK, au-kSng-ghJlsk'.a 
 mining town of Russia, government of Orenboorg, 150 miles 
 S.E. of Menselinsk. 
 
 ARCIIANGELSK or ARKHANGELSK, market-towns 
 In the goverments of Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, and Sim- 
 
 AllCHANOELSK, MALO, mJ-lS' aR-kJng-ghJlsk', a town 
 of Russia in Europe, government of Olonets, 55 miles N,E. 
 Kareopol. 
 
 ARCIIANGELSK, MALO, a town of Russia in Europe, 
 government and 85 miles S. E. of Orel. Pop. 1510. 
 
 AKCUKNA, aK-chi/rd, a town of fcpain, 14 miles N.W.of 
 
 ARC 
 
 Miircia, with extensive warm baths, (temperature 126° 
 Kah..) and Roman antiquities. Pop, 2000. 
 
 AR'CIII^t, a post-township in the central part of Il'trri- 
 son CO., Ohio, about 110 miles N,E. by E. of Columbjs, 
 Pop. 776. 
 
 AR/CHIBALD, a thriving post-village of Blakely towu- 
 .ship, Luzerne CO., Penn.syli ania, on tlie Lackawanna River, 
 4 miles S.S.W. of Carbondale, and 26 miles N,E, of Wilkts- 
 barre. The Delaware and Hudson Railroad, 17 miles long, 
 connects it with Ilonesdale. The village owes its import- 
 ance and rapid growth to the rich coal-mines which are 
 worked in the vicinity by the Delaware and Hudstm Canal 
 Company, The iron business is also carried on extensively. 
 The Lackaw.Tnna River Hows tbrongh a fertile and populon? 
 vallev. bounded bv lii^h ridges. Pop. abmit 1500. 
 
 AR;CHIDONA, aR-che-do'na. a town of Spain, in Andalu- 
 sia, 34 miles N. of Malag.a, built on the S. slope of a rugged 
 and lofty mountain, 10 miles W.N.W. of Loga. The houses 
 are good, and there are sever.al churches, a medical college, 
 a church .seminary, two primary schools, a large hospital, a 
 prison, and the remains of an ancient fort. In tlie neighbor- 
 hood are rich orchards, giving occupation to m.any of the 
 inhabit.ants, who are also employed in weaving, expressing 
 oil, and curing bacon, which they export in large quantities. 
 Pop. 7610. 
 
 ARCHIDONA, a town of South America, in Ecuador, 90 
 miles E,S.E. of Quito. 
 
 ARCHIPELAGO, ar-ke-pel'a-go, a name which, although 
 neither its origin nor precise signification have been ascer- 
 tained, is now generally understood to mean a sea inter- 
 spersed with numerous islands or islets: but formerly 
 applied, more especially, to the .*"gean Sea, (which see.) 
 
 ARCHIPELAGO. EASTERN. See SIalay Archipelago. 
 
 ARCHUDI or ARKUDI, aR-koo'dee, one of the smallest 
 of the Ionian Islands, 4 miles N.N.E. of the most N. point 
 of Ithaca. Lat. 38° 37' N. : Ion. 20° 42' E. 
 
 ARCI DOSSO. aR-che-dos'so. a town of Italy, in Tuscany, pro- 
 vince of Grossetto 8 miles W. by N. of Radicofani. Pop. 6(300. 
 
 ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, aRVee/.sUR-<5b, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Aube, capital of the arrondissement, on the 
 Aube, 16 miles N. by E. of Troves. Pop. (1862) 2662. It is 
 pretty well built, has manufactures of cotton stockings and 
 yarn, and is an entrepfit for iron, and for the wooden wares 
 made in the A'osges, On March 20, 1814, Napoleon defeated 
 a division of the allied army near this place, 
 
 ARCO, a river of Northern Italy, See Arc. 
 
 ARCO, aR^ko, a town of Austria, Tyrol. 8 miles W, of 
 Roveredo, on the Sarca, with 2100 inhabitants, an oM 
 castle, arid manufactures of silk. 
 
 ARCOLA, an-kc/lii, an ancient town of Piedmont, pro- 
 vince of Tjevante, celebrated for its wines. Pop. 2350. 
 
 ARCO'LA, or GUM SPRING, a post-village of Loudon co., 
 Virginia, 146 miles N. of Richmond, contains a few stores. 
 
 ARCOLA, a post-office of Warren co., North Carolina. 
 
 ARCOLA, a village in the E, part of Lake co,, Ohio, about 
 36 miles N,E, of Cleveland. 
 
 ARCOLE, aR-ko'lA, a village of Northern Italy, 15 miles 
 E.S.E. of Verona, on the Alpone. an affluent of the Adige. 
 Pop. 1600. Arcole is celebrated for the victory gained by 
 Napoleon over the Austrians, November 17, 1790. 
 
 ARCONA. See Arko.na. 
 
 ARCOS DE LA FRONTERA. an'koce dA 13 fron-t.Vrl. a 
 town of Spain. And.alusia, 30 miles N.E, of Cadiz, on an 
 elevated rock near the right bank of the Guadalete, The 
 name is derived fiom its being built in the form of a 
 "bow."* Pop. 11,272. It was formerly strongly fortified, 
 but now only a part of its walls remain. Chief manvifac- 
 ture, tliat of tanned leather, which is celebrated in tlie 
 country, having been the first established in Andalusia; 
 thread and ropes are also manufactured. There are several 
 vill.ages in Spain and Portugal named Arcos. 
 
 ARCOT, arVof, (North, and South,) two contiguous 
 maritime districts of British India, presidency of Madras, 
 comprising the whole country from Coleroon River on the 
 S., to the frontier of the Nellore district, on the N. and E. 
 of Cuddapah, Mysore, and Salem, with the exception of the 
 Chingleput district, lying round Madras. United area, 
 13,400 square miles. Pop. (1851)2.491,878, Surface, low 
 near the .sea; inland, hilly, with extensive jungles. Chief 
 rivers, the Coleroon and Palaur; and on the N.E, coast ia 
 the Pulicat lake. Chief city and towns, Arcot, Vellore, and 
 Cuddalore. Arcot was ceded in 1801 to the East India 
 Company; since which it has been greatly Improved in 
 every respect. 
 
 AlCCOT', ARUCATI, or AROOKATEE, J-roo-kMee, a 
 city of South Hindostan, the Mohammedan capital of the 
 Camatic, on the Palaur, 70 miles W. by S. of Madras. Lat. 
 (fort) 12° 64' 14" N.; Ion. 79° 22' 23" E. It was first estab- 
 lished as capital of the Camatic in 1716. It was ceded to 
 the East India Comp.any in 1801, along with the whole dis- 
 trict. The town, which is inhabited chiefly by Moham- 
 
 * The addition de la Fronlera (" of the frontier or limit") may 
 refer to its position towards the frontier of Spain, or possibly to 
 the limit of some local province. 
 
 101 
 
ARC 
 
 AR1> 
 
 m6<)icn8, 1h of modern erection, enclosed by walls, and con- \ 
 tains a few buildings worthy of notice. The fort of Arcot | 
 was an extensi ,) structure, but the greater part of it has 
 been demollslei. Pop. about 40.000. 
 
 ARCS, Les, 1Az& aRk, (L. (Xisftrum dt Arfcubus,) a com- 
 muue and village ol France, department of Var. 5 miles S. 
 jf Draguigrian. near the Argens. Pop. (1S51) 2769. 
 
 ARCTIAS, ark'sht.-.iis or ark'te-as. a small isliind of the 
 Black Sea, off the coast of Asia Minor, 2 miles W.X.M'. of 
 Keresoon. 
 
 ARCTIC UIGIILAXDS, a country situated in the N.E. 
 part of Baffin's Bay, on the W. coast of Greenland, between 
 lat. 76° and 77° iO' N.. and Ion. 62° 20' and 74° 20' W. ; dis- 
 covered, in 1S18, by Captain Ross, who gave it the name it 
 now bears. The coast trends S.E. and N.AV., extending 110 
 miles. On the X. and E. hills are seen rising to the height 
 of upwards of 1000 feet, covered with ice. and separated by 
 ravines filled with snow. The coast also is icebound, and it 
 is only alx)ut the ba,ses of the rocks, chiefly granite and 
 gneiss, close by the sea, that a stunted and scanty vegeta- 
 tion is to be seen. In the interior nothing is found grow- 
 ing but moss and lichens, a thin, wiry sort of grass, and 
 furze. 
 
 ARCTIC OCEAN, (named from Arc/tos, Gr. Ap(cTos, the 
 "Bear," the constellation of which is principally included 
 within the celestial Arctic Circle.) that portion of the North- 
 ern Sea extending from the Arctic Circle (lat. C6° o2'X.) to 
 the North Pole. The Arctic Ocean enters deeply, in the form 
 of gulfs, bays, Ac, into the N. jmrts of the continents of 
 Europe, Asia, and America. The chief of these indenta- 
 tions are the '\\hite Sea. in Europe: Sea of Kara, Gulfs of 
 Obi and Yenisei, in Siberia; and IJaffin's Bay. in North Ame- 
 rica. It is united to the Pacific by Behring's Straits, and to 
 the Atlantic by a wide sea. extending from (Jreenland on the 
 AV. to Norway and Lapland on the E. This portion of the 
 Arctic Ocean contains one of the largest archipelagos on the 
 globe. The middle of it is occupied by Greenland, and on 
 the E. is an extensive group of islands known under the 
 name of Spitzbergen, the small island of Jan Mayen. ajid 
 Iceland. West of Greenland, and divided from it by Davis' 
 Straits and Baffin's Bay, there are a considerable number 
 of islands of great size, with which we are yet but imper- 
 fectly acquainted. The regions embraced by the more re- 
 stricted limits of the Arctic Ocean (namely, from lat. 70° N.) 
 are. perhaps, the most dreary and desolate on the fiice of Ihe 
 globe. Their shores are covered with eternal snows, and 
 the entire surface of their seas with large fields .^nd huge 
 masses of floating ice. in perpetual motion, and who.se con- 
 stant and tremendous collisions are attended with'the most 
 appalling sounds. Dense fogs, violent storms, and endless 
 nights add to the horrors of the scene. There is but one 
 month in the year (J,uly) in which snow does not fall. 
 The Arctic Ocean freezes even in summer; and, during the 
 eight winter months, a continuous body of ice extends in 
 every direction from the pole, filling the area of a circle of 
 between 3000 and 4000 miles in diameter. Some of the 
 masses of ice that line the shores of this ocean, extend many 
 miles in length, and present sea-fronts of 200 feet in height ; 
 while fields of ice. "20 or 30 miles in diameter, and from 10 
 to 40 feet in thickness, are frequent, and sometimes extend 
 over 100 miles, so closely packed together, that no opening 
 is left between them. They are also often found to have a 
 violent rotary motion, by which they are dashed against 
 one another with tremendous force. The icetiergs, of which 
 vast numbers are seen floating about, vary frt)m a few yards 
 to miles in circumference, and rise to several hundreds of 
 feet in height. The ice in these regions is very transparent 
 and compact, and remarkable for the variety and beauty 
 of its tints. The water of the Arctic Ocean is extremely 
 pure, shells being distinctly visible at a depth of SO fathoms. 
 The pressure of its water, at a depth of ij mile, was found 
 to be 2809 pounds on a ."square inch of surface. In the year 
 1848, Captain Roys, of the United States whale-ship Supe- 
 rior, by penetrating through Behring's Straits into the 
 Arctic Ocean, opened a new field to the whale-fishers. Cap- 
 tain Roys filled his ship in a few weeks, and his success led 
 more than 300 .\merican whale-ships to follow his example 
 in the two following years. These vessels procured oil of 
 the Value of $17,412,453. In the same year. Dr. Rae ex- 
 plored Boothia Inlet, and found that "tVollastan and Victoria 
 Land were continuous for 1100 miles, and that they were 
 separated from North Somerset and Boothia by a strait. 
 An expedition, sent out from New York under the patronage 
 of Henry Grinnell. Esq.. in 1850-1, in search of Sir John 
 Franklin, was imbedded in a mass of ice for 8 months, and 
 drift<^ about with it, a mere inert body. Captain De Haven, 
 of the United States navy, who commanded this expedition, 
 discovered and named llaury's Channel, leading W. from 
 ■Wellington Channel, and between Cornwallis and Hamil- 
 ton's Islands. North of these he discovered and named 
 Grinnell's Land, above lat. 7tJ° N., and W. of the 92d degree 
 of longitude. Through Maury's Channel, it is the inten- 
 tion of the second Grinnell expedition, now (1854) to seek the 
 supposed open polar sea. Dr. Kane, surgeon of the former 
 expedition, and author of a very interesting narrative of its 
 102 
 
 proceedings, gives positive facts in proof c i the formation of 
 icebergs, by the breaking off of glaciei-s projecting over the sea. 
 The second Griunell expedition was sent out in 18,')o. Mr. 
 Kennedy's expedition, also in search of Sir John Franklin, 
 which left England in 1851, discovered a passage from Re- 
 gent's Inlet into Victoria Channel. Another expedition, in 
 1852, on the same errand, under Commander Inglefield, 
 surveyed for the first time the coast N. of Cape Parry, and 
 on the same shore. Speaking of the larger icebergs in the 
 seas on both sides of Greenland, Dr. Rink, in a paper read 
 before the Royal Geographical Society, observes, they rise 
 above the surface of the sea to the height of from loO to 150 
 feet and upwards, and some are 4OO0 feet in circumference. 
 The part above can scarcely be considered more than one- 
 eighth of that below the surCice of the water, so that the 
 cubic contents of such an iceberg may amount to about 
 66,000,000 cubic yards. All agree that the icebergs of these 
 arctic seas are originally formed on teri-a firma from the 
 snow and rains, which are never able to reach the ocean in 
 a fluid state ; but which, in the course of years, ai-e trans- 
 funned into masses of ice, and are then, through some 
 physical agency, thrust forwai'd into the sea. The s.ame 
 authority says the principal ice-lriths are those of Jacob's 
 Haven, 'Tossukatek. Kariak, K.anyeidbursoak. and of Uper- 
 nivik — .all on the W. side of Greenland, and l)etween 69° 
 and 73° N. lat. Most icebergs, says a commentator on 
 Dr. Rink, are 1600 feet thick, and draw more than ISJO feet 
 water. Captain Ross measured one, the summit of which 
 was 325 feet above water. 
 
 AliCU HIL. aR^kii', a village of France, department of Seine, 
 3 miles S. of Paris, on the railway from Paris to Sceaux. 
 Pop. (1S52) 3071. A fine aqueduct, constructed by Mary de 
 Medicis, conveys water from Rungis to Paris. There is also 
 the remains of a Roman aqueduct. 
 
 ARCY-SUR-CURE. aR\see'sUR-kUR, a village of France, 
 department of Yonne, 14 miles S.E. of Auxerre. I'op. 1495. 
 Near it are stalactitic caverns of great beauty. 
 
 ARD, LOCII, loK ard. a small and fine lake of Scotland, 
 CO. of Perth. 2 miles W. of Aberfoyle, and one of the sources 
 of the river Forth. 
 
 ARDABEEL or ARDABIL, aR-da-beel', a town of Persia, 
 province of Azerbaijan, on the Kara-soo. 90 miles E. by N. 
 of Tabreez. The houses are mean and small, built of mud 
 or bricks, and surrounded by a mud-wall. The fortress u 
 built in the European style. 
 
 AKDAGII, aR^dda, a village and parish of Ireland, oo. of 
 Longford. 
 
 ARD.\GII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 ARD.\GH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 AUD.\GH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 AliDAGII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. 
 
 ARD.\LES, aR-di1^s, a town of Spain, 30 miles N.W. of 
 Malaga. Pop. 2890. employed entirely in agriculture. This 
 vicinity was devastated by destructive storms iu 1830 and 
 1840. 
 
 ARDARA, ar-dii-'ra, a town of Ireland, co. of Ulster, 15 
 miles N.W. of Donegal, head of Lochi-us Bay. Pop. C03. 
 
 ARD.\TOV, aR-di-tov', a town of Russia, government of 
 Simbciersk, on the .\lateer,.(.41atyr,) 14 miles W. of Alateer. 
 Pop. 3872. It has two cathedrals. 
 
 ARDATOV, a town of Russia, 8 miles S.W. of Nizhnee 
 Novgorod. 
 
 AKDBRAC'CAN, a village and pari|ih of Ireland, co. of 
 Meath. 2^ miles W. of Navan, and formerly a bishop's see. 
 
 A1>DC1IATTAN, ard-Kat/t.-iLn. a district of Argyleshire, 
 Scotland, consisting of the united parishes of Ardchattan 
 and Muckairn. 
 
 ARDCLACII, ardOil^K, a parish of Scotland, co. of Nairn. 
 
 ARDEA, aR-dA'd. a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 
 20 miles S. of Rome, and 3 miles from the Moditerranean. 
 This ruined capital of the ancient ^?(/!/?i', having only 100 
 ijihabitants, occupies the rock on which stood its ancient 
 citadel, and where some Cyclopean remains are still 
 trac««ble. 
 
 AHDEBYL, a town of Persia. See Arpabeel. 
 
 ARDECHE, aR'daish' or aRMJsh'. a river of France, the 
 largest stream in the department to which it gives its name. 
 Its source is among the mountains of Cevenues; and. after 
 a course of 45 miles, falls into the Rhone about a mile from 
 Pont St. Esprit. It is navigable only 5 miles from its 
 month. Nothing can exceed the magnificence of the .scenery 
 on the Ardeche in the earlier part of its course. In the lower 
 part it plunges over a precipice, called Ray-Pic, which is 
 almost perpendicular, and is above 100 feet high. Below 
 this cataract is the Bridge of Arc. justly regarded as one ol 
 the most remarkalile natural curiosities in France. 
 
 AUI)i;CHE. a department in the S.E. of France, between 
 the departments of Loire. Isere. Drome, Vaucluse. Gard. I/v 
 zere. and Ilaute-Ixiire. Area. 2.110 sqnaremiles. Pop. (1S61J 
 3SS,52S. The whole department is of a mountainous ch.a- 
 racter. Numerous volcanoes must have been iu active ope- 
 ration throughout the department at no very remote geo- 
 logical period. Several of the cratei-s still exhale mephitic 
 vapors, and warm springs issue from their sides. The streams 
 are the Ard^he, the Krieux, and the Doux. They have al^ 
 
ARD 
 
 ARD 
 
 on E. course, and belong to the basin of the Rhone. Among 
 the mountains various metals have boon found — sliver, (a 
 mine of which gives its name to the town of Argentifere,) 
 antimony, several mines of lead, and iron, which is now 
 extensively wrought, and, in connection with the limestone 
 and valuaiile coalfields of Ard6che, supplies blast-furnaces 
 and forges, which rank as the most important work of the 
 kind in France. The prevalence of bas.alt makes It the 
 chief building-stone in the district, but the calcareous 
 rocks contain good marble, which is extensively quarried! 
 The most valuable tree is the Spani.sh chestnut, which 
 covers extensive tracts, and yields excellent chestnuts, 
 known in commerce as the chestnuts of Lyons. The an- 
 nual produce is estimated at 400.000 bushels. In the S., 
 both the fig and oiiv-e chrive: and the whole dep.artment 
 abounds with mulberry-trees, which supply food for silk- 
 worms, the rearing of which is carried on to a great extent. 
 The vineyards are numerous, and a large quantity of wine 
 Is produced. Agriculture has its chief seat in the S. in 
 the ext«n,«ive valley of Ard&che: and in the X., in the val- 
 ley of Erieux. Along the valley of the Rhone are rich pas- 
 tures, covered with cattle and sheep. The department is 
 divided into the arrondissements of I'rivas, Largentifere, and 
 Tournon. Previous to 1790, this territory formed a portion 
 of Vivarais, a dependence of Languedoc. Capital, Privas. 
 
 ARDKiy, {Atlierdcp, "town on the Dee,") a municipal bo- 
 rough, town, and parish of Ireland, co. of Ix)uth, on the 
 Dee, 12 miles N.W. of Drogheda. Pop. of town, 3679. It 
 consists mostly of wretched cabins, but has some good 
 houses, with two old castles, one now a court-house, a 
 church of the thirteenth century, a spacious Roman Ca- 
 tholic chapel, union work-house, a siivings bank, di.s- 
 ponsary. and several schools; and at one end of the town 
 Is a remarkable mound called the castle-guard. 
 
 ARDEKOO or AKDKKU, arMe-koo', written also ARDE- 
 KAX, a town of Persia, province of Khorassan, two days' 
 journey N.W. of Yezd. It has 1000 houses, and a good 
 bazaar. 
 
 ARDELAX, aR-deh-lin', a district of Persia, in Koordis- 
 tan, forming a part of the province of Irak-Ajemee. Chief 
 towns. Sinna and Kerraanshah. 
 
 AR'DKX, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 AR'DEX, a post-oflRc« of Berkeley co., Virginia. 
 
 ARDENNES or AK'DEX.aR'dJn* or aR-dJn', Forest of, 
 (anc. Ardue.nfna SyVva.) This region, familiar to the read- 
 ers of Shakspeare, is a vast system of heights and forests, 
 embracing a part of JJelgium, the grand-duchy of Lower 
 Rhine, and the X. of France; extending Vi'. to the sources 
 of the Somme, the Oise, the Scheldt, and the Sambre, and E. 
 to the Moselle. The Ardennes of Csesar's time e.xtended to 
 the Rhine, and consisted of an immense forest. At present 
 the name is confined to the chain of wooded heights, which, 
 extending N.W. to S.E.on each side of the Meuse, in the N. 
 of tlie department .of Ardennes, descend between Sainte 
 Menehould and Luxembourg, and are finally lost Jn the 
 ■plains of the ancient Champagne. 
 
 ARDENNES, a frontier department in the N.E. of France, 
 formed of the X. part of the old province of Champagne, 
 and a small part of the provinces of Picardie and Flandre, 
 named from the mountains and wooded country of which 
 it forms a part, having X. the grand-duchy of Luxem- 
 bourg, W. the department of Aisne, S. Slarne, and E. 
 Meuse. Area, 1955 square miles. Pop. (1S61) 329,111. 
 Rivers, the Meuse and its affluents, the Bar, the Vence. and 
 Sermone; the Aisne, and its affluents, the Aire, the Vaux, 
 and the Retourne. The climate is generally cold and hu- 
 mid; the soil mountainous, and much wooded in the N. 
 The department contains numerous iron-mines, slate and 
 marble quarries, potter's clay, and sand. Abundance of 
 corn is raised in the rich valleys of the Aisne; cider and 
 beer are made, with a little wine. Industry is very active 
 in ironware. It has royal manufactories of fire-arms, and 
 metallic wares generally; earthenware, glass, marble goods, 
 woollen cloths, shawls, clockworks, and chemical products. 
 Trade is carried on in the agricultural and manufactured 
 articles of the department. The Meuse, the Aisne, and the 
 Canal of Ardennes, which connects the two rivers, furnish- 
 ing great facilities for intercommunication. Ardennes is di- 
 vided into the arrondissements of Mezieres, Rethel, Rocroy, 
 Sedan, and Vouziers, its chief towns. Capital, Mezieres. 
 
 ARDENTES SAX MARTIN, aRMftxt/ sJn" maBHA.N':', a 
 commune and village of France, department of Indre, on the 
 left bank of the Indre, 6 miles, S.E. of Chateauroux. Pop. 
 2000. It has important manufactures of scythes and tools. 
 
 * " And Arden.ves waves above them her green leaves. 
 Dewy with nature's tear-drops, as they pass." — Byron. 
 In the works of some of the poets, this name is spelled Anien, 
 in which case it is invariably to be accentuated on the first 
 ■y liable 
 
 " Beyond old Arpen, in his sister's home"— 
 
 "The warrior who from Arde.n's fated fount 
 
 I>rauk of the bitter « aters of aversion." 
 
 SouiHEY's Juan of Arc, books i. and iv. 
 
 ARDEXTES ST. TIXCENT. aRMJNV sJif vSn«'s8k^, a 
 town of France, on the riiiht bank of the Indre, i'i miles 
 S.E. of Chateauroux. Pop. 2480. 
 
 ARDKRSEIR. arMer-seer', a maritime parish cf Scotland, 
 CO. of Inverness. 
 
 ARDES. aRd. a town of France, department of Puy-de- 
 Dome. on the Cotiza. 10 miles S.W. of Issoire. Pop. 1793. 
 
 ARDESE, aR-dd/s.i. a large village of Venetian Lombardy, 
 18 miles X.X.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2118. 
 
 ARDESIO. aR-da'se-o, an ancient village of Lnmbaray, 
 province of Bergamo. Pop. ISOO. It has extensive marble 
 quarries. 
 
 AKDESTAN or ARDISTAN, aR'de-stin', a town of Per.-.ia, 
 86 miles N.E. of Ispahan. 
 
 ARD'FERT', a village and parish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Kerry, 4 miles N.W. of Tralee. 
 
 ARDFIN'XAN, a vill.age and parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, co. of Tipperary, on the Sutr, (ii miles S.W.of Clonmel. 
 Here are the ruius of a castle built by Prince John 
 in 1184. 
 
 ARDGLASS', a seaport town and parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Down, on the Irish Sea. 6 miles S.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. 
 of town, 10()6. It stands on elevated ground, between two 
 hills, and has many new residences frequented by visitors 
 in the bathing season. It is the centre of the Irish fish- 
 eries on this line of the coast, and from 30(3 to 400 vessels 
 from various parts of England and Ireland are frequently in 
 the harbor at one time. Several vessels ply between Ard- 
 glass and the Isle of Man. The pier has a light-house. A 
 castellated mansion of the chief proprietor is erected on a 
 range of what were formerly spacious warehouses.' This 
 town enjoyed a flourishing commerce during the Lancas- 
 trian dynasty. 
 
 ARDILLATS. Les, lAze aR'dee'y^', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Rhone, arrondlssement of Villefranche. Pop. 
 of commune. 111'2. 
 
 ARDIXGLEY, ar'ding-le, a parish of England, co. of 
 Su.ssex. 
 
 ARDIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 ARDISH or ARJISII. See Akiilat. 
 
 ARD'KKEX', a parish of Ireland, co. of Down. 
 
 ARI^KILIA a parish of Ireland, co of Kildare. 
 
 ARDLEIGli, ard'leo, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ARD'LEY (or AUDLEY) STRETT'ON, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Oxford. 
 
 ARDMAYLE, ard'mAle', a parish of Ireland, co. of Tip- 
 perary. 
 
 A UDMORE.' a maritime town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. of Waterford, on Ardmore Head. 4 miles N.E. 
 of Y'oughal. There is here a greatly venerated stone, bear- 
 ing the name of St. Declan, reputed in early Christian times 
 to have founded a monastery here. 
 
 ARDMOlvE HEAD, a promontory on the S. coa.st of Ire- 
 land. CO. of Waterford. Ijit. 61° 5'2' N., Ion. 7° 40' W. 
 
 AHDMULCIIAN, ard-mul'kan, a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Meath. 
 
 ARDXAGEEHY", ard^n-a-ghee^hee, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 ARDWAGLASS' BAY. an inlet on the W. coast of Ireland, 
 in Connaught, co. of Sligo. It extends inland for 6 miles, 
 with an average breadtli of 2 miles. It receives the Owen 
 beg River, and at its head is the town of Bailysadore. 
 
 ARDNAMURCHAX, ard-n.a-mtir'K.^n, a very extensive 
 parish of Scotland, cos. of Inverness and Argyle. 
 
 ARDNAMLRCIIAX, Point op, a cape or headland in 
 Scotland, the westernmost point of the mainland of Britain 
 A light-house has been recently erected here. Lat. 5G° 43' 
 45" N.. Ion. e° 13' 30" W. 
 
 ARD'NAREE', in Ireland, co. of Mayo, is that part of the 
 town of Ballina E. of the river Moy. See Bali.ina. 
 
 ARDNCRCIIER, ard'nur'Ker, or IIORSKLKAP, a parish 
 of Ireland, in Leinster.* Westmeath. and King's cos. 
 
 ARDOCH. aR'doK. or BRACO, brd^ko. a village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Perth, 4 miles S.S.AV. of Muthill, near which are 
 traces of a Roman camp, supposed to be the most perfect 
 existing in Britain. 
 
 ARDORlI, aR-di^rA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra I., near the Mediterranean, 7 miles S.S.W. of Gerace. 
 Pop. 2959. 
 
 ARDOY'E. aR'dwd', a market-town of Belgium, pr vince 
 of West Flanders, 16 miles S. AV. of Bruges. Pop. (with 
 commune) 7400, engaged in linen bleaching, brewing, and 
 manufactures of wax and tallow candles. 
 
 ARDOY'NE, ar-doin', a parish of Ireland, cos. of Wicklow 
 and Carlow. 
 
 ARD'PAT'RICK. a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 ARD'QUIN', a parish of Ireland, co. of Down. 
 
 ARDRAH, ar'drah, or AZEM, a town of Africa, capita; . 
 of a province of the same name, kingdom of Dahomey, lat. 
 (P 35' N., Ion. 3° 42' E., about 20 miles from the sea-coast, 
 on the shores of a lake. Pop. lO.UOO. 
 
 ARDRAIIAN, arMr^h'hau, a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 nauixht, CO. of Galwav. 
 
 ARDREA or ARDREE, ardVee/, a parish cf Ireland, in 
 Leinster, Queen's co. 
 
 103 
 
 =S 
 
ABD 
 
 ARE 
 
 ARDltEA or AKDUEE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Kiluare. 
 
 AKDKE^^. and'r, a fortified town of France, department 
 of Pas-de-Calais. ou the railway from Calais to Paris. 10 
 miles S.E. of Calais. Pop. 11J9. Near this was held, in 1520, 
 the celebrated interview of the " Field of the Cloth of Gold," 
 between Henry YIII. and Francis I. of France. 
 
 ARDRISTAX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Carlow. 
 
 ARDROSSA.V, ar-dros'ssn, a sseaport town and parish of 
 Scotl.and, co.. and 16 miles X.W. of Ayr. on the Firth of 
 Clyde, opposite the Isle of Arran. It is now a fiishionable 
 bathinct-place, with good hotels and handsome vilLis; arid 
 it communicites by a branch railway with the Gla-sgow and 
 Ayr lines at Kilwinning, and by steam-packets with Arran, 
 Belfiist. and Liverpool. The harbor, formed at an immen.se 
 expense by the late Earl of Eglintoun, is sheltered by a 
 pier and ilorse Island, and has a light-hoa.se on the N.E. 
 of the Bi-eakwater, with a fixed light. Lat. 55° 38' 27" N.; 
 Ion. 4° 49' 2S" W. Export of coal from this port has been 
 rapidly increasing. Pop. of town in 1851. 2677. 
 
 ARDSALLAGII, ard'sjiiaan, or ARDSAL/LA, a parish of 
 Ireland, co. of Jleath. 
 
 ARDSKEAGII. ard'ski', a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 ARDSI/riV, ardzlee, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 ARDSLEY, East, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 ARDSLEY, West, or WOOIVKIRK, a parish of England, 
 CO. of York, West Riding. 
 
 ARD'STRAW, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, 
 comprising the town of Xewtown-Stewart. (See Xewtowx- 
 Stewart.) and villages of .4rdstraw and Douglas Bridge. 
 
 AltDTRE.V or ARTREA. art-ree', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, cos. of Tyrone and Londonderry. 
 
 ARDVAR, Loch, Iok ard-var', an arm of the sea in Scot- 
 land, on the W. coast, co. of Sutherland. Lat. 5S° 16' N.; 
 ion. 5° 4' W. It is a small, but .safe haroor for smaU vessels. 
 
 ARDUEXNA SYLVA. See Ardennes. 
 
 ARIVWICK. a suburb of Manehest<?r, England, and within 
 the bounds of its lx>rough. The Sheffield Railway joins that 
 of Birmingham in this suburb. Pop. in 1851, 15,777. 
 
 ARDZ-liOOM or ARD7^RU^r. See Erzroom. 
 
 AREAS. 4-r.Afis. or SAO MIGUEL DAS AREAS. sa'Ax« 
 me-ghM' dis 3-rA'as, a small town of Brazil, in the province of 
 Sao Paulo. 150 miles X.E. of Santos, and 110 miles X.W. of 
 Rio Janeiro, on the confines of the province of that name, 
 and on the road to the city of Sao Paulo. The principal 
 commerce consists in coffee and fowls. Pop. of town and 
 district. 6000. 
 
 AR/EBO\ AR'OBO\ or ARBOX, aR^biN"', a town of Africa, 
 In Guinea, 30 miles S.W. of Benin, on the river of Formosa, 
 40 miles from its mouth. 
 
 ARECIIAVALETA, a-ri-cha-vi-li'tJ, a town of Spain, in 
 the province of Guipuzcoa. 27 miles X.E. of A"ittoria, on the 
 high road from Madrid to Bayonne. Pop. 24.30. 
 
 ARECIFE. d-rd-see'fA, (i'. e. the "reef.") a seaport town of 
 the Canaries, in the island of Lanzarote, on its S.E. coast. 
 Immediately S. of the small but secure port of Xaos. Pop. 
 2500, mostly fishermen. In winter its Imrbor is resorted to 
 by nearly all the i.sland boats. 
 
 ARED, a'rfd. EI^AAR-EDII. Jl-J'red". JEB'EL ARIDH, 
 i'rid\orIMAREEYEH.(IMARlYEH.)e-ma-ree'yeh.amoun- 
 taiu range in .\rabia, traversing Xedjed from S.W. to X.E. from 
 Mecca to Bassorah. a total distance of upwards of 550 miles. 
 
 ARELAS. ARF.LATE. or ARELATUM. See Arles. 
 
 ARELEY or ARLEY, Upper, a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 ARELEY. KTXG'S. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 ARE.MBERG-MEPPEX, (a/rem-b^RO' mVPfn.) DUCHY 
 OF, a political division of Hanover, between Oldenburg and 
 Holland, comprising an area of 740 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed from S. to X. by the Ems, .and consists chiefly of 
 sandy waters, moors, and heaths. In 1826 it was erected 
 into a duchy, by George IV. of Great Britain. Pop. 49,000. 
 
 AREX.A.. i-nl'ni a town of Abyssinia, on Howakel Bay, on 
 the W. shore of the Red Sea. 50 miles S.E. of .\rkeeko. 
 
 AREXA. i-ri'nd, a town of Piedmont, in the province of 
 Voghera, ISJ miles X.E. of Voghera, with an ancient castle. 
 Pop. 3090. 
 
 AREX.A^. J-r.Vni, a town of Xaples, in the province of 
 Calabria Ultra, II. 
 
 AREXA. a-ree'na. a post-village of Iowa CO., Wisconsin, 
 on the S. bank of Wiscon.sin River, about -30 miles W. by N. 
 of Madison. Pop. of Arena township, 1295. 
 
 AR^EXAC, a new county in the E. part of Michigan, 
 bordering on Saginaw Bay, contains about 544 .square miles. 
 It is drained by S,andy River. The surface is mostly covered 
 with forests. The county is not yet organized, and is 
 attached to Saginaw countv for judicial purposes. It is not 
 named in the census of 1860. 
 
 AUEXACUM. See Arxheim. 
 
 AREX.\S. d-nUnis, a Spanish word signifving "sand.s," 
 the name given to various islands, capes, sand-banks, &c. in 
 different parts of the world. 
 
 AREXDaL, d'rfn-<lil\ a seaport town of Xorway, 36 miles 
 
 X.K of Christiansand on the Sk.aser-Rack. Lat. 58° 28' N.; 
 Ion. 8° 32' E. It lies at the mouth of the Xid River, and ia 
 built on rocks projecting out into the commodious haven, 
 formed within the islands Trommoe and Iliseioe. The build- 
 ings are of wood, clustered in declivities, and scattei-ed up 
 the surrounding heights, one of which is crowned by a hand- 
 some church. The town has a commercial and two other 
 schools, a custom-house, and three yards for ship-building. 
 X. of the town are some celebrated iron-mines. Aren Jal pos- 
 sesses nearly 200 sea-going .ships, chiefly employed in export- 
 ing timber, and in importing grain and other kinds of foodi 
 About 4 miles fi-om the port, on the island of Torungen, it 
 a fixed light, 130 feet high. Lat. 5S° 23' 2" N.; Ion. 8° 52' 
 5" E. In 1846, the town proper had increased to 3562, in* 
 eluding suburbs, 4500. 
 
 AREXDOXCK, J/rfH-dAnk' a town of Belgium, 29 miles 
 X.E. of Antwerp. Pop. .3488, employed in stocking and linen 
 weaving, and in distilling. 
 
 AREXDSEE, i'rint-sxV, a town of Prussian Saxony, 63 
 miles X. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2016. 
 
 AREXDTS/VILLE, a post-office of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 AREXSBURG.J'rens-bCfiRG^. a seaport town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Livonia, capital of the island of Oesel. on its S. 
 coast, in the Gulf of Riga. It has an active commerce. Its 
 harbor being shallow, vessels anchor at the "Kettle," 5 miles 
 W. of the town, where from 20 to 30 arrive annuiillj', mostly 
 from Lulieek, Sweden, and Holland. 
 
 AREXTHOX, i-rdN<=H*>«', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 in the province of Faucigny. 
 
 AREXYS DE MAR, d-r.i-nees' d.'l maR. a seaport town of 
 Spain, on the Mediterranean, in Catalonia, 25 miles X.E. of 
 Barcelona. Pop. 4784. With a few manufactories of silk, 
 cotton, hosierj', and lace. Chief exports, wine, timber, and 
 charcoal. 
 
 AREXYS pE MUXT. l-rA-nees' di moont, a little N. of 
 the foregoing. Pop. 1233. 
 
 AREXZ.\XO. i-rJn-zi/no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 15 miles W. of Genoa. Pop. 3250. 
 
 AREXZ/VILLE, a post-village of C&ss co.. Illinois, on In- 
 dian Creek, about 48 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 AREQUIPA, i-rA-kee/pd. the most S. department of Peru, 
 extending along the Pacific tiet%veen lat, 15° and 21° S., and 
 Ion. 09^ and 75° W., having ou the E. and S. Bolivia. Pop. 
 in 1850, 119,337. 
 
 AREQUIPA, a city of Peru, capit-il of the department of 
 the same name, 450 miles S.E. of Lima, and about 40 miles 
 from the shores of the Pacific. Lat. 16° 30' S. ; Ion. 72° 20' 
 W. It is finely situated. 7850 feet .ibove the sea level, on 
 the plain of Quilca, on the river Chili, which is here crossed 
 by a handsome stone bridge. It enjoys a delightful climate, 
 and is esteemed one of the best built and most litautiful 
 towns of South America. It has a square ornamented with 
 an elegant bronze fountain, a cathedral, several churches, 
 3 nunneries. 6 convents, a college, and a hospital. The 
 houses and public edifices are all of stone, generally only of 
 one floor, with thick walls and vaulted roofs, to resist the 
 shocks of earthquakes, which are frequent here, and so de-' 
 structive as to have laid the city in ruins on four different 
 occasions, besides the damage done by less violent con- 
 vulsions. It has manufiictures of woollen and cotton stuffs, 
 and gold and silver tissue, %vith an active and flourishing 
 trade. In the neighborhood are sever.il gold and silver 
 mines, and the district round the town is fertile and well 
 cultivated. Pop. about 35,000. 
 
 AREQUIPA, Volcano or, the most celebrated volcano 
 of the .\.ndes next to Cotopaxi. in Peru, aliout 14 miles E. of 
 Arequipa. Height. 20,300 feet, for the upper 500 of which it 
 is commonly covered with snow. It forms a regular cone 
 truncated at the summit, and has a deep crater from which 
 ashes and vapor continually issue. 
 
 ARES, d'rSs, a seaport town of Spain, 9 miles X.E. of Co- 
 runna. with ruins of extensive fortifications. Pop. 1S50. 
 
 AR^ETIIU'SA, a celebrated fountain of Sicily, in the city 
 of Syracuse. It springs from the eirth under a natural 
 arch in the rock within a short distance from the sea, from 
 which it is separated by the city wall only. The water de- 
 scribed by the ancient writers as pure and sweet, is now 
 brackish from the sea having found access to it. 
 
 ARETTE, d'rJtf, a town of France, department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees, canton of .\ramitz. Pop. 1172. 
 
 AREVALO, a-rA-vdno, a town of Sp-ain, in Old Castile, 28 
 miies X.of Avila. on the Adaja, with remains of ancient for- 
 tifications. Pop. 2201. 
 
 AREZZO, i-rii'so. (anc. Arreftium.) a city of It.aly, Tus- 
 cany, capital of the province of its own name, on the 
 Chiana, an affluent of the Aruo, 38 miles S.E. of Florence. 
 Pop. 11,081. Its walls are evidently Etruscan, and it 
 abounds in architectural remains of the middle ages: but 
 except the ruins of an amphitheatre, its Roman anri(|uitie8 
 are scanty. Chief edifices, a cathedral, and several other 
 churches rich in works of art; the Cimous loggie of Vas.arl, 
 in the principal square, comprising a theatre, custom- 
 house, town-hall, hospital, a museum, a libraiy, and tbi: 
 house in which Petrarch was born, July 20, 1304. Auci«b* 
 
ARG 
 
 AUG 
 
 Arrttium was famous for Its manufacture of terra-cotta 
 vases; the principal manufactures of modern Arezzo are 
 woollen stuffs and pins. The city is celebrated for the 
 great number of eminent men who were liorn in it; among 
 whom may \xi mentiorled Maecenas, Petrarch, Vasari, Guido 
 the inventor of musical notation.and the physiologist Redi. 
 Michael Angelo was born in its immediate vicinity, in 1474. 
 
 ARG A, a p.';;!. a river of Spain, in Navarre, rising in the 
 Pyrenees, falls into the Aragou. Total course, 60 miles. 
 
 AKGiEUS (ar-jee/us) MOUNT, (Turk. Arjhh-Dagh, &T- 
 jeesh'-ddo, or Krdjhh or Erjish-Dugh, er-jeesh'-ddo,) the lofti- 
 est mountain of Asia Minor, pashalic of Karamania, about 
 12 miles S. of Kaisareeyeh. Circumference, about 60 miles; 
 area, 300 square miles ; and height, 13,100 feet. It is isolated, 
 except on the S.E. side, jvhere it is connected with a branch 
 of the Taurus chain. Its flanks are studded all round with 
 volcanic cones. The lower line of perpetual snow is ele- 
 vated 10.700 feet. 
 
 AR'GAM or ER/GIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 ARGAMASILLA DE ALBA, aR-ga-md-seel'vl d.i Jni, a 
 town of Spain, in New Castile, 84 miles S.S.E. of Madrid, on 
 the Guadiana. Pop. ICOO. 
 
 ARGAMASILLA DE CALATRAVA, AK-^l-rai-seeVyK dA 
 kd-li-tr^vd, a town of Spain, 13 miles S. of Ciudad Real. 
 Pop. 2020. 
 
 AROANA MADEN. See Argiiaxa Maden. 
 
 ARGANDA DEL REY, aR-g^n/da dJl ri/e, a town of 
 Spain, 16 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 2772. An elegant iron 
 bridge over the Jarama, W. of the town, was opened in Oc- 
 tober, 1843. 
 
 ARG ANII^ aR-gJ-neeV. a town of Portugal, in Beira. capital 
 of the comarca, 28 miles E.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 1675. 
 
 AR'GAtJM', a village of Central India, Berar dominions, 
 3S miles W.S.W. of Ellichpoor. Here the troops under the 
 Duke of Wellington (then General Wellesley) totally defeated 
 the Nacrpoor forces. November 28, 1803. 
 
 Xmiv.lj. AliGELIXO. See Algiers. 
 
 ARGELES, aRzhMi/ or aRVbgh-lil/, a town of France, 
 department of Ilautes-Pyrenfies on the Gave d'Azun, 17 
 miles S.S.W. of Tarbes. Pop. (1851) 1589. 
 
 ARGELES. a village of France, department of Pyr^nfes- 
 Orientales, 12 miles S. of Perpignan. Pop. 2325. Formerly a 
 fortified town. 
 
 ARGEXS, aRV.hSN"', a river of France, with three differ- 
 ent sources. Course, about 60 miles, falls into the Mediter- 
 ranean aViout 2i miles S.W. of Fr^jus. 
 
 ARGENTA, aR-j*5n'td, a town of Italy, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Fen-iua. fop. 2600. 
 
 ARGENTAN, aR*zh5N*'t^N«', (L. Argemtasad. Argentnnium 
 Ca$trum.) a town of France, department of Orne, capital of 
 the arrondissement, 22 miles N.N.W. of ilen^on. Pop. 
 (1852) 6673. It is well built and clean, and has manufac- 
 tures of linens and lace called point (tArgentan, with bleach- 
 ing grounds and tanneries. 
 
 ARGENTARIA. See Argentiera. 
 
 ARGENTA RO, aR-j^n-t^'ro, or EGRISOO-TAGII, eg're-.soo'- 
 tjg, a mountain of Turkey in Europe, one of the highest of 
 the Balkan lange between Servla and Macedonia. 
 
 ARGENTAKO, (aR-jJn-td'ro.) MOUNT, a mountain pro- 
 montary, Western Italy, projecting into the Mediterranean 
 at the S. e.xtremity of Tuscany, immediately W. of Orhitello. 
 Lat. 42° 24' N. ; Ion. 11° 10' E. ; culminating point, Ui Cima 
 delle tre Crnci, 1700 feet in elevation. 
 
 ARGENTAT. aRV.hSxoHd/, a town of France, department 
 of Corrfize. on the Dordogne. Pop. (1851) 3535. 
 
 ARGENTEAU, aR'zh6N°Ho', a village of Belgium, on the 
 Meuse, 6 miles \.E. of Liege. _Pop. 800. 
 
 ARGENTEUIL. aRVhix"'tuI', (L. Argentolhim, a town of 
 France. dep;irtment of Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, 11 miles 
 N.E. of Versjiilles. Pop. (1S52) 4767. It was to a monastery 
 In this town that Heloise retired in 1120, after the misfor- 
 tunes of Abelard. 
 
 ARGENTl ERA, aR-jJn-te-A/ra, ARGENTARIA, aR-j^n-tJ- 
 ree'a, or KHIMOLI, Kee'mo-lee, (anc. Cimollk or Cimr/lits, 
 and Echiniifsa, or the isle of vipers,) an island in the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago. Lat. .36° 49' 3" N.; Ion. 24° ."a' 5" E. It 
 is about 18 miles in circumference, and of volcanic formation. 
 
 ARGENTlfeRE, aRVh6No'te-aiR/, orL'ARGENTlllRE, laR'- 
 ihSs^^te-aiR/. a commune and village of France, department 
 of Hautes-.\lpes, 9 miles S.E. of Briangon, on tlie right bank 
 of the Durance. Pop. 1233. 
 
 ARGENTl EKE. COL D', kol daRV.hSxo'te-aiR', a mountain 
 T)as.s. Maritime .\lps. on the ro,ad fromBarcelonnettetoConi, 
 /200 feet alwve the sea level. Lat. 44° 27' N.; ion. 6" 55' E. 
 
 ARGENTINA, aR-nJn tee'nd, a small port and settlement 
 of La Plata, at the head of Blanco Bay, 390 miles S.S.W. of 
 Buenos Ay res. Lat. 38° 20' S. ; Ion. 62° 10' W. 
 
 ARGENTINE (ar'jen-teen) REPUBLIC, (Sp. liepuhlica Ar- 
 mntina, ri-pooWle-ki aR-Hjn-tee/ni/,) South America. See 
 Vlata. 
 
 ARGENTINE, ar'jen-tlne, a post-township in the S. part 
 >f Genesee co., Michigan, about 55 miles N.W. of Detroit, 
 "•c-p. 856. 
 
 ARGENTON-SUR-CREUSE, aEVh8N«H4N?-sUR-kruz, (anc. 
 
 Argentomfagus,) a town of France, department of Indre, 
 on the Creuze, 17 miles S.W. of Chateauroux. Pop. (1851) 
 5332. It has ruins of an ancient castle, and manufactories 
 of wo<illen cloths. 
 
 ARGENTORATUM. See Steasbouro. 
 
 ARGENTRE, aR'zhSsoHr.V, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 5 miles S.S.E. of Vitro. Pop. 2163. 
 
 ARGENTRE SOUS LAVAL, aR'zhfiNoHri/ soo la'vSl', a 
 village of France, department of Mayenne, 6 miles E. of 
 Laval. Pop. (1851) 1702. 
 
 ARGIIANA-MADEN, aR'ga-na/-ma/den, a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, 33 miles N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Tigris, near 
 its source. Pop. about 4000. It has some copper-mines, (mor 
 den signifies " mines,") but charcoal has to be brought from 
 a distance for smelting the ore, the coal of its vicinity being 
 of very inferior quality. 
 
 ARGIIURI. See Argooreb. 
 
 ARGIGO. See Arkeeko. 
 
 ARGISII. See Akhlat. 
 
 AROIRO-KASTRO. See Argtro-Castro. 
 
 Ali/GO, (anc. Guugiides or Gnrat) an island in the Nile, 
 Nubi!i, between lat. 19° 10' and 19° 32' N. Length, from N. 
 to S., 25 miles; breadth, 5 miles. 
 
 AR'GO, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia, 120 miles N. of 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 ARGO, a small post-village of Carroll co., Illinois, 200 
 miles N. from Springfield, and 6 miles E. from the Missis- 
 sippi River. 
 
 ARGO, a post-village of Crawford CO., Missouri, 60 miles 
 S.E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 ARGO, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa. 
 
 AlOGOL/, a village of France, department of Finistfere, 11 
 miles N.W. of Chateaulin. 
 
 ARGOL, a hamlet of France, department of Finistfere, 
 arrondissement of Brest, with a small harbor on the Ger- 
 man Ocean. 
 
 ARGOL, a commune and town of France, department of 
 Deux-Sevres, with ruins of an ancient castle. 
 
 AR'GOLIS, a department of the kingdom of Greece, llorea, 
 forming a small part of the ancient Arfgolis, and extending 
 along tiie N. shore of the gulf of the same n.irae. 
 
 ARGONNE, (aR'gonn',) Forest or, the former name of a 
 country of France, departments of Meuse and A rdennes. It 
 forms a .small plateau still partly covered with wood, ex- 
 tending from Toul to MeziJres, and separating the basins 
 of the Aisne and Meuse. 
 
 ARXjOON' or ARGUN, a river in the Rus.sian dominions, 
 government of Irkootsk, rises in a lake in Cliinese Tartary 
 and flowing from S. to N., separates 'he Russian and Chinese 
 Empires, and joins the Shilka to fcrni the Amoor. AiiGOoxsK 
 is a pali.saded fort of Russia, government of Irkootsk, on the 
 left bank of the Argoon, in lat. 51° 51' N., Ion. 119° 50' E. 
 
 ARGOON or ARGUN, a river in the Russian dominions, 
 Circassiii, district. of Tchetchentsi, rises in the Caucasus, 
 flows N.N.E., and joins the Terek, in Ion. 46° 10' E. 
 
 AROOOREE or ARGURI. aR-goo/ree, a village of Ruspian 
 Armenia, 186 miles S. of Tiflis, on the level ground at the 
 end of the great chasm on the N.E. slope of Jlount Ararat, 
 about 5400 feet above the sea. This was formerly one of the 
 largest and mo.st beautiful villages in Armenia. On July 2, 
 1840, an eruption of Ararat overwhelmed, in one common 
 destruction, the village of Argooree, and the monastery and 
 chapel of St. James, with their inhabitants and inmates, 
 consisting of 1500 Armenians. 400 Koordish servants, and 
 8 monks. Only 114 individuals escaped, who were engaged 
 in the field, and otherwise at a di.stance from the scene of 
 the calamity. Since the eruption, the wells of the village 
 have given forth discolored water of a sulphurous taste. 
 
 ARGOS, ar'gos, a town of Greece, department of Argolis, 
 60 miles N.N.W. of Nauplia, near the head of its gulf, and 
 20 miles S.S.W. of Corinth. Pop. about 8000. It is con- 
 sidered the most ancient city of Greece, and was long the 
 capital of A.rgolis. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, was killed in its 
 streets 272 B.C. The ruins of Argos Amphilocliicum. Kcax- 
 nania, exist at the SJ!. corner of the Gulf of Arta, 15 miles 
 E.S.E. of Vonitza. 
 
 ARGOSTOLI. aR-gos'to-le, a seaport town, Ionian Islands, 
 capital of the island of Cephalonia, on its S.W. side, with an 
 excellent port in the Gulf of Argostoli. Lat. 38° 10' N. ; Ion. 
 19° 59' 3" E. Pop. 8000. " The improvements of Colonel 
 Napier have given to this town the air of an English 
 watering-place." It is the residence of the British governor 
 and Greek bishop, and is the seat of justice of the island. 
 
 AR'GOSVILLE, a post-ofiBce of Schohaiie co., New York, 
 46 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 ARGOUGES, aR'-goozh', a town of France, department of 
 Manche. arrondissement of Avranches. Pop. of comm., 1576. 
 
 ARGOUN. See Argoon. 
 
 ARGOVIE or AR60VIA. See Aargau. 
 
 ARGUENON, aR'gah-nAN"', a river of France, department 
 of C6tes-du-Nord, passes Jugon. and falls into the English 
 Channel at the port of Guildo, 10 miles W.S.W. of St. Malo, 
 navigable with the tide to PlanccSt, 4 miles from its mouth, 
 
 ARGUIN, aR-goo-een' or aR-gween', an island off the W. 
 of Africa, 25 miles S.E. of Cape Blanco, and about 8 miles 
 
 105 
 
AUG 
 
 ARK 
 
 ftr-n 1 tho "hore. Lat. 20° 27' N. ; Ion. 16° 37' W. It is from 
 30 to 40 I iles long and 1 mile broad. The island is formed 
 of a whi^o rock covered with shifting sand; it produces no 
 wood, but has abundance of excellent water. The danger- 
 ous bank of Arguin extends N. to S. through 1^ degrees 
 of latit'ide from near Cape Blanco to Cape Jlirik. 
 
 AKOUIN, a town of ^Vestern Africa, on the coast S.E. of 
 Cape Blanco, with large markets in June and December. 
 
 ARGUN. See Argoox. 
 
 ARGURI. See Argooree. 
 
 AR'GUS, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama. 
 
 AR6YLE or ARGYLL, ar-ghlle', a maritime county of 
 Scotland, on its W. side, greatly indented by arms of the 
 sea. and having on the X., Invemess-shire, E., the counties 
 of Perth and Dumbarton, and W. and S. sides, the Atlantic 
 and Irish Channel. It includes the islands of Mull, Is- 
 lay. Jura, Tiree, Coll, lona, &c. Area, about 31S0 square 
 miles, of which 2735 belong to the mainland, and 10(53 to 
 the islands. Pop., in 1S51, 89.298. Surface mostly rugged 
 and mountainous, and 1,524,000 acres unprofitable; of the 
 remainder, 308,000 acres are under culture, and 600,000 acres 
 uncultivated. Loch Awe is in this county, and the total 
 area of fresh water is estimated at 52,000 acres. Great num- 
 bers of cattle are reared here fbr export to Southern mar- 
 kets. Manufactures unimportant; but steam navigation 
 has lately given impulse to all branches of industry. Chief 
 towns, Inverary, Campbelton, and Ob.in. It returns 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. Argy le gives the title of duke 
 to the head of the Campl)ell family. 
 
 AltGYLE, ar-ghlle'. a county of New South Wales, between 
 kt. 34° and 35° S., aiid Ion. 149° and 150° E., enclosed by 
 the counties of Camden, Georginiana. St. Vincent, King, and 
 Murray. Its rivers are affluents of the Warragamba. It 
 sends 1 member to the legislative council. Pop. diiOO. 
 
 AKGYLE, a post-township of Penobscot CO., Maine, about 
 90 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 379. 
 
 ARGYLE, a postrvillage and township of Washington co., 
 New York, on Moseskill Creek, 45 miles N. from Albany. 
 Pop. 3139. It has an academy. 
 
 ARGYLE, a post-village in Cumberland co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 74 miles S.S.W. from Raleigh. 
 
 ARGYLi;, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia. 
 
 ARGYLK, a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois, 92 miles 
 N.W. from Springfield. 
 
 ARGYLK, a post-oifice of Jefferson co., Missouri. 
 
 ARGYLE, a post-villj^je of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wassemon river, about 45 miles N.E. from Galena. 
 
 ARQYRO-CASTRO, aR/ghe-ro kds'tro, (modern Greek ,4r- 
 guri''-kis4ron ; Turk., Ergree KaHree,) a town of Albania, 
 sanjak Uelviuo. on the Deropuli, a tributary of the Voyus- 
 sa, 47 miles X.^V. of Vanina. Pop. estimated at from 40(.)0 
 to 9(;0D. comprising 2000 Albanian and 200 Greek families. 
 It is picturesi|nely situated, and has many mosques, a cas- 
 tle (the residence of its governor,) and a good bazaar. 
 
 ARIA, the ancient name of eastern provinces of Persia. 
 See Pkrsh. 
 
 ARIAXO, i-re-3'no, a town of Itily, state of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Piincipato-tritrii. capital of district, in the Apen- 
 nines, 17 miles of E. Benevento. Pop. 11.718. It has a 
 mountain fortress, a cathedral, a diocesan school, manufac- 
 tures of earthenware, and an export trade in wine, and in 
 butter, preserved in hollow cheese rinds. 
 
 ARIAXO, a town of Italy, 25 miles E.N.E. of Ferrara. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 ARIC.A.. J-reoTvi. a maritime town of Peru, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its own name. 200 miles S.S.E. from Arequipa. Lat. 
 18° 28' 1" S. : Ion. 70° 24' W. It was formerly a much more 
 important place than now, being the port from which the 
 produce of the celebrated mines of Potosi were shipped. It 
 has manufactures of glass beads, and is the principal port 
 through which the foreign business is carried on with Bo- 
 livia. The district is about 480 miles long, and averages 
 about 40 miles in breadth, Pop. of the town, though once 
 estimated kt 30.000, is now only about 3500. 
 
 ARICATI. See Aracati. 
 
 ARICIHT, ^-re-sliif, a flourishing seaport of the Cape 
 Breton Islands, about lat. 45° 28' N.; Ion. 61° 3' W. It con- 
 tains several considerable establishments for carrying on 
 the fishery. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ARID, ir'id. a sniiiU island in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 46° 
 66' S.: Ion. 47° 30' E. 
 
 ARlfiOE, i^re-aizh', ariver of Trance, rises in the Eastern 
 Pj'renees, traverses the department of A ri6ge, and IIaute-G.v 
 ronne. passes Ax, Tarascon. Foix,Varilles, Pamiers. Saverdun, 
 and Ciutegabelle, where it becomes navigable. It joins the 
 Garonne on the right. 
 
 AUlfitiE. a department in the S. of France, having S. the 
 Pyrenees and Spain; W., Haut«>Garonne; N.E., Aude; and 
 S.E.. lYrfinfie-S-Orientales. Area, 1738 square miles. Pop. 
 (ISO!) 251,850. Two-thirds of the province is covered with 
 mountains, which rise from N.to S., and reach their greatest 
 elevation on the extreme frontier in the Pyrenees. The 
 principijl summit is Montcalm, 10,611 feet high. The vari- 
 ous branches, stretching from E. to W., separate the depart- 
 ment into two vallies ; the one watered by the Aritge, and 
 106 
 
 the other oy the Salat, both navigable. In the N the cli- 
 mate is mild and temperate; but in S. the heat is oppres- 
 sive in summer, and the cold extreme in winter The higher 
 lands in the S. furnish principally wood .and pasturage, with 
 some medicinal plants ; the lower are remarkable for their 
 fertility. The vine is cultivated up to the middle of the 
 higher mountains. Large numbei-s of cattle, sheep, and 
 goats are reared. The staple trade of the department is in 
 iron, the principal mines of which are in the Yicdessos, and 
 supply nearly 60 furnaces in this department alone. Lead 
 and copper are procured in various places; also small quan- 
 tities of silver. Marble, jasp.Tr, gypsum, slates, and coal are 
 worked. Chief commerce in iron, wood for building, grain, 
 and cheese; and manufactures of steel wares, paper, cotton, 
 and woollen cloth. It is divided iifto the thi-ee arrondisse- 
 ments of Foix, Pamiers, and St-Girons. 
 
 ARIEL, .Vre-el, a post-office of AV,ayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ARIELLI, d-re-ellee, a town of Italy, kingdom of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Citra, 9 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 14tX>. 
 
 ARIENZO, d-re-Sn'zo, a town of Naples, province of Terra 
 di Lavoro, 18 miles N.E. of Naples, on Mount Tifati, between 
 Naples and Benevento. It has 7 parish churches, an hos- 
 pital, and a mont-dc'piiU. Pop. between 10.000 and 11,000. 
 
 ARIET'TA, a township of lljimilton co.. New York. Pop. 
 98. 
 
 ARIGAL, i're-g.^l, a mountain of Ireland, LHster, ca of 
 Donegal, 1i miles E. of Guidore Bay. Height. 24C2 feet. 
 
 AKIG'XA, a coal and iron district in Ireland, in the N.of 
 CO. of Roscommon, on the stream of the same name. 
 
 ARIMINUM, See Rimim. 
 
 AHIXOS, i-ree/noce, a river of Brazil, province of Matto- 
 Grosso; rises in the Parecis mountains, takes a N.W. course, 
 and falls into the river Tap.^jos. an affluent of the Amazon, in 
 lat. 9° 30' S., Ion. 58° 20' W., after a course of about 700 miles. 
 
 ARIXTHOD, i'rjjjo*to', an ancient town of France, de- 
 partment of Jura. 19 miles S. of Lons-le-Saulnier, near the 
 Valouze. Pop. (1852) 1426. 
 
 ARIP'PO, a maritime village of Ceylon, on its W. coast, 
 35 miles X.X.E.of Calpentyn. It is the residence of govern- 
 ment authorities during the pearl-fishing season. 
 
 ARISH. See El Arish. 
 
 ARISPE, i-ris'pA, a town of the Mexican Confederation, 
 capital of the department of Sonora, on tlv? Sonora River, in 
 the Sierra Madre. Pop. variously computed from 3000 to 
 7600. There are extensive ruins N.W. of the town, and nu- 
 merous mines in its vicinity. 
 
 ARIS'PE, a post-vill.ige of Bureau county, Illinois, about 
 60 miles N. from Peori.a. 
 
 ARITH, d'reet/, a town of Piedmont, in Savoy Proper, 
 near the river Chfiran. Pop. 1220. 
 
 ARIZA, it-ree'thi, a town of Spain, 70 miles S.W. of Sa- 
 ragossa. 
 
 ARIZE, 3'reez', or LARIZE. liVeez', a river of France, 
 which rises among the mountains of Espla.s. a branch of 
 the Pyrenees, and, after a course cf about 25 miles, falls in- 
 to the Garonne, opposite Carbonne, in lat. 4.3° 5' X., Ion. 1° 
 20' E. It traverses Roche-du-Mas, one of the most remark- 
 able caverns of the Pyrenees. 
 
 ARIZU or ARITZU, d-rit-soo', a village in the island of 
 Sardinia. 40 miles X. of Cagliari. on a mountain. Pop. 2200. 
 Chief tr.ade in cattle, cheese, and snow. 
 
 ARJA, aji'jd, a town of Asiatic Turkey. pa.shalic of Bag- 
 dad, on the Euphrates. 92 miles N.W. of Bassorah. 
 
 ARJEPLOG, ia'y^-plog*, atown of Swedish Lapland. PiteS 
 Lappmark, on the Horn I^ake, 175 miles N.X.E. of Umei. 
 
 ARJISH, aR'jeesh'. a river of European Turkey, AVal- 
 lachia. rises in the East Carpathian Mountains, and joins 
 the Danube 42 miles S.S.E. of Bucharest, after a S. eastward 
 course of 150 miles. 
 
 ARJISH, a town on the above river. 90 miles N.W. of 
 Bucharest, with a rich convent, many churches, and a foi^ 
 
 AR.nSII or ERJISH. See Arg-BUS. 
 
 ARJONA. aR-Ho'ni. a town of Spain, Andalusia, 15 miles 
 N.W. ofJaen. Pop. 3598. 
 
 AR.TOXILLA aR-Ho-neel'yi. is a market-town of Spain, 5 
 miles X.W. of Arjona. Pop. 2398. 
 
 ARJUSAXIv, iR^-zhU*-s3x°', a village of France, depai-t- 
 ment of Landes. 18 miles X.W. of Mont de Mar.san. Pop. 630. 
 
 ARK or ARCII, aRk, a small island off Van Dieman's 
 Land. Lat. 43° 17' S. ; Ion. 147° 19' E. 
 
 AlOKADEI/PHI.^, a post-village, capital of Clark county, 
 Arkan.sa.s, on the right bank of Washita river. at>out 75 
 miles S.^V. from Little Rock. Small boats navigate the 
 river above and below this place. Pop. 817. 
 
 ARKADIA or ARCADIA. See Kyparissia. 
 
 ARK.\X'S.\S. (formerly pronounced Ai-'kanK,iw\) a river 
 of the United States, next to the Missouii, the largest af- 
 fluent of the Mississippi. Rising in the Rocky Mountains, 
 near the boundary between Utah and the Indian Territory, 
 it pursues an easterly course for several hundred miles. 
 Near the 9Sth degree of W. longitude, it turns and flows 
 south-eastward to Fort Smith on the western boundary of 
 Arkan.stis. Continuing in the same general diruction, it 
 traverses that State, dividing it into two nearly equil por 
 
ARK 
 
 tions, and empties itself itself into the Mississippi in lat. 
 83° 54' N.: Ion. 91° 10' W. 
 
 The whole length exceeds 2000 miles. The current is not 
 obstructed by considerable falls or rapids. It is navigable 
 by steamboats during nine months of the year for a dis- 
 tance of 800 miles from its mouth. The difiference between 
 high and low water in this river is about 25 feet. It is 
 from three-eighths to half a mile wide throughout the last 
 600 miles of its course. Stone coal is found in many places 
 along its banks between Little Kock and Van Buren. In 
 the former part of its course it flows through sterile plains 
 of great extent, but after entering' the Stjite of Arkansas 
 the soil of the regions which it traverses is generally very 
 productive. 
 
 AHIvANSAS, generally classed as one of the Western 
 States, but having, for the most part, the soil and products 
 of the Southern, is bounded on the N. by Jlissouri, K. by 
 the Mississippi River, (which separates it from the States 
 of Tennessee and Mississippi,) S. by Louisiana and Texas, 
 and W. by Texas and Indian Territory. It lies between 33° 
 and 36° 3U' N. lat., and between 89° 45' and 94° 40' W. Ion. : 
 being about 240 miles in length from N. to S., and 224 in 
 breadth from E. to \V'.; and including an area of 52,198 
 square miles, or 33,406,720 acres, only 1,983,313 of which 
 were improved in 1860. 
 
 Face of tlie Country. — The eastern part of Arkansas, for 
 about 100 miles back from the Mississippi, is generally a 
 vast plain covered with marshes, swamps, and lagoons, but 
 occasionally interspersed with elevations, (some of which 
 are 30 miles or more in circuit,) which, when the rivers are 
 overflowed from temporary islands. A plunk-road hiis been 
 made through a part of this region. A bill having re- 
 cently been passed by Congress, giving to the Southern and 
 Western States all the overflowed swamp-lands within their 
 respective limits, the State of Arkansas is now constructing, 
 along the whole eastern boundary, levees of great strength. 
 by means of which extensive tracts, that hare hitherto been 
 entirely worthless, will be converted into cultivable land 
 of extraordinary fertility. The Ozark Mountains, which en- 
 ter the N.W. part of the StJite, are of uncertain height; 
 they do not, however, exceed 2000 feet, and are generally 
 much below that elevation. The.se mountains divide the 
 State into two unequal parts, of which the northern has 
 the climate and productions of the Northern States, while 
 the southern portion, in the character of its climate and 
 productions, resembles Mississippi or Louisiana. The Black 
 Hills in the north, and the Washita Hills in the west, near 
 the Washita River, are the only other considerable elevations. 
 The central parts of the State, as well as the regions north 
 of the Ozark Mountains, are broken and undulating. 
 
 Minerals. — Arkansas gives indications of considerable af- 
 fluence in mineral resources, which are principally coal, iron, 
 lead, zinc, manganese, gypsum, and salt. The coal field of 
 Arkansas commences 40 miles above Little Rock, and ex- 
 tends on both sides of the river beyond the western boun- 
 dary of the State. Cannel, anthracite, and bituminous coal 
 are all found in the State. Gold is said to have been disco- 
 vered in White county. Near the Hot Springs is a cele- 
 brated quarry of oil stone, superior to any thing else of 
 the kind in the known world : the quantity is inexhausti- 
 ble: there are great varieties, exhibiting all degrees of fine- 
 ness. According to a writer in De Bow's " Resources of the 
 South and West," there is manganese enough in Arkansas 
 to supply the world; in zinc it excels every State except 
 New Jersey ; and has more gypsum than all the other States 
 put together, while it is equally well supplied with marble 
 and salt. The lead ore of this State is said to be particu- 
 larly rich in silver. 
 
 liivers. Lakes, &,c. — Arkansas h.is no sea-board, but the 
 Missis.sippi River (which receives all the waters of this State) 
 coasts the almost entire eastern boundary, and renders it 
 accessible to the sea from many points. Probably no State 
 in the Union is penetrated by so many navigable rivers as 
 Arkansas : owing, however, to the long-continued droughts 
 which prevail in the hot season, none of these streams can 
 be ascended by vessels of any size more than about nine 
 months in the year. The Arkansas is the principal river 
 that passes wholly through the State. It enters the west- 
 ern border from the Indian Territory, and sweeping almost 
 directly through the middle of the State for about 500 miles, 
 (the whole distance navigable for steamboats,) after receiv- 
 ing a number of small tributaries, discharges its waters in- 
 to the Mississippi. The White River and the St. Francis, 
 with their affluents, drain the N.E. part of Arkansas. They 
 have their sources in Missouri, and their outlet in the Mis- 
 sissippi River. The White River, which debouches by one 
 channel into the Arksvnsas, and into the Jlississippi by the 
 other, is navigable Ibr steamboats 500 miles, the Big Black 
 River for 60, and the St. Francis for 300 miles. The Red River 
 runs through the S.W. angle of the State, and receives some 
 small tributaries within its limits. It is navigable for 
 tteamboats beyond Arkansas. The Washita and its nume- 
 rous affluents drain the southern part of the State. The 
 main streiim is navigable for 375 miles, and its tributary, 
 the Saline, for 100 mUes. The Bayous Bartholomew, Boeuf, 
 
 ARK 
 
 Macon, and Tensas, are all tributaries of tlie Washita, an(1 
 have an aggregate of 635 miles of navigable ^vatcr. They 
 all rise in the S. part of Arkan.sas, and flow into I^ouisiana, 
 where they join the Red River. The Little Missouri and 
 Bayou U'Arbonne are western oitincnes of the Arkan.sa«, 
 the former navigable 60, and the latter 50 miles, for light 
 steamboats. There arenoconsideraVle lakes in Arkansas. 
 
 Otijects of Interest to I'ourifts. — Under this head stand 
 prominent the Hot Springs, situated in a county of thfi 
 same name, about 00 miles S.W. of Littlp Rock. From a 
 point or ridge of land forming a steep bank from 150 to 200 
 feet high, projecting over Hot Spring Creek, an affluent of 
 the AV'ashita, more than 100 springs issue, at dilTerent ele- 
 vations and of different temperatures, from 135° to 160° 
 of Fahrenheit. A considerable portion of this bank con- 
 sists of calcareous deposites, formed from the water as it is 
 exposed to the air. These springs are visited annually by 
 thousands of people. The waters are esteemed particularly 
 beneficial to persons suffering from the chronic effects of 
 mercury; also in rheumatism, stiffness of the joints, &c. 
 &c. Near the top of the bank above alluded to, there is a 
 fine cold spring, so near to the warm springs that a person 
 can put one hand into cold, and the other into hot water 
 at the same time. The creek below the springs is rendered 
 warm enough to bathe in, even in the coldest season. The 
 mountains on the western border of the state abound with 
 picturesque and romantic scenery. There is in Pike 
 county, on the Little Missouri River, a mountain of al.abas- 
 ter, said to be of the finest quality, and white as the driven 
 snow. In the same county al.so there is a natural bridge, 
 which is regarded as a great curiosity. 
 
 Climate. — The climnte of the northern and western parts 
 of Arkansas is allied to that of the North-western States, 
 while the southern and eastt^ru portion partakes of that of 
 Louisiana. The lowlands are unhealthy, but the uplands 
 will compare favorably with the most healthful regions of 
 the Western States. According to a meteorological table 
 kept in Pulaski county, near Little Rock, the mean tem- 
 perature of the year, from the 16th of December. 1850, until 
 the loth of December, 1851, inclusive, was 62°.66. Mean 
 temperature of the months of December. January, and Fe- 
 bruary, for the years 1849 and 1850, 45°.82. Mean tem- 
 perature for the corresponding months for the years 1850 
 and 1851, 44°.52. Mean temperature for the months of 
 June, July, and August for the year 1860, 79°.66. Mean 
 temperature for the corresponding months for the year 
 1851, 80°.26. There were 47 days during the summer of 
 1850 when the mercury rose to 90° and upwards; 51 days 
 during the summer of 1851 when the mercury rose to 90" 
 and upwards. The greatest elevation of the mercury, 1850, 
 was the 24th of August, when it rose to 99°. The greatest 
 elevation for 1851 was the 16th of August, when it rose to 
 9UJ°. The lowest depression of the mercury during the 
 year 1850 was 8°, on the 8th of December. The lowest de- 
 pression during the year 1851 was 12°, on the 19th of Ja- 
 nuary. From the 1st of March, 1850, until the 30th of 
 November, 1851, inclusive, there fell in rain and snow 
 79-66 inches of water, making an average of about 3-79 
 inches per month, and 45-52 inches in 1-2 months. The 
 greatest amount of rain during one month was in April, 
 1850, when there fell 7-93 inches of water; the least that 
 fell in any one month was in September, 1851, when there 
 fell -02 of an inch. 
 
 Sful and Production!!. — There is a great variety in the soil 
 of Arkansas; along the river intervals it is of the richest 
 black mould, (yielding from 60 to 80 bushels of Indian corn 
 to the acre.) but much of it unfit for cultivation for want 
 of a system of drainage. On the White and St. Francis 
 Rivers there is some laud of especial excellence;. while in 
 the country back from the rivers there are some sterile 
 ridges. Grand Prairie, between White and Arkansas 
 Rivers, about 90 miles long and 30 bro.ad. is badly sup- 
 plied with water, but most of the other prairie lands are 
 well watered. The region N. of the Ozark Mountains, in- 
 cluding about two tiers of counties, is well adapted to graz- 
 ing; it produces also abundance of excellent wheat, and, 
 perhaps, the finest apples in the world. This .section of the 
 country is elevated, hilly, or rolling, interspersed with 
 prairies, and abounds with fine springs of excellent water. 
 Grain and stock are the staples. The tops of the hills and 
 mountains are often flai or rolling, and covered with a good 
 soil and a heavy growth of timber. The staple products of 
 Arkansas are Indian corn, cotton, and live stock, and con- 
 siderable quantities of wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas, 
 beans, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, fruits, garden vege- 
 tables, butter, hay, rice, beeswax, and honey, with some 
 rye, barley, buckwheat, wine, cheese, grass-seeds, hops, 
 hemp, flax, silk, and maple sugar. There were in Arkan- 
 sas, in 1860, 1,983,313 acres of improved land (7,590,393 
 being unimproved), producing 957,601 bushels of wheat, 
 17,8-23,588 of Indian corn; 475,-i68 of oats; 440,472 of pcaa 
 and beans; 418,010 of Irish potatoes; 1,566,540 of sweet 
 potatoes ; 16,831 pounds of rice ; 989,980 of tobacco, 410,832 
 of wool; 4,067,556, of butter f 50,949 of beeswax ; 806.327 of 
 honey; 367,393 bales (of 400 lbs each) of cotton; 9,356 tons 
 
 107 
 
ARK 
 
 of hay; value of live stock $22,090,97": orchard products 
 at $56,025 ; and slaughtered animals at $3,878,990. 
 
 Ihrest-Trees. — In Arkansas the bottom lands are gene- 
 rally covered with a heavy growth of cotton-wood, ash, cy- 
 press, and gum. The mountains or hilly portions have 
 hickory and the different kinds of oak. Pine is found in 
 considerable abundance on the Arkansas Kiver, near the 
 centre of the state, and from this southward to Ked Kiver. 
 Beech is found in great abuudance on the St. Francis 
 River. Immen^ quantities of these different kinds of tim- 
 ber are sent down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. 
 From the letter of a highly intelligent correspondent we ex- 
 tract the following passage: — "The principal forest-trees 
 are the oak, (white.) found in remarkable abundance and 
 of good quality: the other oaks are also abundant and 
 very fine. White oaks, 6 feet in diameter and 60 or 80 feet 
 without a limb, are common. Hickory, ash, black walnut, 
 gum, cherry, pine, red cedar, dogwood, cypress, maple, 
 beech, cotton-wood, poplar, sugar-maple iu the N. parts; 
 bois d'arc. (pronounced bo-dark.) sassafras, and black lo- 
 cust; all these are found in abundance, and are very valu- 
 able. The pecan is included iu hickory, aud is also very 
 abundant." 
 
 Animals. — Arkansas is still the home of many wild ani- 
 mals, and the bear, buffalo, (a few of which are still found 
 in the ilississippi Swamp in Crittenden county.) deer, wolf, 
 catamount, wildcat, beaver, otter, raccoon, and gopher yet 
 infest its forests, prairies, and savannas. The gopher is a 
 little animal found chiefly, it is said, W. of the Mississippi. 
 It is rather larger than a rat. and has pouches on each side 
 of its head and neck, in which it carries out the dirt it 
 makes while excavating its burrow. -It is very destructive 
 to trees by gnawing their roots. Of birds there are found 
 wild gee.se. turkeys, and quails. The streams abound in 
 fish, particularly trout. 
 
 Manufactures. — Arkansas is not extensively engaged in 
 manufactures. According to the census of 1860 there were 
 in the state 518 manufacturing establishments, employing 
 1877 persons, consuming raw material worth $1,280,503, 
 producing goods to the value of $2,880,578 annually, total 
 amount of capital invested $1,316,610. Of these, 176 were 
 eaw-mills, capital invested $583,290, value of annual pro- 
 ducts $1,155,902; 97 flour and meal establishments, capital 
 invested $254,350, annual products $931,926; 61 establish- 
 ments for the manufacture and preparation of leather, 
 capital invested $94,600, annual products $150,425; 17 boot 
 and shoe manufactories, capital invested $12,729, annual pro- 
 ducts $44,020, value of home made manufactures $1,019,240. 
 
 Intental Improvements. — Arkansas is so well supplied with 
 river navigation, that she will scarcely feel the want of 
 other means of communication till her back country is 
 more settled. However, she too has been seized with the 
 spirit of the age. The Memphis and Little Rock Railroad 
 is partly completed, and several others have been pro- 
 jected, viz. one from Little Rock to Fulton, and one to Fort 
 Smith. A raili-oad is also proposed from St. Louis, through 
 Arkansas, to New Orleans. 
 
 Cbmmerct. — This state has no foreign commerce, though 
 It has considerable boating trade with New Orleans, en- 
 gaged in the export of its productions. The rivers of Ar- 
 kans-is afford an interior navigation of more than 1000 
 miles, bringing a large portion of the state within the 
 re.ach of navig.ible waters. Jt is stated that the White 
 River is more easily navigated than the Ohio; in ad- 
 dition to this, the Arkansas is navigable the entire 
 breadth of the state, the St. Francis for 300. and the Big 
 Black River for 100 miles. The southern and south-west- 
 ern portions of the state may be approached by ste-amboats 
 through the Red River, the Washita, and their branches. 
 Lumber, cotton, slaughtered animals, and Indian corn are 
 the great articles of export. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in Arkans.18 4 colleges, with 225 students, and an income 
 of $5585 ; 727 public schools, with 19,242 pupils, and $120,613 
 income, of wliich $200 was endowments, and $13,356 from 
 public funds; 109 academies and other schools, with 4415 
 pupils, and $68,146 income, of which $6,300 was endowments, 
 and $S645 from public funds. There are also in this state 
 115 libraries, of which 102 are public, aud 13 Sundaj'-school 
 libraries, comprising 23,221 volumes. 
 
 Periodicals. — By the census of 1860, 36 weekly news- 
 papers, with an aggregate circulation of 2,122,224 eopies per 
 annum, were published in Arkansas. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 1008 churches in Arkan- 
 sas iu 1860, the Baptists own 281 ; Christians, 33 ; Episco- 
 palian8,7; M etiiodists, 505 ; Presbyterians, 65 ; Cumberland 
 Presbyterians, 71; Roman Catholics, 37. The rest belong 
 to the various minor sects. 
 
 Public InstitiUinns. — .\s yet Arkansas has no institutions 
 for the insane, or for the deaf and dumb, or blind. There 
 is at Little Rock one state penitentiary, which has been 
 ouce or twice burned down by the convicts. According to 
 the census of IS.'iO, Arkansiw had 1 public library, with 250 
 volumes, and 2 Sunday-school libraries, \vith.l70 volumes. 
 
 Oovernnient, Financu, «&. — The governor is elected by 
 
 ARK 
 
 the people for 4 years, and receives a »lary of $1800 pe* 
 annum aud the use of a house. The Senate consists of 25 
 members, elected for 5 years; and the House of Hepresen- 
 tatives of 75 members, elected for 2 years, both Liy the 
 people. The members of both these bodies receive $3 pej 
 diem during the session, and $3 for every 20 miles travel. 
 The judiciary consists, 1st, of a Supreme" Court, composed 
 of a chief justice and two associates, elected by the lesrisla- 
 ture for 8 years, and receiving a salary of $1800 per aninim; 
 and, 2d. of six Circuit Courts, held twice a year "in each cir- 
 cuit. The circuit judges are elected by the people for 4 
 years, and the prosecuting attorney for 2 years. The cir- 
 cuit judges receive $1250 per annum. Arkansvis sends two 
 members to the national IIou.se of Representatives, aud is 
 entitled to four electoral votes for President of the United 
 States. The state debt in 1852 was $1,506 562; school fund, 
 none; annual expenditure, inclusive of debt and schools, 
 $35,000. The as.sessed value of real and personal property 
 in 1850 was $80,211,330. 
 
 Population. — Arkansas had in 1820, 14,273 inhabitants; 
 30,388 in 1830; 97,574 in 1840; 20'.»,877 in 1850; in 1S60, 
 435,450, of whom 324,143 were whites, 144 free colored, 
 111,115 slaves, and 48 Indians. Population to square miles 
 8. Representative population, 391,004. Of the free popula- 
 tion in 1860, 124,0'23 were born in this state, 196,552 iu other 
 states, 3741 in foreign countries, of whom 375 were born in 
 England, 1312 in Ireland, 131 in Scotland, 10 in Wale.s, 154 
 in British America, 1143 in Germany, 235 in France, and 
 381 in other foreign countries. Of the population in the 
 leading pursuits, 48,475 wore farmers, 8350 farm laborers, 
 7044 laborers, 2137 housekeepers, 1613 carpenters, 1296 mer- 
 chants, 1222 physicians, 1094 blacksmiths, 1071 overseers, 
 972 clerks, 933 teachers, 894 seamstresses, 797 domestics, 
 567 servants, 560 mechanics, 528 students, 494 clergymen, 
 467 lawyers, 438 planters, 363 wheelwrights, 313 grocers, 
 374 shoemakers, 254 millers. In the year ending June 
 let, 1860, there occurred 8856 deaths, or 20.6 in every thou- 
 sand. Of 131 deaf and dumb, 15 were slaves (see IxTKODtic- 
 Tiox to the volume on Papulation of the Kighlh Census, pp. 
 liv, Iv, Ivi, Ac); of 144 blind, 26 were slaves; of 86 insane, 
 5 were slaves; of 176 idiotic, 24 were slaves. 
 
 Ciiunlies. — There are in Arkansas 55 counties, viz: — Ar- 
 kansas. Ashley, Benton, Bradley, Calhoun, Carroll. Chicot, 
 Clark, Columbia, Conway, Crawford. Crittenden, Dallas, 
 Desha, Drew, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Hempstead, Hot 
 Spring, Independence. Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, 
 Lafayette, Lawrence, .Madison, Marion, Mississippi, Monroe, 
 Montgomery, Newton, Perry, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk, 
 Pope, Prairie, Pulaski, Randolph, St. Francis, Saline, Scott, 
 Searcy, Sebastian, Sevier, Union, Van Buren, Washington, 
 Washita, Wliite, and Yell. Several of these, including Cal- 
 houn, Columbia, and Sebastian have been formed since 1S50. 
 
 T<mns. — There are but few large towns in Arkansas. The 
 principal are Little Rock, the capital of the state, population 
 in 1860, :i727; ftimden, 2219; Fort Smith, 15:;0: Pine Bluff, 
 1396: Van Buren, 969 ; Fayettevillo, 969; .irkadelphia, 817. 
 
 History. — .\rkansas was settled by the French at .4,ikan- 
 sas Post as early as 1685. and formed a ])art of the great 
 tract purchased from France in 1803. under the name of 
 Louisiana. It made little progress until after its formation 
 into a territory of the United States in 1819. It became a 
 memlwr of the American Union in 1836. 
 
 ARKANSAS, ar-kiin's.is, a county in the E.S.E. part of 
 Arkansii-s. contains 1200 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the river of its own name, and the White River flows along 
 its E. border. The surface is generally level, and alx)ut 
 one-third of it is occupied by Grand Prairie, the largest in 
 the State. The soil of this part is fertile, and adapted to 
 corn and cotton. The rivers are navigable by steauilxiat* 
 nearly the whole year. Capital, .■\rkansas Post. Pop. 884-1 
 of whom 392;i were free, and 4921 slaves. 
 
 ARKANSAS POST, a post-village, capital of the aliove 
 county, is situated on the left b.ink of .\rkansas River, 
 about 50 miles from its mouth, and 117 miles S.E. of Little 
 Rock. It has a landing for steamboats, and contains seve- 
 ral stores. It was settled by the French in 1685. and was 
 for niany j-ears the depository for all the peltries of this 
 region. 
 
 ARKEEKO or ARKIKO, ar-kee'ko, writtten also ARGEE- 
 00, a se,iport town of Abyssiniiu state of Tigro. on a bay of 
 the Red Sen, opposite the island of Mas.sowah. lat. 15°35'N , 
 Ion. 39° 25' E. It is ill built, and Dr. Beke advises traveller* 
 to iivoid it, "with aJl its annoyances .and extortions." 
 
 AR/KKNGAKTII-DALE, a parish of England, county ol 
 York. North Riding. 
 
 AR'KKSDEN, a parish of England, county of Essex. 
 
 ARKIIOURI. See Aroooree. 
 
 AR*KINSK'. a Cossack settlement in Siberia, about Si"* 
 miles W. of Okhotsk, on the Okhota. 
 
 ARKLOW, arklO. a maritime town and parish of Irfland, 
 CO. of Wicklow, on the Avoca, 39 miles S.S.K. of Dublin. A 
 bridge of 19 arches here crosses the river, which falls Into 
 the sea about 500 yards below the town. Pop. of toar Id 
 1861, 3300. 
 
 ARKLOW, a barony of Ireland, co. of Wicklow, iu Leit, 
 
 Ik 
 
ARK 
 
 rter, including nine parishes. It gives the title of baron to 
 the House of Ormond. 
 
 aKIvO.VA or AKCOXA, aR-ko'nd, a promontory on the N. 
 coast of the island of UUgen, in the Baltic. There is here 
 a tixed Ii-:ht. Lat. U° 40' 9" N., Ion. V.i° 26' 2" E. 
 
 AKK'l'ORT, a post-villaso of Steuben co.. New York, on 
 the Caiiisteo Kiver, 246 miles \Y. by S. of Albany. 
 
 AKK'SEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Hiding. 
 
 AKKUDl. See Archudi. 
 
 ARK'VILLE, a post-office of Delaware co., New York. 
 
 AKK'WKIGHT, a post-township of Chautauqua co., New 
 York, 18 miles N.E. of Maysville. Pop. 110:J. 
 
 AULA, mCW, a town of France, department of Jura, 6 
 miles N. of Lons-le-Sauluier. Pop. 163S. 
 
 AHLANC or AllL.iXT. aaHSso', a town-of France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-BOme, 40 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 
 (18.->2) 4,28S. 
 
 ARl..'VNZ.4., an^lin'thS, a river of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 rising in the Sierra de Neilar, flows, W., and joins the Ar- 
 lanzon after a course of about 60 miles. 
 
 ARLA.NZON. aR-l4n-th6n', a river of Spain, in Old Cas- 
 tile, rising in the Sierra Pined.i, and flowing S.W., fells into 
 the Pisuerga, after a course of about 70 miles. 
 
 ARLBERO, aRl'bJao', or AULEKSHEKO, i'dlers-beRG,' 
 (" eagle's mount,") a branch of the Khe/tian Alps, in the 
 W. of the Tyrol and the Vorarlberg. 
 
 AR'LECDON or AK/LESDON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 ARLES, arlz, (Fr. pron. aRl; anc. Arlelas, Arelafte, or Are- 
 la/ttim.) a city and riverport of France, department of Bou- 
 ches-du-Hlione, on the left bank of the principal branch of 
 the Rhone, where it subdivides to form its delta, and at the 
 head of the canal from Aries to Bouc, 15 miles from the 
 Mediterranean, and 44 miles N.W. of Mar.seilles. It is en- 
 closed with old walls, and has streets tolerably regular and 
 spacious. Around the Palace Koyale, are a series of public 
 buildings, viz: the Hotel de Yille, containing a public 
 library of 12,000 volumes, the museum, a Gothic monas- 
 tery, and in the centre is an ancient obelisk, the only one 
 executed out of Egypt. The celebrated statue of the" Venus 
 of Aries" was discovered in the theatre. The other build- 
 ings of uot« are a cathedral of the seventh century, and the 
 church of Notre Dame. Among its numerous Koman anti- 
 quities is comprised an amphitheatre, which, both as re- 
 spects size and magniflcence, is supposed to have surpassed 
 that of Nfmeg. Aries is the chief place of a sous-prefect- 
 ure, and has a chamber of commerce, an agricultural so- 
 ciety, a college, and a school of hydropathy. The chief 
 manufiictures are hats and sausages. Aries enjoys excel- 
 lent facilities for trade. Its quays are very spacious, and 
 serve as an entrepot for all the merchandise which passes 
 between Lyons and Marseilles. The great railway which is 
 to pass through Paris, and connect the Mediterranean with 
 the English (Siannel, has been completed from Marseilles 
 to Aries, while a branch of the same unites the town to 
 Ntmos. In addition to its steam communic<ation on the 
 lUione, two canals terminate in the town ; one connecting 
 it with Durance, and the other with Port de Bouc. Aries 
 is the birth-place of the Emperor Constantiue the younger, 
 and it has been the seat of many celebrated ecclesiastical 
 councils. Pop. in 1862, 23,208. 
 
 ARLES. CANAL D', kd'njl' daRl, a canal of Fnance, de- 
 partment of Bouches-du-Rhone, commences on the Rhone, 
 at Aries, and extends to Port du Bouc, on the Slediterra- 
 nean, 25 miles. It was constructed to evade the dangerous 
 passa<:e of the Delta of the Rhone. 
 
 ARLESIIEIM, aRles-hime\ a small town of Switzerland, 
 about 5 miles S. of the town of Basel, in a fertile district, 
 on the Birs, 1154 feet above the sea. 
 
 ARLES-SUR-TECII, aRrsuR'tJsh', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Pyrenees-Orientales, 20 miles S.W. of Perpignan. 
 
 ARLEUF, aRHuf, a town of France, department of Ni^vre, 
 arrondissement of Chateau Chinon. Pop. 3036. 
 
 AKLEUX, aR"luh',a town of France, department of Nord, 
 6 miles S. of Douai. Pop. 1721. 
 
 AKLEY, arlee, a parish of England, co. of "Warwick. 
 
 AR'LINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 
 
 AR'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ARLINGTO.V, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a postrtownship of Bennington co., Ter- 
 mont, 106 miles S.W. of Montpelier. This township con- 
 tains an abundance of white, gray, and clouded marble, a 
 medicinal spring, and a large cave. Pop. 1146. 
 
 ARLI.N'GTOX, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a post-office of Van Buren co., Michigan. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a postoffice of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a postofflce of Columbia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 ARLON, aR^lAN"', (anc. Orolun>nuni,) a frontier town of 
 Belgium, 16 miles W.N.W. of Luxembourg. Pop. 4193. It 
 has an extensive trade in grain. 
 
 ARLSEY, arl'see, a parish of Ensland. co. of Bedford. 
 
 ARMA, aR/mi, or SANTIAGO DE ARMA, sin-te-SJgo di 
 BK/m:i, a town of South America, in New Granada, 220 
 miles N.N.E. of Popayan, on the Arma, an affluent of the 
 Cauca. , 
 
 ARM 
 
 ARMACSO, aR-m3-s3MNO, a town of Brazil, in the pro 
 vince and island of Santa Cathai-ina. Lat. 27*^ 30' S., Ion, 
 48° 40' W. 
 
 ARMACOLOrLA CREEK, in Georgia, enters the Etowah 
 from the right, near the S.W. corner of Lumpkin county. 
 
 AR.MADA, ar-mah'da, a post-township of .^laconib co., 
 Michigan, about 35 miles N. by E. of Detroit. I'op. 1488. 
 
 ARMAGH, ar'mi/. an inland county of Ireland, in Ulster. 
 Area, 612 sffuare miles. Pop. 196,085. Surface mountain 
 ous in the S.W., where Slieve-Gallion rises to 1893 feet it 
 height; elsewhere flat or undulating. Chief rivers, thp 
 Callan, Blackwater, Bann, and Newrywater. Soil rathei 
 fertile. It returns 2 members to the House of Counnons. 
 
 ARMAGH, ar'md/, {Ardrmagha, "the lofty field.'") a city, 
 parliamentary and municipal borough and parish of Ire- 
 land, capital of the above county, and the archiipiscopal 
 seat of the Primate of "all Ireland," near thu Callan and 
 the Ulster Canal, 70 miles N. by W. of Dublin. It is con- 
 nected by railway with Belfast, is well built, chiefly of hard, 
 red marble; the streets diverge fi-om the cathedral down 
 the .<;ides of a hill, and are clean, lighted with gas, and well 
 supplied with water. It has a Protestant chape! of ease, 2 
 Roman Catholic, 2 Methodist, an Independent, and 3 Pres- 
 byterian chapels, a county court-house, prison, county in- 
 firmary, lunatic asylum, 5 banks, a public library with 
 14,000 volumes, observatory with fine appaiatus. and bar- 
 racks for 800 men. The city has a large inland tr.ide in 
 corn, linen, and yam. Assizes, and quarter sessions are 
 held here, besides a manorial court by the anhbishop for 
 pleas of 10/. and under. Pop. (1851) 8.849. 
 
 ARMAGH, ar'mah', a post-borough of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the turnpike from Blairsville to Elwnsburg, 
 52 miles in a direct lino E. from Pittsburg. Pop. 190. 
 
 ARMAGH, a township ot Mifllin co., Pennsylvania. Poj! 
 1970. 
 
 ARMAGNAC, aR'mJn^yik', a small territory of France, 
 in the old province of Gascony, now forming i)art of the de- 
 partments of Gers, Hautes-PyrenSes, and Tarn-et-tiaronne. 
 
 ARMAN^ON, aR^mSN^'sis"', a river of France. ri.ses in the 
 Cote d"Or, and falls into the Yonne 5 miles above .Joigny. 
 The canal of Burgundy accompanies it for some distiince. 
 Length, 57 miles. 
 
 ARMENIA, ar-mee'ne-a, nxxrk. EmxineeJijeh; the Miiini 
 of the Scriptures,) a mountainous country of Western Asia, 
 not now politically existing, but of great historical interest. 
 It varied in extent at different epochs, and its precise 
 Ifoundaries are not now known ; but it may be regarded as 
 lying between l.at. 36° 60' and 41° 40' N.. and Ion. 36° 20 
 and 48° 40' E» It was almost universally known as Arme- 
 nia Major and Armenia Minor, or the Greater and the Less 
 Armenia. The lx)undaries of each, according to Colonel 
 Chesney, the latest authority on the su"oject, and probably 
 the best, are as follows : Armenia Majoi-, commencing at 
 Samisat, (Sume'isat,) stretches along the liuphrates, which 
 bounds it on the W., till near Erzengan, a few miles to the S. 
 of which it leaves the river and keeps the direction of Tre- 
 bizond as far as the mountains S. of Goomish Khanch. It 
 proceeds N.E. along this range, then skirts the N. extremity 
 of the district of Kars, and passing onward to near Titiis, runs 
 along the light bank of the ICoor, whose course it follows tA 
 its estuary in the Caspian, which now becomes the boundary 
 on the E. Leaving the Caspian, it turns S.W. in the direc- 
 tion of Tabreez, and passes through the districts of Van 
 and Diarbekir, on the frontiers of which it again meets the 
 Euphrates at Samisat. Armenia Minor, or. as it might be 
 allied, the territory W. of the Euphrates, lies along the 
 range of the Kof-tagh, which runs W. almost parallel to the 
 Black Sea, and forms its N. boundary as far as a point on 
 the river Halys, or Kizil-Irmak, not tar from its estuary in 
 the Black Sea. Armenia Minor follows the course of this 
 river for about 180 miles, and continuing S.'W.. meets the 
 Taurus, which becomes its boundary almost to the sea near 
 Ayas, on the W. side of the Bay of Iskanderoon. From 
 this point it sweeps round the S. side of the districts of 
 Adana ai<d Marash, and meets the Euphrates, which thus 
 intersects Armenia almost centrally, and forms the natural 
 boundaries between the two divisions now described. 
 
 According to the native historians, the name Armenia ia 
 derived from Aram, the seventh king of the first dynasty, 
 who, about 1800 B. c, gave a settled character to the king- 
 dom. The Armenians call them.selves Haiks or llaikans, 
 and trace their origin, in their traditions, to Haic or llaico, 
 the father and patriarch of the people, a contemporary of the 
 Assyrian king, Belus. Of the cities of ancient Armenia, 
 some ruins are yet to be seen, which display a good style 
 of architecture. The chief towns are Erivan, Erzroom, 
 Nakhchivan, A"an, and Akhalzikh. Of ancient capitals there 
 were several, the most important of which was Artaxata, 
 on the Aras, The greater part of the surface constitutes an 
 elevated table-land. Mount Ararat, near the centre, rises 
 to an elevation of 17,323 feet. It is watered by the rivers 
 Koor, Aras, Tchoruk, (anc. Akamp>gis,) and the two heads 
 of the Euphrates, and contains the sources of the Tigris, 
 and the three large lakes of Van, Ooroomeeyah. (Urumiyah.) 
 andGookeka. Thediinate in the higher regions is very cold, 
 
 109 
 
ARM 
 
 while the valleys in snmmer are scorched with heat. Soil 
 very various ; it has many fertile corn-lands and pastures, 
 and its valleys produce excellent cotton, rice, tobacco, 
 grapes, and other fruits. Copper, lead, alum, and some sil- 
 ver mines are wrought. The manufectures are unimport- 
 ant. The native Armenians, estimated at one-seventh of 
 the whole population, are distinguished for enterprise in 
 commercial and baniiing ti-ansactions. The Armenian 
 Christians mostly belong to an ecclesiastical establishment 
 of their own, similar, in many respects, to the Greek 
 church; but many have adhered to the Roman Catholic 
 
 church ever since the fifteenth century. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 Armkjjiax, ar-mee'ne-an. 
 
 AKMKXIA, (Russ. 'Armenija, aR-m?n-y3',) a trans-Cauca- 
 sian government of Russia, comprising that part of Arme- 
 nia S, of Georgia, and X. of the Aras and Mount Araiut. 
 
 ARM EXI.\, ar-mee/ne-a, a township of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 103. 
 
 ARMENIA, a post-village of Scriven co., Georgia, on the 
 Central Railroad. 46 miles N.W. of Savannah. 
 
 AKMKMERSTADT, See Szamos Ujvar, 
 
 AUMENO, au-m.i'no, a town of the Sardinian States, 29 
 miles N.N,\V. of Novara. Pop. 1420. 
 
 ARMEXT, ar'mgnf, ER'MENT', or HER'MOXT', (anc. 
 HermonUliis,) a village of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, about 
 8 miles S.W. of Thebes. It was the capital of the Ilermon- 
 thite nome; and in Christian times it was an episcopal see. 
 
 ARMEXTIERES, aR'md>oHe-aiR/, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Xoi-d, (in the Lys. and on the railway from 
 Calais to Paris, 9 miles X.AV. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 8340, 
 •mployed in manufactures of cotton, linen, lace, thread, and 
 sail-cloth. It hiis an active trade in cotton goods and agri- 
 cultural produce. 
 
 ARMK.\T(>, aR-mJn'to, a town of Naples, province of Basill- 
 cata, on a mountain. 27 miles P.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2800. 
 
 AR'MIAXS'KOT-BAZAR, or BAZAR OF TUB ARMEXI- 
 AXS. a large village in the S. of Russia, government of 
 Taurida. lat. 40° 9' N., Ion. 33° 43' E., 81 miles S.E. by E. 
 of Kherson, on the principal road from Russia to the Cri- 
 mea. It is a great thoroughfare during the summer, up- 
 wards of 20,000 cartloads of salt, from the salt-lakes of the 
 Crimea, annually passing through it, for the supply of the 
 S. of Russia. 
 
 AR'MI ESBURG, a postoffice of Parke co., Indiana. 
 
 AR'MIXGIIALL\ a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 AR'MIXGTOX, a post-village of Tazewell co., lUinois, 46 
 miles X.X.E. from Sprinjjfield. 
 
 AR'MITAGE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, 2 miles 
 E.S.E. of Rudgeley. The grand trunk canal passes through 
 a large tunnel, and joins the Trent in this parish. 
 
 ARM LEY, arm'lee. a chapelry of England, co. of York. 
 
 AR'MU.XK, a post-office of Westchester co.. New York. 
 
 ARMOY'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 
 AR.M'STROXG, a county in the VV. central part of Penn- 
 sylvania, has an area of alx)ut 750 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by Alleghany River; the Kiskiminetas River 
 forms its S.W. boundary ; the Red Bank Creek washes its 
 northern border; it is also drained by Mahoning, Cow- 
 anshannock, and Crooked Creeks. The surface is gene- 
 rally hilly or rolling; the soil is mostly fertile, especially 
 on the river bottoms; nearly one-fourth of the county is 
 unfit for cultivation. Iron, salt, and stone coal are "the 
 principal mineral products of the county; limestone is also 
 abundant. The Pennsylvania Canal "extends along the 
 southern border, and the Alleghany Valley Railroad 
 passes through the county. Organized "in 1800, and named 
 in honor of General Armstrong. Capital, Kittannina-. 
 Pop. 3.i,797. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, a township of Indiana co„ Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1252. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. ft2li. 
 
 ARMSTROXO. a post-village of Wab.ash co., Illinois, on 
 the Wabash River. 9 miles X.X.E. of Mount Carmel. 
 
 Al!.M'srROXG ACAD'EMY, a postoffice of Choctaw Na- 
 tion, Arkansas. 
 
 ARMSTKOXG MILLS, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 ARMTIIiiRl'B, arm'thorp, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding. 
 
 ARMU'CHKE, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia. 
 
 ARMUIJEX, a town of Xetherlands. See -iRNEjniTDEX. 
 
 ARMYKOS, aR-mee'ros, a town of European Turkey pro- 
 Tince of Thess.ily, 3 miles X.W. of the Gulf of Yolo. 
 
 ARMYROS, a mountain and village of Albania, 17 miles 
 S.W. of Arta. on the E. side of the Gulf of Arta. 
 
 KWSK. a village of the Grecian Archipelago, on the N.W. 
 •hore of the island of Andros. 
 
 ARXA,ar'nd.a town of the W. limit of the Libyan desert 
 on the Kookoo, (Kuku.) 42u miles X.E. of Lake Tchad 
 
 ARNAC-PUMPADOUR, aR^ndk'-pAM'pJMooR', a villa'-e of 
 France, department of Corrdze, 18 miles X.W. of Bnves, 
 Pop. 1380. It has a chateau, built in 1026, and given by 
 Louis XV. to Madiime d'EtioIes, who thence took the name 
 of ilarquise de Pompaduur. 
 
 ARX A Y-LE-DUC, aR^nif-lf h dUk, a town of France, depart- 
 
 ARN 
 
 ment of C&te d'Or, 29 miles S.W. of Dijon. Pop. 2473, partly 
 employed in a woollen factory. 
 
 ARXAU, aR'nOw, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 
 on the Elbe, 17 miles N.E. of Gitschin. 
 
 ARXXAOUTS or ARNAOUTLIK. See Alb.\.m.\. 
 
 ARNCLIFFE, arnOvliff. a parish of England, co. of Y'ork. 
 
 ARXE. a maritime parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 ARXEBrRG\ ar'neh-lio5R0\ a town of Prussian Srixony, 
 45 miles X.X.E. of Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. lO'.K). 
 
 ARXEDO, aR-n.-V'Do, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 29 
 miles S.E. of Logrofio. Pop. 3335. It has a school of pri- 
 mary instruction, and a considerable trade in fruit and' 
 wine. 
 
 ARXEE', a town of British India, presidency, and 22 
 mi.es X.W. of Madras. 
 
 .\HXEE, a town of British India, presidency, and 74 
 miles S.W. of Madras, and 20 miles S. of Vellore. 
 
 AKXEMUYDEX, aE-nfh-moi'den, almost ar-neh-nii'dfh, 
 or ARMUIJEX. aR-moi'en. a town of the Xetherlands, pro- 
 Tin* e of Zealand, islandof 'Walcheren, 2^ miles E. of Mid- 
 d.'lburg. Pop. 1340. 
 
 ARXESBY. arnz'bee, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 AR'XETTSVILLE, a post-office of Monongalia co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 AR'XEYTOWX^, a post-village in Hanover township, Bur- 
 lington CO., New Jersey, about 15 miles S.E. of Trenton. It 
 contains a large Friends' meeting-house. 
 
 ARXGASK', a parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and 
 Kinross. 
 
 ARXIIEIM, arn'hime or am'him, a post-village of Brown 
 CO., Ohio, 100 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. It has about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 ARX'IIEM, written also ARXIIEIM, arn'hime, a fortified 
 town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of Gelder- 
 land, on the right bank of the Rhine, here crossed by a 
 bridge of boats. 50 miles S.E. of Amsterdam, with which, 
 and with Utrecht, it is connected by railway. Pop. 27,878, 
 including 468 military. It is a very ancient town, and is 
 well built, suri-ounded by country houses and gardens, and 
 has a governor's palace, an extensive new barrack, a church, 
 in which the dukes of Gelderland are buried, a grammar- 
 school, learned societies, courts of assize and commerce, 
 manufactures of woollen, cotton, paper, and tobacco; a 
 good port on the river, and an active general trade. In 
 1586, Sir Philip Sydney died at Arnhem. from a wound re- 
 ceived in the battle of Zutphen. In 1795, the town was 
 taken by the French, who wei-e driven out by the Prus- 
 sians in November, 1813. It has several times suffered 
 severely bv fire. 
 
 ARX'IIEM BAY, Australia, is a deep inlet on the N.E. 
 coast of Arnhem"s Land, near lat. 12° S,, and Ion. 13G° E. 
 
 ARX 11 EM'S L.\ND, on the N. coa.st of Australia, comprises 
 all the region between the Gulf of Carpentaria and Anson 
 Bay, and is so named from having been discovered by the 
 crews of the Arnhem and Pera, In 1618, 
 
 ARNIS. an island and fishing village of Denmark, on the 
 Schlei, 2 miles S. of Kappeln. Pop. 800. 
 
 AR'XO, (anc. AHnus.) a river of Tuscany, rises in Mount 
 Faltei-ona, (Apennines.) at an elevation of 4,430 feet above 
 the sea. 25 miles N. of Arezzo, flows at first S.E. and then 
 X.W.. almost describing a circle, until it receives the Sieve, 
 10 miles E. of Florence; after which its course is W. to the 
 Mediterranean, which it enters by an artificial mouth, 7 
 miles below Pisa. Distance from source to mouth. 76 miles. 
 Chief affluents, the Sieve, Chiana, Pesa, ELsa. and Era. Its 
 valley is one of the richest and most beautiful tracts in 
 Italy. The Arno communicates with the Tiber by means 
 of the Chiana, which formerly was an affluent of the latter, 
 but now empties itself into the Arno. Florence, Figline, 
 Empoli, and Pis,"i, are situated on or near the banks of the 
 .\rno, which is navigable naturally from the sea to Flo- 
 rence. 
 
 AR'NOLD, a village and parish of England, co. of, and 
 4 miles N. by E. of Nottingham. Pop. in 1851, 4704. 
 
 ARXOLDS CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the Ohio 2 
 miles below Ri.sing Sun. 
 
 ARXOLDSDORF, aR'nolts-doRf\ a town of Prussia, in Sile- 
 sia, S.E. of Neisse, with paper mills. Pop. 1410, 
 
 AR'XOLDSVILLE. a postoffice of Buchanan co., Missouri 
 
 AR'XOLDTON, a post-office of Ulster co.. New York. 
 
 Al{/XOIJ)TOX, a village in the S.AV, part of Campbell »., 
 Virginia, about 110 miles AV.S.W. of Richmond 
 
 ARXOX, aR^uA.N"'. a river of France, falls into the Cher 
 after a X. course of 84 miles. 
 
 AR'.VOX. a small post-village of Will co., Illinois. 
 
 AKXSBERG, anns/bSRO, or AREXSBKRG, d/rens-bfBa\ 
 capital both of a circle and government of its own name, and 
 at one time capital of the whole duchy of Westphalia, ts 
 situated on the spur of a hill half encircled by the Ruh;, 
 and immediately below the ruins of an old castle of th» 
 same name, 44 miles S.S,E. of MUn.ster. It is divided into 
 the old and new town, and has three churches, (one Pro 
 testant and tw» Roman Catholic,) a normal and an agri- 
 cultural school, and a gymnasium with eight professors. 
 In the Middle Ages, Arnsberg was one of the principal seats 
 
ARN 
 
 of the Vehmlc court, (Vehm-gericht,) which exercised a 
 powerful sway throujihout Germany. Pop. 4000. 
 
 AllXSDOUi', aBns/doRf, a village of Prussian Silesia, cir- 
 cle of Ilirschberg, with a castle and paper mills. 
 
 ARNSXADT. aRn'stdtt, a town of central Germany, prin- 
 cipality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. on the Gera, 10 
 miles W. of Hrfurt. Pop. 5000. with Yariou.s manufactories. 
 It has a castle of the prince of Schwarzburg, and ruins of 
 the ancient fort of Kasernburg. 
 
 AKNS'l'KIN. aRn/stlue, a town of Bavaria, on the Werra, 
 11 miles X. of WUrzburjjr. Pop. 1396. 
 
 AKNSWALDK, acns'wdl-dgh, a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, on the Stettin and Posen Kailway, 20 
 miles S.li of Stargard. Pop. 4022. 
 
 AIIOA, d-ro'd, a small town of Venezuela, province of ^ 
 Carabobo. 30 miles from the Gulf of Tri.ste. The Aroa river 
 rises in the sierra, about 50 miles S.S.W. of the town, and 
 after a course of eighty miles falls into the Gulf of Triste. 
 
 AHOCIIl';, d-ro/chil, (anc. Aradci VcHus.) a town of Spain, 
 In Andalusia, on a hill. 44 miles N. of Iluelva. Pop. 2705. 
 
 AROIi-SZALLAS, a'rok'.'^l'Wi'Ii', a village of Hungary, 44 
 miles E.X.E. of Pesth, and an entrep3t tor the trade between 
 that city and Upper Hungary. Pop. 9106. 
 
 AKOIySKX. d/rol-sen, a town of \V. Germany, capital of 
 the principality of \Valdeck, on the Aar, 21 miles X.X.W. 
 of Cassel. Pop. 2050. It hjis manufactories of woollen 
 cloth and leather; and a beautiful castle, residence of 
 the prince, with a library of 30,000 volumes, valuable 
 paintings. &c. 
 
 AliO>yi\. a post-viUage of Kankakee cc, Illinois. 
 
 AROX, d"-rAxG', a river of France, department of Xidvre, 
 joins the Loire near Decize. after a course of 25 miles, the 
 last 10 of which are navigable. 
 
 ARON, a village of i'rauce, 2 miles E. of JIayenne. Pop. 
 1722. 
 
 ARON A, d-ro'nd, a town of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont, 23 miles X.X.AV. of Xovara, on the S.W. .shore of Lago 
 Maggiore. Pop. 5000. It is well built, and has a high- 
 school, several churches, a port and a dockyard on the lake, 
 with an active trade. On a hill in its vicinity is a colossal 
 statue of San Carlo Borromeo, born in the vicinity of the 
 town, in 153S. 
 
 AROXA. d-ro'n£, a town in the island of Teneriffe, Ca- 
 naiies, situated at the foot of Mount Escalona. 
 
 AROOAX. a town of Sahara. See Arawan. 
 
 AROOAT, AROUAT, ARUAT. d^roo-dt', or f:L AKOO.VT, a 
 town of North Africa, capital of a state of its own name, in 
 the Sahara, Iving 300 miles inland. Lat. 33° 4S' X.. Ion. 1° 
 3S' E. It is built on the N. and E. slopes of a hill, at the 
 foot of which tiows the Wady-Slzi. and contains aliout SOO 
 bouses, surrounded by a wall, forming nearly a square. 
 
 AROO ISLANDS. See Arroo Islands. 
 
 AROOXDOO or AROUNDOU, d'roou'doo', a village of Vf. 
 Africa, on the Senegal. 
 
 AROOS/XOOK, a river of the United States, rises in Pis- 
 cataquis CO., in tlie X^. part of Miiine, and flowing in a gene- 
 ral north-easterly coui-se through Penobscot and Aroostook 
 counties, falls into the St. John's River in New Brunswick. 
 Length, about 120 miles. 
 
 AROOSTOOK, a county forming the N.E. extremity of 
 Maine, has an area of about 4950 square miles. The St. 
 John's River forms its northern boundary, and it is drained 
 by the Aroostook, Matawamkeag, and other smaller streams. 
 A great part of this county is still a thickly-wooded wilder- 
 ness, the southern districts only being settled. The surface 
 is undulating, with a few mountain peaks, the principal of 
 which are Chase's Mount and Mars Hill. The soil in the 
 cultivated portions is fertile, and it is said to be also of 
 excellent quality in the northern part, especially along the 
 banks of the Aroostook and other streams. The St. John's 
 River is navigable along the border of this county, and 
 from thence to its mouth, (two short carrying-places ex- 
 cepted,) for vessels of fifty tons burden. Organized iu 1839. 
 Capital, Houlton. Pop. 2-2,479. 
 
 AROOSTOOK, post-office of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 AROSA, (d-ro'.sa.) Bay of, Spain, in Galici.'». on the 'W. coast, 
 16 miles S.E. of Cape Finistfire. Lat. 42^5 30' N., Ion. 8° 50' W. 
 
 AROSB.\JA.d-ros-bd'yd. or d-rosbi'd, a market-town on the 
 N.'W. coast of the island of liadura. in the Jialay Archipelago. 
 
 AROUAN, a town of Sahara. See Ae.vwan. 
 
 AROUAT. See Arooat. 
 
 AROUCA. d-ro'oo-kd or d-roo'ka, a town of Portug.al, pro- 
 vince of Douro. 28 miles S.W. of Lamego. Pop. 2515. 
 
 ARPA-CHAI or ARPATCHAI, ar'pd-chi', a river of Ar- 
 menia, triVufciry to the Aras, which it joins about 50 miles 
 N. of Mount Ararat, after a coui-se from N. to S. of about SO 
 miles. 
 
 ARPAIA, aR-pI'd. a village of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, 2^ miles E.N.E. of Arienzo., supposed to occupy the 
 Bite of the Roman Caudium, near which their army suffei'ed 
 the humiliating defeat of the "Caudine forks." 
 
 ARPAJOX, aR'piV,hi').\o/, (formerly CHaTRES,) a town of 
 France, department of Seiue-et-Olse, on the^ Seine. 1 mile 
 from the I'aris and Orleans Railway, and 15 miles S.S.E of 
 Yersailitnj. Pop. of commune, 2017. 
 
 ARR 
 
 ARP.\JON. a village of France in the department of Can- 
 tal. 2 miles S.S.E. of Aurillac. Pop. (1 852) 2271 . 
 
 ARPIXO. aR-pee'no, (anc. ArpVniim.) a town of Naples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, 6 miles S.W. from Sora. agree- 
 ably situated on rising ground. It has a royal college, with 
 six professors, several churches and convents, and manu- 
 factories of cloths and woollen stuffs, the best in the king- 
 dom; also, tanneries, and in the environs is an extensive 
 paper-mill. It was founded by the A'olsci. and erected into 
 a municipal town by the Romans, who wrested it from the 
 Samnites. Ai-pino is celebrated as having been the birth- 
 place of Caius Mai'ius and Cicero. The surrounding scenery 
 is singularly beautiful. Pop. 11,060. 
 
 ARQUA, aR-kwd', or ARQUATO, au-kwd'to, (anc. Ar- 
 quaUum.) a village of Northern Italy, 12j miles S.AV. of 
 Padua, among the Euganean hills, worthy of notice as the 
 place where I'etrarch died (.luly 19, 1374) and is buried. 
 His house and tomb are well described by Byron, (Childe 
 Harold, cant, iv, stanza 31. and note 16.) 
 
 ARQU.\, aRliwd, a village of Northern Italy, 5 miles 
 S.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 2800. 
 
 ARQUA, aR/kwd, a town of Mexico, state of Zacatecas, 
 formerly prosperous, but now falling into decay. It was 
 well built, and contained numerous squares and churches. 
 Pop. about 4000. 
 
 ARQUAXA, aR-kwd'td, a town of Central Italy, 17 miles 
 W.S.W. of Ascoli. Pop. 1550. 
 
 ARQUAXO, aR-kwd'to, a town of Northern Italy, on the 
 ArJa, 17 miles S.E. of Piacenzii. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ARQUAXO, a town of Italy, ne.ir Padua. See Arqia. 
 
 ARQUENNES, au^kSnn' a village of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainault, on the Sonne, and the Charleroi Canal, 17 miles 
 N.E. of Mons. 
 
 ARQUES, aRk, a river of France, department of Sfine-Tn- 
 ferieui'e, is navigable from Arques to the English Channel. 
 
 ARQUES, a town of France, department of Seine In- 
 ferieure, on the Arques, 3 miles S.E. of Dieppe, with ruins 
 of an ancient castle, an important stronghold in the Midd'e 
 Ages. In 1589, Henry IV. here conquwed the leaguers 
 under the Duke of Mayenne. Pop. (1851) 900. 
 
 ARQUES, a village, department of Pas de Calais, 2 miles 
 S.E. of St. Omer. Pop. 1854. 
 
 ARRACAN. See Aracan. 
 
 ARR ACHES, dR'Rdsh', a vill.age of Italy, in Savoy. 
 
 ARR AGON. See Aragox. 
 
 AR/1{.\H, a populous town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, capital of the district of Shahahad, 36 miles W. 
 of Patna. 
 
 ARR.\N. ar'ran, an island in the W. coast of Scotland, 
 Frith of Clyde, co. of Bute, between the peninsula of Can- 
 tyre and the coast of Ayrshire. It is 20 miles in length 
 from N. to S. and about 10 miles in breadth. Its appearance 
 is very remarkable, the N. part being crowned with lofty 
 granitic mountains of a coniciil form, connected 'by sliarp, 
 serrated ridges, and iutersectod by deep gxtllies and ravines. 
 The hi'ihest summit, Goatfell. is 2900 feet above the sea. 
 
 .\RirAN, North Island of.) the lai-gest of the group 
 of islands called the Rosses, lying off the N.AV. coast of 
 Ireland. 
 
 ARR.iN, (South Islands OF), a group of islands on the 
 W. coast of Ireland, at the mouth of Galway Bay. 
 
 AR'RAX-FOW'DY, a mountain of Xorth Wales, co. of 
 Merioneth, 9 miles S.W. of Bala, 2955 feet in height. 
 
 ARRAX ISLES, a sea-girt barony in Ireland, co. of Gal- 
 w.iy, Connaught, consisting of a group of small islands. 
 Lat. of light-house on Inishmore, the largest and most 
 northerly, 53° 7' 38" N.; Ion. 9° 42' 22" W. 
 
 AR'RAS, (Fr. pron.dR'Rdss'; anc. Ifemetacum and Jfeyrwio- 
 ce.nna,) a fortified city of France, capital of the department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, and formerly capital of the province of Artois, 
 on the .Scarpe, and on the Railway du Nord, 35 miles N.E. of 
 Amiens, and 100 miles N.X.E. of Paris. Lat. 50° 17' 31" N.; 
 Ion. 2° 46' 50" E. It was strongly fortified by Vauljan, and 
 stands partly on a declivity and partly on a flat, and con- 
 sists of four parts, the city, the high town, the low town, 
 and the citadel. The citadel, though enclosed within the 
 same wall as the other parts of the town, is separated from 
 them by an esplanade; it is capable of making a vigorous 
 defence. Arras is well-built, and has the appearance of a 
 Flemish city; chief edifices, a citadel, a cathedral, town- 
 hall, theatre, arsenal, barracks, a curious belfry tower, &c. 
 It is the seat of the court of assize, a royal society, diocesan 
 seminary, schools of design, belles-lettres, and an institu- 
 tion for deaf mutes. It has a botanic garden, museums, and 
 public library of 30,000 volumes. Cliief manufactures, cot- 
 ton thread, calico, hosiei-y, lace, coarse woollens, beet-root 
 sugar, earthenware, and soap; it has an extensive general 
 trade. Arras is the birthplace of Lebon, Robespierre, and 
 Damiens. Pop. in 1846, 24,321. 
 
 ARRAYAS, dR-Ri'ds, a small town in South America, 
 Brazil, province of Goyaz. Pop. about 300. 
 
 ARRAYOLOS, dR-Rl-o'loce, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Alemtejo, 11 miles N.N.W. of Evora. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ARRE.iU, dR^Ro', an ancient town of France, department 
 of Ilautes-Pyrenees, 15 miles S.E. of iiagndres-de-Bigorre. 
 
 Ill 
 
ARR 
 
 ART 
 
 AltHECIFE. Se« Arecife. 
 
 AKJtENIG, a mountain of Wales, co. of Merioneth, 5i 
 miles W. of Bala, 2ti09 feet in elevation. 
 
 AKKETIUM. See Arezzo. 
 
 AKK£SliE,jR'Reh-s.i/. a lake of Denmark, Seeland. I^t. 
 5.'>° 57' X. Formerly a bay of the Cattegat, communicating 
 with lioesKilde-fiord by a small canal. 
 
 AUKKSKOV SEE.iR'Res-kov sd, a lake of Denmark, Fu- 
 nen, the larprest in the island. 
 
 AR'ltETON, a parish of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 ARKIATE, dR-Re-d'tA. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 province of >tala":a, in the vicinity of Ronda. Pop. 3024. 
 
 AUr.IFANA, iR-p.efd'ni. a fort, bay, and island on the 
 S.W. coast of Portugal, province of Algarve, the first in lat. 
 gt° 15' X., Ion. S° 52' \V. . 
 
 AR'RINGTON, a parish of England, co'. of Cambridge. 
 
 AR'RIXGTOX, a post-offlce of Williamson co., Tennessee. 
 
 ARROAS (ir-ro'ds) ISLAXDS, a group of small islands 
 and rocks in the Straits of Malacca, about 35 miles from the 
 coast of Sumatra. 
 
 ARROE ar-i-o/, (or HARMSII, har'nish') ISLANDS, a 
 cluster of islands in the Red Sea, about 30 miles N.W. of 
 Mocha. The S.AV. end of the largest called Great Ari-oe, or 
 Harnish Island, is in lat. 13° 39' X., Ion. 42° 39' E. 
 
 AKUOESKIOBIXfl. See Aeroeskiobixo. 
 
 ARROXCIIES, iR-Ron'shJs, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Alenitejo, on the Cayan, 18 miles N.N.W. of Elvas. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 ARROO AROO or ARRU, (ar'roo',) ISLAXDS, a group 
 N. of Australia, lying between lat. 5° 20' and G° 55' S., and 
 Ion. l.">4° 10' and 134° 45' E., 80 miles S.W. of Papua, th's 
 largest Ijeing 70 miles long and 20 miles broad. They are 
 separated by narrow straits. To the E. of the group is an 
 extensive coral reef, where pearls and trepang abound. The 
 luhalutants are a mixture of the Malay and Polynesian 
 negro r.ices, and many have adopted Christianity. The 
 proiducts comprise pearl, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, birds 
 of paradise and trepang, which, with various other articles, 
 are brouj;ht hither by Bugis traders, to be exchanged for 
 British c.ilicoes, iron, hardwares, arms, and gunpowder, 
 from Singapore. Dobbo. a town on the island of Warud, in- 
 habited hy some Dutch and Chinese merch.ants, is at present 
 the greatest mart in the N. of Australasia, and it is esti- 
 mated that British goods to the amount of at least $150,000 
 are iinix)rted yearly into this entrepot of the Arroo Islands. 
 Pop. of the group estimated at 60.000. 
 
 AKROO ISLAXDS, a p-oup on the N.W. coast of Wash- 
 ington Territory, E. of Vancouver's Island. They are much 
 resorted to on account of their fisheries. 
 
 ARROQUIIAR or ARKOCIIAR, ar'ro-Kar, a parish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Dumbarton. 
 
 ARROUX. Sb^roo', a small river in France, in the depart- 
 ments of Cote d'Or and SaOne-et-Loire, being an affluent of 
 the Loire. Length, about G5 miles. 
 
 AR'ROW, a river of Wales and England, rises in the co. 
 of Radnor, and flows into the Lugg, near Leominster. 
 Total course, 30 miles. 
 
 AR'R()W, a stre.am of England rising in theLickey Hills, 
 CO. of Worcester, and joining the Alne at Alcester. 
 
 AR'ROW, a lake and river of Ireland, Connaught, co. of 
 Sligo. The lake, 4 miles in length by from 1 to 2 miles 
 across, and ISl feet above the sea. is studded with islands, 
 and highly picturesque. The river flows from its N. ex- 
 tremity, and after a N.AT. course of about 20 miles, enters 
 Ballysadare Bay. 
 
 Ail'ROW. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 AR'UOWOOD, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ARROW ROCK, a post>village of Saline co., Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, 72 miles by water N.W. of Jefferson 
 City, It stands on a high bluff, and has a good landing 
 and 2 churches. Pop. about 450. 
 
 AR'ROWSIC, a township in S.igadahoc co., Maine, occu- 
 pying an island at the mouth of Kennebec lUver. Pop. 347. 
 
 AR'ROWSMITII, MOUXT, Van Diemen's Land. Lat. 42° 
 7' S.; Ion. 146° 3' E., and 4075 feet in elevation. 
 
 AR'ROWSMITII RIVER, in Western Australia, rises in 
 Herschell range, and falls into the sea in lat. 29° 30' S. 
 
 AR'ROWS.MITIIS. a postofflce of Defiance CO., Ohio. 
 
 ARROYO DEL PUERCO, dR-Ro'yo d^l pwJaTio, ("pig 
 brook.") a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 10 miles AV. 
 of Caeeres. in an elevated and extensive plain enjoying a 
 temperate climate. The houses are generally two stories 
 high, and the streets clean and well paved. The town con- 
 tains a parish church, in which are preserved several fine 
 pictures by Morales, 6 endowed schools, an hospital, a 
 palace of the ancient Dukes of Benevente. Pop. 7395. 
 
 ARROYO MOLIXOS DE MOXTAXCIIES, Jr-ro'vo mo- 
 lee'nooe dj mon-tin'ch?s. or ARROYO DEL MOLIXO^ Ir-ro'- 
 yo del mo-lee'no, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 27 miles 
 S.S.E. of Caeeres, on the edge of the ridge of Montanches. 
 the scene of the surprise and defeat of the French by Lord 
 pill. October 28. ISll. Pop. 3286. 
 
 ARRU ISLAXDS. See Arroo. 
 
 AIVEUL\ a river of India, in Sinde, emerging from the S. 
 112 
 
 end of Lake Mnnchar, on the W. confines of Sinde, after a 
 course of 20 miles, joins the Indus. 
 
 ARSACIDES, a group of small islands in the Pacific 
 See Solomon Isles. 
 
 ARS.\GO,aR-sd'go. a village of Lombardy, 5 miles S.S.W. 
 of Milan, with ruins of a verj* ancient temple. 
 
 ARSAM.\S or ARZAMAS', dR-zl-mass'. a town in Russia, 
 governmentof Nizhnee-Xovgorod, capitiilof a district of ita 
 own name, on the Tiosha, 250 miles E. of Moscow. Lat. 
 55° 25' X.; Ion. 43° 20' E. Pop. 9(.i00. 
 
 AR'SEXAL. a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 ARS-EX-RE, aRz-^NO-rd, a town of Friince. department of 
 Charente-Inferieure, on the W. coast of the island of Be, 17 
 miles W. of La Rochelle. Pop. (1852) 404-3. 
 
 ARS-SUR-MOSELLE, aR-sUR-mo^z^ll', a commune and Til- 
 lage in the department of Moselle, canton of Gorze. 
 
 ARSIERO, aR-se-A'ro, a village of Venetia, miles N. of 
 Scliio. Pop. 2800. 
 
 ARSOLI, aR'so-lee, a village of Central Itiily, 13 miles 
 N.E. of Tivoli. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ART, aRt, a vlll.Hge of Switzerland, 7 miles W.X.W. of 
 Sehwytz, at the S. extremity of the lake of Zug. and where 
 guides are obtained for the ascent of the adjacent Mount 
 Klghl. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ART A, aR/td, (anc. Arac)lhut.) a river of European Turkey, 
 AlKania, rises in Mount Mezzovo, and fiows to the Gulf of 
 Arta. 'Total course, about 60 miles. 
 
 ART.\, an'ti, (anc. vimbra'cia.) a town of Albania, 42 miles 
 S. of Y'anina, in a finely wooded tract on the left bank of the 
 Arta, here crossed by a remarkable bridge, 200 yards in 
 length, 7 miles from its mouth. Pop. estim.ited'at from 
 6000 to 9000, mostly Greeks. It has a large cathedral, a 
 ruined convent of the ninth century, now a caravanserai, a 
 citadel, and traces of its Hellenic walls, with manufactories 
 of coarse cottons and woollens, leather, cajx)tes, and em- 
 broidery, and an active general trade. 
 
 AR/fA or XAR'DA, a town of Majorca, near the N.W. 
 part of the island, on a range of hills which extend E. to 
 Cape Pera, the point of which is defended by a castle. Pop. 
 400u. Chief industry, manufactures of coarse linen, dyeing, 
 and fishing. Commerce in fruit. 
 
 ARTA, GULF OF, (anc. Si'mis Jmhra'dus.) a gulf of the 
 Ionian Sea, in the Mediterranean, forms part of the X. fron- 
 tier of the kingdom of Greece, in lat. 39° X., and Ion. 21° E. 
 It is nearly landlocked, having Acarnania on the S. and E., 
 and Albania on the N. liength from X.W. to S.K., 25 miles; 
 breadth, from 4 to 10 miles. The famous naval battle oi 
 Actium was fought near the entrance of this gulf. B.C. 29. 
 
 ART.\IXE. ar^tain'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 ART.\JOXA, aR-td-no/nd. a town of Spain, province of 
 X'avarre, 18 miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 1911. It consists 
 of a walled town and an open suburb. 
 
 ARTAKEE or ARTAKLaR'tS-kee/, (anc. Ar'Uice.) a m.ari- 
 time town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the W. shore of the 
 peninsula of Cyzicus, in the Sea of JIarmora. 70 miles S.AV. 
 of Constantinople. It has the remains of an ancient mole. 
 Its vii'inity produces wine greatly esteemed in the Turkish 
 eapit.al. 
 
 ART.\N.\, aR-t3'nJ, a town of Spain, Valencia, 11 miles 
 S.AV. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2077. 
 
 ARTAS, in'Oss/, or AR'TOSS/, a beautiful and fertile val- 
 le}'of Palestine, near Bethlehem. It is supposed to occupy 
 the site of the gardens of Solomon. The name is not im- 
 probably a corruption of the Latin Hortus. a "garden." 
 
 ARTAXATA. ar-tax-d/td, a former capital of Armenia, 
 now a mass of ruins, on the Aras. C8 miles S.S.E. of Erivan. 
 About A. D. 370, it was taken by the Pei-sians, who burned it 
 and carried its inhabitants into captivity. At this time it 
 contained 9000 Jewish, and 40,000 Armenian houses, with a 
 population of about 190,000. 
 
 ARTEIJO, aR-tA'e-Ho, a village of Spain, in Galicia, with 
 mineral springs, on the Bolano, at its mouth, near Corunna. 
 
 ARTEX.\R.4, aR-tA-ni'ra. a town of the Canaries, neai- the 
 centre of the island Gran Canaria. 
 
 ARTEXAY, aRt'n.V, a town of F'rance. department of Loi- 
 ret. on the P.iris and Orleans Railway, 13 miles X. of Orleans. 
 
 ARTKRX, aR'tern. a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Jlerseburg, 30 miles AV.S.AA'. of Halle. Pop. 
 3052, employed in refining salt and nitre. 
 
 AilTII. a Village of Switzerland. See Art. 
 
 ARTIIEZ, aR"tA'. a town of France, department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees. 8 miles E.S.E. of Orthez. 
 
 ARTIIEZ D'ASSOX, aR'tA' das'sAN"', a village of France, 
 department of Ba.sses-Pyrenees, nrrondisseraent of Pan, 
 Pop. 1692. engaged in mining and iron-forging. 
 
 ARTHIXGAVORTH, a parish of England, co. of North 
 ampton. 
 
 ARTHUR, a river of Van Diemen's Land, rises in the 
 Surrey Hills, and, after a X.AV. course of between 50 and 60 
 miles, fills into the sea, in lat. 41° 10' S., Ion. 144° 40' E. 
 
 ARTHUR, Gke.\t and Little, two of the Slillt Isl-iyds, 
 (which see.) 
 
 ARTHUR, PORT, a penal settlement in A'an Diemen'a 
 Land, at the S. extremity of Tasman's Peninsula, iritb 
 anchorage and shelter for large yesstls. 
 
 --J 
 
AKT 
 
 ASC 
 
 AR/THTJR ISLANDS, a small group in the Mulgraye Archi- 
 pelago. 
 
 AR/TIIURET, n parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 All/TIIUllSBUKG, a post-office of Dutchess co., New 
 York. 
 
 Alt/THUR'S SEAT, a famous hill in Scotland, immedi- 
 ately S.E. of Edinburgh, 822 feet above the sea. 
 
 AR/TIIUH'S SEAT, a hill on the S. coast of Australia, be- 
 tween Port Philip and the ocean. 
 
 AlfTIIUK'S STONE, a cromlech on the top of Cefn Bryn, 
 a hill of Wales, Glamorganshire, 9 miles \V. of Swansea. It 
 consists of a block of mill-stoue, 14 feet in length, and 7 feet 
 2 inches in thickness, resting on 8 supporters, and it is re- 
 ferred to in the Welsh triads as one of the three most stu- 
 dendous works in Britain — Stonehenge, and probably Ave- 
 bury. lieing the others. 
 
 AK'TIIURSTOWN, a hamlot and seaport of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. co. of Wexford, on the E. shore of Waterford har- 
 bor, 7 miles E. by S. of Waterford. 
 
 AKI'IC. a post-offlce of I)e Kalb co., Indiana. 
 
 ARTLENBUIIG, aRflfn-b6d!io\ a town of Hanover, on 
 left bank of the Elbe, 9 miles N.N.E. of EUneburg. I'op.SOO. 
 
 AltTOlS, aii'tw^', (anc. Atn-haHes,) an old province of 
 France, which, with part of I'icardy, forms the present de- 
 partment of Pas-de.Calais; Arras was its capital. Artesian 
 wells derive their name from Artois. 
 
 AR/TOX, a township in Penobscot eo., Maine. 
 
 A15TREA. SeeAiiDTREV. 
 
 ARTVEEN or AKTVIN. aRt-veen', a town of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, pash.'ilic of Trebizond, cjipital of district, in a ravine near 
 the Tchoruk river, here crossed by a bridge, 34 miles S.E. of 
 Batoom. Estimated pop. 5500. It is mostly built of wood, 
 but has some good stone resiliences belonging to the Turks, 
 intersiKTsed with olive and mulljerry plantations, and a new 
 and largo Roman Catholic cliurch. Chief exports, butter, 
 wax. honev. olives, and oil. tlie products of its neighborhootl. 
 
 ARUB-C i-roo'bd,orORU'BA,an island, one of the Dutch 
 Antilles, near the coast of Venezuela. Lat. (of Fort Zout- 
 man ) 12° 28' 30"N .; Ion. 70° 11' W. Pop. (1846) 2621, of whom 
 561 were slaves. 
 
 AUUCAS. d-rooOils, a Spanish town on W. shore of Go- 
 mera, one of the Canaries, on the slope of a mountain which 
 is upwards of 3000 feet in height; having a church, chapel, 
 school, and spacious public granary. Pop. 4370. 
 
 ARUDY, d^-rilMee', a town of France, departmentof Basses- 
 Pyrenees. 14 miles S.S.W.of Pau. Pop. (1852) 2026. 
 
 ARUM or AARU.M, d'rftm, a vill.ige of Holland, province 
 of Friesland, between Harlingen and Bolsward, and 5 miles 
 distant from either pUice. 
 
 AiyUN, a river of England, co. of Sussex, enters the Eng- 
 lish Channel at Little Ilampton, after a course of nearly 40 
 miles. It is connected by a canal with Chichester harbor, 
 and with the Wey and Tliames. 
 
 ARUNDKL. ir'un-del. a municipal and parliamentary bo- 
 rough, marketrtown and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on 
 the Arun, 50 miles S.S.W. of London, with station on South 
 Coast Railw.ay. Pop. 2748. Its castle, the splendid residence 
 of the Dukes of Norfolk, confers the title of earl on its pos- 
 sessor. Arundel returns one member to the Uouse of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 ARVA, aR'v3. a river of Spain, in Aragon, fells into the 
 Ebro near Tauste. 
 
 ARVA. dR'vi5h\ a village of Hungary, N.E. of AlsoKubin, 
 on the Arva. 
 
 ARVA, aR'vdh\ a co. or district of Hungary, N. of the _pa- 
 nube. 
 
 ARVA, a river in the N. part of Hungary, flows through 
 the above district into the Waag. 
 
 ARVA or .A.RVAGH, ar'vdh, a {quoad sacra) parish of Ire- 
 land. CO. of Cavan. 
 
 ARVE. aRv, (It. Arvo, aR/vo,) a river of Sardinia, rises in 
 the Col-de-Balme, and joins the Rhone immediately after 
 it has emerged from the Lake of Geneva. Length 45 miles. 
 It is very rapid , and often , inundates the country. 
 
 ARVERNI. See Auvergxe. 
 
 ARVERT, auH-aiR', a town of France, department of Cha- 
 rento-Iuferioure, in the middle of a peninsula, between the 
 Seudre and the sea, 18 miles S.W. of Rochefort. Pop. 2539, 
 who trade in salt, cured fish, and wine. 
 
 ARVEYRON, i,n\'i\-6yioJ a streamlet in Sardinian States, 
 Savoy, an affluent of the Arve. 
 
 AHVILL.VRD, aRVee-yau', a village of Savoy, near the 
 French territory, with iron foundries. 
 
 ARVOREDO (aR-vo-ri/do) ISLAND, on the S.E. coast of 
 Brazil. Lat. 27° 17' N. ; Ion. 48° 22' W. 
 
 ARYS, A'ris, a town of East Prassia, on the Lake of Arys, 
 55 miles S.S.W. Gumbinnen. Pop. 1120. 
 
 ARZAMAS. See ArsamaS. 
 
 ARZANA, aRd-zS/ni,a town on the island of Sardinia, pro- 
 vince of Lanusei, N.of Cagliari, with iron mines. Pop. 1380. 
 
 ARZAXO. aRd-z3/no, a village of Naples, 3 miles N. of that 
 fity. It lias some beautiful villas; flax and hemp are much 
 cultivated in the neiirhborhood. Pop. 4143. 
 
 ARZEN. SeeERZROoM. 
 
 AJvZEW, ai-'-ze-yoo', or ARZEO, ar-zi/-o, sometimes written 
 H 
 
 AKZ.4W, (anc. Arsenafria,) a seaport town of Algeria, 23 
 miles E.N.E. of Oran, on the Mediterranean, with tine Re- 
 man remains, and vast cisterns. It is a military station ol 
 the French troops. 
 
 ARZIGN AND, aRd-zeen-yS'no, a town of Lombardy, 10 miloc 
 W. of Viccnza. Pop. 4000, wlio manufacture woollen dotha, 
 leather, and silk twist. Near it are brick fields and coal 
 mines. 
 
 ARZILLA, aR-zil1d or aR-zeeOd, a small, fortified seaport 
 town of Morocco, province of Fez, on the Atlantic, 23 miles 
 S.S.W. of Cape Spartel. 
 
 ARZO, aRd'zo, a vill.age of Switzerland, in Ticino, near the 
 frontier of Lombardy, with quarries of excellent marble. 
 
 ARZOBISi'O ISLAND, Pacific Ocean. See Boxix Islanm, 
 
 A.*.\B. See Assab. 
 
 ASAHAN or ASSAHAN, Is-si-han', a town on the N.E. 
 coast of the island of Sumatra, capital of a district, and situ- 
 ated on a river of the same name, about 20 miles from the 
 Straits of Malacca, 
 
 AS.\L. See Assal. 
 
 ASAM. See Assam. 
 
 ASAMA-YAMA, d-sl'mS-yi'-ma, or ASAMA-NO-DAKE, 3- 
 sd'-md-no-ddk', a lofty and very active volcano in Japan, in 
 the interior of the island of Niphon. 
 
 ASANGARO, ds^dn-gd/ro, a town and district of Peru, N. 
 bank of Ijake Titicaca. The town lies on a river of same 
 name, alxjut 10 miles from its embouchure in the lake; lat. 
 15° 30' S., Ion. 71° 30' W. 
 
 ASARO, d-sd/ro, a town of Sicily, Catania, 9 miles N J!, of 
 Castro-Giovanni. Pop. 2908. 
 
 ASBACH, ds/bdK, (Gross, grSce, and KLErN, kllne, i.e., 
 "great" and "little,") two contiguous villages of Wiirtem- 
 burg, circle of Neckar, 17 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. 
 
 ASBACII, ds'bds, a village of Rhenish Prussia, circle of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 ASBECK. ds'bSk, a town of Prussia, 4 miles S.E. of Ahaus. 
 
 ASHEN, is^ben', a considerable kingdom of Central Africa, 
 a1x)ut lat. 20° N., Ion. 7° E. Aslx'n is also the name of the 
 chief town, or caravan station in the kingdom. 
 
 ASBURY, as'ber-e, a jtost-village in Mansfield township, 
 Warren co., New Jen^ey, alwut 40 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. 
 
 AS/BURY, a post-office of Troup co., Georgia. 
 
 AS'BURY, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama. 
 
 AS/IiURY, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 AS'liURY, a postofflce of Perry co., Ohio. 
 
 AS'ltURY, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois. 
 
 A.S'BY or ASII'BY, a parish of England, co. of Westmore- 
 land. 
 
 ASC ALON, as'ka-lon,ASCULAN, ds'koo-ldn',orASC ALAAN, 
 d.s'kd-ldn',fanc. Ashlelon,) a ruined city and seapfirt of Syria, 
 40 miles W.S.W. of Jerusalem, and about 14 miles N. by W. 
 of Gaza; lat. 31° 39' N., Ion. 34° 31' E. Ascalon was ori- 
 ginally a city and lordship of the Philistines, but afterwards 
 fell into the hands of the Jews, and of various other nations 
 in succession. A little to the N. is a small modern village, 
 named ScaMna, with a harbor for vessels employed in the 
 coasting trade. 
 
 ASCENSION, a.s-sJn'shan, an island in the Atlantic, be- 
 longing to Great Britain, 280 miles N.W, of St. Helena. It 
 is of a triangular shape, 8 miles long, and 6 miles broad at 
 the W. end. Lat. of the fort, 7° 55' 55" S.; Ion. 14° 25' 6" 
 W. Pop. about 400. It is of volcanic origin, and generally 
 mountainous, especially in the S.E., where one peak is 2870 
 feet in elevation. Named from having been discovered on 
 Ascension Day, 1501. 
 
 ASCENSION, as-s5n'shun, a parish situated towards the 
 S.E. part of Louisiana, on both sides of the Mississippi, con- 
 tains about 420 square miles. The surface is an alluvial 
 plain, the highest parts of which are the biinks of the 
 river, and a portion of the land is subject to inundation. 
 The soil near the river is fertile, and is occupitxl by planta- 
 tions of sugar-cane and maize. Bayou La Fourche, a navi- 
 gable outlet of the Slississippi. commences at Donaldson- 
 ville,which is the seat of justice. Pop. 11,484; of whom 4108 
 were free, and 7376 slaves. 
 
 ASCENSION BAY, on the E. coast of Y'ucatan, Central 
 America, N. of Espiritu Santo Bay. 
 
 ASCII, dsh, the westernmost town of Bohemia, 13 miles 
 N.W. of Eger. Pop. 5000. It has manufactures of cotton 
 hosiery, woollen fabrics, and wire. 
 
 ASCHACH, dsh'dK,a town of Upper Austria, on the right 
 bank of the Danube, 13 miles N.W. of Lintz. It is a mart 
 for laths, timber, fruit, and linens. 
 
 ASCHAFFENBURQ, ash-af'fen-burg, (Ger. pron. d-shdf- 
 fen-bodRG^,) a flourishing town of Bavaria, circle of Lower 
 Franconia, in which it holds the second rank, on the riirht 
 bank of the Maine, 23 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 8400. 
 It has a royal residence, collections of art, and a lifcrary 
 of 22,000 volumes; a Gothic church, with the tombs 
 of its princes; a gymnasium and public schools; manu- 
 factures of soap, woollens, straw goods, paper, and to- 
 bacco ; ship-building yards, and a considerable transit 
 
 ASCIIE or ASSCIIE, ds/Keh, (Fr. pron. dsh.) a town of 
 Belgium, province of Brabant, 6 miles N.W. of Brussels. 
 
 113 
 
ASC 
 
 ASH 
 
 It has breweries, d'stilleries, tanneries, and soap-works. 
 Pop. of town and commune, 5300. 
 
 ASCHENDOKF. dsh'en-doar. a village of Hanover, 26 
 miles X. of Meppen. near the p:ms. Top. 1400. 
 
 ASCIIEKSLK15EX, isfaVrs-LVbgn. a town of Prussia, capi- 
 tal of the circle of the same name. 27 miles S.S.W.of Magde- 
 burar, on the Eine, near its junction with the Wipper. It 
 is surrou-ided by a strong wall with five gates, and has six 
 churches, (five Protestant and one Roman Catholic.) a sy- 
 nagogue, d gymnasium, a poor-house, and a foundling hos- 
 pital. The chief articles produced are frieze, flannel, 
 worsted stockings, leather, earthenware, brandy, beer, and 
 vinegar. Pop. of t'jwn. 10.100 ; of circle. 40,700. 
 
 ASCIAXO, d-shi-'no, a village of Tuscany, 13 miles S.E. 
 of Sienna, in the Val dOmbrone. Pop. 24(30. 
 
 ASCOLI, SsOvO-le, (anc. As'culum Picelnum,) an ancient 
 episcopal city of Central Italj', in the Marches, on a hill, on 
 the right bank of the Tronto, 53 miles S, of Ancona, and 16 
 miles W. of the Adriatic. Pop. 13.000. It is well built, 
 handsome, and has old walls and a citadel. Chief edifices, 
 a cathedral and numerous other churches; a modein 
 palazzo, containing^ museum, library, and theatre; a Je- 
 suits' college, governor's residence, and many private 
 palaces. Its harbor, (Porto d'Ascoli, poR/to dd.s'ko-le.) at the 
 mouth of the Tronto, is frequented by coasting vessels, and 
 defended by two forts. 
 
 ASCOLI DI SATRIANO, isOco-le dee sj-tre-3'no, (anc. 
 As>ciilum,) a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 18 
 miles S. of Foggia. Pop. 5560. It has a castle, a fine cathe- 
 dral, and a diocesan school. 
 
 ASCOXA, ds-ko'ni, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Ticino, on Lago Maggiore, 2 miles S.S.W. of Locarno. Pop. 
 1000. 
 
 AS/COT-HEATH, England, co. of Berks, parish of Wink- 
 field, is about 3$ miles X. of the South-western Railwaj', 
 and 6 miles S.W. of Windsor. It is known for its races. 
 
 AS'COTT. a p;»rish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ASCULU.M. See Ascou. 
 
 ASCUTXEY (Is-ktifnee) MOnXTAIX, a huge ma.ss of 
 granite in Windsor co., Vermont. From the summit there 
 is a fine view of the Connecticut River. 
 
 ASCUTXEY VILLE, a post-oflice of Windsor co., Vermont. 
 
 ASDOOD, ASDOUD. or ASDUD. dsMood', (anc. Ash'diid and 
 Azo>tus.) a village and seaport of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 
 on the Mediterranean, 21 miles S. of Jaffa. It has no re- 
 mains of antiquity, and would be unworthy of notice, but 
 for the figure it m.akes in sacred history as one of the five 
 principal cities of the Philistines. The sea is gradually re- 
 ceding from its now shallow harbor. 
 
 ASEER or ASIR. ^^seeR/, an independent state of Arabis, 
 occupying the highland on the confines of Hejaz, Yemen, 
 andNedjed. Itappear to be of recent origin. The limits of 
 Aseerare formed by deserts or impassable mountains; and, 
 like the boundary lines of all other Arabian states, do not 
 admit of being precisely defined. It is situated in the in- 
 terior of the country, near the 18th parallel of X. lat., and 
 comprises several fertile and well-watered valleys, the chain 
 of which may be presumed to extend about 80 miles in 
 length. They have probably an elevation of from 3000 to 
 4000 feet, while the rockj- crests around them m.iy rise 
 from 1000 to 1500 feet higher. In the lower valleys, the 
 date-palm grows to a great height; cotton is also cul- 
 tivated. Higher up, the date groves are interspersed 
 with almonds, figs, apricots, peaches, and vines ; the sides 
 of the hills, where they offer any soil, being clothed with 
 forests of sidr, or pine-like juniper. The people of Aseer are 
 bigoted followers of AM-el-Wahab, by whom, it is said, they 
 were first converted to Mohammedanism, in the beginning 
 of the last century. 
 
 ASEEUGUUR, J'seer-gQr'. or IIASSER, hfe'ser, a town 
 and fort of British India, presidency of Bombay, at its 
 nearest point of approach to the Bengjil presidency, district 
 of Candeish, 12 miles X. of Boorhanpoor. The fort, strong 
 and well supplied with water, was taken in 1803, and again 
 in 1819. by the British, who have held it ever since the 
 latter period. 
 
 ASELE, d-s-Vli, a parish and village of Swedish Lapland. 
 110 miles X.W. of Umed, capital of Asele Lappmark, on the 
 Angermann River. 
 
 AS'lrARBY", two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ASH, a township of Monroe co., Michigan, about 27 miles 
 S.W, by S. of Detroit. Pop. 2124. 
 
 ASHAFAS or ASCIIAFAS, S.=^h-d'fas, a group of small 
 Islands in the Red Sea. The 16th parallel of N. lat. passes 
 the southernmost. 
 
 ASUAXGEE, 4sh-in'ghee\ a lake of Abyssinia, in Tigre. 
 Greatest length, about 25 miles; breadth, about 14 mUes. 
 Lat. 12° 18' X.; Ion. 39° 33' E. 
 
 ASIIAXTEE. dstfdn'tee', an extensive and powerful 
 kingdom of Western Africa, on the Gold Coast, Upper Gui- 
 nea, extending from lat. 5° C to 9° 30' X., and from Ion. 
 0° 55' E. to 4° 7' W.; bounded X. by the Kong Jlountains, 
 and S. by the Atlantic, and W. by the Assinie river, and 
 E. by the Volta and Loka rivers. It is thus about 310 
 miles from E. to W., and nearly the same from X. to S., its 
 lU 
 
 general form being compact. It is well watered, partic(^ 
 larly towards the coast, where the country is intersected 
 by sever.ll considerable streams besides those named. 
 The country is in general mountainous, though it has no 
 systems, nor any great elevations. It is covered with dense 
 forests from the coast to a distance of 2o0 miles inland. 
 These are wholly impenetrable, excepting by paths which 
 have been opened in various places with great labor. 
 Ashantee abounds in gold: the richest mines are in Ga- 
 man, and its provinces of Baman. Safoy, and Showy. In 
 these places the precious metal is found in large pieces, 
 some of about 4 pounds weight, called rock-gold. The ore 
 is of a deep color, and is dug out of pits from 5 to 9 'feet in 
 depth. About 10,000 slaves are em-ployed on the 1 anks of 
 the Barra, for two months in the year, collecting gold-ilust. 
 The Ashantees are warlike and ferocious, with a love for 
 shedding human blood, and inflicting violent and .sangui- 
 nary deaths, amounting to a passion. In war they spare 
 neither age nor sex; and human teeth and human jaw- 
 bones are worn as personal ornaments. Human s.icrifices 
 are made to an extent, with a frequencj-, and accompanied 
 by an atrocity of circumstances hardly credilile. The 
 Ashantees excel in the manufacture of cotton cloths, and 
 in the brilliancy of their dyes. They also make good 
 earthenware, tan leather, and work in iron, making sword 
 blades of superior workmansliip. But it is in thefabrica- 
 tion of articles in gold that they display the greatest skill, 
 these often exhibiting a combination of fine taste with dex- 
 terous manipulation. The chief article of export is gold, 
 with a little ivory and some dye-woods. They al.so export 
 great numbers of slaves. Their principal imports are- 
 muskets, gunpowder, spirituous liquors, tobacco, iron, tin, 
 copper, lead, with cotton and Indian goods, the latter 
 chiefly for the extraordinary purpose of being uni-avelled, 
 on account of their colors, to be remanufactured in the 
 native looms. The currency is gold in dust and lumps, 
 and the well-known cowrie-shell. The government of 
 Ashantee is a despotism, alleged to be controlled by an 
 aristocracy consisting of four persons, and an assembly of 
 cabouers or captains. The capital is Coomassie. Popula- 
 tion of the whole empire estimated at 3,000,000. Adj. 
 
 and inhab., Asu^anVee'. 
 
 ASHWPOO/ or ASirEPOCV. a small river of Colleton dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, which flows into the sea through an 
 estuarv called Coosaw River. 
 
 ASliAPOO FERRY, a post-office of CoUeton district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 ASH'AWAY, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 ASH-BOCKIXG, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ASIIBOROUGH, ash^bUr-rGh, a pos(>village, capital of 
 Randolph co., Xorth Carolina, is situated on the plank- 
 road from Fayetteville to Salem, 78 miles X'.W. of the for- 
 mer. One newspaper is issued here. Deep River. 5 miles 
 distant, affords fine water-power, which is emplojed in 
 several cotton factories. 
 
 ASHBOURXE or ASIIBURX, ashTjiim, a market-town 
 and parish of England, 12 j miles X.W. of Derby. Area of 
 parish, 12.800 acres. Pop. in 1S51, 5087. The town is neatly 
 built, and has a large church erected in 1240, in which are 
 some monuments of the Boothby familj' ; a grammar 
 school, income 240?. a year, several other charities, manu- 
 factures of cotton fcbrics and lace, and an active trade in 
 malt and cheese. 
 
 ASHBOURXE or ASHBURX. a vill.age of Ireland, co. of 
 Meath, 14 miles X.X.W. of Dublin. Races are occasionally 
 held near this place. 
 
 ASH'BRITTLE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ASHBURX HAM, ash'btirn-am, a parish of England, oo. 
 of Sussex. 
 
 ASU'BURXHAM, a post-township of Worcester co.. Mas- 
 sachusetts, on. the Che.shire Railroad. 55 miles X.W. of 
 Boston. It has extensive manufactures of matches; also 
 of boots, cabinet ware. &c. Pop.2108. 
 
 ASHBURX HAM DEPOT, a post-vilLoge of Worcester co^ 
 M.is.sachusetts, on the Cheshire Railroad. 
 
 ASH'BURTOX, a p.irli.imentary borough, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Devon, 16 miles S.W. of Exe- 
 ter, and 192 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 1S51, 3432. 
 The town is surrounded by hills, and consists mostlj' of 
 one long street; it has woollen mills, a venerable clmrch, 
 a grammar-school endowed with two scholarships, and nu- 
 merous charities. It was, in 183S, constitxited one of the 
 4 stannary towns of Devon. The borough returns one mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. This is the birthplace of 
 the celebrated lawyer Dunning, afterw:irds Lord Ashbui* 
 ton. and of the critic and poet GifTord. 
 
 ASH'BURY', a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 ASIIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ASHBY', ashtx*. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ASHBY, a parish of England, co. of Suffi.lk. 
 
 ASIIUY', a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 ASHBY, ash'bee. a post-township of Middlesex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 60 miles X.W. of Boston. It cont.ilns soma 
 manufitctories of carriages, boots, &c. Pop. 1091. 
 
Asn 
 
 ASH 
 
 ASHBT, a small Tillase of Coles co.. Illinois. 
 
 ASH'BYBURO. a small Tilla!,'e of Hopkins co., Kentucky, 
 on Green lUver, about 200 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It 
 Is a shippinp; point for a portion of the county. 
 
 ASIFBY-BY-PART/NEV, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 ASIIBY CANONS, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ASH BY CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ASHBY, COLD, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ASIIBY-DE-LA-LAUNDE, ashO}ee-doh-la-laund, a parish 
 of Knpland, CO. of Lincoln. 
 
 ASUBY-DE-LA-ZOUCII, ash'be-d5l-a-zoooh', a market- 
 town and parish of England, lt>i mile's N.W. of Loicester. 
 Pop. 6230. It has a ruined castle, in which Mary, queen of 
 Scots, was once confined : an ancient church, in the decorated 
 style; a grammar-school, in Emanuel College, Cambridge; a 
 theatre; salt-water baths, resorted to hy visitors; manufac- 
 tures of hosiery, hats, and bricks: and iron smelting-works. 
 
 ASIIBY KO'VILLK, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Leicester. 
 
 ASIIBY MAG'NA. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 ASIIBY I'UKRO'HUM. a parish of England, co.of Lincoln. 
 
 ASIIBY ST. LEGi;irS. ash'bee .sil'i-jerz. a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Northampton. The church has a richly orna- 
 mented screen and roodloft, and contains the tombs of the 
 Catesbv family. 
 
 ASIIBY, WKST. a parish of Endand, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ASIIBY- WITII-FEN'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 ASIIBY-WITII-O'BEY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ASII'CHURCII, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ASII'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ASII'COTII, a chapelry of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ASH CHEEK, a post-office of Oktibbeha co.. Mis.sissippi. 
 
 ASIIDALAG, dsh-dd-lig'. a large and beautiful village in 
 Russian Armenia, about 35 miles N.W. of Erivan. high up 
 on the S. slope of the Alaghez Mountains. It is inhiibited 
 exclusively by Christians, enjoys a very mild climate, and 
 Is surrounded by rich irardens. ' 
 
 ASIIDiiD. See Asdood. 
 
 ASH'DON. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ASHE, ash, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the 
 Sto)ir, 5 miles E. by N. of AVingham. The ruins of Bich- 
 borough Castle, (anc. Jihutitfpiiim.) on the brow of a hill, 
 near Sandwich, in this parish, consist of a wall from 12 to 30 
 feet high, and 12 thick, enclosing an area of about 5 .acres, 
 where various antiquities have recently been discovered. 
 
 ASHK, a parish of England, co.of Kent. 
 
 ASHE, a parish of Kngl.ind, co. of Surrey. 
 
 ASHE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 ASHE, a iiamlet of England, co.of Devon, 7 miles E.S.E.of 
 Oakhampton. It was the birthplace of the Duke of Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 ASH K. ash. a county forming the N.W. extremity of North 
 Carolina, bordering on A'irginia and Tennessee, has an area 
 of about 600 square miles. The Watauga and New Rivers 
 rise in it. This county con.sists of a mountainous region, 
 situated between the Blue Ridge on the S.E. and Stone 
 Mountain on the W. The soil in many parts is fertile, and 
 pro.Iuces good pasture. Organized about 1800. Capital 
 Jefferson. Pop. 795fi; of whom 7565 were free, and 391 
 slaves. Named in lionor of Samuel Ashe, former governor 
 of the st,ate. 
 
 ASH'KLDHAAI, a parish of England, co. of I^ssex. 
 
 ASII'lOLWORTH. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ASH'EN. a parish of England, co.of Essex. 
 
 ASII'ENDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 ASH'KRY, a post-oflice of Hancock co., Ohio. 
 
 ASIII'S CREEK, a post-office of Spencer co., Kentucky. 
 
 ASHEVILLE, ash'vil, a sm.all village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 ASHKA'ILLE, a flouri.shing post-vill.age, capital of 
 Buncombe co.. North Carolina, is situated on the Bun- 
 combe Turnpike. 1^ miles E. of the French Broad River, 
 and 255 miles W. of Raleigh. It is on the rovite of the 
 Western Turnpike, which is now in process of construction 
 from the S.W. extremity of the state to Salisbury. It con- 
 tains a bank, an academy. 2 newspaper offices, and several 
 churches. I'op. about 1000. The site of Asheville is ascei-- 
 tained to I>e 22iX) feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 ASHEVILLE, a sm.all post-village, capital of St. Clair co., 
 Alabama. 120 miles N. of Montgomery, has a few stores, 
 and about 250 inhabitants. The county contains extensive 
 beds of bituminous coal, which will probably be worked when 
 the railroad is finished from Selma to the Tennessee River. 
 
 ASH'HELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ASH'FIELD, a post-township of Friinklin co., Massachu- 
 spTfn, 40 miles N.W. of Springfield. Several small tributa- 
 ries of the Deerfield and Westfield Rivers afford water- 
 power, which is used in pa-* for driving 12 saw-mills, a 
 manufacfory of Gardner's mincing knives, a wool fivctory, 
 a grist-mill, a pill-box and wood-turning establishment, 
 
 and several other tnrning shops. It contains 4 churches, 
 an academy, and 1 steam saw-mill. Pop. in l>'-iO, i-i\)i ; in 
 1860, 1302. 
 
 ASHFIELD. GREAT, a parish n'Ec^l.^nd, co. of Suffollc 
 6j miles N.N.W. of Stowmarket. *x>rd Thurlow was born 
 in this pari.sh in 1732. 
 
 ASH'KORD. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Kent, 12^ miles S.W. of Canterbury, and 53 from Lend' n. 
 The South-eastern Railway has a station here. Pop. in 
 1S51, 5007. The priTicipal street, nearly half a mile in 
 length, is paved and lighted. The church, once collegiata, 
 is large, and has some superb monuments. The grammar- 
 school was founded in 1638 by one of the KnatchbuU fiuuily. 
 
 ASHFORD, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 ASH1"'0RD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ASHFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby, 2 miles 
 N.W. of Bakewell. The village is beautifully situated on 
 the Wey, here cros.sed by three stone bridges. 
 
 ASHFORD, a post-townshipof Windham co., Connecticut, 
 30 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It has several tanneries. 
 Pop. 1231, 
 
 ASHFORD, a post-township of Oittaraugus co.. New 
 York, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1975. 
 
 ASHFORD, a p. township of Fond dn Lac co.,AVisconsin. 
 
 ASHFORD BOWD'LER, a pari.sh of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 ASHFORDB Y, ash'fprd-be, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 
 ASlWoRD CAR'BONELL, a parish of England, co. of Sa^ 
 lop, adjoining the above. 
 
 ASH GROVE, a post-office of Iro<|uois co., Illinois. 
 
 ASH GROVE, a post-office of Green co.. Missouri. 
 
 ASH1LL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ASH'ILL. a parish of Fingland, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ASIiaNGDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex: 
 
 ASH'I.N'GTON, a parisli of E/igland, co. of Somerset, 
 
 ASH'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ASH'KIRK, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Roxburgh and 
 Selkirk, 
 
 ASH'LAND, a county in Ohio, situ.ated in the N.E. 
 central part of the state, contains about 390 square miles. 
 It is watered by the Black fork and Lake fork, which, 
 .shortly after crossing the S. line of the county, unite and 
 form the Mohiccan or AValhonding Ri\er. The surface in 
 the S. is hilly, and the remainder rolling. The soil is not 
 surpassed in fertility by any in the state, and it is particu- 
 larly well adapted to wheat, gra.s8. or frnit. The county is 
 intersected by several railroads. Tlie streams above named 
 afford extensive water-power. Formed in 1846. Capital, 
 Asbb.nd. Pop. 22,951. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-township in Middlesex co., Massachu- 
 setts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 24 nn'les W. by 
 S.from Boston, has manufactures of carriages, bobbins, and 
 pai)er. Pop. 1554. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-township in the N.W. part of Greene 
 CO., New York, 40 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop 1212. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-town of Schuylkill co., Pennsj-lvania, 
 on the railroad from Pottsville to Simbury, 12 miles N.W. of 
 Pottsville. It owes its rapid growth to the coal business. 
 Pop. 3880. 
 
 ASHLAND, a village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Honesdale and Delaware Plank-rojid 170 miles N.E. of Har- 
 risburg. It is half way between Honesd.alo and the Erie 
 Railroad. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-office ot Cabell co., Virginia. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-office of Bertie co.. North Carolina. 
 
 ASHL.\ND, a post-office of For.sythe CO., Georgia. 
 
 ASHLAND, a small post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee. 
 
 ASHL.\ND, the re.sidence of the late Henry Clay, the dis- 
 tinguished orator and statesman, is situated in Fayette CO., 
 Kentucky, about 2 miles S,E. of Lexington. 
 
 ASHLAND, a handsome town of Montgomery township, 
 and cajntal of Ashland connty, Ohio, on the Atlantic and 
 Great Western R. R., 85 miles N.N.K. of Columbus, and 55 
 miles in a direct line S.W. of Cleveland. It is situated in 
 a fine farniing country, and is the centre of an active 
 trade. Tlie town contains a national bank, 2 newspaper 
 offices. 8 churches, several manufacturing establishments, 
 and many elegant residences. Pop. in ISliO, 1748; in 1864, 
 2000. 
 
 ASHLAND, a thriving post>-village of Fayette co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Whitewater River and Canal, 7 miles below 
 Connersville, the county town, and 65 miles E. by S. of In- 
 dianapolis. It is a place of active business, aud ha« valua- 
 ble water-power. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-office of AVapello CO., Iowa, 72 miles 
 S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 ASHLAND FURNACE, a postoffice of Cambria co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ASHLEY, ashlee, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ASHLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 ASHLEY', a parish of England, co. of Stafford, 
 
 ASHLEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ASHLEY, ash'lee, a small river of South Carolina, which 
 
 Ho 
 
ASH 
 
 ASI 
 
 rises in Colletoy district, and flowing south-eastward, unites 
 witli Ciioper River at Charleston to form Charleston harlxir. 
 
 AStlLEY. a county in the S.E. part of Arkansas, border- 
 inpt en Louisiana, contains S70 square miles. It is inter- 
 sectifd by Bai'tholomew Bayou, (navijrable by steamboats.) 
 and bounded on the W. by Saline and AVasbita Rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level or undulatiii;;. and is occupied 
 bj' several small prairies. The chief productions are cot- 
 ton. Indian corn, and tobacco. lu ISoO there were raised 
 42.1.30 pounds of tobacco, the greatest quantity produced in 
 any one county of the state. Capital, i'ountaiu Hill. Pop. 
 8oS0 : of whom 4S'2y were tree. 
 
 ASHLEY, a small villaRe of Carroll co., Arkansas. 
 
 A8I1LEY or OXFORD, a flourishing village of Oxford 
 township. Delaware 'co., Ohio, on the railroad from Cleve- 
 land to Columbus, 101 miles S.W. of the former, and 31 
 miles N. of the latter. It is an important depot on the 
 railroad, and is a place of active business. Laid out in 
 IsoO. Pop. near 500. 
 
 A.SIILEY, a post-ofHce of Pike co., Missouri. 
 
 ASHLEY, a lake in Iron co., Utah Territorv. in lat. about 
 38° 2.V N., Ion. 114° W W Length, abcmt 25 miles; great- 
 est breadth. 10 miles. It has no known outlet. 
 
 ASHLEY CITY', or NEW BALTIMORE, a small village 
 of Macomb co., Michigan, on Lake St. Clair, 7 miles N. of 
 the mouth of Clinton River, and 10 miles N.E. of Monnt 
 Clemens. The harbor is accessible for large steamboats. 
 The village was laid out in 1851. 
 
 ASHLEY-CUM-SYI/VERLEY, a parish of England, co. 
 of Cambridge. 
 
 ASHLEY FALLS, a post-office of Berkshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 ASIILEY"S FORK, a tributary of the Green River of the 
 Colorado, in Salt Lake and Utah counties, Utah Territory; 
 it enters the river on the. left, about 50 miles below 
 Brown"s Hole. 
 
 ASHLEYVILLE, ashle-vil, a postKifflce of Ilamden co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 ASHLEYVILLE, a small village of Sheffield township, 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts. 
 
 ASHLEYVILLE. a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 
 ASH.M.WHAUGU, ash'man-haw, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Norfolk. 
 
 ASH'MOKE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 ASHMUXEIN. SeeOsHMOONETN. 
 
 ASH'OLT or AISH'OLT, a parish of England, co, of So- 
 merset. 
 
 ASH'OVER,a parish and village of England, co. of Derby, 
 65 miles S.W. of Chesterfield. 
 
 ASHOW, ash's, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 ASH PARK, a post-office of Cattarausus co.. Xew York. 
 
 ASH^PETUCK' RIVER, a small stream of Fairfield co., in 
 the S.AV. part of Connecticut, flows into Sausatuck River. 
 
 ASH'PORT, a village in the W. part of Lauderdale co., 
 Tennessee, on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, about 
 170 miles W.S.W. of Xashville. 
 
 ASH'PUIXGTOX, a p.^rish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ASH-Plil'ORS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ASHRAF, a town of Persia. See Ashruff. 
 
 ASIIItEIGNEY, ash'rA-ne, or RING'S ASH, a parish of 
 Enel.and. co. of Devon. 
 
 ASH'KTDGE. a hamlet of England, parish of Pittstone, 2 
 miles N.W. of Chesham. A parliament was held here by 
 Edward I., and Princess Eliza>)eth lived here in 1554. 
 
 ASH RIDGE, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio. 
 
 ASH RIDGE, a post-office of Pulaski co.. Illinois. 
 
 ASHRUFF, dsh'rrif. ASHRAF. ashVJf, or USIIRUFF. 
 fishVrif. a town of Persia, province of Mazanderan, 50 
 miles W. of Astrabad. Ashruff is said to have formerly 
 contained 300 baths within its walls; but it has now 
 onlv 500 hoxises. thinlv scattered through an extensive 
 jungle. Lat. 3(5° 41' 45'' N. ; Ion. 53° 33' 53" E. 
 
 ASH RUN', a post-office of Pendleton co.. Kentucky. 
 
 ASH SPRING, a post-office of H.irrisnn co.. Texas. 
 
 ASH'TA. a town of Ilindostan, Gwalior dominions, 63 
 miles E. by S. of Oojein. 
 
 .\.SHTABUL.\, ash^t.vbula, a river of Ohio, enters Lake 
 Erie in the county of its own name. 
 
 ASHT.A.BUL.4, a county forming the N.E. extremity of 
 C)hio, bordering on Pennsylvania and Lake Erie. It is 
 drained by Grand and Conneaut Rivers. The surface is 
 level; the soU contains a large portion of clay, and is 
 adapted to grazing. Hay, Indian corn, oats, butter, cheese, 
 wool, and cattle are the staples. It is intersected by a rail- 
 road leading from Cleveland to Erie. The county was first 
 settled in 1796. by natives of New England. Capital, Jef- 
 ferson. Pop. 31,814. 
 
 ASHTABULA, a post-township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1418. 
 
 ASIITABTTLA, a thriving post-Tillage in the above town- 
 ship, on the river of same name, about 3 miles from Lake 
 Erie. 213 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 60 miles E.N.E. of 
 Cleveland. It is pleasantly situjited. and many of the 
 hotises iire neatly built; it is a pl.ace of considerable busi- 
 ness. The harbor at the mouth of the river is visited by 
 116 
 
 the lake steamers. A railroad connects Ashtabula with 
 Cleveland, and with Erie in Pennsylvania. The village 
 contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, and 1 bank. 
 This place was settled by descendants of the Puritan stock. 
 Pop. in 1850, 821. 
 
 ASHTAROTH, aish'ta-roth, an ancient city of Syria, 
 named in Scriptxire as the capital of •• Og. king of Bashan," 
 identifiec^with the Tdd Ashtereh. in the pashalic of Damash 
 cus, in the plain of Ilauran, 5 miles W. of Mezareeb 
 (Mezarib.l 
 
 ASIITEAD, ash'tgd, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 ASHTO'L.\, (the Carhie of Nearchus.) an uninhabited 
 isl.and of the Indian Ocean, lat. 25° 8' N., Ion. 63° 48' E., 12 
 miles from the Mekran coast, in Beloochistan. It abound? 
 with turtle, and was formerly the haunt of the .Towasimee 
 pirates. 
 
 ASIITON, ash'ton, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ASHTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ASIITON, a mining village of Carbon co., Pennsjlvania, 
 10 miles W- of Mauch Chunk, I5 miles from Summit Hill 
 coal mines, and 115 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. The inha- 
 bitants are mostly employed in the coal business. 
 
 ASIITON, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana. 
 
 ASIITON, a post-office of Clark co., Missouri. 
 
 ASIITON, a post-office of Dane CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 ASHTON, COLD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ASHTON-KEYNES, a p.arish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ASIITON. LONG, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ASHTON'S. a post-office of Shelbv co.. Texas. 
 
 ASHTON'S MILLS, a post-office of Frederick co., Virginia. 
 
 ASHTON. STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE,* a parliamentary borough, ma- 
 nufacturing town, and parish of England, co. Of Lancaster, 
 on the Tame, Ci miles by railw.^y E.N.E. of Manchester. 
 Pop. of borough. (1851) 29,791. The town is mostly ill built, 
 but it has a large church of the time of Henry V., a good mar- 
 ket-house lately erected at a cost of lO.OOOi., various schools 
 and charities, assembly-rooms, a theatre, and mechanics' 
 institute, with a new and large Independent chapel, and 
 places of worship for Methodists, Baptists. Unitarians. Ro- 
 man Catholics, Moravians, and Jews. It is well .situated 
 for manufacturing industry, coal being plentiful, and canals 
 from Manchester, Iluddersfield, and Derbyshire meeting in 
 the parish. The principal manufactures are cotton-yam 
 spinning, and weaving calicoes iiy the power-loom. The 
 number of factories existing within the borough is 84, 
 working 35.33 horse-power, and giving employment to 14.377 
 work-people, the weekly wages of whom amount, usually, 
 to about 7900?. The consumption of raw cotton is esti- 
 mated at 1.400-000 pounds weekly. In 1843. a barrack was 
 erected near the town, at a cost of 42.500Z., in which a bat- 
 talion of infantry and a troop of horse are permanently st.i- 
 tioned. Ashton-under-Lj-ne sends one member to the 
 House of Commons. The increase of the wealth and popu- 
 lation of this town within the last half century, but par- 
 ticularly within the last twenty vears, has been very re- 
 markable. In 1821, its populationwas 9222 ; in 1841, 22,689 ; 
 in 1851. 30.076. 
 
 ASHTON-UPON-MERSEY', a parish of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 ASHUELOT (a.sh'we-lot) RIVER, Cheshire co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, falls iuto the Connecticut River about 3 miles from the 
 S. boundary of the state. 
 
 ASH'URST. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ASH'VILLE, North Carolina and Alabama. See Ashe- 
 
 VILLE. 
 
 ASH'A'ILLE. a post-office of Harrison co., Texas. 
 
 ASH'VILLE, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio. 
 
 ASH'WATER, a parish of Enirland, co of Devon. 
 
 ASH'WELL, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Herts. 
 
 ASIIWELL. a parish of Ensland. co. of Rutland. 
 
 ASHWELTHOIU'E, asb'wel-thorp. a parish of England, 
 CO. of Norfolk. This manor is the property of Lord Berners, 
 whose ancestors owned it in the reign of Henry VII. 
 
 ASH'WICK. a parish of Encrland, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ASH'WICKEN, a parish of England, co of Norfolk. 
 
 ASH'W(;>OD. a post office of Tensas parish, Louisiana. 
 
 ASH'WOOD. a post-office of Maurv co., Tennessee. 
 
 ASH'WORTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ASIA, i'she-a. (not A'zhe-a.) (Fr. A/ie, J'zee'; Ger. Agien, 
 ifze-en ; L., It,, Sp.. and Port., Asia. 3'se-i,) the largest of tho 
 great divisions of the globe. Its mainland is bounded N. by 
 the .\rctic Ocean, S. by the Indian Ocean. E. by the North 
 Pacific, W. by Europe, and S.AV. by Africa. Its greatest 
 length is from the Dai-danelles to Behring's Strait, a dist.ince 
 of about 7.000 miles: its greatest breadth from Cape Severo- 
 Vostchnoijin Siberi.'*, to Point Romania, at the S. extremity of 
 tho Malay Peninsula, about 516C miles. Asia isjoined to Eu- 
 rope throughout the whole length of its western limit, being 
 separated from it by an arbitrary lire only, part of which is 
 formed by the Ural Mountiins: it is connected with .\frica by 
 the Isthmus of Suez. On the F„ it is separated from Anieric* 
 by Behring's Strait, where the two continents appi-oach with- 
 in 36 miles of each other. The coa.=ts of Asia are singularly 
 
 • See note to Newcastle-cxdku-Lvme. 
 
ASI 
 
 ASI 
 
 Irregular, especially on the S. and E., -vrhere it is indented by 
 immense bays and f?ulfs, forming projections of con-espond- 
 Ing magnitude. The principal of the furmer are the Persian 
 Gulf, Arabian Sea, ISayof Uengal, and Gulf of Siam, on the S. 
 coast; the Gulf of Tonquin, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Gulf of 
 Tartary, Sea of Oklxotsk, and Gulf of Anadeer. on the E. coast. 
 On the N., the indentations are equally numerous, but, with 
 exception of the Gulf of Obi, not of the same extent. The 
 more remarkable peninsulas are tliose of Ilindostan, Jlalac- 
 ca,CochinChina, Corea, and Anadeer, on the S. and E. coasts. 
 The principal islands and island groups within the limits of 
 this division of the globe are, on the S. and E., the Lacca- 
 dives, Maldives, the Chagos Archipelago, Ceylon, the An- 
 daman, and N'icobar Islands; the Mergui Archipelago, Su- 
 matra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the Sunda and ISanda 
 Islands; the Moluccas. Sooloo Islands, Philippines, the island 
 nf Hainan, Formosa, Chusan, IIong-Kong, the Japanese Em- 
 pire, Saghalien or Tarakai, and the Kooriles. On the N., Ko- 
 telnoi,Fadievskoi,NcwSiberia.Iviokoy,and(according to Hum- 
 boldt) Nova Zembla. The mainland of Asia is comprised be- 
 tween lat. 1° 15' and 78°20'N.,and Ion. 27°E.and 170 W. If its 
 Islands are included, its southern limit will extend to lat. 11° 
 S., the most S. point of Rotte, a small island S. of Timor. 
 Tlie countries comprised within its limits are, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, Arabia, Persia, Keloochistan, Cabool, Punjab, Sinde, 
 Ilindostan, Burmah, Siam, Laos, Anam, Malacca. China, 
 Mantchooria, Corea, Mongolia, Thibet, Tartary, and Asiatic 
 Russia; to these, and to the islands above enumerated, re- 
 spectively, the reader is referred for such details as may be 
 missed in this article, which, to avoid unnecessary repeti- 
 tion, is intended to be merely general. 
 
 The vast extent of Asia, the diversity of its surfiice. and 
 the conflicting accounts given of the physical structure of 
 large portions of its interior, particularly in Centr.il Asi.a, 
 renders it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to give such 
 a Tiew of its general conformation as should be at once accu- 
 rate and intelligible. It may, however, be characterized, 
 generally, notwithstanding its enormous elevations, as a 
 Bat country, its mean level above the .sea not exceeding 
 1150 feet, while a third part has not more than 255 feet of 
 mean height. The whole of that portion lying N.W. of the 
 Thian-Shan Mountains, or of lat. 4.5° N., and N. of the Al- 
 tai, or of lat. 50° N., is one prodigious plain or tract of low- 
 land, a third larger than Europe, the elevation of which is 
 little more than from 200 to 1200 feet. The southern portion, 
 which stretches along the Indian Ocean, is composed, like- 
 wise, of comparatively level regions; so is also a great part 
 of the interior, where the elevations do not exceed from 2000 
 to 4000 feet above the sea ; though formerly believed to be 
 more than double the height of the latter amount, or 9000 
 feet; a supposition contradicted by the fact, that grapes, 
 vines, oranges, and cotton grow there readily and in great 
 abundance. It may be added, that the heights of several of 
 the other plateaus of Central Asia have been greatly ovei"-es- 
 timated; and that there is little doubt that, if carefully me.a- 
 sured, most, if not all of them, would be found to fall fiir 
 short of the heights at present assigned to them. Still, 
 while a large portion of Asia is comparatively but little 
 above the level of the sea, many extensive tracts have a 
 great elevation, and no small p,art of the Continent is ac- 
 tually below sea level. The extensive country N. and E. of 
 the Caspian Sea, and around the Sea of Aral, form a vast 
 cavity of about 55,000 square miles, all of which is below 
 the sea level. The prodigious mountain-systems of Asia are 
 no less remarkable than its vast plains and deserts. With 
 the exception of the Ural Mountains, none of any note occur 
 throughout the whole of Northern Asia N. of lat. 50°, and 
 W. of Ion. 120° E.; but E. of that meridian, the Aldan 
 Mountains, and the Yablonoi and Stanovoi Krebit, attain a 
 considerable elevation. S. of lat. 50°, and N. of lat. 31°, are 
 to be found the principal mountain-systems of Asia, consist- 
 ing of four great ranges, nearly parallel to each other and 
 to the Equator; the largest extending, in an almost un- 
 broken line, under the various names of Taurus, Elbrooz, 
 Hindoo Koosh, and Kuen-lun, from the Bosphorus to China 
 Proper, E. of the 100th meridian, forming, as it were, the 
 backbone of the Continent. The subsidiary systems lie at 
 various angles to the Equator; but, gener.ally speiiking, they 
 run parallel to the coasts, the greater number, however, hav- 
 ing a direction S.E. to N.W., as in .Arabia, Persia, the coast 
 of Malabar, the peninsula of Burmah, Anam, and Malacca ; 
 while, on the coast of Coromandel, in Northern India, 
 China. Mantchooria, and N.E. Siberia, the general direction 
 U S.W. to N.E. 
 
 Mnnntains. — The great mountain-systems of Central Asia 
 are the Himalaya, the Altai, the Thi.in-Shan or Celestial 
 Mountains, and the Kuen-lun, all, generally speaking, pji- 
 rallel to the Equ.ator. The Himalaya range, the general 
 course of which is from N.W. to S.E., consists of three parts, 
 the Hindoo Koosh or Indian Caucasus, which extends 
 from the Paropamisan range, in Afghanistan, to Cashmere. 
 The Himalaya, or Imaus of the ancients, which stretches 
 •roni the Valley of Cashmere to Bhotan. with a semi-circular 
 inflection, and, lastly, the mountains of Bhotan and Assam. 
 fbe entire length of the range of the Himalayas is about 
 
 2000 miles. The mean height has been estimated at from 
 10,000 20,000 feet. The highest summit yet ascertained witK 
 anv degree of certaintv.isthatofKunchaiajunga,inSikkim 
 which is 28,178 feet in" height. 
 
 Dhawalagiri ranks next to it. But there are several othei 
 peaks said to be of eqiial, and some of even still greater ele- 
 vation. There are more than 40 rising above 21,0U0 feet. 
 Jfost of the passes are above 15,000 feet in height, and some 
 of them 18,000 and 19,000. The line of perpetual conjjelar 
 tion is at an elevation, on the S. side, of 12,9S1 feet; on the 
 N., of 16,620 feet: a result precisely the revei-se of wliat 
 would would, a priori, be expected, but which is supposed 
 to be owing to the greater serenity of the sky on the N . side, 
 the less frequent formation of snow in very cold dry air. and 
 the radiation of heat from the neighboring plains, which aie 
 much nearer than thoseon theS. The crest of the Himalayas 
 consists of stratified, crystalline rocks, especially gneiss, with 
 large granitic veins, and immense beds of quartz. The zone, 
 between 15,000 and 18,000 feet above the level of the se.a, is of 
 Silurian strata; granite is frequent at the ba.se, and strata 
 of comparatively modern date occur at great elevations. 
 Vegetation is prolonged on the Himalayas to the height of 
 upwards of 18,000 feet. These magnificent mountains are 
 intersected by valleys and ravines of tremendous depth, 
 through many of which rivers and torrents rush with in 
 conceivable impetuosity. The system of the Altai sur- 
 rounds the sources of the Irtish and Yenisei. The Altai 
 proper forms little more than a fourth part of the entire 
 System; extending from W. to E., from the confluence of 
 the Ooba (Uba) and Irtish to Mount Goorbee, and the 8. of 
 Lake Baik.al. Its branches or continuations stretch, under 
 various names, first to the Gulf of Okhotsk, and afterwards 
 to East Cape, where it terminates; the whole length being 
 about 4500 miles; the breadth varying from 400 to 1000 
 miles. The highest known summit, Bielukha, in the Rus- 
 sian Altai, attains an elevation of 11.000 feet above the sea. 
 The common distinction of " Great" and " Little" .\ltai is 
 founded on error, 1x)th the name and chain of the Great Al- 
 tai being, according to Humboldt, imaginary. The Thian- 
 Shan, or Celestial Mountains, run nearly along the 42d° p.a- 
 rallel of N. lat., rising in Tartary, and terminating in the 
 Desert of Gobi, in Mongolia. Their highest summit, Bogda 
 OoLa, or "Holy Mountain," is always covered with snow. 
 Little is known of the country between the Thian-Shnn 
 Mountiiins and those of the Altai — a space of about 400 
 miles in breadth. The Kuen-lun Mountains run nearly 
 parallel witli the former range, and in some parts with the 
 Hindoo Koosli also. They rise a little to the E. of the lOOtb 
 degree of E. longitude, and, under the various names o* 
 Koolkoon, Aneuta, Kuen-Lun, Hindoo Koosh, Elbi-ooz, 
 and Taurus, running W. and N.W., closely skirt the Cas- 
 pian and Black Seas on the S., terminating to the ^\'. of 
 the latter, thus forming, with the exception of the American 
 Cordillera of the Andes, the longest line of elevation on the 
 globe. The Tiumerous other chains, of presiter or less ex- 
 tent, existing over this great continent, will be found 
 noticed in the articles on the countries in which they occur. 
 
 Volcanoes, Kurthquah-^, rf-c. — The continent of Asia has 
 few volcanoes in a stat« of activity, though its islands are 
 crowded with them, J,ava containing a greater number than 
 any other region of equ.al extent on the globe. In Western 
 Asia, the only active volcano existing is Demavend. 70 miles 
 S. of the S. shore of the Caspian Sea. It is 14,695 feet 
 in height, covered with snow, and is constantly smoking. 
 The table-land of Western Asia was at one time the seat of 
 intense commotion, now restricted to the mountain just 
 named, to Selban-dagh, .and Ararat. In the table-land of 
 Eastern Asia, the only instance of igneous explosion that 
 occurs is in the volcanic chain of tlie Thian-Shan. where 
 there are two active volcanoes at the distance of 670 miles 
 from each other, Peshan, and Ilo-cheoo. These are the 
 centre of an extensive volcanic district, extending X. to the 
 Altai Mountains. Eire-hills and fire-springs are numerous 
 in China, but, so far as is known, there are no mountains 
 that eject lava. In Kamtchatka, however, there are no 
 fewer than 9 volcanoes in a state of activity. Earthquakes 
 are frequent and violent in many parts of Asia. The places 
 most subject to these visitations are Asia Minor, the Per- 
 sian Mountains, Cabool, the regions between Lake Baikal 
 and the volcano of Ho-cheoo, in the S.E. of Tartary, and in 
 the province of Cutch, in Ilindostan. 
 
 Table-lands, Plains, or Steppes and Deserts. — The table- 
 Lands of Asia, like all the other physical features of that 
 vast continent, are upon the most gigantic scale. That of 
 Ir,an, in Persia, occupies an area Of 170,000 square miles, 
 and is generally from 4000 to 7000 feet above the sea; while 
 that of Thibet comprises 760,000 square miles, at a mean 
 altitude of 11,600 feet. The table-lands of the interior are 
 frequently fertile, and enjoy genial climates, but in some 
 instances, as in that of the table-land of Thibet, are cold 
 and sterile, snow falling through every month of the year. 
 Among the less extensive table-lands are those of Taxila. in 
 the Punjab, of Malwah or Central India, of the Deccan, 
 and of Mysore. Nearly the whole of North-western Asia is 
 one vast plain or undulating surface, occupying upwards 
 
 117 
 
ASI 
 
 rt'7,000 10 square miles; and in Western Asia, around the 
 Uispiaiv, there are extensive tracts of country many feet be- 
 low the level of the sea. The great plain or steppe of Ishim, 
 in Siberia, extAfnds from the K. slope of the S. extremity of 
 the Ural Mou.itains, aci-oss the Tobol to the Irtish, a dis- 
 tance of about 700 miles. It is covei'ed in part with dense 
 forests, and abounds in game. Jse.xt to this plain is the 
 steppe of Uaraba, occupying the space between the Irtish 
 and the Upper Obi. To the S. of these steppes is another of 
 several hundred miles in extent, lying between the Altai 
 Mountains and the K. eoufiues of Tartary, and including 
 Lalie TengUeez (Teughiz.) In the E. of China, again, there 
 is an alluvial plain of 210,000 square miles, most of it pro- 
 ductive and highly cultivated ; and in Ilindostan there are 
 plains that extend 2000 miles along the S. slope of the 
 llimalayas. The stepi>es of Asia generally consist of rich 
 pastures, intermingled with woods, barren sands, muriati- 
 terous clay, and abounding in lalies, pools, and streams of 
 salt and bitter waters. Deserts are numerous in Asia, and 
 many of them of great extent. The most remarkable is that 
 of the Great Gobi or tJhamo, (t. e., '• sea of sand,") its whole 
 length being probably not under 1200 miles. The great 
 s;Ut desert of Irak-Ajemee, inPersiit, is about 390 miles in 
 length and 210 miles in breadth. There are, besides, four 
 other deserts in this division of the globe, the whole occu- 
 pying three-tenths of its entire surface. 
 
 Jiivers and Lakes. — Asia contains some of the largest 
 rivers in the woi-ld. Those in Western Asia are the 
 Euphrates and Tigris; in Eastern Asia, the Amoor, the 
 lloang-llo, the l"ang-t,se-Kiang, the llong-Kiang^ and the 
 Sang-Koi or Tonquiu Rivers; in Northern Asia, the Obi (or 
 Ob.) the Irtish, the Yenisei, the Lena, the Indigbirka, and 
 the Kolyma; in Southern Asia, the Indus and its con- 
 fluents, the Attok, Jhylum. Chenaub, and Sutlej; the 
 Ganges, the Brahmapootra, the Irrawaddy, the Marfaban, 
 the Menam, and the Camlndia. Some of the basins of these 
 rivers are of vast extent. Thatof the Obi is above 1,355,000 
 Kuglish square miles, which is the largest in the world 
 with the exception of those of the Amazon and Mississippi. 
 The basin of the Yenisei is above 1,045,000 square miles; 
 *Jiat of Lena, 792,500 square miles ; while those of Amoor, 
 Yaag-tse-Kiang and lloang-ilo, are all above 650,000 sijuare 
 miles. The river of greatest length in Asia is the Y'ang-tse- 
 Kiaug, the entire length of which is 2900 miles; that of the 
 Yenisei, 25U0 miles. 
 
 The largest lake or inland sea of Asia is the Caspian : it 
 has no outlet, is about 750 miles in length from A. to S., 
 and about 230 miles in breadth. Next in extent is the sea 
 of Aral, in Tartary: area 20,000 square miles; it is shallow, 
 and, like the Caspian, lias no outlet. The other principal 
 lakes to the E. are Lake Tengheez or Balkash, and Lake 
 Baikal, in Irkootsk. There are, besides, a number of smaller 
 lakes dispersed over the continent. A great many of them 
 ai-e salt, some of them intensely so, and also bitter. 
 
 Minerals. — All the precious and useful minerals are found 
 in Asia. Diamonds are found in Buudelcund, Sumbhul- 
 poor, Gundur, the Deccan, the Ural Mountains, Borneo, 
 Ceylou, and various other places. Kpck-crystals, amethysts, 
 rubies, turquoises, cornelians, agates, onyxes, beryl, lapis 
 lazuli, topazes, and various other precious stones, are found 
 in many difl'ereut quarters. Gold is found in a great 
 many of the countries, but is, perhaps, most abundant in 
 Siberia, in the Altai cliain, called emphaticjiUy the Gold 
 Jlountaiiis. Silver is a product of China, Asiatic Kussia, 
 Anam, and the Japanese and Ottoman Empires; mercury 
 of China, Thibet, Japan, India, and Ceylon. Tin is met 
 with over all the Malay peninsula, in Burmah, China, and 
 some of the islands of the Malay Archipelago; copper and 
 iron in Japan, Asiatic Kussia, Thibet, Ilindostan, Anam, 
 Persia, and Asiatic Turkey ; in most of which countries 
 lead also is found. Coal has been discovered in NortI'3rn 
 China. Bengal, and in some of the islands of the Malay 
 Archipelago, and doubtless exists in many other localities 
 not yet explored. Salt is very generally diti'used over the 
 continent, few extensive districts being altogether destitute 
 of Siilt-lakes or springs ; but our knowledge of the distribu- 
 tion of the mineral wealth of Asia, as well as on many other 
 points, is still exceedingly imperfect. 
 
 Ctimuie. — Asia, a.s a natural consequence of its vast ex- 
 tent, stretching from the polar ciix-le to the equator, pos- 
 sesses every variety of climate, from excessive heat to the 
 most intense cold ; being exceeded, as regards the former, 
 by the tropical deserts of Africa alone. This variety of 
 climate is further Increased by local influences, particu- 
 larly by the great heights of its table-lands and mountains, 
 by its comparatively compact configuration, not being deeply 
 penetrated by gulfs, and by the great extension of laud it 
 presents towards the pole, and regions of perpetual ice. Be- 
 yond the 56th parallel of N. latitude, which includes all 
 Siljeiia, the ground is permanently frozen, in some places to 
 a great deptli ; and a degree of cold, exceeding 90° below the 
 freezing poiut, is here of annual occun-enee; while in other 
 parts of the same region, such as Tobolsk, }5arnaul, and 
 Irkootsk. the summers are equal to these of Berlin, Mun 
 gter, aud Cherbourg, but ai-e succeeded by winters of great 
 118 
 
 ASI 
 
 severity, the mean temperature being but little abore zero. 
 The greatest heat experienced in Asia occurs in the pro- 
 vince of Mekrau, in Beloochistau, where, according to the 
 natives, the unbvirnt bricks are made red by the soorthing 
 rays of the sun. But the remarkable viu-iety of climate 
 for which AsLa is distinguished, is not manifested by its 
 larger regions alone, but is equally exliibited within the 
 limits of its different countries, down to their provinces and 
 districts. Thus, in Afghanistan, the snow lies in some 
 places for three months iu winter; aud the thermometer 
 sinks to from lO'^ to 15° below zero; while, in summer, it 
 ranges from 90° to 94°. At Delhi, the winter's cold is sume- 
 times 3° or 4° below freezing; while at Calcutta the ther- 
 mometer rises to 110°. The violent winds called typhoons 
 prevail in South-eastern Asia between lat. 4° aud 40° N.; 
 their sphere of action diminishing westerly to a space in- 
 cluded between 13° and 20° K. lat. They thus comprise 
 all China and the empire of Anam aud Cochin China, to 
 which countries, indeed, and neighboring seas, they seem 
 to be almost exclusively limited. These destructive winds 
 blow at all seasons, but rarely between May and December. 
 The monscons, which also prevail in this quarter of the 
 world, extend into Asia, from their central region iu the 
 Indian Ocean, as lar as lat. S6° N., including China, all 
 Ilindostan, the Punjab, and part of Thibet. They blow 
 regularly from the S.W. from April to October, and from 
 the N.E. from October to April; the change being accompa- 
 nied by heavy rain, and violent storms of thunder and 
 lightning. The rainless regions of Asia are of vast extent: 
 one of these extends from Delhi, in Northern Ilindostan, to 
 near Nertchinsk. in South-e^istern Siberia, a distance of 
 about 2500 mUes, with a width of atout 1200 miles. 
 It thus includes part of Thibet, the great desert of Gobi, 
 and a part of Mongolia — a space estimated to comprise 
 2,000,000 square miles. The other is a continuation of the 
 vast rainless region which, commencing on the borders of 
 Morocco, terminates iu Beloochistan, of which it includes 
 the greiiter pjirt, with a large portion of Persia, the N. part 
 of Arabia, and the S. of Syria. 
 
 Veffetaiwn. — The vegetation of Asia is as various as its 
 climate; and is further diversified by geographical position, 
 and by the higher or lower elevations on which it is ex- 
 hibited. The extreme S. portions only present the charac- 
 teristic features of tropical vegetation, excepting in partial 
 instances; the other parts display those of temperate 
 regions, extending X. into those of the arctic zone. No 
 cereals are cultivated in Asia N. of about lat. 02° N. From 
 that parallel, S. to the Altai, there are two regions; the 
 northern characterized by the cultivation of barley, oats, 
 and rye; aud the southern by that of rye and wheat; over 
 both, buckwheat and potatoes are raised. The W. part of 
 the continent S. of the Altai to about lat. 20° N.. is wholly 
 a wheat region. The tea-plant is cultivated over the whole 
 of China and Cochin China, between lat. 17° and 35° N'.; 
 Ion. 94° and 12U° E., which includes Upper Assam ; but is most 
 successful between the parallels of 25° and 33° N., which 
 comprehends the prmcipal tea districts. It is also culti- 
 vated in the Japanese Islatids. Cotton is grown in Centi-al 
 asid S. India, Burmah, Siam, Anam, and China. Sugar in 
 Bengal, and the other countries to the E. just named; also, 
 in Malacca and Java. Ceylon and Java are famed for their 
 coffee, which also grows on the coast of Malabar, iu Sumatra, 
 and the Philippines. Cinnamon Iuxuri;ites in Ceylon, pro- 
 bably its native seat, and is grown iu Anam; and nutmegs, 
 cloves, and peppers, have long been known as the products 
 of the famed Spice Islands of the Malay Archipelago. In 
 these latter localities, also, the sago-palm attains the highest 
 perfection; and in many of them, as weU as on the conti- 
 nent of India, the valuable indigo-plant is grown. 
 
 Znologi/. — Asia has 2SH mammalia, of which 102 are pe- 
 culiar; 04 species of ruminating animals, of which 40 are 
 peculiar; 60 genera of carnivorous animals, aud ISO species 
 of apes and monkeys, all of which are entirely .-Vsiatic. The 
 quadrupeds of the continent and islands include the ele- 
 phant, rhinoceros, camel, lion, tiger, leopard, panther, 
 hyena, tapir, wolf, bear, wild boar, hog, dog. antelope, deer, 
 chamois, stag, ox, buffalo, horse, goat, sheep, wild ass, 
 monkey, ape, fox, hare, squirrel, jackal, elk, martin cat, 
 wild cat, and weasel. The liabiUd of the elephant, extends 
 from the S. point of Sumatra, lat.O°S. through that island, 
 across the peninsula of Malacca, over the S. province of 
 China, throughout all India, including Ceylou. to nearly 
 lat. 30° N. It is also met with on the Himalayas, at a 
 height of from 5000 to 6000 feet, and roams wild iu immense 
 herds through the forests aud jungles at the f(vt of these 
 mountains. The habitat of the rhinoceros is nearly the 
 same, only extending a little further north in China. 
 The camel is a native of Asi.i, where, from the earliest 
 ages, it has formed the chief means of communication 
 between the different regions of the East. The Asiatic lion 
 has no mane, and is confined to a comparatively limited 
 region. The tiger of Asia (royal tiger) has its chief habita- 
 tion in the sultry jungles of Bengal, and the islands of Java 
 and Sumatra, but it occasionally wanders as Cu as tl e Altai 
 and Uimalaya Motuitaius, which it ascends U> a he-^^ht of 
 
ASl 
 
 ASI 
 
 9600 feet In search of prey. The leopard, panther, and 
 hyena are common, and are met with everywhere, with the 
 exception, as regards the last, of the Burman empire, in 
 which there are neither hyenas, wolves, foxes, nor jackals. 
 Among the most remarkable of the Asiatic bears are the 
 Syrian bear, the Thibet bear, and the sun-bear of Sumatra. 
 The buffalo is a native of China, India, Borneo, and the 
 Sunda Islands. The greatest number of species of the goat 
 family occurs in Asia, one of the most celebrated being the 
 goat of Cashmere, which is also spread over Thibet, where 
 they browze at elevations of from 10.000 to 13,000 feet. 
 
 The reptile fauna of Asia, so tar as known, comprises only 
 44 species, but tliere is little doubt that many more remain 
 to be added to the list. At the head of this class of animals 
 Btands the crocodile; the Asiatic eeiiera of which the gavial, 
 (ffavialis Gaiigetieus.) frequenting the Ganges and other great 
 Indian Kivers. The crocodile with the helmet, (crocodilus 
 galcatiis,) and the double crested crocodile, (crocrxiilus hv- 
 porcalus.) are numerous in various quarters, both conti- 
 nental and insular. There are 10 species of frogs peculiar 
 to Asia, and 9 species of toads. Among the serpents of Asia 
 are the Cobra de Capello, and a species Trigonocephalus, both 
 among the most dangerous snakes in existence; vipers, 2 
 species of which are peculiar to Asia. Tree-serpents, in- 
 habiting the great tropical forests; boa constrictors, py- 
 thons, the largest snake of the Eastern World; chameleons, 
 fresh-water tortoi.ses, of which 8 are peculiar to Asia. Sea 
 and fresh-water snakes are also numerous; the former 
 swarm in the Indian 'Ocean, and many of them are ex- 
 tremely venomous and ferocious, 
 
 The number and variety of birds in Asia is too great to at- 
 tempt either enumeration or description; they include eagles, 
 vultures, fiilcons, buzzards, quails, pheasants, partridges, 
 starlings, herons, storks, cranes, swans, wild-ducks, pelicans, 
 nightingales, &c. In South-eastern Asia and the islands of 
 the JIalay Archipelago, birds of tlie most gorgeous plumage 
 abound ; while several of those above mentioned, though 
 bearing European names, here present themselves in the 
 splendid hues of the tropics. Asia is peculiarly prolific in 
 gallinaceous fowls, some of them possessing most brilliant 
 plumage. Among these may be named the horned pheas- 
 ants of the Himalaya, a species of Tragophans, the gold and 
 Bilver pheasants of China, and the argus pheasant of Su- 
 matra and Borneo. A large gallinaceous fowl {Mif/apodius) 
 of remarkable habits, is found in some of the islands of the 
 Malay Archipelago; and to this region, or to the S. part of 
 continental Asia, we are indebted for that most valuable 
 of domestic fowls, the common cock and hen. 
 
 Haces of Asia. Language and Jieligion. — Asia is supposed 
 to have been the cradle of the human race. It contains a 
 vast variety of tribes and nations. The great divisions or 
 families consist of the Caucasian group, the Mongol-Tartar 
 group, and the >Ial.ayan, and Ethiopian nations. The first 
 occupy nearly the whole of W. Asia, the Himalaya to the 
 Brahmapootra, and all India between these mountains and 
 the ocean. The Mongol-Tartar family occupies all Asia N. 
 of the I'ersian table-laud and of the Himalayas, the whole of 
 Eastern Asia from the Brahmapootra to Behring's Strait. It 
 includes the Mongol and Tartar tribes, the Chinesd, Indo- 
 Chinese, and Japanese. The Malay nations occupy the 
 whole of Malaisia. The Ethiopian, Ceylon, Borneo, Sum- 
 bawa, Timor, and. exclusively, or partially, numerous 
 other islands. The most numerous of the great Asiatic 
 races is the Mongolian, next the Caucasian, then the Malay, 
 and, lastly, the Ethiopian, frequently now called the Papuan 
 race, which is estimated at a million only. The languages 
 of Asia are nearly as numerous as its tribes, there being 
 according to Adelung, no fewer than 937 different dialects. 
 The prevailing religions of Asia are Brahmanism and Bood- 
 hism : the former being professed in Hindostan, the latter 
 in China, Japan, Anani, Siam, the Burman Empire, Ceylon, 
 and among the Mongols and Toongooses. In the S.W. of 
 Asia Islamism prevails; and Mussulmen are numerous in 
 India, Malacca, and many parts of the Malay Archipelago. 
 There are multitudes of these sects iu various parts of 
 the continent. 
 
 Hidory. — The term Asia, the origin of which is unknown, 
 ■was first applied to a small province of the peninsula now 
 called Anatolia on Asia Minor; but has since been gradually 
 extended to the whole Asiatic continent. The early his- 
 tory of Asia may be regarded as that of the world. Here 
 the human race is supposed to have been first planted; and 
 here also, from the few survivors of the deluge, arose the 
 primitive families, tribes, nations, and dynasties, of whose 
 history only a few fragments remain. The ancient history of 
 Asia is thenceforth divisible into four great epochs, of un- 
 equal duration, corresponding with the existence of four 
 great dynasties — the Assyrian or Babylonian, the Medo- 
 Persian, the Grecian, and the Koman, which last may be 
 considered as extending to the period of the Mohammedan 
 conquest, in a.d. 038. It was during this latter period, and 
 ■when Its power was at its height, that the introduction and 
 establishment of Christianity took place. This event formed 
 a new era in the history of man, and became the source of 
 great and tavovirable changes, both in the physical and 
 
 moral state of society. It has given a tone to all succeeding 
 history, and. apart from its blessed results to cur rnce^ 
 must, even in a mere historical point of view, he regarded 
 as the most important event that has ever occurred, not 
 only in the historj' of Asia, but of the whole world. 
 
 During this long period geography had made little pro- 
 gress. 15y Ptolemy's account, it would appear that not 
 more than about one-fourth of the continent of Asia w.as 
 known to the ancients, who divided it into Asia Citerin- 
 and Asia Ulterior, the former corresponding with the mo- 
 dern Anatolia or Asia Minor, and the latter with the rest 
 of Asia, then known. 
 
 The next division of Asiatic history is that which com- 
 prehending what is usually termed the Middle Ages, ex- 
 tending from the commencement of the Mohammedan era 
 to the end of the fifteenth century. In less than a century 
 after the flight of Jlohammed from 51ecca in t22, his im- 
 posture, which was destined to exercise so great an in- 
 fluence in the Eastern world, had been spread over a ter- 
 ritory extending S. and N. from the Bed Sea to the Cas- 
 pian, and E. and Vi. from the confines of Tartary and India 
 to the sliores of the Atlantic. In 1037, the Tartars, under 
 Togrul Bog, subdued Persia, and his successors conquered 
 India, Tartjiry, Syria, and Egypt They also took and 
 plundered Jeru.salem, and by their cruelties toward the 
 Christian pilgrims to that city, aroused througliout Eu- 
 rope a feeling of indignation that led to the Crusades, 
 These memorable expeditions were undertaken in suc- 
 cession during a period of 200 years, commencing about 
 1095; they drew into their cause some of tlie most powerful 
 kings and most noted warriors of the Middle Ages. After 
 various changes, the dominion of the Saracens, under the 
 sway of Kublai Khan, was extended, about the middle of 
 the thirteenth century, over all Western Asia. The Cru- 
 sades, and other contemporary circumstances, had contri- 
 buted, in a more remarkable degree than formerly, to direct 
 the mind of Europe towards Asia; and the result was the 
 establishment of permanent commexxial relations between 
 them. 
 
 In 1498, Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese navigator, douliled 
 the Cape of Good Hope, and opened a new channel of inter- 
 course with the East; and at the death of Albu(iuerque, 
 their famous naval commander, in 1515. the Portuguese 
 had estiiblished colonies at various points on the Asiatic 
 coast, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Empire of Japan, 
 a distance of at least 12.000 miles. In IfOO. tlie Portuguese 
 encountered a ne^? competitor and formidable enemy in the 
 Dutch, who sent several commercial expeditions to the Easl 
 by the Cape of Gcod Hope, and by 1040 had made them- 
 selves masters of jiU the Eastern islands and seas, with the 
 exception of some British settlements on the coast of Su- 
 matra. The attention of Britain had long been directed to 
 Asia, and the discovery of the passage by sea had given a 
 new impulse to their views in that quarter. Eor many 
 j'ears after that event, frequent voyages of discovery were 
 made by British navigators, and several embassies and 
 other journeys were perfoimed by British subjects on land. 
 But the formation of the East India Company inltOO, which 
 ultimately established British authority in the East, has 
 done more than any other event to extend our geographical 
 knowledge in that quarter. At fii-st, the new information 
 obtained was scanty; but, from 1740, during the wars with 
 the I'l-ench in the Deccan, and more especially from 1757, 
 after tlie conquest of Beng.al. it rapidly increa.sed; many 
 expeditions, both military and exploring, have been made, 
 and the quantity of unknown territory is at length circum- 
 scribed within comparatively narrow limits. 
 
 I'opuhttion. — The entire population of Asia is estimated 
 at 480,000,000, which is considerably more than half the 
 entire prpulation of the globe. It is thus divided: Cau- 
 casian race, lr4,000,000: Mongolian, 291.OCO.000; Malay, 
 24.000,000 ; Ethiopitin, 1.000,000, of which the islands are 
 supposed to contain 50,000 or 60,000. — —Adj. AsuTic, A'she- 
 afik, and Asi.\s. J'she-an, (poetical;) inhab. A.siatic ; (Fr. 
 Asiatique, i^zee^i'teek' ; Ger. adj. Asiatisch, i-ze-d'tish, inliab. 
 AsiATE, ^-ze-.Vtfh.) 
 
 ASIAGO, d-see'4-go, a town of Northern Italy, in Vicenza, 
 capital of the district termed the " Seven Communes," inha- 
 bited by a race of German descent, 22 miles N. of A'iceuza. 
 Pop. of the district, 25.500; of the town, 4670. 
 
 ASIA ISLKS, a low and thickly-wooded group in the 
 Malay Archipelago, E. of Gilolo. Lat. 1°.\., Ion. 131° 17' E. 
 ASIA MINOR. See .\xatolia. 
 
 ASIATIC ARCHIPELAGO. See Maiat Archipelago. 
 ASIE. ASIEN, ASIATIC, ASIATIQUK. See Asia. 
 ASIMAGOMY, d-se-md-go/mee, a lake in Upper Canada, 
 the centre in lat. 4S° 35' N., Ion. 85° 30' W. It is about 12 
 miles in length, with a breadth varying from 2 to 4 miles, 
 and discharges itself into the E. extremity of Lake Supe- 
 rior by a stream about 36 miles long. 
 
 ASINALUNGA. a-see'nd-loon'ga, or SINA LONGA, see'na 
 lon'gd, a town of Tuscany, on the E. slope of the hill which 
 separates the A'al-di-Chi.ina and Val d'Ombrono. Pop. 2008. 
 ASINAKA, 4-se-nd/ri, a small island off the N.W. extre- 
 mity of the island of Sardinia, lat. 41° 5' N., Ion. 8° 15' E. 
 
 119 
 
ASI 
 
 ASS 
 
 It is abont 10 miles long; by 2 miles broad ; mountainous, 
 but fertile. It hiis a pood lighthouse, and an excellent port, 
 called Trabuccato. (tri book-klto.) 
 A SIR. See A seer. 
 
 ASIRMINTAR, d-seer-min-t3r', an active volcano in the 
 island of OneUotan. or Amakootan. one of the most northerly 
 of the Koorile Islands ; lat. 49° 40' X., Ion. 155° 8' E. 
 
 ASK, Ssk, or ASKK, ds'ek, a town of Persia, province of 
 Mazanderan. at the S.E. foot of Jlount Demavend. in a nook 
 shut in by its spurs, 5900 feet alxjve the sea. and GO miles S.W. 
 of Saree. It is said to comprise from 1000 to 1500 houses, and 
 is the principal of 72 villases within the district of Larijan. 
 ASKALON, See Ascalon. 
 
 ASKEATOX, as-kA'ton, a town and parish of Ireland, co. 
 of Limerick, on the Deel, 2 miles from its confluence with 
 the Shannon, and 17 miles W.S.W. of Limerick. The Deel 
 is navigable up to the town for vessels of 60 tons. 
 
 AS'KERX or ASKERXE, a township of England, co. of 
 York, West Itiding, 7 miles N. by W. of Doncaster. and re- 
 sorted to by visitors for the sake of its sulphur baths. 
 
 ASKERSUXU, S.s'ker-soondS a town of Sweden. 27 miles 
 S.W. of Orebro, at the N. extremity of Lake \Vetter. Pop. 
 871. It has a port, and an active trade in grain, fish, and 
 tobacco. 
 
 AS/KERSWELL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 ASK HAM, ask'am, a parish of England, co. of AVestmore- 
 land. 
 
 ASKHAM BRY'AN,aparlshandtownshipof England, CO. 
 
 of York. 
 
 ASKIIAM RICHARD, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 ASKOE, (Askoe.) itsk'-oVh, a small island of Denmark, ih 
 
 the Great Belt. 2 miles off the N. coast of Laaland. Lat. 64° 
 
 54' 17" X., Ion. 11° 29' 40" E. 
 
 ASK'RIGG, a market-town of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 ASL A. isflL or ASSEL A. ds/seh-lA". a village of Algeria, 149 
 miles S. of Oran. Lat. 33° 32' X. ; Ion. 0° 30' W. It is situ- 
 ated on a small stream of the s.ame name, which waters the 
 little gardens that compose the principal riches of the in- 
 iiabitants. 
 ASL.A.CIvBY,as'lak-be,a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 ASLACTOX, as'lak-ton, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ASLACTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of Notts. Arch- 
 bishop Cranmer was born here in 14S9. 
 
 ASMAXSIlAUSEXorASSMANXSUAUSEN,is'mans-h8w'- 
 zgn. a village of Germany, in Xa.ssau, on the right bank of 
 the Rhine. 2 miles X.AV. of RUdesheim. 
 
 ASMILDKLOSTER, ds-mild-klos'ter, a village of Den- 
 mark, in North .Tutland, on tlie E. side of Tiborg Lake. 
 ASX.\j. See Esneh. 
 
 ASXIERES. ds'ne-alR', the name of several villages of 
 France; one of which, agreeably situated on the Seine, ai^ 
 rondissement of St. Dennis, and about 4 miles from Paris, 
 forms a station of the railway from Paris to St. Gei-maln. 
 The Versailles Railroad here branches off to the left, and 
 the Rouen Railway to the right. 
 
 ASO. i'so, or ASOXE, i-so'nA, (anc. Asf/na.) a river of 
 Central Italy, enters the Adriatic 7 miles S.E. of Fermo, 
 after a course of 30 miles. 
 
 ASOLA. H-aoni, a fortified town of Northern Italy, 19 
 miles W.X.AV. of Mantua, capital of the district, on the 
 Chiese. Pop. 4000, with manufactories of silk twist. 
 
 ASOLO. l-sono, a fortified town of Northern Italy, 19 
 miles X.W. of Treviso. Pop. 3400. It is a very ancient 
 place, and has several Roman antiquities. 
 ASOPH. See Azof. 
 
 ASOPO. i-so'po, or ASCPUS, a river of Greece, depart- 
 ment of Thebes, rises S. of Thebes, flows eastward, and en- 
 ters the Channel of Euboea, 23 miles E. of Thebes ; length, 
 about 24 miles. 
 
 ASPALAGA, as-p.vlah'ga? a small village in the N.E. part 
 of Gadsden co., Florida, about 45 miles X.AV. of Tallahassee. 
 AS/PALL. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 ASPAT'RIA, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 ASPE. is'pA. a town of Spain, in A alencia, 17 miles AV. of 
 Alicant<>. Besides flour mills, there are here IS oil mills, 5 
 soap factories, and 10 brandy distilleries. The commerce 
 consists chiefly of oil, wine, aiid brandy. Pop. 6744. 
 
 ASPE, Ssp, a valley of France, department of B.tsses-Py- 
 renees, extending about 27 miles from S. to X., from Mount 
 Aspe to the ridge of the Pvrenees, near Oleron. 
 AS/PEDEX. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 AS'PEXGROA'E. a post-ofllce of Pittsylvania co.. Tirginia. 
 AS'PEXGROVE, a post-ofiice of Calhoun co., Florida. 
 AS'PEXAA'ALL, a post-office of Charlotte co., Airginia. 
 ASPE HEX. as'p.A-ren, a town of the Netheriands. in South 
 Holland, on the Linge, 20 miles E. by X.of Dort. Pop. 1127. 
 ASPEHO, is'p^Ro. or ASBERG. a town of AAUrtemberg, 
 circle of Xeckar, 8 miles X. of Stuttgart, on the railway 
 from Stuttgart to Ileilbronn. Pop. 1500. Near it is the cas- 
 tle of Hohen-.\sjK>rg. on a steep rock. 
 
 ASPERX or GROSS ASPERX, gioce Is'pem. a village of 
 Austria. 5 miles E.N.E. of A'ienna. celebrated for a battle 
 fought Mav 21st and 22d, 1809, between the French under 
 120 
 
 Napoleon and the Austrians under the Archduke CharleBi 
 in which the former suffered s<!vere losses. 
 
 ASPET, is'pA', a town of France, department of Haut» 
 Garrone. 50 miles S.AA'. of Toulouse. Pop. 2573. 
 
 ASPIIALTITES, LAKE. See Dead Sea. 
 
 ASPIXAA'ALL, an important seaport of Central America, 
 situated on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of I'anania, 40 
 miles from Panama ou the Pacific, about 2000 miles from 
 New York, and nearly equidistant from San Francisco and 
 A'alparaiso, being about 3300 miles from each place. The 
 harbor here is one of the l>est on the coast ; it has a depth of 
 water suflicient for the largest ships, and anchorage ground 
 to accommodate half the commerce of the United States. 
 Aspinwall is the great thoroughfare, and principal entreji6t 
 between the Atlantic States and California. It has semi- 
 monthly communication both with New York and San 
 Francisco by the independent line of steamers and by the 
 Pacific mail line, a steamer sailing from NewYork on the 
 6th and 20th of each month, and from San Francisco on the 
 1st and 15th. British mail steamers have a landing here, 
 and also on the opposite side at Panama, the Britisli mail 
 being transported across '.he Isthmus at this point. A 
 railroad 49 miles in length, connecting Aspinwall with Pa- 
 nama, (on the opposite side of the isthmus,) was opened 
 February 17, 1855. The unavoidable detention hitherto ex- 
 perienced by persons arriving at Panama or A.spiuwall it 
 thus obviated, and the tedious process of crossing the 
 isthmus with mules, is exchanged for a comfortable trip by 
 railway. A large depot has l>een built near the centre of 
 the town ; the track communicates with the wharf at which 
 the steamers laud. Aspinwall is well supplied with hotels, 
 one of which has accommodations for 600 visilors. A news- 
 paper has recently been est;iblished here. This town was 
 founded about 1850, by the well-known enterpiising mer- 
 chant whose name it bears ; and, in May, 1855, it is estimated 
 to contain 2500 inhabitants. 
 
 ASPLEY-GUISE, asptee-ghiz, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bedford. ^ 
 
 ASPRIERES, 3s'pre-aiR', a village of France, department 
 of Aveyron, 14 miles N,X.E. of Aillefrancfie. Pop. 1464. 
 
 ASPROMOXTE, Is-pro-mon'tA. a town of the Sardinian 
 States, 6 miles X. of Nice. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ASPROPOTAMO, ds-pro-pot/d-mo, (i'. e. "AVhite River;" 
 anc. Achdolus.) the largest river of the kingdom of Greece, 
 rises near Mezzovo in Albania, flows S.S.AA'., separating 
 Acarnania on the AV. from Eurytania, Thessaly, and J'-to- 
 lia ou the E., and enters the Ionian Sea (Mediterranean) 15 
 miles AA'. of Missolonghi ; length. 100 miles. On the Greek 
 frontier it receives the Platauios. immediately after which 
 it is crossed by the bridge of Korakos, 180 feet in leugtli, 
 
 AS'PULL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ASPUZI, Is-poo^zee', a town of Asia Minor, pashalic ot 
 Marash,5 milesS.ofMalateeyeh.lt is surrounded by gardens 
 and orchards, and is resorted to as a summer residence by 
 the inhaliitants of Malateeyeh. 
 
 ASSAB. (is'sdl/,) Bay of, in Abyssinia, about 40 miles 
 X.A\". of the narrowest part of the Strait of Bab-el-5Iandeb. 
 Lat. 12° 55' X. : Ion. 42° 45' E. It is 16 miles in length, and 
 upwards of 5 in width. 
 
 AS/SABET, a small stream near the centre of Massachu- 
 setts, rises in AA'orcester co.. and running X.i;., unites with 
 the Sudbury at Concord to form the Concord River. 
 
 ASSABET, a thriving post-village of Sudbury township, 
 Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the Assaljet River, aflbrd- 
 ing valuable water-power, and on a branch of the Fitch- 
 burg Railroad, about 22 miles AV. by N. of Boston. It has a 
 church, a store, a carpet factory, and a large building in 
 which are annually packed about 40,000 tons of ice, taken 
 from Factory Pond. 
 
 ASSACA, is-sJ'kl, a province of Africa, on the Gold 
 Coast, with a town of the same name, 5 miles AT. of Fort 
 Orange. Pop. estimated at 2000 men. 
 
 ASSAL, ds'sdl', an extensive salt lake of Eastern Africa, 
 25 miles S.AV. of Tajoora. al^iut lat. 11° 40' X.. and Ion. 42° 
 40' E. It is, according to D'llericoui-t. upwards of 700 feet 
 below the level of the sea, and of an oval form ; S miles in 
 length from N. to S., and about 4 miles in breadth. The 
 shores are covered with a thick salt crust resembling ice, 
 which in most places rests on the ground, the waters hav- 
 ing subsided; the incrustation is frequently found to bo 
 about half a foot thick. Numerous caravans from Abys- 
 sinia resort to this lake, to carry away the salt. 
 
 AS'SAM' or ASAM, a large district or country of India 
 beyond the Ganges, in the v.illey of the Brahmapootra, 
 between lat. 25° 45' and 2S° 15' N., .and Ion. 90° 35' and 96<! 
 50' E. Its limits, however, especially on the E.. .are not 
 well defined; but its extreme length may be estimated at 
 400 miles, with a breadth varying from 40 to 70 miles; 
 are.% about 22.000 square miles. It is divided by the Brah- 
 mapootra into three parts: Outerkole, comprehenditig the 
 province on the X. of that river; Deccancole, compTshend- 
 ing those on the S.; and the Alajuli or Great Island, formed 
 by the separation of the stream into two bramhes. named 
 the Lohit and the Dihing. It is otherwise divided into 
 Camroop, Assam Proper, and Sodiya; or Low»r, MidUU, axA 
 
ASS 
 
 ASS 
 
 Upper Assam. The country has the appearance of a perfect 
 flat, studded over with little conical green hills, rising ab- 
 ruptly from the level plains to the heisfht of from ■2U0 to 
 700 feet, bounded on the N. and E. by lofty mountains. It 
 contains several extensive tracts of well-cultivated land, 
 among which are some districts of primitive soil above the 
 reach of inundation, and suited for crops of all kinds. 
 Thouj^h the country is generally swampy, and intersected 
 with half-lilled channels and stagnant hikes, yet in the dry 
 season it is very susceptible of cultivation, and amply re- 
 pays any labor and expense bestowed upon it. The soil is, 
 for the most part, composed of rich bl.'ick mould, though 
 occasionally of red still clay. 
 
 Assam has no fewer than 61 rivers, of which 37 flow from 
 the northern, and 24 from the southern mountains. Of 
 the former the principal is the Brahmapootra. Gold is 
 found in nearly all the mountain streams that flow into 
 the Brahmapf)Otra, and also in the latter river itself But 
 the best is found in the most winding waters with th» 
 strongest currents. Iron abounds in most of the hill coun- 
 tries. Coal has been discovered in several places, and lime- 
 stone and shell-lime are tbund in considerable quantities. 
 There are also mines of precious stones, and several amber- 
 mines, which are wrought with considerable advantage. In 
 the Naga Hills are numerous brine-springs, and petroleum 
 is found in small quantities in .some parts of Upper Assam. 
 
 Very violent storms are frequent during April, May, and 
 June, accompanied with tremendous thunder and light- 
 ning, hail showers, and' torrents of rain. The rainy season 
 lasts six months, commencing in April and ending in Octo- 
 ber. During this season one universal deluge prevails, and 
 all the labors of the tield are necessarily suspended. 
 
 Kice is the principal crop; sugar-cane grows well, but 
 does not attract much attention. Mustard, cotton, and 
 opium are extensively cultivated. The teartree, which 
 grows wild on the mountains in great abundance, has be- 
 come an iniix)rtant article of cultivation and commerce. 
 Coffee, in its natural state, also grows luxuriantly, but 
 attracts little attention, and is, in consequence, not very 
 fruitful. The betel-nut palm is cultivated to a large extent 
 about most villages. Fruit-trees, with very few exceptions, 
 do not thrive in Assam. The ratan grows wild throughout 
 the country, and even forms impenetrable jungles. The 
 plantain grows abundantly on most of the hills. India- 
 rubber, or caoutchouc, Is an indigenous production of As- 
 sam, but is inferior to the American. Many valuable gums 
 are found in the forests, including gum-copal ; and fig-trees 
 form a large proportion of the vegetation. 
 
 AVild elephants are numerous, moving about in large 
 herds; and the densest parts of the lorests are inhabited by 
 the rhinoceros. Tigers, leopards, bears, and buffaloes also 
 abound. Wild hogs and wild game are numei-ous, but 
 poultry is scarce. Porcupines, flying squirrels, iguana, ot- 
 ters, pangolin, civet-cat, and an infinite variety of monkeys 
 and snakes, are common to the country. The white ant is 
 •very destructive. Crocodiles swarm in all parts of the 
 Brahmapootra, and tortoises are also numerous. 
 
 There are few manufactures in Assam, and, with the ex- 
 ception of potters and coppersmiths, all kinds of artisans 
 are brought from other parts of India. There are three 
 different qualities of silk made, called, r«spectively. Path, 
 Moonga, and Judy ; the first is a fine and costly fabric ; 
 the others are of an inferior description. Large quantities 
 of lac are prepared for export. There is little or no trade. 
 What there is consists in exchanging salt for lac, gold-dust, 
 and ivory. Nankins, silks, lacquered and china ware, lead, 
 copper, and silver are imported from China and Burmah. 
 
 The towns of Assam are numerous, but are composed of 
 long, straggling ranges of huts, which scarcely deserve the 
 name of towns. The country contains many ancient tem- 
 ples, and several large and substantial causeways. Pop. in 
 1836, 602.600. Assam was ceded to the British by the Bur- 
 mese in 1826, and is subdivided into three di.stricts ; chief 
 towns, Ghergong, Joorhath, and Goahati. Brahniinism 
 has superseded Boodhism in this province. — Adj. and 
 Inhab.. Assame.se, as'sam-eez'. 
 
 ASSAMAKEII, Ss-sil-md'reh, a Large village of Western 
 Africa, on the Niger, about lat. 5° 5S' N. ; Ion. 6° 45' E. 
 Cam-wood abounds in the vicinity, and is a staple ai-ticle of 
 commerce. 
 
 AS^SAMOO'XICK, a postoffice of Southampton co., Vir- 
 giniia. 
 
 AiSSARLO, 2s-saR/lo, a town of Turkey in Europe, in 
 Soom-Eleeonthe left bank of the Maritza, N.W. of Adrian- 
 jple. 
 
 ASSATCIIINSKAYA or ASSATCIIINSKAJA SOPKA, 
 is-fdt-chin-ski'y4 sop'kd, an active volcano in Kamtchatka. 
 Lat. 52<^ 2' N.; Ion. 157° 43' E. 
 
 ASSAYE or ASSYE, is-si', a small town of Ilindostan, 
 province »f Berar. in the Nizam's dominions, 28 miles N. of 
 Jaulnah. ..t is memorable as the place where the Duke of 
 Wellington (then General Wollesley) commenced his career 
 Dt victory, September 23, 1803, by defeating, with 4500 men, 
 the combined forces of Scindia and the Nagpoor Kaja, 
 auiouuting ik. 30.000 men 
 
 ASSCIIE. See Asche. 
 
 ASSEN, Js'sgn, a town of the Netherlands, capit.il of th» 
 province of Drecthe, on the lloorn-diep, 15j miles S. oi 
 Groningen. Pop. 2500. It has a gymnasium, and trade in 
 stone and peat, and communicates with the Zuyder Zee, by 
 the Smilder Canal. 
 
 ASSENDKLFT, ds'sen-d?lft\ a village of the Netherlands, 
 in North Holland. 9i miles N.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2711. 
 
 ASSENEDE, is-sen'p-dfh, or ASSENDE, Ss'sSN-d', a. vil- 
 lage of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 12j miles N.N.E. 
 of Ghent. Pop. with commune, 3084, with woollen and 
 cotton manufactures, dye and soap -works, and breweries. 
 
 ASSENHKl.M, ds'sen-hime\ a town of Germany, in Heg- 
 se-Darmstadt, province of Ober Ilessen, on the Nidda, 14 
 miles N.N.E. of F'rankfort, with a castle of the Count of 
 Solms-Kodelheim. Pop. 764. 
 
 ASSENS, is'sfns, a maritime town of Denmark, island of 
 Funen, 20 miles S.W. of Odense, with a small harbor on 
 the Little Belt, which is the ordinary port for the tralfic 
 between Funen and Sleswick. Pop. 2700. 
 
 ASSEKIA, is-sA-ree/L or PODGKAJE, a town of Dalmar 
 tia, with ruins which show that it has once been a splendid 
 city. It is the Amia of Ptolemy. 
 
 ASSEY, as'see, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. 
 
 ASSIN, as'seen', a small state in the Ashautee territory, 
 on the Amissa. 
 
 ASSINEE^s'see^nee', a river and village of Guinea, on the 
 N.W. coast of Africa. 
 
 AS'SINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ASSIN'IBOIN, a large river of North America, within 
 the Hudson's Bay territory, which, after a sinuous course 
 of about 480 miles, having been previously joined alx)ut lat. 
 60° by the Ked River, flows into the S.W. end of Lal^ 'Win- 
 nipeg. It gives its name to an Indian tribe of the Sioux 
 nation, residing in the W. part of North America, near the 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 ASSINIE, is'se'nee', a country of Africa, Upper Guinea, 
 at the W. extremity of the Gold Coast. "The French took 
 possession of a part of this coast, and founded a factory on 
 the river Gaboon orAssinie in 1843. 
 
 ASSIS'CUNK CREEK, Burlington CO., New Jersey, tails 
 into the Delaware River a little above Burlington. 
 
 ASSISI, 3-see'see, a town of Italy, state of Unibria, 13 
 miles S.E. of Perugia. Pop. 6000. It is picture.squely 
 situated on a steep hill, surrounded by battlemented walls, 
 and a long line of aqueducts. Its churches are adorned 
 with early specimens of Italian painting. The cathedral is 
 a structure of the eleventh century. There are 20 other 
 churches, and 12 monasteries for mendicant friars. Assisi 
 has been a bishop's see ever since a. d. 240. It has manu- 
 fiictures of needles and files. 
 
 ASSMANNSHAUSEN. See Asmaxshausen. 
 
 ASSO, ds'so, a village of Northern Italy, 8 miles N.E. of 
 Como. 
 
 ASSO, a town and fort, N.W. coast of the island of Cepha- 
 lonia, 15 miles N. of Argostoli. 
 
 ASSOFOODAII, is-so-foc/ddh. a town of the Foolah coun 
 try. West Africa, about lat. 10° 25' N.-, Ion. 2° 35' E. The 
 natives are Mohammedans. Pop. 12,000. 
 
 ASSOOR, ASSOUR, or ASSUR, as'soor', a town of Nubia, 
 kingdom of Dongola, on the Nile, about 10 miles N.W. of 
 Meroe, celebrated for the numbers of its pyramids. 
 
 ASSOUAN, ASSOWAN, or ES-SOUAN, See Asswan. 
 
 ASSUAPMOUSSOIN, is'swdp'moos'swaNs',a lake inCanada 
 East. Lat. 49° 22' N.; Ion. 73° 55' W. It is from S to 10 
 miles in length, and about 4 in breadth. 
 
 ASSUAY. See Ascay. 
 
 ASSUMPTION,as-stimp'shan,oneofthe Ladrone Islands, 
 Pacific Ocean. Lat. 19° 41' N. ; Ion. 145° 27' E. ; and 10 miles 
 in circuit. Altitude of summit, 2026 feet. 
 
 ASSUMPTION, one of the Seychelles Islands, Indian 
 Ocean. Lat, 9° 46' S. ; Ion. 46° 34' E. 
 
 ASSUMPTION, a village .and river of Canada East. The 
 river joins the St. Lawrence, 14 miles N.N.K. of Montreal, 
 having passed the village of Assumption, 8 miles above their 
 confluence. 
 
 ASSU.MPrriON, (Sn. Asuncion, a-soon-se-on/. Port. As- 
 isumpfcu^, Js-soom-sa'oN",) a city of South America, capital 
 of the state of Paraguay, on a height on the Paraguaj'. 650 
 miles N. of Buenos Ayres. Lat. 25° 18' S. ; Ion. 57° 30" 
 W. Founded in 1535 by a colony of Spaniards, and though 
 oiiginally but a small fort, from its advantageous position it 
 became in a few years a city of some importance. It has 5 
 churches, a cathedral, built in 1845, and dedicated to Xue» 
 tra Seflora de la Asuncion, a government palace, a house of 
 representatives, a public library, a custom-liouse, a mili- 
 tary hospital, and a college. The city was much improved 
 during the rule of the dictator Francia. The houses are 
 generally built of brick, one story high, and covered with 
 tiles. Some of the streets are paved ; and, on the whole, 
 the place presents a neat and cleanly appearance. The in- 
 h.'ibitants carry on a considerable trade in tobacco, hides, 
 mandioea, cedar planks, and especially in yerba maU, or 
 Pai-agu.ay tea, grown abundantly in the surrounding dis- 
 tricts, and exported to Buenos Ayres, Tucuman, Chili, Peru, 
 
ASS 
 
 AST 
 
 and other parts of South America. The goTemment has 
 prohibited the export of rosewood and other valuable kinds 
 of M-()ods. The air is temperate, and the climate healthy ; the 
 adjacent country is fertile, and abounds in rich pastures. 
 Wheat, i/iaize, sugar, tobacco, cotton, mandioca. and pota- 
 toes are expensively cultivated, and honey and wax are pro- 
 duced in abundance. Pop. about 12000. 
 
 ASSCJMPTIOX, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, 
 wntains 320 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 Grand River, and intersected by Bayou La Fourche, de- 
 rived from Mississippi Kiver. The surface is nearly level, 
 the soil is alluvial and fertile. In 1850 it produced 930.185 
 gallons of moliisses, a quantity greater than was produced 
 by any county or parish in the United States except Il)er- 
 Tille, Louisiaoa. Lake Verret, which is situated in this 
 parish, is about 10 miles long and 3 miles wide. Bayou La 
 Fourche is navigated by steamboats. Capital, Assumption 
 Court House. Pop. 15,379 ; ot whom 72S3 wore free, and bOyO 
 ilaves. 
 
 ASSUMPTION', a post-village in the central part of As- 
 sumption parish, on the AV. side of Bayou La Fourche, 
 about 38 miles S. by E. of Baton Koutre. 
 
 AS'SUNPIXK, or AS'SANPINK CHEEK, of New Jersey. 
 rises in the W. part of Monmouth co., and tiowing first 
 north-westerly and then south-westerly, Cills into the Dela- 
 ware at Trenton. 
 
 ASSWAX, ASSOUAN, or ASSUAN, Is-swan', a small 
 town of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, re- 
 markable for its commerce, its picturesque situation, and 
 the monuments of antiquity which are found in its neigh- 
 borhood. Close to it, on the south, may be seen the ruins 
 of the town built by the Arabs on the site of the ancient 
 Syene* Near it are extensive granite quarries. Lat. 24° 5' 
 N.; Ion. 32° 55' E. -Adj. and inhab., Asswaxee, as-swan'ee. 
 
 AS'SYNT, a very extensive maritime parish of Scotland. 
 CO. of Sutherland. In this district the Jlarquis of Montrose 
 was defeated and taken prisoner. 
 
 ASSYRIA, as-slr'e-a, a name which is usually appro- 
 priated to the first of what are known ^s the four great em- 
 pires of the world, but which in geography is more correctly 
 confined to what was cilled Assyria Proper, and ne.^rly cor- 
 responds with the modem Koordistan. Its capital was 
 Nineveh, of which the ancient ruins may still he traced, 
 (see Nixeveh;) but though it had many other important 
 cities, even the sites of the greater number are Tinknown. 
 -^— Adj. and inhab. Assykian'. a.s-sVe-an. 
 
 ASSYRIA, a post-office of Barry CO.. Michigan. 
 
 ASTA POMPEIA, See Asm. 
 
 ASTABKL SIIERM AXTAR. as-tdn)el sheRm inHaW,OT 
 ISTABL ANTAR. is-td'bl anHak', a town of .\rabia. in 
 Hejaz, on the coast of the Red Sea. L,\t. 20° 24' N. Near it 
 ts a good anchor station, in a deep bay formed in coral rocks. 
 
 ASTABORAS, a river of Nubi.i. See Atbara. 
 
 ASTAFFORT, is'tlrfoa/, a town of France, Lot-et-Oai^ 
 rone, on the Gers, 9 miles S.E. of Agen. 
 
 ASTARA, ils^td-rd/, a frontier town of Russia, government 
 of Georgia, province of Shirvan, upon the river Astara. 
 which forms the boundary t)etween Russia and Persia, a 
 ^[uarter of a mile from its outlet into the Caspian Sea. 
 
 ASTBURY, asVber-e, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 ASTELL'S (as'teliz') ISLAND, off the N. coast of Australia, 
 N.W. of the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 ASTEN or ASTHEN, is/ten, a village of Holland, province 
 of North Brabant. 12 miles E.S.E. of Eindhoven. It is a 
 large, beautiful village. Pop. 2800. 
 
 ASTERABAD. See Astrabad. 
 
 ASTEitBY, as'ter-be, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ASTFELD, ist/fMt. a village of Germany, Brunswick, in 
 the district and vicinity oif Wolfenbtittel, in the Ilarz 
 Mountains. 
 
 AST'IIALL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ASTI. ds'tee. (anc. Asfta Pbmpe)ia,) a citv in the Sardinian 
 States, government of Alessandria, capital of the province 
 of Asti. near the Tanaro. and on the Turin and Genoa Rail- 
 way, 3.Si miles E.S.E. of Turin. The town is surrounded 
 with decaying walls, formerly celebrated for their 100 
 towers, although few of these now remain. It is in general 
 badly built, although it cont,"iins many noble nmnsions; 
 the streets are wide, but little fn^juented. It is the seat of 
 a bishop, suffragan to Turin, has a royal college, a court of 
 justice, a school of jurisprudence, and a theological semi- 
 nary, a rich, picturesque building. The original cathedral 
 fell in 1323. and wa.s replaced shortly thereafter by the pre- 
 sent fine venerable Gothic building, in which are numerous 
 fine p.iintings. Besides the cathedral, there are other three 
 fine ( hurches in Asti, which, moreover, possesses a printing' 
 ofiice, cnrried on continuously since its establishment in 
 1479. There are likewise in the town several mills for 
 spinning silk, and several silk manufiictories : but it has 
 otherwise little trade, and no great appearance of prosperity. 
 The vineyards in the vicinity supply the l)est wines pro- 
 duced in I'ietlmont. and a considerable trade is carried on in 
 them. Alfieri was ijorn here in the year 1749. Asti is a 
 town of high antiquity, having been in existence long 
 previous to b. c. 400, when it was devastated by the 
 122 
 
 Gauls. It subsequently formed alliance with the Romans, 
 and was afterwards again destroyed by the Gauls, but was 
 rebuilt by Pompey the Great. After a series of vicissitudes, 
 extending through many centuries, and including many 
 sanguinary visitations, it fell into the hands of the French, 
 with whom it remained till alxmt the middle of the six- 
 teenth century, when it passed into the hands of the Duke 
 of Savoy, to whose dominions it is still attached. Pop. 20.239. 
 
 ASTLEY, ast'lee, a chapelry of England, co. of Ijancaster. 
 
 ASTLEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 4 miles 
 W.S.W. of Nuneaton. The church is very ancient; and the 
 castle, once the abode of the Marquis of Dorset, father of Lady 
 Jane Grey, is still habitalile. 
 
 ASTLEY, a parish of England, co. of 'Worcester. 
 
 ASTLEY-.MVBOTS, a parish of England, m. of Salop. 
 
 AS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 ASTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 ASTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Biding. 
 The poet Mason was rector of this paiish. 
 
 ASTON, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1671. 
 
 ASTON-AB/BOTS, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 ASTON-BL.\NK, a parish of England, co. of G loucester. 
 
 AS'TON-BOT'TERKLL. a parish of Endand, co. of Salop. 
 
 ASTON-CAXTLOW, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 AS'TON-CLINTON. a parish of EngLand, co. of Bucks. 
 
 ASTON-FLAM'VILLE, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 cester. 
 
 ASTON-ING'HAM, a parish of Endand. co. of Hereford. 
 
 ASTON-LE-WALLS, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ASTON. NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ASTON-ROW'ANT. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ASTON-SAND'FOHD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 Scott, author of the Commentary on the Bible, was rector 
 of this parish. 
 
 AS'TON-SOM'ER\aLLK, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. The manor has belonged to the Somerville family 
 for upwards of six centuries. 
 
 ASTON, STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ASTON-SUB-EDGE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 AS'TON-TIR'ROLD. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 ASTON -UPON-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Derby. 
 
 AS'TONVILLE\ a village of Lycoming co., Penn.sylvanla, 
 on Lycoming Creek, aixiut 18 miles N. of Williitnisport. It 
 has mines of coal and iron in the vicinity, and an iron 
 furnace in operation. 
 
 AS'TOR or HASARA, hd'savd\ a river and fort of Central 
 Asia, the river a tributary of the Indus N.of the Himalayas, 
 joining it after a north-westward course; the fort is situated 
 on it, in lat, 35° 16' N, ; Ion. 74° 44' E. 
 
 ASTOR. a village of Brown co., Wisconsin, at the S.W.end 
 of Green Bay. 
 
 ASTOItGA, 3s-toR'gi. (anc. Asltdrica Augtis'la.) a walled 
 town in Spain. 26 miles W.S.W. of Leon, on the Tuerto. Pop. 
 3000. It has an old castle, and fortifications in ruins, a 
 Gothic cathedral, convents, manufactories of linen.cloth. and 
 yarn, and some Roman antiiiuities. Near it is the Lake of 
 Sanabriii. with the insular castle of the Counts of Benavente. 
 
 ASTORIA, as-to're-a, a post-village of Queen's co. New 
 York, on Hallett's cove, just l^elow IIui-l Gate, about 6 miles 
 from New York city. It contains several churches and 500 
 inhabitants. 
 
 ASTORIA, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois. al)out 18 
 miles S.W. of Lewistown. the county-se:it, contains a few 
 stores. Ac. The adjacent land is highly productive, forming 
 part of the valley of Illinois River. 
 
 ASTORIA, a postrvillage of Wright co., Missouri, 96 miles 
 S. of JefTei-sou City. 
 
 ASTORIA, a post-village and port of entry in Clatsop co., 
 Oregon, on the S. side of Columbia River, about ten miles 
 from its mouth. It was formerly an importint depot of the 
 fur trade, and was named in honor of its founder, John 
 Jacob Astor. A custom-house is beins erected here. 
 
 ASTRABAD, ds'tri-bad', (anc. //'/rci'ni'a,) ASTER AB.\D, 
 3s^-ter-i-bad', a city of Persia, cipital of a province of its own 
 name, situated at the foot of the N. slope of the Elbrooi 
 range and on a small stream which falls into Astrabad Bay 
 in the S.E. part of the Caspian, about 20 miles below. It has 
 a circuit of about 3 miles : and is surrounded by a dry ditch 
 and a mud wall, which, though once lofty and flanked by 
 numerous towers, has mouldered down to an earthen 
 mound, on which a low piu-apet, loop-holed for musketry, 
 has been erected. A greiit ptirt of the town is in ruins, but 
 the parts still standing have a lively or picturesque ap- 
 pe.arance. The large extent of open space within the town, 
 generally planted or laid out in fine gardens, is one of its 
 peculiar and most attractive features. None of the build- 
 ings are deserving of particular notice. The manufactures 
 are chiefly confined to a few silk and cotton stuffs; and 
 though the lociility seems well fitted to make it the key of 
 commerce between the East and the Caspian, the tra(^ It 
 Inconsiderable. The greatest obstacle to its prosperity, U 
 
AST 
 
 ATA 
 
 its peptilimtial atmosphere which has procured for it the 
 oiniiKius surname of City of the I'lague. During the sum- 
 mer ntins, no inhabitant whose circumstances enable him 
 to dcpait. remains within it. Astrabad is the birthplace of 
 Kvgurs the reigning family of Persia, and is always go- 
 verned by a royal prince. 
 
 ASTRAKHAN, ^s-trd-kdn', a city of Russia, capital of a 
 government of its own name on an elevated island in the 
 Volga. abou+ 30 miles from its embouchere in the Caspian 
 Sea. Lat. 46° 25' N.: Ion. 4S° 0' E. It is irregularly built, 
 streets crooked, mostly unpaved and dirty. In the upper 
 part of the town stands tlie cathedral, from the towers of 
 which a fine view of the city is obtained, with its streets 
 and canals bordered by trees, the haven covered with ships, 
 and of the broad majestic Volga, with its beautiful green 
 islands. There are, liesides, 31 stone and 3 wooden churches 
 and 1.5 mosques. The other public buildings of note are 
 the archiepiscopal palace, the government-ofBces, and the 3 
 factory halls for the Russian, A.siatic, and Hindoo dealers 
 or merchants. Astrakhan is the seat of a Greek and Ar- 
 menian ecclesiastical eparchy, also of Greek and Armenian 
 archbishopi-ics. It contains a high court of civil and crimi- 
 nal jurisdiction, a Greek theological seminary, a botanic 
 garden, a gymnasium, and upward of 2() schools. The 
 manufactures are inconsiderable, not giving employment 
 to more than 200 working people. The fisheries form the 
 staple trade of the city, immense quantities of fish, caviar, 
 and isinglass being exported to foreign countries. In the 
 fishing season from 20.000 to 30.0(10 persons connected with 
 the fisheries resort to the city. The haven of Astrakhan is 
 now so sanded up as to leave only 6 feet depth of water ; so 
 that large vessels have to land their cargoes on an island 
 nearer the Caspian. A few steam tug-boats are employed in 
 taking vessels up and down the river. In 1846, three iron 
 steamers were started, to ply between Astrakhan and the 
 other ports of the Caspian. Previous to that period, there 
 was but one steamer on the Volga, and it was of only 40 
 horse-power. Fresh water being scarce in the city, some 
 attempts were lately made to obtain an increased supply by 
 artesian wells, but none was found at a depth of 400 feet. 
 
 The resident population of the town in 186S was 44,790. 
 
 Adj. and iiihab. A-STRAKahxese, d.s-trd-k.an-eez'. 
 
 ASTllAKII.\N, is-trJ-Kdn'. a government of Russia in 
 Europe, on the N.W. coast of the Ca.epian Sea betwt«n lat. 
 44° 40' and 49° 45' N.; Ion. 43° 5' and 51° 5' E., having the 
 Maloi Oozen for its N.E. boundary, and the JIanitch for its 
 S.W. It is divided into two nearly e(iual parts by the Volga, 
 which traverses it from N.W. to S.E. Its coast line, ex- 
 cluding minute senuosities, is alx)ut 520 miles in length, .and 
 is crowded throughout its whole extent with small islands, 
 rocks, .and shifting sand-banks. The entire length of the 
 province is 370 miles, its greatest breadth 250. Area 61,197 
 square miles, or 39,166,080 English acres. It consists wholly 
 of two vast steppes or plains, separatt-d from each other by 
 the Volga, the greater portion of which are arid, sterile 
 desert. The whole of Astrakhan was at one period sul> 
 merged by the Caspian, as is evident from the saline nature 
 of the soil, and the shells it contains. The soil consists 
 generally of mud. s.alt, and sand intermixed, and in some 
 parts of extensive salt marshes, rendering it almost whollv 
 one wide and sterile waste, destitute of wood. A few fertile 
 tracts are met with on the skirts and delta of the Volga, 
 including some excellent p,astures. Here some com is grown, 
 with some fruits, herds, vines, tobacco, and cotton. Salt 
 lakes and pools are numerous throughout the province, the 
 largest of the former, liaskoochatskoe, is situated E. of the 
 Volga, and is aliout 12 miles in length and 5 in breadth. 
 The fisheries of the Volga are of great value, no stream in 
 the world being more abundantly stocked with fish. Many 
 thousand persons are employed in spring, autumn, and 
 winter, in taking fish, chiefly sturgeon: from the roes and 
 bladder, large quantities of isinglass and caviare are manu- 
 fectured. 
 
 ASTROS, is'tros, or ASTRO, Js'tro, a town of Greece, 
 Morea, 15 miles S. of Argos. on the Gulf of Argolis. Here 
 the second national congress of the Greeks was held in 
 April. 1823. 
 
 ASTUDILLO, 3s-too-Deel'yo. a walled town of Spain, in 
 Leon, 22 miles N.N.E. of Palencia. The public buildings 
 are 3 parish churches, a town-hall, parish, convent, 2 
 well-attended schools, and an hospital. Pop. 4151. 
 
 ASTURA, Ss-t(X)'-ri. a maritime village of Italy, Pontifical 
 Btntes on a peninsula in the Mediterranean, (anc. In'sula 
 jis'tune,) at the mouth of the river Astura, 39 miles S.E. of 
 Rome. It has a small harbor, and a lofty tower, supposed 
 to occupy the site of the villa of Cicero, and near which he 
 was put to death by order of Antony, B.C. 43. Here Con- 
 radin. the last of the Hohenstauffen family, was betrayed 
 after the battle of Tagliaeozzo. in 1268. 
 
 ASTURIAS, Js-too're-3s. an ancient division of Spain, now 
 province of Oviedo, ("which see.) formerly the kingdom of 
 Asturia. and the only part unconquered by the Moors. It 
 was inhabited by a race wltu maintained their independence 
 against the C.artjiaglfilans, but were subdued by the Romans 
 in the time of Augustus. After the fell of the Roman em- 
 
 pire, Spain was overrun by the Goths and Vandnis, who 
 were opposed by the Asturians with a courage that loim 
 resisted all their efforts, but they were at last compelled to 
 yield. Upon the Moorish invasion, at the beginning of the 
 eighth century, the mountains of As+uria again became the 
 refuge of those who still struggled against the eneniies of 
 Spain ; Pela5'o was elected king, and shortly after defeated the 
 Moors at Covadonga. in a battle which may be considered as 
 the inauguration of the sanguinary struggle which lasted for 
 eight centuries, and ended in the final expulsion of the 
 Sloors. In 1388, it became a principality, and was ap- 
 pointed appanage of the heir to the Spanish throne, whc 
 also has the title of Prince of Asturias. A remarkabla 
 security of person and property has long existed in tliia 
 country; and one consetiuence is, that the peasantry, in- 
 stead of congregating in walled towns for protection, live in 
 small farms, and often own the land which they cultivate. 
 The patois .spoken by the peasantry differs from theGalician, 
 and is called Bable. Travelling in Asturias is performed on 
 mule or horseback, the roads being impassable to car- 
 riages. Adj. and inhab., Asturian, as-too'n^-an. 
 
 ASUAY or ASSUAY, 4s-soo-i', or^ls-swi', a department of 
 Ecuador, length about (344 miles; breadth about 276 miles. 
 It lies on the E. slope and to the E. of the Andes, and 
 stretches E. over the immeasurable plains of the Amazon 
 to the Orinoco and the confines of Brazil. The whole of its 
 W. part is covered by the Paramo or desert of Asuay. whence 
 the department is named. This paramo is a desert mass of 
 mountains running E. and W.. joining the two N. and S. 
 parallel ranges of mountains, and forms the S. boundary of 
 the plateau of Quito. The department is .watered by nume- 
 rous streams, all affluents of the Amazon. 
 
 ASUNCION, 3-soon-se-on', a town of the republic of Vene- 
 zuela, on the N. side of the island of Marguerite. 
 
 ASUNCION. See Assumption. 
 
 A.SWARBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 
 AS'W.^RDBY, a parish of England, co of Lincoln. 
 
 ASWATADA. See Querimha Islands. 
 
 ASYLUM, j-sililm, a post-township of Bradford CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on the S. side of tlie Susquehanna River, 
 about 38 miles N.W. by N. of Wilke.sbarre. Pop. 1241. 
 
 ASYLUM, a post-oflice of Granville co., North Carolina. 
 
 A SYR. See Aseer. 
 
 ASZALO, <5s*si-lo', a market-town of Hungary on the 
 Theiss. 3 miles N.E. of Szisko. 
 
 ASZOD, a.s/sod\ a town of Hungary, 22 miles N.E. of 
 Pesth, on a tributary of the Theiss. Pop. 2740, many of 
 whom are occupied in preparing sheep-skins. 
 
 ATABAPO. d-ti-bS/po, a considerable river of Venezuela, 
 rises in lat. 3° 10' N.; Ion. 06° 44' W., whence it flows nearly 
 due W. for about 70 or 80 miles; then turning N. falls into 
 the Orinoco at San Fernando; length about 140 miles. 
 The Atabapo is one of the most beautiful rifers in that 
 part of the world. Its waters are dark, clear, agreeable to 
 the taste, and singularly cool: and so great is their trans- 
 parency, that the smallest fishes are distinguishable at the 
 depth of 20 or 30 feet, and the liottom, which consists of 
 w hite quartzy sand, is usually visible. 
 
 ATACAMA, 3-td-kd/mJ. a thinly peopled province of Bo- 
 livia, occupying the whole of the seaboard pos.sessed by that 
 country, and extending from the confines of Peru to those 
 of Chili; length about 290 miles; breadth from the Andes 
 to the shores of the Pacific, about 150 miles. It is divided 
 into the upper and lower country. The former compre- 
 hends the part on the N.E. within the chain of the Andes; 
 and contains some fertile valleys. In the S. part is the 
 desert of Atacama. VicuBas and American ostriclies are nu- 
 merous. The province yields gold, silver, copper, and iron, 
 salt and alum; and, in its upper parts, has many warm 
 medicinal springs. The volcano of Atacama. IR.OOO feet 
 high, is the southernmost of the Bolivian series. Lat. 21° 35* 
 S., Ion. 69° 15' W. 
 
 AT.\CAMES, S-td-kJ'mJs. a sm.all seaport town of Ecua- 
 dor, 15 miles S.W. of Esmeraldas. 
 
 AT.\LAIA. d-tl-ll'd, a town and parish of Portugal, 
 province of BeirarBaixa, 7 miles S. of Thomar. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ATALANT.'V, a postoffice of Logan co., Illinois. 
 
 ATALAYA, i-tl-li'd, a town of Brazil, 15 miles S.S.W. 
 of Alagoas. at the mouth of the Alagoas River. Pop. 2000, 
 
 ATALAYA, a fort of Brazil. SO miles N.E. of Para, on the 
 Atlantic, near the mouth of the Para River. 
 
 ATALAYA, 4-td-lT'd, a singular town of the island of 
 Canary, near Las Palmas. the habitations of which are ex- 
 cavated on the sides of Mount St. Antoine, and disposed in 
 regular terraces. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ATARAIPU, d-tl-ri-poo', (the " devil's rock.") a remarka- 
 ble isolated pyramidal granitic peak in British Guiana, lat. 
 2° 55' N., Ion. 68° 48/ W. For 350 feet above its base the 
 mountain is wooded, and for 650 feet more it rises in a pyra- 
 midal form, destitute of vegetation, forming a striking con- 
 trast to the luxuriant growth at the base and in all the sup- 
 rounding country. 
 
 ATASCO'SA CREEK, Texas, rises in Bexar co., and. flow- 
 ing south-easterly, enters Bio Frio a few miles from its 
 moutli. 
 
 123 
 
. ATA 
 
 ATH 
 
 ATAUAI, a-tflw-I', or TAUAI, also written ATOOI and 
 ATUI, one of the Sandwich Islands, lat. 22^ 8' N.. Ion. 159° 
 •20' W., about 240 miles X.X.W. of Hawaii or Owyhee. It is 
 of an oval form, 40 miles long, and more than 24 miles wide 
 «t the broadest part. Area, between 600 and 700 square 
 miles. It slopes on all sides from an elevated centre to the 
 eea, where it terminates in a his^h coast. Numerous wide, 
 fertile, and cultivated valleys run from the shore inland. 
 Pop. 1853 6,726. 
 
 AT.A.U>', i-tOwn', a decayed town of Spain, province of 
 Guipuzcoa, on the Argaunza, 8 miles S.S.W. of Tolosa. Pop. 
 2000. It had formerly an important fortress. 
 ATAX. See Aude. 
 
 ATBAilA. dt-bi'ri. a territory and river of Nubia, the for- 
 mer sometime* called the island of Meroe. from its beinp par- 
 tially insulated by the river Atbara on the X.K., the Bahr- 
 el-.A.zrek on the W. and S.W., and the Nile on the N.^V. 
 Linant describes it as a very flat country, with mountains 
 scattered here and there, like stones placed on a floor. The 
 surface, for the most part, is thickly covered with trees and 
 grass, but in some phvces entirely destitute of vegetation. 
 The whole course of the Atbara River from Sofie, the point 
 of its formation, to Kd-Damer, (Adamer,) where it joins the 
 Kile, is about 270 miles. This river is the Astah/oras of 
 Strabo and Ptolemy, 
 
 ATCHA, at/ehi, written also ATCHU, ATCHA5I, AT- 
 CHAK, ATSCIIAK, or ASKIIA, one of the Aleutian islands 
 of the Andrenovian group, Ion. 175° W,, about 75 miles long 
 by 10 miles broad. At its E. point is a harbor, near which 
 Is a volcano which throws out a considerable quantity of 
 sulphur, and at the foot of which there is a hot spring. 
 Pop, 50 or 60, 
 
 ATCHAFAL.\.yA (atch-af-a-ll'a) BAYOU, Louisiana, an 
 outlet of Red River, commences a few miles from the mouth 
 of the river, at the N. extremity of Pointe Coupee parish. 
 It flows nearly southward through Chetimaches Lake, and 
 enters Atchatilaya Bay, on the Gulf of Mexico. The whole 
 length is estimated at 250 miles. The channel is obstructed 
 by driftwood; but, in high water, steambo;its navigate it 
 from the gulf to its head. Its name, in the Indian dialect, 
 signifies " lost water." There are strong reasons for believ- 
 ing that this bayou was formerly the main channel of Red 
 River. 
 AT'CHAM, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 ATCIIEEN. See AcHEEX. 
 
 ATCIIKR.^, dt-ch.i'ri, a town of British India, in Bombay, 
 on the Malabar coast, 55 miles N, of Goa. It was formerly 
 a notorious depot for goods obtained by piracy. 
 
 ATCHINSK, i-cheensk', a town of Siberia, government 
 of Yeniseisk, 75 miles W. of Krasnoyarsk, on the Tchoolim 
 (Tchulym.) an affluent of the Obi. 
 
 ATCHINSK, a town of Russia, government of Perm, and 
 in the vi.-inity of the city of that name. 
 
 ATCH'ISON, a county forming the N.\V. extremity of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on Iowa and the Missouri River, has an 
 area of 700 square miles. The Missouri separates it from 
 Nebraska on the W., the Nodaway forms its boundary on 
 the E.. and it is intersected by the Tarkeo and NLshnabii- 
 tona Rivers. Capital, Linden. Pop. 4649; of whom 4590 
 were free, and 59 slaves. 
 
 ATCHISON CITY, capital of Atchison co., Kansas, on the 
 Missouri River, 36 miles by water above Leavenworth, Pop. 
 in 1860, 2iil6. See Appenwx. 
 
 ATCHUJ EFF, at<hoo-zh5fr', or ATCHU, StYhoo/. an island 
 of Russia, in the Strait of Yenikale, in lat. 45° 15' N., Ion. 
 36° 40' E. 
 
 ATEC.i, d-tA'kd, a town of Spain, in .\ragon, 5 miles W. by 
 S. of Ciitalayud. on the Jalon. Pop. 3600. 
 
 ATEK. Kl. i\ a'tef. a town of North Africa, in the Sahara, 
 lat. 32° 28' N.. Ion. 2°18' E. Itis composed of from 500 to 600 
 bouses, including 6 mosques. 
 
 ATEGERAT, J-te-gher-it/, a town of Abyssinia, state of 
 Tigre, on a mountain 8180 feet in elevation,"65 miles N.N.W. 
 of Antalo. with a royal residence, and 2200 inhabitants, 
 
 ATELL.A., 1-t^lll. a town of Naples, province of Basilicata. 
 6 miles S. of Melfi, on a river of its own name, an affluent 
 of the Ofanto. 
 ATELLA. See Aversa. 
 
 ATENA, i-tA'ni, a village of Naples, province of Principato 
 Citra, 45 miles S.K. of Salerno. Pop. 3400. 
 
 ATEUXO, d-t^K/no, (anc, Aler>nus,) a river of Naples, rises 
 In the Apennines, and flows into the Adriatic at Pescara. 
 Length. 80 miles. In the latter half of its course it is called 
 the Pescara River. 
 
 ATE3I1GA, a'tJshga\ ATESCH-JAH, J't^shVja\AT'ESir. 
 GAr,orATASHK-UUbA, J'tish-ud'da, (the '-place of fire,") 
 a spot on the peninsula of .\psheron, on the W. coast of the 
 Caspian Sea, the object of numerous pilgrim.ages by the 
 Guebers, who regard it as sacred, and worship the fire which 
 issues from it by the ignition of the naphtha, with which 
 the soil is thr<iughly impregnated. The Atesch-Jah is about 
 one mile in diameter, and from its centre, when the weather 
 is dry, emits a yellowish-blue flame, visible by day, but, of 
 course, much increased in intensity during night. 
 ATESS.A.. d-t^s/sl, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 
 Citra, 12 miles W.S.W. of Tasto d'.^mmone. It hag a 
 beautiful collegiate church, 4 parish churches, several con- 
 vents, a hospital, and 3 moids-de-piiti. Pop. 7526. 
 
 ATESTE. See Este. 
 
 ATFEH. It'ff^h', a village of Lower Egypt, on the left bank 
 of the W. branch of the Nile, at the mouth of the Mahmoo- 
 deeyeh Canal, where passengers from Alexandria embark 
 in steamers for Cairo, distant 88 miles S.S.E, 
 
 ATFIEH or ATFEH. dt-fee', a town of .Middle Egypt, on 
 the right bank of the Nile, 40 miles S. of Cairo, supjiosed to 
 be near the site of the ancient Aphroditop/oUs. Pop. 4000. 
 
 .\TH or A.\TH, dt, a fortified town of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, on the Dender, and on the railwav from Brussels 
 to Lille, 20 miles E. by S. of Tourn.\v. Pop. 8789. It is well 
 built, and has a remarkable church and college, school of 
 design, orphan a-sylam, town-hall, and barracks ; also, various 
 manufiictUres, bleaching and dveing-works, &c. 
 
 ATIPABAS'CA or ATTI APES'COW, a lake and river of Bri- 
 tish North America. The lake, l."»t, 59° N., Ion. from 100° to 
 112° W., is 230 miles in length from E. to W., with a breadth 
 averaging 20 miles. Near its S.W. extremity it receives tha 
 Athabasca River, which rises in the Rocky Jlountains. and 
 flows north-eastward to join it after a long and tortuous 
 course. Lake Athabasca discharges its waters northward 
 by Slave River, and it communicates, lx)th through the 
 Slave Lake and Mackenzie River with the Polar Sea. and 
 through WoUaston and Deer Lakes, and Churchill I'.iver, 
 with Hudson's Bay. A shoal of several miles in extent 
 is formed on its S. shore by the drift timlier and vege- 
 table debris brought down by the rivers. On Athabasca 
 River is Fort Assiuiboine. in lat. 54° 20' N.. Ion. 114° 3' E, 
 This lake is sometimes called Lake of the Mountiins ; (Fr. 
 Lac-dn-Montagnes. lik dA m(\x«'tdB'.) 
 
 ATHAS/SKL, or ItEL'lCKMUlt/RY, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Munster, co. of Tipperarv, 
 
 ATHBOY', (the "yellow ford,") a town and parish of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, co. of Meath. on an .affluent of the Boyne, 
 6 miles N W. of Trim. Pop. of the town, 2000. 
 
 ATH'ELINGTON or AI/LINGTON, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Suffolk. 
 
 ATH'ELNEY, Isle op, a small tract of about 100 acres in 
 England, co. of Somerset, 7 miles S.E. of Bridgewater. and 
 formerly an island at the junction of the Tone and PaiTot 
 Rivers. Here Alfred the Great found a refuge during the 
 Danish Invasion, and founded an abbey, about the year 8S8. 
 
 ATH'ELSTANEFORD, a parish of Scotland co., and 3J 
 miles N.E. of Haddington. It is the birth-place of Home, 
 author of the tragedy of '■ Douglas," and of Blair, the author 
 of the "Grave." 
 
 ATHEN^?;. See Athens. 
 
 ATHENRY, athVn-ri', a to>vn and parish of Ireland, in 
 Connaught, 13 miles E. of Galway. It has some historical 
 interest, and in e;u-ly times sent two representatives to the 
 Irish Parliament. 
 
 ATHENS, ath'enz. (anc. AtJiefnre, Gr. AOnyai. pronounced 
 by the modern Greeks i-thee'nd.) the capital of Greece, and 
 not only for several ages the centre of European civilization, 
 but still, in many respects, particularly to the scholar and 
 the artist, the most interesting city in the world. Its site, 
 equally magnificent for scenery and advantageous for com- 
 merce, is about 4 miles N.E. of the Saronic Gulf, or Gulf of 
 ^ginn. in an extensive plain of its own name, watered by 
 the Ilissus and Cephisus. and surrounded by hills on all 
 sides, except towards the sea. where it lies open, and gives a 
 fine view, both of the gulf and the numerous islands which 
 seem to float on its surface. This plain, instead of being 
 uniformly level, is broken by numerous ridges of limestone, 
 several of which, with their intervening valleys, are partly 
 occupied by the city ; while the highest of them rises up pi'e- 
 cipitously, and forms the Acropolis or citadel. The chief 
 approaches to Athens are one on the W. by way of Eleusis, 
 over a well-made carriage road, in a plain remarkable for the 
 luxuriant beauty of its oleanders; and another on the S.W., 
 by the celebrated h.arbor of Pirseus, along a tr:u-t which, 
 though once a mere swamp, is now covered with vine- 
 yard.s, oliveyards, and fig plantations. In its most prosper- 
 ous days, Athens enclosed a large spiice. including not only 
 the city proper, but a long, narrow subjirb, stretching con- 
 tinuously to the Pir.xus, and was surrounded by walls 
 which had a circuit of nearly 20 miles. Parts of these walls 
 still remain, particularly on the S. and W. ; but w ithiu a 
 comparatively modern period, a wall of about 4 miles in cir- 
 cuit had been built, enclosing a space which, during the 
 possession of the city by the Turks, was more than siif- 
 ficient to accommodate its inhabitants. Since 1834. when 
 Athens again became the seat of government, this wall, 
 which was in a ruinous state, has been pulled down to 
 make way for new streets and edifices, which are rapidly 
 springing up on all sides, and promise to give the city at 
 lei\st the appearanc-e of a modern capital, how much soever 
 they may £iil to rival its ancient splendor. 
 
 The Acropolis, or ancient centre of Athens, on which most 
 of its noblest monuments are placed, is an isolated, rocky 
 height, rising 150 feet above the adjacent plain, »nd 1 13x feet 
 above the level of the sea. Its summit is enclf*ed by woU» 
 
ATH 
 
 8330 yards in circuit. The modern city is built mostly on 
 its W. and N. sides, in wliicli directions many new tliorougli- 
 fiires liave been laid out, the principal being Jlinerva, JEo- 
 lus, Hermes, and Market streets. Since the est,'il)Iishment of 
 the seat of government here in 1S35, the old walls which, 
 during the Turkish rule, surrounded Athens, have been 
 taken down, and well-built houses are springing up on every 
 side. The new palace, built between 1836 and 1H43, at the 
 foot of Mount Lycabettus) and about one-fourth of a mile 
 from the centre of the city, is a quadrangular building, 300 
 feet in length by 280 in breadth, with two internal courts, a 
 portico of i'entelic marble, and richly decorated apartments. 
 In front is a square, in which the bloodless revolution of Sep- 
 tember 15th, 1844, was enacted. The university (founded 
 1836) is the finest modern building, containing an anatomi- 
 cal theatre, a library of 28,000 volumes, with 34 professors 
 and teachers, and (in 1845) 195 students There are, besides, 
 a gymnasium, witii upwards of 500 pupils, a military and 
 an ecclesiastical academy, polytechnic, American mission- 
 ary, infant, and Lancastei'ian schools, a seminary for teach- 
 ers, a botanic garden, and society of natural history. The 
 cathedral is ahandsome Byzantine structure, with a modern 
 steeple. Other chief modern edifices are the barracks, civil 
 and military hospitals, a new cathedral in progress of con- 
 struction, an English chapel, Protestant and Greek cemete- 
 ries, royal mint, chamber of representatives, theatre, and 
 observatory. It is the residence of the sovereign, the seat 
 of a university, and supreme courts of the Archbishop of 
 Attica. 
 
 Athens has no manufactures, and as yet cannot be said 
 to have any important trade, though it has an excellent 
 harbor, which seems to invite the commerce both of the K. 
 and the W. This harbor, called in modern times Porto Le- 
 one, from the marble colossal lions which once stood upon 
 it, hut still better known by its ancient name of Piraeus, is 
 about 4 miles to the S.W. of the city, and was brought 
 within its enclosure by means of what was called the Long 
 Walls. It is very deep and capacious, forming a large basin, 
 which is somewhat difficult of entrance, but within which, 
 in its best days, 1000 triremes have rode. To the trade of 
 this port, and the naval superiority connected with it, 
 Athens was mainly indebted for the pre-eminence which 
 she held among the states of Greece; and, apjmrently, to 
 the same sources must she still look, if she is again to be- 
 come greitt. Of this the government seems fully aware ; and, 
 accordingly, one of its earliest labors was to fill up a marsh, 
 and commence the construction of a quay, at which several 
 hundred merchant vessels may lie. Pirasus itself, instead 
 of being a mere suburb, is rapidly rising into a town. It 
 has been almost entirely built since 1834, and already con- 
 tains 1000 houses. 
 
 The city is reputed to have been founded by Cecrops, b. c. 
 1336 ; it fell to Kome, b. c. 86 ; since then, it has belonged 
 successively to Goths, Byzantines, Burgundians, Franks, 
 Catalans, Florentines, Venetians, and Turks. Principal an- 
 tiquities, the Acropolis, or ancient citadel, surmounted by 
 the Parthenon, an edifice of white marble, 228 feet in length 
 by lOO teet in breadth, and still tolerably perfect ; the Erech- 
 theium, a building 90 feet in length; remains of the Tem- 
 ple of the Wingless Victory, recently restored inajudicious 
 manner by the government ; the PropylKa, or grand entrance 
 in front of the foregoing temples ; and the theatre of Herodes 
 Atticus. at the S.W. angle of the Acropolis. N. of the Are- 
 opagus is the Temple of Theseus, one of the most perfect 
 monuments of ancient Athens, having 34 remaining Doric 
 columns outside, and containing a rich museum of antiqui- 
 ties. Areopagus, or liars' Hill, where St. Paul addressed 
 the Athenians, the Pnyx, where popular meetings were 
 held, the Eleusinium, the prison of Socrates, and Tower of 
 the ^V■inds, vestiges of the Temple and Theatre of Bacchus, 
 the Grotto of Apollo and Pan. Outside of the city, 16 Co- 
 rinthian columns, 60 feet in height, on a raised platform, 
 remain of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius, and near the 
 Ilissus the Stadium, or ancient race-course, is still trace- 
 able. Athens became the seat of the Greek government Re- 
 moved hither from Nauplia) in 1835. Pop. 1861, 41,298. 
 Atliens is said to have been named in honor of Minerva, (in 
 Gr. Ab.-'j/a, Athena,) who was regarded as the tutelary god- 
 dess of the city. Adj. and inhab. Athesiax, l-thee^ne-an. 
 
 ATII'KNS, a county in Ohio, situ.ited in the S.E. part of 
 the stnte, on tlie Ohio River, contains about 430 square miles. 
 It is watered by the Ilockhocking Kiver. The surface is 
 hilly, is-ith intervals of rich bottom lands, and the hills are 
 covered with fertile soil and a heavy growth of trees. Iron 
 ore is found in many places, call is abundant, and salt is 
 manuf;>'tured extensively in the county. The Hocking 
 Canal ex .'ends from the centre of the county to the Ohio 
 Canal. Capital, Athens. Pop. 21,364. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-township of Someraet co., Maine, 45 
 miles N. of Augusta, intersected by a branch of the Kenne- 
 bec River. Pop. 1417. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-township of Windham co., Vermont, 
 about 100 miles S. of Montpelior. Pop. 382. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-borough of Greene co., New York, on the 
 W. bank of Hudson Kiver, 29 miles below Albany, and op- 
 
 ATI! 
 
 posite the city of Hudson. It contains 5 or 6 churches ant. 
 numerous stores. Incorj)orated in 1805. Estimated popula- 
 tion in ISCO, 1400. A steam ferry-l)Oat plies between Athen* 
 and Hudson. Pop. of the township, 2791. 
 
 ATHENS, a thriving post-borough of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the N. branch of Susquehanna 
 River, 15 miles N. of Towanda. The Tioga or Chemung 
 River flows along the W. side of the borough and enters the 
 Susquehanna 2 miles below. The confiuence of these 
 streams forms an elliptical peninsula, the lower extremity 
 of which is known as Tioga Point, which was formerly a 
 noted station of Indian traders. Athens is delightfully 
 situated in the narrowest part of the peninsula. It con- 
 tains several mills, foundries, &.c., and carries on an active 
 trade by means of the North Branch Canal. Incorporated 
 in 1831. Pop. in 1860, from 1200 to 1500. Pop.oftlie town- 
 ship. .'^01.3. 
 
 ATHENS, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, about 
 20 miles E.N.E. of Meadville. Pop. 1192. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-ofHce of Caroline co., Virginia. 
 
 ATHENS, a fiourishing town of Clarke co.. Georgia, is 
 situated on the Oconee River, at the terminus of the Athens 
 Branch Railroad. 92 miles W.N.W. from Augusta, and 71 mile* 
 N. of Milledgeville. The situation is healthy and the climate 
 delightful. Since the construction of the railroad the town 
 has increased rapidlj', and has become the market for an 
 extensive cotton-growing region. Among the public build- 
 ings are 5 churches, a town-hall, a bank, and several large 
 hotels. There is a cotton manufactory in this town and o 
 others within a few miles. The Franklin College of this 
 place is a flourishing institution. Population in 1880, 
 3848. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-village, capital of Limestone co., Alabama, 
 154 miles N.N.E of Tuscaloosa, and 25 miles W, by N. of 
 Iluntsville. It contains a court-house. 3 churches, 1 print- 
 ing-office, several stores, and a female institute, the build- 
 ing of which is one of the handsomest in the village. 
 
 ATHENS, a po.st-village of Monroe co.. Mississippi, 5 miles 
 E. of Aberdeen, the county-seat, and 170 miles N.E. of Jack- 
 son, in the midst of a highly productive country, which is 
 being settled rapidly. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-village of Claiborne parish, Louisiana, on 
 the road from Homer, the seat of justice to Sparta. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-village, capital of Henderson co., Texas, 
 20 miles E. of the Trinity River, and 220 miles N.E. of Austin 
 City. It is situated in a beautiful undulating countrj-, 
 which is supplied with good water, and is well adapted to 
 the cultivation of cotton and maize. Laid out in ISol. In 
 1852 it had 3 stores and .several dwellings. 
 
 ATHENS, a village in Izard co., Arkansas, on the N. 
 bank of White River, at the mouth of Pine Bayou, about 6 
 miles N. by E. of Mount Olive. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-village, capital of McMinn co.. Tennessee, 
 on the E. Tennessee and Georgia Railroad. 55 miles N.E. from 
 Dalton, and 154 miles. E.S.E. from Nashville. It contains a 
 court-house, 3 churches, several seminaries, 1 printing ofhce, 
 2 l)anks, and numerous stores. Pop. 678. 
 
 ATHENS, a handsome post-village of Fayette co„ Ken- 
 tucky, on the turnpike from Lexington to Richmond, 11 
 miles S,E. from the former, is surrounded by rich, well-cul- 
 tivated farms, and a prosperous community. It has 2 
 churches, several stores, and about 500 inhalrjtants. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-township of Athens CO., Ohio. Pop. 2852 
 
 ATHENS, a post-village, capital of Athens co., Ohio, is 
 pleasantly situated on the Ilockhocking River, 72 miles 
 S.E. from Columbus. It is the seat of the Ohio University, 
 the oldest college in the state, (founded in 1804.) The Hock- 
 ing Canal connects this village wltli the Ohio Canal. It 
 has a national bank and a state bank. Pop. near \hOO. 
 
 ATHENS, a township of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1356. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-township of Calhoun co., Michigan, 
 about 20 miles S.W. from Marshall. Pop. 980. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-village of Menard co., Illinois, 12 miles 
 N.N.W. from Springfield. Pop. 392. 
 
 ATHENS, a village of St. Clair co., Illinois, on the Kaskas- 
 kia River, 33 miles S. E. of St. Louis. The river is naviga- 
 ble for small boats to this point. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-village of Clarke co., Mis.souri, on the 
 Des Sloines River, 25 utiles from its mouth ; has 3 stores and 
 a flouring-mill. 
 
 ATHENS, a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin. 
 
 ATH'ENSVILLE, a small village of Delaware co., Pennsy- 
 vania. aliout 8 miles W. from Philadelphia. 
 
 ATHEN SVILLE, a small post-village of Greene co., Illinois. 
 
 ATHERTNGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ATHERINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. It is 
 supposed to have been the FbrHus Adurhn of the Romans. 
 
 ATH'KRSTONE, a market-town and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Warwick, on the Roman Watling-street, 12 miles 
 N.N.W. of the Coventry Station of the London and Birming- 
 ham Railwav. Pop. in 1861. 3819. 
 
 ATH/ERSTONE-ON-STOUR, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick, on the Stour. 
 
 ATH'ERTON. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 7 miles N.E. of Newton. Pop. in 1851, 4C55,mostlv employed 
 
 125 
 
ATII 
 
 ATL 
 
 In collieries, cotton feotories. nnd iron-works. It has a 
 Btation on the Bolton and Kenvon Railway. 
 
 ATHKSIS. PeeADiGE. 
 
 ATHIS. dHee', a town of France, department of Ome, on 
 the Pans and Corbeil Kailway. 10 miles S. of Paris. Pop. in 
 1852, 4605. Manufactures woollen stuffs and ribbons. 
 
 ATHTliEAGUE, a parish and Tillage of Ireland, Con- 
 naught, counties of Roscommon and Gal way. 
 
 ATKLOXE, ath-lAne', {Atliluan, '-ford of the moon,") a 
 town and barony of Ireland, on both sides of the Shannon, 
 »bout 67 miles W. by N. from Dublin. The two divisions 
 were formerly called English town and Irish town, hut are 
 now known as the Leinster side and Connaught side. On the 
 latter side is the castle of -ithlone, erected in the reign of 
 King .7ohn. and enlarged and strengthened in that of Queen 
 Elizabeth, and now strongly fortified in the modern style. 
 The town was incorporated by a charter from James I., and 
 received a further charter from Charles II. It derives its 
 import^mce from being one of the chief stations or govern- 
 ment depots for troops and military stores in Ireland. The 
 barracks, N.W. of the ca.stle. can accommodate 2000 men ; to 
 it an ordnance-yard, magazines, armory, with muskets for 
 15,000 men, and hospital, are attached, all occupying an ele- 
 vated position on the river, above the bridge, and, with the 
 three large squares for p.vade and exercise, cover at least 15 
 English acres. X.W. of the barracks, and outside the town, 
 are extensive outforts and batteries, commanding the main 
 road from Galway and Ballinasloe. By means of a cjinal .it 
 Athlone, a mile long, constructed for the purpose of avoid- 
 ing some fords, the Shannon is rendered navigable for 71 
 miles above the town. The facilities for carrying on trade 
 here are further augmented by the grand canal from Dul> 
 lin, which joins the Shannon 17 miles below the town. The 
 first bridge in Ireland is said to have been one built across 
 the Shannon, at Athlone. by Turlough O'Connor, King of 
 Connaught, in 1140. Athlone sent two members to the 
 Irish Parliament, but sends onlv one to the British House 
 of Commons. Pop. of town. (IS'-il.) 6393. 
 
 ATIILUMXEY, ath-lum'nee, a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Meath. 
 
 ATIIXASSEY, ath-nas/see, a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 ATHN'OWEX. ath-no'en, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 ATIIOL. ATIIOLE. or ATHOLL. ^'thol, a district of Scot- 
 land, comprising the X. part of Perthshire. Area, about 450 
 square miles. The country is elevated, and very picturesque. 
 Gairn Gower Mountain is 3690 feet, and the Searscock 3400 
 feet in elevatio-i. Blair-.\thol. a fertile vale on the Garry, 
 and the forest of Athol, 100.000 acres, are stocked with red 
 deer and game. It gives the title of duke to the head of 
 the Slurray family, its chief proprietor. 
 
 ATIIOL, a post-township of Worcester co.. 5Iassachusetts, 
 about 05 miles W.X.W. of Boston, intorsected by Millers 
 River, which affords abundant water-power, and by the Ver- 
 mont and Massachusetts RR. It has 1 bank, 7 churches, 
 and manufactures of scythes, cotton goods, Ac. Pop. 2604. 
 
 A'TilOI-. a post'Village and township of Warren co., New 
 York, on the S. bank of a small tributary of the Hudson, 
 about 60 miles X.N.W. of Albany. Pop. of the township, 
 1590. 
 
 ATHOL DEPOT, a post-village of Worcester co.. Massachu- 
 setts, on the Vernon and Massachusetts Railroad, 33 miles 
 ■W. of Fitchburg. 
 
 ATH'OS. MOUXT. called Hn'glnn m-ns, Monte Santo, 
 or the Holy Mountain, by the modern Greeks, a celebrated 
 mountain of Greece, at the extremity of the peninsula of 
 Chakis. 80 miles S.E. of Salonica, culminating point 6778 
 feet iu elevation. Lat, 40° 16' N.. Ion. 24° 10' E. Previous 
 to the late Greek insurrection, the flanks of this mountain 
 were occupied by several villages, and 22 convents, besides 
 500 chapels, cellst and grottoes, which served as the habita- 
 tion of more than 4000 monks : those called hermits lived 
 in caves. In the intervals of their religious duties, these 
 monks were employed in preparing the soil, cultivating 
 vines and olives, and rearing many bees, which enabled 
 them to export annually a great quantity of wax. They 
 also made numerous linages and other objects in wood, 
 which were shipped at the port of Alvara, a fortified village 
 on the E. side of the mountain, inljabited by 500 monks. 
 This was the seat of the first ecclesiastical seminary of the 
 Greek Church, and its most celebrated theological school ; 
 here, also, were preserved the remains of the femous libra- 
 ries whii'h furnished to learned Europe the MSS. of so many 
 masterpieces of ancient Greek literature. The ancient geo- 
 graphers assigned an extraordinary elevation to Mount 
 Atlios. and asserted that the sun was visible from its sum- 
 mit three hours earlier than on the shores of the ^li^gean 
 Sea. Vestiges of the canal cut by Xerxes, to avoid the dan- 
 gers of circumnavigating the promontory, have recently 
 been discovered. 
 
 ATIIY. ath-i'. (anc. Athlegar, "the western ford,") a mar- 
 ket-town of Ireland, and the largest in the county of Kil- 
 dare. Leinster. on the Itarrow. hure crossed by a bridge, and 
 on an arm of the Grand Canal, 33i miles S.W. of Dublin. It 
 is the seat of county summer assizes, and has trade in com, 
 12a 
 
 butter, and malt. Athy is one of the chief stations on tha 
 Carlow branch of the Southern and AVestern Railroad. 
 Woodstock castle, built in the fifteenth century, is in a 
 state of tolerable preservation. The town stands partly in 
 the two parishes of St. John and St. Michael. Pop. iu 1841, 
 4698. 
 
 ATIBAIA, l-te-bi'd, a town of Brazil, in the eastern part 
 of the province of Sao Paulo, on a river of its own name. 110 
 miles S.S.E. of Santos. . • 
 
 ATIENZA, a-te-in'thi, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 48 
 miles S.W. of Soria. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ATINA, l-tee'ni a town of Xaples, province of Terra dl 
 Lavoro, 11 miles S.E. of Sora, near the Melfa. It has 
 a cathedral, a convent, and a hospital; was formerly a 
 bishopric, and is one of the most ancient towns of Italy, 
 being named by Virgil among the cities that took part in 
 the war between .^neas and Turnus, prince of the Bittuli, 
 It was a Roman colony during the reign of Nero, and then 
 considered one of the most populous and important in the 
 empire. It has some manufactories of carpets. Pop. 0768. 
 
 ATITLAX, a-tee-tlSn/, a lake, town, and volcano of Cen- 
 tral America. 80 miles N.W. of Guatemala. The lake is 24 
 miles in length from E. to AV., by 10 miles in breadth, very 
 deep, and surrounded by lofty mountains. The town, San- 
 tiago de Atitlan, is on its S. side, between two volcanoes. 
 Elevation of the volcano of Atitlan, 12.500 feet. 
 
 ATKARSK, dt'kaRsk', a town of Russia, 50 miles N.W. of 
 Saratov, on the Atkara River, an affluent of the Medvieditsa. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 ATKHA. See Atcha. 
 
 AT'KIXSON, a post-township of Piscataquis co.. Maine, 
 about 80 miles N.E. of Augusta, has an academy which may 
 claim its origin from John Adams. Poj). 897. 
 
 ATKINSON, a post-township of Rorkingham co.. New 
 Hampshire, about>35 miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 546. 
 
 ATKINSON, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky. 
 
 ATKINSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Sliffliu co., Pennsyl 
 vania. 
 
 ATLANTA, at-lan'ta, a flourishing city of Fulton co^ 
 Georgia, is situated alx)ut 7 miles S.E. of the Chattahoochee 
 River, and on the line of railroads leading from S,ivaunah 
 to Chattanooga and X'ashville, Tennessee, 101 miles X'.W. 
 of Macon, 171 W. of Augusta, and 291 miles from Nash- 
 ville. The situation is elevated and remarkably healthj. 
 Four of the principal railroads of the state terminate at this 
 town, and render it a place of great activity in business, 
 and a depSt for the cotton and grain of several adjoining 
 counties. The Georgia Railroad extends from Atlanta to 
 .^.ugusta; the Macon and Western Railroad to the city of 
 Macon; the Atlantic and Western Railroad, which was 
 opened in 1S50. leads to Chattanooga, Tennessee; and the 
 La Grange Railroad, which was finish'ed in 1852. connects 
 Atlanta with West Point, 72 miles distant. Atlanta was 
 laid out in 1845, since which it has become one of the most 
 important towns in the northern part of the state. In 1847 
 it was incorporated as a city. It has 5 or 6 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, and a hank. Pop. in 1850, 2572; in 1860, 
 9554. A battle was fonght in this vicinity between Gen. 
 Sherman and Gen. Hood, July 22, 1864; Atlanta was taken 
 by the Union troops on Sept. 2, 1864. 
 
 ATL.4.NmC. a county in the S.S.E. part of New Jersey, 
 has an area of about 620 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N.E. by Little Egg Harbor River, on the S.E. by the At- 
 lantic Ocean, and partly on the S. by Tuckahoe Creek, and 
 intersected by Great Egg Harbor River, which falls into a 
 bay of the same name. It is. indented by Great Bay. Abse- 
 cum Bay, Grassy Bay, and Lakes Bay, which contain beds 
 of oysters and other shell-fish. The surface is level, the 
 soil near the sea-coast marshy, but in the interior lieht and 
 sandy. The Camden and Atlantic Railroad passes Through 
 the county. Formed in 1837 from a part of Gloucester 
 county, and named from the ocean on which it boi-ders. 
 CapitaL Cape May Landing. Pop. 11,786. 
 
 ATL.\XTIC. apost-townsliip. Monnionihco..N.J. Pop.ie92 
 
 ATLANTIC CITY, a village and fashionable watering- 
 place of Atlantic CO., New Jersey, on the Atlantic ocean, at 
 the S.E. terminus of the Camden and Atlantic Railroad, 
 (opened July 1, 1854.) Extensive and costly buildings, with 
 every accommodation, have recently been erected here for 
 the reception of visitors seekins sea air and bathing, 
 
 ATLAXrriC OCEAN, (L. Athm'Hciut Ocelanns.) one of th« 
 five great hydrographical divisions of the globe, occupies an 
 immense longitudinal valley, and extends from the Arctic 
 Circle on the N. to the Antarctic Circle on the S.. bounded 
 W. by the coa-st of America to Cape Horn, and thence by a 
 line continued on the same meridian to the Antarctic Cjrcle, 
 and E. by the shores of Europe and Africa to the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and thence prolonged on the meridian of Cape 
 .\^gulha,s till it meets the Antarctic Circle. Its extreme 
 breadth is about 5000 miles, and its are* is computed at 
 25,000,000 square miles. It is naturally divided into three 
 portions : 1st, the N, ; 2d, the S. ; and 3d, the intertropical 
 Atlantic. The North Sea or German Ocean, the Caribbean 
 Sea, and the Irish Sea, form portions of the Atlanti': ; but the 
 Baltic and the Mediterranean, which commuuicutc vri/h th« 
 
ATL 
 
 ATO 
 
 North Sea by naiTOW channels, are properly consictered 
 separate seas. The principal gulfs of the Atlantic are, in 
 Europe, the Bay of Biscay, or Golfe de Oascogne; in Africa, 
 the Gulf of Guinea; in America, the Gulf of Mexico and 
 the Gulf of St. I>awrence. The chief islands are, in Europe, 
 the British Isles and Iceland ; in Africa, the Azores, Ma- 
 deira, and Canary Islands, and the Archip«la;;o of the Gulf 
 of Guinea; in America, the Antilles, Newfoundland, and the 
 islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Atlantic, with its 
 branches, drains nearly the whole of Europe AV. of the basin 
 of the Volifa ; nearly all North America K. of the Itocky Moun- 
 tains and the mountains of Mexico; and the whole of So'ith 
 America E. of the Andes. Its chiefaffluents are. in Europe, the 
 Khine, Loire, and Ta^us; in Africa, the Senejral, Niger, and 
 Congo; and in America, the St. Lawrence, Slississippi, Ori- 
 noco, Amazon, and La Plata. The bed of the Atlantic is 
 very unequal in elevation, in some places rising in immense 
 Band-banks to within a few fothoms of the surface, and in 
 others sinking to unfathomable depths. The most extensive 
 banks are those of Newfoundland, the Dogger bank in the Ger- 
 man Ocean, and the Agulhas (3-gool'yis) bank off the S. point 
 of Africa. The minimum depth on the bank of Newfound- 
 land is 60 feet. The German Ocean varies in depth from 66 
 to 500 feet. In many places the Atlantic is upwards of 
 15,000 feet deep, and in lat. 15° 3' S., Ion. 2.3° 14 W., (16° E. 
 of the coast of Brazil,) Sir James Boss had no soundings 
 with a line of 4600 fathoms, (27,600 feet, or nearly 5J miles.) 
 In the Antarctic Ocean, Sir James Ross found the depth to 
 be generally about 2000 feet; but on one occasion a line of 
 24,000 feet failed to reach the bottom. The saltness and 
 Bpecitic gravity of the Atlantic are greatest ntar the equator, 
 diminishing gradually toward the poles, where they are 
 affected by the melting of tlie ice. The degree of saltness 
 Is greater in the Southern Hemisphere than in the North- 
 ern, and greater in the Atlantic than in the Pacific. The 
 temperature is higher in the Northern than in the Southern 
 Hemisphere, and i.' highest between 5° 45' and 6° 15' N. lat., 
 where it has been found to be fmm 82° .5' to 84° 5' Fahren- 
 heit; but in the Gulf of Mexico it attains a temperature of 
 88° 52'. The maximum temperature of the Atlantic, there- 
 fore, does not correspond with the terrestrial equator, the 
 line of greatest warmth being invariably found N. of it. 
 
 The trade-winds blow regularly in the intertropical por- 
 tion of the Atlantic; Ijeyond tlK^se limits the winds are vari- 
 able. From the prevalence of S.W. winds in the North At- 
 lantic, the voyage from Eui-opo to America, on an avemge 
 of six years' sailing between Liverpool and New York, re- 
 quires 40 days, while the return voyage is performed in 23 
 days. The principal currents of the Atlantic are the equa- 
 torial current, which flows from the coast of Africa to the 
 Caribbean Sea, with a velocity of from 30 to 70 miles a day, 
 and the Gulf Stream, which, leaving the Gulf of Mexico, 
 flows through the Strait of Florida with a velocity of 80 
 miles a day, and a temperature of 86° Fahrenheit, and ex- 
 tends, with a gradually decreasing velocity and diminished 
 temperature, to the Azores. Its mean breadth is about 350 
 miles, its broadest part being between 40° and 60° N. lat.. 
 where it is upwards of 400 miles wide; its narrowest part is 
 in the Strait of I"lorida, where it does not exceed 60 miles, 
 and is often much narrower. On issuing from the Gulf of 
 Mexico it is of a dark, indigo-blue color, and for manj- hun- 
 dred miles it is distinguishable from the green waters of the 
 Atlantic. In the centre of the Atlantic is a vast eddy or 
 whirl, caused by the revolution of the current, which is 
 thickly covei'ed with sea-weed called sargasoo, or gulf-weed, 
 (Fucus natans,) in many places so closely matted as to retard 
 greatly the pi\)gress of vessels. The space covered by this 
 weed is upwards of 200,000 sfiuare miles, extending from 
 the meridian of 30° W. to the Bahama Isl.ands, between the 
 parallels of 20° and 45° N. Much of this weed is floated 
 down the Gulf Stream from the Mexican Sea. It was for- 
 merly supposed to have been torn from the bottom of the 
 ocean, but there is now good reason to believe that it propa- 
 gates in the sea, and vegetates floating. 
 
 In the South Atlantic there are evident signs of volcanic 
 action, rocks and islands having from time to time appeared 
 and disappeared. 
 
 At both extremities of the Atlantic, vast masses of ice 
 are accumulated, in a variety of shapes and sizes, forming 
 icebergs, icefields, and icefloes. The first are often seve- 
 ral miles in circumference, and rise from 180 to 200 feet 
 above the sea, with seven times as much below, as float- 
 ing ice shows only one-eighth of its bulk above the sur- 
 face of the water. The icebergs come to a lower latitude 
 by 10° from the South Pole than from the North, being often 
 seen near the Cape of Good Hope. They appear also to be 
 larger — one observed by Captain D'Urville was 13 miles long, 
 ■with perpendicular sides 100 feet high — but they are more 
 rare in the South than in the North Atlantic. The icefields 
 are generally of much greater extent than the bergs, though, 
 as their names would impiy, not nearly so thick, seldom 
 exceeding from 10 to 40 feet. Some of them extend 100 
 miles in length, with an average breadth of 50 miles. These 
 Immense masses of ice chill the winds that blow from them, 
 aiid cool the suirouuding seas to a distance of 40 or 50 miles 
 
 on every side. Sometimes they acquire a rotary motion of 
 great velocity, and dash against each other with tremeudona 
 violence. The floe-ice is of compai'ativelj' small size, seldom 
 extending to a quarter of a mile in circumference. 
 
 Fish are met with in greater variety and abundance in 
 the North Atlantic th.an in the S. In the latter there are 
 only whale fisheries, while in the former there are the cod 
 fisheries of Newfoundland, the herring fisheries of Great 
 Britain, the pilchard fisherii'S in the British Channel, and 
 the whale fisheries of Greenland, &c. 
 
 There is no reason to believe that the ancients had anj 
 definite or adequate idea of the extent of the Atlantic Ocean, 
 though, doubtless, in very early times, they were familiar 
 with the existence of a great western sea. which — in order 
 to distinguish it fromthe Mediterranean — the Greeks named 
 A.T\avTtKri Oa^aaaa, (Atlaiitile tlialiixsn.) or ArXai"-iirui> 
 Trt\ayoi, (Alluntikmi pclayns.) the "Atlantic sea" or the sea 
 beyond Mount .'Vtlas. Horace calls it, (Lib. I. Ode 31,) At- 
 lanlicum ^quor, the "Atlantic [watery] plain." 
 
 AT'LAS, a township of I^apeer eo., Michigan. 
 
 ATLAS, a post-village of I'ike co., Illinois, about 12 miles 
 S.W. of Pittsfield. Pop. of township, 1347. 
 
 ATLAS MOUNTAINS, an extensive mountain systehi in 
 North Africa, the S. extremity of which commences neai Cape 
 Noon, in lat. 28° 46' N., on the Atlantic Ocean, and, after tra- 
 versing the territories of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis, termi- 
 nates on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, about Ion. 11° 
 E. The general course of these mountains is fiom AV.S.W. 
 to E.N.E. ; but they do not, like iiost other .system.s. consist 
 of one continuous and definite range, but of a congeries of 
 elevations, sometimes isolated and sometimes connected, 
 with endless branches and offsets, iiTegularly diffused over 
 nearly the whole N.W. extremity of Africa. The Atlas 
 Mountains have been divided generally into two principal 
 and parallel ranges, running nearly E. and Vs.. the one called 
 the Greater, and the other the Lesser Atlas ; the latter lying 
 toward the Mediterranean, and the former ad.i()ining the 
 Sahara or Great Desert, from which it is sepanited by low, 
 sandy hills. The entire course of the princijial chain may 
 be reckoned at alxiut 15(X) miles, measured from Cape Noon, 
 on the Atlantic, to Cape Bon or Has Adder, on the Mediter- 
 ranean. Little is known of the heiAts of the .4tlas 
 Jlountains; in some places, however, they rise above the 
 lino of perp<^ual congelation, and", in many, approach it. 
 The highest ascertained elevation is that of jliltseen, in Mo- 
 rocco, stated, by Captain Washington, to be 11.400 feet high; 
 but their general altitude is moderate, as they do not shoot 
 up into lofty peaks, like the Alp.s, but consist princijially of 
 broad ridges and rounded summits. Of the geology, botany, 
 and mineralogy of the Atlas range, we know hardly any 
 thing. As respects its geology, our information supplies 
 only the fact that- granite, gneiss, and schist appear 071 the 
 higher peaks, and the lower parts of the ridges ai-e fnrmed 
 by secondary limestone; while, as to botany, the few travel- 
 lei'S who have penetrated these regions tell us that on the 
 S. side, or side next the desert, the lower ranges are covered, 
 with palm-trees, more especially date-palm-trees; hence the 
 name of this region, Drhd-rl-Je.re.fd. (-the land of dates.") 
 Higher up. gum-ti-ees. almonds, olives, and other tropical pro- 
 ductions abound; while, on the table-lands, apples, pears, 
 cherries, walnuts, apricots, &c.are grown in great quantities. 
 Higher up still, occur forests of immense pines. The mine- 
 ral riches of the Atlas, so far as known, are silver, antimony, 
 lead, copper, iron, rock-salt, saltpetre, ic. The precious me- 
 tals, however, are confined to the province of Sooz. in 510- 
 rocco, but even there they do not appear to abound: the 
 jirincipal silver-mine is situated about 150 miles S.W. of 
 Morocco. Three hundred miles N.E. from the same place are 
 mines of antimony and lead; copper is also plentiful in the 
 same vicinity, though there seems but little activity on the 
 part of the inhabitants in availing themselves of these re- 
 sources. From the N. and W. slopes flow the principal 
 rivers of Morocco and Algeria to the Atlantic Ocean and 
 Jlediterranean Sea ; and from their S. slopes flow numerous 
 streams, nearly all of which are absorbed in the sands of 
 the Sahara. 
 
 The name Atlas is said to have been derived from Atlas, 
 King of Mauritania, who, .according to ancient fable, having 
 been transformed into a mountain, was feicned to support 
 the heavens on his sfhoulders. From the name of this moun- 
 tain region came the name of the adjoiningor Atlant ic Ocean. 
 
 These mountains also possess a classical celebrity, from 
 the frequent mention made of them by the ancients, par- 
 ticularly Herodotus, and the exaggerated notions wliich 
 they seem to have entertained of their elevatinn. The 
 Atlas, however, of the writer ju.st named, was a single, iso- 
 lated hill, probably the highest of those at Cape Gheer or 
 Ghir, as seen from the Atlantic; although several Greek 
 authorities give the name to the branch terminating at Cape 
 Spartel, at the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 ATLIXCO, at-lix'ko, a town of Mexico, state of Puebla, in 
 a very fertile district, celebrated for its fruits and its fine 
 climate. 20 miles S. of Pueblo de los Angeles. 
 
 ATOKO. i-toHio, one of the smallest of the Ionian Islands, 
 lat. 3S° 30' N., Ion. 20° 43' E. 
 
 127 
 
ATO 
 
 ATT 
 
 ATOLL, S-toll', or ATOLLON, l-tol-lon', the name applied 
 to the several groups of coral islands composing the Mal- 
 dive Islands, in the Indian Ocean. An atoll or lagoon 
 island is a circular reef of coral foi-matiou, rising out of 
 the sea. and enclosing a lagoon. 
 
 ATOOI. See Atau.u. 
 
 ATORKOO or ATORKOU, d-tor'koo/, one of the Koorile 
 Islands. See It"8R00P. 
 
 ATOUQtJIA, l-too-kee'i, a maritime town of Portugal, 
 with a castle, in Estremadura, 42 miles N. by W. of Lisbon. 
 
 ATKAX, i'trjn, a river of Sweden, rising in a small lake 
 and flowing N. for a few miles; and then turning rapidly to 
 S.S.^V.. it forms Lake Asunden, and, after receiving several 
 atfluents, fiills into the Cattegat at Falkenberg. 
 
 ATKAXI, i-tri'uee, a maritime village of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, on the Gulf of Salerno, 1 mile N.E. of 
 Amalfi. Pop. 2000. It has manufactures of woollens and 
 maccaroni. 
 
 ATKATO, i-trMo, a river of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Choco, which, after a northward 
 course of about 200 miles, enters the Gulf of Darien W. of 
 the Jiay of Choco. It is navigable for small vessels to Ci- 
 tari, liO miles from its source. It has been proposed to 
 connect this river with the San Juan, which flows S., and 
 thus, by means of a caual, to unite the Atlantic with the 
 Pacific Oce;in. 
 
 ATRI, i'tree, or ATRIA, I'tre-l, (anc. Ha'dria or Ha'tria 
 Picc'na.) a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., IS 
 miles S.E. Teramo, and 5 miles from the coast of the Adri- 
 atic. The Emperor Adrian was originally from this city. 
 Pop. 6000. 
 
 ATKIPALDA, i-tre-pil'di, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra, near the Sabato, 2 miles E.N.E. of Avel- 
 lino. Pop. 4000. Mautifactures of woollen stuffs. 
 
 ATRISCO, i-trisTiO or d-trees'ko, a village of Bernalillo 
 CO., New Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio Grande, about 
 a mile below Albu querque. 
 
 ATSE/N A oniE, a post-office of Levy co., Florida. 
 
 ATSION, at/se-on, a river of New Jersey, forming a part 
 of the boundary between Atlantic and Burlington counties, 
 unites with the Little Egg Harbor River. 
 
 ATSION, a post-village in Gallowaj- township, Burlington 
 CO.. New Jersev. about -27 miles S.E. of Camden. 
 
 ATTAIl, at'tAh, or IDDAII, id'da, a town of Africa, In 
 Guinea, on a high bank near tlie Quorra, 100 miles N.E. of 
 Aboh. Lat. 7°6'N. It is surrounded by plantations, and 
 has an appearance of cleanliness and prosperity. 
 
 AT'TAIR', a town of Uiudostan, S. of the Chumbul, 46 
 miles S.E. of Agra. 
 
 ATTA K APA.S. pronounced at-tfick'a-paw\ .-m extensive and 
 fertile district in the S. part of Louisiana. It produces great 
 quantities of sugar and molasses, which are shipped at 
 Franklin in St. Mary's parish. The section called Attakapas, 
 comprises, according to the old maps, several parishes: but, 
 although often named in conversation and in commercial 
 reports, it has no legal existence, and is not mentioned in 
 the census. 
 
 ATTAKEMBO, It-tl-kJm'bo, one of the smallest of the 
 Feejee Islands. Lat. 18° 25' S.; Ion. 179° 0' ^Y. 
 
 ATTALA, at-tahla. a county in the central part of Missis- 
 sippi, contains aliout 6-30 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the Vi'. by the Big Black River, and intersected by the 
 Yukamokluna, The surfiice is undulating or nearly level; 
 the soil in some parts is fertile. The name is said to be de- 
 rived from Atala, the heroine of an Indian romance by M. 
 Chateaubriand. Capital, Kosciusko. Pop. 14,109 ; of whom 
 9154 were free, and 5015 slaves. 
 
 ATTAL'AVILLE, a post-ofRce of Attala co., Mississippi. 
 
 ATTAM, itHlm', a considerable town of Africa, on the 
 Old Calabar River, near lat. 0° 37' N. ; Ion. 9° 5' E. 
 
 ATTAl'UiyGUS, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia. 
 
 ATTARAM, at-td-rSm', a river in the Tenasserim pro- 
 vinces, having its source in the lofty range of mountains 
 that separate the Tenasserim coast from SLam Proper. It 
 fells into the Gulf of Martaban, after a course of about 90 
 miles. 
 
 ATTAWAL, at-t4-wJll', (Ata.h. AUaioal, i.e. "the long 
 island.") an island of the Red Sea, with a large fishing village, 
 near the Arabian coast, about 120 miles N.W. of Yembo. 
 
 ATTEXBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Notr 
 tingham. 
 
 ATTEXDORN, at'ten-doRn\ a town of Prussia, Westpha- 
 lia, 20 miles S.S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 1537. 
 
 ATTERCLIFFE, a town of Engkand, co. of York. West 
 Riding, 1^ miles N.E. of Sheffield, in which borough it is 
 comprised. Pop. in 1851, 487 3, chiefly eoUiers and artisans. 
 
 ATTEKSEE, after-sA', or KAMMERSEE, kim'mer-sA', a 
 lake in Upper Austria, 40 miles S.W. of Lintz; about 12 
 miles in length from N. to S., and 3 miles in breadth. The 
 river Ager flows from its N. extremity. The decaying vil- 
 lage of Attersee. once capital of the district, is situated on 
 the N.W. side of the lake. 
 
 ATTERT, 2t'taiR/. a village of Belgium, on a small river of 
 the same name, in Luxembourg. 4 J^ miles N. of Arlon. P. 2216. 
 
 ATTICA, af te-ka, l(iT.ATTiKri,AttiKe,) a division of Greece, 
 128 
 
 in the form of a triangle, two sides of which are washed by 
 the -Egean Sea, while the third is separated from Bcefitia by 
 the mountains of Cithieron and Parnes. The principal 
 streams are the Cephissus and Ilissus. l>oth very small. 
 Mount Penteliciis, about 10 miles N.E. of Athens, and .S600 
 feet high, has inexhaustible quarries of excellent marble, 
 and silver in considerable supplies was anciently obtained 
 from the mines oiLaurinm. near Snnivm. The chief vege 
 table productions are the vine and olive. 
 
 ATTICA (at/te-k.?) and B(E0T1A, (be-o'she-a.) a province 
 of Greece, inKoom-EIee,partly insular and partly mainland. 
 The insular part consists principally of the islands of Sala- 
 mis and ^Egina. The mainland p.irt joins Phocis and 
 Phthiotis on the W. and N., and is connected with the 
 Morea on the S. by part of the narrow tract which forms the 
 Isthmus of Corinth. See Attica and Bceotia. 
 
 ATTICA, at/te-ka, a postrtownship of Wyoming co., New 
 York. Pop. 2544. 
 
 ATTICA, or ATTICA CENTRE, a post-village in the 
 above township, on Tonawanda Creek, 31 miles E. of Buf- 
 falo. A branch of the Central R.R. connects here with a 
 branch of the Erie R.R. It contains 1 flour mill, a national 
 bank, 5 churches, 1 carriage niantifactory, and 5 or C stores. 
 
 ATTICA, a iK)st-village of Venice township, Senecii co., 
 Ohio, 77 miles N. of Columbus, and 28 from Sandusky City, 
 on Lake Erie. It has 3 churches, 2 hotels, 1 grist-mill, 
 and several stores. 
 
 ATTICA, a township of Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 082. 
 
 ATTICA, a post-office of I.«nawee co.. Michigan. 
 
 ATTICA, a flourishing post-village of Fountain co., Indi- 
 ana, is finely situated on the Wabash River and Canal, 14 
 miles aliove Covington, the county seat, and 75 miles N.W. 
 of Indianapolis. The surrounding country is diversified by 
 majestic forests and beautiful prairies, and possesses a soil 
 of extreme fertility. Since the canal was completed to this 
 point, (1846,) Attica has rapidly increased in trade and po- 
 pulation, and a large amount of grain, pork, &e. is received 
 here annu.illy. There is a valuable water-power in the 
 vicinity. Pop. in 1860, 1713. 
 
 ATTICA, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa. 
 
 ATTICA, a post-office of Green co., Wisconsin, about 25 
 miles S. of Madison. 
 
 ATTICA CKNTRE, New York. See Attica. 
 
 ATTIGXY, St'teenVee', (anc. JUiniacum.) a town of 
 France, department of Ardennes, 7^ miles N.tr. of Tot> 
 ziers, on the left bank of the Aisne. Pop. 1397. It was the 
 summer residence of many early kings of France, and the 
 se,at of several ecclesiastical councils. 
 
 ATTIXGIIAUSEN, dt/ting-hew'zen, a village of Switzer 
 land, canton of Uri, on the left bank of the Keuss. 2 miles 
 S,W. of Altorf. It was the birthplace of AV alter Fiirst, one 
 of the liberators of Switzerland. 
 
 ATTLEBOROUGH, at/tel-bfir-rtih, a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 14j miles S.W. of Nor- 
 wich, with a station on the Eastern Counties Railway. 
 Pop. in 1851. 2324. 
 
 ATTLEBOROUGH, at'tel-btir-rnh. a post-township of 
 Bristol cq.. Massachusetts, on the Boston and Providence 
 Railroad, 31 miles S.S.E. of Boston, and 11 miles N.N.E. of 
 Providence. It is intersected by Mill River, which affords 
 fine water privileges. The manufacture of jewelry is pro- 
 bably more extensively carried on here than in any other 
 town of equal population in the United States. It has also 
 numerous cotton mills, manufactories of printed calicoes, 
 met.al buttons, clocks, straw bonnets. &c. Attleborough has 
 a bank and an insurance office. A bi-anch railroad. 4 miles 
 long, extends to the Providence and Worcester Railroad, at 
 Vallev Falls. Pop. 6066. 
 
 ATTLEBOROUGH, a po.st-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 120 miles E. of Ilarrisbxirg. and 8 miles N.W. of the 
 Delaware at Bristol. Pop. abotit lOtW. 
 
 AT/TLEBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ATTLEBURY, aftf 1-ber-re, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 AT'TOCK', a fort and small town of Ilindost.an, in the 
 Punj.ib. on the Indus, immediately after the influx of the 
 Cibool River, and where it becomes navigalile, and is 
 crossed by a bridge of boats 537 feet in length, 40 miles 
 E.S.E. of Peshawer. Elevation above the sea, 799 feet. 
 Pop. 2000. The fort, erected by the Enii>eror Akbar in 1681, 
 is strongly built of stone, but commanded by neighboring 
 heights; the town within it has gone greatly to decay. 
 The three conquerors of India, Alexander. Timur, ai d 
 Nadir Shah, appear to have crossed the Indus by means of 
 a bridge at this place, which is supposed to have been the 
 ancient Taxila, 
 
 ATTOO, ATTOU, or ATTU. It-too', the largest of the 
 Aleutian Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 52° 67' N.; 
 Ion. 172° 15' W. 
 
 ATTOOR, it-toor', a fortified town of BriUsh India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, 26 miles E. of Salem. 
 
 AT^rOYAC, a small river of Texa.?. rises in Rusk co., and, 
 flowing southward, enters Angelina River at the S.E. ex 
 tremity of Nacogdoches county. 
 
 ATTRI, dt/tree, a large river of Hindostan, which Las ita 
 
ATT 
 
 source in the S. confines of Thibet, when'e It flows, nnder 
 the name of the Teesta, due S., thrnugt i passage in the 
 Uimalayas; and tiually falls into the main branch of the 
 Ganges at Jafferege, its whole course being upwards of ICU 
 miles. 
 
 AT^TRUCK', or ATTRAK, atHrdk/, a river of Persia, in 
 Khorassan, near the frontier of Khiva, has a W. course, and 
 enters the Caspian Sea on the E. side, 45 miles N. of Astrabad. 
 
 ATTV.\IASS,or atHee-mass', or ALTIMASS, arte-mass/, a 
 parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo. 
 
 ATUKE.S, d-too'rjs, a town of .South America, in Venezuela, 
 on the Orinoco, 105 miles N.N.E. of San Fernando. 
 
 AT'WATKR, a post-township of Portage co., Ohio, about 
 12 miles S. by E. of Ravenna, and intersected by the Cleve- 
 land and Pittsburg Railroad. Pop. 118'. 
 
 AT'UICK, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 AT'WlJOl*, a postrofflce of iJe Kalb co., Alabama. 
 
 AT/WOOD'S KEY, a small island of the B,ihama group, 
 tn the AVest Indies, 33 miles N. by E. of Acklin Island, its 
 centre hill being in lat. 23° 5' N.: Ion. 73° 43' W. 
 
 ATZENDJRF, ifsen-doHO, a village of Prussian Saxony, 
 15 miles S.S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1235. 
 
 ATZOERSDORF, ats'ghers-doRf\ a village of Austria, 5 
 miles S.S.W. of Vienna, on the railway from Vienna to 
 Baden. Pop. 1900, with manufactures of chemical products. 
 
 AU, Ow, many vilUiges in Ravaria, Raden, Upper Austri;i, 
 Switzerland, &c. : and one In Hungary, co. of llonth, 4 uiiKs 
 S.E. of Scliemnitz, with a seat belonging to Prince Ferdi- 
 nand of Saxe Coburg tJotha. 
 
 AURAOXE, O'biiri', (anc. AUialniat) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Houches-du-RhCne. 10 miles E. of Marseilles. 
 Pop. (l^-'2,) 6482, with manufactures of pottery ware and 
 paper; tile-works, tanneries, &c. It was the birthplace of the 
 Abbe Rarthelemy. 
 
 AUiJK. db, a river of France, rises in the plateau of Lan- 
 gres, llaute-Marne, passes Clairvaux, Rar-sur-Aube, and 
 Arcis in the department of Aube, and joins the Seine 23 
 miles X.N.W. of Troyes. after a course of 90 miles. It is 
 navigable from Arcis, 28 miles. 
 
 AUIJE, a department of France, on the Seine, between 
 the departmant,s of Marne, Ilaute-Marne, Cote-d'Or, Yonne, 
 and Si-ine-et-Marne ; between lilt. 47° 55' and 48° 45' N.; 
 formed of the S. part of the province of Champagne and a 
 small part of Burgundy. Area, 2351 square miles. Pop. 
 (1801) 262,785. Climate mild and humid. Surface mo.stly 
 level. The soil in the X.W. part is jx>or and sterile; in the 
 S.E. it is much more productive, especially in cereals and 
 fruits. The rivers are the Seine, the Aube, (an affluent of 
 the Seine,) the Armauoe, and the Vannes, (an affluent of 
 the YoUne. Many work-horses, cattle, and sheep, are 
 reared. The manufacturing industry is active in pottei-y, 
 cotton stuffs and yarn, hosiery, wooUi^ fabrics, glass, 
 and tiles. The department is divided into the arrondisse- 
 ments of Troyes, Arcis-sur-Aube, Rar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur- 
 Seine. and Xogent-sur-Selne. 
 
 AUREL, o'bJl', a town of Belgium, 13 miles N.N.E. of 
 Liege. Pop. 3150. It has a large weekly market, which 
 has been held fiom time inimemori;il. 
 
 AUBEXAS. ob^ni'.or oHieh-nds', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ardfeche, near the Ard^che, 14 miles S.W. of Privas. 
 Pop. (1^2) 7410. Situatedinamagnificentbafiin, surrounded 
 by the volcanoes of the Vivarais. It has an old castle, with 
 silk mills and manufactures of woollen cloths, handker- 
 chiefs, and paper. 
 
 AUREXT'JX. oMj^noHAn"', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Aisne. 32 miles N.E. of Laon, with 1734 inha- 
 bitants, a cottnn-varn factory, and 3 annual tairs. 
 
 AURKRVILI.IERS. S'beRVeeVA'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Seine, 5 miles N. of Paris, with sugar refineries. 
 Pop. 2611. 
 
 AUBETERRE, oVtaiR/, a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Charente, on the Dronne, 25 miles S. of Angoiileme. 
 It is renmrkable for its picturesque position, and for its 
 church l^ewn out of the mountain. 
 
 AURIERE, o^be-ain/, a market-town of France, depart- 
 nient of Puy-de-Dome, 2 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 3780. 
 
 AL'BIERS, Les, lAz o'be-aiR/. a market-town of i'rance, 
 department of Deux Sevres, 9 miles N.W.of Bressuire. Pop. 
 2121. It has manu£ictures of linens, handkerchiefs, and 
 cotton yarn. 
 
 AURIGNY, O^been'yee/, a town of France, department of 
 Cher, on the X6re, 27 miles X. of Bourges. Pop. (1852)2.530, 
 engaged in woollen weaving, tanning, and an active trade 
 in wool and hardware. It confers a ducal title on the Eng- 
 lish Iiuke of Richmond. There are several villages of this 
 tfame in France. 
 
 AURIX, o'biN«', or ALBIX, dl'biN«', a town of France, 
 department of Aveyron, 16 miles NJi. of Yillefranche. 
 Pop. (1S52) 4413. 
 
 AURUXXE, 5'bonn', a town of . Switzerland, canton of 
 Vaud. with fine views of the Alps and the Lake of Geneva, 
 12 mile.< W.S.W. of Lausanne. Pop. 1600. 
 
 AURuURXE, aw'burn, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 AUBURX', aw'biim, Immortalized by Goldsmith in his 
 I 
 
 AUB 
 
 " Deserted Village," is supposed to have been the village <A 
 Li<lioy, in Iicland, co. of Westnieath, near bough Kee, i 
 mile»"N. of Atlilone. and which, since the poet's time, Inis 
 generally received the name by which he rendered it 
 t'amons. 
 
 At''BURX, a post-village, capital of Androscoggin Co., 
 in Maine, on the Androscoggin River and the Maine Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 34 miles N. of Portland. It lias manufactures 
 of boots and shoes, shoe-pegs, sash and blinds, and bobbins. 
 About 300 persons are engaged in the boot and shoe busi- 
 ness. Tlie outlets of two beautiful sheets of water affotd 
 fine mill privileges. enii)loyed for grinding, sawing, ic. 
 Auburn contains several churches and 1 iiutiunal bunk. 
 Pop. of Auburn township in 1850, 2840; in ISiJO, 4U22. 
 
 AURURN, a post-township of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire. Pop. 886. 
 
 AURURN, a jiost-township of Worcester co., Massachu- 
 setts', about 5 miles W. by S. of Worcester. It is intersected 
 bv the Western Railroad and Norwich and Worcester Rail- 
 road. Poll. 914. 
 
 AUBURX, a beautiful city, capital of Cayuga co., New 
 York, on the line of railroad connecting Albany and Buf- 
 falo. 174 miles W. of the former, and 152 miles E. of the 
 latter. It is 2j miles N. by W. of Owasco Lake, the outlet 
 of which Hows through the town. Lat. 42° 53' >i.; Ion. 7C° 
 40' W. The site of this town is somewliat uneven, and the 
 streets present some deviations from a rectangular plan. 
 They are generally wide, well sliaded, and furnished with 
 good sidewalks. The city, on the whole, is very hund.somely 
 iiuilt, and adorned with beautiful gardens, as well as with 
 ornamental shrubs and trees. The princijial public build- 
 ings and mercantile houses are on Genesee street. They 
 are mostly built of brick or stone, and have 3 or 4 stories. 
 Auburn is the seiit of a theological seminary, founded in 
 1821, under the direction of the Presbyterians, with a li- 
 brary of tiOOO volumes. The whole number educated in 
 this institution is about 600. The city contains 1 1 churches, 
 viz. 3 Presbyterian. 1 Episcopalian. 3 Methodist. 1 Baptist, 
 1 Universalist, 1 Second Advent,and 2 Roman Catholic, the 
 Auburn Academy. 6 banks, .and b or 7 newspaper offices. 
 The .\uburn State Prison has acquired much celebrity fbr 
 its pectiliiW system of prison discipline. The building is a 
 large and costly stone structure, enclosed by a wall, which 
 meiisures 500 fi.-et on each side, and abovit 30 feet in height. 
 The number of convicts sometimes amounts to more tlian 
 800. They are employed in a variety of manufactures, the 
 annual proceeds of which are genornll.v sufficient, it is said, 
 to defray the expenses of the establi.shment. The Auburn 
 Academy has from 75 to 100 students, and is furni.shed with 
 good apparatus and cabinets of natural history. There are 
 6 public free-schools, all in a' flourishing condition. The 
 principal hotels are the American, the National Hotel, and 
 the Western Exchange. The Owasco outlet furnishes ex- 
 tensive water-jiower, which is employed in the town or its 
 immediate vicinity iu manufactories of cotton, wool, car- 
 pets, iron, and paper, and in mills of various kinds. An- - 
 burn is only 11 miles by railroad from Cayuga, from which 
 there is steamlx nI and railroad commiinication with Itha- 
 ca, Owego. &c. Pop. iu 1850, 9548; iu 1(560, 10,986; in 1864, 
 about 15,000. 
 
 AUBURX. a village of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. 83 miles N.W. of 
 Philadelphia, and 9 miles S.E. of Potlsville. Pop. 527. ' 
 
 AUBURX, a post-office of Fauquier co.. Virginia. 
 
 AUBURX, a post-office of Wake co., North Carolina. 
 
 AUBURX, a post-office of Gwinnett co., Georgia. 
 
 AUBURN, a thriving post-village of Macon co.. Alabania, 
 on the railroad between Montgomery and West Point, Geor- 
 gia, 60 miles X.E. of the former. It has a healthy situation, 
 and is a place of some importance, on account of its insti- 
 tutions for learning. A tire occurred here in the winter of 
 1851-2, by which a number of houses were consumed. 
 
 AUBURN, a post'-office of Hinds co., Mississippi. 
 
 AUBURN, a post-office of Cannon co., Tennessee. 
 
 AUBURX, a townsliip of Crawford CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1017. 
 
 AUBURX. a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. 
 
 AURURN, a pc st-township of Geauga co., Ohio, about 27 
 miles S.E. by E. of Cleveland. Pop. 942. 
 
 AUBURN, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, on 
 Clinton River and the canal between Clinton River and 
 Lake Michigan, 75 miles E. by S. of Lansing, and 4 miles E. 
 of Pontiac. the county seat. It contains an academy, used 
 also as a church ; 1 store, 1 grist-mill, and 1 sjiw-mill. 
 
 AUBURN, a post-village, capital of Do Kalb co.. Indiana, 
 on Cedar Creek, 134 miles N E. of Indianapolis, and 22 
 miles N. of Fort Wayne. Pop. 639. 
 
 AUBURX, a post-village of Moultrie county. Illinois, 
 2 or 3 miles N. of the Kaskaskia, and 65 miles in a direct 
 line E. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 AURURN. a post-villnge of Sangamon co.. Illinois, 17 
 miles S.S.W. of Springfield It is situated in a riiili farming 
 district, wliich is rapidly increasing in population. 
 
 AURUR.V,a village in the N. central part of Lincoln co., 
 Missonri. about 56 miles N W of St. Louis. 
 
 AUBURX. a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, on the N. 
 
 129 
 
AUB 
 
 bank of Des MMaes River, about 73 mUes S.TV. by W. of 
 
 Iowa City. 
 
 AUBURN, a post- village and township of Fond du fcac co., 
 Wisconsin, about 50 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. I'op. 11^0. 
 
 AUBURN, a poat-towu and capital of Placer county, 
 California, is situated on the main road* from Sacramento 
 to Nevada. ne;ir the junction of the N. and S. forks of Ame- 
 rican River, and 97 miles NJi. of San Francisco. Pop. in 
 ISrO. 811. 
 
 AUI3URN CENTRE, a postroffice of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 AOIBURNDALE, a postroffice of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 AUBURN FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, 
 
 AUBUSSON, o'bils's4x"»'. a town of Fr.ance, department of 
 Creuse, 2u miles S.E. of Gueret, on the Creuse. Pop. (18.^2) 
 6666. It has an active trade, a celebrated carpet factory, 
 and manufactures of woollen stuffs and yarn, velvet, and 
 cotton thread. 
 
 AUCII. ash, (anc. Augtis'ta, afterwards Aus'ci.) a city of 
 France, capit.al of tlie department of Gers,ou the right bank 
 of the Gers. ii miles W. of Toulouse. Pop. (1852) 12,141. It 
 stands on the slope of a hill, crowned by a Gothic cathe- 
 dral ; the upper and the lower town are connected by a cu- 
 rious bridiie of stiirs across the river. The archbishop's 
 palace, prefecture, town-hall, seminary, public library, and 
 barracks are fine edifices. Aueh is the seat of courts of as- 
 size and commerce, a royal college, &c.; it hius manufac- 
 tures of cottons, linens, coarse woollens, and leather, and a 
 trade in wool. wine, and Armagnac brandy. In the times 
 of Ciesar. this city was the capital of the Aus<:i. 
 
 AUCIIKKUACIIEE, aw'chee-hatch'ee, or AUCIIENE- 
 IIATCIIKE. a small river of Georgia. It Is sometimes 
 called Little Ocmuloee. which see. 
 
 AUCIIBNAIRN. SK'en-aiRu', a village of Scotland, co. 
 of Lanark, about 3 miles N.K. of Gksgow. At a short dis- 
 tance S.AV.of Auchenairn is Robroyston, where Wallace was 
 betraved bv the "fiiuse Meiitwith." 
 
 AU'CHINBL.\.E, 6K'in-bli/, a village of Scotland, co. of 
 Kincardine. 
 
 AUGIII.N'DOIR (SKMn-doirO and KEARN, a parish of 
 Scotland. CO. of Aberdeen. 
 
 AUCIIINLECK, (Aflek?) a parLsh of Scotland, co. of 
 Ayr. Here are the mansion and old castle of the Boswell 
 fiunilv. visited and described by Dr. Johnson In 1773. 
 
 AU'CIIMIXHY, 6K'mith-e. a fishing village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Fortar, on the North Sea. oi miles N.E. of Arbroath. 
 AUCIITERARDKR. 6KHfr-aR'der. a town and parish of 
 Scotland. 12 miles S.W. of Perth". Pop. of town, in 1851, 
 2520. The town, once a parliamentary borough, is on the 
 Ruthven. an affluent of the Earn, and on the road between 
 Glasgow and Perth. It has an endowed school, and many 
 handloonis employed for Glasgow hou.ses in the weaving of 
 cotton goods. In this parish originated the dispute regard- 
 ing the Veto Act. which terminated in the secession of 
 the Free Church of Scotland. 
 
 AUCHTERDERRAN, fiK'tgr-dSWr^n, a parish of Scot 
 land. CO. of Fife. 
 
 AUCIITKRGAVEN, fiKHfr-gav'gn, a parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Perth. 
 
 AUCIITERHOUSE, fiKH^r-hOwc©', a pari.sh of Scotland, 
 CO. of Forfar. 
 
 AUCIITERLESS, 6K't^r-less', a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 AUCHTERMUCIITY, SKHep-mus'tee, a royal burgh and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 8 miles W.S.W. of Cupar, on 
 the road to Kinross. Pop. of town, in 1851, 2673. The town 
 is irregularly built on a rapid streamlet, which is used to 
 turn tiax and other mills. Immediately on its S. side is the 
 fine old castle of Myers. 
 
 AUCUTERTOOL, 6K'tfr-tool', a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Fife. 
 AUCIUHLiA, a post-ofBce of Jefferson co., Florida. 
 AUCK'LAND, a maritime county of New South Wales, 60 
 miles in length and 40 in breadth. 
 
 AUCKLAND, dwk'Land, a port and thriving settlement in 
 New Zealand, island of New Ulster. LatoCdl'S.: lon.l75''45' 
 E. The general appearance of the town is not prepossessing. 
 The harbor is good and safe, and the water of great depth ; 
 but the landing-places are exceedingly bad, and at low 
 water, and even half-ebb, are unapproachable, from the ex- 
 tent of soft mud that stretches far out into the sea. The 
 customs' duties in 1848 exceeded 20.000Z., being nearly 
 7000?. more than they were rn .1847. The country around 
 is not remarkable for fertility, but yields sufficient for the 
 present population of the settlement. Pop. in 1844, 2754; 
 In 1847. 5217. 
 
 AUCKLAND, BISHOP, a market-town of England, co., and 
 lOi miles S.W. of Durham. The n.ime is derived from the 
 vicinity of the bishop's palace, origin.ally built in the thir- 
 teenth century, but since almost entirely renewed. Pop. in 
 1S61. 5112. 
 
 AUCKLAND ISLANDS, a group of one large and seve- 
 taX small islands in the South Pacific Ocean, S. of New 
 130 
 
 AUE 
 
 Zealand. Lat. 50° 48' S.; Ion. 166° 42' E. The largert 
 island is alKiut 30 miles long and 15 miles broad, has twc 
 good harbors, and is covered with the richest vegetation. 
 These islands have been granted by the English govern- 
 ment to the Messrs. Enderhy, (by one of who.se ships they 
 were discovered in 1800.) as a central whaling station. 
 
 AUCK'LAND (OAK'LAND) ST. ANDREW, a parish of 
 England, co. of Durham. 
 
 AUCKL.^ND, WEST, a township of England, co. of Dur- 
 h.am, 4 miles S.W. of BLslKHvAuckland. Pop. in 18ol, 2303, 
 employed in various manufactures. It gives the title of earl 
 to the Eden family. Within a short distance is Raby Castle, 
 the noble seat of the Duke of Cleveland. 
 
 AU^OIS, o^swi/, a village of Savoy, 7693 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is cvlebrated as the most elevated vil- 
 lage in Europe, a distinction foi-merly conferred on Saint A'e- 
 raii. in the depiirtmeut of U antes- Alpes, (6088 feet in height.) 
 
 AUCUTTA, one of the Laccadive Islands, off the Malaliar 
 coast. Lat. 10° 51' N.; ion. 72° 17' E. It is about oj miles 
 in length, and half a mile in breadth. 
 
 AUDE, od, (anc. A'iax,) a river of France, rises in the 
 Eastern Pyrenees, near the village of Angles, flows at first 
 N. to Carcassonne, and then E. to the Mediterranean, which 
 it enters 6 miles E.N.E. of Narlx)nne, after a cour.se of 130 
 miles, almost wholly within the department to which it 
 gives its name. 
 
 AUDE, a maritime department of the South of France, 
 formed of part of ancient Liinguedoc. Capit.-il. Carc.a.s.sonne. 
 Bounded on the N. by the depiirtments of llerault and Tarn, 
 on the E. by the Mediterranean, on the S. liy Pyrenees- 
 Orientales, and on the W. by Arifige and Haute-Garonne 
 Area, 2340 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 283,606. Climate 
 variable, and subject to violent winds during several months 
 of the year. Soil generally fertile; surface broken up by 
 mountains and hills; it contains iron-mines, marble quar- 
 rie.s, and mineral waters. The rivers and canals are the 
 Aude, the Lers, and the Berre; the Orbiel, Orbieu, and 
 Cesse, affluents of th.i Aude: the Canal of Languedoc, or 
 Canal du Midi, intersects this department from W. to E., 
 and the Canal of Kobine or Narlx)une traverses the E. por- 
 tion from N. to S. Corn and wine are raised beyond the 
 demand for home consumption, and form important objects 
 of commerce. It has manufiu'tures of woollen cloths, paper, 
 and ironware, brandy distilleries, salt-works, and potteries. 
 The department is divided into the arrondissemenls of Car- 
 cassonne, Castelnaudary, Limoux, and Narbonne. 
 
 AUDEXARDE. oMen-aud', or OUDENARDE, Ow'den-ait/ 
 dfh, a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the 
 Scheldt, 14 milesS.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. in 1842, 0202. It is 
 generally well built, and has a fine Gothic town-hall. Chief 
 industry, tanning and brewing. It 'is celebrated for the 
 victory gaint'd by I'rince Eugene of Savoy over the Duke of 
 Burgundy, 11 th of July, 1708. 
 
 AUDENGE, 0M6xzh', a village of France, with a llshing 
 port, department of Gironde, 23 miles S.W. of Bordeaux, on 
 theBiissind'Areachon. Pop. H78. 
 
 AUDENIIAIN, Ow/dgn-liiue\ a village of Prussian Saxo- 
 ny, circle of Torgau. Pop. 1070. 
 
 AUIVENSII.'V.W, a township of England, co. of Lanca.ster, 
 parish of Ashton-under-Lyne. on the Ashton Canal. 4^ miles 
 E. by S. of Manchester. Pop. in 1851, 5427, employed in hat- 
 making, cotton-printing, and silk-weaving. 
 
 AUDIERNE. o'de-aian', a town of France, department of 
 Finistere, with a port on the Bay of Aude, at the mouth 
 of the Goyen, 20 miles W. of Quimper. Pop. 1485. 
 
 AUDINCOURT, 8"dLN»'kooR/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Doubs. 3 miles S.S.E. of Montbeliard. on the right 
 bank of the Doubs. It has a consistorial Protestant church, 
 iron foundries, and cotton-.spinning. Pop. (1851) 2144. 
 
 AUIVLEM, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 AUDLEY. awdlee, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 AU^DRAIN', a county in the N.E. central part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 68o" square miles. It is drained by the 
 North Fork and Long Branch of Salt River, and by the 
 sources of Rivifere an Cuivre. The surface is level or undu- 
 lating ; the soil fertile. A large portion of the county fcon- 
 sists of Prairies, well adapted to pasturage. Capital, Mexico. 
 Pop. 8075; of whom 6909 were free. 
 
 AUDRUICK, oMr'week', a town of France, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, on the railway from Paris to Calais, 12 miles 
 E.S.E. of Calais. Pop. in 1852. 2263. 
 
 AUDUBON, aw'dfi-bon, (Fr. pron. o'dii'bAs'",) a new 
 county towards the S.'W part of Iowa, has an area of about 
 630 square miles. It Ls traversed by the Nishnabatona 
 River, an affluent of the Missouri. This county is not in- 
 cluded in tlie census of 1850. Pop. in ISC.O, 454. Named 
 in honor of John J. Audubon, the distinguished ornithol- 
 ogist. Capital, E.xira. 
 
 AUDUBON, a post-office of Il.ardem.an co., Tennessee. 
 
 AUDUBON,asmall4X)st-vill.igeofMontgomery CO.. Illinois. 
 
 AUE, 6w'eh, a town of Saxony, 12 miles S.E. of Zwickau, 
 has an old town-house, a knitting-school, and a tiu-furnaoa 
 and stamping-mill. In the neighborhood are tin-mines 
 beds of porcelain earth, and stone quarries. Pop. 11.50. 
 
 AUE, the name of geveral rivers in Germany, particuUrfy 
 
AUE 
 
 AUG 
 
 of tTTO In Ilanover; the one of which joins the Aller. near 
 Oellf, and the other falls into the Kllje, a few miles below 
 llomeburjr. 
 
 AUKKBACn. «w'fr-hjK\ a town of Germany, in Saxony. 
 15 miles S.S.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 3117. It has manulhc- 
 tures of muslin, calico, lace, needles, and potash. 
 
 .\Ui;iU!AC'II, a town of Germany, in I5.^vari.'i, on a hill 
 abonndini: with caverns, 18 miles S. of IJaireuth. I'op. 1750. 
 
 AUKItUACII, a town of Germany, in Ilesst^Darmstadt, 
 province of Starkenburir, 12 miles S. of Darmstadt, on 
 the railway from Darmstadt to lleidellxirsc, with a sum- 
 mer residence for the grand-duke, and mineral springs re- 
 sorted to by numerous visitors. I'op. ICOO. 
 
 AUKH.S15KHG. Ow'erR-li4R)^\^anc. Arupiumf) avillageand 
 castle of Austria, lllyria. 12 miles .S.S.K. of Laibach. 
 
 AUKKSTADT, (Auerstidt.) aw'er-st<^tt\ a village of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, (joveriinient of .Merseburg, 10 miles W. of 
 Naumburjj. Here the French under Davoust vanfjuished 
 the Prussians und((r the King of Prussia, October 14, 180*5. 
 
 AUFIDENA. See Ai.fidbjja. 
 
 AUFIDUS. SeeOFAXTo. 
 
 AUGKROfJiKS, OV.hfr-oll', a town of France, department 
 of l'uv-ie-D6mo. canton of Courpidre. Pop. (IS.Vi) 2592. 
 
 AUGK. VALl.KB D', vSn.Vdd/.h'. a country of France, de- 
 partment of Calvados. It is fertile in frrain. fruit, and Hax, 
 and iias excellent pasturajte. in which the finest horses and 
 cattle of Normandy are reared. 
 
 AUGGUK. awnV&r', a town of llindostan, province of 
 Malwab,40miles N.K. of Gojein, lat.2;P 43' .\.. Ion. 76= 1' K.. 
 between two artificial lakes, on a rocky heiirht 1598 feet 
 above the sea. It is surrounded by a stone wall, and con- 
 tains a Well-built native fortification, but chiefly composed 
 of mud houses, in 1S20. 5000 in number. 
 
 AUftHAUEY, aw'iiil-t),V, an important coal di.strict of Ire- 
 land, in Counaught, on the N. border of the co. of Roscom- 
 mon. 
 
 AUGIIALOO. aw'Ha-loo', or AUGIILOF^, Awn-W, a parish 
 of Iifland. Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 AUGllAVAL, aw-Hov'al. or OUGIIRVAL, Cw-nev'al. a 
 parish of Ireland. Connaujiht, co. of Mayo, comprising the 
 towns of Westport and \\\-stpnrt-<iuay, (whicli see.) 
 
 AUGIIAVEA, aw'na-vA', a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Fermanagh. 
 
 AUHillKK, aw'ner, a town and castle of Ireland, ITlster, 
 CO. of Tyrone. 2 miles N.K. of Clofrher. Pop. 763. 
 
 .\UGHM.\C.\KT, awii*mj-kary, ap-irish of Ireland, Leins- 
 ter. Queen's co. 
 
 AUGIIXACFjOY, awn'na-kloy', a market-town of Ireland, 
 Ulster, CO. of Tyrone, parish of Carreteel, 11 miles X. of .Mo- 
 na^han. Pop. lS4i. 
 
 AUGIINAMULLKX. awii-nj-mullen, a parish of Ireland, 
 Ulster. CO. of Mona'.:han. 
 
 AUGII.VISII or AGII.MSII, awri'nish, a parish of Ireland, 
 Ulster. CO. of Doneiial. 
 
 AlKillUIM. See AonniM. 
 
 ArtillTiiN, aw't<m. a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 Al'Gin'DN.a parish of England co. of York, East Kiding. 
 
 AlIiiIL..\, or AUJ1L.V, a town of North Africa. See 
 
 AlVKKH. 
 
 AU(iLAI7iE aw-glAze/, a river of Ohio, rises in the \.W. 
 central part of the state, and flows into the Maumee Kiver 
 at Defiance. It is navigable for keel-lxiatstoWapahkonetta. 
 The largest affluents of this river are Blanchard's Fork and 
 Ottawa Kiver. 
 
 AUGLAIZK, a river in the W. central part of Missouri, 
 formed by the union of two Ijranches. termed the Wet and 
 Dry .\ugiaiise. falls into the Osage a few miles below Erie, 
 in Camden county. The main stream is also termed the 
 Grand Auglaize, and the Grand GlaTO. Brandies. — The Dry 
 Auglaize, named from the circumstance that a part of its 
 sources are in the tract called the " Dry Glaze," in La Clede 
 county, after inter.secting Camden county, joins the other 
 branch to form the Grand .\uglaize. The Wet Auglaize is 
 chiefly compiised in Camden county, and derives its name 
 from the tract called the " Wet Glaze," through which it 
 flows. * 
 
 AUGLAIZK. a county in the W. part of Ohio, contains 
 399 square miles. It is drained by the liead streams of the 
 Auglaize and St. Slary's Kivers, from the former of wliich 
 the name is derived. The surface is nearly level, and partly 
 covered with forests of hard timber; the soil is good. The 
 county is intersected by the Miami and Erie Canal. Near 
 the W. border is a reservoir, 9 miles in length, formed to 
 supply the canal, and occupying the summit level between 
 the ( tiiio Kiver and Uake Erie. Auglaize county- was formed 
 a few years ago by a division of Allen and Mercer counties. 
 Capitil. Wapahlvonetta. Pop. 17,1S7. 
 
 AUGL.\.IZE, a township of Allen CO., Ohio. Pop. 1669. 
 
 AIHJLAIZE, a township of Paulding co.. Ohio. Pop. 500. 
 
 AUGLAIZE, a postKjfhce of Van Wert co., Ohio. 
 
 AUGS'lJUKG. (Ger. pron. uwgs'bSdRO. anc. Augiis^ta Vin- 
 deh'cn'rum.) a city of Bavaria, capital of the province of Swa- 
 bla and Neuburg, on a rising ground in a fertile plain, at 
 the angle formed bv the junction of the Wertach and the 
 leeh, 35 miles N.W. of Munich. Lat. (St. Ulricas Tower) 
 
 4SO 21 ' 42" N. ; Ion . 10° 54' 1 6" E. A ugsbwrg hs? oser. innR 
 distinguished by its commercial spirit and i>y the activity 
 .and industry of its inh.al.itants. and, although not now so 
 important a place as formerly, is still the seat of extensive 
 manufactures. The principal public works are 4 cotton fac- 
 tories, spinning and weaving, one of them having 40.000 
 spindles, a flax-mill, silk factory, machine factory. pa}>er- 
 mills, lirass foundry, and the military foundry, containing 
 the princip:il cannon foundry in Havana. An extensive 
 trade is done in printing, engraving, and bookl)inding, and 
 the celebrated Algi-mrine. Zeitunr/. the leading journal of 
 Germany, started in 17'J.S, is pul'iished here. But the prin- 
 cipal branch of business to which the city owes much of its 
 modem importance are l>anking and stock exchange ope- 
 rations — .\ugsburg, next to Frankfort, Iieing one of the most 
 influential money markets on the continent. It is also the 
 emporium of the merchandise, and tlie chief mart for the 
 8.alo of wines of Italy. Switzerl-ind. and the S. of Germany, 
 and hence lias an extensive transit trade. Its mercantile 
 establishments are aiwve 200, and its annual circulation in 
 bills and merchandise varies in value from $14,000,000 to 
 fis,0()(i,oti0. It is cotinect<"d by a niih-ooU with Mn- 
 nii'h. and. in the opiiosite diri-<:tIon, with Nureinl>erg. Bam- 
 berg, and .«axony. Augsl)urg is a place of great antiquity, 
 the Emperor Augustus having estatilished a colony thi-ix> 
 about 12 years n. c. Augsburg e.arly took a conspicuous part 
 in the Heform.ati<m, with which, for a long series of years, 
 its history is closely connected. Augsburg is the birthplace 
 of Holbein the elder, and other eminent ariiata. I'op. 
 45,389 including alxiut 15.000 Protestants. 
 
 AUGST, Awost, two <-ontiguous villages of Switzerland, 
 cantons of Basel and Aargau. on the Khine. at tlie influx 
 of the Ergolz, 6 miles K. of Basel, supposed to oecuj)y the 
 site of the ancient AuqiixHa Htntraafrum. 
 
 AUGSTHOLZ. Swcst'hAlts, or AUOSTHOLZBAD, Owost'- 
 hAlts-ldt. a bathing-place of considerable res»)rt, in .'Switzer- 
 land, pn-ttily situated near the S. side of Baldegger Sea. in 
 the .N.K. of Luzerne. On a gentle rising ground in the 
 neighlifirhood stands an ancient castle, once a commandery 
 of knight.s, supposed to have been founded in tlie eleventh 
 century. 
 
 AUGUS'T.V, a county in the central part of Virgini.n, 
 forming part of the Great Valli*y which extends along the 
 N.W. Imse of tlie Blue Kidge. The area is atout 9(K) square 
 miles. The Shenandoah and Calf Pasture Kivers rise in the 
 county. Tile S.K. ixmndary is fonned liy the Blue Hidge; 
 the surface of the valley is elevated and hilly; tlie soil is 
 calcareous, and very productive of grain and grass. The 
 quantity of liay raised in 1850 was l,').28u tons — greater 
 than was produced In any other ctmnty of the state, except 
 KiM-kini:h;iin county; and tliat of butter, 275.483 pounds — 
 greater than in any except I/Oudon county. Fine limestone 
 uudi'rlies a great part of the valley, and extensive l>eds of 
 anthrsu-ite coal have iK-en ojM^ned. The Central Kailroad of 
 Virginia pasfes through t4iis county, and connects it with 
 Rii'iimond. Augusta county was fonned fromOninge in 
 1738. Capital, Staunton. Pop. 27,749; of whom 22,133 
 were free, and .'iODi slaves. 
 
 AUGUST.\, a city, seat of justice of Kenneliec county, 
 Maine, and capital of the state, at the head of sloop naviga- 
 tion, on the Kennebec Kiver, 4:i miles from its mouth. By 
 railroad it is ft) miles N.N.E. of Portland, ti7 miles S.W of 
 Bangor, and 175 N.X.E. of Boston. Lat. 44° 19' X. : Ion. 69° 
 50' W. The city is situate<i principally on the right bank 
 of the Kenneliec Kiver, which is here crossed by a bridge 
 520 feet long. About a quarter of a mile above this, a rail- 
 raad bridge, about 9iX) feet in length, has just been com- 
 pleted. A short distance westivard from the river the ground 
 suddenly rises to a considerable elevation, after which the 
 a.scent is very gradual. On this elevation are most of the 
 residences and several of the hotels. The business portion 
 of the city is principally along the bank of the river under 
 tlio hill. The state-house — a noble structure of whitish 
 granite, at the southern extremity of the city — occupies an 
 eminence commanding a wide and varied prospect. Imme- 
 diately in front is a spacious park, handsomely adorned 
 with walks and shade-trees. On the E. side of the river if 
 the United States Arsenal, surrounded with extensive 
 grounds, tastefully laid out and enclosed by a neat iron 
 fence. The arsenal contains alKiut 2000 stand of arms, be- 
 sides cannon and other munitions of war. The hospital for 
 the insane, on the .same side of the river, occupies an ele- 
 vated position, overlooking a landscape of almost unrivalled 
 beauty. Augusta has 9 or 10 churches of the various deno- 
 minations. 4 or 5 banks, and a flonrisliing female academy. 
 It contains several manufactories, among which may be 
 mentioned a large cotton-mill, and 8 or 9 hotels, the i)rin- 
 cip.al of which are the Stanley House, the Augtista House, 
 and tlie Mansion House. By the construction of a dam, 
 584 feet in length, across tlie Kennebec, about one-third 
 of a mile N. of the city, a vast hydraulic power has been 
 created for manufacturing purposes. By this means, tlio 
 navigation of the river above lias been greatly improved, 
 so that during tlie summer season several steamboats 
 ply daily between Augusta and Wuterville. The Portland 
 
 131 
 
AUG 
 
 »ni. Kennebec Kailroad, connecting Portland with Water- 
 v-ille, passes through Augusta. Pop. in 1830, 30S0; in 1S40, 
 u314 ; in 1850, 8225 ; in 18(30, 7(109. All the husiness portion 
 oi the city was destroyed by fire September 17, 1865. 
 
 AU(jlJSrA,a post-village mid townshiji of" Oneida CO.. New 
 Yoik, on Skananiloa Creek, about 100 miles \V. by N. of 
 Albany. Tlie village has 3 or 4 churches, an academy, and 
 several stores. Pop. of township, 2213. 
 
 Ab'GL'ST.V, a post-village in the central part of SusSRX 
 CO., New .Tei-sey, about 65 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 AUGUST.^., a thriving village of Potter county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Kettle Creek, an affluent of the Susquehanna. 
 The township is said to be connected by water (not navi- 
 gable) with the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, and Che.sa- 
 peake Bay. Pine timber abounds in the vicinity, and forms 
 the chief article of export. 
 
 AUGUST-^., a handsome city of Georgia, and capital of 
 Richmond county, on the Savannah Kiver, 231 miles from 
 its mouth, 120 miles N.X.W. from Savannah, and 136 miles 
 N.^V. from Charleston. Lat. 33° 28' N. ; Ion. 81° 54' W. It 
 is the second city of the state in population and importance. 
 The Georgia Railroad, of which Augusta is the eastern ter- 
 minus, extends to .'Vtlanta. and the South Carolina Kailroad 
 connects it with Charleston. The following extract from a 
 letter received from a highly intelligent gentleman of this 
 place, will be interesting, as explaining the causes of its for- 
 mer and present prosperity : — " Situated at the head of navi- 
 gation on Savannah River, it was for many years the chief 
 and, indei-^d, only inland town of the state of any commercial 
 importance, and so continued until that spirit of internal 
 im|>rovement was aroused in the people of Georgia, which 
 Ikis acquired for our state the enviable fame of the empire 
 state of the South. For some years after the construction 
 of the Georgia Railroad, Augusta visibly declined, as was 
 manifested by the tenantless houses, empty streets, and de- 
 crease in population. This decline was owing to the fact 
 that the peculiar kind of trade (the w,igim trade) on which 
 the prosperity of the city had depended, was entirely taken 
 away from her. This blight, however, was not of long dura- 
 tion. The character of our business has altogether changed. 
 The upper country of Georgia has been den.sely settled, the 
 advance in improvement and civilization htis created new 
 wants where none before existed; villages have sprung 
 mushroom-like into life, and the merchants of these country 
 villages have become to those of Augusta what the mer- 
 chants of Augusta were to those of Charleston, New York, 
 and Philadelphia. In a word, our merchants have esta- 
 blijihed a whoie.sjile business, and now sell tens of thou- 
 sands where before they sold but thousands. Another cause 
 of prosperity is the Augusta Canal, which was constructed 
 in 1845. It is 9 miles in length, and brings the waters of 
 the Savannah River some 35 or 40 feet above the level of the 
 city. By the water-power thus furnished, factories, machine 
 shnps, and other such establishments, have been erected, 
 and are now in successful opA-ation. Now there are no 
 houses tenantless, and none to be procured at any rent. 
 New buildings are going up every day for the accommoda- 
 tion of our increased population. Augusta has increased in 
 lii>liu!iition wonderfully in the last 5 or 6 years." Popuhi- 
 tion in 1850, about 12,000; in 1860, 12,493. The streets 
 are wide, striiight, and lighted with gas. Among the re- 
 markable public buildings are the city-hall, which cost 
 SlOO 000, the Richmond Academy, a masonic hall, and a 
 medical college. Augusta also contains about 14 churches, 
 a hospital, arsenal, 6 banks, (including a branch of the 
 state bank.) and 4 or 5 newspaper offices. A line of steam- 
 boats communicates with Savannah. A bridge crossing the 
 river connects the city with Hamburg in South Carolina. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a post'-office of Benton co., Florida. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a post-village, oipital of Perry co., Mississippi, 
 on the Leaf River, a branch of the Pascagoula, 173 miles 
 S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a village of De Soto parish, Louisiana, 11 
 miles N.B. of Mansfield. 
 
 AUGUST.^, a flourishing post-vill.age of Jackson co., Ar- 
 kansas, on White River, and on the route of the projected 
 railroad from Little Rock to St. Louis. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a post-village of Bracken county, Kentucky, 
 is beautifully situated on the Ohio River, 45 miles above 
 Cincinnati, and 74 miles N.K. of Frankfort. It has a good 
 landing, and is the most important town in the county, on 
 account of trade and manufactures. It contiiins a town-hall, 
 3 brick churches, several tob.acco warehouses, large steam 
 flouring-mills, and a tannery. This pUice is the seat of 
 Augusta College, which was founded in 1825. Pop. about 
 1000. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, 135 miles 
 E.N.R. of Columbus. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a pcst-village of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, on 
 the Kalamazoo River, and on the Central Railroad, 1.30 miles 
 W. of Detroit, and 12 miles E. by N. of Kahunazoo village. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a township of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 
 rop. lUn. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a post-village of Marlon co., Indiana, on the 
 Michigan road, 9 miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 132 
 
 AUM 
 
 AUGUSTA, a village of Noble co., Indiana, about 125 
 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis, was formerly the county seat, 
 and still contains the jail and recorders office. 
 
 AL'Gl'ST.t. a postrvillage of Hancock co., Illinois, about 
 95 miles N.W. fi-om Springfield, is situated in a rich prairie, 
 Pop. of .Augusta town>bip. 1679. 
 
 AUGU.'^TA, a post-offlce of St. Charles co., Missouri. 
 
 AUGUSfA or NORTH AUGUSTA, a post-village of Des 
 Moines co , Iowa, on the left bank of Skunk river, about 11 
 miles W.S.W. of Burlington, and opposite tlie village of 
 South Augusta in Lee countv. Pop. 4.'i2. 
 
 AUGUSTA, called also SOUTH AUGUSTA, a post-village 
 of Lee county, Iowa, on Skunk River, about 10 miles N.N.E. 
 of Fort Madison, the county seat. The river affords water- 
 power for a few mills. 
 
 AUGUS'TA or AGOSTA, a settlement of Western Austrar 
 lia. capital of the district of Sussex, on the W. side of Flin- 
 ders' Bay. in a fertile country; founded by Governor Stir- 
 ling in 1S30. 
 
 AUGUSTA BONA. See Trotf,.s. 
 
 AUGUSTA E.MERITA. See Merida. 
 
 AUGU.STA SPRINGS, Augusta county, Virginia. 12 mileH 
 N.W. of Staunton, the county seat. The situation of this 
 medicinal fountain is highly picture.siiue and delightful, 
 and the accommodations for visitors are ample. 
 
 AUGUSTA STATION, a post-office of Marion oo., Indiana. 
 
 AUGUSTA SUESSIONUM. See S01S.SOMS. 
 
 AUGUSTA TAURINORUM. See Turin. 
 
 AUGUSTA VEUOMANDUORUM. See St. Que-N'tix. 
 
 AUGUSTA VINDELIGIKUM. See AiosuuRG. 
 
 AUGUSTENBORG, Ow'goos-tgn-boEg\ a ducal castle and 
 village of Denmai'k. island of Alsen. 
 
 AUGUSTENBORG, <hv'goos-ten-bonG\ a Danish factory of 
 Africa. Accra, Guinea coast, 9 miles from Christiaiisboi-g. 
 
 AUGUSTINUSGA, ow-gUs-tin-U.s'Ha. a village of Holland 
 province of Friesland, 17 miles E. of Leeuwarden. 
 
 AVGISTIODUNUM. See AuTUx. 
 
 AUG L>^T( l.MAGUS. See Sexlis. 
 
 AC(JUSTONOMETUM. See Cuhimokt-F.uiraM). 
 
 AUGUSTORITUM. See Limooes. 
 
 AUGUSTOWO, 6w-goos-to'vo, written also AUGUSTOW, 
 the northernmost province of Poland, between lat. 52° 40* 
 and 55° 5' N. The surface is partly mount;iinons. mar.shy, 
 and densely wooded. Chief rivers, the Niemen and Bug. 
 Chief towns, Suwiilki. tlm c.ipit.il, AVvsztynie. WIadi.«lawow. 
 
 AUGUSTOWO or AUGUSTOW. a"town of Poland, in the 
 above province, on the Netta, 140 miles N.E. of Warsaw. 
 Pop. 7321. It has manufactures of woollen and cotton gwids, 
 and a considerable trade in horses and cattle. It was founded 
 by Sigismund in 15-57. 
 
 AUGUSTOWO, Canal op, a canal of Poland, which 
 unites the Vistula with the Niemen River, and oonnects it 
 with the Baltic at Memel. through the rivers Narew, Bobr, 
 and Netta. extending from Wizna, on the Narew. to the 
 Niemen, 14 miles N. of Grodno, a distance of 150 miles; it 
 is from 6 to 6 feet deep, furnished with 17 locks, and was 
 completed between 1821 and 1831. 
 
 AUJEELA, AUJILA. or AUGILA, aw-jee/li. or 6w-jee'lA, 
 an oasis and town of .Africa. Sahara, on a route between Fez- 
 zan and Ijower Egypt, 150 miles S.E. of the great Syrtis. (a 
 gulf of the Mediterranean.) Lat. alxiut 29° 20' N. : Ion. 22° E. 
 
 AUKBOROUGH, awk'bftr-gh, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 AULA, Ow'13, a vUlnge of Northern Italy, on the Aula, 
 10 miles N.W. of Massa. Pop. 1800. 
 
 AULA, the name of several villages in Gennany and 
 Spain. 
 
 AULDE-ARN. dwVdairn, a maritime parish and village of 
 Scotland, co. of Nairn. E. of the village, in May, 1645, Mon- 
 trose gained the battle of Auldearn. 
 
 AUTjETTA, Ow-letti. a town of Naples, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, on the Calore, 25 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 
 2100. 
 
 AULLAOAS, Lagcna be Ij-goo'nil d.-l Cwl-y^'g^s. a 
 lake of Bolivia, in the valley of Desaguadero. which lies be- 
 tweim two lofty ranges of fhe Andes, at an elevation of 
 about 12,800 feet. 
 
 AULN AY-SUK-ODON. srn.V-sUR-oMAN"'. a town of France, 
 department of Calvados. 18 miles N.E.of Vire. on the Odon. 
 Pop. 2102, who manufacture cotton goods. Several villagoa 
 of France are named Aulnay. 
 
 AULNE. Cn. a river of France, depai-tment of Finistire, 
 passes Chat<>auneuf (whence it is navigable) and Chateaulin, 
 and enters Brest Road at Liiudevenec. It forms p;u-t of the 
 canal from Nantes to Brest. 
 
 AULONA. See Avloxa. 
 
 AUI,1'S. SeeAuPS. 
 
 AULT. 0. a town of France, department of Somme. onthe 
 English Channel. 17 miles W. of .Abl)eville. Pop. 1371. 
 
 AULT-HUCK'NALL. a parish of England, co.of Derbv 
 
 AUJI-A. Ow'mi. a town of Germany, ducbv cf Saxe Wei- 
 mar, on the Orla, 7 miles S.E. of .Neustadt. Pop 1600. 
 
 AU'SI.ACKSTOWN, a village of New Jersey. Soe Cebar 
 
 AUMALE, 6'mll', (formerly ALBEMARLE, ai'bfh-maiU/O 
 
ADM 
 
 AUS 
 
 a town of France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, on the 
 Bresle. 13 miles E.X.K. of Xeufthatel. In 15'Ji it was the 
 scene of a (wmbat with the Spaniards, in which ilenry IV. 
 was wounded. 
 
 Al/■'MA^'S UILL, a post-office of Montgomery co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 AUMXIER, awm-neeK.a populous town of India, 50 miles 
 W.X.AV. of Xajrpoor, on the Wurdab. 
 
 AUXAY, o'ni', a town of France, dep.irtment of Charente- 
 luferieure, 16N.E. S. of St. Jean d'Angely. 
 
 AUXAY, a village of France, department of Xi" vre. P. 1114. 
 
 AUXAY, a village of France, department of Eure-et^Loir. 
 Fop. 1021. 
 
 AUXEAU, 6*n6', a town of France, department of Eure-et- 
 Loir. Pop. 1699. 
 
 AUXEUlLi, O'nul', a village of France, department of Oise, 
 Pop. 1.3(t3. 
 
 AUXIS O^necce/ or 5'nee', an old province in the W. of 
 France, lietween .Saintonge, I'oitou, and the Atlantic, form- 
 Ing. with Saiuttnige, the modern depiirtment of Chareute- 
 Inferieuro. 
 
 AUXSIiY, awnsliee, a parish of Eni;land, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 AUP8. ops, or AULPS, a town of France, department of 
 Var, 15 miles N.W. of Draguignan. Pop. 2u68. 
 
 AUKAKIA, aw-rah're-a, a p<3st-village of Lumpkin co., 
 Georgia, 136 miles X.X.AV. of Milledgeville, is surrounded 
 by a hilly region containing valuable gold-mines. 
 
 AU K AS, Ow'rds, a town of Prussian Silesia, 11 miles N.N.W. 
 of Breshiu, with a castle. Pop. 1020. 
 
 AUK.W, S'rif. a river-port of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan, on the Aura}-, 10 miles W. of Vannes. Pop. (IS.'i'.) 
 3S1S2. It is neatly built, and has an excellent port, with 
 fisheries, and cotton spinning. In 1364, Dii Guesclin was 
 made prisoner here. 
 
 AUKK. 6r, a river of France, department of Calvados, an 
 affluent of the Drome. Total cour.se, X.X.W., 20 miles. 
 
 AUKE, a river of France, department of Eure-et-lx)ir, an 
 affluent of the Eure from the left. Coui-se, E.X.E., 32 miles. 
 
 AURE, VAL D', v41 don, one of the four valleys of Upper 
 Armagnac. department of llautes-Pyrenees, in France. 
 
 AUREIj1U8, aw-ree'le-tis, a post-township of Cayuga CO., 
 New York, about 170 miles W. by N. of Albany, is situated 
 at the X. end of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 2628 
 
 AI'RELIIIS, a post-township in the N. part of Washing- 
 ton CO., Ohio, about 16 miles N. of Marietta. INjp. 832. 
 
 AUR1<;L1US. a township of Ingham co., Slicliigan, about 
 80 niib's N W. by W. of Detroit. Pop. 11U7. 
 
 AURIAC, 6're-lk', a small town of France, department of 
 Uaute-daronne, 19 miles S.E. of Toulou.se. 
 
 AURICII, Ow'riK, a town of the kingdom of Hanover, capi- 
 tal of the principality of East Friesland, 13 miles N.E. of 
 Emden. with which it is connected by a canal. Pop. 3000. 
 It is well built.andhasacjistle in which the provincial coun- 
 cil meets, Lutheran and Calvinistic churches, a gj-mnasium 
 and public library ; also distilleries, manufactures of ropes 
 and toViacco, and an active trade in horses. 
 
 AURIE.SVILLE, aw'reez-vil, a post-otflce of Montgomery 
 CO., Xew York. 
 
 AURIGXAC, o^reenVik', a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaute-Garonne, 38 miles S.W. of Toulouse. 
 
 AURIGNY, dVeeu^ee', one of the Cliannel Islands. See 
 Alderxev. 
 
 AUR1LL.\C, CVeel\vik', (anc. Aureliacum,) a town of 
 Fr.ance, capitiil of the department of Cantjil, (Auvergne,) 209 
 miles S. of Paris. It is agreeably situated in a valley, on 
 the Kank of the Jourdanne, is well built, and walled. The 
 houses are covered with slates, obtained from quarries in 
 the vicinity, and the streets, though irregular, are wide and 
 clean, being constantly irrigated by the overflowings of a 
 large reservoir at the top of the town, into which two foun- 
 tains pour their copious supplies. At the lower part of the 
 town, along the side of the river, is the public walk, called 
 Oours-Montyon, or, commonly, Le Gravier, at one end of 
 which is an elegant bridge of three arches over the Jour- 
 danne, and at the other a beautiful fountain, surmounted 
 by a column. Among the ancient buildings of Aurillac may 
 be mentioned the castle of St. Stephen, the church of St. 
 Gerand, that of Xotre Dame of the thirteenth century, and 
 the college, an extensive pileof buildings, containing a valu- 
 able library and a cabinet of mineralogy. The principal ma- 
 nufactures are kettles, and other utensilsof copper, jewelry, 
 woollen stuffs, carpets, blondes, lace, and paper. Pop. 10,917. 
 
 AURIOL. 6Ve-<il', a village of France, department of Bou- 
 ches-du-Rhone, 14 miles X.E. of Marseilles. Pop. 3323. It 
 tjas coal, and copper-works. 
 
 AUROXZO, 6w-ron'zo. a town of Northern Italy, 30 miles 
 N.E. of Belluno, with rich zinc-mines. Pop. 3100. 
 
 AURO'RA,a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, abmit 
 100 miles E.X.E. of Augu.st.a. Pop. 277. 
 
 AUROliA, a post-vill.age of Ledyard township, Cayuga co., 
 {Tew York, on the E. side of Cayuga Lake. 170 miles \V. of 
 Albany. It is delightfully situated, and has many elegant 
 residences and gardens, overlooking a broad and beautiful 
 expanse of water. The village contains the Cayuga County 
 Academy, with about 70 pupils, 4 churches, 1 national 
 
 bank, and a large manufactory of mowing and renpinj, 
 machines. It has an active business in sliipping ])ni<hKi' 
 Steamboats stop here daily in their p;issage from Ithaca t« 
 Cayuga, and on tlieir return. Pop. about 800. 
 
 AURORA, a town.ship of Erie co.. New Y'ork. Pop. 26S0. 
 
 AURORA, a thriving village in the above township, on 
 Cazenove Creek, contains 6 or 6 churches and C stores. Pop, 
 near 2000. 
 
 AUItOll.V, a postoffice of Marshall co., Kentucky. 
 
 AURORA, a post-township of Portage co., Ohio, about io 
 miles S.E. of Cleveland. Pop. 0«8. 
 
 AUROR.\. a beautiful town of Dearlxirn co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio River, 'Mi miles l)elow Cincinnati, and 8G miles .^.E. 
 of Indianapolis, is surrounded by a rich farming region, 
 which li;is been settled partly by immigrants from Germany. 
 It is a place of considerable business, and communicates 
 daily with Cincinnati by steamboat. It contains 3 or 4 
 churches, and near 20 stores. Incorporated as a city in 1848. 
 Pop. 2yyo. 
 
 AURORA, a thriving city of Kane co., Illinois, on Fox 
 River, an<l on the Chicjigo. Burlington and Qnincy Riiil- 
 road, 40 miles W. by S of Chicago. It has 14 churches, 2 
 banks, a fine city hall, a college. 1 newspaper ofli' e, and 
 extensive maiuifiuitories. (.''ee Ai'Pkndix.; Pop. GOU. 
 
 AURORA, a po.stK)ffice of Washington co., Wi-sconsin. 
 
 AURORA, an island in the Red Sea, In lat. 25° 15', and 
 inhabited by Bedouin Arabs. 
 
 AURORA, an island in the Pacific, one of the New He- 
 brides, in lat. 15° 2' 3.")" S., Ion. li;8° 25' 15" E. • 
 
 AURUXGABAD,6-rting-gji-bild', an old Mohammedan pro- 
 vince of India, mostly Ijetween lat. 18° and 21° .X., and Ion. 
 73° and 77° E., and now divided among the Xizaurs terri- 
 tory and the British districts Poonah. North Coucan, and 
 .\hmednugger, in the Bombay presidency. 
 
 AUItUXGABAD, (i.e. the "alxjde of Aurungzebe,") a 
 city of Hindostan, capital of above province, 180 miles 
 E.X,E. of Bombay ; lat. 19° 54' N.; Ion. 75° 33' E.: in a hol- 
 low, in the immediate neigiiborhood of an extensive marsh, 
 and of a large tank overgrown with rank aquatic vegeta- 
 tion; both of which, in conjunction with a very v.ariable 
 climate, render the locality unfavorable to health. It is 
 separated from its princi|)al suburb by the Kowlah, across 
 wliich there are two substantial bridges. Wlien approached 
 from the N., the view of Aurungabad is impr)sing; its large 
 white domes with gilded points, and its lofty minarets ap- 
 pearing to rise from the midst of l)eautifulgn)ves; the whole 
 city, with its terraced houses, covering a space of alx)ut 7 
 miles in circumference. It is surrounded by a stone wall 
 with round towers, but is incapable of withstanding a regu- 
 lar assault. The streets are broad, some of them paved, and 
 there are many Jarge and good houses; ijut signs of rapid 
 decay are everywhere visible. The principal street is alxjut 
 2 miles long; having at one end a spacious quadrangle, and 
 near it a h.'indzomc modern bazjuir. The moscjues. cara- 
 vanseries, and other public buildings, are of good and sub- 
 stantial construction, but. in point of architectural beauty, 
 much inferior to those of Delhi and Agra. One of the most 
 important edifices, and al.so in the best state of preserva- 
 tion, is the tomb or mau.solenin erected by Aurungzeb 
 (Aurungzebe) to the memory of his daughter. Its domes 
 are of white marble, and clustered like those of the T.nje 
 Mahal, but inferior in size, fulness, and splendour. Origi- 
 nally a small village, Aurungabad, in 1034, liecame the seat of 
 the Mogul government, and was afterwards a favorite resi- 
 dence of Aurungzeb, from whom it received its present name. 
 When the Nizams became independent of Mogul authcu'ity, 
 it continued their capital till the invasions of the ilahrattas 
 forced them to remove to llyderaliad. It is now the resi- 
 dence of a British political iigent. and the head-f^uarters of 
 a battalion of the Nizam's army under British officers. Pop. 
 60,000. 
 
 AUSA. See Aussa. 
 
 AU S-4.BLE, 6-sdb"l, a river of Essex co., New York, falls 
 into Lake Champlain aliout 15 miles S. of Plattsburg, after 
 forming part of the boundary between Clinton and Essex 
 counties. 
 
 AU SABLE, a township of Clinton co., New Y^ork. Pop. 
 3227. 
 
 AU SABLE, a post-office of Kendall co., Illinois, 50 miles 
 S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 AU SABLE FORKS, a small m.anufacturing post-village 
 in Jay township, Essex co.. New Y'ork, on Au Sable River, 
 about 128 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 AUSCHE, fiw'shfh, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles N.E. of 
 Leitmeritz. Pop. 1500. 
 
 AUSCHWITZ, Ow'.sh*its, or OSWIECIN. o-swe-d/f«in. a 
 town of Austrian Giillicia, on the Sola, near its influx into 
 the Vistula, 33 miles W.S.W. of Cracow. Pop. 2000. 
 
 AUSCL See Auch. ^ 
 
 AUSEJO, Ow-sA'ho. a town of Spain, in Old Castile. 23 
 miles S.¥j. of LogroHo, on the side of a steep hill. The 
 parish church, town-hall, a small castle, an insecure prison, 
 and a group of well-built mercantile and dwelling-houses, 
 form tile main bodv of the town. Pop, 2060. 
 
 AUSOXIA. See'liALt. 
 
AUS 
 
 A.US1 ITZ, «w'n .its, ii tc-K-n of Morayia, 18 miles S.S.E. of 
 Brtiiin, uear the railway fiom Vienna to Brtiun, with large 
 ca( tie-markets. Pop. 2.«0. 
 
 AUSSA, 5w/sd\ or IIOUSSA, hCw'sd, written also IIAW.^- 
 SA, a decayed but formerly important town of East Africa, 
 in Adel, about So miles S.W.'of Zeyla,on the Sea of Bab-el- 
 Wandeb, still the seat of some traffic, and the residence of 
 the •' learned doctors" of the Jludaito tril)es. Pop. from 5000 
 tt>6000. 
 
 AUSSKE, 6w's,V,atown of Austria, in Sty ria, 8 miles N.E. 
 of Ilallstadt. Pop. 1200. Its rich mines of rock-salt have 
 been worked for more than 1000 years. 
 
 AUSSEGG, Cw'sJo, or AUSSIG, dw'sio, a town of Austria, 
 in Bohemia, on the railroad from Dresden to Prague, 11 
 miles N.W. of Leitmeritz, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop. 
 ISOO. The painter, liaphael Jlengs, was born here in 1728. 
 
 AUSSEGG or AUSSIG, a village of Prussian Saxony, go- 
 vernment of Merseburg. the head quarters of the Emjwror 
 Charles V. before the battle of Miihlberg. 
 
 AfSSEN, iiw'sgn, a town of Khenish Prussia, government 
 of Tri^ves, with iron-works. Pop. 1104. 
 
 AUST, a village and chapelry of England, co. of Glouces- 
 ter, 4 miles W.S.W. of Thornbury, on the Severn, across 
 which is the "Old Passage" to Chepstow. 
 
 AUSTERLITZ. aws'ter-litz. (Ger.pron. dws'ter-lits, Morav. 
 Slawkmv; sldv/kov.) a' small seignorial town of Moravia, 
 12 miles E.S.E. of Brilnn, on the Littawa, with 2400 inhabi- 
 tants, and the splendid castle of Prince Kaunitz Kittberg. 
 It is celebrated for the victory gtiined by Napoleon over the 
 Emperors of Austria and Kussia, Docemlwr 2d, 1805. 
 
 AUSTERLITZ, a post-vilUige and township of Columbia 
 CO., New York, 31 miles S.S.E. of iVlbany. Pop. 1889. 
 
 AUSTERLITZ, a post-ofRce of Kent co., Michigan, 178 
 miles sy. by X. of Detroit. 
 
 AUSTIN", a county in the S.E. central part of Texas, con- 
 tains 9.50 square miles. It is drained by the Brazos River. 
 The soil in the N. is fertile: the S. part is s.indy and infe- 
 rior. The Brazos is navigated by steamboats through this 
 county when the water is high. Capital, Belleville. Pop. 
 10,1.39: of whom 6225 were free, and 3yl4 slaves. 
 
 AUSIIN, a post-village, capital of Tunica co.^ Mississippi. 
 
 AUSTIN, capital of Texas, and seat of justice of Travis 
 county, on the left or N. bank of the Colorado River, about 
 200 miles by land from its mouth, and 230 miles W.N.W. of 
 Galveston. Lat. 30° 15' N., Ion. 97° 47' W. The scenery 
 around Austin is highly picture.sque, and the view from the 
 president's house remarliably fine. The Colorado is navi- 
 gable by steamboats to this point during high water — that 
 is, in the winter. Austin cont.ains. besides the state and 
 count}' buililings, several newspaper oflSces. and numerous 
 Stores. A fine state-liouse has been ereoted here. Tlie 
 Bupreme coiu-t is lield here once in the year. The seat of 
 government was establislied at Austin about the year 
 1844. Pop. in 1^60. 3494. 
 
 AUSTIN, H post-office of Ross co., Ohio. 
 
 AUSTIN, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 AUSTIN, a post-office of _Scott co , Indiana. 
 
 AUSTIN, a small village of Atchison co., Missouri. 
 
 AUSTIN, a post-village in S. part of Fremont co., Iowa, 
 about 8 miles E. of the Missouri River. 
 
 AUSTIN, a bay and town on the S.E. point of the island 
 of Barl)adoes, West Indies. 
 
 AUS'TINBURG, a pleasant post-village and township of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio, 50 miles E.X.E. of Cleveland, and 10 
 miUis from .t^slitabula Harbor, on Lake Erie. It is sur- 
 rounded by a community of.pro»perous farmers, who are 
 mostly employed in the dairy business, and is a place of 
 active trade. The village contains 3 churches, and the 
 (Jrand River Institute, a tlourishing seminai-y. first set- 
 tled in 1799. Total pop. 11 K5. 
 
 AUSTINTOWN, a township of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 
 1507. 
 
 AUS'TINVILLE, a postoffice of Wythe co., Virginia. 
 
 AUSTIXVILLE, a post-village of Livingston CO., Missouri, 
 140 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 AUSTONLEY, aws't^n-lee, a townsliip of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. aws-tral-.Vshe-a. a divi.sion of the globe 
 forming a part of Oceanici. ext<?nding between the equator 
 and lat. 47° S., consisting of the continent of Australia, Van 
 Diemen's Land, (Tasmania.) New Zealand, and those parts 
 of the ilalay Archipel^o, and Polynesia, between Ion. 130° 
 and 170° E., viz. Papua, the Ari-oo Islands. Timor-I>aut, New 
 Britain, New Ireland. New Caledonia, and the Admiralty, 
 Solomon. New Hebrides, and Queen Charlotte's Islands. 
 Australasia is called iU!unisie. by the French geographers, 
 on .account of Its inhabitants b«'ing chiefly blaclJS. Austra- 
 lasia, signifying " Southern Asia." was formerly regarded 
 as belonging to Asia. By some geographers, the term is not 
 used. See Polynesm, JIalat ARCiin>ELAfio. 
 
 AUSTRALIA, aws-trale-a: (¥r. Justrahe.O^HrS^iee'; Ger. 
 AtistrnlO^, Ows-trdle-eu.) {i.e. the '•southern'' region or 
 continent.) or NEW IIOL/LAND. the largest island' in the 
 world, but, on account of its ■"sst extent, more properly 
 regarded as a coutiuent, lies between the Indian and 
 134 
 
 AUS 
 
 Pacific Oceans, S. or a little S.E. from Asia; between lat.ltf' 
 39' and 39° 11' S.; and Ion. llb° 5' and 153° 16* E.; being 
 bounded on the N. by the Sea of Timor and Torres' Straits, 
 (which separate it from the islands of Papua. Timor, Flores, 
 and other smaller islands.) on the E. by the Pacific, on the 
 S. by Bass's Straits, which separate it from Van Diemen'* 
 Land and the Pacific Ocean, and W. by the Indian Ocean 
 Its greatest length from E. to AV. is about 2400 miles, and 
 its greatest breadth from N. to S. from 1700 to 1900 miles, 
 having a coast line of nearly 8000 miles, and including an 
 area of perhaps 3,000,000 square miles. 
 
 General Aspect, Rice of Vie Oiuntry, Mountains, dx. — .4.us- 
 tralia is singularly compact, and, when its vast extent is 
 taken into account, presents no great variety of surface, or 
 irregularity of outline ; there l>eing no remarkable indenta- 
 tions except the Gulf of Carpentaria, on the N.E.; though 
 there are several good harbors and Ciipatious bays. A ridge 
 of rugged mountains, none of whose elevations have been 
 ascertained to exceed 7000 feet, runs parallel to a great por- 
 tion of the E. and part of the S. coast, at distances varying 
 from 30 to 90 miles ; while the S. coast, from Cape Leuwin to 
 Spencers Gulf, presents a low and sandy surface. The N. 
 and W. coasts, so far as have been yet explored, are gene- 
 rally low, with some moderate elevations at intervals. The 
 interior is also believed to consist <if an immense plain, the 
 hilly districts rising from it like islands. Captain Sturt, 
 who penetrated the interior in 1845 to 1.38° E. Ion., and 25° 
 33' S. lat., descrilies the country he traversed as consisting 
 of alternate sand hills and tlals, with no trace of vegetation 
 as far as the eye could reach. Passing the level country, 
 .^yiys Sturt, we found ourselres among sand ridges perfectly 
 insurmountable, and so close that the base of one touched 
 the base of another; and beyond this stretched a bound- 
 less stony desert. Nor is it much better, accoi-ding to Captain 
 Stokes, on the S.W., N , and N.W. coasts, which he exjilored 
 between 1837 and 1843, and found generally flat and sterile. 
 
 There are no very lofty mountains in Australia. The 
 most elevated, principal and known range extends along 
 the E. coa.st, at distances, as before stated, of from 30 to 
 90 mile.s, named 'jy the natives Warragougs, and bj' the 
 settlers, Australian Alps. These have three subdivisions, 
 viz. the Liverpool Range, Blue Mountains, and a third, as 
 yet nameless, stretching far to the N. of 32° of S. lat. The 
 chain commences near Cape Wilson, the most southern 
 point of the continent, and probably extends with little in- 
 terruption to the northern shore. The highest peaks, viz. 
 Mount Kosciusko, 6500 feet. Mount Sea View, 0000 feet; 
 Mount Lin desay, 5700 feet; Mount Darg.al. 5490 feet ; Mount 
 Canoblas. 4010 feet ; Mount Mitchell. 4100 feet; Mount Pin- 
 nabar. 41lX) feet ; and Blount Bathurst. 4000 feet, are all in New 
 South Wales, except Mount Kosciusko, which is on the lx>rder 
 between New South Wales and Victoria. These mountains, 
 though not attaining the altitude of the great summits of 
 the other grand divisions of the world, on account of their 
 abruptness, present scenes of great wildness and grandeur, 
 exposing to view immense precipices and gigantic fissures, 
 with nearly perpendicular walls of from 1700 to 3000 feet. 
 Some summits, from being perpetually covered with snow, 
 are believed to be higher than any whose elevations have 
 yet been measured. Another range, commencing near the 
 S. coast, at Portland Bay, in lat. 36° 52' S.. Ion. 142° 25' E., 
 after a N. course for some distance, sinks into grass hills, 
 which connect it with the Australian Alps. Another chain 
 runs N. from Cape Jervls and S. Australia to I<ake Torrens. 
 Besides which, there are several detached ranges and isolated 
 peaks. On the S. W. runs a range, under various local 
 names, none of "which are believed to exceed 3000 feet in al- 
 titude. 
 
 Geolofi)/. — The geology of Australia is exceedingly simple. 
 The strike and the dii-ection of the principal chain of hills 
 is, with one exception, from N. to S. Tertiary i-ocks prevail 
 on the S., N. and W. coasts, expanding in the S.E. into a 
 vast tertiary plain, travei-sed by the Murray and Darling 
 Rivers. Two other immense tertiarj' plateaux occur on the 
 S. and N. coasts; the foi-mer lining the great Au.stralian 
 Bight, and the latter the Gulf of Carpentaria, both spread- 
 ing horizontally for unknown distances into the interior. 
 On the E. coast, palsBOZoic rocks, basalt, and granite occur in 
 alternate patches, along the whole coast from Rass's Strait to 
 Cape Flattery, in lat. 15° S.: the last constituting the entire 
 floor of the W. portion of New South Wales, and extending 
 far into the interior of the continent. 
 
 Minenih. — In 1851, ere the world had recovered from the 
 surprise occasioned by the discovery of gold in California, it 
 wa.s again startled liy the announcement, that a region equal- 
 ly rich in the much-coveted and precious ore lay among the 
 mountains of the .Australian Continent. A steady and ra- 
 pid'emigration to the new El Dorado immediately set in. and 
 continues to flow to the present time. (1854.) giving no indi- 
 cation of decline, but, on the contrary, new disi-overies are 
 perpetually stimulating a fresh appetite for gold-seeking. 
 Professor Murchison had many yejii-s previously int-nated 
 the pi-olmbility that the Australi.HU Alps would be fo^md to 
 abound in gold : but his predictions were not verified till 
 April, 1851, when Edward Hargreaves announceu to tht co- 
 
AUS 
 
 AUS 
 
 lontal authorities of New South Wales, that he had discorered 
 gold near Bathurst, 140 miles W. by N. of Sjdney. This 
 was soon followed by still richer discoveries the next year in 
 Victoria, at liallarat, Mount Alexander, I^ke Omeo, and 
 other places. By May, 1852, it was estimated that there 
 were 3i i.OCO or 40,<X)0 men at Mount Alexander. One lump was 
 found at this place, weighing 27 pounds 8 ounces of perf.x-tly 
 pure gold; andanother, not so pure, which yielded 100 pounds 
 of the metal. In a short time. 3 tons of dust and ore lay at 
 the commissioner's tent, awaiting an escort. In precisely 
 12 months from the finding of the first gold, £3,60U,0(H), or 
 about §17.300,000, were exported. There were brought to 
 Sydney. Melbourae, Adelaide, and Van Dlemen's Land, from 
 the different diggings in 1852, £14,108,304, or about 
 $70,000,000 in gold. In the first four months of 1S53, the gold 
 brought down by escort exceeded by 629,000 ounces that 
 brought in the corresponding months of 18.')2. The amount 
 exported from Sydney alone, in 1853, was nearly $9,500,000, 
 and from its discovery up to the end of that year, $30,000,000. 
 Previous to .\pril 1st, 1S54, or in less than 3 months, 511.279 
 ounces of gold had been shipped from Melbourne. But 
 the mineral resources of Australia are not confined to gold 
 alone, as copper, tin, manganese, iron, argentiferous lead 
 ores are found, the first in great abundance, especially in 
 S. Australia, where mines were being successfully worked, 
 when the discovery of gold led for a time to their almost en- 
 tire abandonment. In the year ending September, 1850, there 
 were raisedl8,692 tons of copper in the Burra Burra minealone. 
 There are also rich copper deposits in Victoria. The earthy 
 minerals are marble, susceptible of high polish, and suitable 
 for statu.ary and ornamental purposes; granite, limestone, 
 sandstone, slate, potter's clay, coal, and sand suitable for 
 glass manufacturing. 
 
 Gulfs, Bays, Lakes, and Rivers. — The greatest indentation 
 of the coast occurs at the Gulf of Carpentaria, on the N.E. 
 of Australia, which extends inland for aliout 650 miles, with 
 a breadth of about 400 miles. On the S. -shore in S. Au.s- 
 tr.alia, Spencer's Gulf projects 180 miles into the interior, 
 with a breadth varying from 80 to 10 miles. The other prin- 
 cipal bays are Shark's Bay on the W. coast, IIarvey"s Bay 
 on the E., and St. Vincent's Gulf on the S., neither exceed- 
 ing perhaps 60 miles in length. 
 
 The lakes possess no characteristicsof any interest, indeed 
 they hardly deserve the name — the larger of them being, 
 in general, rather marshes than lakes, depending for their 
 supplies of water on the rivers that flow into them, instead 
 of being themselves the sources of rivers; the consequence 
 is, that they are often so dried up by absorption and exhala- 
 tion as to present the appearance of vast reedy swamps: 
 and even when filled with Avater, more resemble submerged 
 flats than lakes, with low, muddy shores, so soft, and 
 of such extent as to render the water unapproachable. 
 Small lakes are numerous in all the level portions of Aus- 
 tralia; but they are all .salt, as are also many of the largest 
 rivers, their muddy banks being lucrusted with the same 
 substance. 
 
 Some conjecture the existence of a vast Interior sea or 
 lake, as many rivers have an inward flow; but these, as in 
 other hot, desert countries, may be evaporated, or absorbed 
 by the sand. The JIacquarrie, rising in New South Wales, 
 runs X.W. until it is lost in a morass. The largest of the 
 lakes or swamps yet discovered are Lake Torrens and Alex- 
 andriua. in Southern Australia, and Damlieling in W. Aus- 
 tralia. The first is about 400 miles in length, by its cir- 
 cuitous course, in the rainy season; hut in the dry season 
 it is a mere salt marsh. 
 
 A scarcity of fresh water, whether in the form of rivers or 
 lakes, is one of the prevailing characteristics of Australia. 
 Along a coast line of not less than 8000 miles, few rivers of 
 any considerable magnitude discharge themselves into the 
 sea — most of them being .absorbed befijre they reach it; 
 while on the S. coast there is not a single watercourse to be 
 found from Port Lincoln to King George's Sound, a distance 
 of more than 1500 miles. Where the rivers have any con- 
 siderable length, they are either often absorbed before they 
 reach an outlet, or, in the long droughts to which this land 
 is suliject, form but a series of stagnant pools. Compared 
 with its vast extent, Australia is singularly deficient 
 not only in large and navigable rivers, but in the smaller 
 watercourses, necessary for watering animals, for irriga- 
 tion, and for mill-seats. Among the largest of the known 
 rivers are the Ilawkesbury, Richmond, Hunter's. Murrum- 
 bidgee, Murray, Lachlan, Macquarrie, and the Darling. 
 
 The Murray, with its great branches, the Murrumbidgee 
 and the Darling, is the great river of Australia. As in the 
 Mse of the Mississippi and Missouri, it might be questioned 
 which is the main stream; but, following the custom of 
 other geographers, we will concede it to the Murray, though 
 the Darling appears to Ije the longer branch. The Murniy 
 and its branches, the Mun-umbidgee, Ljichlan, and Darling, 
 with their sub-tributaries, run mostly in a W. and S.W, di- 
 rection, and drain the western slope of the Australian Alps, 
 through a space of from 800 to lOOO miles fi-om the sources 
 of tlie Murray on the S. to those of the Darling on the N. 
 The other rivers are the Hastings, 'Manning, Clarence, and i 
 
 Brisbane, on the E. coast; and "ttie Fltzroy, Victoria, Af.«- 
 laide, Flinders, and Albert, on the N.and N.W. coasts. The 
 latter is from 12 to 15 ftHjt deep, and its shores afford tb 
 finest specimens of river scenery. A peculiarity of siinio >/. 
 these rivers is their sudden rises — they being one day merely 
 a dry channel or .series of sandy pools, and the next a deep 
 river. The Ilawkesbury has lieen known to lise 05 feet Id 
 a few hours, converting fruitful plains into deep lakes, drown- 
 ing people, and sweeping oft cattle. A large river was di* 
 covered in 1K53, which flows into the ocean about 4o miles 
 N. of Point Curtis. The Murray, especially above tlie mouth 
 of the Darling, is much obstructed liy snags and fiillen trees. 
 It is probably from 12ii0 to 15t)0 miles in length. 
 
 Climate. — In respect to climate, Australia is a? anomalous 
 as in its other features. From the sterile, burning plains of 
 the interior, come sweeping hot winds, which fill the air 
 with a fine dust, that penetrates every thing, and raises the 
 temperature to 110°, 120°, and even 130° in the shade, in 
 the districts between 26° and 35° S. lat. Long di'oughts 
 in New South Wales, coming at irregular intervals, and 
 lasting from several months to as many years, destroy 
 all vegetation, con\ert the streams into mere pools op 
 s.and gtsllies, and fertile lands into deserts, while the 
 herds and fiocks perish by hundreds. But. on a sud- 
 den, the rains fall in torrents, the dry channels are filled 
 with rushing floods, and the dusty plains in an incredibly 
 short space of time are converted into verdant pastures. 
 But with all these inconveniences the climate is eminently 
 salubrious, especially in New South Wales and south of the 
 tmpics. North of the tropics much more rain falls, and the 
 diseases peculiar to that region prevail. On the W. coast, 
 southerly winds prevail from Octolier to April, (the be-iin- 
 ning of an Australian winter.) when violent gales from the 
 N. and W. set in, accompanied by heavy rains. On the N.W. 
 coast the winds are more various, but the westerly winds 
 seem to prevail, especiallj' from September to December. This 
 coast is sulyect to heavy squalls, of short duration however, 
 from E. to N. E. Monsoons blow with great regularity on the 
 N. coast: the E. monsixm setting in about the beginning of 
 April, and the W. in OctolK>r. In a country of so great extent, 
 and affected by such peculiar geographical positions and cir- 
 cumstances, the temperature must neces.sarily be varinus. In 
 New South Wale.s. the average temporatureofstiring is 65° 5'; 
 ofsummer.72°; of autumn. (i6°; andof winter. 55°. Captain 
 Stokes found the thermometer, on the N.W. coast, at 08" in 
 the shade in January, fluctuating during the day between 
 that and 94°. Captain Wickham found the average range 
 of the thermometer on the .same coa.st, between the N.AV. 
 Cape and the meridian of 120° E.. on board ship, at midday, 
 to be 75°, and in the night 60°, in the months of .May, 
 June, July, and August. At a height of 2000 or 3000 feet 
 above the sea, says Sidiiey, a tem)ierate, and even a cold re- 
 frion is to be found where vegetables of Northern Europe 
 flourish. Victoria and South Aastralia, as far as exp<-rience 
 goes, are not subject to the great lieats and droughts of 
 New South Wales. The wintiTs everywhere are mild, and 
 cattle seldom need housing. 
 
 .S'o/? and PriKliidions. — As a whole, Australia does not pos- 
 sess great advantages in the qualities of its soil ; for, with 
 the exception of a margin round the coast of a few hundred 
 miles, we have reason to Ix-lieve that the groat part of this 
 island-continent must be given over to hoyieless sterility. 
 AVithin this fertile rim, however — such is the extent of 
 Australia — there is a capability of supporting a lai'ge jio])u- 
 l.ation: though, perhaps, with few exceptions, such as that 
 of Victoria and some of the lH?st parts of New South Wales, 
 not a dense one. Of the habitable portions, it is estimated 
 that two-thirds are not adapted to agriculture, but only 
 suited to p.asturage. AVith the exception of a few rich 
 tracts, most of New South Wales E. of the mountains is 
 poor and unproductive; tmt that portion W. of the divid- 
 ing range, resting upon limestone, is lightly covered with 
 immense trees of the eucalyptus order, and with abundant 
 herbage; while nearly the whole of the Aictoria district is 
 of a fertile character, and "the plough might be driven," 
 says Sidney, "for 100 miles in a straight line, turning up a 
 rich mould along the whole tract." " Between Port .Mac- 
 quarrie and Moreton Bay," says the same authority, "are 
 vast tracts of well-watered land, covered with heavy tim- 
 ber. Pasture lands extend for hundreds of miles — now as- 
 cending the mountain slopes to their very summits, here 
 spreading out into vast plains, and there undulating gently, 
 or i-unning over rough hills, or broken with rocky ranges. 
 and ending in deep gullies, sandy or stony deserts, or 
 marshes." In short, the habitable portion of A u.stralia con- 
 tains enough of fertile land to support millions, \mt con- 
 tinually interrupted by barren ranges and forests of scrub 
 timber, valueless except for fuel. 
 
 AVheat yields large returns in A'ictoria, and every species 
 of corn flourishes in the settled parts of the country. To- 
 bacco of good quality is grown, but not extensively, as it 
 can be imported cheaper. Australia has no indigenous 
 fruits, except some insignificant bi-rries and a kind of chest- 
 nut, but oranges, lemons, figs, bananas, guavas, pine-apples, 
 peaches, and the fruits of colder climates, thrive well. Most 
 
 135 
 
AUS 
 
 if the culinary Togetablei'of Europe are raised success- 
 f\Uly. The Tine, the mulberry, and the olive also flourish. 
 Oat? grow wild on the Vi'. coast. But wool-growing and 
 raising cattle had been the principal business of the Aus- 
 trali-.in farmer up to the discovery of gold; which, by creat- 
 ing a home market, wiU doubtless tend to increase the 
 culture of wheat and other staples of human food. 
 
 Forest Tree.'. — The vegetation of Australia is very peculiar, 
 and shows it to be in a comparatively earlj- geological period. 
 Among the trees are the stringj' bark, iron bark, acacias, (in 
 more than 100 varietie.s.) eucah/ptits, atsvarina, Norfolk Is- 
 land pine, the fern-tree, palm, grass tree, Ac. The euca- 
 lypti are called gum-trees by the colonists, and often attain a 
 height of 150 feet, with a "girth at the base of from 26 to 
 40 feet. Most of these trees shed their bark annually — 
 hence they are called stringy bark. Xearlj* all the euca- 
 lypti are gum-trees, though one species only yields pure giim 
 — the exudations of the others being merely re.sius; another 
 yields a sulistjince called manna, of two kinds — one pure 
 white, the other yellow, but both sweet to lusciousness, and 
 with the flavor of almonds. The most remarkable and most 
 beautiful of the trees of Australia is the fern-tree, which 
 grows to the height of 16 or 20 feet, when it suddenly 
 spreads out its enormous leaves, each 4 or 5 feet in length, 
 in every direction. The palm rises to the height of 70 or 
 100 feet; but these are limited to the X. and K. shores. The 
 grass-trees have shrubby stems, resembling small palms, 
 bear tufts of long, wiry foliage at their extremities, from 
 the midst of which ri»e long spikes of flowers, which 
 furnish fodder for cattle. Portions of the leave* may be 
 used as food, and the natives eat the inner part of the top 
 of the trunk, both raw and roasted. The tree csilled the 
 native cedar is that from which furniture is mostly made. 
 The casuarina (river oak) is a hard-grained wood, incapable 
 of being split. The myall (accacia pendula) is a small tree, 
 that emits an agreeable odor, and is used by the natives to 
 make their war implements of The myrtle, or te;»-tree. is a 
 shrub which is sulistituted for tea. Tulip and sassafras are 
 abundant. Of the eucalypti, the blue gum gives a tough and 
 heavy timber, of which wagons are constructed ; the white 
 gum makes the K-st flooring-boards; and the species called 
 stringy bark, which is the most abundant, aflbrds bark in 
 large pieces, suitable for making huts. There is a fine spe- 
 cies of pine, around Moreton Bay, which is exported to Syd- 
 ney and other places. Rosewood and sandalwood are among 
 the hard timber. The lily, tulip, and honeysuckle grow to 
 the size of trees. The mangrove exists in the north. In 
 the interior, immense numbers of prickly plants cover the 
 ground. Among the vegetable anomalies are cherrie,s with 
 their stones on the outside, and trees which shed their bark 
 instead of their le-aves. There are 5440 species of plants pe- 
 culiar to Australia. 
 
 AnimuU. — In its zoology. Australia is more anomalous 
 even than in its other natural features. Hereare no ruminat- 
 ing animals, no monkeys, no elephants, rhinoceroses, hippo- 
 pitami, deer, lions, tigers, liears. wolves, hyenas, nor any 
 beasts of prey. The wild dog is the only carnivorous land 
 animal. But. on the other hand, it possesses a number of 
 animals p<-'euliar to itself. It has more than 40 species of 
 marsupials, (animals of the opposum tribe.) the largest of 
 which is the kangaroo, sometimes weighing 200 pounds, and 
 the smallest the kangaroo rat. The wild dogs (called din- 
 goes) do not bark, but yelp, and are of a reddish brown co- 
 lor. There are many varieties of opossum similar to those 
 of America; one species, found in the X. coast, is about half 
 the size of a full-grown rat, with the color and fur of the 
 chinchilla. The most remarkable quadruped, however, is 
 the ornithorhy nchus. with the beak of a duck, and the body 
 of an otter. It is an egg-laying mammal, freqtienting rivers, 
 lakes, and their margins. It is about 13 inches in length. 
 The fix)t is armed with a spur, through which exudes a 
 dangerous poison. Besides the.se quadrupeds, there are 
 porcupines of two kinds, flying foxes, flying opossums, and 
 flying ajuirrels. wombats, sloths, ant-eaters, ic. Among 
 the birds are eagles, falcons, and other species of hawks, 
 owls, parrots, parroquets, cockatoos — many of them of 
 beautiful plum.ige. — pigeons of most beautiful «nd varied 
 hues, the emu or cas.sowary — the largest of Australian 
 birds, sometimes T feet high. — birds of paradise, rifle birds, 
 ring orioles. spottt>d grossbeaks — a splendid bird — the lyre- 
 bird, 80 called from the shape of its magnificent tail, quails, 
 gigantic cranes, ducks, teal, widgeons, pelicans, geese, and 
 black swans — the last a peculiarly graceful and stately 
 bird. Captain Stokes met, on the X. coast, with a galli- 
 naceous bird, which erected large tumili. about 5 feet high 
 and 30 feet long, in which they deposit their eggs, which 
 are hatched by tlie heat generated there, without maternal 
 care. This bird is about the size of a moor fowl. 
 
 The reptiles are quit* numerous ; the most formidable of 
 these is the alligator, which aljounds in the X. Of ser- 
 pents there are. the diamond snake, the black, gi-ay, brown, 
 whip, and yellow snakes. The diamond snake, the largest 
 of these, attains a length of from 10 to 15 feet, and a girth 
 of from 13 to 15 inches; it is beautifully marked, and, 
 (hough not poisonous, its bite is dangerous, fi-om the size of 
 136 
 
 AUS 
 
 its fongs. The black snake, which is from 3 to 5 feet long, 
 is poisonous, as are also the whip, gray, and brown snakes; 
 but the most fatally venomous is the yellow snake, whose 
 bite is almost cert.iin death. Lizards and frogs are uumei^ 
 ous; and scorpions, centipedes, and tarantulas are tbund. 
 Of marine animals and fish, there are caught on the coast 
 whales, seals, codfish, of very large size, sharks, and trepans. 
 Bream are caught in abundance, as well as a variety of 
 other fresh-water fish, caught in the rivers, and eels, (weigh- 
 ing 20 pounds.) in the lagoons. Insects are muuerous, viz. 
 locusts, three kinds of stingless bees, ants — one species an 
 inch long, — that erect hills 13 feet high and 7 wide at 
 base; very large spiders, and caterpillars, that, in some 
 seasons, blight the finest crops. Of the mammalia. 40 spe- 
 cies are peculiar to Australia. There are 5 variities of 
 whales, and 4 of seals. The strong-winged bat of Madagas- 
 car is indigenous here. 
 
 Gmimerc. — The commerce of Australia has received a 
 great impetus since the gold discoveries, and must lapidly 
 extend, as there is very little manulacturiug in the cdlimies, 
 nor is the latter likely to advance .so long as the 'auri fames" 
 is gratified as it now is, thus enabling the rapidly increasing 
 population to buy, and stimulating commerce to its highest 
 point. Wool, previous to the gold discoveries in 1851, was 
 the great product and staple of export, and had increased 
 from 1,907,309 pounds in 1830, to 30,034,507 pounds in 1848. 
 The totJil exports increased from 2.244.920/. in 1S47, to 
 12,891,8607. in 1852; and the imports, from 2.41S.31U. to 
 6,606.454J. The tonnage entered in 1846 was 173.310; and 
 in 1862. 722.908. The value of exports from Victoria in- 
 creased from 1.422,909Z. in 1S51, to 7.451.549f. in 1852; and 
 the imports from 1.056.437/. to 4,069,742/. The largest items 
 in the exports of 1852, were gold and v ool ; the fai-mer 
 amounting to 6.136,728/., and the latter (20.047,453 pounds) 
 to 1,062.787/. The value of the exports from Xew South 
 Wales, rose from 1,796,912/. in 1851, to 4,t:.04,034/. in 1852; 
 of the latter amount, 2.660.946/. was gold, t88,317/. wool, 
 and 174.731/. tallow. The total revenue of all the .\us- 
 tralian colonies in 1852. w.as 2.295.766/. The value of im- 
 ports from the United States in 1S54, was about 640.000?. As 
 before stated, the internal commerce of Australia is not likely 
 to be much facilitated by river navigation ; yet it is believed 
 that the Murray and some of its tributaries may be naviu'.ited 
 successfully and profitably by steamboats constructed with 
 special reference to ad.iptability to these waters; while a 
 number of rivers on the eastern coast may be accessiVile by 
 vessels drawing from 5 to 16 feet water, from 10 to 150 miles. 
 Between Moreton Bay and Macquarrie (270 miles) there are 
 9 rivers that may be entered by coasting vessels and small 
 steamers. A railway connects Melbourne with the shipping 
 in its harbor, and another connects Adelaide with its port, 
 and is to be extended to Xorth Arm Harbor. 
 
 Government. — The British color.ies in Australia are di- 
 rected by a governor appointed by the crown, and a legisla- 
 tive council, partly elective and partly appointed by govern- 
 ment. The question of granting more liV'eral institutions 
 and greater independence to the Australian governments 
 was being agitated in Varliameut in 1854, and probably ere 
 these sheets reach the reader, nuiy have gone into opeiation. 
 An upper House is proposed, based on a large property 
 qualification, 
 
 Bipidation. — The aboriginal inhabitants of Aiistralia were 
 represented by the early voyagers and settlers as among the 
 rudest and most debased of thehimian race; but recent and 
 less prejudiced travellers give a much more favoraVile cha- 
 racter of them, describing them as graceful in form, with 
 the exception of a general prevalence of protuterant sto- 
 machs, agile in movement, and, for savages, niodtnitely 
 quick of apprehension. They are below the average Ku- 
 ropean height, with small heads, slender trunks, n unded 
 and muscular arms and legs, long, black, though c(>arse 
 hair, and the whole figure, with the exception mentioned 
 above, well proportioned. Their eyes are large, full, and pene- 
 tr.ating. expressing their emotions with vivacity and energy. 
 The women are not so well formed as the men. in consequence, 
 pitiKibly, of their performing nearly all works of dru'igery. 
 There is, however, considerable dilference in the different 
 tribes — those on the E. coast being generally sujx>rior in in- 
 tellect, habitations, and vestments, to those on the S. and 
 W. coasts; some of the latter go naked, with the exception 
 of a coarse grass mat round the waist: while the more ad- 
 vanced tribes wear cloaks made of opossum skins. Some 
 tribes are mild, gentle, and intelligent; while othore are 
 fierce and vindictive. Of the latter cla.ss are the natives 
 about Cape Yillaret. Cannibalism is practised among the 
 fiercer tribes. Infanticide prevails to a great extent. Cap- 
 tiiin Stokes found on the X, coiist a great number of draw- 
 ings of animals on the rocks, which displayed "much abi- 
 lity," The canoes, too. on the same coast, were neatly and 
 artistically made. The aborigines pos.se.ss no regular habita- 
 tions, though at their fi.shing stations they erect rude huts. 
 The Aastralian belongs to the negro or I'apuiin rai-e, is of a 
 chocolate color, and not so stoutly made as the African 
 negro, but much more lithe and agile. A colony of alxirf 
 gincs has been formed at flinders' Island, in Itoss's .StnUL 
 
AUS 
 
 The white population of New South Wales, la March, 1851, 
 was 197,168, and of Victoria or Port Philip, 77,345. At^ 
 the same time. South Australia had 38,660, and We.s* 
 Australia, 4404, in December, 1848 ; malcirif; a total for the 
 English colonies of Australia of 317-543. But these censuses 
 were all taken previous to the discovery of gold, and, of 
 course, before that great inHux of immigration caused 
 thereby, had set in. In this year (1855) the population of 
 the whole island cannot be much less than half a million. 
 There arrived at Sydney in 1853, passengers to the number 
 of 34.675, and 16,307 departed, leaving an accession to the 
 colony, at that port alone, of 18.368 inhaliitants. The total 
 Increase for 1S53 is given at 81,656, and of Melbourne alone, 
 for 3 months of 1S54, at 13.397. 
 
 QAonies or Diirisimis. — The settled portions of Australia 
 are the colonies of Moreton Bay, New South Wales, Victoria, 
 Port Philip or Australia Felix, in the K. and S.K., South 
 Australia in the S., and West Australia in the S.W. A 
 colony wjis formed an the N. coast in 1847, but was aban- 
 doned, after an outlay of $70,000, by government. None of 
 these, however, have settlements more tlian 150 or 200 miles 
 from the coast. A new colony was established in 1853 at 
 Port Curtis, on the N. coast, and a town, to be called Glad- 
 6tone,'lald out. 
 
 Cities and Tmom. — The largest towns In Australia are 
 Sydney, (pop. 60.000;) Melbourne, (pop. 23,000;*) and Ade- 
 Liide, (pop. 15.0(J0.) The other principal pl;ices are Para- 
 matfa, Geelong, Bathurst, Wind.sor, Liverpool, Morpeth, 
 Maitland, Newcastle, Portland, and some others. 
 
 History. — To the Spaniards belongs the honor of having 
 first visited Australia, though in this, as in most of their 
 other colonies, the fruits of the enterprise of a former day 
 have pass.;d into the hands of others. In l(i05, Louis Vaez 
 de Torres discovered the straits which now l)ear his name, 
 lying between Australia and Papua or New Guinea; and 
 though he coasted along the shore, he did not land. The 
 Dutcli discovered North Australia alwut the same time, mis- 
 taking It for the W. side of New Guinea. Betwetm lt)05 and 
 the close of the seventeenth century, different Dutch navi- 
 gators landed at several points on the Lsland. giving names 
 to many loeilities, especially on the N. and W. coasts, which 
 they still bear, as .\ruhem, De Witt, Kdel, &c. But as with 
 the indolent Spaniard, so with the industrious Dutch — 
 their large colonial possessions have nearly all passed out 
 of their hands. However, in the case of New Holland — as 
 the Dutch named Australia — there was no attempt made to 
 colonize. Dampier visited New Holland thrice, coasted New 
 South Wales, and on the third voyage in 1710, pas.s<>d 
 through Torres' Straits, and explored Shark's Bay. Captain 
 James Cook, the celebrated navigator, landed at Botany 
 Bay in April, 1770, and afterwards touched at several points 
 on the coast, formally taking pos.session of them in the 
 name of his sovereign. King George III., King of Great 
 Britain; and in January, 1788, Captain Arthur Phillips 
 formed the first settlement — not at Botany Bay, but about 
 18 miles further N. — at Port Jackson, where he landed with 
 850 convicts. 250 of whom were females, 108 soldiers, with 
 40 women, their wives, and 37 officers; in all, including the 
 governor, amounting to 1096 souls. In 1798, Surgeon 
 George Bass discovered the straits separating Australia 
 from Van Diemen's Land. In 1800, a great flood occurred 
 on the river Ilawkesbury, which swept off houses and crops, 
 and caused a famine. In 1808, an insurrection of the mili- 
 tary and colonists deposed Governor Bligh. The Bathurst 
 district was discovered across the mountains In 1813. Pan- 
 dora's Pass, leading to Liverpool Plains, and said to lie as 
 picturesque as any in the Alps, was discovered in 1825. 
 A legislative council was constituted in 1829, mostly com- 
 posed of ofiicials : it established jury trials. The same year. 
 Swan Kiver was settled, and Captain Sturt descended the 
 Murrumbidgee and the Murray. The first steamboat was 
 launched and the Australian College established In 1831. 
 The first bishop of Australia arrived, and South Australia 
 was founded in 1836. Melbourne wiis laid out in 1837. 
 The sittings of the legislative council was first opened to 
 the public in 1S3S. Pop. In 1841, 131,700, of whom 43.500 
 were females. In 1843, the first popular legislative council 
 met, 24 of whose members were elected. The census was 
 taken in 1846, pop. 189,500, of whom 74.800 were females. 
 Victoria was erected into a separate province, representative 
 institutions were granted to it, and the privileges of South 
 Australia and N'ew South Wales were enlarged — all in 1860. 
 Gold was discovered in April, 1831. Since 1840, no convicts 
 
 have been introduced Into New South Wales. Adj. and 
 
 inhab.. -Australian. aws-trMe-an. 
 
 AU8TR.A LIA, P>.1STERN. 'See New South Wales. 
 
 AUSTRALIA. FKLIX. See Port Philip. 
 
 AUSTRALIAN ALPS, a mountain range of Australia, In 
 the colonies of l>ort Philip and New South Wales, extend- 
 ing from lat. 38° S., Ion. 146° 36' E., in a N.E. direction for 
 
 * Previons to the gold discovery in 1851: recent travellers state 
 ts iiopulation at KJO.OOO, including the floating population ar- 
 riving from and departing to the mines. 
 
 AUS 
 
 about 200 miles, and forming part of the great Australia* 
 chain from Wilson's Promontory to Cape York. 
 
 AUSTRALIAN GRAMPIANS, a mountain system inVio 
 toria or Port Philip, W. of the Pyrenees. 
 
 AUSTRALIA. NORTH. See North Australia. 
 
 AUSTRALIAN PYRENEES, a congeries of mountains in 
 Victoria or Port Philip, N.W. of Melbourne, and connected 
 with the Australian Grampians. 
 
 AUSTKALIK. AUSTRALIEN. See Australia. 
 
 AUSTJtASIA or AUSTRASIK. See Ostrasia. 
 
 AUSTRIA, (aws'tre-9.) EMPIRE OF, (Ger. OesUrreick. 
 Ss'tfr-riKe, or Otstreich, 5st/rlKe. "the eastern kingdom f 
 L. Aiu'tria; ¥r. Jutriclie, 5'treesh'.) one of the most exten- 
 sive and most populous of the European mon archies, extends 
 from about lat, 42° to 51° N., or, exclusive of Dalmatia and 
 the narrower part of Croatia, from about lat. 44° 30' to 51° 
 N., and from about Ion. 8° 30' to 26° 30' E. ; comprising 258,000 
 square miles, or 46,000 more than France. Its gre.atest 
 length, from E. to W., is about 800 miles ; its greatest breadth, 
 fi-om N. to S., with the exclusions above stated, is alxiut tOO 
 miles ; bounded S. by Turkey, the Adriatic Sea, and the in- 
 dependent states of Italy; W. by Sardinia, Switzerland, 
 Bavaria, and Saxony ; N. by Prussia and Russian Poland ; 
 and E. by Russia and Moldavia. On the shores of the Adri- 
 atic, along the coasts of Dalmatia and Venetian Lombardy, 
 lies its only sea frontage, extending, exclusive of islands, 
 about 500 miles. 
 
 Tlie Austrian Empire Is composed of a union of different 
 states, some of them at one time forming independent king- 
 doms, inhabited by races of people differing from each other in 
 descent, language, customs, laws, and reli:jion. held togethei 
 as one empire, by being under one sovereign and one central 
 government. The following table exhibits the name and 
 arort of the provinces of the empire, according to the arrange- 
 mont of March 4, 1849, \tith their population in 1850: — 
 
 Provincea. 
 
 Lower Austria 
 
 Upper Austria 
 
 Snlzburg 
 
 Bt.rria 
 
 Carinthia 
 
 Carniola 
 
 Li tioi'Hie ( Kustenland) 
 
 Tyrol and Vurarlburg 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Moravia 
 
 Slleala 
 
 Gnlicia 
 
 Bultuwina, (Bucl^owiua) 
 
 Ralmatia 
 
 Lombard Vt (9 provinces) 
 
 Venice, (8 provinces) 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Wttiwodeof Servia, with Temesvar. 
 
 Croatia and Slavonla 
 
 Transylvania 
 
 The Military Frontier, 
 
 ToUl 
 
 Area in 
 ■q. m. 
 
 7,fiS3 
 4,616 
 2,764 
 8,664 
 S.!)84 
 8,S45 
 3,065 
 11,084 
 20,012 
 8,.i60 
 l.'JM 
 30,115 
 4,021 
 
 4,a'.!8 
 
 8,»13 
 9,198 
 69,170 
 11,550 
 7,054 
 23,078 
 l-',92-' 
 
 256.559 
 
 116,514,466 
 
 BiHlical Divisions and Tbp.o/lhf.Auxlrian Oroion Lands, 1854. 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Lower Austria 
 
 Upper A ustria 
 
 Saljliurg 
 
 Styria 
 
 Carinthia 
 
 Carniola 
 
 Littorale 
 
 Tyrol and Vorarlburg 
 
 Moravia «..• 
 
 Dalmatia 
 
 Waiwode of Servia, with Temesvar. 
 
 Croatia and Slavouia 
 
 Transylvania 
 
 Total 
 
 62'^ 
 
 643 
 1093 
 3142 
 796 
 783 
 
 Pop. In 1854. 
 
 1.509 
 9,694 
 
 11,667,154 
 
 General Aspect. — Although presenting every variety of 
 surface, the prevailing character of the Austrian dominions 
 is mountainous, there being but few districts where moun- 
 tains are not found ; while the plains do not occupy more 
 than a fifth part of the whole superficies. The loftiest 
 ranges, and the most extensively ramified, are found In 
 Tyrol, Styria, IllyrLa, and the S. parts of .\ustria Proper. 
 In some of these regions the scenery Is bold and romantic, 
 and has been considered equal to that of Switzerland. The 
 most extensive tracts of low or flat land occur in Slavonla 
 and the S.E. and central parts of Hungary: much of this 
 lerel land is remarkably fertile, but it is met at variou? 
 points by vast moriisses and arid steppes. The principal val- 
 leys are found in Tyrol, Salzburg. Styrisi, and lUyria. Exten- 
 sive plains stretch along the courses of the rivers, particularly 
 the Po. the Danube, and the March. The principal rivers 
 of Austria are the Danube, the Elbe, the Save, the Drave, 
 the Muhr, the March or Moi-awa. the Teiss or Theis.s, and 
 the Maros. The Danube, for upwards of oOO miles, is navi 
 gable for pretty large vessels, throughout the whole Austrian 
 
 137 
 
AUS 
 
 terrltdi V : while all the ofhers, most of them tributaries of 
 the D^iiilie, ore nnvitrable for vessels of smaller size. All 
 of theia abound in fish. The lakes are numerous: though 
 those In the lowlands, particularly in the plains of IIun<:ary. 
 are rather marshes than lakes, being collections of st.ignant 
 water with swampy margins. Those in the more elevated 
 resrious of Illyria. Tyrol, and the other mountainous dis- 
 tri -ts. aie pure lakes, surrounded with wood and rock, and 
 all the ovfter attributes of picturesque scenery. The finest 
 !akes are to be found in Upper Austria; of which the prin- 
 cip.al ire the Att«rsi^. the Mondsee. the Traunsee. and seve- 
 ral others. In Styria. the lakes are numerous, but small. 
 
 Climate, and Vrgt'tohh Prnhictions. — Austria lies between 
 the isotherms of 60° and 50^. and has a climate nearly as 
 various as its surface. In some parts, as in IIun<rary, the 
 annu.'U fell of rain is comparatively small ; while the W. and 
 N.AV. parts of the empire, in this respect, resemble the W. 
 of En.rlaud : and the Alpine regions are prnTiably the most 
 rainy in Europe The N. regions, between 40° and 51° N. lat, 
 have an average temperature resembling that of the X. of 
 France. Between lat. 46° and 49°, the heat is considerable: 
 and between 42° and 46°, which comprises the whole of 
 Southern Austria, it is still greater, the winter lasting two 
 or three months only, and being, in general, extremely mild. 
 In the first region, the principal products are wheat, barley, 
 oats, and rye: in the second, vines and nwize are added; 
 and in the third, olives. The productive capabilities of the 
 soil, however, are by no means rendered available to their 
 full extent. The quantity of land under cultivation is equal 
 to that in Great Britain, but the produce, even where the 
 soil is superior, is nearly a third less. The wines of Austria 
 are poor, with exc^-ption of a few choice kinds, including 
 the well-known Tokay ; and none, therefbre. but such de- 
 scriptions are exported, and these in very limited quantity. 
 A great portion of the worst wine is made into brandy. The 
 average produce of wine is about 3.200.000,000 giUlons, of 
 wliicti Hungary yields by fiir the largest proportion. The 
 vineyards, by which tl;e above quantity of wine is produced, 
 occupy 487.200 acres. The quantity of arable Land is 
 47.407.003 acres, producing, of wheat, maize, rye, barley, 
 and oats. 51.542.o06 quarters. The forests cover more th.an 
 a fourth part of the productive soil of the empire, and form 
 no inconsiderable source of wealth. In 1844. the value of 
 the timber exported was 427.0lX>?; 5Iuch of it is of excel- 
 lent quality, and well adapted for house and ship building, 
 furniture, and for all other purposes. In Upper Hungary, 
 trees attain a vast size, but are much neglected, forest 
 management being as f:ir behind in Austria a.s agriculture. 
 
 AnimaU. — Wild deer, wild swine, chamois, foxes, lynxes, 
 and a species of sniiiU black bear are found in many districts, 
 the fox and lynx being particularly abundant. Herds of a 
 native breed of horses, of small size, roam wild over the 
 plains of Hungary. All the domestic anim.ils of England 
 are known throughout the empire. Domesticated birds, 
 especially ducks and geese, are abundant, and wild birds 
 more numerous than in any other part of Europe. 
 
 GRologfi, Mineralofjfi. d-c. — A large portion of the countries 
 now composing the Austrian Empire was at one time sub- 
 merged by the se.a. particuLarly Hungary, where the gene- 
 ral appe.arance of its vast plains, the nature of their soil, 
 and. above all. the occurrence of fossil sea-shells, leave no 
 room to doubt the former dominion of the oce,an. Through- 
 out all .Austria the tertiary formation prevails, with a mar- 
 gin of the secondary form.ation. stretching to a greater or 
 less extent into the surrounding countries, and diversified 
 by patches of igneous rocks of the tertiary and alluvial 
 epochs. In mineral pi-oductions, Austria surpasses, probii- 
 bly. every other country in Europe: possessing, it is said, 
 with the exception of platinum, all the metals. In Transyl- 
 vani.a. gold is obtained in large quantity ; and in Hungary, 
 silver abounds. Copper and lead mines exist in different 
 parts of the empire. The repositories of iron are inexhaust- 
 ible : but. from the high price of fuel, the quantity produced 
 Is f;ir short of what it mi^ht be. Tin is found in Bohemia, 
 but in no other part of the empire. Quicksilver is obtained 
 in many pl.ices; but the richest mine, not only in Austria, 
 but in Europe, is that at Idria. in Carniola. Calamine, zinc, 
 cobalt, arsenic, antimony, chrome, bismuth, manganese, 
 Olack tourmaline, alabaster, serpentine, gypsum, blacklead, 
 sl.ates, and flint abound in many portions of the empire, 
 and coal in almost every province. Salt, vitriol, alum, sul- 
 phur. Kiltpetre, and soda, are also among the mineral pro- 
 ductions. In every part of the Austrian dominions, mineral 
 iprings are numerous. The precious stones are the Bohe- 
 mian c.irbunele and Hungarian opal, bcth much esteemed ; 
 the chalcedony, ruby, emerald, jasper, amethyst, topa?,, cor- 
 nelian, chrysolite, and l)eryl. Marble, of every description 
 and variety of color, occurs in most of the provinces. 
 
 The quantity of gold obtained in 1843 was 3S17 ounces; of 
 silver. 75,009 ounces: of quicksilver,3635 hundred-weight: of 
 tin. found chiefly in Bohemia, only 90 tons. Copper is found 
 princi|ially in Hungary. The whole produce in 1843 wa.s 2716 
 tons; zinc olitained. 280 tons; lead, 6841 tons: antimony. 378 
 tons : cobalt. 1 19 tons. But the largest produce of the metals 
 ts iron, which amounted to 2,726,526 tons. An important 
 133 
 
 AUS 
 
 branch of the iron trade of Austria is the manufiicture of 
 rails for railw.ays. The quantity of coal produced in 1812 
 amounted to upwards of 11,054.805 tons, nearly double the 
 amount of what it w.as five years previously. The quantity 
 of salt amounted to 882.000 tons. About half of the whole 
 number of Austrian mines belong to private companies; 
 the others to government. 
 
 Industry. Commerce, rfc. — Among the textile manufactures 
 silk holds a conspicuous place, although confined chiefly to 
 Vienna. Milan, Como, Prague, and Pesth. The whole pro- 
 duce of the silk manufactures of the Austrian Empire 
 amounts to about 3,500.000/.. employing altogether, in the 
 various processes, about 160,000 persons. The whole nupi- 
 ber of silk manufactories in the empire is 5119. 
 
 In 1843. the entire annual produce of wool in the empire 
 was 771,875 hundre<l-weight, of which Hungary produced 
 nearly one-half. The manufacture of woollen cloths is 
 confined to Bohemia and Moravia chiefly. The entire pro- 
 duction of Austria in woollen cloth • and worsted stuffs 
 mav be reckoned at about 1,000.000 pieces; value about 
 4,500,000?. 
 
 The whole quantity of linen produced is about 6,570.000/., 
 employing 30.000 looms, and about 500.0(X) weavers. Though 
 machinery for flax-spinning has recently been introcluced, - 
 this operation is still performed chi"fiy l>y the hand. 
 
 The cotton-we.aving of .\ustria is also upon the increase. 
 In 1843. there were employed in this manufacture about 
 90,000 looms, giving occupation to about 150.000 hands, and 
 producing annually 3.500.000 pieces. The chief seat of the 
 cotton factories or spinning establishments is Bohemia and 
 Lower Austria. 
 
 The quantity of cotton and woollen goods printed in 1841 
 was. together. 2.035,000 pieces, value 2.1S1.000/.. of which 
 .about six-.sevenths were cotton. The principal establish- 
 ments for Turkey-red dyeing are in the X. of Bohemia, in 
 Vorarlberg. Schumtierg. Moravia. Oalida. Lc>mbardy, Tre- 
 viso in Venice. Stein in Carniola. and one or two other 
 places. The united produce of tlie whole was. in 1841, 
 12,000.000 pieces. The entire quantity of goods — cotton, wool- 
 len, and mixed iiibrics — printed in Austria is nither mora 
 than one-fifth of that printed in England, nearly equal to 
 that of France, upwards of one-fiurth more than that of 
 Russia, and more than double that of Prussia and Switzer- 
 land. The whole cotton manufactures of the empire, includ- 
 ing spinning, weaving, and dveing, mav be estimated al 
 4,500.000/. : the number of haiids employed, at 300.000. 
 
 Austria is remark,able for the number of its breweries .and 
 distilleries. Of the former there are 3165. which produce 
 about 100,000.000 gallons annually, consuming about 
 900,000 qtiarters of malt. The number of distilleries in 
 Austrlii, exclusive of Htingary, Tran.sjlvania. and the mili- 
 tary frontiers, amounted, in 1842. to 16..')02. producing 
 35.465,.575 gallons of spirits, of which G.alicia alone produces 
 23.568.750 gallons. Austria has in all 123 sugar-refineries, 
 of which number 25 work from colonial sugar, and the re- 
 maining 98, fi-om beet-root. The former used, in 1843, 
 29.332 tons of sugar: the latter, 105,503 tons of roots, pro- 
 ducing 8906 tons of refined sugar. 
 
 In addition to her general import and export trade. .Aus- 
 tria carries on a vers- considerable amount of Ijusiness in 
 the transit of goods through her territories to other 
 countries — partly from her central position in the conti- 
 nent, and partly from her numerous n.avigable stre.ams and 
 excellent roads, and, in later times, her partially completed 
 railway system. 
 
 The fbllowlng tables show the increase and extent of the 
 genera] commerce of the Austrian Empire: — 
 
 • Imports. Kxiwrls. Totsl. 
 
 lK«-3 £10,627,000 £I1,66;,420 £2J.289,4M 
 
 mfi-i 10.77.*. 1^9 11.109,. ill :;1.8?T,4:!0 
 
 1843 IN.all.lOO ]8,0:i!<,SOO .W.SM.IOO 
 
 lUi 19,144,900 18,5'-'0,600 37.675,500 
 
 Custom DiUUs CnnfOted on Vie Impoiis. Exports, and Transit 
 Trade for 1850, 1851, and 1852. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Imports £l,8,i4.SO0 .. 
 
 Exports 109.600 .. 
 
 Transit trade.. 6.600.. 
 
 Total 1,971,000 
 
 1851. 
 £l,9:!!t,Tno .. 
 
 111,100 .. 
 5.900 .. 
 
 Z,0o6,700 .. 
 
 IBS'!. 
 £2,!7».700 
 109.500 
 T.-.-OO 
 
 . 2,;90,400 
 
 From the first tal)ie it will be perceived that there has been 
 sn increase in the total imports of 1844. above the average 
 of 1832 to 18.34. of. "51 percent. The increase on theimportsof 
 manufactured and half-manufactured L'oods was 61 percent. 
 Both the exportation of wine and (he importation of raw 
 cotton have greatly increased of late years, the latter being 
 in amount nearly twice what it was in is:jl. In timber a 
 similar improvement b.as taken place. In the iron trade 
 there ha.s been an improvement, during the last 20 years, 
 nearly equal to 400 per cent., and on coals to 700 per cent- 
 In the export of linen goods, there has lieen a gradutl fall- 
 ing off. the result of the advance of cotton and ■»')olleu 
 manufactures. The shipping of the empi»<i in 1841, 
 amounted to 5574 vessels of all sizes: tons, 215,598; and 
 
 J 
 
AUS 
 
 AUS 
 
 In 1S53. to 9511 vessels : tons, 311,763. emploj-lnc; 34,831 men. 
 The prin.-ipal ports o*' Austria are Triest, Venice, Chiofrgin, 
 and Fiunie — all in the Adriatic. The nuinlier of vessels 
 that arrived at these ports in 1R44 was 31.858. (tons, 
 1.276,376,) of which 3624 (tons, 421.78.-!) were Austrian. The 
 clearances for the same year were 32.0.52. (tons, 1,207,307,) 
 Of which 3800 (tons, 427.679) helono;ed to Austria. 
 
 Internal Imprm:emfnts. — The means of communication 
 in Austria are extensive, and many of the great routes, as 
 that of the Simplon. are remarltable as works of art. The 
 first railway opened in Austria extends from Lintz on the 
 I>anulie, N. to Budweis ou the Jloldau, and S. to Wells and 
 Gmlinden; it is worlied by horse-power. In 1848, the prin- 
 cipal lines of railway in operation and progress were as fol- 
 lows: — 1. From Vienna S. to Gratz; 2. From Grfitz toCilly; 
 3. From Cilly to Triest, (in progress;) 4. From Vienna N.W. 
 to Stockerau, and E. to I?ruck; 5. From A'ienna N.toUrtlnn, 
 and N.aud N.W. to Olmutz and Prague. In Northern Italy 
 is the great trunk-line from Milan K. to Venice, opened for 
 traffic nearly half its extent, and that from Milan N. to 
 Monza. In Hungary the principal lines are — 1. From Pesth 
 E. to Szolnok, (or from the Danube to the Theiss;) 2. From 
 Pesth N. to VV'aitzen, and from Presburg N.K. to Tyrnau. 
 Steam-packets are established on the Danube and on the 
 lakes of the Lorn ha rdo- Venetian Kingdom, in which pro- 
 vinces canals are numerous. • 
 
 Gorernnient, <£c. — The whole legi.slative authority is vested 
 In the emperor, who exercises supreme control in all the 
 province!?, excepting Hungary and Transylvania, liut a 
 constant tendency on the part of the various states to re- 
 sume their independence, and maintain their respective na- 
 ional distinctions, has the effect of tempering the exercise of 
 this control, and thereby preventing what has been lately 
 threatened^the dismemberment of the empire. The pro- 
 vincial states, whose business it is tfl receive and register 
 the laws framed by the emperor on financial matters, and 
 to allocate or apportion the amount of sxipplies to be con- 
 tributed by the different districts, meet once a year, or 
 oftener, if necessarj'. The executive government acts through 
 councils or Ixjai-ds, each having a chancellor, who commu- 
 nicates with the provincial councils and with the cabinet. 
 Hungary and Transylvania have each a sepjirate chancery, 
 and are governed by their own laws ; as are, likewise, the 
 Italian States. The nobles form a separate order in the 
 state, and are so disproportionately numerous as to make the 
 distinction appear ridiculous, the total number of nobility 
 in the empire being no less than 400.(X)0, or 1 to every 90 
 inhabitants. Ofthe.se there are 259,648 in Hungary alone, 
 or 1 for every 20 burghers. The privileges and prerogatives 
 of these last are seriously detrimental to the national inte- 
 rests in various respects; those of the nobles of the other 
 provinces are few and unimportant. 
 
 The administration of justice is under the superintend- 
 ence of the superior ministry of justice, at the head of which 
 there are two presidents. It is divided into two senates, 
 one at Vienna and one at Verona. All trials are conducted 
 with a great degree of secrecy, and those of criminals are 
 scandalously protracted, years often elapsing before their 
 trials are brought on, and years more before they are con- 
 cluded. Sentence of death can be passed after confession 
 only ; a law which, whatever may be said of its humanity, 
 must have a tendency to defeat the ends of justice. 
 
 The military tbrce of the empire is composed of a standing 
 anny and an army of reser\-e. The permanent force 
 in time of peace is 414.000 men, and during war, 639,659. 
 Austria possesses a great many fortificationg, of which 
 Josephstadt, Theresienstadt, Olmutz, Mantua, Peschiera, 
 and Coraorn belong to the first class; Peterwardein, 
 Brod, Altgradisca; Arad, Eszek Karlstadt, Karlsburg. Mun- 
 kacs, Temesvar, Ragusa, Cattaro, Zara, Legnago, Venice, 
 Kufstein, SalzV>urg, Pnague, and KBniggratz. to the second 
 class. Austria also maintains garrisons in Mentz. Piacenza. 
 Ferrara. and C'omacchio. The naval armament, under a naval 
 commander at Venice, consists of 6 frigates, 6 corvettes, 7 
 brig.i, 66 smaller vessels, 11 steamers, and 9 gunboats — in 
 all, 104 vessels, carrying 742 guns. The public revenues 
 arise from direct taxes on property, industry, and incomes, 
 with peisonal and Jews' taxes. Indirect imposts on tobacco 
 and provi.sions, a salt monopoly, legacy and stamp duties, 
 postK)ffice and custom dues, and the revenues from the 
 crown domains and mines ; the whole estimated in 1S53, to 
 amount to 23.590.000?. The givater proportion was contri- 
 buted by Bohemia, Oalicia, Illyria, and the German and 
 Italian provinces; Hungary contributes a ct-rtain sum 
 voted Vjy the Diet, and supports a fixed number of troops; 
 and in Dalmatja a tithe of the land produce is taken in 
 lieu of taxes. The expenditure the same year exceeded 
 the revenue to the amount of S.SOO.OdOi. Of the total 
 expenditures, 11.196,00(«. was for the army, and 6.700.000i. 
 for interest on the public debt, which, in 1850, amounted to 
 102.300,000;. 
 
 The Austrian Empire is ecclesiastically divided into 15 
 archbishoprics, 76 liishopries, 19 Protestant superintenden- 
 des, and 28.903 parishes, of which 19.503 are Koman Catholic, 
 and SiO"^ aon-CathoUc. The number of clergy in 1842 waa 
 
 56-988. The number of Roman Catholic communicants 
 in 1846, was 26,357,172; Greek communicants, 3.694.896; 
 non-united Greek communicants, 3,161,805; Calvinisls, 
 2,161,765; Lutherans, 1,286,799; Unitarians, 50,441; other 
 denominations. 23.50, and Jews. 729,005. Th" •"'"ijbers of 
 the Greek church, and the Calvinists and Lutherans mostly 
 inhabit the ea-itern provinces; the Unitarians are nearly 
 confined to Transylvania. The administration of public 
 instruction is under the direction of a separate commis- 
 sion, and extends to all parts of education. The public 
 schools are subject to uniform laws; they are classed into 
 high schools, gymnasiums and classical schools, and elementr 
 ary schools. The number of national schools (exclusive of 
 Hungary, Transylvania, and the militai-y frontier) is 28,380, 
 and pupils, 2,605,801, \mng nearly 1 to every 10 of the popula- 
 tion. There were, in 1848, 9 universities, having their seiita 
 at Vienna, Prague, Padua, Pavia, Pesth, Lemberg, Gratz, 
 Innspruck, and Olmutz, with 419 professors and 15,794 
 students. 
 
 Hofpitah. — Out of the 63 cities and principal towns of 
 Au.stria, 21 possess foundling hospitals, with lying-in estab- 
 lishments attached. The numlx-r of foundlings received 
 into these hospitals in 1833 was 14,897, and in 1840, 17,410. 
 From 1821 to 1840 there were in public keeping 980,345 
 children, with a yearly increase of numbers. The number 
 of foundlings claimed is very small proportionably. At Lay- 
 bach 242 only were sought back in the course of 81 years, 
 out of 5302 foundlings. In the Prague Hospital, 2309 only 
 were sought back from 1822 to 1841, out of 87,.341 found- 
 lings. In Milan the proportion sought back was much 
 greater, indeed remarkable, when the other cases are con- 
 sidered: it was 7623 out of 20,147 foundlings, or consider- 
 ably more than a third. 
 
 Papulation. — The population of the Austrian Empire in 
 1816, was about 28.OU0.O00; in 1826, 32,000.000; in 1842, 
 35,747,946; in 1846, 37,58.3,755; (and in 1857, 35,018,988). Ac- 
 cording to race and language, the entire population is 
 divided thus : — 
 
 Germans 7,200,000 
 
 Slavonians 14,994.000 
 
 Italians 7,500.000 
 
 lilvriaus 3,:j00 
 
 Greeli8 !. 6,600 
 
 Armeniana 22,100 
 
 Jews 641,000 
 
 Gipsies 77,000 
 
 Magvars 5,900,000 
 
 Tartars 170,000 
 
 In 1850, the number of towns was about 800, of which 1 (Vi- 
 enna) had upwards of 400,000 inhabitants; 3 (Milan, Prague, 
 and Venice) more than 100,000; 5 above 40,000; 7 above 30,000; 
 11 above 2O,uO0; and 35 above 10,000; boroughs, 2320; and 
 villages, 69,000. The population belongs to four princip,al 
 families — the Deutsch or German, Slavonian, Italian, and 
 Hungarian or Magyars. German is the language of the 
 countries inhabited by the first-named family, and the 
 idiom employed by the superior administration ; the differ- 
 ent Slavonian dialects by the ,second; Italian and a mixed 
 dialect by the third; and the Magyar by the fourth, 
 French is the diplomatic language of the empire, 
 
 Hidory. — After the erection of the German Empire in the 
 ninth century by Charlem.agne, that prince' subdued the 
 district on the S. bank of the Danube, to the E. of the river 
 Ens, and converted it into a military frontier, to repel the 
 incursions of the Huns and other barbarous nations. It 
 was then called Octi-rciC/i, or the "e<istkiiigdom"from its re- 
 lative position to Germany, but subseiiuently obtained the 
 name of Lower Austria, and became the nucleus of the pre- 
 sent Austrian Empire, The governors of this district or 
 pi'ovince were appointed by the Emperors of Germany, to 
 whom they were subject, with the title of margrave, (Ger. 
 marl-graf — " lord of the marches,") which title was borne 
 by their successors for three centuries after. About the 
 middle of the twelfth century. Upper Austria was added 
 to Lower Austria, and the title of margrave merged into 
 that of duke. Soon after. Styria came by bequest to the 
 Dukes of Austria, when the latter for the first time esta- 
 blished the ducal residence in Vienna. Hitherto the Dukes 
 of Austria had been of the house of Bamberg; but. in 1246, 
 the male branch became extinct when Rudolph of Hapsburg 
 Emperor of Germany, vested the succession to the ' ducal 
 throne in his son Albert and his descendants, and with 
 this prince commenced the Hapsburg dynasty ov<ir Austri.'j. 
 A'arious accessions of territory now rapidly increased the 
 ducal dominions, raising Austria from the rar,k of a mere 
 province to that of an important state; and. In 1438, hei 
 Duke, Albert II., was elevated to the dignity of Emperoi 
 of Germany. The imperial crown has since remained in 
 the uninterrupted possession of the Hapsburg line of Aus- 
 tian sovereigns. The political commotions of 1848. by 
 which the peace and prosperity of so many of the nations 
 of Europe were wrecked for a time, extended to Austria, 
 where a predisposition to revolt had long existed previously, 
 lieing a necessary consequence Of the association of the jar- 
 ring and incongruous elements of which that empire is 
 composed. In the j'ear above named, a spark of the revolu- 
 tionary fires of France ignited the combustible materials, 
 and in a short time Austria was in a blaze. Lon^bardy i-e- 
 volted. The Austrians were driven out of Milan. Venice, 
 and many other towns, by their disaffected inhaJjitants, 
 
 1.39 
 
AUS 
 
 who subsequently formed an alliance with Charles Albert, 
 Eiug of Sardinia, who then invaded the Austrian territory 
 at the head of a large army, and for a time victory seemed 
 to fevor the Italians. In the following year, however, both 
 the insursrents and their Sardinian ally were repeatedly de- 
 feated by the Austrian forces under Marshal Radetzky. and 
 Lombardv was again brought under the Austrian sway. 
 Taking advantage of this state of things. Hungary also 
 came forward with a demand for the reestaVilishnient of her 
 ancient constitutional rights. Austria resisted the demand 
 and appealed to the force of arms. For a time victory fa- 
 vored tbe Hungarians, but Ru.ssia interfering, the contest ter- 
 minated in favor of monarchy. Adj.and inhab. Austrian, 
 
 aws'tre-jn; (Fr. Autrichien, oHree''she-kii'''; Ger. adj. Oes-ter- 
 EBiCHiscn. bs'tgr-rrkish. iuhab. Oesterkeicher, os'ter-i fkgr ; 
 It AuHriaco. ows-tree'3-ko ; Sp. A ttstriaco. ows-tre-a'ko.) 
 
 AUSTKIA (aws'tre^a) ARCHDUCHY OF. The Archducht 
 OF ACSTRIA. or AcsTRH PROPER, IS the nucleus around which 
 has grown the vast empire known as the Austrian dominions. 
 Its area is only about 12.250 English square miles: while the 
 area of the entire empire is estimated at 266,569 square 
 miles. It is bounded X. by Bohemia and Moravia. S. by 
 Salzburg and Styria, E. by Hungary, and W. by Bavaria: 
 lying between lat. 47° 28' and 49° 2' "X., and Ion. 12° 45' and 
 17° 5' E. It is divided into two provinces by the Enns, 
 which, enters the Danube from the S., near the town of 
 Enns, the line of separation N.of the Danube running from 
 a point on that river 4 miles W. of Ips, X.W. to the Bohe- 
 mian frontier. The province W. of the Enns. al.so called 
 " Austria atoye the Enns," or " Upper Austri.i." ( Oierilftfr- 
 rack,) has Lintz for its capital : bounded on the W. by the 
 Inn : area, 4616 square miles. The province E. of the Enns, 
 also called "Austria below the Enns," or " Lower Austria," 
 (Uiifi'r- or NiederSiterreich,) has for its capital Vienna: area, 
 7633 square miles; being bounded on the E. by the March; 
 and S.E.. the Leytha, separating it from Hungaryi 
 
 Both provinces are mountainous, and abound in beautiful 
 and romantic scenery. The entire vale of the Danube, from 
 Passau to Vienna — a distance of not less than 130 miles — 
 presents a continued series of the most picturesque views, 
 equ.-il. it has been asserted, to those on the far-famed Rhine; 
 while the scenery on the Enns. and several of the other 
 streams, has been considered but little* If at all inferior. 
 The confines of the archduchj', on the S., are marked by a 
 chain of mountains, including a range of the Xoric Alps, 
 which spreads its branches over the whole country S. of the 
 Danube. The X. portions, again, are traversed in all direc- 
 tions bj- the BohmeruKild, or Bohemian Mountains. Be- 
 tween these N. and S. mountain ranges, lie the vale and 
 basin of the Danute, to which both provinces almost exclu- 
 sively belong. The principal tributaries of the Danube 
 from the S. are the Inn, 'fraun, Enns, Ips, Trai.sen, and 
 Leytha — all Alpine streams, and remarkable for the green 
 tinge of their waters — and numerous smaller streams: from 
 the X'. come the Krems. Kamp. Goller, March. &c.\ the last, 
 after the Danube, the largest stream pertaining to the pro- 
 vince. The lakes, chiefly confined to Upper Austria, are 
 numerous, and remarkable for the beauty of their scenery. 
 The principal are, the GmUndensee or Traunsee. about 7 
 miles long, and 2 broad at the widest part : the Uallst^t- 
 tersee. 6 miles long and about 1 broad; the Attersee, about 
 12 miles long and 3 broad; the Mondsee; the Lake of St. 
 Gilgen. and an immense number of smaller lakes. Swamps 
 and morasses of great extent are of frequent occurrence. 
 The mineral wealth of the archduchy is not great. In Lower 
 Austria there are some iron-mines, while both provinces 
 contain quarries of marble and freestone, slate, alum, and 
 potter's clay : and coal, alab;>ster, gjpsum. rock-crystal, gar- 
 nets, beryls, topazes, and emeralds are obtained. A little 
 gold and silver, copper, lead, and iron are found in certain 
 localities; salt in the hills of Ischel; and sulphur in various 
 quarters. The whole produce of the mines and furnaces of 
 the archduchy amounted, in 1845. to 69.9152. Of this sum, 
 27,153Z. is the value of coal, found only in Lower Austri.1. 
 
 The climate of the archduchy varies with the level of the 
 different localities: but neither the heat nor the cold is ex- 
 treme, though the lower province is subject to sudden 
 changes. The average annual temperature in Vienna is 
 about 51° Fah. The maximum heat does not exceed 97°, 
 and the winter cold ranges between 10° and 12° below the 
 freezing point. At Lintz, the mean heat is 4S° 28'. 
 
 The soil is as various as the climate. In the hilly regions 
 there Is little cultivation, but compensation is found in 
 valuable forests. Agriculture, however, is on the whole in 
 an improved and improving condition. But the cultivation 
 and general management of the vine is still defective. The 
 total productive superficies of the archduchv comprise 
 9.005.0'.)2 acres: of which 3.1S0.710 acres are arable, 114.128 
 acres are planted with the -vine. 1.392.654 acres are in gar- 
 dens, l.i»n4.6S3 in pastures, and 3.222.917 in woodland. 
 
 Throughout the territory, fruits and kitchen veaetables 
 of all sorts are produced in great abundance, and of excellent 
 quality. Flax is cultivated to some extent: and in Upper 
 Austria, hops also. The valley of the Enns, and the 
 plitiu of Tulla on the Danube, are the most fertile tracts, 
 140 
 
 ACT 
 
 both yielding most luxuriant crops of com. In Upper 
 Austria, where pastures abound, the rearing of cattle is 
 general; and the horses bred in the S.W. parts of the pro- 
 vince are noted for their size. Goats abound in the mout*- 
 tainous regions. The lynx, wolf and bear are al.so met 
 with. Foxes, stags, deer, marmots, polecats, squirrels, mar- 
 t<;n.s, hares, and wild fowl are numerous. 
 
 The commercial resources of the archduchy, and the ac- 
 tivity and enterprise of its inhabitants, are greater, per- 
 haps, than tho.se of any of the other dominions of the em- 
 pire; lx)wer Austria and Lombardy. with little m<jre than 
 a tenth of the population of the whole Austrian territory, 
 engrossing about a third of its entire trade. 
 
 The quantity of spirits annually distilled in the arch- 
 duchy is very considerable, being no less than LlSCJlo im- 
 peri.ii gallons; of which rather more than the half is made 
 in Upper Austria. To produce this quantity of spirits, 
 there are 7326 distilleries, but most of these are on a very 
 small scale. 
 
 The quantity of wine produced annually amounts to 
 24,890,659 imperial gallons. There are in Lower Austria 7 
 sugar-refineries, and 3 manufactories of sugar from beet- 
 root. Both Austrias produce considerable quantities of iron 
 and wool. In 1S45, the amount of wool was 4.44(5,000 
 pounds. Spinning machinery has been lately intnxiuced 
 into the country; but flax is. still .spun almost exilnsively 
 by the hand, and forms a principal employment of the in- 
 habitants of the mountainous districts. The quantity of 
 linen manufactured in 1845. was 2i'0.000 pieces of 30 ella 
 each: value, 150.000/. The cotton manufacture is also con- 
 siderable, and is rapidly increasing. In Lower Austria 
 there are 40 factories, with about 385.000 spindles : in Upper 
 Ausfiia. 4 factories, with 20,0(Xi spindles. Silk is likewise 
 manufactured to a large extent, especially in Vienna; to a 
 more limited extent in Neustadt and some other towns. 
 The woollen manufactures have not Iteen so prosperous. 
 
 In Upper Austria, the salt-works afford employment to 
 several thousand persons, the produce amounting annually 
 to about 46,000 tons. The other manufactures are laces, 
 ironware, and cutlery ; tools, copperware, brasswork, 
 jewelry, articles of wood, leather, porcelain, paper, glass, 
 chemicals, beer, and spirits. In Lower Austria are nume- 
 rous tanneries, bleachfields, and also printfields. at which 
 254,000 pieces of woollen and cotton goods are printed 
 annually. 
 
 The trade of the archduchy in 1845 was as follows : — 
 
 Imports. Fvports. 
 
 tJpper Austria £1,9T6.0B5 £1 3i9.70T 
 
 Lower Aunria 306.348 SsS.lSl 
 
 Total.... £2,282,413 £1.717,838 
 
 The internal traffic is much facilitated by the excellence of 
 the roads, the navigable rivers and canals, the steam navi- 
 gation of the Danube, and by the, introduction of r.iilways, 
 of which there are three in the archduchy. 
 
 Education is an olject of anxious .solicitude to the govern- 
 ment, which provides gratis instruction for all who cannot 
 afford to pay for it. To secure an ample supply of teachere, 
 numerous normal schools have been established in various 
 parts of the country, particularly in Vienna, which fur- 
 nishes from 1600 to 1700 teachers annually. Throughout 
 the whole archduchy, every child must go to .sihool for a 
 certain number of years. A more questionable law enjoins 
 that no person shall marry, or set up in any trade, who 
 cannot produce a written certificate of attendance at school. 
 
 The inhabitants of Austria Proper are almost all Ger- 
 mans. I'op.of Upper Austria, in 1845. 851.288: of I>ower Aus- 
 tria, 1,415,695; together. 2.266,993: of which, perhaps. 50.000 
 or 60,000 are settlers from other parts of the Austrian domi- 
 nions and foreigners; the remainder are native-born 
 Germans. 
 
 AUSTRIA, CIRCLE OF, an old subdivision of Germany, 
 which comprised Austria Proper, or Lower Austria. Styria, 
 Carinthi.i, Carniola, and the Tyrol, is bounded X. by Moravia, 
 Bohemia,. and the circles of Bavaria and Swabia: W. by 
 Switzerland; S. by Lombardy and Istria; and E. by Cro»- 
 tia and Ilunsary. 
 
 A USTHIAN. A USTRIA CO. See Austri.a. 
 
 AUSTRIAX ITALY comprises the Lombardo-Venetian 
 kingdom, the Italian Tyrol, and a great part of the govern- 
 ment of Triest, in lllvria. 
 
 AUSTRIAX POLAXD, Kingddm of. See G.aucia. 
 
 AUSTItY. aws'tree. a parLsh of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 AUST'WICK, a township of England, co. of York, Vieni 
 Riding. 
 
 AUiWU'GA, a creek in A labjim.a. enters Alabama River 
 from the X. about 12 miles W. from Montgomery. 
 
 AUTAUG.4, a county in the central part of Alabama, hag 
 an area of 1100 stiuare miles. The Alabama and Coosa 
 Rivers form the entire boundaries of the county on the S. 
 and E. It is al.so drained by the Autauga and Mulberry 
 Creek.s. from the former of which tlie name is derived. The 
 surface is hilly or undulating: fhe .soil is fertile, and finely 
 adapted to the production of grain or |>asture. Thi-; u-ounty 
 is intersected by a pbink-road fi"om Montgomery to luscar 
 
AUT 
 
 AVE 
 
 loosa, and b}- the route of the raih-oad lately commenced 
 from SMlcni towards the Tennessee River. Capital, Kings- 
 ton. I'uji. 16,739; of whom 71U2 were free, and 9007 
 slaves. 
 
 AUT AU'O AVILLE, a posfrofSce of Autauga co., Alabama. 
 
 AUTEKIVK, S'te-reev', a town of France, department of 
 Ilaute-ttaronne, on the riifht bank of the Ariege, 10 miles S. 
 of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852 3,448. 
 
 AUTEUIL, SHl'I', a villaj;e of France, department of Seine, 
 3 miles W. of Paris. Pop. in lS-52, 4274. It is enclosed 
 within the new walls of Paris, and ajrreeably situated 1»- 
 tween the I$ois de Rouloijne and the rijrht bank of the Seine. 
 Boileau, La Fontaine. Franklin, and other illustrious men 
 had country houses here. In the square, there is a pyra- 
 mid erei-ted to the memory of d'Aguesseau. 
 
 AUTIIUO. d'tee',and AUTinON,o't«-<!>M«'. two small rivers 
 of France; the former flows N'.'W., between the departments 
 of Somme and Pas-de-Cathiis, and enters the Kujilish Channel 
 25 miles .S. of Boulof^ne, after a course of 35 miles; the lat- 
 ter, in the department of Maiue-et-Loire. joins the Loire 4 
 miles S.K. of Anders, aft«r a W. course of about 35 miles. 
 
 Al'TI.^SKlUOKIM or.\L;Ti;?81(>DUKUM. SeoAUiERKE. 
 
 AUTinCHK. and MTrmCHlEN, See Austria. 
 
 AUTlilCUM. i«ee Ciiautres. 
 
 A UTUX.6'tQN»'.(anc.i3tV^ac'<«.afterwBrds j4H5'j(.<;<orf2//nMTO,) 
 a city of France, department of .Sa9ne-et-]>oire. on the Arroux, 
 .W niiUs X.W. of Macon, and 105 miles S.K. of Paris. Pop. in 
 1852, 11.997. It is picturesciuely seated at the foot of tinely- 
 wooded mountains, and hsis a lofty f^othic cathedr.il. a col- 
 lege, library, museum, lar^e seminary, and tribunal of com- 
 merce, with manufactures of cai-pets and paper, and a con- 
 siderable trade in timber, hemp, and cattle. Liirfre masses 
 of its ancient walls remain, with two very beautiful and 
 perfect irates. the ruins of an amphitheatre and of sevei-.il 
 temples, a pyramid, and numerous frasrments of other Ro- 
 man edifices ; it has also a choice collection of ancient medals. 
 The epi.scopal see of Autun was once heM bv Tallevrand. 
 
 AUTANCUURY aw-tan-ktir/ree, or AUTUNCARAY.a sea- 
 port town of British India, presidency of Madras, 11 miWs 
 E. of Hamnad. It has a coasting tr.ade in rice and 
 tobacco. 
 
 AUVEKONE, oVaiiifl', (anc. ^rwr'ni.)anold province of 
 France, forniingthe present departments of Cantal. I'uy-de- 
 D6me, and a small part of Haute-Loire. It was divided into 
 Upper and Lower Auver;?ne, and had for capitals, respect- 
 ively, St. Flour and Clermont. * 
 
 AUVERU.N'K. Mountains op, a branch of the C6vennes, 
 extending chiefly in the departments Puy -de-Dome and Can- 
 tal, and separating the basins of the Allier, Cher, and 
 Creuse from those of the Lot and Dordogne. These moun- 
 tains form extensive and very confu.sed groups, which throw 
 out considerable contreforts to the N. and S., and contain 
 the culminating points of the interior of F'rance. viz. the 
 Mont Dor. 6188 feet. Cantal, 6U9a feet, and Puy-de-Donie, 4806 
 feet. They contain a great numljer of extinct volcanoes, 
 and present sites of the wildest and most picturesque gran- 
 deur. The cone of Mont Dor rises .abruptly to a height of 
 several thousand feet, and is composed of scoria?, pumice- 
 stone, and tine detritus mixed with beds of ba-salt. The 
 numerous minor volcanoes form an irregular ridge, extend- 
 ing alun^' a platform is miles in length. They are generally 
 truncated at the top. and the crater is often entire. 
 
 AUV'ERS. O'vaiR'. a village of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Oise, 3 miles E.N.E. of Pontoise, on the railway from 
 Paris to Amiens. Pop. 22.%3. 
 
 AUVILLAR or AUV1LL.\RS. oVeeryaR' or oVee^yaR'. a 
 town of Fi-ance, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 23 miles W. 
 of Montauban. Pop. in 1862. 2178. 
 
 AUX CAYKS. a town of llayti. See Gates. 
 
 AUXERRE, O^saiR/, (anc. A utissiocMnvni.) a city of France, 
 capital of the department of Yonne, 93 miles S.W. of Paris, 
 on the left bank of the Yonne. Pop. in 1862, 14,16'j. It is 
 surrounded by vineyards, and by planted boulevai-ds, occu- 
 pying the site of its ancient walls, and has some good streets. 
 a quay along the Yonne. a fine cathedral and other Gothic 
 cliurches, a curious dock-tower, a public library of 25.000 
 volumes, musevim, college, tribunal of commerce, theatre, 
 hospital, kc, with a trade in wines, timber, and charcoal, 
 and in hosiery, counterpanes, barrels, and musical strings 
 manufactured in the city. 
 
 AUXl.MUM. See OsrMO. 
 
 AUXOX, Ox^An"' or 6k'-sAx»'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aube. 15 miles S.S.W. of Troves. Pop. 2507. It has 
 manufactures of cotton yarn and hosiery. 
 
 AU.XONXE, Ok'sc^nn'. a fortified town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, on the left bank of the SaSne. here crossed 
 by a long bridge. 17 miles S.E. of Dijon. Pop. in 1852, 6265. It 
 is generally well built; its ramparts, planned by Vauban, 
 now form puVilic walks: and it has an arsenal, barracks. and 
 masa/.ines. with mauutiictures of woollen cloth and nails. 
 
 AUXY-LE-CIIATEAU, (Auxy-le-Chateau.) ok\see1eh-sha'- 
 W. a town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the 
 Authie, 15 miles S.W. of St. Pol. Pop. 2342. 
 
 AU7.AXCES. o^zSnss'. a town of France, department of 
 Creuse, 32 miles S.K. of Queret. Pop.ofcommuue,^lS02)1343. 
 
 AUZOX. 5^z6no', a Village of France, department of Ilaut* 
 Loire, on the right bank of the Allier, 34 miles X.W 
 of Puy. 
 
 AVA. i'va, (anc. Amg-wa, "a fish-pond.") a city, formerlj 
 capital of the Burmese dominions, on the Irrawadiiy, o6C 
 miles X. of Rangoon. I.at. 21== 58' N., Ion. 95°68' 10" E. It 
 consists of an outer and inner city, both fortified, and had 
 numerous temples, but its houses generally are mere huts; 
 and on .March 23d, 1839, every substantial edifice was de 
 stroyed by an e.irthquake : since which period the seat of 
 government has been transferred to BIonchnlKTO. The popu 
 lation, in 1826, was betweim 25.ii0(j and 30,00t). 
 
 AVA, (fvd, a principality of .lapan, on the i.sland o, 
 Niphon, with a capital town, 50 miles E.S.E. of Y'eddo. 
 
 AY A, a principality of .Iap,an. on the island of Sikoke, witt 
 a town on its .N. coast ; Itit. 33° 53' M., Ion. 134° 12' E., witl 
 the best harbor in the island. 
 
 A Y.\. ah'va. a postrvilhige and township of Oneida CO., New 
 York, about 50 miles X.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 12C0. 
 
 AVA, a post office of Lowndes co., Georgia. 
 
 AVA. a post-office of Winnebago co., Illinois, IS milei 
 W.N.W. of Rockford. 
 
 AVAILLES LI.MOU.SINE. aHSI'(or iVJ/ye) lee'moo'zeen', 
 a commune and town of France, department of Vienne. on 
 the A'ienne, 17 miles E. of Civray. Pop. 2000. Its trade i» 
 mostly in wine and millstones. 
 
 A VALANCHK. See .\l.i's, page 63. 
 
 AVAL ISLAND, in the Persian Gulf. See BAilREm. 
 
 AV.^LLDX. AsariAxo'. (anc. AlalHo.) a town of France, 
 department of Yonne. on the Voisin. 26 miles S.E. of .Auxerre. 
 i'op. in 1852. 5922. The town is situated in a country re- 
 noH-ned fir fertility and picturesque sites: it has an active 
 tnide. and manufactures of woollen cloths and pnner. 
 
 AV.4L0N, av'a-lon, a large peninsul.a. forming the S.B. 
 part of Newfoundland, having Trinity Bay on the N. and 
 Placentia Bay on the S. 
 
 AV'ALOX. a posf-offlce of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 AVAXT', a ptist-ofiice of Freestone CO., Texas. 
 
 AV.\RES, 3-vd/r6s. Khanat op, a political division of 
 Eastern Circassi.a. lietween the rivers Aksai and Koisoo, 
 (lioisu.) and nominally subject to Russia. 
 
 AVARICUM. See BounoE,s. 
 
 AVASI. d^'i/seeVor AVADSI, dVdd'sec'. a town of .Tapan, 
 capital of the island of Sikoke, S. of Niphon; l.at.34°21' N., 
 Ion. 134° 47' E. 
 
 A VATCH A. a-vifcha. or AVATCIIKA, d-vltchnvj, a town 
 of Kamtchatka. on Avatcha Bay. 
 
 AVATCIIA or AVATCIIKA, a bay in the S.E. part of 
 Kamtchatka, affording the liest harljor on the ctiast. On it 
 are the towns of Avatcha and Petropaulovski, at the latter 
 of which it receives the waters of the Av.itchka IJiver. 
 
 AV ATCIIIXSKAYA or AWATSCIIINSKAJA, d-vatch-in- 
 ski'yd. also called MOUNT AVATCHA. an active vfilcano in 
 Kamtchatka. in lat. 53° 15' N., Ion. 168° 50' E.; elevation, 
 9055 feet. At its summit is a crater several hundred yardp 
 in circumference, and on its E. side, at an elevation of 5000 
 feet, is another crater, similar in origin and appearance to 
 Mount Somni.a. (Vesuvius.) In 1827, Avatchinskaya w.is in 
 violent eruption, and discharged, with lava and stones, a 
 vast ijuantity of water. 
 
 AVE. d'veh. a river of Belgium, joins the Lesse. 
 
 A'VEBUK Y. Al V, or A'BURY, a village and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Milts. 6 miles W. of Slarlborough. Its church is 
 of high antiquity, and the village occupies the site of a struc- 
 ture. ascrilHSd to the Druids, similar to that of Stonehenge, 
 but which must have been on a scale still more stupendous. 
 Few traces of it now remain, the stones having been used 
 for repairing roads. In the parish is Silsbury hill. 170 feet 
 in height, and reputed to be the largest barrow in Britain. 
 
 AVEIRAS DE CI51A, d-vi/e-rds dl see'md. a town of Por- 
 tuiral. province of Estremadura, 20 miles S.W. of Santarem. 
 Pop. 1073. 
 
 AVEIRO, d-vi'e-ro, a seaport town of Portugal, province 
 of Beira, on the estuary of the Vouga, 31 miles X.AV. of Coim- 
 bra. Pop. 60t>0. It has extensive fisheries of anchovies, her- 
 rings, and oysters, and commerce in salt, fish, oil, wine, and 
 oranges. 
 
 AVEIRO. d-vA/e-ro. a town of Brazil, province of Para, on 
 the Tapajos, 70 miles S.E. of Santarem ; lat. 3° 28' S., Ion. 55'' 
 25' W. 
 
 A'VELEY. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 AVELGHEM or AVELGEHEM. d/vel-ghteV or d'vel-n?m^ 
 a village of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the left 
 bank of the Scheldt, 8 miles S.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 4711. 
 Chief industry, brewing, and manufacture of tobacco and 
 candles. 
 
 AA'ELLA, d-vJl'ld, a town of Italy, state of, 20 milea 
 E.N.E. of Naples, of which city it commands a fine view. 
 Pop. 5600. Near it are the remains of Abelfla, celebrated 
 by A'irgil. {Aineid. vii. 740.) 
 
 AVELLIXO, d-vSl-lee/no, (anc, Abelli/rmm.) a fortified epis- 
 copal city, 28 miles E, of Naples, capital of the province of 
 Principato Ulti-a. Pop. 22.873. It has a citbedral, several 
 churches, a college, a public granary, manufactures of wool- 
 len fabrics, paper, maccaroni, and sausages, and an exten- 
 di 
 
AVE 
 
 AVI 
 
 sive trade 5d hazelnuts, (termed nod AreHane.) chestnuts, 
 aii'l corn. This city has hardly recovered from the derasta- 
 tlous of the earthquake of 1694. Between Avellino and 
 Benevento is the Val di Gargano, the position of the Cau- 
 dine Forks, famous for the victory of the Samnites over the 
 Romans, who were there made to pass under the yoke, in 
 the year of Rome 433. 
 
 A'VEXBURY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 AVENCIIES, avSNsh'. or WIFLISBURG, •ftlf'lis-b«(Rg\ 
 (anc. Aven/ticum,) a small town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Vaud, capital of the district of the same name, enclosed by 
 Frlhour<r. li miles S. of Lake Morat. Pop. 1800. This was 
 the capital of the Ilelvetii, and afterwards a flourishing Ro- 
 man colony, destroyed by the Huns in 447. Its ancient 
 walls may be traced for a circuit of more than 5 miles, and 
 It has many Roman remains. 
 AA'ENDALE. See Avondale. 
 
 AVENING, 3/vfn-ing, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 AVp;\IO. See Avignon. 
 
 AVEN, LOCII, loKi'ven, a small lake of Scotland, co. of 
 Banff, and at its S.E. extremity, enclosed by the lofty moun- 
 tains Cairngorm and Ben Macdhui. Aven or Avon is the 
 name of several Scotch rivers. 
 AVENTICUM. SeeAvENCHES. 
 
 AVEXWEDDE, l/v^n-^JdMeh, a village of Prussia, West- 
 phalia. 32 miles S.AV. of Minden. Pop. 1380. 
 
 AVEXZA, i-vin'zd. or LAVEXZA, M-vJn'za, a town of 
 Italy, province of Modcna, on the torrent Avenza, near 
 the sea, 3 miles S.W. of Carrara. It has the Modenese cus- 
 tom-house, and a splendid castle, built by Castruceio degU 
 Interuiinelli. Pop. 2000. 
 
 A VEHEEST, iVgr-aist/. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Overyssel, 21 miles E.N.E. of Kampen. Pop. 3781. 
 A'VERIIAM, parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 AVERILL, A/vfr-il, a township of Essex co., Vermont, 
 about 30 miles N. by E. of Guildhall. Pop. 12. 
 
 A VERN .\.KOE. ( Avernakoe,) d-vJr'ni-kiJYh, a small island 
 of Denmark, near the S. coast of Funeu. 
 
 AVE R\0. (J-vJr'uo.) Lake of, (une.Aver'nu,'! ; Gr. Kopvoi, 
 " without a bird,") a famous lake. 10 miles W. of Naples, near 
 the Bay of Baja. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano 
 about half a mile in diameter, is very deep, and has no out- 
 let. It was anciently surrounded by dense forest, and so 
 unhealthy that it was believed no bird could flyover it with- 
 out being destroyed, whence its name. Its banks are now 
 occupied by gardens and vineyards. On its shores are the 
 remains of an octagon temple. Agrippa formed a canal Ije- 
 tween Lake Averno and the sea, but the communication 
 was destroyed by an eruption of Monte Novo in 1538. 
 
 AVERSA, i-vja'si, a town in Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, 9 miles N. of Naples, on a delightful plain covered 
 with orange-trees. It is a bustling and lively place, spa- 
 cious and well built: the sejit of a bishopric, one of the 
 richest in the kingdom ; of a royal governor and a t4ibu- 
 nal. and contains 9 churches, several convents, a well-con- 
 ducted foundling hospital, and a lunatic a.sylum, celebrated 
 for the excellence of its system. Aversa is famed for its 
 almond cakes, called Utrrone, which are in great demand in 
 Naples, with which city it communicates by a fine, broad 
 avenue. Aversa was built by Rainalph, a Norman chief. 
 Andreas of Hungary was strangled in a jconvent here by 
 some conspirators on Septemlier 8, 134.5. Pop. 16,158. 
 AVEKV, A/ve-re, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. 
 AVERY, a post-village of Monroe co., Iowa, about 100 mUes 
 W.N.W. of Keokuk. 
 
 AVERYSBOROUGH, A/ve^riz-bOrVfih, a post vUlage of 
 Cumlierland co.. North Carolina, on Cape Fear River, about 
 40 miles S. of Raleigh. 
 
 AVEI!\''S CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 AVERY'S GORES. A number of tracts of land in Ver- 
 mont, granted to Samuel Avery in 1791, have received the 
 name of Avery's Gores. Most of these have been annexed 
 to townships in the vicinity. Among them may be men- 
 tioned Avery's Gore, in Addison county, situated nearly on 
 the summit of the Green Mountain; the greater part of 
 which has been annexed to Granville; and Avery's Gore, a 
 township in the E. part of Franklin co., Vermont, about 45 
 miles N. bv W. of Montpelier. l^op. about 50. 
 
 AVE.S. l/v&s, or BIRD ISLANDS, a small group in the 
 Dutch West Indies. S.E. of the island of Buen Ayre, so 
 named from the vast number of birds which fre<iuent them. 
 The onlv inhal)itants are a few Dutch fishers. 
 
 AVES, or BIRD ISLAND, an uninhabited island, 147 
 miles W. of Dominica. Lat. 15° 40' N. ; Ion. 03° 38' W. 
 
 AVESNES. i\'ain', a fortified town of France, department 
 of Nord. on the Helpe, 51 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 
 3,776. It is well built, and has a cathedr.il. with a spire up- 
 wards of .300 feet in height. Manufactories of soap and 
 leather, oil-mills; and a trade in flax, -iron, timber, and 
 stone. 
 
 AVESNES LE COMTE. Heh kAxt.) a town of France, in 
 the department of Pas-do-Calai». 11 miles W by S. of Arras. 
 AVESNES LEZ AUBERT. i\ain'lAzO'bii)E/, a town of 
 142 
 
 France, in the department of Nord. fi miles E.N.E. of Cam- 
 bray. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2786. 
 
 AVESTAD or AFVESTAD, a'vfes-tdd\ a small town of Swe- 
 den, on the Dal. 35 miles S.E. of Falun. Here the ore from 
 the copper mines of Falun is smelted : and the town has 
 some iron-works. The copper coin of the country was for^ 
 merly struck here. Lat. 60° 7' N.; Ion. 16° 9' E. 
 
 AVETON-GIFFORD, aiv't9n-ghif/f(,ird, a parish of Eng- 
 land", CO. of Devon. 
 
 AVEYllON, dVA'rAs"', (anc. Vermiiiisf) a river of France, 
 rises in the fountain of Veyron, near Severat-ie-Ch&teau. d(»- 
 partment of Aveyron, passes into department of Tarne-et- 
 Garonne, where it becomes navigable, and joins the Tarn 7 
 miles N, W. of Mountauban, after a course of 90 miles. 
 
 AVEYRON, a department of South France, surrounded 
 by the departments of Cantal, Loz6re, Gard, H6rault, Tarn, 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, and Lot. Capital, Rodez. An-a, 3340 
 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 396;025. It is one of the 
 most mountainous departments of France; traversed in fhe 
 East by branches of the La Margeride range which unites 
 the mountains of Auvergne with the G^vennes. The 
 principal rivers are the Lot, the Truyfere, affluent of the Lot, 
 and the Viaur, (aflluent of the Aveyron,) Tarn, and Avey- 
 ron. The soil is not very fertile, an d climate often severe, 
 but sufticient corn is raised for home consumption. JIany 
 cattle and sheep are reared, and the celebrated I'oquefort 
 cheese forms an important article of export. The coal and 
 iron mines here are among the most important in France. 
 Manufactures principally of metallic wares, with leather, 
 woollen stuffs, hosiery, and gloves, cotton yarn, and paper. 
 The department is subdivided into the 5 arrondissc nientsol 
 Rodez, Espalion, Millau, Villefranche. and Saint-AfTri(iue. 
 
 AVEZZANO, d-v^t-s5'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra, II., 22 miles S. of Aquila. Pop. 2850. It 
 has a palace of the Colonna &mily. 
 
 AVIANO, d-ve-d/no, a town of Northern Italy, 30 miles W. 
 of Udine. near Monte Cavallo. Pop. 48110. 
 
 AVIEMORE, dv'e-mor, a village of Scotland, co. of Moray, 
 on the Spey, 25 miles S.E. of Inverness. 
 
 AVIGLIANA, i-yee\-yifui, a town of Piedmont. 14 miles 
 W. of Turin, with 2840 inhabitants, who manufacture 
 woollen cloth, and silk twist. 
 
 AVIGLIANO, d-veel-yd'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, near the bifurcation of the Apennines, 11 miles 
 N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 9670. It has a fine collegiate church, 
 and a rayal college. It was partly destroyed by a landslip 
 in 1824. 
 
 AA'IGNON, iiVeen'yAs"', (pp. Ariflon. S-veen ySn' ; It. 
 Ariijnnne. i-veen-yo'na : anc. Arishiin.) a city of Franre. capital 
 of the department of Vauclu.«e. situated on the Rhone, here 
 crossed by a wooden bridge, and al.soby » bridge of bnats: 403 
 miles S.S.E. of Paris, and 53 miles N.N.W. of Alarseilles. I>at. 
 13° .57' X.. Ion. 4° 48'38" E. It is a verv ancient city, bnilt on 
 a gentle undulating surface, and surrounded by lofty walls 
 which are crowned with battlements flanked with square 
 towers, and adorned with liandsoiue gates, along the ram- 
 parts is an excellent boulevard planted with elms, from the 
 lofty platform of which, particuhirly from the Doms— a rock 
 which stiu-ts up abruptly from the Rhone to a heiiiht of 180 
 feet — a fine view is obtjuned of the rich surrounding coun- 
 try. The town is. upon the whole, well built, but the streets 
 are narrow, crooked, ill-paved.and extremely dirty, .\viguon 
 is the seat of an archbishop, and has courts of primary ju- 
 risdiction, and of commerce; a college, a primary normal 
 school, a public library of 42,000 volumes, an athona>um. a 
 medical libray. a museum of natural history, a collection of 
 pictures and antiquities, a botanical garden, and a school of 
 design, with an agricultural society, and an association 
 Ciilled the Acadsmy of Vaucluse, Among its charitable in- 
 stitutions are a subsidiary infirmary of the Hotel des Inva- 
 lides at Paris, for old and wsunded soldiers, an orphan hos- 
 pital, and a lunatic asylum. 
 
 Many of the public edifices possess great interest. The 
 cathedral, called Notre Dame des Dons, a building of great 
 extent, is said to hjive been originally founded, in the first 
 ages of Christianity, on the ruins of a heathen temple, 
 and, after its destruction by the barbarians of the North, 
 was re-built by Charlemagne. The richly sculptured chapel 
 of the Resurrection is considered a masterpiece. Several 
 popes officiated in this cathedral, and Innocent A"I.. Urban 
 v., and Gregory XI. were consecrated in it. The former 
 palace of the popes, near the cathedral, now used as a bar- 
 rack and prison, is a vast irregular gothic structure, built 
 at different periods, \vith walls of great thickness and htlght, 
 and strong towers, some of them 150 feet high. The 
 chamber of the Inquisition, established here in the thir- 
 teenth century, and several of the atrocious contiiiances to 
 subdue the minds by torturing theliodies of its victims, are 
 still shown. The church of the Cordeliers, of which nothing 
 now remains but fragments of the tower, and side walla, was 
 celebrated for containing the tomb of Petrarch's Laura, Tbe 
 church was destroyed at the revolution, when the tomb of 
 Liiura. with others, was broken up, and the contents loat 
 tered to the winds. 
 The silk manuiiu^are is the principal sour) e of emi loy- 
 
AVI 
 
 ment at Avignon, and the rearing of silk-worms is carried 
 on extensively in the district. The city has also, manufac- 
 tures of velvet, woollen, and cotton goods, with a cannon 
 foundry, a type foundry, iron-works, paper mills, &c. : and a 
 trade in wine, brandy, grain, andiither articles, of which it is 
 the entrepot, for Ijower Dauphine, Provence, and all Lanpue- 
 doc. Two steamers ply daily to Lyons, and two to A rli;s. The 
 railway connecting Avignon on the one hand with Montpel- 
 lier, and on the other with Marseilles, has been completed; 
 while that which is to connect it with Lyons and the capital 
 is in rapid progress. Avignon is supposed to liave lieen founded 
 by the Ureeks, who settled at ^fass^lia, now Marseilles. After 
 the Romans it passed under the domination of Ooths, and 
 other Xorthern barbarians. In 730 it was taken by Saracens 
 who possessed it till 737, when it was wrested from them by 
 Charles Martel. After a variety of fortunes, during which 
 It passed to the counts of Provence, it was sold by a countess 
 of that name, in 1348, to Clement \'I., who, as its price, not 
 only promised to pay her 80,000 crowns, but declared her 
 innocent of the murder of her husband, of which she was 
 almost universally believed to be guilty. From that time 
 Avignon continued to be pos.sessed for more than four centu- 
 ries by the popes, of whom not fewer than seven reigned in 
 it, besides three others, generally regarded as schismatic 
 popes, who, on the deposition of Gregory XI., the last of 
 the seven, set up their throne here, and maintained it for 
 40 years. The popes latterly governed Avignon by legates, 
 the last of whom was expelled at the revolution of 1791. 
 Pop. in 1852, 35,890, 
 
 AVIGXONET, dVeen^yo^n.V, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaute-Garonne, near the Canal du Midi, 23 miles 
 S. E. of Toulouse. Here, in 1242, five inquisitors were mas- 
 sacred by the Alldgenses. 
 
 AVI LA, 3/ve-l3.. (anc. Obila,) an episcopal city of Spain, in 
 Old Castile, capital of the province of the same name, on the 
 Adiya. 53 miles N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 4000. It has a ca- 
 thedral, Dominican convent, and manufactories of woollen 
 and cotton fabrics, and it had formerly a flourishing univer- 
 sity. 
 
 A VILKS, a-ve-les'( L. Flavionavia.) a seaport town of Ppjiin, 
 In Asturias, 10 miles N.W. of Oviedo, at the mouth of the 
 chief branch of the Aviles, Pop. 6000. It has good private 
 residences: but is gleomy. Harbour shallow. Trade prin- 
 cipally in copper wares, and in coal obtained in its vicinity. 
 
 AVIL'LA, a post-office of Noble county, Indiana. 
 
 AA''1N(JT0N, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 AVINGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 AVIO. (I've-o. a town of the Tyrol. 12 miles S..S.W, of Rove- 
 redo, on the .\dige. Pop. 3200. Manutactories of silk and 
 velvet, and fiint-quarries. 
 
 AA'ISE. See IIawekza. 
 
 AV'ISTOX. a post-\ Illage in the \V. part of Clinton co., 
 Illinois, about 811 miles S, of Springfield. 
 
 AVIZ, S-vee/./, (anc, AvisiumJ) a town of Portugal, 
 province of Alemtejo, on the river Aviz, 27 miles S.W. of 
 Portalegre. Pop. 1.500. Its defences are in ruins; but it is 
 still the capital of the order of knights of Aviz, founded by 
 Alplionso I. in 1146. 
 
 AVIZE. dSeez'. a town of France, department of Marne, 
 6 miles S.S.E. of Epernay. Pop, 180* It is an entrepot for 
 the commerce in champagne wines, which are stored in vast 
 caves cut in the rock. 
 
 AALONA, Sv-lo'Tid. or VALONA, va-lo/nl, (anc. Aitlnna) 
 a town and seaport of Albania, on the Gulf of Avlona. in the 
 Adriatic. 33 miles S.W. of Herat. Lat. of fort. 40° 27' 6" N. ; 
 Ion. 19° 26' 5" E. Pop. with suburbs, from 8000 to 10,000, 
 comprising Christians, Turks, and Jews. It stands on a 
 hill, encircled by a wall, and on its S, side is the rock-fortress 
 •»f Canina. Its harbor, which is the best on ^he Albanian 
 loasl, is defended by Cape Linguetta on the S.W., and the 
 small island of Sasseno on the X.W. The Turks manufac- 
 ture woollen stufls and arms ; the Christian population is 
 mostly engaged in commerce. 
 
 AVtiOXA, Gvtx OF, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea, ex- 
 tending for 10 mi'es inland, by 5 miles in width, and sepa- 
 rated westward from the Strait of Otranto, by Cape Lin- 
 guetta. 
 
 AVO. ah'vo, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia. 
 
 AVO'CA. d-volta, or OVO'CA, a valley and river of Ireland, 
 CO. of Wicklow, celebrated as the scene and subject of one of 
 Moore's songs. 
 
 AVO'CA, a post-village and township of Steuben co.. 
 New York, on the Conhocton creek, and on the Buffalo 
 and Corning railroad, 225 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 Pop. 1885. 
 
 AVOCA, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama. 
 
 AVOC.A., a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, on the S. 
 fork of Vermilion Kiver, 98 miles N.E. from Springfield. 
 
 AVOCA, a post-village in the S. part of Jefferson co., 
 Missouri, about 14 miles W. S. W. from the Mississippi 
 Eiver. 
 
 AVOCA. a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin, 
 80 miles N.E. from Madisor 
 
 AVOCII, AVACH, ^'vik. or AUACII, i'wAk, a parish of 
 Scotland, county of Koss, containing the village of Seatown. 
 
 AYR 
 
 AVOLA, l-vo'la, a seaport town of Sicily, 13 miles S.W. 
 of Syracuse. Pop. C780. The town, which is on the sup- 
 posed site of ancient iWa, communicates with a village and 
 battery on a small Ijay of the Mediterranean. It has a 
 tunny fishery, a refinery of home-grown sugar, ind an ac- 
 tive trade in corn, cattle, oil. and fruits. It was built after 
 the earthquake of 1093, which destroyed the ancient Arola. 
 The exquisite honey which rendered Ihloi (or Hyhla) famous 
 is still furni.shed in great abundance in its vicinity. 
 
 AVON, d\6N=', a village of France, department of the 
 Seine-et-Marne, on the railway from Paris to Lyons, 2 miles 
 N.E. Fontainebleau. Pop. 1216. 
 
 AVON, . A/v^n, two rivers in Wales, one in Monmouth 
 CO., the other in Glamorgan co., falls into Swanse.a Bay. 
 Several Scotch rivers*f the same name are affluents of the 
 Clyde, Spey, and Annan, and one joins the Forth, 2 miles 
 W. of liorrowstounness. SeeAvoN,L6wER, and Avox, Upper. 
 
 AVON, A/von, a post-township of Franklin co., Miune, on 
 the S. side of Sandy Kiver, about 40 miles N.W. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 802. 
 
 AVON, a post-township in Hartford co., Connecticut, 9 
 miles W. by N. of Hartford, intersected by tlie New Haven 
 and Northampton Itailroad. Pop. 10.59. 
 
 AVON, i'von or i'von. a post-township of Livingston Co., 
 New York, 19 miles S. by W. from Rochester. Pop. 2910. 
 
 AVON, a post-village in the alxive township, delightfully 
 situated on the right bank of the Genesee River, on an ele- 
 vated terrace 100 feet above the water, conmianding a lieau 
 tiful and varied prospect. In the immediate vicinity are 
 two celebrated mineral springs, which are a great resort tor 
 invalids during the summer season. The waters contain 
 suli)hur and various salts, and are esteemed particulaily 
 efficacious in cutaneous affections, rheumatism, and indi- 
 gestion. The village has 3 or 4 churches, several fine hotels, 
 and a number of factories. 
 
 AVON, a post-township of Lorain co., Ohio, about 20 miles 
 E. by S. from Cleveland. Pop. 1977. 
 
 aVON, a post-oflftce of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 AVON, a township of Oakland co., Micliigan. Pop. 1769. 
 
 AVON, a p<>st-to\vn»liip of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 594. 
 
 AVON, a village in Kane co., Illinois, about 48 miles W. 
 from Chicago. 
 
 AVON, a post-village of St. Genevieve co., Missouri, about 
 16 miles S.W. of the Missis.sippi River. 
 
 AVON, a post-township of Rock co., Wisconsin. 38 miles 
 S. of Madison. Pop. 908. 
 
 AVON, A/vgn, a river in Western Australia, Swan Kiver 
 Colony, ban a N.W. course through the counties of Grant- 
 ham and York, and joins the Swan River at Xortham. 
 Near this river a Ciivern with some curious carving has 
 been discovered. 
 
 AVOXUALK. d'von-dAle, or AVENDALE. aparishof Scotr 
 land, county of Lanark, 4 miles S.W. of Strathaven. The 
 battle of Drumclog, in which Claveihouse was defeated by 
 the Covenanters, was fought here June Ist, 1697. Sir W. 
 Scott has, in his "Old Mortality," described this action, 
 which is commemorated by a Gothic monument, 23 feet in 
 height, recently erected at Drumclog. 
 
 AVONDALE, a post-office of Chester CO.. Pennsylv.inia. 
 
 AVON, HAMPSHIRE, a river of England, which rises 
 near Devizes, flows generally southward through A\ilts and 
 Hants, and enters the English Channel after a total course 
 of about 65 miles. 
 
 AVON L,\KE. a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio. 
 
 AVON, LOWER, a river of England, which rises nearTet- 
 hury, flows W. through the counties of Gloucester, AVilts, 
 and Somerset, and, after a course of 80 miles, enters the 
 Bristol Channel, 7 miles N.W. of Biistol: which city, with 
 Bath, Bradford, Chippenham, and Malmsbury, are on its 
 banks. It is navigable from the sea to Bath, and is con- 
 nected with the Thames by the Kennet and Avon canal. 
 Its valley is highly picture.sque. 
 
 AVON, A/von, UPPER, a river in England, which rises at 
 Avon-well, near Naseby, county of Northampton, flows 
 mostly S.W. through the counties of Leicester, Warwick, 
 and Worcester, past Stratford and Evesham, and. after a 
 course of nearly 100 miles, joins the Severn at Tewkesbury. 
 It is navigable from the Severn to Stratford for barges of 40 
 tons. Its affluents are the Aloe, Leame, Stour, and Swift. 
 
 AVOYELLES, av-oi-^lz', vulgarly, a-vi'el, a parish of 
 Louisiana, at the mouth of Red River: area about 800 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Red River, which also forms 
 part of its E. boundary ; the Atchafalaya flows along the 
 E., and Saline bayou along the N.E. border. The surfiu-e ig 
 nearly level, and the E. part is subject to periodical over- 
 flow. The W. portion consi.sts mostly of prairies, which are 
 moderately fertile. Capital, Marksville. Pop. 13,167; of 
 whom 59S2 were free, and 7185 slaves. 
 
 AVRANCHES, dv'rftxsh', (L. Abran'm.) a town of France, 
 department of the Manche, near the Seez, 32 miles S.W. of 
 St. Lo. It is remarkable fjr its beautiful situation on the 
 summit and slope of a hill, with the ruins of its cathedral, 
 in which is preserved the stone on which Henry II. of Eng- 
 land knelt to receive absolution for the murder of Becket. 
 The town is mean, but the beauty of its position, the conti- 
 
 143 
 
AWA 
 
 AYR 
 
 galiy of the Channel Islands, and the cheapness of liTing, 
 have made it the residence of numerous English timilies. 
 It has manufactures of lace, a salmon fishery, and a public 
 library. This city was taken and razed hy the IJretons in 
 1203. In the 14th century it fell into the power of the Eng- 
 lish, who kept it till U50. In 1562 the Protestants were 
 here defeated by the Catholic party. Pop. in ISiil, 8932. 
 
 AVH.A.-\CUIX, 3v\d.N"'sh4x», (Ahricati'niis rii'gus?) an 
 ancient district of France, now comprised in the department 
 of Manche. 
 
 AWA, Japan. See Ava. 
 
 AWAS^I or AWADSI. See Avasi. 
 
 AWATCHINSKAyA. See AVATCHIXSKATA. 
 
 AW.\TSKA. See Atatcha. 
 
 A^V K, Loch, 16k aw, a lake of Scotland, co. of Argyle. 
 8 miles N.W. of Inverary. Length, from S.W. to N. E., 
 23 miles ; average breadth, 1 mile, but near its N. end it is 
 3 miles across. It contains an island with a ruin»d monas- 
 tery, and its whole scenery is most picturesque. It receives 
 the wat«rs of the Urchan Kiver and Lock Avich, and it 
 dischiirges its own by the river Awe Into Loch Etive. 15en 
 Cruachan Mountain, StiTO feet in elevation, rises on the 
 K.W. 
 
 AWLISCOMBE, awOis-k^m, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 AWKE, kr or awr. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 AX, iks, a town of France, department of Ari^ge. 21 miles 
 S.E. of Foix, on the AriSge. Pop. of commune, 1991. It is 
 much frequented for its thermal springs, of which it has 
 more than 30; temperature, from 75° to 170° Fahrenheit. 
 
 A.\'15R1I)GE, a municipal town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset, S of the .Mendip Hills, and 9 miles N.W. of 
 Wells. The town, which is neat and improving, is the seat 
 of quarter and petty sessions. The Axe drainage, effected 
 about 40 years ago, impi-oved so much the value of property 
 in this parish, that land previously worth only '2s. Crf. per 
 acre, is now rented at 5?. Pop. in 1S51, 9o9. 
 
 AXE, a.x, a small river of England, flowing through the 
 ahove parish into the Severn. 
 
 AXE. a sm.ill river of England, co. of Devon, entering the 
 English Channel at Axmouth, which, with Axmiuster, is 
 on its banks. 
 
 AX Eli, Jx'el, a fortified town of the Netherlands, pi-o- 
 Tince of Zealand, on an island in the Scheldt, 22 miles W. of 
 Antwerp. Pop. 2250. 
 
 AXIIOLME. (aks'olm.) Isle of, England, co. of Lincoln, 
 In its N.W. part, formed by the rivers Trent. Don, and Idle. 
 It comprises about 47.000 acres, and is crosse(Fby the Stam- 
 forth and Iveadby Canal. Pop. including West Stockwith, 
 In 1851.12.522. 
 
 AXIM. d^sheeng' or 3xMm', a town of Africa, on the Guinea 
 Coast, belonging to IloUand. adjacent to Fort Saint Antoine, 
 73 miles W. of Cape Coast Castle. Lat. 44° 52' X. ; Ion. 2° 
 14' W. It contains 600 armed men. Axim was taken from 
 the Portuguese in 1042, and confirmed to Holland by the 
 treaty of Westphalia. There is a garrison with a Dutth 
 comiuander. 
 
 AX'MINSTKR. a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Devon, on the Axe, 24 miles E. by N. of Exeter. Pop. in 
 1S51. 2769. It is irregularly built, but has open streets. 
 Its church or minster was founded by King Athelstan, in 
 memory of a battle fought with the Danes in the vicinity. 
 Axminster has a noted carpet factory, and produces also 
 small quantities of woollen cloths and gloves. 
 
 AX'MaUTII; a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 AXOOM. A.XOU.M. or A.XUJI, IkVwm', written also AK- 
 STJM. I'Gr. \v^oviit). Auxoume. A^ov/iii. Axnum is. or A^bypni, 
 Axoine.) an .ancient and decayed town of Abyssinia, state of 
 ligre, S5 miles N.W. of .•Vntalo. It has a Christian church. 
 In which the chronicles of Axoom are kept. Among its an- 
 tiquities are a monolith obelisk, 60 feet in height and finely 
 sculptured, nuniemus prostrate obelisks, and an inscription 
 of the fourth century. Adulis, its ancient port, is on Ans- 
 
 ley Bay. Red Sea. 100 miles north-eastward. Adj. Axumitic 
 
 or AsooMiTic, ax-oo-mit/ik. Inhab. Axumite, ax'oom-tte'. 
 
 AY or AI, (Aii,) i. a town of France, department of Marne. 
 near the Marne, 14 miles S. of Reims. It produces much 
 esteemed wines. Pop. in 1852, 3302. 
 
 AY.VCUCHO, l4-koo'cho, a department of South Peru, 
 mostly iHjtween lat. 12° and 16° S.. and Ion. 72° and 76° W.; 
 having the department of Junin on the X.,Cuzco on the E., 
 and the Andes on the S. and W.. shutting it off from th.:t 
 of Lima. Area estimated at 33,280 square miles. Chief 
 rivers, the .\puriniac, and its tributaries, the Urubambji, 
 Pampas, and .Mantaro. Principal towns. Iluamanga, (the 
 capital, containing 26.000 inhabitants,) Huancevelica, and 
 Ayacucho. At this latter, on the 9th of December, 1824, 
 the combined forces of Colombia and Peru totally defeated 
 those of Spain, and put an end to the Spanish dominion on 
 the American continent. Pop. 1850, 131.921. 
 
 .\Y.\MO.NTE. i-i-mon'tA. a seaport town of Spain. 80 miles 
 W.S. W. of Sev ille. on t he G uadiana near its mouth, which here 
 forms the ^boundary between Spain and Portug.al. It has 
 three piiblic squares, all with well-plantM walks. The pub- 
 lic buildings are two churches, a town-house, a well-ea- 
 
 dowed hospital, and a prison. The chief occupation is fish- 
 ing. Pop. 4675. 
 
 AYASOOLOOK, i-.1-soo-look', written also AYASALOUK 
 and AJASALUK, a miserable village of Asia Minor, on the 
 site of the ancient Ephesus. with a mcsque, castle, and 
 aqueduct constructed out of the ruins of that once magnifi- 
 cent city. Here have been discovered, among other anti- 
 quities, the remains of the great temple of Diana, which i? 
 mentioned in the 19th chapter of the Acts. Lat. 37° 55' N.; 
 Ion. 27° 20' E. See Ephf.scs. 
 
 AYH.\R, I-baR/. a town of Spain, in X'avarre, 35 miles S.E. 
 of Pamplona, on the Aragon. Pop. 1024. 
 
 AYCLIFFE, A/klif, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 It has a station at the crossing of the Great Xorth of Eng- 
 land and Clarence R;iilways. 
 
 AYEKBE Y ALDEAS, I-^R^i e dl-di/Js, a town of Spain, 
 in Aragon, 2 miles N.W. of Uuesca. Pop. 2500. 
 
 AYERSVILLE, airz'vil, a post-office of Stokes co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 AYERSVILLE, a postoffice of Defiance co., Ohio. 
 
 AY'ISII BAYOU, a small stream of San Augustin CO., 
 Texas, intersects the county from X. to S., and empties it- 
 self into Angelina River. 
 
 AYLESBEARE, ailz/bdr, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 AYLESBtJRY, ailz'bfr-e, (Sax. Aeglesherg.) a parliament- 
 ary borough, market-town, and parish of England, capital 
 of the CO. of Bucks, 38 miles from London by the Loudon 
 and Birmingh,im Railway and branch. Pop. of parliuienta- 
 ry borough in 1851. 26.794. The town, situated in the rich 
 tract called the Vale of Aylesbury, is poorly built., and only 
 noted for the great number of ducks which aii; reared here 
 and annually sent to the metropolis. Aylesbury gives the 
 title of marquis to the Brudenell-Bruce family, and re- 
 turns two members to Parliament. 
 
 AYLESBY, ailz'beo. parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 AYIiESFORD, ailz'fyrd. a parish of England, co, of Kent. 
 The remarkable cromlech called Kitscoty-house, in this pa- 
 risli. is supposed to mark the burial-place of Catigei-u. who, 
 with his opponent Ilorsa, was killed here in the third re- 
 corded Ijattle between the Britons and Sjixons, a. ». 455. 
 
 AYLESIIAM, a parish of England. See Hailsham. 
 
 AYLESTOXE, ail'stoue, a parish .of England, co. of Lei- 
 cester. 
 
 AY'LETTS, a post-offlce of King William co., Virgini.i. 
 
 AYLMER. ail'mer. a lake in British North .America, im- 
 mediately adjoining Clinton Colden Lake, with which it is 
 connected by a small stream, and about 8o miles X. of the 
 N.E. extremity of the Great Slave Lake. It is about 50 
 miles in length and 30 in breadth. 
 
 AYLMER, ail'mer, a post-town of Canada East, capital 
 of Ottawa CO.. on the Chaudiere Lake, an expansion of 
 Ottawa Kiver, 8 miles above Bytown. It contains several 
 lumtering establishments and a good public house, (the 
 British Hotel.) I'op. 1100. 
 
 . AYLMER, a post-village of Can.ada West, co. of Middlesex, 
 137 miles W.S.W. of Toronto, and CO miles from London. It 
 contains a. tannery and .several stores. 
 
 AYLMERTOX, ail'mv'r-tyn, a p.arish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. ♦ 
 
 AYLSIIAM, ail'sham, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Norfolk,'l2 miles X. by W. of Norwich. Pop. 
 of town in 1851, 2184. The church is a fine building of the 
 fourteenth century. The town is well supplied with water, 
 and lighted with gas, and is the residence of many weavers 
 employed by the Norwich woollen manufacturers. 
 
 AYLTON. ail'tpn, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 AYMESTREY, aim'stree, a parish of England, co. of Here- 
 ford. Near the village are traces of Komau and British 
 encampments. 
 
 AYNHOE, ain'ho, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 AYORA, i-o'rd. a town and river of Spain, province of Va- 
 lencia. The town is 52 miles S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 5412. 
 
 AYOTH tor AYOTT,) i/yyt, ST. LAWRENCE, a parish 
 of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 AYOTIIvor AYOTT) ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. 
 of Herts. 
 
 AYOTITAN, I-o-te-tin', a village, of Mexico, department of 
 Jali-sco, 120 miles S.S.W. of Guad:il.ajara. 
 
 A YOTLA. i-ot/ld, a town of North America, 20 miles E. ol 
 Mexico, on the route to Vera Cruz. 
 
 AYR, Ar, (anc Vklogara.) a river of Scotliind, rises on the 
 border of Lanarkshire, flows generally W., traversing the 
 CO. of Ayr near its centre, and enters the sea at Ayr, the 
 harbor of which town it forms, after a course of about 30 
 miles. It is not navigable. 
 
 AYR, or AYRSHIRE, dr'shjr, a maritime county of 
 Scotland, having on the W, the Frith of Clyde, and land- 
 ward the counties of Renfrew, Lanark, Dumfries, Kirkcud- 
 briirht. and Wigton. Area estimated at 1.024.000 acres, of 
 which 290,000 are under culture. Pop. in 1851. 183.858. 
 Surface in the E. and S.E. mountainous ; elsewhere hilly ; 
 and along the coast, especijilly in the X.. there is a gO(.il 
 deal of fertile land. Oats and wheat are the principal cropB. 
 
 --] 
 
AYR 
 
 AZO 
 
 Agriculture has been Tastly {mproved of late years; and 
 draina<:e. particularly on the estates of the Duke of Port- 
 land, has been caiTied to a gi-eater extent in this than in 
 any other county of Scotland. There are ext<msive iron- 
 works at Sluirkirk, and large quantities of coal are raised 
 and exported from Ayr, Troon, and other ports. The wool- 
 len, cotton, and flax mills are of considerable extent, and 
 employ upwards of 2100 hands. Ayrshire returns one mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. 
 
 AYR. a parliamentary borough, seaport town, and parish 
 of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the Ayr, ao 
 miles S.S.W. of Glasgow. Lat. of light-house, 5.5° 28' 17" N. ; 
 Ion. 4° .38' 26" W. There is a fixed light on the north pier. 
 Pop. in 1851, 0115. or, with its suburbs, Newton and Wal- 
 lace-town, included in the parliamentary borough. 17.H24. 
 The town, of late years, is much improred. The chief edifices 
 are a good county-hall, a to^v^l-housB, with a spire 135 feet 
 high, assembly rooms, &c. ; the new tower, a Gothic build- 
 ing, 113 feet high, ornamented with a statue of Wallace; an 
 arcade; an old and new church; the mechanics' Institute; 
 a theatre ; and two bridges communicating with the sub- 
 urbs across the Ayr Kiver. — celebrated by Burns. The 
 harbor, formed by the mouth of the Ayr and two piers, is 
 shallow and exposed; but the town has a pretty extensive 
 general trade, rope-works, saw mUls; manufactures of 
 Glasgow woven goods, carpets, blankets, leather; and several 
 banks. Its exports of coal amount to between CO.OOO and 
 70,000 tons annually: its Imports consist of Irish, Baltic, 
 and American produce, with general cargoes from the 
 English and Scotch ports. Resistered shipping in 184S, 46 
 vessels ; aggregate burden, 5443 tons. Ayr Is a place of 
 fiishionable resort, and S. of the town is a racecourse of 
 90 acres. Alloway-kirk and Burns's monument are within 
 2i miles of Ayr, on the S. It unites with Campbelton, In- 
 verary, Irvine, and Oban to send one member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 AYR. Ar, a township of k'ulton CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1055. 
 
 AYRAO, (Ayrao,) i-r^'iTi". almost I-iOwK«' a marke^town 
 of South America, in Brazil, province of Par4, 110 miles 
 N.W. of Rio Negro. 
 
 AYR, (air.) POINT OF, the northern extremity of the Isle 
 of Man. Lat. 54° 24' 59" N. : Ion. 4° 21' 59" W. The Hghtr 
 house has a revolving light, 106 feet high. 
 
 AYI!>IIIRK, a county of Scotland. See Atk. 
 
 AYRSHIRE, a post-office of Chenango co., New York. 
 
 AYS(;.\K'riI. ais'garth, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 A YST( tN, ais'ton. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 AYSVILLK, aiz'vil, a postHSffice of Davis co., Indiana. 
 
 AYTON, A/ton, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 AYTON, East, a township of Kngland, co. of York. 
 
 AYTON, Gre\t, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 AYTON, Little, a township of England, co. of York. 
 
 AYTON. West, a township of England, co. of York. 
 
 AYUTHIA, the old capital of Siam. See Yuthia. 
 
 AZ.A.'LIA. a post-village of Bartholomew co., Indiana, on 
 the E. fork of White River, 51 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 It is situated in a rich farming district. 
 
 AZAMBUXEIRA. ^-zdm-boo-shri/e-ri, a town of Portugal, 
 province of Estremadura. 11 miles W. of Santarem. Pop. 
 1650. 
 
 AZA5I0R, 3-z,i-mor', a fortified se.aport town of Morocco, 
 122 miles N.N.W. of Morocco, on the Atlantic, at the mouth 
 of the river Morbpva.(TJmm-er-r'bieh.)whieh forms its harbor, 
 8 miles N.E. of Mazagan. Lat. 33'^ 17' 37" N. ; Ion. 8°15' W. 
 Pop. variously estimated from 600 to 3000. 
 
 AZANI. i^zi/uee\ a ruined city of Asia Minor, in Anato- 
 lia, on the Rhyndacus, across which are two ancient bridges, 
 73 miles S.S.W. of Brusa. Its remains are extensive, and 
 comprise a fine Ionic temple of Jupiter, a theatre 232 feet 
 in diameter, a quay along the river, and numerous inscrip- 
 tions. \ village of about 60 houses is formed of a portion 
 of its ruins. 
 
 AZAUCHAL, a-thOw-gSl/, a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura, 24 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Agriculture, domestic 
 weaving, oil pressing, and brandy distilling are the chief 
 occu|)ations. Pop. 2890. 
 
 AZAY' L E FERRON, aV,A/leh-fjR'RON«',a town and commune 
 of France, department of Indre, 29 miles W. of Chateauroux. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 AZAY LE RIDEAU. 3'z.Vleh reeMV, a town of France, 
 department of Indre-et-Loire, 1 3 miles W.S.W. of Tours, with 
 one of the finest castellated manor-houses in France. Pop. 
 of commime. 1210. 
 
 AZAY-5UR-CHER, J'zi'stlR-shaiR/, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Tndre-et-Loire. 8 miles E.S.E. of Tours. Pop. 1296. 
 
 AZCOYTTA or AZCOITIA, is-koi'-te-a, a town of Spain, 
 on the Urola. province of Guipuzcoa. 16 miles S.W. of San 
 Sebastian, with mineral springs and marble and stone quat^ 
 ries. Pop. 3795, chiefly employed in agriculture and the 
 manufacture of nails and hardware. 
 
 AZEGLTO. id-zAl'yo. a town of Piedmont. 5 miles S.E. of 
 Ivrea Pop. 206. Exquisitewinesare produced in its vicinity. 
 
 AZETTAO, NoGUEiRA de, no-gj'e-rd di i-zi-e-tfiwRo', a 
 town of Portugal, In Estreniadura, 7 miles W. of Setabal. 
 Pop. 1600. 
 
 AZERBAIJAN, az-?p-bl-jan', or AZERBIJAN, (anc. Mefdia 
 AtrtfpnMni'.) the most northerly province of Peisia, between 
 lat. 36° and 4<J° N., and Ion. 44^^ and 4S° 40' E : bounded on 
 the S. by Persian K(X)rdistan and liak; on the E. by Ghi- 
 lan; on the N.E. and N. by the Ku.ssian dominions; on tht 
 W. by Turkish Koordistan. Area estimated at 30.300 
 square miles, and the population at 2,000,000. The surface 
 is mostly mountainous, many ranges varying from 70tK) to 
 9000 feet in height; it contains the mountains of S.ava- 
 lany and Ararat. Its valleys are very fertile, yielding 
 wheat, maize, rice, cotton, hemp, madder, tobacco, and saf- 
 fron, so that it is reckoned one of the most productive por- 
 tions of the Persian dominions. The principal rivers are 
 the Aras, (anc. Araxles,) forming all its N. frontier, and the 
 Kara Soo; the Lake Ooroomeeyah is wholly comprised in 
 this province. The chief cities are Tabreez, Ooroomeeyah, 
 (Oormiah.)ArdRbeel,and Khoi. 
 
 AZlLLI-l, S*zeel', or i'zee'yf, a small town of France, de- 
 partment of Aude, 15 miles N.E. of Carcassonne. Pop. 1500. 
 
 AZn.MGIIUR', a district of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, mostly enclosed by the districts of Goruckpoor, 
 (ihazipoor. and Juanpoor. Are.a, 2121 si}uare miles. Pop. 
 779,555. The surface is jjenerally fertile; it is watered by 
 the Goggra. Goomty, and Ganges. The chief products are 
 sugar, indigo, and opium. The manufiictures of cotton and 
 silk goods are supposed to amount in annual value to 
 230.000/. 
 
 AZIMGHUR, the capital of the above district, provinceof 
 Allahabad, ou a tributary of the Ganges, 66 miles N. by E 
 of Benares. 
 
 AZl NCOURT, a village of France. See Agincourt. 
 
 AZIO, M'zo-o. a district and promontory of Greece, govern- 
 ment of Acarnania. on the S. side of the Gulf of Arta, sup- 
 posed to indicate the site of the ancient Actium, but of which 
 city no remains exist. 
 
 AZM ElUG UNGE, dz-mSr-e-g&nj'. a town of Further India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Soormah, a tributary of the 
 Bramahpootra. 76 miles N.E. of Dacca. It has a consideia- 
 ble inland trade, with yards for building native boats. 
 
 AZ'OF or AZ'OV, (anc. Tan'ais ;Russ.pron. d-zov',) a town 
 and fort of Russia, in a detached part of the government 
 ofYekterinoslav, near the entrance of the Don, into the Gulf 
 of Azov. 25 miles E. of Taganrog. Pop. now reduced to 
 about 1200. in conseciuence of the shallowing of its port. 
 
 AZ'OF, AZ'OPH, or AZ/OV, Sea of, (called by the Rus- 
 sians Mure Aic^^gkoe. mo-r.V i-zov-sko'.i ; anc. PaHus Mwi/tis ; 
 Gr. Ainvn Maiijnt,) a large body of water in the E. pitrt of 
 Europe, forming the northern subdivision of the Jtlack 
 Sea. with whieh it is connected by the Strait of Yenlkaleor 
 Kert«h, (anc. Cimmerian iir).«/)/i«n/s,) situated between the 
 parallels of 45° 15' and 47° 18' N., and between the meri- 
 dians of 35° and 39° E.; its length, from S.W. to N.E.. being 
 168 miles, its average breadth about 80 miles, and its area 
 aboiit 14.000. The .\. coast is, for the most part, bold and 
 craggy, rising about 100 feet above the water: the E. coast, 
 inhabited by Cossacks, is very low. chiefiy sandy, and intei^ 
 sected withljvkes and morasses; the W. coast is formed by 
 the tongue of sand called the Tongue of Arabat, which di- 
 vides it from the Sivash More, or Putrid Sea: while the 
 Crimea and the territory of the Cossacks of the Black Sea 
 form the S. shore, on which, here and there, are some hills 
 visible at a considerable distance. Its greatest depth, be- 
 tween Y'enikale and Bielosaria. ou the N. side, is 7} fathoms, 
 and it diminishes considerably towards the Gulf of Don, 
 several banks extending a great distance from the shore. 
 The water is muddy, and, from the numerous rivers run- 
 ning into it, .almost fresh. The Sea of .\zof has no remark- 
 able current, the strongest never running more than 1 mile 
 an hour ; the navigation is generally stopped from Novem- 
 ber to March by ice. Perhaps no body of water of equal 
 extent so abounds with fish; the principal fisheries are 
 along the S. coast, between Cape Dolgava and the Strait of 
 Yenikale ; the sturgeon, sterlet, and other fish are prepared 
 in large quantities, both caviare and isingliiss. The extreme 
 W. part of the Sea of Azof, called the Putrid Sea, is, during 
 the greater p.art of the year, little better than a noxious 
 qu.agmire. and at all times wholly useless for navigation. 
 'The Strait of Yenikale is about 11 miles long and 4 broad, 
 though the navigable channel never exceeds 1 mile in 
 breadth. A new island was raised in the Sea of Azof in 
 1814, by volcanic eruption. The chief towns are Taganrog, 
 Mariopol, and Kertch. 
 
 AZORl'IS. az'ors or azorz'; (Port, v^porcs, t-.so'rjs ; Fr. i/M- 
 
 Avreif. eel dVoR/; Ger. Azorisdte Inseln, dt-so/rish-eh in'seln.) 
 
 or WESTEIIN ISLANDS, a series of islands in the North At> 
 
 lantic Ocean, belonging to Portvigal. situated between lat. 
 
 36° 59' and 39° 44' N., and Ion. 31° 7' and 25° 10' W. They 
 
 are nine in number, and arranged in three groups — the 
 
 N.W. being composed of the islands of Flores and Corvo; 
 
 the central group, about 114 miles S.E. of these, consists of 
 
 Terceira, St. George, Pico. Fayal, and Giaciosa: and the 
 
 ! third group. 69 miles S.E. of the central, of St. .Michael and 
 
 St. Mary. St. Mich.ael is the largest of all the islands, being 
 
 I 50 miles long, and from 5 to 12 broad. St. ilary is distant 
 
 I from it about 45 miles. The Azores, aU of which are of vol- 
 
 145 
 
AZP 
 
 BAB 
 
 eantc crisin. seemingly of a late peiiod. present a rery rug- 
 ged though picturesque asi>ect. teinjr lofty, precipitous, and 
 generally of a conical foi-m. The most remarkable of these 
 mountain summits is the Pealc of Pico, a conical mountain, 
 which shoots up to the heisrht of aljout 7618 feet. Though 
 presentini; a very unpromising appearance from the sea, a 
 closer inspection discovers these islands to be covered with 
 the most luxuriant vegetation, vineyards, cornfields, groves 
 of lemon and orange trees ; and rich, open pastures, skirted by 
 t^rautiful wcmhIs, meet the eye in every direction. The cli- 
 mate, thouiih somewhat humid, is delijrhtful, and, combined 
 with the natural fertility of the soil, brings every sort of vege- 
 table product to the utmost perfection. The sugar-cane, 
 coffee-plant, and tobacco grow luxuriantly ; and fruits and 
 plants of all kinds, and from all countries, could be here 
 cultivated with greater success than, perhaps, ii5 any other 
 part of the world. Unfortunately, however, the inhabitants 
 have neither the energy nor intelligence necessary to turn 
 the natural ad vantages of their position to the best account. 
 They know nothing of gardening, and very little of the 
 science of agriculture. Their implements are of the rudest 
 description ; and in .sowing they throw the seed about at ran- 
 dom, calculating on the bounty of nature for a rich return. 
 in which they are never disappointed. The lupine, which 
 grows to an extraordinary size in these islands, is one of its 
 most valued productions. It is raised in great quantities, 
 and the .seeds, after being soaked in sea-water to divest 
 them of their bitterness, constitute a favorite food of the 
 poorer cl.as.ses. The Azores produce annually upwards of 
 17,000 pipes of wine and brandy, and about KHJ.OOO boxes 
 of oranges and lemons ; the greater part of which find their 
 way to Britain, the remainder being divided between Bra- 
 lil. Hamburg, and the United States. They also export 
 considerable quantities of coarse linen, salt«d pork, and 
 beef Their imports are chiefly, from England, hardware, 
 cotton and woollen stuffs, wearing apparel, Ac; from the 
 Brazils, rum. coffee, sugar, &c.; from the United States, 
 fish, staves, timber, tar, oil, &c.; from Portugal, salt, tea, 
 images, crucifixes, indulgences, dispensations, relics, &c. 
 These last are sold openly in the shops, at high prices. 
 
 The great hinderance to the commercial prosperity of the 
 Azores is their want of good harbors; the only tolerable 
 port being that of Angra, in the island of Terceii-a, and 
 even that is much exposed, and offers little safety excepting 
 In the fine season. All the rest are open bays or roadsteads, 
 affording hardly any protection whatever. The Azores, as 
 already i-emarked. are of volcanic origin, and many tremen- 
 dous evidences of the activity of the subterranean "fires have 
 presented themselves at various times. In loitl, an earth- 
 quake, which continued 12 days, destroyed the town qf Vill.a 
 Franca in the island of St. Michael; and. in 1808. a voIc:ino 
 rose up in the island of St. Ge^)rge to the height of S600 
 feet, and becamq extinct after burning with great fury for 
 six days, and sending out a flood of lava which overflowed 
 the island, and covered it with ruin and desolation. In 
 this archipelago, several rocks and volcanic islands have 
 from time to time been thrust up from the bottom of the 
 
 ocean. The last that appeared was in 1811, off the W; end 
 of St. Michael. In June of that year, the crater of a volcano 
 suddenly emerged from the sea. rose to the height of 300 
 feet, raged furiously for some time, ejecting ashes, cinders, 
 and stones, and again gradually disappeared. Fouutaing 
 of boiling water also exist in many of the islands, alfi">rding 
 further evidence of the presence of internal hejit. The po- 
 riod of the firet discovery of the Azores is not ascertained, 
 but they were known, and sevei-al of them were laid dow^u 
 in maps, in the fourteenth century. Little, howe\er, w.w 
 known of them till about the year 14.31 or 1432. when a Fl» 
 mish merchant of the name of Joshua Yauderber^r, in a 
 voyage to Lisbon, was driven by stress of weatiier on their 
 coasts; having mentioned his discovery on hLs arrival at 
 Lisbon, the Portuguese government immediately fitted out 
 an expedition, and took possession of them, givius them 
 the name of the AQores, from the gi-eat number of hawks 
 found on the islands — ^ifrir Ix'ing the Portuguese f.jr hawk: 
 They were at this period totally uninhabited, and w jthout 
 animals of any kind, excepting birds, which were numerous 
 and various. A dangerous reef of rocks, on which the sea 
 breaks heavily, has been recently discovered alicut midway 
 between the islands of St. Michael and Terceira. It is in 
 about lat. 38° 16' or 38° 18' X., and Ion. 20° 41' or 2i - .'^.O' W. 
 The population of the Azores is reckoned altogether at 
 203,500: Terceira, 40,000; Santo Miguel, or St. Michael, 
 80.000; Pico, 24,000; Fayal, 22,000; Flores, 14,0(:0: Santo 
 Jorge, or St. George, 10,000; Graciosa, 7800; Santa Maria, 
 oOOO Corvo. 700. Adj. and inhab., Azoman, arzo're-^. 
 
 AZPEVTIA or AZPKITIA, fls-pil'e-te-J, a w.-Uled town of 
 .Spain, on the Crola, province of Guipuzcoa, lo miles S.W. of 
 San Sebastian. It is well constructed, has paved streets and 
 three squares?, in the principal of which are the foi-mer con- 
 vents of St. Domingo and St. Augustine, now converted into 
 a primary school and public reading-room; in the .same 
 S'luare. bull-fights are held, at the festival of St, Loj'ola. 
 The marble from the quarries of Mount Itzairiz is cut, in 
 this town, in mills propelled by water power. Ignatius 
 Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, was Iwru alout a mile 
 from Azpeytiii, in a house which is still preserved within 
 the marble walls of a convent that Ijears his name. Pop. 5300. 
 
 AZ'TALAN, a postrvillage and township of Jefferson co., 
 Wisconsin, on the W. branch of liock Kiver, 50 miles W. of 
 Milwaukee. Pop. 09S. 
 
 AZUA, d-zoo'd. a town of the island of Ilayti, on the Bia, 
 near its S. const. So miles W. of St. Domingo. 
 
 AZUX, VALLEt; D', vil-l.V ddV,uN«', a valley of France, 
 department of Ilautes-Pyrenees. It is watered by the Gave 
 d'.^zun. and has excellent pa.sturages, flax, and niiliet. 
 
 .\ZUKAK.\, d-zoo-rd'r^ a town of rortu_'al. pr.'viuce of 
 Minho, on the riL-ht tank of the .\ve. at its mouth, opposite 
 Villa do Conde, and 2;5 miles S.W. of I'laga. Cop. J.'oO. 
 
 AZZAXO, CASTEL D', kls-tJl'ddt-sii'no, a village of North- 
 ern Italy, 5 miles S.S.W. of Verona. Here the French de- 
 feated the Austrians. in JIay. 1799. 
 
 AZZAKA or ATZAKA. it-i^rL a village of the island of 
 Sardinia, province of Busacbi. Pop. of commune, 1228. 
 
 B 
 
 T}A. bJ, a word signlfving "river." See Senegal, (note.^ 
 J-> HAADKN, a town of Austria. See Baden-. 
 
 BA.^D.-^TKD. a seaport town of Sweden. See Bast.u>. 
 
 BAAGDK. (IJaagoe.) bo'goYh. or BOGOE, (Bogoe,) a small 
 Island of Denmark, between Falster and Seeland. 
 
 BAAGOE. (Baagae.) or BOGUE. (Bog3e.i a small island of 
 Denmark, in the Little Belt, between Funen and Sleswick, 
 with a village called Baazfibv, boe'o-bU', (j. e. '• BaagSe-town.") 
 
 BAAL'BKC or n\VREC.\the Baalath of Scripture, and He- 
 liopri'lhot theGreeks,) a ruined town of Syria, formerly a city 
 of great size and magnificence, situated on the lowest decli- 
 Tity of Anti-Libanus. in a vallev opening into the plain of 
 El-Bekaa, 43 miles X.W. of DamWus. lat 34° 1' 30" X., Ion. 
 86° 11' E. Its remains, more extensive than those seen any- 
 where else in Syria, except at Palmyra, comprise three tem- 
 ples, two foi-med with immense stones, besides numerous 
 columns, altars, and the vestiges of the citv walls, 3 to 4 
 miles in circuit. The date of its origin is lost in remote !vn- 
 tiquity. A great temple, one of the wonders of the world, 
 was erected by Antoninus Pius. It continued to be a place 
 of great importance down to the time of the Moslem invasion : 
 It was Siicked A. D. 748. and finally pillaged bv Timur Bev. in 
 1400. The present village, to the E. of the ruin.s. has fiillen 
 greatly Into decay, and contains about 20!i0 inhabitants. 
 Some of its buildings were probably erected as late as the 
 age of Hadrian or Antoninus Pius; but others are evidently 
 of a much earlier date, and answer to the account given of 
 the '• House of the Forest of Lebanon."' built by Solomon. 
 (1 Kings vii. 2-6,8-12.) The Greek name of this city, He- 
 ttopoLis. has the same signification as B.i_vlbec, i.e." city 
 of the sun." 
 
 BAAJIBRUOOE. b|ma)rfig-gh?h. a village of HolUnd, 12 
 mites N.W. of Utrecht on the Krommen Angstel. 
 146 
 
 BA.4.R, b|R, a village of Switzerland, 2} mUes X. of Zug, 
 on the road to Zurich. Pop. 2200. 
 
 BAAUDWIJK. bird'wike, a pleasant village of IIf>lland, 
 province of North Brabant. 10 miles E. of GeertruiJeuberg. 
 
 BAAKLAXD, liAR/Unt, a village of Holland, luovince of 
 Zealaud, island of South Bevelaud, 14 miles S.E. of Arne- 
 muiden. 
 
 BAAKLE. blR^eh, BAARLE-XASSAU, Viaiilf-h-nis'sdw, 
 orB.4.\L, bil. a viiUge of Holland, province of North Br.v 
 bant. 12 miles S.S.E. of Bretla. on the Bel,:;ian fVoiitier, so 
 closely connected with Biiarle-Hertog, iu Belgium, that the 
 two, in fact, make but one vill!^;e. 
 
 B.A.AUX, baRn. a village of Ilolland, province of, and 
 12 miles X.E. of Utrecht. 
 
 B.\BA, bd'hdVanc. L>:c>tim.) a seaport town of Asia Minor, 
 in Anatoli-a, near its W. extremity. Pop. of the town, 4000, 
 partly employed in manufactures of cutlery. 
 
 BABA, b3/bS\a town of European Turkey, in Thecsaly, 
 on the Salembria, (Peneus.) 14 miles, X.E. of Larissa. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 BABA, biTiJ, a town of South America, in Ecuador, 4S 
 miles N. of Guayaquil. Pop. 4000.(?) 
 
 BABABKG. bi-ll-Vj^g', SHKHER-BABIC, sbjh'h-r bl^bik', 
 or SHEHER-E-BABEC, sh^h'hereh bl1.^k\a town of Per- 
 sia, province of Kerman, lat. 29° 53' X„ Ion. 55- 3' E., foi^ 
 merly a flourishing city, but now much decayed. It has i 
 gates, and from each a long street leads to the market-place 
 in the centre, the dome of which is .«aid to be the largest in 
 Persl.1. It is the residence of the deputy-governor of Ker- 
 man, and celebrated for its fruit gardens. 
 
 B.-VBA-DAGH. lii'bl^dlg'. a town of KuropeaoTnrKey, pro- 
 vince of liulgaria, on the vV. shore of Lake Haeseiii 03 n.ile* 
 X.E. of Silistria. Pop. 10,'X)0. It has several mosqu «, salt 
 
BAB 
 
 works, and a fishery, and is supplied with water hy an aque- 
 duct from 2 to 3 miles in length. 
 
 BABA-DAOH, (ane. Mms Cud'mus,) a celebrated moun- 
 tain in the S.VV. part of Asia Minor ; also the name of several 
 other mountains in Kuropean and Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 BAI5AH0Y(X bd-hd-o'yo, a town of .South America, in Ecu- 
 ador, 20 miles N. of Guayaquil, on the Cai-acol. 
 
 BABAKANDA, M-bd-ldn'd4, a town of the i'oolah coun- 
 try. West Africa, lat. 1U° 2' N'., Ion. 2" 55' K. It contains a 
 royal residence, in which the king or chief of the district 
 frequently resides. Pop. 9000 or 10.000. 
 
 BABB.A, bitlVbi, an island of the Asiatic Archipelapro, 
 about 80 miles W. of Timor-haut. : lat. 11° 60' S., Ion. 129° 40' 
 E. Length, 18 miles: average breadth, 6 miles. 
 
 B.VBCA'KY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 B.\B/COCK HILL, a post-office of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 BABC0CK"8 (1 ROVK, a posT-office of Du Page co., Illinois. 
 
 BABKK. bdHi^k', a town of Persia, province of Fars, on the 
 frontier of Herman, 100 miles E-N.*;. of Sheeraz. 
 
 BABKL (Mb'el) ISLAND, an island in the Bass"s Straits, 
 contiguous to the E. point of Great Island; lat. 39° 57' S., 
 Ion. 148° 20' E. 
 
 BAB-EI.rMANDEB, b^li-ll-man'dW.C'the gate of tears,") 
 sometimes improperly called B.\B-EL-MA.N1)EL. a strait 
 uniting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean, and deriving 
 its name from the danger of its navigation. Distance across 
 from the cape on the Arabian shore to the coast of Africa, 20 
 miles. I'erim, and other small islands, lie off the >.'. shore. 
 Perim Peak is a conspicuous object. 
 
 BAB-EL-MANDEB, Ska or (iriF of, is that part of the 
 Arabian Sea between lat. 10° and 15" X.. and Ion. 43° and 
 61° E.. having on the \. .Arabia, and on the \V . and S. Aby.s- 
 sinia and Adel, (in East Africa.) Length, from E. to W., 550 
 miles ; bi-eadth, from 100 to 200 miles. 
 
 BABELTlIUAl', brb^l-too^iy, the largest of the Pelew 
 Islands, Pacific Ocean, 60 miles in circuit; lat. 7° 30' N., Ion. 
 134° 40' E. ' 
 
 BABENIIAUSEX, bd'bgn-hOw'zen, a small town of Ger- 
 many, in Hesse Darmstadt, 12 miles N.E. of Dai-mstadt. 
 Pop. 1650. 
 
 BABENIIAUSEX. a small town of Bavaria. 34 miles S.W. 
 of Aug.sburg. Pop. 1700. It is the residence of the Princes 
 Fugger von Babenhausen. 
 
 BABI ACORA, bd-be-l-ko'rS, a town of Mexico, in the state 
 of Sonoraon the Sonora river. 50 miles S.S.W. of of .\rispe. 
 
 BABINAGKEDA. biJ-lKMid-gra'dd. a large village of Aus- 
 tria, in Slavonia. about 30 miles E. of Brod, between the 
 morasses of Berav» and Koniska. Pop. 4185. 
 
 BABIXGELEY, bab'ing-le, or BABUKGIILEY, a parish 
 of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BAB'INOTOX. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BABIXOVrrCIII, W-be-no-vee'chee. a town of Russia, 66 
 miles N.X.E. of Moheelev, on an affluent of the DUna. 
 
 H.\'BRAII,\M, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 B.4.BUYAN ISLAND, in the Pacitic Ocean. See Madji- 
 
 COSIMA. 
 
 BAIVWOKTII. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 B.\BY^E, bd^bi', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 15 miles E. of Ilussingabad. 
 
 BAli'YLOX. (L.Bayylnn,(iT. aaffvXosv, BahuJon.) one of 
 the oldest and most celebrated cities in the world, the ancient 
 capital of the Babylonio-Chaldean Empire, was situated in an 
 extensive plain, on the Euphrates was tX) miles S.of Bagdad. 
 The modern town Ilillah occupies a portion of its .site. Uat. 
 32° 28' 30" X.. Ion. 44° 9' 45" E. According to Herodotus 
 the walls of Babylon were 60 miles in circumference. 87 
 feet thick, and 360 feet high, built of brick, and contain- 
 ing 25 gates of solid brass, and 250 towers. The ruins 
 of Birs-Nimrod, on an elevatt-d mount, are supposed to 
 be the Tower of Babel of the Sacred Scriptures, and the 
 Temple of Belus, minutely described by Herodotus. The 
 base of this tower measures 2082 feet in circumference; its 
 remains, constructed of the most beautiful brick masonry, 
 are 28 feet in breadth. Babylon was in its glory in the time 
 of Xebuchadnezzar. It was be.sieged and taken by Cyrus, 
 B.C. 638. and afterward by Alexander tlie Great. Out of its 
 ruins four gre.at capitals, besides other cities, were built. 
 The most prominent of the remaining ruins are Birs-Nim- 
 rod, the Kasr. ou the supposed site of the palace of Nebu- 
 chadnezzar, and the Mujahlibah, on the river bank, 6 miles 
 from Hillah. 
 
 HAB'Yl^OX, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, near 
 S'Juth Bay, 185 miles S. by E. of Albany. It has a church 
 and several stores. 
 
 BABYLONIA, bab-e-lo'ne-a, the ancient name of a pro- 
 vince in Middle Asia, now called Bagdad, bounded on the 
 N. by Mesopotamia, E. by Tigris Kiver, S. by the Persian 
 Gulf, and W. by the Arabian Desert. The alluvial plains 
 of Babylonia, Ohaldea, and Susiana. at the head of the Per- 
 sian Gulf, occupy an extent of 32.400 sc|uare miles. The 
 •country, in ancient times, was famed for its fertility; now 
 H is a desolate wa.st«. See Baod^d. 
 
 BABY PO;)L0, (or PULO.) bd'bee poo^o. an island in the 
 Malay Arcnipelago, E. of the N.E. entrance into the Strait 
 of Sunda. 
 
 BAD 
 
 BACAL.4R, bd-kj-lan/, a seaport village of Central Ame- 
 ric.a. in Y'ucatan, at the mouth of the river San Jos^. iC' 
 miles N.N.^V. of Balize. Pop. 4000, chieflv In iiaus inU 
 English smugglers. The San Jo.se is innavigable for any 
 but the smallest vessels, and imported produce is conveyed 
 hence into the interior by canoes. 
 
 BACALII.\0, (BacalhSo,) l4-kdl-yd/<iN0, an island off the 
 S.E. coast of Newfoundland; lat. (N. point) 4">° 9' X.. Ion, 
 62° 52' W. It is high, nearly 4 miles long and li broad, and 
 is distant about 1 mile from the mainland, with a good chan- 
 nel between. 
 
 BACAMARTE, bd-kd-maB/tA, a village of Brazil, province 
 of I'arahiba, 16 miles from CampinarOrande. Its inhabit- 
 ants are chiefly engaged in cultivating cotton. 
 
 B.\CCAR.\T, bik^kiVd/, a town of France, department cf 
 Meurthe, 16 miles S.E. of ijuneville, on the Meurthe. Pf p 
 3620. Its crystal-works, the most extensive in F' ranee, em- 
 ploy upwards of lOOO men. 
 
 BACCIIIGLIOXE, bdk-keel-yo'nA, (anc. MnV^itcw }f('mir 
 or Midu/dctui Mifnor.) a river of Northern Italy, rises near 
 Vicenza, passes I'adua, and enters the Adriatic 3- miles S. of 
 Chinggia. after a S.E. course of 55 miles. 
 
 BACHARACH. bd/Kd rdK\ (anc. Badchi A'rat) a walled 
 town of Rhenish Prussia, 22i miK« 8.S.E. of Coblentz. on 
 the left bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1900. The vicinity pro- 
 duces wine of a superior quality. BlUcher cros.sed the Khiue 
 here on the 1st of January, 1814. 
 
 BACHELLERIE. La. Id bdVh^n'jee', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Dordogne, 18 miles N.N.W. of Sarlat, on the 
 Cerne. with mineral springs and baths. Pop. 1440. 
 
 BACHlUiORS G ROVE, a post-oflice of Rock CO.. Wisconsin. 
 
 BACHELOR'S HALL, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 B ACH ELOR'S RETREAT, a postoflice of Pickens district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BACH'MAN'SMILLS,a post-offlce, Carroll co., Marvland. 
 
 BACHOFEN, (Bach«fen,) bdK'o'f^n. a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia, on the Irnnk of the Iser. 35 miles X.E. of Prague. lu 
 the Thirty Y' ears' War it was pillaged by the Swedes. 
 
 BACH-YXYS, Iwik-tin'is, or MACHUX18, nidk-tin'i.». a 
 small island of South Wales, in the Burry estuary, 1 J miles 
 S. of Llanelly. 
 
 BACK CREEK, in the X.E. part of Vii-ginia. rises in 
 Frederick co., flows north-eastward through Berkeley, and 
 enters the Potomac about 10 miles X. of Martinsburg. 
 
 BACK CREEK, of Indiana, Hows into Guthrie's Creek in 
 liawrence countv. 
 
 BACK CREEK VALLEY, a post-office of Frederick co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 B.\CKERGUXGE, bak^r-gfinj/, adistrict of British India, 
 presidency and province of Bengal, comprising a part of the 
 Sunderbund.and mouths of the Ganges and Brahmapootra. 
 
 B.\CKF;RGUNGE, a town in British India, in the above 
 district. 120 miles E. of Calcutta. 
 
 BACK'FOKD. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BACKNANO, bdk'ndng, a town of WUrtemberg. 16 miles 
 X.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3600. It has manufactures of wool- 
 len cloth anti leather. 
 
 BACK RIVER, a small stream of Stafford co., in the X.E. 
 part of Xew Hampshire, unites its waters with the Piscataiiua. 
 
 B.VClv'S I>.\N1). British North America, is a name ai)plied 
 to the region around the Arctic Circle, Ix^tween Ion. 96° and 
 108° AV.. explored by Captain Back, in 1831. 
 
 B.\CK'S RIVER, in British North America, rises in Sus- 
 sex Lake, X. of Lake Aylmer, flows N. and X.E. through a 
 granitic and sandy region, traverses Lakes Pelly and Garry, 
 and enters a bay supposed to be the S.W. part of Boothia 
 Gulf, in lat. 67° V 31" X.. Ion. 94° 39' 45" W. 
 
 B.\CK'VVELL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 B.\COLOR, ba-ko-lor'. a town on the island of Luzon, ca- 
 pital of the province of Pampanga, about 38 miles X.W. of 
 Manila, in a plain, and near the river Pampanga. with 
 which it has communicatiim by means of a canal. It was 
 the capital of the I'hilippines during the British invasion, 
 in 1762. Pop. 8548. 
 
 B.VCON'S CASTLE, a post-office of Surry CO., Virginia. 
 
 BACON'S COLLEGE. Soe HARnonsnuRO, Kentucky. 
 
 BAOJN'S JIILL, a post-office of Washington co.. Texas. 
 
 BA'COXSTUORPE, a parish of England, on. of Xorfolk. 
 
 BACQUEVILLE or BASQUEVILLE, bdkVeel'. a town of 
 France, department of Seiue-Iuferieure, 10 miles S.W. of 
 Dieppe. Pop. 1494. 
 
 B.A.CS or BATSCH, bdtch, a town of Hungary, in a county 
 of its own name, on a tributary of the Danube, 148 miles S. 
 of Pesth. Pop. 2770. 
 
 BAGS or BACS-BODROGHER, bdtch-Wdro*gher, a town 
 in the S. of Hungary, beyond the Danube. 
 
 BACTRA. See Balkh. 
 
 BACTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BACTOX, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 BACTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BADAGRY'. bd-ddg'ree. a town and port of Upper Guinea, 
 on the Gold Coast, 50 miles E.X.E. of Whvdah. 
 
 BAD.\GRY, MOUNT, in Upper Guinea; is in lat. 6° 26 
 N., Ion. 3° 14' E. 
 
 147 
 
BAD 
 
 BADA.rOS. bad-a-hocp', (Sp. Badajoz, bi-oj-hoee'; anc. 
 flu; Augu^Ui,)%foTtifie<i froutier city of Spain, capital of 
 a piiivinrt* of the saiue .lame, (^formed of part of Kstrems' 
 dura.) rn the left l.ank of the Guadiana. at the mouth 
 of the Kivillas, 132 miles E. of Lisbon, and 5 miles from 
 the frontier of PortugiU. Pop. in 1849, 11,715. The hi!.'hest 
 fiart is crowned by a ruined Moorish castle, whence long 
 lines of walls desol-nd to the river, here crossed by a noble 
 granite bridge of 2S arches. It is strengthened by various 
 outworks, and by the fortified height of .San CrLstobal. The 
 streets Lire narrow and crooked, but well paved and clean, 
 and the houses are good. Principal buildings, a cathedral, 
 several hospit.ils, au arsenal, and within the citadel a lofty 
 tower, and the rem.iins of a mosque. It has manufactures 
 of soap, coarse woollens, and leather, and its inhabitants 
 carry on a brisk trade with Portugal. Badajos was taken 
 by the French under Soult, on the H)th of March. 1811, and 
 by the English troops under Wellington, on the 6th of 
 April, 1S12. It is the birthplace of the paint«r Morales. 
 
 BADAKUSHAN. See Bidlkhshan. 
 
 BADALONA. M-Di-lo'nl, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 6 
 miles X.E. of Barcelona. Pop. in 18-W5, o7T5. 
 
 BADAUMY, bi-daw'mee. a strong hill fort of British In- 
 dia, in the presidency of Bombay, 58 miles N.E. of Darwar. 
 It was taken by assault by the British in 1818. 
 
 BAD AXE. the former name of a county (now Vernon) 
 in the W. part of 'Wisconsin, bordering on the Mississippi 
 Kiver. ci>ntains 772 square miles. It is drained by the Bad 
 Axe and Kickapoo Rivers, from the former of which the 
 name is derived. The surface is uneven. This county is 
 not included io the census of 1850. 
 
 BAD AXE, a post-office in the above county. 
 
 B.4D AXE KIVEK, a small stream of Wisconsin, enters 
 the Mississippi in the county of its name. 
 
 BAIVBY. a parish* of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BAUUKSLKY (badzaee) CLINTON, a parish of England, 
 CO. of \Varwick. 
 
 B ADDKSLEY ENSOR, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BADDl-iSLlOY, North, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BADDESLtlY. South, a hamlet of England,' co. of Hants, 
 in the parish of Boldre. 
 
 BADDILEY. bad'de-le. a parish of England, CO. of Chester. 
 
 BAIVDOW, Great, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 B.iDDOW, Little, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BADE. See Badex. 
 
 BjVDKBOKN, b.Vdeh-boRn\ a town of Germany, duchy 
 cf Anhalt-Bernburg. 5 miles from Ballenstadt. Pop. 1210. 
 
 BAUE.V. bd'deu or bVden, (Fr. B:di>, bdd; Sp. and It. 
 Btd-^, bi'dSu; L. Bi'da.) Graxd Dcchy of, (Ger. Gniasher- 
 zoffthum Baden, grnce heRfsoa-toom bd'den.) a state pf the 
 German Confederiition. situated between lat. 47° 32' and 
 4S)° 52' N., and Ion. 7° 27' and 9° 50* E., occupying the angle 
 foi-med by the lihine, on turning northward at Basel. 
 Bounded .\. by Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt. E. by Bavaria, 
 Wiirtemburg. and the princi|ialities of llohenzoUern; S. by 
 Switzerland, and W. by France and Rhenish Bavaria. Area, 
 population, and subdivisions, as follows: — 
 
 CIKCI.K8. 
 
 Areainsq.m's. 
 
 Pop. in 1852. 
 
 Chief towns. 
 
 ^ Lake (Constance).. 
 * Vppf r Rhine 
 
 Middle Rhine 
 
 Lower Rhine 
 
 1303 
 1654 
 16;<3 
 13U 
 
 199,075 
 349. .-05 
 
 3*6.578 
 
 Constance. 
 Freiburg. 
 Carlsrulie. 
 Maunheim. 
 
 Total 
 
 In 1861 the entii 
 
 5904 
 •e popnlation was 
 
 1,356,943 
 estimated at 1 
 
 ,369,291. 
 
 Surface mountainous, covered for tour-fifths of its extent by 
 the mass of the Sehwarzw.ild(-B/</cA;.F(/r<w<)with the contre- 
 forts which extend from it; the Alp. the Heili'.renberg. and 
 tlie Randen. are on the E., and on the S. the Schwarzwald 
 apd Odenwald, which bound the eastern Valley of theKhine. 
 from which they rise abruptly, and form a chain of plateaus 
 gradually descending towards the North, and varying from 
 ii'OO to 41)00 feet in elevation. The culminating points are the 
 FeldWrg. 407:") feet: the Kandel. 41ti0 feet; the Blauen.3822 
 feet: the Katzenbiickel, summit of the Odenwald. 2300 feet; 
 the Randen, 2600 feet; and the Kaiserstuhl, an isolated vol- 
 canic mass near Briesach, 1900 feet. The whole western pitrt 
 of the territory is a continuous plain, formed by the Valley 
 of the Rhine, and extending between it and the mountains 
 from Ba.seJ to .Mannheim. Principal rivers, the Rhine, 
 which fi)rms the S. and W. boundary of the stite, the Murg, 
 Kiuzig, Weissmain, ("White Main."") Neckar, and Danube; 
 the last rises iu the Grand Duchy. The Lake of Constance 
 (Constany) forms part of the S.E. frontier, and there are 
 several small lakes in the interior. The climate is very mild 
 in all the Valley of the lihine; rigorous in the mountain dis- 
 tricts, the summits of which are only free from snow during 
 the height of summer. The vine is cultivated at an eleva- 
 tion of 14IMJ feet. The soil is in general very fertile, especially 
 in the valleys of the Rhine tud Neckar. Agriculture cousti- 
 148 
 
 BAT> 
 
 tutes the chief wealth ef the state, and Is conducted with 
 more skill than in any other part of Germany. 
 
 Barley, wheat, maize, potatoes, fine hemp, flax, and to- 
 bacco are raised. The cultivation of fruit trees is exten- 
 sively carried on. and fruit is grown in great abundance. 
 The produce of wine in ten recent years averaged upwards 
 of lo.4ti0.000 gallons annnallj*. The meadows are irrigated 
 in the Italian style. Gi-eat attention has been bestowed o 
 improving the breeds of sheep, and cattle are extensively 
 reiired. Produce of timt-er estimated at nearly one million 
 cubic fathoms annually: masts of 150 feet in length, and 
 fine oak timber, are floated in rafts to the mouth of the 
 Rhine. Mineral products comprise salt from springs, alum, 
 vitriol, sulphur, and coal, iron, copper, lead, and a little sil- 
 ver; gold-washing, formerly pretty general along the Rhine, 
 is now insignificant. The duchy is extremely rich in mine- 
 ral springs. Manufactures Tiave, of late, materially in- 
 creased; the principal are cotton-spinning and weaving, 
 ribbon-making, and the production of lieet-root sugar. Im- 
 portant branches of industry in the Schwarzwald are the 
 manufactures of strr.w-plait. wooden ornaments, watches, 
 clocks, .iewellery. musical lx)xes. and organs. Principal ex- 
 ports, timber, wine. corn, and kirdnvnsser, salt, linen, and 
 cotton goods, wooden clocks, straw hats, and paper. Princi- 
 pal imports, colonial produce, drugs, wool, horses, fruits, 
 iron and steel, silk fabrics, and articles of luxury. The ac- 
 cession of the duchy to the Prussian Customs' Union in 
 1835, has greatly incretised the transit trade, which is fe- 
 vered by the creation of free ports at Constance, Ac. and hf 
 steam navigation on the Lake of Constance, the Rhine, 
 Neckar. and Main. The lines of road are in general excellent, 
 and a railway extends along the whole length of the territory 
 from Basel to Mannheim, with branches to Kehl and Baden. 
 
 The government is administered by the grand duke, a 
 chamber of peers, and a chamlier consisting of 22 deputies from 
 towns, and 41 fi-om rurjil districts: it has the reputation 
 of being the most tolerant and lil>eral in Germany. The 
 majority of the popnlation is Roman Catholic, but the reign- 
 ing tamily is Protestant. The grand duchy possesses an 
 excellent .system of public instruction, and the schools are 
 numerous. Attendance at school is obligatory on all chil- 
 dren: and^?achvill.agehasat least one primary school. Baden 
 has two universities, among the most ancient and celebrated 
 in Germany : that of Heidelburg has a faculty for Lutheran, 
 and that of Freiburg for Catholic theology. The former had. in 
 1847, 65 professors and 9'i5 students, and the latter 219 stu- 
 dents, 'i'here are 4 public libraries in the grand duchy. 
 Circle judicial courts, suliordinate to the supreme court at 
 Mannheim, sit at Constance, Freiburg. Slannheim. and 
 Rastadt. The standing army amounts during a part of the 
 year to about 15.000 men. Public revenue in 1854. $11,912,110, 
 and the expenditures. $11,978,990: pulilic debt the same 
 year. |;25.522.9;^2. Baden lately held the seventh place in 
 the German Confederacy, and had 3 votes in the full coun- 
 cil, and 1 iu committee. Contribution to confederate army, 
 lO.OOiir 
 
 BADEX, commonlv BADEN-BADEN, bi'den ba'den. (anc. 
 Cix-'itas Aitre'lia A'pieii'fis.t atown and celebrated wtttering- 
 place in the Grand Duchy of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, in 
 a valley of the Schwarzwald. on the Oehlbach. 18 miles S.S.W. 
 ofCarlsruhe. Pop. 6000. In summer it is frequented by visi- 
 tors from all parts of Europe: in 1S45 these amounted to 
 32.000. of whom 5000 were English, and 4000 French. The 
 town is situated 6 miles from the Rhine, and is connec*?d 
 by a branch with the railway from Mannheim to Basel. It 
 is crowned by an old castle, a va.st ruined edifice of the 10th 
 or 11th century. Principal buildings — a church, with the 
 tombs of its former margraves: a new castle, with subterra- 
 nean vaults, a hall of antiquities, a pump-room over the 
 chief spring, the coyrmrsatiotix-haus. and other edifices, for 
 the convenience.of visitors. The water is conveyed by pipes 
 to numerous hotels, in which baths are fitted up. There 
 13 springs, of a saline nature, varying in tempenituro from 
 117° to 154° Fahrenheit, containing also iron and free car- 
 bonic acid. This is generally allowed to be the most beauti- 
 fully situated of all the Geniian w.-vtering-places. July and 
 An'just are the months in which it is most frequented, but 
 visitors arrive from May to October. 
 
 B.4DEN. (anc. Therimm Hilretliccr.') a town and watering- 
 place of Switzerland, canton of .Aargau. on the Limmat. 13 
 miles N.E. of .\arau. and 14 miles N.W. of Zurich. Pop^ 
 1800. Its sulphur-baths (tomperature 117° Fahrenheit) are 
 frequented chieflv bv the Swiss. 
 
 BADi:N or BAADEN. bd'den. (anc. T'/ifj'mT O^'tfVp.U town 
 and bathing-place of Lower .\ustria. 15 miles S.S.W. of Vi- 
 enna, on the Schwilchut, and on the railway from Vienna to 
 Triest. Pop. 4-SOO. It has an imperial castle, many rich 
 ■ private mansions, and military baths tor 200 men. It has 
 I several hospitals and public charities, and has been fre- 
 quented annually by liJ.OOO visitors. Tlie springs are sul- 
 i phureous. and vary In temperature from 92° to 97° Fahren- 
 ! heit. In the baths here persons of both sexes, '• atf h-ed in 
 j loose flowing robes, promenade arm-in-arm. as if at a s"iV?f." 
 ] In the vicinity is the castle of WMburg, built by the Arch- 
 I duke Charles iu 1823. 
 
BAD 
 
 BAG 
 
 BA'DEX, a pnst-villajre of Bearer co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Ohio River, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania lEaih-oad, 21 
 miles N.W. from I'ittsburn;. 
 
 BADEX-IIAUSKN, bd/dgn-hOw'zfn, is a village of the 
 duchy of BruTiswick, in the Harz, 8^ miles S. of Seesen. 
 
 BADENOCII, t)i'den-noK\ an extt^nsivo Highland district 
 of Scotland, forming all the S.E. part of Inverness-shire, be- 
 tween Athol and the Monadhlead mountains, and traversed 
 by the river Spey. 
 
 BADEN WKILKR. biMen-fvIlgr, a village of Baden, 2 
 miles E. of Mulheim. Pop. 2050. It has alkaline thermal 
 springs, (tenipeniture 81° Fahrenheit.) and baths, frequented 
 annually by from 20O to 300 visitors, and very perfect remains 
 of Roman liaths. 
 
 BABKSWUll. bld'es-wiir', or BADDES.SUR, bld-dSs-sGr', a 
 gmall. but neatly built town of Uiudostan, province of Oris- 
 ga. picturesquely situ.ated on the Mahanuddy, 32 miles S.W. 
 Of Cuttjick. Lat, 2U" 17' N.; Ion. 8o° 25' E. 
 
 B.MMi'KR. a piu-ish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BADriK'AVOK'l'lI, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 EAD(iKnV0r.TlI, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BADG'INGTON or BAD/DINGTOX, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Gloucester. 
 
 BADIA, bd-dee'i, a town of Northern Italy, on right bank 
 of the Adige, 11 miles W.N.W. of Kovigo. Pop. 3700, who 
 manufacture earthenwares, and trade in corn, flax, cheese, 
 leather, and silk. 
 
 BADIA CALAVEXA, hirdee'-i. H-\k-\&/uL a town of 
 Northern Italy, 14 miles N.N.E. of A'eron.a. Pop. 2000. 
 
 BADIA TEDALDA. bi-dee'il, tA-ddl'dd. a town of Tus- 
 cany, '£i miles N.K. of Arezzo, on a skirt of the Alps. Pop. 2074. 
 
 BAD'INGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BADKU. See Bakoo. 
 
 B.\DLESJIEKE, bad'd^lz-meer, a parish of England, co. 
 Of Kent. 
 
 BAD'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BAD'.MINTON, Great, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. The Duke of Beaufort's residence, erected in 1682, 
 stands in .an extensive park within the parish. 
 
 BAD'MIXTOX, Little, is a tithing in co. of Gloucester, 
 parish of Ilawkesbury. 
 
 BADOLATO, bi-do-li'to, a town of Naples, province of Ca- 
 labria Ultra II., 15 miles S. of Squillace. Pop. 3394. 
 
 BADOXG, biMong'. the chief commercial state on S. side 
 of the island of Bali, Malay Archipelago. Area about 100 
 square miles. It has a seaport town of same name, with a 
 Dutch settlement, and exports rice, coffee, toljacco, maize, 
 cattle, and pigs to Singapore, Mauritus, and Australia, 
 and receives in return European manufactures, opium, and 
 Chinese coin. 
 
 BADOXYILLER, biMAN<='veeriiiiB/, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Meurthe. on the Blette, 19 miles S.E. of Lune- 
 ville. Pop. in 1852, 2356, who manufacture nails, awls, and 
 other tools, earthenwares, cotton, and woollen hosiery. 
 
 BADO/XY or BODO/XY, Lower, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, CO. of Tyrone. 
 
 BADO'NY or BODCNY, Upper, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster. CO. of Tyrone. 
 
 BADOOR, bi-door', or BHUGWAR, the princip.al river of 
 Beloochistan, has a S.W. course, and, under the name of the 
 Doostee, cut rsthe Arabian Sea. in lat. 25° 15' N., Ion. 61° 
 50' E. The towns Kedje and Punjgoor are on its banks. 
 
 BADRACIIELLUM, ba-drd-chSl'lCim, (Sanscrit, Bhudra- 
 cliiiliim, " the s.icred mountain,") a town of India, Deccan, in 
 Nizam's dc^iinions, on the Godavery, 160 miles E.N.E. of 
 Hyderabad. 
 
 BAD RIVER, of Saginaw county, Michigan, falls into the 
 Shiawasseee. 
 
 B.\DSEY, bad'see, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BADSnVORTH. a parish of England, co.of York,W. Riding. 
 
 BADUL'L.i, a military post in Ceylon, district of Ouva, 40 
 miles S.E.of Kandy, and '2100 feet above the sea. It has a 
 fort, some good barracks, and an hospital, but it is so un- 
 lie/ilthv that no European troops are now stationed there. 
 
 BADVWELIy-ASII. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BAELEGEM, bdleh-H^m', a village of Belciura, province of 
 E. Flanders, 9 miies'S. of Ghent. Pop. 2882. 
 
 BAELEX, bJ/len, a manufacturing town of Belgium, Ant- 
 werp, 14 miles'S.E.of Turnhout, on the Great Neethe. Pop. 
 8039. 
 
 BAELI;N, a village of Belgium, in a province of Liege, 
 6 miles N.E. of Verviers, with iron-works. Pop. 1916. 
 
 BAEXA, bd-.Vnl, or VAEXA. \i-iJnL (anc. Cas'tra Vinia/- 
 na ?) a town of Spain, in Andalusia. 24 miles S.S.E. of Cor- 
 dova, on the Marbella: large quantities of grain and oil are 
 exported to Malaga, and the trade with the interior is ex- 
 tensive. Pop. 12.944. 
 
 BAEPEXDI, bi-i-p^n'dee. a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Ger.ies. 180 miles W.N.W. of Rio Janeiro, on a 
 streamlet of the same name. • 
 
 BAERUM, bA/room. a village of Norway, 7 miles W. of 
 <)hristiatua,on a small stream of same name, with the oldest 
 Iron forges in Norway. 
 
 BAESRODE, bds-ro'deh. a village of Belgium, province of E. 
 flanders, on thiS Scheldt, 3 miles E. of Termonde. Pop. 2910. 
 
 BJ;TERR^. See BiziEES. 
 
 B.£T1S. See GuADALQUivin. 
 
 BAEZA or BAEQA, hMlihl, (anc. Bea'tia.) a town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia," 22 miles E.N.E. of Jaen. capitnl of the 
 district of the same name, amid rich and well-watered 
 plains. When seen from a distance, its numerous churches 
 and monasteries, many of them of Gothic architecture, and 
 its lofty, steep-roofed houses, present a very striking ap- 
 pearance. At one time it liad a double enclosure of tur- 
 reted walls, but of these only a few fragments now remain. 
 The principal edifices are the cathedral, now united to that 
 of Jaen, the university, and the old monastery of St. Pjiliji 
 de Neri. Baeza contains 3 monasteries, and is the seat of 
 several district courts, and possesses a seminary, (scmi'ndn'o 
 conciliar,) in wliich both theology and philosophy are 
 taught, an economical society, and several endowed schools, 
 chiefly for elenientjiry instruction. The principal manufac- 
 tures are cloth, leather, and soap. The celebrated sculptor 
 Ga*par Becerra was born here in 1520. Pop. 10.851. 
 
 BAEZA, bd-A/sd, a town of .South America, Ecuador, 90 
 miles E.S.E. of Quito, on the Coca River. 
 
 BAFFA, bdf'fd, (anc. JWplios, of which the modern name 
 is a corruption.) a town of 'Turkey in Asia, on the S.W. coast 
 of the island of Cyprus, 50 miles W.S.W. of Nicosia. Ijit. 
 34° 47' 20" N. ; Ion. 32° 26' 20" E. It is defended by a small 
 citadel; the port is accessible only for small boats. It is 
 now in ruins, and almost deserted. The territory is fertile 
 in grain, cotton, and silk. Baffa was an important place 
 under the Venetian rule, and occupies the site of the Am-a 
 Paplius of the ancients, a famous shrine of Venus. The 
 ruins of the ancient city occupy a considei-able space. 
 
 BAFFA. See Bassa. 
 
 BAF/FIN'S BAY, or BYLOT'S BAY, a large gulf or inl.nnd 
 sea communicating with the North Atlantic by I)avis's 
 Straits, on the N.E. oast of America. K'tween lat. 68° and 
 78° N.,and Ion. 62° .and 80° W., extending from S.E. to N.W. 
 about 950 miles, with a mean breadth of 2S0 miles. It was 
 first explored by William B.affln in 1016, in honor of whom it 
 was named, and more fully by Captain Ross in 1818, and Cap 
 tain Parry in 1819. It is of great depth in many places, but 
 of extremely unequal bottom, the ascertained depth varying 
 from 200 to 1050 fathoms. Its shores are rocky and precipi- 
 tous, attaining a height in many places of 1000 feet, lacked 
 by i-anges of lofty mountains covered with pei-petual snow. 
 The coasts are rendered remarkable by the presence of pro 
 digious numbers of high, sharp, conical rocks, so artificial 
 in form and appearance that they are called monumetii.--. 
 Both sides of the bay are indented with numerous sounds^ 
 creeks, and inlets, few of which, however, have yet been ex- 
 plore^. It abounds in black whales of a large size, and in 
 seals. 
 
 BAFFIN'S ISLAND, a Em.all island In Fox's Channel. N. 
 branch of Hudson's Bay. I^t. 65° 40' N. ; Ion. 83° 29' W. 
 
 BAFFIN'S ISLANDS, three small islands on the E. 
 shore of Baffin's Bay, and so called by Captain Ross. They 
 are in lat. 74° 4' N.; Ion. 58° W. 
 
 BAFFO, bdf'fo. a considerable town of the Mahee country, 
 a district of Dahomey, AVestern Africa, situated at the foot of 
 one of the Kong Mountains. 
 
 BAFLO. bdf-lo/, a village of Holland, province of Gronin- 
 gen, 15 miles N.W. of Appiugedam. 
 
 BAFRA, bd'frd, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Peevas, 
 on the Kizil-Irmak. (anc. Ilallya,) 13 miles S. of its mouth fn 
 the Black Sea, and 49 miles S.E. of Sinope. It contains 
 1160 houses, and has a fine bridge, 2 mosques, well-supplied 
 bazaars, and a trade in tobacco. 
 
 BAGACU.M. See Bavay. 
 
 BAGAGEN, b4-gd-zh?N°', a river of Brazil, province of 
 Goyaz, rises in the Sena Viadeira, and falls into the Ma- 
 ranhao, about 20 miles above the junction of that stream 
 with the Tocantins, after a course of about 160 miles. 
 
 B.^OANGA, bd-gdng'gd, a seaport town and bay, Malay 
 Archipelago, on the E. coast of the Island of Mindanao, 
 (Philippines.) Lat, 7° 30' N.: Ion. 126° 20' E. 
 
 BAGARIA, bd-gd-ree'i, or BAGHERIA. bd-gd-ree'd. a towji 
 of Sicily, 7 miles E. of Palermo. Pop. 4000. It has many 
 fine residences of the Sicilian nobility. 
 
 BAG'BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 B.^GDAD, bdg-ddd'.* or bag'dad, sometimes written BAG • 
 DAT, a large and celebrated city of Asiatic Turkey, formerly 
 capital of the empire of the caliphs, now capital of the pnshalic 
 of the same name, on the banks of the Tigris, about 190 miles 
 above its junction with the lluphrates. Lat. 33° 19' 50" 
 N.; Ion. 44° 22' 38" E. The city stands on both banks, two- 
 thirds being on the left, and the remainder on the right of 
 the. river, which is here about 620 feet wide, the communi- 
 
 * Southey appears always to place the accent on the last syl- 
 lable of this name, which accords with the native pronauciatiou. 
 
 "The old man answered, 'To Bagdad I go.'" 
 
 " stands not Bagdad 
 
 Near to the site of ancient Babylon ?" 
 "At length Bagdad appeared. 
 The city of his searcli."— JTiaZoia, booki iv. and v. 
 149 
 
BAG 
 
 BAG 
 
 cation beii g mainfalned by a long, narrow, and very Sncon- 
 veni.-'r.l br*d>;e of ))oatS. It is of an irregular, oblonc; form, 
 and About 5 miles in circuit, and, as seen from a little dis- 
 tant e. nas a strikini; appea -ance. being surrounded by for- 
 niidf Vie looking walls of furnan^ burnt bricks, strengthened 
 with round towers and mounted with cannon, A forest of 
 p:ilni and date tre«5 growing around and within the city, 
 adds to th'! picturesiiue effei't. The interior, however, dis- 
 appoints the high expectations which a distant view is cal- 
 culated to excite. Bagdad was formerly a pl.ice of extensive 
 trade, having been for many ages the' great emporium for 
 commerce of all the surrounding countries, but it has of 
 late years much declined. The yearly trade between 
 Aleppo and Bagdad at present seldom exceeds one caravan 
 of 700 to 1000 camels: that between Damascus and Bag- 
 dad one of 1200 or 1500 camels. The chief imports of 
 this trade are cotton twist, calicoes, shirtings, prints, imita- 
 tion shawls, woollen cloths, and dyes. The returns, inde- 
 pendent of remittances in specie, in which the greater part 
 is paid, are Persian tombak. galls, buffalo hides. 1-^st India 
 indigo, pearls. c;ishmere shawls, some Jlocha coffee, gums, 
 myrrh, Ac. Baidad has few manuf;ictures: the principal 
 are red and yellow leather, both of which are much es- 
 teemed, and a kind of plush, of rich and beautiful patterns, 
 which is used by the Turks for covering cushions and sofas. 
 The climate of B.igdad is intensely hot in summer, but on 
 the whole salubrious, although subject during part of the 
 summer to a hot wind, known by the name of samid. which 
 is said to feel as if it had just passed over the mouth of a 
 lime-kilu. Rain rarely fells later than the l>eginning of May, 
 or earlier than towards the end of September, after which it 
 continues to tiill copiously, though the winter on the whole 
 isdry. Two striking features of this far-famed Eastern city are 
 the immense numbejs of ugly negro slaves and white donkeys 
 that throng the streets. Only an imperfect approximation 
 can he made to the actual population. It once exceeded 
 lOO.OOO : Fontanier makes it as low as 30,000, The proliable 
 number does not exceed 05,000. The streets are narrow, 
 irregular, and the houses are in general meanly built; but 
 some fine old structures remain, comprising the "gate of 
 the talisman." a lofty minaret built in 7S5, the tomb of Zo- 
 beide. Vife of the Caliph Ilaroun-al-Raschid, the tomb of a 
 Turkish saint of the twelfth century. The edifice of its fa- 
 mous college, founded in 1233, now serves for a caravan- 
 serai and the custom-house. A citadel, though of no great 
 strength, here commands the passage of the Tigris. There 
 are about 100 mosques, many of them with lofty domes and 
 minarets. The baz.aars are large, and abound with most 
 of the goods sold in European markets. This city, built 
 out of the ruins of Clesiphon, was founded by Almanior in 
 7i>i. and continued to flourish under succeeding caliphs, 
 until sacked bv Hoolagoo in 1259. It has been held by the 
 Turks since 163S. 
 
 B-\GT).\.D, a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee. 
 
 B.1GD.\D, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri. 
 
 BAGDAD, (bfe-dSd',) P.\shauc of, (ane.Chalda^a, Me- 
 ti'ipota/mia,) an extensive territory forming the S.E. portion 
 of Asiatic Turkey. Length from N.W. to S.E. 630 miles; 
 (irciitest breadth, about 460 miles. The Euphrates and 
 Tigris flow through the district, and unite at Koma. in lat. 
 31° X., and Ion. 47° E. The country E. of the Tigris in- 
 cludes Itoordistan and Khoozistan : the plains of the former 
 are tertile, producing grain and fruit: the latter, though 
 possessing a good soil, in some parts, is generally a desert 
 wasl«: it Is, however, famed for its d.ates. The country to 
 the W. of the Euphrates is a flat, sandy desert, without 
 water, and destitute of herbage, with the exception of the 
 banks of the river, which are very fertile. The lower part 
 is liealthv, producing abundant rice crops, 
 
 BAGDAT. bdg'dJt/. a small fortified town of Asiatic Rus- 
 sia, territory of Transcaucasia, district of Imeritia, 15 
 miles S.S.E. of Kootais. 
 
 B.\GE, bd'zh.l. a village of Brazil, province of Sao-Pedro- 
 di>Rio-Grande. near Piratini. on the S. frontier of the pro- 
 vince. It has a church and 2000 inhabitants, 
 
 BAGE-L.\-V1LLE, b,4'zh:\Mil-veeV. a town of France, de- 
 partmeiit of Ain, near Bage le-Chatel. Poji, 2069. 
 
 BAGE-LE-CIIATEL. bd'zhV-leh-shatJl', a village of 
 France, department of Ain, 15 'miles W.N.W. of Bourg. 
 Pop. 740. 
 
 BAG'EXBCX HEAD, a cape of Ireland, co, of Wexford, 
 at the entrance of Bannow B:iy, At this point Earl Strong- 
 bow made his descent on Ireland in 1170, 
 
 BAG !I or B AUGH, a town of Af.'hanistan, See Ba.KQ. 
 
 BAGT.SCriF>SERAT. Si-e Bakhtchissarai. 
 
 BAGIIUL, bl'gni', a Sikh state in North-western Hindos- 
 tan. under British prottfclim, pop. 40,000. (?) Annual 
 revenue. 5000Z., of which 3iM. a, year are paid to the Bri- 
 tish as tribute. Armed force, 3000 men. 
 
 B.VGILLTFAWl^bagllf fdwV.andB.\GILLTFECII.'lN, 
 t):ig'ilt feK'.an. two townships of Wales, co, of Flint, 2i miles 
 E. of HolywelL United pop, 2300, employed in coal and 
 lead-works, 
 
 BA'VINTOX, a pari.«h of EngLand, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BAG'L.\..\, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 130 
 
 B.A.GLEN, bfeM^n^ or BAGALEEX, ba'g.ylain', a Dutch 
 residency on the island of .lava, near the centre, ou the i?. 
 side: surface elevated, volcanic, and very fertile. Chie/ 
 productions, rice and sugar. Pop. 300,000. Capital, Poer- 
 woredjo. 
 
 BAGNA, ban'yd, or BAGXI, ban'yee, a town of Turkey In 
 Europe, province of liooui-Elee,40 miles W. of Philipopolis,on 
 the Maritza, with thermal spriu>;s. 
 
 BAGXACAVALLO, bdn'yJ-kiCvai'lo, a town of Italy, 11 
 miles W. of Riivenna. Pop. 3491. 
 
 BAGXAJA. bdn-ya/ya, a viUage of Italy, 3 miles N.K of 
 Viterbo. Pop. 1.500. 
 
 BAGNA LGUKA. See Banijh-cka. 
 
 BAG'XALSTOWX, -« town of Ireland. Leinster, 10 mUes 
 S. of Carlow, on the Barrow. Pop. 2225, It has a hand- 
 some sessions-house, and trade in granite and flag-stones, 
 
 BAGXAX, big'nin', or BAGUAX. big^wdu', a sm.'Ul 
 island of the Malav .\rchipelago, off the E. caast of Borneo. 
 Lat. 6° 8' X., Ion. 118° 30' E. 
 
 B,\GXARA. bdn-y3/r3. a se.aport town of Xaples. province 
 of Calabria L'ltra II., on the Gulf of Gioja, 10 miles .\.E. of 
 Regglo. Pod. 2S00. Excellent wine is produced in the vicinit v. 
 
 BAGXAUA, bin-yd'ra, a town of Italy, 2o miles W.S.W. 
 of Ravenna. 
 
 BAGXAKEA, bdn-vl-rA'!, (sine. BaVnt^tm Wffis,) a tovn 
 of Italv, Pontifical States, 20 miles S.S.W. of Orvieto. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 BAGXASCO, bln-yasOco, a town of Piedmont, 25 miles 
 E.S.E. of Conl, on the Tauaro. Pop. 1500, who trade in 
 corn, wine, and silk. 
 
 BAGXfiKES-DE-BIGORRE, bJnVaiR'-deh-bee'goRE/, (anc. 
 Vi'cwi Aquen'sis,) a town of France, department of Ilautes- 
 Pyrenees, on the left bank of the Adour. at the entrance of 
 the valley of Campan, 13 miles S.S.E. of Tarbes. Pop. in 
 1846. 6401. This is the best frequented watering-place in 
 France, and is a cheerful, clean town, with whitewashed 
 houses, shaded promenades, and channels of clear water 
 running through its streets. It has e.xcellent hotels, a 
 public library, theatre, and concert-room, college, hospital, 
 and Protest.ant church; manufactures of woollens, linens, 
 and crape Killed " bardges." There are 20 bathing establish- 
 ments, the springs varying in temperature from 72° to 124° 
 Fahr, Its waters were resorted to by the Itoman.s, and are 
 annually visited from May to October by from 5000 to 6000 
 strangers. 
 
 BAGXfiRES-DE-LUCIIOX, b3nVaiR/-dph-lUVhAs«', (the 
 A'qiue Convenalrum of the Romans.) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Garonne, in the valley of the same name in the 
 Pvrenees, 5 miles from the Spanish frontier, and 22 miles 
 S.S.W. of St. Gaudens. Pop. in 1S46, 2415, It has cele- 
 brated sulphureous thermal springs, (temperatui-e. from 88'^ 
 to 152° Fahr.,) and a handsome bath establishment, usually 
 frequented from May to October by from 1400 to 1500 
 vJ.sitors annuallv. 
 
 BAGXES-LE-CIIABLE. bjH'lgh-shJba, a parish and vil- 
 lage of Switzerland, Valais, on the left bank of the Dranse, 
 7 miles S.E. of Martigny, in the valley of Bagnes. Eleva- 
 tion, 2716 feet. Pop. of parish, which comprises the whole 
 v.illey, 9000. The Val-de-Bagnes was twice inundated du- 
 ring the sixteenth century, and again by the debacle of 
 1818, when the Di-anse. having been blocked up by ice, a 
 lake half a league in length was formed, on the bursting of 
 which the torrent carried off 4iXI cottages : 34 lives were lost. 
 
 B.\GXI, bdn'yee, the name of .several villages of Italy, all 
 so called from their mineral baths. » 
 
 BAGXI, a decaying town of Sicily, 12 miles W.S.W. of Sy- 
 racuse. Pop. 2300. 
 
 BAGXI DELLA PORRETTA, bjn'yee djlld poR-R^t/tl a 
 village of Italy, Pontifical States. 2 miles X.E. of Civita 
 Vecchia, with mineral springs, called by Pliny the A'qua 
 Tau/ri. and a remarkable aqueduct constructed bv Trajan. 
 
 B.A.GXI DI LUCCA, bdn'yee deelook'kd. a village of lt.ily, 
 11 miles X. of Lucca, in a beautiful situation, and visited 
 by numerous bathers. 
 
 BAGXI Df PISA, bJn'yee dee pee'il, a vilLige of Italy, 4 
 miles X.E. of lMs.a. 
 
 BAGXI MOKBA. bdn'yee moR/bd, a village of Italy, in 
 Tuscany, 30 miles W,S.W. of Sienna, with mineral springs 
 and baths established in the twelfth century. 
 
 B.iGXOLES, bdu'yol', a vlll.age of France, department of 
 Orne. in a %-aUey 13 miles S.E. of Domfront. It has hot 
 saline springs, (^temjierature. 82° Fahr..) and cold ferrugi- 
 nous springs and Uiths much fre<iuented. The military 
 baths of Bagnoles contain 200 beds. 
 
 B.\GXOLET, biin'yo'lA', a village of France, department 
 of Seine, X,E. of Paris. h,as gj-psum quarries. Pop. Iu99. 
 
 B.\GX(;)IJ, bdn-yo'lee, a town of Xaples, 12j miles X.W. 
 of Campobasso. Pop. 4200. 
 
 B.\G.\OLI, a town of Xaples, Princip.ato Ultra, 9 miles 
 S.W. "of St. .\ugelo-de-Loml)ardi. Pop. 4700. 
 
 B.\GXOLO, bin-yi>lo. a town of Xorthern Italy, 7 miles 
 S.S.AV. of Brescia. Pop. 27'X). 
 
 B.\GXOLO, a town of Xorthern Italy, in Piedmont, 12 
 miles X.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 6000. Many villages of Italy 
 have this name. 
 
BAG 
 
 BAOXOLS, bSn'yol', (anc. Balnea,) a village of France, 
 depjirtraent of Gard, on a rock near the Cfcze, 13 miles N.K. 
 of Uzes. Pop. in 1846, 3S03. It has one good square adorned 
 with a fountain, a communal college and hospital, and ma- 
 nufactures of serge. 
 
 BAGNOLS-LES-BAINS, banVoIM.A-bJx"/, a Tillage of 
 Fram.e, department of Lozfire, 8 miles E.S.E. of Mende, 
 with warm baths. 
 
 BAGXOXK, bdn-yo/ni, a town and commune of Tuscany, 
 province of I'i.'ia, 7 miles S.E. of Pontremoli, at the S. base 
 of -Mciunt Orsajo. It contains a large sijuare, a parish 
 church, and a castle. Pop. 4S55. 
 
 BAGOLIXO, bd-gi>lee'no, a village of Xorthern Italy, 23 
 miles X.E. of lirescia. Pop. 3650. With iron forges. 
 
 BA(:;0OLEE, BAGOULY or liAGOOLY. See Pactolus. 
 
 BA(iRAUAS, a river of Xorth Africa. See .Medjerd.i. 
 
 BAG'SIIOT, a village and chapelry of England, co. of Sur- 
 rey, p;irish of AVindlesham, 10 miles S.S.W. of Windsor. 
 Bagshit-heath. formerly a roj-al enclosure, was broken up 
 during the civil war. A(}joiulng are many handsome vilhis. 
 
 BA(iTHOKPE, bag'thorp, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BAGUER-MORVAN, ba'gaiR/-mou'v5x<", a village of 
 France, department of Ille-et-Vilaiue. Pop. of commane, 
 1979. 
 
 BAGUER-PTCAX, ba'gaiK/-pBe^kSjfo', a village of France, 
 department Ille-et-A'ilaine. Pop. of commune, 1654. 
 
 BAGULCOT, bd-g&l-c-of, a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bombay, 80 miles X.E. of Darwar. Pop. 7500. (?) 
 
 BAIIADURl'OOR, bd-hdMar-poor', a town of India, 22 
 miles S. K. of Baroda. 
 
 BAUADURPOOK. a town of India, 133 miles S.of Owalior. 
 
 BAHADKA, lidhd/dra, a town N.W. India, 120 miles 
 W.X.W. of D.'lhi. 
 
 BAUA'LA CHEEK, of Mississippi, enters Pearl River lu 
 Lawrence county. 
 
 BAIIA'MA CUAXNEL,orTnE GULF OF FLORIDA, the 
 narrow .sea between the Florida coast and the Bahama Islands, 
 near 40 miles long, and about 45 wide. The currents here are 
 violent, caused by a curve in the gulf stream, running 
 among the islands at a rate of from 2 to 5 miles an hour; 
 many vessels have been wrecked in this strait. 
 
 BAIIAMA,(ba-h.Vma) GR.\:fD, one of the principal islands 
 of the Bahama group, 57 miles E. from the coast of East 
 Florida. Lat. (W. end) 26° 41' X. ; Ion. 70° 0' W. It is about 
 70 miles long by 9 broad, healthy and tolerably fertile, 
 but thinly inhabited. 
 
 BAHAMA ISLAXDS, or LUCAYOS, loo-kl'oce, a group 
 of about 500 islands or rocky islets, belonging to Great Bri- 
 tiiin. lying X.E. of Cuba, and E. of the coast of Florida, the 
 gulf stream of which passes between them and the main- 
 lauJ. They e.xtend from the Grand Bah.ama or Mantanilla 
 Cays, in lat. 27° 31' X., and Ion. 79° 5' W., to the Mouchoir 
 Bank, in lat. 21° X., and Ion. 70° 32' W., a distance of up- 
 wards of 000 miles. Generally speaking, they present a Hat 
 appeai-ance. and are mostly long and narrow. They are 
 formed of calc;\reous rock, which, by retaining the moisture. 
 Is found well adapted to the growth of various kinds of 
 fruits. Of the whole group, not more than 12 or 14 are in- 
 habited, and some of the largest are altogether uninhabited, 
 or but thinly peopled; while others, again, are mostly un- 
 explored. Though generally sterile, some of tha islands 
 produce oranges, limes, lemons, esculent vegetables, maine, 
 &c., fiir the consumption of the inhabitants, and a little cot- 
 ton for exportation. The general wild vegetation of the 
 Bahamas is a close growth of trees, comprising the Madeira, 
 horstvliesh mahogany, mastic, lignumvitiB, pigeon, alum, 
 dyewoods, &c., with an entangled underbrush. In the more 
 southern islands there are natural salt-ponds of great value, 
 the cultivation of which is increasing, but is capable of 
 much further improvement. 
 
 The value of exports in 1852 was 39,638?., of which 14.440?. 
 was salt, 11.275/, sponge, and 10.850?. fruit. Value of im- 
 ports. 139.5637., of which 50.775?. was from the United States. 
 and 26,374?. from Great Britain. Property offered for sale 
 from vessels wi-ecked on the coasts, 46,51 5?. Vessels entered. 
 400, (tons. 41.138:) cleared, 409: 274 being to the United 
 States, Total revenue for the year, 26,104?. ; expenditures, 
 23,213?. The seat of governmer.t is Nassau, island of Xew 
 Providence, one of the largest, and, from its geogr.iphical 
 position and natural adv.intages, the mos^t important of the 
 group. Here, also, are the head-quarters of the troops. The 
 legi.'ilnture consists of a governor and council appointed by 
 the crown, and a house of assembl}'. Education is under 
 the management of a Board of Education. The number of 
 free schools in 1852 was 21, attended by 1874 pupils. There 
 ■were also 13 church schools, attended by 1079 pupils, 
 besides 25 S.abbath-schools, with 1645 pupils. Annual 
 government grant for public schools, 1150?. The present 
 inhabitants are composed of two classes, residents and 
 wreckers: the former are chiefly the descendants of Ame- 
 rican tories, great numbers of whom repaired to these 
 Islands, with the remains of their property, at the close of 
 the American war. 
 
 Ban Salvador, one of the islands, was the first land disco- 
 
 BAII 
 
 vered by Columbus on his first voyage in 1 192, At this pe- 
 riod the larger Bahamas were densely peonled by a mild and 
 inoffensive race of Indians, whom the Spamaras remo»'>U ia 
 Ilispaniola to work in the mines, or act as diverx In ihu 
 pearl fisheries of Cuniana. By this cruel treatment iha 
 race Ijocame entirely extinct in the course of about fourtf^n 
 years. The Bahamas now remained uniuhal;ited lor nearly 
 a century and a half, when they were colonized by the 
 English in 1029, who were in turn expelled by the -Spaniardji. 
 The islands subsequently changed masters repeatedly, but 
 were finally ceded to the British in 17S3. The principal 
 islands are Grand Bahama, Great and Little Abaco, Andros 
 Islands, New I'rovidence. Eleuthera. San Salvador. Great 
 Exuma, Rum Cay, Watling Island. Long Island, Crooked 
 Island, Acklin Island, Atwood's Key, Mariguana Island, 
 Grejit and Little Inagua, and the Caiicos Islands, 
 
 The entire population in 1845 amounted to 20,500; in 
 1852 it was 2^.092. 
 
 BAH.\R, bA'har', (Vihar, "a monastery of Boodbists,") a 
 town of British India, in the presidency of Bengal, in a fer- 
 tile plain, 35 miles S.E. of Patna. Pop. 3U,000. It is large, 
 straLTgling. and in a sUite of decay. 
 
 BA'HAR', BEIIAR. BEYIIAR, bi'har', written also VI- 
 II.\R, formerly a Mohammedan province of India, occupying 
 partofthevalleyof the Ganges, and intersected l>y that river, 
 is now divided into various districts of the Bingal presidency. 
 
 B.\II.\RI, bj'na-ree\ (i.«.the "sea" country.) thenameof 
 the maritime or northern portion of Egypt, corresponding 
 to the division commonly called lovs'er Egypt. See Eoi'i'T. 
 
 BAllAWALPOOR, llindostan. See BhawU'OOh. 
 
 BAillA, bd-ee/a, or SSO SALVADOR, sl'Ang .sjll-vj-dor', 
 an important maritime city and seaport of Bi-azil. capital 
 of the province of the same name, l)eantifully situated in 
 .an elevated p<5sitionon theW. side of a strip of land forming 
 the E. side of the entrance to the Balrla de Todos-os-Santos, 
 or .\11-Saints Bay, immediately within Cape San Antonio, 
 on which is a revolving light 140 feet al)0ve the sea level : in 
 lat. 13° 0' 42" S. ; Ion. 38° 31' 42" W. It is 800 miles X.X.E. 
 of Rio de Janerio, and the seat of the only archbishopric 
 in the empire. Nothing can be finer than the view of Bahia 
 when seen at a short distance from the sea: one part towers 
 above another, and whitened houses and red-tiled roofs con- 
 trast magnificently with the rich foliage interspersed be- 
 tween. It is composed of two parts, the upper («??«) and lower, 
 (hdixa.) The shore or town (liun dn Fnit/a.) consists of a 
 single, narrow. badly-p.aved. dirty street, witli a gutter in the 
 centre, fiillowing the sinuosities of the shore, and in all 
 about 4 miles long. The buildings (of stone) are high, and 
 though old, have a cheerful exterior — those nearest the 
 shore projecting considerably into the sea. In this part of 
 the city dwell the mercantile agents, and here the great 
 business bustle exists. Recent alterations have, however, 
 greatly improved the appearance of the lower town, into 
 which omnibuses have tjeen introduced; here likewise are 
 situated the custom-house, those stores or magazines called 
 tmpieiies, for merchandise of all kinds, the granary, the 
 arsenal, and the .ship-building yard. The upper town stands 
 at an elevation of several hundred feet above the lower 
 town, and the streets connecting the two parts are conse- 
 quently very steep, following, in some instances, the zigzag 
 course of ravines, and in others slanting across the hill- 
 slope. This is the larger, finer, and more populous part of 
 the city. Here the wealthier classes dwell, and here are 
 situated the most important public buildings. The general 
 aspect of the upper city is antique; it is built on the crest 
 of a hill, and comiwsed, chiefly, of one or two principal 
 streets, which, in their direction, follow the outline of the 
 hill, and are in all about 6 miles long. These streets ar<< 
 well paved, more, however, with the view of preserving 
 them from injury by rain, than facilitating locomotion, which, 
 indeed, in Bahia. except for foot passengers, appears to be 
 a sec-ondary consideration — the irregularity of the ground 
 rcjndering the use of wheeled carriages almost impracticar 
 ble. Rome is not built on so many hills as Bahia. which, 
 according to one writer, is so irregular in its surface as to 
 give it the appearance of having been thrown up by an 
 earthquake. On one of the most commanding heights is 
 situated the finely w<x)ded promenade. {Itixsfio Pulilicn.) 
 from which a magnificent view can be obtained ; it overlooks 
 likewise, the city and bay, towards which latter it is Iwrdered 
 by a steep precipice, protected by an iron railing, 
 
 A marble monument, to commemorate the landing of 
 Don John VI., the first royal governor of Brazil, dworates 
 the promenade. Bahia exceeds every other city in the em- 
 pire for the number and sumptuousness of its churches : 
 many of these are attached to mrnasteries and convents, 
 which with their inmates are more numerous here than else- 
 where, and all in the most excellent state of repair, such as 
 convents of Benedlctes, Carmelites, shod and unshod. Fran- 
 ciscans, Capuchins, &c. Bahia is abundantly provided with 
 public buildings. Besides those mentioned as being in the 
 lower town, the more important are the governors palace. » 
 quadrangular edifice of 600 feet, on each face ; the achiepi.s- 
 copal palace, communicating with the cathedral: the mint, 
 court-house, a public, and a military hospital, orphan seiui- 
 
 161 
 
BAH 
 
 nary, thestre. and granary. The suburbs of Bahia are beau- 
 tiful — ^■ic^ori:l Hill being peculiarly so. Here are situated 
 the finest houses and gardens of the city, the residences cf the 
 principal British merchants, and the fcnglish cemetery. In 
 ISll, a public library was established in the city, which 
 likewise h.as a surgical school, besides several private 
 schools. The upper town has some printing presses, and is 
 the seat of the manu6\ctures of the place, consisting of to 
 baijco. glass, brandy, <S:c. Alternate laud and sea breezes 
 render the climate of Bahia pleasant, though the temperar 
 ture ranges between 75° and 8a Fah. 
 
 The harbor of Bahia is one of the best in America, and 
 suitable for vessels of any size. It is defended by seven 
 forts, and at its entrance is a lightrhouse. War vessels lie 
 In front of the city. S.E. of Fort Sao Marcello ; nierehant 
 vessels lie further N.W., towards Fort Monsterrat. The com- 
 merce of Bahia consists chiefly in the export of sugar, cot- 
 ton, tobacco, rum, and other articles of native product, but 
 has fiiUen off considerably since the revolution of 1837, and 
 does not appear even now to be recovering itself. One con- 
 siderable branch, the importation of slaves, has been mate- 
 rially curtailed by the activity of British cruisers. The 
 foreign arrivals for 1840 were 707, (tons, 10t).:2t)l,) and the 
 clearances for foreign ports were 764, (tons. 112.075.) In 1847, 
 the foreign arrivals were only 335, (tims, 76,2:>0.) and an efjual 
 number of vessels with a tonnage of 7^,537, cleared for 
 foreign countries. The principal articles exported in 1846, 
 were sugar, 67,565 cases, 1332 boxes, and 3425 bbls. ; cotton, 
 10,913 bags; coffee. 20,443 bags; tobiicco, 2674 rolls. 57,631 
 packages, and 18,678 bales; hides, 125,634, and piassava. 
 38,802 bundles. The value of foreign Imports into the 
 Province of Bahia, in 1846, was 1,4;31,548/, 
 
 Bahia de Todos-os-Santos, or All Saints' Bay, was dis- 
 covered in 1503, by Americus A'espucius. In 1510, a ves- 
 sel, commanded by Diego Alvares Correa. was wrecked near 
 the entrance of the bay, and every one, himself excepted, was 
 murdered by the Tupinambas Indians. Having secured a 
 musket, and saved some powder and ball, Correa soon ac- 
 quired unbounded influence over the Indians, who knew 
 nothing of firearms ; and, in process of time, he married 
 Paranuassu. diiughter of the chief Itaparica. whose name 
 was given to the island in front of the city. He now began 
 a settlement, which he named Sao Salvaidor, subsequently 
 recognised by the Portuguese government as the capital of 
 the Brazilian F^mpire, and residence of the governor-general, 
 the first one, Thomaz de Sou/.a, landing in 1549. From this 
 time it continued to increa.se rapidly in size and importance, 
 but underwent many vicissitudes of fortune, having been 
 taken by the Dutch}- and even after reverting to its original 
 possessors, it suffered from attacks of its former captors. It 
 continued to be the capital till 1763, when the viceroj-alty 
 was transferred to Kio Janeiro. In 1808, Don John, the 
 first member of the royal liunily, lauded, as stated alx)ve. 
 He was pressed to make his court at Bahia, the citizens pro- 
 mising to erect him a magnificent palace. The wide mouth 
 of the bay, and the difiSeulty of effectually fortifying the 
 harbor, formed a weighty objection to the city as a residence 
 for royalty. The prince regent, therefore, resolved to pass 
 on to Rio Janeiro; but before the fleet weighed anchor, 
 he communicated to Count de Ponte, the governor, that cele- 
 brated document, the Corta Kegia, by which the ports of 
 Brazil were thrown open to the commerce of all nations. The 
 first printing press was established in 1811, and the first 
 sugar mill was introduced, from England, in 1815. At the 
 Portuguese revolution, in 1820. Bahia was plunged into the 
 horrors of civil war, from which it was freed in 1823. It 
 had a small revolution of its own in 1837, which did grejit 
 damage to the prosperity of the city, but was soon sup- 
 pressed by the supreme government. Pop. alx>ut 120,000. 
 The whale fisheries of this city were once the greatest in the 
 world, and considerable numbers of whales are still caught 
 in the neighboring seas, and brought here for flensing and 
 boiling. 
 
 B.\niA, bi-ee/iL a maritime province of Brazil, bounded 
 W. and N. by Pernambuco. from which it is separated by 
 the Bio Sao Francisco. It is comprehended between lat. 9° 
 20' and 16° 35' S., and Ion. 37° 20' and 44° 50' W.; estimated 
 area, 222.168 square miles, divided into 13 districts!. The 
 province is traversed from S. to N. by a mountain range, 
 under various names. Almas, Chapada, &c., at a distance of 
 rather more than 200 miles from the sea, forming the water- 
 shed between the rivers that flow E. to the AUantic. and 
 those that flow W. to the Kio Sao Francisco. Numerous off- 
 sets of this main chain traverse the province in various di- 
 rections. The principal agricultural products are sugar, 
 cotton, tobacco, coffee, mandioca, rice, beans, and maize. 
 Among its plants, and their products, are Brazil-wood of 
 different kinds, cedar, gum elemi and copal, dragon's-blood, 
 jalap, ipecacuanha, and ssvffron. The oranges, mangoes, and 
 numerous other fruits, are excellent. This province sends 
 14 deputies to the general assembly, and 7 senators to the 
 upper chamU'r. Its own provincial legislative assembly 
 is composed of 36 deputies, who are paid both during the 
 session and its prorogations, and receive, besides, an indem- 
 nity proportioned to 'iie distance they have to travel. The 
 152 
 
 BAI 
 
 revenue of the province, for the financial year 1849-.50. wag 
 estimated at about 74.000/. sterling. Pop. about 800.000. 
 
 BAHIA BLAXCA, bl-ee'd bldn'kd, an inlet of the Atlan- 
 tic, on the E. coast of South America, 360 miles S.AV. of 
 Buenos Ayres. Many fossil remains have been found here 
 
 BAHIA DE TODOS-OS-SANTOS, bi-ee'd dA to'aoce-oco. 
 s3n'toce. See All S.^ints' Bay. 
 
 BAHIA HONDA, hH-eefi fm'dl, (i.e. "deep bay.") a har- 
 bor of Cuba, on its N. coast, 60 miles W.S.W. of Havana. 
 It is protected by a fort, and is resorted to by privateers, 
 and for landing slaves. 
 
 BAHLINGEN, bilinp-en. a town of 'Wtirtemberg. on the 
 Eisach, 38 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3250. It hns Unen 
 and woollen manufactures, tanneries*, and some trade. 
 
 BAHLINGEN, a village of Baden, N.W. of Freiburir. Pop. 
 1750. 
 
 BAHN, bSn, a town of Prussi.an Pomerania, on the Tube, 
 23 miles S. of Stettin. Pop. 2150. 
 
 BAHNASA. See BEHXESEn. 
 
 J3AHR. bdn'r, the Arabic name for a sea. lake, or river. 
 
 BAHREIN, b^h-rAne', or AVAL ISLAND, (anc. lyios or 
 Tyhos.) in the Persian Gulf is surrounded by several small 
 isliinds and numerous shoals, in a baj' in the district of 
 Bahrein, near the coast of Arabia, 200 miles S. of Bushira. 
 The capital, Manama, is in lat. 20° 14' N„ Ion. 50° 30' 30" E. 
 Pop. 68,000 (?) (Mohammedims.) Bahrein I.sland, 27 miles 
 long, and 10 miles broad, is hilly in the centre, anil only 
 half of it is cultivated; but it produces abundance of dates 
 and other fruits, and a small quantity of wheat, barley, and 
 clover. The other chief islands are Arad. Jlaharjiy. and Ta- 
 mahoy. The pearl fishery here employs, during tile season^ 
 1500 boats, and yields pearls to the value of 200.0007. annu- 
 ally — the total value of the pearl fishings in the gulf being 
 reckoned at 300,0007. Principal exports, pearls, dry dates» 
 tortoise-shell, sharks' fins, mats, canvas, and colored cloths, 
 sent to Bassorah, Persia, Arabia. India, and other coun- 
 tries, in return for rice, pepper, timber, iron, spices, coffee, 
 dried fruits, and corn. About 20 Bahrein ships, of from 
 140 to 350 tons each, are emploved in the India trade. 
 
 BAIIU-EL-ABIAD,biln'r-el|/be-ad, (-'white river.) BAIIR- 
 EL-.\ZREK, baH'r-el-dz/rgk, (" blue river,") rivers of Africa. 
 See Nile. 
 
 BAHR-EL-MERJ, bdn'r-el-meRj, (i.e. "lake of the niea- 
 dow,'") called also Lake of Damascus, a marshy lake of Syria, 
 15 miles E.S.E. of Damascus. It receives the Bai-rada River, 
 but has no outlet. 
 
 BAIIRENBUKO, bS/ren-bCORG^ a town of Hanover, 26 
 miles S.W. of Iloya, on the Aue. Pop. 612. 
 
 B.\I, bi, a town of Chinese Toorkestan, on the Mocssoor, 
 (Mousser?) 115 miles E.SJi;. of Aksoo. 
 
 BAI .51, Italy. See Baj.\. 
 
 B.A.I.E.'Syri!V. See B.UAS. 
 
 BAIAS, BAYASS, BYASS,brass',or PAYAS. pfis/. (ano. 
 BaV(E,) a small town of N. Syria, 65 miles N.W. of Aleppo, 
 on the Gulf of Iskanderoon, at the mouth of a small river, 
 probably the ancient Issus. It has a castle, and a harbor 
 adapted for small craft. N. of it ai-e ruins of the ancient 
 town Issus; and between it and Iskanderoon, 14 miles 
 s-mthward, was fought the second famous battle, in which 
 Darius was defeated by Alexander the Great. 
 
 BAIBOOT. BAIBOUT. or BAIBUT, brboof, a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, 65 miles W.N.W. of Erzroom, on the 
 road from Trebizond. Pop. 3000. It was formerly a strong- 
 hold of the Genoese, and has the remains of fortifica- 
 tions erected by that people. The quantity of snow which 
 Cills in its vicinity generally interr upts the communication 
 during several months of the year. 
 
 BAIERN. See Bav.^ria. 
 
 BAIERSBRONN, bi'ers-bronn\ a village of Wiirteraberg, 
 BL-ick Forest, 40 miles W.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 4400. 
 
 BAIERSDORF, bi'grs-doRr, a town of Bavaria, on the Reg- 
 nitz, 4 miles N. of Erlangen. Pop. 1546. 
 
 BAIKAL (biOcil) LAKB, or HOLY SKA. the largest lake 
 of Asia, (exclusive of the Caspian and Aral Seas.) in Siberia, 
 government of Irkootsk, between lat. 51° 20' and bb'^ 30' N., 
 and Ion. 103° and 110° E. It is cre.scent-shaped, and is a 
 sinus or expansion of the bed of the Angara. Length, from 
 N.E. to S.W., nearly 400 miles; average breadth. 45 miles; 
 estimated area, 14,000 square miles; height above the sea, 
 1419 feet. Its depth Is very great in the centre, but is not 
 ascertained. Its basin is enclosed by the Baikal Mountains, 
 a spur of the Altai system. These mountains often lise up 
 precipitously, in fantastic pe.iks. from the shore of the lak«s 
 and appear to be continued precipitou.tly l>eneath its surface, 
 in some parts there is a depth of 100 fathoms ; in otber.s, nr 
 bottom has yet been found. The prevalence of volcanic 
 rocks, and the violent twisting and upheaving of the more 
 regular strata by their agency, together with the tliermal 
 springs which abound in the neighborhood, seem to justify 
 the belief, generallj" entertained, that the bed of the lake 1« 
 a crater of an extinct volcano. This belief derives additional 
 support from the fact that volcanic agency ii; still active 
 throughout the surrounding countiy. Scarcely a year 
 elapses without an earthquake. The lake receives numerous 
 affluents, the principal of whlcL are the Upper Angara. U&r 
 
BAI 
 
 goozeen, and Selenga Rivers, and gives origin to tlie Lower 
 Angara, a cliief tributary of the Yenesci. It contains several 
 islands, that of Olktitn, n(^ir the N. coast, being 30 miles in 
 length. Lower Baikal forms a part of the great commercial 
 line of communication between China and Russia, and 
 trade is much facilitated by the establishment of steam- 
 boats in 1S4 4. Its two ports are i'osolskaya and Listwinisch- 
 naya, the latter being an excellent harbor. The surface is 
 frozen from November to April. Its seal and sturgeon fishe- 
 ries are valuable, and about 100,000 poods of small herrings 
 are taken in it yearly, besides large quantities of the go- 
 lomynka, (Callioni/miLt Baicalensis,) which yields a great 
 amount of oil. .A.dj. I5aikai,e.\n or Baikali.w, bl-kal'e-an. 
 
 UAIKUNTAl'OOR, bl-kanHa-poor', a town of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Bengal, 10 iniles S.E. of Patna, on the S. 
 bank of the Ganges. It is a famous place of Hindoo worship. 
 
 BAIL'DON, a village and chapelry of Kngland. co. of York, 
 West Riding. 7 miles N. of Bradford. Pop. in 1851, 3008. 
 
 BAILKX. See Batlen. 
 
 BAT'LEY CREEK, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BAI'LEYSHURG, a post-office of Perrv co., I'ennsylvania. 
 
 BAILEYSBURG, a post-village near the S. extremity of 
 Surry co., Virginia, about 50 miles S.S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 BAILEY'S CHEEK, a postoffice of Osage co., Missouri. 
 
 BAILEY'S SPRINGS, a postoffice of Lauderdale co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 BAILEYTOWN, a village of Porter co., Indiana, 14 miles 
 N. by W, of Valparaiso. 
 
 BAILEYVILLE. a postrtownship of Washington co., 
 Maine, about 80 miles E.N.E. of Baugor, on the W. bank of 
 the St. Croix River. Pop. 30,3. 
 
 BAILIEBOROUGII, b.Vle-bar-tth, a town and parish of 
 Ireland, Ulster co., on the Blackwater River, 17 miles S.E. 
 of Cavan. Bailieborough castle is on the site of the ancient 
 castle of Ton regie. 
 
 BAILIQUE. SeeBATUQUE. 
 
 BAILLEUL, bil\viih', a town of France, department of 
 Nord, near the Belgian frontier, 9 miles E. of Uazebrouck. 
 Pop. about 7000. It is well built, and has the general 
 aspect of an old Flemish town. It has manufactures of 
 woollens, cottons, lace, hats, beet^root sugar, and oil, and the 
 choose of its environs is held in repute. 
 
 BAILLEUL, a village of France, department of Sarthe, 6 
 miles N.VV. of La Fleche. Pop. 1067. 
 
 BAILY (bi'lee) ISLANDS, the most southerly islands of 
 the Jionin group, in the North Pacific, in lat. 20° 30' N., Ion. 
 142° E. 
 
 BAIMOCZ or BA.IMOCZ, brmots', a walled town of Hun- 
 gary, 40 miles N.E. of Neutra. Pop. 890. It has well-fre- 
 quented warm baths, and a castle of the PallTy family. 
 
 BAIN, bix", a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vi- 
 laine, 18 miles S. of Rennes. Pop. 1249. 
 
 B AIN'B 111 DOE. a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding, parish of Aysgarth, on the Ure, li miles S.W. of 
 Askrigg. In the neigiiborhood are 2 fine waterfalls, a lake, 
 and a Roman camp, where a statue of the Emperor Corn- 
 modus was discovered. 
 
 BAIXBRIDGE, a posf^village and township of Chenango 
 CO., New Y'ork, on the Susquehanna River, 104 miles W.S.W. 
 of Albany. The village contains 3 churches, a bank, and 12 
 stores. A steamboat was built here in 1862. to run on the 
 Susquehanna to Lanesborough, 30 miles distant. Pop. of 
 the village, about 900; of the township. 1588. 
 
 B.A.INBRIDGE, a post-village in Lancaster co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, 20 miles E.S.E. 
 of llarrisburg. Pop. about 500. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, a post-village, capital of Decatur co.. Geor- 
 gia, on the left bunk of the Flint River, IfeS miles S.W. of 
 Milledgfvillo. Pop. 1869. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE. a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky. 
 
 BAIN BRl DGE, a township of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. 708. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, a thriving post-village of Paxton town- 
 ship, Ross CO., Ohio, on Paint Creek, 19 miles S^\. of 
 Chillicothe, and 54 miles E. of Cincinnati. The adjacent 
 country is highly productive, and finely diversified in 
 scenery, and the "vilhige has an active trade. It contains 
 i churches, 1 manufactory of woollen goods, 2 flouring- 
 mills, and 3 saw-mills. It was laid out in 1805. Pop. in 
 1860, 679. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Berrien co, 
 Michigan, about 15 miles N. by E. of Berrien. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, a township in Du Bois co., Indiana. Pop. 
 2131. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana, 36 
 Biles W. of Indian.apolis. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, a postoffice of Williamson co., Illinois, 
 ibout 175 miles S. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE. a village in the E.part of Cape Girardeau 
 CO., Mis.souri. on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, about 
 L4 miles E. by N. of .Jackson. 
 
 BAINDEK. See Batonder. 
 
 BAINDT. bint, a village of WUrtemberg, 5 miles N.N.E. 
 .jf Ravensburg. with a castle of the Prince of Salm-Reiffer- 
 6cheid-Dvk, formerly an imperial abbey of the Cistercians, 
 founded in 1238. 
 
 BAJ 
 
 BAINS, bSN", (i.e. "the baths,") a village of France, de- 
 partment of Vosges, 13 miles S.W. of Epinal. much ft-e- 
 quButed for its baths. Pop. In 1851. 2646. The waters vary 
 In temperature from 92° to 122° Fahrenheit. Here are ele- 
 gant baths, saloons, and promenades: the season for resort- 
 ing hither begins on the i5th of May, and continues to the 
 loth of September. 
 
 BAINS, a village of France, department of PyrfenecS-Ori- 
 entales, 4 miles S.W. of Ceret. Pop. 1800. 
 
 BAINS, or BAIN, a village of France, department of Hie- 
 etrVilaine. Pop. (with commune) 1852, 3907. 
 
 BAINS DE RENNES. bl\° deh rjnn, a village of Fnince, 
 department of Aude, 10 miles S.E. of I^imnux. 
 
 BAINS-DU-MONT-D'OR, bA.No-dti-mANf-doH, a village of 
 France, department of Puy-de-D6me, 20 miles W. of Issoire 
 Pop. 1000. It is situated in a picturesque valley, sur- 
 rounded by mountains, abounding with minerals and me- 
 dicinal plants, and celebrated for mineral waters. The 
 baths were erected In 1819, on a vast scale, at the public 
 expense, and are built entirely of lava. 
 
 BAIN'TON, a pari.sh of England, co. of York, East Riding, 
 
 BAIOCUSSES and BAIROUT. See Beyroot. 
 
 BAIRAMITSII, bl-rd-mitch' or bl-rd-mcetch'. a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Anatolia. 25 miles K.W. of Adra- 
 myti, Roman antiquities abound in its vicinity. 
 
 BAI HDS^I'OWN, a flourishing post-village of Oglethorpe 
 CO., Georgia, on the Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad, 
 83 miles W. of Augusta. It is surrounded by rich cotton 
 plantations, and is one of the principal places in the county. 
 There is an extensive carriage factory here. 
 
 BAIRDSTOWN, Kentucky. See Bardstowx. 
 
 BAIREUTII, bi'ruth, (Ger. pron. bi'roit.) a city of Bava- 
 ria, capital of the circle of Upper Franconia. on the Red- 
 Main, 126 miles N. of Munich. Lat. of castle. 49° 50' 42" 
 N., Ion. 11° 38' E. Pop. 18,044 mostly Protestants. It is 
 well built, and has public fountains and promenades, a new 
 palace, opera-house, riding-school, theatre, a I'rot^stant con- 
 sistory, a college, grammar and diocesan schools, man ufao 
 tures of cotton and woollen cloths, tobacco and pipes, parch- 
 ment, leather, and porcelain. Baireuth was formerly the 
 capital of a margraviate, and the seat of a court. In the 
 neighborhood are three palaces. Fantasie. Sanspareil. and 
 Hermitage. The first is surrounded by gardens laid out in 
 terraces and alcoves, whii'h are a favorite re.«ort of the inha- 
 bit'ints of Baireuth. In the last, the grounds of which were 
 laid out in the seventeenth century, are shown the apart- 
 ment and the bed of Frederick the Great, and here his sis- 
 ter, the margravine, wrote her memoirs. In a cemetery at 
 the entrance of the town, is a monument, erected by the 
 King of Bavaria to the celebrated writer Jean Paul Fre- 
 derick Richter, who died here In 1825. 
 
 BAIROUT or BAIRUT. See Betroot. 
 
 BAIKRO, bi'Ro, a village of Brazil, proyince of Sao Paulo 
 4 miles N. of Sao Sebastilio. It has a convent of Franciscans, 
 and the inhabitints. all Indians, are occupied in fishinir. 
 
 BAIRRO DAS SILVEIRAS, bt'RO dhs seel-v^'e-rSs, a village 
 of Brazil, on the N.E. frontiers of the province of SSd Paulo, 
 near the town of Lorena. Pop. 2000. 
 
 BAIS. 1)4. a village of France, 12 iniles E.S.E. of Mayenno. 
 
 BAIS, a village of France, dep.artment of Ille-el>Vllaine, 9 
 miles S.S.W. of Vitrfi. Pop. 3728. 
 
 BAISE or B.\YZE, bAze or bSz, a river of South-western 
 France, rises near Ijannemezan, flows N. through the depart- 
 ments of I lautes-Py rentes, Gers. and Ilautf^flaronne, and 
 joins the Garonne near Aiguillon. Total coinse. about 145 
 miles. The towns of Mirande, Valence, Condom, and Nerac 
 are on its banks, from which last it is navigable to the Ga- 
 ronne, a distance of 45 miles. 
 
 BAISIEUX, b.iVe-rh', a village of France, department of 
 Nord. arrondissement of Lille. Pop. 1808. 
 
 BAISY-TIIY,b4'zee^-tee',a village of Belgium, in Brabant. 
 Pop. 1200. It has the ruins of a castle in which Godefroy 
 de Bouillon was born. 
 
 BAIT'ING HOLLOW, a post-village of Suffolk co.. New 
 York, 221 miles S.S.E. of Albany. 
 
 BAITMAII, bite'ml a town of India, in the Indore do- 
 minions. 54 miles S.S.W. of Oojein. 
 
 BAITOOL. bl-tool', a fortified town of British In<L'a. pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, 50 miles N.E. of EUichpoor. Lat. 21° 55' 
 N.; Ion. 78° E. 
 
 BAIX, bAx or bA, a village of France, department of Ar- 
 dfeche. 7 miles E. of Privas. Pop. of commune, 1314. 
 
 BAIX AS, b^x^ds', a town of France, department of Pyr6- 
 nees-Orientales. 6 miles N. of Perpignan. Pop. 19C0. 
 
 BAJA. bCh'vOh\ a market-town of Hungary, co. of Bacs, 
 on the Danube, 90 miles S. of Pesth. Pop. 14.537. It has 
 Roman Catholic and Greek churches, a synagogue, diocesan 
 s<:hool, castle, county court, and a large market for hogs. 
 
 B A.T A. b3/yl, a town of Moldavia, on the Moldava, 65 miles 
 W.N.W. of Yassy. 
 
 BAJA. bi'yS, (L. Bailer.) an ancient city of Italy, (now In 
 ruins.) 10 miles W. of Naples, on the famous bay of the 
 same name, with a fort built by the Empei-or Charles V., in 
 lat. 40° 51' N., Ion. 14° 3' E., under which large ships can 
 anchor. Pop. 800. £ai<E, was a principal port and favorite 
 
 15& 
 
BAJ 
 
 BAK 
 
 wat8f'''<-plas« of the ancient Romans; the sites of several 
 (ani)ile<^ villas, and liaths are still traceable on its shore. 
 
 BA lADA-DKSAXTA-FE, b^-ni'diHiil-sin'tl-fi, a city of 
 the 1 lata C!onfederaoy, capital of the province of Kntre 
 Rios. on the E. bank of the Parana, opposite Santa Fb, and 
 now '.-ailed Parand. Pop. about 6tXX). 
 
 BAJA T)E KAMA, hi/yi di rd'nid,a town of TVallachia, 68 
 miles X.AV. of Krajov.-i. 
 
 B V.IAZID. See RwxzEED. 
 
 BA.JIBO. or BAJIEBO, bJ-jee'bo, OiD and Nev, two 
 towns of Western Afrioa, on opposite banks of the Niger, 
 about 47 miles below Boossa, where Park, the celebrated 
 African traveller, was killed. Lat. 9*= 31' X. : Ion. i° 'Zb' E. 
 At this town L.ander met with very large canoes, having a 
 hut in the middle, which contained merchants and their 
 ■whole families. 
 
 BA.TMOCZ, or BOJNITZ. See B.umocz. 
 
 BA.IOOR or BAJOUR, bi'joor', a district of Northern 
 Afgh.inistan, in lat. 3.5° X., and between Ion. 71° and 72° 
 E., Separated from the Hindoo Koosh range on the X. 
 by the territories of Kafiristan and Chitnu. Estimated 
 area. 370 square miles. Pop. about 120.000. It is a fertile 
 plain, enclosed by mountains covered with oak and cedar 
 forests, and yielding iron ore of good quality. 
 
 B.\.JO0R or B.VJOCR, b^'joor'. a town of Afghanistan, 
 capital of the .above territory. 130 miles X.E. of Cabool. 
 Lat. 34° 50' X. ; Ion. 71° 30' E. Pop. about 5000. It is sup- 
 pased to be the BcunJra mentioned by the historians of 
 Alexander. 
 
 B.\K.ABAXY.4.bOh'koh'bln'ySh\ a royal mining town of 
 Hungary, co. of Uouth, 10 miles S.W. of Scheuinitz. The 
 mining operations, once exten.sive, are now greatly reduced. 
 
 BAKAVAIK. Se.' BiCK.OEER. 
 
 BAKEER- (orBAKIR-) CHAI, bi'keer'-chl. i.e. "copper 
 river." (anc. GiUcus,) a river of Asia Minor, falling into the 
 Gulf of S.andarlee. (or Sandarli.) lat. 3S° 45' X., Ion. 27° E. 
 
 BAKEER-KOOREH-SEE or BAKIR-KUREU-SI. b^'keer'- 
 koo'ieh-see. (i. «. " copper district,"') a small town of Asia 
 Minor, in Anatolia, in a district formerly containing pro- 
 ductive copper-mines, near the Black Sea, and 70 miles 
 W.S.W. of Sinope, with a handsome mosque. It is supposed 
 to be the Hxndracur'gium of Strabo. 
 
 BAKEL. bd'kel', a large, well-built, and thriving village 
 of Western Africa, Lower Galam country, on the Senegal. 
 Lat. 14° 54' X.: Ion. 12° 14' W. Here the French have a 
 fiictory, which is tolerably well fortified, and has a garrison 
 of about 50 bl.ack soldiers. 
 
 BA'KER, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of 40i0 square miles. It is traversed by the Flint 
 River, (navigable by steamboats.) and also drained bylch.a- 
 waynochaway Creek. The surCice is level; the soil excel- 
 lent. The creek above named furnishes valuable water- 
 power. Organized in 1825, and named in honor of Colo- 
 nel John Baker, an officer in the war of the Revolution. 
 Capital. Xewton. Pop. 4985; of wliom 1493 were free, and 
 3492 slaves. 
 
 B.\KER or BAKER'S, a post-village of Champaign co_ 
 Oliio, 56 miles W. of Columbus. 
 
 BAKER, a township of Martin CO., Indiana. Pop. 1031. 
 
 B.^KER, a township of Morgan CO., Indiana. Pop. 438. 
 
 B.\KER BANK, a post-offlce of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BAKEirS BRIDGE, a vilLage of Alleghany co., Xew York, 
 on the Xew York and Erie Railroad, 15 miles E. by S. of 
 Ani;elica. 
 
 BAKER'S CORXERS, a post-offlce of Tippecanoe co., In- 
 diima. 
 
 BAKER'S FALLS, of the Hudson River, are situated on 
 the border of Sandy Hill township, Washington co., in the 
 E. part of X'ew York. The river here descends 70 feet in 
 ab<5ut 100 rods. 
 
 BAItERSFIELD.a post-township in Franklin co.,Termont. 
 abjHt 40 miles X.X.W. of Montpelier, Intersected by branches 
 of the Missisque River. It has two academies and some 
 manufactures.- Pop. 1451. 
 
 B.VKER"S G.A.P, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BAKER'S RIVER, of Grafton co., near the centre of Xew 
 Hampshire. Sills into the Pemigewasset River, a few miles 
 abjve Plymouth. 
 
 BAKER'S RUX. a post-offlce of Hardy co., Virginia. 
 
 BA'KERSTOWX, a post-village in West Deer township. 
 AUe-'hany co., Pennsylvania, about 16 miles N. by E. of 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 BA'KERSVILLE. a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, 32 miles W. of Hartford. 
 
 BAKERSVILLE, a village of Clinton co., New York, on 
 Saranac River. 
 
 BA KERSVILLE. a post-offlce, Somerset co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 BAK KRSVI I,LE. a post-office of Washington co., Marjland. 
 
 BAKEKSVlLLE.a small post-village in Yancey co., North 
 Carolina. a>iout 200 miles W. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 BAKKRSVII^LE. a post-offlce of Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 B.VKEW VAAj. b^k'well, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Derby, the town on the Wye. near its confluence 
 with the Derwent, H miles N.W. of .Matlock. Pop. in 1S51, 
 98y7, many of whom are employed in stone quarries, coal 
 154 
 
 and lead mines, and cotton mills. Its old church containt 
 monuments of the Vernons and Foljambes. It has several 
 small charities; also chalj-beate springs, with handsome 
 bath-rooms and museum. Chatsworth. the princelyseat of 
 the Duke of Devonshire, is in this jwrish ; and about 2 miles 
 southward is Iladdon-hall, a mansion of the Duke of Rut- 
 land, lord of Bakewell Manor. 
 
 BAKIIMOOT, BAKHMUUT, or BAKHMUT, bdk'mootA a 
 town of Russia, 120 miles E. of YekaterinosJav. I'op. 4000. 
 It has coal-mines, and an extensive trade in hor.«es and 
 cattle, and was formerly verj- important and fortified. In 
 !be vicinity are the remains of an .incieut Tartar walL 
 
 BAKHORA. a tribe of Africa. See Xgami. 
 
 BAKHTCHISa.VRAI, bSK-chLs-sa-ri', or BAGTCHE-SE- 
 RAI. bSg-che-sg-ri', a town of Russia, government of Tauriila, 
 (Crimea.) on the Tchoorook (Tschourouk) 15 miles in the 
 S.W. of Simferopol. It is the capital in which the khans 
 or Tartar sovereigns of the Tauridian peninsula long held 
 sway as deputies or tributaries of Turkey, U-fore Russia es- 
 tablished herself in the Crimea. It is an interesting place, 
 and pronounced by Doctor E. D. Clark "one of the most re- 
 markable towns in Europe." The Tartar impi-ess is still 
 strong upon it. It stands at the bottom of a narrow val- 
 ley, hemmed in by precipitous rocks and watered by a 
 rivulet, and consists almost entirely of a single street, 
 built along the side of this rivulet, and lined with bazaars 
 and workshops, in which the Tartar toils, in primitive sim- 
 plicity, in the production of articles of the very same form 
 and quality as were fVirnished by Ms forefathers two centuries 
 ago. The town cont.iins several mosques, which are usually 
 emIx)Somed among trees, and whose minarets ri.tie high above 
 the hou.ses; andisadorned with numerousfountains. The 
 Karaim Jews, a peculiar section of that people, carry on consi- 
 derable trade in common stuff goods, mercery, and colonial 
 produce. The old palace of the khans, a singular edifice, is 
 in good repair, and even suitably furni.'ihed. I'he build- 
 ings present all the usual irregularity of Eastern mansion.s, 
 but the wide galleries, brilliint paintings, pavilions of a 
 make so light that they seem hardly to belong to the body 
 of the edifice, and a profusion of great overshadowing trees, 
 produce an effect seldom obtained by systematic regularity. 
 It first became the residence of the khans in 1475. In the 
 sixteenth century their dominion extended not only over 
 the entire Tauridian peninsula, but the contiguous terri- 
 tory, W., N., E., and S., from the banks of the Danube to 
 the foot of the Caucasus; but their rule, continually shaken 
 by the Russian invasion and influence from the year 1736 
 downward, ceased altogether in 17S3. when the country was 
 incorporated with that empire. Pop. about 10.000. of which 
 a majority are of the Tartar blood; the rest are Russians, 
 Greeks, .\rmenians, and .lews. 
 
 BAKUTEGAX or BAKIITEGIHX, baK't-^-gan'. LAKE, 
 in Persia, province of Fars. 50 miles E. of Sheeraz. is COmiles 
 in length from E.to W.. with an average breadth of 8 miles. 
 It receives at its W. extremity the Bundemeer (liundemir) 
 River, (anc. Araxet.) The lake yields for traffic a large 
 quantity of salt. 
 
 BAKHTIYARI (biK-tee-yi'ree^) MOUXTAIXS. a range of 
 mountains in South-western Persia, extending parallel to 
 the rocky range of .\wa and Laristan. The highest of these 
 rise about lOOO feet above their base. 
 
 BAKIR-CIIAI. See Bakeer-Chai. 
 
 BAKdXY-WALD. boh'kofi' (or bl-ko'nee) «ait. (Ger. Ba- 
 /.■owy<T-U'!?rf, bl-kAn'yfr-willt\ t. «. •• Forest of Bakony,") a 
 mountain range of llung:iry, S. of the Danulie. lietween the 
 K.iab River and LakeBalatony,arid st-parating the great and 
 little Hungarian plains, the lormer of which is on its S.E. 
 side. Average elevation. 2000 fw?t. It is densely wooded, 
 and contains quarries of excellent marl le, which is exported 
 by way of the Danube from Komom. Ac. 
 
 BAKOO. BAKOU or BAKU, bil'koo'. written also BADKU, 
 a seaport town of Russia, capital of Shii ■ an, in Trans- 
 cauKisJa, on S. shore of the peninsula of Apsheron, and AV. 
 coast of Caspian Sea. of which it is one of the most fre- 
 quented ports; lat. 40° 21' X., Ion. 49° 51' 6" E. The 
 walls of the town were formerly washed by the Caspian, but 
 they are at present al)Out five yards distant from it : the se.a, 
 however, ha.s gained upon the land in other places, the ruins 
 of ancient buildings being found .at the depth of upwards 
 of 18 feet. It stands on a declivity, the summit of which 
 is crowned by the palace of the former khans: is defended 
 by a double wall and deep ditch constructed in the time of 
 Peter the Great, and has two strong forts, under whose pi-o- 
 tection vessels can anchor, in from four to six fathoms' wa- 
 ter, within 80 yards of the shore, in a spacious road, shel- 
 tered from all quarters. The town is ill built, streets nai^ 
 row and crooked, the houses small, with fiat roofs, coated 
 with naphtha. The Virgin's Tower is the mc>st striking ob- 
 ject in the place. There are. however, several spacious 
 mosques, public squares, marts, and caravanserais, a Greek 
 and an .\rmenian church, and some Tartar schools. The 
 chief exports of the town and neighborhood are naphtha, 
 salt, and saffron: in return for which it receives, chiefly 
 from Persia, raw silk and cotton, rich carpets and shawls, 
 rice, &c.; and from Europe all kinds of ironwai-e audcutr 
 
BAK 
 
 lery, cottr.n, linen, and woollen manufactured goods, thus [ 
 becoming an entrepOt, through which an important trade 
 is carried on between the K. and W. Pop. 5500. The ad- ! 
 jacent island of Saliim has important fisheries. Tlie penin- | 
 sula of Apsheron is celebrated for its mud volcanoes and | 
 naphtha springs, the latter yielding annually upwards of i 
 4000 tous. Near these springs is the Ateshaga, or •'■Field 
 of Fire." nearly half a square mile in extent, and from 
 which inflammable gas is continually escaping. In ancient 
 times it was held in the highest veneration by the Quebers 
 of Parsees, and frequented by thousands of pilgrims. They 
 have still several temples here, and many of them spend 
 their days in worship, and in penitential exercises so se- 
 vere as often to cost them their lives. The lihanateof Bakoo 
 was formerly attached to Persia, but wrested from it by Rus- 
 nia about 1723 ; restored in 1735, but retaken in 1801 by the 
 Russians, to whom it now belongs. 
 
 BAKOO, BAKU, bd-koo', or BAKOVA, bd-ko'vj, a town 
 of Moldavia, on the Bistritz, 60 miles S.W. of Yassy. It 
 was formerly imjiortant, but is now nearly in ruins. 
 
 BAKOU or BAKU. See Bakoo. 
 
 BALA, bd'ld. a township and market-town of Wales, co. 
 of Merioneth, near the N. end of the lake of same name. 
 Assizes and quarter sessions are held here and at Dolgelly 
 alternately. 
 
 BAhABAC, bd-ld-baK', an island of the Malay Archipe- 
 lago, I'hilippines, 30 miles S. of I'alawan. Lat. 7° 69' N., Ion. 
 117" 3' K. The Balabac Passage, between it and Banguey 
 Island, is 35 miles across. 
 
 BALA-BAGII, bd'ld-bao', a fortified town of Afghanistan, 
 and the most important mart in the Valley of .lelalabad, 
 from which town it is 13 miles W. It is famous for its fruits. 
 Near it are numerous tope^ or mounds, supposed to be of 
 Boodhic origin. 
 
 BAl..ABAh.\0.\N. See Paterxo.stf.rs, Little. 
 
 BALACHKKor BALACIIKV. See Balashev. 
 
 BALACIINA. See Balakhna. 
 
 BALAGANSK, bd'ld-gdnsk', a town of Siberia, on the An- 
 gara, 110 miles N.W. of Irkootsk. Pop. 372. 
 
 B A I,' A -<i II A UTS', an extensive district in the S.of India, 
 so called from its being situated " above the Ghauts." It 
 forms a part of the presidency of Madras. 
 
 BALAGUKIl, bd-la-galii'. ('anc. Bergu/nuJ,) a fortified town 
 of .«pain, 16 miles N.K. of Lerida, on the Segre. It is walled, 
 and has several squares, a college, hospital, and a castle of 
 considerable strength. Pop. 4H42. 
 
 BAIj.VGUftllES. bd'li'gaiR/, town and commune of France, 
 department of Ariege. Pop. of commune, 1289. 
 
 B.^LAKIINA. bi-ldK'nJ, a town of Russia, government of, 
 and about 20 miles N.W. of Nizhnee Novgorod, on the right 
 bank of the Volga, where it is joined by the Oosola, (Usola.) 
 It was formerly surrounded by wooden towers and walls, 
 which were destroyed by fire; but it still has a rampart 
 of earth, with a deep fosse. It contains 15 churches and 
 a convent, and has a considerable trade, chiefly In grain. 
 Pop. 35110, 
 
 BALAKLAVA or BALACLAVA, bd-ld-kld/vd, a town of 
 Russia, on the Black Sea, government of Taurida, 38 miles 
 S.S.W. of Simferopol: lat. 44° 29' N., Ion. 33° 34' 40" E. 
 It has a good (but little frequented) port, completely shel- 
 tered by lofty hills. The general appearance of the town, 
 perched upon heights, is very picturesque. It has a fortress, 
 placed immediately atove the harbor, on an almost inac- 
 cessible rock, and is inhabited chiefly by Greeks, Balaklava 
 is the port of the Lmxtrigonians, at which Ulysses is said 
 to have touched; and the description of the bay given by 
 Homer is so graphic and correct, that Dulxils de Monpereux 
 gays, (<■ '■Voyage, atUnur du Qiucase,"} did lie wi.sh to give a 
 description of it he could not do better tlian borrow that 
 of the old poet. Under the domination of the Genoese 
 it was called Cembalo, a modification of the ancient appella- 
 tion (Si/mhalon) given it by Arrian, In the environs is 
 a wooden Greek convent, built, it is believed, on the site 
 of the celebrated ancient temple of Diana Taurica, A num- 
 ber of churches and mosques in ruins attest the ancient 
 magnificence of the town. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 BALA (ba'la) LAKK, orPEM'BLEMERE, the largest lake 
 In N. Wales,' co. of Merioneth. Length about 4 miles, 
 breadth 1 mile. It belongs to Sir W, W, Wynn, who has a 
 fishing-seat on its banks. The river Dee issues from this 
 lake; at the head of which are remains of a Roman sta- 
 tion. 
 
 BALAMBANGAX, bd-ldm-bdng-gdn', an island of the 
 Miilay Archipelago, off the N, extremity of Borneo, Lat. 7° 
 19' N.. ion. 110° 59' E, A settlement formed here by the 
 East India Company, in 1774, was destroyed by the Soo- 
 loos, and another planted in 1803 was afterwards aban- 
 doned, 
 
 B.^LjVN, bd'lftjfo', a village of France, department of Ar- 
 dennes, I5 miles S,E. of Sedan, with cloth manufactures and 
 extensive iion-works. Pop. of commune, 1068. 
 
 B.'VLAXGA, bd-ldng'gd, a town of Luzon, capital of the 
 province of Bataan, on the W, side of Bay of Manila. It is 
 esteemed healthy, and is the residence of the alcalde, 
 
 BALAKUC-LES-BAINS, bd'ldVUkMi-bL\", a viUage of 
 
 BAL 
 
 France, department of Herault, with hot sulphur gpnnjs 
 (temperature, 126° Fah,) and baths. Resident pop, of com- 
 mune, in 1852, 595, 
 
 BALASFALVA, l6Mdsh'fol'veh\ a town of Transylvania, 
 at the union of the Great and Little Kukel Rivers, IS m?V> 
 N,E, of Karlsburg, It is the residence of a Greek bishop, 
 and has one IjUtherau and several Wallachian churches, 
 
 BALASIIEV or BALACHEF, bd-ld-shJf, a town of Ruar 
 sia, government, and 125 miles W, of Saratov, on the Khoper, 
 Pop, 2000, 
 
 BALASORE, bdra-s6r', a maritime district of Briti.sh In- 
 dia, presidency of Bengai, having E, the Bay of Bengal, and 
 landward the districts of Midnapoor and Cuttack. ,\rea. 
 1890 S(|uare miles. Estimated pop. 600,000. Rice and salt 
 are the chief articles of produce. 
 
 BALASORE, or VALKSWARA, vd-lgs-wd'rd, a large town 
 and capital of the above district, on the Boorabullung, 8 
 miles from its mouth, and 123 mUes S,W, of Calcutta, Pop. 
 11,500. It was formerly of some consequence, and has dry 
 and repairing docks ; but is now only frequented by Mai- 
 dive and coasting vessels, 
 
 BALASSA-GYARMATH, bdh'lOsh'shOhMyCR'mSt/, a town 
 of Hungary, capital of the co, of Neograd, near the Eipel, a 
 tributary of the Danube, 40 miles N.N .E. of Pesth. I'op. 4580 
 
 BALATONY, bd'l(5h'toH\or BALATON LAKE.(Ger. Pl<it- 
 ten-See. pldt/tjn-sA', anc.iWso.) the largest lake in Hungary, 
 55 miles S.W. of Pesth. Length from S.W, to N.E„ alioui 
 48 miles; greatest breadth about 10 miles. Estimated area, 
 420 square miles. Greatest depth 39 feet, but at its N, and 
 broadest end it is shallow. Its waters are slightly salt. 
 This great lake, or submerged marsh, receives upwards of 
 30 streams, the largest of which is the Szala; and its sur- 
 plus waters are carried to the Danube by the Sio and Sarviz, 
 It is rich in fish, and its borders are marshy, 
 
 BALAYAN, bd-ld-ydn', a bay in the Island of Luzon, op- 
 posite the N, end of Mindoro Island, about 9 miles long by 
 6 broad, A village of same name lies a little N, of the bay. 
 
 BALAZ£, bd'ld'z.V, a village of France, department of 
 Loire, arrondissement of Roaune, canton of Vitrfe. Pop, of 
 commune, 1230, 
 
 BALBEC. SeeBAALBEC. 
 
 BALBIRNIE, bdl-bjr'nee, a village of Scotland, co, of Fife, 
 7i miles N, of Kirkaldy, on the Leven. 
 
 BAUIRIG'GAN, a maritime town and chapelry of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, co, of Dublin, on the Irish Sea, ISJ miles 
 N,N.E, of Dublin, Pop, 2959. It is a thriving commercial 
 town, and a favorite watering-place, and has a handsome new 
 church, Roman Catholic and other chapels, public baths, a 
 dispensary, saving's bank, coast-guard station, and two 
 cotton-miils. The small harbor is protected by a quay, on 
 which there is a liaht-houso with a fixed light. Lat, 53° SC 
 46" N,, Ion, 6° 11' W. 
 
 BALBY, bAl'bee, a township of England, co, of York, W, 
 Riding, 1 j miles S,W. of Doncaster. Ilere the first meetings 
 of the Society of Friends took place, 
 
 BAIjCAR/|{Y, a small seaport of Scotland, on the W, side 
 of the entrance to Auchincalrn Bay and Solway Frith, 10 
 miles E,S,E, of Kirkcudbright, 
 
 BAI.gAS orBALSAS,bdl'sds, (from 6a?.<;a, a « float,") a river 
 of Brazil, rising in theSerra Corvados, which separates Slaran- 
 hao from (Joyaz, and falls into the Parnaiba or Paranahiba, 
 in lat, 7° 15' S,, ion, 45° 10' W„ after a course of upwai-dg 
 of 200 miles, for 80 of which it is navigable tbr canoes, or 
 floats, (biilsas,) whence the river is named, 
 
 BALCOMBE. bdl'ktim, a parish of England, co, of Sussex. 
 The Ixmdon and Brighton Railway here passes through a 
 tunnel of 1139^ yards in length. 
 
 BALCO/NY FALLS, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Vir- 
 ginia, on James River, 153 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 BALD CREEK, a post-office in Yancey co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 BALD EAGLE, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 
 a few miles W. from Lock Haven, borders on the W. branch 
 of the Susquehanna, and is drained by B.ald Eagle Creek. 
 Pop, 1476. 
 
 BALD EAGLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 BALD EAGl^E CREEK rises near the centre of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and empties itself into the W. branch of the Susque- 
 hanna, at Lock Haven. 
 
 BAI>D EAGLE MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, situated S,E. 
 from Bald Eagle Creek, extends from Huntingdon north- 
 eastward, through the middle of Centre county, and through 
 Clinton into Lycoming county. 
 
 BALDEGG, bdl'd^g, a village of Switzerland, on a lake of 
 the siime name, 9 miles N. of Lucerne. The lake is 3.i miles 
 long, 1 mile broad, and 1629 feet in elevation. 
 
 BALDENBURG, bdI'den-b66RG\ a small town of W. Prus- 
 sia. 33 miles N.W. of Koiiitz. Pop. 1200. 
 
 BALDERAS, bdl-d.Vi-d.s, a town of Spain, 30 miles S.S,W. 
 of Leon. Pop, 4320. It hasmanufactures of leather and h-Mts. 
 
 BALDERN, bdl'dern, a small town of Wtirtemberg, 9 miles 
 S.E. of Elwangen. Pop. 504. 
 
 BALDERNOCK, bdl'der-nock, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Stirling. 
 
 BAiyDERTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 165 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 HA ID HEAD, several promontories, capes, or headlands 
 in various p;trts of the world. 
 
 BALD HKAD, a cape of Australia, on the S.W. coast, 
 formiug the S.\V. entrance into King George's Sound; lat. 
 (of S. point) Sb° 7' S., Ion. 118° 1' E. 
 
 BALD ilKAD, a headland of the United States, in Maine; 
 lat. 43° 13' ^'.j Ion. 70° 34' ao" W. 
 
 BALD HEAD, a headland at the S.W. extremity of Smith's 
 Island, otf the coast of >orth Carolina; lat. 33° 51' N^ Ion. 
 78° W. 
 
 BALD HILL, a post-office of Norfolk co., Massachusetts. 
 
 BALD HILL, a post-office of Miiscogee co., Georgia. 
 
 BALD1:?SKK0, b4l-dis-«Uro, a village of Piedmont, pro 
 vince of Ivrea, with an ancient castle on a hill. Pop. 600. 
 
 BALDISSEKO, a village of Piedmont, province of Turin. 
 Pop. 1720. 
 
 BALDISSERO, a Village of Piedmont, province of Alba. 
 Pop. iiOOO. 
 
 BALDISSERO DI ROLETTO, bSl-dis-sA^ro dee-ro-l^t/to, an 
 ancient borough of Italy, in Piedmont, on a hill near Pine- 
 rolo. Pop. 1720. 
 
 BALDJIK. See Baltshik. 
 
 BALD MOUNT, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BALD M0UNTAl5<, an isolated peak of Somerset co., 
 Maine. 
 
 BALD MOUNTAIN RIDGE, in the N.W. part of Somerset 
 cOt Maine. 
 
 BALDOCK, bdl'dgck, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Ilerts, on the Great Northern Road, 34 miles W. 
 N.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 1920. 
 
 BALDO, MONTE, nion'tA bil'do, a mountain of Lombardy, 
 on the E. of Lake of Garda. It is composed chiefly of hori- 
 zontal strata of marble and calcareous tufa, and contains 
 the green sand called the sand of Verona, and also beautiful 
 petrilactions. Elevation, 7100 leet. 
 
 BALDONE, bil'd6-u?h, a town of Russia, government of 
 Courland, 25 miles E. of Mitau, celebrated and frequented 
 for its hot baths. 
 
 BALDON MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BALD.JN TOOT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BALDtJYLE, bal-doyl', a village and parish of Ireland, 6 
 niles N.E. of l)ublin,"is resorted to in the summer mouths 
 AS a watering place. 
 
 BALDKASlIANE,bai-dra-sh.ine', a parish of Ireland, Ul- 
 ster, counties of Antrim and Londonderry. 
 
 BALD SPRING, a post-office of cranklin co., Georgia, 
 
 BALDWIN, bild'win. a county near the centre of Georgia ; 
 has an area of 257 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Oconee, bounded on the N. by Little River, and also drained 
 by Black Camp and Fishing creeks. The surface is generally 
 hilly, excepting the southern part: the dividing line be- 
 tween the primary and tertiary formations passes through 
 the county in a N.E. and S.W. direction. The soil in the 
 vicinity of the river is fertUe, and in some other parts much 
 worn. A branch of the Central l!ailroad passes through the 
 county. Slilledgeville is the county seat, and capital of the 
 state. Named in honorof Abraham Baldwin. United States 
 senator from Georgia. Pop. 9078; of whom 4149 were free, 
 and 4929 slaves. 
 
 BALDWIN, a county of Alabama, situated in the S. part 
 of the state, at the mouth of Mobile River, bordering on 
 Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1900 
 square miles. The Mobile River forms its boundary on the 
 W., the Alabama on the N.W., and the Perdido on the E. 
 The surface is level and undulating ; the soil sandy, and 
 unproductive. Pine timber is abundant, A railroad is pro- 
 jected through this county from Mobile Bay to Girard. 
 Capital, Blakely. Pop. 7630 ; of whom 3816 were free, and 
 3714 slaves. 
 
 BALDWIN, a township of Cumberland co.. Maine, about 
 25 miles W.N.W. from Portland. The Saco' River, ' which 
 flows through the township, has a fall of 80 feet in about 00 
 rods, affording water-power probably equal to the best in the 
 state. Baldwin contains a newspaper office, several mills 
 for the ])rortucIion of Inmber, and two rake manufactories. 
 A railroad was chartered in the autumn of 1853, to follow the 
 course of the Saco River. Pop. 1227. 
 
 BALDWIN, a post-office of Chemung co., New York. 
 
 B.\LDWIN, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 274(1. 
 
 B.iLDWIN, a small post-village of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 rauia. 
 
 B.^LDWIN, a village of Hinds co., Mississippi, on the Big 
 Black River, about S6 miles h-om Jackson. 
 
 B.tLD^VIN. a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 20 miles 
 W. from St. Louis. 
 
 BALDWINSVILLF, bild'winz-vil, a post-village of Tem- 
 pleton township, Worcester co^ Slassachusetts, about 55 
 miles W.N.W. from Boston. 
 
 BALDWINS VI LLE, a post-village of Lysander township, 
 Onondaga co.. New York, on the Seneca River, where it is 
 crossetl by the Oswego and Syracuse R. R., 12 miles N. by 
 W. from Syracuse, and 21 miles S. by E. from Oswego. The 
 Seneca Rivi-r iiftbrds good water-power, which is improved 
 for manufacturing purposes. It cuntains a natiomil bank, 
 I5« 
 
 several mills, and factories, and a flourishing academy 
 Canal-boats are conducted to the village through the Seneca 
 River, from the Oswego Canal. Pup. about 1200. 
 
 BALDWI.NSVILLE, a post-office of Edgar co., Illinois. 
 
 B.\LDWINSV1LLE, a village of Mississippi co., Mis.<ourl, 
 on the bank of. the Mississippi River, 3 or 4 miles above 
 Wolf Island. 
 
 BALE, a town of Switzerland. See Basel. 
 
 BALE or BATHLiY, bathaee, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BALEARIC ISLES, (anc. Balea/res.) a group of 5 islands 
 in the Mediterranean, between lat. 38° 40' and 4u° 5' N., and 
 Ion. l°and 5° E., consisting of Majorca, Minorca. lvi?a. Foi-m- 
 entera, and Cabrera, and forming an administrative provinc« 
 of Spain. Capital. Palma. United area, ^200 square miles. 
 Pop. 232,753. Climate temperate, and healthy ; soil fer- 
 tile. In 1840, the total Imports into these islands, prin- 
 cipally fiom France, Algeria, and the Spanish V, est Indies, 
 amounted to 91,440i.; the total exports, mostly to the same 
 countries, are Slated to have amounted to ll>t;.840/. 
 
 BALERNA., bi-l^R/n4, a village of Switzerland. Ticino, 5 
 miles N.W. of Como. Pop. 7t.i2. It has a palace of the 
 bishops of Como, and celebrated tile-works. 
 
 BAL'FRON, a village and jiarish of Scotland, co. of Stir- 
 ling, Mi miles W.S.W. of Stirlini:. 
 
 BALFUROSH. birfhr-osh'. BALFROOSH.BALFROUCHor 
 BALFRUSCH. bdl-froosh', written also BALFRUtll orlUL- 
 FURUSII (originally Ba)/(ir(/^i, the -mart of burdens,") a 
 town of Persia, province of Mazanderan. on the ISahbul. here 
 crossed by a bridge of 9 arches, 12 miles from its mouth in 
 Ihe Caspian, and 20 miles W. of Sari. Pop. estimated liy Fra- 
 zer in 1822, at 200,000 (?) ; but it has since been devastated 
 by the plague and cholera. It is built in the midst of a forest, 
 is large, straggling, and interspeised with gardens. Streets 
 broad and straight, but unpaved; hou.«es mostly of brick; 
 bazaars and caravanserais numerous, and from 2U to 80 Mo- 
 hammedan colleges. South of the town are the remains of 
 a palace on an artificial island, foi-med by Shah .\blas. Bal- 
 furosh has a large general trade, and communicates with it« 
 port on the Caspian bv a good road for wheeled vihicles. 
 
 BALGA, bil'gi, a village of East Prussia, 24 miles S. W. 
 of Konigst>erg. on the Frische-haff. 
 
 BALGACH. bil'glK, a village of Switzerljind, 11 miles E. 
 of St. Gall, with sulphur springs and baths. 
 
 BALGONIE, b^l-gf/nee. a village of Scotland, co. of Fif* 
 Here is an old castle of the Leslies. 
 
 BALGOUNIE, bil-goo'nee, Bmo of, in Scotland, on Pon 
 River. 
 
 BALI, biOee, BALLY, .biiiaee, or LITTLE JAVA, an 
 island of the Malay Archipelago, immediatelv E. of Javit 
 Lat. of the town. 8°42'6"N.; lon.ll6°33'E. This island is70 
 miles in length, by 35 miles in breadth. Pop. in 184t), 700,000. 
 Two mouutitiu chains traverse it from E. to W. Culminat- 
 ing point, the volcano of Aireeni;, which was in a state of 
 activity in 1843. Estimated height, 11.326 feet. The island 
 is abundantly supplied w ith Water from numerous large 
 rivers and lakes. Principal exports, rice, cotton, codee. to- 
 bacco, hides, oil, edible bird's-uest.s, "catechu, with c-otton 
 cloths and yarn; imports, opiimi, l>etel, gold, silver, and 
 ivory. A good deal of coffee is carried to Singapore from 
 the N. coast, most of which, however, is smuggled fi-om the 
 E. of Java. The revenues of the ports ai-e commonly farmed 
 by Chinese settlers. Bali is subdivided among eight petty 
 states; of these, B.idong in the S. is the chief. 'Ihe \illaga 
 system prevails here as in Java and India, and Uali is the 
 only island of the Archipelago where the Hindoo is the pre- 
 dominant religion. Principal towns, Badong in the S> 
 Billing in the N., and Karang-,\ssani on the >;. coast. The 
 Strait of Bali, between this island and Java, is. where nar- 
 rowest, only 3 miles across. A Dutch settlement was founded 
 at Port Badong in IS45. 
 
 BALIAB.UtDA. See Patras. 
 
 B.4LIGR0D, bil/le-grod\ a town of .\ustrian G.ilici;v, 18 
 miles S.S.E. of Sanok, in the Carp-itliians. In its vicinity 
 are numerous salt lakes and iron-mines. 
 
 BALlKESli. bi-lee-kes/sr. BALU-KISSAR, bi-loo-kis's^r, 
 or BALIK-SHEIIR, bil'hk'sh^h'her. a town of Asia Miner, 
 .Anatolia, in a fertile pl.iin, 75 miles S.W. of Brusa. It if 
 meanly built of unburned bricks, and is said to be jxxipled 
 by 2000 Turks, and 200 Armenian lamilies. It is governed 
 by an aga, with authority over 40 Turkish villages: baa 
 trade in silk at a large annual fair, a ri'cently established 
 manufactory of felt for military clothing, and the tomb of 
 a celebrated Mohammedan sjunt. 
 
 BALIQUATRO, bi-le-kwi'tro, the N.W. point of the island 
 of Samar. one of the Philippines: also, a small island in St. 
 Bernardino I'assase, between that point and the island of 
 Luzon. Lat. 12° 40' N.. Ion. 124° 10' K. 
 
 BALIZAC. bi'lee'zik', a village of France, department of 
 Ghonde. Pop. IU3S. 
 
 BALIZE. BKLIZE. b^-leez/, or BRITISH H0ND(7RAS, 
 (Mexiiau-Spaiiish, Buliza. bj-lee'si.) a Hritish colony E of 
 Yucatan, in Central America, between lat. 16° l>i' and 18° iVf 
 N., and Ion. 88° and 90' W.; bounded E. by the Gulf o»" Hon- 
 duras, Nji. by the state of Yucatan, and VV. and S oT 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 QiiHtemala. Lenf?tli about 170 miles, breadth 100 miles. 
 Tlie shores are studded with numerous small islands ; along 
 the coast the land is swampy, interior wooded, and the .soil of 
 the valleys fertile. Climate moist, but favorable to vt^eta- 
 tion. and not unhealthy ; watered by the Balize Kiver, Kio 
 Hondo, and Siboon. Country adapted for raising su^ar, 
 coffee, cotton, and indigo. Mahogany, cedar, sarsaparilla, 
 logwood, fustic, brasileto, and other dyewoods are articles 
 of e.xport; wild anim.ils, birds, fish, and turtle abundant. 
 The possession of the colony was long disputed by the Spa- 
 niards, but finally yielded up to Britain iu 1783. The river 
 Balize, which has generally a N.E. coarse, is said to be navi- 
 gable for 200 miles inland. Balize is a corruption of Waliz, 
 a name given by the Spaniards to the place from its having 
 been disi'overed, and resorted to by an English pirat* 
 named Wallace. 
 
 nWA'AK or BELIZE, ha-leez', a town of Central America, 
 capital of the colony of British Honduras, situated at the 
 mouth of a river of its own name, which is crossed by a 
 substantial wooden bridge. Lat. 17° 2^ 18" N., Ion. 88° 
 12' W. It consists of a long street, running par.allel to 
 the sea-shore, from which three or four smaller strc>ets 
 diverge. The houses are constructed entirely of wood, and 
 are raised 8 or 10 feet from the ground on pillars of mahoga- 
 ny; they are well built, spacious, and convenient. The 
 town seems almost entirely inhabited by blacks — the streets, 
 gtores. and niarketrpla^^es being thronged with them. Tiey 
 are described by ilr. Stephens as a fine-looking race, tall, 
 straight, and athletic, and well dressed — the men in white 
 cotton shirts and trousers, with straw hats; the women in 
 white frocks and short sleeves, and broad red bordei-s, and 
 adorned with large ear-rings and necklaces. During the 
 throe dry montlis of the year, April, May, and June, fresh 
 water is extremely scarce here, and, indeed, throughout the 
 whole settlement, there being no rivulets, and the watei-s of 
 the rivers being brackish for several miles upward. 
 
 An iron market-house has recently l»en erected in the 
 town, for which 40<X)?. was voted. A savings bank has been 
 esbiblished under the guarantee of the local legislature. 
 There are. also, a public hospital, a dispensary for the relief 
 of the poor, an asylum for the reception of lunatics, and a 
 grammar school. This school, which is entirely supported 
 by the local government, has a department of girls annexed; 
 the Baptists and Wesleyans have chapels here, with schools 
 connected. There are five judicial courts in Balize — the 
 Bourt of ordinary, and the supreme, grand, svimuiary, and 
 police courts. The anchorage in front of the town is ex- 
 cellent, being protected from the heavy swells of the open 
 sea by the numerous quays. A'alue of cochineal exported 
 in ISol, 169. Uo;.; indigo, 60.550i.; specie, 27,97 M.; other 
 exports. 153,777?.: total, 41 l,443i. 
 
 B.\LIZE, Louisiana. See ^0RTH-EAST P.\ss. 
 
 BALlv. a village of the Netherlands, province of Fries- 
 land, 8 miles S.E. of Hindeloopen. Pop. 1227. 
 
 BALK.\>!, bil-kdn', (anc. Ha^inus,) An important moun- 
 tain chain of European Turkey, e.xtending from the plain 
 of Sophia. Ion. 23° E.. to Cape Emineh on the Black Sea, 
 and forniiug a .series of^eaks of little elevation, the highest of 
 which are covered with grass and fi-uit-trees. Few of the 
 peaks are distinguished by local names, and these are ge- 
 nerally derived from the nearest towns. The name Kodja 
 Balkan is limited to the portion of the ancient Hamiis, west 
 of the Btilkan of Shipka. The western part of the Great 
 Balkan runs S.S.E. and N.N.W., and separates Bulgaria from 
 Upper Moesia on the N., while on the S. it serves to connect 
 the ILnemus with Mt. Ithodope. The chain in general is 
 4900 (eet in elevation. N.W. of Kalofer it rises to &32o fetft. 
 It slopes abruptly S. to thealluviiilpl.ain of Tatar-Bazardjik 
 and I'hilippopolis, but terminates more gently on the N. by 
 means of the crests of the Balkan of Etropol. Its waters 
 Uow cbietiy in transverse valley.s. Snow lies on the higher 
 summits till the month of June, but entirely disappears in 
 July. The eastern part of the Balkan consists of a series 
 of minor chains decreasing iu elevation as they approach 
 the plains of the Danube on the N. and the Black Sea on 
 the E. The Emineh Dagh is 2660 feet in elevation. The 
 Balkan is connected with the mountains of Middle Europe 
 by the ranges of Montenegro, Herzegovina, and the Dinaric 
 Alps on the VV., and the mountains of Greece on the S. The 
 deep and narrow gorges afford paths difficult for beasts 
 of burden ; and the range is traversed by only one great 
 route, that of the gate of Trajan, by which the communi- 
 cation is kept up between Vienna and Constantinople. 
 
 BALKASH. barkdsh', or TENGIIEEZ, (TENGHIZ,) ten^ 
 geez', an extensive lake of Central Asia, on the borders 
 of Chinese Toorkistan and the Russian government of 
 Tomsk, between lat. 44° and 47° N., and Ion. 77° and 81° E. 
 It is situated near the north edge of the great central basin 
 of the continental streams, and receives the waters of the 
 Eelee, (Hi.) and several smaller streams, but has no outlet. 
 Length from N.E. to S.W. 150 miles; greatest breadth 75 
 miles. At its northern extremity is a wide reedy marsh. 
 
 BALKEE, bil'kee\ a village, (once a town of importance,) 
 In India, Deccan, Nizam's dominion, 22 miles N.W. of 
 Beeder. 
 
 BALKH, bilk, a province of Central Asia, the ancient 
 kingdom of Bncfria, now subordinate to the Ahanat of 
 Bokhara, extending between lat. 35° and 37° N., and Ion, 
 f4° and 69° E., having on the N. the Ox us, on the E. 
 Budukhshan.amlon the S. the Hindoo Kocsh Jlount.iins, 
 and W. the desert. Length about 250 miles; breadth 120 
 miles. 
 
 BALKH, (anc. Zariasfpa and Badlra.) the capital city of the 
 above, is situated on the right banK of the Adirsiah or Balkb 
 Kiver, 105 miles W. of Khoondooz. Pop. 2000. (?) The modern 
 town, enclosed by a mud wall, and having a cit;idel, oc- 
 cupies but a fraction of the surface embraced by the ancient 
 city; the remains of which cover a space 20 miles in circum- 
 ference, and comprise 18 aqueducts, besides buildings of 
 various age.s. all in utter ruin. Numerous canals irri 
 gate the vicinity, which is famous for its fruit and corn. 
 
 BALKHAN (hBv.hil.) BAY, an iul<?t of the Caspian Sea. 
 between lat. 39° and 40° N., and Ion. 63° and 54° E. 
 
 BALLA. bal'ld, a village of Ireland, co. of Mayo, 8 miles 
 S.E. of Castlebar, frequently alluded to by ancient chroni- 
 clers, but now having only 600 inhabitiints, with a round 
 tower, and ruins of a church. 
 
 BALL.^GHADERIN, bari.a-na-dil/rin, a town of Ireland, 
 CO. of Mayo, near the Lung, a tributary of the Sliannon, 30 
 miles E.N.E. of Castlebar. Pop. 1342. It has asmall infan- 
 try barrack. 
 
 BALLAGHMORE, baridh-more', a village of Ireland, 
 Queens co., near Roscrea, with the ruined abbey of Mo- 
 naincha. 
 
 BALLAHULISH, baiil-hoo/lish, or BALLACHULISH, 
 bd-la-Koc/lish. a quoad sacra parish of Scotland, counties of 
 Inverness and Argyle. in each of which it has a church, on 
 Lochs Leven and Linnhe, IH miles S.S.W. of Fort William. 
 Pop. 1255. A large slate quarry has lieen wrought here 
 since 1700. The annual produce, some years since, was 
 from five to seven millions of roofing slates, weighing about 
 10.000 tons. 
 
 B.\LLAX, bdri6x<^, a village of France, department of 
 Tndre-et-Loire, 4 miles S.W. of Tours. Pop. of commune. 
 1192. 
 
 BALLANTRAE. bandn-trA/. a maritime pari.sh and vil- 
 lage of Scotland, 28 miles S.S.W. of Ayr. It commuuicatee 
 with Glasgow by steam, thrice a week. 
 
 B.\L'LAKD, a county in the western part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on Missouri and Illinois, from which it is st^parated 
 by the Ohio River. It is traversed by Jlaytiold's Creek. 
 Tlie surface is undulating, and well timbered ; the .soil of 
 the S. part is fertile, and of the N. part poor. The county was 
 formed out of parts of McCracken and Hickman counties \.\ 
 1842. and was named in honor of Capt. Bland Ballard, an 
 officer in the war of 1812. Capital, Blundville. Pop. 8691i: 
 of w horn 6974 were free. 
 
 BALLARD'S BRIDGE, a postrofflee of Chowan co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BAL'LARDSVILLE. a post-village in the N. part of B<,oii«i 
 CO., ^■irginia. aVioxit 250 miles W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 BAL'LARDSVILLE, a post-village of Oldham co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 30 miles E. by N. from Louisville, has one 
 church and two stores. 
 
 BAL'LARD YALE, a post-office of Essex co., Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 BALL.\S. bdrUs', a town of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, 
 about lat. 26° N. ; Ion. 32° 42' E. ; celebrated for its earthern 
 jars, called from the name of the town, Ballasoe, w bich are 
 used all over Egypt for carrying water. I,arge rafts, made 
 of Ballasee jars, are frequently floated down the Nile, to be 
 disiwsed of in the markets of the metropolis. 
 
 BALLATER, billet-er, a village of Scotland, co. of Abei- 
 deen, on the Dee, 37 miles S.S.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. about 
 350. Its chalybeate springs are resorted to by numerous 
 visitoi-s. 
 
 BALLAUGII, baWa, a parish of England in the Isle of 
 Man. 
 
 BALL C.\MP, a post-offlce of Knox co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BALLENSTEDT, bdl1en-stjtt\ a town of Germany, duchy 
 of Anhalt-Bemburg, 15 miles S.E. of Hallierstadt. Pop, 
 3800. It is the residence of the Dukes of AIlhal^Bernburg, 
 and the original seat of the hottse of Prussia. 
 
 BALLENY. (bane-ne.) ISLANDS, a group of five small 
 volcanic islands in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 66° 44' S. ; Ion. 
 163° 11' E. Discovered in 1839. 
 
 BALLEROY. bdrieh-rwd/, a town of France, department 
 of Calvados. 9 miles S.W. of Bayeux. 
 
 BAL'LEW'S FERRY, a post-office of Landry parish, Lou- 
 isiana. 
 
 B.4LL GROUND, a postoffice of Cherokee co., Georgia. 
 
 BALLIBAY. See Ballybay. 
 
 BALLIXA,bare-nd'. (formerly BaTlfelt, "the ford of flags,"; 
 a market-town of Ireland, province of Connaught. co. of 
 Mayo, in which it ranks third for extent, popubition, and 
 tiade, on the left bank of the Mcy, 18 miles N.N.E. of 
 Castlebar. Pop. 5313, exclusive of Ardnaree, which has a 
 population of 1206. It has several good streets, a parish 
 church, a Roman Catholic church. Baptist and Jlethodist 
 chapels, a large union work-houie, sessious-honse, lever hos 
 
 157 
 
BAL 
 
 pital, dispensary, many public schools, barracks, and two 
 bridges across the Moy ; with brexveries, tiour mills, manu- 
 fiustories of snuff aud coarse linen, a trade in cured provi- 
 sions, fish, Ac, and sereral branch banks. Its salmon 
 fishery ranks next in importance to that of the Bann. 
 General sessions in July. 
 
 BAL'LINABOY'. a parish of Irel.-ind, co. of Cork. 
 
 B.A.VLIXACAlt/KlG, a parish of Ireland, Lelnster, co. of 
 Carlow. 
 
 BALLINACARRIG, a hamlet of Ireland, co. of Cork, 8 
 miles W. of Bandon, with ruins of a castle of the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 BALLIXACOURTY, bll-lin-i-kOr'tee, a parish of Ireland, 
 CO. of Galwaj-, at the head of Galway Bay. several Islands in 
 which it comprises, with a village 3t miles S. of Oranmore. 
 
 BALLINACOUBTY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Kerrv. 
 
 BAL'LIXAHAG'LISH, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, 
 CO. of Mayo. 
 
 BALLIXAIIAGLISII, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. 
 of Kerry. 
 
 BAL'LINAHIXCII', a barony, parish, demesne, lake, 
 river, seat, and ruined castle of Ireland, province of Con- 
 naught, district of Counemara. The seat of the proprietor 
 of the district (Martin) is 37 miles W.N.W. of Galway. The 
 barony comprises the mountain group of Binabola or the 
 " Twelve Pins." and the seaport of Clifden. Pop. 32.405. 
 
 BALLIXAHIXCH, a small town of Ireland, Ulster, co. 
 of Down. 10 miles E. of Dromore. Pop. 911. In June, 1698. 
 a battle was fought here between the Irish insurgents and 
 the royal troops. 
 
 B.VL'LIXAKILL', a town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's 
 CO., 11 miles S. of Maryboro'. Pop. 1540, partly employed in 
 woollen weiiving. It has the remains of an old castle. 
 
 BALLIXAKILL is also the name of several other parishes 
 of Ireland. • 
 
 BAL'LIXAMORE', a village of Ireland, Connaught, co. 
 of Leitrim. 13 miles X.E. of Carrick. Pop. 246. 
 
 BAL^LIXAMUCK', a village of Ireland, Leinster, 11 miles 
 N.X.E. of Longford. Here the French trofips under General 
 Humbert surrendered to the English forces, Septemter 8, 
 179S. 
 
 BAL'LINASCREEX', a parish of Ireland., co. of London- 
 derry. 
 
 BAL'LIXASKEL/LIGS (or BAL'LIXSKEI/LIGS) BAY, 
 IreLind, in Munster. co. of Kerry; entrance between Hog 
 Head on the E., aud Bolus Head on the W. Breadth, 5 
 miles. 
 
 BALLIXASLOE, bariin-a-siy, a town of Ireland, Con- 
 naught, counties of Galway and Roscommon, on the Suck, 
 an affluent of the Shannon, 22 miles S. of Roscommon. 
 Pop. 6,240. The Suck divides it into two portions, con- 
 nected, acro.ss an island, by a causeway and two bridges. 
 The town is neatly built, and has a curious church, Roman 
 Catholic and Metliodist chapels, several puWic schools, the 
 district lunatic asylum for the province, a court-hou.se and 
 bridewell, market-house, union work-house, and savings 
 ItMink; with flour-mills, tan-yards, breweries, coach-building 
 and hat manufactories. Here the largest fair in Ireland for 
 the sale of cattle and sheep is held, from the oth to the 9th 
 of October annually. About 12.000 head of black cattle. 
 End 90.000 sheep, are annually brought to this lair. Bal- 
 linasloe is the station for the Galwav militia staff. 
 
 BAL^LIXCAl/LA or BAL'UXCilO'LA, a parish of Ire- 
 land. Connaught. cos. of Galway and Maj'o. 
 
 BAL^LINCOI/LIG. a town of Ireland, province of Mun- 
 ster, CO. of Cork, on the Lee, 5 miles W. of Cork. Pop. 1246. 
 It has a large artillery barrack, and extensive gunpowder 
 mills, and near it is a dismantled castle built in the reign 
 of Henry III. 
 
 BAL'LIXCUSLAXE' or BALLYCUSLANE, a parish of 
 Ireland. Munster, co. of Kerry, 
 
 BAL'LIXI)KR/RY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Antrim. 
 
 BALLIXDERRY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tvrone. 
 
 BALLIXDEKRY, a village of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Wicklov/. 2 miles X.^V. of Uatlulrum. 
 
 BAL'LIXDOOX', a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of 
 Galway. 
 
 BAL'LIXGAIVDY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 BAL'LIXG.^R'RY, a pari.<ih of Ireland, co. and 17 miles 
 S.W. of Limerick. Here are ruins of ancient religious 
 bouses. 
 
 B.\L'LIXGAR'RY. a village and parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Tipperary. 20 miles X.K. of Clonmel. Pop. of town. 643, em- 
 ployed in the Slieveilargy coal-mines. Two other paHshes 
 of this name are in the counties of Limerick aud Tipperary. 
 
 BAF/LIXGDON or BRUX'OOX, a parish of England, co. 
 of Essex. 
 
 BAL'LI.VGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BAL'LIXGUAY', a p;irish ot Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 BAL'LIXLAXIVEKS, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 BAL'LIXOE', a parish of IreUnd, Munster, co. of Cork. 
 US 
 
 BAL 
 
 BAL'LIXROBE'. a town and pari.sh of Ireland. Connaught, 
 CO. of Mayo, on the Robe, 3 miles from its entrance Into 
 Lake Mask, and 16 miles S.S.E. of Castlebar. Pop. of town, 
 2l">78. It is well built, has a small parish church, a largo 
 Roman Catholic chapel, a Baptist meeting-hou.=e, several 
 schools, a union work-house, and bridewell, formerly a 
 military .station. General sessions in June and December 
 
 BAL'LIXTEM'PLE, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Cavan. Also the name of 5 other parishes. 
 
 BAL'LIXTOB'BER, a pari.sh of Ireland. 12 miles X.W. of 
 Roscommon, with the ruins of a fine ea.stle. This is also 
 the name of 2 baronies in the same couutj', and of .i parish 
 in the county of Mavo. 
 
 BAL'LIxfO'GHER, a township of Ireland, province of 
 Connaught, 7 miles S.E. of Sligo. Pop. 234. 
 
 B.\L'LIXTOY', a maritime vilkige and parish of Ireland, 
 CO. of .\ntrim, 4 miles X. of Ballycastle. Pop. 4S16. 
 
 BALL .MOUXTAIX, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 B.4LL0X, bdriAN«/, a town of France, department of 
 Sarthe, near the left bank of the Orne, 12 miles N.X.E. of 
 Le Mans. Pop. 2129. It has manufiictin-es of linens. In 
 ancient times. Ballon was one of the chief fortres.ses of the 
 province of Maine. It was taken by the English in 1417. 
 
 BALLOX D'ALSACE, bdri.'i.N'/ ddi\sdss', one of the loftiest 
 mountains of the Vosges chain in France, at the junction 
 of the departments of Haute-Saone, Vosges, and Uaut- 
 Rhin. 4688 teet in elevation. 
 
 BALLOX DEGCEBWILLER,barkVdehghJbVeeriaiR/, 
 a mouut.tinof the Vosges chain, department of Uaut-Rhin, 
 canton of Guebwiller, is 43I.X) feet in height. 
 
 B.\LLOTS, bdrio', a village of France, department of 
 Mayenne, arrondissement of Chateau-tiontier. Pc.p. 1395. 
 
 B.\LL PL.4.Y, a post-office of Monroe CO., Tennessee. 
 
 B.\LL'S POXD, a post-office of FairtieUl CO., Connecticut. 
 
 BALLSTOX, a post-township of Saratoga co., Xew York, 
 25 miles X. from Albany, is intersected by the Schenectadj 
 and Saratoga Railn>ad. Pop. 2234. 
 
 BALLSTOX CEXTRE, a postvillage of Saratoga co.. New 
 Y^ork. 25-miles X. of Albany. 
 
 B.^LLSTOX SP-4., a post-village, capital of Saratoga co , 
 X'ew York, on the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad, 30 
 miles X. of Albany, and 7 miles S.W. of Saratoga Springs. 
 The mineral springs at this place have cousideralile cele> 
 brity. The village contains a court-house, several churches, 
 a bank, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. in 1864, about 2o00. 
 Tlie last part of the name is derived from Spa, a celebrated 
 watering-place in Belgium. See Sp.k. 
 
 BALLSTTOWX, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 BALLS'VILLE, a post-office of Powhattan co., \'irginia. 
 
 B.VLLS'VILLK. a village and township of Sandusky co., 
 Ohio, on the Sandusky River, li miles a)x)ve Fremont. 
 The falls of the river afford valuable water-power, which is 
 employed iu 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, and several 
 mills. Pop. 2188. 
 
 B.VLI/VILLE, a village of Orange co., Xew York, -23 miles 
 \V. by N. of Xewburg. 
 
 BALLY, bailee, (i.e. a "town,") a prefix to about 120 
 parishes in Ireland. 
 
 B.'V.L'LY, a town in the 5Ialay Archipelago, on the E. 
 coast of the island of Lombok, in lat. 8^ 40' S., Ion. 116° 
 30' E. 
 
 BALLY. See B.tLl. 
 
 B.\L*LYBAY', a town and parish of Ireland. Ulster. 8 
 miles S.S.E. of Monaghan, on the rcuid from Dublin. It is 
 thriving, and has a public librarj- of about 10*.H) volumes, 
 and an active linen trade. Pop. of the town, 17CS. 
 
 B.\L'LYBU'FEY, a town of Ireland. Ulster, co. of Done- 
 gal, on the Finn, 14 miles W.S.W. of Lifford. Pop. 782. It 
 has a union work-house, and is the principal depot for the 
 retail supply of the neighboring mountain di.strict. 
 
 B.\L'LVI50Y''. a parish of Ireland. Leiu.ster, King's co. 
 
 BAL'LYBUX'.NlOX, a township of Ireland. Munster. co. 
 of Kerry, on the estuary of the Shannon. 17 miles X. ol'Tra- 
 lee. Pop. 274. It is resorted to for sea-bathing: and near 
 it are some maritime caves, one with a vault from 70 to 80 
 feet in height, 
 
 B.\L'LYBUR'LEY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, King's 
 CO.. on the Grand CanaL 
 
 BAL'LY'CAl/LEX, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Kilkenny. 
 
 BAL'LYC.'VS'TLE, a seaport town of Ireland, province of 
 Ulster. CO. of Antrim, at its X. extremity, in a bay opposit« 
 Rathlin Island, and 5 miles S.W. of Fairhead. Pop. 1397. 
 It is picturesque and well-built: but its harbor, after 
 150.000/. have been expended in the erection of a pier, ii 
 filled with .sand. 
 
 B.\LLYCASTLE, a maritime village of Ireland. Con- 
 naught. CO. of Mayo. Pop. 798. It is a coast-guard station, 
 and is resorted to" for sea-bathing. 
 
 BAL^LYCLiVRE/. a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Antrim, 11 miles X. of Belfast. Pop. 847. 
 
 BAL'LYCOX'XELL, a town of Ireland, Conniught, co 
 and 9 miles X.W. of Sligo. Pop. 553. 
 
 BALLYCOXXELL, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 18 
 miles X.AV. of Cavan. Pop. 387 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 BAVLYCOTTON, a bay and village of Ireland, Munster, 
 CO. and 20 miles S.K. of Cork. I'op. of village, 449. 
 
 BAL*LYDUFF',a po.st-village in Manvers township, co. of 
 Durham, Canada We.st, 55 miles X.E. of Toronto. Pop. 
 about 100. 
 
 BAl.'LYEASTON, a parish of Ireland. Ulster, co. of An- 
 trim, with a village 1 j miles N. of Ballyelare. Pop. 265. 
 
 LAL'LYFKK/KIS i'Ol.NT. a headland in Ireland, on the 
 E. coast of CO. Down. Lat. 64° 39' N.; Ion. 5° 34' \V. 
 
 BALDLY KIN', a cluipelry of Ireland, and a seat of the Pole 
 &mily, 4 miles X. of Maryborough. 
 
 BAL'LY«A\V'LEY. a market-town of Ireland, co. of Ty- 
 rone, 3x miles N.N.W. of Aughuacloy. It manufactures 
 linen and gloves to a considerable extent. Pop. 881. 
 
 BAL^LYIIAISE'. a , market-town of Ireland, province of 
 Ulster CO.. and 4 miles N.N.H. of Cavan. Pop. 704. 
 
 BAL'LYIIKIGIl, barie-hi/, or BALLYIIEIGUE. a parish 
 and township of Ireland. Munster, co. of Kerry, on Bally- 
 beigh Bay, an inlet of Tralee Bay, 9 miles X.E. of Tralee. 
 Pop. 4795. 
 
 BAL'LYJAMESDUFF', a market-town of Ireland, pro- 
 vince of Ulster CO.. and 11 miles S.E. of Cavan. Pop. 1871. 
 
 BAIi"LYK1;A\'. a pariish of Ireland. King's co. 
 
 BAL'LYLOXG'FOKD, a town and harbor of Ireland. In 
 Munster, co. of Iverry, 5 miles AV.S.W. of Tarbert, on the 
 estuary of the Shannon. Pop. 1143. The harlior has 16 
 feet of water at high tide. In the vicinity are the ruins of 
 liislaghtin Abliev. 
 
 hALLYWVOhWE, Mrie-loH-lo/, a parish of Ireland, 
 Leinster. co. of Westmeath. 
 
 BA1/LVM.\.CEL'LIG0TT, a parish of Ireland, Munster, 
 CO. of Iv<iriv. 
 
 BAL'LYMA'IION. a market-town of Ireland, Leinster, 
 CO. of Longtbrd, on the Inny, 11 miles S. by E. of Longford. 
 Pop. 1229. It consists mostly of a single street, with a 
 church, a large Itoman Catholic chapel, sessions and mar- 
 ket houses, and a handsome bridge of 5 arches. 
 
 BAL'LYMASCAX'LON, a parish of Ireland, Leinstor, co. 
 of Louth. 
 
 BAJ/LYME'XA, a market-town of Ireliind, Ulster, co. 
 of Anti-im. on the Braid, here crossed by a stone bridge, 21 
 miles X.W. of Carrickfergus. Pop. with Ilarryville. 5549. 
 It is well built and thriving, and has a good market-house, 
 a parish church, various chapels, the diocesan school of 
 Connor, other large public schools, a bridewell, and a union 
 work-house. It e.xports linens and potatoes, and has nu- 
 merous bleaching-grounds, a cotton spinning mill, a distil- 
 lery, and .sevei'al bniuch banks. General sessions in Ja- 
 nuarv and .lune, alternately with Ballvmoney. 
 
 BA'L'IA'.MO'XEY, a town and parish of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Antrim. 17 miles X.W. of Bally mena. Pop. of town. 
 249U. It is irregularly built on an eminence, and has a 
 tf)wn-hall, various places of worsliip. and schools, a bride- 
 well, union work-house, dispeiisjiry, and mendicity society. 
 It has an extensive malting trade, and tallow and other 
 fiiotories. 
 
 B.VLLYMOXEY, a parish and township of Ireland, county 
 of Cork. 
 
 BAL'LYMORE', a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath. 
 Pop. 34S7. 
 
 BALLYMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 Pop. 568. 
 
 BALLYMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Armagh, with 
 market-town. Pop. 11.520. 
 
 BALLYMORE EUSTACE, a village and parish of Ire- 
 land. CO. of Kildare. on the Llffey, 19 miles S.W. of Sligo. 
 Pop. 2129: of the villaLre. 936. 
 
 BAL'LY.MOTi:', a vULige of Ireland, Ulster co„ and 13 
 miles S.W. of Sligo. Pop. 839. It has the ruins of a large 
 castle built in lyOU, and of a Franciscan mouastt-rv. 
 
 BALLY.MY AECK, balVme-.-lk', a parish of Ireland, Mun- 
 ster. CO. of Tipperary. 
 
 B.\L'LYU'VEY, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of 
 Mavo. 
 
 BAL'LYHAG'GET, a town of IreLand, province of Lein- 
 ster, CO. of liilkenny, on the Xore, 10 miles N.N.W, of Kil- 
 kenny. Pop. 1577. 
 
 BAL'LYSADAUE/, a thriving town and parish of Ire- 
 land, 5 miles S.S.W. of Sligo, finely situated on the Owen- 
 teg, at its mouth in Ballysadare Bay, a branch of Sligo 
 Bay. Pop. of town, 860. The liver here rolls over shelving 
 rocks, turning sever.T.1 corn mills, and at the foot of its 
 lowest fall is a hiirbor with safe anchorage. Near the town 
 are the remains of an abliey of the seventh century. 
 
 BAL'LYS.AX/. a parish of Ireland. Leinster, co. of Kildare. 
 
 BAL'LYSCUL'LIOX, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Antrim. 
 
 BAL'LYSII.\X'XOX, a sejiport town of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Donegal, in which it is the principal town, though 
 not the capital, on the Erne, at its mouth in Ballyshannon 
 B.<iy. 25 miles X.W. of Enniskillen. Pop. in 1841. 3513. It 
 consists of 3 steep and irregular streets on one side of the 
 river, across which it communicates by a bridge of 14 
 atchei with the wretched suburb of Purt. It has a church. 
 2 Roman Catholic, a Presbyterian, and 2 Methodist chapels, 
 
 a market-house, with an a.s.sembly room, an artillery ^a^ 
 rack, and union work-house, and ruins of the ancient castle 
 of the Earls of Tyrconnelj. Ballyshannon is the head- 
 quarters of the county militia, and the place where the only 
 newspaper of the countv is published. 
 
 BALLYSIIAXXOX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare. 
 
 BAL'LYTORiy. a town of Ireland, Lein.ster, co. and 11 
 miles S.S.E. of Kildare. Pop. 441. Ilere Edmund Burke 
 received the rudiments of his education. 
 
 BAL'LYVOUR'XEY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork, with 
 a village 7^ miles W. of Macroom. 
 
 BAI/LYWALTER, a pari-^h of Ireland. Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 BAL'LYWII/LIN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 BALMACLELLAN, bdrmd-klMlan, a parish of Scotland, 
 stewartry of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 B.\LM.\GHIE, bdl-ma-ghee', a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Kirkcudliright. 
 
 BALME, bJlm, a village in Piedmont, division of Turin, 
 on the Stura, at an elevation of 1620 feet. Pop. 400. 
 
 BALME, COL DE, kol dfh Ulm. a pass of the Alps, which 
 forms the limit between Savoy and the Valais. 7218 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The pass is much frequented, 
 and has a refuge for travellers. 
 
 B.\LMERINO, bSl-mt^ree'uo. a parish and village of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Fife, on the Tay, 6 miles .\. of Cupar. Pop. 993. 
 
 BALMORAL, bdl-mo'rdl, a ca.stle of Sc9tland, on the rivei 
 Dee. 44 miles W.S.W. of Aberdeen. It is now a i-oyal resi- 
 dence. See Cratiit. 
 
 BALQUIIIDDER, bil-kwld'der, a parish and vill.ige of 
 Scotland co., and 34 miles W. of I'erth. Pop. S71. The parish 
 is about 20 miles in length by 10 in breadth : and the tiimous 
 Rob Roy, who performed many of his exploits within its 
 limit.*, lies buried in its ch urch-vard. 
 
 BAL'SALL.orTEM'PLE-BAL'SALL, a chapelry of Eng- 
 land, CO. of AVarwick, in Ilampton-in-Arden. Pop. 1160. 
 Here are the remains of the chjipel of Balsall, built in the 
 twelfth century. 
 
 B.\I/SII.AM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 BALSORA. See Bassorah. 
 
 BALSTIIAL, b3ls't^l,a town of Switzerl.md. canton, and 
 11 miles N.E. of Soleure, in a valley of the same name, on 
 the DUnnem. Pop. 1000 (Catholic") Near it is the cele- 
 brated defile of Klus. with a village of the same name, and 
 extensive iron foundries and forges. 
 
 B.ALTA, one of the Shetland Islands, in lat. 00° 4!>' N., 
 Ion. 0° 45' AV.. immediately E. of Unst. between which 
 island and Balta is a harbor termed Balta Sound. 
 
 B.ALTA, b,4l't2, a town of Russian I'oland. government 
 of I'odolia. on the Kodema. an affluent of the Buir. 1M2 miles 
 E.S.E. of Kamieniec. I'op. V500. It is well built and thriv- 
 ing; contrasted with It is a miserable suburb beyond the 
 river, in the government of Kherson. 
 
 BALTAR. Ml-tan', a large village of Portugal, province 
 of Minho. 14 miles E.X.E. of Oporto. 
 
 BALTIC, bawl'tik, (Ger. Op.-txee. cist's.'*, " Kn.<tt Pea:'" Fr. 
 BaUiqtie.. bSrteek' ; Sp. and 1 1. BalHco. bjl'te-ko : L,. M. ihf. BaV- 
 Ileum ; anc. Si'niis Coda'nus,) an inland sea of X. Knrope. en- 
 closed on nearly all sides by Sweden, Russia, and Prussia, and 
 communicating with the Cattegat and the North Sea by th« 
 Sound and the Great and Little Belts. It extendi from Swine- 
 miindein the S. to Torne.i in the N.. about 900 miles, and from 
 Carlscrona in the W. to Memel in the E.. about 1^0 miles. Its 
 area, including theGulf of Bothnia, Finland, and Riv'a, occu- 
 pies a space of about IfiO.OOO square miles : and its basin, which 
 receives the drainage of more than a fifth of the surface of 
 Europe, is at least 900.00() square miles. Xotwith-standing 
 its areat extent, the Baltic has all the characteristic." of an in- 
 land sea or great lake. Xo sea has, in proportion to its size, so 
 great an influx of fresh water; fience it cont.iins but little salt. 
 In proportion to the North Sea. this is found to be as 194 to 
 373. The X. part of the Baltic is generally called the Gulf 
 of Bothnia; on the E. are -the Gulfs of Finland anil Riga, 
 on the S.E. the Gulf of Dantzic. and on the S.AA". the Gulf 
 of Lulieck. The depth of the Baltic on the AV. is not more 
 than 15 fathoms, and in general it is only from 8 to 10 
 fathoms deep : on the S. it is nowhere more than oil fiithoms; 
 but towards the X". it deepens to 100 fathoms. The Baltic 
 receives the waters of the Motala-Elv, the lakes of M.tlar, 
 Onega, and Ladoga, the DUna. Xiemen, A'istula. and the 
 Oder, besides numerous smaller streams. The great amount 
 of .sand and mud carried down by the rivers has consider- 
 ably raised the bottom of this sea. and "losed the mouths 
 of many of its navigable streams, so that ships which foi-- 
 merly entered these rivers, must now be anchored at a con- 
 siderable distance from their mouths. This, together w ith 
 the numerous islands and sand-banks, and the gi'adual 
 upward movement of the bed of the sea. (at the rate of 
 several feet in a century.") readers navigation on the Danish 
 shores of the Baltic troublesome and dangerous. The chief 
 islands of this sea are those of the Danish Archijielago. be- 
 tween the coasts of .Tutland and Sweden ; the islands of 
 Rilgen. Bornholm. (Eland, Gottland. Dagiie, and (Jesel, the 
 group of Oland. and that of Holmtin. The Baltic ha,s no 
 tides, or rather the effect of the tide is so little felt as not to 
 
 159 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 be ODservable; but it is subject to changes of level, depend- 
 ing on the winds, retardiug or accelerating the passage of 
 the water through the sound and the belts. Thus, during 
 a. X.E. wind, the S.W. portion of the sea is often raised as 
 much as 4 feet alxive the usual level of the Xorth Sea. 
 This has led to the erroneous opinion that the Baltic is 
 always higher than the German Ocean; on the contrary, 
 after X.W. gales and during spring tides, the Atlantic rises, 
 and pouring a Hood into the Baltic, commits great havoc 
 among the islands of the Danish Archipelago. The great 
 amount of water which flows into the Baltic, especially 
 during the melting of the snow in spring, occasions a gene- 
 ral current in the direction of the ocean ; and it has been 
 calculated that the number of days in which the water 
 flows into the Cattegat. is in proportion to those in which 
 it follows in an opposite direction, as 24 to 1. During win- 
 ter this sea is usually frozen to a greater or less distance 
 along the coasts ; and in severe winters, not only the sound 
 and the belts, but a great part of its surface is covered with 
 Ice. In the reign of King Christopher, (13i4.'l the Raltic was 
 frozen so hard. that, for six weeks, the people travelled be- 
 tween Denmark and Germany on the ice. The Baltic con- 
 tains abundance of fish, and a great quantity of amber is 
 gathered on its S. shores. The most important ports are 
 St. Petersburg, Rigji. Kiinisberg, Dantzic, Stralsuud, l,u- 
 beck. Copenhagen, Carlscrona, Stockholm, and Christiania. 
 
 BALTIC PORT, or BALTIISKOI, bai-UMs-koy', a small 
 seaport of Russia, inE8thonia,on the island of Ratg, at the 
 Intiux of the rivulet Padis, into the Baltic, near the entrance 
 of the Gulf of Finland. 3S miles W. of Revel. 
 
 BALTAXAS, bdl-td'nis. or VALTAXAS, vdl-ti'nas, a 
 town of Spain, 14 miles E.S.E. of Palencia. Pop. 2350. 
 
 BALTKE or BALTI. bdl'tee, Asia. See Bclti. 
 
 BALTIC PROVINCES is the name applied to the Ru.s.sian 
 governments of Courland. Esthoniiu Livonia, and St. Peters- 
 burir. with the principality of Finland, situated on the 
 Baltic Sea. 
 
 BALTIMORE, bawl'te-more or bawlt/f-mgr. a seaport town 
 of IiX'laud, at its S. extremity, province of Jlunster. county 
 of Cork, on a small arm of the Atlantic 47 miles S.W. of 
 Cork. Lat. 51° 29' X., Ion. 9° 20' W. Pop. 16S. It has a 
 oonsiderable coast trade. Registered shipping belonging to 
 the port in 1847. 120 vessels, 3'.i26 tons. 
 
 B.\LTIMORE, a county in the X. part of Maryland, bor- 
 deiing on Pennsylvania, and ou the Chesapeake Bay, has an 
 area of about 700 square miles. The Patapsco river forms 
 its boundary on the S. and W., and it is intersected by 
 Gunpowder River. The surface is pleas.antly diversified by 
 hills, some of which rise about 800 feet alx)ve the tide-water. 
 The ledge of primitive rock which limits the ascent of the 
 tide, traverses the south-eastern part of the county. The 
 land Iq many parts is rocky, but in general productive. 
 Granite, gneiss, hornblende, limestone, and soapstone are 
 the principal rocks of the county, which also contiins mines 
 of copper, iron, and chrome, and beds of red and yellow 
 ochre and magnesia. The B,^ltimore and Ohio, the Balti- 
 timore and Su>quehanna. and the Philadelphia and Balti- 
 more railroads all terminate in this county, which is by fiir the 
 most populous and important in the state. Capital, Tow- 
 gontown. Pop. 2fc'6,5.!)3. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a township of Windsor CO., Vermont. P. 116. 
 
 B.4LTIM0RE, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of 
 Baltimore co., Maryland, is situated on a small bay or estu- 
 ary, which extends about two miles and a half inland from 
 the X'. side of Patapsco River, about 12 miles from its en- 
 trance into Chesiipeake Bay. The city, by ship channel, is 
 about 2iX) miles from the ocean. It is 3S miles by railroad 
 N.E. from Washington, and 98 miles S.W. from Philadelphia. 
 Lat 39^ 17' X., Ion. 76° 37' W. Baltimore is admirably situ- 
 ated both for foreign and internal trade, having a sp;»pious 
 and se-ure harbor, lieiug in a central position as regards the 
 Atlantic portions of the Union, and having direct communi- 
 cation with the Great West by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road to Wheeling; besides being connects by railway with 
 the X.E. and S.W., it is united to various minor places, viz. 
 to Harrisburg, York, and Ch.^mbersburg. in Pennsylvania ; 
 to Annapolis. Frederick City, and Cumberland, in Maryland, 
 and to Winchester, in Virginia, while the extension of new 
 railroads in every direction is increasing her lacilitips for 
 trade almost daily. 
 
 Grzneml A.ipect. — Perhaps no city in the United States has 
 Buch a picturesque site as Baltimore, covering as it does a 
 number of eminences, which, however inconvenient they 
 may be for the residents, furnish a plea.sant variety for the 
 stranger. If the visitor ascends the Washington Monument, 
 in the X. part of the city,ou a hill, itself 100 feet above tide, 
 he has one of the finest panoramas furnished by any city in 
 the Union. Immediately beneath and around him are some 
 of the most capricious streets, lined with residences rarely 
 equalled in elegance, size, and position. To the X. and X.W. 
 are the newer and finer buildings, constituting the fivsiiion- 
 able part of the city, while to the S. lies the great centre of 
 trade : a little to the S.E. is the harbor, and beyond it Federal 
 Hill ; while far in the distance, b\it nearly in the same di- 
 rection, stretches the beautiful arm of the bay ou which 
 160 
 
 Baltimore stands. To the E.and S.E. across .Jones's Falls (a 
 small creek which divides the city into two portions) lie the 
 Old Town and Fell's Point ; and to the W. the newer por- 
 tions, which are extending rapidly. The view is varied by 
 the dome of the Catholic cathedral, the Unitarian clnirch, 
 and the Exchange, by the shot-tower, by the Battle Monu- 
 ment, and by the steeples and towers of the various churches 
 scattered in all directions; the whole girt on the X.W. and 
 E. by beautiful hills crowned with a natural growth of 
 trees. Although the site of the city Is such as to Ciiuse irre- 
 gularity in some of the streets, the diffei-ent sections are 
 laid out with great uniformity. Baltimore street, the fashion- 
 able promenade, and seat of the retail and jobbing busi- 
 ness, divides the city into two nearly equ.al portions, the 
 larger part lying to the X. Charles street, crossing this at 
 right angles, also divides the city into two nearly equal 
 parts, the portion called Xorth Charles street being mostly 
 occupied with elegant residences, and South Charles street, 
 between Baltimore and I/imbard streets, with extensive 
 wholesale warehouses. 
 
 From the number and prominence of its monuments, 
 Baltimore has been denominated the " Monumental City." 
 The most remarkable of these is the Washiuarton Monument, 
 standing in a small, open area at the intei-section of Charles 
 and Monument streets. Its base. 50 feet square and 20 high, 
 supports a Doric column 17l5j feet in height, which is sur- 
 mounted by a colossal statue of 'Washington. 16 feet high, 
 giving its summit an elevation of 312^ feet above the level 
 of the harhor. The shaft. 20 feet squ.are at the base, and 14 
 at the top. is ascended by means of a winding stairway 
 within. The whole is constructed of white marble, and cost 
 $200,000. Battle Monument, also a beautiful structure of 
 marble, is situated in Monument Square, in Calvert street, 
 near I..exington street. From the base, which is s(|uare and 
 ornamented with various devices, rises a facial column. 18 
 feet high, on the bands of which are in8cril)ed the names of 
 those who fell while defending the city from the attack of 
 the British, September 12th. 1814. This is surmounted by 
 a beautiful statue of the Goddess of Liberty, '14 feet high, 
 making the entire height of tjie monimient 5214 feet. An- 
 other object of much interest to strangers is the Merchants' 
 Shot Tower, the highest, it is said, in the world, hiiving an 
 elevation of 246 feet. 
 
 Among the public buildings of Baltimore may be mentioned 
 the court-house, a handsome brick edifice, 145 feet long, 
 65 wide, and two stories high, with a dome. It is situated 
 on Monument square and Lexington street, and cost !?1 50,000. 
 Tlie new U. S. Court-llouse, corner of North and Fayette 
 streets, is a handsome,mi»ssi ve strncture.built of granite.and is 
 rapidly approaching completion. Tlie Exchange in Gay street 
 is one of the largest and most costly buildings in the city. 
 It is 240 feet in length, 143 in depth, and three stories high 
 above the basement. The dome is 53 feet in diameter, and 
 115 feet above the pavement. The S. end is occupied as the 
 Custom-honse, the N. by the Merchants' Bank, and in the 
 rotunda is the city post-office. The original cost of the Ex- 
 change property was about $600,000. 'The Maryland Insti- 
 tute, 355 feet long and 60 wide, situated on Baltimore street, 
 is one of the largest buildings ever erected in the United 
 States, for the promotion of the mechanic arts. It consists 
 of a centre and two wings, the latter three-stories each, with 
 a cupola. The first story is occupied as a market, and in 
 the second is the main hall, 242 feet in length, and" 60 in 
 breadth. The three story edifice, fronting on Baltimore 
 street, contains the library, reading-room, offices, &c. The 
 building cost about $60,000. The Corn and Flour Exchange, 
 corner of South and Wood streets, is a handsome and sub- 
 stantial structure. The Calvert station for the Northern 
 Central Railway, has a very imposing front, and is 315 feet 
 long and 120 wide. Cost, $45,000. The Camden station, at 
 the intersection of Howard and Camden streets, for the Bal- 
 tim.ore and Ohio Railroad, is one of the most extensive build- 
 ings of the kind in the United States. The depot of the Phila. 
 and Hal t imore R .H. Company, at the corner of President street 
 and Canton Avenue, is also a large and costly structure. Car- 
 roll Hall, at the corner of Baltimore and Calvert streets, is a 
 handsome edifice, containing a spacions exlubition room, 
 now occupied by the Baltimore Gymnasimn. The new As- 
 sembly Rooms, at the corner of Hanover and Lombard 
 streets, are the fiishionable lecture and concert rooms of the 
 city. A large and elegant iron building, the first ever erected 
 in Baltimore, located at the corner of South and Baltimore 
 streets, is occupied by the proprietors of the Bjilfimore Sun. 
 The Odd Fellows and Masonic Halls, the one a Gothic, and 
 the other a Grecian temple, are conspicuous for the taste 
 displayed in their erection. 
 
 The most imposing church edifice in Baltimore is the Ko- 
 man Catholic cathedral, on Mulberry street, between Charles 
 and Cathedral streets. It is a massive granite structure, 190 
 feet long, 177 broad, and 127 feet from the ground to the top 
 of the cross surmounting the dome. The cathedral contains 
 one of the largest organs in the United States, having 6000 
 pipes and 36 stops; and two beautiful paintings, one, "The 
 Descent from the Cross," presented by Louis XVI. of France; 
 the other, " St. Louis iJurying his ofScers and soldiers slain 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 before Tunis," presented by Charles X. Of the other Roman 
 Catholic churclies, St. Alplionsiis cliurcli, at tlio corner of 
 Saratoga Hnd Park streets, witli a spire 200 feet higli, ami 
 St. Vincent do Paul's, iu Front street, are both large and 
 costly edifices. Grace church (Episcopal), erected at the 
 corner of Monument and Park streets, is a magnificent 
 Gotliic structure of red sandstone; near it is another Epis- 
 copal church (Emanuel), of gray sandstone, also in the Gothic 
 style; and at the corner of Charles and Saratoga streets 
 stands St. Paul's church (Episcopal), in the Grecian style, 
 which, in its erection, cost $142,000. The Unitarian church, 
 corner of Charles and I-'ranklin streets, is an elegant bnild- 
 ng. The First and Second Presbyterian churches are haiid- 
 lome edifices, built in the Gothic style. The whole number of 
 churches in Baltimore (1865) is as follows; — Methodist Epis- 
 copal, in its several divisions, 47; Koman Catholic, 20; Pro- 
 testant Episcopal, 19; Presbyterian, 15; Lutheran, 10; Bap- 
 tist, 10; Methodist Protestant, 8; Jewish Synagogues, 6; 
 German Reformed, 3; Friends' meeting-houses, 3; Swoden- 
 borgian, 3 ; Christian Baptist, or Disciples' church, 2 ; Evan- 
 gelical Association, 2; German Independent churches, 4; 
 Unitarian, 1; Universalist, 1; Seamen's Union Bethel, 1: 
 United Brethren, 1 ; of the above churches several are used 
 by African congregiitions, besides which there are five Afri- 
 can churches exclusively under the control of persons of 
 their own color. Total, 161. 
 
 Iiiftilidions. — Tlie educational and literary institutions of 
 Baltimore are numerous. Among these may be named the 
 University of MaryUuid, at the intersection of Green and 
 Lombard streets; the medical department of the University, 
 founded iu 1S07; Loyola College, at the corner of Madison 
 and Calvert streets; Baltimore College, being the school of 
 letters of the University of Maryland, on Mulberry street 
 opposite the cathedral ; and the Theological school formerly 
 connected with St. Mary's College. (See table of Colleges, 
 Appendix.) The Athenivum, at the comer of St. Paul and 
 Saratoga streets, is occupied jointly by the Mercantile Li- 
 brary Association, which has a library of aliout 19,000 
 volumes and extensive reading-rooms; the Baltimore Li- 
 brary of 15,000 volumes, with.reading-roonis : and the Mary- 
 land Historical Society. The latter has a collection of al)Out 
 1000 volumes, and a gallery in which are held annual exhi- 
 bitions of paintings and sculpture. The Peabody Institute, 
 corner of Charles and Monument streets, founded by the mu- 
 nificence of the eminent London banker, is designed to con- 
 tain, besides a large library, a superior collection of jiaintings. 
 The reading-room connected with the Board of Trade, and lo- 
 cated near the Mei-chants' Exchange, la supplied witli news- 
 papers from all parts of the world. The newspaper press 
 comprises about 25 publications, 7 or 8 of which are dailies. 
 
 Baltimore contains three hospitals, viz., the Mnrj'land 
 Hospital for the Insane, situated on an eminence in the 
 eastern part of the city; Mount IIopo Institution, under the 
 management of the Sisters of Charity, near North Avenue 
 and the Baltimore Infirmary, occupying a capacious build- 
 ing on the S. side of Lombard street, near the University. 
 The latter is also under the supervision of the Sisters of 
 Charity, and has accommodiitiong for 300 patients. The 
 Church Home and Infirmary, on Broadway, north of Balti- 
 more street, connected with the Episcopal Church, and the 
 Union Protestant Infirmary, at tjie corner of Mosher and 
 Division streets, are both under the management of ladies, 
 and open for the reception of medical and surgical cases. 
 A handsome edifice, called the Aged Womens' Ilome, has 
 been erected on West Lexington street, near Calhoun street. 
 A similar structure has recently been erected, on the ad- 
 joining lot, for aged men. There is a Home of the Friend- 
 less at the corner of Townsend street and Druid Hill Avenue. 
 The other principal benevolent institutions are 5 Orphan 
 asylums, and the Almshouse. A new Almshouse is now in 
 course of erection, some 2 miles from the eastern limits of 
 the city. The State Penitentiary, with the jail, occupies a 
 square E. of Jones's Falls. In Deceniber, 1861, it contained 349 
 convicts, who were principally employed in the various me- 
 chanic arts. The jail is a large stone structure, built in the 
 Gothic style, with towers, and was completed in 1860, at a 
 cost of upwards of $250,000. The House of Refuge, intended 
 as a place of discipline for juvenile delinquents, is situated 
 near the Frederick turnpike, about two miles from the city. 
 At the close of the year 1S62, there were 329 inmates. The 
 public schools of the city in 1863, w^ere as follows, viz., 1 
 male and 2 female high schools, 1 floating school for sea- 
 men. 13 male and 15 female grammar schools, 20 male and 
 30 female primary schools, and 5 evening schools for males. 
 The above schools were attended by 15,661 pupils, being an 
 increase of 1.370 over the year 1862. Number of teachers 
 employed, 350. The whole amount expended for school 
 purposes, during the year 1863, was $169,667.97. 
 
 There is a large number of hotels in Baltimore, two of 
 which are of the first class, viz., the City Hotel, or Barnum's, 
 at the corner of Calvert and Fayette streets, and the Eutaw 
 House, at the corner of Baltimore and Eutaw streets. 
 
 P.iW.s. — Druid Hill Park, embracing 548 acres of land, 
 lying just beyond the northern boundary line of the city, 
 was opened to the public on October 19, 1861. It is remark- 
 
 ' able for the beauty of its scenery. Patterson's Park, lying In 
 the eastern part of the city, is an enclosure of 36 acres, em- 
 bracing the earthworks thrown up for the defence of the eit j 
 in the War of 1812. Franklin, Union, Madison, and other 
 squares, and the Eastern and Calvert street Springsi are 
 I attractive places of resort during the sunmier S(!ason. 
 I Oitniuerce. Financea, dc. — In commercial importance, lial- 
 timore ranks aniong the first cities in the United Sta'es. 
 I Its position is such as to ren<ler it a great centre of tradd. 
 Situated near the Chesapeake Bay, it enjoys superior advan- 
 tages for foreign conmierce, while the numerous lines of 
 railway that here have their termination, invite to it the 
 agricultural and mineral wealth of a viust interior. The 
 completion of the Baltimore and Ohio liailroad to Wheeling 
 is destined to exert an immense influence on the commercial 
 activity of this great emporium. There were on January 
 2d, 1S05, 17 banks in Baltimore, two of which were organ- 
 ized under the National Banking law, and their aggregate 
 capital was 811,322,988; besides which there are 3 Savings 
 Banks which have on deposit, and safely invi-sted. or loaned 
 upcjii interest paying stocks, the sum of $6,.371,0S2.42. In 
 IMU, baltiniore had 1 life, 9 fire, and 2 marine insurance 
 conqianies, besides many insurance agencies. The total 
 asse.ssed real atid personal jiropertv of the city, amounted 
 on January 1st, 1865, to 8140,000.000. 
 
 The arrivals at the port of Baltimore, exclnsive of bay 
 craft, in the year ending December .31st, 1 864, were 1143 
 steamei-s. S8 ships, 137 biuks, 197 brigs, 1025 schooners; 
 total 2.540. In the same period 29 vessels of 3S04 tons bur- 
 then, were built. There were received in 1864, 483,000 tons 
 of Cumberland coal, 10,000 bales of cotton, 97,620 bags of 
 coffee from Rio and other South American ports; 4400 tons 
 of guano; 27,771 hogsheads of sugar, besides 8184 boxes of 
 sugar from Havanna, and 12,814 bags and 470 cases from 
 Brazil; West India molasses, 5635 hogsheads, 1812 tierces, 
 2471 liarrels: salt from Liverpool, 114,236 sacks — coastwise, 
 23.84S sacks; pork and bacon. 18.727 tons; lard, 3000 tons; 
 1,960,092 bushels of wheat : 2,286.003 bushels of corn ; 946,710 
 bushels of oats ; 55,.51S bushels of rj-e ; 12,lX)0 bushels of peas ; 
 60,000 bushels of beans — the total of all kinds of grain and 
 pulse, o,.320,323 buslK-ls ; Quercitron bark, 24,263 bags ; 
 56,190 barrels of whiskey ; and 52,619 hogsheads of tobacco. 
 There were also inspected 1.0.3.3.433 barrels of wheat flour; 
 7140 barrels of rvc flotir: .30.977 barrels corn meal; 261,257 
 sides of leather: mackerel. 30,401 barrels, 1290 half-barrels, 
 and 55 kits; herring, 20,650 barrels, .307 halfbarrels; and 
 shad, 736 barrels. Foreign imports of Baltimore, in 1864, 
 $6,076,300. Exports, S12,.362,448. The registered tonnage 
 of Baltimore for 1864. wiis 45,198; enrolled and licensed, 
 20.3,497 — total, 248,695 tons. 
 
 Baltimore enjoys superior advantages for manufactures. 
 Jones's Falls, Gwynn's Falls, and Patapsco river afford im- 
 mense water-power, which is extensively employed for flour- 
 mills, of which there are over 60 within 20 miles of the citv. 
 Numerous cotton, iron, and other numufactories are also in 
 operation, and some of the largest engine establishments in 
 the United States are located here. 
 
 The city is principallj- supplied with water from Jones's 
 Falls. Swann lake, from wliicli the water is conducted, is 
 lociitod some seven miles from the city, anil is 225 feet above 
 tide and the Mount Royal Reservoir, which is within a short 
 distance of the northern limits of the city, is 150 feet 
 above tide. Washington Factory dam is 110 feet above tide. 
 The sources of supply, upon which the city depends, are 
 sufficient for a population twice as great as Baltimore now 
 contains. On Federal Hill is an observatory, which sei-ves, 
 in connection with another at Bodkin Point, to announce 
 the approach of vessels. At Locust Point, piers of an ex- 
 tended character are erected, and the receipt and transship- 
 ment of coal, iron, and the heavier articles of merchandise 
 are carried on at this place. 
 
 The boundary avenues around the city, from 250 to 300 
 feet in width, and in their united length exceeding 12 miles, 
 are being improved by planting handsome rows of trees 
 their entire distance. Greenmount Cemetery is the princi- 
 pal burial-place. It is a beautiful enclosure of 60 acres, 
 lying in the city limits, and is laid out and embellished in 
 the most tasteful manner. The other cemeteries are Balti- 
 more, London Park, St. Paul's, Mount Olivet.Western, Mount 
 Carmel, Cathedral, and Holy Cross, and the Laurel Cemetery 
 for persons of color. The entrances to Greenmount and 
 Baltimore Cemeteries are imposing gateways of stone. 
 
 There are 4 Dispensaries in the city, from which the poor 
 obtain medicines and professional advice, gratuitously. 
 
 Hialory. — The present site of the city of Baltimore was 
 first fixed upon for a town in 1729; the name Baltimore 
 was given to it in 1745. In 1768 it became the sliire town 
 of the county. Its firet newspaper, " The Slaryland Journal 
 and Baltimore Advertiser," a weekly, was issued on the 
 20th of August, 1773. It became a port of entry, a custom- 
 house was opened, and a naval officer appointed, in 1780. 
 None of the streets were paved till 1782, when a beginning 
 was made on Baltimore street, which has always been re- 
 garded as the main street of the city. In the same year 
 the first regular communication with Philadelphia —a lino 
 
 161 
 
BAL 
 
 BAM 
 
 efstaffe-coRcb-^ — was commenced ; watchmen were employed 
 in 1784 ; an act of incorporation was obtained on the last 
 day of the year I'iiO. and the city government was organized 
 in 17H7. A census was taken in 1775, when the town was 
 found to contain 6f4 houses and 6334 persons. In 1790. 
 there were in Baltimore 13.530 inhabitants; in ISOO, 26,514; 
 in 1810. 46.4.55; in 1820, 62,738; in 1830, 80.620; in 1840, 
 
 102,51.3; in 1850, 169,054; in 1860. 212,418. Adj. and in- 
 
 hkb. IJalt)Mori.\n, bawl-te-nio're-an. 
 
 BALTIJIORK, a post-office of Hickman co„ Kentucky. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a tiourishing post-village of Liberty town- 
 ship, Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 24 
 miles in a direct line S.E. of Columbus. It is one of the 
 prinrip:il business places in the county. Pop. about 700. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a pos^office of Barry co., Michigan. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a post-office of Warren co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash Rirer, 78 miles X.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 10 
 miles E.X.E. of Galena. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a small town near the boundary between 
 Tuolumne and Mariposa counties, California, on the left 
 biink of the Mercede Kiver, about 1 mile from its junction 
 with the San Joaquin. 
 
 BALTIMORE UUXDRED, Sussex co., Delaware. Pop. 
 2580. 
 
 BALTIXGLASS, bawlt-ing-glass', a town of Ireland, Lein- 
 ster, cos. of Wicklow and Carlow, on the Slaney, 12 miles 
 N.E. of Carlow. Pop. of town, 1928. The town has a bride- 
 well and infirmary, with some bleachfields, remains of an 
 abbey of the twelfth century, and a castle of the Eajl of 
 Aldborough. chief proprietor. 
 
 BALTOXSBOROUGH, bai't^ns-bHr-rtlh, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Somerset. 
 
 BAI/TRUM, a small low island of Hanover, in East Fries- 
 land, in the German Ocean, 3} miles from the coast. 3 miles 
 long, .ind three-fourths of a mile broad. Pop. 103, fi.shermen. 
 
 B.iLTSUIK or BALTSCIIIK, bdlt'sheek', written also 
 B.A.LDSIIIK and BALDJIK, bil'jeek', a town of European 
 Turkey, 18 miles X.E. of Varna, on the Bl.ick Sea, near 
 tlie ruins of Tomi, the place to which Ovid was exiled. 
 
 BALU-KISSAR. See Baukesr. 
 
 BALU ISLAXD, an island in the Indian Ocean, Gulf of 
 Martaban, at the embouchure of the Salwin or Than-Lyeng 
 River, which separates Burmah from Siam. It is 17 miles 
 long and 8 broad, extending from lat, 16° 14' to 16° 31' N. 
 
 BALV.iXO, bil-vi'no. a town of Naples, province of Basi- 
 lioata, 15 miles W, of Potenza. Pop. 4000. 
 
 BALVASII' (or POOLVASII') BAY, Isle of Man, at the S. 
 end of the i.sland. Lat 54° 7' X. ; Ion. 4° 45' W. The bay 
 is sp.-wious. and affords good anchorage and shelter. 
 
 BALWIEHZlSlvI, bil'veer-zis'kee. a town of Poland, in 
 Augustow, 23 miles E. of Mariampol, on the Xiemeu. Pop. 
 130b. 
 
 BALZ.\C. bil'zic', a village of France, department of Cha- 
 rente. 3 miles X. of Angouleme. Pop. of commune, 1000. 
 
 BALZOLA. bil-zo'li. a town of Piedmont, 5 miles X.X.W. 
 of Casale. with a hospital. Pop. 2440. 
 
 BAM'B.i, a considerable town, capital of a province of its 
 own name in South-western Africa, in Congo, about 100 
 miles X.X.E. of Ambriz. The province has mines of salt, 
 silver, copper, lead, and iron, 
 
 BAMB.\RI{A, b.am-bar'ra, an independent state of West- 
 ern Africa, in Soodan, mostly between lat. 12° and 14° X„ 
 and Ion, 5° and 9° W„ having on the S. the Mandingo 
 country, and elsewhere Kaarta, Beroo, (or Beeroo,) and other 
 states. The surface is mostly a level table-land, traversed 
 in its centre, from S.W. to N.E., by the Xiger, (Joliba.) on 
 which are all its principal towns. Sego, Sansanding. Yami- 
 na, and Bammakoo. The heat of the climate is intense, 
 but more supportable than in the surrounding countries : 
 the rainy se;isou lasts from June to November. The shea 
 or buttei^tree, bombax orcotton-tree, baobab, oil-palm, date, 
 tamarind, &c, are indigenous; maize, millet, rice, and ca.s- 
 sava yield two crops a year. The Bambarras are negroes of 
 the JLindingo race, and tolerably advanced in agriculture; 
 they spin and dye various fabrics, work in iron and gold, 
 manufacture leather, and carry on a pretty extensive trade 
 with mo!!t of the countries from Timbuctoo to Guinea, ex- 
 porting iron, cloths, ivory, slaves, and grain, and importing 
 salt, hardware, arms, and Manchester goods. The govern- 
 ment is oligarchicjil, and three-fourths of the population are 
 slaves. The greater number are pagans, but the upper 
 classes profess Mohammedanism; the barbarities which are 
 enacted in .\shantee do not prevail in this part of Africa, 
 
 BAMBECQUE. bjM'bJk', a viUage of France, department 
 of Xord, arrondissement of Dunkerque. Pop. of commune, 
 
 ii.-ig. 
 
 BAMBERG, bamTserg, (Oer. pron. Wm'bJRO,"! a town of 
 Bavaria, circle of Upper Main, beautifully situated at the 
 foot of a range of slopes clothed with orchards, hop-gardens, 
 and vineyards, and traversed by the Ifegnitz. the branches 
 of which divide the town into three districts, and give 
 It a form very much resembling the letter K. The com- 
 munication between these districts is maintain(Ml by seven 
 bridges, one of them an eWant suspension bridge, about 
 162 
 
 250 feet long and 30 broad. The town is surrounded by 
 walls, and well built. Its hand.some houses, spacious, welt 
 paved, and well-lighted streets, together with the pleasant 
 walks and the gardens of the environs, make it one of the 
 finest towns and most delightful residences in Bavaria. 
 Among the public buildings of liOte are the Dom Kirche or 
 cathedral, a fine structure in the Byzantine style, founded 
 in 1004, and containing, among othor interesting monu- 
 ments, the curious and richly sculptured tomb of the Em- 
 peror Henry II. and his empress, Cunigunda; the church 
 of St. James, founded in 1073; St. Gaugolphs church; the 
 upper parish church, or St. Mary's, a haudsom-.' Gothic 
 building of a quadrangular form ; and the Jesuit church 
 of St. Martin's, a massive structure, in which beauty and 
 grandeur are happily combined, and to which is attached a 
 library particularly rich in manuscripts. To these build- 
 ings may be added the old Benedictine monastery, occupy- 
 ing the height called St. Michael's Mount, and r.uw con- 
 verted into a work-house; the old palace of the lii^hcips of 
 Bamberg, the theatre, and the towu-haU. The educational 
 and literary institutions comprise a lyceum, in which fuU 
 courses of divinity and philosophy are given by eight pro- 
 fessors, assisted by other teachers, and attended by 700 
 pupils; a normal school, a mechanics' institute, a drawing 
 academy, and a royal library, containing about 56,0(W 
 volumes; a museum of natural history, and a cabinet of 
 natural and experimental philosophy. There are also sur- 
 gical, anatomical, and other medical schools attached to the 
 general infirmary, founded in 17S9 by Bishop Frank Lud- 
 wig, of Erthal, and possessing a capital of upwards of 
 30,000i. The principal manufactures of the town are of 
 porcelain, gloves, jewelry, wax, tobacco, starch, musical in- 
 struments, marble wares, kc. Large quantities of garden- 
 seeds and of liquorice are raised in the vicinity: of the 
 latter, about 50,000 pounds are annually sent abroad. The 
 beer of Bamberg is in much repute throughout the sur- 
 rounding country, and the demand for it is so great as to 
 employ upwards of 60 breweries. The environs .ibound in 
 picturesque scenery. It is connected by railway with 
 Jfuromberg. Pop., exclusive ot military, 23,542; of whom 
 400 are .Tews. 
 
 BAMBERG. NEW, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, Tvith 
 quicksilver mines, now abandoned. 
 
 BAMBOORA. bam-boo'ri. a rained citv of Sind;?. W. of 
 Tatta, in lat. 24° 40' N., Ion. 67° 41' E.," bearing traces of 
 former importance, and suppo.sed to have been identical with 
 Brahmixabad, the capital of a flourishing Hindoo kingdom 
 in the tenth c«nturv. 
 
 BAMB(K)K. or IJAMBOUK, bdm-book', written also 
 B.A.MBUK, a country in the interior of North-western 
 Africa, in fhe angle formed by the Faleme and th-^ Senegal, 
 S. of the latter river, E. of bondoo, and N. of Wooli and 
 Dentila, between lat. 12°30' and 14° 30' N.. and between Ion. 
 10° 30' 15" and 12° 15' W. Its precise extent h.as not been 
 ascertained, but is supposed to be about 140 miles in length, 
 by 80 to 100 in breadth. It is. on the whole, a mountainous 
 district, and in some parts rugged, though attaining no 
 great elevation, the highest points never exceeding 600 
 feet above the general level of the land, wliiie the 
 ordinary heights are about 3iX) feet. The higher regions 
 are sterile, being composed mostly of naked rock, but 
 the valleys and plains are remarkable for their fertility, 
 and for the luxuriance, or rather exuberance, of their 
 vegetation, every sort of platit and tree attaining the 
 most gigantic dimensions — among the latter, the enor- 
 mous baobab, the calabash, and tamarind, with a great 
 variety of acacias and palm-trees, all of which reach here 
 the utmost limits of their growth and fruitfulness. The 
 rich soil produces likewise in abundance, and almost with- 
 out culture, maize, millet, cotton, water-melons, and an 
 inmiense variety of leguminous plants. The lowlands, 
 which are subject to inundation, yield large crops of rice 
 of the finest description. Immense herds of wild oxen and 
 cows rove through the forests or feed on the rich pa.sture 
 of the plains. Lions and elephants are also numerous, and 
 birds and insects of all descriptions, while the rivers swarm 
 with crocodilies of the most fonnidaWe kind. But the 
 most remarkable feature of Bambcok is its rich gold-mines. 
 The principal one, an insulated hill of 3000 paf-es in cir- 
 cumference, and about 300 feet high, is at the distance of 
 about 1 mile from the large and wealthy town of Xatakoo. 
 The soil is almost wholly auriferous, every cubic fcxit con- 
 taining gold in the shape of lumps, grain.s. or spangles. 
 There are also numerous other noted gold-mines in Barn- 
 book. Slost of the gold found is given to the Moors in 
 exchange for salt — & scarce and much-coveted commodity 
 in this part of Africa, as in many others. Baml>ook \b 
 densely peopled. The natives are Mandingoes, and so no- 
 torious for their ferocity and crtielty, as to l>e esteemed the 
 type of barbarism. Bainbook was at one time, during the 
 fifteenth century, in the possession of the Portuguese, who 
 had been tempted by its gold-mines to invadi- the country 
 They do not appear, however, to have held rt long. The 
 ruins of ancient Portuguese forts and housei. are still to bt 
 seen in the country. 
 
BAM 
 
 BAN 
 
 BAMBOUOUGir, Isam'bnr-r&h, or BA^rBROUOn, bam'- 
 br6h, a ward and parish of England, co. of Northumberland, 
 the parish on the coast, 16 miles S.K. of Berwick. Pop. 4545. 
 Bamborough Castle, founded about a. d. 554, stands on a 
 high rock projecting into the North Sea, and contains a 
 granary for supplying corn to the poor at a cheap rate, 
 apartments for shipwrecked seamen, schools, a public li- 
 brary, dispensary, and infirmjiry, supported out of estates 
 bequeathed for charitable purposes by Lord Crewe, Bishop 
 of Durham, in ITl.'i. 
 
 BAMIAN, bd'mee^an', BAMIGAN, or BAUMEEAN, a 
 famous valley and pass of Afghanistan, leading into Inde- 
 pendent Toorkist.an, (Khoondooz.) between the Hindoo 
 Koosh range and I'aropamisan Mountains, and important 
 ft8 the only known pass across the Himalaya chain practi- 
 cable for artillery. Lat. 34" 50' N.; Ion. 67° 48' E. Great- 
 est elevation of pass, 8496 feet. Here are numerous caves, 
 and some remarkable gigantic statues cut in the rock. The 
 whole valley is .strewed with the ruins of the city oi" Gul- 
 gula, destroyed by the Mongols under Jenghls Khan 
 about the year 1221. 
 
 BAMMAKOO, bim-mj-koo', a town of 'Western Africa, 
 state of Bambarra, on tlie Niger, (Joliba,) 145 miles W.S.W. 
 of.«ogo. 
 
 BA.MOO. See Bhamo. 
 
 BAMI'OORA. See Bhanpoora. 
 
 BAMI'TONorBATHAMl'TON. a market-town and pa- 
 rish of England, co. of Devon, 6 miles N. of Tiverton. Pop. 
 in 1851. 2102. 
 
 BAMl'TON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. It 
 has two parish libraries and two endowed schools, besides 
 a grammar school. 
 
 BAMPTON-KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Cumber- 
 Land. 
 
 B.\MPTON, Little, a township of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 BAMPTON-WiTH-WEALD, a parish of Engbind, co. of 
 Oxford, with a market-town. 
 
 BAN, bin, or BANOVITZ, hin-i-vitti', a town of Northern 
 Ilunjjary, 16 miles S.E. of Trentschin. Pop. 2o00 Slowaks, 
 and .■Si'O .lews. The chief trade is in cattle, wood, and iron. 
 
 BANAGANPILLY, bln-S-gin-pillee, a town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, 70 miles N.N.W. of Cuddapah. 
 In a low range of hills ne.ar it diamonds are found. 
 
 BANAGHER, bau'a-her. a market-town of Ireland, near 
 its centre, in Leinster, King's co., on the Sh.annon. here 
 crossed by an old bricb^e 400 feet in length, and guarded by 
 batteries, 21 miles W.S.M'. of Tullamore. Pop. 2827. It 
 consists mostly of one long street, with a modern church, 
 Roman Catholic chapel, a royal endowed school, national 
 school, and infantry barracks. 
 
 BANAGHER, a parish of Ireland, in TJlster co. of London- 
 derry. 
 
 B.ANALBUFAR, ban-yll-boo-faR', a town of the island of 
 Majorca. 14 miles N.W. of Palma, with marble quarries. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 BANAI.rMTLITARGREN7.E, (Banal-MilitSrgrenze,) W- 
 nil me-le-tain/grfnt'seh. in Austria, a division in the S.E. part 
 of Military Croatia, between the rivers Save, Kulpa, and 
 Una. subdivided into the two nearly efjual districts of 
 BanaKirenz-Regimeut I. and BanaKirenz-Kegiment II., 
 ea"h with an area of 400 geographical .square miles. 
 
 BAXAM, bd*ndm'. a large ^^llage of Asia Minor, in Ana- 
 tolia, 26 miles S.E.of Angora, between the mountains of 
 Elma and L'ra Tnirh. 
 
 BANANA (bd-nj'n.?') ISLANDS, a group of small islands 
 N.W. of Africa, off the coast of Sierra Leone, near Cape 
 ShUllng. Lat. 8° 8' N.; Ion. 13° 11' 42" W. The largest 
 is 4 miles long and 1 broad. 
 
 BAN ANAL, bi-nd-ndl', a village of Brazil, province of 
 Sao Paulo, on the road from the city of that name to Bio 
 Janeiro, in the district of Areas, and near the Parahiba 
 do Sul. 
 
 BAN.ANAL, a village of Brazil, province of Rio de Ja- 
 neiro, on a streamlet of the same name, which is an affluent 
 of the Pai-ahiba do Sul from the right, and navigable for 
 about f. miles. 
 
 BAN ANAL, a river island of Brazil, called, also, SANTA 
 ANNA, formed by the river Araguay. It lies in the pro- 
 vince of Matto-CirosRO, is 200 miles long, by about 35 broad, 
 covered with vast forests, and has in its centre a navigable 
 lake, said to be about 90 miles long by 30 broad. The soil 
 of the island is extremely fertile. The name Bananal was 
 given it from the remarkable increase iu the banana-trees 
 plant«}d there by the discoverers in 1773. 
 
 BA.NARA, bd-nd/rd, a large village of Persia, province of 
 Lari.stan, 48 miles N.N.W. of Lar. 
 
 BANAS-CHAI, bdn'ds-chi', a river of Asia Minor, in Ana- 
 tfiUn, fiows S.W. to the Mender, (anc. il(r:andi;r.) which it 
 joins 45 miles E.S.E. of Alah-Sbehr. Length, 70 miles. 
 
 BAN ASSAC, bdn^nfls'sdk', a village of France, depai-tment 
 of Lozfere. arrondissement of Marvejols. Pop. of commune, 
 1818. 
 
 BANAT, bd-ndt/, (Ger. Banater Grenze.) a large province 
 of Austria,, consisting of the three countiesof Temesvar, To- 
 
 rontal, and Kiisso. and two military districts, called the 
 German liauat and the W.allaoho-iiiVrian UauaT. vireateirt 
 length, from E. to W., 120 miles ; greatest breadth, from "^ 
 to S., 98 miles. Bounded by the Danube, Theiss. and M»- 
 ros. on all sides except the E., where it becomes billy. 
 With this exception, the surface is flat, and on the W. is 
 partly covered with swamps. The other rivers are the 
 Temes. the Nera, the Karasch, and the Alt Bega, so called 
 to distinguish it from the Neu Bega. a canal about 85 miles 
 long, and whoUy within the province. Taken as a whole.^ 
 the Banat is one of the most fertile districts in J^iu'opo, 
 Its wheat has long been famous for the great quantity and 
 excellence of the flour it yields, while its maize frequently 
 gives 24, 48, or even 60 returns. The vine is extensively 
 planted, and great attention is paid to the rearing of the 
 silk-worm. Good cotton also is grown The minerals, 
 hitherto, have not been considered of very much importp 
 ance, but an extensive coalfield has been ri>centlv disco- 
 vered. Pop, nearly 1,000,WO, 
 
 BANAUL, bdn-awl', a village of Cashmere, 40 miles .?,E. 
 of Serinagur. 
 
 B.\NAWAR.AM, bd-nd-wdr-dm', a town of Southern In- 
 dia, in the Mysore dominion, 77 miles N.N.W. of Seriuga- 
 patam. 
 
 BAN'BRIDGE. a market-town of Irel.and, in Ulster, co. of 
 Down, parish of Seapatrick, on tiie Upper Bann, 7 miles 
 S,W, of Dromore, Pop, 3324. The town is neat and thriv- 
 ing, and has a handsome new church, several dissenting 
 chapels, two market-houses, and a brown linen hall. Jt is 
 a principal seat of the linen trade of the county, and has 
 extensive cloth and thread factories, bleaching-grounds, 
 and chemical-works. 
 
 BANBURY, ban'bi'r-e, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, market-town, and parish of l^ngland. co. of Ox- 
 ford, on the Cberwell. 12 miles N.E.of Cbipping-Norton. and 
 17 miles W. of the AVolverton'station of the North-western 
 Railway. I'op. 8715. It is remarkably neat and clean: has 
 a large church, built in imitation of St. I'buI's Cathedral; 
 a bluiM-oat .school, a brisk carrying trade by the 0.\ford 
 and Birmingham Canal, and busy markets for agricultural 
 produce. Banbury has long been noted for cheese of sujxv 
 rior quality, and for cakes which bear its name. It sends 
 one member to the House of Commons. 
 
 BANCA. BANKA. or BANOKA, bjink'ka. a large island 
 in the Malay Archipelago, ix'longing to llolland. between 
 Sumatra and Bornef>, celebrated for its tin. It is of irregu- 
 lar shape, abjut IDS miles long by ('4 broad at its N. end, 
 the broadest part; art«. 4340 square miles. It lias several 
 considerable bays, of which the most Important are Mun- 
 tolt and Claba. The surface is hilly, but none of its eleva- 
 tions much exceed 2000 feet. The liigher hills are of granite, 
 the lower of red ferruginous earth. In black alluvium be- 
 tween these latter are found the tin deposits, discovered first 
 by chance in 17 1 0, and rarely more than 25 feet below the sur- 
 faoe. Only a small portion of the island, in the N. end. near 
 the capital, Mintow or Mintao, has yet been explored for 
 this metal, the yield of which, in 1S44, reached 4189 tons. 
 The Banca tin is the best obtained in the Malay Archipe- 
 lago, and is said to be equal, or nearly so, to that obtained 
 in Britain, Besides this metal, the island yields iron, b ad, 
 copper, silver, and ar.senic, rock-crystal and amethyst ; and 
 in the W. part there are Ix'ds of lignite. Among the vege- 
 table productions may be named dragon's-blood, sassafras, 
 nutmegs, benzoin, sago, cassia, &c, Banca is inhabited by 
 Malays, Chinese, and a small number of Bengal Cipays 
 and a still smtiller number of Boogis from CelelK'S, The 
 Chinese, numbering 1S,WX), are the only 'aborious race in 
 the island. Pop, in 1840, .36.000, 
 
 B.\NCA, a small i.sland group at the N.E. point of Ce- 
 lebes, .separated from that island by a narrow strait of the 
 same name. The largest island, whence tlie group takes 
 its name, is in lat. (E. point) 1° 4.3' S.; Ion. 126° 12' E. 
 
 BANCALAAN, bdn-kd-UW, a small island in the Malay 
 Archipelago, near the S.W. coast of Palawan. Lat. 8° 15' N., 
 ion. 127° IS' E. 
 
 BAXCALLAN, island of Madura. See B^nkalas. 
 
 BANCA POOR, bdn-kd-pnor'. a town of British India. pr<^ 
 sldency of Bombay, .38 miles S.E. of Darwar, and formerly 
 an important fortress. 
 
 BAN'CA, STRAIT OF, between the islands of Banca and 
 Sumatra, varies from 8 to 20 miles in breadth, 
 
 BANpE (banss) ISLAND, a small fortified island in the 
 estuary of the Sierra Loone River, Western Africa, 
 
 BANCIIOKY-DEVENICK.ban-cho're-dJv'en-ik, a maritime 
 parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and Kincardine, inter- 
 sected by the Dee, 5 miles S.W. of .^.berdeen. In this parish 
 are three fishing harbors, some large cairns, the remains of 
 a Druidie temple, and a foot suspension bridge, 305 feet in 
 length, across the Dee. 
 
 BANCHO'RY-TER'NAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kin- 
 cardine. 
 
 BAXCOO'RAH, or WEST BURD'WANV, a district of Brl- 
 tish India, presidency of Bengal, formerly nimed the .Tun- 
 gle Mehals. Area, "3000 square miles. Pop. 500,000 (?) 
 The surface is undulating; \he valleys are cultivated, bill 
 
BAN 
 
 BAN 
 
 ihc hills covered with fore^-ts nnd jungles. Bancoornh, its 
 piir.^ipal town, is f.5 Miles W. of Buidwan. 
 
 UWCOOT', or FOKT VICTOU'IA. a town and fort of 
 ■British India, 70 miles S.S.E. of Bombay, at the mouth of 
 Bancciot Uiver. It has a small harbor, and some trade in salt. 
 
 BAX'CKOFT, a new county in the X.X.W. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Minnesota, has an area of -iiW S'luare miles. 
 It is principally drained by Manketo River and its tributa- 
 ries. Several small lakes are situated in and near the X. 
 border of this county. It is not included in the census of 
 ISoO. 
 
 BANCROFT, a township in Aroostook co., Maine. Pop. 304. 
 
 BAXCKOFT, a post-othce of Hampshire co.. Massachusetts. 
 
 BAXCKOFT, a small village of Franklin co., Georgia, 110 
 miles X.W. of Augusta. 
 
 BANDA or BAXDAII, banM.i. a flourishing town of Hin- 
 dostan. in Bundeleund, capital of a rajahship tributary to 
 the British, 95 miles W. of Allahabad. 
 
 BAXDA or BAXDAII, a small town of Hindostan, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, district of Surat. 
 
 B.\XDA (bdn'dd) I.SLES, a group of twelve small but im- 
 portant islands in the Jlolucca Archipelano. belonging to 
 the Dutch, 50 miles S. of Ceram. Lat. 4° "30' S.: Ion. 129° 
 60' E. Pop. in 1S40, 4065. They are ail lofty and volcanic, 
 and the four larger are exclusively appropriated to the cul- 
 tivation of nutmegs and mace ; 400,000 poun Is of the foi^ 
 mer and 130.000 pounds of the latter are produced here an- 
 nually, and form the chief exports. The harbor, which is 
 b^'autiful, well sheltered, and easy of access, lies X. of the 
 island of Great Banda, and between it and the islands of 
 Banda Xeira and Goonong Apee, all of which approach close 
 to each other. It is defended by several forts, of which the 
 most important are those of Belgica and Xassau on Bauda 
 Xeira, and Ilollandia on Great Banda. On the former of 
 these islands is the governor's residence, and the small vil- 
 lage or town of the same name, the houses in which are 
 built chiefly of wood, and roofed with leaves, on account of 
 the fre-iuent earthquakes to which the group is subject. 
 The island of Goonong Ajiee rises 7S80 feet above the sea, 
 and is one of the most active volcanoes in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago. The proximity of this volcano subjects the Banda 
 Islands to the rav.ages of fi-eiiuent eruptions and earth- 
 quakes, some of which have been very destructive. 
 
 BAXDA ORIENTAL. See UnuGUvv. 
 
 BANDA SEA, in the Malay Archipelago, the space of sea 
 enclosed by the islands of Booro and Ceram on the X. ; Timor 
 and the Serawatty Islands on the S. : Timor Laut, Larat, and 
 other small islands on the E. : and the Flores Sea on the W. 
 
 BAN-DE-LA-ROCIIE, bd.VMleh-li-rosh'. a valley of France, 
 department of Vosges, celebrated as the scene of Oberlin's 
 labors. At the entrance to the v.iUey, in the church-yard of 
 the quiet village of Fonday, is the tomb of Oberlin, a plain 
 stone, with his n.ame engraved, and an incription, bi-aring, 
 in t^rms eijually true and touching, '• He was sixty years the 
 &ther of this district." 
 
 BANDER. See Buxder. 
 
 BANDITTI (ban-dit'tee) ISLE, Malay Archipel.ago, in the 
 Strait of Lombok, between I^ombok and Bali, 20 miles in cir- 
 cumference. Lat. 8° 50 X., Ion. 115° 30' E. 
 
 BANDOL, bS.NoMol'. a village of France, department of Var, 
 delightfully situated on the shore of the Mediterranean, 9 
 miles W.N.W. of Toulon. Pop. 1814. It exports wines, and 
 has (50 fishing-boats belonging to its port. 
 
 B.^NDON, ban'd9n. a river in the 3. of Ireland, co. of Cork, 
 rises in the Carberry mountains, near Dunmanway. flows 
 gener.iUy E. to Innishannon. and thence S.E. to the Atlan- 
 tic, forming the harbor of Kinsale. Length, 40 miles, for 15 
 of which it is naviirable for vessels of 200 tons. 
 
 BAN'DON or BAX'DONBRIDGE, a town of Ireland, 20 
 miles S.W. of Cork, on both banks of the Randon, a beauti- 
 ful stream, celebrated by Spenser as " The pleasant Bandon, 
 crowned by many a wood." There are several good streets 
 in the town, sti-aight and well kept: houses of stone from a 
 quarry in the vicinity, generally well built, lighted, and 
 amply supplied with water, Tiie principal public build- 
 ings are a court-house, market-house, and savings bank. 
 There are two good classical schools, besides two parochial 
 schools, in connection with the Church of England, two 
 national and one .Methodist school, for the instruction of 
 the lower classes. Bandon was, about 25 years ago. a flour- 
 ishing m.inufacturing town, but hardly a vestige of its for- 
 mer prosperity now remains. It is peopled by a colony of 
 English Protestants. It returns a member to the Uouse of 
 Commons. Pop. 9049. 
 
 BA.N'DiJNG', a town of the Dutch East Indies, on the W. 
 coast of Jav.a. Xear it is the volcano of GoenongGoeutoer, 
 by an eruption of which, in 1822. SO villages were destroyed. 
 
 B.\N'D0OGUiy, a town of India, in Bundeleund, 58 miles 
 S.W. of Rewah. 
 
 BANDiyRA, a town of India, on Salsette Island, 6 miles 
 N. of Bombay. 
 
 B.^NKC or B.\XXEC. bJn^Jk'. an Island of France, de- 
 partment Finistere, between Ushant and the mainland, in 
 lit. 4S° 2T 7" X., Ion. 5° 1' 42" W. 
 
 BAXE'XjA, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mississippi, on 
 161 
 
 the Yallobusha River, at the head of keel-boat navigation, 
 132 miles X. bj- E. of Jackson. It is surrounded by rich 
 plantations of cotton, and has an active trade. 
 
 BaSeRAS. bdn-yi/rds, a town of Spiiin. 27 miles N.W 
 of Alifante, with an .ancient castle. Pop. 2300. 
 
 BASeZA, La, ll-bdn-yA/thi a town of Spain. 2C miles 
 S.M'. Leon. Pop. 2270. It has celebrated weeklv fairs. 
 
 BAXFF, bamf, or BAXFFSHIRE, bamf'shjr, a maritime 
 county of Scotland, having X. Moray Frith, E. and S. of the 
 county of Aberdeen, and W. of the counties of Inverness and 
 Moray. Area variouslj- estimated at fi-om 500 to ti47 square 
 miles. Of 320,000 acres, about 120,000 are cultivated, 130.000 
 uncultivated, and TO.tKiO unprofitable. Pop. in 1851, 54,17L 
 The surface is mountainous or hill}-, except on the coa«t, 
 where it is level and pretty fertile. Cairngorm mountain, 
 4095 feet in height, is mostly in this county. Chief rivers, the 
 Spey, Avon, and Doverou. Cattle breeding is the principal 
 branch of rur.al industry; tillage farms are small, though 
 property is in few hands. The fisheries are impi)rtaut. 
 Chief towns, Banff, Cullen, and Portsoy. This county re- 
 turns one member to the House of Commons. Gordon Castle, 
 one of the seats of the Duke of Richmond, is in this county. 
 
 BAXFF, sometimes written, and always pronounced, 
 BAMFF. a royal and parliamentary borough, seaport town, 
 of Scotland, capital of the aliove co.. on the Doveron. at its 
 mouth in Morav F'rith. 38 miles X.N.'SV. of Aberdeen. Lat. 
 of pier, 57° 40' 3" X., Ion. 2° 31' 5" W. Pop. I'OOO. The '• sea 
 town" stands on an abrupt height, on the coast, the '■ inland 
 town" on the river, and the "castle" between the two. 
 Banff is well built, andhasa town-house. with a high spire, 
 jail, market-house, grammar school, several other public 
 schools, and public baths. A bridge over the Doveron 
 unites the town with JIacduff, and its harbor has a low- 
 water pier. Herrings, salmon, cattle, and grain are shipped 
 hence to London, and in 1846, 697 vesse'.s (aggregate bur- 
 den 38,120 tons) entered, and 573 (aggregate burden 31.0S0 
 tons) cleared from the port, which includes the creeks of 
 Fraserburg. Gardenstown, Macduff, Portso}', Port Gordon, 
 and Garmouth. Registered shipping (1847)114 vessels: ag- 
 gregate burden. 9396 tons. Banff unites with Elgin. Cullen, 
 Inverary, Kintore, and Peterhead to send one member to 
 the House of Commons. Archbishop Sharpe was a native 
 of Banff. 
 
 B-iNYiALL/, a post-oflice of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 BANG.\LORE, bangVa-lorty. a large and strongly fortified 
 town in Southern India. Mysore dominions, on a table-land 
 nearly SiXK) feet in elevation. 70 miles X.E.of Seringapatam. 
 It is enclo.sed by double walls, and has a citadel containing 
 the palace of Tippoo Saib. It is the head-quarters of the 
 British resident and Madras officers in Mysore. Owing to 
 its salubrity, it is a good deal frequented by Europeans, and 
 is furnished with many European shops, with assembly and 
 reading rooms, and good barracks. The temperature rarely 
 exceeds 8'2°, or sinks below 56° Fahrenheit. The air is re- 
 fii?shed by genial showers. The principal manufactures are 
 of silk and cotton fixbrics. It was taken by the British, 
 under Lord Comwallis. in 1791. Pop. 60.000. 
 
 BAXGANAPILLY, bdng-gin-a-piKlee. a sm,%U town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Jljidras. 69 miles S.S.E. of Adoni, 
 on the Sooroo. • In its environs, diamonds and precious 
 stones are found. 
 
 BANG.\SSI, b.^ng-gJs'see. a large fortified town of 'Western 
 Africa, in the Mandingo countrj-. near the Woolima Kiver. 
 
 BANGEY, or BAXG.WI. See Bo.\o.\T. 
 
 B-4.NGIL, bdn-gheel'. a town of Java, 23 miles S. of Soer* 
 baya, having good houses and a spacious market-place. 
 
 BAXGKA. See Baxca. 
 
 BAXG'KOK' or BANGKOK/, the capital city of Siam, and 
 one of the most commereial places in Asia, on the Menam, 
 about 20 miles above its mouth. Lat. 13° 68' X., Ion. 100^ 
 34' E. The population, according to Xeale, is not less than 
 400.000, two-thirds of whom are Chinese. It stretches along 
 both banks of the river, and consists of three portions, viz. 
 the palace or citadel, on an island enclosed by w.alls, and 
 comprising the residences of the .sovereign and court, with 
 many temples and gardens: the city proper; and the float- 
 ing town, composed of movable bamlx>o rafts, each bearing 
 rows of 8 or 10 houses. It has numerous Boodhic temples; 
 and in the palace is a spacious audience hall. The more 
 solid buildings are of brick : but the majority of the dwell- 
 ings are of wood, mounted on posts. Most of the inter- 
 course is carried on by water, and the Menam is navigable 
 to the city for vessels of 2-50 tons. Bang-kok has manufao- 
 tures of tin and iron wares, and leather. The exports com- 
 prise sugar, (fj-om 10,000 to 12.000 tons yearly.) black pi'pper, 
 (4tKX) to 5000 tons.) tin, cardamoms, fine woods, ivory, cot- 
 ton, rice, hides, horns, skins, and feathers. The imports 
 are tea, quicksilver, raw and m:«nufactured silks, porcel.-iin, 
 and numerous manufactured articles fmm China; camphor, 
 and edible bird's-nests from the ilalay Archipelago; and 
 European and Indian piece-goods, opium, and gl.ass wares 
 from the British and Dutch settlements in the East. The 
 value of exports in 184(; amounted to 120.0iX/.. and of im- 
 ports to liio.OOOf. The c-ountry around is flat, but c^-uUiins 
 rich mines of iron, and extensive foi-ests of t«ak. 
 
BAN 
 
 BAN 
 
 BAXQOR, bSs^'KOR/. ft villaiie of France, departuient of 
 Morliifaiin, in the island of Belle-Isle. Pop. lt;38. 
 
 UAN'(i()K, b.ing'iihfr, ("white choir.") a city, parlia- 
 mentary borough, seajiort, and parish of Xortli Wales, at the 
 head of Beaumaris Bay co., and 9 miles N.E.of Carnarvon. 
 I'op. of the parish. 95(34; of the city, 033S. It lies in a ro- 
 mantic valley, and consists chiefly of one narrow street, 
 nearly a mile in length. The cathedral, date 626, (?) is au 
 emV.attled, cruciform structure, with a low, uia-isive tower; 
 Its choir is appropriated to the cathedral service; its nave, 
 141 fet't in length, is used as the parish church : and in one 
 of the transepts, service is celelirated in the Welsh tongue. 
 Bangor has an episcopal palace and deanery, a free school, 
 founded in the reigu of Klizaiieth. almsliouses, a town-iiall, 
 assembly rooms, and excellent accommodation for visitors, 
 many of whom, since the construction of the Menai bridge, 
 and the establishment of steamers from I<iverpf>ol, have re- 
 sorted hither for sea-bathing. The bay admits ves.sels of 300 
 tons, but the trade Is small, consisting chiefly in the e.xjxirt 
 of slates. The fairs held at the Meiiai bridge, are the 
 largest cattle fiiirs in North Wales. The borough unites 
 with Carnarvon, Conway, Crickeith, Nevin, and I'wllheli 
 In sending one member to the House of Commons. In 
 the vicinity is the superb residence of O. II. D. I'ennant, 
 Ksq.. a castle built in the Saxon style, at a cost exceeding 
 100.000/. 
 
 BANGOll, a parish of North Wale.s, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 BANGOR, lian'gor, a sesiport town and parish of Ireland. 
 In Ulster, CO. of I)own, on Belfast Lough, 12 miles K.N .K. of 
 Belfast. Pop. of the town. 3110. It has various places of 
 worship, a market-house, siivings' bank, public library, Ac, 
 with ('otton factories, a trade in linens, and a fishery. The 
 town is frequented as a bathing-place. Here was once a 
 Eimous monast^jry, said to liave been destroyed by the 
 Danes in N20; and near the town is B.ingor Castle, the seat 
 of the Earl of Bangor, chief proprietor. 
 
 BA.N'OOU, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of Pe- 
 nobscot CO., Maine, on the right bank of Penobscot Itlver, 
 about 60 miles from its mouth. It is 60 miles E.N.E. of 
 Augusta, 116 AV. of l<:astport, 126 N.E. of Portland, 231 N.E. 
 of Boston, and 661 miles N.E. of Washington. I^t.44°47' 
 50" N., ion. 08° 47' W. It is situated on Jjoth sides of the 
 Kenduskeag lilver, which here enters the Penobscot. Tliis 
 str(^am, about 190 yards wide, is crossed iiy several bridges, 
 uniting the two parts of the city. A fall in the Kendn.s- 
 keag. alx)ut lialf a mile from its mouth, affords extensive 
 water-i)ower. A short distance atwve the city, a i)ridge 1320 
 feet long extends across the Penoljscot. connecting Ban- 
 gor wit li Brewer. Tiie harbor, which is at and lieiow the 
 bridge across the Penobscot, is nearly 600 yards wide, and at 
 high tide (the tide rises here 17 feet) is of sufficient depth 
 for vessels of the largest size. Bangor is one of the greatest 
 lumber depots in the world. The great extent of country 
 drained by the Penobscot and its tributaries is heavily tim- 
 bered with pine, spruce, hemlock, and cedar, the cutting 
 and hauling of which to the numerous saw mills th-it 
 everywhere line the Ijanks of the rivers, afford one of the 
 chief occupations of the inhabitants. The va.st amount of 
 lumber which these mills yearly produce is all brought to 
 Bangor for exportation, this port bi-ing at the head of n;ivi- 
 gation on the Penobscot. Nearly 2ii00 ves.sels are annually 
 employed in this trade during the season of navigation, 
 which usually continues 8 or 9 months in the year. Bangor 
 is also extensively engaged in foreign commerce, in the 
 coast trade, and in ship-building. The city has a ple.a.sant 
 location, commanding a fine view of the river and surround- 
 ing country. The buildings are generally neat and well 
 constructed, while some exhibit a style of superior elegance. 
 A new custom-house is now in course of erection, the cost 
 of which, when completed, it is estimated will exceed 
 $100,000; it is situated in the bed of the Kenduskeag 
 Kiver, between two Viridges. from either of which it is en- 
 tered. The Bangor House is a hotel of the first class, and 
 probably inferior to none in the stite. The city contains 
 12 or 13 banks, and 11 churches, 4 of which cost about 
 $25,000 each. The Bangor Theological Seminary is situated 
 in the more elevated portion of the town, commanding a 
 fine view of the Penobscot River. It was organized in 1816. 
 being first established at Hampden. 6 miles S. of Bangor. 
 Two daily and four weekly newspapers are published here. 
 The schools of Bungor are grailfd, comprising primary, 
 grammar, and high schools, and are in a most prosperous 
 condition. In the high schools, both for the boys and 
 the girls, the course of study comprises all the branches 
 usually pursued preparatory to entering college. Among 
 the manufacturing establishments may be mentioned 4 
 \arge foundries, with machine shops. 4 extensive ste.am fur- 
 niture manufactories, and several steam sawing and plan- 
 Uig mills. Steamboats make regular trips from Bangor to 
 Boston, Portland, and pLices along the river al>out two- 
 thirds of the year. The Penobscot and Kennebec Kaili-oad 
 connects it with Waterville. and another railroad is pro- 
 jected to Lincoln, alx)ut 50 miles up the Penobscot valley. 
 Bangor also has railroad communication with Old Town. 12 
 lailes listant. The lumber surveyed at this port In 1852, 
 
 amounted to 199,389,422 feet. The aggregate burden o ino 
 shiiiping owned, June 30, 1863, amounted to 22.181 ona 
 registered, and 22,0^7 tons enrolled and licensed: . Kil, 
 44,2(i9 tons. During the year ending June, 1863, 7 siii))s 
 and bar<iH(!S and 3 brigs were built hero. The aggregate 
 tonnage of these Wiis 5249 tons. Population in 1820, 1221 ; 
 in 1830, 2868; in 1840, 8627; in 1850, 14,432: and iu IfeOO 
 16,407. • 
 
 BANGOR, a post-township of Franklin co.. New Vork, 
 about 100 milw N. l)y W. of Albany, is intersected by the 
 Northern Railroad. Poj). 2;)-'o. 
 
 B.\NGOU, a township in Elkhart county, Indiana. Pop 
 587. 
 
 BAN'GOR MONACIICRUM, a parish of North Wales, cos. 
 of Flint and Denbigh, on the Dee, 7 miles N. of Ellesmew. 
 This is the supposed seat of one of the largest monasteries 
 hi Britain, which, .according to Ijimtiard. w.is Inlial ited. in 
 the sixth century, by 2100 monks, 1200 of whom were nias!- 
 sacred early in the seventh century by the Norlhunibrian 
 Saxons. Gildas. tlie earliest British historLin, is s:iid to 
 have been a monk of this community. 
 
 BANG-PA-KUNG. bingp^-kting'. a river of Slam, having 
 its sources in the mountains which separate Siam from 
 Cambodia, flows into the Gulf of Siam. Length, abimt 200 
 miles. 
 
 BANG-PA-.SO, bing-pi-sO. a town of Siam, capital of a dis- 
 trict fertile in rice and sugar, near the mouth of the liang- 
 pa-kung, lat. 13° 30' N.. Ion. 101oi;VE., 47 miles E.S.K. of 
 Bangkok. It is a considerable town, containing several 
 thousand inhabitants, and surrounded by a wooden 
 stockade. 
 
 BANGUEY, bSng-gA', an Island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 off the N. extremity of Borneo. Lat. 7° 9' N.,' Ion. 117° 6' E. 
 Turtle are plentiful on this island. 
 
 BAN'IIAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 B.4NII0. bjn'yo. a town of Portugal, province of Belra, 
 13 miles N.E. of Vi.seu. Pop. 2( 0). 
 
 BANIAK (ba-ne-ik') ISLANIhN a group in the Indi.in 
 Ocean, off the W. coast of Sumatra, in l.at. 2° 20' N.. Ion. 90° 
 40' E. A conical-shaped hill, on Poolo Bauiak Island, Is a 
 conspicuous sea-mark. 
 
 BANIALUKA, bd'no-il-loo'kJ. a fortified town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, province of Bosnia, capital of a sanjak, on the 
 Verbas, 94 miles S.W. of Bosna-S<'rai. It is said to have a 
 citadel. 40 mosques, several colleges, public baths and ba- 
 zaars, and a manufactory of gunpowder; but It is rarely 
 visited bv travellers. Pop. 7800. 
 
 BANIAS. See Paneas. 
 
 BANIAS. bd/ne-iis, a village of Syria, 62 miles N.N.E. of 
 Tripoli, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 BANnSTER. a river in the S. part of Virginia, rises in 
 Pittsylvania county, and flowing in a south-easterly course, 
 enters the Dan River in Halifax county, about 10 miles be- 
 low the village of Banister. It Is navigable by batte;ius 
 from Its moulh to Meadsville. 
 
 BANI.STER. orllALIKAX COURT-HOUSE. a flourishing 
 post-village. cai)ital of Halifiix county, Virginia, on Banis- 
 ter River, 10 miles almve its entrance into the Dan River, 
 and on the Richmond and Danville Railroad. 120 miles S.W. 
 of Kiclimond. The situation is elevated and pleasant. Rjw 
 nister h<as a very active mercantile Inisiness. in which .1 
 capital of j!200,o6o is invested. It is the terminus of three 
 lines of stages. The Banister River is navigable for bat- 
 tenus from its mouth to Meadsville. about 10 miles above 
 the court-house. A rich mine of plumbago lias recently 
 been opened 6 miles from tliis place. Pop. In 1860, about 
 1600. 
 
 BANJALUKA. See BvNaAi.CKA. 
 
 BANJERMASSIN or BAN JARMASSIN, bJn-yer-mls-sin/ 
 orbdn-ygr-mis-sing', (7J;?)jer, water, mafstin. salt,) an exten- 
 sive country of Borneo, occupying tlie S.E. part of the island, 
 iwunded W. by the river Banjer, and E. by the Strait of 
 Macassar. It is intersected from N. to S. by a range of moun- 
 tains, some of which are upwards of 3000 feet in elevation, 
 and watered on the W. by the Banjer, and its tributary the 
 Nagara, and E. by several large streams. Pop. in 1846, esti- 
 mated at 120,000, nearly all Moh.immediins. It is governed 
 by a sultan, whose power Is absolute, except in so far as 
 limited by treaties with the Netherlands government. All 
 the diamonds above 5 carats, found in the mines of Banjor- 
 massin. are considered the property of the sultan : liut the 
 Netherlands government receives a tribute equal to one- 
 tenth of the vjilue. The inhaliitants of Banjormassin are 
 celebrated for the m.anufacture of all kinls of arms, guns, 
 pistols, swords, itc, whicli are finished in the most elalxirate 
 style. The chief seat of this manufacture is Nagara. a dis- 
 trict of 10.000 inhabitants, extending on lioth sides of the 
 river of the same name. N.E. of the Dutch fort of MaraVi.a- 
 han. The iron of Doussen (so called from the river of the 
 same name) is employed in the manufacture, and serves in 
 pLace of money with tlie aborigines: the gold, copper, and 
 silver, used in decoration, is imported. The sultan imposes 
 a tax of 10 per cent, on all the arms exported. Excellent 
 coal was discovered in this territory in 1846. and is exten- 
 sively worked by the Netherlands government. 
 
 166 
 
BAN 
 
 BAN 
 
 BAX'JEIMASSIN, in Borneo, the fortified capital of the 
 Dut'ii res; leiice, is situated on the left bank of the river 
 Baiiior, alv-)iit 15 miles from its mouth, in the Java Sea, hit. 
 S° ZV S., Ion. ^14° 37' E. As the mouth of the river is ot>- 
 gti-ucteil by a bar, large vessels anchor at Tabeniow, a port 
 on the coast, alx)ut 50 miles S. of the town. Banjermassin 
 has an extensive trade with China : its chief exports consist of 
 pepper and other spices, gold-dust, diamonds, wax. camphor, 
 rattans, edible bird's-uests, and small arms. The imports 
 are piece goods, opium, cutlery, and gunpowder. The Dutch 
 have had a factory here since 174S. and the territory was 
 ceded to them in 1787 : a German mission to the Dyaks was 
 established here in 1S37. 
 
 B.iXJOEMAS, bdn^oo^mJss', a town of the Dutch East 
 Indies, near the S. coast of the island of Java ; lat 7° 33' X., 
 Ion. 109° 20 E. It is the residence of the governor, and 
 contains a fort and garrison. Pop, 9000. 
 
 BA.N"JOE\V.A.XGI. See B.\XTUW.tNGY. 
 
 BAXKA. See Basca. 
 
 BAXKALAX, bdn^kd^ian', a town of the Dutch East In- 
 dies, on the W. coast of the island of Madui-a, 15 miles X. 
 of Soerabaya, in Java. It is the capital of a small state of 
 the same name, and seat of a Dutch vice-residency. 
 
 B.\XKEL, blu^kJl', an island in the Malay Archipelago, 
 at the entrance into the Bav of Tolo, on the E. coast of 
 Celebes : lat. 2° 20' S., Ion. 122° oC E. 
 
 B.iXKS' ISL.\XD, of British Xorth America, is in the 
 Pacific, in lat. 53° 20' X., Ion. 130° W. 
 
 BAXKS' ISL.AXDS, a group of 17 islands in the Pacific 
 Ocean, in lat. 14° S., Ion. 169° W., and named in honorof Sir 
 Jo.seph Banks. 
 
 BAXKS' ISL.AXDS, a group in South Australia, in Spen- 
 cer's Gulf lat. 34° 30' S., Ion. 136° 20' E., 
 
 BAXKS' LAXD, British Xorth America, in the Arctic 
 Ocean, lat. 74^ N., Ion. 116° W., 70 miles S.W. of Melville 
 Island. 
 
 BAXKS' PEXIXSULA, in Xew Zealand, on New Munster 
 or Middle Island, near the centre of its E. coast; lat. 43° 
 40' S., Ion. 173° W. Length, about 50 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 25 miles, forming a high table-land. 
 
 B.iXKS' STU.AIT, between Van Diemen's Land andFour- 
 neaux Islabds. Breadth, 15 miles. 
 
 BAXK.S' TUAVX, in Xew South Wales, co. of Cumberland, 
 "W. of Svdney. 
 
 BAXSlO. See Bh.amo. 
 
 BAXXA, bjn'ni. a river of Southern Guinea, having its 
 sources in a mountainous region, aljout 80 miles from the 
 coast, falls into the sea in about lat. 3° 30' S. 
 
 BAStOS. hin'yoce, (i. e. '■ baths,") forms the name, or part 
 of the name, of numerous towns and villages in Spain, of 
 which the following are the most important : 
 
 B.\^OS. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 miles N. by E. 
 of Jat^n. Pop. 1770. 
 
 BA!^OS, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, 30 miles W. 
 of Pal -noia. Pop. ICvjti. 
 
 BASOS DE CERRATO. hin'yoce dA thJR-r,5'to. or BANOS 
 DE RIO PISDERGA, biu'yoce dA ree'o pe-sw^R'gd, a town 
 of Spain, in Leon, 6 miles S. of Palencia. Pop. 272. 
 
 BAXOS DE EBRO. bdn'yoce dA a/hro. a town of Spain, in 
 Old Castile. 15 miles W. by X. of Logroflo. Pop. 331. 
 
 B.\X K LICK, a post-office of Kempton co., Kentucky. 
 
 BAXKS. a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles 
 X.\V. of Mauch Chunk. It contains the Beaver Meadow 
 'X>al-mines. Pop. 2502. 
 
 B.\XK.STOX. a post-office of Monroe eo., Georgia. 
 
 B.^NKSTOX, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 BAXKS^VILLE. a post-village of Fairfield CO., Connecti- 
 cut. 6 ) miles S.W. of Hartford. 
 
 B.\NK'TOX. a post-village of Saline co., Illinois, about 10 
 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 B.\.X^KYBAZAR', a small town of British India, province 
 of Bengal, on the Iloogly, 13 miles X. of Calcutta. 
 
 BAXX, LOW ER, a river of the X. of Ireland, issues 
 from Lough Beg, Hows X.X.W. between the counties of Lon- 
 donderi-)' and .Antrim, and enters the ocean 4 miles S.W. of 
 Portrush. aft«r a course of 40 miles. Though impeded by 
 sand-banks, it is navigable for vessels of 200 tons from the 
 sea to Coleraine. Its salmon and eel fisheries are important. 
 Bann is also the name of a small affluent of the Slanej', in 
 the countv of Wexford. 
 
 BAX'XACKS, (incorrectly written BOOXACKS,) a tribe 
 of Indians in the S.E. part of Oregon. 
 
 B.ANX.A.LEC, bAn'-ni*-lek', a town of France, department 
 of Finistdre, 8 miles X.W. of Quimperle. It is not«d for its 
 wrestling-matches, which attract multitudes of spectators. 
 During the wars of the League a bloody battle was fought 
 xmder the walls of the town. Pop. of commune in 1851,4174. 
 
 B.AX X E. binn. a vilLige of France, department of .ArdAche, 
 wrondissement of I..arjenti&re. Pop. of commune. 1755. 
 
 B.AN'XER, a post-office of Lafavette co.. Mississippi. 
 
 B.AX'XERMAX, a post-office of Xew Hanover co., Xorth 
 Carolina. 
 
 BAX'XIXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 BAX'XOCKBURX, a town of Scotland, county, and 2i 
 miles S. of Sterling, ou the Bannock, a;n affluent of the 
 
 lue 
 
 Forth, femous for the great victory gained here, 24th Jnuo, 
 1314, by the Scots under Bruce, over the English, com- 
 manded by Edward II. and his generals. The latter are 
 stated to have lost 50,000 men, and the Scots only 4000. 
 Xear it, at &iucJn'e Burn, in 14S8. James III. of Scotland 
 was defeated by his son. Bannockburn. with a population, 
 in 1851, of 2627. is now noted for peaceful industry, having 
 manufactures of tartan shawls, carpets, and hearth-rugs for 
 the English markets, with some tweeds and leather: and all 
 the tartan worn by the Highland regiments in the British 
 army has. for the last half-centui-y, been made here. 
 
 B.\X'XOW. a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 B.AXX, UPPER, a river of the X, of Ireland, rises in the 
 Mourne Mountains, flows through the counties of Down 
 and Armagh, in a X.AV. direction, and joins Lough Xeagh 
 on its S. side. It communicates with the Xewry Canal, and 
 is navigable for vessels of 60 tons to Portadown. 
 
 BANOL.AS. bAn-yo/l3s, a town of Spain. 7 miles X'. of Ge- 
 rona, with minerai springs and baths, and manufactures of 
 cotton febrics, oil. and paper. Pop. 4C-00. 
 
 BAXROD, bdx«^i-oo', a village of France, department of 
 Orne. Pop. of commune. 1054. 
 
 BAXSTKAD, bdn'stead! a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BAXSWARA, ban-swA'ra. or BAXSWAKAH, a town of 
 Hindostan. capital of a small state in the province of G uzerat, 
 tributary to the British. 110 miles X.E. of Baroda. It is 
 handsome, and has a lai-ge fortress, and several temples. 
 
 BAXTALLAX, bAnH3l-lin'. an island in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, one of the smallest of the Philippines. Lat. 11° X.; 
 Ion. 123° 20' E. 
 
 BAXTAM, bln^tlm'. a residency, and former kingdom of 
 the Dutch East Indies, forming the W. extremity of tha 
 Island of Java. Lat. of tort, 6° 1' 39" S.. Ion. lOtP 1(V 41" E. 
 Pop. in 1838, 362.242. It is divided into 3 regencies, Ce- 
 ram, (or Serang.) I.«bak, Tjiringin. The chief products 
 are rice, pepper, coffee, sugar, cotton, and indigo. Capital. 
 Serang. 
 
 B.A.XT.AM, an old and celebrated town of Java, capit.al of 
 the former kingdom, and present province of same name. 
 It is beautifully situ.ited on a bay and river of same name, 
 and backed bv loftv picturesque mountains. Lat. 6° 1'42" 
 S.; Ion. 106° iO' 42'' E. The river of Bantam divides into 
 three arms, the centre one of which, not ver^' deep. p.isses 
 through the town, the other two bounding it right and left. 
 The Sultan's palace, and the Dutch forts. (Spehvijk and Dia- 
 mant.) are in ruins: and the only building of note is the 
 mosque or temple, surrounded by a lofty wall, and adorned 
 with a small tower or minaret. Bantam is one of the oldest 
 and most famous towns in the East. and. at one time, was 
 the principal mart of the Dutch ; but its trade has now been 
 transferred to other channels. 
 
 B-AXTAM. a post-office of Clermont co.. Ohio. 
 
 BAXTAM FALLS, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 B.AXTJAR. bant'ydn', a town of the Dutch East Indies, 
 on the X. coa.st of the Island of Java, residency of Rembang 
 It has a fine port, with extensive ship-building docks. 
 
 BAXTRY, biin'try. a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Cork, 
 near the head of Bautrv Rav. 44 miles W.S.W. of Cork. 
 Lat. 51°41'X.;- Ion. 9° 27' W. Pop. 4082. It has little 
 trade, and no manufactures. Close to it is Seticourt, the 
 seat of the Earl of Bantrv. 
 
 BAXTRY BAY. a large bay in S. of Ireland, Munster, co. 
 of Cork, and one of the finest, harlxjrs in Europe, e.xtending 
 for 25 miles inland. Within it are Bear and Whiddy's Is- 
 lands, between which and the mainland the water is from 
 20 to 40 feet deep, .and the anchorase is everywhere cood. 
 
 BAXTZEXHEIM. bant/sen-hime\ (Fr. pron.. bint'seh- 
 nJm'.) a village of France, department of Haut'llhin, arron- 
 dissement of .Altkirch. Pop of commune, 1133. 
 
 BAXWELL. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. A fine 
 park here belongs to the Bishops of Bath and Wells, who 
 have held the manor since the time of Edward the Confes.sor. 
 Banwell has a station ou the Gi-eat Western Railway, 3 miles 
 X.E. of Weston-super-Mare. 
 
 3AX YA. FELSO. (Felsij.) f M\sho' b|n' yoh\ (i. c. " the upper 
 mines,") a town of Hungary, 4 miles E, of Xagy-Banya, Pop. 
 4536. It has a tribunal of mine.*, and mines of gold, silver, 
 copper, lead, and iron, with foundries, forges, and potteries 
 
 BAXYAR-MASSIX. See Banjarm.assin. 
 
 BAXYA. X.\GT. See X.\gy B.asta. 
 
 BAXY'ULIS DES ASPRES, bdn-yUlee'-clAze-ap'r, a com- 
 mune of France, department Pyrenees-Orientales. Pop, 
 472. Celebrated for the defence which its inhabitants made 
 in 1793. when attacked by 7000 Spaniards, who were com- 
 pelled to surrender. 
 
 BAXYULIS-.SUR-MER, bJnVvtriee'-sUR-maiR. (i.e.'Tinn- 
 yulis on the Sea,") a town of France, department of Pyre- 
 nees-Orientales, with .a fi.shiug port in the Mediterranean. 
 Pop. of commune. 1357. Xear it are four ancient towers, 
 one of which (the Ban de Caroch) marks the limit between 
 France and Spain. The district produces the celebrated 
 wines of Grenache and Hancio. 
 
 BAXYlW.AXGY'orBANJOEWAXGLbin-yoo-wang'-ghee, 
 a seaport town and military post on the E. coast sf tb4 !» 
 
BAN 
 
 land of Jara, teJotiBlng to Ilolliind. in lat. 8° 15'S., Ion. 114° 
 28' K., with a port for ships of 1000 tons, and an exttmsive 
 trade. 
 
 B.VNZ, bints, a village of Bavaria, 3 miles P.W. of Lich- 
 lenfcls, on the Main, with a palac^j of Duke William of Ba- 
 varia. 
 
 BAX-ZARDAII. binVaR/dah, or KAI.AIIT-YEZDIJTRD, 
 kd^-ld'hce'-yezMo-jerd', a strong mountain fortres.s of Per- 
 sia, pr.i^ince of Irak- A.iomee,in Mount Zaj;ros, immediately 
 E. of Z<.hab. and identical with the stronghold of llolwan, 
 to whi"h the last Sasanian king, Yezdljird, retired after the 
 capture, of Ctesiphon by the Arabs, in the seventh century. 
 BAftrj, bi^ol', a state of Western Africa, Penegambia, hav- 
 ing the state of !<in on the S., of Cayor on the N., the Jaloof 
 territory nn the K.,and the Atlantic on the ^Y. 
 
 h.KOSKK. bi-o'nee. a rajahship of Ilindostan, in Bundel- 
 cund. tributary to the Bnti.sh. 
 
 BA I'AUM K, ba*i)Cm'. O,. HajxiVmn,) a fortified town of 
 France, department of Pas<le-Calais, 14 miles S.S.E. of Ar- 
 ras. Pop. 2973. It has a communal college, and a hand- 
 some fountain supplied by an Artesian well; it is the seat 
 of extensive manufactures of lace, woollens, cottons, and 
 fine thread. 
 
 B.VP.VUJIE, a village of Franco, department of Peine- 
 Inferieure, 2 miles N.W. of liouen, with manu£ictures of 
 linens. 
 
 BAP'CmW*. a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile S.E. 
 of Sittingliourne. 
 
 BAPTIST MIS/SIOX, a post-ofHce of Cherokee Nation, Ai^ 
 kan.sas. 
 
 BAl'TISTTOW\\a post-village of Ringwood township. 
 In the yV. part of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey, 8 miles, in a 
 Straight line, W, bv N. from Flemington. 
 
 BAP'TJST VAl/LEY, a post^fflce of Tazewell co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BAR, bar, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 22 miles N.E. of Bahar, on the right bank of the (iang.«. 
 Including Masargung, it is estimated to comprise 5000 
 houses, and is a place of considerable trade. 
 
 B.\R. baR, a river of Franco, department of Ardennes. 
 It rises mar Buzancy, and falls into the Meuse below 
 Donchery, forming part of the Canal of Ardennes. 
 
 B.\R, a village of France, department of Corrdze, 4^ miles 
 N. of Tulle, on the Corrfeze. Pop. of commune. 12J8. 
 
 BAR, baR. a town of Russia, Podolia. 50 miles N.K. of Ka- 
 mieniec, defended by a citadel, built on a nn-k. Pop. 3000. 
 In ITfiS the Poles here formed a confederacy against Russia. 
 B.\R. a township in Daviess co., Indiana. Pop.'SQ'i. 
 BAi;.\, hi'vk, a river of .\fghanistan, which joins the Ca- 
 bool river 8 miles N.N.E. of Peshawer, after a N.E. course of 
 60 miles. 
 
 BA It ABA, hii■TiM'.{V^.vis9..BaraUml■a.ia, ba-rJ-bln-skJ/-ya,) 
 a vast steppe of Siberia, extending between the Obi and the 
 Irtish, covered with numerous s.alt lakes and marshes. It 
 was colonized l)y Russia in 1767, and since then a consider- 
 able portion of it has been cultivated. 
 BARABOO. See BARRAnoo. 
 
 B.A.I{AOO.\., bj-ri-ko'd, a se.aport town of the Spanish 
 West Indies, on the N.E. coast of the Island of Cuba. I,at. 
 of principal fort. 20° 21' 36" N.; Ion. 74° 29' .'il" W. Pop. 
 about 21)00. In its vicinity is a remarkable table-mountain, 
 termed the A ii vil nf Biracoa. In 1841, its exports amounted 
 in value to $S6,918. comprising tobacco to the amount of 
 $70,811: and its imports in 1841 to J81,S32. Total value of 
 exports in 1842, §85,233: in which year 21 vessels, aggregate 
 burden 2224 tons, cleared from the port. 
 
 BAKAIIAT, bdVi-hit/ a town of North Ilindostan, capif.-il 
 of the Briti.sh district of Gurhwal, on the Bhairirathi. 50 miles 
 N,W, of Serinagur, It is a station of the Hindoo pilgrims 
 on the route to Ganeootri. 
 
 BAI'.AITCIIE, ba-r.aitch', a town of Ilindostan, Oude, 
 capital of district, on an afflueut of the Goggra, 62 miles 
 N,E. of Lucknow, It is a place of great antiquity, and is 
 described by Aub Fazel, in 1582. as a large city. 
 
 B.\!!AK, bd*-rdk'. the principalriverofCachar,(in Farther 
 India.) the S. (ftvision of which territory it traverses with a 
 very tortuous course. After a S,W. course through Sylhet, 
 It joins the Brahmapootra, 43 miles N,E, of Dacca, Total 
 length about ;J50 miles: width variable, but in some places 
 In Cachar it is 200 yards across, and it has during the rains 
 a deplh of 30 or 40 feet. Principal affluent the Soormah, 
 
 BARANCA. NUEVA, nw.Vvi bj-rdn^kl, a town in New 
 Granada, at the junction of the Mahates with the Rio Mag- 
 dalena, 45 miles S,E. of Cartagena, It is a thriving pl.ice, 
 and the point of embarkation of gootls and travellers from 
 Cartapjna, going up to Magdaleua, and of debarkation for 
 those coming down that river 
 
 BAIiANELLO, bi-rS-n^llo, a town of Naples, province of 
 Molise, capital of a district, 5 miles S,W. of Campobasso, 
 Pop, 2500, 
 
 BARANOW. bi'-rj-nov', a town of Austri.an Galicia, Lem- 
 
 berg, 42 miles N.N.E, of Tarnow. on the Vistula. Pop, 1000. 
 
 The Poles were defeated here by Charles Gustavus, iu 1656, 
 
 BARANOW. a town of Poland, N.W, of Lublin, on the 
 
 Wieprz. Pop, 1300. 
 
 BAR 
 
 I B.\RA\OW, a village of Prussian Poland, S,E, of Kem- 
 pen. Pop, 845, 
 
 BARANQUILLA. bd-ran-keei'ya, a town of S, America, 
 New Granada, 68 miles N,E. of Cartagena, with a port on the 
 left bank of the Magdalena, at its mouth, 
 
 BARANTCIIINSK, bd-ran-chinsk' or ba-rdn-cheensk'. a 
 villaire of Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, 58 mlle« 
 S.S.W. of Vcrkhotoorie, with some o.xtensive government 
 iron and steel works. 
 
 B.\R.\NY.\, bd-rdn'-ya, one of the most populous counties 
 of Hungary, on the Danube. Capital, FUiifkirchen. .\rea, 
 19.30 square miles. Pop. 233,8.50. It is partly mountainous, 
 and partly marshy, but very fertile. Chief products, wheat, 
 tobacco, wine, and frviit. 
 
 BARANVA VAR. bOh-rdn'-yflh-vdR, a village of Hungary, 
 in the above county ; has some traces of the ancient forti- 
 fication of the same name, 
 
 BARATARIA (bar-ra-ta)i're-a) BAY, situ.ated in the S,E. 
 part of Louisiana, extends northward from the Gulf of 
 .Mexico, between the parishes of .U-llerson and Plaqueuiine. 
 It is about 15 miles long, and 6 miles wide, 
 
 BARAU, bd'rCw, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles S,S,W. of 
 Pisek, Pop. 1315. 
 
 BAKBACENA, bdRba-s.Vnd, a village of Portuial, pro- 
 vince of Alemtejo. 13 miles N.W. of Elvas. Pop. 80lj. 
 
 BARBACENA. baR-bd-s,V-nd, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Geraes, in the Sierra Mantiqueira, 125 miles N.N.W. 
 of Rio Janeiro, and 3500 fwt above the sea. The indus- 
 try is chiefly directed to extracting gold, and exporting large 
 quantities of cotton and coffee to Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 BARBACOAS, bdR-bJ-ko'ds. a seaport town of South 
 America. NewOranada, department of Cauca, on the Pacific, 
 150 miles N.N.E. of Quito. 
 
 BAKB.ICOAS, a town of Venezuela, 68 miles S.S.W.of Ca- 
 racas. 
 
 BARBADOS or BARBADOES. bar-b.Vdoz. themost eastern 
 of the Caribbee Islands, situated aliout 78 miles E. from St. 
 Vincent, and oqailly distant S.S.E. from St. Lucia. Its 
 capital, Bridgetown, situated at the S.W. corner of the 
 island, is in lat. 13° 4' 12" N.: Ion, 59° 37' W. Barbados is 
 21 miles in length, 13 in breadth, and .55 in circumference, 
 excluding the sinuosities of the bays, and contains aliout 
 106.s<iuare miles. It is nearly encircled by coral reefs, which 
 in some places extend 3 miles to seaward, and render the 
 navigation dangerous. The surface is much diversified, 
 and often pictun^sque, presenting, on a small scale, a suc- 
 cession of valleys, hilKs, table-lands, cliffs, gorges, and ra- 
 vines, some of the latter oxhit)iting perpendicular walls of 
 150 feet. The lowlands are of limited extent, and are con- 
 fined to the N.. S„ and S.E. parts of the island, Altout a 
 seventh part of Barl)ados consists of tertiary sandstones ana 
 limestones, rising to considerable heights; the remainder Ig 
 covered by raised coral reefs, divided by vertical walls of co- 
 ral rocks, some of them nearly 200 feet high, into 6 terraces, 
 indicating as many periods of upheaval. Witli the excep- 
 tion of themost minute forms of organic life, marine bivalve 
 and univalve shells, no fossil remains of any kind have been 
 hitherto discovered in the ro<-ks which compose the island. 
 It is not supposed tl^at Barbados possesses any of the pre- 
 cious metals. Bituminous coal is found in many plaivs, 
 and is used as fuel in furnaces. Petroleum, potter's clay, 
 and oclires. yellow and brown, also abound. There are also 
 .several mineral springs on the island, but no streams do- 
 .serving the name of rivers; altliough some are .so called, 
 they are mere streamlets, excepting during the trf>pical tor- 
 rents, when they become impassable. The productive soil 
 of Barbados is of a reddish-brown hue on the hitrher table- 
 land: in the lowlands it is black, and somewhat reddish in 
 the parts where it is shallow. This black mould is thel)est 
 suitwl to the sugar-c.ane. It is considered one of the healthi- 
 est islands in the West Indian Archipelago. 1'he heaviest 
 rains fall in November and December. Barbados is subject 
 to hurricanes and thunderstorms of the most violent cha- 
 racter. There are now no woods or forests in the island, 
 these having Ijeen all cut down to make way for agricul- 
 tural operations. Barb.ados possesses an unusual portion 
 of cultivable soil. Out of an area of 106.470 acres which it 
 contains, no fewer than lOO.OiiO are under cultivation, 
 40,000 of which are annually planted with sugar-canes; the 
 remainder being either appropriated to provisions or used 
 as pasture. The staple articles produced in the island forex- 
 port, are sugar, arrow-root, aloes, and cotton. The quantity 
 of sugar produced in the island at different periods has been 
 as follows:— in 1842.21.545 hogsheads, value. 671.515/.; in 
 1847, 32,257 hogsheads, value, <i53,980;.; and in 1852. 48.785 
 hogsheads, value, 739,884/., being nearly double the produce 
 of 1842. ^ 
 
 Tradf. and Nnvigation .—Tho imports, in 1852, amounted 
 to 767,974/.; the exports. 951.723/.; outward shipping, 
 105.570 tons; inward. 108,377 tons. The trade with Great 
 Britain has always been, and continues to be, the most 
 important. surpa.ssing in amount the whole commerce 
 of Barbados with all other parts of the world. The number 
 of vessels belonging to the colony in 1843 w.as 41— tonnage, 
 1778; of these, 12 were above 50 tons. The revenue of the 
 
 167 
 
BAR 
 
 island, chiefly derived from the exports and imports, from 
 duty on brandy and pin, and from surplus tonnage and 
 crown duties, aniounted. in 1852. to 54,09^.. and the expen- 
 diture to 64.978/.. of which 11.381?. was for the civil govern- 
 ment, and 15.368/. for the police. The local government of 
 Barbados consists of a governoi^in-chief. assisted by a coun- 
 cil. The governor is Invested with the chief civil and mili- 
 tary authority. The council is composed of 12 members, 
 who are appointed by mandamus of the sovereign. The 
 house of assembly is composed of 24 delegates, elected annu- 
 ally, two for each parish, and two for the city of Bridgetown, 
 by the body of the people. The governor may, at any time, 
 of his own authority, adjnurn. prort^ue. or dissolve the 
 assembly. In 1M(3. the militia of the island amounted to 
 1733 men. including officers. Ac. The church accommoda- 
 tions compri.aed, in 1852, 25,264 seats, for a population of 
 135.939. The schools for the education of the poor, in 1852. 
 were attended by 7077 pupils. There are also Sunday-schools 
 attached to nearly all the churches and chapels. Atthe head 
 of the educational establi.shments of the i.'lnnd stands Cod- 
 rington College, founded by Colonel Codrington. a native of 
 Barbados. It is beautifully situated, and has a disposable 
 annual revenue of 3610/. The benevolent and charitable in- 
 stitutions are numerous, and on a scale highly creditable to 
 the Christian feeling of the inhabitants. There are several 
 literary and agricultural societies, and five weekly news- 
 papers, one of which. The Barhadocs Mercury, has existed for 
 upwards of 114 years. 
 
 The early history of the island is involved in uncertainty, 
 and the events of the settlement variously related. It would 
 8eem. however, to have been known to geographers in the 
 early part of the sixteenth century, as appears from a 
 manuscript chart of the world, preserved in the British 
 Museum, and believed to iiave been executed previous to 
 the year 1.536. where it is shown in correct relative position 
 to the other Caribtiee Islands, under the name of Bernados. 
 Xo settlement, however, was made in Barbados till 1625, 
 when Sir William Courteen, a merchant of London, esta- 
 blished a colony here, although it had been visited 20 years 
 i)efore by an English vessel, called the Olive Blossom, the 
 first ship from that country, it is supposed, that had ever 
 touched its shores. It h.is remained in the pos.session of 
 the British ever since the founding of the settlement. 
 
 The population of Barbados is 8,iid to be, with the excep- 
 tion of Malta, the most dense of any spot of land in the 
 world, and is believed to be fiist increasing. At present it 
 is about 122,198. which gives 734-8 Individ u;ils to each sijuare 
 mile : lieing nearly three times that of England, Wales, 
 
 and Ireland, and nearly eight times that of Scotland. 
 
 InhaJ). Barb.vdian, Iwir-tiA/de-an, 
 
 BAItB.VDOS, baR-bi'doce, an auriferous river of Brazil, 
 province of >Iatto-G rosso; £ills into the Paraguay after a 
 S.E. course of 120 miles. 
 B A R B A X A. See Boj.^xa. 
 
 BARB.\XT A. bdR-bd-nee'd. a town of Piedmont on the tor- 
 rent F.-uidaglLa. 17 miles X. of Turin. Pop. I'CO. 
 BAR/DARASVILLE, a postoffice of Hardy co.. Virginia. 
 BARB.\REEX. bir-bd-reen'. a small town and se.-jport of 
 Ceylon, on the W. coast, 3^ miles S. of Cultura; lat. 6° 28' 
 X.. ion. 80° 3' E. It has mivnufactures'of cordage and iron, 
 and is a port of entry and export 
 
 B.\RB.\KY. bart)er-e, (anc. Maurita'nia, Xumidfia, Afri- 
 ca Propria, and Ci/renuHca.) an extensive region, compris- 
 ing all the northern portion of Africa, from Egypt to the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and from the Mediterranean to the Greater 
 Atlas, and extending between lat. 25° and 37° X.. and Ion. 
 10= W. and 25° E. It is divided by the Atlas Mountains 
 into two regions, that on the X. comprising the four Bai^ 
 bary Stat-es. viz. the Empire of Morocco, the province of Alge- 
 ria, and the beylics of Tunis and Tripoli, and the S. restion 
 called the BeltHi-eKTereed. or country of dates. Barbary and 
 Egypt formed neariy all of Africa known to the ancients. It 
 was peopled chieHy by Moors, Xumidians. and Phoenician 
 colonists; it attained great celebrity under the dominion 
 of the Carthaginians; was .ifterward subject to the Rom.ans, 
 and occupied for nearly a century by the Tandal.s. The 
 Arabs took it finally fixin the Romans. (Byzantines.) about 
 A. D. 697. The name Barbaky appears to h.ive been derived 
 from BfrUr, an appellation by which the Arabs designated 
 the people of this region iJelbre the Saracen conquest. 
 Some, however, derive it from harharus, (Imrbarian.) 
 
 B.4,RB.\STE, baa'bisf, a village of France, department of 
 Lot-et-(iaronne, in the arrondissement of Nerac. Pop. of 
 commune. 1852, 715. 
 
 BARBASTRf*. bdu-bls'tro, a walled town of Spain, in Ara- 
 pon. on the Cinca, 50 miles X.E. of Saragossa. Pop. in 
 1845. 6<14.3. It has a cithedral. with some paintings of the 
 sixteenth century. 3 convents, and philosophical. lurricul- 
 tural, commercial, and other literary and beneficent asso- 
 ciations. 
 
 BAK'BEETOWX. a ix-st^iffice of U.irdv co., Virsinia. 
 BARBKXTAXXK, ImR'Wx='tiinn'. a town of France, de- 
 partment of BouchesHiu Khono, 4 miles S.W. of Avignon. 
 Pop. in \<b% 3051. It* neighborhood produces excellent 
 wine and truit. 
 
 BAR 
 
 BAR'BER, a post-offlce of Washington co., Ohio. 
 BARBERIXO DI MUGELLO. baH-b.vree'uo dee moo-jflHo, 
 a town of Tuscany. 15 miles X. of Florence, on the .^ieve. It 
 has extensive manufactures of straw hats. Pop. alx)ut 2000. 
 In its environs is the royal villa of Caffegiolo, the ancient 
 residence of the Medicis.' 
 
 BAKBEKIXO DI VAL D'ELSA, bdr-bii-ree'no dee vil 
 d^Ksi, a village of Tuscany, in which is the palace of the 
 Barberini. birthplace of Pepe Urban A'lII. Pop. 855. 
 
 BAR/BER"S, a post-oflice of Columbia co.. Florida. 
 
 BAR'BER-S CORXEKS, a post-village of WiU co.. Illinois, 
 15 miles N. of Joliet. 
 
 BARBER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-o£5c8 of Isle of Wight 
 CO.. Virginia. 
 
 BAR'BERSVILLE. a post-office of .Jefferson co.. Indiana. 
 
 BARBERRY (bar^bfr-re) -MILLS, a small village of Choc 
 taw CO.. Alaliama. 
 
 BARBEZIEUX, baR'bfh-ze-ch'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ch.arente, 19 miles S.W.Iof Angouleme. ' Pop. of 
 commune, 2335. It is famous for truffled capons. 
 
 BAKBOXA, baR-bo'nS, a vjll.age of Xorthern Italv, 23 
 miles S,S,W. of Padua, on the left bank of the Adige. "Pop. 
 2500. " 
 
 B.^RBOXXE, baR'bonn', a town of France, department of 
 Marne. 5 miles S. of Sezanne. Pop. of commune. 1276. 
 
 BARBOUR, liar^bur, a county in the N. part of W. Vir. 
 giui.1, has an area of 330 square miles. It is intersected bv 
 Tygarfs Valley River, a branch of the Monongaliel;v and 
 also drained by Buchanan Kiver and Elk Creek.' The west- 
 ern part is billy, and the eastern mountainous. A ridge 
 called Laurel Mount forms the E. toundary. The soil in 
 many parts is good, and particularly adapted to ]>asturage. 
 Stone coal and iron are abundant, "it w;is formed in 1843, 
 fi-om Uarrison, Lewis, and Randolph, and derived its name 
 from a distinguished familv of A'irginia. Capital. Philippi. 
 Pop. 8958 ; of whom 8S63 vvere free, and 95 slaves. 
 
 BARBOUR, a county in the E.S.E. part of Alabama, ha« 
 an areji of 825 square miles. Tlie Chattahoochee River forms 
 the entire E. boundary, and it is also drained by Pea Rivoi-. 
 The surface is undulating ; the soil of the river bottoms ig 
 fertile. The county is partly covered by forests of pino. 
 The Chattahoochee River is navigable for steamboats. Capi- 
 tal, Clayton. Pop. 30,812; of whom 14,662 were free, and 
 16,150 slaves. 
 
 B.^RBOUR, a post-office of Choctaw co.. Alabam.i. 
 
 BARBOUR'S MILLS, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BARBOURSTILLE, bar'berz-vil. a post-village, capital of 
 Caliell co.,W. Virginia, on the Guyandotte River. 7 miles from 
 its entrance into the Ohio, and 352 miles W. N.AV. of Rich- 
 mond. The main road leading from the A'irginia Spring's to 
 the Ohio River pa.«scs through thi.s village. Free pop. 341. 
 
 BAKBOURSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Virginia. 
 76 miles X.W. of Richmond, has a plea.sant situjvtion, and 
 contains several stores and mechanics' shops. 
 
 BAI5B0URSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Knox co., 
 Kentucky, on the Cuml)erland River, 122 miles S..S.E. of 
 Frankfort. The road from Frankfort to Tennessee, by the 
 Cumberland Gap, passes througli it. Coal and iron ore are 
 abundant in the vicinity. The village has 3 churches, seve- 
 ral stores, and nearlv 200 inhabitants. 
 
 BARB0URSA'1LL"E. a village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 13 
 miles X.X.E. of Madison. 
 
 BARBOURSVILLli, a post-village of Dehaware co., New 
 York, about 30 miles E. of Binghamton. 
 
 B.\RBOURVILLE, a post-office of Oranire CO., Virginia, 
 
 BARBUDA, bar-boo'da, one of the British AVest ndi« 
 Islands, Leeward group, in the Atlantic. 22 miles X'. of An- 
 tigua. TheX. point is in lat. 17° 47' X.. Ion. 62° 2' AV. Area, 
 aimut 75 wjuare miles. Pop. 1600. The greater part of the 
 island is flat and fertile, producing corn, cotton, pepper, and 
 tobacco, but no sugar. There is no port, but a roadstead 
 with several forts on the AA'. side. 
 
 BARBY, liaR/l>ee. a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 15 
 miles S,E. Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 3400, emploj-ed in 
 linen and woollen manufactures. 
 
 BARBY, a parish of England, co. of X'orth.ampton. 
 
 BAI{C.\, biii'kd, a town of Portug-al. province of Alinho, 
 10 miles X, of Braga, on the Lima. Pop. 1900. 
 
 B.VRCA, (anc. CyrenaUca.) a maritime recion of X'orth 
 Africa, between l.at. .30° and 3.3° X., and Ion. 20° and 25° E., 
 forming the E. division of Tripoli, and having AV. the rest 
 of that dominion, with the Gulf of Sidra. (.anc. ,8|'/r/)"s .1/iyor,) 
 X. the Mediterranean, E. Egypt, and S. the Libyan waste. 
 On the S.aud in the interior it is desert, but along the cMst 
 the soil is fertile, though neglected. In many parts it yields 
 crops of corn, and presents wide tr.icts of fine pastur,ige; on 
 the mountain sides are forests of pine.s. date .">nd olive trees, 
 and flowering shrubs. It has no permanent rivers, but nu- 
 merous mountain torrents, which flow to the arid pl.iins of 
 the Libyan deserts. The population, estim.ated at l.OOO.OOO, 
 consists of Bedouin Arabs, with a few Jews in tlie towns. 
 This ivgion was anciently the seat of the I'entapoUs. (cr 
 '•five cities"'.) viz: Beivnice. .\rsinoe. Barca, .\poUnnia. and 
 Cyrene, Barca, (Gr. Bapxi;,) so called from the ancient city 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 of Barca, was reprarded as one of tho chief granaries on the 
 African coast. The Romans succeeded the Greeks; and the 
 remains of temples, aqueducts, and other great public un- 
 dertakings, together with tlie digoovery of numerous Unt^k 
 and Iloman cians, whose inscriptions identify them with 
 the country, show at once the importance to which it had 
 attained, and the amount of civilization introduced. All 
 this, brwever, has long passed away, and the Arab is again 
 sole master of the country. The seat of the tabulous Hes- 
 perian gardens was jilaced here. 
 
 BAKCARKOTA. bau-kdR-Ro'tl. a town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, 19 miles S. of Bad;ijos, with a castle, and 42S5 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 15ARCKIX0S, baR-sJlloce, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Minho, on the Cjivado, 9 miles \V. of Braga. Pop. 3892. 
 It is enclosed by old walls. 
 
 BAHCELL<).S, baR-sel'loce, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Para, on the ritrlit hank of the Kio Negro. 
 
 BA11CKI„().\A. bait-sil-lo'ni, (L. Bai'citw; Gr. Bapxivav,) 
 a seaport town of Spain, capital of the province of the Siime 
 name, in Catalonia. 312 miles K.N.E. of Madrid. L.it. (Mole 
 light) 41° 22' 3ii" N., Ion. 2° 11' E. A railway connects It 
 with Matai'O. It is surrounded with walls, and defended 
 by a citadel, which forms its N.E. Iwundary. It is not 
 strong, however, in itself, being commanded by the fort 
 of Slontjoi, occupying a height of that name in the S. The 
 possession of tliis firt necessjirily secures that of the town 
 and citadel also. Barcelona is divided into two nearly e<iual 
 parts by a Jiiiely-plantod promedade, called IjaKambla, run- 
 ning N.N.W. from the shore. The N.W. division forms the 
 old, and the S.W. division the new town, the former consist- 
 ing of narrow, erotjked, ill-paved streets, while those of the 
 latter are more spacious and regular. To the E. of the town, 
 and S. of the citadel, is the extensive suburb of Barcelo- 
 netta, laid out with great regularity, built chiefly of brick, 
 and occupied by sailors and other sea&ring people. Many 
 of the houses of Barcelona itself are also of brick, but most 
 of them, particularly in the new town, are of hewn stone, 
 several stories in height, and of an imposing appearance. In 
 recent times, great imi)rovement8 have lieeu made; gas has 
 been introduced, and e.xtensive sewers have been con- 
 structed; fountains of the finest water are found in every 
 quarter, and, in addition to La Ilambla, already mentioned, 
 the Muralla de Tierra and the Muralla del Mar form almost 
 unriv.alled promenades. The principal public edifice is the 
 cathedral, wbii-h stands in the highest part of the old town. 
 Its origin dates from the first ages of Christianity, but its 
 present form of liothic architecture appears to belong to the 
 end of the thirteenth century. It is approjiched by a lofty 
 flight of stei>s, and surmounted by two towers. There are 
 numerous other churches, several of them ancient and hand- 
 some, but scarcely entitled to a separate notice. One of the 
 most remarkaljlo buildings of Barcelona is the ?alaclo de la 
 Deputiicion, where the cortes of the province uscrf to hold 
 their sittings. It is in the Greco-Uoman style, and is now 
 called the Audiencia, being occupied by the courts of law; 
 the records of Aragon and Catalonia are kept in it. Some 
 of them are of tlie ninth century, and the whole collection 
 Is said to be one of the most interesting of the kind in existr 
 enee. Of the modern buildings, the principal are the cus- 
 tom-house, the exchange, the theatre, and the prison. The 
 conventual establishments, though many of them have 
 been suppressed, are still, nominally, 22. Tlie principal 
 educational establishment is the university. In connection 
 with it are numerous schools, in which elementary educa^ 
 tion is provided for all classes. The<ilogical education is 
 given chiefly in the 8eminario Conciliar, while there are 
 several separate establishments specially set apart for the 
 study of medicine. Charitable and beneficent institutions 
 are uumenms ; the chief being the Casa de Caridad, Casa de 
 Misericordia. and the Hospital of the Holy Cross. Among 
 literary institutions, may be mentioned 4 public libraries, 
 and 2 museums, the Academy of Belles-Lettres, and the 
 Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Ac. 
 
 Barcelona is the seat of various manufactures, th» princi- 
 pal of which are silks, woollens, flowered cottons, calicoes, 
 !ace, and shoes ; and it also has a foundry for cannon. The 
 amount of cotton and woollen goods manufactured in one 
 vear h,is been estimated at 440.000/., and the number of 
 «hoes annually exported at "00,000, valued at 70,290J. Its 
 other chief exports are iron, copper, fire-arms, cork, fruit, 
 wines, and brandies. Its principal imports are Baltic tim- 
 ber, wax from .\fricA, stockfish from Newfoundland in Bri- 
 tish bottoms, Swedish iron, Styrian steel, Kiga and Peters- 
 burg hemp, copper and iron ware from Germany, and vari- 
 ous articles of French and Italian manufacture. The 
 trade of Barcelona has greatly fallen off from what it used to 
 be in former times; more especially the decrease of inter- 
 course with Britain is very marked. Half a century ago, 
 many hundreds of British vessels entered the port in the 
 rourse of a year; in 1S41, the number was 57, which, in 
 .846, had increased again to 90; the tonu.ige at the same 
 dates being, respectively. 7409 and 15,080. Among the 
 causes assigned for this decay in the trade with Britain are. 
 the non-importation of English hardware, the German being 
 
 now preferred, on account of its greater cheapness; the fall- 
 ing olfof the traffic in Newfoundland fish, wliich has piissed 
 almost entirely into the hands of the Swedes and Norwe- 
 gians : and. lastly, an almost total cessation of the cotton 
 trade with England, the Catalonians now importing their 
 cotton themselves direct from Pernambuco. The main 
 part of the trade now is coasting: the number of Spanish 
 vessels entered in 1846 was 2925 ; cleared. 3271 : and fur the 
 preceding years the proportion was similar. The port of the 
 city is commodious, but obstructed by a bar. which will not 
 allow of vessels entering that draw more than 12 feet water ; 
 large ships are therefore obliged to anchor outside. On 
 the mole, which is 400 fathoms in length, there are two 
 batteries, two redoubts, and a light-house. 
 
 Barcelona is said to have been founded by the Carthag*' 
 nians under Hamilcar Barca; hence its name. After the 
 fill of Carthage, the Romans first tecaiue its uuLsters, then 
 the Goths, who possi'ssed it, with the rest of Catalonia, till 
 the year 714, when it was conquered by the Saracens. In 
 H05. it was retaken from them, and governed by French vic»- 
 roys. In 874. it became an independent earldom, and main- 
 tained its independence till the annexation of Catalonia to 
 the crown of Aragon, in the twelfth century. In 1714. it 
 was besieged by the Duke of Berwick, for Philip V. of Spain, 
 and taken, after a defence equalling, in desp<Tate valor. Ih.at 
 of Saragossa, in more modem time.s. In li^'O, when the 
 population wag one-third less than now. the number of 
 monks in the city was 1212; of secular priests, 1216; and 
 of nuns, 664. Pop. 252,015. Area of the province, 2816 sq. 
 miles. Pop. in 1857, 713,734. 
 
 BAR'CELO'NA, a post-village of Westtield township, Chau- 
 tauqua CO., New York, on I<ake Erie, at the mouth of Chau- 
 tauqua Creek, 57 miles S.W. of Buffalo. The Buffalo and 
 State l>ine Uailro.id pas.ses through it. It has a steanil<oat 
 landing, and considerable business in shipping produce. 
 The exports and imports in 1851 were valued at $.''.3y,]83. 
 
 BARCELONA, (bllHiA-liVnJ.) New, a town and ix>rt of 
 Venezuela, at the mouth of the Neveri, on the Caribbean 
 Sea; lat. 10°10' N., Ion. 04° 47' W. The houses are mostly 
 of mud. ill-constructed, and poorly furnished. The streets 
 are unpaved, and, in wet wi«ther. extremely filthy; while 
 in dry, the dutt is intolerable. Its harbor and shipping are 
 protected by a fortress, called El Morro de B.ii-oeloiia. situ- 
 ated on a hill which rises to about 400 feet aliove the level 
 of the sea. In 1S47, the numljer of ves.scls entered was 27, 
 (tonnage, 3241 :) cleared. 39. (tonnage. 4497.) Barcelona is 
 a most unhealthy phice. from the e-xccssive heat and mois- 
 ture of the air. The country around- however, is extremely 
 fertile. The chief trade of the town is in horned cattle 
 jerked beef, and hides; and of agricultural produce in in- 
 digo, annot'to, cotton, and cacao. Pop., 15,000, half whites, 
 and half mul.attoes and negroes. 
 
 BAUCELONETA, blR-sA-lo-nA/tl, a town of South Ame- 
 ri<». in VenezueL'^, on the Paraguay, 100 miles S.S.E. of An- 
 gostura. 
 
 BARCELOXNKTTE, baR's?h-lon-n^tt/,a town of France, 
 department of Basses-Alpes, 29 miles N.E. of Digne. Pop, 
 in ls,")2, 2242. It is IteautifuUy situated on the right hank 
 of the Uliaye, at the foot of the Alps, 3030 feet in elevation. 
 It hasa college, normal school, and agricultural society, with 
 silk-looms, woollen manufactures, and large weekly m.or- 
 kets. It gives its name to a rich valley, in which many cat- 
 tle and sheep are reared. 
 
 BAR^CELORE', a maritime town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, district of Canara. on the Malabar coast, 
 N.N.Sv. of Mangalore, It is the Buract of the ancients. 
 
 BAR'CHESTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 
 
 BARCHFELD, baRK'f^lt, a market-town of Hesse^assel, 
 3.'i miles N.E. of Fulda, on the right bank of the Welra, 
 I'op. 1400. It has a mansion of the landgraves of Hesse- 
 Philipsthal-Barchfeld. 
 
 BARCINO. See B.^rcelo.n.*. 
 
 BAR'CLAY, a post-ofl[ice of Whitesides co.. Illinois. 
 
 BARCLAY'S FORK, a post-office of San Miguel co., New 
 Mexico. 
 
 B A R'CLAYSVILLE, a postrofflce of Cumberland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BAR'COMB. a parish of England, co, of Sussex, 
 
 BARCUS. biR'kUce'. a village of France, department of 
 Basses-Pyr6n4es, in the arrondissement of Mauleon, Pop. 
 of commune in 1851, 2341. 
 
 B.4KD. liiRd, a fortress and village of Piedmont, on the 
 bank of the Dora Baltea, 23 miles S.S.E. of Aosta. It WM 
 razed by the French in 1800. but has been restored. 
 
 BARDEL. bar'dJl', a town of Japan, on the Bay of Totomi, 
 in the S.E. of the island of Niphon. 
 
 BAR'DEN. a township of England, co. of York. TTest Rid- 
 ing, on the Wharfe, 14 miles N,E, of Skipton. Pop. in 18.51, 
 1208. Here are remains of an ancient tower, locally famous 
 .as the favorite residence of Henry Cliffoid. '• the .shepherd 
 lord,"' restored to the former possessions of his family by 
 HenrvVII. 
 
 BARDENBERG. baR'den-hJRo/, a village of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia. 5 miles N.N.E.of Alx-la-Ch.apelle, with coal-mines. Pop. 
 1290. 
 
 169 
 
BAR 
 
 eAUTVFlELD Great, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 JJAllD'KIELD. Little, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 B A RIVFIELD SA'LING, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BAKDI. baR'dee, a town of Nortnern italy, province of 
 « irma, lO'/^ miles N.N.W. of Borgo Taro. Pop. 700. 
 
 BAKDI.i, bdR-dee/ian island in the Gulf of Siam, on the 
 E. cojist of Lower Siam ; lat. 10<^ 50" X., Ion. 99° 50' E. It is 
 do mile? in length. 10 miles in breadth, very lofty, and is 
 <epnrated from the mainland by a channel about 2 miles in 
 width. 
 
 BARO)!.? or BAR'DEES'. a town of Upper Egypt, 3 miles 
 8.S.E. of Girgeh. The French gave battle hero on the 6th 
 of April, 1799. 
 
 BARDNEY, bard'nee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 6i miles S.S.W. of Wragby. On a large barrow, in this 
 parish, there is a cross to the memory of Ethelred, king of 
 Mercia, said to be buried there. 
 
 BARDOLIXO, baR-do-lee/no, a town of Venice, 1 mile W. 
 of Verona, with a port on Lake Garda. Near this rllLige, at 
 the famous battle of Rivoli, January, 1797, the French 
 under Napoleon defeated tiie Austrians under Alvenzi. Pop. 
 2200. 
 
 BARDONNECIIE, (BardonnSche.) baRMon^nJsh'. a village 
 of Piedmont, 19 miles W. of Susa, with a trade in cattle. 
 Pop. 1060. 
 
 BARDOS, haRMos', a village of France, department of 
 Biisses-PyrSnfies, in the arrondissement of Baj-onne. Pop. 
 of coramunf ^I8b2) 2t)12. 
 
 KARDOWIECK, baR/do-*eek\ a town of Hanover, 4 miles 
 N.W. of Lilneburg, on the Ilmenau. Pop. 1400. 
 
 BARDSE". bard'zee, (i. e. "Bard's I.sland," so called from 
 having been the last retreat of the Welsh bards,) an island 
 of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon, in the Irish Sea, near 
 the N. point of Cardisran Bjiy, 4j miles S.W. of Aberdaron. 
 Lat. of li,j;ht-house, 52° 45' N., Ion. 4° 48' W. Pop. 90. It is 
 accessible only at a small harbor, at the S.E. side. It has 
 no church, but the inhabitants meet to read prayers in 
 Its ruined abbey. The island is the property of Lord New- 
 borough. 
 
 BARDSET, a parish of of England, co. of York. West 
 Riding. 5 miles S.W. of Wetherby. It is considered the 
 birthplace of Cbngreve, the poet, baptized here in 1670. 
 
 B ARDSTOWN. also written BAIRDi^TOWN, a post-town, 
 capital of Nelson co., Kentucky, on the turni)ike from 
 Louisville to Nashville, 40 miles S.E. of the former, and 50 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It is handsomely situated on an 
 elevated plain, three-fourths of a mile N. of the Beech fork 
 of Salt River, and is a place of some importance for its 
 ma»"*'"ctnres and educational advantages. It contains St. 
 Jc.-pn's College (Roman Catliolic), several churches, and 3 
 academies, which are said to be in a flourisliing con- 
 dition. It has aUo 1 cotton, 1 woollen, and 1 bagging 
 factory, and 2 newspaper offices. A branch railroad con- 
 nects it v.-ith the Louisville and Nashville Kailroad. Pop. 
 136. 
 
 SARDT. See Barth. 
 
 BARD' "ELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BAREGES. See BARRfioES. 
 
 BAREILY, bar-ale. a district of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, Upper Provinces, having N., W., and S. the dis- 
 tricts of Kumaon, Moradabad, andFmTUckabad,and E. the 
 states of Oude and Nepaul. 
 
 BAR EILY, a city capital of the above district, and of a divi- 
 sion of Upper Provinces, on a tributary of the Ganges, IIS 
 miles N.E. of Agra. There are here several mosques, and an 
 old fort in ruins. The civil and military servants of the Eiist 
 India Company live in cantonments S. of the town, where a 
 new and strong quadrangular citadel, surrounded by a 
 ditch, has been built. The town contains above 130 Persian 
 and Hindoo schools, and some hundreds of seminaries, besides 
 an English college, teachers of medicine, &c. The articles 
 nianufiictured wholly by Mohammedans are cutlery of all 
 kinds, chiefly warlike, such as swords, daggers, bows and 
 arrows. &c, ; saddles and horse-trappings, fine carpetings, 
 embroidery, jewelry, and lesither. The brazen water-pots 
 of Bareily are very much valued, as well as the cabinet- 
 work. Bareily is the head-quarters of a civil establishment 
 and circuit court, to which 9 other districts are subordinate. 
 Pop. (one-third Mohammedans.) (55,796. 
 
 BARK MOUNTAIN, a peak In the W. part of the High- 
 lands, in Orange co.. New York. 
 
 BARKNTIN, bi^rftN'oHix"'. a villageof France, department 
 of Seine-Inferieure, 10 miles N.W. of Rouen. Pop. of com- 
 inune(lS<52) 3073. 
 
 BARENTON. bJVSNO^tANo', a town of France, department 
 i)f M.anche, 7 miles S.E. of Mortain. Pop. of commune, 3009. 
 
 B.W5ESVILLE. balrVvil, a post-ofBce of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 BARKTK, bd-rA't.i, a town of Naples, with celebrated 
 baths. 8 miles N.W. of Aquila. Pop. 1000. 
 
 BARETOON or BARETOUN, AL, i\ bd^re-toon', (anc. Ptt- 
 r<rtfr>>nium.) a town of Egypt, on the Mediterranean, on the 
 borders of the Desert of Barca, Lat. 31° 30* N. ; lou. 27° 30' 
 E. It is now. perhaps, belt -r known by the name of Port 
 Hhaddra. or Berek Marwi. 
 
 BARETSCII WEIL, bd'rftch-ftne', a village of Switzerland, 
 170 
 
 BAR 
 
 canton, and 15 miles E.S.E. of Zurich, with extensive manu- 
 factures of cotton and silk. Pop. 34('2. Protestants. 
 
 BAKE'A'I LLE. a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BARFLEUR, baR'fiuR/, .an ancient seaport town of Franco, 
 department of Manche, on the English Channel, 15 mile« 
 E. of Cherbourg. Pop. of commune, llf^o. It was formerly 
 one of the best ports in Normandy, but now its harbor is 
 partly filled up with sand. It is a-^serted that Willwm the 
 Conqueror set out from this port for the conquest of Eng. 
 land. About 1 mile X. is a granite li'_'ht-house, 271 feet 
 above the sea, on Cape Barfleur. in lat. 49° 40' N. : Ion. 1° 16' W 
 
 BARFORD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 B.\RFORD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BARFORD, Great, a parish of England, co. of Bedford 
 
 BARFORD, Great, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BARFORD, Little a p;irish of Enixland, co. of Bedford. 
 
 BARFORD ST. MARTIN'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 BARFRESTON, bar/firfs-t^n, or BARSTTON, a parish of 
 England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BARGA, biR'gi, a village of Tuscany, province of Lucca, 
 on the Serchio, 16 miles N. of Luccji. Pop. 2540. The 
 cnmimitd of Barga, with a population of 6790, extends into 
 the province of Modena. 
 
 BAR'GAINTOWN, a post-village and port of entry in the 
 S.E. part of Atlantic co., New Jei-sey, about 55 miles S.S.E, 
 of Camden. 
 
 BAltGAR'RAN, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, pa- 
 rish of Erskine, 41 miles N.N.W. of Paisley. The manufac- 
 ture of fine thread was first established here in Scotland. 
 
 B.'VRGAS, baR'gis, a town of Spain, 6 miles N.W. of 
 Toledo. Pop. 3457. Commerce in grain and cattle. 
 
 BAR'GASVILLE. a post-office of Johnson co.. Indiana. 
 
 B.\RGE. b;iR'^, (Fr. pron. bdRzh.) a town of the SardinL".n 
 St.ates, in Piedmont, at the foot of Monte Monbracco, on the 
 Grandon, 2S miles S.S.W. of Turin. It has a communal col- 
 lege, manulactures of fire-arms, and carries on a lirisk gene- 
 ral tr.ade. Slates are quarried in the neighborhood. In 
 180S it suffered greatly from an earthquake. Pop. 7000. 
 
 BARGEMONT, baRzh'mAs"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Var, 7 miles N.N.E. of Draguiguan. Pop. of conc- 
 mune, 1750. 
 
 BARGOOZEEN. or BARGOUZIN, baR-goo-zeen', a river of 
 Siberia, government of Irkoot«k. flowing into Lake Baikal 
 on its E. side, after a course of 200 miles. 
 
 BARGOOZEENSK orBARGOOZINSK, baR-goo-zinsk'. is a 
 modern town and capital of a circle, on the alx)ve river, 
 220 miles E.X.E. of Irkootsk. In its environs are thermal 
 springs and baths. 
 
 BARGOUZIN. See Bargoozees. 
 
 B.^RHAM, a parish of England, eo. of Huntingdon. 
 
 B.iRIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BARHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BAR'HAMSVILLE, a post-office of New Kent co.. Virginia. 
 
 BAR'HOLME, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 B.\1{I, b3/ree, (anc. Ba'rinm.,) a fortified city and seaport 
 of Naples, capital of the province of Terra-di-Bari. on a pe- 
 ninsula in the Adriatic, 140 miles N.N,E. of Naples. Lat. 
 41° 7' 52" N.; Ion. 1(3° 53' 4" E. Pop. in 1S6-2, 32,994. It is 
 defended by walls towards the sea; the Corso is a fine new 
 street, but in general the town is mean and dirty. Princi- 
 pal buildings, a citadel, cathedral, a college of nobles. lyceum, 
 large dioces;»n seminary, new theatre, large arsenal, corn 
 magazines, and hospit.als. It has civil and" criminal coxirts; 
 manufiictures of cotton, linen, and silk fabrics, saip, glass, 
 and liquours; and it exports corn, oil. and fruits. Its cjuay 
 and roadstead are good, but its harbor admits only of small 
 vessels. Bari, conquered by the Normans in the eleventh cen- 
 tury, was for some time the capital of their Duchy of Apulia 
 
 B.UH, Terra Dl, t^R'Rd dee bi'ree, a province of Naples, 
 bounded E. by the AdrL^tic. N. by Capitanata. W. by Basi- 
 licata, and S. by Otranto. It is mostly flat, and very fertile 
 in grain, wine, and fruit. Climate dry, and very warm in 
 summer. .Area, 2368 square miles. Pop. in ISfii ,'554.402. 
 
 B.^RT, a vill.age of Greece, government of Attica. 12 miles 
 S.S.E. of Athens, near it is a stahvctitic cave in Mount 
 Hymettus, with ancient inscriptions. 
 
 B.\RI. a village of .Sardinti, province of Lanusei, 55 miles 
 N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1500. 
 
 BARIGAZZO, bi-re-git'so. a village of Northern It^ily, in 
 the former province of Lunigiana. Ne;u- this is observetl a 
 phenomenon similar to that at Pietramala. Natural fire 
 issues from the soil, ascends several feet, and continues for 
 some davs without intermission. 
 
 B.\RIGIANO, bl-re-ji'no. a town of Naples, province of 
 .'ibruzzo Ultra I.. 12 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 1800. 
 
 B.\KILE. bi-rci'lA, atown of Naples, provinceof Ba.-ilicata, 
 4 miles S.S.E. of .Molfi. agreeably situated on a hill. It was 
 founded bv a Greek colony of the Lower Empire, and the 
 rites of the Greek Church were practised .as late as the 
 seventeenth century. It has three fhurdics. Pop. 3730. 
 
 B.\RIMA. bd-ree-mi/. a river and headland of British 
 Ouiana. Point Barima. in lat. 8° 46' N.. Ion. (.0^ W.. forms 
 the N. extremity of that colony, and immediately W of it 
 the river enters the estuary of the Orinoco. 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 BA'PINO. a pnst-towtuhip of Tfashin^n co.. Maine, on [ 
 the S. side of the St. Croix lUver, about 150 miles JJ.E. by 
 E. of Aujcusta. I'op. 409. 
 
 BARt. TKRR A DI. See Bari. 
 
 BAKJAK. biR'zhJk', a town of France, department of 
 Gard. 19 miles N.K. of Alais. Pop. in 1852, 2507. 
 
 BA li JOIiS, bJuV.hol'. a town of France, department of Var, 
 11 miles N.X.W. of Brignoles. Pop. in 1852, 3302. 
 
 BAHKA. See IJURKHA. 
 
 BAlJK'llV, a parish of Kngland, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BAltKKHO. baii'k^h-boo, a town of Sweden, 12 miles 
 N.N.W. of Kalmar. 
 
 BAUKEIIDlKir, bar-kph-dee'fh, a populous Tillajte of 
 Western Africa, Damga country, on the Senegal, inhabited 
 by a warlike and agricultural tribe, called Daliankes, whose 
 chief resides here. 
 
 BAIl'K KK, a township of Broome CO., New York. Pop. 1090. 
 
 BAIl'KER'S SEiVTLEMENT, a postofflce of Barbour co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 BAIt'KERSVILLE,apost-offlce of Saratoga co.. New York. 
 
 BAR'KKRVII.LE, a manufacturing \illage of I'ittsfield 
 town»ihip. Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 50 miles N.W. 
 of Springfield. 
 
 BAI'iK'dAM. a parish of England, ca of Berks. 
 
 BAKKIIA.M 'STEAD, a post-township of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut, 20 miles N.W. of Hartford, contains some very fine 
 water privileges. It has manufactures of forks and various 
 kinds of ha rdware. Pop. 1 272. 
 
 BA1;K'ING, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Essex, 7 miles E.N.E. of I^ondon. Pop. 9888. The town, on 
 the Kddney, about 2 miles above its junction with the 
 Thames, has an embattled gateway, remnant of a convent, 
 the abbess of which held baronial rank ; a church with cu- 
 rious monuments, an ancient market-house, a school on 
 Bell's system, and a considerable transit trade in coal and 
 timber. In a house standing near the town, the Gunpow- 
 der I'lot is s;iid to have been concerted. 
 
 BAKMvINO. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BARK ISLAND, a township of England, CO. of York, West 
 Ridinu'. 
 
 BA1;K0L, bar'kol', a town of Chinese Toorkisten, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Khamil. Residence of a m)lit.iry governor. 
 
 BARK RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Washington co., 
 and enters Rock River in Jefferson co. 
 
 B.\KK !!IVKR, a post-office of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BAKK.S/DALE. a postrvillage of Ilaliiax CO., Virginia, 132 
 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 BAI;K'ST0N, a piirish of England, co. of Llecester. 
 
 BARK'STONE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BA I! K'TON, a village of Saline co., lUindJs, 8 miles S.W. 
 of lialeiuh. 
 
 BARli'WAY, a parish of England, co. and 15 miles N.N.E. 
 of Hertford. 
 
 BARK'WITII. East, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BARKWITII, West, a parish of Kngland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BAltLASSINA, bdit-lis-see'nd. a village of Lombardy, 14 
 miles N. of Milan, with a magnificent Dominican convent, 
 which now serves as a theological seminary. 
 
 BAR'LASTON. a pari.sh of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 BAK'LAVINGTON, or BARI/TON, a p.vish of England, 
 CO. of Sus.=ex. 
 
 BARL'ROROUGII. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BAR-r.E-DUC. baR'leh-dUk', or BAR-SUR4)RNAIN, bjR- 
 iUR-0K*ni.N"', a' town of France, department of Meuse, 125 
 miles E. of Paris, on the Ornaln, on the new canal from the 
 Marrie to the Rhine, and on the r.iilway (in progress) from 
 Paris to Stnisbourg. Pop. in 1862, 14,816. Tribunal of the 
 eomiuune, capital of the arrondissement of Forestiers. com- 
 prising the department of the Meuse. It has a communal 
 colle^ie, a normal school, and public library ; an active in- 
 dustry, with manufactures of cotton and calicoes: a com- 
 modious port, and an extensive commerce in timber from 
 the Aosges for the supply of Paris, and in wine, iron, and 
 wool. It was founded in the tenth century, and was for- 
 merly the fortified capital of the duchy of the same name. 
 Birtliplace of the Duke of Guise and of General Excolmans. 
 
 BARLETTA, baR-l4t/ti, (anc. Burduli and Baroluml) a 
 fortified seaport city of Naples, province and 33 miles 
 W.X.W. of Bari, on a rocky island in the Adriatic, connect- 
 ed bv a bridge with the mainland. Lat. 41° 19' 26" N. ; Ion. 
 16° is' 10" E. Pop. 26,474 It is "hemmed in with regu- 
 lar built walls and angular towers ;" streets wide and well 
 paveil. houses lofty and of fine stone. It has a citadel, 
 cathedral, college, and a colossal statue of the Emperor 
 Ileraclius. Its harbor, formed by a mole on which is a 
 light-liouse. admits only small vessels ; but it has a consi- 
 derable trade with tha other ports of the Adriatic and the 
 Ionian Islands, exporting corn, wine, oil. fruit, wool, and 
 Jikins. and salt from lakes and springs in the vicinity. 
 
 BAR'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Ilorts. 
 
 BAR'LING, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BAR'LINGS. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BARLOVESTO, baK-lo-vW-to, a town of the Canary Is- 
 lands, on the N.E. of the island of Palma. Pop. 2148. Occu- 
 pied in linen weaving. 
 
 B.\RLOW. a post-township of Washington cc, Ohio, about 
 12 miles W. of .Marietta. Pop. I'-'OO. 
 
 B.'Vlt'LOW, Gre-vt and Little, two contiguous town 
 ships of England, co. of Derby. 3 miles N.W. ol Chesterfield 
 
 BARMBECK, bdRm'bek, a village of Northern Germany 
 3 miles N.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 1539, engaged in cotton 
 manufiictures. 
 
 BARM'BY-ON-MOOR, a parish of England, oo. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 B.^RJli-lN, baR/mgn, a manufacturing town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, circle of Elberfeld, district of Dusseldorf situated 
 In the valley of the Wipper, 27 miles N.N.E. of Cologne. It 
 is in fact a continuation of the town of Elberfeld, to which 
 it is united by a bridge, and with which it forms one unin- 
 terrupted street of 6 miles in length; and is composed of 
 an agglomeration of numerous places of different names, 
 now constituted a town. Its situation is healthy and pic- 
 turesque, but the town itself is dirty, and not prepossessing 
 The staple m.inu&ctures are ribbons and tapes, which are 
 very widely diffused. Silk is likewise manufactured, with 
 cotton and linen fabrics, linen and cotton tliread. velvet, 
 lace, steel and plated articles, hardware, chemical products, 
 and earthenware, with establishments for calico-printing, 
 which have long been famous for the excellence of the dye 
 called Turkey red. The town is surrounded by kitchen 
 gardens, the cultivation of which employs many persons. 
 It contains four churches, one of which, the Protestant 
 church, is a very handsome building; a higli school, a de,if 
 and dumb asylum, exchange, two banks, a police court, and 
 a commercial tribunal. The district in which the united 
 towns of Elberfeld and Barmen are sltuatiM is the most 
 populous, the most industrious, and most thriving in the 
 Prussiiin dominions. Pop. in 1861, 49,772. 
 
 BAR MILLS, a post-office of York co.. Maine. 
 
 BAK'MING. East, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BAR/MOUTH or AlVERMAW, a market-town and sea- 
 port of North Wales, co. of Merioneth, on the estuary of the 
 Maw, 7i miles S.W. of Dolgelly. Pop. 930. It is fre(iuented 
 for sea-bathing, and has an export trade in timber, bark, 
 slates, copper, lead, and vards for ship-building. 
 
 BAItMSTEDT, bdum'st^itt. a market-town of Denmark, 
 Holstein. 14 miles E. of GlUckstadt. Near it is the ancient 
 castle of Ifdntzau. 
 
 BARM'STdN.a parish of England, co. of York. Ea.st Riding. 
 
 BAR'NACK. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BAJONAOORty, a town of British India, 6 miles N. of 
 Calcutta, on the left bank of the lloogly. Formerly a Portu- 
 guese settlement. 
 
 BAR'NARD, a group of islands on the N.E. coast of Aus- 
 tralia, within the Great Barrier Reef, extending in a 
 straggling direction for 6 miles to the S. of Double Point. 
 Lat. 17° 40' S. ; Ion. 146° 30' E. 
 
 BAR'NARD. a township of Piscataquis co., Maine, about 
 85 miles N.N.E. from Augu.sta. Pop. 172. 
 
 BARNARD, a post-township of Windsor CO., Vermont, 
 about 35 miles S. of Montpelier, watered by several tributa- 
 ries of White River. It has several carriage ni'.'.hufactories. 
 Pop. 1487. 
 
 BAR'NARD CASTLE, a market-town and chapelry of 
 England, co. of Durham, parish of Gainford. on the Tees, 
 21 i miles S.W. of Durham. Pop. in 1851. 41)08. It has a 
 hospital for poor persons, founded in 1229 by John lialiol, 
 King of Scotland, (a n.ative of this place.) and the ruins of 
 the stately castle whence the town derives its name, built 
 by Barnard, the grandfather of Baliol. It has manufactures 
 of hats, carpets, and thread ; and one of the largest com 
 markets in the North of England is held here on Wednes- 
 day. Near it are the ruins of a church, the only remains 
 of the town of Mancond, formerly an important place ; and 
 extensive stone quarries 
 
 BAR'NARDISTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BAR'NARDSVILLE. a post-village in Roan co., Tennessee, 
 about 1.30 miles E. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 BARNAUL, baR-n6wl', the principal mining town of 
 Western Siberia, government of Tomsk, on the Barnaul Obi, 
 at its junction with the Obi. 230miles S.S.W. of Tom.sk. Pop. 
 9927. It is under the immediate authority of the cabinet 
 of St. Petersburg, and is the seat of a mining board, and 
 the capital of a mining di.strict '• as extensive as the whole 
 kingdom of Hungary." (JliUer.) The town is regularly 
 Imiit. and has upwards of 30 public offices, including 4 
 Russian churches, magazines, and hospitals, geological and 
 other museums, besides about 120 furnaces, at which large 
 quantities of auriferous silver, lead, and copper ores are 
 smelted, and a vast amount of cast iron is produced. A mag- 
 netic and meteorological observatory was erected here in 1 841. 
 
 BARN'BROUGH or BARNBOKOUGII, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York, West Riding. 
 
 BARN'BY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BARNBY-lN-XIIE-WlLLOWS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Notts. 
 
 BARNBY-ON-DON, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. -> 
 
 BAR'NEGAT', a small vill ge of Dutchess co.. New York, 
 on the Hudson Kiver, 4 miles below Poughkeepsie. 
 
 171 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 BAR^XEG \Tt, a post-town of Union township, in the S. 
 part of Ocean county, New Jersey, is situated on Double 
 Creek, nearly opposite the inlet of that name, 1 mile from 
 Barnegat Bay, aud about 14 miles S. of Tom"s Kiver. It has 
 2 places of worship, an academy, a temperance hall, and 3 
 stores. The inliabitants are largely engaged in navigation 
 and the coasting trade, and about three-fourths of the capi- 
 tal owned here is invested in vessels trading from New York 
 and Jersey City to the South. This place is much fre- 
 quented by gunners in quest of wild fowl, which abound in 
 the bay. and the boarding-house on the beach opposite the 
 Tillage is re.«ort«d to for bathing. Lines of stages connect 
 tins place with New York, Philadelphia, and Tuckerton. 
 Pop. about G60. 
 
 liAKNEGAT BAY', on the E. border of Ocean county, 
 Kew Jersey, extends X. from Barnegat Inlet to the mouth 
 of Metetecuuk River, about 23 miles long, and from 1 to 4 
 wide. It is separated from the ocean by Squam Beach and 
 Island Beach, narrow strips of land from a quarter of a mile 
 to a mile wide. It receives the waters of Metetecunk Kiver, 
 Kettle Creek, Tom's Kiver, Cedar Creek, and Forked Kiver. 
 The inlet from Uio ocean is over a mile in width. 
 
 BAKNEK V I LlAi, a post-office of Schoharie co., Xew Y'ork. 
 B.A.RN ES, barnz, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the 
 Thames, 5 miles S.W. of Loudon. At Barn-Elms, in this 
 parish, \Valsingham entertained Queen Elizabeth, Cowley 
 the poet resided, and the Kit-Cat Club held its meetings. 
 BAKNES, a post-office of Kichlaud co., Ohio. 
 BAKN'ESBOKOUGH, a post-vill.%ge of Gloucester co., New 
 Jerse}', 7 miles S. by W. of Woodbury. 
 
 BAKXES'S CORNERS, a post-office of Lewis co., Xew Y'ork. 
 BAKNESS CROSS RO.^DS, a post-office of Dale co., 
 Alabam.a. 
 
 BAK.N'ES'VIEW, a village iu Clark CO., Missouri, about 2 
 miles E. of Wyaconda River. 
 
 BARNES' VILLK. a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary- 
 land. 38 miles N.^V. of Washington, and 4 miles E. of the 
 Potomac Kiver. 
 
 BAKXESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Pike co., 
 Georgia, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Macon, and IS miles of Griffin. The village has an 
 active business in cotton, &c, and contains a church and 
 5 stores. 
 
 B.\KXESVILLE, a post-village of Belmont co , Ohio, on 
 the Central Railroad, 50 miles E. of Zaueaville. It contains 
 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and 1 national bank. Pop. 1107. 
 BAR'NET. post-towuship of Caledonia county, Vermont, 
 about 25 miles E. by N. of Montpelier, at the junction of 
 the Passumpsic with the Connecticut River, and ou the 
 Connecticut and P:issumpsic Rivers' Railroad. Its manu- 
 factures comprise leather, woollen goods, boots aud shoes, 
 &c. Pop. 1994. 
 BAKNET, a township of Forest CO.. Pennsylvania. Pop.614, 
 BAKNET-BY-1'UE-^\0LD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 BAR/NET, CHIPPING, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Hereford, on the Great Xorthera Koad. 11 miles 
 N.X.W. of London. Pop. in ISol. 2380. The town stands 
 on a height, and has a church built in 1400, a grammar 
 school founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1573, and some well- 
 endowed alms-houses. An obelisk near the town com- 
 memorates the liattle fought. there in 1471, between the 
 Y'ork and Lancaster armies, when the latter were totally 
 defeated, and their leader, the great Earl of Warwick, was 
 killed. 
 BARXET. EAST, a parish of England, adjoining the above. 
 BAKXET.FKYERN. a parish of England, CO. of Middlesex. 
 BAit/XETX'S MILLS, a post-village of Fauquier co.. Vir- 
 ginia, on the Rappahannock River, 93 miles X. by W. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 BAKNEVELD, baR/ngh-Tjlt\ a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Gelderland. ISmiles N.W.of Arnhem. Pop. 2390. 
 BAKXEVELD (baR/ugh-vSlt") ISLAXDS. Southern Ocean, 
 off Terra del Fuego. Lat of X.E. extremity, 85° 48' S.: 
 Ion. 60° 45' W. 
 BAK'XEY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 BARNEY'S, a post-office of Phillips co.. Arkansas. 
 B.A.RN'UAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 B.\KNHAM. a pari.sh of England, co. of Sussex. 
 BARN HAM BROOM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 BAKX'IIART'S MILLS, a smaU post^vUlage of Butler co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 BAli/NIXGHAM, a parish cf England, co. of Suffolk. 
 BAKXINGUAM, a parish of England, eo. of Y'ork, North 
 Riding. 
 
 BAKXINGUAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 B.^R'NXXGUAM NORAVOOD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BARNINGHAM WINTER or TOWN, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Norfolk. 
 
 BAKNOLDBY-LE-BECK. ban'npld-be-lgh-b^k', or BAR/- 
 NETHY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 B.1K'X0LDWICK, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. I 
 
 178 
 
 BARXSLEY, bamznee, or BARNESLEY, ST. MARY, • 
 market-town and ehapelry of England, co. of York. West 
 Riding, parish of Silkstone, 10 miles S. of Wakefield, and 8 
 miles X. of Sheffield, with a station on the North Midland 
 Railway. Pop. in 1851, 14.913. The houses are mt.ttly of 
 stone. It has a spacious market-place, a free grammar 
 school, a national school, a subscription library, a scientific 
 institution, and extensive manuiactures of iini'U yarn, 
 damasks, and drills; a glass factory, iron foundries, needle 
 and wire works, bleaching, dyeing, and coal works. The 
 Barnsley Canal connects the Calder and Don, and places 
 Barnsley in communication with Wakefield aud Leeds. 
 About 1 mile distant are the remains of Monk Briton 
 Priory. 
 BARXSLEY'. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 BAiiXSTABLE. baru'sta-b'!, the most eastern county of 
 Massachusetts, has an area oi' about 290 square miles. It 
 consists of a peninsula and a number of islands, and in- 
 cludes Cape Cod, which extends iu a northerly direction for 
 atx)ut 66 miles. The soil is generally light aud s;indy. 
 Largo quantities of salt ai-e manutactured here from the 
 sea-water. The X.W. part of the county is crossed by the 
 Cape Cod Branch Kaili-oad. Organized in lOfeo, and pro- 
 bably named from Barnstaple, a seaport town of Enirland. 
 Capital, Barnstable. Pop. 35,990. 
 
 ij.^KX STABLE, a port of entry, and seat of jtistice of 
 Barnstable county, Mas.saehu.setts. on the S. side of Barn- 
 stable Bay, which opens into Cape Cod Ikty. The Old Colony 
 Railroad is intended to extend to this place, oo miles S.E. 
 of Boston, and 28 miles SJK. of Plymouth. The township 
 reaches entirely across the cape, including seveiul villages 
 within its limits. At the mouth of the bay is a Ijar, having 
 on it from 6 to 7 feet of water. Barnstable has a bank, a 
 savings institution, and insui-ance compiiny. Oue weekly 
 newspiiper is published in the town. The inhabitants are 
 extensively engaged in the coast trade and the fisheries. 
 The aggregate burden of the shipping, June 30. 1854. was 
 7515 tons registered, and 74.44;3 tons enrolled and licensed; 
 total, 81.958. During the year, 19 schooners, with an ag- 
 gre_'ate burden of 2003 tons, were admeasured. Packets 
 and steamboats are constantly plying between this port and 
 Boston. Pop. 5129. 
 
 BARXSTAPLE, barn'st-vp'l, a parltamentary and munici 
 pal borough, seaport, m;uket-town, and parish of England, 
 in the county of Devon, on the Taw, 6 miles from its mouth 
 in Barnstaple Bay, here crossed b}- a stone biidge of sixteen 
 arches, 34 miles X.W. of Exeter. Pap. iu ISol, 8667. The 
 town is said to have been founded by Athelsian. and was 
 incorporated by Henry I. It is well built, has a large an- 
 cient church, and a grammar school, endowed in 164'J, occu- 
 pying part of an old moniistery, in which Bishop Jewel and 
 and the poet Gay were educated ; a charity scliool. an alms- 
 house, and numerous other charities; amech.auics' institute, 
 tanneries, potteries, an iron Ibuudrj", paper mill, aud manu- 
 factories of low broadcloths, patent lace, and fishing nets. 
 Chief import, timl>er. The shipping trade has declined, 
 owing to an obstruction caused by the accumulation of sand 
 iu the river and harbor. In 1846. 492 ships, with an aggro- 
 gate burden of 37,305 tons, entered, aud 473 ships, with k 
 burden of 25.343 tons, cleared fiom the port; registered 
 shipping in 1847, 5010 tons. Barnstaple sends two members 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 BARNSTEAD, a post-township of Belknap co., Xew 
 Hampshire, altout 15 miles N.E. of Coucorti, has several 
 starch mills aud tanneries. Pop. ISbs. 
 
 BAKN'STOX, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BAKXSTOX, or BARXSTOX CORXERS, a vill.ige and 
 township iu the county of Staustead, Cauada East, 14 miles 
 E. of Staustead. 
 
 BARXSTOKF, b.iRns'toBf, a village of Hanover, co. of 
 Hoja. 9 miles X. of Diepholz. 
 
 B.\RXVlLLE-SUR-.MER,baRnVeel'siiR-maiR. (anc. Cn-cM- 
 Uinum Pt)Hu$,) a small town aud seaport of France, depart- 
 ment of Manche, 15 miles W.S.W. of Valognes. Pop. 1205. 
 
 BARN'WELL. a parish and village of England, adjoining 
 the town of Cambridge, on the X.E., with a chapel built in 
 the eleventh century. Pop. 6909. It is a great mart for 
 leather, wool, cheese, and cattle. 
 
 BAKN'WELL. a district iu the S.W. part of South Caro- 
 Una, bordering on the Savannah River, which sep'irate? it 
 from Georgia, has an area of 1550 square miles. It is 
 bounded by South Edisto Kiver, and drained by the sources 
 of the S.alkehatchie. which flows south-eastward. The i-ur- 
 face is hilly; the soil moderately fertile, especially near the 
 rivers. The pine is one of the most common forest-trees. 
 The Savannah River is navigable for steamboats on the 
 border of the district, which is also intersected by the Sl utb 
 Carolina Railroad, extendiiig to Charleston. Capital. Barn- 
 well Court House. Pop. 30,i-t3; ot whom 13,34:i were liee, 
 and 17.401 slaves. 
 
 BARXWELL, or BARXWELL COURT-HOUSE, a post- 
 village, capital of Barnwell district, South Carolina, near 
 Sjilkehatchie River, 55 miles in a direct line S S.W. from 
 Columbia. It is situated in a fertile cotton district, and has 
 «ome trade. It contains a court-house and several churches. 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 BAUXW^ELL, KING'S, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BAKNWRLL, ST. ANDREW'S, a parish of England, co. 
 of Northampton. It has a station on the Peterborough 
 branch of the London and North Western I'.ailway. 
 
 BARN'WOOD, a parish of England, county of Gloucester. 
 
 BARO, bdVo', a river of Africa; rises in the country of the 
 Wallegas, S.W. of .\byssyuia, ne;ir lat. 8° N.. in an extensive 
 plateau, in which the tributaries of the Uahr-el-Abiad (White 
 Nile.) have their source. The course of the Bare is not ex- 
 plored yet, but the natives represent it as a very large river, 
 the valley of which is inhabited by Shankalahs, and fre- 
 quented bv herds of elephants. 
 
 «AK(MCU, bi-i-otch', or BROACH, a district of British 
 India, in the presidency of Bombay, having on the S. Surat. 
 E. a part of the Guicowar's dominions, N. and W. the river 
 Mhye and Gulf of Cambay. Area, 1351 square miles. Pop. 
 239.527. 
 
 BAROACH, (probably the ancient Bnrygaza,) capital of 
 the aliove district, is on the Nerbudda, 3ti miles N. of Surat. 
 Pop. estimated in 1S12, at 32,700; but it has since greatly de- 
 clined, and is poor, mean, and dirty. Trade in cotlon, grain, 
 and seeds, exported to Bombay and Surat. Here is a Brah- 
 minical endowed hospital for sick animals, into which even 
 insects are received. 
 
 B.\R* >DA, bar-o'da. a city of Ilindostan, capital of the Gui- 
 cowar's dominions, 78 miles N.N.E. of Surat. Pop. estimated 
 at 100,000. It is enclosed by a double wall with round tow- 
 ers, and has four spacious and well-built streets, meeting in 
 a central niiirket-place. A Bi-itish resident, with a body of 
 troops, is st.ationed at Baroda, which has a considerable 
 trade. Near it are numerous g.ardens, mosques, and welLs. 
 Baroda was a large and wealthy town during the reign of 
 Aurungzebe, and is still considered one of the richest cities 
 of its size in India. Here is a stone bridge over the Viswa- 
 mitra, remarkable as being the only one in Guzerat. 
 
 BAROS. bd/ro.x. a town of the Dutch East Indies, W. coast 
 of the island of Sumatra. 250 miles N.W. of Padaug. 
 
 BARUTSK, a town of Africa. See Nga.mi. 
 
 BARQUKSI.METO. haB-kjUse-mMo, a city of A'enejsuela, 
 capital of the province, situated on an affluent of the Portu- 
 guesa, 1(55 miles W.S.W. of Caracas. Pop. with suburbs, 
 12.000. It was entirely destroyed by an earthquake in 180"2, 
 previously to which it had 15,000 Inhabitants. 
 
 BAR R. baR. a town of France, department of the Bas-Rhin, 
 at the fix)t of the Vosges, 18 miles S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. 
 of the commune in 1851, 4517. It has a Protestant consis- 
 tory church, and was formerly fortified. 
 
 B.\.ltR, baR, a parish of Scotland county, and 18 miles S. of 
 Ayr. Some of its mountains are 2.700 feet in height, and it 
 has several lochs and large moras.ses. 
 
 BARR.\, baR/nil. a town of N.aples, 3 miles E. of the capi- 
 tal, with 5900 inhabitants, and numerous country residences. 
 
 BARRA, a town of Naples, 2^ miles S.E. of Reggio. Pop. 
 2600. 
 
 BARRA, bir'rJ, a petty state of N.W. Africa, at the mouth 
 of the Gambia, extending about 54 miles along the coast, 
 with a breadth of about 42 miles. It is in general well 
 cultivated, and contains a number of considerable vilUges, 
 with some pine forests. 
 
 BAU'RABOO' or BARABOO, a river of Wisconsin, rises 
 near the N.W. corner of Sauk co., and falls into the Wiscon- 
 Bin River, a few miles below Portage City. 
 
 BARItABOO, a post-township in Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 13'30. 
 
 BAR It ABOO, or BARABOO, a post-village, capital of Sauk 
 CO., Wisconsin, onBarralmo River. See Appbndix. 
 
 BARR.A.CONDA. bar-rd-kon'dl, a town of Western Africa, 
 Senegambia, on the right bank of the Gambia, 190 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 BAKR.VOKPOOR, bdr-rak-poor', a seat of the governor- 
 general of British Indi.i, presidency and province of Beng.al, 
 on the Iloogly, 10 miles N. of Calcutta. Here is a fine park 
 four miles in circumference, and laid out in European style, 
 near which is a large military village, with cantonments. 
 
 BAR'R.^^CKSVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Virginia, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Kjiilroad. 
 
 BARRADA or BUR.\DA, bar-ri'di, (anc. Chrysm->rhnax.) 
 a river of Syria, rises near 33° h& N. lat. and 36°, E. Ion. flows S. 
 along the Anti-Libanus, and then turning S.S.E. proceeds in 
 a tortuous course through a rich valley, bordered alternately 
 by bold rocks and wooded hills. On approaching Damascus 
 it is divided Into two branches, one of which passes along 
 the N. side of the city, while the other is diverted into eight 
 JifTerent channels, for watering the city and irrigating its 
 gardens. The former branch is supposed tobe the i'/iaW^j/Mir, 
 and the Latter the ^6'a»ia of ancient times. The branches 
 shortly after unite, and the trunk, receiving two tributaries, 
 enters tlie marshes and lake of Bahr-el-Merj. 
 
 BARRA-DO-RIODE-CONTAS, baRAid-do-ree'c-dA-kon'tils, 
 a town of Brazil, province, and 230 miles S.W. of Bahia. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 BARrRA-DO-RIO-DE-SXO-JOlO, baR'rd-do-ree'o-do-sa'ANo- 
 zho-d'AN", a town of Brazil, province, and 100 miles E.N.E. 
 of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 BARRA-DO-RTO-NtJUO, blR/Rj-do-ree'o-n.Vgro, capitaU 
 the province on the Rio Negro, near its junction «ith tht 
 Amazon. Pop. of district. tOOO, v\ ho subsist by raisiiij; U 
 bacco, cofft-e and cocoa, making turtle oil, and salting ilsh 
 In 1842, all that part of the province of Paia to the left ol 
 the Amazons was detached to form the new pio^ince of 
 Barni-do-I i io-dos-N egros. 
 
 BAKRA-DO-RIiXJKANDE. liK/Rd-do-reo'o-gran'dA, a vil- 
 lage of Brazil, about 350 miles West of Rahiii, on the Sao 
 I'raucisco. Pop. 4000. 
 
 BARR.\FRANCA. bfc-Ra-fran'ka, a town of Sicily, district 
 of Piazza, and 10 miles S.E. of C.iltanisetta. Pop. tli'iOO. 
 
 B.\UR.\GII. bdr'rih, a parish of Ireland, in Leinst«r,-the 
 county of Carlow. 
 
 BARHA. (bJr'ra or b^r'rl or BAIVRAY) ISLANDS, a 
 grou]) of npwaids of twenty islands, forming a parish of the 
 .same name, on the western coast of Scotland, county of In- 
 verness, fi)rming partof the chain known by the name of the 
 Outer Hebrides. About ten of them are inhabited, and the 
 others used as grazings. The prim-ipal island, from which 
 the group is named, is about 12 miles in length, varying in 
 breadth from 3 to 6 miles: its N. point is in lat. 57° 2' N.; 
 Ion. 7° 34' W. The ruins of several religious houses, 
 apparently of very old date, exist in Barra, the more re- 
 markable of which — two churches, s.iid to have Iwn built 
 by the monks of Icolmkill — are at a place called Killbar. 
 There are al.sf) numerous ancient watch-towers distributed 
 over the islands; and on every lake there is a dun or fort, 
 supjxised to have been built by the S<-andinavlans. Many 
 druidical circles are also to be met with. The ancient castle 
 or stronghold of the MacNeils, the former proprietors of 
 Barra. a rude and lonely mansion, stands in the middle of a 
 lieautiful bay, upon a small rock, which is entirely covered 
 by the sea at high water. Here. In times of old. they main- 
 tained the state .and authority of soven'ign princes, rulinj; 
 with despotic sway, and mimicking the pomp and dignitv 
 of royalty. The light-house on Barra Head, the highest iu 
 Britain, is 680 feet above the sea. 
 
 BAKRACO.\. See Baracoa. 
 
 BAR/RALLVlLLE,apoet-offlceof Alleghany CO., Mary land. 
 
 JIARRAMAHL. \ii.Vi-\\i-mAV. or barV.a-maul', a district 
 of British Indi,a, in the presidency of Madras, is a rich 
 and extensive table-land, in the province of Salem. See 
 Salkm. j) 
 
 BARRA MANSA. b.?R-RA-min'sa, a town of Brazil, 70 
 miles N.W. of Rio Janiero, on the right bank of t ho Para- 
 hiba-do-Sul. Pop. 6000. 
 
 BARR.\N, bftR'RftN'o', a town of France, in the department 
 of Gers. 7 miles W.S.W. of \ uch. Population of comni une, 1821. 
 
 B.\RRANCA. bdR-Rdn'kd, a town of South America. New 
 Onvnada, on the Magdalena River, 50 miles S.E. of Car- 
 tasrena. 
 
 BARRANQUILLA. See B.4RANQnu..\. 
 
 BARRATARIA BAY. See IUrataria Bat. 
 
 B.MIR AUX, bin^Bo', a village of France, depaitmentof 
 Isdre. 22 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Population of cjmmune 
 in 1852, 20-29. Near it is a fort built in 1596. 
 
 BARRAX, bdii-RaH'. a town of Spain. 23 miles W.N.W. 
 of Albacete. Pop. 2576. Commerce in frviit. 
 
 BARRE. bS,r'roe, a post-township of Washington co.. Vei^ 
 niont. 6 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. is w"ll watered by 
 two branches of the Onion River, which affords g<V)d mill 
 privileges. The soil is perhaps the best in the state. The 
 township contains a quarry of superior granite, from which 
 the stone used in building the state-house was taken. It 
 has 3 churches, 1 woollen-factory and 2 furnaces, ic. Pop. 
 1S:». 
 
 BARRE, a township of Worcester co., Massachusetts, 
 about 55 miles W. of Boston, well watered by the Wifre 
 River, which affords many valuable mill-seats. It has ex- 
 tensive manufactures of woollen and cotton goods, scythes, 
 shoes, a national bank, and 1 newspaper. ]'op. 2073. 
 
 BARRE, a township of Orleans co.. New york, 44 miles 
 N.E. of Buffalo. The Erie Canal and the Rochester and 
 Lockport Railroad pass through it. Pop. 4258. 
 
 BARRE, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 1-290. 
 
 B.^RREAH, b2r-r.Vih, a neatly built town of Ilindostan, 
 Ciipital of a rajah.ship, 50 miles N.Il. of Baroda. 
 
 BARRE CENTRE, a post-village of Barre township, Oiv 
 leans co., New York, 254 miles W. by N. of Albany, has 1 or 
 2 churches and several stores. 
 
 BARRE FORGE, a post-offlce of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 B.'VRREGES, b^R^Raizh', a village and celebrated watering- 
 place of France, department of Ilautes-Pyrences, on the 
 Gave-de-Bastan, in the valley of the same name. 3240 feet 
 above the sea. and 12 miles S.S.W. of Bagneres-<Ie-liigorre. 
 It consists of about 60 houses, most of them temporary sheds, 
 abandoned during winter, on account of the cold and the 
 danger to which it is exposed from avalanches. It is fre- 
 quented annually by about 1500 invalids, for the sake of its 
 sulphurous springs, which have a temperature varving 
 from 104° to 122° Fahrenheit. The baths, which for acen- 
 tury have enjoyed the highest reputation, were founded by 
 
 173 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 Louis XV. There are government military lijeths for 500 
 men. In the ricinitv is the beautiful cascade of Gararnie. 
 
 B.4 R'REL-OF-UC'fTKR ISLAND, a skerry or small islet 
 of Scotland, Orkney, off the S. end of Pomona. It derives 
 Its name from the cireumstanee of the tennant paying the 
 proprietor a barrel of butter as rent for the privilege of 
 klllinsr seals on it, the only thing of value it produces. 
 
 BARmK\,or BIG BARKEN RIVER, rises in Smith and 
 Jackson counties, near the N. border of Tennessee. Passing 
 into Kentucky, it flows westward and north-westward, until 
 It enters Greene River at the N.W. extremity of Warren CO., 
 after a course of about 100 miles. SteomVioats of medium 
 sisse ascend about 30 miles to Bowling Green, in all stages 
 of water. 
 
 BARREN, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, has an 
 area of at)out 500 square miles. It is drained by Little Bar- 
 ren River, and by Beaver and Skeggs creeks. The surface is 
 generally rolling, and in some parts hilly ; the soil is more 
 fertile than the name would imply, though not of the first 
 quality. The origin of the name may be traced to the 
 thinly timbered tracts, which are called " Barrens" in this 
 part of the West. The rock which underlies the sui-fece is 
 a cavernous limestone. Sulphurous and saline springs are 
 found in the county, and several furnaces have been esta- 
 blished for the preparation of salt. Organized in 1798. Capi- 
 tal, (jhusgow. Pop. Iti.Utio; of whom 12,oh7 were free, and 
 iOTS slaves. 
 
 BARREN, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BARREN, a post-office of Hanison co.. Indiana. 
 
 BARREN CREEK SPRINGS, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Marjiand. 
 
 BARREN GROVE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, 
 20 miles W. by S. from Princeton. 
 
 B.\RREX HILL, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 B.\RREN HILL, a post-office of Henry co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BAR'REN ISLAND, one of the Hunter Islands, off the 
 N.E. extremity of Van Diemen's I^and. Length from N. to 
 S. 15 miles : greatest breadth 4 miles. 
 
 BARREN ISLAND, a volcanic island in the Bay of Ben- 
 pal. E. of the Andaman I.sles, with a cone 1848 feet in height, 
 and fi-equentlv in erujrtion. 
 
 BAKRENJUEY. bar'ren-ju'ee, a point of New South 
 Wales, Cumlx-rland co. It is a rocky peninsula, joined to 
 the mainland by a narrow isthmus, bounded by the soa on 
 the E. and Pittwater. an inlet from Broken B-iy, on the W. 
 Lat. .3.3° 37' S.. Inn. 51° ^b' E. 
 
 BARREN PLAIN, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennes- 
 see. 32 miles from Nashville. 
 
 F.ARKE (bUr'roe) PLAINS, a post-office of Worcester co., 
 M.i.ssnchusetts. 
 
 BARREN RIDGE, a post-office of A'anzant co., Texas. 
 
 B.\R'RET, a township in Jefferson co., PennsylvanLi. 
 Pop. 579. 
 
 B.\KRET'S. a small villaire of Ohio co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BAR/JiETSVlLLE. a post-village in Lumpkin co., Georgia, 
 about 110 miles N.N.W. of Milledireville. 
 
 BARREVILLE. bAr're-vil. a post-village of McHenry co., 
 Illinois. 46 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 BAUR, GREAT, a chapelry of England, in the county of 
 Stafford. 
 
 B.\RRIIEAD. bar-hfd'. a large manufacturing village of 
 Scotland, county of Renfrew, in the vale and on the banks 
 of the Severn, 7 miles S.W. of Glasgow. In the village and 
 its vicinity, there ai-e 4 spinning factories with about 80.000 
 spindles, and 2 weaving factories. 9 bUacheries, 7 print- 
 fields, a flour mill, an iron foundry, and a machine shop, em- 
 ploying in .all alxiut 5000 hands. " The railway to Barrhead, 
 opened in 184^. has greatlv increased the prosperity of the 
 place. Pop. in 1S51. 6069. " 
 
 B.^RRIE, bar'ree. a parish of Scotland, county of ForCir. 
 on the German Ocean. X.W. of the Frith of Tay. "having two 
 light-houses which form the leading lights for vessels enters 
 Ing the Tay. 
 
 BAK'KIE. the capital of Simcoe co.. Canada West, on an 
 arm of Lake Simcoe, 00 miles N.N.W. of Toronto, with which 
 it communicates by laihv.iy. It ha.s a branch bank, agencies 
 of several fire and life assurance companies, numerous stores, 
 two schools for young ladies, and a printing-office, from 
 which a weekly newspaper is issued. A steamboat plies 
 between Barrie and other ports on the l.ake. Pop. about 800. 
 
 BAK'RIERS REEF, THE GREAT. The reef called em- 
 phatically the Great Barriers Reef from its vast extent, is 
 situati'd off the N.E. coast of .\ustrali;i. It commences with 
 Breaksea Spit, in lat. 24° 30' S. : Ion. 1.58° 20' E., and extends 
 to Bristow Island on the coast of Papu.a, in lat. 9° 15' S. ; 
 Jon. 14.3° 20' E.. beini a dist.ance. in a straight line, of about 
 12'i0 miles. It stretches along the coast at a mean distance 
 at about 30 miles, Wing in some places not more than 10 
 or 15 miles from the land, and at others upward of 100. 
 This pro iigiotis reef is wholly composed of coral, and rises, in 
 general. precipitoTisly from a very great depth, no bottom 
 having ben reached, in some places on the outer side of the 
 barrier, with a line of 285 fathoms. 
 
 BARUIGA NEORA, baR-!i«e'i^ nA'grI, a town or village 
 174 
 
 ' of TJruenay, South America, 85 miles N.E. of Montevideo 
 [ In its district are large breeding estates, each stocked with 
 
 from eO.OOO to 2iXI.000 head of cattle. 
 . BAK'BINGTON, a parish of England, co of Camlridge. 
 
 BARRINGTON, a parish of Enirland. co. of Somen-set. 
 
 BAR'RINGTON, a post-township ot Strafford co. New 
 Hampshire, 80 miles E. of Concord: has many streama 
 affording excelfent water-power. Pop. Utiki. 
 
 BARRINGTON, a post-township of Bristol co., Rhode 
 Island, about 8 miles S.E. of Providence, intersected by 
 Palmer's River. Pop. 1000. 
 
 BARRINGTON, a post-township of Yates co.. New York, 
 on Crooked Lake, about 54 miles S.E. of Rochester. Pop. 
 1574. 
 
 BARRINGTON, a post-township in Cook co., Illinois, 
 about 35 miles N.W. from Chicago. Pop. 1312. 
 
 JJARRINOTON, Great, a parish of England, co. of 
 Berks and Gloucester. 
 
 BARRINGTON, LiTTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 BARRIOS, Los, loce-bjR'neoce. a town of Spain. 48 miles 
 S.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 2722. engaged in linen weaving. 
 
 BARROIS, biR^Rwil/. an old division of France, in Lorraine, 
 now formii^ the greater part of the department of the 
 Meuse. 
 
 BARROSA. bfa-Ro'sl, a village of Spain, on the S.W. 
 coast of Andalusia, 16 miles S.E. of Cadiz. Here, in 1811, 
 the British troops gallantly repulsed the French fora»s un- 
 der Victor. 
 
 BARROW, bSr'rS, or BORRAGH, bor/rSn, a river of 
 Ireland, next in Importance to the Shannon, rises in the 
 Slievebloom mountains, Leinster, flows generally south- 
 ward, and. after a course of about 90 miles, joins the Suir to 
 fcrm the estuary of Waterford harlior. It divides the coun- 
 ties of Kildare. Carlow, and Wexford, on the E., from KU- 
 kenny and Queen's counties, on the W, Affluents, the Nore, 
 Blackwood, and Greese rivers. The towns Portarlington, 
 Monastereven, Athy, Carlow. Craig, and New Ross, are on its 
 banks. It is navigable for large ships from the sea to Ross, 
 and for barges to Athy. 60 miles above its mouth, where it is 
 joined by a branch of the Grand Canal. 
 
 B.VRROW, bJr'ro. a parish of England, county of S.ilop. 
 
 BARROW, a parish of England, count v of Suffolk. 
 
 BARROWBY, liKr o-be, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 BAR'ROWDALE. a village in Fairfield district, South 
 Carolina, about 25 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 BAR'ROM DEN. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 BAR'ROWFORD,a township of Eneland. co. ofLanraster. 
 
 BARROW. GRE.\T, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Clie.ster. 
 
 BARROW GURNEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 BAROtOM' ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 20° 
 45' S.. Ion. 1.39° 3' W. It is sm.all. but well wooded, and af- 
 fords fresh water. It was named in honor of Sir J. Barrow, 
 bv its discoverer. Captain Eeechev. in 1820. 
 "BARROW. NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 BARROW ON TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BARROW ROCKS, off the S. coast of Arabia, alxnit 50 
 miles N.E. of Aden. 
 
 BARROW, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 BARROW STRAIT, the passage from Baffin Bay, west^ 
 ward, into Prince Regent Inlet. l.at.74° N.. and between Ion. 
 84° and 90° W.. averaging 40 miles in breadth. Depth fre- 
 quently upwards of 200 fiithoms. Coasts rugged and moun- 
 tainous. Barrow is the name of several mountains, and of 
 a vallev in East Australia. 
 
 BARROW UPON IIUMBER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 BARROW UPON SOAR, a parish of England, county of 
 Leicester. 
 
 BARI'.'S STORE, a post-offioe of Macoupin co., Illiiioi.s. 
 
 B.\RRY. bSr'ree. a parish of South Wales, co. of Cilamop- 
 gan. on the British Ch.annel, 7i S.W. of Cardiff. Pop. in 
 1851, 74. A small island of about 3000 arces, in this pari.sh, 
 near the mainland, in Bristol Channel, is said to give the 
 name to the Barry family in Ireland. 
 
 B.\R'RY, a county in the S.W. central part of Michigap, 
 contains 570 square miles. It is intersected by the Thoriiap- 
 ple River, and also drained by Fall and JIuddy Creek.s. The 
 surfece is undulating, and is diversified by numerous .small 
 Lakes, prairies, .and forests of heavy tiinlier. among which 
 the sugar-maple, ash. beech, and tulip-tree are found. The 
 soil is mostly fertile. The Thornapple River furiii.>.hB8 
 water-power. Named in honor of William T. Barry, post- 
 ma.ster-general under President Jackson. Capital. Hast- 
 ings. Pop. 13,858. 
 
 BARRY, a county in the S.S.W. part of Missouri, bordei- 
 ing on .\rkansas. has an area of 703 square miles. .It is 
 traversed by White River, of .\rkansas. and al.so drained by 
 King's River and Fl,at Creek, The surface is hilly and di 
 versified by prairies and forests ; the soil is generally feitlle 
 Limestone is one of the principal rocks. The coujity con 
 tains mines of lead, which have not been explored to muck 
 extent. It is libeniUy supplied with water-power. Ciipitai 
 Cassville. Pop. 7995 ; of whom 7748 were free, and 247 slavuR.' 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 BAKRT. a post-township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, 
 8 miles N.W. ofl'ottsville. intersected by the Pottsville and 
 Danville Railroad. Pop. 943. 
 
 BAKllY, a post-office of Frederick CO., Maryland. 
 
 BARRY, a post-village of Cuvahoga co^ Ohio, 15 miles 
 E.S.Ii!. of Cleveland. 
 
 BARRY, a post-village of Jackson co., Michigan, on Sand- 
 gtone Creek, and on the Central Kailroad,'82 miles W. of 
 Detroit. It has some trade, and contains lor 2 mills. There 
 is a sandstone quarry in the vicinity. 
 
 BAKKY, a township of Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 1101. 
 
 BAURY. a post-village and township ot Pikeco., Illinois, 
 83 miles W. of Springfield, and about 10 nxiles from the 
 Mississippi River. It is situated in an undulating and fer- 
 tile prairie, which is mostly under cultivation. The village 
 has several stores. Total pop. 2143. 
 
 BAKRY, a post-village of Clay co., Missouri, 17 miles 
 N.W. of Independence. 
 
 BARRY'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BARRYTON, bJr're-ton, a post-village of Choctaw co., 
 Alabama, KSS miles S. by AV. of Tuscaloosa, and 5 or ti miles 
 W. of the 'i'ombigboe River. It was formerly the capital 
 of Washington county. 
 
 BAR'RYl'OWN, a post-village and railroad station of 
 Duchess CO., New York, on the Hudson lliver Kailroad, 
 about 50 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 BAll'UYVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, 
 on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 107 miles from New 
 Y'ork city. The railroad station, formerly called Shohola, is 
 on the opposite bank of the Delaware lliver, in I'ike co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BAURYVILLE, a post-village of Stark cc, Ohio, 130 miles 
 N.E. of Columlius. 
 
 BARS. See Barsch. 
 
 BARSAC. baB'sdk', a town of France, department of Gi- 
 ronde, on the left bank of the Garonne, 19 miles SJ"! of Bor- 
 deaux. Its vicinity produces the fine white Bordeaux 
 wine. 
 
 BARSCII, baRsh, (Hun. Rirs, bCRsh,) a town of Hungary, 
 capital of the county. 67 miles N.N.M'. of Pesth, and divided 
 by the river Gran into Old and New Barsch, formerly a free 
 fortified t<jwu, which jrave its name to the province. The 
 county of Barsch has 134.000 Inhabitants. In the S. it is 
 rich in grain and fruit. The mountains in the N. formerly 
 yielded gold and silver. 
 
 BAR/SII.A.M, a parish of England co, of Suffolk. Eachard, 
 the historian, was born here. 
 
 BAUSIIAM, East, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 B.\K.^IIAM, North, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BAR.'^IIA.M, West, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 B.4.RS0E, (BarsOo.) bau'so'eh, a small island and village 
 of Denmark, in the Little Belt. 9 miles N.E. of Apeurade. 
 
 BAR'STON. a parish of En^rland, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BAR-.SUK-AUBE, baR-sUii-6b, (L. Bar'rum ad JWuUim.) 
 an ancient town of France, department of Aube, 2S miles 
 E.S.E. of Troyes, on the Aube. Pop. in 1862. 4442. It has 
 a considerable commerce in wine, wood, hemp, and wool. 
 This little town, the environs of whidi are picturesque, was 
 the scene of two battles between Napoleon and the allies in 
 1814. in consequence of which it was nearly destroyed. 
 
 B^R-SUR-ORNAIN. See Bar-le-Duc. 
 • BAR-SUR-SEINE, baR-sUR-sAne, (L. Bar'rum ad Seij'ua- 
 nian,) a town of France, department of Aube, 17 miles S.E. 
 of Troyes, on the left bank of the Seine. Pop. in 18S2, 
 2745. Commerce in grain, wine, brandy, and wool. This 
 was an important town in the Middle Ages, and often ruined 
 during the wars of Burgundy. It was the scene of a severe 
 engagement between Napoleon and the allies, 25th May, 
 1S14.' 
 
 BART, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 14 
 miles S.E. of Lancaster. Pop. 1532. 
 
 B.\RTAN, bau'tSn', a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on 
 the Bartan-Soo, (anc. Parthe)nius.) near its mouth, in the 
 Black Sea, 45 mileji N.E. of Ereglee. It stands on two chalk 
 hills, with an intermediate valley, and has about 650 hou.ses 
 and 5 mosques. Near it some Roman remains have been 
 discovered. 
 
 BARTEN, baR/ten, a town of East Prussia, 47 miles S.E. 
 of KSnigsberg. Pop. lOHO. It is defended by a castle. 
 
 BARTEN HEIM, baR/ten-hime\ (Fr. pron. baRHen-?m',) 
 a village of France, department of Ilaut-Rhin. Pop. of com- 
 mune, in 1852, 2ul0. 
 
 BARTENSTEIN, baR/ten-stine\ a town of East Prussia, 
 33 miles S.S.E. of Kijnigsberg, on the Alle. Pop. 3700, en- 
 gaged in manufacture of linens, woollens, and leather. 
 
 BARTENSTEIN, a village of WUrtemberg. circle of Jaxt, 
 with a population of 1100, and a castle, the residence of the 
 princes of Hoheulohe-Bartenstein. 
 BARTEll BllOOK, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 BAR/TEKSVILLE, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 BARTFA, bdRf fOh. or BARTFELD, baRffJlt, a town of 
 North Hungary, co. of Saros, on the Tepla, 155 miles N.E. of 
 Pesth. Pop in 1840, 4658. It has superior schools, and a 
 
 trade in wine, linen, brandy, and earthenware. Ito hot 
 baths are the most frequented in Hungary. 
 
 BARTH or BARDT, baRt, a seaport town of Prussi.a, Po 
 merania, on the Binnensee, at the mouth of the Baith. 17 
 miles W.N. W. of Stralsund. Pop. 4643. It hiis ship-build- 
 ing docks, and trade in corn and wool. 
 
 BARTH E-DE-NESTE, La, Id-baRtrdf h-n?st, a vill:ige of 
 France, department of Hautes-Pyrenies, 12 miles East ttom 
 Bagng'res-de-Bigorre. Pop. 1045. 
 
 BARTHOI/OMEW, a bayou, of Arkansas and Louisiana, 
 rises in Jefferson county of the former state, and flowing 
 nearly southward into Louisiana, enters the Washita at 
 Washita City, near the 8.W. extremity of Morehouse parish 
 It is navigable by steamboats 250 miles. 
 
 BARTlioLOMEW. a county in the S.E. central part of Indi- 
 ana, cfjn tains 40(J s<iuare miles. It is drained by the Driftwood 
 fork of White River, and by Flat Rock and C'lifty creeks. 
 The surface in the W. is hilly, and in the other parts mostly 
 level. The soil is fertile. The ciunty is largely siiiijilied 
 with water-ix)w er. The Madison and Indianapolis Railroad 
 passes through it. Named in honor of General Jo.seph 
 Bartholomew, a senator of the state. Capital, Columbus. 
 Pop. 17,8&i. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, a postK)fflce of Chicot co., Arkansas. 
 
 BAItTHOLOMEW, a township in Jefferson co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 147. 
 
 BAR/THOMLEY, a parish of England, counties of Chester 
 and Stafford. 
 
 BART'LETT, a post-township of Coos co.. New Hampshire, 
 80 miles N.E. of Concord, intersected by the Saco River. 
 Pop. 761. 
 
 BARTLETT,' a post-village of Washington co., Ohio, 20 
 miles W. by S. from Marietta. 
 
 BARTLETT'S ISLAND, of La Pointeco., Wisconsin, in 
 Lake Superior, is alout 7 miles in length, and 3 in its grent- 
 est breadth. Lat. 47' N. ; Ion. 90° 3o' W. 
 
 BART/LETTSVILLE, a post-office of Clarke co., low.i. 
 
 BARTLOF. GROSS, groce-baRt'ldf. a village of Prusda, 
 10 miles S.E. of Heiligenstadt. Pop. 1100. 
 
 BART'LOW, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 BARrrON is the name of several townships and hamlets 
 in England, and of a farm in the Isle of Wright. 1 mile from 
 East Cowes, the house on which, a structure of the Eliza- 
 bethan period, has been restored as a summer residence for 
 her Majesty. 
 
 BAItTON, a parLsh of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 BARTON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 BAR/TON, a post-township of Orleans, co. of Yennonl, 
 aliout 40 miles N.E. from Montpelier. is drained by Bartca 
 River, and has tine watur-jjower. Pop. la'.'O. 
 
 BARTON, a post-township of Tioga co., New York, with 
 a village of the same name on the Erie Railroad, 25 miles 
 E.S.E. of Klmira. Pop. 4234. 
 
 BARTON, a post-office of AUeghatiy co., Maryland. 
 
 B.\RTON, a post-office of Lowndes co., Mi-ssissippi. 
 
 BARTON, a township in Gibson co., Indiana. Pop. 957. 
 
 BARTON, a postKiffice of Washington co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BARTON BEN'DISH. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BARTON BI/>UXT, a parish of ETigland, co. of Derbv. 
 
 BARTON, EARL'S, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BARTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BARTON HARTS/HORNE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Buckingham. 
 
 BARTON HILL, a post-offlce of Schoharie CO., New York 
 
 BARTO'NIA. a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, 8 
 miles S.E. of Winchester, the county town. 
 
 BARTON-IN-CLAY. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 BARTON-l.v-FA'BIS, a parish of England, co. of Notting- 
 ham. 
 
 BARTON MILLS, a pari-sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BARTON-ON-IRWELL, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, on the Liverpool and >Ianehester railway, 6i 
 miles W. of Manchester. The first aqueduct bridge con- 
 structed in England across a navigable river, here carries 
 the Bridgewater Canal over the Irwell, and consists of three 
 arches raised 40 feet above the river. 
 
 BARTON RIVER, a small stream of Orleans co., in the 
 N. part of A'ermont. falls into Memphremagog lake. 
 
 BARTON'S CREEK, of Tennessee, flows into Cumberland 
 River from the left, in the S. part of Montgomery county. 
 
 BARTON'S CREEK, apostoffieeof Dick.sonco.. Tennessee. 
 
 BARTON SAINT DAVID'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 BARTON SAINT MARY, or BARTON STREET, a hamlet, 
 CO. of. and adjacent to the city of Gloucester. 
 
 BARTON SEAGRAVE, a parLsh of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BARTON STACEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BARTON STREET, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 BARTON. STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BARTON TURFF. a pari.^h of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BARTON'S LANDING, a thriving post-village of Orleans 
 CO., Vermont, in Barton township. 
 
 175 
 
BAR 
 
 B.UVTONSVTLLi:, a post^TiUajre of Wlndhaid oo., Ver- 
 mont. 95 miles N. W. from Montpelier. 
 
 B \RTOXSVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylva- 
 Dia. 
 
 UARrrON UXDEU NEEDAVOOD, a chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Stafford. 
 
 BARTON, UPOX HEATH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick, 5 miles S. of Sbipton-on-Stour. About 2 miles 
 from tlie Tillage Is " Fourshire stone," marking the junction 
 of the counties of Warwick, Worcester, Gloucester, and 
 Oxford. 
 
 BAR/TON-UPOX-HUM'BER, a market-town of England, 
 to. of Lincoln, at its northern extremity on the Humber, li 
 miles S.AV. of Hull, with which town it has important steam 
 communication. The town near the banks of the river, 
 here 6 miles across, consists chiefly of two spacious streets. 
 St. Peter's church is a large ancient edifice, and there are 
 alms-houses and an endowed charity school. Trade princi- 
 pally corn and flour; manufactures of rope.«, .sacking, bricks, 
 and" tiles. About 3 miles south-eastward are the remains 
 of Thornton Abbey, founded in 1139. 
 
 BARTON VIiyLAGE, a thriving village of Orleans co^ 
 Vermont, in Barton township, 43 miles X.E. of Montpelier, 
 contains a model school-house. 
 
 BARTON WEST'COTT. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BARTSCH, baRtch, a river of Pru.ssia, rises in the S. of 
 the province of Posen, and tills into the Oder on the right, 
 above Glogau. It passes Adelnau, MUitsch, and Herrnstadt, 
 and is navigable to Militsch. 
 
 BART'VllXE, a post-oflice of Lancaster co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 BARUGII or BAKGII, bir'ah, a township of England, co. 
 of York. West Riding. 
 
 BARUTII, b^root, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. 31 miles S.E. of Potsdam, with iron-works. Pop. 
 1670. 
 
 BARUTII, a village of Saxony. 7 miles \.E. of Bautzen. 
 
 BAKVAS, ban/vis, a village and parish of Scotland, Isle 
 of Lewis, one of the Outer llebrides, co. of Ross. 
 
 B.\KW,\LDE, baR/*irdeh. a small town of Prussia, pro- 
 Tince of Brandenburg, 31 milesN.N.E. of Fi-ankfort-ou-Oder. 
 Pop. 22^. 
 
 BARWALDE. a small town of Prussia, province of Pome- 
 rania. near Stettin. Pop. 970. 
 
 B.iRWALL.\H. bar-wSllah, a large brick-built town, in 
 the X.^V. part of Hindostan. near Pattialah. 
 • BAR'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BARAVICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 B.^^RWICK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BAR'WICK IN EL/MET,aparish of England, CO. ofYork, 
 VTest Riding, 16 miles N.E. of Leeds. It has traces of a 
 eastle. said to have been a residence of the Northumbrian 
 king Edwin. 
 
 BARYSZ, bS'rish. a town of Austrian Galicla, 19 miles E. 
 N.E. of Stanislawow. Pop. 1900. 
 
 BAS, bds, or BATZ, bits, a small island of France, de- 
 partment of Manche, in the English Channel, off the N . 
 coast of the department of Finist^re, 15 miles N.W. of Moi^ 
 laix. Pop. 1132. It is 3 miles in length, by about 2 miles in 
 breadth : and h.is on it a few small villages, and two forts. 
 The channel between this island and Roscoff is an excellent 
 roadstead. A revolving light stands at an elevation of 223 
 feet above the level of the sea, in lat 48° 44' 48"; Ion. 4° 1' 
 30" W. 
 
 BAS or BATZ. See Bas-ex-Basset. 
 
 BASTHURCH. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 B.iS'CO. a post-office of Hancock CO.. Illinois. 
 
 BAS'COBEL. a post-villageof Jackson CO., Geor^a, 80 miles 
 N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 BASCO/NA, a post-office of Seneca co.. Ohio. 
 
 BASCONS, bds'kAxo', a village of France, department of 
 Landes. Pop. of commune, 1150. 
 
 BASEELAN or BASILAX, bi-see/linV one of the lai^est 
 Islands of the Sooloo .\rchipelago, off theS.W. extremity of 
 Mindanao, from which it is separated by the strait of Bas&e- 
 lan: about 15 miles broad, a safe channel, though bavins: 
 Irregular tides. Lat. (E. point) 6° 41' N. : Ion. 122° 17' E. 
 It is about 42 miles in length, by 6 average breadth. Basee- 
 lan is a favorite resort of pirates calling themselves lUanos, 
 (il-ld'noce, or eel-yi'noce.) 
 
 BASEL, bifzel, (Ger. Baxd. bl/zel. Fr. Bash or BaU. bal. 
 L. Bixiliit or Batilea.) one of the largest towns in Switzerland, 
 capital formerly of the whole canton of Ba.sel, but since the 
 division of that canton, capitiil only of the canton of Biisel 
 Town. It Is 4:5 miles N. of Bern, pleasantly situated on the 
 Rhine, which L« here crossed by a wooden bridge, supported 
 partly on stone piers. The river divides the town into two 
 parts— Gross Basel, or Great Basel, on the left hank, and 
 K1.EIN Ba.«el. or Little Ba.sel, on the right bank ; lat. 47° 34' 
 JJ.; Ion. 7° 36' E. Basel is surrounded by walls, and is toler- 
 ably well built: streets irregular but clean, and plentifully 
 supplied with fountains. The cathedral, buHt by Henry II.. 
 In 1019, has a tower 250 feet high, and is one of the finest 
 ihnrches in Switzerland. It contjiins the tombs of Era.s- 
 inns, (Ecolampadius, BernouilU, and Anne, wife of Rudolph 
 of Hapsburg, mother of the line of Austrian princes. In a 
 176 
 
 BAS 
 
 corner of the square in which the cathedral is situated, is 
 the public library, containing 50.000 volumes, with many 
 important miinu.scripts. an interesting collection of p.iintings 
 and drawings by Holbein, and a number of antiquities from 
 Augst. the site of the Roman Augusta llaurnciviim. Be- 
 hind the cathedral is a terrace, alout lO feet al>ove the level 
 of the river, planted with chestnut-trees, and commanding 
 a fine view of the Rhine, the town, and the hills of the 
 Black Forest. The arsenal contains the armour worn by 
 t^harles the Bold at the battle of Nancy. The university, 
 founded in 1459, by Pope Pius II., and reorganized in 1.^17, 
 with 24 professors, was the first great seminary for the ad- 
 vancement of learning established in Switzerland. It once 
 enjoyed a high reputation, and numbered Lra.smiis, Ber- 
 nouilli, and Euler, among its professors; the two latter were 
 natives of Basel. The town has also a n0rm.1l school, a 
 gymnasium with 12 professors, an element;iry polytechnic 
 school, a theological institution, a school of practical agri- 
 culture, and the Erasmus college. The library of the tlieo- 
 logical institution contains 20.000 volumes: and a special 
 library attached to the botanical garden is said to be the 
 richest of the kind in Europe. As a commercial and m.inu- 
 facturing town, Basel is the most important in Switzerland, 
 This is partly to be attributed to its position on the frontiers 
 of France and Germany, a few miles below the spot where 
 the Rhine becomes navigable, and at the termination of 
 the French and German railways on either side the river, 
 which naturally renders it the entrepot of the commerce of 
 Switzerland with France, Germany, and the Low Countries. 
 Its riblion manufactories are extensive : and it also produces 
 pajier. silks, gloves, leather, jewelry, printed cottons, and 
 turnery wai<e. About a qxiarter of a mile lieyond the gates 
 a cross is erected, to commemorate the battle of St. Jacob, 
 fought In 1444, when 1600 Swiss attacked a Frencli army of 
 twenty times their number, commanded by the dauphin, 
 afterwards Louis XI., and for 10 hours kept it in check; 
 nearly all the Swiss fell, not more than 10. according to 
 some accounts, escaping alive. This exploit first spread the 
 fame of Swiss valour, and led to the enrolment of the Swiss 
 body-guard of France. The vineyards near the field of bat- 
 tle produce a red wine Q&WeA SclitoeizerhJui, (Swiss blood.) 
 esteemed the best in the canton. Down to the end of last 
 century, (1795,) the clocks of Basel were kept an hour in ad- 
 vance of those in other places of Europe — a singular cus- 
 tom, the origin of which is unknown. The treaties of peace, 
 between France and Spain, and France and Prussia, were 
 signed here. July 22. 1795. Pop. 37,918, mostly Protest-ints. 
 
 B.\SEL, or B.\LE, since 1501. one of the cantons of the 
 Swiss confederation situated in the N.W., on the frontiers of 
 France, and the grand duchy of Baden. Area, a1x>ut 185 
 square miles. Surface undulating. Principal rivers, the 
 Rhine and its tributaries, the Birz and Ergolz. Corn enough 
 is raised for home consumption, and some wine is produced. 
 Chief manufactures, ribbons, woollens, linens, leather, iron 
 and steel wares. In 1S32 it was divided into two portions 
 entirely independent of each other; viz. Ba.=el Town, (Bale 
 Ville,) which comprises the cit}' and several surrounding 
 communes; pop. in 1S50, 29.555; and Basel Country. (Bale 
 Campagne.) the capital of which is Liesthal. with the re- 
 maining communes of the canton. Pop. in 18.50, 47.830. 
 
 B.tSE L.\KE. a post-office of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 
 B.\SELE. td-.sVlfh or bdVail'. a town of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, on the Scheldt. 12 miles N.E. of Dender- 
 monde. In the vicinity is a Gothic castle of the thirteenth 
 century, surrounded by a fine domain, with a lake and sus- 
 pension bridge. In the commune from 60 to 70 millions of 
 bricks are annually made. Pop. 4918. 
 
 BASELICE, hS-s^l'e-ch.A, a town of Naples, on a mount.ain, 
 21 miles S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 4010. 
 
 BAS-EN-BASSKT, bSz 6>" bds's;!', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-Loire. 11 miles N. of Yssingeaux. Neai 
 it is the picturesque ruined castle of Rochebaron. Pop. 3386 
 
 BASENTO. a river of Italy. See B vsiP>-Tn. 
 
 BAS'FORD. a pari.sh of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 BASFORD, a township of England, co. of Chester, with a 
 station on the London and North-Westem Railway, 2J milei 
 S.S.W. of Crewe. 
 
 BASH'.\M"S GAP, a post-oflice of Morgan co., Alabama. 
 
 B.\'SHAN. a post-office of Meigs co., Alabama. 
 
 B.'VSH'EBA, a post-office of llenrv co., Georgia. 
 
 BASHEE, BASHI (bd'shee'.) ISLANDS, or BATANE3, 
 bJ-tS/n^. a group of islands, in the archipelago of the 
 Philippines, between Luzon and Formos.'i, t etween lat. 20° 
 and 21° N.; and abo-Ht Ion. 122° E., with a Spanish colony 
 founded 1783. They were discovered by Danipier. 
 
 B.\SIIT, bash'ee. a post-office of Clark co.. Alabama. 
 
 BASIIKEERS or B.4SHK1RS. bi-h'keerzV a peculiar p.>o- 
 pie inhabiting the plains adjoining the S'nith Uralinn 
 Mountains, on the confines of Europe and .^sia, between 
 the piirallels of 52° and 55° .HO' N.. lat. and the meridians of 
 58° and 63° E. Ion. The origin of these people is extremely 
 obsciu^: their language, which differs but little from thatof 
 the T.artars of Kazan, seems to connect them with the 
 Turkish race, while In looks and features <hey are said to 
 l>ear a stronger resemblance to the Finnish tribes. It is not 
 
 --] 
 
BAS 
 
 linproba1)le that they are the descendants of Btil<?arians, 
 Nojrays, and other Tartar adventurers who settled in the 
 Uralian valleys, partly expelling, partly mixing with and 
 absorbing the original Finnish population. The 15ashkt«rs 
 are. at tlie present day, the only people within the limits of 
 the Russian Kmpire who still elingto their ancient nomadic 
 habits. Their territory, S.W. of Slatoost, (Zlatoust,) is of 
 the finest kind, well watered, wooded, and abundantly 
 fertile: but these equestrians think only of pasture, and 
 never of their own accord engage in agricultural pursuits. 
 They do not go beyond Yekaterinboorg on the one side, nor 
 Orenboorg on the other. In 1770. they reckoned 27.000 
 femilles. or probably about 160.000 souls; in 1838, they 
 had increased to 195,000, of whom about 20,000 were in the 
 govei-nment of Perm. th3 remainder in that of Orenboorg. 
 
 BASHT. bJsht. a citadel and village of Persia, province 
 of Fars. 80 miles W.X.W. of .Sheeraz. It resembles the cas- 
 tles of the old feudal barons in Europe, the cliief's fort 
 being .surrounded by the habitations of his vassals. 
 
 15.\,SID0H, bdse-do', or BAS'SADOUE', a decayed village 
 at the west end of the island of Kishm, in the I'ersian Gulf. 
 Lat. 26° 39' N.; Ion. 55° 22^ E. Its vicinity is quit« barren, 
 and intolerably hot in summer. It has become the principal 
 station for British ships in the gulf and has a small bazaar, 
 a hospital, and subscription rooms supported by Indian 
 officers. Xear it are the ruins of the old Portuguese town 
 and fort of the same name. There is good anchorage in the 
 roads, but the p<irt is of diflficult entrance. 
 
 BASTKNTO, ba-sWn't6', or BASENTO, ba-sJn't<V. (anc. 
 Casuen'tiia.) a river of Naples, province of Basilicata. rises 
 In the .\pennines, \V. of Potenza. flows E.S.E. and enters 
 the gulf of Tarauto. 25 miles W.S.W. of Taranto. Length 
 50 miles. Near its mouth are the remains of the ancient 
 
 BA'SILi. a village of Liberty township, Fairfield CO., Ohio, 
 on the Oliio Canal, 12 miles N. by W. of I^ancaster. 
 
 B.\S1LD0N. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 71 miles 
 N.W. of Heading. Near the village the Great "Western Hall- 
 way crosses the Thames. 
 
 BASILIAor BASILKA. See Basel. 
 
 BASILICATA. bd-se-le-kd/tl, (anc. Litcafma,) a province 
 of the state of Naples, having on the N. Capitanata, on 
 the E. Bari. on the S.E. the Gulf of Taranto, on the S. Cala- 
 bria Citra, and on the W. Principato Ultra and Citra. Capi- 
 tal. I'oteuza. Area, 41C2 square miles. I'op. in 1850, 501.222. 
 It is mostly mountainous, being traversed by the Appen- 
 nines, and is not very fertile. It has a fine plain on the 
 shores of tiie gulf, watered by seveial small streams. Chief 
 products, wine, cotton, lint, tobacco, and saSrou. Princi- 
 pal towns. Potenza, Francavilla, and Tursi. 
 
 BASILUZZO. See Vacchellce. 
 
 BASING, b.i'zing, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 
 2 miles N.E. of Basingstoke. Tlie magnificent castle built 
 here by 'William Pautet, first Slarquis of Winchester, and 
 lord treasurer to Queen Elizabeth, was. in the civil war, de- 
 feuded for two years against the Parliamentary forces by 
 John, fifth marquis. It was finally stormed by Cromwell, 
 October 14th. ItUo, and, aft«r yielding rich plunder to the 
 besiegers, was burned to the ground. 
 
 B.\'SINGsT'. )KI<!, a municipal borough and parish of 
 England, co. of Hants, on the S.Western Railway, 45j miles 
 W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 1851. 4263. It has a church 
 built in the reign of llenry VIII., an ancient free school, 
 with an income of 200f. a-year: a blue-coat school, founded in 
 1646, several other charities, (including an estate left by Sir 
 G. Lancaster, rent 250/. per annum:) a market-house, town- 
 hall, and jail, and a large trade in corn and malt, greatly 
 facilitated by the Basingstoke Canal, by which it commu- 
 nicates with the Wey and the Thames. Near Basingstoke 
 is a tract of 108 acres, on which every householder has a 
 right of pasture : and immediately N. of the town are the 
 pictures<iue remains of the ancient chapel Of the Holy 
 Gho.«t. 
 
 BA'SIX HAR'BOR. a village and port of Addison co., 
 Vermont, on Lake Champlain. 20 miles S from Burlington. 
 
 B.\.SIN KNOB, a post-villiige of Johnson co., Missouri, near 
 a hill of its own name, 115 miles W. by N.from JeDferson 
 City. 
 
 BASINWEKK, bA'sin-werk. a village of North Wales, co. 
 of Flint, containing ruins of an ancit-nt alibey and chapel 
 of the Knii;hts Templars, erected bv Henry II. 
 
 BASKAHE'GAN lUVER, in Maine, rises in a lake of its 
 own name, and empties itself into the Matawamkeag. 
 
 BA.S'KINGHIDCiE, a post-village in the N.E. part of So- 
 merset CO., New Jersey, about 40 miles N.N.E. from Trenton, 
 It contains a Presbyterian church, a classical academy, and 
 iieveral stores, 
 
 B.\SLE. See BASEt. 
 
 B.\S'LOW, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby, 3i miles 
 H.B. of Bakewell. 
 
 BAS'NETTSVILLE, a post-office of Marion co., Virginia. 
 
 BA'SON SPRINGS, a post-office of Grayson co., Texas. 
 BAS0UDA.bd-8t>w'-d!i, a town of Central India, dominion 
 of, and 150 miles S.W. of Gwalior, and said to comprise 2000 
 bouses .. 
 
 M 
 
 BAS 
 
 BASOUDA, a town of Central India, dominion of, and 157 
 miles S.S.E. of Gwalior, and h.iving 500 houses. 
 
 BASQUE (bask) PROVINCES, (Span. ruscrmgarJa!:, vfc- 
 kon-gd/i)is,) a country of Spain, bounded N. by the Bay of 
 Bi.scay. E. by Navarre. S. by the province of LogrcHo, and 
 W. by Burgos and Santander. The three Basque provinces 
 are Biscjiy, capital Bilbao: Guipuzcoa. capital Tolosa; and 
 Alava, capital Vitoria. The Basques, who are nearly all 
 shepherds, have always been celebrated for their bravery 
 and vivacity. They speak a language which has no analogy 
 with any other living tongue, and which, in remote ages, ap- 
 pears to have been used over all the peninsula. The French 
 part of the Basque country, which is now comprised in the 
 department of Basses-Pyrenees, was formerly dependent on 
 the province of Gascony. and had for capital Bayonne. A^. 
 and Inhab. Basque, bask. 
 
 BASQUEVILLK. See B.acQUETILLE. 
 
 BASRA. See BAS.^iORAH. 
 
 B.\S-HHIN, bd'r^N"', (»'.«. " Lotver Rhine.") a depart- 
 ment in the E. part of France, contiguous to th.it of Haute 
 Rhin. (Upper Rhine.) on the N. Area, 1777 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1861, 577.674. It is situated between the A'osges 
 Mountains on the W., and the Rhine on the E., which sepa^ 
 rates it from Baden, and which here receives the 111. Moder, 
 and Lauter: the last separates it on the N. from Rhenish 
 Bavaria. The soil is rich in mines of iron and coal, is well 
 cultivated, and fertile in com, wine, tobacco, beet-root, lin- 
 seed, and hemp. One-third of its surface is covered with 
 forests. It has numerous and various flourishing manufac- 
 tures, and its commerce is facilitated by the canal of the 
 Rhine and Rhone, and several other canals, and by the 
 Strastiourg and BSle Railway. The department is divided 
 into the arrondissements of Strasbourg. S.averue, Schfilestadt, 
 and W issembourg. Capital Starsbourg. 
 
 BASS, a large, insulated, green.stone rock of Scotland, at 
 the mouth of the Frith of Forth. 3 miles X.E. of North Ber- 
 wick. Lat. 50° 4' 53" N., Ion. 2° 37' 57" W. It is about a 
 mile in circumference, and 420 feet elevation ; a cavern- 
 ous pa.ssage penetrates through the rock from N.W. to S. 
 E. On it are the ruins of a castle, and about 7 acres of tine 
 pasture land. In summer it is frequented by myriads of 
 solan treese. 
 
 BASSA, I)!ls'-sa. BAFFA boof'-fl. or BUF'FA. a harbor of 
 Guinea, on the Grain Coast, between the Capes of Mesurado 
 and I'almas, in about lat. 7° N., Ion. 10° 20' W. 
 
 B.iSSAC, bjs'sdk'. a vilhtge of France, department of Cha- 
 rente. 9 miles E. of Cognac. Pop. of commune, 806. Com- 
 merce in wine and cognac brandy. 
 
 BASS.\1X, bis'-sIne'orbds'sAne'. a principal seaport town 
 in the Burmese dominions, capital of a province, on the 
 right branch of the Irrawaddv. Km) miles W. of Rangoon. 
 Lat. 10° 49' N.; Ion. 94° 45' E. "Estimated pfip. ."iOOO. 
 
 BAS'SALEG, a parish of England, co. of .Monmouth. 
 
 B.\SS.\M, Grand, grand bSs'silm', or grfl.N" lijIsV6.\o', a 
 town of Africa, Upper Guinea, on the Gold Coast, near the 
 mouth of the river of its own name. The French established 
 a station here in 1844. 
 
 BASSA.M. Grand, called also RIO DE SUETRO DA COSTA, 
 ree'o d.i swA'e-ro dd kos'ti. a river of Western Africa, the 
 emboucliure of which is on the southern part of the Ivory 
 Coast, in lat. 5° 10^ N.. Ion. 3° 45' W. 
 
 BASSANO. bds-s3/no. an episcopal cits' of Northern Italy, 
 province of Venice, and 19 miles N.E. of Vicenza. on a height 
 at the foot of the Alps, near the Brenta, in a country which 
 produces excellent wine and fruits. It is surrounded by 
 walls, is well built, and well paved, having marble foot- 
 paths. Pop. 12,000. The inhabitants are noted for their 
 industry, their m.anufactures, and tr.ade in silk fabrics, 
 woollens, and copper ware. In the private houses, the 
 communal palace, and the churches, are celebrated paint- 
 ings, especially those of Giacomo tia Fhtite, sumamed Bas- 
 sano. It has a picture gallery, a handsome theatre, and 
 a magnificent botanic garden. The printing establishment 
 of Ifeniimdimi^ ancient and celebrated. A handsome bridge 
 was built on the Brenta in the middle of last century, to 
 replace that by IWladio, destroyed in 1748. On September 
 9, 1796, the Anstrians, under AVurmer, were here defeated 
 bv the French, under Bonaparte. 
 
 'BAS'SAR/, POO'LO, a small i.sland in the Malay Archipe- 
 lago, N. coast of Ceram. a little AV. of the entrance into Sawa 
 Bay: lat. 2° 45' S.. Ion. 129° 10' E. 
 
 BASSAS DA INDIA. basZ-sSs di in'de-i. or een'de-a. an 
 island in Mozambique Channel ; lat. 22° 2S' S.. Ion. 40° 36' E. 
 The name of Baxos da India, given it by the Portuguese 
 discoverers, it still bears in all European charts except th 
 English. It is of a circular shape, about three or four miles 
 in diameter. 
 
 B.\SS£E. La, bfc'sA'. a town of France, department of 
 Nord, on the canal of La Bassfie, 13 miles S.W. of Lille. 
 Pop. of commune in 1S.=.2. 2755. 
 
 B.'i.SSEIN, bis-s.-lne'. a seaport-town of British India, pr» 
 sidency. and 30 miles N. of Bombay, in the district of Concan. 
 It was taken possession of by the Portuguese in 1531, cap- 
 tured by the Mahrattas in 1750. and ceded to the British on 
 the treaty of peace with the native powers in 1S02. 
 
 177 
 
BAS 
 
 BAS 
 
 BASSENl frWAITE,bas'-sen-thwait. a parish of England, 
 ec . of Cumlmriand. 
 
 BASSKNTIIWAITE. a lake of England, co. of Cumber 
 land, is in a rale of much l>eauty. and flanked on either 
 side by the mountains of Skiddaw and AVinthoi-p Brows. 
 Length 4 miles, by 1 mile in breadth. 
 
 BASSEK.SDORF, bfe'-sfrs-doRf\ a villapre and parish of 
 Switzeriand. 6i miles X.X.E. of Zurich. Pop. 2200. 
 
 BASSES-ALPES, biss^dlp', (i. e. '-Lower Alps,") a frontier 
 department of the S.E. of France, bordering on the Sardi- 
 nian states. Area, 2.600 square miles. Pop. in ISHl, 146.368. 
 It is chiefly mountainous. The level portion is in the S., 
 but only one-fourth of the land is cultivated. Principal 
 rivers, the Durance and Var. Soil generally sterile, but 
 between the mountains are valleys which are generally 
 very fertile. Numerous sheep from neighboring depart- 
 ments are fed on the mountains. 
 
 B.\t^'SES, Great, a ledge of rocks in the Bay of Bengal, 
 off the S. K. coast of Ceylon. The easternmost rock is in lat. 
 6° 11' 4S" X.. Ion. 81° 39' 28" E., 8 miles from the mainland. 
 BASSES, Little, near the above, in lat. 6° 52' 53" N., 
 Ion. 81° 58' 25" E.. is the more dangerous of the two groups. 
 A lisjht-house is to lie erected on Foul Point 
 
 BASSES-PYK£.\:fiES, bdss-pee'-rd'ni/, (!. e. " Lower Pyre- 
 nees,") a frontier department of France, formed of part of 
 the old province of Beam, bounded E. by the dejMirtment 
 of IIautes-Pyr6iiees, S. by the Pyrenees, W. by the Bay of 
 Biscay, on which are the ports of Bayonne and St. Jean-de- 
 Luz. and X. by the departments of Landes and Gers. Area, 
 2,862 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 436,628. Capital, Pau. 
 Nearly half the surface is covered with pastures and 
 marshes. one-si.\th part is occupied by fine forests, and the 
 rest is fertile. Xumerous torrents descend from the moun- 
 tains, the chief of which are the Gave-de-Pau, Gave d"01e- 
 ron. and the Xive. The minerals comprise iron, copper, and 
 marble. The mineral springs of Eaux-Bonnes and Eaux- 
 Chaudes are much frequented, and the salt from the springs 
 of Salies is in repute. Among the vegetable products are the 
 oak. gall-nut, lint, and wine; and among animals, the bear, 
 isard, a species of chamois. Manufactures unimportant; 
 the chief are iron forging, and the pit)duction of linen and 
 paper. The department is divided into thearrondissements 
 of Bavonne, Maulgon, Oloron. Orthez, and Pau. 
 
 B.A.SSE-TEKKE, bitsHaiR/, a seaport, a town of West In- 
 dies, capit.il of the French Island of Guadeloupe, on its S.W, 
 ccist, in lat. 15° S^ 30" X., Ion. 61° 44' AV.; it is the resi- 
 dence of the governor, the seat of a royal court and courts 
 of assize, and has several schools and a botanic garden. 
 ITiere is no harbor, and the roadstead is exposed. The 
 commune of Basse-Terre has a pop. of 12.414. of whom 7536 
 are slaves, but the town has only 5.500 inhaliitants. 
 
 BASSE-TEKKE, liass'tair'. .seaport, a town of West Indies, 
 capital of St, Christopher, one of the Briti.«h Antilles, on its 
 M', coast, in lat, 17° 17' 30" X.. Ion. 62° 42' W. Pop. 6500. 
 Its harbor is defended by several batteries, and it has an ac- 
 tive trade. 
 
 BASSK-TERRE, a town of W. Indies, in Marie Galante, 
 (an island 12 miles S.E. of Guadeloupe.) on its W. coast. 
 
 BASSETTS CHEEK of Alabama flows south-westward, 
 through Clarke co.. into Tombigbee River. 
 
 BAS.<IO.\.\XA, bd.s'-seen-yd'nl a town of Piedmont, 8 
 miles X.E. of Alessandria, formerly fortified; excellent wine 
 is produced in its vicinity. Pop. 2800. 
 
 BASSIXGBOURX, bas'sing-burn, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Camliridge. 
 BAS'SIXGHAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 BAS/.-iIXGTUORPE, bas'sing-thoi-p, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln, 
 
 BASS OF IXVERURY, inVgr-oo'ree, in Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen, is a mound near Inverury, believed to cover an 
 ancient castle. 
 
 B.\SSiyR.\. a small village of Franklin co.. Missouri, on 
 the Jlissouri River. 50 miles W. from St. Louis. 
 
 BASSOI'.AH. has'so-ri. BASRA, bis'rah. B.VLSORA. biU- 
 so-rd. or BUS'SORAII, (Arab. •' a margin.") a frontier city and 
 river port of Asiatic Turkey, iff the pashalic of Bagdad, on the 
 Shat-el-Arab. (i.e. Kirxr of the Arabs.) formed by the junction 
 of the Euphrates and Tigris. 70 miles from its mouth in the 
 Persian Gulf, and 270 miles S,E, of Bagdad. Lat. 30° 30 X., 
 Ion. 47° 34' 15" E. Pop. usually estimated at 60.000. Half 
 of these are Arabs, one-fourth Persians, and the rest Turks, 
 Jews. Koords. and Roman Catholics. It is enclosed by a 
 wall of sun-dried brick from 7 to 9 miles in circumference 
 the space including ricefields. date groves, and gardens, 
 and intersected by canals. The streets and houses are 
 mean, and. except the English factory, the governor's resi- 
 dence, and a few of the mosijues, there are no good edifices. 
 The lia/..iars are mean, but stocked with all kinds of poods, 
 B.-us.sorah Vieing the great emporium of the Turkish Empire 
 for I'jistern produce. Ships of 400 tons burden can come 
 up to the city, the trade of which is mostly carried on. in 
 Aniliian Imttoms, Imports comprise muslins and piece 
 goods, spices, drugs, rice, sugar, indigo, silk, cotton yarn, 
 Burat manuCtctures. and other Indian and Chinese (wods, 
 with lead, tin, steel, &c., «hich have been exported to In- 
 178 
 
 dia from Europe; shawls, assafoetida. and fruits from Ptn^ 
 sia; coffee, dates, and gums from- Arabia; pearls from Bah- 
 nin, and coral from the Mediterranean, by way of Aleppo, 
 Principal exports, horses to Bombay, the pi-ecious metals, 
 dates, copper, gall-nuts, raw silk, gold fringe; and, among 
 the retwrns to Persia are many English cotton prints n»- 
 ceived by the Black Sea and Constantinople. 
 
 BASS RIVER HOTEL, a post-ofliice of Burlington co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 BASS'S STRAIT separates Australia from Van Diemen'n 
 Land. It was first explored by Bass, a surgeon, in 1798. 
 Average breadth 150 miles, and much encumbered with 
 islands and coral reefs. 
 
 BASSUM, bis'sddm, a town of Hanover, 18 miles W. of 
 Hoya. Pop. 1009. with manufactures of straw hats. 
 
 BASTAD, (BAstad.) bos'-tdd. a town of Sweden. CO miles 
 W.N.W. of Christianstad, with a small port in the Gulf of 
 Laholm. in the Cattegat. Pop. e*0. 
 
 BASTAX, bds-tin', a valley of Spain, in Navarre. It af- 
 fords excellent pasturage, is well watered, and contains 14 
 villages. 
 
 BASTELICA, ba^-tU'e-kJ, a village of Corsica, IS milea 
 E.X.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. in 1846, 2528. 
 
 BASTIA, bis-tee'i, a fortified seaport town, and formerly 
 the capital of Corsica, on its X.E. coast, 67 miles X.X.E, of 
 Ajaccio. This town, the wealthiest and most populous in 
 the island, is built in the form of an amphitheatre, amid 
 olive, orange, and citron gardens, and has a fine appe;irance 
 as approached from the sea. Several of the churches are 
 handsome, with rich gilding and marble sculpture, resem- 
 bling the churches of Italy. Bastia is the seat of a royaJ 
 court of appeal for the island, of a court of commerce, and 
 of an inspector-general of forests. It has a royal college, a 
 royal school of hydrography, and public library, with I'OOO 
 volumes, and is the residence of consuls from most of the 
 European states. The staple of Bastia is leather. Its nume- 
 rous tanneries annuallv prepare, on an average, from 5000 
 to 6000 bullock hides, iOOO calf and 6000 sheep skins. The 
 trade is chiefly in wine, oil, leather, goats' hair, and coraL 
 Coral fishing is also carried on to some extent. Of late 
 years Bastia has greatly increased in importance, and hag 
 become a centre of an extensive traffic between France, Si- 
 cily, Italy, and the Levant. The former incommodious 
 port is in process of being replaced by a new one. which 
 will enclose a surface of 26 acres, one-half of which will pre- 
 sent a depth of 19 feet, and one-fourth of 26 feet : the whole 
 to be protected by a mole. Before the annexation of Cor- 
 sica to France, Bastia was the capital of the island. Pop, in 
 1846, 12,571. 
 
 BASTIDK, bdsHeed'. or LA BASTIDE, M bis'tet^', the 
 name of several small towns of France, among which the 
 following are the principal : — 
 
 BASTIDE-CLAIHENCE, blsHeed' kliMxss/. department 
 of Basses-Pvrenee.s, 13 miles E.S.E. of Bavonne, Pop. 2000, 
 
 BASTIDE-D'ARMAGXAC, ba.sHeed' daR^nidnVik'. d^-part- 
 ment of Gers, 27 miles W. of Condom. Pop. of commune, 
 1763. 
 
 BASTIDE-DE-SEROU, bis'teed' deh seh-roo/. department 
 of Ariege, capital of the canton, 9 miles W.X.W. of Foix. 
 Pop. 1107. 
 
 BASTIDE-ROUAIROU.X, bis'teed' roo'A'roo', department 
 of Tarn. 21 miles S.E. of Castres. Pop. 1496. 
 
 BASTIOX. bisHe-Aj[«', a vill.age of Algeria, near Constan- 
 tine. Near it is the bastion built by the French African 
 Company in 1520, the first establishment of the French in 
 Algiers. It was abandoned for C.ille. 
 
 BASTOGNE, MsHoB', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Luxembourg, capital of the district, 25 miles N. of Arlon 
 Pop. in 1842, 2265. 
 
 BAS^TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BASTTROP, a county of Texas, in the central part of the 
 state, contains 690 square miles. It is intersected In" the 
 Colorado River. The .surface is undulating: the soil is gene- 
 rally very fertile. The county is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. Steamboats navigate the Colorado through 
 this county during six months or moreof the year. Named 
 in honor of Baron de Bastrop, a Mexican. Capital, Bastrop. 
 Pop. 7006; of whom 4415 were free. 
 
 BASTROP, a post-village, capital of Morehouse parish, 
 Louisiana, on Bayou Bartholomew, an affluent of AV.i.^hita 
 River, about 300"miles N. by W. of Baton Rouge. It la 
 situated in a fertile district, and it has some trade. The 
 navigation of the bayou has been opened for steamboats to 
 this place. Pop. 481. 
 
 BASTROP, a thriving post-vill.ige, capital of Bastrop co., 
 Texa.s. on the left bank of the Colorado River. 35 niiles E.S. 
 E. of Austin City, and 141 miles N.W. of Matagorda. The 
 river flows through an undulating and fertile cotton-plant- 
 ing district, and is navigable bv steamboats. Pop. 1107. 
 
 BAKWICK, bar'wik, or BERKSWICK, burks/wik, a parish 
 of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 BAT.\AN. bdHd-in' or bd*t3n'. a province of Luzon, one 
 of the Philippine Islands, forming a peninsula on f hv AV. side 
 of the Bay of Manila. It is poor and little cultivated, yet 
 produces the best sugar in the Philippines, and good indigo, 
 
BAT 
 
 BATABANO, b3 ti[-nl-no^ or BATAVAXO. TiatJ-Tj-tio'. b 
 Ee»port town of Cuba, on its S. coast, 35 miles S.S.W. of Ha- 
 vana, with which it communicatps hv a railroad. T'op. 2000. 
 
 B.VrAC (bd'tak') or BA'TAG' ISLANDS. Malay Archi- 
 pelajTO- N. coast of Samar. one of the Philippines. I>at. (N. 
 point) VJ^ 43' N.; Ion. 125° 5' K. Inside of this isl.ind is the 
 port of PaLapa. having 5 or 6 fathoms water, accessible 
 Dv two channels, onr- on each side of liatae. 
 "B.VTALIIA. bi-tdl'yd, a town of Portujral, Estremadura, 
 7 miles S.S.W. of Leiria. with 1550 inhabitants, and a hand- 
 gome convent, founded by John I. to commemorate the vic- 
 torv of Aljubarrota in 1S.35. 
 
 BATALIN, bd-tA-lin' or bi-til-leen'. an island of the Slalay 
 Archipelago, off the K. coast of Celebes. Lat. 1° 20' S. ; Ion. 
 124° K. Lenj^th. 26 miles : average breadtk, 7 miles. 
 
 B.\TAN, bi-tan'. an islaiid of the Malay Archipelago, the 
 principal of the Bashee (Ratines) group, belonging to the 
 Philippines. Lat. (aithedi-al of San Domingo) 20° 27' 30" 
 N.; Ion. 12J° 59' K. It is about 12 miles long by about 4 
 broad, covered with rich vegetation, and is mountainous, 
 the highest peak K'ing 5000 feet high, and apparently an 
 extinct volcano. 
 
 B.VTAN. a town of Thibet. See P.*. 
 
 BATANKS. See Basiisk and A.\tax. 
 
 BAT\\XG', a village and seaport on the E. side of the 
 Island of Oilolo, Mal-iv Archipelago. 
 
 BATANGAS, bd-tin^is. a province of the Philippines, 
 Island of Luzon, south of Manila, intersected by lat. 14° N., 
 and bounded S. by the Mindoro Strait. It is composed prin- 
 cipally of platoaux and fertile meadows, variegated with 
 beautiful and fragrant tlowers. yielding ample f'lod to in- 
 numerable hununing-Viirds and bees, the latter producing 
 Large qu.intities of honey. 
 
 B.M'ANG.^S, a town, capital of the above province, situated 
 on a bay of the same name, 5s miles S. of Manila. Lat. 13° 3.5' 
 X. : Ion. 121° 9' 23" E. It was founded in 1581. is large, built 
 with tolerable regularity, has spacious streets, an elegant 
 roj-al house, the dwelling of the alcalde, with several elegant 
 private houses. It is well situated for trade, the large bay 
 on which it lies, being about 10 miles square, opens into the 
 Strait of Mindoro, which is the track of a great number of 
 ves.sels. Pop. of town and district. 17.330. 
 
 BATTAX(t ISLAND. See Battam. 
 
 BArANG' PAS'SA and BATANG' LVBO, two fine 
 stre.ams of Sumatra, affluents of the Rokan or Rakan, 
 which falls into the Straits of Malacca at Tanah Pooti. 
 
 BAT ANTA, bi-t;lu'ti. on island off the X.W. end of Papua. 
 Lat. (\Y end) 0° 5S' S.. Ion. 130° 30' E. 
 
 , BATA V AN AN, Ijd-tiva-nin'. an island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelairo. Lat. (N. point) 14° 11' N., Ion 12:3° 30' E. 
 
 B,\T.WANO, a town of Cuba. See Batahano. 
 
 B.\T.\VIA, the I>atin name of Holland, (which »ee.) 
 
 BATAVIA. ba-t.Vve-a, (Dutch pron. hi-ti've-i.) a city and 
 seaport of Java, capital of the Dutch possessions in the 
 East and of the residency of the same name at the mouth 
 of the Jakatra Kiver, on the N. coast of the island. Lat. 
 6° 8' S. : Ion. 100° 50' E. ; with a free port, extensive and safe. 
 Pop. 11S.300; of whom 2S00 are Europeans: 25,000. Chi- 
 nese: 80.000. abori<rines; 1000, Moors and .\rabs: and 9.500, 
 slaves. It is built on marshy ground, and intersected 
 by canals in the Dutch style; defended by' a citadel and 
 several batteries, and has a considerable garrison and ma- 
 rine arsenal. Batavia was long very unhealthy, hut has 
 been much impmved by draining and by the er^tion of 
 handsome suburbs. Jlean temperature of the year. 7S°.3: 
 winter, 78°. 1 : summer, 78°.6 Fahr. Temperature at mid- 
 day, from 80° to 'M : at ni-ht. 70° Fahr. It has a stadt-house, 
 exchange, hospital, numerous chui-ches. a mosque, a Chi- 
 nese and 2 orphan hospitals, several Chinese temples, a 
 large club-house termed the Hurmnnie. and a botanic gar- 
 den. It is the seat of a supreme commission of public in- 
 struction for the Dutch East Indies, and has a school of arts 
 and sciences, and publishes a news]>aper. The Jakatra is 
 navigable by vessels of 4ij tons. 2 miles inl.and. The bay or 
 harbfir forms an open but small roadstead of great beauty, 
 and may be entered by the largest vessels. It contains a 
 number of islands, many of them named after towns in 
 Holland. On Onrust is the n.aval arsenal, well fortified; 
 on another island is a convict establishment: on a third, a 
 hospital ; and on a fourth, warehouses. Bat.avia is the great 
 commercial emporium of tiie Malay .\rchipelago, and ab- 
 soibs by far the greatest part of the trade of Java and Mar 
 dura: the exports of whi 'h island.s. in 1841. amounted in 
 value to 00.290.688 tlorins. (S24.319.600,) and the imports to 
 •Z9.4S3.16:j florins.($10,923,5no.) The exiwrts consist mostly 
 of coffee, sugar, pepper, indigo, hides, cloves, nutmegs, 
 mace, tin, rice, rattans, and arrack. Chief imports, linen 
 and cotton goods, woollen stuffs, provisions, wines, metallic 
 wares, and manufactured articles of all kinds from Europe 
 and America: with the products of the .\rchipelago. China. 
 Siam, Bengal, Japan, and the West Indies. In 1841. 1905 
 ships, aggregate burden, 124.228 lasts, entered the port: of 
 which. 1454. azgriirate burden. 97,142 lasts, were Dutch, 
 and the rest chiefly Asiatic, English. American, and Portu- 
 guese. Total customs revenue in 1841. 6.193,126 florins, 
 
 BAT 
 
 ?2.49T.400. Batavia has a bank, with branches at Sama- 
 rang and Soerabaya; also manufactures of leather and 
 earthenware, mostly c( nducted by Chinese residents. It 
 was founded by the Dutch in 1619: taken by the English in 
 1811, and occupied by them till 1816. The district of Bata- 
 via, extending along the N. shore of the Island, is flat ant 
 not so fertile as the other parts of Java. Pop. in 1845, 
 27o,0(X). The residence of the governor-general was trans 
 ferred from Buitenzorg to Batavia in 1847. 
 
 B.^T.\'VIA, a post-township of Genesee co., New York, 
 Pop. 3316. 
 
 BATAVIA, a h.andsome post-village in the above town- 
 ship, capital of Genesee countv, on 'Tonowanda Creek, and 
 on the New York Central and Buffalo, Corning and New 
 York Kailroads, 36 miles E. by N. of Huffalo, and 32 miles 
 W.S.W. of Kochester. It contains 7 churches. 3 banks, 
 over 40 stores, and the offlce of the Holland Land Com- 
 pany. The streets are wide and well shaded, and the 
 houses neatly built. Batavia is tlie terminus of tlie 
 Bataviaand Attica Hailroad. The Canandaigua and Ni.igara 
 Falls R.H. also passes through the village. Incorporated 
 in 1823. Three newspapers are published here. Poi). in 
 1864, 3500. 
 
 BAT.AVIA, a post-village of Bntavia townsliip, capital of 
 Clermont co., Ohio, on the E. fork of Little Miami River. 21 
 miles E. of Cincituiati. and 100 miles S.W. of Columbus. It 
 was laid out about 1820. Pop. of the township in 1860, 2903. 
 
 BAT.WI A, a township of Geauga co., Ohio. 
 
 BAT.A.VIA, a post-township of Brancli co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1189. 
 
 BAT.WI.A.a post-township of Kane co, Illinois. Pop. 1621. 
 
 BAT.tVI.V. a thriving post-village of Kane co., Illinois, 
 on the Fox River, 35 miles W. of Chicago, has an active 
 trade, and contains a national bank. It is connected by 
 railroad with Chicago and Galena. 
 
 BATAVI.\ KILL, a post-office of Delaware co., New York. 
 
 BATCHIAN. See Batshian. 
 
 BATCOMBK, bat'kuni, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BATK ISLAND, an island of Western Hindostan, in the 
 Gulf of Cntcli. \M. 22° 2ty N.; Ion. 69° 15' E. It has a 
 good harbor, and is the site of a famous Hindoo temple. 
 
 BATK'MAX, or BATKMAN'S STORE, a post-village of 
 Houston CO.. (Jeorgiii, 21 nillos S.W. of Macon. 
 
 BATE.AIAN (bait'mnn) BAY, Australia, on the S.E. coast, 
 142 miles S.W. of I'ort Jackson.' Lat. 36° 15'S ; Ion. 150° 20' E. 
 
 BATKN, b|-tSn', a town of Spain, In Catalonia, 50 miles 
 W. of Tarragona. Pop. 2444. 
 
 BATEXBUUG, bd't.;n-brirg\ a town of the Netlierlands, 
 province of GelderTand, 9 miles W. of Nymwegen, on the 
 Meuse. Pop. C36. It is the Op'pidum Balavo'rum of the 
 Romans. 
 
 BATES, baits, a county in the W. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Kansas, has an area of about lOOO square riiiles. 
 It is traversed by the Marais des Cygnes. or Osage River, 
 and also drained by the Little Osage and Marmiton, which 
 unite and enter the first-named river within the county. 
 The surface is undulating, and consists mostly of prairie. 
 Named in honor of Frederick Bates, former governor of 
 Missouri. Capital, Butler. Pop. in 1860, 7215; of whom 
 6773 were free, and 442 slaves. 
 
 B.\TKSVILLK, baits'vil. a post-village of Habersham co, 
 Georgia. 145 miles X. of MlUedgevllle. 
 
 B.VrKSVILLK. a thriving town, capital of Independence 
 county, Ark., on White River, about 4(K( miles from its mouth, 
 90 miles N.X.E. of Little Rock, and 115 miles from Memphis, 
 Tennessee. Small steamers can ascend the river to this 
 point at nearly all seasons. A great influx of emigration is 
 directed to this section of the state, which offers strong In- 
 ducements In soil and climate. Pine timber and water- 
 power are abundant in the county. Batesville is the most 
 Important town In the X.E. part of the state, and has an 
 active trade. It contains, besides the county buildings, 
 several churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1860 
 670. 
 
 BATESVILLE. a post-village in Guernsey co., Ohio, about 
 90 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 BATKSA'ILLE, a small village of Bates CO., Missotiri. 
 
 B.Vl'KSVILLK, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 B.\Tir, bdt. a town of Hungary, N. of the Danube, co. of 
 Ilonth. 5S miles N.N.AV. of Pesth. Pop. 2-358. 
 
 B.\TH, bjth,(anc. A'qum .SW/i>,)aclty, parliamentary and 
 municipal l>orough of England, capital of the county of So- 
 merset, on the Avon, here crossed by 2 stone, 2 Iron, anu 3 
 suspension bridges, and on the Great Western Rallwav. 12 
 miles E.S.E. of Bristol, and 100 miles W.S.W. of London. "Lat 
 51° 23' N. : Ion. 2° 22' W. Area of borough. 980 acres. 
 Pop. In 1851. 54.240; but this number Is said to be fre- 
 quently augmented by 14.000 visitors. Bath was known to 
 the Romans under the name of Aipin Snlis ; .and baths were 
 erected in the reicrn of Claudius. The earliest extant char- 
 ter-is that of Richard I., which was confii-med by Henry 
 III., and extended to Its present form in the reign of 
 George III. The city stands enclosed by an amphlthe.Htre 
 of hills, on the W. declivity of which Its finest quarters ex- 
 tend in successive terraces; and being mostly built of white 
 
 17» 
 
BAT 
 
 BAT 
 
 freestone, in a highly embellished style of architecture, is 
 admittfui to Ihj the li.ind.some.st city in Britain. The principal 
 e<lifice» are the Abbey church, in the latest Gothic style, 
 210 feei in lenirth, and with a tower 170 feet in heijrht; St. 
 James's, St. Michael's, the ^uild-h.-jll. city jail, a superb 
 theati-e, the freem:isons" lodjre. subscription club-house, 
 a.s.sembly and concert rooms, several large and flourishing 
 hospitals, and the buildin;rs connected with its famous 
 baths. In the W. of the city is the Royal Victoria Park; 
 and it has numerous other favorite promenades and places 
 of public recreation, among which are the Sidhey Gardens. 
 Rith has many educitional and other establLshments : 
 among which are a grammar school, founded by Edward 
 VI . and to the ra.tstership of which is attached the rectory 
 of Charlcombe; blue-coat and national schools; Partis's Col- 
 lege for 30 decaj'ed gentlewomen; the Hospit-il of St. John 
 the Itapti-st, with an inwme of H.3i)5?. : a Roman Catholic 
 collegiate establishment: the Bath and West of England 
 Society; Biith Litei-ary and Philosophical Institution; a 
 public subscription library, and a mechanics' institute. 
 Tlie hot springs, to which this city owes its oriirin, are saline 
 and chalybeate, tempeniture from 90° to 117° Fah. : they 
 rise immediately on the bank of the river, and supply five 
 distinct establishments, the King's, Queen's. Cross, Hot. and 
 Abbey Baths. The first four belona to the corporation, and 
 yielded, in 1839, a revenue of 1646?. To the King's Bath is 
 attached the great pump-room, a saloon 85 feet in length, 
 4S feet in breadth, and 34 feet in height, and containing a 
 marble statue of the celebrated '• Beau Nash," the arbiter 
 of fashion at Bath for 50 years during the last century, and 
 to whom the city owed much of its prosperity. The Abbey 
 baths are the property of Earl Manvers. and are furnished 
 ill a style adapted for the wealthy classes, by whom, how- 
 ever, Bath has ceased to be freiiuented so much as formerly, 
 having been superseded by Brighton. Cheltenham. &c. Its 
 former manuficture of coarse woollens, termed " Bath coat- 
 ing." has greatly declined; its shops, however, are generally 
 a.s weU supplied as those of London, which they rival in ap- 
 pearance. The city is well situated for general commerce, 
 and communicates with Bristol and various other towns by 
 the Kennet and Avon C^anal. Corporation revenue in 1S46-7, 
 21.346/. ; expenditure, 19.9-28/. V2<. : assessed taxes, 30,878/. 
 10s. Bath sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 Registered electors in 18 1'i-S, 2941. Bath, with Wells, form 
 a bishopric, comprising all the county of Somerset, except a 
 part of Bristol: but the bishop's palace and cathedral are at 
 . Wells. Bath gives the title of Marquis to the head of the 
 Thynne family. 
 
 B.\TH. a county in the central part of Virsrinia. contains 
 725 square miles. It is intersected by the Cowpasture and 
 Jackson's Rivers, branches of James River. The surface is 
 traversed by valleys and mountain ridges of the .\lleghany 
 chain, and displays a profusion of magnificent scenery. The 
 lii:;hlands produce valuable timber and excellent pasture. 
 Limestone and iron ore are abundant. Bath county derives 
 its name from the numerous medicinal springs which occur 
 in it. Capital, Warm Springs. The county was organized 
 in 1791. Pop. 3676; of whom 2730 were free, and 946 slaves. 
 
 BATH, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has an 
 area of about 290 square miles. The Licking River forms 
 the entire boundary on the X.E , and it is also drained by 
 Slate Creek. The surface is diveiviifled. being in some parts 
 level, in others undulating or hilly. The N.W. portion of 
 the county is based on limestone, and is very fertile ; the 
 soil of the other portion is inferior. Stone coal and iron are 
 abundant in the S.E. part. The county derives its name 
 from the numerous medicinal springs found witliin it, 
 among wliich are the "celebrated Olympian, or Mud Lick 
 Springs." Capital. Owingaville. Pop. 12,113; of whom 9613 
 were free, and "2000 slaves. 
 
 iJATII. a city jrt of entry, and seat ot justice of Sagada- 
 hock county, ./aine, is situated on the ri^ht bank of the 
 Kennebec River, 12 miles from the ocean, 30 miles S. of Au- 
 gusta. 36 miles X.E. of Portland, and 147 miles N.E. of Bos- 
 ton. The city extends about 2} miles along the bank of the 
 river, and nearly 1 mile back. It is not laid out with any great 
 regard to regularity. The site slopes gradually towards the 
 E., and being quite uneven, the streets are generally ac- 
 commodatt(d to its inequalities. The town is well built, 
 and is lighted with gas. It has a first-class hotel, 6 national 
 banks, a siivings bank, and 'J cliurches, 1 of which — the Cen- 
 tral Congregational — cost about $.30,000. The Beacon street 
 Methodist Church is also a h.indsome edifice. The schools 
 are graded, and are among the very best in the state. The 
 high school is attended both by boys and girls. Six news- 
 pjipers are published in the city, viz. 1 daily, 1 tri-weeklv, 3 
 Weekly, and 1 educational journal. In the business of ship- 
 building. Bath is surpassed only by New York. Boston, and 
 Philadelphia. Forty-eight vessels, with an aggregate bur- 
 den of 21.3.39 tons, were admeasured in the district during 
 the year ending June 30. 18S2. Of these, 40 were ships, 6 
 brigs, and 3 schooners. In 1854, 66 ships, and 13 other ves- 
 sels (tons, 58,454) were built, being the greatest amount of 
 shipping constructed in any distrrct in the United States, 
 except Xew Ta~k and Boetou. /n the year eudJuK June. 
 180 
 
 1863, 16 ships and barques, 2 brigs, 1 steamer, and 2 smaller 
 vessels were built here. Tonnage, 15,9s8 tons. This di». 
 triet ranks the sixth in the United States in the amount 
 of shipping owned, which, according to the custom-house 
 returns for the year ending June 30, 18(33. was 116,580 
 tons registered, and 24.135 tons enrolled and licensed; 
 making a total of 140,716 tons. Of the latter, 20,315 tons 
 were employed in the coast trade, 21:>S in the cod fishery, 
 and 926 in the mackerel fishery. Bath enjoys superior 
 advantages for navigation, as the river here is seldom frozen 
 in winter. The princijal imports are sugar, mol.asses. iron, 
 hemp, and salt. The manufactures of the place are surh as 
 relate chiefly to ship-building. Among these may l>e men- 
 tioned an extensive cordage factory, a large establishment 
 for m.aking ship blocks, and 4 steam saw mills. Bath has 
 steamlxsat communication with Portland and Boston. It is 
 the terminus of a branch railroad which communicates with 
 the Kennebec and Portland Raiiroad at Brunswick. This 
 latter point is the S. tenninus of the Androscoggin Rail- 
 road, which extends to Farmington, 63 miles distant. An- 
 other railroad is also chiirti-ro*! which will open railway 
 commnuicatioii between Bath and Rockland, a distance of 
 44 miles. Settled in 1756, and incorporated in 1780. Pop. 
 in 1820. 3026; 1830, 3773; 1840, 5141; 1850, 8020; and in 
 1860, 8076, 
 
 BATH, a post-township of Qrafton co., New Hampshire, on 
 the E. side of the Connecticut River, about 80 miles N.E. of 
 Concord, watered by the Aminouoosuck River, which affords 
 many fine mill-seats and abundant water-power. P^p. 1366. 
 
 BATH, a village of Rensselaer co., New York, on the Hud- 
 son River, opposite Albany. 
 
 B.\TH. a thriving post-village of Bath township, capital 
 of Steuben co.. New York, on the left bank of Conhocton 
 Creek, and on the Buffalo. Coming and New Y'^ork Railroad, 
 219 miles W. by S. ot -Albany, and 20 miles N.W. of Ci ruing. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, about 6 churches, 
 3 banks, and several newspaper offices. There are a number 
 of mills and factories in the vicinity. Biith is surrounded 
 by a rich and populous country, and has considenible busi- 
 ness. Incorporated in 1836. Pop. of the township, 5129. 
 Pop. of the village in lSr.0, al>out 3000. 
 
 BATH, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennsylvar 
 nia, 100 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg, and 12 miles VV. of 
 Easton, Pop. 486. 
 
 BATH, or BERK'LEY, SPRINGS, capital of Morgan co., 
 W. Virginia, is situated about 3 miles from the Potomac 
 River and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and 125 miles W. of 
 Baltimore. The Berkley Springy wliich rise in the niidsi 
 of this town, are esteemed very efficacious in dyspepsia, neu-, 
 ralgia, chronic rheumati.sm. itc. and are frerjuerited by 
 iarge uumters of invalids. The temperature is 74° Fabien- 
 heit. Tlie accommodations are elegant, and sufficiently 
 extensive for 700 persons. 
 
 BATH, a post-village of Beaufort CO., North Carolina, 143 
 miles E. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 B.\TH. a post-oflice of Edgefield district. South Carolina. 
 
 BATH, a village in Jefferson co., Georgia, about 60 miles 
 E.N.E. of Milledi.'eville. 
 
 B.\TH. a post-village of Richmond co.. Georgia, is deliiht^ 
 fully situated about 20 miles S.W. of Augusta, and is a place 
 of n>sort for planters during the summer. 
 
 B.\TH, a township in Allen Co., Ohio. Pop. 1332. 
 
 BATH, a township in Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 2131. 
 
 BATH, a post-township in Summit co , Ohio, about 23 
 miles W. of Riivenna. Pop. 1165. 
 
 BATH, a township of Clinton co., Michigan. Pop. 577. 
 
 B.VrH. a town<hip in Kriinklin co.. li.Jiaua. Pop. 7^12. 
 
 B.\TH. a village of Union CO., Indiana, about 50 miles K. 
 of Shelbyville. 
 
 BATH, a post-village of Mason co., Illinois, on the left 
 bank of the Illinois River. 60 miles below Peoria. It is situ- 
 ated in a fertile country, and has some trade. It was for- 
 merly the county-seat. Pup. 513. 
 
 B.'VTH, a post-village of Canada We.st, co. of .\ddinpton, 
 situated on the shore of Lake Ontario. 18 miles W,S.W. of 
 Kingston. It has an iron-foundry and several carriage 
 manufactories. Pop. about 600. 
 
 B.tTH ALUM, a post-ofiice of B.ith co.. Vircinia. 
 
 B.\TH ALUM SPRINGS, a fashionable watering jlace of 
 Bath CO., Virgini.H. situated at the eastern base of the •• AVarm 
 Springs Mountain." U'4 miles W,N.W. of Richmond, and 6 
 miles S.E. of the Warm Springs. l"he proprietor has ex- 
 pended above $30,000 in the erection of buildings andothe 
 improvements. 
 
 BATHAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 BATHAXG. See Va. 
 
 BATH COURT-HOUSE, Bath co., Virginia. See M'ak 
 Sprinos. 
 
 BATIIEALTON, bath-eel'ton, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 B.\THE.VSTON, hath-ees'ton. a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset, 2^ miles X E. of Bath, with which it is connected 
 by uninterrupted lines of houses. An entrenchment i-a 
 Salisbury Hill, in this parish, is supposed to h.ive formtd 
 the camp of the Saxons during the siege of Bath, k. d. 577. 
 
BAT 
 
 BAT 
 
 BATTITOHD. a parish of Enprland. co. of Somerset. 
 
 BATH'CJATE, a town and parish of Scotland, co. of Lin- 
 lithgow, on the middle road between Kdinburirh and Glas- 
 gow. 17 miles W.S.W. of Kdinlmrith. Pop. of the town. 3341. 
 Till' nld town is Imilt on a steep declivity : the new town i.s 
 refill I rly built on more level ground, and well paved, 
 li::iit.-d. and supplied with water. The church was eieeted 
 in IT-'iJ : and there is a well-endowed academy ; also branch 
 banks. matuiEictures of cotton goods for Ula-sgow houses, 
 and coal and lime works. 
 
 BATH Sl'i'JNti. a post-office of Decatur co., Tennessee. 
 
 BATII'UII.ST. a seaport town of West Africa, capital of 
 the Uritish colony of Seneirambia, on the small island of 
 St. Mary's, at the mouth of the Gambia iUver. in lat. 13° 28' 
 N., Ion. lij° 35' W. I'op. in 1836, 2825, mostly blacks. In 
 the main street, facing the river, are some European dwell- 
 ings and Witnihouses: the rest of the town consists of Afri- 
 can huts. The principal buildings are the government house, 
 a large hospital for liberated Africans, and Wesleyan schools. 
 The exports comprise, gum. wax, hides, ivory, gold, tortoise- 
 shell, rice, cotton, Afiiciui teak, palm-oil, and country cloths. 
 Registered shipping in 1846. 1574 tons. See also G.^mbia. 
 
 BATII'UKST, a town of South Africa. Cape Colony, dis- 
 trict of Albany, 20 miles S.E. of Uraham"s town. 
 
 B.\ THUKS'r, an inland county of New South Wales, about 
 80 miles t'rrtm the coast. Area. I.r.)0,4ll0acres. Thisisoneof 
 the most flourishing counties in New .South Wales. Pop. 43'Jl. 
 
 BATII'URST. a towa of -New South Wales, capital of the 
 above co., on the Macquarrie, 98 miles 'W.N.W. of Sidney. 
 It is prosperous and improving. Pop. in l.'^iS, 1883. 
 
 n.\'l'HUKST, a port of entry, capital of Gloucester co., New 
 Brunswick, on Bathurst Bay, which opens into the Bay of 
 Chaleurs. about 175 miles N. by E. of St. John. Lat. 47° 
 37' N., Ion. 65° 45' W. The bay is 3^ miles long, by 2 miles 
 wide, and is sheltered from every wind. In 1851, the en- 
 trances were 89 vessels, (tons, 14.065,) and the clearances, 
 79, (tons, 1,').991.) Value of imports, $77,850; of exports. 
 gll5 Ml. Pop. about 1800. 
 
 BATIIUHST. a tract of land discovered bv Sir E. Parry, 
 In the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 76° N., Ion. 100° W. 
 
 BATII'UIIST INLET, of British North America, is in lat. 
 67° 3.) X.lon. 109° W. 
 
 JJATU'UKST ISLAND, off North Australia. 120 miles W. 
 of Port Essington, immediately W. of Melville Island. 
 Shape, triangular; leujjth. and greatest breadth, aliout 30 
 allies e;ich. It is densely wooded, except at its W. extremity, 
 which is sandy and barren. 
 
 B.\TII'Ul{Sr L.\KK. near the centre of Newfoundland, is 
 40 miles in length from AV. to E., by 6 miles across, and dis- 
 charges its surplus waters eastward by the river of Exploits. 
 
 B.\.T1I'VVICK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, form- 
 ing an E. suburb of the city of Bath, with which it is con- 
 nected bj' two bridges across the Avon. It has handsome 
 streets and villas, and a Vau.xhall or Sidney Gardens. 
 
 B.VriC.\LO, bil-te-kd'lo, a town and seaport on the E. side 
 of the Island of Ceylon, capitiil of the district of the same 
 name, on an island about 3j miles in circumference, culled 
 by the natives Puliantive, close to the land. Lat. 7° 42' 30" 
 N. ; Ion. 81° 42' E. Being embosomed in cocoa-nut trees, 
 it presents a very pleasing appearance. It is protected by a 
 small sijuare fort, and is chieliy occupied by Dutch burghers 
 and natives. 
 
 BATIUNOLLES-MOXCEAUX, ba'teenVoll'-mA.N'oVO', a 
 town of France, department of Seine, N.E. of Paris, of which 
 city it forms a suburb. Pop. in 1846. 19.380. 
 
 B.VTINDAII, bi-tin'dd, a town of North-western India, in 
 Rajpootana. ISO miles N,W. of Delhi. Its neighborhood was 
 formerly celebrated for its breed of horses. 
 
 B.VT1SC.\N, bi'tis^kdN"' or bi-tis-kdn'. a river of Canada 
 East, falls into the St. Lawrence near a village of the same 
 name. 5 miles above St. Anne. 
 
 B.VTISC.^N. a postrvillage of Canada East, co. of Cham- 
 plain, situated on the river St. Lawrence, 117 miles N.E. of 
 Montreal Pop. about 700. 
 
 BAT'LEY, a town and parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Kiting, 2 miles E. of Dewsbury. Pop. in 1S50, about 
 10,000. mostly employed in woollen cloth and carpet manu- 
 fectures, for which there are large and numerous mills. The 
 church, built in the reign of Henry VI., contains monu- 
 ments of the S.avilles and Htzwilliams. 
 
 B.VTON ROUGE, bafgn roozh, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 BATON ROUGE, bat/on-roozh, (Fr. pron. ba'tAN"' roozh,) 
 a city capital of the state of Louisiana, and seat of justice of 
 the parish of East Baton Rouge, is sit uated on the left or E. 
 bank of the Mississippi, 129 miles above New Orleans; lat. 
 30° 28' N.. Ion. 85^' 11' W. It stands on the first blufT or high 
 bank which occurs in ascending the river. This bank is 
 elevated about 25 or 30 feet alxive the highest overflowings. 
 Baton Kouge has the reputation of being one of the healthiest 
 towns in the southern portionof the Mississippi valley. The 
 esplanade in front of the town presents a delightful view of 
 the m.HJestic Mississippi, and the rich tracts of cultivation 
 Thich lino its banks. Below Baton Rouge, the broad and 
 deep river sweeps through a plain which is occupied by 
 
 luxuri.ant plantations of sugar-cane, and adorned by spleT^- 
 did villas and gardens, and groves of ti-opical fru>'. tree* 
 To protect the.se from inundation, a levee or embankment 
 of earth has been raised to the height of 6 or 8 feet. The 
 seat of government was estalilished here in 1847. Since 
 that period the business of the place has become more active, 
 and the value of property has lieen greatly enhar.ced. If 
 contains an elegant state-house, situated immediately on 
 the bank of the river, Batxm Rouge College, 4 churches, aji 
 arsenal and barracks of the United States. 2 newspaper 
 offices, and a penitentiary. Population in l8i)0, 542S. Tiie 
 following is said to be the true explanation of the origin 
 of the n.ame Biltim Rmuje: — It appears that when the place 
 was fir.st settled, there was growing on the spot a cypress (the 
 bark of which tree is of a reddish color) of immense size and 
 piodigious height, entirely free fnmi brancheii, except at its 
 very top. One of the settlers playfully remarked tliat this 
 tree would make a handsome cane : whence the place has 
 since been called Baton Rouge, (i.e. the "red staff or cane.'') 
 See Gii/firre's Histnire de Lovixiane., vol. ii. p. 134, New 
 Orleans edition. 
 
 BATOO, BATOU, BATU. or BATTOE. tatHoo'. a volcanic 
 and densely wooded island of the Malay Archipelago, off 
 the W. coivst of Sumatra, lat. 0° 10' N., Ion. 98° 40' E. Esti- 
 mated area, 4ti0 square milts. 
 
 BATOO- for BAToU-) BHARA, bi'too/ b'h^ril, written 
 also BATU-BARU. bdHoo'-bd'roo', a town on the E. coast of 
 Sumatra: lat. 3° 20' N., Ion. 97° E. Its inhabitants cany on 
 an active maritime trade. 
 
 BATOOAXI. BATOUANI, bS-too-S'nee, or BATOA'NL a 
 town of South Africa, at the E. end of t>ake Ngami. where the 
 river 7x)0ga (Zouga) leaves it. Lat. 20° ZV S., Ion. 2.3° 30' E. 
 
 BATOO.M, BATOUM. or BATUM,b(t-toom', a seaport town 
 of Turkey in .\sia. on the E. shore of the Black Se.a, 4 miles 
 N. of the mouth of the Tchoruk ; lat. of Cape Batoom 41° 39' 
 24" N.. Ion. 41° 37' E. It is a safe port, and is capable of 
 contiiining a great many ships of large size. Pop. 25.000 
 
 B.VTOORIN, BATOUiilN, or BATURIN. batoo-rin'o. bi.- 
 too-reen'. a town of Little Russia, 63 miles E. of Tchernigov, 
 on the Seim. Pop. 9000. It was the residence of the het> 
 man of the Ukraine Cossacks, from 1699 to 1708. 
 
 B.Vl'ROON or BATH UN, bd-troon'. a small town and port 
 of Asiatic Turkey, 12 miles S. of Tripoli. 
 
 B.iTS'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BATSIIIAN. BATCIIIAN. bat-she-dn'. orBATSIAN. h^t- 
 se-dn'. an island of the Dutch East Indies. Molucca Archi- 
 pel.igo. in the Ternate group, S.W. of Gilolo; lat. 0°35'S., 
 Ion. 127° 35' E. Estimated area, 900 sfjuare miles. It Is 
 mountainous and fertila The Dutch took it from the Spa- 
 niards in ItilO. 
 
 BATSTAD. See B.Istad. 
 
 BAT'STO, a post-village of Burlington co.. New Jersey, on 
 the liatsto River, about 40 miles S.E. of Camden. 
 
 BAT'STO RIVER, of Burlington co., New Jersey, falls 
 into Little Ej/ Harbor. 
 
 BAT'TA. bdf td. or BATTAK. hdf tdk'. a district of Suma- 
 tra, extending from the B.attu Barra River, on the N.N.W. 
 to the Kackan on the S.S.E., and occupying th<j entire 
 bre.adth of the island. 
 
 BATTAG LI A. bdt-tdl'vd. a village of Naples, in Principato 
 Citra. district of Sala. Pop. 1 218. 
 
 BATTAGLIA, La, Id bdt>tiil'yd, a town of Northern It.aly, 
 in Venice, 9.J miles S.S.AV. of Padua. Pop. 27CO. It has 
 thermal springs, (temperature 158 Fahrenheit,) and well fre- 
 quented baths. 
 
 BATTAIIATCIIEE RIVER, Alabama, See BuTTAHATcmE. 
 
 BATTALAH, bdt-tii/iah. a town of the Punjab. 20 miles 
 N.E. of Amritseer, celebrated for its climate, which is con- 
 sidered the most healthy In the Punjab. 
 
 BATTAM, bdt'tdm'. an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 W.of Bingtang, and 20 miles S. of Singapore, in lat. 1°£' N., 
 Ion. 104° E. It is about 28 miles long by 8 broad, and con- 
 tains a good harbor, called Booking Bay, which has lately 
 been much frequented by American ships trading with 
 Singapore. By disch.arging and receiving their cargoes 
 there, they avoid the duties exacted at the latter port. 
 
 BATTANTA, bdt-tdn'td, an island of Australasia, off 
 the N.W. extremity of Papua: lat. 0° 56' S , Ion. 130° 25' E. 
 Estimated area, 200 square miles. 
 
 BATTASZEK, bdtrtas-s5k'. a market-town of Hungary. W. 
 of the Danube, county and 16 miles S. of Tolna. Pop. 5370. 
 
 B.-VTTECOL'LAH. (anc. Batucala, i.e. "the round town.") 
 town of British India, presidency of Madras, district of Ca- 
 nara, on the Indian Ocean, 115 miles S.S.E. of Goa. 
 
 B ATTENBEKG. bdt'ten-bJi?G\ a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 province of Ober-IIessen. 31 miles N. of Giessen, on the Eder. 
 Pop. 954. It has iron foundries. 
 
 BATTENFELn.bdt/ten-fJlt\ a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 province of Ober-Hessen. Pop. 561. 
 
 BATTENHEIM, (Ger.pron. bdt/ten-hlme' : Fr. pron. bdt'- 
 tjn^^m'. a village of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 
 arrondissement of Altkirch. Pop. 1092. 
 
 BAT'TENKILL RIVER rises in Vermont, and flowing 
 westwardly, falls into the Hudson River in Washington 
 county, in the E. part of ?<ew York. 
 
 181 
 
BAT 
 
 BAXJ 
 
 BATTENniJ.E, a post-rillage of Washington eo.. Xew 
 Yorli, 38 milos N. by K. of Albany. It has several stores 
 and mills. 
 
 BATTERSKA. bat'ter-see\ a parish of Enjrland, eo. of 
 Surrey, on the Thame's, 4 miles S.W. of London. In the 
 church is a monument to the celebrated Lord Bolin^broke. 
 
 BAXa'ICALOA, b.it't^kdl-lo'i a town and seaport on the 
 r. coast of Ceylon, 70 miles S.S.E. of Trincomalee. Itst;inds 
 a a small isiaud, and has a fort; and a harbor fit for vessels 
 of 80 tt ns. 
 
 BATTICE, bJt'teece', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Iiiese. 4 miles N.M\ of Verviers. Pop. 42S0. It has mauu- 
 fiicturef of cloths. 
 
 BAT"nCOTTA, a village of Ceylon, in Jaffna, contains a 
 Bemin.ary established by the American missionaries, into 
 which native youths only are admitted. There is here like- 
 wise a Bible association. Pop. of parish and village, 6841. 
 
 BATTISFOUD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BATTLE, a market^town and parish of England, oo. of 
 Sussex, 6 miles X.W. of Hastings. Pop. in 1851. 3849. 
 The town, enclosed on three sides by wooded hills, con- 
 Bists mostly of a single street, half a mile in length, ter- 
 minated by the fine gateway of its old ablie)-. In its church 
 are numerous antique monuments and devices. It has a 
 school, a union work-house, and several gunpowder mills. 
 It derives its name from the great battle (usually called the 
 battle of Hiistings) fought on the heath between it and Epi- 
 ton, October 14. 1006. by which .the Saxon dynasty in Eng- 
 land was finally overthrown by the Normans, under Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror. Ifcittle Abbey, founded by William on 
 the locality where Harold's banner had been planted, was of 
 great extent, as is attested by its remains. On a part of its 
 site stands the mansion of the Welisters, lords of the manor. 
 
 BATTLE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 BATTLEBOUOUGU, bat/tgl-bur'ruh, a post-village in 
 Ediecombe co.. North Carolina, about 60 miles E. of Kaleigh. 
 
 B.VfTLE BKIDGE. a suburb of London, on its N. side, 
 where Gray"s Inn road joins the New Koad, said to derive 
 ■ t« name from a conflict between the troops of Boadicea and 
 the Romans. 
 
 BAT'TLE C-XEEK, of Michigan, the largest tributary of 
 the Kalamazoo, rises in Eaton county, and entei-s the river 
 dt the village of Battle Creek. It furnishes extensive water- 
 power. The Indian name of this creek is Wapiki.s'ko. 
 
 BATTLE CREEK, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee. 
 
 B.\TTLE CREEK, an incorporated town, or city, of Battle 
 Creek township, of Calhoun co., Michigan, on the Michigan 
 Central Railroad, at the junction of the Kalamazoo River 
 and Battle Creek, VZO miles W. of Detroit, and 13 miles W 
 of Marshall. It is liberally supplied witli water-power, and 
 is surrounded by a very productive country. It has an 
 active trade, and contains 8 cliurches, 2 banks, 2 or 3 news- 
 paper offices, 3 Union school-houses, 1 woollen factory, 3 
 iron foundries, 5 flouriiig-niills,and several machine-shops. 
 Pop. of the township, 3.509; of the city in 1866, about 4000. 
 
 BATTLE FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Salop, it 
 derived its name from the great victory gjiined here in 1403 
 by the ti-oops of Henry IV. and the Prince of Wales over 
 those of the Earl of Northumberland, whose son. Hotspur, 
 was killed in the battle, and his ally, the Earl of Douglas, 
 fciken prisoner. 
 
 BArrLB FIELD, a post^village of Lauderdale co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 BATTLE GROUND, a village of Cherokee co., Georgia, 130 
 miles N.N.AV. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BATTLE GROUND, a post-office of Emanuel eo., Georgia. 
 
 B.A.TTLE GROUND, a post-office of Tippecanoe co . Indiana. 
 
 BATTLESDEN. a parish of Ensland, co. of Bedford. 
 
 BATTLE SNAKE, a post-office of White CO., Illinois. 
 
 BATTLE SPRINGS, a i>Oi=t-oflfice of Hinds co.. Mississippi. 
 
 BATTLE SWAMP, a lK)st-ottice of Cecil co., Maryland. 
 
 BATTOE, or BATTOU. See Batoo. 
 
 BATTS'VILLE, a post-office of Barbour co.. Alalmma. 
 
 BATTUECAS. or LA.S-BATTUECAS. liis-bat-tw.-l/kas, two 
 remarkable valleys in Sp:un, province of Salamanca, in the 
 midst of high and rugged mountains, on the borders of Es- 
 tremadura. S|Xiuish traditions had peopled these wild and 
 lonelv glens with demons and other supernatural Iieings: 
 but the establishment of a Carmelite convent there in 1599 
 tended to put an end to this absurd belie£ 
 
 BATU. See B.\to3, 
 
 BATUM. See B.atoom. 
 
 BATURITE. ba-too-re<yt.-L (formerly JIONTEMOR TEL- 
 nO.) a town of Brazil, province of Ceara. 95 miles S.W. of 
 Aracati. It has a church, school, and electoral colleges. 
 
 BATURSKA-WOL.\, batoors'ka-wola. a large villaire of 
 Austrian Poland, in Gaiicia, 9 miles W. of Bochnia. Pop. 
 2300. 
 
 B.A.TZ, bJts. a village of France, department of Loiro-In- 
 ftrieure. ina marsby tract, on the Athinfic. 42 miles W.N.W. 
 of Nantes. Pop. of commune 12SC, employed in adjacent 
 salt-wocks. and in fishing. 
 
 BAT7-. See Bas. 
 
 BAUBAUAJO CREEK, of Indiana, flows into St Joseph's 
 River a few miles above Misliawaka. 
 182 
 
 BAUBELTHOUAP. See BABELTnuAt 
 
 B.\UBUL.\, bOw-boo'ld, a river of Spain, in Aragon, joins 
 the Jaiou. 
 
 BAUCO, MwHio, (anc. Soviln<tV) a town of Italy, in the 
 Pontifical States, C miles E. of Frosinone. Pop. 3000. 
 
 BAUD. IjO. a town of France, department of Morbihan, 
 13 miles S.S.W. of Pontivv. Pop. of commune. (1852.1 5403. 
 
 BAUDMANNSDORF.b«wt/mdusdoKr,orBAUMSDORFF, 
 Wwms'doRf. a village of Prussian Silesia, with a monument 
 commemorative of the victory of the Prvissians, 26th of May, 
 1813. " 
 
 BAUDOUR. bo'dooK/, a vill.ageof Belgium, province of Hai- 
 naut, 7 miles W. of Mons. is noted for its potterv. Pop. 294(5. 
 
 BAUEli'WlTZ. Ii6w'er-wlts\ a town of Prussian .'^ilesia. on 
 the left bank of the Zinna, 38 miles S. of i ippeln. Pop. 2300. 
 
 BAUG, bawg, a town of Hindostan, State of ludore, 
 83 miles S.W. of Oojein. Near it are remarkable cave-tem- 
 ples. Pop. 5000. 
 
 BAUGE, b6^zh.V, a town of France, department of Maine- 
 etrLoire, on theCouesnon, 23 miles E.N E. of Augers. Pop. 
 in 1852, 3329. It has a communal college, and manufactures 
 of woollens and coarse linens. The English, under the Duke 
 of Clarence, were defeated here in 1421. 
 
 BAUG£ LE VIEIL, W'zhA/lfh ve-iP, a villi^ge of France, 
 department of JIain(*et-Loire, S.W. of Bauge, with ruins of 
 a castle of the eleventh century. " * 
 
 BAUGHMAN, baw'm.in. a post-township in Wayne co, 
 Ohio, about 15 miles E.N.E. of Woo.ster. Pop. "ZiWo. 
 
 BAUG'HURST, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BAUG'LEE, a town of British India, province of .Malwah, 
 on the Keiree-Nullah. 5 miles N. of Soondersee. 
 
 BAUGO, a post-office of Elkhart co.. Indiana. 
 
 BAULE. ICl, a village of France, department of Loiret, 12 
 miles S.W. of Orleans. Pop. of commune, 2095. 
 
 BAU'LEAH,a populous conjmercial town of Briti.sh India, 
 presidency of Bengal, ou the Ganges, 35 miles NJJ. of 
 Moorshedabad. 
 
 BAULON. l>6Mt\x<=/, a town of France, department of 111©- 
 et-Yilaine. 16 miles S.AV. of Rennes. Pop. of commune, 1416. 
 
 BAUMA. Ww'md, a village of Switzerland, 10 miles E. of 
 Zurich. Pop. 1550. 
 
 BAUM'BER or BAMOJURGH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 BAUMEEAN or BAUMIAN. See B.\>ru.v. 
 
 BAUMES-LES-DAMES, lOm-l.i-dam. a town of Fr.ince, 
 department of Doubs, on the Doubs. 18 miles N.E. of B«- 
 san^on. Pop. in 1851, 25S7. It has rich quarries of gyp- 
 sum, and paper and iron works. 
 
 BAUME-LES-MESSIBURS. lom lA m?s'se-rh', formerly 
 BAUME-LES-MOINES. lome ]A mwjn. a town of France, 
 department of .Jura, 65 miles N.W. of Lons-le-.Saulnier, It 
 has a magnificent church, and was formerly noted for its 
 large monastery of Benedictine monks. Pop. 771. 
 
 BAUMGARTEX, Ifiwm'gaR-ten. a village of Prussian Sile- 
 sia, 13 miles N.E. of Glatz, Pop. 1250. 
 
 BAU.MGARTEX. a village of Austria, near "Vienna, with 
 a castle of the Prince of Esterhazj'. Baumgarteu is the 
 name of manv other villaires in Germany. 
 
 BAUMHOLDER. bCwmiliol-der, a town of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia. 12 miles N.E. of St.AVendel. Pop. 1370. 
 
 BAUMS'TOWN, a small post-village in Berks co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BAUN.A.Cn, hCw'niK, a town of Bavaria, 6|^ miles N.N.W. 
 of Bamberg. Pop. KXtO. In its vicinity is the grotto of th« 
 Magdalene, frequented as a place of pilgrimage. 
 
 BAUNE. lo'ni/, a commune and village of France, de- 
 piirtment of Maine-et-Loire. Pop. of commune. 1197. 
 
 BAUNEI, 16w-nA'e, a village of Sardinia, 76 miles NJE. of 
 Cagliari, near the coast. Pop. 1460. 
 
 BAUNTON. a parish of England, co. of Glouoester. 
 
 BAUNTnVAH. a town of British India, Guz<»at penin- 
 sula. 27 miles W. of Joonaghur. 
 
 BAU'PETTAH. a town of British India, presidency of Ma- 
 dra.s. 29 miles S. of Guntoor. 
 
 BAURE, l><5w'r.-l. BAUHUS. hdw'rooce, or BAURES. IVSw'- 
 rJs, a river of Bolivia, rising in Liike Quazaniire. lat. 15° 18/ 
 S.. Ion. 6-^30' W.. flowing N. W.. and falling into the Guapore 
 after a course of alxmt 300 miles. 
 
 BAUSIM. See V.AUSIM. 
 
 BAUSKEA, bows/ke-i, a small town of Rus.sia. govern- 
 ment of Courland, with a castle on the Aa, 23 miles S.E. of 
 Mitau. Pop. 1200. 
 
 BAUSSAINE. JjK, li. hS'sAn'. a village of France, departs 
 ment of llle-et-Vilaine, arrondissemeat of St. Malo. Pop. 
 of commune. 1223. 
 
 B.\UTSCH, Mwtch, a town of Moravia. 22 miles N.E. of 
 Olmutz. Pop. 2»;69. principally engaged in linen weaving. 
 
 BAUTZEN, Mwf/sen. or BUDISSIN, Inxj^dis-sin. a town of 
 Saxony, capital of a circle, on the Spree, on the railway from 
 Dresden to Gtirlitz. 31 miles E.N.E. of Dre.=den. Pop'aliout 
 12.000. It has a cathedral common to Roman Catholii'S and 
 Protestants, a gymnasium. 2 public libraries, and manufac- 
 tures of woollen, linen. leather, and paj)er, and an a'tivt 
 general trade. The K-ittle of Bautzen, gained by Najvileoi 
 over the allies, was fought May 21 and 22, ISis. Kuan- 
 
BAU 
 
 BAV 
 
 BATrrzEX, (?'.e. "Little Bautzen,") is an atyacent village, with 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 BAUVliCIIAIN-TOURRINKS, bSv'shJ.No'-tooR^een', a 
 villaj;e of Belgium, province of Brabant, arrondissement of 
 Louvain. Pop. of commune, 1852. 
 
 BAUZAC, boV.ik', a village of France, department of 
 Haute-Loii-e. Pop. of commune, (1852,) 2626. 
 
 BAVAKIA, (CIIiCLK OF,) an old subdivision of Ger- 
 many, which comprised the southern and eastern portions 
 of tli-3 modern kingdom of Bavaria, E. of the Rhine, with 
 the archlii.shopric of Salzburg. 
 
 BAVAHIA, bl-v.Vre-a, (KINGDOM OF.) (Ger. Batumi or 
 Bdi'inJ'VfTn; Fr. Baviire, biVe-aiR/; L. J5<n'ar(rt,)a stateof 
 Central Kurope, forming part of the German confederation. 
 This kingdom is composed of two isolated masses of territory, 
 the eastward and largest of which is situated between lat. 
 17° 2i)' and 50° 1' N.. and ion. 9° and 13° 48' K.,; bounded N. 
 by Ilesse-Cassel, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the 
 priu'ipality of lleuss, and the kingdom of Saxony ; K. by Bo- 
 hemia and Austria : S. V)y Tyrol ; and W. by WUrtemberg, 
 Baden, and Ilesse-Darmstadt. The westernmost, forming 
 Rhenish Bavaria, or the Palatinate, the original possession 
 of the reigning family, is situated on the Vi'. of the lihine, be- 
 tween lat. 48° 57' and 40° 50' N., and ion. 7° 5' and 8° 27' K., 
 bounded N. by Rhenish Pru.ssia and Ile.sse-Darmstadt; E. 
 by Baden, from which it is separated by the Kliine; S. by 
 France, and W. by Rhenish Prussia and Ilesse-IIomburg. 
 Munich (MUnchen) is the civpital. The st;ite is divided into 
 eight circles, (kreise,) the extent and population of which 
 are as follow : — 
 
 Circles, (Kreis.) 
 
 Areain sq.m. 
 
 Pop. Deo. 
 31, 1846. 
 
 Pop., Deo. 
 
 31, 1852. 
 
 1. Oberbayern, (Upper ) 
 
 Bavaria,) S 
 
 2. Neiderba.yern,(Low- > 
 
 er Bavaria,) $ 
 
 3. Pfiilz, (Palatinate.) 
 
 4. Oberpfali anit Ratis- > 
 
 bon.(Regci*8burp,) 5 
 
 5. Oberfranken, (Up- 5 
 
 per Pranconia,) ( 
 
 6. Uittclfranken, (Mid- ) 
 
 die Fraucoula,) J 
 T. Unterfranken and ) 
 
 Aschatfcuburg. j 
 8. Schwaben (Swabia) > 
 
 and Neuburg, j 
 
 Total, 
 
 6614 
 
 4113 
 2226 
 4198 
 
 222S 
 
 2798 
 
 3604 
 
 3858 
 
 705,544 
 
 543,708 
 608,470 
 467,806 
 601,163 
 527,866 
 592,080 
 558,436 
 
 731,831 
 519,596 
 611,476 
 468,479 
 499,709 
 533,830 
 595,748 
 565,783 
 
 29,637 
 
 4,504,874 
 
 4,559,452 
 
 The total population of Bavaria, according to a recent 
 census taken in 1801, is 4,689,8.37. The E. part of the terri- 
 tory lies between the Alps and the mountains of Central 
 Germany, occupying the basin of the Danube, which river 
 traverses it for a space of 180 miles, and in tlwt part of its 
 ,X)urse receives on the right the lUer, the Lech, the Lsar, 
 and the Inn; and on the left the Kocher, the AVornitz, the 
 AltmUhl, the Na;ib, the l{i>gen, and the Ilz, A small part 
 of the N.E. of Bavaria belongs to the basin of the ElV>e, 
 and is watered by the Eger and the Sa;ile. All the N. 
 part of the principal territory is drained by the Slain, 
 whicli has its source in the kingdom, and receives the 
 Tauber, the Rodach, the Saale, (of Franconia.) and tlie 
 Regnitz. Rhenish B-ivaria belongs exclusively to the basin 
 of tlie Rhine, which forms its K. boundary; it is watered by 
 the Lauter. the Queich. and the Xahe. A small portion of 
 the Lake of Constance lielongs to Bavaria: its other prin- 
 cipal lakes form a chain along the S. slope of the Alps ; they 
 are the Ammer-See. in the bed of the river of the same 
 name, the WUrm-See, on an affluent of the .A.mmer, and the 
 Chiem-See, formed by the river Alz. Its smaller lakes are 
 the Staffel-, Kochel-. Wulchen-, and KHnigs-See. The coun- 
 try is in general elevated and mountainous; the Alps, on 
 the S., have, in the Zugspitz. an elevation of 10,150 feet. 
 The highest point of the Bijhmer-wald. on the E., between 
 Bavaria and Bohemia, are Arber, 4013 feet, and Rachelberg, 
 4561 feet. Its most remarkable offset is the Bayerische-wald. 
 between the Danu1>e and Regen. The other principal chains 
 are the Fiehtelgebirge, on the N.E., in which the Schneoberg 
 (i. e. •■ Snow-mountain") is 34S1 feet high. This range is con- 
 nected on the N.W. with the ThUringer-wald. and on the X.E. 
 with the Erzgebirge. The Frankischer Jura is a branch of the 
 Kchtt'lgebirge, which extends S. between the Regnitz and 
 the Vils. The northernmost chain of Bavaria is the RhOnge- 
 birge, culminating point the Kreuzberg, 3000 feet in eleva- 
 tion. S.W. of this is the Spessart. an offset of the Odenwald, 
 In which the Ilohewart is 1968 feet in elevation. In Rhenish 
 Bavaria the chief mountain is the Ilardt, the culminating 
 point of which, the Donnersberg, is 2300 feet in elevation. 
 
 The principal plains are the Donau Moos, on the J5. of the 
 Oanube. between the Lech and the Pasir; the valley of the 
 Lech, .above and below Auirsburg, and that of the lsar, be- 
 tween Munich and Freislng. 
 
 The climate of Bavaria is temperate and healthy; al- 
 though, on account of the general elevation of the surface, 
 it is colder than the other countries of Germany situated 
 
 further north. The soil Is one of the most fertile in Central 
 Europe; the mountains yield excellent pasturage, and are 
 covered with vjist forests of valuable timlier. Grain is culti- 
 vated at an elevation of 32S0 feet : forests reach to 5."00 feet ; 
 and grazing extends to 8500 feet, or the line of perpetvwl 
 snow, whicli occurs only on the higher Alps. 
 
 The wealth of the country consists almost entirely in Its 
 agricultural produce. Besides the ordinary kinds of grain, 
 a small quantity of buckwheat and maize is cultivated. 
 The wines of Franconia, in the valleys of the Main, the 
 Saal, and the Tauber, are much esteemed, especially those 
 called Steinwdn and Leiskmvein, from the banks of the 
 Leiste, near Steinberg. Rhenish Bavaria al.so produces e.x- 
 cellent wines, particularly those of the neighborhood of 
 Diedesheim and Wachenheim. The hfips of Bavaria are es- 
 teemed for their excellent ([U-ality. Fruit is cultivated in 
 considerable quantities, as well as hemp, flax, lin.seed, beet- 
 root, aud liquorice. Cattle-rearing is the exclusive industry 
 of the inhabitjints of the Alps : sheep, of wliich the breed 
 has been improvedof late, are of great importance in Mittel- 
 franken, and pigs and goats are extensively leared in Un- 
 terfranken. The rearing of silk-worms, which was recently 
 introduced, has not yet attained any importance. 
 
 Although the soil of Bavaria is rich in useful minerals, 
 they have never been extensively worked, i^alt, coal, and 
 iron are the principal products. Salt, which is a govern- 
 ment monopoly, is produced by evaporation, and from the 
 rich mines of Berchte.sgaden, ISeichenhall. Traunstein, Ro- 
 senheim. Kissingen, Soden, Orb, DUrkheim, and Philips- 
 thai. Iron is worked everywhere throughout the tei-ritory. 
 Small quantities of copper, manganese, cobalt, and mei^ 
 cury are produced in Rhenish Bavaria. There are nuineif lus 
 quarries of excellent marble, alabaster, gypsum, and build- 
 ing stones ; and the porcelain clay is reckoned the best in 
 Europe. Among the many mineral springs, with establish- 
 ments of baths, the most frequented are those of Kissingen, 
 Brtlckenau, and Rosenheim. 
 
 Manufacturing industry is but little developed in this 
 country. Its principal branch is the brewing of beer, which 
 is much esteemed, and carried on to a vast extent, there 
 being upwards of 5tJ(X> breweries in the kingdom. Linen 
 weaving is carried on to a considerable extent ; wonllen and 
 cotton are not manufiictured in sufficient quantity for home 
 consumption. The other chief manufactures are tanning, 
 paper-making, working in wood and straw, hardware, beet- 
 root sugar, tobacco, and porcelain. The jewellery of Augs- 
 burg and JIunieh is much esteemed, as are tlie mathema- 
 tical and optical instruments of the capital : the tobacco and 
 toys of Nuremberg, the wooden clocks of the Rliiiiigebirge, 
 the porcelain flf the royal manufactory Nympbenburg. and 
 the pottery of Deggendorf and Ilafnerzell. called '• Pottery 
 of Passau." Next to Augslmrg. and Nuremberg, the chief 
 seats of manufacturing industry are Anspach, Bamlwrg, 
 FUrth,Memmiiigen,.Schweinfurt. and WUrzburg. 
 
 The commerce of Bavaria Is almost exclusively confined 
 to agricultural produce. The exports are estimated at 
 alwut 1.230,000^ annually, and consist of grain, timlier, 
 wine, cattle, salt, hides, wool, hops, fruits and fi-uit-trees, 
 liquorice, madder, butter, cheese, glass, and jewelrj'. The 
 chief Imports are cotton, sugar, coffee, and other colonial 
 products, silks and woollen fabrics of fine qualities. 
 
 Bavaria has for centuries possessed the transit trade be- 
 tween Northern Germany and Austria, Switzerland and 
 Italy. The roads are in general l>ad. and railways have not 
 yet been extensively constructed in the kingdom. The fol- 
 lowing railways were in operation in 1848 : — Nuremberg to 
 FUrth, 5 miles. 1835, (this was the first line opened in Ger- 
 many;) Augsburg to 5Iuni<'h, 32 miles. 1840 ; Augsburg to 
 Donaunorth, 27 miles, 1844; Nuremlierg to Bamberg, 33 
 miles, 1847. Railways in progress In 1848; — Augsburg to 
 Lindau, on the Lake of Constance; Donauwoith to Nu- 
 remberg. 
 
 The great routes of navigation are the Danulie and the 
 Rhine, traversed by steam packets and tlie Main. The 
 other navigable rivei-s are the Inn, the Salza, Regnitz, 
 and Altmiihl. The chief floatable rivers are the AVeis.se 
 Main, the Rodach. the Iller, Lech. Wertach, lsar. and Lol- 
 s.ich. The lines of canal are not extensive, but one of them, 
 the Liidwigs-Kana}, connecting the Rhine and the Danube, 
 is likely to become one of the most Important In Europe. 
 See AltmUhl. Among the establl.'shments most favorable 
 to commerce are the exchange banks of Nuremberg, Ans- 
 pach. and Munich. Bavaria joined the ZollrVernn (Prussian 
 Commercial Union) in 1833. 
 
 Bavaria is a kingdom, and Its form of government Is a 
 constitutional monarchy. The throne Is hereditary In the 
 male line. The constitution dates from 25th JLay. 1818, 
 and no change can take place without the concurrence of 
 the national states. The executive power belongs to the 
 king; the ministers and all functionaries are responsible. 
 The legislative functions are exercised concurrently by the 
 king and the two chamljers of the national states.but the 
 royal prerogative is very extensive. Public revenue for the 
 financial period from 1851 to 1835 estimated at §13.914.274 per 
 annum; expenditure, $14,930,200; debt in 1851. *54,798,218 
 
BAY 
 
 BAV 
 
 The kingdom is divided into 2 Catholic archbishoprics, 
 those of Munich and Bamberg; 6 bishoprics, 171 dean- 
 eries, and 2756 parishes. The direction of the Protestant 
 ••eliirion i? under a general consistory. (Ober-cnnnstni-ium.) 
 and i provincial consistories, at Baireuth, Kreuz-Wertheim. 
 and Spever. The proportion of the different sects was. in 
 1852. Catholics, 3,176,33.3: Lutherans, 1,231,463: Reformers, 
 2431; Jews, 56.033; minor sects, 5560. Public instruc- 
 tion is more limited in Bavaria than in several other 
 German states: it has. however, been much improved of 
 late. Its direction is under the minister of the interior. 
 Elementary schools {Volks-schule) exist in all the parishes, 
 and attendance on them is oblisatory for children till 
 the ajie of 14; and after leaving them they are bound 
 for two years more to attend a Sabbath-school. The king- 
 dom possesses three universities, two of which (Munich and 
 Wiirzburg) are Catholic, and one (Krlangen) Protestant. In 
 1847, the University of Munich had 76 professors, and 1471 
 Btudent.s. of whom 125 were foreigners; in 1846-7, Wiirz- 
 burg had 521 students. 72 of whom were foreigners; and 
 Erlaugen had, at same date, 364 students, of whom 7 were 
 foreigners. Besides the numerous elementary schools, Ba- 
 varia has a school of forests at .\schaffenburg, re-established 
 in 1843; a school of husbandry (landswerthschaft)at Sehleiss- 
 heim; a mining school at Steben, a seminary for students, 
 9 lyceums. 26 gymnasia. 60 Latin schools, 9 normal schools, 
 3 polytechnic schools, 1 roy.al school of architecture, 1 school 
 of trades, 22 schools of rui-al industry, 1 blind, and 1 deaf- 
 dumb school. The capital possesses scientilic and literary 
 institutions, and collections of art among the most exten- 
 sive in Europe, besides important academies and national 
 societies. See Munich. 
 
 The armed force of the kingdom comprises the permanent 
 army, the army of reserve, and the militiiv, {luiidwcJir.) 
 Every male, without e.\ception. is liable to serve; but the 
 sous of the nobility have the privilege of entering the mili- 
 tary school of cadets. The army is raised by conscription, and 
 the period of service is four years, from the age of 21 to 26. 
 The permanent army, in time of peace, amounts to 58,239 
 men. besides 4 companies of veterans, of whom about one- 
 third are usually under arms. In ca.se of war. depots are 
 formed for iulantry and cavalry. The landwehr is organized 
 and armed in two levies. 
 
 The name Bav.4.ria, (or Btiaria) is derived from the 
 ancient Boil, who took possession of this country COO years 
 before the Christian era. The Boii were in turn conquered 
 by the Komaus. who retained the territory till the tiiU of 
 the empire, when it was overrun by the Ostrogoths and 
 Franks. The sovereignty of lijvaria was subsequently 
 assumed by Charlemagne, and on the death of that monarcli. 
 the kings of the Franks and Germans governed it by their 
 lieutenants, who bore the title of JIargrave, afterward con- 
 verted into tliat of Duke, and latterly (1623,) into that of 
 Elector. In 1070, Biivaria passed into the possession of the 
 femily of the Guelphs, and, in IISO, it was transferred bj- 
 imperial grant to Otho. Count of AVittlesbach. On the ex- 
 tiuctiou of the direct line of that family, in 1777, the Elector 
 P.alatine. Charles Theodoie, added the Palatinate, and the 
 duchies of Juliers and Berg to the Bavarian dominions. In 
 1799, Chai-les Theodore died without issue, and the Sulzbach 
 branch of the line of the palatinate became extinct with 
 him. The Duke Maximilian Joseph of Deux-Ponts came 
 into possession of all the Bavarian territories. The peace 
 of Luneville (February 9, 1801) put an end to the renewed 
 war, and it-s most importent article — the cession of the left 
 bank of the Khine to France — essentially affected Bavaria. 
 ^y hilst it lost all its posse.ssions on the left b;ink of the Rhine, 
 and also the lands of the palatinate on the right bank, it 
 obtained, on the other hand, by an imperial edict, an indemi- 
 nification. by which it gained, in addition to the amount 
 lost, a surplus of 2l09 square miles, and 516,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The political importance of Bavaria with respect to Aus- 
 tria, as well as to France, was fully displayed in the war 
 of 1805. When Austria resumed hostilities against France, 
 she required the elector of Bavaria to unite his troops 
 with the Austrian army, and refused to allow him to re- 
 main neutral, which (as the emperor wrote to the elec- 
 tor, Septem))er 3d, 1804,) France herself only would suf- 
 fer as long as she should tind it expedient. Bavaria, how- 
 ever, did not find it accordant with its own interests to 
 place itself entirely in the power of Austria. At the begin- 
 ning of the war, the elector joined the French with about 
 30.IX>0 troops, and the peace of Presburg annexed to his 
 dominions 10.595 square miles and 1,000.000 inhabitants, 
 and conferred on him the dignity of king; in return for 
 which he ceded 'Wiirzburg, which w.hs erected into an 
 electorate in the place of Salzburg. The King of Bavaria, 
 like the rulers of WUrtemburg and Baden, now assumed 
 sovereignty over the lands of the nobility of the empire 
 within his borders. When, in 1812. the war between France 
 and Russia broke out. Bavaria sent anew it« whole propor- 
 tion of troops to the French army. Insignificant remains 
 only of the 30.0:X) Bavarians returned in the spring of 1S13. 
 Maximilian Joseph, notwithstanding this .sacrifice, placed 
 firesh troops under the command of Napoleou as the pro- 
 184 
 
 lector of the confederation of the Rhine, when the new cani- 
 paign was opened near the close of April. This army also 
 suffered great losses, but distinguished itself with its wonted 
 bravery, under the cotomand of Maishal Oudinot. It suf- 
 fered particularly in the battles of LuckauandGros-sbeeren, 
 (1813.) In 1805, Bavaiia was raised by the treaty of I'res- 
 burg to the rank of a kingdom, with some further accessions 
 of territorv. all of which were confirmed by the treaties of 
 1814 and 1S15. 
 
 Early in March. 1848, the people demanded the immediate 
 convocation of the chambers, the liliertj- of the press, that 
 judicial trials should be public, that an electoral reform 
 should be granted, and that the army should take an oath 
 to observe the constitution. The king having refused to 
 convoke the chambers before the end of May, the people 
 flew to arms, attacked and captured the arsenal after a short 
 engagement. They subsequently marched against the royal 
 palace, the military refusing to charge on them, although 
 commanded to do so. By this predicament, the king, finding 
 further resistance useless, yielded to all the demands of the 
 people, who now returned their arms to the ar.senal, and 
 afterward dispersed quietly. Fresh tumults, however, cio- 
 curred. and on March 21st. King Louis announced his re- 
 signation of the sceptre to his son, the crown prince JIaxi- 
 milian. the second of that name who has filled the throne 
 of Bavaria. As one of the states of the German confederacy, 
 it had lately one vote in the ordinary assemblies of the 
 diet, where it held the third rank, and four votes in full 
 council. Its military contingent was 35,600 men. forming 
 
 the seventh corps of the federal army. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 Bavarian, ba-v.i're-an. 
 
 BAV AY, bdVA/, {a.\ic.Bag>acttm,) », io-wn. of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, 14 miles K.N.W. of Avesnes. Pop. of com- 
 mune, in 1852, 1020. 
 
 BAVENO, bd-vA'no, a vill.age of Piedmont, on the W. 
 bank of the Lago Maggiore, opposite the Borromean islands. 
 Pop. 1000. Near it are celebrated quarries of granite, em- 
 ployed in the <^>thedral of Milan; and behind the viilaga. 
 Monte Monterone, 4350 feet in elevation, commands ex 
 tensive pro.spects. 
 
 BAV'ERSTOCK, a parish of England, co, of Wilts. 
 
 BAXIE'RE. the French name of Bavaria, which see. 
 
 BAVaNGTON", a small post-village of Washington co, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 B.\VISPE, bS-vis'p.i. a town of Mexico, province of Chi- 
 huahua, in a mountainous district, near the source of a 
 river of the s-ime name. 
 
 BAWBURGII, bawOjurg, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BAAVDESWELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BAWD'RIP. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BAWD'SEY. a parLsh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 B.^W.SEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BAWn'RY, a market-town of England, co. of Y'ork. on 
 the Idle. 10 miles S.E. of Doncaster. Pop. 1083. Trans- 
 ports stone, timber, lead, and iron, by the 1 die. to Hull and 
 London. Near it is a hospital for the poor, founded in the 
 fourteenth century: anda mile distant a farm-house, which 
 originally formed part of the palace of the archbishops of 
 Y'ork. and was once occupied by Cardinal Wol.sey. 
 
 BAXn'ERLY', a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 B.\Y', bA, a township in Ottowa co.. Ohio. Pop. 450. 
 
 B.4.Y, a post'Office of Pope co.. Illinois. 
 
 BAY, bl. a lake in the Island of Luzon. S. of Manilla ; it 
 is of very irregular form, but measures above 30 miles both 
 in length and breiidth. 
 
 BAYAMO, bi-yi'mo. or SAN SALVADOR, a town in the 
 E. part of the island of Cuba, 60 miles N.W. of Santiago, near 
 the Cauto. a small stream that falls into the Kav called the 
 Canal of Bayamo. It is situated in lat. 20° 40' N.,lon. 76° 
 55' W.. and cariies on a good trade. Pop. variously esti- 
 mated from 7500 to 14.000. 
 
 BAYAN, brdu', or BAIN, bine, (KIIARA-KOOLA, kj- 
 rd-koo'ld.) a lofty mountain range in Asia, on the N.E. bor- 
 der of Thibet, a br.anch of the Kuen-lun. 
 
 BAYAO, bi-ylMso. almost bi-ycSwxo/, a town of Brazil, on 
 the Araguay liiver. 140 miles S.S.W. from Para, in lat. about 
 3° S.. and Ion. 49° W. 
 
 BAYARD. CHATEAU. See Allevard. 
 
 BAYENDEU. bl'pii-der, or BAINDIOR, blnd'er, a town of 
 Asia Minor, p.ashalic of Anatolia, 30 miles E.S.E. of Smyrna. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 BAYASS. See Baias. 
 
 BAYAZEED or BAYAZID, bl-a-zeed', written also BA JA- 
 ZID, a fortified town of Turkish Armenia, pa.shalie, and 150 
 miles E.S.E.of Erzroom, capital of a sanjak, S.AV. of Mount 
 Ararat. Pop. estimated from 50lX) to 15,000, mostly Koords. 
 It surrounds a hill crowned by a citadel, and has a mosque, 
 a palaw, a monastery, and arsenal ; but the town is filthy, 
 miserable, and has been declining ever since the Russian 
 conquest of Georgia. 
 
 BAY'DON. a pjirish of England, co. of Milts. 
 
 BAYEI YE. bd-y,Vyih. a tril)e of poople in ». Africa, inhabit- 
 ing the banks of Lake Ngami, a)id of the river Zoo»f», 
 
 BAYERN. SeeBAVABiA. 
 
BAY 
 
 BEA 
 
 BAYEUX, bd^uh', (anc. Baincasheit.) a city of France, 
 department of Calvados, capital of arrondissement, 17 miles 
 VV.X."VV. of Caen, on the Aure. Pop. in 1851. 9300. It has 
 a venerable cathedral, in which is preserved the celebrated 
 tapestry of IJayeux, said to be the work of Matilda, wife of 
 Villiam the Conqueror, and representinjr his exploits in 
 the conriuest of England : a communal college, and public 
 library. liayeux has a tribunal of commerce, manufactories 
 of lace, damasks, ciilico. cotton yarn, andserjies, a large porce- 
 lain factory, and trade in cattle, horses, and butter. 
 
 B.4Y'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BAY'KTELD, a post-village, co. of Huron, Canada West, is 
 on Lake Huron, 70 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. 126. 
 
 BAY'FURD, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 BAY HUNDRlvD, a post-otlice of Talbot co.. Maryland. 
 
 BAY ISLA.N I).S, CoLO.w OF the, the name given to a group 
 of small islands in the Bay of Honduras, near the N. coast 
 of the state of Honduras. They comprise Hoatan or Kuatan, 
 Bonacca, Utille, Bariiarate, Moxat, and Helene. The inha- 
 bitants are chiefly emigrants from the Cayman Islands. At 
 their own request, they were, in the year 1852, incorporated 
 into the British dominions. Estimated pop., 4u0 to 500. A 
 trade is carried on with New Orleans and Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 BAYLA. See Bklv. 
 
 BAYLEHAM, bail'am, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BAYLK.V or BAll.EN, bilin', a town of Spain, 22 miles 
 N.X.E. of .Jaen. I'op. 4976. The capitulation of Bayleu was 
 «igned .lune 20, 1808. 
 
 BAYLIQUH, bl-Iee'k!!, or MAXIATUBA, mi-nei-too'ba, 
 an island off the coast of Brazil, in the estuary of the 
 Amazon, 00 miles S. of Cape Norte. Length, 10 miles. 
 
 BAY MUU.NT, a postoflice of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 BAY OF ISLANDS, New Zealan>j, a large and commodious 
 harbor, on the N.E. coast of New Ufster. Lat. (E. point. Cape 
 Brett) 36° 10' .S.. Ion. 174° 22' E. It is studded with islands. 
 
 BAYONA, bil-yo'nd, an ancient seaport town of Spain, 13 
 miles S.W. of Vigo. Pop. 1719. The i.sland of Bayona or 
 CiES {Insula CiccB) is in Vigo Bay, 6 miles N.W. of the town. 
 
 B.VYONNE. b4\vonn', (a.nc. Lapur'aum,) a fortified city 
 of France, near its S.W. extremity, department of Basses- 
 I'yrenees, capital of arrondissement, at the confluence of 
 the Adour and Nive, which separate it into three quarters, 
 Great and Little B.iyonne, and the suburb of St. Esprit, 3 
 miles from the s&'i, and 18 miles N.E. of the Spiinish fron- 
 tier at Fontarabia. Lat. of cathedra) 43° 29' 29" N., Ion. 
 1° 28' 33" VV. Pop. in 1852, 18,870. It is well built, and 
 agreeably situated, with handsome quays and promenades. 
 Its cathedral is small, and of the twelfth century, and its 
 citiidel is one of the finest works of Vauban. It has a mint, 
 theatre, schools of commerce and navigation, naval and 
 commercial docks, tribunal and chamber of commerce, di.s- 
 tilleries, sugar refineries, and glass-works, with export trade 
 in timber, tar, cork, superior hams, chocolate, liqueurs, and 
 cream of tartar. It imports fine wool, liquorice, and olive- 
 oil. In 1849 the number of vessels that entered the port 
 was 728, of which 59 wore British : cleared the same year, 
 726, of which 43 were British. It sends annually several 
 vessels to the whale fishery. The military weapon, the 
 haynnet. takes its name from this place, near which it was 
 Invented. This city, though often besieged, lias never been 
 taken: and it enjoys the rare distinction of having refused 
 to participate in the massacre of St. Bartholomew'. 
 
 BAYOU, bi'oo, or, more usually, bl'o, a term confined 
 chiefly to the States of Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas, 
 signifying properly any stream which is derived from some 
 other stream or from a lake; in other words, any stream which 
 Is not fed by fountjiins. Th£ term, however, is sometimes 
 loosely applied to streams of a different description ; it may 
 then he regarded as equivalent to " creek" in its American 
 signification. Bayou is supposed to be a corruption of the 
 French bnyaxu a "gut" or ''channel," a derivation which 
 is rendered more probable by the prevalent pronunciation, 
 bi'o. 
 
 BAYOU BARTARY, a post-office of Livingston parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BAYOU B(EUF, bi'oo bl^ a postK)ffice of St. Landry parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BAYOU CHICOT, bi'oo shee/ko\ a village in Calcasieu 
 parish, Louisiana, about 75 miles N.W. from Baton Kouge. 
 
 BAYOU CHICOT, a post-office of St. Landry parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BAYOU CniTTO, Louisiana and Mississippi. See Chitto 
 Batou. 
 
 _ BAYOU GOULA, bi'oo goo^la, a post-office of Iberville par 
 rish. Louisiana. 
 
 BAYOU PIERRE, bi'oo pe-ain/, a postoffice of DeSoto pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 BAYOU RAMOIS, bi'oo rd'-moi', a post-office of St. Mary's, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BAYOU SARA, bi'oo sA/ra, a thriving post-village of W. 
 Feliciana parish. Louisiana,' on the Mississippi River, 165 
 miles above New Orleans, and at the S. terminus of a rail- 
 road leading to Woodville, Mississippi. It is a shipping 
 pt«nt for the cotton and corn produced in the vicinity. The 
 bajou of the same name enters the river here. Pop. 540. 
 
 B.\Y PLACE, a small village of Poinsett co., Arkan.sa«i. 
 
 BAYPOOR, bi-poor'. a seaport town of British India, presi 
 dency of 5Ia<Iras, on the coast, 6 miles S. of Calicut. 
 
 BAYREUTH, a city of Bavaria. See BuRr.UTii. 
 
 BAY RIVER, a post-office of Craven co., North Carolina. 
 
 BAY'S BOTTOM, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 BAY SPRINGS, a post-office of Tishemiugo co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 BAYS'WATER, a hamlet of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 and parish of Paddington, on the Uxbridge ]!cad, 4 miles ^V. 
 of St. I'aul's. London. It contains numerous handsome villas. 
 
 BAY'T(JN, a parish of Engbind, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BAY VIEW, a post-office of Northampton co.. Vircinia. 
 
 BAY'VILL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 BAY'VILLE, a village in the S. part of Pike co., Illinois, 
 
 5 miles N.E. from the Mississippi River. 
 
 BAZA, bi'thi (anc. BaMi.) a city of Spain, Andalusia, 53 
 miles E,N.E. of Granada. It has a hospital, college, several 
 elementary schools, civil and ecclesiastical prisons, and 
 numerous fountains and promenades. It is famed in early 
 Spanish history. In 1489 it was taken from the Moors bV 
 the Spaniards, after a siege of nearly seven months. In 
 1810 the French, under Marshal Soult. here defeated the 
 Spaniards, under Generals Blake and Freire. i'op, 10.133. 
 
 BAZADOIS. bdVdMwd/, an old division of France, now 
 comprised in the departments of Gironde and Lot-et-Garonne. 
 Its capital was Bazas, 
 
 BAZAR-KHAN, b4V3r-K3n'. a town of Asia Jiinor, pashalic 
 of Anatolia, 58 miles N, of Makree. It derives its name from 
 being the grand mart for the vill.'xges in its vi<'inity, 
 
 BAZARUTO (bi-zi-roo'to) ISLANDS, a small group on E 
 coast of Africa, 110 miles S. of Sofala. Lat. 21° 87' S., Ion. 
 36° 28' E. 
 
 BAZ.\S, bi'zd'. (anc. Chs'sium, afterwards VamH<T,) a town 
 of France, department of Gironde, 32 miles S.S.E. of Boi^ 
 deaux, on the Beuve. Pop. of commune in 1852, 4627. 
 It has Glass-works. 
 
 BAZEIliLES, bdVjiil' or bd'z.Vyfh, a village of France, 
 department of Ardennes, arrondissement of Sedan. Pop. of 
 commune, 1631. 
 
 BAZftLE. bj>zail', or bJ-z.Vlph, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, Hi miles N.E. of Termonde. on the 
 Scheldt, i'op. 4407. 
 
 BAZET'TA, a post-township in Trumbull co., Ohio, abom 
 
 6 miles N.E. from Warren. Pop. 1177. 
 
 BAZIN, bj-zin', a town of Ilungary, co. of and 11 miles 
 N.N.E. of Presburg, with mineral springs and celebrated 
 baths. 
 
 BAZIRA. See B.uoor. 
 
 BAZOCHE or BAZOCHES, ba'z8.sh', and BAZOIJGKS, 
 bi-zooh', several communes and villages of France, the 
 principal of which are the following: 
 
 BAZOUGES-LA-Pi^.ROU.SE, biV.oozh' U prl'rooz/, a town 
 of France, department of lUe-et-Vilaiue, 17 miles N.N.E. ol 
 Fougdres. Pop. 3928. 
 
 BAZOCHE-GOUET, h^zosh' goo-A', a village of France, 
 department of Eure-et-Loir, arrondi8.senieut of Kojent-le- 
 Rotrou. Pop. in 1852. '2309. 
 
 BAZZANO, bit-sii'uo, a town of Italy, 11 miles N. of Bo- 
 logna. Pop. 2610. 
 
 BEACHAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucking- 
 bam. 
 
 BEACII'AMWELL, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BEACH BRANCH, a post-office of Beaufort district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BEACH CREEK, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 68;?. 
 
 BEACH GROVE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BEACH HAVEN, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BEACHINGSTOKE. See Beecfingstokk. 
 
 BEACH TREE VILLAGE, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas. 
 
 BEACH'VJLLE, a post-village in co. of Oxford, Canada 
 West, 22 miles N.E, from London, on the railroad fi'om 
 Hamilton to Windsor. 
 
 BEACHY (beech'ee) HEAD, the most lofty headland on 
 the S. coast of England, projecting into the English Chan- 
 nel, 2i miles S.S.W. of Ea.stbourne. It consists of chalk 
 cliffs, rising perpendicular to 564 feet above the sea, and has 
 a liirht-house. Lat. 60° 44' N., Ion. 0° 13' E. 
 
 BEACON HILL, or OLD BEACON, a mountain in Dutchess 
 CO., New York, near Fishkill. is one of the highest summits 
 of the Highlands, having an elevation of about 1470 feet. 
 
 BEACONSFIELD, bee'konz-feeld, a mai-ket-town and pa- 
 rish of England, co. of Bul^ks, 23 miles W.N,AV. of London. 
 The town is situated on an eminence, on which beacon fires 
 were formerly lighted : has 4 streets, and a church, in which 
 lie the remains of Edmund Burke. In its churchyard is a 
 monument to the poet Waller, who owned tlie manor 
 About 3 miles distant is Bulstrode, the celebi'ated seat of 
 the Duke of Portland, 
 
 BEACULL, liee'kull', (Native TJaciila,) a fort and small 
 town of British India, presidency of Madras, on the Mala))ar 
 coast, 95 miles N.W. of Calicut. 
 
 185 
 
BiEA 
 
 BEA 
 
 BEAFORD, bee'ford. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BEAGLE (bee'gU I BANK, an extensive coral sand-bank 
 on N.AV. coiist of Australia; lat. 15° 19' S., Ion. 123° 35' E. 
 It is aliout i or 5 miles in length. 
 
 BEAGLE ISLAND and REEF, an island on the coast of 
 South Australia, about CO miles N.N.W. from the entrance 
 Into Spencers Gulf; lat 34° 49' S., Ion. 134° 49' E. 
 
 BEAKESBOUllNE, beeks'burn, a parish of England, co. 
 of Kent. 
 
 BEAL, beel, a small river of England, co. of Kent, flows 
 north-weslward. and joins the Medwaj-, near Talding. 
 
 BEAL, a hamlet of England, co. of Durham, in Island- 
 shire, with a station on the North British Kailway, 68 
 miles N. of Newcastle. 
 
 BEALE, beel. a township in Juniata co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BEALE'S MILLS, a postK>ffice of Juniata co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BEALETOX, beel'ton, a post-officeofFarquierco., Virginia. 
 
 BEAI/INGS. GHEAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BEALINGS. LITTLK. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BEALS/VILLE. a post-village in Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, about 2S miles S. from Pittsburg. 
 
 BEALS'VILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio. 110 
 miles E. from Columbus. It contains 3 churches, and about 
 300 inhabitants. 
 
 BEAL'VILLE. a small village of Desha co., Arkan.sa.s. 
 
 BE.\MINSTER, bee'min-ster, a market-town of England,' 
 CO. of Dorset, on the Birt, 15 miles M'.N.W. of Dorchester. 
 It is a handsome town, with a large church, a free-school, 
 and other charities; also manulactures of sail-cloth, tin, 
 Iron, copper, and earthen wares. 
 
 BE.A.JI'JSH, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 BEAMiVVILLE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, 98 miles 
 W. from Columbus. 
 
 BEAMS'\'ILLE, « post-vill,age of Canada West, co. of 
 Lincoln, near the railroad from NLagara to Hamilton, 22 
 miles E.S.E. from the latter place. It has an iron foundry, 
 a steam mill, a potash &ctory, and a distillery. Pop. about 
 400. 
 
 BEAN BLOSSOM, a township in Monroe co, Indiana. 
 Pop. 1184. 
 
 BEAN BLOSSOM, a post-ofBce of Brown co., Indiana. 
 
 BEAN BLOSSOM CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Brown 
 county, and flowing nearly westward, enters the W. fork of 
 White River, in Monroe county. It is navigable in high- 
 water about 20 miles. 
 
 BEAN CREEK, Ohio. See Tiffin's RrVER. 
 
 BEAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Hunter co., Texas. 
 
 BEAN'S STATION, a post-village of Granger co., Ten- 
 nessee, 226 miles E. from Nashvilie, and 2 miles from the 
 Gap of Clinch Mountain. Mineral springs and metallic ores 
 abound here. 
 
 BEANTOWN, a post-Offlee of Charles co., Maryland. 
 
 BEAR, bair. or BERE ISLAND, a rocky island off the W, 
 coast of Ireland, co. of Cork, in Bantry Bay, 13 miles W. of 
 Biintry. Length, 6 miles; average breadth, Ij miles. On it 
 Is the township of Ballinacallagh, and it shelters Bearhaven, 
 on the N. side of the bay. 
 
 BEARA, be-.i'r4, a considerable town of British India, 40 
 miles E.S.E. of Surat. 
 
 BE.\R BONE, a post-office of Calcasieu parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BEAR BRANCH, a post-offloe of Duplin co., N. Carolina. 
 
 BEAR BRANCH, a postKjffice of Richmond co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 BEAR BRANCH, a post-offlce of Ohio co., Indiana. 
 
 BEAR CAMP RIVER, a small stream in Carroll county, 
 In the E. part of New Hampshire, fells into Ossipee Lake, 
 
 BEAR CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Alleghany 
 River, in Armstrong countv. 
 
 BEAR CUEEK, of Alabama, flows through Franklin 
 county, and enters the Tennessee near the N.W. extremity 
 of the State, and on the line between Alabama and Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, in the W, central part of Kentucky, rises 
 In Grayson county, flows S.W., and enters Greene River 
 at the E, extremity of Butler county. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, of Lenawee county, Michigan, flows into 
 the Raisin River. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, Iowa, falls Into the Makoqueta River, in 
 Jackson county. 
 
 BEAR CUEKK, a postroffice of Luzerne co., Pennsj-lvania, 
 
 BEAR CREKK, a post-office of Henry co.. Georgia. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama. 
 
 BE.\R CREKK, a post-office of Sabine CO., Texas. 
 
 BEAR CREEK. apost-township. Jay CO., Indiana. P. 1085. 
 
 BEAR CREEK. a township, G.allatin co., Illinois. 
 
 BEAR CHEEK, a postoffice of Montgomery co., Illinois. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, a small village of Cedar co., Missouri. 
 
 BEAR CREKIC. a post-office of Columbia co., Arkansas. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Powe.shiek co.. Iowa. 
 
 BEAR CUEEK, GUE.\T, a river of Canada West, which, 
 offer a S.W. course, enters the N.W. point of Lake St. Clair. 
 
 BE.^RDEX, beer'den, a post-office of Lavacca co.. Texas. 
 
 BEAUDEN, a village of Gentry co, Missouri, about 80 
 mllefi N. by E. from Independence. 
 186 
 
 I BEARD'S BLUFF, a small post-village of Marshall oo, 
 Alabama. 
 
 BEARD'S CREEK, of Georgia, rises in Tatnall county, 
 I and flows southward through Liberty county, into the Al- 
 
 tamaha. 
 1 BEARD'S CREEK, a post-office of Liberty co., Georgia. 
 I BEARDSrrOAVN, a small post-village of Perrv co , Tennes- 
 ' see. on Buffalo River, 98 miles S.W. IVoni Nashville. 
 I BEARDSnrOWX, a thriving town, the capital of Cass co, 
 i Illinois, on the left bank of Illinois River, 50 miles W,N.W. 
 I from Springfield. It contains, besides the county buildings, 
 several churches, and one newspaper. olfice. Pop. oS'^l. 
 
 BE.\R'F1ELD, bair'feeld, a township in Perry co., Oliio, 
 I Pop. 965. 
 
 .BEAR GAP, a post-office of Northumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BEAR GROVE, a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa. 
 ! BEAR ISLANDS, an isLind in Northern Ocean, 315 miles 
 I S. of Cape South, in Spitzbergen ; lat. 74° 30' N., Ion. 20° E. 
 
 BEAR ISLANDS, three islands in Jame.s's IJav: one in 
 lat. 54° 24' N.. Ion. 80O50'W.; another in lat. 54°32'N.; the 
 third in lat. 54° 46' N. 
 
 BEAR ISLANDS, a group of islands in the North Polar 
 Sea, off the N.E. coast of Siberia, between lat. 70° and 7(F 
 30' N., and Ion. 1134° and 16S° E. 
 
 BEAR ISLANDS, off the coast of the United States, (Jiaine 
 and N. Carolina.) 
 
 BEAR LAK E, GREAT, (i. «., the lake lying utder the con- 
 stellation of the Great Bear, being intersected by the Arctic 
 — from Arctiys, " bear" — Circle,) a lake of British North Ame- 
 rica, iaetween lat. 65° and 67° N., and Ion. 117° and 123° W. 
 Shape very irre_'ular ; area may be estimated at 14.000 square 
 miles; height above the sea at' 2.30 feet. Its depth has never 
 been ».scertained ; but where tried no bottom was found witt 
 270 feet line.' The water is remarkably transparent, and 
 appears of a light blue color. The lake abiunds with fish. 
 It discharges its waters by Bear River into the Mackenzie. 
 It remains frozen over from December to June. 
 
 BEARLY, bair'lee, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BEA ir.MONT'. a post-office of Schuylkill CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 BEAR MOUNTAIN. Pennsylvania, is situated near the 
 N.E. extremity of Dauphin county. .\t its foot flows Bear 
 Creek, on which is the Bear Valley Coal Basin, containing 
 beds of coal from 7 to 24 feet thick. The mountains enclos- 
 ing Bear Valley rise about 750 feet above the level of the 
 creek. 
 
 BEARN, b.VaR/, an old province of Franco, of which the 
 capital was Pau, now forming, with a .small part of Guy- 
 enne, the department of Basses-Pvr6nees. 
 
 BEAR or UTAH RIVER, of Utah Tenit-ory, rises near 
 lat. 41° N., and Ion. 111° W, and, flowing at first N., then 
 N.W., and at last nearly S,S.W. in its general direction, it 
 falls into the Great Salt Lake. Although it begins and ter- 
 minates in Utah, nearly one-half of its course (the middle 
 portion) is included within the limits of Oregon Territory. 
 The entire length is about 400 miles. 
 
 BEAR RIA'ER, towards the N. part of Califoniia, rises 
 on the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and, after forming tho 
 boundary between Yuba and Placer counties, for its whole 
 length, empties itself into Feather River, 31 miles below 
 Marvsvill^. 
 
 Bi'lAR'STEAD, a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Kent. 
 
 BE.\RSVILLE, bairz/vil, a post-office of Ulster co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 BEARSVILLE, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, in Ohio 
 township, in the E. part of the county. Pop. 100. 
 
 BE.^R SWAMP, a post-office of Duplin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BEARTOWN, bair'town, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 BEAR VALLEY. See Bear MorsTAiN. 
 
 BEAR WALLOW, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 BEAS, bee'as. or BEYPASHA, ba'p.ish'i (anc. W/ph'asis,) 
 one of the great rivers of the Punjab, Wej^tern Indi.t, ri.se3 
 on the S. verge of the Ritanka Pass, in the Himalaya Moun- 
 tains, 13,200 feet above tho sea-level. Lat. 32° 34' N„ Ion 
 77° 12' E. It flows generally south-westward, and joins the 
 Sutlej at Endreesa, 35 miles S.S.E. of Amritseer, after a 
 course estimated at from 210 to 220 miles. At 20 miles 
 above this confluence it has, during August, been 740 yards 
 in width; but in winter it is in most pliices fordabla. 
 Chief affluents, the Hulku and Binoa. 
 
 BEAS DE SEGURA, bi'Ss dA sA-goo/rS. a town of Spain, 
 48 miles N.E. of Jaen, on the lower branch of the Guadali- 
 mar. Pop. 2695. 
 
 BEASELEY, beez'lee, a post-offlce of Jeffei-son co, Flo- 
 rida. 
 
 BEATH, beeth or baith. a pari.sh and vill.age of Scotland, 
 CO, of Fife. 5i miles N.N.W. of Aberdour. Pop. 973. 
 
 BEATIA. See Baez.v. 
 
 BEAITIE'S (bi/tiz) BLUFF, a post-office of Madison co, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 BEATTIE'S FORD, a post-offlce of Lincoln co. North Cr 
 rolina. 
 
 BE.\TTIB'S PRAIRIE, a small village of Benton oo, Ms- 
 sou rL 
 
BEA 
 
 BEATTTESTOWN, bi/t&t-ttSwn, a Bnjall post-yillage In 
 Warren CO., New Jersey, about 45 miles N. by W. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 BEATTVS BRIDGE, a posfcoffice of Bladen co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BKATY'S (bi'-t^z) MII,LS, a postofflce of Marion co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BKAUCAIRE, WkAn/, a town of France, department of 
 Card, on the ri;iht bank of the Khone, 13 miles E. of Ntmes, 
 oppo.«ite Tarascon, with whic-h it i.s connected by a noble 
 suspension bridj;e, at the head of the Canal de Beaucaire, 
 and near the junction of railways from Avignon to Mai^ 
 seilles and Bejiuciiire, Cette, and Alais, by Ntmes. Pop. in 
 1852, 11,045. Its annual fair (.luly 22d to 28th) was formerly 
 the largest in Europe, and, although decreasing in import- 
 ance, it is still very considerable, being attended by mer- 
 chants from all parts of Europe, Barbary. and the Levant, 
 to the number of 100,000. Every kind of merchandise, 
 however rare, is here to be met with, and it is estimated 
 that property to the amount of $1,100,000, changes hands. 
 
 BEAUCAMPS-LE-VIEUX, bO^kSsoMeh-ve-Uh'. {i.e. "the 
 Old liwiucf^mps,") a village of France, department of Somme, 
 22 miles W. of Amiens. Pop. of commune, 1^02. 
 
 BKAUCE, b6c«, (anc. lieVsiat) a district of France, partof 
 the ancient Orleanois, of which the capital is Chartres; this 
 fertile di.strict now forms parts of the departments of Loir- 
 et-Clii-r and Kure-et-Ixjir. 
 
 BEAIJCHA.MP-IIOOTHING. See Roothino, Beauchamp. 
 
 BEAUCIIKN'E, W-shain', a small island in the 3. Atlan- 
 tic, about 34 miles S. of Kast Falkland Islands; lat. (S. point) 
 62° n.V 42" S., Ion. 59° 12' 42' W. 
 
 BEAUCIIIEF ABBEY, bo'cheef al/bee, an extra-paro- 
 chial, chapelry of England, co. of Derby, 3J miles S.W. of 
 Sheffield. The tower of its chapel formed part of the abbey 
 built here, according to Dugdale, by Fitz-l!anulph, lord of 
 Alfreton, in expiation of the murder of Thomas & Becket. 
 
 BKAUCOUP, bo'koop', a small bayou of Caldwell parish, 
 Louisian.a, flows south-ea.stward into Bayou Castor. 
 
 BKAUCOUP, a small village of Washington co., Illinois. 
 
 BKVUCOUllT, bd'kooR/, a village of France, department 
 of Ilaut-Rhin, 10 miles S.S.E. of Belfort. Pop. of commun«, 
 2228. 
 
 BEAUDESERT, hoMJz-ain/, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 BKAUFAY, fcO'Cl', a village of France, department of 
 Sartbe, lOmiles X.N.E. of Le Mans. Pop.with commune, 2220. 
 
 BEAUFOltT, bo^foR/, a town of Savoy, on the Doron, a3 
 miles E.X.E. of Chambery. Pop. 3052. It has an extensive 
 trade in the celebrated gruyires cheese. 
 
 BKAUFOBT, bS'fou', (i.e. "fine fort,") a town of France, 
 department of Maine-et-Loire. 16 miles K. of Angers. Pop. 
 of commune in 1851. 5207. It has a college, and manufac- 
 tories of cauvas and coarse linens. 
 
 BEAUFOltT, a village of France, dep.artment of Jura. 8 
 miles S. W. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. of commune, (1S52,) 1208. 
 
 BE A UFO KT, bo'f9rt. a group of islands in the Gulf of Boo- 
 thia. \.W. or outer island in lat. 69° 5.5' N. ; ion. 97° 5' W. 
 
 BEAUFORT, a bay of Russian America, on the Arctic 
 Ocean, l.at. 70° N. ; Ion. 142° W. 
 
 B1;AUF(^RT. bu^fort, a county in theeastem part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Pamlico Sound, at the mouth of 
 Pamliao River, by which it is intersected. The surface is 
 level, the soil .sandy, and in .some places marshy. The Pam- 
 lico Kiver is navigated through the county by vessels draw- 
 ing eight feet of water. Capital, Washington. Formed in 
 1741, and named in honor of the Duke of Beaufort, one of 
 the projirietors of the soil. Pop. 14,760; of whom 8888 were 
 free, oiid T'^""^ slaves. 
 
 BE.\UFOUT, bu'fort, a district forming the southern ex- 
 tremity of South Carolina, boarding on the Atlantic, and on 
 the .Savannah River, which separates it from Georgiiu It is 
 about CO miles long, and has an area of 1540 square miles. 
 The Combahee River forms its boundary on the N.E., and it 
 is intersected by the Coosawhatcliie, which enters the sea by 
 two main channels. Broad and Coosaw Rivers. The surface 
 is a level plain, but little elevated above the sea; the soil 
 alluvial and sandy. Cotton, rice, Indian corn, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850, this district prwluced 
 47,230,082 pounds of rice, (more than any county in the United 
 St;ites;) 4i)2.(i71 bushels of corn: 485,077 of sweet potatoes, 
 (more tiian any other district in the state, except Charleston.) 
 The Savanntih River is navigaVile for steamboats along the 
 border, and the other streams for smaller craft. Be-aufort is 
 among tlie most populous districts of the state. Capital, 
 Coojiawhatchife. Pop. 40.053; of whom 7o-o were free, and 
 32,530 slaves. 
 
 BEAUFORT, a port of entry, capital of Carteret co.. North 
 Carolina, at the mouth of Newport River, a few miles from 
 the sea. 168 miles E.S.E. of Raleigh, and 11 miles N.AV. of 
 Cape Lookout. The harbor is the best in the state, and is ac- 
 oessiMeby ste.amboats from Albem-arle Sound. The town has 
 consideralile trade, particularly in turpentine, resin, and 
 other pi*oducts of the pine A light^house has tjeen erected 
 on Cape Lookout, and the entrance of the harbor is defended 
 by Fort Macon. The shipping of the district, June 30, 
 
 BEA 
 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate bu rden of 77 6 tons roglstei e<L 
 and 1851 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 4 
 schooners, with a burden of 460 tons, were built, Beaufort 
 contsins, besides the county buildings, several seminaries, 
 and one or two churches. Pop. 1010. 
 
 BEAUFORT, a post-town and port of entry of Beaufort 
 distiict. South Carolina, on a small arm of the sea. called 
 Port Royal River, alx>ut 50 miles iu a direct line W.S.W. of 
 Charleston, and 16 miles from the sea. It has a good ha«^ 
 bor, with about 16 feet of water over the bar, at Port Royal 
 entrance. It contains (1864) 6 chnrdies, 1 pulilic library, 
 a Freedmans bank, a seminary for girls, and an arsenal, 
 
 15EAUF0RT, a postroffice of Franklin co., Missouri. 
 
 BEAUFORT, biVf^rt, an extensive inland district of the 
 Cape Colony, South Africa, enclosed by Clanwilliam, Worces- 
 ter, George, Uiteiihage, andGraaf Reinet districts, and hav- 
 ing N. tlie Bosjesmans' country. Estimated area, 20,000 
 square miles. Pop. in 1838, 5904, Beaufort, its capital 
 town, Is iu lat. 82° 31' S,; ion. 22° 40' E. 
 
 BEAUFORT, h«/fort, a district of Western Australia, hiir- 
 ing N.W. and S. the districts of Lsmsdowne, Ilowick, and 
 Minto, and on E. an unsettled country. 
 
 BEAUGENCY, W^zhdN^'see', (L. B-lgenciacum,) a town 
 of France, department of Loiret on the Loire, and on the 
 railway from Orleans to Tours, 15 miles S.W. of Orleans. 
 It has manufiictories of woollens, and an extensive trade in 
 wines. I'op. in 1851, 5258. I'art of the town walls, and the 
 donjon tower of the ca.stle, still exist, and near it is an 
 enormous Celtic monolith. 
 
 BEAUllARNOIS, bo'hdr'n.V, a co. in the S.W. extremity 
 of Canada East, bounded on the S, by New York, and on 
 the N,W, by the river St. Lawrence, has an area of 717 
 square miles. It is drained by the (Jhateaugay River and 
 other streams. The chief staples are oats, wool, and the 
 products of the dairy. This county produced, in 1852, more 
 butter than any other county in either Can.ada, and double 
 that of any other in Canada East, The chief towns are 
 Huntingdon and Beauharnois. Pop. 40,213. 
 
 BE.\U1IARN0IS, a post-village in the seigniory, and co. 
 of the same name, Canada East. It is situated on Lake St. 
 Louis, formed by the St. Lawrence, 33 miles S.W. from 
 Montreal. Pop. aVnjut 800, 
 
 BEAUJEU, lio^ji'h', atown of France, formerly the capital 
 of Beaujolais, department of Rhone, on the ArdiSre, iu a 
 district famous for its wines, 30 miles N.N.W. of Lyons. 
 Pop. of commune in 1852, 3028, with manufactures of paper, 
 cotton goods, and hats. 
 
 BEAUJOLAIS, bO'zho'lA', a district of France, part of 
 ancient Lyonnais. Its capital was the town Beaujeu. It 
 now forms the N. part of the department of Rh3ne. and a 
 small part of Loire. In 162ii it passed to the Orleans fitmi- 
 ly, who held it till the Revolution. 
 
 BEAULIEU, b6'!e-uh', almost bolVfh', {i.e. "beautiful 
 place."') a town of France, department of Corrfeze, on the 
 Dordogne, 20 miles S. of TuUe. Pop. of commune in 1852, 
 2490. 
 
 BE.\ULIEU, a town of France, dep-artment of Indre-efc- 
 Loire, Ij miles N.E. of Loches. Pop. of commune, 1887. 
 BEAULreu is the name of many other communes and villages 
 of France. 
 
 BEAULIEU, bewlee, or EXE, ex, a tidal river of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Hants, rises near Lyndhur.st in the New Forest, 
 and after a S. course of 10 miles, enters the English Channel 
 6i miles E..\,E. of Lymington. 
 
 BE.iULlEU.orEXE, a parish of England, CO. of Hants, situ- 
 ated on the river of tlie same name, at its mouth, 6 miles N,E. 
 of Lymington. Beaulieu, which owes its name to the beau- 
 ty of its position, has the remains of an abbey, founded by 
 King John, In this sanctuary Jlargaret of Anjou, and 
 afterwards Perkin Warbeck, took refu.;e. and within its ma- 
 norial bounds exemption from arrest for debt is stiii enjoyed, 
 — Beaulieu, road station, South-western Railway, is 6 miles 
 S.S.W. of Redbridge, 
 
 BEAULY, bOlee, a river of Scotland, co. of Inverness, 
 enters the head of Beauly Frith, 8 miles W. of Inverness, 
 after a N, E, course of 10 miles. At Beauly are the ruins 
 of a priory, Beauly Loch (anc. Farar) forms the upper 
 basin of the Moray Frith. 
 
 BEAUM ARCHES, bO'maR'shi/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Gers, 25 miles W.S.W. of Auch. Pop, (with com- 
 mune.) 1367. 
 
 BEAUMARIS, bo-mJ/ris, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, seaport, market-town, and parish of North Wales, 
 capital of the Lsland and co. of Anglese.a, near the N. en- 
 trance of Menai Strait, 3 miles N. of Bangor, The town is 
 neatly built, and has a free grammar ' school, good hotels, 
 town and county halls, a prison, and a custom-house, with 
 remains of a castle erected by Edward I, The bay of Beau- 
 maris affords safe anchorage, but the town has little trade, 
 and its inhabitants live chiefly by se.a-bathing visitors from 
 Liverpool, with which it communicates by steamboats. 
 Reiristered shipping in 1847, 17,219 tons. Beaumaris unites 
 with Amlwich, Holyhead, and Langeiin, iu sending one 
 member to the House of Commons. Baron-hill, the seat 
 of the Bulkeley family, is in its vicinity. 
 
 187 
 
SEACME. La, 13 1:16016. a village of France, department 
 of Ardeche. (Tivarais) 6j miles from Aubenas; it is pictu- 
 resquely situated under a mass of basalt, occupying the 
 angle of a valley nearly opposite to the junction of the 
 Fontaulier w-th the Ardeche. Crowninj; a lofty peak be- 
 tween these stream.'', stands the uumautled ruins of an old 
 castle, which belonged to the dukes of Ventadour. Pop. 1065. 
 Three other village.« of Frauce have the name of Beaume. 
 
 BKAUMONT, l^'mA.W, (i. e. '-beautiful hill or moun- 
 tain,") a town of France, department of Puy-de-Dome, 2 
 miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1820. 
 
 BEAUMONT, bo'mdxo', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut. 19 miles S.E. of Mons. Population. 2ti91. It 
 owes its name to its site on an elevated table-land, from 
 which an e.xtensive and richly diversified prospect is ob- 
 tained. The marble of Beaumont is in great demand for 
 ornamental purposes. 
 
 BEAU.ViONT, bO'mont, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 BKAUMONT, bO^mont, a postrOfSce of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 BE.A.UMONT, a post-office of Chatham co.. North Carolina. 
 BEAUMONT, a post^village, capital of Jefferson co., Texas, 
 on the Neches Kiver, about 30 miles from its mouth, and 300 
 miles E. from Austin City. Small vessels ply regularly be- 
 tween Galveston and this place. The county consists of a 
 level plain, which is spai-sely inhabited. The chief business 
 of the people is the raising of cattle and horses, immen.se 
 herds of which range over the vast prairies, and feed on the 
 natural gra.sses. 
 
 BEAU.MONT, bo'mJNo', in Canada East, co. ofBellecha8.se. 
 is situated on the St. Lawrence, 9 miles E. by N. from 
 Quebec. 
 
 BEAUMONT DE LOMAGNE, bO'mJK"' dehlo'mlH'. a 
 town of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the 
 Gimone. 20 miles S.W. of Montauban. Vop. (1S52) 4176. It 
 is regularly and very neatly built round a spacious square, 
 and has manufactories of coarse cloth, hats, &c. 
 
 BKAUJIONT LE VIOO.MTE, b6^mAN«V le vee'kAst/, a vil- 
 lage of France, department ofi and on the Sarthe, 15^ 
 miles N.N.W. of Le Mans. Pop. 1893; employed in manu- 
 factories of druggets, &c. 
 
 BEAUMONT SUR OISE, b6'mAso/sUR wis, (or wiz,) a 
 village of France, department of Seine-et-Oise. near the rail- 
 way du Nord. 20 miles N. of Paris. Pop. 2207, partly em- 
 ployed in tanneries. Beaumont is also the name of seve- 
 ral other villages and communes in France. 
 
 BEAUMONT WITH MOZE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Essex. 
 
 BlIAUXE, bdn, (anc. VeUavnndufmim.) an ancient town of 
 France, department of C6te-d"0r, at the foot of the Cote-d'Or 
 Mountain, on the railway from Paris to Lyons. 23 miles 
 S.r.\V. of Dijon. Pop. in 1851. 10,969. It has a noble hospital, 
 founded in 1443, a library of 10,000 volumes, manufactures 
 of cloth, cutlery, leather, vinegar, and casks, and extensive 
 trade in the wines of Burgundy; those raised on the hill 
 above the town are in high repute. This town is the birth- 
 place of the celebrated geometer. Gaspard Monge, one of the 
 founders i>f the Polvtechnic School. 
 
 BKAUN'E LA HOLANDE. bon Ij ronSxd', a viU.age of 
 France, department of Loiret, 26 miles N.E. of Orleans. 
 Pop. of commune. (1852,) 2131. 
 
 BE.\UPKfi, bO^pr.V, a group of Isl.inds in the Pacific 
 Ocean, lat. 20° 17' S. ; Ion. 106° 17' E. Discovered by D'En- 
 trecasteaux in 179.3. 
 
 BEAUPUfi.-VU. bS^pr.Vd', a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire, on the Evre, 27 miles S.W. of Angers. Pop. 
 in 1852. 3Wi9. It has dye-works. 
 
 BE.VUQUESNE, bo'k.-in', a village of France, department 
 of Somme, a miles S.S.E. of Doullens. Pop. of commune in 
 1851. 2T07. 
 
 BE.VUHEPAIRE. bo'rjh-piK/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Isdre, 14 miles S. E. of Vienne. Pop. of commune, 
 (1S52.) 2480. Behupep.ure is also the name of several other 
 cantons and villiiges of France. 
 
 BEAUSSET, Le, leh-bO'sl'. a town of France, department 
 of Var, 8 miles N.W. of Toulon. Pop. of commune in 1S52, 
 2S33. ' 
 
 BEAUV.\IS, bOW, (anc. Si^Roc'acMm and CiBsarmnfagtti.) & 
 citj- of France, capital of the department of Oise. at the con- 
 fluence of the Avelon with the Therain. in a rich valley sur- 
 rvjunded by wooded hilLs, 41 miles N.N.W. of Paris. Pop. 
 In 1862. 14.216. Several branches of the river run through 
 and by tiie side of the town, forming canals which are of 
 great .si<r»-ice to the manufactures. It hiis clean open streets, 
 and pleasant Iwulevards; its cathedral is oneof the largest in 
 France, but incomplete. It w.as formerly fortified. Be;iuvais 
 has a chamlier of manufactories, a commercitU tribunal, a 
 communal college, a public library, j»nd manufactories of 
 tapestry in the Gotjelin style: extensive fcinneries. and dye- 
 works, and m.inufactories of flannels, woollen cloths, linens, 
 and printed cottous. It Is a place of great antiquity, having 
 existed under the Romans. It was besieged in vain by 
 the English in 1443. One of the most remarkable events 
 in Its history is the siege which it successfully stood in 
 188 
 
 BEA 
 
 1472. against an army of 80,000 Burgundians. under Charles 
 the Bold. Though ungarrisoned, the citizens boldly ciosod 
 their gates, and made a most heroic defence. The women 
 particularly distinguished themselves. One of them, .leanue 
 Fouquet, surnanied Hachette, (i. e. "hatchet,") seeing a 
 Burgundian pLinting a .standard on the walls, hurled him 
 to the bottom, and t>ore it off in triumph. In the procession 
 of St. Angadr^me. which stiU commemorates the raising of 
 the siege, the ladies, conformably to an ordinance of Louis 
 XI. lead the way, beivring the banner which La Ua.-hette 
 so valorously acquired. 
 
 BEAUVAL, Wvil', a town of France, department of 
 Somme. 14 miles N.NJJ. of Amien.s. Pop. in 1852, 251:8. 
 
 BEAUVILLE, lOVeel'or bo'vil', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lot-et-Garonne. 13 miles E.N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1567. 
 BEAUVOlK-SUlt-MEK, lioVwdE/sUE-maiR, a town of 
 France, department of Vendue, 3 miles from the sea, with 
 which it is connected by a cnial, 30 miles S,M". of Nantes. 
 Pop. of commune. 2292. Vessels of about 70 tons come up 
 the canal to load with corn and salt, produced in the marshes 
 of the vicinity. Be.\lvoie (i.e. " beautiful view,") is the 
 name of several villages of France. 
 
 BEAVER, beo'ver, a county in the western part of Pennsiyl- 
 yania, bordering on Ohio, contains £50 square miles. It' is 
 intersected by the Ohio and Beaver rivers. The surface is 
 undulating, and the soil highly productive, especially on the 
 river bottoms. Extensive beds of bituminous coal and 
 strata of limestone occur in nearly every part of the county, 
 and the forests afford an abundance of timber. Thecountv is 
 liberally supplied with water-power. It is intersected by the 
 Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Cliicago R.R. Capital, Beaver. 
 Pop. 29.140. 
 
 BEAVER, a post-borough, capital of Beaver co.. Pennsyl. 
 vania, on the right bank of the Ohio, a little below the 
 mouth of Beaver River, 28 miles N.W. of Pitt^burg. ami 230 
 miles VV. of Harrisburg. It is pleasantly situated on a plain, 
 and contains, besides the county buildings, an academy, 3 
 or 4 churches, and numerous stores. Beaver River furnishes 
 extensive water-power, which is employed in factories of 
 various kinds. Laid out in 1791. Pop. In 1860. 817. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1315. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Crawford county, Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1098. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 901. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 874. 
 
 BEAVER, a post-township of Snvder co., Pennsylvania, 
 40 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1805. 
 
 BEAVER, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Columbiana CO., Ohio. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 2074. 
 
 BE.WER, a township of Noble CO., Ohio. Pop. 1761. 
 
 BEAVER, a post-township of Pike co., Ohio, 25 miles S.S.B. 
 of Chillicothe. Pop. 698. 
 
 BE.WER, a township of Jasper co., Indiana. 
 
 BSAVER, a township of Pulaski co^ Indiana. Pop. 357. 
 
 BEAVEK. a post-office of Boone co., Illinois. 
 
 BEAVER BUOOK. a post-office of Sullivan co.. New Vork, 
 
 BE.WER CREEK of .'^outh Carolina enters Congaree Kiver 
 from the ri-ht. at the S.E. extremity of Lexington district. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK of Marengo co., Alabama, flows into 
 Tombigbee River. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK of Alabama enters the Alaliama from 
 the W. in Wilcox county. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK of Missouri flows into White River 
 from the left, in Taney co., a few miles below Forsyth. Lilr 
 tie Beaver enters the above creek in the same county. 
 
 BEAVEK CREEK of Ohio enters the Maumee in Wood 
 county. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK of Lorain CO., Ohio, falls into Lake Erie. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK of Indiana enters the White River in 
 Martin co. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK of Lenawee co., Michigan, flows into 
 Raisin River near Adrian. 
 
 BE.WER CREEK of Iowa rises in Boone co,, and enters 
 the Des Moines in Polk co, 
 
 BEAVER CREEK of Iowa, an affluent of Iowa River, 
 enters the latter near Marengo, Iowa co, 
 
 BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Washington co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK, a post-oflice of Dale co., Alabam.i. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Columbia co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK, a township in Greene 00.. Ohio, about 
 10 miles W,N.W. of Xenia. Pop. 2227. 
 
 BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Bond co., Illinois SO 
 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 BEAVER DALE, a post-office of Fayette co., Alaliara-i. 
 
 BE.WER D.\M. a post-office of Goochland co.. Virginia 
 
 BEAVER D.\M. a post-office of Union co.. NortL Tarouna. 
 
 BEAVEK D.\M, a post-office of Middleburg district, &uth 
 Carolina. 
 
BEA 
 
 BED 
 
 BEAVEK DAM, a post-office of Clark co., Mississippi. 
 
 BKAVEK UAM. a post-office of Ohio co., Kcntiicky. 
 
 BEAVKR DAM, a post-office of Allen co , Ohio. 
 
 liKAVKU DAM. a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana. 
 
 IJKAVKIl DAiM, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Dodj;e co.. Wisconsin, on Beaver Dam Creek, and on the 
 Alihvaukesaiid St. Paul R.R., ahout 45 miles N.E. of Madison, 
 and 9 nii'cs N.W. of Juneau. It has a valuable water-power, 
 1 woollen factory. Ac. It contains Wayland University, 9 
 churches, 1 bank. 2 newspaper offices, '2. flouring mills, 1 • 
 niaiiufactory of farming iniplcments. gettled about 1840. 
 Total pop. in IStlO, 276.i; in isrs, about 3500. 
 
 BKA\']-;i{DAM CKKKK of Georjria rises in Burke CO., 
 and enters Briar Creek near Jacksonborouih. 
 
 BKAVKKDAM CllKKK of Elbert co., Oeorf^ia, flows S.E. 
 into the Savannah, about 20 miles K. of EUerton. 
 
 BKAVK15DAM CKEEK of Michij;an flows into the Shia- 
 wassee in Saginaw co. 
 
 BEAVEUDA.M RIVER of Dodge co., Wisconsin, rises in 
 B'ox Lake, and flows southward into Rock Kiver. 
 
 BKAVERDAM DEPOT, a post-office of Hanover co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BE.WER DAMS, a post-office of Chemung co.. New York. 
 
 BEAVKR DA.MS, a small village of Queen Anne CO., 
 Maryland. 
 
 BKAVERDAM SPRINGS, a post-office of Hickman co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 BEAVER FURNACE, a small Tillage of Union co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BKAVKR ISLAND, a post-office of Michilimackinac co., 
 Michi'.'an. 
 
 B!;A V KR ISLANDS, a group near the northern e.xtremity 
 of Lake Michigan, between 45° .10' and 45° 50' N. lat., and 
 near !S5° 30' W. Ion. The priucipid one, Big Beaver, h.'is an 
 area of about 40 square miles. 
 
 BKAVKR KILL, a post-office of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 BKAVKll L.VKE of Indiaiiii. situated in Jasper co., is the 
 largest lake within the borders of the state, having an area 
 of lO.OilO acres. 
 
 BKAVKll LICK, a post-office of Boone co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BEAVER MEADOW, a post-village of Carbon county, 
 Pennsylvania, 11 miles N.W. of Mauch Chunk, and about 
 100 miles N'.X.W. of Philadelphia. A railroad extends from 
 the ci>al-mines of this place to the Lehigh River, near 
 Maunch Chunk, by which a large quantity of coal is trans- 
 ported. 
 
 BKAVER MILLS, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BP;.\VKR PONDS, post-office, Montgomery co., Kentucky. 
 
 BE.WKR RIDGE, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee. 
 
 BK.WEH RIVKR rises in Rockingham county, in the 
 S.E. part of New Hampshire, and falls into the Merrimack 
 near Lowe-U. It forms part of the boundiiry between Rock- 
 ingham and Hillsborough counties. 
 
 BKAVKR RIVER of New York rises in Herkimer CO., 
 In the N.K. central part of the state, and falls into Black 
 River, in Lewis co. 
 
 BKAVKR RIVER, is formed by the union of the Mahoning 
 and Shenango, in the W. part of Pennsylvania. It flows in 
 a southerly direction, and joins the Ohio River near the 
 town of Beaver. 
 
 BKAVKR RUIN, a post>office of Union co., Arkans.aa. 
 
 BKAVER SPRINGS, a post-office of Snyder co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BEAVERTON, bee'ver-t9n, a post-office of Marion co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 BKAVERTON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York, 
 is situated on I.iake Simcoe, at the entrance of the river 
 Beaverton. 75 miles X. by K. of Toronto. It contains several 
 jiills. and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 BE.WERTOWN, a post-village ofSnyderco., Pennsylvii- 
 nia; aboxit 14 miles S.W. >-/ New Berlin, the county seat. 
 
 BE.WER VALLEY, a postoffice of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvaiii.i. 
 
 BKAWORTHY, bee'wiir-THe, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 BKB\YII-EI.rHAGAR, be-b-V-el-hS/gar, or BEBEK EL 
 HADJ AR, bA-b4k'el hdd'jilr, (anc. Isi'.umJ) a ruined town 
 of Egypt, 14 miles W.S.W. of Man.soorah, and liaving more 
 extensive remains of antiquity than anv other town of the 
 delta of the Nile. 
 
 EKR'BIN'GTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BKBKHAN. See Behbeham. 
 
 BK'CAN or BE'KAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 BKCANCOUR, bi'kSNo'koor', a post-village, Canada East, 
 of the CO. of Nicolet, at the junction of the Becancour with 
 the river St. Lawrence, 80 miles S.W. of Quebec. 
 
 BE(^C.\'R1A, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, 
 16 miles S. of Clearfield. Pop. 1065. 
 
 BECCLKS, bMc'klz, a municipal borough, port, market- 
 town, and parish of England, county of SutTolk. on the 
 Waveney, 33 miles N,E. of Ipswich. Pop. in 1851, 439S. 
 Founded in 1369, and is richly ornamented with sculpture. 
 It has a free school, endowed with 100 acres of land, 
 a grammar school, a town-hall, a large jail, and a theatre. 
 
 By the river, navigable for vessels of 100 tons, Boccles 
 maintains an active carrying trade in coals and com 
 coastwise, and a good deal of malting is earned on in tho 
 vicinitv. 
 
 BEC^DU-RAZ, bSk-dU-rdz, or POINT RAZ. a dangerous 
 promontary of France, coast of Brittany, surrounded with 
 rocks. There is a light-house on it. Lat. 4b° 2' 12'' N.; 
 Ion. 4° 4;j' 42" W. 
 
 BECERIL DE CAMPOS, bA-th.A-reel'dA kdm'poce, a town 
 of Spain, province and 19 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2oli9. 
 
 BfiCIIKltEL, biiish^r^l'. a small town of France, depai-t- 
 ment of llle-ot-Vilaiue, 16 miles N.W. of Rennes. Pop. 
 844. Formerly fortified and important. 
 
 BECHIN, bi'Kin, a town of Bohemia, circuit of Tabor, 54 
 miles S. of Prague. Pop. 2130. 
 
 BKCHTELSVILLE, b^k't^lz-vil, a posiK)fflce of Berks 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 BECHTHEIM. Ix^Kt/hlme, a town of Germany, Hesse 
 D.armstadt. 19 miles S. of Mentz. Pop. 1600. 
 
 BECHUANAS. BETCHUANNAS, l.Jt-choo-^naz, written 
 also BICHUANAS and BOSHUANAS, tosh-oo-i'naz. a n.v 
 tion of Southern Africa, inhabiting the couYitry N. of lat. 
 27° S., and between Ion. 22° and 28° E. They are said to 
 be superior to the Kaffresin arts and civiIization,(^Li(;HTE\- 
 8TEiy,)and in personal appearance, their complexion belnj; 
 a brighter brown, and their features more European. They 
 inhabit large towns; their hou.ses are well constructed, and 
 remarkable for their neatness; they cultivate the soil, and 
 store their grain for winter consumption. Their chief town 
 is I.attakoo. 
 
 BECK'AMSVILLE, a postH)fflce of Chester district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BKCKANEER. See BiCK.^yEER. 
 
 BECKBURV. b^k'ber-e. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BKCK'KNHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BECKKNRIED, blk'gn-reet\ a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Unterwalden, 6 miles N,E. of Stanz, with a port 
 on the Lake of Four Cantons. l*op. 1500. 
 
 BECK'ERMET, ST. BRIDGETS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Cumberland. 
 
 BECKERMET, ST. JOHN'S, a pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Cumln'rland. 
 
 BKCK'EKSVILLE. a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BEClv'ET. a post-township of Berkshire co., JIassaciiu- 
 setts, on the Western Railroad, 135 miles W. by S. of Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 15T8. 
 
 BECK'ETSVILLE, a small post-village of TalLiooosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 BKCKETT'S STORE, a post-office of Pickaway co , Ohio. 
 
 BKCK'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BKCK'H.\M, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BKCKHAM. WKST. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BECK'INGHAM WITH SUTTON, a p.^rish of England, 
 CO. of Notts. 
 
 BECKINGIIAM WITH SUTTON, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln. 
 
 BKCK1NGT0N, a parish of England, co. of Somer.set. 
 
 BKCK'LEY, a parish of England, cos. of Bucks and Oxford. 
 
 BECKLEY. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BECKLEY, bi^k'lee, a post-village, capital of Raleigh 
 county. Western Virginia, about 50 miles S.E. of Charleston, 
 and 10 miles W. of tlie New River. The county has a 
 mountainous surface, and is but thinly inhabited, being 
 mostlv overspread with forests. 
 
 BECKSTEIN, bjk'stine, or BOKSTETN, (Bokstein.) >ok'- 
 stlne, a vill.age of Upper Austria, with important gold and 
 silver mines in the valley of Gastein. 
 1^ BECKUM. bJk'kWm, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 23 
 miles S.E. of MUnster. Pop. 1800. 
 
 BECLAEERE. bA-kld'A-rfh, a town and commune of 
 Belgium, province of West Flandei-s, 6 miles E. of Ypres, 
 Pop. 2235. 
 
 BEC, LE, leh bSk, a villageof France, department of Eure. 
 In the eleventh and twelfth centuries its Benedictine abbey 
 gave 2 archbishops to the see of Canterbury. 
 
 BECSKEREK,KIS.kishbaitch>ki-r^k',or LITTLE BECS- 
 KEREK, a town of Hungary, banat of Beeskerek, county 
 of, and ten miles N.W. of Temesvar. It is inhabited 
 by Germans and Wallachians. • The former have a Roman 
 Catholic, and the latter a Greek non-united churdi. 
 
 BECSKEREK, NAGY, nftdj baitcli'kA-rJk'. or GREAT 
 BECSIvEREI\. a town of Hungary, banat of Beeskerek, pro- 
 vince of Thither Theiss, county of Torontal, capital of the 
 district of the same name, on the left bank of Bega, 45 miles 
 S.W. of Temesvar, with which it communicates by the Bega 
 Canal. It pos.sesses important privileges as a market-town, 
 is the seat of several district offices, and contains a Roman 
 Catholic (parish) and a Greek non-united church. P. 12,000. 
 
 BECTIA'E. a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. Here are 
 the ruins of Bective Abbey, founded .a.d. 1146. 
 . BECZKO, (Beczk6,) bJts'ko', a town of North Hungary, 
 CO. and 9 miles S.W. of Trentschin. Pop. 2200. It has a 
 ruined castle. 
 
 BEDAF. b.Vddf, a village of Holland, province of North 
 Brabant, 12 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. 
 
 189 
 
BED 
 
 BED 
 
 BF.^DAIiE', a market-town and parish of Ensland, county 
 of York. N'orth Riding, 32 miles N.X.W. of York. I'op. in 
 1851, 2832. It has a church erected in the time of Edward 
 VI.. with a tower, which the inhabitants successfully de- 
 fended during an inroad of the Scots; and a grammar school 
 and 2 hospitals for aged men. The country around is richly 
 cultivated, and its breed of horses is in high repute. 
 
 BEDAKIEU.Y. b.iMdVe-lh', a town of France, department 
 of Ilerault, on the Orbe, 18 miles N. of Beiiers. Pop. in 
 1851, 9959. It is neatly built, and has manufectures of 
 woollens, paper, silks, hosiery, and hats. 
 
 BEDAKRIDES, hiVidR^Reed', (anc. Biturri'tce,) a town of 
 France, department of Vauclu.se, 7 miles N.E. of Arignon, 
 on the OuT^ze. Pop. in 1852. 2703. 
 
 BEDDGELART orBETIIGELERT, blTH-ghJllgrt, a parish 
 of Xorth Wales, cos. of Carnarvon and Merionetli. 
 
 BED'DIXGUi.M. a parish of EnirL-ind. co. of Sussex. 
 
 BED'DINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the 
 Croydon Railway, 12 miles from South London. The Gothic 
 church contains several monuments of the Cnrewe family, 
 at whose se-at, in this parish. Queen Elizalieth was a visitor. 
 
 BEDTDIXGTON, a township of Wa.shington co., Maine, 
 about 38 miles E. by N. of Bangor. Pop. 144. 
 
 BEDEEKARFEE or BEDIKARFI, bed-e-kar'fee, a large 
 and populous town of Central Africa, kingdom of Borneo. 110 
 miles ^V. of Kooka. on the Yeou, which falls into Lake Tchad, 
 about 110 miles to the X.E. Lat 12° 45' X. ; Ion. 12° 47' E. 
 
 BKDEGOOXA. BEDEGOUNA, or BEDE-GUXA, b^dV 
 goo'nd. a town of Central Africa, kingdom of Bornoo, 130 
 miles W. by S. of Kooka. and 80 miles S.S.W.of Old Birnie. 
 Lat. 12° 17' X.. Ion. 12° SO* E. 
 
 BEDERKESA. bi'der-ki'zl a village of Hanover, with a 
 castle, built in 14'-10. 20 miles W. of Stade. 
 
 BED'FIELD, a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BEIVFOXT, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 BEU>'PORD,or BEDFORDSHIRE, bed'fjrd-shir, an inland 
 county of EngLind, enclosed by the counties of Xorthamp- 
 ton. Iluntingdon, Cambridge, Herts, and Bucks. E.xtreme 
 length, 36 miles: breadth, 23 miles. Area, 297,632 acres. 
 Pop. in 1851, 124.478. Surf»c« generally level, or slightly 
 undulating, except in the S., where it is traversed by the 
 Chilt^rn Hills. Principal rivers, the Ouse, IveL and Lea. 
 Soil varies from the stifTest clay to the lightest sand, the 
 former producing good crops of wheat and beans, the latter, 
 turnips and garden produce, which last, with butter, is 
 raised extensively in the E. for the London market : 80.000 
 acres are estimated as under tillage, and lt58.000 acres in 
 pasture, including ma:iy p,irks and commons. Princip.il 
 manufactures, straw plait for bonnets, and pillow-lace; the 
 latter h:is greatly declined. Chief towns. Bedford, Big- 
 gleswade, Leighton, Buzzard, Dunstable, and Luton. The 
 great X\ road intersects the county, and the London and 
 Birminghaai Railw.iy p:isses within its S.W. border. It 
 returns 4 members to the House of Commons; 2 for the 
 county, and 2 for the Iwrough of Bedford. 
 
 BED'FORD, a p,irliamentary borough and market-town 
 of England, capital of above co., on the Ouse, crossed bj' a 
 bridge of 5 arches, 45 miles X.X.W. of London. Pop. in 
 1851. 11.693. It has 4 Gothic parish churches: a tamous 
 gFamm.ar school, founded in 1556, with 8 exhibitions of 80?. 
 a year each, to Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, and open to 
 the children of all resident householders: free and blue-coat 
 schools, a hospital for a master and 10 poor brethren, 
 founded in the reign of Edward II., and 58 alms-houses. 
 AH these chai-ities, with 80lW. distributed yearly in mar- 
 riage portion-;, and 500Z. given to decayed householders, are 
 supported b/ a bequest of Sir W. Harper, Lord Mayor of( 
 London in jotll, the income from which is now about 
 14.000i. per annum: and Bedford has, for its size, more 
 public endowmeots than any other place in the kingdom. 
 The public building are the county-hall, jail, house of cor- 
 rection, lunatic asylum, infirmary, and penitentiary, a 
 public library, and assembly rooms. The town h-as a manu- 
 factory of straw plait; but its principal trade, which is 
 carried on by the Ouse with Lj-nn Regis, is in corn, malt, 
 coals, and timber. It is connected by a branch with the 
 London and Xorth-west«rn Railroad. It h.as returned 2 
 members to the IIou.se of Commons since the reign of Ed- 
 ward I., and is the princip.il polling place for the county. 
 Bedford gives the title of duke to the Russell family; near 
 It are the remains of Caldwell .and Xewnh.am priories. 
 
 BED'FORD, a township of England, co. of Lanc.vster. near 
 the Bolton and Leigh R.-iUroad. 7 miles X.E. of Xewton-in- 
 Makerfield. Pop. in 1851. 5384. employed in cotton Cictories. 
 •BED'FORD. a county in the S. part of Penn.sylvania, 
 bordering on Maryland. h.as an area of about 1000 square 
 miles. It is traversed by Raystown branch of the Juniata 
 River, and also drained by Dunning's, Aughwick. and 
 Wills creeks. The surface is very mountainous, being tra- 
 versed by numerous ridges of the Alleghany range, the 
 principjil of which are named Warrior Ridie, Tussey's 
 Mount.iin. Dnnning's Mountain, and Broad Top ilountain. 
 Tho iiuiin .\lleghany extends along the W. border of the 
 ocunty. Many of the valleys are of the richest limestone; 
 ihe slate, shale, and saudstone lands, where sufficiently 
 190 
 
 lerel, are susceptible of much improvement : but one-half 
 of the county is rocky motintain. unfit for cultivation. 
 Iron ore is abundant, and rich mines of stone coal have 
 been opened on Broad Top mountain, in the X. part of the 
 county. The streams furnish extensive water-power. A 
 turnpike, leading from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, passes 
 through the county. Formed in"^1771. and named from a 
 county in England. Capital. Bedford. Pop. 2t'.7nfi. 
 
 BEDFORD, a county in the S. central part of Virginia, 
 •has an area of 504 square miles. The James Kiver forms 
 its X.E., the Staunton its S.W. boundary, and Otter Creek 
 flows through the middle. The county has an elevated 
 surface, and the scenery is delightful, the N.W. boundary 
 passing .along the summit of the Blue Ridse. whi 'h here 
 attains in the Peaks of Otter the height of 4200 feet above 
 the sea. The soil is highly productive. In 1850 there were 
 raised 294,852 bushels of oats, the greatest quantity p;o iuced 
 in any one county of the state, except Halifax. James River 
 Can.il pa.sses along the Ixirder. and the Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee Railroad passes through the county. Bedford cf .unty ■ 
 was formed from Lunenburg in 1763. Capital. Liberty 
 Pop. 25.0ii8; of whom 14,^92 are free, and 10,176 slaves. 
 
 BEDFORD, a county in the S. central part of Tennessee, 
 has an area of 550 square miles. It is intersected by Duck 
 River. The surface is undulating, the soil fertile, :;nd ex- 
 tensively cultiTttted. The county is intersected by a turn- 
 pike leading to Nn.shville, and by the Xashville and Chat- 
 tanooga Kailroad, lately opened. The streams finiii<h a 
 considerable water-power. Capital, Shelbyviile. Pop. 21.584; 
 of whom 14,840 were free, and 6744 slaves. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-township of Hillsborough co.. New 
 Hampshire, about 20 miles S. by E. from Concord, "Aatered 
 by the Merrimack and Piscataquog Rivers. Pop. 11T2. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-township of Middlesex co.. Ma.*<achu- 
 setts. on the E. bank of Concord River, and drained by the 
 Shawshine. which affords water-power, 14 mUes X. AV.'froia 
 Boston. The manufiicttire of paper, hair-cloth, aid silk 
 fringe has been recently introduced here, and is success- 
 fully prosecuted. In the centre is a beautiful and flourish- 
 ing village, containing 2 Congregational churches, a high 
 school, town-hall for civil and literary purposes, and 4 
 stores. The manufacture of children's shoes to any consi- 
 derable extent in this part of the state, was ftr.st comnienced 
 here, and is carried on to great advantage. About IJ miles 
 X. from this village are 3 mineral springs with sr.aciouB 
 buildings for the accommodation of visitors. P. in 18'<1. 84S. 
 
 BEDFORD, a Tillage and railroad station of Klnir's co., 
 Xew York, on the Long Island Railroad, 5 mHes S.E fron 
 Xew York. 
 
 BEDFORD, a village in Saranac township, Clinton co, 
 'X'ew York, on the Saranac River, about 140 milec X. from 
 Albany. It contains 1 glass manufactory. Pop. about 300. 
 
 BP'DFORD. a post-village and semi-capital of Westchester 
 CO.. Xew York. 125 miles S. by E. from Albany. It cou- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, several stores and 2 or 
 3 churches. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-township of Bedford co.. Pennsylvania, 
 drained by Dunning's Creek, contains the boruugl; of its 
 own name. Pop. 2105. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-borough, capital of Bedford co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Raystown branch of the .Juniata. 104 niiliss 
 W.S.W. from Harrisburg. It is beautifully situated oa 
 elevated ground, and enclosed on two sides with high 
 ridges, one of which rises about 1200 feet aliove the valley. 
 The houses are mostly built of brick and stone. About a 
 mile from the town are the Bedford Springs, which are 
 much resorted to by invalids and others in summer. They 
 contain carbonic acid, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of 
 lime, and muriate of soda. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-village, capital of Trimble co.. Ken- 
 tucky, about 40 miles X.W. from Frankfort, and 6 miles 
 from the Ohio River, contains the usu.il public buildings, 
 3 churches, and about 300 Inhaliitants. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-village and township in Cuyahoga cc., 
 Ohio, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 14 milea 
 S.E. from Cleveland. Pop. 1098. 
 
 BEDFORD, a township in Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1273. 
 
 BEDFORD, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1462. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-township in Calhoun co., Idicliigan. 
 Pop. 1210. 
 
 BEDFORD, a township in Monroe co., Michigan. P. 1239. 
 
 BEDFORD, a thriving post-village, capital of LaArence 
 CO.. Indiana, is pleasantly situated on high ground. •'! miles 
 from the E fork of White River, and 75 miles S.S.W. from 
 Indi.anapolis. It contains a fine court-house, 4 churches, 1 
 higli-scliool. 1 academy, 1 newspaper office, 2 banks, Ac. It 
 is connected by a niilroad with Xew .Albany im the South, 
 and with Indianapolis and Cliic.igo on the north. 
 
 BEDFOKD.villageintheS.partof Henderson CO., Illinois. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-village of Livingston co.. Mis-sonri. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-village, of Canada East, co. of >Iissig- 
 quoi, on the Atlantic and St. L.a\vrence Railroad, about 45 
 miles S.E. from Montreal. It has 1 or 2 axe factories, a 
 foundry, aud several mills. 
 
 BED'FORD ISLAND, iu the South Pacific, lat. 21= S' 30", 
 
BED 
 
 S., Ion. 136° 38' W., Is low and wooded, and apparently a 
 coral reef, enclosing a lagoon. 
 
 BEiyKORD LKV'KL, a district of England, including the 
 Isle of Kly, in the county of Cambridge, Petersborough Fen, 
 Northamptonshire: the parts of Holland in Lincolnshire; 
 about .11 >.000 acres in Huntingdonshire; 63.000 in Norfolk, 
 and 30,0:)0 in Suffolk, comi)rising the greater portion of the 
 " Fens." a marsliy flat, iutersecte.d by the Nene, Cam, Ouse, 
 and Welland rivers. The Ilomans formed an immense em- 
 bankment here, which excluded the tide, and rendered the 
 district for a time very fertile, until the sluices became 
 choked, and the level was graduiilly conT»rt«d into one 
 vast morass, increased by inundations of the sea in the 
 thirteenth century. Various attempts were made to drain 
 it in the reigns of II«nry Vl. and Charles I., and it was 
 finally reclaimed Iw the 1-^rl of Bedford in the .seventeenth 
 century. Under Charles II. its management was intrusted 
 to a corporation which still exists. This tract produces fine 
 crops of grain, fl,tx, and cole-seed; and vast numbers of 
 .wild ducks are caught here by decoys. 
 
 BEDKOKD STATION, a postofflce of Westchester CO., 
 New York. 
 
 BEDIIAMT'TON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 Bl<yi)I. a post-office of Grimes co., Texas. 
 
 BKDIKAKFI. See Bf.dkekaefek 
 
 BKD'lN'iiFIKLD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BKI)'IX<iUAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BKDIZZ'lI.li, bA-dit'so-l.i a vilUge of Lombardy, 9 miles 
 S.E. of linsi'ia, near the Chiesa. Pop. 2i)(X). 
 
 BKD.I.V, bi'j'J, a district of Nubia, lying along the W. coast 
 of the lied Sea. and extending N. from Suakin to Cape 
 Camol. between lat. 1'.)° and 22° 30' N. It is chiefly inha- 
 bited by the Bi.sharye, a tribe of Bedouins. 
 
 BKDLeS. See BlTLls. 
 
 BlID'IilNOTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 BKD'MTNSTKK. a p.arish of England, co. of Somerset, on 
 the Extter Uailway, IJ miles S.W. of Bristol, of whiuh its 
 village firms a suburb. 
 
 BKD'MINSTEll, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1996. 
 
 BEDMIXSTER. a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 3-5 miles N. of Philadelphia, drained by Tohiekon 
 Creek. I'op. 'J'J;W. 
 
 BEDNOllE, bed'nor', a town of Southern India. Mysore 
 dominions, capital of the district. 150 miles N.W. of Seringa- 
 patain. It was a city of wealth and consefiuenee when 
 taken by Ilyder Ali in 1763, but has since declined. 
 
 BEDOMA, bi-do'ue-i, a town of Northern Italy, 8 miles 
 Vk'. of Borgo Taro, at tlie foot of Monte Selpi. It is toler- 
 ably well built, and has a church, medical college, and 
 eleiiientury schools. I'op. 5-'>78. 
 
 BfioaCIN. b.Vdw4N»', a town of France, department of 
 Vauduse, arrondis.sement of Carpentras. It has manufac- 
 tures of pottery -ware, and silk spinning. Pop. of commune 
 in 1S52, 2574. 
 
 BEDOUIN or BEDUIN, bfd'oo-in. written also BEDA- 
 VTKKX and BEDAWHI^CBedawi,) '-inhabitants of the de- 
 sert," a race which, suppo.sed to be derived from Ishmael, the 
 son of Hagar. had its original seat in. and forms the great bulk 
 of tlie population of. .\rabia. It is not. however, confined 
 to that covmtry, but has spread in all directions, particu- 
 larly to the E. and W. 
 
 BKDOUNE. See Petooxe. 
 
 BKD;)US, behMoo', a village of France, department of 
 Basses-Pyrenees, 12 miles S. of Oleron. Pop. 12"<9. It has 
 a custom-house, and is the last post-house in France on the 
 route to Spain. 
 
 BEDItETTO. bA-dr?yto. a vill.age of Switzerland, canton 
 of Ticino, 4 miles W.S.W. of Alrolo. in the valley of the 
 same name, which forms the upper part of the valley of Le- 
 vantine. 
 
 BKD'RULE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 B KD'STi )N K. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BEDUM, bA'drnii. a village of Holland, province of Gro- 
 ningen. 11 miles W. liy S. of Appingedam. Pop. 800. 
 
 BEDWAI'iDINE, be'd'war-diue, aparish of England, co. 
 of AVorcfstcr. 
 
 BED'WAS. a parish partly in England, co. of Monmouth, 
 and partly in South W.ales. co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 BKD'W'ELTY. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 BED'WIN, GRE.\T. a town and parish of Engl.and, co. of 
 Wilts, on the Kennet and Avon Canal, 4 miles S.W. of Ilun- 
 gerford. It was formerly a place of Importance, and sent 2 
 members to the House of Commons, until disfranchised by 
 the Reform Act. Chisbury Ciistle, a Saxon stronghold, is 1 
 mile N.E. 
 
 BEDWIN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hun- 
 gerford. 
 
 BED'WORTII. a pansh of England, co. of Warwick 
 
 BEE BRANCH, a post-ofiice of Pettis co.. MissourL 
 
 BEE'BT, a parish of Engl;vnd, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BEECH BLUFF, a post-office of Dallas co., .\rkan8a8. 
 
 OEECII BLUFb". a post-office of Madison eo.. Tennessee. 
 
 BEECH CREEK, a post-office of Clinton co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 BEECH CREEK, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas. 
 
 BEE 
 
 BEE'CHER'S ISLAND, a small village of Tioga co., Venn 
 gylvania. 
 
 BEECH FORK, a post-office of Washington co., Kentucky 
 
 BEECH GROV E, a post-office of Phillips co.. Arkaniias. 
 
 BEECH GROVE, a post-office of Coffee CO., Tennessee. 
 
 BEECH GROVE, a postoffice of Rush co., Indian.a, alwut 
 36 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BEECH HAVEN. a post-oliiceofLuzerne CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BEECH'INGSTOKK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BEECH ISLAND, a post-office of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BEECH LAND, a postoffice of Washington co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BEECH L.\XD, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 BEECH LEVfIL, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas. 
 
 BEECH POINT, a post-office of Giljson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BEECH WOOD, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wiscoiisiiu 
 
 BEECH WOODS, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvauiu 
 
 BEE'CHY MINE, a post-village of Union co., Indiana, near 
 the Ohio line. 
 
 BEE CREEK, a post-office of Bledsoe co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BEE CREEK, a small village of Platte co., Missouri, 35 
 miles N.W. of Independence. 
 
 BEI-yDER, written also BIDER. one of the old provinces 
 of India, between lat. 16° and 20° N., and Ion. 76° and 80° 
 E., now wholly included in the Nizam's dominions. It is 
 intersected and partliUly bounded south-eastward by the 
 river Godavery. 
 
 BEE'DER, a fortified city of India, capital of the dis- 
 trict. 75 miles N.AV. of Hyderabad. It was formerly fiimoua 
 for its tuteiiag mixed metal wares. 
 
 BEE'DING, or SEAL, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BEE'DON. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 BEiyFORD, a parish of England, co. of York, Ea.st Riding. 
 
 BEE'GAH. a small Sikh station of North-western India, 
 under British protection. Pop. 3000. Annual revenue, 
 about 400/.; armed force, estimated at 200 men. 
 
 BEE HIVE, a post-village of Clinton CO., Missouri, 40 
 miles N. by E. of Independence. 
 
 BEEK, baik. a village of Netherlands, province of Lim- 
 burg, 6i miles N.E. of' M.aestricht. Pop. 2-;ti8, employed in 
 tanning, and trading in leather and timber. Beek is the 
 name of several villages in Belgian Limbourg. 
 
 BEEKM.AlN, a post-township of Dutchess co.. New Y'ork, 
 14 miles S.E. of Poughkeepsie, is drained by Fishkill Creek. 
 Pop. KiTl. 
 
 BEEKMAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Somerset co.. New 
 .Jersey. 
 
 BEEKM ANTOWN or BEEKMAN, a post-village and town- 
 ship of Clinton co., New York, on the W. shore of Lake 
 Champlaiu, a few miles N. of Pliittsburg. Pop. of township, 
 2977. 
 
 BEELER'S STATION, a post-office of Marshall co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BEELSTIY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BEE'M.\H. bet-'md. a river of Southern India. ri.ses40 miles 
 N. of Poonah. flows S.E.. and joins the Kistnah 15 miles 
 S.W. of Mutkul; length, 400 miles. Chief affluent, the 
 Seena. 
 
 BEE'MERA'ILLE, a post-village of Sussex co.. New .Ter- 
 sey, about 12 miles N. by E. of Newton, has 2 churches, and 
 several stores and mills. 
 
 BEEMSTER, baim'ster. the most populous of the polders, 
 or drained grounds of the Netherlands, province of North 
 Holland, 13 miles N. of Amsterdam. It has .an area of SUOO 
 morgen or acres, with a neat village, and 2971 inhabitants, 
 who rear numerous sheep and cattle. 
 
 BEEN'HAM-VAiyENC E, a parish of England, co.of Berks. 
 
 BEER, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See But. 
 
 BEER-AL'STON, a town of England, co. of Devon, near 
 the Tam.ar, 8 miles N.W. of Plymouth. It owed its former 
 importance to some lead-mines in the vicinity ; and. before 
 the passing of the Reform Act, it sent 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 BEERAN.\n, beeT-3n'3h, a village of North-western Hin- 
 dostan, in the province of Ajmeer, PO miles N.W. of IlansL 
 
 BEERBHOOM or BIRBHOOM, beer*b'hoom',(Sanscrit I'lra- 
 bhumi, " the land of heroes.") a district of Iliodostaii. at the 
 N.W. extremity of the province of Bengal, between lat. 23 
 25' and 24° 25' N., and Ion. 86° 20' and 88° 20' E. 
 
 BEER CREEK of Jay co.. Indiana, flows into the W.abash 
 
 BEERCROCOMBE, beer-kro'kjm, a parish of England, cc 
 of Somerset. 
 
 BEEREN, GROSS, groce b.Vren, a vilUge of Priis.si.i, 11 
 miles E.S.E. of Potsdam, well known as the scene of a great 
 victory g.ained by the Prussians over the French on the 22d 
 and 23d of Auirust. 1813. Pop. 242. 
 
 BEERFELDEN, balR/fJl-tien, a village of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, on the Mlmling, 23 miles E.N.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 
 2000. who manufacture woollens. 
 
 BEER-FERmiS,or FEKItERS, a parish of England, co 
 of Devon. 
 
 BEER-HACK'ET,a p.arish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BEE RIDGE, a post-office of Knox co.. Missouri. 
 
 BEER.T(X)N. See Bhirj.4N. 
 
 BEERNEM, baiB/nem, a village of Belgium, province of 
 
 191 
 
BEE 
 
 BEI 
 
 West Flanders. 5 miles S.E. of Bmges. It has trade in 
 tiuen and cattle, and also possesses corn, oil, and malt mills. 
 Pop. 3440. 
 
 BEEROO, or BEROO, beeVoo', a kingdom of West Africa. 
 N. of Bambarra. 
 
 BEEK-KE'GIS. a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 ol IJorSft, 7 tnile.s N.W. of Wareham. The ancient church 
 contains several monuments of the Turbervilles. 
 
 BEKKSE, bain'seh. or BEERZE, baiR/zeh, a river of Hol- 
 land, province of North Brabant, an affluent of the Dommel. 
 Into which it falls near Boxtel. 
 
 BEEKSIIEBA, be-er'she-ba. (anc. Bir-es-Seba.) a ruined 
 border town of Palestine. 40 "miles S.S.W. of Jerusalem. It 
 was a favorite station of the patriarch Abraham, and the S. 
 limit of the Promised I^ind, while Dan formed the N. fron- 
 tier. Here are still two deep wells of pure water, built up 
 with masonry, very ancient, and the scattered ruins of a 
 former town. 
 
 BEEP.S/VILLE. a village of Knox co., Indiana, on the 
 West fork of White River. 
 
 BEERTA. baiR'ti, a village of Holland, province of and 
 24 miies E. by S. of Groniugen. Pop. 1600. 
 
 BEE^'BY. a parish of Ent'land. See Uawerbt. 
 
 BEESBY-IN-TUli-lIARSH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 BEESKOW, bi'skov. a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, 17 f miles S.W. of Frankfort, on the left bank of 
 the Spree. Pop. 4150, eugaired in manufactures of woollen 
 and linen fabrics, and in kilns and breweries. 
 
 BEESLEY'S POINT, a post-office of Cape May co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 BEEST, liaist, a village of Holland, province of Gelder- 
 land. 29 niik-s W.S.W. of Arnhem, on the Linge. Pop. 1000, 
 chiefly airricultural. 
 
 BEE8/ro.V, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BEH.VXON, a parish of England, co. and 3^ miles S.W. 
 of Xotti!igham, with a station on the North Midland Railway. 
 
 BEES'i'ON, a chapelry of England, co. of Y'ork, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BEESTON, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BEESTON, ST. ANDREW, a p,arish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BEESn:ON, ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BEE.S'TON RjyGIS. a parish of England, co.. of Norfolk. 
 
 BEETGUM. bait/gQm. a village of Holland, province of 
 Friesland. 5 miles N.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 800. 
 
 BEET'H \.M. or BETHOLME, a p.arish of England, co. of 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 BEET'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BEETOWX, a post-villaire and township of (irant co., Wis- 
 consin. 24 miles S.S.E. of Prairie du Chien. Pop. 14S1. 
 
 BEtyTREE, a post-office of Kershaw district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 BEETSTERZWAAG. bait/stfr-zwig'. a village of Holland, 
 province of Friesland. 10 miles N.E. of Heerenveen. Pop. 700. 
 
 BEFORT. b.VfoR/. a town of France. See Belfort. 
 
 BEG. LOUGH. Idn beg, a small lake of Ireland, co. of An- 
 trim, separated from Lough Neaghby a neck of land. It is 
 about 4 miles long, and from 1 to Ij broad. 
 
 BEG \. Iji'gOh. a river of Eastern Hungary, joins the Theiss 
 21 miles E. of Peterwardein, and forms part of the Bega Ca- 
 nal, which extends St) miles from Facset to Bec.<!kerek. 
 
 BEG.\RD, beh-gaR', a village of France, department of 
 C8tes-du-Nord, 7 miles N.W. of Guingamp. Pop. in 1S52, 
 4053. 
 
 BEGBROOKE, bJgn)ra«k, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxtbrd. 
 
 BEGELLT, beg-ethlee, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 BEGEMDER, b&i^hjm'der, a province of Abyssinia, E. of 
 Dembeii. about 200 miles in length, and 50 or 60 in breadth. 
 
 BEGHARMI, ba-gar'mee, or BAGHERMEH. ba-gheWmJh. 
 a country of Central -\fi-ica, in Soodan, S.E. of Lake Tchad, 
 situated, with its capital town Mesna, near lat. 12° N., Ion. 
 19° E. 
 
 BEGHRAM, b&V3m', a plain, and the remains of an 
 ancient city of Afghanistan. 35 miles N.N.E. of CabooL 
 Coins, rings, and other relics have been discovered here; 
 but the site has not yet been identified. 
 
 BEGKOS. bjg'kns\ BEIKOS or BEICOS. bi'kos. a Large 
 Tillage in Asia .\Iinor, Anatolia, on a bay of its own name 
 in the Bosphorus, 8 miles N.N.E. of Scutari. In ancient 
 Qreek mythology, this locality was famed as the scene of 
 ^ontest between Pollu."i and Amycus. 
 
 BEGLES. bai'g'l, a village of France, department of the 
 Qlronde, 2 miles .S. of Bordeaux, on the Garonne. Pop. of 
 th? commune, (1852,) 2S44. 
 
 BEG'LEYS. a post-offlce of Perry co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BEGSHEHER. bJs-shfn'hfr. BEG-SHEHR. b^g-sh^HV. or 
 BEY.SUEHER, bi-shiH/hfr. a lake and river of Asia Minor, 
 Karamanl.a. The lake, (proliably the ancient Coralis or 
 Karajeli.) 44 miles S.W. of Koujeh, is about 20 miles long, 
 from 5 to 10 miles broad, and confciins many islands, ft 
 discharges itself into the Soglah Lake, 25 miles S£- by the 
 192 
 
 Beg-sheher Biver ; the towns of Beg-sheher and Kerell, (or 
 Karajeli. anc. OrjraUa f) are on its E. shore. 
 
 BEG-SHEHER. bJg-sh^H'her or shaili'her. BET-SHE- 
 HER or BEI-SHEHER, bA-sliJn'her. a town of Turkey in 
 Asia, pashalic of Karamani.i. 3S miles S.W. of KoniehJ on 
 both sides of the river Beg-sheher, which is here crossed by 
 a stone bridge of seven arches. 
 
 BEGUILDRl', beg-wil'dree, a parish of South Wales, en 
 of Radnor. 
 
 BEHAR. See Bahab. 
 
 BEHItEHAN or BABAHAN, bA-b.A-han'. a walled town 
 of Persia, province of Ears, in a fertile plain. 130 miles W. 
 N.W. of Sheeraz. Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by an earthen 
 wall, and has a citadel. 
 
 BEHLE, bA'leh. a village of Pruseia, 10 miles N.N.W. of 
 Czarnikow. Pop. 1750. 
 
 BEHNARD, bA'naK/, a town of France, department of 
 Malne-fctrLoire. (.Vnjou.) on the Loire, about 9 miles from 
 Angers. Pop. 2712. 
 
 BEHNESEH. beh'nJs'eh. a town of Egypt, on the Bahi^ 
 Y'oosef (Joseph's Canal.) 4S miles S.S.W. of BenisooC It 
 has ruins of ancient Oxi/ri/nclius. celebrated for its vast 
 number of monasteries, established in the fourth century. 
 
 BEH()BI.\. b.-l'ho'be-i', a hamlet of France, department 
 of the Basses-Pyrenees, with a custom-house in the pass of 
 the Pyrenees, on the route to Spain. 
 
 BEilKING. (ix^ring. Dan.pron.KVring.) BAY', or .\DMI- 
 R.4LTY B.4\'. an inlet of the Paciiic Ocean. Russi.m America, 
 lat. 59° 30' N„ with Port Muk-rave on the S.. Ion. 140° W. 
 
 BEIIRIXG SEA. is that part of the North Pacific Ocean 
 between the Aleutian Islands, in lat. 55°, and Bchi-ing 
 Strait in 66° N.. by which latter it communicates with the 
 Arctic Ocean. It has on its W. side Kamtehatka and the 
 Tchooktchee country with the Gulf of Anadeer. and on its 
 E.. Russian America, with Norton Sound and Bristol Bay. 
 It contains several large islands, and receives the Anadeer 
 River. Foes are almost perpetual in this sea. 
 
 BEHRING'S ISLAND, in the S.W. part of Behring's 
 Sea. the most western of the Aleutian chain, lat. (W. point) 
 55° 17' N., Ion. 165° 46'E. Named from the celebrated navi- 
 gator Behring. who died on the island. Dec. 8. 1741. his 
 vessel having been wrecked here on the 3d of the previous 
 month. 
 
 BEHRING STR.UT, the channel whi.-h separates Asia 
 and America at their nearest approach to each other, and 
 connects the .\rctic with the Pacific Ocean. Between East 
 Cape. (Asia.) lat. 66° 6' N.. Ion. 169° 3S' W.. and Cape Prince 
 of AVales, (America.) lat. 65° 46' N.. Ion. ICRO 15' E.: t is S6 
 miles across. Its depth in the middle varies from 29 to 
 30 fathoms. Shores rocky, bare, and greatly indented. It 
 was discovered by Aitus Behring in 1728, and first explored 
 by Cook in 1788. 
 
 BEI-BAZAK. b.^-ba-zar'. or BEG-BAZAAR. bfg-b.^-zar', 
 a town of Asia Minor. Anatolia, on an affluent of the 
 Sangarius. 62 miles W. of Angora. It is neatly built, has 
 several autiiiuities, and a trade in sheep, goats' wool, and 
 pears. 
 
 BEICOS or BEIKOS. fee Begkos. 
 
 BEIERTHEIM, bj'ert-hime\ a village of Riden. circle of 
 the Middle Rhine. Pop. 660. Mineral springs much fre- 
 quented. 
 
 BEIGIITON, bi'ton. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BEIGHTON or BEYTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 BEIGHTON or BOYTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norf. Ik. 
 
 BEIJERLAND, bryer-l3nt, or OLD BKIJERLAND, a 
 village of Holland, province of South Holland. 7 miles S.S. 
 W. of Rotterdam. It has two harbours, frequented by nu- 
 merous vessels during the flax season. Pop. 3000, chiefly 
 agricultural. 
 
 BEILA. BETT.AH, BELAH. See Beia. 
 
 BEILAN. b-^-l^n'. a town and pass of .«yri.a, at its north- 
 ern extremity, on the E. side of the l>ulf of Iskanderoon. 
 The pass, between the mountains Rhossus and Amanns. is 
 considered identical with the Amanian Gatm of antiquity, 
 it being the only route commonly )M-acticabli> from Cilic'ia 
 into .*yria. The town, near the crest of the pass, li.-is about 
 5000 inhabitants, stone houses, and numerous aqueducts. 
 Here the Egvptian troops totallv defeated the Turks in 1832. 
 
 BEILEN "or BEYLEN, bi'leii. a village of Hollind> pro- 
 vince of Drenthe. 10 miles S.S.'W. of .4s.sen. Pop. 5<)0. 
 
 BEILNGRIES. birn's.T^>es\ a town of Bavaria, on the Alt- 
 mUhl. 18 miles N. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 1104. 
 
 BEILSTEIN. brie'stine. a .small town of WUrtemberg, 
 7 miles S.E. of Ileilbronn. Pop. 1200. 
 
 BEIL.STEIX, a villaire of Rhenish Pru>si3. 22 miles S.W. 
 of Coblenfz. on the Mo.selle. Pop. 300. 
 
 BEINE, bin. or b^n, a village of Franco, department of 
 the Marne, 8 miles E. of Reims. Pop. of the commune, lOoS 
 
 BEIRA or BEYRA, We-rL a province of Portugal 
 between lat. 39° 30' and 41° 30' N.. and Ion. 6° 40' and 
 9° 50' W.. having N. the provinces of Minho and Traiw*- 
 Monies; S.. Estremadura and .\lemtejo: E.. Spain, and W., 
 the Atlantic. Area, 6S93 square miles. Population in 1850, 
 
BEI 
 
 631,416. Surface mountainous, traversed by the Serra Ks- 
 trella; soil not fertile. Chief rivers, the Douro, forminj; 
 tee N. boundary, and the Tagus, on the S. frontier; the 
 Agueda on the N.E., and the Moudefro in the centre. I'ro 
 ducts, wine, wheat, barley, maize, olives, and fruits. On the 
 mountains many sheep are pa.stured. and celebrated cheese 
 is made : marble, iron, and coal are wrought ; the manufac- 
 tures are uiiim))ortant. Chief towns, Coimbra,Ovar,Aveiro, 
 Viseu, and Lame^o. In 1S35, the province was divided 
 Into Upper Beira, capital "N'iseu, and Lower Beira, capital 
 Castello Branca The heir apparent to the Portuguese throne 
 has the title of the Prince of Beira. 
 
 BEIRUT, BKIKOUT or BEIROOT. See Bethoot. 
 
 BEl.SAM, bi-sln', (anc. BHhshan and Sci/thnpolis.) a village 
 of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, on rising ground, near 
 the Jordan, 55 miles N.N.E. .Jerusalem. It consists of 60 or 
 70 houses, with considerable remains of the ancient city, 
 comprising traces of walls on an acropolis, a Roman bridge, 
 fragments of houses and columns, a theatre, and excavated 
 tombs. 
 
 BEISIIETIR. See BF.G-snEiiF,R. 
 
 BEITAVEND, b.Vtd-vi^nd'. a vilLige of Persia, in Irak-.\je- 
 mee about 15 miles N.E. of Shooster. 
 
 BKIT-EL-EAKIH. b,'ltV.l-fd'k6ii\ ("house of a saint.") a 
 maritime town of Arabi.i, Yemen, on the Red Sea, 100 miles 
 S.W. of Sana. Pop. about HOiX). It is a large, open town, 
 with a strong citadel, a mosque, and houses of brick and 
 clay, roiifed with date-leaves. It is the centre of the Yemen 
 trade in cjfTee; this article, wax, gums, and coin, are ex- 
 changed to caravans which come hither from all parts of 
 Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Egypt, for Indian and British 
 piece goods, spices, and sugar. Its principal merchants are 
 Hindoos. At the tomb of a sheikh, near the town, a festival 
 of throe days is held annually, and to this meeting its 
 commercial importance is due. 
 
 BEIT-EL-MA, bifel-md', a village of Syria, pashalic of 
 Aleppo, on the Oronfes, .about 5 mill's S.W. of Antioch, 
 supposed to occupy a portion of the site of anc. Daphnp. It 
 has some classic remains, and the ruins of an early Chris- 
 tian church. 
 
 BEITII, beeth, a town and parish of Scotland, cos. of Ayr 
 and Renfrew. 
 
 BEIT.STAD, bIfstJd. a town of Norway, 55 miles N.E. 
 of Trondhjem. on Beitetad-fiord. Pop. 2700. 
 
 BK.JA, b:l/zh3, (anc. l\ix JuHia,) a fortified town of Portu- 
 gal, in the province of Alemtejo, on a hill, 36 miles S.S.W. 
 of Evora. Pop. 55O0. Its walls are flanked by 40 towers, 
 and it has a castle, cathedral, hospital, and Latin school, 
 with tanneries, and a manufacture of earthen-wares. 
 
 BEJA, bA'zhd. a villagoof Brazil, on the Rio Para, 35 miles 
 S.W. of Para. 
 
 BEJA, a town of Africa. 60 miles W. of Tunis. 
 
 BEJ.V(iHUR, he'jd-gur', (anc. Vijiyalnirf) a large and 
 strong hill fort of India, 80 miles S.W. of Indore. 
 
 BE.IAPOOR, be'ja-poor', (formerly written VISIAPOUR.) 
 an old province of Southern India, between lat. 15° and 18° 
 N., and Ion. 73° and 78° E.. intersected by the Krishna or Kist- 
 nah River, and bounded southward by its tributary the 
 Toombuddra. It is now subdivided among the dominions 
 of Sattara and the Nizam, the British districts of Concan, 
 Poonah, and Darwar, (Bombay presidency,) and the Portu- 
 guese territory of Goa. 
 
 BEJAPOOR, (anc. Vljaj/apura,) "the impregnable city," 
 capital of the above province, 126 miles S.E. of Sattara, on 
 an affluent of the Kistnah. In the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries it was the capit.al of a flourishing Hindoo 
 sovereignty, and it has a magnificent external show of 
 domes and minarets, though its dwellings are mostly mud 
 huts. Principal edifii:es in the outer city, the mosque and 
 mausoleum of Ibrahim .\dil Shah, a noble structure, worthy 
 of comparison with the most famous Mogul buildings of 
 Northern India, numerous other mosques and tombs, a 
 ruineil palace, and a bazaar; in the inner city, the mauso- 
 leum of .Mahmoud Shah, the great mosque, military trea- 
 sury, and a low temple in the earliest style of Hindoo archi- 
 tecture, and popularly supposed to have been raised by the 
 Pandoos, a mythological race. There are here some guns of 
 enormous size — one of brass cast in 1549, and capable, it is 
 said, of carrying an iron ball weighing 2646 pounds. All 
 these edifices are of solid materials ; many present the most 
 Bxquisite workmanship ; and for 5 miles W. of the fort, the 
 whole area enclosed by the outer walls is covered with 
 tombs, and remains similar to those around Delhi. B'rom 
 the great extent of its ruins, it would seem to have been one 
 of the largest cities of India, while the splendor of these ruins 
 has procured for it the name of the Palmyra of the Deccan. 
 
 BEJAPOOR. a town of the Guicowar's dominions, 40 miles 
 N, by E. of Ahmedabad, lat. 23° 37' N., Ion. 72° 46' E. 
 
 BEJAR, bi-Haa', a town of Spain, 45 miles S. of Sala- 
 tianeii. in a valley of the Sierra de Bejar. Pop. 4664. It has 
 cloth manufjictories, and a trade in hams. 
 
 BEJAR. a town of Texas. See Bex.\r. 
 
 BEJAWER. See Bij.iw.\e. 
 
 BEJKR, a town of Spain. See Vejeii. 
 
 BJiJETSK, bi-zhStsk', a town of Russia, government and 
 N 
 
 BEL 
 
 67 miles N.N.E. of Tver, near the Mologa. Pop. 3200. 
 has a large annual fair f )r corn, iron, silk, and other goodi 
 
 BEJlGHUli, bet-'je-gar'. a town of British India, province ol 
 .\gra, within the Mahratta territory, 80 miles S.W. of Agra 
 
 BEJIS or REGIS, bd-Hee.s', a town of Spain, 3!l miles AV. ol 
 Castellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 3155, engaged in linen weaving 
 
 BEJOUR. SeeBiJAWAK. 
 
 BEJUCAL. bil-iioo-kdl'. a town of the Spanish West Indies, 
 island of Cuba. 15 miles S. of Havana. Pop. 2,500. 
 
 BKKES, b.Vk^sh', or BEKESVAR. b.Vkfsh'v^R', a town 
 of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, at the 
 confluence of the White and BlackKBriJs, 57 miles S.W. of 
 Debreczin. Pop. of town, in 1840, 18,850; county, 153.018. 
 It was formerly fi)rtified, and has a considerable trade in 
 cattle, corn, and honey. 
 
 BELA, BELAH, BEI LA, or BEYLAH, bA/ld, a town of 
 Beloochistan, capital of the province of Loos, (or Lus.) near 
 the Poorally River, and 120 miles S. of Khozdar, Pop. from 
 4'M50 to ntXMX It consists of about 800 hou.ses, built of mud. 
 The fortified p.ilace of thejVnn, or chief of the province, and 
 a mosque, arc its only substantial buildings. 
 
 BEL.'i., a town of" British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 district, and 45 miles W.N.W. of Cawiipoor. 
 
 BEL.\, b;l'lf»h\ a town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 5 
 miles N.E. of Kesmark. Pop. 3400. 
 
 BELA BANYA. See DIll.n. 
 
 BELABUE, beh'Idbr'. a town of France, department of the 
 Indre, 7 miles S,E. of Blanc, on the Anglin. Pop. of com- 
 mune in lS.i2, 2346. In the old castle of Belavre was 
 strangled the Sieur de Flavi, whose cowardly order to shut 
 the gates of Compiegne led to the capture of Joan d'Arc. 
 
 1U;LAD-EL-D.)ERYD. .SeeHKLED-EI.-.(EREKD. 
 
 BELAIA, hkWi. or BIELAJA, by.i-lii'ya, a river of Rus- 
 sia, which rises in the Ural Mountains, government of Oren- 
 boorg, and after proceeiling for about 1(K> miles S,E., suddenly 
 turns almost due N. for another 100 miles ; then turns N.E., 
 and ultimately joins the Kama on its left bank. Its whole 
 course is al)OUt 550 miles. Of these, 240 miles are navigable. 
 
 BEI.,.\1.\, b,A-li'd. (i.e. '•white,'") a river of Siberia, rises 
 in the mountains of Okhotsk, and, flowing W., joins the 
 Aldan. 
 
 BEL.\IR. a flourishing village of Orleans co., Vermont, 
 on Barton River, the outlet of Barton lake, and on the I'as- 
 sumpsic River Railroad, 40 miles N. b}' E. of Montpelier. 
 It has 3 churches. 3 hotels, 6 or 7 stores, and 300 inhabitants. 
 Barton River affords motive-power li>r several mills. 
 
 BEL AIR. a post-village, capital of Harford co., .Maryland, 
 22 miles N.E. of Bnltimore. and tiO miles N. by E. from Anapo- 
 lis. It has recently been improved by the paving of the 
 streets and the making of a turnpike to Baltimore. The 
 Village contains, besides the county buildings, 1 or 2 churches 
 and an academy. 
 
 BEL.\IR, a post-village in Lancaster district. South Caro- 
 lina, 90 miles N. by E. of Columbia. 
 
 BEL.\IR. a post-village of Richmond co., Georgia, on the 
 Georgia Railroad, 10 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 BEL AIR, a small village of Clarke co., Illinois. 
 
 REPAIR/ or BELL AIR. a post-village of Crawford CO., 
 Illinois, 123 miles S.E. from Springfield. 
 
 BELALCAZAR, bi-Ml-kd/thdR, a town of Spain, 43 miles 
 N.N.W. of Cordova. Pop. 3380. Manufactures woollens. 
 
 BELASPOOR, b!lni,'!-poor'. a town of North Hindostan, 
 capital of the rajah.ship of Cahlore, on the Sutloj, 185 
 miles N.W. of Delhi. It is regularly built and roughly 
 paved, and in 1810 was said to comprise 3000 houses. 
 
 BELASPOOR, a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, 110 miles E.N.E. of Delhi. 
 
 BKL.4UGH. Iiee'law, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BELAUN, be-lawn', or BELAAVAN, be-law'an, a small 
 island, Sooloo .\rchipelago. about 35 miles S. of the island 
 of Basilan. lat. (E. point) 6° N., Ion. 122° 8' E. 
 
 BELBEYS or BELBEIS, WPb.Ase', a town of Lower Egypt, 
 on the E. arm of the Nile, 28 miles N.N.E. of Cairo. Pop. 
 5000. It is enclose*! by earthen ramparts, has numerous mos- 
 ques, and is a station on the route from Esrypt to Syria. 
 
 BELBROUGHTON, bel-braw't9n, a parish of England, CO. 
 of Worcester. 
 
 BELCASTRO, b^l-kds/tro, a, town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra II.. 14 miles N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1(X)0. 
 
 BELC ELE, bM-sA/leh. a villaie of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders. 17 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2856. 
 
 BEL'CHALWELL, a parish of England co. of Dorset. 
 
 BELCH AMP-OT'TEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BELCH AM P. ST. PAULS, a parish of England, co.of Essex. 
 
 BELCHAMP AVALTER'S, a parish of England; co. of Essex. 
 
 BEL'CHER, a post-office of Washington co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 BEiyCHER ISLANDS, twosmall groups in Hudson Bay. 
 Lat. 56° N., Ion. 80° AA'. 
 
 BEL'CHERTOAYN, a post-township of Ilamp.^hire CO., 
 5Iassaehusetts. 70 miles AV. by S. of Boston. It has exten- 
 sive manufactures of carriages, sash, and blinds, and also an 
 establishment for making forks. Pop. 2709. 
 
 BELCH'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BELCHITE, b^l-chee'tA, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.B. 
 of Saragossa. Here, June 18, 1809, the French, under Suchel, 
 
 193 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 defeat>J the Spaniard? under General Blake. Pop. 2655. 
 Ihf town has woollen manufactures. 
 
 BEI/DKN, a poslH)ffice of McHenry co., Illinois, 76 miles 
 N.W ofChica.-'o 
 
 BKLKD-EWKREED, BEL-ED-ELtTERID, BET>AD-EL- 
 DJERYD. BELED-ELvTEREDE. bJl'ed-el-jer-eed', and writ- 
 ton also, BILED-UL-GERID. b^l'ed-601-jer-eed'. (i.e. "coun- 
 try of dates,') a vast repion of Africa, extending S. of Mount 
 Atlas, E. of Slorocco and S. of Algeria, to Tunis and Tripoli on 
 the E. It 13 generally arid, and covered with sterile plains 
 of sand and rocks, but contains several oases fertile in diites, 
 and'is inhabited by nomadic triV>es. 
 
 BELEM. bi-lSx"', a town of Portugal, 2 miles S. of Lisbon, 
 on the right bank and near the mouth of the Tagus. Lat. 
 of the castle, 3S° 40' N., Ion. 9° 14' W. Pop. of the town, 
 6000. It has a fortress, with a remarkable tower, a hospi- 
 tal, high school, and convent, in which several monarchs 
 are buried, a custom-house, quarantine establishment, and 
 large iron foundry. It was taken by the French in 1807, 
 and by the troops of Don Pedro in 1833. 
 
 BELEM, bilSx"', a village of Brazil, province of Bahia. 
 
 BELEM, a village of Brazil, province of Kio Grande. 
 
 BELE JI, a village of Brazil, province of Parahiba, 
 
 BELEM. a citv of Brazil. See Para. 
 
 BELfiXYES. bA'l5n'ylsh\ atown of Ilungarv, co. of Bihar, 
 on the Koriis, 30 miles S.S.E. of Gross-Wardein. Pop. 3250. 
 It has marble quarries and mines of iron, &c. 
 
 BELESTA. beh-lSs^td/, a town of France, department of 
 Ariege, 17 miles E.S.E. of Foix, with iron foundiies and 
 marble-works. Pop. of commune in 1852, 2700. 
 
 BELFAST, Uppee and Lower, two baronies of Ireland, co. 
 of Antrim. 
 
 BELFAST, bJl-f !lst/, a seaport town and parliamentary 
 borough of Ireland, co. of Antrim, 88 miles X,X,E. of Dub- 
 lin; lat. 64° 36' 24" N., Ion. 5° 56' 12" W. It is mostly on 
 low ground, on the I^gan, near its embouchure in Belfest 
 Bay. The river, which is here about 250 yards wide, is 
 crossed by an elegant stone bridge of five arches, each of 50 
 feet span. Two other bridges, of less pretension, cross the 
 stream. The town, owing to its extremely low position, has, 
 from a distance, nothing imposing in its appe.arance ; but, 
 on a nearer approach, is found to improve considerably. 
 The houses, mostly of brick, are well built, and many of 
 them handsome; the streets are regular, spacious, and 
 cleanly, well macadamized and lighted, and the whole gene- 
 ral aspect of the place eminently calculated to make the 
 most fevorable impressions, not a little strengthened by the 
 cheerful stir and activity which prevails in the mercantile 
 quarters, and which, associated with an enterprising spirit, 
 have obtained for Belfast the reputation of being the first 
 town in Ireland in commercial prosperity, and second to 
 Dublin only as a port. The places of wonship are numerous, 
 consisting of 8 Established churches, 21 Presbyterian, 1 In- 
 dependent, 8 Methodist. 1 Society of Friends, and 4 Roman 
 Catholic. Some of the.se are handsome structures. 
 
 At the head of the educational institutions is the Queen's 
 College, a magnificent structure of brick and stone, built at 
 an expense of upwards of 25.000?., and opened for the recep- 
 tion of students in November, 1849. 'The collegi.ate body 
 consists of the president, vice-president, and 20 professors ; 
 and, for the maintenance of the institution, "iOOOl. a year is 
 allowed from the consolidated fund. The other educational 
 establishments are, the Royal Academical Institution, foun- 
 ded in 1810 by voluntary subscription, an annu.al parlia- 
 mentary grant of about 1900J, a year, which it rewived 
 latterly, is now discontinued; the Belfast Academy, the 
 Lancasterian School, numerous national schools, and private 
 seminaries. The charitable and benevolent institutions 
 eomprise the poorhouse, with medical and surgical hospitals 
 attached: the lying-in hospital, the fever hospital, the dis- 
 trict lunatic asylum, the deaf, and dumb, and blind asylum, 
 anew and elegant edifice; the Ul.«ter female penitent j.ary, 
 and the union workhouse. The other public buildings are, 
 the commercial buildings, erected on a capital of 20,000?., 
 containing a spacious public news-room, hotel, offices, and 
 aissembly-room ; the white and brown linen-halls, the thea- 
 tre, the music hall, tlie new house of correction. The 
 literary and scientific instillations comprise a natural his- 
 tory society, a royal botanical and horticultural society, a 
 society foi the promotion of knowledge, Ulster Teachers' 
 AssociatioTi Belfast Music Class, rhetorical society, and Bel- 
 last Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 Miimifucli, re.i ami Trade — Belfast is the great depot of the 
 linfen trade of the North of Ireland, as well as the chief seat 
 of the manufactories of both linen and cotton. In 1841, 
 there were, in the town and its Immedlite vicinity, 25 
 steam mills for spinning linen yarn ; there are now (1850) 
 upwards of:!0. employing many thousand persons — one.alone 
 affording constant work to 1200 people, the annual amount 
 of whose wages is about 20,000?. The number of spindles 
 now at work in Belfiist and the neighborhood, is between 
 3(W,000 and 4<10,000. The other branches of industry in 
 the town or its vicinity are, 2 distilleries, 12 breweries, 
 several large fiour and corn mills, 4 large, and several 
 ,;iBaUer foundries, geTeralianyards,.2 vitriol- works, a patent 
 194 
 
 felt manufactory, saw mills, &c.; 4 extensive ship-yards, and 
 yards for manufacturing ropes and .sailcloth. The com- 
 merce of Belfost is very considerable, and is rapidly increas- 
 ing. The most important branch is across the Irish Chan- 
 nel. In 1853. 5711 ves.sels (tons. 76S.500) entered the port.; 
 being an increase of 2341 vessels (tons, 405.467) since 1843. 
 The registered shipping of the port increased from 359 
 vessels (tons, 49.402) in 1843, to 493 vessels (tons, 83,128) iu 
 1853. Twenty-five steamers ply regularly between Belfast 
 and London, Liverpool, Fleetwood, Carlisle, fl'liitehaven, 
 Glasgow, Greenock, Stranraer, Andrcssan, and Dublin. 
 The chief articles of export are cotton and linen manufac- 
 tureji, corn meal, ftour, provisions, flax, tow, and horses. 
 Previous to the potato failure. Belfast had also a very large 
 provision trade; and, since the partial restoration of that 
 crop, it has begun to revive. 
 
 Belfast Lough is 13i miles in length, and 8 in breadth at 
 the entrance, gradually narrowing as it approaches the 
 town. Prior to 1S39, large vessels had to lie in the pool or 
 basin of Garmoyle, 4 miles from the town ; but. in 1840, a 
 new channel was formed, having 9 feet of water at low tide, 
 so that vessels drawing 16 feet water can now come up in 
 neap tides, and those drawing 18 feet in spi ing tides. A light- 
 house and pilotjStation have been established .at Garmoyle. 
 
 Belfast is govferned by 10 aldermen, one of whom is mayor, 
 and 30 councillors, and returns 2 members to Parliament. 
 The country around is extremely beautiful. The lough 
 itself is a fine object; and the hills which bound it and 
 partly encircle tie town, are being gradually brought 
 under cultivation, while their slopes are thickly studded 
 with the villas and countrj- houses of the merchants. Bel- 
 last is comparatively a modern town, dating from about the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century, when it was erected 
 into a municip.al and parliamentary borough. In 1704, one 
 of the first editions of the Bible printed in Ireland wa« 
 printed here ; and in 1777 the cotton trade was introduced, 
 from which its chief prosperity, it is considered, has arisen. 
 Three railways diverge from Belfast ; N.W. the Ballymena 
 and Carrickfergtis Railway, N.E. the County Down, and 
 S.W. the Ulster Railw.iv, in connection with a line to Dub- 
 lin. Pop. in 1841,75,308"; in 1861, 119,242. , 
 
 BELFAST', a seaport, port of entry, and seat of justice 
 of Waldo CO,, Maine, at the head of Penobscot Bay. It is 
 30 miles from the ocejin, 30 miles S. of Bangor, 109 miles 
 E.N.E. of Portland, and 125 miles W.S.AV. of Eastport. On 
 the opposite side of the bay, 9 miles distant, is Castine, It 
 is irregularly built, but has a: pleasant situation on the side 
 of a hill. The Paasaggassas-^awakeag River, a small stream, 
 passes nearly through its centre, dividing it into two parts. 
 It is extensively engaged in foreign commerce, iu the coast 
 trade, and in the fisheries. The harbor, which is rarely 
 obstructed with ice, is spacious, well protected, and of 
 suflicient depth for vessels of the largest class. During 
 the winter season, it is the centre of a large portion of 
 the trade of the Penobscot valley, the river above being 
 frozen. Lumber and fish are the principal exports. Ship- 
 building is extensively carried on. Thirty vessels, (7 of 
 them ships.) with an aggregate burden of 5803 ton.s, were 
 admeasured during the year ending June 30, 1S.54. The 
 shipping of the district at this date amounted to 17,504 
 tons registered, and 38,395 tons enrolled and licensed. In 
 the year ending June 30, 1863, 8 ships and barqxic-s. 1 brig, 
 and 4 schooners were built here. Tonnage. 5234. A cou>-t- 
 iiouse has recently been built in the place. Belfast also 
 contains a number of churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and an iron foundry. Pop. of the township in 1S30, 3077 ; 
 iu 1840, 4186; in 1830, 6051. 
 
 BELF.\S T, a post-township of Alleghany Co., Kew York, 
 about 60 miles S E. of Buffalo, is intersected by the Genesee 
 River and Canal. Pop. 1827. 
 
 BELFAST, a township, Fulton co.. Pennsylvania Pop. 822. 
 
 BELF.\ST, a post-otfiee of Northampton CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BELFAST, a post-office of Marshall co., Tennessee. 
 
 BELFAST, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 BELFAST, a village of Highland co., Ohio, 72 miles S. by 
 W. of Columbus. 
 
 BELF.\ST, a village of Lee co., Towa, on the Des Moines 
 River. 18 miles W.S.W. from Fort Madison. 
 
 BEL'FORD, a market-town and pari.sh of Engbnd. cos. 
 of Northumlx>rland and Durham, 14 miles S.S.E. of Ber- 
 wick. Pop. (1852) 1857. The town is finely situated, within 2 
 miles of the sea. on the Newcastle and Berwick Kailwtvy, and 
 has a large corn-market. 
 
 BEI/FORD, a small post-village, Nash co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BELFOBT, bM'foB/, or BEFORT; b.VfoR', a fortified town 
 of France, department of llaut^Khin. on the Savnureuse, 
 38 miles S.S.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1S52, 7847. Its citadel 
 was constructed by Yauban, and it has .a fine church, col- 
 lege, and public library of 20,000 volumes, with iron foun- 
 dries and wire factories. 
 
 BELG.E. InM'jee, the name given by Ca>sar to the inh.abit- 
 ants of one of the three divisions of ancient Gaul. Their 
 territory extended from the Rhine to the Seine, cm-prising, 
 in addition to the modern Belgium, part of IloUand and a 
 large portion of North Western France. 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 BELGARD. ■h?l'ftaTtt, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 16 
 miles S.W. of Coslin, capital of the circle, on the Persante. 
 Pop. 33-30. It is the neat of a forest board, and has an old 
 castle, and manufactiire.s of woollen stuffs. 
 
 BKLGAUM, bM-j>;awm',a fortified town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, 41 miles N.W. of Darwar. on a hijrh 
 and healthy site. Pop. 7C50. Its works are strong; and it 
 held out vigorously against the British, until captured in 
 1818. It is now the head-quarters of the southern division 
 of the Bomtiay army. 
 
 BKIiOKM'iEK. hjrzhftN"He-A'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Var, ahout 14 miles N.N.W. of Toulon. Pop. 1320. 
 
 BKLO KRN, hfl'srhern, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the 
 left hank of the Elbe, 8 miles S.E. of Torgau. I'op. 3010. 
 It has potteries and breweries. 
 
 BKliUKWOSO, bJljo-yo'so, a town of Northern Italy, in 
 liOmbardy, 8 miles E.S.E. of Pavia. Pop. 3000. It is well 
 built, and has a noble castle of the princes of Belgiojoso. in 
 whii'h Francis I. spent the night after his defeat at Pavia, 
 February 24, 1525. 
 
 BKJ.(J"IKATE, bJl-je-ri'ti, a village of Piedmont, with a 
 small harbor, on the W. side of Lago Maggiore. Pop. 740. 
 
 BKUJIUM. I^^l'je-hm, (Fr. La Belgii'iw, \l b^rzheek';* 
 Oer. Si-lrjie.n. bJl'gheen-, anciently a part of GaVlia BfVgica.) a 
 kinirdoni in the W. of Central Europe, between lat. 49° .30' 
 and 51° -'a' N.. and Ion. 2° 35' and 6° 7' E. ; bounded X. l)y TI( .1- 
 land, N.W. by the North .*ea or German Ocean. W. and 8. liy 
 France, and E. by the duchy of Luxemburg, Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, and Dutch Limburg. Greatest length, fi'om N.W. to 
 S.E., 165 miles; greatest breadth, from N. to S., 120 miles; 
 area, aboiit 11.400 Sfiuare miles. For administrative pur- 
 poses, it is divided into 9 provinces — Antwerp, South Bra- 
 bant. East Flanders, West Flanders, Ilainaut, Liege, Lim- 
 bourg, Luxembourg, and Namur. These provinces do not 
 differ much in area, and are so arranged .as to form a com- 
 pact and commodious division of the kingdom ; South Bra- 
 bant, which, from containing Brussels, the cnpit.il, may be 
 considered the metropolitan province, occupying the centre, 
 while the others cluster round, and. with the exception of 
 the extreme provinces of Luxembours and West Flanders, 
 actually touch it. Pop. in 1862, 4,836,566. 
 
 Pliyxical Features. — A general idea of the surface of the 
 country may be obtained by regarding it as an inclined 
 plane, somewhat rugged, and consider.ibly elevated in the 
 S.E., from which it slopes, more or less gradually, N. and 
 W., till it sinks into low plains, only a few feet aliove the 
 level of the sea. The elevated districts are formed by rami- 
 fications of the Ardennes, which, entering Belgium from 
 France, stretch along the S. of Namur, occupy the greater 
 part of Luxembourg, and attain their culminating point in 
 th.j S.E. of Liege, at Stavelot, in the neighborhood of Spa, 
 where the height exceeds 2000 feet. The rocks appear to 
 rest on primary formations; but those which reach the 
 surface generally consist of slate, old red .sandstone, and 
 mountain limestone. Proceeding N.W.. in the direction of 
 the dip. these rocks take a cover, and the ccal formation be- 
 comes fully developed. This coalfield is a continuation of 
 that of the N. of France, and stretches through Belgium in 
 a N.E. direction, occupying the greater part of the province 
 of Ilainaut and a considerable part of that of Liege, and 
 skirting the provinces of Namur and Luxembourg. It con- 
 tains numerous workable seams, both of coal and iron. N. 
 and W., beyond the limits of this coalfield, a more recent 
 formation is found, covered by deep Ix-ds of clay and sand, 
 the former prevailing more in the interior, and the latter 
 near the coast, where it has been drifted into hillocks or 
 downs, and forms the only barrier against the encroiich- 
 ments of the se-a. Some of the clay in this district is fit tor 
 the manufacture of tine pottery; hut the greater part of it 
 is suitable only for coarse ware, or for bricks. In accord- 
 ance with the general slope of the surface already mentioned, 
 the main stre.ams of Belgium have a N. direction ; and the 
 wliole country lies within the basin of the German Ocean. 
 In the S.E., where the surface is elevated .and broken, nu- 
 merous torrents descend with rapidity ; and, becoming con- 
 fined within rocky, precipitous, and richly wooded banks, 
 often furnish, if not the grandest, the most picturesque and 
 enchanting of landscapes. On reaching the lower country 
 their speed is slackened, .and their augmented volume moves 
 along in a slow, winding course. Only two of them — the 
 Jleuse and the Scheldt — have a magnitude which entitles 
 them to the name of rivers; but so important are these two 
 in themselves, and so numerous their atiluents, that no 
 courtry in Europe is better supplied with water communi- 
 cation. The climate of Belgium bears a considerable resem- 
 bliince to that of the same latitudes in England. Though 
 subject to svidden change, it is. on the whole, temperate and 
 agreeable. The only parts of the country which can be cou- 
 siaered unhealthy are the low flats which prevail in Flan- 
 ders, and the polders or rich alluvi.al tracts which have been 
 
 * It may be proper to observe that French is spoken by the 
 educated Belgians generally. The l.ingnage of the lower classes 
 8, for the most part, either Flemish, or a Corrupt dialect of the 
 French. 
 
 pained from the rivers by embankment, chiefly in Antwerp. 
 There agues, and other diseases engendered by a humid and 
 sluggish atmosphere, are prevalent. 
 
 Woods and fhrestii. — Nearly one-fifth of the whole surface 
 of the kingdom is occupied by wood. Tlie distriliution of it, 
 however, is by no means equal; .and hence, while tjie two 
 Flanders and Antwerp fall much below the average amount, 
 Luxembourg and Namur rise far ahove it, and are very 
 densely wooded. These woods are the remains of the ni,- 
 cient forest of Ardennes, which C;csar describes as stretch- 
 ing far out into France from the banks of the Rhine. South 
 Brabant also possesses several fine forests; among others, 
 that of Soignies, with which the field of Waterloo has made 
 us familiar. In the other provinces, scarcely any thing de- 
 serving the name of forest is seen. Wood is distributed 
 over them in occiisional patches, and more frequently in the 
 form of hedgerow. The timber thus grown forms a well- 
 known feature in the rich rural landscapes which the old 
 B'lemish masters loved to paint. 
 
 Agriculture. — The greater part of the country is well 
 adapted for agricultural operations, and the inhabitants 
 have so h.appily availed themselves of their natural ad\an- 
 tages, that they early began, and in some respects still de- 
 serve to be regarded as the model farmers of Eurojje. In 
 the highlands traversed by the Ardennes, the climate is 
 ungenial, .and the soil so shallow and stony, as almost to 
 forbid the lalxir of the plough. Hero the occupants display 
 their skill, in turning the natural pastures of the district 
 to the best account. These produce a hardy breed of horses, 
 which, being admirably adapted for light cavalry, are largely 
 exported tn France for th t purpose, while vast herds of 
 swine are fed, almost at no expense, on the mast of the 
 forests. At the same time, no part of the surface is allowed 
 to lie waste. Where arable land occurs, it is carefully ap- 
 plied to its proper use. Even the vine has not Ijeen for- 
 gotten, and sunny slopes on which little else could have 
 l)een grown, have been made to yield a tolerable wine. In 
 the opposite extremity of Belgium, chiefly in the province 
 of Antwerp, and partly in that of Limbourg, occurs a va.st 
 expanse of mo(^rland waste, known by the nameof Campine, 
 of the most dreary ajipearance, a dead monotonous Hat, 
 composed for the most part of bai-ren sand, in which the 
 ordinary heaths and lidieiis will scarcely grow. The greater 
 part of this tnict si-ems destined to remain for ever in its 
 natural state; but whenever a patch of more promising ap- 
 pearance occurs, the hand of iudusti-y has been at work, 
 and cornfields and green pastures have become not unfre- 
 quent even in the Campine. Agricultural colonies have 
 been planted in different parts of the district, and by their 
 exertions a wondrous improvement has been made; and on 
 parts of this waste, some of the finest cattle of the countiy 
 are reared, and much dairy produce of excellent quality is 
 olitained. With the e.xception of the two districts now de- 
 scribed, there is no part of Belgium in which agricultxire 
 does not flourish; but the husbandry which has Ix'en so 
 much lauded, is seen in its greatest perfection in the two 
 Flanders. Its excellence is owing not to any superior know- 
 ledge of what may be called the theory of .agriculture, nor to 
 any remarkable ingenuity in the invention of implements, 
 but chiefly to an innate spirit of economy and industry — an 
 economy which carefully approprjat*'S every gain, however 
 small, and an industry which grudges no labor, however gre.at, 
 provided it is possible, by the application of it, to obtain au 
 additional amount of valu,able produce. In fact, the Flemish 
 hustandry partakes more of the nature of garden than of 
 field culture. In many of its operations horse labour is 
 employed. The plough and the harrow are in frequent re- 
 quisition; hut the implement on which the greatest de- 
 pendence is placed, is the earliest and simplest of all — the 
 spade. The following table of the provinces of Belgium ex- 
 hibits their area, extent under cultivation, and population, 
 January 1, 1849; — 
 
 Paov..,c.,. 
 
 Arcft in ao. 
 
 Cultivated. 
 
 Wood 
 
 Waste. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 699.778 
 
 394.792 
 
 80.601 
 
 186.618 
 
 413,R'4 
 
 Krahi\i)t (S.)... 
 
 810,938 
 
 671,504 
 
 10(i,175 
 
 3,117 
 
 711,332 
 
 Kl:»u.1eis, (W.) 
 
 79f<,916 
 
 669,219 
 
 72.S56 
 
 11,379 
 
 626,b47 
 
 Klandf's (E.).. 
 
 740.47-i 
 
 621,701 
 
 74,438 
 
 2,781 
 
 781,143 
 
 Hain.aiit 
 
 919.346 
 
 723,997 
 
 150,201 
 
 9.043 
 
 723.539 
 
 l.io-,. 
 
 7U.B18 
 
 51S..5,35 
 
 1.34,121 
 
 33.612 
 
 460,663 
 
 Limburg 
 
 596.048 
 
 381, 1»3 
 
 88,163 
 
 123.908 
 
 185.6.-1 
 
 Luxembourg... 
 
 1,W 1,009 
 
 371.6:16 
 
 343,577 
 
 343,256 
 
 187,978 
 
 •"■'i'""' 
 
 904,465 
 
 447,8-6 
 
 310,086 
 
 119,407 
 
 268,143 
 
 
 7,275,612 
 
 4,800,393 
 
 1,360,218 
 
 813,116 
 
 4,359,0;(0 
 
 It thus appears th.at about two-thirds of the whole kingdom 
 is under cultivation, and nearly eight-ninths profit.atly oc- 
 cupied, leaving only about one-ninth waste. In the more 
 favoured provincas, pai-ticularly those of .South Br.ihant, 
 the two Flanders, and Ilainaut. the quantity of waste is so 
 very small, that the whole surface may be regarded as one 
 vast garden. It is an error, however, to assert, as is usually 
 done, that Belgium raises more corn than it consumes. For 
 several years the import has considerably exceeded the ex- 
 
 19.5 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 j>i>rt. In 1S44, the import of wheat for home consumption 
 auiouuted to above 60.U00 quarters. One of the most pro- 
 fitable crops raised in Belj^um is flax. The value of this 
 crop in Flanders alone is estimated at one million and a 
 h;Uf sterling annually. Considerable attention has been 
 paid to the rearing of stock, and the breeds both of cattle 
 and horses are of a superior description. Throughout the 
 kingdom, the estimated number of horses is 250,000; of 
 cattle, 900,000; and of sheep, 753,000. 
 
 Mines. — The mineral riches of Belgium are great, and, 
 after agriculture, form the most important of her national 
 interests. They are almost entirely conlined to the four 
 provinces of llainaut, Liege, Namur, and Luxembourg, and 
 consist of lead, manganese, calamine or zinc, iron, and coal. 
 The lead is wrought to some extent at Vedrin, in Liege ; 
 but the quantity obtained forms only a small part of the 
 actual consumption. Manganese, well known for its im- 
 portant bleaching properties, is obtained both in Liege and 
 Jvamur. The principal field of calamine is at Liege. All 
 these minerals, however, are insignificant compared with 
 the iron and coal. The former has its seat in the country 
 between the Sambre and the Jleuse. and also in the province 
 of Liege. At present, the largest quantity of ore is raised 
 in that of Namur. The coalfield already described has au 
 area of iibove 500 sqiiare miles. The annual product exceeds 
 3,000,000 tons, and of these nearly two-thirds are obtained 
 in the province of llainaut. It forms the largest and most 
 valuable of all the Belgian exports. More than a half of the 
 whole cotil raised is taken by France. Besides minerals, pro- 
 perly so called, Belgivun is abundantly supplied with build- 
 ing and paving stone, limestone, roofing slate, and marble. 
 Of the last, the black marble of Dinant is the most celebrated. 
 
 Manufacturer. — The industrial products of Belgium are 
 very numerous, and the superiority of many of them to 
 those of most other countries, is confessed. The fine linens 
 of Flanders, and lace of South Brabant, are of world-wide 
 reputation. Scarcely less celebi-ated are the cai-pets and por- 
 celain of Tournay, the cloth of Verviers, the carriages of 
 Brussels, the cutlery of Namur, the extensive foundries, 
 machine-works, and other iron establishments of Liege. 
 The cotton manufacture, confined chiefly to Flanders and 
 the province of Antwerp, engrosses a capital of 2,500,000^., 
 and gives employment to more than 12,000 persons. 
 
 Trade and Commerce. — The geographical position, the ad- 
 mirable facilities of transport> and the indefatigable industry 
 of the inhabitants, early combined to place Belgium at the 
 very head of the trading countries of Europe. The gradual 
 rise of competitors still more highly favored, has deprived 
 her of this pre-eminence; but her trade is still of great im- 
 portance, and within recent years has made a rapid advance. 
 Her coal and iron, and the numerous products of her manu- 
 factures, furnish in themselves the materials of extensive 
 traffic; while the possession of one of the best harbors in 
 the world, situated on a magnificent river, which directly, 
 or by canals, stretches its arms into every part of the king- 
 dom, and now made accessible by a system of railways with 
 every kingdom of Central Europe, promises to make it the 
 seat of a transit trade even more important than that which 
 it monopolized during the Middle Ages. The limited extent 
 of the seacoast, on which alone mariners can he reared, 
 seems to make it impossible for Belgium ever to take high 
 rank as a naval power; but if others must be the sea- 
 carriers, she certainly bids fair to become the greatest land- 
 carrier of the world. This she owes chiefly to the admirable 
 system of railways, which originated in a law passed 
 March 1, 1834, and were executed by the government. 
 This system has it centre at Mechlin, from which a line 
 proceeds N. to Antwerp; another W. to Ostend; another 
 S.W. throvigh Mons, and on to the Northern Kailway of 
 France, which communicates directly with Paris ; and an- 
 other S.E. to Liege, and on into Prussia, where it first com- 
 municates with the Rhine at Cologne, and thence by that 
 river, and by rail, gains access both E. and S. to all the 
 countries of Central Europe. In addition to these great 
 trunks, one important branch connects Liege with Namur 
 and Mons; and another from Antwerp, after crossing the 
 W. trunk at Ghent, passes Courtrai and proceeds directly to 
 Lille. 
 
 Shipping Entered and Cleared at the Pnrti of Belgium in the 
 year 1852. 
 
 Kalion. 
 
 Entered. 
 
 Cl-EAKED. 1 
 
 Vcs'ls. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 27,572 
 7,305 
 21,381 
 14,372 
 131.infi 
 19.053 
 78.0K7 
 48.976 
 64,3I>1 
 
 Men. 
 
 25.718 
 7,282 
 2l,33fi 
 14.020 
 89.032 
 15.970 
 67,011 
 48,679 
 63,028 
 
 Ves'ls. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Swedish 
 
 l)»ui»h 
 
 152 
 82 
 91 
 
 no 
 
 Ml 
 225 
 452 
 72 
 357 
 
 149 
 
 as 
 
 90 
 142 
 814 
 235 
 462 
 
 69 
 372 
 
 2416 
 
 27,608 
 7,242 
 21,533 
 14,131 
 132,266 
 20.005 
 81,077 
 47,423 
 65,424 
 
 4.511 
 2.831 
 6,042 
 B.iail 
 58.470 
 12.821 
 40,764 
 16,349 
 24,023 
 
 Prussian 
 
 Nelherlandisli .. 
 liritisli 
 
 
 
 United States... 
 Otlier Countries. 
 
 1375 
 
 412,615 
 
 352,317 
 
 416,709 
 
 173.672 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 Total Valtie of the Imports and Exports of Belgium far 1854 
 
 S weden and Norway 
 
 Denmark 
 
 German Zollverein 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Great Britain ; 
 
 F' ranee 
 
 Portugal 
 
 S \vi tzerland 
 
 Kini;doni of Naples 
 
 British India, Singapore, 
 
 and China 
 
 Africa 
 
 United States 
 
 Cuba and Porto Rico 
 
 Havti and Venezuela 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Arijentiiie Republic 
 
 Chili and Peru 
 
 Spain 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 Total 857,329,200 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $4,223,000 
 
 454,000 
 
 222,000 
 
 4,701,SOO 
 
 8,705,000 
 
 11,375,000 
 
 10,257.000 
 
 243,800 
 
 227.200 
 
 298,500 
 
 284.400 
 8.39,600 
 
 6,8*8,000 
 
 2,548,000 
 
 1,162,600 
 
 1.937,600 
 
 1,203,000 
 
 471,400 
 
 550.800 
 
 736,500 
 
 Exports. 
 
 SS59.800 
 
 212,000 
 
 212,200 
 
 8.645,200 
 
 8,875,600 
 
 8,964,600 
 
 17,771.600 
 
 290,000 
 
 562,200 
 
 222,800 
 
 171,600 
 112,600 
 
 3,015,400 
 6--6.800 
 19,400 
 984,000 
 290,400 
 725,600 
 192,400 
 
 4,710,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 $5,082,800 
 
 666,000 
 
 434,200 
 
 1.3,347.000 
 
 17,580,600 
 
 20..339,600 
 
 28,028,600 
 
 533,800 
 
 789.400 
 
 521,300 
 
 456,000 
 952,200 
 9,903,400 
 3,174,800 
 1,182.000 
 2,921,600 
 1,4<I3,400 
 1,197,000 
 743.200 
 5,446,500 
 
 357,464,200 ^114,793,400 
 
 The total value of imports in 18ii was $61,500,000, and 
 of exports, 556,700,000. 
 
 People,. — The Belgian population is the densest in Europe, 
 and is composed of two distinct races — Flemish, who are of 
 German, and Walloons, who are of I'rench extraction. The 
 former, by far the more numerous, have their principal lo- 
 cality in Flanders; but also prevail throughout Antwerp, 
 Limbourg, and part of South Brabant. The latter are found 
 chiefly in llainaut, Liege, Namur, and part of Luxembourg. 
 The language of each corresponds with their origin — the 
 Flemings speaking a dialect of German, and the Ayalloons a 
 dialect, or, rather, corruption of French, with a considerable 
 infu.sion of words and phrases from Spanish and other lan- 
 guages. This distinct mixture of races, and the repeated 
 changes of masters to which they have been subjected, have 
 necessarily been very unfavorable to the formation of a na- 
 tion.al character. Still, in some leading features, there is a 
 remarkable uniformity in the population. Though the posi- 
 tion of the country between France and Germany has made 
 it the battle-field of Europe, the inhabitants show few warlike 
 tendencies, and are unwearied in pursuing the arts of peace. 
 Hostile armies have frequently met upon their soil to de- 
 cide the fate of kingdoms, carrying devastation into every 
 quarter; but no sooner have they withdrawn, than the la 
 bors of the field and the workshop have been quietly re- 
 sumed, and the very traces of devastation been, in a few 
 years, effaced. 
 
 Government. — The government is a constitutional mo- 
 narchy, based on the broadest principles of rational liberty. 
 The sovereignty is hereditary, except in failure of heirs 
 male ; the senate and the hoxise of representatives are both 
 elected by the people. Total registered electors in 1842, 
 49.313. Punishment of death has been abolished ; universal 
 toleration, freedom of the press, and trial by juiT are esta- 
 blished. The popuLation is almost wholly Konian Catholic; 
 but the clergy of all sects are supported by the state. The 
 chief divisions of the territory are into 9 provinces, each of 
 which is subdivided into arrondissements administratifs, and 
 arrmidissements judiciaires; subdivided again respectively 
 into cantons de milice and cantons de justice de paix. Each 
 canton is compo.sed of several communes, of which the sum 
 total throughout the kingdom is 2514. Each province has 
 its governor, a council of from 50 to 70 members, and a 
 court of assize; and in most of the large manufacturing 
 towns is now a council des prudhommes. Each arrondisse- 
 ment has a court of primary jurisdiction, and each canton 
 a police tribunal. Courts of appeal are established in Brus- 
 sels, Ghent, and Liege; and the whole are subordinate to a 
 court of cas.sation in Brussels. The kingdom has 4 uni- 
 versities, the seats of which are Ghent, Liege, Louvain, and 
 Brussels; in most of the cities are' diocesan seminaries; in 
 many high schools, termed gymnasia ; and Belgimn is re- 
 markable for her public libraries, 14 in number. The com- 
 pulsory system of education in force under the Dutch rule 
 was abolished by the Belgians in 1830, and the amount of 
 public instruction is much less than previously; but in 
 e;ich commune is a primary school. Each commune has also 
 its bureau of charity for the permanent relief of the poor, 
 and numerous hospitals and asylums are established in the 
 principal cities and towns. Belgium has 22 fortified places ; 
 the armed force in 1S47 amounted to 180,000 men, of whom 
 90,000 belonged to the troops of the line, and 90.000 to the 
 civic or Imrgher guard. The navy of Belgium is confined 
 to a few steamers and small flotilla of sun-lxiats. The public 
 revenue in 1854, was $25,000,000, expenditure, $25,900,000, 
 public debt, $130,700,000. 
 
 History. — The first mention of the country is made hy 
 Julius Ca?sar, who includes it in one of the three divisions 
 of Gaul, and descrilies its inhabitants as particularly dis- 
 tinguished for valour. It continued under lloman domina- 
 tion till A. D. 409, when it became part of the empire of the 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 Franks; which, under Clovis, extended from the Rhine to 
 the I/)ire. On the death of Clovis. in nil, it was divided 
 among his sons, and firmed f >ur separate kinjrdoms. Ulti- 
 mately, alx)ut A. D. 800, they all merired in the empire of 
 Charlemagne. In the partition which took place on his 
 death, almost the whole of modern Belfriuni fell to his son 
 Lothuire. It was afterwards subdivided into several duchies, 
 which, havinff been gradually absorbt'd by that of lirabant, 
 passed with it to the house of Burfrundy. in 1406, and con- 
 tinued with it till 1477, when, by the marriajre of Mary, 
 heiress of Charles the Bold, it became united to Austria; 
 and shortly after formed part of the extensive dominions of 
 the Kmperor Charles V. Through him, Belgium was united 
 to the Spanish monarchy. On the peace of 1714, it was 
 ceded to Austria ; which maintained its possession till 1791, 
 when the armies of the French republic overran the coun- 
 try, and portioned it out into nine departments, as part and 
 parcel of France. On the downfall of Napoleon, the allies 
 united Belgium and Holland, under the king of the latter, 
 into the kingdom of the Netherlands. Tiie union was 
 never harmonious, and proved short-lived. Taking advan- 
 tage of the agitation caused by the expulsion of the Bour- 
 bons from France, in 1830, the Belgians revolt<>d. and ob- 
 tained a recognition of their independence. They have 
 since enjoyed great prosperity under the enlightened and 
 constitutional government of their own king, Leopold I. 
 
 BKl.tilU.M, a township of O/.aukeu CO., Wisconsin, on 
 Lake jri(;liigan. I'op. i2'23. 
 
 BEIjGOROD, bfitgo-rod', a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of, and 72 miles S. of Koorsk, on the Donets. Pop. 
 10,318. It is divided into an old and a new town, is an 
 archljishop's see. and has numerous churches, &c., and manu- 
 Cictories of leather. 
 
 BKLdUADK, beli^rid'. (anc. Slngid%Jnumr,Xxir)s..J}il-gr(i,i(}, 
 bil-grdd',) an important fortified city of Servia, on the rK'ht 
 bank of the Danulie, at the confluence of the Save, 44 miles 
 S.K. of Petenvardein ; lat. 44° 47' 57" N.; Ion. 20° 28' 14" K. 
 Pop. 30.000. It is the largest and best built city of Servia. and 
 one of the strongest pl.ices in Europe, being garrisoned by 
 6000 Turks. The citadel, occupied by the Turkish pasha 
 and troops, is on the tongue of land betwom the rivers, be- 
 hind which rises the city proper, with antique-looking Ger- 
 man edifices, a new cathedrtU. a palace, and barracks. The 
 Turkish quarter, with tlie old palace of Prince Eugene, 
 slojjes down to the Danube; the Servian quiirter, with the 
 custom-house and consular residence, borders on the Save, 
 which is lined by a good quay and rows of modem houses. 
 Belgrade had formerly quite an oriental appearance, but it 
 is becoming abandoned by wealthy Turks ; chiirches are 
 superseding mosques : new buildings are being constructe<i 
 In the German fashion: and the bazaars have now glazefl 
 shop-windows. The streets, however, remain iilthy, ill- 
 paved, and not lighted, and the public baths and inns are 
 wretched. It has manufactories of arms, carpets, silk goods, 
 cutlery, and saddlery; with a new lyceum, and several 
 schools. It has an excellent port, an incre."».«ing general 
 trade, and is the cntrefiot of commerce between Turkey and 
 Austria, and the seat of the prini'ipal .authorities of Servia. 
 Belgrade was at one time strongly fortified, and might still 
 be rendered almost impregnable: but its works have been 
 neglected, and are now rapidly decaying. 
 
 The military experiences of Belgrade have rendered it 
 famous in history. Being the key of Hungary, it was long 
 an object of fierce contention between the Austrians and the 
 Turks. It was besieged by the latter in 1456; and again, 
 with more success, in 1522, from which time it was held by 
 them till 16S8, when it was retaken by the Elector of Ba- 
 varia. Two years afterward, it was again captured by the 
 Turks. In 1717 it was besieged by Prince Eugene, with an 
 army of 90,000 men. After a desperate conflict between tiie 
 contending armies, the Turks were defeated, with a loss of 
 13,000 killed, 5000 wounded, and 3000 prisoner.s— the Aus- 
 trians having only 3000 killed and 4500 wounded. In 
 1739, the Turks made another vain attempt to retake Bel- 
 grade, but came, soon after, into possession of it by treaty, 
 retaining it till 1789, when it w:is taken by the Austrians, 
 who restored it to the Turks in 1791 ; since which time it 
 has remained in their possession, except for a short time 
 during the Servian insurrection, when (1S13) its suburbs 
 were burned, and its fortifications partly destroyed. 
 
 BELGRADK, a town of European Turkey,Room-Elee, 13 
 miles N. of Constantinople, and where many opulent inha- 
 bitants of that city have country houses. 
 
 BKL^GHADEy, a post-township of Kennehiec co., Maine, on 
 the .\ndroscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, 67 miles N.N.E. of 
 Portland. It has an academy, and much fine fruit. Pop. 1592. 
 
 BELGlt.iDE, a small village of Newton en.. Texas, on the 
 W. bank of the Sabine River, about 55 miles N. by E. of 
 Sabine City. 
 
 BELGRADE MILLS, a post-village in Kennebec co., 
 Maine, about 16 mih^s N.W. of Augusta. 
 
 BKLaRAM,b6l-gram',orBAL.A.GRAME, a town of India, 
 dominion of Oude, 58 miles N.W. of Lucknow. It is a 
 'own of some antiquity, but greatly fallen off. It has de- 
 layed buildings in the best style of Mogul architecture. 
 
 BEL/GRAYE, a parish of England, co, of Leicest*'T. Tl 
 gives the title of viscount to the Marquis of W'estmins*^er. 
 
 BELMIA'VEN, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Had- 
 dington. It gives the title of ijaron toa branch of the IlHmll 
 ton family. 
 
 BELHKl/VIE, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Aber- 
 
 BELICI, bi/le-che. or BELTCE, bAle-chA, ;ane. //vp'.w*, 
 or Hijpha,) a river in the W. of Sicily, rises 9 mile^ SL of 
 Palermo, flows S.S.W^., and entt^rs the Mediterrant>*u 15 
 miles N.W. of Sciacca. liOngth about 60 miles. 
 
 BELIDA, a town of Africa, Algeria. See BliriAn. 
 
 BELIN, b«>h-llN°', a village of France, department of 
 Gironde, 25 miles S.S,'SV'. of Bordeaux. Pop, of comra'ine, 
 in 185?, 154.5. 
 
 BELITZ or BEELITZ. Wlits. a fortified town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, and 12 miles S.S.W. of Potsdam. 
 Pop. 2:5.50, partly engaged in linen manufactures. 
 
 BELIZE. See Balizf.. 
 
 BELK, b^lk. or HU.M'MOCK ISLAND, an island in the 
 Malay Archipelago, one of the Serangani Islands, 2.'? niilef" 
 S. of Serangani Point, island of Mindanao; lat. 5°24'N,; 
 Ion. 12r)0 21' E. 
 
 BEL'KN.^l*, a county in the S.E. central part of New Hamp- 
 shire, hns an area of al»out 390 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Pemigewasset. and on the S. by the Win- 
 nlpiseogee Itiver, the two principal branches of the Merri- 
 mack, and Winnipiseogee Lake forming the greater part of 
 its north-eastern bound.ary. It contains numerous lakes 
 and ponds, and many fine mill-streams. The surface is 
 rough and sometimes rocky, but the .soil generally fertile. 
 The railroad connecting Concord and Warren passes through 
 the W. end of this county, and it is partly intersected by 
 that connecting Dover with Alton. Capital, Gilford. Pop. 
 18,549. 
 
 BELL, a county in the central part of Texas, has an area 
 of 850 square miles. It is traversed by the Leon River and 
 Lampasas Creek, which unite nt^ir the county seat to form 
 Little River. The surface is uneven. The land is adapted 
 to pasturage. Bell county was formed since the census of 
 1850 wiis taken. Capital, Belton. Pop. 4799. 
 
 BEl/L, a township of Clciirfleld co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 659. 
 
 BI-;LL, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 BELL.\. li^Kll. a town of Naples, province of Basillcata, 14 
 miles S.SAV. of Melfi. Pop. 500t\ 
 
 BEr>LAC, i)f ridk', a town of France, department of Haute- 
 A'ienne, 2:5 miles N.N.W. of Limoges. Pop. in 1851, 3788, 
 who manufacture coarse woollens and paper. 
 
 BELLAGHY, b?11a-hee. a village of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Londonderry. 6 miles N.N.E. of Magherafelt. Pop. 7:19. 
 
 BELL.\GHY, a village of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Sligo, 
 7 miles N.E. of Swineford. Pop. 292. 
 
 BELLAGIO, b^I-ld/jo, (L. Blht'eiif.) a small town of 
 Northern Italy, 16 mili^s N.N.E. of Como, at the extremity of 
 the promontory which divides the lakes of Como and I/ecco. 
 It has numei-ous rich villas and gardens, and commands ex- 
 tensive prospects. 
 
 BELL AIH, Illinois. See Belair. 
 
 BELL AIR, a post-village in Richmond co., Georgia, on 
 the Georgia liailroad. about 12 miles W. by S. of Augusta. 
 
 BELL AIR, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, about 
 40 miles W.N.W. of .Tefferson City. 
 
 BELLAIRE, Wl'air', or BELL AIR, a post-village of Bel- 
 mont co.,Ohio, on the Ohio River, al)Out 5 miles below Wheu'- 
 ing. It is tlie E. terminus of the Central R,R. Pop. 1466. 
 
 BELLA ISOL.V. See Borromean I.«i.es. 
 
 BELLAMY'S (bM'a-m(!"z) MILLS, a sm.all post-village of 
 Can.ada West, co. of Lanark, situated on Indian Creek, about 
 75 miles N. by E. of Kingston. 
 
 BELL.\NO, bJl-ld'no, a village of Lombardy. government 
 of Mil.an. 14 miles N.N.W. of Lecco. at the mouth of the 
 torrent Pioverna, on which is a cascade called the Orridu dt 
 Bi'Ufiim. OR'Rfe-do dee b^l-ld'no. 
 
 BELLARY, bM-lah'ree. one of the Balaghaut ceded dis- 
 tricts of British India, presidency of Madras, having oil the 
 E. Cuddapah, on the W. the Bombay district, Darwar, on 
 the N. the Niz.am's dominion, and on the S. Mysore. 
 
 BELL.VRY, citpital of the above district, and headquarters 
 of a division of the Madras army, 266 miles N.W. of Madras. 
 It has a square fort on a rocky height ; tielow which is the 
 town, with a good bazaiir, some barracks, and neat military 
 cantonments. 
 
 BELL.\RY, a decayed town, presidency of Bengal, Gur- 
 rah-Mundlah district, lat, 23° 48' N.; Ion. 80° 20' E, It was 
 formerly extensive, and ne.ar it are some fine Hindoo temples 
 
 BELL.4S, bJl'lds, a town of Portugal, province of Estrem.v 
 dura, 8 miles N.W. of Lisbon, on the Ancelva, with mineral 
 baths, and a fine castle. Pop. 4000. 
 
 BELL'BKOOK, a post-vill.age of Greene CO.. Ohio, 70 miles 
 W.S.W. of Columbus, contains several churches and stores. 
 Pop. near 350. 
 
 BELiyiJUCKLE. a post-oflRce of Bedford co., Tennessee 
 
 BELLE AIR, bM-air'. a post-villaire of Clay co.. Indiana. 
 
 BELLE-ALLIANCE, La, Id bMl^arie-ftxss'. a farm-house, 
 of Belgium, in the field of Waterloo, on the right side of the 
 
 197 
 
BEL 
 
 highroad to Ernssels and about 2 miles S. of Mont St. 
 Jtdn. Ue^H Napoleon marshalled his guards for their last 
 effort at AVaterloo, and here Wellington and Bltieher met 
 after The battle was gained. 
 
 15E1.LEAU, bens', a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 15EIjLE CENTKE. a post-village of Logan CO., Ohio, on the 
 Mad River and Lake Erie lUulroad, about 60 miles N.W. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 BELLECHASSE, bSrahJss', a county in the eastern part 
 of Canada East, bordering on the river St. Lawrence on the 
 N.W., and on the state of Maine, United States, on the S.E., 
 has an area of 1083 square miles. The chief staples are 
 niaple-,5ugar, flax, hay, and oats ; some attention is also paid 
 to the manufacture of woollen goods and leather. Chief 
 town, Berthier-en-bas. Pop. 17,982. 
 
 BEL^LEEK', a parish and village of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 ■Fermanagh, on the Erne, here crossed by a bridge, 4 miles 
 E.S.E. of Ballyshannon. Pop. 2875, of whom 251 are in the 
 village. 
 
 BELLE-FONTAIXE, bJrfixo-tin', a village of France, 
 department of Vosges, 10 miles S. of Epinal. Pop. of com- 
 mune, (1S52,) 2155. It has iron-works, and manufactories of 
 coarse cutlery. 
 
 BELLE-FONTAINE, a hamlet of Switzerland, santon of 
 Berne, on the Doubs, with extensive iron-works. 
 
 BELLEFONTAINE, bM-fon'tin, a post-office of Choctaw 
 00.. Mississippi, 
 
 BELLEFONTAINE, (i. e. '-fine fountain,") a flourishing 
 post-vill.age of Lake township, and capital of Logan co., Ohio, 
 on the Sandusky Dayton and Cincinnati Kailroad, where 
 it is ciossed by tlie Bellefontaine liailroad, 116 miles N.N. 
 E. of Cincinnati, and 55 miles N.W. of Columbus. It is 
 surrounded by a rich, thickly-settled country, has an ex- 
 tensive produce trade, and is rapidly increasing. In 1851, 
 fifty new bviildings were erected, and it then contained, be- 
 sides several churches, two steam mills, one bellows foundry, 
 four large warehouses, Ac. The name is derived ft'om the 
 fine springs in the vicinity. Two newspapers are published 
 here. Laid out in 1820. Pop. 2599. 
 
 BELLEFONTAINE, a village of Jay co., Indiana, 7 miles 
 E. of Portland. 
 
 BELLEFONTAINE, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 about lo miles N. of St. Louis. 
 
 BELLEFONTAINE, a thriving post-village of Mahaska 
 CO., Iowa, on the Des Moines lUver, 11 miles W. of Oskaloosa, 
 and SO miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 BELLEFONTE, bJlYonf , a postrhorough of Spring town- 
 ship, and capital of Centre co., Pennsylvania, on Spring 
 Creek, 86 miles N.W. of Ilan-isburg, and 177 from Washing- 
 ton. It has a beautiful situation, near the foot of the Bald 
 Eagle Mountain, and is surrounded by hills. The name is 
 derived from a large spring, from which water is distributed 
 in pipes through all parts of the town. Spring Creek, a 
 rapid and permanent stream, affords abundant water-power, 
 which is employed in a variety of manufactures. Large 
 quantities of iron and grain are exported from Bellefonte 
 by means of a canal which extends to the Susquehannah 
 liiver. The town contains two large axe factories, two iron 
 foundries, a national bank, and one or two newspaper offices. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1179; in 1860, 1477. 
 
 BELLEFONTE. a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Ala- 
 bama, near the W. bank of Tennessee Kiver, 166 miles N. 
 E. of Tuscaloosa. It contains several churches and stores. 
 
 BELLEFONTE, a post-village of Pulaski co., Missouri, 
 about 60 miles S. by W. of Jeffersoa City. 
 
 BELLE FOUNT, bSl fflwnt, a small village of Washington 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 BELLEFOUNTAIN, bSl-fownt/in, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 BELLEGARBE, bJrgaud', a hamlet of France, department 
 of Pyrenees-Orientales, on the Spanish frontier, 17 miles S. of 
 Perpignan, with an important citadel built by Louis XIV. 
 
 BELLEGAKDE, a hamlet of France, department of Gard, 
 arrondissment of Nlmes. Pop. of commune, (1852,) 2167. 
 
 BELLEGAKDE, PONT DE, pi^" deh bJirgaRd'. a hamlet 
 of France, department of Ain, ai-ro'ndissment of Nantua, 
 with a custom-house. Near it is the celebrated lirte du 
 lth6)U. 
 
 BELLEGHEM, bMleh-nSm', a town of Belgium, West 
 Flanders, 3 miles S. of Courtrai; with breweries, and oil- 
 Jiills, and some trade in flax and thread. Pop. 32.3.3. 
 
 BELLE IIA'VEN, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia. 
 
 BELLE ISLE, or BKLLISLE, bi^l-Iie/, (Straits of) one of 
 the outlets of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between the coasts 
 of Labrador and Newfoundland, about lat. 52° N. Its length 
 US about SO miles, and its breadth 12 miles. Its navigation is 
 considered unsafe, and it is therefore but little frequented. 
 
 BELLEISLE, an island of British North America, in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance of the Strait of Belle Isle, 
 between Labrador and the northern extremity of Newfound- 
 land. Lat. of N. point 52° 1'16"N.; Ion. 55° 19' 4" W. 
 Wlieat is said to ripen well on it, and it yields potatoes and 
 other vegetables. 
 
 BELLE ISLE, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 
 137 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 198 
 
 BEL 
 
 BELLEISLE-EN-^IER, blreel'8N°-maiR, an isle of Franc^ 
 department of Morbihan, in the Atlantic, 8 miles S. of Qm- 
 berou Point. Length about 11 miles; greatest breadth 6 
 miles. Pop. in 1851, 8553. mostly engaged in the pilchard 
 fishery. The island is noted for its excellent wheat, and 
 its fine breed of dravight horses. It is nearly surrounded by 
 rocks, and has a good anchorage and several small ports. 
 The island forms a canton, and is defended by a citadel. 
 It was taken by the English in 1761, and held by them till 
 1763. 
 
 BELLEISLE-EN-TERRE, bJireel'eNO-taiR, a small town, 
 of France, department of Cotes-du-Nord, 10 miles West cf 
 Guingamp. Pop. in 1851. 1740. 
 
 BELLEM, bel'lJm, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, arrondissement, and lOj miles N. W. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 1630. 
 
 BELLEMONT, bell-mont/, a pos1>-village of Fayetta co., 
 Tennessee, about 40 miles N. E. of Memphis, has one or 
 two stores. 
 
 BELLEMONTE, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BELLEMONTE. a post-office of St. Louis co.. Missouri. 
 
 BELLEME, (Belleme,) BELLESME, bSriJm>, orbjri.iim', 
 a town of France, department of Orne, near the forest of Bel- 
 leme, 22 miles E.S.E. of Alentjon. Pop. of commune, 3241. 
 It has manufactures of coarse linen and cottons. 
 
 BELLE OMBRE, bell ombr, a post-office of Ballard CO., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 BELLE PL.ilN. a village of Clarke co., Missouri, about 
 20 miles W.S.W. of Keokuk. 
 
 BELLE POINT, a post^village of Delaware CO.. Ohio, on 
 the Scioto River, about 24 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 BELLEPOINT, a post-office of Boone co., Iowa. 
 
 BELLE PORT, a postrvillage of Suffolk co., Long Island, 
 New York, near Fireplace Bav, 210 miles S.S.E. of .\lbanv. 
 
 BELLE PRAIRIE, bSll pri/ree, a postoffice of Hamilton 
 CO., Illinois, 
 
 BELLE RIVER, a small stre.am of Michigan, rises in 
 Lapeer county, and enters the St. Clair River at Newport. 
 
 BELLE Kl'Vl^J, a post-office of St. Clair co., Michigan. 
 
 BELLE RIVIERE, bMl-reeVe-air', a village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Two Mountain, .33 miles N.W. of Montreal. 
 
 BELLEVALE. See Bellvau:. 
 
 BELLE VERNON, hU\ ver'non, a post-village of Fayett* 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Monongahela 
 Kiver. about 28 miles S. by E. of I'ittsburg. 
 
 BELLE VERNON, a post-village of w'yandott Co., Ohio, 
 about 50 miles S.W. of Sandusky City. 
 
 BELLEVIEW, bjlfvu'. a village of Jefferson co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, 5 miles S. of Brookville, the county seat, contains 
 2 stores and a few dwellings. 
 
 BELLEVIEW, a village of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 28 miles E.N.E. of llarrisburg, has about 30 houses. 
 
 BELLEVIEW, a post-viUage of Talbot CO., Georgia, 60 
 miles W. of Macon. 
 
 BELLEA'IEW, a post-village, capital of Bossier parish, 
 Louisiana, is situated about 20 miles N.E. of Shrevepoi't, 
 and 1 mile S.E. of Lake Bodcau. 
 
 BELLEVIEW, a post-office of Rush CO., Texas. 
 
 BEIjLEVIEW. a post-village of Christian co., Kentucky, 
 10 miles from Ilopkiusville, the county seat, has 1 church 
 and 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 BELLEVIEW, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, about 
 
 2 miles E. of the Mississippi River. 
 
 BELLEVIEW, a township in AVashington co., MissourL 
 Pop. 1451. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, bJllVeel', a village of France, department 
 of Seine, forming a suburb of Paris, and enclosed by new 
 fortifications. Pop. of commune in 1852, 34,915. It stands 
 on an eminence, interspersed with villas and public gar- 
 dens, and has manufiictories of cashmeres, chemical products, 
 soap and metals. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a town of France, department of Rhone, 
 8 miles N. of Villefranche. Pop. of commune. (1862,) .3070. 
 
 BliLLEVlLLE, bSll'vil, a post-village of Jefferson co., 
 New York, on the Sackett's HaHxir and Ellisburg Railroad, 
 170 miles N.W, of Albany, has an academy, several stores, 
 and mills. 
 
 BEIjLEVILLE, bSlI'vil, a thriving post-village and town- 
 ship of Essex co.. New Jersey, on the riglit bank of the Pas- 
 saic River, 3 miles above Newark, and 10 miles W. by N. of 
 New York. ItcontainschurchesfortheEpi.seopali.ins, Metho- 
 dists. Reformed Dutch, and Catholics. It has several manu- 
 factories, and is a place of active business. Pop. of the Tillage 
 in 186(1, estimated at 1800; of the township iu 186U, 3969^ 
 
 BKLLEVILLE. a small post-village of .Alifflin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 8 miles W. by N. from Lowistown. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-office of Wood co., Virgini.a. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a postrvillage of Hamilton co., Florida, on 
 the Withlacoochee Itiver, 90 miles E. from Tallahassee, ha*' 
 
 3 stores and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Conecuh co,, Alabama, 
 10 miles N,W, from Sparta, the county seat, contjiins 3 
 churches. 1 school, and 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-village, capital of AusMn a , Texat- 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 a'bont 110 mUes 'E.S.E. from Austin City, and ICO miles in 
 a (tirfct line N.W. from (ialveston. 
 
 BKLl^KVILLE, a village in- Desha co., Arl^ansas, on the 
 8. side of Arkansas River, about 8 miles S.E. from Arkansas 
 post. 
 
 BELLKVILLE, a village of Dickson co., Tennessee, on 
 Hie It ft 1 nnk of Cumberlaird lUver, at the mouth of llar- 
 petli liivcr, about 2S miles N.W. from Xashvillo. 
 
 ISKLLKVILLK, a post-offlce of Roane CO., Tennes.see. 
 
 BELIjKVILLK, a thriving post-village of Richl.and CO., 
 Oliio, on the railroad between Mansfield and Kewark, 10 
 miU'S S. from the former, and 58 mile.s N.X.E. from Colum- 
 bus. A tiirk of Mohiccan River flows through the place. 
 Pop. above 500. 
 
 BI;lLEVILLE, a post-offico of Wayne co., Michigan. 
 
 BI'ILLEAILLE, a tiourishiiig po.st-villago of Hendricks 
 CO., Indiana, on the National lioad. 19 miles W.P.W. from 
 Indianapolis. The Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad 
 passes near it. Pop, 294. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a flourishing citj', capital of St. Clair co., 
 niinoi.?, is pleasantly situated on higii ground, 110 miles 
 S. from .Springfield, and 1-1 miles S.E. from 8t. Louis. It is 
 a place of much activity in trade .and manufactures, and is 
 rapidly increa.'iiug in population. The surrounding country 
 is very productive, and comparatively populous. The town 
 Is supplied with excellent « ater, and has beds of stone coal, 
 which are said to extend 30 feet below the surfiice. Belle- 
 ville contains a handiioine coiirt-liouse, 7 churches, 2 banks.a 
 convent lor tlie instruction of young ladies, 4 fiouring-mills, 
 7 breweries, 2 distilleries. 2 foundries, 1 woollen factory, and 
 5 newspaper offices. Population in ISCl. estimated at 10,000. 
 
 BELLEA'ILLK, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a county-town in the county of Hastings, 
 Canada West, is situated on the Bay of Quinte. 50 miles 
 W. from Kingston. Here are agencies for the Bank of 
 Montreal, the Commercial Bank, and several fire and life 
 assurance companies. The town contains, besides the 
 county buildings, numerous stores, several printing-offlw^s, 
 from which 2 newspapers are issued, 3 or 4 foundries, an 
 axe factory, and several mechanic shops. Pop. alxiut 4000. 
 
 BELLEY. hiVW, (anc. Brl'lica. BiWcum, and Bt-IH'cium,) 
 a town of France, department of Ain, near the Rhone, 39 
 miles E. from Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 4517. It is the seat of 
 a bishopric, has a fine church, and was formerly fortified. 
 In its vicinity are the best lithographic stones in France. 
 It has manufactures of muslins, and trade in Gruy^re 
 cheese. Belley served as a place of arms to Cwsar against 
 the .\llobroges. Alaric burned it in 390. It was possessed 
 In the Middle Ages by the Dukes of Savoy, and was ceded 
 to Fiance in 1601. 
 
 BKLLEVUE. bel-vew'. a village of Putnam co., Georgia, 
 18 miles N.N.W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 BELLEVUE, a fiourisiiin.: post-village of Lyme town- 
 ship, Huron Co., Ohio, on the Cleveland and Toledo Rail- 
 road, 45 miles S.E. of Toledo, 96 miles N. from Columbus, 
 and 15 from Lake Erie. It is one of tlie largest villages 
 in tlio county, and has a considerable trade. Population, 
 785. 
 
 BELLEVUE, a pos(>vil!age and township of Eaton co., 
 Michigan, on Battle Creek, 120 miles W. from Detroit, and 
 16 miles N. from Srarsliall, was formerly the county seat. 
 It contains several mills, propelled by water-power, and 
 has a valuable quarry of limestone in the vicinity. Pop. of 
 the township. 1551. 
 
 BELLEVUE, a tliriving post-village, capitid of Jackson 
 CO., Iowa, on the Mississippi Itiver, 24 miles below Dubuque, 
 and 13 miles S. from Galena. It is situated at the end of a 
 beautiful valley, on a bank elevated 30 feet above higli- 
 •water mark, and has one of the finest landings on the river, 
 formed by a gravelly beach, with sufficient depth of water. 
 A fine fitrming district lies back of tliis place, the produce 
 of which is shipped here by steamboats. Pop. 1064. 
 
 BELLI'AIK MILLS, a post-office of Stafford co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BELL'FONT', a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 16 miles 
 E. by 8. from New Lisbon. 
 
 BELLIIKIM. b^ll'hime, a market-town of Bavaria, about 
 5 miles from Germersheim, on the Spiegelbach. It is a 
 place of great anti(iuity, being noticed so early as the eighth 
 centurv. Pop. 2375. 
 
 BELLICA, BELLICUM, or BELLICIUM. See Beiiet. 
 
 BELLIE, b^l'lee, a maritime parish of Scotland, cos. of 
 Moray and Banff, on the Spey, 8 miles E. from Elgin. The 
 village of Fochabers, and Gordon Castle, a seat of the Duke 
 of Riclimond. are in this parish. 
 
 BELLIG AM, bJlHe-gim'. a town of Ceylon, province of the 
 ^anie name, situated on a small, but Iwautiful bay, between 
 Matura and Point de Galle. It contains many religious 
 •edifices, in one of which is a colossal figure of Boodha, in a 
 reclining posture. 
 
 BEL'LINGH AM. a market-town and pari.sh of England, 
 00, of Northumberland, on the Tyne, 14 miles N,N,W, from 
 Hexliam. Pop. in 1851, 1594. The lands belonged to the 
 Earl of Derwentwater; were forfeited to the crown in 1715, 
 and grart«d to Greenwich Hospital. 
 
 BF.LI/INGHAM. a post-township of Norfbri ao., Masis* 
 chusetts. 30 miles S.W. of Boston, intersected by brauchet 
 of Charles I!iver, affording good water-])Ower. It lias an aca- 
 demy and several boot and shot* manufactories. Pop. 131?. 
 
 I5!':i/LIN(!HAM HAY, a thriving settlement, capital of 
 Whotcom CO.. Washington Territory, on a fine b.sy of itt 
 own name, firmed by the Gulf of Georgia, about 125 miles 
 X. by E. of Olvnipia. 
 
 BELLIN(iSilAi:SEN (bMMings-hr.w'zen) T.^LAND. one of 
 the Soci(4v Islands, is in lat. 15° 48' S., ion. 154° 3))' W. 
 
 BELLI NGWOLDE, b^ning-wSI'deb. a frontier village in 
 the Netherlands, province, and 20 miles E.S.E. of GroningetL 
 Pop. 2784. 
 
 BELLINZONA, b^lMin-zo/ni (Ger, Bellem, WWfnts, anc. 
 Bilitio,) a town, one of the capitals of the Swiss canton of 
 Tidno, on the Ticino, here crossed by a long bridge, 10 
 miles N, of Lugano. Pop. 1520. It is well liuilt in the 
 Italian style, but its streets are narrow and dirty. It has 
 several castles; and is the seat of an active transit trade 
 betwi-en Switzerland and Italy. 
 
 BELL MONT, a post-offlce of Somerset co., Maryland. 
 
 BELLO'NA, a village of Yates co.. New York, near 
 the W. shore of Seneca Lake, about 185 miles W. by S. 
 from .\lbany. contains 1 chnrcn. and 8 stores. The Canau- 
 daigua and Elniira Railroad passes through it. Pop. about 
 250. 
 
 BELLOU- EN-HOC LME. Wrioo'to" hoolm. a village of 
 France, department of Ome, arrondissement of Domfront. 
 Pop. of commune. 2872. 
 
 BELLOl'-SCR-HUINE, biVloo'sUit-ween, a village of 
 France, department of Orne, arrondissement of Mortagne. 
 Poj). of commune. 937. 
 
 BELLO\'AR or BELOVAR, b?l-lo-vaR', a town and post- 
 station of Austria near the Croatian military frontier, on 
 the I!ell(.var, 12 miles S.E, of Kreutz. Pop. 2800. 
 
 BELLOWS F.ALLS. a post-village of Windham co.. Ver- 
 mont, on theW.side of Connecticut River. SO miles 8. by W. 
 from Montpelier. In the river, nearly opposite tliis place, 
 are numerous falls, having a descent of 44 feet in the 
 course of half a mile. Around these falls, a canal with 
 nine locks has been cut through the solid rock. A bridge, 
 erected in 1785, of alxjve ShO feet in length, crosses the 
 river at thi.s place. The village is situated at the inter- 
 section of the railroads connecting Boston with Montreal, 
 and New Haven with St. .lohnsbury. It is remarkable for 
 its beautiful scenery, and for its celebrated medicinal spring. 
 It contains a l)auk, 5 duirclies, 1 newspaper office, and a 
 saving institution, and lias some manufiictures. 
 
 BELL I'LAIN, a post-offlce of .Marshall eo.. Illinois. 
 
 BELL I'OINT. a post-office of Giles co., Virginia. 
 
 BELL PliAlltlE, bell-pnl'ree, a post-offlco of Benton oo., 
 Minnesota Territory. 
 
 BELI.rROCK, or INCH-CAPE, a reef of rocks in the Ger- 
 man Ocean, off the E. coast of Scotland, 12 niiies S.E. of 
 Arbroath. The reef is about 2000 feet in length: and, at 
 spring-ebbs, a portion is uncovered t« the height of 4 tVft. 
 Between 1808 and 1811. a light-house was built on it, which 
 is 115 feet in height, and 42 feet in diameter at its fiase, 
 with a revolving light ; lat. btP 20' 3" N., Ion. 2° 23' 0" W. 
 At the distance of 100 yards all round the rock, at low 
 water of spring tides, the,re is atiout 3 fathoms depth of 
 water. 
 
 BELL ROT. a post-offlce of Gloucester co.. A'irginia. 
 
 BELLS'l!ilI!Or(iH, a village of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 BV;LL8'lili;(ilI. a post-office of Dickson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BELI/S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Louisiana co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 BELI.i'S LANDING, a small post-viUage in Monroe oo., 
 Alaliama. 
 
 BELLS MINES, a posfcoffice of Crittonden co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BEIjI>"S RIDGE, a post-office of Madiwin co.. Iowa. 
 
 BELLS STORE, a post-offlce of Fairfield district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BELI/S VALLICY, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Vir- 
 ginia, 147 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 BELL TOWN, the capital of a self-.styled regal chief of 
 Guini>a. on the Cameroon.s River, near its estuai-y. It is 
 large, and regularly built, consisting of neat bamlioo 
 houses, ilerchant vessels may lie in the river quite close 
 to the town. 
 
 BELL'TOWN. a po.st-office of Monroe co., Tennessee. 
 
 BELLIINO. bSl-loo'uo, (anc. Bilhi/iium or Bflii/nium.) a 
 city of N. Italy, in Venice, on the Piave, 51 miles N. of A'enice. 
 Pop. 9700. It is enclosed by old w.ills; it has a fine aque- 
 duct, a cathedral designed by Palladio, a rich hospital, 
 diocesan and high schools, a public library; manufactures 
 of silk tiibrics, leather, hats, and earthenware, a trade in 
 timber, and large lairs in February and April. The title 
 of Duke of Belluno was conferred by Napoleon on Marshal 
 Victor. 
 
 BELLUS, bJl'loosh', or BELUSSA. biMUoo'.seh\ a market- 
 town of Hungary, co. and 16 miles N.N.E. of Treutschen, 
 on the Waag. Pop. 2;i30. 
 
 BELL'A'ALE, a post-village of Orange co.. New Y'erk, 26 
 miles S.W. from Newbury. 
 
 15»y 
 
 J 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 BEtLTILLE, a post-office of Hamilton co., Florida. 
 
 BKLLA'ILLE or BELLKVILLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Austin CO.. Texas. 
 
 SELLYE. bJl'yeh\ a village of S. Hungary, co. of Baranya, 
 16 miles S.E. of FUnf kirclien, with a castle. Pop. 1075. 
 
 BELMONT, bdrmiN"', a town of France, department of 
 Loire. 16 miles N.E. of Koanne. Pop. of commune, 1S52, 3713. 
 ITiis is the name also of several other villages of France. 
 
 BELMONT', a county in the E. part of Ohio, liordering on 
 the Ohio Kiver, which separates it from "Virginia, contains 
 520 square miles. It is drained by Indian, Wheeling, Cap- 
 tina, and McMahon creeks, which flow nearly eastward. 
 The surface is finely diversified hy hills, which are capable 
 of cultivation to the summit. The soil is excellent. The 
 county contains an abundance of stone coal. It is inter- 
 sected by the Central Kailroad of Ohio. Capit*l, St. Clairs- 
 villc. Pop. 3ii,.39S. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, about 
 35 miles E by N. from Augusta. Pop. 686. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-township of Franklin co.. New York, 
 3.T miles W. from Plattsburg, is drained by the CUateaugay 
 River. Pop. 1376. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-office of Ijoudon co., Virginia. 
 
 BELMONT, a postroffice of Newberry district. South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama. 
 
 BELMONT, Wisconsin. See Bel.monte. 
 
 BELMONT, a postoffice of Gonzales co., Texas. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-office of Crawford co., Arkansas. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee. 
 
 BELMONT, a small village of Campbell co., Kentucky. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-village of Belmont co^ Ohio, about 22 
 miles W. by S. from Wheeling. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois, 70 miles W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 BEL.MONTE, bJl-mon'tA, a town of Naples, in the pro- 
 vince of Calabria Citra, on a mountain near the Mediter- 
 ranean, 14 miles S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2914. 
 
 BELMONTE, bJl-mon'tA, a town of Spain, 36 miles S.W. 
 of Cuenca. Pop. 2694. 
 
 BELMONTE, b^l-mon'ti, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira-Baixa,15 miles S. of Guarda. Pop. ll.iO. 
 
 BELMONTE, bM-mon'tA, or RIO JEQUITINHONIIA, 
 ree'o zhA-ke-teen-yAn'yd, a river of Brazil, in the province 
 of Bahia, formed by the union of two rivers, which rise 
 in the Serra Frio; it flows generally N.E., and enters the 
 AUantic in lat. 16° 55' S., Ion. 38° 55' W. 
 
 BELMONTE, a town of Brazil, on the right bank of the 
 above river, with a small port on the Atlantic. Pop. 600, 
 mostly fishermen. 
 
 BELMONTE, bel-mont/, a post-village of Panola co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Tallahatchie River, 7 miles above Panola, 
 the county seat, and 167 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 BELMONTE. a village of La Porte co., Indiana, 11 miles 
 S. by W. from 1-a Porte. 
 
 BEL\MONTE' or BELMONT, a village of La Fayette co., 
 Wisconsin, about 60 miles W.S.W. from Madison, was 
 formerly the seat of territorial government. Three mounds 
 rise from the prairie in this vicinity to the height of about 
 100 feet, one of which is called the Belmont Mound. 
 
 BEL'MORE' or BELLMORE, a village of Parke co., In- 
 diana, 54 miles W. from Indianapolis, with which it is con- 
 nected by a plank-road, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 BELMUL'LET, a small seaport town of Ireland, Con- 
 naught, CO. of -Mayo, on Blacksod Bay, 11 miles W.N.W. of 
 Bangor. Pop. 637. It has sprung up since 1825, and is 
 now a thriving place ; it has a pier, a coast-guard station, 
 and exports of agricultural produce and fish, Ac. 
 
 BELOBANYA, b.tto-hdn'yflh', a royal free town of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Honth, circle and 2 miles N. of Schemnitz. Pop. 
 1740. 
 
 BEL(EIL, b^rd', a town of Belgium, 19 miles E. of 
 Tournav. Pop. 2267. 
 
 BELtEIL, berail', (Fr. pron. bjl^ul',) a post-village of Ca- 
 nada East, CO. of Verch6res, on the River Richelieu, 24 
 miles N.E. from Montreal. 
 
 BELOIT, a post-township in Rock CO., W'isconsin, about 
 12 miles S. by W. from Jaiiesville. ' 
 
 BELOIT, a flourishing city in Rock co., Wisconsin, on 
 Rock River, at the mouth of Turtle Creek, and on tlie S 
 state line 50 miles E S.E. from Madison, and 75 miles S.W 
 from Miiwaukie. It is built upon two plains, one rising 
 abrui)tly 60 or 70 feet from the other, and is regularly laid 
 out with public grounds, Ijroad streets ornamented with fine 
 shade trees, and surrounded by fertile i)rairies, interspersed 
 witli groves of timber. The city was incorporated in 1S50, 
 is well supplied with water-power from the two streams 
 passing through it. Beloit is noted for its fine churches, 9 
 in all; one of wliich, the Ist Congregational, is built of 
 stone, and described as the largest and most beautiful in 
 the state. It has fine public schools, and is the seat of 
 Beloit College, founded in 1846. well endowed and very 
 flourishing. There are over 40 stores, 2 printing offices — 
 from one of which a newsjjaper is issued — 2 banks, 3 flour- 
 ing-Diills 4 paper-mills, 2 foundries and machine-shops, 2 
 
 aoo 
 
 paper-bag factories, 1 willow-ware factory, the largest 
 roa])or-8ickle and mower knife-blade factory in the V. S., 2 
 reaper and mowing miu;hine factories, and many smaller 
 manufactories of different wares and farming implements. 
 Two railroads pass through the city, one from Chicago to 
 Madison, and one from Miiwaukie and Racine to Savannah 
 on the Mississippi. Pop. in 1850, 2782 ; in 1860, 4098 ; in 
 1865, over 5000. 
 
 BEL(X)CraSTAN, bel-oo'chis-tSn',* (anc. GedrnIHa, and the 
 countries of the OrilUz, Ichlhynphlagi, Ac.,) an extensive 
 country of Southern .\sia, forming the S.K. part of the 
 old dominion of Pei-sia, between lat. 24° 50' and 30° 20* 
 N., and Ion. 57° 40' and 69° IS' E,; having on the E. 
 Sinde, N. Afghanistan, N.W. and W. the Persian Desert, 
 and extending on the S. for 600 miles along the shores of 
 the Indian Oce.an. Estimated area. 160.000 square miles. 
 It is subdivided into the six provinces of Kelat, Sarawan, 
 Cutch-Gundava, Jhalawan, Loos, and Mekran. Nearly the 
 whole country is mountainous, except in the N.W. and 
 along the coast — its general characteristics being a rugged 
 and elevated surface, barrenness, and deficiency of water. 
 Its mountains in the E. are connected with those of South 
 Afghanistan, and rise to considerable elevation; the Bolan 
 Pass, and even the bottoms of some valleys are upwards of 
 5793 feet in height, and the capital, Kelat, is 6000 feet alxn-e 
 the sea. In the N., the peak of Takkatoo is considered to 
 have an elevation of 11,000 feet. The riveis are very insig- 
 nificivnt, except after heavy rains; the largest, the Doostee, 
 though supposed to have a course of 1000 miles, has been 
 found at its month only 20 inches deep, and 20 yards in 
 width. The climate is exceedingly varied, being cold in 
 the elevated parts, and excessively hot in the lower valleys. 
 In the low and watered plains of Cutch-Gundava and Loos, 
 rice and sugar-cane, with cotton, indigo, and tobacco, are 
 raised; in other piirts, wheat, barley, madder, and pulse, 
 with European fruits, melons, pomegranates, rhubarb, and 
 assafoetida are the principal products ; on some of the moun- 
 tain sides the tamarisk and habool attain the size of large 
 timber-trees. In the wide, sandy desert of Mekran, where 
 the returning army of Alexander the Great suffered its .se- 
 verest hardships, the date is the only valuable product 
 Pastures are generally poor, and cattle few; but a good 
 many sheep and goats are kept, the pursuits of the people 
 being mostly pastoral. The Bactrian (or two-humped) ca- 
 mel and the dromedary are used as beasts of burden ; in 
 the N.AV. some good horses are bred. The strata about Ke^ 
 lat and Mustung, as well as other explored localities, con- 
 sist of secondary limestone and sandstone, and conglo- 
 merates; and the N.W. extremity shows indication of 
 volcanic action. Mineral products comprise copper, lead, 
 antimony, iron, sulphur, alum, and sal-ammoniac, but these 
 are turned to little account. Piepared skins, woollen felt 
 and cloths, carpets and tent-covers of goats' or camels' hair, 
 and rude fire-arms, are all the manufactured products. 
 The trade is comparatively small, and almost monopolized by 
 Hindoos. Sonmeanee is the only seaport: its custom dues 
 were, in 1840, farmed for 3400i. Principal exports, butter or 
 ghee, hides, wool, a few drugs, dried fi-uits, fish, a little 
 corn, and vegetable oil; imports, British and Indian manu- 
 factures, rice, spices, dye-stulTs, and slaves for Muscat. 
 
 Tribes, Manners., and Customs. — The inhabitants are di- 
 vided into two great branches, called Beloochees, and Bra- 
 hooees, differing in their language, figure, and manners, 
 and each subdivided into a number of minor tribes. The 
 Beloochees are tall, and well formed, and have small bones, 
 long faces, with prominent features, a dark complexion, and 
 black hair. They are indolent and dissolute, avaricious, 
 vindictive, and cruel. The Brahooees, so called from the 
 words bah-roh-i, (on the waste,) are much shorter and broader 
 than the Beloochees ; and have large bones, round faces, and 
 flat fe.atures, their hair .and beards frefjuently brown. They 
 are most numerous in the province of Jhalawan, and in the 
 N. and W. parts, but are found everywhere. They have 
 gre.ater physical strength, and are less addicted to rapine 
 and predatory violence than the Beloochees. Both races are 
 hospitiible, brave, and capable of enduring much fatigue. 
 Both Beloochees and Brahooees are of the Soonee .sect of 
 Mohammedans, and opposed to the Sheeites (Shiites.) 
 Neither race possesses a written langu.ige, and their early 
 histories have not been preserved. The Belooi.'hee language 
 resembles the modem Persian, the Brahooeothe Hindoo. AH 
 the Beloochees are excellent marksmen, and attached to field 
 sports. They keep as many slaves as they can maintain, 
 and often domesticate and tre.it kindly the captives carried 
 off in their predatory excursions. Polygamy is universaL 
 Wives are obtiiined by purchase, payment being made in 
 sheep, &c. 
 
 Government. — The government is despotic, the khan har- 
 ing unlimited power over life, person, and property, lie 
 
 * We are informed, on gooj mithority, that the usti re pro- 
 nunciation of this name is bcl-ciVhis-tan', but gene r."il use «p- 
 pears to have affixed to the ch iU soft sonml : even thi IVeiicr. 
 pronounce the name in thifi manner. Balbi wiltet it Belout 
 chiaUxn. 
 
BEL 
 
 BEM 
 
 usually resideg in Kelat, and his rule Is almost confined to 
 the immediate province around it ; the greater pirt of the 
 country beiag held by tribes who aclinowledge suljection 
 only to their own chiefs, lie has no standing army, but all 
 the heads of triljes are bound to furnish contingents of men 
 la case of war, iis well as to pay tribute — an obligation which 
 Is often evaded. The khan's revenues are estimated at up- 
 wards of 30,0001. IIo has a great numljer of household 
 sUves, from among whom he .selects fit persons to be ap- 
 pointed governors of towns and provinces. 
 
 Modern Hidory. — About the middle of the last century, 
 Beloochistan was made tributary by Nadir Shah, who \>e- 
 stowed it on Nasir Khan, with the title of Beglerbeg or com- 
 jnander-in-chief. The latter greatly extended the l$eloocheo 
 dominions, and was the ablest ruler who has ever governed 
 Beloochi.stan. On his death, in 1795, the country was left 
 In a comparatively prosperous condition ; but since the com- 
 mencement of the present century, especially since 1809 and 
 1810, it has suffered much from intestine wars and revolu- 
 tions, and its territorial boundaries have been greatly cur- 
 tailed. In March, 1839, on the advance of the Itritish army 
 of the Indus through the Bolau I'as.s, towards Afghanistan, 
 the conduct of .Mehrab Khan, the ruler of IMoochistan, was 
 marked witli so much hostility,' that Mjyor-General Will- 
 shire was detached to assault Kelat, which, with the citadel, 
 was taken by storm after a siege of a few hours, Nov. 13, the 
 same year. The khan himself and abtrnt 400 of his troops 
 were slain; and 2000 of his soldlera became prisoners. In 
 1840, the governor established at Kelat by the Hritish, with 
 a feeble garrison of sepoys, was overpowered by the Be- 
 loochees ; but, at the close of the same year, the capital was 
 reoccupied by the army under General Nott. In 1841, >lir 
 Nasir Khan, the youthful son of Mehrab Kahn, was re- 
 cognised as ruler by the British, who soon after left the 
 country. Principal town, Kel;it. Pop. uncertain, being 
 estimated at from 450.000 to 2,000,000, which latter is pre- 
 sumed to Ikj nearer the truth. Adj. and inhab. BeiAxA 
 
 CHEE. or BELOf/cH*. 
 
 BELOOIl T.VGII or BELOUR TAGII. See Bolor Taoh. 
 
 BKLORADO, b.ilo-ril'Do, a town of Spain, 25 miles K. of 
 Burgos, on the right bank of the Tiron. Pop. 2450. 
 
 BELOSTOK. Sue Bialystok. 
 
 BELOVAR, a town of Croatia. See Bellovar. 
 
 BELP, bilp, a village of Switzerland, canton and 5 miles 
 S.E. of Bern. Pop. 1500. On its S side is the Bdpberg, a 
 mountain 2940 fwit high, containing many petrifactions. 
 
 BELPASSO, Wl-pds'so, a town of Sicily, 7i miles N.W. of 
 Catania. Pop. 2500. 
 
 BELPECH, b^rp^sh', a town of France, department of Aude, 
 13 miles S.W. of Castelnaudary. Pop. of commune, 1852 
 2598. 
 
 BEL'PER, a marketrtown of England, co. of Derby, parish 
 of Dullield. on tlie North Midland Railway, 7 miles N. of 
 Derby. Pop. 9S85. It is well built, has 4 churches, a me- 
 chanics' institution, library, and a stone bridge across the 
 Derwent. Bel|)er owes its prosperity to its cotton, and silk 
 and cotton hosiery manufectures, which are very extensive, 
 the latter said to be the largest iVi the kingdom, while In the 
 former one company alone employs 2000 persons. Nails and 
 earthenware are also manufactured here to a great extent. 
 
 BEL^PRE', a post^village of Washington co., Ohio, on the 
 N. banli of the Ohio River, about 15 miles S.W. of -Marietta, 
 and opposite Parkersburg, Virginia. It is the E. terminus 
 of tlie -Marietta and Ciuciunati RiUlroad. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 1629. 
 
 BELSANO, bel-sah'no, a post-office of Cambria co., Pa. 
 
 BEL.SCHIK. See Bkshkk. 
 
 BEIASTEAD a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BEL'STOXE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BELTS, Great and Little. The Great Belt, a strait 
 forming the central communication between the Baltic and 
 the Cattegat, and separating the island of Funen from 
 that of Seeland. Its length is about 37 miles, its medium 
 breadth, 18 miles. The depth of its channel ranges between 6 
 and 26 fathoms. It has many shoals, and the navigation 
 through it is difflcalt. In autumn .and winter, ships h.ave 
 often a rough passjige. Owing to the strength of the cur- 
 rent it is seldom frozen over, but is often much encumbered 
 with drift ice. Light-houses with fixed lights, chiefly for the 
 purpose of guiding the packets lietween Funen and See- 
 land, have been placed on Knudshoved, an eastern promon- 
 tory of Funen, on Ilalstov, on the W. coast of Seeland. and 
 on SprogS, a small island which lies in the middle of the strait 
 between these two points, and is constantly wearing away 
 by the force of the waves. — The Little Belt is another 
 strait, forming the western communiciition between the 
 Baltic and the Cattegat, and separating the isl.and of 
 Funen from the mainland of Jutland. Its length is 
 about 30 miles; its breadth varies from 1000 vards to 12 
 miles; its depth ranges between 5 and 30 fethoms. The 
 same inconveniences and dangers beset this passage as the 
 former. It is annually frozen up from December "to April. 
 The two Belts, with tlie Sound, form the only communica- 
 tion between the Baltic and the Cattegat. 
 
 BELTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BELTOX, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BELTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 BELTiJN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BELTON, a postrofflce, Anderson district. South Carolina 
 
 BELTON, a post-village, capital of Bell CO., Texas, 70 mU<« 
 N.N.E from Austin. 
 
 BELTRUJI. b^l'tr&m, a vlUage of flie Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Gelderland, 16} miles K.S.E. of Zutphen. Pop. 500 
 
 BELTS/VILLE, a postofllce of Prince George's co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 BEL^TUR/BET, a municipal borough and market-town M 
 Ireland, co. of Ulster, and 8^ miles N.N.W. of Cavan, on thrr 
 Earn. Pop. 2070. 
 
 B ELU R T AG H. See Bolor Tag h. 
 
 BELVEDERE, b^l-vA-d.Vr.i, a town of Naples, province ot 
 Calabria Citra. on the Mediterranean, 32 miles N.W. of Co- 
 seiiza. Pop. 34(X). 
 
 BELVEDERE, a town of Italy, in the Marches, 15 mile? 
 W. of Ancoiia. 
 
 BELVEDERE, bJl-vi-d-Vri, a hamlet of Saxe-Weimar, 
 near Weimar, with a summer palace of the grand dukes. 
 
 BKLVES, b^lv, a town of France, department of Dordo^ne, 
 13 miles S.W. of Sarlat. Pop. of commune, 1852, 2636. 
 
 BELVIDERE, bel-ve-deer', a township of Lamoille co., Ver- 
 mont, .30 miles N. by E. of Jlontjielier. Pop. 300. 
 
 BELVIDERE, a post-village of Amity township, Alleghfiny 
 CO., New York, on the S. side of the Genesee River, near the 
 point where it is crossed by the New York and Erie Rail- 
 road, 379 miles from New York city. 
 
 BELVIDERE, an incorporated town, capital of VVarreu 
 CO., New Jersey, is situated on both sides of the Pequest 
 Creek, at its junction with the Delaware, 13 miles above 
 Easton. and tl.i miles W. of New York city. Tlie JJelvi'lero 
 Delaware Railroad extends from this place to Treuton. 
 It contains a court-liouse, 1 bank, a new academy, 4 
 churches, 2 printing ollices, and 20 stores. There is a bridge 
 acro.ss the Delaware, and one across tlie Pequesl Creek. Tlie 
 latter stream falls nearly 50 feet in the last mile of its course, 
 alTording aliundant water-power. Belvidere has 1 iron loun- 
 dry, 1 large new cotton-factory, 3 grist and 2 saw-milla. 
 Pop. about ISOO. 
 
 BELVIDERE, a post-village, capital of Boone co.. Illinois, 
 on the Kishwaukee River, luid on tiie Chicago and Galena 
 Railroad. 78 miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and 15 miles E. of 
 Rockl'ord. It is situated in a fertile and undulating coun- 
 try, and has an active trade. Pop. 1114. 
 
 BELVOIR, bee'vfr, an extra-parochial district of En(?- 
 land, COS. of Leicester and Lincoln. 5 miles AV.S.W. of Great 
 Grantham. Area, 170 acres. Pop. lo9, chiefly dependant? 
 of the Duke of Rutland, whose magnificent seat, Belvoir Cas- 
 tle, stands on an i.solated mount, overlooking a rich vale. 
 Notwithstanding modern additions, this mansion preserves 
 the style of an old Karonial residence. The original build- 
 ing was erected by William de Todenei, standard-bearer of 
 William the Conqueror, and, with its numerous dependent 
 manors, came Into the possession of the Manners tiimily in 
 the time of Henry VIII. 
 
 BE'LYAX'D(3, a river In Australia, falling into the Suttor 
 River : lat. 20° 25' S., Ion. 147° 3' E. 
 
 BELZ, b^lts, a town of Austrian Galicia, 40 miles N. of 
 Lemberg. Pop. 2400. It has a Greek and Roman Catholic 
 church, and a castle. 
 
 BELZ, liilz, a village of France, department of Morbihan. 
 19 miles W. of Vanues. Pop. of commune in 1862, 1615. 
 
 BELZIO, bSlt/sic, a town of Prussia. 19 miles S,S.E. of 
 Brandenburg. Pop. 2550. It has manufactures of woollen 
 cloths and paper. 
 
 BELZO'RA, a post-office of Smith co., Texas. 
 
 BEM. a post-office of Green co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BE'MAN'S CROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Sampson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 BEMB-\TOO'KA, called also BEiPBATOOK' and BOjr- 
 BETOK', a b.ay and town on the N.W. coast of Madagascar; 
 l.at. 16° S., lon.46° E. The town Is inconsiderable ; but the 
 bay Is Said to be capable of containing the largest fleet. 
 
 BEM'BKIDGE, a village and small watering-place of the 
 Isle of Wight, at its ,E. extremity, parish of Brading. on a 
 declivitj' at the S.E. side of Brading harbor, and consisting 
 mostly of elegant residences, surrounded by beautiful 
 scenery. 
 
 BEM'ERTON. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BEMFICA, b?m-fee'ka, a town of Portugal, 8 miles N.W. 
 of Lisbon. Pop. 3873. It has magnificent aqueducts, and 
 numerous villas. 
 
 BE.MFLEET. a parish of Engl.and. SeeBEXFLEET. 
 
 BE.MINI (b:l-mee'ne) ISLANDS, a small group of the Ba- 
 h.->mas, in the British AVest Indies; l.at. 25° 40' N., Ion. 79° 
 10' W. 
 
 BE'MIS'S CREEK, a postrOfflce of Cambria co., Pennsyl- 
 van la. 
 
 BEMMEL, b^m'mel, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Gelderland, 7 miles S. of Amhem. Pop. 3720. 
 
 BEJIPTON, a pari.=h of England, co. of Y'ork, East Riding, 
 
 BE/MUS'S HEIGHTS, a post-village of Saratoga co.. New 
 York, on the Cham plain Canal, 24 miles N.E. of Albany, 
 
 201 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 PEy, BEIT^.OT BTTE/iV. a GaeMc word, signifying "an ele- 
 Tattsd summit," and applied, witli various distinguishing 
 affixes, to a numlLier of the highest Scottish mountains. 
 
 BEX4BARKE, bi-ni-b^R'Ei, a fortified town of Spain, 44 
 miles K. of Iluesca. Pop. 2211. 
 
 BENACKK. SeeBiNACRE. 
 
 BENACUS LACUS. See G.\RD.4, LAKE OF, 
 
 BEX-AHIN. bSn^d^^N"', a Tillasre of Belgium, province of 
 Liege, 2 miles W. of Iluy. Pop. 1200. 
 
 BEXAGUACIL, bA-nd-gwd-theel', a town of Spain, pro- 
 vinco and 11 miles N.W. of Valencia, with remains of old 
 fortification* It has manufactures of linens. Pop. 30.34. 
 
 BEXAMAHGOSA, bi-nd-mdR-go'.';! a town of Spain, in An- 
 dalusia, 18 miles E. by N. of Malaga, on a river of the same 
 name. Pop. 3200. 
 
 BEX AMEJ I, bi-nd-mA-Hee'. a town of Spain, 89 miles S.S.E. 
 of Cordova, on the right bank of the Genii. Pop. 452-5. 
 
 BEXAMi.X;ARKA, Ui-nd-mo-kdR/Bl, a town of Spain, in 
 Andalunia, 20 miles E. by N. of Malaga. I'op. 2364. 
 
 BEXAOCAZ, bA-nd-o-kdth', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 60 miles N.E. of Cadiz. It is celebrated for its beautiful 
 promenade and avenue, adorned with fountains and gar- 
 dens. Pop. 3176. 
 
 BEXAXOIR', (" the mountain of gold,") one of the peaks 
 or " paps" of the island of Jura, in Scotland ; elevation, 
 2420 feet. 
 
 BEN'^AOJAX, bi-nd-o-nln', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 42 miles W.N.W. of .Malaga. Pop. 2377. 
 
 BEXAKES, ben-d'rJz. a district of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, situated between lat. 24° and 25° N., and 
 between the rivers Ganges and Sye, (which on three sides 
 separate it from Ghazipoor,) having W. the districts of Mir- 
 zapoor and Juanpoor. 
 
 BEX.\RES, ben-d'rJz. (unc. VaranaaJii, or A'asj, i. e. " the 
 splendid,") a large and famous cityof Hindostan, and which 
 may be considered its Hindoo (as Delhi was its Moham- 
 medan, and Calcutta is its British) capital. It is the capital 
 of a division of the Bengal presidency, and of the above dis- 
 trict, on the left bank of the Ganges, 390 miles X.W. of Cal- 
 cutta, and 420 miles S.K. of Delhi. Lat. of the observatory, 
 25° 18' 33" X., Ion. 82° 55' 52" E. It is celebrated as having 
 been in ancient times the seat of Brahminical learning, and 
 hence has been styled the Athens of India. It m.iy also be 
 regarded as the Hindoo Rome, or the ecclesiastical metropo- 
 lis of this vast country. Stationary population estimated at 
 from 200,000 to 600,000; but at certain festivals the number 
 is immensely increased. Its external appearance is highly 
 imposing ; it stretches for 4 miles along the river, from which 
 ascend many handsome ghauts, or flights of stone steps. 
 The streets are very narrow ; the buildings lofty. In ISOl, 
 there were estimated to be 12.000 brick or stone houses from 
 1 to 6 stories in height, built around court-yards, orna- 
 mented with much painting and carving, many of the 
 largest containing 200 inhabitants in each ; besides 16,000 
 aiud-built dwellings, with tiled roofs. The principal edi- 
 fices are the great mosque of .\urungzebo, numerous other 
 mosques, a gre.at number of Hindoo temples, an ancient ob- 
 servatory, and the Hindoo Sanscrit College, the chief seat 
 of native learning in India. At Seroli, a little to the E.. is 
 a tope, now ruined, but originally similar to those in the 
 other parts of Hindostan. Among its inhabitants are many 
 wealthy native bankers and dealers in diamonds, for which 
 gems the city is famous. Benares' has a Large trade in 
 shawls, muslins, silks, cottons, and fine woollens of its own 
 manufacture, and in European goods, salt, indigo, and 
 opium. The town is also crowded with mendicant priests; 
 and there are, it is said, 8000 hou.ses occupied by Brahmins 
 who live on the alms and offerings of the pilgrims. It is the 
 seat of a British court of circuit and appeal, an English col- 
 lege, established in 1S32. and numerous Christian missions, 
 and Moliammedan and Hindoo schools. 
 
 BEXASAL, bi-nS-sdl', a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30 
 miles X. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2108. 
 
 BEXA8QDE. See Venasque. 
 
 BEXATliK, b.i-na/tJk. or BKXATKY, Un-SiVkee, a town 
 of Bohemia, 21 miles X.E. of Prague. The celebrated astro- 
 nomer. Tycho-Brahe, died here in 160i. Several villages in 
 Bohemia have the same name. 
 
 BEX-AVEX, bJn-A'ven, a mountain of Scotland, one of the 
 Grampians, between the counties of Aberdeen and B.anflf, 
 and .sopai-ating the basins of the Aven and Dee. Estimated 
 height .ibove the sea. .3<J67 feet. 
 
 BEXAVENTE, bA-nd-vSn'tA, a town of Spain, 34 miles N. 
 of Ziimnra. T'op. 2561. Itha-s Roman remains. 
 
 BEXAVEXTE. bA-nS-vSn'td. a town of Portugal, province 
 of Aleint^o, with a royal castle on the Zatas, 27 miles X.E. 
 of Lisbon, i'op. 19.54. 
 
 BEXB.MJN, .bSn'b.awn'. a mountain of the Binabola group, 
 or "Twelve Pins," Ireland, in Connanght, co. of Galway, 
 barony of Ballinahincli. Elevation, 2395 feet. 
 
 BEXBECULA. b^n-b-A-kooni, one of the Hebrides Islands, 
 lietween Xorth and South Uist, about 8 miles in length, and 
 as mu<:h in breadth. It is low, flat and greatly indented 
 by b:iys, boggy, and little productive. 
 
 BENHiRCiOK'S MILLS, a post-office of Izard co., Arkansas. 
 202 
 
 BEX"^BURB', a Tillage of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, 
 on the Blackwater, 5 miles X.W. of Armagh. Pop. 330. 
 It has a ruined castle. 
 
 BEXCOOLEX, or BEXKOELEX, bJn-coolen, a residency 
 and seaport town of the Dutch East Indies, on the W. coast 
 of the island of Sumatra. Pop. of residencv, variously esti- 
 mated at from 94.000 to 200,000; of the town, about 6000, 
 being not more than on^lialf it formeily contained. It is 
 placed in a very unliealthy situation, and defended by Fort 
 Mariborough. Lat. 3° 47' 6" S., ion. 102° 19' E. The chief 
 trade is the importation of g<x>ds from Batavia. Bengal, and 
 Europe. It was founded by the English in 1685, and ceded 
 to the Dutch in exchange for Malacca in 1S24. 
 
 BEXCRUACHAX, bJn-kroo'Kan, a mountain of Scotland, 
 CO. of Argyle, district of Lorn, between lochs Etive and 
 Awe. Height, estimated at 3670 feet; base, 20 miles In 
 circuit. 
 
 BEXDEMEER, or BEXDEillR. See Bcjn>EMEER. 
 
 BEX1)ER, a fortified town of Russia, capital of the dis- 
 trict of the same name, province of Bessarabia, on the right 
 bank of the Dniester, 48 miles from its mouth, and 58 miles 
 AV.X'.W. of Odessa. Pop. 4700. It is enclosed by a wall and 
 ditch, and has a citadel on an eminence, with about 600 
 artillerymen. In its environs is Varnitza, the retreat of 
 Charles XII. after the disastrous battle of Poltava. Ben- 
 der was taken and stormed by the Russians in 1770 and 
 in 1809. 
 
 BEX'DERSVILLE, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 14 miles N. of Gettysburg. I'op. 200. 
 
 BEX'DY'S LAXDIXG, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas 
 
 BEX'EDICT, a postrvillage in Charles co.. Marvland. on 
 the W. side of Patuxent River, about 38 miles 'S.S.W. of 
 Annapolis. 
 
 BEXEDICTA, a township in Aroostook co., Maine. 
 Pop. :{(i7. 
 
 BEX'DOCIIY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 BEXDORF, bjn'donf a town of ]?henish Prussia, 4J miles 
 X. of Coblentz. Pop. 2227. It is situated in a mining dis- 
 trict, on the right bank of the Rhine, and has iron forges, 
 and manufactures of woollen yarn. 
 
 BEXDRAMO, bJn-drd'mo. a town of Asia Minor, in .Ana- 
 tolia, on the Sea of Marmora, S. of the peninsula of Cyzicus. 
 It is said to have 4 mosques and 1000 houses. (?) 
 
 BEXE, b.VnA, (anc. Augus'tn Bagieminlrum f) a town of 
 the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, province of IMondovi, 18 
 miles N.E. of Coni. It has a college, a hospital, and an 
 old castle. Pop. 8087. 
 
 BEXEBOLA. See Bixaboi.\. 
 
 BEXECIA. See Benicia. 
 
 BKXEDTCTBEUERX, bSn'S-dict-boi'eRn, a hamlet of Ba^ 
 varia, Sj miles W. of Tiilz, with a castle, celebrated glass- 
 works, and marble quarries. It had formerly a Benedictine 
 abbey, one of the most ancient in Germany. 
 
 BEX'EFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BfiX'EXDEX*. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BEXESCHAU, bA'neh-sh5w\ a town of Bohemia, 24 miles 
 S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 1800. Several villages in Bohemia 
 and Prussian Silesia have this name. 
 
 BEXEST, bA'nfey, a village of France, department of Cha- 
 rente, 10 miles W. of Confolens. Pop. 1480. Here Charle- 
 magne gained a signal victory over the Saracens. 
 
 BEXET, bA'ni/, a village of France, department of Ven- 
 dee, 12 miles S.E. of Fontenay. Pop. of commune, 1852, 
 2508. 
 
 BEXEA'ENTE, bd-n.l-vJn'tA. a seaport town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Espirito S.anto, 47 mili^s S. of A'ictoria, at the mouth 
 of the river Benevente, on tlie Atlantic. The harbor is 
 much frequented, and ship-building is carried on. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 BFINEVENTO, bJn-e-vSn'to, (anc. BcnerenUiim,) a city of 
 Southern Italy, ca])ital of a province of tlio same name, 
 State of Napoli. is situated on a hill, near the confluence of 
 the Galore and Sabato, 32 miles N.E. of Xaples. Pop. 16,500. 
 With its castle, it occupies the site of the ancient town out of 
 the ruins of which it was built, and, except Rome, perhaps no 
 Italian city can boast of so many remains of antiquity. The 
 Arch of Trajan, now the Porta Aurea, is still nearly perfect. 
 The chief modern buildings are a catliedral.several churclies, 
 town-hall, diocesan school and library, hospitals, and several 
 palaces. It is an archbishop's see, and has 9 annual fairs. 
 Under the Lombards. Benevento was the capital of a power- 
 ful duchy : and in 1806, Napoleon erected it into a princi- 
 pality for TallejTand. It was restored to the pope in 1814. 
 Near it, in 1266, the battle was fought in which Charles of 
 Anjou defeated Manfred, kingof X'aples, who lost his life in 
 the action. The province of IJenevento contains an area of 
 90 square mil(;s, and a population of 220,506. It was auuoxea 
 to tlie kingdom of Italy in 1861. 
 
 BEXELA. See Banela. 
 
 BEXEVOL-iV., a post-oflice of Washington co., Maryland 
 
 BENEVOLA, a post-office of Pickens co , Alabama. 
 
 BKNM<:ZKT',a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania. Pop.21 . . 
 
 BKNFKLD, bSn'fSlt', (Fr. pron. bSn llld',) a town of 
 France, department of Bas-Rhiu, lOJ^ miles N.N.W. of Sclifi- 
 lestadt. Pop. in 1852, 3001. 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 BEXT-fyEET, NoKTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BEN'FhKKT, South, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BE.N'FOllD'S STUKE, a postroflice of Somerset CO., i'enn- 
 Bylvauin. 
 
 BEX FIiANK'LIN,a post-office of I^amar co., Texas. 
 
 BEXti AIj, biii-i;awl', (anc. Ikngala, \)hn-g¥iL,) a.\iras\Aency 
 and province of British India. It is by fiir the largest of the 
 three presidencies into which India is divided, comprising, 
 with Agra, about a fourth of the whole area of Hither India, 
 together with the later ceded provinces beyond the Ganges. 
 The territory extends between hit. 20° and Sl° N., and Ion. 
 74" and 91° E. : bounded on the N. by Nepaul, Sikkim, and 
 Bootau; on the E. by the districts adjoining tlie Burmese do- 
 minion; on the S. by the Bay of Bengal, the territories of 
 Berar, ludore, and (Jwalior; and on the W. by the Rajpoot 
 and Sikh principalities. This great region is divided into 
 the upper, or western provinces, including Delhi, and all 
 that portion W. of Ion. 80°; the central, including AUaha^ 
 b;id, Bahar, and others, as far E. as Ion. 87°; «nd tlie lower, 
 containing the remaining territory to the S. and E. The 
 £>Ilowiug table exhibits the divisions, area, and population : 
 
 Divisions and Fkovinces. 
 
 a. In Hindottan, 
 
 1. Divisloa of Calcutta 
 
 2. " Patna 
 
 3. -" Moorshedabad 
 
 4. " Dacca 
 
 (tTpper Provinces, late Agra Presi- 
 dency.) 
 
 5. Division of Benares 
 
 6. " Bareily 
 
 SoutU-west ceded districts 
 
 Total ia Hindostan 
 
 h. In Farther India. 
 
 f Ass5m.' 
 
 Burmese J Aracan 
 
 Ceded Provinces. ] Cachar and Jynteah.. 
 
 fitralta (Singapore 
 
 SettLmoats. ] Penang, ic ... . . . 
 
 ( Malacca and Naning. 
 
 Total in Farther India 
 
 Grand total 
 
 87,548 
 47,rJ5 
 8a,(>69 
 29,010 
 
 29,3>0 
 39,.'!;« 
 
 108,000 
 
 is.voo 
 
 16,aO 
 I0..1.>0 
 32,600 
 
 404,860 
 
 9,970,270 
 7,61.i.4M 
 »,1:;7,H5 
 6,659,S04 
 
 8,K)7,R'.'3 
 10,H9J.»19 
 3,177,456 
 
 1,110,000 
 247,765 
 104.n40 
 86,000 
 
 164,600 
 
 o7,9)<6,6o6 
 
 The greater proportion of this territory consists of the 
 Immense plain or valley of the Ganges. To the N., this plain 
 rises into the mountainous regions of Kumaon. and on the 
 S. are the Vindhyan Mountains, and the table-land of Cen- 
 tral ludia. The river Ganges flows in a S.E. direction 
 through the whole extent of the presidency, and is joini-d in 
 its course by numerous tributaries, of which the Jumna, 
 Cliuiiibul, Ooggra, Gunduck, and Sone are the most con- 
 siderable. The eastern divi.aion of the country is traversed 
 by the I!nihmap'x)tra, which discharges its waters into the 
 Bay of Bengal near the confluence of the Ganges. Both 
 these great rivers divide into numerous branches before 
 reaching the .sea, and their united deltas form a tract of 
 rich alluvial soil exceeding 30,000 square miles in extent. 
 There are no inland lakes, but numerous lagoons and 
 marshes, especially in the lower districts. The surface of 
 the country generally exhibits a deep clay alluvium, int<;i^ 
 Bpersfd with sandy tracts, with tertiary deposits in some 
 localities. Approaching the Himalayan range to the N. are 
 granitic and porphyritic rocks, with secondary limestone 
 and sandstones; N.W. are basaltic find greenstone rocks. 
 The Vindliyan and Garrow chains of mountains are of vol- 
 canic origin. Nitre is found in great quantities in Bahar, 
 fts well as common salt, both of which are largely e;cported. 
 Salt is a government monopoly, and in 18-11 ite sale realized 
 1,925.000^. Diamonds are found in a conglomerate in Bun- 
 delcund; and gold-dust and silver are in some of the rivers. 
 Coal and ii-ou are found in Sylhet and Burdwan. 
 
 Tlie mean annual temperature of the plains is, for Cal- 
 cutta and Benares, from 78° to 79° Fahrenheit, and at Delhi 
 73° Fahrenheit. During the winter months, in Kumaon, 
 there is heavy frost and snow. In Bengal, the rainy seiison 
 eomuiences in .luiie. and continues till the middle of October. 
 The annual fall of rain is from 70 to SO inches. The win- 
 ter, or cold season, lasts from November to the middle of 
 February. whiMi the hot season begin.s, and continues till 
 the middle of June. During the rainy seasons, the lower 
 provinces especially are overttowod by the Ganges and its 
 ti-ibutaries. Hence these districts are highly fiivorable to 
 the cultivation of rice, which is here the principal product 
 of the soil. In the upper districts, wheat and barley are the 
 principal crops. Indigo is largely cultivated from Dacca to 
 Delhi, there being upwards of -100 indigo fjictoi'ies in the 
 presidency. Its culture occupies more than a million of 
 acres, and its annual produce is estimated to be worth from 
 2,000.0'J«/. to3.000,000Z. sterling, half of which jimount is year- 
 ly expended in its production. Opium is a government mo- 
 
 nopoly, and is cultivated only in Bahar and Benares, whore 
 the piiiduce is considered equal, if not superior, to the opiura 
 of Jlahvah. The quantity of I'atna and Benares opiiua 
 disposed of at the public s;iles in the year 1843-4, amounted 
 in value to 2,282,7802. Cotton is a staple crop; and the .soil 
 in Benares is capalJe of piodueing sugar e^ual tc that of 
 tile West Indies. Coffee, pepixjr, and tohacct« aie raised, and 
 most of the spice and fruit trees of Asia have been accli- 
 mated somewhere in this wide region. The forests («ntain 
 teak, saul, siasoo, banyan, ebony, oak. and pine timber, with 
 rattans, liamhoos, cocoa, areca, and other palms. A great 
 quantity of silk is produced in Bengal proi>er, between lat. 
 22° and 26°, and Ion. 80° and 90°. Elephants' teeth, and 
 hides of various kinds, form important articles of tr.^e. 
 Nitre is obtained principally in Bahar province, and that 
 exported from Calcutta in 1841-2 amounted to 011.072 
 maunds, worth 321.073^. Muslin.s, cotton piece goods, dia- 
 per, pack-thread, sail-cloth, chintxes. silks, calicoes, blanket- 
 ing, and other woven goods, are staple manufactures: hut, 
 of late years, they have begun to l>e superseded by &brics 
 from Europe. 
 
 The trade of liengal with liritain is at once extensive and 
 various. The chief im|X)rts are metals, foreign wines and 
 spirits, beer, woollen and cotton cloths. c«tton yarn, glass, 
 and hardware; tlie export.s. silk, and silk manufactures, 
 cotton, indigo, sugar, salt|)etr(;, and lac-dye. Bengal has 
 also a considerable trade witli France, Portugal, the United 
 States, China, Buraiah, Java, and several of the larger 
 islands of the Malay Archipelago. The following table ex- 
 hiliits the proportion of tlie commerce of Bengal enjoyed bjr 
 each country iu the year 1849-60 : — 
 
 COUNTMEB. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 £4,057.^75 
 li3,3B0 
 13,'.;27 
 12,763 
 163,SJ4 
 •i«8.»-.'4 
 
 »a«,07-i 
 
 S48,H»9 
 S39,9M 
 67,877 
 lli,887 
 
 £4,768,074 
 
 6-'».0.'l 
 
 13.551 
 
 9,272 
 
 191.881 
 
 356,440 
 
 3,219,«96 
 
 408,:'06 
 
 469,974 
 
 316,110 
 
 548,356 
 
 2,13i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cliina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. . ••■•■.■ 
 
 
 £6,497,114 
 
 £10,932,712 
 
 The aggregate exports, as shown 
 
 above, exceed those 
 
 of the pi-eceding year by 1,078,203/.; and the imports by 
 791.1:!8/. 
 
 The government is vested in the Governor-general of In- 
 dia, and a council of five niemliers — three apiiointed by the 
 East India Company: a fourth, also appointed by the Com- 
 pany, but not one of their numlier, and the fifth the com- 
 mander-in-chief. The upper provinces are under a lieuto- 
 nant'governor at Agra, suliordinate to the governor-general 
 at Ciilcutta. In each district or collectwrate is a judge, em- 
 powered to decide appeals originating in the di.strict, and to 
 try civil suits to the amount of 2000/. Su))erior to these tri- 
 bunals are courts of appeal in Calcutta, Sloorshedabad. Dac- 
 ca. I'atna, Benares, and Bareily ; and a supivme court sits in 
 Calcutta, from which there is appeal only to the British 
 sovereign in council. In the upper provinces the land reve- 
 nue is collected for the government by officers appointed un- 
 der the native village system of India; in the lower pro- 
 vinces, the zemindars, or hereditary tax-collectors, consti- 
 tuted proprietors of the soil by Lord Corn wallis's Act, account 
 to the government for nine-tenths of the sums they collect 
 as rent, and reserve the remaining one-tenth for their own 
 remuneration. See India. Numerous schools for the natives 
 have been established by government throughout the presi- 
 dency, and there are colleges at Calcutta. Delhi. Agra, 
 Benares, besides missionary stations and schools for the 
 religious instruction of the natives. 
 
 The population of this presidency embraces a great variety 
 of races — Hindoos of all castes, Moguls. Mahrattas, .'^ikhs, 
 Rajpoots, peculiar wild tribes in Gundwanah, and Bogli- 
 poor; and heyond the Brahmapootra, Mughs. Garrows. and 
 other races, differing widely from tho.se of Westein Asia. 
 The prevailing religions are the Braminical and Woham- 
 mediin; Boodhism is confined to the countiies E. of the 
 Brahmapootra; and the hill tribes have rude paganisms of 
 their own. The Protestant establishment consists of an 
 ardideacon and about forty chaplains, subordinate to the 
 Bishop of Calcutta; there is al.w a small establishment for 
 the Scotch Kirk. The Koman Catholic establishment is un- 
 der the vicar-apostolic of Agra, and a legate at Calcutta, both 
 subordinate to the Koman Catholic bishop at Madras. Pub- 
 lie revenue is derived from the land-tax, and subsidies from 
 protected native states : mint, post-office, stamp, and excise 
 duties : a house-tax in Calcutta, judicial fees and fines, sayer 
 and abkarry duties, customs, pilotage, monopoly of salt and 
 opium, kc: total receipts in 1842-3, 9,446.M8/.: expendi- 
 ture, 1,628,751/.; n^t revenue, 7,817,067/. Principal cities, 
 
 203 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 Calcutta, the capital of British India; Delhi, the Moham- 
 mediia capital ; Uenares, Moorshedabad, Dacca, Bahar, Patna, 
 Allahabad, Agra. 
 
 History. — The English first established themselves in 
 Beni^al in 1656, when, through the influence of an Knglish 
 medical man named Boughton, the East India Company ob- 
 tained the sanction of the Kniperor of Delhi to locate them- 
 selves on the right bank of the river Hoogly. Thirty years 
 afterwards, the Company's fiictors having had a rupture 
 with the Moslem commander at the place where they were 
 located, removed to Ctilcutta, then the village of Chutta- 
 nutty, where they continued to carry on their trade. In 
 1700, the Viceroy of Bengal, being in want of money to dis- 
 pute the succession to the Mogul throne, obtained a large 
 sum from the Company for the township on which their 
 Eictory stood at Calcutta, and some adjacent lands. Seven 
 years afterwards (namely, 1707) Calcutta was erected into a 
 presidency, and the foundation of British power in India 
 laid. For nejirly half a century the Company pursued a 
 peaceful and profitable commerce; but, at the expiration of 
 that period, (1756.) Calcutta was attacked and taken by the 
 Soubahdar of Bengal, who threw the Englishmen he found 
 there (147 in number) into a dungeon, the well-known 
 Black HijU of Calcutta, where 123 of them perished in 11 
 hours. In the ensuing year, Calcutta was retaken by Lord 
 Clive — an event which was followed by a series of victories 
 on the part of the British, that terminated in the con- 
 quest of a large part of India. The principal accessions of ter- 
 ritory since that period have been Benares, in 1775 ; Oude 
 districts, 1801; Delhi territory, 1805; Kumaon, 1815; S.W. 
 (Nerbudda) districts, 1818; Singapore and the Berar dis- 
 tricts, and Burmese, 1826. Adj. and iuhab. Bengalese, 
 
 Wp^gaul-eez'. 
 
 BENGAL, a posWownship in Clinton CO., Michigan, about 
 40 miles N.E. from Hastings. Pop. fi.^S. 
 
 BENGAL, BAY OF, (anc. Oangetfictis St/ntw,) apartof the 
 Indian Ooean, extending between Hither and Farther India, 
 Including the sea from Cape Negrais on the K.. to the delta 
 of the Godavery on the W., between lat. 16° SC and 23° N. 
 Its chief affluents are the Ganges, including the Brahma- 
 pootra, and the Godavery. The Sea of Bengal, which is 
 sometimes described as part of the bay, extends to lat. 8° N., 
 betw(>en the Islands of Ceylon and Junkceylon. Depth from 
 4 to 60 fathoms, from the delta to a distance of 100 miles. The 
 tide in thfe Bay of Bengal, E. of the mouth of the Megna, 
 sometimes rises 70 and even 80 feet. — Da. Hooker. 
 
 BENGAL PROVINCE, one of the largest and most im- 
 portant of the old Mohammedan provinces of Hindostan, 
 between lat. 21° and 27° N., and Ion. 87° a-nd 92° E. It 
 comprises the delta of the Ganges, with the lower course of 
 the Brahmapootra, and is traversed by numerous other 
 rivers, its surface being mostly a dead level. It is wholly 
 included in the British dominion, and forms, under the 
 above presidency, the divisions of its three principal cities, 
 Calcutta, Moorshedabad, and Dacca, which are subdivided 
 into numerous subordinate districts. 
 
 BENGAZI or BENGHASY, b^n-gi'zee, (anc. Berenice,) a 
 maritime town of Northern Africa, Barca, on the Gulf of 
 Sidi-a, (anc. Sijr'tis Maljor,) 420 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli. Lat. 
 32° 6' 8" N., Ion. 20° 2' 7" E. Pop. about 5000. It is finely 
 situated in a fertile plain, extending to the foot of the Cy- 
 renaic Mountains ; but is miserably built, and filthy, and 
 its port is shallow. It has a castle, the residence of a bey ; 
 and some trade with Barbary and Malta, in wool, oxen, 
 sheep, salted butter, and com. Near this city, according 
 to some mythologists, were the " Gardens of the Hesperides," 
 and traces of ancient buildings are often met with buried in 
 the sand. 
 
 BEN'GEO or BEN'GnOO, a parish of England, co. Hertford. 
 
 BENG ERMO W, b^n^her-mdw/, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 dominion of Oude. 45 miles W. of Lucknow. 
 
 BENGE'WOllTH, binj'wgrth, a parish of England, co. of 
 W'orce.sler. 
 
 B KNGHASY. See Bengazi. 
 
 BEN'GORE HEAD, a promontory on the N. coast of Ire- 
 land, CO. of Antrim, immediately E. of the Giant's Cause- 
 way. Lat. 55° 15' N., Ion. 6° 30' W. 
 
 BEN'QOWER, a mountain of the Binabola Group, in Con- 
 naught. CO. of Gal way, Ireland. Elevation 2336 feet. 
 
 BENGUELA. bSn-gi/li, a maritime country of Western 
 Africa, nominally claimed by Portugal, between lat. 9° and 
 16° S., and Ion. 12° and 17°(?) E., having N. Angola, from 
 which it is separated by the river Coanza ; and W. the South 
 Atlantic. Surface mountainous, rising progressively in- 
 land by a series of terraces. Principal rivers have all a \V. 
 course. The climate is very unhealthy, and fever is preva^ 
 lent. The thermometer varies from 94° to 105° Fah. in the 
 shade at noon. The soil is well-watered, and very produc- 
 tive; little corn is raised, but tropical fruits, European 
 vegetables, and cattle are abundant, and numerous fine tur- 
 tles are obtained on the sea-coast. Mineral products com- 
 prise copp<!r, sulphur, petroleum, and gold. Among the na- 
 tives hero, are the Giagas, a race of fierce savages, whose in- 
 Oarsions are much dreaded by the Portuguese. Fetishism is 
 Man prevailing superstitioa. Beasts of prey, including tho 
 204 
 
 lion and hyena, are numerous. The government of the pro. 
 vince is under the Immediate control of the governor-general 
 of Loando. New Benguela, Novo Kedondo, Ic, on the coast, 
 and a few stations in the interior, are occupied by the Portu- 
 guese, whose rule, however, extends little, if at all, beyond 
 those settlements. 
 
 BENGUELA, NEW, or ST. PHILIP DE BENGUIXA, 
 (Port. Sdo tUipe. de Benguela, si'ANo-fA-lee'pA-dd-bSn-g.i/la,) 
 a seaport town, and the Portuguese capital of the above 
 country, with a noble harbor on the Atlantic, near the river 
 Catumbella. Lilt. 12° 33' 9" S., Ion. 13° 25' 2" E. It is .situar 
 ted in a charming and very fertile valley. Pop. .SOOU, of 
 whom one-third are whites and mulattoes. Its principal 
 inhabitants are slave-dealers, whose iniquitous trade is so 
 flourishing that, in 1S38, nearly 20,000 slaves were exporr 
 ted. Moralty is at the lowest ebb, and there is no school 
 of instruction in the town. The streets are straight and 
 wide, but contain more ruined than inhabited houses : they 
 are mostly built of clay and palm branches. The ruins of 
 Old Benguela, the original capital of the country, are .situated 
 on the coiist, l30 miles N.N.E. of New Benguela. 
 
 BENHA'DEN, a post-oflice of Wakulla co., Florida. 
 
 BEN'HALL', a parish of Engl.and. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BENHOLME, ben^hOm.' a maritime parish of Scotl.and, 
 CO. of Kincardine, 10 miles S.S.W. of Stonehaven. In this 
 parish, is Benholme Tower, a stronghold and ancient resi- 
 dence of the Benholmes. 
 
 BEN-HOl'E, Wn^hop/, a mountain range of Scotland, co. 
 of Sutherland, parish of Durness. Elevation, 3160. 
 
 BENI, bi-nee', a river of South America, in Bolivia, formed 
 by the junction of the Chuqueapo and Mapiri, in lat. 1G° S. 
 and Ion. 69° W. It flows mostly northward, through the 
 department of Santa-Cruz-de-la-Sierra ; and in lat. 10° 35' S. 
 joins the Mamore to form the Madeira, which latter ulti- 
 mately flows into the Amazon. The course of the joint 
 rivers exceeds 2000 miles. The country it traverses is ex- 
 tremely fertile, but almost wholly unexplored. Affluents, 
 the Coendo, La Paz, Tuche, Masisi, &c. The towns of San 
 Miguel, Mani. and Pueblo de los Keyes are on its banks, in 
 the upper half of its course. 
 
 BENI, a large department of Bolivi.a, deriving its name 
 from the above river, having S. the depai-tments of La Paz, 
 Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz; N. and E., Brazil; and W., 
 Peru. Chief towns, Trinidad and Loreto. An English com- 
 pany has received a large grant of land in this department 
 for the purpo.se of colonization. 
 
 BENICARLO, b.-l-n&-kiii/lo, a seaport town of Spain. 42 
 miles N.E. of Cast«l]on-de-la-Plana, on the Mediterranean. 
 Pop. 6160. It is ill built and mean; has a ruined castle, a 
 fishing port, and a trade in full-bodied wines, which are ex- 
 ported chiefly to Bordeaux, for mixing with clarets and 
 other French wines. 
 
 BENICIA, be-nish'e-fi, the former capital of the state of 
 California, is situated in Solano co. on the N. side of the 
 Strait of Carquinez (kar-kee'nes), connecting San Pablo and 
 Suisun Bays. It is from one to two miles wide, and several 
 miles long. The site of the town is excellent, the land gently 
 rolling for about a mile from the extreme water or S. front, 
 and a little over that distance E. and W. Beyond these 
 limits, in tlie rear, tlie hills gently rise, and beyond thom, 
 again, are a succession of hills and valleys. There is little 
 or no cultivation in or around the town, and not a tree to 
 be seen, though the extent of vision is necessarily contracted 
 by the proximity of the surrounding hills. The Capitol is 
 a tine, large, brick edifice, and stands on the brow of a slope 
 a half a mile from the water front of the city. It is adorned 
 in front by two large Corinthian columns. The caps of the 
 latter, as well as the foundation blocks?, door-sills, Ac, are 
 of stone, quarried a short distance below the town. These 
 (juarries are inexhaustible. This stone is very soft and 
 easily worked, but it is said to harden on exposure to air. 
 Shii)8 of the largest size can lie in the harbor close to the 
 town. Here are situated the extensive depot, machine-shops 
 and foundries of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, where 
 is done the heaviest work on the Pacific coast. It is also 
 the government depot for the coast, including extensive 
 barracks, quartermaster's and commissary storehouses, sta- 
 bles and workshops. Also an ordnance department, with 
 very extensive storehouses, magazines, workshops, &c., built 
 of the finest kind of sandstone. The immense quantities of 
 arms and ammunition for the coast are stortMi and repaired 
 here. In the town are extensive quarries of hydraulic 
 cement of tho best quality, which is e.\teusively maiiulac- 
 tured. Large quantities of brick are made. The chunhes 
 are Methodist, Episcopal and Catholic. There is commnni- 
 cation daily with all parts of the state by steamboat. Benicia 
 is celebrated for its schools, which are second to none in 
 the state. The Female Seminary of Miss Atkins is one of 
 the best in the county. St. Catharine's Academy for young 
 ladies, under care of the Sisters of St. Domlnick, is a flou- 
 rishing institution. Among the other educational institn- 
 tions are St. Doniinick's theological school, a collegiate in- 
 stitute, and a law school. Pop. 1600. 
 
 BENIDORM, bi-ne-doRm', a town of Spain, 25 miles N.B. 
 of Alicante, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 4502, empluy»J 
 
BEN 
 
 In Irnny snd anchovy fisheries. Near the coast there is an 
 Island ot'the same name. 
 
 BKN'IGANIM, bA-ne-j;4-neem', a town of Spain, proyince 
 of Valencia, 5 miles S.K. Of San Felipe de Jativa. Pop.SJoT. 
 
 B1:M-IIASSAN, bA'nee-hSs/sdn, a Tillage of Central 
 Egypt, 15 miles S.S.K. of Miiiieh. on the right bank of the 
 Nile. In its environs are num(M0us sculptured prottos. 
 
 BKNI-ISGUJiN, bA/nee-is'ghJn', a town of Algeria, in the 
 Sahara Desert, on the VVady SIzab. Lat. 33° 30' N.; Ion. 2° 
 K. It i.s describetl as apprnachiag in size the town of Al- 
 giers, as being strongly built, and surrounded by a ram- 
 p;irt, on which are five towers. 
 
 BIONIX. ben-eeu', a negro country or kingdom of Western 
 Africa, in Upper Guinea, on the Bight of Benin. (Gulf of 
 Guint-u.) extending along the coast on tnjth sides of the 
 Benin lliver; but how tar, and to what distance inland, is 
 not known; indeed, respecting the whole counti-v, our in- 
 formation is e.xceedingly defective. ]t is, howtrer, now 
 understood to be neitlicr so extensive nor important as at 
 one time it w.as deemed. The capital is Benin. The coast 
 is tbifkly indented with estuaries, some of them of consi- 
 derable breadth, and studded with islands. The country is 
 flat fVir some distance inland, when it begins gradu.ally to 
 rise, till it attains a height of lietwet'U 2UU0 and 3000 feet. 
 It is very well wooded, and being likewise well watered, it 
 is rich in all the vegetable productifins of the tropics. Cot- 
 ton is indigenous, and its wool is woven into cloth by the 
 women. Sugar-cane of good quality is grown; the soil is 
 laid out la square plots, producing yams, plantains, Canada 
 and Iiidi:tJi corn. The religion is Fetishism. Human sacri- 
 fices are numerous. and cruelty, in its most atrocious forms, 
 is characteristic of the people and the government. An 
 extensive traffic in slaves is carried on in this country. 
 Besides this nefiirious traffic, there is a considerable trade 
 in salt, palm-oil, and blue coral. 
 
 BKiM.X, a large town of Western Africa, capital of the 
 above kingdom, Jat. 0° 12' N., Ion. 5° 45' E., on the right 
 bank of the river of the same name, foimerly called by the 
 Portuguese Kio Formoso, but now ascertained to be one of 
 the mouths of the Niger. As in almost all African towns, 
 the houses are set down without the slightest regard to 
 order, and often at wide distances from each other. They 
 are built of clay, neatly thatched with reeds, straw, or 
 leaves, and kept exceedingly clean. The palace of the king 
 stands outside of the city, and is defended by walls. Benin 
 was at one time the great emporium of the district for 
 slaves, but this traffic is now carried on nearer the coast, as 
 large vessels could not come within a shorter distance of the 
 town than Gato, or Agatton, a port about 40 miles down 
 the river. It is still the scene of a busy market for cattle, 
 sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, yams, cottons, ivory, and Kuro- 
 pean wares, with fruits of various kinds. Belzoni, the cele- 
 brated traveller, died here in 1823. Pop. estimated at 
 15.000. 
 ■ BENIN, BIGHT OF, the northern portion of the Gulf of 
 Guinea, between the Slave Coast and Calabar River. The 
 coast is irou-ljouud, and the rivers offer little tacility for 
 traffic. 
 
 BKNINGUET, b^h-nSNo'gA'. a small island off the N.W. 
 coast of France, department of Finist^re, 12 miles S.E. of 
 Ushant. 
 
 BENIN, RIVER OF, (called by the Portugnese RIO FOR- 
 MOSO, ree'o-foR-mo'so, and still recognised by that name,) 
 in ^Vc■stern Africa, kingdom of Benin, and believed to bo 
 one of the mouths of the Niger. It falls into the Gulf of 
 Guinea about ISO miles below Benin, and about 120 miles 
 N.N.W. of Cape Formosa. Eat. (entrance N.W. point.) 5° 
 K/ N. : lijD. 5° 4' E. It is a fine bold river. It divides into 
 two branches, both of which wore ascended in 1840, in a 
 steamer, by Captain Becroft; the one branch for a distance 
 of 50 miles, and the other for a distance of 70 miles. Further 
 progress w:is stopped by the impenetrable nature of the 
 aquatic vegetation. The river is 2 miles wide at its mouth, 
 across which is a bar, with 12 feet of water at spring tides. 
 
 BENIOLEED, bA-ne-o-leed'. a town and valley of North- 
 western Africa, regency of Tripoli, about 100 miles S.S.E. of 
 the seaport town of that name. 
 
 BENISA, bil-nee's^. a town of Spain, 39 miles N.E. of Ali- 
 cante, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3678. It has manu- 
 factures of linens and woollens. 
 
 BKM-S.A.BIII, bd'nee-sd-bee', a town of Morocco, capital of 
 the province of Drah or Draha, on the Drah, 224 miles S. 
 by E. of the city of Morocco. Lat. 28° 68' N. Ion. 6° 45' W. 
 
 BEXISALEM, bA-ne-sd-lJm', a Spanish town, island of 
 Majorca, lo miles S.W. of Inc;v, liaving spticious streets, two 
 fquarts. a town-hall, and a cemetery. Pop. 3027. 
 
 BENI-SOOEFor BENI-SOUEF. bj'nVswSf, a town of Cen- 
 tral Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 62 miles S.S.W. of 
 Cairo. Pop. 6000. It is the entrepot for the produce of the 
 rich valley of Fayoom, and has large cavalry barracks, ex- 
 tensive cotton mills, and alabaster quarries. 
 
 BENKAH, b^n'kdh, a fortified village of Bootan, on a 
 nearly inaccessible rock, 3100 feet above the sea, and de- 
 tended by numerous round towers and a citadel. 
 
 BEN'EAK, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa. 
 
 BEN 
 
 BENLAWERS, bln-law'ers, a monntain of Scotland, 
 nearly in its centre, co. and 32 miles W.N.W. of P«'rth. on 
 the W. side of Loch Tay, 3945 feet in elevation. It com- 
 mands a magnificent view of the country from Loch L-^gg-JU 
 ne.arly to Edinburgh. 
 
 BENLEDI. Ix^n-lJd'dee, a mountain of Scotland, co. of 
 Perth, 4 miles W.N.W. of Callander. 2803 feet in height. It; 
 scenery has been immortalized by Sir Walter Scott, in the 
 " Lady of the Lake." 
 
 BEX-LOMOND, bjn-16'mond, a famous mountain of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Stirling, at the S.W. extremitv of the Grampian 
 chain, 27 miles W.N.W. of Stirling. Height, 3190 feet. On 
 the N. this mountain terminates by an .abrupt precipice, 
 2000 feet in height ; on its W. side is Locli Lomond. Th* 
 view from its summit emtiraces Ben Nevis, the Atlantic, and 
 the cities of Edinl>urgh and Glasgow. 
 
 BEN-LOMOND, a mountain of Van Diemen's Land. (Tas- 
 mania.) about 25 miles E. of Launceston, and rising to an 
 elevation of 5000 feet. 
 
 BKN-MACDHUI, Wn-mak-doo^e, or BEN-MACDHU, Un- 
 mdk-du', the summit of a lofty mountain range in Sotland 
 CO, of Abei-deen, on the border of Inverness-shire, Height 
 4305 feet, 
 
 BEN-.MORE, bJn-mor. («'. «, "big mountain,) a mountain 
 of Scotland, in the Hebrides, island of Mull, 9 miles S.S.W. 
 of Torosay. Height, 3*19 feet. 
 . BENMORli-IIEAD, Ireland. See Fairhe.\d. 
 
 BENNE15E0LA. See Binauola. 
 
 BKXNECKENSTEIN, bjn-njk'en-stlne\ a town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, in a detached portion of territory in the Harz 
 22 miles S.W. of HallxM-stadt. Pop. 3614. 
 
 BENNEKOM, Ij^n'ne-kom, a village of Holland, province 
 of Guelderland. 10 miles W, by N, of Arnhem. 
 
 BEN'NKKSVILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsj-lvaniaj 
 situated in Half Moon Valley, 12 miles S.W. of Bellefonte, 
 and 98 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. The name of the post^ 
 office is Half Moon. 
 
 BKX'NETTSBURGH, a post-office of Tompkins co., New 
 York. 
 
 BEN'NET'S CORNERS, a post-offlce of Madison co., New 
 York. 
 
 BENNETT'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jackson co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 BENNETT'S CREEK, a post-offlce of Steuben co., New 
 York. 
 
 BENNETT'S CREEK, of Frederick co, Maryland, flows 
 westward in the Monocacv River. 
 
 BENNETT'S CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into the 
 Chowan River from the north at the S. part of Gates co. 
 
 BENNETT'S CltOSS ROADS, a post-office of Sampson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 BENNETTS FERRY, a post-offlce of Jackson co., Ten. 
 nessee. 
 
 BENNETT'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Lewis co., Virgini<n. 
 
 BENNETT'S RIVEK.a post-offlce of Fulton co.. Arkansas. 
 
 BENNETTSVILLE, a post-office of Chenango co.. New 
 York. 
 
 BENNETTSVILLE, a post-village, caplt,-U of Marlborough 
 district, South Carolina, about 8 miles E, of Great Pedee 
 River, and 100 miles E,N,E, of Columbia. It has several 
 churches and stores. 
 
 BENNETTSVILLE, a post-offlce of St. Clair co.. Alabama. 
 
 BENNETTSVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co.. Indiana, 
 on the railroad from New Albany to Salem, 10 miles N. of 
 the former. 
 
 BENNETTSVILLE, a sm.all village of Scott co., Indiana, 
 on the railroad from JelTersonville to Columbus. 
 
 BEX-NEVIS, bJn-ne'vis, a famous mountain of Scotland, 
 and the loftiest in Britain, co. of Inverness, immediatelv E. 
 of Fort William. Lat. 56° 48' N.; Ion. 5° W. Elevation, 
 according to ordnance survey, 4368 feet. Circumference at 
 base, about 24 miles. On its N.E. side it terminates by a 
 precipice, 1500 feet in height. The view finm its summit 
 comprises most of the Western Islands, and the countrv E. 
 from it to Cairngorm and Ben-Macdhui. The base of the 
 mountain consists of granite and gneiss — the upper part is 
 composed of porpliyry. 
 
 BEN-NEVIS, a mountain of Van Diemen's Land. (Tas- 
 mania.) aliout 25 miles E, of Launceston. Heiirht. 3910 feet. 
 
 BEX'NINGTON, a parish of England, co, of Herts, 
 
 BENNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BEN'NINGTON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Vermont, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head waters of Battenkill, Hoosick, and 
 Deerfield Rivers, and other small streams, which furnish 
 abundant water-power. Although some good land is found 
 within the limits of this county, a greater part of the sur- 
 face is mountainous and unfitted for cultivation. The at- 
 tention of the inhabit.ants is in great measure turned to 
 manufactures of cotton and wool. Great quantities of 
 spruce and other lumber are found in all parts of this 
 county. This county contains quarries of white, gray, and 
 clouded marble, which are extensively worked, and beds 
 of yellow ochre and iron ore; lead is also sometimes found. 
 The railroad connecting Troy with Rutland crosses the N. 
 
 206 
 
BEN 
 
 W. pftrt of the connty, and that extendfng from Rutland to 
 Bennington partly intersects it. Seats of justice, Benning- 
 ton and Manchester. Pop. 19,4-36. 
 
 BEXXINGTON, a post-township in Hillsborough co., New 
 Hampshire. Pop. 450. 
 
 BE.VNINOTOX, a post-township of Bennington co.. Ver- 
 mont, 117 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. The battle of Ben- 
 nington, in which a detachment of the array under General 
 Burgoyne was defejited. was fought here, August 16, 1777. 
 It contains Bennington Centre, the county-seat, and Ben- 
 KiNGTOx VitiAGB. wluch See. The Troy and Boston, and the 
 Western Vermont Railroads, unite at jf orth Bennington, in 
 this township. Pop. 4389. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a post-township of Wyoming co„ New 
 Tork, 25 miles S.E. of Buffalo, is drained by Cayuga Creek. 
 Pop. 2618. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a village of Blair co., Pennsylvania. It 
 has recently sprung up at the coal-mines on Alleghany 
 Mountain. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a township in Licking co., Ohio. Pop, 
 1012. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a post-township in Morrow co., Ohio, 
 about 30 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 107.5. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a village of Putnam co., Ohio, about 100 
 miles W.S VV. of Sandusky City. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a po.st-township in Shiawassee co., Michi- 
 gan, alKiut so miles N.W. of Detroit. Pop. S95. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a thriving post^village of Switzerland co., 
 Indiana. 8 mile.s from the Ohio River at Vevay. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, on the 
 Des Moines River, about 25 miles S.E. of Fort Des Moines. 
 
 BENNINGTON CKNTRE. or OLD VILLAGE OF BEN- 
 NINGTON, a post-village, semi-capital of Bennington co., 
 Vermont, in Bennington township, 117 miles S. by W. of 
 Montpelier, contains the county buildings. Pop. between 
 400 and 51 K). 
 
 BKNNINGTON VILLAGE, a manufacturing village of 
 Bennington township, Bennington county, Vermont, about 
 1 mile E. of the old village. It contains 2 banks, 4 or 5 
 churches, an academy, and 1 or 2 printing offices. Besides 
 the several factories, foundries, and tanneries in the place, 
 there is an establishment for making a peculiar kind of fire- 
 brick. These bricks are used in glass-ovens and furnaces 
 where a high heat is required, and are generally preferred 
 to any imported. They are composed chiefly of quartz and 
 kaolin, a species of feldspar — minerals found In great abun- 
 dance in the eastern part of the township. Pop. about 2500. 
 
 BKN.VINGTON IKON-WOKKS. situated about 3 miles E. 
 of Bennington Centre, consisting of several large furnaces, 
 which give employment to about 200 h.tnds, and produce 
 from 2(K10 to 30i)0 tons of pig iron annuallv. 
 
 BENNINGTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 BENNISCILbln'nish.orBENISCHI, bA'nish-e, a town 
 of .Austrian Silesia, 13 miles W.N.W. of Troppau. Pop.26SG, 
 engaged in minina, and the manufacture of linen. 
 
 BKN'XIWOKTU, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BENNSfl.\U8EN, Wus-h6w'zen, a village of Prussian 
 Saxonv, 10 miles N.E. of Meiningen, with iron forges. 
 Pop. l'775. 
 
 BENNAVIIIR, bSnnVeen', a commune of France, depart- 
 ment of HautrKhin, with a station on the Strasbourg and 
 Bile Railnav, 3^ miles S. of Colmar. 
 
 BEN(X)B, or BENOUB, b^n-ooR (Omfphis.) a village of 
 Lower E'lypt, 14 miles S.W. of Mansoorah, on the eastern 
 arm of the Nile. 
 
 BENOA\"M, bjn-dwm', a town of Central .Africa, in Soodan, 
 near the border of Senegambia. Lat. 15° 5' N. : Ion. 9° W. 
 It is a principal caravan station on the route from the Sene- 
 gal to Timbuctoo, 
 
 BEN'SALEM, bjn'si/lem, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. '^iol. 
 
 BEN SEEING, bSns'bjRO, a small markel>-town of Rhenish 
 Pnis.sia. 9 miles K. of Cologne, Pop. 864, 
 
 BENS^BOKOUGII, a village in the N. part of La Oede 
 CO., Missouri, on an affluent of the .\nglaize River. 
 
 BENr^EN. b.'n'sfn. a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.N.E. of 
 Leitmeritz. with two castles. Pop. 482. 
 
 BENSIIEIM, bJns'hIme. an old fortified town of Ilesse- 
 Darmttadt. on the Bergstrasse, 14 miles S. of Darmstadt. 
 Pop. 4<i0i"i. emploved in raisins wine. 
 
 BEN'SINGTON or BEN'SON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 BEN'SON. a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, about 
 60 miles S.W. of Montpelier. It has several boot and shoe 
 manufactories, and one of carriages. Pop. 1256. 
 
 BENSON, a post-village of Hamilton co,,New York, about 
 50 miles N.N.W. of AIImuv. 
 
 BENSON CENTRE, a jpost-offlce of Hamilton co., New 
 York. 
 
 BENSON'S LANDING, a post-office of Rutland co., Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 BENTALA, bJn-tl'ia, a town of Senegambia, about 210 
 miles N.N.E. of Sierra I.«one, on a tributary of th« Rio 
 Grande. 
 
 BEN 
 
 BENT CREBK, a neat post-village of Appomattox co, 
 Virgini.^, on James River, at the mouth of Bent Creek, IIU 
 miles W. of Richmond. A plank-road extends frnni this 
 place to Clover Hill, the county town. It has several stores, 
 and a large flouring mill. 
 
 BENTEVOGLIO, bte-te-v51'yo, a post-ofBce of Albemarl* 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 BEN'TIIALL, a parish of Enirland. co. of Salop. 
 
 BEN'THAM, a parish of England, co. of York. Wert 
 Riding. 
 
 BENTHEIM, bjnt/hime, a town of Hanover. 38 miles W. 
 of Osnaburg, capital of a county, on the Dutch fiontier. 
 Pop. 1972. It is the seat of royal and manori.al courts : and 
 has manufactures of linen cloths and parchment, with 
 stone quarries and sulphur baths. 
 
 BENTINCK (bJn'tink) ISLAND, alow wooded i>land in 
 the Gulf of Carpentaria, 10 miles from the mainland of 
 North Australia. Lat. 17° S. : Ion. 139° 40' E. 
 
 BENT'LEY, a parish of Enarland, co. of Hants. 
 
 BENTLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BENT'LEY, a post-ofRee of Richmond co.. New York. 
 
 BENTLEY CREEK, a post-ofBce of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BENTLEY, FENNY, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BENTLEY, GREAT, a parish of Eugl.ind, co. of Essex 
 
 BENTLEY, LITTLE, a p.-vrish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BEXTLEY'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co.,New 
 York. 
 
 BEXT'LEYVILLE, a small post-village of Washington co, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BENTLEYVILLE, a post-village of Halifax co., Virginia, 
 on Staunton River, 115 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 BENT MOUNTAIN, a postKjfiiceof Roanoke co., Virginia. 
 
 BENI'ON, a county in the W. part of the Peninsula of 
 Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area ol 
 perhaps 1000 square miles. The Withlacoochee River forms 
 its northern boundai-y. The surface has but little eleva- 
 tion, and is mostly occupied by pine woods and swamps; 
 the soil is sandy, and produces sugar-cane. Indian com, 
 and rice. Named in honor of Thomas H. Benton, of Mis- 
 souri. Capital, Melendez, Pop. in 1850, 926 ; of whom 60-1 
 were free, and 322 slaves. 
 
 BENTON (CA LHOUN), a co. in the E.N.E. of Alabama, }k>t- 
 dering on Georgia, has an area of 1170 square miles. The 
 I Coo.sa River washes its N.W. border: the Tallapoo>a flows 
 through the S.E. part; and it is also drained by Tallasa- 
 hatchee and Chocolochee Creeks. The county is traversed 
 by mountain ridges. The soil of the valleys is exceedingly 
 fertile, and much improved. The mountains are rich in 
 minerals; gold and lead have been found. Iron ore. fine 
 marble, and limestone are abundant. Chalybeate and other 
 mineral springs occur in several places. The long-leaved 
 pine is one of the most numerous trees in the forests. The 
 railroad lately commenced between Selma and Tennessee 
 River passes through the county. Capital. Jacksonville. 
 Pop. 21,539 ; of whom 17.197 are free, and 4342 slaves. 
 
 BENTON, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Ar- 
 kansas, contains about 900 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Illinois River and Flag Creek. The surface is mostly 
 level, and the soil very productive. The stre-ams afford ex- 
 cellent water-power. A strong current of emigration is 
 moving towards this section of the State. Capital. Bonton- 
 vllle. Pop. 9306; of whom 8922 were free, and 384 slaves, 
 
 BENTON, a county in the N.N W. part of Tennessee, haf 
 an area of about 400 square miles. The Tennessee River 
 (navigable by steam) forms its entire boundary on the E., 
 and the Big Sandy washes its N.W. border. The soil isisaid 
 to be fertile. Capital, Camden. Pop. 8463; of whom 7929 
 were free, and 534 slaves. 
 
 BENTON, a county in the W.N.W. part of Indiana, bor- 
 dering on Illinois, contains 414 square miles. It is drained 
 by Pine and Sugar Creeks. More than half of the surface is 
 an undulating prairie, the soil of which is highly produt- 
 tive; and about one-fifth is covered with forests of oak, ash, 
 sug!\r-maple. walnut, &c. Organized in 1840. Capital, Ox- 
 ford. Pop. 2809. 
 
 BENTON, a county in the W. central part of Missouri, 
 has an area of 770 square miles. It is intersected by th« 
 0<age River, which flows eastward, and in its pas.^.ige re- 
 ceives the Pomme de Terre and Grand Rivers. The county 
 is also drained by Tebo, Beaver, and Cole Camp Creeks. 
 The surface is somewhat diversified, and consists partly of 
 prairies; the soil is fertile. The Osage River is navigable 
 during high water. Lead is fonnd in the county. Capital, 
 Wai-saw. Pop. 9072; of whom 8473 were free, and 699 
 slaves. 
 
 BENTON, a new county in the E. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 720 square miles. It is traversed by Cedar 
 River and by Prairie Creek, and the Iowa River touches it< 
 S.W. extremity. The prairies of this county are said to be 
 more extensive than the woodland.s; the soil is fertile, am' 
 the climate healthy. Capital, Vinton. Pop. 8496. 
 
 BENTON, a county in the ccntr.il part ot Minnesota, har 
 an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on th( 
 W. by the Mississippi River and also drained by the Elk 
 
BEN 
 
 River, the west forfc of Rum River, and hittllf Rock Creek. 
 The Burface is somewhat diversified, and piirtly covered 
 witli forests. Tlie .soil in some parts is productive. Capital, 
 Saulv Rapids. Pop. 627. 
 
 BKNTON, a county in the W. part of Oregon, has an area 
 of about 1-(X) square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Willamette River, and on the W. by the I'acific Occiin, ami 
 is drained by the Alseya and Yaquina Rivers. Tlio central 
 part Is traversed by the Coast Range of mountains, the di- 
 rection of which is north and south. Capital, CorvalUs. 
 Pop. 3074. 
 
 BENTON, formerly SEBASTICOOK, a post-township of 
 Kennebec co.. Maine, on the Sebasticook River, alxint IdO 
 miles XE. of Portland. The name was changed June 19, 
 18.^.0. Pop. 1IS3. 
 
 BKNTON, a post-townsliip of Grafton cc, New Hampshire. 
 Pop. 459. 
 
 BKNTON, a post-village and township of Yates co.. New 
 York, on the W. shore of Seneca Lake, about ISO miles W. 
 of Albany. It is intersected by the Canandaigua and Kl- 
 mira Hailm.ad. Pop. 246'2. 
 
 BKNTON, a post-township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BKNTON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 H.iO. 
 
 BENTON, a poRt-vlllasre of Lowndes co., Alabama, on the 
 Alabama River, about 35 miles W. of Montgomery. It owes 
 its importance to the navi^^ation of the river, and does a 
 large business in proportion to its size. The land in the 
 Tioiiiity produces jrood crops of cotton. Pop. 400 or 500. 
 
 BKNTON. a post-vill.ige of Yazoo co., Mississippi, about 
 40 miles N. of Jackson, and 11 miles E. of Yazoo City, was 
 formerly the county seat. It contains 1 church, 1 academy, 
 and several stores. 
 
 BKNTON. a pos(>villapte. capital of Saline co., Arkansas, 
 25 miles S.W. of Little Hock, .and 2 miles N.E. of Saline 
 River, which alToi-ds water-power. It has a court-house, 
 jail, and a few shops. Fine marble, soapstone, and silver 
 are found in the vicinitv. 
 
 BENTON or BKNTON VILLE, a pos1>vilIage, capital of 
 Polk CO.. Tennessee. 4 miles S. of Hiawassee River, and 75 
 miles S.S.W. of KBoxville. It has a court-house, jail, aca- 
 demv. 2 or 3 churches, and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 BENTON, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Clark's River, about 270 miles W.S.W. of Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 BKNTON. a small vilLage of Mercer co., Kentucky, on 
 Chaplin Biver. 
 
 BKNTON, a village of Brown co., Ohio, about 40 miles E. 
 of Cincinnati. 
 
 BKNTON. a thriving post-village of Hancock co., Ohio, 
 ahout S4 miles in a direct line N.N.W. of Columbus. The 
 post-oflftce is called Benton Kidare. 
 
 BKNTON, a post-village of Uolmes co., Ohio, 92 miles N.E. 
 of Columbus. „ _, . T^ ,1. 
 
 BKNTON. a township in Ottowa CO., OIno. Pop. 144. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Paulding co , Ohio. Pop. 209. 
 
 BKNTON, a township in Pike co., Oliio. Pop. 811. 
 
 BKNTON, a small vilhige near the S.E. extremity of Port- 
 age CO., Ohio. 
 
 BKNTON, a township of Berrien CO., Michigan. The N.\> . 
 ccrner touches Lake Michigan. Pop. 1028. 
 
 BENTON, a township in Katon co., Michigan. Pop. 755. 
 
 BKNTON, a post-village and townsliip of Klkhart co., In- 
 diana, on the Elkliart River, 7 miles S.E. of Goshen, tlie 
 county seat, has 2 churches, a large flouring mill, 2 tan- 
 neries, and several stores. Pop. 13S6. 
 
 BENTON, a township in Monroe Co., Indiana. Pop. 690. 
 
 BKNTON, a piwt-oflRce of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 
 BKNTnN, a township iu Adams co., Illinois. 
 
 BKNTON, a pfjst-village, capital of Franklin co.. Illinois, 
 Is situated on a prairie neiir IMg Muddy River, 152 miles S. 
 by E. of S'pringfield. Pop. 380. 
 
 BENTON, a village m the .N. part of Henderson co., Illi- 
 nois. 2 miles E. of tlie Mississippi River. 
 BENTON, a townsliip in Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 729, 
 BENTON, a post-village, capital of Scott co., Missouri, 240 
 miles K.S.E. of Jefferson City, has a court-house, jail, and a 
 few stores. Pop. 380. 
 
 BKNTON. a thriving post-village of Lafayette co., Wiscon- 
 sin, situated in Benton township, 13 miles N. of Galena, 
 Illinois, and 85 miles t^.W. of Madison. It is surrounded 
 by rich lead-mines, in which many persons are employed, 
 and is a place of active business. The village contains 2 
 churches, 5 stores, 1 smelting lurnace, &c. Total j)opulation, 
 2091. 
 
 BENTON CENTRE, a post-village of Benton township, 
 Yates CO.. New Ynrif, 189 miles W. cf Albany. 
 BENTON FKR RY, a postroflice of Marion co.. W. Virginia. 
 BENTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 BENTON RIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio. 
 BEN'TONSPORT, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, 
 on the Des Moines River, about 6 miles E. of Keosauqua, 
 
 BKN'TONS VILLE. a post-office of Johnson co., North Ca- 
 rolina See AppiLN'Bix 
 
 BER 
 
 BENTONVILLE, a post-offic« of W.arren co., Virginia. 
 
 BENTONVILLE. a post^village, capital of Benton co., Ar- 
 kansas, 225 miles N.W. of Little Rock, and about 2J miles 
 from the N.W. extremity of the state. The county has a 
 large portion of good arable land, and is liberally supplied 
 with water-power. The ])opulation of tliis section is increas- 
 ing rapidly by immigration. Pop. about 500. 
 
 Bl^NTONVILLK, Tennessee. See Bknton. 
 
 BENTONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Adams co., 
 Ohio, 12 miles from the Ohio River, and 108 S.S.W. of Colum- 
 bus. It is connected by a plank-road with the Ohio River 
 at ^Manchester. Pop. al)OUt 4u0. 
 
 BENTONA'ILLE, a post-village of Fayette CO., Indiarsa, 11 
 miles N.W. of Connersville, the county town. 
 
 BKNT(JTTE, b^n-totf, a small town of Ceylon, on Ceylon 
 River. 12 miles S. of Caltura. 
 
 BENT'WORTH, a pjirish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BENVENUE, bJnS-g-uew', a post-ofllce of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BEN'WKLL, a township of England, co.- of North umber 
 land, 2 miles W. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1851, 1272. em- 
 ))!oj'ed in collieries, one of which, in the last century, took 
 fire, and burned for nearly 30 years. 
 
 BENWOOD, Marshall co., W. Virginia. See Appexdix. 
 
 BEN-WYVIS. ben-wi'vis, a mountain of Scotland, co. of 
 Ross. 10 miles W. of Kiltearn. Ueitht, 2720 feet. 
 
 BKNZKRTA. See Bizert.\. 
 
 BEN'ZINGER, a post-township of Elk co„ Penn.sylvania, 
 about It miles N.W. of llarrisburg. Pop. 1247. 
 
 BEODRAf b.Wdrd, a market-town and poststation of 
 Hungary, in the bauat, and 47 miles \V. of Temesvar. 
 Pop. 3120, 
 
 BKO'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BEf/TON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BEQL'I.\, bA-kee'a, the northernmost of the Grenadines, 
 West India Islands, lat. 13° N..lon. r,\o jg/ w., 8 miles S.of 
 St. Vincent. Length, from N.E. to S.W.. 7 miles ; breadth, 11 
 miles. On its W. side is the inlet of Admiralty Hay. 
 
 BER.^R, bA-rar'. a large province of llindostan, in the 
 Deccan, under British protection, ntid the nominal sove- 
 reigntv of a rajali ; between lat. 17° 4S' and 22^ 43' N.. and 
 Ion. ~b° 20' and x-JP 48' E. G reatest length, from N . to S., 330 
 miles : breadth. 300 miles; area, 56,723 square miles. It is 
 centrally situated, being almost efiuidistant from the Bay 
 of Bengal and the W. coast of India : and consists chiefly of 
 an elevated valley, reached by a chain of i/ha uls or moun- 
 tain passes, sometimes sloping gradually, sometimes termi- 
 nating abruptly towards the valley. The chief rivers are 
 the Wurda, the Kliahan, Wynegunga, and other affluents 
 of the Godavory. The soil is fertile, yielding almndant corps 
 of dry grains; also flax, sugar, betel, and tobacco. The 
 wheat is reckone<l the best in India, and is harvested three 
 months after it is sown, leaving time for a crop of Indian 
 orn. Cotton is grown to .some extent. 
 
 BKRAT, bSr-df, a town of European Turkey, .Mbania, 
 sanjak of .\vlona. on the right bank of the Kricnt. here 
 crossed by a bridge of 8 arelies, 30 miles N.E. of Avlona. 
 Population between 8000 and 10.000, of whom two-thirds are 
 Greeks and one-third Turks. It consists cf an upper town 
 or citadel, containing the vizier's palace, several Greek 
 chuivlies. and about 250 hou.sea; and the lower town, 
 mostly inhabited by Turks, with numerous mosques and a 
 good bazaar. 
 
 BER.\UN, bA'rOwn, fL. Beraii/na. or Bfraufnum.) a walled 
 town of Bohemia, capital of a circle, on the Beraun Kiver, 
 17^ miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 2200, employed in potteries, 
 iron forges, coal-mines, and stone quarri js. 
 
 BKR'BER.i, (anc. MaHiiP.) a seaport station of East Africa, 
 Somauli, on a bay of the Gulf of .\den. 100 miles K.S.E. of 
 Zeyla. Lat. 10° 2(7 15" N.. Ion. 45° 7' 57" E. An annual fair is 
 held here from October till April, at which from lu.OOO to 
 20.000 persons assemble; and to whi^h cofTee, grains, ghee, 
 ostrich feathers, gums, hides, gold-dust, cattle, ivoi-y, and 
 slaves are sent from the interior of Africa; and iron. Indian 
 piece-goods, cutton, rice, &c., from Arabia and other parts- 
 of Asia. 
 
 BElt'BERS. a name given by the Arabs to the original 
 inhabitants of North Africa, who. however, do not recognise 
 it, calling themselves, in their own languages, Amazeergh 
 or Tamzeerght. 
 
 BKRBICK, ber-beece', the most western district of British 
 Guiana, extending along the coast, and up the Berbice 
 River, and mostly between lat. 6° and 7° N.. and ion. 57° 
 and 58° W. Pop. in 1834, 21.589, of whom 570 are whites. 
 It is subdivided into six parishes. Principal products, sugar, 
 coffee, and cotton. In 1846, 73,307 cwts.of sugar and 51,257 
 gallons of rum were exported to the United Kingdom. Total 
 value of exports in 1844, 226.213/.. — tho.<o to Great Britain 
 amounting to 222,859?.; value of imports, C5.P40/. In the 
 same year 86 vessels, aggregate burden 11.906 tons, entered, 
 and 72 vessels, burden 11,826 tons, cleared from the colony. 
 Hegistered shipping in 1844, 18 vcs-^els. aggregate burden, 
 854 tons. Principal town, New Amsterdam. 
 BKRBICK RIVKR. in the above district, rises in about 
 I lat. 3° 30' N. Ion. 5S° W., having at first a N. and afterwards 
 
 au7 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 B X.E. course, between the Essequibo and the Corentyn 
 Rivers, and joins the Atlantic by an estuary 5 miles in 
 width, 10 miles N. of New Amsterdam, in lat. 6° 21' N., 
 Im. 57° 12' \y. Sir R. Schomburgk ascended it, in 1837, to lat. 
 3'^ 55' N., where it was 33 yards wide, with a depth of from 8 
 to 10 feet. In its upper part it has numerous rapids and 
 cataracts; but it is navigable for 105 miles from the sea, for 
 vessels drawing 7 feet water. Among the luxuriant ve- 
 getation on its banks, the magnificent Victoria reffia was 
 discovered. 
 
 BEKCETO, bfe-chA'to, a picturesque village of North 
 Italy, duchy and 28 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. 900. 
 
 UEKCHKJl, bJR'Kem, a town of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 19 miles S.W. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 2,342, partly employed in the manufacture of chiccory. 
 
 BKKCHKM, a village of Belgium, 2 miles S. of Antwerp, 
 on the railway to Brus.sels. Pop. 2729, engaged in bleaching 
 ond in manufactures of canvas, starch, and tobacco. 
 
 BERCIIEM, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 North Brabant, 13 miles N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1841. 
 
 BERCHING, bSn/king, a small town of Bavaria, on Lud- 
 Wig's Canal, 30 miles W'.N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1351. 
 
 BERCHTESOADEX, b^RK'tes-gdMen, a market-town of 
 Bavaria, 12 miles S. of Salzburg, with 1800 inhabitants en- 
 gaged iu salt-works and manufactures of bone and wooden 
 waris. In the royal salt-mines in its vicinity 200 miners 
 are employed, and the annual produce is 16,000 cwt. of rock- 
 salt. It ha,s a i'ranciscan monastery, a charitable asylum, 
 and a royal palace. 
 
 BERCK-SUll-MER, b^Rk-stlR-maiR, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Pas-de-Calais, on the English Channel, 8 miles 
 S.^V. of Montreuil. Pop. of commune, 21t)0: 61 fishing 
 boats belonged to Its port in 1837. 
 
 BEliCY, b^R^see', a village of France, on the right bank 
 of the Seine, forming a S.E. suburb of Paris, between the 
 city wall and the line of its new fortifications. Pop. in 1852, 
 10,860. It is an entrepot of articles for consvunption in Paris, 
 especially wine and brandy. 
 
 BERDI.INSK, bJR-de-dnsk', a maritime town of South 
 Russia, Taurida, at the mouth of the small river Berda, on 
 the N. shore of the sea of Azof, 150 miles N.E. Simferopol. 
 I'his new and flourishing town is remarkable for its rapid 
 extension, having in the ten years of its existence esta- 
 blished an extensive trade and attaine<l a population of 
 10,000. Its prosperity is ascribed to the excellence of its 
 port, and the coal-mines and salt lakes iu its vicinity. The 
 roadstead is the best in the Sea of Azof. A light-house 
 stands at its entrance. 
 
 BERDITCHEV, or BERDITSCIIEV, b^R-de-chM a town 
 of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, 24 miles S. of 
 Zhltomeer, (Jitomir.) Pop. (1868) 51,626, mostly Jews. It 
 is dirty and ill built, but important for its commerce, and 
 celebrated for its four annual tairs, the chief of which Is 
 held during the four weeks succeeding August 16. The 
 average value of the goods brought annually to these fiiirs 
 is estimated at 3,797,000 roubles or $2,900,000. 
 
 BER'DON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BERE.\., be-ree'a, post-office, Gi-anville co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BERE.\, a manufacturing post-village of Cuyahoga CO., 
 Ohio, on the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 12 miles S. 
 W. of Cleveland. It contains a union school. 
 
 BERE-CIIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BERE, FOREST OF, a pretty extensive tract of forest- 
 land in England, co. of Hants, between Portsdown and 
 the Southdown ranges. Much of it is now enclosed, but 
 other parts produce fine oak timber. In it are the villages 
 Purbrook, Southwick, and Horndean. 
 
 BEREGII, biVJg', a county of Upper Hungary, this side 
 the Theiss. Pop. 119,161. Chief towns Bereghszasz and 
 Munkacs. 
 
 BEREGII, a town of Hungary, in the above co., 14 miles 
 S. of Munkacs. Pop. 1750. 
 
 BEREGHSZASZ, biVi-g^ss', a town of East Hungary, 
 CO. of Beregh, 18 miles S. of Munkacs. Pop. 3560. It has 
 Roman Catholic, Greek, and Protestant churches. 
 
 BEREGUARDO, bi-ri-gw^R'do, a village of Lombardy, 
 9 miles N.W. of Pavia, near the mouth of the canal of the 
 same name in the Ticino. 
 
 BER^ENI'CE, a ruined city of Egypt, anciently the empo- 
 rium of its commerce with India, on a bay of the Red Sea, 
 20 miles S.W. of Ras Bernass. It has the remains of a tem- 
 ple of Serapis. 
 
 BERENT or BEHREND, bA/rSnt, a town of Prussia, 
 government of D.antzic, on the Ferse, 82 miles S.W. of 
 Dantzic, Pop. 2000. 
 
 BERENY J ASZ. See Ja8Z-Ber£jjt. 
 
 BERESINA, or BEREZINA, b^R-e-zeen'i, a river of Rus- 
 sia, government of Minsk, in the N.' of whlcli it rises, flows 
 generally S., and joins the Dnieper in lat. 62° 28' N. Length 
 200 miles. Principal affluent, the Svislotch. The towns of 
 Borissov and Bobruisk are on its l»nk.s. It is navigable, 
 and is connected with the DUna by a canal, which thus 
 establishes a communication Imtween the Baltic and Black 
 Seas This river is memorable for the disastrous passage of the 
 French army during Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, in 1812. 
 208 
 
 BERESIN^, a village of Russia, on the right bank of the 
 Beresina, 48 miles E. of Minsk, at which Charles XII. crossed 
 the river, June 29, 1708. 
 
 BERETHALOM, bi^riHA^om', or BERTHALM, hlvJiiXm, 
 a market-town of Hungary, Transylvania, in a valley 
 between vine-clad hills, 30 miles N.E. of Hermannstadt. 
 Pop. 3290. 
 
 BERETTYO, bAVJyyo\ a river of East Hungary, rises in 
 the Beregh hills, and after a somewhat winding course of 
 170 miles falls into the Kiji-os, near Szarvas. 
 
 BERETTYO-UJFALU, bAVJt/yo^oo'ee-f dMoo', a market-town 
 of Hungary, beyond the Theiss, co. of Bihar, on the Berett- 
 yo. witli a reformed church. Pop. 5426. 
 
 BEREZNA, hk-rhiJnh, a town of Russia, on the Desna, 
 government and 20 miles E. of Techernigov. Pop. 5500. 
 
 BEREZOV, or BEREZOFF, b^r-ez-off', written also BE- 
 REZOW, (a town of birch-trees.) a town of Siberia, govern- 
 ment and 400 miles N.N.W. of Tobolsk, on the lower banks 
 of the Sosva. It is important as the sole trading station 
 throughout a wide extent of country, and has a considerable 
 traffic in furs. 
 
 BEREZOV, a gold-mining village of Asiatic Russia, go- 
 vernment of Perm, N.E. of Yekaterinboorg. 
 
 BERG, b^RG, numerous villages in Germany, the princi- 
 pal of which is in WUrtemberg, \\ miles N.E. of Stuttgart, 
 with 770 inhabitants, who manufacture cotton yarn and 
 copper wares. 
 
 BERGA, b^R'gJ, a town of Spain, 51 miles N.N.W. of Bar- 
 celona. Pop. 6333. It has a garrison, an hospital, and 
 several convents. 
 
 BERGAMA, beR-gd/mi, (anc. PcrfgarmiB,) a ruined city 
 of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the Mender Cliai, (Simoi^,) 
 1 J miles S.E. of the site of ancient Troy. It has extensive 
 remains of a palace, an amphitheatre, triumphal arches, and 
 bridges, intermixed with huts, burial-grounds, mosques, 
 and khans. Pop. about 10.000. 
 
 BERG-AMBACHT, bSRO^lm-baKt/, a village of Holland, 
 14 miles E. of iiotterdam. Pop. 650. 
 
 BERGAMO, hiufgi mo, (anc. Berlgomum,) a fortified city 
 of Lombardy, capital of the piovince of Bergamo, 29 miles 
 N.E. of Milan. It is one of the most picturesque cities in 
 North Italy, and has numerous churches and chapels,- a 
 cathedral, 12 monasteries, 10 nunneries, a town-hall, many 
 charitable institutions, a college, athenaeum, academy of the 
 fine art.s, diocesan and other schools, a public library, a 
 military asylum, and several theatres, with extensive manu- 
 factories of silk, woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, silk 
 twist, and iron goods. Tlie largest fair in Northern Italy is 
 held here annually in August, the aggregate sales at which 
 sometimes amount to l,200,0C0i. It has also large cattle 
 markets, and a considerable trade in grinding-stones. quar- 
 ried in the vicinity. During the height of the Venetian 
 power, Bergamo was a dependency on its territory; under 
 Napoleon it was the capital of tlie department of Serio. 
 Bergamo is the birth-place of Bernardo Tasso, father of Tor- 
 quato Tasso, to the latter of whom a colossal statue has 
 been erected in the great square : of Tiraboschi. a learned 
 Jesuit, author of the Storia della Litteratura Italiana; of 
 Antonio Serassi, the biographer of Dante, I'etrarch, and 
 Tas.so; and of many p'ainters of note. Pop. 24,566. 
 
 BERGANTINO, bte-gSn-tee'no, a market-town of North 
 Italy, Venice, 25 miles 'W. of Rovigo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 BERG, DUCHY OF, on the Rhine between Cologne and 
 Coblentz, was formed by Napoleon in 1806, and ceded to 
 Prussia in 1815, is now comprised in Prussian Westphalia. 
 
 BERGEDORF, bJR'gheh-doRf\ {i.e. "hill village.") a town 
 of North Germany, belonging jointly to Hamburg and 
 Lubeck, on the Hamburg and Berlin Railway, 10 miles 
 E.S.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 2151. 
 
 BERGEIJK, b^Wohike, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, 25 miles S. of Bois-lo-Duc. Pop. 1761. 
 
 BERGEN. bJR'ghgn, a fortified city and seaport of Norway, 
 capital of a province, on a i.ieninsula. at the end of a deep 
 bay, on the Atlantic, 190 miles W.N.W. of Christiauia. Lat. 
 of castle, 60° 24' N., Ion. 6° IS' E. Pop. in 1845, 25.611. It 
 is well built and picturesque; it rises iu the form of an nmr 
 phitheatre, and lias a cathedral, several other chvu-ches, 
 hospitals, charitable institutions, a tlieatre, national mu- 
 seum, diocesan college, naval academy and other schools, 
 and 5 public libraries. Bergen is surrounded by elevated 
 mountains on the landside, which renders the climate hu- 
 mid, and heavy rains are very frequent. It is the seat of a 
 court of .secondary jurisdiction, and of one of the three pub- 
 lic treasuries of Norway. It has a branch of the Norwegi.in 
 bank, and is the station of a naval squadron. Its harl">r, 
 deep and sheltered, but rocky, is defended by several forts; 
 which, with the town walls, mount about 100 guns. It has 
 manufactures of earthen-ware, tobacco, and cordage; distill- 
 ing and ship-building are carried on ; the fishery is, however, 
 the principal source of employment, and fleets of from 60 to 
 SO small vessels come from the northern provinces in sum- 
 mer, bringing to Bergen fish, roes, fish-oil, blubber, skins, 
 and feathers, and taking back gof ds in return. The foreign 
 trade is mostly with the countries of Northern Europe. Prin- 
 cipal imports, corn, brandy and wines, cotton and woollen 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 manufactures, colonial produce, and hemp; exports, dried 
 and salted fish, lobsters, oil, horns. Iron, rock-moss, skins, 
 and timber. In 1S42, 1078 vessels, mostly Norwegian. 
 Danish, British, anj German, of an aggregate burden of 
 80,545 tons entered, and 1U(5(5 vessc-ls, burden 80,278 tons, 
 cleared from the port. Bergen was foundiKl in the eleventh 
 century, and was at an early period a town of the Hanseatic 
 League, but since Christiania has become the seat of the 
 legislature, as well as of a university, it has taken prece- 
 dence of the former, while lofty ranges of empty warehouses, 
 extending along the quay, testify at once the large scale on 
 which trade was here conducted by the Han se merchants in 
 the latter part of the sixteenth century, and the decay 
 which ensued on the ovej'throw of the Hanseatic influence 
 in the middle of the eighteenth. Bergen sends four repre- 
 sentatives to the storthing, or senate, of Norway. Although 
 there is little attraction in the town itself, its vicinity is 
 exceedingly picturesque, having mountains 2000 feet in 
 height on three sides, and the fiord, with its islands, in 
 front. Numbers of beautifully situatetl villas are scattered 
 along the heights, commanding fine and extensive views. 
 The stift or province of Bergen had' in 1845, a population of 
 276,281. 
 
 BKKGEN, bJno'en, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, near 
 the centre of the island of KUgen. of which it is the capital, 
 15 miles X.K. of Stralsund. I'op. 3024. It has manufictures 
 of woollen cloth and brandy, and a convent for noble ladies. 
 
 BKIIGEX, a village of Hanover, 34 ftiiles S.W of LUne- 
 burg. with a population of 830. It has linen manufactures. 
 This is the name of several other villages in Gei-many. 
 
 BKUGK.V, b^n'Hen, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Limburg, on the right bank of theMeuaeSO miles K.S.K. 
 of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 3442. 
 
 BKKOKN. ber'gheii, a county in the N.E. part of New Jer- 
 sey, bordering on New York, has an area of about 350 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by Hudson liiver. and is 
 intersected by Kamapo, Hackensaek. and Saddle Kivers, 
 which iitTord valuable water-power. The famous pali.sades 
 of the Hudson are situated on the K. border of this county. 
 The surface is generally uneven, and in the W. part moun- 
 tainous. The soil is fertile, particularly along the valleys 
 of the streams. Magnetic iron ore and limestofle are found. 
 This county is intersected by the Erie Railroad and by the 
 Nortliern Kuilroad of New jersey. Organized in 1710, but 
 the area lias since been considerably diminislied by the 
 formation of Passaic and Hudson counties. Capital, Hack- 
 ensaek. Pop. in 1850, 14,725; in 1800, 21,618. 
 
 BEUGEN, a post-village and township of Genesee co., 
 New York, on tlie Kocliester and Batavia Kailroad, about 
 235 miles W. by N. of .Albany. Pop. 2008. 
 
 BEKGEN, a post-village and townsliip of Hudson co.. 
 New Jersey, on tlie top of Bergen Kidge, 3 miles W. of New 
 York city. It has an elegant church, a bank, and other 
 buildings. Settled about the year 1616. Pop. in 1850, 2758 ; 
 in 1860, 7429. 
 
 BERGKN IRON-WORKS, a postrvlllage of Brick town- 
 Bhip, Ocean co.. New Jersey. 
 
 BER(J'EN'-OP-ZOOM, or more correctly BERG-OP-ZOOM, 
 bSRG'op-zOme\ a strongly fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 province of N'orth Brabant, on the Zoom, near its jvinction 
 with the East Scheldt. 22 miles W.S.W. of Breda. Lat. 51° 
 29' 7" N. : Ion. 4° 17' 5" E. Population, 9900. It h-as a 
 good harbor. 2 arsenals, a town-house, a Latin school, a 
 school of architecture, manufactures of earthen-ware, and a. 
 considerable trade in anchovies. It was long styled the 
 " maiden." on account of the numerous sieges it had sus- 
 tained, especially by the Spaniards in 1588 and 1622. The 
 fcrtifications were extended by the celebrated Cochoorn in 
 1703. It was taken by the French in 1747 and in 1794, and 
 defended by them against the English in 1814. 
 
 BERGKN (ber'ghgn) POINT, a postofflce of Hudson co., 
 New Jersev. 
 
 BERGEN'S STORE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BERGERAC. b5RVheh-rilk',atown of France, dep.artment, 
 and on the right bank of the Dordogne, here crossed by a 
 noble bridge of 5 arches. It is capital of the arrondissement, 
 in a fertile plain, 25 miles S.S.W. of Perigueux. Pop. in 1851, 
 10.402. It has a communal college and public library, tri- 
 bunal of commerce, and manufactures of paper, iron, and 
 copper wares, serges, and hosiery, and exports white wines, 
 liqueurs, and provisions to Bordeaux. Bergerac wivs for- 
 merly fortified, and sustained many sieges. It was taken 
 by the English in 1345. and retaken in 1370. Its fortifica- 
 tions were razed by Ix)uis XIII. in 1621. 
 
 BERGHEI.M, b^RG'hlme, (Fr.pron.hjRVh5m'.)a commune 
 and village of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 8j miles 
 N. of Colmar. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3596. 
 
 BERGIIEIM. bSRG'hIme, a market-town of Rhenish Prus- 
 fia. 14 miles \Y.N.W. of Cologne. Pop. 866. 
 
 BERGIIEIM, a village of Germany. 4 miles S.E. of Wal- 
 deck, with a oastle of the Princes of Waldeck, and 600 inha- 
 bitants. This is the name also of other villages in Germany. 
 
 BERG HOLT, (bjrg'hilt,) EAST, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 
 
 BERGHOLT. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BERGIIOLTZ. bJiigliAlts. or NEW IJERGHOLTZ. a port- 
 village in Wheatfield township, Niagara county, New York, 
 almut 15 mill's N. of Buffalo. Tha village and immediate 
 vicinity contain 1 church, and 2 school-houses with 3 
 teachers and 200 schohii-s. This place was sotth^d in 1843, 
 by Lutheran emigrants from Bergholtz, PrUfsia. Pop. 
 about 2000, including that of two other villagss in tha 
 immediate neighborhood, which may be regarded as sub- 
 urbs. 
 
 BERGOO or BERGOU, bSr-goo', an extensive territory in 
 the interior of Africa, bounded E. by Nubia and Dartbor, 
 and W. by Begharmi. 
 
 BERG-OP-Zi »0M. See Beroex-op-Zoom. 
 
 BERGREICHEN'.STEIN. biKG-riK'en-stIne\ a town of Bo- 
 hemia, circle of I'r.achin. 42 miles W.N.W. of Budweis. Pop. 
 4100. Its once productive gold-mines are now nearly aban- 
 doned, and its population employed in agriculture, 
 
 BERG.STADT, bL^Ro'stdtt. a town of Moravia, 19 miles N. 
 of Olmutz. Pop. 1320, with iron-mines; its silver-mineft 
 have been occasionally worked since 14:j7. 
 
 BKRGUES, bfeg. a fortified town of France, depjirtment 
 of Nord, in a marshy tmct, on the Colne, 5 miles S.S.E. of 
 Lunkerque. Pop. in 1852. 5968. It has a communal col- 
 lege, hospital, and public library; with dislillerie.s. salt and 
 sugar refineries, manufactories of soap, tobacco, and earthen- 
 ware, and consideratile commerce in cattle, cheese, aud lace 
 It communicates with Dunkerque and the .sea by the canal 
 of Bergues, which admits ves.sels of 300 tons. 
 
 BERGU.M, l)5tt'nilm, or bJi;'ailm. a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Friesland, on the Bergum Ijike, 8 miles E. 
 of I.<eeuwardcn. It h.as an extensive horse fair. Pop. 2028. 
 
 BERGUN, (BergUn.) bjB'gtln, a village of Switzeri.and, 
 canton of Orisons, on the N. slope of the Albula Jlountain, 
 and on the route from Chur(Coire) to the Engadine. Eleva- 
 tion. 4544 feet. Pop. 600, (Protestants.) Below the village 
 is the remarkable valley of the BergUnerstein. 
 
 BERGUSIA. See B.\L.\GUER. 
 
 BERGZABRRN, b^Ro't.sa'bfrn, a town of Rhenish Bava- 
 ria, on the El Ibiich, 8 miles S.W. of Landau. Pop. 2565. 
 
 BERHAMPOOU, bJr^m-poor', a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, district and 6 miles S. of Moorsheda- 
 bad, on tlie Bhagirathi River, facing which are a fine espla- 
 nade, and barracks for European troops. 
 
 BERING EN, b.Vring-^n. a jwrish and village of Switzer- 
 land, canton and 3 miles W. of Schatfhausen. Pop. 1417. 
 
 BERISLAV, or BERISLAW, b.'i-re-sldv', a town of South- 
 em Russia, government and 25 miles E. of Kherson, on the 
 right bank of the Dnieper, here crossed by a floating bridge. 
 It has trade with the Orimea. 
 
 BERJA, bSu'ud. a town of Spain. 22 miles W. of Almeria, 
 on the S. slope of the .*ierra de Gador. Pop. 9840. It is the 
 centre of extensive lead-mines, of which several hundreds 
 are opened in the mountain. 
 
 BERJEorBERJ. See BlRZE. 
 
 BERK, a post-oflice of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BERKA, bCR/kii. a village of Central Germany, duchy of 
 Saxe-Weimar. on the Ilm, 6 miles S. of Weimar. Pop. 1228. 
 It has a ruined castle, and snlphur baths. 
 
 BERKA, a village of Central Germany, duchy of Saxe- 
 Weimar, on the Werra, 11 miles W.S.W. of Eisenach. Pop. 
 1180. 
 
 BERKELEY, berklee, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co., and 15 miles S.S.W. of Gloucester. Pop. in 
 1861, 4344. The town, on an eminence in the vale of Ber- 
 keley, near the Severn, and the Gloucester and Bristol 
 Railway, has a handsome church, which is the buri.al- 
 place of the celebrated Dr, Jenner, a grammar .school, found- 
 ed in 1696, and some trade in timber, coal, malt, and cheese, 
 tacilitated by the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal. Berke- 
 ley Castle, on an eminence S.E. of the town, is a large 
 irregular pile, enclosing a spacious court, and regarded as 
 one of the finest and most perfect feudal structures in the 
 kingdom. It has a keep, baronial ' jill, chapel, and dun- 
 geon; and the apartment is still shown in which Edward 
 II. was murdered, A. D. 1327. Berkeley was granted to the 
 Fitz-Hardinges by Henry II., and, with its extensive ma- 
 nor, comprising nearly 30 parishes, is still held by their de- 
 scendants. Its vale is not«d for rich pasturage, and pro- 
 duces the fatnous " double Gloucester" cheese. The Berke- 
 ley-road station of the Bristol and Bfrmingham Railway, 1 J 
 miles distant, is 22J miles N. of Bristol. 
 
 BERKELEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BERKELEY, berk'lee, a co. in the N.E. part of W.Virginia, 
 bordering on the Potomac, wliich separates it from Mary- 
 land, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.E. by Opequan Creek, and intersected by Back 
 Creek. It occupies the most northern part of the Valley of . 
 Virginia. The surfiiee is hilly and mountainous; the soil 
 of the valleys and river bottoms is mostly fertile. Lime- 
 stone underlies a large part of the county; anthracite coal 
 and iron are abundant. The streams furnish consideratile 
 water-power. The county is intersected by the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad. Organized In 1772, and named piobably 
 from Sir William Berkeley, formerly governor of Virginia. 
 
 209 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 Caiiital, Martinsburg. Pop. 12,525, of whom 10,875 were 
 freo, and 1650 slaves. 
 
 liERKLEY, a post-township of Bristol co., Massachusetts, 
 35 miles S. of Boston, on the E. side of Taunton River. P. 825. 
 
 BERKLEY, a post-office of Madison co., Ahibama. 
 
 BERKLEY, a township in Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 675. 
 
 BERKELEY SOUND, the most frequented inlet of the 
 East Falkland Islands, in vhe Atlantic, near its N.E. ex- 
 tremity. Lat. 51° 30' S.; Ion 57° 56' W. It is of difficult 
 entrance, hut contains several good harbors, and affords 
 abundant supplies of wttter, cattle, and vegetables, for 
 shipping. * 
 
 BEKiC'LEY SOUND. See Berkeley Sou^fD. 
 
 BERK'LEY SIDINGS, Virginia. See Bath. 
 
 BERKESWELL, bgrks/wgl, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 BERKHAM'STEAD, GREAT, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Ilerts, on the Grand Junction Canal 
 and the London and Birmingham Railway, 28 miles N.\V. 
 of London. Pop. iu 1851, .3395. The town, in a deep vale. 
 Is irregularly built, mostly of brick. It has a spacious 
 church, which contains 12 small chapels, a grammar school, 
 founded in the reign of Henry VIII., a blue-coat school, 
 numerous smaller claarities, a jail, with house of correction, 
 and the remains of a strong castle, famous in English his- 
 tory. The population is partly employed iu the manufac- 
 ture of straw-plait. Cowper the poet was born here in 1781, 
 while his father was rector of the parish. 
 
 BERKHAMSTEAD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hertford. 
 
 BERKHAMSTEAD, ST. MARY. See North Church. 
 
 BERKS, or BERK'SHIRE, berk'shir, formerly written and 
 still often pronounced BARK'SHIRJ;, an inland county of 
 England, having on the N. the counties of Oxford and Bucks; 
 on the E., Surrey ; on the S., Hants ; and on the W., Wilts and 
 Gloucester. Area, 450,348 acres. Pop. in 1851, 170,065. The 
 surface is beautifully varied, and generally well wooded. The 
 Thames forms all its N. boundary; the other principal rivers 
 are its atHuents, the Kennet and Loddon. A tract of downs 
 extends through its centre; its S.E. and E. parts are occu- 
 pied by Windsor Forest and Park. About 260,000 acres are 
 estimated to be under tillage; 72,000 acres in pastures; and 
 30,000 acres waste. The soil is fertile ; subsoil, chalk, gravel, 
 and clay. Agriculture is rather backward; though many 
 parts oif the county, especially in the vales of the Kennet 
 and the " White-horse," are noted for fertility. Property is 
 greatly subdivided. Few farms consist of more than 500 
 acres. The manufactures are unimportant : those of wool- 
 lens, for which the county was once famous, have entirely 
 disappeared; but an extensive trade la agricultural produce 
 is carried on by the Thames, the Wilts and Berks, and Ken- 
 net and Avon Canals, and the Great Western Railway, which 
 last intersects the, county throughout. It returns 9 mem- 
 bers to the House of Commons, 3 of whom sit for the county. 
 
 BERKS, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, has 
 an area of 920 square miles. Schuylkill River flows through 
 the county in a S.E. direction, dividing it into nearly equal 
 parts, and it is drained also by Tulpehocken, Maiden, Mana- 
 tawny, and Little Swatara Creeks. The surface is finely 
 diversified. The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain forms its 
 N.W. boundary; the S.E. central part is traversed by a 
 ridge which is here called South Mountain, and in Virginia 
 the Blue Ridge. Between these is the Kittatinny A'alley, in 
 which a large part of the county is comprised. The soil of 
 this valley is of limestone formation, highly productive, 
 and well cultivated; the slate and shale lands ot the de- 
 clivities are also susceptible of profitable cultivation. The 
 iron-mines of this county are rich and extensively worked ; 
 copper is found in small quantities, in connection with the 
 iron. The Schuylkill Canal p.asses through the county, 
 and the Union Canal extends from Reading to the Su.sque- 
 hanna River. It is intersected by the Philadelphia and 
 Reading Railroad, and by other railroads. Berks was first 
 settled by Germans about 1734, and organized in 1752. 
 Capital, Reading. The name is derived from Berks, a 
 county of Eiifiland. Pop. 93,818. 
 
 BERKSHIRE, England. See Berks. 
 
 BERIi'SIIIRE, bgrk'shir, a county forming the W. extremi- 
 ty of Massachusetts, extending across the entire breadth of 
 the state, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Housatt)nie, Deerfield, Famiington, and Hoo- 
 fcick Rivers, and other smaller streams, which furnish abun- 
 dant water-power. The surface is uneven or liilly, and in 
 eome parts mountainous. Saddle Mountain, in the N. part, 
 is the highest elevation in Massachusetts. Berkshire is re- 
 markable for its varied and picturesque scenery. The soil 
 is generally fertile, and well adapted to grazing. Marble, 
 ,lron ore, and limestone are abundant. The railroads con- 
 necting Boston with Albany, and Bridgeport with Albany, 
 travei-se this county, and two branch railroads are included 
 within it. Org.anized in 1770, and named from Berkshire, a 
 coniity in England. Capital, Lennox. Pop. 65,120. 
 
 BEKIfSIKRE, a post-township of Franklin co., Vermont, 
 about 50 miles N. by E. of Montnelier, on the N. side of 
 Missisque River, lias very great water privileges. Pop. 1890. 
 210 
 
 BERKSHIRE, a post-township of Tioga co., New York, 
 15 miles N.N.E. of Owego. Pop. IISI. 
 
 BERKSHIRE, a post-office of Gwinnett co , Georgia. 
 
 BERKSHIRE,a post-village and township of Delaware CO., 
 Ohio, about 24 miles N.N E. of Columbus. 'I'otal pop. 1392. 
 
 BERKSHIRE, a post>village of Kane Co., Illinois, 60 miles 
 W. by N. of Cliicago. 
 
 BERKSHIRE VALLEY, a post^village of Morris co.. New 
 Jersey, 12 miles N.W. from Morristown, has one Presbyte- 
 rian church. A branch of Kockaway River, flowing thj'ough 
 the place, gives motion to several forges. 
 
 BERLAER, hivJlir, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Antwerp, 9 miles N.E. of Mechlin. Pop. 2925. 
 
 BERLAIMONT, bJR'l.-l'mANi:', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, on the Sambre,. 8 miles N.W. of Avesnes. 
 Pop., with commune, in 1852, 2353, employed in manufactures 
 of pottery, and in brick-making. 
 
 BERLANGA, bSR-En'gS, a small town of Spain. 22 miles 
 S.W. of Soria. Pop. 1692. 
 
 BERLANGA, a town of Spain, 65 miles S.E. of Badajoa. 
 Pop. 4128. 
 
 BERLEBURG, Unn?-1>56m\ a town of Prussia, West- 
 phalia, 28 miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg, is capital^of the circle of 
 Wittgenstein. Pop. 2152. It has a castle, the residence 
 of its princes ; manufactures of woollen clothes, and in its 
 vicinity are several iron forges. 
 
 BERLENGAS, b^R-lSn/gas, (Fr. Berlingues, hlv^llyg',) a 
 group of small rocky islands off the W. coast of Portugal, 
 province of Estremadura, 10 miles N.W. of Poniche. The 
 small island Berlinga is defended by a fortress. 
 
 BERLICHINGEN, beu/liK-ing-en, a village of WUrtem- 
 berg, on the Jaxt, 7i miles AV.N.W. of Ktluzelsau. There 
 was formerly here a castle, the natal place of the family 
 of Berlichingen, from which sprang the famous robber- 
 knight, Gotz von Berlichingen, with the iron hand, whom 
 Goethe has made the subject of one of his dramas. Pop. 
 1410. 
 
 BERLIKUM, bjR/le-ktim, a village of Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, 5 miles E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2222. 
 
 BERLIKUM, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 West Friesland, has a large .annual fair. Pop. 1220. 
 
 BERLIN, bgrlin, (Ger. pron. bJR-leen', (L. " BeroWnum, 
 or BtrWnum") an important city of Germany, capital of 
 the Prussian monarchy, and of the province of Branden 
 burg, on the Spree, 156 miles E.S.E. of HambiU'g. and 100 
 miles N. of Dresden. Lat. (of new Observatory) 52° 45' 16" 
 N., Ion. 13° 23' 53" E. ; elevation above the sea, 115 feet ; 
 mean temperature of the year. 48°.2 : summer 6i°.5 ; win- 
 ter 31°.4 Fahrenheit. After Vienna, Berlin is the largest 
 town in Germany, and for the beauty and size of its build- 
 ings, the regularity of its streets, the importance of its insti- 
 tutions of science and art, for its activity, industry, and 
 trade, is one of the finest cities in Europe. It is built on 
 a sandy plain, on both banks of the Spree, is about 10 miles 
 in circumference, and occupies an extent of 6800 acres. 
 The chief divisions of the city are, 1. Berlin Proper; 2. Co- 
 logne, {alt and neu Kbln.) on the Spree ; 3. Louisenstadt, iu 
 the S.; 4. Friedrichstadt, in the S.W. ; 5. Friedrichswer- 
 der, between alt and neu Kiiln and Friedrichstadt; 6. Neu- 
 stadt, or Dorotheenstadt, between Friedrichstadt and the 
 Spree; 7. Friedrich Wilhelmstadt, built in 1828, and the 
 suburbs of Stnalhau, Spandau, and Konigstadt, Oranien- 
 burg, and Potsdam. The city is surrounded by a wall 18 
 feet high, and is entered by 16 gates, one of which, the 
 Brandenburg gate on its W., is a colossal structure, sur- 
 mounted by an image of victory, in a car drawn by 4 hor.ses, 
 and one of the most elegant of the kind in Europe. It was 
 carried to Paris in 1807, and restored in 1814. Of the 40 bridges 
 which cross the Spree and its branches, the principal are 
 the long bridge, with an equestrian statue of the great 
 elector Frederick William; the Schlossbrticke, or palace 
 bridge, with groups of heroes in marble; Frederick's bridge, 
 consisting of 8 arches, and constructed of iron. The city 
 generally is regular and handsome, but the houses are Of 
 little elevation. The finest streets are in Friedrichstadt and 
 Dorotheenstadt; the most celebrated is that called " Unter- 
 den-Linden," a broad and imposing street, planted with 4 
 rows of lime-trees, ornamented by an equestrian statue of 
 Frederick the Great, terminated by the Brandenburg gate 
 at the one end, and the royal palace at the other. The other 
 streets most worthy of notice are Friedrich street. Wilhelm 
 street, Paris square, Wilhelms place. Belle Alliance place, 
 and the Gens-d'Armes market. Around the principal squares 
 and streets are grouped numerous jiublic buildings, among 
 which are the royal castle and palace, the arsenal, the uni- 
 versity, museums, exchange, opera-house, theatres, and the 
 p.alaces of the princes. There are about .30 chun'hes. The 
 cathedral in the Lustgarten is the finest, but none of them 
 are remarkable for their architecture. Berlin has numerous 
 and excellent h6tels and caf6s, and its pul)l'c conveyances 
 are under the best management. In summei, upwards of a 
 1000 droskeys are kept in the streets for hire. The suburbs 
 have many attractions, among wiiich are the Thier-garten, 
 a large, open park outside of the Brandonbui g gate, in which 
 a " corso" has been recently established, and the Kreutzberg, 
 
BER . 
 
 a sand-hill, S. of the gate of Ilalle, on which is' erected an 
 iron monument to the memory of the Prussians who fell in 
 the wars of Napoleon, and whence the only good view of the 
 city is obtained. Berlin is the great centre of instruction 
 and intellectual development in Northern Germany ; its 
 educational establishments are numerous and celebrated. 
 The university, founded in 1809, and comprising schools 
 of jurisprudence, medicine, and philosophy, had. in 1843-4, 
 1056 students. There are 6 gymnasia, 2 Protestjint theolo- 
 gical seminaries, a military school, schools of artillery, mili- 
 tary engineering, architecture, sculpture, painting, and 
 music ; a preparatory school of music, and many elementary 
 schools. It has extensive public libraries, among which the 
 royal library, founded in 1U50, has 600,000 printed volumes, 
 and 500 MSS. Among its valuable collections are royal mu- 
 seums of painting, sculpture, antiquities, coins, and medals, 
 a museum of natural history, a i-oyal astronomical and 
 magnetical observatory, and a royal botanic garden, one of 
 the richest and most complete in Europe. Its justly cele- 
 brated academic institutions comprise the academy of sci- 
 ences, (Akadeiaie di:r Wisseiiscliaften,) academy of the fine 
 arts, academy for the encouragement of industry, and the 
 academy of music; a geogi'aphical society, founded in 1828, 
 aiid a S(X'iety of natural history. It has 2 royal theatres; 
 its celebrated opera house, burned in 1843, was rebuilt in 
 1844. Among its charitublo institutions are the IlOtel des 
 Invalides, for 3U0 soldiers and 12 officers, and an orphan 
 hospital. IJerlin is the first city in Germany for the variety 
 and importance of its manufactured products. The differ- 
 ent articles of industry are cloths, linens, carpets, silks, rib- 
 bons, and printed cottons, iron-wares, especi;»llj' the beauti- 
 ful cast-iron articles called •• lierlin jewelry," paper, porcelain, 
 mathematical and optical instruments, chemical and dye- 
 stuffs, including the celebrated " Prussian blue," and mu- 
 sical instruments. Among its great industrial establish- 
 ments are the royal iron foundry and royal porcelain 
 manufactory. The productions of the press in typography, 
 cartography, and lithograjihy, are numerous and excellent. 
 For the encouragement of commerce there is a roj-al bank, 
 a royal mercantile marine, (Si:i:ha7iiitungs-institut,) esta- 
 blished in 1772. and steam-packet companies. All the great 
 roads in the kingdom meet in Berlin; its position, on a 
 navigable river, communicating by canals with the Elbe, 
 Oder, and Vistula, renders its navigation of considerable 
 Imporfcmce; and it is now the centre of a system of rail- 
 ways which connect it with the Baltic by Ilamburg and 
 Kia on the X.W., and by Stettin on the N.E. On the S.E. 
 a line extends by Breslau to Vienna, on the S. to Leipzig 
 and Dresden, and on the W. to Magdeburg and Hanover, 
 and many other less important places. 
 
 llisliiry. — About two centuries ago, Berlin was a place of 
 little importance. It was confined to the immediate bank 
 of the Spree, and the island which divides its channel, and 
 consisted of a series of villages, which have gradually verged 
 Into each other, and now form its different quarters. The 
 first important improvement was made by the great elector, 
 Frederick William, who planted the Unter-den-Linden. His 
 successor, Frederick I., seconded his efforts ; but Berlin 
 never assumed tlie appearance of a capital till the time of 
 Frederick the Great, who, determined to make it worthy of 
 his extended dominions, enclosed a large space withiu the 
 walls, and proceeded to build upon it, to supply the wants, 
 not so much of actual as of an anticipated population. He was 
 twice interrupted in the work, and almost driven from his 
 purpose, when, in 1757, the city fell into tlie hands of the 
 Austrians, and in 1700 into tho.se of the Austrians and 
 Russians. But he soon repaired the damage, and his suc- 
 cessors following ardently in his steps, Berlin has rapidly 
 risen to be the second city in Germany in respect of popula- 
 tion, and perhaps the very first in respect to architectural 
 grandeur and political inttuence. Pop. in 1861, 547,571, of 
 whom 22,ri26 were soldiers. 
 
 BER'LIN, a township of Franklin co., Maine, 45 miles 
 N.W. of Augusta. 
 
 BEULIN, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire, 
 about 125 miles N. of Concord, well-watered by the Andros- 
 coggin and Ammonoosuck Rivers. Pop. 433. 
 
 BERLIN, a towui^hip of Washington co., Vermont, 5 miles 
 S. by W. of Montpelier, intersected by the Vermont Central 
 Railroad. Pop. 1545. 
 
 BEKLIN,a post-township of Worcester co.. Massachusetts, 
 SO miles W. of Boston,enjoys good water privileges. Pop.llOO. 
 
 BKRI.IN, a post-township of Hartford co, Connecticut, on 
 the Hanfordand New Haven Railroad, at the junction of a 
 branch railroad leading to Middletown, 11 miles S. by W. 
 of Hartford, and 25 miles N. by E. of New Haven. The 
 manufactures of lierlin comprise various kinds of hardware, 
 carriages, and other .articles. The manufacture of tin was 
 early introduced here, and is still carried on. Pop. 2146. 
 
 BERLIN, a post-village and township of Rensselaer ao.. 
 Now York, ibout 22 luilf^s E. from Albany. Pop. 2223. 
 
 BERLIIr, a posi-Dorough of Somerset co.. Pennsylvania, 
 V8 miles S.E. from Pittsburg, and 143 W. from Harrisburg, 
 Is near the western base of the Alleghany Mountains. It is 
 ous of tli£ Iftrgest towns in the county, and contains 4 
 
 BER 
 
 churches. The plank-road from Cun;berlai.4. Varylftnd. to 
 the Youghiogheny River, passes through this place. Beds 
 of excellent coal. 5 feet in thickness, have been opened very 
 near the town. Pop. 643. 
 
 BERLIN, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Poji 
 1786. 
 
 BKRLIN, a flourishing post-village of Worcester co, Mary- 
 land, 7 miles from the Atlantic, and 123 miles S.E. from 
 Annapolis. It has considerable trade. Pop. about 800. 
 
 BEKLI.V, a post-oflice of Soutliampton co., Virginia. 
 
 BEKLIN, a post-oflice of Forsyth co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BERLIN, a small post-village in Sumter co., Alabama. 
 
 BERLIN, a thriving post-village of Hardeman co.,Tennes- 
 see, on the State Line hoad from Memphis to Tuscumbia, 
 about 50 miles E. from the former. It is situated in a 
 wealthy neighborhood, and has an active business. The 
 route of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad passes very 
 near the village. Pop. in ISiio, about 300. 
 
 BKRLIN, a township in Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1303. 
 
 BERLIN, a township in Erie co., Oliio. Pop. 1717. 
 
 BERLIN, a post-township in Holmes CO., Ohio, about 8 
 miles K. from Millersburg. Pop. 1253. 
 
 BEItLIN, a pobt-village of Holmes CO., Ohio, 94 miles N.E. 
 from Columbus. It contains 2 churches, 1 foundiy and ma- 
 chine shop, and several stores. 
 
 BERLIN, a small post-village of Jackson CO., Ohio, near 
 the Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad, 81 miles S.S.E. 
 from Columbus. It contains 1 church. The post-oflice in 
 Berlin Cross Roads. 
 
 BEKLIN, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1011. 
 
 BERLIN, a township in Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1156. 
 
 BERLIN, a village of Shelby co , Ohio, on the Miami and 
 Erie Canal, 88 miles W. by N. from Columbus; contains 
 about loO inhabitants. 
 
 BERLI.V, a town.«liip in Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 1026. 
 
 BERLIN, a post-office of Ottawa co., Micliigan. 
 
 BEULIN, a post-township in St. Clair co., Michigan, about 
 75 miles N.N. K. from Detroit. Pop. 1030. 
 
 BKRLI.N, a i)ost-villago of Clinton co., Indiana, about 40 
 miles N. from Indianapolis ; was laid out iu 1847. It has 2 
 stores. 
 
 BERLIN, a village of Mercer co., Illinois, on the road 
 from Knoxvillo to Rock Island, 150 miles N.W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 BEULIN, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, on the 
 railroad between Springfield and Jacksonville, 15 milts W. 
 by S. from the former. 
 
 BEhH.N', a small post-village in Scott co., Iowa, on the 
 W. side of the Mississippi River, about 25 miles S.E. from 
 Dewitt. 
 
 BKRLIN, a flourishing post-village of Green Lake co., 
 Wisconsin, on the Neenah Kiver, about 75 miles N.N.E. from 
 Madison. It lias a good landing for steamboats, and i^ con- 
 nected with Milwaukio by railroad. It contains 2 banks. 
 Pop. of Berlin township, 1449. 
 
 BERLIN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Waterloo, 
 35 miles W.N.W. from Hamilton. It has a newspaper office, 
 numerous mechanic shops, and about SOO inhabitants. 
 
 BERLIN CENTRE, a vilhige in Berlin township, Rens- 
 selaer CO., New York, 20 miles E. from Albany. 
 
 BERLIN CENTRE, a post-offlce of Mahoning CO., Ohio. 
 
 BERLINCIIEN, b^Rlin-Ken. a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, 52 miles N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 
 with manufactures of cloth and paper. Pop. 3620. 
 
 BERLIN CKOS.S-ROADS, a post-ollice of JackMon co., Ohio. 
 
 B BERLIN FALLS, a post-office of Coos co.. New IL'unp.'ihire. 
 
 BER'LINVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., Ohio, 108 miles 
 N. of Columbus. 
 
 BERMEJO, a river of South America. See Vermejo. 
 
 BERMEO, b^R-mVo, a seaport town of Spain, on the Bay 
 of Biscay, 14 miles N.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 3625. mostly en- 
 gaged in fisheries. Alonzo de Ercjlla, the epic poet, was 
 born here at>out 1530. 
 
 BEHMING. See Birmino. 
 
 BER'MOXDSEY, a parish of England, and a suburb of 
 the metropolis, co. of Surrey, included in the borough of 
 Southwark, on the East. Pop. in 1851, 48.128, mostly em- 
 ployed in ship-building, in extensive tanneries, and in a large 
 retail trade. Bermondsey has 2 chapels for its large Roman Ca- 
 tholic population, a convent, many schools, and other chari- 
 ties, and some small remains of a celebrated abbey, founded 
 about A. c. 10S2. 
 
 BERMUDA, (or SOMER.?) ISLAXD.S, or THE BERMUDAS, 
 hgr-moo'daz*. a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, 
 belonging to Great Britain. 580 miles S.E. of Cape Ilatteras; 
 situated between lat. 32*' 14' and 32° 25' X.. and Ion. 64° 38' 
 and 64° 52' W. They lie S.W. and N.E., based on the edge of 
 a bank stretching in the same direction, 23 miles by 13 ; but 
 only occupy a sp.ace of about 18 miles by 6. though .said to 
 be 365 in number. They are separated from each other by 
 very narrow channels, and are mostly rocky islets, five only 
 
 * This name, in Shakspeare's time, appears to have been pro- 
 nounced after the Sp.inish mode, Bermootues, .is we find it thu« 
 written in the Ttnivest, act 1, scene 2. (See Int. XXIV., 7.) 
 
 211 
 
BER 
 
 Tielnjt of any considi^rable size. They are of difficult access, 
 being enclosed on three sides, N., AV., aud S., by foi'inidable 
 ciiral reefs, nearly all under water, and extending, in some 
 parts, 10 miles from the islands, the only reefs of this de- 
 FOiiptiou occurring in the whole central expanse of the At- 
 luntic Ocean. In removing some reefs, by means of divers, 
 at the entrance of St. George's harbor, in the island of that 
 name, evidences were found confirmatory of the idea that 
 parr of the former land of the Bermuda Islands has sub- 
 sided, and is now below the sea. The islands have little ele- 
 vation, and, in their general aspect, much resemble the West 
 India Islands. The-climate is delightful, an uninterrupted 
 spring clothing the fields and trees with perpetual verdure. 
 Severe thunderstorms, however, fi-equently occur ; and when 
 S. winds prevail, the atmosphere becomes charged with an 
 humidity unfavorable to various complaints, including 
 those of a pulmonary nature. Though the soil is not so fer- 
 tile as it was, being now much exhausted, almost every de- 
 scription of fruit and vegetable grows here abundantly; 
 the arrow-root is said to be superior to that of any other 
 place. The orange orchards of the islands are extending and 
 improving. It is somewhat remarkable that there are nei- 
 ther springs nor fresh-water streams in the Bennuda.s, and 
 only a few wells, the water of which is brackish. 
 
 The principal employment is building vessels, generally 
 of cedar — small, swift, and durable. Platting straw, and 
 the niid-rib of the palmetto leaf, is also carried on to some 
 extent. I'riucipiil exports, arrow-root, potatoes, and onions. 
 The amount of imports into the Bermudas, for the year 
 ending January 5, 1848, was 13S,992Z. 16s. M. ; exports for 
 the same year, 20,2052. 6*. 8d. The number and tonnage of 
 vessels inwards, for the same period, were 1S5; tonnage, 
 19,399 ;— outwards, 189; tonnage, 20,400. The number and 
 tonnage of vessels belonging to the colony in the year 
 named, were 52 ; tonnage, 3372. The largest harbor Is that 
 of St. George's, a beautiful and romantic bay, capable of con- 
 taining a large fleet, but of diflicult ingress and egress, from 
 the narrowness of its entrance, now, however, much im- 
 proved. It is strongly fortified, and generally garrisoned by 
 a regiment of the line, with some companies of artillery and 
 engineers. The legislature consists of a governor, council, 
 and legislative assembly. The council is composed of eight 
 members and a president, nomiiiated by the governor, but 
 subject to confirmatien by the crown : the house of assem- 
 bly of 3G members, returned by the nine tribes or parishes 
 into which the island is divided. The islands contain nine 
 churches, five chapels for dissenters, and 24 public or free 
 schools, principally supported by different societies in Eng- 
 land, and by funds under the control of the Bishop of Nova 
 Scotia, iu whose diocese the Bermudas are situated. There 
 are, besides the above, 25 private schools. An establishment 
 for convicts has recently been pl.aced here. The number of 
 the latter, in 1848, amounted to 1750. The capital is Ilamil- 
 tou, on Bermuda or Long Island. There is regular steam 
 communication between Bermuda and New York, and Ber- 
 muda and St. Thomas. Pop. in 1848, estimated at from 9.500 
 
 to about 11,000 whites, colored, and free blacks. Inhab. 
 
 Bermddian, ber-moo'de-fin. 
 
 BERMU/DI.\X, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylvania, 
 19 miles S. by W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 BKRN hern. (Fr. Berne, b^Rn, Ger. Bern, l)?Rn,) Canton 
 OF, a state of Central Europe, one of the three Vorort, or 
 governing cantons of the Swiss Confederation, situated be- 
 tween lat. 46° 20' and 47° .30' X., and Ion. 6° 50' and 8° 27' E. 
 Bounded X. by France, E. by the cantons Soleure, Aargau, 
 Lucerne, Unterwalden, aud Uri, .S. by the Valais, and W. by 
 Vaud, Freyburg, and Xeufchatel. Area, 2567 square miles. 
 Pop. iu 1S60, 467,141, the greater part of whom are Protes- 
 tants. The country is very mountainous, comprising, in 
 the S., many of the highest points of the Alps, as the Fin- 
 stei^aar-IIorn, Jungfrau, Schreckhorn. and Monch, the ter- 
 races and contre-forts of which form the Bernese Oherland, 
 celebrated for the beauty of its valleys, the chief of which 
 are the Simmenthal, Lauterbrunneu, Grindelwald, and 
 Hasli. The N. part of the canton is covered by the Jura 
 Mountains, the two regions being separated by the A'alley 
 of the Aar. Nearly the whole territory belongs to the basin 
 of the Khine, and is drained by the Aar and its tributaries, 
 the chief of which are the Emmen, Simmen, Kander, and 
 Thiele. The lakes of Neufchatel and Bienne are formed by 
 the Thiele. and tho.se of Thun and Brienz by the Aar. Cli- 
 mate healthy ; excessively cold in the region of the Alps, 
 where the pei-petual snow forms the most extensive glaciers 
 in Switzerland, but mild at the foot of the Jura, and in the 
 valley of Inlerlachen. The mountains are covered with ex- 
 tensive forests of pine and beech, and the soil is fertile in 
 the valleys. The .imount of grain, potatoes, hemp, and lint, 
 is insufHcient for consumption. The vine is cultivated to a 
 considerable extent in the valleys of the Thiele, and on the 
 lakesNeufcbfifel, Bienne, and Thun. Pasturage extensive, 
 and the learing of cattle is the chief source of wealth ; 
 those of the Emmen and Saane being considered the best 
 in Switzerland, and the celebrated cheese there produced is 
 oneof thechlef artlclesof commercein thecanton. The horses 
 of the Emmen thai are much esteemed. The canton has mines 
 212 
 
 BER 
 
 of iron, lead, and copper, marble and gypsum quarries, flna 
 freestone, granite, and lime. Iron is worked extensively in 
 the Jura. Among the many mineral springs, those of M'eis- 
 senburg, Blumenstein, Fiiitigen, and Gurnigel are most 
 frequented. The chief objects of industry are the manufHo 
 tures of linens aud woollens, iron and copper wares, watch- 
 making, and the wooden wares of the Olwrland. The chief 
 imports are salt, colonial produce, grain, tobacco, and me- 
 tals. The canton is traversed by excellent roads, and steam 
 packets ply on the lakes and on the river Aar. The educa- 
 tional establishments of the canton are numerous and ex- 
 cellent, comprising a university, polytechnic, aud norm,al 
 schools, and the celebrated agricultural and industii.Hl in- 
 stitution at Hofwyl. Bern is the largest canton of the 
 Swiss Confederacy, and holds the second rank in the federal 
 
 diet. Its contingent to the anuy is 5824 men. Adj. and 
 
 inhab. Bernese, bern-eez^. 
 
 BERN or BE UN E, bfen. (L. B'rhia,) a town of Switzerland, 
 capital of the canton of the .same n.ime, on a small peninsula 
 formed by the Aar, here crossed by two stone bridges, one 
 of which (opened in 1844) is 900 feet in length, 80 miles N.E. 
 of Geneva, and 23 miles S. of Basel. Elevation (of observa- 
 tory,) 1856 feet. Population 29,016. Bern is the seat of the 
 Federal Diet, alternately with Zurich and Lucerne and resi- 
 dence of three foreign ministers. It is the finest town in 
 Switzerland, and one of the most handsome in Europe; it 
 is entirely built of freestone, and is remarkable for the ar- 
 cades formed by the houses in all its principal streets, and 
 for its numerous fountains, many of which are ornamented 
 with curious sculpture. It has a Gothic cathedra! : a uni- 
 versity, founded in 1834: an observatory; a public library, 
 with 35,000 volumes and a collection of MSS.; a museum of 
 natural history ; an ar.senal ; a mint, in which the coins of 
 several cantons are struck, and many charitable institu- 
 tions. Its chief industry consists in the manufacture of 
 gunpowder, fire-arms, and m.athematieal instruments, straw 
 hats, paper, and leather. The property belonging to the 
 corporation is very large; and the revenue not only suffices 
 t<i defi-ay the public expenses, but to provide all the citizens 
 with fuel, and still leaves a surplus. 
 
 Bern owes its foundation to Berchtold, fifth Duke of Zah- 
 ringen ; who, in 1191, fortified the peninsula on which the 
 town stands, and invited merchants and craftsmen to resort 
 thither for protection. In 1218, it was raised to the rank of 
 a free town of the empire, with extensive privileges. In 
 135-3, it entered the Swi.ss Confederation, at that period con- 
 .sisting of seven cantons, and obtained the second rank. In 
 1798, Bern was obliged to open its gates to the republican 
 armies of France, and the canton was dismembered. From 
 1799 to 1S03, it was the seat of the Helvetic Government. 
 The government of Bern had hitherto been oligarchical, 
 but, in 1830, the population threw off the rule of the privi- 
 leged families, and appointed a supreme council, which en- 
 tered on its duties in October, 1831. Bern is said to derive 
 its name from haren, the plural of the German word hilr, (a 
 bear ;) and that animal figures on the armorial bearings of 
 the town, as well as on the coins, sign-posts, fountains, and 
 public buildings. For many centuries, living bears have 
 been maintained at the public expense, as part of the state 
 property. The great majority of the inhabitants of Bern 
 are Protestants. Bern is the birthplace of IlaUer. 
 
 BERNADOS. See Barkados. 
 
 BERNADOTTE, ber'na-dott/, a post-village and township 
 of Fulton CO., Illinois, on Spoon River, an affluent of the Il- 
 linois, 65 miles N.W. from Springfield. Po'). 1058. 
 
 BERNALILLO, ber-na-lil'lo, a connty in the W. central 
 part of New Mexico, has an area of above 6000 square miles. 
 It is intersected by tlie Rio Grande and the Rio Puereo, and 
 also drained by the Zuni River and Rio San Jose. The 
 surface in the E. part is rough and mountainous. This 
 county produced in 1860, 10,212 bushels of wheat, 42,149 
 of corn, and 66,340 pounds of wool. It contained 14.150 
 COWS, oxen, and other cattle, and 268,682 sheep, more of the 
 latter than any other county in the territory. In 1850 it 
 produced 17,701 bushels of wheat. Capital, Albuquerque. 
 Pop. 87ri9. 
 
 BliR'N.\.RDS', a township of Somerset co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2471. 
 
 BKRNARD'STOWN, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, on tlie Connecticut River Railroad, 100 miles 
 W.N.W. from Boston. Pop. 9GS. 
 
 BERNARDS'A'ILLE, a village of Mercer co., New Jersey, 
 on the Delaware, 8 miles above Trenton, has a lattice bridge 
 across the river. 
 
 BERN.\U, bJn'nSw, a town of Prussia, province of Bran 
 denburg. on the Stettin Railway, 13 miles N.E. of Berlin. 
 Pop. 31340; employed in weaving woollen, cotton, and silli 
 stuffs , and in breweries. 
 
 BER/XAU, a town of Baden, circle of Tipper Rhine. Pop. 
 160<1. Tbis is the name also of several villages in Germany 
 
 BERN.W, b^R'n.V, a town of France, department of Eure, 
 on the Charentonne, 25 miles W.X.AV. of Evreux. Pop. of 
 commune, in 1852, 7362. It h.ns a communal aillege, and 
 manufactures of woollen cloths, linens, and yarn : it is the 
 seat of a tribunal of commerce, and of tha largest horse ui' 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 In France, freqtienfed by 40,000 perFonf. The Benedictine 
 abb<?y, founded in 1018, is now converted into warehouses. 
 
 BKRNBURCi, bernl.urir or bjRn'l<>OR«, a town of North- 
 em (ierniany, capital of the duchy of Anhalt-Hernburg. on 
 the Ssale, here crossed Vjy a massive bridge, 23 miles S. of 
 Magdeburg. I'op. 6772. It consists of an old and a new 
 town, Iwth enclosed by walls, and has a ducal castle, several 
 churches, council-house, high schools, and orphan asylum. 
 It has manufactures of porcelain, paper, and starch. It is 
 connected by raihv.ays with Berlin, Magdeburg, and Dresden. 
 
 BBKNK, Switzerland. See Bern. 
 
 BKHNE, b^n'neh. a town of Northern Germany, duchy 
 and 11 miles E. of Oldenburg. I'op. :i72.5. 
 
 BEHXE, bern, a post-townshipof Albany cc, New York, 22 
 miles W. froiii Albany. I'op. 3066. 
 
 BKHNK, a township of Berlvg CO., Pennsylvania. P. 2516. 
 
 J!E1!.\E, a townsliip in Athens cc, Ohio. Pop. 1022. 
 
 JIKUN E, a townsliip in Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 2481. 
 
 BKK.N E, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 BEItNl'X'K, b^R/nJlc. a town of Bavaria, circle of the Up- 
 per Eranconia, on the AVhite Main, at the mouth of the Oels- 
 nitz. 8 miles .\.E. of Baireutli. Pop*. 1042. engaged in manu- 
 facture of alum, vitriol, and iron wire, and in a pearl iishery 
 In the river. 
 
 BEllXECK, b?R-n?k', a village of Switzerl.and, canton, and 
 11 miles E. of St. G.ill, with 1300 inhaltitants, an active 
 commerce, and manufactures of embroidered muslins. 
 
 BERNKRA, ber-ni/r3, three islands of the Hebrides; one, 
 the most S. of the group, another in Ilarri.s's Sound, and 
 the third on the W. side of the Island of Lewis. 
 
 BERNESE OBERLAND, Switzerland. See Bern. 
 
 BERN7IIAKDS BAY, a post-ofRce of Oswego co., New 
 York. 
 
 BER'XIER, a small island of Western Australia, N.W. of 
 Shark Bay. Lat. 24° oO' S., Ion. 11.3° 15' E. 
 
 BERNINA, bja-nee'nj, amount.ain of the Rhnetian Alps, 
 Switzerland, canton of (irisons. 36 miles S.E. of Ohur(Coire.) 
 remarkable for its extensive glacier. The Pass of Bernina 
 forms a communication Iw'tween the Upper Kngadine and 
 the \'alteline. at an elevation of 7672 feet. 
 
 BEKNKASTEL, l)gRn'kas-tel. a town of Rhenish Prussi.a, 
 23 miles N.E. of Treves, situated beneath a ruined fortress 
 on the Jloselle. Pop. 2100; with copper and lead mines, and 
 consider-able trade in wine. 
 
 BEI{/NON, a post-village in Woonsocket township, Provi- 
 dence CO., Rhode Island, about 12 miles N. of Providence. 
 
 BERNSTADT. Wun'stdtt, a town of Prussian Sil.'sia, 22 
 miles E. of Breslau. Pop. 3000, It has a ducal castle, and 
 manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 BERNSTADT, a town of Saxony, 20 miles S.E. of Baut- 
 zen. Pop. 16.50, partlv engaged in woollen manufactures. 
 
 BERNSTADT, a village of 'WUrtemberg, circle of the 
 Danube. 
 
 BERN,STEIN. bJnn'stine, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 55 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1650, who 
 manufacture woollen stuffs. 
 
 BERNSTEIN, a town of W. Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, 
 14 miles W. of GUns. Pop. 1200. 
 
 BERN'VILLE, a postrvillage of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Tulpehocken Creek, and the Union Canal, 12 miles N.'NV. 
 from Heading. It has 4 stores. 1 iron foundry, 2 churches, 
 and about 70 houses. Three-fourths of the inhabitants 
 speak German. 
 
 BER(EA (of Svria.) See Aleppo. 
 
 BEHtEA (of iiacedonia.) See Veria. 
 
 BERONDA, b.'l-ronMJ. a petty state of Ilindostan, Bun- 
 delcund ; area, 275 square miles. Pop. 24.000. 
 
 BERMIA-VOI/, an independent territory and town of 
 Northern .\fghanistan. the town situated in a valley, and on 
 a river of the same name, lOS miles N. of J'eshawer. 
 
 BERHE, baiR, a town of France, department of Bouches- 
 d\i-Rh6ne, with a port on the Etang de Berre, near the rail- 
 way from Avignon to Marseilles, 16 miles N.W. of Marseilles. 
 Pop. of commune, in 1852, 1926. It has trade in salt, fruits, 
 and olive-oil. 
 
 BERRE. ETANG DE, kH^yot deh baiR, a vast lagoon of 
 France, department of Bouches-du-Rhone, E. of the eastern- 
 most branch of the Rhone. It discharges itself into the 
 pea by a p.assage called the Port-de-Bouc, and has extensive 
 Siilt-works and eel fisheries. 
 
 BERRIAN, bSrVn-ln'. a vill.age of Northern Africa, in the 
 Sahara of AlcXTia, 25 miles E. of Gardaia. It is walled, and 
 has from 250 to 300 houses 
 
 ISERRI E, ber'ree, a township in Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 819. 
 
 BER'RIEDALE, an extensive maritime parish of Scot/ 
 lard. CO. of Caithness, with a castle on the coast, 7i miles 
 8.8. W. of Latheron. 
 
 BER'RIEN. a county forming the S.W. extremity of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on Laka Michigan and Indiana, has an area 
 of about 6'i0 square miles. It is drained by St. Josepl^'s, 
 Pawpaw, and Galien Rivers. The surface is rolling: the soil 
 of various qualities. The valley of the St. .Joseph's has a 
 leep. black, sandy loam, extremely fertile.,and is covered with 
 iense forests of hard timber. The St. .Joseph's River is na- 
 vigable for keel-boats through this county. The latter is 
 
 amply supplied with water-power, and contains several qua* 
 ries of sandstone. It is intersected by the Central Railroad 
 Capital, Berrien. . Pop. 22.378. 
 
 BERRIEN', a post^tflice of Cherokee co., Georgia. 
 
 BEI{RIEN. a .small village of Heard CO., Georgia. 8 miles 
 W.S.W. of Franklin. 
 
 BERRIEN or BERRIEN SPRINGS, a post-village, capita, 
 of Berrien co., Michigan, in a township of its own name, on 
 the St. Joseph's River. 15 miles in a direct line from its en- 
 trance into I.ake Michigan, and 160 miles AV.S.W. of Lan- 
 sing. The river is navigable for keel-boats about 130 milei 
 from its mouth, and flows through a rich farming country. 
 Pop. of the townsliip, 1260. 
 
 BERRIEW, bJr're-u, or ABER RHIW, aVer ree'oo, a 
 parish of North Wales, co.of Montgomery, at the confluence 
 of the Rhiw and Severn Rivers, 5 miles S.W. of Welshpool. 
 Pop. 22,19. 
 
 BERRI.MA. ber-ree'mS. a town of New South Wales, co. 
 of Camden, 66 miles S.W. of Sydney. Pop. 377. 
 
 BERRIN, ber-reen', a town of Western Africa, Senegam- 
 bia. in the countrv of the Feloops, on the Casamanza. Lat. 
 12°28'N.. Ion.li;°2S'W. 
 
 BER/RTNGTON. a parish of England, co. of S.alop. 
 
 BER'ROAV, a parish of England, co, of Somerset. 
 
 BER/ROW, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BEltRY or BERRI, Wr'ree. (Fr. pron. bte'Ree',) one of 
 the old provinces of France, near its centre, now forming 
 the modem departments of Cher and Inclre; its capital was 
 Bourges. 
 
 BERRY, ber'ree, a Dostrtownship in Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 673. 
 
 BERRY, CANAL DE. k^'n^l' deh b^R^Ree'. a canal of 
 France, connects the waters of the Loire with the canal of 
 Dlgoin, and passes the departments of Cher, Loir-et-Cher, 
 and Indre-et-Loire. 
 
 BER/RYN-ARBOR. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BER'RY-POM'EROY. a pansh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BER'RYSBURG. a post-village of Dauphin co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, in Lykens Valley, 39 miles N. of llarrisburg. Tlie high 
 ridges which Ixiund the valley contain abundance of coal. 
 
 BER/RY'S FERRY, a post-office of Livingston co.. Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 BER'RY'S LICK, a post-village of Butler co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BER'KY'S MILL, a post-village of Union co.'. Kentucky. 
 
 BERmvSVILLE. a post-township in Knox co., Indiana, 
 about 16 miles E. by S. of Vincennes. 
 
 BER'RYTOWN. a post-village of Kent co., Delaware, 14 
 miles S. by W. of Dover. 
 
 BERRYTOWN. a post-village of Cass co., Illinois, about 30 
 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 BER/RYVILLE. a town, capital of Clark co.. Vlrdnia. on 
 Opequan Creek, and on the turnpike from Winchester to 
 Wa.shington. 12 miles E. of the former, and 158 miles N. by 
 W. of Richmond. It has some trade, and contains an aca- 
 demy and 1 or 2 churches. Free i)op. 3.56. 
 
 BERRY VI LLE, a post-village In Scott CO., Mississippi, 
 aboxit 40 miles E. by N. of Jackson. 
 
 BERRYVILLE. a post-office of Carroll CO., Arkansas. 
 
 BERRYVILLE. a vill.age of Highland co.. Ohio, 6 miles 
 S.E. of Hillsborouirh. cont.sins from 100 to 200 inhabitants. 
 
 BER'SHAM. a township of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, 
 1 mile W. of Wrexham, with iron-works. 
 
 BERS'HEBA, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia. 
 
 BERSIIEBA SPRINGS, a post-office of Grundy co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 BER/STED. a parish of Enirland. co. of Sussex. 
 
 BERTHIER,bi^RH«-A', a county in the W. part of Canada 
 East, bordering on the St. Lawrence, has an area of 9590 
 square miles. It is drained by the .\ss\imption River, and 
 several smaller streams. Lake Maskinonge, in the N.E. part 
 of the county, is about 4 miles long and 3 miles wide, and is 
 the source of the Maskinonge River, an affluent of the St. 
 Lawrence. The chief pi-pducts are woollen goods, linens, flax, 
 oats, and tobacco, of the three last of which this county pro- 
 duced, in 1852. more than any other in Canada East. Chief 
 town. Berthier-en-Haut. Pop. .34.608. 
 
 BERTHI ER-EN-B AS, b^RHe-A'SN" b^, or BELLE CHA SSE 
 DE BERTHIER, Wll-shiss-deh biR'te-.V, a post-village of 
 Canada East, co. of Belle Chasse, on the right bank of the 
 river St. Lawrence, 24 miles S.W. of Quebec. It contains 
 several stores and mills. 
 
 BERTHIER-EN-HAUT, b5RHe-i/-5N«-h5, a post-village of 
 Canada East, county of Berthier, on the north shore of the 
 river St. Lawrence, about 55 miles N.E. of Montreal. It has 
 a foundry, a tannery, numerous stores, and a steamljoat 
 landing. 
 
 BERTIGNAT, bte'teen'yd', a village of France, department 
 of Puy-de-D5me, arrondissement of Ambert. Pop. in 1852, 
 2945. 
 
 BERTINCOURT, WRHS^o^kooR', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Pas-de-Calais, 16 miles S.S.E. of Arras. Pop. 
 of commune. 1,')27. 
 
 BERTINORO, bjR-te-no'ro, a town in the north eentral 
 p.art of Italy, 7 miles S.E. of Forli, celebrated for its wines. 
 Pop. 4780. 
 
 213 
 
BER 
 
 BES 
 
 BER'TR'.N'iy, »post-vil]a!re and township of Berrien co., 
 Miehican, on St. .foseph's River. 14 miles S.S.E. of Berrien. 
 
 BERTH*;LSDORF. b^R/tels-dop.r, a village of Saxony, 18 
 miles S.E. of Bautzen, is the seat of the central conference 
 of the sect of Herrenhuter Christians. 
 
 BEHTIIOLD.SDORF, bjR't^ls-doRf\ a town of Austria, 
 near the railway from Vienna to Triest, 8 miles S. of Vi- 
 enna, surrounded by vine-clad hills, with an old church, a 
 castle, and warm baths. Pop. 2226. 
 
 BERTilOUD, a town of Switzerland. See BuRonoRF. 
 
 BERTIE, ber-tee', a county in the X.E. part of North Ca- 
 rolina, at the W. end of Albemarle Sound, contains about 
 900 square miles. It is Vtounded on the E. by the Chowan, 
 and on the S. by the Roanoke River, and drained by Cashie 
 River. The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. Ca- 
 pital, Windsor. Pop. 14,310; of whom tjl26 were free, and 
 S186 slaves. 
 
 BERTRAXD PRAIRIE, a post-office of Winn parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BERTltlCH, b^Rt^rk, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles 
 S.W. of Cochem, in a romantic glen, with mineral baths, 
 known since the time of the Kom;jns. 
 
 BERTRY, b^R^ree', a village of France, department of 
 Nord, arrondissement of Cambrai. canton of Clary. P. 2273. 
 
 BERUT or BEROUT. See Bf.yroot. 
 • BERVIE, beR/vee, or INVERBERVIE, in'ver-berVee, a par- 
 liamentary borough, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Kincardine, on the North Sea, SJ miles S.S.W. of Stone- 
 haven. Pop. 1342; of the borough, 878, mostly engaged in 
 fishing. The town is near the mouth of the river Bervie, 
 the harlwr being at Gourdon. 1 mile S. It unites with 
 Montrose, Arbroath, Brechin, and Forfar, to send one mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. 
 
 BERWICK or BERWICKSIHRE, bjr'rik-shjr, a county 
 of Scotland, forming its S.E. extremity, on the coast of the 
 German Ocean, and bounded on the S. by Northumberland, 
 and W. by Haddington and Edinburgh shires. The principal 
 division was formerly called the Merse, (March or border 
 district.) Area, 446 square miles, or 285,600 acres, of which 
 160,000 are cultivated, lOO.OUO uncultivated, and 25,600 un- 
 profitable. Population in 1851, 36.297. Its N. part con- 
 5ists of the l»rren Lammennoor hills ; but the district of 
 Lauderdale in the W., and the Merse in the S., are level, 
 and among the mo.st fertile and best cultivated tracts iu 
 Britain. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Eye, and the 
 Leader, Whitadder, Blackadder, and other affluents of the 
 Tivaed' The estates are mostly of medium size. The manu- 
 fiictures are comparatively unimportant; among the princi- 
 pal is the weaving of ginghams at Earlston. This county 
 returns one member to the House of Commons. 
 
 B E R W ICK, a town of Scotland. See Bkrwick-OX-Tweed. 
 
 BEUWK^K, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BER'WIClv, a township of York co., Maine. Pop. 2155. 
 
 BERWICK,atownship in Adams co.,Pfnnsyl vania. P.869. 
 
 BERWICK, a village in Adams co., Pennsylvania. See 
 Abbottstowx. 
 
 BERWICK, a post-borough of Briar Creek township, Co- 
 jumbia co., Pennsylvania, on'the right h-ank of the North 
 Branch of the Sus'iuehanna Kiver, 95 miles N.N.E. of Har- 
 risburg. The North Branch Canal passes through the place, 
 and a bridge 1260 feet long connects it with Nescopeck, a 
 Tillage of Luzerne county. Iron ore and stone coal are 
 abundant in this neighborhood. Berwick has 1 or2churches 
 and several stores. Pop. about 600. 
 
 BERWICK, a post-office of Seneca CO., Ohio. 
 
 BERWICK, a postrvillage of Warren co., Illinois, 95 miles 
 N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 BERWICK. NORTH, a pariiamentary borough, seaport 
 town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington, at the 
 mouth of the Frith of Forth, 19 miles E.S.E. of Edinburgh. 
 Pop. of borough,1851, 8C3. It has a shallow harbor, but an 
 active trade in corn : and it is frequented as a bathing-place.- 
 Roistered vessels of the port in 1843, 9 ; aggregate burden, 
 515 tons. This borough joins with' Haddington, Dunbar, 
 Jedburgh, and Lauder, in sending one memter to the 
 House of Commons. In the parish are the Bass Rock, Tant- 
 allan Castle, and North Berwick-law; the last a conical hill, 
 940 feet in height, forms a conspicuous landmark, 
 
 BER/WICK-ON-TWEED, a fortified se-iport town, munici- 
 pal and parliamentary borough, and parish of England, co. 
 of Northumberland, on the N. bank of the Tweed, at its 
 mouth, and on the North British Railway. 47 miles E.S.E. 
 of Edinburgh. Lat. of the light-house, 56'= 46' N., Ion. 1° 59' 
 W. Population of parliamentary borough in 1851, 15,094. 
 I'he town is surrounded by a wall and fortifications. It is 
 connected with its suburbs. Tweedniouth and Spittal, by a 
 stone bridge of 15 arches, built in the reign of Charles I. A 
 splendid new bridge now conducts the North British Rail- 
 way across the Tweed. It has an indifferent hart)or, shel- 
 tered by a long pier, a decorated Gothic church, built during 
 the common weal yi, many dissenting chapels, a town-hall 
 with an exchange and jail attached, a governor's residence, 
 pauper lunatic asylum, theatre, grammar school, free .schools, 
 supported by the corporation, assembly rooms, public sul)- 
 ecription library with 6000 volumes, and infantry barracks. 
 2.U 
 
 An iron foundry here, at which steam-engines ant mfU 
 machinery are built, employed lately from CO to 70 hands; 
 manufactures of .sail-cloth, cordage, and linen fabrics are car- 
 ried on, and near the town are several coal-mines. Berwick 
 has considerable trade with Norway and the B.Hltic, whence 
 it imports timber, staves. l>ones, iron, hemp, tallow, snd oil 
 Exports to London, Leith. Newcastle, and Hull consist 
 chieflj- of agricultural produce, wool, ale, whiskey, coal, and 
 fish, especially salmon, its fishery of which in the Tweed is 
 still very productive. Aggregate burden of vessels enter- 
 ing the port in 1844, 49,174 tons; of ves.sels cleared thence, 
 49,067 tons. Registered shipping of the port in 1847. 4584 
 tons. The borough has sent two memljers to the Hou.se of 
 Commons since the reign of Mary. Before the late munici- 
 pal reform, Berwick was a free town, independent of both 
 Scotland and England ; but it is now constituted an Eng- 
 lish county for all purposes except parliamentary elections. 
 
 BERWICK ST. JAMES, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BERWICK ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BERWICK ST. LEONARD, a parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 BERWICKSHIRE. See Berwick, a county of Scothind. 
 
 BERYTUS. See Betr^wt. 
 
 BERZELIA, ber-zeel'ya, a post-village of Columbia co., 
 Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad. 20 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 BERZOCANA DE SAN FLLGENCIO, b^R-tho-kd'na di 
 sin fool-Hju'the-o, a town of Spain, in Estrem.idura. 6 miles 
 N.E. of Logrosan. on the borders of New Castile. Pop. 2026. 
 
 BESALU, b.'l-si-loo', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15 
 miles N. by W. of Gerona. Pop. 2012. 
 
 BESAN^ON, bfh-zSx«'s(!iN>:', (anc. Tefon'tio.) a city of France, 
 capital of the department of Doubs, 45 miles E. of Dijon, on 
 the Doubs. and on the Canal of the Rhone and Rhine. Pop. 
 in 1852, 41.297. It is a strongly fortified city, and is well 
 built, though the houses are old, and the streets gloomy ; 
 its citadel, on an elevated rock, is considered impregnable. 
 The chief edifices are a Gothic cathedral, court-house, town- 
 hall, royal college, ar.senal, hospital, barracks, theatre, public 
 library, and museum. There are many Roman antiquities, 
 comprising a triumphal arch, and the remains of an aque- 
 duct and amphitheatre. It is an archbishop's see. and the 
 seat ofa tribunal of commerce, anacarrfdwie unirersiiaire^ dio- 
 cesan school, academy of sciences and arts, schools of artil- 
 lery and medicine, and a deaf and dumb institution. It is 
 the centre of an extensive manufacture of watches, jewelry, 
 porcelain, drmrgets. carpets, and iron wire, and has large 
 iDreweries. About 2000 persons are emploved in the manu- 
 facture of watches, and 600.<i00 Ixittles ofartificial Seltzer 
 water are made here annually. BesanQon is an iniiKirtant 
 entreijot for the produce of the South of France, and a great 
 part of Switzerland. This city is very ancient, and was a 
 fortified place in the time of Ca?sar. It was ceded to Spain 
 by the peace of Westphalia. It was twice taken by Louis 
 XIV.. and was united to France in 1678. In 1405. a councU 
 was held here under Charles of Neufch&tel. The Austrians 
 besieged it without success in 1814. 
 
 BES'FORD. a ch.npelry of England, co. of Worcester, with 
 a station on the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 2 miles 
 S.E. of Worcester. Pop. in 1851, 177. 
 
 BES^FORD, a township of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BESHEK, bd-shek', or BELSCUIK, bil-shik'. (anc,B«ff«,) 
 a lake of Turkey, in Macedonia, a little E. of the Gulf of 
 Contes.sa, into which it poui-s its superfluous watei-s, and 
 about 20 miles E. of Saloniea. Greatest length, from E. to 
 W.. about 14 miles; greatest breadth, 4 miles. 
 
 BESIDI.T".. See Bisignano. 
 
 BESIGHEIJI, bA'slg-hime\ a town of WUrtemberg. at.the 
 confluence of the Neckar and Enz, 15 miles N. of Stuttgart, 
 on the railway to Heilbronne. Pop. 2430. The district is 
 celebrated for its red wines. 
 
 BESOEKI. See Bezoeki. 
 
 BESNI. bjs'nee. (anc. Xisrisf) a town of .\sia Minor, pa- 
 shalic of Marash, in a narrow glen, 2340 feet above the sea, 
 and 30 miles W.N.W. of Samisat. It is said to have 2500 
 Mohammedan and 250 Armenian houses. 
 
 BESSAN. bJsVSx"', a town of France, department of H6- 
 rault, 11 miles E. of Beziers, on the Hfirault. Pop. 2186. 
 
 BESSARABIA, b^s-sa-rd/be-a or bes-^-rd'be-3, an adminis- 
 trative province of South or New Russia, (capital Kishenov,) 
 bounded E. by the government of Kherson, N.E, and N. by 
 Podolia, W. by the Bukowina and Moldavia, and S. by Bul- 
 garia and the Black Sea. Area, 18,358 square miles. Pop. 
 in 1851, 874,044. The surfllce is uniformly low and Hat, ex- 
 cept in the N.. where it is travei-sed by some of the centre- 
 forts of the Carjijxthians ; the climate is healthy, and the 
 soil very fertile. The principiil rivers are the Danube on the 
 S., Pruth on the W.. and Dniester on the E. fi-ontier. These 
 rivers wholly enclose the province, except at its N.W. extre- 
 mity. Wheat, barley, maize, milli-t, tot«cco, hemp, and 
 fl.ix are raised, as well as all kinds,of fiuit, and wines of 
 good quality ; but the greater proportion of profitaljle land 
 is in pasturage. The manufactures art nearly confined to 
 soap, leather, caudles, and siiirituous lijuors. The princi- 
 pal exports are wool, cattle.' tallow, salt, and cheese. T'jere 
 is an agricultural colony of Bulgarians on the PrutiL and 
 another of Germans iu the S. The chief towns are lU'he* 
 
BES 
 
 nau, Beuder, Akerman, and Ismail. Bessarabia was ceded 
 bv Turki;y to Russia by tlie treaty of Uucharest. in ISI'2. 
 
 UKSSASTAUIK, b^s-sis-ta'deer? or BESSE.STAD, bSs'sgs- 
 tAd\ a small town of Iceland, S.W. of KeikiaTik, with a 
 gyuinasiuui,a classical school, and a library of 2000 volumes, 
 the only establishments of the kind in the island. 
 
 BlSSSl-i, bjss, a town of France, department of Puy-de- 
 Dome, -JO miles S.S.W. of Clermont. Pop. of commune, 2167. 
 It is situated on the E. declivity of Mont^D'Or, and in its 
 vicinity are the cascades of Entraigues and Doj;ne, the ba- 
 saltic columns on the Mallvoisiire, the Puy-de-Sancy, and 
 the lake of Pavin. 
 
 BESSE, a village of France, department of Yar, 7 miles 
 S.E. of BiisnoUes. Pop. 1720. 
 
 BESSELSLEIGII, bJ.s/sgl-sle, a parish of England, co. of 
 Berks. 
 
 BES.SENAY, b?s''s.VnV, a village of France, department 
 of IlhSno, 13 miles W. of Lyons. Pop. 2054. . 
 
 BESSE SUK BTvAYE. a town of France, department of 
 Sarthe, 6 miles S. of St. Calais. Pop. of commune, in 1S52, 2336. 
 
 BESSIXES, bjs'seen', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-A'ienne, 10 miles E. of Bellac. Pop. of commune, in 
 1852, 2656. 
 
 BES'SIN'OBY. a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 BES^SINGIIAII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BE.STIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BEST'LAND, a post-office of lissex co., Yirginia. 
 
 BESZTEUCE BANYA. See Neusohl. 
 
 BET'AOIISTOWN, (vul!,'ar, BdtysUnon,) a village of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, co. of Meath. on the coast, 3 miles E.S.E. 
 of Drogheda, on the Dublin and Drogheda Kailway. 
 
 BETAlSOR,b;\.-ti-sore', a town and place of pilgrimage in 
 British India, 35 miles S.E. of Agra, on the Jumna. Near 
 it are remains of an ancient Hindoo city. 
 
 BETANZOS, bi-t3n'thoce, (line. Flah'um Brigayiftium,,) a 
 town of Spain, 10 miles S.E. of Corunna, on the river of the 
 Siime name, near its mouth, in the Bay of Betanzos. Pop. 
 4780. It is the oldest town in Galicla, and has remains of 
 ftufient fortifications. 
 
 BETAXZOS, BAY OF, in Spain, an inlet of the Atlantic; 
 Its branches form the harbors of Ferrol and Corunna. 
 
 BETCH'WORTII, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BETETA, oA-tA/ta, a village of Spain, 48 miles N.N.E. of 
 Cuenca. I'op. 1100. It has mineral springs (temperature 
 7° Fahrenheit) and royal baths. 
 
 BETII.VB'ARA, a Moravian village in Forsyth co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BETIIA'NIA, a postvillage In Forsyth co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 BETHANY, beth'a-ny, (Arab. El-AzirezeJi,) a village of Pa- 
 lestine, on the E. slope of the Mount of Olives, 2 miles E. of 
 Jerusalem. It is now a poor place, inhabited by some 20 
 families, in a few dwellings built with the materials of an- 
 cient edifices. The inhabitants show tlie pretended sites of 
 the houses of Lazarus, of JIartha. of Simon the leper, and 
 of Mary Magdelene. The alli>ged tomb of Lazani.s, a large 
 excavation in the rock, is also pointed out. Of Bethphage, 
 a village formerly a little further E., no trace exists. 
 
 BETHANY, a post-township of New Haven co., Connecti- 
 cut, 8 miles N. by W. of Now Haven. Pop. 974. 
 
 BETHANY, a post-tow n.ship of Genesee co., New York, 
 240 miles W. by N. of Albany. Ithas an academy. Pop. 1897. 
 
 BETHANY, or BETHANY CENTRE, a post-village in the 
 above township, about 35 miles S.W. of Rochester. 
 
 BETHANY, a post-borough of Dvberry township, Wiiyne 
 ■ CO., Pennsylvania, 3 miles N. of Ilonesdale, and 1 mile W. 
 of Dyberry Creek. It was the county seat until 1842. The 
 borough contains 1 church, ah aciidemy, and about 350 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 BETHANY, a post-village of Brooke co., W.Virginia, on 
 Buffalo Creek, 7 miles from the Oliio River, and 16 m. N.E. 
 of 'Wheeling. The surrounding country is fertile and beau- 
 tiful. The village is the seat of Bethany College, which 
 was established in 1841, by Alexander Campbell, a Baptist 
 minister. 
 BETHANY, a post-office of York district. South Carolina. 
 BETHAXY, a village of Greene co., Georgia, 35 miles N. 
 by E. of Milledgeville. 
 BETHANY, a post-office of Panola co., Texas. 
 BETHANY, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 20 miles 
 N.N.i;. of Cincinnati. 
 
 BETHANY, a village of B*artholomew co., Indiana, 8 miles 
 W. of Columbus. 
 
 BETH AN Y, a village of Christian co., Illinois, 20 miles S.E. 
 of Springfiold. 
 
 BETHANY, avillage of Clay co., Missouri, 15 miles N.N.E. 
 of Liberty. 
 
 BETHANY, a post-village, capital of Harrison CO., Mis- 
 souri, 155 miles N.AV. of Jeiferson City. Pop. of tp., 2302. 
 
 BETHANY CHURCH, a post-office of Iredell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BETH EDE^^ a post-village of Newberry district, South 
 Carolina, li ha.-i manufacture? of woollen goods, starch, and 
 leather. 
 BEXHEl, bSth'el, (Arab. Btiteen, or Beitin, bA'teen',) a 
 
 BET 
 
 mined tovrn of Palestine, pashalio of Damnscns,10 miles HT. 
 of Jerusalem. ItH remains, which prove it to have been a 
 place of some importance, consist of numerous ruined 
 churches and a large reservoir, the whole covering tlireo or 
 four acres on a hill-summit, 
 
 BETHEL, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on the 
 Androscoggin River, and on tlie Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
 Railroad, 7o miles N.N.W. of Portland. It has 6 dmrches, 
 6 stores, an academy, and several mills. Pop. 2623. 
 
 BETHPIL, a post-township of ^Vindsor co., Vermont, on 
 the A'ermont Central Railroad, ,38 miles S. of Montpelier, 
 and 39 miles N. of Windsor. In tho place is an inexhausti- 
 ble quarry of soapstone. formerly exported in considerable 
 quantities. The village contains several churches and a 
 bank. Pop. l.'-04. 
 
 BETHEL, a flourishing post-village and town.sliip, Fair- 
 field CO., Connecticut, about 2.i miles N W. by \V. from New 
 Haven, on the Danbury and Norwalk R.R. The inliabitants 
 are almost entirely engaged in the manufacture of hats. 
 Tho village contains 3 churches and a bunk. Pop. 1711. 
 
 BETHEIj, n post-village and township of Sullivan co.. New 
 York, 120 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2854. 
 
 BETH EL, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 35 
 miles N.E. of llarrislmrg. Pop. 2159. 
 BE'I'HK.L, a township, Delaware co, Pennsylvania. P. 511. 
 BETHEL, a town.sliip of Fulton CO., Pennsylvania. P. 1,535. 
 BETH EL, a township. Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. P. 2197. 
 BETHEL, a post-office of Mercer co, West Virginia. 
 BETHEL, a small village in Hertford co , North Carolina, 
 BETIIKL, a post-office of York district, South Carolin.a. 
 BETHEL, a post-village of Glynn co., Georgia, on Turtle 
 River, about 70 miles in a direct line S.S.W. of Savannah. 
 BETHEi,, a post-office of AVilcox co., .Alabama. 
 BETHEL, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas. 
 Bl'/niEL. a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee. 
 BETHEL, a small post-village of Bath CO., Kentucky. 
 BETHEL, a township in Clark co., Ohio. Pop. 2898. 
 BETHEL, a post-village of Tate township, Clermont co., 
 Ohio, 33 miles S.E. of Cincinnati, is one tho oldest villages 
 of the county. It contains several stores and shops. Pop. 
 estimated at 5U0. 
 BETHEL, a township in Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1708. 
 BEMIEL, a township in Monroe co , Ohio. Pop. 1335. 
 BETHEL, a township of Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 1185. 
 BETHEL, a township in St, Clair to., .Micliigan. 
 BETHEL, a town.sliip in Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 443, 
 BETHEIj, a post-office of W.ayne co., Indiana. 
 BETHEL, a post-village of Morgan co.. Illinois, near the 
 Sangamon and Morgan Railroad, 48 miles W. of Springfield. 
 BETHEL, a thriving pfjst-village of Shelby co., Missouri, 
 on the North Fork of North River. 98 miles N.N.E. of Jeffer- 
 son City. It was settled about 1842 by a company of Ger- 
 mans from Pennsylvania. The titli; of their property is 
 vested in one person, and held for tlie lienefit of the com- 
 munity. They have 4000 acres of fertile land, and carry on 
 f;irniing and mechanic arts with success. The German lan- 
 gu.oge is taught in their schools exclusively, and commonly 
 u.sed among themselves? They have a large and elegant 
 place of worship. The village contains a glove factory and 
 mills of various kinds. I'op. about UiOO. 
 BETHEL COLLEGE. See M.\c Lemoresviixe. 
 BETHES/DA. a post-office of WilIi.im.son co.. Tennessee. 
 BETHES'DA. a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio, 
 BETH HtVKON, Upper and Lower, (A.ra.h. Beitnor-el- 
 Fo/,(/, b.VtooK/-el-fS'ka, iinABeiloor-fl-Tahti. biVtooitZ-el-tdH'ta,) 
 two villiiges of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 9 miles N. 
 W. of Jerusalem. In the former are some traces of ancient 
 walls, a reservior, Ac, and between the two villages, is a 
 pass, down which Joshua drove the Amorite kings, (Joshua 
 X. 1-11 :) and through which has always been the main 
 route for heavy transport between .Terusalem and the coast. 
 BETHLEHEM, b^thle-hem, (Bcil-eI-L,'/tm, the "house of 
 bread.") a famous city of Palestine, which, though insignifi- 
 cant in point of size, will be ever memorable as the birth place 
 of the Founder of Christiiinity, It stands on the moun- 
 tain chain of Anti-Libanus, 5j miles S.W. of Jerusalem. 
 Pop. said to be .3000, nearly all Christians — a bold and hardy 
 race, who have succe.ssfuUy resisted Turkish oppression. It 
 is a large, straggling village, with one broad street, at the 
 extremity of which there is a magnificent church, erected in 
 the 4th centui-y by the Empress Helena, over the site (the 
 '•Grotto of the Nativity,") traditionally celebrated for tho 
 birth of the Saviour, and attached to which are large con- 
 vents, belonging to Roman Catholics, Greeks and Armenians. 
 All around are a multitude of chapels, erected as memori.'ils 
 of events commemorated in sacred history ; and numerous 
 reservoirs and springs, to which .sacred traditions are at- 
 t.oched. On the W. side of tlie town are the remains of the 
 ancient aqueduct which conveyed water to Jerusalem from 
 sever.al pools near Bethlehem. The country around is ex- 
 tremely fruitful, to which circumstance, doubtless, the town 
 oriirinallv owed its name. 
 
 BETH'LEHEM. a post-township of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, 75 miles N. by E. from Concord. Pop. 896. 
 BETH'LEHEM, or BETH'LEM, a post-township of Litcb- 
 
 215 
 
BET 
 
 fleM CO., Connecticut, 30 miles N.W. of New Haven. Pop. 
 81.5. 
 
 BKTIIT.EHEM, a post-township of Albany co., New York, 
 on the Hudson River, 5 miles S. of Albanj'. Pop. 5641. 
 
 BETHLKIIKJI, a post-township of Hunterdon CO., New 
 Jersey, lo miles N.W. of Flemington. Pop. 1859. 
 
 BETIILi:ilKM,a post-township of Northampton co.,Penn- 
 Bylvania, on the Lehigh Kiver, 7 miles W. by S. from Easton. 
 Pop. including the borough of the same name, 3535. 
 
 BETHLEHKM, a post-borough in the above township, on 
 the left bank of the Lehigh Kiver, 11 miles above Easton, 
 and 51 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a pleasant and 
 commanding situation, and is an agreeable place of resort in 
 Bummei". This town was founded in 1741 by the Moravians, 
 who have a large stone churdi in the Gothic style, 142 feet 
 long, and a female seminary which eiyoys a high reputation, 
 besides other schools and benevolent institutions. The N. 
 Pennsylvania U.K. connects Bethlehem with Philadelphia, 
 and the Lehigh Valley R.R. with Eiiston and Mauch Chunk. 
 It contains a bank and several mills. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a post-office of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a post-office of Chambers co., Alabama. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a township of Coshocton co.,Ohio. P.b75. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a village and township of Starke CO., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio Canal, CO miles S. by E. of Cleveland. P. 2401. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a township in Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1012. 
 
 BKTHLEHEM. a post-village and township of Clark co., 
 Indiana, on the Ohio River, IS miles below Madison, has 
 one olmrch. Piip. 730. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a village of Hamilton co., Indiana, about 
 16 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BKTHLEHEM, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa. 
 
 BETHLEHEM CENTRE, a post-office of Albany co., New 
 York. 
 
 BETH'NAL GREEN, a parish of England, an Eastern su- 
 burb of London, co. of Middlesex. Pop. 74,000. 
 
 BETH'PAGE, a small village of Harrison co., Missouri, on 
 Big Creek. 
 
 BKTHSAIDA (bJth-sAjM.a) OF GALILEE, an ancient town 
 of Palestine, which probably stood on the shore of Lake Ti- 
 berias ; but its site is undetermined, and Its name disused. 
 
 BETHSAIDA OF GAULONITIS. (afterwards Ju/lias,) was 
 on the N.E. side of the same lake, 21 miles S. of Paueas; it 
 is now wholly in ruins. 
 
 BETHSHAX. See Beisas. 
 
 BETH-SHE'MESH, an ancient city of Palestine, the re- 
 mains of which are supposed by Robinson to be at Ain 
 Shems, a village and parish of Gaza, 15 miles W.S.W. of 
 Jerusalem, where are extensive ancient ruins. 
 
 BETHUNE, biUUn', a strongly fortified town of France, 
 department of Pas-de-Calais, on a rock near the river Lawe, 
 and the Canal of Aire, 16 miles N.N.W. of Arras. Pop., 
 8,000. It has a aistle constructed by Vauban, college, 
 Gothic church, and commerce in cheese, grain, oil, and lint. 
 Bethune, taken by the French in.l645, and retaken by the 
 allies in 1710, was secured to France by the peace of Utrecht 
 in 1714. 
 
 BET'ICK. in Central Asia, is an important ferry across the 
 Oxus, on the route between I'ersia and the territory of 
 Bokhara, CO miles S.W. of Bokhara. The Oxus hius been 
 here found 050 vards across, and from 25 to 29 feet in depth. 
 
 BETISBOOKA or BETISBOUKA, bA-ti.s-boo'kd, a con- 
 siderable river of JIadagascar, enters Slozambiiiue Channel 
 (Bembatooka Bay,) on its X.W. coast. About 15 miles from 
 Its mouth it eniai'ges into a gulf with numerous islands. 
 It is the principal means of commercial communication be- 
 tween the Ovah capital and the coast. 
 
 BKT'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 BETLIS or BEDLTS, a town of Asiatic Turkey, See Bitlis. 
 
 BETLUGA or BETLOUGA, See Vetiug.v. 
 
 B?:T'SHANGER, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BETSILP;0, b§t-se-li/o, a province of Madagascar, in the 
 Intf rior of the southern part of the island, divided into North 
 and South Betsileo. 
 
 BKTSIMS.^RAKA, b^t-sim-sd-rd'kS, a maritime province 
 of Madagascar, East coast, between lat. 10° 45' and 18° S. 
 
 BETTEMBUUG, bJt/tJm-btJKg\ a village of the Nether- 
 lands. 5 miles S.S.W. of Luxembourg. Pop. 1100. 
 
 BETTENDORF, bJftgn-doRf\ a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Luxemtourg, 3 miles N.E. of Ditkirch. 
 
 BKTTEXHAUSEN, b5t/t?n-h6w'zen, a village of Germany, 
 In Hesse-Cassel, in the Nieder-Hesscn, on the Losse, 
 with a population of 880, and manufactures of cotton goods, 
 paper, and metallic wares. 
 
 BGTTENHAUSEN, a villjige of Gei-many, in Saxe-Meinin- 
 gen. on the Herpf. Pop. 7^2. 
 
 BETTIAH, bJt/tee\'l. a town of British India, presidency 
 of Beng.il. district of Shahabad, 90 miles N.N.W. of I'atna. 
 
 BKTTISCOMBE, a parish of Encland, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BETTOLA, SAN GIOVANNI Dl, sdn-jo-vin'nee dee hit- 
 to'ld, a town of Northern Italy, about 20 niiUw S. by W. of 
 PLiceuza, ou the Nura. It contains a church, and a school 
 216 
 
 BEV 
 
 for both sexes. The vicinity is fertile, but not wholly culti- 
 vated. Pop. 6608. 
 
 BETTSCHWANDEN, 1)Stch'*an-den, a village of Switzer- 
 land, canton of, and 7 miles S.S.W. of Glarus, on the Lintli 
 Pop. ICOO. 
 
 BETTS/VILLE, a post^village in Liberty township, Seneca 
 CO., Ohio, 40 miles AV.S.W. of Sandusky City. 
 
 BET'TUS, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BETTWS, bit'toos, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth 
 
 BETTWS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 BETTWS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 BETTWS, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery, 
 The 'ruined castle of Dolevowiu in this pari.sli is supposed to 
 be of British origin ; near it, antique brazen vessels have been 
 found. 
 
 BETTWS, a hamlet of England, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 BETTWS. a chapelry of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 BETTWS BLEDRWS, bJVtoos bl^d'roos, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Cardigan. 
 
 BET'TWS DIS/ERTH, a parish of South Wales, county of 
 Radnor. 
 
 BET/TWS GAR'MON, a parish of North Wales, at the foot 
 of Snowdon, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 BETTWS GWERFYL-GOCH, b^t'toos gwer'fil goK, a parish 
 of Wales, CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 BET'TWS JEV'AN or E WAN, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Cardigan. 
 
 BETTWS LEIKE, bjt/toos li'kS, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Cardigan. 
 
 BETTWS NEAVYDD, bSftoos nywiTH, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Slonmouth. 
 
 BETTWS Y CEOD, hJt'toos e ke'od, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Carnarvon. The picturesque bridge of " the 
 Cauldron " is in this parish. 
 
 BETTWS YN RHOS, bSt/toos in hBos, a parish of North- 
 AVales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 BETWAH, hitfwK, a river of Hindostan, rises in the Vind- 
 hyan Mountains, Bhopaul, flows mostly N.E., and after a 
 total course of 340 miles, joins the Jumna, 30 miles E.S.E. 
 of Kalpee. In a part of its course it runs through beds of 
 iron ore. Its banks are in many places highly cultivated, 
 and on them are the towns of Bilsa and Jhansi. 
 
 BEULAH, a post-office of Johnson co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BEULAH, bul.i, a post office of Benton co., Iowa. 
 
 BEUSICHEM, \)o'ze-KSm\ a village of Holland, province 
 of Gelderland, 7 miles N.\V. of Hell. In the vicinity, across 
 the Leek, formerly stood the old castle of Beusichem. Pop. 
 900. 
 
 BEUTELSBACn, boi'tels-baK\ a market town of WUrtem- 
 berg, on the Beutel, 10 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1850. 
 It is one of the oldest possessions of the reigning family of 
 Wttrtemberg. 
 
 BEUTHEX, boi'tgn, a town of Prussian Silesia, 50 miles 
 S.E. of Oppeln, near the Poli.sh frontier. Pop. 4950, who 
 manufacture woollen cloths, earthenwares, and zinc wares, 
 
 BEUTHEN, a town of Prussian Silesia, circle of Breslau, 
 on the Oder, 13 miles W.N.W. of Glogau. Pop. 3640. It has 
 manufactories of cloths and straw hats. 
 
 BEUZEVILLE, buzH-eel', a town of France, department 
 of Euro, 7 miles W. of Pont Audemer, with a station on 
 the Paris and Havre railway. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 2608. 
 
 BEVAGNA, bi-vdn'yj a town of Italy, state of Umbria, 
 18 miles S.E. of Perugia. Pop. 3720. 
 
 BEV/ANS. a post-office of Sussex co.. New .Tersey. 
 
 BEVEDERO, bA-v4-dVro, a considerable lake in La. Plata, 
 province of Mendoza, between lat. 32° 45' and 34° 17' S. ; 
 Ion. 66° and 66° 32' W. It is composed of two distinct por- 
 tions, called sometimes, the Greater and the Less Bevedero, 
 connected by a rivsr channel about 8 miles long. The 
 smallest, and most N., measures about 22 by 15 miles: and 
 the larger, which is very irregular in form, though somewhat 
 triangular, measures 40 miles from N. to S., and from 3 or 4 
 to 25 miles from E. to W. 
 
 BEVELAND, North and South, (Dutch pron. W 
 vg-ldnt\)two islands of the Netherlands, province of ZeiUand, 
 in the mouth of the Scheldt, divided westward by a narrow 
 channel, from the Island of Walcheren. Lat. 61° .SO" N.; 
 Ion. 4° E. Estimated aggregate area. 120 square miles S. 
 Beveland is the largest and most fertile, and has on it the 
 town of Goes, the capital, and Fort Bath. 
 
 BEA'ENAIS, b;l\eh-nA/, a village of France, dejhirtment 
 of Isere. Pop. of commune, 1064. 
 
 BEVEXSEN, b.Vven-sen, a town of Hanover, 13 miles S.S. 
 E. of l.Uneburg. witli linen manufactures. I'op. 1288. 
 
 BE'A'EKCOATES, a parish of England, co. of Notts, 
 
 BEVEREN, See Bevern. 
 
 BEVERLEY, bjv'er-le, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, and market town of England, co. of York, capital 
 East Riding, with a station on the Hull and Bndgewatel 
 Railway, 9 miles N.N.W. of Hull. Pop. 8671. It is a re- 
 markably clean and handsome town, with a main stieet 
 nearly 1 mile in length, terminated by an ancient gateway. 
 The borough consists of three parishes. Tlie minster, or 
 college church, was founded aboui a. d., 700, by the arch- 
 
BEV 
 
 BEZ 
 
 bishop of Tork. afterwards canonized as St. Jolin of Bever- 
 ley. Tlie pre.sent .structure, suppased to Iiave been completed 
 early in the reign of Henry III., i.s remarkable for elegance 
 and extent ; it.s W. front has been considered the finest speci- 
 men of the perpendicular Gothic in England. St. Mary"s 
 church is also a magnificent structure. The town has a 
 very ancient grammar school, a blue coat school, an hospital 
 for widows, with numerous other charities, a guildhall 
 (Ilallgarth,) register office for East Riding, new session hall, 
 a theatre, reading rooms, a mechanics' institution, and a fine 
 market cross. Its trade in corn, coals, and leather is con- 
 siderable, and gre.itly facilitated by a canal communicating 
 with the river IIull. The corporation holds a criminal court, 
 with the fower of capit;il punishment, (which however, is 
 never exercised.) also courts of session and requests. Bever- 
 ley returns two members to the House of Commons. It is 
 also the place of the election of members for the Kast 
 Riding of Yorkshire. 
 
 BEVERLOO, bA\'?r-15'. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limbourg, 12 miles N.W. of Ilasselt. On the extensive 
 heaths in the neighborhood is held a yem-ly camp for exercis- 
 ing the Belgian army. Pop. 1505. 
 
 BEVEIlIiV, bJv'^r-Ie, a thriving post-town of Essex eo., 
 Massachusetts, on an arm of Ann Harbor, opposite Salem, 
 with which it is connected by abridge, about 1500 feet long, 
 and on the Eastern Railroad 16 miles N.N.E. from Boston. A 
 branch railroad connects it with Gloucester. The town has 
 a bank, an insurance office, a weekly newspaper, a high- 
 school, 9 clinrches, and a public library. There are manu- 
 facture.' consisting chiefly of shoes; alsocarriagcs.Britannia 
 ware, and cotton and woollen goods, &c. The industry of 
 the inhabitants, however, is chiefly directed to commerce 
 and the fisheries. Pop. of the township in 1860, 6154. 
 
 BEVERLY, a post-borough of Burlington co.,New Jersey, 
 is pleasantly situated on the Delaware River, and on the 
 Camden and Amboy Railroad, 15 miles above Philadelphia. 
 It has been built since 1S4S, and- contains 5 churches, a 
 town-hall, 2 hotels, and a United States hospital. Steam- 
 boats touch at this place several times every day in their 
 passage between Philadelphia and Burlington. Pop. in 
 1860, 1220; in 1865, about 1400. 
 
 BI';VEI;LY, a po&t-village, capital of Randolph CO., West 
 Virginia, on Tygaifs Valley River. 210 miles N.W. from 
 Richmond, is pleasantly situated In a valley among the 
 Alleghany mount:»ins. It has a few stores and shops. 
 
 BEVERLY, a post-oflice of Anson co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BEVERLY, a thriving postrvillage of Washington co., 
 Ohio, on the left bank of the Muskingum River, 20 miles 
 above Marietta, and 60 below Zanesville. The river has 
 been made navigable for steamtoats by a series of dams, 
 and one of th(?se produces fine water-power here, which is 
 partly improved. Hero is a national bank. 
 
 BEVKRfiY, a post-village of Adams CO., Illinois, about .30 
 miles E.S.E. from Quincy. is situated in a rich farming dis- 
 trict, and contains several stores. 
 
 BEVERLY, a post-township of Adams CO., Illinois. Pop. 
 1086. 
 
 BEVERLY, a posfcofflce of Dane CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 BEVERLY FARMS, a post-office of Essex co., Massachu- 
 Betts. 
 
 BEVERN, b.Vvfrn, or BEVEREV, b.Vver-en, a town of 
 Belgium, province of E. Flanders, 14 miles N.E. of Termond. 
 Pop. of commune, 6050, of whom 2000 are employed in the 
 manufacture of lace. 
 
 BEVERX, bi'vern, a village of Germany, duchy of Bruns- 
 wick, 3 miles N.E. of Holzminden. Pop. 1170. 
 
 BE'VERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BEVERUXGEN, bii/ver-COng-en, a walled town of Prussia, 
 Westphalia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 
 1918, who manufacture leather and soap, and carry on an 
 active transit trade. 
 
 BEVEltWYK, or BEVERWIJK, bA/ver-wTk\ a town of 
 the Netherlands, of N. Holland, at the head of the Y, the 
 name of the town is simply Y, 7 miles N. of Haarlem. Pop. 
 2252. In its vicinity the expedition of the Prince of Orange 
 to Eniland. and the Revolution of 1688, were planned. 
 
 BEVILACQUA. bA-ve-lSk'kwl a village of N. Italy, go- 
 vernment of Venice. 25 miles E. of Verona, with an old cas- 
 tle of the counts of Bevilacqua. 
 
 BEV'ILPORT, a post-village of .Tasper co., Texas, on the 
 Angelina River, just above its entrance into the Neches 
 River, 6 or 8 miles W. from Jasper, the county seat. The 
 Neohes is navigable in high stages of water. The village 
 lias 1 warehouse and 1 store. 
 
 BE'VIS'S TAVERN, a post-offlce of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 BEW/CASTLE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 10 miles N.E. of Brampton. It was anciently a Roman sta- 
 tion, and has remains of a fortress, built soon after the 
 "wnquest. In its churchyard is a curious obelisk, bearing 
 inscriptions supposed to be Danish. In the parish are mines 
 of coal and lead. 
 
 BEWDLEY. biid^ee. (originally, Beaulieu.) a parliamentary 
 and municipal borough, and market-town of England, co., 
 aJJd 14 miles N.N.W. of Worcester, on the Severn, across 
 which it oommuriicates with its suburb Wribbenhall, by 
 
 a stone bridge. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1S51, 
 0124. It is well built, and has a good modern town-hall, » 
 neat church, a free grammar school, several other schools, 
 alms-houses; manufactories of combs, carpets, iron and 
 brass wares ; some tanneries and malt-hou.ses ; and a trausil 
 trade by the Severn. Bewdley sends 1 member to th« 
 House of Commons. 
 
 BEW'ERLEY, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 8 miles N.W. of Ripley. Pop. in 1851, 1265, mostlj 
 engaged in adjacent lead mines. 
 
 BEW'LEYVILLE, a postof&ce of Breckenridge co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 BEX, bJks, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, near 
 the right bank of the Rhone, 26 miles S.E. of Lausanne. 
 Pop. 30IX). Celebrated for its extensive salt mines and sul- 
 phur baths. 
 
 BEXAR, bd-ar', or bi-naK', a large county in the S. part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 8900 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S. by the Nueces River, on the N.E.by theCibolo, and 
 by the Medina, San Antonio, Rio Frio, and San Miguel 
 Rivers. The county contains extensive prairies ; the .soil is 
 sandy, and some parts are fertile. Cupital, San Antouia^ 
 Pop. 14.4.54, of whom 13.059 were free. 
 
 BEXAR. See San Antonio. 
 
 BEXAR, a post-village of Coweta co., Georgia, 120 miles 
 W.N.W. from .Milledgeville. 
 
 BEXAR, a post-office of Marion co., Alabama. 
 
 BEX'HILL, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex. 
 
 BEX'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BEX'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BEYAS, a river of the Punjab. See Beas. 
 
 BEYED, bi'M', a lofty mountain, in Abyssinia, province 
 of Z.amen, kingdom of Tigre; lat. 13° IS' N.; Ion. .38° 40' B. 
 It is covered with perpetual snow, and is, from this circum- 
 stance, believed to have an elevation of not much less than 
 16.01(0 feet. 
 
 BEYERLAND, bi'f r-iant\ or BEIGERLAND, an island of 
 S. Holland, between the Old Maas on the N., and Holland's 
 Diep on the S., 6 miles S. of Rotterdam. Among its villages 
 are Old Beyerland, pop. 3546; New Beyerland, pop. 1104; and 
 S. Beverland, pop. 1278. 
 
 BEYHAR. See Diihab. ' 
 
 BEYLAII. See Bela. 
 
 BEYLEN. See Beilen. 
 
 BEYRA. See Beira. 
 
 BEYROOT, BEYROUT, BEIROTJT, biUroot, or BAIRUT, 
 (Turk. pron. bi'root' ; th.at of the .\rabs corresponds with 
 the first; Or. Bi;pvro(, La.t. Bi-rfi/tus,) a seiiport, and the 
 most flourishing commercial town of Syria, (in proportion 
 to its size,) in the pashalic of Acre, on a bay of the >ii'diter- 
 ranean, 57 miles W.N.W. of Damascus, of which city it is the 
 port, and 3 miles S. of Cape Boyroot, which is in lat. 3.3° 
 50' N.; Ion. 35° 26' E. Pop., including suburbs. 30.000. Its 
 walls are about 3 miles in circumference, outside of which 
 are suburbs equalling the town in extent. It has some 
 large and well-supplied bazaars. Streets narrow, but clean, 
 it being plentifully furnished with springs : and it is said 
 to have derived its original name from the Phoenician deity 
 Baal Becrith, '• lord of wells." Along the shore are some 
 remains of antiquity, comprising Mo.saic p.avements, co- 
 lumns, and a thick wall. The harbor, protected by a mole, 
 is adapted only for sm.iU boats: but in the bay beyond it, 
 ships may anchor in from 6 to 11 fathoms. The town has 
 important manufactuns of silk stuffs, and also of gold and 
 silver thread. Much raw silk is produced from the silk 
 worms, raised in the immediate vicinity : a branch of bu sine«s 
 which has greatly increased within a few years. Principal 
 exports, silk, galls, madder, gums, paints and oils ; imports, 
 muslins, cottons, tin, hardware, cloths, aiid manufactures of 
 W. Europe. In 1841. 383 ships, mostly Turkish. Arab, and 
 Greek, aggregate burden, 38,441 tons, entered the port with 
 cargoes to the value of 66.748/. ; and nearly an equal number 
 cleared with cargoes worth $25,000, besides ballast. Beyroot 
 was bombarded and taken by the English in 1840. 
 
 BEYSHEHER. See Begsheher. 
 
 BEZE, brlze, or bJz, a village of France, department of C8t« 
 d'Or. 13 miles N.E, of Dijon. Pop. 1100, engaged in mining 
 
 BEZIERS, b-Vze-i/, (anc. Bate.r'rce,) a city of Franco, de- 
 partment of Herault, on the Orb. 38 miles S.W. of Montpel- 
 lier. Pop. in 1852, 19,333. It is built in a delightful 
 situation, remarkable for the salubrity of its climate, and 
 has a Gothic church, college, and cavalry barracks; an 
 aijueduct of Roman origin, and ruins of a Roman amphi- 
 theatre, a public library, tribunal of commerce, agricul- 
 tural society, and manuCietures of silk, hosiery, dimity, 
 parchment, gloves, verdigris, and confectionary, with tan- 
 neries, and extensive brandy distilleries; and it is the 
 centre of a considerable trade. In 1209, this city was the 
 scene of a barbarous mas.sacre of the Albigon.ses. Riquet, 
 the engineer of the Canal da Midi, was born here. 
 
 BEZOEKI, b.a-zoo'kee, a province of Java, occupying th» 
 whole E. end of that island. It is volcanic and moun- 
 tainous. 
 
 BEZOEKT, a town of Java, capital of aliove province, on a 
 rivulet of the same name, at its embouchure in the Strait of 
 
 217 
 
BEZ 
 
 BHU 
 
 Ma.lura, '9 nines S.S.E. of Soexabaya. A good deal of busi- 
 ness is (5 one iiere in the products of the province. The 
 roadstead is secure in the K. monsoon. 
 
 BEZONS, bfh-zAs"', a Tillage of France, department of 
 Seine-€t-Oise, 9 miles N. of Versailles, on the Seine, with a 
 bridae of 9 timber arches, for the Kouen Railway, and ex- 
 tensive fairs. 
 
 BKZOllA. bA-zo/rd, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras, 40 miles N.W. of Masulipatam, on the Kistnah, 
 where Ihere is a ferry station of the great thorou;zhCire 
 between the Circars and the Camatic. There is here a 
 mosriue, and numerous Hindoo temples, with excavations 
 similar, though inferior, to those of Western India. 
 
 BIIADRIN ATII. Vhid-rin-ifh'. a town of North Ilindosten. 
 Gurhwal, in a valley of the Himalayas, SO miles N. of Al- 
 mora, 10,294 feet above the sea, and remarkable for a temple 
 reported to be endowed with the revenues of 700 villages, 
 and visited annually by 50.000 Hindoo pilgrims. 
 
 BHADRINATH, a peak of the Himalaya8,17 miles W. of 
 the alx)\ e town, and 23,441 feet in height. Lat. 30° 42' N. ; 
 Ion. 79° l.V E. 
 
 B'HAG, BAGII or BIIAUG, Vhig or bio, a town of Be- 
 loochistan, province of Cutch-Gundava, at the S. entrance 
 oftheBolan pass, 60 miles N.W.of Shikarpoor(inSinde):lat. 
 28° 56' N.; lop. 67° 64' E. It is enclosed by a mud wall, has 
 2000 mud houses. Large bazajir, some transit trade, and a 
 manufiictory of gunpowder 
 
 BlIAi^IKAXHI. See GANGES. 
 
 BIIAMO, b'hi^mO', or BHANMO, Vbdn^mo', a large town 
 of Burmah. and the centre of* its trade with China, on 
 the Irrawaddy, 40 miles W. of tho Chinese frontier, and 
 180 miles N.N.E. of Ava. It is enclosed by a stockade, and 
 better built than most Burmese towns. It comprises 2000 
 houses, many of brick, inhabited by Chinese, and around it 
 are many populous villages. Woollen, cotton, and silk 
 goods, are imported from China by winter caravans; and 
 the Shan tribes, who resort to the town, exchange their 
 native produce for large quantities of salt, rice, and gtiapce 
 (a sauce made of dried fish.) The government revenue of 
 the district is said to amount to about 30,000?. annually. — 
 Old Bhamo, the original Shan town, is,2 days' journey fur- 
 ther up the Tapan. the nearest tributary of the Irrawaddy. 
 
 BH AN POORA, b'hdn-poo/ri, a town of Iliadostan, 46 miles 
 S.S.W. ofKotah. 
 
 BIIANVOORA, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 65 miles S.W. of Cuttack. 
 
 BHATOONG, b"hJt'gong', a decayed city of Nepaul, 9 
 liiiles E.S.E. of Khatmandoo. It is the favorite residence 
 of the Nepaul brahmins, and has a palace and some other 
 tolerably well-built edifices. 
 
 BHATNEER, bdt'neer/. or BHUTNEER, bQCneer', a town 
 of British India, in the N.E. quarter of Ajmeer, presidency 
 of Bengal, and the modern capital of the Bhatty country, 
 185 miles W.N.W. of Delhi, lat. 29° 36' N.; Ion. 74° 12' E. 
 The inhabitants of this district were originally .shepherds, 
 and are a wild, plundering people. They profess the Mo- 
 hammedan faith. 
 
 B IT A UG UL POOR. See Boolipoor. 
 
 BlIAVANI-KUDAL, b'hd-va/ne-koo-dai', a town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, 58 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor, 
 at the confluence of the Bhavani and Cavery Rivers. Here 
 are famous temples of Vishnu and Seeva (Siva.) 
 
 BIIAWLPOOR, b'hawrpoor', or bawrpoor', or DAOD- 
 POOTR.\. dd-od-poo'tr3,(the abode of refugees.) written also 
 BAH.iW.^LPOOR, an independent state of N.W. Iliudostan. 
 between lat. 2S° and 30° N., and Ion. 69° and 74° E.. having 
 N.W. the Ghara (Sutlej) and Indus Rivers, separating 
 It from the Punjab; E. and S.E. the Bickaneer territory, 
 S. Jessulmeer, and S.W. Sinde. Estimated area, 22.000 
 square miles, and population 250,000, mostly Jets, with 
 some Hindoos, Beloochees, and .\fghans of a bulky, strong 
 make, and dark complexion. Surface level, and chiefly 
 desert, except along the Ghara, where is a strip of territory, 
 about 10 miles in width, of high fertility, producing rice, 
 wheat, maize, indigo, sugar, opium, and the flnest fruits. 
 Cattle, wild hogs, game, and poultry, are plentiful. Ex- 
 ports consist of raw cotton, sugar, indigo, hides, ghee, and 
 various provisions, with drugs, dye-stuflFs, wool, and cearse 
 cotton cloths. Principal imports, the manufactured goods 
 of Britain and Ilindostan. Annual public revenue about 
 150.000?. The rajah maintains a standing army of nearly 
 7000 men, with 6 field-pieces: and he can raise an irregular 
 force of 20,000 men. IHs adherence to the British, in the 
 late Afghan war, was rewarded, in 1843, by the annexation 
 to his dominions of some districts in Northern Sinde. I'rin- 
 cjpal towns, Bhawlpoor, Ahraedpoor, Ooch, and Khanpoor. 
 
 BII.\WliP001l, the'capital of the above state, on a branch 
 of the Ghara, ami on a route from India to Afghanistan. 140 
 miles N.W. of Bickaneer. Lat. 29° 26' N.; ion. 71° 37' E. 
 Pop. about 20,000. It is enclosed by gardens and by a mud 
 wall 4 miles in circumference. The houses are meanly con- 
 structed of bi-ick, and the khan's residence is a very plain 
 building. Hindoo weavers are numerous. Bliawlpoor is 
 Bimous for its scarfs and turbans, manufactured by Hin- 
 doos; and chintzes, and other cotton goods are woven here, 
 21S 
 
 to the estimated annual value of about 52,000?. It Is also 
 an entrepot for European and Indian goods, exported henc« 
 to Bnlkh, Bokhara, and even to Astrakhan. 
 
 BHEELS, beelz, a race of mountaineers of Ilindostan, 
 inhabiting the mountains of Candeish and the wild and un- 
 cultivated country along the Nerbudda from the plains of 
 Newaur to those of Guzerat. They differ from the other 
 natives in appearance and manners, and are believed by 
 some to be the original inhabitants of the country. They 
 are small, have dark complexions, go almost in a state of 
 nudity, are constantly armed with bows and arrows, and are 
 greatly addicted to thieving and robbery. They are said to 
 be Hindoos of the Brahminiciil persuasion. 
 
 BHEER, beer, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dominion, 
 70 miles S.S.E. of Aurungabad. 
 
 BIIIND, b'hind or bind, and BHIN'DUPv/, towns of Ilin- 
 dostan ; the latter, 34 miles E.S.E. of Odeypoor. 
 
 BHIRJAN, beer'jdn', BEERJOON, beer'joou', or MIIIR- 
 JAN, meer^jdn', one of the most E. towns of the Persian 
 dominion, in the desert. ISO miles S. of Meshed. It com- 
 prises from 4000 to 5000 brick houses, several airavan serais, 
 mosques and baths, a citadel, and a governor's pal.ace. It 
 has a local repute for the excellence of its carpets; but its 
 inhabitants bear a bad reputation for dishonesty and 
 treachery. 
 
 BHOB.\NESER, bo-bSn-Js'er, (anc. Bhavanestvara.) a 
 ruined town of British India, presidency of Bengal, district, 
 and 16 miles S. of Cuttack. It has numerous remains of 
 temples and sculptured figures, and a tower ISO feet in 
 height, supposed to date from the seventh century. 
 
 BIIOOJ. b"hooj or booj, a strongly fortified city of Ilindos- 
 tan, capital of Cutch, and in a plain near its centre. 35 miles 
 N. of the Gulf of Cutch, lat. 23° 15' N.: Ion. 69° 52' E. Pop. 
 30,000. (?) Its white buildings, intermixed with date-groves, 
 render it externally imposing ; and its houses are mostly 
 built within strong, walled enclosures, each presenting the 
 appearance of a separate fort. It has a castellated palace, 
 ornamented with enamelled domes, numerous temples, a 
 mausoleum, and other public buildings, — the whole enclosed 
 by a thick and high stone wall, flanked with towers, and 
 furnished with artillery. The hill Bhoojan, near it, is also 
 fortified, and has a temple to the Nag. or cobra-de-capello. 
 Bhooj is renowned in India for its manufactures in gold and 
 silver. 'The fort of Bhooj was taken by the British in 1819, 
 and both port and town suEfered considerably from an 
 earthquake the same year. 
 
 BHOONG-BARA, b'hoong'-bS/ra. a dist-ict of Sinde, lat. 
 28° N.; Ion. 69° E., comprising 15 villages, yielding an an- 
 nual revenue of about 60,000 rupees, and which, in 1843, 
 was transferred by the British to the rajah of Bhawlpoor. 
 
 BHOPAUL, bo>pawl, or BOPAUL, a state of Hindostan, 
 tributary to the British, mostly between lat 22° 30' and 23° 
 30^ N., and Ion. 77° and 79° E.. having N. and W. the 
 Gwalior dominion, E. Bengal presidency, and the Nerbudda 
 forms its boundary on the S. Estimated area 0772 square 
 miles. Surface uneven, and traveised by the A'indhyan 
 mountains; soil fertile and well watered; the country 
 prosperous and tranquil. Public revenue estimated at 
 nearly 180,000/. annually. Principal towns, Bhopaul, Ash- 
 tah, and Baree. 
 
 BHOPAUL, the capital of the above state, 105 miles E. of 
 Oojein, is enclo.sed by a dilapidated .stone wail, outside of 
 which are some large pools, a fort .and a decayed suburb. 
 
 J5H0TAN or BIIOOTAX.' See Bootan. 
 
 BHOWANIPOOR, b'ho-wdn-e-poor', a village or station of 
 British India, presidency of Bengal. 96 miles W. of Dinage- 
 poor. Here a great annu.al fair is held, from April 7th to 
 17th. at which 100,000 per.sons often assemble. 
 
 BHOWAXY, b'hO-wln'nee, is a town of India, in Raj- 
 pootana. 80 miles W. of Delhi, which was tiiken by the 
 British in 1809. 
 
 BHOWNUGGER. b'hSw'nfig'gtir. a seaport town of British 
 India, presidency of Bombay, on the W. side of the Gulf of 
 Cambav. in which it is one of the chief ports, 51 miles S.W. 
 ofCambay. 
 
 BHUGWAR, a river of Beloochistan. See Badoor. 
 
 BHUJEE, b'hoo/jee, or boo'jee, a petty state of Hindos- 
 tan, situated between the Sutlej and .lumna, with a fort. 
 
 BnURTPOOR,b'h!irfi)Oor/.astateof Ilindostan, tributary 
 to the British, between lat. 20° 30' and 27° 30' N.. and Ion. 
 77° and 78° E., having N. and N.E. the presidency of Bengal 
 (Upper provinces,) S.E. and S. the Gwalior dominions, and 
 AV. the Slacherry dominions. Area 1946 square miles. 
 Pop. uncertain. Surface well watered; products, cotton, 
 corn, sugar, and salt from biiue-springs. Principal towns, 
 Bhurtpoor and Deeg. 
 
 BHUIsrPOOR/, BHARrPOOR'or BHARATPURA, b'hj- 
 rlt-poo'r/;, the capital of the above state, 33 miles W. of Agra. 
 It is said to be 8 miles in circuit. At the N.M'. part of the 
 town is a fort, within the walls of which is the rajah's palace ; 
 it was formerly so strongly foitified that Lord Lake lost 3100 
 men under its walls, before its capitulation to h)s troops in 
 1S05. It was again captured by the British in lK2fi. and ita 
 defensive works have been mostly demol shed. ftaniHng 
 on a plain, Bhm-tpoor is seen at a great distan m. Ol *]^ 
 
BHU 
 
 BID 
 
 pronchiiis it, luxuriant fields of wheat and barley are met 
 wHii on cvury side. 
 
 liUUT.NKKR. See Bhatneer. 
 
 BIA. bee'Oh. a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, 10 miles 
 S.W. of Buda,with a Reformed church. Pop. 1-122. 
 
 BIAFRA, be-af'ra. (BIGHT OF,) an inlet of the Atlantic, 
 on the W. coast of Africa, between Cape Formosa and Cape 
 Lopez, within Ion. 5° and 10° E., and contaluinj; the Islands 
 of Fernando Po, Prince, and St. Thomas. It receives the 
 Cameroons, Malimba, Mooney, and Old Calabar rivers, and 
 all those waterinj; the E. part of the Niger delta. Of Biafra 
 kingdom, E. of the bight, little is known. 
 
 BIAL.Il, be-d/ld, a town of Austrian Galicia, 43 miles 
 W.S.W. of Cracow, on the Biala. across which a stone bridge 
 connects it with Bielitz, in Moravia. Pop. 4000, who manu- 
 facture linen cloths. 
 
 BIAL.V, he-ifli, a town of Poland, province of Podlachia, 
 on an affluent of the Bug, 37 miles E.S.E. of Siedlec. Pop. 
 8600. Biala is also the name of several villages in Galicia. 
 
 BIALLA, be-dWa, a small town of E. Prussia, 68 miles S. 
 of Gumbinnen. Pop. 1120. 
 
 BIALYSTOK, be-il'istok, (BELOSTOK.) a province of 
 European Russia, and formerlv a part of Poland, between 
 lat. 52° and 54° N., and Ion. 22° and 24° E., having E. the 
 government of Grodno, and on other sides the kingdom of 
 Poland. Area, 3424 square miles. Pop. in 1842, 265,944. 
 Surface flat and fertile. Forests extensive and valuable. 
 Principal rivers, the Bug, Narew, and Bober. Large quan- 
 tities of wheat, rye, Ac, are raised, and sent to Dantzic, with 
 flax, hemp, hops, and timber. In 1837, here were 33 woollen 
 cloth Cictories, besides some manufactures of hats, leather, 
 soap, tallow, &c. It was ceded to Russia by the treaty of 
 Tilsit, in 1807. Principal towns and seats of commerce, 
 Bialystok, and Knyzyn. 
 
 BIALYSTOK, the ft)rtified capital of the above province, 
 on the Bialy, an affluent of the Narew, 45 miles S.W. of 
 Grodno, lut. 53° V 35" N. ; Ion. 23° 15' E. Pop. 8218. It is 
 well built, and handsome. Its cliief edifice, the castle of 
 Count Branicki, has been called the " Versailles of I'oland." 
 
 BIANA, be-dn'd, a town of Ilindostau, in the Bhurtpoor 
 dominions. 54 miles S.W. of Agra. 
 
 BI A NCAVIM,A,be-an'ka-vil1i (i.e. "white villa,") a town 
 of Sicily. 14 miles N.W. of Catania, on the declivity of Mount 
 Etna. Exports grain, cotton, and silk. I'op. 5870. 
 
 lilANCO, be-Jn'ko, or lilANCA, be-.ln'kd, an Itjilian word, 
 signifying "white," and forming a part of numei-ous names, 
 as Cai'E Rianco, " White Cape," &c. 
 
 BIANCO. CAPE. See Cape Bianco. 
 
 Bl.V.NCO, be-4n'ko, a town in the state of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra I., 15 miles S.S.W. of Geruce. 
 Pop. 1300. Bianco is also the name of some villages in 
 Italy, and the Ionian islands ; and of a canal which passes 
 througli the city of Adria. 
 
 BI ANDRATE, be-an-drJ'tA, a village of Piedmont, 8 miles 
 Vi. of Novara. Pop. 1124. 
 
 BIAR, be-aa', a town of Spain, 30 miles N.W. of Alicante, 
 with a castle and remains of fortifications. Pop. 2903. 
 
 BI.VRRITZ, be-Ja^Rits'; a maritime village of France, de- 
 partment of Basses-Pyrenees, 5 miles S.W. of Bayonne, with 
 well-frequented baths and curious grottoes. Pop. 1892. 
 
 BIASCA, be-is'kd, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Ticino, capital of district Riviera, 9 miles N. of Bellinzona, 
 with a very ancient church. Pop. 1912. In 1512, it was 
 nearly destroyed by an inundation of the Blegno. 
 
 BIBB, a county near the centre of Georgia, has an area 
 of about 250 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by 
 the Ocmulgee Kivor, bounded on the S.W. by Echaconnee 
 Creek, and also drained bj' the Tobesof ka and other creeks. 
 . The surface is hilly ; the soil is generally poor, except in the 
 vicinity of the Ocmulgee River. Macon county is partly 
 intersected by three extensive lines of railway, which con- 
 nect at Macon, the county seat. Named in honor of Dr. 
 William Wyatt Bibb, a former member of Congress from 
 Georgia. Pop. 16,291, of whom 9501 were free, and 6790, 
 slaves. 
 
 BIBB, a county near the centre of Alabama, has an area 
 of lOoO square miles. It is intersected by the Cahawba 
 River, which, in pasf^ing through it, receives the Little 
 Cahawba. The surface is Iiilly ; the soil, in some parts, fer- 
 tile. Extensive beds of iron ore and stone coal are found 
 in the county. Capital, Centreville. Pop. 11,894, of whom 
 8052 were free, and 3842, slaves. 
 
 BIBBIBNA, bib-be-.Vnd, a village of Tuscany, 16 miles 
 N.N.W. of Arezzo, on the Aruo: Pop. 1000. 
 
 BIIJBONA, bib-bo'nd, a small town of Tuscany, 6 miles 
 S.E. of Cecina. There is a fort of the same name on the 
 Mediterranean, 3j miles distant S.W. 
 
 BIRERACri, bee'bei-dK\ a walled town of WUrtemberg, 
 on the Riss. 23 miles "S.S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 4800, engaged in 
 weaving of linen and mixed fabrics, and in bleaching, tan- 
 ning, and fur dressing. 
 
 BIliKRAClI. a village of Baden, on the Kinzig, 10 miles 
 aS.E. of Offenburg. Pop. 1207. 
 
 BIRKKICII. See Biebrich. 
 
 BIPIANA, l>o-be-i'nd. a village oi Piedmont, at the en- 
 
 trance to the valley of Lucema, province of Pinerolo Pop 
 2860. 
 
 BIB^LIS, bib^is, a village of Ilesse-Darmstadt, province 
 of Starkenburg, 9 miles N.Sv. of Ileppenheim. Pop. 20.50. 
 
 BIBURY, bl'bgr-e, a parish of Englani,co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BICANEBE. See Bickaxeer. 
 
 BICCARI, bik'kd-re. a town of Naples, province of Capi- 
 tanata, 18 miles W.S.W. of Foggia. Pop. 3400. 
 
 BICESTEII, bis'ter, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, county, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Oxford. Pop. in 1851 
 3054. It is neatly built, and its large church, erected iu 
 14(K), contains some curious sculptures. It has 2 endowed 
 schools, and a small lace manufacture. 
 
 BICETKE, a hamlet of France. See GENTniT. 
 
 BICIIANA, i)e-chi'nd. a considerable town of Aby^ssinia, 
 Amhara, capital of a chiefship, 160 miles S.S.E. of Oondar 
 It is enclosed by ruinous walls, and meanly built ; it is the 
 seat of a large weekly market. 
 
 BICKANEER, BICANERE, or BICANIR, bik-an-eer', 
 written also BAKANAIR, a Rajpoot state of Ilindostan, 
 tributary to the British, mostly between lat. 27° and 29° N., 
 and Ion. 72° and 76° E., having N. the Bhatty country, E 
 the presidency of Bengal, (Up|)er provinces.) S. the Joud- 
 poorand Jeypoor dominions, and W. lihawlpoor. Estimated 
 area 18,000 square miles. Population uncertain. It !a 
 comprised in the Indian desert. Surface elevated, but flat 
 and sandy, and the" crops are precarious. Indian pulses 
 are almost the only articles raised; and rice is supplied 
 from Lahore, wheat from Jeypoor, and copper, spices, and 
 coar.se cloths from Jesselmore. Other imports are salt, su- 
 gar, opium, and indigo. Horses and bullocks are almost 
 th(? only exports. Principal towns, Bicanere and Chooroo. 
 
 BICKANEER, a fortified town, capital of above state, 240 
 miles W.S.W. of Delhi, is enclosed i)y a strong wall, flanked 
 with towers, in which are a number of mud houses painted 
 red, some lofty wliite buildings, temples, and a pretty ex- 
 tensive citadel. In it is a well 300 feet deep and 20 feet in 
 diameter. On its north side is a wooded valley ; but else- 
 where all around is an arid desert. Pop. estimated at 70,000. 
 
 BlClv'ENMILL. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 Blf'K'ER, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BK'K'Elil^TAFFE, a town.ship of England. CO. of Lancaster. 
 
 l!I("K'l MiTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BICKl.\(iT()N, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BICiCLEKlH, biklee, a parish of England co. of Devon, at 
 the confluence of the Exe and Dart. 3 miles S.W. of Tiverton. 
 The celebrated B;mifylde Moore Carew, who became " king 
 of the gypsies," was ijorn here in 1093. 
 
 BICK'LEY'S MILLS, a post-office of Bussel co., Virginia. 
 
 BICK'NELLVILLE, a manufacturing village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, on the W. branch of St. Regis River. 
 
 BICK'XOLLER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 12 
 miles W.N.W. of Bridgewater. Near the church are the 
 remains of some ancient fortifications. 
 
 Bl CK'NOR, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BICK'NOR, ENGLISH, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester, on the Wye, 3 miles N. of Colford. The church stands 
 within the fosse of an ancient fortification. 
 
 BICK'NOR, WELSH, a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth, almost encircled by the Wye. 
 
 BICK'WITHS, a village of Mississippi co., Mis.souri. on the 
 Mississippi River, 15 miles below the mouth of the Ohio. 
 
 BICTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BICZOW. See Bidschow. 
 
 BID AC HE, beeMdsh' a town of France, department of Bas- 
 ses-Pyrenees, capital of canton, ou the Bidouze, 17 miles E. 
 of Bayonne. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2711. 
 
 BIDASSOA, be-Dis-so/d, a small river forming part of the 
 boundary between France and Spain. It rises in Spain, and 
 flowing S.W. and N., enters the Bay of Biscay at Fonta- 
 rabi.a. On an island in its mouth the treaty of the Pyrenees 
 was concluded in 1059. 
 
 BIDAIS', a creek of Walker co., Texas, flows into Trinity 
 River. 
 
 BID'BOROUGH, bid'-b&h-rfih, a parish of England so. of 
 Kent. 
 
 BID'DEFORD, a post-township of Y'ork co., ISIaine on the 
 S. side of Saco River, about 14 miles S.W. by S. of Portland. 
 (For a description of the town of Biddeford, see Saco.) Pop. 
 9349. 
 
 BIDrOENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BID'DENHAM, a parish of England, co. of West Bedford. 
 
 BID'DESTONE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BID'DISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BID'DLESDON, or BITTLESDEN, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Bucks. 
 
 BID'pULPH, a parish of England, co. of Stafl'ord. In the 
 parish is an ancient circle of upright stones, termed the 
 Bredstones ; and several paved artificial caves. 
 
 BID'EFORD, a municipal borough, seaport, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Torridge, IJ 
 miles above its influx into the estuary of the Taw. 8 miles 
 S.W. of Barnstable. Pop. in 1851. 6899. The town'consists 
 mostly of old brick houses, with timber frame-work. It has 
 a stone bridge of 24 arches, built in the fourteenth century, 
 
 219 
 
BID 
 
 BIE 
 
 maintained by a bridge-estate, producing 4007. per annum, a 
 shui-ch, grammar school, neat town-hall, union workhouse, 
 tn hospital for aged poor, an assembly-room, with manufac- 
 tures of ropes, sails, and earthenware, tan-yards, and doclis 
 for ship building. Chief imports, timber from Canada and 
 the Baltic, coals and colonial produce; exports, sails and 
 cordage, oak-baric to Ireland, earthenware to Wales, and 
 corn and flour to Bristol. Registered shipping, (1847,) includ- 
 ing numerous boats engaged in the coast fishery, 149 ves- 
 sels, aggregate burden 11,805 tons. Vessels entered, 25,930 
 tons. Vessels cleared, 12,975 tons. Customs revenue, 5045?. 
 The spacious quay near the centre of the town is at full 
 tides accessible to vessels of 500 tons ; and about 2 j miles 
 above the bridge, the Torrington Canal joins the river. The 
 trade of Bideford was formerly very extensive; its imports 
 of Spanish wool and Virginia tobacco being exceeded only 
 by those of London, in the early part of last century. Its 
 importance as a commercial town has greatly declined ; but 
 many opulent merchants still reside in the vicinity. Near 
 it is the watering-place Appledore. 
 
 BID'FORD or BlTrPORD, a parish of England, co. Warwick. 
 
 BIDGIIIKLI, bid-ghiklee, a town of Asia Minor, Ana- 
 tolia, 17 miles N. of Adalia, said to comprise 1000 houses. 
 
 BIDMEEGIIUIV or BlD'ZEGUK/',(Hindo(). Vijayaghar,) de- 
 cayed fortress in British India, presidency of Bengal, district 
 of Mirzapoor, 47 miles S. of Benares, formerly a stronghold 
 of the Riiahs of that city. Taken by the British in 1781. 
 
 BIDSCIIOAV (beetch'ov.) NEW, (Bohem. Biczow,) a town 
 of Bohemia, in the circle of the same name, 50 miles E.N.E. 
 of Prague. Pop. 7891, of whom 3863 are Jews. 
 
 BID'STONE, a parish of England, co. of Chester, on the 
 Mersev, 8 miles N.N.W. of Great Neston. 
 
 BID'WILL'S BAR, a post-office of Butte co., California. 
 
 BIDZKJUR. See Bidjeegur. 
 
 BIEBRICII, bee/briK, or BIEBERICH, BIBERICH, bee'- 
 ber-iK, a village of Western Germany, duchy of Nassau, on 
 the right bank of the Rhine, at the terminus of the Taunus 
 Railway, with a handsome new quay and commodious ware- 
 houses, 3i miles S. of Wiesbaden. Pop., with Mosbach, 2882. 
 Its ducal residence is the finest palace on the Rhine. 
 
 BIECZ. or BIETSEII, beetch, or be-4tch', a town of Po- 
 land, Gallicia, 11 miles W. of Jaslo, on the Koppa. Pop. 
 1920. 
 
 BIEDENKOPF, bee'dg n-kopf, a town of Germany, Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, province of Ober-Hessen, on the Lahn, 24 miles 
 N.N.W. of Giessen. Pop. 3289, with an active commerce, 
 and extensive manufactories of cloth. 
 
 BIEL, a town of Switzerland. See Bienne. 
 
 BIELAU, beelfiw, 4 contiguous villages of Prussian Sile- 
 sia, in the circle of Reichenbach, with an aggregate popu- 
 lation of 0995. in all of which woollen and linen weaving 
 Is the chief branch of industry. 
 
 BIELAYA or BIELAJA, be-i'li'l, a river of Russia. See 
 Belaia. 
 
 BIELAYA or BIELAIA, be-AMi'it, a village in the govern- 
 ment of. and 44 miles S.S.W. of Kiev, where, and at Alexan- 
 dria in the vicinity, are magnificent mansions of the Countess 
 Branicki. 
 
 BIKLEFEL'B, bee^eh-fMt^ a walled town of Prussia, 
 Westphalia, 26 miles S.W. of Minden, on the Minden and 
 Cologne Railway. Population, 6955. It is the centre of the 
 Westphalian linen trade, and has extensive bleaching- 
 grounds. also manufactories of woollen stuffs, thread, leather, 
 soap, tobacco, and meershaum pipes. The castle of Sparen- 
 berg, S. of the town, now serves for a prison. 
 
 BIELEV or BIELEF, be-A'liv', (Russ. Bjetevi,) a town of 
 Russia, government of, and 64 miles S.W. of Toola, on the 
 Oka. Pop. 7000. It has manufactories of soap, leather, and 
 hardwares, and a considerable trade, it being, next to Toola, 
 the largest town in the government. 
 
 BIELGOROD. be-Jl'go-rod', (Russ. Bjelffwod, "white 
 town,") a town of Russia, government of, and 73 miles S. of 
 Koorsk, on the DonetB. Pop. 10,318. It consists of an old 
 town, a new town, and 3 suburbs ; and has 13 churches and 
 3 monasteries. It owes its name to a chalk hiU in the im- 
 mediate vicinity. 
 
 BIELITZ, beelits, a town of Silesia, 18 miles N.E. of Tes- 
 chen, on the left bank of the Biala River, across which a 
 stone bridge connects it with the town of Biala, in Austrian 
 Gallicia. Pop. 6000, who carry on an extensive trade in fine 
 woollen cloths and cassimeres. It has a castle, hospital, and 
 school: and is the seat of a Protestant consistory. 
 
 BIELITZA or BIELITSA, be-.-HifsJ, a town of Russia, 
 government, and 55 miles E. of Grodno, on the Niemen. 
 Pop. 900. 
 
 BIELITZA, NOVO, no'vo be-A-lit'sa, a town of Russia, 
 government of Moheelev, at the confluence of the Mies and 
 Sozh with the Dnieper, 63 miles-N. of Tchernigov. Pop. 2000. 
 
 B1ELI>A, be4l'li, a town of I'iedmont, capital of a province 
 of its own name, on the Cervo, .38 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 
 about 9000. It has several educational est.iblishments, and 
 a few manufactories of paper, woollen stuffs, and hats. 
 
 BIELOI. be-A/loy, a town of Russia, government, and 70 
 miles N.N.E. of Smolensk, on the Obeha. an affluent of 
 the Mezha. (Meja.) Pop 3476. Bieloi is the name of other 
 220 
 
 small towns of Russia, and an island in the Arctic Ocean, 
 government of Tobolsk. 
 
 BIELO-OZERO, be-A'lo o-z.Vro, ("the white lake.") a lake 
 of Russia, government of Novgorod, alxiut lat. 60° 10' N., 
 Ion. 37° 30'. E. Length, 25 miles: breadth, 20 miles. It is 
 very deep, and contains a great quantity offish. Its waters 
 flow to the Volga by the fheksna River, and it communi- 
 cates Viy canals with the Onega, Sookhona. and Dwina. 
 
 BIELOPOL, be-;Vlo'pol, (Russ. Bielopolie. be-.Vlo-pol'v.i,) a 
 town of Russia, government of, and 106 miles N.AV. of Khar- 
 kov, on the Vira. Pop. 9000, who distU spirits, and carry on 
 an active general trade. 
 
 BIELOPOL, a town of European Turkey, Herzegovina, 28 
 miles S.W. of Novi-Bazar. Pop. 3000. 
 
 BIELOZERSK, be-iUo-zainsk', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of, 250 miles E.N.E. of Novgorod, on the S. shore of 
 the Bielo-Ozero. Pop. 3090. It is built mostly of wood, and 
 has an active trade with the southern provinces in pitch, 
 tallow, cattle, and corn. 
 
 BIELOZERSK, a town of Russia, government of, and 200 
 miles S.W. of Tobolsk, on the Tolx)l. 
 
 BIELSK, be-Jlsk', a town of Russian Poland, 25 miles of 
 Bialystok. Pop. 2400. It is well built, has a fine custom- 
 house, and until 1795 was the capital of a palatinate. 
 
 BIELSK, a village of Poland, province of, and 9 miles 
 N.N.E. of Ploek. 
 
 BIENNE, beinn'. Lake of, in Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton, and 10 miles N.W. of Bern, and 3 miles N.E. of the Lake 
 of S'^eufchatel. Length 10 miles; breadth 1 to 3 miles. Ele- 
 vation above the sea, 1419 feet; greatest depth, 400 feet. It 
 is traversed by the river Thiele, which joins the Aar, 4 miles 
 E. of Bienne. Its shores, though pleasing, are not of strik- 
 ing beauty, and its chief interest arises from its cont;iiniug 
 the island of St. Pierre, the residence of Rousseau in 1705. 
 
 BIENNE, be-^nn', (tier. Biel, beel,) a town of Switzerland, 
 in the canton, and 17 miles N.W. of Bern, at the north ex- 
 tremity of the above lake. Pop. 4248, mostly Prote.=tants. 
 It is enclosed by old walls, and has a high school, and 
 several mills. For some years past the industry and com- 
 merce of Bienne have been rapidly on the increa.se. In 
 1848 there were upwards of 150 watchmakers, while in 1844 
 there was not one. Numerous Roman coins have been 
 found in its vicinity. 
 
 BIENTINA, be^n-tee'nJ, a town of Tuscany, 11 miles E. 
 of Pisa. Pop. 2209. The Lake of Bientina, N. of the to^vn, 
 and partly in the duchy of Lucca, is 5 miles in length and 2 
 miles in breadth, and discharges its waters southward into 
 the river Arno. 
 
 BIENVENIDA, be-Jn-vA-nee'Bl, a town of Spain, in Esti'ar 
 madura, 48 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 3280. 
 
 BIENA'ILLE, be-^n'vill, (Fr. pren. be'^N"Veel',) a parish 
 towards the N.W. part of Louisiana, contains 081 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake Bistineau. and in- 
 tersected by Black Lake and Saline bayous. The surface is 
 mostly occupied by forests, and by plantations of cotton and 
 maize. Lalie Bistineau, the outlet of which enters Red 
 River near the S.W. corner of the parish, is navigable by 
 steamboats for about 60 miles. Bienville was formed since 
 1846, from part of Claiborne parish. Capital, Sparta. Pop. 
 11,000. 
 
 BIENVILLE, a post-office of Yazoo co., Mississippi. 
 
 BIENVILLERS, be-4N"VeeVi/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Pas-de-Calais, arrondissement of Arras. Pop. 
 of commune 1187. 
 
 BIEQUE. See Vieqce. 
 
 BI'ERLY.NoRTH,a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, 5 miles S.E. of Bradford. Pop. in 1851, 11,710, p:vrtiy 
 employed in quarries and coal-pits. 
 
 Bl'ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 BIERVLIET,beeB'vleey. a small town of the Netherland.s, 
 province of Zealand, 18 miles E.N.E. of Sluis. It is remnrk- 
 able chiefly as the birth-place of William Beukels. tlie re- 
 puted inventor of the art of curing herrings, to whom, as 
 founder of a source of national wealth, a monument was 
 erected by Charles V. An inundation, which, in 1377, sub- 
 merged 19 villages, detached Biervliet from the continent, 
 and its site is still insular. 
 
 BIE'RY TOWN, a village in Fayette township. Seneca co., 
 New York, about 8 miles S.E. by E. of 'Wateiloo. It is 
 finely situated on elevated ground, in the mid'-.t of a fertile 
 country. It contains 2 churches, 2 tiiverns, 2 stores, and 
 1 steam-mill. Pop. about 150. 
 
 BIES-BOSCH, bees'bosk',a niarshy lakeof thoNetherlands, 
 forming the eastern extension of the branch of the lleuse, 
 called Holland's Diep, between the provinces of South II ol- 
 hind and North Brabant. It is very shallov. and contains 
 numerous islands. This lake was formed 19th Novomber, 
 1421, by an inundation which is said to have submerged 
 72 villages, drowning 100,000 inhabitants. 
 
 BIESHEIM, bees/hime, (Fr. pron. beeVJm'.) a village i)l 
 France, dep.artment of Haut-Hhin. Pop. of commune 1762. 
 
 BIETIGHEIM, beiytio-hime', a town of WUrtembeig, OB 
 the Enz. 13 miles N.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2920. 
 
 BIETIGHEIM, a vUlage of Baden, 10 milee S.W. of Carls- 
 ruhe. Pop. 1482. 
 
BIE 
 
 JtrEA'ftVE, beeVain', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Hainiiut. 2.') miles N.E. of Toumai. Pop. 3270. 
 
 lilKVKES, be-aiv'r', a Tillage of France, on the Bi^vre, 
 on affluent of the Seine, 5 miles S. E. of Versailles. Pop. 1 142. 
 
 niFERNO, be-f^R/no, TIFKKNO, te-fjii'no, or TIVKR/.\0. 
 'anc. Tifirhms,) a river of Naple.s, province of Molise, rises 
 in the Apennines, flows N.E., and enters the Adriatic 3 miles 
 S.K. of Termoli. Length. 40 miles. 
 
 BIG A, bee'gj, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, 
 capital of the sanjak, on the Bolki. 18 miles S.S.W. of its 
 mouth in the Sea of Marmora, and 42 miles N.E. of Adramyti. 
 
 BIG BAR, a post-oflice of Trinity co., Califirnia. 
 
 BKi BAK/REN, a post^jfTice of Claiborne co., Tennessee. 
 
 BIG BAY CREEK, near the S.E. extremity of Illinois, 
 (alls into the Ohio River. 
 
 BIG BEA'VER, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1094. 
 
 BIO BEAVER, a postoffice of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 BIG BEND, a small post-village of Venango co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BIG BEND, a post-office of Gilmer co^ Virginia. 
 
 BIG BEND, a postK)fTice of Avoyelles p;msh. Louisiana. 
 
 BIG REND, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansa.s. 
 
 BIG BEND, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin, on 
 Fox River, and on the plank-road from Milwaukee to East 
 Troy, aliout 20 miles S.W. of the former. 
 
 BIG BLACK RIVER of Mississippi, rises in Choctaw co., 
 and llowing south-westward, empties itself into the Missis- 
 sippi at Grand Gulf. The length is estimatiid at about 200 
 miles. It flows through fertile plains, mostly occupied by 
 plantations of cotton. 
 
 BIG BLUE, a small village of Jackson co., Jlissoiirl, 8 
 miles W. of Independence. 
 
 BIG BLUE RIVERof Jackson CO., Missouri, flows north- 
 ward into Missouri River. Ijttle Blue River flows through 
 the same county, and enters the Missouri farther down. 
 
 BIG HRODK, a postofflce of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 BIG'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BIG'RY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BIG'RY PORK\ a post-office of Monroe co., Mississippi. 
 
 BIG'BYVILLE, a post-village of Maury co., Tennessee, 
 50 miles S. by W. of Nashville. 
 
 BIG C.\NE. a post-office of St. Landry parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BIG CEDAR, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, 14 
 miles S. of Independence. 
 
 BIG CEDAR CREEK, of South Carolina, enters the Bro.-id 
 River from the left, near the N.W. part of Kichliind district. 
 
 BIG CEDAR CREEK, Iowa, flows into Skunk River, in 
 Uenry county. 
 
 BIG CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Green Brier co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BIG CEDAR GROVE, a creek of Indiana, which enters 
 the AVhite Water 6 miles below Brookville. 
 
 BIG COLE, a post-office of Boone co., Virginia. 
 
 BIG CREEK of Greene co., Alabama, flows into Black 
 Warrior River. 
 
 BIG CREEK, Arkansa-s, rises in the E. part of the state, 
 and flowing southward enters the AVhite River in Desha co. 
 
 BIG CREEK of Indiana, rises in Ripley co., and falls into 
 Graham's Fork of White River, in Jefferson co., after a 
 course of 40 miles. 
 
 BIG CREEK, in the W. part of Missouri, flows S.E.. and 
 enters Grand River in Uenry co., a few miles W. of the 
 county seat. 
 
 BIG CREEK, in the N.W. part of Missouri, flows south- 
 ward through Ilarrison co., and enters Grand River in Da- 
 viess CO. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-office of Edgefield district. South 
 VArolina. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-village of Forsyth co., Georgia, 10 
 miles S.W. of Gumming. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-office of Calhoun co., Mis.sjssippl. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-office of Rapides parish. Louisiana. 
 
 BIO CREEK, a postoffice of Fort Bend co., Te.xas. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a township in Crawford co., Arkansas. Pop. 
 895. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-township in Phillips co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 677. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee. 
 
 BIO CREEK, a post-office of Edgar co., Illinois. 
 
 JtIO CREEK, a post-village of John.son co., Missouri, on a 
 stream of its own name, 40 miles S.E. by S. of Independence. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a township in Henry co., Missouri. 
 
 BIG CY/PRUS BAy/OU,ofTexas, rises in Wood and Hop- 
 kins counties, and empties itself into Soda lake, a few miles 
 below Jefferson, in Cass county. The lake extends across 
 the E. lioundary into Louisiana and flows into Red River. 
 Steamboats ascend from Red Kiver to Jefferson during more 
 than half the year. 
 
 BIG DOLLAR, a posfroffice of Wood co., Texas. 
 
 BIG DRY WOOD CREEK, of Missouri,, flows into Mar- 
 mitou lUver from the right, in Bates co. 
 
 BIG 
 
 BIOnSLOWS MILLS, a post-office of La Porte co , Indiana, 
 15 miles .S.W. of La Porte. 
 
 BIG FALLS, a post-office of Orange co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BIG FISHING CREEK,of Pennsylvania, enters the Bald 
 Eagle Creek in Clinton co., 3 or 4 miles W. of Lock Haven. 
 
 BIG FLATS, a post-township of Chemung co.. New Yorkj 
 on the New York and Erie Railroad, 293 miles from Nev 
 York city. Pop. 1853. 
 
 BIG FOOT PRAIRIE, a post-office of Walworth co, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 BIG FORK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Arkansas. 
 
 BIQ'GA, one of the Shetland islands, in Yell Sound, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 BIO'GAR, a town and parish of Scotland, co. and 11 
 miles E.S.E. of Lanark. Pop. of parish IS&j. of town 1395. 
 It consists mostly of one long and wide street, and h.is an 
 elegant parish church, (anciently collegiate and well en- 
 dowed,) dissenting ch.ipel, commercial l>ank agency, savings 
 bank, and subscription liliraries. Many of the inhabitants 
 are employed in cotton weaving for Glasgow housi-s. Some 
 tumuli here mark the scene of a battle fought between the 
 Scots and English in the time of Edward II. 
 
 BIG'trER. a township of Jennings co., Indiana. Pop. 797. 
 
 BIG GLADES, a post-office of Ru.sseU co., Virginia. 
 
 BIGGLES\VADE, big'ghlgz-w.id, a maiket-town and 
 piirish of England, co. and 9i miles II.S.E. of Bedford, on the 
 navigable river I vel. Area of parish. 4220 acres, much of which 
 is laid out in market-garden.s, for the supply of the London 
 markets. Pop. In 1851, 4460. The town is nwitly built of 
 brii'ks, and has a church, formerly collegiate, erectrd about 
 V£iO, 2 well-endowed parish .schools, a union work-house, 
 and a small manufactory nl thread lace. The market is still 
 one of the largest In England for corn. It is the polling- 
 place for the county. 
 
 BIG HA. SeeBlGA. 
 
 BIG HATCH'Y RIVER, Tennessee. See HATCtilE RiVER 
 
 BIG HILL, a post-oflice of Madison co., Kentucky. 
 
 BIG HDiyLOW, a post-office of Greene co.. New York. 
 
 BIO HORN RIVER, of Missouri Territ^iry, the largest 
 affluent of the Yellowstone River, rises near Fremont's 
 Peak, in lat. above 42° 20' N.. Ion. 110 W., flowing at first 
 easterly, and then northerly, it falls into the Y'ellovi'stone 
 in alxiut 46° N. lat., and 106° 30' W. Ion. Entire length, 
 about 4<X) miles. 
 
 BIGHTON, bl'ton, a parish of England, co. of H.ants. 
 
 BIG IN'DIAN CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Floyd co.,and 
 flowhv; south-westward, pas.ses Corydon, and enters the 
 Ohio about 9 miles above Leavenworth. It is about 60 
 miles long. 
 
 BIG IS'LAND, a post-ofRce of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 BIG ISLAND, a post-township of Marion CO., Ohio. P. Ml. 
 
 BIG LAU'REL, a post-office of Madison co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 BIO'LER, a post-office of Adams co., Ponnsvlv.ania. 
 
 BIG LICK, or GAINSOJORO.a post-village of Roanokeco., 
 Virginia, 170 miles W. by S. of Richmond. The Viiginiaand 
 Tennessee Railroad passes through it. 
 
 BIO LICK, a post-township in Hancock co., Ohio, about 40 
 miles N.N.W. of Marion. Pop. 1256. 
 
 BKt MEAD'OW, a post-office of Grayson co., Virginia. 
 
 BIO MiyrO, a small stream of Arkansas, rises near 
 Little Rock, and, flowing S.E., enters the Arkansas River 
 in Arkansiis countv. 
 
 BIO MILL CREEK, of Elk co., Pennsylvania, lUlls into 
 the Clarion River. 
 
 BIO MILLS, a post-office of Dorchester co , Maryland. 
 
 BIG MOUND, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 BIG NECK, a post-office of Adams co., Illinois. 
 
 BIG'NOR. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BIG NORTH FORK, of White River. See White Riveb, 
 of Arkansas. 
 
 BIG OAK, a post-office of Kemper co.. Mississippi. 
 
 BIG OAK FLAT, a post-office of Tuolumne co.. California. 
 
 BIGORRE, bee^gOKii/, an old subdivision of South-western 
 France, province of Gaseony, now forming part of the de- 
 partment of IIautes-Pyr6n6es. See BAO>'£RES-DE-Bi<iuRRE. 
 
 BIG OTTER, a postoffice of Braxton co., Virginia. 
 
 BIG PIG'EON RIVER, of North Carolina and Tennessee, 
 rising on the N.W. declivity of the IMue Ridge, in the W. 
 part of the former state, it flows north-westward and west- 
 ward into Tennessee, and enters French Broad River a little, 
 below Newport. 
 
 BIG PINE CREEK, of Texas, enters Neches River from 
 the W. at the E. extremity of Trinity county. 
 
 BIO PINE CREEK, Indiana. See Pine Creek. 
 
 BIG PINE-TREE CREEK, of Kershaw district, South 
 Carolina, flows into the Wateree, near Camden. 
 BIG PI'NEY FORK, of Gasconade River. See Gasconadb. 
 BIG PLAIN, a post-ofilee of Madison co., Ohio. 
 BIG PLOn'ER (pltiv/er) RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises to 
 wards the N.E.'part of the state, and flows into the Wisconsin 
 at Portage Court-house. 
 BIG POND, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama. 
 BIO POND FURNACE, a small village of Cumberland oo, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 221 
 
BIG 
 
 BIL 
 
 BIG rRA>HTE, (prA/ree.) a post-offlce of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 BKJ I IIAJRIE, a post-office of Xewago co.. Michigan. 
 
 BIO PRAIRIE, a post-office of Logan co., Illinois. 
 
 BIG U ACOOV CKEEK, of Indiana, See Racoon. 
 
 BIG RKAU'Y, a post-office of Edmonson co., Kentucky. 
 
 BIG RIVER, of Missouri, rises in Washington co., and 
 fl )ws N. through Jefferson co. into Slaramec River. 
 
 BIG RIVER MILLS, a post-office of St. Trancois co., Mis- 
 BDuri. 
 
 BIG ROCK, a Tillage of Morgan co., Ohio, on the Muskin- 
 gum River. 85 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 BIG ROCK, a p3st-township of Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 911. 
 
 BI(} ROCK, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa. 
 
 BIG SAN'DY CREEK, Texas. See Alabama Creek. 
 
 BIG SANDY CREEK, of Indiana, falls into the Ohio in 
 Spencer county. 
 
 BIG SANDY CREEK, a river in the W. part of Tennessee, 
 rises in Henderson co., and falls into the Tennessee Riverat 
 ■he N. extremity of Benton co. Its course is nearly N. by 
 E., and its whole length perhaps 80 miles. 
 
 BIO SEWnCKLY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the 
 Youghiogheny River. 
 
 BIG SKIN CREEK, a postofflce of Lewis co., Virginia. 
 
 BIG SNI'BAR CREEK, of Missouri, enters the Missouri 
 River from the right in Lafayette co., about 5 miles above 
 Lexington. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 EIG SPRING, a post-office of ILaywood co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a small post-village of Marshall co., Ala- 
 bama, 145 miles N. of .Montgomery. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a post-office of Izard CO., Arkansas. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a post-village of Breckenridge co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 4t miles S.W. of Louisville, is situated partly 
 In Meade and Hardin counties. A large spring rises near 
 the middle of the village, and flows several hundred feet; 
 then sinks into the ground and disappears. The village has 
 one church and several stores. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a township in Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 2377. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a post-office of Ottoway CO., Michigan. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a village of Crawford co., Indiana, 14 miles 
 N. of Levenworth. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a small post-village of Montgomery co., Mis- 
 souri, 50 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 BIG SPRING POINT, a postrvillage of Yates co.. New 
 York. 100 mill's W. of Albany. 
 
 BIG SPRINGS, a post-office of Pocahontas co.. A'^irginia. 
 
 BIO SPRINGS, a post-office of La Porte CO., Indiana. 
 
 BIG SWAMP, a post-office of Columbus co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 BIG TIM'BER CREEK, in the S.W. part of New Jersey, 
 forms the boundary between Camden and Gloucester coun- 
 ties, until it enters the Delaware 5 miles below Camden. 
 
 BIG TREE COR'NERS. a post-office of Erie CO., New York. 
 
 BIG VERMIL'ION RIVER, of Indiana. See Vermilion. 
 
 BIG WAIVNUT CREEK, of Ohio, rises in the N. central 
 part of the state, and enters the Scioto about 12 miles S. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 BIG WAU'IIOO, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia. 
 
 BIG WOODS, a post-office of Du Page co., Illinois. 
 
 Bill ACS, bce'hatch', or BIHATCII. sometimes written 
 BIHACH and BIIIACZ, a fortified town and important 
 stronghold in European Turkey, in Croatia, on an island 
 in the Unna, near the Dalmatian frontier, 65 miles W. of 
 Banialuka. Pop. .3000. 
 
 BIHAR. bee'haR', a town of Ilungarv, beyond the Theisg, 
 CO. of Bihar, 8 miles N. of Gross- Wai-dein. Pop. 2440. 
 
 BUSK. See Busk. 
 
 BIJANAGUR or BIJNAGUR, beej'ni-giir', sometimes 
 written BISN.^OUR. (anc. Bijayanagara, i. e. "the city of 
 triumph.") a decayed and deserted, but once famous, city of 
 Southern India, presidency of Madras, 30 miles N.W. of Bel- 
 lary, on the Toombuddra, which separates it from Anna- 
 goondy. L:it. 15° 14' N.; Ion. 76° 37' E. It stands in a 
 plain encumbered with granite rocks, which intersperse all 
 through its thoroughfares, and have been sculptured into 
 a variety of f)rms. The city, 8 miles in circumference, is 
 pnclosad by the river and othen natural barriers, or by 
 strong walls. Principal edifices, the temples of Wittoba 
 Mahadeva, Seeva, Krishna. Ganesa, and Rama, the residence 
 of the rajah, the remains of four places in an inner city, 
 and some singular temples and sculptures on the rocks in 
 the Toombu Idi-a — all granite edifices. Bijanagur was 
 founded in l:i36, and in the sixteenth century was the capi-* 
 tal of an extensive Hindoo kingdom, which was destroyed 
 and its capital sacked by the Jlohammedans of the Deccan 
 in 1.S64. 
 
 BIJAWAR, BEJAWER. be-jaw'e r, or BE JOUR. be-jOw'er, 
 a state of Hindo.stan. in Bundelcund, with a capital of the 
 same name, 75 miles S.E. of Jhansi. Area. 900 square miles. 
 Pop. 90,000. I'ublic revenue, 3-i,000«. Armed force, 1000 
 men. 
 
 222 
 
 BIJBAHAR, beej^bj-har', or VIJAPAKA, vee'ja-pS-rlr, the 
 largest town of Cashmere, next to its capital, 20 miles S.E. 
 of the city of Cashmere, on the Jhylum, here crossed by a 
 remarkable timber bridge, 25 miles S.E. of Serinagur. Lat. 
 33°37'N.; Ion. 76° 4' E. 
 
 BIJ'NA, a petty state of Hindostan, in Bundelcund. 
 Area, 27 square miles. P. 2800. Armed force, about 260 men, 
 
 BIJNAGUR, a city of India. See Bijanagur. 
 
 BIJ'NEE, or KHUNG'TAGIIAUT', a town of Hindostan, 
 capital of a rajahship. jointly tributary to the Britiish and 
 to Bootan, 26 miles N.N.E. of Goalpara, in As.sam. It con- 
 sists of a fort, some temples, and a number of huts. 
 
 BUSK, BUSK, or BIYSK, beesk, or be-isk'. a fortified town 
 of Siberia, government and 270 miles S. of Tomsk, capital 
 of the district, at the confluence of the Bia and Katoonia. 
 Pop. 3500. 
 
 BILBAO, bil-b3'o, often written and pronounced, in F,ii^ 
 lish, BILBOA. bilfjo-a, a city and principal portof the North 
 of Spain, capital of the province of Biscay, ( Vizcaya.) on the 
 Nervion, 6 miles from its mouth at Portugalete, and 28 miles 
 N. of Vitoria. Lat. 4.",° 14' 3/' N. ; Ion. 2° 56' 5" W. Pop. in 
 1845, 11,900. It is enclosed by lofty mountains, and is well 
 built. A fine promenade borders the river, which is here 
 crossed by a new iron suspension bridge and an old stone 
 bridge of three arches; convents and monasteries are nume- 
 rous ; it has also a cathedral, a large new hospital, toTn- 
 hall, arsenal, and pviblic slaughter-house. Bilbao has .lupe- 
 rior schools, supported by its consulado or tribunal of 
 commerce, and a large public cemetery. Principal manu- 
 factures, hardwares, anchors, leather, paper, hats, tobacco, 
 and earthenware; there are large rope-walks, and docks for 
 building merchant vessels, with iron and copper mines in 
 the vicinity. Exports comprise wool, iron, fish, and fruits. 
 Principal imports, cotton and woollen fabrics and colonial 
 produce. Bilbao was founded in 1300; at the end of the 
 fifteenth century it became the seat of the famous consulado, 
 originally established at Burgos, and having the highest 
 authority in Spain as a commercial tiibunal. It was the 
 scene of frequent contests in the late Carlist wars, and Zu- 
 malacarregui received his death wound here, .June 10, 1835. 
 
 BILBOROUGH, biPbOr-rah, a parish of England, co. of 
 Nottingham. 
 
 BIiyBROUGH. a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 BIl/DESTONE, a marketrtown and parish of England, co 
 of Suffolk, 11 J miles N.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 857. 
 
 BILEDULGERID. See Beled-el-jereed. 
 
 BILGORAY, beePgo-ri'. a town of Poland, government 
 and 47 miles S.S.W. of Lublin, on the Lada. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 BILIARSK, bee'le-aRsk', a village of Russia, government 
 and 68 miles S.E. of Kazan. Pop. 2500. Near it are exten- 
 sive ruins, supposed to mark Biliar, a considerable Tartar 
 city. 
 
 BILIN, be-leeu', (Bohemian, B>/Jina,l>e-leefnn.; li.Bdinii,) 
 a town of Bohemia, 17 miles W. of Leitmeritz, on the Bila. 
 Pop. 3100. It has two castles, and celebrated and much- 
 fre(iuented mineral springs, the acidulated waters of which 
 form an article of export, to the extent of 900,000 jars 
 yearly. 
 
 BILINBAEVSK, bee-lin-b3-Jvsk'. a mining-town of Rus- 
 sia, government of Perm, in the Ural Mountains. 30 miles 
 W. of Yekaterinboorg. It has extensive iron-works. 
 
 BILIRAN. be-le-rdn', one of the Philippine Islands, N. of 
 Leyte. Ijit. 11° 27' N.. Ion. 124° 30' E. 
 
 BILITIO. See Bellinzona. 
 
 BILIUI, a river of Siberia. See Viliooi. 
 
 BILLERBECK. bil1er-bJk\ a smiiR town of Prussia, in 
 Westphalia. 15 miles W.N.W. of Miinster. Pop. 1440. 
 
 BILLERBECK. or FRIEDRICHSHULD, free'driK.9-hMlt\ 
 a village of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania, regency 
 of Ciislin, 9 miles N.N.E. of Rummelsburg. 
 
 BILLERICA, biner-ik-a,a beautiful post-village of Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Massachusetts, 18 miles N. by W. of Boston. It 
 contains 4 churches, a new town-house, and the Howe 
 School, opened in 1862, with a fund of $27,000. Pop. of 
 township. 1776. 
 
 BIL/LERICAY, a market-town and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Essex, 24 miles E.N.E. of London, and 3 miles S.E. of 
 the Eastern Counties Railw.ay. Pop. in 1851. 1533. It has 
 an ancient brick chapel, a union work-house, and mannfao 
 tures of silk braid and lace. 
 
 BliyLESDON, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 and 85 miles E. of Leicester. Pop. 878. It was a Roman 
 stjition. 
 
 Bll/LESLEY. a p.aHsh of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BILLIERS. beePyA/ or bee'yi\ a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Mo'rbihan, 25 miles S.E. of Vannes, with a small 
 port on the Vilaine. Pop. of commune, 1085. 
 
 BILLIGHEIM, binio-hIme\ n market-town 3f Rhenish 
 Bavaria, on the Klingbach, 4 miles S.S.W. of Liindau. Pop. 
 4760. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, an 1 
 some man\ifactures of hosiery, &c. 
 
 BILLIGHEIM, a market-town of the Grand Do<:hy li 
 Baden, E. of Mosbach. 
 
 BILOilNQ, GIVEAT, a parish of England, co. ol Nortli- 
 ampton. 
 
BIL 
 
 BIN 
 
 BILLreO, LITTLE, a pariah of England, co. of Xorth- 
 ampton. 
 
 BIiyLTXGBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BIL'LINGE. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 BILLI\(iE IllGlIEK-KND. township adjoininj,' the above. 
 
 BIL'LINGFOKD, two parishes of Eni<land, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BIL'LI.NOH AM, a parish of England, CO. of Durham. It 
 has a station on the Hartlepool and Stockton Itailway. 
 
 BILLINGHAY, a parisli of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BIL'LING'S GROVE, a post-office of Livingston co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 BIIVLINGSIIURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BIL'LIXGSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BIL'LINGSPORT, a village of Gloucester co., New Jersey, 
 on the Delaware River, 12 miles below Camden. 
 
 BIL'LINGSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., Indiana, 
 70 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BIL'LTNGTON. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 BIL'LITON', mi/LETON', or BLITOXG, bleeHon', an is- 
 land of the Dutch East Indies, intermediate between Suma- 
 tra and Borneo. Lat. of hill on the N.W. part, 3° 13' S.; 
 Ion. 108° 7' E. Area estimated at 1150 square miles. Pop. 
 6000. It is surrounded by rocks and islets, and is rich in 
 iron-ore and valuable timber ; it does not produce rice 
 enough for home consumption, but about 25 boats go from 
 It annually to Singapore, with trepang, bird's-nests, sea- 
 weed, tortoise-shell, and wax. 
 
 BILLITON PASSAGE, between the above island and 
 Borneo, is about 130 miles across. 
 
 BIiyLOCKLY or BIL'LOCKBY, a parish of England, co. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 BILLOM, bee!^y<^N°' or bee^AN"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-Dome, on a hill, 14 miles E.S.E. of Clermont. 
 Pop of commune, in 1K52,4430. It has a communal college, 
 and some mauufictures of fine e;irthenwares, called the 
 " pottery of Bretagne." It is considered the oldest town of 
 Auvergne. 
 
 BII^LY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim. 
 
 BIliMA, bil'md, a town of Central Africa, in Nigritia, near 
 lat. 18° 40' N., Ion. 14° E.. on the route from Fezzan to Lake 
 Tchad. It is said to have abundant s>ipplies of water. 
 
 BILNEY, bil'nee, EAST, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BILNEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BILLS CREEK, Iowa, one of the head branches of Otter 
 Creek, which it enters between Warren and Lucas counties. 
 
 BIL/LUMS CREEK, a post-offlce of Tyler co., Texas. 
 
 BILOXI, be-lox'ee. a post-village of Harrison co., Missis- 
 sippi, on Biloxi Bay. wliich communicates wilh the Gulf of 
 Mexico, about 90 miles E.N.E. of New Orleans. It is a place 
 of summer rjsort for the citizens of New Orleans. 
 
 BILSA, bil'sd, (anc. JSiVwsa,) a town of Hindostan, do- 
 minion and 1S3 miles S. of Gwalior, on the Betwah. It Is 
 enclosed by a stone wall, and, in 1820, had 6000 houses. 
 Excellent tobacco' is giown in the vicinity ; in 1834, Bilsa 
 district yielded an annual revenue of 32.500/. 
 
 BILSUY, bils'bee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 Bl LS'DALE, a township of England, co. of Y^ork, North 
 Biding. 
 
 BILSEN, bil'sen, a town of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 bourg, 8 miles S.E. of Ilasselt, on the Demer. Pop. 30S5. 
 It has manutactuies of cutlerv and earthenwares. 
 
 BIL'SINGTUM. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BILS'TIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 BILS'TON. a market-town and chaj)elry of England, CO. of 
 Stafford, parish and 2j miles S.E. of Wolverhampton, and 
 witiiin Ij miles of the Willenhall station on the Liverpool 
 and Birmingham Railway. Pop. in 1861, 23.527. It is very 
 irregularly built, but has many good residences, a hand- 
 some chapel of ease eiwted in 1830, and another Episcopal 
 chapel. A third church has recently been erected. The 
 nianufactuiing industry of Bilston is very great. The noise 
 and smoke of engines and furnaces are heard and seen in 
 all directions and for many miles around the town. The 
 manufactures include tin. japanned, and enamelled wares 
 of every kind, iron wire, nails, screws, iron gates and pali- 
 sades, machinery, steam-engines, &c. There are also mills 
 for forming pig-iron into bars, and many iron and brass 
 foundries. Coarse pottery is made from clay which is found 
 in the vicinity in grent abundance. Among its numerous 
 schools is one founded in 1S38. and endowed with 2000/.. for 
 the benefit of orphans left destitute by the cholera, which 
 raged here in 1832 with frightful violence. Bilston forms a 
 part of the parliamentary borough of Wolverhampton. 
 
 BILTON, a pari.-:h of England, co. of Warwick, 1$ miles 
 S.W. of l?ugby. Here Addison resided after his mai-riage 
 with the Countess of Warwick. 
 
 BILTON, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 BILTOX-WlTII-IIARROGATE,a chapelry of England, co. 
 of York, West Riding. 
 
 BIMA, bee'ma, a seaport town of the Dutch East Indies, 
 capital of a state of the same name, in the island of Sum- 
 bawa, on a bay of its X. coast, 100 miles E. of Sumbawa. It 
 is the residence of the sultan and of a Dutch agent. Chief 
 exports, timber and valuable horses. 
 
 BIMBER. bim'ber, a town of the Punjab, on an affluent 
 of the Chenaub, 100 miles N. of Lahore. It consists of about 
 1000 low and flat-roofed houses. 
 
 BIMBIA. bim'liee-i. a river of Western Africa, enters the 
 Bight of Biafra W. of the Cameroons River. On its banks 
 are many populous villages, under the rule of a chict' who, 
 in 1833. pliiced himself under British protcctinn. 
 
 BIMIXI, be-mee'nee, a small group oi islands, surrounde>l 
 by reefs, in the Bahama Archipelago, E. of Cape Florida. 
 
 BIMLIPATAM, bimMip-J-tam', (anc. Bhimidaputnna.) a. 
 seaport town of British India, presidency of Madras, 17 
 miles E.X.E. of Viz.agapatam, on the Bay of Bengal. It ha» 
 a brisk coasting trade. 
 
 BINAB, be-ndb/, a town of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 
 on the Sofi Chai, a tributary of Lake Ooroomeeyah, on the W. 
 side of the lake, and 56 miles S.S.W. of Tabreez. It is of 
 modern origin, and has about 16O0 houses, clean strL>ets, 
 several good caravanserii's, and an abundance of water. 
 Around it are numerous orchards and vineyards; and it 
 yields to its chief an annual revenue of 40'.i0 tomavf. and a 
 contingent of 400 men to the army of Azerbaijan. Pop. "500. 
 BlN^\BO'LA, BUJOABO'LA, BEX'NEBEO'LA, or 
 TWELVE PINS, a mountain range of IreLand. in Ccn- 
 n.aught. CO. of Galway, barony and 5 miles N.E. of Bailina- 
 hinch; the culminating point of Knockannahiggen is 2400 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 BIX'ACRE or. BEN'ACRE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. In 1786, a stone vessel, cont;iiuing 900 silver Ro- 
 man coins, was found in this parish. 
 
 BIXASCO, be-nds'ko, a town and fortress of Northern 
 Italy, in Lombardy, on the Pavia Can,al, 11 miles N.W. of 
 Pavia. Pop. 5000. 
 
 BIX-BIR-KILISSEII. bin-beeR-kilMis-sMi'. some ruins in 
 Asia Minor, pashalic of Karamania. 20 X.X.W. of Karaman, 
 consisting of ancient tombs, portions of early Byzantine 
 cliurches, supposed to be the remains of LysHra, where the 
 cripple was healed by St, Paul. 
 
 BIX'BROOKE, a village and formerly a market^town of 
 England, co. of Lincoln, 7 miles X.E. of Market-Raisen. 
 Pop. 1187. 
 
 BIXCIIE, bin'Keh or binK, a town of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut, on the Haine. and on a branch of the M(ms Canal, 
 10 miles E.S.E. of Mons. Pop. in 1842, 5235. It has manu- 
 factures of cutlery and hardwares, and a considerable trade 
 in lace, paper, marble, and coal. 
 
 BIX'CIIESTER, a township of England, co. of Dnrh.am, 
 ward of Darlington, IJ miles E.N.E. of Bishop-Auckland. 
 Pop. in 1851, 30. It is supposed to Iiave been the Roman 
 Binorium ; various Roman antiquities have been discovered 
 in the parish. 
 
 BI X'COM BE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. . 
 
 BIXDRABUXD, binMrd-bfind'. (anc. Vrindin'iina.'^ a con- 
 siderable town of British India, presidency of Bengal, upper 
 provinces, on the Jumna, 40 miles X.N.W. of Agra. It has 
 several sacred pools and caves, and numerous temples of 
 Krishna, one of which is among the most massive works of 
 Hindoo architecture. 
 
 BIX'EGAR, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BIX'FIELD, a p;irish of England, co. of Berks. Pope's 
 father resided here, and the tree is still shown under which 
 the poet is said to have written a considerable part of his 
 "Windsor Forest." 
 
 BINGEN, bing'gn, a town of Germany, grand-duchy of 
 Ilesse-Darmstadt, on the left biink of the Rhine, at the in- 
 flux of the Nahe, 17 miles W. of Jlentz. Pop. 4500, who 
 manufacture leather and raise superior wines. It owes its 
 origin to the Roman castle or klopp of Drusu.s. Near it. the 
 Rhine, breaking through a mountain chain, narrows to form 
 the Bingerloch, a dangerous r.ipid at low water: in the 
 neighborhood are RUdesheim, the castle of Ehrenfels. and 
 ch.apel of St. Roch; and on an i.sland in the lihine is the 
 Maui>etliurm, (i. t. "mouse-tower,") a structure erected for a 
 toll-house in the thirteenth century. 
 
 BINGEXIIEIM, bing'fn-hlme\ a market-town of Hesse- 
 Darmst.adt, 10 miles N. of Hanau. Pop. 700. 
 
 BIXGHAM. bingZ-am. a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, in the rich vale of Belvoir, co. and 8^ miles E. of Xot- 
 tinghani. Pop. in 1851, 2054. It is a polling-place for the 
 S. division of the county. 
 
 BIXGHAM, bing'am, a post-township of Somerset co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of the Kennebec River, about CO milefi 
 N. of Augusta. Pop. 831. 
 
 BINGHAM, a post-township of Potter co , Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on New Y'ork State, 18 miles X.E. of Oouder.iport, 
 is drained by tlie Genesee liiver. Pop. 778. 
 
 BINGHAM, a post-township in Clinton co., Michigan, 
 aWiut 22 miles E of Lvons. Pop. 1460. 
 
 BINGHAMTON, bing'am-tpn. a city, and capital of Broome 
 CO., New York, is situated at the junction of the Chenango 
 and Susquehanna Rivers, where the former is crossed oy 
 the New Y'ork and Erie Railroad, 225 miles from New York 
 City, and at the southern terminus of the Syracuse and 
 Binghamton Railroad, 80 miles from Syracuse. The Che- 
 nego Canal also connects it with Utica. The citj- is hand- 
 somely laid out, and contains, besides the co. buildiugs 
 
 233 
 
BIN 
 
 sbotit TO chnrches, several seminaries, 1 nations! bank, 3 
 other banks, about 50 stores and warehouses, and manu- 
 factories of flour, lumber, carriages, firearms, &c. Tlie flour 
 and lumber trade are extensively carried on. Excellent 
 water-power is furnished by the Chenango and Susquehanna 
 Kivers, which are crossed here by several bridges. Three 
 newspapers are published here. Binghamton was settled 
 in 17S7 by Mr. Bingham, from whom it received its name, 
 «nd was incorporated in 1818, Pop. in 1863, 9094; in ISOO, 
 832.5. 
 
 BIXGHAilTOX, a small post-village of Lee co., Illinois, 
 about bX) miles W. of Chicago. 
 
 BING'II.\.MSTOW\, or SALEEX',a maritime village of 
 Ireland. Connauaht. co. of M,ivo, on theW. side of Bl.icksod 
 Bay, 2i miles SiS.W. of Belniullet, Pop. 436, engaged in 
 fishing. Exports, corn and potatoes. 
 
 BING'LEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of fork. West Riding, on the Aire, and the Leeds and 
 Liverpool Canal, 15 rniles 'W.y.yV. of Leeds. Pop. in 1851, 
 15,339: of town, 10.1,57. It h.is a neat church, a grammar 
 school founded in the reign of Henry VIII. (revenue, 470?. 
 per annum.) a court-house, several charities, numerous 
 worsted, yarn, cotton, and paper nuinufactories, and some 
 trade in malt. 
 
 BIXGTAXG, bing-tang', BINTAM, or PULO-BINTAM, 
 poo^o-bin-tam'. an island in the MaL-iy Archipelago, inter- 
 sected by the eciuator, in Ion. about 104° 20'. K. Length. .30 
 miles, and nearly the same in breadth. It contains 6000 
 ginger gardens. 
 
 BtX'HAM. a parish of England, oo. of Norfolk, 
 
 BIXIC. bee^neek', a seaport town of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Xord. 7 miles X.X.W. of St, Brieuc. Pop. of 
 commune, in 1852, 2640, It has important fisheries and 
 ship-buildini vard.s. 
 
 BIXK'LEY'S BRIIKJE, a post-ofHee of Lancaster co,, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BIX'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BIX'SEY; a parish of England, co. of Oxford, 
 
 BIXSOX CEXTRE. a post-office of Hamilton co„ New York. 
 
 BIX'STEAD. a parish of Engbind, Isle of Wight. 
 
 BIXSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BIX'STKD. a parish of England, co, of Uants. 
 
 BIXTAXG. See BiXfiXANG. 
 
 BIXTEXXE, bin-tJn', an inland town of Ceylon, on the 
 Mahavillyguuga. 30 miles E. of Kandy. 
 
 BIXTOX. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BIXTREE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 
 
 BIOBIO, bee'o-bea'o, the largest river in Chili, rises in 
 the Andes, tlows generally W.X.W., forming the houndarj- 
 between the province of Concepcion and independent .\r:»u- 
 tania, and enters the Pacific at Concepcion, after a course 
 estimated at 2iX) miles. 
 
 BIOGLIO, be^l'yo, a vUIiige of Piedmont, 5 miles E.N.E, 
 of Biella. Pop. 2227. 
 
 BIOKXEBORG, be-oR'nJh-boRg\ a seaport town of Finland, 
 lien of Atx), on the Kumo, at its mouth, in the Gulf of 
 Bothnia, 00 miles X.X.W. of .\bo. Pop. 4567. It is pretty 
 well built, and ha.« some ship-building, and an export trade 
 In timl>er. pitch, tar, and fish, 
 
 BIOT, be-o'. a village of France, department of Var, canton 
 and 3 miles N.X.W. of Antihes. Pop. of commune, 1267, 
 
 BIOUL. be-ool', a town of Belgium, 8 miles N,W. of Dinant, 
 with a castle. Pop. 913. 
 
 BIR, pronounceil, and sometimes written BEER, beer, 
 (Turk. Bireh-jH: or Bee^reh-JeeK\ anc. BMtha.) a walled town 
 of .Asiatic Turkey, 120 miles S,W, of Di-arbekir, on the 
 Euphrates, where it approaches nearest to the Mediterra- 
 nean. 115 miles X.E. of Antioeh. Ljit. 37° 3' N.: Ion. 3S° E. 
 It has from 1800 to 2000 houses, the inhabitants Turks, 
 with a citadel on a steep rock, and several mosques. Here 
 It was lately proposed to commence the steam navigation of 
 the Euphrates downwards to the Persian Gulf Many other 
 smaU towns in Arabia, &c. have the prefix Bi'r. meaning 
 "a well," and it is the name of a river in Abyssinia, tri- 
 butary to the Abai. 
 
 BIRTJECK-FELLS, a district of England, co. of West- 
 moreland, comprising p.>iVts of the parishes of Urosby-Rar 
 yensworth. Orton, and Shap, 
 
 BIRBIIOOM, See Beerbhoom. 
 
 BIRCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 
 
 BIRCH. LTTTbE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BIRCH. MUCH, a parish of EnsUnd. co. of Hereford. 
 
 BIRCH'AM. great, a parish of England, co, of Xorfolk. 
 
 BIRCH AM NEWTOX, a parish of Enirland, co of Xorfolk. 
 
 BIRCIIAM TOFTS, a parish of Ensland, co. of Xorfolk, 
 
 BIRCIIANGER, birch'an-jer, a parish of England, co, of 
 
 BIR'CHARDVILLE, a post-offlce of Susqueh.anna co,, 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 BIR'CHETTSVILLE, a postofflce of Cleveland oo,. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BIR'CHINGTON, a seaport village and parish of England, 
 and a member of the cinque port of Dover, co. of Kent, Isle 
 of Thane t, 3i miles W,S.W. of Margate. Pop. 874. In the 
 church are many ancient monuments. 
 
 BIR 
 
 BIRCH'OLT, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 
 BIRCH'OYER, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby, 6 
 miles W.X.W. of Matlock, whence numerous visitors repair 
 to visit its famous rocking-stone. Pop. in 1851, 78. 
 
 BIRCH POND, a postoffiee of Crawford CO.. ilissouri. 
 
 BIKCH POXD. a small villase of Dent co.. Mis.souri. 
 
 BIRCH RIVER, a post-ofRce of Nicholas co., Virginia, 284 
 miles W. bv N. of Richmond. 
 
 BIRCIirfOX, a post-office of Braxton co.. Virginia. 
 
 BIRCH'VILLE, a township of St. Clair co., Michigan, OD 
 LHke Huron, Pop. 1800. 
 
 BIRD, a post-olfice of Hillsdale co.. Michiean. 
 
 BIRD/BROOK, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Essex. 
 
 BIRIVHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 
 
 BIRD ISLAXD. West Indies. See Aves, 
 
 BIliD ISLAXD, one of the Sandwich IsLands, North 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 BIRD ISLAXD, one of the Low Islands, Pacific, near the 
 the middle of the group. 
 
 BIRD ISLAXDS, South Africa, Cape Colony, are in Algoo 
 Bav. 
 
 BIRn)INBTJRY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 
 
 BIRD IX H.\XD, a small village of Lanca.st<}r co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the railroad, 7 miles E. of Lancaster, 
 
 BIRD'SALL, a post-township of Alleghany co,, New York, 
 about 60 miles S. by W. of Rochester. Pop. 909. 
 
 BIRD'SALL. a parish of Ensrland. co. of York. East Riding. 
 
 BIRDS'BOROUGH. a post-office of Berks co.. Pennsvlvania 
 
 BIRD'SONG CREEK, in the W. pirt of Tennessee", enters 
 the Tennessee River from the left, in Benton co. 
 
 BIRD'S RUX. a post-office of Guerasey co., Ohio. 
 
 BIRDS/VILLE, a sm.all village in Burke co,, Georgia, 
 about 70 miles E.S.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BIRDS/VILLE, a post-village, capital of Tarant county, 
 Texas, on the W, fork of the Trinity River, alx)ut 2-50 miles 
 N. by E. of Austin City. It is situated in a fine and fertile 
 prairie, which is as yet, howevei, thinly settled. Com- 
 menced in 1851. 
 
 BIRD WOODS, a post-office of Camplx>ll co., Kentuckv, 
 
 BIRIOOSSA or BIRIOUSSA or BIRIUSA, be-re-oos's3, a 
 river of Siberia, forming part of the boundary between the 
 governments of Irkootsk and Yenesei. It is one of the head 
 streams of the Ona. an .affluent of the Tchoona (Tchuna,) 
 and has a X, course of about 2(X) miles. 
 
 BIRIOOTCH or BIRIOUTCIIE, be-re-ootch', a town of 
 Russiii, on the Sosna, government and 76 miles .S.S.W, of 
 Voronezh. Pop. 5451. It is encircled by an earthen rampart 
 and ditches, and has numerous churches and 4 annual thirs. 
 
 BIR.T or BIR.TE. See Birze. 
 
 BIRK'BY. a parish of Enskand, co. of York, X^'orth Riding, 
 
 BIRICEXFELD, birk'en-fclt\ or been'ken-felt'. a princi- 
 pality of Germany, belonging to Oldenburg, but detached 
 from the rest of th.at duchy, W, of the Rhine, and enclosed 
 by Rhenish Prussia and Meisenheim. Area. 143 sqivare 
 miles. Pop. in 1849, 30,966. The surface is mountainous and 
 well-wooded. Principal river, the Xahe, an affluent of the 
 Rhine, Chief products, cattle, iron, flax. hemp, and oil- 
 seed-s. It is divided into 3 amis, or baihvicks. Birkenfeld, 
 Oberstein, and Xohfelden. and was ceded to Oldenburg by 
 the treaty of Vienn.a. in 1815. 
 
 BIRKEXFELD, bSeRnienf&ltN a town of Germany, capital 
 of the aI>ove principality, near the X\ihe. 25 miles E.S.E. of 
 Treves. Pop., with adjoining villaste of Eckweiler, 2385. who 
 manufacture linen and woollen fabrics and leather. It has 
 superior schools, and large cattle CUi-s, X'ear it is the old 
 fortress of BuRo, the ancient residence of the counts-palar 
 tine of Birkenfeld-Zweibriicken. 
 
 B1RK'EXHE.\D. a now and thriving town and township 
 of England, county of Chester, on the estuary of the Mei^ 
 sey. immediat<?ly opposite Liverpool, and 15 miles X.X.W. 
 of Chester, with which it communicates bv railw.iv. Pop. 
 in 1841, 8225 ; in 1851, 24.285. It has wholly ri.«en up since 
 the formation of ship-building docks in 1824, on W.aUa.sey- 
 pool, immediately on its X.W. side: and in 1844. a series of 
 magnificent docks were begun oq the side of the Mersey, of 
 which the Woodside Basin, and another, were completed 
 and opened in April, 1847. Besides many spacious streets 
 and dwellings, there are a large square, sevenal handsome 
 churches, a medical college, an institute, a good market- 
 house. 430 feet in length, and 130 feet in breadth, a public 
 slaughter-house, a pier in the Mersey, and a park of 120 
 acres: and in its vicinity are numerous villas, many of 
 which are the residences of Birkenhead and Liverpool mei^ 
 chants. Here are also the remains of an ancient priory, r.n 
 a rock projecting into the Mersey. Polling-place for South 
 Cheshire. The communication with Liverpool is kept up 
 by means of small steamers which cross the river every 15 
 minutes. Birkenhead has also railway communication 
 with all parts of England. 
 
 BIIiKET. bWR^ket or biR/ket, ("Lake,") the name of seve- 
 ral lakes and places of Egjpt : — 
 
 BIRKET-EL-HAD.n. or the "lake of pilgrims," being a 
 sm.all lake 10 miles X,E. of Cairo, on the oanks of which 
 the pilgrims to Mecca, by way of Suez, assemble on theJr 
 departure thither, and separate on their return. 
 
BIR 
 
 BIR 
 
 BIRKET-EL-KEROOX or BTRKKT-EL-KEROUN, is the 
 modem name of Lake Mceuis, which see. 
 
 BIRKKT-Kr^MARIOOT. See Mareotis. 
 
 BIKK-FELL, a mountain of Ilngland, co. of Cumberland, 
 on the S. side of UUeswater, 5 miles N. of Ambleside. 
 
 BIll/KI\, a parish of En^rland, co. of York, West Hiding. 
 
 BlRKSTl'UN. See BuRfiSTEix, 
 
 BIR'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BIlflilNO, a parish of Eu^rland, co. of Kent. 
 
 BIRLIXGIIAM, bir'ling-am, a parish of Enghind, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 BIRMA, BIRMAH, or the BIRMAX EMPIRE. See 
 
 BUKMAn. 
 
 BIRMEXSDORF, bSSa/mgnsdoRr, a village of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Aargau. It h;is mineral springs and baths. 
 Pop. 897. 
 
 BIR/.MIN'a or BER/MIXO, a post-village of Buchanan co., 
 Missouri, 4.") miles N.W. by N. of Independence. 
 
 BIRMIXOIIAM, bjr'ming-am, a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough, one of the principal manufacturing towns 
 of England, county and 17 miles N.W. of Warwick, 100 miles 
 N.W. of London, and 78 j miles S.E. of Liverpool. Area of 
 borough, which includes the adjacent townships, Aston. 
 Edgbaston. &c., 18,780. acres. Pop. in 1690, 4000; in ISOl, 
 60.822; in 1801, 295,955. The town, on the river Rea. occu- 
 pies the E. declivity of three undulating hills, and from the 
 S.E. presents to view a mass of red brick houses, inter- 
 spersed with several lofty church spires, and a vast number 
 of tall chimneys belonging to the factories. Its lower part 
 consists of unprepossessing streets, old houses, and work- 
 shops; but its upper portions comprise many broad streets 
 and good residences. In its centre is a handsome quarter, 
 rivalling in appearance the best parts of the metropolis, and 
 containing the town-hall. Edward VI.'s grammar school, St. 
 Philip's and Christ's Churches, Queen's College, theatre, 
 and other principal edifices. The uneven ground on which 
 Birmingham is built, fiicilitates its drainage, and thus con- 
 tributes to its salubrity. It is also well lighted with gas, 
 and paved, though many parts of the town are ill furnished 
 with footpaths. The superb town-hall, one of the finest 
 edifices in England, occupies a commanding site, and is in 
 classic style; it is fronted with marble, and has a saloon 
 145 feet in length, 65 feet in breadth, and the same in 
 height ; it can accommodate 8000- persons, (or 4000 seated.) 
 and contains a fine organ, .some pipes in which are said to 
 be the largest in Europe; in this hall the triennial musical 
 festivals are held. The theatre, erected in 1S21, at a cost 
 of 14,000/., and having a front in the Ionic order, is a hand- 
 some building, and one of the most commodious of its class 
 out of the metropolis. The free grammar school, founded 
 in 1552, is a richly decorated Gothic edifice, (174 feet by 125 
 feet.) rebuilt, in 1834, by Jtr. Barry, at a cost of nearly 
 60,000/.; it has a revenue, now probably amounting to 
 ll.OOOL a year, and 10 exhibitions of 50/. per annum for 
 four years, to any college at Oxford or Cambridge. In 1847, 
 the different classes were attended by 120<D pupils. Queen's 
 College, lately established, and munificently endowed by 
 private bene&ctions, is in connection with the University 
 of London, and regulated on the old collegiate system; 
 attached to it are a flourishing medical school, and Queen's 
 Hospital, also recently founded. Birmingham originally 
 consisted of but one parish: it is now divided into five — St. 
 Martin, St. Philip, St. Thomas. St. George, and All Saints. 
 St. Martin's church, in the Bullring, in the lower part of 
 the town, was built in the eighth century. It was originally 
 of stone, and is now encased in brick. There are several 
 other chapels belonging to the establishment. These pa- 
 rishes were formerly within the archbishopric of Lichfield 
 and Coventry, but were transferred by the church com- 
 missioners to the diocese of Worcester. The dissenting 
 chapels comprise those of the Independents, Friends, Me- 
 thodists, Swedenborgians, Roman Catholics, and Unitarians, 
 (the last a numerous sect in Birmingham ;) and here is a 
 Jews' Synagogue. The other princip.al buildings are, a 
 large general hospital, general dispensary, athenasum, 
 large market-house, Roman Catholic cathedral, a vast brick 
 edifice, the barracks, and railway station, which last is a 
 generij point of junction of the railways from London, 
 Liverpool, Derby, Worcester, &c. The public institutions 
 comprise a society of arts, with a drawing academy, and 
 annual exhibition of paintings, public library, with 27.000 
 volumes, philosophic and mechanics' institutions, a blue- 
 coat school, (annual revenue, 2500/.,) Springhill College, for 
 Independents and Baptists, national and proprietary 
 schools, and a great variety of other educational establish- 
 ments ; deaf and dumb, and magdalen asylums, eye and 
 ear, and lying-in infirmaries, a botanic garden, horticul- 
 tural and statistical societies, and a public cemetery com- 
 pany. The town has extensive baths, and a place of amuse- 
 flient ti-rmed '-Vauxhall." 
 
 Birmingham is^nsidered one of the healthiest towns in 
 *he kingdom, owing probably, in part, to the large quantity 
 of vitriol consumed in manufactories which is thought to 
 exert a purifying influence on the atmosphere ; and, in part, 
 to Its excellent system of drainage ; but more, perhaps, to 
 
 the .spaciousness of its dwellings. One man in Birmingham 
 is said to live on the same space as two in Manchest^jr and 
 three in Liverpool, and the mortiility of each town is, as 
 nearly as possible, in the same ratio.' ^ 
 
 Maniifaxtures. — The origin and progress of the prosperity 
 of Birmingham is wholly attributable to the excellence ant 
 extent of its hardware manufactures. Its geographically 
 central situation on the border of a great coal and iron dis- 
 trict, combined with the command of a wide and ready 
 transit both by canal and railw.iy, have contributed to ren- 
 der it one of the greatest manufacturing towns, in the par- 
 ticular line above alluded to, in the world. Of the early 
 history of Birmingham as a manuCicturing town, little 
 further is kliown beyond the general fact, that it has en- 
 joyed a reputiition for its iron and steel manufactures for 
 several centuries, although the greatest and most rapid 
 progress has taken place within the last 40 years. In 1805, 
 the amount of hardware and cutlery exported was 4288 
 tons; in 1844 it amounted to 22,552 tons; all the interme- 
 diate years, with two or three exceptions, showing a pro- 
 gressive increase. In 1821, the value of the exports was 
 1,2.37,692/.; in 1844, 2.179,087/. But the value of hardware 
 goods was probably a third more in the former than in the 
 latter year; so that the quantity exported in 1844 exceeds 
 that of 1821 far more than the respective valuations indi- 
 cate. The extraordinary reduction in the price of Birming- 
 ham manufactures has been caused partly by a reduction 
 in the cost of mateiial, but chiefly and in many ca.ses solely 
 from improved methods of production. Since 1821, on fire- 
 arms the reduction is about 53 per cent.; on gun-locks, from 
 05 to 85 per cent.; on spoons and stirrups, Ac, from 01 to 
 69 per cent.; and on iron chains. 08 per cent. One of the 
 most important manufactures of Birmingham is that of fire- 
 arms. During the last war, 5,000.000 stpnd of arms were 
 furnished on account of government, and of the private 
 trade. The manufacture of swords is also one of the staple 
 trades of Birmingham. At Soho, in the vicinity of the 
 town, was formerly one of the largest steam-engine manu- 
 factories in the world, belonging to Boulton, partner of the 
 celebrated James Watt; but the steam-engine department 
 is now carried on exclusively at Smethick, a short distance 
 to the west of Soho, where extensive works have recently 
 been erected by the same company. Goods of various de- 
 scriptions, however, are still made here, such as vases, 
 candelabras. and other articles in bronze or (rrmulu, with 
 large quantities of plate. Here also the copper coinage of 
 the kingdom was formerly e.xecuted. The coining mill, 
 working 8 machines, was capable of throwing off 4000 
 pieces of money per hour. Cast-iron articles of all kinds, 
 and of the most beautiful patterns and workmanship, arc 
 manufactured here to a great extent, suixrseding those 
 made of more expensive metals. In former years, iron-, 
 founding was limited to large and heavy articles; but it is 
 now extended, with the most entire success, to the lightest 
 and most graceful, in the finishing of which bronze is now 
 very generally employed. The quantity of solid gold and 
 .silver plate mauufiictured in Birmingham is not great; 
 but the consumption of silver in plating was very consider- 
 able, having been estimated at about 200,000 ounces a year; 
 it is now somewhat less, being partly superseded by metallic 
 compounds. The beautiful invention of electro-plating, first 
 discovered in this town, tends very greatly to the increase of 
 the consumptionof silver and also of gold. Jap.anning in all 
 its forms and varieties is carried on here to a larire extent. 
 Glass manufiicturing and glass-staining or painting forms 
 another important branch of manufacture; in the former, 
 ornaments of a large size are made, which it was once 
 thought could be produced only in metal: on these, the 
 most beautiful, delicate, and brilliant surfaces are raised 
 by the lathe and cutting tool. The manufacture of steel 
 pens, scarcely known 25 years ago, is another important 
 branch of the trade of Birmingham. The whole quantity 
 of steel pens now manufactured is estimated at 750,000,000 
 annually, consuming above 400 tons of steel. Large quan- 
 tities of these are exported. Pins are also made here to a 
 great extent; and such is the extraordinary productive 
 powers of the machinery employed, and of the system of 
 minute subdivision of labor, that 12.C00 pins can be cut 
 and pointed in an hour, and 50,000 heads rounded off 
 in the same space of time. Buttons are also extensively 
 manufactured, the whole number made annually in the 
 town being estimated at 750,000,000. Fancy seals, brooches, . 
 tlasps, and other trinkets, composed of what is called Bir- 
 mingham gold and polished steel, are made in immt^nse 
 quantities, of the most beautiful workmanship, and at 
 prices which excite astonishment. Great numbers of gold 
 rings are also manufactured ; in 1839, no fewer than 25,000 
 gold wedding-rings were assayed and marked at the assay 
 office in Birmingham. The above sketch gives only a selec- 
 tion of a few of the leading articles manufjtctured at this 
 great seat of human industry. The simple enumeration 
 of all, without any statistical detail, would occupy a far 
 greater space than could bfe afforded in a work of this na- 
 ture. The machinery employed in the manufacture of 
 nails, screws, button-shanks, and in rolling out thick bars 
 
 225 
 
BIR 
 
 BIR 
 
 or ingots of metal into long thin sheets, are among the most 
 vronderful inrentions of mechanical genius. Not many 
 large capitalists are engaged in the manufactures of Bii^ 
 mingham^ a great proportion avera:5iug from 5007. to 10007. 
 These persons give out their work to the workmen they 
 employ, who are generally paid by the piece, and work at 
 home. The workman, when the work put into his hands 
 requires the aid of machinery, may hire for any given time 
 one or more rooms, together with a certain quantity of 
 steam-power, in any one of a number of buildings appro- 
 priated to such purposes, which are furnished with steam- 
 power, working-shafts, lathes, benches, &c. The engine- 
 power of Birmingham in 1849 was estimated at that of 5400 
 horses, and consumed' 377 tons of coal per d.ay. The work- 
 ing of this power employed from 8000 to 10,000 persons. 
 It is computed that more than 20.000 fiimilies are employed 
 in the trade and manufactures of Birmingham, and that the 
 annual value of articles produced amounts to 4,000,0007. 
 There is a branch bank of England in Birmingham; seven 
 other banks, and a very flourishing savings hank. 
 
 By its charter of incorporation, dated 1838, Birmingham 
 is divided into 16 wards, and governed by a mayor and re- 
 corder, 16 alderman, and 48 common councilmen. Corpora- 
 tion revenue in 1846-7, 82,2677. It has a borough court of 
 quarter sessions, and a town court of requests. As.sessed 
 taxes in 1846-7, 26.0757. Since the Reform Act it has sent 
 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 Hidory. — Birmingham, it is said, was known to the Ro- 
 mans under the name of Brenuiimm. and is mentioned in 
 Doomsday Book. Bermengeliam. The name, as well as those of 
 the neighboring hamlets of Castle Bromwich and West 
 Bromwich is supposed to have been derived from the great 
 quantity of broom which grows in the vicinity. It is said 
 to have been celebrated for the manufacture of arms pre- 
 vious to the Roman invasion. Of its early history, however, 
 little is known. It was the centre of the Saxon kingdom of 
 Mercia, and at the time of the conquest was a place of some 
 importance. Birmingham was distinguished in the cause 
 of the Parliaments, and was the scene of some conflicts, in 
 the last of which, in 1643, it suffered considerable, having 
 been taken, partially burnt, and a heavy fine inflictwi on 
 the inhabitants, by Prince Rupert. It suffered to a fearful 
 extent from the plague in 1665. Its first considerable in- 
 crease in size and population took place in the reign of 
 Charles II. Towards the middle of the last century it began 
 to assume an important appearance, and has since conti- 
 nued rapidly to increase. It is not eighty years since it was 
 made a post-town: previous to this, letters used to be di- 
 rected to Birminsfham, near Walsall. The American and 
 French wars during the latter half of the last century 
 and the early part of this were the great causes of the pros- 
 perity and increase of this place by the great demand which 
 they caused for muskets. Birmingham is considered the 
 healthiest place in Kngland. For this it is no doubt partly 
 indebted to the vitriol consumed in its manufactures, but 
 more to its excellent dr.^inage, broad streets, and open areas. 
 . BIRMINGH.A.M, bir'ming-ham, a flourishing manufactur- 
 ing borough of Derby township'. New Haven co..Connecticut, 
 at the intersection of the Naugatuck with the Ilonsatonic 
 Biver, 11 miles N.N.E. of Bridgeport, and 9 miles N. by W. 
 of New Haven. The Natigatuck Railroad passes through 
 Derby on the opposite side of the Naugatuck River. A 
 substantial bridge connects the two places. A steamboat 
 also plies daily between Derby and New York. The village 
 is principally situated on a hill, and commands a fine view 
 of the Ilousatonic and Naugatuck valley. It is liand- 
 somely laid out, having a public square'in the centre, 
 around which stand the churches and schools. Tlie street 
 leading to the river is occupied, the upper part of it with 
 stores, and the lower with large manufactories, extensive 
 warehouses, lumber and coal yards. The first pin factory 
 ever established in the United States was located at Bir- 
 mingham, and is still in successful operation, emploving a 
 large number of hands. Here are also extensive mills for 
 rolling copper, iron, and steel; also manufactories of car- 
 riage axels and springs, bolts, tacks, augurs, well-chains, 
 and numerous other articles of hardware. The town has 
 several churches and a bank. It is well supplied with good 
 pure water, distributed by means of pipes to different parts 
 of the borough, while the Ilousatonic River is capable of 
 furnishing an almost unlimited amount of water-power for 
 Bnanufiicturing purposes. Pop. 2500. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a manufacturing villasre in Au Sable 
 tcwnship, Clinton co.. New York, on Au Sable River, about 
 100 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a village of Mercer co.. New Jersey, 5 
 miles N.N.W. from Trenton. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a villige of Burlington co.. New Jersey, 
 on the N. branch of Itancccus creek, 4 miles E. from Mount 
 Holly, has several mills. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 550. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop.e-Jl. 
 
 BIR.MINGHAM, a flouri.shing borough of Alleghany co., 
 226 
 
 Pennsylvania, on the loft hank of the Monongahela Rivor, 
 2 miles from its confluence with the Alleghany. A flno 
 bridge, 160U feet long, connects it with Pittsburg. The ma- 
 nufacture of glass and iron constitutes the principal busi- 
 ness of the place. (See Pittsburg.) Pop. 6046. The name 
 of the post-oliice is Buchanan. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a thriving; post-borough of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Little Juniata Rive'i-, and on the cen- 
 tral railraad, 105 mUes W.N.^V. from Ilarrisburg. It is a 
 place of active trade, and has extensive iron-works in the 
 vicinity. Pop. 221. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a post-ofRce of Jack.son co, Alabama. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a post-offlce of Pontotoc co., MississippL 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a postoftice of Marshall co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a thriving post-village of Erie co., Ohio, 
 on Vermilion River, 115 miles N. by E. from Columbus. It 
 posses.se8 excellent water-power, and is improving rapidly. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a village of Mahoning co., Ohio, about 
 12 miles W.S.W. from Canfield. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a thriving post-village of Eloomfield 
 township, Oakland co., Michigan, on the railroad from 
 Detroit to Pontiac, 18 miles N.W. from the former. The 
 northern branch of Rouge River passes through the place, 
 affording water power. The village has 2 stores, 1 flour mill, 
 and 1 foundry. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a post-village of Schuyler co., Illinois, on 
 Crooked Creek, an affluent of Illinois River, about 80 miles 
 W.N.W. from Springfield, and on the border of a fertile 
 prairie. It has a suw-mill and grist-mill. Pop. of tj). 1047. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a small vUlage of Cape Girardeau co., 
 Missouri, on the >Iississippi. about 14 miles N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, a small village of Perry co., Missouri. 
 
 BIRSIINGH.\M, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, 
 12 miles N. of Keosauqu.a. 
 
 BIR'NAM, a mountain of Scotland, county and 12 mUes 
 N.W. of Perth, and a1x)ut an equal distance W.N.AV. of 
 Dunsinnan. It was anciently included in a rojal forest, 
 which Shakspeare has immortalized as " Birnam Wood," 
 in his trasedy of Macbeth. 
 
 BIRNBAUM, beean'bCwm, (Polish, Mkdzychod, me-^d^ 
 ziK'od.) a town of Prussian Poland, 44 miles W.N.W. of 
 Posen, on the Warta. Pop. 2637, who manufacture wool- 
 len cloths and yarn. 
 
 BIRNEE, NEW, a walled town, 20 miles S. of Kooka. 
 
 BIR/NEE or BIRNIE, OLD, a large town of Centra] 
 Africa, Bornoo, on the Yeoo, 70 miles W. of Kooka. Pop. 
 estimated at 10,000. It covers a space of several square 
 miles, is enclosed by remains of substantial walls, and in the 
 days of its splendor is said to have contained a population 
 of 200,000. 
 
 BIR'NIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin. Here is an 
 old Saxon church. 
 
 BIRON, beeViN"', a town of France, department of the 
 Dordogne, arrondissement and 22 miles S.E. of Bergerac. 
 Pop. of commune, 1124. l{ was formerly fortified, and its 
 magnificent chateau contains the tomb of the Marechal de 
 Biron, beheaded in 1G02. 
 
 BIRR, beeR, a village of Switzerland, canton of A.argavi, 
 3 miles S. of Brugg. Here Pestalozzi commenced his cele- 
 brated sj'stem of education in 1768. 
 
 BIRR, bir, or PARSONS' TOWN, a market town of Ire- 
 land, in a parish of the same name, co. of Leinster, and 
 62^ miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. of toAvn, 6^6; of parish, 
 9567. A well-built town, with castle belonging to the Earl 
 of Rosse, under whose proprietorship the modern town h.as 
 risen into its present prosperous state. It was known 
 under the name of Biorra, in the sixth century ; and in the 
 ninth was the stronghold of the O'Carrols. In 1G20, Sir W. 
 Parsons, ancestor of Lord Ros.se, received a grant of the town 
 and adjoining estate from James I. 
 
 BIRRESBORN, b66ii/Kgs-boRn\ a hamlet of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, circle of Prtim. It has well frequented mineral springs; 
 near it is the acidulated spring of Brudeldreis. 
 
 BIR/SAY and HAIUHAy, a parish of Scotland, 11 mUes 
 N.W. of Kirkwall, Orkney Islands. 
 
 BIRSE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 BIRSE, b^R/seh, a small rivor of Switzerland, canton oi 
 Bern. 
 
 BIRSEN. See Birze. 
 
 BIRSK, beeKsk, an ancient town of Russia, government 
 of Orenboorg, on the Bela'ia. 50 miles N.W. of Oo(;i. Pop. 
 3600. It was formerly fortified, and has some mauufiicto- 
 ries of silk, woollen, and cotton fabrics. 
 
 BIR/STALL, a parish of England, co. of York, M'est 
 Riding, near the York and North Midland Railway, 7 miles 
 S.W. of Leeds. Pop. 29,723, mostly dependent on its woollen 
 and worsted manufectures. for which there were, in 1838, 
 41 mills, employing together 2092 hands, besides a cotton 
 and two silk factories. Coal and iron-mines gave employ- 
 ment to 500 persons at the aliove date. The church, built 
 in the reign of Henry VIII., has lately ]^en eularired : and 
 a new Gothic chapel was recently erected at Hirkenshaw. 
 Birstall is a polling-place for the West Riding of the county 
 At Kieldherd, in this county, Dr. Priestly was lyirn In 1733. 
 
 BIRST'MOKTON, a parish of Enfluu'l, co. of Wen ester. 
 
BIR 
 
 BIS 
 
 BTT^TLE. a township of England, co. of Lancaster, parish 
 of Middleton, 25 miles N.K. of Bury. 
 
 BIItT'tiEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 BIRZE (ir niUJE. )i66rz1i? written alsoBIKSEN. hggR/sen. 
 a town of Russia, government of Vilna, N.E. of Ponoriezh 
 with a castle of the Princess IJadzivill. 
 
 BISACCt.\, h^sifcha, (anc. Romhdn- or lirnnhda,) a to^yn 
 of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, built on a hill, 
 30 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 5700. 
 
 BIS.'VCQUTNO, bosdk-kwee'no. BUSAQUINO, boo-si- 
 kwee'no, or JIUSACOHINO. boo-sAk-kee'no, a town of Sicily, 
 27 miles S. of Palermo ; with an extensive trade in grain, 
 oil, and lint. Pop. 8000. 
 
 BISAGNO, be-s3n'yo, a fertile and highly cultivated dis- 
 trict in the vicinity of Genoa; gives name to the river, 
 which, passing the eastern walls of the city, falls into the 
 Mediterranean near the lazaretto. 
 
 BI8.\>IBERG, tiee'.«dm-bjRg\ a village of Lower Austria, 
 H miles S.E. of Korncuburp. Pop. P42. 
 
 BIS.\MUE|{G, a hill in the vicinity of the alx)ve village, 
 11S9 feet in elevation. 
 
 BISAXO, be-sl/no, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 off the N.K. extremity of Celebes. Circumference, 20 miles. 
 
 BL^ANTHE. See Rodosto. 
 
 BIS.WAS, be-si'ds, a name given by the Spaniards to all 
 the Philippine Isl.ands, excepting Luzon. It Is derived 
 fi-om the language spoken throughout them, called BUai/it, 
 which ha< numerous dialects, and differs greatly from the 
 Tagala. the language spoken in Luzon. 
 
 BISBAL. La, \k bees-bdl', a town of Spain. 10 miles E. of 
 Gerona. with a bridge on the Adaro. Pop. 3110. 
 
 BIS'BROOKE. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 BTSC.\I{A, bis-ka'rd, a town of Algeria, capital of th# 
 district of Zaab, S. of Mount Atlas, and on the Kantara, 
 205 miles S.E. of Algiers. Held by the French since 1844. 
 
 BISCAUI, bis'kd-re, or bees'kd-re, a town of Sicily, 45 miles 
 W. of Syracuse, on the Dirillo. Pop. 2700. 
 
 B1SC.\U0SSE, bees'kaR'Ross', a village of France, depart- 
 mentnftheLandes, SmilesN.W.of I'arentis-en-Born. P.1551. 
 
 BIS'CATIKIRPE. a parish and village of England, co. of 
 Lincoln, 7? miles N.N.E. of Wragbv. 
 
 BIS'CAY, orBISCAYA, bis-ki''a."(Sp. Vizcaya, vees-ki'd or 
 veeth-ki'i.) one of the three Basque provinces of Northern 
 Spain, bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay; S. by the province 
 of Alava ; E. by Guipuzcoa; and W. by Santander. Area, 
 1004 square miles. Pop. in 1849, 150,000. Capital, Bilbao. 
 Under the name of Biscav are sometimes comprehended the 
 three Basque provinces of Biscay, Guipuzcoa, and Alava. 
 Adj. and inhab. Biscay'an. See Basque. 
 
 BISCAY, a town of New Mexico. See Duranoo. 
 
 BISCAY, Bay of. fFr. Golfe. de Gkucngne. golf d^h gls'koH'; 
 anc. AquitanUctis Sifnus and Gal'licus OceUinus.) a bay of the 
 Atlantic, extending from Ouessant (Ushant) Island, on 
 the VV. coast of France, to Cape Ortegal, on the N. coast of 
 Spain. It receives the waters of the Loire, Charente, Gironde, 
 and .\dour. Its principal ports are Lorient, Nantes, La 
 Kochelle, Roehefort. Bordeaux, and Bayonne, In France; 
 Pasages, St. Sebastian. Bilbao, Santander, and Gijon, in 
 Spain. Chief islands, Belleisle, R6. and Oleron, on the coast 
 of France. Its N. and S. coasts are bold and rocky ; but on 
 the E., from the mouth of the Gironde to the Adour, the 
 coast is composed of sand downs, and interrupted by nume- 
 rous lagoons. The depth varies from 20 fathoms on the W. 
 of France, to 200 fathoms on the N. of Spain. Navigation 
 is much impeded Irvthe heavy seas produced by N.W. winds 
 and by a current (Rennd's) which sets In from the Atlantic, 
 and, sweeping round the northern coast of Spain, runs N. 
 and N.W. along the western coast of France, and entei-s the 
 Irish Channel. 
 
 BISCEGLIA, be-shJl'ya or be-sh,^l'y3, a fortified se.aport 
 town of Naples, Terra di Bari, on the Adriatic. 21 miles 
 W.X.W. of Bari. Pop. 13,141. It has a cathedral, a num- 
 ber of churches, convents, and public reservoirs, a dio- 
 cesan school, and theatre. Its port admits only small ves- 
 sels, and its trade is insignificant. 
 
 BLSCIIIIEIM, bish'hime, (Fr. pron. bee^shJm'.) a village 
 of France, department of the Bas-Rhin, 2 miles N. of Stras- 
 bourj. Pop. of commune in 1852, 3137. 
 
 BISCIIOFSBURG, bish'ofs-b06Ra\ a town of East Prussia, 
 on the Dimmer, 60 miles S.S.E. of Konigsberg. Pop. 2450, 
 who manufacture linen yarn and fabrics. 
 
 BISCIIOFSIIEIM, bish'ofshlfme\ (Fr. pron. bee'shorslm'.) 
 a small town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, li miles 
 N. of Obernal. Pop. 1661. 
 
 BISCIIOFSIIEI.M AM RIIEIN, bish'ofs-hlme' im rine. a 
 small town of Germany, grand duchy of Baden, 19 miles 
 S.W. of liastadt. Pop. 1744. 
 
 BISCIIOFSIIEIM AM TAUBER, bish'ofs-hlme^ im tCw^- 
 bf r. a small town of Germany, grand duchy ot Baden, 19 
 miles S.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 2338. 
 
 BISCIIOFSIIEIM VOR DEM RHON, bish'ofs-bime^ foR 
 dSm ron, a small town of Germany, kingdom of Bavaria, 40 
 miles N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1830. 
 
 lilSCIlOFS-LAAK, bi.<h'ois-i|k\ a town of Ulyria. in Car- 
 niola, government, and 15 milta \.E. of Laybach. Pop. 1850. 
 
 BISnCITOFSPTETV, bish'ofs-stine', a town of East Pnim 
 sia, 46 miles S.S.E. of KBuigsberg. Pop. 2836, who mano- 
 facture hosiery, leather, and woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 BLSCIIOFSWERDA, bishVfs-ft^B'dd, a town of the king, 
 dom of Saxony, on the railway from Dresden to Bautzen, 
 20 miles E.N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 2486, who manufacture 
 linen and woollen fabrics. 
 
 BISClUtFSWERDER, (Polish. Elslnpierz, bis-koo'-p«^ftch,) 
 a small town of Western Prussia, 25 miles S.E. of Marien- 
 werder. 
 
 BISCIIOFSZELL, bish'ofs-tsJlP (i.e. "bishop's ceU,*') a 
 town of Switzerland, canton of Thurpau, on the Sitter, near 
 its mouth in the Thur, 11 miles S.S.E. of Constance. Pop. 
 2000, mostly engaged in cotton weaving and dyeing. 
 
 BTSCIIOF-TEINITZ, bl^h'of-tl'nits, or TEINITZ, a town 
 of Bohemia, 25 miles S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 2200.' It has a 
 noble castle and park; m.anufaetories of lace and linens, 
 and glass-works. 
 
 BISCHWILLER, bish'wirier, (Fr. pron. beeshVeelMaiR',) 
 a town of France, department of the Bas-Rhin. on theModer, 
 14 miles N. of Strasbourg. I'op. in 1851, 6642. It has mar 
 nufactories of coarse woollen and linen cloths, gloves, and 
 earthen-wares. It has also trade in leather, beer, and agri- 
 cultural produce. In its environs is the rich iron mine of 
 Mittelhardt. Bischwiller was formerly fortified, but dis- 
 mantled in 1706. 
 
 BISENTI. be-sJn'tee, or BISENTO. b(>s?n'to, a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo, Ult., 14 miles S.E. of Teramo. 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 BISENTTNA, be-sjn-tee'ni. or POSSENTIXA, an islet of 
 the Papal States, in Lake Bolsena. 
 
 BISENZ, bee'-s^nts, a town of Moravia, 11 miles .S.W. of 
 Ilradi.sch. Pop. 2050. It has a fine castle and gardens, and 
 giTiws excellent wines. 
 
 BISERT, be-saiRt/,oryySERT,ve-saiRt', a river of Russia, 
 government of Perm, rises in the Ural .Mountains, and, after 
 a S.W. course of atiout SO miles, joins the bank of the Oofa 
 a little above Krasno-<;)ofimsk. 
 
 BISII'AM MONT.\OUE.(nion'fa-gu,)aparishof Engliind, 
 CO. of Berks, on the Thames, 6^ miles N.W. of Maidenhead. 
 Its inhabitants are partly engaged in a large manufactui-a 
 of sheet-copper. Its manorhouse is a pfirtion of an ancient 
 priory, in which the great Earl of Warwick, "the king- 
 maker." and his brother. Lord Jlontague, were buried. 
 
 BISIIAMPTON. a parish of England, co. of M'orcester. 
 
 BIS'HOP AND CLERK, a group of rocky i.slands in the 
 South Pacific Ocean, S.W. of New Zealand. Lat. 65° 15' S., 
 Ion. 158° 56' E. 
 
 BIS'HOP (ane. Saim'numr) AND CLERKS, a group of 
 rocky Islands in St. George's Channel, off the coast of Pem- 
 brokeshire, Wales, about 5 miles W. of St. David's. 
 
 BIS'HOI'-AUCK'LAND, a town of England. See Auck- 
 land Bishop. 
 
 BISII'OPBRIDGE or BISIIOPBRIGGS, a village of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Lanark. al)Out 3 miles N.N.E. of Glasgow, and a 
 station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway. The 
 quarries in its vicinity are very extensively worked and 
 furnish much of the fine freestone of which Gla.sgow is built. 
 
 BI.^'IIOI' IlILL. a post-ofldce of Henry CO., Illinois. 
 
 BlSIl'OPSBOURNE. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BISII'OP'S GAN'NINGS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 BISII'OP'S CASTLE, a municip.al borough, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Salop, 18i miles S.S.W. of 
 Shrewsbury. Pop. in 1851. 1961. The town contains some 
 remains of a former castle of the bishops of Hereford, on the 
 site on which is now the Castle Inn. It is now a polling- 
 place for South Shropshire. 
 
 BISII'OP'S FONT'IIILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 BISII'OP'S FROME, a parish of Engband, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BISII'OP'S HULL, a parish of Ensland, co, of Somerset, 
 
 BISII'OP'S LYDIARD, a parish of England, co. of So 
 merset. 
 
 BISII'OP'S MIO'DLEHAM, a parish and township of 
 England, county palatine of Durham, 8 miles S.S.E. of 
 Durh.am. 
 
 BISII'OP'S NYMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon . 
 
 BISII'OP'S STORT'FORD. a parish and town of England, 
 CO. and 10 miles E.N.E. of Hertford, on the Eastern County 
 Railway. Pop. in 1851, 5280. The town, situated in a fer- 
 tile valley on the river Stort, consists of 4 sti'eets, with an 
 elegant church, town-house, Methodist, Independent, and 
 Quaker chapels, and 2 daily schools. It is a polling station 
 for the county. 
 
 BIS'HOP'S-SUTTON. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BISHOP'S TACH'BROOK, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 BISHOP'S TAWN'TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BISHOP'S TEIGNTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BISH'OPSTOKE, a piirlsh of England, co. of Hants. It 
 has a station on the South Western Railway. 
 
 BISII'OPSTONE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 227 
 
BIS 
 
 BIT 
 
 HTPH'OPSTOXE. a parish of Enjrland, co. of Hereford. 
 
 RTSII'OI'STONK a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 liLSH'Ol'STONK, two parishes of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 J!I8II'OPSTltOW, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 15ISn'0P'S WALT'IIAJI, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of So\ithampton. The ancient palace of the 
 bishop of AVinchester stands on the S. W. side of the 
 town. 
 
 ItlSII'OPTIIORl'E, a parish of England, co. of York. The 
 palace here has been the residence of the archbishop of York 
 since the destruction of Cawood Castle in the parliamentary 
 war. 
 
 niS'IIOPTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 r.lSII'OPTON, a Tillage of Scotland, co. of Kenfrew, 8 
 miles E.S.E. of Greenock, on the Greenock and Glasgow 
 Kailway, which passes through Bishopton ridge by a tunnel 
 2S00 yards in length. 
 
 BISH'OPVILLE, a post-offlce of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BISH'OP AVEAR/MOUTH, a parish of England, co. pal.a- 
 tlne of Durham, and forming the S. part of the town of 
 Sunderland. The celebrated archdeacoti Paley had a living 
 and residence here. See Suxdeklaxd. 
 
 BISH'OP WILTON, a parish of England, East Riding of 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 BISIITON or BISII'OPSTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 BISIGXANO, be-seen-yS'no, (anc. Be.fi(l/i(e.) a town of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 14 miles N. of Cozen za, 
 the seat of a bishop, and defended by a citadel occupying 
 the summit of the highest of the seven hills that surround 
 it. It contains a cathedral, 19 churches, several convents, a 
 seminary, two hospitals, and a house of refuge. The culti- 
 vation of the silkworm forms a principal branch of indus- 
 try. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 BISKRA, bis'krd, a citadel of Western Africa, in tlie 
 Sahara, 2U miles S.E. of Algiers; lat, 34°47' N., Ion. 5° 22' 
 E. It consists properly of a collection of 7 villages, lying 
 among plantations of date-trees covering nearly 50,000 acres 
 of ground. 
 
 BIS'LEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Chester, on the Gloucester and Bristol Railway, Si miles 
 K.N.E. of Stroud. Pop. in 1851, 4801. It has an elegant 
 church, an endowed free school, charities producing about 
 88^ per annum, and considerable manufactures of woollens. 
 The common of 1200 acres, given to the poor of Bisley by 
 Roger Mortimer, earl of March, in the reign of Edwai-d III., 
 has been in great part enclosed. 
 
 BIS'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BIS/MARK, a town of Prussian Saxony, 37 miles N. of 
 Magdeburg, with 6 yearly markets. Pop. 1600. 
 
 BIS'PIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 BIS^PHAM, a township of England, co. of Liincaster. 
 
 BISSAGOS, bis-sd'goce, or BIJOO'JA ISLANDS, an archi- 
 pelago off the W. coast of Africa, consisting of 16 large and 
 numei'ous small islands, between lat. 10° 2' and 11° 55' N., 
 and Ion. 15° and 17° W. The islands appear to be densely 
 peopled, but the natives are of a savage negro race, and little 
 is known of the interior; they contain many fine ports. 
 The chief products are rice and fruit, and many cattle are 
 reared. 
 
 BISS.40, (Bissao,) be-sd'AN", almost >ie-sCwN«', an island 
 and Portuguese settlement of Western Africa, in Senegam- 
 bia, one of the Bissagos group, opposite the delta of the Jeba 
 River. Lat. of the fort, 11° 51' N., Ion. 15° 37' 6" W. Pop. 
 8000. This island " is the great stronghold of the Portu- 
 guese slave trade," and nearly all its European inb.abitants 
 are concenied in the infamous traffic. It has also considera- 
 ble trade in hides, rice, wax, and Gambia produce, and im- 
 ports from Bathurst from 15,000i to 20,000Z. worth of British 
 manufactured goods annually. 
 
 BIS'SELL, a small post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois. 
 
 BIS'SEL'S, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio. 
 
 BISSINGEN, bis'sing-en, a town of Bavaria, 41 miles S. 
 of .\nspach. Pop. 1830, who manufacture linen and wool- 
 len cloths, and wooden wares. Bissingex is also the name 
 vi several villages of WUrtemberg. the principal of which 
 is 19 miles S.E. of Stuttgart, with 1720 inhabitants. 
 
 BIS'SOLEE'or BISULI, bis'soo-lee', (anc. Visavili.) a town 
 of British India, in the Punjab, on the Ravee, 95 miles N.E. 
 of Lahore. It has a lai'ge bazaar, and a vast palace, re- 
 garded by Vigne as the finest of its kind in the East, and 
 resembling a European feudal mansion. 
 
 BISSOLEE or BISULI, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, 31 miles W. of Bareily. 
 
 BISSUNPOOR, bis'slin-poor', (anc. VUhnapura,) an an- 
 cient town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 77 miles 
 W.N.W. of Calcutta, on the route to Benares. 
 
 BISTAGNO, bis-tan'yo, a town of Piedmont, 21 miles 
 S.S.W. of Alexandria. Pop. 2000. 
 
 BISTAM, bis-tdm', or BOSTAM, bos-tJm', a town of 
 Persia, province of Khorassan, 40 miles S.E. of Astnibad. 
 
 BISTINEAU Oiis'tin'o',) a lake, situated near the N.W. 
 extremity of Ix)uisiana, forms the boundary between Bossier 
 and Bienville parishes, and extends N.and S. about 30 miles, 
 228 
 
 following the bendings. with a mean breadth of about 2 
 miles. The Dauchite River enters the Lake at the X. extre- 
 mity, and a short outlet connnects it with Red Kiver ou 
 the S. Steamboats navigate? its whole extent. 
 
 BISTINEAU or BISTENEAU, a post-office of Bossier par 
 rish, Ix)uisiana. 
 
 BISTRAU, bees'trCw, a town of Bohemia, capital of tho 
 lordship of the same name, in a deep valley, 39 miles W. by 
 S. of Olmutz. Pop. 1926. 
 
 BISTRITZ, bis'trits, a river of Transylvania, rises in the 
 Bistiitz Mountains, and joins the Szamos after a AV. cour.se 
 of about 50 miles. 
 
 BISTRITZ, a river which rises at the E. extremity of Hxm 
 gary, flows S.E. through Bukowiiia and Moldavia, joins the 
 Sereth near Bakoo, after a course of about 110 miles, and is 
 named the "Golden Bistritz," from its auriferous sands. 
 
 BISTRITZ, two rivers of Galicia, tributaries to the 
 Dneister. 
 
 BISTRITZ, a fortified town of Transylvania, in Saxon- 
 land, on the Bistritz River, 50 miles N.E. of Klausenburg. 
 Pop. 6500. It has several churches, a gymnasium, grammar 
 schools, and a considerable trade in cattle. 
 
 BISTRITZ, a town of Moldavia, on the •• Golden"' Bistritz, 
 60 miles AV.S.W. of .lassy. Also several villages in Moravia, 
 Bohemia, and lUyria. 
 
 BISULI, two towns o'f India. See Bissolee. 
 
 BISUTOON, or BISUTUN, bis-so-toon'. (anc. BaglmUm, 
 " the place of gardens,") a ruined town of Persia, province of 
 Irak-.\jemee 21 miles E. of Kermanshah. Here are some 
 remains of Sassanian buildings, Greek inscriptions, and 
 traces of works ascribed to Somiramis. 
 
 BISWAII. bis'wd, a small town of British India, Oude ter- 
 titory, 43 miles X. of Lucknow. 
 
 BITBURG, bit/li65RG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles 
 N.AV. of Treves. Pop. 2040. It is supposed to be the an- 
 cient Bcrdce Viciis, and near it many Roman antiquities 
 have been discovered. 
 
 BITCH K, beetch, a town and fortress of France, depart- 
 ment of Moselle, in a pass of the Vosges, 16 miles E.S.E. of 
 Sarreguemines. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 3797. The fort, 
 on an isolated rock in the middle of the town, is well sup- 
 plied with water, defended by SO cannons, and is regarded 
 as next to impregnable. The town, near a lake, has manu- 
 factures of paper and porcelain, and near it are large glass- 
 works. 
 
 BITCH'FIELD. a parish of Encland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BITETTO, lie-t^t/to, a town of Naples, 10 miles S. of Bari. 
 It is the seat of a bishop, has several convents, and a cathe- 
 dral. Pop. 4004. 
 
 BITIOOG, BITIOUG, or BITIUG, be-teoog', a river of 
 Russia, which rises in the S. of the government of Tambov, 
 and after a S. cour.se of above 130 miles, joins the Don on 
 the left about 15 miles above Pavlovsk. 
 
 BITLIS, bitMees', or bit" liss^, BETLIS, bet-lees', written also 
 BIDDISand BEDLIS, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and 
 62 miles AV. of A'an, on the AV. side of Lake A'an, and 5156 
 feet above the sea level. The population consists of 2000 
 Mohammedan and 1000 Armenian families. It is irregu- 
 larly built in a wide ravine surrounded by limestone hills, 
 nearly 2000 feet above the valley, and its stone-built houses 
 give it the appearance of a European town. It contains 3 
 mosques, atout 12 convents, some baths and caravanserais, 
 and an old castle, supposed to date from the fourth century. 
 It has manufactures of cotton cloths, celebrated for their 
 bright red dye; al.so fire-arms and silver articles, and it ex- 
 ports tobacco of superior quality to Erzroom and Constan- 
 tinople. Near it the army of Solyman the Magnificent was 
 signally defeated liy the Persian.s, a. d. 1554. 
 
 BITOXTO, be-ton'to, (anc. BitunHum.) a town of Naples, 
 10 miles AA'.S.AV. of Bari. Pop. 22,126. It is handsomely 
 built and thriving, and has a fine cathedral. Excellent 
 wine is riiised in it^ vicinity. 
 
 BITRITTO, be-trifto, a town of Naples, 6i miles W.S.AY. 
 of Bari. Pop. 2300. It has commerce in wine. 
 BITSCHAA'ILLER, bitch'ftirier. (Fr. pron. beetchHeeriaiR'.) 
 a town of France, dep.artmentof IIaut-Rhin,18 miles X.N.li 
 of Belfort. on the Thuren. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2948. 
 It has extensive iron foundries, manufactures of machinery, 
 and cotton si)inning. 
 
 BIT'TADOX, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Devon. 
 
 BITTER FELD, bit/ter-f Jlt\ a walled town of PrussLan 
 Saxony, on the left bank of the Mulde, 18 miles N.E. of 
 Halle. Pop. 3959. It has manufactures of woollen cloth 
 and earthenware, and was founded by a colony of Flemings 
 in the twelfth century. 
 
 BITESCH, GROSS. See Gross Bitesch. 
 
 BITTESCH, KLEIN, kline bee'tfsh, village of Moravia, 
 10 miles N.AV. of B.tlnn. 
 
 BITTERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BITTESAVELL. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BITTI, biftee, a village of the Island of Sardinia, division 
 of Sassari, 58 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2C86. 
 
 BITTON. a parish of England, co. of Glouwistcr 
 
 BITTOOil', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 province of Allahabad, on the Ganges, 9 miles N.AA' c* 
 
BIT 
 
 BLA 
 
 Cawnpcor. to -which place the British civil station was re- 
 hioveil In 1820. 
 
 lUTUKIGES. See Bocrges. 
 
 BIVKRl, be-vA'ree, BTVIKRE, be-Te-A'rA, or LENTINT, 
 len-tce'nee. a lake of Sicily, 17 miles W.X.W. of Agosta. In 
 winter it is aiiout 19 miles in circuit, but much of it is in 
 summer a mere marsh. Its proprietor, the Prince of Butera, 
 derives consideralOe revenue by farminp out its fisheries of 
 eels, muilets, A-c, iii which from 60 to tO boats are usually 
 enpaired. 
 
 BIVIO. SeeSTALtA. 
 
 BIvaxOSVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BIVON.A, be-vo'nj. (anc. Hippolnium and Vifho,) a town 
 of Sicily. 21 miles N.N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 2382. 
 
 BIX, biks, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BIX'LKY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BIYSK. See Busk. 
 
 BIZK, beez. n village of France, department of Aude, 11 
 miles N.W. of Narbonne. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 1135. 
 
 BIZK-NISTOS. bei'//nees'tos', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilautes-Pvrenees. Pop. of commune, 3419. 
 
 BIZEUTA, be-zJa/td. or BENZERTA, b6n-z6R'tl (.inc. 
 Hip'pri ZarHtus or ZaHytux) the most northern t«wn of Africa, 
 and a fortified seaport of Tunis, at the head of a gulf of the 
 Mediterranean, and at the mouth of a lagoon, 38 miles N.W. 
 of Tunis. Pop. 10,000. It is about 1 mile in circumference, 
 and defended by two castles, but comniiinded by adjacent 
 heights. Though its port now admits only small vessels, it 
 was f irmerly one of the best in the Mediterranean. 
 
 BJ. Names of places in Russia, &c., beginning with these 
 letters, are referred to Bi. 
 
 BJi )RKO, (Bjcirko,) byoR/ko, an island of Sweden in Lake 
 Ma?lar, alxjut 13 miles from Stockholm. It is supposed that 
 here stood the famed and great city Bjcirko, and ruins 
 of walls, gates, Ac. seem to confirm the accuracy of the sup- 
 position. 
 
 BLA'BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BLACK, a township in Perry co.. Indiana. 
 
 BLACK AND WHITES, a post-offlce of Nottaway co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 BLACK/ANTON, a pari.sh of England, co.. of Devon. 
 
 BLACK BAYOU, (bi'oo,) a small stream of Terre Bonne 
 parish, Louisiana, communicates through Atchafalaya Bayou 
 with the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable by small steamers 
 rom the gulf to Tigerville. 
 
 BLACK/BERRY, a post-township In Kane co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1080. 
 
 BLACK'BIRD, a post-ofBce of Newcastle co., Delaware. 
 
 BLACK'BOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BLACK BROOK, a post-town.ship of Clinton co., New 
 York, 20 miles S.W. of Plattsburg, is intersected by the Sa- 
 ranac River. Pop. 3-lo2. 
 
 BLACK'BURN. a parliamentiry borough, parish, and 
 market-town of England, co. of LaneasttT, 22 miles N.N.W. 
 of .Manchester. Pop. of the borough, in ISfil, 63,125. It 
 stands in a barren district, and is irregularly built. The 
 church was rebuilt in a magnificent style in 1819, at a cost 
 of 26,000?., and in the pai-ish are 22 perpetual curacies. 
 Here are numerous dissenting chapels, a grammar school 
 founded in the reign of Elizabeth, having an annuiil reve- 
 nue of about 120/., numerous other schools, in which up- 
 wards of 5000 children are educated, an Independents' theo- 
 logical academy, a cloth-hall, theatre, lying-in-hospital, horti- 
 cultural society, assembly-rooms, and several banks. Black- 
 burn is the seat of flourishing manufactures of cotton goods, 
 (especially of the coarser kinds of calicoes and muslins,) of 
 which from 50,000 to 60,000 pieces are manufactured weekly 
 In the town and vicinity, employing about 10,500 persons. 
 The annual value of goods produced is estimated at above 
 2,00O.000J. The abundance of coal iu the vicinity, and the 
 proximity of the London and Liverpool Canal, have greatly 
 contributed to its commercial importance, and it communi- 
 cates by railway with Bolton, Bury, Manchester, ke. Since 
 the reform act it has sent two members to the House of 
 Commons. James Ilargreaves, the inventor of the spin- 
 ning-jennv. was a native of Blackburn. 
 
 BLACK'BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BLACK CREKK, a small stream of Alleghany co., New 
 York, flows north-eastward, and enters the Genesee River 4 
 or 5 miles N. by W. of Angelica. The Genesee Valley Canal 
 follo%vs the course of this creek for about 10 miles. 
 
 BLACK CREEK of John.son co.. North Carolina, flows into 
 the Neuse a few miles below Smithfield. 
 
 BLACK CREEK of Mississippi, rises in Marion CO., and 
 flowing S.E. enters the Pascagoula River near the centre of 
 Jackson county. 
 
 BLACK CREEK of South Carolina, flows south-eastward 
 through Darlington district, and enters the Great Pedee at 
 the S. extremity of Marlborough district. 
 
 BLACK CREEK, a post-village of Alleghany co., New 
 York, 275 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 BL \CK CHEEK, a post-township of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 Fjlvania. Pop. 497. 
 
 BLACK CREEK, a postK)pce, Wayne co., North Carolina. 
 
 BLACK CREEK, a post-offlce of Scrlven co.. Geordn- 
 
 BL.A.CK CREEK, a township in Mercer co., Ohio. Pop 913 
 
 BLACK CREEK, a post-office of Holmes co., Ohio. 
 
 BLACK CREEK, a post-office of Sullivan co., Indiana. 
 
 BLACK CHEEK, a post-otfice of Marquette co., ^Viscon- 
 sin. 
 
 BLACK EARTH, a post-village of Dane co.. Wisconsin, 
 about 15 miles W. from Madison; contains a good flouring- 
 mill. 
 
 BL.\CK FACE, a post-office, of Nottowav co., Virginia. 
 
 BLACK FERRY, a post-offlce of Randolph co.. Arkansas. 
 
 BLACK'FEET INDIANS, (Fr. Fieds Nnirs. pe-.V nwaR,' a 
 powerful and warlike tribe in the N. and W. portions of 
 Missouri Territory. 
 
 BL.\CK'FISH, a small river of Arkansas, flows through 
 Crittenden county, into St. Francis River. 
 
 BLACK'FORD, a parish of England co. of Somerset. 
 
 BLACK'FORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 BLACK'FORD, a county in the B.N.E. part of Indiana, 
 contains 180 square miles. It is drained by the Salamonie 
 River. The surface is partly level and partly undulating, 
 and the soil productive. The Salamonie River is a fine mill- 
 stream. Blackford was organized in 1837. Capital, Hart- 
 ford. Pop. 4122. 
 
 BLACKFORD, a post-offlce of Hancock co., Kentucky 
 
 BLACKFORD. Indiana. See Hartford. 
 
 BLACK FOREST, (Ger. Sclnvarzwald, fhyiMsf^M.) a 
 mountainous region of South-western Germany, in the 
 grand duchy of Baden and the W. of WUrtemborg, between 
 lat. 47° 30' and 49° 30' N., and Ion. 7° 40' and 9° E., separat- 
 ing the basins of the Rhine and Neckar. It is remarkable 
 for its extensive forests, and its mines of silver, copper, 
 zinc, lead, and iron ; in many places it is 3700 feet above the 
 sea, and the Feldberg, 4ri75 feet in elevation, is the loftiest 
 mountain in Western Germany. The Danube, Neckar, 
 Kinzlg. Murg, Eltz, Ac, rise in this region, the inhaViitjints 
 of which are mainly engaged in rearing live stock, trading 
 In timber, manufacturing wooden clocks, toys, and woollfn 
 febrics. ScriWARZWALi) (Black Forest) is one of the four circles 
 of the kingdom of Wiirtemburg. It was included in the Hi-r- 
 o/nHa St/Ova of the ancient Romans. The mountains of the 
 Schwarzwald were sometimes called Herci/n'ii MnnUfs. 
 
 BLACK FORK, of Richland co., Ohio, flows into the Mo- 
 hiccan River. 
 
 BL.VCK HALL, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a new county in the N.E. central part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 576 s<iuare miles. It is intersected 
 by the Cedar River, which flows in a S.E. direction, dividing 
 it into nearly equal parts. The prairies of this county are 
 estimated to be more extensive than the timbered land. 
 Capital, Waterloo. Pop. 8244. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a small post-village of Beaver co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BLACK H.\W^K, a post^village of Carroll co., Mississippi, 
 80 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a village of Clark cc, Missouri, on the 
 right bank of the Des Moines River. 
 
 BLACK H.\.WK, a post-offlce of Fond du Lac co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 BLACK HAWK CREEK, Iowa, enters the Red Ced.ar 
 River in Black Hawk co. 
 
 BLACK HAWK POINT, a post-offlce of Concordia co., 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BLACK HEAD, a cape in England, co. of Cornwall, E. of 
 Lizard Point ; lat. 50° N., Ion. 6° 7' Vf. 
 
 BLACK HEAD, a cape of Ireland, in Ulster, co.. of An- 
 trim, N. of the entrance of Belfast Lough; lat. 64°46'N., 
 Ion. 5° 42' W. 
 
 BLACK HEAD, a cape of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare, 
 S. side of Galway Bay ; lat. 53° 9' N., Ion. 9° 16' W. 
 
 BLACK H EAD, a cape of Scotland, co. of Wigtown, 6 miles 
 W.S.W. of Stranraer. 
 
 BLACK'HEATH, an open common in England, co. of 
 Kent, 5 miles S.E. of London, and mostly in the parish of 
 Greenwich, and adjoining its park. It is bordered by nu- 
 merous handsome villas and rows of houses; and on it are 
 two Episcopal chapels, and Morden College; the last named 
 founded for decayed merchants by Sir J. Morden, baronet, 
 in 1695, has an annual revenue of about 5000?., and sup- 
 ports a chaplain and 30 brethren above 50 years of ago. 
 Blackheath is crossed by the Roman WatUng Street; on it 
 various sepulchres and other remains of the middle ages 
 have been discovered ; and it was the scene of several in- 
 surrectionary movements, including those of Wat Tyler and 
 Cade. It is now a favorite place of holiday resort for the 
 inh.abitants of the metropolis, and fairs are held there. May 
 12 and October 11. 
 
 BLACK'HEATH, a large, elevated tract of heath land in 
 England, co. of Surrey, from Z to t> miles S.E. of Guildford. 
 
 BLACK HETH, a post-office of Chesterfield co., ■\'irginia. 
 
 BLACK HILL, a post-offlce of Kaufman co., Texas. 
 
 BLACK HILLS, the name of a mountain range in Mis- 
 souri Territory: commencing near the Missouri River, in 
 about 47° N. lat., and 103° W. Ion., it extends nearly along 
 this meridian to about 43° N. lat., and then suddenly 
 
 22» 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 chnoges its diroction, running nearly due W. till it is lost 
 litw ug the spurs of tin> Rocky Mountains. It divides the 
 txlbutaries of the Yellow Stone from those of the Missoui'i 
 on the K., and from those of the Platte River on the S. 
 Laramie Peak, the highest known summit of this range, 
 has in f>levati(7n of about 8000 feet above the sea. Recent 
 explorations have shown that the portion running N. and 
 S. is much nearer to the Missouri River than was formerly 
 supposed ; in consequence of which, several affluents of that 
 river are considerably shorter than they are usually repre- 
 sented on the maps. 
 
 BLACK HOLE. ?^ Calcutta. 
 
 BLACK HOLK, post ffice. Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BLACK HORSE, a po^t-office of Chester CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BLACK JACK, a post-office of De Soto parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BLACK JACK, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas. 
 
 BLACK JACK, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BLACK JACK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Illinois. 
 
 BLACK JACK GROVE, a village of Hopkins co., Texas. 
 
 BLACK JACK VALLEY, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 BLACK LAKE, a post-office, St. Lawrence co., New York. 
 
 BLACK LAKE, of Katchitoches pari.sh, Louisiana, is 
 formed by a bayou of its own name, and discharges its wa- 
 ters through Saline Bayou. 
 
 BLACK LAKE BAYOU, of Louisiana, rises in Claibourne 
 parish, enters Black Lake, in Natchitoches p;irish. 
 
 BLACK L.'VND,apost-officeof Tishemingo co., Mississippi. 
 
 BLACK'LEY or BLAKE'IA', a chapelry of England, co. 
 of Lancaster, 4 miles N. of Manchester. Some of the largest 
 dye-works in England are established here. 
 
 BLACK'LEYVILLE or BLACKLEYSVILLE, a post-vil- 
 lage in Wayne co., Ohio, about 8 miles S.AV. of Wooster. 
 
 BLACK LICK, a post-township of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 12 miles S. by VV. from Indiana. Pop. 22o9. 
 
 BLACK LICK, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 BLACK LICK CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Cone- 
 maugh. in Indiana co. 
 
 BLACK LOG MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, extends from 
 the Juniata River south-westward, along the S.E. boundary 
 of Mifflin county, separating it from Juniata county. 
 
 BLACK'LEYSVILLE. See Blackletville. 
 
 BLACKLOW-IIILL, England, is li miles N. of Warwick. 
 A stone cross here marks the spot where Piers Gaveston, the 
 favorite of Edward II.. was beheaded by the barons in 1312. 
 
 BLACK'MARSTONE, parish of England. See Dymchurch. 
 
 BLACK MINGO, a post-office of Williamsburgh district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BLACK'MORE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BLACK MOUNTAIN, of North Carolina, is a semi-circular 
 mass of land about 20 miles in length, and approaching in a 
 part of its course to within 3 miles of Blue Ridge Mountains, 
 with which it is connected by an outlying ridge. It contains 
 Cllngman's and Mitchell's Peaks, the former, as measured by 
 Hon. T. L. Clingman in Sept. 1S55, in honor of whom it is 
 named, 6941, and the latter G732 feet in height, being the 
 most elevated land E. of the Slississippi. Black Mountain 
 derives its name from the dark green foliage of the forests 
 of the balsam tir-tree which line its top and sides. 
 
 BLACK MOUNTAIN, a post-office of McDowell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BLACK'NESS, a village of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on 
 theFrithof Forth,14milesW.N.V\.of Ertinburch. A castle 
 here, gaiTisoned by a small force, was anciently the Roman 
 fort at the E. extremity of the wall of Antoninus. 
 
 BLACK OAK, a post-office of Charleston district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BLACK OAK, a post-office of Wavne co., Illinois. 
 
 BLACK OAK GROVE, a post-office of Hardeman co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 BLACK OAK POINT, a post-office. Hickory co., Missouri. 
 
 BLACK'POOL, a village of England, co. of Lancaster, on 
 the coast, 4 miles S.W. of Poulton. Pop. in 18f)l, 2180. It 
 is a sea-bjithing station, and communicates by a branch with 
 the Preston and Wyre Railway. The number of visitors at 
 one time, during the bathing season, varies from 2000 to COOO. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, a river of Jamaica, after a very tortuous 
 southward cour.se of 33 miles, enters Black-river Bay, in the 
 Caribbean Sea. At its mouth is Black-river village, for 25 
 miles above which it is navigable for b-^ats. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, a small river of Ireland, tributary to 
 the Suir. 
 
 BL.ACK RIVER, of Windsor co., Vermont, falls into the 
 Connecticut River, a little below Springfield. 
 _ BLACK RIVER, of Orleans CO., in the N. part of Vermont, 
 lalls into Meniphremagog Lake. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, of New York, rises in Herkimer co., 
 and flows north-westward through Oneida and Lewis coun- 
 ties to the Great Bend. Below this it pursues a westerly 
 course, and, passing by Watertown, flows through Black 
 River Bay into Lake Ontario. The whole length is about 
 125 miles, and the breadth at Watertown (6 miles from its 
 mouth) is 60 yards. There is a fall of 63 feet near Turin, 
 Lewis county, below which the river is navigable about 40 
 miles to Carthage. From the latter place to Watertown the 
 230 
 
 navigation is obstructed by extensive rapids. A ciinal has 
 .been opened from the Upper Palls to the Erie Canal at 
 Rome. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, of New Jersey. See Lamington RrvEK. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, of South Carolina, rises near the N.W. 
 border of Sumpter district, and flowing in a south-easterly 
 course, falls into the Pedee Rivei', near its mouth, and a few 
 miles above Georgetown. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, of Louisiana. See Washita. 
 
 BLACK RIVER or BIG BLACK RIVER, of Mi.ssouri and 
 Arkansas, the largest affluent of White River, rises in the 
 S.E. part of the former State, and, flowing in a general 
 southerly course, enters the White River about 40 miles be- 
 low Batesville, in Arkansas. It is navigable by steamboats 
 during 9 months of the year, for about 100 miles from its 
 mouth. Its whole length is, perhaps, 400 miles. It abounds 
 with trout and other excellent iish. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, formed by two branches which rise in 
 the N.part. of A.shlandco.,Ohio, flows in a general northerly 
 direction, and, after traversing Lorain county, empties itself 
 into Lake Erie. 
 
 BLACK RIVER or NORTH BLACK RIVER, of Michi- 
 gan, a small stream which rises in the W. part of the State, 
 and enters Lake Michigan, on the line between Allegan and 
 Ottawa counties. 
 
 BLACK RIVER or DELUDE, of Michigan, rises in Sani- 
 lac county, and, flowing nearly sov\thward, enters St. Clair 
 River at Port Huron, 2 miles S. from Lake Huron. The 
 whole length is, perhaps, 80 miles. Small vessels can a.scend 
 20 miles from its mouth. 
 
 BLACK RIVER or SOUTH BLACK RIVER, of Michi- 
 gan, a small stream which enters Lake Michigan at South 
 Haven, in Van Buren county. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, of Missouri, ri.ses in Johnson county, 
 and, flowing north-eastward, falls into Lamine River, in 
 Cooper county, about 20 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Branclw.s. — The Clear Fork enters the river from the right, 
 in Johnson county. Dan's Fork flows into it from the left, 
 in Saline county. The Salt Fork flows through Saline 
 county, and enters the river from the left. These are more 
 properly affluents than branches. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Marathon county, 
 in the N. central part of the state, and flows in a south- 
 westerly course through La Crosse county into the Mis.sis- 
 sippi. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and maintains 
 that width for about 50 miles to the falls, which are at the 
 head of navigation for small boats. The Indian name is 
 Sappah. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, of Mis.souri Territory, fells into the N. 
 fork of Platte River, about 150 miles below Fort Laramie. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, a po.st-office of Jefferson co.. New Y'ork, 
 
 BLACK RIVER, a township in Independence co., Arkan- 
 sas. Pop. 742. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, a township in Lawrence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 663. 
 
 BLACK RIVER, a post-village and township in Loniin co., 
 Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Black River, 124 miles 
 N.N.E. from Columbus, and 8 miles N. from Elyria. Pop. 
 787. The village is the principal port of the county, having 
 a beacon and several warehouses. 
 
 BLACK RIVER CHAPEL, a post-office of New Hanover 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 BLACK RIVER FALLS, a post-office of La Crosse co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 BLACKROCK', a town of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 4 
 miles S.E. of Dublin, on the Dublin and Kingston Railway, 
 and on the S. shore of Dublin Bay. Pop. 2372. It is a 
 place of summer resort for bathing. 
 
 BLACKROCK, a village of Ireland, co. of Louth, at the 
 head of a small bay, about 2J miles S.E. of Dundalk. Pop. 507. 
 
 BLACKROCK, a vilKige of Ireland, in Munster, co.. and 
 3 miles E. of Cork, on the estuary of the Lee. Pop. 300. It 
 comprises many handsome villas, among which is Castle- 
 Mahon, the residence of Lady Chatterton ; a nunnery. Black- 
 rock Castle, and many other antique edifices. 
 
 BLACK ROCK, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 BLACK HOCK HARUOIi. See Fairiielt). 
 
 BLACK ROCK, a post-town of Erie co.. New York, at the 
 commencement of Niagara River, aliout 2 miles below Buf 
 falo. It now constitutes a part of Buffalo, with which it 
 has recently been incorporated. It has 5 or 6 stores, and 3 
 churches, viz : 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. 
 It possesses abundant water-power, furnished by the N iagara 
 River : there are numerous flour-mills, and other establisli- 
 ments. 
 
 BLACK ROCK, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryl.ind. 
 
 BLACK ROCK, a post-office of Rappahannock co., Vir 
 ginia. 
 
 BLACK'ROD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancasti^r, pa- 
 rish of Bolton, near the Wigan and Preston Railway, 4| 
 miles S.E. of Chnrley. Pop. 2615. 
 
 BLACK'S BLUFF, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama, 
 
 BLACKSBURG, a post-village of Montgomery co., Vi^ 
 ginia, about 200 miles W. by S. from Richmond. Pop 
 250. 
 
BLA 
 
 BLACK* or KTJXIXE (uk'sin) SKA, (Fr. Mer-Xmre, malR ' 
 nw3n; anc. Ptm'tus EuxVnux; Turk. Kara Drtigis, kJ'ri 
 deng'is.) a jri-eat inland sea between Kurope and Asia, be- 
 tween lat. 40° 45' and 46° 45' N., and Ion. 27° .30' and 41° 50' 
 E. Extreme length, 700 miles; greatest breadth, 3So miles. 
 It is surrounded by the countries of Russia, Armenia, and 
 Asiatic and Kuropcaii Turkey, and communicates by the 
 Strait of renikale with the .Sea of Azof on the N.E., and by 
 the Biwpborus, with the Sea of Marmora in the S.W. The 
 shores of the Euxine are bold and high on theN.E., E., and 
 S.W., but flat on the N. and N.W.; its depth varies from 4 
 to 48 fathoms near its shores, but in the middle no sound- 
 ings have been obtiiined at 160 fathoms. The water con- 
 tains one-seventh less salt than the ocean, and is so fresh 
 that it freezes very ea.sily. It has numerous small ports; 
 but the only gulf of inipurtance is that of Kerkinit. between 
 the Crimea and the continent of Russia. There are several 
 Islands near the mouth of the Danube, but few rocks or 
 nhoal.s— the largest of these, Serpent Island, is furnished 
 with a light-house. The chief affluents of the Euxine are 
 the Danube, Dniester, Bug, Dnieper, the Don, (by the Sea of 
 Azof and the Strait of Yenikale.) and the Kooban in Kurope; 
 and the Kizil-Irmak and Sakareeyah in Asia. It is calcu- 
 lated that the Ulack Sea receives one-third of the running 
 waters of Europe, and in consequence of this immense in- 
 flux, it is believed that a current flows constantly to the 
 Mediterranean: but recent investigation shows that this, as 
 well as the opinion that the Sea of >Iarmora is lower than 
 the Euxine. is founded in error. {Ilonuu. de Hdl. Bulletin 
 Soc. de Geog., 1848.) The Black Sea has no tide; it is liable 
 to frequent storms, such as are generally met with in great 
 lakes and inclosed se.as; but its navigation is so fcir from 
 being dangerous, as formerly represented, that probably no 
 sea of eiiual extent is more sjife. It is traversed regularly 
 by steam-packets between Constantinople and the mouths 
 of the Danube, and between the principal ports of Russia. 
 The Black Sea extended at a remote period much farther B. 
 and N. than it does now, occiipying the whole of the vast 
 plains and steppes that surround the Caspian and the Sea 
 of Aral, in Tartary, neither of which had then a separate 
 existence, being included in this greiit Inland se.i. The 
 amount of evaporation which takes place in the Black Sea 
 must be very gre.at, as the discharge by the Bosphorus Is 
 wholly insufficient to account for the disposal of the Im- 
 mense quantities of water passed into it by its rivers. Ilovr 
 It should retain its saltness. notwithstanding this large and 
 constant accession of fresh water, has not yet been satis- 
 &ctorilv explained. 
 
 BL.iCK'SHIRK'S, a post-ofRce of Marion co., Virginia. 
 
 B[j.4CK'S0U B.VY, an extensive inlet on the coast of Ire- 
 land, CO. of Mavo. Lat. of entrance, 54° 5' N-, Ion. 10° W. 
 
 BLACK S l> id N'G, a post-village of Baldwin co., Georgia, 
 about l.'>8 miles N.\V.*of .Savannah. 
 
 BLACK'STAIRS, a mountain range of Ireland, forming 
 part of the boundary between the counties of Carlow and 
 Wexford. Mount Leinster, 2610 feet, is the highest peak. 
 
 BLACK'STOCKS, a postKifflce of Chester district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BL.A.CK'STONE. a post-township of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Bl.acUstone River, and on the Providence 
 and Worcester Railroad, at the S. terminus of the Norfolk 
 County Railroad. 35 miles S.W. of Boston. It has a bank, 
 and the Blackstons Manufacturing Company, who produce 
 10.000.000 vards of printed cloths annually. Pop. 5453. 
 
 BLACK'STOXE-EDGK.a range of high hills, mostly moor- 
 land, forming part of '-the Backbone of England," in the 
 counties of York and Lancaster. 6 miles E.X.K. of Roch- 
 dale. A stone, dividing the counties of York and Lancaster, 
 stands on the summit of these bills. 
 
 BLACK'STONK RIVER, in Massivchusetts. rises In Wor- 
 cester CO., and running in a S.E. course, meets the tide- 
 waters in Providence River. The Bl.ackstone Canal follows 
 this river from Worcester to within about 8 miles of its 
 mouth. It affords valuable water-power. 
 
 BLACKS'VILLK, a post-village of Monongalia CO., W. Vir- 
 ginia, 20 miles N.W. of .Morgantown. The line Ijetween Vir- 
 ginia and Pennsylvania passes through the village. It has 
 a few stores. 
 
 BLACK SWAMP, a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio. 
 
 BLACKTAIL, a large shoal off the Engli.sh coast, co. of 
 Eisex, in the estuary of the Thames, below Canvey Island. 
 A beacon has been placed on It. 
 
 * The name Black Sea is said to have been given by the Turks, 
 who, being accustomed only to the navigation of tlie Archipelago, 
 where the numerouj islands and tlieir convenient ports offered 
 many places of refuge in ease of danger, found the traversing 
 such an open expanse of water very perilous, and accordingly 
 expressed their fears by the epithet "black" (kara.) Partly on 
 the same account, and partly because the shores of this sea were 
 occupied by barbarous nations *b.e ancient Greeks first called it 
 •gjiios, (ajcenoa,) i.e. "inhosf.icable ;" but afterwards, when they 
 h!id become be'^er a>quaiated with the art of navigation, and 
 had establishta numerous colonies on the shores, they changed 
 the bamt co tvjcwj or iviuvos, (tuxenoa or euxeinos,) i.e. "hos- 
 piublc." 
 
 BLA 
 
 BLACKTOFT, a parish of England, co. of York Ea^ 
 Riding, near the confluence of the Ouse and Trent 
 
 BL.iCK'VILLE, a small village of Greene co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BLACKVILLE. a small post-village of Barnwell distnrt. 
 South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 90 mxles 
 W.N.W. of Charleston. 
 
 BLACK'WALL'. a suburb of the English metropolis, co. 
 of Middlesex, at the confluence of the Lee and the Thames, 
 4 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's. Pop. with the parish, in IS.^il, 
 28,384. Here are the East and West India docks^and nu- 
 merous yards for shii)-building. A railway 3$ miles in 
 length, connects Blackwall with the city of London, and is 
 raised above the streets on a brick viaduct, the trains being 
 propelled by locomotive engines. By this route many pag- 
 sengors now proceed to embark in steamers at Blackwall In- 
 stead of London Bridge, and thus avoid the dangers ana 
 delay of the " Pool." 
 
 BLACK WAL'NUT, a post-village of Halifax co., Virginia. 
 138 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 BLACK WAR'RIOR RIVKR. in Alabama, ia formed by 
 the .Mulberry fork and IjOCU.st fork, which unit,j near the S 
 extremity of Walker county. The river then flows south- 
 westerly, and passing by Tuscaloosa and Eut.iw. falls into 
 the Tombigbee a little above Demopolis. It is navigable for 
 stoamboiits 150 miles from its mouth, whi<h Is nearly the 
 whole extent of the main stream. Large stea^llloats make 
 regular pa.ssage8 fi-om Mobile to Tuscaloosa, a distance of 305 
 miles. Stone coal, iron, and other valuable minerals are 
 found along its banks. This river is sometimes called Tus- 
 cjiloosa, wliich was the Indian name. 
 
 BLACK'WATER, a neat village of England, co. of Hants, 
 at its X.K.extremity, on the Blackwater River, 3 miles N.N.W. 
 of the Farnlxiro station of the South-western Railway. 
 
 BLACK'WATKR, a township of Ireland, co , and 5 miles 
 N.W. of .\rmagh. 
 
 BLACK'WATER, a township of Ireland, co. and 9 miles 
 N.K. of Wexford. 
 
 BLACK'WATKR. a river of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Cork, rises about 16 miles N.K. of Killarney. flows at first 
 southward but, afterwards E. to Cappm|uin, where it al> 
 ruptly turns again southward, and enters the sea at Youghal, 
 after a course estimated at 100 miles. The tide rises in it to 
 Cappoquin. to which town it Is navigable: and besides 
 which. Mallow, Fermoy, Lismore, and Youghal are on its 
 bank.s. The chief affluents are the Dundalo, A wbeg, Fun- 
 cheon. and Bride. 
 
 BLACK'WATKR, a river of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Ty- 
 rone and .\rmagh, falls into Lough-Neagh at its S.W. corner. 
 Caledon and Charlemont are the principal towns on its 
 banks, at which last it receives the Ulster Canal. BlacK- 
 w.\TER is the name of several smaller rivers in Ireland. 
 
 BLACK'W.4TKR, (anc. Iduman'vi,)H river of Knpland. co. 
 of Essex, rises near Saffron-walden, flows south-eastward, 
 after uniting with the Chelmer, fiills Into the arm of the 
 North Sea called Blackwater Bay. 
 
 BLACK'WATER, a river of England, co. of Dorset, rises 
 near Cranbrook, and Is tributary to the Stour. 
 
 BLACK'WATKR. a river of Kngland, co. of Il.ants. forms 
 part of the boundary between that county and Berks, and 
 joins the Loddon 5} miles S.W. of Wokingham. 
 
 BliACK WATKR, a post-offlce of Sussex Co.. Delaware. 
 
 BLACK AVATKR, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia. 
 
 BL.\CK W.\TER, a post-offlce of Kemper co.. !Mississippi. 
 
 BLACK W.\TKR. a post-office of Morgan CO.. Kentucky. 
 ■ BLACK'WATER CRKKK of Walker c*, Alabama, enters 
 the Mulberry fork of Black Warrior River. 
 
 BLACK'WATKR RIVER, in Merrimack co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, falls into the Contoocook Kiver about 8 miles N.W. of 
 Concord. 
 
 BLACK'WATER RIVER. In the S. part of Virginia, rise? 
 at the foot of the Blue Ridge, and flows eastward through 
 Franklin county into the Staunton River. 
 
 BLACK'^VAfKR RIVER, in the S.E. part of Virginia, rises 
 in Prince George co., and flowing in a general S.E. course, 
 falls into Nottow.ay River near the boundary between Vir- 
 ginia and North Carolina, after foi-ming the boundary be- 
 tween Southampton on the right, and Isle of Wight and 
 Nansemond counties on the left. 
 
 BLACK'WATKRTOWN, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Armagh, on the Blackwater River, here communicating 
 with the Ulster Canal, 2J miles S.S.W. of Moy. Pop. 369. 
 Here was a fort famous in the rebellion of O'Neil, in the six- 
 teenth century. 
 
 BLACK'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Derby. Seve- 
 ral townships in the counties of Durham and Cumberland 
 have this name. 
 
 BLACIv'WELL, a hamlet of England, co, of Worcester, 
 with a station on the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 2 
 miles N, of Bromsgrove, 
 
 BLACK'WELL, a post-offlce of Caswell co,. North Carolina. 
 
 BL.\CK'^VELL'S, a village of Somerset co.. New Jersey, 
 on Millstone River. (S\ miles S. of Somerville. 
 
 BLACK'WELL'S ISLAND, in the East River, opposite New 
 York, is theseat of the city penitentiary. 
 
 231 
 
BLA 
 
 BLACK WOLF, a post-village of Winnebago co., Wiscon- 
 «in, 73 miles X.N.E. of Madison. 
 
 BLAClv'WOOD RIV£R, iu Western Australia, cos. of 
 Durham and Nolson, flows successively W. and S., and 
 enters tiio Hardy Inlet 6 miles N.E. of Augusta, in lat, 34° 
 14' S., Ion. Ito" 12' E. It traverses a well wooded and good 
 grazing country, and is navigable for boats to 25 miles from 
 the sea. 
 
 BLACK/WOODTOWN, a thriving post-village of Camden 
 CO., New Jer.sey, on Big Timber Creek, 12 miles S.S.E.of Cam- 
 den. It has 2 or 3 churches, and several stores and mills. 
 
 BLA'BEN, bli'den, a village of Prussian Silesia, circle 
 of Oppeln. It has a castle, and 1071 inhabitants. 
 
 BLA'DEN, a county in the S.E. part of North Carolina, 
 has an area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Cape Fear Kiver, and bounded on the N.E. by South Kiver. 
 The surface is generally level, and is diversified by a num- 
 ber of small and beautiful lakes, which abound with trout 
 and other fish. Some of these lakes are 3 or 4 miles in dia- 
 meter. The soil of the county is sandy, and rests on exten- 
 sive beds of marl. Tar, turjientine, and other products are 
 procured from the pine forests. Cape Fear Kiver is naviga- 
 ble by steamboats through this county. Capital, Elizabeth. 
 The county was formed in 1734, and named in honor of 
 Martin Bladen, one of the lords commissioners of trade and 
 plantations. Pop. 11,995. 
 
 BL.-VDEN CREEK, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia. 
 
 BLA'DENSBURG, a post-village of Prince George co., M.a- 
 ryland, on the Eastern branch of the Potomac, and on the 
 Baltimore and Washington Kailroaii, 6 miles N.E. of Wash- 
 ington. Pop. aiwut 500. 
 
 BLA'DENSBURG, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, 43 
 miles in a direct line N.E. of Columbus. The land around 
 it is fertile and well cultivated. 
 
 BLA'DON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, IJ miles S. 
 of Woodstock. An almshouse foi; poor women here, was, in 
 1798, endowed by the Duchess of Marlborough with 30001. 
 consols. 
 
 BLADON'S LANDING, a village of Choctaw co., Alabama, 
 on theTombigbee River, 4 miles above Coffeeville. 
 
 BLADON'S SPRINGS, a post-village and fashionable wa- 
 tering place of Choctaw co., Alabama. 
 
 BLAEN-IIONDDAN, blln-hon'THan, a hamlet of South 
 Wales, CO. of Glamorgan, parish ofCadoxton, 3 miles N.N.W. 
 of Neath. Pop. 1150, partly employed in copper-mines. 
 
 BLAEN-PORTII, blin'portli', a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Ca.-digan. 
 
 BLAG'DON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BLAGNAC, bldn^ydk', a town of France, department of 
 Ilaute-Garonne, 2 miles N.N.W. of Toulouse. Pop. of com- 
 mune, 1538. 
 
 BLAIN, bl^x", a town of France, department of Loire-In- 
 lerieure, 20 miles N.N.W. of Nantes, on the Isac. Pop., with 
 commune, in 1852, G170. Here ax-e ruins of an ancient 
 castle, formerly a strong fortress. 
 
 BLAIN, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BLAINE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Kentucky. 
 
 BLAIN'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Granger co., 
 Tennessee, 202 miles from Nasliville. 
 
 BLAINS/VILLE, a post-village of Posey co., Indiana, on 
 the plank-road from Evansville to New Harmony, 13 miles 
 N.W. of Evansville. 
 
 BLAINVILLE, bl^NoVeel', the name of numerous com- 
 munes in France ; the principal in the denartment of 
 Manche, with a vilLige, 6 miles W.of Coutances. Pop. 1770. 
 
 BLAIR, a county in the S.S.W. central part of Pennsylva' 
 nia, has an area of (v'lO square miles. The Little Juniata rises 
 in the N. part, and the Frankstown branch of the Juniata 
 flows through the county in a north-easterly direction ; it is 
 also drained by Clover Creek. The surface is very moun- 
 tainous, the Alleghany Mountains forming the boundary 
 on the W., and Tussey's Mountain on the E. The interior 
 is also traveriksd by Dunning's and Brush Mountains. The 
 soil of the limestone valleys is very fertile and well culti- 
 vated, but nearly half of the county is too rugged and ste- 
 rile for tillage. The iron-mines of this county are rich, and 
 extensively worked ; bituminous co.al is found in the moun- 
 tain on tlie W. border. The Central Railroad passes through 
 the county. The Pennsylvania Canal and Portage Railroad 
 terminate at the county seat. Formed in 1S45-6, out of 
 parts of Bedford and Huntingdon, and named in honor of 
 John Blair, one of the early settlers in this region. Capital, 
 UolUdaysburg. Pop. 27,829. 
 
 BLAIR, a townsliip of Blair CO., Pennsylvania. Pop., in- 
 cluding lloUidaysburg, 3645. 
 
 BLAIR-ATH'OL, or ATH'OLL, a large parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Perth, and comprising all its N. part' with a village, 
 30 miles N.W. of Perth. Estimated area, 312 square miles. 
 Pop. 2231. In it are tlie mountains of Benygloe. (3725 feet,) 
 and Bendearg. (.3.i50 feet in elevation.) with the pass of Kil- 
 fiecrankie, Athol forest, and Blair-Athol Castle, the seat of 
 the Duke of Athol. 
 
 BL.MK-GOW'RIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, with 
 a village on the Ericht, 15 miles N.N.E. of Perth. Pop.3471, 
 employed in weaving and spinning yarn. 
 •2S2 
 
 BLA 
 
 BLAIR LOGIE, blair lo'gee, a small village of Scotland, 8 
 miles N.E. of Stirling, is much resorted to by invalids on 
 account of the salubrity of its climate. 
 
 BLAIRS^TOWN. formerly GRAVEL HILL; a post-village 
 and township of AVarren co.. New Jersey, on PaulinskTll 
 Creek, 85 miles N. by W. of Trenton. It contains 2 churches, 
 a classical academy, a large grist mill, and about 30 dwell- 
 ings. Pop. 1642. 
 
 BLAIRS/VILLE, a thriving post-borough of Indiana co., 
 PeuTisylvania, on Conemaugh liiver. and on the Pennsylva- 
 nia Canal, 75 miles by canal E. of Pittsburg, 171 miles W, 
 of Ilarrisburg. A brancli railroad connects it with the 
 Central Railroad, which is about 3 miles distant. It is a 
 place of active trade. The greater part of the grain, pork, 
 lumber, and coal which are exported from the count v are 
 shipped at this place. The river is crossed here by a liand 
 some bridge, with a single arch of 295 feet. Bl.airsvillo con- 
 tains 5 or 6 churches, 1 national bank, and a number of 
 substantial buildings of brick and stone. Pop. in 1850. 
 1135; in 1860,1009. 
 
 BLAIRS'VILLE, a posfcKjffice of York district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 BL.-VIRS'VILLE, a post-village, capital of Union co., Geor- 
 gia, 165 miles N. by W. from Milledgeville. It is surrounded 
 by the magnificent mountain scenery of the Blue Ridge, and 
 by a region which is remarkably rich in minerals. Among 
 these are gold, iron, and marble. The village contains a 
 court-house, 2 hotels, a scliool. and stores. 
 
 BL.4.IRS'VILLE, a small post-village in Posey co., Indi- 
 ana, 120 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, 
 
 BLAIRS'VILLE, a vill.age of Williamson co., Illinois, on 
 Big Muddy Kiver, 40 miles from its entrance into the Mis- 
 sissippi. It was laid out in 1847. 
 
 BLAIS/DON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BLAISOIS, bli'zwj/, a former division of France, in Or- 
 leanois, of which Blois was capital, now comprised in and 
 forming a great part of the department of Loire-et-Cher. 
 
 BLAISON, bl;l'sA><:', a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement and 10 miles S.E. of An- 
 gers, on the left bank of the Loire. Pop. of commune, 1142. 
 
 bLaKE/LY, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 25 
 miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre, is drained by Lackawanna River, 
 and contains large mines of anthracite coal. Pop'. 37;)1. 
 
 BLAIvE'LY, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina. 
 
 BLAKE'LY. a post-village, capital of Early co., Georgia, 
 170 miles S.W. of Milledgeville, contains a cliurdi, a 
 school, and several stores. It was made the county seat in 
 1820. 
 
 BLAKE^LY, a post-village, capitjil of Baldwin co., Ala- 
 bama, on the "Tensaw Kiver, at its entrance into Mobile Bay, 
 about 12 miles E. by N. of Mobile. It has a harbor accessi- 
 ble to steamboats, and contains a court-house and nume- 
 rous stores. ► 
 
 BLAIvE^MERE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BLAKE'MOKE (or WHITE HART) FOREST, in England, 
 CO. of Dorset, is a large tra.-t, comprising several hundreds 
 in the N. and W. parts of the county. 
 
 BLAKE'NEY, a seaport and parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk, 7 miles E. of Wells. Pop. in 1851, 1108. It has an 
 ancient church, and some fine remains of antiquity, com- 
 pleted .K. D. 1321. Its harbor affords good shelter : and about 
 54 vessels, averaging 60 tons each, belonged to the port iu 
 1833. 
 
 BL.^KE'NEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BLA'KENHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 BLAK'ENHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 BLAKESTJURG, a village of Putnam co., Indiana, 11 miles 
 N. of Greencastle, the county town. 
 
 BLAKESBURG, a postoffice of Wapello co., Iowa. 
 
 BLAKES'LEY, a parish of lOngland, co. of Northampton, 
 4 miles W.N .W. of Towcester. Blakesley Hall is said to have 
 been a possession of the knights of St. .John. 
 
 BLAliES'VILLE, a village of Harrison co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio River, alwut 20 miles S.S.E. of Corydon. 
 
 BLAMONT, bld'mAN"', a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe, 10 miles E. of Luneville, on the Vezoxize. Pop.'of 
 commune, in 1852, 2576. 
 
 BL.4M0NT, a town of France, department of Doubs, 9 
 miles S.S.E. of Montbfiliard. I'op. of commune, iu 18.52.718. 
 This small place was protected by an ancient fortress, wliich 
 was ruined in the wars of 1814. 
 
 BLANC, a postofflce of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 BLANCA, blin'ka, a town of Spain, 20 milec N.W. of 
 Murcia. 
 
 BL.\N'CHARD, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, 
 about 120 miles N. of Augusta, intersected by Piscataquis 
 River. Pop. 164. 
 
 BLAN'CHARD, a township in the N.W. part of Hancock 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1161. 
 
 BLAN'CH.^RD, a township in the N. part of Hardin co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 680. 
 
 BLAN'CHARD, a township in the E. part cf Putnara oo,, 
 Ohio. Pop. 1B93. 
 
BLA 
 
 BL AN'CHAKD'S BRIDGK, a small post-village in Hancock 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 I{L.\N'CIl.\RD'S FORK rises in the N.W. central part of 
 Ohio, and joins the Auglaize River in Putnam county. 
 
 BLANCill'>. bltNsh, a post-offlceof I*afayette CO., Missouri. 
 
 BLANCH li (blinch) FURNACK, a small village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BLAN'CIIE.STEU, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 15 
 miles S.S.W. of Wilmin-^ton. Pop. 553. 
 
 BLANCIIT/AND. a village and cbapelry of Kngland. co. 
 of Nrrthumberland, on the Derwent, 9 miles S.S.l-;. of Ile.x- 
 bam, with the rem.iins of an abbey founded in 1165. 
 
 BLANC, Le. leh blSN". a village of France, department of 
 Indre. on the Ci'euse. 32 miles W.S.W. of Chateauroux. It 
 was formerly fortified, and has wool-spinning works and 
 tanneries. Pop. in 1S52. 678S. 
 
 BLANC. MONT. See Moxt Bi.ano. 
 
 BLANCO, bUnglio, or BLANCA. bllng^kS, a Spanish 
 word signifying "white." and forming a part of various 
 names in different parts of the world. 
 
 BLANCO, CAPK. See Cape Blanco. 
 
 BLAN'DENSA'ILLK or BLAN'DKXSBURG, a post-village 
 of McDnnongh co., Illinois, 100 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 BLANU'FOIID FO'HUM, a municipal borough, market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the Stour, 
 here crossed by 3 bridges, and near the ford called by the 
 Romans Traj'-cflus BiUinien/sis, 17 miles N.E. of Dorchester. 
 Area of parish, 920 acres. Pop. 3343. The town, in the 
 midst of one of the finest tracts of sheep pasture in the king- 
 dom, is very ne.atly and regularly built, with a church in 
 the Grecian style. It has a handsome tawn-hall and neat 
 theatre, free-grammnr and blue-coat ^chools with small en- 
 dowments, almshouses, (revenue 120?.,) a charitable ba:iuest, 
 now yielding 300i!., and a manufacture of shirt-buttons. 
 It is the polling-place for the county. It gives the title of 
 Marquis to tlie Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 BLAND'FORD ST. MARY'S, a parish on the opposite side 
 of the Stour. communicating by bridge, and li miles S. of 
 Flandford Forum. 
 
 BLAND'VILLK, a post^village, and the capital-of B;illard 
 CO., Kentucky, on Mayfield Creek, about 7 miles from its 
 entrance into the Mississippi Riv«r. It has 2 churches and 
 several stores, i'op. 50U. 
 
 BL.A.N'KA, bll-ni/i, a town of Spain, province ot, and 20 
 miles N.W. of .Murcia. Pop. 2240. 
 
 BL.ANES, blil'-nJs. a seaport town of Spain, 22 miles S. 
 of Gerona, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 BLAN'F'JKD, a post-township of Hampden co., Mass.i- 
 chusetts, 15 miles W. by N. of Springfield, is intersected by 
 branches of Westtield River, and has excellent water-power. 
 Pop. 1256. 
 
 BLANGY, blSNO^zhee', a town of France, department of 
 the Seine-Inferieure, 13 miles N.E. of Neufchatel. Popi of 
 commune, in 1852, 1811. 
 
 BLANKENBBRGIIK, bl(ln'k?n-b5Bo\ a maritime town of 
 Belgium, province of W. B'landers, with a sm.ill fishing port 
 on the English Channel. 9 miles N.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1800. 
 
 BLANKEXBUlia, bian'kenbO«RQ\ a town of Germany, 
 duchy and 37 miles S.E. of Brunswick, formerly capital of 
 an independent principality. Pop. 3500. It is walled, and 
 has a ducal palace. It was the residence of " Monsieur," 
 afterwards Louis XVIII., from 1796 to 1798. 
 
 BL.\NKENHURG,a town of Germany, duchy of Sohwarx- 
 burg-Rudolstadt. on the Rhine, 13 miles S.S.W. of Sonders- 
 hausen. Pop. 1315. 
 
 BLANKENBUIIG, blin'ken-l)8«iu}\ a hamlet of Switzei^ 
 land, canton of Bern, 19 miles S.W. of Thun. 
 
 BLANKENESE, blin'-ken-.V-Sfh, a town of the Danish 
 dominions, duchy of Holstein.on the Elbe, 6 miles W. of Al- 
 tona. with a f^>rry to Cranz. in Hanover. Pop. 3000, mostly 
 seafaring people. In summer, it is a place of holiday resort 
 for the inhabitants of Hamburg and Altona. 
 
 BLANKEXHAYN, bldn'-ken-hine\ a town of Central 
 Germany, grand duchy and 9 miles S.S.E. of Weimer. Pop. 
 1600, employed in manufactures of ginghams and porcelain. 
 
 BLANKENSTEIN, bldn'-ken-stine\ a small town of Prus- 
 sian Westphalia. 24 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf. on the Ruhr. 
 
 BL.AN'KET HILL, a post-office of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BLANK'NEY (with LIN WOOD,) a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 BLANQUEFORT, bl5>fk'foR/. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Gironde. 6 miles N.W. of Bordeaux. I'op. of com- 
 mune, in 1S52, 2274. 
 
 BL.VNQUEKORT. a village of France, department of Lot- 
 ftrGaronne, 29 miles N.N.E. of Agen. Pop. of commune, in 
 lSo2, 1760. 
 
 BLANQUILLA, bian-keel'yd. an Island of the Caribbean 
 Sea, belonging to Venezuela, 74 miles N.N.E. of Tortuga, 
 and having on its W. coast the village of Agueda. 
 
 BLANTV RE. blJn-tire', a village and parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Lanark. 8 miles S.E. of Glasgow. Ilere are extensive 
 cotton-spinning and dye-works, and the ruins of a priory on 
 the Clyde. The village is lighted with gas. and has a 
 station on the Clydesdiile Junction Railroad. 
 
 BLE 
 
 BLANZAC, bWNo'zJk', a town of France, department of 
 Charente, 12 miles S.S.W. of AngoulSme. I'op. of commuue, 
 in 1852, 730. 
 
 BLANZY, blteo'zee', a village of France, department of 
 Siione-et-Loire, on the Canal-du^Centre, 18 miles SJi. of Au- 
 tun. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3789. 
 
 BLAR'NEY. a village of Ireland, Mun.ster co., and 4 rail>?8 
 N.W. of Cork, on a rivulet of same name. The beauty of its 
 surrounding scenery has been rendered famous in song. Iv 
 its castle, formerly the property of the Earls of Clancarty, 
 is reported to i>e a wonderful stone, the kissing of wliich 
 has been popularly believed to have tlie power of imparting 
 that peculiar style of eloquence termed " blarney." 
 
 BLASCON. See Brescou. 
 
 BLA.SENDORF, bU'zen-dORr,atown of Transylvania. See 
 Balasfalva. 
 
 BLASEWITZ, bia/zeh-ftits, a village of Saxony about 5 
 miles S.S.E. of Dresden, on the left bank of the Elbe, and 
 only deserving of notice because Schiller has named the ft*. 
 male sutler in the camp of Wallenstein. Gus-Mof Blafiwitz, 
 doubtless afler a person of the same name who ^in Schiller^ 
 time) sold cakes at the inn close to the ferry. Pop. 230. 
 
 BLASIENZELLE, bli'ze-vn-tsMleh, orBLASIEXCELLA, 
 bli/ze-gn-t^lsli, a town of Germany, Saxe-Coburg-tJotha, 20 
 miles S.S.W. of Gotha, with a powder-mill and manufacto- 
 ries of iron-wares. Pop. 1330*. 
 
 BLAS'liET ISLANDS, a group of rocky Islands on the 
 W. coast of Ireland, at the entrance of Dingle Bay, the larg 
 est of which is 2^ miles in length. One of the.se, the isle of 
 Tiraght, forms the westernmost land in Europe. 
 
 BLAS'TO.V, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BLATCII'INGTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of 
 Sussex. 
 
 BLATCU1NGT0N, WEST, a parish of England, co. of 
 Sussex. 
 
 BLATCH1NW0RTH, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 4}- miles N.E. of Rochdale, in the immediate 
 vicinity of the Manchester and Leeds Railway. Pop. in 
 1851, 3896, chiefly engaged in woollen manufactures. 
 
 BLATUERWYCKE, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BLATNA, \AiVnk, a town of Bohemia, on the Uslawa, 50 
 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1500. 
 
 BL.ATON, blJ'tflNo', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Uainaut, 15 miles S.E. of Tournay. Pop. of commune, 2319. 
 
 BLAUBEUREN, blOw'boi'ren, a town of WUrtemtKirg. 
 on the Blau, 10 miles W..\.W. of Ulm. Pop. 1905, who 
 weave and bleach linens. It has an old Benedictine mo 
 nastery, and a Lutheran seminary. 
 
 BLAU'VELTVILLE, a post-village of Rockland co.. New 
 York, on the Erie Railroad, 29 miles N. of New York City. 
 
 BLAVIA. See Blate. 
 
 BL.AW'ENBURO, a post-village of Somerset co.. New Jer- 
 sey, 15 miles N. by E. of Trenton, has 1 church and 1 store. 
 
 BL.WHAHi, a parish of England, co. of. Sutfolk. 
 
 BL.AYE, bli, (anc. BliJvia,) a fortified seaport town of 
 France, department, and on the right bank of the Gironde, 
 here about 2i miles across, 20 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. 
 Pop. of commune, in 1852, 4669. It has a strong modern 
 citadel, in which the Duchess de Berri was imprisoned In 
 1833, a handsome public fountain, a theatre, hospital, agri- 
 cultural society, Ac, with considerable exports of wine, 
 brandy, corn, fruits, and soap. Its harbor is defended by 
 forts -Medoc and Pate, and is much freq>iented. All vessels 
 inward bound to Bordeaux, Ac, are required to anchor in 
 the road of Blaye, and to exhibit their papers; and many 
 outward ves.sels call there to take in stores, and to complete 
 their cargoes. 
 
 BL.AY'DON, a village of England, co. of Durham, with a 
 station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 4 miles W. 
 of Newcastle. 
 
 BLAY'DON-BURN, a hamlet of England, co. of Durham, 
 6 miles W.S.W. of Newcastle. 
 
 BLE.4.'D0N, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BLEAN, bleen, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 2 miles 
 N.N.W. of Canterbury. Pop. 60(5. Blean is a centre of a 
 poor-law union, comprising 16 parishes. The ancient forest 
 of Blean, whicli has now lost its privileges, was formerly 
 of great extent, and wild boars were hunted in it as late 
 as the reign of Henry VI. 
 
 BLEAS'BY, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 BLECH'INQDON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BLECKEDE, blek'klMeh, a town of Hanover, 12 miles 
 E. of Ltlneburg, on the left bank of the Elbe, with a toll on 
 the river. Pop. 1485. 
 
 BLEDD-FA or BLETH'VAUGH, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Radnor. 
 
 BLED'DOW, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 BLED/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BLED'SOE, a CO. in the S.E. central part of Tennesee, 
 contains about 330 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Sequatchie River. The s\irface is elevated and rather moun- 
 tainous. Capital, Pikeville. Pop. 4459, of whom 3770 were 
 free, and 6S9 slaves. 
 
 ULED'SOE, a post-office of Hickory co., Missouri. 
 
 233 
 
BLE 
 
 BLI 
 
 BLED'SOE'S LANDING, a post-office of Crittenden oo., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 BLEE'KEll, a postrtownship of Fulton co., New York, 
 •bout oU miles N.W. >if Albany. Pop. 1002. 
 
 BLEGNO or BLEXJO, blJn'yo, or blAn'yo, a river of 
 Switzerland, canton of Ticino, flows S. of and joins the Ticino, 
 (or Tesi^in.) on left bank nesr Biasca. It gives its name to 
 the Val-di-Blegno, a rich valley, which forms a district of 
 the ciuiton. 
 
 BLEIBACH. bU'bJK, a vill.ige of Illyria, 8 miles "W. of 
 Tillach. near the celebrated Bleiberg, (lead mountain,) in 
 which 1 copper and 3 lead mines are in operation. 
 
 BLKIBEKG, Hi'b^Rg, {i.e- "lead-mountain,") a villa^ 
 of lUyriii, about 7 miles W. of Villadi, has a Protestant 
 chapel. The lead-mines at Bleiberg are the most extensive 
 in Austria, and yield annually from 33,000 to 35,000 cwt. of 
 excellent metal. 
 
 BLEICHERODE, birner-o'deh, a walled town of Prussian 
 Saxony, on the Bude. at the foot of the Pockenberg, circle 
 and 10 miles S.W. of Xordhausen. Pop. 2750, engaged in 
 weaving woollen and linen fabrics, and in bleaching hemp. 
 
 BLEISTADT, bli'stitt, a mining town of Bohemia, on 
 the Voigtland, 14 miles X.N.E. of Eger. 
 
 BLEISW'IJK, blise'wike, a village of the Netherlands, 
 provinceof South Holland. 7 miles N. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1279. 
 
 BLEKING, a province of Sweden. See CarIjSCROXa. 
 
 BLELING, bleeOing. a small principality and capital of 
 the siime name, N. side of the island liali, against which a 
 successful expedition was directed by the Dutch in July, 
 1846, in con8e<iuence of the piratical doings of the Knjah 
 and his subjects. The town, Jat. 8° ly S., Ion. 115° 5' E, is 
 the second on the island. 
 
 BLELLING. See Buuxo. 
 
 BLEN'COVV, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 6 miles W.N.W. of Penrith. Pop. 64. It has a grammar 
 school, founded in 1570, at which the late Yimous lawyer. 
 Lord EUenborough, was educated. 
 
 BLEN'DON, a postrtownship in the northei-n part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1079. 
 
 BLENDON INSTITUTE, a small vUlage in Franklin co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 BLEXDWORTII, a parish of England, oo. of Hants. 
 
 BLEN'EAU. bli'uo', a village of France, department of 
 Tonne, 2i> miles \V'.S.\V. of Auxerre. Pop. of commune, 
 in 1S52, 1719. The Prince of Conde was here vanquished 
 by Turenne in 1052. 
 
 BLENHEIM, blfen'im, (Germ. Blindheim, blinfhlme.) a 
 Tillage of Bavaria, 23 miles E.N.W. of Augsburg, famous 
 for the decisive victt)ry gained near it by the English and 
 Imperialists, under the Duke of Marlborough and Prince 
 Eugene, over the French and Bavarians (called bv tlie 
 French the battle of llochstedt.) on the 2nd of Aug. lt04. 
 
 BLENHEIM, blfin'im or bUn'hime, a post-township of 
 Schoharie CO., New York. 42 miles W.S.W. of Albany. P. 1307. 
 
 BLENHEliM, a post^village in the southern part of Scho- 
 harie CO., New York. 4.5 miles W.S.W. of Albiiny. 
 
 BLENHEIM, blSn'im, PAKK (formerly AVoodstock 
 Park.) an extra-parochial district of EngL^nd, co. of Ox- 
 ford. 62i miles W.N.AV. of London. Pop. 109. Area, 2940 
 acres, being the demesne attached to Blenheim House, 
 the seat of the Duke of Marlborough. This edifice, con- 
 structed by Vanbrugh, in the reign of Queen Anne, at a 
 cost of 500,000/., was given by the nation to the first Duke 
 of Marlborough, in honor of whose great victory, in 1704, 
 it received its name. The mansion, richly ornamented 
 externally, occupies three sides of a square, and its prin- 
 cipal front extends 348 feet from wing to wing. The inte- 
 rior is enriched with the most costly furniture, tapestry, 
 sculpture, and a magnificent collection of paintings. The 
 grounds, considered the chef-d'oeuvre of the celebrated land- 
 Scape gardener Bronn, contain an artificial lake, fountain, 
 triumphal arch, and column supporting .a colossal statue 
 of the duke, and clusters of trees said to be arranged in 
 the order of the troops on the field of Blenheim. The en- 
 closed royal pal.ice of Woodstock formerly stood in the park, 
 and a pool is still pointed at which bears the name of 
 " Rosamond's Well." Blenheim is held by the descendants 
 of the duke, on the tenure of presenting yearly, at Windsor, 
 on the anniversary of the battle, a standard emblazoned 
 with three fleur-de-lis, 
 
 BLENJO. See Blegno. 
 
 BLENK'INSOP, a township of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 17 miles W. of Hexam. Pop. 845, engaged in large 
 eoal-works. Here is a strong square tower, the ancient 
 stronghold of the Blenkinsops, of border celebrity. 
 
 BLENNEVILLE, bl^nn'viU. a small seaport town of Ire- 
 land, CO. of Kerry, on Tralee Bay, IJ miles S.W. of Tralee, 
 where most of the exports of that town are shipped. P. 226. 
 
 BLENOD-IJJS-TUUL, bl^h-noni-tool, a vUlsige of France, 
 department of the Meurthe, 5 miles S.S.W. of Toul. Pop. 
 of cijmmyne. 1550. 
 
 BLEUE, blAVi/, a town of France, department of the 
 
 Indre-et-Loire, 16 miles E.S.E. of Tours, on the Clier, here 
 
 crossed by a bridge built about the middle of the twelfth 
 
 century by Henry II, of England. Blere is the entrepot 
 
 234 
 
 for the timber from the forest of Loche, and for most of the 
 merchandise that comes down the Cher from the Berry and 
 the Bourbonnois. In the canton, and near the town of 
 Blere, is the castle of Chenongeaux. (sheh'^ntes'so'.) which at 
 first was a simple manor-house, but extended to its present 
 dimen.sions in the reign of Francis I. It was purchased, in 
 1535, by Henry II., who gave it, with the duchy of Valen- 
 tinois. to the celebrated Diana of Poitiers, who embellished 
 it with great magnificence; but, before her designs were 
 completed, was obliged to cede it to Catherine de Medicis, 
 who continued the embellishments on a still more lavish 
 scale. It was afterwards possessed by the house of Conde, 
 and, in 1733. was purchased by M. Dupin, (former General,) 
 the wit and beauty of whose widow attnacted to it the most 
 distinguished literati of the last centui^. The castle is con- 
 structed on a kind of bridge across the Cher, and has a long 
 gallery which leads from one side of the river to the other. 
 It fortunately escaped the Revolution, and is in perfect pre- 
 seiTation. Many fine pictures decorate the interior. The 
 architecture, furniture, and decorations all belong to the 
 time of the Valois. Pop. of commune, in 1851. 3676. 
 
 BLES/SiNGTON, a parish aiid market-town of Ireland, 
 CO. of Wicklow, near the Liffey, 18 miles S.W. of Dublin. 
 Pop. of town. 466. It gave the title of Earl to the Gardner 
 family, the widow of the last of whom was the well-known 
 authoress, the late Countess of Elessington. 
 
 BLEl^CII'lNGLY, a town and parish of England, co. of 
 Surrey, on a branch of the London .and Brighton Railway, 
 IS miles S. of London, and 4^ miles E. of Reigate. Pop. in 
 1851, 1553. The town, on an eminence, commands exten- 
 sive views, and has a fine church in the early English style, 
 a school endowed in the reign of Elizabeth, and alms- 
 houses founded in 1608. Bletchingly returned 2 members 
 to the House of Commons, until disfranchised by the Re- 
 form Act. 
 BLETCIIINGTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Oxford. 
 BLETCH'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 BLETH'EKSTON, a parish of South Wales, oo. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 BLETim'AUGH, Wales. See Bledd-Fa. 
 BLET'SOE, a parish of England, co. of Bedfoi-d. 
 BLEVILLE. blA'veel', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-Inferieure. 2 miles N. of Havre, with mineral springs. 
 Pop. of commune, 1160. 
 
 BLEVIO, bhl've-o, a village of Lombardy, near the lake 
 of Como. with numerous elegant villas, 
 
 BLEW'BERRY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 BLEW'FIELDS, Central America. See Bluefields. 
 BLICK'LING. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. Anne 
 Boleyn. whose family owned the manor, w.as born here in 
 1507. Blickling-hall, the seat of Lord Suffleld, is a good 
 sperimen of the Elizabethan style: it contains a library of 
 10.000 volumes, and is surrounded by a park and gardens 
 comprising 1000 .acres, with a fine .sheet of water. 
 
 BLlDAir or BLIDA. bUVdi, a con.Mderable town of Al- 
 geria, on the borders of the Jletidjah Plain, province and 
 30 miles S.W. of Algiers. Taken by the French in 1830, and 
 occupied by them since 1838. Pop. in 1846, 9103, of whom 
 2290 were Europeans. 
 BLIIVWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 BLIESKASTEL or BLIESCASTEL. blees/kSs-t^l', a town 
 of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Blies, 6 j miles W. of Deux-Ponta. 
 Pop. 1874. 
 
 BLIOH, bli, a frontier county of New South Wales, hav- 
 ing E. and S. the counties of Brisbane. Philip, and Welling- 
 ton, and N. and W. an unsettled district. It has no towns 
 or vill.ages of importance. 
 
 BLIGH'S ISLANDS, a group of the Feejee .irehipelago, 
 Pacific Ocean, named .after their discoverer in 17 89. 
 
 BLIGNY-SUR-OUCHE, bleen'yee'-sUR-oo.'ih. a town of 
 France, department of Cote d'Or, arrondissement and 9 
 miles N. of Beaune. Pop. of commune in 1851, 1395. 
 
 BLILING, blU'ling, or BLELLING. blMMing', written 
 also BLELLENG, a seaport town of the island of B.ali, Ma- 
 lay .\rchipelatrn. on its N. coast. It ia the residence of a rajah. 
 BLINDHEIM. See BLErtfiEiM. 
 
 BLI N K Hc">N NY, a post-office of St. Lawrence co.. New York. 
 BLISH'S MILLS, a postHjfiice of Franklin co., Missouri. 
 BfclSKOWICE, a town of Moravia. See Lispitz. 
 BLIS'LAND. a parish of England, co. of CornwalL 
 BLIS'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 
 4 miles N.E. of Towcester, with a station on the London and 
 Birmingham Railway. 
 
 BLISS' FIELD, a ptist-village and township of Lenawee 
 county. Michigan, on the Raisin River, and on the railroad 
 from Toledo to .\drian, 22 miles N.W. of the former, and 10 
 miles from Adrian. It contains seVeiiil stores and mills 
 Pop. of township, 1827. 
 BLISS^VILLE, a postrofiice of Oneida co.. New York. 
 BLISSVILLE, a post-otlice of Marsh.HlI co., Indi.ana. 
 BLISSVILLE, a post-oifice of Jefterson co., Illinois. 
 BLITH'FIELD WITH NEWTON, a parish of England, 
 CO, of Stafford. 
 
 BLIV'EN'S MILLS, a post-office of McUenrj cc, Il?iaoi% 
 23 miles W.N.W. of Waukegan. 
 
BLO 
 
 J3L0 
 
 BLOCK'ER'S, a postofflce of Cumberland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BLOCKER'S, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama. 
 
 BLOCK HOUSE, a German Tillage or settlement In 
 Liberty township, Tioga co., Penn.sylvaoia, 30 miles N. of 
 Williamsport. contains near 200 houses. 
 
 BLOCK H()USE, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia. 
 
 BLOCK l.SLAND, belonging to Rhode Island, is situated 
 In the Atlantic Ocean, about midway between Point Judith 
 and .Montauk Point, the eastern extremity of Long Island. 
 It is S miles in length, and from 2 to 6 miles in breadth, 
 and constitutes the township of New Shoreham. On the 
 N.VV. part are 2 fixed lights. 68 feet above the level of the 
 sea. I^t. 41° 13' N. ; Ion. 71° 35' W. 
 
 BLOCK'LEY, a paiish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BLOCKLEY, formerly a post-township of Philadelphia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill River, intersected by 
 the Columbia Rjulraid, but now included within the limits 
 of the city of Philadelphia. It is remarkable as containing 
 two important institutions, viz. Blocklej' Almshouse, and 
 Blockley Insane Asylum, for particulars of which see 
 Philadelphia. Pop. in 1850, 5916. 
 
 BLOCK'VILLE, a post-office of'Chautauqua co.. New York. 
 
 BLOD'OETT'S MILLS, a post-office of Cortland co., New 
 York. 
 
 BLOEMENDAAL, bloo'mgn-dai, (t. e, « bloomingdale,") 
 a village of the Netherlands, in South IloUand, Ij miles 
 N.N.W. of Oouda. 
 
 BLOEMENDAAL, a village of the Netherlands, In North 
 Holland, 2 miles N. of Haarlem, with 15U0 inhabitants en- 
 gaged in linen bleaching. 
 
 BLO/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BLOIS, bloi, or more correctly blwd, an ancient city of 
 France, capital of the department of Lwir-et-Cher. on both 
 sides of the Loire, and on the railway from Orleans to Tours, 
 100 miles S.VV. of Paris, and 35 miles S.W. of Orleans. Pop. 
 in 1851, 17,749. Blois is picturesquely situated on a steep 
 slope, crowned by its ancient castle. It is an archbishop's 
 Bee, and has a tribunal of commerce, a college, a normal 
 school, a diocesan seminary, a botanic garden, and a public 
 library. The most remarkable edifices are the Hotel de 
 Yille and the episcopal palace. The castle of Blois is celiv 
 brated from its historical associations. It was for several 
 centuries the abode of the counts of that name, and after- 
 wards the favorite residence of the kings of France. It has 
 been inhabited by more than TOO princes or crowned heads, 
 who from time to time embellished and extended it. Louis 
 XII. was liorn there; and Francis I., Henry II., Charles 
 IX., and Henry III. held their courts in it. Among other 
 events, the ca^tle of Blois was the scene of the murder of 
 the Guises. During the religious wars which at that pe- 
 riod (15S8) desolated France, the States known by the name 
 of the States of Blois were convoked in the castle by Henry 
 III., to put an end, if possible, to the troubles by which 
 the kingdom was distracted. The Due de Guise and his 
 orother the cardinal were on their way to attend the sitting, 
 when the former was stalibed almost in pre.sence of the 
 king. The cardinal was murdered next day by some sol- 
 diers in the tower of the castle, and his body was burnt to 
 prevent the leaguers from making relics of his remains. 
 The castle has been rebuilt and extended at so many va- 
 rious periods, that nothing remains of its original structure 
 except the Got hie tower. It is now used as barracks; but 
 the states-hall, the queen's room, and the corridor where 
 the DukeofGui.se was assassinated, are still pointed out. 
 The town is of great antiquity, and was formerly the capital 
 of an extensive county. In the sixteenth century it was 
 twice the seat of the states-general of the kingdom. When 
 the allied armies menaced Paris in 1S14, the Empress Maria 
 XiOuisa retired here, and made this place for a short period 
 the seat of imperial government, the last acts of which were 
 dated and despatched from Blois. There is here an ancient 
 aqueduct cut in the rock by the Romans ; it is still used 
 for supplying the town with water. The magnificent dykes 
 for the protection of the valleys from the encroachments of 
 the Loire, one of the most remarkable works of the kind in 
 Europe, commence at Blois. It has manufiictures of gloves 
 and porcelain, and an extensive trade in wine, timber, and 
 Orleans brandy. 
 
 BLOKULLA, blo-koollj. a small rocky isl.and In the 
 Baltic, between Gland and the mainland of Sweden, and 
 to which many northern superstitions refer. 
 
 BI.OKZYL, blok'zile, a maritime town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Overyssel, with a good port on the E. 
 coast; of the Zuiderzee, 15 miles N.N.W. of Zwolle. Pop. 
 1666. 
 
 BLOMBERG, blom'bJRO, a village of Central Germany, 
 Lippe-Detmold. with a castle, on the Distel, 40 miles S.W. 
 of Hanover. Pop. 1960, who manufacture woollens and 
 leather. Till 1838 it belonged to the Prince of Lippe- 
 Schaumburr; 
 
 BLOMBERG, a village and castle of Baden, 32 miles N.W. 
 of Constiince. Pop. 509. Its castle was ruined during the 
 Swedish wars. 
 
 BLONlli. bJin'yi^ a town a Poland, 16 miles W. of War- 
 
 saw. Pop. 1 000. It is celebrated in the lilstory '. t the wsm 
 between the Swedes and Poles. 
 
 BLO'-NOR'TO.\or.\OR'TON-BELLEAU,(beH6',)apari5U 
 of Knglanil, co. of Norlblk. 
 
 BLOOD'S POINT, a post-office situated in the N. part of 
 Do Kalb CO., Illinois. 
 
 BI-OOD'Y-FAR'LAND, a promontary of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Donegal, on its N.W. coast, 5 miles W.S.W. of the 
 island of Innixbotlin. 
 
 BLOOD'Y RUN, a post village of Bedford co., Pennsylvar 
 nia, on the Ilaystown bi-aiich of the Juniata, 8 miles E. of 
 Bedford. It has a church and several stores. 
 
 BLOO.M, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. It 
 contiiins Bloomsburg, the county-seat. Pop. 2668. 
 
 BLOOM, a town.ship of Fairfield Co., Ohio. Pop. 22'25. 
 
 BLOOM, a township of Morgan CO., Ohio. Pop. 1136. 
 
 BLOOM, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 17.'il. 
 
 BLOOM, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1720. 
 
 BLOOM, a township of \Vood co., Ohio, about 20 miles W. 
 of .Maiune City. Pop. 1198. 
 
 BLOO.M, a post-olhce of Rush co., Indiana. 
 
 BLOOM, a post-towuship of Cook Co., Illinois, .about 27 
 miles S. of Chicago. 
 
 BLOOM CENTRE, a post-office of Logan co., Ohio. 
 
 BLOOM'ER, a post-ollice of Sebastian co., Arkansas. 
 
 BLOOM'EUY, a post-office of Hampshire co.,W. Virginia. 
 
 BLOOM'FIELD', a post-village and township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, on the W. side of Kennebec River, opposite 
 Slcowhegan. with which it is connected by a toll-bridge, 
 about 35 miles N. by E. of Augusta. The Portland and Ken- 
 nebec Railroad, which is completed to this place, connects it 
 with Augusta. It contiiins 2 churches, a flourishing aca- 
 demy, a bank, 3 stores, an oil-cloth factorj', 1 paper-mill, 1 
 factory for making shovels, and 2 for making shovel-handles, 
 1 planing machine, 1 foundi-y, 1 tannery, besides several 
 saw and grist-mills. I'op. of the township, in 1850, 1301 ; 
 in 1860, 1397. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a post-township of Essex co., Vermont, 
 on the W. .side of Connecticut River, about 60 miles N.E. of 
 Moiitpelier. Pop. 3"20. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a post-township of Hartford co., Connectl- 
 out, 7 miles N.W. of Hartford, intersected by Wood River. 
 Pop. HOI. 
 
 BLOO.M FIELD, a post-village and township of Essex co., 
 New Jersey, on the Morris Canal, 3*^ miles N.N.W. of 
 Newark, and 54 miles N.E. of Trenton. It is built princi- 
 cipally on one street, 2 or 3 miles in length, and contains 4 
 or a cliurclies and several seminaries, in the vicinity aro 
 manufactories of cotton, wool, paper, Ac. Pop. 4790. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a post-village and township of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 20 miles N.E. of Meadville, drained by 
 Oil Creek. Pop. 1662. 
 
 BLOO.M FIELD, a post-borough of Centre township, and 
 capital of Perry co., Pennsylvania, 24 miles N.W.of llarris- 
 burg, and 5 miles from the Central Railroad. It has a 
 court-house, several churches, and an academy. Pop. 661. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, 168 
 miles N. of Richmond, hiis a clmrch and a few stores. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a handsome post-village of Nelson co., 
 Kentucky, 39 miles S.W. of Frankfort, is situated in a rich 
 farming district, and is one of the largest places in the 
 county. It contains 1 chiu"ch, several stores, and about 
 500 inhiibltants. 
 
 BLOltM FIELD, a township in the E. part of Jackson co, 
 Ohio. Pop. 1775. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a village of Jefferson CO., Ohio, 12 miles 
 W. by S. of ^teubenville. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a township in the W. part of Logan co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 611. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a post-township forming the S.E. extre- 
 mity of Morrow co., Ohio, about 31 miles N.N.E. of Co- 
 lumbus. Pop. 1289. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a village of Pickaway co., Ohio, 10 miles 
 N. by W. of Circleville. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the Scioto 
 and Hocking Valley Railroad, 18 miles from Portsmouth, 
 and about 100 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Trumbull 
 00^ Ohio. Pop. 843. 
 
 BL00.MFIF;LD, a township in the S.E. central part of 
 Oakland co., Michigan. Pop. 1925. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a village of Jay co., Indiana, 7 miles N 
 of Portland. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a township in La Grange co., Indiana, 
 about 20 miles N. by E. of Albion. Pop. 8tj9. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD,aflourishingpost-village, capital of Greece 
 CO., Indiana, near the \V. fork of White River, and on the 
 Wabash and Erie Canal, 80 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. It 
 is situated on high ground, 1 mile E. from the river. The 
 fertility of the surrounding land, and the navigation of the 
 canal, render this a place of active business. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a village of Adams co., Illinois, 6 milrj 
 E. of the Mississippi River. 
 
 BLOJMFIELD, a post-village of Edgar CO., lUiuois, about 
 125 miles E. of Spriugfield. 
 
 235 
 
BLO 
 
 BLOOMFIFXD. a rillage of McDonough co., Illinois, 3J^ 
 Siili!S S.E. of Maconit). 
 
 BLOOM FIELD, a post-village, capital of Stoddard co., 
 llissouii, on Lick Creek, a tribuUiry of Lake Stoddard, 2S0 
 miles S.K. of Jefferson City. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, the capital of Da>-is Co., Iowa, 110 miles 
 S.F-. of Des Moines, is situated on a fine rolling jirairie, and 
 is the principal town in f lie county. It is surrounded with 
 land of great fertility. It contains 1 newspaper office, 13 
 stores, and 3 cliurclies. (See Appen-dix.) Pop. 940. 
 
 BLOOMFIEI.D,asmall post-village of Des Moines co, Iowa. 
 
 BLOOM FIELD, a post-township and village in Walwortli 
 co.,Wiseonsin, about 45 miles S.S. W.of Milwaukie. Pop. 1146.- 
 
 BLOOM HELD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Prince 
 Edward, on Great Sandy Bay, about 42 miles S.W. of King- 
 ston. It has several mills for sawing and grinding; also one 
 for carding and fulling, a tannery, and about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 BLOOM FIELD, n post-village'of Canada AVest, co. of Dur- 
 ham, about 100 miles W. from Kingston. Pop. about 100. 
 
 BLOOMFIEI.D CENTRE, a village in Bloomfield town- 
 ship, Oakland Co., Michigan, on tlie Detroit and Pontiac 
 Railroad, 20 miles N.X.W. of lietroit. 
 
 BLUOM'INGBURG, a post-village of Sullivan co., Kew 
 York, 100 miles S S.W. of Albany. 
 
 BLOOMI.NGBURG, a post-village of Fayette co., Ohio, on 
 the E. fork of I'aint Creek, 32 miles S.W. of Columbus. It 
 is one of the principal villages of the county, containing 3 
 churches and several stores. 
 
 BLOOM'IXGDALE, a post-office of Essex co., New York. 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE, a post-village of Pa.ssaic co., Kew 
 Jersev, on Pequannocli Creek, 25 miles N.W. of Newark. 
 
 BLOOMI.NGDALE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio, 
 124 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE, a township in Van Buren co., Michi- 
 gan. Pop. H27. 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE, a post-township in Du Page co., Illi- 
 nois, about 25 miles W. by N.from Chicago. Pop. 1375. 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE, a village of Logan co., Illinois, 35 miles 
 S.S.E. of Peoria. 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE, a small village in Winnebago co, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE, a small village of Winnebago co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a post-township near the centre of 
 Orange co., New York. Pop. 224**. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a township in Richland CO., Ohio. 
 
 Pop. i3r.o. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a small village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a village of Berrien co., Michigan, 
 on the Lake shore. 5 miles S. by W. of St. Joseph. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a post-village and township of 
 Franklin co., Indiana, about 5 miles N. of Brookville. Pop.of 
 township, y67. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a village in Bloomingdale township, 
 in the N. part of Du Page co, Illinois. 
 
 BLOOJI'INGPOKT, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, 12 
 miles S. of Winchester. 
 
 BLOOM'INGSBURG, a post-village of Fulton co., Indiana, 
 35 miles N.N.E. of Logansport. 
 
 Bi-O >M'INGTON, a decayed post-village of Tipton Co., 
 Tennessee, is nearly deserted. 
 
 BLOOMIN(iTON, a post-office of Morgan co , Kentucky. 
 
 BLnoMIXGTON, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a thriving post-village and township, 
 capital of Monroe co , Indiana, 51 miles S W. of Indianapolis, 
 and 80 mile^ N.W. of Louisville, Kentucky. It is pleasantly 
 situated on the dividing ridge between the East and West 
 forks of While River. The place was first settled in 1S19. 
 The State University at this place is a flourishing institu- 
 tion. It was organized in 1S29, and had, in 1.S63, 105 stu- 
 dents. The village contains 7 churches, 1 academy, 1 bank, 
 1 newspaper office, 2 woollen factories, and 1 flouring-mill. 
 The railroad extending from New Albany to Michigan City, 
 passes through Blooniington. Pop. in ISGu, about 2400; 
 that of the township, in ISiJO, was 2419. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a city, capital of McLean co., Illinois, 
 is pleas;uitly situated on the Central Railroad, wliere it is 
 crossed by the Chicago and St. Louis R.R., CO miles N.NsE. 
 of Springfield, and 126 S S.W. of Chicago. It is about 2 
 miles S. of tlie State Normal University, a prosperous insti- 
 tution which is attended by about 500 students. The build- 
 ing is said to have cost ?200,000. (See NoiiM.^i, in the Ap- 
 pendix.) It also contiiins the'Wesleyan University, 10 
 churches, 3 banks, and 2 newspaper offices. Pod. in"l850. 
 1534; in lsr,o, 707.^. 
 
 BLOOMINGT' »N, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Buchanan co., Mis.souri, on the road from St. Joseph to Wes- 
 ton, 12 miles fnmi each. The name of the post-office is PeKalb. 
 The village has 4 dry-goods stores. Pop. of township, IfitiO. 
 
 BL' )O.MINOTON, a post-village, capital of Macon co., Mis- 
 souri, lot) miles N. by M". of Jefferson City, and 2 or 3 miles 
 N. of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, Iowa. See Miscatixe. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, apost-office of Hennepin co., Minnesota. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a post-office of Polk CO., Oregon. 
 23a 
 
 BLO 
 
 RLOO'M'ING VALLEY, a post-village of Crawford co„ 
 Petinsylvania, on the State road, 6 miles N.E. of Meadvilla, 
 has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 BLOO.MINGVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., Ohio, 6 
 miles S. of Sandu.sky City. 
 
 BL00M'SBi:rg, a thriving post-borough of Bloom town- 
 ship, capital of Columbia co., I'ennsylvania, is situatwl on 
 Fishing Creek, 1 mile N. of the North Branch of the Susque- 
 hannii, 78 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg. It is plea.santly 
 sitiiated and well-built, and contains a court-house, 9 
 churches, 3 iron furnaces, and 3 foundries. The surround- 
 ing country contains abundance of iron ore and limestone 
 Three newspapers are publi,^he<l in tlie borough. Blooms 
 burg has considerable trade, for which the North Branch . 
 Canal, the Lackawamia and Bloomsburg, and the Catawissa 
 and Erie Railroads, afford abundant facilities. The seat of 
 justice was removed from Danville to this town by a vote 
 of the people in 1845. I'op. of the township, in ISfO, 2 68. 
 
 BLOUMSBURG, a post-village in Halifiix co., Virginia, 
 about 116 miles W.S.W. of Norfolk. 
 
 BLOOM'SBURY, a thriving post-village of Warren and 
 Hunterdon counties. New Jersey, on the Musconetcong 
 River, and on the .New Jersey Central Railroad, about 40 
 miles N.W. of Trenton, and 7 miles E.S.E. of Eiuston. It is 
 pleasantly situated in a valley, and on the boundary of the 
 counties .just named. It contiiins 2 churches, 2 large mer- 
 chant mills, and several stores. 
 
 BLOOMSBUR Y, of Mercer co.. New Jersey. See Tkextox. 
 
 BLOOM'VILLE, a post-village of Delaware co.. New York, 
 on the Coquago River, 74 miles S.W. of Albany. It has 1 
 or 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 BLOOMVILLE, a post-village in Bloom township, Seneca 
 CO., Ohio, 3n miles S.W. of Sanduskv City. 
 
 HLOOilVILLE,*a post- village of Will co_ XHinois, 50 miles 
 S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 BLORE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, on the Dove, 
 3^ miles N.W. of Ashbornc. The second battle between 
 the forces of York and Lancaster was fought on Blore-heath, 
 in 1459. 
 
 BLOSS'BCRG, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Tioga CO., Penns.y!vania, on the Tioga River, at tlie southern 
 terminus of the Corning and Blossburg Railroad, 133 miles 
 N. by W. of Harrisburg. It owes its growth and importance 
 to the valuable mines of bituminous coal which are worked 
 in the vicinity. Iron ore is also found, in connection with 
 the coal, and there is a furnace in operation at this place. 
 Pop. of the township, 800. 
 
 BLOS'SOM HILL, a post-office of Caddo parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BLOSSOM HILL, a post-office of Princess Anne co., Vir* 
 ginia. 
 
 BLOS'SOM PRAIRIE, a post-office of Lamar co., Texaa. 
 
 BLOSSVALE, a post-office of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 BLOTSHEIM, blotsliinie, (Fr. pron., blots'Jm'.) a village 
 of France, department of Ilaut-Rhin, 4 miles W. of Uu- 
 nirigue. I'op. of commune, 2230. 
 
 BLOUNT, blimt, a county toward the N. part of Ala- 
 bama, hiis an area of 955 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of the Locust Fork, and Mulberry Fork, of Black 
 Warrior River. The county is partly occupied by smaP 
 jnountains, connected with the Blue Ridge, which extends- 
 near the northern border. The highlands afford fine tim- 
 ber and pasture. Blount's Springs are in this county. 
 Capital, Blountsville. Pop. 10,St55, of whom 10,199 were 
 free, and r,»;6 slaves. 
 
 BL(5UNT, a county in the E.S.E. part of Tennessee, bop- 
 bering on North Carolina, has an area of abotit 4.- sfjuare 
 miles. The llolston River, navigable by steamboats, forms 
 its boundary on the N.W., the Tennessee on the W .; the 
 .county is also intersected by Little River, and numerous 
 creeks. The surface is elevated, and beautifully diver.iified 
 by mountain ridges, the highest of which are cal'ed Iron or 
 Smoky Mountain, and Chilhowee Mountain. The soil of 
 the valleys is very fertile, and much iniprove<l. The streams 
 of this county are rapid, and furnish immense motive-]»ower. 
 The East Tennessee and Georgia Ilailroad jiasses near the 
 western border. Extensive lieils of marble, limestone, and 
 iron ore are found. Capital, Marysville. This county, 
 which is one of the oldest in Tennessee, was named in 
 honor of Willie Blount, the first governor of that state. 
 Pop. 13,270, of whom 11,907 were free, and 13ii3 slaves. 
 
 BLOUNrs CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BLOUNT'S FERRY, a jwst-office of Columbia co., Floridiu 
 
 BLOUNT"S or BLUNTS SPRING, a fashionable water- 
 ing-place of Blount CO., Alabama, on the Mulberry Fork o* 
 Black Warrior River, about >>0 miles N.E. of Tusealoosv 
 Chalybeate Springs, with nearly every variety of sulphur 
 springs, are found here. 
 
 BLi»UNT'STOWN,asmall post-villageof Calhoun co..Fla. 
 
 BLOUNT'SVILLE, a |>ost-village of Jones co., Georgia, 1ft 
 miles W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BLOUNTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Blount co, 
 Alabama, on the Locust Fork of IJlack Warrior River, about 
 100 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa. It coutuius a court-house, 1 
 or 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
BLO 
 
 BLU 
 
 BLOUN'TSVILLE, a post-Tillage, capital of SulliTan co., 
 Tennessee, a few miles N.W. of the Ilolston Klver, and 
 about liio miles N.K. of Knoxvllle. 
 
 BLOUNTSVILLK, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, 
 24 miles N.W. of Centievirie. 
 
 BLO\V'IXG CAVK, a post-oflHce of Decatur co., Georgia. 
 
 BLOX'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BLO.VIUJLME, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BLO.VW'Oirril a parish of Engliind, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BliUDKNZ, bloo/d8nts, a town of the Tyrol, circle of Vo- 
 rarllierg, with a castle of the same name, on the right bank 
 of the Ille. 12 miles S.E. of Feldkirch. Pop. lS(i6. • 
 
 BLUDOVVITZ, MITTEK, mifter bloo'do-ftits\ (i.e. "mid- 
 dle Bludowitz,") a village of Austrian Silesia, circle and 10 
 miles W. of Teschen, contiguous to the above. 
 
 BLUDOWITZ, NIEDKR, nee'd^r bloo'do-ivits', (i. e.-" lower 
 Bludowitz,") a village of Austrian Silesia, circle and 10 miles 
 W. of Teschen, contiguous to the above. 
 
 BLUDOWITZ, OBKR, iVber bloo'do-*its\ (i. «. "upper 
 Bludowitz,") a village of Austrian Silesia, circle and 10 
 miles W. of Teschen, contiguous to the above. 
 
 BLUl'i BALL, a village of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, 3 
 or 4 miles S. of Freehold, has 2 churches, aud about 25 
 dwellings. 
 
 BLUE BALL, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Tenn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BLUE BALL, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland. 
 
 'BLUK BALL, a post-office of Butler co.^ Ohio. 
 
 BLUE BAYOU, of Louisiana, flows S.K. on the boundary 
 between Terre Bonne and La Fourche Interior parishes, and 
 enters the Gulf of Mexico. It traverses a flat, swampy dis- 
 trict, in which there is but little aralile land. 
 
 BLUE BELL, a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. ^ 
 
 BLUE CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Auglaize River in 
 Paulding co. 
 
 BLUE CREEK, a post-office of Habersham co., Georgia. 
 
 BLUE CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 BLUE CREEK, a post-office of Ad.ams co., Ohio. 
 
 BLUE CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana, 6 
 miles S. by AV. of Brookville. 
 
 BLUE CREEK, a townsliip in Adams co., Indiana. P. 651. 
 
 BLUE EARTH, a county in the S. part of Minnesota, 
 bordering on the Minn&sota River, contains abo\it 750 sq. 
 miles. It is intersected by the JIankato or Blue Earth 
 River, and drained by the Maple River. This county is 
 not included in the census of 1850. Capital, Mankato. 
 Pop. 4.^0:',. 
 
 BLUE EARTH RIVER. Minnesota. See Mankato. 
 
 BLUE EYE. a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. 
 
 BLUE'FIELDS or BLEW/FIELDS. a river and town of 
 the Mosquito Territory, Central America, the river entering 
 an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, in l.at. 12° N., Ion. 83° W., af- 
 ter an eastward course of several hundred miles, for the 
 last 80 miles of which it is navigable. At its mouth is the 
 town on a commanding height, with a good harbor, and the 
 modern re.sidence of the king of the Mo.squito country. 
 
 BLUE GRASS, a post-office of Vermillion co., Illinois. 
 
 BLUE GRASS, a po.st-offic« of Fulton' Co., Indiana. 
 
 BLU E GRASS, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, 45 miles E. 
 by S. of Iowa City» 
 
 BLUE HILL, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, on an 
 arm of Frenchman's Bay, about 80 miles E. of Augusta, has 
 an academy, and considerable ship building. Pop. 1993. 
 
 BLUE HILL, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas. 
 
 BLUE HILL FALLS, a post-office of Hancock CO., Maine. 
 
 BLUE HILLS, a ridge in New Hampshire, of which Sad- 
 dleback -Mountain is the principal peak. 
 
 BLUE HOUSE, a postJofflce of Colleton district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BLUE LICK, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama. 
 
 BLUE LICK, a post-office of Clark co., Indiana, 9 miles 
 W.N.AV. of Charleston. 
 
 BLUE LICK SPRINGS, a village and watering place of 
 Nicholas co., Kentucky, 70 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Its 
 mineral waters are in high repute, and are extensively ex- 
 ported to different parts of the United States. 
 
 BLUE MOUND, a post-township in Dane co., Wisconsin, 
 about 22 miles S.W. of xMadison. Pop. 809 
 
 BLUE MOUND, a small village of Iowa co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BLUE MOUNTAIN, a township in Izard co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 334. 
 
 BLU E MOUNTAINS, of Pennsylvania. See Kittatinnt. 
 
 BLUE M(3UNTAINS, of Oregon, a range extending from 
 about 40° N. lat., southward to the limits of Utah Territory. 
 tt is about 200 miles E. of the Coast Range, with which it 
 is nearly parallel. 
 
 BLUE MOUNTAINS, a range In the eastern portion of 
 the island of .Jamaica. The principal ridge extends from E. 
 to W., and varies in height from 5000 to atiove (5000 feet. 
 
 BLUE MOUNTAINS, a range in Eastern Australia, New 
 South Wales, counties of Cork and Westmoreland, between 
 lat. S?j° .-ind 34° S., and Ion. 150° and 151° E.. and in which 
 originates several of tLe rivers flowing into Broken Bay, as 
 well as some affluents of .Macquarrie River. A road made 
 
 by convict labor, across the mountains northward, in some 
 places reaches to 34C0 feet in height above the sea. 
 
 BLUE PITS, England, co. of Lancaster, a staticm on the 
 Leeds and JIanchester Railway, 2 miles S. of Rochdale. 
 
 BLUE PLUM, a post-office of Washington co., Tennessee. 
 
 BLUE POND, a post-office of Cherokee CO., Alabama. 
 
 BLUE RIDGE, the most easterly ridge of the Alleghanj 
 Slountalns, extending in an almost continuous chain from 
 West Point, in New York, through Pennsylvania, Virginia 
 North Carolina, Georgia, to the N. part of Alabama. Thi» 
 range, after passing through the north-western counties ot 
 New Jersey, is travei-sed by the Delaware immediately be- 
 low the influx of the Lehigh, and again by the Schuylkili 
 at Reading. It runs in a south-westerly course, neailj 
 parallel to the Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania, between 
 Lancaster and Lebanon, Y'ork and Cumberland, Franklin 
 and Adams counties, to the Maryland line. In Pennsyl 
 vania it is termed the South Mountain. Cros.sing the Po- 
 tomac at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, it first takes the name 
 of Blue Ridge. It forms the dividing line between Eastern 
 and Western Virginia. A large portion of the streams of 
 Eastern Virginia have their sources on the south-eastern 
 slope of this range. The Roanoke and James River alone 
 take their rise considerably farther inland, breaking through 
 the Blue Ridge, in order to convey t^eir waters to the dis- 
 tant .sea. This mountain range advancing south, passes 
 near the western limit of North Carolina, grazes the N.W. 
 extremity of South Carolina, intersects the N.W. part of 
 Georgia, and is finally lost in Alabama. Mount Mitchell, 
 &470 feet high, in North Carolina, is the most elevated sum- 
 mit of this range, and of the whole Appalachian .system. 
 Tlie Otter peaks, in Bedford county, Virginia, the next 
 highest portion of the Blue Ridge, are 4200 feet high. 
 
 BLUE RIDGE, a post-office of Botetourt co., Airtrinia. 
 
 BLUE RIDGE, a post-office of Yancoy co., North Carolina. 
 
 BLUE RIDGl''. a pt<st-office of Gilmer co., Georgia. 
 
 BLUE RIDGE, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana. 
 
 BLUE RIVEli, of Africa. See N ilk. 
 
 BLUE RIVER, of Indiana, rises in Henry co., in the E. 
 part of the state, and flows in a S.W. direction to the mouth 
 of Sugar Creek, in Johnson co.; after which it takes the 
 name of Driftwood Fork, or East Fork of White River. It 
 is from 30 to 60 yards wide above Sugar Creek, and affords 
 excellent water-power. The chief towns on its banks are 
 Newcastle and Shelbyville. 
 
 BLUE RIVER, in the S. part of Indiana, is a fine mill 
 stream, which rises in AVashington co., and flowing south- 
 westerly tails into the Ohio at Leavenworth. 
 
 BLUE RIVER, a small stream of AVhitley co., Indiana, 
 flows into Eel River, 2 miles below Columbia. 
 
 BLUE RIA'ER, a small stream of Grant co., AA'isconsin, 
 flows into the AVisconsin River. 
 
 BLUE RIA'ER, a township in Harrison co., Indiana. 
 
 BLUE RIA'ER, a township in Johnson CO., Indiana. P.295. 
 
 BLUE RIA'ER, a small village of Iowa co., AVi.sconsin. 
 
 BLUE ROCK, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BLUE ROCK, a post-township in Muskingum co., Ohio, 
 about 15 miles S.S.E. of Zanes^ille. Pop.1160. 
 
 BLUE'S POINT, a post-office of Crittenden co., Arkansas. 
 
 BLUE SPRING, a post-office of Smyth co., Virginia. 
 
 BLUE SPRING, a po.st-offlce of Morgan co., Alabama. 
 
 BLUE SPRING, a village of Baker co., Georgia, 20 miles 
 N.E. of Newton. 
 
 BLUE SPRING, a postKiffice of Stewart co., Tennessee. 
 
 BLUE SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Barren co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 BLUE SPRINGS, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, 
 9 miles S.E. of Independence. 
 
 BLUE-STACK MOUNTAIN, Ireland, Ulster, 'co. of Done- 
 gal, near Glenties, has an elevation 2213 feet. 
 
 BLUESTONE, a small river in the S.AA'. part of A'irginla, 
 rises in Tazewell co., flows north-eastward through Mercer 
 CO., and falls into the New River, 5 miles above the mouth 
 of the Greenbrier. 
 
 BLUE STONE, a post-office of Tazewell co., A'irginla. 
 
 BLUE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 CO., A'irginla. 
 
 BLUE AVING. a post-office of Granville co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BLUFF, a village of Ilolt co., Missouri, about 90 miles 
 N.AV. of Independence. 
 
 BLUFF, a post-office of Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BLUFF CREEK, a post-office of Mahaska, co., Iowa. 
 
 BLUFF'DALE, a post-village of Greene co., Illinois, 63 
 miles W.S.AV. of Springfield. " 
 
 BLUFFDALE, a small post-village of Des Moines co.,Iowa. 
 
 BLUFF POINT, a post-office of Yates co., New York. 
 
 BLUFF POINT, a post-office of Jay co., Indiana. 
 
 BLUFF PORT, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama. 
 
 BLUFF'PORT, a village of Howard co., Missouri, on the 
 left bank of the Missouri River. 
 
 BLUFF SPRING, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia 
 about .30 miles N.E. of Columbus City. 
 
 BLUFF SPRING, a post-office of Talladega co , Alabama. 
 
 BLUFF SPRING, a post-village of Attala co., Mississippi. 
 
 BLUFF SPRING, a post-office of Johnson co., Missouri. 
 
 2:17 
 
BLU 
 
 BOC 
 
 nLUFF S) 'KINGS, a post-office of Travis co.. Texas. 
 
 BLUFF SI rings; a post-office of Gibson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 EI^UFF SinilNGS, a small Tillage of Jackson co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 BLUFFTON, a post-office of Beaufort co.. Soutli Carolina. 
 
 BLUFFTON. a post-village, capital of Wells co., Indiana, 
 on the 'Wabash Kiver, 100 miles N.E. of Indianapolis, 25 
 miles S. of Fort Wayne, was first settled in 1838. It eon- 
 ^Jlin.s a good court-house. 4 or 5 churches, and, in IStiO, had 
 "60 inhaliitants. 
 
 BLUFFTON, a small post-village of Marquette co., Wis- 
 •wnsin. 60 miles N. by E. of Madison. 
 
 BLUFF'AIIJ,E. a post-office of Carroll co., Illinois, 3 miles 
 E. of the Mississippi River. 
 
 BLUAIENSTEIN, bloo/men-stIne\ a village of Switzerland, 
 finely situated at the foot of the Stoekhorn, canton of Bern, 
 5 miles W. of Thun, with mineral springs and well-fre- 
 quented baths. 
 
 BLUMENTH.\L, bloo'men-tdr, («.«." flowery valley," or 
 "bloomingdale.") a village of Hanover, 11 miles N.W. of 
 Bremen, near the Weser, with a small ix)rt. Blume>'TH.\l 
 is also the name of other villages in Germany. 
 
 BF^UN'DERVILLE, a village of Ballard co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BLUND'ESTON. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BLUN'llAM. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 BLUNTISIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 BliUH'TOX. a chapelrv of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 BLY'BOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BLYHAM or BLIJHAM, bli'hto, a village of Holland, 
 province of Groningen, 3 miles S.W. of Winschoten, near 
 the Hanoverian frontier. Pop. 800. 
 
 BLYM'HILL, a parish of England, co, of Stafford. 
 
 BLYTH, With, a parish of England, cos. of York and Not- 
 tingham. The Tillage, formerly a market-town, has a very 
 fine old church. 
 
 BLYTH or BLY'TIIE, a seaport town of England, co. of 
 Northumberland, on the Blyth Kiver, at its mouth, 8 miles 
 E.S.E. of .Morpeth. Pop. 19'21. It has an excellent harbor 
 for vessels of moderate burden, a light-house In lat. 55° 7' N., 
 Ion. 1° 30' 2" W., a dry-dock, a custom-house, dependent on 
 Newcastle, and considerable exports of coal, iron, and salt. 
 About lUO ves.sels belong to its port. 
 
 BLYTH or BLYTHE, a river of England, co. of Suffolk, 
 rises near Laxford, flows eastwai-d, and enters the North Sea 
 near Southwold. On it are the towns of BIythburgh and 
 Halesworth, to which it is navigable, a distance of 8 miles 
 from the sea. 
 
 BLYTH or BLYTHE. a river of England, co. of North- 
 umberland, flows through Stonington vale into the North 
 Sea at lilvth. 
 
 BLYTH or BLY'TIIE. ariver of England, an affluent of 
 the Thame, co. of 'Warwick. 
 
 BLYTH'BURGH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BLYTHE, bllTH, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. I'op. 3421, 
 
 BLYTH K. a township in Marion CO., Arkansas. 
 
 BLYTHE'A'ILLE, a post-village in the S, part of Jasper 
 CO.. Missouri. 
 
 BLYTH'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BLY'TDN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BO or PO. a group of seven islands in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, E.S.E. of the island of Gilolo, lat. 1° 17' S., Ion. 129° 
 18' E. 
 
 BO'A ISLAND, In Ireland, Ulster, co. of Fermanagh, Is 
 the largest isl.and in Lough Erne. Acres 1400. 
 
 BOAD, bo*3d', a large fenced village of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, province of Orissa, on the Mahanuddy, 
 103 miles W.N.W. of Cuttack, commanding the principal 
 pass between that town and Bagpoor. The surrounding 
 distrii-t is a large zemindary, densely wooded and thickly 
 inhatiited. 
 
 BOADILLA BE RIOSECO. bo-d-ded'ya dA r^o-si/ko, a 
 town of Spain. 26 miles N.X.W. of Palenci.a. Pop. 950. 
 
 B0.\I^SBU1{G. liols'b&rg, a post-village of Harris township, 
 Centre co.. I'ennsylvania, is beautifully situated in Penn 
 ■N'alley, near the source of Spring Creek, 85 miles N.W. of 
 Harrisburir. and 10 miles S. of Bellefonte. • Pep. near 400. 
 
 BO.^^KD'M.^N, a post-t'>wnship in Mahoning co., Ohio, 
 about 6 miles F:. of Canfield. Pop. 916. 
 
 BOARD'TREE. a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia. 
 
 BO.VRU'YILLE. a small village of Passaic co., New Jersey, 
 on Hingwood River, 21 miles N.W. of Hackensack. 
 
 BOAR'HUNT, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BOAR'ST.\.LL, a parish of England. See Borstall. 
 
 BOAVISTA. bo-J-vees'ti or BON AVISTA, {i.e. "fine 
 view,") an island of .\frica. the easternmost and next to San- 
 iago, the largest of the Cape Verd Islands, lat. of N.W. point, 
 1 i° 13' is" N.. Ion. 22° 56' 24" W. It is of a pentagonal form, 
 and about 20 miles in length. The surface is flat, with two 
 basaltic peaks in the centre; soil suitable for the production 
 of cotton and the cocoa-tree, but cultivation is neglected, the 
 population being chiefly occupied in tlie manufacture of 
 salt, which forms the principal source of wealth. This island 
 has 3 ports for large vessels : Porto Sal Rey on the W., Porto 
 do Noite on N.E., and Porto Curralinho on the S.E. Pop. 
 
 in 1845, 4395. Chief towns, Rabil (the capital) and Porto Sal 
 Rey. 
 
 BO'AZ. a post-office of Osage co., ^lissouri. 
 
 BOB'BING. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BOB'BINGTON, a parish of England, cos. of Salop and 
 Stafford. 
 
 BOIVBINOWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BOBBTO, bol/be-o, a town of the Sardinian Stati-s, divi- 
 sion of Genoa, on the Trebbia. 39 miles E.S.E. cf Alexan- 
 dria. Pop., with commune, 3743. 
 
 BO'BER, a river of Prussian Silesia, rises on the Bohe- 
 mian frontier, and after a N.N.W. course of alxmt 115 miles, 
 joins the Oder at Crossen. Chief affluent the Queiss on left. 
 The towns of Landshut. Hirschberg. Lowenberg.Buntzlau, 
 Sprottau, Sagan, Nanniburg. and Bobersberg are on its banks. 
 
 BOBER. a river of Poland. SeeBOBR. 
 
 BOBERKA. bo'ber-kJ\ or BOBRICA. a town of Austrian 
 Poland, Galicia, 21 miles S.E. of Lemberg. I'op. 2700. in- 
 cluding many Jews. It lias a castle, a high school, and 
 linen manufactures. 
 
 BOBERSBERG, bo'bers-l)?RG\ a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, 17 miles S. of Crossen, on the Bobi-r. Pop. 
 1460. 
 
 BOBI A, boOjc-a, or PIRATE ISLE, a small island of Africa, 
 in the Bay of Amboises. off the coast of Guinea. It is the 
 remains of a once large island, and continues to denease by 
 action of the waves. Shores abrupt and difficult cf access, 
 but densely popuL-yted. 
 
 BO'BIL'EE or BOBIL'LY, a strongly fortified town of 
 Briti.sh India, presidency of Madras, 36 miles W.N.W. of 
 Chicacole. 
 
 BOBINGEN, bo'bing-en, a village of Bavaria, 36 miles 
 W,N.W. of JIunich. Pop. 1403, partly engaged in brewing, 
 and refining nitre. 
 
 BOBLINOEN, boVling-fn, a town of WUrtemberg. 11 
 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. .3.300, who manufacture 
 woollen cloths, vinegar, and chemical products. 
 
 BOBR, IxyVr, a navigable river of Poland, tributary to 
 the Narew. Its length is perhaps 60 miles. 
 
 BOBROV or BO^BROFF/, a town of Russia, government, 
 and 60 miles S.E. of Voronezh, on the Bitioog. Pop. 4865. 
 It derives its name from the beavers (bobry) which formerly 
 abounded in its vicinity. 
 
 BOBRUISK, bo-broo-isk', a town of Russia, government, 
 and 88 miles S.E. of Minsk, on the Beresina. Pop. oooO. It 
 was formerly fortified, and ineffectually besieged by the 
 French in 1812. It is a station for steam-packets on the river. 
 
 BOBTOWN, a manufacturing village in PittsfieW town 
 ship. Berkshire CO., Ma.ssachusetts, about 30 miles W.N.W. 
 of Northampton. The principal articles of manufacture 
 are woollen goods. 
 
 BOCA, bo'ki, (j.«. "mouth, inlet or entrance,") a term 
 applied to numerous straits and rivers. 
 
 BOCACHICA, bo'ki chee/ki, (i.«. '-little mouth or en- 
 trance.") the channel, 28 miles below Cartagena, in New 
 Grenada, to whose port it leads. 
 
 BOCA DEL TOKO, bok'd djl to'ro. (i. e. " bull's mouth,") 
 Caribbean Sea, Costa.Rica. lat. 9° 20' N., Ion. 82° W. 
 
 BOCA DE NAVIOS, bo'kd dA nd've-oce. (». e. "entrance 
 for ship?,") the S. and largest mouth of the Orinoco River, 
 South America. 
 
 BOCAGE, Le, leh bo^kizh', an old districtof France, In 
 Normandy, of which Vire was the capital. It is now in 
 eluded in the department of Calvados. 
 
 BOCAGE, part of the department of La Vendue, so called 
 on account of the great quantity of wood with whiih it is 
 coveted. 
 
 BOCA GRANDE. boM gr3n'dil, (" great entrance.") a bay 
 of the Caribbean Sea, Central America, Costa Rica, at the 
 mouth of the Zucar River. 
 
 BOC.\.INA, bo- ki'ni, a mountain range of Brazil, province 
 of Rio de Janeiro. It is an offset of the Orgaos or Organ 
 Mountains. 
 
 BOCAIRENT, bo-ki-rJnt/, or BOCAYRENTE, lx)-kl- 
 rfn'ti. a town of Spain, 30 miles N.N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 
 4070. It has manufactures of cloth and paper, and bi-andy 
 distilleries. 
 
 BOCA (or BOCCA) TIGRIS. bokTiS tee'gris, cr the 
 "BOGUE,'^ the entrance to the Canton River, Cliina, about 
 lat. 22° 45' N., Ion. 113° 35' E. All the estuary of the river 
 southward of this is called the " Outer \\aters." The Hogue 
 has on its E. side the islands Anuughoy and Chuenpee. and 
 on the W. Ty-cock-tow Island: in itS centre are the rocky 
 islets. North and South Wantung, all of which are ;tn)ngly 
 fortified. The Bogue forts were captured by the British, 
 February 26, 1841. 
 
 BOCCA DI CATTARO. See Cattaro. 
 
 BOCC.A. DI FALCO, bok'ki dee fll'ko, a village of Sicily, 
 near Palermo, with a rich botiuiic Harden. Pop. 4000. 
 
 BOCCHETTA (bok-k^t'til) MOUNTAl.V, one of the West 
 Apeunines, traversed by the road from Genoa to Novi, row 
 much improved, and passable for carriages. The summit 4-f 
 the pass is 2556 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 BOCCHIGLIERO. iMikkeel-yA'ro. a town of Aaple<, pr<> floyi 
 of Calabria Citra, 12 miles S.S.E. of Rossano. Poj 2:*j0 
 
BOC 
 
 Boa 
 
 BOCHNIA, boK'ne-S, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, 
 capital of a circle of the same name, 25 miles E.S.E. of Cra- 
 cow. Pop. 5300. It has several churches, 4 gymnasium, 
 and mines of rock salt, which employ 600 miners, and yield 
 annually 250,000 cwt. of salt. Pop. of circle. 178.760. 
 
 BOCliOLUorliOCHOIiT. both pronounced boK'Alt, a town 
 of Prussia, Westphalia, 44 miles \V. of Mlinster, on the Aa. 
 Pop. 4271, with a castle, and manufactures of cotton, wool- 
 len, and silk fabrics, hosiei'y, and brandy. There are ex- 
 tensive iron works in its vicinity. 
 
 liOCUOLD, a village of Belgium, Limbourg, 2J miles N. 
 W. of Bree. 
 
 BOCIIU.M, boK'o5m, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 26 
 miles N.K. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 4290. It is the seat of a 
 mining court, and has manufactures of woollen cloths, cas- 
 simeres, and hardwares. 
 
 BOCK.iU, bok'kOw, a town of Saxony, 4 miles W.N.W. 
 of Schwarzenberg. Pop. 1700. It has extensive chemical 
 manufiictures and mines of cobalt and silver. 
 
 BOCKK.NK.M, bok'ken-^m, a town of Hanover, 16 miles 
 S.S.E. of inidesheim. Pop. 2457, who manufacture linen 
 fabrics and yarn, tobacco and potash. 
 
 BOCKENilEni.bok'kfn-bime\ a town of Hesse Cassel, 3 
 miles N.W. of Frankfort on the Main. Pop.IJSOO. It has ma- 
 nufiictures of piano-fortes, jewellery, and Iron ware. It was 
 separated from Bergen in IS32. 
 
 BOCKKLUfeS, bok'Hooss, a town of Lower Austria, with a 
 castle. 15 miles N.W. of .Marchegg. Pop. 1490. 
 
 BOCK'ING, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BOCKLETON, bok'el-t^n, a parish of England, cos. of 
 Hereford .and Worcester. . 
 
 BOCOGXANO, bo-kAn-yd/no, a village of the island of Cor- 
 sica, 20j miles N.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. in 1851, 80O. 
 
 BOO'ONNOC, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 4 miles 
 E.N.E. of Lostwithiel. William Pitt, earl of Chatham, was 
 born here in 1708. 
 
 BOCZ.\, Ixjfsa, a town of Hungary, co. of Lipiau, 11 
 miles S.B. of Werbicze. Pop. 1220. Its once important gold 
 mines are rendered useless by inundations. 
 
 BODCAU (bod'kOw) LAKE, of Bossier parish, in the N.W. 
 part of Louisiana. Bodcau bayou or river enters the N.E. 
 extremity, and also forms the outlet by which the water is 
 discharged from the other end into Bed Kiver. Length, 
 about 20 miles; createst breadth, 3 or 4 miles. 
 
 BODCAU BAYOU or UIVKR, of Arkansas and Louisiana, 
 rises in the S.W. part of the former state, and flowing south- 
 ward into Louisi.ana, enters Bed Kiver in Bossier parish, 
 after passing thi'ough IJodcau Lake. 
 
 BOD'UINGTO.V, LOWER and UPPER, two parishes of 
 England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BOD'DINGTON, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BODED'ERN, a paHsh of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 BODE'GA, a post-village of Sonoma county, in the N.W. 
 part of California, is situated on Bodega Bay, 62 n)iles in a 
 (straight line N.W. by N. from San Francisco. Tills settle- 
 iient was made by the Russians in 1812, who erected here a 
 stockaded fort. It \v:\» afterwards ceded to Captain Sutter, 
 tlie founder of New Helvetia. Pop. 924. 
 
 BODEGA BAY is of a very irregular shape. Length, per- 
 haps, 10 miles; greatest breadth, 4 or 5 miles. 
 
 BOD KG RAVEN, bcyde-griWen, a village of S. Holland, on 
 the Old Rhine, 12 miles S.E. of Leyden. Pop. of parish, 2120. 
 
 BO'DEN HAM, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BO'DENH.\M. a post>village in Giles co., Tennessee, about 
 70 miles S.S.W. from Nashville. 
 
 BODENSTADT, bo'den-stdtt\a town of Moravia, 19 miles 
 E.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 1200. 
 
 BODEX-SKE. Germany. See Constance, Lake op, 
 
 BODENSWEIER. bo/dens-wper, a village of Baden, 4^ 
 miles S.S.W. of Bischofsheim. Pop. 1050. 
 
 BODENAVERDER, bo'den-^teMer, awalled town of Han- 
 over, on an island in the Weser, enclosed by the territory 
 of Brunswick, 12 miles S.E. of Ilameln. Pop. 1486. Chief 
 Industry, cotton-spinning, and trade in timber. 
 
 BODEWRYD, bo-du'rid, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 BODFARY, bod-f't/ree, or BODVART. a parish of North 
 Wales, cos. of Flint and Denliigh, 4 miles N.E. of Denbigh. 
 tt was a Roman station, and has Roman antiquities. 
 
 BOD'FUAN or BOD'VEAN, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 BOD'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BO'DIIL\M, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the 
 Rother. 7 miles N.N.E. of B.attle. Bodiham Castle, built in 
 the thirteenth century, is a magnificent ruin, surrounded 
 by a moat, and its grwit entrance defended by an iron 
 portcullis, still entire. 
 
 BOD.MANN, bod'mjnn, (L. Bodami Gistmm,) a village 
 of Baden, on Lake Constance, at the mouth of the Stockach. 
 Pop. 881, with ruins of an ancient royal castle, former resi- 
 dence of the lieutenants {Botcmann or Bndmanro, i. e. " mes- 
 Benger"or "Icr/atus") of the Carlovingian kings, whence the 
 Lake of Constance was named Bodman-see or Boden-see. 
 
 BOD'MIN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, town, 
 and parish of Englana, aipital, co. of Cornwall, 232 miles 
 
 W.S.W. of London, and 26 miles N.N.W. of Plymouth. Pop. 
 in 1851, 4705 ; of the borough, which eonipiises 3 other pv 
 rishes, 6901. The town consists of a long street, in a hol- 
 low between two hills. The church is .spacious; it was rebuilt 
 aliout 1472. It has a grammar school, founded by Queen 
 Elizabeth, a mayoralty-house, a court-house, in which are 
 held the county assizes and borough sessions, a county jail 
 and house of correction, county lunatic asylum, a good mar- 
 ketrhouse, and a corn market, formerly the refectory of a 
 priory, originally founded by British monks about a.d. 518. 
 The chief manufacture is of shoes. It .sends 2 members to 
 the House of Commons. A railway from Wade-bridge, 141 
 miles iu length, connects the town with the Bristol ChanneL 
 Bodmin was at one time the seat of the bishoprick of Corn- 
 wall: of which it is now one of the stannary towns. 
 
 BOD'XEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BODOE, (Bodiie,) bo'do'gh, a small seaport town of Nor- 
 wiiy, stift of Nordland, on the mainland, nearly opposite 
 the S. extremity of the LofToden islands. Pop. 277. 
 
 BODROGH-KERESZTUR, boMrog'-kAVisHooR/,a town of 
 Hungary, co. of Zemplin, on the Bodrogh. a tributary of the 
 Theiss, 3 miles N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 4500, mostly Magyars. 
 It has several churches, a synagogue, and trade in cattle 
 and wine, and 4 large annual fairs. The Tokay wines are 
 raised in its vicinity. 
 
 BODWROG, bo-doc/rog, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 BODY CA^IP, a postofTice of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 BOEN, bwSN'o, a town of France, department of Loire, 
 9 miles N.N.W. of Montbrisou. Pop. of commune, in 1851. 
 1024. It has manufactures of paper, and trade in wine. 
 
 B()EO CAPE. See Cape Boeo. 
 
 BCEOTIA, be-o'she-a or VIOTIA, (modern Gr. pron. ve-o- 
 tee'd; Gr. Butcona. Buiotia.) a department of the l<iiigdom 
 of Greece, (capital Livadia) on the continent of Hellas, 
 having N. the department Phthiotis, S. Thebes and the 
 Gulf of Corinth, \V Phocis, and E. Thebes and Lake To- 
 polias. Pop. in 1840, 31,679. Surface well watered and 
 fertile. Mount Helicon is on its S.E. border. 
 
 BOErriA, a postrofftce of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 BOEUF B.A.YOU, hit bl'oo in Ijouisiana, communicates 
 with Red River and the Atchafalaya. 
 
 BOEUF B.\YOU, of Arkansas and Louisiana, commences 
 in Chicot county of the former state, a few miles W. from 
 the Mississippi, from which it derives supplies in times of 
 floods. After passing into Louisiana, it flows south-west- 
 ward to the E. border of Caldwell parish, and turning to- 
 ward the S.E., unites with Washita River, about 10 miles 
 above Harri.sonburg. In high- water, steamboats can as- 
 cend from the Washita about 150 miles. 
 
 BOEUFF PRAIRIE, a postK)ffice of Franklin parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BOG, two rivers of European Russia. See Buo. 
 
 BO'GAN, or NEW-YEAR RIVER, (the "Allan Water" 
 of Oxley.) a considerajile river of New .'k)uth Wales, rises in 
 Harvey range, near lat. .33° S.. ion. 148° 30' E., flows gene- 
 rally N.W., and joins the Darling River about lat. 30° S., 
 Ion. 146° E. Total course, upwards of 300 miles. 
 
 B(yGANDS, a post-village of C«rroU co., Missouri, about 
 100 miles N.W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 BO'tJANSVILLE, a post-oflice of Union district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BO'G.\RD, a postrtownship in Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 
 917. 
 
 BOGARRA, bo-giR/nl, a town of Spain, 32 miles S.W. of 
 Albacete. Pop. 2096. Manufactures linens and woollens. 
 
 BOGDOIN DABASSOO (orDABASSU) bog/doin, dd-bas^su, 
 a salt lake, Russia, government Astrakhan, at the foot of 
 the remarkable hill Bogdo-oola, and 14 miles E. of Tcher- 
 noiar.sk. It is about 10 miles long, and 6 miles broad. 
 
 BOG'DO OO'LA, a mount«in of South Russia, in the N.W. 
 of the government of Astrakhan. It rises abruptly out of the 
 flat st«ppe, and is held sacred by the Kalmucks. Its sum- 
 mit contains fragments of mussel limestone, but is chiefly 
 composed of masses of rock salt. 
 
 BOGEN, bo'ghen, a town of Bavaria, on lower bank of 
 the Danube, 6 miles E. of Straubing. It has large breweries. 
 Pop. 1143. 
 
 BOGENBERG, bo'ghgn-b?Ro\ a town of Bavaria, a moun- 
 tain of the same name, with a chapel, a celebrated nlace of 
 pilgrimage. 
 
 BOGEN IIAUSEN, bo'ghen-hSw'zen.a village of Bavaria, 
 2 miles N.E. of Munich, on the Isar, with the royal ob- 
 servatory of Munich, one o*" the best in Europe, iu lat. 48° 
 8' 54" N.. Ion. 11° 36' 22" E., erected in 1817. 
 
 BOGENSE, bo'ghen-seh, a small seaport town of Den- 
 mark, on the N. coast of the island Funen. Pop. 1400. 
 
 BOG'GAH, a town of British India, pre.sidency of Bengal, 
 on the Gunduck, 30 miles N.AV. of Bettiah. 
 
 BOG GROVE, a township of Kendall co., Illinois. 
 
 BOGG.S, a township of Centre co, Pennsylvania. Pop. 2243. 
 
 BOGGS, a township of ClearfieUl co., Pennsvlvania. P. 561. 
 
 BilGGY DEPOT, a post-oflice of Choctaw'co., Arkansas. 
 
 BOGHAZ IvIEUI. or KEWEE, bo^dz' kA'wee, or KOI, 
 (perhaps the a.ac.Ta'viuin,) a village of Asia Minor, pashalic 
 
 2;iU 
 
BOG 
 
 BO II 
 
 of Srt(>Tas, 88 miles S-W. of Amasla. Hero are portions of a 
 larg:* t*-mple, supposed to be that of Jupiter, mentioned by 
 Strabo (lib. xii..) and of a Cyclopean wall, and '2 fortresses, 
 besides vai-ious bas-reliefs. 
 
 BOGUT, a postoffice of .\lbany co., New York. 
 
 BOGIE, bo'y;hee, a small river of Scotland, co. of Aber- 
 deen; it flows northward through the parish of Auchiudoir, 
 and joins the Deveron near Huntly. 
 
 BOGLIPOOK, bo',i?le-poor', or BHAUGULPOOR, a district 
 of British India, ijahar province, presidency of Bengal, 
 traversed by the Ganges. 
 
 BOGLIPGOR, (•■ the al>ode of refugees,") is the capital of 
 the above district. 2 miles S. of the Ganges, and lU-i miles 
 N.W. of Moorshedabad. Pop. estimated at 30,000, the ma- 
 jority Jlohammedans. It covers a large surface, and con- 
 sists of a number of scattered market-places and collections 
 «)f mean houses, with an English church and chapels, 
 cchool, jail, hospital, Mohammedan Arabic college, and se- 
 veral mosques. It has manufactures of coarse silk ftibrics. 
 Near it are some remarkable round-towers, to which the 
 Jains resort in pilgrimage. 
 
 BOG/NOR, formerly HOTIIAMPTON, a maritime market- 
 town, chapelry, and bathing-place of England, co. of Sussex, 
 6 miles S.E. of Chichester, pai'ish of South Berested. Pop. 
 in 1S51, 2694. It was a mere fishing village previously to 
 1780, when its proprietor, Sir I{. Ilotham, began improve- 
 ments which have now rendered it a favorite place of re.sort. 
 It is sheltered from N. winds, and has many pleasant resi- 
 dences, a good market-place, several places of worship, and 
 a school founded by the Princess Charlotte. A rocky coast 
 renders it accessible only to small coasting vessels. It has 
 ft station on the South Coast Rjiilway. 
 
 BOGODOOKHOV, BOGODOUKHOV or BOGODUKIIOV, 
 bo-go-doo-kov', a fortified town of Russia, government, and 
 29 miles N.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 5000, engaged in leathei^ 
 dressing, boot-making, and trade in cattle and hides. 
 
 BOGOE. See Baaooe. 
 
 BOGOOSLAV, BOGOUSLAV, or BOGUSLAW, bo-goo- 
 slJv', a town of Russia, government, and 70 miles S.S.E. of 
 Kiev, capital of a district of the same name, on the banks 
 of the Rossa. It confciins three churches, (two Greek and 
 one United.) A great proportion of the inhabitants are 
 Jews. Pop. 6000. 
 
 BOGORODITSK, bo-go-ro-ditsk'. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Toola, 40 miles S.E. of Toola. Pop. 2900. It has a 
 royal castle, and trade in honey and flax. 
 
 BOGOSLOVSK, bo-go-slovsk', a mining village of Rimsia, 
 In the Ural Mountains, government, and 185 miles N.E. of 
 Perm, near lat. 60° N.; 960 feet above the sea. 
 
 BOGOTA, bo-go-tj', formerly SANTA FE DE BOGOTA, 
 sin'td fA diV bo-go-td', a city of South America, capital of the 
 republic of New Granada, and the see of an archbishop. Lat. 
 4° 35' 48" N.; Ion. 74° 13' 45" W. Itis situated on the Sjtn 
 Francisco River, in an elevated plain, 8863 feet above the 
 sea. at the foot of two lofty mountains, with a delightful 
 though moist climate, resembling a perpetual autumn ; the 
 temperature rarely exceeding 59° Fahrenheit. Seen from a 
 distance, it presents a very imposing appeprance, rising in 
 the form of an amphitheatre. The streets are narrow, but 
 regular, crossing each other at right angles, and many of 
 them having a stream of water flowing down the middle. 
 They are all paved, and have footpath.s, but are indifferently 
 lighted; and there being no common sewers, are often in a 
 filthy state. The principal street, Calle Real, is very hand- 
 some, terpiinating at one end in a square, fornied by the 
 palace of the president, the cathedral, the custom-hou.ie, &c. 
 There are several other squares besides, of inferior preten- 
 Mons, though spacious, and all ornamented with fountains. 
 Bogota being subject to earthquakes, the houses are low, 
 and strongly built, few of them exceeding two stories in 
 height. They are constructed of sun-dried brick, white- 
 washed and tiled, without chimneys, stoves only being 
 used. Traffic is carried on in the streets by mules, no ve- 
 hicles of any kind being employed. The religious structures 
 of the city are disproportionately numerous, there being no 
 fewer than 26 churches, a cathedral, 9 monasteries, and 3 
 nunneries, to which more than half the houses in the city 
 belong. The churches, though gorgeously adorned inte- 
 riorly, display more splendor th.an taste. ISogota contains 
 a university, three colleges, most of the professors in which 
 are monks or priests, a school of chemistry and mineralogy, 
 , a Lancasterian school, a national academy, a public library, 
 an observatory, a botanic garden, and a well-attended thea- 
 tre. It has manufactures of soap, cloth, leather, and precious 
 metal; and an active trade. The environs of Bogota are 
 highly interesting. The Rio Francisco, which traverses the 
 city, joins the Rio Bogota in the centre of the plain, and the 
 conjoint waters descend in a S.W. direction, through a ravine 
 nearly 20 miles long. At the cataract of Tequendama the 
 cleft between the rocks is only 36 feet wide, and the waters 
 descend in an unbroken mass 650 feet. About 20 miles 
 from the fells is the natural bridge of Icononzo or I'andi, 
 formed by two rocks that unite the opposite sides of a deep 
 mountain-cleft, 300 feet above a small torrent. North of the 
 city, gigantic fossil bones have been tbund. The Campo con- 
 210 
 
 tains also coalfields, and, towards the N. border, the rich salt- 
 mines of Zipaquira. Here also is Lake Guatavita. into which 
 it is supposed the ancient inhabitants threw their treasure 
 when conquered by the Spaniai-ds. Bogota was founded by 
 Quesada in 1538, and made an archbishopric in 1561. It was 
 formerly capital of the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada, 
 and also capitjil of the republic of Colombia. Pop. 40.000. 
 
 BOGUE UOMO (bog ho'mo) CREEK, of Mississippi, falls 
 into Leaf River from the N., in Perry co., a few miles below 
 Augusta. 
 
 BO'GUS RUN, a post-office of Stark co., Indiana. 
 
 BOGUTSIIAR, or BOGOUTCIIAR, boi;oo-chaR', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 138 miles S.S.E. of Voronezh, near 
 the Don. Pop. 2600. 
 
 BOGWANGOIiA, bog-w3n-go'li, a large town of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal, 10 miles N.E. of Moorshedabad. 
 It has an extensive trade in grain, &c. 
 
 BOII AIN, bo^jNo/, a town of France, department of Aisne, 
 12 miles N.N.E. of St. Quentin. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 4146, who weave shawls and woollen fabrics. 
 
 BOH ALLE, LA, Id bo^hdll'. a village of France, department 
 of Jlaine-et-Loii-e, arrondissement of Angers. Pop. of com- 
 mune, 1 144. 
 
 BOIIARM', a parish of Scotland, cos. of Banff and Sloray, 
 12 miles S.E. of Elgin. Pop. 1261. Here are ruins of Castle 
 Galvall, built by De Moravia in the eleventh century. 
 
 BOHEMIA, (bo-hee'me-a,) Ivingdom of, (Ger. BShraen, 
 bo'mgn, Fr. Boheme, bo'aim',) a political and administrative 
 division of the Austrian Empire, forming the E. part of the 
 Germanic Confederation, between lat. 48° 33' .and 51° 3' N., 
 and Ion. 12° and 16° 46' E. ; bounded N. by Saxony and 
 Prussian Silesia, E. by Prussia and Moravia. S. by Lower 
 .Austria, and W. by Bavaria. Length from E. to W., 210 
 miles; breadth from N. to S., 171 miles. Area estinlated at 
 20,000 square miles, "The territory forms an extensive up- 
 land valley, with an inclination to the N,W. It is sur- 
 rounded on all sides by mountains, and belongs almost ex- 
 clusively to the basin of the Elbe, by which stream nearly 
 all the water that falls in the country is drained off throvigh 
 a single defile on the Saxon frontier, which separates the Erz- 
 gebirge from the Ljiusitz branch of the Riesengebirge. 
 
 Mountains. — Four chains of lofty mountains constitute 
 the natur.al boundaries of the Bohemian basin. N. and N.E. 
 it is separated from Silesia by the l!iesengebirge,(».e. "giant 
 mountains,") one of the principal branches of the Sudetic 
 chain. The highest peaks are the Riesenkoppe ("giant top") 
 or Schneekoppe, (snow top.) 5400 fefet; the double-capped 
 Brunnberg or Bornberg, 6007 feet ; and the Sturmhaube, 
 (•■storm-hood,") 4756 feet, N and N.W. it is separated from 
 Saxony by the Erzgebirge, ("ore mountains;") parted N.E, 
 from the Riesengebirge by the defile through which the 
 Elbe leaves Bohemia. The Erzegebii-ge is not so much a 
 chain of mountains as a huge continuous mound, sloping 
 gradually on the Saxon side, but remarkably abrupt on the 
 Bohemian. W. and S.W. Bohemia is separated frf)m Bava- 
 ria and the arch-duchy of Austria by the Bohmerwaldge- 
 birge, (Bohemian forest mountains.) a range which forms 
 part of the SijVva Hercyhiia of ancient geographers. At its 
 N.W. extremity it is separated from tlie Efzgebirge by the 
 depression through which the Eger flows. It is wild, pre- 
 cipitous, and full of deep ch.isras and ravines; towards Ba- 
 varia it is very steep, but of more gradual inclination on 
 the Bohemian side. This chain, uniting at its S.W. extre- 
 mity with the Bohmerwaldgebi rge, and at its N.E. with the 
 Riesengebirge, completes the circle of mountains by which 
 Bohemia is enclosed. The Moravian chain is of gentle ac- 
 clivity, of the average height of 3281 feet, and separates the 
 basin of the Elbe and Moldau from that of the Danube. 
 Several offsets from these chains, of inferior height, inter- 
 sect the kingdom. 
 
 Geology and Minerals. — The whole of these mountain 
 ranges, generally speaking, are of primitive formation, 
 though later formations are found on the N.W. and N.E. 
 In the centre of the country is an extensive sandstone for- 
 mation ; and that the carboniferous series likewise exists, is 
 evidenced by the presence of coal, of which the quantity 
 produced in 1845 was 2S5.180 tons, and in 1846, 321,855. 
 Indeed, one the chief sources of the country's wealth has 
 been its valuable minerals, found chiefly in the Erzgebirge 
 and the spurs of the F'ichtelgebirge, ("pine-mountains.") Of 
 gold and silver it now yields little; of the latter, in 1844, the 
 quantity obtained was only 21,24^^ pounds troy. But it pro. 
 duces cinnabar, tin, bismuth, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, man- 
 ganese, litharge, sulphur, alum. iron, arsenic, chrome, sul- 
 phate of iron and copper, and plumbago: some of these in 
 considerable quantity. For theyeais 1842. 1843, and 1844, 
 the total money-value of the produce of the mines was, re.spe-v 
 lively. 317,17a., 322,09M., and 3(58,109!. In 1845. the quantity 
 of plumbago produced was about 400 tons, and in 1846, up- 
 wards of 550 tons. Quarries are worked everywhere, and 
 excellent marble, alabaster, quartz, granite, freestone, stipe- 
 rior millstones, and grindstones are obtained. The beauti- 
 ful garnets, famous over Europe, are found chii-fiy in the 
 circles of Czaslau and Leitmeritz; and, in vaiious localities, 
 topazes, chalcedonies, amethysts, jaspers, sapphires, crnne- 
 
BOH 
 
 BOH 
 
 Hans, ruliie?, agates, and many other kinds of precious 
 stones, porcelain earth, and potters' clay. 
 
 jKivers, Lukes, and {Springs. — The streams of Bohemia 
 converge from all sides towards the Kllie, which rises in the 
 Riesenfrebirge, aiid of whidi, either directly or indirectly, 
 with the exception of some inconsiderahle trilmtaries of 
 the Drinube and Oder, they all are affluents, and by which 
 their waters are diained olT through a mountain defile in 
 the Saxon frontier, where the level of the river is 287 feet 
 al>ove the sea. Bohemia has no large lakes, but it is said 
 to possess 20,000 ponds and 100 mineral springs. Some of 
 these last are famed o\er Europe, of which may be specified 
 the saline chalybeate springs of i'ranzensbrunn ; those of 
 Marienbad and GiosshUbel ; the warm alkaline aperient 
 springs of Carlsbad and Toplitz. (lGt;° and 99° Fahrenheit, 
 respectively;) the bitter cathartic waters of Sedlitz, ,Said- 
 schUtz, and Piittna; the sulphurous springs of Tijplitz; 
 besides a host of others of less repute. 
 
 Climale. — The climate is vai-iable. but in general healthy, 
 and warmer in the low districts, the central parts, and to- 
 wards the N., than in the S. The mean annual temperit- 
 ture at Prague in 48° 43' Fahrenheit; winter, 32° 31'; 
 spring, 47°; summer, 69° .50'; autumn, 50° 22'. In the 
 I)6hmerwald. the snow is often found 12 feet deep, and lies 
 till the middle of April ; in some of the other ranges it re- 
 mains througliout the whole year. 
 
 Vegetation, Agriculture, d:c. — Excepting in the lofty moun- 
 tain ranges, the soil of IJohemia is generally fertile, more 
 especially in the N. and N.E.. and in the valleys ofthe Eger 
 and the Elbe. The whole amount of arable land is esti- 
 mated at 12.259.31)2 acres, of which 6,101,649 acres, or nearly 
 one-half, is under tlie plough, the remainder being laid out 
 in orchards, vineyards, pastures, &c. The principal crops 
 raised are rye and oats, about equal in quantity; barley 
 and wheat, al)out half the two former. Potatoes and tur- 
 nips are grown extensively, and considerable quantities of 
 legumes, poppies, rape and clover seeds, iiax, and hemp. 
 Of the hops, which are good, a large portion is sent to Uar 
 varia. Fruit is abundant on the lower gi'ounds; and in 
 the warmer localities, on the banks of the FUbe, the vine 
 ripens, and yields about 250,000 gallons of wine. Besides 
 the portion under cultivation. 3,756.290 acres are under 
 wood, yielding annual]}' 3.638.000 cui)ic fathoms of ttmlier, 
 value 1,910,811?. The breed of sheep is now greatly im- 
 proved, and the wool excellent. The rearing of poultry and 
 bees is extensively prosecuted, but attempts to Introduce 
 the silkworm have not been successful. On the whole, 
 aarriculture has made considerable progress in Bohemia of 
 late years ; but still the utmost capabilities of the soil are 
 not. and cannot ise. fully developed under a system which, 
 as there, excludes the cultivator from participation in its 
 produce. 
 
 Mixnitfuctiires. — In manufacturing indu.stry, this country 
 has long been considered one of tlie most important pro- 
 vinces ofthe empire. The chief seat of this industry is in 
 the northern provinces, and among the German population 
 ofthe mountains: it consists principally in thread, linens, 
 cotton, iron, woollens, glass, and paper. In 1844, there 
 were produced 1.500.000 pieces of linen, of 30 ells each, 
 value 1,050,000?. There are 83 cotton-spinning factories in 
 the kingdom, with 395,000 fine spindles, producing about 
 3.500,000 pieces, and employing about 150,000 persons. 
 The whole quantity of wool produced in Bohemia is esti- 
 mated at 106,960 hundred-weight, and the cloth made at 
 about 186.000 pieces, value 1.082,000?. The manufacture of 
 potash employs nearly 6000 people, and leather, 4000. In 
 1845. there were 10 manufactories of sugar from potatoes, 
 and 25 from beet-root. Besides these, there are 5 sugar 
 refineries. There are likewise 917 breweries, and 1228 
 brandy distilleries, mostly on a very small scale, producing 
 4,052.852 imperial gallons of spirits. The total amount of 
 cast-iron manufactured in Bohemia, in nails, wire, cutlery, 
 locks. <tc.. may be estimated at 17.500 tons per annum, em- 
 ploying about 6000 persons; and the value of the whole 
 Ironware produced, 170,000?, Glass has been a staple article 
 of Boliemian manufacture since the thirteenth century, 
 although it is not supposed to be so flourishing now as it 
 was formerly. There are in the kingdom 67 glass-works, 
 besides mirror factories and glass-cutting works, and facto- 
 ries of glass pearls, employing in all about 30.000 persons. 
 About one-third of the entire population of the kingdom, 
 It is estimated, are employed in the various manufactures. 
 
 Oiinmerce. — The commerce of the country consists in the 
 exportation of the products of the soil and manufactures, 
 the importation of colonial goods, and the transit of mer- 
 chandise from Northern Germany to Austria, Switzerland, 
 and Italy. The FUbe and the Moldau are navigated by 
 gteam-packets, and the latter communicates with the Da- 
 nube by a horse railway from Budweis to Lintz, Prague is 
 connected by railway with Olmutz ou the ii. and Lana on 
 the W. It is also connected by railway with Vienna on the 
 one hand, and with Leitmeritz and Dresden on the other. 
 
 Bohemia, witli the title of kingdom, forms a provincial 
 
 government of the Austrian Empire, having certain politi- 
 
 cil privileges ; it is comprised in the states of the Germanic 
 
 Q 
 
 Confederation. The Emperor of Austria bears the title o. 
 King of Bohemia, and is crowned at Prague. It came inti 
 the posse.s.sidu ofthe House of Austria in 1526. It consist* 
 of 1 district.Prap,(PrngU(')and 16 circles — Beraun, Bid.«chow, 
 Budweis. Buntzlau, Chrudim, Cza.slau, Filbogen, Kaurzim, 
 Klattau, KijniggrBtz, Leitmeritz. i'ilsen, Prachin, Kakonitz, 
 Sa«tz,and Tabor. The Koman Catholic is the religion of the 
 state, and the other sects are only tolerated. Btihemia pos- 
 sesses numerous establishments for public instruction. 
 The university of Prague is one of the most ancient and cele- 
 brated in Germany; it had, in 1S42, 71 professors and 
 teachers, and 2741 students. The kingdom has 3 episcopal 
 schools, 22 gymnasia, having (in 1846) 5683 pupils. The 
 number of private schools was (in 1845) 3490, attended by 
 516.831 pupils, while the numlHsr of children able to attend 
 school was 544,922. There are many learned societies in 
 Bohemia, with which are connected public libraries, botanic 
 garden.s. and .scientific collections; and it has charitable in- 
 stitutions in all file principal cities. The cliief fortificaticms 
 are at Prague. .Toseplistadt. KoniggrJitz, and Theresienstadt. 
 
 Bohemia derives its name from tlie Boii, a Celtic people, 
 who settled in the country about 600 years B. c, and who 
 were expelled in the time of Augustus by the Marcomanni. 
 About the middle of the sixth century a numerous army 
 of Czeches entered the country, and sutidued it. The first 
 duke known to us by name is Przemislas, a peasant whom 
 the Princess Libussiv married in A. D. 032. and raised to the 
 throne. In 1061, the Fhnperor Henry IV. gave the royal 
 title to the Dukes of Bohemia. By the extinction of the 
 male line, the crown came to the House of Luxembourg in 
 1310. when Charles IV. united Bohemia with the German 
 F:mpire. After many vicissitudes, itohemia fell to the 
 House of Austria, in the person of i'erdinand the Arch- 
 duke, brotlier of Charles V., and brother-in-law of Louis 
 II,, King of Hungary and Bohemia, who was killed in 1526 
 in a battle with the Turks, near Mohacs. At tliis period 
 Bohemia pos.sessed a comparatively free constitution, and 
 most of its inhabitants were I'rotestants. In consequence of 
 the encroachments of the succeeding emperors on the reli- 
 gious liberties of the Protestants, serious disturliances 
 arose, which threatened the House of Austria with the 
 lo.ss ofthe kingdom. In 1619. the people olTered the crown 
 to Fredeiick V., Elector-Palatinate, to the exclusion of F'er- 
 dinand II. But the battle of the White Mountain, fought 
 in November, 1620, and in which F'rederick was totiiUy de- 
 feated, put an end to the rising hopes of the Protestants, 
 and proved the source of innumerable calamities to the Bo- 
 hemians, who were subjected by their conquerors, the Aus- 
 trians, to a persecution scarcely paralleled in history. The 
 Protestant religion, held by three-fourths of the people, 
 became well nigh extinct; the free constitution was 
 totjiUy subverted, and Bohemia converted into an absolute 
 and hereditary monarchy, and the Roman Catholic faith 
 established to the exclusion of all others. From this time 
 the kingdom continually declined. More than 30,000 fami- 
 lies, including many of the nobility, all the Protestant 
 ministers and teachers, numerous mechanics, &c., were 
 forcibly driven into ^ile, or had their estates and property 
 confiscated. AVhen Frederick II. died, in 16.37, out of 
 3.000,000 inhabitants which Bohemia contained in 1617, 
 there remained only 780,000. On the death of Charles \l., 
 (1740.) Charles Albert, Fllector of Biivaria, claimed the 
 crown, but Maria Theresa succeeded, after an arduous 
 struggle, in securing possession of the kingdom, .'^he was 
 succeeded by her son, Jo.seph II., in 1780 ; and from this time 
 downwards a more liberal and enlightened system of adminis- 
 tration has been pursued, under which Bohemia is advancing 
 in prosperity as steadily as anv other portion of the Austrian 
 
 Empire. Pop. in 18,50.' 4,409.900. Adj. and inhab. BoHS?- 
 
 mian; (Ger. adj. BiiiiMiscn, bo'mi-h; inhab. BSiime, bo'meh.) 
 
 BOHE'MIA'CREEK, Maryland, flows into F:ik River. 
 
 BO^IIERMEEN', a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co, of 
 Meath, 4$ miles W.N.W. of Navan. on the road to Kells. 
 Pop. 831. Ardbraccan episcopal palace, Oatlands, and Al- 
 lanston are in the vicinity. 
 
 B0HMF:n, BiJhmisch. See Bohemia. 
 
 BOHMERWALD. (Bohmerwald,) bo?mer--ftalt,»(t. e. "Bohe- 
 mian F'orest,") a chain of mountains in Germany, between 
 Bohemia and Bavaria, extending S,W. to N.E., and separat- 
 ing the basins of the Elbe and Danube. Length, a)»ut 120 
 miles : mean breadth. 25 miles. The principal .'unimits are 
 the Aber, 4848 feet, and the Rachelberg, 4743 feet in eleva- 
 tion. It is the Sylya-gabreta, forming part of the Ilercynian 
 forest of the Romans. 
 
 BOHMiSCH-BROD. See Brod. 
 
 BOHMISCH-LEIPA. See Leippa. 
 
 BOHOE, bo^ha', a parish of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh. 
 
 BO^IIOL/, one of the Philippine Islands, between Zebu and 
 Leyte, and 70 miles N.W. of Mindan.ao. Lat. 10° N.; Ion. 
 124° E. Length, 40 miles: average breadth. 30 miles. 
 
 BOHOLA. bo-HoOd, or BUCHOLLA, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Connaught, co. of Mayo. 
 
 BOHORODCZAN. bo-ho-rot/chjn, a town of Austrian Oa- 
 licia, 12 miles S.S.W. of Stanislawow. It has a tribunal of 
 mines. Pop. 1920. 
 
 241 
 
BOI 
 
 BOT-APAD, boi-3-b3d. a town of Asifl Sfinor. in Anatolia, 
 on the Kara-Soo, 45 miles S.S.W. of Sinope. Pop. 2000 (?) 
 It has numerous mosques, several inns, and a hill fort. 
 
 B0TL'1^'G SPllIXO, a post-office of Fentress co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 BOU-IXG SPRINGS, a post-Tillage of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, 25 miles W. of llarrisburg. 
 
 BOILING SPRINGS, a post-office of Benton co., ALabama. 
 
 BOILS'TON. a post-office of Henderson co., North Carolina. 
 
 BOIPEliA-VELIIA, bo-e-pinji-vail'yd, a town of Brazil, 
 province and 66 miles S.W. of Bahia, on the island of the 
 same name. 
 
 BOIS BLANC (bvf-a blfts") ISLAND, in Lake Huron, about 
 10 miles S.E. of Mackinaw. Lat. 45° 45' N. : Ion. 84° 55' W. 
 It is about 10 miles long and 3 broad, and has a light-house 
 on its E. end. 
 
 BOIS D'ARC, boMark', a township in Hempstead co., Ai^ 
 kansas. 
 
 BOIS D'ARC, a village of Green co., Missouri, about 130 
 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 BOIS D'ARC CREEK, Ellis co., Texas, flows eastward into 
 Trinity River. 
 
 BOIS D'ARC RIVER, of Texas, also called EAST FORK 
 of the Trinity, rises in the N. part of the state, and flowing 
 southward, enters Trinity River in Kaufman county. 
 
 BOIS-DE-LESSINES, b wd-^leh-l^s'seen' or — lA'seen', a vil- 
 lage and commune of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 28 
 miles N.E. of Tournai, with some linen manufactures. 
 Pop. 1752. 
 
 BOIS-GUILLAUME, bwj ghee*y5me', (i. e. "William's 
 woods,") a village of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, 
 2 miles N. of Rouen. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 2465. 
 
 BOIS, LE, Igh bwi, a village of France, department of 
 Charente-Inferieure, 14 miles W. of La Rochelle. in the He 
 de Re. Pop. of commune, 2062. 
 
 BOIS-LE-DUC. bwd-leh-diik', {puUh.'SHertngenhosch—clen 
 Bosch — in English, " the duke's wood,") a fortified city of 
 the Netherlands, capital of North Brabant, at the junction 
 of the Dommel and the Aa, 3 miles S. of the Meuse. and 28 
 miles S S.K. of Utrecht. Pop. in 1863 (excI\i.«iveof garrigon) 
 23,640. It is about 5 miles in circumference, defended by 
 a citadel and two forts, well built and intersected by several 
 canals. Its buildings comprise one of tlie finest cathedrals 
 in the Netherlands, 6 other churches, a town-hall, a gram- 
 mar school in wliicli Erasmus was partly educated, a college, 
 academy of arts, arsenal, several hospitals, and a prison. 
 It has manufactures of linens, thread, needles, cutlery, 
 and mirrors, with breweries and distilleries, and a con- 
 Biderable trade. It is the seat of a vicar-general, and tri- 
 bunals of primary jurisdiction and commerce. It was 
 founded In 1184 by a duke of Brabant, in a wood where he 
 was hunting, whence its name. It was taken by the French 
 In 1794. 
 
 BOIS, LES, U bwJ, (Ger. Rudishnlz, roo'dis-hAlts\) a village 
 of Switzerland, canton, and 26 miles W.N.W. of Bern, 3421 
 feet above the seii level, on the Jura Mountains. Pop. 994. 
 
 BOISLKUX, bw^Muh', a village of France, with a station 
 on Railway du Nord. 4 miles S.W. of Arras. 
 
 BOISSEZON, bwds^seh-z(\xo', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarn, 7 miles E.E.S. of Castres. Pop. of commune, 
 in 1852, 3003. 
 
 BOISSY, bwS'soe', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles S.E. of Paris. Near it is the superb 
 chateau of Gros-Bois. and many handsome country-houses. 
 Other villages of France have the same name. 
 
 BOITZENBURG or BOIZENBURG, boit/sen-bd6Ro\ a town 
 of Northern Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. duchy of 
 Giistrow, on the right bank of the Elbe, and on the Ham- 
 burg and Berlin Railw.ay, 34 miles S.W. of Schwerin. Pop. 
 3184. It has an extensive wool-market, and various manu- 
 facturing establishments, ship-building docks, a consider- 
 able transit trade both by land and water, and a toll-house 
 on the Elbe. 
 
 BOITZKNBURG or BOIZENBURG, a village of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, 62 miles N. of Berlin, with a 
 castle of the Count Arnim. Pop. 780. 
 
 BO JAN. 4, bo-yi/nj, (anc. Barhafna.) a river of European 
 Turkey, dr.ains Upper Albania, under the name of the Mo- 
 racca or Moroka, traverses the Lake of Scutari, and enters 
 the Adriatic 8 miles S. of the town of Scutari ; length, 65 
 miles. 
 
 B0.TANO, bo-yj'no, (anc, Boviafnum.) an episcopal town 
 of Naples, 10 miles S.W. of C!impobas.so. Pop. 3000. It was 
 sacked by the Romans in 298 B. c, and was nearly destroyed 
 by an earthquake in 1805. 
 
 BOJANOWO, bo-yj-nc/vo. a town of Prussian Poland, 44 
 miles N.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2450. It is built mostly of 
 wood, and has manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 BOKA, br/kOh^ a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal, on 
 the Tenies, between Kanak and Szetsany, 33 miles S.S.W. 
 of Temesrvar. Pop. 2-599. 
 
 BOKE'S CREEK, a township in Logan co., Ohio. P. 1085. 
 
 BOKE'S CREEK, a postKjffice of Union co., Ohio, 
 
 BOIvH A KA. bo-Kd'ri. (Fr. Bimkhara. boo^k^'rd'; anc. Sngdi- 
 O/wu and 7V«)!so.riu'Ka,) orOOZBEKlSTAN,(UZBEKISTAN,) 
 242 
 
 BOK 
 
 007.-b?KMs-tln',(t. «. " land of the Oozbeks,") called also G R EAT 
 BUCHA'BIA, a state of Central Asia, in Independent Toor- 
 ki.stan, between lat. 36° and 41° N., and Ion. 63° .and 70° E., 
 having N. the Sea of Aral and the country of Khokrin, E. 
 Khoondooz,S.theOxus, andW. Khiva. Estimated area.^^io.OOO 
 square miles. It is mountainous towards the E.. where it 
 includes the valleys forming the W. slopes of the great 
 Asiatic plateau. Some of the summits of this chain have 
 been estimated at a height of 18,000 feet, being enveloped 
 in snow in June. On the S., the kingdom is bordered by 
 the Hindoo Koosh and the N. verge of the Persian plateau. 
 All the rest of the country is low and flat, belonging, in its 
 characteristics, to the dry steppes and sandy waste? of the 
 Caspian and Aral seas. It is imperfectly watered, possess- 
 ing only two streams of any consequence, the Amoo. Jihoon 
 or Oxus traversing the counti-y from S.E. to N.W. Besides 
 these, there are some other smaller streams, as the t^.imar- 
 cand, Zerafshan or Zurufshan, the Kurshee or Karehi, de- 
 scribed by Burns as a mere rivulet. Along the banks of 
 these rivers lie the only cultivated Lands in the country, 
 not reaching to more than one-tonth of the entire area. 
 Along the Samarcand is a valley of the same name, so 
 vaunted for its beauty by the Arabian conquerors that it 
 was called an earthly paradise. The territory on the banks 
 of the Oxus is likewise greatly favored by nature. N. of 
 the Oxus and of the mountains W. of Bokhara, the cnuntrj 
 is occupied by a succession of low. rounded ridges of oolite, 
 limestone, and gravel, covered with a scanty verdure. Be- 
 tween these ridges are hardened plains of argillaceous clay, 
 forming excellent natural roads. On these occur sand hills, 
 of no great extent, but sufficient to absorb the rivulets 
 flowing towards the Oxus. W. of the city of Bokhara, and 
 S. of the Oxus, however, the country is covered with these 
 hills or rather mounds of loose sand, of a horseshoe .shape, 
 about 15 or 20 feet in height, resting on a firm soU, having 
 been accumulated by the winds; and so numerous, that 
 little space is left for cultivation. In the valleys formed by 
 these sand hills deposits of salt and saline rivulets fre- 
 quently occur. The only lake of importance is Dengis or 
 Karakool. about 60 miles S.S.W. of the city of Bokhai-a. It 
 is deep, brackish, and about 10 miles long. 
 
 Gold in considerable quantities is found among the sands 
 of the Oxus, but there are no mines of that metal in the 
 kingdom ; neither are there any of silver, copper, or iron, all 
 these being imported from Russia. Sal-ammoniac is found 
 in its native state, and salt deposits are numerous. Rice, 
 wheat, barley, maize, cotton, indigo, and fine fi uits, are 
 chief objects of culture. Timber is veiy scarce. Cattle and 
 live stock of most kinds are numerous : some breeds of horses 
 are very excellent; camels are the principal beasts of Imrden. 
 
 Cotton thread, silk stuffs, shagreen, sjibres and other cut- 
 lery, gold, silver, and turned articles, and fire-arms are ma^ 
 nufactured. and by its position l)etween the Russian domi- 
 nions and southern Asia, the country has considerable com- 
 mercial importance. The exports comprise silk, cotton, 
 wool, caarse chintzes, cotton thread, lambskins, Inpis lazuli, 
 and dried fruits. The imports, muslins. Benares brocades, 
 white cloth, sugar, and shawls, from the S. ; and from Rus- 
 sia numerous kinds of European manufactures, a large 
 quantity of which is British. From Chinese Tocrkistan, 
 coarse porcelain, musk, tea in great quantities, silks, rhu- 
 barb. Thibet wool, &c, are received. The khan, though 
 nominally despotic, is greatly under the influence of the 
 priesthood, and Mohammedanism is perhaps more strict in 
 this than in any other country of Asia. The public reve- 
 nue is estimated at about 400.0007. annually. Armed force, 
 about 20.000 horse and 4000 foot, independent of a militia 
 of 50.000 cavalry. The principal cities are Bokhara, Samar- 
 cand, Balkh, and Kui-shee. 
 
 Bokhara in part corresponds to the Bactria of the ancients. 
 After the destruction of the Greek Bactrian empire, it 
 formed a powerful kingdom, conquered in 705 by the Arabs. 
 In 12.32. it fell into the hands of .Tenghis Khan, whose de- 
 scendants were dispossessed by Timor in l.'iOS. In 1505, the 
 Oozbecks (Uzbecks or Ouzl>eks) became masters of the coun- 
 try, and the throne. Bokhara contains 19 towns of some note, 
 including the capital. The population has been v.iriously 
 estimated: by Meyendorff at 2.478.000; by Khanikoff at 
 
 2.000.000: and by Burns at 1,. 500.000. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 BoKHAHiAK, bo-k^'-re-an, and Bukharian, bu-k.Vre-an; also 
 BOKH.ARESE, Vio^-kA-reez'. 
 
 BOKII.'V.ItA. ("the treasury of sciences,") a celebrated city 
 of Central Asia, capital of the above Kh.anat.near the Zer-af- 
 chan River. 130 miles W.S.W. of Samarcand. Lat.3;i° 48' N,, 
 Ion. 64° 26' E. It is situated in a flat country, emliosomed 
 among hills, and said to be 8 miles in circumference, en- 
 closed by earthen ramparts, entered by 12 gates, and inter- 
 sected by numerous canals. The streets are very narrow, 
 and the houses mostly small and flat-roofed. In the centre 
 is the citadel, containing the palace, harem, and residences 
 of the state officers, with the royal stables, barracks, Ac. 
 Bokhara is Siiid to have 360 mosques, several of great archi- 
 tectural beauty, and 103 colleges, this city having lieen long 
 famous as a seat of Mohammedan learning. In lS-40. thero 
 were 10,000 students. The lity contains 38 caravansaries, 
 
BOK 
 
 and 15 principal batlis. Among its population are about 
 4000 Jews, who carry on an active commerce; here may be 
 met the natives and merchants of I'ersia, Turkey. Russia, 
 Tartary, China, India, and Cabool. Tradition assigns the 
 foundation of IJokhara to Alexander the Great. It was 
 ruined by .Tenshis Khan in the early part of the thirteenth 
 century, and w.is not rebuilt until the end of his rei^tn. 
 Under Timor it flourished anew, and it is now one of the 
 richest citius in Central Asia. In our day it. h:i.s acquired 
 unfortunate notoriety from the immolation of Colonel St/>d- 
 dart and Captain Conolly within its walls. With regard 
 to the population of Bokhara, accounts differ widely. Hums, 
 In 18.35, states it at l.ill.OOO. while Khanikoff, in 1813, esti- 
 mates it at 00.000 to VO.OiJO. 
 
 BOKOL, bo^kol', a lari;e vill.age of .''ene;;ambia, near the 
 Senegal River, in lat. 10° 21' N.. Ion. 15° 21' W., governed by 
 a marabout. It has some trade, and the people are onfjajted 
 In cultivating the soil and hunting the cayman, (a species 
 of alligator.) 
 
 BOLAIJOLA, boia-bo'li or BOUAHOUA, bo/ra-bo/ra. writ- 
 ten also BONAIiO.VA.bo'nd-bo'ni. oneof the Society Islands, 
 in the Pacific Ocean, situated .\.\V. of Taliiti. and nearly 30 
 miles in circumference, well wooded and populous. 
 
 BO'I^iAM. a parish of KngLand. co. of Northumberland. 
 
 BO'L.WD'S. a post-office of Itawamba eo., .Mississippi. 
 
 BOliAN (boMdn') l'.\SS. a remarkable defile in the moun- 
 tains of Heloochistan, consisting of a succession of ravines, 
 about 55 miles in aggregate length, (from ne.ar Padnr to 
 Shawl.') on tlie route from the Lower Indus to the talde-iand 
 of Afghanistan. Lat. 20° 30' to 29° 52' N., Ion. between 67° 
 and 67° 40' E. The greatest elevation of the pass is 5793 feet. 
 Avenigerate of the ascent from the S. is 90 feet a mile. The 
 road is qnita practicable for wheeled vehicles, but is infested 
 liy Belooi'hee freebooters. The Bolan Uiver rises in this 
 pass at 1491 feet above the sea. Its declivity is rapid: and 
 the road through the pass generally follows the river 
 course. 
 
 BOL.WO.S.bo-li'noce, a town of Mexico, in Jalisco. 65 miles 
 N.N.VV. of Gu.adalajara. chiefly remarkable on account of the 
 rich silver-mines in its neighliorhood. 
 
 BO'LAS. OKKAT, a parish of tingland, co. of Salop. 
 
 BOLAWADU.V. See Bllwadeejj. 
 
 BOLHKC. boPbjK'. a manufacturing town of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-Infferieure. on the railway from Paris to 
 Havre, and on the Bolbec, whicii furnislies abundant water- 
 power, 17 miles E.N.E. of Havre. Pop. in 1851. 9*71. It is 
 well built, and ornamented with fountains, and is the seat 
 of a chamber of manufactures, with largo and thriving ma- 
 nufactures of cotton fabrics, which are mostly sent to 
 Rouen; also woollen and linen fjictories, dye-works, and 
 chemical fictories. 
 
 BOI.IUTLNE, or BOLBITINUM. See Rosetta. 
 
 BOLD, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 5 miles 
 E.S.E. of I'rescot. Here, in the manor-hou.se, the Cimily of 
 Bold resided from the conquest until 1761. 
 
 BOL'UKN, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 BOLDRE, bol'der, a parish of England, co. of Hants, in 
 the New Forest. 2j miles N. of Symington. The Rev. Wil- 
 liam Gilpin, author of "Forest Scenery," wiis rector of this 
 parish, where, with the profits of his pen and pencil, he en- 
 dowed two schools. and where he is buried "amid the scenes 
 he so much loved, and so well described." 
 
 BOLE, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 BOLECHOW. bo-l:l/Kov. a market-town of Austrian Gall- 
 cla, 11 miles S. of Stry. on a tributary of the Dniester. It 
 possesses productive salt-works. Pop. 2^500. 
 
 BOLESKINE, bol'skin. and AB'ERTARFF'. two unittnl 
 parishes of Scotland, co. of Inverness; Boleskine church be- 
 ing 23 miles S.W. of Inverness. A part of the Caledonian 
 Can.Tl, Fort Augustus, the Fall of Foyers, and many granite 
 and limestone quarries are in these parishes. 
 
 BOIiUAKY, bol-g.i'ree, a village of Russia, 60 miles S. of 
 Kazan, on the left bank of the Volga, near the ruins of Bria- 
 kimov. the ancient capital of the Bulgarians. 
 
 BOLl or B()LY. bo'lee, (anc. Hadrianop'oli^) a town of 
 Asia Minor, pjishalie of Anatoli.a, capital of the sanjak, on 
 an eminence. 7(5 miles N.W. of Angora. It is a poor place, 
 with about 1000 houses, a dozen mosques, and a ruined 
 castle. 
 
 BO^LIGEE', a post-office of Greene co.. Alab.ama. 
 
 BOL-ILMEN.bol-il-niJn/,or MAXITCH, md-neetch', a lake 
 ta Russia, formed by the Manitch, l:>etween the governments 
 i>f Don Cossacks and Caucasus. It is a long, irregular ex- 
 panse of brackish water, stiretching nearly 50 miles from S.E. 
 to N.W., but in average breadth does not exceed 3 miles. 
 
 BOLIXGBROKE. bo'liug-brfiOk, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Lincoln. 3j miles W.S.W. of Spilsby. Pop. 
 in 1S51, 9S0. It has remains of the castle in which Henry 
 tV. was horn, and a manufacture of earthenware. It gives 
 the title of viscount to the St. John family. 
 
 BO^LTNGREENV,a post-office of Holmes "co.. Mississippi. 
 
 BO'LTNGTON, a post-office of Loudon co., Virginia. 
 
 BOL'IVAR. a county in the W part of Mississippi, has an 
 area of about 800 .square miles. The Mississippi River forms 
 its W. bouu'lary, separating it from Arkansjis. The surface 
 
 BOL 
 
 Is a level and alluvi.al plain, usually called "swamp laud," 
 part of which is frequently overflowed by the river. Th« 
 soil is extremely fertile, but a Large part of it remain' ntr- 
 cultivated, being considered less healthy than the uplands 
 of the interior. Cotton is the chief product. Capital, Boli- 
 via. Pop. 10,171, of whonj 1393 wore free, and 907S slaves. 
 
 BOLIV.^R, a post-village and township of Allegh.any co, 
 New York, 2S5 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 959. 
 
 BOLIV.\R, a village of Westmoreland co., Penn.sylvanla.. 
 on the Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Can.al. 21 miles 
 E.N.E. of Greensburg. A plank-road connects this point 
 with Indiana Court-Hou.se. 
 
 BOLIVAR, a post-ofHco of Frederick co., M.aryland. 
 
 B0L1V.\R, a post-oflice of Jackson co., Alabjima. 
 
 BOLlVAll, (lalveston co., Texas. See Point Bolivar. 
 
 BOLIVAR, a township in Jefferson co., Arkansas. 
 
 BOLIVAR, a post-village, capital of Poinsett co., Ark.an- 
 sas. 117 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It is situated in a level 
 and fertile region, which produces cotton and maize. 
 
 BOLIVAR, a handsome and thriving town, c;ipital of 
 Hardeman co., Tennessee, is situated 1 mile S. of the 
 Hatchee River, and 170 miles S.W. of Nashville. The river 
 is navigable for steamboats from six to nine months in the 
 year. Bolivar is surrounded by rich land and wealthy 
 planters, and has an active, increasing trade. It contains 
 3 or more churches, 2 academies, and about 1200 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 B' »LI VAR, a thriving post-village of Tuscarawas co..01iio, 
 at the junction of the Sandy and Beaver Canal with the 
 Ohio Canal, 111 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop about 500. 
 
 BOLIVAR, a post-villiige, capital of Polk co., Missouri, 
 about 1 10 milw S W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 109. 
 
 BOLlVAll CITY, (Ciudad Bolivar.) See Angostura. 
 
 BOLIVIA, bo-liv'e-a, (Sp. pron. bo-lee've-l) or UPPER 
 PERU, a republicau state of South America, between lat. 
 9° 30' and 25°3o'-S.. Ion. .58° and 70° K)' W., having N. and 
 E. the Brazilian dominions, S. the Plata confederacy, and 
 W. Peru, with only a short coastrline on the Pacific of 250 
 miles, at its S.W. extremity. Extent of frontier. 3000 miles. 
 Extreme length, llOO miles; extreme width. 800 miles. Ka- 
 timat4;d aroii, population, and subdivisions as follows : — 
 
 Departmenta. 
 
 Area In 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Popula'D. 
 
 Chief cities. 
 
 La Pax 
 
 S9.8.V) 
 31.800 
 8,480 
 S4.M.W 
 40.000 
 
 1 200,000 
 1 20 000 
 
 300.000 
 2.tO.(X)0 
 
 80,000 
 175.000 
 200.000 
 
 25,000 
 
 La Paz. 
 
 Potosi. 
 
 Oruro. 
 
 Chuquisaca. 
 
 Cocliabamba. 
 
 Santa Cruz. 
 
 J Tarlja. 
 I Cobija. 
 
 Oruro 
 
 Chuquiaaca, or Sucre 
 
 
 Saiiia Cruz du la Sierra 
 
 Tarija 
 
 Prov. La Mar or Cobija 
 
 ToUl 
 
 874,480 
 
 1,030,000 
 
 
 
 Aufd. — There is no country in the world, perhaps, possess- 
 ing such a variety of soil and climate, of physical asfiect and 
 productions as Bolivia. Nowhere else are to be seen such 
 contrastsof nature exhibited in close.)uxtaposition.andonso 
 grand a scale. The broiidest part of the Andes, where these 
 muunt.iins. encompassing the great Lake of Titicaca. divide 
 into two chains, known as the ICast and West Cordilleras, 
 lies within the limits of this state. On its W. side, there- 
 fore, Bolivia presents to view an immense pile of moun- 
 tains, rising, in many points, beyond the limits of perpetual 
 snow, and enclosing within them an elevated plateau nearly 
 100 miles wide. The slope of the West Cordillera toward 
 the Pacific Oce<an presents a most forbidding a.>ipect: bare 
 rocks, fearful precipices, and moving sands, witfc. but few 
 and partial traces of verdure, weiiry the eye of the traveller 
 as he toils up the steep paths which lead him from the 
 burning climate of the Ciiast to the regions of perpetual 
 winter. Arrived on the elevated, treeless plain, and having 
 now in view the snowy peaks of the East Cordillera, he 
 may admire the grandeur of the scene, but not without a 
 sense of its dreariness and monotony. But when he arrives 
 at the passes of the East Cordillera, and looks down on the 
 deep valleys which stretch beyond, he is ravislied at the 
 totiil change which the garb and aspect of nature at this 
 point undergo, and gazes with delight on the luxurious 
 prospect of interminable forests and the hundreds of lively 
 streams which hasten on to form the large.at rivers in the 
 world. The Andes, while they present to the W. an abrupt 
 and uniform ridge, throw off to the E. numerous ramifica- 
 tions, which extend a, long way from the Cordillera. In 
 the valley of the lUiapey or Rio Grande, the chains of the 
 hills connected with the Andes m.ay be traced to a distance 
 of 350 miles from the sea coast. Such, then, is the width of 
 the Bolivian mountain region. And here, again, nature 
 takes a new face. The hills cease, and .are .succeeded by a plain 
 exceeding in superficial extent all tJieat Britain, in which no 
 stone nor even a pebble isto be found, and which is annu- 
 ally flooded to such a degree by the numerous fine rivers 
 which run through it toward the Amazon, that communicac 
 tlous by boat are practicable across it through the stately foi- 
 
 243 
 
BOL 
 
 wts in nearly nil direction/t. This is the country of the Moxus. 
 Bttvond this, toward the I'araguay, the plain rises in Rene- 
 ral above the rsach of inundation, and rocks and hills of 
 moderate heijrht auain make tlieir appearance. This is the 
 country of the Chi'iuitos. These dry plains separate the 
 Vjasin of the Amazon from that of the La Plata ; but some 
 of the atilueuts of the Paraguay approach so close to the 
 sources of the Itenez, that in lloods, it is said, a canoe can 
 pass from the one river to the otlier. The West Cordillera 
 cf the Andes, in Bolivia, attains a great height at no great 
 distance from the sea, and exhibits not a few nevados or 
 summits rising above the limits of perpetual snow, which, 
 'n the vicinity of a great table-land, lies higher than on an 
 insulated mountain, and rarely descends here below an ab- 
 solute elevation of 17.0'JU fet't. 
 
 The road from Arica into Jiulivia passes between tlieiVcva- 
 dos of Tacora and Niuta. while on the left is seen that of 
 Chipicaui. and on the right a still loftier series of snowy 
 crests. The height of th^'se mountains, as determined by 
 Mr. Pentland, are as follows : — 
 
 Mnuntaius. Feet. ] Mountains. Feet. 
 
 Tacoi-a 18,890 Pariiiacota M.OSO 
 
 Chipioani 19,740 Pomarape 21,700 
 
 LaUama Peak.iulat.lS^ 7 S. 22,350 | Uualateiri, in lat. IS^" 23' S. 22,000 
 
 The Pa-ss of Tacora is itself at an elevation of 14,400 feet, 
 wliich is about the general height of the W. portion of the 
 table-land to which it conducts. The village of Tacora, one 
 of the most elevated hihabitod places on the earth, is but 
 150 feet below this ridge. Of the Nt'vados in the East Cor- 
 dillera, on the opposite side of the plain, the most con- 
 spicuous are — 
 
 Ancohuma, or Xevado of Sorata 21,286 
 
 lllimaui... 21,U9 
 
 Huuyna Potosi 20,2(i0 
 
 Ciiacliacomani, (two gummits) i 2o' 115 
 
 Here it must be remarked that Ancohuma and Illimani 
 were long regarded as the highest mountains in America, 
 or even, witli the exception of one or two points of the Hi- 
 malayas, in the whole world. The recalculation, however, 
 of the observations made to ascertain their height, has re- 
 cently reduced them to the measure given above. Sorato 
 losing by this correction nearly 4U00 feet of its supposed 
 elevation. From Illimani. a chain of mountains runsW. by 
 S., which bear, throughout a grejit portion of it, perpetual 
 snow ; and may, therefore, be assumed to reach an elevation 
 of 18.000 feet. 
 
 Valleys. — Between the snowy heights of the Cordillera 
 extends a great plain, from X.X.AV. to S.S.E. for above liUO 
 miles. Its W. side has an elevation of 14,400 fe'et, for a 
 width of about 40 miles ; it then sinks abruptly about 1000 
 feet, and slopes to the shoi'es of the Lake of Titicaca, the 
 level of which is about 12,8U0 feet, above that of the ocean. 
 Here, then, i.s a great valley equal in area to Ireland, and 
 lying at the height of from 12,280 to 14.400 feet above the 
 sea. This remarkable feature in the geography of Bolivia is 
 the more deserving of attention, inasmuch as it was on the 
 shores of J.,ake Titicaca that the power of the Inciis chietiy 
 lay, and the indigenous civilization of America, cradled in 
 that elevated region, grew up with a character harmonizing 
 complet«ly with tlie skies above, and the scenes around it. 
 There are also numerous other valleys in Bolivia, the chief 
 of which, in respect of magnitude, is Valle Grande or the 
 valley of the Bio Grande. 
 
 h'hvi-s and Lakes. — Tlie streams which descend from the 
 >V. valley of the Andes do not reach the Pacific, except the 
 Loa, which flows 180 miles, but with a very scanty sui>ply 
 of water. But the rivers that descend from the E. declivity 
 of the Andes are countless. These belong to the basins of 
 citlier the Amazon or La Plata; among the former the 
 Peni, Mamore, Kio Grande, and Chapri, tributaries of the 
 Madeira, are the principal; and among the latter, the Pil- 
 coniayo and Paraguay. The Desaguadero has its entire 
 course, about 180 miles, in Bolivia; it flows out of Lake 
 Titicaca, the S.E. half of which is in this republic, into Lake 
 Aullagas or Ullaguas, S.E. from the former, and lower in 
 level by 490 feet. It is said to be navigable from one lake 
 to the other. Lake Aullagas has no outlet: its waters are 
 gait, and are dischtirged only by evaporation. Many other 
 lakes exist in the wide plains of the E., a region which is 
 Stated to be little above the sea level. 
 
 Gedlrigy. — The slope of the \Vest Cordillera,toward the sea, 
 is formed almost wholly of trachytic conglomerates, in va- 
 rious stages of decomposition ; it is generally whitish, or of 
 a reddish hue; but dark-colored rocks of kindred origin fre- 
 quently bieak through it. The point which shelters the 
 harbor of Cobija is a mass of basaltic porphyry. The Cerro 
 de Tacora, and other dome-shaped summits of the ridge, are 
 of trachyte, the bare rock being often exposed, as on the 
 JVkkiuI/) of Chipicani. in conseciuence of its steepness. It has 
 been said that some of the conical summits of this Cordillera 
 are extinct volcanoes, and that tlie Cerro de Tacora is a true 
 solfatara; but it seems now fully established, that no lavas 
 or other volcanic prodnctions, of a geologically recent age, 
 are ibund on the Boli\iaa tjible-laud, which is never dis- 
 244 
 
 BOL 
 
 turbed by earthquakes; and, as to active volcanoes, thf Bo- 
 livians know of only one, which is situated in the t>. part of 
 the .Maritime Cordillera, in the province of Carangas. The 
 disintegrated trachyte, which covers the Vi'. and more ele- 
 vated part of the table-land, abounds in quartz crystal.^, 
 exhibits much saline efflorescence, and is generally adverse 
 to vegetation. In the East Cordillera the snows of the Illi- 
 mani rest on an immense pile of granite. The granite seems 
 to extend from Illimani N.W.; but toward the S., from 
 Oruro to I'otosi, it is probjible that the Silurian and other 
 overlying strata have been raised by tracliyte. The granite 
 shows itself only in the elevated chain of the East Cordillera; 
 but to the E. of it are found a few spots of porphyry, and 
 with these end all traces of Plutonian rocks tliroughout the 
 lowlands of Bolivia. The rock next met with in the plains 
 is older, and of a totally different character. The hills or 
 mountains of the Chiquitos are 200 miles distant fi-om the 
 nearest branch of the Cordillera, and form a system quite 
 distinct from the Ande.« on the one side, and the Brazilian 
 Mountiiins on the other. They consist of gneiss, a stratified 
 rock, which here extends from AV.N.W. to E.i^.E., and re- 
 sembles a long island in the midst of a sea of alluvium. It 
 has, in many places, been broken and dislocated by the 
 forces which have raised it into its present position. The 
 gneiss is overlaid by foliated Silurian strata, the lowest of 
 which has a thickness of at Usist OtiO feet; and on this again 
 rests sandstone of the Devonian series, after which comes 
 the red carboniferous sandstone. The depressions in the.se 
 formations are, as it may be supposed, filled up and levelled 
 by alluvian or sedimentary deposits of various ages. Of 
 these, the most remarkable are, the alluvium of the Pam- 
 pas, which seems to have been derived from the wear of the 
 gneiss rock, and contains, in great abundance, the fossil re- 
 mains of mammalia, many of them of great size, as the 
 giant armadillo, the three-toed sloth, and the American 
 hcjrse, &a.; this stratum, which contains the remains of an 
 extinct animal world, is covered immediately by a dejxjsit, 
 enclosing the shells of existing species: another alluvium, 
 called the guarani tertiary, contains hydrates of iron in 
 abundance, and is generally found resting horizontally on 
 the carboniferous limestones. 
 
 Minerals. — Here, as elsewhere, the precious metals are 
 found chiefly in the Silurian strata, where these approach 
 the igneous rock.s. Gold is found in many of the streams 
 that fall down the E. side of tlie Cordillera; and at Choque- 
 cameta, near Cochabamba. at the sources of the Kio Grande, 
 as well as at Tipoani, near Sorata, the washing of the gold 
 Siinds is still carried on with profit. In the same district 
 the schists of Palca are rich in silver ; and thence S.E., by 
 Oruro to Potosi, this whole country is iiimed for the incal- 
 culable treasures which have been drawn from it, chiefly in 
 the form of auriferous silver ores. But these mines are 
 now, tor the most part, filled with water, and, under the 
 old system of working them, at least, may be considered as 
 exhausted. A gold mine has recently been discovered about 
 7 day's journey from La Paz. Jlercury was discovered in 1507, 
 at liuanca Vilca, (now Guanca Vellica.) and for many years it 
 yielded a large profit. The tinmine.<of Ouanuui,in the de- 
 partment of (irura, are said to be the richest in the world. At 
 Corocoro and lluallamarca, both in the same department, 
 but 120 miles asunder, copper is found nearly pure. Yet 
 these resources of industry avail but little in a country so 
 ill circumstiinced as Bolivia in respect of means of commu- 
 nication; for neither the tin nor the copper, however easil/ 
 obtained, civn defray the expense of their carriage to the 
 coiist. 
 
 Zoohgy. — The quadrupeds inh.ibiting the elevated parts 
 of the Cordillera are few in number as well as in species. 
 The llama and alpaca, which are domesticated, are thought 
 to be but varieties of the guanaco. On the same heights 
 with these is often seen the rough-haired deer, (Ce.i-vu$ An- 
 tisianus.) The chinchilla, hunted for its beautiful fur, and 
 now almost extirpated, also prefers the neigliborhood of the 
 snow, as does the viscacha or long-eared mai-mot. On the 
 wooded sides of the East Cordillera, the cactus thickets afford 
 shelter to hears. Lower down, the peeari wastes the culti- 
 vated fields, and the jaguar attacks the cattle. The tapir, 
 the glutton, sloth, armadillo, and many other animals, are 
 killed by the natives for food. The vampire bat is so 
 troublesome in Caupolican and other parts of the Yungas, 
 as to prevent the rearing of cattle. The forests are ciowded 
 with monkeys of different species, always social and active. 
 But that which chiefly astonishes the naturalist here, is 
 the multitude of the feathered tribe. WJiether on the sea- 
 shore or in the forests, they are numerous enough, when 
 on the wing, to darken the sky. Erom the condor, which 
 soars above the Andes, to the diminutive humming-birds— 
 from the loud-screaming parrot to the musical oi-ganito — 
 birds of all character, size, and plumage, are to be found In 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Climate. — Bolivia, as might be supposed, embraces every 
 variety of climate, from the heat and humidity of tlif torrid 
 zone to the perpetual frost of the polar circle. On the ele- 
 vated table-land there is frost every nigbr. ana the morning 
 ice on the river Tacora is always strong enough to bear a 
 
BOL 
 
 BOL 
 
 man; but here, on the borders of perpetual snow, the 
 climate has one great advantage over that of polar regions, 
 for the sky is always brij:;ht and cloudless, and the air 
 dry. The atmospheric phenomena which characterize this 
 region may be best studied on the Kast Cordillera, whence 
 may be seen, toward the E., like a misty sea, the clouds 
 which roll over the luxuriant forests of the plains and val- 
 leys beneath. This sea of clouds generally rests, at a cer- 
 tain elevation, on the side of the Cordillera; but during 
 three months of the year, it rises, and fragments of it pass 
 over to the table-land. Then follow violent storms and 
 showers of rain; and at this season (chiefij* in December, 
 the Unttfst month) the nevadns put on their annual cover- 
 ing of new snow. But the clouds and rains rarely reach 
 the W. half of the table-land, and never pass the West Cordil- 
 'era. From Copiapo in Chili, (lat. 27° S.,) to I'aytfi in Peru, 
 (lat. 5° S..) no rain has fallen on the coast within the me- 
 mory of man. Adjacent to this arid region, the table-land 
 of IJolivia enjoys bright skies lor 9 months in the year, and 
 has i months of rain to restore the verdure, and of moun- 
 tain snows to supply the rivers. But a little farther E., 
 even a day's journey down from the crest of the Cordillera, 
 may he found places where rain falls every day In the year. 
 The inhabitants of these countries distinguish three regions 
 of climate — the Puno, Paramo, and Yunga. The first is 
 el(nated and cold, and disagreeable to those unused to it, 
 from tile difflculty of respiring in an attenuated atmosphere. 
 This is the region of the llama and alpaca; higher up still, 
 Is the I'uno brava, which is frequented by the wild guanaco 
 and the vicuBa. The country round Lake Tilicaca comes, 
 for the most part, under the denomination of Puno. The 
 second or middle region is the Paramo, which is ti'inperate 
 and productive. The Paramos have been naturally taken 
 advantage of by the Eviropean settlers, who have filled 
 them, as in the valley of La Paz, with European gniins and 
 fruits. Below the Paramos lie the Yungas or valleys, hav- 
 ing a decidedly hot climate, and distinguished by a rank 
 vegetation. Thus La Paz, seated in a Paramo, and enjoying 
 a climate resembling that of the S. of B'rance, is close to the 
 region of the llama on the one side, and on the other to 
 valleys yielding excellent coffee, cacao, and other tropical 
 productions. Water does not seem, in this part of the 
 world, to be a principal agent in creating or disseminating 
 disease; for, while some valleys, apparently favored by na- 
 ture, are .scarcely habitable, owing to fever, the villages of 
 the Indians, in the midst of marshes or of inundated fo- 
 rests, are often quite healthy. 
 
 Botnny. — The botany of Bolivia is. of course, as various as 
 Its climate. On the ridge of the West Cordillera, there is no 
 deficiency of species of Aljiine plants; but, tjiken collec- 
 tively, they form Imt a scanty vegetation, so that the tree- 
 less and dreary plain seems, at the first glance, to be wholly 
 destitute of vegetable life; yet dwarf plants occupy the 
 clefts of the loosened rocks. A broom grows to the height 
 of 5 or 15' inches, according to the elevation of the ground; 
 and several small plants, (as Laretia acauli.''. Verhrva mi- 
 mina, and Lt/copmiium ha.ttattim,) attaching themselves to 
 the projecting parts of rocks, there increase, in the cour.se 
 of ages, perhaps, into tufts of considerable "inagnitude. so 
 compiict that lichens grow upon them, and so strong that 
 tile axe alone can lay them open. Owing to their density 
 and resinous nature, these tufts are valuable as fuel. An 
 aromatic little bush characterizes the trachytic plain; lower 
 down, as soon as available soil is met with, the Indian 
 plants potatoes, and in favorable spots rye is sown, not for 
 the sake of the grain, which does not ripen here, but as 
 green food for the loaded mules that cross the plain. To- 
 wards the shores of the lake, though trees are still wanting, 
 the grasses become luxuriant, and 20 species of gramineous 
 plants have been gathered there in a hasty excursion. In de- 
 scending the East Cordillera, the first plant which attracts 
 especial attention is the cactus, like a candelabra, or in other 
 m.ajestic forms, and which, in a particular zone, (perhaps 
 about 7000 feet above the sea,) attains a height of 40 feet. 
 This is followed by the zone of acacias; and lower down the 
 species increase, and the forest thickens, till at length, near 
 the foot of the mountains, the bamboo and tree ferns grow 
 beneath the canopy formed by the graceful foliage of palms 
 nearly 300 feet high. An attempt to describe systematically 
 the productions of these forests would here be out of place. 
 Let it suffice to tay. that in these primeval forests the In- 
 dians find all their wants supplied. Here they procure the 
 trunks of trees, from which their large canoes are made, as 
 well as the canes to build, and palm-leaves to cover their 
 iouses. From the inner bark of a kind of m\ill)erry they 
 obtain a vegetable gauze, of which they make their shirts, 
 and which does not lose by a comparison with cotton. The 
 woods of the Moxos abound in the JIfiti leaf or Paraguay 
 tea ; nearer the Cordillera is found the tree which yields the 
 Ijalsam of Peru; and higher up, that producing quina or 
 Peruvian bark. 
 
 Cultivation. — The valleys occupied by the Spanish settlers 
 on the E. slope of the Bolivian highland.s, and varying in 
 height from 12.500 to 8000 feet above the ocean, produce 
 abundantly all the fruits and grains of Europe. The vine, 
 
 the cultivation of which was forbidden by the jealous policj 
 of Spain, is now introduced. The warm and well-watereQ 
 valleys, as that of Cochabamba, supply with corn and fruit 
 the populous, but comparatively sterile districts of tlio 
 table-land. In the Yungas, and the hot plains of Santa 
 Cruz, the objects of culture are, coffee, (said to be excel- 
 lent,) cacao, tobacco, indigo, cotton, maize at all .seasons, 
 yuca or mandioc, batatas, guavas, the chirimoy.a. (a delicious 
 fruit,) the sugar-cane, and, above all, coca. This is the leaf 
 of a shrul) {Kri/dirori/lum J'lTuvianu.m) which the inhabit- 
 ants of this part of the world masticate as the Malays chew 
 the betel-nut: with it, the smallest quantity of food will 
 sustain them through great fatigue. The yearly sale of coca 
 in Bolivia amounts to 10,150.000 p<mnds, 
 
 Onnmerce. — The trade of Bolivia is nearly all internal, 
 and of small amount: the Yungas supply the high lands 
 with com and coca ; the high lands send chalona or dried 
 meat to the Yungas; the cattle in the eii-stern plains are 
 worthless; the mines of Potosi are useless, and the steam- 
 engine, that might re-establish them, cannot lie packed on 
 mules to cross the cordillera. The Spanish settlers, who 
 thought of nothing but tlie precious metiils. have never 
 condescended to profit from the example of the Incns. to 
 construct good roads. Hence it is that wheeled vehicles 
 are unknown in Bolivia. The construction of a good road 
 for wheel carriages over the Western Cordillera, and of a 
 railway connecting the ParanS with Chuquisfica. may appear, 
 perhaps, to be undertakings f.irbo}ond fhe present resouires 
 of the republic; but they must, nevertheless, precede any 
 considerable development of its trade and industry. The 
 vnlueof importsatLaPaz.from theUnited States, amounted, 
 in 1852, to $210,705. and in 1853. to only $41,572. 
 
 rtriple. — The population of this countrv is variouslv esti- 
 mated at from 600.000 to 1,000.000; prob.ably it does not ex- 
 ceed 1,000,000; of whom two-thirds belong to the aboriginal 
 races, or else are Mestizoes, These latter are divided into 
 Cholos, uniting European and Indian blood: and Zanibnes, 
 proceeding from European and negro 'panmts. The Indlgo 
 nous inhabitants of the Bolivian highlands, near Lake Titi- 
 caca. are the Aymaru; while to the N. and E. dwell tlie 
 Quichua, with whom the former were united under the do- 
 minion of the Incas. These two nations speak distinct, 
 though cognate languages. Numerous monuments of the 
 national prosperity and civilization of the Aymarus still re- 
 main. Ancient villages, with domed houses built of stone 
 or of sun-dried brick, and with enclosures for cattle, trunc- 
 ated obelisks facing E. and W.. and well-built tombs, con- 
 taining the mummies of whole families, arranged together 
 in a sitting posture, are strewed thickly over the country, 
 and seem to indicate the former existence of a considerable 
 population. 
 
 History. — The early history of Bolivia Is included in that 
 of Peru. As the state was constituted in 1825. Bolivian liis- 
 tory, property so called, commences with that epoch. The 
 con.stitution which was dr.awn up for the new state by 
 General Bolivar, and was adopted by tlie Congress in 1S26, 
 makes ample provision for personal and political liberty, 
 securing religious toleration, the freedom of the press, and 
 independence of the tribunals. It established a legislative 
 body, composed of three chamlx>rs, namely, tribunes, senar 
 tors, and censors, and gave to the president, who is elected 
 for life, the power, also, of naming his successor. The coun- 
 try is divided into 3 llshoprics; but there is no church ex- 
 clusively supported by the state. The public revenua is 
 aViout $i.70<i,000 a year. The standing army is about 2000 
 men. There is said to be no public debt. Chuquisaca is 
 the capital and seat of government. Cobija is the only sea- 
 port. .\dj. and inhab.. BoLivi.w, bo-liv'e-an, 
 
 BOLIVIA, bo-liv'e-a. a post-village, capital of Bolivar co., 
 Mississippi, on the Mississippi Kiver, about 150 miles above 
 A'icksburg, has a landing for steamboats, and a few houses. 
 
 BOLIV'IA, a village of St. Genevieve co., Mis.souri, about 
 20 miles S.W. of the Missis.sippi River. 
 
 BOLKEXIIAIN, bol'l<en hine\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 
 on the Neisse, Pop. 2450. It has linen and woollen manu- 
 factures. W. of the town is the ruin of Bolkoburg Tower. 
 
 BOLKIIOV, bol-Kov', or BOL'KHOFF'. a town of Russi.o, 
 government, and 30 miles N. of Orel, on the Noogra. Pop. 
 upwards of 10,000. It is well built, though mostly of wood, 
 and has extensive manufactures of leather, gloves, hats, and 
 hosiery, with a trade in hemp, linseed oil, tallow, and hides. 
 
 BOLL, bSll, a village of WUrtemberg, 5 miles S.W. of (icp- 
 pirigen, with 1500 inhabitants, and mineral springs and 
 baths, much frtsquented. 
 
 BOLLATE, bol-ld't.'l, a town of Austrian Italy, province 
 and 6 miles N.AV. of Milan, with a square and a parish 
 church. ^Pop. 2021. 
 
 BOLLEXE or BOLLENNE. bolMain', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Taucluse, 22 miles N. of Avignon. Pop. with 
 commune, in 1852, 4931, employed in silk-thread factories 
 and dye-works. 
 
 BOL'LEN-TEE, a township of England, co. of Chester, 
 parish of Wilmslow, on the Chester Extension Railwaj', t 
 miles S.W. of Stockport. Pop. 2212, mostly employed in 
 silk and cotton mann&ctures. 
 
 245 
 
BOL 
 
 BOL 
 
 BOLLiyOEN", bollin^n, a village of Switzerland, with 
 Jlineral bath?; canton, Jind 3 miles N.K.of Bern. Pop. 1400. 
 
 BOL'LINljTOX, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BOLLULLOS Da'u CDNDADO.bol-yool'yoce dil kon-dd'DO. 
 a modiiru town of Sjvin, 20 miles N.E. of Uuelva. Pop. 4630. 
 
 BOLLWILLEK, boUVeelMaiR/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Haut-lUiin. on the Strasho»irg and Bfile Railway, 
 7i mUes N.E. of Miilhausen. Pop. of commune, in 1862, 
 1901, with a celebrated nursery for indigenous and exotic 
 plants. 
 
 BOLM, b6!ia, a maritime district or territory of Western 
 Africa, S.S.K. from the peninsula of Sierra licoue, extending 
 N. from the Sherboro Kiver to Yawry Bay, and intersected 
 nearly in the centre by the 8th parallel of S. lat. 
 
 BOL'-MEN, a lake of Sweden, 53 miles N.N.W. of Chris- 
 tianstad, about 20 miles long by 7 broad. In it is the island 
 of Boluisii. forming a wlioie paiisU. 
 
 BOL'NEY. a pari.sh of En;,'laud, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BOLX'HURST, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 BOLOGNA, bolAn'ya, (Fr. iJo^ne, bo'lofl' ; Sp. Bolonia.ho- 
 lo'ne-d ; anc FdsUiM, liotinfuia,) a famous city of lt;Uy, in 
 the State of -Emilia, ca|)ital of a province of the same name, 
 finely situated in a plain N. of the Apenuiues.on the Canal of 
 Bologna. 24 miles S.E. of Modena. and 27 miles S.W. of Fer- 
 rara. Ltit. of observatory, 44° 29' 54" X., Ion. 1 1° 21' E. Ele- 
 vation. 205 feet a t>ove the se,a. Pop. S9,'^o0. It forms an oval, 
 enclosed by a brick wall, about 2 miles in length, by li miles 
 in breadth, enkred by 12 gates, and iuter.sected by the Keno 
 Canal. With its rich and varied culoun-ides. affording a plea- 
 sant shelter from the sun and rain, well-paved streets, noble 
 institution.^, and a tionrishing. iutelligfUt. .ind learned popu- 
 lation, it rivals Rome in all except classical and religious in- 
 terest, and the extent of its museums. Bologna is one of 
 the greatest centres of public instruction in Italy. Its uni- 
 versity, the oldest in tlie peninsula, and one of the most an- 
 cient in Europe, (founded 1119.) had, in 1.S41, 560 students. 
 It has an academy of fine arts, with rich galleries of painting 
 and sculpture. agran(^chooU>f mu.sic, 1 library with 150,000 
 volumes, and another with 83,000 volumes and 4000 manus- 
 criats, cabinets of natiu^il history, an observatory, and a bo- 
 tanic garden, one of the richest in Europe. It is said to have 74 
 churches, 35 convents for monks, and 38 for nuns, all of which 
 are adorned with fine works of art. The principal churches 
 are San Stefano. one of the oldest in Italy; the cathedral, a 
 fine edifice of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 
 with paintings bj- the Cai-acci; S.an Petronio, with magnifi- 
 cent works, and the meridian of Cassini traced on the Hoor; 
 St. Dominic, St. Bartolomeo, &c.. many of which date from 
 the early centuries of the Christian era. The other princi- 
 pal edifices are the palazzo publico, podestk palace, registry, 
 chamber of commerce, scuole pie. numerous fine private pa- 
 laces, (including one built for Rossini in 1825.) and the 
 famous tower of Asinelli. the loftiest in Italy, built in 1110, 
 and the leaning tower of GarLsenda. from the top of the for- 
 mer of which, it is said, that 103 cities m.ay be seen. In the 
 principal square is a large fountain with a fine statue of 
 Neptune. Outside of tlie city, an arcade, nearly 3 miles 
 in length, leads to the church of the Madonna di San Luca. 
 Bologna has numerous hospitals, theatres, academies 
 learned societies, and schix.ls; manu&ctures of crape, che- 
 mie;il products, wax candles, musical implements, p.aper, 
 cards, and tnortadelU., or sausages, in high repute; and a 
 considerable trade in other products. It has been an arch- 
 bishop's see since the fourth century, and is the residence 
 of a cardinal's legate, and the se;it of the court of appeal for 
 the four N. legations of the Pontifical States. 
 
 History. — Bologna is the Bnnoaia of the Romans. A 
 Christian church was erected in it in the third century, 
 and in 728 it passed into the hands of the Lomliards. from 
 whom it was taken in 800 by Chii.-lemagne. In the twelfth 
 century. Bologn.a took possession Oi •■•^veral of the surround- 
 ing cities, and for 156 years i_1118 to 1274) formed the most 
 flourishing republic in Italy. In 1506. it was united to the 
 Papal States. Bologna has produced 8 pope.s 100 cardinals, 
 the naturalists Galvani and Aldrovandi, the anatomists 
 Malpighi and Mondino, the .astronomer Jlarsigli, the mathe- 
 matician and engineer Manfredi, the painters Guido, Al- 
 bano, Barbiori, Domenichino, the three Canicci, and the 
 professors Monti, Orioli, Tomuiasini, and Mezzofanti. Pop. 
 
 89,850. Adj. and inhab., Bolonese, bo'lo-neez', Bolog- 
 
 SI.1N, bo-Wne-an, or bo-lAn'yan. 
 
 BOLOXCHEX. bo-lnn-chSn', a thriving village of Central 
 America, Yucatan, 50 miles X.E. of Campeachy. Pop. 7000. 
 It derives its name from two Maya words, Bolen, nine, and 
 chen, wells: nine wells having formed from time immemo- 
 rial, the centre of a population ; and these wells being in 
 tiiQ ph'zci. or square of the village, which consists of a long 
 line of straggling bouses or huts on either side of the road. 
 The wells are circular openings, cut through a stratum of 
 rock, evidently communicating with a common re.servoir, 
 for the water is always at the same level in one that it is 
 in all the rest. At a short distance from the vill.age is a 
 very remarkable cave, descending which, Mr. Stephens 
 reached a pool of water at a depth of al>out 450 feet perpen- 
 dicular height, and 1400 feet distant from the entrance to 
 246 
 
 the cave. Mr. Stephens also visited six other pools, tihicb 
 were reached by Viirious pii-ssages diverging from the great 
 cavern. This latter (210 teet in depth; is of great size, and 
 is lighted from a hole in the sulace. 
 
 BOLOK-TAGII, WloR'-tdg', sometimes written BELUR- 
 TAGH or BELOOR-TAGII, a great mountiiin chain of Cen- 
 tral Asi.a, which separates the Cliiiicse Empire on the E. 
 from Khoondooz, and Kafiristan on the W. It extends be- 
 tween lat. 35-" and 45° N., and Ion. 70° and 75° E.. forming « 
 part of the table-land of Pamir, connected with the Ilindoo 
 Koosh on the S., and Thian-Shan Mountains in the centre. 
 Its culminating points, beween lat. 35° and 40°, are soj^ 
 posed to exceed 19,000 feet in elevation. Three great passes 
 cross this chain; two from Y'arkand and Kashgar west> 
 ward, about lat. 39°, and one from Bud ukhshan into Little 
 Thiliet. 
 
 BOLOTAXA, bo-lo-ti/nl, a town of Sardinia, province of 
 Nuoro. 28 miles E. of Bo.sa. Pop. 3230. 
 
 BOLSAS. bol'sSs, a river in the confederacy and in the do> 
 partment of Mexico. This river, after a long westerly course, 
 in a part of which it sepanites the departments of Mexico and 
 Michoacau. enters the Pacific Ocean 225 miles S.AV. of Maxico. 
 On it ai-e the towns of Miscala. Iluetamo. and Zacatula. 
 
 B()LSEXA, bol-si'n J, (anc. VolsinUi or VU^iii'ium.) a town 
 of Italy, Pontifical States, 20 miles X.N.W. of Viterbo, on the 
 northern shore of the Lake of Bolsena. It was one of the 12 
 Etruscan cities, capital of the Volsci, and birth-place of Se^ 
 janus; but is now a miseraWe village. The Lake of Bolsena 
 {Lacua Vr/lsiniensis) is 10 miles long, and 8 miles broad, sur- 
 rounded by finely wooded hills, and commanding many 
 magnificent prospects. It discharges its waters by the Mar- 
 ti* River. S.W. in the Slediterranean, and in it are the two 
 small islands of Bi.sentina and Martana. 
 
 BOLSIIERETSK, bol-sh6r-6tsk', a seaport town of X.E. 
 Asia. Kamtchatka, 120 miles W. of Petropaulovski I'op. 200. 
 
 BOLSOX DE 31 APIJII, bol'sou' d.-l mi-pee'mee, a wild and 
 rocky district in the N. part of the Mexican confederacy, 
 surrounded by the departments of Coahuila, Chihuahua, 
 and Durango, in which last it is included. Area, nearly 
 00.000 square miles. Peopled only by Indian tribes. 
 
 BOL'SOVER, (often pronounced bow'zfr,)a town of Eng. 
 land, CO. of Derby, miles E. of Chesterfield. It has an 
 ancient church, with a fine sepulchral chapel of the Caven- 
 dish family, and a castle, part of which is still habitable, 
 and in wluch the Duke of Newcastle entertained Charles I, 
 in 1633. 
 
 BOL/STEX'S MILLS, a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 Maine. 
 
 BOLSWARD, holsVant/. a fortified town of the Xether- 
 lands, province of P'riesland. 14 miles S.W. of Leouwarden. 
 Pop. in 1840, 4223. It has a Latin school, manufactures of 
 woollens, and a large trade in butter. 
 
 BOLT.^X.A., bol-td'nd, a town of Spain, Aragon, SO mileg 
 X.E. of IIue.sca, on the Ara. Pop. 2360. 
 
 BOI/roX, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 BOLTOX, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 BOLTON, a post^township of Chittenden co., Vermont, 
 about 20 miles N.W. from Montpelier, intersected by the 
 Vermont Centi-il Railroad. Pop. t>45. 
 
 BOLTON.apost-townsliip of Worcester co.,Massachusett8, 
 27 miles W. by N. of Boston. IVp. 1348. 
 
 BOLfOX, a post-township of Tolland co., Connecticut, on 
 the Providence. Hartford and Fislikill Railroad, about 15 
 miles K. from Hartford. This townsliip contains an exten- 
 sive quarry of a superior quality of stone. Pop. 683. 
 
 BOLTON, a post-township of Warren co.. New York, on 
 Schroon River and Lake George, about GS miles N. from 
 Albany. Pop. 1289. 
 
 BOLTON, a post^vilUge near the S.E. extremity of Wil- 
 liamson CO., Illinois. 
 
 BOLTON, a vill.tge of Canada West, co. of York, 28 miles 
 N.N.AV. from Toronto. It contains a soap and candle fao- 
 torv. a saw-mill, tannery, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 BOLTOX ABBEY, a parish and chapelry of England, CO. 
 of Y'ork. West Riding. 
 
 BOLTON, BY BOWLAND, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. 
 
 BOLTON LE 5I00RS, beVton-le-moors, a large manuCio- 
 turing town, parliiimentary and municipal borough, and 
 parish of England, co. of Lancaster, hundred of Stafford, on 
 an affluent of tlie Irwell. 12 miles N.W. of Manchester, and 
 175 miles X.X.W. of Ijondon. Pop. of borough, chiefly com- 
 posed of tlie township and Little Bolton, 70,396. It is well 
 supplied with water, and of late years several new squares 
 and many handsome villas have Ijeen constructed, mostly 
 on the S. side. Principal edifices an anciept parish church, 
 several hand.some chapels of ease, and numerous dissenting 
 places of worship ; a gi-amraar school, founded in lf41, (reve- 
 nue, 4S5/, a year;) a charity school, endowed in 1093. (reve- 
 nue, 227J.:) '2 town-halls, 2 cloth-halls, a neat exchange, 
 theatre, assembly and concert nwms. &c. It has several g<x d 
 libraries, a mechanics' institute, daily and Sunday-school., 
 and several large charity endowments, including the Pop- 
 plewell's munificent legacy of 27,700J., 3 pei cents., for the 
 promotion of religion and learning for the poor. The woolr 
 
BOL 
 
 len manufactures of Bolton, Introduced by Flemlnfrs, in 
 1337, were in a flourishing state before the reign of Henry 
 Tin., but the frreat prosperity of the town dates from the 
 introduction of the invention of ArltwriKht and Crompton, 
 constructors of the mule-jenny, both natives of this parish, 
 ■which has since become, throuixh their labours, one of the 
 principal seats of the English cotton manufactures. In 
 1S38, there were 69 cotton-mills, employing 9.918 hands, 
 chiefly in the manufacture of mu.sliiis, fine calicoes, cotton 
 shawls, quiltings. jeans, fustians, Ac; and the average 
 luantity of cloth bleached in the parish annually, has been 
 estimated at from 6,000,0ti0 to 7,000,000 pieces. Bolton has 
 also large paper, fla.x, and saw-mills, chemical works, and 
 foundries. The numerous coal-pits wrought in the vicinity, 
 with canal carriage to .Manchester, have greatly promoted 
 the prosperity of the town, now still further advanced by 
 a railway to Bury and Manchester, anotlier to Leigh, form- 
 ing an easy communication with Liverpool, and a third with 
 Preston and the N. Markets. Since the reform act, Bolton 
 has sent two memlxjrs to the Ilou.se of Commons. 
 BOLTON, LE SANDS, a parish of England, co. of Lan- 
 
 BOLTOX-ON-SWALE. a parish and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of York, North Riding. 
 
 BOLTON, I'EIICY. a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 BOLTON'S DEPOT, a post-ofBce of Hinds co., Mississippi. 
 
 BOLTON-UI'OX-DEAUNE, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. West Riding. 
 
 BOLTONVILLE, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia, 
 
 BOLT'S FORK, a post-oflice of Lawrence co., Kentucky. 
 
 BOLVA, bSl'vd, a river of Russi.i. rises in the N.W. of go- 
 vernment of Kalooga, and, after a S. course, joins the Desna 
 near liriansk. During part of the year it is navigable. 
 
 BOLZANO, a town of Germany. See Botzen. 
 
 BOM ARSUND, bo'm:ir-soond\ improperly written BOMER- 
 SUND, formerly an important fortre.ss of Russia, on the 
 S.P;. side of the i.-sland of Aland. Lat. 60° 12' 40" N., Ion. 
 20° 15' E. The little village of Bq.mar is in the immediat« 
 vicinity. Bomarsund was taken by the allied tieets of Eng- 
 land and France, August 16, 1854. The fortifications weie 
 aft<;rwards blown up by the conquerors. 
 
 BOMBA, Ixjm'bJ. a villitge of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Citra, IS miles W.S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 2200. Its vicinity 
 produces oil and wine, which are highly esteemed. 
 
 BOMB.AJf', l>Rt;siDENXY OF, the most westerly, and the 
 smallest of the three presidencies of British India, mostly 
 between lat. 14° and 24° N., and Ion. 72° and 7C° E., having 
 N.W. and N. the Guicowar"s dominions, E, the territories of 
 Indore and the Nizam, S. Goa, My.sore, and the Madras 
 presidency, and W, the Indian Ocean. Area, population, 
 and subdivisions, as follow : — 
 
 Collectoratea. 
 
 AreaiD 
 
 Latest 
 
 
 Areata 
 
 Latest 
 
 
 
 
 
 »q. m. 
 
 pop. 
 
 Bombay Island. 
 
 18 
 
 MO.OOO 
 
 N. Cnncan ..,, 
 
 5.500 
 
 387. '.iM 
 
 Poonah 
 
 8,-81 
 
 5.18.31.3 
 
 1 Sural. &c 
 
 1,449 
 
 454,431 
 
 Ahinv-duuggur.. 
 
 S.HIO 
 
 ti«(l,a7« 
 
 Baroaoh 
 
 1.351 
 
 •,!39,527 
 
 Camli'ish 
 
 vi.in 
 
 478,457 
 
 Abmedabad,,, 
 
 4,072 
 
 528,073 
 
 Darwar 
 
 9,122 
 
 8:iS,7.i7 
 
 Kaira 
 
 1,827 
 
 484,735 
 
 S. Jaghircdars. 
 
 2.978 
 
 778. ISS 
 
 Sattarah.&o,, 
 
 6.169 
 
 736,284 
 
 8. Concan 
 
 6,770 
 
 650,857 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Total 
 
 68.074 i7,2«0,27'7 
 
 In the Bnmhoy Calender for 1S45, the aggregate area is 
 set down at 59,438 square miles, and pop, at 6,201,546; but 
 this seems to be exclusive of Sattarah, which is now sulv 
 stantially British territory. The surCice is irregular, pre- 
 senting the diversities' of low. barren hills, mountainous 
 tracts, valleys, and elevated bible-lands. The mountains 
 comprise a large portion of the West Ghaut range, which line 
 the whole W, coast of peninsula Ilindostan, the Sanpooi'a, 
 chain, the W, portion of the Vindhyan chain,and firther N. 
 the Aravulli chain. East of the latter lies the t.ible-lnud 
 of Malwah, having an aver.age height of 1600 feet above sea- 
 level, and of which two-thirds are in the presidency of Bom- 
 bay, The principal rivers are the Nerbudda and Tapty, 
 both falling into the Gulf of Cambav: but there are 
 several other considerable streams that bave their sources 
 only in the presidency, such as the Oodavery and Kishna, 
 which CtU into the Bay of Bengal. The valleys are remarka- 
 oly fertile, and many parts of the presidency are in a high 
 state of cultivation. The roads are so exceedingly bad, as 
 seriously to affect the development of its resources, and, con- 
 joined with the absence of navigable rivers, to limit greatly 
 Its internal traffic. A railway, however, has recently been 
 commenced at Bombay, which may be the precureor of a 
 lietter sUite of things, as regards internal communication. 
 The climate is for the most part, less hot, and more healthy 
 than in the other presidencies, a great part of the country 
 lieing under the influence of the sea-breezes. Rice and cot- 
 ton are the principal articles of culture, and the cotton of 
 this presidency is decidedly superior to that of the others. 
 Some sugar and indigo are rai.sed in Candeish, Opium is 
 nowhere cultivated, and other great staples of Indian pro- 
 duce are only raised in small quantities : but in return, 
 the cai'damons, pepper, and teak, exported from India, are 
 
 BOM 
 
 almost exclusively the growth of this region. The \ rti* 
 tricts are tamous for their great vanety of fruits: coco.a- 
 palms cover a very large extent of sandy land in the Con- 
 can, Ac; Vool has l.itely been exported in considerable 
 quantities from Bombay; and groat exertions have been 
 made to introduce the culture of silk. The cattle of Guzo- 
 rat are a large and fine breed ; W. of the Ghauts, the ox and 
 buffalo are almost the only domestic animals. Thu wnoin 
 presidency is assessed under the native village .system ot 
 India, except the districts of Surat and Kaira. where thfl 
 ryotwarry s^'stem is in force. Principal manufactures are, 
 of embroiilered silks, and woollen and cotton cloths. Foj 
 an account of the foreign trade, sec Bomisay City. Govern 
 mcnt vested in a governor and 3 members of council, of 
 whom one is commander-in-chief; the whole administration 
 being subordinate to the governor-general of 1 iidia in coun- 
 cil. In the capital of each collectorate i.< the seat of a Briti.st 
 collector, and a judge, subordinate to the central court (jf 
 Bombay. A few years ago. the army comprised aliout 30,000 
 men and officers, of whom (250 were Europeans. The 
 whole of the Indian marine is attached to this )ire,«idency. 
 In the S. there are many native, and Roman Catholic, and 
 Nestorian Christians. The I'ar.sees are now almost confined 
 to this part of Asia, Total net revenue in 1842-3, 2.091,.395/. ; 
 expenditures, 2,124,290?, There are in the presidency an 
 Engli.^h Episcopal bishopric, with 24 clergy, a Scotti.«h kirk, 
 and Roman Catholic establishment, which receive govern- 
 ment aid. Elpliinstone College was founded in 1837, and 
 there are 120 schools for the native Hindoos, in which from 
 801) to 900 boy.s receive education, besides nearly 20(.:0 native 
 village schools. Bombay was tlio earliest possession of the 
 British in the East. It was ceded by the Moguls to the 
 Portuguese in 1530. and it came into the possession of the 
 English in 1662, as a part of tlie dowry of the Infanta of 
 Portugal, on her marriage with Charles II,; but by far the 
 greater part of the territory has been acquired between 1803 
 and ISIS. 
 
 BOMBAY, (Port. Bnm or Bita Btihia. hSsa or bo/j bd-ee'l, 
 i.e. " good harbour,") a city, seaport and capital of the alx)ve 
 presidencv. is situated on a neck of land at the S,E, extremity 
 of the isla'nd of Bombay. Lat. 18° .W N.; Ion. 72° 53' E. It 
 consists of the fort or old town, 1 mile in length by i mile in 
 breadth, and in which the European inhabitants, and most 
 of the I'arsee merchants reside; and the new town, about 1 
 mile distant northward, inhabited by the Hindoos and Mo- 
 hammedan native population, beyond which suburb are 
 many detached villas and bungalows belonging to European 
 and other residents. Bombay has a lively appearance from 
 the sea; but. as a city, it is greatly inferior to Calcutta or 
 Madni.s. The houses within tlie walls are built of wood, and 
 covered witli tiles. Principal edifices in the fort are the court- 
 house, secretariate, and other government offices, custom- 
 hou.se, town-hiill, castle, mint, cathedral of St, Thomas, St. 
 Andrew's Scotch church. European hospital.&c, I n the centre 
 of the fort is an irregular open space called the " reen ;" and 
 outside of the massive fortific-itions is the esplanade. In the 
 new town are Elpliinstone college. Sir .1, Jejeebhoy's hospital, 
 the Byculla church and club, the house of correction, theatre, 
 and the great Hindoo temple of Mnmha Deri. On the S,W, 
 the fort is connected by Colaliba causeway, with the island 
 of Colabbii, on which are the lighthouse, observatory, lunatic 
 asylum, some mercantile buildings, and a stone pier. The 
 government-house is at Parell, 6 miles N, of the fort. The 
 property of tlie island belongs principally to' the Parsees, 
 who are the chief merchants and moneyt>d men. Tlie harbour 
 of Bomli.iy is unequalled for safety in all India, whence the 
 name " Bom Bahia" or more properly "Boa Bahia," given to 
 it by the Portuirnese. This was afterwards changed into 
 Bombay, It affords good anchorage for ships of the largest 
 burden ; on it are also excellent building and other docks 
 for ships of the first das.s. Next to Calcutta and Canton, 
 Bombay is the principal commcrciiil emporium in the J'.ast, 
 and for many years its trade has been uniformly increasing. 
 1'he imports from China are greater than at either of the 
 other presidencies, and consist of raw silk, sugar, and sugai-- 
 candy, silk piece-goods, treasure, &c., which last, in 184.3-4, 
 was imported to the amount of 2.743.810/. Imports from 
 Great Britain are cotton and woollen stuffs, cotton yarn, 
 hardwares, copper, iron, lead, glass, apparel, furs, wine, and 
 beer. Among the other articles imported are ivory, spices, 
 coffee, and the produce generally of Persia, Arabia, and the 
 Malay Archipelago. In theyear 1843-4, 377 ves.sels (aggregate 
 burden. 168,882 tons) entered the port. The total tonnage 
 of ves.sels leaving the port, in 1853-4 amounted to 357.298 
 tons. 1 n 1834, the ,aggreg,ate value of imports was 3,653,3191. 
 The following table shows the value of the imports and ex- 
 ports each year from 1844-5, to 1S47-S : — 
 
 Imports, 
 
 £3. 773, 161 
 
 3.004.948 
 
 2.701,417 
 
 2,949,591 
 
 Of the imports. Great Britain furnished, in 1848. to the 
 value of 1,289,757Z„ and took of theexports 951.370/, Chlua 
 furnished to the value of 738,434/,, and took 2,959,169/. 
 
 247 
 
 Kxports, 
 
 1844-5 £5.126,552. 
 
 1845-6 5.801.780., 
 
 1846-7 4.604.897. 
 
 1847-8 4.326,796, 
 
 =JJ 
 
BOM 
 
 BON 
 
 Bombay is the chief Indian port connected with the es- 
 tablishment of ste;im navigation between India and tireat 
 Britain. In 1837, three steam-vessels sailed betwt*en Bom- 
 bay and Suez; and in 1S43, there were eijrht. There is now 
 a regular transmission of mails by steam, every fortnight, 
 by way of the Mediterranean and the Ked Sea. Steamers 
 piy between Bombay and Point de Galle in Ceylon, where 
 they meet other steamers which proceed to Madras and Cal- 
 cutta, and also to Canton in China. A railway between 
 Bombay and Tannah, a town and fortress on the island of 
 Salsette. 25 miles N.N.K. of the former, commenced October 
 *31. 1S50, is the first railway begun in India. Telegraphic 
 wires connect Bombay with Madras and Calcutta. 
 
 BoMB.iV ISL.4.XD, On which the city is situated, is one of a 
 duster of islands, and the largest of all, excepting Salsette, 
 with which it has long lx?en connected by a mound and 
 arched stone biidge; another connecting mound was formed 
 towards the N.VV. a few years ago. It is about Smiles long 
 from N. to S., and about 3 miles broad, formed by two ranges 
 of rock of unequal length, running parallel to each other on 
 opposite sides of the island. The interior was formerly liable 
 to be overflowed by the sea, which is now prevented bj' s\ib- 
 gtantial works and emliankmeuts, but the lower parts are 
 still covered with water during the rainj' monsoon. On the 
 S.W.. the island terminates in a rocky peninsula 60 feet high, 
 called Malabar I'oiut, stretching far into the sea. It is 
 adorned with a pleasing variety of country seats. Inter- 
 spersed with groves of cocoa-nut trees, and traversed in all 
 directions by good roads. Magnificent views are obtained 
 from this point. The S.E. extremity of the island again 
 terminates in a similar, but much longer projection. Here, 
 also, are a number of spacious houses, most of which are 
 surrounded by small gardens, and overshadowed by man- 
 goes, palms, and tamarinds. The jurisdiction of the supreme 
 court is confined to the island of Bombay, and to Kurnpt>ans 
 in the rest of the presidency; the civil and criminal laws 
 are those of England. Bombay is, next to Madras, the oldest 
 of the British posse.ssions in the East. At present it rules 
 the whole N.W. coast of India. The mean temperature of 
 Bombay is higher than that of Calcutta, but lower than that 
 of Madras, which is 84° Fahrenheit, Bomljay 82°, and Cal- 
 cutta 79°. 
 
 The population of Bombav has increased tenfold within a 
 century. In 1716, it was estimated at 16.<X)0: in 1816, at 
 161,550 ; it is now. ai-cording to the census of 1849. upwards 
 of 600.000. compo.sed of British. Portuguese, and Armenians, 
 Jews. Mohammedans, Hindoos, and I'arsees. 
 
 BOM^BAY'. a post'township of Franklin co.. New York, on 
 Little Salmon Biver. about 20 miles N.W. of Malone. P. 2440. 
 
 BOMERSUND. See Bomarsund. 
 
 BOM-FIM. bAs'^-fees", (i'. e., "good end,") a town and vil- 
 lage of Brazil, province and 95 miles S.E. of (5oyaz. 
 
 BOM-FIM. a village of Brazil, province and 05 miles W. 
 of Rio de Janeiro. Bon-Fim is the name of other villages in 
 the provincas of Minas Geraes, Maranhao, and Bahia. 
 
 BOM-JARDIM, b6N«-jaR-deex'>', (i. e., "good garden,") a 
 town of Brazil, province, and 210 miles S. of Ceara. Pop. 
 6000. half of whom are Indians. 
 
 BOMJARDIM, a village of Brazil, province of Bahia. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 BOM-.JESt;S. bAsQ zhi'soos, the name of numerous places 
 in Brazil, all unimportant. Among them are a village, in the 
 province of Pernambuco, three villages, in the province of 
 Bahia. and ao island on the Bav of Rio de J.ineiro. 
 
 BOMMEL, bom'mel. (Dutch, 'i^alt B'mmd. zdlt bom'mfl,) 
 a town of the Netherlands, province of Gelderliind, on the 
 Waal, 25 miles E. of Dort. Pop. in 1840, 3600. It was for- 
 merly an important fortified place, but its port is now 
 greatlv obstructed by shoals. 
 
 BOMMEL. or DEN BOMMEL. dJn hom'mel. a village of 
 South Holland, island of Overflakkee, 7 miles W. of WU- 
 lemstad. Pop. 1199. 
 
 BOMMEL-FIORD, bom'mSl-fe^Rd', a strait between the 
 islands of Storen and Bommel-Oe. (Vom'mel-o'eh,) on the \V. 
 coast of Norway. Ijit. 59° 40' N,; Ion. 6°'20' E. 
 
 BOMMELWAARD, l«m'mel-*.iRt, an island of the Neth- 
 erlands, province of Gelderland. 3 miles E. of Bommol. on 
 which is the fortress of Loevenstein, the place of Grotius' 
 imprisonment. 
 
 BOMST, bomst, a town of Prussian Poland, 48 miles 'W.S. 
 W. of I'osen. I'op. 2250, who manufacture coarse woollens. 
 
 BOM-SUCCESSO, bAx=-soos-sA'so, or IBITUKUNA, ee-be- 
 too-roo'ni, a village of Brazil, province of Miuas-Geraes, 250 
 miles N.E. of Villa Rica, 
 
 BON, CAPE, See Cape Box. 
 
 BONA or BONAH, bo'ni, (Fr, Bone, hon: anc. Hip/po- 
 Jle'gius.) a fortified seaport town of Algeria, 85 miles N.E, 
 of Const.antino, on a bay of the Mediterranean, near the 
 month of the Seibous, (Seibouse.) Lat. of the hospital, 36° 
 53' 58" N. ; Ion. 7° 46' 5" E. I'op. in 1847, 9799. of whom 6000 
 are Europeans. It is nearly 2 miles in circumference, and 
 is surrounded by a wall with squ.^re turrets and four gates; 
 Fort Ciijogne is its chief defence. Streets narrow and crooked ; 
 but Bona h.is gre-atly improved since possessed by the 
 French, and h-as many new squares, uiarkets, l>azaars, shops, 
 248 
 
 cafes, reading-rooms, a theatre, ic; manufactures of native 
 clothing, tapestry, and saddlery, and an excellent trade in 
 corn, wool, hides, wax, and coral. Beyond a swamp S. of 
 Bona are the ruins of Hij^lpo-Ke'yius. once the See of St. 
 Augustine, but destroyed by the Caliph Othnian, Bonahaa 
 regular steam communication with Marseilles and Cette, ia 
 F'rance, and Algiers, and Tunis, in Africa, 
 
 BONABONA, See Bolabola. 
 
 BON ACCA, l>ou-ak/ka, or GUANA JA. gwa-n^'na. an island 
 of the Caribbean Sea, Honduras Bav, 30 mile.s N. of Cape C'as- 
 tilla. Lat. 16°2S'N., ion, 85°55'AV. (?) It is about 9 miles 
 long, and from 1 to 3 broad, 
 
 BON AIR, a small village of White co., Tennessee, 
 
 BON-AIR, an island. West Indies. See Bues-.\tee, 
 
 BON AIR SPRINGS, a post-office of White co., Tenneswe. 
 
 BO'NAPARTE. a post-village of Du Page co., Illinois, 25 
 miles W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 BONAI'ARTE, a thriving post-village of Van Buren co., 
 Iowa, on the river Des Moines, about 35 miles N.W. from 
 Keokuk. It is situated in' a rich farming district, and hu 
 several stores and a large mill. 
 
 BON AQUA, a post-office of Hickman co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BONATI, bo-nd'tee, a town of Naples, province of Princt- 
 pato Citra. near the Gulf, 3 miles N.E. of Poli.'astro. P. 3038. 
 
 BOXAVENTURA, South America. See Bcexaventira. 
 
 B0NAA-ENTURE,bon'av6N=HiiR',acounty ofCanada liast 
 Area, 4560 square miles. Pop. 10,844, Capital. Carleton. 
 
 BONAVIST'A, a bav, cape, and station on the E. coast of 
 Newfoundland, the bay in lat. 48° 42' N., and Ion. 53° S' W. 
 
 BO .\ BROOK, a post-oflice of Franklin co., Virginia, 
 
 BONIJy, a parish of England, co. of l^incoln. 
 
 BON'CHURCH, a parish of England, in the l.sle of Wight. 
 
 BOND, a county, in the S.W. central part of Illinois, has 
 an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Shoiil Creek and its branches, the East and West Forks, 
 which flow southward; the Kaska.skia Itiver touches the 
 S.E. extremity. The surface is undulating, and presents an 
 alternation of t>eautiful prairies and tracts of timber in 
 nearly equal proportions. The soil is highly productive. 
 Stone coal is found near Shoal Creek. The National Raid, 
 and the projected railway from Terre Haute to St. lx)uis. pass 
 through the county. Named in honor of Shadrach Bond, 
 first Governor of Illinois. Capital. Greenville. Pop. 9S15. 
 
 BONDENO, bon-dA'no, (anc. Padi'iium.) a town of North 
 Italv, Pontifical States, 11 miles AV.N.W. of Ferrara, Pop. 
 3160. • 
 
 BONDOO or BONDOU, bon'doo', a little-known country 
 in Senegambia; bounded N. by Galam, W, by Foota- 
 Damga, E, by the Falem6, (a tributary of the Senegal, which 
 separates it from Bambook.) and S. by the Tenda and 
 Woolee (Woolli) countries, cloiw to the Gambia; extent 
 supposed to be about 97 miles N. to S.,- and f^O miles E. to W. 
 It is mostly a flat country, with some elevations of no great 
 height, in its N. and central parts; and watered on its E. 
 side by numerous small streams that fall into tlie F"alem6. 
 It is very fertile and well cultivated, producing cotton, mil- 
 let, maize, indigo, pistachio-nuts, tobacco, &c. Vegetation is 
 exul)erant, and there are extensive forests, including the 
 baot)ab, acacia, kc. Iron alxiunds, but is not worked, and 
 al.«o some gold is obtained. The people have a tolerable stock 
 of horses, cattle, and sheep. AVild beasts are numerous. The 
 Faleme swarms with crocodiles. The natives ai'e s]iiiited, 
 brave, and (for Africans) industrious ; weaving of cotton cloth 
 is carried on to some extent, chiefly of long and narrow slips 
 of cotton, Q&Wedpagne; which, besides being made up into 
 garments, serve as a kind of currency. The Bondoo people 
 are chiefly Foolahs, but include several tribes; many of them 
 can read and write Arabic, there being regular schools for 
 teaching that language; and all. or nearly all. are professed 
 Mohammedans. Pop. estimated by some at 1,500,000, 
 
 BOND'S POINT, a post-oflice of Christian co., Illinois. 
 
 BOND'S VILLAGE, a post-office of Hampden co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 BON DUES, W>5r«Mti', a town of France, department of Nord, 
 5 miles N. of Lille. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 3028. 
 
 BONIVVILLE. a post-office of Bennington co., Vermont. 
 
 BONDY'. l>AN«-dee', a village of France, department of 
 Seine, 7 miles E.N.E. of Paris^ near the forest of Bondy. with 
 numerous country residencesT Pop. of commune, in 1851, 804. 
 
 BONE, a town of Algeria. See Bona. 
 
 BONE CREEK, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virgini.i. 
 
 BONEFRO, t)o-n>Vfro. a town of N.iples, province of Molise, 
 6J miles S.S.E. of Larino. Pop. 3700. 
 
 BONESECOUR BAY. See Bonsecours Bat, 
 
 BONE YARD, a postofflce of Tishemingo co,, Mississippi 
 
 BONG or PONG, a province of Burmah. See Pong. 
 
 BONGAY, BANGEY, bon-g.V. or BANGA VI. bin gd'vee. an 
 island of the Malay Archipelago, on the E. rxsast cf Celebes: 
 lat. (S. point) 2° W S., Ion. 123° 53' E. It gives name to a 
 group of about 100 islets, much resorted to for s-aves and 
 wood. 
 
 BONGO. See BcxwooL, 
 
 BONGOOS, bon'goos', a town on a nay ol same nanM.. W. 
 coast, island of Sumatra, a few mile« S. of the «" m of Pa- 
 dang 
 
BON 
 
 BOO 
 
 BOXIIAM, a thriving post-village, capital of Fannin co., 
 Texas, about 12 miles S. from Ked Uiver, and 270 miles N. 
 by K. from Austin City. It is situated on Bois d"Arc Creek, 
 and in a larjie and fertile prairie, wliich produces cotton, 
 wheat. Ac, Steamboats navigate lied River on the border 
 of Fannin county. Free pop. 477. 
 
 BO.N'IIAMTOWN, a village of Middlesex CO., New Jersey, 
 6 miles N.E. from New Brunswick. 
 
 BON IIAH/BOUIl, a village of Daviess co., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River, 158 miles below Ix>uisville, and 3 miles 
 below Owensboro, the county seat. There is a rich coal 
 mine worked in the vicinity. The village has a good harbor 
 and a large manuCictory of cotton and wool. 
 
 BON'HILfi, a village and parish of Scotland, co., and 3 
 miles N. of Dumbarton. Pop. in 1851, 7042, mostly employed 
 in the bleaching and printfields of the Leveu Valley. The 
 village of Alexandria is in this parish. Smollett was horn 
 at Bonhill JIansion House in 1721. 
 
 BON HOM.MK, (i. e. "good man,") a post-township in St. 
 Ch.arles co., Missouri. 
 
 BONIIOMMK, COL DU. See CoL du Boxno.MME. 
 
 BON I, bo'nee, or BONY, (called, by the inhabitants, 
 SEWA,) a territory in the S.W. peninsula of the island of 
 Celebes, on the west side of the gulf of the same name, N. of 
 Boolekomba, about 80 miles in length, and stretching from 
 a half to two-thirds across the peninsula. The N. part is 
 beautiful and fertile, producing rice, sago, and cassia. The 
 inhabitants e.Kcel in the working of gold, iron, and cotton. 
 In which they trade with the whole Archipelago. The an- 
 cient institutions of Boni, whose first prince is believed by 
 the people to have come Trom heaven, are remarkable for 
 their near appraach to constitutional monarchy. Its first 
 king gave the country settled laws, and appointed seven 
 elective lords to assist the crown in administering the 
 government. When the British took Celebes, in 1811, they 
 offended the Bonese by proliibiting the slave trade, and on 
 being refused indemnity for injuries done to British com- 
 merce, were attacked by General Nightingale, who took and 
 plundered their capital. This only produced exasperation, 
 and was followed by some British ships being attacked, and 
 their crews sold into slavery. Hence another expedition 
 against them, in 1814, when their king was slain. Pop. 
 200,000. 
 
 BONI, GULF OF, called also BUGIIIS (hoo'ghees) BAY, is 
 about 200 miles in length, by fi-om 40 to 80 miles in breadth, 
 and separates the two southern peninsulas of Celebes. 
 
 BONIFACIO, bo-ne-fd'cho, a fortified seaport town of 
 Corsica, on a small peninsula in the strait of same name, 44 
 miles S.S.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. in 1851, 3380. It has a secure 
 harbor, and a considerable trade. 
 
 BONIFACIO,STKAIT OF, between the Islands of Corsica 
 and Sardinia, is 7 miles across in its narrowest part. 
 
 BONIFATI, bo-ne-f3/tee, a town of Naples, province of 
 CalaJiriii Citra, 28 miles N.W. of Ccsenza. Pop. 2300. 
 
 BON ILL A, bo-neel'yd, a town of Spain, 28 miles W.N.W. 
 of Avila, with 1700 inhabitants. 
 
 BONILLO, bo-neel'vo, a town of Spain, 34 miles W.N.W. 
 of Albacete. Pop. 5980. 
 
 BONIN, bo-neen', or ARZOBISPO. aR-so-bees'po, ISLANDS, 
 in North Pacific, between lat. 26° 30' and 27° 44' N., and Ion. 
 140° and 143° K., consist of three groups, the most north- 
 erly called Parry Islands, and the most southerly, Baily 
 Islands. The princip.al of tUe central group are Peel and 
 Kater Islands, at the former of which some English and 
 other Europeans, concerned in the whale fishery, are settled, 
 as well as some natives of the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 BONIN-SIM.\, bo-neen-see'mS, a group of small islands 
 in the Pacific Ocean. Archipelago of Magellan, lat. 27° N. ; 
 Ion. 141° 20' E.. inhabited by a colony of .Japanese. 
 
 B0N'1ST.\.LL0, bo-nis-tll'lo, a village of Tuscany, 3 miles 
 E. of Carniignano, with a grand ducal villa and priory. 
 Pop. 1425. 
 
 BONITG, ho-neetA a post-offlce of Guadalupe co., Texas. 
 
 BONITO, bo-nee/ti, a town of Naples, province of Princi- 
 pato Citra. 6 miles S.W. of Ariano. Pop. 3700. 
 
 BONMAIION. See Bcnmahox. 
 
 BONN, bonn, a village of Switzerland, 4i miles N. of Frey- 
 burg, on the Sarine, with mineral springs and baths, for- 
 merly much frequented. 
 
 BONN, bonn, (L. Boiifna.) a town of Rhenish Prussia, on 
 left bank of the Rhine, 15 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, with 
 which it communicates by the river, and by a railway, 
 opened February, 1844. Pop., exclusive of students and the 
 garrison, 19.139. Bonn is the seat of a celebrated univer- 
 lity, founded in 1818, and occupying an old castle of the 
 (lectors of Cologne. It has a library of 100,000 volumes, 
 with a museum of Rhenish antiquities. In 1844, it was 
 attended by 7 14 students. Connected with the university 
 here is an observatory, a rich botanic garden, and museum 
 >f natural history with an extensive collection of minerals, 
 «nd a school of agriculture, with an experimental farm, at 
 the chateau of Popplesdorf Bonn is the seat of a superior 
 mining court, and has an active commerce, and manufac- 
 tiires of cotton, silk, and tobacco. It is a very ancient 
 town, and has a venerable cathedral and town-hospital ; it 
 
 has also a riding-school, and many pri>'ate education.'il esta- 
 blishments. Its environs are very beautiful, and the 'uotels 
 for the accommod;ition of tourists are on a scale of great 
 magnificence. Beethoven was born here, and a stai ue is 
 erected to his memory in the market-place. His Royal 
 Highness, Prince Albert, was a .student at Bonn. 
 
 BONN, a post-village of Washington co., Ohio, 10 miles N. 
 by E. from Marietta. 
 
 BONNAT, bon^nd', a town of France, department of 
 Creuse, 11 miles N. of Gueret. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 2965. 
 
 BONNE FEMME CREEK, of Missouri, flows through the 
 middle of Howard county, and passing the county seat, 
 falls into the Missouri River about 6 miles below Booneville 
 
 BON'NER'S MINE, a vill.age in the S. part of Carroll cc , 
 Georgia, near the Tallapoosa River. 
 
 BONNETABLE, bonnHlb'l', a town of France, department 
 of Sarthe, on the Dive, 15 miles N.E. of Le Maus. Pop. in 
 1852, 5028. employed in cotton and woollen manufactures. 
 It has the ruins of a castle of the fifteenth century. 
 
 BONNET CARRE, bon'net kjr'ree or hoiOn.V car'rA', a 
 post-village, capital of St. John Baptist parish, Louisiana, 
 on the Mississippi, 45 miles above New Orleans. 
 
 BONNEVAL, bonnVdl', a town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loir. on the Loir, here crossed by numerous l)ridges, 
 19 miles S.S.W. of Chartres. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3055. 
 
 BONNEVILLE, bonnVeel', (L. Bimtvipiolisf) a town of 
 Savoy, capital of a province, on the right bank of the Arve, 
 15 miles E.S.K. of Geneva. Pop. in 1852,2600. Near tl\e 
 fine bridge across the Arve, in its vicinity, is a coluuin 95 
 feet in hfyght. surmounted by a statue of Charles of .Savoy. 
 
 BONNIEIIKS, bon^ne-aia/, a village of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, on the Paris and Havre Railway, 43 miles 
 E.N.E. of Paris. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 779. 
 
 BONNINEUX. bonVe-i'h', a village of France, department 
 of Vancluse, 6 miles S.W. of Apt. Pop. in 1852, 2074. 
 
 BONNINGHEIM,(Bonninght"im.) bon'ning-hime\a town 
 of WUrtemberg, 19 miles N.N. W. of Stuttgart. I'op. 2270. It 
 has a roval residence, and a matiufactory of writing-quills. 
 
 BON'NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BONNY, bon^nee', a town of France, department of Lolret, 
 on the right bank of the Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Glen. Pop. 
 of commune, in 1852 2139. 
 
 BONNY DOON, a post-oflice of Jefferson co.. Georgia. 
 
 BONNY EAGLE, a postofflce of York co., Maine. 
 
 BON'NY RIVER, one of the arms of the Niger, at its delta 
 between the Old and New Calabar Rivers, enters the Atlan- 
 tic (Bight of Biafra,) about lat. 4° SC N. and Ion. 7° 10' E 
 Bonny-town is on the eastern bank, near its mouth. The 
 country around this river is an uncultivated swamp, little 
 alx)ve the level of the ocean, and very unhealthy. The slave 
 trade, which has long been very extensively carried on from 
 the Bonny, is said to have been diminished of late, in pro- 
 portion to the increase of trade In palm-oil. 
 
 BO.VNY HILL, a post-office of Steuben co,. New York. 
 
 BONO, Ix/no, a village of the island of Sardinia, province 
 of Nuoro, on the Tirisi, 44 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3iJ80. 
 
 BO'NO, a post>village and township. In Lawrence co., 
 1 ndiana, on \A hite River, 15 miles S.E. of Bedford. It stands 
 on a high bluff. Pop. of township, 667. 
 
 BONONIA. See BouxjNA. 
 
 BONO.A., ho-no'l, an island of the M.alay Archipelago, with 
 a Dutch trading station, 12 miles N.W. of Ceram. 
 
 BONORVA. bo-noR/vi, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 28 miles S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 4572. 
 
 BON PAS, a post-offlce of Richland co., Illinois. 
 
 B0NPLAND(b<iN<''pl6N0') LAKE, of El Dorado co., Califor- 
 nia, is about 14 miles long by 6 miles wide. Named in honor of 
 M. Bonpland. the travelling companion of Baron Humboldt. 
 
 BONSECOURS or BONESECOUR, (bone'se-koor') BAY, 
 Alabama, a triangular projection or arm on the E. side of 
 Mobile Bay. 
 
 BON'TESHALL or BON'SALL, a parish of England, co. 
 of Derby. 
 
 BONTHAIN, honHIne' or honH'hine', a seaport town of 
 the island of Celebes, at the S. extremity of the W. penin- 
 sula, with a Dutch fort and good harbor, 35 miles S.E. of 
 Macassar. Lat. 6° 27' N.; Ion. 119° 53' E. Neai it is the 
 grand cascade of Sapho. 
 
 BO'NUS, a post-township in Boone co., Illinois, about 8 
 miles N.E. from Belvldere. Pop, 1100. 
 
 BO'NUS PRAI'RIE, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, 
 about 6 miles N.E. from Belvidere. 
 
 BONNIL/STON, a parishof South Wales, co. ofGlamorgan- 
 
 BONWELL. a post-office of Edgar co.. Illinois. 
 
 BOO ISLANDS, a small group, JIalay Archipelago, 65 
 miles S.E. of GIlolo. Inhabited and fertile. 
 
 BOO'BY ISLAND, a mere rock in Torres Strait, lat. 10° 
 30' S.; Ion. 141° 52' 50" E. It derives Interest from con- 
 taining a depot of provisions and water left by men-of-war 
 and other vessels passing, for the use of those who have been 
 
 BOO'DROOM, BOUDROUM, boMroom', or BO'DRUN, bo^ 
 droon', (probably the anc. Halicarnan/svs,) a seaport town of 
 Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the north shore of the Gulf of Kos, 
 
 249 
 
BOO 
 
 ne ifillw K. of Irfmyma. Lat. 37° 2' 21" N., Ion. 27° 25' 18" E. 
 Pop. ILlS^.J?) It has a small but good harbor, frequented by 
 Tuikish .'nnsers. and In which ships of war are built. The 
 streets are narrow ani dirty; bazaars poor; houses of stone, 
 and interspersed wilh pardens. Principal edifices, a castle, 
 built by the knijrht.s of Uhodes. and still in tolerable repair; 
 a governors residence, and some mosques; with a ruined 
 amphitheatre and other extensive remains of antiquity. 
 
 B(X)'DROOM', a ruined city of Anatoli.% 6 miles S. of Isbarta, 
 the remains of which comprise 7 or 8 temples, a theatre. Ac. 
 
 BOOFAREEK. BOUFAHIK or BUFAKIK, boo-fi-reek', a 
 village and military station of Algeria, on the road from 
 Algiers toBlidah and Oran.l6milesS.S.W. of Alaiors. P. 2131. 
 
 BiXKJOOLMA, BOUGOUL.M,\,BUGULMA,boo-gool'ma, a 
 town of Russia, government of Orenboorg. 130 miles AV.S.AV. 
 of Oofa. Pop. about 2000. It has an active trade in cotton 
 and woollen fabrics, and two large annual fairs, at which 
 goods to the amount of a million rubles are often sold. 
 
 BOOINSK, BOUIXSK or BUINSK, boo-insk'or bo-eensk', 
 a town of Russia, government, and 68 miles N.N.'W. of Sim- 
 b>3ersk. on the Carla. Pop. 21 OS. 
 
 BOOJNOORD or BOUDJNOURD, booj^nooRd', a consider- 
 able town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 160 miles E.N.E. 
 of Astrabad. Lat. 87° 2S' N., Ion. 57° 15' E. 
 
 BOOK ARIA, boo-kd're-l a town of West Africa, 100 miles 
 N.N'.E.ofFreetown, Sierra Leone. Lat.9°38'X.,lon.l2°31'W. 
 
 BOOK'ERSYILLE, a village of Wilkes co^ Georgia, 45 
 miles W.N.AV. from Auj^usta. 
 
 BOOK'IIAM, GKEAT.a pjirishof Engl.ind, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BOOKIIA.M. LITTLE, a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Surrev. 
 
 BOOKIITARMINSK.BOUKIITARMINSKorBUKHT.AK- 
 MIXSK, booK-t.iE minsk', a fortress of Asiatic Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 480 miles S.S.W. of Tomsk, on the Irtish, at 
 the influx of the Bookhtarma (Buchtarma) Kiver, and iO 
 miles from the Chinese frontier. 
 
 BOOKIT BARISAX or BUKIT BARISAN, book'it bi'-re- 
 sln', a chain of mountains of primitive form.ition. in tlie 
 island of Sumatra, running along the whole length of the 
 island, from Acheen Head to the Straits of Sunda. 
 
 BOOLAK, BOULAC or BULAK, boo'ldk', a town of 
 Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, at the divergence of 
 its Pelusiac branch. 1 mile N.AV. of Cairo, of which it forms 
 a suburb, and opposite the island of s;mie name. It is the 
 port of Cairo, and at which all the ships navigating the 
 Nile, discharge their c;»rgoes. It was burned bj- the French 
 in 1799, and rebuilt by Mohammed Ali, who has established 
 a large cotton spinning, weaving, and printing work, a 
 school of engineering, which has ISO pupils, and a printing 
 press, from which issue a weekly newspaper in Arabic, and 
 treatises for the use of the students of the Pasha"s colleges. 
 Around it are numerous country residences of Egyptian 
 grandees. 
 
 BOOLBT, bodee, a town of Guinea, 65 miles S.W. of 
 Benin, on the S. side of Benin River, Ht its mouth. Lat. 
 about 5° 14' N.. and Ion. 5° 6' E. 
 
 BOOLEKOMBA, boo-le-komtia, and BONTIIAIX, bon' 
 tine, a territory of the S.W. part of the island of Celebes. 
 
 BOOLEKOMBA POINT, (called ai.eo CAPE LASSOA or 
 BORAK,) the S.E. point of the West Peninsula of Celebes. 
 Lat. 5° 35' S.. Ion. 120° 27' E. 
 
 BOOLUNDSHAIIUR. boo-iand-shJw'er. or BOLUXDSIIU- 
 HUR, a district of British Indi.i, presidency of Bengtil. 
 
 BOOM, borne, a town of Belgium, 10 miles S. of Antwirp. 
 with a small port on the Rupel. Pop. 6223. It has the 
 most extensive brick and tile work.s in the kingdom. 
 
 BOOXARBASIII orBUXARBASHI, boo'nar'bd'shee, a vil- 
 lage of Asia Minor, in .\natolia. at the extremity of the plain 
 of Troy, 12 miles S.S.E. of the Sigaean promontory, and sup- 
 posed to be immediately outside the limits of ancient Troy. 
 
 BOOXARBASIII RIVER. See Scamaxder. 
 
 BOOXDEE. BODXDI, or BUXDI, boon'dee', a swte of 
 Hindoslan, tributary to the British, in Rajpootana. between 
 lat. 25° and 20° X., and about Ion. 76° E. Area, 2290 square 
 miles. Principal towns, Boondeo and Patun. 
 
 BOOX'DEE, a city of Ilindostan, capital of the above 
 state. 88 miles S.E. of Ajmeer. It consists of a new and an 
 old town, the former enclosed by a high stone wall, and 
 having a noble high street, stone houses, a palace, and nu- 
 merous temples, fountains, and sculptures. Old Boondee, 
 W. of the foregoing, is large, but decaying. The mountain 
 passes N. of the city are ornamented with gateways, sculp- 
 tures, and other architectural works. 
 
 BOOXE, boon, a county in the S.W. part of West Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 525 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N.E. by Coal River, an affluent of the Kanawha, and 
 also drained by Little Coal River and Laurel Creek. The 
 surface is> hilly and mountiiinous, and mostly covered with 
 forests. The soil in some parts is fertile. Boone county was 
 formed out of portions of Logan and Kanawha counties, 
 and nanred in honor of Daniel lioone. the renowned pioneer 
 of the West. Capital, Boone Court-House. Pop. 4840, of 
 whom 4682 were free, and 158 slaves. 
 
 BOONE, a county forming the N. extremity of Kentucky, 
 contains about 300 square miles. The Ohio River bounds 
 it on the N. and W. for a distance of about 40 miles, forming 
 2&0 
 
 BOO 
 
 the " Great \orth Bend," and septirating it from Oliio and 
 Indiana. The surface is generally hilly ; the .soil is based 
 on limestone, and is productive. The rock found next to 
 the surface is the blue or Trenton limestone. Boone county 
 was formed in 1798. Capital. JSurlington. Pop. 11,196, of 
 whom 9451 were free, and 1745 slaves. 
 
 BOOXE, a county situated a little N.AV. of the centre of 
 Indiana, contains 408 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Eagle and Sugar Creeks. The surface varies from level to 
 undulating; the soil is several feet deep, and well adapted 
 to grain or gr;iss. This county was originally covered with 
 a dense forest of the oak, ash. beech, sugar-maple, and wal- 
 nut. Great improvement hiis been made witliiu the last 
 10 years. It is intersected by the Lafayette and Indiana- 
 polis Railroad. Capitiil, Lebanon. Pop. 18,753. 
 
 BOOXE, a county in the N. part of Illinois, bordering on 
 Wisconsin, ha.s an area of 270 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Kishwaukee River, an affluent of Rock River; 
 it LS also drained by the Piskasaw and other creeks. The 
 surface is undulating, and is divided by prairies and wood- 
 lands; the soil is excellent. The Chicago and Galena Rail- 
 road passes through the county. Capital, Belvidere. Pop. 
 11.678. 
 
 BOOXE, a county in the N. central part of Missouri, has 
 an area of 648 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by 
 the Missouri River, and on the E. by Cedar Creek, and tra- 
 versed by Roche Percee and Petite Bonne Femme Rivers, 
 which flow nearly southward into the Missouri. The sur- 
 face is moderately diversified, and consists partly of prairie 
 and partly of timbered land : the soil is uniformly and 
 highly productive, and extensively cultivated. Stone-coal 
 and limestone are found in the county. Boone county is 
 one of the most populous in the state. Capital, Columbia. 
 Pop. 10,486, of whom 14,452 were free, and 50:;4 slaves. 
 
 BOOXE, a county in the W. central ptirt of Iowa, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Des 
 Moines River, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The 
 county has a fertile soil, is well timbered, and coutaini 
 stone-coal. The population is increasing rapidly. Capital, 
 Boonesborough. Pop. 4232. 
 
 BOOXE, a post-village, capital of Watauga co.. North 
 Carolina, about 200 miles W. by X. of Ralt-igh. It is situ- 
 ated in a mountainous district. Daniel Boone, from whom 
 the name is derived, once resided in the vicinity. The seat 
 of justice was established here at the formation of the 
 county in 1849. 
 
 BOONE, a township of Ciiss co.. Indi.ana. Pop. 951. 
 
 BOONE, a township in Crawford co., Indiana. Pop. 524. 
 
 BOO.VE, a township in Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 070. 
 
 BOOXE, a township in Porter co., ludiana. Pop. 873. 
 
 BOOXE. a post-village and township in AVarwick co., In- 
 diana. Pop. of the village about 600, and of the township, 
 2531. 
 
 BOONE, a post-township in Boone co., Illiuoi.s, about 10 
 miles N E. of Belvidere. 
 
 BOO.NE, a post-township in Franklin co., Missouri. 
 
 BOONE, a post-office of Dallas co.. Iowa. 
 
 BOONE COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Boone 
 CO., W. Virginia, on the Little Co.il River, alwut 30 mile* 
 S S.W. of Charleston. The surrounding country is very 
 thinly settled. 
 
 BOONE GROVE, a post-ofKce of Potter co., Indiana. 
 
 BOOXE RIVER, Iowa, rises in the N. part of tlie state, 
 and flowing southward, enters Des Moines Kiver, in Web- 
 ster county. 
 
 BOOXESBOROUGII, boons'bur-uh, a post-olHce of Wash- 
 ington CO.. Arkansas. 
 
 BOOXES'BOROUGU, a decayed village of Madison co., 
 Kentucky, on the Kentucky River, about IS miles S.E. of 
 Lexington; this place is memorable a* the site of a fort 
 which was built in 1775 by D.aniel Booue, the pioneer of 
 Kentucky, and was the first erected in the state. Here alsj 
 met the first legislative assembly of the Western States. 
 
 BOONES'BJROUGII, a post-village, capital of Boone CO., 
 Iowa,about 2 miles E. of Des Moines Kiver. See Appe.ndix 
 
 BOOXESBOKOUGII.apost-villageof Booue CO., Missouri 
 30 miles X. of Jefferson City. 
 
 BOOXE SPRING, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 
 BOONE VAI.LKY, a post-office of Letcher co., Keutncky. 
 
 BOOXEVILLE, boon'vil, a post-village of Oneida co., Nei^ 
 York, on the Black River Canal, 31 miles N. ot Utica, con- 
 tains several churches, a bank, and numerous stores and 
 mills. Pop. of Booneville township. 4212. 
 
 BOOXEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Brazos co.,Texas, 
 110 miles E. by N. of Austin, and about 10 miles E. of 
 Brazos River. 
 
 B JONE VILLE, a post- village of Scott co., Arkansas, about 
 3ti miles S.E. of Van Buren. 
 
 BO JNE VILLE. a post-village of Owsley CO., Kentucky, ot 
 the south fork of the Kentucky River, about 100 miles S.E. 
 of Frankfort. It has 1 church, 1 school, and several stores. 
 
 BOOXEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Warwick co, 
 Indiana, is situated on elevated ground, 11 miles from the 
 Ohio River, and 170 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. It waa 
 settled in 1817. Pop. 621. 
 
BOO 
 
 BOO 
 
 BOONEVILLE, a flourishing town, capital of Cooper co., 
 Missouri, is situated on tlie riglit (S.) banlc of tlie Missouri 
 River. 4^ miles N.W. of Jefferson City. It owes its prosperity 
 and importance to its advantajies 88 a conimercial point, 
 which liave drawn to it tli* principal trade of south-western 
 Missouri, of a portion of Arkansas, and the Cherokee na- 
 tion. For health it is unsurpassed by any city of the Union, 
 botli town and country liaving escaped the ravages of the 
 cholera during the epidemic of 1849-50. It has a bank, 8 
 churclies, and 1 newspaper office. It is surrounded by a 
 rich farming region. The grape is e-xtensively cultivated 
 here, and will probably become an important article of ex- 
 port. Iron, lead, stone-coal, marble, and hydraulic limestone 
 are abundant in the vicinity. Settled by Daniel Boone, the 
 celelirated pioneer of Kentucky. Pop. in 1860, 2596. 
 
 UOONKVILLK, a village of Boone co., Iowa, UO miles W. 
 by N. of Iowa City. 
 
 BOON'IIILli, a pnst-office of Johnson co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BOO.NS'BOKKUGII. a post-village of Washington co., 
 Maryland, 10 miles S. by K. of llagerstown, and 91 miles 
 from Anuiipolis, Pop. about 900. 
 
 BUONS'BOROUGII, Kentucky. See BooxEsnORonQii. 
 
 BOONSBOUOUGH, a village of Ogle co., Illinois, 110 miles 
 N. of Peoria. 
 
 BOONSBOKOUGII, a village of Howard co., Missouri, 2 or 
 3 miles K. of Missouri lUver, and about 14 miles W. of 
 Fayette, the county seat. 
 
 BOON'S CKEEK, a post-office Washington co., Tennes.see. 
 
 BOON'S GHOVE, a posfcoffice of Washington co., Arkansas. 
 
 BOON'S HILL, a postoffice of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 BOON'S LICK, a post-office of Howard co., Missouri. 
 
 BOON'S MILLS, a postoffice of i'rankliu co., Virginia, 184 
 miles W. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 BOON'S STATION, a postroffice of Alamance co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BOONTING ISLANDS, a group of four small islands in 
 the Malay Archipelago. The most southern is in lat. 5° 
 45' N., Ion. 100° 20' E. 
 
 BOON'TON, an important pcstrtown of Hanover township- 
 ship, .Morris county. New Jer.sey, is situated on the Kocka- 
 way lliver, and on the Morris Canal, 8 miles N.E. of Morris- 
 town. This town has an e.xtensive iron manufa<;tory, 
 consisting of a blastfurnace, a large rolling-mill, and a nail 
 fectory, the whole forming one of the most complete and ex- 
 tensive establishments in the country. 
 
 BOONTON, a small village in the W. part of Boone co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 BOON'VILLE, a village !o the S.W. part of Adams co., 
 Indiana, on the .Mississippi River. 
 
 BOO-REGREB, BOU-REGREB, or BU-REGREB, boo-rgh- 
 grJ'/. (anc. Sa'laf) a river of Morocco, enters the Atlantic at 
 Rabatt, 108 miles W. of Fez, by a mouth 500 yards across, 
 within ^hich is an imperial dock-vard. 
 
 BOORGHAS, BOURGIIAS, boorV'Ss', written also BOUR- 
 GAS and BURGHAZ, a seaport town of European Turkey, 
 in Room-EIee, on a promontory in the Gulf of Boorghas, in 
 the Black Sea, 76 miles N.E. of Adrianople. Pop. 6000. It is 
 neat and clean, and has an extensive manufactory of clay- 
 pipes and bowls, with an active trade in iron and provisions. 
 The Gulf of Boorghas is 14 miles in length, runs from E. to 
 W., and has a depth of from 5 to 12 fathoms. 
 
 BOORGHAS. BOUROHAS or BURGHAZ, a vill.nge of Asia 
 Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, 12 miles N.E. of Abydos. 
 
 BOORMIANPOOlt', (Hindoo, Barhanpnora, bar-hiln-poo'rd,) 
 a city of India, the ancient capital of Candeish. in the Gwalior 
 dominions, on the Taptee, 130 miles S.S E. of Oojein. It is 
 one of the largest and best-built cities of the Deccan; houses 
 mostly of brick, and tiled : the streets are wide and regular, 
 and water is distributed through it by conduits. The Boh- 
 rahs. a !Mohanimedan sect of Arab descent, have most of the 
 trade. The vicinity is noted for its delicious grapes. On the 
 river bank are the ruins of an ancient palace and fort. 
 
 BOOR LOS or BOURLOS, booRlos', a lagoon of Lower Egypt, 
 in the Delta of the Nile, about 5 miles E. of Rosetta. Length, 
 from West to East. 38 miles ; average breadth, 17 miles. A 
 narrow tongue of land separates it from the Mediterranean, 
 with which it communicates by a single channel. It is con- 
 nected with the Nile by several canals; but is shallow, 
 marshy, and n.avigable only along its north shore. 
 
 BOORNABAT.or BOURN ABAT, booR-nd-bdf, a village of 
 Asia .Minor, Anatolia, 4 miles N.E, of Smyrna, at the head 
 of its gulf. It is a favorite suburb of the merchants and 
 consuls of Smyrna, most of whom have country houses here. 
 
 B'OORO, BOURO,boo'ro\ or BOEROE,boo'roo\ an i.sland of 
 the Malay Archipelago, mostly between lat, 3° and 4° S,, 
 and Ion. 126° and 127° E., 50 miles W. of Ceram. Estimated 
 area. 1970 square miles, and population 60.000. It is moun- 
 tainius, well watered, and fertile; producing rice, sago, 
 fruits, dye-woods and the best cajeput oil, and abounds 
 with deer and babyroussa hogs. At its east end is a Dutch 
 station, termed Fort Defence ; and on its north side is Cii- 
 jeli l'>.^y, with a good anchorage, and where plentiful sup- 
 plies of provisions are procurable, 
 
 BOOROOGIKt, BURUGIBD, BOOROJERD or BOORO- 
 JI RD, all pronounced boo-roo-jerd', a town of Persia, pro- 
 
 vince of Irak-Ajeniee,90 mUes S,S.E. of Hamadan, in a fertilo 
 valley, and said to liave 12,000 inhabitants. 
 
 BOOSEMPKA, boo-sSm'pra, a river in Western Africa^ 
 kingdom of Ashantee. It is navigable as far as explored. 
 
 BOOSSA or BOUSSA, boo/.sa, a large town of Central Af- 
 rica, W. of Soodan, capital of a principal city of same name, 
 on an island in the Niger. About lat. 10° 14' N., Ion. 5° 2o' E. 
 Pop. variou.sly estimated from lO.OiiO to 18,000. It spreads 
 over a wide space enclosed by a well-built wall. Here Muug 
 Park met his death. 
 
 BOOS'N AH, a town of British Indi.a. presidency of Bengal, 
 district of Jessore. 102 milts N.E. of Calcutta. 
 
 liiiOTAN. BOUTAN, BUTAN, booHIn', BHUTAN, b'hooV 
 tdn', or PHO^TAN', an independent state in North India, 
 between lat. 26° 00' and 28° N.. and Ion. 88° SO' and about 
 94°30'E.; bounded N. by the Ilimalaya-s, which divide it 
 from Thibet, S. by Bengal and Assam, and W. by a branch 
 of the Teesta, which separates it from Sikkim ; the E. boun- 
 dary is not certainly known; breadth, from N. to S., about 
 95 miles; area, roughly estimated at 64,500 sr^uare miles. 
 It is a mountainous country, consisting chiefly of terraces 
 of the Himalaya8,of which, on the frontiers of Thibet, it con- 
 tains some of the loftiest peaks; that of Shumalari or Cha- 
 malari attaining an elevation of 27.200 feet. The country 
 lowers gradually by steps to the BrahmaiKiotra, to the basin 
 of which it wholly belongs, and near which, on the frontier 
 of Bengal, is a strip of jungle-covered country, 25 miles broad, 
 forming the only plain in Bootan. The loftier mountains are 
 bare, many of them covered with snow. Lower down, at an 
 elevation of from 8000 to 10,000 feet, are fine forests of pine, 
 birch, maple, ash, and yew, but no oak. The hilly tracts 
 likewise produce the smaller fruits of Europe — blackberries, 
 raspberries, apples, apricots, <tc. The valleys are mere water- 
 courses between tlie hills ; and their vegetation is similar 
 to that of the south of Europe. In the lower parts the vege- 
 tation is tropical. Iron is the only metal as yet wrought, 
 and good building stone abounds. Among its principal pro- 
 ducts are oak, pine, and other timber, rattans, numerous 
 fruits, and esculent vegetables. Some wheat, barley, rice, 
 maize, and buckwheat are raised in terraces along the hill 
 sides; but supplies of grain, as also of sugar and tobacco, 
 come mostly from Bengal, in return for native cloths, rock- 
 salt, rhubarb, jabrung spice, a few Thibet goods, and mules 
 and ponies of an excellent breed. Except potter's clay, iron 
 appears to be the only mineral raised, though Bootiin is re- 
 ported to be rich in copper and other metals. The chief ma- 
 nufactures are of woven goods, paper, a species of satin from 
 bark, ttibacco pouches, gunpowder, arms, and hardwares. The 
 principal trade is with Bengal ; from Thibet, however, some 
 silks and rich tea are imi)ort*,'d. Travellers in liootan have 
 remarked the great numVjer of its castellated strongholds, 
 and praise the ingenuity and solidity of it.s suspension and 
 wooden bridges. Towns are few; the principal are Tas- 
 sisudou and Punakka, alternately the residences of the 
 Deb-rajah. This functionary, who is also the principal 
 merchant in the country, exercises all the actual sover- 
 eignty; the Dharma-rajah, or nominal sovereign, considered 
 to have divine attributes, being vested with none of the 
 civil power. The government appears, from the reporfof 
 Captain Pemberton, who recently visited Bootan, to be 
 about as bad as possible, rapacity and immorality prevail- 
 ing throughout nearly all rank:, of the community. The 
 state religion is Boodhism, and Bcotivn swarms with priests, 
 the monastic endowments absorbing a large part of the na^ 
 tional property. The custom of polyandry, probably pecu- 
 liar to the countries of the Himalayas is here prevalent; 
 but polygamy also prevails, and to these causes the com- 
 parative thinness of the population has been attributed. 
 Inhab. Bootke'.\ or Bhoote'.\. 
 
 BOO'TERSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 BOOTH, a post-office of Herkimer co.. New York. 
 
 BOOTHAUK, boo'fhawk', a fortified village of Afghanis- 
 tan, 12 miles E. of Cabool. Here commences the .series of de- 
 files between Cabool and Jelalabad, and here also were begun 
 the guerilla attacks of the Afghans, by which the British 
 tioops, under General lilphinstone. were destroyed in 1842. 
 The Pass of Boothauk is 5 miles long, and in its narrowest 
 parts 50 yards wide, hemmed in by perpendicular cliffs 500 
 leet high. 
 
 BOOTHB.W, a post-town.ship of Lincoln co., Maine, situ- 
 ated between the Damariscotta and the Sheepscot Rivers, 
 h.aving the Ocean on the S., about 40 miles S.E. from Au- 
 gusta. The harbor is one of the best on the coast, and is 
 accessible at all seasons, being never frozen in the winter. 
 The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the foreign and 
 coastwise trade, and in the coal and mackerel lislieiies. 
 About 100 vessels are either entirely or in part owned here. 
 Shipbuilding also employs a large amount of capital. The 
 town has several tide-mills for sawing and grinding, &c. 
 Ferries connect the town with Bristol and with Southport, 
 an island in the bay. The village has a Congregational church, 
 7 stores, and an academy is chartered to lje built the present 
 season (1S54). Pop. in 1850. 2004; in 1800, 2857. 
 
 BOUTH'BV, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 iibi 
 
BOO 
 
 BOR 
 
 BOOTHJJT-PAQNELL, booth'bee-pag'nell, a parish of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 BOOTHIA FELIX, boo'the-J fe'liks, an insular portion of 
 Itritish North America, extending into the Arctic Ocean, be- 
 tween lat. OlPand 75° N.. and Ion. 92° and 97° W.. so named 
 in honor of Sir Felix Booth. It was discovered by Captain 
 James Koss, who here determined the position of the mag- 
 netic pole. 
 
 BOOTHIA GULF, a southward continuation of Prince 
 Regent Inlet, in British America, which separates Boothia 
 Felix from Cockburn Island and Melville Peninsula. It is 
 \l)out 31(1 miles in length, from N.E. to S.W., with a breadth 
 Tarying from 60 to 100 miles. 
 
 BOOTHS, HIGHER, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 cast<»r. 
 
 BOOTHS, LOWER, a township of England, oo. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 BOOTLE. bcKytel. a parish and market-town of England, 
 CO. of Cunilierland. on the Iri.sh Sea, 5 miles S.S.E. of Haven- 
 glass. In the vicinity are the Parney and Bootle Falls and 
 Black-comb Mountain : elevation. 1919 feet. 
 
 BOOTLE, a township of England, co. of I^ancaster, at the 
 mouth of the Mer.sey, 3 miles of N. of Liverpool, by the resi- 
 dents of which town it is much resorted to for sea-bathing. 
 Pop. in 1851, 4106. 
 
 BOOTIIS/XILLE, a village of Marion co,, Virginia, with 
 about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 BOOTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BOO'TOX or BOUTON. booHon', written also BATOX, an 
 Island of the Malay Archipelago. Lat. 6° S., Ion. 123° E., and 
 S.E. of the island of Celebes. Estimated area, 1800 square 
 miles. The island is elevated and fertile in rice, maize, and 
 tropical fruits. The Dutch formerly sent an officer here 
 annually to destroy the clove trees, so as to secure their 
 monopoly of the clove trade. The town Booton is at the 
 south-west extremity of the island. The Strait of HoaUm,, 
 from 15 to 20 miles in width, separates this island from 
 Pangan.eane and Celebes. 
 
 BOO'TON'S TAN-YAKD, a post-office, Madison co., AMrginia. 
 
 BOOZOOLOOK. BOUZOULOUK or BUSULUK, boo-zoo- 
 look', a town of Russia, government of. and 145 miles N.W. 
 of Orenboorg, on the Samara, It was formerly fortified, and 
 has manufactures of cotton and silk. 
 
 BOPAUL, a state and city of Hindostan, See Bhopail, 
 
 BOPFINGEN, bop'fing-f n, a town of AVUrtemberg, on the 
 Eger, 7 miles N, of Neresheim, Pop. 1560. 
 
 BOPPAIiD or BOPPART, bop'pirt {a.uc. BodrUriga t) & 
 walled town of Rhenish Prussia, 9 miles S. of Coblentz, on 
 the left bank of the Rhine. It owed its origin to a fort built 
 by Drusus. Streets narrow and antiquated. It has two fine 
 Gothic churches, a female seminary, 2 hydropathic establish- 
 ments, one of which occupies the former nunnery of Ma- 
 rienkloster. and manufactures of cotton cloths and yarns, 
 and an active transit trade. In the Jliddle Ages it was the 
 seat of many imperial diets. Pop. 3680. 
 
 BOQUE'S CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Scioto River in Del- 
 aware county. 
 
 BOQUET. bo'k.V, a river of Essex co., New York, falls into 
 La3(e Champlain. 
 
 BORABORA. See Bol^bola. 
 
 BORAHOLM, bo'ra-holm, an uninhabited island of the 
 Orknev Group. 
 
 BORAS, (Boris,) bo'rbs, a town of Sweden, 50 miles S.E. 
 of Wenersborg. Pop. 2328, who manufacture linens. 
 
 BORBA. boR/bd, a village of Portugal, in the province of 
 Alemtejo, 17 miles W.S.W. of Elvas. Pop. 3500, 
 
 BORB.\. a town of Br.izil, in the province of Parfi, on the 
 right bank of the Madeira, 95 miles S.S.W, of Barra-do-Rio- 
 Negro, 
 
 BORBETOMAGUS. See Worms, 
 
 BORBOREMA, boR-bo-ri'mJ, a mountain range in Brazil, 
 forming the southern boundary of the province of Ceara, 
 
 BORCKTTE, a town of Prussia, See Buetscheid. 
 
 BORCDLO, BORKULO, or BORKELO. boK^keh-lo/, a town 
 Of Holland, 15 miles E. of Zutphen or Berkel. ' 
 
 BORDEAUX, boRMo', or bor'do,* formerly written BOUR- 
 DEAUX, booRMo', (L. Burdighila ; Gr. BoupJiyaXa.") a city in 
 the S.W. of France, capital of the department Gironde. on the 
 left bank of the Garonne, 60 miles from its mouth, in the 
 
 * The accent is nsually placed on the last syllable of this name, 
 in ordinary discourse. But the poets, we believe, almost inva- 
 riably accentuate the penultima. This is evidently the mode in 
 which it was pronounced by Shakspeare. Scott, whose authority 
 may have more weight, as being more modern, follows his ex- 
 unpla, 
 
 "England's hope and France's fear, 
 Victor of Cressy and Poitier, 
 lu Bordeaux dying lay." 
 
 Lines on tlie Black Priace. Roi Roy. 
 "That venison free and Bordeaux wine 
 Slight serve the archey to dine." 
 
 Lady of the Lake, Canton V. 
 The true explanation of this apparent discrepancy seems to bo 
 that both poets give what was formerly regarded as the true 
 EnglUh accentuation. 
 •2a2 
 
 Atlantic. Lat. 44° 50' 19" N., Ion. 0° 34' 32" W. Pop. in 
 1S62, 16'2,750. It is one of the most flourishing cities of 
 Eurojie in point of industry, commerce, and the cultivation 
 of the arts and sciences. It communicates by a railway with 
 the port of La Teste, and by another with Paris. It is au 
 archbishop's see, the seat of a national court, and of a univer- 
 sity academj' : capital of the 11th militarj' division, and has a 
 tril 'Unal of commerce, an exchange, and a bank with a ca- 
 pital of 300.000 francs, a secondiiry school of medicine, col- 
 lege, normal school, school of navigation, and a mint. In the 
 old part of the city the streets are crooked and narrow, but 
 the new quarters, especially the rue Chapeau Rouge, t he allees 
 de Tourny. and the many public edifices are of great beauty 
 and elegance. Among the most remarkable of these are the 
 remainsof the palace of Gallienus, the cathedral, a fineGothic 
 structure, the church of the Fueillants. which contains the 
 tomb of Montaigne; the great theatre built by Louis XVI,, 
 one of the finest in Fiurope, seated for 40(i0 persons; the ex- 
 change, the I'alais Royal, formerly the archiepiscojial palace; 
 the Hotel de la Marine, the triumphal arch of the port of 
 Bourgogne, and especially the magnificent bridge across the 
 Garonne, which consists of 17 arches, and is 1595 ft-et in 
 length. Under the name of Burdigiila. this was a rich and 
 important place at the time of the conquest of the country 
 by the Romans, who made it the capital of the "id Aquitania, 
 and it was embellished by the emperors. 
 
 Situated on a n.avigaUe river, in this part about 2C00 feet 
 broad, and from 60 to 90 feet deep, which puts it in commu- 
 nication on one side with the ocean, and on the other with 
 the Mediterranean, b}' the Canal du Midi, Bordeaux h.as 
 become the first port in the South of France, and also ranks 
 as the second in importance in the kingdom. Its harbor 
 or basin, formed by the Garonne, is capable of containing 
 1200 ships of any size, and is accessible even for sbips of 600 
 tons at all times of the tide; it has docks and building 
 yards for every size of vessels, even for ships of the line, 
 it is the entrepot of prohibited goods; and ha.^ manufac- 
 tures of all kinds, especially tobacco, vinegar, nitric acid, 
 liqueurs, and chemical products: sugar and saltpetre refine- 
 ries, numerous distilleries, cotton and woollen spinning, 
 and manufiictures of printed calicoes, and iron foundries. Its 
 commerce extends to all parts of the world. Its priuciiml 
 exports are wines, brandy, and fruits; chief imports, colo- 
 nial merchandize, cotton goods, iron, coal, and building tim- 
 ber. In 1846, the number of vessels which entered the port 
 was 918, tonnage 143.2'28, cleared 727, tonnage 134.542. In 
 1843, 48 vessels (tonnage C637.) were engaged in the cod- 
 fishery, but in 1846 they had lallen ofif to II, tonnage 847. 
 The whale fishery at onetime carried on here to a considera- 
 ble extent, seems to be altogether abandoned. The value of 
 goods placed in bond in 1846, was 2.108.903/., taken out 
 2.'26S,49'2/. The number of vessels Inelonging to the jiort, in 
 the same year, was 374, tonnage €0.980. The principal mer- 
 chants are engaged in the wine trade; nearly theh.ilf of the 
 best sorts of wine are sent to England, since little of the finest 
 Mtdnc is tised in France; Paris takes only the second, third, 
 and fourth-rate wines. Before the revolution, the annual 
 export of wine amounted to 100,000 hogsheads: in 18'27, the 
 amount was 54,4i!2. The principal fruits exported are plums 
 and almonds. The wines of Bordeaux were celebrated as 
 early as the fourth century. The city was sacked by the 
 Visigoth.s who were driven from it by Clovis. It wa^ 
 ravaged by the S.aracens and Normans in the eighth and 
 ninth centuries, and came into the posses.sion of the Dukes 
 of Gascony in 911. In 115'2, it passed, by the marriage of 
 Henry Plantagenet with Eleonore of Gulenne. under the 
 dominion of England ; since 145"), it has belonged to France. 
 Among the many distinguished men who weiv born in this 
 city and its vicinity, may be noticed the poet Ausonius, 
 Montaigne, >Ionte.squeiu, the Black Prince, liichard II. of 
 England, and Pope Clement V., the moralist Beifiuin, and 
 
 the painter Carle Vernet, Aiy and inhab. Borbel.us, 
 
 bor'deh-Ii ; fem. Bordelaise, borMeh-1.4z', 
 
 BORDEAUX, bor'do', a postoflice of Abbeville district. 
 South Carolina, 
 
 BORDELOIS or BORDELAIS, boKdUA', or boR'deh-l.'i'. an 
 old subdivision of France, which formed part of the province 
 of Guienne,and of which Bordeaux was the capital; it now 
 forms the greater part of the department of Gironde. and a 
 portion of Landes. 
 
 BOK'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 
 BORIVKNTOWN, a borough of Bordentown township, 
 Burlington co., New Jersey, on the Camden and A)nboy 
 Rjiilroad, 30 miles N E. of Philadelphia, 67 miles S W. of 
 New York, and 6 miles S.K. of Trenton. It is pleasantly 
 situated on an elevated plain on the left bank of the Del- 
 aware River, about 66 feet above the level of the water. 
 The railroad passes under the principal streets by means 
 of a viaduct. The place contains 7 churches, 3 first-class 
 hotels, 1 bank, 1 newspaper otfice, 1 female college, 7 privatu 
 schools, and 3 public schools, the largest of which is capa- 
 ble of accommodating 800 scholars, 3 large foundries, and 
 many other large manufacturing establishments. The 
 mansion formerly occupied by Joseph Bonaparte, ex-kinsr 
 of Spain, in the viciuity, is an object of much iutorust to 
 
BOR 
 
 visitors. Bordentown is the terminus of the Delaware and 
 Riiritan Ciinal. A railroad also connects it with Trenton. 
 Steamboats from I'hiladelpliia touch at tliis i)lace. causing 
 it to be nidch frequented in the summer season. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1825. I'op. about 5000. 
 
 BOIIDEIIBS, boR^daia/, a village of France, department of 
 HautB3-Pyrenees, 29 miles S.S.E. of I'arbes. Pop. of com- 
 mune, in 1852, 501. 
 
 BOKDESUOLJI, boR/des-holm\ a village of Denmark, 
 Holstein, on the Kiel and Altona Uailway, 12 miles S.S.W. 
 of Kiel. 
 
 BOllDES, LES, \k boRd, a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ari6ge. 12 miles W. of I'amiers. 
 
 B0iyDEi5Ll<;V, a chapolry of England, parish of Aston, in 
 the town of Birmingham. 
 
 BOKD'LEY, a village of Union co., Kentucky. 
 
 BOliDOi;, l)OR'do\'h, one of the Fariie Islands belonging 
 to Denmark. 
 
 BOUEE or BORT, bo-res', a fortified town of Afghanistan, 
 province of Sewestan. on tlie route from Dera Ghazee Khan 
 toCandahar. Lat. 30° 55' N.; Ion. G8° 35* E. 
 
 BDIvE'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2i miles 
 N.E. of Chelmsford. Newhall, in this parish, built in the 
 reign of Henry VII., and successively tlie abode of Princess 
 Mary, Villiers, (Duke of Buckingham.) Cromwell, and the 
 Duke of Alljermarle, is now occupied as a nunnery. 
 
 Bu'KEEL/, or I'ltlAR ISLANDS, a group of small islets 
 on the S. E. coast of Vau Diomeu's Laud. Lat. 43° 32' S. ; 
 ion. 147° 21' E. 
 
 BOMIEKAY', a smal^ fertile island of the Hebrides, 1 mile 
 N. of Xorlh Uist. 
 
 BO'REUAY', an island of the Hebrides, 2 miles N. of St. 
 Kilda. 
 
 BO 110. SoeBuRO. 
 
 BURGA, boR/gil, a town of Finnish Russia, 82 miles N.E. 
 of Revel, near the Vorga. Lat. f>0° 22' N. ; Ion. 25° 45' E. 
 
 BORCJI'IXTREICII, boR/ggn-triK\ a town of Prussian Westr 
 phalia. 21 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 1820. 
 
 BOlKiERUOUT, boii/ggr-hCwt^ a town and commune of 
 Belgium, province of Antwerp, on the high road from Ant- 
 werp to Turnhout. Pop. 4491. 
 
 BUKGIIETTO, boR-git/to or boR'ghJfto, a town of Italy, in 
 Loniltardy, 7 miles S. ot*Lodi. Pop. 2200. 
 
 BORGIIETTO, a town of Italy, on the Mincio, 15 miles 3. 
 W. of Verona. Pop. 2500. It has a castle and a vast forti- 
 fied causeway. 
 
 BORGIIETTO, a village of Italy, Sardinian domiidons, 43 
 miles E.S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 1500. 
 
 B01lGIIOLM,boRg'holm, a town of Sweden, capital of the 
 Island of Oeland, with a harbor on the E. coast, 2 miles N.E. 
 of Kalniar. 
 
 BOKGHOLZ, boRo'hAlts, a village of Prussia, Westphalia, 
 66 miles S.E. of Minden, on the Bever. Pop. 1270. 
 
 BORGIIOLZHAUSEN, boRo/hAlts-hdw'zen, atown of Prus- 
 sia, ^Vestphalia. 30 miles W.S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1390. 
 
 BORGIA, boR'jd, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra II., tii miles S.W. of Catauzaro. Pop. 3300. It was 
 almost wlioUy destroyed by an earthijuake in 1783. In its 
 vicinity excellent wine is produced. 
 
 BiillliNE, born, a lake, or rather bay, situated in the S. 
 E. part of Louisiana, 12 miles E. of New Orleans, communi- 
 ates with the Gulf of Mexico on the E., and is connected 
 with hake Pontehartrain on the W. by means of the l!igo- 
 lets Pass, about 10 miles long. Length, about 60 miles ; 
 greatest breadth, 20 miles. 
 
 BORGO, boR/go, a seaport town of Finland, on a bay of 
 the w;uir of Finland, 124 miles E. of Al)o. Pop. 2U3S. It is 
 a bishop's see, and has a high-school, and manufactures of 
 sail-cloth and tobacco. 
 
 BORGO, a village of the Austrian Empire, Tyrol, on the 
 Brenta. Pop. 2000. There are villages of the same name in 
 Cephalonia, Greece, and Corsica. 
 
 BORGO, a town of Italy, in Parma, l.S miles W.S.W. of 
 Piacenza. I'op. 1200. BoROO (•• town,") is a prefix to the 
 names of many other places in Ifcilv. 
 
 BOROO A BUGGIANO. See Buggiano. 
 
 B<JRGO FORTE. boR/go foR't.i, a town of Italy, in Lom- 
 bardy. 7 miles S. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop 3500. 
 
 B()RGO L AVEZZANO, boR/go Id-v Jt-si'no. a town of Italy, 
 In Piefimont. 8 miles S.S.E. of Novara. Pop. 2170. 
 
 BORGOMANERO, boR'gS mi-nA/ro, a walled town of Pied- 
 mont, 20 miles N.N.W. of Novara, near the Agogna. Pop. 
 7095. It is well built, and has a commercial college. 
 
 BORGO MASINO, boR'go md-see'no, a town of Italy, in 
 Piedmont, province of Ivrea. Pop. 2066. 
 
 BOlUiO MOZZAXO, boR/go mot-si'no, a town of Italy, 
 In Lucca, on the Serchio, 6 miles N.N.E, of Lucca. Pop. 
 741. 
 
 BOUGO NUOVO, boR/go noo-c/vo, a town of Italy, in Pia- 
 cenza. 4 miles N.ll. of Lucca. Pop. 2830. 
 
 BOKGOOor BORGOU, boR-goo/, a kingdom of Africa, in 
 Soodan, W. of the Quorra, about lat. 10° N. ; Ion. 4° K. The 
 principal towns are Boossa. Kiama, and Niki. 
 
 BORCJOO or BORGOU, a kingdom of Africa, in East Soo- 
 dan, about 440 miles E. of Lake Tchad. Capital, Wara, 
 
 BOR 
 
 BORGO SAN DALMAZZO, boR/go sJn dll-mJt/so. a town 
 of Italv, in Piedmont, 5 miles S.W. of Coni. Pop. 3C00. 
 
 BOltGO SAN DONINO, boR/go skn do-nee^no, a walled 
 town of North Italy, 14 miles N.W. of Parma, on the Sti- 
 rone. Pop. 4u00. The principal buildings are a remarkable 
 cathedral, and the town hall. It has manufactures of silk 
 and linen fabrics. 
 
 BORGO SAN LORENZO. boR/go s^n-lo-rjn'zo. a town ol 
 Italy, in Tuscany, on the Sieve, in a fertile district, 14 miles 
 N.E. of Florence. Pop. 32:50. 
 
 BORGO SAN SEi'OLCRO, IxiR/gosIn sA-poWcro, a town of 
 Tusciuy, on the Tiber, 15 miles N.E. of Arezzo. Pop. 4297. 
 It was formerly fortified, and has still a strong citadel. Its 
 cathedral and numerous churches are adorned with fine 
 works of art. 
 
 IJORGO SESIA, boR/go s.Vse-i, a town of Italy, in the Sar- 
 dinian dominions, 25 miles N.W. of Novara. Pop. 3000. 
 
 BORGO TARO. boR/go td'ro, a town of Tuscany, on the 
 Taro. 36 miles S.W. of Parma. 
 
 BORGO TICINO, boR/go te-chee'no, a town of Italy, in 
 the Sardinian dominions, 27 miles N. of Novara. Pop. 1851. 
 
 BORGOU. See Borgoo. 
 
 BORGO VERCELLI. boR/go viR-chJlltM", a town of Tus- 
 cany, 3 miles N.E. of Vercelli. Pop. 2586. 
 
 BORGUE. a maritime parish of Scotland. In it are th» 
 remains of Kirk Andrew and Senwick churches, Pluntoii 
 castle, and the tower of Balmangan. 
 
 BORINAGE, bo'ree'nizh', a small district of Belgium, 
 in the province of Ilainaut, important for its coal mines, 
 which occupy nearly the entire extent. It comprises the 
 communesof Jemmapes, Quaregnon, Ilomu, Wasmes, I'atu- 
 rage, Frameries, &c. Pop. atjout 32,000. 
 
 BOMtlSl'OL', a market town of Russia, government of 
 Tehernigov. 
 
 BORlSSOGLEBSIv, bo-ris-so-gl5bsk', a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 100 miles S.S. E. of Tambov, on the left bank 
 of the Vorona. Pop. 2500. 
 
 BORISSOOLEBSK, a town of Russia, government, and 2? 
 miles N\ W. of Yaroslav, on the right bank of the Volga. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 BORISSOV, bo-roe'sov, a town of Russia, government, and 
 38 miles N.E. of Minsk, on the left bank of the Berdsina. Near 
 this, at the village of Studienka. the disastrous passage of 
 Beresina was effected by the French army, 20th and 27 th of 
 Novemljer, 1812. 
 
 BORJA, boR/nd, a town of Spain, Aragon, 39 miles W.N. 
 W. of Saragossa. Pop. 3242. 
 
 BORJA, a town of South America, in Ecuador, on the 
 Amazon, E. of Santiago. 
 
 BORJAS, boR/iiis, an ancient town of Spain, 10 miles E.S. 
 E. of Lerida. 
 
 BORItAI, boR-kl'. or BORGUT, boR-gee', a bay in the Arc- 
 tic Ocean, on the Silierian coast, between lat, 70° 4' and 72° 
 N., Ion. 129° and 133° E. 
 
 BORKAL, boRncdl, or BERKEL, b^R/kel, a river of Rhen- 
 ish Prussia and tlie Netherlands, flows W. through the pro- 
 vince of Gelderland, and joins the Yssel at Zut|)hen, which 
 town it divides into two parts. Length, 60 miles. 
 
 BORKEN, l)0R/ken, a town of Germany, in Prus.sian West- 
 phalia, 34 miles WiS.W. of MUnster, on the Aa. Pop. 300O, 
 wlio manufacture linen fabrics and chiccory. 
 
 BORKEN, a town of llesse-Cassel, 20 miles S.S.W. of 
 Cassel. Pop. 1373. 
 
 BORKULO, a town in the Netherlands. See Borcclo. 
 
 BORKUM, boR/k<56m, an island in the North Sea, belong* 
 iug to Hanover, at the mouth of the Ems, 26 miles N.W. of 
 Emden. Lat. of light-house, 53° 35' N., Ion. 6° 41' E. Pop. 
 485. The island is low, and divided into two parts by a nar- ) 
 row channel. Length, 6 miles; average breadth, 2 miles. 
 
 BOR'LAND, a post-office of Newton co., Arkansas. 
 
 BOR'IjEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BOItMES, boRm. a village of France, department of Var, 
 20 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. Pop. of commune, in 1852,2019 
 
 BORMIDA, boR-mee'di, a river of Piedmont, rises in the 
 province of Acqui, and joins the Tanaro Ij- miles E. of Ales- 
 sandria, after a N,E, course of 28 miles. 
 
 BORMIO. boR/me-o, (Ger. Mhrms, woRms,) a town of North- 
 ern Italy, in Lombardy, 29 miles N.E. of Sondiio, near the 
 Adda. Pop. 1200. N. of Bormio, at .Alolina, on the Adda, 
 are the ancient and celebrated salt baths called Bagni di 
 Bormio, (bdn'yee dee bou/me-o,) temperature 99° 5' Fahren- 
 heit, still much frequented. 
 
 BORN A, boR/nd. a town of Saxony, 16 miles S,S.E. of Leip- 
 sic. Pop. 3804. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and 
 earthenwares. 
 
 BORNABI. See Ascension. 
 
 BORNAND, GRAND, grSx" boRV5N"', a town of Savoy, 
 province of Faueignv, 11 miles E. of Anuecy. Pop. 2500. 
 
 BORNAND, PETIT, pfh-tee' boR'naxc', a town of Savoy, 
 province of Faucigny, 6 miles S. of Bonneville. Pop. 2000 
 
 BORNE, born, a small river of England, co. of Warwiclt, 
 which joins the Thame near Tamworth. 
 
 BORNE, boR'neh or boRn. a village of the Netherlands; 
 province of Oveivssel. 4 miles N.E. of Delden. Pop. 2000. 
 
 BORNEO, bor'ne-o (called by the natives POOLO-KALA- 
 
 253 
 
BOR 
 
 MANTIN, kn lim' niln-tln', or KI-T:>rMA\''TAX'; see ITis- 
 tor;/. page 25j.) an island in the Malay Archipelago, lying 
 tinder the equator, and nearly bisected by meridian 114° E. 
 Excepting Australia, it is the largest island on the globe. Its 
 most N. point (CapeSampaiimanjo)isinlat. 7°5'X.; its most 
 8. (Cape Salatan^ in lat. 4° 13' S , so that it extends through 
 12'' IS' of lat., Ijeing divided by the equator into two nearly 
 equal portions; while in longitude it stretches through 10° 28', 
 from Cape I'adan on the W. (lOSO 52' E.) to Cape Oonsang on 
 the E. (in 119° 20'.) The greatest length of the island is in the 
 direction of N.E. by N. and S.W. by S.. from Cape Sampan- 
 manjo to Cape Sambnr. a di.etance of S50 miles; its width 
 Is, in some places. (00 miles, but diniinisbos towards the N. 
 The area is variously estimated at from 280.000 to SeO.OOO 
 square miles — more than three times as lar^jeas that of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Su>-rfmn<ling .SIms. — Borneo forms the central mass of the 
 archipelago, which extends from Sumatra in the W. to the 
 Moluccas and Philippine Islands in the E.. and which is 
 sharply circumscribed, on the S., by the chain of islands 
 that stretches from Java to the Arroo group, in the vicinity 
 C'f Papua. The seas surrounding it are variously denomi- 
 nated from the adjoining shores. From N. to S.W. it is 
 washed by the Chinese Sea. which, narrowing in the latter 
 direction, betweeu Cape Sambar and the island of Biliton, 
 takes the name of the Straits of Carimata. On the S., Bor- 
 neo faces the Sea of Java : on the E., it is separated from 
 Celebes by the Straits of Macassar; N. of which, from Cape 
 Kauioongan to Cape Oonsang. a distance of 250 geographi- 
 cal miles, its shores are washed by the Sea of CeleK>s. The 
 ioasts of this great island are beset by numerous reefs, 
 w^hich. in many places, rise into countless islets : and fai^ 
 fher off lie clusters of islands, such as tho.se of Balabalagan, 
 or Little Paternosters, in the Straits of Macassar: of Cari- 
 mata, in the straits of the same name; and the i.slands of 
 Tamlielan and Xatuna, in the Chinese Sea. These insular 
 groups, usually considered, with little reason, as belonging 
 to Borneo, are as yet hardly known in detail. 
 
 General Aspect. — Though the mountains of Bom^ are in 
 some places visible from the sea. particularly off its X. 
 coasts, yet the general character of its shores is that of man- 
 grove wastes, or of interminalile low plains, liable to inun- 
 dation, and covered with dense forests. The parts fre- 
 quented by Europeans are chiefly in the vicinity of great 
 rivers, which form extensive deltas, wherein there is hardly 
 any thing to be seen but the water and the impervious 
 forest. There must of course, be a great extent of elevated 
 country in the interior, whence descend the innumerable 
 streams intei-secting the maritime tracts; but still there is 
 reason to believe that a very large portion of Borneo con- 
 sists of immense alluvial plains of the greatest fertility, and 
 raised but little alxive the level of the sea. 
 
 Moutitains. — The mountains in the interior of Borneo, as 
 has been already observed, become more conspicuous to- 
 ward the N. The highest of them. Kinibaloo. in lat 6°S' 
 N., and Ion. 116° 33' E.. .attains an elevation of 13.680 feet. 
 On the E. side of this mountain there is said to be a great 
 lake of the same name, fi-om which, if the accounts of n.a- 
 tives are to be relied on, issue numerous rivers. Erom this 
 culminating point, a chain of mountains may be conjec- 
 tured to extend S.W. throughout the whole extent of the 
 island, terminating a little E. of Cape Sambar. From about 
 lat. 2° X., and from that part of the central ridge named 
 Angaranga, a ramification, known in its successive portions 
 as the Longooloo and Sakooroo Mountains, extends E. by 
 S. to Cape Kanloongan. lat. 1° N. A second ramification 
 leaves the central ridge a little farther S., and running S.E. 
 about 200 miles turns S.. and finally S.W.. till it terminates 
 in Cape S.alataTi, the most S. point of the island. Again, 
 from the mountains of Madei. in the central region, lat. 1° 
 N., a chain of mountains runs W. about 200 miles, and then 
 N., till it ends in Mouut Pangi, near Cape Datoo, (Tanjong.) 
 lat. 2° 5' N. Thus it appears that Borneo, the mountain 
 chain.< of which all branch out from one centnal nucleus, 
 resembles, in its formation, the neighboring island of Celebes. 
 With the exception Of Kinibaloo, none of the mountains of 
 this island are supposed to attain a height of above 6500 feet. 
 
 JUvers. — The rivers are, in general, tide-rivers, descend- 
 ing, in a winding course and with little current, through 
 vast level deltas, the lower portions of which are often over- 
 flowed by the seii. Hence their mouths are nearly all 
 barred or obstructed by sand-banks; and while, with broad 
 streams and numerous branches, they afford great advan- 
 tages within for internal communication, they are quite in- 
 accessible from without by vessels of moderate size. The 
 mountains running S.W. and then W. to Cape Datoo, con- 
 fine a maritime tract, 600 miles long, facing the N.W. and 
 N.. and intersected, probably, by several hundreds of rivers; 
 the direct course of which, however, from the mountains, 
 can hardly ever exceed l-'iO miles. Toward the N., some of 
 these riveifl descend with so lively a stream as to carry 
 fresh water to the sea-side, an advantage of rare occurrence 
 on other parts of the Bornean coast. In lat. 5° \. is the 
 estuary of the river Brfinai or Borneo Proper, which some 
 duHcribe as the largest river of the whole island. It is 
 
 BOR 
 
 Jn reality, however, a stream of second or fhlrd-ratp magnl 
 tude, but has the advantage of flowing in a sing'e bnad 
 channel, easily entered by ships of burden. Near lat. 2° N. 
 are the mouthLs of the Kejang and the Sarelius. l>o»h trrtal 
 rivers ; the former being nearly 1 mile wide 80 mi'n'< above 
 its mouth. But the Batang Loopar. about 50 miien farthei 
 S., lat. 1° 35' X.. fiir exceeds them, and is probably the largest 
 river in this region of the island, being 4 or 5 milis wide, 
 with depth of water sutlicient for a frigate. Then f >llows, 
 40 miles W., the Sarawak, a river of comparatively short 
 course, but offering, in its numerous branches, e;ctraordl- 
 nary fiicilities for internal communication. In thi? region 
 confined by the AV. and S.W. chains flows the Siimlas, M 
 large a river as that of Brfinai and the Kapooas, the most 
 northern mouth of which is under the equator. This ia 
 probably the greatest river of Borneo, its sources being 350 
 miles distant, in a straight line, while its winding course 
 can hardly be less than 700 miles in length. Between the 
 S.W. and S. chain of mountains lies an immense alluvial 
 expanse, watered by numerous large rivers, the Pembooan, 
 the Sampit, Mendawei, Kahajan. Murong. and Banjarmas- 
 sin or Banjar, the last named river being the largest of all, 
 and hardly inferior to the Kapooas. The region enclosed 
 between the S.E. and E. chains (Pangaloo and Sakooroo) 
 is drained by the Kootai, a river not much inferior to the 
 Banjarmassin. Its delta embraces above 100 miles of coast 
 on the Straits of Macassar, beginning a little S. of the equa- 
 tor. X. of the E. chain, the Pantai, or river of Berow. enters 
 the sea in lat. 2° X.: while the Sabanoon and Vmara. (both 
 mouths of the Boolongan,) lie respectively in lat. 2° 45' and 
 2° 52' X. These rivers, though barred, are not inaccessible, 
 and may be. navigated a long way up. Farther N., for 
 some hundreds of miles, the details of the coast are but 
 little known. 
 
 Lakes. — Of the lakes, little is known, and that chiefly 
 through native information. The most celebrated of them 
 is that of Kinibaloo, on the E. side of the mountiin of the 
 same name. About three degrees farther S. report place? 
 another great lake. like the former, the source of many great 
 rivers. In the alluvial plains, also, lakes are numerous, 
 but not remarkable either for their magnitude or phy.sic,ni 
 features. The chain of lakes which connects the Kapoas 
 ■and the Kotaringin is s,aid to prove'that the principality of 
 Matan, at the S.W. angle of Borneo, was insulated, at a 
 comparatively recent period, by a narrow strait or ai-m of 
 the sea. 
 
 Geology. — Borneo being so little explored, its geological for- 
 mation is necessarily very imperfectly known. In Sarawak, 
 granite, with the sevei-al allied varieties of rock, prevail 
 along the coast, the valleys being filled chiefly with a de- 
 tritus of feldspathic materials, while limestone mountain? 
 encompass this district on the S. The Gunong I'.atooR, 
 ('■ hundred mountains.") a chain separating the Tanah-laut, 
 at the S.E. angle of the isl.ind, from the valley of the Ban- 
 jarmassin. is formed of granitic rocks, underlying, probably, 
 the limestone, which shows itself farther X., in the s;mie 
 valley. In both the granitic distiicts here mentioned ar« 
 tbund quartzose masses, resembling scoriae, widely tiir:.semi- 
 nated, and containing iron. It is in this diluvial formation 
 of quartzose gravel, reddened with oxide of iron, that the 
 gold and diamonds of Borneo are found in such abundance. 
 In the vicinity of Brunai or Borneo, and also in Labuan. 30 
 miles farther "X., coal has been discovered, under circum- 
 stances which indicate the existence of a large field of this 
 v.aluable mineral. Basalts and other volcanic rocks oc> ur 
 in Maludu Bay. and also at the falls of the Dooson or Ban- 
 jarmassin River. Besides gold, the annual produce of 
 which has been estimated at a quarter of a million. Bornen 
 vields copper, tin, antimony, and iron, which last is of th» 
 best quality. The diamonds are widely disseminated in tb» 
 red soil, but the largest are said to lie found on .Mount 
 Landa, in Pontianak. One of the largest known was found 
 here about 300 years ago, weighing 367 carats. 
 
 Climatf.. — The wet season in Borneo begins in September 
 and ends in April, during which the rain falls heavily, at- 
 tended with much thunder and lightning, and violent 
 squalls. During the rest of the year, or the dry season. a« 
 it is called, copious showers fall nearly every day. In the 
 equatorial parts, the winds are variable throughout the 
 year, sea breezes, however, blowing close on shore. In Pon- 
 tian.ik, the summer-heat rarely exceeds 82° Fahrenheit 
 This equabilitv of temperature, and the atmospheric circu- 
 lation, mav, perhaps, explain why the European visitors to 
 the swampy, luxuriant shores of Borneo rarely complain ot 
 their insalubrity. 
 
 Zoiingy. — .K-a equatorial land, exceeding France in extent, 
 varied "and fertile, and still for the most part in a state of 
 nature, m.ay well be supposed to teem with animal life in 
 great diversity of form. Here it will be sufficient tn point 
 out what is peculiar to, or characteristic of Borneo, in the 
 department of zoology. A great portion of thi.< island is 
 covered with dense forests, excluding the light, and Ire- 
 quently inundated beneath to a depth of some fe-t. In 
 these secure retreats lives the ourang-outang. {Simia so- 
 tyrus,) an animal peculiar to Borneo and Sumatra. Two 
 
BOR 
 
 BOR 
 
 other remarkable apes, the long-nosed and crested, inhabit ! 
 the skirts of the same woods, near the banks of rivers and 
 lakes. The only gibbon (p/r) found in the island, haunts 
 the fig-tree thickets on the slopes of the mountains. In the 
 mountainous districts is found also the striped tiger, {HUs 
 macroceli.^:} which is here the chief beast of prey, though 
 not so powerful nor voracious as the panther, liut the most 
 remarkable animal in Borneo, after the ourang-outang, is a 
 gingularly-wliiskered carnivorous crcJiture. resembling at 
 once the otter and ornithorhynehus, and which has received 
 the scientific name of I'otamnphilus barl/cUus. The beiir 
 does not appear to be a new species. A porcupine {Hystrix 
 fasdaUi) supplies a favorite food to the natives, who say 
 that this animal alone can feed with impunity on the upas. 
 There is reasou to believe that neither the elephant nor rhi- 
 noceros exist in Boineo ; which possesses, however, a pecu- 
 liar species of hog. (.S'm.s- hurljcdu.i.) distinguished by its enor- 
 mous whiskers and hideous aspect. The banteng, a large 
 and handsome species of buffalo, inhabits the mountains; 
 the napu. a musk, frefjueiits the borders of the woods. Of 
 deer, only three species are known. In the rivers of Itorneo 
 are three species of crocodile, one of which resembles the 
 gavial of the Ganges. Kish are extremely abundant along 
 the shores. In the Chinese Sea, all the reefs and islets are 
 covered with oysters. In the Straits of Macassar, pearls and 
 mother-of-pearl are f)rdinary productions. 
 
 li'ilany. — Of the ctiuntless forms of the vegetable kingdom 
 which ciothe this prolitic island, only a few can here be men- 
 tioned. The cocoa-nut. betel. s;igo, and gomati, the fibre of 
 which serves to make cordage, are the palms most highlj' 
 esteemed by the n.atives. The Nijm. frulicrns also, which 
 adorn the banks of the rivers, where it invariably grows on 
 the side of the deep water, while the mangrove overspreads 
 the shallow side, is of great importance. Its scented flow- 
 ers feed the bees which furnish the wax exported in such 
 quantity ; its fruit reseml)li>!) the cocoa-nut. and its branches 
 serve to form the roofs of houses. This must not be con- 
 founded with the niehong, the leaves of which are used to 
 cover the roofs, and its exterior sheath of wood for flooring 
 and boatrbuilding. A species of sugarcane here grows wild, 
 as well as a kind of nutmeg. (In this state fi.ivorless.) and 
 a cinnamon, which has a taste of cloves. The mountain 
 sides, where there is a sandstone soil, are covered with piue 
 woods; and still higher up, the ironwood-tree (IHospyroz) 
 attains, with slow growth, colossjil dimensions. In tlie dis- 
 trict of Sarawak, and probably throughout the island, the 
 gutta-percha tree {hmtandra nutUi) is plentiful. It attains 
 a diameter of 6 feet, and is called Niato by the natives, who 
 are ignoi'ant of the use of its juice. 
 
 I'lodKcr. — The productions of Borneo which find their 
 way into commerce are gold, platina, tin, antimony, copper, 
 Iron, and diamonds. Kdible birds' nests, collected in the 
 Interior, as well as on the coasts, trepans or holothuria, 
 fished in the Straits of Macassar — these three articles are 
 destined wholly lor the Chinese market. Camphor, iron- 
 wood, ebony, ratans, cassia, wax, sago, and rice, are in gene- 
 ral demand. Among the vegetaVjle productions are maize, 
 rice. yams, batatas, cocoa-nut, betel, tobacco, cotton, sugai-- 
 cane. pepper, and other spices and tropical fruits. 
 
 InhaUtanU. — " Borneo," says Mr. Craufurd, in an essay 
 recently read before the Koyal Geographicjil Society of 
 London, "i-; inhabited by four descriptions of peojile: — the 
 aboriginal inhabitants, the .Malays, the Chinese, and the 
 Boogis of Celebes. The first are the most numerous. They 
 have no native name by which they distinguish them- 
 selves in the aggregate; but each tribe commonly takes 
 the name of the priiKip;il river on which lie.s its chief resi- 
 dence. The Malays call them all Dyak, a word equivalent 
 to our term " savage," and add to the general term the 
 name of the tribe's chief river, as Dyak Kayan, &c. They 
 are allied to the Malays, and are divided into probably not 
 fewer than lUO tribe.*, speaking as many different tongues. 
 But they are not all in an equally abject condition ; for, while 
 some are mere naked hunters, the majority have fixed abodes, 
 and have made some progi-ess in the useful arts. In person 
 the Dyaks are of middling stature, well made, but not robust, 
 and are faiier than the Jlabiys, have good foreheads, regular 
 features, and a frank, agreeable aspect. Their eyes are some- 
 what oblique, and their cheek-bones prominent. The Dyaks 
 on theW. side of the island srenerally dwell in sheds or liouses 
 built on piles from 5 to 20 feet from the ground, with par- 
 titions of split cane, and covered with the leiif of the niebong. 
 Someof these houses have been seen nearly 5uO feet long, and 
 capable of lodging 400 persims. Their arms are a buckler of 
 hard wood, a spear, a sword, a knife, and a tube about five 
 feet long, throuv h which poisoned arrows are blown. Their 
 pnOius. or var-boats. 50 feet long, and their utensils, show 
 considerable inec'ianical skill. The most advanced and power- 
 ful of these is the Kayan (or Kajan) tribe, whose territoiy 
 extends across the 'eland for about three degrees on each side 
 of the equator They dwell in well-constructed houses of 
 wood, with shingled roofs; they grow rice, the batata, sugar- 
 cane, banana, piue-apple, and tobacco, but are unacquainttxl 
 with the art of weaving, being clothed in the bark of trees. 
 m, of late, in foreign fabrics. Some other tribes, however, 
 
 cultivate cotton, and have acquired the art of weaving. They 
 have domesticated the .amnion fowl. hog. and dog. but have 
 no beasts of burden. Some of the customs of the Dyaks are 
 extremely barbarous, and oftbe.se the most remarkable is the 
 hoarding of the heads of enemies or strangers whom they have 
 waylaid and murdered; and no man can marry until he has 
 won the object of his affection by presenting to her at least 
 one of these horrid trophies. These fruits of muider are 
 pickled, and, with cowry shells in the eye-sockets, and tufte 
 ■ )f grass in the ears, are hung up in the head house. On 
 festivals they are taken down to adorn the persons of the 
 heroes to whom they respectively belong. The Dyaks have 
 hut one wife, though there is said to exist among them much 
 license before marriage. With respect to reli;4ion, they have 
 neither priests nor temples, nor do they pray or fa.st. On 
 remarkable occasions, however, it seems they sacrifiee a 
 human victim — a slave bought for the purpose — and even 
 partake of the flesh. Though they have no regular system 
 of religious belief, they have many strange superstitions; 
 they draw omens from the flight or sight of bird.s. and of the 
 note of one in particular they stand in great awe. trembling 
 violently, and immediately taking another road. Their 
 burials form not the least singular part of their customs. 
 Most of-the tribes inter the dead; but some burn the body, 
 and others suspend the coffin from a tree. On the death of 
 a chief, he is dressed in his war habiliments; his arms are 
 deposited by his side, and a quantity of fixjd enclosed, when 
 a hi;rh mound is raised, encircled by bamboo, on which fresh 
 heads are placed." 
 
 Borneo is divided into many separate states, governed by 
 native chiefs. One of the best known of these is Brunai, or 
 Borneo I'roper. which extends over the level sp.HCe on the N. 
 coast, the sultan of which is now placed under the super- 
 intendence of Sir. lames Brooke. (.See //i'.<torv, in this article.) 
 The principal other states are Samb.\s, I'o.n'TI.\.n.\k, SlMP.iNQ, 
 M.\T.\N. Banjerm\ssin, and S.vraw.\k, (which see.) 
 
 By a treaty concluded between the Sultan of Borneo and the 
 United StJites. .Tune23. 1S.50, the citizens of the latter country 
 have full liberty to pass with their merchandise through all 
 parts of his Ilighness's dominion, and to trade with his sub- 
 jects, the various articles of commerce being subject only to 
 certain custom-duties now established. 
 
 The authority of the Dutch extends over a great portion 
 of the i.sland. which they divide politically into the residency 
 of the W. coast, capital I'ontianak. and the residency of the 
 S. and K. coasts, capital Banjermassin. By a decree of the 
 governor-general of the Netherlands Kast Indies, dated 28th 
 February. 1S46, these possessions are henceforth to form a 
 special government. 
 
 Htjntlatinn. — According to the most recent information, 
 the population of Borneo may be estimated at 2.000.000, of 
 whom 4tn).000 are Malays, Hi6,000 Boosis from Celebes, and 
 140.000 Chinese; the rest are Dyaks, or Indigenous tribes. 
 
 History and Name. — The Kuropeans w ho first visited this 
 island, early in the sixteenth century — Ixirenzo de Gomez 
 in 161H, and I'igafetta, with the shijis of Magellan's expe- 
 dition, in 1521 — both named it Brunai or Brun6. from the 
 port and principal city on its N.W. shores, at which they 
 touched. This name, written by the Malays themselves 
 Bfirni or Boorni. is obviously the Sanscrit lihurni or 
 BItnnrni. ("land;") its conversion into Borneo, and applica- 
 tion to the whole island, came into use among Kuropeans in 
 the seventeenth century. Some writere have stated that 
 the i.iiland. in its whole extent, is called by the natives Pulo 
 Kalamantan; but those who have had most intercourse 
 with the native tribes of Borneo, deny that they have any 
 general name for the whole i.sland. 
 
 The first Dutchman who arrived at Borneo was Oliver Van 
 Noort, in 1598. The reputation of the island for diamonds 
 and Bezoarstone (the latter was considered, at that time, as 
 a univer.siil medicine) induced the Dutch .settled in liatavia 
 to send, in 1608, to the Queen of Succadana. an officer, de- 
 manding a treaty of commerce; to whom she replied that 
 •■ the trade of her country was free to all nations." In 1609, 
 however, they succi'eded in making a treaty w ith the Sul- 
 tan of Sambas. A factory was thus established, and the 
 factors gradually raised themselves into sovereigns by steps 
 which cannot Ije here detailed. In 1709, the Kngli.-ih, 
 having taken Manila, obt.ained from their ally, the Sultan 
 of Sooloo. the cession of his claim to the N. coasts of Borneo, 
 and took possession of Balambangan. But. in 1775, the 
 garrison of th,at island, composed chiefly of Bugis, was cut 
 to pieces by a baud of pirates; and the settlement was con- 
 sequently abandoned. When .Tava was taken by the Bri- 
 tish, in the late war. the Dutch power in Borneo fell to the 
 ground, and the native chiefs, watched by a few British po- 
 litical agents, resumed the exerci.se of their original autho- 
 rity ; but they now found themselves unable to eoxie with 
 the Chinese Kong-sies: and were, therefore, well pleased at 
 the return, in 1818. of their Dutch masters. 
 
 But the most important event in the recent history of 
 Borneo, and one likely to lead to the most beneficial results 
 as regards civilization and commerce, is the enterprise of Sir 
 .Tames Brooke, who first visited the island in 1 6;i9, and hag 
 since been actively engaged in the suppression of piracy, 
 
 265 
 
BOR 
 
 BOR 
 
 the administration of justice, and the piirniirairement of 
 oom^eree and manuCictures. Adj. and inhab. Bor'sean. 
 
 UORXEO, bor'neo, 15RUNAI, hroo/ni. or B'KXI, beR'nee', 
 a town near the North coast of Borneo, and on the river 
 Brunai. in lat. 52° 30' N.. Ion. 114° 52' E. It is built on piles 
 In the river, and defended bj- batteries. Pop. in 1848.22.000. (?) 
 
 BORXHIiM, bORu'hem, a town and commune of Belgium, 
 
 firovince of Antwerp, on the Scheldt, 15 miles W. of Mech- 
 In, with numerous looms for linen-weaving, several brew- 
 eries, and tanneries. Pop. 4194. 
 
 BOUMIOL.M, boRn'holm, (anc. Borringiaf) an island of 
 Denmark, in the Baltic Seii. 90 mfles E. of Zealand, and 25 
 miles S. of the southernmost point of Sweden. Its most 
 northern point is Cape Hammeren, on which is a light-house 
 279 feet hijrh, in lat. 65° 17' 4" N., Ion. 14° 46' 30" E. It is 
 about 23 miles long by 18 broad ; estimated area, is 230 
 square miles. In jreneral. the coast is high and rocky, pre- 
 senting perpendicular cliflfs, close to which is deep water. 
 AVhere cliffs do not prevail, reefs and sand-banks stretch out 
 to se;i, rendering all approach dangerous, more especiiiUy in 
 stormy weather, when the surf is heavy. The island has 
 no good or secure harbor for large vessels, and only few and 
 indilftrent ones fir small. The best is at Kiiune, on the 
 S.W. side, with 11^ feet water. The roadstead, however, is 
 not very good, being exposed to the S.W. winds. Bornholm, 
 both geographically and geologically, belongs to Sweden. 
 Excepting a heath-tract near tlie centre of the island, on a 
 plateau 250 feet above the sea, the land is generally fertile, 
 producing the same grain crops as the rest of Denmark, and 
 the same trees, l>ee<.'h excepted. The island has no lakes of 
 any size, and its strejims. numerous enough, are merely 
 rivulets, with narrow, rocky courses. Good building-stone 
 and marble are quarried and exported. Coal is likewise 
 raised, and used to some extent, but it is of an inferior qua- 
 lity. The island has long been famous for its rock crystals. 
 Its watches have likewise a local reputation. The chief 
 support of the inhabitants is agriculture, cattle-rearing, fish- 
 ing, and seafaring. The principal town and port is KQnne, 
 after which come Nexiie. and Svanike. Pop. 26.600. 
 
 BORNO, boR'no, a large village of Austrian Italy, 32 miles 
 N.E, of Bersiamo, on the Oglio. 
 
 BOK'XOO'orBORNOU, (native Kanowra,) a country of 
 Central Africa, in Soodan, between lat. 10° and 15° X., and 
 Ion. 12° and 18° E.. having N. Kanem and Sah-ira. E. Lake 
 Tchad and Begharmi, S. Mandara, and W. Iloussa. Lake 
 Tchad appears to receive all the waters of Bornoo. The chief 
 rivers are the Shary from the mountains of Mandara, and 
 the Yeou from those of Iloussa. The climate is excessively 
 liot : temperature in summer ( JIarch to June) 104° to 107° 
 Fahrenheit. The dry season is from April to October, and 
 the rainy sejison during the remainder of the year. The 
 whole country is flat, and by far the greater part is covered 
 ■with a thick underwood, high, coarse grass, and creeping 
 and climbing pl.ints, while all around Lake Tchad, and for 
 a considerable distance W.S.W. and S., it is alluvial and 
 marshy. The chief productions are millet. b;»rley, beans, 
 m.iize. cotton, and indigo ; trees are scarce, and it has no 
 fruit or edible roots. Minerals are unknown. The princi- 
 pal wealth of the inhabitants is in slaves and cattle, and the 
 horses of Bornoo are greatly prized in the markets of Sou- 
 dan. The chief exports a<-e slaves, gold-dust, and civet. The 
 mass of the people (^Kanowry) are negroes, professingFetish- 
 ism, divided into tribes, and speaking different idioms. 
 The dominant race (Shouas) are of Arab descent, and Mo- 
 hammedans. Principal towns, Kooka, the residence of the 
 sovereign, Engomoo, Deegoa, Old and New Birnie, and Affa- 
 gay, several of which are populous, well built, and enclosed 
 by walls. Adj. and inhab. Bor\\ooese'. 
 
 BOKXOS. boR/uoce. a town of Spain, in Andalusia. 28 miles 
 N.E. of Cadiz, on the Ouadalete. Pop. 4826. It contains 
 the palace of the Dukes of Medinaceli. part of which consists 
 of an old Moorish castle, in good preservation. 
 
 BORXOU. See Bornoo. 
 
 BORODINO, bor-o-dee'no, (Russ. pron. bo-ro-de-no',) a 
 village of Bussiia, government, and 75 miles W.S.W. of 
 Moscow, on the Kologa, an affluent of.the Moskva, cele- 
 brated for the dear-bought victory gained by the French 
 over the Russians on the 7th of September, 1S12. 
 
 BORODI'NO, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 18 
 miles S.W, of Syracuse. 
 
 BORODI'NO, a post-office of Wayne co.. Michigan. 
 
 BORODINO, NEW, a recently-founded settlement of exiles 
 in Siberia, near Krasnoyarsk, government of Venisiesk. 
 
 BOROOJIRD, a town of Persia. See Booroojird. 
 
 BOROU. See Booro. 
 
 BOROUGH, bar/riih, a village of South Wales, co. of Cai- 
 marthen, parish of Llanelly, 14 miles S.E, of Carmarthen. 
 Pop. in 1>51, 8415, chiefly coal-miners and sailore, 
 
 BOU'OUOnBRIDGE, a market-town and chapelry of Eng- 
 land, CO. of York, West Riding, parish of Aldborough, on 
 the river Ure. here navigable, and crossed by a stone bridge, 
 17 miles N.W. of York. Pop. in 1851, 1095. It has a small 
 church, a handsome market cross, and 3 branch banks. 
 Races are held annually. Before being disfranchised by the 
 Befonu Act, it sent 2 members to the Uouse of Commons. 
 256 
 
 Many Boman and British antiquities have been found here, 
 the most curious of which are the tlfi-ee rude stone obelisks 
 called the "Devil's Arrows," aliout half a mile?, of the town. 
 This was anciently a famous Druidical meeting place. The 
 town communicates by a branch with the Great North of 
 England Railway. 
 
 BOROUGH OF CAMBRIDGE, a village in Cambridge 
 township, Lamoille co., Vermont, contains a church, 2 ta- 
 verns, and 2 stores. 
 
 BOROVITCIIEE or BOROA'ITCIII. bo-ro-vit'chee, a town 
 of Russia, government, and 96 miles E,S,E, of Novgorod, on 
 the Msta, near the Rapids of Borovitskie. Pop, 4CO0, who 
 carrj' on an active trade in salt. coal, and limestone. 
 
 BOROVITCIIEE or BOROVITCHI, a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 72 miles N.E. of Tchernigov. 
 
 BOROVITCIIEE or BOROVITCHI. a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 46 miles E.N.E. of Pskov. 
 
 BOROVSK, bo-rovsk', a town of Russia, government, and 
 50 miles N.N.E. of Kalooga,on the Protva, capital of the dis- 
 trict. Pop. 5000. It has manufactures of sail-cloth and 
 leather, and its onions, garlic. Ac. are in great repute. Near 
 it is a rich convent, founded in 1444. 
 
 BtJRRIOL, boR-Re-ol', a town of Spain, in Valencia, 4 miles 
 N.N.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2069. 
 
 BOR'RIS, or BUR'RIS-ID'RONE, a village of Ireland, co. 
 and 16 miles S. of Carlow. Pop. 9.50. In it is Borris Castle, 
 the seat of Thomas Kavanagh. Esq. 
 
 BOR'RIS-IN-OS/SORY. a market-town of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster. Queen's CO.. 7 miles E.S.E. of Roscrea. Pop, 821, It 
 was formerly a military position of some strength, and has 
 a neat court-house. 
 
 BORRISLEAGH, bor'ris-la', a parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster. CO. of Tipperary. 
 
 BOR'RIS-O'KANE, a town and parish of Ireland. inMun- 
 ster. CO. of Tipper.iry, 12 miles S.W. of Parsonstown. Pop. 
 of town, 1625. 
 
 BORRIS-O'LEAGII, bor'rls-o-lA'. a small town of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co, of Tipperarv, in a picturesque district, 6 miles 
 S.S.W. ofTemplemore. Pop. 1438. 
 
 EOKROMEAN (bor-ro-mee/an) ISLANDS, a group of four 
 small islands of the Sardinian dominions, in the Bay of 
 Tosa, forming the W, arm of the Laggo Maggiore : — 
 
 IsoLA San Giovanni, ee'so-ld san jo-vdn'nee, or IsouN.i, 
 e-so-lee/n3, is the northernmost, and is occupied by gardens 
 and fertile fields. 
 
 Isola Madre, ee'so-ll mi'dr.A. the largest, is covered with 
 orange and citron-trees, and gardens of exotic plants. 
 
 IsoLA SuPEKiORE. ee/so-ld soo-pA-ree-o'ri, or Isola dei Pes- 
 CATORi, ee'so-ld dA'e pJs-ci-to'ree, {i.e. "the Fishermen's 
 Island,") is inhabited by fishermen, and contains the small 
 church of the islands, 
 
 IsoLA Bella, ee'so-ld biMOl, is the most celebrated of the 
 group. This island, which was formerly a barren and sterile 
 rock, was, in 1671. transformed into a delicious garden, rising 
 in 10 terraces, in the form of an amphitheatre, and enclosing 
 a magnificent palace. The garden contains fine specimens 
 of the most interesting tropical plants, and the palace is 
 adorned with paintings and statues. The family of Count 
 Borromeo have been proprietors of these islands since the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 BOR/ROWDALE, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumber 
 land, 7 miles S.S.W. of Keswick. Pop. in 1851, 1425. Here 
 is the famous mine whence is obtained the finest black-lead 
 or plumbago in the world. It is opened but once in 7 years, 
 enough of produce being then extracted to supply the Lon- 
 don market for that period. The annual sale averages about 
 3000/. The picturesque scenery of Borrowdale attracts 
 many tourists. 
 
 BOR'ROWSTOUNNESS', or BONESS, bS-nfs.s'. a burgh of 
 barony, seaport, and parish of Scotland, co, of Linlithgow, on 
 a low peninsula in the Frith of I'orth, 17 miles W.N,W. of 
 Edinburgh, Pop. in 1851, 5192. The streets are narrow, 
 and the houses low and old-£jshioned. The harbor is safe, 
 and some ship-building, and trade in coal and salt from the 
 vicinity are carried on. The town has also distilleries, and 
 manufactures of earthenware, soap, and vitriol. In 1844, 
 100 vessels (aggregate burden 6536 tons) belonged to this 
 port. Registered shipping in 1847. 5944 tons. The coal- 
 mines of the parish extend under the bed of the Forth, so 
 as almost to meet those of Culross from the opposite side. 
 Xear Bo'ness is Kinniel House, long the residence of the phi- 
 losopher Dugald Stewart. 
 
 BORSA, boR/sh6h\ a village of Hungary, co. of JIarmaros, 
 47 miles S.E. of Szigeth, on the Viso. Pop. 3478. There are 
 silver and copper-mines in its vicinity. 
 
 BORS.NA or BORZX.t. t)ORz'nd, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 45 miles E.S.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 1200. 
 
 B<JRSOD, lioR^shod', or BORSCHOD. boR'shot, an admi- 
 nistrative province of Hungary, The district extends on 
 both sides of the river Sajo, and is one of the most fertile in 
 the kingdom. Chief products, grain, wine, and fruits; cattle 
 are extensively reared, and its commerce is important. Pop. 
 in 1840, 183,184. 
 
 BORSSELE. boRs/sA'lfh,orBRAMSALE, bBdm-si/lfh, ori- 
 ginally two islands of Holland, provinc« of Zealand, but 
 
BOR 
 
 BOS 
 
 now part of Sfuth BeToland, joined by means of gradual 
 ftcquisitions from the river and the sea. 
 
 UORSTALL, or BOAR'STAI.L, a parish of England, co. 
 of IJuek?. B miles S.S.K. of Bicester. The chapel contains 
 monuments of the Aubrey family. In the civil war HorstiiU 
 house was garrisoned for King Charles I., and taken by I'air- 
 tiix in 1646. 
 
 BORT, boB, a town of France, department of Corr^ze, on 
 the Dordogne, 14 miles S..S.K. of Ussel. I'op. of the com- 
 mune, iu 1851, 2659. It has an active trade in horses and 
 cattle. This is the birth-place of Jlarniontel. 
 
 BOUTII'VVICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 BORTIl'WICK CASTLK, a strong fortress, built in the 
 fifteentli century; was famous in the civil wars of both the 
 succeeding centuries. Dr. Robertson, the historian, was 
 bom iu the manse of B(>rthwick. 
 
 BORTIGALI, l>oR-te-gd'lee, a village of Sardinia, province 
 of Cairliari. 40 miles S.E. of Sa.ssari. Pop. 2920. 
 
 I50R VSTIIKNES, a river of Russia. See Dnieper. 
 
 BORZD.NASCA, boud-zo-nds'kd, a village of the Sardinian 
 Stitcs, 10 miles N.N'.K. of Chiavari. Pop. 4810. Ithasmau- 
 ufactures of cloths. 
 
 BOSA, bo's!, a seaport town of the iiiland of Sardinia, 30 
 miles S. of Sassari, at the mouth of tlie Termo, on the W. 
 eoast. Pop. 6250. It is a bisliop's see. and is a well built 
 and paved, having a catliedral and a diocesan school. Its 
 liarl)or is safe, being slieltered by the island of Bosa. 
 
 BOS'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BOS'CASXLIi, a small maritime and market-town of 
 England, co. of Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, in a deep 
 vale. 2 miles S.E. of Bossiney. Pop. about 800. 
 
 BOS'CAWEN ISLAND, a small island of the Pacific 
 Ocean, Navigation group. Lat. 15° 50' S., Ion. 173^ 35' VV. 
 
 BOSCAWEN, (commouly pronounced bo.s'quoin,) a post- 
 township of Merrimack co., New Hampshire, 10 miles N. 
 by W. of Crvncord. on the western side of the Merrimack. 
 Intersected by the Northern Railroad. Pop. 2274. It has an 
 insurance company and a manufactory of platform scales. 
 
 BOSCO, lx).s'ko, a town of Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.E. of 
 Alessandria. 
 
 BOSCO or BOSCO TRE-CASE, bos1<o trA-ki/si, a town of 
 Naples, Casteliamare, on the soutliern declivity of Mount 
 Vesuvius. Pop. 8600. It has a royal manufactory of arms 
 and gunpowder. 
 
 BD.S'COBKL, an extra-parochial liberty of England, co. of 
 Salop, 6 miles E.N.E. of Shiffnall. i'op. in 1851, 20. The 
 mannr-house here was the retreat of Charles 11. after the 
 battle of Worcester, 3d September, 1651. For greater secu- 
 rity, the king pjussed the next day concealed in a thick oak 
 tree whii'h grew near, from an acorn of which the present 
 " Royal oak," at Boscobel, has sprung. 
 
 BiJS'COMBE, a parish of England.' co. of 'Wilts. 
 
 BiJSDAKllOS, losMda^Ro/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of the Basses-Pyrenees, arrondissement and canton of 
 Pau. Pop. of commune, 1935. 
 
 BO'SIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BO'SIIHSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. and 4i miles 
 S.S.W. of Pembroke. Pop. 225. A cave here communicates 
 with the sea, the waters of which sometimes rush in with 
 such violence as to project a column of fuam more tlian 30 
 feet above its mouth. 
 
 Bi)S.JEAN, bo'zhfiNo/, a village of France, department of 
 Saone-et-Loire. Pop. of commune, 1015. 
 
 BOSJESMAN'S, (bos/ye.s-manzN) BOSCIIMAN'S, (bosW- 
 manz.) or BUSHMEN'S (boosh'menz) COUNTRY, a region 
 of South Africa, N. of the colonial territory of tlie Cape of 
 Good Hope. The inhabitants, a race of Hottentots, are the 
 most diminutive and savage of these regions. 
 
 Bi).SKOOI', bos-kop', a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Sfjuth Holland. 9 miles S.E. of Ley den. Pop. 1884. 
 
 BOSKOWITZ, bo.s'ko-wits\ a town of Austria, Moravia, 
 21 miles N.N.E. of Brliiin. Pop. 2962. It has a noble resi- 
 dence, and manufactories of Prussian blue, alum, vitriol, 
 glass, potash, and liqueurs. 
 
 BOS'MITCH, a river and village of Persia; the river, an 
 affluent of that which passes Tabreez ; and the village on its 
 banks 12 miles E. of Tabreez. 
 
 BOSNA, boz'nd, a river of European Turkey, Bosnia, to 
 whidi it gives its name ; after a tortuous northward course 
 of about 150 miles, joins the Save, 24 miles E. of Brod. Its 
 greatest breadth about 400 feet. Principal affluents, the 
 Laschra. Krivaga. and Spressa. The towns Jepee, Maglai, 
 and Doboi, !ire on its banks. 
 
 BOSNA SERAI, bos'uJ sgr-i', also written SERAIO, 
 »f-ri'o, SER.AIEVO or SERAJEVO, ser-i-yi/vo, a town of 
 European Turkey, capital of the province of Bosnia, on 
 the Migliazza, an affluent of the Bosna, 122 miles S.W. 
 Of Belgrade. Pop. 60,000, of which 40,000 are Turks, 3000 
 Catholics, and the remainder Greeks and Jews. It is well 
 built, and though most of the houses are of wood, has 
 a gay and pleasant appearance from the number of mi- 
 narets and steeples with which it is embellished. It is 
 defended by a strong citadel, and was formerly surrounded 
 by walls, now in ruins. It is the seat of many of the chief 
 authorities of the province; has man uCvctories of fire-arms, 
 
 jewellery, leather and woollen goods, and is the principa. 
 entrepot for the commerce of 'Turkey, Dalmatia. Croatia, 
 and South Germany. In the vicinity are extensive iron 
 mines, and the mineral baths of .Serai'ew/.o. The town de 
 rives its name from an old palace (Serai) built by Mohammed 
 II.. and the inhabitants enjoy a municipal administration 
 nearly independent of the pasha, who resides at Travnik. 
 
 BOSNIA. Ijoz/ne-d, (billed BOSNA, boz'iid, by the Turks,^ 
 a province of European Turkey, comprising Bosnia Proper 
 Turkish Croatia, and Herzegovina, situated at the extreme 
 western part of the empire, between lat. 42° 30', and 45° 15' 
 N.; bounded N. and W. by the provinces of Au.stria, S. by 
 Montenegro and Albania, and E. by Servia. Area estimated 
 at 18,800 square miles, and pop. at 900,000, The surtace is 
 almost wholly mountainous, traversed by the chain of the 
 Dinaric Alps, and covered by its contreforts, and those of the 
 Julian Alps, lising in many places upwards of 6000 feet. A 
 great part of it is situated in the basin of the Danube, and 
 watered by the Save and its affluents, the Verba, Bosna, and 
 Drin. The southern portion ^llerz^'g■)vina) is watered by 
 the Narenta. which tiows into the Mediterranean. The soil 
 is in general ill-suited for cultivation, except in the valley 
 of the Save. On the N. slofies ot the Dinaric .\lps are exten- 
 sive forests, yielding valuable timber, and the pasturage is 
 excellent, ^^'heat, barley, and maize, are raised in sufli- 
 cient quantity for home consumption, and in the soutliern 
 districts, tlax, tobacco, wines, and olives. Fruits are culti- 
 vated in great abundance, especially prunes, of wliicli a 
 species of wine is prepared. The rearing of cjittle is an im- 
 portant branch of agriculture ; the horses are of an excellent 
 breed, and the sheep furnish a celebrated kind of wool. 
 Croatia is renowned fur its honey. The mountains contain 
 gold mines, which were worked by the Romans, and mines 
 of silver and mercury; but the government permits only 
 the mining of iron, and that of lead in one or two places. 
 Manufacturing industry is limited to fire-arms, leather, 
 woollen and cotton stuffs, and gunpowder. Chief ex|X)rts, 
 leatlier, hides, wool, goats' hair, honey, cattle, timber, and 
 mineral waters. Imports, colonial produce, silks, paper, 
 salt, oil, and dried fruits. The transit trade is considerable 
 between Turkey and the Austrian States. The roads are 
 very bad, and in general only practicable for beasts of bur- 
 den. The Bosniaks are of a Sclavonian origin, and a good 
 many lielong to the Greek church. As a frontier province, 
 Bosnia is one of the most important in the empire; it has a 
 great number of fortifications. Previous to 640 it was go- 
 verned by independent princes, called Itans or Waiwodes, 
 who became vas.sals to Hungary. The Turks rendered it 
 tributary in 1463, and it was united to the empire by Soli- 
 man II. in 1522. Adj. and inhab. Boz.ma.n. boz'ne-an. 
 
 BOS'PORUS.dess correcUy written BOS'PH(>RUS.);Turk. 
 Boghaz, Wgdz'; L. Hos'pnrvs T/irakius ;) called also the 
 STRAIT OF CONSTANTINOPLE, a narrow passage which 
 connects the Black Sea with the SeJi of Marmora, and sepaiates 
 Europe from Asia. It is about 17 miles long, and varies in 
 width from a half mile to IJ miles. A current sets con- 
 stantly through it from the Black Sea. running with great 
 violence and rapidity when the wind is from the N.E., but 
 hardly perceptiWe when it blows from the opposite quarters, 
 namely, the S.W. The depth of water is considerate, and 
 the navigation safe. The scenery along the banks of the 
 channel is extremely beautiful, witli magnificent palaces, of 
 which no fewer than 10 are imperial summer residences, 
 and most of them on the Asiatic side, handsome houses and 
 noble gardens being thickly distributed over tlie face of the 
 country in the vicinity of the strait, on both sides, alter- 
 nated with picturesque cliffs of jasper, porphyry, and agate. 
 At the narrowest part of the channel, about 8 miles from its 
 southern entrance, occur the two castles or torts called re- 
 spectively Room-Elee (Houmeli) Hissar and Anadoli Ilissar; 
 tlie former on the western or European side, and the latter on 
 the eastern or Asiatic. The Bosporus was, in ancient times, 
 remarkable for its tunny-fishery, which is still a source of 
 considerable profit to the inhabitants. The rivers, great 
 and small, that fall into the strait, are said to amount to 30 
 ill number. The Bosporus of Constantinople is called the 
 Thracian Bosp<irus, to distinguisli it from the Cimmerian 
 Bosporus, the narrow channel that connects the Sea of Azof 
 with the Black Sea, now called the Straits of Yenikale. By 
 a treaty executed in 1829. between the Russians and the 
 Porte, the navigation of the Bosporus was opened to the 
 merchant ships of all nations. 
 
 BOB'S ALL, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 BOS/SARDSYILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Penn 
 sylvania. 
 
 BOS/SERMAN'S MILLS,, a post-office of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BOS/SIER\ (Fr. pron. bos'se-A/,) a parish in the N,W. part 
 of Louisiana, bordering on Arliansas, contains 1066 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by Bed Itiver. and on the 
 E. by Dauchite Bayou and Lake Bistineau. The chief pro- 
 ductions are cotton and maize. Red River is navigated by 
 steamboats to the '• Raft," which is situated on the border 
 of this parish. Bossier was formed out of the western part 
 
 257 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 of Claiboni<! parish. Capital, Belleview. Pop. 11,548, of 
 whom 3348 were free and SOOO slaves. 
 
 BOSSIKR I'OIN'r, a po8tK)ffice of Bossier pari.sh, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 BOS'SIXEY, with TREVENA, a disfranchised p-irliar 
 mentary br>rou<;h of England, consisting of two small villar 
 ges on tlie northern coast of Cornwall, 4 miles N.W. of 
 Camelford. Pop. 'M6. 
 
 BOSSUT-LES-WALCOURT, bos'sU'-lA-Tarkoon/. a village 
 of Belgium, province of Ilainaut. 14 miles S. of Charleroi. 
 Pop. of commune. 581. Near this place the Trench gained 
 a victory over the Austrians in 1792. 
 
 BOSTAX, EL, el bos^tin', (i. e. '• the Garden :" anc. Oomal- 
 flrt f) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and 40 miles N.W. 
 of Ma rash, on the Sihoon. (Sarm.) and on the N. side of 
 Mount Taurus. Pop. from 8000 to 9000. It has several 
 mosques, with a considerable trade in wheat, and is said to 
 have about 40 dependent villages. 
 
 BOST'ICK'S MILLS, a postoffiee of Richmond co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BOSTOX, bos'ton, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, seaport town and parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 ina rich agricultural district on the estuary of the Witham, 
 b miles from the sea and 28 miles S.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in 
 1861, 15.132. The town is divided into two nearly equal 
 parts by the M'itham, here crossed by an iron bndge of 
 one arch, 86 feet in span; it is well built, paved, and 
 lighted, and abundantly supplied with good water. Its 
 parish cliurch. built in 13ii9. is the l.ai-gest without aisles 
 in the kingdom; length 291 feet; breadth 99 feet. The 
 tower, 291 feet in height, resemliles that of Antwerp 
 cathedral, and forms a landmai-k visible 40 miles distant. 
 Boston has a grammar school founded in 1554, Blue-coat 
 and numerous other schools, a town-hall, a union poor- 
 house, house of correction, custom-house, large market- 
 house, and vauxhall, with assembly-rooms, 3 public libra- 
 ries, several banks, manufacturies of sailcloth, canvas, and 
 sacking, 2 or 3 iron foundries, and some shipyards. Owing 
 to neglect in keeping the river clear, the trade became 
 nearly extinct in the last century, but recent improvements 
 now enable vessels of 300 tons to unload in the town, 
 whence the navigation is continued to Lincoln by small 
 steamers and barges. The chief imports consist of Baltic 
 produce, with coal and manufactured goods coastwise. 
 Chief exports, oats, wool, and wood, which last is exten- 
 sively produced in the vicinity. Registered shipping of 
 port in 1S47, 186 vessels; aggregate burden. 8768 tons. 
 Boston sends two members to the House of Commons. In 
 the reign of Edw.ird III., and subsequently. Boston was one 
 of the princijxil commercial ports of England. Fox. the bio- 
 grapher of the ni.irtyrs. was bjrn here in 1517. The town 
 gives the title of Aiscount to the Irbv famil v. 
 
 BOS'TOX, a village of England, co". of York, West Riding, 
 3 miles S.S.E. of Wetherby, in a valley on the Wharfe. 
 Pop. 1014. 
 
 BOS'TON^. the second commercial city of the United States, 
 capital of Massachusetts, and seat of justice of Suffolk co., is 
 situated at theW. extremity of Massachusetts Bay. 464 miles 
 by railroad X.E.of \Va.shington: 236 miles X.E.of Xew York; 
 200 miles E. by S. of Albany ; 105 miles S.S.W. of Portland : 
 43 miles X.X.E. of Providence; 76 miles S.S.E. of Concord: 
 and 124 miles N.E. of Hartford. Lat. of the State-house, 
 42° 21' 22" X., Ion. 71° 4' 9" W. The city consists of thi-ee 
 parts, Boston Proper. East Boston, and South Boston. 
 Boston Proper, or Old Boston, occupies a peninsula em- 
 bracing about 700 ax-res: the surface is very uneven, and in 
 three places rises into hills of considerable elevation, the 
 highest being 138 feet above the level of the sea. A narrow 
 isthmus, or '-Xeck." as it is called, a little more than a mile 
 in length, joins the peninsula to the mainland of Roxbury 
 on the S. This Neck, once overflowed by the tides, was the 
 only passage to the city till the year 17Sii, and by fortifying 
 it in the early part of the Revolution, the British were en- 
 abled to cut off all intercourse between Boston and the sur- 
 rounding country. It has since been raisetl, and made 
 much wider, so that at present there are four avenues lead- 
 ing over it from Roxbury to Boston. Besides these tho- 
 roughfares, seven bridges connect Boston Proper with 
 Charlestown. South Boston, and the mainland. The first 
 one built was the Charles River Bridge. 15'i3 feet long, lead- 
 ing to Charlestown. It was opened for travel on the 
 eleventh anniversary of the battle of Bunker's Hill. June 
 17th, 17S6. Tlie Old Cambridge Bridge. 2758 feet in length, 
 with a causeway of 3432 feet extending across Charles 
 River to Cambridge Road, was completed in 1793. The 
 South Boston Bridge, 1550 feet long, leading from the Neck 
 to South Boston, was opened in ISiiS. Canal Bridge, 2796 
 feet in length, connecting Boston with L-chmere Point, was 
 finished in 1809. From the centre of this bridge another 
 bridge, 1820 feet in length, extends to Prison Point, in 
 Charlestown. Boston Free Bridge, about 500 feet in length, 
 leailing to South Boston, and Warren Bridge, 1390 feet long, 
 leading to Charlestown, were finished in 1828. In addition 
 to these, the Western .Avenue, about 1} miles long, and 
 from 60 to 100 feet wide, extends from the foot of Beacon 
 SJ8 
 
 street to Sewell's Point in Brookline. It is built upon • 
 substantial dam, which ig constructed across the bay, en- 
 closing an area of from 000 to 700 acres. This enclosure is 
 now being filled up to an average height of 18 feet from the 
 water-level with gravel brought from Needliam, 14 miles. 
 The part graded is liandsomely laid out in wide streets, and 
 already contains some of the finest dwellings and public 
 buildings in Boston. When completed it willbe by far ths 
 most elegant portion of the city, constituting a new Boston 
 quite as large as the original peninsula. This portion of the 
 city is known as the " Back Bay Lands." With the excep- 
 tion of Western Avenue, all the other bridges leading from 
 the city, either are or will Isecome, at a given time, the pro. 
 perty of the state, and free for public use. The various 
 railroads conducting into the city proper have bridges con- 
 structed expressly for their accommodation. Places in the 
 vicinity, not reached by any of these thoroughfares, commu- 
 nicate with Boston by means of steam-ferries. 
 
 South Boston, set off from Dorchester in 1804, extends 
 about 2 miles along the south side of the harbour, between 
 Boston Proper and Fort Independence. It embraces about 
 600 acres of varied surface, and is handsomely laid out; 
 many of the streets intersect each other at right angles, and 
 form s(iuares. Near the centre, and atout 2 miles from the 
 state-house, are the famous '• Dorchester Heights," by the 
 fortification of which, in the Revolutionary War, the Ameri- 
 cans succeeded in expelling the enemy from Boston. These 
 " Heights," nearly 130 feet above the level of the ocean, 
 afford a magnificent view of the city, bay, and surrounding 
 country. One of them contains a capacious reservoir of the 
 Boston Water-works. 
 
 East Boston occupies the western part of what was for- 
 merly known as Noddle's Island. Samuel Maverick lived 
 on this island as his homestead in 1630, the same time that 
 John Blackstone owned and improved the peninsula. It 
 embraces about 660 acres of arable land, together with a 
 large body of flats. The surfiice is quite uneven, portions 
 of it rising into considerable elevations, which afford fine 
 sites for dwellings. The island is situated at nearly the 
 same distance (about 650 yards) from Boston Proper as'fix)m 
 Charlestown. It was purchased and laid out into streets in 
 1832, since which time it has increa.sed rapidly in popula- 
 tion. It has already become a place of extensive business, 
 particularly in ship-building and the various branches of 
 manufactures, among the more important of which may be 
 mentioned an immense sugar refinery, and a large steam 
 flouring mill. A wharf. 1000 feet in length, is devoted to 
 the use of the Cunard line of Liverpool steamshiiis. Eai-t 
 Boston is the terminus of the Grand Junction lUih-oad. 
 The several parts of the city, together with the town of 
 Chelsea, constitute the county of SuiTolk. 
 
 The streets of Boston were originally laid out upon nc 
 systematic plan, and being accommodated to the uneven- 
 ness of the surface, many of them are crooked and narrow; 
 but these defects have of late been remedied to a consider- 
 able extent, so that now the principal thoroughfares are 
 convenient and spacious. Washington and Tremont streets 
 are the fcshionable promenades. Although Boston Proper 
 is circumscribed in its limits, it contains one of the finest 
 public parks (the Common) that is to lie found in any city 
 of .America. Known to the earliest settlers by the name of 
 "Tower Fields," and occupied afterwards as a town cow- 
 pasture, Boston Common has since been set apart, orna- 
 mented, and carefully preserved for the common benefit of 
 the citizens in all coming time. Nearly 50 acres are in- 
 cluded within its boundaries, embracing almost every va- 
 riety of surfiice, from the level plat to the gentle slope and 
 abrupt ascent. Towering elms, some of which are loO years 
 old. enclose the borders, while within, graded walks, beauti- 
 fullj' shaded, intersect each other in every direction. X'ear 
 the centre is a small pond, where a fountain sends up its 
 crjstal stream whirling and sparkling 60 or 70 feet into the 
 air. The entire grounds are surrounded by a costly iron 
 fence. 1977 yards in length. The northern portion of the 
 Common, occupying the southern declivity of Beacon Hill, 
 affords a fine view of Charles River, and the country in that 
 direction. The space towards the west, between the Com- 
 mon and Charles River, is occupied by a botanic garden, 
 covering about 25 acres. Other pulilic grounds have been 
 laid out in the newer portions of the citr. 
 
 Boston harbor opens to the sea lietween two points nearly 
 4 miles distant from each other — Point Alderton on Nan- 
 tasket, and Point Shirley in Chelsea. It is shelten^d from 
 the ocean by the peninsulas of which these two points are 
 the extremities, and a large number of islands. I'otween 
 which are three entrances. The main passage, which is 
 alxmt 3 miles S.E. of the Navy-yard, and so nari-ow as 
 scarcely to admit two vessels to pass abreast, lies lietween 
 Castle and Governor's Islands, and is defended by Fort In- 
 dependence and Fort Warren. A pass.age N. of Oovemors 
 Island is also protected by Fort Warren. A new fortress, 
 of great size and strength, now nearly completed, on 
 George's Island, guards the entranca. to tho outward or 
 lower harbor. The entire surface included wit'iin Point 
 Alderton and Point Shirley is esticaated at 75 square milee. 
 
BOS 
 
 about half of which affords good anchorage-ground for ve§- 
 gels of the largest class. It is easy of access, free from sand- 
 bars, and seldom obstructed with Ice. The whole is thickly 
 studded with islands, and is the reservoir of several small 
 streams, among which are the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, 
 and the Manatiriuot Rivers. 
 
 Piihlic Buihliiigs. — Among the public buildings, the State- 
 bouse, from its position, is the most conspicuous. It stands 
 on the summit of Beacon Hill, fronting tlie common. It was 
 erected in 179S. on ground termed in the grant, " Governor 
 Hancock's pasture." The edifice is 173 feet long, and 61 leet 
 wide, with a dome 50 feet in diameter, and 30 feet high, the 
 summit of wiiich is alx)ut 120 feet from the ground, and 230 
 feet above the level of the soa. In 1854 extensive additions 
 wore made to the N. fnnit for a State Library. The view 
 which is afforded from the cupola is unsurpassed by any 
 thing in the United States, if not in the world, Kvery por- 
 tion of the city is before the eye of the beholder. The har- 
 bor is spread out towards the K., emlxisoming a multitude 
 of beautiful islands, and whitened with a thousand s;iils. 
 On the other hand is an illimitable expanse of country 
 adorned with fruitful fields, and everywhere dotted over 
 with elegant villas and flourishing villages; while to the N. 
 towers liunker Hill Monument, marking the place where 
 the first great battle of the Kevolution was fought. The 
 number of persons who vi.-<ited the cupola of the State- 
 hou.se from April to November, 1S49. was 62,430. On the 
 entrance-floor stands a fine statue of Washington, by Chan- 
 trey. The representatives' hall is in the centre on the prin- 
 cipal floor, the si^nate chamber in the K.. and the governor's 
 and council chamber in the \V. wing. The old State-house 
 is still standing at the upper end of State street, on the 
 site occupied as the seat of government in Ma.ssachusetts 
 140 years. The first building was erected in 1659, (after- 
 wards destroyed by fire;) the second in 1714, (also destroyed 
 by fire:) and the present one in 1748. Faneuil Hall, the 
 "Cradle of Liberty," as it is called, is an object of much in- 
 terest, as being tlie place where the orators in the days of 
 Hancock and Adams roused the people to resistance against 
 British oppression. It is situated in Dock Sf|uare. and is 
 100 feet long, 80 wide, and 3 stories high. The hall is 76 
 feet square, and 28 feet high, with deep galleries on three 
 sides. The building was presented to the citizens, in 1742, 
 by Peter Kaneuil, Esq. 
 
 Qnincy Market, immediately K. of Faneuil Hall, on Dock 
 street, was, at the time of its erection, the handsomest 
 market-house in the United States, It is upwards of 500 feet 
 long, 50 feet wide, and 2 stories high, with a dome. The se- 
 cond story, called Quincy Hall, is so constructed that it can 
 be occupied as several apartments, or thrown into one. as 
 occasion may require. The building was erected in 1826, at 
 a cost of about $150,000. There are several other markets 
 in the city, besides those of blast Boston and South Boston, 
 The Custom-house is near the head of Long Wiiarf. fronting 
 both on Commerce street and on the harbor. It is built of 
 granite, in the form of a cross, and surmounted by a dome, 
 the top of which is 90 feet from the ground. The foundations 
 rest upon 3000 piles. Its length is 140 feet: width, includ- 
 ing the projections of the cross, 95 feet. Kach front has a 
 portico of 6 Doric columns — each, a siuiile stone, costing 
 ibout $5000. The entire cost of the building was upwards 
 of Sl-OOO.OOO. The Merchants' Exchange is a m.agnifieent 
 fire-proof building, situated on the S, side of State street. 
 It has 76 feet front, and extends back 250 feet to Lindall 
 street, covering 13.000 feet of ground. The front is com- 
 posed of Quincy granite, with 4 pilasters, each a single stone 
 45 feet high, and weighing about 55 tons. The roof is of 
 wrought iron, covered with galvanized sheet-iron. The great 
 central hall, 80 feet by 58, is occupied as the Merchants Ex- 
 change and reading-room. In the basement is the city post- 
 office. The building was finished in 1S42, and cost, exclu- 
 sive of the ground, $175,000, A new City Hall, of light- 
 colored granite from Concord, N.H., is now (I860) nearly 
 completed, costing about $600,000, in front of which is to be 
 placed the statue of Franklin. The Court-house, also of 
 granite, is in Court square, between the City Hall and Court 
 street. It contains the rooms of the city, county, and 
 United States Courts. The City Prison, consisting of a 
 centre building in the form of an octagon with 4 wings ex- 
 lending in opposite tUrections, is near the foot of Cambridge 
 iitreet. The new Tremont Temple, erected on the site of 
 the one burnt in 1852, in on Tremont street, opposite the 
 Tremont House. The main hall, which is on the upper 
 floor, is 130 feet by about 73, and 45 feet in height, having 
 galleries on three sides, with 8 separate flights of stairs. 
 Directly under this liall are 13 rooms, averaging about 16 
 feet in width, and from 32 to 38 feet in length. Fronting on 
 Tremont st: eet are 4 rooms occupied as stores, in the rear 
 of which are 2 others, each 32 feet by 16, and a vestry 73 
 feet by 33. Still farther in the rear is another hall or 
 chapel, 73 feet by 53, with a ceiling 25 feet high. The Bos- 
 ton Music Hall, completed in 1852, fronts both on Winter 
 street and on Bumstead place. The length of the central 
 hall is 130 feet; ^vidth, 80 feet; height, 65 feet; with two 
 tiers of galleries extending on three sides. It is one of the 
 
 BOS 
 
 finest concert-halls in the United States. Mnslc Tlall con- 
 tains the "Great Organ," one of the most powerful and 
 most admirable instruments ever constructed. It was built 
 at Ludwigslust, in Germany, and cost $60,000. It has 89 
 stops, ami nearly 6000 pipes. Its entire height is 60 feet, 
 breadth 48 feet, and depth 24 feet. The Fitcliburg Railroad 
 Depot, at the corner of Causeway and Haverhill streets. w;i3 
 at the time of its completion the handsomest railway edifica 
 in the United States, and cost upwards of $70,000. 
 
 In Boston there are about 100 churches of the -aHcaa 
 denominations, viz, : Unitarian, 22; Congregationailst. 14 
 Baptist, 13; Methodist, 12; Episcopal, 11; Roman Ca the lie, 
 11: Unlversalist, 6; besides those of various other deno- 
 minations, Christ Church, (Episcopal,) built in 1723, i? 
 the oldest church edifice in Boston. The Old South Meeting- 
 house, erected in 1730, is the next. From the great histnri- 
 cal interest conne<ted with this church, it is selected tiir the 
 annual election sermon, preached before the governor and 
 general court. 
 
 The wharves and warehouses of Boston are on a scale of 
 magnitude and grandeur surpassed by no other city of e<iual 
 population. The N. and E. sides of Old Boston are lined 
 with wharves and docks, which, taken together, make up 
 an aggreg.ate length of over 6 miles. Many of them are 
 .stupendous structures. Long wharf, lined with spacinus 
 warehouses, extends into the harbor l^OO feet: T wharf 
 reiiches from the centre nearly to the outer extremity of this 
 wharf on the N. side, and is parallel to it. The two are 
 united by means of a short cross-wharf. The next S. t» 
 Long wharf is Centre wharf, 1379 feet long, with a uniform, 
 range of warehouses 4 stories high, throughout its whole 
 extent. The Custom-house is situated between these two, 
 on Commercial street. Still farther S. is India whaif, S'SO 
 feet in length, and from 246 to 280 in breath, having a 
 range of lofty warehouses in the centre. Here are found 
 vessels from China and India. The most important N, of 
 these are Commercial wharf. Lewi.s's wharf, and the Eastern 
 Railroad wharf. Commercial wharf and Lewis's wharf are 
 each occupied by a range of massive granite wan^houses. 
 On the »stern Railroad wh.arf. the landing of the East Itos- 
 ton Ferry, there are two such ranges, with an avenue be- 
 tween lejiding to the shition-house. 
 
 InHituti"ns. — Boston contains a great number of literary, 
 scientific, and educational institutions. The Boston .\th©- 
 naeum, incorporated in 1S07. and situated in Beacon street, 
 is rapidly l^eeoming one of the most richly endowed and 
 splendid literary institutions in the world. The I'erkiiis 
 family, one of the richest of •• the solid men of Boston," 
 gave to the society $fil,0(X». Other large and liberal dona- 
 tions were received from different pei-sons, until the so- 
 ciety were able to erect a library building, at a cost of 
 $136,(X)0, on a lot of ground that cost $55,000. The librai-y 
 contains alxsve 50.000 volumes of books, besides an extensive 
 collection of manusciipts. The Athenaeum likewise con- 
 tains a fine gallery of sculpture, and also one of paiutings. 
 The Massachusetts Historical Society, organized in 17i)4, 
 possesses a library of 12.000 volumes, and about 450 vo- 
 lumes of manuscripts, together with an extensive collection 
 of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and other relics. The 
 Boston Library Society, founded in 1794, have a hall in the 
 Tontine Buildings, and a library of about 14.000 volumes. 
 The American Aciidemy of Arts and Sciences has a library 
 of 15,000 volumes. Excepting the American Philosophical 
 Society, at Philadelphia, this is the oldest organization of 
 the kind in the United States, having been founded in 
 1780. It occupies an apartment in the Athenaeum. The 
 Slercantile Library Association, instituted in 1820, has a 
 collection of upwards of 13,600 volumes. The first Me- 
 chanics' Apprentices' Library Association ever organized 
 was established at Boston in 1820. The State Library, 
 foxinded in 1826, has 8000, and the City Library, founded in 
 1851, 10,000 volumes. The Public Library building, on 
 Bovlston street, facing the Common, was dedicated Jan, 1st, 
 18.58. The cost was $:i63,633. This library contains 95,000 
 vols., and is free to every citizen of Boston. The expense 
 of carrying on the library for the last year exceeded 830,000. 
 Among the other institutions may be mentioned the So- 
 ciety of Natural History, the building for which, on the 
 "Back Bay Lands," cost $100,000, also the Institute of 
 Technology, the edifice for which, in the same locality, 
 cost $100,000. The Medical College connected with Hai^ 
 vard University is situated in Boston. The Lowell In- 
 stitute was established by John Lowell, junior, who be- 
 queathed to it a legiicy of $250,000. The bequest pro- 
 vides for regular courses of free lectures, to be given upon 
 natural and revealed religion, physics and chemistry, in 
 their application to the arts, and numerous other important 
 subjects. There are also many other similar societies, such 
 as the New England Historical and Genealogical Society, 
 the Boston Society of Natural History, the American Ori- 
 ental- Society, the American Statistical Association, tha 
 Boston Lyceum, the Handel and Haydn Society, the Musi- 
 cal Educational Society, and the Boston Academy of Music. 
 
 Closely identified with the history of Boston is'her system 
 of public instruction. Ever cherished with maternal' care, 
 
 259 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 )ifir sclioiils h^tTe long been ornaments to the city, and 
 tlie pride of New Eiifjlanil. As early as 1635, tlie town re- 
 corils liear evidence to tlie establishment of a " free Bcliool," 
 and from that hour to the present no interest has received 
 more earnest attention than the subject of education. The 
 system comprises three grajles — primary, gi-ammar, and 
 higli scliools. There are 254 primary, 20 grammnr, and 
 3 high schools. The high scliools are, the Latin school, 
 for boys, comprising 268 pupils; the English high school, 
 for boys, wit li 200 pupils; and the high and normal school, 
 for girls, with 340 pupils. There are in the primary schools 
 13,.5O0 pupils, with an attendance of 90 per cent. ; in the 
 grammar schools 13,500 pupils, with an attendance of 93 
 per cent. Total numl>er of pupils in the piiblic schools about 
 28,000. Whole number of male teachers, including masters, 
 sub-masters, and ushers, is 55. Whole number of female 
 teachers, 503. Sahiries of the niiisters of the three liigh 
 schools, $3000; of the masters of the grammar schools, 
 $2200; of the sub-masters of the high schools, $2200; of the 
 sub-masters of the grammar schools, ?1S00; other salaries 
 varying from $1800 to $400, according to the length of term 
 of service. The salaries are fixed by the school committee, 
 which consists of the mayor, the president of the common 
 council, and si.x persons from each of the 12 wards. The 
 amount of money expended in the schools for the year 1863, 
 for salaries and incidental expenses alone, exclusive of the 
 cost of school-houses, was about §175,000. The average 
 cost of tuition of esich scholar for the last ten years hiis 
 been $14.08. Total amount expended for school edifices, up 
 to May 1, 1861, upwards of §2,000,000. Instruction in mu- 
 sic has been given for many years in the gi-ammar schools. 
 In 1864 the school committee appointed an instructor in 
 music in the primary schools, to commence with the young- 
 est scholai-s, at a salary of $1200. 
 
 The benevolent institutions of Boston are numerous and 
 well endowed. The Masstichusetts General Hospitiil occu- 
 pies a plot of 4 acres of ground in the western part of the 
 city, on the right bank of Charles liiver. The building is 
 constructed of Chelmsford gninite, 274 feet long, and 54 
 ■wide. Besides a permanent fund of 5171,119, it has other 
 soui'ces of income, making the total receipts for the j-ear 
 1850, $38,517. The number of patients admitted during the 
 same perioil was 746. Tlie McLeitn Asylum for the Insane, 
 a branch of the General Hospital, is delightfully situated on 
 an eminence in Somerville, about 2 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 The a.sylum comprises a group of 5 elegiint buildings, sur- 
 rounded with 15 acres of ground, beautifully laid out and 
 ornamentetl. Thirty thousand dollars have been contri- 
 buted, since 1845, for the support of this institution by a 
 single iutlividual, the Hon. William Apjileton, of Boston. 
 The McLean Asylum received its name from John McLean, 
 Esq., of Boston, a liberal benefactor of the General Hospital. 
 The I'erkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the 
 Blind occupies the fine building formerly known as the 
 Mount Washington House, in South Boston. In addition to 
 other contributions, it receives $9000 annually from the 
 state. The average number of pupils is about 100. There 
 is also located in South Boston, the Boston Lunatic Hospi- 
 tal. The expense of wliich institution for the year 1863 
 was $29,236, and the number of inmates 108. An institu- 
 tion called the " Boston Farm Schof)l," with accommodations 
 for about 300 indigent boys, is situated on Thompson's Island. 
 The new Almshouse, an imposing structure, in the form of a 
 Latin cross, is on Deer Island, where also are the House of 
 Industry and Reformation (formerly located in South Bos- 
 ton), and the Quarantine Hospital. In the House of Indus- 
 try and Refonnation and House of Correction in 1863 there 
 were S97 inmates, expense $95,014. In the western portion 
 of the city is the Boston Eye and Ear Infirmary, and in the 
 southern part, the New England Female Medical College. 
 The other principal benevolent institutions are a school for 
 Idiotic children, which is in successful operation, and the 
 Home for Aged Indigent Females. The last Boston Direc- 
 tory contains a list of above 60 societies under the head of 
 " Religious, Charitable, and Reformatory," and some 50 under 
 the head of " Educational, Scientific, and Commemorative." 
 The most important of the benevolent institutions of Boston 
 is perhaps the F'ree City Hospital, completed In 1864 at a 
 cost of about $400,000. 
 
 There are issued in Boston about 100 periodical publica- 
 tions, treating of almost every subject, wliether of news, art, 
 literature, or science. Of these, -more than 12 are dailies. 
 Among the others are comprised several of the most distin- 
 guished literarj' and scientific journals in the United Stjites. 
 Commerce, Finances, rfc. — Incommercial importance, Bos- 
 ton ranks among the first cities of America. "Iler foreign 
 commerce has always been great, ami extends to almost 
 every nation on the globe. Her coast trade is also immense. 
 Along the wharves, in every direction and at all times, may 
 be .«een forests of masts, and vessels from all parts vf the 
 world. The totivl number of vessels that entered the port 
 of Boston and Ch;irleston during the year ending June 30, 
 1863, was .3011 (tonnage 639,82S) ; of these, 8.36 were Ameri- 
 can 'tonnage 275,593), and 2175 foreign vessels (tonnage 
 864,235). The total number that cleared for the siime year 
 260 
 
 was 2972 (tonnage 586,559), of which 749 (tonnage 216,643) 
 were American, and 2223 (tonnage 369,yl6) were foreign. 
 With tliese figures, it maybe interesting to compare the sta- 
 tistics of commerce and navi^atitm before the war, s<ime ten 
 yeai-s back. During the yciir 1852. there were at Boston 2974 
 foreign i, tonnage 51S,078 and 6496 coastwise arrivals. Of the 
 coastwise, 1838 were trom Philadelphia, 500 from New York, 
 298 from Bangor, 283 from Baltimore, 277 from Portland, 
 156 from New Orleans, and smaller numbers from other 
 ports. Of the foreign arrivals, about 75 were from the Cape 
 of Good Hope and beyond. The clearances for the same ye;ir 
 were 6154 vessels. The total number of foreign aiTivals during 
 the year ending June 30, 1854, was 3075 (tonnage 653,443). of 
 which 990 (tonnage 320,174) were by American vessels ; total 
 number of clearances to foreign ports, 3054 (tonnage 613.439). 
 The aggregate shipping, June 30, 1854, w^as 437,324 tons reg- 
 istered, ami 58,556 enrolled : total, 495,880 tons. During the 
 yeiir, 68 vessels (59 of them ships), with an aggregate ol 69.350 
 tons burden, were admeiisured. Three-fourths of the trade 
 carried on by the United States with Russia, and more than 
 half with the East Indies (including nearly all th ) Calcuttii 
 tnule) comes to this port. Boston has also extei sive com- 
 mercial relations with the countries bordering on the Metli- 
 terranean, with South Americ;u and the West India Islands. 
 The f<.ilIowing statements exhibit some of the chief im- 
 ports and exports of Boston for the year 1S64, and some of 
 the previous yeivrs. The imports of coffee have been as fol- 
 lows. From the 
 
 East ludies, I 
 
 Ilayli, 
 
 Rio Janeiro, 
 
 Manilla, 
 
 Other foreign ports. 
 
 Coast ivise. 
 
 Total, bags. 
 
 28,291 
 21,762 
 
 1863. 
 
 19,057 
 
 10,110 
 35.065 
 
 1862. 
 
 T580 
 
 28,806 
 
 4921 
 
 The exports of the same ai'ticle have been as follows : — 
 
 1861, bags 
 1863, " 
 
 1862, " 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 1098 
 2599 
 6849 
 
 The total receipts of cotton have been, in 1864, 77,890 bales ; 
 186.3, 63.230 ; 1862, 43,493. 
 
 The exports of cotton have been, in 1864, S26 bales ; 1863, 
 1172; 1862,251. 
 
 The imports of mackerel from the provinces have boon as 
 follows; in 1864, 37,502 barrels; 1863,31,110; 1802.20.120. 
 
 The imports of other principal kinds offish have been — 
 
 Codfish, quintals 
 do. bbis 
 
 Salmon, tierces . 
 do bbls..., 
 do boxes.. 
 
 Herring, bbls... 
 
 36.865 
 23,319 
 
 25,583 
 ■iX 
 19S7 
 I6T9 
 3i8 
 36. J 28 
 25,761 
 
 31,039 
 
 "887 
 
 1289 
 
 620 
 
 41.593 
 
 19.S02 
 
 The exports of the principal kinds of fish have been — 
 
 
 1864. 
 
 9181 
 96U3 
 40.671 
 (U.6I1 
 97,116 
 14,777 
 
 1863. 
 
 186i. 
 
 Codfish, drun-.s 
 
 10.351 
 8405 
 27.071 
 59.166 
 131.S94 
 15,095 
 
 9811 
 8<H1 
 
 5a, -'55 
 47.155 
 133.912 
 16.331 
 
 
 
 Mackerel, bbls 
 
 do bbls 
 
 The total receipts of flour have been, in 1864, 1,346,403 
 barrels; 1863,1,444.063; 1862,1.365.832. 
 
 The exports of flour have been, in 1864, 341,932 barrels; 
 1863, 433,957 ; 1862, 55.5.591. 
 
 The receipts of grain liave been — 
 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 «-"• 
 
 1864, bushels 
 
 1863, " 
 
 1B«2, " 
 
 55.069 
 44.760 
 63.015 
 
 1,604.639 
 1.614.064 
 1,889.021 
 
 1,746,932 
 1,444.608 
 1,168,991 
 
 34,285 
 27.312 
 S9,973 
 
 Tlie exports of corn for 1864 have been 35,007 bushels; 
 for 1863, 26.027. The export of wheat for 1864 was 6 bush- 
 els; for 18tK!, 1483. The imports of hides for 1864 liave been 
 as follows: from Buenos Ayres, 94,215 hides; Central Ame- 
 rica, 12,422 ; Sierra Leone. 52,617 ; other African ports. 109,- 
 931; Hon(dulu, 11,170; California. 80,7>'4; New Orleans. 
 41,288; Texas. 2600; besides a liirge number from vanoitf 
 other places, making in all for 1864, 833,806; 1863, 742,392; 
 1862,598.980. 
 
 The increasing importance of the ice trade in Boston U 
 exhibited in the following stiftemeut : The total exiKrt of 
 
BOS 
 
 EOT 
 
 Ice for IS&t was 104,354 tons; 1863, 71.215; 1862, 78.102. 
 Of the 104,.354 tons exported in 186i, there were sent to 
 Gilcuttii, 7472 tons; Ilong Kong. 2381 ; )ioni bay, 3255 : Ba- 
 tavia, 2429; Madras, 1508; Citlhis; 2983; Mauritius, 1350; 
 Rio Janeiro, 3319; Aspinwall, 1209; Kingston, Jamaica, 
 2232; Barbadoes, 1309; Siiint Thomas, 1282; Demurara, 
 12.38; Havana, 8130. 
 Tlie imports of iron have been as follows : — 
 
 lailrnad ban,. 
 Pig iron, tons.. 
 
 769,072 793,317 981,883 
 
 10.14 2719 
 
 18,45i 28,51^ 22,371 
 
 The imports of molasses for 1864 have been as follows : — 
 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 TiercM. 
 
 Hhd.. 
 
 Forei<n 
 
 1744 
 9340 
 
 11.084 
 
 23.157 
 
 4775 
 
 3772 
 220 
 
 8a92 
 3444 
 4836 
 
 42,459 
 
 U,245 
 
 56.704 
 68,103 
 70,339 
 
 
 Total for 1864 
 
 Total for 186;J 
 
 
 
 The exports of molassosi have been — 
 
 
 Hhdj. 
 
 TiercM. 
 
 Bbli. 
 
 1864 
 
 5060 
 11,444 
 10,780 
 
 303 
 5C4 
 624 
 
 880 
 2277 
 690 
 
 1863 
 
 1862 V 
 
 
 Of tlio 5060 hbds. for 1864, 3776 were e.xported coastwise. 
 
 The annexed table exliibits some of tlie leading impoits and 
 
 exports of Boston for the year ending December 31, 1852: — 
 
 
 Article!. 
 
 Coffee 
 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 Mackerel... 
 Herring 
 
 bbli 
 
 Codfish quintals. 
 
 '^ ..« calks... 
 
 " drums.. 
 
 Flour bbU.... 
 
 Molasses hhds... 
 
 ** tierces. 
 
 " bbls 
 
 Wheat bushels 
 
 Exported. Received, 
 
 106,147 
 
 l-3..')05 
 
 3U6 
 
 281,166 
 
 120.043 
 
 48.570 
 
 17,529 
 
 20,567 
 
 63,568 
 
 48,110 
 
 
 241 
 
 7356 
 
 2836 
 
 269,771 
 
 896,454 
 
 6319 
 
 71.504 
 
 509 
 
 S.3.S9 
 
 sjos 
 
 4481 
 
 25,187 
 
 762,939 
 
 74,180 
 
 2,118,.«8 
 
 The total amount of imports at the port of Boston for the 
 year 1^64, was $30,751,595 ; of exiwrts, $21,142,834. 
 
 There were, in 1865, 45 banks in Boston, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of about $130,000,000, and with a circulation of 
 abnnt $7,000,000. 
 
 Seven gretit lines of railroad terminate in this citv, open- 
 ing communication with tlie St. Lawrence River at Ogdens- 
 burg in New Yorli, and La Prairie in Canada, and another 
 extending through Maine, thatconnects Boston with Mon- 
 treal. The (ireiit Western line extends, one brancli through 
 Albany, Buffalo, Detroit, and Chicago, and another through 
 Canada West, from the Suspension Bridge below Niagara 
 Falls to Windsor, opposite Detroit. 
 
 Boston is abundantly supplied with excellent water from 
 the Cochitiiate Lake, situated about 20 miles W. of tlie city, 
 and covering an area of 650 acres. Its elevation is 12i^ 
 feet above spring tide. The water is conveyed by means of 
 a brick conduit to a grand reservoir in Brookliue, and from 
 thence to the different distributing resorvoirs. The water 
 is carried over Charles River in two iron pipes, each 30 
 inches in diameter, resting on a granite bridge, having 3 
 arches, each 30 feet span. 
 
 Among the principal hotels of Boston may be named the 
 following: —The Tremont House, on Trcm'ont street; the 
 Revere House, on Bowdoin Square; the Parker House; the 
 American House, on Hanover street ; the Winthrop House, 
 on Tremont street; and the Adams House, on Washington 
 street. Most of the above are first-cla-ss hotels. 
 
 Ifistnry. — From the peculiar conformation of its surface, 
 the first settlers called Boston Tremont, or trimountain. 
 The present name was given it in honor of Rev. John Cotton, 
 from Boston, England. The Rev. John Blackstone Wiis the 
 first white inhabitiint. He lived here alone until the ar- 
 rival of Jolin Winthrop, the first Governor of Massachusetts, 
 in 10:30. About the year 1635, Mr. Blackstone removed to 
 Rhode Island, having sold his " right and title to the penin- 
 sula of Shawmut" for 30i. The first church was built in 
 1032. and the first wharf in 1673. Four years after, John 
 Uayward was appointed post-ma.«ter, '• to take in and convey 
 otters acoording to direction." The first newspaper was is- 
 sved April 17th, 1704, called the Bnsfton News Letkr. Ben- 
 jamin Franklin was born, .lanuary 17th, 1706. In 1768, the 
 jifficulties between the colonies and the mother country 
 becoming serious, two redments of British .soldiers were 
 landed in Boston, October 1st, and quartered in the Old 
 litate-Uouse. March 5th, 1770, the citizeus were fired on in 
 
 th? streets by the soldiery, and several killed and wounded 
 March 31st, the i>ort of Boston was closed by act of Parlia 
 ment. On the 17th of June, 1776. was fought the battl« ol 
 Bunker Hill. From this time, the British army, to the n.-jn- 
 ber of alout lO.OoO troops, had possession "of L'o.^ton tU 
 March, 1776, when they were compelled by the .4u:piicai.? 
 intrenched on Dorchester Heijihts to \^ithdraw from tJ-e 
 town and harlor. The first Mood shed in defence of Ameri- 
 can liberty was shed in Boston, and throughout the entire 
 war no people contributed moie largely towards its support, 
 Boston continued a town until its pf.pulation had increiUJcd 
 to nearly 45.000. The government was administefed t)y a 
 board of selectmen, ax cording to the cu.«toui of other towM 
 in New Kngland. At length a majority being ftvorable to a 
 municipal organization. Boston 1 ecaniean incorporate<l city, 
 February 23d, 1822. The city is divided into 12 wards, and 
 governed by a mayor, a board of aldermen, consisting of 12 
 persons, and the common couni'il. con.-<isting of 4* persons, 
 whii;h boards, in their joint capacity, according to the revised 
 charter of 1854, are denominated fhe City Council. Pop. in 
 iSOO, 24,937; 1810,33.250; 1820, 4:5.298; "18.30, 61..391; 1840. 
 
 9.3,.383; 1850, 136,881; ISbO, 177,840. Inhab. Bostoxia.v, 
 
 l)os-to'ne-an. 
 
 BOSTOS, a post-viliage and township of F.rie co.. New 
 York, 18 miles S. by E. from Buffalo. Pop. 1716. 
 
 BOSTON, a post-office of Northampton co., Penn.=ylvani.-». 
 
 BOSTON, a post-office of Culpejiper co.. Virginia. 
 
 BOS'J'ON, a post-village of Thomas co., Georgia, 11 miles 
 S.F,. ofThomasville. 
 
 BOSTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Bowie co., 
 Texas, 350 miles N.l':. of Austin City, and .ibout 12 miles 
 S. of Red Kiver. wliidi. in this part of its course, is a large 
 navigable stream, Mowing through a rich farming region. 
 
 BO.STON, a township in Franklin co., Arkan.sas. 
 
 BOSTON, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BOSTON, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky. 
 
 BOSTON, a small vill.-jge of Whitley co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BOSTON, a village in the S.W. part" of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 BOSTON, a post-village and township of Summit co.,Ohio, 
 1.39 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1202. 
 
 BO.'^TON, a post-township in Ionia co., Michigan. V. 1244. 
 
 BOSTON, a post-township in Wayne co., Indiana, about 
 8 miles S.E. of Centreville. Pop. 887. 
 
 BOSTON, a post-village of Harrison co., Indian.a, on the 
 Ohio River, was laid out in 1S50. 
 
 BOSTON, a village of Washington co., Indiana, 7 miloR 
 E.S.E. from Salem. 
 
 BOSTON, a small pos<>village of Andrew co., Missouri. 
 
 BOSTON, a vill.ige of Warrick co., Indiana, on the Kvans- 
 ville and Illinois Hailroad, 10 miles N.W. of Boone»ille. 
 
 BOSTON, a town of Placer co., California, on the right 
 hank of American I'iver. about 5 miles alxjve its entrance 
 into the Sacramento River. 
 
 BOSTON COKNER, a postofflce of Berkshire co., Massiv 
 chusetts. 
 
 BOST'RA. See Bozrah. 
 
 BOST'S MILLS, a postoffice of Cabarras co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 BOSTWICK. a post-office of Jlonroe co., Illinois. 
 
 ROST'WICK LAKE, a pnst-office of Kent CO., Michisran. 
 
 BOS'WORTH, UUSOJANDS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 BOS/WORTII, MARKET, a markeUown and parish of 
 England, near the Ashby Canal. 11 ^ miles S.W. of Li-ices- 
 ter. Pop. in 1851, 2449. They are jMirtly employtnl in the 
 knitting of worsted stockings. On a moss in the vicinity, 
 on the 22d of .\ugust, 1485. was fought the decisive battle 
 which terminated the wars of the Roses, with the life of 
 Richard III., (the only English monarch slain in battle 
 since the conquest.) A well is still shown at which Richard 
 is reported to have drunk during the battle: also an emi- 
 nence, called Crownhill. where Lord Stanley placed the 
 crown upon the he.id of the victor. Henrv VII. 
 
 BOSZORM KN Y, (liiisziirmeny.) I o'soR^niAfi'. a town of Hun- 
 gary, co. of Bihar, 18 miles N.W. of Grosswardein. Pop 17.000. 
 
 BOSZORM EN Y, a town of Hungary, co. of Szaboli z. capi 
 tal of the llaiduck district.ll miles N.W.of Debreczin, with 
 Protestant and United Greek Churches, and the district 
 courtrhou.ses. 
 
 BOTAFOGO, ho-t3-fo'go, a considerable village of Brazil, 
 about 4 miles S.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on a bay of the same 
 name, communicating with the Bay of Hio de Janeiro. 
 This village, which is rapidly increasing in size, is comp<ise<l 
 of fine country houses, ranged in a semicircle round the N. 
 marcin of the bays, 
 
 BOTANIC HILL, a post-office of Nash co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BOTANY (bofa-ne) BAY, a bay of the Pacific Ocean, on 
 the E. coast of Australia, New South AVales, co. of Cum- 
 berland, 5 miles S. of Sydney. I^t. oi° S., Ion. 151° 15' E. 
 It is about 1 mile wide at its entrance, but farther inland 
 the breadth is 3 miles; length, 5 miles, with good anchor- 
 age in from 4 to 7 fathoms water, both on the N. and S. sides 
 It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770. and derived its 
 name from the variety of new plants then observed on its 
 shores. It became an English penal colony in 1787. On its 
 
 261 
 
BOT 
 
 BOU 
 
 coast is <i column erected, in 1825, to the memory of the 
 Frenc}i i ivigaior, La-Pei-ouse. Soe Stdset. 
 
 BOJ'Al Y ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 off the S E. extremity of New Caledonia ; lat 22° 27' S., Ion. 
 167° 1' K. 
 
 BOTAVIA, (?) a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 BOXCHKA, botcli'ki, a village of Asiatic Turkey, pasha- 
 lic of Trebizoud, on the Tchoruk, 30 miles S. of Batoom, 
 anii comprising from 80 to 100 large and partially stone-built 
 houses. Its inhabitants make bricks and earthen jars, and 
 carry on ii transit trade bv the river. 
 
 BOTKL TOBAGO, b.>-toi' to-bd'go, an island in the China 
 Sea, 45 niili>s S.E. of Formo8;i. Lat. of S.K. point, 22° 1' 40" 
 N., Ion. 121° .^y 45" E. South of it is the island Little Botel. 
 
 BOTESD.\LE. bots'dale. a marketrtown and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Suffolk, 7 miles AV.X.W. of Eye. In the chapel 
 are deposited the remains of Sir Nicholas Bacon and Lord 
 Chief Justice Holt. 
 
 BOTKTOUIIT, bofe-tort, a co. in the S.W. central part of 
 A'irginia, has an area of 550 square miles. It is intersected 
 by James liiver. and also drained by Craig's and Catawba 
 Creeks. The Blue llidge forms the S.E. boundary, and the 
 surface Is broken by other high ridges. The famous Peaks 
 of Otter rise near the boundary between this and Bedford 
 county. The soil in some parts is good. The James Iliver 
 Canal has been opened from Richmond to Buchanan, in this 
 ciiunty. which is intersected by the Airginia and Tennessee 
 Kailroad. Organized in 17ti9, and named in honor of Go- 
 vernor Botetourt. Capital, Fincastle. Pop. 11,516, of whom 
 8747 were free, and 2769 slaves. 
 
 BOTETOUllT SPRINGS, a post-vUlage in Roanoke co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 BOTII'.iLL. a parLsh of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 Id the church is an altar-tomb of the Ogle family, of whose 
 ancient seat. Bothall Castle, there are still some remains. 
 
 BOTII'AMSALL, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 BOTIIELLE, bo-thjll', a postroffice of Fond du Lac oo., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 BOTIIENHAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BOTIIKEN'NAR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling. 
 
 SOTIIXAXG. bot'ndng. a village of WUrtembei^, 1 mile 
 W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1130. 
 
 BOTH'NIA, (Sw. BiilUn. bot/ten.) a country of Northern 
 Europe. X. and W. of the Gulf of Bothnia, foi-merly belong- 
 ing entirely to Sweden, but now divided into Russian Both- 
 ni;i, E. of the Torned. comprised in the Russian government 
 of Finland, and Swedish Bothnia, which forms the govern- 
 ment of Pi ted and UmeA. Adj. and iuhab., Bothxian, 
 
 both'ne-an. 
 
 BOTHNIA, GULF OF (Sw. BoiUn Wilen, boften wee^ken.) 
 a gulf of Europe, forming the northern part of the Baltic 
 Sea. between lat. 60° and 6tjO N.; Ion. 17° and 25° 35' E., 
 from the .\land Islands to TorneS, having East, Finland, and 
 West. Sweden. Length, 400 miles; average breadth, about 
 100 miles. Its average depth is not greater than that of the 
 Baltic generally, but it has fewer shoals and better harbors 
 than are met with in most parts of that sea. It receives 
 nearly all the great rivers of Sweden and Finland. On its 
 shores are the towns of Abo, Vasa, Uleiborg, TorneS, Pitei, 
 UmeA, Hernosand. and Gefle. 
 
 BOTH'WELL. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, with a 
 village on the Clyde, SJ miles S.E. of Glasgow. In it are 
 extensive collieries and iron works, (the income of which 
 has been estimated at 160,000?, a year.) with freestone quar- 
 ries, the noble remains of Bothwell Castle. Bothwell Bridge, 
 the scene of an action between the Coveuantei-s and Royal 
 forces in 1679, and a new church with a tower, 120 feet high. 
 
 BOT'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BOTOSCHANI or BOTOUSCHAXY. See BotuscH-OTT. 
 
 BOTRIPH'NIE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff. 
 
 BOTSORIIEL, botSor'el', a vill.ige of France, department 
 of Finistfere. Pop, of commune, in 1852, 4908. 
 
 BUTTESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BOTTKSFORD, a parish of England, co. of Linc-oln. 
 
 BOTTISIIAM. a parish of England, co, of Cambridge. 
 
 BOTTLE HILL, New Jersey. See Madisos. 
 
 BOTTS/FORD, a village of Sumter co., Georgia, 112 miles 
 8.W. of JlilledgeviUe. 
 
 BOTTW AR, G IIOSS, groce bott/wilR, (t. e. "Great Bottwar,") 
 a town of WUrtemberg. 16 miles N,X .li. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2549. 
 
 BOTTWAR. KLEIN, (or "Little.") a village of WUrtem- 
 berg, in the circle of Neckar. Pop, 1031. 
 
 BOTTWNOG, bot-too/nog, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 BUTUSCHANY. or BOTOOSCHAXI. bo-toos-shd/nee. writ- 
 ten also BOTOUSCHAXY. a town of .Moldavia, 59 m. N.X.W. 
 of Jassy. It carries on a considerable trade with Germany 
 in wine, cattle, wool, honev. wax, and tobacco. Pop. 4500. 
 
 BOTUSFLliM'lXG, a parish of England, co, of CornwaU. 
 
 BOTZKN. lx)t/sen. (It.hnlzano. bol-zj'no. anc; Pons DnJsit) 
 a town of the Tyrol, at the confluence of the Talfer and the 
 Eisach. 32 miles N.N.E. cf Trent. Pop, 9000. It is built in 
 the Italian style, and has a gymnasium ; it is protected from 
 sudden inundations of the river by a strong dyke nearly 2 
 miles in length. Its inhabitants manu£tcture linen and silk 
 262 
 
 fabrics, silk twist, hosiery, leather, &c.; they carry on an 
 active transit trade between the countries N. and S. of the 
 Alps. Near it is the castle of Tyrol, which gave its name 
 to the district. Botzen is supposed to occupy the site of the 
 ancient Roman citadel l'^ms l>ittsi. 
 
 BOTZLINGEN, (Botzliugen.) bots/ling-?n, a hamlet of 
 Switzerland, canton of Uri, on the Keuss' 3 milesS. of Al- 
 torf, and the place of the annual cantonal a*.sembly. 
 
 BOUAFLE, boo-dfl'.or bwdfl. a village of France, depart 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise. 14 miles N.AV. of Versailles, Pop. 1092 
 
 BOUAYE. boo-.V, or bwi. a village of I' ranee, department 
 of Loire-lnferieure. 8 miles S.W. of Nantes, Pop. 1298. 
 
 BOUC. PORT DE. poR dfh book, {cx> as in motm.) a small 
 place of France, department of Bouches-du-RhSne, at the 
 S.E. terminus of the canal extending from Aries to the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 BOUCfi. boo*sd/, a village of France, department of Ome, 
 7 miles S.W. of Argentan, with iron-works. Pop, 1538. 
 
 BOUCH.\IX, boo'shSss', a small strongly-fortified frontier 
 town of France, department of Noi-d, on the Scheldt, 12 
 miles S.E, of Domii. Pop. of commune. 1183. who refine .salt, 
 and manufacture beet-root sugar. It was taken by the Duke 
 of Marlborough in 1711 ; re-taken by the French in 1712, 
 and ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 BOUCHEMAIXE, boosh'mdu/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Maine-et-Loire. on the Loire, at the mouth of 
 the Maine. Pop. of commune, 1333. 
 
 BOUCHES-DU-RIIOXE, booshdU-ron. (i.e. "mouths of 
 the Rhone,") a maritime department of the S.E. of France, 
 formed of a part of Provence. Area, 2195 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1861, 507,112. It is divided into three cou)mun.-il ar^ 
 rondissements, Mai-seilles, Aix, and Aries; 27 cantons and 106 
 communes. The chief rivers and canals are the Rhone, which 
 separates into several branches betwwn Aries and the sea, 
 forming a kind of delta called lie de la Caniargue ; the Durance, 
 affluent of the Rhone: the navigable canal of Aries and Bouc, 
 the canal from the Durance to Marseilles, and the canal of 
 Craponne; the princip.al marshes are the AtctJip's de Berre, 
 and de Valcares. There are numerous small islands, the 
 chief of which are Pomfegue and Ratoneau, opposite Mar- 
 seilles. Climate dry and warm: surface intersper.sed with 
 mountains, and bordered S. by marshes which are general- 
 ly dry, and very fertile in some parts. The plain of Crau, 
 stony and sterile, extends S.W. to the left of the Delta. The 
 corn raised is insufficient for consumption ; but wine is ex- 
 ported, and silk, almonds, olives, figs, and dried grapes, are 
 important products. Cattle, horses, and sheep are exten- 
 sively raised, and the tunny fishery i« considerable. The 
 department contains marble quarries, salt marshes, and 
 mineral waters, and has an active export and import trade 
 with the Levant, Africa, and Italy; it h.as celebrated manu- 
 fiictures of white soap, olive oil. chemical products, essences, 
 and perfumes; brandy distilleries, sugar and sulphur re- 
 fineries. Capital, JIarseilles. 
 
 BoucHES was the pi-efix to the names of several depart- 
 ments of the French Empire under Xapoleon. 
 
 BOUCHES DE L'ELBE, boosh dyh ijlb. ("mouths of the 
 Elbe,") a former department of the F'rench Empiie under 
 Napoleon, which composed the territory of Hambui-g. with 
 parts of Luxembourg, Uolstein, Hanover, and Brunswick. 
 Capital. Hamburg. 
 
 BOUCHES DE L'ESCAUT, boosh djh Us'ko', ("mouths of 
 the Scheldt.") a former department of the F>ench Empire 
 under Xapoleon, which included the province of Zealand. 
 Capital, Middleburg. 
 
 BOUCHES DE L"YSSEL, boosh deh lis'sjl', (" mouths of 
 the Y'ssel,") a former department of the French Empire 
 under Napoleon, which included the province of Over Yssel. 
 Capital. ZwoUe. 
 
 BOUCHES DU RHIN, boosh dtl rSx", ("mouths of the 
 Rhine,") a former department of the French Empii-e under 
 Napoleon, which included the eastern pai-t of Dutch Bra- 
 bant. Capital. Boi.s-le-Duc. 
 
 BOUCHES DU WESER, boosh dU viVaiR', (" mouths of 
 the Weser,") a former department of the French Enipii-b 
 under Napoleon, which included the territory of Bremen, 
 and parts of Oldenburg and Hanover. Capital, Bremen. 
 
 BOUCHET, Le, lyh boo'sh:!'. a hamlet of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, arrondis.sement and 7 miles S.W. of 
 Corbeil. The celeb ated Duquesne, Maniuis of Bouchet, 
 was interred in a field near his castle, in this vicinity. 
 
 BOUCHOUX, Les, 1.^ boo'shoo', a village of Franco, de- 
 partment of Jura, PJ miles S.S.W. of St. Claude. Pop. III61. 
 
 BOUCKVILLE, bOwk'vil, a post-office of Madison co.^ 
 New York. 
 
 BOUDJNOURD. See Boojsookd. 
 
 BOtlDROU.M. See Boodroom. 
 
 BttUDKY. boo'dree/, or BAUD'RIA. a village of Switzerland, 
 5 miles S.W.of Neufchatel, on the Reuss. Pop. 1430. 
 
 BOUfi, boo-,V. a village of France, department of Atsna 
 arrondissenient of Vervins. canton of Nouvion. Poji. 1434. 
 
 BOUEXIERE, La, Id bwJk'se-aiu , a village ol France, de 
 partDient of llle-et-Vilaine, 12 miles E.N Ji. of Reones. Pop 
 fo commune, in 1851. 2550. 
 
 BOUFARIK. See BuoFAE££K. 
 
BOIt 
 
 BOCJ 
 
 BOrFFTOTTLX. boofYe-oo', a Tillage of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut, 4 miles E. of Ch;irlui-oi, with manufactures of 
 pottery, and Iron foundries. Pop. of commune, 1027. 
 
 BiJUCt.MNVlLLE, boo^g&NoVeel', a bay, so designated 
 from the French navigator of that name, in South America, 
 Patagrmia, «n the Strait of Magellan. Lat. 53° 25' S. ; Ion. 
 T° 13' W. ' 
 
 BOUCAINVILLE TSLA\D, Salomon group. In the Pa- 
 cific, between lat. 6° 30' and 7° 2'S.; about Ion. 155° E. It 
 is mountainous, well wooded, and populous. 
 
 BOUGAINA'ILLE STRAIT, between the island of Espiritu 
 Eanto and M.allicollo, in Xew Hebrides. 
 
 BOUCillROOD, Mw'rood, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Radnor. 
 
 BOUriTI'TOy, a parish of England, co. of Norfollt. 
 
 BnU(ilI'Tf)\, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 B<>L(;iI/T)lN, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 BOU(ilI'T()N ALUl'II, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 B(^UGII''TON, GREAT, a township of England, co. of 
 Chestt-r. 
 
 BOUOirXON MALIIERBE. aparish of England, co. Kent. 
 
 BOUGH'TON MONCIIELSEA, a parish of England, co. 
 of Kent. 
 
 BOUGII'TON UNDER BLE AN, a parish of England. 
 
 BOUGIAII, boo'jee'i, (Fr. Bmiqic. 1)oo/zhee', anc. fiiViJrrr) 
 written also BUGIA and BOUJAYAII.) a fortified maritime 
 town of Algeria, 113 miles E. of Algiers, on a bay of the same 
 name in the Mediterranean. It has no harbor, but secure 
 anchorage at the mouth of the Adou.s. Pop. in 1S47, 731, of 
 whom 500 wore Europeans. It has an extensive trade in oil 
 and wax, and it gave its name to the wax candle, (botigie.) 
 for the manufacture of which it has long IxH'n celebrated. 
 In 1852, 245 vessels, (tons, 8520,) arrived from France. It 
 was in ancient times an important town, and has extensive 
 ruins. The French took possession of it in 18.33. 
 
 BOUGIVAL, booV,heeS-2l', a village of France, department 
 of Si'ine-et-Oise. 4 miles N. of Versailles. Pop. 1057. 
 
 BCiUGUENAIS, l)00g*nA', a town of France, department 
 of Ixiire-Infdrieure, 4 miles S.W. of Nantes. Pop. 3413. 
 
 BOUIE (boo'ee) RIVER, a small stream of Mississippi, 
 flows into Leaf River in Perry co. 
 
 B()UrLI>A.\TE, boo'yS^t', a town of the French colony 
 of Guadeloupe, Antilles, on the West coast of the island, 8 
 miles N.N.W. of Basse-Terre, so called from the hot mineral 
 sprinss in its vicinity. Pop. 2067, of whom 1654 are slaves. 
 
 B'UILLAllGUKS, boo'ydag', a Tillage of France, de- 
 partment of Gard, canton of Ntmes. Pop. 1718. 
 
 BOUILljE, La, 14 bool or Id boo'yeh, a small town of 
 France, department of Seine-Inferieure, 10 miles S.W. of 
 Kouen. on the left bank of the i^eine. Pop. 1772. It is a 
 packet station for Rouen. In its vicinity is a quarry with 
 curious sfalactitic grottoes. 
 
 B0UILL15-L0RET, bot.ry.V (or boo''yA/) loVA', a village of 
 France, department of Deux-Sferres, 8 miles N.N.W. of 
 Thouars. Pop. 1088. 
 
 BOUILLON, booryAs" or \>oo'^^y«>, (L. BuJh'nium, an 
 ancient fortified town of Belgium, province of Luxembourg, 
 on the Semoy, 16 miles W.S.W. of NeufchSteau. Pop. in 
 1842. 2703, who manufacture woollen stuffs. It was the 
 capital of the duchy of the same name, possessed by Godfrey 
 of Bnuillon. the famous leader of the first crusade. 
 
 BOUIN, boo-S,N»', or bw&xo, an island off the west coast 
 of I ranee, department of Vendee, from which it is separa- 
 ted by a narrow channel. 22 miles S. W. of Nantes. Area 
 S square leagues. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2800. It has 
 rieli salt works, and produces excellent grain. The village 
 of .same name has a good port. 
 
 BUUINSK. See Booinsk. 
 
 BOUKIIARA. See Bokhara. 
 
 BOUKIIARIE. See Buciiaria. 
 
 BOUKHTARMINSK. See Bookhtarminsk. 
 
 BOULAC. BOULAK or BOULAQ. See Boolak. 
 
 BOULAY, booHA', a town of France department of Moselle, 
 arrondissement, and 15 miles E.N.E. of Metz, on the Kultz- 
 bach. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 2849. It has manufac- 
 tures of glue, hardware, and chemical products. 
 
 BOULDEl!. a post-ofBce of Linn co.. Iowa. 
 
 BOULD SPltlNGS. a post-oflice of McClennan co., Texas. 
 
 BOULEBANI, booMe-bri/nee. a town of West Africii. capi- 
 tal of Bondoo. near the Falemfi; lat. 14° 20' N., Ion. 12° 24' 
 W. Most of the people here are slaves of the monarch, who 
 draws a large revenue from their sale. Pop. about 2200. 
 
 BOULGE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BOULOGNE. booMAn', or boo'loH'. or BOULOGNE-SUR- 
 MEU, booMofi'stiR-maiR, (anc. Gfnoriclctim, afterwards Bn- 
 yw>nia,) a fortified seaport town of France, department of 
 Pas de Calais, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the 
 Llanne, and at the head of the railway from Amiens to 
 Boulogne. 139 miles N.N.W. of Paris, and 19 miles S. W. of 
 Calais. Lat. fof the column) 50° 44' 32" N.: Ion. 1° 36' 15" 
 E. Pop. in 1S62, 30,783 ; (in 1831. 20.856.') of whom a creat 
 number are English residents. It is divided into the Upper 
 and Lower towns. The first, on a hill, whence the English 
 coast is distinctly visible, is well, though irregularly built, 
 ana iius 2 squares ornamented with fountains, a feudal cita- 
 
 del and ramparts, a modern cathedral, an episcopal palarai 
 a town-hall, and a house in which Le Sage, the author o| 
 Gil Bias, lived and died. The Lower, or new town, stretch- 
 ing from the Upper town to the sea, is newly and regularly 
 built, and more populous. It has fine public bath.s, with 
 ball and concert-rooms, a commercial college, a theatre, a 
 museum, including a library of 23.000 volumes, an hospital, 
 custom-house and barracks. Boulogne has also two English 
 churches, several excellent hotels, a great number of board- 
 ing schools, (both French and Engli.sh.) a school of uaviga* 
 tion, tribunal of commerce, societies of agriculture, com- 
 merce, and arts; manufactures of coarse woollens, sail cloth, 
 cordage, bottle-glass, and earthenware. In its vicinity are 
 important marble quarries. Its fisheries are very extensive, 
 and furnish the chief supply of fish for the Paris markets; 
 but the town is mainly indebted for its prosperity to its 
 English residents, who. since the peace have resorted 
 thither in great numbers, particularly during the summer. 
 Steamers make the passage to Dover in 3^ hours, and to 
 London in about 12 hours. The completion of the railroad 
 to Amiens, in 1848, brought it into communication with 
 Paris. The number of passengers who emiiark and disc^m- 
 bark annually is about 60.000. The port is not very easy 
 of access, being formed by two wooden piers stretching out 
 only to low-water mark, but the tide rises upwards of 16 
 feet, and ships find pretty pood anchorage about i a mile 
 from the harbor. In ls43, the foreign vessels that enter«i 
 at Boulogne were 831 : tons 80,610: cleared 802; tons 82.408. 
 
 Boulogne still exhibits some Roman remains. It was on 
 the heights of Boulogne that the Emperor Cali'.'ula, A. n.. 40, 
 encamped an army of 100.000 men for the fruitless purpose 
 of invading Britain; and here al.so, in 1804. nearly 18 centu- 
 ries later. Napoleon assembled an army of 180.000 men, and 
 a flotilla of 24(X) transports for the same purpose. The 
 Colonne Napoleon, a column 164 feet high, about 1 mile from 
 the town still commemorates the latter attempt. The North- 
 men took Boulogne in 882. and massacred tlie inhabitants. 
 On the 13th of September, 1544, the town capitulat<Hl to 
 Henry VIII. of Phiglatid, after a siege of six weeks. The 
 English retained it till 15.50, when Edward VI. restored it 
 to France upon the payment of 400.000 crowns. Cbiirles V. 
 demolished it in 1553. During the Republic, Boulogne re- 
 ceived the name of Port de I'Union. 
 
 BOUI/K>NE, booMiifl'. a village of Franco, department of 
 naute-<^^iaronne. 44 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1362^ 
 1848. Chief trade in salted poultry, grain, and chestnuts. 
 
 BOULrxiNE, a town of Fr.ance, department of Seine, be- 
 tween the right bank of the Seine and a wood which sepa- 
 rates it from the new walls. 4^ miles AV. of Paris. Pop. of 
 commune, in 1852, 7602. The wood to which the gives its 
 name, B^s de Bfnil'iffne. is the finest promenade in the en- 
 virons of Paris. It formerly contained the abbey of Long- 
 Champs, a celebrated place of pilgrimage. 
 
 BOULOIRE. boo'lwjR/, a town of France, department of 
 Sarthe. 15 miles E. of Le Mans. Pop. in 18.52, 2128. 
 
 BOULONNOIS or BOUL0NNAI,«. booMon^iA'. a former 
 division of France, in the province of PicardV. of which the 
 capital was Boulogne, now comprised in the department of 
 Pa.s-de-Calais. 
 
 BOULSTON or BULLSTON, bOSl'st^n, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Pembroke. 
 
 BOULT'IIAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BOULnVAREVJLLE, a post-office of Newberry district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BOUND'AKY, a post-office of .lay county, Indiana. 
 
 BOUND BROOK, a post-village of Bridgewater township, 
 Somerset co.. New .lersey. on the Raritan River, and on the 
 New .Tersey Central Railroad. 35 miles W.S.W. of New York, 
 and 7 miles N.AV.of New Brun.swick. It hasa Presbyterian 
 church, an academy, and numerous stores. The upper p.irt 
 of the villiige is called Middlebrook. Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 BOU-NOijR.\, boo^noo'rl, a walled town of Algerian 
 Sahara, south slopes of the Atlas; lat. 32° 28' N.; ]on. 2° E. 
 
 BOUNTY ISL.\NDS,a small sroup of i.slands in the South 
 Pacific. S.E. of New Zealand. Lat. 47° 44' S. : Ion. 90° 7' W. 
 
 BOUNTY LAND, a postK)ffiee of Pickens district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BOUKBEUSE. booR'buz' or booRHiOz'. a small river in the 
 ea.stern part of Mi.ssouri. ri.ses by several branches in the N. 
 part of Crawford co.. and flowing in a north-easterly direc- 
 tion, enters the Maramec River in Franklin co,. about 8 miles 
 S.K. of Union. It affords excellent and permanent water- 
 power, and traverses a district abounding in copper, iron, 
 and lead. The name in F'rench signifies "muddv." 
 
 BOUR^BON, (Fr. pron. booRn)(\Ne',)an island of the Mas- 
 carene Group, Indi.an Ocean, forming a I'rench colony, 
 in lat. 20° 51' 4.3" S.; Ion. 55° 30' 16" E. Lent'tb. 38 
 miles; breadth 28 miles. Pop. in 1847. 108.000, of whom 
 65.000 were slaves. The island is of volcanic origin, and 
 of an elliptical form. It is traversed from N. to S. by a 
 chain of mountains which divides it into two portions, dif- 
 fering in formation, climate, and productions: these are on 
 the E. pnitie du ri-nt (windward) and W.partii' arms le retU 
 (leeward) side. The chief summits are the I'iton de Neiges, 
 aa extinct volcano, 10.100 feet. Grand Benard 9500 feet, 
 
 263 
 
BOU 
 
 BOU 
 
 Oimanilef. 730C feet, and Piton de la Foumaise. (pee'tixo^deh 
 Id fiioH'tiAz',) an active volcano, 7218 feet above the level of the 
 WK. There are no extensive plains, but the mountains which 
 cover t)ie entire surface are separated by narrow valleys; it is 
 watered by numerous streams, all of which are rapid, and 
 none naviirable. The climate has recently undergone a great 
 change. Bourbon, which long enjoyed the reputation of 
 being the most healthy spot of the colonial world — an insu- 
 lar paradise — is now visited by the bloody flux and the ty- 
 phoid fever of Bourbon, which attacks every European after a 
 residence of 4 or 5 yeai-s. Neither earthquakes, yellow fever, 
 nor poisonous sei"pent.s are known in the island. The heat 
 is not excessive ; mean temp, at St. Denis 77° Falirenheit. 
 Annuiil average of rain 128 inches. Yearly average of wind, 
 309 days E.. &ti days W. Winter, from 1st of May to 1st of 
 October; rainy season, from 1st of November to 30th of April. 
 The prevailing winds drive the rain-clouds to the E. side of 
 the island, and often originate the most t-errific hurricanes; 
 on such occasions the waves, usually 3 to 4 feet, rise to 60 or 
 60 feet in height, and rage w^ith incalculable power, the sky 
 assumes a copper color, the t<?mperature rises to its maxi- 
 mum intensity, the barometer sinks to its lowest point, rain 
 fells in torrents, and the wind blows with resistless force — 
 men, animals, tree.s. and even houses are overturned. Bour- 
 bon has no port, and its anchorage is insecure. In 1S43— t, 
 11 large vessels were wrecked near its shores. The soil is very 
 fertile in the vicinity of the coast. The chief products are 
 sugar, coffee, cloves, mjiize, rice, and tobacco. The corn 
 raised is insufficient for consumption; it is only used by 
 Europeans, and manioc is the chief food of the slaves. Prin- 
 cipal exports, sugar, coffee, cloves, dye-woods, and saltpetre; 
 Imports wheat, oil, wine, cattle, timlier, salt, glass, and 
 manufactured goods. Bourbon was discovei-ed in 1545 by 
 the Portuguese, who called it MufcarenJias, from the name 
 of their chief. The French, who formed a colony in 1055, 
 named it Bourbon, which, under the empire, was chitnged 
 to lie Bonaparte. It was occupied by the English in ISIO, 
 and restored to France in 1814. The island is divided into 
 the arrondissement of St. Denis, comprising the great natural 
 division called the '• partie du vent," and the arrondissement 
 of St. Paul, comprising the '•jwrtie som Ui-eni." Capital, 
 St. Denis. 
 
 BOUUBON, btir'bon, a county in the north central part 
 of Kentucky, h.is an area of alx)ut 300 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the X.E. by the South Licking Hiver, and drained 
 by Hinkston. Stoner"s, and Stroad's Creeks. The surface 
 is gently undulating; the soil is derived from fine limestone, 
 and is extremely rich, forming part of the region called the 
 '* Garden of Kentucky." In 1850, it produced 7S,621 pounds 
 of wool, more than any other county in the state, and 
 1,705,599 bushels of corn more than any other, excepting Shel- 
 by county. Lead ore is found in small quantities: sulphur, 
 and chalybeate springs are numerous. The county is intei^ 
 Bected by the Covington and Lexington Railroad. Organized 
 in 1785, and named in compliment to the royal family of 
 France. Capital, Paris. Pop. 14,860, of whom 6093 were 
 free, and 6767 slaves. 
 
 BOURBOX, a post-office of Marshall co.. Indiana 
 
 BOURBON, a poslK)ffice of Coles co.. Illinois. 
 
 BOURBON, a post-office of Crawford co.. Missouri. 
 
 bourbon' LANCY, booR'bA.No'. ld>'gee', a small town of 
 France, department of Sa6ne-et- Loire, 2<) miles W.N.W. of 
 Charolles. Pop. 3160. It has Roman antiquities. 
 
 BOURBON L'ARCIIAMBAULT. booRMxi.No/ laRVh5Mn:6', a 
 small town of France, department of Allier. 13 miles W. of 
 Moulins. Pop. 3094. It has some remains of the ancient 
 castle of the Bourbons, built in the 13th century. It was 
 formerly capital of the seigniory of Bourbon, the lords of 
 which originated the reigning families of that name. 
 
 BOURliONNAIS. See Bourbox.nois. 
 
 BOU R BON N E-LES-B AINS, booR'bonnaA-bL\<>,(anc. A'qwe 
 BorvalnU.) a town of France, department of liauto-Marne, 
 20 miles E.N.E. of Langres, at the confluence of the Borne 
 and Aspance. Pop. of commune, in 1S52, 4135. It has some 
 fine promenades and fountains, and 2 magnificent establish- 
 ments connected with its saline hot springs, which were 
 known to the Romans. To one of these establishments are 
 attached numerous public baths and saloons ; to the second 
 a vast military hospital with 540 beds. The waters have a 
 temperature varying from 122° to 150° Fahrenheit, and 
 between May and October the nimiber of visitors averages 
 800, exclusive of military. 
 
 BOURBONXOIS or BOURBOXNAIS, booR'bon'ni/. an old 
 province in the centre of i' ranee, now forming the department 
 of Allier and a part of Cher; itscapital was Moulins. This pro- 
 vince was confiscated to the crown in 1531, under Francis I. 
 
 BOUIfBi).\Ti)N, a small post-village of Boone co., Mis- 
 souri. 25 miles X. of Columbia: the county seat is situated 
 In a rich farming district, and has some trade. 
 
 BOURBON-VENDEE. booR'b4N<^-v6.\<=Mi/, or NAPO- 
 LEON VENDUE, nd'pone-ANo' v6.N«='dil', formerly LAROCIIE- 
 SUIi-YON.(li-rosh-sliR-yAxo.) a town of West France, capital 
 of the department of the Vendee, on the Yon, 40 miles S. of 
 Nantes. I'op. in 1852, 7498. Streets broad and well laid 
 out; but the town is dull and has little ti-ade. Chief 
 264 
 
 I buildings, parish church, town-hall, prefecture, and b«j»' 
 racks. It has a hospital, small theatre, library of 6000 
 volumes, a college, normal school, and a societj* of agricul- 
 ture, arts, and sciences. The town occupies the site of the 
 ancient Roche-sur-Y'on, a large feudal castle, founded prior 
 to the Crus-tdes. dismantled by Charles 1 X. and Louis XIII., 
 and. in 1793. thoroughly destroyed by the Republicans. In 
 1805, Napoleon selected Bourlion for the capitiU of the de- 
 partment, and devoted 3.000.000, francs (12(1.000^) to the 
 erection of the public edifices requisite for the chief town 
 of the prefecture. It was named Napoleonville until 1814, 
 when a decree of the Comte d'Artois, dated April 25| 
 changed it to Bourbon-Vendee. 
 
 BOURBOULE, La, Id-boou'bool', a hamlet of France, de- 
 partment of Puy de Dome, 22 mile^ S.W. of Clermont, on 
 the Dordogne. with mineral springs and well-frequented 
 baths. Pop. 106. 
 
 BOURBOURG-VILLE. booR'booRVeel', a town of France, 
 department of Nord, 9 miles S.W. of Duukerque, on canal 
 of same name, which connects Dunkerque to the Aa. Pop. 
 in 1851, 2528. It was formerly fortified, and has manufeiy 
 tures of so<ip, chemical products, and beet-root sugar. 
 
 BOURBOURG-VILLE CAMPAGNE. booR^booB^veerkSx'- 
 piiV, a village of France, department of Nord. Pop. 2l40. 
 
 BOURBRIAC, booR*bre-dk', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Cotes du Nord, 6 miles S.S.W. of Guingamp. Pop, 
 of.commune, in 1851. 4353. 
 
 BOUKDEAUX, a city of France. See Bordeaxix. 
 
 BOUUDEAUX. booRMo', a coniniuue and town of France, 
 department of Drome, 26 miles S.S.E. of Valence. Pop. 1424. 
 
 IJOURDEILLES, booRMA'yeh or booRMAl', a town of 
 France, department of Dordogne, 11 miles NJ;. of Peii- 
 gueux. on the right bank of the Dronne. Pop. 1485. 
 
 BOU-REGREB". See BiW-regred. 
 
 BOURGACHARD, booRVd\«hiR'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Eure, 13 miles E. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. 1216. It 
 has manufactures of cloth and paper. 
 
 BOUKGANEUF, booR'g^'nuP, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Creuse, 20 miles W. of Aubusson, on the Thorioc 
 Pop. of commune, in 1S51, 3384. 
 
 BOURG ARGENTAL, booR aR'zh5x='tii/, a town of 
 France, department of Loire, 32 miles S.E. of Montbrison. 
 Pop. of commune, in 1851, 1685. 
 
 BOURGAS, a town of Europe;in Turkey. So6 Boorshas. 
 
 BOUUG D'OYSAXS, booR^ dwd/sfe"'. a town of France, 
 department of Is6re, on the Romanche, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Grenoble. Pop. K212. There are le.id mines in its virinity. 
 
 BOURG DU PE.\GE, booR' du pA'ilzh', a town of France, 
 department of Drome, on the Isere. opposite St. Romans, 
 with dye-works and manufactures of silks. Pop. of com- 
 mune, in 1S51, 425S. 
 
 BOURG-EX-BRESSE.booRg'-Sxg-brfs.s/, a town of France, 
 capital of the department of Ain. 20 miles E.S.E. of MScon, 
 on the Reyssousse. Pop. in 1862, 12.008. It has a com- 
 munal college, normal school, .a pyramidal monument in 
 honor of General Joubert, a magnificent hospital, ciiurch 
 founded by Margaret of Austria, and containing her lomb, 
 a library of 19.000 volumes, and a liotauie garden. It haa 
 considerable commerce in grain, hides, cattle, and poultry. 
 It is the birth-place of the astronomer Lalaude. 
 
 BOU RGES, booRzh, (anc. Avar'icum. afterwards Biturigfs,) 
 a city in the centre of France, capital of the department of 
 Cher. 123 miles S. of Paris, on the Canal du Berry, and on 
 the Railway du Centre, at the junction of the Auron, the 
 Yevrette, the Langis, and the Moudon. which form the 
 Eure. Pop. in 1852, 25,0.37. It is a ver}- ancient town, and 
 was formerly fortified; it is ill built, and thinly populated. 
 It has a royal college, a normal school, and public iibrary 
 of 25.000 volumes, a magnificent cathedral, larger than 
 Xotre Dame at Paris, and considered one of the finest struct- 
 ures in Europe; a noble Hotel de Ville, formerly residence 
 of Jacques Coeur. It hiis manufactures of cloth and cutlery, 
 and commerce in grain, hemp, and the porcelain of Foecy. 
 It is the birth-pl;vce of Louis XI., of Jacques Cocur, the 
 celebrated financier of Charles VII., and of Bourdaloiie. 
 
 Bourges is of high antiquity. Six centuries Ivfoi e the 
 ChristLin era. it was the capital of Celtic Gaul. In the time 
 of Julius Caesar it was called Avuricum. and was the capital 
 of the Biluriges, from whom the modern name is eviJonlly 
 derived. Ca;siir besieged and took it. B. c. 52. Under the 
 Romans it became the capital of Aquitania, In 475, it fell 
 into the hands of -the Visigoths, but submitted to Clovis, 
 when he had vanquished Al.Hric. in the plains of Vouille. 
 It then became the capital of the province of Berri ; and, 
 during the Middle Ages, partook of the vicissitudes cobj- 
 mon to the towns of France. The great fire of 1487 destroyed 
 3000 houses, and gave a blow to the commercial pros- 
 p(>rity of the town, from which it never recovered. The 
 cloth manufacturers, who were at that time numerous, re- 
 moved from the place, and Lyons profit*.'d by the dis.aster, 
 as the Ciirs were transferred to that town. In 16^3. the 
 plague carried off 5000 of the inhabitants. Seven councils 
 have been held at Bourges, and the Pragmatic Sane Urn wa« 
 accepted here by the clergy in 1438. It was celebrated in 
 the Middle Ages for the number of carulvals held lu I , and 
 
BOU 
 
 BOV 
 
 It was to Bourges that Charles VII. retired at the com- 
 mencement of his reiitn. 
 
 B0U1!C.KT, booiOzhA/, or CIIATILLON, shk'tee'yiiii'^, a 
 lake of Sardinia in .Savoy, 7 miles W.X.W. of Chjimb6ry, near 
 tlu! frontiers of France; it is 11 miles in length ri. to N. by 
 2 miles across, and discharges its surplus waters into the 
 Khoue Viy the canal of Saviere. 
 
 BOUUGET, a small town of Savoy, 7 miles W.N.W. of 
 Chambery, with which it is connected by railway, at the S. 
 extrtmity of the above lake, having 12U0 inhabitants, and 
 some Homau antiquities. 
 
 BODKU, GltANU. gr6.NO booR, or MAUIOOT, miVee'go', 
 a t<iwn of the French .Vntilles, capital, and on the W. side 
 oi' the island Jlarie-Cjalaute. It is the residence of a military 
 oouiuiandmant. I'op. 18h9, of whom 796 are slaves. 
 
 IMJUKGIIAS. See BoORGHAS. 
 
 BOUitU LA REINK, booR-)4-rain, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Seine, 5 miles S.W. of Paris, with an extensive 
 cattle-market ; near it is a country palace, which was inlia- 
 bited by Henry IV. i'op. of commune, in 1S52, 14'55. 
 
 BUUUG IjASTIO, booK-lis^teek', a town of France, de- 
 partment of l'uy-de-l)6me, 26 miles M'.S.W. of Clermont. 
 Pop. of commune, in KS,")1, 2404. 
 
 BOURU LES VALENCE, LE, Igh booR lAvi^lfiNss/, a 
 town of France, department of DrOme. i a mile X.of Va^ 
 leuco, of which it furms a suburb on the Rhone. Pop. 2870. 
 
 BUURG, LK, lyh-booR, a town and village of France, 
 department of Vendue, arrondissemeut, Bourbon Vendee. 
 Pop. of commune, 17ti8. 
 
 BOURG. LE, leh-booR, or BURG, (Ger. Burgthal, booRd/- 
 t3l.) a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, 10 
 miles S.\V. of Basel, at tiie foot of the Blauerberg, with sul- 
 phur springs and liaths. well frecjuented. 
 
 B(JCRG.\EUF-EN-I{ETZ. l)0ORHn;f'-a.NO-rJt8, a small sea- 
 port town of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 21 miles 
 S.W. of Nantes. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2882. It exports 
 salt, oysters, brandy, and agricultural produce. 
 
 BOURGUGNE. See Burgundy. 
 
 BUURGOlN, booRVw^N"', (anc. BergiJsium,) a town of 
 France, department of ls6re, on the Bourbre, 7 miles W. of 
 La-Tour-du-Pin. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 4749. It has 
 manufiictures of calicoes, beet-root, sugar, and paper. 
 
 BOURG, PETIT, pvh-tee' booK, a town of the French 
 Antilles, in the island of Guadeloupe, 5 miles W.S.W. of 
 Pointe-A.-PitrK. Pop. .3:jl8, of wht>m 2783 are slaves. 
 
 BOUKG ST. AM>KOL, booR-si.NO-tfiNo'dA'ol', a town of 
 France, department of Ard6che, on the right bank of the 
 Rhone, 35 miles S. of Privas. Pop. in 1852, 4S57. 
 
 BOURG ST. MAURICE, booR'siiya mOVeece/, a town of 
 Savoy, province of Tarantasia, on the ls6re, 13 miles N.K. 
 of Moutiers, near the Little St. Bernard I'ass. Pop. 3300. It 
 has large annmil fairs, and is supposed to occupy the site 
 of the ancient Berginltritm. 
 
 BOURG-SUR-GIROXOE, booR-stlR-7,heeVANd', a town of 
 France, department of Gironde, on the Dordogne. 14 miles 
 N. of Bordeaux, with extensive quarries, from which Bor- 
 deaux is almost entirely Iniilt. Pop. in 1851, 2094. 
 
 BOURG UEIL, booR^ul', (anc. Biirgolliiim.) a town of 
 France, department of Indre-et^Loire, 27 miles W.S.W. of 
 Tours. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3405. It has trade in wine. 
 
 BOURIiUIG.SuN. ( Hurgundian.) See Burgundy. 
 
 BOURLON, booR^ANo', a village of Franco, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais. Pop. 1615. 
 
 B'tURLOS. SeeBooRLOS. 
 
 BOURMO.NT, liooR^mA.N°', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-Marne. near the Meu.«e. 22 miles E.N.E. of Chaumont. 
 Pop. 1041. It has a communal college. 
 
 BOURX, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 BOURXABAT. See Boorxabat. 
 
 BOURNE, born, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln, near the Fens, 34 miles S.S.B. of Lincoln. Pop. 
 of parish, in 1851, 3317. It lias a fine Gothic church, with 
 2 towers, a handsome town-hall, an endowed school, a hos- 
 pital and almshouse, a union workhouse, a branch bank, 
 several large tan-yards, and some trade in wool and malt, 
 Sacilitated by a canal to Boston. The great Lord Burleigh 
 vas born here in 1520. and the unfortunate Dr. Dodd in 
 1729. Many Roman coins h.ave lieen found here. 
 
 BOURXE,(EAST)orEASTBOURNE, a parish of England, 
 QO. of Hants. 
 
 BOURNE. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BOURNEMOUTH, bSrn'muth. a village of England, co. 
 of Hants. 6 miles AV. by S. of Christ Church. It lies on the 
 coast, and having of late years become a place of fashionable 
 resort for bathing, many tasteful villas have sprung up. 
 
 BOURNE ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BOURXEVILLE. boorn'vil. a thriving post-village of 
 Ross CO. Ohio. 11 miles S.W. of Chillicothe, contains several 
 stores, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 BOUR'NEY or BOURCHIN, bOn/Kin, a parish of Ireland, 
 Hunster. co. of Tipperary. 
 
 BOURX-MOOR, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 BOURXS'BURG, a viUage in Randolph co., Missouri, 
 about 55 miles X.X.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 BOURO or BOUKOU See Booed. 
 
 BOURTANGE. KSwR/tang^Hfh, or boonHSNzV, a small 
 town and strong fortress of tlie Netherlands, in the v.ast 
 morass of same name. 31 miles S.E. of Groningen. on the 
 Hanoverian fi-ontier. It was taken by the Spaniards in 15SJ 
 and atrain by the French in ]7'.t5. 
 
 BOiiRTAXGER MORASS, bOwR/t^ng'ner (or booii/tdcg>r) 
 mo(>-rds.«/. an extensive morass, or swamp, upwju-ds of 4(1 miles 
 in length, on the confines of Holland and Hanover.on the Ems. 
 
 BOURTH, booRt, a town of France, department of Eure, 
 27 miles S.W. of Evreux. I'op. of commune, in 1851, 1953. 
 
 BOURTIE, booR/tee, a parish of Scotland, co., and 1*5 miles 
 N'.AV. of Aberdeen. In this parish is an old entrenchment 
 called " Cummin's Damp." 
 
 BOUIfToX, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BOUR'TON, OS DUNSMUOR, a parish of England, co. 
 
 BOUK/TON, ON HILL.aparish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 BOUWTON, ON THE MATER, a parish of England, co, 
 of Gloucester. Some curious Komau antiquities have lieen 
 discovered here. 
 
 BOU S.^DA, boo si/di, a town of Algerian Sahara. lat.35° 
 33' X'., Ion. 4*^ 9' E. ; in a tertile site, in the midst of an arid 
 plain, among the Atlas Mountains. It consists of 5(J0 or 000 
 houses, and five mos(iues. divided into 8 distinct quarters, 
 each of wliich being surrounded with its own gardens, 
 gives the whole the aspect of a cluster of villages. 
 
 BOUSSA. See Boossa. 
 
 BOUSS.iC, boos'sik'. a town of France, department of 
 Creuse, on a steep rock, 20 miles N.E. of Gueret. Pop. 
 of commune, 995. It is crowned by an ancient castle, and 
 surrounded by decayed walls. 
 
 BOUSSIERES, boosVe-uiB/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Doubs, 9 miles S.W. of Besan9on. near the left bank 
 of the Doubs. In its vicinity is the celebrated grotto of 
 Osselle, composed of along series ofcaves remarkable for beau- 
 tiful stalactites and the number of fossil lones it contain.s. 
 
 BOU.SSOLE, (iKXj'sol'.) STRAIT, is the channel which con- 
 nects the Sea of Okhotsk with the Pacific, in the centre of 
 the Koorile Islands. Lat. 46° 30' N. 
 
 BOUSSU. bix)B*8U', a town of Belgium, province of Ilai- 
 naut. 7 miles W. of Mons, on the Haine. Pop. 2984. 
 
 BOUTAX. See Bootax. - 
 
 BOUTOX, one of the Malay Islands. See Booton. 
 
 BOUTONNE, booHdnn', a river of France, department of 
 Deux-S6vres, and Charente Inferieure. joins the Cliarente, 
 8 miles E. of Rochefort, after a S.W. course of 1)5 miles. It 
 is navigable during part of the year from St. Jejiu d'Augely, 
 the chief town on its liankg. 
 
 BOU'TON VI LLE,a post-ofUceof Westchester CO., New York, 
 
 IK(UVIGXES, boo'veefi'.a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 14 miles S. of Namur, on tlie Meuse. It has iron works, 
 and manufactures of tobacco. It was formerly fortified, and 
 taken by the French in 1554. 
 
 BOUVIXES, booVeen', a villa e of France, department of 
 X'ord, 6 miles S.E. of Lille, celebrated fir the victory gained 
 by Philip Augustus over the Emperor Otlio. in 1214. 
 
 BOUXVILLER. boo^-eeriaiR/, (Ger. Biic/i.itvillir, bocks/- 
 *irier.) a town of France, department of the Bas-Rhin, on the 
 Moder, 15 miles N.E. of .Saverne. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 3973. It has a communal college, a fine Gothic castle, mines of 
 alum, manufactures of chemical products, and metalbuttons. 
 
 BOUZONVILLE, boo^z6N"Veel', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Moselle, 18 miles E.S.E. of Thionville, on the Nied, 
 with tanneries and manufactures of glue and nails. Pop. 
 of commune, in 1852, 2129. 
 
 BOUZOULOUK. See BoozooLOOK. 
 
 BOV A, bjVvi, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 
 18 miles E.S.E. of Reggio. Pop. 2.')0t). It was nearly destroyed 
 by the earthquake of 1783, but is rebuilt in a superior style, 
 and has a cathedral and hospital. 
 
 BOVENDEN, IxVv en-den. a town of Hanover. 4 miles N. 
 of Gottingen. near the Seine. Pop. 1800. who manufacture 
 linens and yam. Near it is the ruined fortress of Plesse. 
 
 BOVES, bo/v^s? a town of Piedmont, province of Conl, 
 4 miles S. of Coni. Pop. in 1839. 8709. 
 
 BOVES, boT, a village of France, department of pomme, 
 on the Railway du Xord. 4 miles S. of Amiens. Pop. 1(190. 
 
 BOVEVAGH, boVev-ia', a parish of Ireland, Ulster co., 
 Londonderry. 
 
 BO'VEY. (NORTH") a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BO/VEY, (SOUTH,) or BOVEY TRACEY, a parish of 
 England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BOVIANUM. See Bojano. 
 
 BOVI'NA. a post township of Delaware co., New York, 
 about 60 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 1242. 
 
 BOVI'NA. a post-village of Warren co., Mississippi, on the 
 railroad between Vicksburg and Jackson, 12 miles E. of 
 the former, is a dep6t for the cotton raised in the vi<dnity. 
 
 BOV'IXGDON, a chapelry of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BOVIXO, bo-vee'no, (anc. Vil/i'imm,) a fortified town of 
 Naples, province of Capitanata, 18 miles S.S.W. of Foggia. 
 Pop. 5200. It has many religious edifices. Here the Impe 
 rialists defeated the Spaniards in 1734. 
 
 BOVOLENTA. bo-vo-Un'ti. a village of North Italy, go- 
 vernment of Venice, 10 miles S.S Ji. of Padua. Pop. 2800. 
 
 26d 
 
BOY 
 
 BOVOLO .^E, bo-vo-le/nl, a village of North Italy, 13 mHes 
 g£.E. of V-iona. 
 
 BOW, a post township of Merrimack co., New Ilampphire, 
 about 5 miles S. of Concord, on the £. side of Merrimack 
 River. I\ p. 909. 
 
 BOW OT HARP ISLAND, an island of the Low Archi- 
 pelLogo, Pacific Ocean. Lat. of the X.E. point, 18° 6' 18" S.. Ion. 
 140° 51' 15" W. It is of coral formation, 30 miles in length 
 bv miles in breadth, and bow-shaped, whence its name. 
 Discovered bv Itousrainville, 1768. 
 
 BOW or STRAT'FORI>-LE-B0W, a vUlage and parish of 
 England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 BOWDARlv. bo'dark', a post-office of Green co.. Missouri. 
 
 BOW'DEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BOW/DEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BOW'DEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 11 miles 
 W.S.W. of Kelso. The Eildoa Hills, elevation 13&1 feet, 
 form part of the boundarie.s of this parish on the South. 
 
 BOWDEN'S ED(JE, a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BOWDITCH (bo'ditch) ISLAND, an island in the South 
 Pacific ; Int. (N. point) 9° -iO* S.. Ion. 17 1° 4' W.. of coral forma- 
 tion, and triangular form, with the apex S. It is 8 miles long 
 from N. to S.. and about 4 miles broad. Bowditch Island was 
 discovered by Commander Wilkes, of the United States ex- 
 ploring expedition, on January 29, 1841, the island not 
 having been laid down in any chart previous to that period, 
 and being still wanting in many maps, 
 
 BOWDOIN, tio'din, a post-township of Sagadahock co,, 
 Maine, about 20 miles S.S.W. of .A.ugusta. Pop. 1744. 
 
 BOWDOIN CENTRE, a postH)fflce of Sagadahock co., 
 Maine. 
 
 BOWDOIN COLLEGE. See Britsswick. 
 
 BOWDOINIIAM, bO'den-ham. a post-town.ship of Sagada- 
 hock CO.. Maine, on the W. side of the Kennebec River, 25 
 miles S. by W. of Augusta. The village is situated on the 
 right bank of Cathans River, which is navigable for .ships 
 of lOtK) tons, and on the Kennebec and Portland Railroad, 
 35 miles N.N.E. of Portland. It contains 8 churches and 
 10 stores. Bowdoinham has long been noted for its ship- 
 building which, however, is less prominent now than for- 
 merly. Four ships and 1 brig are being buUt in 1854. Pop. 
 about 1500. of the township, in 1660, 2343. 
 
 BOW/DON, a parish of England, co, of Chester. 
 
 BOWDON, a post-office of Can-oil co,, Geonria, 
 
 BOWDON, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabiima, 
 
 BOW'EN, a township in Madison co., Arkansas. 
 
 BOWEN'S MILLS, a small village of Irwin CO., Georgia. 
 
 BOWEN'S PRAIRIE, a postrvillage of Jones co., Iowa, 
 about 50 miles N.N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 BOW'ENVILLE, a post-village of Carroll co., Georgia, on 
 Snake's Creek, 130 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville, Th» 
 creek affords excellent water-power, which has been im- 
 proved by the erection of a cotton manufactory. 
 
 BOWER, a post-office of Clearfield co„ Pennsylvania. 
 
 BOWER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness. 
 
 BOWER B.4.NK, a postKiffice of Piscataquis co„ Maine. 
 
 BOWER-CUALK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BOWER HILL, a small post-village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BOW'ER'S. a post-office of Southampton co., Virginia. 
 
 BOWERS-GIFFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BOWEK'S MILLS, a small village of Lawrence co., 51is- 
 Boari. 
 
 BOW'ERSVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia, 
 121 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BOWERSVILLE, a small post-village in the S.E. part of 
 Greene co., Ohio. 
 
 BOWES, bOz, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 BOW'FELL. a mountain of England, co, of Westmoreland, 
 8 miles W.N.W, of Ambleside. Elevation. 2911 feet, 
 
 BOWIE, Ixxyee, a county forming the N.E. extremity of 
 Texas, and bordering on Arkansas, has an area of 960 sqviare 
 ■miles. The Red River bounds it on the N,, and Sulphur Fork 
 of Red River on the S. A large part of the surface is covered 
 'With timber. The soil is very good, and adapted to cotton, 
 grain, and pa.sture. Many horses and cattle are reared here, 
 and exported to New Orleans. Capital, Boston. Pop. 5062, 
 of whom 2401 were free, and 2661 slaves. Named in honor 
 of James Bowie, inventor of the weapon which bears bis 
 name. 
 
 BOW'LAND FOREST, in England, cos. of York (West 
 Riding) and Lancaster, 10 miles N.W. of Clitheroe. has an 
 are;* of 25,700 acres, the greater part of which has been 
 enclosed. 
 
 BOWLESVILLE, bOls'vil, a posfrofflce of Fluvanna co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 BOWLING, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a post-village, capital of Caroline 
 CO., Virginia, on the road from Richmond to Fredericks- 
 burg. 45 miles N. of the former, is situated in a fertile and 
 healthy region. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores, and 2 
 mills. Free pop. 237. 
 266 
 
 BOX 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a post-villaire of Oriethorpe co.. Geor. 
 gia, 57 miles N, of Milledgeville, and 3 miles from the Athens 
 Branch Railroad, 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a small rill^e of Stewart co^ Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a flourishing post-village, capital of 
 Warren CO., Kentucky, on Barren River, an affluent of Green 
 River, 145 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It is situated at the 
 head of navigation, and is a place of active trade, particu- 
 larly in pork and tobacco. The river has been made navi- 
 gable in all stages of water for steamboats of nieilitim size. 
 The Louisville and Nashville Railroad passes tliroiigli Bow- 
 ling Green. Much attention lias been directed to manu- 
 factures at this place. It has 1 iron foundry. 1 woollen and 
 1 candle factory, and several mills; also a bank. Pop. 
 about 2500. 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a township in Licking co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1213. " ' 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a township in Marion co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 637. 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a thriving post-village of AVood co., 
 Ohio, 130 miles N,N,W. of Columbus, and 12 miles S, of 
 Perrvsburg. 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a post-village, capit.il of Hay co.. In- 
 diana, on the left bank of Eel I'.iver. an affiueut of White 
 River, 60 miles W.S.W, of Indianapolis. It has a brick 
 court-house, a county seminary, and about 1 00 houses. Laid 
 out in 1825. 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a post-village of Fayette co., Illinois, 
 50 miles in a direct line S.E. of Sprinrfeld. 
 
 BOWLING GREEN, a post-village, capit.il of Pike co., Mis- 
 souri. "6 miles NJJ. of Jeffei-son City, is situated on an arm 
 of Grand Prairie. It has a court-house, a newspaper office, 
 and several stores. 
 
 BOAV/LINGSVILLE, a postoffice of Union district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BOWMAN, a postoffice of Marsh.ill co., Virginia. 
 
 BOWMAN'S CREEK of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, flows 
 into the Susquehanna River." 
 
 BOWMAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BOWMAN'S MILLS, a post-office. Rockingham co„ Virginia. 
 
 BOWMAN'S M0UNT.\.1N, in Pennsylvania, is situated 
 in the S. part of Wyoming co^ E. of Bowman's Creek, an 
 affluent of the Susquehanna. 
 
 BOAV'.MANSVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co,, Pe&n- 
 Bvlvania. 
 
 " BOWMANVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Durham, situated on an excellent harlKir of Liike Ontario, 
 42 miles N.E. of Toronto. Here are agencies for the Bank 
 of Montreal, Bank of Upper Canada, 3 insurance companies, 
 and the office of a weekly newspaper. The village contains 
 about a dozen stores, several hotels, and has manufactures 
 of carriages, cabinet-ware, leather, boots and shoes, cast- 
 ings, Ac. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 BOW/MORE. See Kiu-abrow. 
 
 BOWNE, a post-office of Kent co.. Michigan. 
 
 BOW^NESS', a pari.sh of England, co, of Cumberland, 
 
 BOWNESS', a village of England, co. of AN'estmoreland, 
 on N. bank of the Lake of Windermere, 7i miles W.N.W. 
 of Kirkbv-Kend.il. 
 
 BOWSIIERSVILLE, a post-village of Wvandot co.. Ohio. 
 
 BOWYER'S KNOB, a post-office of F.iyette co., Virginia. 
 
 BOX, a parish of England, co, of Wilts. 
 
 BOXBERG, boks'b^Rg, a small town of Baden, 19 mile* 
 S.S.E. ofWertheim. 
 
 BOX'BOROUGH. a post-township of Middlesex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 24 miles W. bv N. of Boston. Pop. 403. 
 
 BOX CREEK, a post-office of Cherokee co.. Texas. 
 
 BOX ELDER, a post-office of Weber co.. Utah Territory. 
 
 BOX'FORD, a parish of Encland. co. of Berks. 
 
 BOX'FORD, a parish of EnL'Iand. co. of Suffi>lk. 
 
 BOX'FORD. a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts, 
 about 25 miles N. of Boston. Pop. 1020. 
 
 BO.VGROVE. a parish of England, co. of SuR.sex. 
 
 BOX HILL, in England, co. of Surrey, 2 miles N.E. of 
 Dorking; forms part of the range of Northdowns. and is 
 remarkable for a flourishing wood of box trees on and 
 around its summit, and for the extensive prospect which it 
 commands. 
 
 BO.VLEY. a parish of Ensland. co. of Kent. 
 
 BOX'LEY,or BOX'LEYTOWN. a pst-vilLige of Hamilton 
 CO., Indiana, 30 miles N. of Indianapolis. Pop. .ibout 150. 
 
 BOXMEER, box^maiR/, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, 28 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc, near 
 the Meuse. 
 
 BOX'.MOOR. England, a st.ition on the London and Bli^ 
 mingham Railway, co. of Herts, 24} miles W.N.W. of Loudon 
 
 BOX SPRING, a post-office of Talhot o.. Get>rgla. 
 
 BOXTED, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BOX'TED. a parish of England^ co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BOXTEL. box'tfl. a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Brabimt, on the left bank rl the lioainiel, 6 miles 
 S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 4013, Here the J'leru'U defeated ihe 
 Anglo-Dutch army in 1794. 
 
 J 
 
BOX 
 
 BRA 
 
 BOX^\^TXE, a post-Tillage of Montgomery co., Qeorgia, 
 about liiO uiiles S. of Milledpeville. 
 
 BoX'WKLL-WITII-LEIGIIXJiKTON, (li'tgr-ton,) a parish 
 of EiiLrland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BO.\.'WOKTU, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 BuYACA, bo-yd'kd, a village of the republic of New Gra- 
 nada. South America, department of Boyaca, 6 miles S. of 
 Tunja, celebrated for the victory gained by Bolivar over ihe 
 Spaniards, 7tli August, 18l9,which secured the independence 
 of Ojlouibia. The department of Boyaca extends between 
 the plain of BogoUi and the iwrders of Venezuela, comprising 
 the whole of the Kastern Andes. Capital, Tunja. 
 
 BOi'ANA, bo-yifnd, a bay and town on the N.W. coast of 
 Mada'.;ascar, aliout "U miles K. of Cape St. Andrew. 
 
 BOYANAGII, boy-ya'uih, or BOYOUNACII, bo-yon'ln, a 
 parisii of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway. 
 
 BOi'B'S CKEEIv, a post-office of Sevier CO., Tennessee. 
 
 BOYD'S FERKY, a post-office of Pitt co., North Carolina. 
 
 BUYD'S STOllK, a village of Polk co., Missouri, 110 miles 
 8.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 BOYD'S TAVEltN, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia. 
 
 BOYD'SXON'S MILLS, a po8tK)ffice of Kosciusko co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 BOYDS'VILLE, a post-village of Weakly co., Tennessee, 
 124 miles W. by N. of Nashville. 
 
 BOYD'TON,a post-office of York district, South Carolina. 
 
 BOYDrroWN, a post-village, capital of MecklenVierg co., 
 Virginia, 6 miles N. of the Koanoke Kiver, and 90 miles S.W. 
 of Itichmond. A plank-road 76 miles long connects it with 
 Petersburg. It coutaius 3 churches and a number of stores. 
 About a mile from Boydtown is the Kaudolph Macon Col- 
 lege, under the direction of the Methodists. 
 
 BOYUTOWN, New South Wales. See Twofoid Bay. 
 
 BoY'EIt KIVEK, Iowa, rises in the N.W.part of the state, 
 and flowing south-westward, enters the Missouri a few miles 
 from Kanesville. 
 
 BuY'EifS SETTLEMENT, a post-village of Buchanan co., 
 Missouri, on an affluent of the I'latta lliver, So miles N. by 
 W. ot Independence. 
 
 BOY'ERSTUVVN, a post'Offlce of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BOY'KIN'S DEPOT, a post-village of Kershaw district. 
 South Carolina, on the Camden Branch Kailroad, 9 miles S. 
 of Camden. 
 
 BuYIjE, boil, a barony of Ireland, co. of Roscommon, now 
 divided into the barony of Boyle in the N., audl'rench Park 
 on the S. 
 
 BuY'LE, a town and jmrish of Ireland, in the Imrony of 
 Boyle, on both sides of the river of the same name, here 
 crossed by an old and a new one-arched bridge, 8 miles N.W. 
 of Carrick-on-Shannon Pop. of the town, 3235. The chief 
 buildings are the old and new sessions-houses, bridewell, 
 dispensary, barracks, parish church, large Roman Catholic 
 chapel, and the remains of a fine Cistercian abbey, founded 
 In the twelfth century. 
 
 BO YL E, boil, a county in the central part of Kentucky has 
 an area of ISO square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by 
 Dick's River, an affluent of the Kentucky, and drained by 
 the head streams of Salt River. The surface is somewhat 
 diversified; the soil is very deep and rich. The principal 
 rock which underlies the county is limestone. Seven m.ic- 
 adamized roads terminate at Danville, and a railroad has 
 been commenced from that town to Lexington. Formed in 
 18-11. and named in honor of John Boyle, chief justice of 
 Kentucky. Capital, Danville. Pop. 9304, of whom 6025 
 were free, and 3279 slaves. 
 
 BOY'LER'S MILLS, a post-office of Benton co., Missouri. 
 
 BoY'LE'S MILL, a village in the S. part of Henry co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 BOYLS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BOY'LS'TON, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachu- 
 setts, about 35 miles W. of Boston. It liiis some manufac- 
 tures of boots and shoes ; on the Nashua River, wliich flows 
 through the N.E. part of the township, is Sawyer's Mill 
 Village. Five new school-houses, several of which are very 
 superior, have been erected in Boylston within the last few 
 years. Pop. 929. 
 
 BOYLSTON, a post-township of Oswego co., New York, 
 140 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 909. 
 
 BOYLSTON CENTRE, a postoffice of Worcester oo., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 BOYN'DIE, a maritime parish of.Scotland, co. of Banff, 
 on Moray Frith. In it are the ruins of Boyne Castle, and a 
 chalylieate spring in high repute. 
 
 BUY'.NE, boin, a river of Ireland, in Leinster, rises in the 
 Bog of Allen, ne.ar Carbery, and flows generally N.E. by 
 Trim and Navan to Drogheda, about 4 miles below which it 
 enters the Irish Sea. It is navigable for barges of 70 tons 
 to Navan, 19 miles from the sea; and, at high w.'iter, for 
 vessels of 200 tons to Drogheda. About 2J miles W. of the 
 liist named town, a lofty obelisk marks the spot where the 
 force* of William III., on the 1st of July, 1690, gained the 
 great victory over those of James II., so well known in Bri- 
 Ush history as the " Battle of the Boyne." 
 
 BOY.NE.'a river of Eastern Australia, enters Ilervey'sBay 
 In lat. al^ a«' S., Ion. 152° E. 
 
 BOTNTON, a par»Jih of Engl.ind, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 BOYSn'OWN, or BAL/TIBOYS, a parish of Ireland, lu 
 Leinster, co. of Wicklow. 
 
 BOYI'ON, a parish of England, cos. of Cornwall and 
 Devon. 
 
 BOY'TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BOY'TON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BOYTON. See Beiohton. 
 
 BOSCE AT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BOZ.MAN'S TURNOUT,a postoffice of Newberry co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 B0Z1{AII, boz'rd, (L. Bos'ira,) a ruined town of Syi-la, pa- 
 ghalic and 7ti miles S.3.E. of Dama.scus. It is mentioned in 
 Scripture as a chief town of the lidomites, and also as in 
 possession of the Moabites. It afterwards Ijecame the see 
 of a Christian archbishopric, and latt*;rly the chief seat of 
 the Nestorians. The remaining walls, castle, large reser- 
 voir, and other ruins, are Saracenic. It is situated in th« 
 open plains, and is the last inhabited plane in the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of the Ilauran. It scarcely now contains a dozen 
 families. 
 
 BO/VRAH, a post-village and township of New London co., 
 Connecticut, about 35 miles Fl.S.E. of Hartford, well watered 
 by the Y'antic River. Pop. 1216. 
 
 BOZZOLO, bot/so-lo, a fortified town of Northern Italy, in 
 Lombardy, 16 miles W.S.W. of Mantua. Pop. 4900. 
 
 BRA, hri, a town of Piedmont, province of Alba, on the 
 Stura, 25 miles S.E. of Coni. Pop. 8000, It has a gym- 
 nasium, foundries of metal, manufactures of silk, and a large 
 trade in corn, cattle, and wine. Near it is the village of 
 Polenza. the ancient PnUen'tia. 
 
 BRAAK. br^K, BRAKKE, brik'kfh, or NEW RIVER, 
 In Southern Africa, rises in Graaf Reinet, near lat. 31° S., 
 and falls into the Gariep or Orange River after a course of 12 
 miles, exclusive of windings. The Great and Little Braak 
 are the two head-streams of the Great F'ish River. 
 
 BRAAKE. or BRAKE, bri'kfh, a village of Northern 
 Germany, duchy, and 17 miles N.E. of Oldenburg, with a 
 harbor on the Weser, and ship-building yards. Pop. 1.^97. 
 
 BRABANT, bri-bant/ or bral>'ant, (Fr. pron. bri'bAN"'; 
 Dutch, Brahand. brS-b^nf; Sp. /J)'rt6«»i<£, br3-bln't.i.)an old 
 duchy of the Netherlands, which formed part of the circle of 
 Burgundy, in the German Empire. After the truce in 1009, 
 it was divided into Spanish Brabant, now forming the pro- 
 vinces of South Brabant and Antwerp in Belgium, and 
 Dutch or North Brabant, which still belongs to Holland. 
 
 BRABANT, NORTH, (Dutch, Niiord Bniband, nort bri 
 b3nt,') a province in the S. of Netherlands, situated lietween 
 lat, 51° 13' and SlofiC N., and Ion. 4° 12' and 5° 58' E., Ixiunded 
 N. by the Meuse, Holland, Diep, and Gelderland, W. by Zee- 
 land, S. by Belgium, and E. by Limberg. Capital, Bois-le- 
 Due. Area, 1988 8(iuare miles. Pop., January 1, 1S52, 
 400,075, mostly Roman Catholics; pop, in 1853, 405,5;J5. The 
 chief rivers are the Jleuse. Dommel, Aa. Donge, and Lintel. 
 The country is uniformly flat, and mar-^hy in some places ; 
 the soil in general fertile, and wood rare. The re;»ring of 
 cattle and sheep is the principal branch of rural indu.«trv. 
 
 BRABANT. SOUTH, (Dutch, Xuid JiralKtnd.zoi(\,)\)rL 
 bint/, a province of Belgium, near its centre, situated Ije- 
 tweeu lat. 50° 32' and 51° 3/ N., and ion, 4° and 5° 10' E.. and 
 surrounded by the provinces of Antwerp, Limbourg. I.iiege, 
 Namur. Hainaut, and East Flanders. Capital, lirussels. 
 Area, 1267 square miles. Pop. in 1849, 711,332; pop. in lh29, 
 656,146. The surface is hilly, and the soil generally fertile. 
 The principal rivers are tke Sonne, Dyle, au'l Demer, The 
 woods are extensive, and include the foreft of Soignies. 
 Iron and stone abundant. This province U Intersected by 
 several important canals and railways. It Is subdivided 
 into three arrondissements, Brussels, LouT»la, and Nivelles. 
 S. of Brus.sels is the field of Waterloo. 
 
 BRABOURN E, brA/b9m, a parish of Enf,land, co. of Kent. 
 
 BRAC'ADALE, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of In- 
 verness. 
 
 BRACARA AUGUSTA. See Bbaga. 
 
 BRACCIANO, brit-chil/no, a town of Italv, in the Ponti- 
 fical States, 17 miles N.W. of Rome. P.>p. 1380. It is situ- 
 ated on the W. shore of the l«k« of tht. same name, which 
 is 22 miles in circumference, and gives rise to the Arrone, 
 (iR-Ro/nA : — anc. ^I'co.) In its vicinity aire thermal springs and 
 loaths, and the fine old castle of the Dukes of Biacciano. 
 
 BRACEBOROUGH, brace/b&Mah, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln. 
 
 BRACE'BKIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln 
 
 BRACE'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BRACE-.MEOL, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BRACE/VILLE, a post-township ha Trumbull ca. Ohio. 
 Pop, 1049. 
 
 BRACE/WELL, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BRACHELEN, brl'iiA-len, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 9 
 miles N.W. of JUlich. Pop. 2146. It has paper mills. 
 
 BRACIGLIANO, bri-cheel-yd'no, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Principato Citra, lOi miles N. of Salerno. Pop. 3000. 
 
 BR ACK^ABEEN', a post-village of Schoharie co., New York, 
 45 mUes W. of Albany. 
 
 267 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 BRACK'EN, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 aenng on Ohio, coiitaius about '2uO square miles. It is 
 drained by the north fork of Licking River. Tlie surface is 
 rolling and hilly; tlie soil is biused on limestone, and is 
 mostly fertile. The name of the county is derived from a 
 Bmall creek which rises in it. Organized in 1796. Capital, 
 Augustii. Pop. 11.021, of whom 10,271 were free. 
 
 BKACKEXHKIM. brd^keu-hime'. a town of AVurtemberg. 
 21 miles N.N.W. of Stuttgart, ou the Zaber. Pop. 1520. It 
 has a I.atin school, and an ancient castle. 
 
 BR ACK'ETT'S, a vUlage of Effingham co., Illinois, 35 miles 
 £. of Vandalia. 
 
 BRACK'BT'S BRIDGE, a, yillage in the W. part of Fulton 
 CO., New York. 
 
 B1!.\CK'LEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Xorthamptou. on the Ouse. here crossed by a bridge. Sj 
 miles E.S.E. of Banbury. Pop. in 1851. 2157. Until dis- 
 franchised by the Reform Bill, it sent two members to the 
 House of Commons. In the middle ages, tournaments were 
 often held at Brackley. Dr. Clarke, the celebrated traveller, 
 ■was born here in 1767. 
 
 BRACK'NEY, a post-office of Susquehaana co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 BRA'CON-ASH. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRADANO, brd-di/uo. (anc. BradeJnus.) a river of Xaples, 
 province of Basilieata, rises in the Apennines, flows S.E. 60 
 miles, and enters the Gulf of Taranto on the X.W. 
 
 BRADBORNE. brad'born, a parish of England, co. Derby. 
 
 BRAD'DEX, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 BRAD'DOCK'S FIELD, a noted Ijattle-field on the right 
 bank of the Monongahela Kiver. 11 miles above Pittsburg, 
 where General Braddock was defeated by the French and In- 
 dians. A pl.ank-road runs through the place, and the Penn- 
 Bvlvauia Railroad passes along the high ground imme- 
 diateiv above. 
 
 BRA'DEXIIAM, a parish of Encland. co., of Berks. 
 
 BRADKX IIAil, E.\.6T, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BR ADEX IIA-M, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 BRA'DEX VILLE, a postK)ffice of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 Bylvania. 
 
 BRA'DESTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRAIVFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 BR.\DF1ELD, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 BR.\D'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 BRAD^FIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Eiding. 
 
 BRAD'FIELD COM'BUST, parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 BRAD'FIELD. ST. CLARE, parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 BR AD'FI ELD, ST. GEORGE, parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 BRAD'FORD, brad'ford, a parliamentary Iwrough, market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Y'ork, West Hiding, on 
 an affluent of the Aire, and branch of the Leeds and Liver- 
 pool Caual. 8 miles W. of Leeds, on the Leeds Railway. Pop. 
 in 1S51. 149.5-13. The town is built entirely of stone, has 
 streets mostly narrow, but well paved and lighted. The 
 principal buildings are the parish church erected in the 
 reign of Henry VI.. a grammar school founded in the reign 
 of Edward VI., having a good library, and sending candi- 
 dates for exhibitions to Queen's College. Oxford, a handsome 
 exchange, cloth-hall, court-house, jail, mechanics' institute, 
 several banks, numerous schools, charitable institutions, 
 and places of religious worship; and. in the vicinity, col- 
 leges for Baptist.s, Independents, and Wesleyans. Its rapid 
 advance is mainly attributable to its central position in the 
 great manufacturing district of Yorkshire, and to the abun- 
 dance of coal and iron in its immediate vicinity. Bradford 
 is now the principal seat of the worsted yarn and stuff ma- 
 nufactures in England, and the great mart for the long 
 wools used in these fabrics. There are in the parish no less 
 than 112 mills for spinning and weaving worsted stuffs, and 
 mixed worsted, alpaca, and mohair, and cotton and silk 
 fabrics. Of these, 38 are in the town. Broad and narrow 
 cloths, (employing 6 extensive mills, chiefly in adjoining 
 townships,) wool-cards, and ivory and horn combs are made 
 In great quantities. In the town and neighborhood, some 
 very extensive d\e-works have of late years been erected. 
 The cotton manufactures are of recent introduction, but are 
 making rapid progress. There is here a flourishing savings' 
 bank, with a handsome building erected in 1S37. The sta- 
 tion of the Leeds and Bradford Railway, through which 
 communication is established with the X.E. and X.W. of 
 England, and with Scotland, is within ."300 yards of the ex- 
 change. E(iually easy communication is afforded with the 
 S.E. and S.W. of England by the Lancashire.and Yorkshire 
 Kailw-ay, connecting with Bradford by two branches. A 
 direct line from Bradford to Leeds is contemplated. Brad- 
 ford was incorporated in 1847. A mayor, 14 aldermen, and 
 12 common eouncilmen constitute the corporate body. By 
 the Reform Act, it returns two members to Parliament. In 
 this town, temperance societies are said to have been first 
 established. Every seventh year a popular festival is cele- 
 brated here, in honor of St. lilase, the reputed inventor of 
 wool-combing. The townships forming the parliamentary 
 borough contiiineU in ISUl, lo,2t>4; iu 1S41, t)t),71s; and iu 
 1861, 106,218 iuhubitauts. 
 268 
 
 BR.^D'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BRAD'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BRAD/iX)UD, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BRAD'FORD, a county in the N.N.E. part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, bordering on New York, has an area of 1170 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Xorth Branch of Susque- 
 hanna River, and drained also by the Tioga Kiver. and by 
 the Towanda. A\ yalu.^ing. and Sugar Creeks. The surface is 
 broken and hilly, and covered with extensive forests of fine, 
 hemlock, and sugar-maple. The soil is moderately fertile. 
 Lumber is the chief article of export. The county contains 
 iron and bituminous coiil; sandstone underlies the greater 
 part of the surface. The streams afford motive power for 
 numerous mills, and the county is tniversed by railroad 
 from William.'iport to Elmira. Formed in 1810. and called 
 Ontario; in 1812 the name wa« changed to Bradford, in 
 honor of M'illiam Bradford, Attornev-General of the United 
 States. Cajntal, Towanda. Pop. 48.734. 
 
 BR.iD'FOKIi, a po.st-townsliip of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 about 85 miles N.E. of Augusta. Two small streams afford 
 water-power, which is employed in driving 5 saw-mills, 3 
 shingle and 2 grist-mills. There are also in the township 
 several tanneries, in one of which about 10,000 hides are 
 annually worked. Pop. 1558. 
 
 BRAD'FORD. a post-township of MeiTimack Co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the .Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers 
 Railroad. Pop. IISO. It has manufactures of leather and 
 of sash and blinds. 
 
 BRAD'FORD, a post-township of Orange co.,Vermont, on 
 the W. side of the Connecticut River, and on the Connecti- 
 cut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, about 30 miles S.W. of 
 Montpelier. It contains 2 newspaper offices, an academy, 
 and has mantifactures of iron castings, machinery, woollen 
 goods, stjirch, and other articles. Pop. 1689. 
 
 BRAD'FORD, a post-village and township of Essex CO., 
 Massachusetts, on the S. side of Merrimack River, and on 
 the Boston and Maine Railroad, 34 miles X. of Boston. It 
 contains the Bradford Academy, and is connected with Hav- 
 erhill by a bridge 680 feet in length, and a viaduct for the 
 railroad. Pop. 1688. 
 
 BRAD'FORD, a post-townshi]) of Steuben co.. New Y'ork, 
 about 60 miles S.S E. from Rochester. Pop. 1211. 
 
 BRADFORD, a township of Cleai-field co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 966. 
 
 BR.4DF0RD, a post-township of McKean co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 14 miles N.W. from Smithport. Pop. 1515. 
 
 BRAD'FORD. a thriving manufticturing post-village of 
 Coosa CO., Alabama, on Sochapatoy Creek. 50 miles N. by E. 
 from Montgomery, and 36 miles from Wetunipka. It haa 
 grown up since 1848. The extensive water-j)Ower is im- 
 proved bj' the erection of a cotton factory, which employs 
 about 100 hands. Bradford is connected by a plank road 
 with Wetuinpka and the Tennessee River. About 1 mile 
 from the village there is a quarry of beautiful gray staiuary 
 granile, which is capable of being split in any direction, 
 and %vorke<i into anv desirable shape. 
 
 BRAD'FORD.aviliageofSciotoco..Ohio,onthe01iio River. 
 
 BR.AD'FORD, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, 12 
 miles N.N.E. from Corydon. 
 
 BR.AD'FOKD, a post-oflHce of Starke CO., Illinois. 
 
 BRAD'FORD, a post-township of Chickasaw co., Iowa. 
 
 BR.AD'FOR D,a town.sliip of Hock co.,Wi6Con8in. Pop.1245. 
 
 BRADFORD, a post-village of Simcoe CO., Can.ada West, on 
 a small stream flowing into Smicoe Lake, 37 miles X.X.W. 
 of Toronto. It contains churches of four denominations, 6 
 stores, a grist mill, numerous mechanic shops, and about 
 600 inhabitants. 
 
 BRAIVFOKD AIVBAS. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BRADFORD CEXTRE. a post-office of Orange co.. Vermont. 
 
 BRAD/Ft^RD. GREAT, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of A\ilts. on the Avon, and the Kennet and .\von 
 Canal, 6 miles E.S.E. of Bath, and 29 miles X.AV. of .Salis- 
 bury. Pop. in 1851. 4240. It is separated into 2 parts by the 
 Avon, here crossed by 2 bridges. Thechurch is a fine ancient 
 edifice, and there are numerous independent chapels. Brad- 
 ford has 2 endowed schools and alms-houses, a union work- 
 house. 2 branch banks, and manufactures of fine woollen 
 cloths and kerseymeres, which have flourished siuce the 
 time of Henrv Vill.. and some stone quani -s. 
 
 BRADFORD IXSTITUTE, a post-office of Sumter district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BRAD'FORD PEV'ERELL, a parish of England, ca. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 BRADFORD SPRINGS, a post-offlce of Sumter district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BRAD'FORDSVILLE. a post-village of Marion co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Rolling Fork of Salt liiver, 69 miles S. by W. 
 from Frankfort. It contains 2 churches, and above 100 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 BRAIVG.'VTE. an extra-parochial liberty of England, ca 
 and 5 miles X.W. of I>eicester. It has ruins of a noble man- 
 sion, in which L.Hdy Jane Grey was Ixirn. A. D. 1537. 
 
 BR.VDING. a maiitime town and (larisb near t)»e E. ex- 
 tremity of the Isle of Wight, England, co d Hantij, 7 luUee 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 E.S.E. of Newport. It has a charter of corporation from 
 Edward VI., a church said to have been built in 704, a town- 
 aall, ;ind a quay accessible to SDiall vessels at high-water. 
 
 BHADLliV, bradlee, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BU.\L»'1/EY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BH.VD'IiEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 ISlt.VU'liEy, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. In the 
 vicinity is an ignited bed of coal, which has burnt for 6U 
 years, in 8pit« of many attempts at its extinction. 
 
 BK.VD'bEV. a county in the S.S.E. part of Arkan.sas, con- 
 tains i»o8 scjuare miles. It is traversed by the Saline Kiver, 
 and lx)Uiided on the W. by Moro liiver. The surface pre- 
 sents no great ineciualities. Cotton and maize are the chief 
 productions. Capital, Warren. Pop. 8388, of whom 6(598 
 were tree, and 21)90 slaves. 
 
 BK.'i D'LKY, a county in tlie S.S E. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on Geoi-gia, has an area of about 400 B(2uare miles. 
 The Iliawassee Kiver forms its N.E. boundary. The surface 
 is mountainous, particularly in the S. part. The soil is 
 mostly fertile, and well watered. The county is intersected 
 by the great railroad of E. Tennessee. The highlands pro- 
 duce abundance of timber. Capitjil, Cleveland. Pop. 11,710, 
 of whom U),;)28 were free. 
 
 BKAU'LEY, a township of Penobscot co., Maine, on the 
 E. si<le of the Penobscot River, about 4b miles N. by E. 
 from Bangor. Pop. 844. 
 
 BKAD'hEY, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan. 
 
 BKAU'LEY. a post-village in the N. part of Jackson co., 
 Illinois, 14 miles S.W. from Pinckneyville. 
 
 BKAD'LEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BKAD'LEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BKAD'LEY IN THE MOOKS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Stafford. 
 
 BKAD'LEY, XOIITII, a parish of England, co. of Milts. 
 
 BRAU'LEYSVALE, a township of Caledonia co., Vei^ 
 mout, about 45 miles N.E. by E. from Montpelier. 
 
 BKAU'LEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BKAD'LEY VILLE, a post-olfiee of Sumter district, South 
 Cirolina. 
 
 BKADMOHE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 BRAD'MNCII or BKAINSi a decayed market-town and 
 pari.sh of England, co. of Devon, near the Exeter and British 
 Railway, S^ miles N.N.E. of Exeter. The town, pleasantly 
 situated on an eminence, consists mostly of neat thatched 
 houses, it has an ancient church, a guildhall with a jail 
 beneath. S(!veral paper-mills, and some manutiictures of 
 woollen .stuffs. Pop. in 1851, 18;i4. 
 
 BKA'Dl)N, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BKAD'I'OIjE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BKADSBEKU, br^ds'b^RG. an amt or bailiwick in the S. 
 part of Norway. Area, 54ly square miles. Pop. 72.891. 
 
 BHAD'SII.^W, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancfister, 3 
 miles N.E. of Bolton. Bradshaw-hall was the residence of 
 John Bradshaw, who presided at the trial of Charles I. 
 
 BKAD'SHAW, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee. 
 
 BRAD'SHAW-EDGE, a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BKA1)'ST>)NE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BRAD'WKLL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 BK.\D'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BKAD'WLLL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BRAU'WELL, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, parish 
 of II(3pe, 3s miles N.N.E. of Tidwell. Pop. 1334, mostly em- 
 ployed iu lead mines and smelting works, but partly in a 
 cotton factory. In this parish is a fine stalactitic cavern. 
 
 BKAD'WELL NEAU THE SEA, a parish of England, co. 
 of Essex. 
 
 BRAD'AVORTII, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BRADY, brd'dee, a township iu the W. part of Clearfield 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1087. 
 
 BRADY, a township in the E. part of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 927. 
 
 BR.ADY, a township in Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 1826. 
 
 BRADY', a township in Kalamazoo co., Michigan. P. 1011. 
 
 BRA'DY""S BEND, a post-township in Armstrong co., 
 Pennsyhaiiia. on the W. side of Alleghany River, about 15 
 miles N.N.W. from Kittaimiug. Pop. 1890. 
 
 BR.ADY'S CREEK, of Texas, flows eastward, and enters 
 San Saba Kiver in Bexar county. 
 
 BRADY'S MILL, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland. 
 
 BRA'DYSVILLE or BRADYVILLE, a post-village of 
 Adams co., Ohio, on the MaysviUe Turnpike, 8 miles from 
 the Ohio Kiver. 
 
 BRA'DYVILLE, a post-village of Cannon co., Tennessee, 
 56 miles E.S.E. from Nashville. 
 
 BRAEKEL, brA/kfl, a town of North Germany, Bruns- 
 wick. 14 niile.s S.W. from Ilolzminden, at the junction of 
 die Briicht and Nethe. Pop. 27U0. 
 
 BRAEM.\K, brVmar, a parish of Scotland, co. Aberdeen. 
 
 BR AF'FERTON. a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 fUding. 
 
 BR.\F'FIELD-ON-THE-GIlEEN, a parish of England, co. 
 >f Northampton. 
 
 BRA(i.\, brjfgd, (anc. Braclara Auc/usHa.) a city of Portu- 
 ^1, capital of the province of Minho, 35 miles N.E. of Porto. 
 Pop 17.000 It is surrounded by old walls, and defended 
 
 by a fortress ; and is the see of an archbishop, who is pri- 
 mate of Portugal. It has a fine, richly ornanienti'd (iothie 
 cathedral of the thirteenth century, an archbishop's palar«, 
 hospital, a college, several schools, many fountains, and some 
 Roman ruins. It has manutactures of firearms, jewelry, 
 cutlery, and hats. In its vincinity is the celebrat<-d sanc- 
 tuary oiJems do Munte^ visited by numerous pilgiims. 
 
 BRAGANgA or BRAGANZA, brd-gdu'sd, a town of I'ortu- 
 gal, province of Tra»-os-Monte.s. mar the N.E. frontier, on 
 the Ferrenza. 26 miles N.W. of Miranda. I'op. 5000. It id 
 partly fortified, luiu a citadel, a college, and manufactures 
 of velvet and other silk fabrics, and had fonneily some 
 silver mines. The ancestors of the present reigning fami- 
 lies of Portugal and of Brazil were Dukes of Bragauza, until 
 called to the Portuguese throne in 1640. 
 
 BRAGANGA or BRAGANZA, \iYi-%lnlf^i\ an ancient towp 
 of Brazil, province of I'ara, loo miles N.E. of Beleni, on the 
 Caite, near its mouth, in the bay of the s-tme name: !at. 1° 
 S., Ion. 47"^ 2o' W. It lias several churches and a pri.son. and 
 the river is navigable up to it at high water. Pop. of town 
 and district. 6000. 
 
 BRAGANZA or BRAGANZA, a town of Br.azil. province of, 
 and 50 miles N.E. of Sao-Paulo. It has a church; its district 
 is fertile, feeds numbers of cattle and pigs for the Kio de J.'i- 
 ueiro market, and has a number of sugai^mills. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 BKAGERN AES. See DR,\>tilK.\. 
 
 BR.\(iGS. a postK)flice of Lowndes eo.. Alabama. 
 
 BRAGG'VILLE, a post-village of Middlesex co.. Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Miltbrd Branch Kaihoiid, about 25 miles 
 S.W. from Boston. 
 
 BRAIIE, br^v^h, or BRA.\; br|, a river of I'russia, fiowg 
 S. and joins the Vistula on lower branch above Forden. It 
 is connected w ith the Netze by the Canal of Bromberg, and 
 thus unites the Oder and Vistula. 
 
 BKAI1EST.\D, bri'h^"S-tdd\ a seaport town of Russia. Fin- 
 land. 30 miles S.W. of Uleaborg, on the Gulf of Bothnia 
 Trade in pitch and tar. Pop. IICO. 
 
 BRAHILOV, bri'heeUov', BRA'ILOFF'. or BRAILOW, 
 bri'ee-lov'; called also IBRAIL, and IBKAHIL. ee'brd-eel', 
 a forMfied town, and the principal port of Wallachia, on the 
 lower branch of the Danulie, 103 miles N.E. of Bucharest. 
 Pop. estimated at tiOOO. It appears to be rapidly increasing 
 in imi)Ort!ince. Its warehouses are extensive, and its harlor 
 is securely sheltered by a small island. Most part of the 
 exported produce of ^Vallachia (the annu<il value of w hich 
 is about llO.OOOi.) is shipped here. The imports amount 
 to alx)ut 350.000/. Brahilov is annually visited by about 700 
 vessels. The trade is chieflv conducted by Greeks. 
 
 BRAH.MAPOOTKA, or BRAH.MAI'UTRA. br«lh'ma-poo/- 
 tra. (i. «. " the Son of Brahma,") or BU K'RA>I POOTEK.' i anc. 
 Dyardanes or (iklanes^) a gre»it river of South Asia, form- 
 ing the eastern t)oundary of Ilindostan. It is supposed to 
 t.ike its origin in Thibet, on the N. side of the Himalaya 
 Mountains, about lat. 30° 30' N., Ion. 92° E., althou^ih some 
 other conjectures would make its source still farther to 
 the E., about Ion. 97° E. After an eastward course to 
 about Ion. 96°, it bends soutliward, and breaks throuirh the 
 lUmalayauiutoL'iiper Assam, where it is joined by theDihing 
 and Dihong, dividing into two branches, so wide apart as to 
 encircle the island of Majuli, 50 miles long. The united 
 I'ranch again separates and encloses a larger island, (Kal- 
 lung,) 75 miles iu length. It h.as now a westward course 
 throughout .\ssam to Ion. 90°, where it again bends .south- 
 ward, and after traversing the Bengal districts. Rungpoor, 
 Mymunsing, Dacca, and Tiperah, it joins the Bay of Ben- 
 gal, in hit. 22° 50' N., Ion. 90° 40' E., by an estu.-u-y 20 miles 
 in width, in conjunction with the eastern and Imgest arm 
 of the Ganges, \\here the Brahmapooti-a enters the plains 
 of Bengal near Goalpara, it is about 1200 yards wide, and 
 very rapid. At about 26° N. lat., a large branch, the Jena, 
 unites it with the Ganges. Its entire course is estimated 
 at 1500 miles. Principal tributaries in Bengal, the Soor- 
 mah. Barak, Goomty, Teesta, Megna. the name of which 
 last it assumes after their junction. In Assam, it receives 
 at least 60 alfluents, and encloses many large islands. Its 
 current is so violent as generally to unfit it for navigation. 
 It inundates the country S. of the Himalayasfrom April to 
 September, discharging into the sea a greater quantity of 
 water than the Ganges. Its banks, consisting mostly of 
 jungle .and marsh lands, are often quite destitute of tracks. 
 
 BKAHOUIC (bri-hoo'ik) MOUNTAINS, a name given by 
 Pottinger to the llala Mountains, between Beloochistan 
 and Sinde, 
 
 BRAIC-i'-PWLL, bri'-kf-pool, a headland in North Wales, 
 CO. of Carnarvon; lat. 62° 47' N., Ion. 4° 48' W. 
 
 BRAILES, brilz, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BRAILOFF, or BRAILOW. See Br.\hilov. 
 
 BR.\ILS'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Derbv. 
 
 BRAINE-LA-LEUDE, br.in-li-lud, a village of Belgium, 
 province of Brabant, 12 miles S. of Brussels, with manufac- 
 tures of cotton cloths and starch. Pop. 2771. 
 
 BKAINE-LE-COMTE, brin-leh-ki.vt or br§n-leh-kA.\t, a 
 town of Belgium, province of llainaut, on the Brussels and 
 Valenciennes Railway, 13^ miles N.N.E. of Mens. Pop. 62,o2, 
 partly engaged in raising flax and spinning linen yam. 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 kiRATNIlRD'S BRIDGE, a post-TSUag» of Rensselaer co., 
 f: V York, on Klnderhook Creek, 16 miles S.E. from Albany. 
 
 bKAlNS, a town of England. See Bradotnch. 
 
 BRAINS/FIELD or BRAIWIELD, a parish of England, 
 cr. of Hertford. 
 
 BUAIN'TKEE, a markeWown and parish of England, 
 CO. of Essex, 8i miles E. of Dunmow, on an eminence, ad- 
 joining the Tillage of Bocking. It has a spiicious Gothic 
 church, several chapels, an endowed school, in which the 
 naturalist Kay was educated. 
 
 BI!.\IN'TKEE, a township of Orange co., Vermont, 20 
 miles S. by W. from Montpelier, intersected by the Vermont 
 Central Railroad. It has manufactures of furniture, and 
 other articles. Pop. 1225. 
 
 BRAIN'TREE, a post-township of Norfolk co., Massachu- 
 setts, on the South Shore and Old Colony Railroad, 10 miles 
 S. by E. of Boston. The manufacture of boots and shoes is 
 carried on lierevery e.xtensively. Machinery, woollen goods, 
 cordage, twine, mats, crash, Ac, are also manufactured in 
 the town. Pop. 3468. 
 
 BRAIN'TREE, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 408. 
 
 BRAIXTREM, a post-ofliceof Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 BR AISII WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BUAITHWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BRAKE. See Bra.vke. 
 
 BHAlvEL, brd'kel. a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 42 
 miles S.S.E. of Min'den. Pop. 2H20. 
 
 BKAKEL, Neder, nA'der br3/kfl, (i.e.. "Lower Brakel,") 
 a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 8 miles S.E. 
 of Audenarde. Pop. 3S07. 
 
 BKAKEL, Op. op bri/kel. (i.e. "Upper Brakel,") a village 
 of Belgium, province of East Flanders. 1 mile S.W. of Neder 
 Brakel. Pop. 2300. It has manufactures of cloth. 
 
 BRAKE'S RUN. a post-office of Hardy co.. Virginia. 
 
 BRALIN, brd-leen', a town of Prussian Silesia, 39 miles 
 E.N.E. of Breslau. It has a custom-house, and manufac- 
 tures of cloths. Pop. 1470. 
 
 BR.V.MAN'S CORNERS, a post-office of Schenectady co., 
 New York. 
 
 BRAMBACII, brimliiK. a town of Saxony, in a gorge of 
 the Erzgebirge, ne;ir the Bohemiiin frontier, 11 miles N. of 
 Eper. Pop. 1200. 
 
 BRAMBANAN, bram^bi-nan'. a district in the i.<iland of 
 Java, province of Soerakarta. fiimous for its magnificent re- 
 mains of Brahniinical temples. These are entirely compo.sed 
 of plain hewn stone, without the least mixture of brick, 
 mortar, or rnblish of any kind. Capfciin Baker declares, 
 after exten.sive experience of like surveys in India, that he 
 had never met with such finished spocimi»ns of human labor, 
 and of ancient scionce and taste, crowded together in so 
 small a compass as at the Chaudi Sewu, or ''Thousand 
 Temples," at Brambanan. 
 
 BliAM'BEK. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BHAM'COTE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 BRAM'BEAN", a parisii of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BRA.M'ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRAM'FIELU, a parish of England, co. of Sutfolk. 
 
 BRA.M'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BI!.VM'II.\LL, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BHAM'UAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BKAM'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BKA.MLKY, a parish of Enirland. co. of Surrey. 
 
 BRAMLEY. a chapelry of England, co. of "York, West 
 Riding, 3i miles W..\.W. of Leeds. Pop. in ISol, 8949, 
 mostly eniraied in the manufacture of woollen cloth. 
 
 BKAMP/FURD-SPEKE.a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BltAMP'TON, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Cumberland, ward of Esk dale, near the Carlisle and New- 
 castle Railway. 8j liiiles E.N.E. of Carlisle. Pop. in 1851, 
 3S25. The town, in a deep, narrow vale, has a town-hall, a 
 grammar school, a hospital f jr 12 poor people, founded by 
 Edward, Earl of Carlisle, in 16S8, a union work-house for 
 14 parishes, 2 large breweries, and considerable manufac- 
 tures of checks and ginghams. 
 
 BiiA.VIP'TON, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 3 miles 
 W.N.^V. of Chesterfield. Coal and iron are found in this 
 parish, which has also large manufactures of earthenware, 
 and extensive bleaching-grounds. 
 
 BKA.MPTO.X, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 BRAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRA.MPTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BK.^.Ml'TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 
 BltA.MPTON, a post-village of Peel co., Canada West, 26 
 
 liles S.W. of Toronto. It contains a Methodist and Pres- 
 yterian church, 7 stores, a foundry, a fauning-mill, and 
 about 700 inhabitants. 
 
 BRA.MPrrON AlVBOTS, a parish of England, co. of Here- 
 ford. 
 
 BRAMPT'ON BRY'AN, a parish partly in South W.iles, 
 CO. of liadnor. and partly in England, co. of Hereford, 5 miles 
 E. of Knighton. Some remainsof a Norman castle, destroyed 
 in the Parliamentary War, stiU exist here. 
 270 
 
 BRAMPTON CHAPEL, a parish of England, oo. of Nortlfc 
 amp ton. 
 
 BUAMPTON CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BKAMSCHE, brim'shfh, a town of Hanover, 10 miles 
 N.N.W. of OsnabrUck, on the Haase. Pop. 1550. 
 
 BRAM'SHALL. a p,%rish of England, co. of Stafford 
 
 BR AM'SHAW, a parish of England, cos. Wilts and Hants 
 
 BItAM'SHOT, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BRAMSTEDT, brdm'st^tt. a town of Denmark, in Hol- 
 stein, 26 miles N. of Hamburg, on the Bramaue, with sul- 
 phur springs and baths. Pop. 1700. 
 
 BRA.M'WITH, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BRAN, a river of Scotland, co. of Perth, rises in Loch 
 Freuchie. and joins the Tay near Dunkeld, after a N.E, 
 course of about 14 miles through a highly picturesque 
 region. 
 
 BRANCALEONE, hrin-kil-LWnA, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra II., 23 miles S.S.W. of Gerace. Itwaa 
 partially destroyed by the earthquake of 1783. 
 
 BRA.N/CASTER or BRAN'OHESTER, (anc. Brmnodw- 
 num.) a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the sea. 
 
 BRAiNCl-yPElTH, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 The church has some monuments to the Nevills, Ivirls of 
 Westmoreland, on the site of whose fortress stands the 
 noble cattle of Brancepeith. 
 
 BKAN'CH, a county in the S. part of Michigan, borlering 
 on Indiana, contains 528 square miles. It is traversed by 
 the St. Joseph's and Prairie Rivers, and also drained t.y tho 
 Coldwater and Hog Rivers. The surface is rolling; the soil 
 is a rich, sandy loam, mostly free from stones. About two- 
 thirds of the county are occupied by oak openings, and the 
 remainder is heavily timbered. Iron ore is found in the 
 county, which is intersected by the Southern Railroad, 
 Organized in 1833. and named in honor of John Branch, 
 Secretary of the Navy under President Jackson. Capital, 
 Coldwater. Pop. 20.9S1. 
 
 BRANCH, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1596. 
 
 BRANCH, a post-village of Branch co., Michigan, on the 
 W. branch of Coldwater River, 89 miles S.S.W. of Liuising, 
 was formerly the countv seat. 
 
 BRANCH'BURG, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey, 
 Pop. 11 84. 
 
 BRANCH DALE, a postK)ffice of Schuylkill co., Peunsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BRANCHES STORE, a post-office of Duplin co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BRANCH HILL, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 BRANCH ISLAND, a post-office of Pickens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BRANCH'PORT, a post-village of Jerusalem township, 
 Yates CO., New York, at the N.W. extremity of Crooked 
 Lake, about 200 miles W. of Albany. It contains 7 ttores, 
 1 tavern, 1 foundry, 1 mill, and 3 churches. It derives its 
 name from its position on one of the bninches of Crooked 
 Lake. Pop. about 300. 
 
 BRANCH RIVER, of Rhode Island, falls into the Black- 
 stone River about 4 miles above Woonsocket. 
 
 BRANCH VILLAGE, a manufacturing village in Smith- 
 field township. Providence co., Rhode Island, about 10 miles 
 N.N.W. of Providence. It contains 1 cotton mill, employing 
 25 hands, producing $25,000 per annum, and 1 scythe ma- 
 nufactory, capable of turning out 3000 to 4000 dozen scythes 
 annually. Pop. about 150. 
 
 BRANCH'VILLE. a post-village of Sussex co.. New Jer- 
 sey, on a branch of the Paulicskill, 77 miles N. of Trenton. 
 It contains a church, an academy, and several stores and 
 mills. 
 
 BRANCIIVILLE. apost-officeof Southampton co., Virginia. 
 
 BRANCHVILLE, a post-village of Orangeburg district. 
 South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, at the 
 junction of the Columbia Branch, 62 miles W.N.W. of 
 Charleston, and 67 miles S. of Columbia. 
 
 BRANCHVILLE, a post-ofBce of St. Clair co., Alab.ima. 
 
 BRANCHVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BRANCO, brdng/ko, one of the Cape de A'erd Islands. S. ot 
 St. Lucia. A long sandy spit stretches Irom its S. E. side. 
 
 BRANCO, brSxo'ko, a river of Brazil, an affluent of tho 
 Rio Grande, province of Bahia, rises in the Serra Dura. lat. 
 11° 25' S., Ion. 46° 10' AV., flows in a S.E. course of about 12k 
 miles, and is navigable from its mouth to Tres-Barras, a 
 distance of 40 miles. 
 
 BRANCO, RIO, ree'o brlngHvo, a river of Brazil, ri.^es in 
 the Parime Mountains, and flows S. 400 miles to the Rio 
 Negro, which it joins near lat. 1° 20' S. 
 
 BKANCOURT,br6N»'kooR/, a village of France, department 
 of Aisne. Pop. of commune, 1617. 
 
 BRAND, brdnt, a town of Saxony, 23 miles S W. of Dres- 
 den. Pop. 2150, employed in mining, and in manuLicture 
 of trinkets, l.ace, and wooden utensils. 
 
 BRA.XDEIS, brin'dice. a town of Bohemia, circle of Kaur- 
 zim. 13 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2500. 
 
 BRANDEIS-AM-ADLEK, brdn'dice-im-ddlfr, a town kA 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 Bohemia, 28 miles S.E. of KonlggrStz, on the Stille-Adler. 
 Pop. 1771:. 
 
 BRAN'DENBUKG, (Ger. pron. brlii'dgn-bdORG' ; Fr. 
 Bratuliml/ourfj. brdiiMon-boOR',) a province of Prussia, in 
 the centre of the kinjjdom, of which it forms the nucleus, 
 situated between lat. 51° 25' and 63° 34' N., and Ion. 11° 
 26' and 10° 10' E.; hounded N. by Mecklenburg, ti.K. 
 by Pomerania, E. by West Prussia and Posen, S. by Si- 
 lesia and the kingdom of Saxony, and W. by the pro- 
 vince of Saxony and Hanover. Area, 15.792 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1837, l,U9-t,0-f2; in 1S61, 2,467,759. Surface almost 
 uniformly fiat and sandy, but diversified by numerous 
 lakes. It is situated in the basins of the Kllie and the 
 Oder, and watered by these livers and numerous affluents, 
 among which the Warthe. Netze, Bober. Neisse, Fiuow, and 
 M'else, affluents of tlie Oder, and the Havel, Spree, Dosse, 
 and lilde. affluents of the Kllie, are navigaVjle; and the two 
 principal rivers are connected by several canals. Soil infer- 
 tile. Chiuf crops, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, hemp, flax, to- 
 bacco, and hops. Sheep are extensively reared, and wool is 
 an importiiut product. The principal mineral products are 
 iron, gypsum, alum, and vitriol. There are numerous mine- 
 ral springs and baths. The manufactures, in great variety, 
 are carried ou in the principal towns, and the province has 
 many breweries, distilleries, tanneries, potash, charcoal, 
 lime, and sulphur works. Trade is facilitated by numerous 
 canals, excellent post-roads, and railways from the capital 
 In all directions. Brandenburg possesses the most cele- 
 brated establishment* for public instruction in the kiiii;- 
 dom. It is divided into the two regencies of Potsdam and 
 Fmnkfurt. CapiUiI, Berlin. 
 
 BR.VXDKNBUKG, brdn'den-bO(5RQ\ a town of Prussia, in 
 the goveiument of the same name, circle of Potsdam, capital 
 of the small circle of West llavelland, on the Havel, and 
 on the Berlin and M.agdeburg Hallway. 37 miles W.S.W. of 
 Berlin. Pop. in 1861, 21,547. It is encloeed by walls, and 
 divided by the river into an old and new t/)wn ; between 
 which, on an island, is the quarter ciUed " Venice," having 
 a cathedral of the fourteenth century, a ciistle, St. Cathe- 
 rine's church, a council-house, which deserve notice for 
 their antiquity and works of art. Brandenburg has a school 
 f >r the noliles>-e of the Mark of Brandenburg, (HiWr Aka- 
 demt.) many charitable foundations, a college, and a pu)> 
 lie library; in the market-place is the Kolandsatlle, a column 
 formed of a single block of stone, 18 feet in height. It is the 
 seat of several high tribunals, and has manufactures of 
 woollens, linens, husiery, and p-aper; breweries, tanneries, 
 boat-buildinsr. and an active commerce by laud and water. 
 
 BKAXDKNUUUG, a village of East Prussia, 13 miles S.W. 
 of Kiiniirsberg. Pop. 986. 
 
 BKA\'l)K\i?UU<i.capit.alof Meflde CO., Kentucky, on a 
 high bluff of the Ohio Kiver. 40 miles below Louisville, and 
 90 miles W. by S. of Franktort. It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 2 flouring mills, 4 warehouses, and has considerable trade. 
 Pop. 618. 
 
 BRANDENBURG, MARK OF, an old state of Germany. 
 In the circle of Upper Saxony, divided into two parts — the 
 electoral and new mark; it is now comprised in the Prus- 
 sian province of Brandenburg, and part of the province of 
 Saxony. The margraves of Brandenburg h.aving joined to 
 the electorate, the duchy of Prussia and some otlier posses- 
 sions, the great elector, Frederick III., declared himself 
 king of Prussi.a. under the name of Frederick I., in 1701. 
 
 BRANDENBUHG, NEW. the largest and most beautiful 
 town in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg, near the X. shore 
 of Tnilensee Lake, at the outlet of the river of same name, 
 18 miles N.N.E. of Strelitz. Pop. (3003. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and has a grand-ducjil palace, a grammar school, and 
 manufactures of woollen, cotton, and diamask goods, spirits, 
 leather, paper, end chemii-al products. 
 
 BR.VN'DK.STON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRAXUKSTON, a parish of Knghmd. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BRANDIIOF. brdnt/hof a village of Austria, in Styria.on 
 the X. declivity of the Seeberg. 9 miles S. of Mariazell, (he 
 principal residence of the Archduke John, (Vicar of the 
 German Empire.) and, since 1818, the scene of his patriotic 
 exertions. 
 
 BR.\N'DON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk, on the Little Ouse. or Brandon ]{iver, and with a 
 station ou the Ely and Norwich Railway, 70 miles N.N.E. of 
 London. Pop. in 1851, 2215. It has an endowed grammar 
 ichool. large rabbit-warrens, for supplying the London mar- 
 ket, and a manufacture of gun-tiints. considered superior to 
 any other in Europe. Brandon, whence the Dukes of Suf- 
 folk formerly took one of their titles, now gives the English 
 title of duke to the house of Hamilton. 
 
 BR.A.NDON, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, with a 
 station on the London and Birmingham Railway, 5 miles 
 B.E. of Coventry. 
 
 BRAN'DON. a mountain, headland, bay. and village of 
 Ireland, in Munster. co. of Kerry. The mountain, 22 miles 
 W, of Tralee. is 3126 fjet in elevation, and terminates N.E. 
 in the headland, which forms the W. limit of Brandon Bay, 
 an arm of Tralee Bay. The bay is 4^ miles wide at its 
 entrance, and stretches about 5 miles inland. It is formed 
 
 between Brandon Head on the W. (lat. 62° 18' N., Ion. 10= 
 10' W.) and a narrow neck of land on the E., which sepamtoe 
 Brandon from Tralee Bay. The village, a fishing and coiLst- 
 guard st.ation, is ou the W. side of Brandon Bay, 10 miles 
 N.i<;. of Dingle. 
 
 BItAN'DON, a post-town.ship of Rutland co., A'eruiont, 
 about 40 miles S.W. of Montpelier, on Otter Creek, and on 
 the Rutland and Burlington Itailroad. It contains an aca- 
 demy, and has manufactures of woollen goods, leather, iron 
 castings, boots and shm>s. Pop. .'5077. 
 
 BRANDON, atown.shipofF'ranklinco.. New York. Pop.794. 
 
 BRANDON, a post-villiige, capital of Rankin co.. Missis- 
 sippi.at the eastern terminusof the Vicksburgand Brandon 
 Railroad. 12 miles E. of .Jackson. Fifteen years ago it was a 
 flourishing place, and about that dat* the failure of the 
 Brandon Bank rendered it a '-deserted village," until the 
 railroad restored it to prospc-rity. About 10,000 bales of 
 cotton are shipped here annually. 
 
 BR.^NDON, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 BRANDON, a post-township of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 about 38 miles N.N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 1302. 
 
 BRAN'DON, a post-office of Peel co., Canada West. 
 
 BRANDON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRAN'DOXVILLE, a thriving post-village of Preston co., 
 Virginia, 280 miles X.W. of Richmond. A turnpikoroad 
 extends from this village to Fishing Cri'ek. 
 
 BRANDS'BUKTOX, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 BRAND'S IRON-WORKS, a pst-offlce of Washington co, 
 Rhode Island, 30 miles S. by AV. of Providence. 
 
 BRANDT or BRANT, a post-township of Erie co.. New 
 York, on Lake Erie, 24 S.S.W. of Buflivlo. It is intersected 
 by Lake Shore Railroad. Pop. 1097. 
 
 BRANDT, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio. 
 
 BRANDT LAKE, of Warren co.. in the N.E. part of New 
 Y'ork, discharges its waters by Schroon Itiver. Its length 
 is about 6 miles. 
 
 BRAN'DVSTATIOX,apost-offlceofCulpepperco.,Virginia. 
 
 BRANDYWIXE, a hundred of Newcastle co., Delaware. 
 
 BRAXDYWINE, a post-office of Priuce George's co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 BRAXDYWINE, a township in Hancock co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 992. 
 
 BRAXDY'WINE, a post^village and township of Shelby 
 CO.. Indiana, on a plauk-roud, 6 miles X.W. of Shelbvville. 
 Pop. 983. 
 
 BRAXTiYWINE CREEK, of Pennsylvania and Delaware, 
 is formed by the E. and W. branches, which unite in Ches- 
 ter CO. of the former state. Flowing in a south-easterly 
 cour.«e, it falls into the Christiana Creek at Wilmington, 
 Delaware. A noted battle was fought on its banks between 
 the British and Americans in 1777. 
 
 BRAXDYWINE CliliEK, of Indiana, rises in Hancock 
 CO.. and flows south-westward into Blue liiver, a few milei 
 below Shelbvville. 
 
 BRANDYWINE MANOR, a postofflce of Chester co, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BRANDYWINE MILLS, a small post-village in Summit 
 CO.. Ohio. 
 
 BRAXDYWINE SPRINGS, Newcastle, Delaware, 4 miles 
 X.W. of Wilmington. 
 
 BRAXDYWINE VILLAGE, Newcastle co., Delaware, a 
 suliurb of Wilmington, which see. 
 
 BRAN'FORD, a post-town and seaport of New Haven co., 
 Connecticut, on the New Haven and New London R;iilroad, 
 8 miles E. by S. of New Haven. It has 3 churches, an aca- 
 demy, a hotel, several stores, a large foundry, a shoe manu- 
 factory, and other establishments. In the summer season 
 it is much frequented as a watering-place. The h.irbor, 
 which is about li miles S.W., is well protected from the sea, 
 .and of sufficient depth for vessels of over 300 tons. This 
 port, in early times, was the rival of New Haven, and the 
 centre of an important foreign trade. Pop. 2123. 
 
 BRAN'FORD. a township in Lee co.. Illinois. 
 
 BKANNA, brdn'n3. a village of Bohemia. 2j miles E. of 
 Starkenbach. celebrated for producing the finest thread and 
 lace in the kinsdom. Pop. 1937. 
 
 BRANXODU'XUM. See Bb.4Ncaster. 
 
 BRANS'BY, a p-trish of Enirland. co. York. North Riding. 
 
 BRAXS/COMBE. a pari.sh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BKAXSK, brdnsk. a town of Russia. 31 miles S.S.W. of 
 Bialvstok. on the Noortchek (Xourtschek). Pop. 1350. 
 
 BRANS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BR AX8T0X, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BRAXT, a county in the S. part of Canada West. W. of 
 Ijftke Ontario, has an are;i of 416 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed by the Grand River. The cliief staples are lumber, 
 wool, potatoes, hops, maple sugar, and the products of the 
 d.airv. I'rincipal town, Brantford. Pop. 25,426. 
 
 BiiAXT. See Br.^ndt. 
 
 BRANTFORD, a comnercial town and irapital of Prant 
 CO.. Canada West, 24 miles S.W. of Hamilton, situated on 
 Grand River, which is navigable to within 2^ miles of the 
 town, for vfhich distance a eanal has been opened, affording 
 uninterrupted water communication with Lake Erie, and ou 
 
 271 ■ 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 the BaSTalo, Brantford and Goderich Railroad, completed to 
 this point, Jan. 1.3. l^^ol, and will soon connect with the 
 Great Western Railway at Paris. 5 miles distant. It has 
 agencies of the Bank of Montreal, Bank of British Njorth 
 America, ti insurance companies, and contains churches of 6 
 denominations, 2 newspaper oflices, and about 60 stores. 
 The buildings erected here by the railroad company are on 
 an extensive scale, occupying 11 acres. The repair shop, 
 built of white brick, is 2(52 feet lonjj, 60 feet wide, and 2 stories 
 hi^h. The enfrine house, machine shop and foundry, coii- 
 Btructed of the Siime material, is 170 feet by 30, and the round- 
 house, immediately in front is 153 feet in diameter, containing 
 13 stalls for locomotives. Among the manufactures of the 
 town may Ije mentioned brass and iron castings, tin and ja- 
 panned-ware. sash and blinds, agricultural implements and 
 Stone-ware, produced nowhere else in Canada West. Pop. 4000. 
 BRAN^'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 BltAXmXGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Eiding. 
 BRAXTIXGIIAM. a post^ffice of Lewis co.. New York. 
 BKANTOME, brS.vHSm', a town of France, department 
 of Dordoirne. on the Dronne, 12 miles N. of Perigueux. Pop. 
 of commune, in 1851. 2756. It had formerly an abbey of the 
 Bentidiitines. of which the historian Brantome was abbot. 
 The truffles of its vicinity are in high repute. 
 
 liUAXX'HOLM or BRAXK'SOME, the ancient seat of 
 the Dukes of Buccleugh. Scotland, co. of Roxlmrgh. on the 
 Teviot, 3 miles S.W. of Hawick. It has especially acquired 
 renown as the scene of Sir Walter Scott's " Lay of the Last 
 Minstrel ;"" but the only relic of the origin.il castle is a square 
 tower connected with the modem edifice. 
 
 BRAXX'TOX. a piirish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. In this parish is a monumental pUlar commemora- 
 tive of the battle of Flodden, fought S«pt«mber 19, 1513. 
 BRAS U'OU. See Cape Breton. 
 
 BRASH'KR, township, St. L;iwrence co.. New Y'ork. P. 3377. 
 BUASII'liR FALLS, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., Xew 
 York, on the St. Regis River, and near the Northern Rail- 
 road, 35 miles E. of Ogdensburg. It contains a foundry, and 
 haa manufactures of agricultural implements. 
 
 BRASII'ER I'ROX-WORKS, a post-village of St. T.awrence 
 
 CO., New York, on Deer River, 2i miles S.E. of St. Helena. It 
 
 has iron furnaces, for smelting iron ore found in its vicinity. 
 
 BRASH'KRSVILLK. a post-office of Perry co., Kentucky. 
 
 BRA.'^ILE, BRASILIA, BRASILIEX. See Brazil. 
 
 BP.ASPART. bri.s'piR'. a town of France, department of 
 
 Finist^re. 9 miles N.E. of Chateaulin. Pop. 3029. 
 
 BRASS, brdss, a river and town of Africa, in Guine.a, the 
 river Iieing one of the arms of the Niger at its delta, and 
 the town on this arm in lat. 4° 35' N., Ion. 6° 16' 2" E. 
 
 BRASSAC, brSs'sSk', a village of France, department of 
 Tarn, 12 miles E. of Castres. Pop. it» 1852, 2229. 
 
 BRASSAC. a village of France, department of Puy-de- 
 D6me. OJ miles S.S.E. of Issoire, on the Allier. Pop. 2U17. 
 
 BRASSAC, a village of France, department of Dordogne, 
 arrondissement of Riberac. Pop. 1910. 
 
 BRASSCHAET, brds'sKSt\ a village of Belgium, province 
 and 7 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2222. 
 BRAS'.SIXGTOX, a cliapeli-y of England, co. of Derby. 
 BRASS'T()WX. a post-office of Union co.. Georgia. 
 BRAS'TED. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 BRAT HAY, a small river" of England, co. of VTestmore- 
 land. It Hows throuL'h Great Langdale. and joins the Ro- 
 thay near its mouth in Lake AVindermere. 
 
 BR.^TSLAV, brdts-lM written also BRATZLAF, (Pol. 
 Bradav.'. brdts^dv,) a. town of Russia, government of Podo- 
 lia. capital of a district of the same name, on the Bug. 110 
 miles E. of Kamieniac It is defended by an old r.auipart 
 and fosse, and makes some figure in history, having been 
 taken successively by the Poles and Turks, previous to its 
 final reunion with Russia. Pop. 2600. 
 BRATTIA. See Ba.4ZZA. 
 
 BRATTLEBORO', a post-township of Windham county, 
 Vermont, on the right bank of Connecticut River, 100 miles 
 S. of Moutpelier. Among the manu&ctures may be men- 
 tioned castings, madiinery, and carriages. A fort, called 
 Fort Dummer, was built in 1724. in the S.W. part of the 
 township, on what is now called -'Dummer Meadows." 
 This was the first settlement made in Vermont. Pop. 3855. 
 BRATTLKBORO' (EAST VILLAGE), a post-village of 
 Brattleboro' township, Windham co., Vermont, ia situated 
 on the Connecticut River, at the mouth of Whetstone 
 Creek, and on the Connecticut River Railroad, about 110 
 miles S. of Montpelier, and 70 miles E. by N. of Albany. 
 It contains 7 churches, 2 national banks, a savings insti- 
 tution, a graded school, and a large melodeon factory. 
 Three newspapers, besides the State Educational Journal, 
 are published here. The Vermont Asylum for the Insane 
 near this place had 442 patients iu the month of August, 
 1863. During the year 119 were discharged, of w^hom 41 
 had recovered. A bridge crosses the Connecticut River 
 here. 
 
 BRATTLEBORO' (WEST VILLAGE), a post-village of 
 Brattleboro' township, Windham co^ Vermont, on Whet- 
 Btoue Creek, about 2 miles W. of the East Village, and 110 
 272 
 
 miles S. of Montpelier. Here is a well-known institution 
 called the Glenwodd Ladies' Seminary. 
 
 BRATTLEBY. a parish of Enirland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BRATTLEVILLE, a .small village in the S. part of McDo- 
 nough CO.. Illinois. 
 
 BitATI'OX, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts, 3 miles 
 N.E. of Westbury. Here is a large intreuchment, supposed 
 to be Danish. 
 
 BKATIijX CLOn'ELLY, a p.<irish of Encland. co. Devon. 
 
 BRATTOX FLEM'IXG, a parish of Enaiand. co. of Devon. 
 
 BRATT()X SK V'MOUR. a parish of England, co. Somerset. 
 
 BRATTONSVILLE, a post-otfice of ifork district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BRATTONVILLE, a pos^office of Armstrong eo., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BRATZ, (Bratz.) brJts. a town of East Prussia, province 
 of Posen. circle, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Meseritz. on the Obra. 
 Pop. 1410. 
 
 BRATZKOI, br3ts-koy', a town of Siberia, government, 
 and 250 miles N.W.of Irkootsk,at the continence of the Oka 
 and Anffara. Lat. 55'' 34' N.; Ion. 101° 47' E. 
 
 BRATZLAF. See Bratslat. 
 
 BR.\UB.\CH, brow^dK, a town of Germany, 7 miles 
 W.S.W. of Nassau, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 
 1507. It its vicinity are silver and copper mines, the mine- 
 ral springs of DinkhoUl, the castle of iiaxbuig, and the old 
 fortress of Philipsburir. 
 
 BKAUG'HIXG. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 BRAUXAU, bi-Ow'uOw, a frontier town of l;i)per Austria, 
 57 miles W. of Lintz, at the junction of the Salsa and the 
 Inn. Pop. 2000, employetl iu woollen-weaving and brewing. 
 It was held by Napoleon in 1805 and 1808. 
 
 BRAUXAU, a town of Bohemia, 33 miles N.E. of Konig- 
 griitz. Pop., with suburbs. 3100, engaged in manufactures 
 of cotton and linen fabrics, linen y.arn. and afiuafortis. and 
 with extensive bleaching-works. It has a gj-mnasium and 
 a richly endowed Benedictine alVbey. 
 
 BRAUXCl'VWELL. a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BUAUNFELS. brdwn'fys, a town of Rhenish Prussia. 37 
 E.N.K. of Coblentz. with a population of 1472. a castle, the 
 residence of the Prince of Solms-Bi-aunfels, a manufacture 
 of fire-«ngines. and 4 yearly markets. 
 
 BRAUX'FELS. a post-oflice of JIanitoowoc co.. Wi.sconsin. 
 
 BRAUNHIRSCHEX. bi-OwnOieeR'shen, a village of Lower 
 Austria, cirele, and near Vienna, with sevei-al manufactures 
 and extensive general trade. Pop. 27C0. 
 
 BKjVUXLIXGEX. brOwn'ling-en. a town of Baden, 29 
 miles E.S.E. of Freiburg, on the Bregach. Pop. 1572. 
 
 BKAUNSBACH. browns'bdK. a town of WUrtemberg, 6 
 miles S.E. of KUuzelsau. on the right bank of the Kocher, 
 with an old castle. Pop. 1000. 
 
 BRAUXSBERG, bi-(5wns'b^u6. a town of East Prussia, 85 
 miles S.W. of Konigsberg. on the Passarge, near its mouth 
 in the Frische llaff. Pop. 8360. It is the residence of the 
 Bishop of Ermeland, with a theological seminary for the 
 education of Roman Catholic clergymen, and manufactures 
 of woollen cloth and yarn, and a trade in corn and timber. 
 
 BRAUXSBKRG, a town of Moi-avia, SS miles N.E. of Pre- 
 raii. Pop. 2787. 
 
 BRAUXSCHWEIG. Germany. See Brcsswick. 
 
 BR.\UXSE11''EN, br6wn'si-fen. a small town of Au.'stria, 
 in Moravia, 18 miles N.N.E. of Qlmutz. Pop. 2062. 
 
 BRAVA, brd'vd. one of the Cape Verd Islands, about 10 
 miles W. by S. of Fogo. Lat. (W. point) 14° 4^ 42' N. ; Ion. 
 24° 45' 15" W. 
 
 BRA A' A, brd'vd, a town of Eastern Africa, coast of Zan- 
 guebar, 110 miles S.W. of Mairadoxo. It cai-ries on a consi- 
 derable trade with India and Arabia. 
 
 BRAVO-DEL-XORTE, RIO. See Rio Granke. 
 
 BRAW'DIE'S GROVE, a post-oflice of Ogle co.. Hlinois. 
 
 BRAW'DY, a psirish of South AVales. co. of Pembrok*. 
 
 BRAXTED, GREAT, a parish of En._'land. co. of Essex. 
 
 BR ANTED, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BRAX'TON, a county in the central part of W. Virginia, 
 has an area of 1546 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Elk and Little Kanawha Kiver.«, and also drained by Holly 
 River and Birch Creek. The surljice is hilly and rough, 
 e.\tensively covered with forests, and the soil is well watered 
 and generiiUy fertile. Stone-coal is found in several places, 
 and salt springs in the northern part of the county. Formed 
 in 1836, and named in honor of Cart<'r Braxton, oue of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence. Capital, Sutton.' 
 Pop. 4a>J^ of whom 4888 were free and 89 slaves. 
 
 BRAXTON COURT HOUSE, Virginia. See SUTTON. 
 
 BRAY, brd, a parish of England, oo. of Berks. 
 
 BRAY, a maritime town and pjirish of Ireland, counties 
 of Dubliu and Wicklow, on the Bray, at its mouth, 12 mili-s 
 S.S.E. of Dublin. Pop. 3169. The" town, which is neatly 
 built, is divided into two parts by the river, lieie crossed by 
 an old bridge. It has several n-ligious ediflcos. a h'>spital, 
 an old castle, (now converted into barracks.) a harbor lor 
 small sloops, and some manufactories of woollen and linen 
 fabrics. The beauty c' its envin:)ns render it a tivojil* 
 place of summer resort tin- sea-bathing. 
 
 BIVAY, brd, a river o: France, between the departmenta 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 of Sarthe and Loir-et-Cher. It joins the Loire on the ri^ht 
 at Souge. 
 
 BRAY, bri, a small district of France, in the old province 
 of Xorinaady, now included in the department of the Seine 
 Inferieure. Bray is also the name of several other places in 
 France. 
 
 BRAY'BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BRAY'FIELD, COLD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 BRAY-HEAU, a promontory, about H miles S.W. of the 
 town, rises to 807 f'et alx)ve the sea. 
 
 BRAY-SUR-SiilM-:, brA-sUii-sAn, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Seiue-et^Marne, on the Seine, 10 miles S.S.W. 
 of Proving. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 1752. 
 
 BRAYSVILLK, a post-office of De;irborne CO., Indiana. 
 
 BRAY'T OFl', a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BISAY'TON, a parish of England, co. of York, WestRiding. 
 
 BRAZEY EN I'LAINE, brd'zee' d.NO plAn, a village of 
 France, department of the Cote-d'Or, arrondissement of the 
 Beaune. Pop. of the commune, 1836. 
 
 BR.VZIL. bri-zil', (Port, and Sp. pron. brd-zeel' or brd-seel' ; 
 Fr. Brisil, bri^zeel'; Ger. Jirusilien, brd-zee'le-gn ; It. Brasile, 
 br3-see'I.i, L. Brasil/ui,) a vast empire of South America, oc- 
 cupying nearly oue-half of that entire continent. It is of ex- 
 tremely irre^rular outline, and varying dimensions, its great- 
 est diameter being, E. to VV'., from Cape .\ugustiu, lat. h° 21' S., 
 Ion. 34° 50' W., to the river Yavari or Jabary, whicii separates 
 it from Peru, 2u;i0 miles : and N. to S., from Cape Orange, lat. 
 4° 23' .v., ion. 37° 27' W., K. of Oyapok Bay, to the river Tahim, 
 2540 miles ; area roughly estimated at 3,y5ti.S0U square miles. 
 It is Ixninded S.E., E., and N.K. by the Atlantic Ocean; N. 
 by French, Dutch, and English Guiana, and Venezuela; W. 
 and S.W. by Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. Paraguay, and the Ar- 
 gentine province of Missiones, and by the republic of Uru- 
 guay. Its entire coast-lino, from the river Tahim, or Itahy, 
 lat. 32° 45' .S., to the head of the Bay of Oyapok, lat. 4° 0' N., 
 Ion. 51° 32' W., is upwards of 3700 miles. Throughout this 
 va.stextent of coast, there are few great indentations; though, 
 in some parts, smaller harbora and inlets are pretty numer- 
 ous, many of the former excellent, and generally surrounded 
 by Hats. The principal bays, reckoning from the S. extre- 
 mity of tile empire, are Ilha Grande, Kio Janeiro, St, Salva- 
 dor or All Saints', on the S.E. coast; and St. Marcus, St. 
 Jose, Pinzon, and Oyapok, on the N. and N.E. coast. The 
 principal capes or headlands are Capes Frio, St. Thom6, Point 
 St. Aiitouio, St. Augustiu, St. Roque, on the S.K. and E. 
 coasts; and Magoary, Norte, and Orange, on the X. coast. 
 
 General l>excrij>ti(in. — Tlie appearance of the coast of Bra- 
 zil is very different at dilferent places. From the river 
 Tahim to the island of Santa Catharina, a distance of about 
 400 miles, it is low, sandy, and intereected by the outlets of 
 numerous lakes or lagoons, which skirt the shoi-es through- 
 out tliis whole extent. From this point, or from alsout lat. 
 27°30'S., to lat. 21°45'S., 700 miles, the land is veiy ele- 
 vated, appearing rugged and mountainous from a distance, 
 but, when more nearly approached, becomes highly pic- 
 turesque, its hills being clothed with a thick woods, and its 
 valleys with a never-failing verdure. This part of the coast, 
 the most rocky portion of which is between Santos and Cape 
 Frio, may be seen from sea at a distance of 55 miles. 
 From lat. 21° 45' S., or from about Sao Joao to Bahia, lat. 13° 
 S., 650 miles, the coast is in general low and level, with 
 hardly any indentations. From Bahia to about lat. 4° N., 
 which embraces the whole E. projection of Brazil, the coast 
 (about SOO miles in extent) is of moderate height, nowhere 
 rising above 30 feet, and is also destitute of harbors, ex- 
 cepting those formed by the mouths of the rivers. From 
 this point to the Aimizon. it is extremely low and marshy ; 
 \V. and N. of that river it is sandy, and somewhat higher, 
 though still of inconsiderable elevation. From these de- 
 Tails it will be seen that the only portion of the coast of Bra- 
 zil that can be called mountainous, or which has any pre- 
 tension to pictuivsque appearance, is that between the 
 island of Santa Catharina, lat. 27° 35' S., and Sao Joao da 
 Praia, lat. 21° 40' S.. or about a fifth part of the whole. With 
 the exception of the Rio Francisco and the Paran4, all the 
 large rivers of Brazil empty themselves on its N. shores ; and 
 almost all run parallel courses from nearly S. to N., travers- 
 ing the vast plains which occupy the centre and N.W. por- 
 tions of the empire, and presenting means of internal com- 
 munication unequalled in any other part of the globe. The 
 surface of Brazil, generally, is divided into upland and low- 
 land, in pretty equal portions; the former, which comprises 
 the hilly districts and table-lands, extends over the E., S., 
 and central parts, and has an average elevation of from 
 2000 to 25fK) feet, although at some points it reaches from 
 4000 to 6U00 feet ; the lowland comprises the silvas or woody 
 regions, and llanos or plains, and flats; the former lying 
 principally along both sides of the Amazon, and the latter 
 stretching chiefly along the N. and N.E. shores. 
 
 Brazil is divided, politically, into 18 provinces, of which 
 there are at least 11 each exceeding Great Britain in super- 
 ficial extent. It is, however, very diflicult to ascertain accu- 
 mtely the area of the provinces, and of the whole empire, 
 the oxiirtiug data being very unsatisfactory and conflicting. 
 
 In the following table, the area of the provinces has been 
 calculated from the measurements given in hiccionario Geo- 
 firtJiCD dn Imjvriodn Branl,\8ib\ and the population has 
 been supplied through a private source as the most recent 
 and most accurate existing : — 
 
 Pbovimcks. 
 
 Uaritime Provinces. 
 
 iPara 
 Maranbio 
 i;;;^^................... 
 Rio Oraii'de (do Norte')". ". '. '. 
 rParabika ,... 
 
 EastCoast.ii;^";*."""'™ 
 
 I Alagoas 
 
 ISurgipe 
 
 i Bahia 
 Kspirito-Santo 
 Rio de Jaueiro 
 Sio Paulo 
 Sauta Catharina 
 S5a Pedro do Rio Graude 
 
 Inland Province*. 
 
 Minas Geracs 
 
 M a no Gros:«o 
 
 Ooyaz 
 
 Area, sq. i 
 
 98.1,aw 
 
 ^■>,»n 
 
 82,593 
 52,403 
 2 -'.784 
 40.il85 
 80.082 
 20.1)00 
 ,S 1.9.58 
 
 147,4t« 
 34,176 
 70.631 
 
 131,7115 
 2,i.n02 
 93,756 
 
 lfi0.84T 
 673.526 
 274,702 
 
 3,004,460 
 
 PoputatioD, 
 
 205.000 
 390.000 
 
 so.oro 
 
 190.000 
 
 110.000 
 
 ifiO.OOO 
 600.000 
 
 no.ano 
 
 17.5.000 
 780.(XIO 
 140,0.x) 
 
 aw.noo 
 
 438,000 
 90.000 
 260,000 
 
 900.000 
 180.000 
 185,000 
 
 Mmintiiins. Tahh-Utnds, ami Plains. — In remarkable con- 
 trast to the countries on the W.side of the South American 
 continent. Brazil has no mountains of very great elevation; 
 with exception, perhaps, of Itambe, an isolated peak in tbn 
 province of Jlinas Geraes, which is variously stated at 59l>0 
 and 842t) feet alx)ve the sea. The higher mountains of Bra- 
 zil, most of them occurring at greater and lesser distances 
 from the E. coast, extend genersilly, like the Andes, from S. 
 to N„ although numerous inferior ranges traverse the coun- 
 try in various other directions. The most connected chains, 
 and those in wiiich the highest summits occur, are the Serro 
 do Espinlni^o, the Setra dos Orgaos, and the Serro do Mar, 
 The first originates in Bahia, about lat. 15° S., and, inter- 
 secting the province of 31inas Gerae.s. terminates at lat. 23° S. 
 1 1 lies parallel to the coast, and at a distance from it of about 
 250 miles ; its culminating points are Piedade, 5830 feet high, 
 and Itacolumi, 5750 feet. The Serra dos Orgaos. (■'organ 
 mountain,") so called from tlie fancied re.semblance of its 
 peaks to the tubes of an organ, and the Serro do Mar, which 
 form, in fact, but one chain, the first name being applied 
 to tlie N.E. half of the range, and the second to the S.W., 
 extend also parallel to the coast, but at a distance from it of a 
 very few miles only, extending fi-om about lat. 22° to 27° S. 
 The culminating point of this range. Morro dos Cauudos, 
 which occurs in th« Serra dos Orgaos division, has an eleva- 
 tion of 4470 feet. Hilly regions also extend N.and W. from 
 these mountain systems, through the provinces of Minas 
 Geraes, Pernambuco, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso. but none of 
 the peaks appear to attain any very great elevation. To- 
 ward the Rio Paraguay, the hills become lower, and tenni- 
 nate, on the Bolivian frontier, in elevated marshes. In tliis 
 locality occurs the water-shed between the affluents of the 
 Amazon and La Plata. It is of very inconsiderable eleva- 
 tion; and some of the sources of the Madeira, which falls 
 into the former, and of the J'araguay. the head stream of the 
 latter, are not more than 3 miles apart and might easily be 
 joined bj' means of a canal. The hilly region or table-land 
 extends along the E. side of the empire as far N. as lat. 3° 
 S., but inland, in Matto Grosso. not farther than 12° S.; 
 and, N. of lat. 10° S., the Serra Ibiapaba may be taken as 
 the Vi'. limit. This table-land occupies half the empire, to- 
 gether with part of the Argentine Republic and Uruguay, 
 and its average elevation is from 2000 to 2500 feet. Along 
 the Amazon and its affluents, the vast plains or silvas are 
 said to occupy a space equal to six times the size of France. 
 Another great plain stretches between the Serra Ibiapaba 
 and the river Tocantins, measuring from N. to S. upwards 
 of 600 miles, and from E. to AV. more than 400. 
 
 Bivfrs and Lttles. — The river system of Brazil is un- 
 equalled, perhaps, in any other part of the world, for the 
 number and magnitude of the streams of which it is com- 
 posed, the surface of the whole N.^V. portion being inter- 
 laced with rivers of every length and volume; pre.senting 
 the eoniple.x appearance of veins in the human body, to 
 which the Amazon and its larger tributaries may be said to 
 stand in the relation of main arteries. By far the greater 
 portion of these numiierless streams have a N. direction, 
 and finally find their way, either directly or through their 
 principals, to the N. shores of the empire. The largest river 
 of Brazil, and the largest, it is believed, in the world, though 
 not the longest, is the Amazon, which enters the empire 
 from the AV.. about lat. 4° 30' S., Ion. 70° \V., and. after a 
 N.E. cour.se fi'om the point named, of about 800 miles, tails 
 into the Atlantic near the equator. The next in size is the 
 Rio Francisco, which, after flowing N. for about 800 miles, 
 suddenly turns due E., and subsequently S.E.. falling into 
 
 273 
 
 J 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 the sea about lat. 11° S. In order of magnitudt- follow the 
 Rio Negro and Madeira, both tributaries of tiie Amazon. 
 The other large rivere in this portion of the empire are the 
 Branco, a tributary of the Kio Xegro; the Tapajos and 
 Xingu, other two large tributaries of the Amazon; the Ara- 
 guay, Tocantins, Maranhao, and Parana-iba. Passing 
 along the coast S. from the embouchure of the Francisco, 
 the following considerable rivers occur, the Vazabarris. Ita- 
 pacurn. Paragujtssu. Belmonte or Jequitinhonha. province 
 of IJahia; Doce, province of Kspirito Santo ;and the Purahiba- 
 do-sul. the S. boundary of the same province. In this enu- 
 meration of the rivers having their embouchures on the E. 
 coast of Brazil, we have omitted an immense number of 
 smaller streams, perhaps not many below a hundred. In 
 the interior of the S. portion of the empire occur the large 
 rivers Uruguay, Iguacu. Paranapaneme. Tieta, Pari, Para- 
 guay, and Parana, with numerous smaller streams — smaller 
 in comparison to these, but still large rivers — winding in all 
 directions through every province. Most of the rivers in 
 this part of Brazil have a W. and S. direction ; those having 
 the former proceeding from the W. side of the serras by 
 which this part of the coast is lined ; and those having .the 
 latter issuing from tlie hilly tract which crosses the centre 
 of the province of Matto Grosso from E. to W., and which 
 forms the water-shed of the Vi'. and central part of the em- 
 pire, the rivers of the province of Para flowing from it N., 
 and those of Matto Grosso S. and W. Of the rivers last 
 named, the Paraguay and Parang are the largest, and have 
 the longest courses. The ParanA forms, throughout a portion 
 of its course, the boundary between the Brazilian territory 
 and Paraguay quitting the former about lat. 2o° 40' S. 
 
 Brazil has comparatively few lakes of any great extent. 
 The largest is the Lagoa dos Platos, in the province of Rio 
 Grande de Sao Pedro. It is 150 miles in length, and 36 
 miles in breadth at the widest part, and is separated from 
 the sea by a narrow strip of land only; it discharges its 
 waters into the ocean by a channel called the Rio Grande. 
 Farther X., several smaller lakes occur, the largest of which 
 may be from 20 to 30 miles in length. There are hardly any 
 others worth mentioning throughout the whole of Brazil. 
 
 Gtnlngy and Mineralogy. — Granite prevails to the extent 
 of 2000 miles along the coast of Brazil, and. with syenite, 
 forms the base of the table-land. The superstructure of the 
 latter consists of metamorphic and old igneous rocks, sand- 
 stone, clay-slate, limestone, in which are large caverns, with 
 bones of extinct animals and alluvial soil, of which the N. 
 Dart of the empire is almost wholly composed, being inter- 
 sected by numerous large streams. The mineral wealth of 
 Brazil is considerable, and includes gold, silver, and iron, 
 diamonds, topazes, and other precious stones. Among the 
 earliest discovered, and first wrought gold-mines, were tho.«e 
 of Jaragua, but they have long ceased to be reguliily 
 worked, the procious metal being found more easily, and in 
 greater abundance, mingled with the s;inds and alluvial de- 
 posits of rivers. The entire quantity of gold produced has 
 greatly fallen o(T of late years, being now hiirdly a fourth of 
 what it was three-quarters of a century since, owing chiefly 
 to the auriferous sand having beeii exhausted. 
 
 No country is so rich in diamonds as Brazil. The most 
 celebrated mines are those of Serra do Frio, a district sur- 
 rounded by almost inaccessible rocks, and guarded with the 
 utmost vigilance. The diamonds have l)een hitherto found 
 in the beds of rivers only, and are washed from the sjind 
 and flints with which they are mingled, much in the same 
 way as the gold. The largest known diamond was tbund iu 
 the Rio Abaste in 1791, and weighs 138^ carats. Another, 
 worth 45,000?., was found in 1847. liich mines were dis- 
 covered in 1852 iu the province of Minas Geraes. The go- 
 vernment receives one- fifth of the total value of all the gold 
 and diamonds found in the country. Notwithstanding the 
 astounding names of these two items of the mineral wealth 
 of Brazil, neither of them have been nearly so profitable, 
 nor so beneficial to the general interests of the country, as 
 the homeliest of its agricultural productions. In the short 
 space of a year and a half, the exports of sugar and coffee 
 amounted to more than the value of diamonds found 
 throughout a period of eighty years. 
 
 Climate. — As almost the whole of Brazil lies S. of the 
 equator, and in a hemisphere where there is a greater pro- 
 portion of sea than land, its climate is gener.^Ily more cool 
 and moist than that of countries in corresponding latitudes 
 In the Northern liemisphere. This is particulai-ly applicable 
 to the flat portions of the empire, where impenetrable 
 forests occupy the alluvial plains; and, by preventing the 
 sun's rays reaching the earth, cut off one of the principal 
 sources of heat — radiation. In the S. parts of Brazil, in 
 iKjnsequence of the gradual narrowing of the continent, the 
 climate is of an insular character — cool summers and mild 
 winters. The quantity of rain that falls in Brazil differs 
 widely in amount in different lo</alities. The N. provinces 
 generally are subject to heavy rains and violent storms ; but 
 the S. regions rejoice in a settled, mild, and salubrious cli- 
 mate. The rainy season commences in (October, and usually 
 lasts till -March, setting in with heavy thunder-storms. At 
 Kio, where the climate has been much modified by the clear- 
 274 
 
 [ ing away of the forests in the neighborhood, the mean 
 temperature of the year is 72°; and the rains have been so 
 diminished as to have seriously reduced the supply of 
 water to the city. Generally, the climate of Brazil is d» 
 lightful, diffusing and maintaining a perpetual summer 
 throughout tliis fiivored land. Near the coast, the tempera- 
 ture is modified by the trade-wind. 
 
 Sill. Vegitabh Productions, d-c. — The soil of Brazil, so far aa 
 its capabilities hiive been tested, is highly fertile; although 
 but a comparatively small portion has yet been subjected 
 to this test, not more than a hundred and fiftieth part of 
 the whole surface being under cultivation, and this portion 
 is entirely limited to the coast and to the N.E. part of the 
 empire, which seems peculiarly well adapted to the cultiva- 
 tion of maize, sugar, and coffee. The pastures, however, are 
 of vast extent; and, being covered with prodigious lierds 
 of horned cattle, form one of the principal .sources of the 
 wealth of the country. Being almost wholly within the 
 limit of the palm region, the vegetation of Brazil is charao 
 terized generally by the peculiar physiognomy which that 
 beautiful family of vegetables impiesses on tropical coun- 
 tries. Of these, no fewer than 100 species are natives to the 
 country. The chief food-plants are sugar, coffee, cotton, 
 cocoa, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, manioc, beans, bananas, 
 ipecacuanha, ginger, yams, lemons, oranges, figs, &c.. the 
 two first, sugar and coffee, being the staple products of the 
 empire. The manioc is a native of Brazil, and its farina is 
 almost the only kind of meal used in that country. An 
 acre of manioc is said to yield as mxich nutriment as six 
 acres of wheat. The Indians find in this beiiutiful and 
 useful plant a compensation for the rice, and other cerealia 
 of the Old AVorld. But it is in the boundless forests of Bra- 
 zil that the vigor of the vegetative power is exhibited in 
 its most imposing form. No language, it has teen said, can 
 descrilje the glory of the Brazilian forests; the endless 
 variety of form, the contrast of color and size, the largest 
 trees bearing brilliant blossoms of every hue, and clothed 
 with a drapery of curious epiphytes and festoons of climbing 
 plants, while thousands, of a diameter of not less than 8 
 and 12 feet, stand so close together that it is inipospible (the 
 intervals being filled up with an undergrowth of plants; to 
 clear a passage between them. In contrast to these giants 
 of the forest stands the graceful palm, the delicate acacia, 
 and Kamboos. and grasses of 40 feet high. But it is not in 
 the plains alone that this gigantic vegetation i.« met with. 
 The sides of the mountains are also clotbed with trees of 
 enormous size, including the most beautiful specimens of 
 the palm and tree-fern. The cocoa-nut palm attaiTis a great 
 size on the sea shores ; and the curious IJertholettia or mon- 
 key-pot tree, the kernels of which are exported from Para 
 under the name of Brazil-nuts, is met with in many locali- 
 ties, but more especially in the N.'VV. parts of the empire. 
 A peculiar characteristic of Brazilian vegetation is the host 
 of species of myrtle-trees, which, though not of much use 
 economically, perfume the air with their exhalations. 
 Among the more valuable trees of the Brazilian forest.S'are 
 the .anda^igd, or Purga das Paulistas, (Anda Gonieni.) the 
 seeds of which yield a tasteless oil. more powerfully cathar- 
 tic than castor-oil; the cacao or chocolate-tree, the cae.salpina 
 echinata or Brazilwood-tree, used, under the name of Per- 
 nambuco wood, for dyeing silk of a crimson color; the rose- 
 wood-tree, the fustic, mahogany, and a variety of others 
 well adapted to the purposes of ship-building. The differ- 
 ent kinds of li)re.sts and woods in Brazil are distinguished 
 by the inhabitants by particular names. There are ths 
 Matos Virgens. or virgin forests, such as those which exist 
 on the Organ Mountains and along the whole Maritime Cor- 
 dillera; the Catingas. consisting generally of small and de- 
 ciduous trees; the Carrascos, close-growing shru>)S of about 
 3 or 4 feet high : and the Capiveira, such wooded tracts as 
 are formed by the .small trees and shrubs, which spring up 
 where virgiii forests have been cleared away. The t)eauty, 
 variety, and abundance of the flowers of this extraordinary 
 country are no less remarkable than any other of its vege- 
 table productions. 
 
 AnimaU. — The principal domestic animals of Brazil aie 
 horned cattle and horses ; the numbers of the former are 
 immense, covering the boundless plains of the interior. The 
 greatest part of them live in a wild state. Horses and mules 
 are numerous in the S. provinces. Sheep are in little re- 
 pute, the meat being ill-flavored, and the wool of indiffer- 
 ent quality. Goats and hogs are abundant. The woods of 
 Brazil swarm with rapacious animals, tiger-cats. hyena& 
 saratus, (a ferocious creature about the size of a fox,) 
 jaguars, sloths, porcupines. Ac. Wild hogs are also com- 
 mon, as well as an amphibious animal called the water- 
 hog or capybara, resembling a hog iu form, but of the size 
 of a heifer. Monkeys are likewise numerous ; and vam- 
 pyres are in some localities so destructive as to prevent the 
 rearing of cattle. Among the feathered tril>es are the 
 smallest, the humming-fiird. and one of the largest, the 
 emu and vulture. AVater-fowl, especially geese and ducks, 
 abound, in certain seasons, on the lakes and lagoons at the 
 S. extremity of Brazil. The reptiles consist of the Voa con- 
 strictor, the corral snake, the gurucucii, and the Jarar,^ 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 ( Bnthrnpf Kfiiwie/lii, Pplx,"> all Tenomous, and much dreaded 
 by the natives, especiallj* the last, which, when full ^rown. 
 Is usually about 6 feet lonp, and is nearly allied to the rat- 
 tlesnake genus. In the marshy countries of the S., the boa 
 3r pj'thon is said to attain a length of 48 feet: but, accord- 
 ing to Humboldt, the largest skins which have, as yet. been 
 brought to Europe, carefully measured, do not exceed from 
 21 to 23 feet. The insects of Hrazil are, many of them, re- 
 markable for the beauty of their colors and their size, espe- 
 cially the butterflies. Other descriptions are so numerous 
 In the woods that their noi.se is heard in a ship at anchor 
 some distance from the shore; while the white ants are so 
 numerous and destructive, th.at Humboldt says there is not 
 a manuscript in South America one hundred years old. The 
 ncorpions of Brazil attain a length of 6 inches. Most of the 
 bees of tliis country are stiugless. there being no fewer than 
 30 species of that description. The number of fish caught 
 in the Amazon and other rivers of the empire is very great, 
 constituting a principal part of the subsistence of the inha- 
 bitants, European settlers as well as Indians. 
 
 Commerce. — The principal articles of import are cottons, 
 trinkets, furniture, wax, candles, hats, dry fruits, and wine 
 fi-om France: glass, beer, linen, paper, i-c. from Holland; 
 the Rjime, with the addition of iron and brass utensils from 
 Germany and Bohemia; iron, copper uten.sils, sail-cloth, 
 cords, ropes, Ac. from Russia and Sweden ; wine, brandy, 
 fruits, &c. from I'ortugal, and wheat, tiour, biscuits, soap, 
 leather, Ac. from America. The exports consist of coffee, 
 sugar, cotton, hides, cabinet and dye woods, drugs, gums, 
 and diamonds. The value of cotton good.s, nearly all from 
 Britain, imported into Brazil between August 22, 1S46, and 
 March 22, 1848, was |J;V2,ii5(>.410. The total value of imports 
 in 1S45 was S:!2.381.519, and of exports |26,fi24,94l. The an- 
 nual imports from Great llritaiii are above $15.000,000., 
 and the exports to the .same quarter, considerably above 
 $r),noo.OOO. The annexed table shows the trade of Brazil 
 with the United States for three years ending 1853: — 
 Years. ImpnrU. Exports. 
 
 18.51 $J.75;).91« Sll,5'i.i..'W4 
 
 1S52 2, 782,179 lA2S(t,JM9 
 
 1853... S,7»4,l»0 U,Bn,»61 
 
 The totiil amount of coffee produced in Brazil in 1S20, 
 was 95.700 bags, 478,500 arroba.s, and 15,312.(X)0 Ibi.: in 
 1S5T the amount produced was 1.700,060 bags, 9,480,155 
 arrobas, and 303,550,960 lbs., having doubled every 5 yeai-s 
 up to 1840. since when the increase has been SO per cent. 
 The exports of colTee from Kio during 11 years ending with 
 1851. to the United !<tates. amounted to 6.671.093 bags; and 
 to Great Britain 8,115,652 bags; of which 631,903 bags to 
 the United States, and 599,642 bags to Great Britain, were 
 exported in 1851 alone. The custom-house duties for 1851 
 amounted to 14,000,tW0 niilreas, or about $11,600,000. The 
 number and tonnage of vessels that entei-ed and cleared from 
 the principal ports of Brazil in 1847, was— entered, 4072 
 vessels, (tonnage, 535,106:) cleared, vessels 3998, (tonnage, 
 589,159.) Very strenuous efforts have been recently made 
 by the Brazilian government to put down the slave trade. 
 In September, 1S50, a law was passed declaring it piracy; 
 several vessels have since been captured by Brazilian men- 
 of-war, and two have alresidy been declared good prizes. 
 According to a report of the Brazilian government, there 
 were 60,000 slaves imported from .\frica in 1848, and 54.000 
 in 1849; in 1851, the numlier had fallen to 32S7, of which 
 1006 were captui'ed by a Brazilian cruiser ; and, in 1852, only 
 one slave vessel landed on the coast of Brazil. 
 
 lieliijim, Gnvemmftit, etc — ^The established religion of 
 Brazil is Roman Catholic, although other religions are tole- 
 rated. The government of the empire is mon.archical, here- 
 ditary, constitutional, and representative. The legislative 
 power is in the General Assembly, which consists of two 
 chambers, the senate and chamber of deputies; the former 
 elected for life, and the latter for four years. The expendi- 
 ture for 1S49-50 was 2,680.217/., being less than the receipts. 
 The del't in 1S51 was stated at about §62,000,000, of which 
 $30,000,000 were in foreign lx>nds. During the year the 
 government issued notes to the amount of $20,000,000, 
 making its total liabilities $82,000,000, The military force 
 for 18.50-51. was fixed at 25.000 men of the line, besides 
 which there are t'O.OOO national guards, and each province 
 has a well eijuipped municipal guard or police force. The 
 navy, in 1850, comprised 40 vessels of all sizes; 3 fri- 
 gates. 7 corvettes, and 9 steamers; the remainder consist- 
 ing of brigs, schooners, Ac, manned in all by 3500 men. 
 Tlie steam force is annually on the increase. There are 
 two banks in the empire — -the Bank of Brazil, with a capital 
 of $10,000,000. and the Bank of Commerce, with a capital of 
 $6,000,000. 
 
 Literalure, Education, rf-c. — In every town, schools for 
 teaching the first rudiments are now to be found, to which 
 all citizens are .admitted free. There are two universities — 
 one in S.ao I'aulo. the other in Pernambuco; of which the 
 former is held in the liighest estimation. In all large towns 
 there are professorships of L.atin. Greek. English, French. 
 philoso])hy, rhetoric, geometry, chemistry, botany, &c., and 
 printing presses are now common throughout Brazil 
 
 Pt-npU. — The free population of Brazil consists of Euro- 
 peans, white persons bom in Brazil, or native Brazilians; 
 mulattoes: JIamalucoes. a mixed caste between whites .and 
 Indians; Indians in a domesticated state, called Caboclos; 
 Indians in a savage state, called Tajmyas : free negroes, boi u 
 in Brazil; manumitted Africans; Mestizoes, a mixed caste 
 between Indians and negroes. The slave population com- 
 prises Africans. Creole negroes, mulattoes. and Mestizoes. 
 The native Brazilians are an idle and inactive race, with few 
 wants, and fewer enjoyments. The mulattoes, the offspring 
 of Europeans and negroes, are Ingenious, and evince an 
 aptitude for the mechanical arts. The T.apuya.s, or native 
 Indians of Brazil, are of a copper color, robust, and well 
 made, but of short stature. They generally go n.aked. paint 
 their skins, and are fond of ornamentiug their heads with 
 feathers. To this r.ace belong the Botocudes or BotocudDcs, 
 a ferocious tribe, who inhabit the banks of the Bio Doce and 
 the Itelmonte. They are said to tie descendants of an anr'ient 
 people calletl the Aymores, who distinguished themselves by 
 their cruelty to the Portuguese. 
 
 Ifisiori/. — Brazil was discovered May 3, 1.500, by Vincente 
 Yanez Pinion, one of the companlona of Columbus, but was 
 subsequently taken possession of by Pedro Alvares Ca- 
 bral. Various towns now sprung up along the coast under 
 the auspices of the Portuguese government, but not with- 
 out much annoyance from the cupidity and jealousy, or 
 envy of other nations, especially the English. Dutch, and 
 Spaniards, who repeatedly attacked and destroyed thior 
 settlements. The I'ortuguese, however, still retained pos- 
 session of the country, which, notwithstanding these ca^ 
 lamities, continued to prosper. On the invasion of Portu- 
 gal, in 1808, by the French, the sovereign of that kingdom, 
 John VI,, sailed for Brazil, accompanied by his court and 
 a large body of emigrants. Soon after arriving there, he 
 began to improve the condition of the country by placing 
 the administration on a better footing, and throwing open 
 its ports to all nations. On the fall of Bonaparte, the king 
 raised Brazil to the rank of a kingdom, and assumed the 
 title of King of Portugal, Algarve, and Brazil. The revo- 
 lution which took place in Portugal. In 1820, compelling the 
 king to return to that country, he next year sailed for 
 Lisbon, leaving Pedro, liis eldest son and successor, as 
 lieutenant and regent. In the following year, 1822, Don 
 Pedro availing himself of a general wish on the part of 
 the I'razilians for an entire separation from the parent 
 country, declared Brazil to be a free and independent state, 
 and assumed hlm.«i'If the title of emperor. The king, after 
 some slight and Inefft'ctual attempts to re-establish the 
 former relations between I'ortugal and Brazil, acknow- 
 ledged the independence of the latter country In 1825. 
 Some years afterwards, a series of tumultuary proceinlings 
 ended in the abdication of Don I •idro. who left Brazil .\pril 
 7th, IS.'il, leaving his son. who was under age, as his sncces- 
 .sor. The rights of the latter were recognised and protected, 
 and a regency of three persons appointed by the chamber ol 
 deputies to conduct the government during his minority 
 In 1840, the young emperor was declared of age. being then 
 in his 15th year, and was crowned on July 18, 1841. 
 
 BItAZIL, a post-office of Saline co., Arkan.«as. 
 
 BRAZIL, a post-village of Clay oo., Indiana, on the Na- 
 tional Road, and on the Terre-Haute Railroad, 16 miles E. 
 of Terre-Haute. 
 
 BRAZITOS, bra-zee'toce, a locality of Mexico, in Chihuar 
 hua, one day's march, S. of El Pa.so. 
 
 BI!AZORf.\, bri-zo/re-,a, a county In the S.E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, contiiins about IS-^O 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos and Snn Ber- 
 nard rivers. The surface is nearly level, and the soil allu- 
 vial and sandy. A large part of the county is occupied by 
 prairies, which are mostly uncultivated. The soil of the 
 river bottoms is fertile, and is covered with forests of the 
 live oak, red cedar, Ac, which extend 2 or 3 miles back from 
 tlio stream. Capital. Brazoria. Pop. 7143, of whom 2033 
 were free, and 5110 slaves. 
 
 BRAZORIA, a post-village, capital of Brazoria co„ Texas, 
 on the western bank of Bi'azos River, about 30 miles from 
 its moxith, and 60 miles AV. by S. of Calveston. The river is 
 navigable for 150 miles during a large portion of the year. 
 Brazoria Is said to be stationary at present, the trade of the 
 river having been diverted to Columbia, which is 10 miles 
 above. 
 
 BR.\ZOS. brah'zos, a river of Texas, the largest that inter- 
 sects the state, excepting, perhap.'!, the Colorado. It rises in 
 the table-land of Bexar co., in the western part of the state, 
 and flows first eastward until it approaches the Upper Cross 
 Timbers of Cook county. Here it assumes a S.S.E. direction, 
 which it maintains In general for the remainder of its 
 course, and flows nearly parallel with the Trinity. After 
 passing by Waco, Washington, Richmond, and Columbia, it 
 empties into the Gulf of jfexico. about 40 miles S.W. of Gal- 
 veston. The whole length is estimated at more than 900 
 miles; the direct distance from its source to its mouth is 
 near 500. In the rainy season, from February to May 
 incJusive, it is navigable for steamlKjats to AVashington, 
 which is about 300 miles from its mouth, and at all seasons 
 
 275 
 
BEA 
 
 BRE 
 
 ?*i far fts Cclum'hia about 40 miles. In the lower half of its 
 com-wo it tio-vs throojjh an alluvial plain, which Is but little 
 elevated alx've the sea. The valley of the Brazos is occupied 
 by pl!vnt;ilions of cotton, Indian corn, and .sugar, and by 
 exttn.'ive forests of the live oak and red cedar. 
 
 BK.A.ZOS, a county in the eastern central part of Texas, 
 has an area of oSu .square miles. The Brazos Kiver, from 
 which the name is derived, forms its boundary or. *,he S.W., 
 and the Navasoto flows along the eastern border until it 
 enters the former river, at the southern extremity of the 
 county. The surface is .somewhat uneven, and the .soil gene- 
 rally fertile. Capital, Booneville. Pop. 2770, of whom 1713. 
 were free. 
 
 BKAZOS S.\NTTAGO, brah'zos san-te-ab'go. a post-villajre 
 and port of entry of Cameron co., Texas, on the G ulf of Mexi- 
 co, near Point Isabel, alx)ut .35 miles E.X.E. of Brownsville. 
 
 BRA7.Z.\., brdt'.si. {avc. Brat'Ua,) slu island of Dalmatia in 
 the Adriatic, 8 miles S. of Spalatro. Are;i. 170 square miles. 
 Pop. 15,495. Surface mountainous and rugged, producing 
 scarcely one-fourth of the corn consumed; but the island 
 is industriiiusly cultivated, and yields oil, figs, almonds. 
 Baffron. and the best wine in Dalmatia. Its kids' milk and 
 cheese are in repute, and it is famed for its honey. Piinci- 
 
 Eal villages, Milna and Neresi. The channel of Brazza 
 etween it and the mainland, is from 7 to 8 miles across, 
 and capable of affording .secure anchorage for shipping. 
 
 BUK.VD.\l/B.\NK, an extensive district of Scotland, com- 
 prising the western part of the co. of Perth. Although tr.i- 
 versed by the Grampians, it has good roads and bridges. 
 Copper is found at Aithra, .ind lead at Tyndrum. The 
 scenery of Loch Tay and other situations is highly pictur- 
 est|ue. Chief proprietor, the Marquis of Beadalbaue; resi- 
 dence. Taymouth Castle. 
 
 BHKAU'SALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BHEAFY, bree'fee or brA'fee, BKEAGinVEE, brA'wee, a 
 parish of Ireland, province of Connau'.;ht. co. of Mayo. 
 
 BKEAKABEEN, New York. See Brack.^bken". 
 
 BKE.VK'XECK, a post-office of Butler co.. Pennsylvaniti. 
 
 BREAKNECK HILL, in Putnam co.. New York, on the 
 eastern side of the Hudson, at the northern entrance to the 
 Highlands. It is 1187 feet high, and terminates iu the pro- 
 montory called St. Anthony's Nose. 
 
 BREAKSEA, (brik' see,) I.SLANDS, a small group of the 
 New Zealand Islands, on the south-western extremity of 
 New Munster, at the entrance of a narrow strait between I'a- 
 terson and Resolution Islands; lat.45° 35' S.; lon.lOC°40'E. 
 
 BREAKSEA SPIT, a reef of 18 or 19 miles in length, on 
 the eastern coast of Australia, stretching N. from Sandy 
 Cape. Its extreme N. point is in lat. 24° 24' S.; Ion. Ib.i'-' 
 18' E. 
 
 BRE.\L, bri'dl', a town of France, department of Ille-et- 
 et-Vilaine, 10 miles S.AV. of Kennes. Pop. of commune, 2200. 
 
 BREAOIOKE or BIIO'MERE, a parish of England, co. 
 of Hants. 
 . BRE.VNE. breen, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BREAN'S BRIDGE, a post-office of St. Martin's parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BREATHITT, brSth'it, a county in the eastern part of 
 Kentucky, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is 
 traversed by the North and Middle Forks of Kentucky 
 River, and drained also by Troublesome Creek. The sur- 
 lace is broken by high hills and fertile valleys, and mostly 
 covered with forests. Timber, stone coal, beeswax, and gin- 
 seng are the chief articles of export. Sandstone underlies 
 the county, which also contains extensive deposits of 
 iron-ore and stone-coal. Formed in 1839, and named in 
 hiinor of John Breathitt, late governor of Kentucky. Ca- 
 pital, Jackson. Pop. 4980, of wliom 4790 were free, and 
 190 slaves. 
 
 BREATHITT, a small village in the above county, on 
 the e.T5terii bank of Kentucky River. 
 
 BREAUTE. brA'S'tV, a town of France, department of 
 the Seine-Inferieure, 15 miles S'.E. of Havre. Pop. 1300. 
 
 BRECEY, )ireh-.s.V, a town of France, department of the 
 Manche. 27 miles S.W. of St. Lo. Pop. in 1852, 233S. 
 
 BRfiCIIE-DE-ROLAND, braish-dfh-roMa.N<=', a defile of the 
 Pyrenees, between France and Spain, about 11 miles S. 
 of Luz, forming a difficult passage, from 200 to 300 feet 
 wide, in a rocky wall from 300 to 600 feet high, surrounded 
 by the rocks called Tours de Marbore. at an elevation of 
 9500 feet above the .sea. Its name, signifying the '• breach 
 of Roland," is derived from a popular tradition that Roland 
 opened the breach by a blow of his sword. 
 
 BRECH-FFA, brjK'fd, or BRECHVA, brSk'vi, a parish of 
 Bouth Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 BRECHIN, brjK/in, a parliamentary borough and parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Forfar, on the S. of Esk, 7i miles W.N. W. 
 of Montrose, with which it communicates by a branch of 
 the Northern Railway. Pop, 5903. It stands on an abrupt 
 declivity, and some of its streets are very steep; but it is 
 well built It was anciently created into an episcopal see 
 by David I., in U50. Its cathedral, founded in the twelfth 
 century, has a spire 128 feet in height, and now serves as 
 the parish church; attached to it is a remarkable round 
 tower, similar to those of IieUnd, 103 feet iu height. The 
 276 
 
 other edifices consist of various chapels, the- town-house, 
 the public schools, and some remains of an ancient hospl- 
 tiil. From 1000 to 1500 hands are estimated to be engaged 
 in the manufactures of linens and sail-cloth, and in spin- 
 ning and bleaching, also in distilleries and brewing. Brechin 
 unites with MontTOse in sending one member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 BRECHT, br^Kt, a commune and town of Belgium, 14 
 miles N.E. of .\ntwerp. I'op. 3126. who are chiefly engaged 
 in woollen manufactures and iron-works. 
 
 BRECK'ENRIDGE, a county in the north-western part 
 of Kentucky, bordering on Indiana, has an area of about 
 450 square miles. The Ohio River forms its boundary on 
 the N.W. and Rough Creek on the S.; it is also drained by 
 Clover and Sinking Creeks. The surface consists of rolling 
 uplands: the soil, having a basis of red cl.ay and limestone, 
 is fertile and well watered. Siiiking Creek, which is a valu- 
 able mill-stream, suddenly sinks beneath the earth a few 
 miles from its source, and shows no trace of its existence 
 for 6 or 6 miles, when it returns to the surface and flows 
 into the Ohio. Near the creek is Penitentiary Cave, which 
 is said to contain apartments of great dimensions, but has 
 not been fully explored. Formed in 1799, and named in 
 honor of John Breckenridge, a statesman of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Hardinsburg. Pop. 13,236, of whom 10,896 were 
 free, and 2340 slaves. 
 
 BRECKKRFELD, brfk'ker-f?lt\ a town of Prussia, West- 
 phalia, 141^ miles E. of Elberfeld, with paper nianufactories 
 and powder-mills. Pop. 1320. 
 
 BRECKLES. lirSk'l'z. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRECK'NOCK, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 844. 
 
 BRECK'NOCK, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1488. 
 
 BRECKNOCKSHIRE. See Brecox. 
 
 BREOK'VILLK. a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky. 
 
 BRECKS' VILLE, a township of Cuyahoga co^, Ohio. Pop. 
 1024. 
 
 BRECON, BRECK/NOCK, or BRECK'NOCKSHIRE, an 
 inland co. of South Wales, enclosed by the counties of 
 Cardigan, Radnor. Carmarthen, Glamorgan. Monmouth, and 
 Hereford. Area. 51 2.000 aci-es, of which about 232.(i00 are cul- 
 tivated. Pop. in 1861, 61.474. The surface is mostly moun- 
 tainous ; the Brecknock Beacon (the loftiest summit in South 
 Wales) is 2862 feet, and Cradle Mountain, 2545 feet above the 
 sea. 'The AVye forms all the northern boundary; the other 
 rivers, the IL'sk and itsaffluent.s, water m.anj' small but fertile 
 valleys. Agriculture is mostly in abackward state. The prin- 
 cipal products areoats. bailey, wheat, wool, butter, cheepe. and 
 cattle, which are mostly sent to the neighlioring English fairs 
 and markets. The breed of sheep is small, but of excellent 
 quality. The county yields copper, lead. iron. coal, and lime- 
 stone; and on its southernmost border are some large iron 
 works. Principal towns. Brecon, Crickhowell. and Rnilth. 
 Brecknock is divided into six hundreds, and 71 parishes, 
 mostly in the diocese of St. David'.s. It sends 2 members to the 
 Hou.se of Commons. 1 for the county, and 1 for the b<jrough 
 of Brecon. The Welsh language is now mostly disused, ex- 
 cept in the northern and eastern p.irts of the county. 
 
 BRE'CON, BRECK'NOCK. or AlVER-HON'DEY. a parlifi- 
 mentary and municipal borough and town of South Wales, 
 capital of the county of Brecon, on the L'sk. at the influx 
 of the Honddu andTarrell. 14 miles S. of Builth. Pop. of 
 parliamentary borough, (consisting of 3 parishes, 2 extra- 
 parochial districts, and Trecastle ward, 10 miles distant.) in 
 1851, 6070. It has a most picturesque site and many well- 
 built houses ; chief structures, one bridge over the Vsk, and 
 three others across the Honddu, St. .Tohn's Church, a colle- 
 giate church founded by Henry A'lII., the old castle, and 
 an ai-senal. It has a collegiate school, an academy for inde- 
 pendent ministers, alms-houses, other charities, coal and 
 lime wharfs, and a brisk general trade, but no manufactories 
 of importance. Its public ))romenades are noted for their 
 beauty : its ancient walls w^re demolished by the inhabit- 
 ants during the last civil w.ir. Brecon communicates with 
 the Moimiouth Canal by the Brecknock and Abergavenny 
 Canal. 35 miles in length, and by a railway with Merthyr 
 Tydvil, 14 miles S. It is the seat of the county assizes, 
 quarter sessions .and petty sessions, and the place of parlia- 
 mentary election for the county. It sends one member to 
 the House of Commons since the reign of Henry VIII. The 
 renowned actress, 5Irs. Siddons. was bom here in 1755. 
 
 BREDA, brd-dj', a strongly fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Brabant, in a wide marsh, on the Jlerk, 
 24 miles W.S.W. of Bcis-le-Duc. Pop. in 1863, 1 5,-380. Its 
 defences are capable of being increased, by flooding the sur- 
 rounding country. The town is regularly and well built, 
 and has ramparts planted with trees. Principal edifices, the 
 Citadel, rebuilt by William HI. of England, town-hall, 
 courthouse, arsenal. 4 Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant 
 churches, the principal of which latter is surmounted by 
 a spire 362 feet in height, and contains the tomb of (lonnt 
 Engelbert of Nassau, a general under Charles V. Breda 
 has a magnetic observatory, and is the seat of a commercial 
 tribunal; it b.as a Latin school, manufactories of wocUvti 
 
BRE 
 
 BRE 
 
 and linen fabrics, and musical instruments. It was taken 
 by Prince Maurice of Jvassau in 1590, by the Spaniards 
 under 8pinola in 1625, and by the French in 1793; and is 
 celebrated lor the association of nobles formed in 1506, under 
 the name of " the Compromise of Breda," and for the Con- 
 gress of 1 667 and 1746. 
 
 UKKD'BUliY, a township of Kngland, co. of Chester. 
 
 liUKDK, breed, a parish of Enjrland. co. of Sussex. 
 
 Bl! HDnvNBURY or BKia)ENBUKY, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Ilerefurd. 
 
 BHKDKVOORT, br.Vd?h-voRf,a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Geldei'land. on the Bredevoorter Aa, in a marshy 
 district. 30 miles S.K. of Arnhem. Pop. 900. 
 
 BI!KD'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 Bl! i;i)'( i A K, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BKIvIi'llUltST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 Bit KD'K OT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BliK'DilX, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BRECON, br^'h-dcjji"', a village of France, department 
 Cantjil, in a valley remarkable for its fine waterfalls, li 
 miles S.\\'. of M urat. I'op. of commune, 2-100. 
 
 BlilODSTEBT, brjt'stjtt, a village of Denmark, duchy of 
 Sleswick. near the North Sea. and 24 miles W.S.W. of 
 Flensl>org. Pop. of vilLige, ISOO; of district, 10.900. 
 
 BKEB'WARUINE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BKE'DY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BRKOY, LUNG, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BUEE, bri, a town of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 
 csapital of canton. IS miles W. of Ruremonde. Pop. 1610. 
 
 BRI'lUDK, bri'deh or breed, a river of South Africa, Cape 
 Colony, districts of Worcester and Zwellendam, rises in the 
 M'arm-Bokkeveld, a mountain basin about lat. 33° 10' S., 
 and Ion. ly"30'E., flows at first N.W., breaks through the 
 mountains at Mostert and Hock Pass, and, after a course 
 mostly south-eastward, enters the sea at I'ort Beaufort. It 
 is the deepest and one of the largest rivers of the colony ; 
 but its navigation is impeded by a bar at its mouth, with 
 only 13 feet water at low, and 19 feet at high spring tide. 
 Its affluents are the IIe.\ and Zondereinde; the towns of 
 Worcester and Zwellendam are near its banks. 
 
 BREKIVINGS, a post-ofBce of .\dair co., Kentucky. 
 
 BREHyDON-ON-TllE-IIILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 BREEDS'VILLE, a post-ofHee of Van Buren co.. Michigan. 
 
 BRKKSK, a village in the western part of Allegau co., 
 Michigan, on an expansion of the Kalamazoo River. 
 
 BRKKSE. a post-village of Greene CO., Illinois, 60 miles 
 S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 BREI'lSJ-yviLLE, a village in the south-western part of 
 Jackson co., Illinois, on the Mississippi River. 
 
 BREGAOLIA, VAL, Switzerland. See Val BreqagU-C 
 
 BKEGANgON, brfh-gft.Ni'sA.N"', a small fortified islet of 
 France, department of Var, 20 miles E. of Toulon in the 
 Bay of lly^res. 
 
 BRKGKNZ, or BRIMENTZ, bri'ghjnts, (anc. nriffnn'lium 
 or Bn'gim'tia,) a frontier town of Austria, Tyrol, capital of 
 circle of Vorarlberg, at the eastern extremity of the l-ake of 
 Constance, between the Swiss and Bavarian territories, 80 
 miles W.N.W. of Innsprllck. Pop. 4000. It has some cotton 
 manufactories, with an active transit trade; it exports a 
 large number of ready-made wooden houses for the Alpine 
 districts of Switzerland, and vine-poles for the vineyards on 
 the lake. 
 
 BRKG'ENZ, a post-office of Chocfcvw co.. Alabama. 
 
 BREGLIO, brAl'yo, a town of S.ii-dinia. 20 miles N.E. of 
 Nice, on the Koia, Pop., with commune, 2476. Near it 
 are the ruins of Brivella Castle. 
 
 BRKII.\L, briMl', a town of France, department of the 
 Manche. and 12 miles S.S.W. of Coutances. Pop. 1600. 
 
 BREMIAR or BRY'IIER, one of the Scilly Islands, co. 
 of Cornwall. England, 30 miles W. of Land's End. The 
 length is about Ij miles, and the breadth half a mile. It is 
 mountainous, and has some Druidical remains.' I'op. about 
 2500, chiefly engaged in fishing. 
 
 BRFUIAT, bri^d', a small island of France, in the English 
 Channel. otT the coast of Britanny, department of the Cotes- 
 du-N'ord. 4 miles N. of Paimpol. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 1559. It is .alwut 3 miles long and 2 miles broad, and is se- 
 parated from the mainland by a channel 1 mile broad. It 
 has a lighthouse, and is defended by 12 small batteries. 
 
 BREIIN.\, brA/nd, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony, 
 12 miles N.K. of Halle. Pop. 1033. 
 
 BREIGHT'.MET, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 BREIN'IGSVILLE, a postK)fflce of Lehigh co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BUEIX'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BREISACH, bri'zdK, NEW, (Fr. Muf Brisach, ncf bree'- 
 zdk'.) a frontier town of France, department of the Haut- 
 Rhin, near the left bank of the Rhine, 8 miles S.E. of 
 Colmar. Pop. I742. It is regularly built, and was strongly 
 fortified by Vauban. 
 
 BUKIS.iCH, OLD, (Fr. Brisach. bree'zJk'; Ger. JU Brei- 
 tacli, a'.t bri-zdK',) a fortified town of Germany, duchy of 
 Badea, en the right bank of the Rhine, immediately oppo- 
 tite the foregoing. Pop. 3100. It has a handsome cathedral. 
 
 a college, and some transit trade. It was formerly fortlPeA. 
 but dismantled in 1041. 
 
 BREISGAU, brice/gOw, an old division of Germany, in 
 the S.W. of Swabia. Chief towns. Freiburg, Old Bnisach, 
 and Liiufenburg. It was long held by the Counts of Hrii- 
 sach, and was afterwards united to the dominions of Austria 
 It was ceded in 1806 chiefly to Baden, with a sniall portion 
 to Switzerland and WUrteml erg. 
 
 BREISIG, NIEDER, nee'dfr brl'ziG, a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, circle, and 18 miles N.W. of Coblentz, on the left 
 bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1150. 
 
 BREISIG, OBER, oOier bri'zio, a village in the same circle 
 with the above. Pop. WIO. 
 
 BREITENBACH, brT'ten-bSK\ a town of CentnHl Oer 
 many, principality of .'Jchwarzliurg-Sondersliausen, 23 miles 
 N. of Coburg. Pop. 2100, engaged in manufactures of poi^ 
 celaine. wooden wares, and musical instruments. 
 
 BREITENBACH, a village of llesse-Cassel, circle of Zie- 
 genhain. 
 
 BREITENBACH, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 14j miles N. of Soleure. 
 
 BRIETENBACH, a village of France, department of the 
 Bas-Rhin, arrondissement of Schelestxidt, canton of Ville. 
 Pop. of commune. 1595. 
 
 BREITENBURG, bri'ten-b8finG\ a village and lordship of 
 Denmark, 30 miles N.W. of Hamburg, and formerly a place 
 of great strength. 
 
 BREITENFELD, brI'ten-f(Mt\ a village of Saxony, 4 miles 
 N. of Leipsic, remarkable for two battles gained by the 
 Swedes during the Thirty Y'ears' War; the one, September 
 7th, 1631; the other, November 2d, 1642. The King of 
 Sweden had his head-fjuarters here on the 17th October, 
 1813. A monument was erected on the battle-field in ISol. 
 
 BREJO. brA'zh(\. a town of Brazil, in the province of Ma- 
 ranhao, capital of a comarca of the same name, near the left 
 bank of the river. 210 miles S.W. of the city of Maranhuo. 
 (Silo Luiz.) Pop. 3000. 
 
 BRIXLINGTON. See BWDLiNOTOrr. 
 
 BREMBIO, br&m'beeV, a village of Northern Italy, 9 
 miles S.E. by S. of Lodi, on the Bremblolo. Pop. 2746. 
 
 BREMBO, lir^m'l»o, a river of Northern Italy, rises in a 
 series of small lakes on the mountain-ridge separating the 
 province of Bergamo from the Valteline, and after a southern 
 course of altout 40 miles, joins the Adda on the right. 
 
 BREMEN,brJm'en, (Ger. pron. brA/men. Fr. J?reHi<'. braim, 
 or brJm, L. Bntfma.) one of the four free cities of (ier- 
 many, on both banks of the Weser, 59 miles S.W. of Ham- 
 burg. Lat. (of observatory) 53° 4' 3fi" N., Ion. 8° 48' 54" E 
 Pop. in 1S62. 67,217, nearly all Protestants. The city 
 is divided by the river into the old town on the right, and 
 the new town on the left bank. In the foi-mer. the streets 
 are narrow and crooked, and the houses are decorated in the 
 style of the Middle Ages; while in the latter, the streets are 
 more regular, and the houses modern in style. The river 
 is cross«»d by an old and a new bridge; the quays are exten- 
 sive, and the ramparts form agreeable promenades. The 
 principal buildings are St. J'eter"s Church, or the Dom Kirclie, 
 the Church of St. Ansgarius, remarkable for its spire, vip- 
 wards of 300 feet in height, a town-hall, a fine old Gothic 
 building which has lieen recently restored ; the Observatory 
 of Olbers. a museum, with a libr.ary of 25.000 volumes, a 
 gymnasium, school of commerce and navigation, a school of 
 design, and a public library of 20.000 volumes. Bremen hag 
 an extensive foreign trade, especially with North Ameri<'a, 
 and Is tho great emporium of Brunswick, Hesse, and Ha- 
 nover. The shipping of Bremen has more than doubled 
 within the last 20 years, and is still on tlie increase, but 
 owing to the sanding up of the river, large ships cannot 
 reach its harbor, and Bremerhafen was built at the mouth 
 of the Weser for their accommodatitm. In 1843, it had 10 
 ships of 13.646 tons more than Hamburg. Bremen is the 
 principal German port for the shipment of emigrants for 
 America. In 18-14, 19.145 embarked from it in 146 vessels, 
 of which 111 belonged to Bremen. In 1845, steamboats be- 
 gan to ply between Bremen and Hull; it has also regular 
 steam communication with Bremerhafen and Oldenburg. 
 In 1848, Bremen had 346 vessels of 73.089 tons. Principal 
 imports, tobacco, coffee, sugar, and other colonial pio- 
 ducts, oil, iron, tin, wines, rice, tea, cqtton manufactures, 
 timber, hemp. Chief exports, linen and woollen goods, 
 grain, oak bark, glass, smelts, and provisions. The imports 
 were 287,480 tons, value 4,302,841?. The exports 135,5(0 
 tons, value 3,537,179i. The chief industry of Bremen con- 
 sists in ship-building, and manufactures of woollens and 
 cottons, paper, starch, colors, chiccory, and cigars: it has 
 also extensive sugar refineries, beer breweries, and 
 brandy distilleries. A railway connects Bremen with 
 Hanover, and thence with East, North, and Central Gei^ 
 many on the one hand, and with Western Germany, Bel- 
 gium, and France on the c ther. 
 
 Bremen was founded, oi at any rate first ro.se into note, 
 about the year 787 or 788. when it was made the seat of a 
 bishopric by Charlemagne; subsequently elevated to the 
 dignity of an archlishopric. which, at the treaty cf West- 
 phalia, in 1648, was secularized in favor of Sweden. After 
 
 277' 
 
BRE 
 
 various political changes, the city was taken by the French 
 In I8O0. and. ItDUi ISIO lo 1813, it was the capital of the de- 
 partment of the moutbii of the Weser. In 1815, it was re- 
 stored to its old franchises by the Congress of Vienna. 
 Bremen holds the third rank among the free cities of the 
 Germanic Confederacy, and with them the seventeenth in 
 the Biet. It if the birthplace of Olbers, the astronomer, and 
 of lleeren. the historian. 
 
 The territory of the free city of Bremen, extending on 
 both sides of the river, comprises a space of 112 square 
 miles, with a population of 98,576, and has, besides the city, 
 tlie town of Urenierhafen, 2 market-towns, 12 parishes, and 
 58 villages. 
 
 BKE'JIEN, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, on the 
 W. side of Broad Bay Sound, 35 miles S S.E. of Augusta. 
 Museongus Cove, into which empties a mill-.streani, affords 
 good ship anchorage, and is much frequented. About 100 
 vessels are owned here, and are chiefly employed in the cod 
 and mackerel lisheries, but some in the West India and 
 coastwise trade. Pop. 907. 
 
 BREMEN, a post-office of Mulilenburg CO.. Kentucky. 
 
 BIIEMKN, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio. 49 miles 
 S.E. of Columbus, and about 10 miles E. of Lancaster. 
 
 BREMEN, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana. 
 
 BREMEN, a post-village and township of Cook CO., Illi- 
 nois, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Cliicam. Pop. 790. 
 
 BREMEN, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, on the 
 Mississippi River, 4 miles above St. Louis. 
 
 BREMEN, DUCHY OF, (Ger. Herzogtlmm-Bremen, hinV- 
 sAG-toom-bri'men.) an old duchy of Germany, in the circle 
 of fyower Sa.xo'ny; it was first a bishopric, and then an 
 archhishopric. afterwards secularized and ceded to Sweden 
 in 11548. In 1719, it was sold to the Duke of Brunswick. 
 Chief towns, Verden and Stado. The town of Bremen was 
 not comprised in it; it now belongs to Hanover, and forms 
 part of the landdrostei of Stade. 
 
 BRE'MER, a new county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 4;30 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Cedar, Wapsipinicon. and English Rivers, which flow in a 
 south-easterly direction. The county is Siiid to contain 
 good land, well supplied with water and timber; the cli- 
 mate is healthy. This county is not included in the census 
 ol 1850. Named in honor of Frederica Bremer, the Swedish 
 authoress. Capital, Waverly. Pop. 4915. 
 
 BREMERHAFEN, bnVmer-hdY^n, a town of Germany, 
 belonging to the republic, and 34 miles N.N.W. of the city 
 of Bremen, in the Hanoverian territory, on the right bank 
 of the estuary of the Weser, at the mouth of the Geeste. 
 Pop. in 1842, i380. This thriving port, built by Bremen in 
 1831), for the accommodation of large vessels connected with 
 its trade, is occupied by a Hanoverian garrison, and guarded 
 by the ILinoverian fort, Wilhelm, recently constructed on 
 the opposite side of the river. It consists of an outer har- 
 Itor, a sluiced dock, and an inner harbor. The difference 
 between the lowest ebb and the highest tlood is 26 feet, but 
 the average rise does not exceed 10 feet. 
 
 BREMERLEHE, briUmer-lA'fh, a town of Hanover, 36 
 miles W.S.W. of Stade. Pop. 1545. 
 
 BRE.MERVORDE, brd'mfr-foRMeh, a village of Hanover, 
 on the Oste, 30 miles N.N.E. of Bremen. Pop. 2481. It has 
 extensive distilleries, paper and leather manufactories, and 
 an active commerce, being connected by canals with the 
 Elbe at Stade. and the Weser near Bremen. 
 
 BREMGARTEX, brSm'g^R'ten, a town of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 2 miles N. of Bern, on the Aar, with a castle 
 and some Roman antii^uities. 
 
 BREMOARTEN, a town of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 
 on the Reuss, 14$ miles E.S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1000. Louis 
 Philippe lived here iu retirement during the French Kevo- 
 lutiun. till 1795. 
 
 BREMGARTEX. a vUlage of Baden, 12 miles S.W. of 
 Freiburg. Pop. 661. 
 
 BRE.M'HILL. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. The Rev. 
 W. L. Bowles, the poet, was incumbent of this parish. 
 
 BRE/.MILHA.M or COURTCH, a parish of England, co.Wilts. 
 
 BREXCH'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BREXDITZ, br^n'dits, a village of Moravia. 2 miles 
 N.N.W. of Znaym. This was the head-quarters of the Arch- 
 duke Charles during the Biittle of Znaym, in 1809. Porce- 
 lain clay is exported from its vicinity for the imperial manu- 
 factory of Vienna. 
 
 BRENDOLA, br^n'do-U. a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice, 6 miles S.W. of Vieenza. Pop. 3319. 
 
 BREX'DOX. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BREXEAO (br^n-niy) RIVER, of Oregon, falls into Lewis' 
 River near 43° 30' N. lat.. and llo'- 30' W. Ion. 
 
 BREXETS, Lrs, li-brgh'n.V, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 12 miles W.N.W. of Ne ufchatel, on the right bank 
 of the Doubs, which here forms a tine cascade, 85 feet in 
 height, and turns numerous mills. Pop. 14(0, who manu- 
 facture watches, optical instrumeuts, lace, and hardwares. 
 
 BREXG. See Blre.no. 
 
 BREX'HAM, a post-vill!»ge. capital of Washington co., 
 Texas. 100 niles E. of Austin City, and 2o miles S.W. of the 
 Brazos River at Wasbiugtou, it is surrounded by a beautiful 
 278 
 
 BRE 
 
 and fertile country, in which much improvement has been 
 made. J'op. 9A). 
 
 BRENKELEN, br^n'ki-len. a village of Holland, 8 miles 
 N. by AV. of Utrecht, on the Vecht. Pop. 1500. 
 
 BRENN, brSnn, a populous village of Western Africa, on 
 the Senegal, about 50 miles above its embouchure. 
 
 BRENNE, brSnn, a river of France, department of 
 COte-d-Or, joins the Armancon on the right near St. Remy. 
 
 BRENNE, LA, Id-br^nn, an old district of France, in the 
 provinces of Touraine and Berry. The name is still pro- 
 served in the mar.shy district, between Chateauroux and Le 
 Blanc, department of Indre. 
 
 BRENNER, brjn'ner, a mountain of Austria, one of tha 
 culminating points of the Tyrol, between the Inn, the Aicha, 
 and the Adige; elevation b788 teet. The route from Inn- 
 spriick to Brixen traverses this mountain, at an elevation 
 of 4650 feet. 
 
 BRENO, brA/no. a town of Lombardy, 35 miles N.E. of 
 Bergamo, on the Oglio. In its vicinity are extensive stalao 
 tite grottos. Pop. 2466. 
 
 BRENT, brJnt. a river of England, cos. of Herts and Mid- 
 dlesex, after a tortuous course enters the Thames at Brent- 
 ford, crossed by a railway viaduct. 
 
 BRENT, a river of England, co. of Somerset, rising in Sher- 
 wood Forest, enters the ISristol Channel near Bridgewater. 
 
 BRENT, East, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. On 
 the lofty hill called Brent-Knoll, in this parish, are traces of 
 a Roman camp. 
 
 BRENT, Eleigh, (ee'lee,) a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk 
 
 BREXT, SotTTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BRENT, South, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BRENTA, br^n'td. (anc. Medalacus or Medit>acus Mafjor,) n 
 navigable river w hich rises in the Tyrol, and traverses Lom- 
 bardy. p-issing Bassauo ; it ftnjds the Canal of Breiitelle. w hich 
 joins the Bacchiglione W. of Padua. At Dolo, it supplies the 
 Brenta Morta Canal of Brenta, called, in its lower course, 
 Brenta Magra; the rest of the Wiiters of the Brenta, under 
 the name of Brenta Nova Or Brentone, join the Bacchiglione; 
 and several canals, among which is the Brenta-Novis.'iima, 
 leave the Canal of Brenta near Mira, and joining the river of 
 .same name near Brondolo. it enters the Adiiatic at Porto di 
 Brondolo : entire length, 90 miles. 
 
 BRENT'FORD, a market-town of England, and the nominal 
 capital of the co. of Middlesex, on the Thames, here crossed 
 by a bridge leading to Kew, and on the Great Western Road, 
 li miles W. of London. The river Brent, 85 miles W. of St. 
 PauVs, also crossed by a bridge, divides the town into Old 
 and New Brentford. Pop. of the former, 5058. Pop. of tha 
 latt«r, in 1851. 2063. The town consists of a long street, 
 paved, and indifferently built, and it is frequently, as sung 
 by Thompson, " a town of mud." It has 2 well-endowed 
 charity schools and a union workhouse, and is lighted with 
 gas. Its trade is facilitated by the Grand Junction Canal, 
 which joins the Brent near Uanwell. Brentford, though 
 usually considered the county town, has nothing to distin- 
 guish it as such, except its being the place of election of the 
 members of parliament for the county, the magisterial busi- 
 ness of Middlesex being conducted at Clerkenwell. 
 
 BREX'TINGBY. a parish of England. See Wtforddy. 
 
 BREN/TON BAY. an inlet on the N. coast of Melville 
 Island, Australia, between Smoky Point and Point Byng. 
 It abounds with turtle. 
 
 BREXTONICO, brin-to-ne'-ko. a parish and village of 
 Austria, Tyrol, 6^ miles S.W. of Roveredo, on the N. slope 
 of Monte Baldo, with quarries of fine marble. Pop. 1447. 
 
 BREX'TOXVILLE, a village of Owen co., Indiana, 18 
 miles N.W. of Bloomington. 
 
 BRENTS'VILLE, a post-village, capital of Prince William 
 CO., Virginia, on the Occoquan Creek, 104 miles N. of Rich- 
 mond: it contains 1 church and a few stores. 
 
 BRENTS'VILLE, a village of Owen co., Indiana, near the 
 White River, about 50 miles S.W. of liidianapolis. 
 
 BREXT-TOR, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 4 miles 
 N.N.W. of Tavistock. It has mines of manganese, and de- 
 rives its name from the •' Tor," a lofty spur of the Dartmoor 
 Hills, on which is its church, and w hich, though far inland, 
 serves as a conspicuous landmark for mariners. 
 
 BRENT'WOOD, a chapelry, formerly a market-town of 
 England, co. of Essex, parish of South Weald, on the Eastern 
 Union Railway, 17 miles E.N.E.of London. Area, 730 acres. 
 Pop. in 1851, 2205. It has an old Gothic chape!, a free 
 grammar school, founded in 1637, an almshouse, and a 
 building in which assizes were formerly held. 
 
 BRENT'AVOOD, a post-town.ship of Rockingham CO., New 
 Hampshire, 30 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 887. 
 
 BRENZ, brJnts, a town of WUrtemberg, 10 miles S.E. of 
 Ileidenheim, on the Brenz. Pop. 830. 
 
 BREN'ZETT, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BREREHURST, breer'hftrst, a hamlet ct England, co of 
 Stafford, parish of Wolstauton, 2 miles N.N.E. of Newcastle 
 under-Lyne. Pop. 1518. 
 
 BRERETOX, breer'tpn. a parish of Engl.ind, co of Chester 
 
 BRESCA. brJs'kd. a village of IPvrui. on the S. coast of 
 the island of Veglia, iu the Adriatic. Pop. 2500. 
 
BRE 
 
 BRE 
 
 nnE'CELTA, brA-shJlla, or BREGELLA, br.VjJllJ, (anc. 
 Brixi'lllam.) a walled town of Northern Italy, Motlena. gov- 
 ernment of, and 18 miles N.W. of Itecprio, on the right bank 
 of the I'o. Pop. 200i). Recently fortified. 
 
 liRKSClA, brjsh'e-a or bri^sh'd, (anc. BriVta,) a city of 
 Italy. rx)mbardy, capital of the province, 60 miles K.N.K. 
 of Milan, on the Garza and on the railway from Milan 
 to Vcjiice; elevation 612 feot. I'op. a4,9ao, exclusive of its 
 suliiirlis. Sun Naz.'iro, Sant' Allesandro. Sant' Eufeniia, 
 and Fiumcelhj. It is handsome, flourishinfr, and enclosed 
 by ramparts, now dismantled. Principal buildinprs. the New 
 Cathedral, entirely of marble, begun in 1604, the Old Cathe- 
 dral, and a baptistery, both constructed during the Lombard 
 dynasty, numerous churcjies, richly adorned with works of 
 art, the episcopal palace, hall of justice, on the site of an an- 
 cient temple, a large theatre, the liroletto, or old palace of 
 the republic, several good private palaces, numerous foun- 
 tains, and many remains of antiquity. In a Roman edifice, 
 exciivated in 1822, a tine museum of anti(iuities has been 
 deposited. It has a public liVirary with a collection of rare 
 AIS8., a college, high school, athenaeum, and many endowed 
 charitaf'le establishments. The arms.and cutlery made here 
 have long lieen considered the best in Italy. Brescia has 
 aLso nianufiictures of silk, woollen, and linen fabrics, paper, 
 and leather. Near it are large iron works and oil mills ; and 
 Its wine enjoys repute. A large fair is held here annually. 
 
 Brescia was the seat of a school of painting of great merit, 
 to which many eminent artists belonged, including Ales- 
 sandro Bonvidno. The city is of great anticiuity. having 
 been the chief town of the Cenonianl. a Gallic tribe, who 
 were subsequently conquered by the Romans, when it be- 
 came (but at what period is unknown) a Roman colony, and 
 afterwards a niunicipium. In the year 412, it was burnt by 
 the (ioths, and was soon after destroyed by Attila; but was 
 rebuilt about the year 452. In 93(i, Otho I., of Saxony, de- 
 clared it a free city, and it so remained for noai"ly three cen- 
 turies, when it fell a prey to the factiims of the Guelphs 
 and (ihibelilnes, and ultimately put itself under the protec- 
 tion of Venice. In 1790, it was taken by the French, and 
 was assigned to Austria by the General Treaty concluded at 
 Vienna on June 9, 1S15. In 1849, it was involved in the 
 commotions by whicli so large a portion of Continental 
 Europe was disturbed in that year: its streets were liarri- 
 caded. but the city was eventu.ally carried at the point of 
 the bayonet by the Austrians, under General llaynau. 
 Bresiaa is the see of a bishop, suffragan to the Archbishop 
 of Milan. Pop. in 1862, 40,499. 
 
 BRKSCOU, brJs^koo', {v^nc. Bla^con.'') a small island of 
 France, department of Herault, near the coast, with a port, 
 and a small fort constructed in 1589, lo miles W.S.W. of 
 Cette. Pop. 20. 
 
 BKK8K1;nS brLs^kens, or BRESJES, brSs'yJs, a village 
 of lloll.iiid. province of Zealand, 5i miles §. of Middelburg, 
 on the West Scheldt. Pop. C'iO. 
 
 BRESLAU, br^s'law or \)rh^\6\v,{l,.BratisMma,) written 
 also BRESLAW, the third city of the Prussian dominions, 
 sapital of the province of Silesia, on the Oder, at the influx of 
 theOhlau. and on the railway from Berlin to Vienna,190 miles 
 S.E. of Berlin. Lat. (of observatory) 51° 6' 57" N.; Ion. 17° 
 2'33"E. Elevation, 409 feet above the Baltic. Pop. in 1861, 
 138,651, of whom nearly three-fourths are Protestants. In 
 1811. the population wa,s 63,237. It is divided by the Oder into 
 the tild and new town, surrounded by planted walks, and 5 
 suburbs, the whole united by numerous bridges. It has 
 many fine squares, and good public edifices; the latter com- 
 prise the Ciithedral, founded in the twelfth century, St. 
 Elizabeth's Church, with a spire 364 feet in elevation, seve- 
 ral other churches richly ornamented, the old town-house, 
 built in the fourteenth century, the governors house, arch- 
 bishop's palace, mint, exchange, barracks, and university 
 buildings. In one of the squares is a colo.ssal bronze statue 
 of BlUcher. The university, transferred hither from Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Oder in 1811, has a public library of 250,000 
 printed Tolumes, and 2.'500 manuscripts; and about 700 stu- 
 dents. Breslau has 3 other libraries, 4 gymnasia, (3 Pro- 
 testant and 1 Catholic,) an astronomical and a magnetic ob- 
 servatory and botanic garden, schools of indu.stry, surgery, 
 architecture, arts, a Roman Catholic and 3 Protestant col- 
 leges, numerous inferior schools and charitable establish- 
 ments. Breslau is the seat of courts for the province and 
 regency, and has a royal mint and bank, with a royal office 
 for mining productions. It is the great emporium for the 
 linens of Silesia, for which it has 4 annual fairs of 8 days 
 each, and the greatest mart for wool in Germany. It has 
 manufactures of linen, woollen, cotton, and silk fabrics, 
 lace, needles, plate, jewelry, earthenware, colors, soap, 
 alum, starch, snuff, and se^Unsr-wax ; and an exten.sive 
 trade in mining produce, timoer. iisx, bemp, madder, 
 corn, and oxen from the South Russian provinces, and 
 In Hungarian wines and other mercliandise. Breslau is the 
 first woollen market on the continent. The number of 
 distilleries in the town is about 100. It has an active trade 
 on the Oder, and communicates by railway with Berlin and 
 Frankfort on the N., Dresden on the W., Cracow on the E., 
 and Vienna in the S. It was bombarded and taken by the 
 
 French, January 7, 1807, and its fortress, then partly de- 
 stroyed. ha« since been entirely razed. 
 
 BRESLE, brail, a small river of Frunce, lietween the de- 
 partments of Sonne and Seine-In fcrieure, enters the English 
 Channel at Treport, after a N.W. course of 35 miles. 
 
 BRKSLES, brail, a village of France, department of Oise. 
 10 miles E. of Beauvais. Pop. of commune, 1824. In the 
 eleventh century it was an episcopal. 
 
 BRESSA, br^s'sa, or BRESSAY, bres'sA, one of the She(> 
 land Islands. E. of Mainland, from which it is separated by 
 Bressay Sound. Pop. 904. With Barra and Quarft' it fm-ms 
 a parish, which, in 1841, had 179S inhabitants. Lerwick is 
 supplied with peat, and the whole of Shetland with slates 
 from tiiis island. Bressay Sound is a rendezvous of tfeo 
 English and Dutch herring-boats and whale-ship", and 
 often affords shelter to ships of war. 
 
 IMIESSE, br^BS, an old division of Vrance. in the r-cvf.nca 
 of Burgundy, capital of Bourg, now compii.st^ in ;.to de- 
 partment of Ain. It was obtained by exchange from Sisoy 
 in ItiOl. 
 
 BRESSE, La, \k brJ.ss, a village of France. deps.rW.tnt f f 
 Vo.sges. arrondis.sementof Remiremont. Pop. in 18t2, 5433. 
 
 BRES'SINGIIA.M, a parish of England, co. of Norroik. 
 
 BRESSUIRE, brJs^sweeR/, a town of France, den.ti'ii'ient 
 of Deux-Sevres, 35 miles N. of Niort. Pop. in 18?2, 2705. 
 Tlie tower of its church is remarkable for its elevatH n and 
 antiquity. Bressuire was foitified in the Middle Age), and 
 was taken from the English by the celelirated Du Guescli'i in 
 1373. It was nearly destroyed during the wars of La Vendee. 
 
 BREST, brfest, (L. lires/tum ; Fr. pron. the same as the 
 English.) a city of France, dep.artuient of Finist^ro, r)2 
 miles N.N.W. of Quimper, and 310 miles W. of Pari.", on the 
 N. shore of a sm.all gulf called the Road of Brest. I^t. (of 
 observatory) 48° 23' 32" N.; Ion. 4° 2'/ 25" W. Pop. in 
 1862, 67,833. Brest is a fortified city of the first class, and 
 the strongest military port in France. It is encircled Iiy 
 ramparts which, being planted with trees, form agreeable 
 promenades, and afford a fine view of the harlH>r and shi]>- 
 ping. From its natural advantages, the extent of it- a arious 
 establishments and its means of defence, Brest is considered 
 one of the first naval ports of Europe. The outer road is, 
 perhaps, one of the finest in the world ; and, although ex- 
 ceeded in extent by those of Constantinople and Itio 
 Janeiro, it b.as no superior in the safety and excellence of its 
 anchorage. It communicatos with the sea by a single pas- 
 s.age called the Goulet, 1750 yards broad. In the middle of 
 this channel rise the Mingan Rocks, which contract the 
 entrance still more, and oblige ships to pass immediately 
 under the batteries. From this entrance to the moutli of 
 the Elon, the road.stead is about 6 miles in length. Its dia- 
 meter varies considerably, from the irregularity of the 
 shores, but in some places it is 3 miles; so that the port 
 could contain all the navies of Europe. There are atout 
 400 pieces of cannon and mortars in the various batteries 
 that command the cliannel.and the anchorage inside is still 
 further protected by the guns that line the shore. Outside 
 of the Goulet is the fort of St. Matthew, and the new light- 
 house. Its inner harbor is one of the most secure in Eu- 
 rope, and could accommodate (iO ships of the line. It is 
 protected b^ batteries and a citadel liuilt on a rock, and 
 communicates, by a canal, with the port of Nantes. Among 
 its most important work.s, are 5 large basins, extensive 
 quays, an arsenal, vast magazines, building yards, l.irge 
 IJarracks, and a prison, Imilt on a hill, with ac<'onimodation 
 for 4000 delinquents. The city, built on tlie sli pes of con- 
 sideralile hills, is divided by the port in two parts, which 
 communicate only by boats; that on the right is called Jie- 
 couvrance.. The upper and lower parts of the town are con- 
 nected by steep streets, and in some places only by stairs. 
 Brest has many important educational establishments, a 
 medical school, naval school, communal college, and a scliool 
 of hydrography, a public library, botanic garden and obser- 
 vatory. The post has little trade excepting for the supply 
 of the naval department, and its manufactures scarcely ex- 
 tend beyond glazed hats and tarpaulins for the seamen 
 The merchant sliippiug is small in extent, bringing princi- 
 pally timber, building materials, wine, grain and ftour, salt, 
 iron, hemp, tar, kc. The number of coastwise arrivals 
 in 1852, was 3936. Although Brest has been alleged to 
 occupy a Roman .site, no mention of it occurs in liistory til] 
 the year 1240. at which period its castle was ceded to John, 
 first Duke of Brittany. This castle had a .small town in its 
 vicinity, and was several times besieged by the English, 
 French, and Spaniards. Cardinal Ricl4flieu was the first 
 to take advantage of the natural capabilities of the port for 
 a naval station, and, in 16;31, commenced the fortifications 
 which were improved and extended by Vauban. Slary, 
 Queen of Scots, landed at Brest in 1548, on her way to St 
 Germain. In 1694, it was attacked by an English fleet >in- 
 der Admiral Berkley, but the expedition failed, and 900 
 men who landed were cut to pieces, as the tide h;id receded 
 and left the boats dry. In 1773. tne line of fortifications 
 was considei-ably extended, and the town soon became a^ 
 populous av it is at present. 
 
 11 REST, a post-village of Monroe co., Michigan, on Lake 
 
 279 
 
BRE 
 
 Erie, 5 miles E. of Monroe City, was laid out on a large 
 »c.iie wheu spoculation was at its height, but has declined. 
 A^ larpe (juantity of lumber is sawn here and exported. 
 
 BKKSTMTOV. See Brzesc Litewski. 
 
 BRETACNE. breh-tift' or brit/an,* (usually called by the 
 Knglish Brittany, brif tvne. and sometimes Little Britain. 
 St»e Gr£vt Britain.) an old province in the X.W. of France, 
 forming an exU-nsive peninsula between the English Channel 
 and the Atlantic Ltcean. now comprised in the departments of 
 Finistere. Cotes-du-Nord. Morbihan.and Loire-lnferieure. It 
 Wits divided into Ilaute-Bretacne. the capital of which was 
 Rcunes. and Basse-Bretagne, capital, Vannes. Thif province 
 uerives its name from the Cymric word Brylhon. (plural of 
 Brwth. signitviii.r " warlike.") It was .settled by the Cymry, 
 before any of this warlike nation established themselves 
 in Wales. It long preserved its sovereigns, who bore, suc- 
 cessively, the titles of kings, counts, and dukes. It was 
 united to France bv the mari-iage of Charles YIII. with Anne 
 of Breta..'ne. daughter of the last duke. Fr,incis II., in 1491. 
 
 BUKTENOfX. liret-noo'. a town of France, department 
 of Lot, 22 miles X.N.W, of Figeoc, on the C«re. Pop. of com- 
 mune, in 1S51. 852. 
 
 BRKTECIL brehHcI', a town of France, department of 
 Eure. lli'miles S.W. of Evreux. on the Iton. Pop. of com- 
 mune, in 1851. 214a engaged in extensive iron-works. It 
 has remains of a castle built by William the Conqueror. 
 
 BUETEUIL, a town of France, department of Oise, on 
 the Railway du Xord. 16 miles N.X.E. of Beauvais. Pop. of 
 commune. In 1851, 2736. It was formerly fortified. 
 
 BRET'FOKTOX. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BKFTII'El'iTOX. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 BR^TIG X Y, brd'tet-a-yee'. a village of France, depiirtment 
 of Eure-et-Loir. on the Paris and Orleans Railway. 6 miles 
 S.E. of Chart res. By a tre^ity concluded here, in 1360, be- 
 tween the FVench and English, the French king. John, re- 
 gained his freedom, which he had lost at the Battle of Poi- 
 tiers, 4 vears previouslv. 
 
 BRETOX (brit/t^n) B.tY, West Australia, co. of Twiss, 
 about IS miles X. of Perth, the capital of the colony. The 
 river Garban discharges itself into the bay. 
 
 BRETON. CAPE. See C.\PE Breton. 
 
 BRETTEX. brSt'ten, a town of AVest Germany, Baden, 13 
 miles E. of Carlsrube. Pop. 3000. Melancthou was bom 
 here. 1497. 
 
 BRETTEXIIAM. a parish of Eneland. co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 BRETTEXHAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BRETTOX, MOXK, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding, 2 miles N.E. of Bamsley, on the North Mid- 
 land Railway. 
 
 BRE'rroX, WEST, a township of England, co. of Y'ork. 
 
 BREUKELEX. brii'kJl-en, a village of the Netherlands, 
 8 miles X.X.W. of Utrecht, on the A'echt. and on the Am- 
 sterdam and Arnhem Railway. Pop. 1599, 
 
 BREVAKD. a county of Florida. See St. Lucte. 
 
 BREVEX or BREYEXT, br.Vv6x< a mountain of the 
 Penine Alps, Savoy. Its summit, 8500 feet abofe the sea, is 
 the best place to take a view of the whole of Mont Blanc. 
 
 BREYIG. brA'vig. a town of Xorway stift Aggershuus, 11 
 miles W.X.W. of Laurvig, with a port on the Langesunds 
 Fiord. Pop. 1166. It has trade in iron. 
 
 BREAIXE. L.*, 11 bnV'veen', a parish and village of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 15 miles W'.of Xeufchfitel, in the 
 valley of the same name. Pop. 2319. engaged in watch and 
 lace making, and working in metals. Near it is a bed of 
 coal, supposed to be the fossil relic of a forest swallowed up 
 during an earthquake. September 18, 1356. 
 
 BREWER, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on 
 the E. biiuk of Penobscot River, opposite Bangor, with 
 which it is connected by a bridge. There are here 7 saw 
 mills driven by water-power, and 3 by steam. 1 planing 
 mill. 1 tannery, and 1 boat manufactory, a good town-house, 
 3 churches, and 7 stores. Brick-making and ship-building 
 arwalso carriid on. Pop. 2835. 
 
 BRi;W'EI!SVILLE, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama. 
 
 BUEWERSYILLE, a post-village of Jennings co., In- 
 diana, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BKEW'ERTON, a post-village of Onondaga co.. New Y'ork, 
 on the Oneida River, 144 miles W. by N. of Albany. P 640. 
 
 * Shakspeare always aecentaatei this name on the first syl- 
 lable. 
 
 " Arthur of Bretagne yield thee to my hand" — 
 " Ye men of ^gterg, open wide your gates 
 And let young Arthur, king of Bretagne in." 
 
 King John, act I., scenes Ist k, 2d. 
 " Therefore the Dukes of Berry and of Bretngne, 
 Of Brabant, and of Orleans shall make forth 
 To line and new repair our towns of war." 
 
 King Uf.nrg V., act II., scene 4th. 
 It is not improbable that this name was originally pronounced 
 Bree'tan by the English, and that the sound of long e became 
 contracted into short t. (as in Grfrnirirh, pron. grin'ij, been, 
 bin, tc.,) the pronunciation conforming exactly to that of 
 Bret'm nr Britain, wbiuU are obviously but different forms of the 
 same uame. 
 280 
 
 BRI 
 
 BREWERTON, a post-office of Laurens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BREWER VILLAGE, a post-village in Brewer township, 
 opposite Bangor, Penobscot co.. Slaine. 
 
 BREW'HAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 BR EWII AM. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 BREWaXGTON, a postofflce of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BREWOOD, a parish of England, cos. of Stafford and Salop 
 
 BREW'STER. a post-township of BarnstaCle co.. Massa^ 
 chusetts. about 65 miles S.W. of Boston. Pop. 1489. 
 
 BREW'STER'S MlLLS.apost-officeof Preston co..Yirginl(i. 
 
 BREWTON'S MILLS, a post-office of Tatnall co.. Georgia. 
 
 BREWSTER'S STATION, a post-office of Putnam co. 
 New York. 
 
 BRE^XICE. See Brzesnitz. 
 
 BREZOLLES. breh-zoU', a town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loire, 13 miles W.S.W. of Dreux. Pop. 912. 
 
 BREZOWA, brA-zo'wi. Iluntrary, co. of Neutra, 19 miles 
 N.W. of I>eopoldstadt. Pop. 6157. 
 
 BRIANCON, bre-ds«''s<'vxo'. (anc. BriganHium.'S a town of 
 France, department of Hautes-.\lpes, on the ri'-'ht lank of 
 the Durance, 35 miles N.E. of Gap. near the Italian fron- 
 tier: a fortified place of the first da.ss. formerly a kind of 
 Alpine Gibraltar. It stands on an eminence at the Sx)t of 
 the Col de Qenfevre. at the point where two smnll rivers 
 unite and form the Durance. It is 42S4 fet^ above the level 
 of the sea. and is the highest town m France. The fortifi- 
 cations consist of a triple line of walls encircling the town, 
 with 7 forts commanding the approaches. The road to Italy 
 is commanded by several redoubts and half-moon batteries. 
 The princip,il works are on the left bank of the Clair6e 
 whose deep gorge is crossed by a bridge of a single .irch. 
 All the heights in the vicinity are converted into points of 
 defence, and the position is considered impregnable. Brian- 
 9on is the French arsenal of the .\lps. and the centrcil point 
 of attack and defence, from which troops can be marched on 
 the passes of Mont Cenis, St. Bernard, the Simplon. and the 
 Col de Tende. From the town itself there is a practicable 
 passage into Italy by Mount Gen^vre. Brian^on has soma 
 manufactures of cotton goods, cutlery, and lead-pencils. 
 Pop. in 1851. 4439. 
 
 BRIAXCOXXOISor BRIAXgONNAIS. bre-8xo'so:i'n,V, an 
 old district of France, in IIaute-Dauphin6, the capital of 
 which was Brian9on, now included in the department of 
 Ilautes-Alpes. 
 
 BRIANSK, bre-3nsk', a town of Ru.ssia. on the Desna, 70 
 miles W.N. W. of Orel. Pop. 6000. It h.ts 16 churches, a mo- 
 nastery, with a seminary, the imperial building yards, a 
 cannon foundry, and a manufactory of small arms. 
 
 BRI'AR CREEK, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1734.. 
 
 BRI.^RE, bre-^R/, (anc. Brirndt</rum.) a town of France, 
 department of Loiret. on the Loire, at the head of the canal 
 de Briare, 6 miles S.E. of Glen. Pop. of commune, in 1S52, 
 3477. The Canal de Briare, connecting the Loii-e with the 
 Seine at Montargis. 34^ miles in length, is the oldest worlt 
 of the kind in France, having been commenced in 1606. 
 
 BRIARITZ See Appendix. 
 
 BRIATEXTE, bre-S't^xt/, a town of France, derartment 
 of Tarn, on the Adou. 6 miles N.f;. of Lavaur. Pop. 1458. 
 
 BRI.\TICO, bre-l'te-ko. a town of Naples, in CiiL^brU 
 Ultra. 15 miles N.N.E. of Xicotera. 
 
 BRIBIESCA. br^be4s'ka. a town of Spain, 20 miles N.R 
 of Burgos, on the Oca. Pop. 2040. Here, in 1388. John I., 
 King of Ca.Btile, held a meeting of the States-general, at 
 which the title of Prince of Asturias was conferred in pe» 
 petuitv on the heir-presumptive of the crown of Spain. 
 
 BHl'CETH. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BRICIIERASCO, bre-ki-rls^ko, a market-town of Pie* 
 mont, 5 miles S.W. of Pinerolo. Pop. with commune, 3421, 
 engaged in tanning and paper-making. 
 
 BRICK, a township of Ocean co.. New Jersey. Pop. 13.S5. 
 
 BRICK CHURCH, a post-office of GuUford co., Nartk 
 Carolina. 
 
 BRICK CHURCH, a post-office of Giles co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BRICK CREEK, a post-offitv of Unm co., Tex.s.s. 
 
 BRICK'ENDON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 BRICK'ERVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster cc, Pemn- 
 sylvanla. 
 
 BRICK HEAD, a district in DeKalb co.. Georgia. 
 
 BRICK'IIILL. BOW. a parish of Ensrland. co. Jf Buck*. 
 
 BRICKHILL. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks 
 
 BRICKHILL. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks 
 
 BRICK'LAXD. a post-offl<-e of Lunenburg co.. Yiru'inja. 
 
 BRICK MEETING HOUSE, a postKifflce of Cecil co, 
 Maryland. 
 
 BKICKSBOROUGH, briks'btir-rtih. a village of Cumbei>- 
 land CO., New Jersey, on Maurice Jtiver, 14 miles S.E. of 
 Bridgeton. 
 
 BlilCK STORE, (I postoffice of Xewton co., Georeia. 
 
 BRICK'YILLE. a post-office nf Lawrence to., Alabams- 
 
 BKICKVILLE. a village of Morgan co_ lUinois, 26 mlleB 
 W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
BRI 
 
 BRIC!QUEBT:C, breek'bJk', a town of France, department 
 of Manche, 8 miles W.S.W. of Valognes. Pop. 1963. 
 
 UUIDK. a river of Ireland, Munster, cos. of Cork and 
 Waterford, rises in the Xajfle Mountains, and after an east- 
 ward course of 25 miles, joins the IJlackwater Kiver, 8 miles 
 N. of You'ihal. On it are the towns of Kathcormack and 
 Tallow, it is navisahle for barges to Kintalloon. 
 
 BIIIDK, a river of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, joins the 
 Lee, er miles W. of Cork. Course, 11 mil<*s. 
 
 BRIDl'IKIKK. a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 BKI'DELL. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 BIIIDES/JJUKU, formerly a postrvillage of Philadelphia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware Uiver, at the mouth of 
 B'rankford Creek, 7 mili'S from the State-house. It is now 
 included within the chartered limits of the city of Phila- 
 delphia. It contains a United States arsenal and many tine 
 residences. Pop. in 18.50, 915. 
 
 BUIDESKIRK, a parish of England in the Isle of Man. 
 
 BRIUIl.S'ToWE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BKIDKOKD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BKIDOE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BRIDGEBOKOUGII, bridg'b&r-rah, a post-office of Bur- 
 lington CO., New Jersey . 
 
 BRIDGE CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Ocklockonee 
 Eiver, in Thomas county. 
 
 BRIDGE CREEK, a postofflce of Geauga co., Ohio. 
 
 BRIDGE/FORD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 BRIDGEFORD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 BRIDOE'FORTII, a postofflce of Limestone co., Alabama. 
 
 BRIDGE'IIAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRIDGl-yilA.MPTON, a/ post-village of Suffolk co., New 
 York, on the seacoast. 20 miles W. of Montauk Point. 
 
 BRIDGE LEYDEN, a village of Cook co., IlUuois, 12 miles 
 W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 BRIDGEND, bri'jend\ a market-town of South Wales, co. 
 of (Glamorgan, on the Ugmore, here crossed by a stone bridge, 
 6 miles W.N.W. of Cowbridge. A railway, 4i miles iu length, 
 connects Bridgend with the Duffryn-Llynvi line. 
 
 BRlDGENORTir, bnj'north, a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough and town of England, co. of Salop, on the 
 Severn, 12o miles N.W. of London, and 8 miles S.E. of Much- 
 Wenlock. Ancient name, Brugia or Bruges; supposed to 
 have been founded by EthelHeda. daughter of Alfred. Pop. 
 of municipal l)orough, in 1851, 6172. The town consists of 
 an upper and lower part, connected by a bridge of 6 arches. 
 The upper town is picturesquely built on a rock, crowned 
 by an ancient ca-stle, and the 2 parish churches ; between 
 them is a large public re.servoir. There are in this place a 
 grammar school founded in 1603, 8 daily and other schools, 
 and 2 well-endowed almshouses for widows, an ancient 
 town-hall, jail, work-house, theatre, and public library, 
 with some worsted and nail manutiictories, slips for boat- 
 building, a large market for agricultural produce, and an 
 extensive carrying trade by the Severn. It sends 2 mem- 
 bers to the House of Commons. 
 
 BRIDGE'1'(>1{T, a city and seaport of Fairfield county, 
 Connecticut, is situated on an arm of Long Island Sound, 
 at the mouth of I'equonnock River. By railroad it is 18 
 miles W.S.W. of New Haven, 58 miles N.E. of New York, 54 
 miles S.W. of Hartford, 178 miles S.W. of Boston. Lat. 41° 
 10' 30" N.: Ion. 73° 11' 46" W. The city, which is hand- 
 somely laid out and beautifully adorned with sliade-trees, 
 is built chiefly on a plain elevated some 10 or 12 feet above 
 high-water mark. About half or three-quarters of a mile 
 N.W. of the harbor, there is a sudden ascent of nearly 50 
 feet, called Golden Hill, and forming a small table-land 
 about half a mile square. This height, which affords a 
 splendid view of the city and sound, is occupied by elegant 
 private mansions. Lindencroft, the residence of P. T. Bar- 
 uum, is about half a mile W. of this place. 
 
 Bridgeport has a large coasting trade, and a number of 
 vessels engaged in the wlwilo fisheries, but it is principally 
 supported by its manufactures. Many of those ai-e very 
 extensive, including the large sewing machine factories of 
 Wheeler, Wilson & Co., an establishment for the manufac- 
 ture of steel in-ojectiles, and comprise carriages, leather of 
 all descriptions, bra.ss and iron castings, machinery, various 
 articles of hardware, Siush and blinds, &c. One of the most 
 extensive carriage establishments in the United States is in 
 Bridgeport. Tli» city contains 5 banks, 4 savings institu- 
 tions, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, and about 14 churches of the 
 various denominations. The Housatonic and the Naugatuck 
 Railroads botli terminate in lliis place. It is also on tho 
 line of the New Y'ork and New Haven Railroad. Steam- 
 boats ply daily between Bridgeport and New York. The 
 harbor is safe, but does not admit vessels of the largest size, 
 there being but 13 feet of water on the bar at high tide. 
 The township, embracing about 10 square miles, was sep*- 
 ••ated from Stratford in 1821, and incorporated in 1836. Pop. 
 In 1840. 4570; in IhoO, 7560; in 1860, 13,299. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Madison co., New Y'ork, 
 »n Ghittenango Creek, about 12 miles N.E. of Syracuse. 
 
 BRIDGIiPORT, a post-village of Seneca co.. New York, on 
 
 BRI 
 
 the Cayuga Lake, at the W. end of Ca3ruga Bridge. 12 r.-:fle» 
 W. of .\uburn. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village of Burlington co.. New ^>rsey 
 on Wading River, 29 miles S.S.E. of .Mount IIollv. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-office of Gloucester co., New Jersey 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a small village of Clearfield co.. Pennsyt 
 vania. on the turnpike between Clearfield and Erie. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-borough of Bridgeport township. 
 Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Monon- 
 gahela River, just above the mouth of Dunlap's Creek, 40 
 miles S. of I'ittsburg. It is connected with Brownsville by 
 an iron bridge crossing Dunlan's Creek. There are manu- 
 factories of various kinds at this place. Pop 1276. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village of Franklin co.. Pennsylvania, 
 12 miles W. by S. of Chambersburg. It contains 1 store 
 and 1 mill. 
 
 BRIDttEPORT, n post-borongh of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuylkill, opposite Norristown. It is the 
 E. terminus of the Chester Valley Raihxjad. Pop. 1011. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-office of Frederick CO., Slaryland. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village in Harrison co., W. Virginia, 
 5 miles E. of Clarksburg. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-office of Cocke co., Tennessee. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Franklin co., Kentucky, 
 on the turnpike from franklbrt to Louisville, 4 miles S.W. 
 of the former. 
 
 BRI DG EPORT, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, opposite Wheeling City, has an active business 
 in forwarding goods to the West. It contains several mills 
 and warehouses, and a national bank. Pop. 641. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village of Montgomery co , Ohio, on tho 
 railroad between Cincinnati and Dayton, 10 miles S.S.W. 
 of the latter. 
 
 BRIDGEl'ORT, a post-township in the S.E. part of Sagi- 
 naw CO., Michigan. Pot). 491. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village in the N.W. part of Elkhart co, 
 Indiana. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a thriving post-village of Harrison co., In- 
 diana, on the Ohio River, about 130 miles S. of Indianapolis, 
 was laid out in 1849. Boatrbuilding is carried on here, and 
 good timber for that purpo.se is abundant in the vicinity. 
 The village has about 160 inhabitants. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village of Marion co., Indiana, 10 miles 
 W.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village in the N.W. part of Perry co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village and landing place of Greene co., 
 Illinois, on the Illinois River, 15 miles N.W. of Carrollton, 
 Grain and other .irticles are shipped here. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village in the W. part of Warren co., 
 Mis.souri, near the Missouri River. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a postrvillage of Jackson co., Iowa, on the 
 Mako<|ueta River, about 75 miles N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village of Brown co., Wi-sconsin, on the 
 Neenah or F'ox River, at the mouth of Plum Creek. It has 
 extensive water-power. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT CENTRE, a post-office of Saginaw co, 
 .Michigan. 
 
 BRIDGE PRAIRIE, a township in St. Clair co.. Illinois. 
 
 BRIDGERHLE, a, parish of England, cos. of Cornwall and 
 Devon. 
 
 BRIDGE-SOLLERS, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BRIDGETON, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 
 about 35 miles N.W. of Portland. It has numerous saw- 
 mills and tanneries. Pop. 2556. 
 
 BRIDGETON, a city, port of entry, and capital of Cum- 
 berland CO., New Jersey (in Bridgeton and Coliansey town- 
 ship), is situated on both sides of Cohansey Creek, 20 miles 
 from its entrance into Delaware Bay, 60 miles S.S.W. of 
 Trenton, and 4U miles S. of Philadeliihia, with which it is 
 connected by the W. Jersey R.R. It is neatly built, and 
 contains 8 churches, a court-house, 1 bank. 2 academies, a 
 public library, and 2 newspaper offices. It has an active 
 trade, in which a large number of schooners and sloops are 
 employed. A drawbridge connects the opposite banks of the 
 creek. It contains an extensive iron foundry, a rolling-mill, 
 a nail factory, a glass factory, a new woollen factory, and 
 other important manufactories. Pop. iu 18l'5, about 7000. 
 
 BRIDGETON, a postoffice of Shelby co., Alabama. 
 
 BRIDGETON, a postrvillage of Parke co., Indiana, on 
 Racoon Creek, 10 miles S.E. of Rockville. 
 
 BRIDGETON, a pos(>village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 15 
 miles N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 BRIDGETOWX, a post-office of Carolina co., JIaryland. 
 
 BRIDGETOWN, a parish of Ireland, Mun.ster, co. of Cork. 
 Al.so the name of several villages in Ireland. 
 
 BRIDGETOWN, the capital town of the isl.and of Barba- 
 dos, on the W. coast. Lat. 1.3° 4' N.; Ion. 59° 37' W. Pop. 
 in 1844, 19.3C2. It stretches along the N. shore of Cariisle 
 Bay, is well-built, and surrounded by plantations. It has 
 a jail, council-house, good shops, and a market well supplied 
 with provisions. About 1 mile distant is the governor's 
 hou.se, and 2 miles S. of the town are St. Peters barracks, 
 with quarters for 200 men, a spacious parade ground, and 
 complete arsenal. Bridgetown was made a city i3i 134i 
 
 281 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 Rt Micb \eYs church Is the cathedral ; the bishop's residence 
 Is In thi vicinity. 
 
 BRIDGE VALLEY, a post-office of Buclcs co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BltllKfB'VILLE, a post-Tillage of Sullivan co., New York, 
 on Neversink River, 106 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 BRIDOEVILLE, a village of Warren co.. New Jersey, on 
 the Pequest River, 3 miles E. of Belvidere. 
 
 BRIDGEVILLK, a post-villae;e of Sussex co., Delaware, on 
 the Nanticoke River, 38 miles S. by W. of Dover. 
 
 BRIDOEVILLK, a post-village of Muskingum no., Ohio, 
 62 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, brij'wd-ter, a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough, river port, and parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset, on both sides of the Parret, about 7 miles from its 
 mouth, in the Bristol Channel, 29^ miles W.S.W. of Bristol, 
 near the Bristol and Exeter Railway, a station of which is 
 alxiut three quarters of a mile from the town. Pop. in IS51, 
 10,960. The town is neatly built, remarkably clean, and 
 well supplied with water. It has an ancient Gothic church, 
 containing a fine altar-piece, a small grammar school and 
 other endowed schools, an alms-house, infirmary, market- 
 house, with a dome and Ionic portico, union poor-house, 
 jail, court-house, and 2 or 3 banks. The quay is accessi- 
 ble to vessels of 200 tons, but the entrance of the harbor is 
 difficult, and the tide often Avashes it with great- violence. 
 Imports, iron ore, hemp, tallow, and timber, with Welsh 
 coals, and groceries coastwise. Exports of agricultural pro- 
 duce, bricks, &c. Registered .shipping of port, in 1847, 8552 
 tons. A canal connects Bridgewater with Taunton. Bridge- 
 water was constituted a free borough in 1200 by King John. 
 By the municipal act it was divided into 2 wards, with 9 
 councillors each, who, with 6 aldermen and a mayor, com- 
 pose the government body. It sends 2 members to the House 
 of Commons. It is a polling place for West Somerset, and 
 gives the title of earl to the Egerton family. Admiral 
 Blake was born here in 1699. 
 
 BRIDQi/SVATER, a post-township of Grafton co., New 
 Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Rail- 
 road, 48 miles N. by W. from Concord. Pop. 5ti0. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, a post-township of Windsor co., Ver- 
 mont, 52 miles South of Montpelier, interbected by the 
 Qucechy River and its upper tributaries, which aftbrd some 
 water-power. It contains an inexliaustible quarry of soaj)- 
 Btone, which has been extehsively wrought. Iron ore is 
 also found. Pop. 1292. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER. a post-township of Plymouth co., Mas- 
 sacluisetts, on tlie Old Colony and Newport R.R., 27 miles 
 S. by E. of Boston. Machinery, including cotton-gins, Ac, 
 Is extensively manufactured. It lias an academy,6 churches, 
 and is the seat of a state normal school, and of a state alms- 
 house, founded in 1852. I'up in 1860, 37ei. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, a post-township of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut, 30 miles N.W. of New Haven. The manufacture of 
 hats is extensively carried on liere. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, a post-village and township of Oneida 
 CO., New York, 16 miles 8. from Utica. I'op. 1261. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, a township ol Somerset co.. New Jer- 
 sey. It contains Somerville, ttie county-seat. Pop. 4947. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER. a post-borough of Beaver CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, on tlie Ohio, immediately below the moutli of 
 Beiiver River, 28 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. A bridge across 
 Beaver River connects it with Rochester. Pop. 822. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, a post-offlce of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 BICIDGEWATEB, a small village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BKIDQEWATER, a township of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 3053. 
 
 BRIDGKWATKK, a post-village of Rockingham co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Nortli River, a branch of the Slier.andouh, 
 about 125 miles N.W. of Richmond, has an active trade, 
 and contains several mills propelled by water-power. 
 
 BItlDGEWATER, a post-olfice of Burke co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER. a post-township in Williams co., Ohio, 
 about 30 miles N.N.W. of Defiance. Pop. 1040. 
 
 BHIDGKWATER, a post-township in Washtenaw co., 
 Michigan, about 18 miles N. by E. of Adrian. Population, 
 1290. ■ f , 
 
 BRI'DLE CREEK, a postofflce of Grayson co., Virginia. 
 
 BRID'LINGTON or BUKLLINGTON, (usually pronounced, 
 and often written BUR'LINGTON.) a pari.«h of England. 
 CO. of York, East Itiding, including the market-towns of 
 Bridlington and Bridlington Quay, 6 miles W. of Flam- 
 borttugh Head, and 26i miles N.N.E. of Hull. Pop. In 1&51, 
 6846, The former, consisting chiefiy of a long narrow street, 
 ha? ihe remains of a priory, built in the thirteenth or four- 
 teenth centuries, and now used for the parochial church. 
 ThQOther editices are the town-hall,a commercial exchange, 
 and numerous di.ssenting chapels. It gives title of earl to 
 the Cavendish family. 
 
 BRIDLINGTON QUAY, on a fine bay about 1 mile S.E. 
 of the above, is well-built of brick, has many good hotels, 
 baths, and lodging-houses, and is frequented during sum- 
 
 mer for sea-bathing. Its harbor U formed by two band- 
 some piers, and it has an active exi)ort trade in corn. Re- 
 gistered shipping of port in 1847, 30N2 tons. 
 
 BRID'PORT, a parish and munifipal borough, seaport- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the Brit or 
 Bride River, here crossed by several bridges, about 1 j miles 
 from the English Ch.annel, and 16 miles A.W. of Dorchester. 
 Pop. in 1861, 4653. The town consists of three principal 
 streets, and has many handsome houses, a cruciform 
 Gothic church, a town-hall, prison, maiket/house, branch 
 bank, almshouse, mechanics' institute, with manufactories 
 of sail-cloth, shoe thread, lines, nets. Ac for the fisheries, 
 and an extensive trade coastwise and to the Baltic. The 
 harbor, about one mile S. of the town, admits vessels of 200 
 tons. Registered shipping in 1847, 2197 tons. Bridport is 
 divided into 2 wards, and .sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. It confers the title of viscount on the Hood 
 family. 
 
 BRID'PORT, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, 
 about 45 miles S.W. of Montpelier, on the E. side of Lake 
 Champlain. opposite Crown Point, New York. Pop. 1298. 
 
 BRlJiC. bre-jk', a village of Prance, department of Flnis- 
 tere, 7 miles W.S.W. of Quiniper. Pop. in 1851, 5493. 
 
 BRIE-COMTE ROEEKT, bree'-kA.ve ro'laiH', a town of 
 France, department of the Seine-et-Marne, near the V^res, 
 11 miles N.N.W. of Melun. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2716. 
 It was founded by Robert of France, brother of Louis VII., 
 whence its name. It has an interesting church of the thir- 
 teenth century, manufactories of pens, bricks, and leather; 
 and trade in rural produce. 
 
 BRIEG, breeo, a town of Prussian Silesia. 27 miles S.E. of 
 Breslau, on the Oder, and on the railway fiom Breslau to 
 Oppeln. Pop. in 1846, 12,150. It is well built, with fine pro- 
 menades on the former ramparts, and has a gynmasium., a 
 good library, and manufactories of linen, cotton, and woollen 
 fal rics. Brieg is the seat of a head officer of royal Silesia 
 mines, of a royal salt factory, and of the district coasts. 
 1 1 was formerly fortified, but dismantled by the French in 
 1807. 
 
 BRIEG, breeo, a town of Switzerland, canton of Valais, 
 on the Rhone. 31 miles E.N.E. of Sion, at the commence- 
 ment of the Simplon Pass. It has an active transit trade. 
 The baths at Briegkr B.\d, (breeo'yr bdt,) in its vicinity, were 
 formerly much frequented. 
 
 BRIEL, breel, (Fr. Brielle, bre-ill',) a firtified seaport 
 town of the Netherlands, province of S. Holland, on the 
 island of Voorne, on the Meuse. at its mouth. 14i miles 
 W. of Rotterdam. Lat. of li-ht-hou?e, 51° 54' 11" N.: Ion. 
 4° 9' 61" E. Pop. in 1840, 4,504. It has many military 
 magazines and a good harbor. It was the nucleus of the 
 Dutch Republic, its capture by William de la .Marck. on the 
 1st of April 1672, having been the first imixirtant event in 
 the struggle between Holland and Spain. Admirals Van 
 Tromp and De Witt, were natives of Uriel. 
 
 BRIENNEorBRIENNE-Ll.-CIlATEAU.bre-?nn'-leh-sha'- 
 tfi/, called also BRIENN F>N A POL EON , brt-^nn'-na'po^hMso', 
 a town of France, department of the Aube, ne;ir the right 
 bank of the -Aube, 14 miles N.AV. of l!ar-sur-.\ul>e. Pop. of 
 commune, 1830. It takes its designation from a superb 
 chateau built here shortly before the Revolution by the last 
 Comte de Brienne; but is more celebrated as the place where 
 Napoleon received the rudiments of lii.< military eilucation, 
 and where, on the 29tli January. 18 14 he met the .\llies in a 
 bloody battle, in which tlie French had the advantage. 
 
 BRlfiNON, hre\ihiAN"', a village of France, department 
 of Yonne, 10 miles E, of Joigny, ne.ir the Canal de Bour- 
 gogne. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 27ii6. 
 
 BltlENZ, bree'Juts, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 30 miles E.S.E. of Bern, on the N. shore of a lake of the 
 same name, at the foot of the Bricmergrat Mountain. 
 Pop. 3102. 
 
 BRIENZA, bre-Jn'zd, a town of Naples, province of Basl- 
 licata, 4 miles S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 4301). 
 
 BRIENZER-SEE. bree'Jnt-ser-sd. (or Lake of Brienz.) Is 
 formed by the River Aar. at the foot of the valley of HaslI 
 and above the Lake of Thun. Length, 8 miles, breadth, 1^ 
 miles. Surface, 850 fi'ct above the level of the sea; depth, 
 500 to 2000 feet. It is entirely surrounded by elevated 
 mountains; those on the S, side rise in a point over the 
 lake, and the torrents which flow from tbem form several 
 cascades, the principal of wliich is the fall of tlie (liisslmch. 
 
 BRIERCLIFFE, bri'fr-kliff', a township of England, co. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 BRIER CREEK, a postofflce of AVilkes co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 BRIER CREEK, of Georgia, rises- In Warren co., and 
 after a soutli-easterly cour.se of more than 100 miles, enters 
 Savannah Rivera few miles E. of Jacksonborongh. 
 
 ]?RIER HILL, a post-office of St. Lawi-ence co., New 
 Y^ork. 
 
 IHII/ERLY HILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford, 
 parish of KIngswinfoiid, 2 miles N.N.E. of Stourbridge. 
 Here are extensive collieries and iron works. 
 
 BRIES. breece, or B RISEN, bree'zen. (Hun. Bressn^ linnya, 
 brJz'no b|n'y6h,) a royal free town in Hungary, co. of Sohl 
 
 J 
 
BBI 
 
 BRI 
 
 on the Gran, 22 miles E.N.E. of Neu Sohl. It contains a 
 eollt'ge and Krammar school. Pop. 3500. 
 
 BIdKV, bre-i/, a town of France, department of the Mo- 
 selle, U mill's N.W. of Metz. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 2004. who manufacture coarse woollen stuffs and cotton. 
 
 BKIKZE.N, breefsgn, a town of Prussia, 23 miles E.S.E. 
 of Culm. Pop. 1160. 
 
 BKIUA. bree'gl, a village of the Sardinian States, 30 miles 
 N.E. of Nice, on the Livenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 BKrO.\N'ri\US LACUS. See Constance, Lake op. 
 
 BKIfJANTIUM (OF GAUL.) See Brun^on. 
 
 BKItiANTIUJI or BUIUANTIA (OF GEK.MANY.) See 
 Bregknz. 
 
 BKIGG. a town of England. See Glandpord Brigg. 
 
 BKIGG'S .MILLS, a post-village of Ohio eo., Kentucky. 
 
 BltlG'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 BRIG'UOUSE, a township of England. See Hipper- 
 holm e. 
 
 BKIGIIT, a postrofBce of Dearbome co., Indiana. 
 
 BKIGIIT, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down, Ulster. 
 
 BItUJHTIIKLMSTON'E. See Brighton. 
 
 BRIGHT'LING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BRKillT'LINGSEA, a maritime a parish of England, co. 
 of Essex, forming a peninsula between the Oolne and 
 Brj.{htlingsea Creek, 7 miles S.S.E of Colchester. Pop. in 
 1851, 1S52. Brightlingsea is a member of the Cinque-ports 
 of .Sandwich. 
 
 BKIGHTON, brl't9n, (formerly BRIOIITIIELMSTOXE,) 
 a parliamentary borough, seaport town, palish, and water- 
 ing place of Kngland, co. of Sussex, on the English Channel, 
 47 miles S. of London. Lat. of light-house, chain pier-head, 
 60° r.O' N., Ion. 0° 8' W. Pop. in 1801, 7339; in 1841, 
 46,730; in 1861, 77,693. The town, shelUiredon the N.and 
 N.E. by the South-down.s, extends (including Keniptown) 
 for 3 miles along the coast, fronted by a sea-wall about 60 
 feet in height, whi(!h forms a magnificent jjromenade, and 
 occupying declivities on both the E. and W., with a central 
 valley, in which are the " Pavilion," a palace built in an 
 oriental style by George IV. when Prince of Wales, the fine 
 church of St. Peter, and the noblo open space termed the 
 Steyne. It consists almost wholly of new and elegant 
 streets, squares, and terraces built in a style equal to the best 
 in the metropolis. The principal structxires are the sus- 
 pension chain-pier, extending 1014 feet into the sea, St. 
 Peter's church, containing a font reputed to have been 
 brought from Normandy at the time of the Conquest, nu- 
 merous other churches, the county hosjMtal, town-hall, 
 theatre, assembly-rooms, various baths, and many excel- 
 lent hotels. On the Steyne is a bronze statue of George 
 I'', liy Chantrey. There are 158 daily schools within the 
 parish, several of which are endowed ; it has also alms- 
 houses, and numerous medical and other charities, and is 
 the Seat of the Sussex Literary and Scientific Institution, 
 founded in 1836. Brighton College, tor the education of the 
 sons of noblemen, was opened in 1847. Its fisheries employ 
 about 150 boats, and supply large quantities of fish to 
 the London markets. It communicates with London by 
 the London and Brighton Railway, by tlie South Coast 
 Railway 44 miles distant, and with tiastings by the Eastern 
 Branch, and by steamers with Dieppe, (Franco,) 80 miles 
 distant. It is abundantly supplied witli water and well 
 ligliteil with giis. The borough is governed by a constable 
 and 12 head-boroughs. Since the Reform .^ct, Brigliton has 
 returned 2 members to the House of Commons. Brighton 
 is conjectured to have been a Roman station, and is sup- 
 posed by some antiquaries to have derived its ancient name 
 from Bi ichtelm. a son of Cissa, the first King of Sussex. In 
 the time of George II. it was a mere fishing-village, and it 
 owed its rise to the partiality displayed for it by George IV. 
 The majority of the inhabitants are employed in providing 
 for tlie numerous visitors who resort to this place. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of North- 
 umberland, is situated on ' Presque Isle Harbor, on Lake 
 Ontario, about 100 miles E.N.E. of Toronto. It contains 5 
 or 6 stores, and numerous. saw-mills. Pop. about 700. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, 
 about 45 miles N. of Augusta. Pop. 733. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-township of Essex co-.A^ermont, about 
 60 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 945. 
 
 BUIUIITON, apost-town.ship of Middlesex CO., Massachu- 
 setts, 4 miles W. of Boston, on the Boston and AVorcester 
 Baihoad. In this township is a celebrated cattle-market. 
 The village contains a bank. Pop 3375. 
 
 BUIGlirON, a post-village and township of Monroe CO., 
 New York, on the right bank of Qenessee River, and about 
 3 miles S.E. of Rochester, on the Erie Canal and the Ro- 
 chester and Syracuse Riiilroad. It contains a bank, and the 
 Cloverstreet tioniinary. Pop. 3183. 
 
 I5RIG MTON. a post-township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Ohio River, contains or adjoins Beaver, the county- 
 seat. 
 
 BRIGHTON, or OLD BRIGHTON, a handsome post-bo- 
 ro\igh of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, on the right or western 
 bank of Beaver River. 4 miles from ila entrance into the 
 Ohio, and on the Ohio and Peuusylvauia Railroad, 29 miles 
 
 N.W. of Pittsburg. It is abundantly supplied with water 
 power and stone-coal, and contains a large cotton factory, 
 paper-mill, and Uouring-mill, &c. A bridge crosses the river 
 here, and connects this town with the borough of New 
 Brighton. Brighton is a place of active business. »'op 
 alxjut 900. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a small village of Mercer co., Pennsylvani.-!. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-office of Beaufort district, South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a village of Cuyahoga co. Ohio, 4 miles S.W. 
 of Cleveland, is separated by a small creek from Bnxiklyn 
 village. 
 
 BRIGHTON or BRIGHTON CENTRE, a village in Clarke 
 CO., Ohio, about 35 miles W. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-township in Loraine co., Ohio, about 
 30 miles S.E. of Sandusky City. Pop. 646. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-village and township in Livingston 
 CO., Michigan, on the Grand River (plank) road, and on Ore 
 Creek, 43 miles S.E. of Lansing. It has several stores and 
 1 or 2 mills. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1181. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-ofBce of La Grange co., Indiana. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-village of .Macoupin co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 60 miles S.W. of 
 Springfield. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-oflfico of Polk co.. Missouri. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-village and township of Washington 
 CO , Iowa, about 40 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. Poj). 1060. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-village and township in the N.W. 
 part of Kenosha CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1238. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a township of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BRIGHT SEAT, a postofflce of Anne Arundel co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 BRIGHT'SIDE-BIERIX)Wor BIERLEY, a township of 
 England, co. of York, West Riding. Pop. 10.089, chiefly 
 artisans, employed by the Sheffield manufacturers. 
 
 BRIGHTj^VlLLE. a small post-village in Marlborough 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 BRIGHT' WELL, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 BRIGHT'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BRIGHT'WELL BALIVAVIN, a parish of England, co. 
 of 0.\ford. 
 
 BRIGNAIS, breen'yA/, a town of France, department of 
 Rhone. 7 miles S.S.W. of Lyons, on the Giron. Pop. 1901. 
 
 BRIG'NALL, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. Its beautiful scenery is noticed in Scott's •' Rokeby." 
 
 BRIGNANO, breen-yd'no, a vill.ige of North Italy, Lom- 
 bardy, 10 miles S. of Bergamo. Pop. 2400, who manufacture 
 silk twist and linen fabrics. 
 
 BRItiNOLES. breenVol' or breen'yAl', a town of France, 
 department of Var, in a fine valley on the right bank of 
 the Calami, 22 miles W.S.W. of Di-aguignan. Pop. of com- 
 mune, in 1852, 5809. It is well built, and has several 
 squares plauted and decorated with fountains, a public 
 library, a normal school, manufactures of silk twist and 
 leather, and a considerable trade in wines, brandy, liqueurs, 
 olives, and prunes of superior quality. 
 
 BRI'GOWN, a parish of Ireland. Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 BRIG'SliEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BRIG'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of North.ampton. 
 
 BRIHUE6A. bre-wil'ga, a town of Spain. New Castile, 20 
 milos E.N.E. of Guadalajara, on the Tajuna. Pop. 4364. It 
 is old, was formerly fortified, and has manufactures of 
 lineu and wcwUen fabrics. Here, in 1710, the French, under 
 the Duke de Venddme, defeated the Allies under Lord Stan- 
 hope. 
 
 BRILL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks 
 
 BRII^LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BllILON, bx-et/lon, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 22 miles 
 E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 3537. Its large parish church is said 
 to date from the time of Charlemagne. 
 
 BRIM'FIKLD, a pari-sh of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BRIM'FIELD, a post-township of Hampden co., Massa/- 
 chusetts, about 70 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has m.inu- 
 factnres of carriages, leather and cotton goods. Pop. 1363. 
 
 BRIMFIELD, a post-township in Portage co., Ohio, about 
 40 mileti S.S.E of Cleveland. Pop. 905. 
 
 BRIMFIELD, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois. 18 or 
 20 miles W.N.W. of Peoria, is situated on the border of a 
 fertile prairie. Pop. of township, 1102. 
 
 BRIM'HAM, a chapelry of England. See n.\RTWiTH. 
 
 BRIMPS'FIELD, a p,ari.sh of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BRIMP'TON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 BRIMI"TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BRINDIOK, brin'de-ok,' or BLITAR, blee'tar', an Inland 
 town of .Tava, capital of district, 70 miles S.W. of Soerabaya. 
 
 BRINDISI, brin'de-se orbreen'de-so. (Gr. BpevTcaiov, BrSn- 
 tfision, Livt .Brundifsium or Brundii/sium.)a fortitied city and 
 seaport of Naples, province of Otranto, at the head of a bay 
 in the Adriatic, 45 miles E.N.E. of Taran to. Pop. 6200. It was 
 anciently one of the most important maritime cities of Italy, 
 and its chief port for communication with Greece. It is' still 
 enclosed by walls of eon.siderable extent; but the space with- 
 in is scarcely half occupied ; its houses are mean, and its 
 port was ruined in the fifteenth century, but large vessels 
 can anchor in its road. Briudisi is defended by a castle 
 
 2SS 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 «nd batteries. In 1S43 a a light-honse was erected on the 
 Mole, in lat 40° 39' 17" N. : Ion. 17° oS' 21" E.. and exten- 
 •iire improvements were commenced on tiie port in 1S44. It 
 has few remains of antiquity. Virgil died here, B. c. 19. 
 
 BRIN'DLK, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 BRIXDIiE'tOWN. a post-office, Burke co., North Carolina. 
 
 BRIXOHAJIS GROVE, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 BRIXG'IIURST. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BRIXGIERS, a small village in St. James parish, Loui- 
 
 BiUXGLES FERRY, a post-office of Rowan co., North 
 Caroliuii. 
 
 BRINGTON', a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 BRIXGTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BRIXINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of N'orfolk. 
 
 BRIXK'BURN, a township of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland, 9 miles X.X.W. of Morpeth. Here are the ruins 
 of a priory in a situation of singular beauty, on the banks 
 of the Coquet. 
 
 BRIXKMIILL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BRIXK'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 BRIXK'LEYVILLE, a post-village of Ilaliiax co., North 
 Carolina, 90 miles X.E. of R.aleigh. 
 
 BRIXK'LOW. a parish of England, co. of Wat-wick. 
 
 BRIXIC'WORTII. a parish of England, co. of Wilts 
 
 BRIN'XIXGTOX, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BRIX'SOP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BRIX'TON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRIXTON, a post-office of Champjugn co., Ohio. 
 
 BRIOXES, bre-o'nJ.s. a wiilled town of Spain, IS miles 
 W.N.W. of LogroBo. on the Ebro. Pop. 3021. 
 
 BRIOXI (hre-o'nee^ I.^L.\XDS, a group of small islands 
 in the Adriatic, on the coast of Illyria. 
 
 BRIONXE. bre-onn'. (anc. Brio/nia,) a town of Fnance, de- 
 partment of Eure. 9 miles X'.E. of Bernay. Pop. in 1852,3302. 
 
 BRIOUDE. bre-ood', (anc. Briva'ta.) a town of France. 
 . department of Haute-Loire. on the Allier, 29 miles N.W. of 
 Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 4910. It has a fine church in the 
 Byzantine style, founded in the nineteenth century, a com- 
 munal college, and a public library. At Old Brioude, 3 
 miles S.S.E. of Brioude, are the remains of a bridge over the 
 Allier, which fell in 1822. It consisted of a single arch, $8 
 feet high, and 206 feet in span. It was built by Marie 
 Louise, wife of the Dauphin of Auvergne. in 1368. The 
 Marquis de Lafayette was born at Brioude in 1757. 
 
 BRISACH. See Breisacu. Old. 
 
 BRIS'BANE, a county of East ,A.ustralia, New South 
 Wales, having N., Liverpool Planes, and on other sides 
 the counties of Gloucester, Durham, Hunter, Phillip, and 
 Bligh. The Hunter and Goulbourn Rivers form its S. 
 boundary. It consists of several ranges of table-land, with 
 occasional peaks, some of which rise to a considerable ele- 
 vation. In this county is situated the burning hill, called 
 Mount AVingen or the Burnins Mountain ; lat. 31° 55' S. ; 
 Ion. 150° 56' E. The portion of it under process of combus- 
 tion is from 1400 to 1500 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 BRISB.VNE, the capital of the above county, on Bris- 
 bane River, 10 miles from its mouth. It ceasied to be a 
 penal settlement in 1842, and has .since had a thriving ap- 
 pearance, with an increasing export trade in wool. 
 
 BRISBANE-DOWNS are in the S. part of New South 
 Wales. Ion. 149° E., and between lat. 36° and 37° S., about 
 2000 feet in average height, and well adapted for sheep 
 vralks. 
 
 BRIS/BAXE RIVER, in the co. of Brisbivne. New South 
 Wales, enters Moreton B,ay near lat 27°30' S., Ion. 153° 15' E., 
 knd is ascended by the tide for 50 miles from the sea. 
 
 BRIS'COE RUX.'a post-office of Wood co., Virginia. 
 
 BRI'SET, a parish of England. See Briceth. 
 
 BRISIGIIELLA, bre-se-ghjl'll, a town of Italy, 28 miles 
 S.W. of Riivenna. Pop. 2200. 
 
 BRIS'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BUIS'LIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BRISSAC, brees'sik', a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire. 9 miles S.E. of Angers. Pop. in 1852. 972. 
 
 BRISS.VGO, bris-si'go, a parish and town of Switzerland, 
 in the canton of Ticino. on I^ago Maggiore. 5 miles S.W. of 
 Lacatno. It Is finely situated, and has an active transit 
 trade 
 
 BRfSSARTTIE, breesVaRt/, a villase of France, depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire. 16 miles N.N.E. of Angers, with a 
 ehurch. founded in the ei.;hth or ninth century. 
 
 BRISTERSBUHGH. a post-offlceofFauquierco., Virginia. 
 
 BRISTOL, bris'tol. a city, seaport, and county of Eng- 
 land, situated chiefly in Gloucestershire, and "parily in 
 Somersetshire, on the Avon, at its confluence with the 
 Frome, and 8 miles S.K. of its emlx>uchure. in the Bristol 
 Chaiinel: 11} miles N.W. of Rath. 33^ miles S.S.W. of Glou- 
 cester, and 118J miles W. of Ix)ndon. with which it Is con- 
 nected by the Great Western Railway. I^t. of cathedral 
 61° 27' N.. Ion. 2° 36' W. Area of borouih. including the 
 dlstiict added by the municipal act, 9870 acres. Inhabited 
 bctues in 1»41, 1S,907. Pop. in 1801, 39,914, and in 1S41, 
 284 
 
 123.188 ; in 1861, 164,093. including parliamentary bound- 
 ary. Bristol extends over several hills and intermediate 
 valleys. The old city between the Avon and Frome i« Ill- 
 built: and the quarters still farther S. are of an inferior 
 character, but aU around these are many new streets, 
 squares, and handsome modern residences, especially on 
 the N. and W.. in which latter direction is Clifton.. com- 
 prised in the city liberty. The whole city is well paved 
 and sewered, and plentifully supplied with water. Principal 
 edifices, the cathedral, a beautiful structure, founded in the 
 time of King Stephen, 175 feet in length, 12ti feet In 
 breadth, and having a tower 140 feet in height. Of the 19 
 parish churches, the most interesting are those of St. Mary 
 Reddiff, completed in 1376. and considered one of the finest 
 in England; St. James", formerly collegiate; St. Stephen's, 
 built about a. d. 1470: St. Mark's now the chapel of the 
 mayor: and the Temple Church. Dissenting places of wor- 
 ship are numerous. Other principal editices are the Guild- 
 hall, built in the reign of Richard II.; the new Council- 
 house, jail, and bridewell ; the Exchange, a building in the 
 Corinthian style, erected at a cost of 60,000?.. and used as a 
 corn-market; the Commercial Rooms; Bristol Infirmary, 
 now the Royal Infirmary, with a library and museum, and 
 receiving annually 7600 patients; the General Hospit.al, in- 
 stituted in 1832. and now being rebuilt, As.sembly Rooms, 
 office of the Bristol Steam Navigation Company, the largest 
 in the kingdom, with a hall used for concerts. Ac, the baths 
 and pump-rooms at Clifton, a handsome theatre, and nume- 
 rous good bridges. There are 600 schools in the city, edu- 
 cating about 25,000 pupils: of which 12 are endowed insti- 
 tutions. The grammar school, founded in 1532. has several 
 small exhibitions, and 2 fellowships in St. John's College, 
 Oxford. Queen Euzalieth's Hospital educates 100 boys, and 
 h.as a revenue of nearly 5001W. a year. Colston's three schools 
 are perhaps next in importance. Almshouses, and medical 
 and other benevolent institutions are very numerous; the 
 endowed charities are estimated at 23,i.X)0;., and it Is esti- 
 mated that between 12,000(. and 15,000?. of voluntary con- 
 tributions are distributed annitilly on account of various 
 charities. Bristol has a new proprietary college belonging to 
 the Baptist.s. a school of medicine, a public library with 00.000 
 volumes, law and medical libraries, and a mechanics" insti- 
 tution. It long ranked as the second commercial emporium 
 of England, but its progress had not kept pace with that of 
 other ports, more advantageously situated as outlets of great 
 manufacturing districts. It has, however, large iron and 
 brass foundries; copjier, tin, zinc, and glass works: chemical 
 and color works : sugar-refineries and distilleries: and con- 
 siderable manufactures of pins. shot, china, eai-thenwares, 
 soap, leather, t«l>acco, cottons, hats, and floorcloths, with ex- 
 tensive establishments for ship-building; and in its vicinity 
 are large brick and coal works. 
 
 The Avon at Bristol, though narrow, is deep enough for 
 large ships, and early in the present century, its course was 
 turned for some distance, at a cost of 700.0iK)/.. and its old 
 channel now forms a harlx>r. furnished with locks and qu.ay8 
 6000 feet in length. Ships of large burden, and first-rat« 
 steamers, load and discharge cargo at Kiugroad, in the 
 mouth of this river. The city retains a large share of the 
 West India trade. Imports, consist chiefly of sugar, molasses, 
 rum, coflee, tobacco, with wool, turpentine, hemp, timber, 
 wine, and brandy from North and South .America, the ISaltic, 
 and France. Exports consist mainly of the liefore-mentioned 
 manufactured goods to foreitrn ports, and of colonial produce 
 to Ireland. Value of British and Irish produce exported in 
 1851, 419.958?. In 1850. 646 British and foreign ships, aggr*. 
 gate burden 64.3.217 tons, entered; and 177 ships, burden 
 47,795 tons, cleared out of the port. Customs revenue in 
 1851, 1.100.509/. Registered shipping in 1847, 295 ves.sels, ag- 
 gregate burden 38.914 tons. Bristol communications by rail- 
 way with Birmingham and Exeter, with theTh.ames, ic, by 
 the Kennet and .\von Canal. It was the fir.st port in l!ritain 
 whence regular steam communication with theCnited States 
 was established, and the "Great Britain" steamship was 
 built at Bristol. It has a chamber of commerce and several 
 mercantile corporate Ixidies: and it lately had 6 liankin>T com- 
 panies. In 1848 it was made a free port. The city Is divided 
 into 10 wards, and governed by a mayor, 16 aldermen, and 
 48 councillors. Its corporation has jurisdiction on the .\von 
 from 4 miles alxive the city down to the sea, and along the 
 ch.annel to Clevedon: also the right to license pilots for nu- 
 merous ports on the Bristol Channel. Coporation revenue 
 in 1846-7, 4S.4S.37.: expended 53.300?. Spring assizes for 
 civil causes, quarter sessions, sheriff's, and other courts aie 
 held here. It .sends 2 members to the House of Comui.>ns. 
 
 Under Henry VIII. Bristol was made a bishop's see. latel/ 
 united with that of Gloucester. 1 1 was a fin-titied city .w early 
 as the fifth century : in Norman times it had a ca.stle buiit by 
 the Earl of Gloucester, son of Henry I. In 1831 it was the 
 scene of a violent riot, during which its episcopal palace and 
 many other buildings were destroj-ed. Among its distin- 
 guished natives m.ay l>e noticed SeKnstian Cal)ot. Chatterton, 
 Southe.v.and the sculptor Bay ley. Bri.stol confers tlietitleof 
 marquis on the Hervey family. The scenerj- in the vicinity, 
 especially at Uotwell Saline Spring, is excevding^ beaucifidr 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 The name Bristol seems to be derived from Briestow, an 
 old Saxon name of this city, wiiicli may be literally trans- 
 lated "breach place;" t. e. the place or town of the breach 
 or chasm through which the Avon finds a passa<;e to the 
 sea. The ancient British name was Caer Odor, the '' city 
 of the breach." 
 
 BKIS'TOL, a county in the S.K. part of Ma.ssachusetts. 
 has an area of about 51" scjuare miles. It is bounded on 
 the S. by Buzzard's Bay, and is drained by the Taunton 
 River and smaller streams, which afford valuable water- 
 power. It bas a seacoast of about 18 mile.s, affording many 
 excellent har))ors. The inhabitants are Itir^ely engaged in 
 navigation and the fisheries. The surface is somewhat 
 broken, but generally level : the .soil in some parts is good, 
 md in otlieis of an inferior quality. Extensive beds of iron 
 ore are found in this county, and quantities of the iron are 
 manufactured into various articles. Railroads connecting 
 Boston with I'rovidenee, Fall River, and New Bedford, in- 
 tersect this county. Organized in 1685, and named from 
 Bristol, a city of Kngland. Seats of justice, Taunton and 
 New liedf )rd. Pop. 9;j,794. 
 
 URIS'TOL, a county in tho K. central part of Rhode 
 Island, has an area of about 26 square miles, being the 
 smallest county in tlie state. It is Iwiunded on the K. by 
 Jlount Hope IJay, and on the S. and W. by Narraganset 
 Bay. It enjoys almost uiu'ivalled facilities for navigation 
 and the fisheries; a large amount of cayiital is invested in 
 the whale fishery. The surface is somewhat uneven. Mount 
 Hope, once the residence of tho Indian King Philip, is the 
 g;reate»t elevation. Tlie soil is very fertile. This county 
 was organized in 1746. Capital, Bristol. Pop. 8907. 
 
 BIUS'TOL, a post-township of Lincoln Co., Maine, on the 
 Atlantic coast, 30 miles S.E. by S. of .Augusta; possesses 
 abundant water-power. The inhabitants are extensively 
 engaged in navigation and in ship-biiilding. Pop. 3335. 
 
 HHIS'TOb, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 30 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 1124. It has manufao- 
 tmes of leather and woollen goods. 
 
 BiUSTOb. a post-township of Addison co.,Termont, about 
 28 miles S.W. by \V. of Montpelier. 1 1 contains an academy, 
 and has manufactures of iron castings, machinery, car- 
 riatres. &c. Pop. 1355. 
 
 BRISTOL, a port of entry, and seat of justice of Bristol 
 county, Rhode Island, on a peninsula extending S. into Nar- 
 raganset Bay, 16 miles S.S.E. of Providence. 14 miles N. by 
 E. of Newport, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Salt River. The 
 township is 5 miles long and 2 miles broad, embracing 12 
 square miles of surface. On the E. is Mount Hope Bay, ex- 
 tending up towards Fall River. Between this and Narra- 
 jansiit Bay on the W. is Mount Hope, once the residence 
 of the celebrated King Philip. More than one-fourth of the 
 entire population are engaged in iiortk-ulture. The town is 
 situated on an elevated plain, inclining gently towards the 
 Narraganset shore. Portions of it are beautifully shaded. 
 It contains several churches, 4 banks, and 2 newspaper 
 oflloes. Manufacturing in this place has received consider- 
 able encouragement within a few years past, and is now in 
 a very tliriving condition. The. harbor is easy of access, 
 safe, and of sufficent depth for vessels of a large size. Bris- 
 tol has an extensive trade along the coast, and some com- 
 merce with the AVest India Islands. Its shipping in 1854 
 amounted to an aggregate burden of 14.603 tons; 12,6i3 
 tons were registered. Five ve.sscls, (4 of them ships.) with 
 an aggreg.ate burden of 4516 tons, were built during the year. 
 A steamboat plying between Providence and Salt River 
 touches at this place. Bristol is much resorted to in the 
 Bummer season for its fine sea-air. King I'hilip, who waged 
 a destructive warfare with the New England colonies, was 
 liilled here in 1676. During the Revolutionary Mar the 
 town was bombarded by the British, and most of it burned 
 to the ground. Pop. of tlie township, fi'Iil. 
 
 BI'.ISTOL, a post-village and township of Hartford oo., 
 Oonnceticut, on the line of the Hartford and Fishkill Rail- 
 road, about 16 miles S.W. by W. from Hartford. It is cele- 
 brated for its extensive manufacture of clocks and stockinet 
 goods; it has brass and iron foundries, machine-shops, &c. 
 There is in the vicinity an important copper mine. P. 3436. 
 
 BitlSTOL, a post-village and township of Ontario Co., 
 New York, 212 miles W. of Albany. Pop. li'57. 
 
 BRISTOL, a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Delaware River. 
 
 BRI:?TOL. a pleasant post-borough of Bucks CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Delaware River, nejirly opposite Burlington. 
 19 miles above Philadelphia, and 115 miles E. by S. frijni 
 Harrisburg. It was the first seat of justice of Bucks co., 
 and it is still the largest town. The railroad from Phila- 
 delphia to New York passes through this place, and the 
 Delaware branch of the Pennsylvania Canal terminates here. 
 Tlie town is neatly built, and contains several churches, a 
 town-ball, a bank, and a mineral spring. It communicates 
 daily witli Philadelphia by steamboats. Founded in 1697. 
 Pop. 3314. 
 
 BKl STOL, formerly a township of Philadelphia co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, 6 miles N. of the State-house, but is now em- 
 braced within the corporate limits of Piiiladelphia. 
 
 BRISTOL, a jwst-office of Anne Arundel co., Maryland. 
 
 BRISTOL, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 BRISTOL, a post-township of Morgan co., Ohio, about 30 
 miles N.W. of Marietta. Pop. 16;i4. 
 
 BRISTOL, a village of Perry Co., Ohio, 48 miles M'.N.W. 
 of Marietta. 
 
 BRISTOL, a township of Trtimbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1120. 
 
 BRISTOL, a post-village of Wayne CO., Ohio, 100 miles .\ .E. 
 of Columbus,and 14 miles from Wooster. Pop. about 300. 
 
 BRISTOL, a thriving post-village of Elkhart co., Indiana, 
 is pleasantly situated on the St. Joseph's River, and on the 
 Micliigan Southern Railroad, 156 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 It lias a cliurch, a flouring mill, and several stores. 
 
 BRISTOL, a post-township in Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1369. 
 
 BRISTOL, a post-village of Kendall co., Illinois, on the 
 right bank of Fox River, 6 miles below Oswego, and 52 
 \\ .S.W. of Chicago. It has abundant water-power, with a 
 flouring and a saw-mill. 
 
 BRISTOL, a village of Efflngliam co., Illinois, 12 miles 
 S.W". of Ewingtou; the county-seat was laid out in 1851. 
 
 BRISTOL, a township in Dane co., Wisconsin, about 18 
 miles N.E. of Madi.son. I'op. 1'254; 
 
 BRISTOL, a i)ost-village and township in the S. part of 
 Kenosha c^., Wisconsin. Pop. 1392. 
 
 BRISTOL BAY, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, Russlir 
 America, between Cape Newnham and the Peninsula of 
 -Aliaska. Lat. about 54° N., 160° W. Its discovery is as- 
 signed to Captain Cook. 
 
 BRI.STOL CKNTRF;, a pos(>o<fice of Ontario co.. New York. 
 
 BiasTOL CHANNEL, an arm of the Atlantic, entering 
 between St. Ann's Head on the N. and Lands Kiid on the 
 S., extending into the S.W. part of Great Britjiin, between 
 lat. 50° and 51° 40' N., and Ion. 3° and 5° 3u' W., bounded 
 northward by South A\ales, and south by the English 
 counties of Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. At its eastern 
 extremity it terminates in tiie estuary of the Severn, be- 
 sides which river it receives the Farrat, Taw. Torridge. Taff, 
 and Towy, Sandy Island, with lighthou.se, is in the mouth 
 of the channel, and the towns of llfracombe. Combe-Martin,. 
 Watchet, Swansea, Kidwelly and Tenby are on its coasts. 
 It contains Miltbrdhaven, Carmarthen Bay, and Swansea 
 Bay on the N.. and Barnstable, I'orlock, and Bridgewater 
 Bay on the S. Its tides flow rapidly upward, and meeting 
 with the currents of the Severn, cause the phenomenon 
 called the bore. 
 
 BRISTOL STATION, a post-office of Prince William co. 
 Virginia. 
 
 BRIS/TOLVILLE, a post-oflice of Rarry co., Michigan. 
 
 BRIS'TOLVILLl';, a postoflice of Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 
 BlUSTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRITISH CHANNEL. See Engush Ch.^nnel. 
 
 BRIT'ISH AM ER/ICA comprises, with exception of the 
 Russian Possessions, tho whole of North America N. of pa- 
 rallel of 49°, together with some irregular portions, includ- 
 ing New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, stretching S. to lat. 43° 
 30' N., and the triangular portion of which tlie Canadns 
 form the Imse. the apex extending S. to lat. 41° 56' N. This 
 vast territory is bounded E. by tlie Atlantic;, Da> is Strait, 
 and Baffin's Bay, N. by the Arctic Ocean, N.W. by Russian 
 America, W. l)y the Pacific, and S. by the United States. It 
 comprehends the Canadas. (East and West.) New Bruns- 
 wick. Nova Scotia, Cape Breton. Prince Edward's Island, 
 Newfoundland, North-west Territory, and Hudson's 15ay 
 Territory. Generally speaking, British America is a level 
 country. With the exception of the Rocky Mountiiins on 
 the \V.. it has but few elevations, and these are for the most 
 part of inconsiderable height. The coast has numerous in- 
 dentations: the most remarkable of which, on tlie E., are 
 theGulf of St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. The latter com- 
 mnnicating with the Atlantic through Iludstm's and Fi-o- 
 bisher's Straits, and with the Arctic Ocean by means of Fox 
 Channel, Gulf of Boothia, Prince Regent's, and other in- 
 lets, penetrates to ne.ar the centre of the continent, forming 
 one of the most extensive inland seas on the globe. The 
 surface of the country is extremely diversified with rivers 
 and lakes. The St. Lawrence, a river of immense volume, 
 750 miles in length, forms the outlet of the great Canadian 
 lakes. The Saskatchawan, rising in the Rocky Mountains, 
 traverses 15° of longitude, or a distance of at least 900 
 miles, and falls into the great Lake Winnipeg in 5o° N. lat. 
 This lake is connected with Hudson's Bay by the Nelson or 
 Port Nelson, about 500 miles in length. Lake Athabasca, 
 situated about lat. 58° N. and Ion. 110° W., receives, among 
 others, the Peace River and the Athabasca, a large stream, 
 rising in the Rocky Mountains, near the Source of the Co- 
 lumbia. The Mackenzie, entering the Arctic Ocean, is one 
 of the largest rivers on the globe. But such is the comi)li- 
 cated water system of this region, with its endless lakes 
 communicating with one another, that it is almost iuipo»- 
 sible to say what should be regarded as the source of this 
 river. If we consider the Athabasca as its remote branch, 
 the Mackenzie flows through about 16° of latitude; or, if wo 
 take the Peat« River, w^hich rises much taither N.,aud traco 
 It to the Mackenzie, the length of the main stream will be 
 
 285 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 aboai the same. Kast of the Mackenzie, and flowing Into 
 the Arctic Ocean, are the Coppermine and Fish Rivers. The 
 basin of the Winnipeg may be considered as a continuation 
 of that of the St. Lawrence, or as a portion of one high plateau 
 divided into two parts. There can be but little doubt that 
 the greater part of the vast region included under the name 
 of British America is doomed to everlasting sterility, on ac- 
 count of the severity of the climate. The most northern 
 station In which vegetation has been discovered is Melville 
 Island. 74° 50' X. lat., where the mean annual temperature 
 is from 1° to 2° below zero, and that of July about i'JP. The 
 species th.at e.xist here consist chietiy of saxifrages, grasses, 
 cruciform plants, mosses, and lichens ; not a ti^ee, or even 
 a bush, is able to rear its head ; nor, indeed, is there a single 
 plant or woody structure, except a little willow, (tiilix ar- 
 lica.) which rises six inches high. It is in these latitudes 
 that the red snow-plant, (Prottxoccut nivalis,') that most sim- 
 ple of ciyptogamic vegetables exists in all its beauty. As 
 we advance southward, vast forests of spruce firs, {Ahies 
 attia and nigra.) among which grow the reindeer moss and 
 other lichens, overspread the land. To these are added dif- 
 ferent kinds of wild currants and berries, and a variety of 
 p.ipilionaceous plants, which abound in the open plains. 
 With these are combined, as we continue to advance, the 
 majestic poplars of Canada, {Popidus hmdionica, jfnd others,) 
 birches. (^Bdula papyrava and populifnlia.) and many sorts 
 of oaks and ashes, together with butternuts (Juylans cene- 
 rea) and hickories, (C'ari/a alba and amara.) 
 
 The animals hunted for food are deer, of four different 
 kinds, buffaloes, rabbits, and porcupines. Wild fowl are 
 also numerous, especially grouse, wild geese, and ducks. 
 The principal objects of traffic, in the more northern parts, 
 are the skins of fur-clad animals, of which there are here a 
 great variety. The chief tribes Inhabiting these northern 
 regions are the Chippewas, the Assiniboins, the Crees, the 
 Slave Indians, and the Ksquimaux. Of all these tribes, the 
 Crees have the best character, being active, honest, and hos- 
 pitable, kind to their women, and fondly attached to their 
 children. For an account of that portion of the country un- 
 ■ der cultivation, see Canada. 
 
 BRITISH EMPIRE. THE, in many respects the greatest 
 now existing, or that has ever existed in the world : and re- 
 markable not more for the magnitude to which it has at- 
 tained, than for its comparatively humble origin — an em- 
 pire which, though apparently destined by geographical 
 position, to occupy only an archipehigo in the X.W. corner 
 of Europe, so remote as to have been at one time deemed 
 bej'oud the limits of civilization, now stretches out its arms 
 in every quarter, in a manner encircling the globe, and 
 ruling its destinies, pre-eminent alike in wealth and popu- 
 lation, niannei-s and religion, law, literature and arts. 
 
 The British Empire comprehends two great divisions : — 
 1, The British Isles, or what is commonly called the Uxi- 
 TED KixoDoM of Great Britain and iKiiAXD ; 2, CoioxiES 
 and Depexdexcies. 
 
 Oe.nerai Description. — The British Isles occupy a kind of 
 archipelago in the X.W. of Europe, and consist of the two 
 principal islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and a great 
 number of smaller islands, which sometimes singly, but 
 more frequently in groups, line the shores of the other two. 
 or lie in the surrounding seas at no great distance from 
 them. On the ^'.^V. and S.W. they lie open to the surges 
 cf the Atlantic; on theE. they are washed by the North 
 Sea or German Oceiin, and on the S. by the Atlantic and the 
 English Channel. Taking the most northern point of Unst. 
 in the Shetland Isles, (lat. 60° 49' N.,) and the most south- 
 ern point of England, Lizard Point, (lat. 49° 57' 30" N..) as 
 their extremities north and south, and Lowestoffe (Ion. 1° 
 41)' E.) and Dunmore Head (Ion. 10° 27' W.) as their extre- 
 mities east and west ; straight lines drawn through these 
 four points will include a space extending over nearly 11° 
 of latitude, and rather more than 12° of longitude. Hence, 
 at the summer solstice, the longest day at the northern will 
 exceed that at the southern extremity by 2 h. 40 min., be- 
 ing IS h. 48 m. at the former, and only 16 h. 8 m. at the lat- 
 ter, while at all seasons there will be a difference between 
 the ea.«tern and wtftern extremities of nearly 49 m. of time. 
 The United Kingdom, formed by the union of what were 
 formerly the three independent kingdoms of Scotland, Hug- 
 land, and Ireland, Is still similarly suMivided for admini.s- 
 trative purposes. The principal "subdivision of the king- 
 dom is into counties, of which England, with AVales, has 
 52. Scotland 32, and Ireland also 32. 
 
 The coLoxiES and depexdexcies are not confined to any 
 particular quarter of the world, but He scattered over its 
 surface, often at immense distances, some of them forming 
 the very antipodes of the mother country, while others 
 Btretch over the globe in succession, from east to west, and 
 make that which was once flatteringly said of the Span- 
 ish monarchy to be emphatically true of the British em- 
 pire — that "the sun never gets upon it." It is singular, 
 however, that with all these vast dominions. Britain pos- 
 Besses not one colony, and has only one dependency on the 
 continent of Europ.j. On the accession of her pre.sent Ma- 
 jesty, the kingdom of Hanover, previously included in the 
 286 
 
 empire, passed from it, under the operation of the S.ilic law ; 
 and the only continental spot now i-emaining is theimpreg 
 nable fortress of Gibraltar. To this may be added, in the 
 same quarter, the strong island of Malta, pfissessed in al-so- 
 lute right, and the Ionian Isles, held under the name of a 
 protectorate; and off the estuary of the Elbe, the lock of 
 Helgoland, which had great commercial importance dur- 
 ing the ascendancy of N'apoleon, but lost it on his downfall 
 The following table exhibits the area and ]X)pulation of 
 the different countries of which the Brttish Empire is com- 
 
 Area and Poptilation of tke British Emptre. 
 
 EuaopK. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 Helgolaud 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 Malta and Goro 
 
 Ionian Islands 
 
 Afgica. 
 
 Gambia - 
 
 Sierra I^eone 
 
 Gold Coast Possessions., 
 
 Fernando Po 
 
 Ascension 
 
 St. Helena 
 
 Cape Colony , 
 
 Natal 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Seychelles 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Aden 
 
 India, British 
 
 India, Dependencies. 
 Tenasserim Province: 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Penang 
 
 Malacca 
 
 Singapore 
 
 Lalx>oan 
 
 Bong Kong 
 
 Ahebica. 
 
 Canada East 
 
 Canada West 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. 
 
 Prince Edward Island 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 Hudson's Bay Territory 
 
 Labrador ...'. 
 
 West India Islands 
 
 Bermudas 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Guiana ". 
 
 Falliland Islands 
 
 Australasia. 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 South Australia 
 
 Western Australia 
 
 Victoria or Port Philip 
 
 Australia, not settled 
 
 Van Dicmen's Land 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Norfolk Island 
 
 Auckland Island 
 
 Total.. 
 
 130 
 l,09i 
 
 300 
 !,000 
 400 
 
 756.199 
 
 661.3*8 
 a9.168 
 i!4,6()4 
 
 209,990 
 147. 8.1-.' 
 27.700 
 18,746 
 
 1'.i:h 
 
 57,000 
 
 2,190.0*10 
 
 423,500 
 
 12,88» 
 
 "ie.ooo 
 
 76.000 
 13,000 
 
 350.000 
 
 300.000 
 
 70,000 
 
 90.000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 ;:4,ooo 
 
 97,000 
 
 ise 
 
 8,3o6,7Sl 
 
 27,332,145 
 
 2.300 
 13.r-'3 
 UK. 247 
 21<J,71I7 
 
 5.693 
 
 4 4. was 
 
 275 000 
 
 850 
 
 400 
 
 4.977 
 
 1611.408 
 
 lil.OOO 
 
 161.920 
 
 159,243 
 
 50,000 
 117,174.637 
 53,63!).0;il 
 
 ii.s.ooo 
 
 1,507.3.6 
 4:i.t43 
 5.'-,000 
 57,421 
 
 276.117 
 90.000 
 
 101.600 
 
 180.000 
 5.000 
 
 785.098 
 11.000 
 11.1X10 
 
 135, ;«4 
 
 3T.6S0 
 10. .Ill 
 151.127 
 
 205,884,357 
 
 UxiTED Kingdom. — Geography. — As already observed, it 
 occupies a kind of archipelago in the N.W. of Europe, and 
 consists of numerous groups of islands, the princiiial of 
 which are Great Britain and Ireland, separated from each 
 other by the Irish Sea, which, near the centre, att.",ins its 
 greatest width of alxiut 130 miles ; but between Holyhead 
 in Wales and Howth Head in Ireland, in the track taken 
 by the English packets, is not wider than 60 miles ; and 
 between the Mull of Cantyre in Scotland and Fair Head in 
 Ireland, narrows to about 12 miles. Great Britain, the 
 larser, and bv tar the more important of the two islands, in 
 situated between lat. 49° 57' 42" and 58° 40' 24" N. It id 
 the largest island in Europe, and the sixth largest in th«« 
 world, the only islands ranking before it in this re.«i)ect 1»- 
 ing Australia, Borneo, Papua or New Guinea, Sumatra, and 
 Niphon. Its nearest appnwich to the continent of Euiope 
 is at its S.E. extremity, where the Strait of Dover, separat- 
 ing it from France, is only 21 miles Iroad. On Ixith sides 
 of the Strait the di.'^tance is rapidly increased. To the W„ 
 the English Channel widens out till the extremities of 
 England and France are 100 miles asunder. On the E.. the 
 German Ocean, where it separates England from Belgium 
 and Holland, is also about 1(K) miles across, but a little N. 
 it suddenly gains thrice that width, and retains it, so a.s to 
 place the E. shores of Great Britain at the average distance 
 of 350 miles from the W. shores of Denmark and Nf rway. 
 The contour of Great Britain is so very irregular, that it 
 seems vain to compare it to any miithematical figure. Tbe 
 N. part, in particular, exhibits on its E. coast a succession 
 of large salient angles, 'while tl.e '.V. coast is broken and i aj?- 
 ged in the extreme; the landu'^er and anon jutting out Into 
 
■m. 
 
 3111 
 
 the sea, and the sea making deep inroads Into theland. as if 
 (lie two elements had not yet ascertained their boundaries, 
 and were contending for the mastery. The greatest length 
 of Great Itritain, measured on a line bearing N. by W. from 
 live to Dunnet Head, is G08 miles. The breadth, necessa- 
 rily modified by the numerous indentations of the coast, 
 varies exceeding!}'. The longest line which can be drawn 
 across the island is 367 miles, from Land's End to Lowes- 
 tofle; but the longest line, measured from the \V. to the E. 
 coast on a parallel of latitude, between St. David's Head 
 and the Xaze, is only 2S0 miles. The breadth of the island, 
 between the Clyde at Dumbarton and the Forth at Alloa, is 
 only 33 miles; in the Oikel, which falls into the Dornoch 
 Firth, the tide ascends till it is within 18 miles of the W. 
 c.oa.st, and the remarkable chain of lochs which stretch 
 acro.ss the island leaves so little land intervening between 
 the opposite coasts, that the communication left unfinished 
 by nature has been completed by art, and now forms the 
 Caledonian Canal. The area of Great liritain, including 
 the groups of the Orkneys, Shetlands, and Ilebrides, is 
 about 88.C151 square miles. Of these, England and Wales oc- 
 cupy 57,812 square miles, and Scotland 20,014 square miles. 
 
 Ireland, as already mentioned, lies to the W. of Great 
 Brit;\in, being separated from it by the Irish Sea, and sur- 
 rouude<l on all other sides by the Atlantic Ocean. It no- 
 where extends so far as either the N. or S. extremities of 
 Great Britain, but occuijies an intermediate space between 
 lat. 51° 2.V and 55° 2.3' N., its N. extremity being on the 
 same parallel A^ith the central part of Ayrshire, and its S. 
 extremity being opposite to Bristol Channel, nearly in the 
 latitude of London. E. and W. it lies between Ion. 6° and 
 11° 'W. Its shape is much more regular tlian that of Great 
 Britain, and bears a considerable resemblance to a ihom- 
 boid. The greatest diagonal is between Mizzen Head in 
 Cork and Fair Head in Antrim, about 300 miles; the great- 
 est length, measured On a meridian, is 230 miles ; and the 
 greatest breadth, measured on a parallel, is 180 miles. The 
 breadth across the centre is nearly 165 miles. Owing to the 
 compactness of its form. Ireland does not exhibit such va- 
 riation of breadth as we have seen to exist in Great Britain; 
 but the breadth, from Galway Bay to Dublin, is not 110 
 miles; and the shortest breadth of all, between Ballyshan- 
 non and Dundalk, is only 85 miles. One remarkable fact 
 is, thiit notwithstanding the general compactness of Ire- 
 land, its opposite coasts and arms of the sea are so conve- 
 niently situated iu regard to each other, that there is not 
 a spot on its surface which is not, in some direction or 
 other, within 55 miles of the ocean. The area of Ireland is 
 about 32,513 square miles. 
 
 Physticuil Fwtiires. — In its physical features, Great Britain 
 Is among the most interesting i.<lands in the world. Though 
 of comparatively limited extent, all varieties of scenery are 
 exhibited on its surface, and all tbrms of geological strui'- 
 ture lie within its ix)som. The N. part of Great Britain is. 
 for the most part, rugged, mountainous, and barren. To 
 the X. of a line drawn from the Fritli of Clyde on the AV. to 
 Stonehaven on the E. coast, the whole country is composed 
 of primary rocks. Gneiss and mica slate, with numerous 
 outbursts of granite, form lofty mountain chains, whose 
 lower slopes are usually covered with beds of conglomerate 
 and old red sandstone. The principal chain is the Gram- 
 pians : but though these mountains are the loftiest in the 
 island, they are by no means of the first class. Their cul- 
 minating points, Bennevis and Benmacdhuie, are respec- 
 tively 4380 and 4305 feet. From their X. sides snow 
 scarcely ever disappears. These mountains, from the 
 nature of the materials of which they are composed, fre- 
 quently assume the form of peaks and frowning precipices, 
 which, as they descend, instead of terminating at the gene- 
 rsti level of the base, are continued downwards, and become 
 the romantic barriers of deep, extensive lakes, presenting 
 scenes In which sublimity and beauty strangely intet>- 
 miiigle. The last range within the line already mentioned 
 is that of the Ochils. which are much less elevated than 
 the Grampians, and exhibit scenery of a much tamer de- 
 scription. Instead of towering up in sterile peaks, they are 
 generally rounded, and clothed io their summits with ver- 
 d.-int or heathy pastures. On their S. slopes a new geologi- 
 cal formation" appears. The carboniferous system, at first 
 with its strata almost turned on edge, and thrown into 
 confusion by contact with masses and veins of trap, soon 
 l)ec«mes fully developed, and stretches, with occasional in- 
 terruptions, from the E. to the W. coast, over the basins 
 lx)(h of the Forth and Clyde. The mineral treasures of this 
 district make it one of the most important in Great Britain. 
 To the S.. immediately Ijeyond the limits of this coalfield, 
 the country again assumes an alpine character, and moun- 
 tains, which, for the most part, are composed of rocks of grey- 
 vacke and coarse slate, rise with heights varying from 2000 
 to oUOO feft above the level of the sea. A considerable part 
 of this district is occupied by the Lead Hills, so called from 
 tba rich veins of lead by which its strata of greywacke are 
 intersected. Still farther to the S^se^eral large masses of 
 granit« occur. Coal also again appears, and forms two mi- 
 nor coalfields. 
 
 Towards the P.E., the mo.st conspicuous feature is fbrmed 
 by the Cheviot Hills, a porphyritic range, which once formed 
 part of the boundary between two independent kingdoms, 
 and sends its ramifications into both. Those which pass 
 into England may be regarded as the commencing lir.ks of 
 a long chain of mountjiins and liills, which extends, with 
 scarcely a .single interruption, along the W. .side of that 
 division of the island, forming its most iniportniit water- 
 shed, and throwing out numerous branches, particularly 
 those which penetrate into Cumberland .and W.-ile", and 
 give a somewliat modified but scarcely less attractivi repe- 
 tition of the magnificent scenery to which reference has 
 lieen made. In the N. part of this chain the most striking 
 feature is formed by the series of romantic lakes so well 
 known to tourists from all countries. Here granite and a 
 species of basjilt are occjisionally seen, but the prevailing 
 rocks are slates and sandstones, belonging to the Silurian 
 series. In other parts of this range trap-porphyry occurs. 
 It forms tlie very summit of Scawfell, and is seen, in still 
 more interesting circumstances, at Sotaller in Borrowdale, 
 where, at its contact with a bed of red unctuous Hay and 
 ironstone, occurs the celebrated vein of graphite, which has 
 long furnished the finest, black-lead pencils in the world. 
 Another largely developed rock of the same range is the 
 limestone.* which forms lofty mountain masses — Inglebo- 
 rough. Whernside, Pennigant. and Cross Fell being almost 
 entirely composed of it. This limestone is often intersected 
 by rich veins of lead. In the lengthened chain alreadj- re- 
 ferred to, is the Cambrian range, spread over the great part 
 of Wales, and containing, among otheis, the highest moun- 
 tain of South Britain — Snowdon. 3571 feet. The rocks, like 
 those of the Cumbrian range, lie low in the geological scries, 
 and consist almost entirely of slate and different varieties 
 of trap and porphyry. The great exception is towards the 
 8. limits of the range, where the Silurian rocks are overlain 
 by an extensive tract of old red sandstone, supporting in its 
 turn by the mountain limestone, wliich, like a girdle, en- 
 circles the most extensive, if not the most valuable, of the 
 British coalfields. 
 
 To the S. of the Cambrian is the Devonian range, stretch- 
 ing from the Bristol to the British Channel. Here granite 
 is extensively developed, ana, often possessing the property 
 of decomposing rapidly, furnishes the white clay called l.ao 
 Un, of which our finest porcelain is made. The mineral 
 treasures are tin and copper, veins of which, generally at a 
 high angle, and in a direction from E. to W.. intersect the 
 slate and granite, and vary in width fnim a few inches to 
 several feet. Xot unfrcquently a vein commencing with 
 tin is converted into a vein of copper after a consideralile 
 depth h.as been reached. Tin, too, occurs in the sands of 
 rivers and valleys in the form of grains and pebbles, and is 
 known by the name of stream-tin. The different ranges 
 now desciibed as occupying tlie W. side of England, from 
 its X. to its S. extremity, are composed entirely of primary 
 rocks, or at least of rocks which, with the exception ef the 
 great Welsh coalfield, and anotherof limited dimensions on 
 the X. coast of Ctimberland, never stand higher in the geo- 
 logii'al series th.in the lowest strata of the carboniferous 
 system. On proceeding E. the case is reversed, and the old- 
 est strata which occur are identical with those which were 
 formerly the most recent. Here, a<-cordingly, secondary 
 formations prevail, beginning with the mountain limestone 
 or coarse quartzose sandstone, on which our coalfields are 
 usually lasf d, and ascending by regular gradations up to 
 the more recent tertiary deposits. 
 
 Tlie coalfields, notwithstanding their incalculatile econo- 
 mical value, occupy a comparatively limited extent of 
 surface — an extent certainly not under estimated at one- 
 twentieth of the whole. A line diawn from Lyme Begls 
 to Bath, thence to Gloucester, Warwick, Leicester. Xot- 
 tingham, and Tadcaster, and from Tadcaster to Stock- 
 ton-on-Tees, has on its E. .side nearly two-thirds of the 
 wliole surface of England. In the wliole of this space no 
 coal is worked. If the series of strata are regular, there 
 can be no doubt that coal exists, hut probal)ly at a depth 
 far beyond the reach of any known means of excavation. 
 Immediately alxive it lie immense beds of red marl, sands, 
 sandstones, and conglomerates, composing the new red 
 sandstone series, and remarkable for the saline springs and 
 rock-salt with which it abounds. This series occupies a 
 considerable portion of surface, but its .saliferous deposits 
 nowhere appear so rich as in the neighborhcRid of Chester. 
 Above the new red sandstone is the oolitic series, composed 
 of numerous beds of limestones, clay schists, and sand- 
 stones, and stretching, with parti.al interruption, fiom the 
 S. of England into Yorkshire. It is rich in fossils and beds 
 of fire-clay, and furnishes much of the finest building-stone 
 in the kingdom. Passing the wealden series, so called from 
 having its chief development in the Weald of Sussex, we 
 reach the chalks, which occupy the uppermost pla<'e in the 
 secondary formation, and which, though confined to a few 
 patches of Xorth, consitute a marked feature in the geolocy 
 of South Britain, where they not only compose the prevail- 
 ing strata of extensive undulating tracts, but form in many 
 places, both on the E. and S. coasts, bold and giddy cliffs, 
 
 287 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 from whose white color the ancient name of AJlrion is said 
 to be derived. The tertiary formation, which includes all 
 tlie rocks above the chalk, is of comparatively limited ex- 
 tent, and is succeeded by immense beds of diluvial gravels, 
 sands, and clays, in which are found remains of the larger 
 existing quadrupeds, several of them, like the elephant and 
 rhinoceros, belonging to genera which now exist only in 
 much hotter climates. Alx)ve these diluvial beds lie allu- 
 vium and other gnperljcial deposits, the constituents of 
 which, mainly depending on the rocks from which they 
 have been disintegrated, determines the natural properties 
 of the soil, sometimes giving it an almost inexhaustible fer- 
 tility, and sometimes dooming it to perpetual barrenness. 
 
 Turning from Great Britain to Ireland, one of. the most 
 marked features which meets our view is the dreary ex- 
 panse of bog that stretches over its interior. The surface, 
 as might hence be inferred, is much flatter than that of 
 Great Britain. It is not, however, by any means destitute 
 of mountains. Of those no fewer than twenty-four exceed 
 2000 feet, and four exceed 3000 feet. Carn Tual, the culmi- 
 nating point of the island, is 3404 feet. It belongs to a 
 great range called the Mountains of Kerry, which, in con- 
 nection with the Lakes of Killarney, placed in the vei-y 
 heart of them, furnish scenes of grandeur which few coun- 
 tries can surpass. The great mountain groups consj.st of 
 primary and transition rocks, and are generally situated 
 near tlie coasts, which accordingly become of the boldest 
 description. Inland, behind these lofty barriers, lies a va.st 
 undulating plain, occasionally penetrated and broken up 
 by masses of primary rocks, but occupied almost through- 
 out its whole extent by .secondary tbrmations. Of these by 
 for the most largely developed is mountain limestone, much 
 of it so fine-grained and compact as to furnish quarries of 
 marble, both black and variegated, but seldom containing 
 the rich veins of lead which usually accompany the .same 
 formation in England. Coal has been found to a greater or 
 less e.xtent in no fewer than 17 Irish counties. In general, 
 however, its quality is Inferior. Still higher in the series 
 above the coal, the upper strata of the secondary formation 
 are considerably developed in the >'., where they are capped 
 by numerous masses of volcanic origin. The most niagniti- 
 cent specimen of these is the range of basaltic columns 
 which tbrms the celebrated Giant's Causeway. 
 
 liivfrs and PorU. — The mountain chains which consti- 
 tute the principal water-sheds of Great Britain are gene- 
 rally at no great distance from the W. coast, and hence the 
 rivers which descend from them in that direction have a 
 short course and are comparatively unimportant. The two 
 great exceptions to this rule are the Clyde and the Severn. 
 They owe both their volume and the length of their course 
 to a series of longitudinal valleys, which, instead of open- 
 ing directly to the coa.st, take an opposite or parallel direc- 
 tion; and thus, rather skirting the water-shed than flowing 
 from it, obtain much larger supplies of water than a direct 
 course could have given them. The former of these rivers, 
 though of Viist commercial importance, is indebted for it 
 far less to its natural channel, than to the immense sums 
 judiciously expended through a long series of years in im- 
 proving and almost creating its navigation. To counter- 
 balance the.«e, the only rivers of any consider.able volume 
 of which the W. coast can boast, though it also possesses 
 the Mersey, in commercial importance the second river of 
 the empire, tlie K. coast, proceeding from N. to S., receives 
 the Spey, Don, Dee, Tay, Forth, Tweed. Tyne, Ouse. Trent, 
 and Thames. This li.st contains the Tay, in volume the 
 first river of Great Britain, and the Thames, not much less in 
 volume, and in navigable importance one of the greatest rivers 
 of the world. It is remarkable that no river of importance 
 empties itself either on the X. or S. coast. Owing to the 
 great central flat of Ireland, its rivers usually flow on in a 
 gently winding course, and, little interrupted by natural 
 obstructions, are admirably fitted for navigation. Those of 
 importance are not very numerqus, but one of them, the 
 Shannon, is understood to be the largest river of the British 
 Isles. Within 7 miles of its source it enters Lough Allen, 
 which is itself navigable, and after passing out of the lough 
 pursues a S.W. cour.se of 214 miles, the whole of which is 
 available for transport by smaller vessels, while from its 
 mouth up to Limerick, a distance of 70 miles, its floats ves- 
 sels of 400 tons. 'SVhile both Great Britain and Ireland are 
 provided with numerous streams which are either them- 
 selves navigable, or, when they cease to be so. furnish the 
 means of continued navigation by acting as the feeders of 
 canals, the coasts are scooped out into deep and shelteied 
 bays, in some of which whole fleets of the largest ships 
 can ride in safety. It is true, however, that the number 
 of ocean harbors, properly so called, is not great, and 
 that the E. coast of Britain, in particular, is so scantily pro- 
 vided, as to make the construction of a great harlior of 
 refuge at some central point a work of primary necessity, 
 which must sooner or later be performed. The best of 
 these harl>or8 are situated on the S. coijst, at the very 
 points where the proximity of the continent and the pre- 
 sence of a mighty rival made it of most importance to pos- 
 sess them. 
 288 
 
 Climate. — Among the many advantages wliich <he British 
 Isles derive from their geographical position, one, the bene- 
 ficial effects of which cannot easily be overrated, is the 
 peculiar kind of climate conferred by that position — a cli- 
 mate in which the natural rigors of a comparatively high 
 latitude are so modified, that at no sea.son is either cold or 
 heat in extreme; and the mean temperature maintained Is 
 one of the most favorable to the full and healthy develop- 
 ment both of animal and vegetable life. The central latitude 
 of the United Kingdom is nearly 55° X., and the isothermal 
 line which passes through it indicates a mean annual tem- 
 perature of 50°. On crossing the German Ocean, and aj^ 
 preaching the coast of Holland, the isothermal line is 
 deflected S.; and this deflection continues to increase in 
 the same direction till it reaches lat. 45°, on the K. side of 
 the Sea of Azof. From this point it pursues its course w kh 
 great uniformity, skirting the N. shore of the Caspian, and 
 passing onward through Mongolia flnd Slantchocria, on the 
 N. of China, to the Sea of Japan. It thus becomes esta- 
 blished that in respect of mean temperature the British 
 Isles have the advantage of all countries of the same lati- 
 tude to the E. of them; and that on the continent of Asia 
 .this advantage is so marked as to amount to a difference of 
 10° of latitude, the IJriti.sh latitude of 55° enjoying as much 
 annual he.it as the Asiatic latitude of 45°. But this is by 
 no means the whole amount of the advantage. A mean 
 temperature is an average obtained b)- adding temperatures 
 of diffei-ent seasons together, and then dividing them. A 
 winter of 10° and a summer of t!0° give the same mean tem- 
 perature as a winter of 40° and a summer nf fO°; but how 
 unlike the climates! The former gives a range of tempera- 
 ture equal to 80°, the latter a range equal only to 20°; in 
 other words, the inhabitants living under the one climate 
 are alternately benumbed by piercing cold and enervated 
 by scorching heat, whereas tho.se living under the other 
 are blessed with a kind of perpetual spring. Xow it is pre- 
 cisely in regard to range of temperature that the superior- 
 ity of the British climate becomes most apparent. The 
 range of the temperature between the coldest and the 
 warmest months is. at Paris. 30°; at London, only 2(j°. In 
 the S.AV. and S.E. of France it is, respectively. 81° and 35° 
 30', and in Italv, 32° .30' ; in England generally, onlv 24° 
 30'. The range 'of Edinburgh is 25° ."'; that of St. Peters- 
 burg, no less than 55°. The mean winter temperature of 
 Dublin, only 39° 8', is 3° 6' higher th.in that of Jlilan, Pa- 
 via, Padua, or the whole of Lombardy. In the N.E. of Ire- 
 land the myrtle grows in the open air. as in Portugal: and 
 in the S.E. of Cornwall the mean temperature is only 2° 4' 
 less than that of Montpellicr and Florence. 
 
 iNDrsTRV. — Great Britain, though somewhat late in en- 
 tering on the career of improvement, and hence indebted to 
 foreigners for the fir.st e.s,tabi?»hment of more than one flour- 
 ishing manufacture, ultimatrly succeeded in outstripping 
 her competitors, and now confessedly leads the world in 
 m.any of the great branches of industry. This unexampled 
 success is owing partly to physical and partly to moral causes. 
 To the former belong the vast resources of the country itself 
 — thefertllitj'of its soil sufficiently great to reward industry, 
 but not to foster indolence, the comparative mildness of its 
 climate, and the untold treasures deposited 1 eneath its sur- 
 face; to the latter belong the spirit of activity, enterprise, 
 and independence, engendered by free institutions, and the 
 perfect security of propert}'. gxiarded fro.n foreign aggres- 
 sion by invincible fleets, and elTectually maintained at 
 home by good laws, fairly and vigorously administered. 
 Another great cause of indu.strial prosperity may he found 
 in the obstacles which have been removed and the facilities 
 i aflbrded, by bringing all the jiarts of the United Kingdom 
 into ea.sy communication with each other by mesms of 
 roads, canals, and railways. On all of these, .sums of almost 
 fabulous amount have been expended, and the pi-oportion 
 which their united lengths bear to the whole area far ex- 
 ceeds that of any other country. 
 
 Length in miles of Beads, Carrah. and Eailways in the 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Roads. Canals. Knilwajs. 
 
 England and Wales 119.5.M 2,400 4.222 
 
 Scotland 18,348 113 750 
 
 Ireland 262 473 
 
 Total 2,775 8,447 
 
 Jgrimltvre. — Though agriculture Is at once the most 
 useful and the earliest of arts, there is none in which im- 
 provement advances with so .sluggish a pace. A routine 
 once established becomes almost immovable : and n.it 
 unfrequently, when every thing el.se has yielded- to the 
 force of improvement, the husbandman continues in the 
 ancient tract, performing all rural operations after the 
 fashion and with the rude implements of centuries before. 
 Instead, however, of the slovenly manner in which, not a 
 centurj- ago. all operations upon the soil in Britian were 
 performed, new implements, many of them of re<'ent and 
 ingenious contrivance, have been very generally adopted, 
 and now execute the ivork in the most efficient manner. 
 Draining, not confined as formerly to swampy spots, is 
 
BRI 
 
 BM 
 
 «xt<>n<ii;d syr-tematically to whole farms, and every field 
 of til. 1)1, not a single furrow being left ^vithout its ar- 
 titicial (Ir.iiii of tiles or stones, into which the surplus 
 water uiay percolitto froely, and yet so gradually as not 
 to cany '•({ nourishment alonp with it. Science, too, has 
 brtun called in to act as the handmaid of art. The or- 
 ganism of plants, the primary elements of which they are 
 composed, and the food on which they live, have been a.ssi- 
 duously and skilfully investigated, and most important 
 results obtained, paiticularly in regard to manures and 
 rotations. These results, instead of remaining a dead let' 
 ter, have passed from books into the hands of practical 
 farmers; and the farm-yard, though still justly retainins; 
 its pre-eminence, has ceased to be the only source from 
 which the soil derives its nourishment, and becomes capa- 
 bfe of producing heavy crops. Artificial manures, in great 
 variety, have come into common use, not only increasing 
 the produce of lands previously cultivated, but extending 
 the limits of cultivation itself. Steeps which, from the 
 impossibility of carrying up the requisite weight of farm- 
 yard dung, could not be brought under a regular course 
 of cropping, are easily supplied with a few hvfndreds-weight 
 of bone-dust, or of some substance chemically prepared. 
 This application first secures a crop of turnips; sheep eat 
 them where they grow, and thus supply the soil with 
 additional nourishment of the richest kind; a grain crop 
 of wheat or barley, sown with grass-seeds, follows, and the 
 succeeding year shows a rich clothing of the finest grass, 
 where all previously was weeds and barrenness. This 
 grass, allowed to lie. becomes for years a feeding pasture, 
 or, cut for hay, is broken up at the close of the year for 
 another green crop. The rotation is now complete, and 
 the process as described again begins. The effects pro- 
 duced by such means are truly astonishing. Under an 
 improved system of management, the produce of many 
 farms has at least been doubled, and, over the whole king- 
 dom, has so greatly increased, that the territory which 
 once with difficulty supported ten millions, finds no dilli- 
 culty in supporting twenty. Part of the result, no doubt. 
 Is to be ascribed to additional lands which, formerly pos- 
 sessed as commons, or lying as unimproved wastes, have 
 been brought under cultivation. But the far greater p.irt 
 is undouljt^^dly derived not from new, but from the in- 
 creased productiveness of old lands. 
 
 The following table gives a good general idea of the state 
 of land in the British Empire: — 
 
 Arabte 
 
 and 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 Eugland..!lO,'2.).',M)0 
 
 Willcs 
 
 Scotl.ind . 
 Irelnnd... 
 ISiit-Iblea. 
 
 SBO,570 
 '2.49.1,9.)0 
 o,38«,OH) 
 
 Meadows, 
 
 P.'istui'us, and 
 
 llar.-ihes. 
 
 AoreiJ. 
 15,379,200 
 2,'>>B,430 
 2.771,0.^ 
 6,73fi,2K) 
 974,0(iU 
 
 28,08«,9«0 
 
 Wastes Ini- 
 piOiable, 
 
 ACfCr*. 
 
 3,451,000 
 
 530,000 
 
 5,»ri0.000 
 
 4,900,000 
 
 IWi,100 
 
 15,000,100 
 
 Wastes 
 not im- 
 provatle. 
 
 Acres. 
 3,256,400 
 1.105,000 
 S,5'3,9.<)0 
 2,416,r>(i4 
 5fi9,469 
 
 15,871,463 
 
 Summary. 
 
 Acres. 
 32,342,400 
 
 4,752,0(H) 
 19,738,930 
 19,441,94-4 
 
 1,119,159 
 
 •8,074,433 
 
 One of the most striking Cicts apparent from the above 
 table is the proportion which the available land of Kngland 
 and A\'ales bears to its whole area, compared with the same 
 proportion in Scotland. In England and Wales, excluding 
 wastes of all kinds, improvable and unimprovable, and in- 
 cluding only the two first heads of the table, that propor- 
 tion is seveu-uinths; in Scotland it is little more than one- 
 fourth, proving, that while the former is agriculturally one 
 of the most favored iwrtions of the world, the latter is 
 among the poorest. Ireland is in a middle state, having 
 more than one-half of its surface available. The land un- 
 der the ploujrU in Great Britain is generally cultivated on 
 systematic principles, according to one or other of the follow- 
 ing rotations : — 
 
 First notation. — 1. Fallow, often not manured; 2. Wheat; 
 3. Beans, heavily manured; 4. Barley, with grass seeds; 5. 
 Hay; 6. Oats. 
 
 Second Rot'jtion. — 1. Potatoes or turnips, generally latter 
 eaten off by sheep ; 2. Barley, with grass seeds ; 3. Hay or 
 pasture; 4. Wheat or oats. 
 
 Third Nofatum. — 1. Part fallow, manured; part potatoes 
 or turnips ; 2. Wheat or barley,' with grass seeds ; 3. Hay 
 once cut. then pastured; 4. Pasture; 5. Oats. 
 
 In addition to the crops above mentioned, several others 
 are occasionally introduced. The most important of them 
 are rye, cole or rape, beet-root, hops, and flax. From the 
 above table of the state of the employment of the land, 
 it will be seen that the quantity under the plough in 
 England, is about five millions of acres less than that in 
 meadow and pasture. In Scotland, there is not much 
 arable land kept permanently in grass, except that which 
 is intended for ornament, in the neighborhood of country 
 seats. Me.",dows artificially formed for irrigation, by a 
 kind of catch-work, exist on an extensive scale, in par- 
 ticular localities, but meadows, in the sense in which an 
 Englishm.an understands the term, are scarcely known. 
 T 
 
 The meadows of England are permanent hay-fields, which 
 are annually cut, and maintained in leriility. by regnlai 
 and heavy doses of farmyard manure. MucU of the laud 
 employed thus is naturally of poor quality, having only a 
 thin covering of soil over a hungry gravel, or ferruginous 
 tenacious clay, but, by the careful management of perhaps 
 a century, has become covered with a close sward of the rich- 
 est green, and of admirable feeding qualities. Taking the 
 term, farming, in its widest sense, as including not merely 
 the raising of crops of grain, or roots, but the rearing and 
 fattening of stock, the improving of breeds, and diary ma- 
 nagement, there is no country in the world that cati be com- 
 pared to several of the S. districts of Great Britain. It ist 
 sufficient to mention, among horses, the race-horse, the finest 
 type, and the parent of the best existing breeds of that ani- 
 mal; among cattle, the short-horns of Durham; and among 
 sheep, the celebrated South Downs and Leicesters. In diary 
 produce, several districts are equally pre-eminent. 
 
 MiN'EBAL. — Such is the mineral wealth of the British Isles, 
 that, with the exception of quicksilver and gold, which, 
 though found both in Scotland and Ireland, are too limited in 
 quantity to repay the labor of searching for them, it is scarcely 
 possible to mention a metal or mineral product, of commer- 
 cial value, which is not worked, to a greater or less extent, 
 Ix^neath their surface. Among these, the first place is un- 
 questionably due to 
 
 Oml. — It claims precedence, not merely because the an- 
 nual output of it, in regard both to quantity and aggregate 
 value, exceeds that of any other mineral product, but be- 
 cause without it the other natural resources of the country, 
 and the industry of its inhabitants, must have forever re- 
 mained, in a great measure, undeveloped. The coal-fields 
 are not confined to one particular district, but occupy a se- 
 ries of basins, sometimes touching, but more frequently at a 
 considerable distance from each other, and extinding, in an 
 irregular curve, from the S. slopes of the Ochil Hills to the 
 Bristol Cli.innel. Beginning with Scotland, we find a field, 
 commencing in the W. by great outliursts of trap, of which 
 Stirling Castle crowns the most prominc^nt summit. It oc- 
 cupies a great part of Fit'eshire, a small isolated portion of 
 Perthshire, and almost the whole of Clackmannanshire. The 
 coal of this field isof several kinds; but the most important 
 seams are splint, part of it of a free, open, burning quality, 
 greatly in demand for steam navigation, from its not corrtid- 
 ing the furnaces and boilers, and part of it admirably adapted 
 for the blast-furnace. Part of this field contains a coal 
 which, in its richness and quality of caking, beitrs a resem- 
 blance to that of Newcastle, and has boon worked, as an- 
 cient records prove, for at least five centuries. (In the oppo- 
 site side of the Forth, and almost in visiljle communication 
 with the field alre^jdy described, another field extends over 
 a considerable portion of the Lothians. It furnishes the 
 greater part of the fine fuel which is used in the metropolis 
 of Scotland, and contains excellent se.ams of parrot coal. 
 To the W., but at some distance, lie the co.al-basins of Lan- 
 ark, Kenfrew, and Ayrshire; the first, famous throughout 
 the world for the immense manufacturing establishments 
 which it mainly has called into existence, and made pros- 
 perous; the second, remarkable ehiefiy as containing, near 
 Johnstone, the thickest seam of coal in Scotland, or (if the 
 Dudley field be not an exception) in the British Isles ; and 
 the last, as yet imperfectly developed, but evidently des- 
 tined to liigher importance than it has yet attained. In 
 the N.W. of Dumfries-shire, there is a coal field, the capa- 
 bilities of which, hitherto little known, because of its in- 
 land and almost inaccessible position, will be proved, now 
 that an important railway intersects it. In the S.E. of the 
 same county is another small field, interesting as the last 
 of the Scotch, and the connecting link with the great En- 
 glish coal-fields. 
 
 Immediately on passing the border, the first of these fields 
 lies before us, extending over the greater part of the counties 
 of Northumberland and Durham, and centering near New- 
 castle, which gives it its name. The proximity of this field to 
 the sea, and the excellence of the coal, (uni-ivalled for domes- 
 tic use.) early made it the great theatre of mining operations, 
 which are there can-led on to an extent, and on a scale of 
 magnificence which make it a world's wonder. It furnishes 
 the larger propoition of sea-borne coal, whether to domestic or 
 foreign ports, and. notwithstanding the competition which 
 it now has to sustain with inland supplies by railway, still 
 sends anntially to London about 3.000,000 tons. Several of 
 the pits have a depth exceeding 150 fathoms, and more than 
 one colliery has a capital exceeding 100.000/. sterling. On 
 the opposite coast, nearly in the same latitude, is a small 
 coal-field, the workings of which, at Whitehaven and Work- 
 ington, have been carried to a great distance beneath the 
 sea. The next coal-field to the S. is, in many respects, the 
 most important of all. It includes a large central space, 
 not entirely occupied by coal, but interrupted, longitudi- 
 nally, by a broad belt which consists of the lower strata of 
 the carboniferous system, and thus forming a kind of twin- 
 fields, the one of which extends from Leeds to Nottingham, 
 while the other has its greatest length from S.W. to NJE., 
 and borders, at its E. and W. extremities respectively, on 
 
 289 
 
 J 
 
33RI 
 
 BRI 
 
 Manchester and Liverpool. 1 1 can thus boast, not only of 
 being the seat of what has been termed the world's great 
 workshop, but of furnishing the most essential elements 
 both of its existence and prosperity. The only other coal- 
 field of a maiuitude similar to those alreadj- mentioned, is 
 that of South Wales, which, though it long lay almost un- 
 known or unheeded, has, in comparatively recent times, be- 
 come the centre of some of the gi-eatest public works of the 
 empire. It is of an irregular oval shape, and passing from 
 Monmouth on the E., continues W., without interruption, 
 through Glamorgan to Carmarthen Bay, across which 
 onother field or continuation of that already mentioned, 
 stretches irregularly to St. Bride's Bay. From the extent 
 of this field, and the number and thickness of its seams, 
 which, near its centre, number iJ, with an aggregate thick- 
 ness of 95 feet, the field of South Wales has probably a better 
 title than any other in the kingdom, to be deemed almost in- 
 exhaustible. There are several other minor fields, all of them, 
 with the exception of that of North Wales, situated near the 
 centre of England. In South Stiiffordshire occurs the enor- 
 mous seam known as the Ten-y.ard Coal of Dudley. The pro- 
 duce of the coal mines in Grea.t Britain in 1852 was esti- 
 mated at 37,000.000 of tons, and apportioned as follows: 
 thirteen millions to domestic use, twelve to iron-works, and 
 twelve to manufacturing and miscellaneous establishments 
 and export. Assuming the medium price of 6s. Sd. per ton, 
 the value is 12,4*^7,5007. sterling. The export of coal to fo- 
 reign countries, in 1840, was, 1,606,000 tons; in 1850 it had 
 increased to 3.531.000 tons. 
 
 Iron. — Almost the whole of the iron ore smelted in Bri- 
 tain is a ftirbonate. Of the great coal-fields, none is so des- 
 titute of iron as that of Xewc.a-stle; and hence, though not 
 a few blast-furnaces are in operation there, the ores used are 
 obtained, not from the surrounding pits, but by importa- 
 tion, often from considerable distances. The most impor- 
 tant iron districts of Kngland are those of South Yorkshire, 
 Shropshire, South Staffordshire, and South M'ales. The 
 ores are obtained partly from baTuU. and partly from seams. 
 The former name is usually applied to nodules or balls, 
 generally of a round or oval shape, which lie together with 
 considerble regularity, often in contact, but always without 
 adhesion, and are, for the most part, imbedded in thick beds 
 of shale or blies. The latter name is given to iron-stone 
 lying in regular strata, and worked in the same manner as 
 coal. These strata generally are only a few inches, and 
 scarcely ever a foot in thickness. The most valuable of the 
 stratified ironstones is the blact.hund, so called from the 
 darkness of color produced by the large proportion of coaly 
 matter which it contains. It is singular that the only part 
 of England known to contain this stratum, is a portion of 
 the coal-field of South Wales. In Scotland, also, it was at 
 one time supposed that it was merely a local deposit, and 
 that its existence, or at least its good qualities, were con- 
 fined to the range of a few miles in the neighborhood of 
 Aii-drie. A more careful examination has proved that few 
 of the Scottish coal-fields are without these blackband 
 seams, and numerous iron-works have, in consequence, 
 arisen in a multitude of districts where their profitable exist- 
 ence had hitherto been deemed impossible. A discovery of 
 perhaps greater importance than that of the blackband, be- 
 cause applicable to the iron-works of England as well as to 
 those of Scotland, took place about the same time. By heat- 
 ing the blast, before entering the furnace, to about 600°, its 
 power is so much increa.sed. that the most stubborn mate- 
 rials quickly give way before it, and raw coal becomes even 
 more efficient in smelting than coke w.as before. A ton of 
 iron can thus be obtained with much fewer materials, and, 
 what is of considerable moment, in fax less time. A fur- 
 nace which, under cold-blast, makes 70 tons a week, easily 
 makes 100 under hot-blast. Another improvement, by 
 which the ga.«es evolved within the furnace are not allowed 
 to escape, but collected, and made avail.able for fuel, is in 
 operation in several works, and promises important results. 
 The annual make of pig-iron in the kingdom is estimated at 
 1,500,000 tons. Alxiut one-third is used for castings, and 
 the remainder, not exported, is converted into malleable 
 iron. In this siicond part of the process, Scotland appa- 
 rently fails. Her furnaces smelt about one-third of the 
 whole produce, but a considerable part of this is sent as pig 
 to England, to be made m.alleable there, either by itselt^ or 
 In mixture with Ensrlish pis. 
 
 The principal statistics of the iron trade are given in the 
 following table : — 
 
 Production of Iron, and Eiport, in Great Britain. 
 
 Export, in tons. 
 Tean. Furnace*. Quantities, In tons. Bar Iron. Pig Iron. 
 
 1S30 »76 S77.417 59,885.... 1J.036 
 
 1840 40J l.S9);.4O0 144,719 49.S01 
 
 ll>ii! 655 2,701,000 from ScoUand 424,068 tons. 
 
 The whole production of 1849 has been estimated at 1,.500,000 
 tons. Of this quantity. Scotland, possessing 113 furnaces, 
 
 f reduced 690.000 tons. The annual produce per furnace, in 
 796, did not exceed 1033 tons; in 1849, it had risen to 6106 
 tons. 
 
 290 
 
 The principal localitifh in which lead, copper, ani tin are 
 
 found, have been alrejidy mentioned. 
 
 Estimated annmd average Produce of smdtfA Lead, Oopyer, 
 and Tin,fromlSii>-4S,in tons. 
 
 Lead. Copper. Tin. 
 
 England So,--'l l->,!<70 5000 
 
 Wales 10,027 iO,8l3 — 
 
 Scotland 942 — 
 
 Ireland 811 — 
 
 IsleofMan 1.663 — 
 
 Total 49,164 33,693 5000 
 
 The ton of lead is supposed to yield, on an average, about 8 
 ounces of silver. 
 
 It seems unnecessary to give any details as to minerals of 
 minor importance. The princip,il articles are salt, of which 
 the quantity obtained, chiefiy from rock-salt and brine pits, 
 has been estimated at nearly 550,000 tons. The locality in 
 which sjilt is most extensively worked at present, centres 
 near Chester; and the supply is so great as to be inexhausti- 
 ble. Quarries also exist in every part of the British Isles, 
 except the south-east of England. They furnish granite 
 susceptible of a polish which makes it fit for statuary, free- 
 stone of the purest white and most durable substance, and 
 immense quantities of the finest roofing slates. As to the 
 value of the produce from quarries, little authentic infor- 
 mation exists. 
 
 Fislieries. — The principal British fisheries are those of sal- 
 mon, herring, and cod. The first is carried on chiefly in the 
 rivers and estuaries of Scotland and Ireland ; the second on 
 all the coasts and islands of Scotland, the great centre of re- 
 sort for curing being the towns of Wick. Peterhead, and 
 Fraserburgh; the last around the X. isl.ands. and along the 
 E. coast of Great Britain, particularly the edges of the Dog- 
 ger Bank, off thecoast of Yorkshire. Among minor fishe- 
 ries may he mentioned those of mackerel, pilchards, oysters, 
 and lobsters. Of these la-^t, and indeed of all kinds of fresh 
 fish, by far the largest consumer of the kingdom is London. 
 Manufactures. — Taking the.«e in the order of their import- 
 ance, we begin with cotton. The history of this manuiao- 
 ture. which now employs more hands than any other within 
 the kingdom, and furnishes above one-third in value of the 
 whole exports, is indeed remarkable. The raw material is 
 of vegetable origin, and is obtained from the internal coat- 
 ing of the pod or seed-vossel of the Gossypiun. of which 
 there are several varieties, some growing as a tree or shrub, 
 and others as an annual herbaceous plant. It is fi-om the 
 latter that the far greater part of the supply is obtained; 
 and for this supply, as none of the varieties grow in the 
 British islands, the manufacturers are entirely dependant 
 on other countries Cotton grows well in India, and would 
 undoubtedly thrive well in many of the other British pos- 
 sessions ; but at present, and for many years, the supply 
 has been in a manner monopolized by a few of the slave 
 states of North America. In so far, therefore, as regards 
 the raw materi.al, this country has no advantage in the 
 market over other competitors; but. compared with one of 
 the most enterprising of them, is placed in unfavorable 
 circumstances. On the subject of this manufacture, in- 
 teresting volumes have been written; and as any analysis, 
 however condensed, would fer exceed our limits, the leading 
 fects must be exhibited in a tabular form. 
 Tabu of ImporU of OMon Wndl. into, and of ExpnrU and de- 
 clared value of Oitton Manufactures, Twist, ami Tarn from 
 Vie United Kingdom. 
 
 
 Import. 
 
 
 Export. 
 
 
 Tears. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Twist A Yarn. 
 
 Cotton Goods. 
 
 Dec. Value. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 yds. 
 
 £ 
 
 1820 
 
 151,672,656 
 
 23.032,325 
 
 248,370,690 
 
 in.516.748 
 
 1830 
 
 263,961.45-2 
 
 64,645,342 
 
 444,.'>98,498 
 
 19.428,664 
 
 18*0 
 
 592,488,010 
 
 118.470,223 
 
 790,631.997 
 
 24.668,618 
 
 1845 
 
 722,080,000 
 
 135,144.865 
 
 1,091 ,685.469 
 
 26.119.304 
 
 1849 
 
 755,469.006 
 
 154,457,540 
 
 l,442.813.64o 
 
 19.642,770 
 
 1850 
 
 664,696,816 
 
 135,790,-278 
 
 l,472,334,3!ll 
 
 21,431,180 
 
 WooUen.—ThXi is the most ancient, and was for centuries 
 the great staple manufacture of Brit.ain. The flocks, fed on 
 the English downs and other pastures, furnishe<i wool of 
 peculiiir excellence, and in such abundance as both supplied 
 the home demand at a moderate price, and left a large sur- 
 plus for exportation. There cannot be a doubt however, 
 that the first great improvements were not of native in- 
 vention, but were introduced by foreigners, whom either 
 the wise policy of British sovereigns had allured, or the 
 merciless bicotry of their sovereigns had driven into tho 
 kingdom. Thoush the manufacture cannot boast of an 
 extension like that of cotton, it holds the next place to 
 it ; and. besides working up the greater part of the wool 
 grown within the kingdom, draws largely on other coun- 
 tries for additional supplies, particularly on Australia. 
 The chief .=eat of the woollen manufiicture in England la 
 the West Riding of Yorkshire, I<ancashire. Gloucestershiro, 
 and Wiltshire, being the most distinguished fur broad- 
 cloths; Norfolk for worsted stufib, Leicestershire ana Not- 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 tinghamshire for woollen hosiery. Blankets and flannels 
 have numerous localities, but for the tiner qualities the 
 W. of Kni:land and several ot' the Welsh counties are 
 •most conspicuous. Carpets, of every quality and patr 
 tern, are extensively niade at Kidderminster, Cirencester, 
 Worcester, <tc. ; but those of Wilton and Axminster are so 
 superior as t« suffer little by comparison with the celebrated 
 fabrics of Turkey and Persia. Tlie woollen manufactui"e of 
 Ireland is on a very limited scale, being confined to a few 
 brandclo'th factories near Dublin and Cork; and a few 
 blankets and tianuels, the former in Kilkenny, and the lat- 
 ter at Wicklow. Scotland has made much more progress, 
 but still bears no proportion to linfrland. The chief seats 
 of the Scotch woollens are Aberdeen for broadcloths, chiefly 
 coarse, and the spinning of worsted ; Kilmarnock for car- 
 pets, bonnets, and shawls; Stirling and its neighborhood for 
 carpets and tartans. 
 
 Linen. — In England the spinning of flax is carried on to 
 a great extent, but its manufacture into cloth is compara- 
 tively limited. A considerable quantity of damask and dia- 
 per is made at Barnsley. Linen is the great staple of Ire- 
 land, and it was long, in regard to textile fabrics, the staple 
 also of Scotland. In the former, extraordinary means were 
 employed Xa foster it. It early fixed its seat in the N., 
 near Belfast, and there the great changes which have taken 
 place in the mode of manufacture, by the substitution of 
 spinning mills and factories for the domestic wheel and 
 loom, appear only to have fixed it more permanently. Al- 
 most the only form into which flax is manufactured in Ire- 
 land is plain linen, chiefly shirtings. In Scotland, the m.a- 
 nufiacture assumes g'-eater variety. Besides plain linen, it 
 has manufactures of Osnaburgs, sheetings, sailcloth, sack- 
 ing, Ac, chief se.at, Dundee; and of diaper and damask, 
 chief seat, Dunfermline. The staples of both towns are by 
 far the most important of their kind in the kingdom. 
 
 Silk. — Here the raw material is, like cotton, entirely of 
 foreign production, with the important difference in favor 
 of silk. that, instead of being almost monopolized, and con- 
 sequently liable, in regard both to quantity and price, to be 
 controlled by a single country, the limits of its production 
 include an immense range, of which a considerable portion 
 belongs to the British colonies and dependencies. In this 
 branch of manufacture, at least in finer fiibrics, Britain 
 must vield the palm of superiority, and Ije contented with 
 Bomething loss than equality. The number of silk mills is 
 considerable and confined chiefly to England. Paisley is al- 
 most the only town out of it in which the silk manufacture 
 is carried on to a great extent; and even there, the cele- 
 brated shawls of unrivalled excellence are generally a mixed 
 Cibric of silk and wool. 
 
 In ISuO, there were imported into the United Kingdom 
 72,67-t.483 pounds of wool; 1,821,578 hundredweight of flax 
 and codilla; and •t,9-l'2,417 pounds of silk. The value of ma- 
 nufactured articles exported was, woollen goods, 8 584,859^ ; 
 woollen yarn, 1.451,093?.; linen goods, 3,957,7352.; linen yarn, 
 8S7.295/. ; and silk goods, l,050,ti45;. 
 
 Besides the manufiictures already mentioned, there is a 
 great number which, though separately of less importance, 
 absorb immense sums of capital, exhibit many of the most 
 wonderful specimens of human ingenuity, and give subsist- 
 ence to millions of the population. We can do little more 
 than glance at the most prominent. 
 
 Under the head of minerals, we only noticed the prelimi- 
 nary steps of converting ores into metals. A'ast processes 
 rem.ain behind, and constitute numerous branches of manu- 
 facture under the general name of hardware. Several of the 
 articles produced are of a boldness and magnitude almost 
 sublime, and many of them are so small as to he almost mi- 
 croscopic. To the former class belong iron bridges, no longer 
 suspension only, but tubular bridges, one of which, the 
 latest wonder of the age. now spans the Jlenai Straits; 
 steam-engines, either lifting up whole rivers from the lowest 
 depths, or ploughing the widest and stormiest oceans; or, 
 it may be. performing some minute or singularly delicate 
 process, which the most skilful human fingers would vainly 
 attempt to imitate; machinery of every kind, by which in- 
 animate matter acts as if it were endowed with vitiility, not 
 only performing its appointed tasks, but giving distinct and 
 audible warning when, from accidental causes, it becomes 
 Incapable of performing them. For minuter articles of hard- 
 ware, reference may Ije made to the countless products of 
 Sheffield and Birmingham, not excluding articles in the 
 precious metals — plate, jewelry, and watches, made also ex- 
 tensively in the same towns, but more especially in Liver- 
 pool and London. Passing from metals, we come to 
 earths, lx>th in the more ordinary forms of pottery, and in 
 the form of porcelain, with its classic shapes and gorgeous 
 colors, and exquisite designs. In the district of the potteries 
 in Stafford, we see a grojit national interest, almost created 
 by tne enterprise find genius of a single man. Among 
 earths, too, at least as to principal constituents, we may in- 
 clude glass, and the numljerless forms of beauty and utility 
 which it has been taught to assume. The principal se.ats 
 of the manufacture are Newcastle and South Shields; but 
 should the beautiful material which it produces become ap- 
 
 plicable in the erection of structures such as the ono 
 erected in London for the " World's Fair," it is evident 
 that both in this and other lands the manufacture cf 
 glass is only beginning to exist. Another manufacture, 
 almost of equal beauty, and of more Importance to civiliza- 
 tion, is that of paper. It is of vast extent, and, in its pro- 
 ces.ses, exhibits some of the highest triumphs which hum.an 
 ingenuity has yet .ichieved. In connection with it are vari- 
 ous manufactures, of which it may be considered as, directly 
 or indirectly, the parent — type-founding, pnnting, books, 
 and with them literature in its various departments, en- 
 graving, Ac. 
 
 Trade and Commerce. — In every country possessing much 
 accumulated capital and a dense population, partly in 
 wealthy, and generally in somewhat comfortable circum- 
 stances, the home may safely be presumed to be greater 
 than the external trade. Its extent, however, cannot easily 
 be ascertained, even in countries where all the districts and 
 towns are hemmed round with officers to levy customs on 
 every article which may be brought into them, and Viecomes 
 altogether conjectural in a country like the United King 
 dom, where there is no restraint to prevent. persons from 
 transporting their goods throughout its wliole lengtli and 
 breadth. The foreign trade or commerce of the kingdom, 
 is more easily calculated, at least in its leading branches ; 
 but the magnitude to which it has attained is so great, and 
 the strides with which it continues to advance so rapid, that 
 it is impossible to contemplate it without a feeling of 
 wonder and amazement. The following tables exhibit the 
 principal articles of export and import : — 
 
 Jmpf/rts into the United Kingdom in 1849 and 1S50. 
 
 Animals, living — liorned cattle number. 
 
 Slrecp and lambs number. 
 
 .Viihes, rearl and pot cwts. ... 
 
 Bacon and pork cwta. ... 
 
 S-vlne number. 
 
 Barilla and alkali tons .... 
 
 Bark for tanners or dyers' usc.cwts. ... 
 
 Beef, fresh and salted cwts. ... 
 
 Bones of animals, &c tons .... 
 
 Brim.««tone cwts 
 
 Butter c wts. . . , 
 
 Caoutchouc cwts. ... 
 
 Cheese cwts. ... 
 
 Clocks value... 
 
 Cocoa lbs 
 
 Coffee lbs 
 
 Corn — wheat qrs 
 
 Barley qrs 
 
 Oats qrs 
 
 Rye qrs 
 
 Pease qns 
 
 Beans qrs 
 
 Indian corn or maize qrs 
 
 Buckwheat orbigg qrs 
 
 Malt qrs 
 
 Wbeatmcal or flour cwts. ... 
 
 Indian corn njeal cwts. ... 
 
 Other meal cwts. .... 
 
 Cotton manufac., not made > pieces... 
 
 up — Kast India piece goods ) value . . . 
 
 Other articles value ... 
 
 Cotton manufactures value .. . 
 
 : lbs. 
 
 Cotton yarn j ,.^,„g 
 
 Dyes and dyeing stuffs tons 
 
 Kggs number 
 
 Embroidery and needlework.. value 
 
 Flax and tow, or codilla of), 
 
 hemp and flax S""" 
 
 Fruits, currants, Ac... cwts 
 
 { chests, boxes 
 
 Lemons and oranges i No. (loose).. 
 
 ( value 
 
 Raisins cwts 
 
 Glass manufactures cwts 
 
 Glass, l-Sth ofan inch thick. sq. feet 
 
 Guano tons 
 
 Hams cwt& 
 
 Hemp, undressed cwts 
 
 Hides, tanned and untanned. .cwts 
 
 Lace, thread, &c value 
 
 Lard cwts 
 
 Leather manufactures pairs 
 
 Gloves pairs 
 
 Other manufactures of leather, value 
 
 Linen manufactures — lawns. )_„,, 
 
 not French jvaiue 
 
 Cambrics A French lawns. pieces 
 
 Damasks & damask diapers.sq. yards. . . . 
 Plain linen & diaper, and f 
 
 manufactures unenu- >value 
 
 merated, not made up. ) 
 Sails and articles wholly * , . 
 or in part made up.... i 
 
 Mahogany tons 
 
 Metals — copper ore & rcgulus . .tons 
 
 Copper, unwroughtand part ) , 
 
 wrought J"'*" 
 
 Iron, in bars, unwrought tons 
 
 Steel, unwrought tons 
 
 Lead, pig and sheet tons 
 
 Spelter tons 
 
 Tin, in blocks, ingots, bars, } , 
 
 nr- cloHo fCwta 
 
 or slabs. 
 
 i" 
 
 5,1,449 
 
 l'.'9,266 
 
 158,541 
 
 732,970 
 
 2,653 
 
 1.404 
 
 S68,i)8i 
 
 149,962 
 
 29,424 
 
 845,388 
 
 281,969 
 
 5,328 
 
 390.147 
 
 £64,585 
 
 7,805.335 
 
 63,315,787 
 
 3,845,378 
 
 1.3,81,008 
 
 1,267,106 
 
 240,556 
 
 234,368 
 
 457,9.33 
 
 2,224,459 
 
 11,150 
 
 3,349,839 
 
 101.684 
 
 60,320 
 
 178,418 
 
 £45,545 
 
 £246.301 
 
 £40,911 
 
 413,478 
 
 £45,759 
 
 233.065 
 
 97,745,849 
 
 £104,700 
 
 1,806,673 
 
 496,865 
 
 361,412 
 
 44,551 
 
 £3,094 
 
 209,180 
 
 32,746 
 
 68,106 
 
 83,4.38 
 
 11,751 
 
 1,061,893 
 
 678,952 
 
 £85,243 
 
 186,373 
 
 700,171 
 
 3,666,752 
 
 £4,639 
 
 £1,9W 
 
 £33,762 
 
 15,915 
 
 35,827 
 
 66.462 
 
 143,498 
 
 184,043 
 
 547,!jfi8 
 
 7,287 
 
 1,745 
 
 380,674 
 
 135.414 
 
 27,183 
 
 664,6:i0 
 
 331,1.35 
 
 7,617 
 
 347,773 
 
 78,041 
 
 ■ 4,478.328 
 
 50,809,521 
 
 3,754.693 
 
 1,043.051 
 
 1,165.8.56 
 
 94.078 
 
 181,419 
 
 443..3n6 
 
 1,286,264 
 
 868 
 
 3,855,059 
 
 l',401 
 
 7,448 
 
 186,010 
 
 68,933 
 
 297.176 
 
 44,315 
 
 905,966 
 
 97.561 
 
 195,060 
 
 105,761,995 
 
 136,198 
 
 1,821,578 
 
 463.093 
 
 403,501 
 
 60,415 
 
 3.573 
 
 276.312. 
 
 29,H01 
 
 122,391 
 
 116,926 
 
 16,268 
 
 1,048,635 
 
 591.920 
 
 80.857 
 
 229,614 
 
 777,944 
 
 3,261,061 
 
 5,289 
 
 2,049 
 
 30,334 
 
 17,882 
 
 8,534 
 32.778 
 45,930 
 97,706 
 34,066 
 
BRI 
 
 iayc BTx — continued. 
 
 Oil -train, bliibbir, "Dd Jj^^j __ 
 
 spermaceti ) 
 
 f*uini cwts 
 
 Cocoa-nut \... .cwts 
 
 Olive tuns 
 
 Oil secd-calses tons 
 
 Upiuiu Ib3 
 
 Potatoes cwts 
 
 QuioltsilTer lbs 
 
 Riee cwts 
 
 Rice in husk qrs 
 
 Saltpetre and cubic nitre cwts 
 
 Seeds— clover cwts 
 
 Flaxseed and lin.seed qrs 
 
 Rape qrs 
 
 Tares qr3 
 
 Silk— raw lbs 
 
 Waste, liuubs, and husks... cwts 
 
 Thr 
 
 .lbs. 
 
 Sill: manufactures lbs 
 
 Velvet — broad stuffs lbs 
 
 Ribbons of velvet or silli >]v 
 
 embossed with velvet. . , 5 
 
 Plush for making hats lbs 
 
 Silk manufactures of India... pieces 
 
 Spices cwts 
 
 Spirits— rum proof galls. 
 
 Brandy .». proof galls. 
 
 Geneva proof galls. 
 
 Sugar, unrefined cwts 
 
 Sugar, rettned cwts 
 
 Molasses cwts 
 
 Tallow ; cwts 
 
 Tar lasts 
 
 Tea lbs 
 
 Timber, battens, Ac hundred... 
 
 Olittir timber loads 
 
 Tobacco^unmanufactured ...lbs 
 
 Manufactured, and snuff.. ..lbs 
 
 Turpentine, common cwts 
 
 Watches value 
 
 Whale &ns cwts 
 
 Wine— Cape gallons. . 
 
 French gallons. , 
 
 Other sorts gallons. . 
 
 Wool, cotton lbs 
 
 Alpaca and the llama tribe. lbs.... 
 Woollen mauufactures value.. 
 
 1849. 
 
 20,012 
 493,331 
 64, 452 
 16,964 
 59,462 
 105,7l'4 
 1,417,867 
 2,682,592 
 976,196 
 31,828 
 566,794 
 130.254 
 626,495 
 29,480 
 30,623 
 4,991,472 
 12,757 
 614,770 
 754,127 
 31,972 
 
 51,803 
 
 165.963 
 
 518,748 
 
 9,376,679 
 
 5,306,827 
 
 4,479,549 
 
 471,236 
 
 6,937,349 
 
 304,392 
 
 1,062,8.37 
 
 1,465,629 
 
 15,206 
 
 53,459,469 
 
 22 
 
 1.703.609 
 
 42,098,126 
 
 1,913,474 
 
 412,042 
 
 £86,305 
 
 75,113,347 
 1,655 ,.300 
 
 £737,870 
 
 21,328 
 
 448,589 
 
 98,040 
 
 20.783 
 
 65,055 
 
 126,318 
 
 1,348,883 
 
 355,079 
 
 785.692 
 
 37,154 
 
 529,012 
 
 94.040 
 
 608,986 
 
 107,029 
 
 27,298 
 
 4,942,417 
 
 15,600 
 
 409,526 
 
 643.396 
 
 27,674 
 
 16,675 
 
 138,909 
 
 715,739 
 
 13,914,959 
 
 4,188,6.39 
 
 3,237,598 
 
 337,042 
 
 6,286,031 
 
 355,387 
 
 905,054 
 
 1,241,781 
 
 12,096 
 
 50,513,003 
 
 34 
 
 1,749,267 
 
 33,894,506 
 
 1,532.829 
 
 434,621 
 
 97.245 
 
 Exports from the United Kingdom in 1849 and 1850, with 
 tlieir Declared Value. 
 
 Alkali, vii. fo^a, cwts. . 
 Beer and ale. barrels . . 
 
 Ilutter, cwts 
 
 Canrllcs, \hs 
 
 Checst, cwts 
 
 Coalg and Culm, tona . ■ 
 
 Cordasc, cwts 
 
 Cotton manufactures, yds. 
 
 Sewing thread, lbs. 
 
 Hofliery, doaen paira . 
 
 Various 
 
 Cotton yam, lbs. . . . 
 Earthenware, pieces . . 
 
 Fish, barrels 
 
 Glass manufactures, cirta. 
 Haberdashery, &o. . . 
 
 Hardwares, ic 
 
 leather, unwrous;ht, owts. 
 
 wrought, lbs. . 
 
 Linen manufaciurei, yds. 
 
 Sewing thread, lbs. . . 
 
 Various 
 
 Linen yarn, lbs. . . . 
 
 Machinery 
 
 Metals, tons 
 
 Oil and seeds, gallons 
 Paint«r9* colors, ko. . . 
 
 Salt, bushels 
 
 Silk manufactured, lbs. . 
 
 Silk stockings, doz. pairs 
 
 Various 
 
 Silk, thrown, lbs. . . . 
 Silk, twist and yarn, lbs. 
 
 Soap, cwts 
 
 Staiionerr 
 
 Sugar, refined, cwts. . . 
 Wool, sheep or lambs*, lbs. 
 Woollen manuf. { f^^\ 
 
 8u>okiDgi, doi. pairs . 
 
 y&rioua 
 
 Woolleo jarn, cwti. . . 
 
 Quantities. 
 
 Declared Value. 
 
 1849. 
 
 l&iO 
 
 1849. 
 
 18,10. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 689.8SS 
 
 888,146 
 
 302,062 
 
 402,129 
 
 136,092 
 
 182.510 
 
 411<,325 
 
 657,8»4 
 
 64.831 
 
 60.068 
 
 217,844 
 
 211,871 
 
 2,353,106 
 
 2,723,531 
 
 80,044 
 
 98,108 
 
 6.7.59 
 
 8,633 
 
 .24,921 
 
 30,604 
 
 2,828,039 
 
 3,347,607 
 
 1,087,122 
 
 1,280.341 
 
 74,169 
 
 89.219 
 
 136.237 
 
 155.210 
 
 1,442,813,645 
 
 1,472,834,931 
 
 19,280,129 
 
 21,091,688 
 
 4,9o5.259 
 
 4,357,110 
 
 428,276 
 
 439,750 
 
 303,507 
 
 234,163 
 
 119,4.'>8 
 
 104,4X4 
 
 
 
 24,3,188 
 
 236,058 
 
 149,5(«.281 
 
 131,433.168 
 
 6,704,089 
 
 6,880,948 
 
 61,!j'28,196 
 
 76,962,7;)6 
 
 807,396 
 
 999.354 
 
 336,400 
 
 360.539 
 
 428.202 
 
 387,3'.13 
 
 268,678 
 
 8J6,C14 
 
 284.350 
 
 308.346 
 
 
 
 1.192,168 
 
 1.470.384 
 
 
 
 2,201,316 
 
 2,639,728 
 
 10,895 
 
 1,654.107 
 
 32,112 
 
 1.649.062 
 
 1 601,298 
 
 608,666 
 
 111,462.396 
 
 122.800,623 
 
 3,216.366 
 
 3,609,079 
 
 2,874,038 
 
 3,361,922 
 
 269,178 
 
 330,328 
 
 
 
 
 17,728 
 
 17,204,083 
 
 18,669,318 
 
 732,066 
 
 887.296 
 
 
 
 700,631 
 
 
 760.455 
 
 829,629 
 
 8,001,459 
 
 8,761,190 
 
 2,732,720 
 
 3,292,166 
 
 2-9,407 
 
 413.620 
 
 
 
 208.289 
 
 247,803 
 
 18,6.'K1,!<66 
 
 15.824.780 
 
 262,991 
 
 224,673 
 
 817,061 
 
 1,184,480 
 
 610,126 
 
 816,907 
 
 18,753 
 
 16,750 
 
 • 34.488 
 
 23,683 
 
 
 
 164,037 
 
 210,156 
 
 106,869 
 
 69,874 
 
 81.160 
 
 63,176 
 
 809,801 
 
 475.536 
 
 118.632 
 
 161,6:11 
 
 101,222 
 
 124,088 
 
 159,675 
 
 201,374 
 
 
 
 314,704 
 
 407,384 
 
 228.273 
 
 209,288 
 
 373,721 
 
 344.134 
 
 11»1)0,472 
 
 12,000,459 
 
 530,806 
 
 623.904 
 
 2,891,184 
 
 2,778,724 
 
 4,642,582 
 
 5,.383,(«2 
 
 61,656,130 
 
 63,781 ,068 
 
 2,413,625 
 
 2,876,848 
 
 106,646 
 
 119,873 
 
 
 74,482 
 
 
 
 199,761 
 
 250,467 
 
 103,116 
 
 128,151 
 
 1,090A'23 
 
 1,461,098 
 
 Tot 
 
 ll . . . . 
 
 68,910,803 
 
 05,767,315 
 
 U'dared Valut <f Exports to the United States and the British 
 Provinces of Ncrth A merica, for the three years ending 1853. 
 
 Years. 
 
 United atnte 
 
 British Provinces. 
 
 1850. 
 
 £14,891,961 
 
 £3,2.35,051 
 
 1851. 
 
 14,362,976 
 
 3,813,707 
 
 1852. 
 
 16,567,737 
 
 3,065,364 
 
 1853. 
 
 23,658,427 
 
 4,898,545 
 
 BRI 
 
 An Acco7wt of the Total Official Value of aU the Imports into, 
 and nf all Exports from the United Kingdom, e:cclu.sive of 
 the Trade between Great Britain and Irdmid, in eacli of the 
 following years: — 
 
 
 OfXcia! Value 
 of Imports. 
 
 OfSoial Value of Exports. 
 
 Declare! 
 Value of the 
 Pro<luce and 
 Manufactures 
 of the United 
 Kingdom 
 Exported. 
 
 Tears 
 
 Produce and 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 of the United 
 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Foreign and 
 
 Colonial 
 Merchandise. 
 
 Total Exports. 
 
 1820 
 1825 
 18.30 
 18:15 
 1640 
 1845 
 1,S49 
 1850 
 
 £ 
 32,4.38,650 
 44,137,482 
 46,245,241 
 48,911,642 
 67,432,964 
 85,281,958 
 105.874,607 
 
 £ 
 38,395,625 
 47,16«,0'20 
 61,140,864 
 78,376,732 
 102,705,372 
 134,599,116 
 164,539,504 
 
 £ 
 10,5.i5,9I2 
 9,169.494 
 8.550,437 
 12,797,724 
 13,774,306 
 16,280,870 
 25,561,890 
 
 £ 
 48,951,537 
 56,335,514 
 69,691,302 
 91,174,456 
 116,479.678 
 150,879,986 
 190,101,394 
 
 £ 
 36,424,652 
 38.877,388 
 38,251 ,50> 
 47,372.270 
 51,406.430 
 60,111,081 
 58,910,883 
 65,756,032 
 
 Declared Value of British Manufactured Goods Exported to 
 the urukr-m^mtioned Countries in 1846, 1847. 
 
 British Colonies. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 St. Helena and Ascension 
 
 Australia , 
 
 British North America 
 
 British West Indies 
 
 British India and Cejlon 
 
 FOREtSN CODNTBIES. 
 
 France 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Russia 
 
 Holland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Hanse Towns 
 
 Foreign West Indies 
 
 Sumntra and Java 
 
 African Coast 
 
 China 
 
 South America 
 
 Brazil 
 
 United Slates 
 
 4,80,979 
 310,231 
 28.309 
 1,440,000 
 3,308,059 
 2,505,587 
 6,434,456 
 
 1,122,6.30 
 383,879 
 35.000 
 14,513,700 
 4,898.544 
 1,906,639 
 8,185,695 
 
 2,636,330 
 1.371,817 
 2,208,815 
 1,228,404 
 4,452,955 
 3,2.36,629 
 8,145,081 
 1,2.58,668 
 5.58.212 
 617,764 
 1,373,689 
 3,840,740 
 4,452,9.55 
 23,658,472 
 
 The total imports of grain, meal, and flour into tbe 
 United Kingdom iu 1851 were, 6.618,026 quarters, of which 
 5,330,412 were wheat; in 1862, 7,746,669 quarters, 4.1G-t,603 
 of which were wheat; and in 1853, 10,173,135 quarters, 
 6,235,860 quarters being wheat. 
 
 Imports into the United Kingdom : — 
 
 Sugar 1845,.. 4,129,443 cwts 1853,.. 7,523,187 cwts. 
 
 Cocoa 1841, ..1,928,847 lbs 1853,.. 4,126,687 lbs. 
 
 Tea 1851, .53,965,112 " 1853,-58,860,127 " 
 
 Tobacco 1841, .22,309,360 " 1852,.28,.35S,908 " 
 
 Revenue on Tobacco. 1841, .£3,580,164 1852,.£4,560,S31. 
 
 Wine 1841, ..5,743,722 gals 1853,. .7, 197 ,522 gals. 
 
 Beer 1841, ..4,520,541 qurs 1853,.. 5,254,923 qurs. 
 
 Spirits of all kinds. .1841, .24,124,921 gals.. 1852,. 30,052,284 gals. 
 
 The quantity of spirits imported in 1853 exceeded that of 
 1861 by 1,044.721 gallons. The duties of tea for 1852 
 amounted to £6,985,482. 
 
 Oiffee imported into the United Kingdom : — 
 
 Consumed In 
 
 British Coft'ee, lbs... 
 Foreign do 
 
 1841. 
 
 17,532,448 
 10,833,969 
 
 1842. 1852. 185S. 
 
 17,299,916 27, "22,806 28,149,482 
 11,219,730 I 7,321,570 8,442,332 
 
 28,519,646 j 35,044,376 , 36,591,814 
 
 Shipping employed in Vie Trade of Uie United Kingdom 
 in 1848. 
 
 
 Inward. 
 
 Outward. 
 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 British 
 
 Foreign 
 
 21,783 
 13,100 
 
 4,565,5.33 
 1,960.412 
 
 21.117 
 13,645 
 
 4,724,027 
 2,056,654 
 
 
 34,883 
 
 6,525,945 
 
 34,762 
 
 6,780,081 
 
 
 Mercantile Shipping belonging to the British Empire in 1848. 
 
 292 
 
 
 Sailing 
 VaiBels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Steam 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Ton.. vlr^s. 
 
 ToU\ ' 
 Tons 
 
 United Kingdom 
 Colonies and / 
 dependencies J 
 
 24,520 
 7,908 
 
 3,249,383 
 638,064 
 
 1118 
 126 
 
 151,426 25,638 1 3.400,80l»l 
 13,287 &.Cm 1 «5I,S5i| 
 
 Total 
 
 32,428 
 
 3,887,447 
 
 1244 
 
 164,713 1 33,672 | 4,052,160' 
 
BRl 
 
 BRI 
 
 The foUowing abstract from the parliamentary returns 
 exhibit the number of vessels owued iu Oreat Britaiu, how 
 employed, &c., iu 1853 : — 
 ^ Sailing 
 
 vessels. Tons. Steamers. Tons. 
 
 Employed la the home trade 8,«7. . . .G»iS»,342. . . .374 85,471 
 
 ** partly home trade and 
 
 partly foreign 970.... 156,800 28 7,250 
 
 " entirely foreign trade 8,110... 2,663,685. ...237... .125,539 
 
 Total British shipping 18,-.!06... 3,730,087, sail and steam. 
 
 Kiver steamers are not included in the above. 
 
 The total number of hands employed was 172,525. 
 
 (Jove.rnment. — Under this head the first thing in order is 
 the Constitution. The Biitisk Cnnditatiun is the growth, 
 and einlxidies the wisdom and experience of ages. So man 
 or set of men first preconceived it in theory, and then pro- 
 ceeded to give it a real existence. It assumed its leading 
 features iu times when theories were little thought of, and 
 has become what it now is almost imperceptibly, without 
 pi'emeditated design, so that it may truly be regarded as 
 more tiie result of providential arrangement than of hu- 
 man invention. A constitution so formed is necessarily 
 full of anomalies, which perplex the tliwrist, and refuse 
 to bend into accordance witli his speculative forms. The 
 type of government to which it belongs is a limited, he- 
 reditary monarchy, in which the executive power is 
 lodged in the sovereign, but controlled in its exercise by 
 the legislative power, shared in common by three bodies, 
 of which the sovereign, though the first in dignity, is by 
 no means the most influential member. The second and 
 third of these bodies are the House of Lords and House of 
 Commons, who meet and vote in separate chambers. 'With 
 the sovereign at their head, they form the Legislature or 
 Parliament; and every eniictment, before tiecoming law, 
 must obtain their separate as.sent, given first by the llouse 
 la which it originated, and expressed either tinanimously 
 or by an open vote; then in lilve manner by the other 
 House: and, finally, by tlie sovereign, the date of whose as- 
 sent is held to bo that of the operation of the act, provided 
 no other date is specially expressed. The House of Lords is 
 composed of Lords temporal, that is, peers of blood-royal, 
 British peers, representative peers not IJritish, ajid of Lords 
 spiritual. Peers of blood-royal sit by courtesy; British 
 peers, after their first creation, by hereditary light ; repre- 
 Eentative peers by election. Peers of the last clitss are partly 
 Scotch, partly Irish, and are elected by the other peers of 
 their respective countries, wlio are not British. Scotch 
 peers, 1(3 in number, are elected for each parliament ; Irish 
 peers, 28, sit for life. Lords spiritual are archbisliops and 
 bishops of the United Church of Kngland and Ireland. All 
 those of England, with the exception of four without seats, 
 sit tor life.. Those of Ireland, only four (one an archliishop) 
 sit by rotation for a single session. The House of Lords is 
 presided over by the Lord Chancellor, and, in addition to its 
 legislative, performs judicial functions, being, in all civil 
 causes, the Supreme Court of Appeal tor the three kingdoms. 
 The third body is the House of Commons. Its memlnTS are 
 elected for a single parliament, which expires legally in 
 seven years, and generally sooner. Its niemliers, 058, are 
 arranged as follows : — England — 10 counties, l-l-l members, 
 2 universities, 4 members, 186 cities and boroughs, 323 
 members; total, 471. Wales — 12 counties, 15 members, 57 
 cities and boroughs, 14 members; total, 29. Scotland — 33 
 counties, 30 members, 76 cities and boroughs, 23 members; 
 total, 53. Ireland — 32 counties. 64 memlters, 1 university, 
 2 members, 33 cities and boroughs, 39 members; total, 105. 
 The number of electors, according to the registrations of 
 1849-50, is as follows : — 
 
 England. TVales. Scotland. Ireland. Total. 
 
 Countle 461.413.... 86,984.... 48,456 31,832 578,685 
 
 Boroughs 378,384.... 11,035.... 41,849.... 40,234.... 471,502 
 
 839,797 48,019 90,305 72,066 1,050,187 
 
 The presiding oflRcer of the House of Commons is the 
 ifpeaker. one of the members elected by a majority of the 
 others at the commencement of eaeii parliament, for its whole 
 duration. In general, any legislative measure may origi- 
 nate in either House, but the Ilouse of Commons possesses 
 the exclusive privilege of originating money bills, and voting 
 money — a privilege which it guards so jealously that it will 
 not allow the Lords to make any change on a money clause 
 In any bill of the most general nature, which the Commons 
 may have passed and sent up to them. The acts of the go- 
 vernment are considered to Ije the acts, not of the sovereign, 
 but of the ministry which for the time conducts the govern- 
 ment. This ministry consists principally of what is called 
 the cabinet, in which are 14 high functionaries. Of these 
 the most important are, the First Lord of the Treasury, who 
 is Prime Minister; the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the 
 tiOrd Chancellor, and the three Seeretjiries — Home, Foreign, 
 and Colonial. Several other functionaries, though not possess- 
 hig stoats in the cabinet, are usually regarded as part of the 
 ministry. It is not with the sovereign, then, but with 
 ministers, that the responsibility rests ; and hence, for their 
 own safety, when they lose the confidence of parliament and 
 the «t autry, they bive no a>-y<rnative but to resign. Other 
 
 ministers of different principles succeed, and diiUcultlei 
 which might have seemed to threaten a collision between 
 the highest powers of the state, pass off quietly, and aru 
 soon forgotten. In this way the constitution, "like some 
 mechanism of exquisite contrivance, possesses within itself 
 a power of readjustment, and seems destined — if neither 
 overpowered by external violence, nor torn to pieces by in- 
 ternal dis.sension — to be as busting as the world. 
 
 Intimately connected with the constitution, or important 
 integral portions of it, are its ecclesiastical establisliuients 
 of which there are two, b<ith Protestjiiit, and in doctrine al- 
 most identical, but very different in form — the one, under 
 the name of the United Church of Kngland and Ireland, 
 being Episcopal, and the other, confined to Scotland, Pres- 
 byterian. These churches will be fully described under the 
 heads of England, Ireland, and Scotland. 
 
 After ecclesiastical, our attention is naturally directed to 
 judicial estalilishments, for an account of which we again, 
 and for the same reason, refer to the heiids of England, Scot- 
 land, and Ireland. 
 
 Army and JS'avy. — The extent of the British Empire ne- 
 cessiirily makes the aggregate military force very considei'- 
 able; but there is no European state in which the standing 
 army bears so small a proportion to the whole population. 
 Tlie total nunilier of troops of the line in 1S52, including 
 Queen's troops in the pay of the East India Company, was 
 129,625. To these must be added 14,410 artillery, making the 
 whole force 144,0:;5. The number on home service was only 
 51,947, of whom 30,305 were in Great Britain, and 21,642 in 
 Ireland. In many respects, and particularly as a de- 
 fensive force, the army must yield to the navy. The ad- 
 vantages of Britain's insular position are often talked of, 
 as if the mere fact of living on an island were in itself 
 a source of safety, whereas the safety is not in the po- 
 sition, but in the ability to defend it. In early times, im- 
 mense fleets, filled with warlike hordes, issued from the 
 " frozen loins of the populous Xorth," and " poured like a 
 deluge" on the shores of Great Britain, which, from their viist 
 extent, and with the feeble means possessed, it was impossi- 
 ble to defend. Her insular position was in those times her 
 greatest weakness, and so must it be again if she ever lose 
 her superiority at sea. The principal details respecting the 
 navy are as follows : — 
 
 The number of Ships and Steam Vessels in the British Navy, 
 with the numlter nf guns they mount, and the horse-pmver 
 of Uveir evgine,s., corrected up to 1850 : — 
 
 19 First-rates of 120, 116, and IlOguns, mustering 2216 guns. 
 
 76 Second and third-rates, vary- 
 ing from 104to70 " " 6196 " 
 
 126 Fourth, fifth, and sixth-rates 65 to 18 " " 4^73 " 
 
 79 Sloops 18to 8 " " »t6 " 
 
 16 Brigs 6to 3 " " 78 " 
 
 22 Steamships and frigates, with 12,222 borsc-power and 281 ' 
 
 42 Sloops 13,;i00 " 261 " 
 
 38 Gun-vessels 6748 " 125 " 
 
 2 Schooners, (screw, with auxil- 
 iary steam power) 120 " 20 " 
 
 Horse-power of steam guard and 
 block-ships, classed as fourth-rates 3800 
 
 Making a total of 420 vessels, mounting 15,026 guns, of 
 which 114 are steamers, propelled by engines of an aggre- 
 gate power of 36,180 horses. This does not include the fleet 
 of mail steamers at Dover, Pembroke, Holyhead, Liverpool, 
 &c., which are only armed with light six-pounder guns for 
 signals. 
 
 Finance. — To carry on the affairs of such a wondrous fa- 
 bric as the British Empire, neces.sarily requires sums of an 
 amount so immense, tliat it is scarcely possible to form a 
 definite conception of them, notwithstanding the minute 
 accuracy of the series of official bluo-lxioks in which they 
 regularly appear. The separate amounts of revenue and ex- 
 penditure under their different heads, as well as the total 
 amount, are given below. This vast revenue is generally 
 raised in accordance with what is understood to be the 
 soundest principles of political economy ; in other words, 
 the taxes, direct and indirect, and the customs which fur- 
 nish it, are, with few exceptions, collected in the least ol>- 
 noxious form, fall lightest on articles of primary necessity, 
 or the raw materials of manufacture, and heaviest on arti- 
 cles either of luxury, for which the persons using them 
 must be .supposed well able to pay, or of noxious consump- 
 tion, from the use of which the persons unhappily addicted 
 to them ought, if possible, to be deterred by the high price 
 which they are compelled to pay. Nowhere can we find 
 data better fitted to explain the actual position of the coun- 
 try than in the various sources from which its revenue is 
 obtained ; for example, the direct taxation on property and 
 income, .showing the vast amount of wealth which must an- 
 nually be produced, when 7d. per pound raises a sum of 
 more than 6,000,000?. sterling; the inconceivable amount 
 of correspondence, in endless forms of variety, which must 
 be carried on, when a single penny on each letter, after pay- 
 ing all expenses of management, yields a clear surplus of 
 more than 1,200.000?. But our limits forbid, and nothing 
 more can be done here than to append the following impor. 
 taut tables : — 
 
 2Q3 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 JS'et Revenw, and Expenditure of the Vhiltd Kingdom. 
 
 Customs 
 
 Excise 
 
 Stamps 
 
 Taxes 
 
 Property Tax.... 
 
 Post-office 
 
 Crown Lands,... 
 Small Berenues . 
 
 Total Revenue 
 
 EXPBNDITURK. 
 
 Public Debt 
 
 Civil List 
 
 Uiplomatio Services 
 
 Courts of Justice 
 
 Navy 
 
 Army 
 
 Ordnance 
 
 Annuities and Pensions. 
 
 Miscellaueous 
 
 Opium Compensation... 
 
 Irish Distress 
 
 Kaffir War 
 
 Tears ending April 5. 
 
 1849. 
 
 £ 
 
 21,170.860 
 
 13,932.277 
 
 6,665 36o 
 
 4,318.903 
 
 5,317,245 
 
 812,000 
 
 100.000 
 
 60.132 
 
 20,442,759 
 
 14.043,064 
 
 6,843,547 
 
 4,332,980 
 
 5,4««.248 
 
 823.000 
 
 160,000 
 
 155,028 
 
 18,954,362 
 13,737,599 
 6,477,34 
 3,l'01,O4: 
 5,589,079 
 1,066,000 
 392,888 
 159,862 
 
 52,276.782 52,266.626' 49,578,184 
 656.6661 650,i;92| 758,789 
 84.284 .. .. 1,322,469 
 
 53,017.732'5-',916,918i 51,659,442 
 
 1846. 
 
 28,213,523 
 
 392,463 
 
 174,265 
 
 751,810 
 
 6.968,917 
 
 6,715.409 
 
 2,236.507 
 
 540.9.35 
 
 3,634,245 
 
 646 
 
 1847. 
 
 28,0»5.202 
 
 .193,221 
 
 175,143 
 
 942,754 
 
 7,708.294 
 
 6.534,699: 
 
 2,645 ,646i 
 
 531,818 
 
 4,039,794 
 
 1849. 
 28,489,860 
 
 395,670 
 
 165,591 
 1,113,973 
 7,962,397 
 6,743,634 
 3,001,128 
 
 503,694 
 4,521,243 
 
 682,000 389,920 
 
 51,185,073 
 
 1850. 
 18,194,507 
 
 396,451 
 
 160,360 
 1,081,462 
 6,711,724 
 6,490.475 
 2,485,387 
 
 436,933 
 4,421,118 
 
 49,628,724 j51, 708,571' 53,287,110 50,378,417 
 
 At the Revolution, in 16S8, the national debt was 664,263/., 
 and the interest and management 39,855/. At the commence- 
 ment of the last European war, in 1793, it was 239,350. li£/. ; 
 and in 1S17, shortly after its termination, 840,860,491/. In 
 1850 it was 773,1 6S,316Z., and the interest and management, 
 as seen above, 28,194,507/. 
 
 In 1710, the population of England and AVales was 
 5,066,337 ; and nearly at the same time, that of Scotland, 
 1.050.000; and that of Ireland, 2,099.094 ; in all 7,215,-431. 
 
 The census was first actually taken in 1801 in Great Bri- 
 tain, and in 1821 in Ireland. 
 
 Summary Account of the Pnpulatlnn of Great Britain and 
 Jrelaud, including the Army and Navy, at the periods at 
 which Censuses have been taken. 
 
 England . . 
 
 W.-ilM . . . 
 
 Scotland . . 
 Armj, Nary.Ac. 
 
 Total Population 
 of the United 
 Kingdom . 
 
 8,231,434 
 541.546 
 
 1,550,068 
 470,693 
 
 9,538,827 11,261,437 
 611,788 717.438 
 
 1,805,088 2,00;i.4o« 
 640,500, 319,300 
 
 12,696,803 14,431.13S 
 
 _ 21,282,900 
 
 13,091,005 
 
 806,182 
 
 2,365.114 
 
 277,017 
 
 14,9<.I5,133 
 
 911.603 
 
 2,620.184 
 
 193,469 
 
 27,019,568 
 
 16,921.888 
 
 1,006,721 
 
 2,833,742 
 
 162,490 
 
 By the above table, it will be perceived that the popula- 
 tion of Great Britain has about doubled in the last 50 years, 
 a result which it is supposed was not attained in the eleven 
 centuries that el.ipsed between the landing of Julius Cassar 
 and that of William the Conqueror. The increase since 1841 
 has been 2,289,426, or 12 per cent., while the decreiise in Ire- 
 land has been 1,689.426, more thaa 20 per cent. Great, how- 
 ever, as has been the increase of population in England, 
 AVales, and Scotland, during the past 50 years, it is as no- 
 thing compared with that of the metropolis in the same 
 period. In 1801, the population of London, taking the same 
 area as in 1851, was 958,863. In March, 1851, it h.ad increased 
 to the enormous amount of 2,361.640, being double the ag- 
 gregate population of Wales, 297,727 more than are con- 
 tained in the densely-populated manufacturing county of 
 Lancashire, and one-third more than Yorkshire. During 
 the last 10 years, its increase in population is without a 
 parallel in the history of the world, l^iverpool is justly 
 considered the second city in the kingdom, and yet it 
 would t«ke two Liverpools to make up the increaise of the 
 population of London from 1841 to 1851. And yet, in every 
 nine minutes, one person in the metropolis dies. 
 
 Great Britain, in March, 1851, had 815 towns of various 
 magnitudes; 5S0 in England and W.ales; 215 in Scotland, 
 and 110 in the Channel Islands. The population of the 
 kingdom is very nearly equally divided between these 815 
 towns Jtnd the country, 10.556,288 inii.aWtants being in the 
 former, and 10.4<»,189 in the latter. In England and Wales 
 the average population in each town is 15,501 ; in Scotland, 
 6664. A town in Scotland, therefore, contains less than 
 half the population of a town in England. Each fiimily 
 consists of 4-73. and each house contains 5-7 persons. In 
 the towns there are 6-2 persons to the acre, and iu the 
 
 country 5-3 acres to a person. The population of Groat 
 Britain is not merely great in proportion to the extent of 
 surface, but is much more crowded together in dense masses 
 than that of any other country in Europe. France, in ad- 
 dition to its metropolis, has only seven towns with a popu- 
 lation exceeding 100,000. The United Kingdom, besides its 
 metropolis, has no fewer than thirteen. 
 
 This great population, like that of Europe generally, be- 
 longs to what is called the Caucasian race, wliich exhibits 
 the human form in its highest physical type, and is so su- 
 perior to all other races, that in whatever quarter of the 
 globe it fixes its seat, it sooner or later becomes dominant. 
 One of the most celebrated varieties of this race is the An- 
 glo-Saxon ; and to it, though with a considerable intermix- 
 ture of other Gothic races, the great majority of the inha- 
 bitants of Great Britain unquestionably belongs. The 
 Anglo-Saxons, however, were not the original owners of the 
 soil. They found the Celts and Welsh (Oiimrij in posses- 
 sion, and drove them before them into the wildest and most 
 inaccessible pttrts of Great Britain, particularly the X. and 
 W., where they still remain, and prove their separate origin 
 by one of the most marked of national distinctions — a po- 
 culiar language. Ireland experienced a different fortune, 
 and, with the exception of the N. province, where an Anglo- 
 Saxon colony was established in comparatively recent times, 
 is almost entirely peopled by Celts. The Celtic language is 
 also, though with considerable variations, the vernacular of 
 the Highlands of Scotland, the West of Ireland, and the 
 Isle of Man, but it has not. and does not seem destined 
 ever to have a literature. The Anglo-Saxon or English, 
 on the contrary, promises soon to be, if it is not already, the 
 most widely spoken of European languages, and h.as 
 proved itself inferior to none as a vehicle of thought. Fitted 
 for all the great walks of literature, it can move with the 
 dignified step of history, pursue the mazes of metaphysics, 
 give utterance meet to the finest bursts of forensic, senato- 
 rial, and pulpit eloquence, and untwining all the chords of 
 h.armon}', sustain poets and other imaginative minds in 
 their loftiest flights. The long list of distinguished men 
 who occupy the highest niches in the temple of fame, and 
 emliodied their conceptions in the English tongue, of itself 
 indicates that those who speak it are an intellectual race. 
 Nor is this their greatest priiise. As a people, they have 
 been thought deficient in softer graces, but are unsurpassed 
 in the sterner and sublimer virtues. Kowhere are honor 
 and integrity in higher esteem; nowhere has philanthropy 
 made more costly sjicrifices, or gained more glorious tri- 
 umphs; nowhere are the final destinies of man held in 
 higher reverence; and nowhere are the great truths of 
 Christianity more deeply pondered, more thoroughly uiv 
 derstood, more cordially believed, more sedulously practised. 
 History. — Great Britain, for many ages, consisted of two 
 independent, and almost incessantly hostile kingdoms, 
 which became united in 1603, under one sovereign, in the 
 person of James, previously the sixth of the name in Scot- 
 land, and thereafter known as James I. With him the 
 history of the British empire properly begins. His reign 
 has the merit of having been peacefjil, but he was ungainly 
 in person, vulgar in manners, and of a cunning, ungene- 
 rous, and .selfish nature. Ilis learning, which might have 
 shone like a jewel in his crown, only furni.~hed displays of 
 his pedantry, and his highest princely quality was the very 
 equivocal one of entertaining extravagant notions of his 
 royal prerogative. His son, Charles I., who succeeded him in 
 1625, was a man of a very different stamp. In person, he was 
 every inch a king: and had he lived in less trying times, Ih.i 
 many noble qualities, of wliich he was undoubtedly pos- 
 sessed, might have made his reign both prosp.ious and 
 brilliant. Unhappily, he inherited hisfithei's notions of 
 prerogative — notions which, though they had only fur- 
 nished the father with a topic on which he was perpetually 
 giving utterance to a kind of blasphemous bombast, became 
 the occasion of fearful calamities to the .son, at once terminat- 
 ing (in 1649) his reign and his life by a bloody tragedy. An 
 interregnum succeeded, in which the chief actor performed 
 his pjirt with unrivalled ability; but with a character so 
 enigmatical, that many are still puzzled where to give him 
 a place — whether among saints or hypocrites. He had ruled 
 by a militiii-y despotism; but the sceptre, which it reiiuii-ed 
 all his ability to wield, dropped at once fi-om the h.iiids of 
 his feeble, but respectable son ; and the restoration ofCharleg 
 II. (in 1660) was hailed with loud acclamations. Society now 
 underwent a sudden change, and. as too often happens, 
 passed from a bad to a worse extreme. Under the pii>text 
 of discountenancing hypocrisy, licentiousness gained the 
 ascendant; and nowhere more completely than at «ourt, 
 where the monarch him.selfwas soon found raising iiims 
 for his debaucheries, by pawning his kingdom, .and stooping 
 to the ineffable infamy of Ixirteringits independence for a pen- 
 sion from Louis XIV. The death of Charles II., in 1685, made 
 way for his brother, James II., an intolerable bigv t. who a« 
 once brought matters to a crisis, and was soon beyond the 
 kingdom an ignominious exile. Then followed the Kevo- 
 lution of 1088, which completed the ."Magna Charta by its 
 Bill of Kights, and placed the Constitution on Us iuimo 
 
BRI 
 
 BRO 
 
 vablo baKJs. William and Mary were succeeded, in 1702, hj 
 Anae, » hose rei>^n is reraark.able for the Act of Union, in 1707, 
 and for the band of distin.i^uished writers who tiourished in 
 It, and have procured for it the name of the Augustine Age 
 of English Literature. George I., in 1714, and Georire II., in 
 1727, followed, both of them adding to limited intellect the 
 greater disadvantage of being toreigners by descent, language, 
 and manners. The reign of each is marked by a rebellion, 
 which aimed to bring back the House of .Stuart. They were 
 succeeded by George I II.. in 17tiO, whose blameless private life 
 has endeaied his memory to every right-hearted Briton, and 
 whose long reign, though not free from blemishes, is, on the 
 whole, one of the most illustrious in British annals. A visita- 
 tion of providence withdrew him from public life, and his pLace 
 was occupied by his son as Prince Regent, who afterwards 
 succeeded him, under the name of George IV., in 1820. Ho 
 looked a king, but can scarcely be said to have lived one. 
 Upon his death, (18o0.) the sceptre of the British Empire 
 passed into the hands of William IV'., whose reign, not 
 otherwise much distinguished, is famous for the Reform Act. 
 The present sovereign. Queen Victoria I., ascended the throne 
 in 1837, and her reign has hitherto been emineutly popular 
 and prosperous. See Great Britaix. 
 
 BltlTAIN, NKW. See iNkw Britain. 
 
 BRITANNIA or BRITAIN. See Great Britain. 
 
 BUITANNIA (bro-tan'ne a) ISLANDS, a group of small 
 Islands in the Pacific Ocean, N.K. of New Caledonia, the 
 largest of which (Uea) is 80 miles in length. 
 
 BRIT'KOHD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BRITII'DER, achapelry of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 BRITIf^lI GUIANA. See Guia.ma. 
 
 BRITON. See Great Britain. 
 
 BIUTON-KKKRY, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 BRITT.4.NY, a province of France. See Bretaone. 
 
 BRITTNAU, britfudw, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Aargau. 2 miles S. of Zofingen, on the Wigger. Pop. 2075. 
 
 BRIT'TON'S NECK, a post-office of .Marion district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BItlT'WELL-SA'LOME, a parish of England, co. Oxford. 
 
 BRIVATA. See Brioude. 
 
 BRI vfi, breeVA/, a river of France, department of Loire 
 InRrieure. It joins the Loire on the right, above St. 
 Nazairo: length. 30 miles. 
 
 BRIVES-LA-OAILLAIIDK. breev-ia-gAhV3rd', a town of 
 France, department of Correze, in a rich plain, on the Cor- 
 rtze, 14 miles S.W. of Tulle. Pop. of commune, 6983. It is 
 built of stone, enclosed by planted Boulevards; has a com- 
 munal college, manufactures of woollens, muslins, silk, 
 handkerchiefs, and cotton yarn, with bleaching works, dis- 
 tilleries, and an active trade in brandy, wine, chestnuts, cat- 
 tle, and truffles. 
 
 BRIVIESCA, bre-ve-gsk'A, a town in Spain, Old Ca.stile, 
 20 miles N.E. of Burgos. Pop. 2004. 
 
 BRIVIO, bree/ve-o, a town of Lombardy, on the Adda, 22 
 miles N.E. of Milan. The Austriaus defeated the French 
 here in 1799. 
 
 BRIVODURUM. See Briare. 
 
 BRIX, breex, a village of France, department of Manche, 
 b\ miles N.W. of Valognes. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2756. 
 
 BRIX, a town of Bohemia. See Brux, (brtlx.) 
 
 BRIXELLUM. See Bre^cella. 
 
 BRIXKN, brix-en, (It. Bri-jssanone, brSs-sJ-no'nA,) a fortified 
 town of Tyrol, SI of the Alps, 40 miles S.S.E. of Innspruck, 
 on the route from Italy to Germany by the Brenner Pass. 
 Pop. 3000. It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, several public 
 schools; and near it some iron and steel works. The bishop- 
 ric of Brixen was a state of the German Empire, secularized 
 in 1S03, and united to the Tyrol. 
 
 BRIXIIAM, bri.\'am, a market and seaport town of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Devon, on the S.W. side of Torbay, 24 miles S. 
 of Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 6936. The town has an ancient 
 church, a large national, and 19 daily schools, a good har- 
 bor, subordinate to the port of Dartmouth, and about 100 
 vessels, employed in the coasting trade, especially in the 
 exports of marble and iron ore, besides numerous boats en- 
 gaged in fisheries. William III. landed in England at Brix- 
 ham. on the 5th of November, 1683. 
 
 BRIXIA. See Brescia. 
 
 BRIX'TON, a parish of England, a suburb of the south 
 division of the metropolis, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BRIX'TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BRIX'TON or BRIGUTSTONE, a parish of England, Isle 
 of Wight. 
 
 BRIXTON, a po.st-ofiice of Alexandria co.. Virginia. 
 
 BRI.Y'TON, DKVERILL, a parish of England, co. Wilt.s. 
 
 BRTX'WORTII, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 • BlUZIN A (bre-zeo/nd) or BERIZINA, a village of Algeria, 
 in the Sahara, 25G miles S.W. of Algiers. It contains about 
 150 houses, begirt with a wall. 
 
 BUO-\CII, a city and territory of India. See Baroach. 
 
 BROADAL'BIN, a post-township of Fulton co.. New York, 
 40 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 2u34. 
 
 BROAD BAY, of Scotland, is situated on the N.E. side of 
 the island of Lewis ; its length inland i.s about 7 miles,brea(lth 
 vai-yuv^ ftoc 3 U. 4 luiles. Lat. 56° 20' N.; Ion. 6° 10' W. 
 
 BRO.^,D BROOK, a post-village of Hartford co., ConnP--ti- 
 cut, 15 miles N.N.E. of Hartford. It has inanuiiictures of 
 buttons, a large woollen mill, and 2 churches. 
 
 BROAD-CHALK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. The 
 traces of a Roman camp here extend over 6 acres. 
 
 BROAD'CLIST, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BROAD CltEEK, of Sussex Co., Delaware, enters theNan- 
 ticoke River from the left. 
 
 BROAD CREEK, a post-office of Queen Anne co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 BROAD'FIELD or BRADTIELD, a parish of England, ca 
 of Herts. 
 
 BROAD/FORD, a small village of Scotland, Isle of Skye, 
 15 miles S.W. of Portree. 
 
 BROAD'FORD, a post-office of Smythe co., Virginia. 
 
 BR0.4iDAjiRKEN, a station on the Liverpool and Manches- 
 ter Railway, 3 j miles E. of Liverpool. 
 
 BROAD'HAVEN, a bay on the W. coast of Ireland, co. of 
 JIayo, between Benwee and Errishead, 11 miles N.W. ot 
 Bangor. Length and average breadth, 4 miles, exclusive 
 of several arms. 
 
 BROAD'HEADVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BROAD'HEMBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 
 
 BROAD'IIK.MPSTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BliOAD-HINT'ON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BROAD KILL, a hundred of Sussex co., Delaware. Pop. 
 3032. 
 
 BROAD'.\IAYNE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BROAD MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, the name of a con- 
 siderable mountain ridge, extending from the centre of Car- 
 bon county, south-westward, through the whole extent of 
 Schuylkill county, into Dauphin. ' The whole length is pro- 
 bably about 50 miles. It has on the top a broad table-land, 
 almost destitute of trees. 
 
 BROAD MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BROAD MOUTH CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into 
 Saluda River, near the northern extremity of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. 
 
 BROAD'0.\K, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 BROAD OAKS, a post-office of Pope co., Illinois. 
 
 BROAD Rll'PLE, a post-office of .Marion co.. Indiana. 
 
 BROAD RIVER, of North and South Carolina, rises at 
 the foot of the Blue I'.idge, in the W. part of the formor 
 State, and enters South Carolina at the N.W. extremity of 
 York district. It afterwards flows nearly southward, and 
 unites with the Saluda at Columbia, to form the Congaree. 
 It p!i.sses through a beautiful and fertile upland region, 
 which is partly occupied by plantations of cotton and 
 maize. 
 
 BROAD RIVER. South Carolina, an arm of the sea, be- 
 tween Port Royal Island and the mainland 
 
 BROAD RIVKH, of Georgia, a small strejim which rises 
 in Ilaber.sham county, and flowing south-eastward, enters 
 Savannah River at Petersburg. The Middle Fork and Hud- 
 son's Fork join the river a few miles N.E. from DanielsviUe. 
 It affords abundant water-power. 
 
 BliOAD RIVER, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia. 
 
 BRO.\.D RUN, of Loudon co., Virginki, flows northward, 
 and falls into the Potomac, about 10 miles S.E. of Lees- 
 burg. 
 
 BROAD RUN. a sm.all stream in the N.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Fauquier county, flows south-eastward, and 
 unites with Cedar Run to form the Occoyuan River, about 
 1 mile below Brentsville. It is a valuable mill-stream. 
 
 BROAD SOUND, an inlet on the E. coast of Australia, in 
 lat. 22° 30' S., and Ion. 149° 40' E. Length from N. to S., 50 
 miles; breadth at the entrance, 22 miles. 
 
 BROAD'STAIRS, (formerly BRADSTOWE,) a small sea- 
 port town of England, co. of Kent, on the E. coast of the 
 Isle of Thanet, 2 miles N. of Ramsgate. Pop. 1459. It hag 
 of late become a favorite watering-place. Its port is subor- 
 dinate to that of Dover. 
 
 BROAD TOP, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 621. 
 
 BROAD TOP, a postoffice of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BROAD TOP MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, partly situated 
 in the N.E. part of Bedford county, and partly in the 3. 
 part of Huntingdon. Good coal, though containing less 
 bitumen than that found Vf. of the Alleghany, has been 
 discovered in this mountain, in beds from 3 to 8 feet 
 thick. 
 
 BROiVB^WAS, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BRO.\D'\VATER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BROAD'VVAY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BROADWAY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BROADWAY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BR.O.\D\VAY, a post-office of Wan-en co.. New Jersey. 
 
 BRO.\DVVAY, a post-office in Newberry district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 BROADWELL, a pari.sh of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BROADWELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BROAD WELL, a post-office of Uarrison co., Kentucky 
 
 295 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 BROAD^WT\DSOIx. a parish of Enzland. co. of Dorset, 
 BROAD'\VOOD-KKL/J.Y. n parish of Enscland, co. Devon, 
 BROAD'WOUD-WID'UEII, a parish of England, co. of 
 DeTon. 
 BRO'P.URY. a parish of England, co. of Hereford 
 BROCK, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 BROCKOJISII. a parish of Enjrland, co. of Norfolk. 
 BROCKEN", brok'keu, or BROCKSBERG, broks/liSnG, a 
 mountain of Pru«.-iia. province of Saxony, 20 miles W.S.W. 
 of Ilalberstadt, in the ranjie of the Ilarz Mountains, of 
 which it is the culminatin"; point, S740 feet a)x)Te the level 
 of the sea. It if cultivated ne.arly to the summit, and com- 
 mands an extensive prospect. This district is the cradle of 
 many popular supM'stitions. and the mcunfcilu is the scene 
 of the sini!;ular optical phenomenon, called the " Spectre of 
 the Brocken." 
 
 BROCK'EXIIUR.ST. a parish of England, co. of Hant-s. 
 
 BROCK'EXTS BRIDGE, a postroffice of Fulton co., Xew 
 York. 
 
 BROCK'B'ORD and WETII'ERINGSETT, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Suffolk. 
 
 BROCKIIAGEX. brok'hS'Ghgn, a village of Prussi.i, West- 
 phalia, 32 miles S.W. of Jlinden. Pop. 2300. It has a dis- 
 tillery. 
 
 BUOCK'IIALL. a parish of Endand. co. of Xortharapton. 
 
 BROCKHAMl'TON, a parish of Eufrland. co. of Hereford. 
 
 BROCK'LESBY, a parish of England. See Limber. 
 
 BR(X;K'LEY. h village of England, co. of Kent, Gi miles 
 S.E. of St. Paul's, London. 
 
 BBOCK'LEY', a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 BROCK'LEY. a pailsh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BROCK'PORT. a post-vill.ige of Sweden township, Monroe 
 eo.. New Y'ork. on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester and 
 Lockport Railroad, 17 miles W. of Rochester. It has 7 
 churches, 2 banks, a collegiate institute, and a number of 
 mills and factories, among which are 2 noted pump-factories 
 (Carey's and Pease's patent"', turning out, perhaps, the best 
 pumps ever made. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 BROCKTHORP or BROOKTUORPE, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Gloucester. 
 
 BROCTOX. a post-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 BROCKTOWN. a post-office of Pike co.. Arkansjii?. 
 
 BROCK'VILLE, a mining village of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuvlkill Valley Railraid, a few miles 
 N.E. of Pottsville. Pop", about 200. 
 
 BROCK'VILLE. a thriving post-village of Steuben co., In- 
 diana, on the road from Toledo to South Bend, 9 miles N.E. 
 of Angola, the county seat. Pop. 300. 
 
 BROCK'VILLE, a post-office of Wa.«hington co., Oregon. 
 
 BROCK'VILLE, a county-town of the united cos. of Leeds 
 and Grenville. Canada West., on the left bank of the St. 
 Lawrence, 140 miles S.W. of Montreal. Here are locited 
 agencies of the Bank of Montre.al, Bank of Upper Canada, 
 Commercial Bank, and 4 life and fire insurance companies. 
 The town contains 17 L-u-ge store.s, .and several manufactories, 
 a foundry and machine shop for the production of steam en- 
 gines and machinery of ever}- description, several tanneries, 
 2 steam flouring-mills, and numerous saw and other mills. 
 Two newspapers are published in Brockville. Pop. about 
 3000. 
 
 BROCK'^VAY, a post-township near the centre of St. Clair 
 CO.. Michigan. Pop. 746. 
 
 BROCKWAY'VILLE, a post-office of Jefferson eo., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BR:X:K'W0RTH. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BROD, brod or brot, (DEUTSCH, doit<;h. t. «. '-Germ-an,") 
 a small town In Bohemia, on the Zasawa, 60 miles S.E. of 
 Prague. Pop. 5221. It has a custom-house and gymna- 
 sium, with mineral baths, silver-mines, and manufoctures 
 of woollen cloth. 
 
 BROD. (AU.STRO-CROATIAN,) a small town, 23 miles 
 N.E. of Fiume. with iron mines. Pop. 1190. 
 
 BROD. fBOHKMIAN,)a small town on the Prague and 01- 
 mlltz Railway. 20 miles E. of Prague. Pop. 1600. 
 
 BROD. (HUXGARIAX,) a small town in Moravia, 9 miles 
 E.S.E. of Hradisch. on the Olsawa. Pop. Sasi. 
 
 BROD. (TURKISH,) a fortress of Bosnia, 88 ipiles N.N.W. 
 of Travnik, on the Save. 
 
 BROD, (SLAVONIAN,) a military frontier, a fortres.s. and 
 the head-quarters of a regiment, on the Save, defended by a 
 fort immediately opposite the foregoing town, with which 
 It has an active traffic. Pop. 2128. 
 
 BROD'IIEAD'S CREEK, of Monroe CO., Pennsj-lvania, 
 CUls into the Delaware River. 
 
 BRO'DICK BAY. a village in the island of Arran. Scotland. 
 On the north side, adjoining the village, is Brodick Castle, a 
 Beat of the Duke of Hamilton. The scenery is highly pic- 
 turt>sque. 
 
 BRCVDIE'S LANDING, a postK)ffice of Decatur co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 BRODSnvORTH, a parish of England, eo. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BRO'DY, a frontier town of Austrian-Galicia, 68 miles 
 E.N.E. of liemberg. Pop. in 1846, 17,789, neariv all Jews. 
 It is filthy, uupaved, and built mostly of wood; ithas, how- 
 296 
 
 ever, an imperial chjimber, a tribunal of commerce, Roman 
 Cat holicandseveral Greek churches, three synagogues, a Jew- 
 ish hospital; a Jewish and a Roman Catholic grammar and 
 commercial schools : a theatre, and a castle, formerly belong- 
 ing to Count Potocki, on whose estate the town was buUt. 
 In commercial importance Bi-ody is the first town in GaU- 
 cia, and the second in population. It was made a free com- 
 mercial town in 1779, and enjoys an extensive trade with 
 Ru.ssia. Poland, and Turkey. At its fairs, (which are at- 
 tended by a large concourse of merchants.) cattle, horses, 
 bides, tallow, and rur,al products generally, are exchanged 
 for colonial produce, imported thi-ough Odessa, and m.inu- 
 factured goods of all descriptions. 
 
 BROEK, br«5k, or BROEK-IN-WATERLAND, bi-Mk-in- 
 *i'-ter-Unt, a village of the Netherlands, province of North 
 Holland, 6 miles X.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 1407. It is cele- 
 brated for its extreme cleanliness and the scrupulous neat- 
 ness of its houses. 
 
 BROGLIE, brogMee'. a small town of France, department 
 of Eure. Pop. of commune, in 1852. 1204. It has a cm-ious 
 old church, and the chateau of the Due de Broglie. 
 
 BRO'KEN ARROW, a village of AValton co., Geor^ 7 
 miles AV. of Monroe, the countv town. 
 BROKEN ARROW, a post<!fflc© of St. Clair co.. Alabama. 
 BRO'KEN BAY, a fine inlet of the South Pacific, in 
 New South Wales, between the counties of Northumberland 
 and Cumberiand. Lat. SS" 35' S., Ion. 151° 17' E. Shores 
 greatly indented, whence its name. At its W. extremity it 
 receives the Hawkesbury River. 
 BRO'KENBOROUGH, a parish of Ensland. co. of Wilts. 
 BRO'KEN ISLAND, an island of Chima, off the N.W. ex- 
 tremitv of the isLand of Chusan. 
 
 BRO'KEN ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 off the N. coast of Papua; lat. 2° 40' S., Ion. 134° 50' E. 
 
 BRO'KEN ISLANDS, a group of islands, sometimes called 
 Borongo or Bolongo, in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of 
 Aracan; they are three iu number, and are situated imme- 
 diately to the south of .\racan River. 
 
 BROKEN STRAW, a township of Warren co., Pehnsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1160. 
 
 BROKEN STRAW CREEK, of Warren co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Alleghany River. 
 BROKEN SWOKD. a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 BROKEN SWORD CREEK, of Oliio, enters the Sandusky 
 River in Wyandot county. 
 
 BROMBERG, brom'bjiio, a town of Prussian Poland, on 
 the Brahe, 69 miles N.E. of Posen. i'op. -0,524. Besides 
 its courts, it has a gymnasium and a normal school, 
 with manufactures of chiccory, tobacco, Prus.sian-))lue, 
 linen, and woollen fobrics, and an active transit trade. 
 The Brmtiberg Clival connects the A'istula with the Oder and 
 Ellie. by unitinor the rivers of Netz and Brahe. 
 
 BROM'BOROCGH. a parish of Ensland. co. of Chester. 
 BROME CORNER, a village of Canada East, co. of Missis- 
 quoi. about 60 miles S.E. of Montreal. 
 
 BROMES/WELL, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Suffolk. 
 1$R0M'FIELD, a parish of Ensrland. co. of Cumberland. 
 BROM'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 BROM'HAM. a parish of En-iand. co. of Bedford. 
 BROM'IIAM, a pari.'jh of England, co. of Wilts. 
 BROMLEY, hrumlee. a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Kent, on the Ravensbourne. 10 miles S.E. of 
 London. Pop. in ISol, 4127. The town consists mostly of a 
 single, neatly-built street, on the nxad from London to Tun- 
 bridge. It has a large church, containing the monuments 
 of several bishops of Rochester, to the occupiers of which 
 see the manor has generally l)elonged since the eighth cen- 
 tury, and whose palace is near the town. Bromley has a 
 handsome and well-endowed college, founded in 1006, for 
 the residence and support of 40 clergymen's widows; an 
 almshouse, and a school, with an annual endowment 
 of 1400/. 
 BROM'LEY, a parish of Endand. co. of Stafford. 
 BROM'LEY, GREAT, a parish of Ensrland. co. of Essex. 
 BROM'LEY KING'S, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Stafford. 
 BROM'LEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 BROM'LEY ST. LEONARDS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Middlesex. 
 
 BRUMPTON. a western suburb of the metropolis of Eng. 
 land, CO. of Middlesex, 1 mile W.S.W. of Hyde Park Corner. 
 Pop. in 1851, 14.870. It has several new and handsome 
 squares, and terraces, and is inliabited by many respectable 
 families of moderate income. Gas is used to light tlie 
 streets. 
 
 BRO^IP'TON. a hamlet of England, co. of Kent, and en- 
 closed within the line of Chatham Fortifications. It stands 
 on a height above Chatham Dockyard, in which establish- 
 ment most of its inhabitants are engaged: and it comprisi-ft 
 a fine naval ho.spital and large barracks, belonging to the 
 East India Comi>anv. 
 
 BROMPTON a chapelry of England, co. of 'Vork. North 
 Biding, in the parish and IJ miles N.N.E. of North.-illerton. 
 Here was fought the memorable •- BattJe of the S(«mlard * 
 In which the Scot* were defeiit«d by the En;;lish, .\ s 
 1138. 
 
BRO 
 
 BROMPTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Kid- 
 \ne. 
 
 BROMPTON BIER/LOW, a township of England, co. of 
 York. West Uiding, 6 miles NAV. of Kotherham. It has an 
 endowed school, and near it are extensive iron-works. 
 
 BROMPTON. PATKICK, a parish and township of Eng- 
 land, CO. of York, North lUding. 
 
 BROMPTON R.\LPII, a parish and township of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Somerset. 
 
 BROMPTON RKGIS, a parish of England, oo. of Somerset. 
 
 BROMS/BKK'ROW, a p:irish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BROMSKBRO. (Bronisebro.) brom's5-broo, a hamlet of 
 Sweden, 29 miles S.W. of Calmar, near the mouth of the 
 Bromse. celebrated in history for the treaties between Swe- 
 den and Denra.ark in 1541 and 1641. 
 
 BROMS'G ROVE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Worcester, IJ miles E. of a station on the Birming- 
 ham and Bristol Railway, 12^ miles S.S.W. of Birmingham. 
 Pop. in 18.51, 10,308. The town consists chiefly of a long 
 street; it has some good modern houses, a fine old church, 
 with a tower and spire X89 feet in height, and a neat town- 
 hall. Its grammar-school, founded by Edward A'l., has 7 
 scholarships and 6 fellowships in Worcester College, Oxford. 
 It has various other schools and charities, a branch bank, 
 larce button fectorj'. and extensive manu&ctures of nails. 
 
 BROMS/OROVE LICKEY, is a hill-range in England, N. 
 of the town of Brnmsgrove, in which rises several affluents 
 of the Trent and the Severn. 
 
 BROM'WICn CASTLE, a village of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 3i miles W.N.W. of Cole.shiil. Pop. in 1S51. 057. 
 
 BROM/WICir, WEST, a parish and village of England, 
 CO. of Stafford, 2J miles S.E. of Wednesbury. Pop. of the 
 parish, in 18.il. 34.591. Among its numerous places of wor- 
 ship is a very handsome Independent chapel. It has a 
 branch bank, and mines of coal and iron. 
 
 BROM'YARD, a small nKirket-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. and 13 miles N.E. of Hereford. Pop. in 1851, 3093. 
 The town is near the Frome, and in an orchard district. It 
 has a collegiate church in the Norman style; a grammar- 
 school, founded by Queen Elizabeth; alms-houses, union 
 work-house, and 2 branch banks. 
 
 BRONDOLO, bron'do-lo, a fortified village of Northern 
 Italy, at the S. extremity of the island of the Lido, 3 miles 
 8. of Chioggia, on the Brenta-Nuova, united to the Bacchi- 
 glione near its mouth in the Adriatic. It was formerly a 
 Nourishing town at the mouth of the Adige, which has 
 changed its course. 
 
 BRONDO]>0, PORTO DI, poR'to dee bron'do-lo, (anc. Fhr'- 
 tus Brun'dulus.) is a spacious but shallow bay, at the mouth 
 of the Ba<'chisrlione. 
 
 BRON'GWYN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 BRONI, bro'nee, a vill.age of Piedmont, government of 
 Alessandria, 15 miles E.N.E. of Voghera, near the Po. Near 
 It is the castle of Broni, famous for the victory gained by 
 Prince Eugene over the French in 1703. Pop. 2500. 
 
 BRONNITZA, bron-uifsa, a town of Russia, government, 
 and 13 miles E.S.E. of Novgorod, on the Mast.a, (Msta,) here 
 crossed by a large floating bridge. Its church is built on the 
 «ite of a pagan temple. 
 
 BRONNITZA. a town of Russia, government, and 28 miles 
 S.E. of Moscow, on the Moskva. 
 
 BRON'SON, a post-township in Huron co., Ohio, about 20 
 miles S. by E. from Sandusky City. Pop. 11&4. 
 
 BRON'SON, a township of Branch co., Michigan, 130 miles 
 W.S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 BRONSON'S PRAIRIE, a post-offlce of Branch co., Michi- 
 gan, 97 miles S.W. of Lansing. 
 
 BRONTE, bron'ti, a town' of Sicily, 22 miles N.N.W. of 
 Catania, at the W. fiwt of Mount Etna. Pop. 9150. It has 
 a college, and manufactures of coarse woollens and paper. 
 The title of Duke of Bronte, and an income of 6000 oiicie 
 (S'oOl.) a-year. were given to Lord Nelson by the Neapolitan 
 government in 1799. 
 
 BRONTE. bron't.i\ a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Halton, about 28 miles S.W. of Toronto. Pop. 200. 
 
 BRONX, a small river of Westchester co.. New York, flows 
 Into the E.ast River. 
 
 BIlONX'VlLLE,a post-office of Westchester co.. New York. 
 
 BROO'ANG' or BUREN'DO PASS, a p.ass through the 
 Himalaya Mountains, on the course of the Sutlej. 15.095 feet 
 about the level of the sea. Lat. 31° 23' N. ; Ion. 78° 12' E. 
 
 BROOK, a parish of England, co of Kent. 
 
 BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Hants, Isle of Wight. 
 
 BROOK, a postK)ffice of .Jasper co., Indiana. 
 
 BROOK'DALE, a post-office of McHenry co.. Illinois. 
 
 BROOKE, brook, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 BROOKE County. Virginia, a part of the narrow strip 
 which forms the NlW. extremity of tlie state, bordering on 
 Pennsylvania and Oliio, has an area of 75 square miles. The 
 Ohio River bounds it on the W. The surface is hilly; the 
 Boil higlily productive. The county contiiins coal and iron 
 ore. Pop. 5494, , >f whom 5476 were free, and 18 slaves. 
 
 BROOX.?CSBY brooks'be, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 cester. 
 
 BRO 
 
 BROOK'FIELD,a post-township of Carroll co., New Hamp 
 shire, 30 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 610. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a post-township of Orange CO., Vermont, 
 15 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1021. It has manufactures 
 of furniture and leather. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD. a post-township of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 55 miles W. by S. of Boston. Contains several tan- 
 neries and carriage factories. Pop. 2.276. 
 
 BUOOIC'FIEIiD, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, on the Housatonic River and Railroad, 29 miles N. by 
 W. of Bridgeport. Pop. 1224. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, or BROOKFIELD IRON WORKS.apost- 
 village in the above township, on the Housatonic Railroad, 
 contains 2 churches, several stores, and a hotel. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a post-village and township of MadisoD 
 CO , New York. 88 miles W. by N. of Albany, is drained by 
 tlie Unadilla River. Pop. 3729. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a post-townsliip of Tioga co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 20 miles N.W. of Wellsborough. Pop. 903. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a township in Noble co., Ohio. Pop. 
 1003. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a village of Starke co., Ohio, 12 miles W. 
 of Canton, tlie county-seat; has 1 church and 1 steam-mill. 
 Pop. about 500. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a post-township in Trumbull co., Ohio, 
 about 15 miles E. of Warren. Pop. 1218. 
 
 BROOIv'FIELD, a township, Eaton co., Michigan. P. 821. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a postoflice of Lee a., Illinois. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, 55 
 miles E.N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, Linn co., Missouri. (See Appendix.) 
 
 BROOK'FIELD, a post-township in Waukesha co., Wis- 
 consin, aljout 14 miles W. by N. of Milwaukie. Pop. 2104. 
 
 BROOK'FIELD CENTRE, a post-office of Waukesha co, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 BROOK'HAVEN, a township of Suffolk co.. New York, 
 extends across Long Island from Long Island Sound to the 
 .\tlantic, and is intersected by the Long Island Railroad. 
 Pop. 9923. 
 
 iJROOKHAVEN, a post-village in Lawrence co, Missis- 
 sippi, aI)out 60 miles S.S.W. of Jackson. Pop. 996. 
 
 BROOK'LANDVILLE, a post-office of Baltimore co.. Ma- 
 rj'land. 
 
 BROOK'LIN, a village of Middlesex co.. New Jersey, 6 
 miles N.E. of New Brunswick. 
 
 BROOKLIN, a township in Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 1324. 
 
 BROOKLIN, a township in McHenry co., Illinois. 
 
 BROOKLIN, a post-office of Robeson co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BROOK'lInE, a post-township of Hillsborough co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the S. line of the state, about 30 miles S. by 
 W. of Concord. Pop. 756. 
 
 BROOKLIN'E, a post-township of Windham co., Vermont, 
 on tlie AV. Ijank of the Connecticut River, about 85 miles S. 
 by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 243. 
 
 BitOOK'LlNE. a post-township of Norfolk co., Massachu- 
 setts, 5 miles S.W. of Boston, with which it is connected by 
 a niill-dam across Cliarles River Bay. It is remarkable for 
 the continued succession of beautiful country residences 
 which it contains. These exhibit, indeed, a series of exqui- 
 site landscape gardens, among the most delightful to Ije 
 found in the world. Pop. 5164. 
 
 BRi >OKLINE, a post-village of Madison co., Georgia, 80 
 miles N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BROOlvLINE, a post-offlce of Jackson parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BROOK'LYN, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine. 
 Pop. 1043. 
 
 BROOKLYN.a post-township and seat of justice of Wind- 
 ham CO., Connecticut, 38 miles E. by N. of Hartford. In the 
 centre is a thriving village, containing the county build- 
 ings, a bank, and a printing office. Tlie county-seat was re- 
 moved from Windham to this place in 1820. Pop. 2136. 
 
 BROOK'LYN, a city, seaport, and seat of justice of King's 
 county, New York, at the W. end of Long Island, 140 miles 
 S.of Albany, and 226 miles N.E. from Washington. Lat. 
 of the Navy- Yard, 40° 51' 30' N., Ion. 73° 59' 30" W. A strait, 
 called East River, about ^^ of a mile wide, separates it from 
 New York City. Tliis strait is crossed by a number of steam- 
 ferries, tlie principal of which lu-e the Fulton, Wall Street, 
 South, Catharine, Jackson, and Hamilton Avenue Ferries. 
 Of tliese the Fulton Ferry is by far tlie greatest thorough- 
 fare. Boats leave the opposite landings every four minutes 
 during the day. The site of Brooklyn is considerably ele- 
 vated, and very uneven, thongh so much has been done in 
 the way of grading and other improvements as to nearly 
 overcome the original inequalities of the surface. One promi- 
 nence towards the Eiist River denominated " the Heights," 
 is 70 feet above tlie level of the sea, and affords a magnifi- 
 cent view of New York City and harbor, The streets are 
 about 60 feet in width, and generally, with the great excep- 
 tion of Fulton street, are straight, intersecting each other 
 at right angles. Many of them are beautifully shaded, wliioh, 
 in the summer season, imparts to the city all tlie freshness 
 and tranquil appearance of a country town. Fulton street, 
 leading from Fulton Ferry, is the great thoroughfare; en- 
 closed on either side with blocks of lofty buUdings, it forma 
 
 ^7 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 an imposing entrance to the city. Most of the flnest streets . nhont 150 children. The association for improving the con- 
 
 are towards the S.W., near the bay. Many of the dwellings 
 In tliis section are of surpassing elegance, and are generally 
 turrounded by yards, adorned with beautiful gardens and 
 shrubbery. The more densely settled portions of the city 
 have no public squares, but from its elevated position, the 
 breadth of the streets, and the profusion of shade-trees, the 
 want of those means of ventilation and sources of health is 
 much less felt than might have been expected. The land 
 has been purchased for a Uirge park, on a scale and in a style 
 gimilar to Central Park in New York. It is to be located 
 nearly opposite the centre of the Western District, and com- 
 mands views of the rich farm lands of the Island and the city. 
 The proximity of Brooklyn to New York, its healthy at- 
 mosphere, and the facilities afforded for communication with 
 the great metropolis, have made it a favorite place of resi- 
 dence to persons doing business in that city. It is to this 
 circumstance that its rapid growth is mainly attributable. 
 Brooklyn is one of the best built cities in the United 
 States, and contains a large number of edifices that are dis- 
 tinguished either for elegance or architectural design. One 
 Of the most prominent of these is the City Ilall, situated on 
 a triangular piece of ground bounded by Fulton, Court, and 
 Joralemon streets. It is constructed of white marble, 162 
 feet by 102, and 75 feet in height, comprising three stories 
 and a basement. A dome surmounts the building, the top 
 of which is 153 feet from the ground. Its entire cost was 
 about $200,000. The Jail, erected in 1837, is a substantial 
 building of freestone, situated in the eastern part of the 
 city, near Fort Greene. 
 
 The County Court-IIonse, just completed, is situated on 
 Joralemon street, fronting Fulton street, and extends to 
 Livingston. It is 140 feet in width, and 315 feet in depth, 
 In the Corinthian style of architecture. It cost S543,000. 
 
 The Academy of Music was erected in 1860. It is located 
 on Montague street, near the City Hall, Cost $200,000, is in 
 the modern Gothic style, brick and stone, and richly deco- 
 rated in the interior. 
 
 There are 121 churches in the Western District and 50 in 
 the Eastern District of Brooklyn. (See WiLLiAMsuufeo.) 
 Of the former 23 are Methodist, 19 Episcopalian, 16 Presby- 
 terian, 13 Congregational, 15 Roman Catholic, 11 Baptist, 
 besides those of various other denominations. The Church 
 of the Pilgrims, a graystone building, is a commanding ob- 
 ject to those approaching the city from the bay. The Holy 
 Trinity (Episcopal) is a brownstone ediiice, of Gothic archi- 
 tecture, and cost about $150,000. Grace Church, the Unita- 
 rian Church, and the Church of the Restoration, are all of 
 brownstone, and in the Gothic style of architecture. 
 
 The Atlantic Dock, one mile S. of Fulton Ferry, is one of 
 the most extensive works of the kind in the United States. 
 It was built by a company incorporated in 1840, with a capi- 
 tal of $1,000,000, and embraces within the piers 40-86 acres. 
 Its depth is sufficient for sliips of the liu-gest size. The outer 
 pier, e.vtending 3000 feet on Buttermilk Channel, is occiipied 
 with a range of granite stores, which completely shelters it 
 from the harbor. It has become one of the largest grain 
 depots in the world. There is an extensive dry-dock at the 
 navy-yard which cost about $1,000,000. The shores of Brook- 
 lyn, where not protected by docks and wharves, are rapidly 
 wearing away, in consequence of the strong current in the 
 East River. Governor's Island was formerly connected with 
 Long Island, and, previous to the Revolution, cattle were 
 driven from Red Hook Point to it across Buttermilk Chan- 
 nel, then a shallow passage, but now of sufficient depth for 
 vessels of the largest class. The United Stiites Navy- Yard 
 is situated on the S. side of Wallabout bay, which makes up 
 towards the N.E. part of Brooklyn, in the form of a broad 
 curve. It occupies about 40 acres of ground, which is en- 
 closed on the land side by a high stone wall, and contains, 
 beside the residences of the officers, two extensive ship- 
 houses, various workshops, and a large amount of military 
 ■tores. 
 
 The literary and charitable institutions of Brooklyn are 
 very numerous. The Mercantile Libnu-y Association, now 
 located at the AtheiKBuin. luia a library of some 20,000 vol- 
 umes and a membership of 2000. It has j ust raised $120,000 
 for the erection of new buildings. The Brooklyn Institute 
 is an old institution endowed by Augustus Graham. The 
 Lyceum, in Washington street, is a noble granite structure, 
 with a spacious lecture -room. The United States Lyceum, 
 organized in 183:i, is in the Navy-Yard, and possesses, be- 
 sides a valuable collection of curiosities, extensive geological 
 and niineralogical cabinets. The Historical Society, recently 
 founded is flouiisliing, and has a fine library of 12.000 vol- 
 umes, and a largo collection of historical relics. The Art As- 
 sociation holds two free exliibitions per annum, and is about 
 to erect a building for their use near the Academy of Music. 
 The Philharmonic Society gives five concerts each seiuson, 
 and numbers several thousand members. The now City Hos- 
 pital, in Kaymoiid street near Do Kalb, was opene<l in April, 
 1852, and ha>i accommoilatioiis for 170 patients. The "Gra- 
 h:im Institution, for the relief of respfictable, aged, indigent 
 feniiilcs." was founded in IS.'.l. The Ori)lian Asylum of the 
 City of Brooklyn, incorporated in 1835, furnishes a home to 
 298 
 
 dilion of the poor aided 25U0 families of 8000 members. The 
 Marine Hospital, surrounded with about 30 acres of well- 
 cultivated land, occupies a commanding elevation on the op- 
 posite side of M'allabout Bay. In additinn to the above may 
 be mentioned the Church Charity Foundation, a corporation 
 organized in 1851 , having for its object the relief of indigent 
 and destitute persons, the Brooklyn Dispensary,on Pineapple 
 street near Fulton, and the llomoeoinithic Dispensary. 
 
 The Public Schools in Brooklyn arc under the charge of a 
 Board of Education, nominated by the Mayor and confirmed 
 by the Common Council. In the two districts there are 93 
 schools, 5b male and female granimjir schools and 37 pri- 
 mary, with 28 male and 455 female teachers. The number 
 of children enrolled in the schools is over 50,000, of whom 
 some 700 are colored. The amount spent for ^cllool pur- 
 poses for the j'ear ending February 1, 1"64, was $229,845.61. 
 Brooklyn contains 7 banks and 5 savings in.stitutions ; 2 
 daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published in tlie city. 
 
 At Wallabout Bay, in the Revolutionary War, were sta- 
 tioned the English prison-ships, in whicli it is said nearly 
 12,000 Americans perished from close confinement and oilier 
 ill-treatment. The bodies of the sufferers were hastily buried 
 upon the shore with but little care, except to conceal them 
 from sight. In 1808, their bones, which were beginning to 
 be washed from their graves, were taken up and placed in 
 thirteen coffins, inscribed with the names of the thirteen 
 original states, and then deposited in a common vault, be- 
 neath a building erected for the purpose, on Ilud.-on Ave- 
 nue, near the Navy-Yard. Brooklyn was first settled in 
 1625, near Wallabout Bay. The first deed for laud was 
 granted in 1639. In 1776, this part of Long Island became 
 the seat of the Revolutionary War. Brooklyn was incorpo- 
 rated as a township in April, 1S06, and as a city, having the 
 same limits as the townsliip, 6 miles long and 4 wide at its 
 greatest breadth, in April, 1834. It is divided into 20 wards, 
 and governed by a mayor and a board of 20 aldermen, one 
 from each ward, elected everv two years. Pop. in 1810, 
 4402; in 1820,7175; in 1830,1,5.396; in 1 840, .36,233 ; in 1850, 
 96,838; in 1860, 266,661; in 1865. estimated at 350,000. 
 
 An act to incorporate Brooklyn,Williamsburg. and Bush- 
 wick under one government, took effect tlie first Monday of 
 January, 1855. Tlie city e.vtends from Newtown Creek, in- 
 cluding Green point, to the boundaries of Brooklyn, below 
 Greenwood Cemetery, a distance of about 7% mile.«, and 
 nearly 10 miles, following the low-water line The breadth 
 is very irregular, being at the widest nearly miles, but av- 
 eraging not more than 3]/^ miles. 
 
 The city is copiously supplied with water from the Ridge- 
 wood Water-Works. It has a volunteer Fire I>eiiartmeut. 
 Since the breaking out of the rebellion, nearly all the 
 tobacco manufacture of Richmond has been transferred to 
 Brooklyn. A large business in flour, sngar, whisky, and 
 various manufactures, is also carried on. 
 
 BROOKLVN, a post-township of Susquehanna eo., Penn- 
 sylvania, 7 miles S.E. of Montrose, crossed by the Lacka- 
 wanna and Western Railroad. Pop. 1213. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a thriving post^village of Ualifex co., Yii^ 
 ginia, about 140 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 BROOKLYN, or FISH TRAP, a post-vill.ige of Baker CO., 
 Georgia, 145 miles S.S,W. of MilledgevUle, has 3 stores, and 
 about 80 inhabitants. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a post-village of Conecuh co., Alabama, on 
 the Sepulga River, alx)ut 100 miles S. of Monti;omery. It 
 has a church, an academy, 2 stores, a masonic hall, and 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a post-village of Noxubee co., Mississippi, on 
 Noxubee River, 126 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. y. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a pleasant post-village of Campbell co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio River, about 2 miles above Cincinnati, 
 and 74 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort, and adjoining the vUlage 
 of Jamestown. Pop. near 500. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a thriving village of Jes.samine co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Kentucky River. It has an active business in 
 shipping produce. 
 
 BROOKLY.N. a post-township in Cuyahoga CO., Ohio,about 
 5 miles S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 5358. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a flou'ishing post-village of Jackson co, 
 Michigan, on the Raisin Hiver, 53 miles S.S.E. of Lansing. 
 It has a fine water-power, and contains several churches, 
 with flouring and other mills. Pop. about 500. 
 BROOKLYN, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. 
 BROOKLYN, a post-villa^'e of Schuyler co., Illinois, on 
 Crooked Creek, an affluent of Illinois River, 76 miles 
 W.N.W. of Springfield. It has a grist mill and saw mlU. 
 Pop. 952. 
 
 BltOOKLYN, a village in the W. part of Grant co., Wis- 
 consin, on the Wisconsin Itivor. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a post-township in the N.E. part (>f Green 
 CO., Wisconsin. I'op. 1061. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a towoship in Green Livke co., W'frjonsin. 
 Pop. 962. 
 BROOKLYN, a towntihip in Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 BROOKLYN, a po8l-/iIla?e of Canada West, co. of York, 
 about 34 miles N.W. of Toi onto. It has an iron foundry, a 
 
BRO 
 
 tannerj-. a cloth factory, a soap and candle factory, and nu- 
 merous mills. Pop. about 600. 
 
 BROOKLYN CKNTRK, a post>-village of Cuyahoga co., 
 Ohio, 4 miles S.W. of Cleveland, is separated by a small 
 creek from the village of lirighton. Together, these contain 
 8 churches and several stores. 
 
 BliOOK'NEAL. a post-village in Campbell co., Virginia, 120 
 miles W.S.W. of Kichmond. 
 
 BROOKO, or BRUKO, broo/ko, a territory of North-west- 
 ern Africa, in the S.E. part of Senegambia. 
 
 BROOKS, a post-tow n.ship of AValdo co., Maine, about 40 
 miles X.E. of Augusta, watered by a branch of Harsh River. 
 Pop. OSS. 
 
 BROOKS'BURG, a village of Jefferson co., Indiana, on the 
 Ohio River, 8 miles E. of Madi-son. 
 
 BROOK'S GROVE, a postofflce of Livingston co.. New York. 
 
 BROOK'S TAN-YARD, a postoffice Macon co., Tennessee. 
 
 BROOKS/TON, a post-village and station of White co., In- 
 diana, on the New Albany and Salem Railroad. 
 
 BROOKS'VILLE, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, 
 on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, about &0 miles E. of Au- 
 gusta. Pop. 1428. 
 
 BROOKSVILLE, a postofflce of Addison co., Vermont. 
 
 BROOKSVILLE, a post-offlce of Altemarle co., Virginiii. 
 
 BROOKSVILLE, a post-village of Randolph co., Georgia, 
 140 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BROOKSVILLE, a post-office of Blount co., Al.abama. 
 
 BROi)KSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bracken co., 
 Kentucky, 65 miles N.E. of Frankfort, and 9 miles from the 
 Ohio River. It is situated in a fertile region, and has an 
 active business. It contains a courtrhouse, several stores, 
 and alx)ut 500 inhabitants, 
 
 BROOKS'WAR or BROCKnVEAR, a village of England, 
 CO. of Gloucester, on the Wye, 5 miles N. of Chepstow. Ves- 
 sels ascend the Wye to this pl.ice to . receive goods brought 
 by barges down the river. It has manufactures of leather 
 and cotton goods. 
 
 BROOK'VILLE, a post-office of Genesee co.. New York. 
 
 BROOK VI LLE, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Penn- 
 eylvania, on the Rodbank Creek, 170 miles W.N.W. of Ilar- 
 risburg. The Susquehanna and Wat<»rford Turnpike passes 
 through it. The first house was built here in 1830. The 
 Bedbank Creek is navigable for boats. Pop. 1360. 
 
 BROOKVILLE. a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary- 
 land, atwiut 25 miles N. of Washington City. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a post-office Granville co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a post-office of Noxubee co., Mississippi. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a post-township in Franklin co., Indi- 
 ana, about 50 miles E..\.E. of Columbus. 
 
 BROOKA'ILLE. a thriving post-village, capital of Frank- 
 lin CO., Indiana, in Brookville township, is finely situated 
 at the confluence of the forks of the Whitewater River, 41 
 miles N.W. of Cincinnati, and 70 miles E.S.E. of Indianaix> 
 lis. The facilities for trade by the M'hitewater Canal, and 
 the water-power which the river affords, render this a place 
 of considerable business. It contains a county seminarj'. 2 
 printing offices, several flouring mills, 1 paper mill, and 1 
 cotton fiictory. Pop. of township, 2463. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a post-village and township in Ogle co., 
 Illinois, about 20 miles N.W. of Oregon City. Pop. of the 
 township, 1096. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a village in the N.E. part of Clayton co., 
 Iowa, on the Mississippi River. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., low^a. 
 
 BROOME, broom, a parish of England, co. Worcester. 
 
 BUOOME, or BROMK, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 BROOME or BROME, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BROOME, a county in the S. part of New York, bordering 
 on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 680 square miles. It 
 is drained by the east branch of the Susquehanna, Che- 
 nango, and Otselic Rivers, and other smaller streams. The 
 surface is uneven and hilly; the soil in the valleys is fertile, 
 hut on the uplands more adapted to grazing. The Erie 
 K.R. traverses the county, which is also partly intersected by 
 the Chenango Canal, and the Syracuse and Binghamton R.R. 
 Named in honor of John Broome, formerly lieutenant- 
 governor of the state. Capital. Binghiunton. Pop. 35,906. 
 
 BRfJOME, a township of Schoharie co., New York. Pop. 
 2182. 
 
 BROOM CENTRE, a post-office of Schoharie co.. New York. 
 
 BROOM TOWN, a post-village of Chattooga co., Georgia, 
 about 200 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BROOMSGROVE. See Bromsgrove. 
 
 BROOM'FIELD, a p.ari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BROOM'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BROOM'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BROONS, hroN", a town of France, dep.artment of Cfites- 
 du-Nord, 15 miles S.W. of Dinan. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 2580. Uuguesclin was born in the castle of La Motte Broons, 
 I mile from the town, on the site of which a monument has 
 been erected to his memory 
 
 BROOS. See Szaszvaros 
 
 BROQUlfcS. bro*ke-A', a village of France, department of 
 Avoyrou, 22 miles S. of Rodez. Pop. of commune, 3676. 
 
 BRO 
 
 BROQUE, LA. U brok, a village of France, department 
 of Vosges.arrondissementof St. Die. Pop. in 1852, 2542 
 
 BRtCRA, a river of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, rises on 
 the S.E. side of Benclibrick, after a S.E. course through 
 several lakes, enters the Moray Frith at the village of 
 Brora. 4 miles N.E. of Golspie. Near the vjllage of Brora a 
 partial bed of coal exists in the oolite stratji. 
 
 BRO'SELEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Salop, on the Severn, 13 miles S.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. in 
 1861, 4739, engaged in raising coal and iron, and in iron- 
 foundries, potteries, and a manufactory of tobacco-pipes. 
 
 BROS'NA, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry. The 
 Great and Little Brnsna are two small rivers of Leinster, 
 King's county, tributary to the Shannon. 
 
 BRO'TIIERS, THE, a group of 6 or 8 rocky islets, at the 
 entrance of the Red Sea, off the African shore, 9i miles S. 
 of Perim Island, and varying from 250 to 350 feet in height. 
 Lat. of the loftiest 12° 28' N.; Ion. 43° 22' E. 
 
 BROTHERS, THE, three isolated mountains of Eastern 
 Australia, near the coast between Harrington Inlet and 
 Port JIacquarrie. 
 
 BROmiER'S VALLEY, a township of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 2258. 
 
 BRO/THERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, 'West 
 Biding. 
 
 BROTIIERTON, a postofflce of Anne Arundel co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 BROTTEAUX, Les, 1.A brot'ty, a hamlet of France, arron-' 
 dissement of Lyons, of which it forms a suburb. 
 
 BROTTERODE, brot-tfr-o'deh. a town of Germany, Iles- 
 se-Cassel. 7 miles N. of Sehmalkalden, in the Thuringian 
 forest. Pop. 2359, partly employed in iron-works, and in 
 manufactures of wooden-wares. 
 
 BROTTON. a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 BROTZ'MANVILLE, a post-office of Warren co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 BROU, broo, a town of France, department of Eurfr€t- 
 Loire, on the Ozanne, 22 miles S.W. of Chartres. Pop. in 
 1852, 2345, engaged in weaving serge, and in iron-works. 
 
 BROU AGE, broo'dzh', a hamlet of France, department of 
 Charente-Inffirieure, in a channel opposite the island of 
 Oleron, 10 miles S.S.W. of Itochefort. Pop. 986. In its vi- 
 cinity are extensive salt marshes. It was formerly a forti- 
 fied town, and was a flourishing seaport at the commence- 
 ment of the seventeenth century, but its harbor is filled 
 with mud, and it is now nearly three miles from the sea. 
 
 BROUGII, brfif, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Westmoivland, 7} miles E.S.E. of Appleby. Pop. in 
 1851, 15.33, partly employed in lead and coal mines. It haa 
 an old church, an endowed school, a branch bank, and the 
 ruins of a castle of the Cliffords. On the eve of Epiphiiny, 
 a singular procession takes pliice here, called " the carrying 
 of the boiling or hoes tree." 
 
 BROL'G'HA.M, (L. Brtuwniacum,) a parish of F^ngland, co. 
 of Westmoreland, 2i miles S.E. of Penrith. Here are the re- 
 mains of a very ancient and strong fijrtress of the Cliffords, 
 supposed to be of Roman origin, and in the parish is Broug- 
 ham Hall, the seat of I,ord Brougham. 
 
 BROUGHSHAXE, brShVhain', a town of Ireland, in Ul- 
 ster, CO. of Antrim, 3i miles E.N.E. of Ballymena. Pop. 940. 
 
 BROUGHTON. braw'ton. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 BROUGHTON', a township in North Wale.s. co. of Denbigh. 
 
 BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 BROUGHTON, a township in England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BROUGHTON, a pjirish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BROUGHTON AST'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Lel- 
 
 BROUGIITON BRANT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BROUGHTON,CHURCH,aparish of England, co ofDerby. 
 
 BROUGHTOX-IN-AREDALE, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding. The village was plundered by the forces 
 under Prince Charles Edward, in 1746. 
 
 BROUGHTON GIF'FORD. a parish of England, c<-. of Wilts. 
 
 BROUGHTON IIACK/ETT, a parish of England, co. of 
 
 BROUGHTON-IN-FUR'NESS. a small market-town and 
 ehapelry oS England, co. of Lancaster, on the Duddon, 29 
 miles N.AV. of Lancaster. Pop. in 1851, 1'297. 
 
 BROUGHTON, NETH'ER, a parish of England, co. of 
 L«icester. 
 BROUGHTON POGGS, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 BROUGHTON SUI/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 BROUGHTON GLEX'HOLM and KILBU'CIIO. a united 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles. The village of Broughton 
 j is situated on the Tweed, 9 miles S.W. of Peebles. 
 ' BROUGHTY(braw'tee) FERRY, a village of Scotland, co. of 
 I Forfar, parish of Monifieth, on the Frith of Tay. immediately 
 j opposite Ferry-port-on-Craig, with which it has frequent 
 communication by a floating bridge in connection with the 
 I Aberdeen Railway. It is liandsome, and greatly re^rted tc 
 
 299 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 te s batJiing-place by the inhabitants of Dundee and Perth. 
 Brought'/ CiifOe. on its S.E. side, was an ancient fortress. 
 BROU'SA or BKOUSS.\. See Brusa. 
 
 BRCUWEKSIIAVEX. br6w'*grs-hi'ven. a small market' 
 town of the Netherlands, in the province of Zealand, on the 
 N.W. coast of the island of Schowen, near the mouth of the 
 Meuse. I'op. 1092. 
 BROW'ER, a post-offtce of Berks oo., Pennsylvania. 
 BROWER'S MILLS, a postofBce of Randolph co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BROWN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on the Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky, has 
 an area of 5lX) Sfjuare miles. It is intersected by the K-nst 
 Fork of Little Miami River, and also drained by the White 
 Oak, Stnii.rht, and Eagle Creeks. Excepting; the hills along 
 the Ohio River, the surface is undulating: the soil is excel- 
 lent and well cultivated. The rock which underlies the 
 county is limestone. The Marietta and Cincinnati Rail- 
 road passes near the northern border, and several plank- 
 roads have been made in the county. Capital, Georgetown. 
 Pop. 29.958. 
 
 BROWN, a county in the S. central part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 3J0 square miles. It is drained by the Bean Blossom 
 and Salt Creeks. The surface is diversified by hills and 
 ▼alleys. The soil is fertile. The county wfis organized in 
 1S36, and named in honor of General Jacob Brown. Capital, 
 Nashville. Pop. C607. 
 
 BltOWN, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area 
 of about 320 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Illinois River, on the NJl. by Crooked River, and inter- 
 sected by Mckee's Creek. The surface is generally level or 
 slightly undulating, and is divided between prairies and tim- 
 bered land; the soil is highly productive and much improved. 
 A railroad extends through the county from Quincy to the 
 Dlinois River. Capital, Mount Sterling. Pop. 9938. 
 
 BROWN, a county in Wisconsin, situated at the head of 
 Green Bay, in the N.E. part of the state, contains 525 square 
 miles. It is intersect«l by the Neenah or Fox River, and 
 also drained by East and Centre Rivers. The surface is di- 
 versified; the soil, in some places is fertile. The county was 
 originally covered by dense forests. It was organized in 
 1818, since which time Its limits have been greatly reduced 
 by the formation of new counties. It is intersected by a 
 railroad extending to Chicago. Capital, Green Bay. Pop. 
 11,795. 
 
 BROWN, a township, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. P. 658. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. P. 1069. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Carroll co^ Ohio. Pop. 2022. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1066. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Delaware co., Oliio. Pop. 1181. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 936. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Knox co., •hio. Pop. 1343. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1722. 
 
 BROWN', a township of Paulding CO., Ohio. Pop. 785. 
 
 BKOWN, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 1161. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 868. 
 
 BROWN, a post-township of Montgomery co.. ludiaua, 
 about 12 miles S S.W. of Crawfordsville. Pop. 2137. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 641. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Riplev co., Indiana. Pop. 19.32. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Washington co., Indiana. P. 1326. 
 
 BROWN'FIELD, a post-township of Oxford co^ Maine, 
 about 60 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1398. 
 
 BI'.OWN'llELM, a post-township of Lorain co., Ohio, on 
 Lake Erie, 25 miles E. by S. of Sandusky City. Pop. 1255. 
 
 BltOWNING, a post-township of Schuyler co^ Illinois. 
 Pop. 1214. 
 
 BROWNING FERRY, a post-office of Henry co.. Missouri. 
 
 BROWNING'S, a district in De Kalk co., Georgia. 
 
 BROWNINGSVILLE, a post-office.Bracken co., Kentucky. 
 
 BROW^^NGTON. a post-township of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, 43 milea N.E. of Montpelier. Pod, 761. 
 
 BRbWNINGTON CENTRE, a portofflce of Orleans co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 BROWN'S, a post-offlceof Fairfield district South Carolina. 
 
 BROWXii'BOROUGH, a post<iffice of Henderson co., Texas. 
 
 BROWNSBOROUGU. a post-office. Oldham co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BROWNS'BURO. a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BROWNSBURfi. a post-villa<:e of Rockbridge co., Virginia, 
 143 miles of Richmond, contains a few stores and mills. 
 Pop. alx>ut 200. 
 
 BR(JWNSBURG. a postrvUlage of Hendricks co., Indiana, 
 on White !,ick Creek, 14 miles N.W. of Indianapolis, has 
 about 2iiO Inhabitants. 
 
 BROWN'S CORNER, a postoffice of Kennebec co.. Maine. 
 
 BROWN'S ("OVK. a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia. 
 
 BROWNS CREEK, of Anson co.. North Carolina, enters 
 the Yadkin from the S.W. 
 
 BKl)WNS'D.\LE, a pf>st.offlce of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BItOWN'SEA or BKANK'SEA ISLAND, In England, co. 
 of Dors<!t. 1 4 miles S. of Poole, at the E. end of Poole Harbor. 
 Length about 1^ miles: breadth f of a mile. Pop. 70. Its 
 castle, built by Queen ElUibeth to defend Poole Harbor, is 
 now tba resideace of the Start fiunily, who own the island. 
 800 
 
 BROWNSTORD, a village in the N.K part of Madiiwn 
 CO.. Iowa, on North River. 
 
 BROWNS'OROVE. a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 BROWN'S MILLS, a post-office of Burlington co.," Xew 
 Jersey. 
 
 BROWN'S MILLS, a smaU village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Sandy Creek. 
 
 BROWN'S MILLS, a small village of Mifflhi co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 " BROWN'S MILLS, a post-village of Washington oo., Ohio. 
 16 miles W.N.W. from Marietta. 
 
 BROWN'SORER. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BROWN'S POINT, a village of Monmouth co.. New Jei^ 
 sey, on Raritan Bay, 5 miles S.E. of Perth Amboy, and ad- 
 joining Kevport, 
 
 BROWNS/PORT, a village of Decatur co., Tennessee, on 
 the Tennessee River, 110 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 BROWN'S STORE, a post-office of Warren co.. Ohio. 
 
 BROWN.^rrOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. 
 
 BROWNSTOWN. a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 
 BROWNSTOWN, a post-viUage and township of Wayne 
 CO., Michigan, 14 miles N.E. of Monroe City. 
 
 BROWNSTOWN. a post-township of Jackson co., Indiana, 
 about 25 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. 1907. 
 
 BROWNSTOWN, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., In- 
 diana, 1 mile S.E. of the ea.st fork of White River, and 70 
 miles S. of Indianapolis. It is surrounded by a fertile country, 
 which contains iron ore and valuable timber. It has a 
 brick court-house, a cotinty seminary, and over 100 dwell- 
 ings. The Ohio and Mississippi R.R. passes through it. 
 
 BROWNSTOWN CREEK, of Wayne co., Michigiin, flows 
 into Lake Erie near its head. 
 
 BROWN'S V.iLLEY, a post-ofBce of Montgomerj- co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 BROWNSTILLE, a post-township of Piscataquis co., 
 Maine, 100 miles N.N.E. from Augusta. It contains an ex- 
 tensive slate quarry, and at the base of Mount Katahdin is 
 an immense bed of iron ore, which is wrought and shipped 
 from Bangor, a distance of 60 miles. The village, iu the 
 southern part of the township, has 2 churches,seyeral liunber 
 and other mills, and a slate-factory.. Pop. of township, 793. 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont. 
 BROWNSVILLE or BROWNVII.LE, a post-village and 
 township of Jefferson co.. New York, on the right bank of 
 Black River, and on the Rome, Watertown and Cape A'in- 
 cent R.R., 4 miles below Watertown, and about 4 miles from 
 LakeOntario. It contains 4 churches, and has manufactures 
 of cotton and wool, with mills of various kinds. Pop. S966. 
 BROWNSVILLE, a thriving post-borough of Brownsville 
 township, Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of 
 the Monongahela River, where it is crossed by the National 
 Road, about 35 miles S. of Pittsbtirgh. and 190 miles W. by 
 
 5. of llarrisburg. The navigation of the river has been im- 
 proved, so that large steaml>oats can ascend from Pittsburg 
 to this point. A noble bridge, 630 feet long, has been erected 
 over the river, at a cost of ?50,000 ; and a cast-iron bridge, 
 crossing Dunlap's Creek, connects Brow-nsville with the 
 borough of Bridgeport. The abundance of bituminous coal 
 in the vicinity has given rise to flourishing manufactures 
 of iron, glass, cotton, and paper. Steanilmat-building is also 
 carried on here extensively. Brownsville, including Bridge- 
 port, contains 12 churches, 2 banks, 2 glass-factories, 3 news- 
 paper offices, 2 Union school-houses, 2 steam saw-mills, and 
 2 flojir-mills. Incorporated in 1815. Pop. 4000. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-officeof Washington CO.. Sfary land. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Greenbrier co.. Virginia. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Granville co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Marlborough district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a village in ilonroe co., Georgia, on the 
 W. bank of Ocmulgee River, ;i6 miles W. by S. of Jackson. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Hinds co., Mississippi, 
 20 miles N.W. of Jackson. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, formerly Fort Brown, a thriving post- 
 town, capital of Cameron county, Texas, on the left bank 
 of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras, 40 miles from the 
 mouth of the river, and 300 miles in a direct line S. of 
 Austin. It is one of the most populous and conitiicrclal 
 places in the state, having an extensive trade with 5Iexloo, 
 facilitated by steamboat navigation. It cont.iius. bi'sidea 
 the county buildings, a custom-house, and 1 or 2 printing 
 offices. The reported value of the imports of Brownsville in 
 1852. was about $5.1X10.000. This place was named in honor 
 of Major Brown, commander of the garrison, who was mor- 
 tally wounded by a shell from the Mexican batteries. (May 
 
 6, 1846,) while General Taylor, with the main body of the 
 forces, was engaged In opening a communication with Point 
 Isabel. After the victories of Palo .Alto and I'esara de la 
 Palnia, the American army entered and took possession of 
 Matamonis without opi)OSition. Pop. 27.'54. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a )K>st-village, capital of Prairie co., Ar- 
 kansas, on the road from Memphis, Tennessee, to I i'tU 
 Kock, 27 miles £. of the hitter 
 
 l^ 
 
BRO 
 
 BRU 
 
 BHO^'NSA'ILLE, a post-village, capital of ITayTvood co., 
 Tennessee. 117 miles W.S.W. of Nashville, and 5 miles from 
 the Ihitchie Kiver. It is surrounded liy a ricli and level 
 country, which is occupied by plantations of cotton and 
 maize. Tlie Ilateliie Uiver is navi;;able for small steamboats, 
 lirowusville is the centre of an active trade, and contains 3 
 churches, 2 academies, and a female cdllei^e, which is under 
 the direction of the Baptists. Free, l'«i). titio. 
 
 BRO W.N S\'l LLE, a small village of Barren CO., Kentucky. 
 
 BKOWNSVILLK, a post-village, capital of Edmond.sou co., 
 Kentucky, is situated on Oreen Kiver. 13U miles S.W. of 
 Frankfort, and about 10 miles W. of the JIammoth Cave. 
 The river is navigable for small steamboats duiing a part of 
 the year. The village has '2 churches, an academy, and 
 about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 BUOVVXSVJLLE, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, on a 
 states road, 54 miles N.K. of Columbus. It was laid out in 
 1840, and contjiins 1 church. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-villaga of Licking co., Ohio, on 
 the National ]{oad. 40 miles E. of Columbu.s. It is situated 
 in a fertile and populous district, and hag .several stores. 
 
 BROW.NSVILLK, a villa(?o in the N.K. part of Washing- 
 ton CO., Ohio. 5 miles W. of the Ohio Kiver. 
 
 BKOWNSVILLK, a village of Cass co., Michigan, has 
 about (10 inhabitants. 
 
 BKOWNSVILLK, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, 
 48 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BKOWN'SVILLE, a post-town.ship of Union co., Indiana, 
 about 4 miles N.AV. of Lilxjrty. Pop. 1332. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a ploa.siint post>village of Union co.. In- 
 diana, on the East Fork of the 'Wliite Water Kiver. uO miles 
 N.W. of Cincinnati, and 13 miles S.W. of Kichmond. It has 
 3 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 BK(.)WNSVILLl!;, a post-village of Jackson co., Illinois, on 
 the Big -Muddy Kivor, about 10 miles- by land from the Mis- 
 sissippi Kiver, and 175 miles S. .of Springfield. It was fir- 
 merly the county Boat, and is still one of the principal 
 places in the county. Salt is procured from springs in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a small postrvillage of Saline CO., Mis- 
 souri, on Black River. 
 
 BKOWNSVI LLE, Houston Co., Minnesota. See Appendix. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a postrvillage of Ogden co., Utah, on the 
 E. side of the Great Salt Lake. 
 
 BROWNTviVVN, a post-village of Bradford co^ Pennsyl- 
 vania, \M miles N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 BROWN UNIVERSITY. See l'Ro-*aDF.NCE, Kl^f>de Island. 
 
 BRuWN'VILLE, a village of Lenawee co., Michigan, 66 
 miles W.S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 JiROWNVILLE, New York. See Brownsvilie. 
 
 BROWNV'lIiLE, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, 12 miles 
 S.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 BKOX'BitUKNE or BROOKS'BOURNE, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Herts. 
 
 BKOX/BURN, a village of Scotland, parish of Uphall, in 
 Linlithgowshire, 12 miles W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 BRiiX'UOL.ME, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BliOX'TlOD, a parish of Engl.-ind, co. of E.sse.x. 
 
 BKO\'Ti)N'S BRIDGE, a post>office of Colleton district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BKOYLES'VILLE, a post-office of Wa.shington co., Texas. 
 
 BROZAS, bro/th^s. a town of Spain, 24 miles N.W. of Car 
 ceres. Pop. 3711. It has an old castle. 
 
 BROZZl, brot'see, a town of Tuscany, 6 miles W. of Flo- 
 rence on the Arno. 
 
 BRU'AK, a small river of Scotland, co., of Perth, famous 
 for its cascades, joins the Garry 2 miles W.S.W. of Blair-Atlioli. 
 
 BKUAY, brii^i/, a village of F'rance. department of Nord, 
 3 miles from Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 24(33. 
 
 BRUCA, La, id bi-oo'kd, a maritime town of Sicily, on a 
 projecting rock at the mouth of tlie I'orcari, in the (Julf of 
 Catania, 3 miles X. of Agosta. Small vessels resort to the 
 harbor to load wheat, tunny, builduig-stone, and oysters. 
 The vicinity is strewed with ruins; supposed to mark the 
 site of the ancient Purtus Hintasius. 
 
 BRUCE, a post-township in JIacomb co., Michigan, about 
 35 miles N. of Detroit. Pop. 1807. 
 
 BRUCE, a county in the N.W. part of Canada West, bor- 
 dering on l^ike Huron, ha« an area of 922 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Saugine or Saugeen River. Pop. 2837. 
 
 BRU'CKRVILLE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 BRUCETOWN, a small post-village of Frederick co., VIp- 
 ,»inia. 
 
 BRUCE'VILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland. 
 
 BRUCEVILLE, a post-village of Knox co., Indi.ana, 8 
 miles N.K. of Vincennes. 
 
 BRUCEVILLE, the capitiil of Chekalis CO., Washington 
 Territ^ iry. near the mouth of a small stream flowing into 
 Shdulnater Bay, about 35 miles N.N.K. of Pacific City. 
 
 BRUCIIE, briish, a .small river of France, rises in the 
 Vosges Mountains, and. after a N.E. course of about 45 
 miles, joins the Rhone and Rhine Canal, of which it is an 
 lmp'i>t;int feeder. 
 
 BI!,JCHHAUSEN, Alt, ait broOs'h.'Sw'zen, a town of 
 Uano' ji, county of Hoya, 5 miles W.N.W. of Iloya. P. 947. 
 
 BRTJCIIHAUSEN, Neu, noi brWiK^hSw'zgn, a town of 
 Hanover, county of Hoya, 9 miles W. of Hova. Pop. 453. 
 
 BRUCHSAL, brooK'sjl, a walled town of West Germany 
 grand duchy of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Salz 
 bach, on the railway from Manheim to Basel, 12 miles N.E. of 
 Carl.sruhe, and the S.W. terminus of tlie Wurtemberg Rail- 
 way, which connects it with Friedrichshafen, on Like Con- 
 sUmce. Pop. 73S(i. It has a fine palace, once the residence of 
 the prince-bishop of Speyer, 1 Protestant and 3 Roman (.""^tho- 
 lie churches, a town-house, gymnasium, military hospital, 
 barracks, and a paper mill. Its principal trade is in wine. 
 
 BRUCK, (•• bridge,")brUK. orbrOOK. a small town of Lower 
 Austria, on the Leith.i. 23 miles S.E. of Yii'nna,on the Pre."!- 
 burg Railway. Pop. 2834. It has a seat of Count Han-ach, 
 with bot.anic g.ardeus, and mauuljictures of spinning-jennies 
 and gold wire. 
 
 BRUCK. a small town of Styria. at the confluence of the 
 Jlur and MUrz, and on the Vienna and Trie.st Railway, 25 
 miles N.N.W. of Gratz. 1 'op. 1500. It has mauulactures of 
 iron wares, and an active transit trade. 
 
 BRUCK, (BrUck,) a town of Prussia, 17 miles S.E. of Bran- 
 denburg. Pop. 12(55. 
 
 BRUCK, a town of Bavaria, 2 miles S.S.W. of Erlangen, 
 on the Regnitz. Pop. 1173. There are numerous villages 
 of same name in the different stat*;s of Germany. 
 
 BRUCKENAU,(BrUckenau.)brUk'kfn-«w\a town of Bava- 
 ria, on the Sinn, 36 miles X. of WUrtzburg, with a royal castle, 
 .ind2piipermills. Pop. 1403. Aliout 2 miles distant in the Sinu 
 Valley, are the baths of Brllckenau, fre<iuented in summer 
 by the Bavarian court, and where a fine pump-room, {Kur- 
 sa'il.) has been erected by the prest^nt king. The waters are 
 chalyK'ati-, (temperature 60° Fahrenheit:) the accommodar 
 tion is good ; and the situation, in the midst of beech forests 
 and mountain scenery, renders this the most agreeable of 
 the Franconian watering-places. In its vicinity is a Fran- 
 ciscan convent. 
 
 BRUEL, (BrUel,) brU'el, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerln, 
 duchy and 12 miles N.E. of Schweriu. Pop. 14Ul. 
 
 BltUF'F, a town of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 14J miles 
 S.S.E. of Limerick. Pop. 1398. It has a neat church, a large 
 Roman Catholic chapel, and the ruins of an old castle. 
 
 BRUGELETTE, brUV-heh-litt/, a viUage of Belgium, 
 province of Ilainaut, on the Dender, 14 miles N.W. of 
 Jlons. Here is a Jesuit college, with about 3o0 students. 
 Pop. 17S7. 
 
 BRUGES, bru'jiz, (Fr. pron. brlizh; Vutch, Brugge, hrfisr'- 
 geh. or Brtiggfn, brtig'gen. i'.«, " bridges :" Ger. Biu<jgi:, brlig'- 
 gheh ; L. Brufgat.) a fortified city of Belgium, cajjital of the 
 province of West Flanders, on the railway from Ostend to 
 Brussels, and at the junction of the canals from (jhent toOs- 
 tendandtoSluis, Similes N.W. of Brussels, and 8 miles from 
 the German Ocean. Lat. of the Halle .spire, 51° 12' 30" N.; 
 Ion. 3° 13' 44" E. Bruges is surrounded by walls and defended 
 by an old citadel ; it is one of the most flourisning commercial 
 cities in the kingdom. It owes its name to the numJjer of 
 bridges (upwards of 50) which cross its canals, and is re- 
 m.arkablo for the many fine Gothic buildings which it con- 
 tains Most of these date from the fourteenth century, and 
 are richly decorated with .sculpture and paintings; among 
 them are the church of Notre Dame, with the tomb of 
 Charles the Bold, the cathedral of St. Sauveur, palace of jus- 
 tice, the Halle, with a Gothic belfry and the finest chimes in 
 Europe, the hospital of St. John, and the Hotel do Ville. 
 It is the seat of the Bishop of AVest Inlanders, and has a 
 tribunal of commerce, an athenaum, episcopiil college, theo- 
 logical semlnsry, school of surgery, academy of painting and 
 sculpture, a public library, schools for blind, deaf, and dumb, 
 established in 1^35, an exchange, and poor-house for the 
 provinces of East and West Flanders. The once famous 
 abbey of the Dunes or Downs is now occupied by a semi- 
 nary for j'oung priests. In .several parts of the city may be 
 seen the buiMings of suppressed monasteries, either in a 
 state of dilapidiition or applied to secular purposes. There 
 is still a convent of about 40 British Augustine nuns, who 
 are much employed in educating ladies of their own per- 
 suasion. Chief industry, the manufacture of lace, which is 
 celebrated, and occupies more than a sixth part of the fe- 
 male population; manufactures of linen, woollen, and cot- 
 ton fabrics, cordage, tobacco, and soap. Bruges has nume- 
 rous distilleries, breweries, tanneries, dye-works, sugar and 
 salt refineries, and shii>building yards. Through the means 
 of canals, Bruges has direct though limited intercourse with 
 several ports in Europe, and may be considered as one of 
 the Belgi.an entrepots. Its docks are capable of containing 
 100 barges, and are surrounded with spacious warehouses. 
 Principal exports, lace and other manufactured goods, 
 grain, and cattle. .Imports, wool, cotton, dye-wood.s, wine, 
 and colonial products. In a recent year, the value of entries 
 oflicially declared was 8C4.577 francs, (34,580?.;) value of ex- 
 ports, 717,815 francs, (28,712J. ;) and the vessels that arrived 
 were only 11, of 1640 tons in all. 
 
 Ilistorrj. — In 837, Bruges was fortified by Count Baldwin 
 ' of the Iron Arm; and was first walled in 1053; in a great 
 fire, in 1280, its records perished, and its charters, which 
 bad been wrenched or bought from its feudal proteo 
 
 301 
 
BRU 
 
 tory, or n.ther oppressors, were lost. For a time It had thus 
 no acknowledged municipal priVileges, which, howeTer, 
 were resUired by Count Philip the Handsome, in 1299. 
 Early in the fourteenth century, Bruges had waxed rich 
 and powerful. In the Ilanse League, it took the lead- 
 ing rank as the central mart of Middle Northern Europe, 
 and was frequented by LomKnrd merchants. About that 
 time, such was the extent of its commerce, there were 13 
 foreign consuls or agents permanently resident in the city, 
 fhe progress of its inanufactures was at least as great; and 
 its cloths, linen, and tapestries at last came to excel all 
 others for riu-Hlity and beauty. Under the House of Bur- 
 gundy, Bruges still increiised in riches and power. In 1430, 
 Duke Philip the Good here instituted the order of the Golden 
 Fleece — a title meant to bring honor to those of its traders 
 who poured a flood of wealth into his coffers, through 
 means of the chief manufacture of the locality; for, 
 throush its means, a ducal chief was raised above the 
 generality of kings, in wealth and real power. Unhappily, 
 the pride' and turbulence of the citizens grew nearly com- 
 mensurate with their prosperity. In 1488. they rose in re- 
 bellion against Duke Maximilian, and laid hands on his per- 
 son. The severe measures of repression which ensued, gave 
 the first blow to the city"s prosperity, from which time it de- 
 clined : and its ruin was afterwards nearly completed by the 
 oppressions and persecutions endured from the Duke of Alva 
 and other myrmidons of Philip II., King of Spain. Owing 
 to these persecutions, many of the best artizans sought an 
 asylum and ot^cupation in England. From that time may he 
 dated the lieginning of the English superiority in manufac- 
 turing, as well as jjroducing wool, long the great staple of the 
 latter country. The population of Bruges once exceeded 
 200,000 ; it now scarcely numbers a fourth of that amount, 
 being, in 1862, 50,647, and even this is a considerable in- 
 cre.ise compared with what it had been some years before. 
 
 BUUGKS, brttzh, a town of France, department Basses- 
 Pyrenees, arroudissement and 12 miles S,S.E, of Pau. It 
 hiis manufactures of coarse linens. Pop. 1894. 
 
 BKUGG, brOda, or BUUCK, br«aK. a village of Switzer- 
 l.and, canton of Aargau. on the Aar, here crossed by a 
 bridge, (whence its name,) 9 miles N.E. of .\arau. It is 
 surrounded by walls, and defended by conical towers. Pop. 
 800. It is an entrepot for goods passing between Germany 
 and Italy, and stands on a portion of the site of the anc. 
 Vindnnissa, some remains of which are still traceable. Nejir 
 it is the ruined ca.stle of Hapsburg, the ancestral seat of the 
 imperial family of .\ustria; and the ruins of the abl<ey of 
 Konisirsfelden, Zimmermann was born at Brugg in 1728. 
 
 BRUGGK, or BRUUGEN, See Bruges, 
 
 BRUGG EX, brOog'gfn, a parish and village of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 2 miles S.A\'. of St. Gall : near it is the mag- 
 nificent bridge { Kralzenhrucle) over the Sitter ; it is built of 
 stone, and is lioO feet in length, and 96 feet in height. 
 
 BRUGG KN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Kempen, with manufactures of linen, cotton, and silk. Pop. 
 677. 
 
 BRUON.\TO, broon-yi'to, a small ancient town of S.ar- 
 dinia. 7 miles X.K. of Levante, on the Vara, with a cathe- 
 dral church and a theoU)gical seminary. Pop. 600. 
 
 BRUGUl&UE. LA. See LABRucrifiRE. 
 
 BRUIIL. (Brllhl.) brill, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles 
 S.S.W. of Cologne, on the railway to Bonn. Pop. 2020. It has 
 a fine castle, with extensive pleasure grounds. It was the 
 retreat of Cardinal Mazarin, when banished fi:om France in 
 1651. 
 
 BRUIIL. a village of Lower Austria, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ti- 
 enna. with a castle belonging to Prince Liechtenstein. 
 
 BRU'IN, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BRU'INGTOS,a post-oflice of King and Queen co,, Virginia, 
 
 BRU'I.NSBURG, a sm.iU village of Claiborne co., MLssis- 
 sippi. on the Mississippi River. 
 
 BRUIN'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office, Parke co., Indiana. 
 
 BRU'ISYARD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BRUKO. See Brooko. 
 
 BRULON, brilMAh'', a town of France, department of 
 Sarthe, 19 miles N,N.W. of La Fleche. Pop. in 1852, 1815. 
 
 BRULY LANDING, a post-office of West Baton llouge 
 parish, L<ouisiana. 
 
 BRUMATII, broo'mit/, (anc. Brucomlagiut or Brocom!- 
 agusf] a town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, on the 
 Siorn. 11 miles N.X.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. of commune, in 
 1852. 4427. 
 
 BRUM'FIELDYILLE, a post-village of Berks co., Penn- 
 8ylvani;i, 02 miles E.N.K. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 BRUM'MKL'S. a postofflce of Davidson co., N.Carolina. 
 
 BRUM-MKN, brftm'mfn, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Gelderland, on the Yssel, 14 miles N.E. of Arnhem. 
 Pop. 850. 
 
 BRUMOW. a town of Bohemia. See Braxinau. 
 
 BRUM'STEADorBRUN'STEAD, a parish of EngUnd, co., 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 BRUN. a post-office of Carter co.. Kentucky. 
 
 BRUN'D.\LL. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BRUNDKL. brUn'del, a village of Bohemia, with mineral 
 battis, and a pilgrimage church^ 
 302 
 
 BRU 
 
 BHUN'DTSTT, a parish of Endand, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BRUNDISIUM or BRUNDUSIUM. See Brixdisi. 
 
 BKUNE (broo'uA) or BRUNI (broo'nee) ISLAND, a Ion? 
 and irregular island of Van Diemen's Land, district of Hobai^ 
 Town, separated from the mainland by D'Entrecasteaux Bay. 
 Lat, 4.3° 30' S,, Ion. 147° 30' E. Length from N. to S.. o2 miles , 
 breadth from 1 to 8 miles. On its E. side is .Adventure Bav. 
 
 BRUNECK (broo'nek') or BRUNECKEN, broo-njk'fn, 
 (Ital. Brunecco, broo-nJk'ko,) a town of Austria, Tyrol, 41 
 miles S.W. of Inspruck, on the Rienz. Pop. 1471. 
 
 BKUN'ERSBUKG, a pc«t-viilage of Defiance co.j Ohio, 166 
 miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 200. 
 
 BRUN'ERSTOWN, a post>village of Putnam co, Indiana. 
 50 miles W. hy S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 BKUNIQUEL, brti^nee'k^', a town of France, department 
 of Tarn-et-Garonne, 41 miles E. of Montauban. Pop. in 1852, 
 1186. It has a ruined castle and extensive iron-works. 
 
 BRUNN,(BrUnn,)brUnn, (native name, Brnn.i.e. "ford,") 
 a fortified city of the Austrian empire, the capital of the go- 
 vernments of Moravia and Silesia, on a declivity at the conflu- 
 ence of the Schwarza and the Zwittawa, 70 miles N.N.E. of 
 Vienna, and 116 miles S.W. of Prague, with both of which it 
 is connected by railway. Lat. of City Hall, 49° 11' 39" N., 
 Ion. 16° SC 54" E. Pop. (exclusive of garrison,) about 50,000, 
 nearly all Roman Catholics. The city is separated by its 
 fortifications from several suburbs, and was formerly de- 
 fended by the citadel of Spielberg, now a state prison, and 
 that in which Silvio Pellico was confined. Streets narrow 
 and crooked, but well-paved and lighted. Brunn has nume- 
 rous fine buildings, including the cathedral, St. Jacob's, 
 and other churches, the landliaus. formerly a rich .Augus- 
 tine convent, the barracks, a vast pile, formerly a .lesuits* 
 college, the city hall, theatre. Maria school for young ladies, 
 and the palaces of Princes Dietrichstein and Kaunitz, and 
 other nobles. A park, called the Augarten, was opened to 
 the public by Joseph II. ; aijd in the Franzenburg quarter 
 are public gardens, with a monument to the Emperor, 
 Francis I. Brilnn is the seat of the chief It^al and military 
 courts and authorities for Moravia and Austrian Silesia, of 
 a bishop's see. and a Protestant consistory. It has a philo- 
 sophical institute, theological, diocesan, and normal schools, 
 a royal gymnasium ; provincial, agricultural, and historical 
 society ; a v.aluable mu.seum, liotanic garden, public library, 
 and a great number of educational and charitable establish- 
 ments; here also is a provincial bank. Its manufiictures of 
 woollen goods are the most extensive in the Austrian domi- 
 nions; cotton goods, silk, glass, soap, tobacco, and machinery 
 are also extensively manufkctured ; and its tanneries and lea 
 ther fjictories are t he most important in the empire ; the city is 
 the centre of a large trade between Bohemia and Austria, and 
 the countries N. and E. of the Carpathian Mount;iins, It pos- 
 sesses superior advant.ages for trade, having railway conimu- 
 niciition with Vienna. Breslau, Prague, and Pesth. AUbrunn, 
 (i. e.., " Old Brlinn,") the principal suburb, was, previous to 
 1838, a separate market borough. Briinn is an ancient town ; 
 its citadel was blockaded by the Hungarians in 947. and the 
 town itself was besieged by the Swedes in 1645, and by the 
 Prussians in 1742. It has been repeatedly destroyed by fire, 
 and as often rebuilt. In 1558, it was visited by the plague, 
 which carried off 4000 of the inhabitants, to whose memory 
 a column has lieen raised in the great square. Bonaparte 
 had his head-quarters in this town before the Battle of 
 Austerlitz. December, 1805 ; and, in 1809, the chief defences 
 of Fort Spielberg were demolished by the French, 
 
 BRUNN-AM-CiEBlRGE, broOnn-im-ga-b^SR'Geh, a town of 
 Lower Austria, 7 miles S.W, of Vienna. Pop. 1630. M'ine, 
 which is highly esteemed, is produced in its vicinity. 
 
 BRUNNEN, brOon'nen, a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 3i miles S.W. of Schwytz, near the mouth of the Muot- 
 ta. in the Lake of Lucerne. Here the deputies of the three ori- 
 ginal cantons. Uri, Schwytz. and Unterwalden, laid the basis 
 of the Helvetic Republic, Decemlx>r 9. 1315. 
 
 BItl'XXEXS. THE, (Ger. Dit Brunnen, dee brcxm'nen, 
 t. e. " the springs,") is the name applied to the watering 
 places of Germanv, &c.. collectively. 
 
 BRUN'NER. a post-offlce of Sebastian co., Arkansas. 
 
 BRUNSBUTTEL,(BrunsbUttel.) bi«3ns'bUt-tel. a maritime 
 town of Denmark, duchy of Holstein, on the right bank of 
 the Ellje, near its mouth, 15 miles N.W. of GlUckstadt 
 Steamers pi V n'gularly between this place, Alton, and Ham- 
 burg. Pop." 1200. 
 
 BRUNSHAUSEN, brSOns-hCw'zen, a village of Hano- 
 ver, on the left bank of the EIl>e, 15^ miles N.N.K.of Stade, 
 with a small port and custom-house for the river dues. 
 
 BliUNST.ATT, brOOn'titO or brftn'stlt/, a village of Franco, 
 department of Haut-Rhin. Pop. of commune. 1544. 
 
 BKUNS'WICK.(Ger.Bra«r!.-c.'(«ei'^. brOwn'shwig: L. Bru- 
 nop>olis,) a city of Germany, the capital of the duchy of the 
 same name, aiid the place of residence of the Dukes of Brun» 
 wick, 36 miles S.E. of Hanover: lat. 52° 16' 11" N„ Ion. 10° 31' 
 29" E. It is divided into six dLstricts. and contains aliout 100 
 streets — most of them clean, and some of them sjiaciousand 
 Imposing, though of somewliat anti (uated appearance, man; 
 of the houses being of wood, and from 300 to 400 ywirs old 
 The city was formerly fortified, but the ramparts have haei 
 
BRU 
 
 BRU 
 
 leTelled, planted with trees, and conrerted Into pleasant 
 promenades. The principal public buildin<;s are the new 
 palace or sc/thf!), a niasjnifieent structure ; the ancient cathe- 
 dral of St. Blalze; the man.«ion-house, with statues of 
 Guelphic prini'es in front; the chapter-house, chancery, 
 house of lei^islative assembly, mint, arsenal, ducal ex- 
 chequer, opera-house, towu-hill, trades' hall, old Altdorf 
 to .vn-hall, and a few others. Besides these are the follow- 
 lowing objects of interest — an ancient bronze lion of ]{y- 
 Kintine workmanship, brought from Constantinople; aUo- 
 thic fountain of bronze, dated 14o8, situated In the Alte 
 Stadt-niarket; a cast-iron obelisk, 60 feet hi^h, erected by 
 the citizens to the memory of their two dukes, who fell at 
 Jena and Quatre JJi-as ; and a monument and chapel erected 
 to the memory of the patriotic Schill, who, with 14 of his 
 companion in arms, was shot here by the French, In 18u8, 
 for rising against them. The museum possesses an excel- 
 lent gallery of paintings, comprising many works of the 
 gre;itest masters, and a good collection of classical antiqui- 
 ties, and works of art. The city contains 10 churches in- 
 cluding the cathedral. The educational institutions are 
 the college, a gymnasium, a seminary for teachers, a college 
 of anatomy and surgery, a real sc/iule for practical acquire- 
 ments, including mechanics, and commercial and agricul- 
 tural s_tudies; and several others. Among the charitable 
 Institutions, which are numerous, are a general and lying- 
 in hospital, a deaf and dumb, and orphan asylums. The 
 principal manufactures of the town are of linen, woollen, 
 hardware, tobacco, chiccory, Glauber salts, mineral colors, 
 china, papier mache, leather, &c. Three railways now 
 meet in lirunswick. The earliest and shortest, completed 
 in 1S3!), terminates in Ilarzburg; the second extends E. to 
 Magdeburg; and the third. N. and N.W. to Hanover. The 
 railways promise to make Brunswick the entrepot of a very 
 extensive trade. Pop. in 1861, 42,209, of whom 1000 were 
 Roman Catholics, and 500 Jews. 
 
 BKUN.S'\V1CK, Ducur OF, (Ger. Herzngthum Braim- 
 schwKig, hiitfsiVs-toom* biOwn'shwig.) an important duchy 
 of North-western Gei-many, forming the twelfth state of 
 the German Confederation. It consists of three larger and 
 six smaller divisions, detached from each other, and sur- 
 rounded by foreign possessions. The principal division, 
 containing Brunswick, the capital, is of a compact and oval 
 form, with the exception of a narrow strip towards the 
 N.E. On the N., \V., and S.W., it is surrounded by Hano- 
 ver, and on the S. and E. by Prussian Saxony. The second 
 larger division is a long irregular l>elt, stretching from E. to 
 W. across South Hanover, which of course forms its N. and 
 S. boundaries, while on the E. it is bounded by Prussisn 
 Saxony, and on the W. by Ithenish Prussia, Hanover, and 
 Waldeck. To the S.E. of this division lies the third, al.so 
 irregular in shape, travers<.'d by the Harz Mountains, and 
 surrounded by portions of* Prussia, Hanover, and Auhalt. 
 Of the six smaller divisions, Thedinghausen, Bodenberg, H;i- 
 riugen, and Oelsburg are in Hanover; and Kalvorde. and 
 a patch of land near the village of Seinfeld, govern- 
 ment of Treves, are in Prussia. The united area of all 
 these divisions is computed at about 1400 English square 
 miles, of which nearly one-half is arable land, meadow, and 
 gardens, one-third forest, and one-fourth moorland. 
 
 The surface is geneniUy hilly. Brunswick Proper has a 
 considerable extent of level land, only a few low ridges ap- 
 pearing towards the E. The principal rivers are the Oker, 
 Leine, and ^Veser, to the liasin of which last all the streams 
 belong, with the exception of the Bodi, which falls into the 
 Elbe. The principal mineral products are gold silver, anti- 
 mony, lead, zinc, copper, sulphur, vitriol, and alum. The 
 mines are, in part, worked conjointly with the Hanoverian 
 Government, and, in part, independently. The duchy pro- 
 duces also marble, alabaster, limestone, gypsum, pottei-s' 
 clay, asbestos, agate, jasper. &c. There are within the ter- 
 ritor}', likewise several s;ilt-works of considerable extent. 
 In the Harz Mountains, asphalt and other bituminous sub- 
 stances are found. The chief manut:ictures are of iron, 
 linen, (now, however, much fallen off,) and cjimlets; dyeing 
 and brewing are also carried on to a considerable extent; 
 and oil and saw mills are numerous on the different large 
 streams. The spinning of yarn forms an important branch 
 of industry all over the duchy. The industrial resources 
 of the counti'y are carefully and judiciously cultivated by 
 the government, which extends its protection and patronage 
 also to its educational institutions. The constitution of 
 Brunswick is a limited monarchy.- The legislature is com- 
 posed of the duke, :in upper chamber, (consisting of 6 pre- 
 lates and the 78 holdei'S of equestrian estates,) and a lower 
 chamber, (composed of 6 prelates, 19 deputies from towns, 
 and as many representatives of the land-holders, who do 
 not possess equestrian rights.) The legislature must assem- 
 ble at least once every three years, for which period the 
 taxes are voted. The duke appoints three ministers of state, 
 and in each of the six circles into which the state is divided 
 there is a provincial board to conduct its municipal and lo- 
 cal government. The revenue of the duchy is derived from 
 the ducal domains, from land, personal and indire.t taxes, 
 froDi stamps, fees of court, post-office, tolls, and a lottery. 
 
 In 1849, these amounted collectively to 234,300?., the ex pen 
 diture being about the sam« amount. Public debt, in ls4a, 
 9&i,652. of which 2o8."5()7. was for railways. The ijuota of 
 men which the duchy is lx)und to furnish to the armv of the 
 German Confederation is 2096. The affairs of this little 
 state are conducted with great prudence and judgment, and 
 the consequence has been the securing for its population a 
 degree of comfort and independence not equalled in any 
 other part of Germany. Personal braver}', and an open, 
 unsuspecting nature, are the distingui.shing chjiracteriEticci 
 of the Brnnswickers. Pop. in 1861, 281.708. 
 
 BItUNSWICK, brans/wlk, or BUUNSWYK, br6Cns/»Tk, 
 a village and parish of Denmark-Holstein, near Kiel, with 
 which it is connected by a handsome bridge. Pop. 111.". 
 
 BKUNS'WICK, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virjiinia, 
 bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 600 square 
 miles. The Nottoway Kiver forms its N.E. boundary, the 
 Roanoke touches Its S.W. extremity, and the Meherrin Itiver 
 flows tluxjugh the middle of the county from \i . to E. The 
 surface is somewhat undulating; the soil of medium qua- 
 lity. The exhausted lands have recently V)een improved by 
 the U.S0 of guano and other manures. It is intersected by 
 a plank-road leading to Petersburg. OrgaTiized in 1720. 
 Cajiital, LawrenceviUe. Pop. 14,809, of whom 5663 were free, 
 and 9146 slaves. 
 
 BHUNSWICK, a county in the S.E part of North Cirolina, 
 bordering on South Carolina and the ocean, contains about 
 950 square miles. It is drained by Cape Fear and Waccamaw 
 Kivers. The surface is level, and partly covered by exten- 
 sive swamps; the soil is sandy and mostly sterile. Pino 
 lumber, tar, resin, Ac, are exported. Cai)itul. Smithville. 
 Pop. 8406, of whom 4775 were free, and 3631 slaves. 
 
 BKUN^WICK, a flonriishing post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, on the right bank of the Androscoggin, across 
 which is a bridge connecting Brunswick with Topsham, and 
 on the Kennebec and Portland Kaih-oad, 27 miles N.N.E. of 
 Portland. Lat. 4;>° 63' N., Ion. 69° 55' W. The Androscog- 
 gin here has a fall of about 50 feet in the distance of half a 
 mile, affording an immense hydraulic power; and such is 
 the conformation of the ground that the water can be used 
 Wiree times in the distance above s])ecified. The industry 
 of the inhabitants has been chiefly directed to the manufac- 
 ture of lumber; but this business is now rapidly declining, 
 and building and owning of ships is taking its place; about 
 60 ships and barques are owned here. Brunswick is the S. 
 terminus of the Androscoggin Kailroad, 63 miles long. The 
 Cabbot Company have purchased a valuable site at the falls, 
 and have now a large cotton-mill in operation. Brunswick 
 contains several churches, 4 banks, and some 30 store.* ; it has 
 an excellent system of graded schools, comprising a liigh- 
 school, grammar-school, and 4 primary schools. These are 
 attended by all the children of the place. On an elevated 
 plain, at the S.E. extremity of the village, stands Bowdoin 
 College, a flourishing institution, founded in 1802. For 
 beauty of location, it is probiibly not surpassed by any 
 similar institution in the Union. Connected with it is the 
 Medical School of Maine, established in 1820. Its library, 
 comprising 3400_yolumes, is considered one of the best of 
 the kind in the United States. Its anatomiciil cabinet 
 and its chemical and other apparatus are also very com- 
 plete. Population of the township in 1850, 4927 ; iii 1860, 
 472;j. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a post-township of Essex co., Vennont, on 
 the E. side of Connecticut liiver, about 50 miles N.E. of 
 Montpelier. Pop. 212. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a township of Ptcnsselaer co.. New York- 
 Pop. 3110. 
 
 BliUNSWICK, a small Tillage in the S. part of Ulster co. 
 New York. 
 
 BRL'^'SWICK, a port of entry, capitil of Glynn co., Geor- 
 gia, on Turtle River, 80 miles S.S.W. of Savannah, is plea- 
 santly situated on a sandy bluff, about 10 feet above high 
 water, and has a spacious harbor. St. Simon's Liglit-house 
 is 8 miles from this town. Brunswick is the eastern ter- 
 minus of the Brunswick and Florida Railroad. The shijv 
 ping of the district, June 30, 1852, was 306 tons registered, 
 and 853 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year there 
 were 3 foreign arrivals. Pop h'2i>. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a post-township in Medina co., Ohio, about 
 22 miles S.f^.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 1269. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a post-village of Peoria CO., Illinois, about 
 60 miles N N.W. of Springfield. ' 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a post-village and township in the S.W. 
 part of Chariton co., Missouri, on or near the Missouri River, 
 BS miles above Boonville. It contains a bank. Pop. 3589. 
 
 BRUNS'WICK BAY, on the N.W. coast of Australia; Ion. 
 125° E. The Prince Regent River, discovered by Captain 
 Stokes, falls into this bay. 
 
 BRUNS/WICK LANDING, a post-office of Issaquena co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, NEW. See New Brun'SWICK. 
 
 BRUNTINGTHORPE, br&nfc'ing-thorp, a parish of En- 
 gland. CO. of Leicester. 
 
 BRUNrrON, EAST and WEST, two townshipsof England, 
 CO. of Northumberland, in Castle-ward, parish of Gosforth. 
 
 303 
 
J3RD 
 
 BRU 
 
 ii miles N.^.W. of Newcastle. Their mines yield coal of a 
 Buperior quality. 
 
 UliUXTRUT, a town of Switzerland. See Porentrut. 
 
 BRU'RKK, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Lime- 
 rick. 4 miles N.AV. of Kilmallock. The Irish bards here held 
 their half-vearlv meetiugs till 1746. 
 
 BRUSA "or BROUSSA, broo/si, written also BURSA, hoon/- 
 s3, (anc. Pru/sa ad OUim'pum.) a city of Asia >Iinor, in Ana- 
 tolia, capital of a sanjak, at the N. foot of Mount Olympus, 
 67 miles S.S.E. of Constantinople. Pop. probably 60.000 in- 
 cluding about 7000 Armenians, 3000 Greeks, and 1800 Jews. 
 It is beautifully situated on a declivity, in a very fertile 
 neighborhood, and has a magnificent external appearance, 
 with numerous minarets. Its houses are built mostly of 
 earth or wood, and its streets narrow, but it is kept very 
 clean by an abundance of streams; and it is, upon the 
 whole, one of the most agreeable ciiies in the Kast. It has 
 between 2li0 and 300 mosques, some very handsome : large 
 bazaars, numerous khans and colleges, several churches and 
 synagogues. Armenian and other schools, and extensive 
 suburbs. Its mineral baths have been famous in all ages ; 
 they are of various kinds and temperatures, and mostly 
 under cover of fine buildings. N.W. of the city are large 
 swimming pools. The citadel, on a rock, near the centre of 
 the town, is mostly of Ueuoese construction; and the city 
 cont.iins various remains of antiquity. Brusa is one of the 
 most flourishing commercial emporiums in the Turkish 
 dominions. Its principal trade is in raw silk, of which arti- 
 cle its district, in 1841, produced 60,970 okes ; and it has also 
 manu&ctures of satin, cotton cloths, carpets, tapestry, gauze, 
 and cotton twist, with a large traffic in corn, opium, and 
 meersciiaum clay. The principal imports are cotton cloths 
 and yarn, muslins, figured woollen dresses, dyed si\rsanets. 
 Paisley shawls from Great Britain, other woollens, with nan- 
 keens and cotton prints from Germany, France, and Switr 
 zerland. glass wares from Bohemia, red caps and gold thread 
 from Southern Europe, and cordage, butter, caviare, and 
 iron from RussLa. The trade with the interior is facilitated 
 by caravans from Constantinople and Smyrna; that by the 
 ■ea is carried on from the port of Moodania, (Moudania.) 
 on the Sea of Marmora. Brusa was anciently the capital of 
 Bithynia, and after the capture by Orchan in 1356, it con- 
 tinued to be the capital and the burial-place of the Turkish 
 sultans, until Amur.ath removed his seat of empire to Adri- 
 anople. Some newly constructed government silk factories 
 at Bru.sa were destroved by fire in 1846 ; the loss was esti- 
 mated as high as 300",0WM. 
 
 BR(JS.\U, (Briisau.) brii'-sOw, a town of Moravia, 31 miles 
 W.X.W. of Olmutz. on the frontier of Bohemia. Pop. 750. 
 It is celebrated for its fine flour, called BriUauer Mehl. 
 
 BRUSKL.\S. See Brussels. 
 
 BRUSH CREKK, Ohio, joins the Ohio River in Adams co. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK of Scioto co., Ohio, enters Scoto River 
 about 10 miles X. of Portsmouth. 
 
 BIIUSH CREEK, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 480. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a post-offlce of Randolph co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a post-offlce of Perry co., Alabama. 
 
 Bl;USH CRKEK, a township in Washington county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a township in Highland co., Ohio. 
 Pop. l»lo. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a township in Jefferson co., Oiiio. Pop. 
 705. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a township in Musldngum co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1345. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. P. 1094. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a village of Knox co., Illinois, about 80 
 miles'N.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a postofflce of La Clede co., Missouri. 
 
 BKUSH'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BRUSH'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 
 BRUSH HILL, apost-village of Du Page CO., Illinois, about 
 16 miles W. of Chicago. 
 
 BItUSH L.\.\D, a postofflce of Delaware co.. New York. 
 
 BRUSH MOUNTAIN, Pennsvlvauia, a short ridge in the 
 N. part of Blair co., S.W. of Bald Eagle Mountain. 
 
 BRUSH POI.N'T, a postofflce of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 BRUSH RUN, a post-offlce of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BRUSirS MILLS, a post-village of Franklin co.. New York, 
 on the Ogdensburg and Rouse's Point Railroad. 
 
 BRUSH VALLEY, a post-township of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 55 miles E. hy N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1544. 
 
 BRUSH'VILLE, a post-offlce of Queen's co., New York. 
 
 BRUSHVILLE, a small post-village in the S. part of 
 Livingston co.. New York. 
 
 BRUSU'Y CREEK of Lavacca co., Texas, flows into La- 
 Tacca River. 
 
 BRUSHY CREEK, in Texas, rises in Williamson co., and 
 flows Into Little River,near the centre of Milam county, 
 
 BR USIIY CREKK, a post-office of Anderson district, Soi 
 Carolin.-i. 
 
 304 
 
 1 district, South 
 
 BRUSHY CREEK, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas. 
 
 BKUSIIY FORK, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 BlirsilY FORK. Illinois. See Busnt Fork. 
 
 BliUSIlV PRAimiE a post-office of La Grange co., In 
 diana. 
 
 BRUSQUE, brUsk, a town of France, department of Avey- 
 ron, arrondissement, and 12 miles S. of St. Affrique, on the 
 Dourdou. I'op. of commune, 1000. 
 
 BRUSSELS, (Dutch, Jiriu^ael, brQs'sfl; Fr. BrurelJes, brU'- 
 si^U'; L. BruxdHie or Brusola; Ger. Briixi^e!, brtts'sel ; It 
 Brtissdle, bi-oos-.s^l'l.i ; Sp. Bruselas. broo-si'ld.",) a city of 
 Europe, capital of Belgium and of the province of Brabant, 
 on the Senne, and on the railw.ay from Antwerp to France. 
 Lat. of the observatory, 50° 51' 11" N., Ion. 4° 21' 10" B. 
 Climate temperate, humid, and very variable, but healthy. 
 Brussels is built partly on a hill 220 feet above the sea-level, 
 and partly on a flat through which the Senne flows with a tor- 
 tuous course, forming several islands. It is the most import- 
 ant city in the kingdom, and the chief seat of puMic in- 
 struction and industry, the residence of the courts, the seat 
 of the legislative assemblies, courts of appeal, and chamber 
 of commerce. Brussels is remarkable for the numtier and 
 richness of its ancient buildings; and from the elegance of 
 its new qu.irters, it ranks among the finest cities of Europe. 
 It consists of an upper or new, and a lower or old town, the 
 former of which is the fashionable quarter, and contains the 
 royal palace, the government offices, and the finest streets 
 and hotels ; it is well supplied with water, and has many 
 richly sculptured fountains. Between the city and the 
 walls, and intermediate to the suburbs, are the broad pro- 
 menades and drive repricing former ramparts called boule- 
 vards. These are 9 in number, and shaded with double 
 rows of lime-trees. There are 14 city gates, none of them 
 noteworthy, except the antique Porte de Ilal, a baronial-look- 
 ing barbacan, erected late in the fourteenth century, which 
 long served in later d.ays as a prison. Every part of Brus- 
 sels exhibits a congeries of twisted streets, with the excep- 
 tion of a few recently formed, mostly near the royal palace; 
 one, the Rue Royale, is really handsome. Several irregular 
 are.is. called places or marches when used as markets, are to 
 be found at int<?rvals through the city, which, however, is in 
 general far too closely built. The only exception is in the 
 extramural quarters, Leopold and Louise, beyond the Boule- 
 vard du Regent. 
 
 Its principal squares are the Place Royale, Place de la 
 Monnai, with the mint, theatre, and exchange, the Place des 
 Martyres, where the victims of the revolution of 1830 are 
 interred, the Grand Place in the lower town, in which is the 
 Hfltel de Ville, a noble Gothic edifice, in the grand hall of 
 which the alKlication of Charles V. took place in 1555. The 
 present modern edifices are the palace of the chambers, the 
 king's palace, the palace of the fine arts, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the Dukes of Brabant and of the governoi-s-general 
 of Austria, rebuilt in 174fi, and now occupied by the publh; 
 library and museum ; the former palace of the Prince of 
 Oriinge, remarkable for its interior decor.ations; the church 
 of Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours, and that of Grand Begnin- 
 age, both of the seventeenth century, and the theatre. Tlie 
 ancient buildings comprise the Hotel de Ville. one of the no- 
 West buildings of the kind in Europe, with a spire of open 
 stone work 3t;4 feet in height, several churches, in general 
 decorated with rich sculptures and paintings, the finest of 
 which is the cathedral of St. Gudule, built 1273, and cele- 
 brated for its painted glass, numerous st;itues. and a finely 
 carved pulpit ; the church of Notre-Danie-de-la-Chapelle, com- 
 menced 1134, and that of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires. of the 
 thirteenth century, the Broot-Huys, or old Hotel de A'ille, 
 and several gates of its ancient walls. The finest prome- 
 nades are the Allee-A'erte, along the canal fi'om Brussels to 
 the Scheldt, and the park, an extensive enclosure near the 
 royal palace, laid out with avenues of trees, and ornamented 
 with statues. This was the scene of the chief struggle in 
 the revolution of 1830. A statue to Godfrcid de Bouillon 
 was inaugurated in 1848. Three miles N. is the country 
 pal.ice of Laeken. Brussels has numerous and excellent 
 establishments of public instruction, a fi-ee university, 
 founded 1834, a primary normal school, polytechnic school, 
 an academy of painting, sculpture, and engi-aving, a royal 
 school of nuisic, a school of deaf, dumb, and blind, esta- 
 blished 1S34. and numerous primary schools and schixils of 
 industry. Among its rich scientific and lit<?rary establish- 
 ments is the astronomical obsenatory, one of the finest in 
 Europe, and a magnetic observatory, the depot-gener.al for 
 the archives of the kingdom ; the public library, containing 
 lOO.O'JO volumes, and the royal library (I'lunded 1837)70,uob 
 volumes ahd 25,000 MSS., the museum of p;iinting, natural 
 Ustory, and antiquities, and an excellent bitanic garden. 
 It has an academy of belles-lettres, an exhil ition of paint- 
 ings, and another for the productions of national industry. 
 Among its private collections are the library of the BoUand- 
 ists, 6000 volumes, and that of the geograi)hical establish- 
 ment of M, Ph, Vandermaelen, founded 1830, containing 
 20,(KX) volumes and a rich collection of maps, in connection 
 with a school of geography, and a museum of natural 
 history 
 
BRU 
 
 BUB 
 
 BniBsels Is the neat of the principal hanks, and of the 
 only mint of tne Iclngdom, and has a savings hanlc and 
 many wealthy charitalile institutions; it is one of the great 
 centres of Belgian industry, and it is still wietirated for its 
 lace, considered the finest in the world; its other chief ma- 
 nufactures are of fine linens, dan-.ask, silk, and cotton 
 ribbons, gohi and silver embroidery, hats, paper, machinery, 
 jewelry, and mathematical and musical instruments. It 
 has also establishments for coach-buildin;; and cabinet 
 making, manulactures of chemical products, soap, porcelain, 
 and crystal, extensive sugar-refineries and breweries. It 
 has many extensive typogiaphical and lithographic esta- 
 blishments, wiiich are chiefly employed in reprints of works 
 published in France. The commerce of Brussels is facili- 
 tat<?d by a canal, which connects it with Antwerp, and ad- 
 mits vessels of 300 tons burden, by excellent roads, and by 
 railways, which radiate from it in every direction. 
 
 Ilktnnj. — The Emperor Utho dated a decree, apud Bru- 
 tofam. in 970. But the town was not of consequence enough 
 to be fortified till 1014, when Lambert Balderic, Count of 
 Louvain and Brussels, built a wall, with seven gates, around 
 It. A second wall was constructed in 1380, wliich followed 
 pretty neitrly the line of the present boulevard. In 140.5. it 
 lost 1400 of its houses by fire. In 1549, two earthquakes 
 caused it much damage. But it was of small account, till 
 Flanders passed into the hands of princes of the House of 
 Austria; wlien it became, in 1G07. the usu.il seat of govern- 
 ment for the entire Low Countries. At Brussels, tlie Em- 
 peror Charles V. established his vice-royalty: and here, in 
 an assembly of the states, A. D. 1556, he. solemnly divested 
 himself of monarchical power, in favor of his son. Philip II., 
 under whom it endured much, from his minion the Duke 
 of Alva, and from the inquisition e.stablished here. 
 
 Brussels was taken by the French in 1701, at the begin- 
 ning of the Succ(ssi<m war. In 1706. it was taken by the 
 Duke of Marlborough, and by the French, under Marshal 
 Saxe, in 1747. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 174«, gave 
 hack'Brussels to the Austrians. In 1794. General Duniou- 
 riez took possessiou of it for the French Kepublic. On the 
 extension and reconslitution of the French territory, Bnis- 
 sels became the chief town of the department of Dyhl. 
 Bonaparte, then first consul, made his cerenioni.al entry into 
 Brussels by the Ali^e-Verte, July 21, 1803. lie was rather 
 partial to this city, and Imught the chateau of Lacken as a 
 palace for Josepliine; and under its roof he signed his fat.al 
 ueclaration of war against Prussia. Tho Prussians took 
 possession of Brussels, February I, 1S14. September II. 
 1815, William of Orangi-Nassau was inaugurated at Brus.sels 
 as king of the Low Countries. It then became one of the 
 two capitals of the new kingdom, alternating with the 
 Hague in Holland as tlie residence of the court and the seat 
 of the states, (itats giniranx.) At length, September 23, 
 1S30, burst out at Brussels the revolution which separated 
 Belgium from Holland; and Prince I^ieopold, of Saxe-Coburg. 
 elected King of the Belgians by the national congress, June 
 4. IS.jl, made his public entry into Brussels a.s the sole capital 
 of liis new kingdom. Pop. in 1862. 181,799, of whom one-third 
 speak Freiicli or Walloon, and the rest Flemish or Dutch. 
 Brussels is the birth-place of the physicians Versalius and 
 Van Ilelmont, and of the two painters Champaigne. 
 
 Bl{USS()\V.(BrUssow.)l)rti'sov, a townof I'russia. Branden- 
 burg, on a lake of the same name, 12 miles N.E. of I'renzow. 
 Fop. 1100. 
 
 BUUSTHEM. briis't^m, a village and commune of Bel- 
 gium, province of Limlx)urg,10 miles N.W. of Tongros, with 
 an old church, founded in 1449, and a tower, built in 1111. 
 The village is noted for a signal defeat of the Liegeois, by 
 Charles the Bold, in 1467. Pop. 1000. 
 
 BHU'TOM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset, 10 miles S.S.W. of Frome. Pop. of parish, in 1851, 
 2109. The town, in the valley of the Brue, consists chiefly 
 of three streets, at the junction of which is a hexagonal mar- 
 ket cross. Its church is a highly decorated structure. 
 The town has several silk mills, and manufactories of tow, 
 woollens, and hosiery. The celebrated navigator, Dampier, 
 was born here in 1G52. 
 
 BBL'TUS, a township of Cavuga co., New York. Pop. 2598. 
 
 BUUX, (Brux,) brUks, or BKIX, a walled town of Bohemia, 
 14 miles N. of Saaz, on the BiLa, Pop. 3064. It has a high- 
 school, and a philosophical institute, coal-mines and manu- 
 factures of salts from seidlitz waters. The celebrated mine- 
 ral spring of Seidlitz is in its vicinity. 
 
 BH L'X KLLES, or BKUXJKLLiE. See Brussels. 
 
 BKUYftUES, ijrUYain/, a town of France, department of 
 Vosges, 13 miles E.N'.E. of Epinal. Pop. in 1S62, 2502. 
 
 BliUYlltlES SOUS LAON, brUVaiR' soo ld'6N<=', a town of 
 France, department of Aisne, 3 miles S.S.E. of Loan. Pop. 
 of commune, IIGS. 
 
 BKUYN.SAVICK, broins'wik, or hrinz'wik, a post-oflBce of 
 lister CO.. New York. 
 
 BBUZ, briiz, a village of France, department of lUe-et- 
 Viliiine, 6 miles S.W. of Rennes. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 
 2458. Near this the argentiferous lead-mine of Fdnt-Pean 
 wa.s opened in 1730, and abandoned in 1797. 
 
 BRV'AN, a county iu the E.S.E. part of Georgia, horder- 
 U 
 
 Ing on the Atlantic, h."is an area of 472 square miles. It i"? 
 bounded on the N.E. bj the Ogeechee, and travereed from 
 W. to E. by the Cannouchee lUver. The surface is level, 
 the soil sandy, and undulating on the margins of the river 
 The county is partly covered with pine forests. Najned id 
 honor of Jonathan Bryan, one of the founders of the stat* 
 Cajiital, Eden. Pop. 4015, of whom 1636 were free, am 
 2379 slaves. 
 
 BIIY.\N, a post-village, capital of Williams co., Ohio, 64 
 miles Iiy railroad W.S.W. nf Toledo, contains, besidex the 
 county buildings, a national Imnk. Pop. 10(54. 
 
 BRYAN, a posfrvillage of Saline co., Missouri, 70 miles 
 N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 BRYAN COURT-HOUSE, Bryan co., Georgia, is situated 
 about 20 miles Vf. by S. of Savannah. 
 
 BKY'ANSBURG, a post village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 
 76 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BRYAN'S STORE, a post-office Moore co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BRY'ANSTOX, or BLANFORD BRYAN, a i>arish of Eng^ 
 land, CO. of Dorset. 
 
 BliY'ANSVlLLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 BKY'ANTOWN. a post-village of Charles co., Jlaryland, 
 about 68 miles S.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 BRY'.\M"S CliKKlt, a post-office of Monroe co., Indiana. 
 
 BRYANTS POND, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 BRYANTS SWAMP, a post-office of Bladen co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BRY'AXTSVILLE, a village of Garrard co., Kentucky, 48 
 miles S. of Frankfort. 
 
 BRYANTSVILLK, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana, 
 10 miles from Bedford, tho county town. 
 
 BRYM'BO. a township of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 BRYN-CROES, brtln'krAze. or brtm/kro-^s, a parish of 
 North AVales, co. of Camanon. 
 
 BRYN-EGLAVYS, brOn-^g'loo-is, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Denbi'zh. 
 
 BUYN/(i WYX, a p-arish of .South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 BRYNti WYN. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 BKYN-LLYS. brUn'^/i/is. or BROX LLIS. a pari.sh of South 
 Wales, CO. of Brecon. 6i miles W.S.W. of Hay. Here is, as U 
 supposed, an ancient castle of the time of Harold. 
 
 BRZESC, bzhJsts, a town of Poland, government of, and 
 94 miles W. N.W. of Warsaw, on an afiluent of the Vistula. 
 The Jesuits had once here a fine convent and college. Pop. 
 1290. engaged in woollen and linen weaving. 
 
 BRZESC LITEWSKI, bzhosts le-t6v'skee, a fortified town 
 of Russia, government of Grodno, and formerly the capital 
 of Lithuania, 108 miles S. of Grodno, on the right bank of 
 the Bug. Pop. 8000. It has a Jewish synagogue, a school 
 for nobles, and an active general trade. In 1794, it was the 
 scene of an engagement between the Russians and Poles. 
 
 BRZKSNIC.A, hzhis-neefsd. a town of Poland, 66 miles 
 S.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 970. It is the bu-thplaee of Dlugosz 
 or Longinus. 
 
 BRZKSNITZ, hzhfs'nits, (Bohemian. Brzfsnice, hzhSs- 
 neet/s.A.) a town of Bohemia, 40 miles S.W. of I'rague. 
 
 BRZEZANY, bzhi-zhi/nee, a town of Au.stri.an Galieia, on 
 tho Zlota-Lipii, 54 miles S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. l)S99. It has 
 a castle, a gymnasium, and manufiictures of leather, s.ail 
 cloth, and linen fabrics. 
 
 BRZKZKNY, bzhi-zh4/nee, a village of Poland, 12 miles 
 S.S.E. of Kalisz. 
 
 BRZEZYN, bzhfVzin. a town of Pohind, 63 miles S.W. of 
 Warsaw. Pop. S167. It has some woollen manufactures. 
 
 BRZOZOV, bzho/zov, a town of Austrian Galieia, 10 miles 
 N.W. of .Sanok. I'op. 2367. It has manufactures of cloth. 
 
 BU, btl, a town of France, department of Eure-et-Loir. 7 
 miles N.E. of Dreux. Pop. of commune, 1519. It was for- 
 merly fortified and important. 
 
 BU.A, IxKyd, an island of the Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 
 immediately opposite tho town of Trau, with which it is 
 connected by a bridge. Pop. 4000. It produces dates, wine, 
 olives, and asphaltum. Principal village, Santa Croce. Pop. 
 1500. 
 
 BUACHE, huMk or boo-SsV, or GARDEN ISLAND, an 
 island of Western Australia, co. of Perth, in the Indian 
 Ocean, 5 miles from the mainland ; between which and the 
 island is Cockburn Sound. Length, from X. to S. about 6 
 miles ; average breadth, 1 mile. 
 
 BUAGIE, boo'd-ghee/, a Sikh state of North-western India, 
 under British protection. Pop. 25.000. 
 
 BUARCOS, boo-^R'koce, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira. on the Mondego, at its mouth, 24 miles W. of Coimbi-a. 
 Pop. 800. It is defended by a fort. 
 
 BUB^AK', a village of Sinde, on the borders of Beloochis- 
 tan, on the N.E. .«hore of Lake JIanchar. and said to possess 
 a good climate. Lat. 26° 6' N.; Ion. 00° 62' E. Pop. 5000. 
 
 BUBAST'lS, (Scripture Pi-beseth, modem IH Basta,) a 
 ruined city of Lower Egypt: the remains situated on an 
 arm of the Nile, at its delta, 14 miles N. of Belbeys, com- 
 prise some extensive mounds, with the ruins of the temples 
 of Mercury and Pasht. 
 
 BUB'BEXHALL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BUBBIO. See BoBBio. 
 
 BUBENDORF, Ixx/bfu-doKT, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 
 305 
 
BUB 
 
 BUG 
 
 Ion of B&i "OhampagTie, 10 miles S.E. of Basel, -with manu- 
 factures of ribbons. Pop. 1193. In its viciuify are saline 
 springs, (Jiubendor/e~-bad.) The baths, built in 17'>4. liare 
 fc*!en recently embelli.shed. Koman coins and vases are 
 often fgund near this place. 
 
 BU BION, boo-be-on'. a' town of Spain, in Andalusia, 35 
 miles S.K. of Granada. Pop. 2697. 
 
 BUBLITZ. boo'blit.'!, a town of Prussia, province of Pome- 
 rania, 23 miles S.E. of Coslin. Pop. 2y20. 
 
 BUBUtOO'AlI, a townof Hindostan, 15 miles from Jeypoor. 
 In 1S20 it was reported to have 2000 houses. 
 
 BUBRY, bti'bree', a village of France, department of Morbi- 
 han. Pop. of commune. 3011. 
 
 BUBAVITU, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 BUCCANEER (b&k'Uan-eei-') AKCIIIPELAGO, a group 
 of islands in the Indian Ocean, near the N.W. coast of 
 Australia. Lat, 16° S.; Ion. 123° 30' E. 
 
 BUCC ARI, book-kd'ree, a free royal seaport town of Austria, 
 In Croatia, on an inlet of the Gulf of Quarnero, (Adriatic.) 
 6 miles K.S.E. of i'iume. Pop. 2200. It has a castle and a 
 good harbor, at the opposite extremity of which,- 5 miles S Ji., 
 U the village of Buccarizz.*.. 
 
 BUCCIIIAMCO, book-ke-i/ne^ko, a walled town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Citra, 4 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3720. 
 
 BUCCINO, boot-chee'no, a walled town of Xaples, pro- 
 Tince of Principato Citra, on the Botta, here crossed by a 
 Roman bridge, 14 miles E. of Campagua. Pop. 5400. In its 
 vicinity are quarries of fine marble. 
 
 BUCCLElJCn or BUCCLEUGIl, biik-klu', an old parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Selkirk, now comprised in the parish of 
 Ettrick. It gives the title of duke to the head of the Scott 
 family, one of the most opulent peers under the British 
 crown. Buccleugh is also the name of a suburban parish 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 BUCELLAS, boo-sJinis, a village of Portugal, in Estre- 
 madui-a, 14 miles N. of Lisbon. It gives its name to a 
 white wine raised in its vicinity. 
 
 BUCH, btik. an old district of France, in the Bordelois, 
 capital of La Teste-de-B\ich, now comprised in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde. 
 
 BUCIIAX, bilk'.an, a district of Scotland, a division of the 
 counties of Aberdeen, and Banif, forming the most eastern 
 land of the kingdom. 
 
 BUCIIAN, BULLERS OF. See Bullers of Bcchan. 
 
 BUCHANAN, bfik-an'an, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stir- 
 ling, comprising all its western part, between Lochs Ka- 
 trine and Lomond, portions of which lakes it includes, to- 
 gether with the mountain of Ben Lomond. 
 
 BUCHANAN, buk-an'an, a county in the W.X.W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on the Missouri River, which separates 
 it from the state of Kansas, has an area of 415 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Little Platte River, which flows south- 
 ward, and drained also by Castile and Livingston Creeks. 
 The soil is highly productive. This county is intersected 
 by the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. The Missouri 
 River is navigable by steamboats along the border of the 
 county. Capital, St. Joseph. Pop. 23,861, of whom 21,850 
 were free. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a new county in the N.E. central part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Wapsipinlcon River, and by Buffalo Creek, which flow 
 eouth-eastward. This county has a fertile soil, a healthy 
 climate, and is represented to be well supplied with timber 
 and water. Capital, Independence. Pop. 7906. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a post-ofhce of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a village of Botetourt co., Virginia, on James 
 River, 181 miles W. of Richmond, and opposite the village 
 of Pattonsburg, with which it is connected by a fine bridge. 
 It is situated in a beautiful valley, at the head of naviga- 
 tion, and has an active trade. Both villages together con- 
 tain 3 or 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 printing office, and several 
 tobacco fectories and mills. Incorporated in 1S32. This 
 place is connected with Richmond by the James River 
 Canal, and has a turnpike extending to Salem. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a thriving post-village and township of Ber- 
 rien CO., Michigan, on the St. Joseph's River, and on the 
 Central Railroad, 197 miles W. by S. of Detroit, and 6 miles 
 W. of Nilcs. The river is navigable for keel-boats, and af- 
 fords water-power. The village has several stores, and a 
 flouring mill. Pop. 900. 
 
 BUCH.ANAX, a village of Iowa CO., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wisconsin River, and on the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 Ruilroad. now in progress, 22 miles N. of Mineral Point. 
 
 BUCHANAN RIVER, in the N.W. part of Virginia, rises 
 In Randolph county, and flowing in a N.N.E. course, enters 
 the Tygart's Valley river a little above Philippi, in Bai^ 
 boiir county. 
 
 BUCH AN-NESS, bfik'an-nesf/, the most eastern headland 
 of Scotland, co. of Aberd'een. 2i miles S. of Peterhead. It 
 has a light-house, lat. 57° 28' N.; Ion. 1° 46' W. Elevation, 
 130 feet, and revolving. Near this are the rocks called the 
 "Bullers of Buchan." 
 
 BUCHAREST, BUKHAREST. or BUKHOREST, bu^ko- 
 rJst/, or more correctly BOO'KARESHT',(i.e." the city of en- 
 •jovment,"— the city itself^ however, does not by any means 
 306 
 
 justify its name, heing composed for the most part of mise- 
 rable brick or mud cabins, and very dirty;) a city of Soutiv 
 eastern Europe, capital of Wallachia, seat of the government 
 and of an archbishopric, situated in a swampv plain on th« 
 Dimbovetza. Lat. (of the English quarter) 44° 25' 39" N.} 
 Ion. 26° 5' 24" E. Pop. 00,7SS. It resembles a large village^ 
 the houses being surrounded with gardens; and as above 
 remarked ill built, and durty, Bukharest has 95 churches, 
 of which there is 1 Protestant and 1 Itonian Catholic, 26 
 monasteries, a foundling, and 6 other hospitiU.s, and a poor- 
 house; it has no palace, that of the 'Wallachian .'overeigu* 
 having tieen burned in 1812. It has a college, w ith about 
 450 pupils; a museum with a public library, and a centra] 
 metropolitan seminary, both founded in 18o6. and Co other 
 schools, attended by 1513 pupils. Bukharest is the cntrep6t 
 for the commerce between Austria and Turkey ; its chief 
 trade is in grain, luilding timber, wool, salt, and wax ; it 
 was taken by the Russians in 1769, and by the Austriang 
 in 1789. The treaty of p^ace, by which the Porte ceded to 
 Russia, Bes.«arabia and pjirt of Moldavia, was concluded 
 here. May 28, 1812. In 1847, Bukharest suffered severely 
 from a fire, which destroyed about a fourth part of the 
 town. Its vicinity was the scene of many important mili- 
 tary operations by the Turkish and Russian armies in the 
 early part of 1854. 
 
 BUCH ARIA, a ten-itory of Central Asia, See BrKHAMA. 
 
 BUCHAU, boo'Kfiw, a town of Bohemia, 13^ miles E.SJG. 
 of EllKjgen. Pop. 1235. In its vicinity are manufacture! 
 of porcelain. 
 
 BUCHAU, a town Wiirtemberg. 7 miles S.E. of Riedlingen. 
 Pop. 1S30. It has a fine castle of the princes of Tour and 
 Taxis. 
 
 BUCIIBERG, bCCKli?RG. a market-town of Lower Austria, 
 15 miles W. of Neustadt, at the foot of the Schneeberg, in 
 the BuchhergUiale, a fine v.olley called "the Chamouni of 
 Austria." 
 
 BUCHEN, boo'Ken, a town of Baden, 29 miles E.NJE. of 
 Heidelberg, with manufactures of cloth, aud tanneries. 
 Pop. 24ti0. 
 
 BUCHEN, a village and post-station of Denmark. 8 miles 
 N.NJi. of Lauenburg, connected by railway with Lubeck. 
 
 BUCHHOLZ, booK^hAltS-.a town of Saxony, 8 miles S.E. of 
 Griinhain, on the Lehm. Pop. 2478. It has manufactures 
 of ribbons and lace. 
 
 BUCHHOLZ FRANZOSISCII, (Franzosisch.) booKOiilts 
 frdnt-so'zisch, {i. e. " French Buchholz,") a village of Prus- 
 sia, 6 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. 440. It is a colony of French 
 emigrants. 
 
 BUCHHOLZ WENDISCII. booKOiilts ^Jn'dish. a town on 
 the Dthme, 36 miles S.E. of Potsdam. Pop. lOOO. BccH- 
 HOLZ is also the name of .several villages in Geimanv. 
 
 BUCHLOWITZ. booKlo-viits' a town of Austria, in Mora- 
 via, 6 miles W. of Hradisch. Pop. 1890. In its environs are 
 sulphur springs and baths. 
 
 BUCHLYVIE, buK-li'vee, a village and burgh of barony, 
 Scotland, co.. and 13 miles W. of Stirling. Pop. 381. 
 
 BUCHOLLA. See Bohola. 
 
 BUCHOREST. a town of Wallachia. See BccnAREST. 
 
 BUCINE, boo-chee'nd, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, 
 25 miles S.E. of Florence, on the Ambra. Pop. 5ttO. 
 
 BUCK, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BUCK, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. P. 724 
 
 BUCK, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 818. 
 
 BUCKWTAW/NY RIVER.ofMississippl, enters the Chlck»- 
 sawha from the north in Wavne county. 
 
 BUCK BRANCH, a district in Clark CO., Georgia. Pop. 324. 
 
 BUCK BRANCH, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 BUCK BRIDGE, a post-village of St. Lawn-nce co., New 
 York, on Gra.os Ri\er, about IS miles E. of Ogdensburg. 
 
 BUCK BRIDGE, a village of De Kalb co., lllmois, 150 
 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, Ohio. See Lagonda Crbek. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Marion county, 
 and enters Sugar Creek in Shelby county. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, of Harrison co., Indiana, flows Into the 
 Ohio at Mauksport. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, of Henry co., Indiana, flows into the 
 West Fork of White River at Yorktown. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Scrlven co., Georgia. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co.. Alalama. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Daviess co , Kentucky. 
 
 BUCK CRKEK, a po»t-to\vnship of Greene co., Tiidiana. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1004. 
 
 BUCKT^EN, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 BUCKEBURG, (BUckeburg,) or bUk'kfh-boOr.G , a town of 
 Northern Germany, capital of the principality if Schaum- 
 liurg-Lippe. on the Aue. an affluent of the Weser, 6 miles 
 E. S.E. of Minden. It is well built, has 5 gates, a castle, and 
 park, gj-mn-Hsium. a normal school, and a public library. In 
 the vicinity is the summer palace of Baum. Pop. 3250. 
 
 BUCKEN, bOfikOien. a town of Northern Germany, in HS' 
 never, 3 mUes S.W.of Uoya. Pop. 1105 
 
BUG 
 
 BUG 
 
 BTTCK'EXnAM or BOK'EXHAUr FERRY, a parish of 
 Encland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BUCKENHAM. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 BUCK KN HAM, NEW, a f mall town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Norfolk, 15 miles S.S.W. of Norwich. 
 
 BUCK'KHELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BUCK'EYE, a post^village of Laurens co., Georgia, about 
 12 miles N. of Duhlin. the county town. 
 
 BUCKEYE, a post-offlce of Garrard co., Kentucky. 
 
 BUCKEYE, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 
 BUCKEYE, a township of St<-phenson CO., Illlnoi.s. P. 1271. 
 
 BUCKEYE COTTAGE, a postofflce of Perry co., Ohio. 
 
 BUCKEYE FURNACE, a post-offlce of Jackson co., Ohio. 
 
 BUCK'EYSTON, a post-village and railroad station of 
 Frederick co., Maryland, on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, about 40 miles in a direct line N.W. of 'Washington. 
 
 BUCKFASTLEIGH. btik'fast-le, a parish, and formerly a 
 market-town of England, co. of Devon, on the Dart, 2 miles 
 S.S.W. of Ashburton. Pop. in 1851, 201.3, partly employed 
 In wool-oombing and weaving serges, and in neighboring 
 marble and copper woi1<s. 
 
 BUCK'KIELD, a po.st-village and town.ship of Oxford co., 
 Maine, 40 miles N. by W. of Portland, intersected by a 
 branch of Androscoggin River. A branch of the Atlantic 
 and .*t. Lawrence Railroad extends to this place from Me- 
 chanic Falls, distant 13 miles. Pop. 1705. 
 
 BUCKIIAN'NON, a post-villago, capital of Upshur co ,AV. 
 Virgim'a, about 95 miles S S.E. of Wheeling. Free pop. 427. 
 
 BUCKHA'VEN, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 
 parish of Wemyss, on the Frith of Forth, 9i^ miles S. of 
 Cupur. Pop. in 1S51, 17fi9, nearly all fiishermen, who sup- 
 ply the Leith and Edinburgh mal-kets with fish, and the 
 value of whose boats, nets, &c. has been estimated at up- 
 wards of 20,000i. A new pier and harbor have been recently 
 formed here. 
 
 BUCK'IIEAD, a postoffice of Fairfield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BUCKIIEAD, a village of Morgan co., Georgia, on the 
 Georgia Railroad, 96 miles W. of .\ugusta. 
 
 BUCKIIEAD, a post-offlce of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 BUCKIIEAD CAUSEY, a post-office of Colleton district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BUCKIIEAD CREEK, of Georgi-a, flows into the Ogeechee 
 at the southern extremity of Burke county. 
 
 BUCK HILL, a postoffice of Do Kalb co., Indiana. 
 
 BUCK HOLLOW, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont. 
 
 BUCK'IIOKN, a post-office of Columbia, co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 BUCKIIORN, a post-offlce of Carroll co. Georgia. 
 
 BUCKIIORX, a post-office of Winstfm co., Mississippi. 
 
 BUCKIIORN. a post-offlce Bienville parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BUCKIIORN, a postoffice of Brown co., Illinois. 
 
 BUCKIIORN, a post-offlce of Independence co.. Arkansas. 
 
 BUCKIIORN. a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 BUCK'lIORN-WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BUCKIE, bilk'kee. a fishing villaire of Scotland, co. and 
 17i miles W. of Banff, on the North Sea. Pop. in 1851, 2789. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, a co. of England. See Bucks. 
 
 BUCKINGH.\M. btik'ing-am, a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks, on the Ouse. and on a branch of the Grand Junction 
 Canal. 15 miles N.W. of Aylesbury, and 52 N.W. of London. 
 Pop. of the parliamentary borough, which comprises 8 p.a- 
 rishes. in 1851, 8069. The town is surrounded by the 
 Ouse, here crossed by 3 stone bridges, and con.sists mostly 
 Of small brick houses. Its church is a vicarage. It has a 
 gr.ammar school, founded by Edward VI., a green coat and 
 large national school, 2 ancient hospitals, a town-hall, pri- 
 son, union work-house, and in its vicinity several paper and 
 corn mills. The making of bobbin lace employs a portion 
 of the fem.ale popul.ation. It is the seat of the summer 
 assizes and quarter sessions. Buckingham was made a 
 borough in the reign of Henry VIII. It sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. It gives the title of duke to the 
 Grenville faniilv. 
 
 BUCK/INGHAM, a county in the S.E. central part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 6S0 square miles. The James River 
 forms its boundary on the N. and N.W., the Appomattox 
 washes the southern border; it is also (grained by Willis 
 and Slate Rivers. The surface v.aries from level to hilly: 
 Willis Mountiiin, in the S.E. part, is the princip.al elevation. 
 The soil is not naturallj- rich, excepting in the vicinity of 
 the rivers. Gold mines are worked in the vicinity of Willis 
 Mountain, and yield larje profits. Valuable slate quarries 
 have been opened on the bank of Slate River, and iron is 
 found in the county. The James River Canal passes along 
 the border of the county. Organized in 1761. and named 
 fi-om Buckingham, a county of England. Capital, Mays- 
 Ville. Pop. 15.21-.', of whom 6401 were free, and 8811 slaves. 
 
 BUCKI.\GHAM. a post-township of Kucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 27 niilco iH. by E. of Philadelphia, drained by Nesha- 
 miny Creek. Pop. 3088. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1415. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa. 
 
 BTTCKTNGITAM, bfik'ing-am, a county of Van Piemen i 
 Land, bounded S. by the river hnou from its source to ita 
 mouth in D'Entrecasteaux Channel. Principal town. Hiw 
 
 BUCKINGHAM COURT-HOUSE, a post-office of Buck- 
 ingham CO., Virginia. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM .MINE, a post-offlce of Buck hi gh.am co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. See Bucks. 
 
 BUCK'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 BUCKLAND, a parish of England, co. of Ruck J. 
 
 BUCKLAND. a parish of England, co. of (Jlout ester. 
 
 BUCKLAND, a p.irish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 BUCKLAND, 2 pari.shes of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 BUCKLAND, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BUCK'LAND, a postrtownship of Franklin co ,"Mas.eachu- 
 setts, on the S. side of Deerfield River, about lOO miles W. 
 bv N. of Boston. Pop. 1702. 
 "BUCKLAND, a post-offlce of Hartford co., Connecticut. 
 
 BUCKLAND, a post-village of Prince William co., Vir- 
 ginia, 116 miles N. of Richmond, contains 1 church and a 
 few shops. 
 
 BUCKLAND. a post-office of Gates co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BUCK'LAND ISREMVER. a parish of England CO. of Devon. 
 
 BUCK'LAND DEN/HAM, a parish of EDs;land, co. of 
 
 BUCKLAND, EAST, a parish of England, eo. of Devon. 
 
 BUCKLAND, EGG. See Ec.r,.BucKL.\MD. 
 
 BUCK'LAND FILLEIGH, (fil'lee,) a parish of England, co. 
 of Devon. 
 
 BUCKLAND-IN-THE-MOOR, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 BUCKLAND ISLAND, in the North Pacific Ocean, belongs 
 to the central division of the Bonin Island.s. 
 
 BUCK'LAND MONACHD'RUM, a parish of England, cc. 
 of Devon. 4 miles S.S.E. of Tavis. 
 
 BUCK'LAND NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 BUCK'LAND RI'I'ERS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BUCK'LAND ST. M.VRY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset, 6 miles W.S.W. of llminster. Some Saxon and 
 Danish remains, and the traces of a Roman fort, exist in 
 this parish. 
 
 BUCKLAND TOUTSAINTS, (toot'saints\) a parish of 
 England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BUCKLAND, WE.ST, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BUCKLAND, WEST, a parish of England, eo. Somerset. 
 
 BUCKLEBURY, buk'k'1-bfr-re, a parish of England, co. 
 of Bucks. 
 
 BUCK'LESIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BUCK'LEYS, a post-offlce of Jasper co., Mississippi. 
 
 BUCK'LIN, a village of Winnebago co., Illinois. 11 miles 
 N.W. of Rockford. 
 
 BUCK'LY, LONG, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BUCK'MINSTER. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BUCK'.VALL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BUCKN.\LL, a township of England, co. of Stafford, 3| 
 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. 
 
 BUCK'NELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 BUCK^'NEK, a post-office of Sacramento co.. California. 
 
 BUCK'NKR'S CREEK, of Fayette co., Texas, flows into 
 Colorado Ris'er at La Grange. 
 
 BUCK'NILL, ii parish of England, cos. of Hereford and 
 Salop. 
 
 BUCKOW, tddk'kov, a town of Prussia, 26 miles N.W. of 
 Frankfurt on the Stebberow. 
 
 BUCKOW, NEU, noi bOok'kov, (i.e. "New Buckow,") a 
 town of Mecklenburg. Schwerin, duchy, and 29 miles N.N J3. 
 of Schwerin, near the Baltic. Pop. 1468. 
 
 BUCK POINT, a postoffice of Jackson CO., Tennessee. 
 
 BUCK'PORT, a township in Oxford co., Maine, alxiut 30 
 miles W. by S. of Augusta. 
 
 BUCK PRAl'RIE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Mis- 
 souri. 150 miles S.W. of .Teflerson City. 
 
 BUCK'RAM, a post-office of Queen's co.. New York. 
 
 BUCIvS, bftx, or BUCKINGHAM, blik'ing-am, or BUCK- 
 INGHAMSHIRE, buk'ing-am-shir, an inland co. of Eng- 
 land, having N. the co. of Northampton, E. Bedford, 
 Hertford, and Middlesex, S. Berks, and W. Oxford. Area 
 464.930 acres, of which upwards of 440,000 acres are said 
 to be about efiually divided between grass and arable lai-.d. 
 Pop. in 1851, 163.554. Surface in the N. undulating, in the 
 S. occupied by the Chiltern Hills, and in the centre by the 
 vale of Aylesbury, one of the most fertile tracts in Britain. 
 The Thames forms its S. boundary, other rivers are the 
 Thanes. Ouse, and Colne. The sheep of the vale of Aylesbury 
 are noted for the weight and fineness of their fleeces. The 
 county supplies large quantities of butter, cattle, lambs, 
 poultry, &c. to the London markets. Chief towns. Ayles- 
 bury the capital. Buckingham, 5Iarlow, and Wycombe, each 
 of which sends 2 members to the House of Conimous. Tha 
 county sends 3 memliers. The county formed part of an- 
 cient Mercia, and some of the Roman rojids traversed it. 
 Here the revolution in the reign of Charles I. first com- 
 
 307 
 
BUG 
 
 BUD 
 
 .iiii-cct!. Tlie London and Birmingrham and Great 'Western 
 f'nilw ay, Mi'\ the Grand Junction Canal intersect this county. 
 Jt frives the title of eiirl to the Hampden family. 
 
 BUCKS, a county forming the K.S.K. extremity of Penn- 
 S)lTauia, has an area of al.out 600 square miles. The 
 DelawR'-e Itiver forms its entire boundary on the N.E. and 
 on the S.E. separating it from New Jersey; the county is 
 drained hy Xeshaminy, Tohickon, and Perkiomen Creeks. 
 The surface in the N. part is hilly, and the remainder is 
 generally undulating. The red shale lands of the middle 
 are good : the soil of the southern part, derived from pri- 
 mary rocks, produces good pa.«ture, and the county gene- 
 rally is in a high state of cultiTation. The chief pursuits 
 of (he inhabit-ants ai-e farming and gardening for the Phila- 
 delphia market. The county contains valuable quarries of 
 limestone and sandstone suitable for building; plumbago, 
 li-on, titanium, and zircon are also found. The Delaware 
 River is navigable by steamboats along the S.E. border, 
 and the Delaware Canal extends along the north-eastern 
 border of the countj-. The S.E. part is traversed by the 
 Philadelphia and Trenton Kailroad. Bucks was one of the 
 three original counties formed by Willi.im Penn in 1682, 
 and was n.imed from Bucks, a county of England. Capital, 
 Doylestown. Pop. 6.3,.i7S. 
 
 BUCKS, a post-office of Columbiana co , Ohio. 
 
 BUCKS, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1303. 
 
 BUCKS, a to\mship of St. Joseph co., Michigan. 
 
 BUCK'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Sladrid township, St. 
 Lawrence CO., New York, .about 6 miles N. of Canton. 
 
 BUClv-S COllN KRS, a post-office of .Marshall co., Indiana. 
 
 BUCK'S CREEK, of Macon co., Georgia, enters the EUnt 
 River from the '\V. near Oglethorpe. 
 
 BUCKSIIUT'EM, a viiliige of Cumberland co.. New Jersey, 
 about 15 miles S.E. of Bridgeton, has a church and seTeral 
 dwellings. 
 
 BUCK'SKIX, a township in Ross co.. Ohio. Pop. 2306. 
 
 BUCKSKIN, a post-office of Gibson co., Indiana. 
 
 BUCKS'POKT, a commercial post-village and township of 
 Hancock co., Maine, on the lell bank of the Penobscot, 18 
 miles S. of Bangor. It has an excellent harbor, with a depth 
 of from 4 to 5 fathoms, and is extensively engaged in ship- 
 building and the fisheries. About 2000 tons of shipping is 
 built here annually. Among the vessels owned are near 
 120, varying from 90 to 430 tons each, engaged in the cod- 
 fishery and freighting business, and 6 ships of about 1000 
 tons each in foreign commerce. Bucksport contains 1 bank, 
 4 churches, 1 semimiry, 36 stores, and 1 sash and blind fac- 
 tory. A small strejvm also affords motive-power for 2 axe 
 manufactories, 1 tannery, and several mills. One ferry con- 
 nects Bucksport with M'interport, another connects it with 
 Prospect, and a bridge communicates with Ycrona. Pop. 
 of the township in 1860, 3554. 
 
 BUCKSPORT, a village of Falls co., Texas. 
 
 BUCKSPOUT CENTRE, a post-office. Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 BUCKSTOWN, a post-office, Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BUCKS'YILLE, a post-office of Bucks co , Pennsylvania. 
 
 BUCKSYILLE, a postofflce of Horry district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 BUCKTOOTH, a post-village of Cattaraugus co.. New 
 York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 42a miles from 
 New York City. 
 
 BUCKnvnE.A.T, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 BUCKnvOKTH, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 BUCQUOY, bUk^kwi'. a town of France, department of Pas 
 de Calais, 10 miles S. of Arras. Pop. of commune, 1561. 
 
 BUCY'KUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Crawford 
 CO , Ohio, on S;indu8ky River, and on the Pittsburg, Ft.'VVavne 
 and Chicago R.lt., 62 miles N. of Columbus. The above rail- 
 road connects with the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad in 
 Crawford county. There are several mineral springs, and a 
 ■well of inflammable gas in the vicinity. In 18o8, an excel- 
 lent specimen of the mastodon, in a fine state of preserva- 
 tion, was found in a marsh near the town. The diameter 
 of the skull was 3 feet 3 inches, the weight of the head 237 
 pounds, and the length of a molar tooth. TJ^ inches. Bucy- 
 rus contains 10 churches, a national bank, the State Normal 
 school, a fine court-house, 3 newspaper offices, several oil- 
 wells, 3 woollen-mills, and 1 large manufactory of farming 
 implements. Pop. in 18«0. 2180; in 1K65. said to be 4700. 
 
 BUCZ.\CZ or BUTSCH.\TSCn,boo'chatch, a town of Aus- 
 trian Poland. Galicia, on the Spry, an affluent of the Dnie.s- 
 ter. 33 miles E.N.E. of Stanislawo'w. Here, in 1072. a treaty 
 of pesee was signed lietween the Turks and Poles. Pop. 2200 
 
 BUCy.OWlC or BUCZOWICE. See Butschowitz. 
 
 BUDA, bu'da, (llun. pron. boo'doh'; Ger. (V/en; Slavonic, 
 Biulin. boo'deen ; L. Bu'da : ¥r. Bade, biid.) a free city of the 
 Austrian Empire, capital of Hungary. 1.30 miles S.E. of Vienna, 
 on the right bjink of the Danulie. opposite Pesth. with which 
 city its connection was formerly maintained by a bridge of 
 boats, 490 yards long, but is now effected by one of the most 
 magnificent suspension bridges in Europe. I.at. of observa- 
 tory, 47° 29' 12" N., Ion. 19° 3' 10" E. The city is situated 
 on the slope of a hill, and built in the form of an amphi- 
 theatre; in its centre is the citadel, an old fortress enclosing 
 the royal palace, lu whicli are preserved the insignia of Uuig.-«-| 
 
 rian royalty, and the bnildingp of the central adminlrtra- 
 tion. The other principal edifices are the cathed:a], and 
 the garrison chnrch, 2 Gothic monuments, the convents of 
 St. Elizabeth. St. Klorian, and the Capuchins, and the p* 
 laces of many of the Hungarian nobility. Buda is the resi- 
 dence of the viceroy, orpal.ttine of Hungary, seat of a lieu- 
 tenant-general of the administration of the royal treasure 
 (Hot-Kammer.) and of a commander-general : it has an oh 
 .servatory on the summit of the Blocksljerg. one of the finest 
 and l>est furnished in Europe, in connection with the Uni- 
 versity of Pesth : an extensive type foundry, dependent on 
 the same estal lishment, a gymnasium, and several libraries. 
 Connected with the arsenal is a cannon foundry and ptwder 
 manufactory. The city has manufactures of cloth, leather, 
 silks and velvets, on a small scale, and an extensive com- 
 merce in wine, of which about 300.iXX> rimers of an excellent 
 quality, resembling Burgundy, is annually produced in its 
 vicinity. Buda has an excellent establishment of l;aths in 
 connection with the hot sulphur springs, from which the 
 name Ofen (-'oven") is derived, (temperature 117° 5' Fah- 
 renheit.) 
 
 Buda is supposed to be named from Buda. a brother of 
 Attila.who resided in it occasionally, and greatly improved it. 
 Old Bud.i. {0-Buda or AH Ofen.) a little farther up the river, 
 is the Sicambria of the Romans, and though not at any part in 
 actual contact with the modern Buda, is undoubtedl}' its 
 embryo, having been a Roman station of some imp.irtance 
 in the early part of the third century. Jlany Roman anti- 
 quities stiil exist within it. and it confjiins several hand- 
 some buildings. After many vicissitudes, Buda was taken 
 in 1541 by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent, who 
 introduced a garrison into it of 12,000 Janissaries, and re- 
 duced a great part of the kingdom to the state of a Turkish 
 province. It continued to be the seat of a pasha until 
 16S6, when it was retaken by the Austrians, under the 
 Duke of Ix)rraine and the Margrave of Baden. Hither, in 
 17S4. Joseph II. transferred the seat of giivemment. The 
 greatest modern improvement which both Buda and Pesth 
 have received, is the suspension-bridge, completed in 1!>49, 
 at an expense of 650,000?. Before the bridge was opened to 
 the public, its stability was curiously and most severely 
 testetl, by the passage of the whole force of the Hungarians 
 and Imperialists over it, the former hotly pursued by the 
 latter. For nearly two days, the whole platform of the 
 bridge was one dense mass of moving soldiers. Pop. in 
 1846. exclusive of military. 40..500; in 18.57. 5.i.240. 
 
 BUDA-KESZI, boo'dCh'k!l'see\ a town of Hungary, co. of 
 Pesth. 5 miles W. of Buda. Pop. 2312. 
 
 BUD'AYOON', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bencal. 
 
 lUJD'RnOOKE. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BUDDEEAB.\D. bfidMe-d-bid'. a strong fort of Afghani- 
 stan, X.E. of Cabool. Lat. 34° 55' N., Ion. 70° 14' E. Here 
 the British captives spared from the massacres of 1S41, 
 were for a short time imprisoned. 
 
 BUDDH.\-(^iAYA. bood'd'ha-gd'yi. a widely spread coUeo- 
 tion of ruins in BritLsh India, presidency of Bengal, aliout 
 40 miles S.W. of Bahar. It is a place a good deal re.sorted to 
 by pilgrims, and is supposed to have been once the centre 
 of the Boodhic religion; but no Boodhists now reside at or 
 near it. 
 
 BUD'DRUOK', (anc. VadxrHca.) a town of British India, 
 presidencv of Bengal. 40 miles S.W. of Balasore. 
 
 BUDDS/TOWX, a small village of Burlington co.. New 
 Jersey. 8 miles from Mount Holly. 
 
 BL'DDU, lx)0d'd(O.(?) a town of Guinea, on the Niger, 37 
 miles N.W. of the Ohadda. Pop. 3000 or 4000. 
 
 BUDE, a small village and seaport of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall, on the Bristol Channel, 1| miles W. of Stratton. Pop. 
 189. It is sometimes resorted to as a kithing-placK, and it 
 connected by a canal 14 miles long with Launceston. 
 
 BCDE. See Buda. 
 
 BUDE.\UX, bu'do, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BUDEL. bU'del. a vill.age of the Netherl.inds. province of 
 North Brabant. 12 miles S.E. of Evndhoven. Pop. 5<Xt. 
 
 BUDEKICH, (^BUderich,) lai'der-iK, or BLUCIIEK. blU'Kfr, 
 a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, in the circle of Cleves, on 
 the left bank of the Rhine, opposite Wesel. Pop. IISO. It is 
 entirel v new, the old town having been burned by the French 
 in 1813. 
 
 BCDESHEIJI. (Btlde.sheim.) bU'dfs-liime\ a vill.age of 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhine, 1 mile S.E. of Bingeh. 
 Pop. 800. BrDESiiEiM is the name also of .several other vil- 
 lages in Iles.se-Darmstadt and Rhenish Prussia. 
 
 BUDGKBUDGE'. btijHiOj'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, 10 miles S.S.AV. of Calcutta. It has a small 
 fort. 
 
 BUDIN, boo'din. a town of Austri.% Bohemia, 9 miles 3. 
 of Leitmeritz. on the Kleine-Eger. Pop. 1200, of whom 240 
 are Jews. The ancient castle of Hjisenburg was destroyed 
 by the Prussians in 1759. 
 
 BiiDI.VGEN, bil'ding-fn. a town of Germany. Hesse- 
 Darmstadt. 28 miles S.E. of Giessen. Pop. 2750. It ha.« 2 
 castles, and manufactures of linens, hosiery, and ucedlo^ 
 Near it are salt sprinjjs. 
 
BUD 
 
 BUE 
 
 BUDISSTN. a town of Saxony. See Bactzen. 
 
 BUDLKI(iII.bad'Iee,KAST,aparishofEti<r)and,co.Devon. 
 
 BUUO.S-IIKGY, (liUdos-lIegy,) bUMosh'hJj or hM'ye, a 
 mountain of Transylvania, near its E. border, lat, 40° 12' N., 
 »nd 7340 feet in elevation. Remarkable for extensive sulphur 
 gpriuf^s and caverns, which emit sulphurous exhal.itions. 
 
 BUDOSO, boo-do'so, a village iu the island of Sardinia, 40 
 miles K. of .Sa';.=.iri. Pop. 2(KX). 
 
 BUDltAWAIv, booMra-war', (".stronghold of Boodha,") a 
 town of the I'unjab. in North-west India, near the river Che- 
 nab, 107 miles N.K. of Lahore. Pop., probably 2000, many 
 3f whom are cashmere-shawl weavers. It has a large 
 bazaar, and a strong Ibrt, whence its name. Lat. 32° 53' N., 
 Ion. T5*> 28' E. ; elevation 50(jO feet. 
 
 BUUIUO, bood're-o, a town of Italy, 12 miles N.E. of Bo- 
 logn.'i. Pop. of connnnne, 5960. 
 
 BUBUA, boo-doo'i, the southernmost townof the Austrian 
 Kmplre, Dalmatia, 10 miles S. of Cattaro, on a peninsula in 
 the A driatic. It is surrounded with walls, and has a roadstead 
 forsmall vessels, sheltered by theisl.^nd of St. Nicolo. J'op. 780. 
 
 BoDUKILSHAN, bttd-QK-shin', or BADAKIISIIAN, bid- 
 in; sb.in'. a territory of Central Asia, forming a part of 
 theKhoondooz dominion, between lat. 30° and 38° N., and 
 Ion. 00° and 73° E.. and consisting of the W. declivity of the 
 Bolor-'fagh, and the valleys of some of the head-streams of 
 the Oxus, of which the Budukhshan Hiver is the principal. 
 Its scenery and natural products are highly interesting. It 
 contains ruby-mines and massive cliffs of lapis lazuli, which 
 last mineral is peculiar to this region. Its inhabitants are 
 Tadjihs and Mohammedans of the Sheoah (Shiah) sect, 
 speaking the Persian language. Its capital, Itudukhshan 
 or Fy/.abad, near the Koocha i »• Budukhshan Kivor, is in 
 lat. 30° 2S' N.. and Ion. 71° 2.i' K. 
 
 BUDUKHSHAN or FYZABAD, fl-zd-bad', a town of Inde- 
 pendent Tartary, capital of the above territory, ISO miles 
 N.E. of Calxjol, l.at. 30° 25' N., Ion. 71° 37' E. It was once 
 an independent sovereignty, and a place of great import- 
 ance, celebrated particularly from early times for the valu- 
 able mines of rubv in its neigh>)orhood. 
 
 BUDWEIS, liOdd/wIce, orBUDWITZ, bdCd'<vits. a town of 
 Bohemia, on the Moldan, 77 miles S. of Prague. Popula- 
 tion, H730. It is well built, and partially fortified; it has a 
 handsome council-house, a cathedral, several other churches, 
 a gymnasium, philosophical academy, and a high school, 
 with flourishing manuCictures of woollen cloths, muslins, 
 damasks, and saltpetre. A railway connects it with Linz 
 and (imlinden, iu Austria. 
 
 BUUWITZ, boad'wits, or BUDWEITZ, bOCd'^its, a town 
 of Aastria, in Moravia, 17 miles W.N.W.ofZnaim. Pop. lit!)5. 
 It ha-s a castle and several suburbs. It is sometimes called 
 Mihrisch Budwitz. (mA/rish bodd'wits.) " Moravian Budwitz," 
 to distinguish it from the above, or Bohemian Budwitz. 
 
 BUIVWUKTII, GIIEAT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BUiywOHTlI, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Chester. 
 
 BUECII, bil-aish' or bw6sh. a river of France, ri.ses in the 
 department ef Drome, and flows into the Durance at Slste- 
 ron, Bas.sca-Alpes, length 53 miles. Petit Bueoh, peh-too' 
 bti^ish'. (i.e. '• little Buech,") is an affluent of the alxive. 
 
 BU'EL, a postoffice of Montgomery co.. New York. 
 
 BU E\ A VENTURA, California. See San Bof.n a Ventura. 
 
 BUENAVENTURA, bwA-nd-ven-too'ra, a town of Mexico, 
 state of Chihuahua: lat. 29° 55' N., Ion. 10G° 30' W.; 140 
 miles N.W. of the city of Chihuahu.a. It is small, but well 
 built, and contains about 1500 inhabitants. About 10 miles 
 N.W. from the town there are very extensive ruin.s, called 
 Casas Grandes. An area of several square miles is covered 
 with the remains of buildings, which, from their number, 
 are supposed to contain a population of at least 20,000 or 
 30,000. Fine earthenware jars have been excavated here, as 
 well as images, made of baked earth. 
 
 BUEN.\VENTURA, a maritime village of New Granada, 
 South America, department of Cauca, on the bay of Choco. 
 It is wretchedly built, but is the port for a considerable ex- 
 tant of country. 
 
 BU EN A VISTA, bw.Vnd vees'ti or iKyna vis'ta, (i. e. literally 
 "good or fine view.") a celebrated battle-field of Mexico, 
 situated about 90 miles S.W. of Monterey, and 10 miles from 
 Saltillo. It consists for the most part of mountain ridges, 
 narrow defiles, and Impassable ravines. Here. February 22 
 and 23, 1847, General Taylor, at the he.ad of less than 5000 
 United States troops, a large portion of whom were raw 
 Tolunteera. totally defeated 20.000 Mexicans under Santa 
 Anna. The former lost only 267 killed, and 479 wounded 
 ftnd missing. This action is sometimes called the " Battle 
 of La Angostura," from the name of a pass occupied by a 
 detachment of General Taylor's army at the commencement 
 of the engagement. Is miles N.E. of Buena Vista. Buena 
 Vista is the name of several other places in Jlexico. 
 
 BUKN.\ VIST.\. a new county in the upper part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 025 miles. It is intersected by the Little 
 Sioux River, and also drained by several of its small tribu- 
 taries. This county is not included in the census of 1S50. 
 It was named from the atiove battle-field. Pop. 57. 
 
 BUKNA VISTA, a village of Bedford co., Pennsylv.ania, 
 oa the road from Shellsburg to Cumberland, in Maryland. 
 
 BUENA YTSTA, a sm.ill village of Lancaster co.. Ponn. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a post-oRice. .Mleghany co.. Pennsylvaniw 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a post-office. Prince George's co.. Mary lana 
 
 BUKNA VISTA, a post-oftice of Duplin co.. North Caromia 
 
 BUENA A'ISTA, a p<j.st-office of Greenville district, Soutl 
 Carolina. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, formerly PEA RIDGE, a thriving post 
 village, capital of Marion co.. Georgia. 101 mile« S.W. oi 
 Milledgeville, and 33 miles S.E. frnm Columbus. It has a 
 pleasant and healthy situ.ition, and is surrounded b^' a fer 
 tile country, in which cotton and sugar-cane are cultivated. 
 The village contains a brick conrt-house, 2 churches, and 2 
 high-schools. It was laid out In 1S48. 
 
 BUEN.4. VISTA, a small post-villase. Monroe co., Al.ibama. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Chicka.saw co., Missis- 
 sippi. 11 miles E. of Houston, the count v seat. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Shelby co.. Texas, on 
 the road from Shelbyville to Henderson, about 20 miles W. 
 from S.abine Rivei". It has about 12 families and 3 stores. 
 
 BUENA VIST.\, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas. 
 
 BUENA VI.ST.\, a iiost-village of Carroll CO., Tennessee, 
 96 miles W. of Nashville, has 3 stores. 
 
 BUHNA VISTA, a postK)ffice of Han-ison eo.. Kentucky. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a post-oflice of Tuscaraw.as co.. Ohio. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a township of Richland co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BUENA VI.STA, a village of Fayette co.. Ohio, on Rat> 
 tlesnake Creek, 46 miles S.W. of Columbus ; has about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a postK)fBce of Holmes co., Ohio. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a village of Scioto co., Ohio.* on the 
 Ohio River, lOO miles above Cincinnati. 
 
 BUENA VIST.\, a post-village of Saginaw co.. Alichigan, 
 on the Saginaw River, 100 miles N.N.'NV. of Detroit. Its 
 origin is quite recent. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, about 
 15 miles W. of Brookville, 
 
 BUENA V^ISTA, a village of Hamilton co., Indiana, 12 
 miles N. oS Noblesvillo. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a vill.ago near the N. extremity of Gibson 
 CO., Indiana, on White River. 110 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a village of Monroe co., Indian.a, 13 miles 
 S.W. of Bloomington. 
 
 BUENA A'ISTA, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, 
 on Mosquito Creek, 4 miles from the Ohio River. 
 
 BUENA VIST.\. a post-office of .lefTerson co., Indiana. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a village of Pulaski co., Indiana, on 
 Tippecanoe River. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a small village of Randolph co., Indi- 
 ana. 8 miles S.W. of Winchester, the county town. 
 
 BUENA VI.STA, a village of Washington co.. Indiana, on 
 the New Albany and S.alem Railroad. 8 miles N.W. of Salem. 
 
 BUENA VISTA. a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. P.965. 
 
 BUENA VI.'^TA. a post-village of Stephen.sou co., Illi- 
 nois. 10 miles N.N.E. from Freejiort. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a post-oflrtce of Platte co., Missouri, 35 
 miles N.W. of Independence. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a village of Clayton CO., Towa, on the 
 Mississippi River, about 80 miles N.N.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a postoffice of Clinton co., Iowa, 46 miles 
 E. by N. from Iowa City. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Portage CO., Wisconsin, 
 100 miles N. of M.adison ; has 1 church. 
 
 BUENA VISTA FURNACE, a post-ofHce of Rockbridge 
 CO., A'irginia. 
 
 BUENA VISTA SPRINGS, a postrofflce of Logan co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 BUENAVIST.\, bw.i-nl-vee.s/tl. a village in the island of 
 TenerifTe ; lat. 28° 16' N., Ion. 16° 58' W.. on an elevated 
 plain, 925 feet above the sea ; it is well built, has a spacious 
 square, a church, several chapels, and schools. I^op. 2300. 
 
 BUEN AYHE, bw(^n ir'.i, or BON AIR, one of the Dutch 
 West India Islands, off the coast of Venezuela, 30 miles E. 
 of Curasao. Lat. 12° 20' N.. Ion. 68° 27' AV. Length, 20 
 miles; average breadth, 4 miles. Principal products, cattle 
 and salt. Pop. in 1847, 1955. of whom 073 were slaves. It 
 has a village, with a tolerable harbor. 
 
 BUENOS AYRES, bo'n9S A'riz, or bo/nos-airz, (Sp. pron. 
 bwA'noce I'rSs,) a city of South America, capital of a state of 
 its own name, .and of the Argentine Republic, Is situated 
 on the west side of the La Plata estuary, which is here .30 
 miles wide, and about 150 miles from the sea, opposite the 
 town of Colonia del Sacramento. (The name Buenos Ayres 
 was given it by its founder, Mendoza. and signifies " good 
 air," a title which its good health justifies.) Lat. 34°35' 5" S., 
 Ion. 58° 22' W. It covers a surface of about 3 miles In length 
 by about 2i miles in greatest breadth, and is regularly laid 
 out, all its streets crossing each other at right angles. The 
 granite with which the stroots are paved is obtained from 
 the island of JIartin Garcia, on the opposite side of the river. 
 The houses, which are built of brick, and whitewa.shed, 
 have been greatly improved of late years. Almost every 
 house has a g.arden, and many have balconies with lattice- 
 work, for containing shrubs and flowers. The windows of 
 the houses, toward the streets, are generally two in num- 
 ber, having an U'on grating, called rcja, which srives them 
 
 iiOd 
 
BUE 
 
 BUE 
 
 a gloomy and prison-like appearance. The floors are gene- 
 rally paved with brick, the use of wood in their construc- 
 tion being ciToided as much as possible, except in those 
 eracted by the foreign population. These are built in the 
 Enn pean styl ■., and are often three stories high. The city 
 is laid out in squares of 150 yards or varas each, and each 
 maiuuna or four squares, is under the jurisdiction of an 
 alderman or alcalde. The priucipiil square, or Plaza de la 
 "Victoria, is situated alout two squares from the river, and 
 immediately behind the fort, which is now generally used 
 for firing salutes, and con tjiins the public military offices; 
 in the centre of the squire is a monument erected in honor 
 of South American independence: it is surrounded by hand- 
 some buildings, including the cathedral, the bishop's palace, 
 tlie cabildo or hall of justice, the police office, &c. There are 
 4 convents, 2 for monks or friars, San Francisco and Santo 
 Domingo, and 2 for nuns, Santa Catalina and San Juan. 
 Tho cathedral is a very large and rich editice, covering 
 nearly half a square. It is adorned with pictures from the 
 best "Spanish masters, and also contains the military tro- 
 phies taken from the British, under Generals Beresford and 
 M'hitelocke, in 1S05 and 1807. There are 15 other pjirish 
 churches, besides an Episcopal, a Presbyterian, and a Me- 
 thodist church for foreigners. The sites of these churches, 
 and the Protestant burial-ground, were given to the foreign 
 population by General Ros;»s"s administration. The other 
 public buildings are a house of representatives, built in imi- 
 tation of the American hall of Congress, a military depot 
 called the Ketiro, capable of accommodating .3000 persons. 
 and situated in the northern part of the city, a custom- 
 house, a hospital, a foundling hospital or cuna, a female 
 college attached to the Church of our Lady of Mercy, a male 
 college Ijelonging to the Church of St. Francis, and possess- 
 ing a librarj- of 20,000 volumes; connected with this college 
 are a collection of olgects of natural history, an observatory, 
 a mathematical school, a normal school, and a school for 
 painting and drawing. Several other literary and scientitic 
 institutions have been established here since the Revolution, 
 including a society for the promotion of natural philosophy 
 and mathematics, one of medicine, ^nd another of jurispru- 
 dence, and an association for the promotion of agriculture. 
 
 The trade, and consequently the prosperity of Buenos 
 Ayres is much impeded on account of the difficulty of navi- 
 gating the La Plata, and the want of a safe and commodious 
 harbor. Large vessels, drawing above 12 feet of water, can- 
 not come nearer than 5 or 6 miles ; vessels of less draught 
 generally go into the inner roads, and anchor about a mile 
 and a half from the city. The surf on the beach is very 
 heavy when the wind blows from the S.E. ; another danger 
 arises from the pamperos, sudden and violent gusts of wind, 
 which sweep across the pampas from the Andes with tre- 
 mendous fury. There is a harbor for coasting ves.'^els on tlie 
 S. of the city, in a small river called the Kiachuelo. A good 
 road was built to this place in 1838, by order of Rosas. In 
 1853, the South .A.merican and General Navigation Company 
 was established between Birkenhead, (opposite Liverpool, 
 England.) and South .\merica, with Steamers touching at 
 Buenos Ayres, Montevideo, Ac. 
 
 In 1843, 549 ves.«els (tons, 105,238) entered, and 438 vessels 
 (tons, 84,117) cleared from the port. In 1849. the clearances 
 were 500 ves.sels. (tons, 110,984,) of which 90 (tons, 22,469) 
 were for the United States. The following exhibits some of 
 the leading articles exported from Buenos .\yres in 1849 : — 
 
 Be^f, Jerked quintals 
 
 Do. preserved tuns 
 
 Bones 
 
 D« tons 
 
 Feathers bales 
 
 Do arrobas 
 
 Hair bales 
 
 Do seroons 
 
 Do arrobas 
 
 Hide Cuttings bales 
 
 Hides, ox and cow, salted 
 
 Do. do, dry 
 
 Do. horse, dry 
 
 Do. do. Balt«Nl 
 
 Horns, ox and cow 
 
 Skins, calf and deer bales 
 
 Do. do. do dozen 
 
 Do. goat and sheep boles 
 
 Do. nutria dozen 
 
 Tallow pipes 
 
 Do boxes 
 
 Do seroons 
 
 Wool bales 
 
 Dv. seroons 
 
 .Do arrobas 
 
 Exports to 
 
 Exports to 
 
 the United 
 
 all other coun- 
 
 States. 
 
 tries. 
 
 
 497,662 
 
 
 1,290 
 
 105,000 
 
 S,125,500 
 
 Xi 
 
 9S3 
 
 U 
 
 49 
 
 73-2 
 
 15 
 
 33 
 
 S,101 
 
 244 
 
 957 
 
 
 18 
 
 2,598 
 
 4.363 
 
 78,775 
 
 864,3.36 
 
 575,017 
 
 2,0-'8,297 
 
 11,487 
 
 37,675 
 
 2,704 
 
 103,236 
 
 638,711 
 
 1,966,791 
 
 178 
 
 741 
 
 8-26 
 
 1,751 
 
 1,512 
 
 S,273 
 
 15 
 
 43 
 
 
 24.949 
 
 
 85,216 
 
 
 3,506 
 
 20.397 
 
 29,998 
 
 1,845 
 
 3,179 
 
 
 150 
 
 About two-thirds of the carrying trade between Buenos 
 Ayres and the United States. It is stated, is done by Ger- 
 man, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian vessels, as a conse- 
 quence of the reciprocal treaties with those nations. 
 
 The imports, include cotton, linen, wotjilen, and other 
 manufactured goods and coloui&l produce from Great Bri- 
 310 
 
 tain : jewelry, perfumery, and articles of luxury from Tiance 
 various goods from the other European States, and coars* 
 cloths, provisions, soap, candles, furniture, and deal* from 
 the United States. 
 
 The financial affairs of Buenos Ayres are carried on 
 through a remarkable institution, called the "Casa de Mo- 
 neda," or house of money. Though having neither capital 
 nor any fixed limit to its issues, yet, being supported by the 
 credit of the government, it is placed beyond the p<:;ssilji]ity 
 of failure. The lowest point of depreciation which its cur 
 rency ever reached was during the blockade, in 1840, when 
 one dollar of silver was worth thirty-iiTe dollars of paper. 
 In its best days it was at a premium, worth more than sil- 
 ver or gold. 
 
 The city is indifferently supplied with water, there being 
 no public cisterns, and the wells, though numerous, being 
 all brackish: the only supply is from the river, the w.ater 
 from which is carried about in butts, mounted on bullock- 
 carts, and s<ild at a high price; it is at first hot and muddy, 
 but after being allowed to settle, it lecomes excellent fi..r 
 drinking. >Iost of the wealthier families have lai-ge deep 
 tanks, in which the rain that falls on the fiat roofs of the 
 houses is collected. The city is Uidly supplied with fuel ; 
 there are no trees of any extent near, except those planted 
 by the Jesuits, in the sixteenth century, on the islands at 
 the junction of the rivers Parani and Uruguay. These, 
 which are chiefly fruit-trees, cover a space of upwards of 20 
 miles. From here the inhabitants gather most of their fire- 
 wood, and from here, also, the markets, during the fruit sea- 
 son, are supplied with oranges, peaches, and lemons. The 
 procuring of fruit and fuel from these islands is often dan- 
 gerous, as they are infested with panthers. The English 
 and American population generally make use of coal 
 brought from England as ballast. Living in Buenos Ayres 
 is very cheap. The markets are good, and beef is generally 
 sold at 2 cents per pound. 
 
 The environs of the city for 2 or 3 miles are very beauti- 
 ful, consisting of well-cultivated fields, and enlivened by 
 numerous counti-y residences called quintas ; the most 
 wealthy have their country seats surrounded with gardens. 
 The majority of the inhabitants of Buenos Ayres, who are 
 said to be observant and intelligent, are the descend;tnts of 
 Spaniards, who have settled in the country during the List 
 three centuries. The climate is very healthy, but variable, 
 so much so that they kill the cattle in the open fields, and 
 after taking away the hides and t.illow, and the four quar- 
 ters of beef. le,ive the remnants to dr}- up on the ground: the 
 stench can scarcely be perceived : even the killing grounds for 
 the exportation of salt or jerked beef is. within a mile of the 
 city, and the authorities do not consider them injurious to 
 the health of the place. The temperature rises as high as 90° 
 in the shade, and sinks as low as 35° 40'. and is subject to 
 sudden and violent changes. The deaths in the city are 
 estimated at 1 in 32, and in the country at 1 in 40. The 
 city was founded in 1580 by Don Juan de Garay, and in 
 1776 was made the seat of vice-royalty, and in 1778 the port 
 was thrown partially open by the Spaniards, from which 
 time the city increased rapidly. Its prosperity of late years, 
 however, in consequence of blockades and the un.settled state 
 of the government, has not been very remarkable. The popu- 
 lation, in 1837, was 81.000; three years later it had dimi- 
 nished to 60,000; according to the most recent and rpli.nble 
 authorities it is now about 1:;0.0()0, of which probably one- . 
 fifth iire foreigners, chiefly English, French, and American. 
 
 BUENOS .WRKS, a province of South America, and the 
 most important of the Argentine Republic, extends from the 
 Rio Negro or Sauces on the 3.. (in lat. 41° S..) along the At- 
 lantic Ocean to the mouth of the lUo de la Plat.H. and along 
 the whole south-western shores of its estuary, and the S.AV. 
 banks of tne Paran4. as far as the .\^rroyo del Medio Rivar, 
 which separates it from Santa Fe, (about Lit. 33° S.) The W. 
 boundary extends from the mouth of the Neposta River in 
 a N.E. direction, to the W. extremity of the Sierra del Vul- 
 can. From N. to S. it measures about 540 miles; from E. to 
 W„ 750 miles. Area, estimated at 75.000 square miles. The 
 coast line, exclusive of minute sinuosities, is about 750 
 miles. The province presents nearly throughout one vast 
 level of slightly undulating surface, known as the pampas 
 of Buenos Ayres. a large portion of which has a fertile soil ' 
 for arable culture or pastunage; but little of the former is 
 attempted, although grain, fruit, and vegetables thrive 
 well, and with proijer industry might be produced in grea.t 
 abundance. The rich pastures of the pampas are covered 
 with long, tufted, luxuriant grass, intermixed with brilliant 
 flowers, affording an Inexhaustitile subsistence to immense 
 herds of cattle and horses. The S. and less favored parts lire 
 sandy, with patches of saline plants, stunted trees, and nunio- 
 rous salines. Having little slope, the pampas hav»- few run- 
 ning waters, the only streams of any magnitude Ix-ing the Ne- 
 gro and the Colorado in the S.. and the smaller river Salado in 
 the central parts. There are. however, a vast numl^r of salt 
 pools and lakes, of various dimensions, dispersed over the 
 country, the salt in which forms with extraordinary ra- 
 pidity in dry weather, and is beautifully white and finely 
 crystallized, requiring no purification before bein^. carrit d 
 
BUK 
 
 to market About 450 miles CW. by W. from Biienos 
 Ayres, there is a very large salt lake, called Urre Lauqueo, 
 ("'bitt<?r lake,") about 30 miles long and 15 broad, from 
 ■which that city drew its annual supplies of salt, before the 
 port was thrown open to foreigners. The S. part compre- 
 hends the Sierra del Vulcan, the S.E. the Sierra Ventana. 
 Principal river, the Saldansi, Salta. and Quequin. Climate 
 of N. part, mild — ^ice seldom occurs; mean summer heat, 
 90°. The N. winds prevailing here have the disagreeable 
 character of the sirocco of Italy; the S.W. winds, or pampe- 
 ros, are huri'icanes accompanied with thunder. In the S. 
 district the climate is colder, but healthy. There is suffi- 
 cient r.iin in general throughout both districts, but occa- 
 gionally there are years of excessive and destructive 
 droughts. Cattle and their produce are the chief sources of 
 wealth. Hides, hair, horns, tallow, and jerked beef are the 
 exports. Horses, mules, and asses are also exported, and of 
 Late the breed of .sheep has been improved, and wool has 
 formed an article of export. Formerly the cultivation of 
 the soil was so neglected, that grain was required from 
 abroad ; now, wheat is exported to some extent. 
 
 Buenos Ayres became independcmt of the Spanish go- 
 Ternment in 1810, and, along with the neightxiring 
 states, joined in a confederated republic, (the Argentine 
 or La Plata,) which, however, was not long kept up, and 
 now e.vh stjvte has a separate and independent admiuistri- 
 tion. The executive is vested in a governor or captain- 
 general, elected for five years, aided by a council of minis- 
 ters chosen by the governor. The junta or legislative as- 
 sembly consists of 44 deputies, one-half renewed annvially 
 by popular election. But under Rosas, all constitutional 
 government has been annulled, and the liberty of the press 
 restricted. A chain of forts has teen established along the 
 
 W. boundary to overawe the Indians. Pop. a1x)ut 320,000. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Buenos Atriam, bo'nos A/re-an. 
 
 BUEXOS AYRES. Conpederatiox op. See Plata. 
 
 BUET, Le, leh bUM', one of the .\lps of Savoy, province 
 of Faucigny, between Chamouni and Sixt, N. of Mont 
 Blanc. Height above the sea. 10,128 feet. 
 
 BUFAKIK. See Boofareek. 
 
 BUFFA. See Bassa. 
 
 BUFFALO, buf 'fa-lo, a city, port of entry and seat of jus- 
 tice, i;rie county. New York, is situated at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of Lake Erie, in lat. 42° 53' N., Ion. 78° 55' W., being 
 352 miles W. of Albany by the Erie Canal, 300 miles by the 
 New York Centnil Riiilroad, 460 miles N.W. of New Y'ork by 
 the Buffalo New York and Erie IViilroatl, 22 miles S.S.E. of 
 Niagara Falls by the Buffalo branch of the New York Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 182 miles N.E. of Cleveland by the Cleveland 
 and Erie and Buffalo and State Line railroads, 103 miles N.E. 
 of Cleveland by water, 290 miles N. by E. of Detroit, 53S miles 
 E. by N. of Chicago, 820 miles N.E. of St. Louis. It has rail- 
 way connections via the Buffalo and Lake Hnron with Gode- 
 rich on Lake Huron 159 miles distant, with Detroit and Sar- 
 nia via the Oreat Western Railway, and with Toronto and 
 Montreal via the Grand Trunk. The Atlantic and Great 
 Western Railroad has made a survey for a branch extension 
 of that road to this city connecting with a railway on the 
 Canada side of the Niagara River, extending from Fort Erie 
 to Niagara on Lake Ontario, a distance of 31 miles. 
 
 The city has a water front of about 5 miles, being about 21/^ 
 miles on the lake and 'l}/^ miles on the Niagara River. The 
 site on the lake front gradually rises and at the distance 
 of about 2 miles becomes an extended undulating plain 50 
 feet above the water level of the harbor. A ptirtion of the 
 river front is a bold bluff of 60 feet above the water level of 
 the river and the Erie Canal that pass near it. The more 
 elevated i)ortion of the site affords fine views of the city, Ni- 
 agara River, Canada shore, the lake and bay, and the hilly 
 country to the south east. Buffalo, in the main, is handsomely 
 built. Its streets are broad and straight, and for the most part 
 intersect etich other at right angles. Main street extending 
 about 3 miles, Niagara street 4 miles, Delaware street 3 miles, 
 are particularly worthy of mention. The business portion of 
 the city lies near the lake and river. About 1}^ miles above 
 the point where the waters of the lake merge in the Niagara 
 River, Buffalo Creek enter.s the lake from the E. and the Erie 
 Canal from the N.W., being nearly parallel in their passage 
 through the city and harbor. The streets in the more ele- 
 vated portions of the city are bordered witii a profusion of 
 shade trees, and the more importiint avenues have many fine 
 residences. Shade trees adorn the public squares, five in all. 
 named Niagara, I/afayette Place, Washington, Franklin, Dela- 
 ware Place, and Terrace Parks. 
 
 Among the principal puldic buildings are a city peniten- 
 tiary, jail, city-hall, 2 court-houses, 4 conunodious markets, 
 a custom-house — including the post-office and U. S. court- 
 rooms — a state arsenal, the Young Men"s A.^sociation build- 
 intr?. and 70 churches. Several of the churches are fine edi- 
 fices. Of these St. Paul's and 8t. John's ( Episcopal), St. Jo- 
 seph's Cathed'dl (Catholic), the North, Central, and Dela- 
 ware street churciico (Presbyterian), and the new Univer- 
 saliet church, are especially deserving of notice. Of the 70 
 churches there are 8 Episcopal, S Prestiyterian, 9 Methodist, 
 1 Baptist; 16 Roman Catholic, 2 Evangelical Luthei'au, 3 Ger- 
 
 BUF 
 
 man Evangelical, 1 TJniversalist, 1 Unitarian,! German Ee- 
 formed, 1 German Lutheran Trinity, 1 French lYotestunt, 1 
 Ebenezer, 2 Union Bethel, 1 Zion's Church, 1 Jewish Syna- 
 gogue, and 7 others, the religious tenets of which are not 
 known. 
 
 Among the literary, educational, and benevolent institu- 
 tions, is the l5uffalo University, chartered in 1816,with which 
 is connected a flourishing medical college in charge of ex- 
 perienced jirofessors in every dei)artnient of n)*'dicine and 
 surgery. The Young Men's Association, orgaii....d in 1836, 
 has now a library of nearly 12,000.volume8,ai;,. -as for many 
 years sustained an annual lecture course during the winter 
 months. The buildings now occupied by the Association 
 were recently piu'chased and paid for by public subscription, 
 at acost, including the improvements, of $125,01 0. The spa- 
 cious reading-rooms are well supplied with periodicals and 
 the principal public journals of this and other states. The 
 buildings are jointly occujiied by the Young Men's Associa- 
 tion, the Society of Natural Sciences, the Buffalo Liiw Li- 
 brary, the Historical Society, and the Buffalo Fine-Arts Gal- 
 lery. The German Young Men's Association has a library 
 of upwards of 2000 volumts chiefly works in the German 
 language ; also a re.'\ding-rooni supplied with periodicals and 
 newspapers. The Young Men's Christian Union, orgiinized 
 in May, 1)>5"2, and incorporated in March, 1853, has aboutOOO 
 members. It has a liljrary and reading-rooms and sustains 
 an annual course of lectures. The Buffalo Female Academy, 
 with an endowment of .'550,000, is plea.santly situated on Dela- 
 ware street and is in a tlourishing condition. There are 18 
 publications in the city, including 6 daily, 8 weekly, 3 semi- 
 weekly newspapers, and 3 monthly and semi-monthly peri- 
 odicals. Of the newspapers 2 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 1 semi-week- 
 ly and 2 weekly are ])Ublishtd in the German language. The 
 system of public schools, free to all, is second to no other 
 city in the state, and ISuffalo was among the very first cities 
 in the state in introducing and perfecting this system of 
 popular education. There are 32 scho(d districts, besides a 
 central high-school, a school for colored children, and St. 
 A'incent's Orphan Asylum, in which schools are maintained 
 during the entire year" at the public expense. The annual 
 expense of the schools is from 190,000 to $100,000. This 
 system employs 215 teachers, who give instruction to up- 
 wards of 10,000 pupils. The schools are under the care 
 and direction of the City Council. The benevolent institu- 
 tions include the Church Charity Foundation, the Bufialo 
 and St. Vincent Orphan Asylums, the new City Hospital, a 
 Marine Hospital founded in 1833, the Hosi>ital of the Sisters 
 of Charity, the Boatmen's Friend Society, .\ssociation 
 for the relief of the Poor, Buffalo Industrial Scliool Asso- 
 ciation, Martha Industrial School, the Firemen's Benevo- 
 lent As.sociation, the Benevolent Society of the Evangelical 
 Lutheran St. Jtdm's Church, the Soldier's Rest, the Mutual 
 Benefit Catholic Temperance Society, the Buffalo City Dis- 
 pensary. There are 13 Masonic Lodges, and 5 lodges and 
 1 Degree Lodge of the Order of Odd-Fellows. Besides these 
 there are the Medical Society of the County of Erie, the 
 Buffalo Horticultural Society, and various religious and 
 other a.ssociati(>ns. 
 
 The manufactures of Buffalo have already attained very 
 considerable magnitude in the different branches, among 
 which that of iron in its numerous branches, leather, agri- 
 cultural implements, distilled spirits, flour, cement, oil-refi- 
 ning, are the most prominent. There are now in active ope- 
 ration in this city upwards of 20 establishments engaged in 
 the manufacture of iron, employing about 3000 persons. 
 Prominent among these are the bhist-furnaces and rolling- 
 mill of the Union Iron Companj', the Fletcher Furnace, and 
 Pratt & Co.'s extensive iron and nail-works,the Sheperd Iron- 
 Works, the Buffalo Steam-Engine and Iron Sliii)-building 
 Works, the Eagle Iron-Work.s — the five last having extensive 
 facilities for the manufacture of all kinds of steam-engines 
 and boilers — the Niagara and Buffalo Steam-Forge Works, 
 both of which can make light andheavyforgings, including 
 anchors, car-axles, &c., besides various other establish- 
 ments. The Fletcher Furnace makes upwards of 9000 
 tons of pig-iron per annum. There are 50 nail-machines 
 in the iron and nail-works making cut and shoe-nails, 
 spikes and tiicks. In the rolling-mill are 9 heating and 16 
 puddling-furnaces and 7 trains of rolls, and the daily pro- 
 duct of nails, spikes and iron is 40 tons— equal to 12,500 tons 
 annually. The Union Iron-Works have 3 blast-furnaces with 
 a capacity for the manufacture of 30,000 tons of jiig-iron per 
 annum, using for the product between 40,000 and 50,000 tons 
 of iron ore and 50,000 tons of coal. The rolling-mill has 14 
 heating and 14 puddling-furnaces with 5 tiains of rolls, and 
 can turn nut annually 25,000 tons of new and re-rolled rails, 
 and from 5000 to 10,000 tons of merchants' iron of all sizes, 
 Including beams and girders for bridges and the construc- 
 tion of ii'on vessels and plates for shipbuilding and iron- 
 armoredships. There are within the city limits 10 flouring- 
 mills that animally manufacture from .350,000 to 450,000 bar- 
 rels of flour. During the 12 months ending Dec. 31st, 18&4, 
 the General Government tax collected on manufactures in 
 this district was about $1,538,000. Buffalo is probably des- 
 tined to be next in importance to Pittsburg in thenianufao 
 
 311 
 
BUF 
 
 lore tA iron. The iron ores of Lake Superior, Oneida and 
 Clinton counties, New Yorlc, and tbe black band of tlie Tun- 
 angezlientVallev, in McKean county, Pennsylvania, are all 
 accessible, the ii'rst 3 by water and the latter by rail. The 
 coal mines of Pennsylvania and Ohio are within easy reach 
 by rail and water, and there is an inexhaustable supply 
 of limestone for flux within the city limits. 
 
 The harbor of Buffalo is now one of the best in the great 
 chain of lakes, and could be made sufficiently capacious to ac- 
 commodate the entire fleet navigating the lakes now or 50 
 years hence. The present harbor is formed by Buffalo Creek, 
 the Blackwell Canal, the Erie and Ohio Basins, and Xorth 
 Buffalo llai bor. Buffalo Creek is navigable for more than 2 
 miles from its entrance into the lake for vessels drawing 12 
 feet of water. Nearly parallel to, and from 200 to SOO feet 
 from it, is the Blackwell Ship-Ciinal 1% miles long, and con- 
 nected with it by 4 shii)-canal slips. About 1 mile from the 
 mouth of the creek and connected with it by a shiit-canal 
 slip is the Ohio Basin containing 10 acres. A pier or break- 
 water on the S. side of the creek and a sea-wall next the 
 lake gives ample protection from storms. On the end of this 
 pier extending about 1500 feet into the lake is a mole on | 
 which is the government light-house. On the N . side of the 
 creek is another pier extending into the lake about 500 feet. 
 At nearly right angles to the S. pier and distant from it and 
 the N. pier 600 feet, commences the Erie Basin pier, extend- 
 ing towards North Buffalo harbor 5000 feet, and alxjut 1000 
 feet distant from the shore line of the lake. The interme- 
 diate space between this pier and the shore line, 1000 by 5000 
 feet, is called the Erie Basin harbor, which has sufficient 
 depth of water for vessels drawing 10 feet. At the lower end 
 of the Erie Basin sea-wall is a mole, and vessels can enter it 
 at this point, or from the entrance through Buffalo Creek. 
 About ^ of a mile from the mole of the Krie Basin pier is 
 the Black Rock pier, enclosing a portion of the Niagara Riv- 
 er, about 2 miles long and from 200 to OOOfeet wide, forming 
 what is called " Black Rock Harbor." The water in this 
 harbor is shoal, and only vessels of light draught can enter 
 it. It forms for more than a mile the Erie Canal, and boats 
 drawing 6 feet of water can pas.s through it. Buffalo Creek, 
 the Blackwell Canal and slips, the Ohio and Erie Biisin har- 
 bors give abundance of sea-room to accommodate a fleet of 
 800 sail and steam-vessels. The Erie Canal from Buffalo to 
 Tonawanda, a distance of 12 miles, is nearly parallel with 
 the Niagara River, and for a very considerable portion of 
 the distance is only separated from it by an embankment of 
 from 100 to 400 feet in width. The Niigara River from 
 North Buffalo to Tonawanda, a distance of 8 miles, has from 
 16 to 25 feet of water, with good bottom for anchorage and 
 wide river for a hailwr. The rapid growth of the West and 
 the large augmentation in the receipt of cereiUs have given 
 rise to immense grain warehouses, called elevators, which 
 were introduced to lacilitate and cheapen the transhipment 
 of this kind of produce. There are now built and in success- 
 ful operation 27 of these grain warehouses, besides 2 floating 
 elevators. They have a storage capacity for 5,830,000 bush- 
 els and have a transfer cai^acity equiil to 2.808,000 bushels 
 in each 24 hours. Thej' were first introduced in 1842. There 
 are 6 ship-yards in the city. 4 of which have dry-docks. They 
 will admit the largest vessels navigating the lakes. There 
 is a marine railway and a very powerful derrick for handling 
 boilers and heavy machinery. 
 
 (Joinmera'. — The position of Buffalo at the foot of the great 
 chain of lakes, mukes it the great entrepot through which 
 nearly three-fourths of the couuuerce between the East and 
 the gieat Northwest must pass. Prior to the opening of 
 the Erie Canal in 1825 the trade upon the lakes was of liltle 
 moment and could scarcely have been dignified with the 
 [Eor continuation, see Afpsmsix.] 
 
 BUFFALf^ a post-township of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, 30 miles S.W. of Pittsburg, drained by Buffalo Creek, 
 and traversed by the Hempfield Railroad. Pop. 1578. 
 
 BUFFALO, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1560. 
 
 BUFFALO, a township of Butler co., Pennsj'lvania. Pop. 
 1205. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-village of Putnam co., W. Tirginia, is 
 pleasantly situated on the Great Kanawha River, 21 miles 
 from its mouth, and 340 miles W. by N. of Richmond. It 
 has excellent facilities for trade and manufactures, and is 
 the most imjwrtjint place in the county. The hills in the 
 vicinity contain large bodies of bituminous coal and iron 
 ore. Free pop. 268. 
 
 BUFFAI/i, a post-village of Henderson co., Texas, on the 
 Trinity River, about 200 miles N.E. of Austin City. 
 
 BUFF.\LO. a township in Marion co., Arkansas. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-office of Washita co.. Arkansas. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-office of Humphreys co., Tennessee. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-village of Perry co.. Tennessee, on 
 Buffalo River, about 100 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 
 826. 
 
 BUFF.VLO, a township in the N. part of Noble co.. Ohio. 
 
 BUFFALO, a village of Brown co., Indiana, 50 miles S. 
 of ludiauapolis. 
 ZVi 
 
 BUF 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-office of White co., Indiana. 
 BUFFALO, a township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Ogle CO., Illinois, about 16 miles W.S.W. of Oregon City. 
 Pop. ;!166. 
 
 BUFF.4L0, a post-village, capital of Dallas co^ Missouri, 
 4 miles W. of Niangua River. See Appendix. 
 
 BUFFALO, a village of Scott co., Iowa, 50 miles E.S E. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 BUFFALO, a township of Marquette co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 817. 
 
 BUFFALO, an island off the E. coast of Cochin China. 
 Lat. 14° 11' N.; Ion. 100° 16* E. 
 
 BUFFALO, a point or cape on the W. coast of the i.sland 
 of Sumatra. Lat. 3° 58' S., about 2\ miles S. of the W. 
 point of Poolo or Pulo Bay. 
 
 BUFFALO, a group of detached rugged rocks in the Bay 
 of Beniral. aliout 20 miles dueN.of Cape Negrais. Lat. fi-om 
 16° 19' to 16° 22' 30" N. ; Ion. 94° 12' E. 
 
 BUFFALO, a small island off the E. coast of China, Chu 
 san Archipelago. L.at, 29° 42' N.: Ion. 12° 15' E. 
 
 BUFFALO BAYOU, a small stream of Texas, which ilows 
 eastward through Harris county, and passing the rity of 
 Houston, enters an arm of Galveston Bay at Lynchburg. 
 Steamboats navigate the bajou at all seasons from its 
 mouth to Houston, a distance of 45 miles. 
 BUFF'ALO CITY, a post-office of Marion co., Arkansas. 
 BUFFALO CREEK, of Erie co.. New York, is formed by 
 the junction of Cazenove, Seneca, and Cayuga Creeks. It 
 flows a neai-ly westward course, and fells into Lake Erie at 
 Buffalo. 
 
 BUFFALO CREEK, in the W. part of Pennsylvania, falls 
 into the Alleghany River about 25 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. 
 BUFFALO CREEK, of Perry co.. Pennsylv.inia, flows 
 into the Juniata about 12 miles from its mouth. 
 
 BUFFALO CREFUv, of Union co., I'ennsylvani.o, flows 
 into the North Branch of the Sustiuehanna River near 
 Lewisburg. 
 
 BUFFALO CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Rocky 
 River, about 12 miles S. of Concord. Cabarras county. 
 
 BUFFALO CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into Broad 
 River in the N.W. part of York district. 
 
 BUFFALO CRF;EK, of Glynn Co., Georgia, flows into the 
 Atlantic a little below Brunswick. 
 
 BUFFALO CREEK, of Washington co., Georgia, enters 
 the Oconee from the left, about 12 miles S.W. of Sandersville. 
 BUFFALO CREEK, of Mississippi, flows through Wil- 
 kinson county into the Mississippi. 
 
 BUFFALO CREEK, Iowa, rises ne.ir the N. border of 
 Buchanan co., and fells into the Wapsipiuicon near Ana- 
 mosa. capital of Jones county. 
 
 BUFFALO CliEEK, a postoffice of Rockbridge co., Tii> 
 ginia. 
 
 BUFFALO CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Ten- 
 nes.see. 
 
 BUFFALO CROSS RO-A.DS, a post-office of Union co., 
 Pennsvlvani.a. 
 
 BUFFALO FORD, a post-office of Wvthe co., Virginia. 
 BUFFALO FORD, a post-office of Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BUFFALO FORGE, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Tir- 
 giuia. 
 
 BUFFALO FORK, a township of Marion co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 214. 
 BUFFALO GAP, a post-office of Augusta co.. Virginia. 
 BUFFALO GROVE, a village of Ogle co., Illinois, 15 mfleii 
 W. bv S. of Oregon Citv. 
 
 BUFFALO HEART, a post-vill.age of Sangamon co., Illi- 
 nois. 15 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 BUFFALO KNOB, a little vUlage in the S. part of Pike 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 BUFFALO LAKE, Wisconsin, a small narrow lake, or 
 more properly, an expansion of Neen.th River in Marquette 
 CO., about 10 miles long, communicating with Pudiawa 
 Lake. 
 
 BUFFALO LAKE, (Fr. Laodu-Bnffle. Wk dii bUff"l.) the 
 name of three lakes of British North America: one in lat. 
 06° 20' N.. Ion. 113° W., another in lat. 56° N., Ion. 113° 45" 
 W., and the third in lat. 52° 15' N.. Ion. 112° 10' W. 
 
 BUFFALO MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, is situated in the 
 N. part of Union co.. X. of Buffalo Creek, an affluent of the 
 West Branch of the Susquehanna, 
 
 BUFFALO PAPER MILL, a post-office of Cleveland co. 
 North Carolina. 
 BUFF.\LO PLAINS, a post-office of Erie CO., New York. 
 BUFFALO PRAIRIE, a small post-village of Rock Island 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 BUFFALORA, boof-fa-lo'ra, a town of Northern Italy, in 
 Lombardv. 25 miles N.N.W. of Pavia, remarkable for the 
 majinificent bridi^e of 12 arches over th.» Ticino. Pop. 1257. 
 BUFFALO RIVER, of Tennessee, rises in the S.W. cen- 
 tral part of the state, and flowing westward and northward 
 enters Duck River near the northern border ol Perry co 
 Flat-boats descend this stream ju high Wdter. 
 
 BUFFALO RIVER, or RIVIEKE AU BOEUF 're've-aW 
 B beQ of Missouri, rises in Gasconade co., and flows nortll 
 
BUF 
 
 BUL 
 
 eastward throufrh Franklin county into the Missouri, about 
 10 miles above Washington. 
 
 BUFFALO RIVER, of Wisconsin, a small stream which 
 Terms the boundary between Chippewa and La Crosse coun- 
 ties, and enters the Mississippi. 
 
 BUFFALO RIVER, a small stream of Chippewa oo., Wis- 
 consin, flows south-west into Chippewa River. 
 
 BUFF.\LO RUN. a post-oflice of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BUFFALO SPRIN'GS,apostK>ffice of Amherstco., Virginia. 
 
 BUFFON, bilf'fAx"', a villatte of Franco, department of 
 Cote-d'Or. H miles N. of Semur. It has iron foundries. 
 The seignory of this village belonged to the illustrious 
 Butlon, and was by him erectod into a cnniU. 
 
 BUF'b'ORD'S, a village of Reynolds co., Jlissouri. on Big 
 Black Water River, alxiut 90 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 BU'FORD, a pos^office of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 BUFORD, a post-villago of Highland co., Ohio, about 45 
 miles E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 BUFORD'S a post-offlce of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 BUFORD'S BRIDGE, a postoffioe of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BUG, BOUG, or BOO, a river of Russian Poland, forming 
 a great part of the eastern frontier of Poland, rises in Oa- 
 Ucia, neiir Zloczow, flows generally N. to Brzesc-fjitevski, 
 and thence N.W., and joins the Vistula 18 miles X.W. of War- 
 saw, after a course of upwards of 300 miles. Chief afll uents, 
 the Muchawetz, Ziia, and Xarew. The towns of Zloczow, 
 Wlodavii, Brzese, Droliiczyn, Wyszkow, Ac, are on its banks. 
 The Brzesc-Litevski Canal, which unites the JIuchawetz and 
 Pira Rivers, connects it with the Dnieper. 
 
 BUG, BOUG, boog, or BOG, (anc. HyiMnis,) a river of Rus- 
 sia, governments of Podolia and Kherson, flows mostly S.E., 
 and enters the estuary of the Dnieper 30 miles W. of Kher- 
 son. Total course, 310 miles. Affluents, the Siniuke, Radi- 
 ma, and Negal. Thetownsof Bratslav, Oliviopol, Voznesensk, 
 and Xicolaev are on its banks, and it is navigable from the 
 sea to A'onesensk. 
 
 BUG A, boo'gj, a town of South America, in New Qranada, 
 departiaent of Cauci, 103 miles N.N.E. of Popayan. 
 
 BUG .4., a town of South America, in New Granada, 45 
 miles N.E. of Popayan. 
 
 BUGAR.A.CII, birgd^-ish', a village of France, department 
 of Aude, 12 miles S. of Limoux, at the foot of the mountain 
 of same name. Pop. of commune, 1027. 
 
 BUO'BROOK, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Northampton. 
 
 BUGEY, bii'zh.V, a small territory of France, in the old 
 province of Burgundy. Its capital was Belley, comprised in 
 the department of Ain. 
 
 BUG'GABO, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina. 
 
 BUGGEXIIOUT, b&,<ggn-h5wt', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Flanders, 5 miles E. of Termonde. Pop. 3424. 
 
 BUGGIANESE, PONTE, pon'ti bood-ja-niH a village 
 of Tuscany, in the Val-di-Niovole, 4j miles S. of Borgo-a-Bug- 
 giano. Pop. 5S41. 
 
 BUGGIAXO, BORGO A, boR'go I bood-jMio, a town of 
 Tuscany, 27 miles W.N.W. of Florence, in the centre of the 
 Val-di-Nievole. Pop. 1677. It has numerous silk mills. 
 
 BUG HALL, a post-otlice of Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 BUOIIAT, bug'hat'. a Sikh stjite, in India, under British 
 protection, Ijetween the Sutlej and .lumna Rivers, W. of the 
 Sirmore A'alley. Surface hilly. Principal forts, Rajghur 
 and Tuxhal. 
 
 BUOI A or BUGIAII, a town of Algiers. See Bougiaii. 
 
 BUGIS, boo'gheez\ a people of tlia Malay Archipelago, 
 chiefly inhabiting Macassar and Boni. in the island of Cele- 
 bese. They are muscular, middle-sized, and of a light brown 
 color, some being even fair. 
 
 BUG-LAWTO.V, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BUGTIIORPE, bug'thorp, a parish of England, co., of York. 
 
 BUGUE, Le, leh bU;, a town of France, department of 
 Dordogne, 14 miles W. of SarLat, on the Vezfire. Pop. of 
 commune, in 1852, 2904. It is the entrepOt for the wines 
 and other products of the basin of Vez6re, sent to Bor- 
 deaux. In its vicinity is the grotto of Miremont. 
 
 BUGULMA. See Booqoolma. 
 
 BUHL, bill, a village of France, department of Ilaut-Rhin, 
 6 miles S.S.W. of Colmar. Pop. of commune, 1555. 
 
 BUHL, (BUhl,), bill, a market-town of Western Germany, 
 grand duchy of Baden. 25 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe, on the 
 railway thence to Kehl. Pop. 2800. It has manufactures 
 of leather, and large weekly markets. This is the name of 
 several villages in the same circle, and in the Rhenish de- 
 partments of France. 
 
 BUHLER, (RUhler.) bUleR, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Appenzell, 3 miles S.S.W. of Trogen. Pop. 1102. 
 
 BUILD'WAS, a parish of England, co. of Salop, on the Se- 
 rorn, here crossed by a fine iron bridge, 3j miles N.N.E. of 
 Much-Wenlock. The beautiful remains of Buildwas Abbey 
 furnish the earliest specimen of paintad arches. 
 
 BUII.TH or LLAN'FAIR, a market-town and parish of 
 iouth Wales, co. of Brecon, finely seated on the Wye, here 
 crosFsd by a bridge of 6 arches. 12 miles S. W. of New Radnor. 
 Pop. in 1851, 1158. About 1 mile N.W. of the town are saline, 
 sulphureous. ».ud chalybeate springs, with pump-rooms. 
 
 BUINSK See BooissK. 
 
 BUIRONFOSSE, btl-eeV4s<i'fbss', or bweeV^No'-foss/, a vilUg* 
 of France, department of Aisne, cjinton of La Capelle, 9 mileg 
 N.N.W. of Vervins. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2t)18. This hi 
 the centre of an extensive manufacture of wooden shoes. 
 
 BUIS, Le, Ifh bil-ee', or bwee, a town of France, depart 
 ment of Drome, 10 miles S.E. of Nyons. Pop. of commune, in 
 1852. 2348. 
 
 BUITENPOST, boi'tgn-posf, a village of Holland, provinot 
 of Friesland, 16 miles E. by N. of Leeuwurden. Pop. SOO. 
 
 BUITEXSLUIS, boi't?n-.sIois\ or NKUMANSDORP, n3r 
 miu.s-doRp\ a town of the Netherlands, province of South 
 Holland, on the right bank of the branch of the Meusa, 
 called Hollands Diep. Pop. 2265. 
 
 BUITEXZORG, boi't^sn-zoRU^ a town of the island ol 
 Java, capital of a Dutch residency of same name, 35 milei 
 S. of Batavia, with numerous government buildings, and 
 the hotel of the governor-general. Its splendid palace wa» 
 destroyed by fire, October 10, 1834. 
 
 BUITRAGO, boo-ee-trd'go, an ancient town of Spain, 40 
 miles X. of Madrid. Pop. 1076. It has an hospital, trade in 
 wool, and manufactures of cordage. 
 
 BUITTLE, bU'fl or bwit/tel, a parish of Scotland, co. and 
 5 miles N.E. of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 BUJALAXCE, boo-ndldn'th.'l, a town of Spain, 17 miles B. 
 of Cordova. Pop. in 1845, 8936. It is well built, and has a 
 college, a Latin, and 2 other schools, 2 hospitals, and extea- 
 sive woollen manufactures, and a large fair in August. 
 
 BUJALEUF, bU'zhJ^lL'f, a village of France, department 
 of Haute-Vienne, arrondissement, and 18 miles E. of Li- 
 moges, on the Vienne, at the mouth of the Mande. Pop. 2130. 
 
 BUK, book, a town of Prus.sia, province of Posen, 16 miles 
 W.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 2298. It has manufactures of cloth 
 and .shoes. 
 
 15UKIIAREST, capital of Wallachia. See Bucharest. 
 
 BUKHARIA, or BUCHARIA, bu-ki're-a, is a name given 
 to a wide extent of territory in Central Asia, comprising the 
 E. part of Independent, and the W. part of Chinese Tartary, 
 the latter subdivision Iwing called IJttle Bukharia. See 
 
 TooRKisTAN, Bokhara, Khokax. Adj. and iuhab. Bukea- 
 
 RiAX. or Hucharian, bu-ki/re-an. 
 
 BUKIITARMIXSK. See BooKnTARjnxsK. 
 
 BUKKEX', bookOtgn, an island of Xorway, on the W. 
 coast, province of Christiansand. lat. 5',i° 12' X., Ion. 5° 22' E., 
 with a village of the same name. The Bulche or Bukken- 
 Fiord. Is an arm of the se.a, extending about 35 miles inland, 
 with a breadth of 10 to 15 miles, and is covered with nume- 
 rous islets. 
 
 BUKKUR, bakOitlr, written also BUKIIU, an island and 
 fort of Sinde, in the Indus, between the towns of Roree on 
 the E. and Sukkur on the W. bank, 165 miles N.N.E. of 
 Hyderabad. Lat. 27° 41' N.; Ion. 68° 52' E. The island \t 
 a limestone ro'k, 800 yards in length, by 300 in width, and 
 nearly covered by the formidable looking fortress. Sir A. 
 I$urnes supposed the territory around Bukkur to be the an- 
 cient Musicani of .Alexander's historians. The British army 
 destiniHl for Afglianistan crossed, the Indus here early ia 
 1833. on a bridge of boats. 
 
 BUKKUR, a town in Punjab, near the Indus, 17 mileg 
 S.S.E. of Dera-Ismaeel-Khan. Vicinity well cultivated. Pop. 
 5000, who carry on an active commerce. 
 
 BUKOWINA, or BOUKOWIXA, boo-ko-ftee'na, an old di- 
 vision of the Austrian Empire, part of Eastern Galicia, in- 
 cluded in the circle of Czernowitz. 
 
 BUL.ACAX, boo-ld-kin', a town of Luzon, in the Philip- 
 pine Islands, capital of a province of the same name, on the 
 river Bulacan, here crossed by a bridge of 5 arches, 20 miles 
 N. W. of .Manila. It has manufactures of sugar, silks, and 
 carpets. Pop. 9803. 
 
 BULACH, boo'l^K, a town of Switzerland, capital of a cir- 
 cle of same name, in the canton of, and 10 miles N. of Zurich. 
 Pop. 16S9. 
 
 BU'L.4.11, a post-offlce of Obion co., Tennessee. 
 
 BULAK, a town of Egypt. See Boolak. 
 
 BUL.\MA, boo-ld'mi, the most eastern of the Bissagos 
 Islands, off the W. coast of Africa. 20 miles S. of Bissaa 
 Lat. 11° .34' N.; Ion. 15° 33' W. It is about 20 miles in 
 length by 10 miles in breadth, densely wooded, and veiy 
 fertile, but unhealthy. It is now claimed by Portugal, 
 Previous to 1794, it was the site of a British settlement; 
 and in the late Parliamentary Rtpnrt on Western Africa, 
 its resumption by the British government for commercial 
 purpose.s, and the repression of the slave trade, is strongly 
 recommended. 
 
 BULAVADEEN, or BULAVADIN, boo-ld-vd-deen', writ- 
 ten also BOLAVADIN, (anc. Jhlybfotus.) a town of Asia 
 Minor, in Anatolia, 28 miles E.X'^.E. of Afioom Kara Uissar. 
 Pop. .3000, who are all Moh.aniraedaQ«. 
 
 BULBO'NUS GROVE, a post-office of Will co., Illlnoii?. 
 
 BULEYVILLE, a post-office of Breckenridge CO., Kentucky. 
 
 BUL/FORD, l)«il'ford, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BULGA, bool-gi, a mountain, and considerable town of 
 Abyssinia, in Shoii, 26 miles S.S.E. of Ankober. 
 
 BULGARIA, bddl-gi're-a, (anc. Mi^sia Infefrior,) a pro- 
 vince of European Turkey, extending between lat. 42 ' 8' and 
 45° 20' N., and Ion. 22° 15' and 29° 35' E., separated N. by the 
 
 313 
 
BUL 
 
 BUN 
 
 l)iiiiuteftoni Wallacliia, Moldavia, and Bessarabia, and S. by 
 thtBalVhan Mountains from Room-Elee, (Rumili.) having 
 W Servia, and E. the Black Sea. Estimated ai-ea, 33,900 Sfiuare 
 mU'jS, Slid population, 1,800,000. Surface mountainous in the 
 south, level iu the north, generallj- well wooded, and abound- 
 ing witi) rich pai^ture. Principal river, the Danube, with its 
 I tributaries, the Isker.Vid, Jantra. (or Yantra,) and Osma, and 
 the Kamtchik and Pravadi, which enter the Black Sea. At 
 "ts X.E. extremity is the large lake of Rassein. Principal 
 products, cattle, tallow, hides, hemp, flax, skins, timber, 
 and attar of roses. In the pashalic of Silistria a surplus of 
 corn is pi-oduced, but in some other parts less is raised than 
 is reijuired for home consumption, and the rearing of live 
 stock is the chief branch of industry. The Bulgarians, who 
 are descendants of the Slavonic tribe that crossed the Volga 
 In the seventh century, are adherents of the Greek church: 
 they speak the Servian language, and manufacture common 
 woollens, rifle-barrels, and morocco leather, m addition to 
 their rural occupations, and, according to travellers, they 
 are favorably distinguished by industrious habits from the 
 Turks, by whom they are much oppressed. Bulgaria is sub- 
 divided into the pashalies of Widin, Varna, Silistria, and 
 Sophia, (capital. Sophia.) besides which towns it comprises Ni- 
 copolis, Koostchook, (Kustchuk.) Sistova, Shoomla, Babadag. 
 Kustendji, &c. From the seventh century till 1018, and 
 »gain from 1196 to the middle of the fourteenth century, 
 Bulgaria formed an independent kingdom ; but it then be- 
 came subject to Hungary, and was finally conquered by the 
 Turks in 1392. .\dj. and inhab. Bclg.uiian, IxMl-g.i're-an. 
 
 BUiyGEirS MILLS, a post>office of Coosa co., Alabama*. 
 
 BULG.xfiVXLLE, burS.Vveel', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of A'osges, 12 miles S.S.E. of Neufchateau. Pop. 1030. 
 It has manufictures of lace and pottery ware. 
 
 BUL'KIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BULKWOKTIIY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BULL.\S. bool'yis, a town of Spain, 32 miles W. of Murcia. 
 Pop. 4186. It is very ancient, and has many Roman remains. 
 
 BULL CREEK, of Taney co., Missouri, enters AVhite River 
 near the middle of the county. 
 
 BULL CREEK, a post-offlce of Wood co., Virginia. 
 
 BULLE, bOdl'fh, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 14 
 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 1513. It is the chief entrepot for 
 Gruv^re cheese, made in the adjacent vallej-s. 
 
 BULLERS OF BUCIIA.V, bailerz ov bQk'an. a small fiish- 
 Ing village of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 22 miles X.X.E. of 
 Aberdeen. Close by the village is the remarkable natural 
 curiosity called the BuUers of Buchan, consisting of a group 
 of singular rocks and seAworn caverns. 
 
 BUIjLES, bull, a town of France, department of Oise, 6 
 miles N.N.W. of Clermont. Pop. 1072. It has important 
 manufactures of linen. 
 
 BULLEY, bWllee, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 BULLIX.i. bool-yeo'ni, a small river of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, falls into the 
 
 BCLLIX.i, bool-yee'ni or boo-lee'nl, a small stream of 
 Yucatan, falls into the sea opposite Cancun Island, near 21° 
 N. lat., and 87° W. Ion. 
 
 BULLI.NGHAM, b55ning-am, UPPER and LOWER, a 
 parish of Enirland, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BUL'LIXGXON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BULLION, bddl'yon, a post-office.Waukeshaco, Wisconsin. 
 
 BULLITSVILLE, a post-ofiice of Boone co., Kentucky. 
 
 BULLITT, bOOl'it, a county in Kentucky, in the N.W. 
 central part of the state, about 1 mile from the Ohio River, 
 contains about 300 square miles. It is drained by Salt 
 River, and by the Rolling Fork of that river, which washes 
 its S.W. border. The surface is diversified with hills of 
 moderate height, which are covered with pines, and abound 
 in iron ore of rich ^juulity. Capital, ShepherdsviUe. Pop. 
 7289. of wliom ."i^.n were free, and 1458 slaves. 
 
 BULt/.MOUTH CREEK, of Mississippi, enters the Tom- 
 blgbee from the N.E., near the N. line of Monroe county. 
 
 BULLOCK, baoi'lok, a county in the E. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on the Ogeechee River, contains 900 square miles. 
 The surface is level, ahd the soil generally sandy and poor. 
 The climate is reputed healthy. Cotton, corn, rice and 
 Bugar-cane are the staples. A great part of the county is 
 occupied by pine forests, which afford valuable timber, and 
 abound in game. The Central Railroad follows the course 
 of the Ogeechee, near the N.E. boundary of the county. Or- 
 ganized in 1796. Capital, Statesborough. Pop. 5668; 
 
 BULLOCK CREEK, post-office York dist. South Carolina. 
 
 BULLOCKS CREEK, of York district. South Carolina, 
 enters Broad River near the S.W. extremity of the district. 
 
 BULLOMS (bOol'lomz), NORTH, a ninritime district of 
 Western .\frica. in the country of the Timmanees. 
 
 BULLOMS, SOUTH, a maritime district of Western Africa. 
 
 BULL POINT, a small village of Dallas co., Missouri. 
 
 BULL RUN, in the N.E. part of Virginia, forms the 
 boundary between Fairfax and Prince William counties, 
 until it enters the Oc^oquun River. 14 miles from its mouth. 
 This i-trcam gives its name to two battles: the first was 
 fought July 21, 1861; the second, Aug. 29 and 30, 1862. In 
 both tlie Union array was defeated. 
 
 BULL RUN, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee. 
 314 
 
 BULL'S BAY, or BABOUL BAY, a bay on the E. side of 
 >i'ewfoundland, in lat. 47° 25' N., Ion. 52^-20' W. 
 
 BULL'S HEAD, a post-ofl[ice of Dutchess co., N«w York. 
 
 BULL'SKIN, a township of Fayette co., Peiinsylvania. 
 Pop. 1523. 
 
 BULLS SWAMP, a post-office of Orangeburs district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BULL/TOWN, a post-cfllce of Braxton co., Virginia. 
 
 BULLTOWN, a village of Franklin co., ludiana, about 15 
 miles W.N.W'. of Brookville. 
 
 BULLUCTAH. a post-office of Leaka cc., Missi.ssipoi. 
 
 BULLUMGHUR, buriilm-gar', a forti£ed town of iiritiih 
 Indi,i, presidency of IJengal, 25 miles S. of Delhi. It is 
 pretty well built, and has many temples, and a neat palace, 
 the residence of its rajah. 
 
 BULMER, bdCl'mtT, a parish of England, co. of Espex. 
 
 BULMER. a parish of England, co. of York. North Riding. 
 
 BULOL.\, boo-lo'ld, a river of Western Africa, in Senegam- 
 bia, which traverses the country of the Biaferes, and entera 
 the .\tlantic opposite the Ris.<iagos Islands. 
 
 BULOL.\., a town of Senegambia. on a small tributary of 
 Bulola River, 60 miles from the sea. in lat. 11^ 31' N., loii. 
 14° 20' W. 
 
 BULPn.\N, bCei'fen. a parish of England, co. of E.'s.sex. 
 
 BULS.\UR, blll-sawr', a populous seaport town of British 
 India, presidency of Bombay, 42 miles S.S.W. of Surat. on 
 the Gulf of Cambay. It has manufactures of coarse ging- 
 hams, and a considerable trade in grain, jaghery, timber. &c. 
 
 BULSUN. bill^sun', a Sikh st.ate of Northern Indi.i, under 
 British protection, between the Sutlej and Jumna, in lat. 
 about 31° N., Ion. 77° E. Pop., with Buri-oulee. .5000. 
 
 BULTI, bai'tee\ BALTEE, biil'tee\ or BULTISTAN. bfiP- 
 te-stln'. called also LITTLE TIIIBKT. and ISKAKDOU, a 
 state of Central .\sia, tributary to the rulers of the Punjab, 
 but N. of the Hinialaya8,between lat. 34° 40' and 3o° 30' N^ 
 Ion. 74° 40' and 76° 20' E.. and surrounded, except en the 
 S.W., by the Chinese dominions. Are:u estimated at 12,000 
 square miles. Pop. estimated at 75.000. (?) It consists of a 
 part of the upper valley of the Indus, having a general eleva- 
 tion of 6000 or 7000 feet above the se.a. and enclosed by 
 mountains, which rise to 6v)00 or SOOO feet higher. The cli- 
 mate is very cold in winter, and the soil requires careful 
 culture to enable it to produce corn, Ac; European fruitfl 
 are, however, plentiful. The animals comprise the sha, the 
 large-horned goat, sheep, the musk dear, and ibis; arsenic 
 and sulphur are among the mineral products. The inhar 
 bitants are of Tartar descent, and Mohammedans of the 
 Sheeah .sect; until the late Sikh conquest, they lived under 
 an hereditary chief, termed the gyl'fo. The principal town 
 is Iskardoh. 
 
 BULWELL, bddl'wel. a parish of Enirland. co. Nottingham. 
 
 BULWICK, bMl'wik, a parish of England, co. of Nortli- 
 amptou. 
 
 BULWUDUN or BULAWADIN. See Bulavadken. 
 
 BU'LYVILLE, a post-office of Orange co.. New York. 
 
 BU.M'LIX, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Roa- 
 common. 
 
 BUMM, a fortified town of Persia, 115 miles E.S.E. of Her- 
 man, on the route to Bunpoor. 
 
 BUMP'STED,HE'LION. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BUMP'STED. STKEPLE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Es.=ex. 
 
 BUN.\HEE. bun'3-hee'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, 30 miles S.S.E. of .\jmeer. 
 
 BU'NAS.\U', a small river of Morocco, which discharges 
 its waters into a small lake 20 miles N.W. of Meqninez. 
 
 BUN.A.1S0R. bQn-i-sor'. (anc. Vanisioara,) a ruined town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal, reported to have 
 many temples, including one surpassing in size that of Jug- 
 gernaut, from which it is distant some miles westward. 
 
 BUX.\RBASHI, a small village of Asia Minor. See Boo- 
 
 SARB.^sUI. 
 
 BUNARBASHI-SU. See Scamander. 
 
 BUNAWE, bun-aw', a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 17 miles N.N.W. of Inverary. It has a quay on Loch Etivc, 
 a salmon fishery, and iron-works. 
 
 BUN'B.A.XG'. a town of Briti.sh India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. 6 miles S.W. of Svlhet. 
 
 BUX'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BUNHIJHANG', an inland town of Siam, on the Meklong 
 River, said to have 4000 inhabitants. 
 
 BUNCHIOM, bfinVhe-om'. an inland town of Siam, en the 
 Meklong River, said to contain 5000 inhabitants. 
 
 BUNCOMBE, bQng'kom. a county in the VC. part of North 
 Carolina, near the border of Tennessee, with an area of 450 
 square miles. It is traversed by the French Broad River. 
 The county is occupied by mountains and valleys of tlie Appar 
 lachian system; the Blue Ridge extends along or near the 
 S.E. border. The soil is fertile, and particularly adapted tc 
 pa.sturage. The celebrated Warm Springs are in the N.W 
 part of the county. Formed in 1791, and named in honor of 
 Col. Edward Buncombe, of the Continental ai-my. The origiif 
 of the phra.se, " talking for Buncomlte," is thus explained 
 in Wheeler's History of North Carolina: — "Several yeart 
 ago, in Congress, the memlier from this distr'-t arr.te to ad- 
 dress the bouse, without any extraordinary po «-ers, 1i man- 
 
BUN 
 
 BUR 
 
 ner or matter, to interest the aiidlence. Many members 
 left th<; hall. Very naively he told those who remained that 
 they Plight go too ; he should speak for some time, but ' he 
 was only talking for 2?ano/m6e.'" Cajjital, Asheville. Pop. 
 12,654, of whom 10,721 were free, and 1933 slaves. 
 
 BUXCOMBE, a county in the' N.W. part of Iowa, border- 
 ing on Minnesota, has an area of .ibout SOO square miles. It 
 is bounded on the W. by the Sioux Itiver, and intersected 
 by luyan Keakali River, and also drained by one of its tri- 
 butaries. Ocheyedan Lake, the source of the river of the 
 same name, is situated in the K. part of the county. Bun- 
 combe county is not included in the census of 1860. 
 
 BUNCOMBE, a postrofiice of I'ontotoc co., Mississippi 
 
 BUNCOMBE, a post-ofilce of Dubuque co., Iowa. 
 
 BUNCRA'NA, a market>town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Donegal, on Lough Swilly, 11 miles N. N.W. of Londonderry. 
 Pop. 901. It has a handsome church and barracks, and is 
 resorted to for sea-bathing. Its castle was an old seat of the 
 O'Doniiells. 
 
 BUND, Switzerland. Pee Grisons. 
 
 BUNDE, (BUnde.^ blln'dgh, a village of Germany, in Hano- 
 ver, 5 miles N. of Weener. 
 
 BUNDE. (BUnde.) a village of Germany, in Prussian West- 
 phalia, 7 miles N.N.W. of Herford. Pop. 12f)0. 
 
 BUNDELCUND or BUNDLECUND, bUnMyl-kllnd', a ter- 
 ritory of Ilindostan, partly belonging to the British, and 
 partly to native chiefs tributary to the British, mostly be- 
 tween lat. 24° and 26=' 26' N, and Ion. 78° and 81° 3^' E., 
 having W. to Gwalior dominions, and on other sides the 
 Bengal territories. It is traversed by the A'indyan Moun- 
 tains. The principal rivers are the Desan, Betwah, and 
 Cane, tributaries of the Jumna. The princip.al towns are 
 Jhansi, Banduh, and Chatterpoor. In it are the diamond- 
 mines of Panna. 
 
 BUND-EMEEH, or BUNB-EMIR, bun-ds»-meer', (anc. 
 Araxes,) a river of Persi.i, province of Fars, enters Lake 
 Bakhtegan about 55 miles E. of Sheeraz, after a S.E. course of 
 150 miles. It is rapid, and very liable to inundate its lianks. 
 
 hUNDER, bUnMer. or BANDEM (" a port or anchorage") 
 is the name of many small bays ou the coasts of Arabia and 
 elsewhere in South-western Asia. 
 
 BUNDER-AIiBASSEE. See Gombroon. 
 
 BUX'DER BO.SIIAVIR. See Bl'shire. 
 
 BU.\'DER(orBANDER.)SIIEIKlI, (shi^k,) a small port 
 of Southern Arabia, Akrabi territory, about 12 miles W. of 
 Aden. 
 
 BUNDER (or BANDER,)VIK'KUB/, a seaport and village 
 of Sinde, in the delta of the Indus, 56 miles S.E.ofKur- 
 rachee. Pop. about 1200. Although a mere coUectlou of 
 huts, it has a brisk trade in rice, ghee, provisions. Ac, its 
 exports amounting annually to from 25.000^. to 30,000i. 
 
 BUND'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BUNDO'RAN. a maritime village, and the principal water- 
 ing-place on the N.W. coast of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Do- 
 negal, on Donegiil Bay, 4i miles S.W. of Bally-Shannon. 
 Resident pop. 299. 
 
 BUNDK»)ES. bdndVoz/. a fishing and bathing village of 
 Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, about 1 mile W.S.W. of 
 Bundoran. 
 
 BUN'DYSBURG, a postoffice of Geauga co., Ohio. 
 
 BUN/G.'VY, a marketrtown of England, co. of Suffolk, on 
 the Waveney, 30j miles N.N.E. of Ipswich. Pop. in 1851, 
 3841. It is well built, and has a large market-place, con- 
 taining 2 fine crosses, a theatre, assembly-rooms, a bath- 
 house, the remains of a nunnery, several branch banks, 
 some manufactures of hemp, and a considerable trade, by 
 the Waveney, in corn, malt, coal, lime, &c. 
 
 BUNGER'S MILL, a post-ofiice of Greenbrier co.,A'irginia. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a celebrated height near Charlestown, 
 Mnssachnsetts. wbich see. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a postoflRce of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BUNKEK HILL, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 BUNKEIl HILL, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a postK)flflce of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a post-township in Ingham co., Michi- 
 gan, aiiout ;0 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 672. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a village of Miami co., Indiana, on the 
 Peru and Indianapolis Rjiilroad, 6 or 7 miles S. of Peru. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a post-village and township of Macoupin 
 CO., Illinois, on the St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute Rail- 
 road. -0 miles N.E. of Alton. Pop. 769. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a post-ofiice of Allomakee co., Iowa. 
 
 BUNKER'S HILL, a post-office of Catawba co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 BUNKER'S HILL, a post-offlce of Giles co.. Tennessee. 
 
 BUNKER'S HILL, a small village of White co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 BUNKER'S HILL, a post-office of Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BUNKLE, biin'k'l, a parish of Seotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 BUNM.VHO*- ■>• PONMA'HON, a maritime village of 
 Ireland, in Xunster, co. and 14 miles S.W. of Waterford. 
 Pop. 1771. It is frequented as a bathing-place, and adjacent 
 to it are the mines of Knockmahon. 
 
 BUNNBE SeoCuiCH. 
 
 BUN'NELL'S LANDING, a post-office of Wabashaw co, 
 Minnesota Territory. 
 
 BUNNY or BONEY, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 BUNOL, boo-nOl/, a town of Spain, 24 miles W.N.W. ot 
 Valencia. Pop. 2470. It hiis manufactures of paper. Near 
 it are some remarkable stalictitic caves. 
 
 BUSOL.4, boon-yo/ld, a town of the island of Majorca, 9 
 miles N.N.E. of Palma. Pop. 1752. Near it are marble 
 quarries. 
 
 BUN*POOR', a fort and district of Western Beloochistan, 
 province of Mekran. The foit, in lat. 27° 20' N., Ion. 60° 45' 
 E., is built of mud, on a large mound, traditionally said to 
 have been raised by an army of Ghebers. The territory 
 appears to be fertile, and the chief obtains from his subjects 
 an annual revenue of 2600Z., liesides contributions of camels, 
 sheep, dates, wheat, and matchlocks.- His military force 
 consists of 300 cavalry, and '2500 infantry. 
 
 BUNRAT/TY, a parish of Irelan'd, in Munstcr, co. and 11 
 miles S.S.E. of Clare, at the mouth of the Ougaree, in the 
 Shannon. It contains a village, and an ancient Norman 
 castle of the thirteenth century, used as barracks. 
 
 BUNRAT'TY, UPPER and LOWER, two baronies of Ire- 
 land, CO. of Clare, in Munst«r. bounded on the N. by the 
 county of Galway, and S. by Shannon River, 16 miles long 
 and from 3 to 7 broad. The stirface is rocky, but adapted 
 for grazing. 
 
 BUN/TAM FALLS, a village in Litohfleldco., Connecticut 
 about 25 miles W. of Hartford. 
 
 BUN'TINOKORD, a market-town and chapelry of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Herts, 11^ miles N.N.E. of Hertford. 
 
 BUNTWALLA, baiit-wfil'lJ, a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, district of Canara, 16 miles E. of Man- 
 galore. 
 
 BUNTZLAU, a town of Prussian Silesia, 24 miles W.N.W. 
 Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 6;36<). It has a large orphan 
 asylum, a normal school, manufactures of earthenware and 
 hosiery, and in its market-place a monument to the Russian 
 general Kutusoff. who died here in 1813. 
 
 BUNTZLAU, ALT, iXt IMnts-lOw, (i. e. "Old Buntzlau,") 
 a town of Germany, on the right bank of the Elbe, opposite 
 Brandels, 14 miles E.N.E. of Prague. It has a collegiate 
 church, with a monument to St. Winceslaus, often resorted 
 to by pilsrims. 
 
 BUNTZLAU, BUNZL.4.U, b&SntsOiiw, or JUNG-BUNZ- 
 L.\U, yOOng-bOCnts'lfiw, (i.e." Young Buntzlau.") a town of 
 Bohemia, on the Isit. a tributary of the EUie. 32 miles N.K 
 of Prague. Pop. 5074. It has a royal Piarist gymnasium, 
 an old castle now used for b,^rracks, and manufactures of 
 cotton and woollen fobrics. and leather. 
 
 BUN'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BUN'WOOL, or BON'GO, one of the Philippine Islands, 
 Malay Archipelago, in the great Southern inlet of Mindanao. 
 Lat. 7° 14' N., Ion. 124° 10' E. It is densely wooded. 
 
 BUOCHS, booox' or bwoks, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Unterwalden, on the S. side of the Lake of Lucerne. 
 Pop. 1060. 
 
 BUOLICK, boo'9-lik, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Tipperary. 
 
 BUONABITALCO, boo-in'2-be-tAl'ko, a town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Citra, 9 miles S. of Sala. Pop. 3120. 
 
 BUONALBERGO, boo-(in'dl-bjR/go, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Principiito Ultra, 7 miles N.W. of ArLano. Pop.3000. 
 
 BUONCONVENTO, boo-in'kon-vSn'to, a village of Tus- 
 cany, 15 miles S.S.E. of Siena, on the Ombrone. Pop. 409. 
 In its castle the Emperor Henry VII. died in 1313. 
 
 BURABOLA. See Binabola. 
 
 BURADA. SeeBARR.\DA. 
 
 BURANO, boo-rd/no, a small Lsland and town of Northern 
 Italy, in the Adriatic, 5 miles N.E. of Venice. Pop. 4900. 
 Its inhabitants carry on an active nshery. 
 
 BURAZJOON, bur\az-joon/, or BURASJUN, booVds-joon', 
 a town of Persia, province of Fars, 22 miles N.N.E. of Bu- 
 shire. 
 
 BURTJAGE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BURBAGE, a chapeliy of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BUR/BANK, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 BUR'BOIS, a postofflce of Franklin co., Missouri. 
 
 BURCII CREEK, of Clay co., Indiana, flows into Eel River. 
 
 BURCH'VILLE, a post-township in St. Clair CO., Michigan, 
 about 80 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. Pop. 1800. 
 
 BUR'COMBE, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 BUR'DEKIN, a river of Australia, in New South Wales, 
 falls into the bay near Cape Upstart. 
 
 BURDETTE, bur-djtf, a post-village of Tompkins co., 
 New York, on the E. shore of Seneca Lake. 180 miles W. by 
 S. of Albany. It contains a number of stores, and 500 In- 
 h.ibitants. 
 
 BUR/DIEHOUSE, a village of Scotland, co. and SJ miles 
 S. of Edinburgh. Pop. partly engaged in lime-burning. 
 Here many fossil fishes and plants of the coal formation are 
 found in the limestone. 
 
 BURDIGALA. See Bordeaux. 
 
 BURDUR, boorMoor', (?) a large town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 pashalio of Anatolia, 68 miles N. of Adalia. 
 
 316 
 
BUR 
 
 8CRDWAX. burdVSn', (anc. Vardaman, "produetire,") 
 k liistiii't of Uritish India, presidpncy and proTince of Bengal, 
 «icloped bv the districts of Beerbhoom. Xuddea, Iloogly, 
 and Banco'orah. Area, 2100 square miles. Pop. in 1822, 
 1.-1S7,300. It is generally under cultivation, and one of the 
 most productive parts of India, It has extensive coalfields, 
 neldius; annually from 43,000 to 40.000 tons of coal. Iron 
 cre and^ building stone are also plentiful. Xhe principal 
 towns are Burdwan. Colna, and Cutwa. 
 
 BURDWAN. a town of British India, capital of the above 
 district on the Dummodah, 60 miles X.W. of Calcutta. Pop. 
 estimated at 54.000. It has a large palace and gardens be- 
 longing to its rajah, government and missionary schools, 
 and manufactures of silk and cotton fabrics. Kear it are 
 indiiio-works. 
 
 BUKE. a river of England, co. of Norfolk: after a S.E. 
 course of at least 40 miles it joins the Yare at Yarmouth, 
 whence it is navigable to Aylsham. 
 
 BUREAU, bu'i-6. a county toward the X.W. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.E. by the Illinois River, and intersected by Green 
 River and Bureau Creek. The surface is generally level or 
 slightly undulating, and destitute of timber, excepting 
 small groves; the soil is good. The Illinois River is navi- 
 gable by steiuuboats on the border of the county, which is 
 intersected by the Chicago and Rock Island K.R. Capital, 
 Princeton. Pop. 26.426. 
 
 BUREAU CREEK, Illinois, falls into the Illinois River 
 opposite to Hennepin, in Putnam countv. 
 
 BU-REURHB, a river of Jlorocco. See Boo-Rkreb. 
 
 BURELLA, boo-rjllj, a village of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra. 
 
 BURELLO, boo-rJllo, a small town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra, 9 miles E. of Nicotera. 
 
 BUREX, (BUren.) bU'ren, a town of Prussia, in West- 
 phalia, 10 miles E. of Soest, on the Alme. Pop. 2130. 
 
 BUREN, (BUren,) a town of Switzerland, canton, and 14 
 miles N.W. of Bern, on the Aar, here crossed by, a stone 
 bridge. Pop. 1100, who carry on an active transit trade. 
 
 BUREN, bU'ren, a village of Netherlands, province of 
 Gelderland. 4 miles N.W. of Thiel. Pop. 1500. 
 
 BUREX. (BUren,) OBER. a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 10 mUes N.W. of St. Gall, with a fine wooden bridge on 
 the Thur, at the mouth of the Glatt. Pop. 1410. 
 
 BURENDO PASS. See Brooaxg. 
 
 BURENG. biir-Sng', BERENG, ber-4ng,' or BRENG, bring, 
 a vallev of Cashmere, extending from S.E. to N.W., between 
 lat. 33° 20' and 33° 30' N. and Ion. 75° 10' and 75° iff E.. 
 containing numerous subterraneous water channels, and 
 alwunding in springs of great force and volume. 
 
 BURES (burz) MOUNT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BURES, ST. MARY, a parish of England, cos. of Suffolk 
 and Essex. 
 
 BUR'f ORD, a market-town and parish of Encland. co. 
 and 17 miles W.N.AV. of Oxford. Pop. in 1851, 1819. The 
 town, pleasantly situated on the small river Windrush, is 
 Indifferently built, but it has a fine church, and a free 
 school in which the celebrated AVilmot, Earl of Rochester, 
 was educated, a branch bank, and some manufactures of 
 rugs, saddlery, &c. It gives the title of earl to the Duke of 
 St. Albans. Edgehill, where the troops under Eairfax de- 
 feated the royalists in 1649. is in its vicinity. 
 
 BURFORP, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 BURG, bddRQ, a town of Prussian Saxony. 13 miles N.E. 
 of Slagdebur^. circle of Jeriehow I., on the Ihle. Pop. 
 14,570. It has been celebrated for its cloth manufactures 
 since the twelfth century, and has still numerous woollen 
 factories, in several of which steam-power is employed: 
 about 32.000 pieces of cloth, worth 7,500,000 thalers are 
 vaaAe here anniuUly; a machine factory and foundry are 
 also in operation. If has dye-works, and manufactures of 
 glue and snuff, with 3 Protestant churches, a grammar 
 school, and hospital. 
 
 BURG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Wipper, 16 
 miles N.N.E. of Cologne, with 1610 inh.ibitants. and manu- 
 factures of counterpanes, horse-clotlis, and hardwares. 
 
 BURG, l)<y5R0, a maritime town of Denmark, duchy of 
 Sleswick, capital of the island of Femern, on its S.side: lat. 
 64° 26' 10" N.. Ion. 11° 12' E. Pop. 1800. Bcrg is the name 
 of several villageo in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, and 
 the Netherlands. 
 
 BURG. De, deh btiRO, or BURGT, bliRGt. a village of Hol- 
 land, province of New Holland, island of Texel, 7 miles N. of 
 the Ilelder. Iv, Is the principal village in the island, and so 
 much improved of late years as to rival in the beauty of its 
 atreets and trees the neatest villages in Holland. Pop. 1100. 
 BUR/0 AN DEPOT, aposfcofficeof New Hanover co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 BUKGA3. See BooRon\s. 
 
 BUR'GATE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 BURG A U, baOR'gdw. a town of Bavaria, 23 miles W.N.W. 
 of Auc-burg. Pop. 2063. 
 
 BU1!G.\U, a village of Stjria, on the Haogarian frontier, 
 29 miles E. of Gratz. 
 
 BURGBERNHEIM, bMBQ/bJRn'hlme, a town of Bavaria, 
 16 miles N.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1379. 
 S16 
 
 BUR 
 
 BURGDORF, bMRO'doEf, (Tr. Berthoud. biRtoo'.) a town 
 of Switzerland, canton, .ind 11 miles N.E. of Berne, on the 
 Emmen. here crossed by a new bridge. Pop. 2417. It li 
 the depot for the Emmenthal cheese, and has a castle, for- 
 merly a place of strength, and manufactures of ribbons and 
 silk. Near it are the bath's of Sommerliaus. 
 
 BURGDORF. a town of Hanover.landdrostei of LUneburg, 
 on the Aa, 13 miles S. of Celle. Pop. 2250. 
 
 BUR'GEO ISLANDS, a group of islands in British North 
 America, off the E. coast of Newfoundland. Lat, (S.W. 
 point) 47° 33' N.; Ion. 57° 44' W. The fishing is exten- 
 sively prosecuted by the inhabitants of these islands, and, 
 according to the report of Capt,ain Loch, yielded 1.323,000 
 pounds between October, 1847. and June 4, 1848. The fish 
 are sent princinallv to the markets of Spain and Portugal. 
 
 BURGESS, bOn/jess. or BUliHJESSBEG', a parish of Ire- 
 land. Munster. co. of Tipperary. 
 
 BUR'GESS'S STORE, a postroffice of Northumberland oa, 
 Tirgini;!. 
 
 BUR'UETTSTOWN. a post-village of W.ishington co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Washington, the 
 countv seat. 
 
 BURGH,! riifr(?)a parish of Ensrland, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BURGH AP'TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BURGUAS. See Booughas. 
 
 BURGHAUN, bOORGOiown, a town of Germany, in Ilesso- 
 Ca.ssel, 11 miles N. of Fulda. on the Haune. Pop. 1400. 
 
 BURGHAUSEN, booRG-hOw/zJn, a town of liavari;i, on 
 the Salzach. 58 miles E. of Munich. Pop. 2300. It has manup- 
 factures of cloth ; breweries, and trade in leather and salt. 
 Its old castle is now a prison. 
 
 BURGH CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 3J 
 miles W.S.W. of Great Y.armouth. Here are interesting re- 
 m.-iins of a large stone Roman fort, supposed to be the an- 
 cient Gorianonum. 
 
 BURGH'CLERE. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BURGHERSH. a pari.'^h of Endand. See Burwash. 
 
 BURGH'FIELD or BUR/FIELD, a parish of England, ca 
 of Berks. 
 
 BURGH'-HEAD or BROUGH'-HEAD. a maritime village 
 of Scotland, co. and 7 miles N.W. of Elirin. on a promon- 
 tory, upon which are reni,-iins supposed to be those of the 
 Alati CUstra of Ptolemy, with an ancient well. Pop. 829. It 
 is well built, and has a good harbor, where Edinburgh and 
 London steam bo;jts call. 
 
 BURGH HILL, a po.st-ofiice of Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 
 BURG'HILL. a parish of Endand. co. of Hereford. 
 
 BURGH-IN-THE-MARSII. a" market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Lincoln, (J miles E.S.E. of Spilsby. It has 
 a very fine church, and a branch bank. An embankment 
 along the coast here is suppostnl to be of Roman origin. 
 
 BUllGH'LEY-HOUSE, the princely .seat of the Marquis of 
 Exeter, in England, co. of Nortliampton. in its N. part, IJ 
 miles S.E. of Stamford. It was commenced by Sir 'W. Cecil 
 in 1575, and forms an immense quadrangle, presenting one 
 of the noblest specimens of Elizaljethan architecture. 
 
 BURGH, MATTISHALL. a parish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 BURGH- (br&f)ox-THE-S.ANDS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Cumberland. 6 miles W.N.W. of Carlisle. A pillar here 
 marks the place where King Edward I. died. a. i>. 1307. 
 (Several of the Bi'RGUs of Englaud are pronounced braf in 
 popular parlance.) 
 
 BURGHORN, bQRg'hoRn, a village of the Netherlanda, 
 province of North Holland, ne.ar Alkma.ir, Pop. 1885. 
 
 BURGH, SOUTH, a parish of Englaud, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BURGH ST.MAR'GARET'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BURGH ST. MART, a pari.sh of England, co. of NorfolSc 
 
 BURGH ST. PETER, or WHEATACRE, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Norfolk. 
 
 BURGH-UPON-B.iNE. a parish.of England, co.of Lincoln. 
 
 BURGH^WAL'LIS, a jmribh of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 BUJtGIO, booR'jo, a town of Sicily, district of Bivon.i, 28 
 miles N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 5860. 
 
 BURGK, b<»Rk, a village of Saxony, 5 miles S.W. of Dres- 
 den, with extensive coal-mines, employing upwards of 500 
 workmen, numerous coke furnaces, and a gjis-work. Pop. St'O. 
 
 BURGK. a hamlet of Reuss-Greiz. 4 miles N. of Saalburg, 
 on the Saale. with a castle of the Princes of Reuss. Ne:ir it 
 are the important iron-mines of Burgkhammer. 
 
 BURGIvUNST.ADT, bOORfl-kiiOn'st^tt, a town of Bavaria, 
 on the Main, and on the Nuremlierg and Neumarket Rail- 
 way, with a castle and beer breweries, 24 miles N.E. of B;un- 
 berg. I'op. 1360. 
 
 BURGLEN. (BUrglen.) bURGlen, a village of Snitzerland, 
 canton of Uri. 1 J miles E. of Altorf. and deserving notice as 
 the reputed birthplace of William Tell. Near it is the 
 chapel of Notre Dame of Loretto, a celebrated place of pil- 
 grimage. 
 
 BURGLEN, (BUrglen.) a village of SwitLerl.and, canton ot 
 Thurgovia, 12 miles E. of Frauenfeld. with an ancient 
 castle. Pop. 1076. Formerlv a town, deslioyed in 1405. 
 
 BURGLENGEFELD. liOORG'leng-^fflO, a towi of La\aria, 
 15 miles N.N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1425. 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 BURGO, booE'po, a town of Spain, 3(> miles W. of Slalapja, 
 pn the ArdalHS. Pop. 1012. In its environs are ruins of a 
 Boman amphitheatre. 
 
 BURGO-DK-OSMA, booR/so-di-os'mJ, a town of Spain, 28 
 mjifs V>'. of Soria, and 1 mile N. of Osma. Pop. 2072. 
 
 1!UI;00S, booR/j^oce, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 between lat. 41° 32' and 43° 19' N'. Area, 7082 square miles. 
 The surface is very elevated, and consists of a series of moun- 
 tain ranges, with intervening valleys. 
 
 BURGOS, booR/goce, (L. Bur'rji,) a city of Spain, capital of 
 the above province, and formerly capital of Old Castile, on the 
 Arlanzon, 130 miles N. of Madrid. Lat. 42° 20' 28" N. : Ion. 
 3° 44' 3o" W. The town is clean and handsome, but damp 
 and cold, with many characteristics of an old Castilian city; 
 It is l>nilt in the form of an irregular semicarde, portions of 
 Us (iM walls remaining on the side of the river, which is hero 
 crossed by three fine stone bridges. All the streets have 
 good .-iide pavements. Places of promenade .ire numerous, 
 but the one most frequented, .and justly forming the boast 
 of the town, is the Espolon, which is laid out in spacious 
 walks, and has a fine vista opening to the Arlanzon. Bur- 
 gos, up to the commencement of the sixteenth century, 
 shared with Toledo the alternate honor of being the royal 
 residence; and hence its pulilic buildings, several of which 
 have a greater magnificence than usual in a provincial 
 town, are not so much attestations to its present as memo- 
 rials of its former greatness. The most remarl<ablo struc- 
 ture is the Cathedral, one of the finest buildings of the 
 kind, not only in Spain, but in Europe. It was commenced 
 In 1221, on the site of a royal pal.ace which Ferdinand III. 
 gave up fur that purpose, but was not finished tor several 
 centuries. It is built of white marble, in the form of a 
 Latin cross, and is flanked by tv/o towers, which have a 
 height of 300 feet, and terminate in spires of filigrane-work 
 exfjviisitely chiselled. Burgos has 7iumernus other churches, 
 and a Franciscan convent worthy of notice, a nunnery with 
 peculiar privileges, a castle, formerly very strong, but now 
 in ruins, various hospitals and charitable institutions, a 
 bronze statue of Charles III. in a square surrounded by ar- 
 cades, besides a triumplial arch in memory of Ferdinand 
 Gonz.ales, anda monumentto "theCid," both natives of this 
 city. In the siiuare De la Constitucion is a Kwutitul foun- 
 tain, one of the ten from which Burgos derives a copious 
 supply of water. Around it are .some handsome promen.ades. 
 and not far off is the monastery of Miratlores, with the mag- 
 nificent tombs of John II. and his queen. Burgos is an 
 archbishop's see, and the seat of a college, a schof>l of sur- 
 gery, and some manufactures of leather, woollens, and hats. 
 Its trade in manufactured goods and its fairs. Ac. have, 
 however, greatly declined; its present importance is now 
 chiefly due to its being on the high road from Madrid to 
 the French frontier. Before the removal of the court to 
 Madrid, Burgos was in a very flourishing condition, and 
 contained thrice its present population. Since then it has 
 continued to sink gradually, and exhibits in every quarter 
 indications of decay. The Peninsular War, duiing which 
 the possession of it was repeatedly and keenly contested, 
 added greatly to its disasters. Pop., including the suburb 
 of A'ega on the opposite side of the Arlanzon, 15.924. 
 
 BURGSTADT, bWiRG'stAtt. a town of Saxony, 35 miles S.E. 
 of Leipsic. Pop. 2719. It has manufactures of stockings, 
 linen; also woollen weaving, and cotton printing. 
 
 BUKGSTEIN, (BUrgstein,) bURG'stine, or BIRKSTETN, 
 bSfiRk'stine, a village of Bohemia, capital of a lordship of the 
 same name in the circle of Leitmeritz ; the lordship com- 
 prises the town of Ilaida and 26 villages. Pop. 14,550. Im- 
 portant manufactures of cryst.al are carried on in this dis- 
 trict, and it is the depdt for the greater part of the glass 
 manufactured in the kingdom. 
 
 BUKGTHAL, Switzerland. See Bodrg, Le. 
 
 BURGUKTK, booR-gi'ti, a town of .Spain, in Navarre, 15 
 miles X.K. of Pamplona, in the Valley of Koncesvalles. Here 
 Charleniiigne was defeated in 778. See Ron'CE.sv.'ILIES. 
 
 BURGUNDY'. (Fr. Bourifyne. booR^goH'; h. Burgun^dia; 
 Ger. Burgund, b;")(.H-goOnf ; Sp. BorgcHa, boR-gon'yS; It. Bor- 
 gogva, boR-gAn'yd,) one of the largest and most important of 
 the former provinces of France, and now forming the depart- 
 ments of Cote-d'Or, Saooe-et-Loire. Yonne. part of Ain, and 
 pirt of Aube. In more ancient times Burgundy was the name 
 of a kingdom, which included much more than the above 
 province, occupying the whole basin of the Ithone. Its most 
 ancient inhabitants were XheJEdui, fully describedby Cassar ; 
 but its name of Burgundy is derived from one of the northern 
 nations, called, in Latin, Burgundior Burgundiones, whoesta- 
 blishe-1 themselves there in the beginning of the fifth century. 
 At a later period, after the subversion of their kingdom, the 
 province was erected into a dukedom, and long made an im- 
 portan t figure in history under a race of Dukes of Burgundy. 
 The male line having become extinct in 1477, on the death of 
 CharkM the Bold at the siege of Nancy, his son-in-law, Louis 
 XI., succeeded to the dukedom, which has since formed 
 part of France. Adj. and inhab. J5urgux'dian. 
 
 The Can.vl of Burgl'xdy unites the Yonne to the SaSne, 
 and passes St. Florentin, Tonuere, Montbard, Pouilly, and 
 Dijou; uear I'ouilly is a tunnel 9350 feet in length. 
 
 BURIIAM, biir'am, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 BUKHAMPORE. See Bookhanpoob. 
 
 BUKIIAMPOOTER RIVER. See Brahmapootra. 
 
 BURIAS, boo'reds, one of the Philippine Islands, in t!ie 
 JIalav Archipelago, 20 miles S.S.E. of Luzon. Lat. 13° J^. 
 Ion. 123° K. 
 
 BUR'ITON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BURK.\. See Blrkha. 
 
 BURKE, bQrk, a county in the W. part of North Cari'Hna. 
 has an area estimated at 4.50 scjuare miles. It is traversed 
 from W. to E. by Catawba River, and also drained by LinviUij 
 River and JIulberry Creek. The surface is elevated, and in 
 some parts mountainous; the Blue Ridge, extending along 
 the N.W. border, is remarkable for the grandeur of it* 
 scenery. The .soil in some places is productive, and well 
 adapted to grazing. It is intersected by the Western Turn- 
 pike. I'ormed in 1777, and named in honor of the illustri- 
 ous orator and statei^man, Edmund Biu-ke. Cajital, Mor- 
 gan town. Pop. 7772, of whom 5(340 were free, and 2132 slaves. 
 
 BUPiKE, a county in tlie E.part of Georgia, bordering on 
 the Savannah River, which separates it from South Caro 
 Una, has an area of 1040 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S. by the Ogeechee River, and traversed by Brier and 
 Rocky Creeks. The surface is moderately uneven; the soil 
 highly productive. Limestone, burrstone, and gypsum are 
 abundant ; chalcedony, agate, and jasper are found. The 
 Savannah River is navigable on the border of the county, 
 which is Intersected by the Central Railroad. Formed in 
 1777. Capital. Wayuesborough. Pop. 16,100, of whom 5208 
 were free, and 10,832 slaves. 
 
 BURKE, a post4ownsliip of Caledonia co., Vermont, about 
 40 miles N.F;. of Montpelier, intersected by branches of Pas- 
 sumpsic River. It has man utiictures of starch, furniture, 
 and leather. Pop. 1103. 
 
 BURKE, a post-towuship in the W. part of Franklin co., 
 New York. 
 
 BURKE, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa. 
 
 BURKERSDDRF, l>«SR/kfrs-doRf\ a village of Lower Au.s- 
 tria. 10 miles W. of Vienna, on the Wien. with an imperial 
 castle, and a castle of the landgraves of FUrstenlerg. 
 
 BURKK'S GARDEN, a post-office of Tazewell co.. Virginia. 
 
 BURICIO'S MILLS, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 
 BURKK'S ST.VTION, a post-office of Fairfax co.. Virginia. 
 
 BUltKKSVILLE, a post-village of Prince Edward CO., Vii^ 
 ginia, on the Richmond and Danville Railroad, at its junc- 
 tion with the South Side Railroad, 52 miles W. of Peteisburg. 
 
 BtlltKESVlLLE. a post-village, capital of Cumberland 
 CO.. Kentucky, on the right 1 anli of Cuml>erland River, 116 
 miles in a straight lino S. by W. of Frankfort. It contaiu« 
 a court-house, a church, and an academy. Pop. near 400. 
 
 BURKEVI LLE. a jtost-village, capital of Newton co.. Texas, 
 on Little Cow Creek, about 340 miles E. by N. of Austin City. 
 It contains the county buildings and a ft>w dwellings. The 
 seat of justice was established here in 1848. 
 
 BURKIIA or BURKA, b&R'k.'i, written also VARAQUE, a 
 fortified maritime town of Eastern Arabia, dominions and 
 45 miles N.W. of Muscat, on the Sea of Bat)-el-Mandeb. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 BURKHARDTSDORF, bCSRk'haRts-doRf \ a village of Sax- 
 ony, 7 miles S. of Chemnitz, with manufactures of linens 
 and cottons. Pop. 1850. 
 
 BUR'KITTSVILLK,apostx)fflceof Frederick co..Marvland. 
 
 BURKITTSVILLE, a post-of«ce of Attala co.. MispissippL 
 
 BURK'S STORE, a small village of Cape Girardeau co., 
 Mi.ssouri. 
 
 BURKSTOWN, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 BURKS'VILLE. a post-office of Nottaway co., Virginia. 
 
 BURLATS, bllR'ld', a town of France, department of Tarn, 
 arrondissement, and 5 miles E.N.E. of Castres, on tha 
 Agout. Pop. 15tX). It has several paper mills. 
 
 BUR'LESCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BUR'LESON, a county in the S. central part of Texas, 
 has an area of 1025 square miles. It is bounded on tha 
 N.E. by Brazos River, on the S. by Yegua Creek, and 
 drained by Davidson's Creek. The soil in some parts is fer- 
 tile. Capital, Caldwell. Pop. 1713, of whom 1213 were free, 
 and 500 slaves. Named in honor of General Edward Biu-le- 
 son, vice-president of the repul)lic. 
 
 BURLESON, a post-office of Franklin CO., Alabama. 
 
 BUR'LESTONE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BUR/LEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Rid- 
 ing. 
 
 BURrr.EY-ON-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Rutland, 2 miles N.E. of Oakham. The splendid seat of 
 the Earl of Winchelsea here stands on the site of the cele- 
 brated mansion of the Dukes of Buckingham, destroyed in 
 the civil war. 
 
 BUK'LINGHAM, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, 
 about 95 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 BURLINGHAM, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi. 
 
 BURLINGIIAM, a small post-village in Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 BURLINGHAM (btiR'ling-am,) ST. ANDREW', a parish 
 of En'jland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BURLINGHAM ST. EDMUND, a parish of England, cu 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 317 
 
BUIl 
 
 BUR 
 
 BUKLINGHAM, ST. PETER, a parish of England, oo. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 BCIi'LINGTON, a town of England. See Briblixoton. 
 
 BUK'LIXGTON, a county occupying the middle part of 
 New Jersey, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the X.W. by the Delaware River, and S.E. by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, extending entirely across the state. It 
 •a drained by Little Egg Harbor River, which partly bounds 
 It on the S.W., and its branches flowing into the Atlantic, 
 and by Rancocus, Assiscunk, and Crosswicks Creeks, falling 
 Into the Delaware. The surEice is generally level, and in 
 many parts covered with pine timlier. The soil in the X.W. 
 portion, for about 12 miles from the river, is a very fertile 
 latm ; the remainder principally sandy, with a substratum 
 of cl.ay. Bog iron ore is found in many places, and marl is 
 abundant in the western part. Animal relics, such as 
 shells, bones, and also petriiied vegetables, are frequently 
 found in the marl. In Springfield township there is a 
 petrifying well. The Camden and Amboy Railroad tra- 
 verses this county, and a branch railroad, connecting Bur- 
 lington with Mount Holly, is included within it. Organized 
 in 1694. and named from Bridlington, commonly pronounced 
 Burlington, a town of England. Capital, Jlount Uollv. 
 Pop. 4.3.20.3. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-town.?hip 6t Penobscot co., Maine, 
 40 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 4S1. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a port of entry and seat of justice of 
 Chittenden co.. Vermont and the most populous town in 
 the state, is situated on a bay of its own name, on the E. 
 side of Lake Champlain, 40 miles by railroad W.N.AV. of 
 Montpalier, and by steamboat 82 miles N. of Whitehall. 
 Lat. 44° 27' N. ; Ion. 73° 10' W. The ground on which Bur- 
 lington is situated is low along the borders of the lake, but 
 rises, .as it recedes from the shore, to a considerable elevation. 
 The United States government has erected a light-house on 
 Juniper Island, at the mouth of Burlington Bay, and con- 
 structed a breakwater to protect the shipping in the harbor. 
 For beauty of location, Burlington is scarcely surpassed by 
 any town or village in New England. The streets cross each 
 other at right angles ; those extending eastward from the 
 lake are a mile in length. In the centre is the public square, 
 around which are situated the court-house, the principal 
 hotels, and several fine stores. Many of the dwellings are 
 surrounded with yards ornamented with shrubtiery and 
 shade-trees. The tJniversity of A'ermont is located about a 
 mile from the shore, at the eastern extremity of the village. 
 on a commanding elevation. 2S1 feet above the level of the 
 lake. Belonging to it are four spacious edifices. The dome 
 of the centre building commands a magnificent view of the 
 lake and surrounding country. Connected with the insti- 
 tution is a medical school. The university was founded in 
 1791. and received from the state a grant of about 30.000 
 acres of land. There are 7375 tons of shipping owned here, 
 324 tons of which are employed in steam navigation. The 
 town contains 4 b.tnks. 3 newsp.aper offices, and a numi)er 
 of churches. Besides the facilities for steamboat navigation 
 which it enjoys on the lake. Burlington has direct commu- 
 nication by railroad with Boston, Whitehall. Ogdensburg, 
 and Montreal Burlington was .settled in 17S3. Pop. of the 
 township in 1S30. 3525 : 1840. 4271 ; 1850. 6110 ; 1S60, 7713. 
 
 BUKIilXGTOX, a post-township of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 14 miles N. by W. of Boston. Pop. 545. 
 
 BUliLINGTON, a post-township of Hartford co., Connec- 
 ticut, on the W. side of Farmington River, 15 miles W. of 
 Hartford. Pop. 1161. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-township of Otsego co., New York, 
 80 mile.s W. of .\Ibany. Pop. 1835. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a township of Burlington co., New Jersey, 
 containing the city of the same name. Pop. 5399. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a city and port of entry of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Delaware River, 'nearlv opposite 
 Bristol, 20 miles above Philadelphia, and 12 miles S.W. of 
 Trenton. Lat. 40° 5' N.. Ion. 73° 10' W. The Camden and 
 Amlioy Railroad connects it with New York and Philadel- 
 phia, and the Mount Holly Railroad with Pemberton. The 
 river is here about one mile wide, and is divided by an island 
 containing 300 acres, lying nearly opposite the city. The 
 streets are wide, straight, and well shaded with trees, and 
 lighted with gas. The houses are mostly built of brick, and 
 the bank of the Delaware is adorned with many handsome 
 residences and gardens. The city is copiously supplied with 
 good water, raised iiy means of hydraulic machinery. It 
 contains 11 churches, 2 banks,! newspaper, a pyblic library, 
 for which a nesU stone building has just been erected, and a 
 lyceum building, now used as a town-hall. There are two 
 large and flourishing Imarding-schoola. Burlington College, 
 of this place, was founded by the Episcopalians in 1846, and 
 had, in 1863, 72 students, with a librarv of 2000 volumes. 
 The tonnage of the distiict in 1854 was 13,219. This city is 
 much resorted to during the summer months by the citizens 
 of I'hilaik-Iphia, with which it communicates by raiIroa<l 
 and steamboats several times a day. It was settled in 1667 
 and was originally called New Beverly. Pop. 5193. ' 
 
 BU1:L1NGT0.\, a po.<t-village and township of Bradford 
 ca, Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. of Towanda. Pop. 1927 
 3X8 
 
 BURLINGTON, a fmall village of Roanoke co., Virginia. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-tillage of Hampshire co., Vii«ginia 
 on Patterson's Creek, 205 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-office of East Baton Rouge parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a handsome post-village, capital of Boons 
 CO., Kentucky, 6 miles from the Ohio River, and 16 miles 
 S.W. of Cincinnati. It contains 4 churches, an academy, a 
 woollenfactorv, and a tobacco factory. Incorporated in 1824. 
 Pop. about 500. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 11 
 miles N.W. of Wilmington, contains several stores and 
 about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, a few miles .above Wheeling. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a small post-vUlage of Hamilton co- 
 Ohio. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a township in the N. part of Licking co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-village, capital of Lawrence co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio River. 145 miles S. by E. of Columbus, 
 and at the southern extremity of the state. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, several churches and a news- 
 paper office. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a village in MarseiUes township, in the 
 S.W. part of Wyandot co.. Ohio. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-village and township in the S.W. 
 part of Calhoun countv, Michigan. Pop. 811. 
 
 BUKLINGTON, a post-township of Carroll co., Indi,ana, 
 18 miles S.E. of Delphi. Pop. 846. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-village in Carroll co., Indiana, 
 on the Michigan Road, and on Wildcat Creek, 52 miles N. 
 of Indianapolis. In 1850 it had 164 inhabitants. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-vilUge of Delaware co., Indiana, 
 oh Prairie Creek, 7 miles S.E. from Muucie, has 1 church 
 and ne.arly 100 inhabitants. The post-office is called New 
 Burlington. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a vilLage of Rush co., Indiana. S miles 
 W.N.W. fi-om Rushville. 
 
 BUKLINGTON, a post-township in Kane co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 664. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, about 
 54 miles W. bv N. of Chicago. 
 
 BUKLINGTON, a flourishing commercial city, seat of 
 justice of Des Moines county, and formerly the capital of 
 Iowa, is situated on the Mississippi River, 45 miles abova 
 Keokuk, 2-^0 miles above St. Louis, and 210 miles W.S.W. 
 of Chicago. According to the census of 1860, Burlington 
 was the fourth city of tiie state in respect to pojiulation. It 
 contiinies to maintain a steady and healthy growth, notwith- 
 standing the removal of the seat of government, which oc- 
 curred in 1839. The river in this part of its course is 8 
 broad and beautiful stream of clear water, and the town, 
 situated partly on the top of the bluffs, overlooks a section 
 of countrj- abounding in rich and delightful scenery. Bur- 
 lington is regularly laid out, and the greater part of tho 
 houses are of brick or stone. It is the se;it of Burlington Uni- 
 versity (Baptist), which had in 1863, 82 students. It also 
 contains several public schools, some 12 cluirches, 2 national 
 banks, and a number of mills and manufactories. Several 
 daily and weekly newspapers are issued here. Burlington 
 is the eiist terminus of the Burlington and Missouri River 
 Railroad, of which 75 miles or more are completed, and is 
 connected with Chicago and other towns in Illinois by the 
 Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Population in 
 1860, 6706. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a thriving post-village and township in 
 Racine CO., Wisconsin, on the Pishtaka or Fox River, at the 
 confluence of the Geneva outlet. 26 miles W. by S. of Kar 
 cine City, with which it is connected by a plank-road. It 
 contains several flouring mills, woollen factories, Ac, for 
 which the river affords water-power. Pop. 1640- 
 
 BURLINGTON FL.VfS. a post-village of Otsego co.. New 
 York. 25 miles S. from Utica. 
 
 BUR/.MAH.BUR'MA.or BIR/M.\H, otherwise called thf. 
 Burmese Empire. orKiNGnoM of Av.v (native, Hyamma. mo- 
 3m'nia. Byamma, be-im'm3. or Bramma, br3m'm3; Chi- 
 nese. Meen-teen, me^^n'te'Jn'.) formerly the most extensive 
 and powerful state In Farther India. : but, siu<e the 
 war of the Burmese with the British in 1824-6, its territo- 
 ries h.ave been comprised within lat, 16° and 27° N.. and 
 Ion. 93° and 99° E., having W. .\racan and Munipwir, N. 
 the Nagas ti'rritory and Upi>er .A.ssam. E. the Chinese pro- 
 vince of Yun-n.an, the independent Laos country, and the 
 British province of Martaban, (finm which last it is sepa- 
 rated by the Salwin or Than-lweng River.) and S. the Gulf 
 of Martaban. a portion of the Biiy of Bengal. Estimated 
 area. 200.000 squan? miles. It is composed of the kingdoms 
 of Burmah, and Fong, with portions of the couiitrieM 
 inhabited by the Khyen, and the Shan countries, and the 
 Kubo Valley, (Munijxmr.) reannexed to it by treaty with 
 the British in 1834: It is enclosed on most sides by moun- 
 tain ranges, in elevation from 2000 to 5000 fi>et abive tht 
 sea, its central part con.sisting of the basin of th^ Iri-awaddy 
 Lagoons are numerous in low beds of the S,, and in thi 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 centre, a little X. of Ava, is a lake 30 miles in length hy 10 
 miles across. The climate is considered salubrious. From 
 May till the middle of Septembur the rainy season conti- 
 nues ; from that time till March the weather is delightful, 
 the temperature seldom exceeding 75°; in April and May 
 the heat becomes very great, b«t is soon mitigated by the 
 commencement of rain. Annual fall of rain, from 150 to 200 
 inches. The soil is of very high fertility ; but except near 
 the towns most of it lies waste, or is only irregularly, tilled ; 
 and agriculture is generally in the most backward condi- 
 tion. Kic-e is the chief crop, especially in the S. ; pulses, 
 Indian millet, and maize are raised in the N., and sessa- 
 mum is universally cultivated for cattle. Other products 
 are cotton of short staple, indigo, (though this product is so 
 badly managed as to be unfit for export,) yams, sweet potar 
 toes, tobacco, capsicums in great quantities, gourds, oil- 
 plants, bananas and other fruits, betel-nut .ind leaf, sugar- 
 cane, onions, garlic, and in the N. a kind of tea. Teak of a 
 quality inferior to that toth of Malabar and Java, oak, and 
 other valuable woods, abound on the mountain ranges, and 
 palm and bamboo are also plentiful. Oxen, buffal'oes, and 
 goats are tlio principal domestic animals used for draught, 
 and the elei>hant is domesticated for the same puipose ; a 
 good breed of horses is also reared. Mineral products are 
 numerous and valuable. The gold and silver obtjlined in 
 the empire has been estimated to amount in value to uj)- 
 ■ward.s of 2tJ0,00<l/., and the produce of petroleum in pits 
 along the Irrawaddy to 8,00(),(iuO lbs. annually. Fine mar- 
 ble, serpentine, amber, sapphires and other gems, iron, 
 copper, tin, lead, antimony, sulphur, nitre, and coal are 
 also found. 
 
 In physical form, the Burmese are more allied to the 
 Mongolians of Eastern Asia than to the Hindoos. Their 
 figure is short, squat, robust, and fleshy, face lozenge- 
 shaped, cheek-bones large, and eyes obliquely placed. The 
 hair is black, coarse and lank ; colour of skin, light brown 
 or yellowish. Fnim the difference of dialects, they may be 
 divided into five tribes or nations. The language is mono- 
 syllabic, somewhat allied to the Chinese. They are of a gay 
 disposition, and fond of amusements, but less civilized tiian 
 the Hindoos or Chinese. . They excel in boat-building, and 
 they cast bells, work in gold and silver, and dye silk and 
 other fabrics, weave silk and cotton goods, and manufacture 
 lacquered wares, paper, coarse earthenwares, and some other 
 articles in a respectable manner, but most of their manu- 
 factured goods, in ordinary use, are imported from foreign 
 countries. China send.s silks to the amount of about 81,000;. 
 annually, porcelain, copper, carpets, metals, drugs, tea, &c., 
 in return for raw cotton, feathers, ivory, bird's nests, horns, 
 gum.a, and some British manufactures ; this intercourse being 
 chiefly conducted at a large annual fair at Bhumo. F'rom 
 the Shan tribes, the Burmese obtain their best sword-blades, 
 also lac, wax, and varnish in return for salt and dried fish ; 
 other articles are mostly imported by sea from British India 
 and the Malay Archipelago, and consist of British cotton 
 goods, areca, and cocoa-nuts, tobacco, iron, hardwares, 
 copper, lead, and other minerals, opium, sugar, spirits, 
 English glass, earthenwares, fire-arms, and gunpowder — the 
 manufactures of the Burmese in the two last articles being 
 of the most wretched description. The government is here- 
 ditary and despotic: the .sovereign is assisted by a council 
 of the nobility, over whom he has a kind of feudal jurisdic- 
 tion, and the titles of the latter are not hereditary. The 
 religion of the mass of the inhabitants is Boodhisnj ; a few 
 Christians and .lews are to be found among the popula- 
 tion, and the Khyens and other wild tribes have a special 
 idolatry of their own. 
 
 Education, in so fir as mere reading and writing is con- 
 cerned, is more diffused than might have been expected. 
 The public revenue is derived from a tithe of the profits of 
 cultivation, duties of 10 per cent, on imports, and 5 per 
 cent, on exports, and on petroleum collected, a royal mono- 
 poly of marble, amber, the precious metals, and gems above 
 a certain size, a poll tax on the unsettled tribes, Ac; and 
 the whole fiscal system is " replete with uncertainty, rapa- 
 city, and violence." The armed force, in the last war, was 
 all intkntry, except a small body of Cassay horse, and a 
 company of artillery, and the war-boats formed the best 
 portion of the armed force. The Burmese Empire is divided 
 into seven piovinces. The principal towns are Ava. Mon- 
 choboo, Amarapoora, Sakaing, Kangoon, Bassain, Martaban, 
 Setang. Taungo, Prome, Patango, Yandabo, and Bhamo. 
 
 Higtnry. — The Boodhist religion was probably introduced 
 into Burmah about the year B.C. 300. At this period the 
 government was permanently fixed at Prome, where it con- 
 tinued for 395 years, during which there reigned 24 princes. 
 After this it was removed under a new dynasty to Pugan, 
 wheref it continued for nearly twelve centuries, during 
 which there reigned 55 princes. In A. D. 1300, the seat of 
 government was established at Panya, where it continued 
 6(5 years under three successive princes. In 1361, it was 
 removed to Ava. where it continued for 369 years, and 
 where, in the sixteenth oentury, Europeans first became 
 acquainted with the Burmese. Towards the commence- 
 ment of the eighteenth century, the Burmese were con- 
 
 quered by the Peguans, a people whom they naj overcoma 
 and kept in subjection for nearly two centuries before. At 
 this period arose Alompra, the founder of the present dy- 
 nastj'. After a reign of ei;4ht years. Alompra was succeeded 
 by his son Uparaja. who made Sakaing (Sagaing) his capital. 
 Uparaja reigned three years onlj-, when he died, iind was 
 succeeded by his brother Sembueii, who again removed the 
 capital to Ava. In 1776, Sembuen was succeeded by his 
 .son Sen-ku-sa, who, after a reign of five years, was succeeded 
 by Paong-Ka-cha, who removed the seat of government to 
 Amarapoora. After a reign of 38 years, Paong-Ka-cha was 
 succeeded, in 1819, by Nun-Sun, who removed the court 
 once more to Ava; but that town having lieen almost en- 
 tirely destroyed, in 1839, by an earthquake, Monchoboo 
 (Moksobo) has becoine the seat of government. In 1837, 
 Nun-Sun died, and was succeeded by his brother Ser-a-wa, 
 to the exclusion of the proper heir. 
 
 The first English writer who notices the Burman domi- 
 nions is Ralph Fitch, a London merchant, who travelled in 
 India towards the end of the sixteenth century. He repre- 
 sents the countries, especially the cities, to have been then 
 in a flourishing condition, and the trade and shijiping of 
 the seaport towns to be very extensive. At the clo.»e of the 
 seventeenth century the Governor of Madras, Mr. N. Hig- 
 ginson, made certain friendly, overtures to the King of Ava, 
 which were graciou.sly received, and, in 1709, the Burman do- 
 minions were visited by Captain Alexander Hamilton, who 
 wrote aiS'eio Accnunt nfUit Kisl Indies. In 1757. the Kast India 
 Company obtjiined a site for a factory and other advantages. 
 Sub.sequent aggressions on the part of the Burmese, accom- 
 panied by insolence to the English ambassadors, led to hoa- 
 tilitie.s, which terminated, in 1820, in the curtailment of the 
 Burmese power and the establishment of British rule in the 
 provinces of Aracan, Ye, Tavoy, Mergui, and part of Marta- 
 ban. Pop. in 1826, 4.2.30,558, thovigli estijnated by some at 
 
 8.000.000. Adj. and inhab. Bir/m'an or Bur/max, and Bi»- 
 
 mane.se. bjr'man-eez', or Burmese. b&R'meez/. 
 BUK'MAKSH, a parish of Kngland, co.. of Kent. 
 BUU'MINdTOD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 BUR'X.\GF,, a township of Emri.ind. co. of Lancaster. 
 BUKN'BY, a parish of Kngland. co. of York, East Biding. 
 BUlfXERS, a post-offlce at the White Sulphur Springs, 
 Virtrinia. 
 BUR/XERSVILLE, a post-office of Barbour co.. A'irginia. 
 BUKXE'SIDK, bDrn'side, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Westmoreland, with a station on the Kendal and Winder- 
 mere Kailwav. 2J miles N.W. of Kendal. 
 
 BURNE/stON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 BURNESn'ILLE, a small post-village of Wa-shington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BUli'NET, a new county in the central part of Texas; 
 has an area of aljouf 950 scjuare miles. It is intersected by 
 Colorado River, which also firms part of its W. boundary. 
 The surface is hilly. This county is not named in the cen- 
 sus of 1850. The productions are similar to those of Traris 
 county, from which it was formed. Pop. 2487. 
 
 BURNET, a village in the N. part of Dallas co., Missouri, 
 on Niangua River. 
 
 BURNET COURT-HOUSE, a post-oflice of Burnet co., 
 Texas. 
 
 BURNET'S CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the Wabash 4 
 miles above Lafayette. The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought 
 in this vicinity, in November, 1811. 
 BURNET'S CREEK, a post-office of White co., Indiana. 
 BUR'NETT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 BUR'NETT, a post-township in Dodge co., Wisconsin, 
 about 55 miles N.W. from Jlilwaukee. Pop. 1034. 
 BURNETT, a small village of Dodge co„ Wisconsin. 
 BURNHAM, biim'am, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 3} miles N.N.AV. of Eton. It has some remains of a nun- 
 nery of order of St. Augustine, founded in 1265. 
 IJURN'H.\M, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 BURNHAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 BURN'HAM, a post-village and township of AValdo co., 
 Jlaine, on the W. side of the Sebasticook River, 30 mUe« 
 N.E. from Augusta. Pop. 857. 
 
 BURNHAM DEEPD ALE, a parish of England, co. of Nor* 
 folk. 
 
 BURNHAM NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 BURNHAM OVERY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 BURNHAM SUrrON, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 BURNHAM THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk, H miles E.S.E. of Burnham-Westgate. Lord Nelson 
 was born in the parsonage house of this parish, of which 
 his father was then incumbent, September 29, 1758. 
 
 BURN/IIAM-WEST'OATE, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Norfolk, 32 miles N.AV. of Norwich. 
 
 BURN'ING GROVE, a small village of Pike co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 BURNING SPRING, a post-office of Wirt co., Virginia. 
 BURNLEY, btlrnlee. a market-town of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, parish of Whalley, on the Burn, 22 miles N. of 
 
 319 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 Uanoliester. Pop. in 1851, 14,706. It stands in a narrow 
 Vivlley. The chapel is a. large, ancient structure, containing 
 numerous monuments of the Townley famih', including one 
 to C. Townley, Esq.. once proprietor of the lamous marbles 
 now in the British Jl-u.seum. Burnley has numerous dis- 
 senting places of worship; a free grammar school, with a 
 revenue of I'i'l. per annum, and several other schools and 
 charities. Manufactures of cotton and woollen fabrics, and 
 machinery, with iron and brass foundries, brewerie.*!, tan- 
 neries, the rope-walks. Burnley is a polling-place for Xorth 
 Lancashire. Its manufacturing prosperity, which is mainly 
 owiug to the abundance of coal in the vicinity, has been 
 further promoted by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, which 
 ne;irly encircles the town, and by railway with Bury, Black- 
 burn, Manchester, &c. 
 
 BUltXS, a post-township of Alleghany co.. New York, 
 about 50 miles S. by AV. of Rochester, is crossed by the Buf 
 falo and New York Railroad. Pop. 1064. 
 
 BURNS, a post-township in the S.E. part of Shiawassee 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 1066. 
 
 BURNS, a post-village of Henry co.,' Illinois, 55 miles N.AV. 
 of Peoria. 
 
 BURN'SALL, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 BURNS' CORNERS, a postK)ffice of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 BUKN'S-HILL, a town and mission station of British 
 KafTraria, South Africa, on the Keiskamma River, co. and 4 
 miles S. of York. 
 
 BUKXSIDE, a post- township of Clearfield co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 75 miles E.N.E. of Pittsburg, intersected by the West 
 Branch of Susquehanna River. Pop. 1080. 
 
 BURN'SIDES, a post-office of Henry co., Illinois. 
 
 BURNiyviLLE, a small town, capital of Yancey co., North 
 Carolina, on the Nolichucky River, 250 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 Pop. 2(X). 
 
 BURNSVILLE, a small village of Bartholomew co., In- 
 diana. 10 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 BURNSVILLE, a post-village of JIcDonongh CO., Illinois, 
 90 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 BUJiNT CABINS, a sm:ill post-village of Fulton oo., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 BURNT CORN, a post-village of Monroe co., Alabama. 
 
 BURNT FORT, a small village of Camden co., Georgia, on 
 the Sautilla River, 48 miles from its mouth. 
 
 BUllNT'GtREEN, England, co. of Worcester, a station on 
 the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 11 miles S.S.W. of 
 Kriniagh.am. 
 
 BURNT HILLS, a postofBce of Saratoga co.. New York. 
 
 BCRNT'ISLAND, commonly pronounL^ed brUnt-iland. a 
 parliamentary borough, seaport town, and parish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 6^ miles N.N.W. of 
 Leith. Pop. of parli;uuentary borough, in 1851, 2724. It is 
 chiefly occupied in the fisheries, in cuilng herrings, and in 
 distilling. It is clean and well built; it has a town-house, 
 Bchnol-house, and the best harbor on the Frith, with a new 
 low-water pier, a lightrhouse, and a dry-dock. It is the 
 steamboat ferry station on the passage of the Edinburgh and 
 Northern Railway. Burntisland unites with Kinghoru, 
 Dysart, and Kirkcaldy in sending one member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 BURXT'MILL, England, oo. of Essex, a station on the 
 Eastern Counties Railway, If miles S. of Harlow. 
 
 BURNT OR/DIN ARY, a postofflce of James aty co., Tir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BURNT PRAI'RIE, a postofflce in the northern limit of 
 White CO., Illinois. 
 
 BORNT STAND, a postK)ffice of Carroll co., Georgia. 
 
 BURNT'VILLE, a postotfice of Brunswick co., A'irginia. 
 
 BUR OAK, a post-office of Mercer co., Missouri. 
 
 BURPHAM, bar'&m, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BURRA, b&r'ra, a'small island of Scotland, belonging to 
 the Shetland Group. 
 
 BURRA BURRA, b&Hra biir'ra, a mining district of 
 South Australia, 80 miles N. of Adelaide. See AdeuviDe. 
 
 BUR RAM POOR, bhrVam-poor', a town of British India, 
 Dresidency of Madras, 10 miles S.W. of Ganjam. It has a 
 large bazaar or market-place, a street occupied by weavers, 
 and several remarkable Hindoo temples. 
 
 BURRAMPOOTER. See Bb.uim.\^pootr.4.. 
 
 BURRA Y, btir/ri, a smaU island of Scotland, belonging to 
 the Orkney Group. 
 
 BUK/RETT, a postrtownship in Winnebago co., Hlinols, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of Rockford. Pop. 1084. 
 
 BURRIAXA, boor-re-J/ni, a town of Spain, 8 miles S. of 
 Castellon de la Plana, on the Rio Seco, 1 inile from its 
 mouth, in the Jlediterranean. Pop. 6204. 
 
 BUR'RILLVILLE, a postrtownship in the northern part 
 of Providence co., Rhode Island, 20 miles N.W. of Provi- 
 dence. It is intersected by Branch Riv6r and its tributa- 
 ries, which afford good wat«r-power. It has manufactures 
 of («tton goods, prints, de laiues, shears, scvthas, s,ashes, and 
 blinds. Ac. Pop. 4140. 
 
 EUK'l'JNGTON^ a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BURKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 BURRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 BURRISHOL, btlrWsUol', a town of British India, presl- 
 320 
 
 dency of Bengal, capital of the district of Backergunge, on 
 an island of the Gauges, 120 miles E.N.K. of Calcutta. 
 
 BURRISHOOLE, burVe-shool', a maritime parish of Ire- 
 land. Connaught, co. of Mayo. 
 
 BUR'RITrs RAPIDS, a post-village of Canada West, eo. 
 of Grenville, on the Rideau Canal, ,ibout 73 miles N.E. of 
 Kingston. It has 3 stores and several mills. Pop. 300, 
 
 BURR OAK, a post-office Winneshiek co.. Iowa. 
 
 BURR OAK, a post-township in the S.E. part of St. Jo- 
 seph CO., Michigan. Pop. 1107. 
 
 BURROUGH, bUr'rQh, a parish of England, co. Leicester. 
 
 BURROUGH-GREEN, a parish of England, co. Cambridge. 
 
 BURR'S FERRY, a post-office of Sabine parish. Louisiana. 
 
 BURR'S MILLS, a postoffice of Jefferson co.. New York. 
 
 BURRS'VILLE, a post-office of Caroline co., Maryland. 
 
 BURRSVILLE, a post-oflSce of RusseU co., Alabama. 
 
 BURR'VILLE. a post-office of Litchfield CO., Connecticut 
 
 BURSA. See Brusa. 
 
 BURSCHEID. See Bottscheid. 
 
 BURS'COUGH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 2 miles N.N.E. of OrmsH 
 kirk. Pop. in 1S51,'24S0. 
 
 BUR'Sli'AH, a town of India, Gwalior dominions, 33 miles 
 S.AV. of Seroiije. In 1S20, it is said to have contained 3000 
 houses, and it was the capital of an extensive district. 
 
 BUlt/SLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 BURSLEM, btirs'lem, a parish and market-town of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Stafford, and the principal town in that import- 
 ant district called " The Potteries," 3 miles N.N.E. of New- 
 castle-undei^Lyne, and 9 miles S.E. of the Crewe station, on 
 the Birmingham and Liverpool Railway. Pop. in 1851, 
 15,954. It has many large factorie.s, convenient dwelling- 
 houses of the work-people, and villas of proprietors, with a 
 neat town-hall, news-room, police office, old and new 
 churches, and numerous dissenting chapels. Burslem forms 
 a part of the parliamentary borough of Stoke-upon- 
 Trent. As early as the seventeenth century it was the 
 chief place in England for the production of earthenwares; 
 at first, of a very homely kind, but latterly brought to 
 great perfection by Josiah Wedgewood, born here in 1730. 
 
 BUR'SONVILLE, a jMst-offiee of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BURS''T.\LL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BUR'STEAD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BURSTEAD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 BUR'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 BUR/STON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BUR'STOW. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BURSTnviCK, a parish of Kngland, co. York, E.Tst Riding. 
 
 BURSZTYN, bSoR'shtin, a town of Austrian Poland, Ga- 
 licia, 20 miles S.W. of Brzezany, on the Lippa, Pop. 2000. 
 It has Roman Catholic and Greek churches. 
 
 BURT, BERT, or BIRT, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Donegal. 
 
 BURTON, a parish of England, co., of Chester. 
 
 BURTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 BURTON, a parish of England, eo. of Sussex. 
 
 BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 BUR'TON, a postrtownship of Cattaraugus county. New 
 York. See Aij.egh.\nt. 
 
 BURTON, a post-village and township in Geauga co., 
 Ohio, about 30 miles E. bv S. of Cleveland. It contains 3 
 churches and 1 academy. "Poo. 104>i. 
 
 BURTON, a township in McIIenry co.. Illinois. Pop. 329. 
 
 BURTON, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 10 miloH 
 E. by S. from Quincy. 
 
 BURTON AGNES, a parish of England, co. York, E. Riding. 
 
 BURTON BISHOP, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 BURTON BLACK, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 BURTON BRADSTOCK, a parish of England, co. Dorset 
 • BURTON-BY-LINCOLN, a parish of England, co. Lincoln, 
 
 BURTON CHERRY, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 E.ast Riding. 
 
 BURTON COGGLES, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BURTON CONSTABLE, a township of England, eo. of 
 York, North Riding, 
 
 BURTON EXTRA, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 BURTON FLEMING, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 BURTON GATE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BURTON HASTINGS, a parish of England, co. Warwick. 
 
 BUR'TON-IN-KEN'DAL, a market-town and parish of 
 England, cos. of Westmoreland and Lancaster, 10 miles S. 
 of Kendal. Pop. in 1851, 2559. The town is neatly built, 
 and ha-s a large market-place, several good inns, and an an- 
 cient church. 
 
 BURTON JOYCE, a parish of England, co. Nottingham. 
 
 BURTON KIRK. See Kirkiicrton. 
 
 BURTON LAT'IMER, a parish of EngL-jnd, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 BURTON LAZARS, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, 
 2 miles S.S.E. of Melton Mowbray. Here was the pnncipal 
 hospital in England for lepers, founded by Lord Mowbi-ay, 
 in the reign of Ueniy I. 
 
BUR 
 
 BUS 
 
 BURTON LEONARD, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 BUKTON-ON-STRATnER, a parisli of England, co. of 
 Lincoln, 
 
 BU1{/TON.ON-TRE^T, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, COS. of Stafford and Derby, on the Trent, within half a 
 mile of the M'est Midland: Birmingham and Derby Rail- 
 way, 11 miles S.S.W. of Derby. Pop. in 1H:A, 9769. The 
 town consists chiefly of 2 streets — the principal terminates 
 by a bridge of 37 arches, 1545 feet in height, stated to be 
 the longest bridge iu Jiugland, and which was built prior 
 to the Con({uest. It has two churches, numerous dissents 
 ing places of worship; a grammar school, founded in 1620; 
 a handsome town-hall, with assembly-rooms, a union work- 
 house, a subscription library, with large breweries of excel- 
 lent ale, (for which the town has long been famous,) exten- 
 sive iron-works, and manufactures of cotton goods and hats. 
 Its trade is promoted by the Grand Trunk Canal, connect- 
 ing the Mersey with the Trent, which hatter river is navi- 
 gable from the Humher to this town. Burton is governed 
 by a steward and a bailiff, appointed by the Marquis of An- 
 glesey, lord of the manor. Of its once famous abbey few 
 traces now exist. 
 
 BURTOX OVERY. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 BURTON TEDWARDINE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 BURTON PIDSEY, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 BURTON'S, a post-ofBce of Tishemingo co., Mississippi. 
 
 BURTON'S CORNERS, a small post-village of Boone co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 BURTONSA'ILLE, a post-offlce, Montgomery co.,New York. 
 
 BUR/TONTON, a post-offlce of Copiah co., Mississippi. 
 
 BURTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 BURTON-wiTn-SLAY, a township of North Wales, co. 
 of Denbigh, N.W. of Wrexham. Pop. 985. 
 
 BURTO.N'-wiTii-WALDEN, a township of England, co. of 
 York, North Riding. 
 
 BUirrON WOOD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancas- 
 ter, on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 2| miles S.W. 
 of Newton-in-Makei-field. 
 
 BURTSCIIi-;iD, boOut/shlte, or BORCETTE, boR'sJtt/, a 
 town of Rhenish Prussia, properly a suburb of Aix-la-Cha- 
 peUe. Pop. 5530. It has manufactures of cloth, cassimeres, 
 yarn, Prussian blue, with celebrated hot sulphur springs, 
 and baths much frequented, (temperature, from 106° to 
 155° Fahr.) 
 
 BURT'VILLE, a post-offlce of McKean co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 BUI'.UD'DA, or JAITWAR, jite'war', a district of Ilin- 
 dostan, S.^V. coast of Ouzerat, principally between parallels 
 21° and 22° N. 
 
 BUKUGIKD. See BooROOOiRD. 
 
 BURUM, bU'rilm, or BOKRUM, boo'rfim, a village of Hol- 
 land, 11 miles S.E. of Dockum, and communicating with 
 the I>auwer Zee. Pop. 1500. 
 
 BURWAH, bUi-'wfih. a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, 87 miles S.W. of Ramghur. 
 
 BURWAil, a towu of British Indhi, 39 miles N.N.E. of 
 Cuttaek. 
 
 BUllWANNEE, btir-wftn'nee, a fortified, considerable town 
 of Central ludui, dominions, and 72 miles S,W. of Indore. It 
 has a large palace, the residence of its rajah. 
 
 BUR'WARTON, a parish of England, co, of Salop, 
 
 BUR/WASU or BUR/OilERSII, a parish of England, co, 
 of Sxissex, 
 
 BURnVELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 5J miles 
 S.S.E. of Louth, the birthplace of the Duchess of Marlborough. 
 
 BUK'Wl.IiL, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 BURWELL, a village of England, co. of Cambridge, con- 
 taining the united parish of St. Andrew and St. Mary, 4 
 miles N.W. bv W. of Newmarket. Pop. 1820. 
 
 BUR/WELL'S BAY, a post-offlce of Isle of Wight co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BURWIIA, buR'wa, a negro town of Central Africa, king- 
 dom of Borneo, on the W. bank of Lake Tchad, f-0 miles 
 N.N.AV. of Kooka, lat. 13° 52' N., Ion. 13° 58' E. It covers 
 an extent eciual to 3 square miles, and being surrounded 
 by a wall 13 or 14 feet high, fronted by a dry ditch, may be 
 considered with reference to the practices of war in that 
 country a place of some strength. Pop. 5000 or 6000. 
 
 BURY, ber'ree, a parliamentary borough, manufacturing 
 town, and parLsh of England, co, of Lancaster, on the Irwell, 
 8t mites N,N,W. of Manchester, with which, and with Bol- 
 ton, it communicates bv railway, also by the Bolton Canal. 
 Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 31,262; of the parish, 70,143. 
 The town h.as. In late years, been much improved ; and it 
 possesses 2 handsome churches, 2 chapels of ease, upwards 
 of 20 dissenting places of worship, a grammar school, with 
 numerous other schools, several public libraries, a mecha- 
 nics' institution, news-room, horticultural society, with Im- 
 portant and flourishing manufactures of cottons, woollens, 
 and machinery, and calico-printing and bleaching esta- 
 blishments. In 1838. there were in the parish 114 cotton 
 jnills employing 13,652 hands, and 17 woollen mills, em- 
 ploying 886 hands. In the vicinity are extensive coal- 
 
 y 
 
 mines, and a large extent of fine pasture land. Since th« 
 Reform Act it has sent 1 member to the House of Commona 
 During the last century, several improvements in the loom, 
 machinery originated at Bury; but the establishment of 
 the large print-works of the late Sir Robert Peel, Bart, 
 (which extend for a considerable distance along the Irwell,) 
 and the perfection to which calico-printing has since been 
 carried, have mainly contributed to the prosperity of the 
 town in recent times. Sir Robert Peel was boru atChamber 
 Hall. In the immediate vicinity of Bury. 
 
 BURY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 BURY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BURY, a post-village of Canada East, co, of Sherbrooke, 
 about 115 miles E, of Montreal, It contains 2 stores and a 
 tavern, 
 
 BURY ST, EDMUND'S, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough town of England, comprising 2 pari.shes, co. of 
 Suffolk, on the L.arke, 24 miles N.W. of Ipswich, and 60 
 miles N.E. of London. Pop. in 1851, 13.900, The town, on 
 a gentle eminence, in a healthy and richly cultivated dis- 
 trict, is remarkably clean, well-built, and cheerful. Princi- 
 pal edifices, St, Mary's 'Church, a'fine (iothic structure; St. 
 James's, near which is a belfry 80 feet in height, and one 
 of the finest remains of Saxon architecture extant in Bri- 
 tain ; the shire-hall, guild-hall, wool-hall, market-cross, 
 theatre, with concert and as.sembly rooms, county jail, on 
 the panoptic principle, house of correction, Suffolk General 
 Hospital, East Suffolk Hospital, &c. The grammar school, 
 founded by Edward VJ., enjoys a high repute, and hfis 2 
 scholarships at Cambridge, and exhibitions to either uni- 
 versity. Clopton's hospital for decayed housekeepers has a 
 revenue of 300i, a year, and the town contains nearly 100 
 other alms-houses, besides schools, and other charities. 
 Bury has a mechanics' institution, subscription library, 
 and lx)tanic garden. There are some remains of a celebrated 
 abbey, founded in the seventh century, and to which the 
 body of the martyred King Edmund was transferred in 
 933, (whenc-e its name.) It is the scat of a large trade in 
 wool, corn, butter, and cheese, St. Matthew's fair, lasting 
 for about 3 weeks from October 2d, is one of the most im- 
 portant in England : other fairs are on Easter Tuesday and 
 Decemljer 1st. The borough is divided into 2 wards, and 
 governed by a m.ayor, 3 aldermen, and 18 councillors. It ia 
 the place of the county assizes, and has general ses.sions in 
 February, June, and November, quarter-se.ssions, petty- 
 sessions weekly, with manorial and other courts. Bury 
 returns 2 members to the House of Commons. It is 
 supposed to have been the Roman \^illu Ihiistina. Under 
 the Plantagenets it was the se.at of several parliaments. 
 Sir Nicholas Bacon, the noted Bishop Gardner, and 
 Dr. Bloomfield, Bishop of London, are among its distin- 
 guished natives. It gives the title of viscount to the Kep- 
 pel family. Ickworth, the splendid wat of the Marquis of 
 Bri.stol. lord of the manor, is in its vicinity. 
 
 BURYTHORPE. ben/re-thonp', a parish of England, co. 
 of York, East Riding. 
 
 BURZEN, bCfiRt/sen, a river of Tran-sylvania, an affluent 
 of the Aloota, (Alut.a.) at Brenndorf. 
 
 BURZEN LAND, b<SdRt/sen-l3nt.. a mountainous region of 
 Hungary, in Transylvania, which forms thodistrict of which 
 Kronstadt is the caplt.al. 
 
 BURZET, btlR^zA/, a town of France, department of Ardfeche 
 arrondis.sement, and 14 miles N, of ]>argenti6re. Pop. in 
 1851. 3377. It has silk mills and woollen manufactories. 
 
 BUSACHI, boo-s^kee, a town and province of Sardinia, 
 in the district of Cagliari, The town is situated on the 
 Tirsi, 11 miles N,E. of Oristano. The district is unhealthy 
 but fertile, yielding good crops of grain and excellent pag- 
 turase. Pop. of the town. 1562: of the province, 71,600. 
 
 BUSACHINO or BUSAQUINO, See Bls.^CQUiNO, 
 
 BUSACO, boo-sd'ko, a hamlet and convent of Portugal, 
 province of Beira, in the Serra-de-Busaco, 20 miles N,N.E. 
 of Coimbra. Here, on the 27th of September, 1810, the 
 French under Massena were repulsed in an attack upon 
 the troops under the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 BUSB.\CH, (Busbach.) boos'biK, a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 6 miles K. of Aix-la-Chapelle. with woollen manu- 
 factures, and mines of lead and calamine. Pop. 1216. 
 
 BUS/BA YVILLE, a post-village in the N, part of Houston 
 co,. Georgia, 16 miles S. by W. of Macon. 
 
 BUSCA, boos'ki, a town of Piedmont, capital of the dis- 
 trict, 9 miles N.W. of Coni, on an affluent of the Po. Pop. 
 8990. It has a college, a hospital, and 2 botanic gardens. 
 Good wine is produced in its viclnitv. 
 
 BUS'COT, a parish of England, co" of Berks. 
 
 BUSEO, hoo-sA'o, a town of AVallachia, on the river of the 
 same name, 60 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Pop. 4500. It is s 
 Greek bishop's see, and a place of some trade. 
 
 BUSH'BURY. a parish of England, co. of Stafford, 
 
 BUSH CREEK, a township in Washington co., Arkan.sas. 
 Pop. 589. 
 
 BUSH CREEK, a township in Scioto co,, Ohio. 
 
 BUSHEAB, boo'shg-dW. an island in the Persian Gulf, 11 
 miles from its N. coast. Lat. 26° 50' N., Ion. 53° 12' E. It 
 is low and flat; at its W. extremity is a small town, with a 
 
 32X 
 
BUS 
 
 tfrferable harbor, which was visited by the fleet of Nearchns, 
 admiral of Alexander the Great. 
 
 BUSHEY. liCt.hee. a parish of England, co. of Herts, 2 
 miles S.S.K. of Watford, with a station on the London and 
 Western Kailway. 
 
 BUSHEY or BUSHY, a royal park of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, on the Thames, adjoining Hampton Court, 12 
 miles S.W of London. It is traversed by superb avenues 
 of limes and chestnut.s, and by a public footpath. It was 
 a Civorite re.sidence of William IV. 
 
 BU'SHI, a postK)ffice of Clark co., Alabama. 
 
 BUSHIRE, boo-sheer', (properly, ABOO-SHEHR, l-boo- 
 shjh'r or 3-boo-shaih'r, " father of cities.") a seaport city of 
 Persia, and its principal entrepot on the I'ersian Gulf, at the 
 N. extremity of a sandy peninsula. Lat. "29° X., Ion. 50° 
 52' E. Pop. variously estimated from 10,000 to 20,000, 
 mostly Persians, Arabs, and Armenians. On the land side it 
 Is protected by a wall with round towers, and on the other 
 sides enclosed by the sea, which on the X. forms a harbor 
 line<i by some wharves. Being built of white stoue, and fur- 
 nished with hollow turrets for ventilation, it has externally 
 a handsome appearance ; but its streets are narrow and un- 
 paved; it is iU supplied with water; good houses are very 
 few; and its public buildings comprise only a few inferior 
 mosques, the sheikh's palace, a dep6t of the East India 
 Company, a large bazaar, some poor coffee-houses, and a 
 solitary bath. Ships of 300 tons are obliged to lie in a road- 
 stead, 6 miles from the city. Bushire has, however, a large 
 trade with British India, importing thence rice, indigo, 
 sugar, English cotton goods, and other manufactures, with 
 steel, spices, porcelain, &c.. from China and the Malay Archi- 
 pelago. Coffee is imported from Mocha; bullion and 
 European manufactures of various kinds come from Bas- 
 sorah. Princip.<d exports, raw silk. Herman wool, sliawls, 
 horses, (to India for cavalry service.) carpets, silk goods, 
 dried fruits, grain, Sheeraz wine, turquoises, pearls, assafoe- 
 tida. and gall-nuts. The anchorage is indifferent but the 
 best on the coast. It consists of an outer road exposed to 
 the N.W. winds, and a safe inner harlior with 4^ fathoms 
 of water, 2j miles from the town. In 18.31, the plague car- 
 ried off more than one-third of the inhabitants. The East 
 India Company has a resident here, who superintends all 
 its affiiirs in the Peraian Gulf. 
 
 BUSH'KILL, a township of Nortliampton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1937. 
 
 BUSHKILL, a post-village of Pike co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Delaware River, near the mouth of BushkiirCreek. 
 
 BUSHKILL CREEK, of Pike co., Pennsylvania, fiiUs into 
 the Delaware River near the S. extremity of the county. 
 
 BUSHKILL CREEK, of Xorthampton co., Pennsylvania, 
 enters the Delaware at Easton. 
 
 BUSH'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 BUSH'MAX'S RIVER. South Africa, Cape Colony, flows 
 generally S.E., forming the Iwundary between the districts 
 of Uitenage and Albany, and enters the Indian Ocean in 
 Ion. 260 37' E. 
 
 BUSHMEN, South Africa. See Bosjesman. 
 
 BUSIPMILLS'. a small town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Antrim, on the Bush. 8 miles N.E. of Coleralne. Pop. 788. 
 It is neat and improving, with a court-house, various places 
 of worship, and villas in its vicinity. 
 
 BUSH'XELL'S BASIX, a post village of Monroe co.. New 
 York, on the Erie Canal, 217 miles AV. bv X. of Albany. 
 
 BUSH'NELLSVILLE, a post-office of Greene co., Xew 
 York. 
 
 BUSH RIVER, of South Carolina, a small stream flowing 
 south-eastward through Xewbury district, into Saluda 
 Biver. 
 
 BUSH'S MILLS, a postofflce of Lewis co., Virginia. 
 
 BUSH'S STORE, a post-office of Laurel co., Kentucky. 
 
 BUSH'VILLE. a post-office of Sullivan co., Xew York. 
 
 BUSHVILLE. a post-village of i'ranklia co., Georgia, 109 
 miles X. of Milledgeville. 
 
 BUSH'AVICK. a township of King's co., Xew York. By 
 an act to take effect .lanuary 1st. 1855, Bushwick is to be 
 included within the cliartered limits of Brookljm. 
 
 BUSHY FORK, a little village in the X.E. part of Coles 
 CO.. Illinois. 
 
 BUSIOXY, btt^zeen^yee', a village of France, department 
 of Xord. 12 miles from Cambrai. Pop. in 1851, 2788. 
 
 BUS'IXESS CORNER, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. 
 
 BUSK, boosk, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the Bug, 
 S2 miles E.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 3000. 
 
 BUSKERUD, boosOtfr-ood'. a bailwick in Norway, pro- 
 rince of Airgershuus ; area. 5800 square miles. 
 
 BUS/KIRK'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Washington CO., 
 New York, on Hoosic River, 29 miles X.X.E. of Albany. 
 
 BUSKO. boosOco, a town of Poland, 44 miles N.E. of Crar 
 eow, with mineral springs and baths. Pop. 800. 
 
 BOS/LlNGTH)RPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BUS'ROEN MILLS, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Indiana. 
 
 BU.SSAHKR, bas'si-her\ a Sikh state. North India, under 
 British protection, immedi.itely S. of the Sutlej. Lat, 31° SO* 
 N.. Ion. 78° K. Estim.ited pop. 150,000. Chief town, Rampoor. 
 
 BUSSAXO, btls*sd.N'>', a village of France, department of 
 
 BUT 
 
 ■Vosges, on the Moselle, near its source, 14 mHes S.E. of 
 Remiremont. Pop. 2283. It has an extensive commerce in 
 mineral waters, of which above 20,000 bottles are annually 
 exported. 
 
 BUSSEE, bUs-see', a town of Hindostan, 19 miles S.E. of 
 Jeypoor. 
 
 BUSSEE, a town of Hindostan, district of Boolundshahur, 
 4 miles X. of Sirhind, and rendered pietui'esque by its wh.'te 
 pagodas and stone pavilions. 
 
 BUS/SELVILLE, a village in the NJ!. part of Lawrence 
 CO.. Illinois, on the Wabash River. 
 
 BUSSERACH, (Biisserach.) biLs'sgr-jK", a village of Swit 
 zerland. canton, and 15 miles X. of Soleure. Pop. COl. Re- 
 markable for the ruins of the fortress of ThiasUin. 
 
 BUS/SERO CREEIv of Indiana, rises in Vigo co.. and, 
 after a course of about 50 miles, falls into the Wabash, 
 nearlv 15 miles above Vincennes. 
 
 BUSSEROLES, bUs'seh-rSll'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, 10 miles X. of Nonfron. Pop. 2207. 
 
 BUSSETO, boos-sA'to, a town of Northern It.ily, duchy, 
 and 17 miles X.W. of Parma, near the Ongina. Pop. 1850. 
 
 BUSSI£RE, biis'se-aiB', several towns or villages of France, 
 in the central and W. departments : the principal. BrssiiRB 
 DcxoiSE, bUs'se-aiR' dii^nwdz', department ofCreuse, 7^ miles 
 N.W. of Gueret. Pop. of commune, in 185'2, 3031. ' 
 
 BUSSXAXG, bMss'nJng, a village of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Thurgau, on the left bank of the Thur, opposite 
 AVeinfelden. Pop. 2000. 
 
 BUSSOLEXGO,boos-so-lSn'go, a village of Xorthern Italy, 
 government of Venice, 9 miles W.X.W. of Verona. Pop. 
 2400. 
 
 BUSSOLINO, boos-so-lee'no, a town of Sardinia. 5 miles 
 E. of Susa, on the Dora. Pop. 1000. In its environs are 
 quarries of green marble. 
 
 BVSSORAH. Asiatic Turkey. See B.^ssorah. 
 
 BUSSUM. btis'siim, a villase of the Xetherlands. province 
 of Xorth Holland, 13 miles S.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 740. 
 
 BUSS/VILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Illinois, 12 miles 
 W. by X'. of Mount Vernon. 
 
 BUS^TAR', a town and district of British India, X.igpoor 
 dominions, 124 miles X.AV. of Chieaeole. The district is 
 mountainous and unexplored. 
 
 BUSTARD BAY, a bay of Au.striilia, E. coast, lat. 24° 4' 
 S., Ion. 161° 50' E„ discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and 
 named by him from a species of bustard found there. 
 
 BUSTEE, btis'tee, a town of British India, province of 
 Oude. 40 iniles W. of Goruckpoor. 
 
 BUSTTI, a post-township of Chautauqua co.,New York, on 
 Chautauqua Lake. 20 miles S.E. of Mavsville. Pep. 2011. 
 
 BUST'LETOX, formerly a post-village of Phil:idelphia co, 
 Pennsylvania. 11 miles X.E. of the State-house. It is now 
 included within the chartered limits of the city of I'hila- 
 delphia. It contains a calico-printing establishment, ope- 
 rated bv water-power. 
 
 BUSfO-ARSIZIO, boos'to-.aR-seed'ze-o. a town of Northern 
 Italy, Lombardy, 19 miles X.W. of MUan. Pop. 9619. It 
 has a cotton thread fectory, and an active trade. 
 
 BUSULUK. See Boozoolook. 
 
 BUSUM, boo'sMm, a small seaport town of Denmark, 
 duchy of Holstein. with a port on the North Sea. 36 miles 
 X.W."ofGlUckstadt. Pop. SOO. 
 
 BUSVAGON. boos-vS-gon', one of the Philippine Islands, 
 5I,iIay .\rchipelago, 50 miles S.W. of Mindoro. Length, .about 
 50 miles; average Ijreadth, 12 miles. Surface mountainous, 
 but it has been little explored. 
 
 BUTCHER'S ISL.\XD, a small island off the W. coast of 
 India, in Bombay Harbor, situated between Salsette and Ca- 
 ranja Islands. 
 
 BUTCHER'S STORE, a postoffice of Randolph co^ Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 BtJTCOMBE, a parish of England co. of Somerset. 
 
 BUTE, an island of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, form- 
 ing, witii Arran. Ac, the county of Bute, and separated 
 from Argyleshire, by a winding channel (the Kyles of Bute,) 
 generally less than 1 mile across. It is in length about 16 
 miles, and from 3 to 5 in breadth. Area, about 60 square 
 miles. Pop. 9499. Its northern part is mountainous and 
 rugged; its centre and southern parts are undulating, with 
 a pretty fertile soil. In the centre are the small lakes— Lake 
 Fad, Ascog. and Quein. Its climate is rather moi-^t. but the 
 mildness and equability of its temperature, have made it 
 the Civorite resort of invalids. On its eastern coast is the 
 town of Rothesay, beautifully situated, and Mouutstuart, 
 the seat of the Marquis of Bute, the chief proprietor. 
 
 BUTE or BUTESHIRE, but'shir, a county of ScotUnd. 
 composed of Arran, Bute, the Cumbrays. Holy Isle, Pladda, 
 and Inchmarnoch. the whole between lat. 65° 32' and 55" 
 66' N., and Ion. 4° 5'2' and 5° 17' W. Area estimated at 257 
 square miles, or 165,000 acres, of which 6O.O1X) are culti- 
 vated. 40.000 uncultivated, and 65.000 unprofltabW. Pop. 
 in 1851, 16.608. Chief town, Rothesay, on Bute Ish Jd. Th« 
 conntv returns 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 BUTER.A., hoo-WrL a town of the irJand of Sicilj-, 19 
 miles S.S.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 4070. 
 
 BUTETVILLE, a post-office of Miiftcn Co., Oregon. 
 
BUT 
 
 BtTTHROTTTM. See Butrinto. 
 
 BUTI, boo'tee, a town of Tuscany, Q}4 miles E. of Pisa, 
 pop. 3498. Its vicinity produces excflleiit olives. 
 
 BUTIjKIGH, btit^ee, a parish of England, co. of .Somerset. 
 
 BUT'LER, a county in the W. part of Pennsylvania, has 
 •n area of about 800 square miles. The Alleghany River 
 touches the N.E. and S.E. extremities; the N. part is di-ainod 
 by Slippery Rock Creek, and the S. part by Conequenes- 
 ging Creek. The surface is mostly undulating. The soil 
 contains a large portion of sand, and is moderately fertile. 
 Bituminous coal is abundant in many places, and valu- 
 able mines of iron and quarries of limestone are found. 
 Organized in 1800, and named in honor of General Richard 
 Butler, who fell at S-t. Clair's defeat in 1791. Capital, Butler. 
 Pop. .35,i594. 
 
 BUTLER, a county in the S. part of Alabama, has an 
 area of 875 square miles. It is drained by Sepulga River, 
 and bounded on the E. by tlie Patsaliga or west fork of 
 Conecuh River. The surface is uneven ; the soil is mode- 
 rately fertile. Cotton and Indian corn aie the staples. Pine 
 timber is abundant in the county. Capital, Greenville. Pop. 
 18,1-22, of whom 11,304 were free, and 6S18 slaves. 
 
 BUTLER, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, con- 
 tains about 500 square miles. It is intersected by Greene 
 Kiver (navigable for steamboats), and also drained by Bar- 
 ren River. The surface is hilly, the soil moderately fertile. 
 Capital, Morgantown. Pop. 79-7, of whom 7157 were free, 
 and 770 slaves. 
 
 BUTLER, a county in the S.^y. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on Indiana, has an area of 455 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Miami River, and also drained by St. Clair's, 
 Mill, and Foiu- Mile Creeks. The surface is nearly level; 
 the soil is uniformly and highly productive. The rock which 
 underlies this part of the state is the blue or Trenton lime- 
 stone, a good material for building. The county is abun- 
 dantly supplied with water-power. It is intersected by the 
 Miami Canal, and by the railroad from Cincinnati to Dayton. 
 The Hamilton and Katon Railroad terminates at Hamilton, 
 the county-seat. Organized in 1S03. Pop. 35,840. 
 
 BUTLER, a county in the S.S.E. part of Missouri, border- 
 ing on Arkansas, has an area of 560 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by St. Francis River, and intersi«ted by 
 the Big Black River and Cane Creek. Tlie general surface 
 is level. Named in honor of William 0. Butler, of Ken- 
 tucky. Pop. 2891, of whom 2839 were free, and 52 slaves. 
 
 BUTLER, a new county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Shell 
 Rock River, and also drained by the W. Fork of Cedar River. 
 It contains extensive prairies. The Dubuque and Sioux 
 City Railroad passes alone the southern border. Pop. 3724. 
 
 BUTLKR, a post-village and township of Wayne co., New 
 York, 45 miles E. of Rocnester. Pop. 2338. 
 
 BUTLER, a township of Adams co., Pennsvlvanla. Pop. 
 1300. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-borough, capital of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Conequenessing Creek, 30 miles N. of I?ittsburg. 
 It is a pleasant and quiet town, having an elevateil position 
 and an extensive prospect. It contains an academy, a 
 national bank, and several churchee. Pop. in 1850, 1148; 
 in 1S60, 1399. 
 
 BUTLER, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1081. 
 
 BUTLER, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1467. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-office of Rutherford co.. North Carolina. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-office of Lancaster co.. South Carolina, 
 
 BUTLKR, Taylor co., Georgia. See Appendix. 
 
 BUTLER, a p"ost-office of Talbot co., Georgia. 
 
 BUTLER, a new post-village, capital of Choctaw cp., Ala- 
 bama, about 100 miles in a direct line W. by S. of Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 BUTLKR, a post-office of Franklin parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-office of Carter Co., Tennessee. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BUTLER, a township in Columbiana co^ Ohio. Pop. 
 1587. 
 
 BUTLER, a township in Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1398. 
 
 BUTLER, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 726. 
 
 BUTLER, a town>hip in Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 1042. 
 
 BUTLER, a township in Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 
 2271. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-township in Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 
 1050. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-township in the N.E. part of Branch co, 
 Michigan. Pop. 1120. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-township in De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 
 873. 
 
 BUTLER, a township in Franklin co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1399. 
 
 HUTLER, a township in Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 1421. 
 
 BUTLER, a pcs.'-office of Montgomery county, Illi- 
 
 QOIS. 
 
 BUTLER, capital of Bates co., Missoun. See Appendix. 
 BUTLERi Dunklin co., Missouri. Bee Kennett. 
 
 BUT 
 
 BUTLER, a post-village In the S. part of Keokuk co., 
 Iowa, 60 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-office of Milwaukee co., "Wisconsin, S 
 miles N.W. of Milwaukee City. 
 
 BUTLER'S CREEK, of Richmond co., Georgia, flow.s into 
 the Savannah a few miles below Augusta. 
 
 BUTLER'S LANDING, a post-village of Jackson co.. Ten. 
 nessee, 85 miles N.E. of Nashville. 
 
 BUT'LER'S MARS^rON, a parish of England, co. of Wai^ 
 
 BUTI.ER'S SPRING, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama. 
 
 BUT'LERSVILLE, a post-office of Anderson district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BUT'LERVILLE, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama. 
 
 BUTLERVILLE. a post-office of Warren co. Ohio. 
 
 BUTLEK'VILLE or BUTLEHS'VILLE, a post-village of 
 .Jennings co., Indiana. 6 miles E.N.E. from Vernon. 
 
 BUT'LEY, a parish of En^Maud. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 BUTLEY. a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 BUTrMAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Penobscot co , Maine. 
 
 BUTVJOL', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 64 miles N. of Ooruckpoor. 
 
 BUTOW, (BUtow,) bU'tov, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 53 miles E. of Coslin. Pop. 2100. It hiis woollen manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 BUTRINTO, hoo-trin'to, a fortified maritime town of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, Epirus, sanjak of Delvino, at the mouth of a 
 river, immediately opposite Corfu, and on the other bank 
 of which are some remains of the ancient Buflirn'lum. Pop. 
 15O0. The town and fortress are of Venetian construction. 
 The Lake of Hutrinto, N. of the town, is 5 mUes in length, 
 by 2 miles in bri-.idth. 
 
 BUTSCHATSCII. See BnczAcz. 
 
 BUTSCIIOWITZ or BUCZO'NVIC, boo'cho-vits'. a town of 
 .Austria, Moravlji, circle, and 18 miles E. of Brilnn. Pop. 
 2473. It has manufactories of cloths and morocco leather, 
 and a ca.<itle of the Princes of Lichtenstein. 
 
 BUT'TAIIAT'CIIIE, a small river of Alabama and Missis- 
 sippi, rises in the N.W. part of the former, and, flowing 
 south-westward into the Mississippi, enters the Tombigbea 
 nejir liamilton. 
 
 BU'ITAHATCmE or BUTTAHATCIIY, a post-office of 
 Monroe CO., Mississippi. 
 
 BUTTE, bute. a county in the northern part of California, 
 bordering on the Utah Territory, has an area estimated at 
 5000 square mile.'s. It is bounded on the W. by Sacramento 
 River, and is drained by Feather River and its Middle Fork, 
 which afford many fine mill sites. The surface is uneven, 
 and in some parts mountainous, with many beautiful and 
 fertile valleys fitted for agriculture and stock-raising. These 
 valleys are timbered and P0^«red with the finest grass; 
 water is abundant, and iiTi.'ation easy. The mountains 
 are covered, in many places, with m.ijestic pines and cedars. 
 The scenerj- is hii;hly picturesque. Butte Mountains, on the 
 Sacramento River, Table Mountain, near Feather River, 
 having the appearance of an ancient castle, and the lofty 
 Mount Hood, whose snow-capped summit may be seen at 
 an immense distance, are situated in this county. The soil, 
 when not too much broken, is generally fertile. The amount 
 of capital employed in quartz mining, inl852, was $-340,764; 
 in placer mining $22,350, and in other mining $55,650. 
 I'latina and iron abound in all the mining districts, but not 
 in sufficient quantities to justify the use of machinery. 
 Quicksilver is found in abundance: silver in small quan- 
 titii^s, and lead in a pure state on the head-waters of Middle 
 Fork. Gold is found in the county, chiefly imbedded in 
 (luartz, the mining of which pays a good percentage. The 
 name of the tounty was derived from the Butte Moun- 
 tains, on Sacramento River. County seat, Hamilton. Pop. 
 in 1860, 12,106. 
 
 liUTTE, a small town of Butte co., in the northern part 
 of California, is situated on the Sacramento River, about 
 75 miles above its junction with Feather River, and on the 
 road from Fremont to Sliasta, 125 miles in a direct line N. 
 by E. from San Francisco. 
 
 BUTTE DES MORTS, bute dk mort, (Fr. pron. bUt-di- 
 moR',) a post-village of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, on tha 
 lake of the same name, about So miles N N.E. of Madison. 
 It lias 1 ste.ani-niill. a national bank, and 4 stores. 
 
 IJUTTELSTADT. (Buttelstfidt.) boof tel-8t?tt\ a town of 
 Germany, Saxe-M'eimar, 4 miles S.W. of Buttstadt. Pop. 825. 
 
 BUin'EliFIiY. a post-office of Oswego CO., New York. 
 
 BUT'TiCK HILL, in Orange ro.. New York, a steep emi- 
 nence on the W. side of the Hudson, opposite to Breakneck 
 Hill. Height about 15.30 feet. 
 
 BUTTE RIVER, rises in Butte CO., towards the N.N.W. 
 part of California, and. flowing in a general S.S.W. course, 
 falls into the Sacramento River, in Sutter co., about 30 miles 
 above Fremont. 
 
 BUTTEKLEIGII, hftfter-le, parish of England, co. Devon. 
 
 BUTTEULEY, but/ter-!e, a hamlet of England, co. of 
 Derbv, 3 miles S. of Alfreton. Its inhabitants are engaged 
 in the eolleries and iron-works of a company established 
 here in 1792, at which the Vauxhall and other iron 
 bridges in the metropolis and elsewhere, the iron colon- 
 
 223 
 
BUT 
 
 BYB 
 
 iiade of tlie opera-house in London, large iron macbinery, 
 ana seme p.>werful steam-engines, have teen made. 
 
 liU'l'TKltMEllli, bCit/ter-meer, a parisli of Jiugland, co. 
 of Wilts. 
 
 BUTl'ERMERE. a cliapelry of England, co. of Cumber- 
 land, Ti miles S.W. of IvL-swick. The L;ike Butteimere is 
 abc'it IJ in length by 5 mile in ^ridth, and surrounded by 
 sublime mountain scenery. 
 
 BUTTEllMlHv, a postoffice of Orange co., New York. 
 
 BUTTERMILK CIL\XXEL, of New York liarbor, sepa- 
 rates Governor's IsUnd from Long Island. 
 
 BUTTERMILK FALLS, of New York, a small cascade on 
 the W. bank of the Hudson, 2 miles lielow West Point. 
 
 BUTTERJIILIv FALLS, a post-village of Wyoming co 
 PeiinsylvauLi, on the Susquehanna River, and on the 
 North" Brancli Canal, 135 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg, has a 
 very excellent water-power. The name of the post-ofi5ce is 
 simply '•Falls." 
 
 BUt'TEKNUT RIDGE, a post-office Sandusky co., Ohio. 
 
 BUTTERNUTS, a post-township of Otsego county, New 
 York, 90 miles W. by S. from Albany, is drained by Uua- 
 dilla River. Pop. 2365. 
 
 BUITERVILLE, a small post-village of 'Warren co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 BUTTERWICK. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BUTTERWICK, WEST, a township of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. There are several smaller townships in the cos. of 
 York and Lincoln named Buttertvick. 
 
 BUTTER WORTH, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 3 miles E. of Rochdale. Pop. 5088, chiefly employed 
 in cotton and woollen Cictories. 
 
 BUTTES, biitt, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 19 
 miles S.>V. of Neufchatel. has 1000 inhabitants, and exten- 
 sive manufactories of watches. The position of this village, 
 in a narrow valley surrounded by high mountains, renders 
 the sun invisible during many months in the ye;ir. 
 
 BUT^TEVANT', a market-town and parish of Ireland, 
 Munster, co. of Cork. The town is situated on the Arobeg, 
 Si miles W. of Doncraile. Pop. 1524. It was formerly en- 
 closed by walls, and it has the ruins of numerous ecclesias- 
 tical etlifices. an old castle, and large infantry barracks. 
 
 BUTTIGLIERA, boot-teel-yA'ri, a town of Piedmont, 16 
 miles X.W. of Asti. Pop. 2252. 
 
 BUTTIGLIERA URIOLA,' boot-teel-yd/ra oo-re</ia. a vil- 
 lage of the Sardinian States, province of Sus;i. Pop. 1194. 
 
 BUTTINGTON, a parish of North AVales, co. of Montgo- 
 mery, on the Severn, and partly included in the borough 
 of Welslipool. Offa's Dyke separates the co. of Salop from 
 this parish, in which a sanguinary hittle was fought be- 
 tween the Saxons and Danes in 894, and, at a subsequent 
 period, one between the Welsh and English, which was 
 nearly the last fought for Wefsh independence. 
 
 BUTTISIIOLZ, booftiss-h6lts\ a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 11 miles N.W. of i^iucerne, on a 
 tributary of the Wigger, and remarkable for a mound in its 
 vicinity, called the Englinderliubd, or " English hillock," 
 iirom containing the bones of 3CKX) Englishmen, followers of 
 Ingelram-de-Coucy, son-in-law of Edward 111., and Duke of 
 Bedford, who, having a feud with Leopold of Austria, was 
 devastating the Swiss cantons, when the peasants attacked 
 and defeated him. Pop. 17o8. 
 
 BUTTOX-NESS/, a prominent headland of .Scotland on 
 the northern side of the entrance into the Frith of Tay, lat. 
 56° 28' N.; Ion. 2° 40' W. There are two light-houses here, 
 with bright fixed lights on separate towers. 
 
 BUTTS, bats, a county in the central part of Qeorgia, has 
 an area of about ISO square miles. The Oconee River forms 
 its Ixjundary on the E. and N.E. ; it is also drained by Tussa- 
 haw. Yellow Water, and Sandy Creeks. The general sur- 
 face is level ; the soil moderately fertile. Granite underlies 
 part of the county. The IndLin Springs on Sandy Creek 
 are frequented by many persons in summer. It was named 
 in honor of Captain Samuel Butts, an officer in the war of 
 1812. Capital, Jackson. Pop. 0455, of whom 3388 were iree, 
 and 3067 slaves. 
 
 BUTTSBURY, btltsOj^-re, a parish of England, co. of Ex- 
 sex. 
 
 BUT15TADT, (Buttstadt,) bOCfst^tt, a town of Central 
 Germany, d uchy of Sax e-Weimar, 11 miles N.N .E. of Weimar. 
 Pop. 2000. Four miles S.W. is the town of Buttelstildt. 
 
 BUTTS'VILLE. a village of Warren co.. New Jersey, on 
 the Petiuest Creek, 5 miles E. from Belvidere, has a church, 
 a mill, and 12 or 16 dwellings. 
 
 BUT'TULPil, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BUTYIN, boot/yeen, or BUTTZEX. boot/tsen, a town of 
 Hungary, E. of the Theiss, co., and 37 miles N.E. of Arad. 
 Pop. 3775. 
 
 BUTZ, baats, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 
 7 miles N. of Auran. Pop. 250, Roman Catholics. 
 
 BUTZBACH, Wxits'ljaK, a town of Western Germany. 
 Hes.se Darmstadt. 11 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 2246. It has 
 manufactures of tliinnels, hosiery, and leather. 
 
 BUTZOW, (BUtzow.) bUts/dv, a decayed town of North Ger- 
 many, Mecklenburg— Schwerin, on the Warnow, 18 miles 
 S.W. of Rostock. Pop. 3894. It has mauutactures of paner 
 334 '^ 
 
 and playing-cards. Its old episcopal residence now serrrs 
 for a prison, and its university was conjoined with that of 
 Rostock in 1789. 
 
 BUTZ/TOX, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 55 miles N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 BUVIESC.i. boo-ve-ts'kd, a town of Spain, Old Castillej 
 20 miles N.N.E. of Burgos, on the Oca. Pop. 2061. 
 
 BUX'AR/, a town and fortre-^s of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 73 miles W. of Patna, and 
 famous fjr a complete victory obtained in 17f4, by 7000 
 Eui-opeans and sepoys, under Sir H. Monro, over a com- 
 bined native army of 40,00i) men, 2000 of whom were left 
 dead on the field, and many drowned in their flight. 
 
 BUX^EDAVAR' a strong and remarkable pass across the 
 IlimaLiya Mountains, from the Cooch-Bahar (Ilindostan) 
 into Bootan. 80 miles X.N.E. of Kungpoor, in Bengal. 
 BU-VEXTUM. See Policastro. 
 BU.VHALL, a parish of England, co., of Suffolk. 
 
 BUXT'ED. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 BUXTEHUDE. boo-t't^'b-hoo'deh, a town of Hanover, land- 
 drostei.and 13 miles S.E. of Stade,ou the Egte, uejirits mcuth 
 in the Elbe. Pop. 2200. It has manufactures of starch, letither, 
 snuff, and wax-lights ; and import trade from Hamburg. 
 
 BUX'TOX', (L. Bucostunum.) a market-town, chapelry, 
 and Cishionable watering-place of England, co. of Derby, 
 parish of Bakewell, near the source of the Wye. 31 miles 
 W.N.W. of Derby, and 160 miles N.N.W. of Loudon. Pop. 
 in 1851, 12-35. It is situated in a deep valley, and con- 
 sists of an old and a new town, the latter containing many 
 fine ranges of buildings, including a noble crescent, excel- 
 lent hotels and shops, an elegant modern chmx'h. public 
 and private baths, assembly-rooms, the whole founded by 
 the late Duke of Devon.shire, who also established several 
 schools and a lending-library. The '' Old Hall," once the 
 residence of Mary, Queen of Scot", is now an inn. The 
 upper town, or village, is unprepossessing, but it contains • 
 some tolerable inns and lodging-liouses, with an old market 
 cross. The saline waters in the lower town are from a hot 
 and a cold spring, within a few inches of each other; there 
 is also a chalybeate spring. Buxton is frequented annually 
 by from 10.000 to 12,000 visitoi-s, chiefly lietween June and 
 October. From 1000 to 12U0 poor invalids annu.ally avail 
 themselves of the "bath-charity," by means of which they 
 are, on proper recommendation, maintained for a month, 
 while using the waters. Many of the resident inhabitants 
 are engaged in the manufacturer of alabiisttT, spar, and 
 other ornaments. The vicinity abounds with fine .scenery; 
 and adjacent to the town are Ptole's Hole, a vast stalactitie 
 cavern, and Diamond Hill, so ciilled from a profusion of 
 crystals dispersed through its structure. 
 
 BUXTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BUXTON, a post-township of York co., Maine, on the 
 western side of Saco River, aljout 60 miles S.W. by S. of 
 Augusta, has abundant water-power. Pop. 285:!. 
 
 BUXTOX', a post-village of York co., Maine, on the York 
 and Cumberland Railroad, 15 miles W. of Portland. It 
 contains a church, a store, and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 BUXTOX AXD BAR MILL, a village of York Co., Maine, 
 on the E. bank of S.ico River, and at the E. terminus of the 
 York and Cumberland Railroad, IS miles W. of Portland. 
 It has 1 church, stores, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 BUXY. biik'see'. a town of France, department of the 
 Saone-et-Loire. 9 miles S.W. of Ch&lons. Pop. in 1852, 1995. 
 
 BUYCKSVILLE, Mks'vil, a post-office of Coosa co.,Alabama. 
 
 BUYTRAGO. a town of Spain. See Buii'R.UiO. 
 
 BUZAXC AIS, bU'z3.\='s;l', a town of France, department of 
 Indre. on tno Indre, 13 miles N.W. of Cliateauroux. Pop. in 
 1852. 4979. In its vicinity are extensive iron-works. 
 
 BUZ.iXCY, btl'zSNO'see', a town of France, department 
 of Ardennes, 25 miles S.E. of Mezieres. Pup. 892. Ith.~isa 
 castle. !fnd a Saracenic edifice of the twelfth centurj'. 
 
 BUZ'BEEYILLE, a post-office of Coffee co., Al.ibama. 
 
 BUZEX', boc/zgn, a province of Japan, in the N. of the 
 island of Ivioo-Sioo,and separated from Xiphon by the Strait 
 of \an-der-Capellen, here scarcely 1 mile across. It lies lie- 
 tween lat. 33° 23' and 34° N., li>n. 130° 40' and 131° 23' E., 
 and conipi-ises 23 islands, all unimportant. 
 
 BUZET. bil'z.'l'. a town of Franco, department of Lot-et- 
 6aronne, arrondissoment, and 7 miles X. of Xfirac. Pop. 
 1617. Excellent wine is produced in its vicinity. 
 
 BUZZARD ROOST, a post-office of Franklin co., Al.abam.-i. 
 
 BUZZARD BOOST, a post-office of NichoLis co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 BUZ'ZARDS BAY, on the S. coast of Mass;ichu.setts, is 
 30 miles long, with a mean width of 7 miles, and contains 
 the harbors of New Bedford. Fair Haven. Rochester, and 
 Wareham. The Elizabeth Islands separate it from Vine- 
 yard Sound. 
 
 BUZ'ZARDSVILLE, a village of Madison co, Indiana, 44 
 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BY'AM MARTINS ISLAXD, Pacific Ocean, is in lat. lO" 
 40' 22" S.. and Ion. 140° 22' 2S" W. It was discovered by 
 Sir AV. Beechey in 1826. 
 
 BYBERRY, bl'bfr-re, a former posttownsblp of Phfiv 
 delphia co., Pennsylvania, 14 miles N.E. of the State-house ; 
 
BYE 
 
 CAB 
 
 It is now included within the chartered limits of the city. 
 Pop. in 1850. 1130. 
 
 IJY'KHSVILLK, a post-village in the S. part of Livingston 
 CO., New York, 16 miles S. of Genesee. 
 
 BYKSVIMiK. blx'vil, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 
 BY''FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 UYFIELD. a post-village, partly in Newbury, and partly 
 In Kowley township.s, Essex co., Massachusetts, 35 miles N. 
 by E, of Boston. A fall in Parker River affords good water- 
 power. Dummer Academy, founded in 1756, is located in 
 the village. 
 
 BY't'l>KET, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 BY'FOUD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BYGONBAKRY, bi-gon-blr'ree, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Brahmapootra, 73 miles N. of 
 Dacca. 
 
 BYGRAVE. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 BYILVLTA, a p^jst-village of Marshall co., Mississippi, on 
 the road from Memphis to Holly Springs, 18 miles N.W. 
 of the latter. 
 
 BYIIALIA, a postK)fnce of Union co., Ohio. 
 
 BYI.NtiTON, bi'ing-t9n, a postofflce of Pike co., Ohio. 
 
 BY'KEK, a township of England, co. of Northumberland, 
 on the 'f yne, I5 miles E. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1S51, 7040, 
 employed in various manufactures, &c. connected with the 
 Newcastle trade. 
 
 BY^KIIOF. be-Kof, a town of Russia, government, and 55 
 miles S. of Tchemigov. 
 
 BYKIKJF, NO'VO, a town of Russia, government, and 38 
 miles S. of Mnheelev. 
 
 BYKHOF, STAROr, sti-roi' be-Kof, a town of Russia, 
 government, and 26 miles S. of Moheelev; an old fortitied 
 town on the right bank of the Dnieper. Pop. 3900. It has 
 several churches, convents, and a synagogue. 
 
 BY'KU.XD, bi*ktlnd', a ruined city of Independent Toor- 
 kist^in, khanat, and 23 miles S.W. of Bokhara. It is said to 
 have been one of the oldest cities in that region, and it re- 
 tains remains of high antiquity. 
 
 B\''LAND. a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 5 miles W.S.W. of Helmsley. Pop. 97. Here are the 
 remains of a noble abbey, founded in the twelfth century. 
 
 BYLAND. OLD. a parish contiguous to the above. 
 
 BYL.\UGII. bi'law, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 BY'LKR'S MILLS, a vill.-ige of Morgan co., Missouri, 56 
 mfles W.S.W. of .JefTerson City. 
 
 BYRAGHUR, bPrd-gur', (Hind. Vairagliur,)a town of In- 
 dia, Nagpoor dominion, on the Mahanuddy, 75 miles S.W. 
 of Sumbhulpoor. 
 
 BYRAGHUR, a village of Hindostan, In Rajpootana, 5 
 miles W. of Dillanpoor. 
 
 BY'R.\ M, a township of Sussex co., New Jersey. Pop. 1202. 
 
 BY'RAMGHAUT',atown of Hindostan, in Oude, on the 
 Goggra. 34 miles N.E. of Lucknow. 
 
 BY'RAM RIVER, in the S.W. part of Connecticut, ent«rs 
 Long Island Sound on the boundary between this state and 
 New York. 
 
 BYRD, bird, a township in Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1283. 
 
 BYRNE, bjrn, a post-office of .lackson co., Tennessee. 
 
 BY'RNE'ViLLE, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, 
 about 105 miles S. of Indianapolis, was laid out in 1860. 
 
 BYRN'VILLE. a post-village of Schoharie co.. New Y'ork, 
 46 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 BY'RON. a post-township of Oxford co., Maine. 56 miles 
 N.W. of Augu.sta. Pop. 323. 
 
 BYRON, a post-village and township of Genesee co., Nen 
 York, on the liviffalo and Rochester Railroad, Ud miles 
 W.S.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches and,several stores^ 
 Pop. 1864. 
 
 BYRON, a small post-village of Greene co., Ohio. 
 
 BYRON, a townsliip in Kent co., Michigan. Pop. 1039. 
 
 BYRON, a thriving post-viilage of Burns townshi]), .Shia- 
 wat-see co., Michigan, on the t-liiawassee River, abost SJ 
 miles E. of Lansing.' It has an extensive water-power, and 
 contains a flouring-mill, a woollen factory, an iron foundry, 
 3 stores, Ac. 
 
 BYRON, a thriving post-village of La Porte co., Indiana, 
 on the Northern Iniliana R;iilroad, 5 miles N.E. of i-a 
 Porte, ihe county-seat, is surrounded by a beautiful and 
 fertile i)rairie. 
 
 BYRON, a post-village an<l township in Ogle co..IIlinois,on 
 Rock River, about 12 miles N. by E. of Oregon City. P. 1105. 
 
 BYRON, a post-township in Fond du Lac co., VVisconsin, 
 about 10 miles S. of Fond du Lac. Pop. 13iJ6. 
 
 BYRON'S BAY, E. coast of Labrador, North America, In 
 lat. 54° 40' N., Ion. 57° 30' W. 
 
 BYRON'S ISLAND, of the Mulgrave Archipelago, in the 
 Pacific. Lat. 1° IS' S.; Ion. 177° 20' E. It is low, densely 
 wooded, and was discovered by Admiral Bj'ron in 1705. 
 
 BY'RONSVILLE, a post-office of Dooly co., Georgia. 
 
 BYRRIA, bir'ro-a. a town of India, Gwalior dominions, 16 
 miles from Oojein ;' in 1S20 it contained 1000 houses. 
 
 BYSKE, bUs/k.i, bis'kJh. a river of Sweden, falls into the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, in lat. 64° 57' N.,. after a direct S.E. course of 
 110 miles. At its mouth is tlie small town of Byskea. 
 
 BYTHAM CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 BYTHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 adjoining the above. 
 
 B\''Tli()RN, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 BY'TON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 BY'TOWN, the capital of Carleton co., Canada West, tg 
 situated on the right bank of the Ottawa River, and on a 
 railroad connecting Bytown with Prescott, about 110 miles 
 N.N.E. of Kingston. It is divided into Upper and Lower 
 Town, and has an hospital and nunnery, branch banks, a 
 telegraph company, and agencies of 3 life and fire insurance 
 companies. The town also contains alwut 50 stores, several 
 printing offices, an axe factory, foundry, and machine shop, 
 and numerous other establislimentsi Three newspapers are 
 published here. Bytown is one of the most flourishing 
 places in Canada West, and carries on a large trade by 
 means of the Ottawa River and the Rideau Canal, which 
 conncct-i it with Kingston. Sue Ott.^wa in AppKxirix. 
 
 BYTURNEY, bi-toor^nee, or VAITURANI, vi-too-rS/nee, 
 a river of Hindostan, rising in the mountainous region of 
 Cliuta Nagpoor. province of Bahar, and after a S.E. course 
 of from 300 to 4iX) miles, falling into the Bay of Bengal, 
 near Doomrah, lat. 20° 37' N. 
 
 BYnVELL. ST. ANDREW'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 BYWELL. ST. PETER'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northumberland, on the Tyne. The village, which is 
 situated in both parishes, is very picturesque. It is sur- 
 rounded by woods, and has 2 churches, the ruins of a 
 ca.stle of the Baliols, and of an .ancient bridge over the Tyne. 
 
 BYZANTIUM, biz-.an'she-um, (Gr. Bvf airio*', Buzantitm, 
 or XivaavTiov, Busantimi,) an ancient city on the site of the 
 
 modern Constantinople. See Coxstantinople. Adj. and 
 
 inhab., Byzantine, be-zan'tin, and Byzantian, be-zan'she-an.* 
 
 C 
 
 CAACATY, kl'kJ-tee', an Indian village, 77 miles E. by 
 S. of the city of Corrientes,of the Argentine Confedera- 
 tion. Pop. 800. Caaeaty means stinking wood — a name de- 
 rived from the odor of the wood in the vicinity. 
 
 CABABURI, k4-li3-boo-ree', a river of Brazil, formed by 
 the junction of the Mataraca and Baria, pursues a S. course 
 for 120 miles, and falls into the Rio Negro at lat. 0° 10' S., 
 Ion. 66° 30' W. 
 
 CARAQA. kl-bH/sI, a town of Africa, South Guinea, in the 
 countrv of Ginga, about lat. 8° S., Ion. 20° 21' E. 
 
 CABAGAN, ki-bd-gdn', a town of the Philippine Isl.ands, 
 in the province of Cagayan, at the N. extremity of the 
 island of Luzon. Pop. in'l838, 11,186. 
 
 CABALABA, kd-bd-ia/bi a river of Dutch Guiana, a tri- 
 butaiy of the Cbrentyn, which it joins about lat 5° N., Ion. 
 67° 3' W. It is about 100 yards wide at its mouth, but is 
 bro.ader 6 miles higher up. It is extremely winding in its 
 «)urse. and its water is of an ochreous color. 
 
 CABALUNGA, kd-ba-loon'gil, a town of the island of Sa^ 
 •nar, one of the Philippines, the residence of the Spanish al- 
 calde of the island. 
 
 CAB.A.NES. kd-nd/nis, a town of Sp.ain, 12 miles N.E. of 
 Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1019. 
 
 CABANNES-ET-BARRES, kd'bdnn'A-bdRR, a village of 
 france, department of Tarn. Pop. of commune, 1154. 
 
 CABAPUANA, kd-ba-poo-d^nd, (called also erroneously 
 CAMPUAN RERITIGBA and MURIBECA.) a river of 
 Brazil, province of Espirito Santo, rises in the N. slopes of 
 the Serra de Pico, and falls into the Atlantic in lat. 21° 25' 
 S., after a direct course of 80 miles, of which about 30 are 
 navigable for canoes. 
 
 CABAR'RUS or CABARR AS, a county in the S.W. central 
 part of North Carolina, has an area of about 350 square 
 miles. It is drained by several branches of Rocky River, an 
 affluent of the Yadkin. The surface is hilly or mountain- 
 ous : a part of the soil is fertile. A considerable quantity 
 of gold was found here about fifty years ago. The county 
 was formed in 1792, and named in honor of Stephen Cabar- 
 rus, speaker of the House of Commons of North Carolina. 
 Capital, Concord. Pop. 10,546, of whom 7506 were free, and 
 3040 slaves. 
 
 CAB'BAGETOWN, a village of Monmouth co.. New Jer- 
 sey, 12 miles E. by S. of Trenton. 
 
 "CABEgO DE VIDE, kd-bd'so dA vee'dd. a town of Portugal, 
 province of Alemt<^o, 15 miles N.E. of Aviz. Pop. 2000. 
 
 * These are sometimes employed to desi^ate an inhabitant of 
 the modern Turkish capital. The Eastern Roman Empire, th« 
 seat of which was at Constantinople, is frequently called th« 
 " Byzantine Empire." 
 
 326 
 
CAB 
 
 CAB 
 
 CAB'ELL, » com ly in the W. part of W. Virginia, borders 
 On the Oliio Kiver, which separates it from the state of Ohio, 
 area about 448 square miles. The Guyandotte River flows 
 through the county into the Ohio. The surface is uneven ; 
 the soil partly fertile. The main thoroughfare from Rich- 
 mond to the Ohio River passes through the county. Formed 
 in 1S09, and named in honor of William H. Cabell, governor 
 of Virginia in 1^0-^. Capital, Barboursville. Pop. S0::0, of 
 whom 7715 were free, and 3u5 slaves. 
 
 CABELL, a post-offiie of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 CABELL COURT-HOUSK, a post-office of Cabell co.,West 
 Virginia. 
 
 CABELLOS DA VELHA, kl-Wlloce dJ yWji, a bay of 
 Brazil, province of Maranhao. It is about 8 miles- square. 
 and is interspersed with islands and sandbanks, renderiug 
 it difficult of access. It is intersected by lat. 1° 40' S. 
 
 CABEXD.\ or KABEXDA. kl-b^u'di, a seaport town of 
 ■Western Africa, South Guinea. Angoy, 40 miles N. of the 
 mouth of the river Zaire. Its harbor had formerly a con- 
 siderable export trade iu slaves, ivory, and wax. 
 
 CABES. kSWes, GABES or KIIABS, kdb3,(anc. Tacfape or 
 Tucfapa,) a seajwrt-town of Africa, dominions and 200 miles 
 S. of Tunis, at the mouth of a smiill river (anc. Tri'txm) in 
 the Gulf of Calies. It exports a considerable quantity of 
 henna. 
 
 CiBES, GUI-F OF, (anc. SyrHis iU'nm\) an inlet of the 
 Mediterranean, on the N.E. coast of Africa, between the 
 islands of Kerkenna and Jerba. Lat. about 34° Jv'., and 
 Ion. from 10^ to 11° E. On its shores ai-e the towns of Car 
 bes or Khabs. and Sfax or Sfakus. 
 
 CABEZA DEL BDEY, ka-bi/thi All boo-J/, or bwj, a town 
 of Spain, 8C miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5994. It has ma- 
 nufactures of woollen cloths aud linens. There are several 
 small towns in Spain called Cabeza and Cabezas. 
 
 CABEZAS DE SAN JUAX. kaWthds di sdn nooln', a 
 town of Spain, 27 miles S. of Seville. Pop. 3471. It is very 
 ancient, and has a Moorish castle. 
 
 C.\BEZOX, kl-b.i-thoii'. a market-town of Spain, 7 miles 
 N.N.E. of Vailadolid. on the Pisuerga. It was the scene of 
 one of the first battles of the Peninsular Wars in 1808. 
 
 CABEZUELA, kd-bjl-thoo-ili, a town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, 16 miles X.E. of Plasencia, on the Jerte. Pop. 2328. 
 
 CABIAO, ka-Be^w', a town of the island of Luzon, in 
 the Philippines, province of Pampanga, N.W. of Manila. 
 Pop. 4940. 
 
 CAB1LL0XU5I. See Ch.ixon-sub-Saone. 
 
 CAB'IX BLUFF, a village of Camden co., Georgia, 11 mUes 
 N. by W. of St. Mary's. 
 
 CABIX CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co., Kentucky. 
 
 CABIX II ILL. a post-village of Delaware co., New York, 
 76 miles W.S.W. of ,\lbauy. 
 
 CABIX HILL, a postoffice of Elkhart co.. Indiana. 
 
 CABIX POIXT, a small postrvillage in Surrey oo., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 CABIRA, a town of Asia Minor. See Seevas. 
 
 CA'BLE, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 
 CA'BLE ISLAND, a small island of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Cork, in the Atlantic. 5 miles S.S.W. of YoughaL 
 
 CABO DO XORTE, Brazil. See Cape Xobth. 
 
 CABO FRIO, ki'bo fi-ee'o, (t. e. "cool cape,") a city and sea- 
 port of Brazil, X.E. of the cape of the .«ame name, province 
 and 75 miles X.E. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. in 1845, 3500. It has 
 an electoral college, established in 1840, and numerous pri- 
 mary schools. The town is situated at the S.E. extremity of 
 Lake Araruam.H. and is connected with the continent by a 
 stone bridge, built in 1836. Climate unhealthy. It has an 
 extensive commerce in salt. 
 
 OABOOL, kai>ool',* written also CABOUL, CABUL, and 
 CA0BUL, a fortified city, and the capital of Xorthem Af- 
 ghanistan, on the Cabool River, here crossed by 3 bridges, 
 6396 feet above the sea, and S2 miles N.X,E. of Ghuznee. 
 Lat. 34° 30' X.; Ion. 69° 6' E. Pop. about 60,000. It is en- 
 closed on the N.W. and S. sides by hills, along which run 
 Bome weak ramparts; and at its E. end is the Bala Uissar, 
 (" palace of the kings.") This citadel comprises the resi- 
 
 ♦ The French write this name Caboul, while the Germans, 
 Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese write it Cahut, but pro- 
 nounce the latter syllable bool. Nevertheless, we are assured, 
 on the best authority, that the native inhabitants write and pro- 
 nounce it without any vowel between the 6 and I, which might 
 be represented in English thus— Kab"I. The European pronun- 
 ciation, however, seems unalterably fixed ; and we ought, per- 
 haps, tu acquiesce the more willingly, because the original name 
 could not be restored without some loss of euphony. 
 
 Moore writes the name Caubul, but accentuates the last syl- 
 lalle :— 
 
 " Pomegranates ftiU 
 
 Of melting sweetness, and the pearl 
 And sunniest apples th.it Caubuu 
 Id all its thousand gardens bears."— ZaZZa lloolcJi. 
 Jtigtn adopts the same accentuation : — 
 
 "From Alexandria southward to Sennaar, 
 And eastward through Damascus, and Cabdl, 
 And Samarcand, to thy great wall, Cathay." 
 
 Italif, part le'coud, X. 
 
 dence of the chief, various government offices, roy.\l gar- 
 dens, an inner fort, and a small town with 6000 inhabitants. 
 The outer town, about 3 miles in circumference, is entered 
 by 4 gates, and has two piiucipal thoroughfares running 
 parallel to each other, the X. of which led to the mag- 
 nificent baziwr destioyed by the British on their evacuation 
 of Cabool in 184'.J. The city is subdivided into districts, each 
 enclosed with walls, and capable of being .shut ofl' from the 
 rest, so as to form a separate fortress; and in the S.W, dis- 
 trict is a pretty strongly fortified quarter, inhabited by Per- 
 sians or Kuzzilbashes, of whom there are from 10.000 to 
 12,000 in the city. The streets are intricate, often too nar- 
 row for two horsesmen to pass each other, and very badly 
 paved. Houses in general two or three stories hif;h, built 
 of sun-dried bricks and wood, with fiat roo&; those of 
 the wealthy inhabitants have extensive courts and gardens. 
 There are no public buildings of any note in the city: even 
 the places of worship are very ordinary -looking buildings, 
 although many are spacious and commodious. There is but 
 one madrussa or college, and it has neither endowments 
 nor scholars. Semis or caravanserais and l>aths are nume- 
 rous, but the former are inelegant and inconvenient, and 
 the latter disgustingly filthy. There are two princip.al ba- 
 zaars, running nearly parallel to each other, one of which 
 is three-tiuarters of a mile in length. But the most m.agni- 
 flcent resort of this kind in Calx)ol, constructed by Ali iiur- 
 dan Khan, was destroyed by the British in 1842. It is .said 
 to have been one of the most splendid structures of the 
 kind in the East, consisting of a series of covered arcades 
 and open areas, and was highly embellished with paintings, 
 and provided with wells and Ibuntains. Befoi-e the shops 
 in the Ixizaars are a kind of counters, on which the shop- 
 man sits, with his wares displayed. Outside of the city are 
 the tombs of the Emperor Baber, who made Cabool his capi- 
 tal, and of Timor Shah, the latter being an octagon of biick 
 surmounted by a cupola. Cabool has an active trade; it 
 imports the precious metals, fire-arms, paper, tea, cotton 
 goods, broadcloths, velvets, kernies and other dyes, iron 
 wares, cutlery, needles, and raw silk, to from 40.000/. to 
 50,000i. yearly, mostly brought from the Russian and the 
 Chinese dominions and Independent Toorkistan, and 
 which goods are mostly exported southward into Ifindos- 
 tan, &c. It has considerable markets for com, cattle, and 
 fuel, and is famous in the East for its excellent supply of 
 vegetables and fruits. 
 
 From its elevation, the winter in Cabool is long and se- 
 vere; the summer is delightful: average temperature, from 
 75° to 85°, The inh.ibitants are tall, well made, not very 
 dark, and have Jewish features. They are Slohammedans 
 of the Sonnee sect. The higher classes speak Persian, the 
 common people the Pushtoo dialect. Cabool was taken by 
 Sebuctaghi in 977, by Tamerlane at the end of the four- 
 teenth century, and in 1738 by Xadir Shah, It was the 
 scene, in 1842, of the treacherous outbreak of the chiefs, the 
 murders of Sir W. Macnaughten and Sir A, Burnes, and 
 the mass.acre of 3^00 soldiers and 12,000 camp followers ; it 
 was retaken in the same year by the British troops under 
 Sir R, Sale, the bazaars and public buildings burned, and 
 finally relinquished. Its chiefship is considered to extend 
 from the S. of Ghuznee to the Hindoo Koosh, and from 
 Bamian to the Khyber Jlountains, comprising an area of 
 about 10,000 square miles, with the cities of Cabool, I.«talili 
 Ghuznee. and Jelalabad, Dost Jlohammed's arm v amounted 
 to 2500 infantry, and from 12.000 to 13,000 horse. Uis 
 annual revenue is said to be 150.000Z. 
 
 CABOOL RIVER or JUI-SHIR. joo'ee shir, the only large 
 tributary of the Indus from the W., rises near lat, 34° 21' X,, 
 and Ion, 68° 2cl' E., at an elevation of 8400 feet, and, after an 
 ward course of 320 miles, and the addition of many tribu- 
 taries, joins the Indus nearly opposite Attock. It is 
 navigable for boats of 40 or 50 tons from the Indus to 
 Dobundee. a distance of 50 miles. The towns of Cabool, 
 Jelalabad, and S.aIpoor are on its banks, 
 
 CAB'OT a post-township of Caledonia co,, A'ermont. 21 
 miles X,E. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of woollen 
 goods, starch, and leather. Pop. 1318. 
 
 CAB'OTVILLE, now Chicopee, a manufacturing village 
 of Hampden co., M;issachusetts, on the E. bank of the Con- 
 necticut liiver, at the entrance of Chicopee River, and on 
 the Connecticut River R.R., 3 miles K. of Springfield. It 
 cont;uns 7 churches, 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, and 7 cotton- 
 mills of the Dwight Co., which has a capital of $1,700,000. 
 Here are also niiinufactures of bniss cannon, locks, bells, 
 machinery, swords, and cutlery. The .Vmes Co. have here the 
 largest manufactory of swords iu the \) S, Pop, about 5,500. 
 
 CABOUL. See Cabool. 
 
 CAIVOURX, a parish of England, co, of Lincoln. 
 
 CVBR.I, kiOjrl, (anc. ^gahrum.) a ^w.\ of Spain, 30 
 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, Pop. 11,576, "Jt h\? an endowed 
 college, a Latin and a normal school, a he <pital, a Domini- 
 can convent, and manufactuns of tiles, brick.s, linens, and 
 soap. Its neighborhood is volcanic, and produces wine of 
 superior quality. Several .small towns In Sp;iin, a village 
 of Central .'\frica. and of one of the Xiccoar Islands have 
 the name of Cabra. 
 
GAB 
 
 CAD 
 
 CABRA. See Kabra. 
 
 CABRA DEL SANTO CHRTSTO, kilrbra djl sin'to krees'- 
 to, a town of Spain, in Andalusw, 28 miles S.E. of Jaen. 
 Pop. 20(J0. 
 
 CABIiACII, kd^raK, a parish of Scotland, counties of 
 Aberdeen and Banff. 
 
 CABliAS, kd/brds, a village in the island of Sardinia, di- 
 rlsion of Cagliari, 5 miles N.W. of Oristano. Pop. 3392. 
 
 CABllERA, kd-bnVrd, (anc. Gipra'ria,) one of the Balearic 
 Islands, in the Mediterranean, 9 miles S. of Majorca. It has 
 a fort and a .small harbor, and is used by the Spanish go- 
 rernment as a place of exile. Cadrera is also the name 
 of several villages and a river of Spain. 
 
 CABItEltA, an island of Greece. See Karrera. 
 
 CABKTKIj, ki-bree-41', a river of Spain, in New Castile, 
 joins the Jucar after a course of alx>ut 130 miles. 
 
 CAl>l{UTTi5. one of the Laccadive Islands. 
 
 CABUL. SeeCABOOL. 
 
 CACVAPON, (often pronounced k.Vppn.) or GREAT CACA- 
 PON, a river of Virginia, rises in the Alleghany Jlountains, 
 In Hardy county, flows through Hampshire and Morgan 
 counties, and fills into the Potomac about 4 miles W. of 
 Bath or Berkeley Springs. Length, near 140 miles. It 
 flows through a mountainous region, abounding in iron 
 and stone-coal, and affords a copious supply of water-power. 
 The Little Cacapon traverses Hampshire county a few miles 
 W. of the river just described, and enters the Potomac, 6 
 miles below the junction of the main branches of that 
 river. 
 
 CACAPON DEPOT, a po.«t-office of Mogan co., Virginia. 
 
 CACAPONVILLE, kd'pgn-vil, a post-office of Hampshh-e 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 CAQAPABA, ka-sJ-pi'bl, a town of Brazil, capital of a 
 district of the same name, province of Sao Pedro do Rio 
 Grande, 150 miles W.S.W. of Porto Alegre. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CACCAMO, kik-ki'mo, a town of Sicily, district of Ter- 
 mini, 18 miles W. of i'alermo. Pop. 6563. 
 
 CACCAVONE, kik-kd-vo'nil, a town of Naples, 3 miles 
 S.W. of Agnone. Pop. 2543. 
 
 CACCUUI. kdk-koo/ree, a village of Naples, province of 
 Prlncipato Ultra II., 20 miles N.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 935. 
 
 CACEKES, ki'thi-rjg, a province of Spain, in Estrenia- 
 dura; area, 7,018, square miles. It belongs wholly to the 
 basin of the Tagus. Pop. 264,088. 
 
 CACERES, (anc. Ciis'tra Ccpcil'ia,) a town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, capital of the above province, 24 miles W. by N. of 
 Trujillo, on elevated ground. It is divided into two parts, 
 called the old and the new towns. The old town occupi-^^s 
 the top of the hill, and is surrounded by a strong wall de- 
 fended by towers, and having five gates. The new town is 
 built round the old, and forms the larger and more import- 
 ant portion of the two. The houses are in general tolerably 
 well constructed; the streets steep, and with few exceptions 
 narrow and ill paved. Its principal square is lined with 
 good houses, shops, and public buildings, and in tte centre 
 Is a handsome paxeo, or promenade. There are seven other 
 squares, but all small. The public edifices are four parish 
 churches, a town-house, session-house, four hospitals, two 
 prisons, a theatre, university, normal and several other 
 schools; besides which there is a Jesuits' college of great 
 celebrity, some convents, an episcopal pal.ace, one belonging 
 to the Counts of Torre-May oral go, an alcazar or castle of the 
 ancient rulere of Caceres, and the Largest bull-ring in Spain. 
 Linen, cloth, baize, hats, leather, ropes, soap, earthenware, 
 wine, and oil a»o manufactured: considerable trade is car- 
 ried on in cattle, pigs, delicious baton, merino wool, manu- 
 factured goods, &c. Pop 12.051. 
 
 CACERES, kS/si-rJs, or ki'th.i-rJs. a town of South Ame- 
 rica, in New Granada, province and 11 miles N. of Popaj'an. 
 
 CACERES, NUEVA, noo-A/vS kd'sA-rSs, (i.e. "New Car- 
 ceres,") a town of Philippines, capital of a province in the 
 island of Luzon, on the S.E. coast. 175 miles S. of Manila, 
 between the Bay of St. Miguel and theGulf of Ragay. Pop., 
 with the suburbs of Tabuco and Santa Cruz, 12,000. It is 
 well built, and is the residence of an alcalde and a bishop. 
 
 CACHAO or CACHEO, a town of Asia. See Ketcho. 
 
 CACIIAR, kStch-ar', or HAIItUMBO, hrrumljo, a terri- 
 tory of British Indisi, presidency of Bengal, in Farther In- 
 dia, between lat. 24° and 26° N., and Ion. 92° and 93° 30' E. 
 
 CABADO. a river of Portugal. See Cav.apo. 
 
 CACHE, kash. a township in Monroe co., Arkansas. P. 526. 
 
 CACHE CHEEK, of Yolo CO., of California, rises among 
 the mountains, and flowing eastwardly. loses itself in the 
 extensive tules (marshes overgrown with bulrush) which 
 lie between the plains and Sacramento River. 
 
 CACHE CRE IJK, a post-town of Yolo CO., California, about 
 38 miles W.N.W. of Sacnimento. Pop. lyO-i. 
 
 CACIIEMASO, kash-e-mah'?o. postofflce, Dallas co., Ark. 
 
 CACHEMIRE. See Cashmf.re. 
 
 CACHEO, kS shA'o, a fort and town of Western .\frica. In 
 Senegambia, Portuguese territory, near the mouth of the 
 Cach'eo River. 85 niile.s S.S.E. of Bathurst. 
 
 CACHE RIVER, of Arkansjs, rises near the N.E, extre- 
 mity of the state, and flowing S., enters White River. 
 
 CACHIAS. See Caxias. 
 
 CACniMAYO, kJ-che-ml'o, a river of Bolivia, flows into 
 the Pilcomayo, after a course of 340 miles. 
 
 C^l CHOEIRA, or CAA'OEWA, H-eba-h/e-rL a Brasiliao 
 word signifying waterfall, given as a name to several tour>:s 
 and villages of South .\meric,i, 
 
 CACHOEIRA, or CAXOEIKA, a populous and commercial 
 city of Bnazil, 60 miles N.W. of Bahia, on the river l'ai-> 
 gua9u, seat of an electoral colI(!ge. Chief exports, tobacco 
 and coffee. Pop. of district, 15,000. 
 
 CACHOEIR.\, a town oT Brazil, province of Sao Pedro do 
 Grande, 220 miles N.W. of Rio Grande. 
 
 CACHOEIHA, a new fortified town of Brazil, province ol 
 Pari. Pop. 4000. 
 
 CACONGO, kd-kong'go, a town of Western Africa, In 
 South Guinea, Angola, capital of a petty state, 35 miles SJl. 
 of Loango. 
 
 CADALEN, kiMSMftNo', a town of France, department of 
 Tarn, 5 miles S.E. of Gaillac. Pop. 2206. 
 
 CADAQUES, ki-Di/kf.s, a town of Spain, 32 miles N.E. of 
 Gerona, with a small port on the Mediterranean. 
 
 C.A.D'BUKY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CADBURY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CADBUUY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 6 miles W.S.W. of Wincanton. Here are the remains of an 
 ancient fort called Camaelt. and supposed to be the Cathln-6- 
 ginn whore Arthur defeated the Saxons. 
 
 CAD'DER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 15 miles 
 N.E. of Glasgow. At Robroystone, in this parish, Wallace 
 was betrayed and apprehended, August 5, 1305. 
 
 CAD/DINGTON, a parLsh of England, cos. of Bedford and 
 Hertford. 
 
 CAD'DO, a parish forming the N.W. extremity of Louisi- 
 ana, bordering on Texas and Arkansas, has an area of about 
 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Red River 
 and the Great Raft. The surface is undulating, and is 
 partly occupied by Soda and Caddo Lakes, which communi- 
 cate with Red River and with each other. Soda Lake is atxmt 
 18 miles long, and 5 miles wide. Red River is navigated by 
 steamboats for eight months of the year to Shreveport, and 
 the above-named lakes are al.so navigable through this parish. 
 About 30 miles above Shreveport. tjie navigation of tlie river 
 is obstructed by "the Raft." (SeeREDRiVERO C«pit;U. Shreve- 
 port. Pop. 12,140, of whom 4^02 were free, and 7338 slaves. 
 
 CADDO, a townsliip in Clarke co., Arkan.s.aa. 
 
 CADDO B.\YOU, of Tex.is, rises in Henderson co., and 
 flows S.E. into Neches River. 
 
 C.\DDO COVE, a post-office of Montgomery co., .\rkansas. 
 
 CADDO CHEEK, Texas, an affluent of Brazos River, from 
 the right. 
 
 CADDO CREEK, of Tarrant co., Texas, flows northward 
 into the West Fork of Trinity River. 
 
 CADDO CREEK, of .\rkansas, ri.ses near the S. border of 
 Montgomery co., and flows through Clark co. into Washita 
 River. 
 
 CADDO GROVE, a township in Hot Spring co.. Arkansiis. 
 
 C.\D1)0 L.\KE, of Texas and Louisiana, extends from the 
 mouth of Cypress Bayou, in the former state, into Caddo 
 parish of Louisiana, where it communicates with Soda Lake, 
 ofwhich it may be considered as a bay. Steamboats from the 
 Red River navigate this lake for more than half of thej'ear. 
 
 CADE.\C. klM.Vdk', a village of France, department of 
 Ilautes-Pyrenees. 15 miles S.W. of Arreau, on the Nesle. 
 Pop. 500. It has hot sulphur springs and baths. 
 
 CAD?:BY. kiiid'bee, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 CADELEIGH. kadlee, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CAOENET, k3Meh-nA', a town of France, department of 
 Vaucluse. 31 miles S.E. of .\vignon. Pop. 2595. 
 
 CADEREITA, 'kl-AhrhUA or ka-dJ-nVt-td. a town of the 
 Mexican Confederation. 42 miles E. of Queretaro. Pop. 4000. 
 In its vicinity silver-mines are worked. 
 
 CADHKE''rA. a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 CAD'ER-ID'RIS. the loftiest mountain in Wales, after 
 Snowdon, is situated in the county of Merioneth, 4 miles S. 
 of Dolgelly. It ascends precipitously to a height of 2914 feet. 
 
 CADEROUSSE, kdMeh-rooce', a town of France, dppart> 
 ment of Vaucluse, on the Rhone, 11 miles N.N.W. of Avig- 
 non. Pop. of commune, in 1852. 34iW. 
 
 CADIVS COVE, a post-office of Blount CO., Tennessee. 
 
 CADlfeltE, La, Id kdMe-aiR/,a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Varr, 10 miles N.W. ol Toulon. Pop. in 1852, 2-"i:^l. 
 
 CADILLAC, kdMee'yak', a town of France, department of 
 Gironde, on the Garonne, 17 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop, 
 of commune, in 1S52, 1967, employed in manufacturing 
 casks and agricultural implements, and in the wine trade 
 It has a female penitentiary. 
 
 CADIZ, kA/diz, (Sp. pron. kd'deeth: Yr.Cndlx. kdMeex'; 
 anc. Guides,) a city .and seaport of Spain, capital of a province 
 of its ow^n name, in the isle of Leon, off the S.W. coast of -An- 
 dalusia. 60 miles N.W. of Gibraltar, and fU miles S. of Seville. 
 Lat. (observatory) 36° 32' N.; Ion. 6° 17' 15" W. It stands 
 on a narrow tongue of land, which projects atout 5 miles 
 N.N.W. from the isle; it is surroundtd on three sides 
 by water, and is strongly defended both by nature and 
 art. The entrance to its capacious bay is completely 
 commanded by the forts of St. Sebastiau, Santa Catalina, 
 
 S27 
 
CAD 
 
 and Matagorda; while on the other sides the beach is so pre- 
 cipitoiH, or so enclosed by sandbanks and sunken reefs, that 
 large vessels cannot approach within three-fourths of a mile 
 of the city. t)n the laud side the onlj' access is along a belt 
 of laud, in some places not more than 200 yards wide, and 
 bristliug with cannon. The city itself is surrounded by 
 ■walls of great height and thickness, flanked with towers 
 and bastions. It is divided into the four quarters of Santa 
 Cruz, Uosjirio, San Antonio, and San Lorenzo, and is built 
 with great regularity and uniforjpity. The houses are con- 
 structed of freestone, generally of three, sometimes of four, 
 stories, and are often surmounted by lofty towers, open to 
 the sea breeze, and commanding fine views of the hay. The 
 streets are somewhat narrow, but are remarkably well 
 paved, and are uniformly provided with foot pavements. 
 The finest public square — not so much from i^s extent as 
 the elegance of its buildings — is San Antonio, the great 
 pliwe of resort in mild wintry days and moderate evenings 
 in spring. The Plaza de San Juan de Dios, now called 
 Plaza de Isabella II., contains several handsome buildings, 
 particularly the consistory, now chiefly used for municipal 
 and public purposes. One of the most conspicuous objects 
 in Cadiz is the light-house of San Selxistian, 172 feet above 
 the ground, and visible 20 miles off at sea. The other prin- 
 cipal edifices are the old cathedral, one of the most regular 
 buildings in Cadiz; the new cathedral, still unfinished, 
 built wholly of white marble, except the bases of the pil- 
 lars, which are variegated; three olher churches; several 
 nunneries and convents, one of which, the convent of the 
 Capuchins, is said to possess two of Slurillo's finest pic- 
 tures ; and two theatres. 
 
 Among benevolent establishments may be named the Casa 
 de Misericordia, a magnificent edifice, used as an ordi- 
 nary hospital and alm.s-house, and as a lunatic asylum; 
 the female hospital, next in importance to the Casa; the 
 foundling hospital, and the Hospital of San Juan de Dios, 
 or general infirmary, which annually receives about 700 
 patients; and the house of refuge of San Servando and San 
 German, where destitute children or young criminals are 
 instructed and reclaimed. The principal educational insti- 
 tutions are the Cadiz Medical School, in connection with 
 the University of Seville; the Seminary of San Bartolomeo; 
 several superior schools, also in connection with the above 
 university ; and a school or academy of fine arts. The bay, 
 which is formed by the peninsula and the mainland, is spa- 
 cious, and affords good anchorage. It is divided into the 
 outer and inner bays. The former is exposed to a heavy 
 and dangerous sea during the prevalence of N.AV. winds ; 
 the inner is protected by an extensive mole, but is accessi- 
 ble to small vessels only. The larger ships are obliged to 
 anchor at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the 
 shore, where there is from 5 to 7 fiithoms of water. Oppo- 
 site to Cadiz is the town of Santa Maria, the principal depot 
 of the wines of Xeres. La CUraca. the royal dockyard, is 
 situated at the bottom of the inner l)ay, about 6 miles from 
 the city, and is defended by the cross-fire of two forts. It con- 
 tains three spacious basins, and twelve docks or slips. 
 
 The trade of C.idiz is far less extensive than formerly. 
 The principal part of what remains is with England, and 
 the chief article exported is sherry wine. 
 
 The number, tonnage, and value of cargoes of ves.sels 
 which entered at the port of Cadiz, in 1846, was vessels 678, 
 tons 140,495, value of cargoes 637 ,396^ ; cleared, vessels 590, 
 tons 124,766, value of cargoes 973.416/. In the year 1847, 
 the total exports of wine were 31,602 butts, being a decrease, 
 as compared with 1846, of 1094 butts. Salt is another chief 
 article of export. Of this commoditj" considerable quantities 
 are exported from Cadiz to the Newfoundland fishery, and 
 to the river Plata and the Brazils; and large quantities are 
 also shipped on board Russian, Swedish, and Norwegian 
 vessels. The chief imports are staves and tobacco from 
 America; hides, cocoa, indigo, cochineal, dyewoods, sugar, 
 and other colonial produce from Cuba, Porto Kico, the 
 Philippine l.slands, Mexico, and Colombia; cod-fish from 
 Newfoundland ; and coals from England, 
 
 History. — G.\des was founded by the Phoenicians, and early 
 became a commercial town of great importance. It fell into the 
 nands of the Carthaginians in the first Punic War; in the 
 second Punic War, it voluntarily surrendered to the Ro- 
 mans. Its inhabitants received the Roman franchise from 
 Julius Caesar. 
 
 Cadiz has been often besieged. It w.as taken in 1596 by 
 Lord Essex, and again attacked by the English in 1628. 
 In 1656 it was blockaded by Blake, who captured two rich 
 galleons, and sunk eight others. Another English expedi- 
 tion was undertaken ag.iinst it in 1702, but failed. In 1809 
 the Cortes took refuge here: on that occasion the town was 
 blockaded by the French till 1812. In 1823 it surrendered 
 
 to the French under the Due d'Angouleme. — Pop. 71,914, 
 
 Adj.. and inhab. Gadita'ni.\n,(Sp. G.^pitano, gi-i)e-t3/no.) 
 
 CADIZ, one of the three provinces into which the 
 ancient kingdom of Seville, in Spain, has been divided. 
 Bounded X. by the provinces of Iluelva and Seville, E. by 
 Malaj;a. and S. and W. by the Strait of Gibraltar and the 
 Atlantic. Area. 3900 square miles. 
 328 
 
 CAB 
 
 C.\DTZ, kJ'diz, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York. 
 
 C.VDIZ, a post-village, capitjil of Trigg co., Kentucky, on 
 Little River, 230 miles VT.i^.W. of Frankfort, and 9 miles 
 from Cumberland River. It contains a court-house, 3 
 churches, and 2 academies. Pop. 7i;i6. 
 
 CADIZ, a flourishing and beautiful town in Cadiz town- 
 ship, add capital of Harrison co., Ohio, 117 miles E. by X. of 
 Columbus, and 23 miles from the Ohio River at Wheeling. 
 It is well built, and pleasantly .situated among fertile and 
 cultivated hills, which contain rich mines of coal. It is the 
 principal market of the county, wliich is one of the great- 
 est wool-growing regions of the state. A branch railroad, 6 
 miles long,. connects the town with the Steubenville and 
 Indiana Railroad, on the N. Laid out in 1803. It contains 
 5 or 6 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and 1 female 
 seminary. Pop. in 1850, 1144; in 1^60, 1419. 
 
 CADIZ, a post-village in Henry co., Indiana, .ibout 40 
 miles E X.K, of Indianapolis, 
 
 C.\DIZ, a post-township of Greene co., Wisconsin. 
 
 C.\DIZ, ki/diz, a small town of South America, in Tene- 
 zuela, on the S. coast of the island of Cubagua. 
 
 CADIZ, BAY OF, an extensive inlet of the Atkintic, on 
 the S.W. coast of Spain, province of Cadiz, about lat. 36° 30* 
 N., and Ion. 6° 15' W., bounded S.W. by the penin.sula of 
 Cadiz, 5 miles in length, and divided into an outer and in- 
 ner bay by the promontory and foi't of Matagorda. In the 
 islet of La Curaca, on its E. side, are arsenals and ship- 
 btiilding yards, the most important in the kingdom, and 
 among the best in Europe. 
 
 CADXEY, kad'nee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 
 CADORE, kd-dc'ri.' or PIE VE-Dl-CADORE, pe-A'vi-dee-ki- 
 do'r.A. a town of Xorthern Italy, on the Piave, 22j miles 
 X.N.E.of Belluno. Pop. 2000. It is celebrated as the birth- 
 place of Titian. In 1797, the French here gained a victory 
 over the Anstri.ans. 
 
 C.'VDO'SIA VALLEY, a post-office of Delaware co., New 
 York. 
 
 CADOXTON, two parishes of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 CAD'ROX, a post-township and small village in Conway 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 CADROX CREEK, of Arkansas, enters the Arkans.as at 
 Cadron, in Conway county. 
 
 CADSAXD. kat-sdnf, CADZAXD, kSd-zInt/, or CASSAX- 
 DRIA, kds-sdn'dre-d. an island of the Xetherlands. province 
 of Zealand, at the mouth of the West Scheldt, and having on 
 it a small town of the same name. 5 miles X. of Sluis. l'op.1156, 
 
 CADWALLADER, kad-w611a-dfr, a post-office of Tuscara- 
 was CO., Ohio, 
 
 CADYXA. See Xigdeh. 
 
 CADYSVILLE, kd/dez-vil, a village in Morristown town- 
 ship, Lamoille co., A'ermont, on the Lamoille Kiver. It eon- 
 tains 2 stores, a woollen factory, .and a nuuilwr of other m»« 
 nuf;iciuring establishments. Pop. about 200. 
 
 CADYCIS. See Jerusalem. 
 
 CA'DYVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co.. New York, on 
 the Saranac River, about 6 miles W. of Plattsburg. 
 
 C-ECIXA. See Cecixa. 
 
 C.4EX, kSs", (L. Cadomus or Cadotntim,) a city of France, 
 capital of the department of Calvados, (Xormaudy.) 123 
 miles X.W, of Paris, in a valley, between two extensive mea- 
 dows, at the confluence of the Orne with the Odon, 10 miles 
 from the embouchure of the former, and at the terminus of 
 a railway communicating with the Paris and Rouen Rail- 
 way. Lat. 49° 11' 12" X., Ion. 0° 21' W. The streets are 
 broad, regular, and clean; two of them cro& each other at 
 right angles, and extend nearly to the extremities of the 
 town, which is also traversed by a canal supplied by the 
 Odon, and employed to drive the machinery of nximerous 
 manufactories. The houses are generally well built, of an 
 excellent freestone which is extensively quarried in the 
 vicinity, and imported into England under the name of 
 Caen-stone. There are four squares, the principal of which, 
 the Place Royal, is ornamented with a .statue of Louis XIV. 
 The public walks are beautiful, especially theCours, a splen- 
 did avenue about a mile in length, lined with elm-trees. 
 Some fine promenades also extend along the Imnks of the 
 new canal. Caen has numerous fine churches and other 
 buildings, of which the following may be noticed -.—the Ca- 
 thedral of fet. Etienne, one of the tiuest in Normandy; the 
 monastic buildings of the Ablxii/eaux Ilmimcs. now occupied 
 as the royal college, and containing the tomb of William 
 the Conqueror; the Church of the Trinity, in the Xorman 
 stvle; the Ahhaye aux Dames, founded by Matilda, wife of 
 William the Conqueror, and converted into an hospital in 
 1823; and the church of St. Nicholas, now u.*ed as a shot 
 manufactory. Cue of the finest churches in Caen is that of 
 St. Pierre, whose tower, terminated by a spire, is exceed- 
 ingly elegant, and, as well as part of the nave and the three 
 porches, was built in 1308. The apsis of the great porch Is 
 justly regarded as a work of the greatest taste and elegance, 
 and as one of the most curious and the happiest eflbrts of 
 the revival of the arts irf France. Other buildinijs and in- 
 stitutions are — the h&tel of the prefecture, in the Italian 
 Btyle; the Palais de Justice, the remains ef the castle built 
 
CM 
 
 CAG 
 
 Dy William the Conqueror; the H8tel Dieu; the Hotel Va- 
 lois, whuj> the exchaugeand chamberof commerce are held ; 
 the publ'ic 1/hrary, wirh 47,000 volumes; museum, cabinet 
 6f natural history, botanical garden, with 3000 species of 
 plants ; custom-house, house of correction, &c. Caen is the 
 seat of the royal court for the departments of Calvados, La 
 Maache, and L'Orne, and has a court of first resort, and of 
 commerce, an academy of arts and sciences, and an academk 
 universUarie., (the representative of the university founded 
 by Henry VI. of Kngland. in 1431, and remodelled at the 
 revolution.) a secondary school of medicine, school of hydro- 
 graphy, societies of medicine, agriculture, and commerce ; 
 deaf and dumb institution, normal school, school of design, 
 and numerous other institutions for the promotion of the 
 arts, sciences, and literature. The advantages possessed by 
 Caen, in respect of education, &c., have induced many Kng- 
 lish families to take up their residence in it. 
 
 The manufiictures of Caen are considerable, and consist 
 of hats, lace, flannels, linen, cotton goods, druggets, Angora 
 and thread gloves, straw hats, shot, porcelain, earthen- 
 ware, paper-hangings, cutlery, oils, &c.; there are also some 
 breweries, tanneries, and establishments for bleaching wax ; 
 some ship-building is also carried on. From time imme- 
 morial, the town has been celebrated for its manufacture 
 of Angora and woollen gloves, with which it supplies most 
 of the country districts of France. In this manufac- 
 ture, Caen has no rival. There is a considerable trade in 
 grain, wine, brandy, cider, clover-seed, hemp, cattle, and 
 horses; fish, salt provisions, iron, steel, hardware, and grind- 
 stones. The port formed by the river is of little importance, 
 on account of the obstructions at the entrance to the Orne. 
 At high-water, however, vessels of from 150 to 200 tons 
 can reach the town. Nothing certain is known of the origin 
 of Caen. In 912, when Neustria wiis ceded to the Normans, 
 it was a place of importance, and incre.^sed rapidly under 
 the Norman dukes. William the Conqueror, and his wife 
 Matilda, adorned it with many edifices. It became the capi- 
 tal of Lower Normandy— a distinction which more than 
 once exposed it to the miseries of war. In 1340, it was 
 taken and pillaged by Edward III. of England. It was 
 again taken tiy the English in 1417, and wrested from them 
 In 1450 by Dunois, who captured the Duke of Somerset and 
 4000 troops, who had retreated to the castle. Malherbe, 
 commonly regarded as the fatherof French poetry, Iluet, the 
 celebrated Bishop of Avranches, and Auber, the composer, 
 were lx)rn in Caen. Pop. in 1852, 45,280. 
 
 CEX^E. See Sexn. 
 
 C^XE, or C^NEPOLIS. See Keneh. 
 
 CA'ENBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CiEXYS. ^Promontorium.) See Cape Cavallo. 
 
 CAEll, kd'er, (Celt. " acastle.") For names with tbi^pre- 
 fix, not mentioned below, see Car. 
 
 CAER-CAKADOC, ker-ka-rad'9k, or CRADOCK-HILL, in 
 Engliind, co. of Salop, is near the confluence of the Clun and 
 Teond. On it are the vestiges of the camp which the cele- 
 brated Caractacus defended against the Koman general, Os- 
 torius, and whence its name is derived. 
 
 CAEUDIFF. See Cardiff. 
 
 CAERGWKLE, kar-goor1,i, atownship of North TTales, co. 
 of Flint, on the Alyn, 5 miles N.N.W. of \Vrexh,am. It has 
 interesting remains of a castle ; and it contributes with Flint, 
 kc. to send 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 CAERHUN, kf r'hin, or kd/er'hin, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 CAEULAV'ERCKJK, or CARL.4.V'ER0CK,aparish of Scot- 
 land, CO. and 5 miles S.S.E. of Dumfries, on the Solway Frith. 
 Caerlaverock Castle, the ruined seat of the Maxwell's, is in 
 this parish, described in Sir Walter Scott's "Guy Mannering." 
 
 C.\EHLliON, kerUe'on, (i.e. "castle of the legion;" anc. 
 ts'ca SiliJrum.) a market-town of England, co. of Jlonmouth, 
 ot: the Usk. here crossed by .a stone bridge, 2j miles N.E. of 
 Newport. Pop. in 1851. 12S1. It is chiefly interesting as 
 the ancient capital of Britannia Secunda, (modern Wales.) 
 and as having been a place of considerable importance in 
 the twelfth iientury, duiing which, however, and subse- 
 quently, it was ruined by repeated wars between the Welsh 
 and the .A.nglo-Xormans. Much of the present town stands 
 within the precincts of the ancient camp, the walls of which 
 Btill partially exi.st; and a little north-westward is a con- 
 cave area, popularly termed " Arthur's Round Table," but 
 which was evidently a Roman amphitheiitre. A'arious Ro- 
 man antiiiuities have been discovered In and around the 
 town ; and there is little doubt that it was the capital of the 
 British chief, Arthur, in the sixth century, toward the close of 
 which period its ai'chbishopric-see was removed to St. David's. 
 
 CAERMARTIIEN, kgr-mar'then, in South Wales. See 
 Carmarthen. 
 
 CAERNARVON, kgr-nar/von, a town of North Wales. 
 See Carnarvon. 
 
 CIERNWRVON, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 953. 
 
 CAERNARVON, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 " CAERN.4RV0N, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop li9a 
 
 CAERPHILLY, kar-fillee or kar-fithlee, a market-town 
 and chapelry of South Wales, co,'of Glamorgan, in a widfr 
 plain surrounded by mountains, 7 miles N.N.W. of Cardiff. 
 Pop. 6.'54. It has the ruins of one of the finest Norman cas- 
 tles in the principality. 
 
 CAERWENT, ker'went, orkil/er-wf nt, (anc. Fenta Silurum,) 
 a parish of England, co., of Monmouth. 
 
 CAERWYS, klr'wis. a market-town .and parish of North 
 M'ales, CO. of Flint, 4J miles S.W. of Holywell. Pop. in 
 1851, 947. It contributes with Flint, &c. to send 1 member 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 C^ESARAUOUSTA. See Saraoossa. 
 
 C.'ESAREA, ses-a-ree'a, KAISAUEEYEH or KAISARI AH, 
 kl-sd-ree'a, a small haven of Palestine, in lat. 32^ 23' N., Ion. 
 34° 44' E*., 55 miles N.N.W. of Jerusalem. It w.ns once a 
 place of considerable note, but is now a mass of shapeless 
 ruins, encompassed by a low wall of gr.ay stone, and te- 
 nanted only by jackals, snakes, lizards, scorpions, &c A 
 great extent of ground is covered by the remains of the city, 
 the most conspicuous ruin being that of an old cistle at the 
 end of the ancient mole. M'ater being good and abundant, 
 coasting ves.sels often put in here. The ancient city wa<l 
 founded by Herod the Great, B.C. 22. He then raised somt< 
 magniticent edifices, and caused a semicircular mole to bb 
 constructed for its port, which is .said to' have been one oi 
 the most stupendous work of antiquity, and has been com 
 pared, as to design and execution, with the breakwater at 
 I'lymouth. Ca^sarea is the scene of several interesting 
 events mentioned in Scripture. Eusebius. the early church 
 historian, probably a native, was also .lometime bishop of 
 Cxsarea. In a. d. 635, the Saracens captured it, and retained 
 the place till 1101, when it was taken by the Crusaders. 
 
 C/E.SAREA. See Jersey. 
 
 C/ESARE A, a town of Asia Jlinor. See Kaisaeeeteh. 
 
 C^ESAREA PHILIPPI. See P.aneas. 
 
 C.ESARODUNUM. See Tours. 
 
 C.ESAROM AGUS. See Beal-\-ai3. 
 
 Cil':SAR'S (see'zgrz) CREEK, of Ohio, rises toward the S.W. 
 part of the state, and enters the Little Miami River iu 
 Warren county. 
 
 CESAR'S CREEK, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 1183. 
 
 CESAR'S CREEK, a township in Dearborn co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 497. 
 
 CAFFA. See Kaffa. 
 
 CAFFARELLI (kdf-fa-r^l/lee) ISLANDS, on the N.W. coast 
 of the Buccaneer Archipelago, at the entrance of King's 
 Sound ; lat. 16° 3' S., Ion. 12:5° 16' E. 
 
 CAFFRARIA. See Kaffrarla. 
 
 CAFFKISTAN. See Kafiristan. 
 
 C.\Q AYAN,ki-ghI-dn', an extensive province at the N. ex- 
 tremity of the island of Luzon. Pop. 58.580. 
 
 C'VG .WANES, ki-ghl-i'nJs. a group of small Islands in 
 the Sooloo Sea. lat. 9° 35' 30" N., Ion. 121° 15' 30" E. 
 
 CAGAYAN-SOOLOO, ka-ghl-^n'soonoo', an island of the 
 Malay Archipelago, in the Sooloo Sea. lat. 6° 58' 6" N., Ion. 
 118° 28' 11" E. It is 20 miles in circumference. 
 
 CAGB/VILLE, a postoffice of Haywood co., Tennessee. 
 
 C\GQIANO, kid-ji'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra, 14 miles N. of Diano. Pop. 3200. 
 
 CAGLI, kji'yee, a walled town of Italy, in the Marches, 
 13 miles S. of Urbino, at the confluence of the Bosso and 
 Cantiano. Pop. 9617. It has an active trade in tanned and 
 dressed leather. Several remains of the ancient Callishave 
 been discovered near it, but the modern town dates only 
 from the thirteenth rfentury. 
 
 CAGLI A RI, kil'yi-re, (anc. Gir'ah'sor OiVarix.) a fortified 
 maritime city, and the capital of the island of Sardinia, on 
 an extensive bay of its S. coast. Lat. of the tower of St. 
 Pancrario, 39° 13' 14" N., Ion. 9° 7' 48" E. The ancient 
 city, situated on the summit of a low hill, comprises the 
 citadel, viceregal palace, cathedral, and most of the resi- 
 dences of the nobility. The Marina, extending thence down 
 to the shore, is a well-built quarter, containing the dwell- 
 ings of most of the merchants and foreign consuls, with the 
 bonding warehouses, arsenal, lazaretto, and mole ; the other 
 quarters are Villa-Nova and Stampace, and the suburb St. 
 Avandre. Cagliari has about 30 churches, upwards of 20 
 convents, several hospitals, a female orphan asylum, a pub- 
 lic library with 18,000 volumes, college, high school, small 
 theatre, mint, several mu.seums, and prisons for galley 
 slaves. Its harbor is one of the safest in the Mediterra- 
 nean. Cagliari has a royal tobacco factory, manufactures 
 of cotton fabrics, cake saffron, gunpowder, soap, furniture, 
 leather, &c.; it exports corn, pulse, oil, wine, and salt, 
 A new and good road connects it with Sassari, in the N. 
 part of the island. It is the seat of a royal court, of a tri- 
 bunal of commerce, and the residence of the viceroy and 
 the archbishop-prim.ate of Sardinia. Consuls from most of 
 the European states also reside here, this being the port 
 through which most of the foreign trade of the island passes. 
 Grain, vegetables, salt, oil. wine, cheese, flax, hides, saffron, 
 and rags are exported. In 184R, 365 vessels (tons, 39,888) 
 entered, and 359 vessels (tons, 40,0.30) cleared at Cagliari. 
 During the Middle Ages, the Pisans built the " Castle," with 
 
 329 
 
CAG 
 
 CAI 
 
 Its thrre square tower?!. Pop. 2',244. It h.ia remains of a 
 Koniai amphitheatre, aqiietUict, tomb, and some vestiges of 
 the Greek city founded l>efore the Roman dominion. 
 
 CA& LIAKI, BAY OF, a bay of the Mediterranean, on the 
 S. coast of the island of Sardinia, between Capes Pula and 
 Carbouara, about 27 miles in breadth at its mouth. It 
 affords secure anchorage. It has artificial salterns, which 
 jleld about COOO tons of salt annually. 
 
 CA6XAN0, kdu-yi'no, a town of Naples, province of Ca- 
 pitanata, on the Garganian Promontory, 25 miles N.E. of 
 I'oggia. Pop. 4ti30. 
 
 C.A.G.\ANO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzza Ultra, 
 10 miles X.W. .\quila. Pop. 2180. 
 
 CAOXES, kdfi, a village of France, department of Var, 
 near the Mediterranean, ll miles E. of Grasse. Pop. 244:3. 
 
 C.4GSANA, kdg-si'nd, a town of the Philippines, province 
 of Aiuay, near the S. extremity of the island of Luzon. Pop., 
 with district, 12,755. 
 
 C^GUA, kS'gwi, a town of South America, in Venezuela, 
 WmilesW.S.W. of Caracas, on the left bank of the Araguay. 
 Pop. 5200. 
 
 CAGUAN, ka-gw2n', a town of New Granada, department 
 of Cundinamarca, on the Caguan River, a tributary of the 
 Tapura, 120 mile§ S.S.W. of Bogota. 
 
 CAII.\.WBA, a river of Alabama, rises near the E. bonier 
 tf Jefferson co., in the N. central part of the state, and fiills 
 Into the Alabama at Cahawba, in Dallas county. Its gene- 
 1^ course is nearly S.S.W. It is navigable for small boats 
 for at least 100 miles, and flows through the principal coal- 
 field of the state. 
 
 CAHAWB.\, a thriving post-village, capital of Dallas co., 
 Alabama, on the right bank of Alabama River, immedi- 
 ately below the mouth of the Cahawba, about 216 miles 
 above Mobile, and 92 miles below Montgomery. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, several churches, 1 or 2 print- 
 ing offices, and a United States land-office. The cotton pro- 
 duced in the vicinity is shipped here. Pop. 1920. 
 
 CAHETE, ka-4/tA. or VILLANOVA-DA-RAIXIIA, veelli- 
 no-vl dd r3-een'y3,a town of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 
 ^ miles S.E. of Sahara. Pop. 6000. It has a primary school, 
 k hospital, and an electoral college established in 1841. 
 
 C.\ll IR or CAH'ER, a small island off the coast of Ireland, 
 CO. of JIavo, 4j miles from the shore. 
 
 CAHIli or CAHER, an island of Ireland, 3i miles S. of 
 Clare Island. 
 
 CAHIR or CAHER, kSh'hfr or kare, a thriving markets 
 town and parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tipperary, 
 on the Suir, 97 miles S.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 3668. It has 
 a handsome church, a Roman Catholic chapel, sessions- 
 house, jail, market-house, and Large fiour mills. Near the 
 town are cavalry barracks, the remains of an abbey, and a 
 fine old castle in good repair, belonging, with a mansion 
 and park adjacent, to the Earl of Glengall. The line of the 
 Dublin and Cork Railway passes within one mile distant. 
 
 CAIIIR or C.^HER, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Kerry. In it are two old castles, and it was the bii-th- 
 place of the late Daniel O'Connell. 
 
 CAiriR or CAHER, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 Queen's county. 
 
 C.\IIIRAGH, kah'er-da', a parish of IreLand, in Munster, 
 CO. of Cork. 
 
 CAHIRCIVEEN or CAHIRSIVEEN, kah'gr-se-veen', a 
 town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry, 2j miles E.N.E. 
 Valentia. Pop. 1492. 
 
 CAUIRCOXLISH, kaVer-konlish, a parish and village of 
 Ireland, in Munster, co. and 9 miles E.S.E. of Limerick. 
 Pop. 562. The Shannon line of railway passes within two 
 miles of the village. 
 
 C.\HTRCOXREE, kah'er-con-ree', a mountain of Ireland, 
 In Munster, co. of Kerry, on the isthmus between Tralee 
 Bay and Castlemains Harbor. Height, 2784 feet. The sum- 
 mit is crowned by Druidic stones. 
 
 C.VHLA, k3/lif, a village ofo Germany, in Saxe-Altenbnrg, 
 at the mouth of the Saale. Pop. 2500. 
 CAHOKS orCAHOOS. See Cohoes. 
 CAHO/KlA.a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, on the 
 E. bank of the Missis.^ippi, at the mouth of Cahokia Creek, 
 6 miles S. of St. Louis. It wtis settled by the French in the 
 latter part of the seventeenth century. 
 
 CAHO'KIA CREKK, of Illinois, tlows through Madison 
 CO., and enters the Mississippi Kiver at Cahokia village. 
 
 CAUOKS, kd'oR/, (anc. IXvo/na,) a town of France, capital 
 of the department of Lot, on a rocky peninsula, almost 
 enclosed by the river Lot, here crossed by three bridges, 60 
 mile? N. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 13,350. The principal 
 edifices are a cathedral, a vast building with two cupolas, 
 the prefecture, chartreuse, theatre, public library contain- 
 ing 12 (XKJ volumes, and three remarkable towers on one of 
 the bridges. Cahors is the seat of an acatUmie universitarie, 
 a national college, (in front of which is a monument to Fene- 
 lon.) a normal school, and chambers of commerce and ma- 
 nufactures. It has manufactures of woollens, cotton yarn, I 
 leather, paper, and gla.«s wares; an active trade in full- 
 bodied red wines, (vt'ns de Cahors,) brandy, truffles, and | 
 rural produce ; and several large annual &lr8. Cahors is ' 
 33B " ' 
 
 supposed to have been the capital of the Cadurct before the 
 conquest of Gaul byCwsar. It was afterward adorned with 
 a theatre, temple, and forum. The Roman i-oads, of which 
 vestiges remain, have been attributed to Agrippa. The aque> 
 duct, intended to convey water from the valley of St. Mar- 
 tin de Vem, was about 15 miles in length. It is tht biith- 
 place of Pope John XXII.. and the poet Clement Marot. 
 
 CAHUZAC, kd'tiVik', several villages of France; the 
 principal in the department of Tarn, 12 mUes N.X.AV. of 
 Albi. Pop. 1786. 
 
 CAIASSO or CAIAZZO. See Cajazzo. 
 
 C.A.ICOS. SeeC.tYCos. 
 
 CAICUS. See B.\KEER-Cn.«. 
 
 CAIETA or CAJETA. See Gabta. 
 
 CAIFFA. See K.\iff.^. 
 
 CAI-FOXG. See Kai-fono. 
 
 CAIHAPOYAS. See Chachapotas. 
 
 CAILAS. See Kailas. 
 
 CAILLOMA or CAYLLOMA, kn-yo^ml. a town o» South 
 America, capital of a province of its own name, in Peru, de- 
 partment, and 85 miles N.X.E. of Arequipa. Pop. of the 
 province, in 1850, 23,443. 
 
 CAILLOU (kih-yoo' or kaiHooO LAKE, of Louisiana, 
 situated in Terre Bonne parish, 2 miles X. of the Gulf of 
 Mexico, is about 10 miles long. It is connected with Caillou 
 Bayou and with the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 CAIX, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 1297. 
 
 CAIX CREEK, of South Carolina, joins the Catawba 
 from the left, a few miles S.W. of Lancaster Court-house. 
 
 C.A.IMI.\M. ki'njm, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 C.\IXO, ki'no, a village of -Austrian Italy, government of 
 Milan, province of, and 9 miles X.N.E. of Brescia, Pop. 781. 
 
 C.ilXS.asmall post-vill.age of Lancaster co.. Pennsyhania. 
 
 CAIXS, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Georgia, about 45 
 miles X.E. of Atlanta. 
 
 C.\INSVILLE, a post-village of Wilson co., Tennessee, 46 
 miles E. by S. of Nashville, has, perhaps. 100 inhabitants. 
 
 C.\IXTUCK,apost-offlce, Xew H.inoverco,, North Carolina. 
 
 CA IRA. si^ ee-ri', a post-village of Cumberland co., Vii^ 
 ginia, on Willis Kiver, 60 miles W. of Richmond, has a 
 church, a flour mill, and a few shops. 
 
 C.\IKE orCAl'RAU, a parish South Wales, co. Glamorgiin. 
 
 CAIKIRIS, ki-re-reece/, or JABITACA, zhabe-taOvS, a 
 mountain range of Brazil, province of I'ernambuco. forming 
 the X. boundary of the basin of the Rio Sao Francisco. It« 
 total length is about 300 miles. 
 
 C.4IKIRIS-N0V0S, ki-re-reece' no'voce, a mountain range 
 of Brazil, forming part of the boundary between the pro- 
 vinces of Kio Grande-do-Xorte and Paraliiba. 
 
 CAIRIKIS-VELHOS, ki-re-reece'vel'yoce. a mountain 
 range of Brazil, forming part of the boundary between the 
 provinces of Parahiba and Pernambuco. 
 
 C.ilKX', kArn, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Wig- 
 ton, on Loch Ryan, 10 miles X.W. of Glenluce, A'essels, of 
 any burden may ride in its l>.iy in safety ; and it is a place 
 of call for the Glasgow and Belfast st«jmers, A small river 
 in the county of Dumfries has this name, 
 
 C.\IRXAPLE, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow. ■ 
 Height 1498 feet. 
 
 CAIUNEY (kAre/nee) HILL, a vilLage of Scotland, co. of 
 Fife, 3 miles AV. of Dunfermline, with 516 inhabitants. 
 
 C.\IRX'GORM', a mountain of Scotland, cos. of Banff 
 and Moray, 4095 feet above the sea. It is snow-capped for 
 the most part of the year, and, among other minerals, pro- 
 duces the topazes known as "Cairngorm stones." 
 
 C-41RXIE, kAr'nee, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen 
 and Banff. 
 
 CAIRO, ki'ro. (EZ Mafr. el mSs'r. or mitsr of the Eg>-ptians; 
 El Kahirth, el-ka/he-rd. "the victorious, "of the Arabs,) the 
 capital city of Egypt, residence of the viceroy, and se.at of 
 government, near the right bank of the Nile, and 5 miles 
 from thecommencementof its Delta. Lat. (lower of the Janis- 
 saries) 30° 2' 4" N. ; Ion. 31° 15' 36" E. : elev.-ition. 40 feet al)ove 
 the level of the sea. Population, including the suburbs of 
 Boolak and Old Cairo, estimated at 250.000, comprising 
 about 125,000 Mohammedans, 6t>.tX)0 Copt.s, .SOOO to 4000 
 Jews, and numerous foreigners. Climate healthy, and little 
 variable; the heat is great in summer and even in winter. 
 Mean temperature of the year 72°.2. of winter 58°.5, of sum- 
 mer 85°.l F'ahrenheit. It never gnows, and very seldom 
 rains, but dew is abundant. The city proper is built oi 
 a slope at the foot of one of the lowest ridges of the chaii- 
 of Jebel Mokkatam, and. next to Constantinople, is th» 
 largest and most populous city in the Ottoman Empire, 
 being about 3 miles long and the .same in breadth : it is sur- 
 rounded by antique battlements .and stone wall.s. having se- 
 veral gateways and lofty towers at intervjiis : the highest part 
 of the ridge is occupied by a citadel, which contaiivs the 
 palace of the viceroy, the arsenal, mint, and public offices. 
 The citadel is commanded by forts placed on the extfemity 
 of the chain of Mokkat.am. The city is separated f om its 
 suburbs Boolak and Musr-<?l-.\atik. improperly call hI Old 
 Cairo, by a series of gardens and plantations. 
 
 Cairo is divided into several distinct quarters, according 
 to the religion and race of its inhabitants, as the Coptic 
 
CAI 
 
 CAL 
 
 quarter. Jew's quarter, and Frank quarter, ■which are sepa- 
 rated by i:ates. The streets are narrow, crooked, ill paved, 
 and unfit for the passage of carriages, but they are less filthy 
 than f irinerly ; the houses are substantial and often lofty ; 
 there are many squares surrounded by good private houses, 
 but few modern edifices of importance except the palace of 
 Ibrahim I'asha, with extensive gardens ou the Nile, between 
 Boolak and Old Cairo, and the handsome residence of the 
 viceroy at Shoobra- The city is traversed by a canal of ir- 
 rigation, which commences at Old Cairo. The remarkable 
 edifices of Cairo, which comprise many of the finest remains 
 of Arabian architecture, all date from the reign of the Arabs 
 and the ancient sultans of Egypt. Among these are from 
 800 to 400 mosques, many of which, as those of Sultan Hasan, 
 have lofty and graceful minarets ; several of the ancient 
 gates, an aqueduct for conveying water from the Nile to the 
 citadel, the tombs of the Memlooks, the ancient works of 
 the citadel, and the palace and well of Joseph. At Old 
 Cairo are the seven towers still called " the granary of 
 Joseph," and serving their ancient purpose. In the island 
 of Rodah is the celebrated Kilometer, a graduated column 
 for indicating the height of the water during an inundation 
 of the river ; numerous ancient cisterns and Ijaths still or- 
 nament the city; on the S., outside the walls, are the cele- 
 brated tombs of the Memlooks, and on the N.E. the obe- 
 lisk of Ileliopolis. There are 4 primary schools in Cairo, 
 each having about 200 pupils, and one preparatory school 
 with 1 JOO pupils, a museum of Egyptitin antiquities, a mag- 
 netic observatory, a European theatre, several hospitals, 
 and a lunatic asylum. Cairo was long the chief entrepdt 
 for the commerce of Egypt; and 3 caravans still arrive annu- 
 ally from Moorzook, Sennaar, and Darfoor. A railroad haa 
 also been recendy constructed to Alexandria. 
 
 There are in Cairo about 24 Moslem foreign merchants ; 
 15 European, but no British houses; 10 Catholic Greeks' 
 and 6 schismatics' establishments. In the city were 164 
 Incorporated bodies for the regulation or advancement of 
 native trades. There are 9 cotton-spinning factories, 10 for 
 weaving silk and cotton, 13 for manufacturing cloth, 14 
 calico-printing works, 18 dye-works, 15 bleacheries, 46 iron 
 foundries, &c. In the citadel is a factory for small arms and 
 cannon, the latter bronze, and of a small calibre ; also an 
 iron-rolling mill, and a mint. At Cairo are the residences 
 of the consuls from France, Sardinia, and the United States. 
 The site of Cairo is said to be that of the liabylon of Cam- 
 byses, built on the ruined site of the pre-existing Lati>pii/Us 
 of the Egyptians. The present city was founded by the 
 Arabs about a. d. 970; its citadel was built by Saladin in 
 1176; it was the capital of the sultans of Egypt till the time 
 of the Turkish concjuest in 1507 ; since that time it htis been 
 the residence of the pashas, governors of vhe province; it 
 was taken by the French in 1798, and held by them for 3i 
 years. Adj. and inhab., Cairine, kl-reen', Arab. MUcs/ree. 
 
 CAIRO, ki'ro, (anc. OJriwn,) a town of Piedmont, division 
 of Genoa, 12 miles W.N.W. of Savona, on the Bormida. 
 Pop. 3492. The French here gained a victory over the Aus- 
 trians in 1794. 
 
 CAIRO, a village of Naples, Terra di Lavoro, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Sora. 
 
 CAIRO, ki'ro, a post-township of Greene co., New York, 10 
 milesN.AV.of Catskill. isdrained by Catskill Creek. Pop. 2479. 
 
 CAIRO, a postroffice of Edgefield district. South Carolina. 
 
 CAIRO, a post-village of Decatur co., Georgia. 
 
 CAIRO, a post-village of Sumner co.. Tennessee, on Cum- 
 berland River, 30 miles N.E. of Nashville. 
 
 CAIRO, a small village of Uendersou co., Kentucky, 10 
 miles S. of Henderson. 
 
 CAIRO, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio. 
 
 CAIRO, a post-village of Alexander co., Hlinois, is situated 
 at the southern extremity of the state, on a point of land 
 formed by the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Elvers, 175 miles below St. Louis. The situation is low, 
 and subject to frequent inundations, which have retarded 
 the growth of the village. A levee has been raised here, 
 which is said to have cost nearly $1,000,01 0. Cairo is the S. 
 terminus of the Illinois Central R.R.. which connects with 
 the Mobile and Ohio R.R. It has a national bank. P. 2188. 
 
 CAlliWAN, a town of North Africa. See Kaikwan. 
 
 CAISTOK. ka'stor. a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln, 11 miles S.W. of Grimsby. Pop. in ISol, 
 2-107. Its ancient church stands on the site of Thimg- 
 aeastci; a Roman station, said to have been rebuilt by 
 Eengist on as much land as the hide of an ox cut into 
 thongs would cover. It has 2 branch banks, and a gram- 
 mar echnol founded in 1630. 
 
 CAISTOR, (anc. Venlta Icenn'rum,) a parish of England, 
 CO. cf Norfolk, near the Northern and Eastern Counties Rail- 
 way, 4 miles S. of Norwich. JIany Roman urns have been 
 found in this place, the ancient capital of the IcenL 
 
 C\IST0R. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CAITUAVIST'KY creek, of North Carolina, unites 
 wilh Pollacasty Creek in Hertford co., and flows into 
 Chowan River from the S.W. 
 
 CAITH'NESS, the most northerly co. of Scotland, having 
 W. and N. the county of Sutherland, E. the North Sea, and 
 
 N. the ocean. Area, 616 square miles, of which about 100 
 are cultivated, 117 uncultivated, and 390 unprontaDio. 
 Pop. in 1851, 38,709. The surface is mountainous in the W 
 and S. ; elsewhere it is fiat or undulating, and consisting of 
 extensive moors. The fishery is the principal branch i>f 
 trade; and from 150,000 to 200,000 barrels of fish are an- 
 nually cured for export to the English and Irish markets. 
 Principal towns, AVick and Thurso. In the Middle Ages, 
 this part of Scotland belonged for some time to the Kings 
 of Norway ; most of its inhabitants are of Scandinavian Of 
 Gothic descent, and use the English to the exclusion oj 
 the Gaelic language. Caithness returns 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. It gives the title of earl to the head 
 of the Sinclair family. 
 
 CAJAHIBA, kd-zhJ-ee^bd, a small Island of Brazil, W. 
 side of Bahia de Todos-os-Santos, opposite the mouth of the 
 river Serigi. 
 
 CAJAMARCA. See Caxamarca. 
 
 CAJAMARQUILL-i. See Caxamarquilla. 
 
 CAJANO, POGGIA A, pod'ji &. ki-yd'no, a town of Tu» 
 cany, in the Val Ombrone, 10 miles W.N.W. of Florence. Pop. 
 142.5. It has a handsome grand-ducal villa, with an iron 
 suspension bridge over the Ombrone, erected in 1833. Tho 
 celebrated Bianca Capello died here in 1587. 
 
 CAJARC, kd'zhaRk', a town of France, department of Lot, 
 19 miles E.N.E. of Cahors. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2055. 
 
 CAJATAMBO. See Caxatambo. 
 
 CAJAZZO, ki-yafso, or CAIASSO, ki-d.-i'so, (anc. Calaftia,) 
 a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 10 miles N.E. 
 of Capua. Pop. 3520. 
 
 CAJETA, or CAIETA. See Oaeta. 
 
 CAJOU, kit-joo', a branch of the Mahanuddy River, Hin- 
 dostan, which separates at Cuttack, and terminates princi- 
 pally in the Alankar River. 
 
 CAL^ABAR/, a maritime district of Upper Guinea, Western 
 Africa, between the river Benin and Formosa and the Rio 
 del Rey, with the Kong Mountains in the rear, and having 
 the Niger passing through its centre. The coast here, a 
 projecting line between the Bight of Benin and Biafra, is 
 uniformly flat, unbroken by the slightest elevation, and 
 closely intersected by rivers, most if not all of which, with 
 the exception of Old Calabar, being branches of the Niger: 
 much vegetable matter and silt are discharged at every ebb 
 tide by these mouths, which discolor the ocean with a filthy 
 scum of a brown color, giving forth a sickening smell for 
 the distance of several miles. The climate of Calabar is ex- 
 tremely deleterious, and the coast generally inhospitable, 
 there not being a light-house or single harbor or refuge 
 throughout its entire length. Tornadoes are frequent, and 
 of the most violent character, accompanied by vivid light- 
 ning and tremendous poals of thunder, with rains so fierce 
 and heavy that it is impossible to look windward or discern 
 any thing beyond a few yards' distance. A large portion 
 of the inhabitants of this district are slaves, and are em- 
 ployed chiefly in cultivating the provision grounds, or in 
 various kinds of labor connected with the palm-oil trade, in 
 which the chiefs are engaged. 
 
 CALABAR (kd-ld-bar,) RIVER, OLD, or CROSS RIVER 
 of Africa, Upper Guinea, falls into the Bight of Biafra 
 by a wide estuary, in lat. 5° N., Ion. 8° 20' E. Captain Be- 
 croft, who first discovered this river in 1841-2, discovered 
 that the so-called Cross River, instead of being a branch of 
 the Calabar, is the main stream. It is navigable by steam- 
 vessels as far as lat. 6° 20' N., Ion. 9° 35' E., nearly 200 
 miles (including windings) from its mouth. The branch 
 of this river which joins its estuai-y from N.N.E., and which 
 has hitherto been considered the main stream, is navigable 
 only for about 30 miles from its estuary. On its left bank, 
 6 miles from its mouth, is Duke Town, and 5 miles N.N.W. 
 of the latter, on a small deltoid branch of the river, is Creek 
 Town; these are the seats of highly Interesting missions, 
 and the natives have recently made considerable progress in 
 civilization. 
 
 CALABAR RIVER, NEW a branch of the Quorra at its 
 delta, which flows S.E., and enters the Bight of Biafra, in 
 lat. 4° 30' N., Ion. 7° 7' E., W. of Bonny. 
 
 CALABOZO, kd-U-bo'so, a town of Venezuela, province 
 and 120 miles S.S.W. of Caracas. The principal wealth of 
 the inhabitants consists of cattle. Calalx)zo, formerly only 
 an Indian village, owes its existence as a town to the Biscay 
 Company. Pop. 5000. 
 
 CALABRIA, ka-li/bre-a. or kdld^bre-S, (anc. Bruttium,) the 
 S. part of tlie state of Naples, separated from Sicily by 
 the Strait of Messina. Area, 6,905 square miles. Pop. 
 1 ,140.627. It forms a long peninsula, and is traversed through- 
 out by the Apennines, which rise to an elevation of 3000 or 
 4000 feet. The flats near the coasts are marshy and unhealthy, 
 and inhabited by herds of buffaloes; but the valleys at the 
 foot of the mountains are delightful, and rich with the most 
 luxuriant vegetation. The country is divided into the pro 
 vinces of Calabria Citra, Calabria Ultra I., and Calabria 
 Ultra II. Calabria, in the time of the liomans. was occu- 
 pied by the Brutlii; its eastern coast formed part I'f the 
 Mugna Grxcia; and many of its present inhabifcmts are of 
 
 Greek descent. Adj. and inhab., CiLABRLis, kd-lA'tg-e-an. 
 
 S31 
 
CAL 
 
 CAliABRITTO li.3-l3-brit'to,atowii of Naples, on the Sell, 
 10 miies N.E. of Oampagna. Pop. 2420. 
 
 CALACF.ITE, ki-ld-th.Ve-tA, a town of Spain, 75 miles 
 N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2i500, emploj-ed in linen weaving. 
 
 CALACTE or CALACTA. See Caroxia. 
 
 CALAF, kd-ldf, a town of Spain, 46 miles N.W. of Barce- 
 lona. Pop. 2794. It has raanutactures of linens. 
 
 OALAUORRA, ki-ld-oB/Rd. (auc. Ciilagur>ris.) a city of 
 Spain, Old Castile, 24 miles S.E. of Logroflo, on the right 
 bank of the Ebro. Calahorra is famous for the siege it sus- 
 tained from Cneus Pompey, B.C. 72, by whom it waa taken 
 after an obstinate resistance and the most dreadful suffer- 
 ing from famine. Portions of its ancient walls, towers, and 
 aqueducts still remain. It is decayed, and has a cathedral. 
 It is the birthplace of Quintilian. Pop. 5S20. 
 
 CALAHORK.A., a town of Spain, province and 34 miles E. 
 ofGrauada. Pop. 2050. 
 
 CALAIS, kal'is. (Fr. pron. ki'l.V, L. aiWlum or aiWsiiim.) a 
 fortified seaport town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, 
 on the Strait of Dover, 26 miles E.S.E. of Dover, and 19 miles 
 N.E. of Boulogne, at ttie terminus of a railway from Liile. Lat. 
 of the new light-house, 60° 57' 45" N.; Ion. 1° 51' lb" K.; 
 height, 190 feet. Pop. in 1861 12,934. The tewn and harbor 
 are defended by a castle and several forts, and by meiins of 
 Bluices the whole adjacent country may be laid under 
 water. Calais is regularly built and clean; streets wide, 
 well-paved, and mostly furnished with footpaths; houses 
 chiefly of brick. In the great square are the town-hall, and 
 an elegant belfrey, 118 feet in height. The Githedral is a 
 Gothic edifice, containing a fine altar-piece by Vandyck. 
 Other remarkable structures are the Hotel-Dessin, com- 
 prising a good inn, the theatre, public baths, the Hot«l-de- 
 Quise, formerly a wooden hall, the barracks, and public 
 library with 12,000 volumes. Calais is the seat of a tri- 
 bunal and chamber of commerce, the residence of several 
 foreign consuls, and h.is an agricultural society, school of 
 design, and school of hydrography. The harbor is formed 
 by two moles, which are continued seaward by wooden 
 piers, the whole being about three-quarters of a mile in 
 length. At ebb tide it is nearly dry, and has not a greater 
 depth than 15 or IS feet at high water, according to the 
 wind. A tower in the centre of the town serves as a light- 
 house, the light of which is revolving, and is 118 feet above 
 the sea level. A stationary tidal light at the Red Fort an- 
 nounces when the port is accessible; there is good anchorage 
 ground from 2 to 3 miles N.W. of the harbor. Calais is well 
 knowTiasoneofthepriDcip.il ports for the debarkation of tra- 
 vellers from England, there being daily communication with 
 Dover by steamtwat, and several times a week with London 
 and Ramsgate, In 1819, the number of travellers that arrived 
 by sea was 35,411; and in 1865 it reached to 133,562. The 
 manufactures of the town, formerly inconsiderable, have 
 risen of late to some importance. The bobbin-net trade em- 
 ploys 782 looms, and from 4000 to 6000 artisans. Numerous 
 mills h.ave been erected, steam-engines are multiplying, and 
 the inner ramparts have been removed to make way for the 
 factories. There are also some oil and soap works, tanneries, 
 and a salt refinery. Vessels are built here and fitted out 
 for the cod, mackerel, and herring fisheries, A consider- 
 able trade is carried on in spirits, salt, oil, grain, wine, 
 hemp, wood, coal, &c., and not less than 55.000,000 eggs are 
 annually exported to England. In 1347, Calais was taken 
 by Edward III. of England, after a siege of 11 months. 
 The story of his determining to execute six of the prin- 
 cipal burgesses, with the heroic Eustache-de-St. Pierre at 
 their head, and of his sparing their lives at the interces.sion 
 of his wife, Queen Philippa, is too well-known to require re- 
 petition. Calais remained in theh.ands of the English from 
 1347 to 1558, during which time they improved the town, 
 »nd strengthened the fortifications. In 1658 it was taken 
 by the Duke of Guise, and was the last relic of the Gallic 
 iomluions of the Plantagenets, which at one time compre- 
 hended the half of France. 
 
 C.4.LAIS, kal'is, a city of Washington co., Maine, at the head 
 of navigation on the St. Croix River, opposite St, Stephen's, 
 in New Brunswick, with which it communicates by means 
 of 4 bridges, 28 miles N. by W. of Eastport, and 264 miles 
 N.E, of Portland, A bridge also communicates with Baring, 
 The falls in the river afford extensive water-power. To the 
 lower falls the tide in the St Croix rises 20 feet. Calais 
 contains 6 churches, a bank, a city hall, and an academy. 
 Ship-building ig becoming an important business. One 
 vessel was launched here in 1853. admeasuring 2000 tons. 
 The lumber trade, however, furnishes the chief occupation 
 of the inhabitants. The Calais and Baring Railroiul was 
 built expressly for the transiwrtation of lumber from 
 Siilltown and Baring to Calais. ITie quantity brought 
 down for the year ending May 1, 1853. was 32.318,715 feet 
 Of long lumber, and 44.3.j7,10o laths. Two newspapers are 
 Issued here. Pop. in 1860, 4749; ISf.O, 6621. 
 
 CALAIS, a iwst-t .wnship of Washington co., Vermont 8 
 miles N.E. of Monti)elier, intersected by branches of the 
 Onion River. Pop. 1409. 
 
 CALAIS, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, about 100 
 miles £. of Columbus. 
 
 CAL 
 
 CALAISTS, kln.Vzee', a district of France, in the old pro- 
 vince of Picardy, now comprised in the department of Pa* 
 de-Calais^ It was occupied by the English from 1349 to 1558. 
 
 CALAMATA. See Kalamata. 
 
 C,\L.\M'I5RIA, a post-office of Rowan co.. North Camlinii. 
 
 CALAMIANES (ka-U-me-i'nfe) ISLANDS, a group in the 
 MalayArchipelago, Philippines, about midway between Min- 
 doro and Palaw.in, L.Ht. 12°N.; Ion, 120° E, Calamianes, 
 the principal island, is about 35 miles in length, by 15 miles 
 in breadth, has a Spanish settlement, and is the residence 
 of an alcalde. 
 
 CALAMO, kjid-mo, a small island of the Ionian giDup, 
 between Santa Maura and the continent. 
 
 CALAMO. a .small island of Asia Minor. See Kalimno. 
 
 CALAMOCHA. kd-ll-mo'chd, a town of Spain, 38 miles N. 
 of Teruel, near the Jiloca, Pop, 1400, 
 
 CALAMOTA, kd-ld-mo'ta, a small isl.ind of South Dalma- 
 tui, in the Adriatic, 6 miles W,N,M', of Ragusa, Pop. 300. 
 
 CALAMOTA, a town of Greece, Morea, See Kalamata, 
 
 CALAN'AS, kJ-ia'uJs, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 20 
 miles N, of Huelva, Pop, 1948. 
 
 CALANCA, kd-lan'ki. a valley of Switzerland, canton of 
 Grisons, between the A'al Blegno and the Val Misocco, It 
 derives its name from the old fortress of Calanca, near the 
 village of Santa Maria, now in ruins. 
 
 CALANDA. kS-ldn'di a town of Sp.ain, 62 miles N.E. of 
 Teruel, on a small river of its own name. Pop. 3576, engaged 
 in linen weaving. 
 
 CALAXDSOOG, kdldnt-soG'. a villase of Holland, province 
 of North Holland, on the North Sea. 9i miles S. of the Ui-lder. 
 Near Calandsoog, the combined British and Russian fijrces 
 landed, August 27, 1799, and defeated a Dutch army with 
 great loss, 
 
 C.A.L.A.NG, kJ-lSng'. a town of the Malay Peninsula, state 
 and S,E. of Salangore, on the river Calang, about 20 miles 
 from its mouth, in the strait of Malacca, It is fortified, 
 and is an occasional residence of the Salangore rajah. Near 
 It are some tin-mines. 
 
 CAL.iNNA, kd-ldn'hi, a town of N.aples, Calabria Ultra 
 I,, 7 miles N,E, of Reggio, Pop. 1120, 
 
 CAL.\XN.\, kd-ldn'ni, a town of C-entral Africa, capital of a 
 kingdom of itsown name,about 230 miles S,S,W,of Timbuctoo. 
 
 CALAXTAN, See Kjilantax, 
 
 CALAXTIGA (ka-ldn-tee/gd) ISLANDS, a group of isUnds 
 on the N,E. coast of Sumatra, from lat. 0° 29' to 0° 31' 30" 
 S,; Ion, 104° 5' E, 
 
 CALAP, kinip', a sm.all island of the North Pacific, 
 Gilolo Passage, at the west end of the island of Popa; lat 
 1° 15' S,; Ion, 129° 30' E, 
 
 CALAPAN, ki-li-p3n', a maritime town of the Philippine 
 Islands, capital of the island of Mindoro, on its N,E, coa.«t, in 
 the Strait of Mindoro, 85 miles E,S.E, of Manila, Pop. 2790. 
 
 CAL'APOO'YA or CAVLAPOO^VA, a post-office of Linn 
 CO., Oregon. 
 
 CAL.4.R1S. See Caguarl 
 
 CALARY, ka-lM-ee, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co, of 
 Wicklow. 
 
 C.\LA.SCIBETTA. See Calat.v-scibetta. 
 
 CALASPAURA. kd-lds-paR'RS. a town of Spain. 40 miles 
 N.W. of Murcia. It has manufactures of cloths, flour, and 
 oil. and trades in cattle. Pop. 5275. 
 
 CAL ATA BELLOTA, ]ii-WtA b^l-lo'ti, a town of Sieily, 
 on a river of the same name, (anc. Crimi.fiig,) 10 miles N.E. 
 of Sciacca. and near the site of the anc, Triada. Pop, 4770. 
 
 CALATA Fl MI, kS-U'tJ fee'mee. a town in the N.W. part of 
 Sicily, in a fertile valley. 8 miles S.W. of Alcamo. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 CALATAGIRONE. " See Cai.t.\giron-e, 
 
 CALATANAZOR, kd-ld-ti-nil-thoR/, a town of Spain, 10 
 miles S.W, of Soria, celebrated for the victory of Almanzor 
 over the Christians about A,n, 1001, Pop, 1300, 
 
 CAL.\T.\-SCIBETTA, kl-ld'tj she-b^t/ti, a town of Sicily 
 near its centre, 15 miles X,K, of Calt.anisetta. Pop. 47S8, 
 
 CALATAVUTURO, kd-ll-ti-voo-too'ro, a town of Sicily, 
 district of Termini. 38 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop, 4000, 
 
 CALATAYDD, kd-ia-td-yoon', a town of Spain, on the 
 Jalon, province, and 48 miles S.W, of Saragossa. Pop. 8579. 
 It has an imposing external appearance, but is dilapidated 
 and dull. The principal edifices are an episcopal palace, a 
 provincial hall, a hou.se of industry, .several nunneries and 
 convents, churches, hospitals, barr.acks for 4000 nuMi, 3 
 bridges, a bull-ring, and theatre. The chief manufactures 
 are common woollens, brown paper, and leatlur. Provi- 
 sions are cheap, and the vicinity is fertile. Ne:ir Calafayud 
 are some mineral springs, stalactitic caverns, and the re- 
 mains of BilhiUs, tlie birthplace of Martial, 
 
 C^L\TI\ SeeCvJvzzo, 
 
 CALATRAVA, ka-lJ-tri'vA, or SANTIAGO DE CALA- 
 TRAVA, siln-te-J/go Ak Vk-M-trifyL a town oi Spain, pr>> 
 Tince of Andalusia, 20 miles S. of .Taen. Pop, 1014. 
 
 CALATRAVA L.4. VIEJA, ki-ll-tri'va ll ve-.-i'Hj, (anc. 
 OrHnm or Oria.) a ruined city of Spain, containing the re- 
 mains of the ancient city of Calatrava, on the S, Kink of 
 the Guadian.a, 65 miles S.E. of Toledo, In the Middle .\gp« 
 it was fortified, and w.hs considered the key of the Sierra 
 Morena. The military order uf Calatrava wits founded liero 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 In 115?. The knights rendered themselves famous in the 
 contests with the Moors; but the institution gradually de- 
 generated, and in 1485 the grand mastership was united to 
 the crown. 
 
 CAL.WERAS, kal-.vvi/ras, a river in the N. central 
 part of California, rises among the hills at the foot of the 
 Sierra Nevada, near the centre of Calaveras county, and 
 flowing first in a westerly, aud then in a general south- 
 westerly course, tails into the San Joaquin liiver, in the 
 county of that name, about 15 miles below Stockton. 
 
 CALAVERAS, a co. in the North central part of Califor- 
 nia, bordering on Amador county, has an area of about 1000 
 Bquare miles. It is bounded on the S E. by the Stanislaus 
 River, on the N.W. by the Moquelumne. and is drained by 
 the Calaveras River, an affluent of the Sun Joaquin, and by 
 the south fork of the Moquelumne. these rivers flow in a 
 southwestward direction. The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy 
 Kange of California, piisses along the eastern border of the 
 county. Four miles S. of Vallecito, on Cliyote Creek, are, 
 it is said, two natural bridges, which are luuong the greatest 
 curiosities in the state. The amount of capital employed 
 in quartz mining in 1852 was $472,055, in placer mining, 
 $38,200, in other mining, $93,988, and in trading, §1,032,245. 
 Capital, San Andre.is. Pop. 16,299. 
 
 CALAYAN, ki-li-y3n', one of the Madjicosima Islands, in 
 the Malay Archipelago, 60 miles N. of Luzon, one of the 
 Philippine Islands. It is 15 miles long. 
 CALBE, two towns of Prussia. See Kalbe. 
 CAL/IiOLKNE,aparish of England, in the Isle of Wight. 
 C.\LBUCO, kil-boo'ko, or EL I'UERTE, el-foo-^ii/tA, or 
 ?l-fwjn'ti, a small town of Chili, South America, on the 
 eastern coast of the island of Chiioe. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CALBUR'GA or KULBUK/GA, a town of India, Decean, 
 Ni/.ams dominions, on an affluent of the Beemah, 110 
 miles W. of Hyderabad. It is now unimportant, but it has 
 been successively the capital of Hindoo aud Mohammedan 
 sovereignties. 
 
 CALCA. kdl'kS, a province of Peru, department of Cuzco. 
 Pop. in 1850, 16,223. C.^LO.\ Is also the name of several 
 towns and villages of Peru. 
 
 CALCAIICEN, H\-k&-sin', a town of Yucatan, Central 
 America, about 30 miles S.S.G. of Merida. 
 
 OALGAR, kdl'kaE, a small town of Rhenish Prussia. 7 
 miles S.E. of Cleves, on the Rhine. It has some manufac- 
 tures of cotton stuffs and hosiery. 
 
 CALCASIEU, kal'kashu\ a river of Louisiana, rises In 
 the western part of the state, and. flowing in a general 
 southerly course, passes through the parish and lake of 
 its own name into the Gulf of Mexico. Length estimated 
 at 250 miles. It is not navigable. 
 
 CALCASIEU, a parish forming the south-westerly ex- 
 tremity of Louisiana, Ijordering on Texas, has an area of 
 5500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Sa- 
 bine River, on the S.E. by the Mermenteau, and. is inter- 
 sected by Calcasieu River. The surface is nearly level, and 
 mostly occupied by savannas or grassy plains, which afford 
 pasture for large numbers of cattle. The soil in the vici- 
 nity of the stream is fertile. Pop. 5928, of whom 4757 were 
 free, and 1171 slaves. 
 
 CALCASIEU LAKE, of Louisiana, in the parish of its own 
 name, is an expansion of Calcasieu River, which enters the 
 Gulf of Mexico, about 5 miles from the foot of the lake. 
 Length. IS miles, greatest breadth, 5 or 6 miles. 
 CAL'CEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 CALCETliauPE, kdl'se-thorp, a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 CALCl, kdl'chee, a village of Tuscany, 5j miles E. of Pisa, 
 on the Monte Pisano, in a rich olive district. Near it is 
 the celebrated chartreuse of Pisa or Calci, next to that of 
 Pavia. the most magnificent in Italy. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CALCINAJA, kdl-che-nd'yd, a town of Tuscany, 12 miles 
 E. of Pisa, on the Arno. Pop. 3222. 
 
 CALCINATE, kdl-che-nd'tA, a village of Northern Italy, 
 government of Milan, 10 miles E.S.E. of Bergamo, on the 
 post>road to Brescia. Pop. 1806. 
 CALCINATO, kil-che-nd'to, a town of Lombardy, 11 miles 
 . S.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 3600. 
 
 CALCIO, kil'cho, a town of Lombardy, 16 miles S.E. of 
 Bergamo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CALCKEN, kdl'ken, a town of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, on the Scheldt. Pop. 4952'. 
 
 CALCUTTA, kal-kQt'ta. {KaUee Gfiattah, i. e. "tbeghaul or 
 landing-place of Kallee, the goddess of Time :" in acts of Par- 
 liament, called " the Town of Calcutta, and Factory of Fort 
 William,") a well-known city of Hindostan, capital of the 
 presidency and province of Bengal, and seat of the supreme 
 government of British India; lat. 22° 33' 5" N.; Ion. 88° 19' 
 2" E., situated on a level tract, on the left or E. bank of the 
 Hoogly, a branch of the Ganges, about 100 miles from the sea. 
 It is about 4i miles in length, from S.E. to N.W. along the 
 course of the river; and in breadth, E. to W., from 1^ to li 
 miles, at the bra-idest part, which is about the centre. 
 Beyonl these limits, however, there are numerous suburbs, 
 villages, and detached residences. A spacious way, called 
 the Chcular Road, encompasses it on the land side, fol- 
 
 lowing the line of the ancient entrenchment called the 
 Mahratta Ditch ; and marks the boundary of the liberties 
 of the city, and of the administration of English law. Ou 
 the W. side, or that next the river, is an extensive quay, 
 or breast-work, alKjut 2 miles long, called the Strand, 40 
 feet above low-water mark, and having landing-places or 
 ghauts, at intervals throughout its entire length. The 
 river, opposite the city, varies in breadth, from about two 
 furlongs at the narrowest part, to about three-quarters of 
 a mile at the broadest. From the lower part of Garden 
 Reach, on the right, the river bank is laid out in large 
 gardens, each with a handsome mansion in its centre; 
 and the whole scene speaks of opulence and splendor. 
 Calcutta is divided into two distinct portions — the one, 
 the northern portion, is occupied by natives; the other, 
 the southern, by Europeans. In the former, the streets 
 are narrow and dingy, the shops and warehouses mean- 
 looking. The lower parts of the houses contain the ba- 
 zaars, and the upper the dwelling-houses. This depart- 
 ment of the city is crowded with a low aud heterogeneous 
 population — many being half naked, numbers entirely so, 
 while others are bedizened in tawdry and fantastic gar- 
 ments: discordant noises of all sorts, and most offensive 
 smells complete the repulsive chanicter of this portion of 
 . Calcutta. It is different with the south or European por- 
 tion. Here the streets are spacious; the houses, most of 
 them detached, large, and handsome, built of brick, and 
 stuccoed. 
 
 Chowringhee, which lies E. of the fort, is the fashionable 
 quarter of the town, being apart from the centre of trade 
 The new theatre, called the Sans Scmci, (an elegant Gre- 
 cian structure.) and the Asiatic Society's House, (a plain 
 building,) are the only public edifices in this .section. The 
 ornamental character of some of its private houses, with 
 their garden enclosures, is in some degree marred by the 
 incongruous proximity of native huts, and open patches of 
 unoccupied ground. 
 
 The subxirbs of Calcutta are extensive; and Garden Reach, 
 occupied by European.s, about 3 miles S. of the town, is the 
 most striking as to architectural and park-like features. The 
 grounds are extensive, and laid out with fine trees and par- 
 terres of shrubs, interspersed with the bright colors of tro- 
 pical plants, while the scene is enlivened by the .ships cc\x- 
 sta^itly passing up and down. On the opposite bank aie 
 the botanical gardens, remarkable for their extent and 
 beauty, and for the noble banyan and other trees whic>i 
 adorn them ; lower down is seen, on the same side c. 
 the river, the elegant Gothic structure of the Bishop's Col- 
 lege. AUipore aud Ballygunge are other suburbs to the E., 
 both healthy, having also garden houses of Europeans, 
 but without the river view. E. of Calcutta lies the ."uburb 
 of Eutally, chiefly inhabited by Eurasians or halt-castes, and 
 natives. Farther toward the N. are the populous subuibs of 
 Sealdah and Simleah. running into each other like suburbs, 
 containing the hou.ses of wealthy natives and the huts of 
 their poorer countrymen; showing — what is so common iv 
 Eastern cities — a commingling of the stately mansions of 
 the wealthy with the wretched hovels of the poor. 
 
 The favorite promenade is the Strand, where both Euro- 
 peans aud Indians goto enjoy the cool of the evening; and 
 where on such occjisions, is to be seen an imposing display of 
 handsome equipages, with crowds of ladies and gentlemen 
 on horseback, each attended by a hoi'sekeeper. called a s>/ce. 
 Public Buildings. — At the S.W. extremity of the city, on 
 the bank of the river, is a large space of verdant, level 
 ground, about If miles in length, and 1 in breadth, called 
 the JIaidan. In this plain, about 1 mile from the city, 
 and commanding the river, being separated from it only by 
 the Strand Road and the AVet Ditch, is situated Fort Wil- 
 liam, one of the largest and most regular fortresses in 
 India. It was constructed by Lord Clive. after the battle 
 of Plassey in 1757; and has cost altogether £2,000,000. 
 It mounts 619 guns, from 12 to 32 pounders: will hold, 
 for the purposes of defence, 15.000 men; contains 80,000 
 stand of arms, and is usually garrisoned by one European 
 and two native regiments, besides a detachment of artillery. 
 Within its walls are store-rooms, ordnance-yards, powder 
 magazines, barracks, a church, &c. Around the eastern 
 margin of the Maidan are a series of walled tanks. At the 
 southern extremity is the grand jail, and the race-ground, 
 of a triangular form, with a course of about I3 miles in 
 length. At the northern side, which is called the Esplanade, 
 is the Government-house, the palace of the Governor-gene- 
 ral, a magnificent pile built by the Marquis of M'ellesley, 
 (brother of the late Dvike of Wellington.) It has four wings, 
 with a stupendous dome in the centre ; and is surrounded 
 by a colonnade of Ionic pillars. In a«line with the Govern- 
 ment-house, and fronting the Esplanade, are splendid man- 
 sions, with hand.some verandahs, supported by lofty columns. 
 This is is one of the healthiest localities in the city : and it 
 also a favorite resort of the fashionable world. 
 
 After the Government-house, the principal edifices are 
 the Town-hall, Supreme Court. Government Treasury, 
 Writers' Buildings, the Metcalf Hall, the Mint, where, it is 
 said, 500,000 coins can be struck off in 24 houus, and in 
 
 333 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 which nearly 300 workmen, chiefly natives, are employed; 
 the Hindoo College, the Madrussa or Mohammedan College, 
 the Gener.ll Assembly of the Kstablished Church of Scot- 
 l.ind"s Institution, the Free Church of Scotland's Institu- 
 tion, the Bengal Club, the Theatre, the Medical College, 
 the General Hospital, the Native Hospital, the Mechanics' 
 Institute, the Orphan School, the Martiniere, the Asiatic 
 Society's Rooms, and the Ghaut for burning the dead 
 bodies of Hindoos. 
 
 The monuments are, General Sir David Ochterlony's pil- 
 lar, on the Maidan; the statue of the Marquis of Wellesley, 
 in an open Grecian building, in Tank Square ; Princep"s 
 Ghaut, S. of the fort ; the bronze statue of Lord William 
 Bentinck. in the Ksplanade ; and the bronze statue to Lord 
 Auckland, on the S. of Qovernmeut-house ; the marble sta- 
 tues of the Marquis of Cornwallis, and others, within the 
 town-hall ; and to Bishop Heber, and others, in the new and 
 old cathedrals; and the monument between the west gate 
 of Fort William and the river, erected by Lord Kllenlx> 
 rough, in commesnoration of the victory gained at Gwalior, 
 during his government. 
 
 The religious edifices are, the new cathedral of St. Paul's, 
 the old cathedral or St. John's Church, the Old Mission 
 Church. St. James's Church. St. Thomas's Church or Free- 
 echool Church, St. Peter's, within the fort ; all these belong 
 to the Church of Enriand. St. Andrew's Kirk, connected 
 with the Established Church of Scotland; the Free Kirk, 
 built since the Disruption by voluntary contributions. 
 Three Roman Catholic churches, the Greek Church, the 
 Armenian Church, two Baptist chapels, the Independent 
 Union Ch.ipel, the Ilindostauee Church, the Simleah 
 Church, in which a converted and educated Hindoo, or- 
 dained as bishop, officiates ; liesides Mohammedan mosques, 
 Hindoo temples, and a Chinese temple. The churches con- 
 nected with the PJnglish Establishment are under the 
 Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of India; and the 
 archde;icou and clergy are all salaried chaplains of the 
 Company, appointed by the Court of Directors. The new 
 cathedral is a splendid Gothic building, on the E. of the 
 Maidan or plain. The old cathedral was begun in 1784, 
 and was built by voluntary subscriptions, under the au- 
 spices of Warren Hastings, governor-general. The kirk- 
 ses.sion in Calcutta, and that of each of the two other pre- 
 6idencit>s of Madriis and Bombay, are subject to the eccfe- 
 siastioal jurisdiction of the presbytery of Edinburgh. 
 These three kirk-sessions jointly elect and send one minis- 
 ter and one elder, as their representatives, to the General 
 Assembly of the Established Church of Scotland. 
 
 Educaiinntil Inditutirmg. — The educational institutions, 
 not affording religious instruction, are — the College of Fort 
 William, for the members of the company's civil service ; 
 the Hindoo College, the Madrussa or Mohammedan College, 
 and the Sanscrit College, all supported by the government, 
 and managed through their committee of general instruction. 
 There are several schools, taught by natives, for instruction 
 in English, and in the vernacular languages; and a native 
 fenwle school has been lattly established by Mr. Bethune, 
 member of council. 
 
 The educational institutions affording religions instruc- 
 tion are, Bishop's College, founded in 1820, with two pro- 
 fessors from the English univei-sities, and intended for the 
 education of misslcnaries, catechists, and schoolmasters; 
 the General Assembly's Institution, established in the year 
 1829, and divided into the normal school and college depart- 
 ment, to which a theological course is now added ; and the 
 Free Church Institutions established by the missionai ies. Dr. 
 Duff and the Rev. William Mackay. The High School, the 
 Free School, the Parental Academic Institution, the Christian 
 Instruction Socioty, the Infant School Society, several la- 
 die,s" societies for native female e<lucation, the Ch rist ian Tract, 
 and Book Society, and the Armenian Philanthropic Society, 
 are other institutions of a religious character. St. Xaviers 
 College, and Loretto House, are institutions estalilished and 
 conducted by Jesuits : the latter is an establishment for 
 the education of young ladies, conducted by nuns of the 
 Ursuline order. The -Martiniere. founded under the will of 
 General Claude Martin, a Frenchman, who bequeathed it 
 nearly lOO.OOOZ., provides gratuitous board, Ac. and a liberal 
 education to a certain number of indigent Christian chil- 
 dren, without respect to religious denominations. 
 
 Tlif B'ti't-ohtU Inst ituliims are — the Government Savings 
 Bank, the General Hospital, the Native Hospital, the Fever 
 Hospital, the Police Ilo.spital, the Howrah Seamen's Hospital, 
 the lA'per Asylum, r>i?pensarieg. Public Lunatic Asylum! 
 District Charitaljle Society. Dwarkanath Tagore"s Fund for 
 Blind Poor, Bengjtl Military Orplmn Institution, European 
 Female Orphan Institution, the Sailor's Home, and some 
 others. The most important religious societies are the 
 Church Missionary Association, the Diocesan Committee of 
 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 Parts, the Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting 
 Christian Knowledge, the Auxiliary Bible Society, the 
 Church Missionary Association, Christian Institution of the 
 London Missionary Society, the Seamen's Friend, or Bethel 
 Society, and Native Christian Protection Society. 
 334 
 
 The JAlerary and Scifntifc Instifvfinns are — the Asiatis 
 Society, the Mechanics' Institution, the Public Library, the 
 Medical and Phj'sical Society, and the Native Medical Col- 
 lege. The last is a most admirable government institution, 
 for training the natives to become efficient and skilful sur- 
 geons and medical practitioners. There are also the agri- 
 cultural and horticultural societies. The Bank of Bengal, 
 the Bonded Warehouse, and the Ass.im Tea Company may 
 be mentioned among the commercial corporations : bi-anches 
 or agencies of the Agra, and United Service Bank, the 
 Oriental Bank, and of the North-western Bank, are also 
 established in Calcutta ; besides which there are the Ch.anir 
 ber of Commerce, the Trade Association, marine and life in- 
 surance offices, provident societies. &c. 
 
 Tlie Ifewi^pers published in Calcutta are — the Ilurkam, 
 Englishman, Morning Chronicle, Eastern Star, and the 
 Government Gazette, besides several native newspapers, in 
 the vern.acular languages. 
 
 Factories. — The factories in the city and neighborhood 
 using English machinery are — the government foundry at 
 Cossipore. having beautiful machinery for casting and Ixiring 
 bra.ss oi-dnance; the Gloucester Mills, for making cotton 
 twist; the sugar manufactory at Seebpore, using vacuum 
 pans and steam machinery ; and several corn, flour, and 
 oil mills, and a manufactory for steam boilers, with a 
 foundry attached. The Mint has powerful and efficient 
 steam and other machinery, for all the purposes of working 
 the metals, and coining money. Ship-building was carried 
 on formerly to a considerable extent, but is now nearly 
 altogether extinct, owing, it is said, to the cheaper cost of 
 construction in the mother country. The repairing of 
 ships is, however, a lucrative business, and the govern- 
 ment and private docks are extensive and commodious. 
 
 Commerce. — Calcutta is now the great emporium of the 
 East, monopolizing the whole internal ti-ade of Bengal, the 
 nature and extent of which will be found at once fully and 
 concisely exhibited In the following series of tables: — 
 
 Imports. 
 Ko. Tonnage. 
 
 1849-50... British vessels.... 879 286,516 
 
 Foreign vessels... 143.... 64,122 
 
 Exports. 
 No. Tounage. 
 ..728....309.Sto2 
 ..148.... 59.859 
 
 Total 1022 349,638 
 
 876 309,611 
 
 TalM. 
 
 809 
 
 Piece f ^hile cottons. ..£1,601,002. ..Cotton piece goods, 7 ,. 
 
 n H < Colored cottons.. 275,333... country made 5 "'' 
 
 txooas. ^ gj]^ ^^^ mixed. . 46.627. . . Silk piece goods. . . .449 
 
 Twist and yarn... 793,742... Mixed piece good.s... 37,457 
 
 Exports of opium in 1849-50. 8.5.093 chests: value, 
 3..591.470/.: sugar, l,822,S0af maunds; value, 1,676,224/.: 
 indigo, 105.1841: value, 1,675.372/., of which 65.725^ 
 maunds, value 1.046.472/.. were to Great Britain. The ex- 
 ports to France, in 1844-5, amounted in value to 752.6602., 
 having nearly doubled within the previous ten years. The 
 total imports into Bengal for 1849-50, amounted in valu» 
 to 64,971,143 rupees or 6,497,114/., and the exjwrts u 
 109,327,126 rupees or 10,932,712/. The principal articles ot 
 export are opium, indigo, swgar. saltpetre, rice, raw cottoi*., 
 raw silk, piece goods, hides, lac, &c. The principal importf 
 — metals, piece goods, twist, and yarn, salt, betel-nut. books, 
 glasswares, wines, woods, woollens, &c. 
 
 Ships of 1400 tons burden can sail up the Hoogly. and 
 anchor off the city in 6 or 7 fathoms water, or lie at moot^ 
 ings near the bank. An electric telegraph has recently been 
 constructed between Calcutta and Diamond Harlior. about 
 50 miles down the Hoogly. A railway, 1360 miles in length, 
 is in course of construction, which, when completed, will 
 cross the Ganges, the Sone, the Jumna, and the Sutlej, tra- 
 verse one of the most fertile regions of Indi.'V, and connect 
 its most ancient and populous cities with the ocean. The 
 opening of the road from Howrah, opposite Calcutta, to the 
 rich coal-fields at Burdwan, a distance of 66 miles, was cele- 
 brated Feb 3, 18.55. when it was stated th.at 121 miles of the 
 East Indian Railroad were already completed. 649 miles 
 under contract to be completed in 1S57, 200 miles in course 
 of construction, and 380 miles were lieing surveyed. 
 
 Besides the continuous communicalion kept up with 
 Great Britain by fine passenger and other sailing vessels 
 round the Cape' of Good Hope, passengers and mails are 
 carried once a month to and from Calcutta, by what ii 
 called "the overland route," namely. Alexandria. Cairo, and 
 Suez. The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation 
 Companv undertake the mail .service, under contract with 
 the imperial government; and, at the same time, carry 
 passengers in the largo steamers employed by them, 
 which leave Southampton on the 20th, and Calcutta on the 
 8th, of every month. Two other companies aj-e in the 
 field — the one to be called the Eastern Steam Navi.;ation 
 Compiiny, to occupy the same line as the Peninsular and 
 Oriental" but their steamer to leave Plymouth on the Ist 
 of the month for Alexandria, in correspondence with ona 
 from Calcutta; the other, the Screw Steam Navigation Com- 
 pany, now carrying a mail to the Capw of Good Hope, io- 
 tend extending Outt line to Calcutta. 
 
CAE 
 
 CAL 
 
 (hurts of Law. — Iter majesty's Supreme Court of Judica- 
 ture, at Fort William, was established by charter, 13 Geo. 
 III., in 1774; which vested in it criminal, civil, admiralty, 
 and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, subject only to an appeal to 
 her majesty in her privy council. It has a chief, and two 
 puisne justices, appointed by the crown, and has exclusive 
 criminal jurisdiction, (with jury trial,) over all the inha- 
 bitants of Calcutta who are placed under the protection of 
 British law. The civil jurisdiction of the court is equally 
 extensive; but with this reservation, namely, that the 
 o«urt shall administer thtir own respective laws of inhe- 
 ritance, snccossion, and marriajfe, and of contract to Hin- 
 doos and Mohammedans. Beyond the limits of Calcutta, 
 both the criminal and civil jurisdiction of the supreme 
 court extends over all British-born subjects of her majesty, 
 and their lawful descendants, residing within the presi- 
 dency of Bengal, and the provinces from time to time an- 
 nexed thereto; and its civil jurisdiction extends also over 
 native, and all other inhabitants of India, residing within 
 these extended limits, who enter into written contracts 
 with any British-born subject, and agreeing therein, that 
 if dispute should arise, the matters between them should 
 be determined by the Supreme Court. 
 
 Piipidation. — The population of Calcutta, according to the 
 census of 1837, amounted to 229,714 ; but the apparent popu- 
 lation seems much greater, from the crowds of people which 
 pour into the city from the suburbs, during the day, to 
 eirn a livelihood, and which, according to the same census, 
 amount to tiie additional number of 177,000. Theinhabit;(nts 
 of Calcutta may, for judicial purposes, be divided and clas.sed 
 Into — 1. British-born subjects and tlieir legitimate descend- 
 ants, about 3140 in number. 2. Hindoos orGentoos,of Bengal 
 and of the upper provinces of Ilindostan, in number about 
 137,650. 3. Mussulmans or Mohammedans, of Bengal and 
 of the upper provinces of Ilindostan, in number about 
 68,750. 4. Other natives of Asia, neither Hindoos, Moham- 
 medans, nor Christians — such as Parsees, Chinese, Araean- 
 ese, Jews, Arabs, and Moguls. 5. Portuguese, Armenian, 
 French, and other Christians of native or foreign extraction ; 
 together with half-castes, or illegitimate children of British 
 subjects by native mothers, and their offspring, numbering 
 about 5000. 
 
 ClntMte. — The range of the thermometer in November, De- 
 cember, January, and Fobiuary, denominated the cold sea- 
 son, is from 50^ to 75° Fahrenheit; the N.K, monsoon, then 
 the prevailing wind, is bracing to the European constitu- 
 tion, relaxed by the preceding heats; and at this season the 
 appetite and strength improve. March brings with it the 
 S.W. monsoon, and hot weather, which increases in tem- 
 perature during the succeeding month ; and in May the 
 thermometer reaches 90°-95° in the shade, and 100'^-110° in 
 the open air. In June, the rainy season commences, much 
 to the relief both of animal and vegefcible nature, and con- 
 tinues to the end of September; but there are very few days 
 that have not some hours free from rain. The proportion 
 of deaths to the population is nearly 3'13 per cent, per an- 
 num ; that of London is about 2-16. 
 
 Early Ilutnry. — Job Chamock, the agent of the " London 
 Company," the first English East India Company, incorpo- 
 rated by charter of Queen Elizabeth in 1600, was the founder 
 of Calcutta. The first factory in Bengal of this powerful 
 company, was established at Iloogly, 28 miles higher up 
 the river, under a firman of the Mogul Emperor of Ilindos- 
 tan, Shah Jehan, dated 1644. In the year 1686, the company's 
 agent, Mr. Charnock, was, with his council and factors, dri- 
 ven out of it by the Nabob of Bengal. While sailing 
 down the river, he was attracted by the shade afforded by a 
 large tree in tlie village of Chuttanuttee, (the present site 
 of a part of Calcutta.) and, accordingly, he and his people 
 landed, and began to entrench themselves there, August 
 24, 1690. the emperor gave them permission to form a com- 
 mercial settlement, but prohibited the erection of any forti- 
 fications. This period, therefore, may be considered the era 
 of the found.ation of Calcutta. Its founder, Charnock, died 
 in 1692, and lies buried in the old cemetery where St. John's 
 Church, the old cathedral, was afterwards built. The set- 
 tlement rapidly increased. In 1095, a grant was made by 
 the Nabob of Beng.'tl. confirmed by the Emperor Aurung- 
 zebe, of the village of Chuttanuttoe, together with two other 
 villages of Kalleeghatta, and Govindpore adjoining, reserving 
 an annual rent to be paid by the company of 1195 rupees. 
 Walls of masonry, with bastions at the angles, were first 
 raised in the same year by the permission of the NabiA, 
 as a defence to the factory against a rebel Zemindar, or 
 land-holder of Burdwan. Thus originated tlie fortifica- 
 tions of Calcutta. The old fort, called Fort William in 
 honor of King William III., was not begun to be built un- 
 til the year 1699; and that fort, and the European part 
 of the town, were erected on the site of the village of Kallee- 
 ghatta, and hence the name Calcutta, In 1757, the town 
 extended about half a mile above and below the old fort, and 
 about 600 yards inland ; the houses of the English were in 
 number about 70. This year it was captured and plundered 
 by the Nabob of Bengal, Six)raj-oo-Dowlah,(Suraja-Dowlah,) 
 after a spirited defence; ani many of the English, after the 
 
 ignoble flight of the governor, were taken prisoners, and died 
 from suffocation in the Black Hole,, the prison of the gar- 
 rison, where they had been placed for safe custody. Colo- 
 nel Clive, (afterwards Lord Clive.) with about 30C0 men, 
 assisted by Admiral Watson, with a fleet of three kins s 
 ships, recaptured Calcutta in February of the same year; 
 and Clive, a few days afterward, attacked and routed the 
 Nabob in its vicinity. The latter then signed a ti'eaty, 
 dictated to him, by which, among other things, he agreed 
 that the company should fortify Calcutta in such a man- 
 ner as they should deem proper for its defence ; and that 
 money should be coined " at Allenagur" (Calcutta) in 
 the same manner as at Moor.shedabad. In the year 1758, 
 Meer Jaifler, Nabob of Bengal, granted a sunnud to the 
 company for the free tenure of Calcutta. From this date Cal- 
 cutta became, virtually, the seat of an independent power. 
 
 CALCUTTA, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 163 
 miles N.E. of Columbus, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 CALDARO. kil-dd'ro, or KALTEKN, kdl'tern, a town of 
 Austria, in Tyrol, 8 miles S.W. of Botzen, near the Adige. 
 Pop. 3219. 
 
 CALDAS, kil/dds, (i. e. Aao.'is or Aou.*s Caldas, S/gwJa 
 kilMJs, " warm waters," or " warm springs,") several small 
 towns of Portugal, Spain, &c,, so called from their warm 
 springs. 
 
 CALDAS, kll'dls, or CALDAS DA RAINIIA, kdl'd^s dl 
 rS-een'yd, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 6 miles N. 
 of Lisbon, with 1500 inhabitants, and well-frequented sul- 
 phur baths. 
 
 CALDAS, kil'dis, a town of Brazil, province of Minas- • 
 Geraes, commune of Sapucahi, with a school of primary in- 
 struction, and hot sulphur springs. Pop. of the district, 2000. 
 
 CALDAS DEL KEY, kdl'dds dil rA, a town of Portugal, 24 
 miles S. of Santiago. 
 
 CALDAS DE MOMBUY, kdl'dSs dA mom-boo-eo'. (anc. 
 Alqum CaVidce,) a town of Spain, 14 miles N. of Barcelona, 
 with thermal baths, and some antiquities. Pop. 2409. 
 
 CALDAS DE OVIEDO, kil'dds dd o-ve-A/do, a town of 
 Spain, finely situatfid near Oviedo. 
 
 CALDBECK, kdld'bek, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 CALDECOT or CALDECOTE, kdld'e-kot, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Rutland. 
 
 CALDECOT, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 CALDECOT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 CALDECOT. a parish of England, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 CALDECOT, a parish of Jingland, co. of Warwick. 
 
 C.\LDER, kdl'der, a river of England, co, of Y'ork, 
 West Riding, joins the Aire at Castloford, aher a course of 
 about 40 miles ; for nearly 30 miles it is navigable, fi:)rming 
 a branch of the Aire and Calder navigation. It is connected 
 by canals with Todmorden, Rochdale, Halifax, Iluddersfield, 
 Barnsley, and Goole. 
 
 CALDER, a river of England, co. of Lancaster, joins the 
 the Ribble near Whalley. 
 
 CALDER, or CALDERBRIDGE, a hamlet of England, co. 
 of Cumberland, on a stream of its own name, 3 miles S.S.W. 
 of Egremont. 
 
 CALDERA, kJl-dA'rl, a small town of South America, in 
 the Argentine Republic, 22 miles N.E. of Salta. 
 
 CALDERA. a seaport of Chili, on the Pacifii-, 35 miles N.W, 
 of Copiapo. with which it is connected by railway. 
 
 CALDERA, kJl-dA/rd. a port of Central America, state of 
 Costa Rica, on the Pacific, near the E. of Nicoya. It is ex- 
 tremely unhealthy. 
 
 CALDER.\^, kdl-dA'ri, a seajwrt of Hayti, on its S. coast, 50 
 miles S.W. of San Domingo. 
 
 CALDER, (kdl'dfr,) EAST, an ancient rectory and village 
 of Scotland, 11 miles W.S,W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 CALDER, MID, a parish of Scotland, co, of Edinburgh. 
 
 CALDER, SOUTH, a small river of Scotland, in Lanark- 
 shire, tributary to the Clyde, 
 
 CALDER, WEST, a parish of Scotland, co. of, and 13 miles 
 S.W. of Edinburgh, It has an old castle, and the traces of a 
 Roman camp. 
 
 CALDEWGATE, kAl'du-gate, a suburb of the city of Car- 
 lisle, England, co. of Cumberland, intersected by the Carlisle 
 and Newcastle Railwav. Pop, 6528, 
 
 CALDICOT. kAl'de-kot, a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth, 4j miles S.S.W. of Chepstow. The picturesque re- 
 mains of Caldicot Castle, a structure erected by the Saxona 
 and early Normans, stand on a plain, one mile from Bristol 
 Channel. 
 
 CALDICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 CALDIERO, kdl-de-A'ro, a village of Northern Itiily. 9 
 miles E. of Verona,' so called from its once celebrated ther- 
 mal springs. The Archduke Charles gained a victory here 
 over Massena in 1805. 
 
 CALDW^ELL, kild'well, a county in the N.W. part of 
 North Carolina, has an area of about 450 square miles. The 
 Yadkin River rises in the county, and the Catawba touches 
 its S. border. A part of the county is a mountainous region, 
 situated on the .S.E. declivity of the Blue Kidge. The land 
 is fertile, adapted to pasturage. Capital, Lenoir. Pop. 7497, 
 of whom <UU9 wtiro free, and 10S8 isiuves. 
 
 83d 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 CALDWELL, a pariah in the N. central part of Louisiana, 
 has an area of 0*28 square miles. It is intersected by 'Wiisliita 
 Biver, and Iwunded on the E. by Boeuf Bayou. Tlie sur- 
 face is uneven. The Washita River is navigable by steam- 
 beats throngh this parish. Capital, Columbia. Pop. 4833, 
 of whom 28S8 were free, and 1945 slaves. 
 
 CALDWELL, a county in the S. central partof Texas, has 
 an area of 540 square miles. It is bounded on tlie S.W. by 
 San Marcos River. The surface is undulating. Named in 
 honor of John Caldwell, a senator of the republic of Texas. 
 Capital. Lockhart. Pop. 44S1, of whom 2871 were free. 
 
 CALDWELL, a county in W. part of Kentucky, contains 
 about 700 square miles. The Tennessee River bounds it on 
 the S.W., tlie Tmdcwater Creek on the N.E., and it is inter- 
 ' eected by the Cumberland River. Tlie surface is mostly level, 
 and the soil fertile. A large bed of coal ha.^ been found in 
 the N. part, and iron ore is abundant on the banks of the 
 rivers. t)rganized in 1809, and named in honor of John Cald- 
 well, formerly lieuteuant-governor of the state. Capital, 
 Princeton. Pop.9,31 8,of whom 691 2 were free,and 2406 slaves. 
 CALDWKLL, a county in the N.M'. part of Missouri, has 
 an area of 435 square miles. It is intersected by Shoal 
 Creek, an affluent of Grand River, flowing from W. to E., 
 through th6 middle of the county. The general surface is 
 level, the soil fertile. Named in honor of Dr. Caldwell, of 
 Transylvania University, Kentucky. Capital, Kingston. 
 Pop. 5034, of whom 4812 were free, and 222 slaves. 
 
 CALDWELL, a post-village, capital of Warren co.. New 
 Tork, at the S. end of Lake George, 62 miles N. of .Albany. 
 • It contains a court-house, and several stores and mills. A 
 steamboat plies between this place and the outlet of the 
 lake. Caldwell is much visited in summer by tourists, on 
 account of its beautiful scenery. Here is a large hotel, 
 called the L.(ke George House. Pop. of the township, 1073. 
 CALDWELL, a jwst-village and township of Essex co., 
 New Jersey, about 10 miles N.W. of Newark. Pop. 2688. 
 CALDWELL, a post-ofiice of Orange co., North Carolina. 
 CALDWELL, a post-office of Washita parish, Louisiana. 
 CALDWELL, a post-village, capital of Burleson co., Te.xas, 
 •bout 85 miles E. by N. of Austin. The main road from Sau 
 Antonio to Nachitoches passes through it. 
 CALDWELL'S PR AIKIE.a post-office Racine co.,Wisconsin. 
 C.\LDY, kdl'dee, a small island and extra-parochi.-U dis- 
 trict of North Wales, co. of Pembroke, off its S. coast. 2 miles 
 S. of Tenby, has a light-hou.se on the S. side, in lat. 51° 37' 50" 
 N., Ion. 4° 40' 57" W.. and 210 feetabove the sex P. in 1851, 80. 
 CALE. See Oporto. ^ 
 
 CAUEBEE^ CREEK, of Macon co., Alabama, flows into the 
 Tallapoosa River from the left. 
 
 C-ALEDOX, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Tyrone, on the Blaekwater and the Ulster C.inal. 9i miles 
 N.N.E. of Monaghan. The improvements of the Earl of Ca- 
 ledon (whose magnificeut hall and grounds are adjacent) 
 have rendered this town one of the neatest in the kingdom. 
 It has one of the largest corn mills in Ireland. It gives the 
 title of earl to the Alexander fiimily. Pop. 1046. 
 
 CALEDOX, a village of Cape Colony, in Southern Africa, 
 district and 50 miles W.S.W. of Zwellendam. It has some 
 celebrated mineral baths. 
 
 CALEDOX BAY, North Australia, is an inlet on the W. 
 side of the Gulf of Carpentaria ; lat. 12° 40' S., Ion. 136° 40' E. 
 C.\LEDOX RIVER, in Africa, Hottentot country, is a con- 
 siderable afHaent of the Nu Gariep orCradock River, which 
 it joins in lat. 30° 18' S.. Ion. 26° 17' E. 
 CALEDO'XIA, the ancient name of Scotl^nt), which see. 
 CALEDONIA, kal-e-do/ue-a, a county in the E.N.E. part 
 of Vermont, has an area of' about 650 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S.E. by the Connecticut, and drained bv the 
 Passumsic, Lamoille, and Wells Rivers, which turn numerous 
 grist and saw mills. The surface is rough, and in the W . 
 Dart mountainous. The soil is good, especially along the val- 
 leys of its numerous streams. It contains several sulphur 
 springs, and abounds in granite and limestone. The railroad 
 connecting Bellows Falls and St. Johnsbury partly intersects 
 tbi.soo. Organized in 1792. Capital, St. Johnsbury. P.21.708. 
 CALEDONIA, a post-village and township of Livingston 
 CO., New York, on the Canandaigua and Niagara R.R., and 
 on the Genesee River, 20 miles S.W. of Rochester. Pop. 2014. 
 CALKDONIA, a post-village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 140 
 miles N.W. of Uarrisburg. 
 CALEDONIA, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia. 
 CALKDON lA. a jrast-village of Moore co.. North Carolina. 
 So miles S.W. of Haleigh. 
 
 CALKDONlA, a post-village of Lowndes co., Missis3ipi)i, 
 about 154 niileo N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 C.ALEDONIA, a postofflce of Rusk CO., Texas. 
 CALEDONIA, a thriving post-village of Henry CO., Ten- 
 nessee, 120 miles W of NiLsbville. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 Biver. near the mouth of the Little Miami. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a |K)st-village of Marion co., Ohio, on the 
 
 west branch of Whetstone River, 64 miles N. of Columbus. 
 
 It has several stores anil mills. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-township, Kent co., Michigan. P 763. 
 
 CALEDONIA,atown8hip,Shiawaii«ooeo,Michigun. P.706. 
 
 C.ALEDONIA, a post-village, capital of Pulaski co.. Illinois, 
 on the Ohio River, 13 miles from its mouth, and 220 milel 
 S. of Springfield. It lias about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-vill.age in Washington Co., Missouri, 
 about 70 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a po.st^township in Racine co., Wisconsin, 
 about 18 miles S. of Milwaukee. Pop. 2438. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a village of Canada West, co. of Ilaldim. and 
 on the Buffalo, Brantford and Gooderich Railroad, 20 miles 
 E.S.E. of Brantford. It has a number of mills and stores. 
 Pop. about 1000. 
 
 CALEDONIA SPRINGS, a post-village and watering- 
 place of Canada West, Pi-escott co.. 72 miles W. by S. of Mon- 
 treal. It has excellent hotel accommodations. Permanent 
 pop. aliout 200. 
 
 C.A,LEDONIAN CANAL, Scotland, counties of Inverness 
 and Argyle. connects the North and Irish Seas, extending 
 N.E. and S. W., through the great Glen of Caledonia, from the 
 Murray Firth to Loch Eil, through Lochs Ness, Oich, and 
 Lochy. Length 60i miles, of which the lochs compose 37 ^ 
 jniles. and the canal 23 miles. It was begun in 1805, and 
 opened in 1822; up to the last balancing of accounts it had 
 cost 1,023.629/., and is still unfinished. 'The annual revenue 
 is about 2500i. : the annual expenditure of management and 
 repairs, 3000i. It was repaired and reopened in 1S47. 
 
 CALEDONIA, NEW, a tract of country in British North 
 America. M'. of the Rocky Mountains, included in the Hud- 
 son's Bay territory, between lat. 48° and 57° N.. and extend- 
 ing about 600 miles from N. toS., and nearly 400 miles from 
 E. to W. It is mountainous, and abounds iu lakes and 
 rivers, the largest of the latter is called Frazer's River. It is 
 inhabited by two gre.'vt nati(ms — the Takali or Carrier In- 
 dians, and the Atnahs or Shouswaps. The Hudson's Bay 
 Company have nine posts or stations in this territory. 
 
 CALEDONIA, NEAV, an isLaudof Australia in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, between lat. 20° and 22° Siy S.. and Ion. 164° 
 5' and 107° E. ; length, from N.W. to S.E.. about 200 miles; 
 breadth. 30 miles. It is surrounded on all sides by coral 
 reefs, connecting numerous islets, rocks, and banks of sand, 
 rendering the navigation so intrirate and dangerous that 
 the island can be approached by two openings only. Vessels 
 may anchor securely at Port Balade, on the N.E., andat 
 Port St. Vincent on the S.W. Between the small island of 
 Botany, and the S. end of New Cale<ionia. a deep, wide, ship 
 channel was discovered by Captain Woodiu iu 1849, and 
 named by him Woodin's Channel. There ai-e several bays 
 in it, where ships may anchor close to the beach in 13 
 fathoms or less. 
 
 CALEDONIA STATION, a post-office of Boone co., Illinois. 
 
 CALEIjLA. kd-Ul'yi, a maritime town of Spain. 30 miles 
 S.E. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Pop. oO:J5. 
 
 C.ALENZANA, kd-len-zd'nd. a village of the island of Coi^ 
 sica. 5 miles S.E. of Calvi. Pop. of commune, in 1852. 2377. 
 
 C.ALERA, kS-li/rd, a village of Spain, in New Castile, 
 8 miles S.W. of Talavera, near the Tagus. Pop. 2598. 
 
 CALES. See C.\LVi. 
 
 CALESTAXO, kS-Us-ta/no, a town of Italy. 20 miles S.S.W. 
 of Parm.i, on the Baganza. has a medical seminary. P. 2664. 
 
 CALF'KILLEK CREEK, in the E. central part of Ten- 
 nessee, falls into the Caney Fork of Cumlierland River, in 
 White county, about 10 miles S.W. of Sparta. 
 
 CALF OF MAN, a small island in the Irish Sea, imme- 
 diatelv off the S.W. extremity of the Isle of Man. Lat. of 
 th'e liiht-house. 54° 3' N. ; Ion. 4° 4^ W. 
 
 CALFPASTURE RIVER. Virginia. See North River. 
 
 CALK. THE. a rock off the coast of Ireland, co. of Cork, 
 in the .Atlantic, | mile S.W. of Dursev Island. 
 
 CALHOUN, kal-hoon'. a county towai-d the W. part of Flori- 
 da, bordering on theOulf of Mexico, has an areji of 464 square 
 miles. The Appalachicola River forms its boundary on the 
 E.. and St. Joseph's Bay washes the S.W. border, i'he sur- 
 face is but little elevated. Named in honor of the late John 
 C Calhoun, the distinguished statesman of South Carolina. 
 Capital. St. Joseph. Pop. 1446, of whom 992 were free, and 
 624 slaves. 
 
 CALHOUN, a new county in the N. central part of Mis- 
 sissippi, drained by the Yallobusha and Loosascoima Rivers. 
 It was formed out of i)ortion8 of Chickasaw, Lafayette, and 
 Yallobusha counties. Pop. 9518. 
 
 CALHOUN, a county in the S. part of Texas. Iwrdering 
 on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 484 square miles. The 
 Guadalupe River forms its boundary on the S.W., the Mata- 
 gorda and Liivacca Bays wash its N.E. border. The surface 
 is nearly level. Capital, Lavacca. Pop. 2642, of whom 22:^8 
 were free, and 414 slaves. 
 
 CALHOUN, a new county in the S. part of Arkansas. It 
 is bounded on the S.W. by the Washita River, navigable for 
 steamboats, and on the E. by the .'Moro River. Ihe surface 
 is undulating or hilly; the soil is mostly fertile, producing 
 cotton and Indian corn. Capitol. Hampton. Pop. 4103. 
 
 C.ALHOUN county, Michigan, situated in the S.W. central 
 part of the state, contains 720 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the St. Joseph's and Kalamazoo Rivers, and also 
 drained by Battle Creek. The surface is undulating, and 
 the soil is a rich sandy loam, producing fine crops of tliii 
 
CAL 
 
 grasses and grains. The greater part of the county is co- 
 ?erod with a scattered growth of the white oak and burr oak. 
 It is liberally supplied with water-power, contains quarries 
 of sandstone, and is intersected by the Michigan Central 
 Railroad. Organized in 1833. Capital, Marshall. Pop. 
 29,564. 
 
 CALHOUN, a county in the W. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on >tis.souri, has an area of 2tX) square miles. It occupies a 
 oavr.nv strip of land between the Mississippi and Illinois 
 Rivers, which unite at the S.K. extremity of the county. 
 The surface is broken by bluffs and ravines, and is partly 
 subject tfl inundations. Tlie river bottoms produce good pas- 
 ture for cattle. Stone coal is abundant on the l)anks of the 
 Mississippi in this county. Capital, Hardin. Pop. 51-14. 
 
 CAI-IInU>f, a post-village of Anderson district, South 
 Carolina, 115 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 CALHOUN, a thriving post-village, capital of Gordon co., 
 Georgia, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, 80 miles 
 N.W. of Atlanta, and 50 miles from Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
 It is surrounded by a rich, well-cultivated country, and is 
 an important depot for produce. Laid out in 1850. Pop. 
 about 4(10. 
 
 CALHOUN, a village in the S. part of Lumpkin co., Geor- 
 gia, 60 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-ofiioe of Autauga co., Alabama. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-office of I'ontotoc co., Mississippi. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 CALHOUN, a postoffice of Columbia co., Arkansas. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-village of McMinn co., Tennessee, on 
 the Hlawassee River, and on the East Tenne.ssee and Georgia 
 Railroad, 108 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-office of Daviess co., Kentucky 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-offlce of Richland co,, Illinois. 
 
 CALHiJ)UN, a post-village of Henry co., Missouri, 90 miles 
 W. by S. of .Tefferson City. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-offlce of Harrison co., Iowa. 
 
 CALHi)UX\S MILLS, a post-office of Abbeville district, 
 South Car.lina. 
 
 CALIIOU.NSVILLE.orMAcAI/LISTERSVILLE, a small 
 post-village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, 55 miles N.W. of 
 Uarrisburg. 
 
 CALI, kd lee', a town of New Gran.ada, 70 miles N. by E, 
 of Popayan. lat. 3° ZV N., Ion. 70° 30' W. It lies on a western 
 declivity of the Andes, near the Cauca, has straight streets, 
 houses of lirick and of whitened earth. 2 elegant churches, 
 several deserted convents, and 1 still in use. The inhabit- 
 ants are wealthy, and chiefly engaged in the transit trade 
 from the interior to tlie Pacific. Pop. 4000. 
 
 CALIADKH, ki-le-d'deh. a village of India, Gwalior domi- 
 nions, 5 miles N, of Oojein, with a curious Mohammedan 
 palace on an island in tiie Sipra River. 
 
 CaLIANO, ki-le-a'no, a town of Austria, Tyrol, 9 miles S. 
 of Trent, on the Adige, celebrated for the defeat of the Ve- 
 netians Ijy tlie Austrians in 1487. 
 
 CALICE DI VARA, kifle^-bA dee vd'rd, a town of Tus- 
 cany, province of l^isa, 11 miles S. of Pontremoli. It is com- 
 manded V)y a Ciistle, and has oil mills. Pop. 2959. 
 
 CAL^ICONLAN', a town of South India, Travancore do- 
 minions. 110 miles N.W. of Cape Comorin. 
 
 CALICOTE, karie-kote', a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, 21 miles N. of Ganjam. 
 
 CALICUT, kal'i-cut, a seaport town of British India, pre- 
 lidency of Madras, on the Indian Ocean, 102 miles S.W. of 
 Seringapatam. Lat. 11° 15' N.; Ion. 7.5° 52' E. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 25,000, but it is declining. Though it has only an 
 open roadstead, it was for nearly two centuries the empo- 
 rium of a flourishing trade, and it still exports teak, pepper, 
 cardamoms, wax, coir, cordage, sandal-wood, and cocoa-nuts. 
 It was the first place in India touched at by Vasco de Gama, 
 who arrived here. May 18, 1498. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, kal-e-for'-ne-a, one of the United States, 
 Is bounded on the N, by Oregon, E. by Nevada and Arizona, 
 S. by Lower California (which is part of Mexico,) and W. by 
 the Pacific. It lies between 32° 32' and 42° N. lat., and be- 
 tween 114° 20' and 124° 22' W. ion. In general shape, the 
 stote is a long parallelogram, 700 miles long and 180 wide. 
 The area has never beeu computed precisely, but it is about 
 160,000 square miles, or 100,000,000 acres. 
 
 JFace of the country. — Tlie state may be divided, witli 
 reference to its physical geography, into the districts of the 
 Sierra Nevada, the Sacramento basin, the Coast Mountains, 
 the Colorado desert, and the Mohave basin. The Coast 
 Mountains extend the whole length of the state, and they 
 reach inland from the ocean about 30 miles, witli many in- 
 tervening valle.ys. The main ridge of the Coast Mountains 
 is cut by only two streams : the Sacramento in lat. 38° N., 
 and the Klamath in lat. 41° 30' N. The most notable peaks 
 are Mount San Bernardino, 8500 feet high, in lat. 30° 20' N. ; 
 Blount SiUi Gorgonio, 7000 feet, in lat. 33° 48' ; Mount Hamil- 
 ton, 4433 feet, in lat. 37° 20'; Mount Diablo, 3876 feet, in 
 lat. 37° 50'; Mount Ripley, in lat. 39° 08' ; Mount St. John, 
 in lat. 39° 25' ; and Mount Linn, in lat. 40° 10', height not 
 (iscertained. The chief valleys along the coast are the Santa 
 Ana, San Gabriel, Los Angeles, Salinas, Pajaro, Santa Clara, 
 Imatlor, Sau Eamon, Suisun, Napa, Sonoma, Petaluma, 
 W 
 
 CAL 
 
 Russian River, and Humboldt Bay. The lowland of the Sac- 
 ramento basin lies E. of the coast range, between lat. 35° 
 and 40°, about 350 miles long t)y 50 wide. The Sierra Ne- 
 vada extends from lat. 35° to 42° ; and N. of 38° it reaches 
 to the E. Ijoundary of the state. The general height of the 
 range vari<!8 from 7000 to 11,000 feet. The highest portion 
 lies between lat. 35° 30' and 38°. In that district there are 
 800 square miles more than 8000 feet above the sea, and 100 
 peaks that rise to a height of 13,000 feet ; among these are 
 the following,with their approximate altitudes and latitudes : 
 Mount Whitney, lat. 36° 29', alt. 15,000 feet; Mount Cawiah, 
 lat. 36° 20', alt. 14,000; .Mount Silliman, lat. 36° 40', alt. 
 ll.>00; Mount Tyndall, lat. 36° 40', alt. 14.200; Table Moun- 
 tain, lat. 36° 41)', alt. 13,000; Mount Brewer, lat. 30° 45', 
 alt. 13,700; Mount Goddard, lat. 37°, alt. 13,000; Mount 
 Lyell, lat. 37° 45', alt. 13,500; Mount Dana, lat. 37° 53', 
 alt. 13,500; Castle Peak, 38° 10', alt. 13,000. The alti- 
 tudes, positions, and names of a great number of other peaks 
 in that region are not determined, and many of them have 
 never been visited by white men. The great elevation of 
 this Alpine region of California, was first discovered and 
 made known by the State Geological Survey, in 1864. The 
 peaks of the northern portion of the Sierra Nevada are 
 Mount Shasta, 14,440 feet, in lat. 41° 30'; Mount Ljissen, 
 in lat. 40° 28'; the Downieville Buttes, 8840 feet, in lat, 39° 
 40'; and Pilot Peak, 7300 feet, in 39° 65', The Colorado 
 Desert lies in the S,E. corner of the state, and is 70 miles 
 wide by 140 long. It is a low, barren, dry, cheerless region. 
 Part of it is 70 feet below the level of the sea, and, in times 
 of very high water, the Colorado River overflows its banks 
 and a large stream runs down into this basin and makes a 
 lake. The Mohave Bjisin lies N. of tlie Colorado Desert, and 
 has no outlet. All the streams terminate in Siilt lakes, most 
 of which dry up in the summer. The chief lakes are Owen 
 Lake, 15 miles long by 9 wide, in lat. 36° 40'; and Mono 
 Lake, 8 miles long by 6 wide, in lat. 38°. All these lakes 
 are so strong with alkaline Siilts, that no fish can live in the 
 water, and the water of Mono Lake scalds the human cuti- 
 cle. One portion of the Mohave Basin, called Death Valley, 
 is 375 feet below the level of the sea, but much of the baiiia 
 is 4000 feet above the sea. 
 
 Bays, Rivers, Lukei, <£c. — San Francisco Bay, the b'^st and 
 most capacious harbor on the Pacific coast, is (including the 
 two arms, Sau Pablo and San Francisco Bay proper), per- 
 haps, 60 miles in length, and in the widest part 14 miles 
 broad, with a coast line of 275 miles. A strait, about 2 
 miles wide, and from 5 to 7 miles long, breaking through a 
 range of low mountains, connects it with the ocean. This 
 strait hsis been termed, not inapproprialely, the Golden Gate, 
 as it is the j)assage through which the multitudes from every 
 region of the world are constantly hastening, in order to 
 gather the wealth of this new and richer El Dorado. Within 
 the barrier of hills already alluded to, the bay ditides into 
 two parts, tlie one stretching to the S. about 40 miles, and 
 the other to the N. for about 30. On the N.W. shore of the 
 southern arm stands the city of San Francisco. The north- 
 ern ami (San Pablo) is united by a second strait, Carquinez, 
 with Suisun Bay directly E. of it, which is 15 or 20 miles 
 long. The Gobleii Gate is the only channel of communi- 
 cation between the Pacific and the interior of California. 
 Pelican, Humboldt, Bodega, Sir Francis Drake's, Monterey, 
 De los Esteras, Santa Barbara, San Pedro, and San Diego, 
 are the other bays, all opening into the Pacific. The Sac- 
 ramento and San Joaquin are the principal rivers of Cali- 
 fornia, and, running in opposite directions, the former from 
 the N. and the latter from the S., they drain almost the 
 entire valley between the two gieat ranges. Sierra Nevada 
 and the Coast Range, and unite about 15 miles above Suisun 
 Bay. into which they discharge their mingled waters. The 
 San Joaquin is perhaps 250 miles long, the Sacramento above 
 300. All their chief tributaries descend the Sierra Nevada 
 slope. The principiil of these, commencing at the N., are 
 Pitt, the Feather, Yuba, and American; and of the San 
 Joaquin, the Calaveras, the Stanislaus, the Tuolumne, and 
 Merced Rivers. The Moquelumne meets the Sacramento 
 and San Joaquin near their junction. The Sacramento has 
 been ascende^l by small steamers as far as Marysville, the 
 San Joaquin as far as Fort Miller, and the Merced for 20 
 miles. The Klamath River from Oregon runs through the 
 N.W. part of the state, and the Buenaventura drains part 
 of the valley between the Sierra Moreiia and coast moun- 
 tains; both empty into the Pacific. The principal lakes 
 are Tulare Lake, about 35 miles long, in the S., which has 
 an outlet into the San Joaquin River, and Clear Lake, in 
 Lake county ; Owen Mountain Lake, and Mono Lake, in 
 the eastern part of the state, are small. 
 
 Geology. — The higher portions of the Sierra Nevada, and 
 some spots in the Coast range are granitic ; the W. slopes of 
 the Sierra Nevada, and the N.W. corner of the state are 
 Jurassic and triassic rocks, which contain the gold; the 
 Coast MountJiins are cretaceous rocks, which contain coal, 
 quicksilver, and asphaltuin ; and the low land of the Sacra- 
 mento Basin kes on a tertiary sandstone. In the N.E. and 
 N. part of the state there are many proofs that volcanic in- 
 fluences were at one time very active there. Mount Shasta 
 
 337 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 and Mount Lassen a> e extinct volcanoes, and from the stjm- 
 mit of the latter pejik, 30 extinct craters can be seen. An 
 area of 10,000 squarfa miles in that neigliborhood is covered 
 with hiva, ap-i tlie entire elevation of Shiista above the 
 Burroundiug <,onntry (which is about 4000 feet high) is 
 lava, whj-h m<.st be 10,000 feet deep. Extensive beds of 
 lava are found in the Sierra Nevada from l«t. 42° to 38°, 
 but little S. of the latter point. The most important litho- 
 logic formations are the Jurassic and triassic, which are found 
 between the primary granite and the tertiary Sivndstoue, 
 at an elevation varying from 2000 to (5000 left. Gold may 
 be expecte<l where granite, slate, and quartz are found to- 
 gether, and these aliound in the :>ierra Nevada. The aurif- 
 erous slates commence on a very narrow belt about lat. 3t)°, 
 on the slope of the mountain, and gradually widen out as 
 we go N.; but, unfortunately, about lat. 42° the wide and 
 rich beds of gold are covered by floods of lava, and the preci- 
 ous metal is accessible at only a few^ points where some 
 mountain stream has cut its way down tbrough the volcanic 
 crust. The palaeozoic and early secondary formations are 
 lacking in Calilbrnia. There is no old redstone, and vefy 
 little limestone, some metamorphic or marble, which is 
 found at Santa Cruz, Mount Diablo, and along the slopes of 
 the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Minerals. — The chief mineral is gold, and California is 
 the chief gold-producing country of tlie world. The total 
 amount of trejisure manifested at the Custom House of San 
 Francisco, for exportation, from 1849 to 1864, inclusive, was 
 $69.3,684,879. From this aliout ?4o,00t),000 may be tiiken 
 for treasure from Nevada. Idaho, British Columbia, Arizona, 
 and Mexico ; but $150,000,000 should be added for gold sliip- 
 ped though not reported at the Custom House. The total 
 gold yield of the state previous to I860, h;is been about 
 §800,000,000. Ihe slupment, year by ye^ir, is given in the 
 article on San Francisco. The gold is found in placers or 
 earthy matter, and in quartz or rocky veins. Many of the 
 placers are exhausted, and the yield of placer-gold is decreas- 
 ing, while that of the gold from quartz is increasing. Some 
 gold mines are worked as far S. as Kern Kiver, but the im- 
 portant auriferous deposits commence at Mariposa and ex- 
 tend to Dowuieville, on the Sierra Nevada; and otlier rich 
 deposits are found near Shasta, Weaverville, and Yreka, 
 Gold has been found at various points in the Coiist Moun- 
 tains, from Clear Lake to San Diego, and in some hills near 
 Fort Yuma, but the jield has never been large. The native 
 gold is in liu't a mixture, generally contjiining about one- 
 tenth by weight of silver, which metal is also found in 
 argentiferous veins at numerous places E. of the Sierra 
 Nevada, between Mono Lake and Fort Yuma, but none 
 of these lodes have yet jiroiluced much ore or prolit. 
 The richest quicksilver mine of the world is that of New 
 Almaden, in Santa Clara county; the annual production is 
 about 2,600,000 pouniU, of which amount one-fourth is con- 
 sumed in the mines of California and Nevada, and the re- 
 mainder exported by sea. The mine is found at the junction 
 of two different geological formations — limestone on one 
 side and trachyte on the other. The Enriqueta Mine, about 
 a mile from the New Almaden, at one time produi.-ed large 
 quantities of quicksilver, but the ore within reach has been 
 exhausted. The New Idria Mine, in Merced county, has 
 been closed by litigation for several yeiire. In Sonoma, 
 San Luis, Obispo, Napa, and Lake counties, there are numer- 
 ous veins of quicksilver ore, but none that have proved 
 profitable. Copper is found in half the counties of the state, 
 and many mines contain rich ore, but the expenses of trans- 
 porting the ore, or of smelting at the mine, are so great 
 that only one mine, and that in Calavertis county, has thus 
 far remunerated its owners. In 1864, 15,000 tons of copper 
 ore were exported to be smelted at Swansea and Boston. 
 A smelting furnace has now been erected at Copperopolis, 
 near the mines, and hereafter much of the ore will be re- 
 duced at home. Platina is found in many of the placers, 
 but is not un object of search, the quantity being small and 
 the price not remunerative. Coal is found in nearly all the 
 coast counties, but the only profitable mines are those at 
 Mount Diablo. The quality is not first rate ; the quantity 
 at present mined is 65,000 tons per year. Asphaltum is 
 produced by many springs along the southern coast. There 
 is a tin mine, reputed to be rich, at Temesctil, San Bernar- 
 dino count}-. Lead, antimony, and cobalt are found, but 
 the mines are not worked. Sulphur is abundant in Lake 
 and Santa Barbara counties. Diamonds have been found 
 at Cherokee Flat, in Butte county ; opals in Tuolumne and 
 Calaveras, fine marlde, white, gray, and variegated, in 
 Tuolumne and El Dorado; alabaster in Los Angeles and 
 Solano; and porcelain clay in Sacramento county. Warm, 
 soda, chalybeate, sulphur, and medicinal springs abound in 
 the Co;ist MounUiins. 
 
 O'jjecls nf xnUreM to <n«r«/».— California is a very large 
 state, and it contains much wonderful natural scenery. The 
 Yosemite Valley, at the head of one of the branches" of the 
 Merced River, is a chasm 10 miles long, and on an average 
 2 wide, with steep rocky sides, in some places^WOO feet high 
 perjK'ndicular. In and near this chasm there are 5 great 
 cascades, the highest of which, the Yosemite, leaps 1300 feet 
 338 
 
 at one fall, 250 at a second, and 450 at a third. A lake 
 adorns the head of the valley, and beautiful trees and luxu- 
 riant grass contribute to the beauty of the place, which is 
 now one of the fashionable resorts. A chasm still deeper 
 and longer, but not so romantic in scenery nor so easy of 
 access, is found on the heiid waters of Kern River, The 
 groves of the Mammoth tree (Sequoia gigantta), also attract 
 many visitors. These trees we found in the Sierra Nevada, 
 at an elevation of 4000 feet, from lat. 35° to 38° aiy X ., but the 
 grove most frequentlj' visited is that near Murphy, in Cala- 
 veras county. This grove contjiins 10 trees 30 IVet in di- 
 ameter, 82 between 15 and 30, and a number of smaller ones. 
 Ne;irly all, of them are over 260 feet high, several of them 
 300. One tree, the trunk of which lies on the ground, must 
 have been 400 feet high and 40 feet in diameter. The Gey- 
 sers, in Lake countj", a cluster of hot and steaming springs, 
 and Lake Talioe or Bigler, near the summit of the Sierra 
 Nevada, are also fashionable watering places. Professor 
 Sheppard speaks thus of the Geysers : — " From a high peak 
 we saw on the W. the Pacitic, on the S, Mount Diablo and 
 San Francisco Bay, on the E. the Sierra Nevada, and on the 
 N. opened at our feet an immense chasm, from which, at the 
 distance of 4 or 5 miles, we distinctly saw dense columns of 
 steam rising. Descending, we discovered within half a mile 
 square from 100 to 200 openings, whence issued dense col- 
 umns of vapor to the height of from 150 to 20o feet, accom- 
 panied by a roar which could be heard for a mile or more 
 Many acted spasmodically, throwing up jets of hot, scalding 
 water to the height of 20 or 30 feet. Beneath your footsteps 
 you hear the lashing and foaming gyrations ; and on cutting 
 through the surface, are disclosed streams of angry, boiling 
 water." In the Colorado Desert there is a group of hiud 
 volcanoes, or salses, in which hot water, and steiim burst up 
 in the midst of a hot mire. There are cjives near Coultervilk 
 Cave City, Santa Cruz, and Auburn, but the last, called 
 Alabaster Cave, is the only one worthy of a visit. There is 
 a natural bridge in Trinity count}-, 2 in Siskiyou, and 2 ip 
 Tuolumne, but all are small. There is a cascade in Fal> 
 River, 1 in Deer Creek, 1 in the San Antonio River. 1 in the 
 South Fork of the American, and several in the Alpine re- 
 gion of the southern portion of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 CUmnte. — California in its various geographical divisions 
 has various climates. The winters are cold in proportion to 
 altitude in the Sierra Nevada. At an elevation of 9000 feet 
 snow lies throughout the year in deep ravines on the N.W 
 slopes of the mountains ; at 60(X) feet there is frost in every 
 month.' N. of lat. 36°, fogs prevail from May to Septemt>er, 
 and keep the summers cool on the immediate coast, but 
 this influenco decreases as we recede from the ocean and 
 the summer days become hotter. Thus San Fiaucisco has 
 not more than a dozen uncc^mfortably warm days in sum- 
 mer; Sjicramento has sc^ircely a dozen comfortably cool 
 ones. On the Colorado Desert, the heat is intense. The fol- 
 lowing tjible shows the average temperature, by Fahrenheit, 
 of San Francisco, Sacramento, and Fort Yuma, for every 
 month : 
 
 
 .>, 
 
 J*. 
 
 .a 
 
 * 
 
 a. 
 
 
 3 
 
 j^ 
 
 3 
 
 a. 
 
 1 
 
 z 
 
 , 
 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 > 
 ■< 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 49 
 
 .^1 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 .55 
 
 .56 
 
 .57 
 
 ,57 
 
 .58 
 
 ,57 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 Sacrameuto ., 
 
 V, 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 .59 
 
 «7 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 7a 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 oi 
 
 45 
 
 iH) 
 
 Furt Yuma „. 
 
 67 
 
 58 
 
 tin 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 87 
 
 92 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 _!! 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 It will be observed in this table that Sacramento is 4" 
 cooler in winter, and 16° hotter in summer than San Fran- 
 cisco, while Fort Yuma is 19° hotter than Sacramento. Al- 
 though the days are hot in summer in the low land iway 
 from the coast, the nights are always cool, except in the 
 Colorado Desert. On the coast, S. of 35°, fogs are rare and 
 summer heat is great. The average fall of rain at Fort 
 Yuma, annually, is 4 inches; at San Diego, 10: at San Fran- 
 cisco, 22; at Uiimboldt Bay, 34; at points in the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, 5000 feet high, 44 inches. The amount of rain-fall 
 increases on the Sierra Nevada with the elevation, and on the 
 coast with the latitude. In the Sacramento Ba.'=iu, and on 
 the coast S. of 40°, rain is rare between May and November, 
 which period is the dry season; while the months from De- 
 cember to April, inclusive, are the rainy season. The rain 
 in the Colorado Desert and the Mohave Rtsin comes in the 
 Bummer months, and the winters are dry. Thunder and 
 lightning are very rare, except in the mountains. Eartli- 
 quakes are frequent along the coast S. of 39°, but they are 
 seldom severe enough to do any damage, 
 
 Siiil and Productions. — The soil of the low land is rich, 
 and the long summers are favorable to vegetation, Imt much 
 of the mountain hand is not till.tble, and much of the low 
 land is too dry for cultivation. In those places where rain 
 is abundant, or where water can be obtained for irrigation, 
 very large crops are produced, A solid cabbage head grown 
 in California weighed 53 lbs., a squash 260 lbs., an onion 47 
 oz., a red beet 118 lbs., a white turnip 26 lbs., a carrot 10 
 lbs., and a watermelon 65 lbs. Barley thrives better than 
 wheat, and is cultivated in larger proportion than in any 
 other part of the world. Wheat has produced 80 bus. to the 
 
CAL 
 
 acre, harley 149 bus. The climate is peculiarly favorable to 
 the grape, the hop, and the olive. Maize cannot be culti- 
 vated to advantage. Fruit trees grow rapidly, and com- 
 mence to bear at an early age. The pear thrives better than 
 the apple or plum. Acconliiig to the report of the Surveyor- 
 General of the state, for lS(j;j. there were 687,857 apple trees 
 in California, 733,709 p.-icli, 172,797 pear, 07,919 plum, 34,000 
 cherry, 25,000 neituiinc, 15,000 fig, 28,000 apricot, 1000 
 orange, 1300 olive, 5000 almond, and 4000 walnut trees, and 
 6,000,000 grape, and 1,200,000 strawberry vines, and 100,000 
 raspberry bushes. The yield of wheat wiis 4,lX)0,000 bu.s. ; 
 barley, 3,800,000; oats, 800,000 ; rye, 17,000; maize, 225,000; 
 peas, 61,000; beans, 162,000; potatoes, 909,000; Sweet po- 
 tatoes, 32,000 bus. ; hay, 254,000 tons ; tobacco, 286,000 lbs. 
 Annmg the productions of that year were 1,585,000 lbs. of 
 wool, 9-i0,000 lbs. of cheese, 888,000 lbs. of butter, 55,000 lbs. 
 of honey, and 584,000 doz. of eggs. The number of liorses 
 was7?i,000; of meat cattle, 648,000; of sheep, 700,000; of 
 hogs, 196,000; of chickens, 318,000. The number of acres 
 enclosed was 3,400,000; cultivated, 1,197,000. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The low land of the Sjicramcnto Basin, 
 the Coast Mountains S. of 37°, the Colorado Desert, and the 
 Mohave Basin, are, except in a few si)ot8, bare of trees ; but 
 there are dense forests on the Sierra Nevada, and on the 
 coast N. of the Golden Gate. The largest tree of the state is 
 the Sequnia giyantf.a, which grows to be 30 feet in diameter ; 
 next to it is the redwood {Sequoia sempervireiif), which grows 
 20 feet thick; the gugar-piue, the red-fir, the yellow-fir, and 
 the arbor-vitie, reach a diameter of 10 feet, and all sometimes 
 grow to be 300 feet high. The redwood is found between 
 Alonterey and Crescent City, within tlie district where heavy 
 fog prevails ; the other largo trees are most abundant in the 
 Sierra Nevada. These trees are all evergreens and conifers ; 
 the deciduous trees occupy but a small place in the forests 
 of California. The western yellow-pine, the nut-pine, the 
 twisted-pine, Coulter's-pine, the balsauj-fir, the western 
 juniper, the fragrant cedar, the Californian nutmeg, the 
 Californian laurel, the madroBia, the manzanita, the white 
 oak, the evergreen oak, the chestnut oak, and the Califor- 
 nian horse-chestnut, grow in the mountains and valleys. 
 The pitabaya or gigantic cactus, the yucca or bayonet tree, 
 and the mezciuit grow in the Colorado Desert and the 
 Mohave Basin. The elm, beech, and hickory are not found 
 in the stiite. 
 
 Animals. — The grizzly bear is the most formidable ani- 
 mal of California, thiiugh it usually flees at the sight of man. 
 It sometimes grows to weigh 2000 lbs., but the ordinary 
 weight of the full-grown animal in good condition is about 
 800 ibs. The meat of the cub is like pork ; that of the older 
 animal is greasy, rank, and tough. These bears are fond 
 of pork, and kill many hogs in the course of a year. The 
 elk was once abundant but is now rare, and in a few years 
 will entirely disappear. The black-tailed deer is found in 
 the hills and low mountains, the prong-horned antelope in 
 the valleys and deserts; the mountain sheep in the high 
 mountains. The Californian lion, or cougar, frequents 
 thickets, from which he sallies out to catch colts, calves, 
 sheep, and pigs. The coyote, a small wolf, is very abundant, 
 and does much damage among the lambs, pigs, and ])oultry. 
 Wild cats, foxes, raccoons, and large wolves are found, but 
 they are not numerous. Hares, squirrels, and spermophiles 
 abound, especially the last, M'hicli do great iiyury to the 
 grain fields. The seal, sea-lion, and sea-otter are found in 
 the sea; the otter, mink, and beaver in the streams. The 
 Californian vulture is next to the condor the largest bird 
 that flies, and it measures 10 feet across from tip to tip of 
 its outstretched wings. The turkey-buzzard, the golden 
 eagle, the bald eagle, the fish-hawk, the road-runner, the 
 Californian partridge, the Californian quail, the trumpeter 
 swan, the American swan, and many varieties of wild geese 
 ^and ducks are found in the state. The Californian quail 
 and partridge are very beautiful birds with peculiar crests. 
 The road-runner seldom flies, but can run with great rapid- 
 ity, and frequents the highway, in which it will run before 
 any carriage or horseman which it sees approaching. In 
 the rivers, salmon and sturgeon are numerous; in the sea, 
 halibut, rock-fish, turbot, jew-fish (which sometimes weigh 
 500 lbs.), sun-fish, green-fish, sea-bass, sheepshead, smelts, 
 anchovies, herring, sardines ; in the brooks, trout ; and in 
 Lake Taboe, a large fish called salmon trout. Oysters are 
 rare; clams and crabs abundant. Rattlesnakes, tarantules, 
 Bcorpions, and centipedes are occasionally seen. 
 
 Mitnufactures. — Wages continue to be so high thatmanu- 
 factui%8 are, as compared with those of. the eastern states, 
 very limited. Skilled mechanics command from $3 to $6 
 per day. The chief articles of manufacture are sawn lum- 
 ber, furniture, mining machinery, steam-engines and heavy 
 castings, iron, steel and hemp ropes, coiirse glass bottles, 
 coarse stoneware, co.arse leather, blankets, and coarse cloth, 
 gunpowder, fireworks, pitch, turpentine, silverware, gold- 
 quartz jewelry, wrapping and printing paper, friction match- 
 es, carriages, soap, beer, bora.x, litne, newspapers, and steam- 
 boats and schooners. The ti. 13. census report gives the fol- 
 lowing figures representing the value of the manufactured 
 produce of California for certain branches, in the year end- 
 
 CAL 
 
 ing June 1st, 1S60, viz.: Stcam-e'.^nes md stnohfnery, 
 $l,600,.'il0 ; sawed and pl.ined lumber, $4,214,596; flour aiid 
 meal, $4,335,809 ; distilled liquors, S349,410; malt li.juors, 
 $1,'J!11,641; woollen goods, $160,000; leather $226,214 ; salt, 
 $7,100, and soap, $204,900. 
 
 Commerce. — All the commerce of this state centres at San 
 Francisco, and a full statement of its condition will be found 
 in the article on that city, which see. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — There is a railway completed 
 from San Francisco to Sjin Jose, 50 miles long ; the Central 
 Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, 42 miles ; the Washoe 
 Railroad, from Sacramento to Shingle Springs, 54 miles; 
 from Folsora to Lincoln, 20 miles ; from Marysville to Oro- 
 ville, 25 miles, and from Alaniedii to San Leandro, 6 miles. 
 The Central Pacific road is to be extended to Virginia City. 
 The Washoe road is also to be extended to Virginia. The 
 San Jose road is to be extended through Stockton to connect 
 with the Central Pacific at Sacramento; and the Alameda 
 road is to connect with the Central Pacific at Vallejo's Mill. 
 There is a nuning railroad 4 miles long in Mariposa county, 
 and a horse-rixilroad 2 miles long in Humboldt county. lu 
 1805 there were 491 miles of turnpike road in the state, 62 toll- 
 bridges, 78 feiTies, 107 quartz-mills, 218 saw-mills, and 96 
 grist-mills. Telegraphic lines connect San Franci.'^co with 
 New Westminster in British Columbia, t^t. Louis, Los An- 
 geles, and all the principal towns in the state. There are no 
 navigable canals, but 327 mining-ditches with a total length 
 of 29iS8 miles. 
 
 Education. — Congress gave to the state 6,500,000 acres of 
 land for the support of common schools, and 72 sections for 
 a state university, and 30,000 acres for an agrictiltural col- 
 lege. Much of the school land has been scdd, and nothing 
 has been done to establish the university or college, lu 
 1863 there were 78,055 white children between 4 and 18 in 
 the state, and of these 29,416 attended the public schools, 
 and 9158 attended the private schools. There are 754 pub- 
 lic schools in the state, of which 2 are high. 48 grammar, 
 68 intermediate, 280 primary, and 364 unclassified. These 
 schools wore kept open on an average 5J^ months, and 919 
 teachers were employed. The income of the school depart- 
 ment for that year was $581,055, of w hich $328,000 was spent 
 for salaries. The average monthly wages paid to teachers 
 was ISO (in gold) ; the highest $270 ; the lowest (including 
 board) $29. There are a dozen colleges in the state, most 
 of them connected with religious denominations. Among 
 them are the St. Mary's (Catholic) College, St. Ignatius 
 (Jesuit) College, the City College and Union College in Sun 
 Francisco, the Santa Clara (Catliolic) College and the Uni- 
 versity of the Pacific (Methodist) at Santa Clara, the College 
 of California at Oakland, a Cumberland Presbyterian Col- 
 lege at Sonoma, and a Southern Methodist College at Vaca- 
 ville. There is a medical colleg(! in San Francisco and a law 
 school at Benicia. Among puljlic libraries are the follow- 
 ing : The Mercantile Library of 20,000 volumes, the Odd- 
 Fellows' of 12,000, the Mechanics' of 7000, the Young Men's 
 Christian Association of 4000 in San Francisco, the State Li- 
 brary of 22,000 and flie City Library of 10,000 in Sacra- 
 mento, the Marysville Library of 5000 and the Stockton Li- 
 brary of 5000 volumes. In 1860 there were 117 newspapers 
 and 4 monthly magazines in the state, with a total annual 
 circulation of 26,111,788 copies. In the point of circulation 
 of papers California was the seventh state in the Union, 
 though 26th in population. Of the 117 newspapers 96 were 
 political, 6 religious, 10 literary, and 9 miscellaneous. Of 
 the 96 political journals 22 were dailies. 
 
 Religion. — The volumes of the U. S. census for 1860 so far 
 as published contain no reix)rt of the religious statistics. 
 According to inttel's Resources 0/ California, the Meth- 
 odist Church (North) had in 1861, 3000 communicants, 60 
 churches and 65 i)reachers; the Methodist Church (South) 
 lOoO communicants, 20 churches and 40 preachers; the Old 
 School Presbyterian Church 1000 communicants, 15 church- 
 es and 17 clergymen ; the New School Presbyterian Church 
 500 communicants, 11 churches and 13 clergymen ; Congre- 
 gationalists 600 comnninicants, 11 churches and 12 preach- 
 ers ; Cumberland Presbyteri.ans 800 communicants and 28 
 preachers; Baptists lOOO communicants, 42 churches and 30 
 preachers; Episcopalians 600 communicants, 20 churchea 
 and 18 clergymen; the Unitarians 100 communicants, I 
 church and 1 preacher. The Catholics have 70 churches, 75 
 priests and thej' claim to have 80,000 communicants. There 
 are 10,000 Jews in the state, and they have 4 synagogues 
 and 3 rabbis. There are 30,0o!o Chinese in the state and all 
 are classed as Buddhists, though their creed and their prac- 
 tice are very dift'erent from those of Sakya-Muni. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The Federal Government has a cus- 
 tom-house that cost ^S00,000, a mint, a marine hospital in 
 San Francisco, strong fortifications on Alcatraz Island and 
 at Fort Point, a navy-yard at Mare Island, military stations 
 at Benicia, Fort Humboldt, Wilmington, and Fort Yuma, 
 and light-houses at descent City, Humboldt Bay, Point Bo- 
 nita. Fort Poii^ Alcatraz Island, Point Pinos, Point Concep- 
 tion, Santa Barbara, and Point Loma. The state has a lu- 
 natic asylum to accommodate 500 patients at Stockton, a 
 state prison to hold 500 convicts at San Quentin, a reforiu 
 
 339 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 •chool for boys near Marysville, and a capitol bnilding has 
 ■wen commeuced at Satrumento on a plan that will require 
 $2,000,00(J for its completion. 
 
 Population. — According to the census of 1860 there were 
 in that year 379,99-1 inhabitiiuts in California. Of these 
 (7,707 were born in CalUbruiii, 155,759 in other parts of the 
 ■ United States and 146,o2S in foreign countries. Every state 
 of the Union was represented, the lowest on the list lieing 
 Minnesota with So of her sons in California, and New York 
 the highest with 28,6j4. Every continent, every kingdom 
 of Europe, every nation of South America, every large island 
 of the Pacific had its representatives in the land of gold. 
 Among the foreigners were 34,935 from China, 33,147 from 
 Ireland, 21,640 from Germany, 12,227 from England, 9150 
 from Mexico, 8462 from France, 5437 from British America, 
 3070 from Scotland, 2S05 from Italy, and so on. The white 
 population numbered 323,177, of wliom 98,250 were under 
 20; 210.093 or 65 per cent, between 20 and 49; 14,S;i4 or 4 
 per cent, over 49. Of the 210,093 between 20 and 49, 164,- 
 756 or 79 per cent, were men and 45,337 or 21 per cent, were 
 women. 
 
 Omnties. — California has 48 counties, viz.: Alameda, Al- 
 pine, Amador, Butte, Calaveras, Colusa, Contra Costa, Del 
 Norte, El Dorado, i'resno, Humboldt, Klamath. Lake, Laa- 
 sen, Los Angeles, Marin, Miiripos;i, Mendocino, Merced, Mo- 
 no, Monterey, Napa, Nevadii, Placer, Plumas, Sacnunento, 
 San Bernardino, S^an Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, 
 Sim Luis Obispo, S;in Mateo, Santa Bjirbara, Sjinta Cliira, 
 Santa Cruz, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Stan- 
 islaus, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Tuliire, Tuolumne, Volo and 
 Yuba. The capital is Sacramento. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The number of votes cast by the prin- 
 cipal towns in 1864 (and that is the best guide to their pres- 
 sent poptllation) was as follows : San Francisco, 21,024 ; 
 Sacramento, 32S8; San Jose, 1229 ; Marysville, 1197 ; Stock- 
 ton, 1106 : Xeviula, 1100 ; Grass Valley, 1U97 ; Petaluma, 928 ; 
 Yreka, 888; Placerville, 881, and Oakland, 742. 
 
 Government, Finances, etc. — The governor and executive 
 officers of the state government are elected in the year pre- 
 ceding leap-year and hold office for 4 years. The governor's 
 salary is $7000 per year. The senate consists of 40 mem- 
 bers, who hold office for 4 years ; 20 of them elected every 
 o<ld year. There are 80 iissemblymen elected biennially. 
 The pay of legislators is $10 per day for 90 days and .$5 per 
 day afterwards. The stiite is entitled to 3 Congressmen, 
 whom it elects in the even years. The supreme court con- 
 sists of 5 justices, who hold office for 10 yeiirs, one being 
 elected every odd year. This court has no original juris- 
 diction. . There are 14 district courts, which have original 
 jurisdiction in all equity and murder cases, and in all civil 
 law cases, except those where a sum of less than §300 is in 
 dispute. The district judges hold office for 6 years. The 
 [ For continuation, see Appkndix.] 
 
 CALIFORNIA, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, a small village of Washington cc, Penn- 
 eylvania. Pop 476. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, a post-village, Y'alloliusha co., Mississippi. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, a post-village ot Campbell co.. Kentucky. 
 
 California; a posfK)ffice of ciemiont co., oino. 
 
 CALIFOr.NIA, a small village of Madison Co., Ohio. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, a post-township in Branch Co., Michigan, 
 about l.S miles S.W. of Hillsdale. Pop. 713. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, a post-village, capital of Moniteau co., Mis- 
 souri. 25 miles W. of Jeffer.'son City, and 12 miles S.W. of Mis- 
 souri River. Lead and stone coal are found in the vicinity. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. GULF OF, or SEA OF CORTES. (Sp. Mar 
 Jk'-nu-jo, ni.HR bfR-ma/no: i.e. -'Red Sea.'") an arm of the Pa- 
 cific, between hit. 23° and .32° 30' N.. Ion. 107° and 114° W.. 
 Beparatins!; the peninsula of Calitbrni.i on the W, from Sonora 
 and Ciualoa (.Mexico) on the E. Length, about 700 miles: 
 breadth varies from 40 to 100 miles. Its coast is jrreu'ular. 
 funning on both sides many small bays or gulfs. It con- 
 tains numerous islands: and at its N. extremitv it receives 
 the rivers Colorado and Gila. The villajies of Loreto. La 
 Paz, and Guaymas, are on its shores. Ever since its dis- 
 covery, it has been noted for its pearl-fishery. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. LOWKR or OLD. (.<p. B,y« or Vipja Oalifor- 
 nia, bi'hd or ve-.Vnd ka-le-foK'ne-3.) a department of Mexico, 
 situated on the W. coast of North America, and formed of a 
 peninsula lying from N.W. to S.E.. altout 750 miles long by 
 from30tol50broad.andextendingfromCapeSaint Lucas, its 
 most S. point, lat. 22" 52' N.. Ion. 109° 5.3' W.. to lat. 32° 30' N. : 
 bounded N. by Upper or New California, E. bv the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, and S. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula is 
 volcanic, and is traverst>d throufrhout its whole length by a 
 continuation of the Sierra Nevada, from lOOO to nearly 5000 
 feet high, the culiuinating peak, Cerro de la Giganta," being 
 4900 feet. It has two extinct volcanoes, a number of sprinsjs 
 of hot water, and bitumen: much of it is heated by sub- 
 terranean fires, and earthquakes are frequent. This moun- 
 tain range is almost bare of verdure, being only sprinkled 
 
 • It must be borne in mind, in giving population in California, 
 thnt there is an immense floating population, particularly in San 
 I'ranvisco, not enumerated in the census. 
 340 
 
 here and there with clusters of briars, small shrubs, or 
 dwarf trees. Along the mountain foot the ground is .sand; 
 or stony, and covered with cylindrical cactusi-s of extraor- 
 dinary height. Among the ridges and protected hollows are 
 a few spots of soil, formed generally of decomposed lavii 
 Springs of wat«r. few in numiier, are ordinarily found on 
 bare rock ; for wat<?r and soil are seldom met with at the 
 iiame place. Where, however, this happens to be the case, 
 the fertility is immense. The want of water is the bane of 
 Lower California, Only two streams fall from its moun'- 
 tains into the Gulf of Californi:». both near the middle of 
 the peninsula, .ind only three into the Pacific ; and none of 
 them are.large. In the interior are several copious s]>ringg, 
 sending forth abundant streams, which, unfortunately, run 
 along a rocky course, and are absorbed ultimately in the 
 porous, arid soil, or are lost in subterranean channels. For 
 about 80 miles N. from Cape San Lucas the air is mild, being 
 tempered by the sea breeze ; from this sei-tion N. to Loretto, 
 lat. 20° 16' N., the heat is excessive; but thence X. the air is 
 cooler. The temperature of summer, on the coa-st of the 
 Pacific, ranges from 5n° to 71°; the sky is peculiarly clear, 
 of a deep blue, and perfectly cloudless, excepting sometimes 
 at sunset, when stre;iks of the most beautiful shades of vio- 
 let, purple, and green appear. In winter, the rains are 
 severe, but of short duration, and accompanied by tremen- 
 dous tornadoes of wind, sweejiing the soil from every ex- 
 posed position into the sea, and causing the tiller of the 
 ground to seek a new place in w hich to ply his vocation. 
 During the rains, the thermometer falls as low as 50°. The 
 variety of climate, however, is great ; for when near Cape 
 San Lucas the thermometer stands between 60° and 70°. at 
 the hand of the gulf it is down to the freezing point. The 
 few fertile spots of Lower California yield maize, manioc, 
 wheat, be;»ns, peas, and all manner of esculent roots; ex- 
 cellent grapes, from which wine is made similar to that of 
 the Canaries ; oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, prunes, dates, 
 plantjiins. pine-apples, &c. The mountains feed a few wild 
 sheep and goats; and. to a small extent, horsi's. black cat- 
 tle, mules, goats, and pigs are reared. If the land be bar- 
 ren, the sea is stored with fish in incredible abundance and 
 variety ; among them may be named halibut, salmon, tur- 
 bot, skate, pilcliard. large oyster, thornback, mackerel, bar- 
 bel, bonitos. soles, lobsters, sardines, cod, tunnies, anchovies, 
 and pearl-oysters. The pearl oyster is obtained in the gulf, 
 near the S. parts of California, and it was formerly much 
 more extensively fished than at present. The quantity ob- 
 tained in ISol, by 15 boats, amounted in value to about 
 7000<. Gold is supposed to abound in Lower California, and 
 a mine wrought near La Paz is said to be rich. The chief 
 towns are La l*az. the capital, with a population of 500. near 
 the S.E. extremity of the peninsul.i. and Loreto, in about li»t. 
 2tj° 12' N.. Ion. 112° 7' W. Lower California was discovered by 
 Hernando de Grixalva, in 1534. In 1642. the Jesuits formed 
 establishments in it: they taught the natives the art of cul- 
 tivating the ground, and raised them gre.itly in the .ocale of 
 civilization. In the reign of Philip A'., more especially sub- 
 sequent to 1744, the Spanish establishments in California 
 increased, and became very considerable. In a very few 
 years the Jesuits built 16 villages in the interior of the 
 peninsula ; but in 1707 they were expelled, and the admi- 
 nistration of California was committed to monks of the Do- 
 minican c-onvents of the city of Mexico, who have not main 
 tained the same career of u.sefulness as their predecessors. 
 Pop. SOUO: of whom, probablv. 40(10 are Indians. 
 
 CALIG. kd-leeg'. or CALI.X, kd-UvH', a town of Spain, 38 
 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 3020. 
 
 CAIil JIER.\. kd-le-m;l'r3, a town of Naples, province, and 
 13i miles N.W. of Oti-anto. Pop. ICOO. 
 
 CALIMERA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultr.1 
 II. Pop. 500. 
 
 CALI.MERE, (ki'l^meer'.) POINT, a cape on the coast of 
 Indid, iO miles froxi the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 10'' I 
 17' N.. Ion. 79* 5' H. 
 
 CALINGWPATAM', a seaport town of Briti.sh India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, on the Biiy of Bengal. 10 miles E.N.E. of 
 Chieacole, at the mouth of the river Paddair. Small coast- 
 ing vessels are built and repaired here in mud docks. 
 
 CALIPUJANG, ki-le-pof^-y5ng'. a harbor of the island of 
 Java, on the S. coiist. inside of the islands of Xusa-I\omban- 
 yan and Nu.sa-lie. in lat. 7° 33' S., Ion. 106° 30' E. The Dutch 
 have an est.iblishment here. 
 
 CALITRI, kd-lee'tree, a town of Naples, province of Prln- 
 cipato Ultra, near the Ofanto, 7 miles E.N.E. of Conza. P. 5000, 
 
 CAL1ZZ.\N0. kd-leet-sd'no. a village of the SardinLin 
 States, on the Bormid.a, 14 miles S.W. of Cairo. Pop. 243J. 
 
 C.\LKEN, kdKken. a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, on the Scheldt. Si miles E.of Ghent. Pop. 4950. 
 
 CALK'S (kawks) FEIUIY, a post-office of Lexington dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 CAL'LABEG' KILNASAER or LOUGHMORE EAST, a 
 parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Tipperary. 
 
 C.'VLL.'VC, kilUJk', a town of France, department of Cote."»- 
 du-Nord, 30 miles W.S.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1S52. 3424, 
 
 CAL^L.\CAND'. a town of British Indi.i, pre.sldency of Ma^ 
 dras, district of Tinnevelly, 30 miles N. of Cape Comorin. 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 CAI/LACOII/, a town of British India, presidency of Ma- 
 dras, tio miles S.S.W. of Tanjore. 
 
 CALLAG II AX'S, kalla-liaus, a post-office of Alleghany CO., 
 Virfrinia. 
 
 C.VLLAIN, kill-line', a town, Malay Peninsula, on the Strait 
 of Malacca, in lat.3°0'N., Ion. 101" 20' E., 207 miles N.N.K. 
 of Singapore. . 
 
 CAIy'L.W, a river of Ireland, in Ulster, joins the Black- 
 water at the entrance into Charlemont. Total course, 10 miles. 
 
 CAIjIiAN, a municipal boi-oujrh, market-town, and parish 
 of Ireland, Leinsfcr, co. of Kilkenny, on King's River. Pop. 
 of the town 3111, of whom lOOO are said to have no regular 
 employment. Previous to the union, Callan sent 2 mem- 
 ber.s to the Irish House of Commons. It was the scene 
 of many conflicts in former times, and was taken by Cromwell 
 in 1&30. It gives the title of viscount to the Fielding Ctmily. 
 
 CALI.ANA, ]ii-Wnii,or CALANNA, ki-ldn'nil, a town and 
 mountainous district of North-western Africa, in Soodan. 
 The mountains form part of the liataka Uange, a system 
 which branches olf in a N.K. direction from the Mountains 
 of Kong, in about Ion. 2°^'.. and terminators in the Desert 
 of Sahara. The town of Callana is about 450 miles S.S.E. 
 of Timbuctoo. in lat. 11° 12' \V.. Ion. 2° W. 
 
 CAI/LA.\DER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 CAL/L.WD'S, a post-ofiice of Pittsylvania co., Virginia. 
 
 CALLAO, kJMdw', an i.sland of Farther India, in the China 
 Sea, opposite the coast of Codiiii China, 16 miles from the 
 mouth of the Fal-fo River; lat. 15° 48' N.. Ion. 108° 30' K. 
 Area. 10 square miles. It has a peak about 1400 feet in 
 height, and a town on its S.W. shore. 
 
 CALLAO, kdl-U'o, or kdl-yd'o, a fortified town of Northern 
 Peru, 6 miles \V. of Lima, of which it is the port, on the 
 Pacific, in lat. 12° S., Ion. 77° 13' 7" W. Pop. (1850,) 84:i5. 
 It is ill built, but important, as its roadstead, sheltered by the 
 islatid of San Lorenzo, is the tost on the Peruvian coast. It 
 has a convenient quay, and communicates with Lima by a 
 good i-arriage-road, along which omnibuses now run daily. 
 "The exports consist chietty of bullion, specie, copper, cotton, 
 bark and hides. In 1847, 709 vessels (aggregate burden 2o5,tJ97 
 tons) entered, and 687 ves.sels (burden 19\t.472 tons) cleared 
 from the port. G reat improvements have recently Ix-en made 
 in the town ; the streets have been widened, and a fine mole 
 has been erected. The roadstead is large, s;ife. free from rocks, 
 and-always smooth. The castle of Callao, which used to be re- 
 garded as the key to Lima, has Ijeen almost entirely disman- 
 tled, and is now used as a custom-house. In 1746, the old 
 town of OiUao was destroyed by an earthquake; at low 
 water the ruins are still visible. In 1820, the Karl of Dun- 
 donald (then Lord Cochrane) gallantly cut out the Esme- 
 ralda, a large Spanish ship of war, from under the guns of 
 the fjrt. 
 
 CAL'LAPOO'YA INDIANS, a trilie in Oregon, dwelling 
 S. of the Columbia, and E. of the Willamette. 
 
 CALL.\S, kiriis', a town of France, department of Var, 6 
 mik« N.E. of Draguignan. Pop. in 1862, 2lSf: 
 
 CAI/LAWAY, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on Tennessee, has an areaof alwut 450 stjuare miles. 
 The Tennessee Hiver forms the entire E. boundary, and it is 
 also drained by Clark's River. More than half of the surface 
 consists of level river bottoms; the remainder is hilly: the 
 soil is fertile. Formed in 1821, and named in honor of Colo- 
 nel Richard Callaway, one of the early settlers of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Murray. Pop. 9915, of whom 8423 were free, and 
 1492 slaves. 
 
 CALLAWAY, a county in the E. central ])art of Missouri, 
 on the N. b.ank of the Missouri River, contains 743 square 
 miles. It is drained by Cedar Creek and other small 
 streams. The surface is gently undulating, and the soil is 
 highly productive, both on the river bottoms and the up- 
 lands. Aboutone-thirdof the county is prairie. The crop of 
 oats in this county, in 1850, was 1 84,41 8 bushels, being greater 
 than that of any county in the state excepting Greene; 
 and the quantity of hay was exceeded only by Howard. 
 Large beds of cannel coal, bituminous coal, iron ore, and 
 fine limestone underlie the greater part of the county. A 
 stratum of cannel coal, 24 feet thick, has been opened near 
 the river. Fine potter's clay is abundant, and is extensively 
 manufactured. The county is among the most populous in 
 Mis.souri. Organized in 1820. Capital. Fulton, Pop. 17,449, 
 of whom 12,926 were free, and 4523 slaves. 
 
 CALLE, LA, li kil or Id kdl'li. the most eastern town 
 and seaport of .\lgeria, on a peninsula in the Mediterranean, 
 300 miles E. of Algiers. Pop. 805. It is the chief seat of 
 the French coral fishery. 
 
 CALLENBERG, kdl'len-bJno', a village of Saxony, district 
 of Waldenberg, containing chalk and tile-works. Pop. 1080. 
 
 CALLENBERG, a village of Saxony, district of Lichten- 
 stein. Pop. 1900. 
 
 CALLENSBURG, a post-tillage of Toby township. Clarion 
 CO., I'ennsylvania, on the left bank of Clarion River, about 
 65 miles N.N.K. of Pittsburg. Pop. 319. 
 
 CALLENSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Pendleton co., 
 Kentucky, on the south branch of Licking River, and on 
 the railroad from Covington to Lexington. 
 
 CAL'LIAG'NA, a seaport village of the island of St. Vin- 
 
 cent, British West Indies, on its S. coast, 2 miles S,E. or 
 Kingstown, having the best harbor in the island. 
 
 CAIiLIAX, kdrie-^x"', a town of France, department of 
 Var, 14 miles N.K. of Draguignan. Pop. of commune. 1000. 
 
 CALLIANEE, kal'le-an-nee', an inland town of liritist 
 Indiii. presidency, and 32 miles X.E. of Bombay, capital of a 
 subdivision of the district of Concan. It is popul;us, <ud 
 has some trade in cocoa-uuts, oil, coarse cloths, and earthen- 
 wares. 
 
 CALLI.A.NEE, a town of British India, in Nizam's domi- 
 nions, 36 miles W. of Beeder. 
 
 CALLIANO, kdl-le-d'no, a village of Piedmont, in a well- 
 cultivated district. 12 miles S.W. of Casiile. Pop. 2i)30. 
 
 CAL'LICOON', sometimes «ritten and often pronounced 
 COL'LICOON', a township of Sullivan co.. New York, on the 
 Delaware River and Erie Railroad, about 90 miles S.W. of 
 Albany. Pop. 2771. 
 
 CALLTCOON CREEK, of Sullivan co., in the S. part of 
 New York, fills into the Delaware River. 
 
 CALLICOON DEPOT, a 'post-ofiice of Sullivan co.. New 
 York. 
 
 C ALLIES, kdl-lees', a town of Prussia, 58 miles E.S.E. of 
 Stettin. Pop. 2641. 
 
 CAI/LIGRAY'. a small island of Scotland, one of the He- 
 brides, district of Harris, 3 miles E. of Berner.a, 2 miles long 
 and 1 broad. 
 
 CALLI.NGKR or KALLINGER, kalling-gher, a town and 
 hill fortress of British India, presidency of Bengal, 90 miles 
 W.S.W. of Allahabad, on a table-land, 1200 feet above the 
 adjacent plains. The town stands at the N. foot of a hill, 
 the summit of which is enclosed by walls about 5 miles in 
 circumference, and was takeu by the British, after a severe 
 siege, in 1812. 
 
 CAI/LIXGTON or KEL/LINGTON, a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 10 miles S. of Launces- 
 ton. Pop. in 1861. 2146. It has a branch bank and a literary 
 society. Callington formerly returned 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 CALLI I'OLIS. See G ai.lipoli. 
 
 CALL(K». kdl-lo/, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on 
 the Scheldt. 6 miles W.N.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 2229. 
 
 CALLOSA DE ENSARRIA, kdl-yo'sd dk fn-sdR-Ree'i, a 
 town of Spain, 26 N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 4;328. 
 
 CALLOSA DE SEGURA, kll-yo'sd d.i s.A-goo'ra, a town of 
 Spain, 27 miles S.W. of Alicante. Pop. 2904. 
 
 C.VIy'Li )W, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 C.\LM1NA, kal-mee^ni, a townof Africa.in Northern Gui- 
 nea, kingdom of Dahomey. 15 miles S.Eof Atximey, the usual 
 residence of the king, and said to have 15.000 inhabitants. 
 
 CALMPTHOUT, kiimpt/hOwt. a village of Belgium, 12 
 miles N,E. of Antwerp, with breweries, tanneries, and oil 
 mills. 
 
 CAI/MUCKS or KAI/MUCKS, written also CALMACK.S, 
 an Asiatic people, a branch of the MongoLs, to be met with 
 over all the countries of Upper Asi.a, between lat. 38° 52' N\ 
 and from the Hoang-Ho to the Volga. They live in tents, 
 and have no fixed abode, and move from place to place iu 
 quest of pasturage for their herds, the rearing of which i« 
 their sole occupation. 
 
 CALN, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CALNE, kdn. a parliamentary borough, market-town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Wilts, 6j miles N.AV. of Devizes. 
 Pop. in 1851, 5117. It has an ancient church, the tower 
 built by Inigo Jones; a gnimmar school founded in 1060, a 
 town-hall, branch bank, and some manufactures of woollens. 
 A branch of the Wilts and Berks Canal reaches the town 
 Calne sent 2 memliers to the House of Commons from the 
 reign of Richard II. until the Reform Act deprived it of one 
 member. 
 
 CAl/NO. a post-office of Warren en.. New .Tersev. 
 
 CALOHE. kalo'r.l (ane. CaOnr.) a river of Naples, in Prin- 
 cipato Ultra, falls into the Volturno. 
 
 CALORE, kd-lo/ni or NEGRO. nA'gro, (anc. Tonn'gfr. or 
 Caflor.) a river of Naples, in Principato Citra, joins the Sele. 
 
 CALOSSO, kd-los'so, a village of the Sardinian States, in 
 Piedmont. 11 miles S.S.E. of Asti. Pop. 2107. 
 
 CA'LOW, a parish and hamlet of England, co. of Derby, 
 \\ miles E. of Chesterfield. 
 
 CALPE. See GinR.\LT.iR. 
 
 C.\LPENI, one of the Laccadive Islands. See Kalpeni. 
 
 CALPENTYN, kdl-pen-tlne', a peninsula of Ceylon, on its 
 W. co».st. During the N.E. monsoon it becomes an island. 
 
 CALPENTYN, kdl-pen-tjne', a seaport town of Ceylon, on 
 the W. coast. 93 miles' N. of Colombo. Lat. 8° 14' N. ; Ion. 
 79° 53' E. It contains a bazaar, and 8 places of worship 
 The harbor is not accessible, in consequence of shoals, to 
 vessels exceeding 100 tons, sven at the highest spring tides, 
 so that they are obliged to mload in the Dutch bay at Mut- 
 wal, and to send their cargoes to Calpentyn in small ve.tseis. 
 Calpentyn was acquired by the Portuguese in 1544. and was 
 held by them till 1040. when it was captured by the Dutch, 
 who remained there till 1795, when it was surrendered to 
 the British, who still retain it. The inhabitants are com- 
 posed of Malabars. Javanese, and Moors, and amount hi 
 number to about 4500. 
 
 241 
 
CAL 
 
 CAi.'RY, a parish of Ireland, in Connauptht, co. of Sligo. 
 
 C/^LSI, kil'se»^. a considerable village and mart of North- 
 ern Hindostau. in Gurhwal. at the coutiuence of the Jumna 
 and Tonse, 4o miles N.N.E. of Seharuupoor. 
 
 OALfj TOCK, kdl'stok, a parish of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 C.4 LSTO.VE (kAl'st^n) WIL'LIXGTOX, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Milts. 
 
 CALT.\6*IiO.\E, kll-ta-je-ro/n.i or CALATAGIRONE, 
 kA-U'td-je-ro'oi. (anc. Gilata Uieranis?) a city of Sicily, pro- 
 vince, and 32 miles S.W. of Catania, on the slope of a hill, 
 and with its suburbs occupying a considerable extent of 
 gitiuud. It is reputed one of the wealthiest and most com- 
 mercial towns in the island. It contains several churches 
 and convents, a royal college, hospital, and orphan asylum. 
 It i.s the seat of a bishop, and has an academy with four 
 professors. The inhabitants are esteemed the best work- 
 men in Sicily in the useful arts. The mauutactures com- 
 prise pottery- ware and cotton fabrics. The town was forti- 
 fied by the Saracens, and tak«n«from them by the Genoese. 
 The famous Roger Guiscard accorded extensive privileges 
 to the town. I'op. 22,(il i>. 
 
 CALTANISETTA, kSl-ta-ne-set'td, a city of Sicily, in a 
 fertile plain near the Salso, 28 miles N.E. of Girgeiiti. Pop. 
 20,411. It is well Imilt. and h:i.s handsome public build- 
 ings, civil and criminal courts. In its vicinity are mineral 
 springs and extensive sulphur-works, producing annually 
 5500 tons. Caltanisetta is supposed to occupy the site of 
 the Xisfoe of the Romans. 
 
 CALTHOliPE, kill'thorp, a parish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 CALTllWAITE, kdl'thwait, a township of England, co.of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 CALTOXICA, kJl-ton'e-ka, a town of Sicily, 15 miles 
 N.W. of Girgenti. Salt is manufactured, and upwards of 
 1000 tons of sulphur are annually produced from the mines 
 in the vicinity. Pop. 7060. 
 
 CALTURA, kil-too^ri. a seaport town and fort of Ceylon. 
 on its AV. coast, 26 miles S.E. of Colombo, with an active 
 trade in arrack. A great numlier of vessels belong to the 
 port, and trade witli JIadras and other places along the 
 Coromaudel coast. 
 
 C.-VLUIUE, kdrweeR', a village of France, department of 
 Rhone, 3 miles N.N.E. of Lyons, of which it constitutes a 
 suburb. Pop. of commune, in 1S52, 6o63, 
 
 CALUMET RIVER. See CaIUMICK. 
 
 CAl/U.MET, a county situated in the E. part of Wiscon- 
 sin, contains about 300 .squ-nre miles. 'Winnebago Lake 
 bounds it on the W., and it is drained by the branches of 
 Slanitoowoc River. The surface is traversed by a high 
 ridge nearly parallel with the lake. The rocks which un- 
 derlie the county are blue limestone and sandstone. Calu- 
 met county was organized, for judicial purposes, in 1850. 
 Ciipital. Chilton Centre. Pop. 7895. 
 
 CALUMET, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 CALUMET, a post-township in Fond du Luc co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about ."^0 miles W N.W. of Sliebovgan. Pop. 1454. 
 
 CALUMET VILLAGE, a post-village in Fond du Lac co., 
 Wisconsin, on the E. shore of Lake Winnebago, 12 miles 
 N.E. of Fond du Ijac. It is situated in a rich farming dis- 
 tricts The lake is navigated by steamboats. 
 
 CAUUMICIvN otherwise written CALUMET, a river of 
 Indiana and Illinois, rises in La Porte co. of the former 
 state, and flowing westward into Illinois, discharges a por- 
 tion of its water into Lake Michigan; the other portion then 
 runs eastward, nearly parallel with its former course, and 
 only 3 or 4 miles N. of it, and enters Lake Michigan at its 
 southern exti-emity. 
 
 ' CALUSO, kj-loo'so, a fortified town of Piedmont. 11 miles 
 S. of Ivrea. It has a communal coUesre. Pop. 5548. 
 
 CALVADOS. kdlHdMos' or kil-vd'djs, a maritime depart- 
 ment on the N.W. of France, formed of part of the old pro- 
 vince of lyower Normandy, having N., the English Channel. 
 S., the department of Ome, E.. Eure, and W., Manche. 
 Area. 2145 square miles. Pop. in ISei, 480,992. Capital. Caen. 
 Surface hilly in the S., with exten.sive plains and fertile 
 valleys. Chief rivers, the Ome, Toucques, Dives, SeuUe, 
 Dromme, and A'ire — none of them navigable. Mineral pro- 
 du<ts comprise coaii. gray marble, freestone, and cold mineral 
 waters. Corn is raised Wyond consumption, fruit is exten- 
 sively grown, and cider is made in considerable quantity: 
 hemp and lint are grown, and the forests furnish excellent 
 timber. The pasturage is abundant, and many horses, cattle, 
 sheep, and hogs are reared; herring-curing is an important 
 branch of industry. The department is divided into the six 
 arrondissements of Bayeux.Caen, Falai.se. Lisieux, Pont-l'Eve- 
 que, and Vire. Calvados is named from a lielt of rocks which 
 extend along its coast from the mouth of the Orne to that 
 of the Vire : they were so called from a Spanish vessel which 
 was wrecked on them. 
 
 CAL'V.\RY. a post-office of Athens co.. Ohio. 
 
 CALVELEY. kAl'veh-le, a station on the Crewe and Ches- 
 ter Railway, England, co. of Chester, 6i miles N.N.W. of 
 Kantwich. 
 
 CALVELLO, kil-vfllo. a town of Naples, province of Ba- 
 Bilicaia, 12 miles S. of Poteuza. Pop. 6400. 
 342 
 
 CAM 
 
 CALVENTURA (kll-vSn-too/rd) ISLANDS, two groups of 
 rocky islets in the Bay of Bengal, ofif the E. coast of Bur- 
 mah, distant from each other about 5 or 6 miles. Tha 
 north-western group consists of seven black rocks, in lat 
 10° 55' N.; Ion. 94° 14' E. 
 
 CALA'ER. kdl'ver, a township of England, co. of Derbv. 
 
 CALVERLElGli, kAl'ver-le, a parish of England, co". <>1 
 Devon. 
 
 CAI^VERLEY. a parish of England, co. York.West Riding 
 
 CALVERLEY-CU.M-FARSLEY, a township of England, 
 CO. of York. We.st Riding. 
 
 CALVERT, kawl'vert, a county of Maryland, border- 
 ing on Chesapeake Bay. has an area of about 250 square 
 miles. It consists of a peninsula formed by the Chesapeake 
 and the PatUxent River, which washes its western border, 
 and enters the bay at the southern extremity. The surface 
 is somewliat undulating; the soil is moderately fertile. 
 Marl is abundant in the county, and is used to fertilize the 
 soil. Organized in 1654. and named in honor of the Calvert 
 iiuiiily, to wliicli Lord Baltimore belonged. Capital, Prince 
 FredeVick. P. 10,447, of whom 5*3S were free, and 4609 slaves. 
 
 CAl/VERT, or KA'VEN, a group of small isliinds in the 
 North Pacific Ocean. Lat. of the N.W. one, 8° 54' N.; Ion. 
 170° 49' E. 
 
 CALVERTON, a parish of Encland. co. of Bucks. 
 
 C.\LVERTON, a pari.'^h of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 C.ALVI. kil've. a seaport town of Corsica, on a peninsula 
 of its N.W. coast, in the Gulf of Calvi. 38 miles W.S.W. of 
 Bastia. Pop. in 1852,1746. It has a goo<l harbor and road- 
 stead, and a strong citadel, which was taken by the English 
 in 1794. after a siege of 51 days. 
 
 CALVI, kdl'vee. (anc. Cii'Us.) a decaj'ed town of Naples, 
 province of Terra-di-Lavoro, 7^ miles N.N.W. of Capua. It is 
 a bishop's see, but, owing to its unhealthiness. its bishop 
 resides at Pignataro. It was formerly important as the 
 Oxle^ of the Romans, celebrated for its baths. 
 
 CALVIA, kdl've-i, a town of Spain, island of Majorca, 6 
 miles W. of Palma. Pop. 2007. 
 
 C.\l/VIN, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CALVIN, a township of Cass co., Michiiian. Pop. 1375. 
 
 CALVISANO, kdl-ve-sd'no. a town of Northern Italy, in 
 Lombardy, 15 miles S.S.E. of Brescia. Pop. 2700. 
 
 C.ALAISSON. kdrvee^sAs"', a town of Fr.ince. department 
 of Gard. 10 miles S.W. of KImes. Pop. in 1852, 2580. . 
 
 CALVIZZANO. kdl-vit-sd/no. a village of Southern Italy, 
 5 miles N.W. of Naples. Pop. 2110. 
 
 CALA\' or KALA\', kdlv, a town of Southern Germany, in 
 Wtirtemberg. on the Nagold. 20 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. 
 PoJ). 4500. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and cas- 
 simeres. and trade in timber. 
 
 C.'VLY. kdlee or kil'lee. a river of Ilindost.in. rises in the 
 province of Gurhwal, and fills into the Ganges on the 
 western confines of Oude. in lat. 27° 10' N.; Ion. 79° 45° E. 
 
 CALZADA,or CASAS DE CALZ.\DA, cd'sdsd.-l kdl-thd'oa, 
 a vill.tge of Leon, 42 miles S. of Salamanca. Pop. 368. 
 
 CALZADA or CALZADA DE CALATRAVA, kdl-thd/nd di 
 kd-ld-tra'vd. a town of New Castile. 15 miles S. by E. of Ciu- 
 dad Real, in an irrigated plain. Linen and woollen fabrics, 
 cloth, blonde lace, oil, and wine are made. Pop. 3840. 
 
 CVLZADA DE DON DIEGO. kdl-thd'i>a d.i don de-A'go, a 
 villatre of Leon. 16 miles S.S.W. of Salamanca. Pop. 196. 
 
 CALZADA DE OROPESA. kdl'thd'nd d.-i o-ro-p.'i'sd, a town 
 of New Castile, 28 miles W. of 'Talavera. Pop. 1160. 
 
 CA.M. or GRANTA,a river of England, after a course of 
 about 40 miles, joins the Ouse 31 miles S. of Ely. It is na- 
 vigable from the Ouse to Cambridge. • 
 
 CAM, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, tributary of 
 the Severn, which it joins at Frampton-1'ill. 
 
 CAMACUO or CAMAXO. kd-md'sho, a large and several 
 small lakes of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina. connected 
 with each other by natural canals, which are navigable for 
 laden canoes. They lie S. of the river TubarSo. and are com- 
 monly named Jaguaruna. ( zha-gwd-roo'nd,) Gurupaba, (^goo- 
 roo-pllid.) and Santa Martha. 
 
 CAMACUAN, kd-mdkwdu'. sometimes written I^ABA- 
 QUAil, ee-sd-bd-kwdm'. a river of Brazil, rising in the W. 
 frontier of the province of Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-<jrande. flowing 
 E.. and, after a course of about 150 miles, enters the Lake of 
 Pastos by several mouths. 
 
 C.AM.\.JORE. kd-md-vo'rd. (anc. Cam'ptis ifaljnr,) awalled 
 town of Central Italy, 11 miles N.W. of Lucca. I'op. 2220. 
 
 CA^M.\K'. a village of AVarren co., Georgia, on (he Georgia 
 Railroad, at the junction of AVarrenton branch, 46 miles AV. 
 of Augusta. 
 
 CA.M.\JIU, kd-md-moo', a bay, island, and flourishing 
 town of Brazil, province of iiahia; the bay is 7ii miles S.AV. 
 of Bahia. The island, in the bay. is also cal'-^d Ilha-das- 
 Pedras. (eel'yd dds pA'drds; i.e., "isle of rocks.") Tbi town, 
 on the river AcArahi, entering the bay, has some fliide in 
 rum. timber, and rice. Pop. 2000. 
 
 C.AM.ANA. kd-md-nd'. a town of Peru, capital rfa province 
 of its own name, in the department of Arequ'pa. is situated 
 on the Camana, near its moutli. about 60 miles S. VV. of 
 Arequipa. Pop. of the province, iu 1S60, 14,419; ofthevown. 
 about 2000. 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 CAMAXCHE, ka-manVhee. a thriving post-village of Clin- 
 ton K.., Iowa, oil the Mississippi lliver, 40 miles al)ove Da- 
 venport. It is the shipping point for the produce of the 
 vicinity. Pop. 1468. 
 
 CAMAXCIIK INDIANS. See CoMANxnES. 
 
 CA\IAPUAN, kd-mS-poo-dn' or kd-md-pw3n', a river of 
 Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso, one of the head streams of 
 the Xacoary or Taquari. an affluent of the Paraguay. It has 
 a course of about 70 miles. 
 
 CA.MAHANCA, kd-md-rdng'kj, a river of North-western 
 Africa, in Guinea, has its sources in the Kong Mountains, 
 near Laing's sources of the Niger. I^at. 9° N.; ion. 9^ 15' VV. 
 It pursues a S.W. course of about 250 miles, and falls into 
 Yawry IJav. on the coast of .Sierra Leone. 
 
 CAMAliATA. kd-md-ril'td, a town of Sicily, 39 miles S.E. 
 of Palermo. Pop. 5200. 
 
 CAMAKES, ki-mi-r6s' or kd^miVi/, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Aveyron, on the Dourdon. Pop. in 1852, 2434. 
 
 C.A^MARKT, kd*md*r.'l/. a maritime village of France, de- 
 partment of Finistere, with a small port on the Aulne, near 
 its mouth, in the Atlantic, 8 miles S.W. of Brest. Pop. 1000. 
 
 CA.MARlJO, kd-man'go, a tolerably well-built village of 
 Spain, province and 6 miles S. of Santander, with a church 
 and schf)ol. Pop. 2138. 
 
 CA51.\ItOO, kd-maR/go, a town of Mexico, department of 
 Tamaulipas, on the San Juan, near its junction witli the 
 Rio Grande, 90 miles K. by N. of Monterey. Lat. 20° 10' N.; 
 Ion. 98° 30' W.. Pop. 2600. 
 
 CAM.VK'GO, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CAM.VKGO, a post-village of Monroe oo., Mississippi, on 
 Town Creek, an affluent ol'Tombigbee lUver, 20 miles N. of 
 Aberdeen, the county seat, and at the head of steam navi- 
 gation. L.aid out in 1847. It has 3 stores. 
 
 CAMAIlGi), a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAM.\l?GO, a post-office of -Montgomery co., Kentucky. 
 
 CAMAUOO, a post-office of Jefferson eo., Indiana. 
 
 CAMAKGO, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, on the Des 
 Moines P>iver, 10 miles N.W. of Keokuk. 
 
 CAMAUOOS, kd-maa/goce. a village of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Geraes, 6 miles N. of Mariana, with a church and 
 school, and an agricultural and mining population of 1000. 
 
 CA>L\ItGUE, La, id kd^maRg', a populous island of 
 France, department of Bouolies-du-KhOne, formed by the 
 two arms of the river Rhone, at its mouth; it is of a trian- 
 gular shape. Length, 20 miles; mean bre.adth, 11 miles. 
 Slore than half the surface is covered with marshes, but 
 the remaiiuler is extremely fertile. On tlie borders of the 
 marshes salt is formed naturally, and is an object of great 
 commercial importance to the island. A company has been 
 established for draining the marshes. 
 
 CAMARISaS, kd-md-reen'yds, a maritime town of Spain, 
 43 miles ^V.S.W. of Corunna, on the N. side of the Bay of 
 CamariBas. on which it has a harbor. I'op. 1440. 
 
 CAMARINES, (kd-md-recs'n^s.) NORTH and SOUTH, two 
 provinces of tlie I'hilippines. island of Luzon, both occupy- 
 ing the S.E. limb of the island. 
 
 CAM.\l{OT.\, kd-md-nytd, a village of Naples, province of 
 Principiito Citra, 7 miles W.S.W. of Policastro. Pop. 2600. 
 
 CAMAXO. SeeCAMAcno. 
 
 CAMISAY, kam'b.V, a se.tport town of Ilindostan, Baroda 
 dominions, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, 76 miles 
 N.N.W. of Surat. I'op. about 10.000. It has a curious sul)- 
 terraneous Jain or Boodhic temple, a fine mos(iue, and 
 several Hindoo temples; but a great part of the town is in 
 ruins. Its trade has declined, owing to the progressive 
 shallowing of the gulf: it still, however, exports cotton, 
 grain, ivory, and articles in bloodstone and carnelian, its 
 manufactures of which are in lii'.;h repute. 
 
 CAMBAY, GULF OK. lies between lat, 21° 5' and 22° 17' 
 N., and ion. 72° 19' and 72° 51' E. Length, 72 miles; 
 breadth, 32 miles, at entrance. The tides are extremely 
 rapid, and their ri.se and fall great; but the phenomenon 
 called "the Bore" is now much diminished in force. It re- 
 ceives the rivers Nerbudda, the Dhadar, and Mliye orMahy 
 from the K., the Subliermuttee or Saubermuttee from the 
 N., and the Bhadar from the W. 
 
 CAMRELLO. kdm-b^lo. a village of the Malay Archipe- 
 lago, island of Ceram. peninsula of Hoowamohel, on a slight 
 bend of the shore. Though difficult of approach for ships, 
 It is much frequented by foreigners, being the chief market 
 for cloves. 
 
 CAMBKRWELL. kam'i^r-well, a parish of England, and 
 suburb of the metropolis, co. of Surrey, 2 miles S. of Saint 
 Paul's. Area. 4570 acres, portions of which are densely 
 populated, while others, as Denmark-hill, Ilerne-hill, Dul- 
 wich, Ac, are covered mostly by detached villas. Pop. in 
 1851. 54,607. It has a magnificent church and several 
 handsome chapels of ease, and numerous dissenting places 
 of worship, a grammar school, founded in 1618, a new col- 
 lego, and other endowed sfhools. 
 
 CAMBIANO, kam-be-d/no. a vilUage of the Sardinias 
 St.'»t«s. province of Turin. Pop. 2425. 
 
 CAMBIL, kdm-beel', a town of Spain, 13 miles S.S.E. of 
 Jaen, on the Matavexis. Pop. 2773. 
 
 CA^rBING', a small island in the Malay Archipelago, o.l 
 the X. coast of Timor, 12 miles N. of Delly. 
 
 C.\MBO, kSM'bo', a village and plea.saut watering-place of 
 France, department of Basses- Pyrenees, Oj miles S,S.E. of 
 Bavonne. Pop. of commune in 1852, 1600. 
 
 CAMBODIA (TERRITORY.) See Anam. 
 
 CAMB:»DIA, kam-lKyde-a, CAM'BOGE'. CAMBO'JA, or 
 PONTAIl'RKT, pon-tl-pret/, a town of Siam, the ancient 
 capital of a territory of the same name, on both sides of the 
 Mekong. r.at. 12° 4' N.; ion. 105° 4' E. It is now grcntlv 
 decayed, but the ruins of its royal palace and pagodas at 
 test its ancient greatness. The Dutch had a factory here in 
 the seventeenth century. 
 
 CAMBODIA (or CAMBOJA) POINT, the south-eastern- 
 most point of Siam, lat. 8° 4o' N.; Ion. 104° 55' E., at the 
 entrance N. side of the Gulf of Siam. 
 
 CAMBODIA (or CAMBOJA) KIVER. See Mekong. 
 
 CAMBON. kdM'bd.N"'. a commune of France, department 
 of Ivoire-Inferieure, arrondissement of Siivenay. I'op. 4415. 
 
 CAMBOORIE or KAMBURI, kdin-boo'ree\ a walled town 
 of Siam, 120 miles N,N.\V. of Biingkok, at the continence of 
 the See-sa-wat and May-mannoi Rivers, and for the most 
 part along the bank of the former. A brick fort constructed 
 here is said to contain 20 guns, 
 
 C.\MBORNE, kam'bOTn, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Cornwall, 9J miles N.W. of I'enryn. Pop. 
 of parish in 1851, 12,887; of town, (5547, mostly employed in 
 copper, tin, and lead mines. The copper-niiueof Dolcnath. in 
 this parish, has Ix-en sunk to the deptli of IdOO feet, and has 
 at times furni.shed employment to more than 1600 |>ersons. 
 
 CAM'BRA, a post-oftice of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CAMBRAI or CAMBRAY, kam'brd/. (Fr. pron. kSM'brd/; 
 anc. Cainaruciim,) a fortified town of France, department of 
 Nord, on the Scheldt, 32 miles S.S.E. of Lille. P<ip. in 1S52, 
 21,.'U4. It is the seat of an archbishop, re-established in 
 1S41, and lias a strong citadel; a modern cathedral, in 
 which is a monument to Fenelon; a handsome town-hall, a 
 commercial college, and a public lilirary, with 30,000 volumes 
 and 1000 manu.scripts. It has a dioce.san and numerous 
 other schools, and a tribunal of commerce. Most of its 
 be.st buildings, with its ancient cathedral, were de.stroyed 
 during the Revolution. It has long l)een famous for its 
 fine linen fiibrics, thence called cambiicn ; and has also ma- 
 nufactures of linen thread, lace, and soap. It has commerce 
 in w(xil. fiax, butter, and hops. Cambrai is the Camuracum 
 of the Romans, by whom it was fortified. The famous 
 league of Cambrai against the Venetian Uepul lie was con- 
 cluded here in 1508, and peace between Charles V. and 
 Francis I. in 1529. It was the birthplace of Dumouriez and 
 Marshal Mortier. 
 
 CA.MBRESIS, kdm'brA'seece', an old subdivision of 
 French Flanders, of which Cambrai was the capital, now 
 comprised in the department of Nord. 
 
 C.\MBI>I.\. an ancient name of Wales, which see. 
 
 C.VMBRIA, kim'bre-a, a county in the S.W. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, lias an area of about C70 S(}uare miles. 
 Conemaugh Creek rises in the S.E. part, and Hows west- 
 ward; the West Branch of the Susiiuehantia .also rises in 
 the county by two branches, namely, Clearfield and Chest 
 Creeks, 'i'he county is an elevated table-land, lying on the 
 western slope of the Alleghany Mountains; the surface is 
 irregular and broken, furrowed by deep and precipitous ra- 
 vines, and extensively covered %vith dark forests of pine and 
 other timber. Lumber is the chief article of export. Veins 
 of bituminous coal and iron ore are abundant, and are 
 worked to some extent. The county is traversed by the 
 Portage Railroad and I'ennsylvania Canal, which connect 
 at Johnstown; and also by the Central Railroad. In conse- 
 quence cf these improvements, the population has increa.sed 
 rapidly for several years past. Cambria was mostly .settled 
 by emigrants from Ireland and Wales, and when it was 
 orgiini/.ed, in ISO-i. the ancient name of the latter country 
 was given to it. Capital, Ebensburg. Pop. 29,105, 
 
 CAMBRIA, a post-township of Niagara co.. New Y'ork, 22 
 miles N. of Buffalo, is traversed by tlie Rochester and Nia- 
 gara Railroad. Pop. 2.308. 
 
 C.-VMBRIA, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 21Je. 
 
 C.A.MBIiIA. a township in Ilillsdiile co., Micliigan, about 
 5 miles .-i.W. of Hillsdale. Pop. 13S6. 
 
 CAMBRI.A.. a post-office of Wayne co.. Iowa. 
 
 CAMBRIA MILLS, a post<ifflee of Hillsdale co., Michigan, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE or CAMBRIDGESHIRE, kame'brij-shir; an 
 inland county of England, in its E. part, having N. Lincoln- 
 shire. E. Norfolk and Suffolk. S. Essex and Herts. W. Bed- 
 ford. Huntingdon, and Northamptonshire, Area, 818 .square 
 miles, or 523,520 acres, of which aixjut 1.50.d00 acres are un- 
 improved fen-land. Pop. in 1851, 185.405. Surface, except 
 on the S.. marshy and flat. See Ely and Bedford Level. 
 Principal rivers, the Ouse. Cam, Nen, and I,.ark. Ely Island 
 is famous for garden vegetiibles, as are the meadows of tho 
 Cam for calves, cheese, and butter. Chief towns. Ciunbridge, 
 the capital. Newmarket. Wisbeach. and the city of Ely. It 
 sends (exclusive of its boroughs) 3 members to the llouse 
 of Commons. 
 
 343 
 
CAM 
 
 CAMBRI1X5E, kAme/brij, (anc. GranUa ; h. Cjntahri'gia.) 
 t parliamentary and niuncipal borough, and market-town of 
 Eni^land. capital of tlie above county, and seat ofoneof the 
 great Knsrlish universities, situated on both sides of the Cam, 
 and on the Kastern Counties Railway, 49 miles N.X.E. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1851, 27.815. The town, in an e.xtensive flat, 
 emlx>somed among lofty trees, has, with few exceptions 
 only, narrow, winding, and irregularly built streets : but 
 its colleges are noble edifices. Principal buildings connected 
 vf ith the town. St. Mary's and Trinity Churches, both fine 
 structures; St. Sepulchre's, built in the reign of Henry I., 
 on the model of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusiilem ; a gram- 
 mar school, founded in 1516; a national school, with 600 
 pupils '. numerous .ilms-hovises ; a general ho.opital ; theatre 
 In the suburb of Barnwell ; the shire-hall, town-hall, and 
 jail, enclosing remains of the ancient castle: a union work- 
 hou.se. and a house of correction and industry, founded in 
 1028 by Ilobson, the eccentric carrier. Cambridge ha.s no 
 manufactures, but it carries on a considerable trade by the 
 river with Lynn, in corn, cor1.s. &c.; and it is a depot for 
 com. butter, and rape-oil, forwarded by land to the London 
 markets. It is divided into 4 wards, and governed by a 
 mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 councill irs, Stourbridge Fair, 
 which continues fjr a fortnight from September IS, though 
 it has somewhat declined, is still one of the most important 
 in the kingdom for horses, wool, hops, butter, and cheese. 
 Cambridge (independent of its university) sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. It gave the title of duke to the 
 youngest son of George III. Bishop Jeremy Taylor and the 
 dramatist Cumberland were natives of the town. 
 
 The University of Cambridge, supposed to have been found- 
 ed in the seventh century by Sigeliert, King of Ka.st Anglia, 
 consists now of 13 colleges and 4 halls, as follow : — St. Peter's 
 College, or Peter-house, founded in 1257 ; Clare Hall, dating 
 from 1326, and having a fine avenue and grounds, with a 
 handsome stone bridge across the Cam; Pembroke Hall, 
 1347, possessing an elegant chapel designed by Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren; Caius Colfege, founded in 1348; Trinity Hall, 
 1350, having a remarkable library ; Corpus Christi College, 
 founded in 1351. the buildings of which are most magnifi- 
 cent; King's College, 1441, pos.sessing peculiar privileges, 
 Bnd having a chapel which is one of the finest specimens 
 of later English architecture; Queen's College, founded 
 1446, by Margaret of Anjou, and refounded by the con- 
 sort of Edward IV.. to which are attached some beautiful 
 grounds; Catherine Hall, 1475; Jesus College, 1496; Christ's 
 College, dating from 1505; St. John's College, 1511, the 
 buildings of which are of brick, and which has an exten- 
 sive library; Magdalen College, 1519; Trinity College, 1546, 
 the largest and one of the most magnificent est.iblishments 
 in the kingdom, po.s.sessing buildings of a highly imposing 
 character; Emanuel College, 1584; Sidney Sus.sex College, 
 1596; and Downing College, founded in 1800. Principal 
 edifices, also connected with the university, are the senate- 
 house, an elegant Grecian structure, finished in 1706; the 
 public schools, library, observatory, Mtt press or univer- 
 sity printing office, and Fitzwilliam mu.se\un. The library 
 of the university contains 170,000 volumes; the annual in- 
 come amounts to 5500t. The observatory cost 19,000/. Total 
 number of members on the boards in 1847, 6638. Each col- 
 lege or h.all is internally governed by its own statute's; but 
 the government of the colleges, as a confederation, rests 
 with a senate composed of two houses, and the members of 
 which, having the degree of Dr, or 51, A., amount to nearly 
 2800. The executive government is vested in the chancel- 
 lor, (at present H. R. H. Prince Albert,) the vice-chancellor. 
 high steward, commissary, proctoi-s, and other officers ; and 
 two courts, of which the vice-chancellor and the commiss.ary 
 are the head, determine most of the legal cases occurring 
 within the university precincts. As in Oxford, candidates 
 for university honors rely more on the teaching of private 
 tutors fir instruction than on that of the professoi-s. Ma- 
 thematics (though not to the exclusion of classical and 
 other learning) form an important branch of study at Cam- 
 bridge. Xewton. Bacon, and many of the greatest divines 
 and poets of Britain, conferred lustre on tliis school. The 
 prizes open to the university at large amount annually to 
 120W., and at the different "colleges to not less than 3001. 
 The general income of the university is said not to exceed 
 5500i. a year. The total revenue of coUegt^s and halls, &c. 
 was, in 1835, estimated at 133.268?. annually. The uuiver- 
 »ity sends 2 raemliers to the House of Commons, who are 
 cho,?en by the senate. 
 
 Cambridge is a town of great antiquity ; in Doomsday 
 Book, where it is described as an important place, it is 
 called Grentebrige. from one of the n.ames of the river, the 
 present name, derived from the modern name of the river 
 Cam, being comparatively recent. In 871 it was burnt by 
 tlie Danes, and again in 1010. Subsequently to this, it was 
 the scene, at various periods, of events which have become 
 matt'jrs of history, including several royal visit.s, and some 
 military experiences in the time of Cromwell. Of the an- 
 cient castle built by William the Conqueror, on the site of 
 a Roman station, and some years used as a eounty jail, 
 only the gateway now remains. Pop. in 1841, 21,453, in 
 ■iU 
 
 CAM 
 
 1851, 27,803: increase ISJ.^ per cent.— A student at the Uni- 
 versity of Caml>ridge is called a C.\x'tab, wliicli is doubtleaa 
 an abbreviation of Cant.^brigiax, derived from tlie Canta- 
 BEIGIA, the Latin name of the town. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a post-township of Somerset co^ Maine, 50 
 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 516. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a township of Coos co.. New Hampshire, 
 100 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 49. 
 
 CA5IBRIDGE, a post-township of Lamoille co., A'ermont, 
 on both sides of the Lamoille Kiver, about 33 miles N.E. 
 by N. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of starch and 
 leather. Pop. 1784. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a citv and serai-capital of Middlesex co^ 
 Massachusetts. 3 miles" W.N.W. of Boston, in hit. 42° 22' 21'' 
 N., Ion. 71° 7' 38" W. It comprises Cambridge, tlie seat of 
 Harvard University, East Cambridge ^ibrmcrly Lechmera 
 Point), Cambridgcport, about midway between Old Cam- 
 bridge and Boston, and the district called North Cambridge. 
 Old Cambridge, or Cambridge Proper, is delightfully situ- 
 ated in the midst of a beautiful plain, extending from 
 Charles River. The streets are generally broad and shaded 
 with lofty elms. Man.v of the dwellings stand at consider- 
 able distances from each other, and are surrounded with 
 spacious yards, ornamented with slirubliery and evergreens. 
 The principal object of interest in the place is Harvard Uni- 
 versity, the oldest and best endowed collegiate institution 
 in the United States. It was foundeil in 163S, and derives 
 its name from the Rev. John Harvard, who bequeathed it a 
 legacy of abotit 780/. Its funds, at the preseft t time, amount 
 to about $1,000,000. Besides the collegiate department pro- 
 per, the university embraces a law school, a theological 
 school, a medicAl college, and a department for those who 
 wish to prepare themselves for scientific pursuits, without 
 going through a classical course. The last was instituted 
 in 1848, mainly through the efforts of the Hon. Abbott 
 Lawrence, who bestowed upon it a munificent donation. 
 The buildings occupied by the University are 21 in number, 
 20 of which are in Cambridge ; the other is located in North 
 Grove street, Boston, The most prominent are University 
 Hall, containing recitation and lecture rooms; Harvard 
 Hall, adorned with the portraits of the officers and bene- 
 factors of the institution; Gore Hall, a fine granite structure, 
 having in it the college library, the Appleton Chapel, the 
 Zoological Museum ; and Boylston Hall, containing tlie ana- 
 tomical museum and chemical laboiatory. In addition to 
 these there are Divinity Hall, occiipied by the theological 
 students, and other buildings for the accommodation of un- 
 dergi'aduatcs. The institution has a bot.anical garden of 
 about eight acres, stored with a choice selection of shrubs 
 and plants, both native and exotic; and one of the most 
 powerful telescopes in the countiy. The lectures to medi- 
 cal students are given at the Medical College in Boston. In 
 1864 the alumni of Harvard amounted to 7673, a greater 
 number than of any other college in the Union. There aro 
 within the chartertAi limits ot Cambridge about 20 churclies, 
 a first-class hotel, 6 banks, 2 savings institutions, a mutual 
 fire insurance company, and various literary charitable 
 associations. 
 
 East Cambridge is connected with Boston by Canal Bridge, 
 and with Charlestown by Prison Point Bridge. It is regu- 
 larly laid out with streets, intersecting each other at right 
 angles, and contains, besides the county buildings, a post- 
 office and several manufactories. Among the latter may be 
 mentioned 2 extensive glass manufactories, in one of which 
 $500,000 worth of glass is annually produced. 
 
 Cambridgeport, connected with Boston by a bridge, con- 
 tains the town-house, several churclies, 3 banks, a savings 
 institution, and manufactories of boilers and machinery. 
 
 Cambridge is one of the oldest towns in New England, 
 having been settled in 1630. It first took the name of New- 
 town, which was soon after changed for its present one. 
 The "Freeman's Oath." one of the first newspapers pub- 
 hshed in the United States, was issued here by Stephen Day. 
 The same printing establishment is still continued under the 
 name of the University Press. During the Revolutionary 
 \Var. the American army was encamped in Cambridge, while 
 the British h.ad possession of Boston. Pop. in 1830, 0072; 
 1840. 8409; 1850, 15.215; in 1860, 26.060. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a post-township of Washington co.. New 
 York, 33 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It has an academy. P. 2419. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a post-village of A'enango township, Craw- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, and on the Atlantic 
 and Great Western R.R., 15 miles N.N.E. of Meadville, and 
 25 miles S. of Erie, has an active trade. Pop. 1012. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a post-village on the line between Lancas- 
 ter and Chester counties, Pennsylvania, 22 miles E. by N. 
 of Lancaster. The post-office is in Lancaster county. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a handsome post-village, capital of Dor- 
 cliester co., Maryland, is situated on the S. side of the Chop- 
 tank River, about '20 miles from its entrance in Chesapeake 
 Bay. and 50 miles S.E. from Annapolis. It has a court- 
 house, academy, and 5 churches. The river at this place is 
 2 miles wide. Pop. 1862. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a post-village in Abbeville distjict, South 
 Caroliaa, about 60 miles W. by N. of Colum'ui* 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a post-village of Dallas co., Alabama, 80 
 miles ?. by E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 CAMBUIDG K,a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1524. 
 CAMBH IDG E, a post-village, capital of Guernsey Co., Ohio, 
 Is situated in the above townsliip, on the Central Kailroad, 
 24 miles K. of Zanesville, and 77 miles E. by N. of Columbus. 
 It contiiins the court-house, 5 churches, an academy, 2 banks, 
 2 newspaper offices, a town-hall, a woollen factory, and 3 
 mills. Poj). about 1500. 
 
 CAMBHIUGE, a post-township in the N.W. part of Lena- 
 wee CO., Jlichigan. Pop. 1148. 
 
 CAMBKIDGE, or CAMBItlDGE CITY, a post-village of 
 Wayne co., Indiana, on the Whitewater liiver and Canal, 
 where it is crossed by the Nati(mal Koad, 52 miles E. of In- 
 dianapolis. It contains .3 churches, 1 bank, 1 newspaper 
 office, a masonic hall, and a large machine-shop. The I ndiana 
 Central Kailroad passes through it, and another railroad ia 
 in progress to Connersville. Pop. 1622. 
 
 CAMBItlDGH, a flourishing post-village, capital of Henry 
 CO., Illinois. 140 miles N. by W. of t'pringfieid. It is sur- 
 rounded by a rich farming district, in wliich stone coal is 
 abundant. Pop. 718. 
 CAMBKIDGE, a post-village of Saline CO., Missouri. P. 318. 
 CAMBItlDGE, a thriving post-village of Dane co.. Wis- 
 consin, on the Koshkonong River, 22 miles E. by S. of Madi- 
 son, has a good water-power, with a flouring and a saw mill. 
 Pop. al>out .iOO. Laid out alx)Ut the year 184S. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, GULF OF, in North-western Australia, be- 
 tween Capes Dussejour and Domett; lat. 14° 46' S. It is 
 about 20 miles wide at its entrance, and runs about 75 miles 
 inland. 
 
 CAMBRIDGEPORT, a post^village in Brandon township, 
 Windham co., Vermont, contains a bed of soapstone, which 
 is extensively wrought. 
 CA.MBIIIDGKI'ORT, Massachusetts. See Cambhidge. 
 CAMBRIL.S, kdm-bieels'. a seaport town of Spain, 8 miles 
 S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 2254. 
 
 CAM'BUS, a village of Scotland, co. of Clackmannan, 2 
 miles W. of .\llna. with an extensive distillery. 
 
 CAM'BUfiLANG'. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 CAM^m.SXETII'AN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 CAMBYNA. kam-bl'na. an island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, 15 miles S. of Celetes, lat. 5° 21' S., Ion. 121° 57' E. 
 Length, from N. to S., 20 miles; breadth, 15 miles. 
 
 C.4MDKX, a county in the W.S.W. part of New Jersey, 
 has an area of about 220 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N.E. -liy Pensauken Civek, N.W. by the Delaware, and on 
 the S.W. by Big Timlier Creek, and is also drained by Coo- 
 per's Creek, which affords some water-power. The surfiice 
 is level, except where worn down by streams. The soil in 
 the E. part is sandy, and in the W. a fertile loam producing 
 great quanties of fruit and vegetables for the Philadelphia 
 markets. Marl is abundant in most parts of the county. 
 The inhabitants in the ea.«tern portion are principally en- 
 . gaged in manufactures of iron and gla.ss. The railroad con- 
 necting Camden with .\bsecinn traverses the county. Or- 
 ganiised in 1S44, having been formed from Gloucester county, 
 and named from its seat of justice, the city of Camden. 
 Pop. 34.457. 
 
 CAMDEN, a county in the N.E. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Virginia, and on the N. side of Albemarle 
 Sound, has an area of about 280 square miles Pasquotank 
 River forms the entire boundary on the S.W. The surface 
 Is level, and partly occupied by the Dismal Swamp. The 
 i!<il is fertile. The county contains forests of cedar and cy- 
 press, which are valuable for lumber. It is intersected by 
 tLe Dismal Swamp Canal, 22 miles long. Formed in 1777, 
 «nl named in honor of the Earl of Camden, who, as a mem- 
 btr of the British Parliament, advooAted the cause of the 
 Aiaericau colonies. Capital, Camden Court House. Pop. 
 fiSi."!, of whom 3216 were free, and 2127 slaves. 
 
 CAMDEN, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Georgia, 
 bordering on tlie Atlantic and on Florida, has an area of 
 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Santilla River, 
 and bounded on the *. by the St. Mary's River. The sur- 
 face is mostly level, and the soil sandy. The limits ot the 
 coimty include Cumberland Island, which is 18 miles long, 
 by 2 or 3 miles wide, and sejiarated from the mainland by a 
 narrow channel. Capital, Jefferson. Pop. 5420, of whom 
 1277 were free, and iX-lS slaves. 
 
 CAMDEN, a county in the central part of Missouri, has 
 an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by tlie 
 Osage River, and also drained by the Niangua, the Little 
 Niangua, and the Grand Auglaize and its two branches. 
 The surface is imeven, the soil moderately fertile. Lead 
 is found on tlie banks of Osage River, in this county. 
 Capital, Linn Creek. Pop. 497,'>, of whom 4769 were free, 
 and 206 slaves. 
 
 C.iM'DEN, a maritime county of New South Wales, hav- 
 ing E. the Pacific Ocean, and enclosed on other sides by the 
 counties of Cumberland, Cork, Westmoreland, St. Vincent, 
 and Argyle. The Shoalhaven and Nepean Rivers form parts 
 of its boundaries. 
 
 CAMDEN, a post-village and township in Knoxco., Maine, 
 on the W. side of Penobscot Bay, 40 miles &JE. by E. of Au- 
 
 gusta. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in com 
 nierce and ship-building, and lime is manufactured to a 
 great extent. Pop. 4588. 
 
 CAMDKN, a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, about 
 35 miles N.W. of Utica, on the Rome and Watertown Rail 
 road. It contains a bank. Pop. of the township, 3187. 
 
 CAMDEN, a city, port of delivery, and seat of justice of 
 Camden co., New Jersey, is situated on a plain on the left 
 bank of the Delaware River, immediately opposite to Phila- 
 delphia, with which it is connected by means of 4 steam fer- 
 ries. By railroad it is 32 miles S.S.W. of Trenton, 87 miles 
 S.W. of New York, and 8 miles N. of Woodbury. The Abse- 
 cum Railroad, extending from this place to Absecum Beiich, 
 was completed July, 1854. The Cape May and Millville 
 aiirl West Jersey Railroads terminate here ; a new and hand- 
 some depi'jt for the lattor road is (1865) aiiout to be built. 
 The city is regularly laid out with streets intersecting each 
 other at right angles, and contjiins many fine dwellings, 
 especially in the North Ward. The public buildings are a 
 court-house, 2 banks, 2 extensive railroad depots and 14 or 
 15 churches, viz.: 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 3 Baptist, 4 
 Methodist, 2 Friends, and 1 lioman Catholic. Tlie court- 
 house, in which are apartments occupied as a jail, is a rough- 
 cast edifice with iron columns. In Camden tliere are 2 lite- 
 rary associations, and a mutual insurance com|)any : also 3 
 saw mills, 2 iron foundries, 1 extensive iron works (at 
 Kaighn"8 Point), where a U. S. monitor is now in course of 
 construction; also a manufactory for the construction of 
 machinery used in woollen mills, 1 rolling, 1 drug, and 1 grist 
 mill, besides chemical and glass works, and several shiivyards. 
 Two newspapers are issued. Gas light whs first intrmluced 
 about the commencement of the year 1^52. The city waa 
 chartered in 1831, and is divided into tliree wards, governed 
 by a mayor and common council. In 1840, Camden contained 
 only 3371 hihabitants; in 1860, 9479; in 1865, about 18,000. 
 
 CAMDEN, a flourishing post-villuge of Kent CO., Delaware, 
 on a branch of .Tones Creek, 3 miles S, of I)(jver. P. al out 400. 
 
 CAMDEN, North Carolina. See Camdkn Court Holse. 
 
 CAMDEN, a flourishing town, capital of Kershaw district. 
 South Carolina, is situated on the E. l»ank of the Wattree 
 liiver. 33 miles N.E. of Columbia, and 142 miles N. by W. ol 
 Charleston, with which it is connected by railroad. The 
 river is navigable by steamboats to this place. Camden is 
 surrounded by a fertile district, in which cotton, mai/.e. and 
 peaches flourish. The recent completion of the Camden 
 Branch Railroad has increased the activity of bu.siness in 
 the town. It contains an academy, an arsenal, a libr.'try. a 
 bank, and 4 or 5 churches. There is 1 cotton factory !c 
 operation atout 1 mile from the town. The two banks of 
 the river are connected by a bridge near this place. A bat- 
 tle was fought here in August, 1780, betwoen General Gates 
 and Lord Cornwallis; another in April. 1781, between Gene- 
 ral Greene and Lord Itawdon. Pop. 1621. 
 
 C.\MDEN, a thriving post-village, capital of Wilcox co., 
 Alabama, is situated on a healthy eminence. 4 miles S. of 
 -Alabama River, and about 80 miles S.W. of Montgomery. 
 It is the centre of an active trade, and is the most populous 
 town in the county. The population has nearly doubled 
 since 184". This place has been erroneously named • Bar- 
 boursville" on several maps of the state. Camden contains 
 a respectable academy and 2 female seminaries. P. tibi mt MM). 
 , CAMDEN, a post-village of Madison co.. Missis.sippi, 40 
 miles N.N.E. of Jackson, and 5 miles from Big Black jiiver. 
 
 CAMDEN, a handsome post-village, capital of Washita co., 
 Arkansas, on the right (W.) bank of the Washita River, 110 
 miles S. by W. of Little Rock. It is sitmited on a declivity 
 of a high range of hills, and is built in a very tasteful style. 
 A few years ago the site was occupied by a dense forest, and 
 many of the trees are still standing in the streets. Camden 
 is one of the most flourishing towns in the state, and pos- 
 sesses great advantages for trade, being at the head of 
 navigation for large steamers, several of which, are con- 
 stantly employed in conveying produce down the river tc 
 New Orleans. A plank-road has been commenced, which 
 will connect Camden with Fulton, on Red River, and will 
 probably draw an increase of business. The growth of this 
 place has been very rapid, and is likely to continue so. It 
 was settled about 1842. In 1848 the population was near 
 600 ; in 1860, 2219. The site was formerly a rendez- 
 
 vous for hunters, and known as " Ecore k Fabro." 
 
 CAMDKN, a post-village, capital of Benton eo.. Tennessee, 
 85 miles W. of Nashville, and 9 miles from the Tennessee 
 River, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 CAMDEN, a small village of McXairy co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CAMDEN, a flourishing post-village of Preble co.. Ohio, on 
 the Eaton and Hamilton Railroad, 38 miles N. of Cincinnati. 
 It is surrounded by a fine farming country, and has a good 
 water-power, which is employed in several flouring and saw 
 mills. It contains about 100 houses. Pop. 637. 
 
 CAMDEN, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 10.34. 
 
 CAMDKN, a pf>8t-township in the S.W. part of Hillsdale 
 CO., Michigan. I'op, 1513. 
 
 CAMDEN, a village of Kent co., Michigan, 23 miles S.E. 
 of Grand Rajiids. 
 
 CAMDEN, a thriving post-village of Carroll co., Indiana, 
 
 345 X 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 on Dee» Creek, about 65 miles N.N.W. from Indianapolis, 
 has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 CAMDKN. a pleasant post-village of Jay co., Indiana, on 
 th« Salanionie River, 11 miles N.W. of Portland. A plank- 
 road, 40 miles long, connects it witli Fort AVayne. Tlie 
 water-power of the river is employed in flouring and sawmills. 
 CAMDEN, a post-village and townsliip in Schuyler co., Illi- 
 nois, about 12 miles W. from Rushville. Pop. 869. 
 
 CAMDEN, or CAMDEN MILLS, a thriving post-village 
 of Rock Island co., Illinois, on Rock River, at its entrance 
 into the Mississippi. 2 or 3 miles S.W. of Rock Island City. 
 It is amply supplied with water-jwwer, and has seveial mills. 
 CAMDEN, a post-village of Ray co., Missouri, on the left 
 bank of the Missouri River, 7 miles N.W. of Richmond. It 
 contains 5 stores, 1 steam-mill, and 3 tobacco factorieis. Pop. 
 about 760. 
 
 CAMDEN, a village of Canada co.. New South Wales, on 
 the Nepean, 30 miles S. W. of Sydney. 
 
 CAMDEN BAY, in Russian America, is on the Arctic 
 Ocean, lat. 70^^ N., Ion. 14o» W. 
 
 CAMDEN COURT-HOUSE, a postvillage, port of entry, 
 and capital of Camden co.. North Carolina, on the left b.")nk 
 of Pasquotank River, 219 miles E.N.E. of Raleijih. Regis- 
 tered tonnagein 1854,1209; enrolled and licensed. 13.862 tnns. 
 CAMDEN POINT, a post-village of Platte co., Missouri, 34 
 miles N.N.W. of Independence. 
 CAMDEN STATION, a post-ofRee of toraine co., Ohio. 
 C.A.MDEN-TOWN, England, a suburb of Ix)ndon. co. of 
 Middlese.x, on its N. side, intersected by the London and 
 Birmingham Railway, 3$ miles N.W. of St. Paul's, on the 
 road to Ilampstead. Named after the Marquis of Camden, 
 lessee of the manor in which it is situated. 
 
 CAM'DENVILLE. a small post-village of Anderson co., 
 Kentucky, on Salt River. 
 CAM'EL, a small river of England. See Any. 
 CAM F;LEY, kam'el-e. a parish of England, co. of Somersi^t. 
 CAM'KLFORD, a municipal borough and town of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Cornwall, on the Camel. 11 miles N.N.E. of Bod- 
 min. It formerly sent 2 members to the Hou.se of Commons. 
 Here was fought the famous battle between King Arthur 
 and his nephew Modred, \.i>. 543. 
 
 CA.M'ELON, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 1^ miles 
 W.N.W. of i'alkirk. Old Camelon, a little north-westward, 
 ■was an ancient port on the Carron, supposed to be the Roman 
 Ad-V>Mum. 
 
 CAMEL, QUEEN'S, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 61 miles E.N.E. of Rochester. On Camalet, a steep hill in 
 this parish, are interesting remains of a Roman or British 
 ramp, called by the inhabitants. '• King Arthur's Palace." 
 
 CAMEL'S RU.MP or CAMEL'S BACK MOUNTAIN, one 
 of the highest peaks of the Green Mountains, Vermont, 17 
 miles W. of Montpelier. Height, 4188 feet. From some 
 points of view, this mountain summit bears a resemblance 
 to a crouching lion, whence the latter appellation has some- 
 times Ijeen bestowed upon it. 
 
 CAJIEL, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 C.\MEN, kd'men, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 8 miles 
 S.W. of Hamm. Pop. 2780. 
 
 C-\MK,NZ, kd'mSnts. a town of Saxony, circle of Baut- 
 len, on the Whit«3 Elster, 20 miles N.E. of Dresden. It 
 has manufactories of earthenware, tobacco, and starch, 
 several dye-works and tanneries, and numerous mills. It 
 was almost wholly destroyed by fire in 1842. Lessing, the 
 poet, was born here, June 22, 1729. An hospital was dedi- 
 cated to his memorv in 1826. Pop. 4000. 
 
 CAMEKA-DE-LOBDS, kd'ma-rd-drl-loa>oce, a maritime vil- 
 lage of the island of Madeira, and the first settled by Euro- 
 peans, a few miles W. of Santa Cruz. 
 
 C.\ME1\I. kd-mi'ree, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont. 4^ miles N.E. of Novara. Pop. 3840. 
 
 CAM'EKINGUAM. a parish of EngUwd, co. of Lincoln. 
 CAMEKINO. kd-mA-reiyno, (anc. fttmert'nMm,) a city of 
 Central Italy, formerly capital of a small delegation of the 
 same name. Pontifical States, 41 miles S.W. of Ancona. 
 Pop. 5182. It has a cathedral, an archbishop's palace, 12 
 monasteries and 7 convents, a university of the second order, 
 founded in 1727, and a small silk factory. It was anciently 
 an important city, and is the birth-place of Carlo Maratti. 
 CAM'ERON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 CAM'ERON, a county forming the southern extremity of 
 Te.xas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of alwut 
 SOiiO square miles. The Rio Grande forms its southern 
 boundary, and separates it from Mexico. The soil is mostly 
 uncultivated, but is adapted to cotton, maize, and sugar-cane. 
 Live-«tock are the chief articles of export. The county con- 
 tains numerous salt lakes, from which salt of good quality 
 1b procured. Sal del Rev, the largest of these, is cai)alile of 
 furnishing almost unlimited quantities. Capital, Browns- 
 ville. Pop. in 1861), 6028, of whom 6021 were free. Namc-d 
 in honor of Captain Cameron, who fell in the expedition 
 against Mier. 
 
 CAMERON, a post-village and township of Steuben co., 
 New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 324 milea 
 from New York city. Pop. 1569. 
 CAM ERON, Pennsylvania. See Appbndix. 
 346 
 
 CAMERON, a post-village, capital of Milam co., Texas, on 
 Little River, 58 miles in a direct line N.E. of Austin City. 
 
 CAMEKOONS. cam-er-oons', or CAMERONES, kSnu^r- 
 o'nfs, a river of Western Africa, Upper Guinea, which, after 
 a S.W. course of uncertain length, enters the Bight of Biafra, 
 nfjtr lat. 4° N., Ion. 9^" 40' E., by an estuary 20 miles in width, 
 and containing several large islands. For 40 miles beyond the 
 mangrove region, at its mouth, it is about 4(X) yards in average 
 breadth; depth in dry season from 2 to 20 feet, but during 
 rains it is navigable for ships of any draught. Aliout 90 
 miles from the sea it forms a cataract. a« do several of ita 
 affluents in passing through the Cameroons Mountains. 
 On its banks are many populous villages. 
 
 CAM'ERUN MILL5, a postK>fflce of Steuben co., Nav 
 York. 
 
 CAMEROONS' JIOUNTAINS. a chain in West<>m Africa. 
 The culminating point being in lat. 4° 13' N., Ion. 9° 10' E., 
 is 13,000 feet in elevation. It is covered ne;»rly to the sum- 
 mit with trees of luxuriant growth, and seems to form the 
 commencement of a range of volcanic hills stretching N.E., 
 and uniting with the Mountains of the Moon, in lat. 6° N, 
 Ion. 12° 20 E. See C.ipe C.\merooss. 
 
 C.\M'ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CAMETA, ki-ma'ti, a populous and flourishing town 
 of Brazil, province of Par6, on the Tocautins, 85 miles S.W. 
 ofBelem. The district which was assigned to Cameta In 
 1839, is extremely fertile, and contains a population of 
 20.000. emploj-ed in agriculture, commerce, and navigation. 
 
 CAMICIAN.Ii AQU^. See CiSTEL Termini. 
 
 CAMICUS. See 1»l.\t.\xi. 
 
 CAMIGUIN (ki-me-gheenO ISLAND, one of the Babu- 
 yanes Islands, off the northern coast of Luzon, in the Malay 
 Archipelago, lat. 18° 54' N., Ion. 121° 53' E.. from 7 to 9 
 miles long, high and hilly. The southern part is formed ol 
 a high mountain, formerly a volcano, visible at CO miles 
 distance. The shore is lined with coral rock. On the west- 
 ern side is the port of San Pio Quinto. the only place among 
 these islands where a large ship can be considered at all 
 safe. 
 
 CAMIGUIN ISLAND, one of the sni.illest of the Philip- 
 pines, on -the north-western coast of Mindanao, lat. 8° bV 
 N., Ion. 124° 20' E. 
 
 C.\MIiyLUS, a post-township of Onondaga co.. New Y'ork, 
 on the Erie Canal, and on the Syracuse and Rochester Kail- 
 road, 7 miles W. of Syracuse. Pop. 2940. 
 
 CAMINHA. kd-meen'yd. a fortified town of Portugal, 
 province of Minho, 27 miles N.W. of Braga, on the Minho, 
 near it.s mouth. Pop. 2520. 
 
 C.AMISANO, kd-me-si'no, a small town of Lombardy, 8J 
 miles E.S.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 26110. 
 
 C.\M1SAN0, a small town of Lombardy, 5 miles N.N.E. 
 of Crema. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CA.M^LAPOOR', a town of British Indi.o. presidency of 
 Madras, contiguous to the ruins of Bijanagur, (which see,) 
 of which city it probably once formed a part. Near it arrf 
 two magnificent Hindoo temples. 
 
 CAM'LIN or CRU-M'LIN, a p-arish of Ireland, Ulster, ca 
 of Antrim. 
 
 C.\M'MA, a parish ol Ireland, Connaught, co. of Ros- 
 common. 
 
 CAMMARATA, ka-m3-rl/tl a town of Sicily, in the Val 
 Mazzara. 21 miles N.N.E. of Girirenti. Pop. 5200. 
 
 CAM'MERTON. a p.iri.sh of Endand. co. of Cumberland. 
 
 CAMMIN, KAMMIN, kim-meen', or KAMIN. kd-nieen', 
 a town in the Prus.sian dominions, province of Pomerania, 
 38 miles N.E. of Stettin, near the Baltic. Pop. 3176. It baa 
 a eithedral, and a seminary for noble ladie.s. 
 
 C.\MMIN or KAMMIN. a town of West Prussi.a, circle 
 of Marienwerder, on the Kamionka. Pop. 785. C.^mmis or 
 C.vMiN is also the name of villages in the same circle, and 
 in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 
 
 CAMOGHE, kd-mo'g4,a mountain of Switzerland, canton 
 of Ticino, on the borders of Lombardy. 7 miles N. of Lake 
 Lugano. It has an elevation of SSOO feet. 
 
 C.AMOGLI. kd-niAl'yee, a maritime town of the Sardinian 
 States, province, and 13 miles E.S.E. of Gena% on the Gulf 
 of Genoa, built entirely in the sea. Pop. 5S09. 
 
 CAM'OLIN, a town of Ireland. Leinster. co. of Wexford, 
 on the Bann. 6i miles S.W. of Gorev. Pop. 561. 
 
 CAMONICA, ka-mon'e-ka,or VALLE CAMONICA, \IV- 
 U kd-mon'e-kj, a valley of Northern Italy, province of 
 Bergamo, formed by two branches of a ramification of 
 the lihsetian Alps, and stretching about 60 miles from 
 N.N.E. to S.S.W.. along both br.tnches of the Oglio. and as 
 far as the Ijike of Iseo. The inhabitants, now ftbout 60,000, 
 were anciently called (hmuni. 
 
 CAMOKTA, kJ-moR'tl, CAR MOHTA, k.in-mon/ta, or 
 NICAA'ARI. ne-ki-vd'ree, one of the NicoKar Islands, (Julf 
 of Bengal, lat. 8° 2' N.. Ion. 93° 40' E.; length, 16 miles, 
 breadth, from 2 to 5 miles. It is separated by a narrow chan- 
 nel from Noncowry. and, along with that island, forms Non- 
 cowry Harbor, which is well shelt«.>red and very capacious. 
 
 CAM1'.\GN.\, kdm-pJn'yd. a town of Naples, pn- inee 
 of I'rincipato Cltra, 20 miles E. of Salerno, in the miltt of 
 high mountains. Pop. 6750. It is a bishop'i see, and tON • 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 fine cathedral, several churches and convents, a hospital, 
 and a lolle.^e. 
 
 CAMPAUNA, a village ol Northern Italy, delegation, and 
 12 miles S.W. of Venice. 
 
 CA.Ml'AGNAC, lidM^p^nV^k', a village of France, departs 
 ment of Aveyron, 2S miles E. of Kodez. Pop. 1300. 
 
 CA-Ml>AU.\A bl ROMA, kiui-pjn'yi dee ro'nii. an old pro- 
 vince "{ the I'ontifical States, in Itiily, nearly correspond- 
 ing in limits to the ancient Lalium, now forming tlie delejia- 
 tion of Frosinone and the greater part of the Comarca di 
 Koma. extending along the W. coast from Civita A'ecchia to 
 Astura and the Pontine Marshes, and inland to the Alba^ 
 and J^aliine Hills. Konie heing near its centre. Length, aVx)ut 
 70 miles; greatest breadth, 40 miles. It is an undulating 
 region, rising to 200 ftiet alK)ve the sea, and is skirted on the 
 Mediterranean by a strip of marsh-land from 2 to 3 miles in 
 breadth. Once tlie richest and most populous country in 
 the world, it is now destitute of inhabitants, except in a few 
 towns scattered over it.s surface, to which the laborers resort 
 at niL'lit to avoid the effects of malaria. 
 
 CAMPAGNATICO, kim-pdn-yifte-ko, a town of Tuscany, 
 15 milis S.K. of Grossetto. Pop. 994. 
 
 CAMPAONOLA, kdm-pin-yo'la, a village of Italy, pro- 
 vince of Modena, 12 miles N.N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 2000. 
 
 C.iMPAN, kdu^pSN"', a town of France, department of 
 the Ilautes-Pyrenees, 13 miles S.S.E. of Bagn6res-en-Bigorre, 
 on the Adour, in the fine valley of the same name. Pop. 
 in 1S52, 3900. The greater part of the houses are built of 
 marble from the rich quarries in the vicinity. 
 
 CA.MPaS.\, k3m-p4n'yd, an island olT the western coast 
 of Patagonia, lat. 48° 30' S., and Ion. 75° 30' W., separated 
 from Wellington Island by Fallos Channel. Length, from 
 N. to 8., about 55 miles, average breadth, 10 miles. 
 
 C.\MPAXA, kim-pd'ni, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria-Citra, 7 miles S.W. of Cariati. Pop. 2400. 
 
 C.AM PAN A, La, Id kdm-pd/nd, a town of Spjiin, 37 miles 
 E.N.K. of Seville. Pop. 5'i74. It has remains of Moorish 
 architecture, and commerce in grain, fruit, and wine. 
 
 CAMPAXAHIO, kdm-pl-ni're-o, a town of Spain, Estre- 
 madura, 62 miles E. by S. of Badajos. Its manufactures 
 consi.^t of linen fabrics, esparto ropes, wine, and oil; its 
 trade, irrain, wool, and esparto. Pop. 5406. 
 
 CA.^iPANET, kdm-pd-nJt/. a town of Spain, island of 
 Majorca, 22 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 2188. 
 
 CAMPANH.A, kdm-pdn'yd, a modern city of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Minas Geraes, 150 miles S. W. of Ouro-Preto. Pop. 
 3000. .It has several churches, a Latin school, and a hospital 
 founded in 1835. 
 
 CAMPANIA FELICE, kdm-pd/ne-d £l-lee'chA, Naples. 
 See Tkf.ra-di-L.*voro. 
 
 C.A>rP.\ll/, a river and town of the island of Sumatra, on 
 its E. coast, about 75 miles S.W. of Singapore. 
 
 C.AMPBKLL, k.am'el. a county in the S. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of 576 .square miles. James Biver forms its 
 boundary on the N., and Staunton River on the S. ; it is also 
 drained by Otter and Falling Rivers. The surface is hilly 
 and broken ; the soil generally productive. Iron ore is 
 found, and granite is abundant in the county. The James 
 River Canal passes along the northern border. The Vir- 
 ginia and Tennessee Railroad, and the South Side Railroad, 
 connect with each other at Lynchburg, the chief town of the 
 county. Organized in 1784. and named in honor of General 
 William Campbell, an officer in the war of the Revolution. 
 Capi tal, Campbell Conrt-House. Pop. 26,197, of whom 14,617 
 were free, and ll,.o80 slaves. 
 
 CAMPBKLL, a county in the N.W. central part gf Geor- 
 gia, contains 360 square mills. It is intersected by the 
 Chattahoochee River, and also drained by Sweetwater Creek. 
 The surface is broken and undulating; the soil various. The 
 lauds on the river and creeks consist of a black loam, adapted 
 to grain and cotton, which are the sfciples. The rocks of the 
 county are mostly primitive. Gold, iron, and soapstone are 
 found. The streams furnish considerable water-power. The 
 Atlanta and La Grange Railroad passes along the S.E. bor- 
 der. Named in honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a member of 
 the Georgia legislature. Capital, Campbellton. Pop. 8301, 
 of wlioin 6297 were free, and 2004 slaves. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee, 
 bordering on Kentucky, has an area estimated at 450 square 
 miles. It is drained by New River, and other affluents of 
 the Cumberland. The surface is hilly or mountainous, and 
 partly covered with extensive forests. A ridge of the Cum- 
 berland Mountains passes through the county. Cajiital, 
 Jack»borough. Pop. 0712, of whom 6346 were free, and 366 
 slaves. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a county in the exti-eme northern part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio River, nearly opposite Cin- 
 cinnati, has an area of 120 square miles. The Licking River 
 forms its western boundary, and enters the Ohio at the 
 N.W. extremity. The surface is diversified by level bottom 
 lands and rolling uplands. The soil is excellent and well cul- 
 tivated. The rock which underlies the county is Trenton lime- 
 stone. Formed in 1794, and named in honor of Colonel John 
 Campbell,formerly member ofthe state senate. Capital,Alex- 
 iindria. Pop. 20,909, of whom 20,793 werefree,audll6slaves. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a post-village and tovmsnip ot Slenben co.. 
 New Yoik, 10 miles S.E. of Bath, oc Conhoctou River, and 
 traversed Ijy the Buffalo and Corning Riiilroart. fop. 1022. 
 
 C.V.MPBKLL, a post-office of Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CAMPIIKLL, a post-ollice of Lawrence co., Ohio. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a township in Jennings co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1295. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a township in Warwick co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1238. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a post-village of Coles co., Illinois, about 3 
 miles S.W. of Charleston. 
 
 CAMPBELL COUKT-IIOUSE, a village, capital of Camp- 
 bell CO., Virginia, 130 miles W.S.W. of Richmond, and 12 
 miles S. of Lynchburg. 
 
 CA.M PBELL (kam'fl) ISLAND, in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 lat.52°33'20"S.,lon. 169°8'41"E., isSOmiles in circumfe- 
 rence, mountainous, and has several good harbors. It is 
 is volcanic, and its flora is very interesting. CAMi'BEtL is 
 the name of capes in New Zealand and Russiau America, 
 and a river in l^stern Australia. 
 
 CAMPBEL'LO, or more correctly CAMPELLO, a post- 
 village of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony 
 and Newport Railroad, 22 miles S S E. of Boston. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Marion district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CAMPBELLSBDRG, a post-viUage of Henry co., Ken- 
 tucky, 31 miles N.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 CA.MPBELLSBURG, a postoffice of Washington co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S CORNERS, a postK)ffice of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S CREEK, of Huntingdon co., Indiana, flows 
 into the \Vabash. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S GROVE, a village of Cass co., Iowa, ISO 
 miles W. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S MILLS, a post-office of Windham co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 CAMPBELLSPORT, kam'glz-port, a post-village of Portage 
 CO., Ohio, on the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 3 miles S.E, 
 of Ravenna. It has several warehouses, from which grain, 
 wool, and dairy products are shipped. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S REST, a post-oftice Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S STATION, a post-office Knox co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAMPBELLSVILLE, kam'fls-vil, a post-office of Giles co, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 CA.MPBELLSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Taylor co., 
 Kentucky, 75 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. It contains 3 
 churches, numerous stores, and 30 mechanics' shops. Laid 
 out in 1817. Pop. about 500. 
 
 C\MPBELLTON, a post-village, capital of Campbell co., 
 Georgia, on the Chattahoochee River, about 100 miles N.W. 
 of Milledgeville. Ithas a large court-.bouse, ajail, 2 churches, 
 and an academy. 
 
 CAMPBELLTON, a postofflce of Jackson co., Florida. 
 
 CAMPBELLTON, a post-village of Itawamba co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 CAMPBELLTOWN, kam'el-town, a district of Van Die- 
 men's I^nd, enclosed by the districts of Launceston, Nor- 
 folk PUins, Clyde, Oatlands, Oysterburg. and having a set- 
 tlement of the same name on an affluent of the Macquarrie. 
 
 CAMPBELLTOWN, a post-village and railraid station of 
 Steuben co., New York, on the railroad from Bath to Corn- 
 ing, 11 miles S.E. of the former. 
 
 CAM PBE LLVILLE, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 CAMPBELLVILLE, a postoffice of Sullivan co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 CA.MPBELTON, kam'gl-ton, a royal and parliamentary 
 borough, seaport town and parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 on the E. coast of the peninsula of Cantire, near its S. ex- 
 tremity, 38 miles S.W. of Ayr. Pop. in 1851, 6880. It is the 
 most important town In the county ; has numerous distille- 
 ries and malt-houses, a tolerable harbor and a good quay. 
 Registered shipping in 1846, 2039 tons. The tows and 
 neighborhood are Civorite resorts of visitors in summer. 
 Campbelton unites with Ayr, Inverary, Irvine, and Oban, 
 to return 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 CAMPBELTON, a village of Scotland, co. and 9 miles N.E 
 of Inverness, on Beauley Frith. It is resorted to as a bath 
 ing-place in summer. 
 
 CAMPBELTOWN, a post^village of Lebanon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 CAJIP BRANCH, a post-office of Warren co., Missouri. 
 
 CAMP CALL, a post-office of Cleveland co.. North Carolina. 
 
 CAMP CHARLOTTE, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio. 
 
 CAMP CHEEK, a post-office of Jefferson co., Arkansas. 
 
 CAMP CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAMP CREEK, a post-office of Livingston co., Kentucky. 
 
 CAMP CREEK, a township in Pike co., Ohio, on the W. 
 side of Scioto River, about 28 miles S. by W. of Chillicothe. 
 Pop. 738. 
 
 CAMP CREEK, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana, 10 
 miles W.N.W. of Warsaw. 
 
 CAMP/DEN CIIIP'PING, a market^town and parish of 
 England, co. and 24 miles N.E. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1851, 
 2351. It has a beautiful Gothic church, a grammar school 
 
 347 
 
CAM 
 
 founded in 14S7, a court-house, market-house, and remains 
 of a noble mansion, built early In the seventeenth century, 
 and burnt by its proprietor that it might not be garrisoned 
 by the parliamentary forces. Campden, during the four- 
 teenth century, was one of the principal wool-marts in Eng- 
 land. In its vicinity, the Cotswold games were established 
 In the reign of James I. 
 
 CAM PEACHY or CAMPECHE, kam-pee'che. (Mex. O™- 
 p«che, kim-pri'chi,) the principal seaport town of Yucatan, in 
 Cantral America, on its W. coast 90 miles S. S. W. of Merida. 
 Lat. 19° 50' X., Ion. 90° -iS' W. It is enclosed by bastioned walls, 
 and built wholly of stone, over a series of extensive ancient 
 caverns ; its houses are generally good, and public buildings 
 more tasteful than those of Merida. and markets well sup- 
 plied. It has 6 churches, as many convents, a large ceme- 
 tery, a college with 6 professors, theatre, and ship-building 
 docks. The town derives its chief importance from the ex- 
 portation of logwood, termed Campeachy-wood, and wax. 
 The wood (Heeimitoxylon Gimpeehianum) is cut in several 
 places, but especially on the banks of the Rio Champoton. S. 
 of the town ; and the wax is procured from the wild sting- 
 less bees which are found in the country to the E. The 
 other products are salt, rice, and sugar; marble of good qua- 
 lity is found. The only important manufacture is that of 
 cigars. The harbor is cap.aoious, but shallow, and vessels 
 drawing more than 6 feet of water must anchor 3 miles from 
 the shore. Notwithstanding this disadvantage, vessels mea- 
 suring 100 feet of keel are built here, and launched by in- 
 genious contrivances. The climate is he.alth}'; the land- 
 breeze in the morning, and the sea-breeze in the evening, 
 render the atmosphere at these periods exceedingly agreeable. 
 Campeanhy stands on a series of subterraneous caverns, ex- 
 cavated bv the ancient Mayas. Pop. 18.000. 
 
 CAM PEACHY, GULF OF. a name sometimes applied to 
 that part of the (Julf of Mexico enclosed by Y'ucatau and the 
 Mexii'an st.ites Tabasco and Vera Cruz. 
 
 CAMPEGINE. kim-pA'je-nA, a town of Italy, in the duchy 
 of Modena, about 8 miles W. of Reggie. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 CAMPERDUIN. kim^per-doin'. (sometimes written, in 
 English. CA^rPERDQWV,) a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of North Holland. 27 miles N.'VV. of Amsterdam, in 
 the North .?e.a. celebrated for Admiral Duncan's victory over 
 the Dutch fleet, on the 11th of October. 1797. 
 
 CAMP GROUND, a postroffice of Pickens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 CAM P'lIILL, a station on the Birmingham and Gloucester 
 Eailway. England, 2 miles S. of Birmingham. 
 
 CAMP HILL, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama. 
 
 CAM PI, kSm'pee, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 
 r miles W.N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 3440. 
 
 CAM PI, a village of Tuscany, 7 miles N.W. of Florence. 
 Pop. 2668. 
 
 C.4MPIGLIA, kJm-peel'yd, a market-town of Tuscany, 33 
 miles N.W. of Grossetto,with a fine old church built of "mar- 
 ble. Pop. 2140. 
 
 CAMl'IGLIA, a town of Piedmont, province of Biella. 
 Pop. 12.30. 
 
 CAMPILLO DE ALTOBUEY, kim-p^l'yo dA il-to-boo-A/, 
 a town of Spain, 40 miles S.S.E. of Cuenca. Pop. 2890. It 
 has manufactures of leather. 
 
 CAMPILLO DE ARENAS, kJm-peel'yod.AI-rA'nas, a town 
 of Sp.'iin. 18 miles S. of .Taen. Here the French defeated the 
 Spaniards. July 2Sth, 1823. 
 
 CAMPILLOS. kdm-peel'voce. a modem town of Spain, 33 
 miles N.W. of Malasra. Pop. 4417. 
 
 CAMPINA-GRANDE. kam-pe.-'na-grJn'dA, a town of Bra- 
 ril, 80 miles W. of Parahiba. Pop. with the district, 5000. 
 Many of the inhabitants emigrate on account of the scarcity 
 of fresh water. 
 
 CAMPINAS. kim-pee'nSs. a city of Brazil, 50 miles \. of 
 Sao Paulo. Pop.tJOOO. Its district produces a great quan- 
 tity of sugar. It was created a city in 1840. 
 
 C.*.M1'1NE, kim^peen'. (Dutch, Kempen, kjm'pen, or 
 Kempfnlaml. k^m'pen-lAnt\) an extensive arid and sandy 
 tract, forming part of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg. 
 together with a narrow portion of Brabant, in Belgium, and 
 continued into Holland. The greatest industrv has tieen em- 
 ployed to reclaim it, but about 300,000 acres still remain 
 waste. 
 
 CAMPING CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into Saluda 
 River in Lexington district. 
 
 CA>IPIO FORMIO, kSm'pfM) foR/meo. or CAMPO FOR- 
 MIDO. kJm'po foR-mee'do. a market-town of Austrian Italv, 
 govern raent of Venice, province of Friuli, 66 miles N.E. of 
 Venice, on the Canal of Roja. It is famous for the peace 
 concluded here, in 1797, between Austria and France. Pop. 
 1650. '^ 
 
 CAMP IZARD, a post-offlce of Marion oo.. Florida. 
 
 CAMPLI. kdm'plee, a town of Naples, province of .\bruzzo 
 tJltra, 5 miles X. of Teramo. pop. 6000. It has a cathedral, 
 3 collegiate churches, and an abbey. 
 
 CAMPLOXG. kftM'pkVN"'. a village of France, department 
 of H6rault. 4 miles N.X.W. of IJedarrieux. Pop. 2121. 
 
 CAM P LUCE, a vilkge of Madison co., Iowa, 130 miles W. 
 of Iowa City. 
 348 
 
 CAM 
 
 CAMPO, kimVo, a village of Tuscany, on the .S.W. coast 
 of the island :f Elba, on a gulf of the same name, 7 miles 
 S.W. of Porto Ferrajo. Popri700. 
 
 CAMPO, kim'po, a village of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra I., 7 miles N.N.W. of Reggio. Pop. 1942. 
 
 CAMPOBASSO. kam'po-bisTso, a fortified city of Naples. 55 
 miles N.N.E. of Naples. Pop. 7700. It has considerable 
 trade, and celebrated manufactures of cutlery and arms. 
 
 CAM'PO BKiyLO, an Island about 8 miles long, belonging 
 to New Brunswick, at the entrance of Passamaquoddy Bay, 
 Maine. Between the main ship channel and the northern 
 entrance into Head Harljor, 250 feet from the extreme north- 
 eastern point of the island, is a fixed light. 60 feet above 
 hinh-water mark. Lat. 44° 47' N., Ion. 66= 55' W. 
 
 C-A^MPOBKLI/), kAm-po-bello. a town of Sicily, 18 miles 
 S.S.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 4600. 
 
 CAMPOBELIX). a town of Sicily, intendancy of Trap.ani, 6 
 miles S.E. of Mazzara. Pop. 2985.' 
 
 CAMPOBELLO, a post-ofSce of Spartanburg district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 CAMPO BIANCO, kim'po be-in'ko. a mountain in the 
 island of Lip.ari. formed of volcanic scoriae, which furnish a 
 great quantitv of pumice-stone. 
 
 CAMPO DE' CRIPTANA. kAm'po dA kreep-t^'ni, a town 
 of Spain. 50 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 56',>0. It has 
 manufactures of coarse cloths, and trade in grain and fruit. 
 
 CAMPODUNUM. See Kempen. 
 
 CAMPO FORMIO, or CAMPO FORMIDO. See C.\mpio 
 
 FORMIO. 
 
 CAMPO FREDDO, kim'po frJd'do, a town of the Sardinian 
 Stat s. province, and 16 miles N.W. of Genoa. Pop. 2738. 
 
 CAMPO GRANDE, kim'po grSn'dA. a village of Portusal, 
 immediatelv N. of Lisbon, with numerous villas. Pop. 1500. 
 
 CAMPO LARGO, kim'po liR'go, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Bahia, on the Rio Gr»nde. 70 miles from its mouth 
 In the Sao Francisco. It has a school of primary instruc- 
 tion, establisned in 1832. Pop. 3000. 
 
 C.4MP0LIET0. kam-po-le-A'to, a town of Naples, province 
 of Molise. 8 miles N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2240. 
 
 CAMPO M.\YOR. kim'po ml-oR/ (». e. " great plain.") a for- 
 tified town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 9 miles N.E. 
 of Elvas. Pop. 4500. 
 
 CAMPO MAYOR, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhjr, 
 145 miles N.E. of Oeiras. Pop. 5WW. 
 
 CAMPO MAYOR DE QUI.VERAMOBIM, kAm'po ml-oR/ 
 dA ke-shA-rl-mo-beeNG', a town of Brazil, province of CearS, 
 185 miles S.S.W. of Fortaleza. Pop. with district. 8000. 
 
 CAMPOS, kim'poce, a town of the island of Majorca, 21 
 miles S.E. of Palma. Pop. 4712. 
 
 CAMPO SAN PIETRO, kdm'po sin pe-.A'tro, or CAMPO 
 SAMPIERO, kim'po sAn-pe-A'ro, a market-town of Northern 
 Italy, government of Venice, 13 miles N. of Padua. Pop. 
 2400. 
 
 CAMPOS, CANAL OF, of Spain, in Leon, commences at 
 the Rio Seco, near Medina, and joins the canal of Castile, 5 
 miles N.W. of Palencia. 
 
 CAMPOS DOS GOITACAZES, kim'poce doce go-e-t3-kl/- 
 sfs. formerly SAN SALV.^DOR DOS CAMPOS, a city of 
 Brazil, province, and 155 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro, on the 
 Parahiba. Pop. 4000. It was constituted a city in 1835. Its 
 district contains a population of 40,000. Chief produce, the 
 suirar-cane. 
 
 CAMPO SECO, kim'po s.A'ko, (i.e. "dry plain,") a post- 
 office of Calaveras co.. California. 
 
 CAMP PINCKXEY. a village in the S. part of Camden co, 
 Georgia, on St. Mary's River. 
 
 CAMP POINT, a post-township in Adams co., Illinois, 
 about 20 miles N.E. of Quincy. Pop. 834. 
 
 CAMP RIDGE, a post-ofBce of Williamsburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CAMPRODOX. klm-prc>4on', a fortified town of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, 32 miles X.W. ol Gerona. on the Ter. Pop. 1162. 
 It w.as twice taken bv the French in 1794. 
 
 CAMP'SALL, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 CAMP'SE.i-ASn, apjirlsh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CAMP'SIE, a parish and village of Scotland, co., and 16 
 miles S.W. of Stirling. 
 
 CAMP'SIh^FKLLS/. Scotl.and. is a range of hills N. of the 
 above village, rising to a height of 1500 feet. 
 • C.\MP SPRIXG. a post-office of I^wrence co.. AlaKim.-j. 
 
 CAMPTI. a post-ofRce of N'atchitoches parisli. Louisiana. 
 
 C.\MP'TOX, a parish of England, co. of lU^dford. 
 
 CAMPTOX', a post-township of Grafton co.. New IIiDip- 
 shire. 45 miles N. by W. of Concord, Intersected by thu >.i;r- 
 rimack River. It has manufactures of starch and wooU»u 
 goods. Pop. 1320. 
 
 CAMPTON,n post-township in Kane co.. Illinois. P. 1027. 
 
 CAMITON VILLAGE, a post-office of G ration co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 CAMI'TONVILLE. a post-office of Yuba co.. Califor!.i». 
 
 C.\MPTOWX. a thriving post-village of K.ssi'X co.. Xow 
 Jersey, 3i miles S.W. of Xewark, has 3 churches ttn<l sevenil 
 stores. 
 
 CAMPTOWX, a postoffioe of Bnidford oa, Peunsyivanuk 
 
CAM 
 
 CAMPTTLLE, a post-office of Litchfield co, Connecticut. 
 
 CA.Ml'VILLK, a post-village of Tio<ra co., New York, on 
 the New York and Krie Railroad, 240 miles from New York 
 citj. Cattle are collected at this place to send to the New 
 York market. 
 
 C'l-MMvOOP', an old subdivision of British India, formerly 
 considertd to include the districts of Kuiifrpoor and Rapfja- 
 matty. (Reuf^al,) with Sylhet, Jynteah, Cachar, and a part 
 of Lower Assam, to which last portion only the name is now 
 applifd. 
 
 CA-M'ltOSE or CAMRHOS, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pemlirnke. 
 
 C.\MyiXG*MOON'', R.<;eaport of China, province of Quang- 
 tong, or Canton, about halfway between Macao and Bocca- 
 Tigris, on a small island, called Keeow, 35 miles N. of Hong- 
 Konp. Lat. 22° 30' N., Ion. 113° 40' K. It has a tolerable 
 harbor, wh'ch used to be much resorted to by opium 
 vessels, and now serves as a convenient depot. Pop. about 
 5000. 
 
 CAMTOOS, k3m-t«ce' or kam-toos', a river of Southern 
 Africa, Cape Colony, rises in the Niewveld Mountains, and 
 enters the sea 20 miles S.W. of Uitenhage, after a course of 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 CAMUKANO, kd-moo-ri/no, a village of Central Italy, in 
 the Miirches, a miles S. of Anuoiia. 
 
 CAMUSCIA, kil-moo'shj, a village of Tuscany, province, 
 and 14 miles S.E. of Arezzo. 
 
 C.\NA, k.Vnj. (Arab.Ciina-«Z-«/(7i7, k3'nd-el-jel-eel'.) a ruined 
 town of Palestine, supposed by Dr. Roljertson to be the 
 scene of the miracle recorded in John, on a declivity, 6 
 miles N'.of Nazareth, and 13 miles S.E. of Acre. Another 
 villatje. Kefr Ke.nna, has also been supposed by some to 
 be the Caua of the New Testament. It is 3i miles N.E. of 
 Nazareth. 
 
 CAN.\, a village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 5 miles 
 S.E. of Tyre, and probably the Kanah of Joshua (xii. 28.) 
 
 CAXA, ki'na, a post-office in the S.W. part of Jennings 
 CO., Indiana, 70' miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CANAAN, kA'n^n or kA'na-an, a name applied In Scrip- 
 ture to the " Promised Land" of the Israelites. See Pa- 
 lestine. 
 
 CANAAN, kA/nan, a post-village and township of Somer- 
 set CO., Maine. The village is 5 miles E. of the Kennebec 
 River, and 35 miles N. by E. of Augusta. It has manufac- 
 ture.s of lumber and leather. Pop. 1715. 
 
 CANAAN, a post^township of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Northern Railroad, 52 miles N.W. of Concord. 
 Pop. 1762. 
 
 CANAAN, a post^township of Essex co., Vermont, about 
 110 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 408. 
 
 CANAAN, a post-village and township of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the Housatonic Railroad, about 35 miles N. 
 W. by W. of Hartford. It has manufactures of woollen 
 goods. Pop. 2S34. 
 
 CANAAN, a post-township of Columbia co.. New Y'ork, 
 24 miles S.E. of Albany, is intersected by the Western 
 Railroad. I'op. 2197. 
 
 CANAAN, a post-township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, 
 about miles W. of Ilonesdale, intersected by the Carlwn- 
 lale and Ilonesdale railroad. 
 
 OANA.\.N, a post-office of Marion co., Alabama. 
 
 CAN.\AN, a township in Athens CO., Ohio. Pop. 1272. 
 
 CANAAN, a township in Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 721. 
 
 CANAAN, a township in Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1231. 
 
 C.4N.\AN, a post-township in Wavne CO., Ohio, about 55 
 miles S.E. of Sandusky City. Pop. 1889. 
 
 CANAAN, a post-village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 84 
 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. about 200. 
 
 PANAAN CliNTRE, a post^village of Columbia co.. New 
 York, near the Western Railroad, 26 miles S.E. of Albany. 
 It has 1 or 2 churches and an academy. 
 
 CANAAN FOUR CORNERS, a post-village of Columbia 
 CO., New York, 25 miles S.E. of Albany. 
 
 CANAANVILLE, kA/nau-vil, a post-office of Athens co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 CAN.\D.\, kan'a-da, an extensive territory in North Ame- 
 rica, belonging to the British, formerly divided into two pro- 
 vinces, called, respectively. Upper and Lower Canada, or 
 Canada West and Canada East, separated by the Ottawa, but 
 now politically united, though still differing in laws, customs, 
 and manners. The region which comprises Lower Canada 
 or Canada East, and the peninsular portion of Canada West, 
 ifl formed by the N. shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and 
 the river St. Lawrence, to about Ion. 70° W., after which the 
 state of Maine and the province of New Brunswick mark its 
 S.E. limit. The W. side, again, comprising Canada West, 
 is formed by the N. shores of Lakes Superior and Huron. 
 The length of the former, from S.W. to N.E., is about 600 
 miles ; breadth, about 300 miles : length of the latter, from 
 S.E. to N.W., about 750 miles; breadth, between 200 and 
 300 miles, exclusive of the peninsular portion, which termi- 
 nates in Lake Erie, and which is 280 miles in length, with 
 an average breadth of between 40 and 50 miles. The entire 
 length of the territory — that is, of both Canadas. from E. to 
 W., or from Cap« Gaspe to Ion. 90° 30' W.— is from 1200 to 
 
 '^^. 
 
 1300 miles, and its average breadth, froirf N. to S.. between 
 200 and .300 miles: estimated area. 357.?22squ.ire miles. It 
 is but proper to add, that as the boundaries of Canada are 
 not precisely determined on any side but the S., various 
 limits will be found assigned to it by different authorities in 
 all other directions. Pop. in 18^1. 2 .i07,''57. 
 
 Fiice rif the Oiuiitry. — Canada \A'est or Upper Canada, 
 though by no means so level as it has been represented, is 
 characterized by a general evenness of surface, there being 
 few great elevations, with the exception of a table ridge of 
 considerable height, which stretches S.E. and N.W., forming 
 a water-shed between Lakes Superior and Huron, to whidi 
 it runs parallel at a distance of about 70 miles, and the S. 
 portion of Hudson's Bay, calii^d James's Bay. A similar 
 water-shed traverses Canada East also, as is indicated by 
 the opposite Courses of its rivers, a series of which flow S.S.E. 
 towards the St. f^wrence, while another jxiur? into St 
 James's Bay, both emanating from a common centre. The 
 existence of this water-slied has, however, been doubti-d; 
 and it has bin-n alleged as not improbable, that the rivers 
 here, as in otln-r parts of North .\m(rica. have their origin 
 in lakes which lie in a plain of a nearly level surface, and 
 are situate at nearly the same elevation above the level of 
 the sea. Canada West though much more fertile than 
 Canada East is inferior to it as regards romantic and jiio- 
 turesque scenery. The physical features of the latter, gene- 
 rally, are varied and grand, consisting of boundless forests, 
 niagnific-ent rivers and lakes, extensive prairies, liold. rocky 
 heights, and foaming cataracts, diversified bv cultivated 
 fields, pretty villages and settlements, some of tlum stivtch- 
 ing up along mountains, fertile islands, rich pastures, and 
 well-fed flocks. This beautiful appearance, however, changej 
 to a very different character in winter. After a heavy faU 
 of snow, succeeded by rain and a partial thaw, a strong 
 frost coats the trees and all their branches with transparent 
 ice, often an inch thick, weighing on them so heavily, that 
 in a tempest whole forests are laid prostrate, with tiemen- 
 dous noise and uproar. Nothing, however, can be imagined 
 more brilliant and beautiful than the effect of sunshine, in 
 a calm day, on the frozen boughs, where every particle 
 of file icy crystals sparkles, and nature seems decked in 
 diamonds. 
 
 ilmniUnns. — The mountains of Canada are confined en- 
 tirely to Lower Canada or Canada East, the elevations 
 in the W. province not attaining that dignity. The prin- 
 cipal ranges stretch from S.W. to N.E., and lie nearly 
 parallel to each other. Tliey consist of the Green 5Ioun- 
 tains, so called from the pine forests that cover their slopes, 
 which, from the latitude of Quebec, follow nearly the course 
 of the St, Lawrence, on the S. side of which they are 
 situated, and terminate on the gulf of the same name, be- 
 tween the Bay of Chaleur and Gasp6 Point. On the N. side 
 of the river is a corresponding range, which forms undu- 
 lating ridges of about 1000 feet in elevation; the Mealy 
 Mountains, stretching from about lat. 75° fl'., to Sandwich 
 Bay, computed to be about 1500 feet high, and always 
 covered with snow; and the Wotcliish Mountain, a short 
 range of crescent form, between the Gulf of St. I^awrence 
 and Hudson's Bay. The rocky masses connected with the 
 mountain chains that line the St. I-awrence River, advance 
 in many places close to the stream, forming precipitous 
 cliffs, frequently 200 and 300 feet high. 
 
 Gi'nifigy and ilinn-alogti. — The N. parts of Canada, so far 
 as known, appear to be of crystalline formation ; while 
 along the St. Lawrence, and the N. shores of the lakes, tho 
 primary stratifications prevail, including limestone in a 
 great variety of states. The banks of the St, Lawrence are, 
 in several places, composed of schist, in a decaying or 
 mouldering condition : and in every quarter granite is 
 found, more or less inclined, but never parallel to the hori- 
 zon. In the Gasp6 district — the most E. part of Canada — 
 numerous and beautiful specimens of quartz have been ob- 
 tained; indications of coal have also been traced. The 
 limestone formation extends over 30,0(X) square miles; the 
 dip is moderate, and the strata of limestone generally un- 
 disturbed. Along the shores of the estuary and Gulf "of St. 
 I«awrence. horizontal banks of recent shells appear at va/- 
 rious heights, from 10 to 100 feet above high-water mark, 
 and inland be.iches of sand and shingle, with similar shells, 
 as also elevated limestone rocks, scooped out by the waves, 
 and showing lines of lithodomous perforations— ,ill indi- 
 cating the successive upheaving of the land, since the sea 
 was inhabited by the existing species of testacea. Earth- 
 quakes have been frequent in Canada, and some of them of 
 considerable violence. Iron of the best quality has been 
 found in great abundance in Canada ; silver in small quan- 
 ties; and lead, tin, and copper occur in .several places. The 
 latter seems to altound most on Lake Superior, where one 
 mine alone (ClilTe mine) yielded, in 1848. 1000 tons. INIarble 
 of many beautiful varieties, lithographic stones, and gyp- 
 sum, are al.so found in the AV. province. Gold has been 
 discovered on several branches of the Chaudiere, about 60 
 miles S. of Quebec, and the companies working there have 
 met with sufficient encouragement to continue thtir opera- 
 tions after an experience of 2 or 3 years. " Whetbei the gold 
 
 349 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN* 
 
 workinars are likely to prove In any high degree productive," 
 Bays Lox-d Elgin. " I hazard no opinion ; but of the existence 
 of that metal over a very considerable tract of country, no 
 doii'it can be entertained." In the sjime region, copper ore, 
 magnesia, specular oxides of iron, and other minerals are 
 fbubd. Indications of coal have been recently discovered 
 near Georgian Bay. 
 
 JiivtTs. Gulfs, Lakes^ <Sx. — The commencement of the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence touches the eastern extremity of 
 Canada East and (Jeorsian Bay. a large gulf opening into 
 Lake Huron, lies on the west of Canada AVest forming a 
 peninsula between It and the lake. At the S.E. extremity 
 of Georgian Bay is a smaller hay called Nottawasaga I$ay: 
 N.E. of this again is another bay, named Mat-chedash, which 
 receives the waters pf Lake Sinicoe — Lake Nipissing and 
 peveral smaller lake.s have also their outlet in Georgian Bay. 
 North-west of the latter is a w^ide channel, communicating 
 with it. and separated from Lake Huron by a series of is- 
 lands, called the Manitouline Islands. Chaleur Bay forms a 
 portion of the boundary between New Brunswick and Canada 
 Ea.st. The great river St. Lawrence, one of the tirst-class 
 rivers of the earth, sweeps through Canada, with its wide 
 and ra.igniticent channel studded with islands, for a dis- 
 tance of 7i)l) miles, from the outlet of Lake Ontario to its 
 entrance into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by a mouth inferior 
 only in width to the .\mazon or La Plata — carrying to the 
 ocean the waters of the greatest system of lakes on the face 
 of the globe. Just alx)ve Montreal the St. Lawrence re- 
 ceives from the X.W. the Ottawa, a river of 800 miles in 
 length, bringing to it a volume of water little inferior to its 
 own. and in no degree inferior to it in romantic interest. It 
 Is itstlf the outlet of a numlier of small lakes, viz. Temis- 
 caminque. Lac Les-Quinzes, Grand Lake. &c. Proceeding 
 down the left bank, we pass the St. Maurice, Ratiscan. and 
 Saguenay Rivers, of from 200 to 400 miles in length. The 
 last is the outlet, or rather passes through St. John's Lake, 
 ai sheet of water about of 25 miles in diameter. The Sorel 
 rir Richelieu River, having its s-jurce in Lake Champlain : the 
 <<t. Fnincis, rising in Lake Memphremagog : the Chaudifere, 
 the outlet of Lake MegHUtic,are the most iuiportant streams 
 entering the St. Lawrence on the right. 
 
 The principal rivers of Canada West are in the penjn- 
 Bula fidined by Lakes Ontario and Erie, on the S.E., and 
 Lake Huron on the N.W. Of these may be mentioned the 
 Trent, in part of its course called the Otanabee. flowing S.E. 
 into Lake Ontario; the <i rand, flowing also S.E. into Lake 
 Krie; theTh,am'3, running S.W. into Lake St. Clair; the Sev- 
 ern, the outlet of Lake Simcoe, and the Montreal, an upper 
 tributary of the Ottawa. The chief rivei-s that flow towards 
 IludsonV Bay are the Albany, Moose. Harricanaw,and Ru- 
 pert. The lakes of Canada are extremely numerous: the en- 
 tire surface being thickly dotted with sheetsofw.-iter of vari- 
 ous dimeusinns interwoven with a network of connecting 
 «tre:iuis. The largest are l<akes Sup.-rior, Huron. Erie, and 
 Ontario, none of which, however, belong exclusively tu 
 Canada, being equally within the territory of the United 
 States — their N. and S. shores forming respectively the N. 
 and S. boundaries of these countries. 
 
 ObJ'ds of Interest to Tourists. — Beside the great Fiills of 
 Niagara, which Canada shares with New York, there are a 
 great number of smaller falls, and rapids, mostly picturesque, 
 often grand, and .all important as a source of water-power. 
 The Ott4iwa and its tributaries abound in these foils and 
 rapids. Ascending the Ottawa, a little above Rigauld, you 
 have Carillon Falls, a series of rapids 12 miles in length. 
 Near Bytown, a branch, called the Rideau. pours its waters 
 down .1 perpendicular bed of blue limestone, 50 feet, into 
 the Ottaw.a, The Chaudidre Falls, (the Indian n.ame of 
 which is Kan.ajo, •' the Boiling Pot.") in the s.ame vicinity, 
 are wild and grand. The fiill in no place exceeds 40 feet, 
 but the rapids extend 6 miles, and the water foams, tosses, 
 and tumbles among rocks of every shape, in perpetual va- 
 riety, and in such a manner as never to wearv the eve. ap- 
 pearing like a multitude of different '-streams stru>:irliug 
 for a passage." An excellent view of the whole is had from 
 a tine suspension bridge over the Ottawa. One portion of the 
 river is separated from the main stream, and falls into a 
 subterranean passage. At these and the other falls are 
 timber slides, constructed at great expense. Les Chats, 
 another series of rapids or falls, perhaps 30 to 50 miles far- 
 ther up. are formed by the river breakimr. at hi.'h water, 
 over the rocks in 33 distinct shoots, spreading across the 
 river to a width of 4 miles. Some of these separate shoots 
 ■would, in many places, be called large rivers. In short, 
 thesj are very remarkable falls, and well worthy the atten- 
 tion of the tourist. But wo cannot particularize further than 
 »o say. that at Calumet there is another rapid of scarcely less 
 Interest; a fall of 120 feet in the Keepawa branch: besides a 
 number of inferior falls and rapids, studded with saw-mills, 
 and the hanks in many places wild and rugged; while the 
 river often expands into beautiful lakes. The well-known 
 F.alls of Montmorend. 7 miles below Queliec, with a perpen- 
 dicular di'soent of 210 feet; the Falls of the Chau.lifire. on 
 the S. side of the St. Lawrence. 10 miles from Queliec. with a 
 perpendicular pitch of 125 feet down a wild chasm; the 
 3.^0 
 
 Thousand Isles, and the different rapids of the St. La1^ 
 rence. are all on or near the fashionable route of tourists. ' 
 But the grandest river scenery in Canada is to be seen on 
 the Saguenay River, which enters the St. Lawrence about 
 120 or 130 miles below Quebec. The last &) miles of iti 
 course exhibits some of the most sublime river scenery in the 
 world. The banks, varying in height from 500 to l.'Oo feet, 
 not only often perpendicular, but absolutely overhanging 
 the dark, deep river lielow, "as if to gaze at its own rugged- 
 features." The precipitancy continues below, as well as 
 above the water, which has been found as deep within 6 
 feet of the shore as in the middle; and near its month a 
 line of 3(KK) feet failed to reach the bottom. The depth la 
 other parts varies from 100 to 1000 feet. The Indian n.ame, 
 '• Chicoutimi." signifies deep water. The upper half of the 
 Saguenay abounds in falls and rapids. Excursions are 
 made from Quebec to this river in steamboats. The scenery 
 on the N. bank of the St. Lawrence alone is worth the trip. 
 
 Animals. — Bears, wolves, beavers, foxes, raccoons, otters, 
 martens, minks, and musk-rats are to be met with in 
 Canada; but tlie first three are exceedingly rare, and all the 
 others are rapidly diminishing in numbers. The lynx and 
 wildcat were also formerly tenant.' of the territory : but 
 have now gone farther N. Deer were at one period plenti- 
 ful, but are also becoming scarce. Squirrels of different co- 
 lors and .species are extremely abundant. Wild swans, wild 
 turkeys, woodcocks, and snipes are occasionally met with; 
 pigeons are plentiful in spring and autumn ; ducks of many 
 varieties, and wild geese also abound. Among the smaller 
 feathered tribe are many beautiful birds — jays, woodpeck- 
 ers, and bl.ackblrds of numerous and beautiful varieties, 
 and two species of humming-lards. Besides these, there 
 are eagles, kites, hawks, horned owls, herons, bitterns, and 
 crows. 
 
 Climate. — The temperature of the atmosphere of the Ca- 
 nadas is nearly the same with the climates of Norway, 
 Sweden, St. Petersburg, and the S. parts of Iceland — the 
 isotherm.al line diverging far to the N. of the parallels of 
 latitude that connecfs it with the old continent. Both the 
 he:it of summer and the cold of winter are much creator 
 than in the corresponding latitudes of Europe, the thermo- 
 meter ranging between 102° above, and 3ti° below the Jtero 
 of Fahrenheit ; but. in the districts adjoining the great 
 lakes on its S. border, the climate is much mildi-r. and 
 more equable than than thjit of places more remote — a na- 
 tural consequent-e of the presence of great expanses of 
 water. In Canada East the winter commences about the 
 latter end of November, and lasts until the end of .-ipril, 
 when agricultural operations are resumed; during this 
 period the frost is generally intense, with N. winds, and a 
 clear atmosphere. In Canada A\est the winter is con- 
 siderably shorter, and the sledge, or sleighing season, which,* 
 in Canada Ea.«t, generally continues for five months to- 
 gether, scarcely lasts two in the upper province. The 
 average depth of .snow that falls in the course of the winter 
 is about 30 Inches, but is frequently accumulated to far 
 greater depths during snow storms and drifts. Generally 
 speaking, the climate of Upper Canada or Canada \Vest is 
 much milder than that of Canada East, ow-ing chiefly to 
 its being nearer the great lakes. 
 
 VegeJablf froduciinns, AgriciiUurf. d-c. — In Canada East 
 as in all cold countries, vegetation is necessarily rapid, the 
 foliage of the forest being often unfolded in great luxuriance 
 in thecourseof afortnight. In Canada West the transition 
 from winter to summer is less sudden, and the budding and 
 blossoming are more gradual than in the lower province. The 
 shrubs areof many kinds, and include the sumach. Fl'^werg 
 of great beauty and variety abound: they comprise many 
 kinds now cultivated iu English gardens, such as the scarlei 
 lobelia, blue lupin, purple gentian, columbine, scarlet and 
 other honey suckles.and a host of others. Nearly all the veseta- 
 bles and fruits of England thrive in the Canadas. particularly 
 iu the West province, under proper cultivation. In the S. 
 parts.peaches and applesare produced in such abundance that 
 the former have been sold for a quarter of a dollar per tmshel, 
 and the latter for three half-pence. Pumpkins and Si|Uashe8 
 grow in the open fields to an enormous size, often attaining 
 the weight of 5<J or 80 lbs. The greater (wrtion of both provinces 
 is covered byforests. consisting chiefly of whiteaiKt red pine, 
 the former of which frefjuently attains the height of 100 
 feet to the first bi-anch. and occa.sionally 200 feet. Immense 
 quantities of this timber are annually .sent to England. 
 The other kinds of timber are ash. of various spe<'ies. black 
 and white birch. lx?e<'h. elm. and hickory, sugar-maple, 
 blrdseye or curled maple, butternut tree, black walnut, 
 wild cherry tree, {Laurus cerasus.) basswood or lime tree; 
 on rich moist ground, the white sycamore and butt-mwood 
 tree; in the marshes, alder, spotted alder, willow, and vv 
 rieties of thorn; and in the swamps, red and white cedar, 
 and tamanack. There are. besides, spruce, fir, Sec xh fir, 
 larch, black oak. and several other varieties. 
 
 The area of Upper Canad.i or Canada West as returned 
 
 by counties is 20.794.S25 acres, of which 3,t)95,763 acres were 
 
 under cultivation in 1851. and C,l:Kt.t>54 acres wen- oc»-u- 
 
 I pied lands not under cultivation. Of the ground uudei the 
 
CAN 
 
 CAX 
 
 plough, 780,385 acres were in wheat, producing 12,676,603 
 bushels, or 16 H*60 bushels per acre; 70,040 acres in corn, 
 producing 1,680,441 bushels or 24 l-lo bushels per acre; 
 38,975 acres in rye. yieldino 479,615 bushels; 192,095 acres 
 in peas, yieldiiit; 2.872.413 bushels; and 421,338 acres in oats, 
 producing 11,180,161 bushel.^, or 26 1934 bushels per acre. 
 I'he live stock comprised 296,924 cows, (value 1,113,405/.,) 
 which yielded 15,976,ol5 pounds of butter, and 2,226,776 
 pounds of cheese; 203.300 horses, (value 2,541,250/.;) 
 193,982 working oxen, (value 1,163,892/.;) 254.9S8 young 
 Ciittle, and 968,022 shei'p. The latter yielded 2,699,764 
 pounds, of wool, avenii;in}; 2 14'16 pounds pur fleece. In 
 Ohio the average per tleece in 1850 was 2 9-16 pounds. The 
 averiige yield of butter per cow in Canada was 53J pounds ; 
 and of cheese, 7i pounds. The yield per cow iu Ohio (ISoOj 
 was 63i pounds of butter, and 38^ of cheese. 
 
 The returns for Canada Kast are less Kitisfactory. The 
 area as given by counties comprises 134,393.600 acres, of 
 which 3,605,076 acres only were under cultivation, and 
 4,508,303 acres occupied but not cultivated. Of the laud 
 under cultivation, 355,926 acres were in wheat, yielding 
 3,480,343 bushels or 9 5'6 bushels per acre ; 18,891 acres in 
 Indian corn, producing 343,103 bushels, or 18 7'30 per 
 acre; 39,007 acres in rye, producing 390.220 bu.shols, or 
 10 bushels per acre; 492,018 .icres in oats, yielding 10.248,679 
 bushels, or 20 1317 bushels per acre; and 137,660 acres in 
 peas, yielding 1,.351,074 bushels. The live stock consisted 
 of 294,514 cows, (value 1,104,427/.,) yielding 9,673,152 pounds 
 of butttjr. and 5ll.014 pounds of cheese, (33 pounds of the 
 former, and IJ pounds of the latter to each cow;) 182,077 
 horses, (value 2,275,9(52/.;) 111,819 working oxen, (value 
 670,914/. ;) 180,317 young cattle, and 629,827 sheep. The latter 
 yielded 1,430,976 pounds of wix)l, being an average of 2 4-16 
 pounds per fleece. The total produce of the Canada farms 
 as given by the census of 1852 was wheat, 16,155,946 bushels, 
 value 3,2;J1,190/. ; Indian corn, 2.029,544 bushels, value 
 253.693?.; rye, 860.835 bushels, value 108,72J/.; oats, 
 21.434,840 bushels, value 1.071,742/.; pea.s 4,223,487 bushels, 
 value 633.523/.; buckwheat, 1,169.681 bu.shels, value 
 116,968/.; barley, 1.389,499 bushels, value 208,424/.; pota- 
 toes. 10,080,173 bushels, value 630,011/.; hay, 1,647 ,4;J5 tous; 
 hemp and flax, 1,917,666 pounds; hops, 224,222 pounds; 
 tohacco, 1,253,128 pounds ; beef, 182,659 bbls. ; pork, 533.928 
 bbls.; swine, 825,476; and maple-sugar, 9,772.199 pounds. 
 Whaiit, as will be perceived, is the chief article cultivated 
 by the Canadian farmer ; but in the Lower province the 
 crop is not sufiicient to maintain the population, tlie defi- 
 ciency being made up by importations from Canada Vest. 
 
 Iiitirnal Iinprnoemi'.nt<. — In the fall of 1853, Canada had 
 225 miles of railway in operation: 1131 in cour.se of cou- 
 Btruction, and 688 miles for whic'h charters had been 
 granted; anfl, in .Tanuury, 1851. the two Canadas had 
 already 823 miles of railw.ay completed. Those now (1851) 
 in opei-ation, connect IJulfitlo and Niagara Kails with IIi- 
 milton. Brantford, Paris, Loudon, and Windsor opposite 
 Detroit; Toronto, with Ouelph, Hamilton, and Barrie on 
 Lake Simcoe ; Cobourg witli I'eterborough. and Bytown with 
 Prescott. all in. Canada West ; Montreal Is united by con- 
 necting lines of railroad with New York, Boston, and Port^ 
 land, Maine. A biani'h road unites Quebec with the St. 
 Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad at Richmond. Besides 
 these, there are a few short branch roads. 
 
 The commerce of the Canadas is greatly facilitated by 
 numerous canals, some of which are stupendous achieve- 
 ments. The principal are the Hideau and Welland Canals. 
 The first is 135 miles long, extending from Lake Ontario, at 
 Kingston, to the Ottawa at Chaudi^re, and is large enough 
 to receive vessels of 120 tons burden. Tbe W'elland Canal, 
 which has been recently enlarged, unites Lake Krie with 
 Lake Ontario. It is 45 feet wide at the bottom, and 10 feet deep. 
 The tonnage of this canal from January 1, to September 30, 
 1853, was 780,3.35 tons. The other more noticeable canals 
 are the Cornwall Can.al, 12 miles long, which avoids some 
 cf the most violent rapids of the St. I^awrence; the Beau- 
 harnois Canal, about the same length, uniting the Lakes 
 St. Francis and St. Jjouis ; the Lachine Canal, extending 
 from Lake St. Louis to Montreal; the Chambly Canal, 
 uniting Lake Champlain with the Richelieu I^iver, and a 
 number of others of less note, many of them short cuts to 
 avoid tiie rapids of rivers. Both the internal and external 
 trade of the Can.adas are likely to be greatly benefited by 
 the railway from Halifax, in Nova Scotia, to Quebec, the 
 construction of which was sanctioned by the government 
 of Great Britain in 1851. and a guarantee given of a fixed 
 interest on the outlay required. This important line will 
 give the Canadas, throughout the year, the advantage of an 
 additional open seaport, of which, from the freezing of the 
 St. Lawrence, they had been entirely destitute previous to 
 th# opening of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad in 
 1853. The public works in 1853 produced nearly $600,000. 
 
 Manufactures. — Immense quantities of lumber, in the 
 form of boards, planks, staves, deals, masts, spars, laths. 
 Gal's, shingles, handspikes, &c.. are manufactured in Canada, 
 ond largely exported. According to the census of 1851, 
 there weie (abricated 1.308.3.-i7 yards of fulled cloth; 904,478 
 
 of linen; and 2,030,151 of flannel. Cider and ale are made 
 in both provinces, and great Quantities of whiskey are dis- 
 tilled in Canada AVest. Ship-building also forms an im- 
 portant and increasing branch of business. In 1851, 
 446,935 tons of shipping were built, of which 30,387 tou» 
 were constructed at Queliec. At the latter port, 41.505 ton* 
 were built in 1851. In 1845, but 41 vessels, of 25.536 long, 
 were built and registered at the various ports of Can:ula. 
 
 Cummercf. — .\ccording to the late returns, the total value 
 of the imports from ali foreign ooiiutries in 1853 auviunted 
 to $31,981,436, of which $11,782,147 wore from the United 
 States, and $18,489,121 from Great Britain. The exports 
 for the same period amounted to $23,801,303. of which 
 $10,725,455 were to the United States, and $11,465,408 were 
 to Great Britain. The trade between the United States and 
 Canada amounted in 1851 to 3,387.519 tons by steam naviga- 
 tion, and 701,937 tons in sailing ves.sels. The sea tonnage of 
 tlie ports of Montreal and Quebec for the same year was 
 589,481 tons, inward bound, of which 533.821 were to Quebec ; 
 and the outward bound, 623,661 tons, of which 586,093 were 
 from Quebec. The vessels entered inward at Quebec in 1853 
 were 1240; tonnage, 605.024: outwards, 1228 vessels: ton- 
 n.age, 518,580. Among the leading articles exported in 1851, 
 were pot and pearl ashes to the amount of $831,916; pine 
 timl)er, $2,096,644; planks and boards, $1,711,596: flour, 
 $2,631,632; wheat, $635,944; besides butter, cattle, horses, 
 oats, barley, rye, copper, and wool ; ash, elm, birch, and 
 o;ik timber; and staves, laths, masts, spars, shingles, 
 firewood. &c. Ac. Received in duties, $1,166,144. In 1853 
 there arrived at Quebec 1188 vessels, with an aggregate bur- 
 den of 531,648 tous, (of which 86,190 were foreign,) bringing 
 36,176 emigrants. There were building in January. 1854, 
 at the s.amB port, 29 vessels, with an aggregate of 30.000 
 tous. The duties for 1853 amounted to 969,784/., or about 
 $1,500,000. The imports for the first six months of the 
 s;ime year amounted to more than $11,200,000. There 
 arrived at Montreal from sea in 1853, vessels to the num- 
 ber of 253, witli a tonnage of 60,507 tons. Imports for Mon- 
 treal alone for the same' periixl, more than $14,400,000 if 
 the return was in colonial currency, but $18,000,000 if in 
 sterling money. 
 
 Government, Religion, Erluaxliftn, d-c. — The government 
 of Canada is in imitition of that of the United King- 
 dom. The executive power is wielded by the governor- 
 general, wlio is appointed by the crown, and is assisted 
 in the administnition of affairs by an executive council, 
 the members of which am appointed by the governor, 
 and the tenure of their offices depends upon their re- 
 ceiving the support of the Provincial I'arliament of United 
 Can.ada. The members of the executive council nin.st hold 
 .soats in eitiier branch cf the Provincial Parli.iment. The 
 Frovinci.il House is called the legislative council, the mem- 
 bers of which are summoned by the (luoen, and hold their 
 seats for life, unless forfeited by cri:!ie. The L»^^i>lative 
 House consists of 84 memliers. elected l>y the peopli-. In 
 counties, a 40s. sterling IVet^hold confers a vote; and in 
 cities and towns, tlie payment of a yearly rent of £10 stei^ 
 ling. The forms of procedure in the Provincial Parliament 
 are identical with those of the Imperial Parliament. Bills 
 passed by both houses of the Provincial Parliament must 
 receive the queen's assent before they acquire the force of 
 law, and this the governor is authorized to grant in her 
 majesty's name, or to reserve the bills for the signification 
 of the queen's pleasure thereon. The gioss revenue of 
 United Canada for 1853 was 692.206/.; gross expenditure 
 for sjime year, 521.634/. The entire public debt of Canada 
 in 1849 ,amounU»tl to 5.208.640/., of which 4,506,267/. has 
 been expended on public works. 
 
 The prevailing religion in Canada E.ist or Lower Canada 
 is that of the Romish Church. In Canada West or Upper 
 Canada the Knglish Church predominates. According to 
 the census of 1851, the religious denominations in the Ca- 
 nadas were as follows: — Church of Rome, 914,561 commu- 
 nic:ints; Church of Kngland, 268.592; Presbyterian Free 
 Church, 66.074; Presbyterian, 110.020; Weslevan Me- 
 thodists, 102,439; Episcopal Methodists, 43,891 ; New Con- 
 nection Methodists, 10.989; other Methodists.- 71,520; 
 Church of Scotland, 61.589; Baptists, 49.846; Congregiv- 
 tionalists, 11,674; Protestivnts, 12,208: Lutherans, 12;107; 
 Unitarians, 1183; Bihle Christians. 5742 ; Christian Church, 
 4103; Second Adventists, 2032; Universalists, 6134; Quakers, 
 7423; Disciples, 264; Jews, 351; Mormons, 259; Menonistg 
 and Tunkers, 8230; creed not known, 7134; no creed given, 
 42,261; other creeds, 21,6.39. 
 
 The cause of education is attracting much attention. 
 Of 262,735 children in Canada 'West, in 1852, 99.2e4 at- 
 tended the public schools; and of 176.085/. expended for 
 school purposes, 18,723/. were contributed by government, 
 and 26,530/. by municipal assessment. There Is a school 
 fund in process of formation, wh'ch has hitherto produced 
 no income. Of 3388 teachers, 380 were Roman Catholics, 
 who have separate schools. The salaries of the male teachers 
 average $."533, and of female, $211. The management of 
 schools is intrusted \a commissioners. There is a normal 
 school in Canada West, and one Is about being established 
 
 ^61 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 bi Canada East. In the upper proTince there -were 48 
 eolle^es. academies, and high schools, in 1847; and in the 
 lower, in the sjime year, were 1642 schools, attended by 
 60,6So pupils, and 65 academies, colleges, and high schools. 
 The grants for education amounted to 38,888?. 
 
 Pujiulation. dx. — The Upper province, or Canad.i West, is 
 settled principally by emigrants and the descendants of 
 emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland. There are also 
 large numbers of United States loyalists, or persons who 
 ■ided with Great Britain during the American War, a mix- 
 ture of all nations or their descendants, and in particular 
 localities there are large settlements of Pennsylvani-in 
 Dutch, and other persons from the United .States, scattered 
 over the country. In I/)wer Canada or Canada East, the 
 majority of the inhabitants are of French origin, mostly 
 descendants of settlers from Normandy, established in the 
 colony previous to 1759, and to whom they still bear, in 
 many particulars, a close resemblance. 
 
 The population of Canada West in 1824 w.as 151,097; in 
 1834. 320.693; in 1841. 465.357; and in 1851, 952.004: popu- 
 lation of Canada East in 1831, 511,917 ; and in 1851, 890.261 ; 
 total. 1.842.265. Of these, 695,945 were Canadians of French 
 oridu; 651.673 Canadians not of French origin; 227,766 
 born in Ireland; 93.929 In England and Wales: 90,376 in 
 Scotland; 10,116 in Germany and Holland: •56.214 in the 
 United States: 4259 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's 
 Island: 3114 in New Brunswick; 130 in Newfoundland; 
 392 in the We.st Indies; 110 in the East Indies: 13(6 in 
 France and Belgium; 43 in Italy and Greece: 75 in Spain 
 and Portugal; 41 iu Sweden and Norway; 196 in Russia, 
 Poland, and Prussia; 247 in Switzerland: 13 in Austria 
 and Hungary: 142 in Guernsey Island: 424 in Jersey and 
 other British Islands; other places, 2181; born at sea, 178; 
 and 3335 whose birthplace was not known. The average 
 annual emigration from Great Britain and Ireland to Ca^ 
 nada during the 7 years ending 1848, was upwards of 
 37.000: the largest number (89.562) having emittrated in 
 1847. and the smalle.st (20,142) in 1844. During the same 
 period, the annual average emigration to the United States 
 was S5.473: while for the 13 years ending 1841, the average 
 numbers were neaily equal, showing that a decided pre- 
 ference is now given to the United States. The population 
 of both provinces in 1861 was 2,507,657. 
 
 CauaJii is divided into 78 counties, the names of which. 
 In Canada West, are as follows : — Addington, Brant, Bruce! 
 Carleton. Durham. Dund.is. Elgin, Essex, Frontenac, Glen- 
 gary. Grey, Orenville. Haldimand, Halton, Hastings, Hu- 
 ron, Kent, Lambton. Lanark, Leeds. Lenox, Lincoln, Middle- 
 sex, Northumberland. Norfolk, Ontario, Oxford, Peel, Perth, 
 Peterborough. Prescott, Prince Edward, Renfrew, Russell, 
 Simcoe. Stormont. Victoria, Waterloo, Wellington, Welland. 
 Wentworth. and York ; total, 42. In Canada East they are 
 Beauharnois, Bellechasse. Berthier, Bonaventura, Chambly, 
 Champlain. Dorchester. Drummond, Gasp6, Huntingdon, 
 Kamouraska. Leinster, L'Isle, Lotbinifere, Slegantic, Missis- 
 quoi. Montmorency, Jlontreal, Nicolet, Ottawa, Portneuf, 
 Quebec, Richelieu, Rouville, Rimouski, Saguenay, St. Mau- 
 rice, St. Hyacinth, Sherbrooke, Shefford, Stanstead. Terre- 
 bonne, Two Mountains, VaudreuU, Verchdi-es, and Ya- 
 mask ; total, 36. Capital, Ottaw a. 
 
 Canada has but few large cities or towns. Montreal, in 
 Canada East, had, in 1861, a population of 90,323; Quebec, 
 51,109; Three Rivers, 60.=)8; St. Uyacinthe. 3036; and Sher- 
 brooke, 2998. In Canada AVest, the principal towns are 
 Toronto, pop. 44,320; Hamilton. 19,096; Kingston, 13,743; 
 Loudon, 1 1,5.55; Ottawa, 14,o69; Belleville, 6:;77 ; Brantford, 
 6251 : and Colionrg. 4975. 
 
 History. — Canada has its name from the Iroquois word 
 liatuUa, signifying a collection of huts, and which the early 
 European discoverers mistook for the name of the country. 
 It is said to have been first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, 
 in 1497 ; but the first settlement made by Europeans was in 
 1541, at St. Croix's Harbor, by J.<icques Cartier, a French 
 navigator, who sailed up the St. Lawrence, to which he 
 gave its present name. In 1608, a permanent settlement 
 was made by the French upon the present site of Quebec, 
 Canada being then called New France. From this period 
 till 1759, the French continued to occupy the country, 
 though much harassed by various tribes of Indians, parti- 
 cularly the Mohawks: but in the year last named, an 
 English army, under General Wolfe, captured Quebec: and 
 by Septeml^er 8, 1760, all other places within the govern- 
 ment of Canada were surrendered to the British, and the 
 French power in that quarter of the world was entirely anni- 
 hilated. In 1774, by an act of the British Parliament, a 
 legislative council of 23 members was appointed to assist the 
 ({overuor. Seventeen years after, Canada was divided into 
 two sefKintte provinces, to be called the provinces of Upper 
 and Lower Canada: and the first parliament of the former 
 met at Niagara on September 17. 1792. In 1820, di.ssension.s, 
 chiefly of a political and financial character, began to arise 
 betwei-n the House of Assembly and the executive govern- 
 ment in Lower Canada, which went on from year to year in- 
 creasing in intensity and midignlty, deepened by the na- 
 tural prejudice of the French and English colonists, the 
 352 
 
 former considering themselves as having interests difTeret.f 
 from those of the latter, till a crisis arrived. The spirit of 
 anarchy and discontent extended to Upper Canada, where 
 it began to manifest itself in 1834, the causes being substan- 
 tially the same with those of Lower Canada. At length 
 matters were brought to an issue in the latter country, by 
 the arrest, in 1837, of two popular leaders, who were res- 
 cued. Warrants were issued for the arrest of others; the 
 peasintry in the districts of Chambly and of Grand Brulfi 
 were in arms, and were defeated by the military. Siniil.ir 
 scenes were enacted at the same time in Upper Canada, 
 where considerable exasperation prevailed against- the go- 
 vernment. The insurrection here, however, was also su^ 
 pressed, but not before martial law had been proclaimed. 
 The result of these proceedings was the reuniting of the 
 provinces, which took place in 1840, under the name of the 
 
 United Provinces of Canada. At\j. and inhab., Canadian, 
 
 ka-n.A'de-an. 
 
 *CAi?AD.\, kJn-yd'dd, a village of New >Iexico, United 
 States, a few miles N. of Santa Fe. A skirmish took place 
 here. January 24. 1848. between a detachment of United 
 States troops, under Colonel Price, and the insurgents of 
 the territorv. 
 
 CANAD'.\WAY CREEK, of Chautauqua co., New Y'ork, 
 flows into Lake Erie. 
 
 CANADERAGA (kan-a-d.a-raw'ga) LAKE, New Y'ork, in 
 the N. pjirt of Otsego CO.. is i>etween 3 and 4 miles long, and 
 li miles wide. Its outlet joins that of Otsego Lake. 
 
 CANADIAN (ka-nA'de-ar.) or NORTH CHANNEL, one of 
 the two passages (N and S.) into which the estuary of the 
 St. Lam-ence is divided by the island of Anticosti. It is 
 about 30 miles in breadth, and contains numerous islands 
 on the N. or Canadian side, the principal of which are the 
 Mingan Islands, having passages between, and places of 
 good anchorage. 
 
 CANA'DIAN RIVER rises in New Mexico among the 
 mountains of the Guadalupe Range, about 2iK( miles N.N.E. 
 of Santa Fe. The first part of its course for some 200 miles 
 is nearly S., aft^r which it flows in an easterly direction 
 through the N. of Texas and the southern part of In- 
 dian Territory, entering the .\rkansas River about 500 
 miles from its mouth. Its entire length is about 900 miles. 
 During the dry season it is a small, shallow stream, but, 
 like other Western rivers, is subject to inundation at the 
 breaking up of winter. Its waters are slightly colored, 
 (whence it is sometimes called the " Rio Colorado,") and 
 have a brackish taste. Bnntcltef. — The North Fork (or Rio 
 Nutria) of the Canadian, rising near 37^* N. lat. and 10.3° W. 
 Ion., flows nearly parallel with the main stream, which it 
 joins about 100 miles W.S.W. of Fort Smith. Length, about 
 600 miles. The Rio Nutria may more properly be regarded 
 as a tributary than as a branch or fork of the Canadian 
 River. 
 
 C.\N.\DICE, ka-nad'e-se. a post-township of Ontario cc, 
 New York, 218 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1026. 
 
 C.\NAJOH.\RIE, kan-a-jo-har'ree, a po.st-vill.ageand town- 
 ship of Montgomery co.. New Y'ork, on the ri^ht or S. ban)( 
 of the Mohawk, and on the Erie Canal. 55 miles W.N.W. of 
 Albany. It contains 5 chnrches, 2 banks, an academy, 1 
 newspaper office, and numerous stores. Quarries of build- 
 ing stone are worked in the vicinity, llie New Yoik Cen- 
 tral Riiilroad passes on the otlier side of the river. Pop. 
 of the village, about 2000; of the township, 4134. 
 
 C.iNAiy, a post-office of Onondaga co.. New York. 
 
 C.\NAL, a post-village and township of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, on French Creek, 8 miles N.W. of Franklin, 
 traversed by the Franklin Canal. Pop. 954. 
 
 C-\NAL, a post-office of AVarwick co.. Indiana. 
 
 CANAL CREEK, a post-office of San Pete co., Utah 
 Territorv. 
 
 CANAL DO'A'ER. Tuscarawas co.. Ohio. See Dotek. 
 
 CANALE, kl-ndaA. a town of the Sardinian States. Pied- 
 mont, province of Alba, 24 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. in 
 IS^iS, with commune. 3905. It has important .saline springs. 
 
 CANALES, kd-n^fs, a town of Spain, province, and 36 
 miles S. by W. of A'nlencia. on an elevated plain at the con- 
 fluence of the rivers Cailol.is and Santos. Pop. 2150. 
 
 CANAL FULTON, a thriving post-village cf Lawrence 
 township. Stark CO., Ohio, on the Ohio Canal. 125 miles 
 N.E. of Columbus. It is a place of active business, and is 
 surrounded by a rich farming district, from which a large 
 auantity of wheat is exported by the canal. Pop. aliout 600, 
 * CANAL LEW'ISVILLE, a post-office of Coshocton co, 
 Ohio. 
 
 CANAL PORT, a village of Cook co., Illinois, 4 ujlles S.W. 
 of Chicago. 
 
 CANAL WIN'CHESTER, a thriving post-village of Violet 
 township, Fairfield CO., Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 
 about 16 miles S.E. of Columbus, and the same distance 
 N.AV. of Lnncister. Pop. in 1850. 352. 
 
 CANAAIINA, ki-ni-mee'ni, a town of Dahomey, about 12 
 miles .S. of Aliomey. It is scattered over a great area, and 
 contains a hou.se set apart by the king for the accommoda- 
 tion of white men. The surrounding coiint*^ is level aud 
 ciUtivated. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 -J 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 CANANDATGUA, kan-an-dA'gwa, a beautiful post-Tillace, 
 capital of Ont;irio co., New York, situated at the nortiiern 
 extremity of a l.ike of the same name, and on the Roches- 
 ter and .Syracuse l!ailro;id. 29 miles S.E. of Itoclieater, and 
 about 220 miles tiy railroad W. by N. of Albany. Lat. 42° 
 64' N.; Ion. 77° 17' W. It is equally distinguished for the 
 picturesque l)eauty of its situation and the elegance of its 
 buildings. The ground descends gently from the upper 
 part of the village towards the lake, of which it commands 
 an extensive prospect. Many of the residences are sur- 
 rounded by gardens and ornamented grounds. Canan- 
 daigua contains, besides the county buildings, churches of 
 the I'resbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists, and 
 Catliolics, 3 banks, and 2 printing offices. This place is tlie 
 terminus of two railroads, which extend to Elraira and to 
 Niagara Falls. Incorporated in 1815. Pop. of the village, in 
 1855, 4248 ; in 1860, about 5000 ; of the township, in 1860, 7075. 
 
 CAXAXDAIGUA, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michi- 
 gan, 14 miles S.W. of Adrian. 
 
 CANANDAIGUA LAKI<:, a beautiful sheet of water, situ- 
 ated in the W. centnil part of New York, is included chiefly 
 within the limits of Ontario county. Length, about 15 
 miles; breadth, from three quarters to one and a half miles. 
 Its outlet joins Mud Creek at Lyons to form Clyde Kiver, 
 which flows into Peneea Itiver. Its waters abound in fine 
 fish. The surface is stated to be 4.37 feet above Lake On- 
 tario. The lake is frozen almost every winter. 
 
 CAXAXDAIGUA OUTLET. See Camandaigua Lake. 
 
 CAXAXKA. ki-nS-ni'i, a maritime town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Hiio Paulo, on a small island In the Bay of Tara- 
 pande. Lat. 25° ,S. Pop. 2000, suburbs included. 
 
 CAXAX'OHE. kdn^a-nOr', (anc. ti/naru.) a seaport town 
 of British India, presidency of Madras, at the head of a 
 small bay, 53 miles X.X.W. of Calicut. It has, with its 
 suburbs, about 11,000 houses, and is the capital of a terri- 
 tory long governed by female sovereigns, and comprising 
 most of the Laccadive Islands. It has an active trade with 
 Bengal. Arabia, Sumatra. &c. ; imports horses, piece goods, 
 almonds, sugar, opium, silk, benzoin, and camphor: e.xports 
 peppr^r. cardainoi'.is. sandal-wood. coir, and shark-fins. 
 
 C.4N.\.RA or K.\X ARA, kin'a-ra, the westernmost district 
 of the Madras presidency, in British India, on the Malabar 
 coast, between lat. 12° and 15° N. Pop. 759.776. 
 
 CAXAHIKS. ka-nVr^z, or CAXARY 1SLAXD.S, (Sp. atnor 
 Has. kd-ud're-ils : Fr. /In Omaries, eel kd'niree': Ger. Kana- 
 rische Instln. kj-nd'rish-eh iu's^ln; &nc. Pirluna/lasJii>sxtl(f, 
 i. e. " Happy Islands," so called because they were ima- 
 gined by the early Greeks to contain the Elysian Fields, 
 into which favored heroes passed without dying,) an archi- 
 peLagD in the Atlantic Ocean, about 00 miles from the W. 
 coast of Northern Africa, betweeu lat. 27° 40' and 29° 25' N., 
 and Ion. 13° 25' and 18° 16' W. They consist of 7 principal 
 islands and several islets, arranged in the following order 
 from E. to W: — Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, with the 
 Islets of Gr.aciosa. Santa Clara, AUegranza, and Ijobos; Gran 
 Canaria, Teneritfe, Gomera, Palma, and Ilierro, (Ferro.) 
 Area of the whole, 2980 English square miles. Pop. in 
 1849, 257.719. The coasts of the.«e islands are rocky and 
 abrupt, and they are covered with mountains, some of 
 which attain a great elevation, the i'ieo de Teydo in 'I'ene- 
 rilFe being 12.182 feet. Their geological formation is most 
 singular and interesting ; it consists of a continuous series 
 of volcanic mountains, which rise in a circular form from 
 the coast around a principal crater, which serves as an axis ; 
 the greater part of them are deeply indented, and in the 
 form of a cone reversed. The surfaee is volcanic, presenting 
 a succession of mountains and plains, extinct craters and 
 fertile valleys. There are no rivers, but numerous torrents. 
 The tropical heat is moderated by the Atlantic breezes, and 
 the climate is equable. AVinter is almost unknown on the 
 coasts. In October, the warmest mouth, the temperature 
 varies from 78° to S7° Fahrenheit: and in January, the 
 coldest, it is from 60° to 60° Fahrenheit, near the sea ; de- 
 crejising with the elevation. The rainy se.ason commences 
 in Xovember, and continues till Febmary : during the dry 
 season, from April to October, the weather is uniformly fine, 
 and the trude winds blow steadily. E. and S.E. winds are 
 tlie scourge of those islands; blowing over the burning 
 plains of Africa, they carry a hot and extremely dry air, 
 which destroys vegetation and induces disease. In 1704 the 
 Canaries suffered severely from this cause. Fresh water is 
 80 scarce, especially in the S. parts of the islands, as in some 
 seasons to induce many of the inhabitants to emigrate. The 
 Tegetation of these islands is not less interesting than their 
 geological formation. (See Johnston's Physical Atlas.) The 
 chief productions are the cochineal insect, oil, grain, pota- 
 toes, the sugar-cane, and exquisite fruits of all kinds; and 
 the surrounding seas abound in fish. The principal foreign 
 trade is caiTied on with the United States, England, and 
 Hamburg, and there is considerable commerce between tlie 
 different islands. Wine was formerly one of the chief pro- 
 ducts, but a few years since a fatiil disease attacked the 
 vines, so that now few or no grapes are raised. The goat 
 Is among the most valuable animals; all the domestic 
 animals of Europe are easily naturalized. The camel and 
 
 the ass are used as bea.«ts of burden. Among birds are the 
 vulture, bustard, pheasant, wood-pigeon, red partridge, 
 bl.ackbird. linnet, and the thistle-finch or canary Idrd. Tlie 
 inhabitants are of European origin, mostly Spaniards 
 Since 1493 these islands have belonged to Spain, of which 
 kingdom they form a province, governed by the same laws 
 as the peninsular portion; thecapital ofthe whole archipelago 
 is Santi Crux de Teneriffe. Inhab.CANARiAX. k.vnA/re-an. 
 
 CAX.\I{'SIE. a post-office of King's co.. New York. 
 
 CAXARY ISLAND, (Sp. Grim Canaria. grSn-' kd-nd/re-a,) 
 an island near the centio of the group of the Canaries, of a 
 circular form. Area. 758 .square miles. Pop. 57.625. Length, 
 from S.W. to X.E., 35 miles; at the X.E. point a portion de- 
 tached from the mass is joined by a peninsula. Surface 
 mountainous : culminating point. El Cumbre, 6648 feet in 
 elevation. Capital, Las i'aluias. 
 
 CAN AS, kd'nds\ a province of Peru, in the department, 
 of Cuzco. Pop. in 1S50. 37.605. 
 
 CAXASAU'G-4.. a post-village of Polk co,, Tennes.see, about 
 170 miles E.S.K. of Nashville. 
 
 CAXASEUAGA, kan-na-.ser-au'ga, a village of ^ladi.sonco., 
 New York, on the Erie Can.al, 210 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 C.iNW.'^TO'TA, a post-village of Lenox township. Madison 
 ro.. New York, on the Erie Canal and the New York Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 32 miles W. of Utica. It contains 3 churches 
 and a bank. Pop. in 1800, estinuife<l at 1200. 
 
 CANASTRA, kd-nds'trd. a mountain range of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Min.ts Geraes, stretchins S.K. from the S. termina- 
 tion ofthe Serra Matto Gordo, which fjrms part ofthe boun- 
 ditry between the provinces of Goyaz and Minas Geraes. 
 
 CAffAVAIiAI^DE-ALCONETA, kdn-yd-vd-rdl'-da-dl-ko- 
 nd'td, a village of Spain, in Estramadura, 23 miles N. by E. 
 of Caceres. Pop. 2355. 
 
 CANA-VERDE. kd/nd-vSK/dft, a town of brazil, province ot 
 Minas Geraes, 12 miles from Tamandua, with a church. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 CANAVEZES, kd-nd-v4/z?s. a town of Portugal, province 
 of Minho, 10 miles E.N.E. of Penafiel. Pop. 1500. 
 
 C.4^NB0R0, a small post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 llaldimand, 35 miles S. E. of Hamilton. It contains three 
 stores, and a saw mill. Pop. about 200. 
 
 CANCALE. kSN<=^kdl', a seaport town of France, department 
 of lllo-et-Vilaine, on a bay ofthe same name, in the English 
 Channel, 8 miles FI.N.E. of St. Malo. Pop. in 1852, .W26. 
 flood anchorage is found Ix-tween it and some rocks off the 
 shore, from which oysters are extensively fished. 
 
 CANCAO, kdn'kcW', K ANG-IvAO, kdng'-kOw'. or HA-TIAN, 
 hd'-tee-dn', a .seaport town of Farther India, in Camliodi.a. on 
 a river, near its mouth, in thetiulf of Siam. L.at. 10° 15' N.; 
 Ion. 105° B. It has an active commerce in timlier and iron. 
 
 CANCELL.VR.\, kdn-chjl-ld'rd, a town of Naples, proviuce 
 of Basilicata. 8 miles N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3230. 
 
 CANCIIIS, kdn'chees\ a province cf Peru, in the depart- 
 ment of Cuzco. Pop. in 1850, 30,400. 
 
 CAXCOUPA, kdn-kocVpa, a town of Indi.i, Deccan, Mysore 
 dominions. 24 miles N.N.W. of Chittoldroog. 
 
 CANCUN, kdn-kfjon', an i.sland of Yucatan, near the mouth 
 ofthe BuUina. is .aljout 8 miles long by IJ broad. 
 
 CANDAHAR or KANDAHAR, kdn^dd-han'. called by the 
 Afghans AHMED-SHAHEE, (Ahmed Sh.ihi.) dh'miM'-shd/- 
 hee\ a fortified city and the cai>itiU of Central Afi;hanistan, 
 in a fertile plain. 3484 feet above the sea. 200 miles S.W. of 
 CalKX)l. Lat. 32° 37' N.; Ion. 06° 20' E. Pop. variously stated 
 fiom 25.000 to 100,000, mostly Afghans, but including many 
 Persians, Oozbeks, Beloochees, Jews, and Hindoos, which 
 last almost monopolize the commerce. It is endosetl by 
 bastioned mud walls, 3J miles in circumference, and by a 
 ditch ; and it has a citadel on its N. side. Two principal 
 streets, about 50 yards broad, and lined with shops, tra- 
 verse the interior in opposite directions, intersecting at its 
 centre, where is a kind of circus, and a domed market-place. 
 Houses mostly ill built of wood, and with domed or flat 
 roofs; thoroughfares filthy, though the place is well sup- 
 plied with water from canals and wells. The mosques are 
 mean, and almost the only public building worthy of no- 
 tice is the Tomb of Ahmed Shah, (the founder of the modern 
 town.) an octagonal edifice. 40 feet in diameter, by 70 feet 
 in height, and mounted on a platform. Various m.anufac- 
 tures are carried on in Candahar, and its tiansit trade ia 
 consideralle. Its vicinity is well watered by canals from 
 the Urgbundaub River, 4 miles westward, and produces the 
 finest fruits, with corn, tobacco, madder, Ac. In lS:j9, the 
 government revenue from it and the city was estimated at 
 80.000i. a year. Candahar is supposed to have been origin- 
 ally founded by Alexander the Gi-eat. It was taken by 
 Tamerlane in 1384, and by Shah Abbas of Persia in 1620, 
 and was held by British troops from 1839 to 1842, when it 
 was finally evacuated. 
 
 CANDE. k5N°MA', a townof France, department of Maine- 
 et'Loire, 11 miles S.W. of Segre, on the Endre. Pop. 1609. 
 
 CAXDEISH or KIIAXDEISII, kan-dAsh'. one of the old 
 Mahratta provinces of Hiudostan, between lat. 2u° and 22° 
 X., and Ion. 73° and 76° E.. .and now composing the British 
 district of Caudeish, with some parts of the Indore and XI- 
 zam's dominions. 
 
 S63 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 CANl>EISn. a district of India, presidency of Bombay, is 
 enclosed by the districts of Surat and Ahniednu-ipar, and 
 the Indore. Gwalior, Nizam's, and Guieowar's territories. 
 Pop. 478,457. Uhe chief rivers are tlie Xertiudda and 
 Taptee. The district was conquered by the British in 1819. 
 
 CANDKLA, kdn-d.Vli, a town of Naples, province of Capi- 
 tanata. 22 miles S. of Fogpia. Pop. 3434. 
 
 CANDKLA. lidn-diVlil, a village of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion. 53 miles S.E. of Coahuila. 
 
 CANDKLARIA, kan-dA-I^re-a, a rocky islet and reefs in 
 the South Pacific, Solomon group. Lat. e° 16' S. ; Ion. 159° 
 20' E. Discovered by Montana in 1507. 
 
 CANDKL.A.KIA, k&n-dk-Wre-L a hay of Central America, 
 on the N.E. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, W. of Choco 
 BiiV. at the mouth of the Atrato. Lat. 8° 10' X. ; Ion. 77° W. 
 
 CANDKLARIA, kdn-d.'l-ia're-a, a town of the Argentine 
 Republic, department of Corrientes, on the ParanA, nearly 
 opposite Itapua, (in Paraguay.) 
 
 CANDELARIA. kin-dA-Wre-i, a seaport town of the Ca- 
 naries, on the E. coast of the island of Teneriffe. 
 
 CANDELARIO, kdn-dd-li're-o, a town of Spain, in Leon, 
 40 miles S. of Salamanca, on a slope of the Sierra de Bejar. 
 Pop. 20S9. 
 
 CANDELARO, kiln-dA-l3'ro, a river of Naples, rises in 
 Mount Liburno, and, after a S.E. course of about 40 miles, 
 enters the Adriatic, 3 miles S. of Manfredonia. 
 
 CANDELEDA, k&n-di-Wni, a town of Spain, Old Castile, 
 42 miles S.W. by S. of Avila, at the point of junction with 
 New Castile and Estremadura. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 employed in weaving, making hats and bricks, expressing 
 oil, and in husbandry. Pop. 4730. 
 
 CANDELO, kin-di'lo. a town of the Sardinian States. 3} 
 miles S-E. of Biella, on the right bank of the Cervo. P. 2538. 
 
 CANDES. kftxd. a town of France, department of Indre-et- 
 Loire, 7i miles W.N.AV. of Ohinon, on the left bank of the 
 Loire. Pop. of commune. 800. 
 
 CANDH AR, kdnMar', or GUXDHARA, gnn-d'hS-rd, a town 
 of India. 80 miles S.E. of Jeypobr. 
 
 C.\NDn.\R. a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dominion, 
 69 miles N. of Beeder. 
 
 C.\NDT A. an i.sland in the MeditciTanean Sea. See Crete. 
 
 CANDIA, kdn'de-a, or MEGALO-KASTRO, meg'a-lo-kis'- 
 tro, (modern Gr. pron. meg^3-lo'-k3s'tron ; anc. Ma'tium?) a 
 fortified seaport city and the capital of the island of Crete, 
 near the centre of its N. coast. Lat. of the principal mina- 
 ret, 35° 21' N. ; Ion. 25° 8' 9" E. Pop. 12.000, neariy all Mo- 
 hammedans. Its massive fortifications, decaj-ed docks, 
 arsenal, extensive arched vaults for g!»lleys, and a large 
 cathedral, were constructed by the Venetians. Its harbor, 
 formed by two moles, each tei'minating with a fort, is now 
 so choked as to be available only fir ves.«els drawing 8 feet 
 of water; and its trade is much less important than that of 
 Khaniii. (or Canea.) Oi5 miles W. Streets wide and roujrhly 
 paved: houses well built, and interspersed with gardens 
 and fountains. Principal edifices, the pasha's palace, ba- 
 zaars, and mo.sques. a synagogue, light-house, and public 
 baths. Chief manufacture is that of soap. The exports in 
 1846, consisting of honey, cheese, oil, wax. soap, wool, 
 fruits, &c., amounted in value to 46,261/.; and the imports, 
 in the same year, to 70.804Z. In 1841, 159 ships, chiefly 
 Turkish and Greek, aggregate burden 7408 tons, entered 
 the port; and 198 ships, burden 9963 tons, cleared. Caudia 
 was taken from the Venetians by the Turks in 1609. 
 
 CANDIA, kdn'de-i, a town of the Sardinian States, in 
 Piedmont, 20 miles S. of Novara, province of Lomellino. 
 Pop. 2246. 
 
 C.\NDI.\. a village of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 
 province of Ivrea. Pop. 2250. 
 
 CAN'DI.\. a post-township of Rockingham co., New Hamp- 
 shire, 15 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1675. 
 
 CANDU VILLAGE, a postoffiee of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 CANOJLEMAS ISLANDS. In the South Atlantic Ocean, 
 near Sjindwich Land. Lat. 67° 10' S.; Ion. 30° W. 
 
 CAN'DLESBY, a parish of England, co, of Lincoln. 
 
 CAN'DOU, a post-village and township of Tioga co.. New 
 York, on tlie railroad connecting Owego with Ithaca, 10 
 miles N.N.W. of the former. It has a bank. Pop. 3840. 
 
 CANDOR, a postrvillage of Washington co., Pennsylvania, 
 20 miles W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 CANDOR CKNTUE. a post-ofRce of Tioga co., New York. 
 
 CAN'DOVER. BROWN, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CANDOVKR. CHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CANDOVER, PRKSTON,a parishof Engl.ind.co.of Hants. 
 
 CANDY, a town of the island of Ceylon. See Kandt. 
 
 CANE, kain, or KEN, a river of India, in Bundelcund, 
 joins the Jumna, 23 miles from Banda, after a N.E. course 
 Df 250 mill's. Its bed is rocky, and it is innavigable. It 
 «eparat<^s the Bencral S.W. territories from the Gwalior and 
 Bundelcund dominions. 
 
 CANKA. a seaport town of Crete. See Khania. 
 
 C.\NE.V'DE.\.a post-township of .\lleghany co.. New York, 
 10 miles N.W. of .\ngelica, is intersected by the Genesee 
 Biver and Genesee Canal. Pop. 2125. 
 
 C.A.NE BOTTO.M,a postroffice of L:iuderdalo co., Tennessee. 
 8o4 
 
 CANE CREEK, of Benton co., Alabama, flows into Coosa 
 River, a little below the Ten Islands. 
 
 CANE CREEK, of Missouri, flows through Butler county 
 into Arkansas, and falls into Big Black River about 3 miles 
 from the N. boundary of the latter state. 
 
 CANE CREEK, a postKjflice of Chatham co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 CANE CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co.. Alabama. 
 
 CANE CREEK, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CANE CREEK, a village of Gallatin co., Illinois, 17 miles 
 N.N.W. of Shawneetown. 
 
 CANE CREEK, a small post-village of Butler co., Missouri. 
 
 CANEGHEM, kSn'e-Hfim", a village of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, 15 miles N.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 2013. 
 
 CANE HILL, a township in Washington co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 1082. 
 
 CANE ISLANDS, or KALIB ROCKS, two rocky islands 
 in the Mediterranean, oflT the N. coa.st of Tunis, in North- 
 western Africa, Sj miles from Cape Zibib. Lat. 37° 37' N.; 
 Ion. 10° 30' E. 
 
 CANEL, k3-nJl', a town of Western Africa, in Senegam 
 bia, on an aflluent of the Senegal, 30 miles S.E. of Sedo 
 Pop. 6000. (?) 
 
 CANELAS. kl-ni/lSs, sometimes written CANELES, kj- 
 nJ/lJs, a small mining town of the Mexican Confederation 
 state and 110 miles N.W. of Durango, on the S.W. slope ol 
 the Sierra Madre. Near it some veins of mercury have been 
 discovered. 
 
 CANELLI, k3-nJl1ee, a market-town of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, 13 miles S.E. of Asti, near the Belbo. 
 Pop. 3422. 
 
 CANE POINT, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia, 36 
 miles N. of Columbus. 
 
 C.4.NE RUN, a post-oflRce of Mercer co., Kentucky. 
 
 CANE SPRING, a post-oflice of Bullitt co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CANES/VILLE, a village in the S.E. part of Grant co, 
 Indiana, about 60 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CANET-DE-MAR, ka-nSt'-d.^-m^R, a maritime town of 
 Spain, 26 miles N.E. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. 
 Pop. 2800. 
 
 CANETE. kln-yi'ti. a seaport town of Northern Peru, 
 capital of a province of its own name, in the department of 
 Lima. 85 miles S.E. of the Metropolis. Pop. of the province, 
 in 1850. 17.653. 
 
 CaSeTE de las TORRES. kSn-y.VtA Ak Ms ton'Rja, a 
 town of Spain, 25 miles E. of Cordova, near the CaiSalejo. 
 Pop. 2410. 
 
 CASkTE-L.A.-HCERGINA. kdn-yi/tA-ia-hoo-er-Hee'nd, a 
 town of Spain. 27 miles E. of Cuenca. Pop. 12.30. 
 
 CANKTE-LA-REAL. kan-yi/tA-ia-r.i-ai',atownofSpain. 44 
 miles N.W. of Mal.Tga. Pop. 4090. Commerce in fruits and wine. 
 
 CANEV.\. kd-n-Vvd. a market-town of Northern Italy, go- 
 vernment of A'enice, 37 miles W. of Udine. Pop. 4270. 
 
 CANE'VILLE, a township in Kane co., Illinois, about 50 
 miles W. o*^ Chicago. More properly Kaneville. 
 
 CANEWDON. a parish of England, co. of Essex. Kin;; 
 Canute held his court here. 
 
 C.'VNEY, kA'nee. a post-ofRce of Matagorda co., Texas. 
 
 C-A^NEY, a postroffice of Washita co., Arkansas. 
 
 CANEY BAYOU. kA'nee bi'oo, a small stream of Texas, 
 which flows along the boundary of Matagorda and Brazoria 
 counties, and enters the Gulf of Mexico near the head of 
 Matagorda B.ay. 
 
 C.\NEY BRANCH, a post-offlce of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 CANEY BRIDGE, a post-oflico of Chicot co., Arkansas. 
 
 CANEY CREEK, Texas, flows through Montgomery co, 
 into the San Jacinto. 
 
 CANEY CREKK, a small village of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 C.'ANKY CREEK, a village of Morjran co., Kentucky. 
 
 CANEY F^RK. a tributary of Cumberland River, rises 
 among the Cumberland Mountains, in the E. central partof 
 Tennessee, and falls into the river at Carthage. Smith co. 
 Its genei'al course is N.W., and its whole length, perhaps, 
 125 miles. 
 
 C.'VNEY FORK, a post-office of Warren co., Tennessee. 
 
 CANEY SPRING, a postoflfice of Marshall co.. T.i.nessee. 
 
 CA'NEYVILLE. a pivt-vill.'i'je in Grayson co., Kentucky, 
 about 110 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 CAN'FIELD. GREAT, a parish of Engband, co. of Essex. 
 Here are remains of a castle of the De Veres. 
 
 CANFIELD, LITTLE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 C.AN'FIELD. a post-township in Mahoning co., Ohio, about 
 17 miles S. by E. of Warren. Pop. 1463. 
 
 CANFIELD. a thriving post-village, capital of M.ahoning 
 CO.. Ohio, is situated in the alx)ve township, 166 miles N.E. 
 of Cleveland, and 68 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It is neatly 
 buiJt, and pleasantly embowered among the ornamental 
 trees. The seat of justice was establi.'ihed here when the 
 county was organized in 1846. since which the court-house 
 has l)een erected, and other improvements made. Canfield 
 is situated in a rich and undulating country, in which 
 stone-coal and iron ore are almndant. Pop. 1091. 
 
 CANKIELD'SCORNEH.apostofflceofTi(>L'a<o.. New York. 
 
 CANFOO or CANFU, kin-fo.y,called,KANPOOby the Chi 
 nese, an ancient town and seapoil o» CUiua, pii vijce of 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 Che-kiang, at the head of a considerable bay, 32 miles S.W. 
 of Chapoo. It was originally the port of Hang-CUow,and 
 Is described, in the 9th century, by two Arabian travellers, 
 as the port of China, where all shipping entered. It is 
 now deserted, in con.sequence of the stream that runs past 
 it having become choked with .«and. The trade which it 
 formerly possessed is now engrossed by Canton and Chapoo. 
 
 CA.N'FORD. a parish of Kngland, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CAXFKANC, kin-frdnk', a frontier town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Huesc-a, on a frequented route between Fiance and 
 Spain, in the Pyrenees. 9 miles X. of Jaca. 
 
 CAN'OALLO, k3n-gdl'yo, a town of Peru, capital of a pro- 
 vince of Its own name, in the department of Cuzco, is 
 situ.ated on one of the head branches of the river .\purimac, 
 about 150 miles \V. of Cuzco. I'op. of province, in 1850, 20,027. 
 
 CANOAS DE OMS, kdn'gis di o-neeoe', a town of Spain, 
 36 miles K.S.K. of Oviedo. i'op. fi380. 
 
 CAXGAS DE TINEO, Idn'gds dA tenVo, a town of 
 Spain. 32 miles W.S.W. of Oviedo. Pop. 502. 
 
 CANGOZI.MA, kdn-go-zee'ma, or KANGOZIMA, kan-go-zee^- 
 mi. a town and seaport of Japan, .at the southern extremity 
 of the Island of Kioo-Sioo; lat. 31°37' .\., Ion. 1.30° 29' E., situ- 
 ate at the head of the Bay of Cangozima, which runs about 
 38 miles inland, with a bre.adth v.arying from 6 to 12 mile.s. 
 On a high rock, at the mouth of the harbor, there is a 
 square-built light-house. The harbor is protected by a bul- 
 wark and stone rampart, at the e.xti-emity of which Is a 
 guard-house. It is considered an Important station. 
 
 CAN'GREJOS, kdn-gr.i'Hoce, or CKAB ISLAND, a small 
 Island of South .\merica, Venezuela, at the mouth of Ori- 
 noco. Lat.. 8° 50' X.; Ion. 60° IS' W. 
 
 CANGUQU, kdu-goo-soo', a modern town of Brazil, on a 
 river of the same name, province, and 70 miles N. W. of San 
 Pedro-doUio-Grande. I'op. 5000. 
 
 CANIAPUSCAW, kanVap'us-kaw\ or KOKSOAK, kok'- 
 so-ak\. a river of British America. Labrador, issuing from a 
 lake of the same name, running N. by W., and, after receiv- 
 ing two considerable tributirias. falls into Ungava or South 
 B.ay, or Hudson's Strait, in lat. 59° X. 
 
 CAXIAI'U.SCA\V, a lake of very irregular shape; is 
 about 60 miles long, with a breadth varying from 8 to 35 
 miles. Its northern end is in lat. 51° 45' X., Ion. 67 W. 
 
 CAXICATTI, kd-no-kat'U'e. a town of Sicily, 15 miles 
 E.X.E. of Girgenti, on the Xaro. I'op. in 1862, 20,025. In 
 its environs are extensive sulphur-mines. 
 . C.WICEL'LO. a post-office of llockbridge co., Virginia. 
 
 C.A.XIGOU, k3*ne'goo', a mountain of France, department 
 of I'yrenoes-OrientaleB, 24: miles S.W. of I'orpignan ; it is 
 one of the culminating points of the Pyrenees, and 9137 
 feet in elevation. 
 
 CAXILES, kd-nee'Ifs, a town of Spain. 29 miles S.W. of 
 Granada. Pop. 4234. It has linen manufactures. 
 
 CAXILL.\S. kl-neel'yJs. a modern commercial town of 
 Spain, 22 miles E.X.E. of Malaga. Pop. 2247. 
 
 C.\N1 ND E, ki-neeu'd.'\, a river of Brazil, province of Pi.auhi, 
 fells into the I'arnahilia. after a course of above 200 miles. 
 
 CAXTXO. kj-nee'no, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical 
 Stites. 20 miles W.X.W. of A'iterbo. It has celebrated baths, 
 BJid gave the title of prince ta Lucion Bonaparte. 
 
 CAX^ISBAY', a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithnes.s. 
 
 CAX1S'.\"I.\, a small lake in the X.W. part of Louisiana, 
 about 4 miles S.W. of Bed Hiver. into which it flows. 
 
 CAX^I.STE'O, a post-village and township of Steuben co.. 
 New York, on the Erie Railroad, 37 miles W.X.W. of Corn- 
 ing, about 60 miles south of Rochester, and 328 miles from 
 New York city. It is intersected by the Canisteo river. One 
 newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1850, 2030 ; in 1860, 
 23.37. 
 
 CAVISTE/O RIVER rises in Alleghany co.. in the S.S.W. 
 part of Xew York, and, running in a south-easterly course, 
 falls into the Tioga River, in Steuben county. The Xcw 
 York and Erie Railroad runs in the valley of this river, 
 near its left bank, through almost the whole of its coMrse. 
 
 CAX'ISTER ISLAXDS, three sm.all islets of the Mergui 
 Archipelago, in the Indian Ocean, lat. 13° X., Ion. 98° E. 
 
 CAXJ.\YAR, kdn-Hi-aR', a town of Spain, 34 miles W. of 
 Almeria. E. of the Sierra Gador. Pop. 2700. 
 
 C.-\.X"X, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 C.4.X'XA, one of the IIel«dos. in Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 one of four islands, forming the parish of Small Isles. 7 
 miles S.W. of Skye. Length from E. to W., 4| miles; breadth, 
 1 mile. Pop. in 1851, 240. mostlv Roman Citholics. 
 
 CAX'XADAY GAP, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia'. 
 
 CAX'X.\.XEE' CREEIv, Georgi.a, flows"into the Ocmulgee 
 River, in Irwin county. 
 
 C.^XXE, kdn'n.i. a vill.age of Naples, province of Bari, 
 near the Ofanto. 8 miles W.S.W. of Barletta, on the site of 
 the field of Omnw, still called the ■' C.ampo di S.angue," 
 kim'po dt« sdn'gwA. {i.e. " field of blood,") where Hannibal 
 ifilued a memorable victory over the Romans. B. c. 216. 
 
 r.A.XXV], kann or kSn'neh, a village of Belgian Limbourg, 
 10 miles E.X.E. ofTongres'. Pop. 610. 
 
 C.4.X'XF]LT0X, a flourishing post^own of Perry co., In- 
 diana, is situated on the Ohio River. 120 miles below Louis- 
 ville, Kentucky, and 70 miles above Evausville, Indiana. 
 
 20 years ago it contained only 4 or 5 log catiinj", now it is 
 the largest town in the county, and has a court-house, 5 
 churches, elegant residences, and a large cotton lactory, 
 called the Cannelton Cotton-mill, which employs several 
 hundred operatives, and produces 40,000 yards of sheetingn 
 per week. This establishmont, which is 300 feet long and 
 4 stories high, is built of variegated .sandstone, and pre- 
 sents a splendid appearance from the river. A newspaiier in 
 published here. The vast beds of cannel coal which arg 
 found in the adjoining hills give to this place superior ad- 
 vantages for a manufacturing town. The stratum of coal is 
 4 or 5 feet thick, and easily accessible. The coal is used ex- 
 tensively in the steamboats which navigate the river. The 
 improvements at this place were commenced by the .\meri- 
 can Cannel Co.al Company, which was incorporated in 1*36. 
 Fine sandstone and fire-clay are found here in connection 
 with the coal. I'op. 2155. 
 
 C.\XXES, kdnn, a seaport town of Southern France, de- 
 partment of A'ar, on the Mediterrane.an. 25 miles X.E. of 
 Draguignan. Pop. of commune, in 1852. 5557. It stands on 
 a declivity fiicing the sea, and surrounded by orange and 
 olive plantations. It has an old Gothic castle, and a good 
 quay, but an indifferent port. Exports, chiefly anchovies, 
 fruits, and corn. Near it is the villa of Louise-lUeonore, 
 the property of Lord Brouirham. X'apoleon landed at Cannes 
 from Elba, on the 1st of March, 1815. 
 
 CAXXETELLO, kSn-nA-t^lo, a village of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra I., 8 miles N. of Reggio, In the Strait of 
 Messina. It was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 
 1783. Pop., with Pezzo and I'iall, two small places. 22:j<i. 
 
 CAXNETO, kiln-nil/to, a town of Lombardy, 20 miles W. 
 of .Mantmi, on the Oglio. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CAXXETO, a town of Naples. 9 miles S. of Bari. Pop. 1940. 
 
 C.\XXIXG, a small post-village of Canada West. co. of 
 Oxford, 5 miles W. of Paris. It contains a woollen factory, 
 an axe factory, and a saw-mill. 
 
 CAXXIXGS, BISHOP'S. See Bisnop's-C.WMN'o.s. 
 
 CAX'XIXOTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CAXXOBIO. See Ck^oyJimo. 
 
 C.\X'.\OCK. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 CAXX(X"K-CIIASE, formeriy a woodland, but a bleak 
 tract of about 25,000 aere.s, extending from the above X.E. tc 
 the river Trent. Lichfield and Itudgeley are upon its Tiorders. 
 
 C.\X'XOX, a county in the central part of Tennessee, has 
 an area of about 220 square miles. It is drained by Stones 
 River and the Caney Fork of Cumberland i'iver. The sur 
 face is uneven; the soil mostly productive. The county has 
 a turnpike-road leading to Xashville. Capital, Woodbury. 
 Po]i. S.iOO, of whom 8535 were free, and 974 slaves. 
 
 C.VNNON, a town.'.hip and village of Kent co., Michigan, 
 about 30 miles N.N.W. of IIa.stings. Pop. 1061. 
 
 CAX'XOXBIE or CAN'OBY, a'parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries. 
 
 CAXXOXBY CROSS, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 CAXXON RIVER, of Slinnesota Territory, has its .=ource 
 near 44° X'. lat.. and 93° 25' W. Ion. : it flows first northerly, 
 then northeasterly, and at last in a general easterly direc- 
 tion, and falls into the Mississippi near Red Wing Village. 
 Length, .about 80 miles. ' 
 
 C.'VN'NOXSBURG, Pennsylvania. See C.iN0X?nrRG. 
 
 CANXOXSBURG, a post-office of Greenup co., Kentucky. 
 
 CAXXON'SBURG.asmall post-vill.ageof Hancock co.. Ohio. 
 
 CAXXOXSBURO, a post-vill.age of Kent CO., Michigan, 
 about 60 miles AV.X.W. of Lansing. 
 
 CAXXOX'S CREEK, of South Carolina, flows eastward 
 into Broad River, near the X. extremitv of Lexington district. 
 
 CAXXOX'S FERRY, a post-oflHce of Sussex co.. Delaware. 
 
 C-^XNOX'S MILL, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 CAXXOX'S STORE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CAXXOX'S STORE, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAN'XOXSVILLE, a post^village of Delaware CO.. Xew 
 York, on the Coquago River, about 36 miles E. of Bingi 
 hamton. 
 
 CAXXOUCHEE, k.jn-noo'chee, a small river of Georgia, 
 rises in Emanuel cour.ty. and flowing S.E. enters the Opee- 
 chee, about 12 miles S.W. of Savannah. The Little Can- 
 nouchee unites with it in Bryan county. 
 
 CAXXOUCHEE or CAXOCIIEE, a post-office of Emanuel 
 CO.. Georjria. 
 
 CAXX'STADT, k.^nn'statt, a walled town of AVUrtemberg, 
 circle of Xockar, in a beautiful and fertile valley. 4 miles 
 X.E. of Stuttgart. It is the entrepot for the traffic on the 
 Xeckar, and h.as manufiictures of wooUen.s. cottons, tobacto, 
 vinegar, Ac, with some dyeing establishments. In the 
 vicinity are a number of mineral springs, forming a favor- 
 ite resort for the inhabitants of Stuttgart. Close by are the 
 royal seats of Bellevue and Rosenstein. Cannstadt is con- 
 nected by a railway with Heilbronn and Carlsruhe. In 1796, 
 a battle was fmght near the town, between the Archduke 
 Charles and General Moreau. Pop. 4465. mostly Protestants. 
 
 CAXOBBIO, kd-nob'be-o, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont, AV. side of Lago Maggiore, 17 miles S.AV. of Bet 
 lingzona. Pop. 2000. 
 
 365 
 
CAN 
 
 :3AN0E, ka-noo', a to-wnship of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1470. 
 
 CANOE ORKEK, of Alabama, flows through St. Clair co. 
 l«ito Coo.sa Kiver. 
 
 CANINE PLACE, or NEWMAN'S MILLS, a post-village of 
 Indiana co., Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of the Su8- 
 qiK-h:iniia. TO niile.s from Pittsburg. Named from being the 
 hiirhe.-it point on the river to which a canoe could be pushed. 
 
 CANiArA, a po.st-village of F.iyette township. Seneca co.. 
 New York, half a mile W. of Cay uga Lake, and 10 miles S.E. of 
 Waterloo. Pop. 300. Here is a large spring, which affords 
 permanent motive-power for a flouring mill and a saw mill. 
 
 CANOMA, Ud-no-mi' or kS-no'md. a river of Brazil, pro- 
 Tln<-e of Para, an affluent of the Madeira, which it joins on 
 the right, in lat a° 58' S., after a N.W. course of upwards 
 of -M miles direct distance, and p.nssing through Lake 
 Canonvi. about 35 miles long by 12 miles broad. 
 
 CiStO?,'. kin-von', a Spanish word si,:;nif)ing " tube" or 
 "chauuel,'appliediu Mexico and South America to narrow 
 ani deep rivt-r chaun-.>ls. 
 
 CANON-FKOME. a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Hereford, 
 
 C.VNON'ICUT ISLAND, in Narrag;mset Bay, llhode Is- 
 land, 2 miles long, and about half a mile wide. 
 
 C.\N0N-P10X. a parish of Engl.aud, co. of Hereford. 
 
 CAN'ONSBUIIG, a post-borough of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 18 miles S.W. from Kttsburgh, with which it is 
 connected by a turnpike-road. It is the seat of Jefferson 
 College, a flourishing institution, which had in 1863, 237 
 students, and a library of 10,000 volumes. Pop. 650. 
 
 CANOOCIIEE. See CtxNocciiKF. 
 
 CAN'OON', a town of British India, 80 miles W.S.W. of 
 Delhi. Situated in the niid^t of a desert. 
 
 C.\N01'EK, a post-office of Adjims co,, Indiana. 
 
 CANOI'CS or CANOBUS. See .Abookeeb. 
 
 CANOMA, kJ-no'sd, a town of Naples, province of Barri, 13 
 miles S.W, of Barletta, Pop, 7120, It has a ciithedral, 
 founded in the 6th century, the tomb of the celebrated Bo- 
 hemond. Prince of Antioch, and the remains of the ancient 
 Ginu'siinn. 
 
 CANOSS.A, ki-nos'si, a town of Central Italy, in the pro- 
 vince of Modena, 11 miles S,W, of Reggio, witli a castle, in 
 which the Emperor llenry IV, performed penance before 
 Pope Gregory YII., in 1077. 
 
 C.\N0UAN, kl-noo'in, the central of the Grenadine 
 Lskinds, British West Indies; lat. 12° 43' N, Ion. 61° 
 21' W. 
 
 CANOUKGUE, La, li ki^nooRg' or LA CAYOURGUE, (!) 
 Id kd^yooRg,town of France, department of Lozere, 9 miles 
 S.W. of JIarvejols, on the Urugue. near its confluence with 
 the Lot. From time immemorial the centre of the manu- 
 faitures of serges and other woollen goods, known by the 
 name of OidU-de^a-Qinourgue. Pop. in 1S52, 1910. 
 
 CAXQUAGA (kan-kwah'ga) CHEEK, a small stream of 
 Erie co.. New Y'ork, fiills into Lake Erie, near 20 miles S.3.W. 
 of Buffalo. 
 
 CANSO or C.\NSEAU, (kan'so.) The Gut of, is the pas- 
 sage between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, from the At- 
 lantic into Northumberland Strait. Length, 17 miles; 
 average breadth, 2} miles. 
 
 , C.\N'T.\. kdn'td, a town of Peru, capital of a province of 
 its own name, in the department of Lima. 50 miles N.E. of 
 Lima Citv, Pop, of the province, in 1850, 16.3S4. 
 
 CANTABUIAN (kdn-tVbre-an) MOUNTAINS, in the N. 
 of .Spain, form a prolongation of the Pyrenees, and e.\tend 
 from these mountains in the E, to Cape Finistere on the 
 W„ about lat. 43' N. The chief divisions of the chain are 
 the Sierras d'.\ralar, Salvada, Ordunte, .\naiSa, Sejos, Al- 
 bas, Peila, Jlellara, the mountains of Asturjas, Sierra de 
 Pefiamarella, Mondoiiedo, Quadramon, and Tecyra; gome 
 of the summits attain an elevation of 10,000 feet. 
 
 CANTABKIGIA, See Cambridge. 
 
 CANT.^GALLO, kdn-td-gdllo, a town of Brazil, province 
 of. and 85 miles N.E.of Rio Janeiro, in an exhausted gold 
 district. The products of the district ai-e sent on mules to 
 the ports on the Rio Macacu, whence they are exported to 
 Rio Janeiro. Pop, 4000. 
 
 CAN'T.\L, kS.NO^tdl, a central department of France, 
 formed of the S. part of the old province of Auvergne. Area, 
 2245 square miles. Pop. in 1801, 240,523. It is entirely 
 mountainous, occupied by the mass of Cantal and its contre- 
 forts; culminating point, Plomb de Cantal, one of the 
 four princi|)al groups which form the mountains of Au- 
 vergne, C0J3 feet in elevation. The surface is almost en- 
 tire! • covered with the debris of extinct volcanoes ; it fur- 
 nishes marble and coal, anl has numerous mineral springs; 
 its metallic riches are unexplored. The chief rivers are the 
 Alagnon. affluent of the AUier; Truy^re and Celle, affluents 
 of the Lot; and the C6re, affluent of the Dordogne. The 
 soil is infertile, except in some of the valleys; the declivities 
 of the mountains afford excellent pastui-age. The chief ma- 
 il iiiacture is cheese, (the mast celebrated of which is called 
 Roquefort.) linens, and paper. The department forms the 
 19th military division of France, and is divided into the 
 urrimdissementsof Aurillac, MaurLic, Murat,and St, Flour, 
 its priucipal towns. Capital, AuriUac 
 
 CAN 
 
 CANTALAPIEDRA, kdn-td-ld-pe-.Vdrd. a town of Spain. 
 25 miles E.N.E. of Salamanca, with 107(3 inhaljit.ints. 
 
 C.A.N'T.\LBAR/RY, a town of Northern llindostan, 6ul> 
 ject to Bootan. 50 miles S.W. of Chuka, 
 
 C.\NTALEJO, kin-td-l;l'no, a town of Spain, province and 
 IS miles N.X.E. of Segovia. Pop, 1176. 
 
 CANT.\LICE, kdn-tdl'echi, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II., 6 miles X. of Civita Ducile. 
 
 CAXTALUPO. klu-td-loo/po. a town of Naples, province 
 of Sannio orMolise. 13 miles W.S.W. of Campobasso. Many 
 of the inhabitants perished by an earthquake in 1805. The 
 French here derated the Neapolitans in 179S, Pop. 22f0. 
 
 C.-VNTELEU, kdn'teh-lrh', a town of France, department 
 of Seine-Inferieure. 3 miles W, of Rouen, with a castle and 
 numerous villiis. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3371, 
 
 CANTENAC, kdnHeh-ndk', a village of France, department 
 of Gironde, 10 miles X, of Bordeaux, with a small port on 
 the Gironde. Pop, of commune, 85-3. 
 
 CANTERBURY, kan'ter-ber-e, (anc, DurmeHnum or Dar- 
 verfnum ; afterwards called Cuntiuifria.) a city, borough, 
 and county of itself, in England, and its metropolitan 
 see, within the county of Kent, on the Stour, 53 miles 
 E.S.E. of London, with which it communicates by rail- 
 way. Lat. 61° 16' 48" N., Ion, 1° 4' 31" E, Area, which 
 includes 14 parishes, 3240 acres. Pop. of the city, in 1851, 
 18.747, The p;irlianientary and municipal boundaries in- 
 clude the whole of the city and suburbs, with the exception 
 of a few houses in Thauington pari.'^h, Ashford Road. It is 
 situated in a rich vale watered by the Stour, and has four 
 main streets, branching from a centre at right angles, and 
 each terminating in a suburb beyond the ancient walls, con- 
 siderable remains of which still exist. Its cathedral, erected 
 In the twelfth and two tbllowing centuries, on the S'ite of the 
 first Christian church built in Saxon England, is in the 
 form of a double cross, with a central ai:d 2 western towei-s, 
 and presents a magnificent union of almost every style of 
 Christian architecture. The choir is the largest and one of 
 the finest in the kingdom, and the pavement of the chapel 
 of the Holy Trinity is worn into hollows by the knees of the 
 innumerable pilgrims who here worshipped at the .shrine of 
 Thomas k Becket, Among other interesting tombs here is 
 th;it of the Black Prince, A fine chapter-house and a valu- 
 able library are attached to the cathedral, under which is a 
 spacious crypt, used as a French Protestant church since the 
 reign of Elizabeth, The numerous parish churches ai-e mostly 
 ancient, but possess little interest. The grammar school, 
 founded by Henry VllI, for 50 .scholars, has several exhibi- 
 tions and scholarships at Cambridge. There are numerous 
 other endowed schools; an hospital for poor brethren, 
 founded by Archbishop Lanfranc. present annual revenue, 
 411i,; Jesus Hospital, founded in 1595, revenue 5S47. ; an- 
 other hospital, with a revenue of 3067.; an infirmary, au an- 
 cient guild-hall, an exchange, large barracks, a theatre, and 
 philosophical institution, with a library and miiseum, A 
 fine ancient gateway, and some rem-ains of St, Au^iustine's 
 Abbey, and of a Norman castle, the old Checquer's Inn, im- 
 mortalized by Chaucer, and the Donjon (or Dauejohu^ Field, 
 (now formed, with its mound of supposed Danish origin, 
 into a beautiful planted walk,) may be specified as objects 
 of interest. 
 
 In the immediate vicinity are several woollen mills, but 
 the chief business is the export of agricultural produce, 
 especi;illy of hops, exten.sively grown in the neiglil «ii hood, 
 and of brawn, for which the city has some repute, Canter- 
 bury was formerly noted for its .silk manulactuivs, but these 
 have been supplanted by a superior kind of daniask linen, 
 for which it is celebrated. It sends two members to the 
 House of Commons, Canterbury was, previous to the Ro- 
 man invasion, a place of note as a religious institution. It 
 was made a principal station by the Romans, and in the 
 second century Christianity was introduced. It subse- 
 quently bec;inie the capital of the Saxon kingdom of Kent, 
 under, the name of Caer-Cant. hence Ontuaria and Canter- 
 bury. The arclibbhopric. founded A. n. 597, h.Hs had 93 
 archbishops, including the present primate, the most famous 
 of whom have been St. .iugustine, the founder of the *ee, 
 St. Dunstan. Stisrand, Lanfranc, Anselm, Becket, Cai-diual 
 Pole, Cranmer, Laud, and Tillotson. The ai-chbishop of Can- 
 terbury is -primate of all England," and the first peer of 
 I the realm, next to the royal family. He crowns the sove- 
 1 reign in Westminster Abl)ey, and among other privileges hag 
 that of conferring degrees in divinity, law, and physic. His 
 I province comprises 20 suffi-agan tiishoprics, and his diocese 
 j 258 parishes, besides 100 parishes called "peculiars" in other 
 I sees. His revenue amounts to alxiut 20,0C*/. annually. 
 
 CAXTEKBUR Y, a post-vill.ige and township of Merrimack 
 ! co„ New Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord, and .Montreal 
 I Railroad, 10 miles N,E. of Concord. Pop. 1522. 
 
 C.A.XTEItBURY', a post-village and township of Windh.im 
 i CO,, Connecticut, about So miles E. by S, of Hartford, It 
 i has manufactures of cotton batting, iron castings, carrkiges, 
 and leather. Pop. 1591. 
 
 C.^NTKHBUHY, a village of Orange co.. New York, 1 mU» 
 W. of Hudson River, and 89 S. of Allwiny. It eoutaius sev«- 
 I rai churches and stores. 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 CAKTEIIBURY, a post-village of Kent co., Delaware, Smiles 
 e. of Dover. 
 
 CAN'TEKBURY. a villageof Xew South Wales, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 5 miles from .Sydney, on Cook"^ River. Here is 
 the establishment of the Australasian Sugar Company. 
 Pop. 2 IS. 
 
 C.A^N'f KlUJURY, an episcopal settlement in New Zealand, 
 Port Cor.DHr district, Banks's I'eninsula. 
 
 CANTIAN'O, kdn-te-a'no, a fortified town of Central 
 Italy, in the Marches, 20 miles S. of Urliino, on the river 
 Cantiiiiio, ami on the road from Rome to Pesaro. Pop. 2000. 
 Near it »re the ruins of tlie ancient Lucoila. 
 
 CANTILLAXA. kdn-teel-yi/ni, a town of Spain, 18 miles 
 N. of Seville, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 4121. 
 
 CAXTI RE or CANTYRK. MUIX OF. See Kinttre. 
 
 CAXT/LKY, two parishes of En^'land. co. of Norfolk, with 
 a station on the Y.armouth and Harwich Railway. 
 
 C\ NTLKY, a parish of Kn;4land, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 CJ^NTO.\, kan-ton', ((l^hin. Hino-Chiitg, the '-provincial 
 city.') a city of China, and the greatest commercial empo- 
 rium of Asia, capital of the province of Quangtong, on the 
 left bank of the Canton or Pearl River, (Otiuii-Aiinig.) alwut 
 70 ml tt'« from its mouth in the China Sea. I-at. 2;i° 6' 9' N., 
 Ion. 1 1;!° 15' E. Mean temperature of the year, 69°-9; win- 
 ter. 5i'-^'S: summer, X2° Fahrenheit. Balbi states the popu- 
 lation at 60O.OU0 ; others estimate it as high as 1.500,000. Jt 
 probably does not differ much from l.OttO.OOO. Canton, with 
 Its suhurlis, occtipies the N.bank of the river, extending in- 
 land nearly to a row of heights commanding it on the N.and 
 K.E., but between which and the city is a broken ravine ; to 
 the S. lies an alluvial plain, formed by the delta of the river. 
 The city is enclosed by a wall of brick, on a foundation of red 
 Mndstone, (j or 7 miles in circumference, and entered by 12 
 gates: it is unequally dividt-d by another wall with 4 gates, 
 into the old and new town, in the former of which are the 
 residences of most of the high officers, the public arsenal, Ac. 
 The walls are in some places mounted with cannon. On 
 the N. heights are 4 strong forts, and on some islands in the 
 river are other forts, termed the '• Duti-h," and the " French 
 Folly." Various detached liatteries also guard the approach 
 to the city by the river. The suburbs are nearly as large as 
 the city itself On the S. they stretch all along the river 
 side: and at their S.W. corner are the lirnigs or European 
 quarter — a range of buildings about H furlongs in length, 
 built upon a flat raised on piles, and sep;irated fron\ the 
 river by a quay 100 vards in breadth, called Res|X)ndentia 
 Walk. There are 13 nongs, including those of the British, 
 Dutch, Americ;in, French. Austrian, Swedish, Danish. Par- 
 see, and other merchants, and which merely consist of 4 or 
 6 brick or stone houses. I'anged around a closed court; 2 of 
 them are partly occupied by good European hotels. The 
 Englisli hong far surpasses the rest in elegance and extent. 
 Near the quay is another small space, about 50 or 60 yards 
 square, walled in and laid out as a garden; the above nar- 
 row limits comprise all the territory assigned to foreign- 
 ers. Contiguous to the hongs are Old and New China 
 streets, and Hog lane; the two former nve among the Ijest 
 streets in the suburbs; the last is a filthy, narrow lane, well 
 known to foreign s amen, and where many disturbances be- 
 tween them and the Chinese have arisen. 
 
 The city and the suburbs are laid out and built after one 
 fashion. The streets are narrow and crooked, varying from 2 
 to 10 feet, but averaging 7 or 8 teet in width, paved and 
 flagged, each closed by gates guarded at night, and each of the 
 trading thoroughfares appropriated to one trade. Several ca- 
 nals intersect the city, and are crossed by stone bridges. The 
 houses are mostly of brick, but also of stone, mud. and 
 wood, seldom more than one story in height, with flat roofs 
 and terraces, floored with hardened mud. stone, or tiles, and 
 the place of window-glass is commonly supplied by paper, 
 mica, or thin shell.- The residences of the wealthy inha- 
 bitants are built within a walled court, and are richly fur- 
 nished: those of the middle clas.ses, in which about one- 
 third of the population reside, have no courts : and those of 
 the lower orders, which are numerous along the banks of 
 the canals and in the suburbs, are wretched mud hovels, in 
 which from 10 to 20 per.sons are sometimes crowded in one 
 apartment. A large part of the population resides on the 
 water ; and for 4 or 5 miles opposite the city, and both above 
 and below, the river is crowded with vessels and rafts of all 
 kinds, on many of which large numbers of poultry are 
 reared. Upwards of 120 temples are enumerated in and 
 adjacent to Canton, the principal being the remarkable 
 Boodhist temple of Ho-nan, on an adjacent large island. 
 Within the old city are two other considerable temples, and 
 a Mohammedan uiosiiue. with a dome and minaret 100 feet 
 in height : and outside of the walls, on the N.. is a lofty pa- 
 goda. Canton has several hospitals, a grand hall for the ex- 
 amination of candidates for literary honors, 14 high schools, 
 and about .30 colleges, 3 of which have each 200 students. 
 The manufactures are various and extensive, and the shops 
 are filled with articles of Chinese workmanship. 17.000 per- 
 sons are said to be employed in silk-weaving. 50.000 in 
 the manufacture of all kinds of cloth, and upwards of 
 4000 in shoe-making Great numbers of individuals work 
 
 in wood, stone, iron, and brass, and the book trade is con- 
 siderable. 
 
 Until 1843, all the legitimate foreign trade of China waa 
 conducted at Canton: and its amount before the breaking 
 out of the late war with Great Britain, was estimated (inclu 
 sive of the trade by junks with adjacent countries) at 
 $S0,000,00t) annually. Tea is the great article of expo?t to 
 Europe, United States, &c. ; next to which come sil'; xnd 
 silk piece goi>ds, the precious metals, cassia, sugar, porcelain, 
 and many other inferior articles. In 1844, the total exports 
 to Europe and America amounted in value to $20,756,620; 
 and the imports, comprising wo<jl]on and cotton goods, raw 
 cotton, cotton yarn, ginseng, wrought iron, tin. lead, rat- 
 tans, wood, spices, skins, and Ivory, at ,$18,711,616. The e.x- 
 ports to Great Britain and the British possessions in tlie 
 East, amounted to $18,826,505, (of which upwards of seven- 
 eighths were shipped direct to ports of the United Kingdom.) 
 and this amount connirised tea to the value of §14.-280,K20. 
 The value of imports into Canton in British shipping 
 amounted to $16,704,350, of which §12.803.226 were for Bri- 
 tish manufactures and articles of staple produce; the im- 
 portation of British woollens, and especially of cottons, 
 having fir exceeded the maximum of former periods. The 
 imports at Canton in American vessels, in the s.ame year, 
 amounted to $2,564,710, and the exports to $7,0^,562 ; the 
 trade of other nations was of much less consequence. The 
 exjiort, import, and tonnage dues paid by British vessels, in 
 1844, amounted to $2,592,930. Theexportsin 1845amounted 
 in value to $32,053,874. and the imports to $14,747,199. The 
 imports, of course, include only the legal traffic, and conse- 
 quently omits the item of opium, which in amount is said 
 to exceed that of iill others. It is estimated that the opium 
 cultivated by the F.iist India Company, and exported into 
 China from Calcutta and Bombay, with the full knowledge 
 that it is forbidden by the government, does not fall short 
 of $-25.0u0,OO0 annually. In 1848, 261 ves.sels. (tons, 110.242.) 
 of which 171 (Umn. 72.345) were British, entered : and 267 
 vessels, (tons, 108,401,) 176 of which (tons, 73.975) were 
 British, clejired .-it the custom-house. During the year end- 
 ing June 30th. 1852, the shipping entered from the United 
 States amounted to 88,771 tons, and that cleared to 78.0o5 
 tons. The value of imports from the United States the same 
 year amounted to $2,063,177, of which .$2.4S0,06t') was do- 
 mestic produce, and the exports to $10,593,950. The quan- 
 tity of tea exported in 1847 was72.932.531 pounds. In 1848, 
 the quantity reached only .36.209,309 pounds. The export 
 of teas to the United States, in 1849, amounted to 38.672.400 
 pounds: in 1850,21,767,800pounds; 1851, 2S.7f<).800 pounds; 
 1852. 34.;j34.000 pounds; and in 1853. to 40„303.i;00 pounds, 
 of which 26,101,100 pounds was green tea, and 14,202,500 
 pounds black. 
 
 The m.arkets abound with all kinds of live stock for food, 
 including dogs, cats, owls, Ac. suitable only for Chinese 
 consumers: but provisions of all kinds are abundant and 
 tolerably cheap. Canton is well supplied with water from 
 reservoirs and springs. 
 
 There are no wheeled carriages in use in the streets of 
 Canton; but their absence is amply compensated by th6 
 nimble sedan-bearers, one class of which are called liy the 
 Chinese •' horses without tails." These are the bearers of 
 men of wealth, who generally appear abroad in sedan<-hairs, 
 taking up neiirly the whole breadth of the narrow street, to 
 the great annoyance of the foot passengers, whom they con- 
 stantly jostle. But the river presents scenes perhaps still 
 more curious and interesting to the stranger th.an the 
 streets. The prodigious number of boats, amounting at one 
 time to 84,000, with which the surface is crowded, is the first 
 thing that strikes the eye. A large number of these — as 
 many, it is said, as 40,000, containing a population ot 
 200,0tt0 — are fi«ed residences, and most of them moored 
 stem and stern in rows. The inhabitants are called Tankia, 
 or boat-people, and form a class in some respects beneath the 
 other portions of the community, and have many customs 
 peculiar to them.selves. Millions are born, and live and die 
 in these floating dwellings, without ever setting a foot upou 
 dry land; while their ancestors before them, for many gene- 
 rations, were all amphibious like themselves. The dwell- 
 ing or family boats are of various sizes, the better .sort being 
 from 60 to 80 feet long, and about 15 wide. But by far the 
 handsomest of the boats on the Canton River are the /*J"a 
 tiyit). or flower boats. The form of these is very graceful, 
 and their raised cabins and awnings are fancifully carved 
 and painted. 
 
 The people of Canton h.ive acquired an infamous celebrity 
 for profligacy and corruption, and are usually considered 
 about the worst specimen of the nation that can be pre- 
 sented. A retiring viceroy thus wound up a detail of his 
 experiences in the government of Canton: — "Deceit and 
 falsehood prevail everywhere in this city— in all ranks, and 
 in all places. There is no truth in man, nor honesty in 
 woman! I have endeavored in vain to correct these evils — 
 it has been labor lost. I am sick at heart, and wish to de- 
 part from such scenes of vice and habitual falsehood." This 
 city has long been the favorite retreat of all the most tur- 
 bulent and worst portion of the Chinese ; and it is said that 
 
 367 
 
CAN 
 
 CAP 
 
 there \s an organized band of 20,000 robbers in and around 
 it. The police, though well regulated, is rendered worse 
 than inefficient l:)y the national failing — the venality and 
 /apae ty of its officers, who share with the thieves in the 
 proeewls of their robbenes,.and for a bribe liberate offenders 
 whom they hare seized. Gambling is one of the prevail- 
 ing vl-es; }»iid. as a eonsei^uence, there is an extraordinary 
 amount of nuicide, a large portion of which is perpetrated 
 by women. Education is in so low a state that it is he- 
 lieved that not more than one-lialf of the male adult popu- 
 lation of Canton can read. The education of girls is wholly 
 an i systematically neglected, there being scarcely a school 
 for feinales in the city — public opinion and immemorial 
 usiige being against tlie educating of girls. 
 
 Tlie climate of Canton is, upon the whole, salubrious. The 
 heat in summer is sometimes very gre;vt, the thermometer 
 occasionally rising from 90° to 10<)° Fnh. in the shade; but 
 the average of the whole year is 72°. In July and August, 
 the average is from 8u° to 8S°, and in January and Febru- 
 ary, from 50° to 60°. A fall of snow occurred in Canton in 
 February, 1835, to the astonishment and no small alarm of 
 the inhabitants, who hardly knew what name to give it. 
 Ice, however, sometimes forms in shallow vessels, a line or 
 two in thickness. Woollen cloths are worn, and fires are 
 comfort;ibl» during January and February, but the Chinese 
 do not warm their houses. 
 
 Canton is the oldest city in the S. of China, and since its 
 foundation it has undergone many clianges. The Chinese 
 historians say they are able to trace their city for 2000 
 years, when it was called Nan-Wooching, -'the martial city 
 of the south," and was surrounded by a stockade made of 
 bamboo and mud. One of its earliest names, and which is 
 still used in its books, was Yang-Ching, " the city of rams." 
 On the 26th of May, ISil. the Chinese troops were totally 
 defeated, and both the river defences and the hill forts 
 above Canton captured by the British forces, who, however, 
 did not enter the city, a truce having been forthwith agreed 
 to, upon the payment of 6,003,000i. by the vanquished. In 
 lS+7, the Bogue Forts were again captured by the British, 
 and a new convention agreed to. Canton has been fre- 
 quently devastated by fires. In no other city have confiag- 
 ratious been more frequent, more extensive, or more de- 
 structive. The most disjistrous fire of recent times occurred 
 in 1822, when between 13,000 and 14,000 houses, with nearly 
 all the European fiictories, were destroyed, and many lives 
 
 lost. Adj. and inhab., Cantonese, kan^ton-eez'. (?) 
 
 CANTO.V. a postrtownship of Oxford co., Maine, 25 miles 
 W.N.W. of Augusta, intersected by the Androscoggin River. 
 Pop. 1025, 
 
 CANTON, a post-village .and township of Norfolk co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on tlie Boston and Providence Railroad, 14 miles 
 S. of Boston. It has 1 bank, 5 churches, a savings institu- 
 tion, and manufactures of cotton goods, thread, copper, ma- 
 chinery, &c. Pop. 3242. 
 
 CANl'ON, a post-township of Hartford co., Connecticut, 12 
 •jiiles N.W. of Hartford, intersected by Farmington River, 
 It lias an extensive axe manufactory. Pop. 2373. 
 
 CANTON, a township and post-village, capital of St. Law- 
 rence CO , New Yorli, on Grass River, and on the Ogdensburg 
 and Rome Railroad, 20 miles E.S.E. of Ogdensburg. It con- 
 tains a court-house, a college, an academy, a jail, 1 bank 
 and 1 newspaper office. The township contains 1 1 churches. 
 A bridge crosses Grass River here, and there are several 
 mills and factories in tlie vicinity. Pop. in I860, estimated 
 at 2000 ; of the township in 1860, 6379. 
 
 CANTON, a post-village of Salem co.. New Jersey, 9 miles 
 S.S.E. of Salem, has a church and several stores. 
 
 C.4NT0N, a post-township of Bradfon! co., Pennsj'lvania, 
 24 miles W.S.W, of To waiida, on I'owanda Creek, Pop. 2190. 
 CANTON, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 5S7. 
 
 CANTON, a post-village, capital of Cherokee co,. Georgia, 
 Dn the left bank of the Etowah River. 130 miles N,W. of Mil- 
 ledgeville, and 25 miles from the Western and Atlantic Rail- 
 road. It is surrounded by tine mountain .scenery. There 
 are several gold-mines in the county which have been 
 worked with profit. The river affords water-power, and is 
 navigable by small steamlxiats. 
 
 CANTON, a post-village of 'Wilcox co., Alabama, on the 
 Alabama River, about 75 miles S,W. of Montgomery. 
 
 CANTON, a Ijeautiful post-village, capital of Madison co., 
 Mississippi. 25 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. The route of the 
 railroad from Jaiikson to Tennessee passes through this 
 village. Free pop. 7S0. 
 C.\NTON, a small post-village of Smith co., Texas. 
 CANTON, a post-office of Vanzant co., Texas. 
 C.\NTO.N, a small post-village of Lawrence co,, Arkansas, 
 CANTON, a post-village of Trigg co,, Kentucky, on the 
 Cumberland River, alx)ut 240 miles W.S,W, of Fraiikfort. It 
 lias 1 church, 1 school, and several stores. Pop. from 200 
 to 3011. 
 
 CANTON, a flourishing town, capital of Stark co., Ohio, 
 is beautifully situated on Niinishillen Creek, and on the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania Haili-oad, in a rich and populous 
 farming district, 118 mill's N.E, of Columbus, and 98 miles 
 
 W.N.W. of Pittsburg. Stark county has the distinction of 
 raising more wheat than any otlier in the State. The farm- 
 ers find a ready market on the Ohio Canal, which passes 8 
 miles W. of Canton. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad 
 was completed from Pittsburg to this place in 1852, and hag 
 greatly increased its importance and prosperity. Canton 
 possesses advantages for manufacturing, as the creek fur- 
 nishes extensive water-jxiwer, and good stone coal is abun- 
 dant in the vicinity. Limestone suitable for building is 
 also found in connection with the cOal. Canton contains 9 
 churches, 3 banks, 4 newspaper offices, 1 academy, 2 woollen 
 factories, 4 iron foundries, 2 large manufactories of reapers 
 and mowers, and 1 reaper-knife factorv. Assessed value of 
 property in 1853, S354,423 ; in 1864 it was $1,380,410. Pop. 
 in 1860, 4041 ; in 1865, about 5000, 
 
 CANTON, a township in Wa^Tie co., Michigan. Pop. 
 1547. 
 
 CANTON, a post-village in Washington co., Indiana, about 
 45 miles S. by W. of Columbus. 
 
 CANTON, a flourishing post-village and township of Ful- 
 ton CO., Illinois, 70 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. A railroad 
 connects it with Lewistown. Canton is pleasantly situated 
 in a fertile and populous district. It contains 6 churches 
 and a national bank. Two newspapers are issued here. Coal 
 is abundant in the vicinity. Total pop. 2373. 
 
 CANTON, a post-village of Lewis Co., Missouri, on the ^lis- 
 sissippi River, 191 miles above St. Louis, is one of the prin- 
 cipal shipping points of the county. It bus 1 bank, 6 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 college, and 6 steam-mills. 
 Pop. 2053. 
 
 CANTON, a thriving post-village of Jackson co,, Iowa, on 
 the Maquoketa River, 30 miles S.S.W, of Dubuque. The 
 river here furnishes abundant watei^power. 
 
 CANTON CENTRE, a post-village in Hartford co., Con- 
 necticut, about 16 miles N.W. of Hartford, 
 
 C.\XTONMENT GIBSON. See Fort Gibson, 
 
 CANTON MILLS, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 CANTON RIVER, (Chinese Choo-Kiang, or" Pearl Kiver,") 
 of China, is the lower part of the Pe-kiang. which has navi- 
 gable course for 300 miles farther inland, through the pro- 
 vinces of Quang-tong and Kiang-see, in China, and is joined 
 about 4 miles W. of Canton by a branch from the Si-kinng, 
 opposite Canton ; it is as wide as the Thames at Ixmdon 
 Bridge, equally crowded with shipping, and deep enouuh 
 for .ships of from 800 to lOuO tons burden ; but foreign ships 
 come up only as fiir as Whampoa, aVout 15 miles lower, 
 loading and unloading by means of native boats. At .aiiout 
 40 miles l)elow Canton it is called the Boca Tigris, and widens 
 there into a large estuary, termed the "Outer AVaters." 
 All around and below Canton, it forms a multitude of 
 islands, including Ho-nan. Whampoa, French. Dane, Junk, 
 Ty-cock-tow, Anung-boy, Chuenpee, and Tiger Island, on 
 which great quantities" of rice are grown, and numerous 
 forts nre placed. See Boca Tigris. 
 
 CANTORIA, kin-to're-a. a town of Spain, 34 miles N.N.E. 
 of Almeria, on the Almanzor. Pop. 4376, It has manufac- 
 tures of woollen stuffs. 
 
 CANTREFF, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 CANTRELL'S CROSS ROADS, a postH)ffice of McJlinn 
 CO.. Tennessee, 
 
 CANTUARIA. See Canterbury. 
 
 CANTURIO, kSn-too'reo, or CANTU, kSn-too', a town of 
 N. Italy, 5 miles S.E. of Como. Pop. 53t'4. It has manufac- 
 tures of iron wares, which have subsisted since the tenth 
 century. Its church has a remarkably tall and slender bel- 
 fry, which, in the Middle .^ges, was used fir a beacon. 
 
 CANT'WELL'S BRUXtE. a thriving po.^t-village of New- 
 castle CO., Delaware, on Appoquinimink Creek, 24 miles N. 
 bvW, of Dover. Its name is changed to Opessv. wliich sbp. 
 
 "CANUMA, kd-noo-md'. a lake of Brazil, province of Para, 
 on the Amazon, L;it. (N. end> 2° 30' S.: Ion. 58° 45' W. 
 It is about 30 miles long bv 10 miles broad. 
 
 CANUSIUM. SeeCANOSA. 
 
 CANVKY ISLAND, a chapelry of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 CANAVICK. a parish of England, co. and U miles S.S.E. 
 of Lincoln, within the liberty of which city it is incUided. 
 
 C.\NY, kd'nee/. a town of France, department of Seine- 
 Inferieure. 31 miles N.W. of Rouen. Pop in 1852, 2147, It 
 has manufactures of linen, cotton yarn, and oil, 
 
 C.VNZANO, kin-zS/no, a village of Naples, In AbruKO 
 Ultra, () miles E.S.E. of Ter.imo. 
 
 C.A.NZ.^NO, a village of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, 6i 
 miles S.E. of Sulm9na. 
 
 CANZO. kSn'zo. a market-town of Lombardy, 10 miles N. 
 E. 
 
 factor 
 trict. 11.550. 
 
 CAOULE, ki-oRl.i. an island and village in the Adriatic 
 government, and 20 miles N.E. of Venice. It isa bishops .see. 
 
 CAORSO, k4-OR'.-o, a village of Northern Itily. situated 
 about 10 miles E. of PiacenziV, on the high rop( . at the con- 
 finence of the Chiavenna and Zeno, aflluents r. the Po. Pop. 
 3078. 
 
 CAPACCIO, kS-pdt'cho, a town of Naples, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, 25 miles S.E. of Salerno, near the ruins of 1 \xsium 
 
 E. of Como, capital of a rich district, with many silk manu- 
 factories. Near it is the cascade of Villaterga, Pop, of dis 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 Pop 1749. It is tne residence of a bishop, whose cathedral 
 is at Old Capaccio. a village 2s miles N.X.W. 
 
 CAP AND BUTTON ISLES, two small isles in the Ma- 
 lay Archipelago, Strait of SunUa; the one in lat. 5° 5S' 
 6, loii. 1U5° 48' E.; the other in lat. 5° 49' S., Ion. 106° 
 48' K. 
 
 CAPAN NOLI, k^-pSn-no'lee, a village of Tuscany, 16 miles 
 S.E. ofl'isa. Pop. 1177. 
 
 CAPANNOKI, k^-pSn-no/ree, a town of Italy, 5 miles E.of 
 Lucei. Pop. 2100. 
 
 CAP AU GKAY, kap 5 gri, a post-offloe of Lincoln co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 CAPBKRN, k^p^baiRn', or CAPVERN, kipVaiRn', a village 
 of Fnnioe, depaitment of Ilautes-Pyrfenees, in a narrow val- 
 ley. 8 niiU'S J'J.N.E. of Bagneres, with sulphur springs and 
 baths. Pop. in 1852, 500. 
 
 CAPDKNAC, kJpMeh-ndk', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Lot, 3 miles S.E. of Figeac, on the right bank 
 of the Lot. Pop. 1310. 
 
 C.VPE. For all Capes not undermentioned, see the re- 
 ■pective names. 
 
 CAPE AO'WOKTir, in the W. part of Prinoe of "Wales 
 Land, N. of Osborne Bay ; lat. 72° 35' N., Ion. 103° 45' W. 
 CAPP; ADEN. See ADE.N, Cape. 
 
 CAPE AGRAKHAN, ag-rd-kiu', in the N.E. part of Geor- 
 gia, on the Caspian Sea. It forms the E. boundary of the 
 Gulf of Agiakhan ; lat. 43° 35' N., Ion. 48° 10' E. 
 
 C.\PE AGULII.\S, i-gool'yas, (i.e. "Cape Needles.") on 
 the S. coast of .-Vfrica, E. of the Cape of Good Hope. This is 
 the most southern point of Africa; lat. 34° 5V 30" S., and 
 Ion. 19° 56' 30" E. 
 
 CAPE Al A, d'yd, on the S. coast of Russia, extending into 
 the Black Sea; lat. 44° 25' N., Ion. 33° 35' E. 
 
 CAPE AIRY, i'ree, the S.W. part of Cornwallis Land, in 
 the Arctic Ocean : lat. 74° 55' N., Ion. 96° 50' Vf. 
 
 CAPK AiyBERT. in the E. part of EUesmere Island, on 
 Smith's Sound ; lat. 79° 20' N., Ion. 78° W. 
 
 CAPE ALEXAN'DER.onthe N. coast of British America. 
 at the entrance of Dease Strait; lat. 68° 65' N., Ion. 106° 
 45' W. 
 
 CAPE AI/FRED, the S.E. extremity of Victoria Land, on 
 Victoria Strait : lat. 69° W N., Ion. 101° 20' W. 
 
 CAPE ALICE, ai'iss. on the coast of Calabria, on the Gulf 
 of Taranto : lat. 39° 25' N.. Ion. 17° 15' E. 
 
 CAPE AMBER. AMBliE. ^m^ber, or AM'BRO, the N. 0x 
 treraity of Madau'ascar; lat. 11° 57' S.. Ion. 49° 19' E. 
 
 CAPE AMBHIZ. dm-breez', on the W. coast of Africa; lat. 
 8° 2' S.. Ion. 13° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE ANAMOOR, or ANAMOUR, l-nl-mooT>, a head- 
 land of Asia Minor, on the S. coast; lat. 36° 1' N., Ion. 32° 
 50' E. In its vicinity are said to be many remains of an- 
 tiquity. 
 
 CAPE AN'DERSON, the E. point of the island of St. Law- 
 rence, at the entrance of Behring's Straits; lat. 63? N., Ion. 
 168° 30' \V. 
 
 CAPE ANIVA. a'ne-vd'. on the S. coast of Saghallen, E. 
 of the B.^y of Ani va ; lat, 4()° 10' N., Ion. 144° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE ANN, the E. extremity of Essex co., Mas8.achusetts, 
 31 miles N.E. by E. of Boston. Thatcher's Island, al)Out 2 
 miles E. of the southern point, forms the northern limit of 
 Massachusetts Bay. On it are 2 fixed lights, about a third 
 of a mile apart, and 90 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 
 42° 38' 18" N., Ion. 70° 34' 42" W. 
 
 CAPE ANNE, the N.W. extremity of North Somerset, at 
 the entrance of Peel Sound; lat. 74° 5' N.. Ion. 95° W. 
 
 CAPE ANGUILL.A., an-gwil1.a. on the coast of Newfound- 
 land ; lat. 47° 54' N.. Ion. 59° 17''\V. 
 
 CAPE APOLLONIA, ap-ol-lo/ne-a, written also APPO- 
 LO'NIA, in Africa, on the coast of Guinea; lat. 4° 58' 45" N., 
 Ion. 2° 35' 5" W. 
 
 CAPE APSHERON, Sp'she-rSn', or ABCHER AN. in the E. 
 part of Georgia, on the Caspian Sea; lat. 40° 32' N., Ion. 
 60° 12' E. 
 CAPE ARAGO. See Arago. 
 
 CAPE ARM!. aR/mee, (It. Capo DeW Armi, kJ/po d?ll 
 aR'mee.) a headland of Naples, on the S. coast of Calabria; 
 lat. 37° .57' N.. ion. 1.5° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE ARN'HEM. in Australia, the N.W. point of the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria : lat. 12° 17' S.. Ion. 137° E. 
 
 CAPE AR'ROWSMITH, a headland of Australia, on the 
 W. shore of the G ulf of Carpentaria ; lat. 13° 15' S., Ion. 136° 
 32' K 
 
 CAPE ARRUBA or ARUBAH, Jr'roo-bJ, on the S. coast 
 of Persia, in the Arabian Sea : lat. 25° 8' N.. Ion. 64° .30' E. 
 
 C.4.PE BABA. bi/bd, on the W. coast of Anatolia; lat. 
 89° 29' N.. Ion. 26° 4' E. 
 
 CAPE BAB-EL-MANDEB, bdb-el-mdn'dJb, (formeriy Jeh- 
 tl-Mantiali, jJVel-mJn'hd'lee' ) on the N. side of the Strait of 
 Bab-el-Mandeb, is a conical, basaltic rock, 8()5 feet in heiirht. 
 Lat. 12° 41' N., Ion. 43° 32' E. Soundings in North Str.ait, 
 8, 12, and 16 fathoms: Centre Strait, 178 and 185 fathoms. 
 The passage of North Strait, in ordinary weather, is generally 
 preferred. 
 
 CAPE BAINETTA. bi-nSftd. f,n the S. coast of Hayti, 
 near a village of the same name 
 
 CAPE BAJADORE. See Cape Bojabor. 
 
 CAPE BANKS, in Eastern Australia, at the N. entranou 
 to Botany Bay. 
 
 CAPE BAUBAS, baR/bds, on the W. coast of Africa; lat 
 22° 15' N., Ion. 16° 40' W. 
 
 CAPE (or RAS) BARDISTAN, bdE'dia-tJn', on the coast of 
 Persia, in the Persian Gulf. 
 
 CAPE BAHFLEUR, baR'fluR/. on the coast of France, 18 
 miles E. of Cherboure. On it is situated a granite lijrht-houso, 
 271 feet above the sea; lat. 49° 40' N.. Ion. 1° 10' W. 
 
 CAPE BA^UNG. in the N.W. part of WoUaston Land, at 
 the entrance of Russell Gulf; lat. 70° N., Ion. 117° 20' W. 
 
 CAPE BAR'ROW, in the N. part of British America, on 
 the Arctic Ocean : lat. 68° 6' N.. ion. 111° W. 
 
 CAPE BATH'UR.ST, in British America, on the Arctic 
 Ocean ; lat. 70° 30' N., Ion. 127° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE b£aRN, bd'aRn', a promontory of France, depart- 
 ment of PyrSnees-Orientales, on the Mediterr.'Wiean ; lat. 42° 
 31' N., Ion. 3° 7' 30" E. Its summit is formed by Mount 
 Boarn. on which a light-hou.se of the first class has been 
 erected, 751 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 CAPE BE ATA, be-d'td, on the S. coast of Hayti; lat. 17° 
 42' N.. Ion. 71° 20' "W. 
 
 CAPE BEAUFORT, biVfort, a headland of Russian Ame- 
 rica; lat. 69° N.. ion. 1S3° \V. 
 
 CAPE BEAUFORT, a headland of British America, on the 
 E. side of Cockburn Gulf; lat. 67° 40' N., ion. 9t,° W. 
 
 CAPE BEX'LEY, a headland in the N. part of British 
 America, on the Arctic Ocean ; lat. 69° N., Ion. 114° 45' W. 
 
 CAPE BIANCO, be-dn'ko, (i.e. "White" Cape,) on the S. 
 coast of Sicily ; lat. 35° 28' N., Ion. 13° 15' E. 
 
 CAPE BIANCO, on the N. coast of Corsica, a Uttle W.of 
 Cape Corso ; lat. 42° 58' N.. Ion. 9° IS' E. 
 
 CAPE BIANCO, on the S. coast of Corfu; lat. 39° 20' N, 
 Ion. 20° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE BIANCO, a headland on the S.W. coast of Cyprus; 
 lat. 34° 20' N., Ion. 32° 41' E. 
 
 CAPE BIRD, the S. extremity of North Somerset, on Vic- 
 toria Strait ; lat. 71° 5.3' N., Ion. 95° AV. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, bldn^ko, (i. e. " White Cape.") a name ap- 
 plied to many headlands in the Mediterranean and else- 
 where, of which the following are some of the most im- 
 portant. 
 
 C.A^PE BLANCO, a headland of Syria, on the coast of the 
 Mediterranean ; lat. 33° 12' N., ion. 33° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, on the E. coast of Anatolia, on the Medi- 
 terranean ; lat. 3S° 14' N.. Ion. 26° 18' E. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, on the N. coast of Tunis, in the Mediter- 
 ranean ; lat. 37° 20' N., Ion. 9° 50' E. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, on the S. coast of the island of Majorca; 
 lat. 39° 21' N.. Ion. 2° 52' E. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, in the W. part of Sahara. Africa, on the 
 Atlantic ; lat. 20° 47' N., Ion. 16° 58' W. It is, next to Cape 
 Verde, the westernmost point of Africa. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, on the W. coast of Morocco, Africa; lat 
 33°6'N.. Ion. 8O40'W. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, orOXFORD. on the Pacific coast, near the 
 S. W. part of Oi-egon Territory, about 25 miles N. of the 
 mouth ofRoue River; lat. 42° 45' N.. Ion. al>outl24°45' W. 
 
 C.\PE BLANCO, on the coast of Peru, in the Pacific Ocean ; 
 lat. 4° 19' S.. Ion. 81° W. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, on the coast of Costa Rica, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, in lat. about 9° 20' N., Ion. 86° 6' W. 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, or CAPE ST. JORGE, on the E. coast of 
 Patagonia : lat. 47° S.. ion. 66° W. 
 
 C.\PE BLANCO DE SANTA MARIA, bldn'ko dA sdn'tl 
 md-rce'd. on the W. coast of California; lat. 29°28'N., Ion. 
 115° 20' W. 
 
 CAPE BOEO, bo-J'o. (anc. Lilyho'lum Promimtolrium.) the 
 most W. point of Sicily, about 1 mile AV. of Marsala ; lat. 37° 
 48' 10" N., Ion. 12° 25' 10" E. This cape, lieing the point of 
 Sicily nearest to ancient Carthage, early became an im- 
 portant naval station, and near it was fought a famous 
 naval battle between the Romans and Carthaginians. The 
 decisive victory gained by the former put an end to the first 
 Punic AVar. 
 
 CAPE BO.TADOR. boj-a-d5r', or BOXEADOR, bo-nd-d-doR', 
 in the island of Luzon, 20 miles from its N. extremity, in 
 about lat, 18° 32' N.. Ion. 120° 39' E. 
 
 CAPE BO.TADOR, boj-ard5r'. (Port. pron. bozh d-<loR'.) a 
 bold headland of AA'est^rn Africa, formed bv the termination 
 of a range of Mount Atlas, in lat. 26° 7' N.. Ion. 14° 29' AV. It 
 was long the limitation of European navigation southward, 
 until doubled by the Portuguese in 14.33. 
 
 CAPE B0LIN.4.0, bo-lin-d'o. on the AV. coast of Luzon; 
 lat about 1 6° 27' N.. Ion. 119° 30' E. 
 
 CAPE 1>>LT'HEAD. England, the southernmost point 
 of the CO. of Devon : lat. 50° 13' N., Ion. 3° 49' W. 
 
 CAPE B(yLUS HEAD. Ireland, on the N.AV. side of the 
 entrance into Ballynaskeiling Bay ; lat. 51° 48' N., Ion. 10' 
 15' AV. 
 
 CAPE BON or RAS ADDER, rds-dd'der. a headland of 
 North .\frica, on the Alediterranean. 58 miles N.E. of Tunis: 
 lat. (of tower) 37° 4' 20" N., Ion. 10° 63' 36" E. It is tho 
 northernmost point of Africa. 
 
 359 
 
 =J) 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE BOXAYISTA. on the E. coast of Newfoundland. 
 ibrmiD); the S.E. limit of A bay of the same name; lat. 4S° 
 42' N., Ion. 53° 8' W. 
 
 CAPE BHUUCA. bo-rooTii, on the S.E. coa.st of Costa Rica, 
 on the Pacific : lat. 8° 24' N., Ion. 88° 55' W. 
 
 CAPE BOUGAINVILLE, boo'giso'veel' or boo'<!5in-vill', 
 on the N.W. coast of Australia, forniiiis the N.E. side of 
 Admiralty Gulf: lat. 13° 52' S., Ion. 126° 12' E. 
 
 CAPE BOUGAINVILLE, a headland on the E. coast of 
 of Van Dieiuen's Land, forming the W. entrance to Oyster 
 Bay ; Ut. 42° 30' S.. Ion. 148° E. 
 
 CAPE BOURBON, boor'bon. the S.W. point of Kerguelen's 
 Land: lat.4fl°32'S..lon.C8°35'E. 
 
 CAPE BOAV'DEN. bo'den. in the W. part of North Devon, 
 on Wellinu'ton Channel; 'lat. 75° N.. Ion. 92° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE BRETON, kapehrit't'n, or hrit/un. an island and 
 colony of British North America, at the E. extremity of Nova 
 Scotia, mostly between lat.45°aud47°5'N.,and Ion. f 0° and 
 61° .-WW. Extreme length, from N. to S.. 100 miles; ex- 
 treme breadth. 85 miles. Area, 3120 square miles. It is 
 very irreijularly shaped, being trianjrular, and is greatly 
 indented with hays. An inlet, called Bras cTOr, («. e. "arm 
 of gold.") entering C.npe Breton on the E.. nearly separates 
 it into two i.slands, renderin-j every part of its interior acces- 
 sible by water. The two natural divisions thus created are 
 in striking contrast, the northern portion being high, told, 
 and steep: while that to the S. is low. intereectfd by nume- 
 rous inlets, diversified with moderate elevations, and rises 
 gradually from its interior shore until it presents abrupt 
 cliffs toward the Atlantic Ocean. The hiirhest land in this 
 portion does not exceed 800 feet, while the northern divi- 
 sion at its termination in North Cape rises to the height of 
 1800 feet. Between North Cape and Cape Ray. on the opjK)- 
 «ite coast of Newfoundland, 48 miles distant., is the main 
 entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Bras d'Or. which 
 appears to have been caused by a volcanic eruption, forms a 
 magnificent se.a-water lake, 50 miles in length and 20 miles 
 in breath. Its depth of water varies from 12 to 60 fathoms, 
 and is very secure and navig.aVile. The entrance is divided 
 into two passages by Boulardrie Island: the southern pa.s- 
 sage Is 23 miles long, and from {^ to 3 miles in breadth, but 
 is not navigable for large ves.«els. having a bar at its mouth ; 
 the northern passage is 25 miles long, and from 2 to 3 miles 
 wide, with 60 fathoms of water. Sea fisheries of every kind 
 (including salmon.) are carried on in the Bras d'Or. In 
 several of its large bays the timber-ships from England re- 
 ceive their cargoes. There are several fresh-water lakes. 
 and numerous rivers, but none navirable. Salt springs 
 are found on the coast. The climate is varied, but not so 
 rigorous a-s that on the adjoining continent. Vegetation is 
 Tery rapid. Maize and other grains are raised; but the 
 corn produced is insutlicient for home consumption. Gra- 
 nite, limestone, and primitive slates prevail : and gj'psum, 
 palt, and coal are found — the latter in great abundance, 
 and of a superior quality. The coal deposits of Cape Breton 
 occupy not less than 120 square miles. There are also rich 
 deposits of the best iron ore. 
 
 Cape Breton has long been celebrated for its fisheries. 
 During its occupancy by the French, it is said that the har- 
 bor of Louisborg exported no less than 600,000 quintals of 
 cod annually, and 600 vessels were employed in its trade 
 and fisheries. The products of the Cape Breton fisheries 
 for 1847 and 1848, were as follows : 
 
 Dried cod quintals . . 
 
 Scale fish quintals .. 
 
 Pickled fish— Mnckcrcl . . . .barrels . . . 
 
 — Herrings ....barrels ... 
 
 — S.ilmon barrels... 
 
 Other pickled fish barrels . . . 
 
 Seal skins number. . . 
 
 Oil of all kinds tun* 
 
 Kstlmated value 
 
 There is reason to believe that the.se figures give but an 
 Imperfect idea of the extent of the Cape Breton fisheries, 
 owing to the difficulty of separating the statistics of this 
 Island from those of Nova Scotia. It has been ascertained 
 that for a portion of the island, within the Strait of Canso. 
 28.570 quintals of codfish and 68,020 barrels of mackerel 
 were expfirtt«l in 18.')0: and it is estimated that not less 
 than 100.001) barrels of mjickerel were cured at Cheticamp 
 (the western extremity of Cape Breton.) in 1851. 
 
 The total quantity of cO!il raised fi-om the mines of Cape 
 Breton, and sold during the year 1849, amounted to 24,960 
 chaldrons (Newcastle measure) of large coal, and 11.787 
 chaldrons of fine coal ; 12.090 chaldrons of the former and 
 1210 chaldrons of the latter coal were shipped to the United 
 States in 1^40. and in 1850. 10.796 chaldrons of large coal 
 and 1586cbaldronsof fine were shipped to the same country. 
 
 The following exhibits the shipping which entered and 
 deared at Cape Breton in 1850, and the countries with 
 wliich the trade was carried ou. 
 360 
 
 
 nWARD. 
 
 OL'TWiBB. 
 
 wuSTUlIEM, 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 
 8 
 268 
 202 
 SO 
 
 508 
 
 2,208 
 24.iI3 
 l».fl«l 
 
 3,179 
 
 
 British Colonies 
 
 365 23.576 
 8:1 1 8,106 
 52 4,345 
 
 ForelgD States 
 
 
 48.661 
 
 505 36.924 
 
 
 The total value of imports and exports at Cape Breton 
 for 1850, according to official returns, were as follows : 
 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 EXPOETS, 
 
 
 Arichat. 
 
 Sydney. 
 
 Arichat. i Sydney. 
 
 
 $1,575 
 1.355 
 23.o«5 
 15.695 
 43,SK0 
 1,;«5 
 
 $18,.'i35 
 
 
 $10,850 
 
 2,745 
 
 119,265 
 
 44,470 
 7,-00 
 
 
 $38,400 
 38,620 
 9.650 
 35,335 
 32,475 
 
 British America 
 
 Other British Colonies.. 
 
 16,860 
 
 ""lS,64.V' 
 1.690 
 
 
 
 
 $86,945 
 
 $.50,530 
 86,945 
 
 $154,480 
 
 $184,530 
 154,4S0 
 
 TOTAt 
 
 $137,475 
 
 $.^9 010 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 An important part of the exports f o Great Britain consist* 
 of pine, oak, birch, and maple timber. 
 
 'the forests of Cape Breton furnish large quantities of 
 excellent ship-timber, and ship-building in the island con- 
 stitutes an important and lucrative branch of business. 
 
 This island forms a colony under the goveriunent of Nova 
 Scoti.a. and sends 2 members to its House of Assembly. 
 Principal towns, Sydney and Louisburg, Cape Breton was 
 first colonized bv the French in 1712, and was taken bv tlie 
 British in 175S', Pop, in 1851, 54,880, mostly of Scotch, 
 French, and Irish descent. 
 
 CAPE BRETON, brit/t9n, a headl.and on the E, coast of 
 the above island, 
 
 CAPE BRETT, brit. on the E. coast of one of the New 
 Ze.iland islands, forming the N,E. point of the Bay of 
 Islands : !at, 8.5° 10' S.. Ion, 174° 22' E, 
 
 C.\ PE BUI^LEN, the southernmost point of North Devon, 
 on the W. part of Lancaster Sound ; lat, 74° 25' N,, Ion. So° W. 
 
 CAPE BUREL.\, boo-raOi a headland on the N. coast of 
 Galicia. in Spain, extending into the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 CAPE BUZO, bood'zo. {kxxc. Prmnimtiirium Corycumfyiiui 
 N.AV. extremity of the island of Crete ; lat. about 35° 38' N., 
 Ion. 23° 35' E. 
 
 CAP^ BY'AM JIARTIN. the N.W. extremity of Prince 
 William's Land: lat. 73° 35' N . Ion. 77° "W. 
 
 CAPE CABALERIA or CA VALERIA, H-yi-U-reefi a 
 promontory on the N. coast of Minorca, lat, 40*^ 5' N., Ion. 
 4° 12' E. 
 
 CAPE CABRON, kJ-brOn', the N.E. point of the island of 
 Samana. in the West Indies. 
 
 CAPE CACCIA, kit/chi, on the W. coast of Sardinia, 18 
 miles from .\lghero. 
 
 CAPE CAGLIA. See C.\pe M.mapan. 
 
 CAPE CALVI, kSl'vee, on the N. coast of Corsica, con- 
 sisting of a high barren mountain; lat. 42° 41' N., Ion. 8" 
 42' E. 
 
 CAPE CAMARON, ka-md-rOn', on the N. coast of Hondu- 
 ras; lat, 16° N„ Ion, 85° W, 
 
 CAPE CAMBELL, kam'el. on the E, coa,st of TavaiPoenara- 
 moo, one of the New Zealand islands ; lat, 41° 42' S,, Ion. 
 174° 25' K 
 
 CAPE CAMBODIA, kjm-bo'de-a, the S. extremity of Can*- 
 bodia, in the Gulf of Si.am. 
 
 CAPE CAJPEROONS' or CAMARONES, ki-ml-ro'nl.o. on 
 the coast of Guinea, is an island in the estuary of the river 
 of the same name, near lat, 4° N,, Ion. 9° 40' E, It was 
 named by the Portuguese from the vast quantity of shrimps 
 (aimaroies) taken in the adjacetit sea, 
 
 CAPE CAMPANELLA, kdm-pi-nJnl a he.adlana of Italy, 
 20 miles S. of Naples, oppo.site the island of Capin; it bounds 
 the Gulf of Naples on tlie S.E, 
 
 CAPE CAN.W'EKAL, on the E, co.ast of Florida, 1.35 miles 
 S.E. hy S. of St. Augustine, The liaht is a revolving one, 
 in a tower 55 feet high, Lat, 28° 27' N., Ion 80° .^3' W. 
 
 CAPE CANDY, kan'dee, a headland of the island of Co- 
 lebes. 
 
 CAPE CANSO or C.\NSEAU, kan'sO.the S,E.extremitjr of 
 Nova Scotia : lat. 45° 17' N., Ion. 61° W. 
 
 CAPE CAXTIN, kdn-teen', on the W. co.ast of Morocco, 
 extending into the Atlantic : lit, .3-2° 36' N„ Ion, 9° 12' W. 
 
 CAPE CAP'EL. the S.E. extremitv of Bathurst Land. In 
 the Arctic Ocean : lat. 75° N., Ion. 98° W. 
 
 CAPE CAI"R1C0RN. on the N.E. coast Of Australia, 
 about 30 mUes N. of Port Curtis, lat. 23' 18 8., Ion. lol** 
 43' E. 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE CARBON ARO. kaR-bo-nd/ro, on the S. coast of Sardi- 
 nia ; lat. 3y° 6' N.. Ion. 9° 35' K. 
 
 CAl'E CAKTIIAGE, kar'thij, a promontory of Northern 
 Africa, in the Mediterranean; lat. 3G° 52' 22" N., Ion. 10° 
 21" 49 E. Tra<'es of the celebrated city of Carthage, the 
 great rival of Home, are found on the promontory north of 
 the lajtoon of Tunis, which formed its port. 
 
 CAl'E CAKVOEIRO, kaR-vo-^e-ro, on the W. coast of Por- 
 tugal : lat. 39° 22' N.. Ion. 9° 27' W. 
 
 CAPE CARVOElRi). a headland on the S. coast of Por- 
 tugal; lat. 37° 7' N.. Ion. 8° 26' W. 
 
 CAPE CATALURa or CATALUGNA, ki-ti-loon'ya, on 
 the N. coa.'it of .Majorca ; lat. 39° 55' N., ion. 3° 13' E. 
 
 CAPE CATUAIUNE, kuth'a-rin, on the \V. coast of Africa, 
 In the Atlantic: lat. about 2° S. 
 
 CAPE CATOCIIK, kd-to'ch;*, a headland of Central Ame- 
 rica, forming the N.Fl. extremity of the Peninsula of Yuca- 
 tan, lat. 21° 3(i' N., Ion. S7° 6' W. This is the point where 
 the Spaniards tirst landed on the American continent, and 
 within fi miles of which, according to the authority of Ber- 
 nal Dias, they saw a large town, which they named Grand 
 Cairo. 
 
 CAPE CAVAT.ERIA. See Cape Cabaleru. 
 
 CAPE CAVAhlKKK, kd-vl-le-A/rd, on the S.E. coast of 
 Asiatic Turkey, lat. 36° 7' 30" X., Ion. 33° 43' 42" E. 
 
 CAPK CAVAyLO, (It. Qipo di Cavullo, kj/po dee kj-vai'- 
 lo, or Chda di Vol pp.. kiMd dee vol'pA; anc. Ge'nys.) a pro- 
 montor3' of Naples, on the western coast of Calabria Ultra, 
 extending into the Straits of Messina; lat. 38° 14' N., Ion. 
 15° 42' E. 
 
 CAPE CAXINES, kl-nee'nSs, or RAS-ACONADA, ris- 
 J-ko-ni'dii. written also AOONATTER, a promontory which 
 forms the' W. point of the Bay of Algiers, lat. 36° 50' N., Ion. 
 3°E. 
 
 CAPE CEBERA or CEVEUA, Bj-vi'ri, on the coast of 
 Cataloni.a. being the most N.E. land in Spain, lat. 42° 26' N., 
 Ion. 3° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE CEBERA or CEVERA, of Spain, on the coast of 
 Valencia, lat. 37° 58' N., Ion. 0° 46' E. 
 
 CAPE CII.\RLKS, the southern point of Northampton 
 CO., Virginia, at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay, 25 miles 
 N.N.E. of .Norfolk. The li^ht-house is N.E. from Cape 
 Charles, on the N. end of Smith's Island, and shows a re- 
 volving light, about 05 feet above the level of the sea, lat. 
 S7°3' .\., Ion. 76° 2' W. 
 
 CAPE ClIARLKS. on the northern coast of Labrador, 
 at the entrance of the Straits of Belle Isle, lat. 62° 15' N., 
 Ion. 55° 20' W. 
 
 CAPE CHATHAM. chatAim. on the S.W. coast of Aus- 
 Btralia, lat. 35° 3' S., Ion. 116° 35' E. 
 
 CAPE CIIKLAGSKOY, che-ldg'skoi', on the N. coast of 
 Siberia, lat. 70° 10' X.. ion. 170° 30' E. 
 
 CAPE CIHGXKCTO, shig-nJk'to, written al.so CHIONI- 
 TOU, a he;idland of Nova Scotiiv, at the head of the ^Jay 
 of Fundy. lat. 45° 24' N., Ion. 64° 37' \V. 
 
 CAPK CIIUDLEIGH, chtidlee, a headland on the N. 
 coast of Labrador, at the entrance of Hudson's Straits, lat. 
 60° 12' N.. Ion. 65° '25' W. 
 
 CAPE CIIURCII'ILL, a headland of British America, 
 on the western shore of lludson's Bay, lat. 58° 48' N., Ion. 
 93° 12' W. 
 
 CAPE CLAR/ENCE, a headland at the northern extre- 
 mity of Jones's Sound. Baffin's Bay, lat. 76° 45' N., Ion. 77° 
 45' W. The peaks of the surrounding mountains, which 
 are lost in the clouds, are covered with perpetual snow, 
 while their sides are bkfak and inaccessible. 
 
 CAPE CLARENCE, the N.W. point of North Somer.set, 
 at the entrance of Baa-row's Strait, lat. 73° 60' N., Ion. 90° 
 10' W. 
 
 CAPE CLEAR, the most southern headland of Ireland, 
 Munster, co. of Cork, on an island having an area of 
 1506 acres. Pop. 1052. There is here a light-house on 
 ftn abrupt cliff, 455 feet alx)ve the sea, in lat. 51° 26' N., 
 Ion. 9° 29' W. On the island are a pier and a ruined castle 
 and church. 
 
 CAPE CLEVE/LAXD, a headland on the N.'VV. coast of 
 Australia, in lat. 19° 10' 10" S., Ion. 146° 57' 56" E. 
 
 CAPE COADERA, ko-a-d.Vra, a headland of South Ame- 
 rica, on the coast of Caracas; lat. 10° 60' N., Ion. 66° 
 10' W. 
 
 CAPE COAST CASTLE, a town and fort of Africa, capi- 
 tal of the British settlements on the coast of New Guinea, 
 lat. 5° 5' 25" N., Ion. 1° 12^45" W. The principal fort, the 
 best on the coast, is situated on a granite rock which pro- 
 jects into the sea: near it are two small outposts. Fort 
 William and Fort Victoria. The town has a population of 
 about 10,000 Ijlaeks and 13 Europeans. It is regularly built, 
 and its streets are lined with trees. The soil in the vicinity 
 is well wooded, but deficient in water; the climate is damp 
 and unhealthy. The mean temperature of the year is 78° — 
 February, 80° 5' ; September, 73° B'ahrenheit. The chief 
 exports consist of palm oil. gold dust, maize, and tortoise 
 shuU. Their tofcil value in the first half-year of 1S40, 
 amounted to 159.008f. : of imports for the same period, the 
 amount was 208,4702., of which those from the United King- 
 
 dom amounted to 136.3602. The settlement is under a pr*' 
 sident of council, assisted by sul)ordinate oflicers. From 
 1837 to 1840, the parliamentary grants for the station were 
 10.7602. 
 
 CAPE COCKOJURN, a headland in the northern part 
 of British America, on Dolphin and Union Strait; lat. 68° 50' 
 N., Ion. 115° W. 
 
 C.\PE COD, Massachusetts, projects from the S.E. coast 
 and, curving inwards like a man's arm bent at !!:•» elbow 
 and wrist, encloses Cape Cod Bay on the S. and IV It is 
 aliout 65 miles long, and from 1 to 20 miles wide The 
 northern extremity is called Race I'oint, on which Is a re- 
 volving light 155 feet above the level of the sea, lat 12° 3' 
 40" N., Ion. 70° 14' 48" W. 
 
 CAPE COD LIGIIT-IIOUSE, on the Clay Pounds, ^ high- 
 lands,) Massachusetts, contains a fixed light 20r> feet 
 above high-water mark ; lat. 4'20 2' 24" N., Ion. 70° 4' 
 18" W. 
 
 CAPE COLBORNE, kolHsrirn, in the southern part of 
 Victoria Land, iu the Arctic Ocean; lat. 68° 60' N., Ion. 105<^ 
 10' W. 
 
 C.4PE COLONNA, ko-lon'nl, (i.e. "column," anc. Su'nium 
 Priimfmtnlrium,) the most southern point of Attica, Greece; 
 lat. 37° 38' 32" N., Ion. 24° 1' 45" E. Its summit is crowned 
 by the ruins of a temple. 209 feet above the sea, sjiid to have 
 been dedicated to Minerva, and of which id columns of 
 white marble are still standing: from these pillars tlie cape 
 takes its modern name. Beneath the cajxj are caverns, the 
 frequent resort of pirates. 
 
 CAPE COLONXl, kol-lon'nee, the southern point of the 
 island of Samos; lat. 37° 35 N., Ion. 26° 48' E. 
 
 CAPE COLONY, or CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, an exten- 
 sive territory belonging to Great Britain, forming tlie 
 southern extremity of Africa, i)etween lat. 28° 15' and 34<- 
 50' S., and Ion. 16° 20' and 27° 3o' E. On the W. it is 
 bounded by the Atlantic, and S. and E. t)y the 1 ndian Ocean. 
 Its boundaries, landward, have varied much at different pe- 
 riod.s, and could siara-ly lie said to be defined till 1847. when, 
 by a proclamation of the Governor, Sir H. Smith, they were 
 declared to lie on the N'., the Gariep or Orange River: N.E., 
 a branch of the same river, called the Nu (Jariep; and E., 
 the rivers Krai, Klaas Smits, Zwart Kei, and Plaats, the 
 Katlierg Mountains, the rivers Chumie and KeL-skamma; 
 greiit«st length, \V. to E., 5'20 miles; greatest bre.vlth, N. to 
 S., 430 miles; area, alx)ut 110,256 square miles. Cape Co- 
 lony consists of a western and an eastern province, and. for 
 administrative purposes, has been formed into divisions. 
 These have, of course, inci-eased with the accessions of terri- 
 tory which the colony has made at different times. Tlieir 
 numlier, previously 13, has reci^ntly been increased to 15, 
 by the two new divisions of Victoria and Albert, chielly si- 
 tuated along the eastern frontier, and formed out of a tract 
 generally known by the name of the Ceded Territory. la 
 addition to this, there is a large unappropriated tract lying 
 between the former northern boundary of the colony and 
 its new boundary of Orange River. It has never been pro- 
 perly explored, but is supposed to have an extent of nearly 
 00,000 square miles. According to the report of the sur- 
 veyor-general, " it is, for the most part, as barren a desert as 
 is to be found on the earth's crust." 
 
 Pliysical Fcatuns. — The coast-line of the colony has an 
 extent of about 1200 miles. The north-western portion, 
 lying considerably out of the tract which is usually navi- 
 gated, is imperfectly known, but is understood to consist of 
 sandy plains, generally covered with shrubliy plants. To 
 the S.W. and S. it loses this character, and, though seldom 
 forming what may be called a lx)ld and rocky coast, presents 
 an almost uninterrupted series of headlands and indenta- 
 tions. The former occasionally stretch out into lofty pro- 
 montories, the principal of which are the celebrated Cape 
 of Good Hope, forming the extremity of the isolat+'d moun- 
 tain mass, of which "Table Mount is the culminating point, 
 arid Cape Agulh.as the most southern point of Africa. The 
 latter are often scooped out into capacious bays, which have 
 ample depth of water, but, lying exposed in some direction 
 or other, are very imperfect roadsteads. The chief of these 
 bays are. on the W., St. Helen's Bay, Saldanha Baj-, and 
 Table Bay ; and on the S., False Bay, with its important 
 arm called Simon's Bay, St. Sebastian's Bay, Mossel B.ay, 
 the Camtoos, and Algoa Bay. Among these, comjjlete shel- 
 ter is afforded only bj' Saldanha Bay, which possesses all 
 the essentials of an excellent barter ; and Simon's Bay, 
 which has baen relucted for the arsenal and chief naval sta- 
 tion of the colony. 
 
 The interior of the country may be described as consist- 
 ing generally of a succession of plateavtx and mountain 
 ranges, which rise above each other, and increa.se in eleva- 
 tion as they recede from the coast, ?ach range forming the 
 boundary of a lower and the abutment of the next higher 
 plateau; and again lowering down considerably towiirds the 
 Gariep or Orange River. The Bokkeveld itange stretches 
 from X. to S., in a direction nearly parallel with the west- 
 ern coast, at a distance of about 40 miles from it. till it 
 reaches the neighbourhood of the town of Worcester, lat. 33° 
 40' S. Almost parall«l to this range, but about 100 miles 
 
 S61 
 
CAP 
 
 farther Inland, is the Rog,2:evelcI. Between these ranges 
 lies an extensive elevated plateau, which, according to Its 
 proximity to either range, tklces the name of the Bolikeveld, 
 or of theRoggeveld Karroo. In like manner several moun- 
 tain ranges run parallel with the S. coast. The first and 
 lowest stretches from W. to E.. without interruption, for 
 about 200 miles, leaving a belt along the coast which seldom 
 exceeds 20 miles. This range of hills connects with the 
 the Bokkeveld, and properly forms one of its branches. 
 Behind it, and at a distance varying from 15 to 30 miles, is 
 a second range, connected likewise with the Bokkeveld, so 
 as to form another of its branches, known by the name 
 of the Zwarte or Black Mountains. Between these two 
 eastern ranges lie the plateaus of Kannaland and Long 
 KlooC .A.bout 70 miles behind the Black Mountains is the 
 last great eastern range, which links with the Koggeveld, 
 near lat. 32° 10' S., and takes, in succession, the names of 
 the Klein Koggeveld, the N'ieuwveld. and the Sneeuw or 
 Snowy Mount;iins, the last forming the highest mountain 
 chain in South Africa, and attaining an elevation which 
 has been variously estimated, but probably is not less than 
 10,000 feet. The large space between this range and the 
 BLick Mountains is occupied by a plateau, called the Great 
 Karroo. On the W., it connects with the Bokkeveld and 
 the Koggeveld Karroos, and on the E. with a similar tract 
 ^led Candeboo. and thus the whole of these united Karoos 
 may be regarded as one immense plateau, raised, on an 
 average, 3000 feet above the level of the sea, surrounded on 
 all sides by mountain ranges, and stretching continuously, 
 though with varying width, for 500 miles. 
 
 The geological structure of the mountains appears to be 
 very uniform. They have a nucleusof granite, which some- 
 times comes to the surface, and forms the predominating rock, 
 but much more frequently the granite is overlain by enor- 
 mous ma.sses of sandstone, easily distinguished by the nu- 
 merous pebbles of quartz which are imbedded iu it. The 
 mountain summit, when composed of granite, is usually 
 round .and smooth, but when composed of the quartzoze 
 sandstone is often perfectly Hat, and assumes the form of 
 which Table Mount is a well-known specimen. The thick- 
 ness of this stratum, in some localities, is not less than 2000 
 feet, and may then be seen forming steep mural faces re- 
 sembling ma.sonry, or exhibiting a series of salient angles 
 and indentations, as sharp, regular, and well defined as if 
 they had been chiselled. 
 
 Hirers. — Notwitstanding its lofty mountain ranges and 
 elevated plateaus, Cape Colony has scarcely any navigable 
 fivers. Elephant, or Uli&nfs River, which falls into the 
 Atlantic in the W.of Clanwilliam division, is afl'ected by the 
 tide, and is navigable for boats for 30 miles, but, like almost 
 all the other rivers of the colony, is encumbered at its mouth 
 by a bar, over which no ordinary sailing vessel can float. On 
 the S. coast, the Breede, which empties itself into St. Sebas- 
 tian's Bay, in Zwellendam division, admits vessels of 200 
 tons into the port of Beaufort, at its mouth, but, imme- 
 diately thereafter, becomes navigable only for small craft. 
 To judge by the map, one might suppose that the colony 
 was remarkably well supplied with water. Streams are 
 there represented as traversing the country in all direc- 
 tions, some of them apparently receiving numerous tri- 
 butaries, and running a course of several hundred miles; 
 and the tact is, that at the season when rains prevail, many 
 of them are swollen into riversofgreat width,andof adepth 
 which would float the largest vessel in safety. But the 
 rains have no sooner ceased than they either disappear 
 altogether, or gink down into deep chasms, and occupy a 
 •hallow rocky bed, overhung on both sides by lofty preci- 
 pices of the prevailing sandstone, 
 
 dimute. — The temperature of the colony varies much in 
 different localities, but its general average mav be stilted at 
 07° 20' at Cape Town, that of the coldest monlh being 67°, 
 and that of the hottest 79° Fahrenheit. The extremes, 
 however, have a much wider range. The alternations of 
 heat and cold are frequently great, as well as sudden. The 
 S.E. wind sometimes begins to blow with all the character- 
 istics of a simoom. At first it is almost stiflingly hot, and, 
 gradually gathering strength, carries along with it an im- 
 palpable sand, which penetrates everywhere. The whole 
 atmosphere is dimmed, and the trees gather a coating which 
 makes them look as if they had been painted with red ochre. 
 Shortly, however, the breeze cools, its violence ab.ites. and 
 the air regains its wonted clearness. Less rain falls in the 
 Interior, and on the W. coast of Cape Colony, than in any 
 other part of the world, excepting rainless districts. 
 
 Vegeiutian. — The vegetation of the Cape is of a peculiar 
 •lid distinctive character. To this, however, there are some 
 curious exceptions in the case of particular plants, where a 
 connection manife-ts itself l)etwebn the botiiny of this pjirt 
 of the world and that of very remote countries. Such 
 occurs with the alder, and also with the bramble. In many 
 respects, the vegetation in the E. districts of the colony 
 differs wiiiely from that on the W., although several plants 
 are common to both. Wheat is the grain most exten- 
 sively cultivattd at the Cape, but other cereals are also 
 grown. With the exception of the Bllver-tree, or witte- 
 362 
 
 CAP 
 
 boom, (Leitcadfndron argenttum,') none of the indigenous 
 trees in the vicinity of Capo Town attain any considerable 
 size. The one named grows to the height of from oO to 40 
 feet, and is verj* conspicuous frcm the brilliant, silky white- 
 ness of its leaves. Its timl)er, however, like that of all the 
 other trees of the colony is useless, bi'ing .soft and brittle. 
 But the characteristic vegetation of this region consists in 
 its Ericffi or heaths. Stapelias or carrion tlowers, and Protea- 
 ceae ; of the first, there are about 400 species, and of the 
 last 200, all exceedingly beautiful, but having a range so 
 limited, that none are to be seen X. of the mountains 
 which bound the Great Karroo, while by far the greatest 
 number grow within 100 miles of Cape Town; the Protea 
 Cynaroides, bearing a flower the size of a man's hat, is 
 found on Table Mountain; as for the singular and fleshy 
 Stipelias, resembling a star-fish, alxiut 100 species are men- 
 tioned, but they are almost entirely confined to the dry 
 and siindy regions of tlie AV. coiist. A great portion of the 
 eastern frontier of the colony and the adjacent di.ifricts are 
 covered with extensive thickets of a strong, succulent, and 
 thorny vegetation, called by the natives, the bush. The 
 most common plants of the bush are aloes, of many species, 
 all exceedingly fleshy, and some b.autiful. Other character- 
 istic plants of the eastern districts are the spekboom. (pork 
 tree. Purtulacaria ofra.) Schotia speciosa, Calitris or cedar, 
 two or three species of Podocarp.us or yellow-wood, and the 
 great succulent Euphorbias, which grows into trees 40 feet 
 high, the Euphorbia meloformis, 3 feet in diameter, lies on 
 the ground, to which it is attached by slender fibrous 
 roots, and is confined to the mountains of Graaf Keynet, 
 where also is found the extraordinary Testudinaria or Hot- 
 tentot's bread. The Encephalait'S, of which there are 15 
 species, scarcely occur in Cape Colony, properly so called, 
 but extend over the mountains of Kaftraria, Tambooka, 
 and Delagoa Bay, almost to the tropics. The brilliant Stre- 
 litzias are almost peculiar to the districts of George and 
 Swellendam. Throughout are found various species ot 
 Acacia; many beautiful ones of Oxalis; innumerable spe- 
 cies of Ixia, Gladiolus. Tritonia: Watsonia, Hesperanthera, 
 and other hand.«ome Iridaceae, known by the name of Cape 
 bulbs ; nor ought we to omit the endless varieties of Pelar- 
 gonium or Cape geranium, Gnaphaiium, Xeranthemum, 
 Diosma, Mesembrj-anthemum or fig-marigold, shrubliy Bo- 
 raginaceae, and curious, if not large or showy blossomed 
 Orchidaceae. 
 
 Zoology. — The animals indigenous to this colony are al- 
 most endlessly varied, from the most unwieldy bulks to the 
 most delicate and graceful forms. Among quadrupeds may 
 be enumerated the giraffe, elephant, rhinoceros, the hippo- 
 potamus, now much less frequently seen than formerly; 
 the lion, panther, hyena, jackal, wolf, wild l«ar, quagg.a, 
 buffalo, antelope, springbok, monkey, porcu])iiie. ant-eater, 
 itc. Among birds are the ostricli. eagle, vulture, pelican, 
 flamingo, crane, guinea-fowl, turtle-dove, and smaller spe- 
 cies in great variety. The reptiles are among the largest 
 and most venomous of their class, including the boa con- 
 strictor and the cobra da capello. In the surrounding 
 seas, and along the coasts, whales and seals exist in such 
 numbers as to make the capture of them an important 
 occupjition, while both there and in the rivers there is no 
 deficiency of smaller fish. 
 
 Agriculture. — The temperature is such a.s ought to favor 
 the growth of all the ordinary cereals, and the first colo- 
 nists who settled in the country expected to find the prin- 
 cipal source of their wealth in their cultivation. Some 
 districts were apparently fertile enough, but even where 
 the soil was well adapted for the growth of wheat and 
 the other cerealia, the climate often proved most unpro- 
 pitious. Long-continued droughts withered the corn in 
 the blade, and mildew destroyed it in the ear. At last a 
 better system began to prevail. Extensive tracts, which 
 never could have yielded a profitable return under the 
 plough, were seen to be capable of supporting numerous 
 Hocks and herds, and the attention of the colonists was 
 generally turned to pasture. The native stock of cattle 
 h.is been supplanted by better breeds, or improved by 
 crosses with them, so that the cattle of Cape Colony would 
 not suffer by a comparison with those of many of the better 
 improved districts of Europe, while the Cape ."iheep. remark- 
 able only for the ponderousness of their tails, have been 
 very generally supplanted by finer Europejin breeds. mor« 
 especially by merinoes, which thrive admirably, and pro- 
 mise soon to make wool the great staple of the colony. 
 Grain, particularly wheat, is still grown to a consideraW* 
 extent in the lower districts, and. in ordinary years, crops 
 both abundant and of good quality are obtained. In the 
 same region, and also in the Cape division, considerabl* 
 attention is paid to the culture of the vine. 
 
 Manufacture.'; and Cnmmerce. — The former are necessurily 
 limited to a few articles of primary necessity, the colonistt 
 supplying themselves with the ordinary mai ufactures fron: 
 the uiother country, of a better quality, an J at a chespei 
 rate than could be produced by thums^'lves. The export of 
 wool from the colony is Increasing rapidly, that ol wine de 
 ereasing. In 1827, only 44,4-11 pounds of wool were ex- 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 ported: in 184'!, 3,497,250 pounds ; while the wine had d»- 
 
 ereasi;<l in the same period, from 740,000 to 185,000 gallons. 
 The whale iUhery, which was forniely pursued with success, 
 has also drt.Uiied; but the amount of shipping, belonging 
 to the colony, has more than doubled in the last 10 years. 
 The exports from the colony, in 1847, amounted to 
 $2,134,222, and the value of imports to $6,821,215, of which 
 $2,564,288 was from (ireat Britain. The colonial produce 
 exported, in 1849, amounted to $1,740,622, consisting prin- 
 cipally of wool, skins, bides, wine, flour, and bran, ivory, 
 ostrich feathers, horses, beef, and pork. The trade with the 
 United States for the year ending June 30, 1S52, employed 
 4955 tons of shipping inwards, and 4439 tons outward. The 
 value of imports amounted to Sl''0,798, and the exports to 
 $225.9^^4. 
 
 Govt.rnment, SeUgiim, Education, d-c. — The government 
 of the Cape is vested in a governor, nominated by the 
 crown, and assisted by an executive council, composed of 
 the commander of the forces, the chief-justice, auditxir- 
 genera!, treasurer, and accountant-general. Kach province 
 is under the superintendence of a lieutenant-governor, and 
 each district of a civil commissioner, subordinate to whom 
 are magistrates, superintending tracts of country 16 or 20 
 miles in circuit. Justice is administered by a supreme 
 court of judicature, presided over by a chief-justice and 
 three puisne judges, a high-sheriff and deputy-sheriff for 
 eiich district,, a court of vice-admiralty, police, and matri- 
 monial courts. &c. The revenue of the colony has generally 
 exceeded the expenditure. The estimates for 1849 give the 
 revenue at 213.424?., and the expenditure at 2l0,00OJ. In 
 1851, the expenditure was 375,745i. The Dutch and Eng- 
 lish Keformed, Lutheran, Komau Catholic, and Presby- 
 terian churches in the Cape, are all entiivly, or in part, 
 supported by the Government. From returns for 1846, it 
 appears that there were 115 congregations belonging to 
 the two provinces, of which 32 belongtd to the Dutch Re- 
 formed church, 13 to the Knglish Kpiscopalians, 8 to dif- 
 ferent Presbyterian denominations, 4 to the Konian Catholic 
 church, 21 to the Wesleyan church. 23 to the Independents, 
 5 Moravian, and 9 Lutheran. Sunday and evening schools 
 are attached to each. There are also numerous missionary 
 schools, and Bell's Lancasterian and other free schools in 
 each district. In numerous localities throughout the co- 
 lony, missionary exertions are carried on. by various deno- 
 minations of Christians, for the evangelization of the native 
 population. 
 
 Aborii/ines. — The original inhabitants of the peninsula 
 of South Africa consist of two distinct negro races — tlie 
 Hottentot and the Kaffre which are again subdivided into 
 10 or 12 different trites. The Hottentots occupy the northen 
 portion of the peninsula, and the Kaffrosthe north-eastern. 
 The first are a mild and timid j)eople, with some talent, but 
 no energy. They make excellent shepherds and herdsmen, 
 and are faithful and honest. The Kaffres are a remarkably 
 handsome race, tall, stout, beautifully formed and graceful 
 in thiir movements, with a cheerful and contented expres- 
 sion of countenance, and a complexion verging towards 
 black. The offshoots of these two great families are the 
 KoraniLis or Koras, the Bojesmans or Bushmen, N.i- 
 maqu.is, Damaras, Griqutis. liecliuanas, Jlantjitas, and 
 Zoolahs. The entire population is 166,408, of whom about 
 70.000 are colored. 
 
 Ilidory. — The Cape of Good Hope was discovered, in 
 1486. by Bartholomew Diaz. In 1620, two commanders 
 of the English East India Company took pos.'session of 
 the country in the name of King James ; but no settle- 
 ment was then formed. In 1650, it was colonized by the 
 Dutch Government, and remained in their possession for 
 156 years. In 1795, it was taken possession of by a British 
 armament, but restored to the Dutch in 1S02. In 1806, 
 it was again taken by the British, and confirmed to them 
 at the general peace, in 1814. Almost ever since, a suc- 
 cession of hostilities has occurred between the colonists 
 and the Kaffres on the eastern and north-eastern frontiers 
 of the colony, the latter revenging the encroachments of 
 the former on their territories by plundering their cattle, 
 and otherwise disturbing them in their possessions. In 
 1851, one of these Kaffre wars, and one of formidable aspect, 
 raged in the colony, although it was but two or three years 
 previous that another was terminated, which cost the 
 mother country two millions of money. An attempt was 
 recently m.ide by the British Government to estiiblish a 
 penal settlement at the Cape, which was successfully re- 
 sisted by the colonists. 
 
 CAPE COLVILLE, kol'vil, a headland of New Zealand at 
 the N. E. entrance of the Kiver Thames; lat. 36° 26' S., Ion. 
 175° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE CO:m'BERMERE, in the S.W. part of Ellesmere 
 Island, on Baffin's Bay; lat. 77° 5' N., Ion. 75° 45' AV. 
 
 CAPE COMFORT, ktim'fort, a headland of Southampton 
 Island, on Hudson's Bay; lat. 64° 56' N.. Ion. 82° 30' \V. 
 
 CAPE COM'ORIN, the southern extremity of India, State 
 of Travancore in the Indian Ocean; lat. 8° 5' N., Ion. 77° 
 80' E. 
 
 CAPE (or POINT) (X)NCEP/TIOI*, the S "W. extremity of 
 
 ' Santa Barbara co., California ; lat. 34° 26' N., Ion. about 
 I 12n°25' W. 
 
 I CAPE CORMACHITTI. See Cape KniWM.\CHiTn. 
 I CAPE CORNnVALL, a headland on the S.W. coast of 
 I Cornwall, England, about 4 miles N. of Lands End; lat 
 50°8'N., Ion. 5°42'W. 
 
 CAPE CORRIENTES, koR-Re-Jn't^s, on the E. coast of 
 Africa ; lat. 23° 4.S' S.. Ion. 35° 40' K. 
 
 CAPE CORRIENTES, on the S.W. coast of Mexico; lat 
 20°22'N., Ion. 105°35'W. 
 
 CAPE CORRIENTES, koR-Re-fn'tfs, South America, on 
 the W. coast of New Granada, extending into the Pacific; 
 lat. 5° 50' N., Ion. 77° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE CORRIENTES, a headland near the S.W. extremifrv 
 ofCuba; lat, 21° 46' N., Ion. 84° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE CORRUBEDO, koR-Roo-BA'no. on the W. coast of 
 Galicia, Spain ; lat. 42° 35' N., Ion. 9° b' W. 
 
 CAPE CORSO, koR/so. fane. Prmnnntnfrium Sa'enim.) forms 
 the N. extremity of the island of Corsica; lat. 43° 0' 35" N , 
 Ion. 9° 25' E. 
 
 CAPE CRAWFORD, in the N. part of Prince William's 
 Land, at the entrance of Admiralty Inlet; lat. 73° 45' N , 
 Ion. 87° W, 
 
 CAPE CREUX, kruh, (L. PmmonUMum CiiJcu,) the 
 most E. point of the Spanish Peninsula, forming the W. 
 limit of the Gulf of Lyons; lat. 42° 19' 2" N., Ion. 3° 2^ 
 34" E. 
 
 CAPE CRILLON, kril-lon', the most S. point of the J.v 
 pjinese island Tarakai, or .Saghalien. on the Strait of La P6- 
 rouse ; lat. 45" 54' 12" N., Ion. 141° 58' E. 
 
 CAPE CRIO. See Cape Krio. 
 
 CAPE CRUZ, krooce, on the S. coast of Cuba; lat. 19° 47' 
 N., Ion, 77° 42' W. 
 
 CAPE CULLER A, kool-yi/ri, on the E. coast of Spain; 
 lat. 39° 9' N., Ion. 0°20'41" W. 
 
 CAPE DA-ROCA, dd-ro'kil, the most W. headland of Por- 
 tugal, Estremadura, 20 miles W.N.W. of Lisbon, with a fort 
 and a light-house. 
 
 CAPE DARTUCH, daR-took', on the W. coast of Minorca; 
 let. 39° 50' N., Ion. 3° 45' E. 
 
 CAPE DKLGADO, dJl-gd/do, on the E. coast of Africa, 
 Quiloa. in the Indian OceJiu ; lat. 10° 5' S., Ion. 41° E. 
 
 CAPK DE.ME'TRIUS, a headland of Thessaly, on the 
 Gulf of Salonica ; lat. 39° 18' N., Ion. 23° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE DENBIGH, d^n'bee, on the W. coast of RussLin 
 America, forming the extremity of a peninsula in Norton 
 Sound; lat. 64° 17' N., Ion. 161° 53' M . 
 
 CAPE DESEADA, di-si-i/da, or DESIRE, on the S.W. 
 coast of Patagonia, at the entrance of the Straits of Magellan 
 from the South Pacific Ocean. 
 
 CAPE DESIRE, the E. extremity of Nova Zembla; lat. 
 76° 26' N., Ion. 76° E. 
 
 CAPE DESOLAmON, Greenland, is the S.W. extremity 
 of Nunar-Soak Island ; lat. 60° 50' N.. Ion. 48° 50' W. 
 
 CAPE DESOLATION, a headland of Terra-del-Fuego, on 
 one of its W. islands; lat. 55° 45' 40" S.. Ion. 71° 37' 10" W. 
 
 CAPE DIAJIOND, dl'mond, the extremity of a promon- 
 tory of Canada East, at the confluence of the St. Charles 
 with the St. Lawrence, rises abruptly 333 feet aliove the 
 river. On this promontory stands the citadel of Quebec. 
 On the W. and nearly on a level with the ramparts are the 
 plains of Abraham, where, in 1765, the English, under Ge- 
 neral Wolfe, gained a signal victory over the French under 
 Montcalm, in which engagement both the commanders 
 were slain. 
 
 CAPE DIGBY, dig'bee. on the E. coast of Kergunlee's 
 Land ; lat. 49° 3' S.. Ion. 70° 34' E. 
 
 CAPE DIGGS, in British America, on the Channel lead 
 ing from Ilud.son's Bay to Hudson's Strait; lat. about 62" 
 45' N., Ion. 79° W. 
 
 CAPE DIRECTION, a cupe on the N. E. coast, of Aus- 
 tralia, in York Peninsula; lat. 12° 51' S., Ion. 143° 33' E. 
 
 CAPE DIRECTION, a cape of Van Diemen's Land, form- 
 ing the E. entrance to the Derwent River ; lat. 43° 3' S., Ion. 
 147° 34' E. 
 
 CAPE DISAPPOINT'MENT, the S.W. extremity of Par 
 cific county. Washington Territory, at the entrance of the 
 Columbia River ; lat. 46° 12' N., Ion. about 124° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT, a he.adland on the S. coast 
 of the island of Georgia, in the South Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 CAPE DIS/CORD, on the E. coast of Greenland; lat. 60° 
 30'N.. Ion. 44°30'W. 
 
 CAPE DO.MESNE or DOMESNES, do-main', a he.idlana 
 of RussLa, extending into the Baltic on the W. side of the 
 Gulf of Livonia, S. of the island of Oesel ; lat. 57° 46' N., Ion. 
 22° 28' E. 
 
 CAPE DON/DA, on the N.W. coast of the island of Celebes, 
 about 57 miles N'.E. of Cajie Tomoel; lat. 0°48' N., Ion. 119<' 
 57' E. 
 
 CAPE DONNA MARIA, don/nd md-ree/a, on the W. coast 
 of Ilayti ; lat, 18" 40' N., Ion. 74° 27' W. 
 
 CAPE DORO, do'ro, (It. Ca}n LfOro, ki'po do/ro; ano. 
 Cophareus.) a rocky and dangerous coast at the S.E. extr» 
 mitv of N egropont ; lat. 38° 9' N ., Ion. 24° 35' E. 
 
 Cil'E DKEPANO, drjp'a-no, or DREPANI, drjp'd-ne, on 
 
 363 
 
CAP 
 
 tha S.K. coast of Salonica, Greece, between the Gulfs of 
 Monte Santo and Cassandra; lat. 39° 56' N.. Ion. 2i° 2' E. 
 
 OAPE DROM'EDAKY. on the S.E. coast of Australia, is 
 to lat. 36° W S., Ion. 150° 14' E. It consists of a headland, 
 having a double mountain over it. called ilount Drouieflarv. 
 
 CAPE DUCATO. doo-kd'to, the S. extremitv of Jjanta 
 Maura, one of the Ionian Islands; lat. 3S° 33' 30" N., Ion. 
 20° 32' 45" E. It is the ancient promontory of Lf;ucadia, 
 sometimes called the Lovers' Leap. The poetess Sappho is 
 said to have thrown herself from the top of this promontory. 
 
 CAPE DUDLEY DIGGS, a promontory on the W. coast 
 of Greenland ; lat. 76° 15' N.. Ion. 60° 7' W. 
 
 CAPE DUND.AS, dfin-da-ss', the N. extremity of Prince 
 of Wales Land, at the W. entrance of Baring Channel ; lat. 
 74° N., Ion. 100° W. 
 
 CAPE DUNGLISON, projecting from Grinnell Land into 
 Smith Strait ; lat. 7s° 42' N., Ion. 77° 5' W. Named by Dr. 
 E. K. Kane in honor of Dr. Dungiison of Philadelphia. 
 
 CAPE DYER, di'er, in the W. part of Prince of Wales 
 Land, at the entrance of Ommanney Bay ; lat. 73° 20' N., 
 Ion. 101° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE. EAST, (Bus. Shookotskoi or ScliukoL':koi. shoo-kof- 
 Bkoy\) the E. point of Asia on Behring's Strait ; lat. 66° 6' N., 
 Ion. 169° 50' W. 
 
 CAPE EAST, on the E. coast of Madagascar ; Lit. 15° 8' 
 S., Ion. 50° 25' E. 
 
 CAPE EAST. Xew Zealand. See Cape Wai Apoo. 
 
 CAPE EG'MONT, on the SJE. coast of Prince Edwards 
 Island, at the entrance of EgmontBay; lat. 46° 28' N., Ion. 
 64° 10' W. 
 
 CAPE ELIZ'ABETII, Maine, 6 miles S. by E. of Portland. 
 On it are two li<:ht-houses. about 300 vards apart, with lights 
 140 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 43° 33' 36'' X.,lon. 
 70° 11' 36" W. 
 
 CAPE ELIZABETH DEPOT, a postxifflce of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 CAPE EMIXEII. Jm'ee'nS, in the E. part of European 
 Turkev. formius the termination of Mount Balkan, on the 
 Black Sea: lat. >2° 40' X.. Ion. 27° 55' E. 
 
 CAPE EXGASo, ^n-pcin'yo, (i.e. " deception,") on the E. 
 coast of Hayti : lat. 18° 35' N., Ion. 68° 20' W. 
 
 CAPE EXGASo, en-gin'yo,at the N.E. extremity of the 
 island of Luzon, in lat. 18° 40' X., Ion. 122° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE ESPARTEL. See Cape Sp artel. 
 
 CAPE ESPICIIEL. Ss-pe-shJl'. (anc. BarMrium, Promnn- 
 to'riunil) a promontory on the W. coast of PortuiraU 21 miles 
 S. by W. of Lisbon ; Lit 38° 25' N., Ion. 9° 13' W." This cape, 
 which rises perpendicularly tfom the sea, is of a whitish 
 color on the N. and reddish on the S. side, and is crowned 
 by a small chapel and light-house, the latter 617 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 CAPE ESPIRITU SAXTO, es-plr'e-too s3n'to, on the N. 
 extremitv of Samar. one of the Philippine Islands ; lat. 12° 
 40' N., Ion. 125° 36' E. 
 
 CAPE ^SPIRITU SAXTO. Js-pir'e-too sin'to, on the X.E. 
 coast of Terra-del-Fuego. at the entrance to the Straits of 
 Magellan; lat. 5-2° 35' S.. Ion. 68° 40' W. 
 
 CAPE ESTACA, gs-ta^kl the most N. point of Spain. 
 E.X.E. of Cape Ortesal. lat. 4-3° 48' X.. Ion. 7° 38' W. 
 
 CAPE FAIRWEATII'ER, on the W. coast of Xorth Ame- 
 rica, lat. 5S° 55' X., Ion. 138° W. 
 
 CAPE FAL'COX. (It. F<ilcone. fSl-ko'nA,) on the W. coast 
 of Sardinia : lat. 41° X.. Ion. 8° 13' E. 
 
 CAPE FALSE, a headland, on the N.W. coast of Africa, 
 lat. 26° 25' X.. Ion. 14° 12' W. 
 
 CAPE F.A.LSE. on the coast of Central America. 32 miles 
 N.W. of Cape Gracios k Dios, lat. 15° 13' X.. Ion. 83° 22' W. 
 
 CAPE FALSE, in Africa, on the W. coast of Sierra Leone, 
 lat. 8° 26' X.. Ion. 13° 18' W. 
 
 CAPE FALSE. (Fr. Gip Faux, k.^p to.) on the S. coast of 
 Hayti. lat. 17° 45' N., Ion. 71° 40' W. 
 
 CAPE FARE, a post-villa!;e of Taney co., Missouri, 160 
 miles S.S.W. of .Tefferson City. 
 
 CAPE FAREWELiy. the S. extremity of Greenland, 
 bounding the E. entrance to Davis's Straits, lat. 59° 49' X., 
 Ion. 4-3° 54' W. A strong current sets round this Cape, 
 and continues X. along the E. coast of the strait as far as 
 lat. 67° X. 
 
 CAPE FAREWELL, on the X.W. coast of Tavai Poenam- 
 moo. one of the New Zealand islands, lat. 40° 31' S., Ion. 
 172° 47' E. 
 
 CAPE FARO, (&r\e. Ftlolrm.) the X.E. extremitv of the 
 island of Sicily, bounding, with the opposite cosist of Cala- 
 bria, (rock of Seylla. Ac.) the narrowest part of the Strait of 
 Messina. Lat. of light-house, 3S° 15' 50" X., Ion. 15° 40' 40" 
 E On the hill ^bove are two sea batteries and martello 
 towers, the whole covered bv a strong fort 
 
 CAPE FARTASII, fer'tish'. or FARTAK. far^tlk', a pro- 
 montory on the S. coast of Arabia, lat. 15° 38' N., Ion. 52° 
 20' E. ' 
 
 CAPE FEAR, the S. point of Smith's Island, near the 
 month fif the Cape Fear River, Xorth Carolin.-i. Bald Head 
 Lighthouse stands 1 mile from the shore, and is 90 feet high 
 with the light. 110 fi>et above the level of the sea. Lat 33° 
 48' a., Ion. 77° 67° W. 
 3&i 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE FEAR RIVER of Xorth Carolina, is formed by fht; 
 union of the Haw and Deep Rivers, which unite at Hay- 
 wood, in Chatham county, near the centre of the state 
 Flowing in a S.E. direction, it passes by Fayetteville on the 
 right, and Wilmington on the left, and enters the Atlantic 
 near 33° ^a' X. lat.. and 78° 5' W. Ion., by two channels, 
 separated by Smith's Island. The S. e>trem'ity of the island 
 is called Cape Fear. The water in the main (S.W.'i entrance, 
 is from 10 to 14 feet deep over the bar. Cape Fear River is 
 the largest and most important river, whose course iie« 
 wholly in North Carolina, and the only one which flows 
 directly into the sea fi-om this state. Steamlxiats ascend in 
 all stages of water to Fayetteville, 120 miles : and the navi- 
 gation has lieen opened by means of dams and locks as far 
 as the coal-mines of Chatham county. At Averyslxirough, 
 the river falls over the primitive ledge, which divides the 
 hilly region of the state from the low country, after which 
 it traverses a level and sandy distiict. in which large forests 
 of pitch-pine are found. The length, including one of the 
 branches, is estimated at above 300 miles. 
 
 CAPE FERRATO, fgR-fil'to. on the S.E. coast of Sa> 
 dinia. lat. about 39° 18' X.. Ion. 9° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE FER/RO, or RAS HADID, rks hid-deed'. on the 
 N. coast of .\lirie-s. being the E. point of Storah Bay. Lat 
 37° 5' X.. Ion. 7° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE FIOARI. fe-ga'ree. on the N.E. coast of Sardinia, 
 forming the N. entrance of the Gulf of Terra Nova. 
 
 CAPE FINISTERE, or FINISTERRE, fln-is-taiR', the 
 most W. headland of France; lat. 4s° 20' .\., Ion. 4° .50' W. 
 
 CAPE FINISTERRE or FIMSTERE. fin is taiR/. (Sp. 
 Pinistierra. fe-nis-te-^R'Rd ; anc. Promonlo'rium Ke'num. .4r- 
 talfrum. or CelHieum.) the most W. headland of Spain, on the 
 coast of Gahcia; lat. 42° 54' N.. Ion. 9° 16' W. 
 
 CAPE FIXO, fee'no, on the coast of Genoa, 17 miles E.S.E. 
 of Genoa. 
 
 CAPE FLATTERY, a high promontory, the N.W. extre- 
 mity of I>ewis CO., M'ashington Territory, bounded by the 
 Straits of Juan da Fuca on the X.E.. and the Pacific Ocean 
 on the S.W. Lat. about 48° 45' X., Ion. 124° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE FLIXTJERS. Xorth America, on Kent Peninsula, 
 at the entrance of Coronation Gulf; lat. 68° 15' N., 109° 
 15' W. 
 
 CAPE FLORIDA, the E. point of Key Biscayno. SRO 
 miles S. bv E. of St. Augustine, Florida; lat. of the light>' 
 house. 25° 41' X.. Ion. 80° 5' W. 
 
 CAPE FORMEXTOX, foR-miVton'. a promontory form- 
 ing the most N. point of the island of Majorca, atthe N. 
 entrance of the Bay of Pollenza; lat 39° 57' N., Ion. 3° 
 16' E. 
 
 CAPE FORMOS.A, for-mo/s.j. or FOR^IO'PO, on the W. 
 coast of Africa, so called from its beautiful appearance: lat. 
 4° 15' N., Ion. 6° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE FOULWEATH'ER, the N.W. point of Benton CO., 
 Oregon Territorv : lat. about 44° 45' N., Ion. 124° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE FOULWIXD, on the W. caist of New Munster. one 
 of the New Zealand Islands: lat. 41° 45' S.. Ion. 171° 30' E. 
 
 C.A.PE FOX. on the X. coast of Anticosti Island; lat» 49° 
 22' X.. Ion. 62° W W. 
 
 CAPE FRAXCAIS. frdjjo'sA', the N. point of Kerguelen's 
 Land : lat. 48° 40' S., Ion. 69° E. 
 
 CAPE FRANK'LIN. at the N.W. extremitv of Kent Pe- 
 ninsula, on Dease Strait : lat. 68° 40' X.. Ion. 100° W. 
 
 CAPE FREIVERICK VII.. in the N. part of Prudhoe Island, 
 N. of Smith's Sound ; lat 79° 40' X., Ion. 70° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE FREELS. on the E. coast of Newfoundland ; lat 
 49° 38' X.. Ion. 5:3° W. 
 
 CAPE FREHEL. frd'Jl', on the coa.st of France. 13 miles 
 W. by X. of St. Malo : lat. 48° 41' N., Ion. 2° 19' AV. ; upon 
 it is a revolvins liiht 246 feet above the sea. 
 
 CAPE FRIEXDSHIP. near the E. extremitv of Bougain- 
 ville Island in the Pacific Ocean ; lat 6° 44' S., Ion. 166° 
 40' E. 
 
 CAPE FRIO, free'o. (Port, axho Frin. k Jnxvfree'o. i. e. •' Cool 
 Cape.") a proniontorj' on the coast of Brazil. 80 miles E. of 
 Rio Janeiro, forms the terminus of the ridge of mountains 
 which run parallel to the coast, and consists of a husre oval 
 mass of granite. Elevation, 1570 feet; lat. 22° 59' 0" S., 
 Ion. 41° 57' 2" W. A lishl-house was erected on it in 1836. 
 
 CAPE FULLERTOXt f«Sl'er-t9n, on llud-son's B.iy: lat 
 64° 10' N.. Ion. 88° 20' W. 
 
 CAPE GALERA. gd-lA/rJ. South America, on the N."W. 
 coast of New Granada : lat. 11° N., Ion. 75° 20' W. 
 
 CAPE GALERA. gl-lA'rd. the E. point of the i.sland of 
 Trinidad : lat. 10° 4.i' N., Ion. f)0° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE GALLO. gJllo. a headland on the N. coast of Sicily, 
 7 miles N.X'.W. of I'alermo. 
 
 C.\PE GALLO. gjllo, (anc. Jcfritas.^ a headlfind of Greece, 
 Morea, forming the S. extremity of the government of Jles- 
 senia. 
 
 C.'VPE GAMALEY, gd'mai.V, a headland of Japan, on the 
 W. coast of the island of Niphon, near Its N. extremity; 
 lat. 40° 38' N.. Ion. 135)° 49- E. 
 
 CAPE GAR/RY. in the S. part of North Somerset forming 
 the S. boundary of Creswell Bay; lat 72° 23' N., Ion. t>^ 
 30' W. 
 
CAP 
 
 CAPE GAPPfi. fraVpee or g3.«-pi', a headland of Canada, 
 on tlie Gulf of St. Lawrence; lat. 48° 45' N.; Ion. •)4° W W. 
 At its W. extremity it forms the N. boundary of tlie Bay of 
 Gaspe. an inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, about 18 miles 
 In length, by 6 miles across, forming a safe harbor. An im- 
 portant cod and wliale tisherv is established otT its shores. 
 
 CAPE GAT A, sd'td, (Sp. "Oifio de Gata. k4'i» dA pd'tS.) 
 a promontory of Spain, on the coast of Granada, forming the 
 K. limit of the great bay of Almeria. and consisting of con- 
 tinuous roclis 24 miles in circuit, and 13 miles in breadth. 
 In the centre of this promontory there are four hills near to 
 each other, called the Sacristan, the Two Friars, the Cap- 
 tain, and the White Mountain ; but nothing remarkable is 
 observed from their outward appearance. The case is verj' 
 dilTeivnt toward the sea, where about 50 paces from the 
 be."K-h there is a rocky mass 2(J0 feet high, crystallized in 
 large places that have 4 or 6 plates chased one within an- 
 otlier : these are of a cinereous color, from 8 to 14 inches 
 long, with a large grain wliich is susceptible of a fine polish. 
 The other side of the promontory beyond these four hills is 
 called Kl Puerto de la Plata, (i. e. " the port of silver.") For- 
 merlv this cape was a plivce of resort for Moorish corsairs 
 lurking for Spanish vessels. Lat. 30° 43' N. ; Ion. 2° 22' W, 
 
 C.\PK GATTO, gdftd, (anc, Cu>rias JVommiUMum f) a pro- 
 montory on the S. coast of Cyprus; lat, 34° 34' N.. Ion, 33° 8' E. 
 
 CAPE OEOKGK, on the N. coast of the island of South 
 Georgia: lat. 54° 17' S., Ion. 36° 32' W. 
 
 CAl*K GIIIK orGIIKER, gheer, a headland of Morocco, on 
 the Atl.^ntic, 63 miles S.S.VV. of Mogadore: lat. 30° 37' N., 
 Ion. <J° 52' K. On its W. side it is 1235 feet In height. 
 
 CAPKGIKAKDI'lAU.jee-rar-do'. acounty in the E.S.E.part 
 ofilissouri, borderingon tlie Mississippi Kiver, has an area of 
 875 square miles. It is drained by the head streams of the 
 Whitewater, an affluent of St. Francis itiver, and by Ap|ile 
 Creek; the Mississippi forms its E. boundary, and separates 
 it from Illinois. The surface is nearly level: the soil is 
 rich, and extensively cultivated. The county is plentifully 
 supplied with good timber, including the cypress. It was 
 settled in 1794 by French and Germans. Capital, Jackson. 
 Pop, 15,547, of whom 14,014 were free, and 1.5;« slaves. 
 
 CAPK GIRARDKAU, a post-villago of Cape Girardeau 
 CO., Missouri, on the Mis8is8ipi>i River, 45 miles above the 
 month of the Ohio, and 207 miles E,S,E, of Jefferson City. 
 It has a good landing, and contains a bank. It is the seat 
 of St. Vincent's College. Pop. 2663. 
 
 CAPE GLOUCESTKR. glos'ter, a high promontory on 
 the N.E. coast of Australia'; lat.' 20° 1' S.; Ion. 148° 26' E. 
 
 CAI'EGOLOVATCllEF,go-lo-va-chJPorGOLOVATCHEV', 
 a headland on the N. W. coast of the island of Tarakai or Sag- 
 halein. empire of China; lat. 52° 32' N.. 41 Ion. 141° 54' E. 
 
 CAl>E GOOD SUCCESS/, on the S. coast of TeiTa del 
 Fuego. extending into the Straits of Le Maire. 
 
 CAPE GRACIAS-A-DIOS,grd'se-as-adee'oce, (I'.e. "Thanks 
 to God.") a headland of Central America, on the Mosquito 
 coast : lat. 14° 55' N.; Ion. S3° 15' W. . 
 
 CAl'K GKAF'TON', on the N.E. coast of Australia, bounds 
 Trinitv Bay on the S.; lat. 16° 51' S,. Ion. 145° 50' E. 
 
 CAl'E GKEG'OKV, on the W. coast of Korth America; 
 lat. 4:;° 30' N.. Ion. 124° W. 
 
 CAPE GKEY, Mis.souri. See C.\P AU Grkt. 
 
 CAPI> GRIM, the N.W. extremity of Van Diemen's Land, 
 and the S. boundary of the W. entrancu to Ba.ss' Strait; 
 lat. 40= 43' S.. Ion. 144° 42' E. 
 
 CAPE GRIM'INGTON. on the E. coast of Labrador; lat. 
 68° 55' N.. Ion. 61° 45' W. 
 
 CAPE GRIN NELL/, a headland of North Devon, on Wel- 
 lington Channel: lat. 75° 30' N., Ion. 92° 25' W. 
 
 CAPE GRIS-NEZ, grt^e-ni, i.e.. ''gray nose," (anc. IVium 
 Primvininlrium.) a headland of France, department of Pas- 
 de-Calais, being the nearest point of the i'rench shore to 
 that of Britain. (South Foreland.) It h.as a revolving light 
 195 feet high : lat. 50° 62' 12" N'.. Ion. 1° 35' 15" E. 
 
 CAPE GUARDAFUI, gwar-dd-fwee/. orGARDAFUI, gar'- 
 da-fwee'. (Arab, Has Jerdafform, r3s-jerMd-foon'; anc. Arnl- 
 tniUum I'romirilo'rium.) the most E, point of Africa, at the 
 entrance of the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb; lat, 11° 50' N,, Ion. 
 51° 20' K, 
 
 CAl'E GWADEL, t^vri-dl-V, or RAS NOO. r^s noo, a penin- 
 gula of Belooehistan, about the middle of the S, coast, on 
 the Indian Ocean. 95 miles S. of Kedje: lat, 25° 12' N„ Ion. 
 62° 18' E. It is about 6 miles in breadth, and has a harbor 
 on either side, the W. of which affords good anchorage. A 
 ruined wall extends across its narrow isthmus, near which 
 is a decayed town, and a poor villace of hxits. 
 
 CA PE HACK NESS', a headland of Scotland, co. of Orkney, 
 on the S.E, coast of the island of Shapinshav. 
 
 CAPE IIAITIEX. See CAPE HAYTIEX. 
 
 CAPE HALKETT, hAl/ket. a headland of Russian Ame- 
 rica, on the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 70° 48' X., Ion. 151° 55' W., 
 bounds Harrison Bay on the W. 
 
 CAPE IIAM/ILTON, on the W. coast of Wollaston Land, 
 to the Arctic Ocean ; lat. 68° 30' N., Ion. 116° 30' W. 
 
 CAI'E IIAMRAH, Mm^rL or MAVERAII, mliy'eT-L 
 (Arab. Bas-el-Hamrah, rds-el-h3m'rd ; anc. Pr(mu/ntn>rium 
 tiip'pir) on the N. coast of Algiers; lat 37° N., Ion. 7° 50' E. 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE HANG/LIP, on the S. extremity of Africa, and E 
 side of False Bav ; lat. 04° 22' S., Ion. 18° 40* E. 
 
 CAPE HAK/i)Y, on the X. part of Prince of Wales Land 
 at the entrance of Baring Channel; lat, 73° 63' N., Ion. 97*^ 
 30' W. 
 
 CAPE IIATII'ERTOX, the W. extremity of Prudhoe 
 Island, in Smiths Sound: lat, 78° 30' N,. ion. 75° .30' W. 
 
 CAPE IIA'iTERA.S, hat/gr-ass, E. of North Carolina. 120 
 miles S. by E. of Cape Henry, 'i'he light is IJ miles from 
 the point of the cape, and 95 feet above the level of the sea; 
 lat. 35° 14' \., Ion. 75° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE n.\Y, a headland of British America, on the Polar 
 Sea. near Ion. 95° W. 
 
 CAPE HAYTIEX. hA'le-en, formerly CAPE FRAXgAIS, 
 frdx^'si'. and CAPE HENRY', a seap(jrt town of the island of 
 Hayti. on its N'. coast, 90 miles X. ofl'ort.au Prince: lat. 19° 
 40' X., Ion. 69° 54' W. Previous to the Ilaytian Revolution 
 it was a handsome city, and it still has some fine buildings, 
 with a secure and tolerably defended harbor, and a con- 
 siderable trade, ehietiy with the United States, Great Bri- 
 tain. France, and Germany. In 1841, 84 vessels. aggregat« 
 burden 11.806 tons, entered the port with cargoes valued at 
 136.484/,; 78 vessels, burden 10.Hr2 tons, cleared with ca."- 
 goes estimated at 162,770/. in value. Pop. iul789, 18.5lj0; in 
 1851, 0000. 
 
 CAl'E HENLO'PEX, on the E. coa.st of Delaware, at the 
 entrance of Delaware Bay, on the S,W. side, 13 miles S,S,W. 
 of Cape Mav, On it is a fixed Iii:ht, 182 feet above the level 
 of the sea ; "lat: 38° 47' N., Ion. 75° 6' 30" W. A beacon liglit 
 also stands at the extreme N. end of the cape, three-fourth* 
 of a mile distant. 
 
 CAPE HEXRIETTA MARI/A. in British America, the 
 dividing line on the W. between Hudson and James Bays; 
 lat. 55° 10' N,. Ion. 82° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE HEX'RY. on the X.E. coast of Virginia, at the en- 
 trance of Chesapeake Bav. on the S. side. 12 milts S. by W 
 of Cape Charles: lat. 3t.° 56' X.. Ion. 76° 4' W. On it is a 
 fixed liirht, 120 feet .above the level of the sea. 
 
 CAPi; IIILLSBi (ROUGH, hilz'l tkr-rfth. a headland on 
 the X.E. coast of Australia, terminating in a bluff point, 
 lat. 20° 53' 4(/' S.. Ion. 149° 0' 15" E. 
 
 CAPE HOXDUUAS. hon-doo/ras, or PUXTA-DEL-CAS- 
 TILLO. poon'ta d^I kS.s-teel'yo. a headland on the X. c«astol 
 Honduras: lat. 16° N„ Ion, 86° 16' AV, 
 
 CAl'E HOPE ADVAXCE/, a headland of British America, 
 on Hudson's Straits; lat, 61° 45' X,. Ion, 72° 10' W, 
 
 CAPE HORX.hoRn. written also llOORN, the most S, point 
 of Americiu on the last island of the Fuegian Archipelago, 
 in lat, 55° 58' 40" S., Ion. 67° 16' W. It is a lofty, steep, 
 bare, black rock, with pointed summits, and was formerly 
 considered very dangerous to pa.ss: but the ditficulties of 
 doubling it are now greatly diminished. It was named by 
 Schouten. its discoverer, in 1616. in honor of his birthplace, 
 Hoorn, (hoRn,) in the Netherlands, province of North Hol- 
 land. 
 
 CAPE HORN. FALSE, on the coast of Terra-del-Fuego, 
 9 miles X.E. of Cape Horn. 
 
 CAPE HOWE, hOw, the most S.E. point of Australia, 280 
 miles S.W. of Sidnev : lat. 37° 30' S., Ion. 150° 5' E. 
 
 CAPE HOWE. "\VEST. on the S. coast of Australia, 18 
 miles S.W. of Albany: lat. 35° 9' S.. Ion. 117° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE HUMOS. hoo'moce. a headland of Chili, at the S. 
 mouth of the Maule: lat. 3.5° 22' S. 
 
 CAPE ICY. See Icy Cape. 
 
 CAPE IXJE or IXDJEH. in'jjh, the most N. point of 
 Anatolia, extending into the Black Sea; lat. 42° 8' N., Ion. 
 34°57'E. 
 
 CAPE ISABELLA. iz-a-bJlla, a headland of Boothia Felix ; 
 lat. 69° 26' X., Ion. C3° 51' W.' 
 
 CAPE ISABELLA, in the E. part of Ellesmere I.sland. at 
 the entrance of Smith's Sound; lat. 78° 10' X.. Ion, 78° W, 
 
 CAPE ISLAXD, iland, the southern extremity of Xew 
 Jersey, formerly separated by a small creek from the main- 
 land. It is 3 or 4 miles long, and from ^ to 1 mile wide. 
 
 CAPE ISLAXD. or CAPE ISLAND CITY, a celebrated 
 watering-place of Cape May co., Xew Jersey, on Cape Island, 
 about 100 miles by water S.S.E. of Philadelphia. During 
 the summer months, it is one of the most fashionable places 
 of resort in the United States. It contains 5 or 6 churches, 
 1 bank, and a number of hotels, among which may bo men- 
 tioned the Congress Hall, the tFnited States, the Columbia 
 hotel, the Oceau House, and the Atlantic House; some of 
 these hotels are very large, and capable of accommodating 
 from lOiiO to 2u00 persons. In stimmer. Cape Island has daily 
 communication by steamboats with I'hiladelphia, and is 
 thronged with the wealthy and fashioiiable, principally from 
 that city. This place is also connected with Philadelphia 
 by railroad. Permanent popnlation,about 600. 
 
 CAPE JER£mIE, zhSr^i-mee/, on the N.W. coast of Hayti, 
 IS miles E. of Cape Donna Maria; lat. 18° 16' N., ion. 74° 
 12' W. 
 
 CAPE JUBY. joo/bee, of Africa, on the W. coa.st of Sahara, 
 opposite Fuerteventura. one of the Canary I.slands, is a low, 
 sandy point ; lat. 27° 57' 60" N.. Ion. 12° 55' W. 
 
 CAPE KALAKKIA,kil-iak-ree'a,orGULGRAD BOOROON 
 
 365 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 or Btn.ROUN. grul ai3d' booroon', in the K. part of Turkey, 
 on the Black Sea: lat. 43° 23' N., lon.2S° 30' K. 
 
 CAPE KARDASH', on the S.E. coast of Asia Minor, at the 
 W. entrance to the Gulf of Iskanderoon; lat. 36° 34' N., Ion. 
 86° 22' E. 
 
 CAI'E KATER, in the S.W. part of Cockbum Island, on 
 the Gulf of Boothia; lat. 71° 53' N., lon.90° W. 
 
 CAPE KAYE, ki, a promontory in the W. part of Cock- 
 burn Island, N. of Fitzgerald Bav; lat. 72° 20' \., Ion. 93° 
 30' W. 
 
 CAPE KEREMPE. k3-rJm'p5h, (anc. Oxramrbis; Gr. Ko- 
 fiaiiStf fiKpa,) a headland of Asia, on the N. coast of Anatolia, 
 extendius into the Black Sea : lat. 42° 2' X.. Ion. 33° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE KHELl DOXIA, K^l-e-donee'd. a headland of Asiatic 
 Turkey, fonninii the X. point of the Gulf of Adalia, near lat. 
 8(5° 9' X.. Ion. 30° 26' E. 
 
 CAPE KIIERSOXESE, ker'son-eece, in the S.part of Rus- 
 6ia. on the Black Sea; lat. 44° 35' X.. Ion. 33° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE KIIROMACIIITTI, Kro-mS-kiftee, on the N. coast 
 Of Cyprus : lat, 35° 23' X.. Ion. 33° E. 
 
 CAPE KHYXZYR, Kin'zeer,' a headland on the S.coa.st of 
 Syria, at the entrance to the Gulf of Iskanderoon; lat. 36° 
 17'X.. Ion. 35°4S'E. 
 
 CAPE KIRPE, kggr'pS. on the N. coast of Anatolia, ex- 
 tendins into the Black Sea ; lat. 41° 15'X.. Ion. 30° IS' E. 
 
 CAPE KOLOGRIA, ko-lo-jrree'd, or PAPAS, pi-pas', at the 
 N.W. extremity of Morea. Greece, at the S. entrance of the 
 Oulf of Patras"; lat. about 38° 12' N., Ion. 21° 24' E. 
 
 CAPE KKIO, kree/o. on the S.W. coast of Anatolia, at the 
 entrance to the Gulf of Kos ; lat, 36° 41' N.. Ion. 27° 23' 5" E. 
 
 CAPE KRIO, the most S. part of the island of Candia; 
 lat. 36° 16' N., Ion. 23° 31' E. 
 
 CAPE KKIO, the W. point of Cyprus; lat. 35° 16' N., Ion. 
 23° 30' E. 
 
 CAP'EL. a parish of Encland. co. of Surrey. 
 
 CAPE LADY FRAXKLIX, a headland on the S.W. part 
 of Wolliiston I^and, on the Arctic Ocean, at the entrance of 
 Dolphin and Union Strait: lat, 68° 30' X.. Ion. 113° W. 
 
 CAPE LA HAGUE. Id hai;;. (Fr. pron. Id hdg.) sometimes 
 improperly written LA HOGUE, a headjand of France, in 
 Normandy, department of Manche. forminjr the X.W. extre- 
 mity of the peninsula of Cotentin, in the Enjriish Channel, 
 opposite the island of Alderney, 16 miles X.X.W. of Cher- 
 bourg, and 50 miles S. of St. Alban's Head. (Dorsetshire.) Lat. 
 of the light-house, 49° 43' 22" X.. Ion. 1° 57^ 6" W. It is often 
 confounded with Cape La Hogue, on the opposite side of 
 Contentin. 10 miles X.E. of Valognes. off which the united 
 English and Dutch fleets defeated the French naval force. 
 May 19—22. 1692. 
 
 C.\PE L,\HOU. Ij-hoo/, a headland of Africa, on the Ivory 
 coast, with a town of the same name near it; lat. 5° 16' X., 
 Ion. 5° IS' W. 
 
 CAPE LASSOA. See Boolekomba Point. 
 
 CAPE LASTRES. lis'trjs, on the X. coast of Spain, ex- 
 tending into the Bav of Biscay ; lat. 4.3° 33' X., Ion. 5° 20' W. 
 
 CAP'EL CUR'RIG, a hamlet of North AVales, co. of Caer- 
 narvon. 
 
 CAPE LEAN, or LOOP HEAD, on the IV. coast of Ire- 
 land, at the mouth of the Shannon; lat. 52° 32' N., Ion. 9° 
 45' W. 
 
 CAPE LEEUWIX. lee'win or l.Vftin. the most S.W. point 
 of Australia, 174 miles S. of Swan River, and about the 
 same distance W. of King George's Sound ; lat. 34° 32' S., 
 Ion. 115° 6' E. 
 
 CAPE LEUCA. or SAXTA SIARIA DI LEUCA, sdn-ta mi- 
 ree'd dee l.i'oo-kd, (anc. lapy'grium, or Siilenti/num Promon- 
 tolrium.) on the coast of Xaples. at the S.E. entrance to the 
 QulfofTaranto; lat. 39° 47' 10" N., Ion 18°24'15"E. 
 
 CAPE LEVEQUE, lA-vaik'. on the X.W. coast of Australia, 
 being the most X. part of Dampier's Land; lat. 16° 20' S., 
 Ion. 123° E. 
 
 CAPE LEWaS. in the W. part of Greenland, on Baffin's 
 Bay : lat. 7-5° 35' X.. Ion. 58° 40' W. 
 
 CAPEL GAli'MOX. a townshipof North Wales, co. of Den- 
 bigh. 4| miles S. of Llanrwst. 
 
 C.\PE LICOSA, le-ko'sd. a promontory of Naples, forming 
 the E. entrance to the Oulf of Salerno ; lat. 40° 14' N., Ion. 
 14°53'E. 
 
 CAPE LIXDESNAES. See Naze, The. 
 
 CAPE LIXGUETTA. Iin-g\v5t/td. a headland of European 
 Turkey, being the termination of the Chimara or Acroce- 
 raunian Mountains, extends into the sea, about 40 miles 
 E.X.E. from Otranto. bounding ea.stward the entrance into 
 the Adriatic. It Is 2290 feet in height; lat. 40° 26' 17" N., 
 Ion. 19° 17' 17" E. 
 
 CAPE LIS'BURX. on the W. coast of Russian America, 
 extending into the Polar .Sea : lat. 69° 6' X. Ion. 166° 22* W. 
 
 CAPE LITIIADA, le-thS'di.a headland of Greece, forming 
 the .\.W. extremity of Xegropont, and the N.W. entrance to 
 theGulfof Talanti. 
 
 CAPELLADKS. kd-pM-yd'nfs, an episcopal town of Spain, 
 30 miles X.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 2798. It has manufac- 
 tui-es of cloth and diaper, and brandy distilleries. 
 
 CAPELLE. L.\, Id kd-p^l'. a town of France, department 
 Jf Aisue. 10 miles X. of Vervins. formerly fortified. 
 366 
 
 CAPELLE-MARIVAL, La, Id kd'pMl' mdVeeVJl'. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Lot, 10 miles X.W. of Figeao 
 Pop. 1331. 
 
 CAPELLEN. kd-p^Wen, a village of Rhenish Prussia. 
 
 CAPELLE-OP-DEX BOSCH, kdp-pM'leh-op-den-lxisk. a vU- 
 lage ot Belgium, province of South Brabant, 11 miles N. of 
 Brussels, on the canal thence to Antwerp, and on the rail- 
 way between Mechlin and Ghent. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CAPE LOOKOUT', E. of North Carolina. 85 miles S.W. of 
 Cape Ilatteras. Elevation of the light, 100 feet ; lat. 34°37' 
 N.. Ion. 76° 33' W. 
 
 CAPE LOOKOUT. E. of Yamhill co., Oregon Territory; 
 in lat. about 45° 30' N.. Ion. 124° W. 
 
 CAPE LI30K0UT, in Hudson's Bay; lat. 55° 30' X , Ion. 
 about 85° 40' W. 
 
 CAPE LOOKOUT, a headland on the E. coast of Pata- 
 gonia, extending into the Atlantic. 
 
 CAPE LOPATKA. lo-pdt/kd. in Asia, forming the S. extre- 
 mity of the peninsula of Kamtchatka : lat. 51° 2' X., Ion. 156° 
 46' E. It consists of a low and barren tongue of land, 
 widening toward the N.. and terminating in a mountain, 
 which hears the same name. 
 
 CAPE LOPEZ, lo'pi^i!. on the W. caast of Africa, forminj; 
 the S. point of the Bight of Biafra : lat. 0° 36' S.. Ion. S° 43' 
 E. The extensive bay which it forms. 14 miles long, haa 
 several rivers and creeks, all very shallow, running into it. 
 
 CAPE LOUIS. Ino'is. a headland on the W. caast of Ker- 
 guelen's Land ; lat. 48° 50' S.. Ion. 68° IS' E. 
 
 CAPE LOUIS PHILIPPE, loo'ee fillip, in the S. part of 
 Wollaston Land, in the Arctic Ocean; lat. 68° 35' N., Ion. 
 109° 45' W. 
 
 CAPEL SAINT ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 CAPE LUCAS. See Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 CAP'EL VOE'LAS. a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 CAPE MAGUARL md-gwd-ree'. South America, the N.E. 
 point of the Island of Joannes, or Marajo, at the mouth of 
 the Amazon : lat. 0° 16' S.. Ion. 48° W. 
 
 CAPE MAL*ABAR', at the S.E. extremity of Massachu- 
 setts : lat. 41° 34' N., Ion. 69° 55' W. 
 
 CAPE MALEK. md-lJk', or MALECCA, md-lJkld. (anc 
 Ciamon PrnmontrJrium,) on the N. coast of Crete; Lit. 35° 
 37'N.. Ion. 24°9'E. 
 
 CAPE MALIO. md1e-o. or SAINT AXGELO. (anc. Malta 
 Promnnto'rmm.} on the S. coast of the Morea; lat. 3'j= 27' N , 
 Ion. 23° 12' E. 
 
 CAPE MAXAMBATOU. mdn-dm-bd-too'. on the E. coast of 
 Madasnvscar; lat. 1.3° 5' S.. Ion. 49 ° 50' E. 
 
 CAPE .MARTELLO. maR-t^llo, the S. point of Nerropont : 
 lat. 37° 56' N.. Ion. 24°33' E. 
 
 CAPE MATALA, md-tdld. the most S. headland of Candia 
 and of Europe : lat. 34° 55' X.. Ion. 24° 45' E. 
 
 CAPE MATAPAN, md-td-pdn'. (anc. TVnonm. or To-na/- 
 rium Promonlofrium.) the southernmost extremity of th» 
 Morea. Greece, and of continent.al Europe; lat, 36-^ 2.3' N., 
 Ion. 22° 29' E. 
 
 CAPE MAY. the southern extremity of New.Tersey. at the 
 entrance of Delaware Bay. On its extreme S.W. point is a 
 revolving liiiht, which revolves once in three minutes, ele- 
 vated 90 feet" above the level of the sea : lat. 3S° 55' 4S" N, 
 Ion. 74° 58' 30" W. 
 
 CAPE M.\Y, the most southern county of New .lersey. ha« 
 an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, on the W. by Delaware Bny. and 
 partly on the X\ by Tuckahoe Creek. The surface is level 
 This county is entirely of alluvial formation. On the At- 
 lantic coast is a sandl>each. which for the width of from 
 half a mile to two miles is covered with grass, affording ex 
 cellent pasture. It is broken by various inlets by which lh« 
 sea penetrates the marshes, forming lagoons or salt watei 
 lakes. The marsh is aliout 4 miles wide : a similar marsh 
 extends across the N. part of the county. Near Deiinisvillc 
 is a deposit of cedar timber in the .soil to an indefinite depth, 
 which (although, from the growth at)Ove it. it is believed to 
 be over 2000 years old) is still jierfectlv sound, and a larpre 
 number of pei-sons are employed in digging it out, and work- 
 ing it into shingles, posts, .tc. The soil nea; the (■fnt:'al part 
 is clayey, with a sandy subsoil, and is naturally of a good 
 quality. Organized in 1710. and n.amed from Cornrlius Ja- 
 cobse Mey. a navigator in the service of the Dutch West In- 
 dia Company, who visited Delaware Bay in 1623. {GDrdon.) 
 Capital. .Cape Mav Court-HoTise. Pop. 7130. 
 
 CAPE MAY COURT-HOUSE,a thrivingpost-town. capital 
 of Ca])e May county, is situated in Mid<ile township, abont 
 80 miles in a straight line S. of Trenton. It has a stone 
 jail, 2 churches, and several stores. Pop. in I860, about 
 500. 
 
 CAPE MAYSI or MAISI. ml-see', the E. extremity of 
 Cuba : lat. 20° 15' N.. Ion. 74° 7' W. 
 
 CAPE M AYUMBA. md-yoom'bd, on the W. coast of AfHca, 
 lat. 3° 35' S. 
 
 CAPE MELVILLE. mM'vil. a proniontor>' of Greenland, 
 forming the W. boundan- of Melville Bav. 
 
 CAPE MEXDOCTXO. ■mfndo-.se.-'no. nea/ the S.W. part 
 of Humbolt CO, California; lit. 40° 28' N., lou. 124° 'it/ W 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE MESURADO, m?&oo-r^do, in Africa, on the W. 
 coast of Liberia, at the mouth of a small river of the same 
 name, in lat. 6° 19' N., Ion. 10° 50' W., on which is situated 
 the town of Monrovia. 
 
 CAPE MTDIAII, mo-dee'lh, in the N.E. part of Turkey, on 
 the Black Sea; lat. 41° 22' N., Ion. 28° 60' E. 
 
 CAPE MILAZZO, me-lit/so, a headland on the N, coast of 
 Sicily; lat.38°17'N.,lon. 15°15'E. 
 
 CAPE MIIUK, mee'rik. or MIKK, meerk, a headland of 
 Western Africa ; lat. l'J° 22' 14" N., Ion. 16° 20' 36" W. 
 
 CAPE MONDKGl), mon-dA/go, a headland on the W. coast 
 of Portu^'al. at the mouth of the Mondego Kiver ; lat. 40° 12° 
 N., Ion. 8° 5.3' W. 
 
 CAPE MONTE CHP.ISTI, mon'ti kris/tee, on the N. coast 
 Of Hay ti ; lat. 19° 54' N.. Ion. 7 1° 45' W. 
 
 CAPE MONTE SANTO, mou'tA sSn'to, a promontory of 
 Greece, formins the S.E. extremity of Salonioa ; lat. 40° 13' 
 N., Ion. 24° 23' K. 
 
 CAPE xMONZE, m'on'zSh.or RAS MOARREE, mo-ir'ree, a 
 sharply-pripjecting headland, forminu: the W. extremity of 
 Siude, and the E. fi-ontier of Beloochistan ; lat. 24° 51 N., 
 Ion. 66° 37' E. It is of moderate height, but is rendered 
 dangerous by the shoals, which extend 3 miles from the 
 shore. 
 
 CAPE MOUNT, a headland of Western Africa; lat.6°46' 
 N., Ion. 11° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE MOUNT, a river of Western Africa, which fiiUs into 
 the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 6° 44' N., Ion. 11° 25' W. The 
 district of Cape Mount, with Its islands, lakes, and rivers, 
 was granted by the king of the territory to an English com- 
 pany, by a deed dated February 23, 1841. 
 
 CAPENABON (uiMymOor NABEND.nd'bend', a headland 
 of Persia, on the coast of the Persian Gulf; lat. 27° 33' N., 
 Ion. 52° 39' E. 
 
 CAPE NAO, ni'o, a headland of Spain, on the coast of 
 Valencia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Alicante; lat. 38° 44' N., Ion. 
 0° 12' K. 
 
 CAPE NAPIER, ni'peer. in the S. part of Prince Albert 
 Land, at the entrance of Russell Gulf; lat. 70° 30' N., Ion. 
 116° 40' W. 
 
 CAPE NATURALISTE, nJt-u-ral-leestA a headland of 
 Australia, forming the W. side of G6ographe Bay ; lat. 33° 
 31' 45" S. 
 
 CAPK NAU, n3/oo, (ano. Lacintitim Promrmtnlnum.) a 
 headland of Southern Italy, forming the E. extremity of Ca- 
 labria Ultra. 6 miles S.li. of Cotrone. It was once the site 
 of a temple dedicated to Juno Lacinia, and from hence Han- 
 nilial is said to have embarked on leaving Italy, B.C. 202; 
 lat. of cape. 39° 6' N.. lou. 17° 14' E. 
 
 CAPE NAZE. nA/.e.or LINDKSXAES. See Naze. 
 
 CAPE NEU'DOCK. Maine. 35 miles S.W. of Portland. 
 The li^iht-h lU.'ie is on Goat Island, and contains a fixed 
 lisht 33 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 43° 10' N., Ion. 
 70° 35' W. 
 
 CAPK NEDDOCK, a pnst-office of York CO., Maine. 
 
 CAPE NEGRAIS, no-gricu'. a headland on the coiist of 
 Ava, in the Bay of Bnijial : lat. 16° 1' 30" N., Ion. ft4° 12' E. 
 
 CAPE NEGliO, nee'jrrooruA/gro, Africa, on the S.W. coast 
 of Benguela; lat. 15°45'S., Ion. 11°49'E. 
 
 CAPE NEGKO. Africa, on the N.AV. coast of Tunis; lat. 
 87° 8' N.. Ion. 9° 5' E. 
 
 CAPE XOIR. nor. (Fr. pi-on. cip nwia,) South America, on 
 the island of Noir. off the S.W. coast of Terra del Fuego: lat. 
 54° 30' S., Ion. 73° 5' 40" W. It is a steep rock, of considera- 
 ble height. 
 
 CAPE NOLI, no/lee. a headland of Italy, on the coast of. 
 Genoa ; lat. 44° 12' N ., Ion. S° 23' E. 
 
 CAPE NOON', NOUN, or NUN, noon, Africa, on the W. coast 
 of Morocco ; lat. 28° 45' N., Ion. 11° 5' W. 
 
 CAPE NOJXlAGMO or NOUNIAGMO, noo-ne-^g'mo, a 
 headland forming the N.E. extremity of Lawrence Bay, on 
 the c'oa,st of Asia, near the point where it approaches nearest 
 to the continent of America, about lat. 65° 20' N., Ion. 171° W. 
 
 CAPE NORTH, a celebrated promontory,forniing the north- 
 ernmost point of Euri>pe, and situated on the N. extremity 
 of the island of Majjeroe. which is separated from the main- 
 land of Nox-way by a iiarro^^ channel : lat. 71° 10' 12" J\'.. Ion. 
 25° 46' E. It consists of a long row of precipitous rocks jut- 
 ting out into the sea, and terminating above, partly in py- 
 ramidal peaks, and partly in » kind of table-land, at the 
 heisht of alwut 1200 feet. 
 
 CAPK NORTH or 3IEVERN0I. se-iVin-noi', a headland 
 on the N. coast of Siberia : lat. 68° 56' N.. Ion. 179° 9' W. 
 
 CAPE NORTH. (I'ort. aibo do Nr/rle. ka/bo-do-noB/tA,) 
 South America, on the E. coast of Brazilian Guiana, at the 
 northernmost mouth of the Amazon ; lat. 1° 51' N., Ion. 50° 
 10' W. • 
 
 CAPE NORTH, on the N. coast of Prince Edward's Isle, 
 in the Gulf of St. Ljiwrenee ; lat. 47° 5' N.. Ion. 64° 5' W. 
 
 CAPE NORTH, the N.E. extremity of the island of Cape 
 Breton ; lat. 47° 2' N.. Ion. 60° 25' W. 
 
 CAPE NORTH, or O'TOIX (OTOU.) the N. extreniity of 
 New Zealand: lat. 34° 22' S., Ion. 173° E. It is a peninsula 
 jutting out to the N.G. about 2 miles, and terminating in 
 ■ bluff he.id, flat at the top. Capb Noeth is a name given 
 
 al.io to sundry headlands in Ireland, Morocco, Tan IMetaen'd 
 l..and. and numerous other regions. 
 
 CAPE NORTHUM'BERLAND, on the S. coast of Au* 
 tralta : lat. 38° 5' S., Ion. 140° 37' E. 
 
 CAPE NOUN. See Cape Noon. 
 
 CAPE XOVOSILZOV, no-vo-sil-zov', a headland of Japan, 
 on the W. coast of the island of Yesso ; lat. 43° 14' 30" N., 
 Ion. 140° 25' 30" E. 
 
 CAPE N UN. See Cape Noox. 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, or CAPE PEAK, a celebrated 
 promontory of South Africa, on the S. extremity of the 
 Table Mountain, having Table Bay on the E.. and the At- 
 lantic on the W., 31 miles S. of Cape Town; lat. 34°22'S., 
 Ion. 18° 23' E., and forming a bold promontory, rising nearly 
 1000 feet above the sea. This cape, celebrated in the annals 
 . of navigation, was discovered in the year 14s6. by the I'or- 
 tuguese navigator. Bartholomew I)iaz. who, not being able to 
 double it, and having encountered much bad weather in its 
 neighborhood, gave it the name of Ca}io don T'lrmentns, 
 (kd/l)o doce toR'niJn'toce,) or "Cape of Tempest.s." John II., 
 King of Portugal, considering this point as the goal of that 
 gradual circumnavigation of the .\fricnn continent which 
 had long engaged the attention of the I'ortuguese, gave it, 
 instead, the title of Oabo de. Hna Epi-rav^a. (kM)o d:l bo's 
 Js-pi-rin'si,) or " Cape of Good Hope." Shortly after. No- 
 vember 20, 1497, A'aseo de Gama succeeded in doubling it, 
 and was the first European who by this route reached the 
 Indian Ocean. 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. See Cape Colony. 
 
 CAPE OH'ANGE, in the Straits of M.agellan. on the coat* 
 of Terra del Fuego ; lat. 52° 35' S.. Ion. 69° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE ORThXlAL, oR-tA-giP, a headland of Spain, In the 
 N. part of Galicia ; lat. 43° 45' N., Ion. 7° 56' W. 
 
 CAPE ORTEGAL, on the S.E. coast of New Munster, 
 the S.W. portion of the island of New Zealand; Lit. 43° 45 
 S., Ion. 172° 7' E.. the inhabitants being nearly the anti- 
 podes of those of Cape Ortegal in Spain. 
 
 CAPE OT'WAY, a headland on the S.W. coast of Aus- 
 tralia ; lat. .38° 51' S.. Ion. 14;s° 45' E. 
 
 CAPE PAILLURI or PAILLOURI, p;l-loo/ree. a promon- 
 tory on the S.E. coast of Salonica. at the W. entrance of the 
 Gulf of Cassandra; lat. 39° 65' N. 
 
 CAPE (or POINT) PALINURO. p3-le-noo'ro, (anc. Pali- 
 nn/rionPromnntnlrium,) a headland of Naples, near the W. 
 entrance to the Gulf of Policastro ; lat. 40° N.. Ion. \h° 1.5' E. 
 
 CAPE PALMAS, p^Prnds, a headland of West Africa, on 
 the Guinea Coast, surmounted by a fixed light; lat. 4° 22' 
 6"N., Ion. 7° 44' 15" W. 
 
 CAPE PALOS. pSaoce, (Sp. Calm de P.tlm, k^'bo d.A pd'- 
 loce.) a headland of Spain, on the coast of Murcia; lat. 37° 34' 
 N., lon.0°40'W. 
 
 CAPE PAR'RY. British North America, is on the Arctic 
 Ocean, near lat. 69° N.. Ion. 12.3° 35' W. It terminates a 
 promontoi-y, bounding Franklin Bay on the E. 
 
 CAPE PARRY, on the W. coast of Greenland, on the 3. 
 head of Whale Sound, near the N. extremity of Bafiin's Bay , 
 lat. 77° 6' N.. Ion. 71° 2.3' W. 
 
 CAPE PARRY, on the E. coa.st of Greenland; lat. 72° 22' 
 N., Ion. 22° 2' W. 
 
 CAPE PASSARO or PASSERO, pd.s'sa-ro, (anc. Pucht/lnum 
 Promnntolrium,) at the S.E. extremity of Sicily, 26 miles 
 S.S.W. of Syracuse; lat. 36° 41' 30" N.. Ion. 16°7'E. It is 
 a low rocky point, forming the E. side of the cove of I'orto 
 Palo. Here, in 1718, the English fleet defeated that of 
 Spain. 
 
 CAPE PATANI or PATANY, pS-ta/nee, on the E. coast 
 of the Malay Peninsula, at the entrance to the Gulf of Slam ; 
 lat. 7° 4' N.. Ion. 101° 5' E. 
 
 CAPE PATIENCE, pA/shenss. Asia, on the S.E. coast of 
 the island of Saghalieii ; lat. 49° N. 
 
 CAPE PECOKA. p.A/ko-rd, on the W. coast of Sardinia; 
 lat. 39° 27' N., Ion. 8° 27' E. 
 
 CAPE PELLEW, pePlew', the N. point of North Island, 
 one of the Pellew group, off the coast of Australia ; lat. 15° 
 30' S., Ion. 137° 2' E. 
 
 C-\PE PELORO, fk-\o>ro, (anc. Pddrum Promrmtn/rium,) 
 the N.E. point of Sicily, at the entrance to the Straits of 
 Messina: lat. 38° 17' N., Ion. 15° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE PESaS or PEGNAS. pSn'yds, (f^p. Caho de P>Hag, 
 kd/lio d.A pi^n'vds. t. e. " Cape of Rocks.") a headland of Sp%ln, 
 on the coast of Asturia ; lat. 43° 41' N.. Ion. 5° 53' W. 
 
 CAPE PESaS, pJn'yds. on the NJi. coast of Terra del 
 Fuego ; lat. 5.3° 50' S., Ion. 67° 35' W. 
 
 C.^PE PERA. pA/rd, on the E. coast of Majorca ; lat. 39* 
 42' N., Ion. 3° 32' E. 
 
 CAPE PERPET/UA, near the N.W. point of Umpqua co., 
 Oregon Territory; lat. about 44° 15 N., Ion. about 124° 
 10' W. 
 
 CAPE PILA. pee'li, a headland on the 8£. coast of Cy- 
 prus ; lat. 34° 55' N., Ion. :U° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE PIL'LAR, on the N.W. coast of Terra del Fuego, 
 forming the S.W. entrance into the Straits of Magellan 
 from the Pacific Ocean ; lat. 52° 45' S.. Ion. 74° 47' W. It is a 
 very elevated mass of rocks which terminate in two cliffn, 
 formed in the shape of towers, inclining to the N.W. 
 
 &67 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE P'KIE pog or POGUE, the N. end of Chnpoquidic 
 Islan ]. iuimediatelv E. of Martha's A'inerard. It has a fixed 
 hght. ba feet above" the level of the sea"; lat, 41° 26' 10" >'., 
 Ion. 70° 27' W. 
 
 CAPE PORPOISE, por'pQB, 5Iaine, 24 miles S.W. of 
 ?i>rtland. The lisrht is on the S.W. side of Goat Island, and 
 Is elevated 33 feet above the level of the sea ; lat. 43° 21' N., 
 Ion. 70° 25' W. 
 
 CAPE P0RT1-AXD, one of the most northerlv points of 
 Van Piemen's Land : lat. 40° 45' S., Ion. 147° 50' E. 
 
 CAPE PRINCE OF WALES, a remarkable promontory, 
 forniins the mnst N.W. point of North America, in Behring's 
 Sea : lat. 65° ,33' 30" N.. Ion. 167° 59' 10" W. It terminates in 
 a peaked mountain, which presents a very hold face to the 
 eea. A very dangerous shoal stretches N.E. from the cape. 
 
 CAPE PRIOR. pre.«R/, Spain, on the coast of GaUcia ; lat. 
 43°33'N., Ion. SOIS'W. 
 
 CAPE PULA, poo/li (sometimes written POLO.) on the 
 S. coast of Sardini.t. at the S.W. extremity of the Gulf of 
 Caglwri ; lat. -39° 3' N., Ion. 9° 2' E. 
 
 Cape race, the S.E. extremity of Newfoundland; lat. 
 46° 40' N.. Ion. 52° 54' W. 
 
 cape RAD'STOCK, a headland of Australia, at the en- 
 trance of Anxious Bav : lat. 32° 12' S.. Ion. 134° 15' E. 
 
 CAPE RAFAEL. rSi-^-iV, on the N.E. coast of llayti; lat. 
 190 2'N., Ion. 68°53'W. 
 
 CAPE RAY, the S.W. point of Newfoundland ; lat. 47° 35' 
 N.. Ion. 59° 15' W. 
 
 Cape RENA, nl'n^ the S.E. point of the island of Scyros 
 or Skvro : lat. 38° 46' N., Ion. 24° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE REN'NEL. the N. extremity of North Somerset, 
 on Rarrow Strait : lat. 74° W N.. Ion. 93° 16' W, 
 
 CAPE RESOLUTION, a headland of British America, 
 near the entrance of Hudson's Strait ; lat. 61° 29' N. 
 
 CAPE RI VER. or VAUNKS, caUed also RIO DE SEGOVIA, 
 ree'o dA sA-i:o've-iL (from Segovia, a small town near its source,) 
 a large river of Central America, Nicaragua and Mo.«!quito 
 country, enters the Caribljean Sea, at Cape Gracias a Pios 
 after a N.E. course, estimated at from 250 to 300 miles, 
 through a territory mostly of high fertility. It is navi- 
 gable from the sea for a considerable distance inland, be- 
 yond which its course is impeded by numerous cataracts 
 and sh.illows. The city of .Seiovia is near its source. 
 
 CAPE RIVERS. N.W. point of the island of Celebes; lat, 
 1° 2t)' N.. Ion. 120° 40' E. 
 
 CAPK RIZZUTO. rit-soo'to, on the S.E, coast of Calabria; 
 lat. .3s° 54' N., Ion. 17° E. 
 
 C.VPER'NAU.M, an ancient city of Palestine, in the 
 pashalie of Damascus, supposed to have been at Khan- 
 Miuyeh, on the W. shore of Lake Tiberias, 5J miles N.W. of 
 Tiberias. Here is a low mound with ruins occupjing a consi- 
 derable circuit, and near it is a copious spring called Ain-el- 
 Zin, and supposed by Robinson to be the Gapliarnaum of 
 Josephus, while Wilson would rather place its locality at 
 TeUrfl-IJum, SJ- miles to the N.E. 
 
 CAPE ROIVERTSON. the S. extremity of Prudhoe Island. 
 in Baffin's Bay ; lat. 77° 35' N.. Ion. 72° 20' W 
 
 CAPE ROCA, ro/kl (Port. Caho da Row. kS'bo-dS-ro'kD 
 on the W. coast of Portugiil, called genei-allv bv the Eng- 
 lish sailors. Ttie Kock of Lisbon ; lat. 38° 45' N.. Ion. 9° 34' W. 
 
 CAPE RODONI. ro-do'nee. on the coast of Albania in the 
 Adriatic : lat. 45° 55' N.. Ion. 19° E. 
 
 CAPE ROMAIN', South Carolina, a very low point of 
 land, destitute of trees or shrubbery, .37 miles N.E. of 
 Charleston. It has a fixed light, 871 feet above the level 
 of the sea. on the E. end of the Great Racoon Kev. bearing 
 S. bv W. from the cape : lat. 3.3° 1' N.. Ion. 79° 24' W. 
 
 CAPE ROMAN. See Cape St. RoMAX. 
 
 CAPE RO/MAN or ROMANO, ro-mah'no. a long low point, 
 on the W. coast of Florida, containing mangrove-trees, 312 
 miles S.S.W. of Tallahassee: lat. 25° 41' N., Inn. 80°5'30"W. 
 
 CAPE ROMANIA. ro-mS-nei/a. the S.E. point of Malacca: 
 lat. 1° 18' N., Ion. 104° 15' E. It is the southernmost point of 
 Asia. 
 
 CAPE RO'MANZOFF'. on the W. coast of Russian Ame- 
 rica, near the entrance of Behring's Strait. 
 
 CAPE ROXO, rox'oor nVsho, on the W, coast of Africa; 
 lat. 12° 16' N.. Ion. 16° 45* W. 
 
 CAPE ROXO, rox'o or ro/no, on the S.W. coast of Porto 
 Bico. near Lit. 17° 50' N_ Ion. 67° 5' W. 
 
 CAPE ROZIER, ro'zeer, (Fr.pron. ro'zoA'.) on the coast of 
 Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 9 miles from Cape Gaspe. 
 
 CAPE RUN'AWAY, on the E. coast of New Zealand; lat. 
 87°32'S.. Ion. 178° 12' E. 
 
 CAPE SABINE, saWin, in the E. part of Ellesmere's Land, 
 on Smith's Sound ; Ut. 78° 45' N.. Ion. 77° .30' W. 
 
 CAPE SA'BLE. the S.E. extremity of Nova Scotia; lat. 
 43° 26' N.. Ion. 65° 38' W. 
 
 CAPE SABLE, Florida, the most S. point of the main- 
 land of the peninsula: lat. 24° 50' N., Ion. 81° 15' W. Fort 
 Poinsett is situated on it. 
 
 CAPE SABLE ISLAND, a small island off the S.W. ex- 
 tremitv of Nova Scotia. 
 
 C.\PE SACRATIF. sA-kn\-teef'. Spain, on the coast of Gra- 
 nada ; lat. 3(P 40' N., Ion. 3° 28' W. 
 308 
 
 CAPE SAINT ANDREW, sent-an'drew, (If. Capn di Sard 
 Andrea, k^po dee sint-dn-drd'd.) on the E. const cf Sicily ; 
 lat. .37° 47' N., Ion. 15° 20' E, 
 
 CAPE SAINT ANDREW, on the W. coast of Madagascar , 
 lat. 16° 10' S.. Ion. 45° 26' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT ANN. Africa, the extreme N.W. point of 
 Sherho rough Island, coast of Sierra Leone ; lat. 7° 34' N., Ion. 
 12057'W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT ANN, a headland on the N.W. coast of 
 Africa, aliout 35 miles S.S.E. of Cape Blanco. neAr Acrrundin, 
 and within the bank of that name; lat. 20° 30* N_ Ion. 
 17° W, 
 
 CAPE SAINT ANTHONY, on the S.W. coa-st of Arabb, 
 near the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb : lat. 12° 35' N^ Ion. i.^ 
 56' E. Its summit is 2772 feet above the sea. 
 
 CAPE SAINT ANTONIO. See Cape San Astonio. 
 
 CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE, dw'gus-teen. a headbind on 
 the W. coast of Madagascar: lat. 23° 35' S., Ion. 4:j° 30' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE. (Port.&»to.4(/o4<ij!/io,Flnto 
 i-g08-teen'yo ) the most E. headland of South America, on 
 the coast of Brazil : lat. 8° 21' S.. Ion. a4° 56' W. This waa 
 the first land discovered in South America; seen by Pin9on, 
 A.D.I 500. 
 
 CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE, (Sp. San Augustin, sin 
 6w-goos-teen',) a headland of -South America, on the coast 
 of New Grenada : lat. 10° 14' 6" N„ Ion. S0° 49' .35" W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE, sent lw/gtis-t<en. a head- 
 land at the S.E. extremity of the island of Mindanao ; lat 
 0° 4' N.. Ion. 126° 13' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT BLAS. See Caps San Bals. 
 
 CAPE SAINT EPIPHANY, e-pitVne. or SAINT EPl- 
 PHA'NIUS, (anc, A&amas Pn/mrmto/rium.) a headland on the 
 N.W. extremity of Cyprus, near lat. 35° 14' N.. Ion. 32° 17' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT FRAN'CI.S, a headland of Africa, on the 
 coast of Cape Colony, \S'. of St, Francis Bay; lat. ai° 10' S., 
 Ion. 24° 52' 45" E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT FRANCIS, on the E. coast of Newfound- 
 land, on the E. side of Conception Bay ; lat. 47° 48' N., Ion. 
 52°51'AV. 
 
 CAPE SAINT GEORGE, the S. promontory of New Ire- 
 land: lat. 4° 45' S., Ion. 152° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT GEORGE, on the S.E. coast of Australia; 
 lat. 35° 10' S.. Ion. 160° 59' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT GEORGE, the S. extremity of Kergue- 
 len's I^and, in the South Indian Ocean ; lat. 49° 54' S., Ion. 
 
 CAPE SAINT GEORGE, on the W. coast of Newfound- 
 land, at the entrance to St. George Bay ; lat. 48° 2U' N,, Ion. 
 59°16'W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT GEORGE, on the N.E. coast of Nova Scotia, 
 at the W. entrance to a bay of its own name; lat. 42° 52' N., 
 ion. 61° 52' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT GEORGE, the southern point of St. George's 
 Island. S. of Franklin co.. Florida. On it is a fixed light, 
 65 feet hiah : lat. 29° 35' N., Ion. 85° 4' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT JAMES, on the S.E. coast of Cambodia, 
 extending into the China Sea, near lat. 10° 32' N., Ion. 107° 
 5'E, 
 
 CAPE SAINT JAMES, the S. extremity of Queen Char- 
 lotte's Island: lat. about 52° N.. Ion. 131° W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT .JOHN, the E. point of Staten Island, off the 
 coa.st of Terra del Fuego. near lat. 54° 46' S.. Ion. 6.3° 4.5' W 
 It is composed of a rock of considerable height, and a rocky 
 islet lying near its N. part. 
 
 CAPE SAINT LAWRENCE, the N. extremity of Cap<» 
 Breton, extending into the Gulf of St. Lawrence; lat. 47° 5 
 N.. Ion. 60° 35' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT LUCAS, sjnt looTias. the S. extremity of 
 the peninsula of California : lat. 22° 44' N.. Ion. 109° 54' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT MARY, Africi. on the W. coa.st of Seno 
 gambia, forming the S.W. entrance to the estuary of the 
 Gambia ; lat. 13° 30' N., Ion. 10° 41' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT MARY, Africa, on the S.W. coast of Ben- 
 guela: lat. 13° 25' S.. Ion. 12° 33' E. 
 
 CAPE S.4INT MARY, on the S. coast of Newfoundland, 
 between Placentia and St. Marj "s Bay ; lat. 40° 51/ N., Ion. 
 54° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT MARY. S.W. coast of Nova Scotia, forming 
 the southern entrance to a bay of the same name; lat. 44° 
 7' N.. Ion. 66° 15' W. 
 
 C.4PE SAINT MARY, a headland of South America, on 
 the E. coast of Crairuav; lat. 34° 39' S.. Ion. 54° 9' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT MARY, the S. extremity of Madagascar; 
 lat. 2.5° 38' 54" S., Ion. 45° 42' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT il.tRY, on the S.E. coast of the island o' 
 Now Ireland : lat. 4° 2' S.. Ion. 153° 18' E. 
 
 CAPE SAINT NICOLAS. (Fr.pron. sSn" nee'ko'13'.) on the 
 N.W. extremity of Hayti; lat. 19° 61' N., Ion. 73° 27' W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT PAUL, Africa, on the slave coast; Uktb' 
 45'N., Ion. 0°53'E. 
 .CAPE SAINT ROQUE, r6k or ix/kL a promontory on the 
 N.E. coast of Brazil ; lat. 5° 28' S.. Ion. 35° 16' W. After Cape 
 Saint Augustine, it is the most E. point ot South .America. 
 
 CAPE SAINT SEUASTIAX. See Cape Sebastian. 
 
 CAPE SAINT THOMAS, (Port. Oubo de iSdo Tlumi, kifbo 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 3k sSw.^o to-md/.) a headland on the S.E. coist of Brazil, near 
 lat. 22° S., Ion. 41° W. 
 
 CAPE SAINT VINCENT, (ane. PrnmrnMHum Si'cnim,) a 
 headland fdrmina; the S.W. extremity of Portn^tal ; lat. 37° 2' 
 9" N.. Ion. i)° W. Off this rape, on the I4th of February, 1797, 
 the Enj^lish fleet, conpistinj; of 15 ship.s of the line, under 
 Admiral Jarvis, defeated a far superior Spanish naval force. 
 
 CAPE SAINT VINCENT, on the W. coast of .Madagascar, 
 -at the mouth of the river Joune ; lat. 21° 60' S.. Ion. 4:j° 2*/ K. 
 
 CAl'E SAINT VINCENT, on the K. coast of Terra del 
 Puego: lat. 54° -iS' S., Ion. 65° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE SALI.MONE. sd-le-mo'nee, the E. point of Crete; 
 Lit. 35° 20' N:, Ion. 2ij° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE (or POINT) SALINES, sd'leen', a promontory on 
 the E. coast of Martinique, near lat. 14° 25' N., Ion. 01° W. 
 
 CAPE SALINAS, sdlee/nis. the S. extremity of the island 
 of Majorca: lat. 39° W N.. Ion. 3° 7' E. 
 
 CAPE SA.MANA, sj-mi-n^'. the E. extremity of Samana 
 Island: lat. 19° 18' N., Ion. 09° 8' W. 
 
 CAPE (or POINT) SAJIBAK. sam-har', the S.E. extremity 
 Of Borneo; lat. .3° 52' S., Ion. 110° 15' E. 
 
 CAPE SAM15')ANGAN, sdm-lJO-Sn-udn', on the S.W. coast 
 of the island of Mindan,^o ; lat. 6° 43' N., Ion. 122° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE SAMBIIO. Kam'l)ro, on the S.E. coast of Nova Sco- 
 tia; lat. 44° 30' N., Ion. t3° 32' W. On it is a li-jht-house. 
 
 CAPE (or POINT) SA.MPANMAN.IO, sdm-pdn-uian'yo, 
 the N. extremity of Borneo; lat. 7° 5' \., Ion. 110° 62' R. 
 
 CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sin dn-to'ne-o, a headland of Spain, 
 on the coa.«t of Valencia, forming! the N. extremity of the 
 hay of Jabea or Javea. It is hi;.rli. naked, and precipitous. 
 On the hiirh talile-land at its summit are several wind- 
 mills, a small convent, and a watch-tower ; lat. 38° 48' 5" N., 
 Ion. 0° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sin In-to'neo, the W. extremity 
 of the island of Cuba; lat. 21° 51' 5" N., Ion. 84° 57' 2" W. 
 
 CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sdn dn-to/ne-o. a headland of Brar 
 zil. at the entrance to the Bay of Bahia ; lat. 13° 0' 7" S.. Ion. 
 38° 31' 7" W. Then; is a light on this point 140 feet hii^h. 
 
 CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sdn dn-to'ne-o, an elevated pro- 
 montory of Buenos Ayres. rising; almo.st perpendicularly 
 from the sea, at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, S. side ; 
 lat. 30° 19' S., Ion. 50° 45' W. 
 
 CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sdn dn-to'ne-o, a peak at the N.E. 
 extremity of the island of Koonasheer, (Kunashir,) one of 
 the Koorile .'roup, near lat. 44° 29' N., Ion. 140° 8' E. 
 
 CAPE SAN BLAS, sSn bids, or SAINT BLAS, a low point 
 of land extending alxiut 2 miles from the S. coast of Florida, 
 125 miles S.E. of Pensacola. It has a revolving light 65 
 feet hi'.ih : lat. 29° 3,f»' N., Ion. 85° 21' W. 
 
 CAi'E SAN BLAS. sdn bids, a headland on the N. coast 
 of the Isthmus of Panama, at the N.W. entrance to San Bias 
 B<-iy: lat. 9° 35' N., Ion. 78° 58' W. 
 
 CAPE SAN DIEGO, sdn de-.Vgo, a headland of South 
 America, boundin-.; on the W. the Straits of Le Maire; lat. 
 54°33'S.. Ion. 65° 14' \V. 
 
 CAPE SANDnVICII, on the coast of Ilinchinbrook Is- 
 Und. E. Australia: lat. 18° 13' S.. Ion. 146° 19' E. 
 
 CAPE SAN'DY. on the E. roast of Australia, at the en- 
 trance to Ilervey Bay; lat. 24° 45' S., Ion. 153° 45' E. 
 
 CAPE SAN FRANCISCO, sdn frdn-sees'ko. South America, 
 on the W. coast of Ecuador : lat. 0° 40' N.. Ion. 80° 5' W. 
 
 CAPE or POINT S.A.N JULIAN, sdn jule-an or sdn-Hoo- 
 le-dn', South America, on the E. ea"\st of Patagonia, at the 
 entrsnce to San Julian's Bay; lat. 49° 15' S., Ion. about 67° 
 60' \V. 
 
 CAPE SAN LOREX'ZO, South America, on the W. coast 
 of Ecuador: lat. 1° S., Ion. 80° 52' \Y. 
 
 CAPE SAN MARCO, sdn mdn/ko, on the S.W. coast of 
 Sieilv : lat. 37° 29' N., Ion. 1.3° 5' E. 
 
 C.VPE SAN MARCO, sdn man'ko, on the W. coast of Sar- 
 dinia, at the N. entrance to the Gulf of Or jstiino; lat. 39° 
 52' N.. Ion. 8° 23' E. 
 
 CAPE SAN NICOLO, sdn nee-ko-lo/, on the W. coast of 
 Sardinia: lat. 39° 25' N.. Ion. 8° 2S' E. 
 
 CAPE SANTA CATALINA, s,an'td kdt^d-lee'nd, on the W 
 coast of Central America, 70 miles S.S.W. from Nicaragua, 
 lat. 10° 35' N. 
 
 CAPE SANTA LUCIA, sdn td-loo-see'd. the W. extremity 
 of Cambridtre Island, off the W. coast of Patagonia; lat. 51° 
 25' ;^., Ion. 75° 12' W. 
 
 CAPE SANTA MARIA, sdn'td md-ree'd. South America, 
 »n the S.E. coast of Uruguay, near the mouth of the Kio-de- 
 <»-Plata; lat. :i3° 40' S.. ion. 54° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE SANTA MAIIIA DI LEUCA. See Capk Leuca. 
 
 CAPE SANTA POLA, sin'td po/ld, Spain, on the S.E. 
 coast of Valencia, 12 miles S.W. of Alicante, near lat. 38° 13' 
 N., Ion. 0° 32' W. 
 
 CAPE S.VN VITO, sdnvee'to, a headland forming the 
 N.W. extremity of Sicily, at the W. entrance to the Gulf of 
 Castel-a-Mare; lat. 38° 14' N., Ion.l2047' E. 
 
 CAPE SASSOSO, sd.s-so'so, (t. e. " rocky cape ;" anc. Promon- 
 tn'rium Di'uin,) on the N. coast of Candia; lat. 35° 35' N., 
 Ion. 2.5° 7' E. 
 
 CAPE SAUN'DERS. on the X.E. coast of the island of 
 South Georgia; lat. 54° 10' S., Ion. 36° 57' W. 
 
 CAPE SAUX'DERS.on the S.E. coast of New Munstei, one 
 of the New Zealand Islands; lat. 45° 55' S., Ion. 170° 35' E 
 
 C.A.PE'S CREEK, a post-office of Newton co., Missouri. 
 
 CAPE SEBASTIAN. se-bd.s/chan, a headland on the N.M 
 coast of Madau'ascar ; lat. 12° 28'' S., Ion. 48° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE SEDANO, sA-dd'no, the E, extremity of Java, N. 
 of the entrance to Bali Strait; lat.7°58' S., Ion. 114° 30' E. 
 
 CAPE SELINTI, se-lin'tee, on the coast of Asia Minor, 
 32 miles N.W. of Cape Anamoor, (Anamour.) Near it are 
 the village of Selinti and the mines of Trajanopolis. 
 
 CAPE SEKDZE KAMEN, s^Rd'zfh kd'men? on the N.B. 
 coast of Silx»ria. at the entrance of Behrlng Straits; lat. 60'' 
 45' N.. Ion. 170° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE SIIACKLETON, shSk'^l-ton. In the W. part of 
 Greenland, off Baffin's Bay; lat. 73<5 45' N.. Ion. 50° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE SIEKKA LE0NE,80 Sr'ra le-<ynoe,on the W. coast 
 of .\fiica, at tlio mouth of a river of the same name; lat. 8° 
 30' N.. Ion. 13°18' W. 
 
 CAPE SIGRI. see/gree, the W. extremity of the island of 
 Metelin; lat. .39° 20' X., Ion. 25° 45' E. 
 
 C.iPE SILLEIRO, seel-yd/e-ro, Spain, on the W. coast of 
 Galicia, near the mouth of the Rio do Vigo; lat. 42° 7' N., 
 Ion. 8° 54' E. 
 
 CAPE SISAR. se-saB', ontheX.AV.coastof Boi-neo; lat 3° 
 40' N.. Ion. 112° 20' E. 
 
 CAPE SKIL'L<1. on the S.E. coast of Greet'e. at the en- 
 trance to the Gulf of ^Egina; lat. 37° 27' X., Ion. 23° 36' E. 
 
 CAPE SKROPIIA, skrtVfd. on the S.E. coa.st of Greece, 
 at the X. entrance to the Gulf of Patras ; lat. 38° 18' X., 
 Ion. 21° 8' E. 
 
 CAPE SAIALL POINT, on the W. side of the entrance to 
 Kennebec River. Maine : lat. 4;j° 40' 30" N.. Ion. 09° 48' 48" W. 
 
 CAPE SOUTH AM'PTON, the S. extremity of South.amp- 
 ton Island, on Hudson's Bay, near lat. 03° N., Ion. 84° W. 
 
 CAPE SPADA, spd/dd. {nnc. TWyrus P)-oTiunln>riumf) a 
 promontory near the N.W. extremity of Crete, between the 
 Gulfs of Khania and Kisjimos; lat. 36° 42' X.. Ion. 23° 43' E. 
 
 CAPE SPAKTEL, spaR-tM', or ESPARTEL, Js-paR-t^l', 
 Africa, on the N.W. coast of Morocco, at the entrance to the 
 Straits of (iihraltjir, 1043 feet above the sea; lat. 35° 49' N., 
 Ion. 5° 56' W. 
 
 CAPE SPARTIMENTO, spaR-te-mJn'to. a headland of Nv 
 pies, on the S.E. coast of Principato Citr.o, at the N. en- 
 trance to the Gulf of Policastro; lat. 40° X.. Ion. 15° 15' K 
 
 CAPE SPARTIVENTO. spaa-te-v^n'to. Naples, at the SJE. 
 extremity of Calaliria Ultra; lat. 37° 67' X., Ion. 16° 5' E. 
 
 C.\PE SPARTIVENTO, on the S. coast of Sardinia; lat. 
 38° 52' N., Ion. 8° 50' E. 
 
 CAPE SPLIT, a headland of Nova Scotia, extending in the 
 bav of Fundv ; lat. 45° '22' 40" N., Ion. t34° 15' W. 
 
 CAPE SPULICO. spfx/le-ko, on the S.E. coast of Naples, 
 extending into the Gulf of Taranto; lat. 39° 57' N., Ion. 18° 
 36' E. 
 
 CAPESTAXO, kd'pfs'tas"', (anc. CuTplut Stag'ni.) a walled 
 town of France, department of Ilfirault, 9 miles W. of Be- 
 ziers, on the Canal du Midi, and near the X. iMtnk of .an 
 extensive lagoon, to which it gives its name. Pop, of com- 
 mune, in 1S52. 2135. 
 
 CAPE.STERRE, LA, Id kd^s'talR'. or Lb MARIGOT, 
 Ifh md'reeVc/, a town of the West Indies, island of Guade- 
 loupe, 9 miles E.N.E. of La Basse-Torre, at the S.E. angle of 
 the island, and at the mouth of the Rividro-aux-Pferes. It 
 is the capital of the most fertile and salubrious district of 
 the colony. 
 
 CAPESTERRE, kd'pJsHalR/, a town of the West Indies, 
 on the S.E. coast of the island of Marie-Galante, capital of 
 a district. 
 
 CAPESTRAXO. kd-pJs-trd'no, a small town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Ultra II,, 22 miles S.E. of Aquila. 
 Pop. 2409. 
 
 CAPE TA^BLE, the E. extremity of the peninsula of Tera 
 Kake, on the coast of New Ulster, one of the New Zealand 
 isles: lat. 39° 7' S., Ion. 178° 10' E. 
 
 CAPE TABLE, on the N. coast of Van Diemen's Land; 
 lat. 40° 56' S.. Ion. 145° 42' E. 
 
 CAPE TAIMOOR, TAIMOUR, TAIMUR, or TAYMOUR, 
 trmoor', a headland of Siberia, extending into the Arctic 
 Ocean. 120 miles S.W. of Severo Vostotchuoi, next to which 
 it is the northernmost promontory of Asia. 
 
 CAPE TALABO, td-ld'bo, on the E. coast of Celebes, at the 
 entrance to the Gulf of Tomini ; lat. 0° 50' S.. Ion. 123° 57' E. 
 
 CAPE TARKIIAN, taR-Kdn', the westernmost point of 
 the Crimea, extending into the Black Sea ; lat. 45° 20' 7" 
 N.. Ion. 32° 29' 7" E. It has a light-house. 
 
 CAPE TEMOEL. td-mo-^l', on the W. coast of Celebes^ 
 near the equator: Ion. 119° 25' E. 
 
 CAPE TENXEZ. tin-niz', on the N, coast of Algeria; lat 
 36° 34' X. ; Ion. 1° 23' E. 
 
 CAPE TEULADA, t^o-ld^dl on the S. coast of Sardi- 
 nia, at the E. entrance to the Gulf of Palmas; lat. 38° 51' 
 9"N.; Ion. 8° 39' 2" E. 
 
 CAPE THREE POIXTS, on the E. coast of Yucatan, ex- 
 tending to the Bay of Honduras. 
 
 CAPE THREE POINTS, Africa, on the S. coast of G»il- 
 nea; lat. 4° 48' N., Ion, 2° 5' W 
 
 sao 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE TlBl RON, te-hoo-ron'. on the coast of South Ame- 
 rica, at the entrance to the Gulf of Darien; lat. 8° 45' N.; 
 Ion. 77° 20' W 
 
 CAPE TIBUROX. t«-boo-r6n', on the S.W. coast of Hayti; 
 lat. ISO 30' \.: Inn. 74° 29' W. 
 
 CAPE TIXDAKO. tin'di-ro, a headland on the N.E. 
 coast of Sicily, extending into the Gulf of Patti, 4 miles 
 E.N'.E. of Patti. Near it are the remains of the ancient 
 Tynldaris. _ 
 
 CAPE TINOSO. teen-yo'so. Spain, on the coast of Mur- 
 cia : lat. 37° 30' N. > Ion. 1° 16' W. 
 
 CAPE TOPAI.O-POLO, to-pdio-po'lo. called by Captain 
 Cook CAPE TUKNAGATN. on the S.E. coast of Eaheino- 
 mauwe. one of the New Zealand Isles; lat. 40° 30' S., Ion. 
 170° 42' E. 
 
 CAPE TORRES. toR'RSs, Spain, on the N. coast of Astu- 
 ria.s : lat. 4;}° 37' N. ; Ion. 5° 44' W. 
 
 CAPE TORTOSA, toR-to'sl. Spain, forming the N. ex- 
 tremitv of the Island of Buda, off the coast of Catalonia ; 
 lat. 40° 40' N.. Ion. 0° 47' E. 
 
 CAPE TOWN, a fortified seaport town of South Africa, 
 capital of the Cape Colony on its W. caist at the X. declivity 
 of Table Mountain, and on the S.W. shore of Table Bay. 
 It is regularly laid out in the Dutch style, with canals in 
 the principal streets; the streets are broad, and cross at 
 right angles, but unpaved. The sides of the principal ave- 
 nues are lined with rows of oak, poplar, and pine trees. 
 The houses are flat^roofed, and painted or whitewashed, 
 with terraces in front. The town is lighted with gas, 
 and defended on the river side inland by a regular citadel ; 
 on the bank toward the sea by Amsterdam R-jttery and 
 some other works. The view of the town and its vicinity 
 from the b.^y anchorage is very striking. Behind rise the 
 perpendicular sides of Table Mountain, while on either 
 hand are the barren crags of Lion's Head and DeviVs Peak, 
 the former usually capped with a cloud. From its situa- 
 tion. t;\cing the noon-day sun, and Kicked by naked moun- 
 tains, the town is exposed to excessive heat, and is often 
 intolerable from dust; it is also exposed to violent gales 
 from the S.E. Cape Town is noted as being the place where 
 important astronomical observations were made by Sir J. 
 Herschel. It has a royal marine observatory, and a magnetic 
 obser»'atory. At noon each day a ball is dropped here, as in 
 Greenwich, to indicate the time to mariners. The educa- 
 tion.al establishments are the South African College and the 
 South African Institution, a good public library with 
 30,000 volumes, and a valuable private botanic garden. 
 There is a government bank which issues notes, and a 
 joint-stock bank, with a branch, at Graham's Town, Cape 
 Town was constituted a bishopric in 1847. Within it is 
 held the supreme court of justice of the colony. Table Bay 
 is capacious enough to contain any number of vessels, but 
 is exposed to W. winds, which from June to August 
 produce heavy swells. To the port, at which is the cus- 
 tom-house, large vessels cannot come; but the anchorage 
 in the bay is usu.illy safe. Two quays, extending from 
 the beach into the bay, enable lighters to take in and dis- 
 charge cargoes at all times of the tide. Great efforts are 
 made both by the government and the municipality to ren- 
 der Table Bay a safe harbor. It is now visited annually by 
 a large number of vessels : and the ca.suslties do not amount 
 to a third per cent. From 1824 to 184S it was visited by 
 9t515 vessels, of which only 28 were lost or seriously injured. 
 The number of vessels which entered in 1848 was 560, tons, 
 lt>4.417. In the vicinity are numerous villas, and the walks 
 near the town are pretty, and neatly kept; one of them, 
 which le.ids along the top of Wynberg Hill, overlooking the 
 town and bay, and commanding a view of the sjindy plain and 
 distant mountains, with Green Point (where is a light-house) 
 and Robbin's Island in the distance, is peculiarly pic- 
 turesque. The climate of the whole locality is considered 
 salubrious, and the place is much frequented by Indian re- 
 sidents on leave of absence. Cape Town was founded by 
 the Dutch in 1650. and with its subject territory was taken 
 by the British in 1795. It was restored to the Dutch by the 
 treaty of Amiens : recaptured by the British in 1806. and 
 finally ceded to Britain in 1815. The Cape of Good Hope 
 was discovered by Diaz in 14S6, and called by him the 
 " Cape of Storms." Pop. 22.543. 
 
 CAPK TOWSHEND. town'zend, on the N.E. coast of Aus- 
 tralia: lat. 22° 15' S.. Ion. 1.50° W. 
 
 CAPE TKAFALGAR, traf-al-gaB'. (anc. PrnmonU/riiim 
 Juno'iiis.) a headland of Spain, on the S.W. coast of Cadiz; 
 Itt. 36° 10' X.; Ion. 6° 1' W. In the memorable engage- 
 ment off Cape Trafalgar, Octolier 21, 1805. the English, under 
 Lord Nelson, who was killed in the action, gained a complete 
 Tictorv over the combined French and Spanish fleets. 
 
 CAPK TIUBI'L-V'TIOX. on the N.E. coa.st of Australia, at 
 
 the entrance to Trinity Bav, near lat. 16° & S., ion. 146° 21' E. 
 
 CAPK TKIXITY. trin'e-te. on the S. coast of the island 
 
 of Kodi.\c, in the North Pacific Ocean, near lat. 57° N., Ion, 
 
 154° W. 
 
 CAPE (or POi:^T) TRIONTO, treon'to, on the coast of 
 Naples, extending Into the Gulf of Taranto; lat 39° 35' N,, 
 Ion, 16° 50' E. 
 870 
 
 CAPE VANCOUVER, van-koo'vgr, on the S.W, coast of 
 Russian America: lat. 60° 30' N.. Ion. 16:3= 30' W. 
 
 CAPE VAN DIEMKN, van-doe'men. the most N. point of 
 Melville IsLand, North Australia: l.it.ll°8'S.. Ion. 1:30° 20'E. 
 
 CAPE VAX I, vi'nee, on the N.W. coast of the island of 
 Milo; lat. 36° 45' N., Ion. 24° 22' E. 
 
 CAPE VARELLA, \i-rtini. on the E. coast of Cochin China, 
 extending into the China Sea : lat. 12° 56' N., Ion. 109° 25' E. 
 
 CAPE VATICAXO. vi-te-ki'no. in Naples, on the W. coast- 
 of Calabria Ultra: lat. 3S° 37' X.. Ion. 15° 61' E. 
 
 CAPE (or PniXT) VEXUS, vee/nQs, on the X, co.ist of Ot»- 
 heite: lat. 17° 29' 2" S.. Ion. 149° 29' W. 
 
 CAPE VERD or VERDE, verd, (Fr. Cbp Virt or V.rd. kip 
 vaiR: i.e. "green cape.") the westernmost cape of Africa, in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, between the rivers Senegal an,i G.imbia; 
 lat. 14° 43' N., Ion. 17° 34' W. Named from a group of enor- 
 mous h,aobab-trees crowning its summit. Discovered in 1445 
 by Dennis Fernandez, a Portuaruese navigator, 
 
 ■ CAPE VERD (or VERDE) ISLAXDS, (Port. Ilhai Vi-rda, 
 eel'yas rjR'dSs, t. <•. "green islands:" Ger. Tnsdn de.i Gruntn 
 Vnrgphirges. in'sMn d?s grii'njn fSR-g.'t-beeR'ghes.) are situ- 
 ated in the Atlantic Ocean. 320 miles W. of Cape Verd, be- 
 tween lat. 14° 45' and ■17°13' N.. and Ion. 22° 46' and 2.-)° 25' W. 
 The archipelago consists of the following 10 islands : — Ssl. Boa- 
 vista. Mayo, Santiago. (St.. James.) Fogo. Brava. Grande, 
 Rombo. Sao Xicolao. (St. Xichol.ns.) and Santa Lu7.i:i. and 4 
 islet.s, Branco, Hazo, Sao Vicente, (St. Vincent.) and .*anto An- 
 tonio. Area. 1680 square miles. Pop. in 1834. 55.8:3^: 61.864 
 free, and 3979 slaves. In 1850 (the last census) it w:is S6.700. 
 The white population in the whole archijielago is to the 
 colored as 1 to "20. The surface of the islands is in general 
 mountainous, and some of their pe.iks have a considerable 
 elevation. The volcano of Fogo is 9157 feet in iieight. The 
 soil is extremely various, but mostly fertile; the al sence of 
 trees and the scarcity of water are the cau.-^^s of frequent 
 and severe distress. Climate very hot, but tempered by the 
 sea breezes; mean temperature of M.iy and August. 70°-9; 
 April to September, 70°; during the other months. 65° 
 Fah.; the mornings and evenings are cool, and dews abun- 
 dant. Chief vegetable products, maize, rice, and French 
 beans. Coffee, introduced in 1790, has completily suc- 
 ceeded; the cotton shrub is indigenous; indigo grows wild, 
 and tobacco is cultivated in some of the islands: little sugar' 
 is grown, and wine of inferior quality; tropical fruits are 
 abund.int. Orchill, the trade in which was formerly mono- 
 polized by the government, and yielded an annual revenue 
 of 24,000?., decreased in value so rapidly after the trade was 
 thrown open in 1837, as to require new restrictions, which 
 were put in force in 1844. Cattle are exten.sivily reared, 
 and dried and salted provisions form a considerable article 
 of export. Goats are still numerous, although many are 
 annually killed for the sake of their skins; pi^s are abun- 
 d;int in several of the islands. Asses and mules .-jre the 
 only beasts of burden. F'owls are so abundant in most of 
 the islands that they are sold for less th.an Irf. each; ser 
 pents and venomous reptiles are unknown ; whales abound 
 in the neighboring seas, and are fished by the English and 
 .\mericans. Amber is found on all the coasts, which are 
 frequented by immense numbers of turtle. The natives are 
 quiet and docile, but extremely indolent. The Portuguese 
 language is corrupted into a jargon called lingua araula. 
 Agriculture and the prepai-ation of salt are the chief 
 branches of industry; linens, potterj'-ware, soap, and lea- 
 ther are manufactured in some of the islands. A'alue of 
 imports in 1844, J«1.960; exports, $80,280. In lSo2, the 
 commerce of the Cape Verd Islands with the United States 
 employed 2776 tons of shipping inwards, and 826 tons out- 
 wards": value of impctrts, $18,129; exports, ^64,07 6. These 
 islands, together with the Portuguese possessions on the con- 
 tinent of .\frica, near Cape Roxo, constitute the province of 
 Cape Verd. the capital of which was removed from Porto 
 Praya to Mindello, in the island of St. Vincent, in 1^38. The 
 province is under a governor-general, who exercises U^th civil 
 and military power. Previous to 1840, there w.is only 1 school 
 of public instruction in the Archipelago: at present there 
 are 12, The Roman Catholic is the only form of worship. 
 
 CAPE VERGA. ver'ira. on the S.W, coast of Africa; lat 
 10° 18' N., Ion. 14° 28' W. 
 
 CAPE VICTO'RIA or VICTORY, South America, on the 
 W. coast of Patagoni,a. 
 
 C.A.PE VIDIO, vee'de-o, Spain, on the coast of Asturias; 
 lat. 43° 38' N., Ion. 6° 19' W. 
 
 CAPE VILLANO, veel-yS/no. Spain, on the N.W. coast of 
 Galicia; lat, 4:3° 9' N,, Ion. 9° 10' W, 
 
 C.\PiyviLLE, a post-village of Northampton co,, Vir- 
 ginia, on the E. side of Chesjipeake Bay. 
 
 CAPE VIN'CEXT. a port of entry of Jefferson co.. New 
 York, on the river St. Lawrence. and at the terminus of the 
 Rome and Watertown Railroad, 25 miles W.X.W. < f Water- 
 town. It has a steamboat landing, a ship-yard, and in 
 1854. 2171 tons of shipping were enrolled and liceu.sed in 
 the district. Pop. of the township, 3585. 
 
 CAPE VIR'GIX, a hejulland of South America, on the 
 coast of Patagonia, at the N. entrance to tho Strait oJ Ma- 
 gellan ; lat 6i2^ *4' S~, Ion. 68° ai' W. 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 CAPE VISCARDO, vis-kanMo, on the N coast of the 
 island of Cc'phalonia, off the coast of Greece; lat. 38° 28' X., 
 Ion. 2i)° 35' E. 
 
 CAl>E VOLTAIRE, Tol-tair', a headland of North-western 
 Australia, bound'ng Admiralty Gulf on the W.; lat." 14° 15' 
 S., Ion. li:5° 40' E. 
 
 CAPE A'OLTA.S, voUtds, a headland of South Africa, at 
 the mouth of the Orange Kiver; lat. 28° 44' S., Ion. 16° 
 
 'cape WAI-APOO, or WAI-APOU, wia-poo/, or EAST 
 CAl'E. the E. point of New Ulster, one of the New Zealand 
 Wes; lat. 37° 42' S.. Ion. 178° 38' E. 
 
 CAPE WALK'EK, iu the W. part of Greenland, on Baf- 
 fin's Bay: lat. 75° 50' N.. Ion. 59° 30' W. 
 
 CAPE WAL'SINGIIAM. on the E. coast of America, N. 
 of the entrance into Cumberland Straits; lat. 66° N., ion. 
 61° W. 
 
 CAl'E WEST, on the W. coast of Now Munster, one of 
 the New Zealand I.<les ; Lit. 45° 54' S.. Ion. 166° 40' E. 
 
 CAl'E WUATH forms the N.W. extremity of Scotland, 
 eo. of Sutherland ; lat. 58° 37' N., Ion. 5° 1' W. It is a pyra- 
 mid of ;j;neiss, rising to a height of 300 feet, and having on 
 it a lijrht^house. with a light 400 feet aliove the .sea. 
 
 CAPE YOIIK. the northernmost point of Australia, ter- 
 minating the land which bounds tlie Gulf of Carpentaria 
 on the E.; lat. 10° 41' 6" S., Ion. 142° 34' E. 
 
 CAPE YOKK, in the W. part of Greenland, on BaiBn's 
 Bav ; lat. 75° 55' N., Ion. 67° W. 
 
 CAPE ZAMBRONA, dzdm-bro'njl, on the AV. coast of Ca- 
 labria, near the S. entrance to the Gulf of Eufemia; lat. 
 38° 46' N.. Ion. 10° 3' E. 
 
 CAPE ZIBEEB, ze-beeW. or RAS SIDI ALI-AL-SHUSIIA, 
 rSs see'dee il/lee-Jl-shoo'shJ, in Africa, on the N. coast of 
 Tunis; lat. 37° 13' N.. Ion. 10° E. 
 
 CAPIIAREUS. Sep Cape DoRO. 
 
 CAPIHARI, kd-pe-bi-ree'. a town of Brazil, 120 miles W. 
 of Siio Paulo, on a stream of its own name, an affluent of 
 the Tiete. I'op. 2000. 
 
 CAPIBARI, a river of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, a 
 tributary of the Tiete, an affluent of the I'aranA. 
 
 CAPIRAKIBE, ki-pe-bd-reetiA, a river of Brazil, province 
 of Pernambuco, rising in lat. 7° 60' S., Ion. 37° 45' W., flow- 
 ing K. and S., and falling by two mouths into ^he Bay of 
 Kei-ife. Total course, about 200 miles, exclusive of windings. 
 
 CAPISTilELLO, kip is-tr611o, a small town of Naples, in 
 Abruzzo Ultra. 3j miles W. of Lake Fucino. Pop. 1150. 
 
 CAPITANATA, kd-pe-ta-ni'td, a province of Naples, 
 bounded N. and E. by the Adriatic. Capital, Foggia. 
 Pop. 304.323. 
 
 CAPITIUMorCAPYTIUM. See Capizzi. 
 
 CAl'IVARI, kj-pe-vd-ree'. a modern town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Kio de Janeiro, 24 miles N.W. of Cabo Frio. Pop. 30' lO. 
 
 CAPIZ, kd-peece/, a citj- of the Philippines, capital of the 
 Island of Pau.ay, on its N. coast. Pop. 11.145. It is mostly 
 built of wood, and is defended by a small fort. It is the re- 
 sidence of a Spanish alcalde, governor of the province. 
 
 C.iPIZZI. kd-pit'si-e. (auc. Capi/ltiiimor Capi'tium,) tttovn 
 of Sicily, 19 miles W.N.W. of Bronte. Pop. 3400. 
 
 CAPLE, k;ip'el. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CAPO D'ISTKIA. kd'po dis'tre^d, (anc. ^pi>7a,) a fortified 
 seaport town of Austria, in lUyria, government of Triest, 
 on a rock in the Gulf of Triest, connected by a bridge with 
 the mainland, 8 miles S.W. of Triest. Pop. 59S1. It was 
 the capital of A'enetian Istria. It has a cathedral and nu- 
 merous other churches, a gymnasium, and a prison. Its 
 harbor is little frequented, except by fishing boats. 
 
 CAPODRISI, kd-po-dree'see. a village of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, 3 miles S.W. of Caserta. Pop. 2415. 
 
 CAPU'IjI. a post-offlce of Allomakee co.. Iowa. 
 
 CA'POX BRIDGE, a post-oftice of Hampshire co.. Virginia. 
 
 CAPON SPRINGS. a post-officeof Hampshire co., Virginia. 
 
 CAPOONACAUGANY, k;i-poo-na-kaw'ga-ne, a river of 
 Canada West rising in some lakes on the N. side of the 
 ridge of hills running parallel to Lake Superior. It flows 
 N.. joins the Nerauganv. and subsequently falls into the 
 Albany in lat. 51° 5''"N.."lon. 85° 30' W. 
 
 CAP08ELLE, kd-po-sJl1:\, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra, 13 miles N.N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 3734. 
 
 CAPPADOCIA.kappa-do'she-a. an ancient province of Asia 
 Minor, now included iu'Asiatic turkev. between lat. 37° 16' 
 and 30° 28' N., and Ion. 32° biV and 39° E. It was subdued 
 by the Persians under Cyrus, and after the time of Alex- 
 ander the Great it was governed by kings of its own, till 
 k. r>. 17, when Tiberius reduced it to the form of a Roman 
 province. Christianity w!is early propagated in Cappadocia, 
 2< we learn by the address of the first general epistles of the 
 
 apostle Peter. Adj. and inliab. Cappadociax, kap-pa-do'- 
 
 she-an. 
 
 CAPPADOCIA. kdp-pd-do/che-d, a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 8 miles W.S.W. of Avezzano. 
 Pop. 1771. 
 
 CAPPAGII, kap'cdH, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Tyrone. 
 
 CAPPAGII, a parisl. of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Li- 
 merick 
 
 CAPPAGII, a smaii river and extensive bog of Ireland, 
 CO. of Galwav. 
 
 CAPPAGIIWHITE. kap'pdn-white', a town of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. and 7 miles X. of Tipperarj'. Pop. 1046. 
 
 CAPPANACUSHY, kdp'p.vna-koo'shee, a group of islets, 
 Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry, at the head of the estu- 
 ary, and 3 miles W. of Kenmare. On the opposite main- 
 land are the remains of Cappanacushy Castle. 
 
 CAPPEL. kdp-pM', a village of Switzerland, canton, and 10 
 miles S.S.W. of Zurich. Here the reformer Uli-ich Zwinglius 
 was killed in a skirmish against the Papists, October 11, lo-'il, 
 and a rude stone monument marks the spot where he fell. 
 
 CAPPELN, kdp'peln, a village of Northern Germany, in 
 Hanover. 9 miles N.E. of Osnatirilck. 
 
 CAPPELN, a village of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, on 
 the Schley. Exports, corn and fish. Pop. 20t'0. 
 
 CAPPELN, WESTER, a village of Prussian Westphalia, 
 in MUnster. 10 miles E.N.E. of i'ecklenburg. 
 
 CAP'PEK RlDtiK. a post-office of Hancock co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAP'POQUIN'. a town of Ireland, in Mun.ster. co.of \Va- 
 terford, on the Blackwater. navigable hence downwards in 
 barges, 4 miles E.N.E. of Lisnore. Pop. 2341. It has a 
 modernized ciistle and l>arracks. 
 
 CAPRACOTTA, kdp-rd-koftd. a town of Naples, province 
 of Molise. 27 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 27S0. 
 
 CAPRAJA, kd-prd/yd, (an(;. Capralria or C(ipra>fia,) an 
 island of the Sardinian States, in the Jlediterranean. with 
 a fortified port of the .same name, on the E. side, 17 miles E. 
 of the N. extremity of Corsica. Length, 3^ miles ; breadth, 
 H miles. Pop. in 1844, 750. 
 • CAPRE.^;. See Capri. 
 
 CAPRAHIA, one of the Balearic Isles. See C.wrera. 
 
 CAPRAROLA. kd-prd-ro'la. a town of the Papal States, 
 9 miles S.E. of Viterbo, containing a celebrated castle, built 
 on the slopes of Mount Cimino. siid to be unrivalled in 
 Italy as a specimen of the fortified architecture of the six- 
 teenth century. 
 
 CAPREItA, kd-prd'rd, a small island in the Mediterra- 
 nean, off the N.E. coast of Sardinia. Length from X. to S., 
 5 miles. 
 
 CAPRESE, kd-pri'sA, a town of Tuscany. 13 miles N.E. of 
 Arezzo, memorable as the birthplace of Michael Angelo 
 Buonarotti. Pop. 1560. 
 
 CAPRI, kd'pree, (anc. Oip'retr,) an island of Italy, dis- 
 trict of Castelamare, at the S. entrance of the bay, ;lnd 2C 
 miles S. of the city of Naples. Length, ii miles; bre.adth, 
 3 miles. It is entirely mountainous, coasts steep .and inac- 
 cessible, except at the port of Capri, a small fortified town, 
 with a fine cathedral, a large seminary, and a ]X)pnlation 
 of 2-500, on its S. side. On the coast is the remarkable sta- 
 lactitic cave called the '•Grotto of Nymphs;" and the island 
 contains numerous Roman ruins and antiiiuities. It is 
 celebrated in histoi-y as the retreat of Tiberius, and the 
 scene of his orgies. 
 
 CAl'RI, kd'pree, a small i.sland of Dalmatia, in the .Adri- 
 atic. 10 miles W. of Sebenieo. 
 
 CAPRIATA. kd-pre-d'td, a village cf the Sardinian States, 
 in Piedmont. 7 miles S.W. of Novi. Pop. 2365. 
 
 CAPRIATI, kd-pre-d'tee, a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Ijavoro. 5 miles E.S.E. of Venafro. Pop. 2200. 
 
 CAP'RICORN ISLANDS, a small group of islands and 
 rocks off the E. coast of Australia, on the tropic of Capricorn. 
 Lon. 151° 15' E. 
 
 CAPRINO, kd-pree/no. a town of Italy, 10 miles W.N.W. 
 of Bergamo, with extensive silk manufactures. Pop. 1000. 
 
 CAPRINO, a to«-n of Northern Italy, 15 miles X.W. of 
 Verona. Pop. 3400." 
 
 CAPRUS, a river of Persia. See Zkn, Little. 
 
 C.iPRYKE, kd-pri'keh, a town of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, 13 miles N.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 3829. It 
 has several breweries, and trade iu timber. 
 
 CAPSA. See Gafsa. 
 
 CAPSALI, kdp-sd'lee. a seaport town of the Ionian I.slands, 
 capital of Cerigo, near the S. side of the island, i>pon the 
 slope of a mountain. It has a commodious harbor defended 
 by a fort. Pop. 5000. 
 
 CAP SANTE, kdp san'tA, a post-village of Canada East, 
 CO. of Port Neuf, on tlie St. Lawrence, at the mouth of a 
 small stream. It contains 4 stores. &c. 
 
 CAP ST. IGNACE, kdp sixt ig'ndss', a post-village of 
 Canada East. co. of L'Islet, on the St. Lawrence River. 39 
 miles S. of Quebec. It contains 4 stores, 3 Siiw-miUs, ic. 
 
 CAPTI'N A. a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 CAPTINA CREEK, of Belmont co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Ohio River. 
 
 CAPUA, kap'u-a or kd'poo-d. Cane. Caxililnum^ a fortified 
 city of Italy, tapitiil of the province of Terra di Lavoro, on 
 the Volturno, 20 miles N. of Naples. Pop. 8100. It was 
 fortified by Vauban, and is considered one of the keys of 
 the kingdom: for, though far from the frontier, it is the 
 only fortress that covers the approach to Naples. It was 
 built by the Lombards in 855, out of the ruins of ancient 
 Capua, the remains of which, about 2 miles E.. includa a 
 gate, and portions of a large amphitheatre. The modern 
 city has no object worthy of notice except a cathedral with 
 
 371 
 
CAP 
 
 antique columns; ii comprises 18 parish churcheiJ, sereral 
 coiivunts. a royal C'-iUege, military school, hospitals, and 
 public fouutuiis. The ancient Capua, one of the finest and 
 most ap-eeahle cities of Italy, was of such extent as to be 
 .vinparedto Home and CurtlJajie. Hannibal wintered here 
 alter the tattle of Cannae. It was a farorite place of resort 
 01" Ihe lioniaiis. on acct>unt of its agi-eeable situation and 
 its healthy climate; and many existing ruins attest its 
 ancient splendor. 
 
 CAPUA, k2'poo-3, a town of New Granada, department of 
 Panama. S.AV. of Chorrera. 
 
 CArUt, kd-pool', one of the Philippine Islands, in the 
 Malay Archipelajro, off the N.M'. coast of Samar. Lat. 12° 
 31' N.: Ion. 124° 9' E. 
 
 CAPUKSO, kJ-pooR'so, a town of Naples, 7 miles S.E. of 
 Bari. Pop. 2760. 
 
 CA'PUTII, a parish of Scotland, co. and 11 miles N. of 
 Perth. Here are several Uruidie remains, one of which 
 Cairumuir. is considered the largest of its kind in Scotland. 
 
 CAPYTIUM. See Cu'izzi. 
 
 CAQUETA, a river of i^nuth America. See Japcra. 
 
 CA'R.A. an islet of Scotland, co. of Argyle, off its W. coast. 
 Immediately S. of Gijrha 
 
 CAUABANTHKl, ALTO. kj-r3-ban-chel' Sl'to, and CARA- 
 BAXCHEL BA.IO. ka-rd-biln-chel' h^Ho. two Tillages of 
 Sp.Hin, in New Castile. -S miles S. of Madrid. Pop. ISO). 
 
 CAR ABA Y A, kd-rJ-bl'S. a province of Peru, in the depart- 
 ment of Puno. It contains mines of silver and gold, and in 
 1850 had 22.138 inhabitants. 
 
 CARABOBO, kd-rd-bo/bo, a province of Venezuela, in 
 South America, with a small town, 33 miles S.W. of Va- 
 lencia. 
 
 CARACA, k3-r3'k3, a mountain range of Brazil, province 
 of Jlinas Geraes, N. of the city of Mariana. It is a portion 
 of the Cordillera of Manti^iueira, being one of its highest 
 ranges. 
 
 C.'VRACAS, kS-rlTsis, a group of six small, uninhabited 
 islands in the Caribbean Sea, coast of Venezuela, a little W. 
 of Cumana. 
 
 C.'VRACAS, kl-rlHils. CARAC'CAS, or SANTIAGO-BE- 
 LEON-DE-CARACAS. sin-te-d'go-da-li-on'-d.'l-ka-ra'kls. the 
 capital of the republic of Venezuela, and one of the wealthiest 
 and most prosperous cities in the N. part of South America, 
 is situated 3iXK) feet aliove the level of tlie sea. 11 miles 
 S.S.K.of La Gtiayra, fi-om which it is separated by a chain 
 of mountains, whose hiirhest point on the road is 5160 feet. 
 Lat. 10° 30' N.; Ion. 66°" 54' W. The river Guayra bounds 
 it on the S.. and is everywhere fordable near the town, ex- 
 cepting after heavy rains, when it runs with great rapidity, 
 but subsides almost as suddenly as it rises. Three otlier 
 streams pass close to Caracas, namely, the Arauco. across 
 which is a hand.some bridge ; the Caroata. separating one 
 part of the city from the rest, and across which is another 
 bridge; and the Catucho. Caracas is well and regularly 
 buiU ; the streets are narrow, but well paved, and generally 
 intersect each other at ri^ht angles. The houses are con- 
 structed of brick or earth, faced with stucco, and often richly 
 decorated. Many of them have teri-aced roofs. There are 
 several squares, the chief of which is the I'laza Mayor or 
 Great Square, where the market for fruits, vegetables, fish, 
 &c. is held ; the E. side is principally occupied by the cathe- 
 dral, a clumsy structure, which was much damaged by an 
 earthquake in 1826; the S. l>y the college; and the M'. by 
 the public prison. Increased attention has of late been 
 paid to the subject of education. The schools are supported 
 by the city at an annual expense of about $40,000. and are 
 well attended by the children of all cla.s8es. Including the 
 cathedral, there are 22 churches in the city, and 2 convents. 
 A new cathedral, an extensive and costly edifice, is now in 
 course of erection. From the Catucho the town is well sup- 
 plied with wattT, which is dispensed to the inhabitants in 
 public fountains, as well as in pipes and reservoirs. Caracas 
 is the seat of an archbishop, and has a university, founded in 
 1778, and three hospitals. Its trade, carried on through the 
 port of La Guayra, 16 miles distant, is considerable, and con- 
 sists chiefly of the products of the adjacent fertile valleys. 
 The climate is healthful, but earthquakes are common; 
 that of 1^12 destroyed nearly all the houses, and upwards 
 of 10.000 of the inhabitants: and though the town has been 
 rebuilt, the houses are inferiorto what they were before that 
 dreidful visitation. The city, founded in 15t)7 by Diego Lo- 
 sada, was formerly the capital of the captain-generalship of 
 the Caracas, and is the birthplace of Bolivar. Pop., a few 
 years since estimatedat 45,000, hadincreased in 1853 to 63,000. 
 C.\RAC.\S. a province of South America, in Venezuela, 
 bouniled N. by the Caribbean Sea. Capital, Caracas. Pop. 
 242.888. 
 
 CARAGLTO. kS-rJl'vo. a town of the Sardinian Ptat«s. in 
 Piedmont. 6 miles W. of Coni. on the Grana. Pop. 6268. 
 It has manufactures of silks, and 5 annual fairs. 
 C.\ItA-lIISSAR. See Kara-Hissar and Afioom-Kaba- 
 
 HXSSAR. 
 
 CAR'ALDSTON or CAR/ESTON, a parish of Seotland, oo. 
 of Forfar. 
 CAUALIS. See CwiiiRl. 
 37a 
 
 CAR 
 
 CARAM.4.0NA, k3-r3-man'yd, a village of Piedmont, divi- 
 sion of Coni. province of Saluzzo. Pop. 3670. 
 
 CAK.\MAN. kiVd^mfts"', a town of France, department 
 of Haute-Garonne. 9 miles N. of Villefranche. Pop. 1381. 
 
 CARAMAN. See K.*.raman. 
 
 CAKAMANI.\. See Karamavia. 
 
 C.\KAMANICO, kd-rd-mdn'e-ko, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Citri. 17 miles S.W. of Chietl. Pop. 3300. 
 
 CAliAMBlS. See Cape Kerempe. 
 
 CARAMNASSA, ki -rdm-nas'si. a river of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, trit utarj" to the Ganges, and sepaiat- 
 ing the old provinces of Bahar and Benares. It is regarded 
 with great abhorrence by the Hindoos, who consider con- 
 tact with its waters sufficient to undo all their good.works 
 and austerities. Hence its name> "the destruction of pious 
 works." 
 
 CARANGAMITE. kd-rdn-gd-meet', a large, shallow, salt- 
 water lake in the South of Australia, district of Portland 
 Bay. about 50 miles W. of the town of Geeloug. It is up. 
 wards of 90 miles in circumference; to the S. it is so shal- 
 low as to be crossed by the natives for a distance of 15 
 miles. 
 
 CARANO ASSEM, kd-i-dng' as'sjm', a town of the Malay 
 Archipelago, island of Bali, on the Strait of Lombok. Lat. 
 8°42'S.; !on. 116° 34' E. 
 
 C.^RANJ.A., kd-rdn'jd, (anc. Oiilianaf) an island of British 
 India, presidency of Bombay, in Bombay Harbor, about 8 
 miles E.S.E. of the city. It is nearly circular, and 4 miles 
 in diameter. 
 
 CARANO. ki-rd'no. a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 21 miles 
 N.E. of Trent. Pop. 804. 
 
 CA11APELL.\, kd-rd-peind, a river of Naples, province of 
 Capitanata, after a N.E. course of about 48 miles, enters the 
 Adriatic 9 miles S. of Manfredonia. Near its mouth it 
 sends eastward a branch, which enters the Lagoon of Salpi. 
 
 CAUASCO, kd-rdsT-;©, a village of the Sardinian States, 2\ 
 miles N.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 215fi. 
 
 C.\R.\TE, kd-rd't.i. a market-town of Lombardy, 15 miles 
 N. of Milan, formerlv fortified. Pop. 2282. 
 
 CARAAACA, kd-rd-vdHid, a town of Spain, 39 mUes N.TV. 
 of Murcia, on an affluent of the Segura. I'op. 9910. It has 
 several convents and hospitals, a college, and a ruined 
 castle. In a mountain "\V. of the town is the stalactitic 
 csivern of B«rquilla. 
 
 CARAVAGGIO, kd-rd-vdd'jo, a town of Northern Italy, 
 in Lomliardy, 15 miles S.S.W. of Bergamo. I'op. 5998. It 
 is the birthplace of the renowned painters Polidoro Caldara 
 and Michael Angelo Merigi, both named Caravuggio from 
 their native town. 
 
 CARAVAJALES, kd-rd-vd-ndaJs, a town of Spain, in 
 Leon, 16 miles N.W. of Zamora. Pop. 8S4. 
 
 CARAVAJALES DK LA ENCOMIENDA,-kd-rd-vd-Hd'les 
 dA Id ^n-ko-me4n'dd, atownof Spain, in Leon, 40 miles N.W. 
 of Zamora. 
 
 CAUAVANCIIEL. kd-rd-vdn-ch?l', the name of two conti- 
 guous villages of Spain, near Madrid. 
 
 CARAAELLAS, kd-rd-vJl'lds, a seaport town of Brazil, 
 province of Bjihia, on the N. side of the Eav of Caravellas, 
 in the Atlantic. Lat. 17° 49' S. ;" Ion. 39° 26'" AV. It is well 
 built; and from its port, which is one of the best frwjuented 
 in the province, manioc {lour and coffee are exported to Kio, 
 Bahia. and Pernambuco. Pop. of district, 500O. 
 
 CVR'AAVAY, a post-ofRce of Randolph co.. North Carolina. 
 
 CXKBALLO, kaR-bdl'yo, a Tillage of Spain, province of 
 Corunna, (Coruila.) with well-frequented mineral springs 
 and baths. I'op. 365. 
 
 C.iK'BERY, a district of Ireland, in Munster, forming the 
 S. part of the co. of Cork. 
 
 CARBERY. a barony of Ireland, co., of Sligo. 
 
 C.\RBERY, a barony of Ireland, co. of Kildare. 
 
 CARBERYi a small isl.and of Ireland, in Dunmanus Bay. 
 
 CAKBET. LE, Ifh k.aKMiA', a town of Martiniiiue, capital 
 of the quarter, on the AV. side of the island, 2 miles S. of 
 St. Pierre. S. of the town is the Piton de Carbet. a volcanic 
 mountain 52C0 (?) feet high. Pop. 4087. (2860 slaves.) 
 
 C-\R'B0\, a county in the E. part of Pennsylvania, has 
 an area of about 4U0 .square miles. The Lehigh River flows 
 through the county in a S.E. direction, receiving in its 
 passage the Quak.ake. Nesqnihoning, Mahoning, Lizard, 
 and Aquanchicola creeks. The Kittatinny or Blue Moun- 
 tain forms the S.E. boundary, and the sur&ce is traversed 
 by minor ridges of the Alleghanics. the direction of which 
 is nearly pjirallel wifli the mountiiin first named. The most 
 considerable of these ridges are named Mauch Chunk 
 Mountain, Mahoning Ridge. Broad Mountain, Spring 
 Mountain, and Pokono Mountain, Excepting a small por- 
 tion of the valleys, the land is too rugged and sterile for 
 cultivation, but the highlands contain inexhaustible stores 
 of the best anthracite co;il. The southern anthracite co;il- 
 fleld of Pennsylvania extending ea.«tward from Schuylkill 
 county, terminates on the AV. side of the I^ehigh River, 
 near Mauch Chunk. The stratum of coal at the summit 
 mines, near the t«ip of Mauch Chunk Mountain, is about 
 50 feet in thickness. It lies as a saddle on the top of ihe 
 hill, and the coal is uncovered and quarried in the open 
 
CAR 
 
 day. A railroad extends from the mines to the Lehigh 
 river. In 1850, 722,000 tons of coal were procurefl from the 
 mines of tliis county, and in 18.52 abont 1.000.000 tons. 
 The Beaver Meadow and Ilazleton Mines, near the N.W. 
 border, are very rich, and yield a superior quality of coal. 
 Tlie navigation of the Lehigh has been opened by means of 
 dams and locks a.s far as Wliite Haven, about 25 miles above 
 Maiich Chunk. The Leliigh Valley Railroad connects the 
 county with Kaston and Philadelphia. Formed in 184.3 out 
 of piirt of Northampton, and named from carfto, the Latin 
 term for " coal." Capital, Manch Chunk. Pop. 21,0.3.3. 
 
 CARBONARA, kau-lw-nj'rd, a town of Italy, in Naples, 
 province of Principato Ultra, 36 miles H. of Avellino. Pop. 
 2800. 
 
 CARBOXARA, a town of Italy, in Naples, province, and 4 
 miles S. of Bnri. I'op. 1600. 
 
 CARBON AHA, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 22}^ miles 
 S.K. of Mantua on the I'o. Pop. 1000. 
 
 CARBONARA, kai!-bo-ni'rJ, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Albania, on the Vonizza, 10 miles E.N.K. of Avlona. 
 
 CAKBON-BLANC, kaRM)Ax<>'bl6xi, a village of France, 
 department of the Gironde, 5 miles N.E. of Bordeau."c. Pop. 
 in 1S52, 1S69. 
 
 CAR'BONDALE, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. 
 
 CAR'BONDALE, a city of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, is 
 situated at the head of Lackawanna A'alley, and near the 
 source of the Lakawanna River, 30 miles N.E. from Wilkes- 
 barre. and 145 miles N.E. from Ilarrisbnrg. The Delaware 
 and Hudson Railroad connects it with Scranton on the one 
 hand, and Honesdale on the other. This is the most 
 populous town of Luzerne county except Scranton. In 
 ISol, it was incorporated as a city, and many handsome 
 buildings have been erected within a few years. It contains a 
 court-house, 8 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, 
 and a graded school.' The Lackawanna Valley, which is a 
 continuation of the fertile valley of Wyoming, contains ex- 
 tensive beds of coal, which, in the vicinity of Carbondale, 
 are about 20 feet in thickness. About 900,000 tons of coal 
 are annually taken out of these mines by the Delaware and 
 Hudson Canal Company, and it is estimated that they pay 
 out Sl,500,000 in a year. The coal is drawn over Sloosic 
 mountain, (about 850 feet high,) up and down several in- 
 clined planes by steam-engines; thence it is conVeyed by a 
 railroad, 10 miles, to Honesdale, and thence by the Delaware 
 and Hudson Canal to the Hudson River. Pop. in 1850, 
 4945; in ISfiO, 5.575. 
 
 CARBONE, kaa-bo'ni, a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilirata, 39 miles S.S.E. of Potenz.H. Pop. 2r.L'0. 
 
 CARBON KRA-EI^MAY0R,kaR-bon-A'ra-4l-mI-<(ii/.a modem 
 town of Spain, 8 miles N.N.W. of Segovia. Pop. 2051. 
 
 CARl'ONNE, kaiObonn'. a village of France, department 
 of Haute-Garonne, 23 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 24(52. 
 
 CAR'BROOKE, a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CARCABUEY, kaR'kd-bw.V, a town of Spain. 36 miles 
 S.E. of Coi-dova. Pop. 3996. It ha.s an hospital and Roman 
 remains. 
 
 CAKCAJENTE. kaR-k^-llJu'tA, a town of Spain, province 
 of Valencia, 12 miles N.N.E. of San Felipe. Pop. 0150. It 
 is well built and prosperous. It has linen and woollen 
 manufactures, and many Roman remains have been dis- 
 covered here. 
 
 CARCASSONNE, kan'kSsVonn', (anc. Car'casn.) a city 
 of the South of Fr.inee, capital of the department of the 
 Aude. on the Aude and the Canal du Midi, 55 miles S.K. 
 of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 20.005. It is divided info the 
 old city and the new town, by the river, here crossed 1)3' 
 a bridge of ten arches. The new town, on level ground, 
 is regularly laid out, well built, traversed by running 
 streams, furnished with marble fountains, and ha.'S many 
 handsome squares and planted walks ; one of the last leads 
 to tlie aqueduct bridge of Tresquel, and is ornamented 
 with a marble column to the memory of Riciuet, the engi- 
 neer of the Canal du Midi. The old city stiindson elevated 
 ground, and is interesting "as retaining unchanged, to a 
 greater extent, perhaps, than any other town in France, 
 the aspect of a fortress of the Middle Ages." It is enclosed 
 by walls of great solidity, portions of which are supposed 
 to be as old as the tiuie of the Visigoths: and it contains 
 the castle and the old cathedral, with the tomb of Simon 
 de Montfort. The other principal edifices in Carcassonne 
 are the new cathedral, with a fine spire, the public library, 
 jirefecture, town-hall, hospitals, theatre, barracks, covered 
 markets, and church of St. Vincent. Carcassonne is a 
 bishop's see, and has a communal college, a normal school, 
 ind a tribunal of commerce. It has been celebrated since 
 the tweltlh century for its manufactures of cloth, which 
 iire still important. Its trade in agricultural produce is 
 tsxtenslve. Carcassonne suffered greatly in the wars against 
 the .\lliigenses. Many of its inhabitants are Protestants. 
 
 CAPvCATHIOCERTA. See Diarbekir. 
 
 CARCAVKLLOS, kaR-kS-vJlloce, a village of Portugal, 
 province of Estremadura. 11 miles AV.N.W. of Lisbon, and 
 famous for Its wine, known in commerce as Caleavella. 
 
 CARCKLEN, kau-th.'i-lto', a town of Spain, 23 miles E. 
 
 CAR 
 
 N.E. of -Mbacete. If has a primary school, a celebrated annual 
 fair in .\ngust, and numerous Roman ruins. Pop. 2010. 
 
 CARCftS, kaR's.V. a town of France, department of A'ar 
 on the .\rgens. 15 miles W.S.W. of Draguignan. Pop. 23S1. 
 CAII'COLSTON, a parish of England, co. of Nntts. 
 CAUCUL'LA. a town of British India, 27 miles N.N.E. ol 
 Man^alore, with a ruined p:ilace of the i-:i,iahs of Tul;iya. 
 
 CARDATLLAC, kanMS^rydU'cr kar.MVydk'.a market-tow» 
 
 of France, department of the Lot. .31 miles N.E. of Cahors. 
 
 Pop. 12no. It was once fortified, .ind has the ruins of a castle. 
 
 C.lltDAN'GAN, a parish of Irel.md, co. of Tipperaiy. 
 
 C.\I!DEN, kaR'dfn, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles 
 
 S.W. ofCoblentz. Pop. 473. 
 
 CARDEN'AS. kaR'dA-niis. a seaport town of CuVia, on the N. 
 side of the island. 120 miles E. by S. of Havana. Its hnrbor h.i.^ 
 from 5 to 6 fathoms of water, and good anchorage, with ;i fi.xcd 
 light .it its entrance. 49 feet hi,j:h. Railway and tcligiHiih con- 
 nect it with JIatanzas and Havana. Pop. in 1>54, ("17". 
 
 CARDENOSA, kaR-dfn-yo'sd, a town of Spain, 8 miles 
 N.W. of Avila. Pop. 816. 
 
 CAHrDKSTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 CAKDl FF or CA KUDl FF. kar'diff. (Welsh, CarrdncM, k J'er- 
 dlTii.) a parliamentary and municipal borough and seaport of 
 South Wales, capital of the co. of Glamorgan, on the Taaf, 
 here crossed by a fine five-arched bridge, about H niilea 
 from its mouth, iu the estuary of the Severn, IO5 miles 
 S.W. of Newport. Pop. in 1831, 61.37 ; in 1841, 10.077 ; iu 
 1861, 32,421 — the increa.se being attributed to the improve- 
 ment of the port. It has two priucipal streets, well built, 
 paved, and lighted; a noble castle of great e-xtent and an- 
 tiquity, the principal residence of the Marquis of Bute, in 
 which Henry I. was confined for 26 years by his brother 
 Robert, Duke of Normandy; a church with an elegant and 
 lofty tower: a guildhall, county jail, and house of correc- 
 tiim; a theatre, 4 banks, and several schools and charities. 
 The trade of Cardiff is large and increasing, it having be- 
 come the port of Jlerthyr Tydvil, and the great outlet for 
 the mining district of South Wales. The exports (chiefly to 
 Bristol) were, in 1848. iron. 225.819 tons; iron ore, 121,224 
 tons, and coal, 659,800 tons. Tin, corn, &c., are also ex- 
 ported. A canal and railway connect the town with Mer- 
 thyr, and a magnificent basin, with docks, warehouses. \< ., 
 (the construction of which cost the Marquis of Bute up- 
 wards of 300,000/.,) communicates with the Severn, and 
 forms a harbor for steamers, and vessels of heavy bur- 
 den. Registered shipping in 1847. 62443 tons. Cardiff joins 
 with Cowbridge and Llantrissent in sending 1 m-mber to 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 C.\R'DIFF, a post-village of Onondaga CO., New York, 132 
 miles W. by N. from Albany, contains a few stores and 
 a mill. 
 
 CARDIFF, a post-ofRce of W.arren co.. Mississippi 
 
 CAR'DIGAN or CARDIGANSHIRE, kar'de-gan-shir, a 
 county of South Wales, having W. Cai-digan B.iy. Aieji, 
 693 square mihts, of which scarcely more than one-third is 
 arable. Pop. in 1851, 70,796. The sur&ce is level on the 
 coast, mountainous in the inferior, but interspersed with 
 fertile valleys. Plinlimmon, 24i 3 feet in height, is in its 
 N.E. part. Its chief rivers are the Teify, Dovy, JUdoI, Yst- 
 with, Arth. and Tow}'. Silver, copper, and lead-mines have 
 bi^en fi)rmerly wrought to advantage, but at present fhey 
 are greatly neglected. The county is in the diocese of St. 
 David's. Chief towns, Cardigan, Aberystwith, Lampeter, 
 and Adi)ar. It returns 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 CAR'DIGAN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 seaix)rt town, and parish of South Wales, capital of the 
 above county, on the Towy, 5 miles from its entrance into 
 St. George's Channel.- 23 miles N.E. of Haverford-West. 
 Pop. in 1851, 2981. It has two stone bridges across the 
 Teify, an old and stately church, the remains of an ancient 
 castle famous in Welsh history, a grammar school founded 
 in 17<'5, a county-h.ill, jail, and a branch bank. There is 
 a considerable coasting trade, employing alxiut 15 00'Jtons 
 of shipping and more tlian 1000 seamen. The chief imports 
 are coal, limestone, and timber. Exports, slates, oats, butter, 
 &.C. A'ossels exceeding 300 tons can enter the harbor, but 
 a bar at its mouth renders the pas.sage dangerous in rough 
 weather. Registered shipping of the port, 259 vessels, with 
 an aggregate burden of 13,800 tons. Cardigan, with the 
 suburb of Bridgend, unites with Aberystwith, Lampeter, 
 and Adpar iu sending 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 The town gives the title of earl to the Brudenell family. 
 
 CARDIGAN BAY, an inlet of St. Georges Channel, 
 Wales, between Brach-y-Pwll and Stumble Headlands. It 
 receives the rivers .Maw, Dovy, Y'stwith, Yiron, and Teify. 
 The isliind of Bardsey is near its northern extremity. 
 
 CABDIGANSHIRE. See C.\Rdio.\n. 
 
 CARDINALE, kaR-de-ndIi, a town of N.aples. jTOvinca 
 of Calabria Ultra II., 21 miles S.S.W. of Catanzar.1. I'op. 
 2500. 
 
 CAROJINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Bedford, on 
 the Ouse. 2 miles S.S.W. of Willington, In the church is a 
 tablet to the memory of Howard, the philanthropiht, who 
 resided here. 
 
 CARDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 373 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR /TW JTON, a thriving post-village of Morrow co., 
 Ohio, sitr.ata on the railroad which connects Cleveland 
 with Columbas, 38 miles N. liy E. from the latter. The 
 eastern branch of the Olentangy River flows by the place. 
 Since the railroad was opened, in 1851, it has increased rap- 
 idly. It has a national bank. Pop. 1906. 
 
 C.\R'DIXHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 CARDIOTISSA, kaR-de-o-tif/sd, a small island in the 
 Grecian Archipelago, belonging to the kingdom of Greece, 
 about halfway between Sikiuo and Policaudro; lat. 36° 
 38' X.. Ion. 25° E. 
 
 CAKDITO, kaR-dee'to, a village of Southern Italy, 7 
 miles X. of Xaples. in the district of Casoria. Pop. 3220. 
 
 CAKDIVA, UaR-dee'vd. one of the Maldive Islands, Indian 
 Ocean : lat 5° X.. Ion. "3° 40' E. 
 
 CARDOXA, kaR-do'nS, a fortified town of Spain, 44 miles 
 N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 2366. It is interspersed with cy- 
 press gardens, and has defensive works. S.W. of the town 
 is a remarkable mountain of rock-salt, 600 feet in elevation, 
 which affords an inexhaustible supply of that article in ab- 
 solute purity, and is so hard that it has to be blasted with 
 gunpowder; vases, crucifixes, and other articles are turned 
 of this material. The mountain is homogeneous, and the 
 only one of the kind known in Europe. 
 
 CAR'DROSS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarston, on 
 the Clyde, remarkable only as having been the closing 
 scene of the illustrioixs career of the victor of Bannock burn 
 and the restorer of the Scottish monarchy, Robert Bruce. 
 About 1 mile from Dumbarton, on the road to the village or 
 hamlet of Cardross, that monarch built a castle, forming 
 the surrounding lands into a park. Here he sought relax- 
 ation in the chase, and here he died. June 7, 1329, his re- 
 mains being carried to Dumferline, where they weiv interred. 
 No vestige of the castle now remains. bu>, the eminence on 
 which it stood retains the name of Castle Hill. Pop. 4416, 
 
 CAKDS'VILLE, a post-ofRce of Jones co., Georgia. 
 
 3ARDUCUI. See ICoordistan. 
 
 CAREHiY, a p;irish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CAREGGI, kd-rjd'jee, a village of Tusamy, 3 miles X. of 
 Florence, with numerous villas, and an ancient grand-ducal 
 residence, which was inhabited by the first members of the 
 Medici family. 
 
 CAREXXAC, kiVJn'nSk', a town of 'Fnince, department 
 of Lot, 35 miles X.X.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1000. Here is 
 an ancient abbey, in a tower of which Fenelon is said to 
 have composed a portion of his works. 
 
 C.\RENTAX, kilV6x«'tdxo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Manehe, in a marshy tract, near the mouth of the 
 Tante, 14 miles X.X.W.of St. L6. Pop. in 1852, 29S6. It has 
 old fortifications, a castle, and a curious Xorman church. 
 
 CAREXTOIR, kavSNoHwdR', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, 28 miles E.X.E. of A'annes. Pop. in 
 1852, 527". It trades in eider and butter. 
 
 CARESAX-\. kd-rA-si/ud, a village of Piedmont, division 
 of Xovara, 8 miles S.S.E. of Vercelli.- Pop. 2716. 
 
 C.VI{'E\T, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 3.\'REY. a thriving post-village of Wyandot CO., Ohio, on 
 the Mad River and I.ake Erie Itailroad, at the intersection 
 of the Finley branch, 75 miles X.X.W. of Columbus. 
 
 CAREY, a township in Will co., Illinois. Pop. 214. 
 
 CA'REYVILLE, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, 69 
 miles AV.X.W of Columbus. 
 
 CARGlLfeSE, kaR'g^iz', a village of Corsica, 12 miles X. 
 N.W. of .\jaccio, on the Gulf of Sagone. Pop. of commune. 
 923. This commune forms a Greek colony, and is the best 
 cultivated in the island. 
 
 CARGILL. kar'ghil, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 CARII.VIX, kaR'i', (anc. I'oj-f/dntMm .') a town of France, 
 department of Finist^re, near the Ilyeres, 31 miles X.E. of 
 Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 2143. Itis thebirthpLiceofthebrave 
 La Tour d'Auvergne ; near it is a supposed Roman aqueduct. 
 
 CAR/II.\M, a parish of England, co. of Xorthumberland. 
 on the Tweed, 3 miles S.W'. of Coldstream. Pop. 1282. 
 Several battles between the English and Scotch have been 
 fought in this parish. 
 
 C A R' H A. .M PTO X , a p,irish of England, co. Somerset. 
 
 C.\RHU.\MAYO, kaR-wii-ml'o. a town of Peru. 16 miles 
 S. of Pasco; lat. 11° 5' S., Ion. 75° 45' W., and 13,087 feet 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 CARIACO, ka-re-i'ko, or SAX FELIPE DE AUSTRIA, 
 tin fA-Iee/pi d,i Ows'tre-i, a town of South America, Vene- 
 zuela, 40 miles E. of Cumana, in a fine plain watered by the 
 Cariaco River, near the head of the Gulf of Cariaco. Lat. 
 ;o° 30* N.: Ion. 03° 40' W. Pop. 7000. 
 
 CARIACO. ka-re-J'ko, or CARRIACO, kaR-Re-J'ko, one 
 of. the Windward Island.s, between St. Vincent and Gre- 
 nada, 40 miles S. of the former, and 20 miles X. of the 
 Utter: hit 12° 30' X., Ion. C2° 30' W. It is the larsrest of the 
 flrenadine.s being about 21 miles in circumference, but of 
 irregular form. It h.-is two bays on its X. side, and contains 
 a town n.imed Hillsborough. 
 
 CARIACO. GULF OF, on the coast of Venezuela, is 40 
 miles in length from W. to E., by 10 miles in ita greatest 
 breadth, has in all parts good anchorage, the deepest water 
 being 40 Sithoms. It lias richly wooded shores. 
 374 
 
 CAR 
 
 CARIATI, k3-re-3'tee, (anc. Ftiter'num.) a seaport town 
 of Xnples, province of Calabria Citra. on theGulf of Taranto, 
 17 miles E.S.E. of Ross.ino. Pop. 1400. It is surrounded 
 by old walls, and has a ruined castle, a cathedral, and a 
 diocesan seminary. 
 
 CARIBBEAX or CARRIBBEAX (kar'rib-bee/.in) SEA, 
 that portion of the North Atlantic Ocean, lying between 
 the Caribl>ee. or Leeward and ^\indward Islands on the E., 
 Guatemala on the W., the islands of Ilayti or San Domingo 
 and Cuba oa the X., and Xew Granada and Venezuela on 
 the S. It communicates with the Gulf of Mexico by a pa» 
 sage of about 120 miles in width, lietween Cape Catoche in 
 Yucatan, and Cape St. Antonio, the most westerly point of 
 Cuba. Its southern shores are generally high and rocky, 
 and contain some gulfs of considerable extent. Being but 
 little encumbered with i-ocks or islands, its navigation is, 
 for the most part, clear and open. 
 
 CARIRBEES, kar'rib-liez, or Lesser Antilles, usually di- 
 vided into the Windward and Leeward Islands: a secliou 
 of the We.st India Islands. 
 
 CARIFE. k^-ree'fl, (anc. CallifKef) a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince I^rincipato Ultra, in the .-Vpeunines, 11 miles S.S.E 
 of Ariano. Pop. 2230. It has a college, church, and superior 
 school. 
 
 C-\RIGX'AX, k2Veen\v3x<='. a town of Fi«nce. depai-t- 
 ment of Ardennes, on the Chiers, 22 mUes E.S.E. of Me- 
 zieres. Pop. of commune, in 1S52, 1792. 
 
 CARIGXAXO, k3-reen-yd'no. a town of Piedmont, pro- 
 vince of Turin, near the I'o, 11 miles S. of Turin. Pop. 
 7873. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a commercial 
 college and a handsome church. Its inhabitants ui.'tnuiac- 
 ture silk twist and confectioner}'. Carignano gives the 
 title of prince to a branch of the Sardinian royal faniilv. 
 
 CARI.MATA (kd-re-ma'td) ISLAND, a small i»!»nd in 
 the China Sea, in the middle of the Carimata or Billitcn 
 Strait, tetween the islands of Borneo and Billiton. Peak 
 2000 feet high, in lat. 1° 36' S., Ion. 108° 64' E. 
 
 CARIMATA or BILLITOX. a passage or sea between 
 Borneo and Billiton. is 120 miles across. 
 
 CARIMOX JAVA, kdVe-mon' jd'va, an island in the 
 Malay Arcliipelago, 20 miles in circumference ; lat. 5° SO* 
 S., Ion. 110° 34' E. 
 
 CAR'IMOXS', GREAT, an island of the Malay Archipe- 
 lago, in the Strait of Malacca, 30 miles S.W. of Singapore ; 
 lat. i° 5' X., Ion. 103° 30' E. 
 
 CARIMOXS, LITTLE, an island of the ^Malay Archipe- 
 lago, in the Strait of Malacca, in the same latitude and lon- 
 gitude as the above. 
 
 CARl5fEXA, ka-reen-v.VnrL a town of Spain, 30 miles 
 S.S.W. of Saragossa. I'op. 2648. 
 
 C.\IUXHEXII.\, kl-reen-yjn'yd. a river of Brazil, rising 
 in the province of Goyaz, in the Serra Tabatinda, flows E., 
 forming the boundary line between the province of Baliia 
 and Minas Geraes, and CiUs into the Rio Sao Francisco. 
 Total course^ about 100 miles, exclusive of windings. 
 
 C.A^RIN'HEXHA, a town of Brivzil, province of Bahia, on 
 the San Francisco, and at the mouth of the Carlnhenha, 52 
 miles X. of Salgado. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CARIXI, kd-ree/nee, a town of Sicily, 12 miles W.N.TV. 
 of Palermo. Pop. 7000. It is beautifully situated on the 
 small river of the same name. Among its public buildings 
 is a Gothic castle. Xear it are the ruins of the ancient 
 Hi/ccara, the native citj' of the famous courtezan Lais. 
 
 CARIXOLA, kd-re-no/la, a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro, 20 miles E. ofGaeta. Pop. 4815. Its vicinity 
 produces wine which is highly esteemed. 
 
 CARINTHIA. ka-rin'the-a, or KARXTHEX, (Karnthen.) 
 kalRn'ten, a political division of the .\ustrian Empire, form- 
 ing theX.W. part of Illyria. Ar6a, 3984 square miles. Pop. 
 319.224. It is divided into the two circles. Klagenfurth and 
 Villach. Its surface is mnunt.-iinous. Principal river, the 
 Drave. Chief lake, the KLigenfurth or AViiithsee. Carin- 
 thia and Carniola are among the least populous provinces 
 of the empire. Adj. and inhab.C.\RiXTHiA.\-. k.yrin'the-an. 
 
 C.\RIPE, kd-i'ee'p;V, a town and valley of South .\meri(a, 
 Venezuela, 40 miles S.E. of Cumana: the valley is noted 
 for a cavern frequented by a species of night-hawk, {^G'prU 
 mvJijus,) the young of which are destroyed in vast numbei-a 
 for the .sake of their fat. 
 
 C.\R'1SBR00KE. a parish of the Isle of Wight, a division 
 of the county of South.ampton, li miles S.W. of Xewport. 
 The castle, originally a British fortress, prior to the Roman 
 invasion, was taken by Cerdic the Saxon in 530, afterwards 
 it was held by the Xormans, and its fortifications were ex- 
 tended by Queen Elizalwth. It is a magnificent structure, 
 still partly hal^itable. and was the prison of Charli-s I. for 
 13 months previous to his trial. Within its walls is a 
 remarkable well. 2ii0 fi>et in depth. The chur<-h of C;iri8- 
 brooke was built by Fitzosbome. the first Xorman lord of 
 the island, and, with the castle and village, is singularlj 
 picturesque. 
 
 CARITAMIXI. SeeCATRiMVM. 
 
 CAKLA-LIXJOMITE. kdu'ldleh-k^xt a town ot France, 
 department of Arifege, 11 miles W. of Pamiers. Pop. 2030 
 The philosopher Bayle was born here in 1617. 
 
CAR 
 
 CAKL'BY, a parish of Enprlmd, co> of Lincoln. 
 
 CAH'LKE, a villajre of British India, presidency of Bom- 
 bay, ;;4 miles N.W. of Poonah. famous for some remarkable 
 cave-temples, probably of Boodhic origin. The principal of 
 these. 6MU0 feet above the sea, i.s one of the finest excava- 
 tions of its kind in India, having an arched roof supported 
 by sculptured pillars, and an appearance very similar to the 
 . Interior of a flothic cathedral. 
 
 CARLKNTIM, kaR-l8n-tee'nee, a town of Sicily, 19 miles 
 N.W. of Syracuse. It was founded by the Kmperor Charles 
 v., to be tne head-quarters of his Sicilian army, but was 
 never completed. Pop. 1500. 
 
 CAItLKT, kaR-I^f, a town of Spain, 19 miles S. of Valen- 
 cia, on the Kequena. Pop. 3822. 
 
 CAHLKTON, karl'lon, a county in the eastern part of Ca- 
 nada West, has an area of S9S square miles. It is traversed 
 by a railroad extending from Prescott, on the St, I^wrence, 
 to Bytown, the capital, on the Ottawa. I'op. 31,397. 
 
 CAHLKTON, Uarl'ton, a village of Polk co., Iowa, on the 
 Des .Moines Hiver, about 115 miles W. of Iowa City. 
 
 CAHLKTON PLACR. a villa-e of Canada West, co. of La- 
 nark, on the Mississippi Kiver, 21 miles from Perth, and 30 
 miles from Bytown. It contains several stores, a printing 
 office, and issues a weeklv paper. Pop. about 500. 
 
 CAIVL1NGF()!ID or CAR/LINFORD, a petty maritime 
 town and parish of Ireland. Leinster, co. of Louth, on the 
 southern shore of Carlingford Bay, 10 miles E.N.E. of 
 Dundalk. Pop. of parish, 12.558 ; of town. 1110. It has 
 the remains of a castle and of a Dominican friary. It sent 
 2 members to the Irish House of Commons until disfran- 
 chised at the union. 
 
 CARLIN(;F01{D bay is an inlet of the Ii-ish Sea, 
 between the counties of Louth and Down, 11 miles in 
 length by 3 miles in its greatest breadth, and connected 
 with Lnugh-Nejigh by the Newry Cafial. The latitude of 
 the li'^ht-house, which is situated on an island at its 
 mouth, is 54° 1' N.. and Ion. ti° 5' W. 
 
 CAK/LINGTON MOUNTAINS are situated on the S. 
 side of the above bav, and rise to 1935 feet in height. 
 
 CAH'LINVILLE, a' thriving post-village, capital of Ma- 
 coiijun CO., Illinois, on the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis RR., 
 39 ni. S.S.W. of Springfield, and 33 m. N.E. of Alton. It con- 
 tains a conrt-honse, 6 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and Blackburn Theological Seminary. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 CARLINWARK. See C.\stle-Docoi.as. 
 
 CARLISLE, kar-in', (anc. LtiguvaUin or LKf/uralJum,) 
 a city and river-port of England, capital of the county of 
 Cumljerland, on a gentle eminence, near the confluence of 
 Eden, Oaldew, jind Petrie rivers, at the termination of the 
 Lonion and North-western Railway. 300 miles N.N.W. of 
 London, and fiO miles W.S.W. of Newcastle. Its pi-incipal 
 streets diverge from an irregularly shaped market-place, 
 and are wide, handsome, and well-paved, and supplied with 
 water. The cathedral, which is situated on an elevated site, 
 has a tower, 130 feet in height, and a fine eastern window ; 
 its nave, greatly injured during the civil wars, now serves 
 for the parish church of St. Mary. There are besides, St. 
 Cuthbert's and 4 other churches. The Castle, built by 
 William Rufus, on an eminence beside the Eden, is now 
 used for a barrack and armoury. The other chief struc- 
 tures are four bridges — one across the Eden, a handsome 
 bridge of 10 arches ; the Town-hall, Guild-hall, Council- 
 chamber, Jail. News-rooms, and East Cumberland Infir- 
 mary. Carlisle h;is a grammar-school, founded by Henry 
 Vlli., with a revenue of 1901. a-year. an academy for the 
 encouragement of arts, literary and philosophical, and me- 
 chanics' institutions, a theatre, assembly-rooms, several 
 public libraries, banks, and extensive manufactories of 
 cotton goods, chiefly destined for the West Indies; print 
 and dye works, iron foundries, breweries, and tanneries. 
 Railways connect it with Lake Windermere, Kendal, &c. 
 on the S., with Edinburgh on the N., and Newciistle on 
 the E.; a canal. 12 miles in length, for vessels of 100 tons, 
 proceeds to it from Solway Frith, and Carlisle commu- 
 nicates by steamers with Liverpool, Belfast, and Annan. 
 The cross amount of customs duty collected at the port, 
 in 1S44, was SO.Omi. ; and, in 1848. it h.ad Inci-eased to 
 48,902?. Registered shipping, 2942 tons. The city corpo- 
 ration cxmsists of a mayor, io aldermen, and 30 council- 
 lors. Carlisle sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 Its see, founded by Henry I., compri.ses 93 parishes in 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland. Carlisle was originally a 
 Roman station, and then cjiUed LKguviiUum. abbreviated 
 by the Saxons to Luel, to which wjis put the prefix Caer. or 
 "city," thus making Caerluel. whence Carlisle. It was de- 
 stroyed by the Danes in the 9th century, and subsequently 
 resRjred by William Rufus, who built its castle. From this 
 period it was a freijuent object of attack in the long pro- 
 tracted wars between England and Scotland, and suffered 
 Beverely on many cf these occasions. Having declared for 
 Charles I., it was sutjected to severe privations during the 
 civil wars of that period also. In 1745. it surrendered to 
 Prince Charles, but was retaken by the Duke of Cumber- 
 land, when a number of the officers who formed the garri- 
 son were executed as traitors, and their heads exposed on 
 
 CAR 
 
 the gates and walls of the city. It gives the title of carl 
 to a branch of the Howard family. Returns two memi>er« 
 to Parli<ament. Pop. in 1770, (\Yhen taken by the lat" l)i. 
 Heysham.) 7677 ; in 1841, 23,012; in 1861, 29,436. 
 
 CARLISLE, kar-lTl', a post-township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, 20 miles N.AV. of Boston. Pop. 621. 
 
 CARLISLE, a post-township of Schoharie co.. New York, 
 36 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1760. 
 
 CARLISLE, a handsome town, capit.al of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, IS niilei 
 AV. by S. of llarrisbvu'g, and 125 piiles W. of Philadel]iliia. 
 It is situated in the great limestone valley which is enclosed 
 between the Ivittatinny and South Mountains. The surface 
 of the country is nearly level, the soil is uniformly and 
 highly productive, and much improved. The town is well 
 built, the streets are wide, and the public buildings are of a 
 superior order. It has a public square, on which the county 
 buildings are located. Dickinson College, of this place, is 
 one of the oldest and most flourishing in the state. It was 
 founded in 1783, and is now under the direction of the Me- 
 thodists. Carlisle also contains about 12 churches, 2 banks, 
 a town-hall, and 5 newspaper offices. The Cumberland Val- 
 ley Railroad connects at llarrisburg with the Central Rail- 
 read, and extends on the other hand to Hagerstown, Marj-- 
 lanfi. There are 2 machine-shops, 1 car-factory, and United 
 States barracks. Carlisle Wiis shelled by the rebels on the 
 night of July 1, 1863. Pop. in 1850, 4581; in 1860, 6664; in 
 1865, about fiiiOO. 
 
 CARLISLE, a thriving post-village, capital of NirhoLas 
 CO., Kentucky, on the railroad from .Maysville to Lexington, 
 50 miles K. by N. of Frankfort. Free pop. in 1860, 360. It 
 contains a new court-house, and 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 CARLISLE, a village of Brown co., Ohio, in Jackson town- 
 ship. 
 
 CARLISLE, a post-township in the central part of Lorain 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1273. 
 
 C.4RLISLE, a thriving village of Noble co., Ohio, about 
 92 miles E. by S. of Cohinilms. 
 
 CARLISLE, it village of Warren co., Ohio, on the Cincin- 
 nati and Dayton Railroad, 45 miles N. by E. of Cincinnati. 
 C.\RLIHLE, a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan, about 
 120 miles W. by N. of Detroit. 
 
 CARLISLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., Indiana, .36 
 miles by railroad S. of Terre Haute, and 6 miles E. of the 
 Wabash River. The land in the vicinity is fertile, and 
 abounds in coal. The village contains 2 or 3 churches, and 
 about 100 dwellings. 
 
 CARLISLE. Illinois. See Caritie. 
 CARLISLE, a post-office of Warren co.. Tow.^. 
 CARLISLE, a post-office of Dakota co., Minnesota. 
 CARLISLE MILLS or CARLISLE'S MILLS, a post-vil- 
 lage of Perry co., ^lississippi. 
 
 CARLISLE SPRINGS, a post-vill.age of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 19 miles M'. of Harrisburg. and 4 miles N.of 
 Carlisle. It is a pleasant summer retreat, with good accom- 
 mod.ations for visitors. 
 CARLISLE STATION, a post-office of Warren co„ Ohio. 
 CARLO, an island in the (iulf of Bothni.a. See Karlo. 
 CAR'LOCK VI LLE. a post-office. Ruthei-ford co., Tennessee. 
 CARLOFORTE, kaR-lt^foR/ti a town of the Sai-dinian 
 States, on the island of San Pietro. near the S.W. coast of 
 the island of .Sardinia. Pop. 3235. It has extensive fisheries, 
 and important salt-works. 
 
 CARLOPAGO. kaR-lo-pa'go, or CARKOBAGO. kan-lo-b.Vgo, 
 a fortified seaport-town of Austrian Croatia, on the Adriatic, 
 opposite the Dalmatian island of Pago. Pop. 900. Active 
 trade in wine, timber, and fish. 
 
 C.A.RLOPOLI, kaR-lop'o-le. a town of Naples, province of • 
 Cal.abria Ultra. 12J miles N.N.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2200. 
 
 CARLOTA, La, li kaR-lo/td, a town of Spain. 17 miles 
 S.S.W. of Cordova. Pop. .32-52. It is one of the principal 
 German colonies, founded in 1767, in the Sierra Morena, and 
 is neat and thriving. 
 
 CAR'LOW. an inland cnunty of Irel.and. Leinster. encir- 
 cled by the counties of Kildare. Wicklow. Wexford, and Kil- 
 kenny. Area. 346 square miles, of which about 29.^ square 
 miles are arable, and 51 log. mountain, and waste land. 
 Pop. 08,075. Surface, except in the S., fiat or gently undu- 
 lating. Principal rivers, the Barrow and Slaney. Agriciil- 
 ture more advanced than in most Irish cnnnties. Dairy 
 farms are numerous, and the breed of cows has been much 
 improved. Excellent granite is found throughout the coun- 
 ty. Chief towns. Carlow and Old Lei'jhlin. Exclu.sive of 
 its cajiital. it sends 2 members to the House of Commons, 
 
 CARLOW. (originally GithprUf/h. kath'er-loH'.) a parlia- 
 mentary and municijwl liorough. town, and parish of Ireland, 
 capital of the .above county, at the confluence of the Burren 
 with the navigable river Barrow, 44 miles S.S.W. of Dublin, 
 with wbiih city it communicates by niilway. Pop. of ptvrlia 
 mentary borou<rh.l0,292;of town. 8734. It is clean and well 
 built : it has 2 handsome bridges, the ruins ofa strong Anglo- 
 Norman castle, a Protestant paiish church, a Roman Catholic 
 cathedral, and a college for divinity students. 2 nunneries, 
 a handsome court-house, county jail, lunatic asylum and 
 infirmary, a fever hospital, uuioii work-house, barracks, &o- 
 
 375 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 It exports com. bacon, and excellent butter to Waterfopd 
 by the river, and to Dublin by the Grand Canal. It sends 
 I member to the House of Commons. 
 
 CAKLi iW. a post-office of Hopkins co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CAKLOWITZ or KAKLOWlTZ.kaRno-vits. (Ilun. Karlo- 
 vdcz. kaRUoH'its'.) a town of Austria, Slavonia, 7 miles 
 S.K. of I'eterwardein. on the right bank of the Danube. It 
 is Well built, but much scattered, stretching along the 
 banks of the river like a large villajre rather than a town. 
 It contains 1 Greek cathedral. 2 other Greek churches, a 
 Roni.in Catholic church.a giinasium. a Greek theological 
 Beminary and lyceum. a German upper school, a national 
 school, and an hospital. It is the seat of the Greek Metro- 
 politan Archbishop, the head of the church of the dissent- 
 ing Greeks in the Austriin dominions. The palace of the 
 archbishop contains a valuable library. Peace was con- 
 cluded here between Austria and the Turks in 169\); and 
 here. too. Prince Kugene deteated the latter in 1716. Caiv 
 lowitz is a station for the steamboats navigating the Da- 
 nube. Pop. 5100. 
 
 CARLS'BAD, (Ger. Karhbad,kMdsfhit, " Charles's bath.") 
 a town of Bohemia, circle of Klbogen, on the Topel, near its 
 junction with the Eger, 70 miles X.X.W. of Prague, famous 
 for its hot springs, ijtationary inhabitants about aOOO; but, 
 during the season, the population often amounts to 8000. 
 Mean temperature of the year 46°; winter 3C°-3 ; summer 
 63°-7, Fahrenheit. It is the most aristocratic watering-place 
 In Europe. The town, which belongs to the Emperor of 
 Austria, occupies the lx)ttom of a narrow vallej'. between 
 steep granite mountains, and con.sists mainly of lodging 
 houses and hotels for visitors. It has one handsome street, 
 the KuiisMrasse. in connection withanelegantgranite bridge 
 across the Eger; a theatre, hospital, and several re-iding- 
 rooms. The springs contain a great amount of carlwnate and 
 sulphate of soda; and the Sjjrudel. temperature 1C6° Fahren- 
 heit, deposits so much incrustation, and is forced upwards 
 with such violence, that fresh orifices have to be continually 
 bored to prevent explosions and damages to the town. The 
 MultWnmncn, temperature 138° Fahrenheit, furnishes most 
 of the water u.«ed for drinking. Vapor baths have been 
 constructed over the Hi/ffienr/tielle. The public walks around 
 Carlsbad are much admired. The baths are mostly fre- 
 quented from June to September. Carlsl'ad was the favor- 
 ite residence of Goethe, llofifman, and Werner. It is cele- 
 brated for the congress held there 1S19. 
 
 C.\KLS'BUKG, Transylvania. See Kaklsburo. 
 
 CARLS/BUKG, a village of Cumberland co., New Jersey, 
 4 miles S.E. of Bridgeton. 
 
 CAKLSCRONA, kaRls^kroo^ii, CARLSCROOX', or BLEK- 
 ING, bliOiing. a maritime laon or province in the S. of 
 Sweden, between lat. 50° and 66° 30' X.. and Ion. 14° 30' 
 and 16° E., having S. and E.. the Baltic. W., Christian- 
 stadt, N., We-xio. and N.E., Kalmar. Area, 1135 square miles. 
 Pop. 107.827. Principal towns. Carlscrona and Carlshamn. 
 
 CARLSCRONA or KARLSKRUNA, kaRls-kroo/nd, a forti- 
 fied seaport-town of Sweden, and the principal station of the 
 Swedish navy, capital of the above lien, near the S. extremity 
 of the kingdom, on 5 small islands in the Baltic, connected 
 by bridges with each other and the mainland, 65 miles E. of 
 Christianstadt. Lat. of S. point 66° 9' 5" N.i Ion. 15° 35' 2" 
 E. Pop. 16,995. It has an extensive and safe harbor, with 
 depth of water sufficient far the largest ships, and 3 en- 
 trances, the principal defended by 2 strong forts. Town 
 well built, partly of brick, but principally of wood ; it is .sepa- 
 rated by a wall from an extensive naval arsenal and dock- 
 yard. Chief edifices, the churches, council-house, prefect's 
 residence, and puMic schools. It has manufactures of na- 
 val equipments, linen cloths, tobacco, and refined sugar, 
 and an export trade in metals, potash, and other Baltic pi-o- 
 duce. as an outport of Gottenburg. In 1842. 68 commercial 
 vessels, aggregate burden 26o9 tons, entered, and 69, bur- 
 den 1733 tons, cleared from its harVior. 
 
 CARIjSD.\L. kaKlsMir. the name of some extensive iron- 
 works, with a cannon foundry, and manufactures of arms, 
 in Sweden, la^n. and 22 miles X.W. of (Erebro. 
 
 CAULSilAMX. k.iRls'ham. (i. e. "CharWs harbor:') a forti- 
 fied seaport^town of .Sweden. 26 miles W. of Carlscroniu on the 
 Baltic. Pop. 5000. It is regularly built, and has a good mar- 
 ket-place. 2 churches, a town-house, manufactures of sjdl- 
 cloth, tobacco, and hats, dye-houses, building-docks, a small 
 hut secure port, and an active trade in iron, timber, potash, 
 pitch, and tar. 
 
 CARLSIIOfF. karlsOiofr. an isl.ind in the Xorth Pacific; 
 lat. 15° 40' X.. Ion. 145° 38' W. It is about 18 miles in cir 
 cumference. has a lake in the centre, and was discovered by 
 Uoggewein. the Dutch navigator, in 172S. 
 
 CAIILSIX (Carlso.)kaRl's«. a small isl.-jnd in the Baltic, 
 W. of Gothland. Lat. of X.E. p<iint. 57° 19' 39" X.. Ion. 18° E. 
 
 CAKLSRUIIE or KARLSKLHE. kar.ls'rooN ('-Charles's 
 Rest,") a city of Western Germany, capital of the grand 
 duchy of Baden, and of the circle of Middle Rhine, on the 
 railway frfim .Mannheim to Basel. 4 miles E. of the Rhine, 
 and o9 miles W.X.W. of Stuttgart. Its principal streets 
 converge "like rays" towards the palace .is a centre, lacing 
 which is a fine circus, witli the government ofiices. Tlie 
 876 
 
 grand-ducal palace has a tower commanding a fine view, a 
 museum, and a library of 80.IK)0 volumes. Cither principal 
 edifices are the grai-.d-ducal stables, the theatre, the palace of 
 the Margraves of Baden, polytechnic school, chief Protestant 
 and Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, council-house, 
 the hall of representatives, mint, post-office, barracks, arsenal, 
 cannon foundry, museum, cluti-house. and several hospitals, 
 including one richly endowed by the fashionable Ixindon 
 tailor, Stultz, (in return for which he was created a Taron.) 
 Carlsruhe is supplied with water by an a^iueduct from Dui^ 
 lach, and ornamented with several public fountains, and s 
 stone pyramid in the marketrpLice, under which the founder 
 of the city was buried. The gardens of the palace form the 
 chief puVilic promenade. Public in.stitutions comprise a ly- 
 ceum, a library of 90.000 volumes, military, medical, and 
 veterinary schools, academies of architecture, painting, and 
 music, an excellent botanic garden, a stJciety of art.«. and 
 numerous literary associations. Manufactures of jewelry, 
 carpets, snuffs, chemical products, furniture, and carri.iges 
 are carried on, but for little more than local supply— the 
 chief resources of the inhabitants arising out of the pre- 
 sence of the court and aristocracy. Considerable transit 
 trade is carried on by means of the Rhine, and of the rail- 
 ways which connect the city with Frankforfc-on-the-Main, 
 with France. Switzerland, &c. Carlsruhe is a modern city, 
 its foundation having been laid in 1715. by Charles Wil- 
 liam, Margrave of Baden, in a locality that served as a hunt- 
 ing rendezvous. Pop. 27,103. 
 
 CARLSRUHE, a market-town of Pru.ssian Silesi.o, 18 
 miles X.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 2080. 
 
 CARLSTAD, kaRl'stdtt. a Iku or province of Sweden, 
 mostly between lat. 69° and 61° X., and Ion. 12° and 14° 30* 
 Y... having S. Lake Wener and Wenersborg, W. Norway, E. 
 (Erebro, and X.E. Fahlun. Area. 0945 square miles. Pop. 
 220,885. The province compri.ses some rich iron-mines. 
 
 CARLSTAD, an inland town of Sweden, capital of the 
 above laen. on the island of Tingvalla. near the X'. shore of 
 Lake Wener, 160 miles W. of Stockholm. Pop. 3108. It 
 has a handsome cathedral, a college with library and ob- 
 servatory, a town-house, governor's residence, freema.sons* 
 hall, theatre, club, cabinet of natural history, and agricul- 
 tural society. It exports copper, iron, com, salt, and tim- 
 ber, and its trade has been considerably augmented by the 
 opening of the Gotha Canal. 
 
 CARL.STADT. Gemianv. See Kaelstabt. 
 
 CARI/rON,a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 CARLTOX. a parish of England, co. of Camhridge. 
 
 CARLTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CARLTON, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk, on th« 
 Yare. 
 
 CARLTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 CARLTON, a township of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 CARL'TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CAR LTON, a parish of England, co. of York. North Riding. 
 
 CARLTON', a chapelry of Engltind, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 CARLTON, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 CARLTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, 
 2 miles S.W. of Skipton. A hospital for poor widows waa 
 founded here in 1700, and a school endowed in 1709. 
 
 CARLTON, a post-township of Orleans co.. New York, on 
 Lake Ontario, about 35 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. Pop. 
 2447 
 
 CARLTON, a posMown.«hip in the S.W. central part of 
 Barry co.. Michigan. Pop 678. 
 
 CARLTON. CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CAIU/TON COIA'ILLE. a parish of England, co.of .Suffolk. 
 
 CARI/TON CUR'LIEU, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 cester. 
 
 CARLTON, EAST, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CARLTOX FORT, in Briti.sh Xorth America, on the Sas- 
 katchewan River. Xorth Branch; lat. 53° N., Ion. 61° 12' 
 W.: is enclosed by lofty stockades, outside of which are 
 manv gardens and fields. 
 
 CARLTON, GREAT, a parish of Enirland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CARLTON INLIN'DRICK, a parish of England, co. of 
 Notts. 
 
 CARLTON LE MOOR/LANDS, a p,vish of England, ca 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 CARLTON, LITTLE, a parbh of En eland, co, of Lincoln. 
 
 CARLTON, NORTH, a parish of Engtend. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CARLTOX RODE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CARLTOX SCROOP, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln 
 
 CARLTOX. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CAltLTOX'S STORE, a post-oflSce of King and Queen oC„ 
 Virginia. 
 
 CAHI/rOXVILLE, a village of >Ieigs co.. Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, 100 miles S.E. of Columbus. It may be re- 
 garded as a suburb of Pomeroy. See Pomerot. 
 
 CAR/LUKE, a municipal tiorough an'l parish of Scotland. 
 CO. and 5 miles X.W. of Ijiuark. Pop of parish In 1841, 
 4802: in 1851. 6283, (an incre.-«.«» p.Hrtial)y ett-ibutable to 
 the extension of coal. iron, and lime works.) Pop. of town in 
 1851, 2845. The burgh, which has a haudsomj uew chnreh. 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Lss increased rapidly since the introduction of the cotton 
 manufacture. The banks of the Clyde, here low and shel- 
 ti>red, are famous for orchards; some of these extend 5 miles 
 In lenj>:th. The antljuary, Major-general Koy, and the sculp- 
 tor I'orrest. were natives of this parish. 
 
 CAHLYLE, karHil'. a postoffice of Pickens co., Al.abama. 
 
 CAHLYLK, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Illinois, 
 on the Ivaskii-skia iUver, and on the Ohio and Mississippi 
 R.R., 47 miles E. of St. Louis. The river is navigable by 
 small boats in high water. It contains a court-house, a 
 number of stores, and several mills. 
 
 CAUMAGNOLA, kaR-mitn-yo/li, a town of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, on the Po, 16 miles S. of Turin. Pop. with 
 oommune, l'2,u8"2. It is well built; its principal squares .and 
 streets are oruamented with porticoes; and it hits a line 
 Gothic church, a massive tower, formerly a part of a strong 
 castle, several suburbs, manuCictures of jewelry, and an ac- 
 tive tnide in silk, flax, corn, cattle, &c. The general, Fran- 
 cesco Bussone, surnamed Carmagnola, was born here iu 
 1390. 
 
 CAUMANA, a Persian town. See KEUMAy. 
 
 CARMAN 1 A. a province. See Kerm.vx. 
 
 CAU.MAKTIIKN, C.UiRMARTIIK.V, kar-mai-'inpn, or 
 CAR.MAKTIIION'SIIIUE, kar-mar'THen-shjr,' co. of Wales, 
 having S. the Uristol Channel. Area, 94" square miles. Pop. 
 in 1^51, 110,(B2. Surfiice hilly, interspersed with produc- 
 tive valleys; on the E. it is bounded by mountains, one 
 of which, the Van, rises 269(5 feet. Chief rivers, the Towy, 
 Cothy, and Taaf. Agriculture less backward than in most 
 Welsh counties, and considerable barley and oats are 
 raised. Iron, lead, coal, and lime are the chief mineral pro- 
 ducts. Several railways connect the mines of the interior 
 with the coast. Woollen hosiery is manufactured, and in 
 1S47, 111 persons were engaged in woollen factories iu this 
 county. Chief towns, Carmarthen, Llandovery. Kidwelly, 
 and Llanelly ; exclusive of which it sends 2 members to the 
 llousi' of Commons. 
 
 CARM.iRTlIKN. kar-mar'THen, (anc. Oier Fryddyn Mari- 
 dunum. ki'er frtitli'in md-re-deiynim,) a parli;jmentary and 
 municipal borough, seaport town and parish of South 
 Wales, capital of above co., on the Towy, here crossed by a 
 six-arched bridge, 8 miles above its mouth iu the Bristol 
 Channel, 14 miles N.W. of Llanelly. Pop. of municipal bo- 
 rough in 1851. 10,624. Streets steep and irregular; houses 
 mostly well built. Principal edifices, a large parish church, 
 the guild-h;ill, market-house, borough and county jail, cus- 
 tom-house, and theatre. The town has a grammar school 
 and Presbyterian college, a monument to the memory of 
 General Pictou, docks for building small vessels, and an 
 active export trade in corn, butter, timt)er, bark, slates, 
 and lead ore. The Towy is navigable to the bridge for 
 vessels of 200 tons burden. In conjunction with Llanelly, 
 it sends 1 member to the House of Commons. It is reputed 
 to have been the birthplace of the renowned Merlin, tradi- 
 tions of whom are connected with various localities in its 
 Ticiuity. It gives the title of marquis to the Duke of Leeds. 
 
 CAIOXAIITIIKN BAY, a large inlet of Bristol Channel, 
 Wales, between St. Gowau's Point, co. of Pembroke, and 
 Worms Head, co. of Glamorgan, and having N. the county 
 of Carmarthen. It receives the Taaf Towy, and Llwchwr 
 rivers. C.ildby Island, in this bay, has a light-house, 210 
 feet above the sea. in lat. 51° 37' 50" N., Ion. 4° 40' 57" W. 
 
 CARMKAUX, kait^mo', a town of France, department of 
 Tarn, 7 miles N. of Albi. on the left bank of theCeron. Pop. 
 of commune, 1951. Extensive coal-mines in its vicinity. 
 
 C.^R'.MKL. a post-village and township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, on the railroad iu process of construction between 
 Wateiville and Bangor, 60 miles N.E. of Augusta. The 
 streams afford extensive water-power, which is partially im- 
 proved. There are here in operation a flour mill, and about 
 30 saws employed in cutting various kinds of lumber. The 
 village is situated on the railroad, and on the Sawadubs- 
 cook River. It contains a church. 6- stores, a druggist, 2 
 public-houses, and about 500 inhabitants — having doubled 
 in population since 1 S.oO. Pop. of the township in 1860, 1271 
 
 CARMEL, a post-village and township, capital of Putnam 
 oo.. New York, is pleasantly situated 100 miles S. by E. of 
 Albany. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, and 1 banl^. 
 Iwo newspapers are issued here. I'op. 25,59. 
 
 CARMEL, a post-township in the S.W. central part of 
 Eaton CO.. Michigan. Pop. 1363. 
 
 CARMEL. a post-office of Hamilton co., Indiana. 
 
 CARMEL, or SAX CARLOS, a missionary settlement of 
 Monterey co.. California. 
 
 CARMEL HILL, a postrofflce of Chester district, South 
 t^rolina. 
 
 CARMEL{car'rael) ilOUXT. a famous mountain of Pales- 
 tine, forming the extremity of a range of a hills, which ex- 
 tend N.W. from the plain of Esdraelon, rounding the Bay 
 of Acre on its S. side, and terminating in a steep promon- 
 tory in the .Mediterranean, elevation alwut l.iOO feet, in lat. 
 32° 61' 10" N.. Ion. 34° 57' 42" E. It is mentioned in Scrip- 
 ture as the place wliure Elijah destroyed the prophets of 
 Baai. The rock is limestone, containing numerous aivems, 
 ii>J there has long stood a eonTeut near its summit, inha- 
 
 bited by monks, thence called Carmelites. The brook Kl- 
 shon enters the sea near the N. base of tlie mountain. The 
 plain to the S. is very fertile. On the summit of Carniel are 
 pines and oaks, and farther down olives and laurels. The 
 old convent, destroyed by the pasha, has been rebuilt. 
 
 CAR.MEN, kaR'mJn, an island of Central America, Y'a- 
 catan, in the Gulf of Mexico, 90 miles S,W. of CampeacLy, 
 and bounding the Lake Termiuos on the N. 
 
 C.\R'.MEN, an island in the Gulf of California, imme- 
 diately opposite Ijoreto. It contains a large Siilt lake wi ii, 
 a solid crust of salt several feet thick. 
 
 CAR'MKX, a township of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kil- 
 dare. 6 miles E. of Athy. Here are druidical remains. 
 
 CAR.MKX, El, fel KaR'mfen. or PATAGOXES. pd-ta-go/nfs, 
 a town of Buenos Ayres. on the Cusu or Rio Negro. IS miJes 
 from its mouth in the .\tlantic, and 500 miles S.W. of Bu> 
 nos Ayres. Lat. 40° 36' S.; Ion. 6.3° 18' W. Pop. 2000, of 
 whom 500 are negroes. Its inliabifants export hides, oil, 
 skins, beef, salt, and Patagonian mantles to the Rio Plata 
 and Brazil. 
 
 CARMEN, El, a town of New Qranada, department o» 
 Cauca, province of Antioquia. 
 
 CAR'MI, a post-village, capital ot White co., Illinois, on 
 Little Wabash River, 150 miles S.E. of SpringfieM. Pop. 479, 
 
 CARMICIIAEL, kar'mi-kel, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Lanark. 
 
 CAR'MICHAEL'S or CAR'MICHAELSTOWN,a post-vil- 
 lage of Greene co., Penn.sylvania, on Muddy Creek, 14 miles 
 E. of Waynesliurg, the county-seat. Pop. 440. 
 
 CARMIGXAXO, kaR-meen-yi'no, (anc. Carminianum^ ^ 
 market-town of Tusainy, in the Val d'Ombrone, 13 miles 
 W.X.W. of Florence. I'op. 13b9. 
 
 CARMO, kan'mo, a small town of Brazil. 
 
 CARMO. a citv of Spaia. See Carmo.n'a. 
 
 CARMOE or KAR.MOE, kaRm'o'Sh. an island of Norway, 
 stift of Christiansand. 20 miles N.W. of Stavanger, in the 
 Xorth Sea. at the entrance of Bukke Fiord. Lat. 59° 20' N. ; 
 Ion. 5° 15' E. Length. 21 miles; average breadth, 5 miles. 
 Pop. 0390, mostly seafaring people. 
 
 CARMOXA, kaR-mo'ni. (anc. Car'nto,) a city of Spain, 18 
 miles N.E. of Seville. Pop. in 1845, 13.072, It is pictu- 
 resquely situated on an isolated hill, enclosed by old Moor- 
 ish walls." Among its edifices are a ruined fortress, a church 
 with a remarkable tower, the university, partly of Moijrish 
 architecture, a fine Moorish gateway, and the Cordova gate. 
 It has manufactures of coarse woollen and hempen fabrics, 
 hats, glue, soap, and leather, and a celebrated annual fair. 
 Near it are numerous oil mills. 
 
 CARMUN'XOCK or CARMAN/NOCK, a parish of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Lanark. 
 
 CARMY'LIE. a p.arish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 CARN, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Done- 
 gal, 16 miles N. of Londonderry. Pop. 653. 
 
 CARXAB.\T, kar-nd-bdt/, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Room-Elee,70 miles N.E. of Adrianople, on the road to 
 Shumla, and on the S. slope of the B:\lkan Mountains. It 
 has about 200 houses, and some leather factories. 
 
 C.VR'X.A BY, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 CARNAC, kaR^ndk'. a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan, 17 miles S.E. of Lorient. Pop. of commune, 34^57. 
 The druidical monuments in its vicinity consist of more 
 than 5000 granite blocks in the form of obelisks, resting on 
 their points, and disposed in eleven rows parallel with the 
 coast. 
 
 CARNACII, kar'naK, a quoad-sacra parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Ross. 
 
 CARNAPRAYAGA, kdr-ni-pri-d/ga. a village of Northern 
 Ilindostan, district of Gurhwal, 30 miles E.X.E. of Serin- 
 gur, and one of the principal holy places of Hindoo pil- 
 grimage. 
 
 CARNARVON, CAERNARVON, ker-nar'von, or CAR- 
 NARVONSHIRE, ker-nar'von-shir, a county of North 
 Wales, having W^. and N. Carnarvon Bay and the Menai 
 Strait. Area, 579 square miles, one-half of which is unfit 
 for cultivation. Pop. in 1851, 87.870. Surface altogether 
 mountainous, and traversed by some of the loftiest ranges 
 in Britain. (See Snowdo.v and Pexmakn-Mawr.) Principal 
 river, the Conway. Oats and barley are raised in the val- 
 leys, but the chief branch of rural industry is the rearing 
 of cattle fbr dairy produce, and a diminutive breed of sheep. 
 The extension of roads has greatly increased the v.ilue of 
 property in this county. Principal mineral products, cop- 
 per, lead, slate, and coal. Carnarvonshire is divided into 
 10 hundreds, and 71 parishes in the diocese of Bangor. 
 Principal towns. Carnarvon, Bangor, (a city,) Pwllheli, and 
 Conway; exclusive of which it seuds one member to the 
 Hous(^of Commons. 
 
 CARNARVON or CAERNARVON, (anc. Se^orJiium.) a 
 parliamentary and municipal borough and seapoit town of 
 Xorth Wales, capit.il of the county of Carnarvon, on the E. 
 side of the Menai Strait, 7 miles S.W. of the Menai bridge. 
 Pop. in 1851, 8674. It consists of a walled town, outside of 
 which are suburbs of double its extent, many handsome vil- 
 las, a convenient bathing establishment erected by the Maiw 
 quis of Anglesea, and a fine terrace-walk along the Menai 
 
 377 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 btra-.t, terminating in a pier. At the W. end of the town Is 
 tile m:ignific«nt castle built by order of Kdward I_ and OT«r 
 the principal gateway ofwhich is a statue of its founder. The 
 saslle and yard occupy an area of about 1 mile in circuit.and in 
 Its " eaple tower," Edward II.. the tirst Anglo-Norman Prince 
 of Wales, was born. The hartwr admits vessels of 400 tons 
 burden, but the trade is chiefly carried on by small craft, 
 and steamers proceeding to and from Liverpool. Principal 
 exports, slat"! and coal, the former of which is brought into 
 the town by a railway from quarries 10 miles distant. In 
 connection »ith Bangor, Conway, Criccieth. Nevin, and 
 Pwllheli. Carnarvon sends one member to the House of 
 Commons. In the vicinity are the seats of the Mai-quis of 
 Anglesea, Lord Xewborough, Lord Boston, Ac, and the site 
 of the Roman station S<gnntium. 
 
 CARNARVON BAY, is that portion of St. George's Chan- 
 nel which wa.shes the AV. coasts of the Welsh counties of 
 Carnarvon and Anglesea. Breadth of entrance, between 
 Holvhead and Brach-y-Pwll. 35 miles. It receives the river 
 Cefui. and communicates with the Iri.sh Sea by Menai Strait. 
 
 CARXAT'IC. (The) one of the old suMivisions of India, 
 extending along its E. coast, between lat. 8° and 16° N., 
 and Ion. 77° and 81° E., constituting formerly the domi- 
 nions of the nabobs of Arcot, and now forming eight of the 
 districts under the British presidency of Madras. Bounded 
 on the E. by the Bay of Bengal, having a coast line of 560 
 miles; greatest brejidtb, 110 miles. Separated by the 
 Ghauts Mountains into two divisions — Balaghaut, above or 
 N. of the mountains, and Paycenghaut, below or S. The 
 climate of this district is the hottest in India, Few 
 provinces of India can exhibit so many large temples, and 
 other evidences of former wealth and civilization, as the 
 Carnatic, Its fortresses were also e.xceedingly numerous, 
 but these are now falling rapidly into decay. The Carnatic 
 was conquered by the British in 1783, but was not finally 
 ceded to them till 1801. Pop. about 7,000.000. 
 
 CARN'BEE. a parish of Scotl.and. co. of Fife. 
 
 CAR'XE or CAR/NA, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 CARXE or CARNA, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co, 
 of KUdare. 
 
 CARXEILLE, La, lil kaR^n.^!', a village of France, in 
 Normandy, department of Orne, 34 miles N.W. of Alen^on, 
 Top. of commune. 1546. 
 
 CAR'NENT PRAIRIE, a post-office of Perry co., Illinois. 
 
 CARNES/VILLE, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., 
 Georgia, 110 miles X. by E. of Milledgeville, and 16 miles 
 from the S:»vannah River, contains a brick eourtrhouse, 
 jail, and 2 hotels. 
 
 CARNET, kaR^nA', a village of France, in Xormandy, de- 
 paitment of Manche, 12 miles S. of Avranches. Pop. of 
 commune, 1200. 
 
 C.\R'XEW, a town and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Wicklow, 7 miles W. of Gorey. Pop. of town, 979. 
 The town is well built, and has rem.iing of a castle. In the 
 Ticinity is C'oolatlin, the mansion of Earl Fitzwilliam, chief 
 proprietor of this parish. 
 
 CARNGIWCH, karn'ghfrook, a parish of North Wales, co, 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 C.\R'XIC ALPS, (anc, AVpes Oar'niae.) one of the smaller 
 divisions of the Alps, extending along the N,E, border of 
 Italy into Carniola, 
 
 CARXICOBAR', the northernmost of the Xicobar Islands, 
 in the Bay of Bengal, Lat, 9° 10' N, ; Ion. 92° 48' E, It is 
 about 40 miles in circumference, low, densely wooded, and 
 very productive, but unhealthy; owing to which a station 
 formed here by the Danes in 1760 was soon afterwards 
 abandoned. 
 
 CARNIERES. kaR'ne-aiR', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut, 10 miles W, of Charleroi, Pop. 1975. It has ex- 
 tensive coal-mines, iron foundries, and manu&ctui-es of 
 nails, employing 300 workmen. 
 
 CARNIOLA. kar-ue-o'ld, (the country of the ancient Car'- 
 ni ; Ger. Krain. krine.) formerly a duchy in the S. part of 
 the Austrian Empii-e, N.E. of and bordering on the Gulf of 
 
 Venice. Adj. Carniolak, kar-ne-o/lin, and Car/xic; in- 
 
 hab. Carnioian. 
 
 CARN'MOXEY. a parish oflreland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim. 
 
 CAR'XO, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. of Montgomei-y, 
 
 CAR'X<X;H, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 
 
 CARXOULorCURXOUL, See Kurxool. 
 
 CARXOU^TIE, kar-noo'stee, a maritime village of Scotr 
 lanl.co,of Forfar. 64 miles S.W. of Arbroath. P.inlSSl, 1293. 
 
 CARX'.S0RE POINT, a headland forming the S.E. extre- 
 mity of the Irish mainland, in Leinster, 12 miles S.S.E, of 
 Wexford. It was the Hieran of Ptolemy, 
 . CARX'WATH, a parish of Scotland, co, of Lanark. 
 
 CAROCIIE, kd-ro'eh.A. a town of South America, i» Vene- 
 saela, department of Zulia, 20 miles X.X.E. of Trujillo. 
 
 CAROLINA. kSr-o-li'na, the name of a colonial settlement 
 in Xorth America, made by the English about the middle 
 of the seventeenth century. North and South Carolina 
 orirfpally I'onstituteil but one colony: they were, however, 
 , divided in 1729. and since the Revolution have formed two 
 separate stntes, (See .North and South Carolina.)— — In- 
 bab. Cabou.vun, kir'o-Un'e-^u. 
 378 
 
 CAROLTXA, a post-office of Tisheminsro co., MisRis.<!ippi. 
 
 CAROLl'NA, a vilLige of Walker co.^ Texas, on Trinity 
 River, 150 miles E.X.E. of Austin. 
 
 CAROLINA, a post-office of Havwood co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAROLINA FEMALE COLLEGE, a thriving post-village 
 of Anson co.. North Carolina. 10 miles N. of Wadesborough. 
 The college, which has about 100 pupils, was chartered in 
 1849. since which a handsome village h.is grown up here, 
 containing from 200 to 300 inhal>itants. 
 
 CAROLINA, La, \i ki-ro-lee/ni. a town of Spain, 36 miles 
 X^.N.E. of Jaen, Pop, 1739. This is one of the principal 
 towns established in the Sierra Morena for German colo- 
 nists, in 1776, 
 
 CAROLINA, La, Id kd-ro-lee'na. a town of South America, 
 in Venezuela, department of Orinoco, on the Arui, 50 miles 
 S.W. of Angostura. 
 
 CAROLINA. La, a town of South America, in Venezuela, 
 department of Cundinamarca. pi-ovince of Antioquia 
 
 CAROLINA, NORTH. See North Carolix.i. 
 
 CAROLINA, SOUTH, See South Carolina. 
 
 CAiyOLINE, a county in the E. part of Maryland, bor- 
 dering on Delaware, contains about 300 ssjtiare miles. It ig 
 intersected by the Choptank and Marshy Hope Rivers, and 
 partly bounded on the W. by Tuckahoe River. Tlie sur- 
 face is level; the soil mo.stlv sandy. Capital, Denton. 
 Pop. 11,129, of whom 10,390 were free, 
 
 CAROLINE, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an 
 area of about 480 square miles. The Rappahannock forms 
 its boundary on the N., and the Mattapony flows through 
 it. The surface is uneven; the soil near the rivers is 
 fertile. The Fre<lericksburg and Richmond Railroad 
 passes through the county, Organizefl in 1727, Capital, 
 Bowling Green. Pop. 18,464, of whom 7792 were free, and 
 10,672 slaves, 
 
 CARi "LIXK, a post-village and township of Tompkins co.. 
 New York, on the Caviiga and Susquehanna Railroad, 
 about 12 miles S.E.. of Ithaca. Pop. -2345. 
 
 CAROLIXB. a village in Venice township, Seneca co., 
 Ohio. 30 miles S.S.W. of Sanduskv City. 
 
 CAROLINE CENTRE, a postrOfRce of Tompkins co,, New 
 York. 
 
 CAR/OLINE ISLAND, one of the Marquesas group, in the 
 South Pacific, lying N. of Eimeo. Lat. 9° 57' S. ; Ion. 1.W 
 2,V W. It is a low strip of laud, covered with verdure, 
 about 5 miles in circumference. 
 
 CAR/OLINE ISLANDS, or NEW PHILIPPINES. (Sp. 
 Carolinas, kl-ro-lee'nis. or Kim-as Pilipinas, noo-a'v3s te-Ie- 
 pee'n^s.) one of the great archipelagos of Oceania, lietween 
 the Philippines, the Ladrones, the Marshall Islands, and 
 Papua, extending from kt, 3° 5' to 12° X., and. including 
 the Pelew Islands, (which, from the character of their inha- 
 bitants, and the history of their discovery, form part of the 
 archipelago,) extend from W. to E. over a space of 2000 
 miles. They are divided into numerous groups, the west-, 
 ernmost of which, the Paloas or Pelew, consists of .seven 
 large and many small island.s, all of conilline formation, 
 flat, and affording no secure anchorage. North-east of 
 these is the group of Yap. the chief island of which is ele- 
 vated, and its mountains contain the previous metals. 
 East of Y'ap is the group of Egoi. nearly all of which are low 
 coralline islands, fertile, and partly inhabited. The other 
 princip.al groups are called Siniavine. Lutke. Mortlock, En- 
 derby, Hogolen. Ulalan, the easternmost of the group, in 
 lat. 5° 19' N., Ion. 163° 6' E.. is 24 mili-s in circumference, and 
 has abundant supplies of water, fruit, and fish. The climate 
 of the Carolines is mild and agreeiible. The inhabitants 
 live almost exclusively on the produce of their fishing; the 
 greater portion are of the >Ialay race, and ai-e excellent sear 
 men. The Carolines were discovered by the Spaniard Lopea 
 de Villalobos, in 154.3. and they were so named in honor of 
 Charles V. These islands nominally belong to Spain, an.i 
 form part of the government of the Philippines, but tl«» 
 Spaniards have no settlement on any of them. 
 
 CAROLINE MILLS, a postofflce of Washington co., Rhod* 
 Island. 
 
 CAROLIXEXSY'HL. kS-ro-lee'nen-zeel. a maritime villag* 
 of Hanover, on the North Sea, '34 miles N.E. of Emden, 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 CAROMB, ki^r^N"', a town of Fran. e. department of Va» 
 cluse, with an old fortress, 4 miles N.E. of Carpentras. Pop. 
 of commune, in 1S.52. 2506. 
 
 CAR'ON. a market-town and parish of South Wales co. of" 
 Cardisran. on the Berwyn, near its confluence with theTeifi. 
 Pop. in 1851. 2,S93. 
 
 CARON'DELET, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 on the W, bank of the Mississippi River, about 6 miles S,of 
 St, Louis, It contains a bank. Pop. 3993. 
 
 CARO'NIA. (anc. Caloc'te or ColoMa.^ a maritime town 
 of Sicily, on the X. coast of the island. 22 miles E.of Cefalu. 
 Pop. 2200, mostly employed in the adjacent fore.st, the larg- 
 est in .Sicily, being nearly .iO miles in circuit. 
 
 CARONYorC.'VROXl,k^-ro-nee',a river of Venezuela, de- 
 partment of Orinoco, rises in the Sierra Pacarainia. and 
 alter a generally northward course of perhaps 41 miles, 
 joins the Orinoco 85 miles E. of Angostura. Affluents. tlk> 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Parapna and Acaman. Its rapidity and numerous cataracts 
 render it innavijrable. 
 
 C A K'OOK', a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 
 66 miles K. of Coimbafoor, on the Cavery Kiver. Near it are 
 a fort and a larjre temple. 
 
 CAKOKA, kd-i-o'fa, or CARORO, ka-i-o/ro, a town of A'ene- 
 Buela. 100 miles S.W. of Coro, and about 50 miles E. of Lake 
 Waracaybo. on the Tocujo. Lat. 10° 13' N.; Ion. 70° 26' W. 
 It is tolerably well built, and contains a hands6me parish 
 church, a Franciscan convent, and a hermitage. The dis- 
 trict is famous for its arrniatic balsams, resins, and gums, 
 and a kind of wild cochineal, the gathering of which once 
 formed the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Before the 
 wars nf independence, the population was 9000. 
 
 CAIIOTII'KRS. a township in Clay co., Indiana. 
 
 CAROTTO, ki-rofto, a village of Naples, 6i miles S.W. of 
 Castellamare, on the S.E. side of the Bay of Naples, with a 
 school of navigation for the merchant marine. 
 
 CA ROUGE, kd'roozh', a town of Switzerland, canton, and 
 IJ miles S. of Geneva, on the Arve. Pop. 5000. It is regu- 
 larly built, finely situated, and surrounded by elegant villas. 
 It has manu&ctures of thread, watches, clay pi|)e8, and 
 leather. The province of Carouge in Sardinia, of which 
 Carouge was the capital till ceded to Switzerland in 1816, 
 was suppressed in 1837, and divided among the sun-ound- 
 ing provinces. 
 
 CAIIOVIGXO, kd-ro-veen'yo, a town of Naples, provinceof 
 Otranto, 19 miles W.N.W. of Biindisi. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CAROVILLI, kd-ro-villee, a town of Naples, province of 
 Molise, 10 miles N.N.K. of Isernia. Pop. 1900. 
 
 CARPANK, kaR-pd/nA. or CARPANEDO, kaR-pd-nd/do, a 
 village of Northern lUily, government of Venice, '23 miles 
 N.N.K. of Vicenza, on the lirenta. Pop. 1750. The French 
 defeated the Austrians bore in 1796. 
 
 CARI'ANE'I'O, kaR-pd-n4'to, a town of North Italy, situ- 
 ated 13 miles S.E. of I'iacenzii, between the Vezzino and 
 Chero. It contains a medical and two elementary schools. 
 Good grain and wine of a very fine quality are produced 
 here. Pop. 5134. 
 
 CARPATHIAN or KARPATniAN(kaR-p.Vthe-an) MOUN- 
 TAINS, (Ger Karpatlieri, kaR-p^ten; anc. Car'pat'es,) n runge 
 of mountains of Europe, chietly in Austria, which, com- 
 mencing at New Orsova, on the Turkish frontier of the 
 Banat of Austria, where the l/ed of the Danube is all that 
 separates it from Mount Hwmus, proceeds first N.E., and 
 then E. to the frontiers of Moldavia, where it turns, first to the 
 N.W.. then W.. and finally S.VV., as far Presburg, enclosing 
 the plains of Hungary, and forming a semicircular belt, 
 nearly 800 miles long by 250 broad. The Carpathian chain 
 may be divided into two great sections, the Eiist and the 
 West Carpathians ; the former curving from the mouth of 
 the Nera, which falls into the Danube 41 miles E. of Bel- 
 grade, to the source of the Theiss, and forming the bound- 
 ary between Austria and the principalities of Mallachia 
 and Moldavia; the latter, proceeding from the sources 
 of the Theiss and the Pruth, and terminating on the 
 banks of the Danube W. of Presburg, and forming the 
 boundary between Hungary and Galicia. The greatest 
 heights of theEast Carpathians are — Uuska-Poyana, 9909 feet; 
 Gai'luvipi. 9587 feet; Buthest. in Tiansvlvania, near Kron- 
 stadt. 8095 feet; Buthest. in AVallacbia. 6812 feet; Retirzath, 
 8502 f(«t ; and Lentschitz. 8456 feet. The greatest heights of 
 the West Carpathians are in the Tatra Range, namelv. the Kri- 
 wan, 8029 feet; the Viszoka, 8312 feet; the Csabi, same 
 height; and in the mountains of Lomnitz, the Eisthaler- 
 spitze, 8621 feet; the G riineseespitze, 8203 feet; the llunds- 
 dorferspitze, 8318 feet; and the peaks of Lomnitz, 8462 feet. 
 
 The principal intersections of these mountains, forming the 
 most remarkable and most frequented pas.ses, are tho.se of 
 Teregova, leading from Orsova to Temesvar; of Vulkar, 
 forming the valley in which the ScKyl flows ; and of the 
 Kothenthurm, in a gorge formed by the Aloota, (Aluta.) at 
 the f(X)t of Mount Szurul. The outer tend of the Carpathians 
 is much steeper than that which descends towards the val- 
 leys of Transylvania and Hungary. The mountain branch, 
 which, stretching N.W. towards Lutowisko and Ustrzyki, 
 sepaiates the basin of the Dniester from that of the Saan, 
 also forms the line of separation between the basin of the 
 Baltic and that of the Black Sea. From this line, as far as 
 Jublunkau in Moravia, all the streams from the N. slope 
 foil into the Vistula: thereafter all the streams, from both 
 sides ef the Carpathians, belong to the Danube. The only 
 important rivers which actually rise In the chain are the 
 Vistula, the Dniester, and the Theiss. 
 
 The E. part of the Carpathian chain, from Orsova to the 
 source of the Burcza, near Kronstadt, is entirely composed 
 of jiriniitive rocks. These are succeeded by Greywacke, 
 which extends to the sources of the Thei.s, and is only in- 
 terrupted by a primitive group between the pass of Borgo 
 and the source of the Viso. A gi-eat chain of trachyte ap- 
 pears on the frontiers of the Bukowina, and sti-etches to 
 the point where the Aloota loegins to flow S.W. To the W. 
 of this chain, on approaching the plains, an extensive tract 
 of sandstone, belonging to the coal formation, begins to 
 app'-ar, and cover* the greater part of Transylvania. Ter^ 
 
 tiary formations sirrround the vast »>!a;nsnf Hungary, vrhlrh 
 consist of a rich alluvium, anu must oi-ce iiave oeen the bed 
 of a lake. Basalt fipquently occurs, but no distinct traces 
 of extinct volcanoes have been found. The Carpathian 
 Range is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, quicksiivei', 
 copper, and iron. Salt occurs in beds, which have some- 
 times a thickness of 600 or 700 feet, and are apparently in- 
 exhaustible. Vegetation also is vigorous. On the plateaus 
 fruit is grown, at the height of 1500 feet. Higher up, 
 the mountain steeps are covered with forests of pine, somo 
 of them as high as 5600 feet. The limit of vegetation seems 
 to be about 6000 feet. Above this, a few lichens may be 
 found, but, in general, nothing is seen but bare steep rucks, 
 many of them in the form of conical peaks. 
 
 CARPATHUS or CARPATIIOS. See Scarpanto. 
 
 CAR PEN EDOLO. kaR-pA-nA-do/lo, a town otNorthern Italy, 
 government of Milan, 21 miles S.E. of Brescia, near the 
 Chiese. It contains 4 churches, and 2 hospitals, and has 
 manufactures of silk. Pop. 4977. 
 
 CARPEXETTO, kaR-pi-n^fto, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, Piedmont, 6 miles E. of Acqui. I'op. 1500. 
 
 CARPENTARIA, (kar-pen-ta're-a. ) GULF OF. a large gulf 
 of the South Pacific Ocean, indenting deeply the N. coast 
 of Australia, between Capes Arnhem and York, and mostly 
 comprised between lat. 11° and 17° 30' S., and Ion. 136° and 
 142° E. The average length and breadth are about 350 mil-s 
 each. The Coasts are generally low. but on the W. greatly in- 
 dented; it contains Groote.AVellesley. and many other islands. 
 Its E. coast was discovered by a Dutch commander in 1600, 
 this being the first authenticated discovery of any part of the 
 Australian Continent. 
 
 CAR/PENTER'S CHEEK, a postofiice of Jaspar co.', In- 
 diana. 
 
 CARPENTER'S LANDING, a post-village of Gloucester 
 CO., New Jersey, on Slantua Creek, 3 miles S. from Wood- 
 bury. It contains 1 or 2 churches, and aljout 50 dwellings. 
 Lumber and firewood ai-e shipped from this place. 
 
 CARPENTER'S MILL, a village of Ray co., Missouri, 120 
 miles W. N. AV. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CAR'PENTERSVILLE. a post-village of Putnam co., In- 
 diana, about 35 miles W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CARPENTERSVILLE or CARPENTERVILLE, a flourish- 
 ing post-village of Greenwich township, in the S. part of 
 Warren co., New Jersey, nearly 40 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. 
 
 CAHPENTRAS. kaR^p^N'^trSss'. (anc. 0/rperii»rac>te.) a city 
 of France, department of Vaucluse, 14 miles N.E. of Avig- 
 non, on the Auzon, in a rich and fertile district at the toot 
 of Mont Aentoux. It is surrounded by walls in good repair, 
 flanked with towers, and has four gates. Most of the hou.ses 
 are well built, and almost all are supplied with water from 
 the fountains in the public squares. Outside of the walls 
 is a broad esplanade, planted with trees. The principal 
 public buildings are — the Cathedral, a Gothic edifice, w ith a 
 spire, of the jige of Charlemagne; the I'inte d'(>raiigp ; the 
 Palace of Justice; a Roman triumphal arch ; the Hospital, 
 erected in 1751; tlieatre; new prisons?, and a public lilirary, 
 containing 22,000 volumes, 2000 MSS., 6000 medals, and vari- 
 ous antiquities. The Aqueduct, a massive structure, which 
 crosses tlie valley of the Auzon by 48 arches, and supplies 
 the fountains of the town, was finished in 1734. Carpen- 
 tras is the seat of the assize court for the department, of a 
 court of first resort, communal college, and society of rural 
 economy. There are here, brandy, spirits of wine, and es- 
 sence distilleries, manufactories of nitric acid. glue, verdigris, 
 cotton, and silk yarn. There are also madder mills, tanne- 
 ries, and dye-works. A considerable trade is carried on 
 in olive oil, fruit, ahuonds, madder, lucerne seed, wax, 
 honey, &c. 
 
 The Romans embellished Carpentras with many edifices, 
 of which the successive ravages of the Goths, Vandals, 
 Lombards, and Saracens have left few traces. In 1313, 
 Pope Clement V. fixed his residence here, and made it the 
 seat of the Pontifical See. The present walls were built by 
 Pope Innocent VI., fifty years after that event. The bishop- 
 ric, founded in the third century, was suppressed by the Con- 
 cordat of 1801. Pop. in 1852, 10,711. 
 
 CAHl'I, kaR'pee, a fortified town of Northern Italy, situ- 
 ated 9 miles W.N.W. of Modena, on the Canal of Carpi. 
 Pop. 5000. It has a citadel, a majestic cathedral, and manu- 
 factures of silk. 
 
 CARl'I, a fortified town of Northern Italy, government 
 of A'enice, 28 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige, with n cita- 
 del, and 1200 inhabitants. Here, in 1701, the French were 
 defieated by the troops under Prince Eugene. 
 
 CARPIGXANO, kaR-peen-ya'no. a village of Piedmont, in 
 the Sardinian States, 12 miles N.W. of Novara, on the Sesia. 
 Pop. 2171. 
 
 CARPIGNANO, kaR-peen-y^no, a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince and 8 miles N.E. of Otranto. Pop. 1000. 
 
 CARl'lNETI, kixR-pe-nA'tee, a town of Northern Italy, 
 situated 23 miles S.W, of Modena. Pop. 1400. 
 
 CARI'lNEl'O, kaE-pe-nd'to, the name of several villages 
 in Central Italy. 
 
 C A 1! PINO, kaR-pee'no, a town of Naples, province of Capi- 
 tauata, on Mount Gargano, 22 miles N.E. of San Severo 
 
 379 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Pop. 5300. It is also the name of a mountain in Calabria, 
 W. of Cosenza, and of an affluent of tlie Tiber, Pontifical 
 i;*tates. Perugia 
 
 CARPI 0, kaR'pe-o, a town of Spain, 15 miles E.N.E. of 
 Cordova, on tlie Guadalquivir. Pop. 2696. 
 
 CARl'IO. Kl, Jl-kaR/pe-o, a town of Spain, 22 miles W.N.W. 
 of Toledo, near tlie Taaus. Pop. 2488. 
 
 CARPIO. El, a town of Spain, 35 miles S.W. of Vallado- 
 Ud. Pop. 941. 
 
 CARP RIVER, a post-ofRce of Marquette co., Michigan. 
 
 CARQCEFOU, kaRWoo', a village of France, department of 
 Loire InfSrieure. 6 miles X.X.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 2899. 
 
 CARQUIXEZ. See Kakquenas. 
 
 CARR. a township in Jackson CO., Indiana. Pop. 1341. 
 
 CARRA. kSr'ra, a barony of Ireland, Connaughl, co. of 
 Mayo. Length, from N.N. E. to S.S.W.. 22 miles: breadth, 
 8i miles. On its N. boundary are Loughs Cullen and Con ; 
 on its S., Loughs Carra and Mask, forming picturesque 
 Bcenery ; on the S.E., the ground is low and under culture; 
 the N. is mountainous, and moorland. 
 
 CARRACA, La, Spain. See Cadiz. 
 
 CAHR.E or CIIARR^. See IIarrax. 
 
 CARRA LOUGH. Idn kir'ra, a small lake of Ireland, co. 
 of Kerry, 3^ miles S. of Castlem;une Harbor, about 3 miles 
 long and 1 mile broad. 
 
 CARRANCA, kaR-RinnvS, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas-Geraes. between Baependi and Sao Joao^Jel-Eei. 
 
 CAR'RAN-TU'AL, the highest mountain of Ireland, Mun- 
 ster. CO. of Kerry.in the Mac Gillicuddy Reeks Range, 5 miles 
 S.W. of Killarney. Elevation, 3414 feet. 
 
 CAIORAR/, a considerable town of India, Deccan, 30 miles 
 S.E.'of Sattarah, 86 miles S.S.E. of Poona, with two elegant 
 pagodas, and a small fort. 
 
 CARHARA, kaR-RS'rS, (anc.OrraVia.jacity of Italy, situ- 
 ated 59 nnles S.W. of Modena, on the Avenza, 2 miles from 
 its moutli in the Mediterranean. Pop. 6115. It has a col- 
 lege, an academy of the fine arts, and an active industry in 
 the preparation of marble. Chief edifices, collegiate church, 
 church of Madonna delle Grazie. and the Ducal Palace. The 
 streets are ornamented with elegant fountains. At Monte 
 Sagro, in its environs, are the famous marble quarries, 
 which, since the time of the Romans, have furnished the 
 Taluiible statuary marble of Carrara. The principal quar- 
 ries, those of Torano, employ upwards of 1200 men. The 
 port of embarcation is at L'.\venza. 
 
 CARREGA. kdKrRA'ga. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Genoa, province of Novi. Pop. 3.334. 
 
 CARREIRA (kfe-RA/e-ra) ISLANDS, a small island group 
 of Spain, off the E. coast of Galicia, province of Corunna, 22 
 miles N.W. of Vigo. 
 
 CAR'REXTEEL'. a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 CARRETAO, kjR-R.-l-td'Axo. a town of Brazil, 120 miles 
 E. N. E. of Goyaz. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to 
 mining. , 
 
 CARRIACOU, kirVe-d-koo', the largest of the Grenadine 
 Islands, (British West Indies,) 20 miles N.E. of Granada. 
 Length, 7 miles; breadth, from 2 to 4 miles. It is well cul- 
 tivated : chief crop, cotton. On its W. side is HUlsboro' town 
 and harbor, in lat. 12° 27' N., Ion. 61° 30' W. 
 
 CARRICAL, or KARICAL. kar-re-kjl'. a town of Hindo- 
 Stad, in the Carnatic, coast of Coromandel, 152 miles S. of 
 Madras: lat. 10° 55' N., Ion. 79° 53' E. It was formerly a 
 place of importance, and strongly fortified ; but is now 
 wholly dismantled. 
 
 CAR'RICK, a division of Ayrshire. See Atrshire. 
 
 CARRICli, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Wexford. 
 
 CARRICK, a parish of Ireland. Leinster, co. of Kildare. 
 
 CARRICK, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of West- 
 meath. 
 
 CARRICK, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 CA It RICK, or CAR'RICKBAGMOT, a parish of Ireland, 
 Leinster. co. of Louth. 
 
 CAirRICKAIIOO'LY is an old tower, co. of Mayo, 5 miles 
 W.N.W. of Newport. 
 
 CARRICK-A-REDE,kSrVik-gi-reed', an insulated basaltic 
 rock of Ireland, co. of Antrim, about 4i mileS N.W. of Bal- 
 lycastle, separated from the mainland by a chasm 60 feet 
 wide, and more than 80 feet deep. 
 
 CAR'RICKBEG'. formerly CARRICK\MACGRIF'FIN, a 
 town of Ireland. Munstcr. co. and 14 miles W.N.W. of Water- 
 ford, on the Suir. here cro.ssed bj' a bridge which connects 
 It with Carrick-on-Suir. Pop.2680. It has remains of a fine 
 abbey of the fourteenth century. See also Carrick-ox-Suir. 
 
 C.\RM{ICKFER'GUS. a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, seaport, market^town. and parish of Ireland. Ulster, 
 00. of Antrim, on Belfiist Lough. 9 miles N.N.E. of Belfast. 
 Pop. of town, 3885 : of parliamentary borough, 9379. It was 
 formerly a place of strength, and has some remains of fortifi- 
 cation^ raised in 1576. The parish church, containing noble 
 monumentR. Including those of the Chieiiester family, com- 
 municatwl ff)rmerly by a still existing subt<>rraneous passage 
 with a monastery, on the site of which Sir Arthur Chichester 
 ercsted the noble castle of .Toymount. CarrickfergusCastle, 
 erected about 1128, still mainttined as an arsenal, and 
 mounting some heav> cannon, is oa a rock projecting into 
 380 
 
 the lough. Other principal edifices are a Roman Catholic 
 and various dissenting chapels, branch bank, and several 
 schools and charitable establisments. Vessels of 100 tons 
 can now unload at the pier, but the trade is not flourisliing. 
 The borough sends one member to the House of Cfimuiona. 
 William III. landed here in 1690. In 1760, the town and 
 castle wei"e taken by the French, who were soon forced t' re- 
 emba rk. 
 
 CARMtlCKMACROSS,' or MAGirEROSS/,amarket-|ic "vn 
 and parish of Ireland. Ulster, co. of Monahan. on the road 
 from Dublin to Londonderry, 12 miles S.W. of Dnnkalk, 
 Pop. 1997. Here are the ruins of a castle, built by the Earl 
 of Essex, to whom the town was granted by Quei-n Elizalieth, 
 and in the possession ofwho.se family the estate remains. 
 
 CARntlCK-ON-SIIAN'NON, a disfranchised parli.iraent- 
 ary borough and market-town of Ireland. Connaught. ca- 
 pital of the county of Leitrim, on the Shannon, across which 
 it communicates with a suburb in the county of Roscommon, 
 by a bridge of 11 arches. 19 miles N.N.W. of Longford. Pop. 
 19S4. It has a court-house, infantry barracks, and some 
 trade in connection with Lough .\llen coal-mines. It sent 
 two members to the Irish Parliament, till disfranchised at 
 the Union. 
 
 CAR'RICK-ON-SUIR, a market-town and pari.sh of Ire- 
 land. Munster. co. of Tipperary. on the Suir. here crossed by 
 a bridge, built in the fourteenth century, 13 milesS. of Clon- 
 mel. Pop. 8339. It was formerly enclosed by walls, and has 
 a parish church of high antiquity, a fine Roman Catholic cha- 
 pel, a nunnery, (with a large school.) a monastery, a castle, 
 (formerly belonging to the Ormonde family.) a prison.hospital, 
 and barracks. Recent improvements in the river enable 
 vessels of considerable burden to approach the town, which 
 has an export trade in corn and cotton; and monthly fairs. 
 The vicinity is fertile and well-wooded. About 4 niilns south- 
 ward is Curraghmore, the seat of the Marquis of Waterford, 
 
 CAR/illDEN, a maritime parish of Scotland, co of Lin- 
 lithgow. 
 
 CAR'RIGAHOLT', a maritime village of Ireland, co. of 
 Clare, on a bay of the same name, estuary of the Shannon, 
 10 miles W. of Kilrush. It has a pier. at which agricultural 
 produce is shipped, and is frequented by fishing craft. Here 
 are the ruins of an ancient castle, on the verge of a cliff 
 overhanging the sea. Pop. 426. 
 
 C.AR'RIGALINE,' or BEA'VER. a maritime parish of Ire- 
 land. Munster, co. of and 8 miles S. E. of Cork, on Coik 
 harbor. Pop. 74,S9, partly employed in fine marble and 
 slate quarries. The village, though now unimportant, w.sa 
 designed by an earl of Cork to be made the rival of Cork 
 city: in it are the picture.sque ruins of Carrigaline. a castle 
 of the Desmonds: and near it are the remains of a religious 
 hou.se, and of a Danish fort. 
 
 C.AR'RIGAl/LAN, a barony of Ireland, forming the S.E. 
 district of co. Leitrim, Connaught Length, 19i miles t 
 breadth, 7 miles, 
 
 CAR'RIG.Al/LAN, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of 
 Leitrim. 
 
 CAirRIGDOW'NAM. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 CAR'RIGXAVAR/ or DUNBULLOGE, dun'bul-lOg', a pa- 
 rish of Ireland. Munster co., of Cork. 
 
 CAR'RIG-0-GUN'NEL,or CARRICK AQUICY. a village of 
 Ireland, Munster, co. and 5 miles W.S.W. of Limerick. Its 
 ruined castle on a lofty rock was formerly a stronghold of 
 the O'Briens. Kings of Munster, but blown up at the siege 
 of Limerick, in 1091. 
 
 CAIORIGRO'HANE, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Cork. 
 
 CARRIGTOHILL, kSr'rig-toH'-hil. almost karVig-toil'. a 
 village and parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, 3 miles 
 W. of Middleton. Pop. 3976. It has an ancient church, and 
 in various parts of the parish are curious subterraneous 
 chambers, within circular intrenchments, called Danish 
 camps. 
 
 CARRIGUFOYLE. kSrVe-pa-foil', a small island of Ire- 
 land. Munster, co. of Kerry, in the estuary of the Shannon, 
 2 miles N. of Ballylongford, with a castle, once the chief 
 seat of the O'Connor-Kerry. 
 
 CARRIL, kaR-Reel', a town of Spain, Galicia, 10 miles 
 N.N.W, of Pontevedra, near the mouth of the UUa. The 
 averaa-e value of exports is about 56,000/. ; imports, 35,O0OZ. 
 Pop. iioo, 
 
 CARRILLON, (Ft. pron. kaR'iieery6N«',)a village cf Canada 
 East. CO. of Two Mountains, on the Ottawa River. 50 mile* 
 from Montreal. It contains 4 hotels and several stores. 
 
 C.^R'RINGTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 
 
 CARRINQTON. a chapelry of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 CARinON. k^R-Re-on'. a river of .«pain. which rises in the 
 mountains of the .\sturias. flows S. and falls into the Pi- 
 suerga, 22 miles N.E. of Valladolid, after a course of 76 
 miles, exclusive of windings. 
 
 CARRION DE CALATRAVA, kjR-Re-on' dA ka-U tr^'v^, 
 a town of Spain. 9 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2<",0><. 
 
 CARRION DK LOS CESPEDES. k^R-Re-on' dA loce the» 
 pA'Di'S. a town of Spain. 14 miles W. of .Seville. 
 
 CARRION DE LOS CONDES. kiR-Re-on'dA loco kon'di^s, a 
 town of Spain, 21 miles N. o* Palencia, on the Carrion 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Pop. 2.j00. It stands on a hill, eucloaed by ruinous walls, 
 ami lias 9 churches, with several convents and hospitals. 
 Foriiunly capital of the district of same name, and fortified. 
 C.A.Ii'lU'rUNK, a post-office of Somerset Co., Maine. 
 
 CAU'KIZO, a post-office of Webb co., Texas. 
 
 CARROLL, k3,r'rol, a county in the E. central part of New 
 Hampshire, has an area of about 500 square miles. The 
 greater part of the S.W. boundary is formed by LakeWinni- 
 piseogee, which separates it from Belknap county. It is 
 drained b\' the Ossipee and Siico Rivers, and contains seve- 
 ral lakes and ponds, the chief of which is the Ossipee Lake. 
 It hits numerous small streams, which afford valualile 
 water-power. The surface is uneven and niountaimms. 
 Ossipee Mountain and Conway Peak are comprised within 
 the limits of this county. The soil, though hard and diffi- 
 cult of cultivation, is generally productive. Named in 
 honor of Charles Carroll, one of the signers of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence. Capital, ( issipee. I'op. 20,465. 
 
 CAKKOLL, a county in the N. part of Maryland, border- 
 ing on Pennsylvania, contains about 500 square miles. It 
 is draiui-d liy the sources of I'atapsco and Gunpowder Rivef s, 
 and by Pike Creek. The surface is hilly and in some parts 
 rocky ; the soil is naturally thin, but has been improved. 
 Two mines of copper and one of iron are worked in the 
 county. Capital, \V'estmiu8ter. Pop. 2I,5;33, of whom 2.3,750 
 were i'ree. and 783 slaves. 
 
 CAlillOLL, a county in the ?.S.W. part of Virginia, bor- 
 dering on North Carolina, has an areii of 440 S(iiiare miles. 
 The New River or Kanawha, flows along the western bor- 
 der of the county, which is also drained by Reedy Island 
 River lind Chestnut Creek. The Rlue Ridge forms its 
 boundary on the S.E. Much of the land is rough and hilly; 
 the greater part, however, is well adapted to grazing. Cop- 
 per, iron ore, and leiid are found in the county. The tirayson 
 Sulphur Springs, on the bank of New lliver. have some 
 reputation as a place of summer resort. It is intersected by 
 two new turnpike-roads. Organized in 1842. having been 
 previously included in Floyd county. Capital, Hillsville. 
 Pop. 8012, of whom 7750 were free. 
 
 CARROLL, a county in the W. part of Georgia, bordering 
 on Alabama, contains 572 square nules. It is drained by 
 the Chattalioochee and Tallapoosa Rivers. The surface is 
 traversed by several ridges. The soil is based on granite 
 and otlier i>rimary rocks ; a large portion of it. however, is 
 fertile. This county contains gold-mines, which have been 
 worked and found profitable. It is abundantly supplied 
 with water-power. The countv was formed in 1826. Capital, 
 Carrollton. Pop. 11,991, of wliom 10,129 were free, and 1802 
 slaves. 
 
 CARROLL, a county in the N.W. central part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 8.iO square miles. The Yazoo 
 River, in connection with the Tallahatchie, forms the AV. 
 boundary of the county, which is also watered by the Yallo- 
 busha aiid Big Black Rivers. The surface is nearly level. 
 The bottom lands of the Yazoo are of great extent; the soil 
 is alluvial and extremely fertile. Steamboat* navig-ate the 
 Yazoo in this county at all seasons, and its branches are 
 navigable in winter. Capital, Ciirrollton. Pop. 22,035,' of 
 whom 8227 were free. 
 
 CARROLL, a parish forming the N.E. extremity of Loui- 
 siana, bordering on Arkansas, is situated between Missis- 
 sippi River and Boeuf Bayou. Area, about 1050 square miles. 
 It is drained by Tensas River and JLicon Bayou. The sur- 
 face is nearly level. Caiiital, Providence. Pop. 18,052, of 
 whom 4144 were free, and 13,908 were slaves. • 
 
 C.\RROLI., a county in the N.N.W. part of Arkan.sas, bor- 
 dering on Missouri, contains 1038 square miles. It is drained 
 by King's River and Long Creek, affluents of ^Vhite River. 
 The surface is diversified; the soil is mostly fertile. Verj' 
 beautiful yellow variegated marble is found in this county. 
 Capital. Carrollton. Pop. 9383, of whom 9053 were free, and 
 330 slaves. 
 
 CARROLL, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, has an 
 area of about 625 square miles. The South Kork of Obion 
 River rises in the county, and Big Sandy River flows 
 through it. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is highly 
 produ'tive and extensively cultivated. Capital, Hunting- 
 don. Pop. 17,4157, of whom 13,373 were free, and 4064 slaves. 
 
 CARROLL, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, border- 
 ing on Indiana, has an area of about 200 sqiiare miles. The 
 Ohio River forms its boundary on the N., and the Kentucky 
 River divides the county into nearly equal parts. The sur- 
 face is generally rolling, except the hills near the Ohio, 
 some of which are high and rather steop. The soil is calca- 
 reous and fertile. The surface rock of the county is lime- 
 stone. Organized in 1838. Capital, Carrollton. Pop. 6579, 
 of whom 5533 were free. 
 
 CARI'.OLL, a county in the E. part of Ohio, has an area 
 of 360 square miles. It is drained by Conotten. Sandy, an(l 
 Y'ellow Creeks. The surface is moderately hilly ; the soil 
 fertile. Stone coal and iron ore are abundant in the county. 
 The Sandy and Beaver Canal passes through it. Capital, 
 Carrollton. I'op. 15,738. 
 
 CAR ttOLL, a county in the N.W. central part of Indiana, 
 contains 378 square miles. It Is drained by the Wabash and 
 
 Tippecanoe Rivers. The surface is partly level and part) 
 undulating, and the soil highly productive. About oni' 
 fifth of the county was occupied by a prairie, and the othe 
 portions by forests of the oak, walnut, beech, sugar-maple 
 &c. The county is intersected by the Wabash and Eri« 
 Canal, and is lilierally supplied with water-power. Capital 
 Delphi. Pop. 13,489. 
 
 CARROLL, a county in the W.N.W. part of Hlinois, haj 
 an area of 416 square miles. The Mississippi forms its W 
 boundary, separating it from Iowa, and it is drainyd by 
 Plum, Elk, Horn, Otter, and Rush Creeks. The surface is 
 undulating, and diversified with prairies and tracts of tim- 
 ber, the former of which are the most extensive. The soil 
 is productive. A considerable quantity of leiid is procured 
 in this countv. Organized in 1836. Capital, Mount Car- 
 roll. Pop. 11,7.33. 
 
 CARROLL, a county in the N.W. central part of Mia- 
 souri, has an area of 700 scpiare miles. The Mis.souri River 
 navigable bj- steandjoats, forms its boun<lary on the S. and 
 Grand River on the E.; the county is also dnuned liy Wya- 
 conda and Big Creeks. The sin-face in some parts is undu- 
 lating, and presents extensive prairies alternating with 
 forests of oak, black walnut, sugar-ma))le, and hickory. Ihe 
 soil is generally productive. Limestone and sandstone are 
 abundant in the county. The streams furnish valuable 
 water-power. Capital, Carrollton. Pop. 9763, of whom 8695 
 were free. 
 
 CARROLL, a county in the W. central i)art of Iowa has 
 an area of 576 square mil(«. It is drained by Racoon 
 River, and the Middle Coon or Middle River. The soil in 
 fertile. The county is traversed by the route of the Cedar 
 Rapids and Missouri Railroad. Pop. 281. 
 
 CARROLL, a post-office of Penobscot CO., Maine. 
 
 CARROLL, a jiost-township of Coos co.. New Hampshire, 
 80 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 276. 
 
 CAI!ROLL,apost-townshipof Chautauqua CO., New York, 
 23 miles S.K. of Maysville, is drained by Conewango Creek. 
 Pop. 1525. 
 
 CARROLL, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. ISiio. 
 
 CARROLL, a township of Parry co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 129 L 
 
 CARROLL, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1907. 
 
 C.\RROLL, a village of Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 C.iltROI^L, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 120S. 
 
 CARROLL, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CARROLL, a j)ost-village of J-airfield co., Ohio, about 22 
 miles S.E. of Coluinl>us. 
 
 C.\RROI-L, a township of Ottaway co., Ohio. Pop. 757. 
 
 CARROLL or CARROLLTON, a post-village in Carroll 
 CO., Indiana, on the W. bank of Wabash Itiver, and on the 
 Wabash and Erie Canal, about 75 miles N.N.W. of Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 CARROLL, a village of Warren co., Illinois, 60 miles 
 W.N.W. of Peoria. 
 
 CAR'ROLLSVILLK, a post-village of Tishemingo co., Mis- 
 sissippi, about 210 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 C.\R'ROLLTON, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., New 
 York, on the Erie Railroad. Pop. 779. 
 
 CARROLLTON, a post-village of Cambria co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, a few miles N.W. of Ebensburg, has 1 Catholic cha- 
 pel, and aliout 100 inhabitants. 
 
 C.IKROLLTON, a post-office of Carroll co., Marjland, 
 
 CARROLLTON. a thriving post-village, capital of Carroll 
 CO., Georgia, on Little Tallapoosa River, 140 miles W.N.W. 
 of Milledgeville. The situation is elevated and healthy. 
 The village contains a court-house, 2 academies, several 
 churches. 2 hotels, and a masonic lodge. Several profitable 
 gold-mines are worked in the county. Pop. .319. 
 
 CARROI^LTON, a post-village, capital of Tickens co.. Ala- 
 bama, on the W. side of I,nbbub Creek. 172 miles W.N.W. 
 of Montgomery. It is situatetl in a fertile and populoas 
 district. Twonewspapersarepublishedin Carrollton. Pop. 
 about 600. 
 
 CARROLLTON, a post-viUage, capital of Carroll co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the stage-road from Jackon to Memiihis, 9C 
 miles N. of the former. It has about 700 inhabitants. 
 
 CARROLLTi iN, a thriving post-village of .Jeftbrson pa- 
 rish, Louisiana, on the left bank of the Mississippi, 7 miles 
 above New Orleans, with which it is connected by railroad 
 Many persons who are employed in business in the citj 
 have their reoidences in Carrollton. The piiblic gardens 
 of this place attract large numbers of visitors. Free popu- 
 lation, 1756. 
 
 CARROLLTON, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., Ark- 
 ansas, on Long Creek, 125 miles N.N.W. of Little l!ock. 
 
 CAKROLLTON, (formerly PORT WILr,IAM,)apost-town 
 capital of Carroll co., Kentucky, on the Ohio River, just 
 above the mouth of the Kentucky River, and about 45 
 miles N.N.W. of Frankfort. It has considerable business, 
 and contains a fine court-house, 3 or 4 churches, 1 academy 
 2 or 3 mills, 2 piano factories, and a ropewalk. Two news- 
 papers ai-e issued here. Pop. estimated at 1000. 
 
 381 
 
CAR 
 
 CARROLLTOX. a post-village of Centre township, capital 
 of (XtoU CO., Ohio, 125 miles K.N.E.of Cnhimljus. It has a 
 public square in the centre, and contains a court-house, 5 
 churches, 2 printing offices, and a number of stores. This 
 villago was formerly called Cextreville. Pop. 721. 
 
 CAKUOLLTON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 
 on the Miami I'.iver and canal, -15 miles N. of Cincinnati, 
 has aliout .300 inhabitants. 
 
 CAUROLLTON, a village and township of Carroll co., In- 
 diana, 60 miles N. by W. of Indianopolis. Top. 874. 
 
 CAKROLLTON, a thriving and ple.-vsant post-tillage, 
 capital of Greene co., Illinois, on the railroad leading 
 from Alton to jspringfield-, 70 miles S.W. of the latter. It is 
 situated in a populous and fertile dir-trict. The abundance 
 of stone coal and timber in the vicinity, together with the 
 facilities of transportation, has given rise to several manu- 
 factories. Carroliton contains 2 academies, 1 free school, 
 and 4 or 5 churches. Two newspapers are published here. 
 Pop. in 1850, 788; in ISeO, 2752. 
 
 CARROLLION, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., Mis- 
 souri, on Wvaconda Creek, 8 miles N. of Missouri River, and 
 124 miles x'.W. of .lefTerson Citv. Pop. 738. 
 
 CAR'ROLIiVILLE or CARROLLSVILLE, a post-village 
 of Tishemingo co.. Slississippi. 220 miles X.X.E. of Jackson. 
 
 CAltROLLVILLE. a post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee, 
 on Cumberland River, 110 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 CAK'ROX, a river and village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 
 the river entering the Frith of Forth, 3 miles E.X.E. of 
 Falkiik, after an eastward course of about 15 mUes. On its 
 N. biink. 2 miles X.E. of Falkirk, is the village with the 
 "Canon Iron-works," carried on by a company who employ 
 about 2500 workmen in the manufacture of all descriptions 
 of ca.«t-iron goods, and from 15 to 20 vessels in the export 
 of their produce. 
 
 CAK'ROXSHORE. a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 2 
 miles below Carron Works. Pop. 8.38. 
 
 CAR ROUGES, kaiORoozh'. a town of France, department 
 of Orne. 15 miles X.AV. of .\len50n. Pop. in 1S52. 2002. 
 
 CAR'ROWMORE', a lake of Ireland, Connaught. co. of 
 Mayo, 4 miles X.E. of TuUoghan Bay It contains several 
 islets, and discharges itself by the river Munhin into the 
 Owenmore. 
 
 CARR ROCK, ft portion of a reef in the North Sea. off 
 Fife-Xess (Scotland,) in lat. 50° 17' X., Ion. 2° 35' W., 11 miles 
 W.S.W. of Bell-rock Light-house. A masonry beacon on this 
 rock was completed in 1818, at a cost of 5000J. Elevation 30 
 feet. 
 
 CARRSnriLLE. a postxifBce of Isle of Wight co., Virginia. 
 
 C.\RRSVILLE, a postK)ftice of Cooper co.. Missouri. 
 
 CARRU, k^R-Roo'. a town of the Sardinian States, Pied- 
 mont, 6 miles X.X.K. of Mondovi. Pop. 3772. 
 
 CAR'RYALL. a township forming the X.W. extremity of 
 Paulding co.. Ohio. Pop. 979. 
 
 CAR'RYIXG PLACE, a post-village of Canada Ea.st, co.of 
 Prince Edward, situated at the head of the Bay of Quinto, 
 5 miles from Trent. It contains 1 store, 2 taverns, and a 
 tannery. Pop. about 100. 
 
 CARSE OF FALKIRK, (fil-kirk'.) a district in Scotland, 
 cos. of Linlithgow and Sterling, extends along the Fi-ith of 
 Forth from Bo'ne>:s to Airth. 
 
 C.VKSE OF GUWRIE, (gdw'ree.) a district in Scotland, co. 
 of Perth, extends for 15 miles between the lay and Sidlaw 
 hills. 
 
 CARSE OF STEROiIXG. a district in Scotland, extending 
 from Buchlj-vie to the E. extremity of the co. of Stirling, 
 consists of a rich agricultural tract of 30,000 acres. 
 
 C.\RSE'VILLE, a village of Livingston co., Illinois, on 
 Vermilion River. 
 
 CAUSII'ALTOX. a village and parish of England, co. of 
 Surrey, with a station on the Epsom Railway, 10 miles S.S.W. 
 of London. 
 
 CAR'SIXGTOX\ a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 CAR'.SOX'S LAKE, in the W. part of Utah, receives Car- 
 son's River, but has no outlet Length. 15 miles. 
 
 C.A.RSON"S VALLEY, a post-office,Utah co.. Utah Territory. 
 
 CAR'SOXVILLK, a post-village of Talbot CO., Georgia. 
 about SO miles W.S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CARSPUAIUX, kars-lairu', or CARSFERX, kars-f^m', a 
 Urge parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 CAlt'SlWlRS, a parish of Scotland, co., of Lanark. 
 
 CARS/WELL'S MILLS, a ^ilUge of Scriven co.. Georgia. 
 
 CART, two rivers of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, the united 
 stream of w hicli enters the Frith of Clyde, 6 miles below 
 Olafgow. 
 
 C.\RT,\GEX.\, kar-t.vjee'n^ (Sp. pron. kaR-td-H,Vnl ; anc. 
 Ctirtlia'ijo Niilva, or '-.New Carthage," it having been a 
 principal colony of the Cart liaginians.) a celebrated city and 
 seaport, and the chief naval arsenal of Spain, on a noble 
 bay of the Mediterranean, province, and 27 miles S.S.E. of 
 .Munia: lat. 37° 36' 5" X.. Ion. 0° 56' 36" W. Pop. in 1845, 
 27,727 ; in 178(3 it contained 60.000 inhabitants. It occupies 
 the declivity of a hill, and a small plain extending to the 
 harlx)r. which is one of the l>est in the Mediterranean, and 
 pr.iteoted from all the winds by surrounding heights, and by 
 an Island on the S., which, as well as the city, is strongly 
 382 
 
 CAR 
 
 fortified. The city, though dull, dil.ipidated and unhealthy, 
 owing to an adjacent swamp, has some good streets and 
 houses, numerous churches and convents, a marine i«chool, 
 large royal hospital, foundling hospital, town-haK, a^d 
 custom-house, observatory, theatre, circus, Ac. In its W. 
 division are docks for building men-of-war, an arsenal, and 
 &lMgne for galley-slaves. Its port communicates wilh the 
 Segura River by the Lorca Canal. Its mauufactui-es of 
 cordage and canvas, with trade in barilla and agricultural 
 produce, have decayed, but it still has a valuable tunny 
 fishery, and a glass factory recently established by an Eng- 
 lish house ; and. in 1843, 14 new smelting-works had been 
 set up here. The mines of Cartagena, originally wrought 
 by the Cathaginians, were rediscovered a few years ago; 
 and. in 1839, the new mine of La Carmen was opened sucy 
 cessfully by a joint-stock company. Since theUj dr.iiuages 
 and mining have proceeded vigorously. Cartagena was 
 taken by Scipio, H. c. 208. at which period Livy states that it 
 was one of the richest cities in the world. It was ruined 
 by the Goths : and its modern importance dates only from 
 the time of I'hilip II. 
 
 CARTAGEXA or CARTHAGEXA, kar-ta-jee/n.!. (Sp. 
 pron. kaR-ti-HA'ni.) a city and seaport of Xew Granada, in 
 South America, capital of a province of the same name, on a 
 small sandy peninsula, connected with the continent by an 
 artificial neck of land. L-it. (dome) 10° 25' 36" X. ; Ion. 76" 
 34' W. On an island, communicating with the city by means 
 of a wocden bridge, is a large subui-b called Xi.ximani. 
 Both the former and latter are suiTOunded by strong forti- 
 fications of freestone; and at a short distance from the city, 
 on the mainland, is an eminence about 150 feet high, on 
 which is built a strong fort, commanding the fortifications. 
 This eminence communicates on the E. with a range of 
 more elevated hills, terminating in a summit 550 feet above 
 the sea, on which stands the Augustine monastery of Xues- 
 tra Senhora de la Popa. The height of La Popa is not forti- 
 fied: which is unacctmntaVile, as it has several times caused 
 the fell of Cartagena without a shot being fired. The port 
 is excellent, and is the only one on the coast fit f in the 
 repair of vessels. The bay, which is land-locked, and has 
 smooth water, extends from X. to S. 7 miles, and affords 
 excellent anchorage. There were two entrances to the 
 port — the Boca Grande, close to the town, and the Boca 
 Chica, (" narrow mouth,") many miles tiirther S. ; but the 
 better to defend the approach, the former has been blocked 
 up by sinking old vessels in it. In consequence of this, 
 ships are compelled to go round by Boca Chica. a circuit of 
 30 miles, to gain the usual roadstead for frigates, which is 
 3 or 4 miles from the town. Two strong castles defeiid Boca 
 Chica. 
 
 The town and suburbs are well laid out and well built. 
 The houses are generally of stone, two stories high, w ith 
 balconies and lattices of wood, which, in this climate, has 
 the durability of iron; and the streets, though not v^ry 
 spacinu.s. are str.iight, and well paved. Among the i)ublic 
 building are numerous churches and convents, some of 
 them very splendid, a general and a military hosj'ital. a 
 town-liall. a theatre, a circus, and a college with an ave- 
 rage attendance of 200 students. The weather, especially 
 during during the rainy season, is excessively hot: and 
 thus both heat and damp combine to render the climate in 
 salubrious. Leprosy is common, and yellow-fever often 
 makes fearful ravages. In recent years, owing partly to 
 greater attention to cleanliness, mortality is said to have 
 dewKised. The chief manuCictures are ropes and s;iil-<loths. 
 The ti-ade of Cartagena, at one time considerable, has de- 
 clined very much, in consequence of the rivalship of the 
 ports of Santa Martha and Savanilla. The export trade is 
 now^almost confined to specie and bullion, conveyed by the 
 steamers of the Royal Mail Steam-Packet Company to Eng- 
 land. In 1845. the arrivals and departures of vessels were 
 39; tonnage. 5541 : value of cargoes imported. 66.78(7.; ex- 
 ported, 13.488i. In 1846, the vessels numbered 42; tonnage, 
 6502; cargoes imported. 62.708/.; exported, 48,712/. A canal 
 of 80 miles, to connect the Bay of Cartagena with the river 
 Magdnlena, is now in progress, and it is anticipated that on 
 its completion the tradeof Cartagena will revive. Pop. about 
 18,W)0. 
 
 CART.\GO, kaR-ti'go,a river and Kay of Central America, 
 on the -Mostjuito Coast; the river rising about lat. 14- 37' 
 N., and after a X.X.E. course of about 45 miles, entering the 
 bay, which is a large lagoon communicatingwith the Caril)- 
 lieiin Sea. in lat. 15° 20' X., and extending Between Ion. 83*' 
 35' and 84° 15' W. 
 
 CARTAGO. a town of Central America, capital of Cost* 
 Rica, on a river of its own name. It was formerly a pl.ic«i 
 of considerable commercial importance, and had a jKipula- 
 tion of about 37,IK"0. It then contained S^irtO houses and 
 8 chuifhes, of which all but 1 church and UK) houses wsre 
 destroyed by the earthquake of SeptemK-r 2. 1^41. X'-ai 
 the town is Mount Carti^^o. rising 11.4s0 teet above the s«v 
 level, and pi-e.»entiug indications of having at one time b«en 
 an active volcano. 
 
 CARTAGO, a town of Xew Granada, province of I'opayan, 
 in the valley of the Cauca, on the Viega. The streets ar« 
 
CAR 
 
 broad and straisbt, and it has a spacious and handsome 
 square, a cathedral, two parish churches, and a well-con- 
 ducted Lancasterian school. Its trade is principally in 
 dried beef, live pigs, fruits, coffee, superior cacao, and to- 
 bacco. The sugar<'ane th rives well here. Minerals of vari- 
 ous kinds abound, and the hills contain nitre. Cartago is 
 the entrejict for the trade of Bogota. The climate is hot, but 
 dry and healthy. Pop. 5500. 
 
 CAKT.VMA. kaR-tl'md, an ancient town of Spain, 21 miles 
 W. of .Malasra, on the (iuadaljore. Pop. 1993. 
 
 CAKTAYA, kaR-ti'yd. a town and port of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, 9 miles AV.N.\V. of Mueva, on the Piedra. It has a 
 prison, hospital, public granary, (now used as a session- 
 house.) custom-house, and an old Moorish castU, now con- 
 verted into a cemetery; docks for ship and boat building, 
 and a marine store-house. In 1843, 57 vessels entered and 
 Bailed from the port ; tonnage, 2907. The bulk of the peo- 
 ple are fishermen. Pop. 4097. 
 
 C.iK'TEK, a county in the N.E. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on North Camlina, has an area estimated at 350 
 square miles. It is intersected by Watauga Hiver, a navi- 
 gable branch of the Ilolston. The Iron Mountain forms 
 the S.E. boundary of the county, and the surface is among 
 the highest portiiiiis of the state. The mountains are co- 
 vered with forests of good timber, and contain mines of 
 iron which are thought to be inexhaustible. The soil of 
 the valleys is fertile. The streams furnish abundant mo- 
 tive-power, which is employed in several iron-works. The 
 East Tennessee and Virginia Kailroad passes near the W. 
 border of tlie county. Capital, Elizal)ethtown. Pop. 7124, 
 of whom 6750 were free, and 374 slaves. 
 
 CARTKR, a county in the N.E. pnrt of Kentucky, lias an 
 area of about 5.50 stpiare miles. It if bounded on the K. by 
 Big Sandy River, fnnvigalile for kccl-lidats.i which separates 
 it from Virginia, and intcrsectiHl by Little Sandy River and 
 Tygart's Creek. The surface is broken by hills which con- 
 tain aVmndanco of iron ore and stone coal. E*opting the 
 river bottoms, the land is too rough for cultivation. Salt ia 
 procured from sjirings near Sandy River. Carter county 
 wag formed in 18.3S, and named in honor of M'illiam Q. 
 Carter, a member of the Kentucky Senate. Cajiital, (iray- 
 son. Pop. S516, of whom 8207 were free, and 309 slaves. 
 
 CARTER C.\MP, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 C-\RTERET, kaRHeb-rA', a village of France, department 
 of Manche, on a bay of the s;ime name, in the mouth of the 
 GerHeur. opposite Jersey, in the English Channel. 
 
 CAR'TKRET. a county in the S.E. part of .North Carolina, 
 bordering on the .\tlantic and I'amlico Sound, contains 
 about 450 square miles. It is intersected by Newport 
 River, and partly sep.irated from the sea by long, narrow 
 islands, on one of which is Cape Lookout. The surface is 
 level, and much of it is covered bv swamps, and forests 
 of pitch pine. Capital, Beaufort. Formed in 17251, and 
 named in hi norof Sir George Carteret, one of the proprietors 
 of the land. Pop.SlSti.of whom 0217 were free.and 1909 slaves. 
 
 CAR'TERET. an island of the South Pacific, in Solomon 
 Archipelago. Lat. 8° 50' S. ; Ion. 160° 48' E. It bears the 
 Dame of the English navigator who discovered it in 1767. 
 
 CARTKR-FELL. Scotland. See Cheviot Hills. 
 
 CARTER HILL, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CARTER'S BRIDGE, a postK)ffice of Albemarle co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 CARTERSRURG, a post- village of Hendricks co., Indiana, 
 17 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CARTER'S STATION, a post-office of Greene co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 C ART ER'S STORE, a post-ofSce of Nicholas CO., Kentucky. 
 
 CAR'TERSVILLE, a post-office of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 CARTER3VILLK. a village of Cuml)erland CO., Virginia, 
 on the tJames River and Canal. 47 miles ^V. of Richmond. 
 It has 1 church, several stt)res. and about 50 dwellings. 
 
 CARTERSVILLE, a post-office of Darlington district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CARTERSVILLE. a thriving post-village of Cass co.. Geor- 
 gia, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad. 2 miles from the 
 Etowah River, and 143 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CARTERSVILLE, a post-office of Tishemingo CO., Missls- 
 BJppi. 
 
 CARTHAGE, kar'thij. (L. airlha'go. Gr. Kapxi^""', Kar- 
 ehedoit,) the ancient capital of a famous country of the same 
 name in NortlnM-n .\friia. the .-^ite of which is believed to be 
 a few miles N. of the city of Tunis, on the N. p irt of a small 
 peninsula. Lat. 36° 55' N. ; Ion. 10° E. About thirty years 
 after the destruction of Carthage City, (B. c. 161.) the Romans 
 attt'mpted to establish a colony on its site, which did not 
 prosper; but a second, under the n.ame of Calnnia Carlhugn, 
 rose into importance, and became the first city of Roman 
 Africa. In 439, the Vandals, under Genseric, seized it. It 
 was retaken by Belisarius in 553, but was finally destroyed 
 by the Saracens in 698. The few ruins that now e.xist be- 
 long to the Roman city. Not a trace remains of the Cartha- 
 ginian metropolis. In 1841. a monument was set up in the 
 loc'ility by the French, in memory of their King Louis IX., 
 (better known as St. Louis.) who died of the plf^^ue, May 25, 
 1270, while besieglug the neighboring city of Tunis. 
 
 CAR 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine. -32 
 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 503. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-village in Wilna township, Jefferson 
 CO., New York, on the right bank of Black River, 16 miles 
 E. of Watertown. It contains 5 churches, an academy, j, 
 bank, and 1 newspaper office; also 5 tanneries, 3 flour-mills, 
 5 saw-mills, 2 furnaces, 1 rolling-mill, 1 nail factory, and 1 
 oil and flax-mill. The river, which furnishes extensive 
 water power,is crossed hereby two bridges. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 CARTILAGE, a village of Alonroe co.. New Y^ork, on the 
 Genesee River, at the lower falls, 2 miles N. of Rochester. 
 It has a steamboat landing. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Mooro co., North 
 Carolina, about 60 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 CARTH.A.GE, a post-village of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama, 
 about 18 miles B.S.W. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 CARTILAGE, a post-village, capital of Leake co., Missis- 
 sippi, 65 miles N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Panola co., Texas, 
 about 200 miles in a direct line N. by E. of Galveston. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a thriving post-village, capital of Smith co., 
 Tennessee, on Cumberland River, opposite the mouth of the 
 Caney Fork, 50 miles by land E. of Nasliville. It has an 
 academy and 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-office of Campbell co., Kentuckv. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1127. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the 
 railroad from Cincinnati to Dayton,! O miles N. of the former. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a flourishing post-village of Rush co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Blue River, and on the Shelby ville and Knights 
 town Railroad, about 3;i miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. It 
 has an active trade, and is the second village of the county 
 in size. The river affords water-power fi>r several mills. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Hancock co., Illi- 
 nois, 12 miles from the Mississippi river, and 13 miles by 
 railroad E. of Keokuk; contains 5 churches, 1 bank, and 1 
 newspaper office. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Jasper co.. Mis- 
 souri, on Spring River, about 220 miles S.W. of Jeflerson 
 City. 
 
 CARTH.\GE. a post-office of Johnson co.. Iowa. 
 
 CARTHAGE LANDING, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New 
 York. 
 
 CARTHAGENA. See C.\rt\gena. 
 
 CARTHAGE/NA. a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 CA RTHAGO. See Cartaoo. 
 
 C.\RTH.VGO, the ancient name of Caethage, which see. 
 
 CARTICAY, a po.st-office of Gilmer co.. Qeorgi;i. 
 
 CART'LAND, a township of Kent co.. Michigan. Pop. 406. 
 
 C.\KT'.MEL. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Ljincaster. on Morecombe Bay, 12 miles N.W. ol^ Lancaster 
 Pop. in 1851. 512;j. The town lies in a romantic valley, and 
 has an old church, formerly a part of the priory founded by 
 an E.arl of I'embroke in 1188. 
 
 CARTnvORTH, a township of England, co. of Y'ork, West 
 Riding. 
 
 C.4RUPAN0, kd-roo-pd'no. a seaport town and district of 
 A'enezuela, province, and 57 miles N.E. of Cumana, within 
 a few miles of Cariaco, agreeably situated at the opening 
 of two fine valleys. Lat. 10° 40' N.; Ion. 63° 22' W. A bat- 
 tery, seated on an eminence, defends the port. It has some 
 traffic in horses and mules; and in 1847, the arrivals at the 
 port were 22 vessels; tonnage, 789; departures, 67; ton- 
 n.ige, 1186. Pop. 5000. 
 
 CARVALIIO. kaR-vil'yo, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beii-a. at the foot of a mountain of the same name, 16 miles 
 S.E. of Coimbra. 
 
 CAR/VER, a post-township of Plymouth co., Massachu- 
 setts, 38 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. l>op. 1186. 
 
 CARVER'S FERRY, a post-office of Jessamine co., Ken- 
 
 CAlivER'S HARBOR, a postofflee of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 CARA'ERSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 CAR'VERTON, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 CAR/VILLE, a village in the N.W. part of Washington 
 CO., Illinois, about 2 miles N.W. of the Kaskaskia River. 
 
 C.'VRVIN-EPINOY, kaRS4N"'-i'pee'uwd', a town of France, 
 department of Pas-de-Calais, 14i miles E.S.E. of Be hune, 
 near a station of the Railway-du-Nord. Pop. 4038. It has 
 manufactures of beet-root, sugar and starch. 
 
 CARVOIERO, or PENICHE. See Cape Carvoeiro. 
 
 CAR'W.iR/. a ruined seaport town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, at the mouth of the Cauly River, in the 
 Indian Ocean. 50 miles S.S.E. of Goa. In the seventeenth 
 and eighteenth centuries it was an important seat of Euro- 
 pean commerce. 
 
 CA'RYSFOOT ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is a coral 
 reef encircling a lagoon, in lat. 20° 44' S.: ion. 138° 22' W. 
 
 CA'RYSFORT, M.\CRED'D1N, or MOYCREE'DIN. a dis- 
 franchised borough of Ireland, in Leinst*!r. co. of Wicklow, 
 5 miles S.W. of Rathdrum. It gives the title of earl to the 
 Proby family, in whose fine seat, near the village, is a curi- 
 ous ancient obelisk, 100 feet high. 
 
 CA'RY^SVILLE, a post-office of Champaign co.. Ohio. 
 
 383 
 
CAR 
 
 CAS 
 
 CARYTEXA, kl-re-tee'nJ, a Tillage of Greece, In Arcadia, 
 17 miles W. of Tripolitza, near the Carbonaro. It has an 
 old castle, for years the residence of the celebrated chief 
 Colocotroni. Pop. 1000. 
 
 CA'RYVILLE. a village of Genesee co., New York, con- 
 tains 7 stores. 2 churches, and a flourishing academy. 
 
 CASABA, lii-saai. or CAS!? ABA, Iva-s-sdliia townof Asia 
 Minor, in Anatolia, 30 miles N.E. of Smyrna. It has two 
 handsome mosques, some dirty street,", and a bazaar. It is 
 renowned for it« pears and melons, which, with cotton and 
 cotton manufactures, compose its principal exports. 
 
 CAS.UJA orCASSABA, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of 
 Karamania. 84 miles S. S.E. of Konieh. It is enclosed by 
 ruinous walls, is mostly built of stone, has a good bazaar, 
 and presents many traces of former prosperity. 
 
 CASA-BKAXCA, Ivi'sl-brdn'kl a new town of Braail, pro- 
 vince of St. Paul. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CASA-BRAN'CA, a village of B/azil, province of Minas- 
 Geraes. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CASACaLeNDA. ka-si-kilfn'da, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Molise, 18 miles N.E. of Campobasso, at the foot of 
 a, liill. It has three churches, one of which is in good Tus- 
 can style, and a convent. Silk-worms ar« reared in the 
 neighborhood, and the district produces wine and fruit of 
 good quality. Pop. 5190. 
 
 CASACCIA,ka-.safcha. (Qer. KasOtach. kS-aitch',) a village 
 of Switzerland, canton of Grisons. capital of the valley of 
 Bregaglia. S. of Mount Septimer. and 13 miles X.E. of Chia- 
 venna. Pop. 250. It is an entrepot for goods passing be- 
 tween Switzerland, the Tyrol, and Italy. 
 
 CASALAXGUIDA, ki-si-Un'gwe-di a village of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Cit)-a. 11 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 2306. 
 
 CASAL BELLOTTO, kd-sil' bSl-lot/to, a town of Italy, In 
 Lombardv. 23 miles E.S.E. of Cremona. Pop. 1340. 
 
 CASAL BOKDIXO, ki-sdl' boR-'Jee'nc, a town of Italy, in 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 7 miles N.W. of Vasto. 
 Pop. um. 
 
 CASAL BORE, kJl-s3l' bo'rA, a towTi of Naples, province 
 of Priucipato Ultra, 7 miles X. W. of Ariano. Pop. 1640. 
 
 CASAL BOItGONE, ki-sil' toR-go'ni. a town of Italy, in 
 the Sardinian States, 14 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2091. 
 
 OASAL BUTTAN'O, id-sll' booMd'no, a town of Italy, in 
 Lombardv, S miles N.N."SV. of Cremona. Pop. 3903. 
 
 CASAL CIPRIANI, kis-sil' chepre-^nee. a town of Italy, 
 In Naples, province of Molise. fij miles W. of Campobasso. 
 
 CASAL DI PRINCIPE, kl-sjl' dee prin'che-pA, a town of 
 Italy, in Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 14 miles S.AV. 
 of Casertii. 
 
 CASAL DUNI, kl-sdl' doo'nee. a town of Italy, in Naples, 
 province of Molise. 21 miles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 2700. 
 
 CASALE. ka-sd^A. a province of Sardinia, in the vallev of 
 the Po. Area, 327 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 121,860. 
 
 CAS.^LE. (anc. Bndincomhigus, f) a town ot the Sardinian 
 States, capital of the province of Casale. division, and 18 
 miles N.N.W. of Ales.sandria, on the right bank of the Po. 
 The citadel, founded in 1590 by Duke S'icenzo, was one of 
 the strongest in Italy. The castle or palace is still stand- 
 ing, but tlie ramparts have been converted into promenades, 
 and the defences are now insi'jnificent. The catliedral is s;iid 
 to have l»een founded in 742. There are sevei-al other churches, 
 a seminary, several convents, two hospitals, an orphan hos- 
 pital, college, public library, theatre, corn magazine, seve- 
 ral silk-spinning mills, a parade, and public garden. The 
 trade of the town is inconsiderable. Casale is the seat of a 
 bishopric and district court of justice. It wag the capitiU of 
 the ancient marquisate or duchy of Montferrat, where, in 
 1640, the Due d'llarcourt defeated the Spaniards. Casale 
 was taken and retaken several times by the French and 
 Austrians, and it formed, for a time, part of the department 
 of Marengo, in the French Republic. Pop. 17.061. 
 
 C.VS.iLE. a town of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 
 province of Pallanza. on the Sti-ona. Pop. 1900. 
 
 CASALE, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro. 2it miles S.E. of Sora. Pop. 1600. 
 
 CASALE, a village of Northern Italy, 7 miles S. E. of 
 Treviso. 
 
 CASALE BELLA TRINITA, Yl-fMk 6.lV\i tre-ne-t^/, a 
 town of Italy, in Naples, province of Capitanat;i. on Lake 
 Salpi, 25 miles E.S.E. of Foggia. There are salt-works in the 
 neighborhood, belonging to the crown. Pop. 3S00. 
 
 CASALE DI LECCE, ki-sJOA dee iSfchi, a town of Italy, 
 In Naples, province of Abruzro Ultra II., 34 miles S.S.E. of 
 Aquila. Pop. 1072. 
 
 CASALR LO STDRNO, kl-sSnAlo stooR'no, atown of Italy, 
 In Naple*. piovince of Principato Ultra, 1 mile N.E. of Frl- 
 gento. I'op. 2130. 
 
 CASALE XUOVO. ki-sJ/lA noo-o'vo. a town of Italy, in 
 Toscariy. province of Pisa, 16 miles N. ot Campiglia. 
 
 CASAL MAGGIORE, U-^V mad-jo/ri. a town of Lom- 
 bftrdy, 22 miles E.S.E. of Cremona, on the Po. Pop. 4907. 
 It has manufactures of glass, earthenware, and cream of 
 tartar. 
 
 CASALNOCETTO. ka-sll-n(w?hJt/to, a vUlage of Piedmont, 
 6 miles E.N.E. of Tortona. Pop. 1130. 
 CASALNOVO, kd-sdl-no'To, or CASAL-NUOVO, ki*ll 
 2S4 
 
 noo-o'TO, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 9 
 miles N.W. of Nicastro. near the Savuto. Pop. 1610. 
 
 C.^SALNUOVO. kd-sil-noo-o'vo, a town of Naples, province 
 of Cilabria Cifra, 14 miles E.N.E. of Castrovillaii, near the 
 G ulf of Taranto. Pop. 6] 30. 
 
 CASALNUOVO, a town of Naples, province of Naples, 3} 
 miles E. of Casoria. Pop. 2800. 
 
 CASALNUOVO or CASALNOVO. a town of Naples, pro- 
 yince of Principato Citra, 14 miles S.S.E. ot Sala. Pep. 1700. 
 
 CASALNUOVO, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 
 15 miles S.W. of St. Severe. Pop. IHM. 
 
 CASAL-PUSTERLENGO, kd-s/ll'poos-tJR-len'go, a town of 
 Northern Italy, government of Milan. 13 miles ^.V.. of Lodi, 
 on tlie Brembiolo. It is the seat of several pul lie offices, 
 and contains a parish church and sanctu.ary ; has manufac- 
 tures of linen and eilk goods and earthenware, and carries 
 on a considerable trade, particularly in Parmes;»n cheese, 
 which is here made in gre.at quantities. Pop. 5601. 
 
 CASALTRINITA. kd-sdl-tre-ne-a', a village of Napled. 
 See Casale della Trixita. 
 
 CASALVECCniO. ki-sai-vfk'ke-o, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Capitanata, 25 miles W.N.W. of Foaitia. Pop. 1600. 
 
 CASALVECCIII ). a village of Sicily, on a mountain, 23 
 miles S.W. of Messina. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CASALVIERI. kd-sdl-ve-i'ree, a town of Naples, provinoe 
 of Terra di Lavoro, 7 miles S.S.E. of Sora. Pop. 3670. 
 
 CASAMANZ.\., kd-sd-mdn'zd, a river of M estem Africa, 
 in Senegambia, enters the Atlantic 60 miles S. of the 
 Gambia River. On the N. side of its entrance, the French 
 have establi.shed a trading station. 
 
 CASAMAP.CIANO, kd-sd-maR-cha/no, a vilL-^e of Naples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, \\ miles N.E. of Nola. witli 
 1790 inhabitants, and a magnificent and rich convent, 
 founded in 11.34. 
 
 CASAMASSIMA, k3-sii-ma.«'se-ml a town of Naples, 13 
 miles S. of Bari. Pop. .3750. Ith.asaconvent and two abbeys. 
 
 CASAMKCIOLA, ka-sa-mit-cho/ld, a town of Naples. 12 
 miles S.W. of Puzzuola, .it the foot of Mount Epomeo. Pop. 
 3420. It has thermal .springs and baths. 
 
 C.A.S.\N.\RE. kS-sd-ni'r.i, a river of New Granada, issuing 
 in the mountains of Chita, and after an E. course of about 180 
 miles through immense plains, falls into the Meta a little 
 E. of the confluence of the Chire. Lat. 5° 58' N. It is navi- 
 gable for small craft throughout the year. 
 
 CAS.\NAKE, a town of New Granada, on the .ibove river. 
 Lat. 5° o6° N.; Ion. 71° 50' W. It has a good harbor, and 
 900 inhabitants, chiefly Indians. 
 
 C.\SANARE. a province of New Granad.a, department of 
 Boyaca, extending from the E. slope of the Andes to the 
 Orinoco. 
 
 CAS.\NDRINO, kJ-sSn-dree'no. a village of Southern 
 Italy, 6 miles N. of Naples. Pop. 29U0. 
 
 C.iS.A.NOVA, kd-sji-no'vi, a town of Naples, province ot 
 Terra di Lavoro. 2 miles N.W. of Ca.serta. 
 
 CASAPULLA. kd-si-pool'll a town of N.nples, 3 miles N. 
 W. of Caserta, on the ro-ad to Capua. 
 
 CASARABOXELA. kd-sd'rit-bo-nA'll a town of Spin, 29 
 miles AV.N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 4666. It has considerable 
 commerce in wine and fruit. 
 
 CAS.\RANO, k.4-sd-ri'no. a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto. 12 miles S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 2600. 
 
 CA.SAR-DE-C.A.CERES, kd'.saR da kl'lha-rJs. a town of 
 Spain, 10 miles N.N.W. of Ciiceres. Pop. 4047, employed In 
 linen weaving and m.mufactures of leather. 
 
 CASARES. kd'si-res, a town of Spain. 52 miles W.S.W. of 
 MiiLiga. Pop. 4500. It has active manufactures of leather, 
 and brandy distilleries. 
 
 CASARICHE, kd-sd-ree'ch.A. a town of Sp.iin, Andalusia, 
 62 miles E. of Seville, on the Yeguas. Pop. 2125. 
 
 CASARZA, kd-saRd'zi, a village of Northern Italy, Sar- 
 dinian States. 6 miles S.E. of Chiavari. Vo\>. 900. 
 
 CASAS-D1:-IBASeZ, ka'sis-d4-»e-l>an'yfth, a town of 
 Spain, 25 miles N.E. of Albacete. Pop. 3270. 
 
 CASAS-DE-MILL.\N, k.Vsds-<li-meel-y4n'. a village of E»- 
 tremadura. 20 miles N. by E. of Caceres, on the right bank 
 oftheTagus. Pop. 1817. 
 
 CASAS-Dli-VES, kj'sds dA tJs. a town of New Castile. 32 
 miles N.E. of Albacete. on the Ixirders of Valencia, and the 
 right bank of the Gabriel. The inhabitants are engaged in 
 weaving, and in trading in grain, fruits, cotton, wool, and 
 silk. Pop. 3,385. 
 
 CASAS-GK ANDES, kS'.sas-grJn'dJs. a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state of Chiliuahu.a, 35 miles S. of Llanos, 
 apparently at one period a place of consiiierable extent, as 
 the country for some distance around it is covered with the 
 ruins of buildings capable of accommodating 30.00(1 inha- 
 bitants. Its present population may amount to alxjut 3iti'0. 
 
 CASATE-NUOVO, kd-sd't-^-noo-o'vo. a village of Northern 
 Italy, 18 miles N. bv E. of Milan, with a church and small 
 convent. Pop. 2400. 
 
 CASBIN. a town of Persia. See Kasbis. 
 
 C.\S"CADE', a township of Lycoming co., PennsylTania. 
 Pop. 579. 
 
 C.4SCADE. a post ofllce of Pittsylvania co., Virginia. 
 
 CASaAD£, a township in Kent co., Michigan. Pop. S9i 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 CASCADE, a village of St. Joseph co., Michigan, 140 miles 
 N. by W. of Detroit. 
 
 CASCADE, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 56 miles 
 N.E. of Ic.wa City. Top. of Cascade township 1094. 
 
 CASCADE, a tliriving post-village of Sheboygan co., Wis- 
 consin. 90 miles N.E. of Madison. 
 
 CASCADE CITY, the capital of Skamania co.. Washinfrton 
 Territory, on the Columbia lUver, at the Ca.scades, 50 miles 
 E. by N. of Fort A'ancouver. 
 
 C-iSCADE RANGE, a chain of mountains in the W. part 
 of Oregon, running in general nearly N. and S., at the dis- 
 tance of from 100 to 200 miles from the Pacific. It is a con- 
 tinuation of the Sierra Nevada of California. The highest 
 summits of the Cascade Kange vary from 10,000 to 17,900 
 feet, the latter being the altitude of Mount St. Elias, in 
 Russian America, generally supposed to be the highest land 
 in North .■Vmerica. The name is derived from the cascades 
 of the Columbia, which are formed where this river breaks 
 through the Cascade Range. 
 
 0.\SC.\K!?, kds-ki'Ss, almost kJs-k3'Jngs, a seaport town 
 of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the Atlantic, 15 miles \V. 
 ofLislxjn. Pop. 2600. It has a small harbor protected by 
 two forts, and manufactures of woollens. 
 
 CASC.iNTE. k^s-kin't.i. (anc. ft<.''C<(?!'tem,)atownofSpain, 
 in Navarre. 5.3 miles S. of Pamplona, on the Queiles. Pop. 2928. 
 
 C.A..SC.\.NTE, a village of .Spain, 10 miles S. of Teruel. 
 
 C.i.SC.4VEL, kis-kd-vM', a new town of Brazil, founded in 
 1S41. iu the province of Cearu,at the foot of the mountain of 
 same name, on the river, and 40 miles S.W. of the port of 
 Ceara. Pop. of district, iu 1846, Sfy.tO. 
 
 CASCIA. kd'slid, a town of Central Italy, in Umbria, for- 
 merly caiiital of the government of same name in the I'on- 
 titical States, la miles E. <)f Spoleto. Pop. 3200. 
 
 CASCIA.\.A.-DKI-UAaNI, kd-sha'nd-di/ee-ban'yee, a vil- 
 lage of Tuscany. 16 miles S.E. of Pisa, on a hill iu the Val 
 d'Era. Pop. 1152. 
 
 CASCIANO, ki-sh.Vno, a village of Tuscany, 9 miles S.S.W. 
 of Florence, on the Ema, in the Vale of Arno. Pop. 1800. 
 The name Casciaxo is also applied to numerous other small 
 places in Tuscany. 
 
 CASC1X.\, kd-shee'na, a village of Tuscany, 8 miles E.S.E. 
 of Pisa, on the .\rno. Pop. in 1845, 2588. 
 
 CAS'CO. a post-township in Cumberland co., Maine, on 
 Crooked Cr.'ek. 45 miles W.S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1116. 
 
 CASCO. a township of St. Clair co., Michigan. Pop. 1084. 
 
 CAS'COB, a parish of England and Wales, cos. of Radnor 
 and lIi?reford. 
 
 CASCO B.\Y, Cumberland co., Maine, lies between Cape 
 Elizaljeth and Cape Small Point. It e.xtends E. from Port- 
 land about 20 milns. and contains upwards of 300 islands. 
 
 CASELLE, ki-sJllA a town of the Sardinian States, 8 
 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 4288. It has manufactures 
 of silk twist and paper. 
 
 CASELLK, ki-siVlL, a town of Lombardy, 6i miles S.W. 
 oflodi. Pop. 1500. 
 
 CASELLE LANDI, kl-sjll.-l lin'dee, a village of Lom- 
 bardy, 19 miles S.E. of Lodi. Pop. 2798. 
 
 CASEXKCIL. See Cassenewl. 
 
 CASERT.'V, ki-siiii/ta. a town of Naples, province of Terra 
 di Laroro, in a fine plain, 17 miles N.E. of Naples, and 6 
 miles S.E. of Capuiv. P. 10,895. It has numerous churches, a 
 convent, a hospitiil. a military school, and fine barracks ; its 
 principal edifices, however, are a royal palace and an aque- 
 duct, both constructed by Vanvitelli for Charles III. The 
 palace is, in point of size and architecture, one of the most 
 magnificent rojtil residences in Europe, and comprises a 
 chapel, and a large theatre, decorated with columns from 
 an ancient temple of Serapis. The park is of vast extent. 
 The gardens are supplied with water by the fine a<iueduct, 
 extending hence from Airola, nearly 27 miles distant. Near 
 Ca.serta is the royal silk factory of St. Lencio, where 700 or 
 800 persons weave annually from 2000 to 3000 pieces of 
 gros de iV:(/)/es. 
 
 CASERTA VECCHIA. kd-sSR/td vjk'ke-l a small fortified 
 town. 3 miles N.E. of Caserta. Pop. 12C0. It is an arch- 
 bishop's see. and has a cathedral and an episcopal palace. 
 
 CASE'S, a postroffice of Travis co.. Texas. 
 
 CASE'VILLE, a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, 76 
 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 C.4.'SEY. a county in the S. central part of Kentucky. Area, 
 850 square miles. It is traversed by Green River, and the 
 Rolling Fork of Salt River. The surface Is high and broken. 
 Formed in 1806, ;ind named in memory of Colonel William 
 Ca-sey, a pioneer in the settlement of Kentucky. Capital, 
 Liberty. Pop. 6,466, of whom 5800 were free, and 666 slaves. 
 
 (JASEY, a township of De Kalb co., Georgia. 
 
 CASEY, a post-vilh.ge of Clarke co., Illinois, on the Na- 
 tional Road. 100 miles E. of Springfield. 
 
 CA'SEYVUjLE, a post-oflice of Copiah co., Mississippi. 
 
 CASEYVILLE, a post-village of Union CO., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River, 220 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 CASII.iN. a town of Persi.i. See Kashan. 
 
 CASIIKEN/ BAY, Ireland. Connaught. co. of Galway, is 
 on the \V. side of the island of Garomna. easy of access, aud 
 With depth of water sufficient for large ships. 
 Z 
 
 CASflfEL. a city, and parliamentary and mur.lc'pa' b.> 
 rough of Ireland, Munster, co. of Tipperary, 49 u.iks .N.N.K. 
 of Cork, on the road to Dublin. Pop. of the city, 70G6; of 
 piirliameutary borough, 8027. It sfctndti iu the centre of a 
 rich agricultural district, at the foot of the Rock of Cashel, 
 a limestone height, on which is the mo.xt interesting as- 
 semblage of ruins in Ireland, consisting of a round tower 
 a chapel of Saxon and Norman anhitecture, the ancient 
 cathedral, a castellated palace, and the ruins of an abbey, 
 all within an enclosed area. Principal edifici'S, the new and 
 elegant cathedral and parish church, a nunnery. Roman 
 Catholic and other chapels, the Infirmary, Hospital, Na- 
 tional School, Town Coramissioner's-house. Court-house. In- 
 fantry Uarrack.s, and the -Archbishop's Palace, containing ji 
 goci library. Near the town are the remains of the Ilore 
 Abbey, and of a Dominican priory. Cashel is an arch- 
 bishop's see. now combined )vith the .sue of Waterford, 
 where the diocesan resides. It sends one member to the 
 House of Commons. Donald O'lirion, King of Limerick, 
 and his nobles, swore allegiance to Henry II., at Cashel, 
 in 117-2. 
 
 CASHEL, a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Longford. 
 
 CASH'ER'S VALLEY, a postrofllce of Macon co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CASIIGAR, Chinese Toorkistan. See KAsno.^R. 
 
 C.\SH'IK, a small river of North Carolina, flows S.E. 
 through Bertie county, and enters Roanoke River alxnit 10 
 miles from its mouth. It is navigable for sloops to Windsor. 
 
 CASiIMERi;*.KASHMIR.K.\CHEMIRor('.\CHE.MIRE, 
 kdsh-meer'. written also KA.-^CHKMIR and KACHMIR, a 
 country of llindostan. Punjab dominions, comprised between 
 lat.33°27'and 34° 37' X., and Ion. 74°3(>' ,i7id 7(i° 14' E. Area 
 estim.ited at 4500 square miles. It con.«ists of an extensive 
 valley of an irregular oval form, lying N.W. and S.E. from 
 5500 to 6000 feet above the sea, and surrounded on all sides 
 by lofty mountiiin.s, secondary ranges of the Himalayas. 
 Tiie alluvial plain in the bottom of the valley is estimated 
 at 75 miles long, by 40 miles broad. The mountain range 
 which encloses the valley is, on the N., called the Durawur 
 and Kuhiama Mountains; N.E., the Ilaramuk and Sona- 
 murg Mountains: E., the snowy Panjal ; S., the Futi Panjal 
 and Panjal of Banihal ; and W., the Pir Panjal. Excepting 
 for a fifth part of the circumference S.W. of the capital Seri- 
 nagur, their summits appear to he covered with perpetual 
 snow. The highest peak .seems to be the Pir I'anjal, 15,000 
 feet high, on tlie S.^V'. Iwundary of the valley ; and on the 
 N.E. the Haramuk is 13,000 feet. The mountains generally 
 appear to be of basaltic formation, presenting, at times 
 beautiful amygdiiloidal trap: in the N.W. schistous rocks, 
 penetrated by quartz veins, ri.se to the height of 500 or lOOO 
 feet; and N.W. of these gypsum appears. Primary rocks 
 are rare, and though granite blocks are sometimes met 
 with, that rock has not been found in situ. I'ebbly conglo- 
 merate, sandstone, and clay, overspread large spaces on the 
 lower slopes of the mountains. Iron has been found abun- 
 dantly, imbedded in the limestone; lead is worked, and 
 copper is known to exist in the valley. Plumbago abounds 
 in the Pir Panjal; e.xcellent limestone exists in inex- 
 haustible quantities, .some of it in the form of fine black 
 marble. The valley is entered by numerous passes, 11 of 
 which are said to be practicable for horses, but none of them 
 for wheeled carriages. The most important are the Bar.a- 
 mula and Punch, on the W. frontier, the latter 8500 feet 
 high; Banihal on the S., 9690 feet; and Nabog on the E., 
 all practicable at all seasons of the year. The Pir Panjal 
 1'a.ss is 12,.500 feet high; and the Luudipur, leading to 
 Iskardo, Is 11.271 feet. Cashmere is watered by the Jhylum 
 or Behut, which, rising in the fountains of the S.E. 
 frontier, flows N.W. through the centre of the vallej', re- 
 ceiving numerous streams from both sides. The principal 
 lakes are the Dal or City Lake, close by the capital. 6 miles 
 long by 4 broad; the Manasa l!ul; and the Great WuUur 
 Lake, which is merely a shallow expansion of the .Jhylum, 
 20 miles long by 9 broad. The smaller lakes are Opun and 
 Wusikara; and numerous small expanses of water in the 
 mountain.s. The whole of the valley is thus most admirably 
 supplied with the means of irrigation. 
 
 The soil is, in general, exceedingly fertile. Rice is the 
 principal crop, the returns being from thirty to forty fold, 
 and iu favorable seasons as high as fifty or sixty. AS'heat, 
 barley, millet, buckwheat, and maize, are also cultivated! 
 Tobacco is cultivated, but to a very limited extent; cot- 
 
 * In familiar discourse, we very often hear this name accen- 
 tuated on the first syllable; e.g. in the phrase, "a Cashmere 
 shawl." Cashmere, in such cases, may be considered simply aa 
 an English word, having become thoroughly anglioiied. When, 
 however, the country itself is spoken of, the almost invariable 
 practice of the best speakers, as well as the usage of the poets, 
 will, we believe, be found to justify the pronunciation above 
 given. 
 
 " Who has not heard of the Vale of Cash.were, 
 
 With its roses the brightest that earth ever gave f 
 Its temples, and grottos, and fountains as clear 
 As the love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave?" 
 Moore's Lalln Ruokh. 
 365 
 
c^s 
 
 CAS 
 
 ton more larjiely. Great quantities cf saffron, of excel- 
 lent quality, is grown, and most of it exported. Esculent 
 vegetables are produced in great variety and abundance, 
 including kidney-bean, turnip, cabl)age, beet-root, radisli, 
 capiscum. <tc. Among the natural productions, the most 
 valuable is the Singhara or vrater-nut, the seed of Trapa 
 hispiuosa, on which a large portion of the poorer inhabitants 
 almost wholly subsist. It grows in the WuUur Lake, from 
 which about 60,000 tons are annually taken. The nuts are 
 eaten raw, boiled, roasted, or ground into flour, and made 
 Into gruei. and, though insipid, are extremely nutritious. 
 The principal fruits are apples, pears, plums, cherries, apri- 
 cots, &z. Among the finest trees of Cashmere are the deodar 
 or Himalayan cedar, (Cetlrus deodara,) the chunar. (PUita- 
 nus orientalis.) the poplar, and the lime, all of which 
 abound, and attain a great size and luxuriance, and the 
 wild chestnutrtree. growing to a size far exceeding that of 
 the European variety, some measuring 100 feet from the 
 ground to the parting of the branches. Maple, willow, and 
 white thorn are common, and on the steep declivities of the 
 mouutfiins, birch, alder, and various kinds of pine. Flowers 
 of various kinds, and of surpassing beauty, grow every- 
 where in vast profusion, especially roses, which are care- 
 fully cultivated for the sake of the attar extracted from 
 them. 
 
 Cashmere has been long celebrated for its shawls. The 
 wool used in their manuCicture is of two kinds, one ob- 
 tained from the tame, and the other from the wild goat, 
 wild sheep, and other wild animals. The fine down grow- 
 . ing next to the skin alone is taken, the long hairs being all 
 picked out by tlie hand. Three weavers are employed on 
 an embroidered shawl, of an ordinary pattern, for three 
 months; but a very rich pair will occupy a shop for IS 
 months. The demand for the shawls of Cashmere has. fi-om 
 various causes, greatly fallen off of late years, and is still 
 on the wane. This country has long been nearly as famous 
 for its gun and pistol barrels as for its shawls. Paper, 
 and leather for saddlery, are also manufactured, both of 
 superior quality; the paper is said to be the finest made 
 in India. Lacquered ware, of the most beautiful descrip- 
 tion and nicest workmanship, is likewise among the pro- 
 ducts of Cashmere; and the lapidaries excel in taste and 
 skill those of Europe; the attar of roses made in the valley 
 is considered superior to any other. The total amount of 
 the annual exports of Cashmere has been estimated at 
 400.0001., and the imports at 50.000/. 
 
 The greater part of the population are Jlohammedans. 
 In physical qualities, the natives of Cashmere excel all 
 other branches of the great Indi.an n.ation. being tall, ro- 
 bust, and handsomely formed. In disiKisition they are 
 lively, witty, and good-humored, but addicted to all the vices 
 common to the other tribes of India. Their language is a dia- 
 lect of Sanscrit, containing a large admixture of Persian, in 
 which the records and correspondence of government are 
 written. In 16S6, Cashmere was subjugated by the Em- 
 peror Akbar, and was incorporated in his empire. The Af- 
 ghans vanquished it in 1762, and held it till 1S19, when it 
 was conquered by the Sikhs, and continued under the do- 
 minion (if the Maharajah of the Punjab till 1849. since which 
 period it has 1 een under the protertinn of the British. Pop. 
 about 200.000. It having been reduced, in twenty years, from 
 
 800.000, by ejirthquakes. pestilence, and famine. Adj. and 
 
 inhab. Cashmemax. kdsh-me©'re-.an. 
 
 C.VSHMERE. capital of the above country. See Serixaour. 
 
 C.\SII lUVKR, near the southern extremity of Illinois, 
 fells into the Ohio near its mouth. 
 
 CASH'S NOB. a post-office of Montgomery co.. Kentucky. 
 
 C.\SH'TOWN,a posb>village of Adams co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the turnpike between Gettysburg and Chamliersburg, 
 9 miles W.N.W. of the former. 
 
 CASII'^■ILLE,a post-office of Spartanburg district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 C.\S'KETS, a dangerous group of rocks in the English 
 Channel, 7 miles AV. of Alderney. On the highest is a 
 light-house, in lat. 49° 43' X.. Ion. 2° 22' W. Off these 
 rocks. Prince William, son of Henry I. of England, and his 
 suite perished in 1119; and the A'ictory, 110 guns, foundered 
 in 1744. 
 
 CASXO'VIA. a post-office of Ottawa co., Michigan. 
 
 CASO. See Oaxo. 
 
 CASOLA. kS/so-li, a town of Naples, 3 miles E. of Castel- 
 a->Iare. Pop. 2780. 
 
 CASOLA, a village of Northern Italy, 29 miles S.W. of 
 Bologna. 
 
 CASOLE. k^o-U, several villages of Tuscany, the princi- 
 pal In the province, and 15 miles W. of Sienna. Pop. 1113. 
 
 C.VSOLI. kil/so-lee, a town of Naples, province of .tbruzzo 
 Cltra. on a mountain 17 miles S.S.W. of Chletl. Pop. 5530. 
 
 CASOllATE, ki-so-ri'tA, a town of Northern Italy, in 
 Lombardy, 11 miles N. W. of Pavia. Pop. 2956. 
 
 C.\S0K'IA. ki-so/ree-i, a town of Naples, 6 miles X.X.E. 
 of Naples. It has 4 fine churches, and is the residence of a 
 district judge. Silk is produced in the neighborhood. 
 Pietro Martino. the painter, was born here. Pop. 7924. 
 
 CASPE. kls'pi, a town of Spain, In Aragon, province of 
 380 
 
 Saragossfi. 12 miles X.N.E. of AIcaBiz. on the left bank of 
 the Guadalupe, near it,*! confluence with the Ebro. on seve» 
 ral small hills and In the Intervening valleys. It has paved 
 street.s, 1 principal and 9 smaller squares, a handsome 
 Gothic collegiate and 2 other churches, several chapels, 
 3 schools, a town-hall and prison in a suppressed convent, 
 an hospital, and several public fountains. It has mauu£i(V 
 tures lu wine oU. and soap ; and some trade Is also carried 
 on In grain and cattle. Pop. 7500. 
 
 CASPIAN (kas'pe-an> SEA, (anc. L., Mafrt aia'pium rd n>ir- 
 canium ; Gr. Kaania QaXaaca,) a large Inland sta, lying bo- 
 tween Europe and Asia, or more precisely between lat. 36° 55' 
 and 47° 30' X. : and Ion. 40° 4s' and 55° 25' E. G reatest length 
 from X. to^S., 760 miles; gre.atest breadth S. part about let. 
 45° X'., 270 miles ; narrowest part lietweeu Cape Apsheron 
 in Europe, and Cape Tarta in .\sia. 150 miles. Bounded N. 
 and \V. by Russia and Persia. E. by the Kirgheez steppe and 
 Khiva, and S. by Persia. Are.a, 140.000 square miles, drain- 
 ing. In Europe alone, an extent of 850.000 .square miles. 
 Although, at some points, the Ca.spian attains a considera- 
 ble depth. (Ilanway having in one place found no bottom at 
 4S0 fathoms.) it is remarkable for its shallowness generally, 
 especially along its shores, where it seldom exM«ds 3 feet 
 for a distance of 100 yards from the land. Its E. and W. 
 coasts, particularly the former, are ^deeply indented with 
 bays and gulfs, while the southern shores are almost un- 
 broken. The principal bays on the Asiatic side are Emba 
 B.ay, Mertvoi Gulf. Karasoo Inlet. Manghishlak Gulf, Bay 
 of Alexander, Kenderlinsk Gulf, Koolee Delia Bay, and 
 Ballitnn Bay. On the opposite, or European side, occur the 
 gulfs of Kizll Agatch and Kooma, (Kouma.) with several 
 less marked indentations. The only one on the southern 
 coast is Astrabad Bay, If the inletrof Enzelee, (Enzeli.) which 
 has only four feet of water, be excluded. 
 
 The Caspian contains numerous Islands, but not many 
 of any great extent. The largest are on the Asiatic side, 
 the greatest number on the European, particulafly about 
 the mouths of the Volga, and along the coasts to the X'J£ 
 and S.W. of them, where they lie closely crowded togethei 
 in countless numbers, most of them, hswever, being mere 
 Islets. 
 
 The waters of the Caspian are salt, but not nearly .so much 
 so as those of the ocean. It has no tides, and no outleU, its 
 superfluous waters being carried off solely by evaporation. 
 In the region of the Volga, including the t<.'rritory from 
 that river S.E. to the Emba. and S.AV. to the left Kank of 
 the Soolak, (Sulak.) the whole seaboard is composed of recent 
 alluvium, deposited by the several streams. From S. of the 
 Sofilak to .\psheron, the coast Is of upper tertiary fonnatlon, 
 broken into at some points by carboniferous strata. S. of 
 Ap.sheron. and round the southern extremity of the sea. the 
 coast is low and sandy — backed at some distance by lofty 
 hills. The eastern and south-eastern coasts have generally 
 a cretaceous subsoil, overspread by moving sands, and are 
 generally flat; Cape Karagan, formed by mountains of the 
 same name, being an exception. 
 
 Sturgeons and sterlets are caught In the Caspian in great 
 quantities; and there are also salmon-trout, perch (firca 
 aspT.) Silurus glanis, two kinds of carp, and porpoises. 
 .Seals abound in the upper coasts, and tortoises between the 
 mouths of the Volga and the Ural. The mollu.«oa are few, 
 said to be only four — Curdium rtisticum, Oardium tri'iuHrurtL, 
 Mya edentula. and Mi/tilus polt/morphus. The chief fishery 
 for .sturgeon is at and near Astrakhan; in and about the 
 River Emba It comprehends 310 miles of caast. from the 
 mouth of the Ur.al to Mertvoi Gulf. Many thousand persons 
 are employed in the Russian Upper Ca.spian fisheries; and 
 the annual amount of caviare or female roes obtained may 
 be taken at 800.000 pounds, besides 20,000 pounds of Isin- 
 glass, the produce of upwards of 700.000 sturgeons, of various 
 kinds, larae and small. The number of seals annually taken 
 is nearly 100,000. 
 
 The only ports at all worthy the name, on or near the 
 Caspian, are Astrakhan, Bakoo. .Salian, and .Astrabad. 
 The navigation Is at all times difficult, and often perilous. 
 Steam-packets on It have recently been establislied. The 
 Russian fleet in the Caspian consists of 13 vessels, of which 
 four are brigs, and two are steamers. 
 
 The Itfisin of the Caspian is most extensive on the X. and 
 W.. from which it receives the Ural, the Volga, the Terek, 
 the Koor, and numerous other streams of less note. By 
 means of a canal cut near Tver in Rus.sla. liotween the head 
 streams of tho Volga, and the rivers Tvertza and S-chllna, 
 water communication Is estalOished between the Caspian 
 and tho Baltic. S., the ba.sln of the sea Is limited by the 
 Elbrooz Mountains: and E., the .s.andy wa.stes of Khiva send 
 to it only short streams, and of no great volume : though 
 on thisdde it evidently at one time received the Oxug 
 or Amoo, now flowing into the Sea of Anil Indeed, the 
 Caspian and Lake .Aral were, doubtless, at one period uniti-d. 
 
 The notices of early commerce iipon or by w.ay of the 
 C.a.spian, are few and uncertain. The chief portion of the 
 commerce between 'Western Europ« and India was carri^ 
 on partly by Its waters, about the middle of the tblrtiH'n<h 
 century. Astrakhan, on the Upper Caspian, and Soldaia, 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 nearly In tho same latitude, on the Black Sea, formed the 
 chief entrepots till 12^0, when the latter was superseded, 
 through the exertions of the < ienoese, for their own establish- 
 ment at Kaffa, which then became the transit station for 
 the Asiatic-Kuropean trade, and so continued till 1453. 
 The Turks having, at this time, seized Constantinople and 
 barred the Bosphorus, the accvistomed trade was forced into 
 other channels, and the Caspian became deserted, except by 
 few vessels which carried on a small local trade between 
 Muscovy, Persia, and Central Asia. 
 
 About 1560. an English trading company endeavoured to 
 open up connections, by way of the Caspian, with Persia 
 and Turcomania, but with no good results. From that 
 time, till late in the seventeenth century, the annals of 
 navigation give few notices of this sea. At the latter pe- 
 riod, Peter the Great, partly in the hope of diverting the 
 Indian trade into the direction of his southern dominions, 
 caused the coasts of the Caspian to be explored by Dutch 
 navigators in his pay. His intention was to found trading 
 stations on ground ceded by tre.ity or taken by force, on the 
 Persian seaboard. But this he del.ayed to do ; and when he 
 died, his project lay dormant, and the Russians made no 
 encroachment beyond what Peter had already effected, till 
 the reign of Catherine II., who.se conquests in its southern 
 region were not secure till our own times. 
 
 CASPII MONTES or CASPIUS MOXS. See Eldrooz 
 
 MOUNTAIN'S. 
 
 C.\SS, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, contains 
 71-1 .square miles. It is drained by the Etowah River, a 
 branch of the Coosa. The surface is diversified ; the soil 
 is mostly very productive. Here iron, marble, and lime- 
 stone are abundant; gold, copper, lead, titanium, and plum- 
 bago also occur. The stretims furnish immense water-power. 
 The Western and Atlantic Railroad passes through the 
 county. On the bank of the Etowah River, there is an arti- 
 ficial mound which is 75 feet high, and 1114 feet in circuit 
 at the base. It contains S])ecimens of ancient pottery. The 
 county was named in honor of General Lewis Cass. Capital. 
 Cassville. Pop. 15,7"24, of whom 11,442 were free, and 4282 
 slaves. 
 
 CASS, a connty of Texas, situated in the N.E. part of the 
 state, bordering on Lnui.^iana and Arkansas, contains 1224 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Sulphur Fork 
 of Red River, and on the S. by Big Cypress Bayou and Soda 
 Lake. The surface is gently undulating. The bottoms are 
 swampy and mostly uncultivated ; the uplands have a deep, 
 red soil. Rich mines of iron are found in the S.W. part, but 
 not worked at present. The bayou and lake, which dis- 
 charge their waters into Red River below the Raft, are na- 
 vigated by large steamboats during nine months in the 
 year. Capital, Jefferson, or Linden. l*t p. 8411, of whom 
 4036 were free, and 347.5 slaves. 
 
 CASS, a county in the S.W. part of Michigan, bordering 
 on ludiana, contains 528 square miles. The St. .Tosei)h"8 
 River touches the S.E. corner of the coimty, which is 
 drained by the Dowagiac and Christiana Rivers, and con- 
 t.iins a number of email lakes. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is said to be as fertile as anj' in the state. More 
 than half of the connty consists of o.ak-openings and prairies, 
 and the other portion is heavily timbered. It is intersected 
 by the Central Railroad. Capital, Cassopolis. Pop. in 1850, 
 10,"07: in 1860,17,721. 
 
 CASS, a county in the noi-thern central part of Indiana, 
 contains 420 square miles. It is drained by the Wabash 
 and Eel rivers. The surface is mostly level, excepting the 
 bluffs in the vicinity of the rivers. The southern part is 
 heavily timbered, and the northern consists of prairies. 
 Iron ore and good building-stone are abundant. The Wa- 
 bash and Eel Rivers have rapid currents, and afford exten- 
 sive water-power. The county is intersected by the M'abash 
 and Erie Canal. Capital, Logausport. Pop. 10,843. 
 
 CASS, a connty in the western central part of Illinois, has 
 an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.W. by the Illinois, and on the N. by the Sangamon River, 
 ■which streams unite on the border of the county. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, consisting partly of prairie and partly 
 of timbered land ; tho soil is excellent. Capital, Beards- 
 town. Pop. 11,325. 
 
 CASS, formerly VAN BUREN, a county in the western 
 part of Missouri, bordering on the state of Kansas, contains 
 about 750 square miles. It is intersected by the middle 
 fork of Grand River, and by Big Creek, and also di-ained by 
 numerous other creeks. The surface is undulating, diver- 
 sified with prairies and groves, the former of which are the 
 most extensive ; the soil is generally good. Limestone and 
 sandstone are abundant. The county is supplied with nu- 
 merous springs of good water, and valuable mill streams. 
 Capital, Ilarrisonville. Pop. 9794, of whom 8784 were free, 
 and 1010 slaves. 
 
 CASS, a new count3- in the south-western part of Iowa, 
 h.is an area of 570 square miles. The Nishnabatona River, 
 »n affluent cf the Missouri, flows through it in a south- 
 westerly direction. Capital, Lewis. Pop. 1012. 
 
 CASS, a newly formed county in the N. central part 
 of Miunesota, couliuns about 5000 square miles. The 
 
 Mississippi River rises on the N.W. border of the connty, 
 and forms its boundary on the N. and E. It is drained by 
 Sauk, Crow Wing and Long Prairie Rivers, <Mid snrinkled 
 over with numerous small lakes, the ""st > .nsulerabie of 
 which is Leech Lake, iu the northern part. Lumber is the 
 chief article of e.xport. Pop. 150. 
 
 CASS, a township of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 848. 
 
 CASS, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. P. 6497 
 
 CASS, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 175 
 miles AV.N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 CASS, a post-village of Franklin co., Arkansas, 118 miles 
 N.W. of Little Rock. 
 
 CASS, a post-otfice of Lawrence co., Tennessee. 
 
 CASS, a post-township in the northern part of Hancock 
 CO., Ohio, 90 miles N. by W. of Columbus. Pop. 860. 
 
 CASS, or CASSTOWN, a post-village in Miami co., Ohio, 
 about 6 miles E. by N. from Troy, and 63 miles W. from 
 Columbus. Pop', about 450. 
 
 CASS, a township in Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1404. 
 
 CASS, a post-office of Ilillsdiile co., Michigan. 
 
 CASS, a township in Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 538. 
 
 CASS, a township in La Porte co., Indiana. Pop. 951. 
 
 CASS, a township in Pubiski co., Indiana. Pop. 409. 
 
 CASS, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. 
 
 CASS, a post-office of Du Page co., Illinois. 
 
 CASS, a township in Fulton Co., Illinois. Pop. 908. 
 
 CASSABA, two towns of Asia-Minor. See Cas.iba. 
 
 CASSADA'G.\, a hike in Chautauqua co.. New York, 
 about 12 miles N.E. of Maysville. Length, 3 or 4 miles. 
 
 CASSADAGA, a post-village of Chautaucina co.. New 
 York, on tho eastern side of the above lake. 50 miles S.S.W 
 of Buffalo. 
 
 CASSA.NDRA or KASSANDRA, kis-sdnMra. (anc. PaU 
 Ic&iKe.) a peninsula of European Turkey, province of Roo- 
 melia, between the Gulfs of Cassandra and Salonica. It 
 is 25 miles in length, terminating in Cape Pailluri. Its 
 greatest bjeadth is about 12 miles, but at its junction 
 with the main land the distance across is not more than 
 3 miles. 
 
 CASSANDRA or KASSANDRA, (anc. T</ron«Jiciis Si'nin.) 
 a gulf of Turkey in Euroi)e,in Room-Hleo.setting up between 
 two peninsulas, the extremities of which are called Cape 
 I'ailluri, and Cape Drepano. Greatest length 20 miles. 
 Averaire breadth, 10 miles. 
 
 CASSAN'DIUA, Netherlands. See C.\d»and. 
 
 C.\SSANO. kds-.s3'no. atown of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 34 miles N. of Cosenza. Pop. 4310, many of whom are of 
 Albanian descent. It stands in the concave recess of a steep 
 mountain, around an isol.ited rock on which are the ruius 
 of an ancient castle: it is well built, and has a cathedral, 
 several convents, a diocesjin school, a hospital, and some 
 minenal springs. Its inhabitants manufacture maccaroni, 
 stamped leather, table-linens and yam, and fabrics of 
 cotton and silk. 
 
 C.A^SS.iNO. a town of Naples, province, and 18 miles S.S.W. 
 of Bari. Pop. 3400. 
 
 CASSANO. a town of Naples, Princlpato Ultra, 9 miles 
 S.W. ofSt. Angelo. Pop. 4430. 
 
 CASSANO MAGNAGO, kas-si'no mjn-yj'go, a vill.age of 
 Italy. Lombardv. 23 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2433. 
 
 CASSAN0-S0P1!A-ADDA, kii^-si/no-so'pA-Ad'iL a village 
 of Italy, Lombardy, 17 miles E.N.E. of Milan, on the rail- 
 way to Brescia. It has extensive silk-works. 
 
 CASSANO SPINOLA, k^s-sa/no spe-nold, a village of 
 Italy, Piedmont. 10 miles S. of Tortona. Pop. 1149. 
 . CASSARO, kds-sa/ro, a town of Sicily, 18 miles of Syr.v 
 cuse. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CAS'SAY'. KATIPEFAor MUN'NIPOOR', an independent 
 country of Farther India, mostlv between lat. 24° and 2iP 
 N., .and Ion, 93° and 95° E., having on the N. the Naga 
 territory, (Assam,) on the E. and S,, the Burmese domi- 
 nions, and on the W„ Cachar. Its area, is stated at 7584 
 squ.are miles, and population at 75,840. It consists of a 
 valley about 2500 feet above the sea. inclosed by mountains, 
 varying from about 6000 to 8200 feet in height, and which 
 are covered with dense forests. Its rivers are tributary to 
 the Barah or the Irrawaddy; the principal one is the Im- 
 phan-Toorel. Rice, t<ibacco, indigo, cotton, sugar, opium, 
 mustard, and most of the kitchen vegetables of Europe ate 
 raised ; in the N„ the true tea-plant is abundant. Cassay is 
 celebrated for its breed of horses. Cotton cloths, muslins, 
 silk stuffs, qnd some iron wares are manufactured, and ex- 
 changed for other goods with the inhabitants of the neigh- 
 boring countries. The people are more nearly allied to the 
 Hindoos than the Burmese. The upper classes profess the 
 Hindoo faith, and Cassay may be considered the extreme 
 eastern limit of Brahminism. The government is vested 
 In an hereditary rajah, assisted by a numerous divan; 
 and the political condition of the ptnjple appears to present 
 a favorable contrast to that of their eastern neighbors 
 The principal town is Munnipooi. under which name also 
 the whole district is generally understood. Cassay belonged 
 to the Burmese before 1S20, but it was rendered" independ- 
 ent by the treaty of Yandaboo. 
 
 387 
 
CAS 
 
 CVPPCOK, a post-office of Arkansas CO.. Arl<:»ns.i?. 
 CXSSRL or KASSKL, kis'sfl. (a.nc. Otsieinum OitMnim.] 
 a walled eitv of tJennany. piovince Nieaei-lU'Ssen, capital 
 <,f lIi-sst'-CaslsHl, U beautifully situated on Ixjth b.inks ot the 
 Kulda. 91 miles N.X.K. of Fiaukfort-outhc-.Maiii. It is di- 
 vided iuto the Alstadt or Old Town, the Upper Neustadt or 
 Upper .NewTown, the Lower Neustidt or U-wer >*^'W Jow"; 
 with the Uilhelmshohe and Iraukfort suburb o" the left 
 l«,nk of the river, and Leipzig suburb on the right bank. 
 The twc portions of the town are connected by a stone 
 brid-e of three arches, across the Fulda. 45!> feet in lenjrth. 
 The Old Town stands close to the river banks, and consists 
 of narrow and dirty streets; while the new part, built 
 upon an elevation formerly occupied by a fortress, is airy, 
 with spacious streets and handsome houses. 
 
 The Upper New Town contains a number of squares, ra 
 the principal of which, the Friedrich-s Flatz, stands the e ec- 
 tor's palac^e, an indifferent structure; and "«=^t t° '*; t^« 
 Museum, the handsomest building in the town, contaimng 
 a Ubrai-y with 100.000 volumes, and many valuable -Mfc!?. 
 Within the same edifice is a collection of an iquities, 
 many of them rare objects of art and vertu, including some 
 interestin- Koman remains found '" "'^^^«^*^tTU„ UOO 
 prints, and models; and a Pi'^t^re-^alery. containing l-^OO 
 pictures, among whicli are some by Rubens, I.embiandt, 
 Vandyke, Terburg. &c. This sc^uare Ls lined on tliree 
 sides "by a double row of lime-trees, and in the centre is a 
 colo;sal marble statue of Frederick II. The other move 
 noticeable public areas are, King's Platz, in the form of a 
 crescent, and remarkable for posses.smg a sixfold echo , 
 Charles's Platz, in which is a statue of the Landgrave 
 Charles: and AVilliam's S<iuare. 
 
 In the Old Town, are the Old Town Hall, the govern- 
 ment buildings, the Stadtau, appropriatt^d to public amuse- 
 ments: St. Martin's Church, with the catacombs beneath it, 
 In which the remains of the sovereigns of Ues.sel-Cassel 
 are deposited; the Lutheran, the Brethren s, and the 
 Garrison churches; a synagogue, an orphan hospital and 
 asylum, an arsenal and foundry for cannon, and a house 
 of correction. In the Upper New Town there are, besides 
 the buildings spoken of above, the Mint, a cadet academy, 
 lyeeum. a normal and civic school, a theatre, the New Town 
 and Roman Catholic churches, a hospital, and an in- 
 firmary The Lower New Town contains an ancient fortress, 
 now used as a state-prison ; the Lower New Town church, a 
 Protestant orphan asvlum, an infirmary, a lyiug-iu hospi- 
 tal. hou.se of correction, and common prison. In the Leipzig 
 suburb, are a hospital and iufirmitry; in tlie iraukfcu-t 
 suburb, a house of industry; and in the ^\ ilhelmshohe 
 suburb, a hirge hospital. , -r ,^ ^ ^ 
 
 Cassel has. altogether. 8 churches—. Lutheran, and 1 
 svna.'0''ue, with a Jewish theoretical and practical school. 
 It has also academies for painting, sculpture, &c., an obser- 
 vatory, and several associations for the promotion of trade, 
 agricilture. and manufactures. Its trade is inconsiderable, 
 but is improving. Its manufactures comprise cotton, silk, 
 and woollen fabrics, damask, linen, kid gloves, carpets, 
 porcelain, musical instruments, gold and silver lace, earth- 
 enware, lacquered wares, hardware, leather, Ac. 1 here are 
 many fine walks and public gardens in the vicinity: 
 among the latter are the gardens of ^\ ilhelmshohe, m 
 which is situated the elector's summer palace. Cassel is 
 connected by railway with Leipsic and Frankfort-ou-the- 
 Main. Pop. 38.930. ,„ „ ., .n , *•« ^ 
 
 C \SSKL or KASSEL. (anc. CdsUVlum Trajafm,) a, fortified 
 town of llesse-Darmstadt, province of Kheiu-Hessen, on 
 the right bank of the Rhine, and on the Taunus Kailw.ay, 
 opposite Jlentz, with which it communicates by a bridge 
 of boats. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CASSKL, kis^Jl', (anc. Casldllum,) a town of Fiance, de- 
 partment of Nord. 27 miles N.W. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 
 4:134. It stands on an isolated hill. 5oO feet in height, 
 which, from the flatness of all the adjacent country, com- 
 mands a most extensive view ; it has remains ot a Jesuits 
 convent .ind of ancient fortifications. It has oil-mills, salt- 
 refineries, and an ac'tive trade in cattle, butter, and poultry. 
 A railway connects it with Uunkerquo and Lille. Cassel 
 was formerly fortified, and has been the scene of many im- 
 portint military events. , , , , ^ „ i 
 
 CASSKN. kSs-sJn', or KASSAN, kis-sin', a town of F^st 
 AfriKi. territory of Bertat, a country lying immediaU'ly 
 S. of Nubia, and W. of the S.W. portion of Abyssinia, on the 
 Tumat. . • , 1 1 
 
 CAS8KNEUIL, kSss'nul', a town of France, department 
 of lx>t-et-fJarouue, 5 miles N.W. of Villeneuve-sui-Lot. Pop. 
 in 1H;)2. 2065. 
 
 (^A.SSIM PASIIA, kSs'sim-pa'shi', a large suburb of Con- 
 stantino))le. European Turkey, on the northern shore of the 
 '•Uoldeti Horn," separated from Galata, on the K. by exten- 
 sive burying-grounds. It comprises the imperial dock-yard 
 Of Tershaniia, the threat naval arsenal of the capital, unU the 
 palai-e of the capitan-pasha. On a bill atove it are the 
 suburb of St. Demetri, and the Okmeidan, or imperi;«l an'hery 
 crround. , , „ ,. , 
 
 CASSJNE, kis-soe/ni, a market-town of the Stirdinian 
 3SS 
 
 CAS 
 
 states. Piedmont. 14 miles S.S.W. of Alessacdr'a, on the 
 Bormida. Pop. 4169. , „ - , 
 
 CAS'SINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 CASSIXO (kis-see'no) MONTK. a mounUiiu of Naples, 
 trovince of Terra di Lavoro. 50 miles N.W. of Naples, with 
 a celebrated abbey, founded A. D., 529, in which ori-iuated 
 the Older of the Benedictines. c.c-,r.-,~T . t,t i.i 
 
 CASSIQUIARE, kds-se-ke-i'ri, or CASSIQUIARI, Us- 
 se-ke-a'ree,adeep rapid river of South America, "\ enezeula, 
 forming the S. bifurcation of the Orinoco, by which that 
 river has navigable communication with the Rio Negro. It 
 leaves the Orinoco in lat. 3° 10' N., Ion. 6e°20'AV., and, after 
 a S.W. course of 128 miles, tails into the Rio Negro ne:ir San 
 Carlos. It is 100 yards broad where it leave the Orinoco, 
 and about 600 yards at its junction with the Rio Negro. 
 By means of this river, water communication is established 
 for canoes over an immense tract of South America, it being 
 practicable to Siiil from the iutt'rior of Brazil to the Cara- 
 cas, in Veuezuela, through the Amazon, the Orinoco, and 
 their alHueuts. j i i. 
 
 C.4SSIS, Ids'seo', a seaport town of France, department 
 of Bouches-du-Rhoue, on the Mediterranean, 10 miles S.E. 
 of Marseilles. Pop. in 1852, 2080. 1 1 has a harbor, defended 
 by an ancient castle, some ship-building yards, a trade in 
 fruits and Muscadel wine, and a coral fishery. It is tlie 
 biithplace oftheabbe Biirthelemy. 
 C.^SiyiTY'S MILLS, a post-office of Morgan co.. Kentucky. 
 CASS LAKE, a small lake nearly in the central pai-t of 
 Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 CASS LAKE, a postoffice of Pembina co., Minnesota. 
 CASSOLNOVO, kds-sol-no'vo, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, Piedmont, lOi miles S.E. of Novara. 
 
 CASSOP'OLIS. a post-village, capital of Cass county, Michi- 
 gan, on Ihe N. shore of Stone I^iUe, (which is .about 1 mile 
 in extent.) 130 miles S.W. of Lansing. Cassopohs was 
 settled in 1835. It has 2 churches and 1 newspaj.er office. 
 CASS RIVER, of Michigan, rises in the E. part of the 
 state, and, flowing nearly westward, enters the Saginaw 
 above Saginaw City. In high water it is navigtible for smaU 
 boats 15 miles. , „, .^ ~ 
 
 CASSrrOWN, a small viU.^ge of White co., Tennessee. 
 CASSTOWN, Ohio. See C.\ss. 
 
 C'V.SS'VILLE, a post-vill.age of Oneida co., New Vork, on 
 Sauquoit Creek, SO mUes N.N.W. of Albany. It has several 
 stores and mUls. . „ ^. . t, i 
 
 CASS\ILLE, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 90 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. . . 
 Ck-SSVILLE, a postoflice of Monongalia co., Virginia. 
 CASSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Ca.ss CO., 
 Geor-'ia. is situated 2 miles from the Western and Atlantic 
 Railroad, and 150 miles N.W. from Jlilledgeville. It is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile farming region, which contains rich 
 mines of iron ore and marble quarries. In the vicinity are 
 several fine springs, and about 10 miles S.E. are Rowland s 
 Springs, a place of fashionable resort. Cassville contains 3 
 churches, 2 hotels, .several schools. &c. Pop. 639. 
 CASSVILLE, a poBtoffice of White co., Tennessee. 
 C\SSV1LLE, a post-ofl[ice of Harrison co.. Ohio. 
 CASSVILLE, a village of Howard co., Indianapolis, on the 
 Peru and IndianapoUs Railroad, 16 miles S. of Peru. 
 
 C\SSV1LLE. a post-village, capit.il of Barry co, Missouri, 
 on the road from .leliersou City to Fayetteville, Arkansas, 
 200 miles S.W. from the former. Liiid out in lb-i5. Pop. 
 :ibout 400. 
 
 C\SSVILLE, a post-village of Gnant co., ^\isconsiii, on 
 the Mississippi River, 28 miles above Dubuque. It has a 
 steamlwat lauding; and in 1853, 993,020 pounds of lead 
 were shipped from this point. Pop. P60. 
 
 CASTAUNA, kds-tdn'yd, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra I., "15 miles N.W. of Civita-di-Penne, on the 
 Maoue. Pop. 1255. . . . , . ^j. , 
 
 CASTAGNARO, kSs-tdn-yi'ro, a village of Austrian Italy, 
 government of Venice, 6 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige, 
 at the head of the canal of its own name, which unites with 
 the Canal of Bianco. Pop. 1800. , ^. , , 
 
 CVSTAGNETO, kas-tin-yA'to, a town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, 30 miles S.E. of Salerno. I'op. 2000. 
 
 C4.STA.GNET0, a village of Tustany, 39 miles S.S.K. of 
 PLsa, with a castle on the Mediterraue;in co.-i»t, and 1300 in- 
 
 ^*C.\STAGN0LE, kas-tSn-yoni. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, province of Pinerolo. Pop. 2130. 
 CASTAGNOLE, a village of the Sardinian states, province 
 
 "^^CASTAGNOLE DELLE LANZE, kL.-tan-yoai dJlli la^zi, 
 a village of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 10 miles S. of 
 Asti. Pop. 2767. ^ .„ ,^ , 
 
 CASTA'LIA, a thriving and handsome post-village of Erie 
 county, Ohio, on Cold Creek. 5 miles S.W. from ^^anduskj 
 City, and 105 miles N. of Columbus. It was laid out it 
 1836. It is abundantly supplied with water-power by the 
 creek which has its source in a remarkable spring near the 
 vilVi"'e ThLs spring is 200 feet in diameter. 60 feet deep, 
 and lias the property of petrifying vegetable substance* 
 Pop. about 700. 
 
CAS 
 
 CASTA'LIAN SPRIXGS, a post-office of Sumner co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 CASTALLA, kis-tai'yl. a town of Spain. 24 miles N.W. of 
 Alicante, on the river Castalla. Pop. 3022. It has linen 
 manufactures, and brandy distilleries. 
 
 CAS'IWN A HES. kis-td-n3/r^s. a market^town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Burins, on the Arlanzon, 4 miles E. of Hurgos. 
 
 CASTAXAHKS DG LAS CUEVAS, kis-td-na/rJs di Us 
 quA'vits, a market-towu of Spain, 11 miles S.S.W. of Lo- 
 groito. 
 
 CASTANARES DE RIO.TA, kis-td-n^rjs di re^j/na, a 
 market-town of Spain. 24 miles W. of Lof^roBo. 
 
 CASTANKIUA. kda-tin-y.-t'ee-ri, a town of Portujal. pro- 
 vince of Estremadui-a, 20 miles N. of Lisbon, on the Tagus. 
 Pop. KiOO. 
 
 CASTANEIRO, kis-tdn-yA-ee'ro, a village of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira, 11 miles S.E. of Lamego, on the Tavora. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 CASTANO, kis-td/no, a town of Lombardy, 21 miles 
 W.N.W. of Jlilan. Pop. 290.3. 
 
 C.VSTASEGNA, kds-td-s.'\n'yd, a parish and village of 
 Switzerland, canton of Orisons, 7 miles N.N.E. of Chiaven- 
 na. at the W. extremity of the Val Bregairlia. The mul- 
 beri7 ceases to flourish beyond this village, which is, there- 
 fore, the limit of the cultivation of the silk-wonn. 
 
 CASTEGGIO, kds-tJd'jo. (anc. Clustid/ium,) ». town of. Pied- 
 mont, f)5 miles E.N.E. of Voghera. Pop. with commune, in 
 1852, 2733. In the second Punic War, Clastidium surren- 
 dered to Hannibal. {Livy. xxi. 48;) and near the modern 
 town is a remarkable spring CiiUcd the Pnlana (PJiinihide, 
 ("JlnmiliaVs Spring.") The Battle of Montebello, in which 
 the French, under Marshal Victor, routed the Austrians, 
 June 9. ISOO. was fought betwetm Castpg<i;io and Voghera. 
 
 CASTKL. kds-tjl', a fortified town of Hesse-Darmstadt, on 
 the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which 
 It is connecte<l by a bridge of boats, and a station on 
 the Saunus Railway from Frankfort to Wiesbaden. Pop. 
 2500. 
 
 CASTEL ALTO, kis'tM IVtn, a village of Naples, province 
 of Ahruzzo Ultra I., 6 miles E. of Teramo. Pop. 1124. 
 
 CASTKL-.\-MARE, kis-tM' d md/rA, or CASTELLAMARE, 
 kis-tJl-U-md'ri, a city and seaport of Naples, on the 
 S.E. side of the gulf, and 17 miles S.E. of Naples, with 
 which it is connected by a railway opened in 1S39. Pop. 
 14,932. It is .situated at the foot of a hill, on which stood 
 the ancient i'i!«//iVR, near which Pliny the elder met his death 
 during the eruption of Vesuvius, A. ». 79. Castel-a-Mare 
 contains a royal palace, a military hospital, hotels and 
 lodging-houses for summer visitors, a royal dock-yard, and 
 a handsome quay along the shore. It has manufactures 
 of linen, silk, and cotton fabrics, sail-cloth, and leather; 
 and its small harbor is defended by two forts. Many of its 
 Inhabitants are engaged in the coral fishery. 
 
 CASTEI^A-MARE. ki<i-tM'ama/rA, a seaport town of Si- 
 cily, 20 miles E, of Trapani, near the head of the Gulf of 
 Castel-a-Mare. Pop. 6000. It exports wine, cotton, fruit, 
 manna, and sumach. It is a mean, dirty town, with a de^ 
 caying castle on a rocky point. Near it are the remains of 
 the ancient Sfgesla. 
 
 CASTEL-A-MARE, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra I., near the Adriatic, 12 miles E. of Civita di Penne. 
 Pop. 2.500. 
 
 CASTH;L-A-MARE DELLA RRUCA, kasHfl'-a-md'rA djl'- 
 Id-broonvd, a village of Naples, provitice of Principato Citra, 
 on the Mediterranean, 22 miles N.W. of Policastro. 
 
 CASTEL-A-MARE, GULF OP, an extensive bay of Sicily, 
 on its N. coast, about lat. 38° 10' N.. and Ion. 13° E., 16 
 miles W. of Palermo ; its entrance is bounded by Capes St. 
 Vito and Como-Morto. 
 
 CASTEL-ARAQONESE, Sardinia. See Castei^Sarbo. 
 
 CASTEL-ARQUATO, kds-t^l' aR-kwa'to,n town of the pro- 
 vince of Piirnia, 19 miles S.E. of Piacenza, on the Larda, 
 here crossed by a bridge. It contains a fine (jothic church, 
 a hosjiital, cavalry barracks, medical an<l other schools, and 
 tlie ancient and vast castle from which the town derives its 
 name. Pop. 4393. 
 
 CASTEL BALDO, kJs-tJl' bdl'do, a villasre of Northern 
 Italy, government of Venice, 21 miles S.W. of Padua, on the 
 Adiiie. 
 
 CASTEL BELFORTE. \^i.s-ikV\M-tovJtkfi town of Northern 
 Italy. 7 miles N.E. of Mantua. 
 
 CASTEL BOLOGNESE. kds-tJl' bo-l6n-yA/s4, a town of 
 Nnrttie;uitern ItnJy, 22 miles W.S.W. of Ravenna, between 
 Ijnola and Fiienza. Here, in 1434. the Milanese, under Pic- 
 dniiio, defeated the Florentines in a decisive battle. 
 
 CASTEL BOTTACIO, kds-tJl' bot-td/cho. a town of Naples, 
 •irovince of Sannio. 14^ miles N. of Campobasso. Pop. 1200. 
 
 CASTEL BUONO, kis-tfeP booK)'no, a town of Sicily, near 
 Wermo, in the Madonian Mountains, 8 miles S.E. of Co- 
 li lu. Pop. 7080. It has mineral springs. 
 
 CASTKL CLEMKNTINO. kds-tJl' kl^mSn-tee'no, a village 
 'f Italy, in the Marches, 17 miles E. of Cuinerino. 
 
 CASTEL CUCCO, kds-tJP kookHco, a town of Lombardy 
 and Venice. 21 miles W.N.W. of Treviso. It has manufac- 
 tures of '<roollen fabrics. 
 
 CAS 
 
 CASTEL CULIER. kdsH?!' kU'lo-d/, a town of Fr.vnce, do 
 partnient of Ijot-et-Garonne, 4 miles S.E. of Agen. 
 
 CASTEL D'A(JOGN'A, kds-t^l' dd-gAn'yd, a town of th« 
 Sardinian States, Piedmont, 16 miles S.S.E. of Novara. 
 
 CASTEL DE'FRANCUI, kds-tel' dA frdn^kee. a town of 
 Naples, province of Principato Ultra, on the Calore, 7i miles 
 S.W. of St. Angelo-de-Lombardi Pop. 203.5. 
 
 CASTEL DELFINO, kds-tSl' dM-feo'no. (Fr. ClaVeou Dau, 
 pMn, shdH5'-do'fAx«'.) a town of Naples. Piedmont, 28 mile» 
 W.N.W. of Coni. at the foot of Mount Viso. Pop. 1295. 
 
 CASTEL-DElrPIANO. kds-tM' d?l pe-d/no, a town of Tns- 
 canv. 28 miles N.E. of Qrossetto. W. siile of .\niia1a. Pop. 2605. 
 
 CASTEL DELL' ABATE, kds-t^l'd.M-ld-bd/tA. a town of 
 Naples, province of Principato Citra, 12 miles S.W. of Cap- 
 paccio. Pop. 2700. 
 
 CASTEL DELLA PIETRA, kds-tfl' d?I-ldpe-!l'tra, a town 
 of Italy, in Tvrol. 6 miles N.E. of Roveredo. en the Adi"-e. 
 
 CA.S'TEL del MONTE, kds-tfil' dSl mon'tA. a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra, on a mountain, 19 miles 
 E. of .\quila. Pop. 1590. 
 
 CASTEL DEL RIO, kds-tfl' d?l ree'o, a town of the Pon- 
 tifical States. 33 miles W.S.W. of Ravenna. 
 
 CASTEL DIEKI. kds-tiP de-;l/ree, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 23 niili-s S.E. of Aquila. 
 
 CASTEL DI SANGRO, kds-ti^l' de-sdn'gro, a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 53 miles S.E. of 
 Aquila, with 2600 inhabitants: has a manufactory of carpets. 
 
 CASTE LIOT, Lk, leh kdsHeh-l.A/, several villages of France, 
 the principal in the department of Var, Smiles N.M'. of 
 Toulon. Pop. 1946. 
 
 CASTEL-FABI, kds-tll'-fdrbeo', a town of Spain, Valencia, 
 near Ademuz. 
 
 CASTEL FIDARDO, kds-tM' fee-ddR'do, a town of Cen- 
 tral Italy, Marches, 11 miles S. of ,\ncona. 
 
 CASTEL FIORENTINO, kds-t^U fe-o-r?n-tee'no, a town of 
 Tuscany, IS miles S.W. of Florence, on the Elsa. Pop. 2()30. 
 
 CAST EL FOLLIT, kds-t^P fol-yit/, a town of Spain, 17 miles 
 N,W. of Gerona. It wa.s formerly fortified, and several times 
 besieged by the Ffench under Louis XIV, 
 
 CASTEL-FOIITE, kds-tfl' foR'tA,a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di I*avoro, 14 miles N.E. of Gaeta. 
 
 CASTEI,-FRANC. kd.s'tM' frSNo, a town of Fr.inee, depart- 
 ment of the Ix)t. 11 miles W.N.W. of Cahoi-s. 
 
 CASTEL-FRANCO. kds-tjl' frdn'ko, (anc, B,'rum. Gallo'- 
 rum.) 16 miles W.N.W. of Bologna. Pop. 2060. 
 
 CASTEL-FRANCO. a fortified town of Italy, government 
 of Venice, 15 miles W, of Trevl><o. on the Slusone, I'op. 
 4220. Principal buildings, a castle and cathedral. It has 
 silk and woollen manufactures. 
 
 CASTEL-FRANCO. a town of Naples, province of Princi 
 pato Ultra, 21 miles N.E. of Benevento. Pop. 2600. 
 
 CASTEL-FRANCO DI SOTTO, kds-tJl' frdn^ko dee sot'to, 
 a town of Tuscany, 26 miles S.W. of Florence, on the Aruo. 
 Pop. 32S0. 
 
 CASTEI^G ANDOLFO. kds-tcM' gdn-dol'fo, a village of Italy, 
 in the Pontifical States, Comarca di Roma, on the N,W. side 
 of Mount .\lbano, 14 miles S.E. of Rome. It is picturesquely 
 situated on a volcanic peak, 431 feet above the lake, and 
 compi'ises among its numerous villas the summer residence 
 of the Pope. 
 
 CASTEL^JOFFREDO, kds-tSl' goffri'do, a walled town 
 of Lombardy. 13 miles N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 3463. It 
 has .an hospital and m.anufactures of silk. 
 
 CASTEL-GOMBERTO, kds-tel' gom-bfe/to. a village of 
 Northern Italy, 7i miles N.W. of Yicenza. Pop. 2.3X8. 
 
 CASTELGltANDE, kd,s-tJl'grdn'da, a town of Naples, 21 
 miles N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 3080. 
 
 CASTELGUELFO, kds-tJl'goo4l'fb, a village of Northern 
 Italy, province, and 6 miles W.N.W. of Parma, on the Taro. 
 It has a fine castle, taken from the Ghibelline party in 1407, 
 by a Guelph captain, whence its present name. 
 
 CASTEL-CJUGLIELMO, kds-tM/ gool-yjl'mo. a village of 
 Northern Italy, government of Venice, 12 miles W.S.W. of 
 Rovigo. witli an old fortress, and 2900 inhabitants. 
 
 CASTEI.rJALOUX, kds't^l' zhd^oo/, a to'.vT! of Fra""<». d^. 
 partmentof Lot-et-Garonne, on the Avance, 17 miles N.W. of 
 Nerac. Pop. in 1S52, 2852. It has iron and copper forges, 
 and manufactures of paper, glass, and woollen fabrics. 
 
 CASTELLABATE, kds-tM-ld-bd/td a village of Naples, 
 province of l'rineip.ato Citra, 15 miles W. of Vallo. Pop. 2260. 
 
 CASTELLAMARE. Naples. See Castei>a-]Mare. 
 
 CASTELL AMONTE. kds-telld-mon'tA. a town of Piedmont, 
 10 miles S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 5050. It has a castle, a large 
 market-place, and manufactures of earthenware. 
 
 CASTELLAN A. kds-t.M-ld'nd, a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Bari, 26 miles S.E. of Bari. Pop. 6300. 
 
 CASTELLANETA, kds-t^l-ld-nA'td, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Otranto, 20 miles N.W. of Taranto. Pop. 4750. It 
 has a cathedral, several convents and charitable establish- 
 ments. Cotton is raised in its vicinity. 
 
 CASTELLANNE, kdsHjridn', a town of France, depart 
 ment of Basses-Alpes. on the Verdon, here .crossed by a 
 remarkable single-arched bridie, 20 miles S.E. of Digne. 
 Pop. in 1862. 1454. It has manufactures of coarse woollens, 
 and a trade in preserved fruits. 
 
 3S9 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 CASTELLARM, Jc3s-t?lli/ro, a town ot Lombardy, 14 
 luilt^ N.N.W. f M*Qtiia. Pop. 2071. 
 
 C.*t?TELLAI!(), a villaije of Sardinia, province of Xizza. 
 
 CASTKLLARO, a villasre of Sardinia, province of Remo. 
 
 CASTELLARO, a village of Sardinia, in Piedmont, pro- 
 vince ni' Lomellina. Pop. 450. 
 
 CAS'l'ELLARQUATO, kds-tSl-ldR-kwa/to, a town of Italy, 
 province of Purina. It is more properly written with one 
 1 — C.^siel-Abquato, which .s»-e. 
 
 CASTEL-LASTUA, kis-t^l' Ws-too'S. a village of Dalmatia, 
 22 miles S.E. of Cattaro, with a lazaretto and quarantine 
 Btition on the Adriatic. 
 
 CASTELLAZ/i). kis-t^l-iat'so. a town of Piedmont, 5 miles 
 S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 52;56. , 
 
 CASTEL-[,EONE. kd.stjl' W-iy/nL a village of Lombardy, 
 16 miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 5712. It is well built, and 
 enclosed bv old walls. 
 
 CASTELLETTO AL PO. kas-tJl-lJf to 21 po. a village of the 
 Sardinian States, Piedmont, province of Voghera. Pop. 1260. 
 
 CASTELLETTO D'ORBA. kds-tJl-lJt'to doR'bd. a village of 
 the Sardinian Stjites, 6i miles 8.W. of Xovi. Pop. 1900. 
 
 CA.?TELLETT() .MERLI. kis-tJl-l^t'to mJRnee, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, province of Casale. 
 
 CASTE LLETTO SCAZZOSO, kas-tSl-lJt'to skitt-so'so. a vil- 
 lage of the Sardinian States, province of .\lessandria. P. 1500. 
 
 CASTELLETTO SOPRA TICINO, kas-tM-lSt/to so'prd te- 
 oheiyno, a village of the Sardinian States, 19 miles N. of 
 Kovara, on the Ticino. Pop. .3519. 
 
 CASTELLETTO STURA, Hs4b\-\htno stoo^rd, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, province of Coni. 
 
 CASTELLINA. kls-t^l-lee'nd. a village of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince, and 19 miles S.S.E. of Pisa. 
 
 CASTELLINA, a village of Tuscany, 9 miles N.N.E. of 
 Sienna. 
 
 CASTET^LLYCIIWR. kSs'tfl WJJK'oor, written also LOU- 
 OHOR, a borough of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, plea- 
 santly situated between the Loughor and the Llyw. 6j 
 miles W. br N. of Swansea. With Swansea, .\beravon. Ken- 
 vig. and N'eath. it returns a member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Pop. 864. 
 
 CASTELLO BRANCO, kSs-tfllo brln'ko. a town of Portu- 
 gal, province of Beira, f4 miles S.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 6000. 
 It stands on a hill crowned by a ruined castle, enclosed by 
 walls. 
 
 CASTELLO D' ACT. kis-tJWo dJ'chee, a town of Sicily, 
 province and 4 miles N.E. of Catania, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 CASTELLO BELLA BARONTA, kSs-tMlo dSl'lJ bd-ro- 
 nee/i, or BARONIA. bi-ro-nee'd, a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Prineipato Ultra, lOj miles S.E. of Ariano, with 
 2300 inhabitants. It has a castle, mineral springs, and a 
 manufactory of coarse woollens. 
 
 CASTELLO DE VIDE, kSs-tJllo di vee'dA, a village of 
 ]*ortugal. in the province of Alemtejo, 11 miles N. of Porta- 
 legre. Pop. 5800. It is walled, and has a castle, several 
 churches, and a manufactory of woollen cloths. 
 
 CASTELLO DI QUATRO, kd.s-t^l'Io dee kwd'tro, a town 
 of Tuscany, 4 miles N. of Florence. Pop. 1350. It has a 
 summer palace of the grand duke, with extensive gardens 
 and parks. 
 
 CASTELLO DI SAN CATALDO, kds-tMlo dee sdn kd-tdl'- 
 do. a town of Naples, province of Otr.into, 7 miles N.E. of 
 Lecce. with a small harbor on the Adriatic. 
 
 CASTELLO MELUDR, kds-tSl'Io mJl'yoR, a village of Por- 
 tugal, province of Belra, on the left bank of the Douro, 5 
 miles N. of Castel-Rodriso. 
 
 CASTELLOX-DE-AMPURIAS, kds-tM-yOn' dA am-poo'-re- 
 ds, a town of Spain, 21 miles N.N.E. of Gerona. on the Muga. 
 Pop. 2706. 
 
 CASTELLOX DE LA PLANA, kds-tM-yOn' dd Id pld'nd. 
 a province of Spain, one of the three Into which the ancient 
 kingdom of Valencia was subdivided In 18.33 ; bounded N. 
 by the provinces of Teruel and Tarragona, E. by the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. S. by A'alencia, and W. by Teruel; area, 
 3049 siiuare miles. Pop. 247,741. 
 
 CASTELLOX DE LA PLANA, (anc. Cadalw?) a city and 
 port of Spain, capittil of the above province. 40 miles N.N.E. 
 of Valencia, in an extensive and fertile plain. Irrigated by 
 the Mijares, whose waters, throuirh the medium of an ancient 
 aqueduct, cut for a consideraVjle distance through solid 
 limestone rock, are conveyed 5 miles into the town, afford- 
 ing a copious supply to the Inh.aMtants, and dispensing 
 life and verdure in the vicinity. This greiit work was pro- 
 Yiably the construction of .lames the Conqueror, King of 
 Aragon, about 1240. The defences of the city were strength- 
 ened and increased, by the addition of batteries and a fosse. 
 In 1S37, >>ut the works are now fiilling to decay for want of 
 repair. The houses are in general well built and commo- 
 dious, and the streets wide, straight, clean, and. thouu'h 
 unpnved. many of the more important have good footpaths. 
 Tt has 9 squares, a town and court houses, and parish 
 church, wherein are some good paintings, monuments, 
 statues, Ac. ; 2 chapels of ease, Latin, normal, and primary 
 Bchoolo, a hospital, poor-house, theatre, liarracks. orphan 
 Mvlum. bull -ring, 2 prisons, a cemetery, several convents, 
 and a spaciouR aad handsome episcopal palace. The manu- 
 290 
 
 fiictures are linen, woollen, and hempen fabrics, especl.ally 
 s.all-cloth, also ropes, paper, soap, vermicelli, irlass. earthen- 
 ware, fire-arms, brandy, wine, oil, &c. Much attention is 
 paid to the rearing of silk-worins. The Imports comprise 
 sugar, coffee, alcohol, cotton, hides, vineg.ar. and salt fish; 
 to the annual value of about 18,000/. The exports are 
 hemp, grain, fruits, and manufactui-ed goods; annuul v.alue 
 under 15,000/. The vessels frequenting the port are numer- 
 ous, butsm.all; the aver.ige annual tonnage being 16,952. 
 Castellon was taken from the Saracens, in 12;33, by .lames 
 I. of Aragon, and subsequently given by him to the monas- 
 tery of San Vincente of Valencia. Francisco Rlbalta. the 
 painter, and his son, Juan Rlbiilta, also an artist, were bora 
 here. Pop. 16.952. 
 
 CASTELLONE, kds-t5l-lo'nd. a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro. on the Appian Way. and on the Gulf of 
 Gaeta. 6^ miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 3430. Near it is the 
 supposed '• Cenotaph of Cicero." 
 
 CASTELLOTE, kds-tSl-lo'tA. a town of Spain, .55 miles 
 N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2475. It has an old castle on a height 
 near the Guadaloupe. 
 
 CASTELLUCCIIIO, kds-tM-look'ke-o, a village of Lom- 
 bardv, 7$ miles AV. of Mantua. Pop. 3161. 
 
 C.iSTELLUCCIA, kds-tJl-loot'chd, a village of Naples, 
 province of Prineipato Citra. 27 miles E.S.E. of Salerno. 
 Pop. 2000. Near It the Calore Is cros.sed bv a noble bridge. 
 
 CASTELLUCCIO, kds-tJl-loofcho. a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Terra dl Lavoro, 6 miles S.W. of Sora. Pop. 1630. 
 
 CASTELLUCCIO ACQUA BORRANA, kds-tel-loot/cho d/- 
 kwd boR-Rd/nd, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 20 miles 
 N.E. of Campobasso, on the S. slope of Monte Sibilla, 4763 feet 
 in elevation, the loftiest vlllase in the Apennines. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CASTELLUCCIO INFERIORE. kds-tjl-loot/cho In-fd-rc^o'- 
 rd. a town of of Naples, provlnceof BasUlcata, 32 miles S.W. 
 ofTursi. Pop. 2650. 
 
 CA.STELLUCCIO SUPERIORE, kds-tJl-loofcho soo-pd- 
 re-o'r.'l. a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, immedi- 
 ately N.W. of Castellviccio Inferiore. Pop. 2210. 
 
 CASTELLUM, a town of France. See Cassel. 
 
 CASTELLUM CATTORUM, a city of Germany. See 
 Cassei . 
 
 CASTELLUM TRAJANI, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 See Cassei. 
 
 CAST ELM ARY, kasHermdVecy. a village of France, departr 
 ment of Aveyron, arrondissenient of Kodez. Pop. 1088. 
 
 CASTELMO.HON, kd.s't^PmoVdN"', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Lot-et-Garoune, on the Lot. 17 miles S.E. of 
 Marniande. Pop. 2040. 
 
 CASTELNAU, kdsH^l*no'. a fortress of France, department 
 of Gard. 8 miles S. of Uzes. where Roland, the chief of the 
 Camisards, met his death. Au'.'ust 1.3, 1704. 
 
 CAST ELNAUDARY.kdsH^rnoMdVee' (anc. 5o,<ttoTO'a«ri«.«,)a 
 town of France, department of Aude, near the Canal du 
 Midi, 22 miles W.N.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. in 1852, 
 9992. It stands on an eminence, and is built in the 
 form of an amphitheatre. To the S. the canal forms a 
 basin 1300 yards in circumference, surrounded by good 
 quays, warehouses, and yards for building vessels. It has 
 manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics, cotton twist, and' 
 earthenwares. It was founded by the Visigoths, on the site 
 of the ancient Snatmnaf/ii-i. under the name of Castrum Nomitn 
 Ariannrum. of which Its present name is a corruption. It 
 suffered greatly In the wars of the Middle Ages; and undei 
 Its walls the Duke de Montmorency was made prisoner by 
 the roval troops in 1632. 
 
 CASTELNAU DE BRASSAC. kd-sH^Pniy deh lirdVdk', a 
 town of France, department of Tarn, 30 miles S.E. of Albi 
 Pop. 4680. 
 
 CASTELNAU DE MEDOC. kdsHJrno' deh miMok'. a 
 town of France, department of Glronde, 16 miles N.W. of 
 Bordeaux. Pop. 1211. 
 
 CA.«(TELNAU DE MONTMIRAIL. kds't?rn5' deh mc^N"'- 
 meViP, a town of France, Tarn, 17 miles N.W.of Albl. Pop. 
 3086. 
 
 CASTELNAU JIAGNOAC. kd.sHJrniy mdnVo-dk'. a town 
 of France, in the Pyrenees, 21 miles N.E. of Tarbes. Pop. 
 1572. ,. , 
 
 CASTELNAU MONTRATIER. kd.sHiM'nO' m6N<i'trdHe-A', 
 a town of France, 12i miles S.S.W. of Cahors. Pop. In ISo^ 
 4057. 
 
 CASTELNAU RIVIERE BASSE, kds't^rno/ reeVe-aiR> 
 bdss'. a town of France, in Hautes-Pyr6n6es, 25 miles N.W 
 of Tarbes. Pop. 1.370. 
 
 C.\STBLNOVO, kd-s-til-no/vo, a town of Italy, 6 miles 
 S.S.E. of INIodena. Pop. 1400. 
 
 C.\STELNOVO. a town of Italy. In Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro. 13 miles N.E. of Gaeta. 
 
 CASTELNOVO. a town of Italy in Sicily, 14 miles S.W. 
 ofMilazzo. Pop. 32.30. 
 
 C.\i'TELNOVO, a town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, 
 division. Genoa, province of Jjevante. Pop. 2626. 
 
 CASTELNUOVO. kds-tM'mxMVvo. a fortified town and 
 seaport of the Austrian Empire. Dalmatia. 11 miles W. 'if 
 Cattaro, at the W. entrance of the culf. It is command sd 
 by two forts on contiguous heights, and defended bj' i 
 
 ~J 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 dtadel on the Bhore. Pop. 7019. It was captured by tho 
 English in 1841. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO, a town of Italy in Naples, province of 
 Abruzzn Citra. U miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3400. 
 
 CA.STKFiNUOVO. a town of Italy, province of Capitanata, 
 24 miles W.N.W. of Fogcia. Pop."2.340. 
 
 CASTKI.NUOVOBOCCA D'AUDA, kas-t?rnoo-o'vo bok'- 
 k3 diiiMd, a village of Italy, Lombardy, province, and 23 
 miles S.K. of Lodi. Pop. ItrJO. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO D'ASTI, kas-t^rnoo-o^vo dSs'tee, a town 
 of Italy in Piedmont. 15 miles N.W. of Astl. Pop. 2983. 
 
 CASTKLXUOVO DEI MONTI, kls-t^rnoo-o/vo di/e mon/- 
 tee. a town of Italy, in Modena, 20 miles S.S.W. of Kegglo. 
 Pop. 1310. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO DI CEVA, k3s-tJPnoo«'vo dee chA'vJ, 
 a town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 12 miles 
 E.S.K. of Mondovi. Pop. 3860. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO DI GARFAGNANA, kas-tJ^nooK/vo 
 dee g^R-fdn-yd'nd, a town of Italy, district of Garfagnana. on 
 the Serchin. duchy, and 43 miles S.W. of Modena. I'op. 2700. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO DI MAGKA, kis-ta^noo-o'vo dee mjU 
 grd, a town of Italy, province, and 11 miles E. of Spezia, in 
 the valley of the Marga. Pop. 2626. 
 
 CA,STKLNUOVO DI SOTTO, kas-t^Pnoo-o/vo dee sot'to, 
 a town of Northern Italy, on the Canal of Casteluovo, 10 
 niile.s N.W. of lieggio. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO DI VAr^DI-CECINA. kas-tiPnooo/yo 
 dee v.-il-dee-chA-che'ni, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, province 
 of I'is.i. 1.''.5 miles S. of Volterra. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO SCRIVIA. kds-tM'nooKVvo skree/ve-a, 
 a town of It.aly. in the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 13 miles 
 E.N.E. of Alessandria, province of Xortona, on the Scrivia. 
 Pop. fiOlS. 
 
 CASTKLNUOVO VAL-TIDONE, kls-tJl'nooo'vo vSl-te- 
 do'n.-l, a town of Northern Italy, 13 miles W.S.W. of Pia- 
 cenza. I'op. 1500. 
 
 CASTELORIZO, kds-tjl-lo-reed'zo, or CASTEIr-ROSSO, 
 kJs-t^l'-ros'so, a small island off the S. coast of Asia Jlinor, 
 19 miles S.E. of Patara ; lat. 30° 7' 30" N., ion. 29° 40' E. It 
 has a pretty good port, some tnide in agricultural produce, 
 and many remains of ancient editices. 
 
 CASTEL-PAGANO. kfc-tM'-pa-gil'no. a village of Naples, 
 province of .^lolise, 12 miles S.E. of Campobasso. It has 
 about 2600 inhabitants. 
 
 CAST EL-PET KOSO, k^s-tM'-pe-tro/so, a village of Naples, 
 province of Molise, 20 miles W. of Campobasso. Pop. about 
 2600. 
 
 CASTEL-RODRIGO. kas-tM'-ro-dree/go. a small fortified 
 town of Portugal, province of Beira, near the Spanish fron- 
 tier. 32 miles N.E. of Guarda. Pop. 400. 
 
 CASTKL-ROSSO. See Castelorizo. 
 
 CASTELKOTTO, kls-tjl'rot/to, or CASTELRUT. kas^tel- 
 root/, a village of Austria. Tyrol, 14 miles N.E. of Botzen, 
 on a mountain near the Eisach. Pop. 3322. 
 
 CASTEL-SAGRAT, Us'mi-ai'grAf. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, 23 miles AV.N.W. of Montau- 
 ban. Pop. 1300. 
 
 CASTKL-SARACENO, kas-tM'-sl-ra-chA'no, a town of Na- 
 ples, province of Basilicata. 33 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 3200. 
 
 CASTEI^SAUDlt, kis-t^l'-s.^R/do. (formerly CASTEL-ARA- 
 GONESE, kas-t^Pi-ri-go-nA/s-i.) a fortified town and seaport 
 of Sardinia, the strongest in the island, on its N. coast, 16 
 miles N. E. of Sassari. Pop. 2092. It stands on a nearly 
 isolated rock, and has a cathedral, and a harbor. 
 
 CASTEL-SARRASIN, kas"tfl'-.saR'Ra'sJ,s°', a town of 
 France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne. on the Songuine. 
 near its influx into the Garonne, 12 miles AV. of Montau- 
 ban. I'op. in 1852. 7028. It was formerly fortified, and has 
 manufactures of serge and worsted stockings, and an active 
 trade in corn raised in its vicinity. 
 
 CASTEL-TEK.MINI, kas-t&P-tdn/me-ne. (anc. Ojmicia/n(e 
 Alqua'i) a town of Sicily, 16 miles N. of Girgenti. It has ex- 
 tensive mines of sulphur and rock salt. Pop. 4600. 
 _ CASTELVETERE, kas-tMV6t/iV-rA, (L. CasteUlum Veltus, 
 i.e. "old Castle;" anc. Caullnn and G^tMnia,) a town of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Ultra. 
 
 CASTELVETERE. a town of Naples, near the Mediter- 
 ranean, 47 miles N.E. of Reggio, with 3370 inhabitants. It 
 has a castle and 5 churches. 
 
 CASTELVETE1{E. a town of Naples, province of Molise, 
 18 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 3578. 
 
 CASTELVETERE. a town of Naples, province of Prinei- 
 pato Ultra. 10 miles W. of St. Angelo. Pop. 1860. 
 
 CASTELVETRANO, kis-th\\A-tr&/no, a town of Sicily, 
 29 miles S.E. of Trapani. Pop. 1500. 
 
 CASTKNEDDLO, kas-tA-nil-do^o, a town of Lombardy, 
 government of Milan, 6i miles S.E. of Brescia. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CASTERA-LECTOUROIS, kas't.-iva'-l^kHooRVa'. a town 
 nf 1; ranee, departmeui oi Gers, 2i miles N. of Lectoure. 
 Pop. 911. 
 
 CASTERA-VERDUZAN, kasU.AVa'-vJR'dU'zSx"', a village 
 of South France, department and on the Gers, 23 miles N. 
 of Auch. Pop. about 1000. It possesses sulphur and chaly- 
 Iteate springs, and has acquired within a few yeai-s all the 
 appliances of a fiishionable watering-place. 
 
 CASn'ERTON, GREAT, a parish of ;Ew».yTi(l, co. of Rut- 
 land, on the Great North Road. 
 
 CASriERTON, LITTLE, a parish uf England, co. of Rut- 
 land. 2 miles N.W. of Stamford. 
 
 CASTETS, kasW, a village of France, departmer* -€ 
 Gironde. on the Garonne, 9 mile i I.', oi Bazas, with ISf.O 
 inhabitants, and the remains of a fortress, built in the 
 time of Edward II. of England, ami formerly of imp<irtHnce. 
 
 C.\STETS, a village of Fran'«. department of Liwides, 12 
 miles N.N.W. of Dax. Pop. in, 1852, 1782. 
 
 CASTIGIjIA. See Castilb. 
 
 CASTIGLIO.XE. ka-s-teel-yo^nA, a town of Italy, in Lom- 
 bardy, Hi mileg S.E. of Loii, near the Adda. Pop. 3292. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE, a town of Lombardy, 21 miles N.W. oi 
 Lucca. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 4i miles N.N.E. of Coyenza. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE, a town of Naples, province of CalabriS 
 Ultra II., 10 miles W. of Nicastro. Pop. 33()0. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE. a town ok' Sicily, 25 miles N.N.E. of Cata- 
 nia, on tbe declivity of Mount Etna. Pop. 2S74. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE, a town of Italy, in Umliria, 22 miles 
 W. of Peruaia, on the W. side of the Lake of Perugia, 
 formerly fortified. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE, a village of Italy, in Comarca di Roma, 
 on the site of the ancient Oabii, hnd near the Lake of Gabii, 
 with consideralile remains of antiijuity, including ancient 
 walls, and portions of a temple of Juno, a Greek theatre, 
 and an aqueduct. 
 
 CASTKiLlONE DEI GATI. kas-t«el-yo'nA dA'ee gd/tee, 
 a town of Italy, 26 miles S.W. of Bologna. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE DELLA PESCAIA, kas-teel-yo*nA dJl'lS 
 p?B-ki'a, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 12 miles W. of 
 Grosselto, on the Mediterranean, at the outlet of the Lagoon 
 ofCastiglione. Pop. 1473. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE DELLA PESCARA, kas-teel-yo'na, diV- 
 ll pjs-kj'ra. a town of Naple.'A province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 
 
 21 miles S. S.W. of Citta-S«n- Angelo. Pop. 1350. Near it is 
 a fine al)l)ey-church. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE DELLE STIVIERE, kas-teel-yo'nA dMii 
 ste-ve-.VrA, a town of Lombardy, 22 miles N.W. of Mantua. 
 Pop. 5200. It has several churches and a ruined castle, but 
 is chiefly nottd for the decisive victory gained here by the 
 French over the Austrians in 1796, and whence Marshal 
 Augereau accjuired the title of Duke ofCastiglione. 
 
 CASTIG LIONE D'OiiCIA, kas-tetd-yo^nA doR-chee'd. a town 
 of Tuscany, province ofSieniia,near the Orciii, 74 miles S.E. 
 of Monte-Alcino. Poji. J'44. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE FIORENTINO, kas-teel-yo/nA feK)-rfn- 
 tee'no, a town of Tuscany. 8 J miles S.E. of Arezzo. Pop. 
 5317. It has a church. Piarlst college, and orphan asylum, 
 
 CASTIGLIONE, LAKE OF, kis-teel-yo/nA. a lagoon of 
 Tuscany, province of Sicnna,N. of Grossetto, about 10 miles 
 in length, by from 1 to 3 miles in breadth; it was formerly 
 much larger, but a great part of it has been drained. It 
 receives the Bruna and other small rivers, and disemboguea 
 into the Mediterranean, by a short channel close to Cas- 
 tiglione della Pescaja. It affords abundance offish; but 
 its banks are very unhealthy and mostly depopulated. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE MESSER MARINO, kas-teel-yo'na mJs- 
 sAr/ mi-ree'no, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 
 
 22 miles S.AV. of Vasto. Pop. 3100. 
 
 CASTIGLIONE MESSER RAIMONDO, kas-teel-yo'nA 
 mJ.s-siB/iImon'do, a town of Naple.s, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra I.. 17 miles S.E. of Teramo. Pop. 2060. 
 
 CASTILHLANCO, kSs-teel-bian'ko, a town of Spain, in 
 Estremadura, 15 miles E.S.E. of Logrosan. Pop. 1700. Cas4- 
 TILUI.AXCO is the name of several other-small plaa>s in Spain. 
 
 CASTILK, kas-teel'. (Sp. Cudllla, kas-t.i?el'ya : Fr. Oidille, 
 kasHeel'; tier. Chstilieji. kAs-tee'le-gn ; It. Caatiglla, kas-t-eel'- 
 yk.) a former kingdom of Spain, occupying the great centr.il 
 table-land of the peninsula, compo.sed chiefly of tertiary for- 
 matioix, and elevated 23U0 feet above the level of the se;i. 
 In the tenth century this region was a country of which 
 Burgos was the capital ; at the commencement of the 
 eleventh century it was erected into a kingdom, and was 
 successively extended by the addition of the kingdoms of 
 Leon, Estremadura, and Andalusia. The marriage of Fer- 
 dinand, King of Aragou, with Isabella of Castile, in 1474, 
 united under one sceptre all the Christian states of Spain, 
 and the conquest of Gianada, in 1492, led to the est,iblish- 
 ment of the kingdom of Spain. From the great importance 
 of Castile, as tho centre of the kingdom, the name of Cas- 
 TiLlAN is often used to indicate Spaniards in general See 
 
 Castile, New, and Castile, Old. Adj. and inhab.CASTiLUN, 
 
 kas-til'van. (Sp. Castillano, ka.s-toel-ya/no ) 
 
 CASTILE, kas-teel', a post-village and township of Wyo- 
 ming CO., New York, on theGenesee River, and on the Bufliilo 
 and New York City Railroad, 68 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. It 
 contains 4 stores. 1 carriaice manufactory, and 3 churches. 
 Pop. of the township, 232.3. 
 
 CASTILE, a small village of Greene co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 CASTILE, a po.st-office of Clinton co., Missouri. 
 
 CASTILE, a village of Livingston co., Missouri, 115 miles 
 N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 391 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 CASTILE CREEK, of Missouri, flows into Platte Eiver, 
 in the S.E. part of Buchauan county. 
 
 CASTILK, NEW, (Sp. CastaUi-la-Nueva, Yhs-teeVyhlK- 
 noo-.VvJ.) an old province of Spain, forming the S. portion 
 of the ancient kingdom of Castile ; its capital was Madrid. 
 Greatest lentrth from E. to W. 240 miles: averajre breadth 
 about 155 milus. AreA, 29,506 square miles. It is now di- 
 vided into the provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad-Keal, 
 Cuenoa, and Guadalajara. This region forms part of the 
 central table-land of Spain, bounded N. by the mountains 
 of the Sierra Guadarrama, and S. by those of the Sierra 
 Morena, and traversed by .several minor ch.iins. which sei)a- 
 rate broad plains or valleys. Its rivers compri.se the upper 
 courses of the Tagus, Guadiana. the Guadalquivir, the Se- 
 gura, and the Juiar. The mountains of the Sierra Morena 
 afford the richest supply of minerals in the kingdom. Pop. 
 in 18-19. 1.490.799. 
 
 ■ CASTILE, OLD, (Sp. aidiOaAa-Vi^a, kls-teel'ya-la-ve-A/- 
 h3.) an old province of Spain, comprising the N. portion of 
 the ancient kingdom of Castile, and forming the new pro- 
 vinces of Burgos. Valladolid, Palencia, Avila. Segovia, Soria, 
 Logroflo. and Santander. Greatest length from N.E. to S.W., 
 210 miles; breadth, 170 miles. Area, 21,2<'2 .square miles. 
 The S. portion of the territory is traversed by the Sierra 
 Guadarama, and the X. by the mountains of Asturias, while 
 in the centre the Sierra Otca separates the basins of the 
 Ebro and the Douro. Pop. in 1849, 1,427,477. 
 
 CASTILIAN (kas-til'yan) SPKliNGS, a vUlage of Hohnes 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 CASTILLA CASTILLE, and CASTILIEN. See Castile. 
 
 CASTI LLO-DE-GAKCI-MUNOZ, kSs-teel'yo-dA-gan/the- 
 moon-yoth', a town of New Castile, 27 miles S.S.W. of Cu- 
 enca, on a declivity overlooked by a ruinous castle belong- 
 ing to the Marquis of Villena. Pop. 1186. 
 
 CASTILLO-DE-LAS-GUARDAS, kis-teel'yo-d:i-ias-gwlR/- 
 dis, a town of Andalusia, 30 miles N.W. of Seville, on an 
 elevated site, commanded, except on the N., by lofty hills. 
 Pop. 2287. 
 
 CASTILLO-DE-LOCUBIN, kas-teel'yo-di-lo-koo-been', a 
 town of Spain, 18 miles S.W. of .Taen. Pop. 3971. It has 
 two hospitals, and a school of primary instruction. 
 
 CASTILLON, kdsHee^yAN"', a town of France, depsirtment 
 of Ariege. 7 miles S.W. of St. Girons, on the Lizaj-d. Pop. 
 In 1852, 1215. 
 
 CASTILLON, a town of France, department of Gironde, 
 10 miles E.S.E. of Libourne, on the right bank of the Doi- 
 dogne. Pop. in 1852, 3213. It was formerly fortified, and 
 has manufactures of nails, cords, cotton and woollen spin- 
 ning. Near it is the chateau of Montaigne, where the cele- 
 brated author of that name died. The French gained a 
 victory over the English here in 1451. 
 
 CASTILLONf^S, kas'teeVo'n.V, a town of France, depart^ 
 ment of Lot-etrGaronne, 17 miles N.N.W. of Villeneuve-sur- 
 Lot. Pop. in 1852, 2100. 
 
 CASTINE, kas-teen'. a port of entry, capital of Hancock 
 CO., Maine, in a township of the .same name, on the E. side 
 of Penobscot Bay, at the entrance of Penobscot Kiver, 34 
 miles S. of B.ingor. and 118 miles N.E. of I'ortland. On the 
 opposite side of the bay, 9 miles distant, is Belfast. The 
 town is pleasantly situated on a tongue of land projecting 
 from the N.E., and has a spacious harbor, accessible at all 
 seasons, and of sufficient depth for vessels of the largest 
 class. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in ship-building 
 and the fisheries. The shipping of the district, (Penobscot,) 
 June 30th, 1852. amounted to an aggregate of 6701 tons 
 registered, and 37,168 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the 
 latter, 20.530 tons were employed in the coast trade, 13.075 
 tons in the cod fishery, and 2860 tons in the mackerel fish- 
 ery. During the year, 29 vessels, tonnage 4444, were ad- 
 measured. The ship-building for 1853 amounted to 5490 
 tons. Settled by the French in 1667, and by the English in 
 1760. Pop. of the township, 1357. 
 
 CASTINE, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 CASTIONE, kis-te-o^nd, a village of Lombardy, 20 miles 
 N.E. of Bergamo. 
 
 CASTIONE, a village of Lombardy, 4 miles W.of Sondrio. 
 
 CASTLE-ACKE, kas'.sel-il/ker, or EAST ACHE, a parish 
 of England, co. of Norfolk, 4 miles N. of Swaffham. Here 
 are the ruins of a priory and of a castle, both founded soon 
 after the conquest. 
 
 CASTLE-ASIl'BY, a parish of England, co. and 7 miles 
 E.S.E. of Northampton, with a station on the Northampton 
 and Peterborough Railway. See Ashby. 
 
 CASTLKBAU, kasVsel-har', or AG'LISII, a disfranchised 
 parliamentary and municipal borough, tt>wn, and parish of 
 Ireland, in Connaught, capital of the county of Mayo, on 
 the Castlebar River, 10 miles E.N.E. of Westport. I'op. of 
 the town, 5137. It stands on a plain of liog and piisture 
 land ; and, excepting its main street and a square, it is ill 
 built and paved. Principal edifices, the Parish Church, 
 built in 1825, the Castle, formerly a stronghold of the De 
 Burghs, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, the Court- 
 house, a linen-luUl. aiid barracks for 650 men. It has some 
 breweries, and a considerable trade in coarse linens and 
 rural produce. Near it are '* the Park" and '*the Lawn," 
 3i»2 
 
 respectively the seats of the Earl of Lucan, chief owner In 
 the town, and of St. Clair O'Malley, Esq. It was taken in 
 1798 by the French under General Humbert, who in an ac- 
 tion derisively termed the " Race of Castlebar," here defeated 
 a superior British force, but who subsequently abandoned the 
 place on the appro.ach of the main army under Lord Corn- 
 wallis. The Ctistlebar River issues from a lake, 3 miles in 
 length. S.AV. of the town, and tows N. into Loch Cullin. 
 
 CAS'TLE-BEL'LINGilAM, a m;u-ket-towu of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, co. of Louth, on the road from Dublin to Beiliist, 
 4^ miles N. of Dunteer. Pop. 6t 5. 
 
 CAS'TLE-BLAKE'NEY,or KIL'LASO'LAN, a village and 
 parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway, 18 mile^ S-B, 
 ofTu-im. Pop. 1190. 
 
 CASTLE-BLAYNEY, kas/sgl-bl.Vnee. a town of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, CO., and 12 miles S.S.E. of Monaghan, at the W. ex- 
 tremity of Loch Blayney. Pop. 2134. It gives the title of 
 viscount to the Blayney family, whose demesne is in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 CAS'TLE-BROMnviCII, a station of the Midland Railway, 
 (west branch.) England, I45 miles E.N.E. of liirmingli;im. 
 
 CASTLE BYIHE, a parish of South AVales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 CASTLE CAER-CINEON, ki%-kin/o on,a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Montgomery. 
 
 CASTLE CAMI'S, a parL-^h of England, co. of Cambridge, 
 
 5 miles E.S.E. of Linton. Here are the ruins of a fine cas- 
 tle of the De Veres, and in the vicinity are traces of the im- 
 mense embankments thrown up by the East Angles to 
 prevent the incursions of the Mercians. 
 
 CAS/TLE-CA'REY. a market-town and parish of Engl.and, 
 CO. of Somerset, pleasantly situated 10 miles S.E. of Wells. 
 In its manor-house, Charles II. found refuge after the lattle 
 of Worcester. 
 
 CASTLE-CAR/RACK, a parish of England, co. of Cumber- 
 land. 
 
 CAS/TLE-CAOIY, a hamlet of ScotLand, co. of Stirling, 
 parish and 9 miles W.S.W. of Falkirk, a station on the Ed- 
 iuburgh and Glasgow Railway. Supposed to h;»ve been the 
 ancient Coria Domniorum, It formed also one of the prin- 
 cipal stations of the wall of Antoninus. 
 
 CASTLE-CHURCH, a parish of Kugl.and, co. of Stafford. 
 
 CASTUi-COMBE, a village and pai-ish of England, co. of 
 Wilts, 6 miles N.W. of Chippenhiun. 
 
 CASTLE-CO^MER, a market-town and parish of Ireland, 
 In Leinster, co. and 10 miles N.N.E. of Kilkenny, on the road 
 to Dublin. Pop of town, 17C5. It stands in a hollow, and 
 has a commodious church, a court-house, fever hospital, and 
 intiintry barracks. Cijstle-Comer House and a ruined castle 
 are in the vicinity; 2i miles distaiit are extensive colleries. 
 
 CAS'TLE-CON/NEL, or STRADBAL'LY, a town and parish 
 of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 6j miles N.N.E. of Limerick, 
 on the Shannon, close to the Falls of Doonass. Po]>. of the 
 town, 11U6. It is beautifully situated, and is resorted to in 
 summer bj' the inhabitants of Limerick for its ch;Uybeat« 
 springs. Its castle, formerly a seat of the O'Briens, Kings 
 of Munster, was destroyed durinsr the siege of Limerick. 
 
 CAS'TLF;.CUN'NER,a parishof irel.ind.iu Ctonuaught. co. 
 of Sligo, on the Moy, near its mouth in Kill.<ila Bay. 3 miles 
 N.N.E. of Ballina. Here are the ruins of an old castle, 
 giving name to the parish, and an artificial mound with 
 several regularly formed sepulchral chambers. 
 
 CAS/TLE-CON'WAY, Ireland. See Kiixorgux. 
 
 C.A.STLE CRAIG, a post-otfice of Campbell co., Virginia. 
 
 CASTLE CREEK, a post-office of Broome co.. New York. 
 
 CASTLE-DER'MOT, or TRISTLEDE1{/MUT, thris'sgl-dfr'- 
 mot, a parish and ancient town of IreLind. in Leinster, co. 
 of Kildare, on the Lear, an affluent of the Barrow, 6 miles 
 N.N.E. of Carlow. Pop. of the town, 1516. Its numerous an- 
 tiquities comprise remains of a large cathedral, a church built 
 by the first English settlers, a beautiful Franciscan monas- 
 tery, a Norman arch, a strong square tower. sup])Osed to 
 have been built by the Knights Templars, the ruins of a 
 priory, and a castle; and in its church-yard are several cu- 
 rious crosses, and a round tower. The town was formerly 
 the residence of the Derniots. kiniis of Leinster. 
 
 CASTLF^DOUGLAS, kas/.seldug'las. a burgh of Scotland, 
 
 9 miles NJi. of Kirkcudbright. Pop. 1847. It is a modem, 
 well-built market-town, indebted for its prosperity to the 
 advancing wealth of its vicinity. Its original name was 
 Carlinwark. 
 
 CASTlJi-EATON, kas'sfl-erft^n. a parish Of i:ngland, co. 
 ofWilt.s. 
 CAS/l'LE-I/DEN, a village and pajish of Fingland, co. and 
 
 10 miles S.E. of Durham, on the Eden, and the Hartlepool 
 and Sunderland Railway. 
 
 CAS^TLEFIN', a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 CASTIjEFIN. a post-office of Jefferson co., Illinois. 
 CAS^TLE-FINN', a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, ca 
 of Donegal, on the Finn, which is navigable up to the town. 
 
 6 miles S.W. of Lifford. Pop. 5r>7. 
 
 CAS'TLEFORD, a parish of England, ro. of York, West 
 Riding, at the junction of the Aire and Caliier Rivers, and 
 having a station on the North Midland Railway, 7J mile* 
 N J<:. of Wakefield 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 CASTLE-FROME, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 CASTLE-GREG'ORY. a smaU town of Ireland, co. of 
 Kerry, i mile from the S. shore of Tralee Bay, 12 miles W. 
 ofTi-alee. Pop. 504. 
 CASTLE (JKOVE, a post-office of Jones CO., Iowa. 
 CASTLE-IIA'VEX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 CAS/TIiE-aoW'AKD, the magnificent seat of the Earl of 
 Carlisle, in England, co. of York, North Uiding, 4 miles S.W. 
 New-Mai ton. 
 
 CASTLE-ISLAND, an Islet of Ireland, la Munster, co. of 
 Cork, in Roaring- Water Bay, N. of Cape Clear. 
 
 CASTLE-ISLAND, a town and parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, CO. of Kerry, 11 miles E.S.E. of Tralee. Pop. 1687. 
 
 CASTLK-.JOR/DAN, aptirish of Ireland, in Leinster, Kings 
 and Jleath cos., on the Grand Canal, 5 miles S.S.VV. of Kin- 
 negad. 
 
 CASTLE-KNOCK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 same name, 4 miles W'.X.W. of Dublin, on the Liffoy. It 
 has the ruins of a castle built in the reign of Henry II., and 
 those of an abljey of cbe thirteenth century. 
 
 CASTLE-LYONS, kas'sfl-li/onz, a village and parish of 
 Ireland, in Jlunster, co. of Cork, 2 miles N.E. of Rathcor- 
 niack. Pop. of the village, 775. It has the remains of a 
 Ciu-melite nioiutsterv, and of a Dominican priory. 
 
 CASTLJ^MACAD'AM, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Wicklow. 
 
 CAS'TL1<>.MAG'NER, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 
 of Cork, 7 miles W. N. W. of Mallow. Its antiquities include 
 
 an ancient baronial castle of the Jliigners, whence its name. 
 
 CASTLEMAN'S FKRRY,apost<)fflceofClarkco., Virginia. 
 
 CASTLE.MAN'S FORK, Texas, flows S.E. through Gon- 
 
 rales county, and enters the Guadalupe in Dewitt county. 
 
 CASTLEMANS RIVER, a small stream in the S.W. part 
 of Pennsylvania, empties itself into the Youghiogheny. 
 
 CAS'TLK-MAR'TIN, an entensive parish of South Wales, 
 CO. and 5 miles W.S.W. of Pembroke. In it are the remains 
 of a British fortress. 
 
 C.VS'TLK-MAR'TYR, a small town, and formerly a parlia- 
 mentary borough of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 18 miles E. 
 of Cork, on the Maine, by which it has a petty trade. Pop. 
 1397. The Earl of Shannon is proprietor of the adjacent 
 demesne. 
 
 CASTLE-JIORE. a parish of Ireland, in Oonnaught, cos. 
 of Roscommon and Mayo. 
 CASTLE-MOR/TON. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 CAS'TLli-NOli/WICU, a township of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 CAS/TLE-POI^L ARD, a well-built town of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, CO. of Westmeath, 6^ miles W.N.W. of Drumcroe. Pop. 
 l.UO. About 1 mile distant is Packenham Hall, the seat of 
 the Earl of l^ongford. 
 
 CASTLE-ilAIIAN/, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Cavan. 
 
 CASTLE-REA or CASTLEREAGH, kas'sgl-ri/, a market- 
 town of Ireland, in the barony of same name, in Connaught, 
 CO. and 16 miles W.N.W. of Roscommon, on the Suck, here 
 cro.ssed by 2 bridges. Pop. 1233. Castlerea Hall, immediately 
 adjacent, is the property of Lord Mountsandford, on whose 
 demesne are the ruins of the ancient castle. 
 
 CASTLEREAGH, a hamlet of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Down, 2 miles S.K. of Ballyacerret, gives the name of vis- 
 count to the Marquis of Londonderry. 
 
 CASTLERE.\GH RIVER, in Australia, is an affluent of, 
 which flows N.W. and joins the Darling, in lat. 30° S., Ion. 
 147° 20' E. 
 
 CASTLE-RI'SINO, a decayed borough, town, and parish 
 of England, co.of Norfolk, 4 miles S.S.E. of King's Lynn. 
 Pop. in 1851, 392. It has the remains of a celebrated castle, 
 formerly the seat of the Earls of Arundel, and in which 
 Isabella, queen of Edward II., was confined after the mur- 
 der of her husband. The town was formerly a busy se.iport. 
 but its h;iilx)r has become choked up; and the Reform Act 
 deprived it of the privilege of sending 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 CASTLE-TER/RA, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, oo. of 
 Cavan. 
 CASTLE THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 CAS'TLETOX, a village of England, co. of Derby, 13 miles 
 VV. by S. of Sheffield, situated at the bottom of a rugged 
 eminence, on which stands the ancient castle called Pejik 
 Castle, erected by Williiun Peveril. natural son of the Con- 
 queror. The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining ; 
 but many derive a subsistence from the manufacture of 
 ornamental articles from spar, and from strangers visiting 
 the many remarkable natural curiosities in the neighbor- 
 hood, the most extraordinary of which is the Peak Cavern, 
 or Devil's Cave, consisting of a series of subterranous cham- 
 bers, which can be explored only by torchlight. The whole 
 depth of the excavation inwards, from the outward open- 
 ing, is 2:500 feet. The Peveril of the PmIc of Sir Waltor 
 tcott's novel of that name, was the supposed founder of the 
 original castles at (ILaslleton. Pop. 1500. 
 
 r-ASTLETON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 O.\SrLET0N, a township, in England, co. of Lancaster. 
 CASTLETON, a post-village and township of Rutland co., 
 
 Vermont, on Castleton River, 50 miles S.W. of Montptlier. 
 The Rutland and Washington, and the Saratoga and Ostle- 
 ton Railroads here intt^rsect each other, and unito with the 
 Vermont and Canada lines. It is the seat of the Castleton 
 Medical College, founded in 1818, connected with Middle- 
 burg College, and contains another seminary of high repu- 
 tation, attended by about "200 pupUs, a Ixmk, and numerous 
 stores. It has manufactures of carriages, woollen goods, and 
 leather. Pop. 2862. 
 
 CASTLETON, a post-village of Rensselaer co.. New York, 
 on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 
 8 miles S. of Albany, contains 1 or 2 chuiches, and about 
 400 inhabitants. 
 
 CASTLETON, a township of Richmond co., New York, on 
 the N. end of Staten Island, contains New Brighton \iUage, 
 Pop. f>778. 
 CASTLETON, a pos(H)fflce of Culpepper co., Virginia. 
 C.4.STLET0N, a postrtownship in Barry co., Midiigan, 
 about 10 miles E. of Hastings. Pop. 781. 
 C.VSTLETON, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa. 
 CAS'TLETON OF BRAE'.MAR, a vilbige of .Scoaand, Cr» 
 thy parish, Aberdeenshire, on the E. bank of the Cluiiie, a 
 little aljove its junction with the Dee. 57 miles W. of Aber- 
 deen. It ha.s 2 good inns, frequented by toui-ists. 
 
 CASTLETOWN, or LID/DLESDALE, an extensive parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, with a village, (New C;t.«Ue- 
 town,) 16 miles S. of Hawick. It has a border fortress, 
 named Hermitage Castle, but derived its name from another 
 of earlier date, which, like the old vUla^je of Castletown, no 
 longer exists. 
 
 CAS'^l'LETOWN, or CASTLETOWN BEREHA'VEN, a sea- 
 port-town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, on the W. side 
 of Bantry Bay, opposite Bere Island, 18 miles W. of Ban try. 
 I'op. 881. Vessels of 400 tons can reach its pier ; and it» 
 trade revived temporarily with the working of AUahais cop- 
 per-mines. 
 
 C.\^STLETOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Louth. 
 
 CASTLETOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 CASTLETOWN, the capital of the Isle of Man, England, 
 in the S. extremity of the island, on the W. shore of Ciistle- 
 town Bay. Pop. 22S3. It is supposed to be the most an- 
 cient town on the island, but its present buUdiugs are mo- 
 dern. In the centre is a large square, with market-house; 
 St. Mary's church faces the parade, and Iving Willi!uu'a 
 College, founded in 1830, is in the vicinity. Cii.etle Itusheu, 
 said to have been built in 900, by a Danish prince, and once 
 the residence of royalty, now a prLson and Lan-acks, st.ands 
 on a rock in the centre of the town. Here is the residence 
 of the lieutenant-governor of the island. 
 
 CAS'TLETOWN-AR/RA, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Tipperary. 
 
 CAS^rLETOWN-DEIA'IN, a parish of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, CO. of West Meath, 7 miles W. of .\thboy. Near the vil- 
 lage is Clonyn Castle, the seat of the Maiquis of Westmeath. 
 CASTLETOWN-ROCHE, rOch. a town and parish uf Ire- 
 land, in Munster, co. of Cork, on the Awbeg, 8 miles ^\■.N.W. 
 of Fermoy. Pop. of the town, 1003. It stands on a wooded 
 height, and has small infantry barracks. 
 
 CAS/TLETOWNS/END, a small seaport-town of Ireknd, in 
 Munster, co. of Cork, on the W. side of Gastlehaven I'ay, 4 
 miles E.S.E. of Skibbereen. Pop. 770. It has the custom- 
 house for the port of Baltimore. 
 
 CAS/TLE-W EI/LAN, a market^town of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Down, 5 miles S.W. of Clough. Pop. 806. It gives the 
 title of baron to the Earl of Annesley, lord of the manor, 
 whose seat. Castle Wellan, adjoins the town. 
 CASTON, a piirish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 CASTOR, a village and parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton, 4 miles W. of Peterborough, on a branch of the 
 liondon and North-western Itailway. Castor is the Duro- 
 hrii'o: of Antoninus, and remains of many buildings, as baths 
 and villas, with tessellated pavements, have been found 
 here. Pop. of village, 716. 
 CAS/TOR, a post-office of Caldwell parish, Louisiana. 
 CASTOR BAYOU, Louisiana, rises in .laclison parish, and 
 flowing southward, unites with the Dugdemoua at the N. 
 extremity of Rapides parish. 
 
 CASTORIO, kas-to/roK), or FRENCH CAMP, a village of 
 San Joaquin CO.. California, is situated on a channel of its 
 own name, about 5 miles S. of Stockton. The i)lace woa 
 formerly the headquai'ters of the Hudson Bay Company. 
 Pop. 1600. 
 
 C.-VS/TOR RIVER, of Missouri, rises in St. Francis co.. in 
 the E.S.E. part of the state, and flowing in a generil south- 
 erly direction, communicates by several arms with a group 
 of small lakes in Stoddard county, and afterwards joins the 
 Whitewater River. The stream thus firmed, which is 
 sometimes called Castor River, but more frequently the 
 Whitewater, after receiving the outlet if Lake I'cmisco, 
 falls into Big Lake, which is connected with the St. Fran- 
 cois by Little River. Most of the region through which it 
 flows is low or swamp land, and the streams not only often 
 spread themselves over a large surCice, forming extensive 
 
 393 
 
CAS 
 
 CAT 
 
 n fcrshel >r lakes, but frequently change their channels, or 
 taake fo) thwinselTes several different outlets. 
 
 CAS"P)RVILLE. a Tillage of Lewis co.. New York, on 
 Beaver Kiver. alKiut CO miles N'.W. of Utica. 
 
 CASTORVILLE, a post-village, capital of Medina Co., 
 Texas, on Medina River, 30 miles W.S.W. of San Antonio. 
 
 CASTKA CJiCILIA. See Cackres. 
 
 CASTRKS, kSst'r.a town of France, department of Tarn, 
 ^n both sides of the Agout, here crossed by two stone 
 bridges. 23 miles S.E. of Albi. Pop. in 1852. 20,815. It is 
 thi most populous and flouris^hing town in the department. 
 Vhnugh generally ill built, it has some good edifices, in- 
 cluding the old episcopal palace, now used for the town- 
 hall, a public librai-y, a church with some good works of 
 art. a theatre, barracks, and exchange. It is the seat of a 
 I'rntestaut coneistury, having been one of the first towns 
 whioh embraced the doctrines of Calvin: diocesan and 
 other superior schools, a council of agriculture, and a 
 chamber of manufactures. It has important and cele- 
 brated manufactures of cassimeres, military clothing, and 
 Cotton goods, besides copper wares, glue, soap, and paper; 
 coal, iron, lead, and copper are raised in its vicinity ; and 
 the town h-as an active trade in wool, liqueurs, and confec- 
 tionary. It was long the residence of Henri IV., and is the 
 birthplace of Dacier, Rapin, and the Abb6 Sabatier. 
 
 C.A.STRES. a town of France, department of Glronde, 11 
 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 722. 
 
 CASTRI, kis'tree, a village of Greece, government of Pho- 
 eis, occupying a portion of the site of ancient Delphi, on the 
 southern declivity of Mount Parnassus, 7 miles E.of Salona. 
 About 250 yards E.is the famous Cast.alian Spring. 
 
 C.-iSTKIES. kdsHree/, a town of France, department of 
 Herault, 7 miles N.E. Montpellier, with a fine Gothic castle. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 954. 
 
 CASTRIES. k^sHre©', or PORT CASTRIES, the principal 
 town of the island of St. Lucia, in the British West Indies, 
 on its W. coast, with a good port and extensive commerce. 
 Pop. 2400. 
 
 CASTRO, kjs'tro. a seaport town of Naples. 10 miles S.W. 
 of Otranto, on the Adriatic. Pop. 7000. It hiis an old 
 castle, a cathedral, a harbor for small vessels, and some ex- 
 port trade in corn, wine, olives, fruit, cotton, and fish. It 
 has repeatedly suffered from attacks of Barbary corsairs. 
 
 C.-VSTKO. (anc. Castrenumium t) a village of Italy, In the 
 Pontifical States, 25 miles W.N.W.of Viterbo, on the Olpeta, 
 near the Tuscan frontier. 
 
 CASTRO, a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 9 
 miles S. of Frosinone. 
 
 CASTRO, kis'tro (anc. MilyUlne,) s seaport town of Asi- 
 atic Turkey, capital of the island of Mitylene, on its E. 
 coast. 55 miles N.W. of Smyrna. Pop. 6500. It extends in 
 a semicircle around a shallow harbor, and has a large castle, 
 several churches, convents, and mosques. In the gardens 
 of its suburbs are many vestiges of the ancient Mitylene. 
 
 C.VSTRO, kd.s'tro. a town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, 
 W. of the Sierra do Mar, and 85 miles N.W. of Curitiba. 
 Pop. of the district, 8000. 
 
 CASTRO, kis'tro, a town and seaport of Chili, on the E. 
 coast of the island of Chiloe, at the head of a fine bay of the 
 same name. Its port is good, and it carries on some trade. 
 It was founded in 1560 by Don Lopez Garcia, then viceroy 
 of Peru. Pop. 3500. 
 
 CASTRO-CONTRIOO. kfc'tro-kon-tree'go, a town of Spain, 
 40 miles S.W. by W. of Leon, on the Eria. Pop. 1494. 
 
 CASTRO DAIRE, kis'tro dl'rd. a town and parish of Poi^ 
 tugal, province of Beira-.\lta, 18 miles S.S.W. of Lamego, 
 trith a church and a hospital. Pop. 2400. 
 
 CASTRO-DEL-RIO. kis'tro-djl-ree'o, a town of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, 16 miles S.E. by S. of Cordova, on a declivity on 
 the Guadajoz. The more ancient part of the town is sur- 
 rounded by a dilapidated wall, flanked with towers, and 
 entered by one gate, which was defeiuled by an Arab castle, 
 now also ruinous. The modern portion is outside the walls, 
 and extends along the foot of the hill on its N. side. Most 
 of the streets are wide and regular, lined with well-built 
 houses and hand.some public edifices. Its parish church is 
 spacious, hxs three naves, and a lofty tower containing a 
 clock and peal of six bells. Here are two colleges, several 
 primary schools, some convents with churches attached, 
 and an economic society. The remaining public buildings 
 comprise six chapels, two hospitals, a capacious town-hall. 
 
 firison, store-house, and cemetery. It has manuCictures of 
 Inen, woollen, and hempen fabrics, earthenware, tiles, 
 bricks, lime, brandy, wine, oil, and vinegar; and trade in 
 wheat, cattle, oil, honey, &c. Pop. 9092. 
 
 CASTIKWIOV VN N I. kis'tro-jo-vdn'nee, (axicEnlna,) a city 
 of Si.ily. intendancy of Catania, on a table-land in the centre 
 of the island, 4000 feet above the sea, and 13 miles N.E. of 
 Caltanlsetta. P* j. 11,140. Though hejilthy. well supplied 
 with water, and tn a highly fertile tract, it is in decay, and 
 Its chief edifice is a feud.il fortress. Enna was celebrated 
 la antl(iuity as the mythical birthplace of Ceres, and the 
 site of her most lamous temple; and about 5 miles distant 
 is the Lake of Pergusa. where Proserpine was. according to 
 the poets, carried off by Pluto. During the first Servile 
 394 
 
 War, Enna was the head-quarters of the sl»,'r'-,«, who YiAA 
 out against the power of Home for some y'<a»«, avJl for.ght 
 three successive battles with her ai-mies but were at list 
 subdued, and the town was taken by Cous'ol R'jpiiius. 
 
 CASTRaTERlZ,kis'tro-H.Areeth',(anc. antrum, Catarisf) 
 a town of Spain, province, and 18 mileo W. of Burgos, be- 
 tween the Orda and Garbanzuela. Pop. 2434. 
 
 CASTRO LABOKEIRO. kfe^tro l5-lx)-r?,'e-i-o. a town and 
 parish of Portugal, province of Minho, 32 mil«s N.E. of 
 Ponte-do-Lima, on an elevated plateau in a mountainous dis- 
 trict near the frontiers of Spain. It contains an old ruined 
 castle, and owing to its great height, and total want of shel- 
 ter bv trees, is considei'ed the coldest place in PortugaL 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 CASTRO MARIM, Yls>tro ml-rees^, a town of Portugal, 
 province of Algarve, in the S.E. comer of the kingdom, on 
 the Guadiana. and near its embourb'are, 16 miles N.E. of 
 Tavira, on the Spanish frontier. It vas ouce fortified, but 
 the fortifications are now in ruins Pop. 2260. 
 
 CASTRONUOVO, kis'tro-noo-o'vo, a fortified town of 
 Sicily, intendancy of Palermo, on i mountain. 25 miles N. of 
 Girgenti. Pop. 5S20. Near it ars quarries of fine marble. 
 
 C-\STRONUOVO, a town of N iples. province of Basllicata, 
 34 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CASTROPETRE, kis'tro-pee'tgr, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. Kinir's county. 
 
 CASTR0PIGNANO,kas'ti-o-peen-ya'no, a town of Naples, 
 province of Molise. near the Biferno, 5 miles W.N.W. of 
 Campohasso. Pop. 2558. 
 
 CASTROPOL, kSs-tro-pol'. a small .seaport town of Spain, 
 province, and 68 miles W.N.W. of Uviedo, with a ruined for- 
 tress, near the mouth of the Kibadeo, in the Bay of Biscay. 
 Pop. 1575. 
 
 CASTRO-REALE, kis'tro-ri-Ki a city of Sicily. Intend- 
 ancy of Messina, capital of the district, on the Castro, 12 
 miles S.W. of Milazzo. 
 
 CASTRO-URDIALES. kJs/tro-ooR-de-ilJs, a seaport town 
 of Spain, province, and 27 miles E. of Santander. on the Bay 
 of Biscay. Pop. 2936. The town, sacked by the French in 
 1811, has been rebuilt, and is now clean and regular. It 
 has walls and bastions on the land side, and an old castle: 
 its harbor is celebrated for safety, and it has extensive fish- 
 eries. Near it is a ruined convent of the Templars. 
 
 CASTRO VERDE, kds'tro-vSR'dA. a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Alemtejo, in the plain of Ourique, 26 miles S. of 
 Beja, with 2000 inhabitants, and a collegiate church. 
 
 CASTROVILLARI. kds'tro-vil-ld'ree.'a fortified town of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 7 miles W.N.W. of Cas- 
 sano. Pop. 5650. In its vicinity, near Monte PoUino, the 
 famous cheese called cacio carallo is made. 
 
 CASTRO-VIREYNA, kis'trO-ve-rAVn^, a town of Peru, 
 capital of a province of its own name, in the department of 
 Huaneavelica, is situated on the W. slope of the Andes, at 
 the head of a stream falling into the Pacific, 165 miles S.K 
 of Lim.a. Pop. of the province, in 1850. 15.348. 
 
 CASTRO-VIRRYNA.kJs'ti-o-veeR-itee'nd.atown of South- 
 em Peru, department of Ayachucho. 112 miles S.W. of Uua- 
 manga, which, though in a tropical region, is so elevated, 
 that its inhabitants often suffer from the intensity of the 
 cold. 
 
 CASTRUM NOVUM. See GirinxovA. 
 
 C.\STU.\, kSs-toc/i a town of Austria, in Tllvria. on the 
 E. side of the peninsula of Istriii.near the Gulf of Quarnero, 
 34 miles S.E. of Triest.. It was formerly important, as the 
 capital of the ancient Liburnia, but is now decayed, and 
 has only 500 inhabitants. 
 
 CASfUERA, kL«-too-A'rS. a town of Sp,aiu. 68 miles 
 E.S.E. of Radajos, near the Guadalefra. Pop. 6572. It has 
 trade in fruit and wine. 
 
 CASUENTUS. See Basiexto. 
 
 CAS/WELL, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Virgini,^ has an area of about 400 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Hycootee Itiver and County 
 Line Creek, affluents of Dan River which twice crosses the 
 N. border of the county. The surface is undulating: the 
 soil fertile. The Richmond and Danville Railroad, when 
 finished, will be a valuable improvement to the county. 
 Organized in 1777, and named in honor of Richard Caswef), 
 thefirst(?overnorofthestateundertheconstitution. Capital, 
 Yancey. Pop. 16,215, of whom 6860 were free, and 9355 slaves. 
 
 CASWELL, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi. 
 
 CAT.-VHOULA, kat Vhooaa, a p.aVish situated towards tho 
 N.E. part of Louisiana, has an area of 1970 square miles. It 
 is watered by the Washita, Tensas, Black, and Little Rivers. 
 The siirface is partly covered liy hills.near the Washita River, 
 The soil in some parts is fertile. The rock which underlies 
 the parish is sandstone. Several of the rivers are navigable 
 bv steamboats through this parish and on its borders. Or- 
 g.">nize(J in 1808. Capital, Harrisonburg. Pop. 11,651, of 
 whom 55.38 were free, and 6113 slaves. 
 
 CATAHOULA (ka-t.a-hoona) LAKE, situated in the N.E. 
 central part of Louisianii, in tlie parish of the same name, 
 is 15 or 2iJ miles long, and 2 or 3 wide. In times of floods, 
 these dimensions are somewhat enlarged. Little River 
 enters its S.W. extremity, and flows from the N.E. part. 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 CATALA'MET or CATIILA'MET, capital of Wahkiakum 
 CO., AVasliitigton Territory, on the Columbia River, about 40 
 miles trum its mouth. 
 
 CATALAUM or CATALAUNUM. See CHAlo>fS-SDR- 
 Makne. 
 
 CATALONIA. kat-a-lo'ne-a/Sp.ai<<i7i/«a.kd-td-loon'ya;Fr. 
 Oatab:;jnp., kdHd'loil'; It. aitaloyna, kd-td-Wn'yd; Ger. OitaUh 
 nien. kd-td-lo'ne-en.) an old province in the N'.li. of Spain, 
 bounded N. by Andorra and the Pyrenees, \V. by Aragon. S. 
 by Valencia, and K. by the Mediterranean. Lentrf h, 185 miles ; 
 greatest breadth, 130 miles; but, bsina; of a triangular form, 
 the breadth diminishes southward to '23 and 22 miles. A rea, 
 12,636 square miles. Its capital wjis Barcelona; it is now di- 
 vided into the provinces of Barcelona, Tarragona. Larida, and 
 Gerona. It is extremely mountainous, being intersected by 
 the contreforts of the Pyrenees, which separate it into nume- 
 rous small valleys. Near its centre. Mount Serrat. remarkable 
 for its curious form, is 4054 feet in elevation. All the higher 
 mountains of Catalonia are perpetually covered with snow, 
 and the lower hills with wood. The valleys are verdant, 
 and generally watered by a rivulet. The coasts, about 190 
 miles in e.xteut, are bold and rugged ; the surface is well 
 watered. Chief rivers, the Ebro. the Llobregat, and the Ter. 
 This is the best cultivated portion of Spain ; every variety 
 of bread-corn is raised. Among its mineral riches are copper, 
 zinc, manganese, lead, and coal; there is a celebrated salt- 
 mine at Cardona, and salt-works on the coast. The manu- 
 fectuiing Industry of this district ha.s long been famous, 
 and is still the most important in the kingdom. The prin- 
 cipal articles produced are woollens, cotton, silk, and leatlier, 
 Esper, cordage, and fir^-arms. The Catalans speak a peculiar 
 inguage, distinct from the Castilian. 
 
 Catalonia was anciently under the dominion of the Ro- 
 mans, who were afterwards dispossessed by the Goths, and 
 and they again by the Moors. It was finally reconquered 
 b^ the Spaniards, when it was divided into departments, 
 and governed by deputed counts. The national liberties 
 were secured by the code of Usages, and the people were 
 represented by local parliaments. In 1040, the sovereignty 
 became hereditary. In 1137, the province was united to 
 Aragon, by the marriage of Ramon Rerenguer IV. with I'e- 
 tronila, the heiress of the former. Turbulent and imp,i- 
 tient of restraint, the subse<iuent history of the Catalans 
 presents but a series of rebellions, which finally terminated 
 in their subjugation by Philip V., who. after the capture of 
 Harcelona in 1714, suppressed their ancient cortes and cur- 
 tailed their liberties and privileges, having previously laid 
 the county waste by fire and sword. The principal towns 
 are Barcelona, Tarragon-a, Gerona, Lerida, Reus, Manresa. 
 
 Tortosa, &c. Pop. 1.283,734 Adj. and inhab. Cat'ala.n 
 
 and Catalonian, kat-a-lo'ne-an; (Sp. Catalan, kd-td-ldn'.) 
 
 C ATAL'P A G RO V K, a postlofflce of .Marshall co., Tennessee. 
 
 CATALPA GROVE, a post-office of Greene co., Kentucky. 
 
 CATALPA GROVE, a postofBce of Benton CO., Indiana. 
 
 CAT A LUNA. See Catalonia. 
 
 CATA'MA CREEK, of Montgomery co., Alabama, enters 
 Alabama River alx>ut 12 miles W. of tlie capit.il of the state. 
 
 CATAMARCA, kd-td-maB/kd, a department of the Confede- 
 ration of La Plata, in South America, between lat. 25'-' and 29° 
 S., and Ion. 66° and 69° AV., having W. the Andes, separat- 
 ing it from the northern provinces of Chili, and on other 
 sides the departments of Salta, Tucunian, Cordova, and 
 Rioja. Pop. estimated at 50.000. It is extremely fertile, 
 and produces corn and cattle for home consumption, sup- 
 plies tlie adjacent departments with cotton, and sends con- 
 sideialile quantities of red pepper to Buenos Ayres. 
 
 CATAM.A.RCA, the capitiil of the above department, is 
 situated on a small stream about 275 miles N.W. of Santiago, 
 in lat. 27° 30' S., Ion. 68° W. Pop. 4000. 
 
 CATANA. See Catania. 
 
 CATANDUANES, kd-tduMoo-d/nSs, one of the Philippine 
 Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, near the S.E. coast of 
 Luzon, 40 miles long and 15 broad; it is fertile and well 
 cultivated. Chief town, Virac. 
 
 C.\TANIA, kd-td'ned, (anc. GiOana or CatJina,) a cele- 
 brated city and seaport of Sicily, on its E. coast, 31 miles 
 N.N.W. of Syracuse. It is beautifully situated at the foot 
 of Etna, its despuiler and its beneCictor. Overwhelmed as 
 it has often been by torrents of liquid fire, it has risen, like 
 the phoenix, more resplendent from its a.shes. The very 
 substance which once rav.aged its plains, has, by its own 
 decomposition, covered them with soil fertile as the fabled 
 garden of the Hesperides; and on all sides tlie material of 
 destruction is turned to the purposes of ornament and 
 utility. 
 
 The city has a noble appearance from the sea, and is in- 
 ternally very handsome, with regular and spacious streets 
 paved with lava, of which material the, numerous public 
 buildings are constructed, the latter being faced with mag- 
 nssian limestone and enriched with marbles. * A natural 
 mole of lava encloses . the harbor. Principal edifices, the 
 Cathedral, rebuilt after the great earthquake of 1693, the 
 Senate-h mse. Government Pawn-bank, a Benedictine con- 
 vent (if vast extent, and with a superb church, a large mu- 
 eeuni, &c., about 30 ether convents and 50 churches, some 
 
 of which are very splendid, several charitable «stsVil»li- 
 ments, foundling and lying-in hospitals, and .' Magdalen 
 asylum. In a fine square near the cathedral is a statue of 
 an elephant bearing an obelisk, believed to be a genuine 
 antique. The university, founded in 1445, has an annual 
 revenue of alxjve 20(Xii., and its library and museums are 
 open on holidays to tlie public. Catania has a college of 
 arts and numerous private museums; it is a bishop's see, 
 the seat of one of the three high civil and criminal coi-rts 
 in Sicily, and of inferior courts, and it is investfH -yith va- 
 rious high privileges. It has, exten-'lTb manufactures of 
 silk fabrics, and of wares in lava and amber; besides which 
 goods it exports corn, macaroni, potatoes, olives, figs, raw 
 silk, wine, .soda, manna, can tharides, and snow from Mount 
 Ktna. The liarbor is not adequate to the importance of tho 
 city, but it is generally full of small craft, 
 
 Cataui;i is supposed to have been founded by the Phoeni- 
 cians, It was occupied by the Romans under the name of 
 Catana, and by them it was adorned with edifices of great 
 magnificence, most of which, however, have been destroyed 
 by earthquakes and by the lava from Jlount Etna. The 
 ruins of the amphitheatre, which was more extensive than 
 the Colosseum at Rome, or than any other edifice of the 
 same kind now known to exist, are still to be seen ; as also 
 the remains of the theatre, baths, aqueducts, sepulchral 
 chambers, hippodrome, and several temples. Besides being 
 destroyed by the earthquake of 1693. the town again suf- 
 fered from a similar calamity in 1783 and 1818 ; and, so late 
 as 1846, an earthquake rent many of its houses. Pop. 64,921. 
 Adj. and inhab. Catanian, kd-td'ne-an. 
 
 CATAMA, GULF OF, an inlet of the Mediterranean, on 
 the E. coast of Sicily, extending from La Tre/.za Bay. near 
 Acl Reale, to Cape Santa Croce, near Agosta. a distance of 
 18 miles. It receives the Giaretta River; and the city of 
 Catania and towns of CasteUo d"Aci, Lenza, and La Bruca 
 are on its shores. 
 
 CATANZARO, kd-tdn-zd/ro, a city of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra II., on a mountain near the Gulf of Squil- 
 lace, 33 miles S.S.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 17,130. Many of its 
 principal buildings were destroyed by the earthquake of 
 1788 ; but it still has a cathedral and other churches, a 
 castle, a royal academy of sciences, diocesan school, college, 
 and foundling hospital, with a government pawn-bank, and 
 other charitable institutions. It is the seat of one of the 
 four great civil courts of the kingdom, and has manufac- 
 tures of silk, velvet, and woollen fabrics, and an active 
 trade in agricultural produce. 
 
 CATAPULICIIE, kd-td-poo-lee/chA. a river of South Ame- 
 rica, rising on the E. side of the Chilian Andes, ab' ut lat. 
 39° 15' S., and, after a course of 58 miles, falls into the Rio 
 Negro about lat. 40° 3' S. 
 
 CAT'ARACT, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana. 
 
 CATARROJA, kd-taR-Bo/nd, a town of Spain. 6 miles S. of 
 Valencia. Pop. 3585, mostly engaged in raising rice and 
 fishing in the Lake Alhufei-a. 
 
 CATAS ALTAS, kd/tds dl'tds, a well-built village of Bra- 
 zil, province of Minas Geraes, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ouro 
 Petro. Pop. 3000. In its vicinity are extensive iron-mines. 
 
 CAT^ASAU'QUA, a new and thriving post-borough of 
 Hanover township, Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of Lehigh River. 3 miles above Allen town, and 54 
 miles N. of Philadelphia. It contiiins 7 churches, 1 bank, 
 4 hotels, 2 machine-shops, 2 rolling-mills, gas works, and 5 
 blast furnaces of the Lehigh Crane Company. The Lehigh 
 Valley Railroad passes through Catasauqua. It is stated that 
 one of the furnaces near this place has turned out 248 
 tons of iron in a week ; a yield which has sc;u-cely been 
 equalled in this or, perhaps, in any other country. Pop, 
 1932. 
 
 CArATONK/, a post-office of Tioga co.. New York. 
 
 C.\TAU'LA. a post-office of Harris co., Georgia. 
 
 CATAULA CREEK, Georri.a. See Mulberiiy Creek. 
 
 CATAWBA, or GREAT CATAWBA, a river of North and 
 South Carolina, has its sources in the Blue Ridge, in Burke 
 county of the former state. It flows nearly eastward to the 
 Vi'. border of Iredell county; after which it pursues a soutli- 
 erly course, and enters South Carolina near the mouth of 
 Little Catawba, and about 15 miles from Yorkville. In the 
 latter state it forms the boundary between Lancaster dis- 
 trict, on the one hand, and York and Chester districts, on 
 the other, till it arrives at Rocky Mount, and takes the 
 name of Wateree. The length of the Catawba is estimated 
 at 250 miles. It flows through the gild region of North 
 Carolina. The Wateree, after a southerly course of about 
 100 miles, unites with the Congaree to form the Santee. 
 
 CATA^VBA, a county in the W. central part of North Ca- 
 rolina, has an area of about 250 square miles. The Great 
 Catawba, from which it derives its name, forms the bound- 
 ary on the N. and E.; the county is ilso drained by the 
 South Catawba. The surface is diver. Ified; the soil is fei^ 
 tile. Formed from the N. part of Lincoln, in the year 1842, 
 Capital, Newton. Pop. 10,729, of whom 9065 were free, and 
 1064 slaves. 
 
 CATA^VBA, a village of Atlantic co.. New Jersey, 4 miles 
 S.E. of May's Landing, has a church, and about 2u houses. 
 
 895 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 CATAWBA, a post-office of Botetourt co., Tlr^nU. 
 
 CATAWBA, a small postrvillajre of Clarke CO.. Ohio. 
 CATAWBA CllKKK. in the S.W. central part of Virginia, 
 flows north-ea-^tward through Roanoke county, and enters 
 the James Kiver in Botetourt county. 
 
 CATAWBA CKKEK, a postoffice of Gaston co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 CATAAVBA SPRINGS, a post-villaee in Lincoln co., North 
 Carolina. 160 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 CATAWBA VIKW, a postofflce of Caldwell co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 CATA WIS'SA, a creek in Pennsylvania, empties itself into 
 the North Branch of the Susquehanna, a few miles below 
 Bloomsburar. 
 
 CATAWISSA-, a post-village and township of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the left (E.) bank of the North Branch 
 of the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Catawissa Creek, 
 75 miles N.N.K. of Harrisburg. The Catawissa Railroad 
 connects it with Willianisport, Port Clinton, &c. There are 
 several iron-works in operation here. Pop. of the town- 
 6hip, llTti. 
 
 CATAWTSSA FORGE, a village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 87 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 CATAWISSA MOUNTAIN. Pennsylvania, on the S. side 
 of Catawissa Creek, is principally included in Columbia 
 county, between its south-eastern limit and the Susque- 
 hanna River. 
 
 CATAWISSA VAIiLEY, a postroffice of Schuylkill co, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CATBALOGAN, k3t-bl-lo-gin', written also CADVA- 
 LONGA, kid-vil-lon'gd, a town of the Philippines, capital 
 of the island of Samar. Pop. 6328. It is situated at the 
 mouth of a small river near the centre of the W. coast. It 
 is regularly built, mostly of wood, and is the residence of a 
 Spanish alcalde. 
 
 C.\T'COTT, a chapel ry of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CATEAU, Le, Igh ki'tO', or CATEAU-CAMBRESIS, kd'- 
 t6'-kSm*br4'see'. a town of France, department of Nord. on 
 the Selle, 14 miles E.S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. in 1852, 8233. 
 It is Well built, and was formerly fortified. It has manu- 
 factures of shawls, merinoes, and calicoes. The treaty of 
 Cateau-Cambresis between Philip II. of Spain and Henry II. 
 of France, was signed here in 1559. 
 
 CATELET, Le^ \ih kiVW, a town of France, department 
 of Aisne, 10 miles N, of St, Quentin, on the Scheldt. Pop. 
 in 1852, 606. It wa-s once fortified. 
 
 CATERLI. kjHerMee', a maritime town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 on the Sea of Marmora. 175 miles N.N.E, of Smyrna. 
 
 CATES'BY AB'BEY, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton, 4 miles S.W. of Daventry, A priory was founded 
 here in the reign of Richard I,, whence its name. 
 
 CAT'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CAT'FJSH CREEK, of Marion district, South Carolina, 
 flows southward into the Great Pedee. 
 
 CATFISH FURNACE, a postoffice of Qarion co., Penn- 
 Bylvania. 
 
 CATFISH RIVER, of Wisconsin, is the outlet of the 
 "Four Lakes" of Dane county, and flows south-eastward 
 into Rock River. The rapids in the lower parts of its course 
 furnish fine water-power. 
 
 CATII'AKTNE or CATHARINE'S, a post-village and 
 township of Schuyler co., New York, at the S. end of Seneca 
 Liike, Ui milfs N. of Elmira. Pop. of the township 3688. 
 
 CATHARINE, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 815. 
 
 CATHARINE LAKK, a post-office of Onslow co., N. C. 
 
 CATHAY. See China, 
 
 CATH'CART, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Renfrew and 
 Lanark, on the White Cart River, 2 miles S. of Glasgow. 
 The Battle of Langside. the last fought on behalf of Queen 
 Mary, took place in this parish, 1568. 
 
 C.iTH'CAKT. a post-office of White co., Indiana, 
 
 CATHEDaNE. a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 CATH'HRINE or CATHERINE'S, a group of three small, 
 low islands. South Pacific Ocean, Gilolo Passage. Lat. 0° 
 39' S. : Ion. 129° 11' E. 
 
 CATHERINE or CATHERINE'S, several small islets off 
 the extreme S. point of Boothia Felix. Lat 69° 20' 37" N. : 
 Ion. 94° 31' 65" W, 
 
 CATH'KRINGTON. a parish of Engl.and, co. of Hants. 
 
 CATH'ERSTONE-LEWSTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 CATH'EY'S CREEK, a postoffioe of Henderson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CATIILAMET. See Catal-^met. 
 
 C.VriNA. SeeCATAMA. 
 
 CAT ISLAND. See San Salvador. 
 
 CAT ISLAND.at the entraucc of Lake Borgne. Louisiana, 
 5 miles W. of Ship Island. On if is a fixed li,'ht. 45 feet high. 
 
 CAT KAYS or CAT KEYS, a group of islets off Great Ba- 
 hama Bank, the largest atiout 70 miles S.S.W. of the nearest 
 point of Great Bahama Island, and 10 miles from the Bernini 
 Islands. It has a light-house, with a tower 55 feet in height, 
 Lat. 2.';° .14' :'^)" N.. Ion. 79° 18' 24" W. 
 
 CAT'LKTT.apost^ffice of Fauquier CO., Virginia. 
 390 
 
 CAT'LETTSBCRG, a post-village of Boyd co., Kentucky, 
 on the Ohio, at the mouth of the Big Sandy River, 150 miles 
 E.N.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 C.'VT'HN, n township of Chemung co.. New York. P. 1308. 
 
 CATM,\NDOO, capital of Nepaul. See Khatmasdoo. 
 
 CAT'MERE, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 CATO, ki'to, a post-villiige and township of Cayuga co. 
 New York, on Seneca River, 12 miles N. of Auburn. Pop. 
 of the township, 2350. 
 
 CATO, a post-office of Cocke co., Tennessee. 
 
 CATOCVTIN CREEK, of Maryland, rises in Frederick co, 
 flows southward, and enters the Potomac River near the 
 Point of Rocks. 
 
 CATOCTIN FURNACE, a postoffloe of Frederick co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 CAT ON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 CATON. a post-township of Steuben co,, New York, 25 
 miles S. of Bath. Pop. 1550. 
 
 C ATON S VI LLE, a post-village of Baltimore co., Maryland, 
 8 miles W. of Baltimore. 
 
 C-\TOO'S.\., a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia. 
 
 CATORCE, kd-toR'thA, a town of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, state, and 120 miles N. of San-Luis-de-Potosi. In the 
 neighborhood are extensive silvei^mines, formerly the richest 
 in Mexico. 
 
 CATO SPRINGS, a pc-nt-office of Rankin co., Mississippi. 
 
 CAT'RAIL, DIVIDING FENCE, or PlCrS-WOKK'DlTCH, 
 a name applied to the remains of a fosse and double ram- 
 part, with round forts at intervals, in Scotland, cos. of Sel- 
 kirk and Roxburgh, and which is supposed to have been a 
 line of defence raised by the Britons against the invading 
 Saxons. It commences 1 mile W. of Gal.ishiels. and extends 
 S. to Peel-Fell : it is from 20 to 24 feet in breadth. 
 
 CATKAL, k^t-rdl', a town of Spain, 20 miles S.W. of AU- 
 cante. Pop. 2268. it has linen manufactures 
 
 CATRIMANI, kit-re-mi'nee, or CARITAMINI, kS-re-tJ- 
 mee'nee, a river of Brazil, province of Pari, rising in a 
 mountain range which forms a continuation of the Sierra 
 Carumani, about lat. 2° N., and after a S.E. course of alx)ut 
 100 miles, falling into the Rio Braneo, near Carmo. in lat. 0"^ 
 28' N., Ion. 62° 8' W. Its bed is much impeded by rocks 
 and c.itaracts, 
 
 C.A.TRINE, a vill.age of Scotland, co. of Ayr, paiish of 
 Sorn, on the .\yr. 2^ miles S.S.E. of Mauchliue. Pop. 2<i59, 
 mostly employed in cotton-spinning. It was founded in 
 1787, and is regularly built, having a centrtU square, with 
 principal streets leiiding from it toward the cardiu.'il points. 
 
 C.VrS'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CATS'KILL, a post-village and township, capital of Greene 
 CO., New York, on the W. b.ank of the llud.son Ujver, at the 
 mouth of Catskill Creek, 34 miles below Albany, and IH 
 miles above New York. It contains a court-house, 2 lianks, 
 3 newspaper offices, and churches of 6 denominations ; also 
 a woollen factory. Pop. of the township, 6275. 
 
 C.\.TSKILL CREEK. Greene co., in the B. part of New 
 York, falls into the Ilud.son River at Catskill. 
 
 C.\TSKILL MOUNTAINS, of New York, a group of the 
 great -Appalachian system, situated principally in Greene 
 county. The highest summits are Round Top, having an 
 elevation of more than 3800 feet, and High Peak, about 3720 
 feet above the sea. The Catskill Mountain House, situated 
 on a terrace of another eminence of this group. 2500 feet 
 above the level of the Hudson, is a place of great resort dur- 
 ing the summer se.ason. The view from the top of the moun- 
 tain is extensive and magnificent in the highest degrje. 
 
 CAT'SPRING, a post-village of Austin co.,Te.xas, 90 miles 
 E.S.E. of Austin City. 
 
 CATT.1IL. a village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, 28 
 miles E. of Trenton. 
 
 CATTARAU'GUS, a county in the W.S.W. part of New 
 York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of aliout 1250 
 square miles. It is partly bounded on the N. by Cattarau- 
 gus Creek, and is drained by the Alleghany River, Isihua 
 Creek, and other smaller streams, which supply motive- 
 power to numerous grist and saw mills. The surface is 
 generally but moderately uneven, although there are some 
 considerable elevations. The soil is fertile, and well adapted 
 to both grain and grazing. Bog-iron ore, sulphur, m.-tnga- 
 ne.se. and salt springs are said to be found, and there are 
 petroleum springs in the E. part of the county. It is trap 
 versed by the Erie Railroad, and partly by the Atlantic and 
 Great Western R.R. Orgiinized in ISoS, having previously 
 formed part of Genesee CO. Capital, Ellicottville. Pup.4;j,8S6. 
 
 CATT.\RAUGUS, a post-village of New Albion township, 
 Cattaraugus Co., New York, on the New York and Erie Rail- 
 road, 31 miles S.E. of Dunkirk, Pop. of the township. 
 1579. 
 
 CATTARAUGUS CREEK, in the S.W. part of New York, 
 after forming the greater part of the boundary between 
 Caltaraugifs and Erie counties, falls into Lake Erie alioat 
 15 miles E.N.E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 CATTARO, kit'tiUro. a seaport town of .\ustria. In D.alnia- 
 ti.a, S.E. extremitv of the gulf of same name, 3S uiLes S.S. 
 of Ragusa. I^t.'42° 25' 24" N.; Ion. 18'' 46' .30" E. it Is 
 situated at the foot of steep limestone rocks, is strongly frx- 
 
CAT 
 
 CAU 
 
 tlfie<l, and surmounted by a. castle, connected with the 
 town by means of a zig-zag path. It is also surrounded 
 with walls entered by three gates, and defended by towers. 
 It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and the cathedral 
 i.s a well-built editiee of hewn stone. There is likewise a 
 Greek church. Catturn is the seat of courts of justice, and 
 the residence of a military povernor. Its harbor is spa- 
 cious. Imt little frequented, the export trade being incon- 
 siderable. It was founded in the sixth century, on the 
 site of the Roman Acrivium. and was formerly the capit;il 
 of a republic of the same name. In 1563 and in 1677 it was 
 nearly destroyed by eiirthriuakes. I'op. 4000. 
 
 CA'TTAR(J.10CCADI,ri.e."UULi'OF")bok/ka dee klt'ta-ro. 
 a tortuous inlet of the Adriatic, at the S. extremity of the 
 coast of Dalmatia, 30 miles in length, consisting of 3 basins 
 connected by straits. It is protected from winds on all 
 sides by high mountains, and is the best harbor in the 
 Adriatic. Depth varies from 15 to 20 fathoms. The towns 
 of Cattaro, Castel Nuovo, Perasto, and Dombroto are on its 
 shores. 
 
 CATTEGAT or KATTROAT,kat/te-gar, a large arm of the 
 North Sea or German Ocean : has Sweden on the E.. and Jut- 
 land on the W.; unites with the Skager Rack on the N. and 
 communicates, by the Sound and the Great and Little Belt, 
 with the Baltic on the S. Its length from N. to S. is about 
 150 miles, and its central breadth nearly 90 miles. It is of 
 Tery unequal depth, and is not only very shallow towards 
 Its shores, but has a number of sandbanks — one of them 
 near its centre, — dangerous to navigation. The only 
 islands of any conseiiuence it contains are Lasoe, .\nhalt, 
 and Samsoe. Since August, 1853, a light vessel, exliibiting 
 three lights, has been stationed on the Kobber Ground in 
 the Cattegat. Lat. 57° 8' 30' N.. Ion. 11° 20' 30" E. 
 
 CATTENON, katHfh-iANo', (Ger. Kutlenhmven, kdt/tgn- 
 hoVen,) a village of France, (formerly fortified,) department 
 jf Moselle. 5 miles N.E. of Thionville. Pop. in 1852, 1100. 
 
 CAT'TKIl.\LL. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 OATTERIIAM, a parish of England, co. of-Surrey. 
 
 CATThlRICK, the supposed ancient Cataraclimuin, a vil- 
 lage and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, 
 nn the Swale. 5 miles S.E. of Richmond. Pop. 2965. 
 
 CATTI. See IIessen. 
 
 CATTILLO.V-SUR-SAMBRE, kat'teeViN°'-sUR-sarab'r. a 
 village of Trance, in the department of Xord, 19 miles 
 B S.E. of Cambrai. It has extensive manufiictures of fine 
 thread. Pop. in 1852, 6140. 
 
 CATTISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CATTDLICA. kat4ol'e-ka,atown of Sicily, 14 miles N.W. 
 of Girireiiti. Pop. 7200. It has productive sulphur-mines. 
 
 CATTOL'ICA, a village in the N.E. central part of Itjily, 
 province of Forli, 9 miles S.E. of Rimini, near tlie Adriatic. 
 Pop. 1300. It is said to have derived its name from the 
 Athanasian bishops having retreated thither on separating 
 from tlie Arian council of Rimini in 359. 
 
 CAT'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CATTON, LOW, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 CATTORUM CASTELLUM. See Hesse C.issel. 
 
 CATUUIGES. SeeCnoRGES. 
 
 CATUS, kiHUce'. a town of France, department of Lot, 9 
 miles N.AV. of CAors. Pop. in 1852, 1534. 
 
 CATWICK. a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 CAT'WICK, GRliAT, an island of the China Sea, off the 
 coast of Oocbin-China. Lat. 1(J° 6' N. ; Ion. 108° 52' E. 
 
 CAT'\VORTII. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 CAU.\MBK, kow-lm'Vi. or G.VUMl';, g6w/m:l. a river of 
 Brazil, province of Para, falling into the Rio Brauco at San 
 Isabel. Lat. 2° 53' N.: Ion. 61° 10' W. 
 
 CAUB. kowb. a small town of Northern Germany, in Nas- 
 sau, on the Rhine, 21 miles AV. of Wiesbaden. A toll is here 
 charged by the Duke of Nas.sau on all vessels navigating 
 the river; in the middle of which, opposite Caub, is the old 
 castle of Pfiilz. Blucher crossed the Rhine here with his 
 army, January 1, 1814. 
 
 CAUBUL. SeeC.UiOOt. 
 
 CAUC'A. kSw'ki. a river of New Granada, rises in that part 
 of the Andes called Paramo-de-Guanacas, waters the provinces 
 of Popayan, Antioquia, and Cartagena, and after a course of 
 about 600 miles from S. to N. between the central and W. 
 Cordillera of the Andes, falls into the Magdaleua, between 
 the small towns of Pinto and Tacaloa, in lat, 9° 25' N. Of 
 its numerous tributaries, the Nechi, which joins it on the 
 right side, is the largest, and of the towns on it.s banks the 
 most considerable are Cali, Toro, and Antioquia. The val- 
 ley of the Cauca is one of the richest, most fertile, and most 
 populous districts in South America. 
 
 CAUC.i, an old department of New Granada, bounded by 
 the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific. Area estimated at 68,300 
 square miles. Pop. 276.249, divided into the four provinces 
 of Popavan, Choco, Buenaventura, and Pasto. 
 
 CAUCASUS, kaw'kd-slis, (Gr. KavKaaot.) a lofty range^ of 
 mountains, the centre chain of which stretches N.W. toS.E. 
 for about 700 miles between the Black Sea and the Caspian, 
 and there forms the boundary between Europe and Asia. From 
 the central chain numerous branches are thrown off. One of 
 
 them to the N. proceeds through the n<,vernment of Can- 
 casus into Astrakhan, and onward to tht banks of the Vol- 
 g.a, while the branches to the S. traverse ti-e greater part of 
 the government of Georgia, and in the S. of that goveru- 
 ment connect with tlie mountains of Ararat. The hi;rhe6< 
 point in the range is Mount Elbrooz, whicK stands near the 
 middle of the central chain, and has an altitude of about 
 18,000 feet. The next highest is Mount Kanbek. 16.000 feet, 
 across which is the celebrated Eng I'ass, which gives Russit 
 her only carriage communication with her Tran.'i-Caucasian 
 domains. The N. side of the range is much more abrupt 
 than the S. Stratified rocks appear at the bottom of the 
 mountains, and rise to a considerable height on their sides. 
 These rocks consist chiefly of thick beds of limestone, con- 
 glomerate, and clay slate. Higher up are seen immense 
 crystalline masses, composed of granite, sienite, serpentine, 
 and gabronite. These masses, though higher in position, are 
 evidently lower in the geological series than the strati- 
 fied rocks, which, in many places, have been upheaved by 
 them, and in consequence have a considerable dip. Highest 
 of all is trachytic poi-phyry, which forms the great body of 
 all the principal Bummits of the central lango. That this 
 trachyte is the most recent of all the rocks Is proved \>y the 
 fact, tliat in many places it is seen piercing them, and 
 throwing them into the wildest confusion. The limit of 
 perpetual snow in the Caucasus is 11.000 feet, and hence, .is 
 some of the mountains rise from 50U0 to nearly 7000 feet 
 above this, there is an e.xtensive range for glaciers. It would 
 seem, however, that the supply of moisture which the at- 
 mosphere affords, is far less than might have been antici- 
 pated. Scarcely a single lake of any extent is to be found 
 in the Caucasus, and the scenery thus remains destitute oV 
 that which constitutes one of the most magnificent features 
 in the Alps of Switzerland. Numerous ca.scad.s tumble 
 down the N. steeps of the Caucasus, but none ot them are 
 remarkable either for volume or height, and the onlj- rivers 
 of any consecjuence which are fed by them are the Terek, 
 Kooban, and Koor. 
 
 The only mineral which has yet been ascertained to exist 
 in such (juantities as to make it capable of Ixjlng worked to 
 profit, is lead. Vegetation is very vigorous. .Magnificent 
 forest trees clotlie the higher mountain slopes almost to an 
 Incredible height ; lower down, all the finer fruit tnes of the 
 climate are fouud growing in wild luxuriance: while lowei 
 still, where liuman lalxjr can be made available, almost any 
 degree of culture, however imperfect, is rewarded with an 
 abundant crop. The ordinary cereals grow 7o00 feet above 
 sea level, while valuable shrubs, plants, and Howers, in 
 almost endless variety, deck the valleys and lower plains. 
 
 The inhabitants include a great variety of triV^es. the prin- 
 cipal of which are the Tcherkesses or Circassians. (Jeorgians, 
 Ossetes, Le.«ghians. and Abkases. Evidently derived from a 
 variety of stocks, and speaking a variety ot languages, they 
 are all distinguished by one noble quality — an almost inex- 
 tinguishable love of freedom, and In bodily ^institution are 
 at once so robustly and so elegantly framed, that what is 
 kno^fn as the Caucasian race is universally acknowledged 
 to be the finest physical type of man. 
 
 CAUCASUS, kaw'kd-sus, or the CAUCA'SIAN Rl-VGION, 
 is the name given to that portion of the Russian Empire 
 situated near the Caucasus Mountains. In Europe the 
 country is called C'is-Vaucasia, comprising the provinces of 
 Caucisus, Clrcassla, and Daghestan: and In Asia, Trans- 
 Caucasia, or the countries situated between Tin-key, Persia, 
 the Ca.splan, and the Black Seas, and the range of the Cau- 
 casus Mountains, comprising the provinces of Abasia, Min- 
 grella, Imerltia, Georgia, Shlrvan, and Russian Armenia. 
 Area, estlm.ated at 86,580 square miles. Tlie climate is 
 healthy, although tempests are frequent, and the higher 
 plateaux are exposed to burning heats in summer. The 
 soil is remarkably fertile In the valleys, and the mountains 
 are covered with valuable timber; every species of grain is 
 abundant, and is cultivated to a height of 8300 feet, while 
 the lower valleys produce cotton, rice, lint, tobacco, Indigo, 
 and wine. The axiroch, a species of ox or bison, is still 
 found in the mountains; the forests are full of fur-bearing 
 animals, and all the rivers abound in fish. Formei'ly nume- 
 rous herds of cattle were reared in the valleys. The greater 
 part of the chain is of secondary formation, interspersed 
 with volcanic rocks. The chain contains no active volca- 
 noes, but is frequently visited by earthquakes. Minerals 
 comprise copper, lead, iron, sulphur, and coal. All the 
 passes between Europe and Asia are guarded by Russian 
 fortresses; but the only one which has been rendered prac- 
 ticable for carriages is that from IMoadok to Tifiis by the 
 valley of the Terek. The principal pass on the E. is that of 
 Derbend. The Caucasus Mountains have been celebrated 
 from the highest antiquity; the people who Inh.abit them 
 have almost always maintained their Independence, and, 
 though nominally subject to Russia, many of the tribes still 
 maintain a constant struggle against her authority. The 
 principal tribes are the Circassians. Ossetes, Lesghians, 
 Abasians, Georgians, Misheges, and Mlngrelians. The Cir- 
 cassians and Georgians are considered the finest typos of the 
 human family, and the Caucasian race is the name by which 
 
 307 
 
CAtJ 
 
 CAV 
 
 thd white population distributed orer Europe, America, and 
 pnrt of Asia and Africa, is distinguished. Pop. in 1852, 
 
 2,850.000. Adj. and inhab. Caucasi.\n, kaw-lia'she-.}n or 
 
 kaw-ka'shftn. 
 
 CAUCASUS, a frovernment of Russia, hounded N., hy the 
 governmt'nts of Don Cossacks and Astrakhan; E., hy the 
 Caspian .Sta; S., by Circassia. and VV., by the Cossacks of the 
 Black Sea. Greatest length^ N.W. to S.E., about 380 miles ; 
 greatest bre.adth, N. to S., 170 miles. It is traversed N. to S. 
 near its centre, by a low ramification of the Caucasus Moun- 
 tains, but with this exception, the surface is flat, consisting 
 generally of an alluvion, which towards the E. appears to be 
 of very recent fbrmation. It is not drained hy any river 
 of Importance, (the Kiwma, since the lower part of its course 
 was lost in the sand, no longer deserves the name,) but is 
 watered on part of its N. frontier by the Maritsch, and on 
 the S. by the Koohan and Terek. The climate is in general 
 very mild, and there are some fertile tracks, particularly in 
 the neighborhood of the Terek, but great part of the allu- 
 vial flats is covered with salt pools and marshes, which 
 make the soil, when they prevail, altogether unfit for cxilti- 
 vation. Some of the steppes yield tolerable pasture, on 
 which numerous herds of cattle are reared. The chief pro- 
 ducts of the soil are corn, including maize, and wine. 
 Owing to the neighlxirhood of the warlike mountaineers of 
 the Caucasus, a considerable army is always mainhdned 
 within the government, and most of its towns are fortified. 
 The capital is Georgievsk. Pop. 1851, 535,447. 
 
 CAUCASUS, INDIAN. See IIitooo Koosh. 
 
 C.\UDKBKC, kod'hek', a seaport town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inferieure. on the right bank of the Seine, 
 at the influx of the Caudebec, 26 miles E. of Havre. Pop. 
 in 1852, 2564. It is one of the prettiest towns on the Seine, 
 with its quay and terrace along the water side, shaded hy 
 trimmed elms: in its outskirts the hills are dotted with 
 neat villas and country seats. It has a remarkable church, 
 manufactures of cottons, and an active commerce. It was 
 formerly the fortified capital of the Pays de Caux, and was 
 taken bv the Encli.sh in 1419. 
 
 CAUDEBKC-LES-ELBEUF, kod'bJkMJze^rhur, a flou- 
 rishing town of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, on 
 the Oison. Pop. in 1852, 71S2. It has important manufac- 
 tures of i-loth. 
 
 CAUDT^R.W, koM:i'r5>fo', a village of France, department 
 of Gironde, 2 miles W. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 4381. It 
 contains the military hospital of Bordeaux. 
 
 C.\UDETK, kow-dA'tA, a town of Spain, province and 50 
 miles E.S.E. of .Vlbacete. Pop. fOOO. It was formerly forti- 
 fied : it has several religious edifices and Roman remains. 
 
 CAUDLK'S SHOP, a post-office of Bibb CO., Alabama. 
 
 C.\UI>R Y. ko'dree'. a villageof France, department of Nord. 
 Pop. in 1852. 3085. It has manufactures of tulle lace. 
 
 CAUKIKISTAN. See Kafiristax. 
 
 CAUfillDENOY, kaw-de-noy', a post-oflice of Oswego CO., 
 New York. 
 
 CAUGIIX.^AVAOA, kaw'n.i-w.i'ga. a village of Montgo- 
 mery CO., New York, on the Mohawk River, 39 miles W.N.W. 
 of -Albany, has one church and several stores. 
 
 C.A.UG'M.\.RY', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 48 miles N.W. of Dacca. 
 
 CAULABAGII, kawnj-h^g'. or KAI/LABAGII', a town of 
 Punjab, in the Salt Range. i58 miles S.E. of Peshawer; lat. 
 33° 12' N.. Ion. 71° Z'/ E. It is built on terraces cut out of 
 the declivity of a hill, close hy the Indus, which is here 
 about 400 yards wide, deep, and rapid. In the vicinity are 
 huge m.isses of rock salt, in which, and in alum, the inha- 
 bitants carry on an extensive trade with the neighboring 
 provinces, 
 
 CAULniON, a parish of England, co, of Stafford. 
 
 CAULK, or CALKE, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 CAULON, or CAULONIA. See C.astel-A'etere. 
 
 C.AU-MONT. ko^mcSNo', (unc. CaVvomons f) a town of France, 
 department of Calvados, 12 miles S.S.W. of Bayeux. Pop. 1010. 
 
 C.AUMONT, a town of France, department of Eure, 16 
 miles E. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. in 1852, 930. 
 
 CAUMONT. a town of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, 4 miles S. of Marmande. Pop. in 1852. 2500. 
 
 CACMONT, a village of France, department of A'aucluse, 
 18 miles from Avignon, beautifully situated in a fertile dis- 
 trict on the Durance, surrounded "hy walls, and commanded 
 by a ciistle. Pop. in 1*52, 2009. 
 
 CAUN'DT.K BISII'OP, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CAUNDLK MARSH, a pari.sh of End.and, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CA UNDLE PURSK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CAUN-DLE STOFRTON. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CAUNES, Les, lAkOn. a town of France, department 
 of Aude, 11 miles N.E, of Carcassonne. Pop. in 1852, 2110. 
 It ha.9 a fine parish church, with distilleries, dye-works, and 
 marM<! works : and some quarries of fine marble are wrought 
 In its immediate vifinity. 
 
 CAUM'OOR. SeeCAWNPooR. 
 
 CAUNTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 CAi;QUE\ES,(kfiw-k.Vn?s.) BATHS OF, some remarkable 
 mineral springs of Chili, department and 62 miles S,S.E. of 
 Siintiago. By an earthquake, In 1835, their temperature 
 
 was suddenly ch.anged from 118° to 92° Fahr. The baths 
 have been long celebrated as medicinal, 
 
 CAURA, kOw'ril, a considerable river of Venezuelan Gaj. 
 ana, formed by the junction of the Y'urani. Erevato. M.aro- 
 guare, and their tributaries, which take their rise ii/ the 
 Sierra Parima, near the centreof the territory, and flows N., 
 and falls into the Orinoco, at lat. 7° 40' N., Ion. 6C° l.V W. 
 Its whole length is about 150 miles. 
 
 CAURIUM. SeeCoRiA, 
 
 CAUSSADE, ko'sJd', a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, and 12^ miles N,E. of Montauban. Pop. 
 in 1852. 4209, It is an old town, with plea.s.int suburb.^: and 
 has manufactures of woollen stulTs, and beet-root sugar, and 
 a trade in saffron, fruits, and live-stock. 
 
 CAUTEN, kOw-tJn', or IMPERIAL, im-p.We-ll', a river 
 of Chili, Araucania; has its sources on the W. slope of the 
 Andes, in about lat, 38° 44' S., from which it flows nearly 
 due W,, and falls itito the South Pacific Ocean at lat. 3S° 48' 
 S. Its whole course is about 180 miles. It has six or eight 
 large tributaries, some of them not much, if at all, inferior 
 in size to itself. 
 
 CAUTERETS, k5'tfh-r4', a village and watering-place cf 
 France, department of Hautes-Pj'renees, 25 miles S.S.W. of 
 Tarbes. Pop. 1054. In July and -August it is thronged 
 with French and Spani.sh vi.sitors. The vill.age st.ands in a 
 fertile basin, 2900 feet above the se.a, and enclosed by i-ugged 
 mountains. The hot sulphur springs var3' in temperature 
 from 102° to 122° Fahr. Its bathing establishments are 
 numerous, and it has a new pump-room, and a rt-ading- 
 room. 
 
 CAUTO, kflw'to, a river of Cuba, near the E. extremity of 
 the island, has its sources in the Sierra de Cobre, about lat. 
 20° 20' N., and in lat, 20° 30' N. falls into the bay of Buena 
 Esperanza; total course, 70 miles. 
 
 CAUVERY. See C.avery. 
 
 CAU.X, PAYS DE. pA-deh-kO, a small district of France, 
 in the old province of Normandy, of which the capital was 
 Caudebec, and afterwards Dieppe. It is now comprised in 
 the department of the Seine Inferieure. The Pays de Caux 
 was celebrated for its fertility and cultivation. 
 
 C.t'VA, a small island of Scotland, one of the Orkney 
 Group, CO, of Caithness ; lat, 58° 55' N., Ion. 3° 8' W. It is 
 upwards of 3 miles in circumference, 
 
 C AV-A, ki'v3, a town of Naples, province of Principa to Citra, 
 agreeably situ.ated in the valley of Fenestra, Smiles N.W. of 
 Salerno. It is the seat of a bishop, suffragan to the Pope, 
 and contains a cathedral, three other churches, a convent, 
 a house of refuge, a hospital, and a seminary. Silk, cot» 
 ton, and linen are manufactured here, and in the numerous 
 small villages that surround the town. The district is ex- 
 tremely unproductive, but the inhabitants have become 
 Avealthy by their industry and commerce. About one mile 
 from Cava is the magnificent Benedictine convent of the 
 Trinity, which formerly contained an excellent library, now 
 transferred to Naples. This lilirary, with its archives, wa« 
 considered the richest in the kingdom. Pop. 13,095. 
 
 CAVA. kS'vd, a t<iwn of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Novara. 4 miles S.W. of Pavia. Pop. 500. 
 
 CAV ADO, ki-vA'do, or CABADO, ka-bi'do, a river of Po^ 
 tugal. rises in the Sierra de Gerez. on the frontiers of Oalicia, 
 and falls into the sea at Esponende, after a course of C5 miles, 
 of which about 6 miles are navigable, 
 
 CAVAGLIA, H-\iVyi, a town of Piedmont, 30 miles N,K, 
 of Turin, province of Biella. Pop, 2719. 
 
 CAVAILL0N.kd'vJV6No', (anc. Or M?Jo,) a town of France, 
 department of A'aucluse, on the Durance, arrondissement 
 and 14 miles S.E. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852. 7405. It is iil 
 built and dirty ; its town-hall, former cathedral, with a curi- 
 ous cloister, and the remains of a Roman arch, are its only 
 buildings worthy of notice. It has manufiictures of vermi- 
 celli and silk twist, 
 
 C-AVALCANTE, kl-vai-k3n't3, a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 300 miles N.E, of Goyaz, with gold-mines and gold- 
 washings in the River Almas. Cavalcante is a centre point 
 fir travellers and carriers between MattoGrosSo, Goyaz, and 
 Minas-Geraes. Pop. 4000. 
 
 CAVALESE, ka-va-l.A/s4. a town of Tyrol, 22 miles N.E. of 
 Trent, on the Avizzio. Pop. 2143. 
 
 C-AV.ALIIO. kd-vll'yo, a small island on the W. cnast ot 
 Africa; lat. 11° 1' 30""N.,lon. 15° 41' 15" W, It is one mile 
 long, and half a mile broad, of volcanic origin. 
 
 CAVALLERMAGGIORE, kl-vaujR-mad-jo'rA, a tnwn of 
 the Sardinian Stares, in Piedmont, between the Marca .and 
 Grana. 24 miles N.E. of Coni. Pop. 5t:;00. 
 
 CAV.ALLO, a town of European Turkey. See Kav.vl.4. 
 
 CAVALLO, MONTE. See Corno. 
 
 CAV.AIiLY, ki-vAl'lee, a town of Western. -Africa, coast Of 
 Guinea, on the point of the same name; lat. 4° 21' 12'' N.^ 
 Ion. 7° 35' 35" W. 
 
 CAV'AN, an inland county of Ireland, Ulster, having N. 
 the county of Fermanagh; E., Monaghan; S., Meath, and 
 W., Meath; S.W., Leitrim. Area. 746 square miles, or 
 477,360 acres, of which 275.473 are arable. 71,918 are wast«, 
 and 22.142 water. Pop. 174,071. Surface. mountMinons 
 on the borders, enclosing an open country, intersjersed 
 
CAV 
 
 CAX 
 
 with bog. The principal rivers are the TVoodford and 
 Upper Erne. Chief loufths, those of Gawnagh, Shillin, 
 4c.. some liii^hly picturesque. Granite schists and Silurian 
 rocks prevail. Soil, light and poor, except on the bankf uf 
 the rivers. Coal, iron, copper, lead, are met with ; al.so ex- 
 cellent marl and fuller's earth. The Ulster coast terminates 
 at IJelturbet. Cavan is subdivided into 8 baronies and 36 
 parishes. Principal towns, Cavan, the capital, and Beltur- 
 bet. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 CAV AX. a market-town, and formerly a parliamentary 
 borough, the capital of the above county, 26 miles S.S.K. of 
 Knniskillen, on the railway thence to Dublin. Pop. 3740. 
 It is generally ill built, but has some good edifices, includ- 
 ing court-house, barracks, and infirmary ; near it is a public 
 promenade, on the property of Lord Farnham, whose seat is 
 Immediately a ijacent. 
 
 CAVAN, kdVfiNo', a village of France, department of Cotes- 
 du-Nord, 5 miles S.K. of Lannion. Pop. in 1852. 2080. 
 
 CAVANAS, kS-vd/nds, a port or harbor of Cuba, on the 
 N.W. coast of that island, 38 miles S.W. of Havana; l.at. 2:3° 
 6' N., Ion. 82° 55' W. It is a fine deep bay, having its en- 
 trance between two extensive reefs, with anchorage for seve- 
 ral hundred sail of ships. It is protected by a battery of 
 five guns, with a martello tower of one gun in its centre. 
 
 CAV'ANDEK, a village of Lumpkin co., Georgia, about "0 
 miles N.N.K. of Atlanta. 
 
 CAVAN VILLE, a post-village of Canada West. co. of Dur- 
 ham, 65 miles N.E. of Toronto. It contains a church, a mu- 
 tual assurance agency, and several stores. Pop. about 2lX). 
 
 CAVAKZERG. ka-vto-zA/rA, a village of Northern Italy, 
 government of Venice, on the Adige, 11 miles S.W. of Chiog- 
 gia. Pop. 3300. 
 
 CAVASO, ki-vi'so, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice, 20 miles N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CAVK, a small village of White co., Tennessee. 
 
 CAVE, a village of Crawford co., Indiana, 4 miles N.E. of 
 Leavenworth. 
 
 CAVE, a post'-village of Franklin co., Illinois, 40 milas 
 W.N.W. of Shawneetown. 
 
 CAVE IN ROCK, a po.st-vlllage of Hardin co., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio River, about 400 miles below Cincinnati. 
 
 CAVENDISH, a post-village and township of Windsor co., 
 Vermont, 60 miles S. by E. I'rom Montpelier. It has a 
 savings institution, and manufectures of leather and wool- 
 len goods. Pop. 1609. 
 
 CA VKNDISH. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CAVKMIA.M, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CAVE, NORTH, a parish of England, co. York, East Riding. 
 
 CAVK PU.MP. a post-office of Camden co., Missouri. 
 
 CAVERS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. S.W. of 
 Hawick. The \Visp Jlountaiu, elevation 1830 feet, is in this 
 parish. 
 
 CA VERSFIELD, a parish of England, cos. of Oxford and 
 Bucks. 
 
 CAVERSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, beau- 
 tifully situiited on the Th.ames, 1 mile N. of Reading. It 
 gives the title of viscount to Earl Cadogan. 
 
 CAVERSWALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 CAVERY, kaw'vei-e, or CAUVERY, (anc. C/iaberia,) a 
 river of India. Deccan, rises near lat. 13° 10' N., and Ion. 76° 
 E., flows tortuously south-eastward, and, after a course of 
 about 470 miles through the territory of Mysore and the 
 Jladras pre.«idency, enters the sea by numerous mouths in 
 the province of Tanjore, and the most northerly of wliich is 
 the ColeroOM. It is not navigable for large vessels, hut is the 
 most useful river in India for agricultural purposes. 
 
 CAVERYPAUK. kaw-vJr-e-paWk', a town of British India, 
 presidency, and 57 miles W.S.W. of Madras, district of North 
 Arcot. It is meanly built, but its great tank, (8 miles long 
 and 3 miles broad.) is perhaps the finest work constructed 
 for irrigation throughout Southern India. A victory was 
 gained here by the British over the French and their allies 
 in 1754. 
 
 CAV^ERYPO'R.^.M, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras, 83 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor, on the banks of the 
 
 CAVESA (ka-v.VsS) CREEK, Texas, flows into San Antonio 
 River, about 8 miles W. of Goliad. 
 
 CAVE, SOUTH, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of York, East Riding, 8 miles S.S.E. of Market Weighton. 
 Tohn Washington, the grandfather of the Great American 
 Patriot, emigrated from this parish in 1657. 
 
 CAVE SPRING, a post-office of Ro!vnoke co., Virginia. 
 
 CAVE SPRING, a small village of Wright co.. Missouri. 
 
 f;4VE SPRING, a flourishing post-village of Floyd co., 
 Georgia, 16 miles S.W. from Rome, is the seat of the state 
 asylum foi I he deaf and dumb, and has several high schools. 
 The nami' is derived from an extensive cave and a mineral 
 spring of the vicinity. Pop. 300. 
 
 CAVE'TOWN, a post-village of Washington co., 5Iaryland, 
 107 miles N.W. of Annapolis: has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 CAVETTSVILLE, a postoflice of WestmoreLand co., Penn- 
 sylvania 
 
 CAVI, ki'vee, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 
 23 miles E.a.E. oif Kome. Cavi was built by the Colonna as 
 
 early as the eleventh century, and is memorable for the 
 peace signed here, in 1657, between tht- Duke of Alba and 
 the Carafffschi. Pop. 2il00. 
 
 CAVIANA, ki-ve-d/nd. an island of Brazil, province of 
 Pari, in the N. mouth of the Amazon, under the e<iuator. 
 Length, 36 miles; breAdth, 20 miles. It is level and fertile, 
 and well stocked with cattle. On its S.E. side is the small 
 town of Roberdello. 
 
 CAVIT:fi. ki-ve-ti', a fortified seaport town of I>uzon, 
 Philippines, in the bay, and 10 miles S.S.W. of the city of 
 Manila. Pop. of town. 6115: of port. o50. It has an arsenal, 
 and is the capital of the province of the .same n.ime, resi- 
 dence of the governor, aud head naval depot of the Sp-^nlsh 
 possessions in the East. It has a inanuCictory of cigars. 
 The province of Cavite is flat, and has no important rivers. 
 Chief products, rice, sugar, indigo, and coffee. Pop. in 1848, 
 84,495. 
 
 CAVO, MONTE, Italy. See Albano. 
 
 CAVOR, or CAVOU R, kd-von/ or kd-voon/, a town of the 
 Sardinian States, Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.E. of Pinerolo. It 
 has manufactures of silk, twist, linens, and leather, and 
 near it are slate and marble quarries. Pop. 7548. 
 
 CAW'DOR, or CAL'DER, a parish of Scotland, cos. of 
 Nairn and Inverness, 3i miles S.W. of Nairn. Cawdor Cas- 
 tle here is an impo.sing feud.il fortress, in which Lord I^vat 
 remained long concealed, and in which, it is s;iid, King 
 Duncan was murdered by Macbeth. 
 
 CAWK'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CA WN'POOR/, CAUNH'OOR/, or CAUNM'ORW. a district of 
 British India, presidency of liengal. Upper Provinces, h.avlng 
 E. the Ganges, separating it from the Oude. and on other 
 sides the districts Etawah, Futtehpoor, and Bundelcund. 
 It consists of part of the territory of Nabob of Oude. ceded 
 to the British, and is mostly comprehended within the Daob 
 of the Ganges and Jumna. Area, 2650 square miles. Prin- 
 cipal towns. Cawnpoor, Kalpee. and Korah. 
 
 CAWNPOOR. CAUNPOOR, or CAUN PORE, a town of Ilin- 
 dostan. presidency of Bengal, on the I'ight bank of the (ianges, 
 whirh is here about a mile in breadth. 115 miles N.AV.of 
 Allah.ibad; lat. 26° 30' N.; Ion. 80° 12' E. It is of consi 
 derable extent, but is. on the whole, mean-looking and dirty, 
 with the exception of the chmok or princip:il street, which is 
 composed of well-built brick houses, two or three stories 
 high, with balconies in front. Hardly any of its temples or 
 mosques are worth noticing, with the exception of one small 
 mua^id, an elegant little structure, ornamented with three 
 egg-shaped domes, a large one in the centre, and a smaller 
 on each side, and having a tall and graceful minaret al 
 either end. Saddlery, harness, gloves, and jewelry are 
 manufiictured here to some extent. Cawnpoor is one of 
 the mo.st important military stations in India. The can- 
 tonments extend along the right bank of the Ganues for 
 nearly seven miles, eompiising many hundred bungalows, 
 the Ijarracks f)r the troops, and the bazaars, the whole pi-e- 
 senting a very imposing appearance. Several of tln' lainga- 
 lows are most picturesquely .situated on the lofty banks of 
 the river, which here rise to a height of 100 feet ; they are 
 fitted up luxuriously, and have extensive gardens, in which 
 tamarinds, mangoe.-*, bananas, neemes, acacias, and fig-trees 
 overshadow a rich expanse of flowers of the most brilliant 
 colors and grateful perfume. Within the cantonments are 
 a handsome suit of assembly-rooms, supported by a volun- 
 tary subscription ; and a commodious and elegant theatre, 
 a public drive, called the Course, a fashionable resort after 
 sunset; a race-course, and several clutvrooms. There are 
 here, also, a Protestant church, a Roman Catholic chapel, 
 and schools for the children of the soldiers. Cawnpoor is 
 well supplied with every description of goods, both Euro- 
 pean ami native, which are to tie had on very moderate 
 terms. In May and June the thennometer ranges from 
 98° to 104°; and in the winter months falls as low as 42° 
 at night, but in the day stands at 70°. About 2 miles N.E. 
 stands the old town of Cawnpoor, where there is a long 
 range of hand.some ghauts, adorned with a few temples, and 
 terminated by the palace of the rajah, a striking and pic- 
 turesque object, but now falling into ruin. The military 
 force quartered at Cawnpoor usually amounts to 8000 men, 
 of various arms. 
 
 CAWOOD, kA'wood, a parish and market-town of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York, West Riding, on the Ouse, 18 miles N.E. 
 of Leeds. Its castle, of which little more than the principal 
 gateway remains, was long the residence of the archbishops 
 of Y'ork, and the place to which Wolsey retired after his 
 fall, and where he was arrested. 
 
 C.\WS'TON, a parish and market-town of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 2j miles E. of Reepham. Pop. 1130. 
 
 CAW'TIIORNE, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 CAWTIIORPE. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CAXArorCAJA)-DE-MUERTOS. k^'na-d.^l-moo-gR'tos, (i. e. 
 "the coflftn or dead-chest.") a small island in the Caribbean 
 Sea. off the southern coast of Porto Rico, about 6 miles from 
 the shore lat. 17° 50' N.: ion. 66° 31' W. It has a very con- 
 spicuous and remarkable appeal ance, much resembling a 
 coffin — whence its name. 
 
 399 
 
CAX 
 
 CAZ 
 
 CAXAMABCA or CA.TAMARCA, -kk-si-mhinil (i. «. «a 
 pX.v-e of frost,") a city of Peru, capital of a proyince of its 
 own name, ilepartuient of Trujillo, in the Talley of the 
 Upper Maratton, 72 miles N.N.K. of Trujillo. It has several 
 handsome churches, and active manufactories of woollen 
 cloths and cutlery, and its inhabitants are considered the 
 best silver and iron worlters in Peru. It is an important 
 mart for the trade between the maritime and Inland pro- 
 vinces, and sends baizes, coarse cloths, blankets, flannels, 
 «nd other produce of the interior to Lambeyeque and 
 Trujillo, receiving in return European manufactures, sugar, 
 indigo, brandy, wine, Paraguay tea, Siilt fish, iron, and st<«l, 
 Near it are the baths of the Incas, and the volcanic lake into 
 whi'h, according to tradition, were cast the throne and re- 
 galia of the Peruvian monarchs, whose dynasty tei-minated 
 her« in the person of Atahualpa. Pop. of the province, in 
 185(1. 46.1-22 : of the town, about 8000. 
 
 CAXAMARQUILLA, ka-Hd-maR-keel'ya, a town of North 
 Peru. 95 miles K.N.E. of Trujillo, province of Pataz, in the 
 Tallev of the Upper Amazon. Pop. 6000. (?) 
 
 CA'XATAMBO or CAJATAMBO, kd-Hd-tamnw, a town of 
 Peru, capital of a province of its own name, in the departs 
 meut of Juuin, on the W. slope of the Andes, and on 
 the head waters of a stream flowing into the Pacific. 140 
 miles N. of Lima. The province contains mines of silver. 
 Pop. in 1850, 24,799 : of the town, about 6000. 
 
 CA.XTAS. or CACIIIAS,kd-shee'as, formerly ALDEAS AL- 
 IAS, dl-d:Uis dl'tis. an important commerci.il town of Bra- 
 Eil, province of Maranhao, on the right bank of the Ita- 
 picuru, 150 miles from its mouth. It suffered severely 
 during the civil war in 1838-40. 
 
 CA XIM'B.\S B.\ Y.a small enclosed bay on the western coast 
 of Florida, in Monroe co., in about lat. 26° N., and Ion. 82° W. 
 
 CAXO, kix'o, or CASO. kS/so, an island in the Grecian 
 ArchipeLago: lat. (S.E. point) 35° 19' N., Ion. 26° 50' E.; 13 
 miles long, and 5 or 6 miles broad ; surface uneven and rocky. 
 
 C.\XOEIRA. See Cachoeira. 
 
 C.^XTON, a market-town and parish of England, co. and 
 9i miles W. of Cambridge, on the Ermine Street. Matthew 
 Paris, the histonan. was born here. Pop. 600. 
 
 CAYAMBK, ki-im'bi, or CAYAMBEUKCU, ki-Sm-hl- 
 ooR-koo', a lofty mountain in Ecuador, in the Colombian 
 Andes, directly under the terrestrial equator: Ion. 78° 10' 
 >V.; 45 miles N.E. by E. of Quito. It is of a beautiful coni- 
 cal form, and rises to a height of 19,535 feet. From its geo- 
 graphical position and great elevation, it forms one of the 
 most remarkable land-marks on the face of our globe, and 
 its summit is covered witli )>erpetual snow. 
 
 CAYCOS or CAICOS, kt/kos, or THE KEYS, four of the 
 Bahama Islands, with .some islets and rocks, on a bank in 
 the Atlantic, between lat. 21° and 22° N., and about Ion. 
 72° W. The principal are the Great, Little, and North Keys, 
 and Providence Island; the first-named is 30 miles in length. 
 See Bahamv I.slwds. 
 
 CAY'ENXE, kA-yJnn', or kfjnn', a seaport town of South 
 America, Ciipifcil of French Guiana, on the >V. point of an 
 island of the same name, at the mouth of the Cayenne 
 or Oyaque River, iu the Atlantic; lat. 4° 56' 5" N., Ion. 
 52° 20' W. Pop. in 1853, 3000. It is built mostly of 
 wood, and consists of an old town, with the government- 
 house and Jesuits' College, and the new town, with wide 
 and dean streets, large warehouses, and good residences, 
 between which two divisions is a large open spiice pl.inted 
 with orange-trees. The harbour is shallow, h.is two quays, 
 and is protected by a fort and several batteries. Cayenne 
 is the seat of a court of assize, and the centre of all the 
 trade of French Guiana, Its trade with France is estimated 
 to amount to 2 per cent, of the entire foreign and colonial 
 commerce of that empire. Adopting this estimate as a 
 basis, the exports to France, in 1853, would amount to 
 about f4,000,CKX), and the imports for the same year to 
 $4,500,000. The exports include cotton, coffee, sugar, indigo, 
 cocoa, vanilla, &c. 
 
 CAYENNE, ISLAND OF, is situated in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, and separated from the continent of South America 
 by a narrow channel. It is 30 miles in circumference, and its 
 chief products are sugar, cotton, coffee, and fruits. Pop. (exclu- 
 sive of the town of Cayenne) 2713. of whom 2044 are slaves. 
 
 OAYES, kA, LES-CAYES, lA-k.i, or AU.X-CAYES. 5k A, 
 a seaport town of Ilayti, on its southern coast, 92 miles Vf. 
 S.W. ofPort au Prince. It is one of the most flourishing 
 towns in the island, having several British commercial 
 houses. A considerable smuggling trade is carried on be- 
 tween it and .Jamaica; and in its vicinity are upwards of 
 80 rum distilleries. 
 
 CAYES-DE-JACMEL, kAMeh-zhSk^mJl', a town of Ilayti, 
 on the Jacmel River. 20 miles S. of Port au Prince. 
 
 CAYEU.X. ki'yuh', a maritime town of France, depart- 
 ment of Somme. on the English Channel, 16 miles W. of 
 Ablieville. I'op. in 1852, 2882. 
 
 CAY LI/)M A . See Cailloma. 
 
 CAYLUS, kA'lUce'. a town of France, department of Tarn- 
 ctGaronne, 25 miles N.E. of Montauban. Pop. iu 1852, 
 5363. Externally it is highly picture»iue !♦, bas » castle, 
 and trade in corn. 
 400 
 
 CAYMANS, kt-manz', three small islands of the British 
 West Indies, in the Caribbean Sea.l.30mUes H.VL of Cuba, and 
 N.W. of Jamivica. Pop. about 200, mostly employed as pilots, 
 
 CAY.M AN, LAKE, of Mexico. See Mapimi Lake. 
 
 CAYillTES, krmeeV, two small islands in the West 
 Indies, off the western coast of Ilayti, called the Grand 
 and the Little Caymites; lat. (N.E. point of Grande Cay- 
 mites) 18° 39' N., Ion. 7.3° 40' W. A bay formed )iy the larger 
 island and the main, affords safeand commodious anchorage. 
 
 CAYillTO, kl-mee/to. a river of South America, New 
 Granada, Isthmus of Panama, enters the bay of Panama, 
 10 miles W. of Chorrera, to which town one of its branches 
 is navigable. 
 
 CAYO COCAS, ki'o ko^kas, a fertile island in the Carri- 
 bean Sea, belonging to Cuba: has an area of 28 square 
 miles. It possesses valuable fisheries. 
 
 CAYO LARGO, ki'o-laii/go, a fertile island in the Carrib- 
 bean Sea, belonging to Cuba. It is situated E. of the Isle of 
 Pines, and has an area of 32 square miles. 
 
 CAYOU or K.\YOR, kl-oR', a maritime state of North- 
 western Africa, between the mouth of the Senegal and 
 Cape Yerd. It produces cotton, indigo, millet, and gums. 
 Its capititl is Macaye, on the Condamel. in lat. 15° 10' N., 
 Ion. 16° 30' W. The inhabitants are Joloffs and Moharamo- 
 dans. Pop. 150.000. 
 
 CAYO UOMANO. ki'o ro-mj'no. a long, narrow Island, on 
 the N. coast of Cuba, divided into two parts by a channel 
 about half a mile wide; length, 66 miles; average breadth, 
 2i miles; area, 172 square miles. It produces timber. 
 Horses and cattle are raised to a considerable extent. It 
 laelongs to Cuba. 
 
 CAYO YERDE, kl-o vJn'dA, or GREEN KAY, an islet of 
 the Bahama Group, lat. 22° N., Ion. 75° 10' W. 
 
 CAYRU, kr-r5o', a town of Brazil, on the small island 
 of the same name. 50 miles S.W. of liahia. Pop. 800. 
 
 CAYSTTEK, (Turk. Knnlchmy MeiMr, i.e. •• little Msean- 
 der,") a river of Asia Minor. Anatolia, after a westerly 
 course of 75 miles, enters the Gulf of Scala Nova, 35 miles 
 S.E. of Smyrna. Near its mouth are the ruins of Ephesus. 
 
 CAYTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CAY'TON, a parish of England, co. of York. North Riding. 
 
 CAY'UGA, ka-yu'ga, a county near the centre of New 
 York, has an area of about 750 squaie miles, and is partly 
 bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, and on the W. by 
 Cayuga Lake, and is drained by the Seneca River, Owasco 
 Creek, and other smaller streams, which furnish abundant 
 water-power. Owasco Lake, in this county, is a lieautiful 
 body of water, 10 miles long. The surface of Ciiyuga co. is 
 undulating; the soil is generally very productive and well 
 cultivated. Water-limestone, gypsum, and lime.'tone are 
 found here in abundance. This county is crossed by the two 
 brandies of the Central Raih'oad, and by the Eiie Cauul. 
 Capital, Auburn. Pop, 55,767. 
 
 CAY'UGA, sometimes called CAYUGA BRIDGE, a post- 
 village of Cayuga co.. New Y'ork, on the eastern shore of a 
 lake of the same name, and on tlio Auburn and Rochester 
 Railroad, 11 miles W. from Auburn. The lake is here 
 crossed by a railroad bridge about a mile long. The village 
 contains several hotels and stores. Two steamboats run daily 
 from this place to Ithaca. Pop. 300 or 400. 
 
 CAY'UGA, a post-office of Hinds co., Mississippi. 
 
 CAYUGA, a post-office of Jackson co., Michigan, 100 
 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 CAYUGA, a post-office of Livingston co., Illinois. 
 
 CAYUGA, a post-town of Canada West, capital of the 
 CO. of Haldimand, is situated on Grand River, about 25 
 miles S. of Hamilton. It contains l)esides the county 
 buildings 2 hotel.s. and 8 stores. Pop. aljout 450. 
 
 CAYUGA LAKE, in the western central part of New 
 Y'ork. lying betweenCayuga and Seneca counties, is about 
 38 miles long, and from 1 to 3| miles wide. For about G 
 miles from its northern extremity, it is comparatively shal- 
 low, although its depth is amply sutlicient for purposes of 
 navigation ; but on advancing southward it becomes much 
 leeper, and in some places it is sjiid to be unfathomable. 
 It is rarely, if ever, frozen over, except near its northern 
 extremity. The surface is stated to be 146 feet above Lake 
 Ontario, or 377 alxive the level of the sea. A steamboat 
 runs from Ithaca at its southern, to the Ciyuga Bridge 
 near its northern extremity, stopping at the intennediate 
 landings, and returns in the afternoon of the same day. 
 The outlet of this lake flows into Seneca River, 
 
 CAYUSE (kah-yuce') INDIANS, a tribe of Oregon, dwell- 
 ing S. of the Columbia and E. of Fall River. 
 
 CAYUTA, a post-village and township of Schuyler co.. 
 New York, 12 miles N.E. of Elmira, drained by Cayuta 
 Creek. Pop. 708. 
 
 CAYUTA CliEEK, rising in Cayuta I-ake, in the northern 
 part of Chemung CO., New Y'ork, falls into the East JJranch 
 of the Sus(iuehanna lUver, in Pennsylvimia. 
 
 CAYUT.IVILLE, a postrvillage of Tompkins co., Nev» 
 Y'ork, on the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 150 miles W. S. W. of 
 Alljany. 
 
 CAZALLA-DELA-SIERRA, kl-thlVyi-dk-U-m^R'RL n 
 town of Spain, province, and 39 miles N.E. of Seville, in 
 
CAZ 
 
 CED 
 
 the Sien-a Morona. Pop. in 1S45, 7,240. It has numerous 
 religious edifices and ruined villas, with Roman and Arabic 
 antiquities. It has manufactures of linen. 
 
 CAZAUBON, kdV,o'bAN"=', a town of France, department 
 of Oers. on the Douze, 40 miles N.W. of Auch. Pop. in 
 185-', a72S. 
 
 CAZHIX. SeeKASBljr. 
 
 C.A.ZEMBE, kd-zJm'be, a country of Africa, little known 
 to Kuropeans. but said to be among the most powerful to 
 the W. of the Portuguese settlements on the S.K. coast, its 
 centre being near lat. 10° S., Ion. 30° E. Manioc, maize, 
 copper, iron, and ivory are among its chief products, and 
 slaves are reported to be sent from it to iJeujjuela and 
 Angola. Its capital, a fortified town, stated to be several 
 miles in circuit, is near lat. 10° S., Ion. 30° E. 
 
 CAZKNOVIA, kazVuVve-a, a post-village and town- 
 ship of Madison co., New York, on a small lake of the same 
 name, 20 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It contains 2 banks, a 
 newspaper-office, and the Oneida Conference Seminary. 
 Pop. in 1K60, 2711. 
 
 CAZERES, kJVaJR', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-Garonne, on the left bank of the Garonne, 32 miles 
 8.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. in lh52. 2i;40. 
 
 CAZftUES, a village of France, department of Landes, on 
 the Adour, 10 miles S.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 916. 
 
 CAZES-MONDKNAKD, kaz-ra(Sx°Meh-naii', a village of 
 France, department of Tarn-etrGaronne, 21 miles from 
 Moissac. Pop. in IH.^2. 3126. 
 
 C.\ZOKLA. ki-thoR/ld, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, 41 
 miles E. of Jaen, on the northeru sloije of tlie Sierra Cazorla. 
 It is well built, in the form of an amphitheatre, and [xjssesses 
 two spacious squares, one of which is adorned with a fine 
 central fountain. The town and court houses are large, and 
 well-constructed, and have each a tower. The other public 
 edifices are a parish church, chapel of ease, Latin and seve- 
 ral primary schools, a hospital, prison, theatre, store-house, 
 cemetery, ajid various convents. The city is defended by two 
 castles, both in good preservation. In the environs, watered 
 by the Vega, are many delightful gardens and public walks. 
 planted with fruit-lrees. and adorned with shrubs and 
 flowers. Cazorla is a place of great antiquity, and was 
 formerly far more important and populous than at pre- 
 sent. It figured conspicuously in tlie Moorish contests 
 of th« thirteenth century, was, after repeated attempts, 
 taken, and partly burnt, by the French in 1811, and' 
 sub.sequentlv distinguished in the late Carlist contest in 
 18.37. Pop. 73S3. 
 
 CAZOULS-LES-IifiziERS, ka^zool/lAbi^ze^i/, a town of 
 France, department of Uerault, 6 miles N. VV. of Beziers. 
 Pop. in 1S52. 21<J2. 
 
 C.\ZZA, kjt'ei, a small island of Dalmatia, circle of Ra- 
 gusa, in the Adriatic, 14 miles W. of the island of Lagosta. 
 
 CAZZIOL.\, kit-se-o'li, a small island of Dalmatia. circle of 
 Ragu.sa, in the Adriatic, 4 miles W. of the island of Lagosta. 
 
 CEA, s;i/d. a village of Portugal, province of Beira. 28 
 miles W.S.W. of Guarda. Pop. 14U0. 
 
 CEA,th,Vd, a town of Spain. 32 miles E.S.E. of Leon, on 
 the river of same name, which joins the Elsa, 5 miles N.E. of 
 Benavente. after a S.W. course of aix)ut 70 miles. 
 
 CEA, a village of Spain in Galicia, 10 miles N.W.of Orense. 
 
 CE A, th.Vi, a small river of Spain, rises in the N.E. part of 
 Leon, and iiills into the Esla. about 4 miles N.E. of Bena- 
 vente, after a covirse of about 60 miles. It is liable to 
 floodings, which have often done considerable damage. 
 
 CEARA, sA-di-a'. CI ARA or SIARA, se-d-r^'. a maritime pro- 
 vince in the N. of Brazil, extending tetween lat. 2° 40' and 7° 
 25' S., and Ion. 37° 4U' and 41° 30' W. Pop. 160,000. It is tra- 
 versed on the W. boundary by the Sierra Ibiapaba. The pro- 
 Tince abounds in medicinal plants, and its minerals include 
 gold, iron, copper, and salt. In 1S33, it was divided into the 
 comarcas of Aracati, Campo-Maior, Crato, Fortaleza, Ico, 
 and Sobral. 
 
 CEARA, CIARA or SIARA, a town of Brazil. See Forta- 
 leza. 
 
 CEBA, a town of Northern Italy. See Cbva. 
 
 CEBAZAT, seh-bd^z4', a town of France, department of 
 Puy-de-Dome, 4 miles N. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. in 
 1852. 2063. 
 
 CEBENNA MONS. See Cetexnes. 
 
 CWiOLLA or CEVOLLA, thA-v51'yd, a town of Spain, 25 
 miles W.N.W. of Toledo, near the Tagus. Pop. 2357, Va- 
 nous ancient remains attest that it has been formerly of 
 great importance. 
 
 CEBREKOS, thA-brA'roce, a town of Spain, 21 miles S.S.E. 
 '•f Avila, on the Alberche. Pop. 2744. It has manufactures 
 of leather and cloth; trade in grain and wine. 
 
 CEHU. a city of the Philippine Islands. See Zebu. 
 
 CECCANO, chJk-kd'no, a village of Italy, Pontifical States, 
 & miles S. of Frosinone, on the Sacco. Pop. 5827. 
 
 OE'CIL. a county forming the N.E. extremity of Mary- 
 Ihnd, boi-dei'ing on Pennsylvania and Delaware, has an 
 area of abovxt 300 .square miles. It is situated at the head 
 of Chesapeake Bay, and at the mouth of Susquehanna 
 River, which forms part of the western boundary. The 
 Saasafras River flows along the southern border, and 
 24 
 
 the county is intersected by Elk and North-east Rivers. 
 The surface is somewhat undulating rather than level 
 the .soil is generally good and well cultivated. Granite, 
 gneiss, and slate underlie the north-western part of the 
 county, which al.so contains chronio, iron, and sulphate of 
 magnesia. Immense quarries of granite are worked at 
 Port Deposit. The county is abundantly supplied with 
 water-power. It is intersected by the Baltimore, VVilming 
 ton, and Philadelphia llaih-oad, by the Newcastle and 
 Frenchtown Railroad, and by the Chesapeake and Delaware 
 Canal, which render it the thoroughfare of travel between 
 Philadelpliia and Baltimore. Organized in 1674, and named 
 in honor of Cecil or Cecilius Lord Baltimore. Capital. Elk- 
 ton. Pop. 23,882, of whom 22,al2 w ere free, and 960 slaves. 
 CECI1.1, a post-township of Washington co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Cliiirtier's Creek, 16 miles S.W. ot Pittslmrg. Pop. 959. 
 
 CiX'lLIAXO, chA-che-le-d/no, a village of Central Italy, 
 Pontifical State.s. comarca of Rome in the Sabine Moun- 
 tains, S miles E. of Tivoli, with rem.ilns of Cyclopean walls 
 not identified with any known city of antiquity. 
 
 CE'CILTOX, a postrvillage of Cecil co., Maryland, 73 miles 
 N.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 CECINA, chA-chee'ni, (anc. QncVna.) a river of Tuscany, 
 joins the Mediten-aneau at the village of Cecina, 20 miles 
 S.S.E. of Livorno, after a tortuous course of about 40 miles. 
 
 CECINA, a village of Tuscany, at the mouth of the above 
 river, 21 miles S.S.W. of Leghorn; near it is a grand-ducal 
 villa. Pop. 400. 
 
 CECLAVIN. thA-kld-veen', an ancient town of Spain, 35 
 miles N.AV. of Caceres. Pop. 3090. It has trade in fruit and 
 grain, and numerous flour-mills, 
 
 CE'DAR, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 435 square miles. It is intersected by Sac River, 
 and also drained by the East Fork of Sac River, and by 
 Cedar and Horse Creeks. The surCice is uneven, the soil 
 moderately fertile. Capital, Stockton. Pop. 6637, of whom 
 t>426 were free. 
 
 CEDAR, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has an area of 
 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Cedar and Wap- 
 sipinicon Rivers, and also drained by Sugar and Rock 
 Creeks. The surface is diversified by rolling prairies and 
 woodlands; the soil is fertile and well watered, and the 
 climate healthy. Cedar Hiver, in the W. part of the county, 
 flows through a narrow p;iss between high banks of per- 
 pendicular I'ock, affording abjmdant water-power. Named 
 from the Cedar River. Capital, Tipton. I'op. 12,949 
 
 CED.\R, a post-ofRce of .\nen co.. Indiana. 
 
 CEDAR B.A.YOU, bi'oo, Texas, flows along the boundary 
 of Harris and Liberty counties, and empties itself into Gal- 
 veston Bay. 
 
 CED.A.R B.VYOU, a post-offlce of Liberty co., Texas. 
 
 CEDAR BLUFF, a pnst-ofllce of Tazewell co.. Virginia. 
 
 CED Alt BLUFF, a thriving post-vill.age of Cherokee CO., 
 Alabama, on a high bank ot the Coosa River, 28 miles below 
 Rome, in Georgia. It was tlie seat of justice until 1845, 
 and it is still the largest village of the county. Steamboats 
 navigate the Coosa River from Rome to the rapids, which 
 are near 100 miles below Cedar lilulT. Cedar Bluff has 2 
 churches. 1 high school, and a ma.-ionic lod^e. 
 
 CEDAR BLUFF, a post-office of Oktibbeliaco., Mississippi. 
 
 CEDAR BLUFF CREEK of Texas, enters the West Fork 
 of Trinity, alwut 8 miles W. of Dallas Court-IIouse. 
 
 CEDAR BRANCH, a post-village of Campbell co., Georgia, 
 30 miles S.W. of Atlanta. 
 
 CE'DARBURU, a post-village and township of Ozaukee 
 CO., Wisconsin, on Cedar Creek, 19 miles N. of Milwaukee. 
 Pop. 2235. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Ocean co.. New .Tersey, flows into 
 Barnegat Bay, about 6 miles S. of Tom's River. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of South Carolina, flows along the 
 boundary Ijetween Chesterfield and Darlington districts, 
 into Great Pedee River. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of South Carolina, flows S.E., and enters 
 Black River in Georgetown district. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Richl.and district. South Carolina, 
 flows into the Congaree from the left. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Georgia, enters Little River, a few 
 miles from its mouth, and on the S. line of Putnam county. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Elbert co., Georgia, flows eastward 
 into the Savannah. 
 
 CFJDAR CREEK, of Alabama, rises ne."ir the S. border of 
 Lowndes countv. and enters the Alabama in Dallas county. 
 
 CEDAR CRE^EK, of Franklin co., Alabama, flows N.W. 
 into Bear Creek. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Mississippi, flows into Tomligbee 
 River from the W. in Lowndes county. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Texas, rises in Kaufman county, and 
 flowing S. into Henderson county, enters Trinity River. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the St. Joseph's 
 River in Allen county, after a course of 40 miles. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Missouri, forms the entire boundary 
 between Boone and Callaway counties, and enters the Mis- 
 souri from the N., nearlv opposite Jefferson City. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, of Cedar co., Missouri, flows into Horse 
 Creek 
 
 401 
 
CED 
 
 CEL 
 
 CKDAB CRKKK, of Iowa, enters the Des Moines from | 
 the S. in >lahaska county. 
 
 CEDAR CRKKK. of Wa.shington CO., "Wisconsin, flows 
 Into the Milwaukee River, about 18 miles X. of Milwaukee 
 Citr. 
 
 CEPAR CREEK, otherwise called WILOtlAMSBURG and 
 AU'MACKTOWX. a post-yilLige of Dover township. Ocean 
 CO.. New Jersey, is situated on a stream of its own name. 2 
 miles from Barnesat Bay, and about 7 miles S.S.E. of Tom"s 
 River. It has a large church, a temperance-hall. (one. of 
 the tinest in this part of the state.) a large school-house, a 
 hotel, and a store. Pop. about 400. 
 
 CED.\R CREEK, a hundred in Sus.«ex co., Delaware. 
 Pop. 263S. It ha,s a post-office of the s,ime name. 
 
 CED.\B CREEK, a post-office of Frederick co.. Virginia. 
 
 CEDAR CRiJEK, a post-office of Rutherford co., North 
 llarolina. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Richland district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Bastrop co., Texas. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, a postK)ffice of Scott co., Arkansas. 
 
 CEDAR CREEFv. a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 CED.\.R CREEK, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, a township in Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1228 
 
 CEDARCREEK.a township in Lake co.. Indiana. Pop. 919. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, a post-villaire of Wasshington co., Wis- 
 consin, about 30 miles X.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK MILLS, a post-office of Stephenson co., 
 niinois, 130 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 CED.AR FALLS, a thriving post-village of Randolph co.. 
 North Carolina, on Deep River, about 72 miles W. of Ra- 
 leigh, has a fine water-power, and a cotton manufactory. 
 
 CEDAR FALLS, a post-office of Greenville district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 CEDAR FALLS, a post-village of Black llawlc co., Iowa, 
 on the Dubuijue iukI Sioux City Railroad, 100 miles W. of 
 Dubuque. (See Appendix^ 
 
 CEDAR FORD, a post-office of Granger co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CEDAR GROVE, a postrofflce of Orange co., North Caro- 
 Una. 
 
 CED.iR GROVE, a post-office of .Jefferson co., Alabama. 
 
 CED.\R GROVE, a post-office of Kaufman co.. Texas. 
 
 CED.^R GROVE, a posfroffice of Breckenridge co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 CEDAR GROVE, a post-village of Franklin co.. Indiana, 
 on the Whitewater Canal. 7 or 8 miles S.E. of Brookville. 
 
 CEDAR GROVE, a post-village of Sheboygan co., Wls- 
 eonsin. about 3 miles AV. of Lake Michigan, 
 
 CEDAR GliOVE MILLS, a post-office of Rockbridge co., 
 Virginia. 14.5 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 CEDAR IITLL. a post-vill.ige of Albany co.. New York, 
 on the W. side of the Hudson, 8 miles below Alhanv. 
 
 CEDAR HILL, a po.st-office of Augusta CO., Virgini.^ 
 
 CEDAR HILL, a post-office of Anson CO., North Carolina. 
 
 CEDAR HILL, a village of Dooly eo.. Georgia, near the 
 left bank of Flint River, 70 miles S.by W. of JIacon. 
 
 CED.\R HILL, a village of Laurens co,. Georgia, 40 miles 
 S.E. of Millertgeville. 
 
 CED.VR HILL, a post-office of DalLis co,. Texas. 
 
 CEDARI. a post-office of Mecklenburg co.. A'irginia, 
 
 CEDAR ISLAND, at the entrance of Sag Harbor, E. end 
 of Long Island. S, side. On it is a fixed lizht. 32 feet above 
 high-water: lat, 41° 2' 15" N„ Ion, 72° 16' 5" W. 
 
 CEDAR KEY BAY, an open bay on the W. coast of Flo- 
 rida, in Levy and Benton counties, immediately .S,of Wacca- 
 Ba,ssa Bay, It is the recipient of the Withlacoochee or 
 We-thloccochee River. 
 
 CED.VR KEYS, a group of small islands on the West 
 Coast of Florida, in Levy county, near the entrance of 
 Wacca-sassa Bay. and from 15 to 20 miles S. of the mouth 
 of Suwanee River. 
 
 CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of Herkimer co.. New York. 
 
 CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of Brazoria co„ Texas, 
 
 CED.tR L.\KE. a post-office of Calhoun co,. Michigan. 
 
 CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of Lake co,. Indiana. 
 
 CED.\R LAKE, a post-office of Waukesha eo., Wisconsin, 
 
 CEDAR MOUNTAINS, a mountain range in South Africa. 
 Cape Colony, extending from lat. 31° 57' to 32° 24' S,, and 
 nearly along the meridian of 19° E. They are of primitive 
 formation, and have a remarkablv picturesque appearance. 
 with peaks varying from IGOO to 5000 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 CEDAR PLAINS, a post-office of Morgan co.. Alabama. 
 
 CEDAR POINT, a post-office of Page co., Virginia. 
 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, a thriving post-village of Linn co,. 
 Iowa, on Re<i Cedar River, and on the Chicago, Fulton and 
 Iowa Railroad, 219 miles W. of Chiciigo, and 80 S.W. of Du- 
 buque. It Una a national bank. The w^ater-power of the 
 river is aiipllcd to mills of various kinds. Pop. 1S30. 
 
 CEDAR RIDtiE. a post-village of Murray co., Georgia. 
 
 CEDAR KIVEK, Iowa. See Red Ced.^r River. 
 CEDAR ROCK, a thriving post-village of Franklin Co., 
 North Carolina, a few miles S.E. of Loiiisburg, contains a 
 flourishing seminary, and above 100 inhabitants. 
 402 
 
 CEDAR RUN, a creek in the N.E, part of Viaginia, risen 
 in Fauquier co,, flows E.. and unites with Broad Run, near 
 Breutsvilie, in Prince William county, forming the Occo- 
 quan. 
 
 CED.iR RUN, a ppst-offlce of Lycoming co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 CED.^RS, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Vaudreuil, 
 situated on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, S6 miles S,W. 
 of Montreal. It contains a Roman Catholic chuicli, 3 
 stores, and several mills. Pop. 300. 
 
 CEDAR SIIOAL, a postoffice of Chester district. South 
 Carolina, 
 
 CED.\R SHOALS, a villaae of Newton co,. Georda. 
 
 CEDAR SPRING, a smaU village of Cumberland co, 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 CEDAR SPRING, a post-office of Wythe CO., Virsrinia. 
 
 CEDAR Sl'RING. a post-office of Benton co., Alabama, 
 
 CEDAR SPRING ASYLUM, a post-office of Spart.wburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 CEDAR SPRINGS, a postroffice of CUnton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 CEDAR SPRINGS, a post-village of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina, 96 miles N.AV. of Columbia. This is an old 
 watering place, remarkable as the seat of an asylum for th» 
 deaf and dumb, supported by the state. It is a well-con- 
 ducted and successful institution, originally established by 
 the Rev. N. P. Walker. New buildings are now in course 
 of erection. 
 
 CEDAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Cherokee eo,. Alabama. 
 
 CED.\R SPRINGS, a village of Dallas co., Texas, near the 
 left bank of Trinity River. 
 
 CEDAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky. 
 
 CEDAR SWAMP, a post-village of Queen's co.. Long 
 Island. New York, 173 miles S. by E. of Albany. 
 
 CEDAR TOAWs, a thriving post-village of Paulding co., 
 Georgia, is situated in Cedar A'alley, ItU miles AV.N.W. of 
 Milledgeville, It contains a female seminary, 
 
 CEDAR TREE, a post-office of Iloruando co.. Florida. 
 
 CEDAR VALLEY, a post-office of W.ivne co,, Ohio, 
 
 Cli^'DARVILLE, a post-village of Herkimer co,. New York, 
 79 miles W, by N. of Albany, 
 
 CEDAR VILLE, a post-village in Fairfield township. Cvun- 
 berland co,. New Jei-sey, on Cedar Creek, 8 miles S,E. of 
 Bridgeton. It contains 4 churches, and about 100 dwellings 
 
 CEDARA'ILLE, a post-office of Washington co,. Virginia. 
 
 CED.4.RVILLE, a village of Brown co.. Ohio, on thie East 
 Fork of the Little Miami River. 
 
 CEDARA'ILLE. a post-village of Green co., Ohio, on the 
 Coliimbns and Xenia Railroatl, 47 miles W.S.W. of Colum- 
 bus, has 3 chiirches, and 2 Union schools. Pop. about 800. 
 
 CEDARA'ILLE, a post-office of Stephenson co„ Illinois. 
 
 CEDAii VILLE. a post-office of Eldirado co., California 
 
 CE'DRON, a post-office of Cl.-miont eo„ Ohio. 
 
 CEDUON, a post-office of CunilK-rland co.. Illinois, 
 
 CEFALU, eh.'i-fi-loo'. (anc. CephaMdium,) a fortified sea- 
 port town of Sicily, intendancy and 47 miles E.S.IC, of Par 
 lernio, on the N, coast of the island. Pop, 8940, Itst.<indsat 
 the foot of a lofty conical mountain, on which are the ruins of 
 an ancient Phenician edifice, and a Saracenic castle. Its port 
 is small, and its trade inconsiderable. In its vicinity are 
 rich marble quarries, 
 
 CEGAMA. th.l-gj'mi. a town of Spain, in Bisciy, province 
 of Guipuzcoa, 14 miles S, by AV. of Toloss. at the N. base of 
 the Pyrenees. The Carlist general. Don Tomas Zumal.icar- 
 regui. was brought by his son to Cegama. in 1835. after hav- 
 ing lieen wounded at the siege of Bilbao, and died here 
 eiiht days afterwards. His lx)dy was interred in the 
 church, 'Pop, 2123, 
 
 CEOLIE, ciiil'yA, a city of Naples, province of Otranto, 
 27 miles AV. of Brindisi. Pop, 7050, It has numerous 
 churches, one of which is collegiate; and 2 annu,il fairs. 
 
 CEHEGIN, thi-.A-Heen', a town of Spain, province, and 37 
 milra W.N.AV. of Murci.a. Pop, OfiOo, It has manufactures 
 of paper, and commerce in wine and fruits, 
 
 CEIOER-DE-MER, s;l\saiR'deh-maiu. a small island in the 
 China Sea. off the S.E. coast of Cochin China. 41 miles S.E. 
 of Ceicer-de-Terre, in lat. 10° 32' 30" N., Ion. 108° 53' E. It 
 is 4 or 5 miles long, and ab«ut 1 mile bixiad. 
 
 CEICER-DE-TEURE. sjl'saiu'deh-taiR. a small island in 
 the China Sea. off the S.E. coast of Cochin China, called by 
 the natives Hon Cau. lies in lat, 11° 13' N,. Ion. 10S° 48' E. 
 
 CEIDIO', a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 CEILHES, s<iW, a town of France, department of Ileranlt, 
 4 miles AV.N.AA'. of Montpellier, on the right bank of the 
 Orbe. Pop. 1004. 
 
 CEIRCHIOG. klB/KC-og, a parish of AVales, co. Anglesea. 
 
 CELANO. chl-lifno, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra II., 3 miles N. of Lake Celano. (or Fucino.) and 20 
 miles S,S.E. of .Aquila. Pop, 3260, It has a collegiate church 
 and a paper factory, 
 
 CEL.\NO. LAKE, South Italy. See Furixo Laoo, 
 CEL.A.NOA'A, thA-ll-no-vJ. a town of Spain, 12 miles S. of 
 Orense. with a magnificent Benedictine monastery, and 
 many Interesting antiquities 
 CELAY.V. a city of the Mexican Confederacy. See /n.ATA 
 CEITBRIDGE, a town aud paiish of Ireland, in Luinsteii 
 
CEL 
 
 CEL 
 
 eo. of Kllclare. on the Llffer, here crossed hy a handsome 
 stone bridge, 12 miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1289. It is 
 pleasantly situ.ited, and contains a church, work-house, 
 county hospital, and a larpre woollen factory. In the vi- 
 cinity are Killadoon. the villa of the Earl of Leitrim, and 
 Lyi ns. the seat of Lord Cloncurry. 
 
 CKLEBES, sSl'e-bes, (native Ke/jree-Ortnff-Bnnffi.f,nr\i 
 also Tana-Bmgix. or Tanali-Mangkcusrr, contracted into Ma- 
 canar,) one of the larster islands in the Malay Archipelago, 
 between Borneo on the W., and the Moluccas on the E.. ex- 
 tendinsr from lat. 1° 45' N. to 5° 52' S., and from Ion. 118° 
 45' to 125° IV E. : area, 71.791 square miles. Celebes is pro- 
 perly tlie name of the K. part only, and Macassar of the W. 
 It mainly consists of four large peninsulas, stretching to 
 the E. and S.. and separated by three deep gulfs. Of these 
 peninsulas, that of Menado on the N. sweeps N., then E., 
 and lastly N.E., for 400 miles, with a breadth varying from 
 12 to 60 miles ; that of Uulante. on the E.. is 100 miles long. 
 and from 30 to 95 miles broad : the S.E. peninsula has about 
 the same length and breadth as the latter: and that of 
 Macassar, on the .S.W.. forms a pretty regular paralellogram, 
 200 miles long, and 65 miles broad. They are all formed by 
 chains of mountains running from a common central terri- 
 tory. 150 miles long, and 105 miles broad. The Gulf of To- 
 mini, or Gorontjilo. on the N.E.. is 240 miles long, and 
 widens from 55 miles at its mouth, to 100 miles at its far- 
 ther extremity; that of Tomaiki, or Tolo, on the E.. has, on 
 the contrary, a wide moiith and narrow upper end ; and 
 that of Macassar, or Boni. on the S., washes the E. side of 
 Macassar for 200 miles, and varies in breadth from 35 to 80 
 miles. The absence of extensive delt.as. and the interven- 
 tion of broad, grassy plains ))etween the forests, distin>ruish 
 the Celebes from the other larger islands of, the Malay Ar- 
 chipelago. It abounds in the most pictures'que and varied 
 icenery, and the most beautiful and magnificent tropical 
 vegetation. 
 
 Mniintain.i. Lairs, and I^irerx. — Lampoo-Batang is reck- 
 oned the hi'jrhest mountain in Celebes, being alx)ve 70lK» 
 feet high. Ne.ar Menado and Mount Klobat. the summits 
 called the Two Sisters stand conspicuous. The largest lake 
 is supposed to lie. one in the central part of the island. It 
 has never lieen visited by Europeans, but is said, by the 
 natives, to be .surrounded by villages. That of Tondano. in 
 the northern peninsula, is 2000 feet above the level of the 
 sea. But the most important of all is that of Tapara-K.a- 
 ra.ia, or Labaya, in the S.W. It communicates W. by 
 navigable streams with the sea. and K. with the fJulf of 
 Boni. and is the oriirinal seat of an early native civilization, 
 which has sent its ramifications over the whole archipelago. 
 The largest river, the Chinrana, flows from that lake, and 
 Is navigable for European vessels for come dlst.mce. and by 
 the native yrrr/iii.s- as far .as the lake. The Boli enters the 
 sea at Boli, on the \. On the S. coast there are many rivers 
 navigable for some miles from the sea. 
 
 Olmute. Mineralrigy, <fv. — Though cut by the equator, 
 and wholly under the torrid zone. Celebes is thought re- 
 markably healthy, the natives often enjoying a vigorous 
 old age. and Europeans living longer than anywhere else 
 In the flast. Its extreme heats are tempered by the sea 
 breezes, by monthly rains, and by the north winds that pre- 
 vail for part of the year. The east moonsoon lasts from May 
 to November, and the west during the remaining months. 
 The soil generally consists of a lied of vegetable mould, 
 from 10 to 20 feet thick, lying on decomposing basalt. 
 Oold is found in all the valleys of the northern peninsulji, 
 which is often convulse<l by earthquakes; and abounds in 
 Bulphur. Copper of good quality occurs at various points, 
 and in Macassar, tin. also, as pui-e as that of Banka. Dia- 
 monds are sometimes found almost at the surface of the 
 ground, and precious stones are carried down in the Siind 
 of the torrents. 
 
 Zn'tl'igi/. — The island is entirely destitute of the large car- 
 nivorous animals, and pachyderms. None of the cat kind, 
 from the tiger downwards, haunts its forests; nor has it 
 the elephant, the rhinoceros, or the tapir. Deer and wild 
 hogs abound, together with the babyroussa. and herds of 
 antelopes. Pouched animals, unknown in the Sunda 
 Islands, here first occur; also a singular ruminating ani- 
 mals. (Orvica deprexHcornis.) the mtpi-lirjotan of the JIalays, 
 and the anonang of the natives. The Tamiiis spectrum hides 
 itself in the moist woods of the plains, and is held in auper- 
 Ktitious awe by the natives. Ilere are found the chame- 
 leon, and the fiying-dragon, one of the saurin tribe. Mon- 
 keys, moles, rats, field-mice, and scorpions, are kept down 
 by the numerous snakes of the island, from the enormous 
 tiger-python. (Una caftanea.) SO feet long, but not venomous, 
 to the small but deadly cnbra (k capeHn, more dreaded than 
 the crocodile. Among domesticated animals are found some 
 small but vigorous horses, bulfaloes, goiits, sheep, resem- 
 blinir those of the Cape of Good Hope, and pigs. 
 
 IManu. — Naturalists have visited only four points of Ce- 
 l«hes: nut as almo=*- every plant or animal taken by them 
 was more or less new, a rich harvest may be expected from 
 future researches. Dense w->ods clothe the mountain sides; 
 and in these are found the oak, the teak, the cedar, the upas 
 
 — both Antinritt iftrirnria and fftrychnnf Ueutc — th e one A trse, 
 sometimes 100 feet high, the other a climber, but both yield- 
 ing powerful poisons; together with countless other "trees, 
 useful or precious, the clove and nutmeg trees, the sago, 
 and other p:ilms, which supply the natives with covering* 
 for their houses, clothing, cordage, household vessels, oils, 
 an-d intoxicating drink. To these may be added the pepper- 
 vine, the sweet-smelling sandal-wood, and that which, when 
 fresh cut. yields a red dye. The sacred waranyuin some- 
 times presents, in a single tree, the appearance of a forest. 
 The Kamlxio attains the heijrht of 40 feet, while its trunk, 
 though hollow, is hard enough to serve for house supports 
 and rafters: the natives used its tender shoots for stews oi 
 s.alad. or extract common vinegar from them. Add to these 
 the mango, the banana, the silk cotton-tree. (Bnmbax ce.iha,) 
 the Ijadrau. from which the famed Macassar oil is extracted, 
 sumach or fustic-wood, ebony, the betel-nut tree, and ginger 
 plant.- Among plants refjuiring more careful cultivation, 
 there are the cotfee-tree. indiiO, the cacao, sugar-cane, the 
 manioc root, benzoin, and tobacco. Mountain rice, of which 
 there are three varieties, is that chiefly cultivated, and also 
 maize. 
 
 Inhalritnntf. — The oldest are doubtless the Alfoories of the 
 interior, that being the name generally applied to the moun- 
 tain tribes that have been driven inwards in man3' of the 
 islands by theinvaders of their coasts. Those of Celebes are 
 of middle stature, fairer in complexion than the 5Ialays. .and 
 milder and more intelligent than the Alfoories cf other 
 islands. The believe in the .agency of evil spirits, and the 
 Polynesian tahnn prevails among them. But by far the 
 finest race in Celelies, and. indeed, in the whole archipelago, 
 are the Boogis. supposed to have come originally from Boi^ 
 neo. Like the Dyaks, they are a remarka>)l3' handsome 
 race, physically resembling the Polynesians far more than 
 the Malays; to which last, also, they are far superior in 
 point of honesty, energy of character, and general conduct. 
 
 Iffh'ginn and Goremmfvt. — The Alfoories have their own 
 vague superstitions. The more civilized inh.-\bitants pro- 
 fess Mohammedanism; but. previous to the introduction 
 of that faith, the Hindoos had brought their religion to the 
 island, and the natives .say that there are fine Hindoo monu- 
 ments in the interior that have not yet been visited by Eu- 
 ropeans. Several independent nations inhabit Celebes, and 
 their most usual form of government is the federal and re- 
 publican, combined with the monarchical and elective prin- 
 ciple. The native princes so far recognise the authority of 
 the Dutch, who have had a fxiting in Celebes ever since 
 they expelled the Portuguese, in IBC'O, with the exception of 
 the four years" occup-ition by the British. JIuch public respect 
 is paid to women, and they occasionally reign as queens. 
 
 History. — The native annals reach back, with any cer- 
 tainty, to only about 400 years, and exhibit a history full 
 of wild energy, unsettlenient, and warfare. In 1512, when 
 the Portuguese first visited the island, they found but 
 few Mohannnedans in it: and it was not until a century 
 afterwards that Moslemism was generally adopted. The 
 JIacassars first conquered the Boogis, and compelled them 
 to become followers of Mohammed : afterwards the latter 
 revolted, were aided by the Dutch, and subdued the 5Iacas- 
 sars in turn. But even with the aid of their European 
 allies, they failed in establi.shing a firm government: and 
 the system of monopoly, now wisely abandoned, but long 
 forced by the Dutch on all the native chiefs, proved, in 
 every way, destructive to the prosperity of the island. The 
 population has been variously estimated, but, by the latest 
 conjectures, is thought to be about 2,000,000. 
 
 CELETA. SeeClLLY. 
 
 CEI/ENZ.^. chA-lSn'zi, a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Capitanata. 30 miles W.N.W. of Foggia. Pop. S-OTO. 
 
 CEIjKNZA. a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Citra. 17 miles S.S.AV. of Va.sto. Pop. 1C30. 
 
 CELESTIAL MOUNTAINS. Central Asia. SeeTmAX-SnAN. 
 
 CELKS'TINE, a post-village of Dubois co., Indian.^, 8 
 miles E. of Jasper. 
 
 CELEUSUM. See KEtiiEiM. 
 
 CELl'NA, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee. 
 
 CELINA. a post-village, capital of Mercer co.. Ohio, in 
 Franklin town.«hip, on the Wabash I'iver. near its .source, 
 115 miles W.N.AV. of Columbus. It is situated in a level 
 country, mostly covered with forests. 
 
 CELLA. chfl'13, a village of Piedmont, province of Ca» 
 sale 4 miles S.W. of Asti. ' Pop. 746. 
 
 CEL'LARDYKES'. a township of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 CELLE. ts^lleh. or ZELL. ts?l, a town of Hanover, land- 
 drostei of LUneburg. on the Aller, which here becomes navi- 
 gable, and on the Hanover and Brunswick Kailway. 23 
 miles N.E. of Hanover. Pop. with suburbs. 14,139. "it is 
 well built and paved, and has Lutheran, Calvinist, and 
 Roman Catholic churches, an old castle, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the Dukes of LUneburg, a medical college, roval 
 agricultural society, and famous roy.al breeding stud. Its 
 inhabitants manufacture wafers.chiccory,Iinen fabrics, ho- 
 .siery. soap, tobacco, and brandy, and carry on a brisk transit 
 trade by the Aller. In its ca.s'tle park is the mausoleum of 
 Matilda, Queen of Denmark, and sister of George III. of 
 
 403 
 
cr:L 
 
 Sugliiml Celh or Zeu.e, (signifying, probably, cell, or 
 foiiner abode of some saint.) is the name of numerous com- 
 munes and villajies in Germany, France, itc. 
 
 ClvLLK. chollj, a market-town of Italy, in Piedmont, pro- 
 vinop, an J 4 miles N.K. of Savona. I'op. 2072. 
 
 CliLLTSO. ohJl-le'no, a marketrtown of Naples, province 
 of AbiuzKO Ultra I.. 12 miles S.E. of Teramo. I'op. 1500. 
 
 CELLING, a marketrtown of Naples, province of Otranto, 
 16 mil.'« X AV. of Lecce. 
 
 CELLIO, chM'le-o, a village of the Sardinian dominions, 
 in Piedmont, division of Novara, is miles S.E. of VaraJlo. 
 
 CJiLOltlCO, sA-lor'e-ko, a fjrtified town of Portuipil, pro- 
 vince of Beira, 11 miles X.W. of Guarda, at the foot of the 
 Serra Estrella. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 CEMBKA, tsJm'brd. a town of Austri.i, in Tyrol, 9 miles 
 N.K. by N. of Trent, on the Avisio. Pop. 1513. 
 
 CENIJIAES, k5m'i-es, a township of North Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 CEMMAES, a village and parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Monti;omer3\ 7 miles N.E. of JIachynllaeth. Pop. 935. 
 
 CENCIIRE-E. See Kenkis. 
 
 CEXED.i, ch.i-nA'dA, (anc. CeneHa,) a town of NorM\ern 
 Ital3', government of Venice, province, and 22 miles N. ;.t Tre- 
 viso. Pop. 4900. It h:is a citadel and a cathedrsil, with ma- 
 aufactures of linens, woollens, paper, and sulphur springs. 
 
 CEXIA, th4/ne-a, a town of Spain, province of Tarragona, 
 on a small river of same name, 15 miles S.W. of Tortosa. 
 Pop. 204:5. It h:is remains of Roman walls. 
 
 CEXIS, MONT, Sardinia. See JIom Cexis. 
 
 CENON-LA-BASTIDE. seh'nA.N^'-li-bds'teed', a village of 
 France, department of Gironde. Pop. in 1S52. 4022. 
 
 CEXTALLO, chSn-tillo, a town of the Sardinian States, in 
 Piedmont. 7^ miles N.E. of Cuneo, on the left bank of the 
 Grana. Tli» remains of walls and towers, and of its castle, 
 once the residence of the >Iarqnis of Susa, attest its import- 
 ance during the Middle Ages. 
 
 CEXTEXARY, a post-office of Marion co., South Carolina. 
 
 CEXTEXARY COLLEGE. See Jackso.n, Louisiana. 
 
 CEXTEK, See Centre. 
 
 CENTO, chSn'to, a fortified town of Italy, in JEmilia, 16 
 miles N.N.W. of Bologna, on the left bunk of the Keno. 
 Pop. 4572. It is the birthplace of the celebrated painter 
 Guercino, whose house is still preserved without alteration. 
 Cento has an aunuiil Ciir on September 7, which formerly 
 attracted a large assemblage of persons. The Ckmal of 
 Onto, 30 miles in length, passes this town, and connects 
 Bologna with Ferrara. 
 
 CEXTOliBI. ch5n-toR/bee. (anc. Ceniu/n'pce or Centu/ripi,) 
 a town of Sicily, 19 miles W.N.AV. of Catania, on a rugged 
 mountiin. Bop. 4450. Around it aie ruins of Omiurijxe. 
 
 CEX'TRAL, a post-office of Columbia co. Pennsylvania. 
 
 CKNTRAL, a post-office of St. Louis co., Missouri. 
 
 CKXTRAL. a post-office of Lynn co., Oregon. 
 
 CEXTRAL AMERICA. See America, page 72. 
 
 CENTRAL BRIDGE,a postKiffice of Schoharie co.,New York. 
 
 CENTRAL COLLEGE, a post-office of Franklin Co., Ohio. 
 
 CEXTRAL FALLS, a thriving villtige of Smithfield town- 
 ship. Providence co„ Rhode Island, on the Blackstone River, 
 about 1 mile N. of Pawtucket. It contains 2 chui-ches, and 
 4 or 5 cotton mills. 
 
 CENTRAL PLAINS, a postoffiee of Fluvanna co..A'in;inJa. 
 
 CEXTRAL POINT, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia. 
 
 CEXTRAL SQUARE, a post-village of Oswego co., New 
 York, about 20 miles N. of Syracuse. 
 
 CKXTRAL VILLAGE, or XORTII PLAIXFIELD, a flou- 
 rishing post-village in Plainfield township, Windham co_ 
 Connecticut, on the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, and 
 on Moosup River, about 45 miles E. of Hartfoi-d. It has 3 
 churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist; also 
 contains S stores, 8 cotton mills, and 1 woollen miU. It is 
 eutiiely indebted to its manuCtcturing facilities for its pros- 
 perity. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 CENTRE, a county of Pennsylvania, occupies the centre 
 of the state, and has an area of about 1000 square mile.s. 
 The West Branch of the Susquehanna River and Mushan- 
 non Creek form the entire boundary on the N.W. Bald 
 Kagle Creek flows N.E. through the middle of the wunty, 
 which is also drained by Penn's, Beech, and Spring Creeks. 
 It is traversed by the Alleghany Jlountain, and by several 
 lateral branches, extending nearly N.E. and S.W. Tus- 
 sey's Mountain forms the S.E. l-oundary; Bald Eagle 
 Mountain extends through the middle of the county. The 
 soil is various: the valleys are highlv productive and well 
 cultivated, and more than half of the'surface is arable land. 
 The county contains rich mines of iron, which are exten- 
 slvely worked, and limestone and stone cail are found in 
 MTentl places. It is liberally supplied with water-power, 
 •which is employed in the manufacture of iron, flour, and 
 cotton. The Bald Eagle Ciinal extends from a point near 
 Bellefonte, to Lock Ilaveu. Organized in ISOO. and named 
 with reference to its central position. Capital, Bellefonte. 
 Pop. 27,000. 
 
 CENTRE or DAVENPORT CENTRE, a post-village in 
 Davenport township, Delaware co.. New York, on an 
 afflue-t of the Susquehanna, 90 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 4G1 
 
 CEX 
 
 CENTRE, a Tillage of Greene co.. New York, 35 miles 
 S.W. of Albany. 
 
 CENTRE, a village of Herkimer co., New York, about 60 
 miles X.W. of Albany. 
 
 CENTRi:, a village of Ontario co., New York, 8 miles S.E. 
 of Canandaigua. 
 
 CEXTRE, a village of Otsego co., New York, on the E. 
 bank of the Otsego Outlet. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Berks co.,Pennsylvania. Pop. 1392. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CEXTRE,a township of Columbia co.,Pennt(ylvania. P.1360. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Greene CO., Pennsylvania. P. 18.37. 
 
 CE NTRE, a townsliip of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. P. 1397. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-township of Perry co., PenrLsylvauia, 20 
 miles N.W. of Harrisburg, contains the borough of Bloom- 
 field. Total pop. 17 ol. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Snyder co., Pennsylvania. P. 994. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-office of Guilford co.. North Caiolina. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-village of Talbot co^ Georgia, 37 milea 
 N.E. of Columbus City. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-village, capital of Cherokee co., Alabama, 
 is pleasantly situated on an eminence, 1 mile from the Coosa 
 River, and 140 miles N.N.E. ot Montgomery. It is siu'- 
 rounded by extensive pine forests. The court-house waa 
 located here in 1S45. 
 
 CEXTRE, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 CEXTRE, a township of Carroll Co., Ohio. Pop. 1204. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 1322. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 923. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 1153. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Monroe CO., Ohio. Pop. 2532. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-village of Montgomej-y CO., Ohio, ', miles 
 W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 CENTRE, a "township of Morgan co.. Ohio. Pop. 1G07. 
 
 CENTRE, a village in the S. part of Washington co., Ohio, 
 on the Oliio River. 
 
 CEXTRE, a township of Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 1432. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. by2. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Delaware co., Indiana. P. 1077 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 2020. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. P. 180i. 
 
 CEXTRE, a township of Hendricks co„ Indiana. P. 1383. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 1206. 
 
 CEXTRE, a township of La Porte CO., Indiana. P. 1135. 
 
 CEXTRE, a township of Jlariou co., IncUana. Pop. 4148. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 1055. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1423. 
 
 CEXTRE. a township of St. Joseph co., Indiana. P. 745, 
 
 CEXTRE. a township of Spencer co., Indiana. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 2765. 
 
 CEX'TRE, a township of Fulton co , Illinois. 
 
 CEXTRE, a town.ship of McHenry co., Illinois. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-office of Page co., Iowa. 
 
 CENTRE, a small village of iJodge co., Wisconsin. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of LaFayette co., W isconsin. P. 1913. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-township, Rock co., Wiscouain, about 10 
 miles N.W. of .lantwville. Pop. 1123. 
 
 CENTRE AL/MOND, a post-village of .illeghany co., New 
 York, 210 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 CEXTRE BARX'STEAD.a post-village of Belknap co.,Neir 
 Hampshire, 20 miles N.X.E. of Concord. 
 
 CEXTRE BELPRE, l«rprA'. a post-vUlage of W.vhington 
 CO.. Ohio, on the Ohio River. 90 miles E.S.E of Columbus. 
 
 CEXTRE BER'LIN. a post-village of Rensselaer co.. New 
 York. 20 miles E. of .\lbany. 
 
 CENTRE BRIDGE, a postrvillage of Bucks co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Delaware River, about 111 miles E. of Harris 
 burg. A bridge extends across the river at this point. 
 
 CEXTRE BROOK, a post-office of Middlesex co„ Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 CEXTREBURG, a post-vill.ige of Knox co., Ohio, SO miles 
 N.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 CEXTRE CAMOJRIDGE, a post-office of Washington co., 
 New York. 
 
 CEXTlili CAXISTK'O, a nost-vUlage of Steuben m., New 
 York, 195 miles W.S.W. of Allianv. 
 
 CEXTRE COLLEG E. Kent uck v. See Danviile. 
 
 CEXTRE COX'WAY. a post-village of Carroll co.. New 
 Hampshire, near the Great F.iUs and Conway Railroad, 
 alxjut (0 miles X.E. of Concord. 
 
 CEXTRED-ALE. a post-office. Providence co., Rhode l.sland. 
 
 CEXTREFIELD a post-villaue of Ontario co . New York, 
 about 200 miles W. by N. of Albany. It has 2 churches. 
 
 CENTREFIELD. a post-office of Oldham co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CENTREFIl.LD. a post-village of Highland co.. v hio, 73 
 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It contains about 100 iubor 
 bitants. 
 
 CENTRE GROT'ON, a postvilLigeof New London co., Con- 
 necticut, 48 miles S.E. of Hartford. 
 
 CEXTRE GROVE, a po8tK)ffice of Muscatine CO.. Iowa. 
 
 CENTRE GUIL'FORD, a post-oflice of I'iscataquis co- 
 Maine. 
 
 CENTRE HAR'BOR. a post-township of Belsnap co.. New 
 Hampshire, between Winuipi-seoge^ and Squam lakee. 33 
 miles N. of Concord. Fop. 4^ 
 
CEN 
 
 CEN 
 
 CEXTRE HILL, a poRt-villa?e of Centre co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the turnpike rojid from Uellefonte to Lewistowu, 75 
 miles X.W. of IlanisVjurg. 
 
 CKNTKK LEB/AXON, a post-village of York CO., Maine. 
 90 miles 8.W. of A ususta. 
 
 CENTill-; LTX/COLNVILLE, a post-village of AValdo co., 
 Maine. 40 miles E. by S. of .\ugusta. 
 
 CEXTKK LI.XE, a po.st-offlco of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CKXTKI': L1SI>K, lile. apost-otflceofUrootiieoo., NewYork. 
 
 CEXTKK LOV'KI.r^. a post-office of Oxford co.. Maine. 
 
 CEXT liE MOXT' VI \A,K. a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, 
 40 miloK E. by S. of Augusts. 
 
 CliX I'liE MOKE'LAXD, a village of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 pylvania. 
 
 CEXTIiR OS/SIPEE, a po.st-village of Carroll co., New 
 Hampshire, 48 miles X.X.E. of Concord. 
 
 CENTKK POINT, a post-offlce of Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 
 CEXTKE POINT, a ])ost-villa2e of Monroe co.. Kentucky, 
 on the Cumberland lUver. l:i() miles S. by W. of Frankfort. 
 
 CENTKE I'OIXT. a post-ofliee of Knox co., Illinois. 
 
 CEXTRE POINT, a po.st-viilage of Linn co., Iowa, about 
 4o miles N. by W. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 CEXTRE PORT, a pos^vil!age of Suffolk CO.. New York, 
 on Great Cow Harbor, about. 190 miles S.S.K. of AlV>any. 
 
 CENTKE R1D<tE, a post-villacre of Kemper co., Mississippi. 
 
 CENTRE RUT'LAXD, a lyist'^viUage of Rutland co., Ver- 
 mont, ,52 miles S. bv W. of Montpelicr. 
 
 CEXTRE SAND'VVICir, a post-village of Carroll CO., New 
 Ilampshire, 50 miles N. by E. of Concord. 
 
 CENTl!ESIIER/MAN,a post- village of Chautauqua co.,New 
 York, on the route of a projected railroad, to extend frrmi 
 the New York and Erie Railro.ad to Erie, In Pennsylvania, 
 about .31X1 miles in a straight line W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 CEN TR K SI D'NEY. a post-village of Kennebock CO., Maine, 
 about t} miles N. of Augusta. 
 
 CENTRE ST.\R. a posU)fnce of I^iuderdale co.. Alabama. 
 
 CEXTR E STK AK'EORD. a post-village of Strafford co.. New 
 Hampshire. "25 miles E. of Concord. 
 
 CEN'TKETON, a post-village of Salem CO., New Jersey, 70 
 miles S. bv W. of Trenton. 
 
 CEXTRETON, a post-village of Huron co., Ohio, 110 miles 
 N. by E. of Columbus. 
 
 CEN'TRKTOWN, a post^village of Mercer CO., Pennsylva- 
 Tania. about 10 miles E. of the borough of Mercer. 
 
 CEXTiJETOW.V, n post-office,Ander'son co., South Carolina. 
 
 CENTItETOWN, a village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 70 miles 
 N.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 CENTKE VAi/LEY. a post-otflfe of Otsego ho., Now York. 
 
 CENTKE VALLEY, a post-village of Lehigh co., Penn- 
 sylvani.a, 7 miles S. of AUentown. 
 
 CENTKE VliyL.^GE, a post-village of Broome co., New 
 York, 120 miles W.S.AV. of Albany. 
 
 CENTRE VILLAGE, a post-village of Camden co., Georgia, 
 175 miles S.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CENTRE VILLAGE, a village of Jackson co., Georgia, 60 
 miles E..X.E. of Atlanta. 
 
 CENTRE VILL.\GE, a post-<ifIice of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 CEN'TREVII.,LE, a township of Washington co., Maine. 
 Pop. 191. 
 
 CE.N'TREVILLE. a post-village and .seaport of Barnstable 
 township, Harnstiible co.. Massachusetts, on the S. side of 
 Cape Cod, 70 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 CEXTKEVILLE, a post-village of Kent co., Rhode Island, 
 near the right bank of Pawtuxent River, 12 miles S.S.W. 
 of Providence. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly di- 
 rected to the manufacture of cotton goods. 
 
 CE.XTREVILLE. a village in Ilamden township. New 
 Haven co.. Connecticut, on the New Haven and Northamp- 
 ton Railroad, 6 miles N. of New Haven. It has manufac- 
 tures of prints, muslins, machinery, sash, and blinds, &c. 
 
 CENTKEVILLE, a post-township of Alleghany co., New 
 York. 4.=. miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1M23. 
 
 CEXTKEVILLE. a vill.age of Ch.amplain township, Clin- 
 ton CO.. New York, on the Northern or Ogdensburg Railroad, 
 about TfiO miles N. by E. of .Ubany. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village in the E. part of Hunter- 
 don CO., New .Tersey, 7 miles E.N.E. of Flemington. 
 
 CENTREVILLE. a vilUge New of Jersey, on the line be- 
 tween Salem and Cumberland counties, 9 miles N.N.E. of 
 Bridgeton. 
 
 CEXTREVTLLE. a village of Warren co., New Jersey, 10 
 miles N.E. of Belvidere. 
 
 CEXTKEVILLE, a small village of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CEXTKEVILLE, a thriving post-village of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, 17 miles N.W. of the borough of Butler. Pop. 
 347. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Oil Creek, 25 miles E.N.E. of Meadville. 
 It is on Oil Creek Railroad. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a small village of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CENTREVILLE. a small village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the turnpike from Smithport to Miieshurg. 
 CENTRE VILLE,a8mall village, Gi-eene CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CENTSEVJLLE, a small village of Lancaster oo., Penn 
 sylvaiiia. 
 
 CEXTREVTLLE. a village of Northampton co., Pennsyl 
 vania. 15 miles N. of Easton. 
 
 CliXTKEVILLE. a village of Somerset co.. Pennsylvania 
 on the Clay turnpike, 148 miles W. by S. of Harrisbiirg, hat 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 CENTKEA'l LLE, a small village. Union co., Pennsylvania 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village in New Castle co., Dela- 
 ware. at.Kjut 50 miles N. by W. of Dover. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village, capital of Queen Anne oo., 
 Maryland, 35 miles E. by N. of Annapolis, contains a court- 
 house, 1 churcli, an academy, and about 400 iuhabitanls. 
 Fish and oysters are abundant in the vicinity. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a i>ost-village of Fairfax co., Virglllil^ 
 27 miles W. of Washington, has 1 church and a few stolen. 
 A battle wa.s fought here Aug. 2N, 1862. 
 
 CENTREVILLE. a village of Monroe co., Virginia; on In- 
 dian Creek, aliout 240 miles W. of Riclimond. 
 
 CENTREVILLE. a village of Tyler co..W.Virginia, on Mid- 
 die Island Creek, 10 miles from the Oliio Kiver.and 7 mile 
 from Middleboum, the county seat. It has turnpikes lead 
 iug in severjil directions, and contains a number of stores. 
 
 CENTREVILLE. a post-office of Moore co.. North Carolina. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Laurens district. South 
 Carolina, 90 miles N.AV. of Columbia. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Camden CO., Georgia, 
 3 miles from St. .Mary's River. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Walton CO., Georgia, 126 
 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Wilkes co., Georgia, 
 about 66 miles N.W. of Aususta. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-office of Leon co., Florida. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bibb co.. Alaba- 
 ma, on the Cahawba River, at the lower fiills, 3S miles S.E. 
 of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Amite CO., Misf-issippi, 
 about 40 miles S.E. of Natchez. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Choctaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 CENTREVILLE. a post-village of St. Mary's parish Lou- 
 isiana, on the river Teche, (navigable by steanitioats.) TO 
 miles by wat<"r from the OulT of Mexico, and 5 miles below 
 Franklin, the seat of justice. 
 
 CENTKEVILLE, a postrvillage of Leon co., Texas. 
 
 CENTKEVI LLE. a post-office of Montgomery co.. .\rkansas. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-vill.age. capital of Hick- 
 man CO., Tennessee, on Duck River. 50 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 A slack-water navigation isaVjut being opened on the river. 
 There is abundant water-ix)wer in the vicinity, and several 
 manufactories of cotton and iron have been erected. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a small village of Jackson co., Tenne.s- 
 see. The post-office is McLeansville. 
 
 CENTKEVILLE, a post-village of Bourbon co., Kentucky, 
 on the road from Paris to Georgetown, 30 miles E. of Frank- 
 fort, has 2 stores. 
 
 CENTKEVILLE. a village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 00 
 miles E. of Zanosville. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a small village of Ointon Co., Ohio. 
 
 CENTKEVILLE, a village of Delaware co., Ohio, IS miles 
 N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a small village of Gallia co., Ohio, 15 
 miles W.N.W. of Gallipolis. 
 
 CEXTREVTLLE, a village of Lake co., Ohio, on the Ridge 
 Road from from Erie, in Pennsylvania, to Cleveland, 1S2 
 miles X.E. of Columbus. It has considerable trade. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Medina CO., Ohio, about 40 
 miles S.W. of Cleveland. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village of Montgomeiy 
 CO., Ohio, 9 miles S. by E. of Dayton. The houses are mostly 
 built of stone, quarried on the spot. It is plea.s.antly situ- 
 ated in a rich and populous district, and has some trade. Tha 
 village contains 3 churches, and perhaps 500 inhabitants. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of St. 
 Joseph CO., Michigan, on Prairie River, 80 miles S.W. of 
 Lansing. The situation is pleasant, and the land around it 
 is highly productive. Pop. 473 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a postrvillage of Allen co., Indiana, 12 
 miles E.S.E. of Fort Wavne. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Lake co., Indiana, 6 miles 
 N. by E. of Crownpoint. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a small village of Scott CO., Indiana, on 
 the i-ailroad from Jeffersonville to Columbus. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village at the N.E. extremity of Sulli- 
 van CO., Indiana. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a thriving pos^village, capital of Wayne 
 CO., Indiana, on the Nati'^nal Road, and on the Central 
 Railroad, 63 miles E. of Indianapolis. It has a pleasant 
 and healthy situation. It contains 3 churches, and a na- 
 tional bank. The Whitewater Female College, at thia 
 place, is a flourishing school, under the direction of the Me- 
 thodists. Pop. ii60. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Adams co., Illinois, SO miles 
 W. of ."Springfield. 
 
 CENTKEVILE. a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, about 
 60 miles N.W. of Springfleld. 
 
 iOb 
 
CBN 
 
 CENTRE VI I.I.E. a village of Schuylw co^ Illinois, 70 
 miles AV.N.W. of Spriujrtielil. 
 
 CENTJIKVILLK, a thriving; post-village of St. Clair CO., 
 Illinois, 9 miles S.W. of BelleviUe. It is surrounded by a 
 fertile o.untry, and has an active busiue.^s. The inhabit- 
 ants are chiefly Germans. The village contains 2 or more 
 churches. 2 steam tlouring-mills, and a few stores. 
 
 CEXTUEVILLE, a village of Callaway co., Missouri, 40 
 miles X.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CEXTKEVILEE, a village near the S.E. extremity of Ma- 
 eon CO.. Missouri, 80 mile» X. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CEXTREVILLE, a post-office of Reynolds co., Missouri. 
 
 CEXTREVILLE, a thriving posWiUage, capital of Appa- 
 noose CO., Iowa, 33^ miles 'W. of Chariton River, and about 
 SO miles S.S.E. of "Des Moines. It contains 3 chiuxhes, 1 
 national bank, 1 newspaper-office, and 10 drj-good sstores. 
 The State Koad from Bloomfield to the Jlissouri River 
 passes tlirough the place. Pop. 820. 
 
 CEXTREVILLE, a village of Cedar co., Iowa, 26 miles E. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 CEXTREVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 CEXTREVILLE. a village of Greene co., 'Wisconsin, on 
 Sugar River. 35 miles S. of Madison. 
 
 CEXTREVILLE, a village of Manitoowoc co, 'Wisconsin, 
 12 miles X'. by E. of Shebovgan. 
 
 CEX'TRE WHITE CREEK, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Xew York. 39 miles X.E. of Albany. 
 
 CEXTUM CELL^. See Civita Vecchia. 
 
 CEXTCRIP.E or CEXTURIPI. See Cestobm. 
 
 CEOS, an island of Greece. See Zea. 
 
 CEPHAL(ED1UM. See Cefalu. 
 
 CEPHALOXI A. sfef-S-lo'ne-i, or KEPIIALOOaA, (It.pron. 
 ch^f3-lou'e-5, and ch6f-i-lo-nee'il; modern Or. Ke^aXovla, 
 kJt-d-lo-nee'd; ane. Gr. Ec0aXAi)i'('a ; L. OphaUe>nia.) an 
 island of the Mediterranean, and one of the largest con- 
 stituting the Ionian Republic, on the W. coast of Greece, 
 opposite the Gulf of Patras. between lat.3S° 4' and 38°29' N., 
 and Ion. 2u° 21' and 2U° 49' E. Greatest length, 32 miles; 
 breadth, varying from 5 to 12 miles. Are;i, about 348 square 
 miles. The surfiice is generally mountainous. A calcareous 
 ridge traverses the island from X.W. to S.E., the highest sum- 
 mit of which, called Orios Ainos. is about SuOO feet above the 
 sea-level. This lofty peak was anciently crowned by a temple 
 of Jupiter, of which no trace remains, the mountain being 
 now entirely covered with wood. The only plain in the island 
 of any extent is in the S.W., near Argostoli ; it is about 6 miles 
 in length, and is chiefly planted with vines. There are other 
 fertile spots, but the soil is in general extremely thin. The 
 coast-line is very irregular and deeply marked with indenta- 
 tions, the principal of which are the bays of Samos, Zol;i, 
 and Argostoli; the last extends about 7 or 8 miles inland, 
 and has good anchorage. The principal produce of the is- 
 land is curi-ants, of which large quantities are exported an- 
 nually. The other products are wheat, corn, olive-oil, wine, 
 cotton, flax, and salt, with various kinds of fruits, includ- 
 ing oranges, lemons, figs, cai-obs, and melons. Great num- 
 bers of the inhabitants are brought up to the medical 
 profession, and afterwards emigrate for practice to various 
 parts of the continent, especially to Turkey, where there is 
 hardly a town without a practitioner from Cephaloui.i, 
 
 The greater p.art of the population are of the Greek 
 Church; the others are of the Latin Church, and have a 
 Roman Catholic bishop, and several convents of Francis- 
 cans. There are 11 free schools on the island, which are 
 supported by the government, and 78 private schools, 
 
 Cephalonia was known anciently by various names, being 
 called Samos by Homer, in the Odyxsei/, and Tetrapolis by 
 Thucydides. In 189 b, c, the iskvid came underthe Roman 
 dominion, and so remained till after the division of the em- 
 pire, when it became subject to the Byzantines till the 
 twelfth centurj", falling afterwards, successitely, to the 
 Normans, Venetians, Turks, and again to the 'Venetians, 
 who retained possession of it till li'97, when it was taken 
 by the French, who were in turn driven out by the Rus- 
 sians in 1799. Cephalonia was then made part of the new 
 state of the Seven Islands, under the protection of Russia. 
 By the peace of Tilsit, in 1809. the French again obtained 
 possession of it. but were soon after driven out by the Eng- 
 lish, under whose protection it now remains. The island 
 is divided into f jur districts, and sends seven members to 
 the Legislative Assembly, and one to the Senate. The 
 
 princi|vil towns are Argostoli and Lixuri. Pop. 63,197. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Cephalonian, sef-a-lo/ne-an. 
 
 CEPIIIS'SIA, or Ml/LAS, a river of Greece, rises in Pho- 
 cis. 15 miles X.W. of Salona, flows generally E., forming the 
 N. boundary of Boeotia, and enters Lake Copais 8 miles 
 E.X.1-:. of Livadin. 
 
 CEPU1.-<'S1.\. a village of Greece. 9 miles X.E. of Athens, 
 ■with a grotto di>dicated to the saints, frequently resorted to 
 trova superstitious motives. 
 
 CiiPHIS'SLS or CEPIII'SUS. (Gr. Vinq>io<ioi or K.t<>i<">«.) 
 • river hi Greece, government of Attica, rises beneath 
 Mount Parnes. and after a S.W. course of atx>ut 25 miles, 
 enters the Gulf of ^Egina. 5 miles W..S.W. of Athens. On 
 Its tianks were ancieutly the groves of the Academy. 
 406 
 
 CER 
 
 CEPP.\LOXI. chJp-p3-lo'nee. a market-town of Xaples, pro 
 vince of I'rincipato Ultra, O5 miles S. of Benevento. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CEPR.VXi), cbA-prd/no, (anc. Fregii'Ut,) a market-town of 
 Central Italy, 11 miles S.E. of Frosinone, on the Xeapolitan 
 frontier. Pop. 3175. 
 
 Cb^RA. an island of the Malay Archipelaga W. of Timot^ ■ 
 Laut, Lat. 8° 10' S., Ion. 130° 56' E.. and 20 miles in circuit. 
 
 CERAIVVO, a post-office of Cai'roll co.. Mississippi. 
 
 CERAM' or ZERAM'. (Port. pron. s.A-rd'As" or sA-rOwNo/,) 
 called by the natives SIRAXG,' seeVing', or CEIRAM, sA-e. 
 rowug', an island in the Malay Archipelago, the secocd 
 largest of the Moluccas, lies between Booroo on the W. 
 and Papua on the E., and immediately X. of Amlxiina. It 
 stretches from lat. 2° 47' to 3° 60' S., and Ion. 127° 51' to 
 123° 56' E. Area estimated at 10.500 square miles. The 
 isl.ind is very imperfectly known. It is traversed by moun- 
 fciln ranges rising from a table-land of considerable eleva- 
 tion, and sending down innumerable .streams to the sea. 
 The mountains vary from 6O0U to 80U0 feet in height, and 
 that called Xoo.saheli rises to 9760 feet. The vegetation is 
 luxuri.ant and gigantic; the sago-palm, in ptirticular, is 
 more abundant here than in any other of the adjoining is- 
 lands, to which, consequently, supplies of sago are exported. 
 It grows 100 feet high, and. instead of 400 jKjunds. as at Am- 
 boina. a single ti-ee will sometimes yield 1 200 pounds of starch. 
 Clove and nutmeg trees grow wild, and the woods abound in 
 magnificent forest-trees. Xear the E. end, on the X. side, is 
 the village of Waroo. on the liav of the same name, about lat. 
 3° 25' .S., Ion. 130° 40' E. The bay afl'ords good anchorage 
 and water, and other refreshments may be procured in it. 
 
 The coasts are peopled by a Malay race of bold and enter- 
 prising fishermen and traffickers, wlio carry the produce of 
 their fisheries in large prahus, called koia-lora, with from 
 30 to 60 rowers each, to the Sunda Isl.ands and Singapore. 
 The inferior is peopled by the Alfoories or Ilalatborahs, 
 identical, apparently, with those of the mountains of Celebes 
 and the Philippines. Christian missionaries in Ceram have 
 not only made numerous converts along the coasts, but have 
 extended a softening influence even among the idolaters of 
 the interior. The local princes meet the Dutch residents 
 once in two years, to have their disputes settled by a court 
 composed of 24 rajahs, and at which the re.sident presides. 
 
 The alx)rigines of Ceram are mostly idolaters, and the 
 coast population, generally spe;4king, Mohammedans; 
 though, of t>20 souls in the village of Makarike, where Mr. 
 Scherius landed. 438 were Christians. 11 only Mohamme- / 
 dans, and 171 idolaters. But the Christians were suttering 
 from neglect. 'Xot withstanding its superabundant fertility, 
 Ceram is very thinly peopled. This is attributed to the fro 
 quent dis.<ensions of the ^lal.iys amoui themselves, the at- 
 tacks of the Alfoories from the land side and of pirates at 
 se.a, and the ravages of the small-pox. The present popula- 
 tion is roughly estimated at 226.000. 
 
 CERAMI, chA-r.'i'mee, a town of Sicily, province of Cata- 
 nia, in a mining district. 17 miles W. of Bronte. Pop. 3667. 
 
 CERAM-LAUT lSLh:S, a cluster of small islands In the 
 Malay Archipelago, lying off the E. end of the island of 
 Ceram, from which they are separated by the island and 
 strait of Keffing. The chief island is about 5 miles long, 
 mountainous, and uninhabited. Ljit. 3° 48' S.; Ion. 131° E. 
 
 CER AXO, chiV-r^'no, a village of Piedmont, 8i miles E.SJi. 
 ofX'ovara. Pop. 4097. 
 
 CER.\SUS. See Keresoon. 
 
 CEKBALUS, a river of Italy. See Cebv.aro. 
 
 CERCADO, sfR-kd/do. a province of Peru, having Lima, 
 the capital of the country, about its centre, on the coast. 
 It is 39 miles long and 24 miles bratd, and is watered by 
 the Rimac and Lurin. 
 
 CERCHIARA, ch^R-ke-d/ri, a town of Xaples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 9 miles E,XJi. of Castro villari. Pop. 2080. 
 
 CERCIX.\. See Kerki.ni. 
 
 CERDAtlXE. siJaMdil', an old division of Europe, in the 
 Pyrenees, partly enclosed in the French department of. 
 Pyrenees-Oiientiiles. and partly in the Spanish province<i 
 of Barcelona. Gerona. and Lerida. The principal townj 
 were ^lont ixiuis in France, and Puy-Cerda in Sp:dn. 
 
 CERDE^fA. See SARniMA. 
 
 CERDOX, sSrMAn"'. a town of France, department of -iin, 
 14 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 18:17. 
 
 CfiUE, saiR, a river of Southern France, departments ot 
 Cantal and Lot, rises in the J'iomb-de-Cantal, and. after a 
 W. course of about 55 miles, joins the Dordogne near lirete- 
 noux. Its valley is noted for picturesque beauty. Aurillac 
 is on one of its affluents. 
 
 CERE.\. chA-rA'd. a market-town of Lomtifirdy, 19 miles 
 S.S.E. of Verona. Pop. 5689. It has the remaijs of an an- 
 cient castle, and is the seat of an annual fair. 
 
 CEREBKLLIACA. See Chadeuil. 
 
 CERE.NCiiS, s;IV6nss', a 'market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Jlanche, 9 miles S. of Coutances. Pop. 2244. 
 
 CERE NOVO, chA'rA no'vo. (>. «. " New Csere,") is a small 
 village. H miles E. of Cervetere. (which .see.) 
 
 CERES, seers, a parish of Scf)tland, i-o. of Fife, on the river 
 Ceres, 3 miles S.E. of Cupar-Fife. Area, i-o uprising a U-au- 
 tiful valley, about 8000 acres. Pop. 2944, exteL.»>tely em- 
 
CER 
 
 CER 
 
 ployed in the manufacture of linens. Tlae tower of Peot- 
 gtarvet and the ruins of Craigiiall House are in this parish; 
 It was the scene of the murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and 
 the birthplace of the historian Pitscottie. 
 
 CKKK.S, chA/res, a village of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont. 22 miles N.W. of Turin, near the confluence of two 
 branche.<oftheStura. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CtVUKS, a post-village of Alleghany co., New York, 225 
 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 CKKES, a township of McKean co., Penn.sylvania. Pop. 
 1308. 
 
 CERES, a village of Washington CO., Wisconsin. 37 miles 
 N.N.W. of .Milwaukee. 
 
 CERFJS'CO, a post-village of Calhoun co., Michigan, on the 
 Central Michigan Railroad, 112 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 CEKE.SCO,a post-village and town.shipof Fonddu Lacco., 
 Wisconsin, 85 miles N.W. of Milwaukee, and 20 miles W. of 
 Lake Winnebago, was settled in 1844 by a Fourier Associa- 
 tion, called the "Wi*onsin Phalanx." They own 1440 
 acres of prairie-land, diversified by groves of oak and maple. 
 The name luis been changed to RipoN, which see. 
 
 CEKESI US LACUS. See Luoano, Lake of. 
 
 CKKESOfiK, chA-ri-so'lA, a village of Piedmont, 13J miles 
 N.W. of Alba. Pop. 1593. In its vicinity the French 
 gained a celebrated victory over the Imperialists, April 
 14, 1544. 
 
 Ci/RESTOWN, a thriving post-village of McKean co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Oswayo Creek, about 200 miles N.W. 
 of Ilarrisburg. It has a church and several mills. 
 
 CERET, siVi/, a frontier town of France, department of 
 Pyren6es-0rientales, 16 miles S.W. of I'erpiguan. Pop. in 
 1852, 35S6. It was formerly fortified, and has manufactures 
 of corks, leather, and copper-wares. In 1600 the plenipo- 
 tentiaries of France and Spain met here to fix the limits of 
 the two kingdoms. 
 
 CEKIAXA. ch.A-re-S'nd, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 6 miles N. of San Remo. Pop. 2101. 
 
 CERIGNOLA. chA-reen-yo'Ii. an episcopal town of Naples, 
 province of Capitanata, 24 miles S.E. of Foggia. It has a 
 college, several convents, and a hospital. The inhabitants 
 manufacture linen, and the district produces large quanti- 
 ties of almonds and cotton. In 1503, the Spaniards here 
 defeated tlie French, when the Duke de Nemours, who com- 
 manded the latter, was slain. Pop. 17,242 
 
 CERIOO, chjr'e-go, (anc. Latin, Cyth^ra; Or. KiOijpa, pro- 
 nounced by the modern Greeks, kith'e-ra,) the southern- 
 most of the seven principal Ionian Islands, in the Mediter- 
 ranean, off the S. extremity of the Morea, between lat. ;i6° 
 7' and 36° 2;j' N., and in Ion. about 23° E. Area, 116 square 
 Jiiles. Pop. about 9000. Shores abrupt and dangerous to 
 shipping. Surface mostly mountainous and rocky. More 
 rattle are reared here than in any other of the Ionian 
 Islands. Chief crops, wheat, maize, pulse, cotton, flax, 
 wine, and olive-oil: which last, and the honey of the island, 
 are highly esteemed. C^jrigo is used as a place of exile by 
 the central government, and is garrisoned by a company 
 of troops. Principal town, Capsali, at Its S. extremity. 
 The people are of Greek origin, and are all of the Greek 
 Cturch. The island sends a representative to the Repub- 
 lican Assembly, and, conjointly with Ithaca and Paxo, one 
 senator. Cerigo was celebrated in ancient times for the 
 worship of Venus; and near the fortress of San Nikolo are 
 some ruins of the ancient city of Cytluru and its temples. 
 Cerigo was long subject to the Lacedemonians, and be- 
 longed in turn to Macedon, Egypt, Rome, and Venice ; in 
 later times it has shared the fortunes of the other Ionian 
 Islands. 
 
 CERIOOTTO, ch.i-re-got'to, (anc. ^ipVia.) a small island 
 of the Mediterranean, midway between Cerigo and Crete, 
 and belonging to the Ionian Republic. Length. 5 miles; 
 breadth, from 1 to 3 miles. Pop. about 30 families. 
 
 CERILIjY, siVee^ee'. a town of F'rance, department of 
 Allier, 24 miles W.N.W. of Moulins. Pop. in 1S52, 2495. It 
 has manufactures or mousselins and paper. 
 
 CEIUNA or TZKRINA. ch.i-ree'nd. (anc. Cerin'ia. dry- 
 nelia, or Cero'nia.) a small seaport town of the island of Cy- 
 prus, on its N. coast, 10 miles N. of Lefkosia. It has an in- 
 different port, and ancient quarries and catacombs. 
 
 CEKISY, seh-ree^zee', several communes and villages of 
 France, in Normandy, the principal in the department of 
 Manche, 10 miles S.W. of St. Lo. It has 2055 inhabitants, 
 and the church of an abbey founded by Robert Duke of 
 Normandy in 1030, and completed by his sou, William the 
 Conq\jwror. 
 
 CERIZAY, seh-ree'z.V, a town of France, department of 
 Deux-Sevres, 9 miles W. of Bressuire, on an affluent of the 
 Sdvre-Nantaise. Pop. in 1852, 1230. 
 
 CERMIGNANO. ch«R-meen-yl,'no, a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra I.. 12 miles N.N.W. of Penne. Pop.2140. 
 
 CERNAY, s^R^nA/, a town of France, department of Ilaut- 
 Rhin, on a railway, 8 miles N.W. of Mulhausen. Pop. in 
 1852. 3997, en;5aged in tne manufacture of printed cottons, 
 linens, paper, and machinery, and in iron and copper 
 foundries 
 
 CERNii-ABBAS, sern ab'bijs, a market-town and parish 
 
 of England, co. of Dorset, 7i miles N.NW. of Dorchester. 
 Pop. 1342, employed in malting and manutiiccures of linens, 
 gloves, parchment. Ac. It has some remains ol t> noble 
 abbey fouiided in 987. 
 
 CERNETZ or ZERNETZ, tsJR'nIts, a village of Switzer 
 land, canton of Orisons, in the Lower Engadine, 31 miles 
 S.K. of Chur, with a handsome Protestjint church and mine- 
 ral baths. Pop. 500. 
 
 CER'NEY, NETHER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CERNEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of (iloucester. 
 
 CERNEY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 
 5 miles S.S.E. of Cirencester. Edward's College, a hospital for 
 the distressed families of clergy men, was founded here in 1 837. 
 
 CERNEY, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CERNTLOW, ts^n/ne-lov, a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 KoniggrStz, near Smirzitz. Pop. 1314. 
 
 CERNISI, ch^R-nee'see, (anc. MnVya.) an island in the 
 Mediterranean, off the W. of coast of Sicily. Lat. 37° 52' N., 
 Ion. 12° 25' E. It is about 3 miles long, and averages about 
 1 mile in breadth. 
 
 CERNOWITZ, tsjR'no-vitz. a town of Bohemia. 14 miles 
 E.S.E. of Tabor; it is thechief place of a lordship of the same 
 name. Pop. 168.3. 
 
 CERNUSCO-ASINARIO, chSR-noosOiO-a-se-na/re-o. a town 
 of Northern Italy, 7 miles N.E. of Milan. It stands on both 
 sides of the Canal of Martesana, and Is surrounded by beau- 
 tiful gardens. Pop. 3684. 
 
 CEROMA. See Cerina. 
 
 CERRKTO, chAR-RA'to, a town of Naples, province of Terra 
 di Lavoro, on the Apennines, 22 miles N.E. of Capua. Pop. 
 4930, who manufacture coarse woollens. It is well built, 
 and has a cathedral with fine paintings, a college church, 
 and a diocesan school. 
 
 CERRETO, cli^R-R.Vto, a maikettown of Italy, iu Um- 
 bria, 11 miles N.E. of Spoleto, on the Nera. 
 
 CERRETO GUIDI, ch^R-RA'to gwee'dee, a market-town of 
 Tuscany, province of i'lorence, 4 miles N.W. of EmpolL 
 Pop. 2396. 
 
 CERRIGCEINWEN, kerVig-kA-noo/en, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Anglesea. 
 
 CERRIG-Y-DRUIDION, k^R/rig-e-dre-id'e-on, a parish of 
 North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 CKRRO, cheR'KO, a markeWown of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles N.N.E. of Venafro. I'o)). 2040. 
 
 CKRRO DEL ANDEVALO,th^R/Ro dcH dn-dA-vA'lo, a town 
 of Spain, 25 miles N. of Iluelva. Pop. 2728. It has manu- 
 factures of linens and coarse woollens. 
 
 CERRO-DE-PASCO. s4r/ro dA pis'ko. called also simply 
 P.tSCO, a town of Peru, department of Junin. 138 miles N.l*!. 
 of Lima. 13.673 feet above the sea-level. It is the seat of 
 rich silver-mines. Pop. fi-om 12.000 to 16.000. See Peru. 
 
 CERRO FRIO, Brazil. See Serko Frio. 
 
 CERRO GORDO, sJr'ro goR'do. a celebrated battle-field 
 and mountain pass, through which the National Road con- 
 ducts fitim Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, about 60 miles 
 N.W. of the former. This pa.ss was taken possession of by 
 the Mexicans, 1-3,000 strong, under Santa Anna, in the 
 spring of 1847, and the heights on either side were strongly 
 fortified, for the purpose of interrupting the march of the 
 United States troops, numbering 9000. under General Scott, 
 from Vera Cruz to the capital of Mexico. The tattle was 
 fought on the 18th and loth of April, and resulted in the 
 total defeat of Santa Anna's army, his loss being an indefi- 
 nite number of killed and wounded, 3000 prisoners, in- 
 cluding 5 generals, all of his artillery, consisting of 43 
 pieces, and 7 standards. The American loss was 431 killed 
 and wounded, among whom were 33 officers. 
 
 CER'RO GOR'DO, a new county in the northern part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 025 square miles. It is drained by 
 Lime Creek, a branch of English River, and its tributaries. 
 This county is not included in the census of 1S60. Named 
 from the celebrated battle-field in Mexico, on which the 
 Americans, under General Scott, gained a decisive victory 
 over the Mexicans, April 18th and 19th, 1847. Pop. 940 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a post-office of Gilmer co.. Georgia. 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a post-village, capital of Holmes Co., Ilo- 
 rida. about 105 miles W.N.W. of Tallahassee. 
 
 CERRO GORDO, formeriy WHITE'S LANDING, a village 
 of Hardin co., Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, 120 miles 
 S.W. of Nashville. It is a depot for cotton and staves, which 
 are shipped by the river. 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a post-office of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a post-village of Piatt co., Illinois, 50 
 miles E.N.E. of Sprintrtield. 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a post-office of Mills co.. Iowa. 
 
 CERRO GORDO AZUL, sSr'ro gon'do athool', a consider- 
 able town of Peru, department of Lima, iu the middle of a 
 fertile plain. 
 
 CERR(J GORDO DE POTOSI. sSr'ro goR'do dA po-to-see'. a 
 famous metalifercius mountain of Bolivia, immediately S.W 
 of Potosi. Elevation, 16.037 feet. 
 
 CERRO GORDO MORADO NEGRO, sfR'no goR'do mo-rA'do 
 nA'gro. two mountains of South America, in the Plata Con- 
 federation, department of La Rioja. One of them is said to 
 yield gold ore. 
 •' " 407 
 
CER 
 
 CEU 
 
 CTCK'HOS an island of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of 
 Lower California, in lat. 2S° 12' X., Ion. 115° 2l>' W. Length 
 N. to S. 30 miles ; breadth 5 miles. Coasts greatly indented; 
 surface ru'jired and barren. 
 
 CKHSUS or IvERSDS. See Merkez. 
 
 CERTA, s^R'ti, a town and parish of Portugal, prorince 
 of Beira-Baixa. 32 miles S.E. of Coinibra. Pop. 2336. 
 
 CE15TALD0, chjR-til'do, a market-town of Tuscany, 18i 
 miles S.W. of Florence, on the Elsa. Pop. 2000. It is cele- 
 brated as the birthplace of Boccaccio, whose house is still 
 preserved. "~ 
 
 CEKU'LEAN SPRINGS, a village in Trigg co., Kentucky, 
 223 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 CERVARO. chJR-vl/ro, (anc, O-rbalm.) a river of Xaples, 
 province of Capitanata. rises in the Apennines near Ariano, 
 snd after a N.E. coui-se of 50 miles, enters the Gulf of 51an- 
 fredonia. on the .\driatie co.ist. 
 
 CERVAItO, a town of Xaples. province of Terra di Lavoro, 
 22 miles S.E. of Sora. Pop. 3330. 
 
 <^ERVASCA. chJR-vJs'kl. a villase of the Sardinian States, 
 6^ miles S.W. of Conj, near the left bank of the Stura. P. 2490. 
 
 CERVATOS-DE-LA-CUEZA, thjR-vd'toce-d.i-ia-kw.Vthd, a 
 town of Spain, in Leon. 23 miles X.X.W. of Palencia. Pop. V44. 
 
 CERVElRA, V1LL.A.-X0YA DA, viWd-no'va dl s?R-vi'- 
 e-ra, a fortified town of Portugal, province of Miuho, 16 
 miles X. of Vienna, on the Minho. Pop. 200. 
 
 CERVERA, thJR-vA'ri a town of Spain, 28 miles E. of 
 Lerida. Pop. 5312. It stands on a conspicuous height, is 
 well built, and enclosed with old walls. The principal edifices 
 are those of its former university, (lately transferred to Bar- 
 celona.) and some handsome churches and c-onvents. 
 
 CERVEltA.atown of Spain, 58 miles X. of Palencia. P.2000. 
 
 CERVERA DEL RIO ALHAMA, thjR-v.i'rd AM ree'o 
 Jl-i'ma. a town of Spain, province of Logrofio, 18 miles S. 
 of Calahorra. Pop. 3690. 
 
 CERVETERE, chJR-vJt'a-rA. i.e. CereVetere, Ocere reltis, 
 '•Old Care." (anc. Qrfre.) a. village of Central Italy, In the 
 Pontifical States, Comarca di Roma, in the Campagna, 27 
 miles W. of Rome. Ceere wa-s. in antiquity, one of the 12 
 great cities of Etruria, and celebrated by Virgil as the capital 
 of Mezentius. Its acropolis is occupied by the modern vil- 
 lage with 750 inhabitants; and some remains of its Pelasgic 
 walls and Etruscan tombs still exist. 
 
 CERVIA, cli^R've-d, a town of Central Italy, in iKniilia, 
 133^ miles S.S.E. of Ravenna, on the Adriatic. Po]). witli 
 its surrounding villages, 5082. Its salt-works in the ad- 
 joining marshes, are the most important in the Pontifical 
 States. 
 
 CERVICALES, cheR-ve-ka/lls; or CIPRICAGLIE, che- 
 pre-kll'vil, « irroup of small islands in the Mediterranean, 
 S.E. coast of the island of Corsica, lat. 41°33'X. 
 
 CERVIXWR.A.. ch^R-ve-nd'rd, a town of Xaples, province 
 of Principato Ultra, 12 miles X.W. of Avellino. Pop. 5390. 
 
 CERVIX, MOXT. m(\ng, sl-R-yKy g/ (it MonU Silvio, mon'- 
 ti sil've-o, Ger. MaUerhom, mit/ter-hoRn',) a mountain of 
 the Pennine Alps, between the Valais in Switzerland and 
 the Val d'Aosta in Piedmont, 40 miles E.X.E. of Mont 
 Blanc, and 12 miles W.X.W. of Monte Ros-a. Elevation 
 14,771 feet. The Col of Mount Cervin is used in summer 
 as a passage for horses and mules. Elevation 10.938 feet. 
 
 CERVIOXE. chJR-ve-o'nA. a se.iport town on the E. coast 
 of Corsica. 20 miles S. of Bastia. Pop. in 1852, 1657. 
 
 CERVOLI. cheR-vo^ee. (anc. Cnlumhafriaf) a small island 
 of Tuscany, in the Mediterranean, province of Pisa, 5 miles 
 E. of Elba. 
 
 CERZA MAGOIORE, chJRd'id mad-jo'rA, a village of 
 Naples, province of Moiise. 7 miles S.S.E. of Campobasso. 
 
 CERZA PICCOLA, ch^Rd'za pik'ko-lia village of Xaples. 
 province of Moiise, 6 miles S. of Campobasso; it has 3 
 abbeys. 
 
 CES.\XA, chA-si'nl, a village of Austrian Italv, govern- 
 ment of Venice. 11 miles S.W. of Belluno. I'op. 2000. 
 
 CESAXO MADERXO. chi^-s^'ni mi-d^R'no. a village of 
 Northern Italy, 10 miles X. by Vi. of Milan, on the Seveso. 
 Here are the remains of a t-istle with its walls and moat, 
 and a palace called Cesana Borromeo. Pop. 3340. 
 
 CESARKA., SeeCESAREA. 
 
 CESARO, chA-s^'ro, a town of Sicily, on a hill, 7i miles 
 N.W. of Bronte. I'op. 30<X). 
 
 CESE.NA. ch.A-R.Vh4. a town of Central Italv. in the Pon- 
 tifical^States, 12 miles S.E. of Forli. on the Emilian Way. 
 Pop. 7777. I'rincipal buildings, the town-hall in the great 
 cquare, the Capuchin Church, with a fine painting by 
 Ouercino, and the library founded bv the Duke Mjilatesta 
 In 1452. and rich in MSS. Popes Pius VI. and VII. were both 
 natives of this town; the L-itter long resided in an adj.icent 
 Benedictine monastery, which has a fine church, said to be 
 the work of Bramante. The sulphur and vitriol works of 
 Bologna and Itimini are supplied with raw materials from 
 the Ruiphur-mines S. of Cesena. 
 
 CESEXATICO, chi-sA-ni'te-ko, a seaport town of Italy, 
 in /Eniiliii, 9 miles E.X.E. of Cesena, on the Adriatic. Pop. 
 60-13. It is partly enclosed bv walls, and has a small harbor. 
 
 CESl. chi'see. or CESIO. ch.A'se-o, a village of the Ponti- 
 fical SUtes. 7 miles N.X JI. of Xarni. Pop. 1134. Near it is 
 408 
 
 the Grotta del Vento, whence a strong current of wind con- 
 tinually issues. 
 
 CESSEXOX. E^s'sfh-n^ji"', a village of France, department 
 of Ilfrault. 15 miles E. of St. Pons, beautifully situated on 
 the left t>ank of the Orbe. Pop. 1228. 
 
 CESS'FORD, a village of Scotland, co. of Eoxbuigh, pari.sh 
 of Eckford, 6 miles X.E. of Jedburgh. Pop. 160. llere ia 
 an ancient castle, formerly ftmous in the border wars, and 
 which gives the title of Baron to the Duke of Roxburgh. 
 
 CESS'XA, a^ towu.ship of Ilardin co., Ohio. Pop. 4b7. 
 
 CESSOX, ses'sAxo', a village of France, department of 
 Ille-et-Vilaine, 3 miles E. of Renues, on the Vilaiue, where 
 it becomes navi'_'able. Pop. 23C6. 
 
 CESTOXA. thJs-to'ni a village of Spain, Guipuzcoa, 11 
 miles S.AV. of St. Sebastian, near the Urola. It has mineral 
 springs and baths. 
 
 CETOX, sA'tds"'. a town of France, department of OrnC} 
 23 miles S.S.E. of .Mortagne. Pop. 1010. 
 
 CETOXA, chA-to/nd, a \illage of Tuscany, province and 
 34 miles S. of Arezzo. in the Val di Chiana. Pop. S332. It 
 is built around the foot of Mount Cetona, and has a castle, 
 a palace, and a collegiate church. Its vicinity is geologically 
 interesting. 
 
 CETRARO, chA-trd'ro, a town of Naples, province of 
 CalaViria Citra, with a small fishing port on the Meditei> 
 ranean. 24 miles X.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 4.S0S. 
 
 CETTE, s?tt. (anc. JUnns Se'tiut: or Seltium PromnnUJrium^ 
 a fortified seaport town of France, department of Ileiault, 
 at the head of the railway from Beaucaire, on a tongue of 
 land separating the s;ilt lagoon of Thau from the Mediter- 
 ranean. 17 miles S.AV. of Montpellier: lat. of light-huu.se, 
 430 23' 48" X.. Ion. 3° 42' 16" E. Pop. in 1852. 19.124. It ii 
 a fortress of the first clas.s. defended by a citadi.1. and is 
 Well built; the principal edifices are the church of St. Ixmis, 
 the public baths, and library. Its harbor is spacious and 
 secure, from 16 to 19 feet in depth, and is formed by two 
 piers with a breakwater in front, defended by two forts, 
 one on either pier. A brotid and deep canal, bordered 
 with quays and warehouses, connects the port with the 
 Lagoon of Thau, and accordingly with the Canal-du-JIidi, 
 and canals leading to the Rhone, by which means Cette car- 
 ries on an extensive traflBc with the interior. The imports 
 comprise Benicarlo wine from Spain, for mixing with French 
 wines for the English and other markets, cotton and wool 
 in bales, colonial produce, &c. The exports consist of about 
 36,000 tuns of wine, and 4000 of brandy aunu.-illy. with al 
 monds, Montpellier verdigris, salt from adjacent salt-works, 
 and syrups, liqueurs, soap, perfumery, and glass wares, the 
 products of its own factories. With respect to tonnage, Cette 
 holds the sixth rank in the kingdom; and in the extent of 
 its coast trade it is surpassed only by Bordeaux and Mar- 
 seilles. This latter branch of commerce, in 1852. employed 
 154.577 tons of shipping. In 1842, the foreign arrivals com- 
 prised 573 vessels, with an aggregate of 52,815 tons, and the 
 clearances, 611 vessels — tons, CU.757. It has also an ac- 
 tive oyster and anchovy fishery. The principal articles of 
 manufacture in Cette are grajxvsugar, spirits, perfumes, 
 syrups, soap, and large quantities of excellent casks. It 
 has also glass-works and shiji-lmilding yards. S.ilt-works 
 were established in the vicinity in 1TS9. and are now the 
 largest in the country, producing salt of a very superior 
 quality. Cette is the residence of various European con- 
 suls, and has a tribunal of commerce, a school of naviga- 
 tion, a council of prucChnmmes, and a commerci.al college. 
 It is wholly of modern origin, having been Sounded by Loufs 
 XIV., in lCiB6, at the ba.se of the ancient Mmg Setius. (whence 
 its name.l It has steamlxxit communication with Mar- 
 seilles, and a steamer crosses the mouth of the Canal-du- 
 Midi. which connects the Garonne and the Bay of Bisc.iy. 
 
 CETTIGXE, chJt-teen'yA. a town of European Turkey, 
 capital. Montenegro, 20 miles E. by X.of Cattaro. and 37 
 miles X.X.W. of Scutari. It consists of a fortified convent 
 on the slope of a hill, and surrounded by a few scattered 
 houses. On a plain below the town is a large new govern- 
 ment-house, piirtly occupied by the Aladika as his anhi- 
 episcopal palace. The only manufacture deserving of notice 
 is gunpowder. 
 
 CETTIX.^, ts?t-tee'n3, a river of Austria, Dalmatia. rises 
 on the S. slopes of Mount Dinara. near Sorgenti di Cettin.t, 
 and falls into the Adriatic at Almissa, after completing a 
 course of about 50 miles. 
 
 CEUT.\, su'ta, (Sp. pron. thJ'oo-tA; anc. Sep>laT) a sea- 
 port town of Africa, belonging to Sjiain. in Morocco, op- 
 posite, and 17 miles S.S.E. of Gibraltar; lat. (Mount Acho) 
 35° 54' 4" N., Ion. 5° 16' C" W. Pop. 8200. The cas(I» 
 occupies the highest point of a mountain (the ancient 
 Aln/la. and one of the Pillars of Hercules — the rock of Gib- 
 raltar being the other) at the extremity of a peninsula. 
 On the narrow isthmus at the oppisite extremity is ano- 
 ther strong citadel : and bt»tween the two is the ♦"wp 
 which has a cathedral, several convents, a hospital, a 
 convict establishment, and schools. Ceuta has many 
 pfiints of resemblance to Gibraltar; it is well supplied 
 with water, and. If properly garrisoned, would "-e all but 
 impregnable. It is the chief of the Sp&nish presidios on the 
 
CEV 
 
 CEY 
 
 African coast, the seat of a royal court, and the residence of 
 a military governor and linancial Intendant. It was taken 
 from the Moors by John, King of Portugal, in 1415, and has 
 permanently belonged t« Spain ever since 1840. 
 
 CEV A, ch.i'vi, (anc. ft//<tt,) a town of the Sardinian States, 
 In Piedmont, 2(imileg E.of Coni, province of Mondovi, on the 
 Tanaro. Pop. ;>,SG2. It stands at the foot of a rock on which 
 is a dismantled citadel. It has manufactures of silk twist, 
 and a tnide in cheese. 
 
 C£VKXNKS, s.A\Snn', (anc. Cehev'na or Gehcn^na Mons,) a 
 rani;e of mountains in the S. of France, commencing at the 
 Canal-du-Midi, W. of C.ircassonne, and running N.N.K. to 
 the Canal-du-Centre. They are divided into the South and 
 North Cevennes; the former, under the names of the Mon- 
 tagues N'oii-es, Esplnouse, Garrigues, and LozSre, extend 
 over 120 miles to Mount Lozere, where the chain forms a 
 group Killed Monts du (levaudan. which sends several contre- 
 forts to the N. and S. The North Cevennes take the names of 
 Monts Vivarais, Lyonnais, Forez. and Charolais. The Loire, 
 AUier. Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, Herault, Gard. and other rivers, 
 have their sources in these mountains, the P. portion of 
 which contain many extinct volcanoes, and present many 
 deep fissures in the higher valleys. The highest points are 
 Mezin. 5794 feet, and Loz6re, 4884 feet above the level of the 
 sea. The Cevennes served as a retreat for numerous Pro- 
 testant families after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. 
 
 CfiVENXKS, an old country of France, which formed the 
 N.E. part of the government of Languedoc, capital Mende. 
 It was divided into Gevaudan, Velay. Vivarais. and Cevennes 
 Proper, the la.st now chietty included in the dep. of Gard. 
 
 CEVi';K()-V()ST(X'HN<iI. See Severo-vo.stochnoi. 
 
 CEVICO-DE-LA-TOIIRK, thi-vee'-ko-dA-li-toR/RA', a town 
 of Spain. Leon, 12 miles S.S.E. of Palencia. Pop. 2002. 
 
 CEYLON. seel9n or sil-6n', (native Singhali, sing-gd/l3 ; 
 anc. Taprnlhane,) an island in the Indian Ocaan, belonging 
 to Great Uritiin. from 50 to 60 miles S.E. of the S. extremity 
 of Uindostan. from which it is separated by the Gulf of JIar 
 najir and I'alk's Strait. It lies between lat.5^66'and9°50'N., 
 and between Ion. 80° and 82' E.. having the shape of a pear, 
 with the broad end S. Length, about 270 miles from N. to 
 S. ; average breadth, 100 miles: circumference, about 660 
 miles, exclusive of bays; area, 24,661 sq. miles. The N. and 
 N.W. coasts are flat and monotonous, tho.se on the S. and 
 E. bold and rocky, presenting a highly picturesque appear- 
 ance, which is further heightened by its exul)enint vegeta- 
 tion, its noble palm-forests, luxuriant corn-fields, and the 
 verdant slopes of its mountains, embellished with briglit 
 flowers, herbs, and creeping plants, whose delicious per- 
 fume is wafted far and wide. Many parts of the coast, both 
 at its S. and N. extremities, are studded with small, rocky, 
 and verd.ant islands, some of them overgrown with palms, 
 and presenting a singularly be;iutiful appearance. The two 
 principal harbors are those of Triucomalee on the N.E. 
 coast, and that of Point de Galle on the S. coast ; the former 
 is one of the finest harbors in the world, and is capable of ac- 
 commodating any number of the largest ships. Secure an- 
 chorage is also to be had, at certain soii-sons. in the Roads of 
 Colombo. Besides these, there are three harbors on the S. 
 and E. coasts, and five on the N.W.; but most of the latter 
 can receive small vessels only, being full of shifting sands 
 and shallows. 
 
 Mountains, <Cv. — The mountainous regions of Ceylon are 
 confined to the centre of the S. and broader part of the 
 island. They gradually diminish to hills of moderate eleva- 
 tion as they recede from the central mass, and are succeeded 
 on the W. side by a flat triict extending to the coast. Their 
 average elevation is alwDut 2000 feet ; but there are several 
 summits of upwards of 7000 and even 8000 feet; among 
 these are PedrotallagalU, 8280 feet; Kirrigal Potta, 7810 
 feet; Totapella, 7720 fiet; and Adam's Peak, 7420 feet. Of 
 all these mountains. Adam's Peak, though not the highest, 
 is the most remarkable from its conical form, the distance 
 from whi'^h it is visible from the sea, and from the sacred 
 associations with which it is connected ; the summit being 
 the point from which Boodh.a, according to his followers, 
 ascended to heaven, a giirantic footprint bearing testimony 
 to the fact. The firms of tlie mountains of Ceylon are sin- 
 gularly varied. They most frequently occur connected in 
 chains, and terminate in round or peaked summits. Their 
 sides are always steep, and occasionally precipitous and 
 rocky. The island is chiefly formed of granite and gneiss, 
 especially in the southern portions, while limestone and 
 sandstone prevail in the more level parts of the northern 
 plains. Dolomite is found in the interior, and hornblende 
 rock forms the summit of .^darn's Peak. Among the mine- 
 rals are iron, manganese, plumbago, nitre, alum, and salt. 
 
 The rivers of Ceylon, thouiih numei-ous, especially on the 
 p. and S.W. sides, are small, being merely mountain 
 streams, navigable only by canoes, and that but for a short 
 distance from their mouths. There are a few pretty exten- 
 sive lagoons in the island, but no lakes worth noticing, the 
 largest being only 4 miles broad. The zoology of the island 
 is much the sime as the neighboring continent. Snakes 
 and reptiles aliound, Elephants are very numerous, espe- 
 cially in the N. and E. provinco; a European officer in two 
 
 years killed 400. The climate is hot and moist, though th« 
 temperature is not so high as on tlie neighlxjring continent. 
 The N.K. monsoon prevails from Novemter to February 
 modified and interrupted by local circumstances ; the S.\? 
 monsoon from April to September. The E. part of the 
 island is hot and dry, the 'W. temperate and humid. In the 
 highlands in the S.. and on the central range stretching 
 northwards, tlie temperature is much milder than in the 
 valleys. The soil is chiefly a ferruginous quartzose and 
 clayey mixture in the S., and sandy and calcareous in tha 
 N., with a small proportion of vegetable matter; and irrig*- 
 tion appears to have been anciently practised, from aititiciai 
 tanks and lakes still existing. 
 
 Vegetable Prnducls, Agriculture, d-c. — In the luxuriance 
 of its vegetable productions, Ceylon rivals the islands of the 
 Malay Archipelago, and in some respects boars a strong 
 resemblance to them; its most valuable are coffee, cinna- 
 mon, and the cocoa-nut. The quantity prmluced of the first- 
 named article is rapidly increasing, the export to the United 
 Kingdom having risen in the space of 10 years, (from 1835 
 to 1845.) from 1,870.143 pounds, to 16,657.239 pounds, while 
 in 1849 it ro.se to 35.640,000 p<)Unds. The quautity of land 
 adapted to the growth of this valuable commodity is un- 
 limited. Between 00,000 and lOO-Ot^O acres of collee ground 
 are under actual cultivation. Besides these above men- 
 tioned, rice, cotton, tobacco, pepper, and various vege- 
 tables are raised. The cocoa palm, Palmyra palm. t.alipot, 
 tamarind, bread fruit, and cinnamon, are among the most 
 u.seful trees ; the last is cultivated to a great e.xtent, but 
 some recent attempts to cultivate extensively the sugar- 
 cane appear to have failed. An agricultural society has 
 been formed, which has been of great service to Ceylon, 
 having, among other things, introduced a variety of Euro- 
 pean vegetables and roots, (including the potato,) into the 
 elevated districts, where they are succeeding admirably. 
 There are two rioe harvests in the year; the first crop Is 
 sown from July to October, and rejiped from Januai-y to 
 JIarch ; the second is sown from March to May, and reaped 
 from August to October. The quantity of riie raiswl. how- 
 ever, is not sufficient for the wants of tiie island ; the defi 
 ciency is made up by importation from the Malabar and 
 Coromandei coasts. The value of the lice imported in 1848 
 was 398,000/.; the value of that raised. in the country aliout 
 570.000/., the produce of about SuO.OOO acres, the estimated 
 area of the rice crops. Notwithstanding the acknowledged 
 fertility of Ceylon, the capabilities of its soil where justice 
 is dime to it, and the efforts now in progress to develop 
 the.se capabilities, by far the largest proportion of the 
 island is still uncultivated, and lying wjiste ; there being, 
 in 1842. only 760,821 acres in crop, and 4,882,298 acres un- 
 cultivated. 
 
 The pearl fishery of Ceylon is now apparently extinct, 
 there having Ijeen none since 1837: in 1797 they yielded a 
 revenue to government of 144,000/.; in 1798, 192,000/.; -in 
 1799, 32,063i. ; and for 14 years thereafter, this sum wa« 
 not much exceeded, excepting in three instances; while in 
 1837, the last year in which any oysters were taken, it wag 
 only 10.500i. The chank or conch fishery was at one time 
 carried on to a great extent, employing about 600 divers, 
 but is abandoned, owing to the little demand now made 
 for them in Bengal, to which the greater part were sent 
 The chank is a sea-shell (Voluta pyrum.) ada))ted for cut- 
 ting into rings, and formerly used in great numbers by the 
 native women of Uindostan for bi-acelets and anklets. 
 
 Oiinmerce. — The British government have formed at great 
 expense many excellent roads throughout the island, and a 
 canal and river communication exists between Colombo and 
 Calpentyn. The trade and commerce of Ceylon is of very 
 ancient date, but it became eircumscriljed and hampered 
 under the Portuguese and Dutch. The natives are ing^ 
 nious workers in metals, and in manufactures of cordage, 
 matting, and b.askets. In 1842, 3663 looms were employed 
 in weaving table-cloth.s, h.andkerchief8, and napkins. There 
 were 13 mines of plumbago, and 4286 Iwats and rafts em- 
 ployed in fishing. In that year were produced 6,717,990 
 bushels of paddy, 720,216 bushels fiue grain, 1,254,263 
 pounds of coffee, 31,352.-108 pounds of tobacco, and 1.082,883 
 pounds of cinnamon. The exports in 1843 were valued at 
 422,4-i4/., of which 330,000/. was to Great Britain, and the 
 imports at 1.029.515/,, of which 257,508/. was from Great 
 Britain. Salt manufactured from marshes, yielded a go- 
 vernment revenue of 31,222/. The imports for 1860 
 amounted in value to 1,488.678/., and the exports to 
 1.246.956/. Among the exports were included coffee, 
 278.473 cwt. ; cinnamon, 644.857 pounds; eocoan ut-oil, 
 407,900 gallons, and coir 39.886^ cwt.. and 120 coils and 
 bundles. The shipping employed in the commerce of the 
 island amounted to an aggregate of 242.264 tons inward, and 
 248.398 outward. Total revenue 139.457/. Ceylon is now 
 the central point for the oriental mail packets. The mail 
 which leaves Southampton every month, via Alexandria 
 and the Red Sea, touches at Ceylon, (^average voyage 40 
 d.ays.) from whence issue one branch mail to Madras and Cal- 
 cutta, and one to Penang.Singapore. and Hong Kong: another 
 mail to Australia and New Zealand is contemplated. 
 
 409 
 
CEZ 
 
 Oiyicmment, dk. — The government of Ceylon consists of a 
 govei nor and an executive council of 5 members, and a legis- 
 lative couQoil of 8 members, and 6 unofficial members, na- 
 tives or naturalized subjects, and proprietors or principal 
 merchants of the island. The island is divided into 5 pro- 
 vinces, and these into districts, each with an agent and as- 
 sistant. There are a supreme court, provincial courts, and 
 madstrates. The island was constituted a bishopric in 
 1840. The establishment of the Church of England com- 
 prises a bishop, archdeacon, and 12 European Colonial 
 chaplains; the Church of Scotland, 2 colonial chaplains; 
 the Dutch Presbyterian Church, 1 colonial chaplain. Educa- 
 tional establishments have been founded chiefly by religious 
 and missionary societies. In 1842 there were 39 govern- 
 ment schools, with 60 masters and assistants. In the 
 •whole schools there were 20.70.3 scholars. Buddhism was 
 almost the universal creed of the natives, and still remains 
 BO. The military force at present maintained in Ceylon 
 consists of two regiments of infantry, two companies of the 
 royal foot artillery, a mounted body-guard for the governor, 
 and a regiment composed principally of Malays about 1500 
 strong. The principal fortresses are those of Colombo, 
 Triucomalee. Galle. and Jaffna. The chief sources of re- 
 venue are the custom duties, the export duty on cinna- 
 mon, land rents, and salt farms. The revenue for the year 
 ending 31st of December. 1.S49, was 409,30W. 14.s. ; the ex- 
 penditure for the same period, 418.424Z. 15s. ; thus leaving an 
 excess of expenditure over revenue of 9117 J. 19s. 
 
 Inltahiiants. Antiquities, History, dx. — Little is known of 
 the aboriginal inhabitants of Ceylon ; at present they are 
 similar iii all respects to the lliudoos of the neighboring 
 continent, and consist of Singhalese, inhabiting the interior 
 and parts of the coast, Malabars, Mohammedans, Euro- 
 psans. and Negroes. The Singhalese spoken language is pe- 
 culiar to this island, but their written language is either 
 Pali or Sanscrit. The Singhalese annals contain a historical 
 record of events for 24 centuries, and their authenticity, as 
 regards descriptions of ancient towns and buildings, and 
 other works of art, is established by existing ruins, proving 
 that the island had been, at a remote period, inhabited by 
 a powerful and numerous people. The Lake of Candeley, 
 nearly 15 miles in circumference, is embanked in several 
 places with a wall of huge stones, each from 12 to 14 feet 
 long, and broad and thick in proportion, laid regularly one 
 over the other. At one point in this majestic work, two 
 hills are joined together in order to collect the water of the 
 lake, by an embankment nearly 150 feet in breadth at the 
 base, and 30 feet at the summit. Another of these re- 
 markable remains of antiquity was discovered in the year 
 1810, in the centre of a very thick forest. 
 
 Ceylon was known to the Greeks in the time of Alex- 
 ander, as also to the Romans. It was visited by traders in 
 the sixth century, by Marco Polo in the thirteenth century, 
 ind by Sir J. Mandeville in the fourteenth century. The 
 island" Avas originally divided into a number of distinct 
 petty kingdoms, but in process of time was reduced under 
 the dominion of the King of Kandy. Little, however, was 
 known of it, until the year 1505, when the Portuguese esta- 
 blished a regular intercourse with the island, being encou- 
 raged thereto by the King of Kandy, who paid them tribute 
 in cinnamon to defend the island against the Arabian 
 pirates. The Portuguese were subsequently expelled by the 
 Dutch, who. in turn, were driven from the island by the Bri- 
 tish. In 1815. the Kandyans entreated the British to depose 
 their prince, whose tyranny had become intolerable. The 
 request was. complied with, the object accomplished, and 
 Kandy became tliereafter a part of the British dominions. 
 A reljellion broke iut in 1817 ; and in 1848, manifestations 
 of discontent again made their appearance, but were speedily 
 suppressed. The principal towns are Colombo, Trincomalee, 
 Kandy, Pont de Oalle, Jaffna, and Karnegalle, the capitals 
 
 of the six provinces. Pop. about 1,607,000. Adj. and 
 
 inhab. Singhalese or Cingalese, sing'^ga-leez'. and Oevloxese, 
 siPo-neez'. The former is more properly applied to the primi- 
 tive inhabitants, and to that portion of the island which is 
 at present occupied by them; the latter to the inhabitants 
 and the island in general. 
 
 CEZii, sJz or sAz, a river of France, department of Gard. 
 }otns the Rhone, 6 miles W. of Or.ange, after a course of 
 about 60 miles. Its sands are auriferous. 
 
 CKZIMIUtA. si-zeem'brj, a seaport town of Portugal, 
 province of Estreinadura, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 
 18 miles S. of lyistion. Pop. 5000. It has active fisheries. 
 On Cape Espichel is the church of Nossa-Senhora-do-Cabo, a 
 much fivfiiieiited pl;i(v- of pilirrimage. 
 
 CH.\.A.M, K^ra. a village of Holland, province of North 
 Brabant, 10 iiTiles S.S.K. of Breda. Pop. 400. 
 
 CiIA15.\NAlS, shdM)4'nA', a town of France, department 
 of Charente, on the Vienne. :!0 miles N.K. of Angouleme. 
 Pop. in 1852, 1903. -Ilere are the remains of a ch&teau once 
 belonging to Colliert. 
 
 CilABKHIS. SeeCAVERT. 
 
 CIIA15KUIL. shd'bul', (auc. Ckrchelliaca,) a town of France, 
 iepartment of Drfline, 7 miles B.S.E. of Valence, on the 
 Veure. Pop. in 1862, 4526. It has manufactures of silk. 
 410 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHABLAIS, shJ'bl.V, (It. Sclahles'., hhi-UhiA,) the most 
 N. province of Savoy, on the Lake of Geneva, between the 
 Vallese and Genevese. Pop. 54,(590. This is the oldest pos- 
 session of the ancient house of Savoy ; by the stipulations 
 of the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, it is one of the neutral 
 provinces of Sardinia. 
 
 Cn.\BLIS, shd^blee', a town of France, department of 
 Yonne, 9 miles E. of Auxerre. on the Seray. Pop. in 1852, 
 2601. In its vicinity the celebrated wine called Oiablis 
 is produced. 
 
 Cn ABORAS, a river of >Iosopof amia. See Khaboor. 
 
 CIIABKIS. shd^bree', a town of France, department of 
 Indre, 30 miles N. of Chateauroux. Pop. 2872. 
 
 CIIACABUCO, cha-kiboo/ko. a town of Chili, 25 miles N. 
 of Santiago, on the Colina. Near this place the republican 
 troops defeated the royalists in 1817. 
 
 CH.\CAO, chi-ki'o or ch3-kOw', a small seaport town of 
 Chili, with a good port, on the N. coast of the island of Chl- 
 loe, 16 miles N.E. of San Carlos. 
 
 CIIACAO STRAIT, a narrow channel in South America, 
 between the S. coast of Chili and the N. side of the island 
 of Chiloe, about the middle of which is situated the town of 
 the same name; lat. 41° 48' S.. Ion. 73° 35' W. 
 
 CHACIIACOMANI. chd-chd-ko-mi'nee. a mountain peak 
 of tlie Andes, in Bolivia. Lat. 16° S.; Ion. 6S° 25' W. 
 Height, 20,235 feet. 
 
 CHACIIAPOYAS, chd-chj-po'ya.s. or ClIACAPOYAg. chj- 
 kj-po'vis, improperly written CAIIIAPoyAS, sometimes 
 called"SAN JUAN DE LA FRONTEKA, .sJn ju'.in (or sin 
 Hoo-3n') di-ld fron-ti/rd, a town of I'eru. capital of the de- 
 partment of Amazonas. and of a province of its own name, 
 70 miles N.E. of Caxamarca. Pop. 50W) ; of the province, 
 (which is intersected by the river ilaraflon.) in 1850, 27,728. 
 
 CIIACO, EL GUAX, Si grdn chd'ko. a wide region ot South 
 America, in the centre of the continent, in the territories of 
 Bolivia and La Plata, between lat. 18° and 2S° S.. and Ion. 68° 
 and 63° W., bounded E. by the river Paraguay, and traversed 
 by its tributaries the Pilcomayo. Bermejo. &c. Surface ge- 
 nerally level, the N. part covered with grass, the S. portion 
 an arid and desert plain ; the portion near the rivers Pa- 
 rana and Paraguay are well wooded, containing many very 
 valuable forest trees, among which are the dragon-blood 
 tree, dtc. ; inhabited by roving Indians, including the Gua- 
 nines. Tobayds and Payagufces. 
 
 CHA'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Noi-thampton. 
 
 CilAD'DA, a river of Guinea, flows W. and joins the 
 Quorra, about 40 miles N. of Iddah. and opposite the '■ mo- 
 del farm" planted by the late Niger expedition. It is ' 
 larger, though le.s8 deep, than the Quorra at their junction; 
 and it is supposed to be the jirincipai drain of Lake Tchad, 
 (Central Africa.) but the truth of this gu|)po.sition has not 
 been confirmed. On or near its banks are the towns of .Ta^ 
 cobah, Fandah. &c., to the first of which it is navigable from 
 the Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 CnAD'DEKTOX, a chapeh-y of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 CIIAD'DESDKN, a parish of England, co.. of Derby. 
 
 CIIAD'DESLEY CORBETT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 CIIAD'DLEWORTH-WITII-WOOL'LEY, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Berks. 
 
 C1I.\DD'S FORD, a post-village of Delaware co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, on Brandvwine Creek, 30 miles W. by S. of I'hiladelphia. 
 
 CIIADI-LEUBU, chd'dee 1^0 boo/, a river of La Plata, 
 forming a continuation of the Atuel, and entering the Sa 
 lado in lat. 36° 40' S. 
 
 CHAD. LAKE, Central Africa. See Tchat>, Lake. 
 
 CII AD'LINGTON, EAST, a chapelry of England, co. Oxford- 
 
 CUADS'IIUNT, a parish of England, co, of Warwick. 
 
 CII.ERONEA,kSr-o-nee'a, a ruined city of Greece, govern- 
 ment of Boeotia, 6 miles N' of Lebadea, famous for a victory 
 gained by Philip of Maoedon over the .\thenians and The- 
 bans, 3:58 B.C., and for Sylla's victory over the general of 
 Mithridate.s, B. c. 86. Its remains comprise an ancient the- 
 atre, one of the most perfect in Greece, an aqueduct, and a 
 small temple. On a portion of the site stands the vill.'ige of 
 Capi-anu, with a church in which are some interesting an- 
 tiquities; and about 1 mile distant is the mutilated colossal 
 lion described by Pausanias as surmounting the sepulchre 
 
 of the Boeotians who fell at the battle of Chujronea. Adj. 
 
 and inhab., CEiii5R0NEAX, kJr-o-nee'an. 
 
 CIIAFF'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 C1I.\G'F0RD. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CUAGNY, shdn*yee', a town of France, department of 
 S.aoneH t-Loire,10miles N.W. of Chalon-sur-Saone. I'op. in 1862, 
 3090. It is remarkable for quaint and curious architecture. 
 
 CII.\GOS, ISLANDS. See Peros Bamios. 
 
 ClIAGRES, chd'grSs. a seaport town of New Granada, on 
 the N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, at the mouth of 
 Chagres River. Lat. 9° IS' N. ; Ion. 79° 59' W. It is a mere 
 collection of huts, miserable and extremely unhealthy, with 
 a harlK)r for vessels drawing only 10 or 12 feet wat«r. The 
 entrance to the harbor is rather difficult, always requiring 
 a tair wind; hut when the vessel has once entered it is 
 perfectly secure. Chagres has lately become a station for 
 the maUs between Great Britain and Pu<"i, also Calilbrnia, 
 
CHA 
 
 Ap, Tlie Aspinwall and Panama Railroad across the Isth- 
 mus of I'anaina commences at Aspinwall, situated 8 or 9 
 miles \.K. of Chagres. 
 
 CII.VUKES RIVEK, of South America, in New Granada, 
 Isthmus of Panama, rises about 30 miles N.E. of Panama, 
 flows at first W. and then N., and enters the Caribbean Sea, 
 near Int. 9° 18' 13" N. It traverses a fertile country, and 
 below the influx of the Trinidad its depth varies from 16 to 
 30 feet; but its naviiiafion is impeded by numerous falls, 
 a.nd by its great rapidity. Affluents, the Pequeni. Trinidad, 
 and tiatuii, all considerable streams. The villages of 
 Cru'-es. Gatun, and Chagres are on its banks. 
 
 CH-WltlNE. 6ha-green',a village of Lake co., Ohio, at the 
 mouth of Cha;;riiie lUver. 
 
 ClIAGRINKfor CHAGRIN FALLS, a thriving post-vil- 
 lage of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, on Chagrine Kiver, 17 miles 
 E.S.E. of Cleveland. The falls of the river produce water- 
 power which is employed in a variety of manufactories; 
 among which are 2 paper-mills, 1 manufactory of axes, and 
 1 flouring-mill. The village contains 5 churches, 1 acade- 
 my, and 3 iron foundries. A large quarry of grindstones is 
 ■worked at this place. Pop. 1-179. 
 
 CHAGRIN E KIVKR rises in the N.E. part of Ohio, and 
 flows into Lake Erie about 20 miles N.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 CHAGRIN FALL.S, a postoffice of Cuyahoga oo., Ohio. 
 
 CIIAHARBAG, ehi-haii-big', a town of Afghanistan, 30 
 miles N. of Cabool. It has a manufactory of swords, gun- 
 barrels, and cutlery. 
 
 ClIAIKAL, chi-kil', a considerable vill.ige of Afghanis- 
 tan, .51 miles N. of Cabool. Lat. 35° N.; Ion. 69° 2' E. The 
 vicinity is well cultivated and fertile. 
 
 CHAI'LEY. a parish of England, eo. of Sussex. 
 
 CH.VILLAC, shih'yik', a town of France, department of 
 Indie, 17 miles S.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 2595. 
 
 CIIAILLAO, a village of France, department of Ilaute- 
 Vienne, a miles N.N.E. of Uochechouart, on the left biink 
 oftheVionne. Pop. 1188. 
 
 CH.\ILLAND shVyii.N"', a town of France, department 
 of JIa venne, on the Ernee. 11 miles N.N.W. of Laval. P. 2573. 
 
 CHAILLE-LES-MARAIS, chii-li-m^'ri/, a village of 
 France, department of Vendee, 28 miles S.E. of Ilourbon- 
 Vendee. Pop. in 1852, 2454. 
 
 CHAILLEVETTE, 8h.Vysli-v4tt/, ft seaport village of 
 France, department of Charente-lnferieure, 6 miles S. of 
 Marennes. on tlie Seudre. 
 
 CHAIN ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific, Low 
 Archipelago, 2i)7 miles E.N.E. of Tahiti. Lat. 17° 23' S.; 
 Ion. Hb^ 38' W. ; about 12 miles long, and li broad. Dis- 
 covered in 1769 by Cook. 
 
 CHAIN OF HOCKS, a village of Lincoln co., Missouri. 
 
 CHAIN'VILLE, a vill.age of Posey co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River. 10 miles N.W. of Mount Vernon. 
 
 CHAISE-DIEU, La, U shiz-de-uh', (i. e. •• House of God,") 
 a town of France, department of Haute-Loire. 21 miles N.N. 
 W. of Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 1923. It has the remains of 
 a famous abbey, (Oisa De.i,) founded in the eleventh century. 
 
 CHAI-VA, chi'yiN a maritime town of Lower Siam, on the 
 E. side of the Malay Peninsula and Gulf of Siam. Lat. 9° 
 30' N. ; Ion. 99° 30' E. 
 
 CHAKHA (chd'ka) MOUNTAINS, a mountain range in 
 Abyssinia, forming the S. boundary of Shoa, and the water- 
 shed between the Nile and Hawiish Rivers. 
 
 CHAKI, chi/kea, a cluster of hamlets in British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, 65 miles S.E. of Bahar, with a small 
 fortification, termed Fort Hastings, and formerly the head- 
 quarters of a British force. 
 
 CH-^L.iBRE, shd'UbV, a town of France, department of 
 Aude, on the Lers, 24 miles S.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. in 
 1852, 2986. It has a chamber of manufacture?, an old 
 castle, and extensive manufactures of woollen yarn. 
 
 CII.VLADB, La, li shdUdd', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Meuse, 19 miles W. of Verdun, on the Biesme. 
 Pop. 666. 
 
 CHALAIN. See Silla. 
 
 CHAL-i^IS, shJ'lA', a town of France, department of Chfi- 
 rente, 18 miles S.E. of Barbezieux, on the Tude. Pop. 616. 
 
 ClIALAMONT, shdMi'mAx"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ain. 19 miles E. of Trevoux. Pop. 1422. 
 
 ClIALANQON, shi'lS.vo'sA.xo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ardeehe, 16 miles S.W. of Tournon. Pop. 1561. 
 
 CilALlJUNCA, chil-boo-in'kd, a town of Peru, 80 miles 
 S.W. of Cuzco, province of Aymaraes, on an aflluent of -the 
 Apviiimac. 
 
 ClIAL'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CHALCIS. kal'sis, or NEG'ROPONl", (Turk. Eg'ripn' or 
 JCfi'ripos'.) a maritime town of Greece, capital of Kulioea, on 
 the Euripus, at its narrowest part, here crossed by a bridge, 
 17 miles N.E. of Thebea. f-op.oOOO. It has a large citadel and 
 a gla'-is ; beyond which is the town, enclosed on the land side 
 by old walls, and having many edifices of Venetian construc- 
 tion, with some old mosques, barracks, and schools. In and 
 around the town are several remains of antiquity. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CHALCO, chil'ko, a town of the Mexican Confederacy, 25 
 miles S.E. of Mexico, on the Lake of Chalco, a basin 9 miles 
 In. length by 6 miles in width. 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHALDE.\, kal-dee'a, the name given to an ancient tertC 
 torial division of Asia, on the bordet fc f/f thj iJupl-rate*. th« 
 extent of which has varied much at dPferent times In 
 some parts of the Old Testament, tho naUie of Chaldean>i 
 appears to be used as a general dosig/iation for the wholo 
 subjects of the Babylonian Empire; and, in accordance witb 
 this, some of the oldest profane writers, and particularly 
 Berosus, speak of Babylon as a great resort of the people 
 inhabiting Chaldea. Ultimately, however, the term was 
 much restricted in meaning, and Chaldea was used to de- 
 signate only a particular district at the S.W. extremity of 
 Babylonia, extending along the Persian Gulf, and upwards 
 
 between the right bank of the Euphrates and Arabia. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Chaldean, kal-dee'an. 
 
 CHALDON, chil'd9n, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CHAiyOON HER'RING.aparishofEngland.co. ofDorset. 
 
 CIIALE, a parish of England, in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 CHALEUR (shdMoor/) BAY, an inlet of the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, North America. Lat. 48° N.; Ion. 65° W. Length 
 from E. to W., about 90 miles ; breadth varies from 12 to 20 
 miles. It separates Canada East from New Brunswick, 
 and at its W. extremity receives the Ristigouche Kiver. 
 The navigation of the bay is perfectly safe, and the 
 anchorage everywhere good. It is much frecjuented for its 
 mackerel fisheries. In July, 17C0, a French fleet was here 
 defeated by the British. 
 
 CHAL'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CHAUFONT, ST. GILES, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks, 3 miles S. of Amersham. William Penn, the founder 
 of the colony of Pennsylvania, is buried in its Friends' 
 ceraet*! y. During the plague in 1605, Milton made this pa- 
 rish his residence, and here he finished his great poem, 
 •' Paradise Lost." 
 
 CH A LFONT, ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CHAiyFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 CHAL/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 CHA L'G ROVE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. In 
 1643 the ParliaraentJiry forces were defeated here by the 
 royal troops under Prince Rupert, and in the engagement 
 the patriot Hampden was mortally wounded. 
 
 CH.A.LK. a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the Thames, 
 IJ miles S.S.E. of Gravesend. It has a manufactory of gun- 
 flints, esteemed the best in Europe. 
 
 CHAJiKI (Kdl'ke) ISLAND, one of the Prince's Islands, 
 Sea of .Alarmora, 13 miles from Constantinople. It is the 
 second largest of the whole group, and the most beautiful. 
 There are three convents on it, one of which is now a col- 
 lege, where ancient and modern Greek are taught. 
 
 CHALK LEVEL, a f>ostH)ftice of Pittsylvania co., Virginia. 
 
 CH.'^.LK LEVEL, a post-ofiico of Cumberland co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CHALK LEVEL, a village of Benton co., Tennessee, on 
 the liirdsong Creek, about 90 miles W. of Nashville. 
 
 CHALK LEVEL, a postoffice of Hopkins co., Kentucky. 
 
 CHALK LEVEL, a post-village of St. Clair co., Missouri, 
 about 100 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CHALK'VILLE, a postK)ffice of Chester district, South 
 Carolin.a. 
 
 CHALKHT BAY, an inlet near the S.W. extremity of 
 New Munster, one of the New Zealand Islands. Lat. 46? S. ; 
 Ion. 166° 20' E.; .separated on the .*.E. by the peninsula of 
 Garden Island from Preservation Bay, and on the N.AV. by 
 another peninsula from Dusky Bay. Length, about 16 miles. 
 The shores are very much indented, and it has deep water 
 throughout, with several good harbors, including Port 
 Chalky. 
 
 CHALLA, chdnd, a pa.ss of South AmeKca, East Cor- 
 dillera of the Bolivian Andes, 14,700 feet above sea-level. 
 Lat. 17° 40' S. 
 
 CHAl/LACOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon 
 
 CH.iLL.\MOUX, shdrid'moiV. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Saone-et-Loire, 22 miles W.N.W. of Charolles. P. 1151. 
 
 CHALLANS, shdrids"', a town of France, department of 
 Vendee, in Les Sables, 23 miles N.W. of Bourbon- Vendee. 
 Pop. in 1852, 1458. 
 
 CHALLES, shdll, a village of France, department of 
 Sarthe. 11 miles .^.E. of Mans. Pop. 1258. 
 
 CHAl/LOCK, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CHALLONOIS or CHALLONAIS, .shdlMo*n.V, an old divi- 
 sion of France, in the province of Burgundy, now comprised 
 in the departments of Saone-et-Loire. Its capital was Cha- 
 lon-sur-SaQne. 
 
 CHAL'MERS, a village of Niagara co., New York, 7 miles 
 N.E. of Niagara Falls. 
 
 CHALONNES-SUR-LOIRE, shd'lonn'-sUR-lwto/, a town 
 of France, department of Maine-et-Loire. on the Loire, here 
 crossed by a suspension bridge, 12 miles S.W. of Angers. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4975. 
 
 CHALON. See Ch.ai,on-sur-S\3\e. 
 
 CHALONS-SUR-MARNE, shdnAx^'^UR-maRn. (anc. Cata- 
 laii/iii, attala)t/num.. or Durn-Oatalaul num,) a city of France, 
 capital of the department of Marne, in an open counti-y, on 
 tho railway (in progress) from Paris to Strasbourg, and on 
 the right bank of the Marne, here crossed by a fine stone 
 bridge, 90 mUos E. of Paris. Lat. 48° 57' 22" N. ; lou. 4° 2] 
 
 411 
 
CHA 
 
 13»" E. Hevation. 270 feet. Pop. in 1852. 15,854. It is en- 
 dosed by old walls, aud irregularly built, principally of 
 timber, lath, and plaster. Cliief edifices, tlie cathedral, a 
 large tireco-<.iothic structure, mostly rebuilt in l(i72; the 
 town-h:ill and prefecture, both good building.s, the churches 
 of Notre-Dame aud St. .\lpin, the barracks, arch of St. 
 Croix, and a sch'jol of arts and trades, attended by about 
 450 pupils, who are maintained here by the government, be- 
 sides other students. Outside of the city is a tine planted 
 promenade. . termed the Jard. Chalons is a bishop's see, 
 and has a diocesan school, a commercial tribunal, schools 
 of geometry, design, &c,, a botanic garden, a nourishing 
 agricultural society, various scientific collections, a public 
 library of 20.000 volumes, and manufactures of woollen, linen, 
 and cotton goods, with extensive tanneries, cooperages, and 
 dye factories. Karly in the Christian era it was one of the 
 most important commercial cities of Europe, and under the 
 Merovingian kings it is said to have had 60,000 inhabit- 
 ants; since then its commerce and importance have greatly 
 declined, but it still has an active trade with Paris and the 
 neighboring departments in wine, corn, wool. hemp, rape- 
 oil, and the products of its factories. In its vicinity. Tetri- 
 cus was defeated, by the troops of Aurelian : and .\ttila was 
 vanquished by the Romans and their allies in the great 
 battle of Chalons, a. d. 451. From the tenth century it 
 formed a kind of independent state, governed by its bishop.^, 
 till 1.360, when it was united to tlie crown. In 1391, the 
 parliament of Chalons publicly burned, by the hands of the 
 executioner, the bull of excommunication launched by 
 Pope Clement VIII. against the King of France. Under its 
 count-bishops it was a considerable city. Its privileges were 
 subsequently withdrawn, and its celebrated fairs dwindled 
 awav after the union of Champasne with France. 
 
 Cil.\L0N'-SUR-SA6NK or CII.\LOXS-SUR-S.\OXE, shd'- 
 Iis»'-sUR-s<>n, (anc Cibillo'num.) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Saone-etrLoire, capital of the arrondissement. on the 
 right bank of the Saoue. at the commencement of the Canal 
 du Centre, and on the railway (in progress) from Dijon to Ly- 
 ons, 32 miles X. of Macon. Elevation, oS4 feet. I'op, in 1832, 
 16,5S9, It is well built; and a Itandsome quay, lined by 
 good houses, stretches along the Saflne, which here becomes 
 navigable for the Lyons steamboats. Principal structures, 
 the Cathedral, an edifice of the 13th century. St. Peters 
 Church, the Hotel de la Prefecture, built in 1764, the Town- 
 hall, the Hospice St. Laurent and Hospital of St. Louis, both 
 large and well-managed establishments, a fountiin with a 
 statue of Neptune, and an ol)elisk to the memory of Napo- 
 leon, a fine granite column, a supposed relic of the Roman 
 period, Chalon has a school of design, a public library of 
 20,000 volumes, a college, a theatre, public baths, large glass 
 factories, iron-works, manufivctories of watches, jewelry, 
 linen, and other fabrics, and Essence d/ Orient, prepared from 
 the scales of bleak, fjr the fabrication offal.se pearls. Being 
 at the junction of several great roads, and connected with 
 the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and North Sea, by the Rhone, 
 Saone, Loire, and several large canals, it is the centre of a 
 considerable trade, and it exports a good deal of wine, timber, 
 charcoal, iron, limestone, and agricultiu-al produce, to other 
 parts of France, 
 
 Ctesar had grain magazines at Cabillonum; and it became 
 the capital of Burgundy under Gontram. In 1273, Edward 
 I. of England, being invited to a tournament on his return 
 from Palestine.attended with one thousand men-a1>arms ; and 
 some dispute havingari.sen. the English attacked the French, 
 killed a great number of them, and left the tilting-ground 
 strewed with the dead. This event is known as the '"little 
 war of Chalon." The town suffered considerably from the civil 
 wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, and from the invasion 
 af the allies in 1814. Here the famous .41ielard died, in 1142, 
 
 CUALOO, chdMoo', a village of Thiiset, midway between two 
 lakes, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Teshoo-loomboo. Lat. 28° 20' 
 N., Ion. 8y° 25' E. One of the lakes is much venerated by 
 the inhabitants of Bootan, who fancy it to be the haunt of 
 their deities. 
 
 CH.VLOSSP;. shi'loss'. an old division o? France, in the 
 province of Gascony. Its capital was St. Sever. It is now 
 comprised in the department of Landes. 
 
 CHALTON, chAl'ton, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CH.\LUS. shd'lUce', (anc. GuHrum Lu'cii?) a town of 
 France, department of Ilaute-Vienne. 17 miles S.W. of Limo- 
 ges, on the Tardou^re. Pop. in 1852. ^OSS. It consists of 
 an upper and lower town, in the former of which are the 
 remains of the castle of Chabrol, tieneath which lliehard I. 
 of England (Coeur-de-Lion) was mortally wounded in 1199. 
 Near it is the vast ruined fortress of Montljrun. 
 
 CH.\LUSUS. a river of North Germany. See Tr.ive. 
 
 CH.A.iyvINGT(>.\. a pari.sh of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CHALYli'KATE SPRINGS, a small village in the S. part 
 of Meriwether co.. Georgia. 64 miles W. of Macon. 
 
 CHALYBOX. See Aleppo. 
 
 CHAM. See Eovpt. 
 
 CH.VM. Kilm. a parish and village of Switzerland, at the 
 N. end of the Lake of Zug, 3 miles W.N,W. of Zug. 
 
 CHAM. Kim. a town of Bavaria, on the Cham, 30 miles 
 NJ:!. of Ritislioa 
 4U 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHAM. shJm. a maritime town of Siam, on the Gulf of 
 Siam. 70 miles S.W. of Bangkok, 
 
 CH.\M.\, chd'nid. a river of South America, in Tenezuela; 
 enters Lake Maracaybo. lat. 9° N., and Ion. 72^ W., near it* 
 S. extremity, after a N. course of alwut 76 miles. 
 
 CH.VMA. shi/md, a river of Guinea, enters the Atlantic 
 26 miles W.S.W. of Cape Coast Castle, after a S, course, esti- 
 mated at 75 miles. At its mouth is the vilLage of Cliama, 
 with the Dut^-'h fort St. Sebastian. 
 
 CH.\.MAHATCII'IE. a postoffice, Tallapoosa co., Alabama. 
 
 CHAMALAKl. See Shum.\l.\ri. 
 
 CHAMALIERES, shi'md'le-aiR', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Puy de Dome. 2 miles W, of Clermont. Pop. 162a 
 It has a church of the 4th century, and manufactures of 
 paper. In its vicinity are mineral springs, 
 
 CIIAMBERET. sh6.M'br.V or sh8M'i^h-r.V, a market-town 
 of France, department of Corrfeze, 21 miles N.N.'VV. of Tullo. 
 Pop. 2633; 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN, chim'ber-lin, a post-office of Allen co, 
 Indiana. 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN'S CORNERS, a village of Can.ada West, 
 CO. of Leeds, 24 miles N,W. of Brockville, Pop. 120. 
 
 CHAMBERS, chAmlierz. a county in the E. part of Alv 
 bama, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 775 square miles. 
 The Chattahoochee River forms p.art of the E, boundary, and 
 the Tallapoosa flows through the county. The surface is 
 uneven ; the soil is generally fertile. The Montgomery and 
 West Point Railroad passes through the county. Capital, 
 Chambers Court House. Pop. 23,214, of whom 11,365 were 
 fi:ee, and 11,849 slaves. 
 
 CHAMBERSllURG. ch.im'berz-burg, a flourishing bo- 
 rough, capital of Franklin co,, I'ennsylvania, is pleasantly 
 situated on the Conecocheague Creek, at the junction of the 
 Cumberland Valley Railroad with the Franklin Railroad, 45 
 miles S.W. of llarrisburg, and loO miles AV. of Philadelphia. 
 It is connected by good turnpike-roads with Baltimore, Pitts- 
 burg, and Philadelphia, and by railroad with I'hiiadelphia, 
 Hiurisburg. &c. The dwellings are mostly built of brick or 
 stone, and the town exhibits a general appearance of neat- 
 ness, comfort, and prosperity. It has a tine court-house, a 
 bank, a large academy, a female seminary, 10 churches, and 
 2 newspaper-offices. It is surrounded by a highly cultivated 
 and populous countrj', forming part of the great limestone 
 valley which extends along the S.E.base of the BlueMouutain. 
 The highest points of the ridge in Franklin county are esti- 
 mated at about 1500 ffeet aliove the valley. It has manufao- 
 tures of cotton, wool, flour, paper, and iron. Pop. 5233. 
 
 CH AMBERSliURG, a village of Columbiana co., Oliio, 140 
 miles N.E, of Columbus. 
 
 CHAMBEBSBURG, a post-village of Montgomery co, 
 Ohio, S mile* N. of Dayton. 
 
 CHAMBERSBt'RG, a village of Fountain co., Indiana, on 
 Coal Creek, S miles E. of Covinsrton. 
 
 CHAMBERSBURG, a post-village of Orange co., Indiana, 
 on the plank-road from NewAlbany to Paoli, 38 milesM ,N.W. 
 of the former, 
 
 CHAMBERSBURG, a post-village of Pike co, Illinois, 60 
 miles W, of Springfield. 
 
 CHAMBERSBURG. a post-village of Clark co,, Missouri, 
 150 miles N. by E. of .lefferson City. 
 
 CHAMBERS COURT-HOUSE, or LAFAYETTE, capital 
 of Chambers co.. Alabama, 164 miles E. by S. of Tuscaloosa. 
 It contains, besides the county building, a printing-office 
 and several stores. Pop. 1113. 
 
 CI1.4.MBERS CREEK, Texas, flows through Ellis co., and 
 unites with the Waxaliachi in Navarro co. 
 
 CHAMBERS CREEK, a post-office of Navarro CO., Texas. 
 
 CIUMBER'SH. a village of Liberty co., Texas, near the 
 N. extreniitv of Galveston Bay, 
 
 CH.\MBE'RSMILLS,post-office.Buckingh.amco.,Tirginia. 
 
 CHAM'BERSVILLE, a post-office of Dallas CO., Arktinsas. 
 
 C11.A.MKERTIN', shftM'bJa-tSN"', a famous vinyard of 
 France, department of Cote dOr, 6 miles S. of Dijon. It 
 pro<luces annually from 130 to 150 pipes of the finest gi-owth 
 of Biirgundv wine, 
 
 CHAMBERY, sh5M'b.^Vee', or CHAMBERRY, (L, n>am- 
 bfriacum or Campfridcnm,) a city of France, cajntal of the de- 
 partment of Savoy Proper, on the Leysse, 45 miles S.S. W. of 
 Geneva, Pop, in 1842, 15,916 ; or, including garrison, 1 7,843. 
 It has one good street, and some squares adorned with foun- 
 tains, but It is otherwise irregul.irly Inid out, and dulL 
 Public walks replace its levelled fortificnf ions. The princip.M 
 buildings are the old castle of the Dukes of Savoy, a catluMlral, 
 4 convents, and 3 barracks. It is an archbishop's see. t he re- 
 sidence of the military governor, and seat of the superior tri- 
 bunal, and academv of Savoy : and it has a royal .lisuits' nol- 
 le"^, societies of agriculture and commerce, a public lilirary 
 wHh 16.000 volumes, many charitalile institution.-!, and a 
 marnificent moninnent to Genenil De Boigne: manulaotorie* 
 of silk, gauze, and other fabrics, lace, hats, leathei . and so.ip. 
 and a trade in metals, licjueurs, and the wines of lis viriiiity. 
 Chambery was founded alMiut the tenth century, and re- 
 mained under feudal lords till 1'230. when it was cede.! to 
 ! Th(^mas, first Count of Savoy, who built the castle, w hfji-e thjs 
 i Princes of Savoy resided tiU the government wm ramcM to 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 Turin. This castle was burnt in 1745, and apain in 179S. and 
 restored in 1803. On September 24. 17'J-, the K-'tes of tlie 
 town were opened to tlie French, who made it the capital of 
 the department of Mont Blanc, and retained it till the .second 
 trejit}' of Paris, on November 20, 1815. St. Ileal and Count 
 Xavltr le Maistre were born in Chamliery. In its vicinity is 
 the chateau of Charmettes, once the residence of Kousseau. 
 
 CIIA M'BLISSBURG, a post-villa^'e of Bedford CO., Virginia, 
 150 miles W. by S. of Kichmond. 
 
 C1IA.M1!L,Y, .shSM^blee', a town of France, department of 
 Oiso, 20 miles .S.S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. in 1852, 1321. 
 
 CIIA.MBIjY. shimnDlee, (Fr. pron. shfiMHilee/,) a county of 
 Canada Kast, bounded on the W. by the St. Lawrence, and on 
 the E. by the Sorel or Kicbelieu River; has an area of 211 
 square miles. The Champlain and St. Lawrence liailroad 
 traverses this county. The chief staples are oats, hay, fla.K, 
 wool, and tobacco. Pop. 20,576. 
 
 CilAMliLY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Chambly, 
 18 miles E. by N. of Montreal. It is pleasantly situated, and 
 contains 4 churches, 8 stores, a cotton factory, p;iper mills, 
 chair factory, and several hotels. There is a tort here, 
 erected by the French in 1711. Pop. of the parish, about 500. 
 
 CII.VMBO.V, shSM^bix"', a town of France, department of 
 Creuse, on the Tardes, 20mile3 E. of Gu6ret. Pop. in 1852, 2182. 
 It is supposed to have been the capital of the Oimlfrvicenses, 
 and Cialiic.Roman, and cirlyFrankish remains are found here. 
 
 CIIAMHO.V, a village of France, department of Ilaute- 
 Loire, 10 miles S.E. of Ys.senaeaux. Pop. 2400. 
 
 CHAMBON FEUGEROLLES, sh6M^b(\x»/ fLli^zheh-rolK. a 
 town of France, department of Loire, 4 miles S.\V. of St. 
 Ktienne. P( p. 1736. 
 
 CII.VMBOI'iD. shdM^hoi)/, a village of France, department 
 of Loir-et-Cher. arrondissement, and 8 miles E. of Blois, on 
 the Cosson. It has a magnificent, chateau, commencfed by 
 Francis I., and finished by Louis XIV.. formerly one of tlie 
 finest royal castles in France. It was long the residence of 
 Stanislas Ijeczinsky, King of Poland; was presented by Louis 
 XV. to Marechal Saxe in 1745, by Louis XVI. to the family 
 of Polignac, and by Napoleon to Marechal Berthier, and 
 purchased by subscription in 1821 for the Due de Bordeaux. 
 The park, which is about 21 miles in circumference, and 
 surrounded by walls, is one of the finest in Eui-ope. 
 
 ClIAMBOULIVE, shdM'boo'leev', a village of Fr.ance, de- 
 partment of Oorreze, 12 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CIIAMBKA V, a town in the island of Gozo. See Gozo. 
 
 ClIAM-OALLAO, shdm'kdl-low'. an island in the China 
 Sea, otf the E. coast of Cochiu-Ohina, 30 miles E.S.E. of 
 Turon. Lat. 16° 64' N., Ion. 108° 28' E. It is well culti- 
 vated, and has a village and a small hartor on its S.W. side. 
 The false Cham-Callao is an islet. 20 miles south-eastward. 
 
 CIIAMK (cha'mi) POINT, a headland on tlie S.W. coast 
 of the Isthmus of Panama. Lat. 8° 40' IS" X., Ion. 79° 40' \V. 
 
 ClIAMISSO (kd-mis'so) ISLAND, Russian America, is in 
 Kotzebue's Sound, near the head of the Bay of Gnoil Hope, 
 ^t. 66^ 13' 12" N., Ion. 161° 46' \V. Shores steep, except on 
 Hs E. side. Its hichest point is 2:51 feet above the sea-level. 
 
 ClI a:\IO or SlIAMO, a desert of Asia. See Goni. 
 
 CfI.\.MOi)'RY', a town of Hiudostan, Berar dominions, on 
 the \Vvnegun^:a River, 85 miles S.E. of Nagpoor. 
 
 CIIA.MDRElllL. See Chumorerf.f.l. 
 
 CHAMOUNI. shi'moo-nee/, or CIIAMONIX, shS^mo-nee'. 
 » valley of the Sardinian Stites. province of Faucigny. forms 
 the upper part of the ba.s)n of the Arve, above the valley of 
 Servoz. Length from N.K. to S.W., 12 mile.s: breadth, from 
 1 to 6 miles; elevation above the sea at the village of Cba- 
 mouni, 3425 feet. This valley is the most celebrated in the 
 Alps for its picturesque sites and the wild grandeur of its 
 mountains and glaciers. It is b<:)unded on the S. by the mass 
 of Mont Bl.anc, and N. by Mont Breven and the Aiguilles 
 Rouges, part of the range which separates Savoy from the 
 Valais. The glaciers which descend into the valley from 
 Mont Blanc, among which is the Mer de Glace, are the 
 grandest in the .^Ips. The climate of the valley is extremely 
 rigorous in winter, which lasts from October to .May. during 
 wiiich time snow usually covers the lowei ground to the 
 depth of 3 feet. The summer is short and warm, (mean 
 temperature at Le Prieure, 41° Fahr.) Soil infertile, but 
 well cultivated, produces a considerable supply of grain 
 and fruits; cattle are extensively reared, and the honey is 
 excellent. The valley contains the 3 parishes of Chamouni, 
 Arsentit^re. and Ouches. Pop. 2528. 
 
 CHAMOUNI or CIIAMONIX or LA PRIEURE, lit pre-uh'- 
 rA/, the principal village of the v.alley of Chamouni, is situated 
 on the right bank of the Arve, 12 miles E. of SiiUenche. Pop. 
 1800. It has several good inns, and supplies guides and 
 mules for visiting the sublime scenery in its vicinity. It 
 has biei-n \isited by more than 3000 strangers in one season. 
 
 CIIA.MI'.U)XK. sh&MVa', an old French province, of 
 which the capital was Troyes. now forming the greater por- 
 tion of the 4 departments of Ardennes, Marne. Aube, and 
 llaute-Mame, and part of those of Aisne. Seine-etrMarne, 
 and Yonne. This country was long governed by native 
 princes of Ch.ampagne, and was united to the crown of 
 France by the marriage of Philippe le Bel with Jeanne de 
 Navarre in 1286. It was divided into Upper and Lower 
 
 Ch.impagne, the first of which comprised the districts of 
 Remois. capital. Rheims ; Perthois, capital. Vitry-l-Fran^iiis; 
 Rethelois, capital, Rethel; and the principality cf Sedati; 
 and the second, Champjigne proper, capital, Troyes : Vallage, 
 capital, .Joinville; Bassigny, capital, LJingres; and Le Seuo 
 nais, capital. .Sens. 
 
 CHAMPAGNE, a district of France, in the departments 
 of Charente and Charente-Inferieure, forming part of the 
 arrondi.ssements of Saintes, Jonzac, and Cognac. Celebrated 
 for its white wines, and the excellent brandy called Cogna".'. 
 
 CUAMPAGNEY. shdM'pdnVi/, a town of'Fr,ance, depart- 
 ment of Haute-Saone, 25 miles E.N.E. of Veajul. Pop. in 
 1852, 3328. In its vicinity coal is worked, and cherries foi 
 kirschwasser are largely cultiviited. 
 
 CHAMPAGNOLl;, 6h6>i'pin'yol', a town of France, do- 
 partment of Jura, on the Ain, here crossed by a high bridge, 
 18 miles E.N.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. in lSo2, 3179. It 
 has manufactories of nails and iron wire, a Large weekly 
 market, and 6 annual tiiirs. 
 
 CII.\MPAGNOLLE, sham'pan-yol', a small post-village of 
 Union co., Arkansas, on the Washita River, about 130 miles 
 S. by W. from Little Ilock. The cotton raised in the vicinity 
 is shipped here. 
 
 CHA.MPAGNOLLE CREEK, of Arkansas, flows through 
 Calhoun co. into Washita River. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, sham-p.^[n', a county in the W. central 
 part of Ohio, contains alK)ut 390 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Mad River, and also draiued by Buck and other 
 creeks. About half of the surface is level, and the remain- 
 der undulating. The soil is very pi-oductive. Mad River 
 furnishes excellent water-p<5wer. The county is intersected 
 by the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, and by other 
 railroads. Capital, Urbanna. Pop. 22,6'.t8. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, a county in the E. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of abont 1000 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of the Ka.skaskia, Embarras, and Vermillion Rivers, 
 and traversed in the N.W. part by the North Fork of San- 
 gamon River. The surface, as the name iudicattsi, consists 
 of an open plain or prairie, interspersed with small groves 
 of good timber. This county comprises a part of the Grand 
 Prairie. The soil is deep, fertile and durable. The Chicago 
 branch of the Central Raih-oad passes through the county. 
 Capital, Urbanna. Pop. 14,629. 
 
 CHAMP.\NA(jUR, cham-pa-na-gCr', a considerable town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal, 3 miles W. of BogU- 
 poor, with a remarkable Mohammedan tomb. 
 
 CHA.MPAUBEUT. shSM'pu'lMiiit'. a village of Fr.ance. de- 
 p.irtnient of Marne, 27 miles W.S.W. of Chalons. Here the 
 advanced cuard of the Russian and Prussian army received 
 a check from Napoleon's trof.ps, February 10, 1814. 
 
 CHA.MPDENIEI'.S. shftjiMeh-ne-A/. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Deux-.Sevres, 4 miles N. of Niort. Pop. in 1852, 
 1424. It is celebrated for its preparation of butter, and has 
 important cattle fairs. 
 
 CH.\.MPEIX, shftM'pJ/, a town of France, department of 
 Puv-de-l)onie. on the Couze, 14 miles S.S.E. of Clermont. 
 Pop. in 1852. 1864. 
 
 CH.VMPIGNY. shSM^peen^ee', several villages of France, 
 the principal in the department of Seine, 8 miles E.S.E. of 
 Paris, with a population in 1852, of 1610. Here are the cb&- 
 te;iu and extensive park of Cueilly. and a chapel with re- 
 markable painted gl.is.s, illustrative of the life of St. Louis. 
 
 Cn.\M'P10N, a ptjst^township of Jeffer.son CO., New Y'ork, 
 on Black River, 25 miles E. of Sackets Harbor. Pop. 2132. 
 
 CH.\Ml'ION, a post-town.ship in the W. central part of 
 Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 924. 
 
 CHAM'PION BAY, a bay of Australia, on the S.W. coast 
 of Geelvk Channel; lat. 28° 47' S., Ion. 114° 36' E. The depth 
 of the bay is regular, with 5 and 6 fathoms, the bottom 
 consisting of tine white sand. It was visited by Captain 
 Stokes in 1840, who gave it its present name. 
 
 CHAMPION SOUTH ROADS, a post-ofBceof JelTorsonco., 
 New York. 
 
 CHAM'PIONVILLE, a post-office of Fayette CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN, sham-pline', LAKE, between the states 
 of New Y'ork and Vermont, extends from Whitehall, in Xew 
 York, in al)out 43° ,30' N. lat. northward a few miles across 
 the Canada line, to 45° 6' N. lat. It lies between 73° and 
 73° 30' W. Ion. Extreme length, about 130 miles. Its 
 breadth varies from i mile to 10 miles, and its depth from 
 50 to 280 feet. If we include the exp.anse embracing the 
 large islands, the bre.adth in its widest part will amount to 
 15 miles. Its coast line, including sinuosities, is estimated 
 at 2S0 miles. The principal stre.ims flowing into it are the 
 Saranac, Chazy, Au Sable, Missisquoi, and WinoosUi, the 
 outlet of Lakes George and Wood, and other creeks. Its 
 princip.al outlet is the Sorelle or Richelieu River, which dis- 
 charges its waters into tlie St. Lawrence, about 50 miles 
 below Jlontreal. It contains many islands, among which 
 may be mentioned North and South Hero, La Jlotte, and 
 Schuyler. The Vermont shores of this lake are for the most 
 part fertile and highly cultivated, while those of New Y'ork 
 are wild, rocky, and ban-en, rising into vast mountains in- 
 tersper.sed with lakes, but containing but little or no bottom 
 lands. In &vorable weather, Lake Champlain ])reseuts t<i 
 
CIIA 
 
 CHA 
 
 the fraTeller Ti«ws of «Tirpa?sin<; beauty and ina?mlfi<'enc«, 
 mauy of the principal peaks both of the Adirondack jrroup. 
 In New York, and of the Green Mountains, in Vermont. 
 iDeing visible from the steamboats, as they pass from one 
 extremity to the other. Its waters abound with salmon, 
 trout, pike, and other fish. Lsike Champlain affords excel- 
 lent commercial facilities. By means of the Chamtily Caiial 
 and Sorel Kiver improvements, a free naviaration has lieen 
 opened, both with the grc^t lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, 
 while, on the other hand, the Champlain Canal, by connectr 
 Ing it with the Hudson Kiver and Erie Canal, secures an 
 uninterrupted water communication with New York City 
 and the principal towns in the interior of the state. The 
 total amount of the commerce of the Jake, in 1846, was 
 valued at about $11.000.000 ; in 1847, at $17.000,000 ; and in 
 1851. at above $26,000,000. In the last-named sum was 
 Included alx)ve 10,000 tons of iron ore, 9000 tons of bloom 
 and bar iron, and nearly 3000 tons of pis-iron from New 
 York, and above 116.000.000 feet of lumber, chiefly from 
 Canada, all of which passed from the lake to the Champlain 
 Canal. It is estimated that the entire commerce of Lake 
 Champlain. in the year above-named, employed about 200,000 
 tons of shipping, (taking the aggregate entrances and clear- 
 ances.) and nearly 12.0(XI men. The enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage of the two districts, Burlington and Champlain, 
 (port of entrv, I'l.attsburg,) in the vear 1852, was 12.915, 
 fthe former 5."657, and the I.-itter 6.'25S tons.) of which 4,941 
 tons were employed in steam navigation. 
 
 The following exhibits the Canadian trade of the two dis- 
 tricts for 1850 and 1851 : 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 BarlingtoD District. 
 
 Champlain Dijtrict. 
 
 1850, 
 
 1851. 
 
 1850, 
 
 1851, 
 
 Exports of domestic pro- 
 
 $651,677 
 294.18.' 
 
 $458,006 
 809,566 
 
 $322,378 
 816,843 
 
 $375,549 
 
 Exports of foreign mcr- 
 
 373,453 
 
 
 
 945.859 
 607,466 
 
 767.572 
 266.417 
 
 639,221 
 435.383 
 
 749,002 
 
 
 294,284 
 
 Total commerce 
 
 Total commerce of the 
 lake with Canada 
 
 
 
 1.55-2,325 
 1,074.604 
 
 1.03;5,»89 
 1,043.286 
 
 1,074,604 
 
 1,043,286 
 
 $.>,6J6,9.»'$i,077,'i75 
 
 
 Navigation on Lake Champlain usually commences about 
 »he 1st of April, and continues open till near December. Dur- 
 Incr the summer, five daily steamers ply between AVhiteliall 
 and St. .lohn's, Canada, touching at Burlington. Plattsburg. 
 St. Albans. &c. The name Champlain is derived from that 
 of Samuel Champlain, a French naval ofBcer, who discovered 
 this lake in 1609. 
 
 CU.'VMI'L.'VIN. a collection' district on the New York side 
 of Lake Champlain, whiih see. 
 
 CH.\MI'LAIN. a post-village and township at the N. ex- 
 tremity of Lake Ch.tmplain. in Clinton co.. New York, about 
 164 miles N. by K. of .\lbany. on Chazy Kiver, which affords 
 water-power, and on the Northern Kailroad, which connects 
 Rouse's Point with 0:_'densburg. It is comprised in the 
 Champlain collection district, and carries on some trade by 
 the Chazy Kiver. which is navigable for .small craft. The 
 village contains several churches, an academy, and a na- 
 tional bank. It has manufactures of iron and other articles. 
 Pop. of the township, 5857. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN, .sham-plAne', (Fr, pron, shSM^plSse',) a 
 county in the N.W, part of Canada East, bordering on the 
 St. Lawrence River, has an area of 6200 square miles. It 
 Is traversed throuirhout its whole length by the Kiver St. 
 Maurice, and contains numerous small rivers and lakes. 
 The chief staples are tlax and maple-sugar. Pop. 13.896. 
 
 CII.\.MPLAIN, a post-village of Canada East, in the above 
 county, on the St, Lawrence. 75 miles S.W. of Quebec. It 
 contains a church, 3 stores, and several mills. Pop. about750. 
 
 C!l.\ M I'LITTK. shftM^leet'. a town of France, department 
 of Haute-Safme, 29 miles W. of Vesoul. Pop. In 1852, SI 01. 
 
 CHAM I'M i:itS. sh^Mp'ne-.V. a town of France, depart' 
 ment of Charente, 6 miles N.N.E, of Angouleme. Pop, in 
 1852. 4102, 
 
 CIIAMM»<>AG', a post-office of Marion co., Oregon, 
 
 CII.\MPOTON. chdm-iKvtOn'. a maritime villaire of Cen- 
 tral .\iiierica. in Yucatan, at the mouth of the river Cham- 
 poton. Campeachy Bay, Gulf of Mexico, 35 miles S.S.W. of 
 Campt-ai-hy. 
 
 CII.VMI'KOND. shftNo^prANo/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Eure-et-lxiir, 13 miles E,N.E. of Nogentrle-Uotrou, 
 Pop. 871. 
 
 CII.^ M PROND. a village of France, department of Sarthe, 
 28 miles S.K. of Mamers. with iron foundHes, Pop. 185, 
 
 CIIAMPSArR. shAxo'soR', a district of France, In the old 
 province of Dauphiiie: now comprised in the departments 
 of Hautes-Alpes and IWme. Chief town, St, Bonnet, The 
 greater part of the inhabitants are Protestants, who formed 
 part of the flf)ck of Felix Neff. 
 
 CnAMPSEORET «hd««'Bfh-gri', a town of France, de- 
 414 
 
 partment of Ome, 4i miles E,N.E. of Domtront. Pep. S843 
 It has manufactures of linen and iron foundries. 
 
 CIIAMPTEUCIKK, shiy^H'tv-A'. a village of Fiance, 
 department of Bas ses-Alpes, 4 miles W, of Digne. Pop. 408 
 It was the birthplace of the philosopher Pierre Gassend Q 
 Ga.s.sendi. 
 
 CHAMTOCfi. shJN=^o's.V, a town of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Ix)ire, near the right bank of the Loire, 1.5 miles 
 W.S.AV. of Angers. Pop. 1923. Here are the remains of the 
 feud.nl castle of the infamous Gil de Ketz. a savage seigneur 
 of the fifteenth century, called " Barbe Bieu," the original 
 of "Bluebeard." 
 
 CHAMPTOCEAUX, sh5N«Ho's6', a village of France, 18 
 miles AV.S.'W. of the above. Pop. 1422. 
 
 CII.\MUSCA, shd-moos^vj. a town of Portugal, province 
 of Estremadnra, on the Tagus. 13 miles N.N.E. of Santa- 
 rem. Pop. 3200, Excellent red wine is produced in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 CII.\N.\C, shl^Jk', a town of France, department of I/> 
 zfere, on the Lot, 8 miles S.'\V, of Mende. Pop. in 1852, 1830. 
 It has manufactures of serges. 
 
 CIIAN'AHACH'EE, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 CHANAK-KALESSI. sh^'nak'-kaUs'see', or CHANAKA- 
 LASY. (Turk. " Pot-ca.-^tle,") Anatolia, on the Dardanelle.s, 23 
 miles S,'^. of Gallipoli. is a town of 2tK)0 houses, occupjing 
 a flat point opposite the Castle of Europe. (Chelit Bawii. kf 
 leet' baw'ree'.) It has some potteries, whence its Turkish 
 name. 
 
 CH.\NCAY, chjn-kl'. a seaport-town of Northern Peru. 
 capital of a province of its own name, in the department of 
 Lima, at the mouth of the Chancay River. In the Pacific. 40 
 miles N.N.W. of Lima. Pop. of the province in 1850. 25,600. 
 
 CH.\NCEADX. shfts^^so', a town of France, department 
 of Cole d'Or. 18 miles E. of Semur. near the Seine. Pop. 
 559, It is celebrated for the manufacture of presened bap- 
 berries. 
 
 CIIANCFyPORD, a post-township of York co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Susquehanna River, 35 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 Poo. 2181. 
 
 CHANCE ISLAND, a small island in the Bay of Bengal, 
 on the W. coast of Lower Siam, about 35 miles from the 
 main-land; lat. (highest peak) 9° 2-2' N., Ion. 97° 5:3' E. 
 
 CHAN'CELLORSVILLE, a post-village of Spottsylvania 
 CO.. Virginia, 76 miles N. by '\Y. of Richmond. Here tho 
 Union armv was defeated Mav 2 and .3. 186-3. 
 
 CHANCE PRAI'RIE. a post-office of Burleson co,. Texas. 
 
 CHANCEA'ILLE, a small post-village of Monmouth co,, 
 New .Jersey, 
 
 CHAN'D.\. a district in Ilindostan, Berar dominions, 90 
 miles in length, and 60 miles in breadth. 
 
 CHANDA or CHAN'DAH,a town of Hindo.stan, capital of 
 the alwve di.strict. 80 miles S.S.E. of Nagpoor. Lat. 2i>= 4' N., 
 Ion. 79° 22' E. Some lofty stone walls, flanked by round 
 towers, enclose a space 6 miles in circumference, occupied by 
 strftirgling houses, plantations, and a citadel. It was taken 
 bv the British, Mav 20, 1818. 
 
 "CHAN'DAHNEK' or CHIVNANEE', a town in the Pun- 
 jab, province of Lahore, capital of a district, 76 miles S. of 
 Serin!i!rur. near an affluent of the Chenaub. 
 
 CH.\NDELEUR (shanMHoor/) BAY, on the S.E. coast of 
 Louisiana, between St. Bernard parish and the Chandeleur 
 Islands. 
 
 CHANDELEUR ISLANDS. E. of Chandeleur Bay. and 
 .about 65 miles N. by E. of the mouth of the SIif«i--sippi. 
 On the N. end of the northern or smaller island is a fixed 
 liL'ht. 55 feet high. Ij«t. 30° 1' N.. Ion. 88° 44' W. 
 
 CHAN'DERCO'NA. a considerable town in British India, 
 presidency of Bengal. 58 miles W.N.'NV. of Calcutta. 
 
 CHAN'bEKEE'. CHEN'DAKEE' or CHIN^DAKEE', a 
 lai^e district of Hindostan, province of Malwah, N.E. corner 
 90 miles in length, and 70 miles in breadth, 
 
 CHANDKREE, a town in this district, 113 miles S, of 
 Gwalior. of considerable size, and has a strong hill fort. 
 
 CHANDEKOIRI, chan-der-gh^i''ree, a fortified town of 
 British India, presidency of Madras. 50 miles N. of Arcot 
 
 CHANDERNAOORE, shanMiV.-n3-g6r,'. a town, and th« 
 principal of the F'rench eslablis^hments in India. Benu'al, on 
 the Hoogly River, 16 miles N.N,W, of Calcutta, Lnt, 22° 
 51' 26" N,, Ion. 88° 22' 12" E, Pop. in 1841. 35.895. of whom 
 283 were F^uropeans. It Is well situated, well built, and 
 clean, but dull and decaying, its cotton manufartuns and 
 general trade having latterly very much decreased. It waa 
 settled by the French in 1676: was taken by the British In 
 1759. and again delivered up to the F'rench in 1816. 
 
 CHANa)LER'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Talladega co., 
 AlaKama. 
 
 CHAND'LERSVILLE, a post-office of Chester co.. Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CHANDLERSVILLE, a post-village of Muskingum CO., 
 Ohio, 10 miles S.E. of Zanesville. Ilie county seat, and 64 
 miles E. of Columbus, has several churches and stores. Pop 
 near 300. 
 
 CHANDLERSVILLE. a small village of Cass co., Illinolf!. 
 
 CHAN'DODE, chinMOd', a large town of India, Baroilt 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 domintonx, on the Nerbudda, 35 miles E.N.E. of Baroach, 
 «nd preatly venerated by Hindoos. 
 
 CHAN'tiOllK'. a large and strongly fortified town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Bombay, on a hill range, command- 
 ing an important pass, 130 miles N.E. of Bombay. It ca- 
 pitulated to the British in 1804 and in 1818. 
 
 CII.\NUU'(J()ll/, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Benpral, 68 miles N.E. of Delhi. 
 
 CHANDPO(^R. a town of British India, on the Brahma- 
 pootra, 40 miles AV.S.W. of Comilla. 
 
 CIIANEKAL, chd-nA-r^l', a lay of Chili, 1 mile N. of Car- 
 risal B-iy, well sheltered from N. and S. winds, but expo.sed 
 to gales from the S.W. 
 
 CII.WEKAL, an if^land about 4 miles W. of the above 
 bay, is 2 miles long ; lat. 29° 1' S., Ion. 71° 40' W. 
 
 CIIA.\'GA:MA' or CIIUXGAMAH, chan-pd'ma, a town of 
 nindostan, Carnatic, 115 miles S.W. of Madras, at the end 
 of a pass, to which it gives its name. It has a lofty pagoda. 
 
 CHA.\G-CII|-;UX-CHAM, chdngVhe-oonVhdm', or ST. 
 JOHN'S ISLAND, on the S. coast of China, province of 
 Quangtong: lat. (S. point) 21° 15' N., Ion. 112° 50' E. It is 
 alxiut 15 miles in length. 
 
 CIIA.\G"CI10l)'F06', a city of China, province of Fokien, 
 36 miles S.W. of Amoy, which is merely the port of the city; 
 lat. 24° 35' N.. Ion. 11"° 50' E. It is situated in a valley em- 
 bosomed in hills, and intersected by a river, here crossed by 
 two bridges, one of which is of somewhat singular construc- 
 tion, being built on 25 piles of stones, about 30 feet ajmrt. 
 and 20 feet high. Large beams are laid from pile to pile ; 
 these again are crossed by smaller ones, which are covered 
 with earth, and then paved with enormous blocks of granite, 
 some of wliich are about 45 feet long, and 2? feet broad.- 
 This singular structure is about 9 feet wide: half its length 
 on both sides is occupied with shops. The city is sur- 
 rounded by a wall, 4j miles in circumference, the inside of 
 which is thickly planted with large trees. In the wall, a 
 gate forms an eiitiaiue for foot psissengers, and a canal for 
 boats, is pl.aced at each of the cardinal points. The streets 
 are from 10 to 12 feet wide, and many of them are well paved; 
 the shops are numerous, and well furnished, and the houses 
 In general two stories high. It has two famous but dilapi- 
 dated temples, reputed to have existed for 1200 years. Tliis 
 is the great centre of the .silk manufacture of tlie province, 
 and the streets present a bustling and animated appear- 
 ance. In the suburbs, which are extensive, there are large 
 tile and sugar manuCictorios ; and from an eminence near 
 the city, about 80 populous agricultural villages may be 
 seen in a large plain, 30 miles long, by nearly 20 miles 
 broad. Pop. of city, exclusive of suburbs, variously esti- 
 mated from 800.000 to 1.000.000. 
 
 CII ANG-CIIOOFOO. a city of China, province of Kiangsoo, 
 75 miles S.K. of Nankin ; lat. 31° 55' N.. ion. 121^^ 43' E. 
 
 CH.\NG/5. shft.No'zhA/, a village of France, department of 
 Barthe. 4 niiles K.S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 2815. 
 
 CH.4.NGfi, a village of France, department of Mayenne, 
 2^ miles N. of Laval."^ Pop. in 1852, 2046. 
 
 CIIAN'GERI, Kda'gher-ee\ an extensive monastery, in 
 Turkish .\rmenia. pashiUic of Erzroom, 20 miles N.W. of 
 Moosh. with a church, said to have been built A. n. 304. Its 
 literary treasures were destroyed by the Koords during the 
 last war in Asia between the Russians and Turks. 
 
 CHA.NGERI or CIIANGRI, a town of Anatolia. See 
 Ka\k\rek. 
 
 CIIANGIiyWATER. a village of Warren co., New Jersey, 
 12 miles S.E. of Belvidere. 
 
 CIIANG-M.\I. chdug^mi', a town of Laos, on theMe-kong; 
 lat. 20° 16' N., Ion. 99° 2' E. Pop. 25,000. 
 
 CHANGRI. See Kankarbe. 
 
 CIIANG-SHVrCIIOU. See Shano-se-Choo. 
 
 CIIANG-SH.\, chitng-shi', a city of China, province of 
 Hoonan. on the Ilong-Kiang. 60 miles S. of its embouchure 
 inLakeTong-Ting-IIoo: lat. 28° 18' N., Ion. 113° E. 
 
 CII.WIKRS. slid^neA' a village of France, department of 
 Charente-Inferieure. 4 miles from Saintes. Pop. 2611. 
 
 CIIAN'NAHON. a pcst-village of Will co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois and Michigan Canal, about 45 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 Pop. 911. 
 
 CIIANNAKALASY. See Chanak Kelessi. 
 
 CHANNEL, The. See English Chaxsei. 
 
 CII.\N'\i:l T.'^L.\NDS, a name employed to designate a 
 (?roup of islands in the English Channel, off the N.W. coast 
 of France: the principal being .Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney. 
 Scrk and Ilcrm, (which see.) They are officially comprised 
 in the English co. of lli\nts, and diocese of Winchester, and 
 ore the only portions of Normandy now belonging to the 
 English crown, to which they have remained attached ever 
 since the Conquest. These islands are a very costly ap- 
 pendage to the British crown. They have been fortified at 
 an immense expense, and their defence, in time of war, is 
 supposed to cost fully 500,0lK)i. a year, which has to be 
 wliolly defrayed by Britain ; the total revenue collecte<l in 
 the islands not amounting to 20.000i. a year. Pop. in 1851, 
 90.7:39. 
 
 CHAN'NELKIRK. a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 CUANNI-KIIAN-DIGOT, chdn'ne-Kin-de-gof, a thriving 
 
 town. In the N.W. part of Hindostan, Bhawlpoor dominloni, 
 18 miles N.E. of Khanpoor; lat. 28° bO' N., Ion. 70° 54' E. 
 
 CIIAN'MNGVILLK. a post-village of Dubuque CO., Iowa, 
 about 80 miles N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 CHAN-SI, a province of China. See Shas-see, 
 
 CHANTELLK. Bh6.N»'t^ll', a town of France, department 
 of Allier, 9 miles N. of Gannat, on the Rouble. Pop. 2o00. 
 
 CHANTENAY. sh6N«Ueh-n4', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of [.lOire-Inferieure, on the Loire, 1 mile S.W. of 
 Nantes. Pop. in 1852. 4966. 
 
 CHANTENAY, a village of France, department of Ni^Tre, 
 18 miles S.E. of Nevers. Pop. 142:i. 
 
 CH.\NTENAY, a village of France, department of Sarthe, 
 15 miles N. of La Fleche. Pop. 1358. 
 
 CHANTIBUN or CIIANTABON, shinVbiin', a large 
 inland town in Siam, on a river, near its mouth, in the 
 Gulf of Siam, 175 miles S.E. of Bangkok. It exports from 
 30,000 to 40.000 piculs of pepper annually, with cardamoms, 
 rosewood, dyewoods, ship-timber, hides, horns, ivory, and 
 gums; and near it are some mines of precious stones. 
 Many junks from Canton load nt this port. 
 
 CHANTILLY, shin-til'lee or sh6.N'iHee\yee', (see Int. XVI. 
 18.) a town of France, department of Oise, on the Non- 
 netto, 23 miles N.N.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 2454. It has 
 celebrated manufactures of lace and porcelain, and a hospi- 
 tal, built and endowed by the late Prince of Conde: but it 
 owes its interest to its ruined castle and noble domain, long 
 the seat of the Conde family, and where the great Conde 
 entertiiined Louis XIV. in a style of royal magnificence. 
 The castle, one of the finest in France, was destroyed during 
 the Revolution of 1793, but the splendid stables remain, 
 and the fine park grounds, and modern chateau (lately the 
 property of the Duke d'Aumale) are full of hi.storic memo- 
 rials. The Forest of Chantiliy comprises 67tK) acres : in it are 
 several buildings of interest, and races are held here annu- 
 ally in May. 
 
 CHAN/flLLY, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia. 
 
 CHANTILLY. a post-village of Linctjln CO., Mis.souri, 
 about .50 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 CHANTONNAY, shftN""ton'nV, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vendee, 17 miles E. of Bourlxjn-^'endee. Pop. 2993. 
 
 CHANTOUNG. a province of China. See Shantooxg. 
 
 CIIANTRIONE. shftN'o'treen'y.V, a town of France, de- 
 partment iind 7 miles N.E. of Mayenne. Pop. 1970. 
 
 CH.\NU. shd^nti'. a village of France, department of Orne, 
 9 miles N. of Domfront. Pop. 2722. It has extensive manu 
 faeturos of hardware, and quarries of building-stone. 
 
 CHANZ.\. chin'tlid, a frontier river between Spain and 
 Portugal, (.\ndalusia and Alemtejo,) which, after a S.S.W. 
 course of 55 miles, joins the GuadLina near Alcoutim. 
 
 CHAG-DIi-COUCE. shd'o'-dA-koo'sA or ko-oo'sA, a town of 
 Portugal, in Estremadura. on a hill, 25 miles N.K. of Lelra, 
 with :i000 inhaliitants; and an old fortress. Its vicinity 
 produces good wine. 
 
 CHAO-KHING. See SnAO-Knixo. 
 
 CH.A.0-NA1M.\N-.S0UME. See Tchad Naiman Soome. 
 
 CHAO-NAN. SeeSHAO-NAN. 
 
 CHAOS, shi'os, or BIRD ISLANDS, several small rocky 
 islets of South Africa, at the entrance of .ilgoa Bay, 35 miles 
 E. of Port Elizabeth : on one of which the navigator, Bar- 
 tholomew Diaz, perished in 1500. 
 
 CHAOTCHOO. See Shao-Choo. 
 
 CII AO-TCHOO, chd'o-choo', or TCIIAO-CIIEOU-FOU. chd'o- 
 ch.i-oo'-fee, a city of China, province of Quang-tong. on the 
 Han-Kiang, here crossed by abridge, near its entrance in 
 the China Sea. 
 
 CHAO-TCHOU, or CIIAO-TCIIEOU-FOU. See Shao-Choo. 
 
 CHAOURCE, shiWrss', (anc. Cutusiacum?) a town' of 
 France, department of Aube, on the Armance, IB miles S. 
 of Troyes. Pop. in 1852. 1540. It was formerly fortified, and 
 has a church of the seventh century. 
 
 CHAOUSSY. See Tchaoo.ssy. 
 
 CHAPADA, shj-pi'dd, a new town in Brazil, province of 
 Maranhao, on the upper part of the Rio Grajehu. It is the 
 seat of an electoral college erected in 1842. 
 
 CHAP.A.DA, a town in Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, 
 N.E. of Fanado. Pop. 2300. 
 
 CHAPADA DE SANTA ANNA, shA-pJ/da di sdn'tS Jn'nd, 
 or GU1M.4RENS. ghe-mi-rjNgs', a town in Brazil, the oldest 
 market-town of Matto Gros.so, E. of Cuiaba. Pap. 4000. 
 
 CH.4P.\LA. chd-pi'ld. a considerable lake in the Jlexican 
 Confederacy. t>etween the states of Michoacan and Guada- 
 lajara; lat. 20° 20' N., Ion. from 102° to 103° 25' W. Esti- 
 mated area 1300 square miles. It contains many islands, 
 and is traversed by the Rio Grande de Lerma. 
 
 CH.4PARI. chd-pd-ree', a river of Bolivia, rising in the 
 mountains of Cochabamba, and, after a course of about 100 
 miles, joins the Mamore in the parallel of 17° 5' S. 
 
 CHA'PEL-EN-LE-FRITH, a markettown and parish of 
 England, co. of Derby, 4i miles N. of Buxton. Pop. in 1851, 
 3214. The town is surrounded by lofty hills, and neatly 
 built. It has manufactures of cotton and paper: and in 
 its vicinity are lead and coal mines, and liuie-woi'ks. 
 
 CHAP'EL HILL, a pari.sh of England, co. of Slonmouth. 
 
 CIIAP'EL HILL, a post office of Monmouth co., New Jersey 
 
 415 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHAPEL tlTLIi, a poBt-village of Orangs co., North Care- 
 Una, is plKisantlj' situated on New Hope Hlver, an affluent 
 of Cape Ve«r River, 28 miles W.N.W. of Kaleigh. The situa- 
 tion is healthy, and the water good. The University of 
 North Carolina, at this place, founded in 1789. is a flourish- 
 Inc institution. See 'Aible of Colleges. Avpr.}iDix. 
 
 i'HAPEL HILL, a thriving post-village of Washington 
 ei>.. Texas. 1:20 miles K. of Austin, and 3 miles W. of Brazos 
 River. It is situated in a healthy and populous neighbor- 
 hood. It has 2 academies (one of them under the direction 
 of the Methodists) in good reput*. Pop. 1720. 
 
 CUAl'EL HILL, a small post-village of Marshall CO., Ten- 
 nessee, 42 miles S, of Nashville. 
 
 CHAPEL HILL, a post-offlce of Perry co,, Ohio. 
 
 CH.^PKL HILL, a post-offlce of Lafayette co., Missouri. 
 
 CHAP'SL-IZ/dD. a town of Ireland, inLeinster. co. and 3 
 miles W. of Dublin, on the Liffey. Pop. 1575. It contains 
 an ancient church and baiTaeks. 
 
 CUAPELLE AGNON. LA. lA sha^p^lP inVAso/, a town of 
 France, department of Puv-de-Dome, 8 miles N.M'. of Am- 
 bert. Pop. in 1852. 9903, ' 
 
 CHAPELLE AUX BOIS, La, Ij sha>Ml' 6 bwi, a town of 
 France, department of Vosges, 10 miles S.S.W. of Kpinal. 
 Pop. 1258. 
 
 CHAPELLK AUX POTS, LA, 14 shiV?!!' 6 po, a town of 
 France, department of Oise, arrondissement of Beauvais. 
 with extensive manufactures of potterv-ware. 
 
 CHAPELLE BASSE MER, La. Id shdY^U' bdss maiR, a 
 town of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 10 miles 
 E.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 4496. 
 
 CHAPELLE D'ALIGNE, LA, 15 shl'pJU' dineeil', a town 
 of France, department of Sarthe, arrondissement of La Fl^che, 
 Pop, 15.33, 
 
 CHAPELLE D'ANGILLON.L.v, lashaVll'dSso'zheeVxo/, 
 s town of France, department of Cher, 19 miles W. of San- 
 cerre. Pop. in 1S52. 837. 
 
 CHAPELLE D'AKMENTIERES.La, ldshaVll'claE''m5xo'- 
 te-aiit', a town of France, department of Nord, arrondisse- 
 ment of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 2039. 
 
 CHAPELLE DES MARAIS, La, 11 sha'pJll di m^'r-A. a 
 town of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 33 miles 
 N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 1941. 
 
 CUAPELLE EN VECJRS. L.\, iS shd'p^lP Jn« veh-koR', a 
 town (>f France, department of Dr6me, 26 miles E. of Valence. 
 Pop. in 1852. 1309. 
 
 CHAPELLE JANSON, La, 13 sha'p&ll' zh5x«'sAxe', a town 
 of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 5 miles E. of Fou- 
 g^res. Pop. 2031. 
 
 CHAPELLE LA REINE, L.t, IJ sh3*pjll' 13 rain, a town 
 of France, department of Selne-et-Marue, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Foutaineljleau. Pop. in 1852, 867. 
 
 CHAPELLE ST. DENIS, h\, U shi'pill' .sJno deh-nee/, a 
 town of France, department of Seine, 3 miles S. of St. Denis, 
 near Paris, of which it is a suburb. Pop. in 1S52, 18.700, 
 
 CHAPELLE ST. MESMIN, LA, 13 cha^ll' sAx" mfs'- 
 mSx<=', a town of France, department of Loiret, arrondisse- 
 ment of Orleans, on the railway from Paris to Tours. P. 1271. 
 
 CHAPELLE ST. SAUVEUR. La, 13 sh3'pMl' .4x« s6Vir/, 
 a town of France, department of Saone-et-Loire, 33 miles 
 N.W. of ilftcon. Pop. 1900. 
 
 CHAPELLE SUR ERDRE.LA, 13 sha'p^ll' sUr ^Rd'r, a 
 town of France, department of Loire-InKrieure, 5 miles N. 
 of Nantes. Pop. in 1S52. 2554. 
 
 CHAPELLE VOLANT. La, 13 sh3Vll' -vo-lSx^ a town of 
 France, department of Jura, 12 miles N.W. of Lons le Saul- 
 nier. Pop. 1 an". 
 
 CHA P'EL OF GARIOCII, (gar/re-oK*,) a parish of Scotland, 
 cJ). of Aberdeen. 
 
 CHA'PINVILLE. a post-village of Litchtield co.. Connec- 
 ticut. 45 miles W. of Hartford, It has a large blast furnace, 
 and maiiulactures of cutlery, 
 
 CHAPINVILLE or CHAPINSVILLE, a post-village of 
 Ontario co„ New York, on the railroad, 4 or 5 miles N.E, of 
 Canandaigua. 
 
 CHAP'L.AIN, a village of Nelson co,. Kentucky, 15 miles 
 E. of Bardstown. has 1 tavern, and several stores. 
 
 CHAP'LI.V, a post-township of Windham co., Connecti- 
 cut. 30 miles E. of Hartford, on Natchaug River. Pop. 781. 
 
 CILAPLIN. a post-offlce of Nelson co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CHAPLIN, a post-offlce of Lee co.. Illinois. 
 
 CHAP'LINTON, a post-village of Barren co., Kentucky, 
 on the Ei.' Barren River, about 130 miles S.W.of Frankfiirt, 
 
 CH.VP'MAN, a township of Clinton co,, Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 7.31. 
 
 CHAPM.\N, a post-township of Snyder co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the W, bank of the Susquehanna River, 33 miles N. of 
 U.irrisbnrg. Pop. 1764. 
 
 CHAPMAN'S FORD, apost-offlce, Tallapoosa co.. Alabama. 
 
 CH.AP'MANVILLE. a postK>ffic« of Logan co., Virginia. 
 
 CHAPNIER.S. See Ch.\mpnier9. 
 
 CHAPO'LA RIVER, of Florida and Alabama, falls Into 
 the Appalaohicola. 
 
 CH.APOO'. chS'poo' or sh3^poo'. an important maritime 
 town of China, province of Che-kiang, on a promon- 
 tory on the N. side of the estuary of TBhen-Tang, (or 
 416 
 
 Tsien-Tang.) 50 miles N.E. of Ilang-chow-foo, of which It la 
 the port, and with which it has good caual communica- 
 tion. Lat. 30° 40' N.: Ion. 120^^ 30' E. Extensive suburbs, 
 the principal seat of trade, stretch along the shore: and 
 about half a mile in their i-ear is the walled town, 5 miles in 
 circumference, enclosed within which is the " Tartar" town. 
 The harbor is shallow, and the tides here are very rapid; 
 but the roadstead hiis deep water, ami all the Chinese trade 
 with Japan is conducted from this port. The adjacent 
 country is well watered, very fertile, and interspersed with 
 numerous villages, pagodas, and temples. The adjoining 
 heights, fortiiied in the late war. were captured by the Bri- 
 tish, after a determined resistance, May 18, 1S42. 
 
 CH.APPAQUA, chap-pi'kwa, a post-village of Westchester 
 CO.. New York, on the Harlem Railroad, about 40 miles 
 N.N.E. of New York. 
 
 CHAPPELI/. a post-office of Dallas co.. Arkansas. 
 
 CHAPPELLS BRIDGE, a post-office of Newberry district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CHAP'RUNG', a town of Thibet, on the Sutlej. 55 miles 
 S.W. of Garoo. Lat, 31° 27' N. ; Ion, 79° 33' E, It is the 
 residence of Chinese authorities, 
 
 CHAPI'ICO, a post-vllliige of St. Mary's co., Maryland, 
 about 50 miles S,S,W. of Annapolis, 
 
 CHAPULTEPEC, ch3-poort-l-pJk', a strong fortress of 
 Mexico, situated about 2 miles S.W, of the metropolis. It 
 consists of a rock rising to the heiihtof 150 feet, and crowned 
 by a castle. Inside the castle was the Military College of 
 Chapultepee. and the buildings- conne<-ted with it. Cha- 
 pultepec was taken by the army under General Scott on the 
 12th and 13th of September. 1847, and previous to the cap- 
 ture of the city of Mexico, on the 14th of the s;ime month. 
 
 CHAPUI/TEPEC. a post-offlce of Blount co„ Alabama. 
 
 CHAPUS. Le, leh shrpUce/. a hamlet of France, depart- 
 ment of Charenle-I nferieure, 3 miles N.W. of Mnrennes, op- 
 posite the He d"016ron. Pop. 345. It is a fortification of 
 the second class, and its small port is defended by a fort. 
 
 CH.AltAL.AN. chd-r3-l3n'. a town of South America, in 
 New Granada. 140 miles N.N.E. of Bogota. 
 
 I HARAMAKOTAN. See K.\n.\M.\K0T.\!». 
 
 CIIARAPOTO, ch3-r3-po'to. a town of South America. In 
 Ecuiidor. 110 miles W.S.W. of Quito, near the Bay of Chara- 
 poto, Pacitic Ocean, 
 
 CHAICBAR/ or CIIOUBAR, choo'bar', a large and well- 
 sheltered bay of Beloochistan. province of Slekran. in the 
 Indian Ocean. Lat. 25° 20' N.: Ion. 60° 30' E. On the E, side 
 of its entrance is the town of Charbar. with 1500 inhabitants, 
 enclosed by an earth rampart, and garri.soned by the 1 m&m of 
 Muscat. N. of this are the ruins of the Portuguese settlement 
 of Teez. pro'nally the Tiz of Edrisi, and the Tiofi of Nearchus. 
 
 CIHRBONNIER, shaR'bou'ne-.V. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Puy-de-DOme, 9 miles S. of Issoire. It has coal- 
 mines. 
 
 CHARBONNIERES. sh.iR'bon'ne-ais/. a village of France, 
 department of Rhone. 4 miles W. of Lyons, and a place of 
 holvdav re.sort for its inhabitants, 
 
 CH.ARCAS, a city of BoUvia. See Chuqvis.am. 
 
 CHARD, a municipal borough, town, and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO, of Somerset, 12 miles S,E, of Taunton, Pop. in 
 1851, 6297. The town, on elevated ground and well built, 
 has a large market-place, a handsome church, an ancient 
 town- hall, originally a chapel, a well-endowed poor's hospital, 
 a work-house for a union comprising 89 square miles, and 
 considerable manufiictures of lace and woollen goods. The bo- 
 rotigh formerly .sent two members to Parliament. 1'he Royal- 
 ists were here signal! v defeated in the wars of Charles I. 
 
 CHARDAK, charM3k', (anc. Atiava.) a lake of Asia Minor, 
 in Aniitolia. 35 miles E,N,E, of Degnizli, I<jit. 37° 55' N.; Ion. 
 30° E. Length from E. to W„ 16 miles: breadth, from 3 to 
 4 miles. Great quantities of salt are collected from it; and 
 the village of Chardak is near its W, extremity, 
 
 CHARDAK, chau-ddk'. a town of European Turkey, In 
 Bulsraria, 81 miles N.E. of Silistria. 
 
 • C1I.\R'D0N. a post-village, capital of Geauga co_ Ohia In 
 Chardon township, 14 miles from Lake Erie, and 170 miles 
 N.E. of Columbus. It is plea-santly situated on an elevated 
 ' ridge, about 600 feet above the level of the lake. It has 3 
 cliiirches, a town-hall, a newspaper office, 2 cheese factories, 
 and 2 steam saw-mills. Pop, of the township, i'nl. 
 
 CII.'^RD'STiX'K, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 CHARENTE. shd'rdNf, a river in the West of France, 
 
 rises in the department of Haute-Vienne. alx>ut 14 miles 
 
 I N.W, of Ch.alus, hows very tortuously, but generally W., 
 
 and. after a course of moi-e than 200 miles through the do- 
 
 I partments of Charente and Charente-lirfeiieure. enters the 
 
 i Atlantic opposite the island of Oleron, Principal affluents. 
 
 the Boutonne on the right, and the Trouve and Ne on tlio 
 
 I left. The towns of Civray, RufTec, Angouleme. Jamac, 
 
 I Cognac. Saintes, Ton nay -Charente, Rochff ^rt, and Soubi.'ie 
 
 are on its banks. It is navigable for 13') niil'S from the sea 
 
 to Montignac. and for steamers as high as Saintes. 
 
 CHARENTE. a department of France, situ.ited between 
 I lat, 45° 10' and 46°S'N., and sijrrounded bv the denartments 
 i of Charente-Inferieure, Deux-Sevre*, Vienne, Haute-Vienne, 
 I andDordogne. Area, 2300 square miles. Pod, in 1861. 379,081. 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 Surfhce undulating: it contains many deep caverns, as that 
 of l{ancogne, near La Kochefoucault ; tiilly in tlie N.K., 
 where tljere are many shallow lakes. Principal rivers, the 
 Charente and Vienne. Soil calcareous, dry, and infertile, 
 and the corn proiluoed barely sutBces for home consumption. 
 Vineyards comprise iri.tiOO hectares, ('iTti.iyO acres,) but 
 the wines are of inferior quality. The Cognac and Jarnac 
 brandies are from this department. Woods extensive, and 
 chestnuts form an important crop; truffles are obtained to 
 the value of 300,00;i francs yearly. Iron and gypsum are 
 the principal mineral products : iron-forging, paper-making, 
 distilling, and tanning, the main branches of manufiic- 
 turing industry. Capital, Angouleme. Charente is divided 
 into five arrondissoments, Angouleme, Barbexieux, Cognac, 
 Confolcns, and Kuff>c. 
 
 CllAllKNTHMNFfiUIEUIlE, sha-rAxt/-5N'''fA'ree'ua/, a ma- 
 ritime department of Western France, having W. the Atlan- 
 tic, (Bay of IJiscay,) S. the estuary and department of Gi- 
 ronde, and on other sides the departments of Vendee, FJeux- 
 Sdvres, Charente, and Dordogne. Area, including the inlands 
 of He and liHeron. 2650 square miles. Pop. in 1S61, 481,060. 
 Surface level ; soil generally fertile. Principal rivers, the 
 Charente. IJoutonne, and .S&vre-Xiortaise. Corn more than 
 sufficient for homo consumption is produced; and wine to 
 the estimated value of 800,000/. annually, the greater part 
 of which is converted into braudy or vinegar. Pastures good. 
 and'live-stock plentiful. The salt-works along tbe coast are 
 the most valuable in Fiance, and the pilchard, OTflter, and 
 other iisheries are imiwrtant. Exclusive of ship -building in 
 the government dock-yards of Koehefort, &c., 't:e princiijjil 
 manufactures are of glass, earthenware, and J wither, with 
 some coarse woollens and soap. Capital, La Bj helle. This 
 department is divided into six arrondis.semen'r, 1,^ Rochelle. 
 Jonzao. Marennes, Rochefort, Saintes. and St. .tian d'Angely. 
 
 CIIAREXTON, shi'rd.voHAji"', a town of /ranee, depart- 
 Bent of Seine, on the right bank of the ila—ie, 6 miles .S.E. 
 of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 3219. It is ple^intly situated, 
 and has many country-houses. A bridjr'i of ten arches 
 across the Marne, which has been freq'«ntly the scene 
 of conflicts for the military possession )f the capital, is 
 now guarded by two forts, forming par", of the new forti- 
 fications of Paris; the bridge unites this village with the 
 hamlet of Charenton .St. Maurice, where there is a large na- 
 tional lunatic a.sylum. 
 
 CUARKNTON. a town of France, department of Cher, on 
 the Berri Canal. 27 miles S.S.K. of IJourges. Pop. 1430. 
 
 Cll.VHENTON, sharVen-ton/, (Fr. prou. shdVdN"H<iN''',) a 
 post-village of St. .Mary's parish, Louisiana, on the E. bank of 
 the river iVche. 80 miles, by water, from the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 CUARKN'ZAT. shi^r^No^zi/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ptiy-de-D6ma, 23 miles W.N.W. of Riom. Pop. 2211. 
 
 CnAK'FIKLD, a pirish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ClIAR't'ORD. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CIIAIOIKAR/, a town of Afghanistan, 36 miles X. of Ca- 
 bool. Pop. 5000. It is flourishing, and has a castle, the 
 residence of a local chief, with an active commerce in coarse 
 cotton cloths, and a transit trade across the Hindoo Koosh; 
 the duties from both sources are stated to amount to 1000?. 
 annually. In 1841, it was the station of a Briti.sh garrison, 
 afterwards almost wholly destroyed in its retreat to Cabool. 
 
 CII.VRING. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CHARITE, Lk, M shdVee'ti/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nievre, on the Loire, here crossed by a handsome 
 bridge. 14 miles N.N.W. of N'evers. Pop. in 1852, 4944. 
 
 CIIAR/ITON, or GRAND CHARITON RIVER, of Iowa 
 and Missouri, ri.ses in.the S. part of Iowa, and flows S.E., 
 through .\ppanoose county, to the boundary between those 
 states. It then pursues a southerly course, and falls into 
 the Missouri River near the S. extremity of Chariton coun- 
 ty, and a few miles above Glasgow. Its whole length is es- 
 timated at 250 miles, for about 50 of which it is navigable 
 by keel-boats. Branches. — The East Chariton River ri.ses 
 near the N. border of Macon county, and. flowing first 
 southward and then S.W., enters the main stream in Chari- 
 ton county, alxjut 1 mile from its from its mouth. The 
 Middle Fork rises in Macon county, and, flowing S.S.W., 
 falls into the East Chariton about 10 miles N. of Glasgow. 
 
 CH.\.RITUX, a county in the N. central p.irt of Missouri, 
 has an area of 740 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. 
 by the Missouri River, on the W. by Grand River, and is 
 intersected by the Chariton River, from which it derives its 
 name. Tlie county is also drained by Yellow and Wolf 
 Creeks. The surface is generally undulating, and diversified 
 by forests and beautiful prairies, tlie soil of which is fertile 
 and well adapted to pasturage. Stone coal and limestone 
 are abundant in the county. The streams furnish motive- 
 power for mills. Capital, Keytesville. Pop. 12,562, of whom 
 9723 were free, and 2839 slaves. 
 
 CH.\RITON, a village in Chariton co.. Missouri, near the 
 Missouri River, about 62 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CHARITON", a post-village, capital of Lucas co., Iowa, 
 about 50 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. See Appendix. 
 
 CHARITON MILLS, a small village of Adair co., Missouri. 
 
 CHARITON MILLS, a village of Schuyler co., Missouri, 
 on Chariton River. 
 
 2B 
 
 CHARITY, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 CH.\R'JJOKE'. a town of Independent Toorkistan, «ha 
 nat and (io miles S.W. of Bolihara, about miles S. of th» 
 Oxus, and on the main route and least inhabited spot be- 
 tween Bokhara and Persia. Pop. 5000. It has a fort, a tole- 
 rable bazaar, and some trade with Oorghenj (Lrgheudj) by 
 the Oxus. 
 
 CH.VRKOV, a government of Rus.sia. See Kharkov. 
 
 CHARLBURY, chail'bgr-e, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 CHARI/COMBE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ClIARL/CUTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 CHAR'LEMONT, a market-town and formerly a parlia- 
 mentary borough of Ireland, in Ulster, eo. and miles 
 N.N.AV. of Armagh, on the Blackwater River, here crossed 
 by a bridge connecting it with Moy. and on the Ulster Ca- 
 nal. I'op. 4S5. Principal buildings, a strong fort, used aa 
 the ordnance depot and head artillery quarters f(jr North 
 Ireland. It gives the title of earl to the Caultield family. 
 
 CHAR1.EM0NT, shaR'le-mAN«', a hamlet and fortress of 
 France, department of Ardenne.s. The fortress is situated 
 •>n a limestone i-ock, on the left bank of the Jleuse. immo- 
 liately opposite Givet, near the Belgian frontier. It was 
 founded by Charles V., and improved by Vauban. 
 
 CHAR'LEMONT. a post-township of Franklin co.. Massa- 
 chusetts, on the line of the Hoosick Tunnel Railroad, and 
 on the Ueerfield River, over which are two covered bridges, 
 alxmt 50 miles N.E. of SpringHeld. The scenery Is in the 
 highest degree romantic and beautiful, the Hoosick Moun- 
 tains being in full view. Pop. 1075. 
 
 CHARLE.MONT. a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 CHAKLEROI, shaMe-roi', or CHARLEROV. shaR^leh-rwd/, 
 a strongly firtified Ufwn of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 
 capital of the arrondis.semeut. on the Sanibre, and on the 
 Brussels and Naraur Railway, 23 nnles E. of Jlons. Pop. in 
 18C2, 13,0S4,employed in extensive coiiluiine-s iron fouudiies, 
 cutlery, glass, and nail factories, brick-yards, woollen cloth 
 and y.irn factories, &c. ; its district being among the most 
 industrious in Belgium. It owes its name to a large fortress 
 built in 1066. during the reign of Charles II. of Spain. It 
 is connected with Brussels by the Charleroi Canal, and has 
 a large cattle fair for ten days, from August 5th. 
 
 CH.\RLES, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CHARLE.S, a county in the S.W. part of Maryland, bor- 
 dering on the Potomac, which separates it from Airginia, 
 has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. and W. by the I'otomac. and also drained by the AVico- 
 mico River. The surface is somewhat uneven: the soil iu- 
 different. . F'irst settled in 1640. Capital, Port Tobacco. Pop, 
 16,517, of whom 6864 were free, and 9653 slaves. 
 
 CHARLES CAPE. See Cape Charles. 
 
 CHARLES CITY, a county in the S.E. part of A'irginia, 
 has an area of 184 square miles. James River forms its en- 
 tire boundary on the S., and the Chickahominy on the N. 
 and E. The surface is rolling. Charles City was one of 
 the eight original shires into which A'irginia was divided in 
 1634. It has given birth to two Presidents of the United 
 States, Harrison and Tyler. Capital, Charles City Oourt- 
 House. Pop. 5609, of whom 2662 were free, and 2947 slaves. 
 
 CHARLES CITY COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital 
 of Charles City co., A'irginia, 30 miles S.S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 CHARLES ISLAND, one of the G:ilapagos. 20 miles long 
 from N. to S., and about 15 miles broad. Lat. 1° 15' 24" S. ; 
 Ion. 90° 31' 45" AV. 
 
 CHARLES ISLAND, an island off the S. coast of Spitz- 
 bergen. Lat. (S. point) 78° 1-3' N.; Ion. 11° 55' E. 
 
 CHARLES ISLAND, an island of North America, In 
 Hudson's Strait. Lat. (E. point) 62° 44' N.; Ion. 74° 18' AA'. 
 
 CHARLES ISLAND, an island of British North America, 
 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near its N. coast, Lat. 60° 12' 
 N. ; Ion. 63° 1.1' AV. It is 3 miles long, and Ij miles broad. 
 On its N. side it has a safe though confined harbor. 
 
 CHARLES RIA'F;r, rises in AVorcester county. Massachu- 
 setts, and, pursuing a winding course through Norfolk and 
 Middlesex counties, it meets the tide-waters and forms part 
 of Boston harbor. It is navigable to AA'atertown, 7 miles AV. 
 of Boston. 
 
 CHARLES RIA'ER, a mill-stream of AVashington co., 
 Rhode Island, unites with AA'ood River to form the Pawca- 
 tuck. 
 
 CHARLES RIVER VILLAGE, a post-village of Xorfl)lk 
 CO., Mas.sachusetts, 18 miles S.AA'. of B<3ston. 
 
 CHARLESTON, charlz't9n, a maritime vill.age of Scotland, 
 CO. of I'ife, on the F'rith of I'orth, 3 miles S.AV. of Dunferm- 
 line. Pop. 772. It has a harbor, and extensive lime-works 
 on an estate of the Earl of Elgin, and extensive export of 
 coals. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a small maritime village of England, co. 
 of Cornwall, on its S.AV. coa.st, parish and Ij miles from St. 
 Austell. Its harbor is defended by a strong battery, and it 
 annually exports 7000 tons of porcelain clay, artificially jire- 
 pared from granite. 
 
 OHARLESTON, the capital town of the Briti.sh AVest 
 Indian island of Nevis, on its N AA'. coast. Pop. in lis-U, 
 1806. 
 
 HZ 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CnARLESTOX, charlz't^n, a district in the S.E. part of 
 South Carolina, tordering on the Atlantic. Area, 1906 
 square miles. The Santee River firms its boundary on the 
 N.N.E. It is drained by the Ashley and Cooper Kivers, 
 which unit« to form the harbor of Charleston. The surface 
 is level, and. being but little elevated above tide-water, is in 
 some placet subject to inundation. The soil is generally 
 sandy, and some portions of it are very productive. The 
 palmetto and pine are among the indigenous forest-trees. 
 A canal, 22 miles long, has been opened in this district. 
 frr>m the Santee to the Cooper River; and the South Cai-o- 
 lina Railroad terminates at Charleston, the capital of the 
 "Jistrict. Charleston is by far the most populous district in 
 the state. Pop. 70,100, of whom 32,S10 were free, and 37,290 
 slaves. 
 
 CIIARLESTOX, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 65 miles N.E. of Augusta. It contains an academy and seve- 
 ral stores. Pop. 1430. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a township of Orleans co., Vermont, 55 
 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1160. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a post-township of Montgomerj' co., New 
 York. 36 miles AV.N.W. of Albany, borders on Schoharie 
 River. Pop. 18"%7. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a village of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey, 
 10 miles W. of Flemington. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a post-township and village of Tioga co^ 
 Pennsylvania. 3 miles E. of Wellsltorongh. Pop. 1998. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a handsome post-village, capital of Kana- 
 wha CO., W. Virginia, situated on the Kanawha River, 60 
 miles from its mouth, and at its confluence with Elk River, 
 about 1 .50 miles S.S.^V". of Wheeling. The river at this pliM-e is 
 About 300 yards wide, and is navigable by steamboats at all 
 season.s. The principal thoroughfare from Richmond to the 
 Ohio River p:isses through the town, which is tlie centre of 
 an active trade. It contains 3 or 4 churches, a branch bank, 
 and a printiug office. The District Court of the United 
 States is held here twice each year. The county contains 
 abundance of coal, and a number of salt-springs. The 
 name of the post-office is Kanawha Court-Uousk. Pop. 
 1520. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a port of entry, capital of a district of its 
 own name, and the largest city of South Carolina, is situ- 
 ated on a tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and 
 Cooper, which unite immediately below the town, and form 
 a spacious harlwr. communicating with the ocean at Sulli- 
 van's Island. 7 miles below. It is 118 miles N.E. of Savan- 
 nah. 5S0 S.W. of Ualtimore, and 540 from Washington. Lat. 
 32° 46' N.; ion. 79° 57' W. Cooper and Ashley Kivers are 
 from 30 to 40 feet deep, the former 1400, and the latter 2100 
 yards wide. The ground on which the city is built is ele- 
 vated 8 or 9 feet above the level of the harbor at high tide, 
 which rises about six feet, flowing by the city with a strong 
 current, thus contributing to its salubrity. A sandbar ex- 
 tends across the mouth of the harbor, aifording, however, 
 two entrances, of which the deepest, near Sullivan's Island, 
 h.is 16 feet of water at low tide. The harbor is defended by 
 Fort Pinckney and Fort Johnson, each on an island, the 
 former 2, and the latter 4 miles below the city, and also by 
 Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island. 
 
 Charleston is regularly built, and extends about 2 miles 
 in length, and nearly 1$ miles in breadth. The streets, 
 many of which are 60 or 70 feet braid, and bordered with 
 the Pride of India and other beautiful shade-trees, pass, for 
 the most part, parallel to e^nch other, from the Cooper to the 
 Ashley River, and are intersected by others nearly at right 
 angles. Many of the houses are of brick, some of which .are 
 In a style of superior elegance ; others are of wood, neatly 
 painti'd. and emlwwered during the summer season amid a 
 profusion of foliage and Jlowers. The dwellings are often 
 furnished with piazzas extending to the roof, and orna- 
 mented with vines or creeiiers. while the gardens attached 
 to them are adorned with the orange, peach, and other choice 
 trees, and a variety of shrubbery. 
 
 Instilutiim.^. — Charleston contains numerous educational 
 and literary institutions, among which may lie mentioned 
 the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, a flourish- 
 ing school, founded in 18:>3. The Charleston College was 
 founded in 17^5, chartered anew in 1791, and again re-or- 
 ganized in 18:J7. This institution has of late been greatly 
 improved; extensive .additions h.ave lieen made to the main 
 building, and another professorship established, entitled the 
 chair of Intellectusil Philosophy and Greek Literature. It 
 is now in a very prosperous condition, with an able faculty, 
 and the numl>er of students steadily increasing. The Lite- 
 rary and I'hilosophical Society has "a valuable collection of 
 epecimens in natural history. The Apprentices' Association 
 posse.s.ses a library of lu.OOO" volumes, and maintains an an- 
 nual course of lectures upon scientific subjects. The City 
 Library nuniliers about 20.iXX) volumes; besides which 
 tliere is a .Mercantile Library Association. There are in 
 the city a high s<-hool and several common schools, all of 
 which are in a flourishing condition. The high school was 
 established in 18;39, and is endowed with .41000 per annum 
 for a hundred yejirs. The number of pupils in attendance 
 la u«ualiy fron) 130 to 150. The orpliau asylum is richly eu- 
 418 
 
 dowed, and accommodates alx)ut 150 children; the hoOd- 
 ing is one of the most remarkable in the city. A commodV 
 ous alms-house is provided for the poor, and a new ctistom- 
 house is about to be erected, the base of which is to be of 
 granite, and the superstructure of marble. Charleston con- 
 tains a1)Out -30 churches, a theatre, several first-clnss hotels, 
 (one of which, the City Hotel, cost $1.3ii.000.) 4 cotton presses, 
 a cotton factory, 5 or 6 engine manufactories, a large num- 
 ber of grist mills. 6 ship-yards, and an extensive dry-dock, at 
 which the largest vessels, with their cargoes, can "be drawn 
 up in about three hours. There are also in the city 9 banlis 
 under the direction of companies, with an aggregate capital 
 of $11,153..5S2, 6 individual incorporated banks, having 
 an aggregate capital of §8.030.2-35, and a ciifulation of 
 $3,944,660, and several insurance and other incorporated 
 companies. Two of the nine banks of Charleston, with a 
 capital of $1,000,000 each, were chartered by the leuislaturo 
 of 1852-53. 
 
 Commerce. — The chief exports of Charleston are cotton 
 and rice. The average crop of se.i-L«land cotton, in South 
 Carolina, is from 22.(XiO to '23.000 bales, about two-thirds of 
 which comes to Charleston ; the rest goes to Savannah. The 
 rice crop of the state is usually in the neighborhood of 
 130,000 tierces, of which Charleston rec<nvos all. except 1000 
 or 1500 tierces going to Georgetown. During the year end- 
 ing August 31, 1854, Charleston exported '24,761 bales of 
 sea-island cotton. 408,"278 bales of upland cotton, 323,061 
 bushels of rough rice, al)out as much cleaned rice, and 
 23.844.6.50 feet of lumber. Tobacco was also exported in 
 considerable quantities. Since the opening of railroad com- 
 munication with the great agricultural region of the "West, 
 Charleston has become the centre of an important trade in 
 "flour. The quantity received here in 1863 amounted to 
 about 80,000 Ijarrels". of which 30.000 were exported coast- 
 wise and foreign, 3i»00 barrels being sent to Livei-pooL 
 The total .amount of the exports during the year 1852 
 was S12.S99.620. Charleston exports more rice than any 
 other city in the Union, and is .>;urpas.sed only by NeT 
 Orleans and Mobile in the exportation of cotton. In 182t, 
 the imports were nearly equal to one-half of the exports; 
 now they are only about one-eighth. The revenue eol- 
 lected at this port in 1801, amounted to $2.257,100 : in 1843 
 it had fallen to $158,405. being the smallest amount col- 
 lected in any one year, with the exception of 1814, since 
 the establishment of the federal government. This decline 
 is explained bj- the fact that the imports, which formerly 
 came directly to Ctiarleston, are now entered at Northern 
 ports. The imports in 1852 were $1,767,343, of which 
 $1,285,716 were by American vessels, and $481,627 by foreign 
 vessels. Charleston formerly was extensively engaged in 
 ship-building, but of late 3ears this business has very much 
 declined. U\ ^^52. only 6 ves.sels (tons, 8o2) were built. In 
 1854, the number was increased to 21, but the tonnage 
 to only 9-56. The number of ships and brigs owned and 
 sailing from this port, is al.'O much smaller than it w.is ten 
 years ago. Still, the commerce is important. There are 
 lines of steamers — 3 steamships to New York, 2 to Philadel- 
 phia, 1 to Baltimore, and 1 to Havana ; of sailing vessels-— 
 11 ships, 2 barques, 8 brigs, and 5 schooners to New York; 
 3 barques and 3 isrigs to Boston ; o barques, 3 brigs, and 3 
 schooners to New Orleans ; 2 brigs and 8 or 9 schooners to 
 PhiLidelphia: and 5 or 6 schooners to Baltimore. Besides 
 these, there is a large numl>er of vessels of various classes 
 engaged in foreign commerce. The entire shipping of the 
 port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 22,526 
 tons registered, and 19,616 tons enrolled and licensed. 
 
 The great extent of railroads that open communication 
 with the interior, affords Charleston superior advantages for 
 inland trade. The Hamburg Railroad. 136 miles in length, 
 wivs. at the time of its completion in 1833, the longest rail- 
 road in the world. It h.is since been extended through 
 Georgia to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee River. 438 miles 
 from Charleston. Another railroad has recently been com- 
 pleted from the Geoi^ia road to Nashville, a distiince of 
 about 150 miles, thereby opening direct steam communicar 
 tion between Charleston and the navigable waters of the 
 Tennessee, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers. A nulroad, 68 
 miles in length, connects Columbia, the capit.il of the state, 
 130 miles from Charleston, with the South Carolina road at 
 Branchville. This is to be extended to Gi-eenville. about 
 120 miles N.W. of Columbus. A portion of the roavl from 
 Greenville is already in operation. Another branch road, 
 37 miles in length, extends to Camden, and is to be conti- 
 nued 109 miles farther to Charlotte, North Carolina. A 
 line of steamboats makes daily trips to Wilmington, thus 
 opening communication with the great Northern route of 
 travel. Staimboats also ply between Cbarjcston and the 
 places along the coiist. 
 
 The press of Charleston comprises 4 daily and 4 or 5 weekly 
 papers, besides several other periodicals. The •• Medicw 
 Journal." issued every two months; ranks among the first 
 publications of the kind in the Union. 
 
 The citizens of Charleston are distinguished for their hos- 
 pitality and refinement, and perhaps uo place in the United 
 States affords more agreeable society. In winter, it is par- 
 
CHA 
 
 CIIA 
 
 Hcnlarly pleasant as a resiclence, anti is much resorted to by 
 persons from other parts of tlie Union. 
 
 Hist'irij. — The city of Charleston is one of the most an- 
 cient in the United States, its foundation having been hiid 
 In 1672. Some 15 years afterward, a company of French re- 
 fugees, exiled froni their native country on account of tlieir 
 religious faith, settled in South Carolina, a part of them at 
 Charleston. From this nohle stock, the French Huguenots, 
 have sprung some of the first families of Cliarleston. In 
 1731, tlie city contained 600 honses and 5 cliurches, and in 
 1744, 2:?0 vessels were laden at its wharves. It was incor- 
 porated in 1783. On the 28tli of June, 1776, the garrison on 
 Sullivan's Island, consisting of 4<X) men, under the com- 
 mand of Colonel Moultrie, sustained an assault from a Bri- 
 tish squadron of 9 ships of war, and triumphantly repulsed 
 tliem, losing only 32 men killed and wounded, while the 
 enemy's loss amounted to nearly 200. Charleston was after- 
 wards besieged by the British under Sir Henry Clinton, from 
 the 1st of April, 1780, until May 12th, when it was surren- 
 dered by General Lincoln. It was held by the enemy until 
 May. 1782. Charleston has suffered greater disasters by fire 
 than almost any city in the United States. In. 1778, 2.'i2 
 houses Were consumed, and in 1796 nearly a third part of 
 the city, involving a loss to the amount of $2,i00,ii00. It 
 was recaptured from the rebels, after a long siege, February 
 1R,1S65. Pop. in 1800, 18,711; in 1810. 24.711; in 1820, 
 24.780; in 1830, B0,289; in 1840, 29,261; in 1S50, 42,985, of 
 whom 14.692 were slaves; in 1860, 40,522. 
 
 Charleston Light-house, on Liglit-house Island, Charles- 
 ton harbor, is 12.5j^ feet high, and exhibits a revolving light. 
 Lat. ."2° 42' N., Ion. 79° 54' 12" W. 
 
 ClI.MtLESTON. a post-village in Tallahatchee co., Missis- 
 Bippi, about 125 miles N. of Jackson. 
 
 CII.\11LEST0N, a post-village of Bradley CO., Tennessee, 
 on the Iliawassee River, and on the East Tennessee and 
 Georgia Railroad. 75 miles S.W. of Knoxville, has ubout 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Cli.\RLESTOX, a village of Ca.ss co., Michigan, 174 miles 
 W. of Detroit. 
 
 CIIARLKSTON, a post-township in the E. part of Kular 
 mazo'.? to , Michigan. Pop. 1.'509. 
 
 C fl ARL KS I'OX, a village of Hancock co., Indiana, 25 miles 
 E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a post-village and township, capital of 
 Coles CO., Illinois, on the liorder of Grand Prairie, and oh 
 the St. Louis Alton and Terre Haute Raili'oad, 46 miles W. 
 of Terre Haute. It lias 1 national bank, i 'op. 221s. 
 
 CIIA liLESTON, a village of Adair co., Missouri, 110 miles 
 N. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CIL^RLESTON, a post-village, capital of Mississippi co., 
 Missouri, about miles S.W. of the Mississippi River, and 
 260 miles E S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CH.\RLESTOX, a pleasant jKist-villagc of Lee co., Iowa, 
 about 8 miles W. of the Mississippi River, and 18 miles 
 N.N.W. of Keokuk. It is surrounded by a beautiful, fertile 
 farming region. Pop. 1351. 
 
 CHAKLESTON, a post-f)tfice of Yolo co., California. 
 
 CHARLESrO-N". or EAST HAThEY,a post-villago of Ca- 
 naxla East, co. of Stanstead, 17 miles S. of Sherbrooke, and 
 about 85 miles E. of Montreal. It contains a churcli, a 
 young ladies" school, and several stores. 
 
 CHARLESTON', a village of Canada West, co. of Leeds, 
 near the St. Lawrence, about IS miles E.N.E. of Kingston. 
 It contains a church, a store, and several mills. P. ab(jut 150. 
 
 CHAULKSTON FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomerv co.. New York. 
 
 CHARLESTON OF AP.OYNE, a village of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen, parish of Aboyne, on the Dee, here crossed by a 
 suspension bridge, 27}^ miles W. of Aberdeen. It has "six 
 annual fairs. In its vicinity is Aboyne Castle, the seat of 
 the Marquis of Huntly. 
 
 CHAl;LESTO\VN,cliarlz'town,a post-village and township 
 of Sullivan CO., New Ilamji.shire, on the E. side of the Connec- 
 ticut, across which is a bridge to Springfield, in Vermont, and 
 on the Sullivan Railroad, 00 miles W. of Concord. It is a 
 place of active trade, and has a bank, and manufactures of 
 woollen goods. Pop. 1758. 
 
 CHAKLKSTOWN, a city and seaport of Middlesex co., 
 JIassacliusetts, (forming a portion of the Port of Boston,) is 
 situated on a peninsula immediately X. of Boston with 
 whieh it is connected by the Warren and Charles River 
 bridges. It is 200 miles E. bv S. from Alban v; and 11 1 miles 
 S.S W. of I'ortland; lat. 42° 2' N., Ion. 71° 3' 33" W. The 
 jieninsula extends from the mainland of Summerville about 
 \\/^ miles in a south-ea-^terly direction, between the estuarie.s 
 of the Mystic and Charles Rivers. These .are crosseil by 
 th'-ee public bridges, two over the former, and one over the 
 latter. The surface is remarkably uneven, and near the 
 centre rises into two prominences, called Bunker's and 
 Breed's Hills, the summits and slopes of which afford de- 
 lightful sites for dwellings. The streets, though irregular, 
 are generally spacious and finely shaded. Three broad 
 avenues. Main, Bunker Hill and Medford streets, starting 
 It the southern extremity, extend through the entire lencth 
 of the peninsula, and joining at the Neck, form a splendid 
 
 avenue, Broadway, and pass on through the whole length 
 of Somerville over Winter Hill. The three princijial ave- 
 nues are intersected at various angles by those passing 
 from the Mystic to Charles River, and otheiii leading to 
 different sections of the city. Charle,>town is for the most 
 part handsomely built. The j)riricipal public edifices are 
 the churches, 12 in number. Tliei-e are also 2 banks, 2 sav- 
 ings banks, and a state prison. This consists of an octagonal 
 centre, with four wings, having us interior arrangements 
 upon the Auburn plan, and accommodales oOO convicts. Be- 
 sides its public schools the city has 1 female seminary, and 
 2 weekly newspapers. 
 
 The chief object of interest, however, to persons visiting 
 Charlestown, is the Bunker Hill Monument, erected in 
 commemoration of the first great battle fought between tlie 
 British and the Americans. It stands on Breed's Hill, 
 usually Called Bunker Hill, near the sjiot where the brave 
 Warren fell. Its foundations wliich are 50 feet above the 
 level of the sea, ai'e enclosed 12 feet under ground. The 
 corner-stone was laid by the Manjuis La Fayette, June 17, 
 1S25, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. June 17, 1^43, 
 the completion of the nKmument was celebrated, in the 
 presence of the President of the United States, many of the 
 members of his cabinet, and a vast concourse of citizens. 
 It consists of a plain granite shaft, 220 feet high, 31 feet 
 square at the base, and 15 at the top. Within is a winding 
 stairway, by which it is ascended to a chamber immediately 
 under tlie apex, 11 feet in diameter, containing 4 windows, 
 which afford a magnificent panoramic view oi the surroiiud- 
 iiig country. In this chamber are two of the four cannon 
 which constituted the whole train of field artillery possessed 
 by the Americans at the oommencement of the war, in 
 April, 1775. These two pieces are named respectively 
 Hancock and Adams. 
 
 The United States Navy-yard at Charlestown, estabished 
 about the year 1798, is situated at the foot of Bunker HiU. 
 It occupies an area of from 70 to 80 acres, extending troiu 
 the mouth of Charles River to Chelsea Bridge, and is en- 
 closed on tlie land side by a high stone wall. The dry-<lock 
 at its upper end, was completed in 1833, at a cost of 5*i0,0.'>9. 
 It is Constructed of chiselled granite, 341 feet long, and 80 
 wide, having a depth of 30 feet. The first vessel received 
 was the United States frigate Constitution, There are also 
 in the yard tliree large ship-houses, and naval stores to the 
 amount of some S'),0U0,000. There is also a hirge machine- 
 shop capable of employing 2000 men, and turning out every 
 description of iron and copperwork.castings,steam-machinery 
 and onlnance,for the navy. The building covei-s several acres, 
 and the chimney which rise.-* from its centre is 240 feet high. 
 
 Cliarlesto wii is supplied with pure water from Mystic Lake, 
 which is situated in Medford, 5 miles from the city. The 
 water was first introduced November 29, 1864, and is giving 
 a great impetus to manufactures, which consist principally 
 of leather, morocco, sugar, furniture, steel, stoneware, steam- 
 engines, steam-boilers, and machinery. 
 
 Charlestown is memorable for its sufferings during the 
 Revolutionary War. In the early part of the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, fought June 17, 1775, the town was burned by the 
 British. Incorporated a city in l>i47. Pop. in 1860, 2.j,063. 
 
 CHARLES lOWN, a post-village and township of Wash- 
 ington CO.. Rhode Island, on the Stonington and Providence 
 Railroad. 15 miles S.W. of Newport. Within its limits is an 
 Indian settlement, numbering about 100, the last of the 
 powerful tribe of Narragansetts. Incorjiorated in 1738, and 
 named in honor of Charles II. Pop. 981. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, a village and township of Chester CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on Pickering Creek, 12 miles N. of West Ches- 
 ter. 'J'he village contains 2 churches, a cotton factory, and 
 about 20 d« ellings. Pop. of the township. 9fJ4. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN. a post-village of Cecil Co., Maryland, on 
 the North-east River, near its entrance into Chesapeake 
 Bay, about 44 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, aflourishing post-village, capital of Jef- 
 ferson co.,Virginia. on the Winchester and Pfitomac Railroad, 
 168 miles X. of Richmond, 6(1 miles N.W. of Washington, and 
 8 miles S.W. of Harper's Ferry. It is .surrounded by a fertile 
 and beautiful region.and forms part of the\'alley of A^irginia, 
 Colonel Charles Washington, a brother of General Washing- 
 ton, resided at this place and was the proprietor of the land 
 on which the town is built. Charlestown contains 3 or 4 
 churches, 1 academy, 1 bank, and about a dozen stores. 
 Pop. in 1^60. 1376. 
 
 CHA II LESTOWN, a post-village of Franklin co...4rkansas, 
 on the Arkansas River, 110 miles W.N.W. of Little Rock. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, a village of Clark co., Ohio, on the 
 railroad, 40 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, a post-township in the E. central part 
 of Portage co., Ohio. I'op. 835. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, a village of Portage co., Ohio, 6 miles 
 E. of Ravenna. 
 
 CHARLE.STOWN, a township and thriving post-village, 
 capital of Clarke co., Indiana, is situated 2}4 miles from the 
 Ohio River, and 12 miles N.N.E. of Louisviire, in Kentucky. 
 It is surrounded by excellent land, and liius an active busi- 
 ness. It contains a large couit-Uousc , a county seminary, a 
 
 419 
 
CIIA 
 
 CHA 
 
 female high school and 4 or 5 churches. First settled in 
 ISOJi. Top. in .■• SCO, estimated at ItiOO. Pop. of tlie towusliip 
 in 1S60, 3161. 
 C1IARLESTC^V^^ a post-village of Calumet co., Wisconsin. 
 CIIAKLESVILLK, a village of Canada West, co. of Stoi^ 
 mont, on the St. Lawrence, about 110 miles X.E. of Kings- 
 ton. It contains 2 stores. 2 potteries, a potash factory, and 
 several SJiw and grist mills. Pop. about 275. 
 CII.A.KLES'WO'KTH. a h.amlet of England, co. of Derby. 
 CH.VllLETOX, charl'tpn, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dsvon. 
 
 CH.iRLETON, QUEEN, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CHARLEY AL, sha!iMg-rdl', a town of France, department 
 of Eure, 9 miles N.X.W. of Andelys, on the Andelle. Pop. 
 \n 1S52, 1316. Its name is derived from a chateau built by 
 Charles IX. It was originally called Noyo.\-sur-A>delle, 
 no*yAx<^sUR^-5s<'M5ll', from a fortress built by Henry I. of 
 England. 
 
 C^lAKLEA^LLE, shauMe-veel', called LIBREVILLE, 
 !eeli"r*-veel' under the first republic, a town of France, de- 
 partment of -Ardennes, f mile N.N.E. of Mezi^res, with which 
 it communicates by.an avenue and suspension bridge, across 
 the Meuse. Pop. in 1852, 9102. It Is well built, clean, and 
 handsome ; it has a college, an ecclesiastical school, a public 
 library with 22.000 volumL'S, and a theatre. Since the seven- 
 teenth century, when it cejised to bea fortress, it has become 
 thriving, though the national manuEictory of arms has ))een 
 transferred to Tulle and Chatellerault. it has still pretty ex- 
 tensive manufactures of muskets, nailworks, copper found- 
 ries, and tanneries, with a port on the river, and active 
 export trade in wine, spirits, coal, iron, and slates. 
 
 CIIARLEVILLE, shar^le-vil', (anc. Hathgriffan.) a town, 
 parish, municipal borough, and formerly parliamentary bo- 
 rough of Ireland, in Muuster, co. of Cork, 22 miles W.S.W. 
 of Limerick. Pop. of town. 4287. It consists mostly of 4 
 streets, crossing at right angles, and is pretty well built. It 
 gives the title of earl to the Barry family : but the town and 
 vicinity are the property of the Earl of Cork and Ossory. 
 whose mansion here was burnt by the Duke of Berwick, 
 in H 90. 
 
 CUARLEVOI.X, sharMe-voy', an unorganized county in 
 the N. part of Michigan, bordei'iug on Lake Jlicbigan. Area, 
 estimated at 620 square miles. Its outline is indented by 
 Little Traverse Bay. The census of 1860 furnishes no in- 
 formation respecting this count v. 
 
 C II AK'LEi 'S KAXCUO, rin'cho, a post-office of Butte co., 
 California. 
 
 CIIARLIEU, BhaR^euh'. (anc. CSd'i'Z'dc;/.?,) a town of France, 
 department of Loire, 38 miles N.E. of Montbrison. Pop. in 
 1S52, 3984, partly employtnl in manufactures of cotton and 
 linen stulTs. It has ruins of a Benedictine abbey of the 
 eleventh century. 
 
 CII.A.RLOE, charlo, a post-village of Paulding co., Ohio, 
 on the Auglaize River, and on the Miami Canal, 137 miles 
 N.W. of Columbus. It was laid out in 1S40. 
 
 ClI-'i.HLOIS, shaRMwd', a village of the Netherlands, in 
 South Holland, on the Meuse, 2 miles S.S.W. of Rotterdam. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 . CHARLOTTE, sharlot, a county in the S.S.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 550 square miles. Staimton River 
 washes its entire S.W. border. Tlie surfivce is uneven ; the 
 soil is partly fertile and partly poor. The Richmond and 
 Danxille Railroad passes through the county. Formed from 
 Lunenberg in 1794. Capital, .Marysville. Pop. 14,471, of 
 whom 52:i3 were free, and 923S slaves. 
 
 CH.\KLOTTE, a post-tow^nship of Washington CO., Maine, 
 20 miles N.E. of Machiiia. Pop. 611. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, a post-village and township of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, on the E. side of Lake Champlain, and on the 
 Rutland and Burlington Railroail, 11 miles W. of Montpe- 
 lier. Pop. 1689. 
 
 CH AKLOTTE, a township of Chautauqua co., New York, 
 about 15 miles N.E. of .Maysvillo. Pop. 1711. 
 
 CHARLUTTE, formerly PORT GEN E^EE, a post-village 
 of Monroe co.. New York, on Genesee River, at its entrance 
 into Lake Ontario, 7 miles N. of Rochester, with which it is 
 connected by a railroad. It has a stciunboat landing, a cus- 
 tom-house and several warehouses. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, a thriving town, capital of Meckleiiburg 
 CO., North Carolina, on Sugar Creek, 158 miles W..'^.W. of 
 Riileigh. It is one of tlie pinncipal towns in the W. part of 
 the state, and has rapidly increased for a few years past, in 
 consequence of the gold mines which have been opened in 
 the vicinity. A branch mint has been established liere for 
 the purpose of coining the gold. This town is the tcrmiinis 
 of the Charlotte and South Carolina R.ailroad, and of the 
 Central Railroad of North Carolina, both of which have 
 been completed. It contains several churches, 2 newspaper 
 ottices, and 2 banks. A plank-road, 120 miles long, extends 
 to Fayetteville. Pop. 2265. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, a post-village, capital of Dickson en., Ten- 
 nessee, on til* road from Nashville to Memphis, 38 miles W. 
 of Niialiville. It contains about 200 inhabitants. 
 CHARLOTTE, a post-village, capital of Eaton co., Michi- 
 420 
 
 gan. about 20 miles S.W. of Lansing, and 2 miles N. of Bat 
 tie Creek. 
 ■ CHARLOTTE, a postroffice.of Clinton co.. Iowa. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, a post-office Of Grant co., ^\ isconsin. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, a maritime county in the S.W. pjirt of New 
 Brunswick, bounded on the S. by the Bay of iuudy and 
 Pti.'isamaquoddy Bay, and on the W. and S.W. by Maine, 
 from which it is separated by the St. Croix River. Nume- 
 rous indentations mark the coast, off which are the Grand 
 .Manan, Campo Bello and Deer Islands, belonging to tliia 
 county. The soil is fertile, but the greater part of the 
 county, however, is covered with forests. The chief in- 
 dustry of the inhabit.ints is directed to commerce, ship- 
 building, and the lisheries. Charlotte, next to St. Johns, is 
 the most populous county in New Brunswick. Capital, St. 
 Andrews. Pop. in 1S,51, 19.938. 
 
 CHARLOTTE AMALIE.' shar'lott/ S-mane-eh, or ST. 
 THOM.\S, seut-tom'as, a town of the Danish West Indies, 
 capital of the island of St. Thomas. Pop. in 1847, 10.100, 
 of whom 2100 were slaves. It is built chiefly on throe liills, 
 which are so many spurs of a high moxintain that rise* 
 directly behind the city. It h.ns an excellent harbor, and an 
 exten.<ive trade. It is defendetl by the citadel of Christian's 
 Fort, and 2 batteries. The town has a Lutheran, a Roman 
 Catholic, an English, and a Dutch Refonned church, a Jewish 
 synagogue, a chapel for the Moiavian Brothers, and a local 
 and an English colonial bank. See St. Thomas. 
 
 CHARLOTTE CENTRE, a post-office of Chautauqua co., 
 New York. 
 
 CHARLOTTE COURT-HOUSE. See M.\RTSvaLE. 
 
 CHARLOTTE HALL, a post-village in St. Mary's co., Ma- 
 ryland, about 45 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 CUAKLOTTE HARBOR or BOCA GRANDE, boTil grdn'- 
 di, on the AV. coast of Florid-a, sheltered from the sea by 
 several islands. It is about 25 miles long, and from 8 to 10 
 miles wide, but very shoal, having a depth of only 10 or 12 
 feet. The entrance, which is about three-fourths of a mile 
 wide, and 6 fathoms deep, lies tetween Boca Grande Key 
 and Gasperillo B.iy. This harbor is noted for producing the 
 finest oysters and the greatest variety offish, wild-fowl.. and 
 deer of any upon the whole coast. ., 
 
 CH.VRLOTTE ISLANDS. See Queen Charlotte's I.«K>fBS, 
 
 CHARLOTTENBRUNX, shaR-lot/tfn-broi5n\ a town of 
 Prussian Silesia, 42 miles S.W. of Breslau. with mineral 
 springs and baths. Pop. 1070. It has manufactures of 
 linens and cottons. 
 
 CHARLOTTENBURG, shaR-lot/tfn-bo(5RG\ a town of Prus- 
 sia, province of Brandenburg, on the left bank of the Spree, 
 o miles W". of Berlin, with which it communicates by a 
 straight avenue, bordered by villas. Pop. 7290, partly 
 employed in steam cotton mills, cotton print-works, manu- 
 factures of h(xsiery. &c. It is haud.somely built, and has 
 2 royal palaces, and a park with statues of the elector 
 Frederick William and his son Frederick I., and a monu- 
 ment to Louisa of Prussia, con.sort of the late king. It is a 
 favorite place of holidav resort for the population of Berlin. 
 
 CHARLOTTE KIVEK, an affluent of the East Branch of 
 the Susquehanna, forms part of the boundai-y lictween Ot- 
 secro. Schoharie, and Delaware counties. New York. 
 
 CHARLOTTESVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co.. New 
 York, about 30 miles from Albany. It is the seat of the New 
 York Conference Seminary, attended by aliout 1000 pupils. 
 
 CHARL0rrESVlLLE,"shar'l9ts-vil. a flourishing town, 
 capital of Albemarle co.. Virginia, on the right bank of the 
 liivanna River, and on the Central Railroad, SI miles W. by 
 N. of Richmond, and 123 miles S.W. of Washington. It is 
 beautifully situated in a fertile valley, and Is connected by 
 railroad with Richmond and other towns. One mile W. of 
 the town is the University of Virginia, which was f lunded 
 in 1819, under the auspices of Thom.is Jefferson, and is 
 endowed by the state. An observatory is attached to 
 this institution; it had in l.s62 about 400 students. Monti- 
 cello, the residence of Jefferson, who was a native of Albe- 
 marle county, is 3 miles distant. Charlottesville contain* 
 churches of the Presbytcrian.s, Episcopalians. Riptists, and 
 Methodists, 2 banks, and 4 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1860, 
 about 3000. 
 
 C11.\RL0TTESVILLE, a post-village in Hancock co., In- 
 dianiu on the Indiana Central Railroad, about 30 miles K 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 CHAR'LOTTE-TOWN. the capital of Prince Edward I.sl.ind, 
 British America, and of Queens co.. on Hillsborough River, 
 near the southern coa.st. with one of the best harU)rsin the 
 adjacent seas. Lat. 46° 15' N., Ion. 63° 7' W. Pop. 47 17. It 
 is well built on gently rising ground. The prlncip.il edi- 
 fices are the government buildings. Episcopal and Scotch 
 churches several chapels, the barracks, and a fort. It has 
 an academy endowed with 270*. a year, a national school, an 
 iron foundry, a manufactory of coarse woollens and ship- 
 buildinx yards. 
 
 CH.\RLOTTE-TOWN, the capital of Dominica, one of the 
 West India islands, on its western coast, '21 mile.') S.E. of 
 Prince Ruperts Bav. See Domixioa. 
 
 CHARLTON, an island of British North America, in 
 James's Bay. Lat 52° N., Ion. 79^ 50' W. 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CITARL'TO>f, a parish of England, co. of Kent, IJ- miles 
 N.E. of Dover. Pop. 2513. 
 
 CII.'VKI/ro.V, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 2^ miles 
 N.E. of Malmesbury. Pop. 68.3. 
 
 CIIARLT().\, a post-township of Worcester co., >fassachu- 
 Bctts. alioiit 12 miles S.W. of Worcester. Pop. 2047. 
 
 CU.\lU/rON, a post-township of Saratoga co.,New York, 
 25 mi les N .N.W. of All)any. Pop. 1752. 
 
 CH.A^KL'TOX-AB'BOTS, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 CII ARIVTON AD'AM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CIIAltLTON DEPOT, a post-office of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 CnAKLTOX-IIOnETirORNE, charl'tonh5r'thom, a par 
 rish of England, co. of 'Somerset. 
 
 Cn AKJ/J'OX, KINGS, a parish of England,co. of Gloucester. 
 
 CHAKLTON-MACK'HEL, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CIIARLTON-MAR'SIIALL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 CIIAKL/TON-MUS'GKAVE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 ClIAKI.n.'ON-NEXT-WOOL'WICir, a parish and village 
 of England, co. of Kent. 8 miles S.E. of London. Pop. 2055. 
 The village is picturesqvjely situated on elevated ground 
 near the Thames. It has an interesting church, and a 
 stately manor-house in the Elizabethan style. There is a 
 fair on St. Luke's day, called " Horn Fair," from the 
 custom of carrying small horns, probably in honor of St. 
 Luke's bull, and formerly notorious for rather indecent 
 niumuieries, which gave rise to the saying "All is fair at 
 Horn Fair." 
 
 CIIAKLTOX-ON-OIVMOOR, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 CIIARL'TON-WEST'PORT, a pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 CUARiyWOOD. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CIlAVLY, sharHee', several villages of France; the chief 
 In the department of Aisne, 42 miles S.S.W. of Laon. Pop. 
 in 1S6'2. 1076. 
 
 CIIAR'LYNCII. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CIIARMES-SUR-MOSELLE, shaum-sUR-moVill', a town 
 of France, department of Vosges, on the Moselle, here 
 ti-ossed by a bridge of ten arches. 15 miles N.AV. of Kpinal. 
 Pop. in 1S5'2, 3037. It has manufactures of lacs, and exten- 
 sive tanneries. 
 
 CHAKMEY, shan'mA', (Ger. Galmis. gdl'mis.) a parish and 
 village of Switzerland. 14 miles S. of Freyburg. in the high 
 valley of the same name, in which the finest of the cele- 
 brated Gruvdre cheese is made. 
 
 CIIAR/MIASTER, a parish of Endand. co. of Dorset. 
 
 ClIAR/MOUTII, a parish and village of England, co. of 
 Dorset, at the mouth of the small river Char, in the English 
 Channel, 2 miles M,E. of Lyme-Kegis. Pop. 620. The vil- 
 lage is a pleasant watering-place. In 1839, severe shocks 
 of an earthquake occurred in this vicinity, in some parts 
 leaving the surface rent by huge chasms. Fossil remains 
 are abundant. 
 
 CHAHNEUX. shaR'nuh', a village of lielgium. 10 miles E. 
 of Liege. Pop. 2:500. It has manufactories of cloth, and the 
 ancient abbey of Val-Dieu. 
 
 CllAR'NOCK-IIEATII, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 CHAltNOCK-RICHARD, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 CHARNY, shaR^nee', a town of France, department of 
 Yonne, 15 miles S.W. of Joigny. Pop. in 1852, 1448. 
 
 ClIARil, chj'ro, (anc. MaUatzinlgo.) a town of the Mexi- 
 can Confederation, state of Michoacan, at the foot of the 
 Sierra Otzumatlan, upward of 0000 feet above the sea-level. 
 It carries on a considerable commerce. Pop. 3800. 
 
 CIIAROLAIS. See Charolois. 
 
 CII.'VROLLKS. shdVoU'. a town of France, department of 
 Pa6ne-et-ljoire, 28 miles W.N.W. of Macon. Pop. in 1852, 
 3470. It stands between two hills, one crowned by a ruined 
 castle of the Counts of Charolois. It is well built, and has 
 a chamber of commerce, a manufactory of crucibles, iron- 
 works, and trade in cattle, wine, and grain. 
 
 CHAROLOIS or CIIAROLAIS, shdVoU.'l'. an old subdi- 
 vision of France in the province of Burgundy, now com- 
 prised in the department of Sadne-et^Loire. Its capital was 
 Charolles. 
 
 CH.\RONNE, shdVonn', a village of France, department 
 of Seine, arrondissement of St. Denis, adjoining Paris on the 
 E. Pop. in 1852, 6850. It has manufactories of chemical pro- 
 ducts, wax-candles, and colors. 
 
 CIIAROST, shd^-ost/. a town of France, department of 
 Cher. 15 miles S.W. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, lo05. 
 
 CII.^^RPEY, shaR^A', a town of France, department of 
 'he DrOine. 9 miles E. of Valence. . Pop. in 1S52. 2842. 
 
 CHAKRClUX. shaR^Roo', a town of France, department of 
 Vienne. .30 miles S. of Poitiers. Pop. in 185'2, 1787. Here are 
 the remains of a monastery founded in 785. and which was 
 richly endowed by Charlemagne, but destroyed during the 
 religious wars. 
 
 CHARS, shaR. a town of France, department of the 
 Seine-et-Oise. 11 miles N.AV. of Pontoise, on the Yiosne It 
 was formerly fortified, and has an old castle. 
 
 CHARS/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CIIARSIIUMBA, rhar-shftmlia. written CHARSHAXRA 
 or TCHERCHKMBKH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pas-halic 
 of Room. 10 miles from the mouth of the Yesbil Irmak, 
 (called also CharshambAh-Soo.) on the Black .'^ea, lat. 41° 
 11' N., Ion. 30° 40' E. The greater number of the houses are 
 surrounded by gardens, and the land iu the vicinity is 
 fertile and well cxiUivated. 
 
 CHARn'ER-HOUSE-HINTON, a parish of England, co. 
 of Somer.set. 
 
 CHART, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CHARTIIAM, chart'am. a parish of England, co. of 
 Kent. 
 
 CHARTIERS, char't<>ers, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 3075. 
 
 CHARTIERS, a post-township of Wi\«hingtoii co., Penn- 
 sylvania, '22 miles S.W. of Pittsburg, drained by ChartierH 
 Creek. Pop. 2445. 
 
 CHARTIKRS'S CREEK, Pennsylvania, rises in Washing- 
 ton CO., and flows into the Ohio River, 4 miles below Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 CHART, LITTLE, a parish of England, co, of Kent, 
 
 CHART NE.YT SUTTON-VAL/ENCE, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO, of Kent, 
 
 CH AUTRE, La, lishaRt'r, a town of Fi-ance, department 
 of Sarthe, on the Loire, 25 miles S.E. of Le Slans. Pop. in 
 185'2, 1613. It trades in cattle and grain. 
 
 CHARTRES. shaRt'r, (anc. An'triciim,) a city of France, 
 capital of the department of Eure-et-Ijoir, on a steep derli- 
 vitv beside the Eure. 47 miles S.W. of Paris: lat. 48° 26' 
 53" N.. Ion. 1° '29' 20" E. Pop. in 1852. 18,234, It is mostly 
 ill built; the only remarkable edifices are the celebrated 
 Gothic cathedral, the most perfect in France, two other 
 remarkable churches, an episcopal palace, vast barracks, 
 occupying an old convent, a theatre, some portions of its 
 old fortification.s. comprising two gates: and in one of the 
 S(iuares is an obelisk to the memory of General JIarceau, 
 born at Chartres in 1760. It has a society of agriculture, a 
 public libiliry of 40.000 volumes ; manufactories of hosiery, 
 hats, and leather: 7)(Ws in great repute; and its weekly 
 markets on Thursday and Saturday are the largest in 
 France for corn and flour. Chartres was long held by the 
 English, from whom it was taken by Dunois in ]4.'i2. In 
 its cathedral St, Bernard preached the Second Crusade in 
 1 1 45. 1 1 gave the title of duke to the late eldest sun of Louis- 
 Philippe. 
 
 CHARTREUSE, France. See Grande Chartreuse. 
 
 CIIAR'WAH\ a town of India, Hindostiin, province of 
 Candeish, Gwalior dominions, 67 miles N.E. of Boorhan- 
 poor. 
 
 CHARnVELTON, a parish of England, eo. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 CHARYBDIS, a whirlpool. See Gai.ofaro. 
 
 ClIASiyLEY', a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 CHASE MILLS, a post-office of St. I^awrence co , New 
 York. 
 
 CHASE'VILLE, a post-ofRce of Murr.ay co., Georgia. 
 
 CHASEVILLE. a post-villiige of Benton co., Tennessee, 
 on Birdsong Creek. 70 miles W. of Nashville. 
 . CHAS.MA or CHASSMA, "kAffmL a river of Military 
 Croatia, after a tortuous westerly course of 55 miles, joins 
 the Lonya, 16 miles S,W. of Bellovar. Near their junction 
 is the village of Chasma, with 450 inhabitants. 
 
 CHASSELAS. shds'seh-li'. a village of France, department 
 of Saone-et-Loire, arrondissement, and 8 miles S.W. of 
 Mficon. Pop. 360. It gives its name to the celebrated table- 
 grapes, 5000 or 6000 baskets of which are sent weekly in 
 autumn to the markets of Paris. 
 
 CHASSENEUIL, shS.s'seh-nuh'ye or sh3sWn€l', a town 
 of France, department of Charente, 16 miles S.W. of Confo- 
 lens. Pop. in 1862, 2321. There are also villages of the same 
 name in the departments of Indre and Vienne. 
 
 CHASSERAL, shds'seh-rdl', a mountain of one of the 
 culminating points of the Jura range in Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Bern, 9 miles W. of Bienne, elevation of 5'280 feet. 
 
 CHASSERON, sh4sVh-r6N"', a mountain of the Jura 
 range, between the French departnujut of Doubs and the 
 Swiss canton of the Vaud, 6 miles N.W. of Y'verdun. 
 
 CHAS/TLETON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CHATAUQUE. See Chautauqua. 
 
 CHAT'BUKN, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 CHA-TCIK )U. See Sua Tciioo. 
 
 CH.\TEAUBRIANT, sha-tonjre-5s<'', a town of France, 
 department of the Loire-Inferieure. 35 miles N.N.E.of Nantes. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4064. It is built around the remains of a 
 ca.stle founded in 1015; it has manufactories of woollen 
 stuffs, and confectionary iu high repute, with trade in iron, 
 timber, oil. and corn. 
 
 CHATEAU CHAI-ON, shaHo' sh^'l^N"', a town of France, 
 department of Jura. 6 miles E. of Lons-le-Saulnier, on the 
 Seille. l^xcellent wine is produced in its vicinity. It had 
 formerly an abbey. 
 
 421 
 
 I 
 
CHA 
 
 cnA 
 
 CHaTE-N'J-CHIXON. sM'to' shee^nfe<^, a town of France, I 
 eepiirtmot.t of Nifivre. in a mountainous district, near the 
 i'oune. 37 miles E. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852, 2ii02. It was 
 formerly fortified, and has a ruined castle. Its inhabitants 
 weave some coarse woollens, and trade in wine and wool. 
 
 CUaTEAU-DUJX, sha'to'-dix. or CII.aTEAU DOYES, 
 shaHo' dw3 a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 22 
 n.iles E. ol I *usanne, on the ri:.;ht bank of the Sarine. 
 Top. 2010. It has important cattle fairs, and ruins of the 
 ancient chdt.>au o' (he Counts of Gruvere. 
 
 CII.\TEAU-DC-3 OIK, sha'to' du IwdR, a town of France, 
 department of Sarthe, on a hill, 23 miles S.S.E. of Le Mans, 
 neiir the Loire. Pop. in 1852, 30S0. It has manufactoiies 
 of linens, cotton twist, and leather; and also carries on a 
 brisk trade in grraiu and chestnuts. 
 
 CH.aTEAUDUN, sha'tOMuxo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Eure-et-Loir, near the Loir. 26 -miles S.S.AV. of 
 Chartres. Pop. in 1S52, 0745. It is handsome, having been 
 almost wholly rebuilt since it wa.s destroyed by fire in 1723. 
 It has a castle, partly of the tenth century, a town-hall, a 
 communal college, and a small putilic libi-ary. There are 
 also tanneries and manufactories of blankets. 
 
 CIIATE.\UGAY, shat'o-jri', a river which rises in the 
 eastern part of Franklin co.. Xew York, and passing through 
 a lake of its own name, falls into the St. Lawrence Kiver in 
 Canada, 5 or 6 miles below La Chiue. 
 
 CHATEAUGAY, a post-township of Franklin CO., New 
 Y'ork. 12 miles N.E. of Slalone. is drained bj' the river of 
 the same name, and crossed by the Northern Kaili-oad. 
 Pop. 3183. 
 
 CHATEAUGAY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Beiiuharnois. on the Chateaugay River, 24 miles S. of Mont- 
 real, with which it has steambCKit and railway communica- 
 tion by the way of Lachiiie. It contains a church, 8 stores, 
 and several hotels. Pop. about 650. 
 
 CHATEAUGAY LAKE, in Clinton CO., New York, is 
 from 3 to 4 miles long. 
 
 CIIaT£.\UGIKON, sha'tiyzhee'riN"', a town of France, 
 department of lUe-et-Yjlaine. 9 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 
 in 1852, 1638. It was formerly fortified, andhas manufac- 
 tories of cottons. 
 
 CIIATEAU-GONTIER. shrto/gANoHe-.-l/, a town of France, 
 on the Maveune, here crossed by a stone bridge, 17 miles 
 S.S.E. of Laval. Pop. in 1852, 0799. It has a fine Gothic 
 church, several hospitals, and manufactories of linen and 
 woollen fabrics, and bleach-grounds ; it is the entrepSt for 
 the wine, slate, coal, &c. of the department. 
 
 CU.\TEAUGUAY' See Chateaugat. 
 
 CIIaTEAU-IIAUT-BKIOX, shdHo' ho bre'(!)N<=', a hamlet 
 of France, dep-irtment of the Gironde. arrondissement of 
 Libourne, with an exten.sive vineyard, producing one of the 
 four finest growths of Uordeaux wine. 
 
 CUATE.4U-LAK1TTE, shaHiV-ia^feet/, a hamlet of France, 
 department of Gironde, arrondissement of Lesparre, with a 
 small vineyard, produ iug one of the four finest growths of 
 Bordeaux wine. It yi,-ld8 al out 400 honsheads annually, 
 
 CUaTEAU-LAXDuX, shaHo'-lfi.NoMis'e', a town of France, 
 department of Seiue-et-ifarue, 16 miles S. of Fontainebleau. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2517. 
 
 CIIaTEAU-LATOUR, shaMo'-ld'tooR/, two contiguous 
 vineyards of France. dep.irtment and on the Gironde. near 
 Pauillac, and which yield some of the finest growths of cla- 
 ret wine. 
 
 CHATEAU LA VALLIBRE. shaHo' li vSrie-aiR/. a market- 
 town of France, department of Indre-et-Loii-e, 19 miles N.W. 
 of Tours. Pop. in 1852, 1400. 
 
 CHATEAU. LK, leh sha'tii', or CHATEAU D'OLEROX, 
 Bhd^to' do'LVrANt^. a fortified seaport town of Fi-ance, depart-' 
 mentof Charente-Inferieure, 6 miles N.^V. of Marennes, on 
 the S.E. point of the island of Oleron. Pop. in 1852, 2869. 
 It has a citadel, and trade in salt, wine, and brandy. 
 
 CHATEAULIN, sha'toMi.No', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Finist^re, oh the Aulne, 13 miles N. of Quimper. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2849. 
 
 CHaTEAU-MARGAUX. sha^o'-maR'gS', a famous vine- 
 yard of France, department, and on the Gironde, 14 miles 
 N .\V. of Bordeaux. It produces one of the finest growths of 
 claret wine. The villa, whence its name, belongs to the 
 heirs of the Spanish Msirquis d'Agtiado. 
 
 CHaTEAUMKILLAXT. .sba'to'mdVSx"'. a town of France, 
 department of Cher. 21 miles S.S.E. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 
 303;>. It has an old castle. 
 
 CHaTKAUXEUF DE MAZEN'C. shaHo'nif'dehma'zSxo', 
 ■\ town of France, department of Di-ome, 9 miles E. of Mon- 
 t61iniart. Pop. 1698. 
 
 CHATEAUXEUF DE RANDON, shaHS^nuf dgh r5x«^ 
 dA.N*'. a town of France, department of I>oz6re. 12 miles X.E. 
 of Mende. Pop. 607. It was formerly tbrtified, and has 9 
 annual tairs. The famous Duguesclin died in 1380, while 
 besieging Chateauneuf de itandon, then in possession of the 
 English. 
 
 CHATEAUNEUF DU FAOU. shaHO'nif dU fd'oo', a town 
 of France, department of Kiuistere, on the Aulne, 17 miles 
 N.K. of Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 2815, 
 
 CHaTKAUXEUF UU RHONE, shaHo^nif dU rOn, a 
 42-,i 
 
 town of France, department of Di-6me, 5 miles S. of Mont^ 
 limart. on the Rhone, opposite A"iviers. Pop. in 1852, 1450. 
 Commerce in red wine. 
 
 CHaTEACXEUF ex BEETAGXE. sha'to'nrf fts" breh- 
 t3fi'. a fortified town of France, department of Ille-et-Vi- 
 laine. 6 miles S.E. of St. Malo. Pop. in 1852, 810. 
 
 CHaTEAUXEUF ex TIIYMERAIS, sha'to'nuf/a.vtee'- 
 m.'lM-i', a town of France, department of Euro-et-Loir, 15 
 mile.s N.W. of Chartres. Pop. in 1^52. 1352. 
 
 CHaTEAUXEUF SUR CHAltEXTE.shaMo'nrf sUr shS'- 
 rAx"', a town of France, department, and on theCh.ireute. 11 
 miles W.S.W. of Angonleme. Pop. in 1852. 3030. It has a 
 trade in brand\-, wine, and salt, and a large market on the 
 16th dav of each month. 
 
 CHaTEAUXEUF SUR CHER, Sh4'to'nif' sUr sh^R, a 
 town of France, department, and on an island in the Cher, 
 12 miles N.W. of St. Amand, Pop. in 1S52. 27i.iO. 
 
 CHaTEAUXUF SUR LOIRE, sha'to'nvf sUe 1w5r. a 
 town of France, department of Loiret, 14 miles E.SJ;. ot Or- 
 leans. Pop. in 1852, 3237. 
 
 CHaTEAUXEUF SUR SARTHE. sha'tS'nuf/ stiR saRt. a 
 town of I ranee, department of jfaine-et-Loire, 15 miles 
 N.X.E. of Angers, on the Sarthe. Pop. in 1852. 1326. 
 
 CHaTEAUXEUF YAL DE BARGIS. shaHo'nuf yi\ deh 
 baR^zhee'. a town of France, department of Xievre. arron- 
 dissement. and 16 miles S.E. of Cosne. Pop. in 1S52. 2288. 
 
 CHaTEAU-POXSAT. shaHo'-pAx'^Nsa'. a town of France, 
 department of Ilaute-Vienne, 9 miles E. of Bellac, on the 
 Gartempe. Pop. 3^22. 
 
 CHaTE.\U-1'0KCIEN, sha'to'-poR'se-Sxo', a town of 
 France, department of Ardennes, on the Aisne, 26 miles 
 S.W. of Mezieres. Pop. in 1852. 2595. 
 
 CHaTEAU-REXARD, sha'to'-reh'naR/. a town of France, 
 department of Loiret, 10 miles E.S.E. of Montargis. Pop. 
 1477. 
 
 CHaTEAU-RENARD, a town of France, department of 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, 19 miles N.E. of Aries, near the Du- 
 rance. Pop. in 1852. 5-320. It has the remains of a csistle 
 of the twelfth centurv. 
 
 CHaTEAU-KENAULT, shfiM&'reh'no'. a town of France, 
 department of Indre-et-Loire, on the Brenne. 17 miles X.E 
 of Tours. Pop. in 1852, 3270. Manufactures coarse woollens. 
 Its castle was founded in the eleventh century. 
 
 CHaTE.\UROUX. sbS.Ho^roo', a town of Fran?e. capital 
 of the department of Indre, in a pl.Hin on the Indre. and at 
 the terminus of the railway from Oileans. 01 miles S.E. of 
 Tours. Pop. in 1852, 15.931. It was formerly a miserable 
 looking place, but has been greatly improved since 1820. 
 Principal edifice, the Castle, (long the prison of the Princess 
 of Conde. niece of Richelieu.) which now serves for the town- 
 hall. It is the seat of a court of assize, chambers of com- 
 merce and manufactures, and a society of arts and agricul- 
 ture. Manuf.ictures comprise strong woollens, in which 
 from ISOO to 2tl00 hands are engaged, cutlery, hats, hosiery, 
 pajjer, parchment, and military e<iuipments; it has also an 
 active trade in woollen yarn, leather, iron, cattle, and litho- 
 graphic stones of superior quality. It was the birthplace 
 of General Bertrand. 
 
 CHATKAUROUX, a village of France, department of 
 Hautes-Alpes, 3 miles X.X.E. of Embrun. Pop. 1772. 
 
 CHaTEAU-SALIXS, shaM<J'-sd'lllx<--'.atown of France, de- 
 partment of Meurthe, 17 miles X.E. of Xancy. Pop. in 1852, 
 2424. It has some remains of fortifiattions, and a castle of 
 the thirteenth century, to which, and to some government 
 Siilt-works. abandoned in 1820, it owes its name. 
 
 OHaTEAU-THIKRRY, shaHiy-te-ftR'Ree', a town of 
 France, department of Aisne. capital of the arrondissement, 
 on the Marne. across which it communicates with a con- 
 siderable suburb, by a bridge of three arche.s, 37 miles 
 S.S.^V. of Ivjton, Pop. in 1852, 56-29. it stands on a decli- 
 vity, crowned by the remains of a vast castle founded by 
 Charles Martel in 720. for Thierry lY., whence its name. It 
 is the birthplace of La Fonfctine, and has a marble monu- 
 ment to his memory. 
 
 CHaTEAU-YILLAIN, shS'to'-veeriSxo'. a town of France, 
 department of Haute-Marne, 11 miles S.W. of Chaumont. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2080. 
 
 CHAT-EL-AKAB. See Shat-ei-.^rab. 
 
 CH.\TEL.\UDREN, sha'tJlVdrdx"'. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Cotes-du-Xord, 10 miles W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 
 1852. 1367. It has manufactures of coarse woollen stuffs. 
 
 CHaTELDOX, .thaHtTdAx<^. a town of France, department 
 of Puy-de-Dome. 9 miles X. of Thiers. Pop. in 1852. 1691. 
 
 CH.aTELKT. sha'tJi-l;i/, a town of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut. on the ri/ht bank of the Sambre, 4 miles E. of 
 Charleroi. Pop. 2971. It has manufactures of woollen 
 cloth and leather, 
 
 CH.\TELKT, Le, leh shfi'teh-lA', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cher, 11 miles S.S.W. of St. Amand. Pop. in 1852, 
 1583. 
 
 CHATELLERjVULT.sha't^irwy.a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Yienne. capital of the arrondissement, on tho Yi- 
 enne. across which it communi -Htes with a suburb by a 
 stone bridge. 18 miles X.X.i;. of Poitiers. Po,>. 1852, 12,4;« 
 It is one of the principal seats of the manufiicture of Fnjucb 
 
CIIA 
 
 cutlery, the production of which occupies about 600 families. 
 It has ail old castle, (whence its name.) a theatre, exchaiifie. 
 hospital, national manutactory of arms, and a Ltrge trade in 
 milliitones, wines, dried fruits, and agricultural produce. 
 James Ilamiltort^ the second Karl of Arran, Itegent of Scot- 
 land, received the dukedom of Chatellerault from Henry II., 
 in 154S. lis the price of his consent to the marriage of his 
 ward. Queen .Mary, with the Dauphin Francis. 
 
 CHaTKL ST. DEXIS. shaH^l' sl.N" deh-nee'. a Tillage of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 23 miles ti.W. of Freyburg, with a 
 castle on the Vevaise River, here cros.sed by a stone bridge. 
 
 CUaTEL .ST. DENIS SUK .MOSELLE, shaHjl' sJn° deh'- 
 nee' sUii mo'zSU'. a town of France, department of Jipinal, 
 on the Muselle, 10 miles N. of Vosges. I'op. 1255. 
 
 CH.^TELUS, shaHeh-lUce', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Creuse, 12 miles X.E. of Gueret. Top. in 1852, 1345. 
 
 CIIaTEN.W, shaHeh-n.V, a village of France, department 
 of Seine, 5 miles S.S.VV. of Paris. It was the birthplace of 
 Voltaire. 
 
 CHaTEXOIS, sha'teh-nw^, a town of France, department 
 of 15as-Khin, 25 miles' S.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 
 404-;. 
 
 CHaTEXOIS, a village of France, department of Ilaut- 
 Ehin. 5 miles S. of ISelfort. Pop. 1128. 
 
 C1I.\TKX0IS, a town of France, department of Tosges, 7 
 miles S.E. of Xeufchateau. Pop. 1593. Manufactures lace. 
 
 CIIAT'FIELD, a post-township of Crawford cc, Ohio. 
 Pop. i-i:;o. 
 
 CIIATII.A.JI, chafam, a parliamentary borough, river 
 port, naval arsenal, town, and parish of England, on the E. 
 bank of the Medway, and on the old London and Dover 
 road, 30 miles E.S.E. of London. Poj). of parliamentary bo- 
 rough in 18G1. .36,177. It consi.sts cliietly of one long, nar- 
 row, winding street, forming a continuation of the city of 
 Rochester, and mostly accompanying the course of the 
 Medway, which here begins to widen into its estuary. It 
 is flanked on the E. and S. by heights partly built on. and 
 crowned with several forts. The town is well paved and 
 lighted, and has many good shops ; but, with the exception of 
 its noble dock-yard and handsome military suburb of 15romp- 
 ton. it presents little worthy of notice. Principal edifices, 
 the parish church, a modern building, embodying a small 
 part of the origiu.il Norman structure; a charity ho.spital, 
 reputed to have been founded by Bishop Oundulph in 1078, 
 with an annual revenue of 3000?. ; a small seamen's hospi- 
 tal, revenue AiU. ; a proprietary school, and a literary iii- 
 stitutiiin, with a museum. The military and naval esta- 
 blishments, separated from the town and the country 
 beyond by a line of fortificati:ms, compri.se large and very 
 handsome infantry, marine, engineer, and artillery barracks, 
 a school for engineers, and a noble marine hospital, the 
 dock-yard and arsenal, founded in the reign of Elizabeth, 
 and now surrounded by a wall enclosing 90 acres. The 
 dock-yard, inferior only to those of Portsmouth and Ply- 
 mouth, contains 5 tide-docks, and 6 building-slips for ves- 
 sels of the largest size, with saw mills, forges, m.ichinery- 
 works, roperies, &c. ; the latter has ordnauce-r.anges, an 
 armory, officers' and artificers' quarters, and a chapel. 
 Moored in the river opposite, are hulks for convicts, who 
 labor in the yard. The population of Chatham is almost 
 entirely engaged in the military and .naval establishments, 
 or in the retail trade arising out of the presence of the 
 government-works. The borough has no municipiil juris- 
 diction, but it now Sends one member to the House of 
 Commons. In the last century it gave the title of earl to 
 the celebrated statesman, the elder Pitt. In 1C67,, the 
 Dutch, under Du Huyter, sailed up the Medway, and. in 
 spite of the forts on its banks, succeeded in burning many 
 vessels and stores. 
 
 CH.4.T'HAM. a county in the central part of North Caro- 
 lina, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is travei-sed 
 by the Haw and Deep Rivers, which unite in the S.E. part 
 and form the Cape Fear; it is also drained by Rocky and 
 New Hope Rivers. The surface is diversified; the soil is 
 generally clayey and productive. Extensive beds of stone 
 coal have recently been opened in the county, near Deep 
 River. This stream has been rendered navigable by small 
 b<^ats as high as the coal-mines. A plank-road is in progress 
 thivugh this county, from Deep River to the Central Rail- 
 road. Organized in 1770, (tnd named in honor of the illus- 
 trious statesman and orator William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. 
 Capital, Pittborimgh. Pop. 19,101, of whom 12,855 were 
 free, and 6246 slaves. 
 
 CH.vniAM, a county forming the E. extremity of Geor- 
 gia, bordering on the sea, has an area of 358 sijuare miles. 
 The Savannah River forms its boundary on the N.E., and 
 the Ogeeclieo on the S.W. The siirfiice is level, and partly 
 occupied by swamps. The soil near the rivers is rich, ad.apt- 
 ed to the cultivation of rice; other parts are sandy and 
 Bterile. It is intersected by the Central Railroad. Chat- 
 ham is the most populous county in the state. Cajiital, 
 Savannah. Pop. 31,043, of whom 16,236 were free, and 14,807 
 slaves. 
 
 Cll.\TIIAM, a township of Carroll CO., New Hampshire, 
 70 mile* N li of Concord. Pop. 489. 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHATn.\5I. .1 post-village and township of Barnstable co^ 
 Massiiclin.setts, at the S.E. e.xtremity of Cape Cod mi mile* 
 S.E. of Boston, on a tine harbor inside of Chatham Botcl. 
 The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the coaat tradtt 
 fisheries, and the manufacture of salt. In 1851, ti^ere werft 
 
 19 vessels, tons 1346, belonging to the town, and employing 
 230 persons, engaged in the mackerel fishery ; and, <!uVing 
 the year 1852, 5769% barrels of mackerel wer-< inspected. 
 Pop. 2710. 
 
 CHATHAM, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Connecticut, on the E. side of the Connecticut River, about 
 17 miles S. l>y E. of Hartford. It is noted for the manufac- 
 ture of bells. Pop. 1766. 
 
 CHATHAM, a post-villago and township of Columbia co.,' 
 New York, 18 miles S. liy E. of Albany, is intersected by tha 
 Western Railroad. Pop. 4163. 
 
 CHATHAM, a handsome post-village and township of 
 Morris co.. New Jersey, on the Passaic River, and on the 
 Morris and Essex Railroad, 16 miles AV. of Newark. It 
 liiis 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and several stores. Pop. 
 2968. 
 
 CHATHAM, a post-villago of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the turnpike from Lancaster to Wilmington, in Dela- 
 ware, about 6S miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 CHATHAM, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1683. 
 
 CHATHAM, a small post-village of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 CHATHAM, a township of Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 1160. 
 
 CHATHAM, a post-village of SiUigamon co., Illinois, on 
 the Alton and Springfield Railroad', 10 miles S.S.W. of 
 Sjiringfleld, is surrounded by a rich farming district, and 
 has several stores. Pop. 278. 
 
 CHATH.\M, a post-oflice of Bucli.anan co., Iowa. 
 
 CHATH.\M, a post-office of M" right Co., Minnesota. 
 
 CHATHAM, a post-village anil township of Canada East, 
 CO. of Two .Mountains, on tlie Ottawa River, 52 miles W. of 
 Montreal. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores, a chemical es- 
 tablishment, 2 carding-mills,a machine for cutting shingles, 
 and about 8 saw and grist-mills. Poj). of the townshi]), 3100. 
 
 CHATHAM, a post-town of Canada West, capital of Kent 
 CO., on the river Thames, and on the Great Western Railway, 
 67 miles S.W. of London. It has agencies of the Bank of 
 Upper Canada, the Government Bank, of 3 fire, marine and 
 life assurance companies, and contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 4 or 5 churche.s, 2 printing offices. 2 chemists and 
 druggists, 2 steam mills, 1 foundry, about 20 stores, and 
 several hotels. Pop. 4,406. 
 
 CHATHAJI, a thriving village of New Brunswick, co. of 
 Northumberland, on the right bank of the Miramichi River, 
 about 12 miles from its entrance into the beautiful bay of 
 its own name, and 135 miles N.N.E. of St. John. It canies 
 on considerable commerce in timber, deals, Ac, by the river, 
 which is here more than a mile wide, and navigable for the 
 largest slii])s. 
 
 CHAT'HAM CENTRE, a post-village of Chatham town- 
 ship. Columbia co.. New York, on the Western Riiilroad, 18 
 nilcs S.S.E. of Altiany. 
 
 CHATHAM CENTRf], a post-office of Medina co., Ohio. 
 
 CHATHA.M FOI R CORNERS, a post-village in Chatham- 
 township, Columbia co.. New York, at the junction of the 
 Harlem Railroad with the Western Railroad, 23 miles S.S.E. 
 of Albany. It contains a bank. 
 
 CHATHAM HARBOR, at the E. extremity of Cape Cod, 
 Mass!uhusetts. It is well protected from the sea, and has 
 
 20 feet of water at low tide. The Chatham Lights are inside 
 of Chatham Harbor, on James's Head, near the S.E. extre- 
 mity of Cape Cod. Massachusetts. They are fixed, two in 
 number, with an elevation of 70 feet above the level of the 
 sea. L.it. 41° 40' 20" X. ; lat. 69° 57' 12" W. 
 
 CHAT'HAM HILL, a post-office of Smyth co.. A'irginiii. 
 
 CHATHAM ISLAND, off the W. coast of Patagonia, 30 
 miles S. of Wellington Island. 
 
 CHATHAM ISLAXD.one of theG.il.ipagos Tsland.s.in the 
 Pacific ( >cean. Excellent coal has lately been discovered here. 
 
 CHATHAM ISLAXDS, a group in the Radack Chain, 
 in the Xorth Pacific Ocean. Lat. 9° N.; Ion. 179° 50' E. 
 
 CHAT'HAM ISLANDS, a group in the South Pticific, 
 about 380 miles E. of New Zealand. Lat. of Cape Young, 
 43° 48' S.: Ion. 176° 58' W. They consist of Chatham, 
 (Waiiikaori.) Pitt, and some .smaller islands : the fir.st being 
 about 90 miles in circumference, of which atxiut one-third 
 part is productive. Coasts rocky: surface undulating, and 
 often marshv; products similar to those of New Zealand. 
 
 CHATHAM PORT, an inlet on the E. coast of the South 
 Andaman Island, in the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 CHATH.VM RUN, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsyl 
 variia. 
 
 CHATHAM SOUND, in Russian America, lat. 50° 30' X, 
 Ion. 133° ^V., separates George 111. and Prince of Wales Ar- 
 chipelairoes. 
 
 CHATHAM VALLEY, a postofflce of Tioga co., Pennsyl- 
 vanui. 
 
 CHaTILLON, sha'tee'yiN"', a town of the Sardinian 
 States. 12 miles E. of Aosta. on the Doi-a-Baltea. Pop. 2472. 
 Near it are the ruins of an ancient Roman bridge. 
 
 423 
 
 =J] 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CITATILLON, sha'tee'yAxo'. a town of France, department 
 of Prome. 3'2 miles K.S.E. of Valence. Pop. in 18o2, II1S8. 
 
 CU.^TILLOX, (ane. CasteUiof) a town of France, de))art- 
 ment of IJhone. "Q miles S.S.^V. of VUlefranche, on the Azer- 
 que. Pop. in 1852. S60. 
 
 CHaTILLON DK MICIIAILLE. Bha'teeVAx^' dgh mee'- 
 BhJl'. a town of France, department of Ain, 2(5 miles £.8.£. 
 of Hour;. Pop. in 1S52, 14t5. 
 
 CHaTILLOX KX BAZOIS. sliaHee'yAx"' e.N" bd'zwd/, a 
 town of France, department of Xi^vre, 16 miles M'. of Cha- 
 teau-Chinon, on the Aron. Pop. in 1852. l-to9. 
 
 CHaTILLOX- KN VEXDELAIS. shrteeHAso' fix" v6x='- 
 dfh-l;l', a town of France, department, of lUe-et-Vilaine, 8 
 mile.s X. of Vitre. Pop. 1542. 
 
 CHaTILLOX LES DOMBES, sha'teeVAs"' lA dAMlV, a 
 town of France, department of Ain. 16 miles N.N.E. of Tre- 
 voux, on the Chalaronne. Pop. 'JtilO. 
 
 CHaTILLOX SUR COLMOXT. shaHeeVAso'sURkormANo', 
 a town of France, department, and 11 miles AV.N.W. of Ma- 
 yeuue. Pop. in 1852. 2573. 
 
 CHaTILLOX SLR IXDRE, sha'teeVAx"' sUr S-sd'r, a 
 town of France, department of Indre, on the Indro, 27 
 miles W.X.W. of Chateauroux. I'op. in 1852. 3925. 
 
 CHaTILLOX :<UR LOIXG, bhaVe'yA.N<^ sUa Iwiy", a 
 town of France, department of Loiret. on the Loing and the 
 Briare Canal. 13 miles S.E. of Montarfris. Pop. in 1852,2613. 
 Admiral Colijrny was born here in 1516. 
 
 CHaTILLOX SUR LOIRE,sba"tee\vANo/ sUr IwIr, a town 
 of France, department of Loiret, 44 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. 
 Pop. in l^a± 3132. 
 
 CHaTILLOX SUR MARXE, sha'teeVAso' sUr maRn, a 
 town of France, department of Marne, on the ilarne, 29 
 miles AV.X.W. of Chalons. Pop. in 1852, 931. It was the 
 birthplace of Pope Urban II. 
 
 CHaTILLOX SUR SAOXE, sha'teeVAx" sUa s6n, a town 
 of France, department of Vosges. 9 miles S.S.E.of Lamarche. 
 CHaTILLOX SUU SEIXE, sha'teeVAW sUa .-ymca town 
 of France, department of C0ttMi"Or, 43 "miles X.X.W. of Dijon, 
 on the Seine. Pop. in 1852, 5001. It has .several good pub- 
 lic buildings, with a castle and a park, long the property of 
 the Marmont fiimily, and in which, until lately, some 
 model agricultural and iron-working establishtnents existed. 
 It has manuCictures of woollen and linen fiibrics, hats, 
 leather, and paper goods. In February, 1814. a conference 
 was held here between X'apoleou and the Allies. 
 
 CHaTILLOX SUR'SilVRE, sha't^eVA.N"' sUr saiv'R, a 
 town of France, department of Doux Sevres. 14 miles W.X.W. 
 of Bressuire, on the Sevre-X'antiiise, formerly fjrtitied, and, 
 previous to 17.37. named Mauleon. Pop. in 1852, 1170. 
 CIIAT'LEY, a hamlet of England, co. of Est«x. 
 CIIAT'iIO.SS, an extensive mr)rass of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, mostly in the parish of Ecoles, about 10 miles W. 
 of Manchester. Area, about 6000 acres. A large portion of 
 it has been drained, and now yields good crops. It is 
 cros.se'i by the Liverpool and Manchester Itailway. 
 
 CHATOXXAY, shd'ton*n.V. a town of France, department 
 of Ls&re. 15 miles E.,S.E. of Vienue. Pop. in 1852. 3968. 
 
 CH.\T0U, shd^too', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oi.se. with a station on the Paris and St. Germains 
 Railway, which here crosses the Seiae, 3 miles E. of St. 
 Germains. 
 
 CHaTRE. La. U shat'r. a town of France, department of 
 Indre. 22 miles S.E. of Chateauroux. on the Indre. Pop. in 
 1852, 4970. It has the remnant of a castle, a fine church, 
 extensive leather and woollen factories, and an active trade 
 in wool, goat-skins, and ch&stnuts. 
 
 CH.\rS00', a decaj'ed town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, (Upper Provinces.) 24 miles S.S.E. of Ajmeer. It 
 was formerlv of large extent. 
 
 CII.yrs'WOUTH. the magnificent seat of the Duke of De- 
 vonshire, and perhaps the most splendid private residence 
 in England, is situated in theco. of Derby, in a beautiful park 
 about 10 miles in circumference, watered by the Derwent, 
 3i miles X.E. of Bakewell. The mansion is in the Ionic style, 
 and consists of a superb qu-adrangular edifice with a cen- 
 tral court, built in 1706, and from which runs, parallel to 
 Its front, a long range of modern building, terminating in a 
 tower.. The furuiture, books, paintings, and statmiry which 
 it contains are extremely choice; in the gardens is a new 
 gigantic conservatory, enclosing an area of alxiut one acre, 
 with water-works, considered to be, with the exception of 
 those at VerKailles, the first in Europe. In the earlier man- 
 sion of Chatsworth, Mary, Queen of Scots, spent a consider^ 
 able portion of her captivity. 
 
 CH-T-TTAHOOCIIKE, cliat-ta-hoo'chee, a large river of 
 Georgia, a branch of the Appalachicola. rises on the declivity 
 of the Blue Uid.'e, in Habersham county, in the X.E. part 
 of the state, and Hows first S.W. through the gold region of 
 Upper Georgi:*. until it strikes the boundary i>etween Geor- 
 gi-i and .\lal>am;i, at West Point. Below this its general 
 direction is sinitbward. and it forms the W. boundary of 
 Georgia, throu.'h the whole of its subsequent cour.se to its 
 junction with Flint River. Its length is estimated at 550 
 miles. Steami-oais of 2ii0 tons navigate this river during 
 eight moiitbs of the ysar, from Xovember to June, and as- 
 424 
 
 cend as fir as Cohiinbus, which is about 350 miles from tho 
 Gulf. The rapids, at the limit of navigation, produce excel- 
 lent water-power. It is said that the vertical rise of the 
 water in the course of a year sometimes amounts to 60 feet. 
 The chief towns on its banks are ^Vest Point, Columbus, 
 Eufiula, and Fort Gaines, * 
 
 CHATTAHOOCHEE, a post-vill.ige of Gad.<den co., Florida, 
 at the junction of the Flint and Chattahoochee Livers, 43 
 miles X,W. of Tallahassee. It contains a United States ar- 
 senal, 
 
 CIIATTAXOOGA, chat'ta-noo'g.a. a creek of Georgia and 
 Tennessee, rises in Walker' co., Georgia, and enters the ']^i- 
 nessee ne.ir Chattanooga, '^ 
 
 CIIATTAXOOGA, a flourishing post-village of Hamilton 
 CO,, Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, 250 miles bv wat*r 
 twlow Knoxville, and 140 miles S.E. of Xa.shville. It is the 
 terminus of the Xashville and Chattanooga Railrckid. andof 
 the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which connects it with 
 tlie chief towns of Georgia. The Tennessee River is navi- 
 gable by steam during alx)ut eight months in the year, and 
 by small boats at all times. These circumstances render 
 Chattanooga one of the most important and flourishing 
 towns of the state. Since the completion of the Western 
 and Atlantic Railroad, in 1850. the population has increa.sed 
 at the rate of about 100 per month. The surplus produc- 
 tions of liast Tennessee, and of part of Middle Tennessee, 
 are mostly shipped from this point. The surrounding 
 region is liberally supplied with water-power and timber, 
 and the hills contain abundance of stone coal and iron ore- 
 Chattanooga h.%s 1 steam saw mill, 2 sash and blind facto- 
 ries, 3 cabinet factories, in which stejtm-power is used, and 
 2 banks. This place wa,s- retaken by tho Union armv, Sep- 
 tember 9, 1SG3, ten days after which date the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga was fouglit ue;ir it. Pop. in 18(50, about 4.i()0. 
 CII.iTTERIS, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 CHATTERPOOlt' or CHUT^TERPORIV. a town of Hin- 
 dostan, in Bundelcund, 73 miles S.E. of Jhansi. It was for- 
 merly of high commercial import;ince, and still has manu- 
 factures of coarse cotton. 
 CH ATTISHA.NL a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 CII.\T'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Xorthnmberland. 
 CHATTOOGA, chat-too'ga. a river, one of the head branches 
 of the Siivannah. ri.ses ne;ir the S. frontier of Xoith C.irolina, 
 and flows S.W. along the boundarj- between South t^'arolina 
 and Georgia. After passing the mouth of Tallula Creek, it 
 takes the name of Tugaloo River. 
 
 CHATTOOGA, a small river of Georgia and Alal«nia, 
 rises in Walker county, near the X.^V. extremity of (Jeor- 
 gia, and flowing S.W., enters the Coosa in Cherokee county, 
 Alabama, 
 
 CHATTOOGA, a county in the X,W. part of Georgi.i, bor- 
 dering on .\labam,'i. has an area of 3' si^uare miles. It is 
 intersected by the Chattooga River, from which the name is 
 derived, and also drained by the Lukalamuiua, Amuchee, 
 and Snake Creeks. The surCice is beautifully diversified 
 by productive valleys and wooded mountjiins, connected 
 with the Blue Ridge. The most considenible elevations 
 bear the local names of Taylor's Ridge, John's Mountain, 
 and Dirtseller Mountain. The county contains quarries of 
 limestone and marble, and an abundance of iron and lead 
 ore, witli several fine mineral K]>rings. Capital, Summei> 
 ville. Pop. 7165, of Whom 5111 were free, and 2054 slaves. 
 
 CHATTOO/G AVILLE. a post-village of Chattooga co.. Geor- 
 gi.a. on the X.W. side of Chattooga River, about 200 miles 
 X.W. of MilledgevUle. 
 
 Cn.iTTRA. (anc. KsMra.) a to>vn of Xorthern Hindos- 
 tiirf, in Xepaul, in lat. 20=^ 53' X.. Ion. 87° 4' E., with a tem- 
 ple of Vishnu, greatlv resorted to by devotees. 
 CHAU-ABAD, See Charbar, 
 
 CHAUCHINA, chdw-chee'nd. a town of Spain, in .\ndalu- 
 sia, 12 miles from Granada. Pop. 1744. 
 
 CHAUDES-.\.IGUES. shod-aig, (L. atlen'tes A'qiin:; .signi- 
 fication of both, " warm water.") a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cant.al, 12 miles S.S.W. of .Saint Hour. Pop. in 
 1852, 2207. It is an old, rustic-looking town, in a narrow 
 gorge, with remarkable hot springs, varying in tem]xirature 
 from 98° to 212° Fah. : they are extensively u.sed f >r baths, 
 for washing fleeces, and warming the houses of the town. 
 Xe;ir it is the ruined Fort dWnglais, so called from havitg 
 been twice held by the English in the fourteenth century, 
 
 CHAUDFOXTAIXE, shO'fAx«'tAn', ((.<■. "warm spring,") 
 a village of Belgium, province, and 4 miles S.E. of Liege, on 
 the Ve.'dre. Pop. 973. It has thermal springs; tempera- 
 tui^. lo4° Fah. The village is finely situated, and its hatha 
 are well frequented. 
 
 CHAUDIERE, shOMe-alR'. al.ikeof Canada East, is ap 
 enlargement of the Ottawa River, 55 miles N,X,W. of Johns- 
 town, 
 
 CHAUDIERE, a river of Canada Kast, joins the St 
 Liiwrence about 7 miles above (hiebec. after a X, X.W, course 
 of 90 miles. The F.alls of the Chaudi^re are aliout 2J miles 
 from the mouth of the river. They are .s;iid to Iw near 100 
 feet high. The stre.am is innavigable, but the scenery on 
 its lianks is very picture.sque. 
 CHAUD'WJVll'. an ancient and ruined city of Hindostan. 
 
CHA 
 
 CHE 
 
 province of Onssa, near Cuttack. The ruins extend for 
 many mil«s, but few are above ground, being mostly foun- 
 dations; tliere are numerous reservoirs also, and the re- 
 mains of temples. It is not known when or why this great 
 city was abandoned. 
 
 Cll AUKKAILLhS, shoPf M'. a town of France, department 
 of Saone-et-lx)ire, 24 miles W.S.W. of M&con. jfop. in 1852, 
 3826. It has manufactures of linens. 
 
 CIIAUM(J.\T, slio'mc^N"', a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Haute-Marne, on a height between the Marne 
 and Suize, 134 miles E.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 18u2, G374. 
 The streets are steep, hut it is pretty well liuilt, and pos- 
 sesses some goorf public editices, among which is a triumphal 
 arch, begun by Napoleon, and completed under houis 
 XVIII. It has a tribunal of commerce, and a public library 
 of 35.000 volumes, with manufactures of coarse woollens, 
 druggets, linen and cotton yarn, and gloves, and a consi- 
 derable trade in iron and ironwares. On March 1, 1814, 
 the allied powers concluded a treaty here against Napoleon, 
 19 days before the rupture of the Congress of Chatillon. 
 This treaty formed the basis of what was afterwards called 
 the Holy Alliance. 
 
 CIIAUMO.NT. a town of France, department of Oise, 14 
 miles S.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1136. It is well built and 
 paved, and h.ts manufactures of leather. 
 
 CHAUMDN'T. shO^mi^N"', a village of Savoy, province of Ca- 
 rouge. 9 miles \V. of St. .Julien. It was Jbrmerly fortitied. 
 Its castle, the ancient residence of the Dukes of Nemours, 
 was ruined in the war of the sixteenth century. 
 
 CII.\UM(JXT, sho'mo', a post-village of Jefferson co.. New 
 York, on Chaumont l!ay of Lake Ontario, and on the Home 
 and Watertowa Kaihoad, 14 miles N.W. of W'atertown. It 
 has a good harbor, and contains a number of stores and 
 mills. A river of the same name enters the bay at this 
 place. 
 
 CIIAUilONT SUR LOIRE, sho^mAso' sUr Iwan, a village 
 of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, on the Loire, 10 miles 
 S.VV. of Blois. It has a cji.stle, once the residence of Cathe- 
 rine di Medicis, and in which Cardinal Amboise was born, 
 in 1460. 
 
 CIIAUN'CEY, a thriving post-village of Athens co., Ohio, 
 on the Hocking River and Canal, Co miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 It has coal-mines and salt-works in the vicinity. 
 
 CIIAUN'CKYVILLE, a post-office of Manitoowoc co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 CHAUNY, shS'nee', a town of France, department of 
 Aisne, mostly on an island In the Oise, at the commence- 
 ment of the Canal de St. Quentin, 18 miles W.N.W of Laon. 
 Pop. in 1852, 6290. It has an active trade in cider, linen 
 cloths, and hosiery ; and it is a depot for charcoal and 
 timber. 
 
 ClIAUSSEY,shr)s'.s.i' a group of bare and rocky islands in 
 the English Channel, 8 miles from the co:ist of France, op- 
 posite tiranville. They supply excellent granite, which is 
 expm-ted to Paris, &c. ; and on the largest island is a small 
 grazing farm. 
 
 CHAUSSIX, sho'slN"', a town of France, department of 
 Jura, 9 miles S.S.W.. of Ddle, near the left bank of the Doubs. 
 Pop. 1323. 
 
 CIlAUT.iUQUA, sha-taw'qua the most western county 
 of New York, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N.W. by Lake Erie, and on the W. and .S. 
 by Pennsylvania, and is drained by Conewango Creek with 
 its tribufciries, and several smaller streams, which furnish 
 abundant water-power. The Chautauqua Ridge passes 
 through this county at from 3 to 10 miles di.stance from the 
 lake ; between this ridge and the lake the surface is nearly 
 level, or moderately uneven. The soil is generally good, 
 and aloiig the lake shore and the banks of its numerous 
 streauLS, very fertile. Bog iron ore, shell marble, and sul- 
 phur springs are found in this county. There are also 
 several springs, emitting earburettod hydrogen: the gas 
 from one of which, near Fredonia, has been successfully em- 
 ployed for lighting the dwellings in that village. By means 
 of the Conewango Creek, which falls into the Alleghany, a 
 branch of the Ohio, a boat navigation is open from within 
 10 miles of Lake Erie to the Gulf of Me^fico. This county 
 is intersected by the Erie Railroad, by the Atlantic and 
 Great AVestern, and by the line which connects Buffalo with 
 Erie. Caiiital. Maysville. Pop. 58,422. 
 
 CllAUTAL'QUA, a post-township of Chautauqua co.. New 
 York, situated on the lake of same name, about 5 miles S.E. 
 of Lake Erie. Pop. 2837. 
 
 CHAUTAUQUA LAKE, near the S.W. extremity of New 
 York, in the central part of Chautauqua county, is a beau- 
 tiful expanse of water, 18 miles long, and from one to three 
 miles wide. It is a'oout 730 feet above Lake Erie, and 1290 
 %et above the Atlantic Ocean; being, it is .said, the highest 
 cavigable water on the continent. Steamboats run from 
 Maysville. at its N. extremity, to the commencement of the 
 
 utlet, whence small boats can descend to the Alleghany 
 River. The name "riiautauqua," or "Chatauque," is a cor- 
 ruption of an Iniliau phi'ase. signifying a '■ foggy place," 
 and was given in consequence of the mists which frequently 
 rise from the sm-face of this mountain lake. 
 
 CHAUTAUQUA VALLEY, a posfcofHce of Alleghany co.. 
 New York. 
 
 CIIAUVIGNY, shOVeen'yee', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vienne, 18 miles N.W. of Montmorillon, on the 
 right bank of the Vienne. Pop. in 1852. 1768. It has manu- 
 factures of druggets, and ruins of 3 feudal castles. 
 
 CIIAUX-DE-FOND, La, li shoMyh-fAN"', a parish and 
 town of Switzerland, 9 miles N.W. of Neufchatel. Pop. 84S1. 
 It is situated at the foot of a narrow and savage gorge of 
 the Jura, at an elevation of 3070 feet above the sea, and co- 
 vers an extensive space, each cottage laeing surrounded by 
 a garden. With Ix)cle, this is the chief seat of the manu- 
 facture of the celebrated watches of the canton ; in 1836, 
 the number of gold and silver watches manufactured here 
 was 108,295, while in 1774 the total number was 300. 
 
 CIIAUX-DU-MILIEU, sho-dU-meeMe-Lh', a village of Swit- 
 zerland, 9 miles S.S.W. of l^a Chaux-de-Fond, with import- 
 ant manufactures of chains for the movement of watches. 
 
 CHAVANGES, sh4'v6Nzh', a town of France, department 
 of Aube, 19 miles E. of Arcis-sur-.\ube. Pop. in 1852, 1093. 
 
 CHAVES, shd'vjs, (anc. Alquee Fla'rim.) a fortified town 
 of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 44 miles W. of 
 Braganza. on the right bank of the Tamega. Pop. <'0u0. Its 
 fortitications are in ruins. There is here a Roman bridgo 
 of 18 arches on the river. It has hot .Siiline springs, (tenr- 
 perature 129° Fahrenheit.) and baths well fre<iuent(!d. 
 
 CHAVES, shi'vk, or VILL.A-DO-ECUADOH, veel'ld-do-ek 
 w3-dOR', a maritime town of Brazil, province of Para, on the 
 N. coast of the island of Marnjo. at the mouth of the Ama- 
 zon. IjAt. 0° 20' S., Ion. 49° 4o' W. 
 
 CHAVES, shd'vSs, the capital town of the island of St, 
 Thomas. Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 CHAVILLE, shiVeel', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-et>Oise, on the Seine, and on the Paris and Versailles 
 Railway, 1 mile E. of Versailles. Pop. 1662. 
 
 CHAW'LEY, a p.arish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CHAW'TON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CH.\YANT.\, chi-3n'ti, a town of Bolivia, department of 
 Potosi, 56 miles N. of Potosi. 
 
 CHAYAR, chi-yar'. a town of Chinese Toorkistan, on the 
 Chayar River, an affluent of the Erghen. Lat. 41° 6' N., 
 Ion. 83° E. 
 
 CHAYENPOOR, chl-yen-poor', a fortified town of Nepaul, 
 130 miles S.E. of Khatmandoo, capital of a district, which 
 exports to Thilx-'t rice, wheat, oil, ghpe, metals, cotton and 
 and woollen cloths, timlfer, spices, sugar, tobacco, and pearls, 
 partly in transit from Hindostan; receiving in return salt, 
 gold and silver, musk, skins, and Chinese wares. 
 
 CHAY-FANG or TCHK-FANG, a town of China, province 
 of Yunnan, on the Lung-tchuen. 125 miles W. by S. of Shun- 
 ning. Lat. 24° 13' N.; Ion. 98° 10' Fl. 
 
 CHAYLARD, La, Id sh.VlaR/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of .\rd6che, 28 miles S.W. of Tournon, on the Dome. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2478. It has salt-mines, tanneries, and trade 
 in cattle. 
 
 CHAZELLES-SUR-LYON, Bha'zell'-sUB-le-AN«', a town of 
 France, department of Loire, IQ miles E. of Montbrison. 
 Pop. in 1862, 3027. 
 
 CH.\ZY, shaz'ee/, » river of Clinton co.. New York, falls into 
 Lake Champlain, near its N. extremity. 
 
 CHAZY, a post-village and township of Clinton co., 
 New York, on the Chazy River, about 128 miles N. by E. of 
 Albany. 
 
 CH.\ZY LAKE, one of the sources of the Chazy River, In 
 Clinton co., New York, is about 4 miles long. 
 
 CHEA'DLE, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford, 8 miles E.S.E. of Stoke-on-Trent. Pop. in 1852, 
 4681. The town is pleasantly situated in a valley, has a 
 curious old church, raised on an artificial mount, originally 
 formed by ancient Britons, a Roman Catholic chajjel, small 
 free school, and union work-house. Coal and limestone 
 abound in the vicinity. Copper, brass, and tin works, and 
 a manufacture of cotton tape are carried on. C'lieadk Bill- 
 hehji and Oieudh Mosdet/ are townships in the same parish; 
 the former on the Macclesfield branch of the Manchester 
 and Birmingham Railway, with 5463 inhabitants; the lat- 
 ter, 22S8 inhabitants. 
 
 CHEAM. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CHEAP'SIDE, a village of Essex co.. New jersey, 10 miles 
 W. of Newark. 
 
 CHE^APUT'.a small town and important militarv post in 
 Sinde, 102 miles N. by E. of Ilyderadad. Lat. 26° 52' N., 
 Ion. 68° 34' E. 
 
 CHEAP VALLEY, a post-ofRce of Henry co., Tennessee. 
 
 CHEARS'LEY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CHEAT BRIDGE, a postrofflee of Preston co.. Virginia. 
 
 CHEAT KIVKR, of Virginia, the largest affluent of the 
 Monongahela. is formed by the junction of the Laurel, 
 Glade. Shavers, and Di-y Forks, which rise among the Alle- 
 ghanj' Mountains, near the Northern border of I'ocahontas 
 county, and unite in the N. central pai t of Randolph county. 
 Flowing thence N. and N.W. through Pi'eston and Monon- 
 galia counties, it enters the Monongahela at the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of Fayette county, Pennsylvania. It traverses a 
 hilly country, abounding in stone coal and iron, and well 
 
 426 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 adapb tX ti <r .zing. It is naviprable 40 miles above Rowles- | 
 bur;:, (on tht Baltimore and Ohio Riiilroad.) thoujrli not 
 in the lower part of its course, and furnishes fine water- 
 power at .sever-il places. 
 
 CHEBOYGAN", a river of Michigan. See Shebotqas. 
 
 CHEBOYGAN, she-boy'gan, a newly formed county of 
 Michigan forms the N. extremity of the Ix)wer PeninsuUi, 
 bordering on the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron. 
 The area is estimated at 800 square miles. It is drained liy 
 Black and Cheboygiin Rivers, and has several lakes. Cajji- 
 tal, Duncan. Pop. in 1860. 517. 
 
 CHEB'SEY, a p.irish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 ClIEBUCTO, she-buk'to, two bays in Nova Scotia, near 
 Halifax. 
 
 CHEBYX, a village of Egypt. See Shebeex. 
 
 CHECA, chi/ki. a town of Spain. 77 miles E.N.E. of Gua- 
 dalajai-a. Pop. 1201. It has manufactures of iron goods. 
 
 CHECINY, K^t-see'nee, a town of Poltind. 9 miles S.W. of 
 Kielce, on the Czarna. Pop. 3000, mostly Jews. There are 
 quarries of fine marble in its vicinity. 
 
 CHECK'EXDON'. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CHECK'LEY AND TEAN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 CHECKLEY'-WITH-WRIXCHILL, chSkaeewilH rln'chil, 
 a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 CH ECO, chA'ko. a village of Chili, department of Coquimbo, 
 6 miles E. of Copiapo, with some rich copper-mines, formerly 
 yielding annually 12,000 quintals of ore, containing 70 per 
 cent, of metal. 
 
 CHEDABUCTO (shed'a-buk'to) BAY, an indentation of 
 the N.E. coast of Nova Scotia, at the S. entrance to the Gut 
 of Canso. It is much frequented by fishermen. 
 
 CHED'BUKGH. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CHED'I).\K. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHED'DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CIIED'DLETON, a parish of England, co. of Staffoi-d. 
 
 CHED'DON-FITZ'PAINE, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CHED'GR AVE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CHED'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CIIED'ISTOX. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CHEDUBA, che-doo'bd, an island in Farther Indi.i, Bri- 
 tish province of Aracan, in the Bay of Bengal. Ijit. 18° 
 62' N.. Ion. 93° 27' E. Area, 200 square miles. Pop. in 
 1840, 8510. Shape circular, soil fertile, producing good crops 
 of rice, hemp, cotton, sugar, and tofeacco; and its cattle are 
 esteemed good. The island was captured from the Bur- 
 mese in 1^24. 
 
 CHED'AVOKTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 CHED'ZOY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHEK-CHOlV. cheeVhoo'or TCHI-TCHEOUFOU. cheeVhAr 
 oo'foo', a city of China, province of Ngan-hoei, near the Yang- 
 tse-kiang, 20 miles N.E. of Ngan-king. 
 
 CHKJ^KS'Vll.iLE, a post-office of .Marion co., Tennessee. 
 
 CllE^KTOWA'GA, a post-ofRce of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 CHEE-LEE. a province of China. See Pe-chee-lee. 
 
 CHEEKA or TCHIRA, cheWri. a city of Chinese Toorkis- 
 tan. "5 miles E.S.E. of Khoten. sjiid to comprise 2000 houses. 
 A good deal of silk is produced in its vicinity. 
 
 CHlOEHtUN'. a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, on the Ganges. E. of Chupnih. 
 
 CH EKS K'QU AK ks, a postroffice. Jliddlesex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 CHKE'TII.iM. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 CHEF-BOUTONNE, sh^f boo'tonn', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Deux-S^vres, 24 miles S.E. of Niort. Pop. 2376. 
 
 CHKFONTE, shee*fo>f , written also CHIFUNCTE, a small 
 river of I^ouisiana, flows S. into Lake I'ont^-hartrain. 
 
 CHEHIAW. a small river of South Carolina, flowing into 
 St. Helena Sound. 
 
 CHKHA'LIS or CHEKA'LTS, a county of Washington Ter- 
 ritory, having W. the Pacific. Area, al)0ut 1550 square 
 miles. Capital. Moiitpsano. See Appendix. 
 
 CHEHL or CHEHEL, chSn'l, ("forty,") a prefixed name 
 of several localities in .^sia. 
 
 CHKHL-BUCHA-GUM, ch?H'l boo'chit goom, ("the forty 
 lost children.'') a place of pilgrimage in Afghanistan, 6 miles 
 S.W. of Ghuznee. 
 
 CHtin.r-D )CHTUR. cWh'1 doK'toor\ ("the forty virgins,") 
 a shrine In Afghanistan. Lat. 35° V N.. Ion. 62° 9' E. Curious 
 Mahominedan legends att.ach to all these localities. 
 
 CHKHt TAN, ch^H'l tin, or KOHT-CHIHULTON, ko^ee- 
 chee'htil-ton', (" mountain of forty bo<lies,") a lofty moun- 
 tain In Boloochistan, immediately "s. of Mustung. Lat. 29° 
 40* N., Ion. ♦MP 55' E. 
 
 CHEK-CHOO or CHEAG-TCHU, a village of China, in 
 Hong-Kong, on a bay, near the S. extremity of the island. 
 Pop. 800. employed in trade and farming. 
 
 CHK-KIANO or TCHE-KIAXG, chj^ke-ang', a maritime 
 province of China, mostly between lat 27° and 31° N.. and 
 Ion. 117° and 1-23° E.. having E. the Pacific Ocean, and on 
 other sides the Kiang. provinces of Ngan-hoei and Fo-kien. 
 Pop., .accotxling to offlcial report in 1825. 26.258.784. Surface 
 greatly diversified, and the province is traversed by the 
 Great Canal. Coasts abrupt and greatly indented. It is 
 one of the most fertile and commercial provinces of China. 
 426 
 
 Silk is the principal article of export ; other products are 
 tea in the S., and cotton, indigo, fruits, camphor, and coal. 
 Its manufactures of silks, crape, gold and silver stuffs, and 
 paper, are in liigh repute throughout the empire, and large 
 quantities of fermented liquors are made in this province. 
 Che-kiang, comprising the Chusan Islands, is divided Into 
 11 departments. Chief cities, Ilang-chow-foo, Ning-po, Shao- 
 hing, ^Ven-chow. and Chapoo. 
 
 CHELBOKOUGH, chSl'biir-rah, EAST, a parish of Eng 
 land, CO. of Dorset. 
 
 CHELBOROUGH, WEST, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 CHEI/DON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 CHELEK. chiM^k', a village of Asiatic Turkev, pashalic 
 of Diarbekir, 15 miles S.W. of Sert. with fi-om 400 to 500 
 houses of Koords and Jacobite Christians, and a strong rock 
 fortress. 
 
 CHEL/FORD. a chapelry of England, and station on the 
 Manchester and Birmingham Raihv.ty, 1 4 miles X.E. of Crewe. 
 CHKLICOOT, CllELlOOLT or CllKl.lCL i', cii. rivkoot/, a 
 town of Abyssinia, kingdom of Tigre, 10 miles E. of .\ntalo. It 
 has one of the most gaudily decorated churches In the country. 
 CHELIDOXI.«. See Kheudo.via. 
 CHELIF. a river of .Algeria. See Shkllifp. 
 CHELIGOFF or CHELTGOV. See Siieukov. 
 CHELIXADREH, a small seaport-town of .\sia Minor, par 
 ghalic of Itch-Elee,40 miles W.S.W. of Selef keh. 
 CHELL. a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 CHEI/LASTOX, a parish of England, co. of D^'rby. 
 CHELLES, shJll, (a.nc. Celll(r,) a. town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Marne, near the Marne, 10 miles E. of Paris. 
 Pop. in 1852, 1632. It had formeily one of the most cele- 
 brated abbevs in France, founded bv the queen of Clovi,s. 
 CHEL'LESWORTH. a parish of End.nnd. co. of Sutfolk. 
 ClIEiyLIXGTOX. a parish of Endaud, co. of Bedford. 
 CHEL^LUMBRUM'; a town of British Indi.-i, presidency 
 of Madras. 103 miles S.E. of Arcot, near the mouth of the 
 Ooleroon River. It has some remarkable pacrodas. 
 
 CHELM, K^m, a town of I'oland, 42 miles E.S.E. of Lub- 
 lin. Pop. 2900. It has a fine convent, and a Greek semi- 
 nary. "The Poles were defeated here by the RussLins, June 
 4, 1794. 
 
 CHELOIARSH, a parish of Engljtnd, co. of Salop, on the 
 Severn. 3i miles S.E. of Bridgnorth. 
 
 CIIEl/MER, a river of England, co. of Essex, rises near 
 Thaxted, and flows S.E. by Dunmow and Chelmsford, to 
 Maldon, where it joins the Blackwatev. after a cour.se of 30 
 miles. It is navigable for its last 10 miles between Chelms- 
 ford and Maldon. 
 CHELMOX'DISTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 CHELMSFORD, chjmz'fijrd, a m.arket-town .ind parish of 
 England, capital of the county of Essex, on the Eastei-n Union 
 Railway, at the confluence of the Chelmer andCann Rivers, 
 respectively crossed here by a beautiful iron and an elegant 
 stone bridge, 20 miles E.X.E. of London. Pop. in 1^51, *r96. 
 The town is well built and lightid ; many of its houses have 
 gardens extending to the rivers. Principal buildings, the 
 Parish Church, a stately fabric in the decorated style, lately 
 rebuilt ; the Grammar School, founded by Edward IV., re- 
 venue 488?. ; a handsome county-hall, comprising the assize- 
 court, elegant assembly-rooms and corn-exchange, county 
 jail and house of correction, theatre, and public conduit. 
 The town is the se.at of .assizes and local courts. It has no 
 manuf.ictures, but its retail trade and grain markets are 
 extensive. 
 
 CHELMS^FORD, a post-village and township of Middlesex 
 CO.. Mass-achusetts. on the S. side of the Merriniac. on the 
 Middlesex Canal. 23 miles X.W. of Boston. Several railiXKkds 
 pass along the border of the township. Pop. 2291. 
 
 CHELONW, ke-lo'nd. a mountain on the X. frontier of 
 Greece, 15 miles E.S.E. of Arta, the most conspicuous of those 
 encircling the Gulf of .\rta on the E.. 6312 feet in elevation, 
 and named IVom a supposed resemblance to a tortoise. 
 
 CHELSEA, chM'see, a town and parish of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, forming a populous S.W. suburb of London, on 
 the X. bank of the Thames, here crossed by a wooden bridge 
 communicating with Battersi'a, i\ miles AV,S.W. of .•<t. Paul's. 
 Pop. in 1851, 56.538. It has many handsome thoi-oughfares 
 and terraces, mingled with others of a very inferior descrip- 
 tion : among the former are Sloiine stret>t. the King's Road, 
 and the line of old mansions along the river, ternu-d Cheyne 
 Walk. Its principal edifice is the noble H ispital fir Superan- 
 nuated Soldiers, founded in the tiijie of Charles II., through 
 the influence, it is said, of Xell Gwynne. and completed by 
 Sir Christopher Wren, in the reign of AVilliam III., 1692. 
 It is a brick edifice, with stone porticoes, laid out in three 
 quadrangles, surrounded by spacious ground.s stretching 
 to the river. The establishment supports about uoU In-pen- 
 sioners, and from 70.0<X) to SO.O(K) out-pensioners, and its ex- 
 penditures, amounting to nearly 1.5lX».00iU. annually, Is 
 mostly defrayed by a parliamentary grant. Near it is the 
 Military School founded by the Duke of York in 1801, and 
 in which 1000 children of soldiers are maintained and edu- 
 cated. The parish of St. Luke was dividcl into two parishes 
 in 1832. The New Parish Church is a most elegant modern 
 
CUE 
 
 CHE 
 
 edifioo, In the decorated Gothic stj'le; the Old Church, a 
 plain lirii-k structure, with nionunieuts to Sir Thomas More 
 and to fir Hans Sloane, who was loi-d of the manor, and 
 founded the botanic garden of Chelsea, belonging to the 
 Apotliecaries' Society. A recently-formed normal school of 
 the Church of England, extensive waterworks for the sup- 
 ply of London, the Cadojran Chain Pier, and several floor- 
 cloth factoiii'S, are the other objects most worthy of men- 
 tion. The botanical gardens of Chelsea are worthy of notice; 
 those of the Apothecaries' Company consist of 4 acres, and 
 are situated on the banks of the river at the E. end of 
 Chi'yne Walk : the others, established by Mr. William Cur- 
 tis, author of Flora Londinensis, and the Botanical M tgazine, 
 are near Sloane-street, and consist of tiacres. In former times, 
 Chelsea was a favorite place of residence with many persons 
 of note, including Queen Elizalieth, who hiid a palace here. 
 
 CHELSEA, a township of Kennebec co., Maine, incorpo- 
 rated August 17, 1850. 
 
 CHELSEA, a post-village and township of Orange Co., Ver- 
 mont, 20 miles S. by E. of Jlontpelier. It contains a bank, 
 and has manutactures of boots and shoes, sash and blinds, 
 and kather. Pop. 1757. 
 
 CHELSEA, a post-village and township of SnfTolk co., 
 Massiichusetts, on the Eastern Railroad. 5 miles N.E. of 
 Boston. Chelsfa contains the United States Marine Hos- 
 pital, a city hall, 11 churches, 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, a 
 library hall, and has manufactures of sewing-machines, &c. 
 It may properly be regarded as a suburb of Boston. P. 13,395. 
 
 CHIOLSEA, a village of Cattaraugus co., New York, 80 
 miles E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 CHELSEA, a thriving post-village of Washtenaw co., 
 Michigan, on the Central Kailroad, 60 miles W. of Detroit, 
 has a railway station and 2 stores. 
 
 CHELSEA, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 117 miles 
 N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 CHELSFIELD, chMz/feeld, a p.^^ish of England, co. of 
 Kent. 
 
 CHELSHAM, chjlz'am, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CHKLTEN'H.\M, ch^lt/n.am, a parliamentary torough, 
 town, .fashionable watering-place, and parish of England, 
 8 miles E.N.E. of Gloucester, on the Bristol and Bir- 
 mingham Railway, 90 miles W.N.W. of London. Pop. in 
 1851, 35,051. It is situated on the Chelt, a small tributary 
 of the Severn, in a beautiful vale, .sheltered from the X. and 
 E. by a semicircular sweep of the Cotswoid and other hills; 
 lias a noble high street Ij miles in length, numerous ele- 
 gant terraces, squares, and detached villas, interspersed 
 with trees and gardens. The saline springs, to which it 
 owes its rapid incrtNise, are frequented by a host of fashion- 
 able visiters annually. The mineral ingredients of the 
 springs are chiefly the sulphates of soda and magnesia, 
 iodine and iron, held in solution by carbonic acid. The 
 elejrant Montpellier old well, discovered in 1716, I'ittville, 
 and other pump-rooms, are surrounded by tasteful grounds 
 and avenues, attached to which are baths of every de- 
 scription, libraries, and saloons. The Parish Church, an 
 ancient Gothic structure, is surrounded by tine avenues, and 
 here are four or five handsome subordinate churches, a Roman 
 Catholic chapel, a synagogue, a grammar-school founded in 
 1574, and endowed with scholarships in Pembroke College; 
 a well-endowed charity school, female orphan asylum, 
 founded by Queen Cliarlotte in 1806; a general hospital for 
 lOO patients ; mechanics' and literary iind philosophical in- 
 stitutions; a zoological garden, theatre, assembly and con- 
 cert rocims. and market-house.' Four weekly newspapere are 
 published in the town. The Reform .A.ct made it a borough, 
 sending one member to the House of Commons. 
 
 CHEL'TKNIIAM, a township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. I'op. 1981. 
 
 CHliLTENHAM, a village of Canada West, co. of York, 38 
 miles X. E. from Toronto. Pop. about 225. 
 
 CHELYA, chtl'vi a town of Spain. 3S miles N.W. of Va- 
 lencia, on a river of the same name. Pop. 4264. Near it are 
 fine remains of a Roman aqueduct. 
 
 CHELVESTOX, chM'ves-ton, or CHELSTON, chSls't^n, a 
 parish of Endand, co. of Northampton. 
 
 CIIEI/VEY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CIIEl/WOOD. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CIIEMILLE. sheh-meeVA/, a town of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Loire, 19 miles S.S.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 
 4722. It has manufactures of linen cloths and handker- 
 chiefs, and an active trade in cattle. 
 
 CIIEMILLE, a village of France, department of Indre-et- 
 Loire. 1^ miles N. of Tours. 
 
 CIIHMMIS. SeeAKiiMYM. 
 
 CHEMNITZ, Kem'nits, a town of Siixony, 20 miles 
 E.X.E. of Zwickau, capital of the district, on the Chem- 
 nitz liiver.an affluent of the Mulde. Pop. 45,432. It is the 
 princii)al seat of cotton-weaving in the kingdom; In the 
 town and vicinity, from 15.000 to 20.000 looms are employed 
 in the production of stockings, mitts, &c.. sent in large 
 quantities into other parts of Germany, and some to the 
 United States. Chemnitz has also manufactures of linens 
 and machinery, with bleaching and dyeing works, and 
 tanneries. It was for 400 years a free imperial city, and 
 
 I still displays in its buildings, marks of its antiquitr !■» 
 1 1539, the Ketbrmation was introduced here by HeJ'rv the 
 j Devout, and towards the latter end of the seveuteenih cen- 
 tury, cotton weaving was established. In 1739 there were 
 I upwards of 2U0O looms, which supplied all the cotton fabrics 
 I used at that period in Germany. In 1765, Chemnitz lie 
 I came the centre of the stocking manutactures carried on iu 
 , the villages in the neighborhood. In 1770, SchlUssei, of 
 Hamburg, introduced the art of cloth-printing. English 
 i quilt-weaving was introduced in 1775. and English hand- 
 spinning machines in 1790, and the spinning machines of 
 Arkwright iu 1799. A railway from Riesa to Zwickau passe.s 
 through the town. Pufl'endorf was born near Chemnitz Id 
 1631. Alt Chem.mtz, ilt Kem'nits, (" Old Chemnitz,''; is a 
 village immediately S. Pop. 860. 
 
 CHEMUNG, she-mting', a county in the S.W. central part 
 of New York, bordering on Peun.sylvania, has an area of 
 almut 513 square miles. It is intersected by Chemung 
 Kiver and Cayuta Creek, and also drained by Catharine's 
 and Wynkoops Creeks, which afford valuable water-power. 
 Seneca Lake touches its N. border. The surface is broken 
 and hilly, with some considerable elevations. The alluvial 
 flats along the rivers are in some parts very extensive and 
 rich, and on the uplands the soil is generally fertile. The 
 Erie Kailroad traverses the county, which is also jiartly in- 
 tersected by the canal connecting Elmira with Seneca Lake, 
 and by the Elmira and Canandaigua Kailroad. Organized 
 in 1836, having previously formed part of Tioga co., and 
 named from the Chemung Kiver. Cai)ital, Elmira. Pop. 
 26,917. 
 
 CHEMUNG, a post-village and township of Chemung Co., 
 New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 270 miles 
 from New York City. Pop. 2128. 
 
 CHE.MUNO, a thriving post-village and township of Mc- 
 Henry co., Illinois, on I'iskiisaw Creek, 70 miles W.N.W. of 
 Chicago. It is situated on a fertile prairie, and contains 
 several stores and mills. Pop. 1633. 
 
 CHEMUNG RIVER is formed in Steuben county, in the 
 S.S.W. part of New York, by the union of the Tioga and 
 Conhocton Rivers, and flowing in an E.S.E. direction 
 through Chemung county, fiills into the E. Branch of the 
 Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 CIIENAB. See CuE.N.\UB. 
 
 CHENANGO, she-nang'go, a county in the S.E. central 
 part of New Y'ork, has an area of about ti24 square miles. It 
 is partly bounded on the E. by the Unadilla River, and is 
 drained by the Chenango River, and by the E. Branch of 
 the Su.squeh.anna, which intersect it, and by Otselic and 
 Geneganset Rivers and other smaller streams, which turn 
 numerous grist and s.aw mills. The surface is generally 
 elevated and sometimes broken and hilly ; the soil is usually 
 good, and along the streams of a superior quality. The 
 Chenango Canal, connecting Utica and Bingii.aniton, tra- 
 verses this county. Organized in 1798, having tieen formed 
 from portions of Herkimer and Tioga counties, and named 
 from Chenango River, which flows through it. Capital, 
 Norwich. Pop. 40,934. 
 
 CHENANGO,atownshipof Broomeco., New York. P. 1841, 
 
 CHENANGO, a small village of Beaver CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHENANGO, a post-offlce of l^awrence co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHEN.\NGO FORKS, a po.st-village of Broome co., New 
 York, at the confluence of the Chenango with the Tiough- 
 nioga River, and on the Chenango Can.il. 11 miles N.E. of 
 liinghamton. It contains a number of stores and mills. 
 Estimated population, from 700 to 800. 
 
 CHENANGO RIVER rises in Oneida co.. New York, and 
 flowing in a S.S.W. course through Madison and Chenango 
 counties, falls into the Su.squehanna River in Broome 
 county, in the southern part of the state, near the boundary 
 of Pennsylvania. Its whole length is about 90 miles. 
 
 CHE^X AUiy, CIIENAB or CHIXAB, chee'naV. (anc. AceJ. 
 inex.) the centriil river of the Punjab, between the Jhylum 
 (anc. IIydas'pi;i!) N.W.. and the Ravee (anc. Hi/druoHfs) S.E., 
 both of which rivers are its affluents. It joins the Ghara or 
 Sutlej (anc. Hi/phfoKis) near Ooch. in lat. 29° 21' N.. Ion. 71° 6' 
 E., after a generally S.W. course estimated at 700 miles, and in 
 the latter part of which it is from j to IJ miles across, and 
 sometimes 14 feet in depth. The united stream is then 
 called Punjab, (five rivers.) The towns, Taiidee, Kishta- 
 war, Jhung, Mooltan. and Shixjjuabad. are on it.-; banks, 
 and it is navigable for rafts from the 'Sutlej to Aguur, a 
 village about 300 miles from its source. 
 
 CIIEXE. shain. a navigable bayou of Louisiana, on the 
 N.W. border of Terre Bonne parish, is connected on one 
 hand with Bayou Black, and on the other with Bayon 
 Shaver. 
 
 CHENE, shain, or CIIENE-TIIONEX, shain-to'nJx', a 
 village of Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles E. of Geneva, 
 opposite Chene-les-Rougeries. 
 
 CHEXEE, shA*n.V, a village of Belgium. 8 miles S.W. of 
 Liege, at the confluence of tlie Ourte and Vesdre, which a 
 little below forms a magnificent cascade. Pop. 1925. 
 
 CHENERAILLES, shA'neh-rjlI'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Creuse, 10 miles X. of Aubusson. Pop. iu 1852, 
 1079. It was formerly fortifie 1. 
 
 427 
 
CHE 
 
 CDIHTXEYS or CII ERNIES, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CHEXEV'S GUOVE, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois, 
 80 miles N.E. of ^^pl•ins:fiel^l. 
 
 ClIEXEYVILLE, chee'iie-ril. a post-Tillage of Rapides 
 parish. Louisiana, atout 2m miles \.\V. of New Orleans. 
 
 CIIKXIT, Le, leh-shd'nee', a province and village of 
 Switzerland, canton of Vaud. on the Orbe. at its entrance 
 Into the S. extremity of the Lake de Joux, 19 miles W.X.W. 
 of Lausanne. Pop. 2030. 
 
 CilEXO'CEAUX, shfh-nAs'Vo', a village of France, de- 
 partiueut ot liidre-et- Loire, on the Cher, near Blere. 
 
 CU KXOOK (or CUINOOK. che-uook') CITY, a post-village, 
 of Wahkiacum county, Wiishington Territory, on the right 
 bank of Columbia River, about 36 miles E. by S. of Pacilic 
 City. 
 
 CHEXU'BA, a post-village of Terrell co^ (Jeorgia, 86 
 miles S.S.W. of 5Iacon. 
 
 CHEOTIEE', a post-office. Pickens district, South Carolina. 
 
 CHE'0-l'ty, a seaport-town of China, province of i'okien, 
 S.W. of Amoy, and opposite the island of Formosa. 
 
 CIIEX-SI, a province of Chin.H. See Shex-see. 
 
 CIIEl'ACIIET, che-pack'et, a post-villjige in Gloucester 
 township, Providence CO., Rhode Island, ou the Chepachet 
 River, about 10 miles X.W. of Providence. It contains 4 
 cotton mills, with 5550 spindles; 144 looms, employing 120 
 hands, making 22,500 yards of cloth per week, working 800 
 bales of cotton per annum, and consuming 3000 gallons of 
 oil ; also 1 bank. 12 stores, 6 shingle mills. 1 stove fiictory, 
 12 saw mills, 5 grist mills. 7 shoe manufactories. 4 wheel- 
 wrights, and other est;iblishments of minor importance. 
 Large quantities of hoop-poles are cut in the vicinity of this 
 place. Annual amount of manufactures and sales of mer- 
 chandise, $232,500. Pop. about 900. 
 
 CHEPILLO, ch.Vpeel'yp, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 In the bay and olf the S. coast of the Isthmus of Panama; 
 lat. 8° 57' N., Ion. 79° 9* W. 
 
 CIIEPO, chAVe, a river and town of South America, New 
 Granada, department of Panam.i, and in the narrowest 
 p;irt of the isthmus. The river enters the Pacific 18 miles 
 E. of Panama; and a little above, where it is navigable, is 
 the small town, an entrepdt for traffic with the Mandingo 
 Indians. 
 
 CHEPSTOW. ch?p'sto, a market town, river port, and 
 parish of Eniland, co. of Monmouth, on the Wye, near its 
 junction with the Severn, 14^ miles E.N.E. of Newport. 
 Pop. in 1851, 43-32. The town is neatly built on a slope be- 
 tween bold clifts, with, a handsome iron bridge over the 
 Wye. It has a churcli, formerly a Benedictine convent, 
 founded in the reij^n of King Stephen, and containing some 
 rich specimens of ancient architecture : two ancient and well- 
 endowed hospitals for the poor, a union worK-house, a small 
 theatre, and on a cliff overhanging the river, the picturesque 
 remains of a magnificent castle, founded soon after the con- 
 quest. The Duke of Beaufort is lord of the manor. There 
 are no manufactures, but ship-building is extensively car- 
 ried on ; and Chepstow imports Portuguese wines, and Bal- 
 tic and other goods, for the consumption of a large inland 
 district, and exports corn, cider, bark, iron, cail, and mill- 
 stones. The tide is said to rise higher here than in any 
 other known part of the world, sometimes reaching 50, and 
 even 70 faet, and flows with great rapidity; hence very 
 large vessels can come up to the town. Registered ship- 
 ping, aliout 2iO0 tons. In the vicinity are the beautiful 
 ruins of Tintern Abljey. 
 
 CIIE'QUEST. a post-office of Davis co., Iowa, 75 miles S.W. 
 by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 CHER, shaiR, a river of Central France, rises in the de- 
 partment of Creuse, flows semicircularly E., N., and W., 
 through the departments of Allier, Cher. Loir-et-Cher. and 
 Indre-et^Loire, and joins the Loire immediately S.W. of 
 Tours, after a course of about 220 miles, for the Last 47 
 of which it is navigable. The principal affluents are the 
 Tardes. Arnon. Evre, and Saudre. The towns of Mont- 
 lujon. St. Amand, Vierzon, Selles, St. Aignan. and Blere. are 
 on its banks. The Canal du Berri runs parallel to it in the 
 upper part. 
 
 ■ CIIEIl, a central department of France, situated between 
 the departments of Allier, Xi^vre, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, and 
 Indre, and between lat. 4(P 25' and 47° 39' N. and Ion. 1° 
 55' and 3° 10' E. Area, 2747 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 
 823,393. The climate is temperate. The surface is mostly 
 level, and generally wooded. The principjil rivers are the 
 Cher and Loire, along both of which is much fertile land. 
 More corn and wine are produced than required f:>r home 
 consumption ; sbetip are numerous, and trade is mostly in 
 rural pi-oduce. Mines of iron and coal are wrought. The 
 chief manufactures are woollen goods. Capital Bourge.s. 
 Oher is sulidivided into 3 arrondissements, Bourges, St. 
 Amand. and Sancerro. 
 
 CIIKIIASCO. k.'4-ris'ko. a town of the Sardini.an States, in 
 Piedmont, on the Tanaro. near the influx of the Stura. 32 
 miles S.^!.E. of Turin. Pop. 8S93. Its exa<-t quadrangular 
 form indicates that it occupies the site of a Homan town; it 
 l» enclosed with walls, and at the end of each princip.il 
 Street is a fine modern arch ; it& citadel and other fortifica- 
 4ii& 
 
 CUE 
 
 tlons were dismantled after it was taken by the French in 
 ■1796. It is supplied with water by a canal, whiih alw turns 
 several silk mills. The trade is mostlv in wine and sUk. 
 
 C1IEK.\TTE. shi'rdtf , a vill.age of Belgiui»> 8 miles N.E. of 
 Liege. Pop. 22S2. 
 
 ClIERAW'. a post-village of Chesterfield district, South 
 Carolina, on the right bank of the Great Pedee iiiver, at the 
 head of steam navigation. 93 miles E.X.E. of Columbia. It 
 has a plank-road le;iding to Wadesborough, Xorth Carolina, 
 and is a place of some importance as a depot f,ir cotton. 
 Cheraw contains 1 bank, several churches and academies. 
 Pop. estimated at 900. 
 
 CHERBOURG. sheR'bJirg, (Fr. pron. shaiR^booR/; L. Oiro- 
 hw'ffits; anc Orriallumf) a fortified seaport town and im- 
 portint naval station of France, department of Manche. on 
 the English Channel, at the N.endof the i)eninsula uf Coten- 
 tin. and nearlv opposite the W. extremitv of the I.«le of Wight 
 16 miles E.S.E. of Cape la Hague. Lat. of Fort Kov:)l.'^4fl° 
 40'3"N., lon.l°35'W. Pop. in 1852, 28.012. Its climate is 
 remarkably mild. The houses are of stone, and slated; the 
 principal buildings are the military "and naval arsenals and 
 hospitals, a curious church, the town-hall, theatre, and bar- 
 racks. The commercial and naval ports are quite distinct 
 from each other. The commerci.al ports consist of a harbor 
 and a basin, 1338 feet long and 416 feet wide. The basin 
 communicates with the harbor with dock-gates, which pre- 
 vent the reflux of the water. The ch.annel from the harbor 
 to the sea is 1908 feet long and 104 feet wide, lined by a gra- 
 nite quay with parapets. In this channel there is always 
 19^ feet of water. The port for ships of war (Grand Port) 
 occupies a triangular space of ground, one side resting on 
 the sea, and is surrounded by f irtifications. The B»t Mili- 
 taire and Arsenal de la Marine, planned but only partly be- 
 gun by Louis XVI., have been more than 40 years in pi-o- 
 gress; and the new works, commenced in 1831, will take 
 many years to complete. These consist of a port 9S4 feet 
 long and 754 feet wide, capable of containing 15 sail of the 
 line, and accessible at all times of tide for vessels of the 
 largest class; a floating basin, closed by lock-gates; and a 
 third basin, begun in June, 1836, and now in progress. 
 These basins h.ave been excavated from the solid slate rock, 
 which forms the foundation of the entire yard, the two for- 
 mer to the depth of 56 feet. There are 4 slips for vessels of 
 ^he largest dimensions, the roofs of which, 85 feet high, rest 
 on arches, supported by piers of granite and slate. Adjoin- 
 ing these slips is a dry-dock, and beyond are the smithy 
 and workshops, with machinery for pLining. turning, scoop- 
 ing, and cutting rods, beams, screws, Ac. of iron. The tim- 
 ber shed is 958 feet long, supported on 1.30 stone pillars. A 
 portion of the dock-yard, called Chantereyne. has sheds for 
 for building frigates, and a rope-walk 546 yards long. 
 
 The great work, however, for which Cherlxiurg is cele- 
 brated, is the digiif, or breakwater, stretching across thi» 
 roadstead, which, though protected on three sides by the 
 land, was open to the heavy seas from the N. To .secure a 
 safe and strong harbor opposite Portsmouth has long been 
 a fiivorite object of the French, and no expense has l>een 
 spared to accomplish that object. The digue was com- 
 menced under Louis XVI., and has been continued ever 
 since, with occasional intt>rruption. It is 2J miles from the 
 harbor, in water varjing from 42 to 62 feet deep. Its pro- 
 portiofis are — length, 4120 yards ; breadth at base, 262 feet; 
 at top. 102 feet. The foundation was laid by sinking large 
 caissons of timbers, loaded with stones; but this plan did 
 not succeed, and .another scheme was resorted to, of forming 
 a bank of small stones and covering them with solid blocks. 
 This w.as continued to the time of Napoleon, who directed 
 the formation of a fort on the centre of the digue. A mole 
 was constructed, and a battery raised on it. mounting 20 
 guns. In ISOS. a tremendous storm swept away all the 
 buildings, and drowned 194 men. A survey, made in 1S28, 
 showed th;it the foundations have shifted, in the course of 
 40 years, to a considerable distance from the position in 
 which they had been first placed. The ivas.«age or entrance, 
 E. of the digue, is 3280 feet wide, and that to the W. '.tS73 
 feet. A fort and light-house occupy the centre of the digue, 
 and there are also light-houses at each entrance to the road- 
 ste.ad. and one at the entrance to the commercial port. 
 The defences consist of the batteries of Fort Koyal, of 100 
 guns, on the Isle of Pelee. and Fort du llomeh on the W., 
 with various other works, which render Cherbourg, if not 
 impregnable from the St>a. at least very difficult of attaclo 
 On the land side, it has hitherto been almost open, but the 
 fortifications recently constructed are intended to lender it 
 more secure. 
 
 Cherbourg is the seat of a tribun.al of first resort, a mari- 
 time tribunal, and prefecture. It has a school of navigar 
 tion. royiU academical society, communal college, public 
 library, and marine library, theatre, museum, and cabinet 
 of natural hi.story. Its princi|Kil industry is centred in the 
 works of the dock-yard, the commercial trade and manuCio 
 tures being comparatively insi^rnificant. There are. how- 
 ever, chemical works, sugtir and siilt refineries, dye-works, 
 tanneries, and stocking manufactories. A lace manufao 
 tory, conducted by four nuns, employs 360 females, the 
 
CHE 
 
 CUE 
 
 younger of whom are also educated. Largo quantities of 
 ejrgs are shipped far England, and mulos and salt provisions 
 for the VTust Indies. 
 
 Cherbourg occupies the site of a Roman station, and Aig- 
 rold, Kiiii; of Denmark, resided in it about A. D. Oio. Wil- 
 liam the CoiKjueror founded an hospital in it, and built the 
 Castle Church. The Oistle, in which Henry II. frejuently 
 resided, was one of the strongholds of Xorniandy, and 
 escaped the fate of the town, which, about 12Jd, was pil- 
 laged by an English fleet from Yarmouth: but it afterwards 
 sustained three memorable sieges — in 1378, 1418, and 1450. 
 In 1748. the town was talien by the English without opposi- 
 tion, notwithstanding the garrison was large. They kept 
 possession of it eight days, destroyed the fortifications, car- 
 ried off the artillery and the bells, and only retired after 
 having exacted a heavy ransom from the inhabitants. 
 
 Cherbourg was the last place in Normandy resigned by 
 the Knglish. Charles X. embarked here with his family, on 
 quitting France, August 16, 1830. The first French trans- 
 atlantic steamer arrived at New York from Cherbourg, Sth 
 Julv. 1847. 
 
 ClIEK'BURY, a village of De Kalb co., Georgia, on the 
 Macon and Western Railroad, 4 miles S. of Atlanta. 
 
 CIIEIICIIELL or SIIEKSIIELL, shir'sh^l', (anc. Ccesarea,) 
 a seaport town of Xortheru Africa, in .\lgeria. province, and 
 65 miles W.S.W. of -Ugiers. I'up. 1091, of whom 671 are Eu- 
 ropeans. The walls of the ancient city, with remains of an 
 amphitheatre and other buildings, are still traceable. The 
 port is shallow, and e.\posed to north winds, though pro- 
 tected bv a rocky island. 
 
 CHE!lEl>OVETZ or TCIIEREPOVETZ, chJr-e-po-vMs', a 
 town of European Rus.sia, government, and 250 miles E.N'.E. 
 of Novgorod, on the Sheksna. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ClIER'lIILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts, 2J miles 
 R. of Calne. Near the village is a chalk hill, the highest 
 ground between London and Bath; on the suuunit is a 
 Danish camp, and in the turf is cut the colossal figure of a 
 horse, visible 25 miles distant. 
 
 CIIEIUIJON or SUERIBON, sh5r'e-bon\ a seaport town of 
 Java, on its N. coast, 125 miles E.S.E. of Ikitavia. Top. 
 11,000. It is the residence of a Dutch governor, and has a 
 fort, and a church founded in 1841. with a considerable trade 
 in coffee, indigo, teak-wood, &c Pop. of residency, in 1845, 
 550.000. 
 
 CilEIUKOA% a town of Russia. See Tciierikov. 
 
 CII!'.i;'I.\(JTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 C 1 1 1 ; K I N o, ch.i-ree'no. a post-oflice, N acogdoches CO., Texas. 
 
 ClIEK'ITOX, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CUEKITON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 CIIEIUTON. a parish of England,' co. of Hants, 3 miles S. 
 of New Alrt'slbrd. A leaden box, containing upwards of 
 7000 coins of William the Conqueror and William Rufus, 
 was found at Beaworth, in this parish, in 1833. 
 
 CIIER'ITON BISHOP'S, a parish of Endand. co. of Devon. 
 
 CHERaXON FITZPAINE', a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 CHERITON. NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 CILERNAYA. See TniKRNAYA. 
 
 CHEROKEE, cherVkee', a county forming the W. extre- 
 mity of North Carolina, bordering on Tennessee and Geor- 
 gia, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Iliawassee and Valley Rivers. The Unaka or Smoky 
 Mountain extends along the N.W., and the Blue Ridge near 
 the S.E. border. The soil in the vicinity of the streams is 
 fertile. Formed in 1839. and named from the tribe of In- 
 dians who once possessed the soil. Capital, Murphy. Pop. 
 yi66; of wlioiu S&47 were free, and 519 slaves. 
 
 CHEROKEE, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, con- 
 tains about •'iOO square miles. It is intersected by the Etowah 
 River, dividing it into nearly equal parts, and also drained 
 by Little River, and Shoal, Alaculsa, and Long Swamp 
 Creeks. The surface is finely diversified ; the southern part 
 is undulating, and thef northern very hilly. A large por- 
 tion of the soil is fertile. Valuable quarries of statuary mar- 
 ble have been opened in the N.E. part. The county eon- 
 tains several gold-mines, which are said to be pi-ofitable; 
 iron, copper, and titanium are also found. The Etowah 
 River furnishes extensive water-power, and is navigable for 
 small steamboats. Capital, Canton. Pop. 11,291 ; of whom 
 10,092 were free, and 1199 slaves. 
 
 CHEROKEE, a county in the E.N.E. part of Alabama, bor- 
 dering on Georgia, has an area of 710 square miles. • It is tra- 
 versed by the Coosa River, dividing it into nearly equal 
 p,<-irts, and also watered by the Chattooga River, an affluent 
 of the former. The surface is diversified by mountain ridges, 
 and partly covered with forests of pine, oak, and other timber. 
 The soil "is sandy and fertile, especially along Coosa River. 
 The route of the railroad lately commenced from the Ala- 
 bama River to the Tennessee, passes through ttie W. part 
 of the county. Organized about the year 1837. Capitjil, 
 Centre. Pop. 18,360; of whom 15,358 were free, and 3002 
 Bliives. 
 
 CHEROKEE, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an 
 area of 1215 square miles. The Neches River forms its 
 bf uudary on the W., and the Angelina River on the E. The 
 
 surface consists partly of prairies, and partly of timberevi 
 land; the soil in some parts is fertile. Capital, R»isk. Pop. 
 12,098 ; of whom 8S52 were free, and 3246 slaves. 
 
 CHEROKEE, a new county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 625 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Little Sioux River, and also drained by two .small affluents 
 of that stream, and by a tributary of Floyd's River, which 
 itself flows into the Mis.souri. This county is not included 
 in the census of 1850. Pop. in 1860, 58. 
 
 CHEROKEE, a village of Ixjgan co., Ohio, 2 or 3 miles W 
 of the M.ad River and liike Erie Railroad. 
 
 CHEROKEE CORNER, a village of Oglethorpe co., Gea 
 gia, 2 miles W. of the Georgia Railroad. 
 
 CHEROKEE HEIGHTS, a post-offlce of Abbeville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CHEICOKEE' IN'DIANS, a noble and once powerful tribe, 
 who formerly possessed the southern portion of tlie Appa- 
 lachian Mountains, and a large tract yf <;ountry on both 
 sides of this range. In 1809, their numl>er amounted to 
 12,359; but it had since considerably diminished, when at 
 length, in 1838, all the Cherokees who were in Gwji-gia, con- 
 stituting a large majority of those belonging to the tribe, 
 were removed to the W. of the Mississippi by order of the 
 United States government. The Cherokees have been con- 
 sidered tile most civilized of all the American Indians. They 
 have a written language: the alphabet, which wr.s invented 
 by a native Cherokee, consists of 85 characters. Previous to 
 their exp^|sion from Georgia, some of them are said to have 
 become excellent and thriving farmers, so as to bear an ad- 
 vantageous comparison with tlie most skilful and industri- 
 ous of this class in the South-western States. 
 
 CHEROKEE IRON-WORKS, a post-village of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 104 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 CHERONEA. See Cujironea. 
 
 CHEIt'ltAPlXINJEE', a British station and village of Far- 
 ther India, in the Cossyah Hills, 135 miles N.E. of Dacca, 
 from 4200 to 4500 feet above the sea, a good deal resorted t-^ 
 by invalids from Calcutta, whence it is reached by dawk in 
 5 or 6 davs. 
 
 CHElt^RIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 CHER'RY. a village and township of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, about 40 miles N. of Pittsburg. Poj). 907. 
 
 CIIERKY, a townshipof Sullivan co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1743. 
 
 CHERRY CREEK, a post-village and township of Chau- 
 tauqua CO., New York, 20 miles E. of Maysville. Pop. of tht- 
 township, 1359. 
 
 CHERRY CREEK, a post-village of Pontotoc co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 CIIER'RYFIELD, a township of Washington co., Maine, 
 120 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 175.J. 
 
 CIIERRYFIELD, u post-offlce of Henderson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CHERRY FLAT, a post-office of Rutherford CO.. Tcnnes,see. 
 
 CHERRY FLATS, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 110 miles X. by W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 CHERRY GROVE, a township of Warren co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 10 miles S. of Warren. Pop. 68. 
 
 CIlERltY GROVE, a post-office of Saline co.. Arkansas. 
 
 CllERI'.Y GROVE, a post-village and township in CaiTolI 
 CO., Illinois, about 25 miles E. by X. from Savannah. Pop. 
 of the township, 10.i7. 
 
 CHERRY GROVE, apost-offlce of Schuyler co., Missouri 
 
 CHERRY HILL, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHERRY HILL, a thriving post-village of Cecil co., Mary- 
 land, on a small stream. 60 miles X.E. of Annaptilis. In the 
 vicinity are numerous paper and grist mills, a rolling mill, 
 and several cotton factories. 
 
 CHERRY HILL, a post-office of Brooke co., Virginia. 
 
 CHERRY HILL, a post-office of Chickasaw co., JlissLs- 
 sippi. 
 
 CHERRY IITLL, avillage of Dodge co., Wisconsin, 36 miles 
 N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 CHERRY-HIN'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 CHERRY LAKE, a post-office of Madison co., Florida. 
 
 CHERRY RIDGE, a post-township of Wayne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 3 or 4 miles S. of Honesd;ile. Pop. 1091. 
 
 CHERRY RIDGE, a post-offlce of Union parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 CHERRY STONE, a post-village and port of entry of 
 Northampton co., A'irginia. Enrolled and licensed tonnage 
 in 1854, 1173. 
 
 CHERRY TREE, a post-township of Venango co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 12 miles N.N.E. of Franklin. Pop. 1227. 
 
 CHERRY VALLEY, a post-village and town.ship of Otsego 
 CO., New York, about 55 miles W. of Albany, with which it 
 is connected by turnpike. It contains several churches, a 
 newsp.aper office, an academy, a bank, and about 200 dwell- 
 ings. Pop. of township, 2552. 
 
 CHERRY VALLEY, a post-village of Washington CO., 
 Pennsylvania. 95 miles F^N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 CHERRY VALLEY, a post-vill.ige of Wilson co., Tennes- 
 see, on a turnpike leading from Nashville, 41 miles E. ol that 
 city. 
 
 429 
 
CUE 
 
 CHKRRY VALLEY, a post-township in the S.E. central 
 part of Ashtabula co.. Ohio. Pop. 760. 
 
 CriKlUtY VALLEY, a post-village of Winnebago CO., lUi- 
 n'>is. on the Kishwaukee Kiver, and on the Chicago and Ga- 
 lena Itailroad, about 200 miles \. by E. of Springfield. It 
 eontsin^^ a flour mill. 
 
 CHERRY VALLEY, a post-office of Crawford co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 CIIKRRY VALLEY, a .^mall post-village of Canada VTe.st. 
 CO. of Prince Edward, 5 miles S.E. of Pioton. Pop. about 100. 
 
 CHEK'KYVILLE, a post-village of Hunterdon CO., Xew 
 Jersey. 40 miles X. by W. of Trenton. 
 
 CIIERKYVILLE. a" post-village of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylv.Tnia. alx)Ut 20 miles W. of Easton. 
 
 CIIKKRYVILLE. a village of Sullivan CO., Pennsylvania, 
 119 miles N.N-.E. of Hariisburg. has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 CHERRYVILLE, a village of Haywood co., Tennessee, on 
 the Forked Deer Rirer. 175 miles W. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 CH KKR Y Wi>3D, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 
 CII ERSO. kJlrfso, (anc. Crejilm.) an island of Illyria. govern- 
 ment of Triest, in the Gulf of Quarnero. Adriatic, 12 miles 
 S.S.W. of Fiume. Area, 105 square miles. Pop. 14.000. 
 The surface is generally stony and rugged : the inhabitants 
 are in a great measure employed in fishing and building 
 vessels. Cherso. the ciipital, on its W. coast, has a cathe- 
 dral, and .3470 inhabitants. The other towns are Osero, 
 Lossini-Grande, and Lossiui-Piccolo. 
 
 CHER30N, a government and town of Russia. See 
 Kher.sox. 
 
 CHERSOJSTESUS, ker-so-nee's&g, (Gr. Xtpaovrttrm, a 
 'continent island," i.e. an island* joined to a continent, a 
 Iteninsula.) the ancient name of several peninsulas of Europe 
 »nd .4sia, as Chersnni'jsus Aurea, (M.ilacca,) Cliersfmesiis dm- 
 Irica, (JuTLAXD.) Cherwnesus Thracia, (G.ujjpoli,) and 
 Clwrmnesus Taurica. (Crimea.) 
 
 CHERT, chaiRt, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 33 miles N. 
 of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1718. 
 
 CHBUTA. ch^R'ti. a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 8 miles 
 from Tortosa. in a plain. It w.is a celebrated and important 
 place in the time of the Romans. Pop. 2433. 
 
 CIIERTSEY. chJs'sy, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Surrey, on the Thames, here crossed by a line 
 eeven-arched bridge. 19 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 
 1851, 6025. The town, neatly built of brick, has a hand- 
 some church, some vestiges of a famous abliey, founded a. d. 
 666. and in which Henry VI. was buried: an endowed cha- 
 rity school, educating "from 300 to 400 children. Julius 
 Cfesar is supposed by some to have crossed the Thames at 
 this place to attack the Britons. The Saxon kings had a 
 palace here. The poet Cowley died in the town, where his 
 study is still preserved. In the vicinity, now noted for its 
 market-gardens, are many handsome seats, including St. 
 Ann's Hill, formerly the residence of Charles James Fox. 
 
 CHESWXING'. a post-oflive of Saginaw co.. Michigan. 
 
 CHES'APF,A ivE, (B VT.) the largest bay in the United States, 
 enters Virginia between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, about 
 lat. 37" N., Ion. 76° W., and extends into Marvland as far 
 as 39° 36' .\. lat.. 76° 3' W. Ion. The length, fiillowing the 
 curve, is about 200 miles : the breadth varies from 4 to 40 
 miles. The distance from Cape Charles to Cape Henry is 
 about 12 miles. Prob.ably no other bay on the globe is 
 marked with so many arms or estuaries .as the Chesapeake. 
 These are of various dimen.sions, and of the most fantastic 
 forms. While many of them serve as outlets or reservoirs 
 to the waters Of the different rivers of Maryland and Air- 
 ginia. others are scarcely fed by any permanent stream, l)e- 
 ing nothing more than mere arms or projections from the 
 se-a. 'The depth of the Chesapeake is sufficient for the largest 
 ships to ascend the main bay nearly to the mouth of the 
 Susquehanna. South-west of Cape Henry, the rivers, har- 
 bors, and sounds are shallow; but with the Chesapeake 
 commence deep bays, which continue at no great distance 
 from each other to "the N.E. extremitv of the Atlantic coast 
 Of the United States. The region drained by the Chesa- 
 peake Bay. and the rivers flowing into it, embraces an area 
 of about 70.000 square miles. 
 
 CHESAPEAKE, or CHESAPEAKE CITY, a post-village 
 of Cecil CO.. Maryland, at the W. terminus of the Chesapeake 
 and Delaware Canal, near the entrance of Elk River Into 
 the Chesapeake Bay, 84 miles X.E. of .\nnapolis. 
 
 CHKS.\PE.VKE. a post-village of Lawrence CO., Missouri, 
 145 miles S.W. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 CIIKS/KLBORNE. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CHESII'AM. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Buck.s. 12 miles W.X.W. of the Watford station of the Lon- 
 don and Blrmingh.am Railway, and 29 miles W.X.W. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in IS.'il, 6098. It has manufactures of straw- 
 plait, shoes, wooden turned wares, &c., and paper mills. 
 
 CHESH'AM-BOIS. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CHESU'ER'S STORE, a post-office of Anderson co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 CHESHIRE, a county of England. See Chestee 
 
 • In Arabic, the same word ^Jaetr) is used for a " peninsula" 
 and an " island." 
 430 
 
 CHE 
 
 CHESHIRE, ch?sh1r, a county forming the S.W. extre- 
 mity of New Hampshire, has an area of about 7.70 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by AVindham eountv. A"er- 
 mont, the Connecticut flowing w'holly within its border, 
 and is drained by the .\shuelot and its numerous tributa- 
 ries, and by the head branches of Coutoocook, and some 
 smaller stre.ams. It cont.ains a number of lakes and ponds. 
 Bellows Falls, on the Connecticut, in the N.AV. p;irt. is one 
 of the most remarkable cataracts in the state. The surface 
 is generally uneven, with a few mountains, among which 
 may be mentioned the Grand Monadnock and A.^huelot 
 Mountains. The soil is generally fertile, especially along 
 the stream.?. The Connecticut River, navigable for Ijoats, 
 and the railroad connecting AVorcester, Massachusetts, and 
 Montpelier, A'ermont. intersect this county, and part of the 
 railro.ad connecting Hartford. Connecticut." and Keene. is in- 
 cluded within its limits. Organized in 1771. Capital. Keene. 
 Pop. 27,434. 
 
 CHESHIRE, a post-village and township of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Pittsburg and North Adams Railroad, 
 about 120 miles AV by N. of Boston. Pop. 1533. 
 
 CHESHIRE, a post-village and township of New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, on the New Haven iind Northampton Rail- 
 road, 15 miles N. of New Haven. It contains a flourishing 
 academy. Pop. 2407. 
 
 CHESHIKE, a post-village of Ontario co., New York, about 
 200 miles \\\ of Albany. 
 
 CHESHIHE, a post-village and township of Gallia co., 
 Ohio, near the Ohio River, about 12 miles above Gallipolia. 
 Pop. of the township 1715. 
 
 CHESHTREA'ILLE. a post-office of Chenango Co.. New York. 
 
 CHES'HUNT. a parish of England, co. of Herts, with a 
 station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 14 miI5s N. of Lon- 
 don. Lady Huntingdon's College, for the education of theo- 
 logical students of all sects, removed hither from South 
 AA'ales. has a revenue of upwards of 1200?. per annum. Here 
 are some remains of a nunnery, and an elegant stone cross, 
 recently restored. The ilanor-house was a residence of Car- 
 dinal AVolsey : and Theobalds, the favorite seat of James I., 
 is in this parish. Near the church is the house in which 
 Richard Cromwell, son of the Protector, died in 1712. aged 
 80 years. 
 
 CHES'IL BANK, a sand and gravel shoal in the English 
 Channel, which connects the island of Portland with the 
 mainland, stretching from Ahbotsbury. Dorsetshire, soutn- 
 eastward for 9 miles, by half a mile in breadth. 
 
 CHES/LIN-HAY, a township of Endand, co. of Stafford. 
 
 CHESNUT HILL. See Chest.vut Hill. 
 
 CHES'SINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Surrev. 
 
 CHESS SPRINGS, a post-office of Cambria co., Pe"nnsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 CHESSY. shJs^see'. a town of France, department of RhOno, 
 9 miles S.S.AV. of A'illefranche. on the Azerque. Pop. 762 
 Its rich copper-mines, which have been worked since th# 
 time of the Romans, are now abandoned. 
 
 CHEST, a post-township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, 
 21 miles S.AV. of Clearfield, is drained by Chest' Creek. 
 Pop. 742. 
 
 CHEST .\ 'TEE. a small river of Georgia, rises in Lumpkin 
 CO., and flows southward to the Chattahoochee, a few miles 
 AV. of Gainesville. It furnishes e.xtensive water-power. 
 ' CHEST CREEK, of i'ennsylvania. enters the AVest Branch 
 of the Susquehanna in Clearfield county. 
 
 CHESTE. cht-s'tA, a town of Spain. 14 miles AV. of A'alen- 
 cia. Pop. 3742. It has manufactures of AvooUen goods, and 
 trade in wine and fruits. 
 
 CHES'TER. or CHESHIRE, a maritime county of Eng^ 
 land, having N. the Irish Sea and the estuary of the Mer- 
 sey, .and on other sides the counties of Lancaster, Y'ork, 
 Derby. St.afford, Salop, Flint, AVest Flint, Denbigh, and the 
 estuary of the Dee. Area, 673.2S0 acres, of which upwards 
 of 620,000 acres are estimated to bp under culture. Pop. 
 455,725. The surface, except on its extreme E, and AV. bor- 
 ders, is remarkably level, well wooded, and studded with 
 sm.all lakes or meres. The priiicipal rivers are the Dee. Mer- 
 sey, and AVeever. The soil is chiefly a clayey or s;indy loam; 
 the climate moist. This is one of the principal dairy and 
 grazing districts in England. Near Nantwich are apparently 
 inexhaustible mines of rock salt and sjiline .springs: other 
 chief mineral products are coal, copper, and lead. The 
 Grank Trunk and Bridgewater Canals, and the Londcm and 
 North-western. Manchester and Birmingham. theCre\ye and 
 Chester, and Holyhead Railways traverse the county. Be- 
 sides the capital city, Chest*^, the principal towns are 
 Macclesfield. Stockport. Congleton. and Knutsford. Its N, 
 and S. divisions each .send 2 members to the House of Com- 
 mons. The Oirimvii occupied this part of the cjuntry at 
 the Roman invasion. It was held by the .\ngli>SaTon» 
 from 828 till taken possession of bj- AVilliam the Conqueror, 
 who formed it into a county-palatine. It was governed 
 almost independent of the Flnglish crown till the reign of 
 Henry AIIl., but remained a county- pjilatine until an act 
 of George lA'. abolished its independent courts. 
 
 CHESTER, (anc.De'fO or Dc'ra Ccist-'^a,) an episcopal city, 
 county of the same name, parliamentti y and monidpnl bo- 
 
CHE 
 
 rough, and river port of Englani, capital of the county, on 
 the Dee. hern crjssed by 2 brid^-es, and on the Crewe and 
 Birkenhead Itaihvay. 16 miles .S.S.K. of Liverpool, 21 miles 
 N.W. of Crewe, .tnd 166 miles X.\T. of London. It stands 
 on a rocky elevation, in (treat part enclosed by ancient 
 and massivfi walls, which form an oblong quadrangle, sur- 
 rounded by a public walk 2 miles in length. Its tho- 
 roughfares, preserving their ancient Roman direction, cross 
 each other at riirht angles ; and the four principal, which 
 diverge to the cardinal points, have their carriage-ways far 
 below the adjacent houses, and are bordered with shops, 
 over which are piazzas or " rows" for fixjt-passengers. The 
 principal edifices are the Castle, comprising barracks and 
 armory with nearly 30.00U stand of arms, the City Jail, 
 churches, palatinate offices. City Hall, linen, union, and com- 
 merce halls. Exchange.County Intirmary.and County Lunatic 
 Asylum. The Cathedral is an irregular massive structure, 
 with a tower 127 feet in height ; it has many tine monumen ts, 
 with a handsome chapter-house, and adjacent to it are the 
 remains of an ancient abl)ey, partly used for the grammar 
 school. The bishop's palace and prebendal college occupy 
 other portions of the abbey-precinct. St. John's Church is a 
 fine specimen of Saxon architecture; Trinity Church con- 
 tains the tombs of the poet I'arnell, and of .Matthttw Henry, 
 the commentitor on the Uible. At the end of either prin- 
 cipal street of the city pro|)er is an arched gateway: and 
 crossing the Dee is Grosvenor Bridge, a stone structure of a 
 single arch 2il0 feet in span. The public charities are very 
 numerous, comprising St. John's I'oors Hospital, (annu.al 
 revenue, about 60iM..) and a large numl)Qr of schools, includ- 
 ing one supported by the JLanjuis of Westminster for .500 
 children. Chester has a good public library, a mechanics' 
 institution, with museum and theatre. Except ship-build- 
 ing, the manufactures are of little consequence, and the 
 commerce of Chester has greatly declined, owing to the till- 
 ing up of the harbor, and to the proximity of Liverpool. 
 Vessels of GOO tons, however, now approach the city, which 
 exports cheese, copper plates, cast iron, and coal, and im- 
 ports wines and other soathern European produce, and 3 rish 
 provisions. Customs revenue in 1818, 83,94of. Registered 
 shipping in 1847, 0682 tons. It has county assizes for 
 Cheshire, and county and borough quarter sessions. The 
 municipal and parliamentary borough, subdivided into 5 
 wards, is governed by a mayor. 10 aldermen, and 30 coun- 
 cillors. Chester sends 2 members to the House of Com- 
 mons. The diocese comprises the counties of Chester and 
 Lancaster, with parts of Cumberland, Westmoreland. Flint, 
 and Uenl'igh. It givi»! the title of earl to the Prince of 
 Wales. About 3 miles S. is Eaton Hall, the magnificent 
 seat of the .Marquis of Westminster. Pop. in 1851. 27.76(i. 
 
 CIIKS'TKK. a maritime village of Nova Scotia, in British 
 America. 3:i miles W. of Halifax. 
 
 CllKSTER, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvani.a. 
 bordering on Delaware and Maryland, has an area of 738 
 Square miles. The Schuylkill River forms its Ixiundary on 
 the X.E., the Octorara Creek on the W., the branches of 
 Brandywine Creek rise within Its limits, and it is also 
 drained b}' French and Elk Creeks. The surface is agree- 
 •iibly diversilied: a low ridge, called the Welsh Mountain, 
 forms the X.W. l)Oundary ; the eastern part is generally un- 
 dulating, and the central and north-western p.arts hilly. 
 The ttreat Valley extends across the county from the Schuyl- 
 kill River in a W.S.W. dire 'tion, with an average widtli of 
 about 2 miles. The soil of this valley, and of many other 
 parts, is exceedingly fertile, and in a high stiite of cultiva- 
 tion. The quantity of corn produced in 1850 was 1.339.446 
 bushels — greater than that of any other county in the state 
 except Lancaster: and the quantity of h.ay w.as 96.315 tons — 
 greater than that of any other county except .Montgomery. 
 The rocks which underlie the county are of the primary 
 stratified class, and perhaps no part of the state offers so 
 great a variety of rare minerals. Extensive quarries of pri- 
 mitive limestone and marble are worked in the Great Valley ; 
 mines of copper and lead have been opened near the Schuyl- 
 kill River: zinc, chronvite of iron, and kiiolin are procured 
 for exportation in other parts of the county. It also contains 
 zircon, silver, titanium, agate, chalcedony, sapphire, ame- 
 thj'st, and beryl. Water-power is abundant in the county, 
 and is employed in manufactories of various kinds. It is 
 Intersected by the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, and seve- 
 ral branch railroads terminate in it. Chester co. was one of 
 the three original counties of Pennsylvania, established by 
 William Petni in 1682, and was named from the city of Ches- 
 ter, in England. Capital, West Chester. Pop. 74,578. 
 
 CHESTER, a district in the X. part of South Carolina, has 
 an area of 570 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Catawlia River, on the W. by Broad River, and drained by 
 Fishing, Rocky, and Sandy Creeks. The surface is plea- 
 santly diversified by hills of moderate height; the soil is 
 fertile and well watered. The district is intersected by the 
 Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, lately constructed. 
 Capital, Chesterville. Pop. 18,122; of whom 7254 were free, 
 and 10.S6S slaves. 
 
 CHESTER, a township of Penobscot co., Maine, on the W. 
 8id«of Pencbscot River, 100 miles NJB. of Augusta. Pop. 318. 
 
 CUE 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village and township of RoclcinghaiD 
 CO., New JIampsliire, 25 miles 8.E. of Concord, intersected 
 by a branch of E.xeter River. Pop. 1275. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village and township of Windsor co,, 
 Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 80 miles 
 S. of .VIontpelier. It has an academv and manufactures oJ 
 woollen goods, rakes, leather, &c. Pop. 212<i. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village and township of Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Riiilroad, 119 miles W.byS. 
 of Boston. It litis manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, 
 leather, and edge tools. Pop. 1314. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village and township of Middlesex co, 
 Coimecticut, on the W. side of Connecticut River, about 2J 
 miles .\.E. by E., of New Haven. The inhabitants are ex- 
 tensively engiiged in the manufacture of various articles of 
 hard ware,including machinery, iron castings.bitsand augers, 
 forks, and spoons ; also of woollen goods and leather. Here 
 is a steamlioat landing on the Connecticut. Pop. 1015. 
 
 CHE?TER, a post-village and township of Orange Co., New 
 York, at the junction of the Newburg brancli with the New 
 York and Erie Railroad, 55 miles N.N.W. of .New York City. 
 The villiige is divided into East and West Chester. The rail- 
 road station is at East Chester. It contains a bank, an 
 academy, tind several storehouses. Pop. of township, 1S49. 
 
 CllEgTEl!, a township of Warren CO., New York. P. 2412. 
 
 CHESTER, a township of Burlington co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2227. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village and township of Morris co., New 
 Jersey, on flie turnpike between Morristowii and Eiujton, 12 
 miles W. by S. of the former. It conttiius 2 churches, and 
 about 50 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 1585. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-township of Delaware co, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Delaware River, 15 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. Pop, 
 including Chester borough, 4631. 
 
 CHESTER, a flourishing post-borough of Delaware co. 
 Pennsylvania, on'tlie Delaware River, and on the Philadel- 
 phia and Wilmington Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of 'Philadel- 
 phia, and 94 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. It has the dis- 
 tinction of being the oldest town in the state, having been 
 settled by the Swedes in 1643. It was originally called Up- 
 land. The Provincial Assembly under the government of 
 William Penn was held here in 1682. Chester was the 
 county seat of Chester co. from 1682 until Delaware co. was 
 organized in 1789. It contains a churches, 2 banks, a na- 
 tional hall, 1 newspaper office, 4 machine-shops, 2 car-facto- 
 ries, iind Several manufactories of cotton and woollen goods. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1667 ; in 18t.O. about 2500. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Delaware River. 
 
 CHESTER, a village of Gwinnett co., Georgia, 25 miles 
 E.N.E. of Atlanta. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee. 
 
 C 1 1 ESTER, a village of Butler co., Ohio, 16 miles N. by E. 
 of Cincinnati. 
 
 CHESTER, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1229. 
 
 CHESTER, a township of Geauga co., Oiiio. Pop. 865. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village and township, formerly tha 
 capital of Meigs co , Ohio, about 100 miles S.E. of Columbus, 
 Poji. of the township, 1623. 
 
 CHESTER, a township in Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1427. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-township in Wayne co., Ohio, about? 
 miles E liy N. of Wooster. Pop. 1991. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-township in the central part of Eaton 
 CO., Michigan. 20 miles W.S.W. of Lan.«ing. Pop. 796. 
 
 CHESTER, a township of Ottawa CO., Michigan. Pop. 751. 
 
 CHESTER, a township in Wabash Co.. Indiana. Pop. 2615. 
 
 CM ESTER, a post-office of Wayne Co., Indiana. 
 
 CHESTER, a township, in Wells CO., Indiana. Pop. 942. 
 
 CHESTER, a thriving post Village, capital of Randolph 
 CO., Illinois, on the Mississippi River, about 1 mile below the 
 entrance of the Kaskaskia, and 149 miles S. of Springfield. It 
 has considerable bnsiness. It contains 8 chinxhes, 3 large 
 schoolhouses, and 2 flouring-mills. Two weekly newspapers 
 are puldi.shed here. Pop. 122'<. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village and township in Dodge eo., Wis- 
 consin, aliout 60 N.W. of Milwankie. Pop. 938. 
 
 CHESTER COURT-HOUSE,in South Carolina. SccChes- 
 
 CHESTER CREEK, in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 flows through Delaware co., and enters the Delaware River 
 near the borough of Chester. 
 
 CHESTER CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Geauga co., 
 Ohio, 169 miles N.E. of Columbus. There is a flourishing 
 sominarv here. • 
 
 CHES"rER FACTORY,a post-village of Hampden co.,iIa8- 
 sachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 120 miles W. by S. of 
 Boston. 
 
 CHES'TERFIELD, a municipal borough, town, parish, 
 and township of England, co. and 22 miles N.N.E. of Derby, 
 on the Rother, and a canal connecting it with the Trent, 
 and having a station on the North Midland Railway. 241^ 
 miles N.N.E. of Derby. Pop. in 1851,7101. It is irregttlarly 
 built. The principal edifices are a cruciform church of the 
 thirteenth century, with a remarkable twisted spire 2.30 feet 
 high, various schools, almshouses, literary and mechanics' 
 
 431 
 
 <■■ .'I'lr 
 
CHE 
 
 SnsHtuHoTis, ttie Town-hall. Jail. Union Work-house, and ele- 
 gant asseuibly rooms. It has manufactures of cottons, silks, 
 lace, hosiery, worsted, earthenware, and mnchiuerv ; and in 
 ]t.» Ticiaity are iron, coal, and lead mines. Chesterfield gives 
 the title of earl to a branch of the Stanhope family, and is 
 pollinji-place for the northern division of the county. 
 
 CIIKSTKHFIIXD, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, 
 li.is an area of "0) S(iuare miles. The Appomattox Kiver 
 forms its whole southern boundary, and the .James River on 
 the X.K. separates it from Henrico county and Kichmond 
 city. The surface is uneven, and the soil inferior, except^ 
 ins the river bottoms. Coal is procured in considerable 
 (juantities from the mines of this county. The Kichmond 
 and Petersbun; Railroad passes through it. Formed from 
 Henrico in 174?. Capital, Chesterfield Court-IIou.se. Pop. 
 19.016: of whom 10,iiti".i were free, and *i3o4 slaves. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a district in the N.E. part of South Ca^ 
 rolinn, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 868 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Great Pedee 
 River, on the S.W. b}' Lynche's Creek, and dniined by Black 
 and Cedar Creeks. The surface is hilly, the soil generally 
 sandy, and fertile near the streams. The district is inter- 
 sected by a plank-road from Cheraw to Wadesborough, North 
 Carolina. Capital, Chesterfield Court-House. Pop. 11,834, 
 of whom 74>6 were free, and 4;i48 slaves. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a post-village and township of Cheshire 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the left bank of the Connecticut 
 River, opposite Brattleborongh, 65 miles S.W. of Concord. 
 It has an academy, and manufactures of cotton goods, sash 
 and blinds, leather, and bits and augers. Pop. 1404. 
 
 CHES TERFIELD, a post-township of Hampshire co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, CK) miles W. of Boston, watered by a branch of 
 Westfield Kiver. Pop. 897. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a post-village in New London co., Con- 
 necticut, about 6 miles N.N.AV. of New London. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a township of Essex' co., New York, on 
 Lake ChiClnplain. Pop. 3179. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a township of Burlington co., New Jer- 
 sey. Top. 1628. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a post-village, capital of Cliesterfield 
 district. South Carolina, on Thompson's Creek, an affluent 
 of Great Pe<lee River, 105 miles N.E. of Columbia. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a post-village of Madison parish, Loui- 
 siana, on Biiyou Macon, 150 miles N. of Baton Ronge. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a post-to«-nship in Fulton co., Ohio, 
 about 35 miles W. by N. of Toledo. Pop. SSS. 
 
 CHESTERtlEI.D, a small village of Morgan co.. Ohio. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a township of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 21.-7. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, a village of Greene co.. Indiana, on the 
 West Fork of White River, 80 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, formerly WEST UNION, a village of 
 Madison co., Indiana, on White River, 40 miles N.E. of In- 
 dianapolis, with which it is connected by railroad. It con- 
 tains a steam mill. 
 
 ClIESTE'.! FIELD, a flourishing post-village of Macoupin 
 CO.. Illinois. 60 miles S.W. of Sprinirfield. 
 
 CllESTEKFlELD. a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 25 
 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 CHESTEKFl ELD COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of 
 Chesterfield co..Virginia, about 12 miles S.S.W.of Kichmond. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD FACTORY, a post-offlce of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD INLET, a long and narrow inlet of Bri- 
 tish North America, stretching N. from Hudson's Bay. En- 
 trance in lat. 6:i° 30' N.. Ion. 90° 40' W. Length, 250 "miles : 
 greatest breadth, 25 miles. It contains numerous island.s, 
 and receives several rivers. 
 
 CHESTEUFOKD, (anc. Oimboricumf or BiUalcenontmf) a 
 parish of England, co. of Essex, on the Granta, Zi miles 
 N .N.W. of Saffron- Walden. G reat quantities of Roman coins 
 and urns have been dug up here, and in 1848 the remains 
 of a Roman villa were discovered. 
 
 CHESTERFORD, LITTLE, a pari.sh of England, co. (jf 
 Essex, 2| miles N.W. of Saffron-Walden. It is a station on 
 the Eastern Counties Railway. 
 
 CHES'TERHILL. a postoffice of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 CHESTEr.-LE-STREET, a village and parish of England, 
 CO. and oj miles N. of Durham, near the Gi-eat North of Eng- 
 land Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2580. Its church was formerly 
 collegiate; and the village, which is on the ancient Ermine 
 street, was long the seat of the Durham episcopal see. 
 
 CHESTER RIVER, of Delaware and Mai-jland, rises in 
 5ent county of the former state, flows westward to Chestei^ 
 town of MaryL-ind. Here it turns toward the S.W.. and 
 assumes the firm of abay, which communicates with Chesa- 
 peake Bay between Kent and Queen Anne counties. Small 
 vessels .isc'end to Chestertown. a distance of a1x>ut 30 miles. 
 
 CHESTKKS DISTRICT, a village or setUement of Burke 
 CO.. Georiria, 80 miles E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CHESTER SPRINGS, sometimes called the YELLOW 
 SPRINGS, a p.>st-village and watering-place of Plkeland 
 township, Che.ster co., Pennsylvaui.1, 72 miles E.S.E. of Har- 
 risburg. It is a pleasant summer j-esort, surrounded with 
 dttligbtful .scenery. 
 432 
 
 CHE 
 
 CHESTERTON, a pari.sh of Enjrland, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 CHESTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon 
 
 CHESTERTON, a parish of Enaland. co. of Oxford. 
 
 CHESTERTON, a parish of Enu'land. co. of W.irwick. 
 
 CHFISTERTOWN, a post-village of Warren co., New York, 
 80 miles N. of Albany, h:is 3 churches, and about 400 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 CHESTERTOWN. a seaport, capital of Kent co.. Maryland, 
 on the right or W. bank of Chester River, aliout .30 miles 
 from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. 54 miles N.E. of -in- 
 napolis. It is the seat of Washington College, founded in 
 1783, and contains 1 bank and several churches. Small 
 vessels ascend the river to this point. Pop. 1539. 
 
 CHESTER VILLAGE, a post-village of Hampden CO., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Western Railroad 119 miles W. by S. of 
 Boston. 
 
 CIIES'TERVILLE, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, 
 25 miles N.W. of Angnsta. Pop. 1110. 
 
 CHESTER VI LLE.apost-officeof Chester co.,Pennsylvania. 
 
 CllESTERVILLE, a village of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 
 near the source of Genesee Kiver, about 180 miles N.W. of 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 CllESTERVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Maryland. 
 
 CllESTERVILLE, a post-village, capital of Chester dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on the Charlotte and South Carolina 
 Itailroad, 64 miles N. by W. of Columbia. It is situated in 
 a fertile fanning district, and has an active business, and 1 
 bank. A railroad has been completed from this place to 
 Yorkville. 
 
 CllESTERVILLE, a post-ofBce of Pontotock co., Misrfs- 
 sippi. 
 
 CllESTERVILLE. a postoffice of Gibson co., Tennessee, 
 14.S miles W. of Nashville City. 
 
 CllESTERVILLE. a post-village in Morrow co., Ohio, about 
 40 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 500. 
 
 CHESTER WARD. England, a division forming the N. 
 part of the county of Durham. Ai-ea. 158.060 acres, about 
 one-fourth of which is heath. Pop. 110.178. 
 
 CHEST'NUT BLUFFS, a post-viHage of Dyer co., Tennes- 
 see. 153 miles W. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 CHESTNUT CREEK, a postK)ffice of Autauga co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 CHESTNUT FLAT, a post-village of Walker co.. Georgia. 
 
 t^lIKSTNUT G.\P. a post-office of Gilmer co.. Georgia. 
 
 CHESTNUT GROVE, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CHESTNUT G^OVE, a thriving post-village of Pittsyl- 
 vania CO.. Virginia, near Sandy Creek, 173 miles W.S.W. of 
 Richmond, contains 3 stores, several tobacco factories, and 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 CHESTNUT GROVE, a post-office of Davidson co., Ten- 
 nes.see. 
 
 CHESTNUT GROVE, a postK)ffice of Shelby co., Kentucky. 
 
 CHESTNUT HILL, a post-township of Monj-oe co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 24 miles N.W. from Easton. Pop. 1:'93. 
 "chestnut hill, a post-village included within the 
 chartered limits of Philadelphia, 12 miles N.N.W. of the 
 State-house. It is finely situated on the top of a hill, and 
 contains a Presbyterian and a Methodist church, with a- 
 number of elegsint country-seats, anil n hospital. 
 
 CHESTNUT HILL, a post-office of Calvert co., Maryland. 
 
 CHESTNUT HILL, a post-office of Ashe co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 CHESTNUT HILL, a village of Hall co.. Georgia, about 95 
 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CHESTNUT HILL, a post-office of Perry co.. Alabama. 
 
 CHESTNUT HILL, a post-office of Washington co^ In- 
 diana. 
 
 CHESTNUT LEVEL, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CH ESTXUT RIDGE, a post-office. Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 CHESTNUT RIDGE, of 1'ennsylvani.i, a ridge extending 
 south westerly through Westmoreland and Fayette counties 
 into Virginia. See Laurel Kidge. 
 
 CHESTNUT RIDGE, a post-office. IJnion co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHESTNUT RIDCtE. a post-office of Lincoln co.,Tennessea 
 
 CIIESUNCOOK. (che-sun'kook) L.4KE. in I'iscatafiuis co., 
 Maine, is alout 25 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide. 
 It may properly be regarded as an expansion of the Penob- 
 scot River, which is common!)' said to flow through it 
 
 CHKS'WARDINE. a jwrish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 CIIET.VCHEE CREEK, of Alabam.i. enters the .\labama 
 River from the N.W. .alout IS miles lielow Cahawba. 
 
 CHETIMACHF^ (ehet-tim-.Htch'iz or shot'mash') LAKE, 
 also called GRAND LAKE, situated in the S. part of Loui- 
 siiina. between AtcbaCnlaya Bayou and the fiver Teche, is 
 formed by the overflowings of the former. It is about 40 
 miles long and 10 miles wide, but too shallow for naviga- 
 tion. Its waters are dischai-ged through the above-named 
 bavou into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 CHETTLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CIIETTON, a parish of England, co. of .«al(>p. 
 
 CHET'W.W a maritime town of British India, presidency 
 of Bombay, district of Malabar, on the W. roast of India, li 
 miles E.S.E. of Calicut. 
 
CHE 
 
 CIIETnVOOD or CHETWODE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks. 
 
 CIIE'rnVYND, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 CIIKL'X, shuh, a town of France, department of Calvados, 
 on the right Ixink of the Mue, arroadissement, and 10 miles 
 W. of Caen. I'op. 1009. 
 
 CHEV'ELEY, a parish of England, co. of Camhridge. 
 
 CIIEVELKY, a parish of England, co. of Berlis. 
 
 CIIKV/EN'ING, a parish of EngLnnd. co.of Kent. 
 
 CHEV/EIIELL, OKEAT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CUEVEHELL, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CIIEVILLY, sheh-veeVee', a village of France, department 
 of Loiret. ou the Paris and Orleans IJailway, arroudissement, 
 and 9 miles N. of Orleans. Pop. 12S1. 
 
 CHEV'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CHEVIOT, chev'e-ot, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 
 about 6 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 CHEVIOT (chev'e-9t) EKLLS, a mountain range of South 
 Africa, iu Cape Colony, e.xtendiug between theGroen-Borgen 
 on the W. and Ilyndhope Fells on the E.. about lat. o2° 30' S. 
 
 CHEVIOT (cliiv'e-ijt or chev'e-^t) HILLS, a mountain 
 range extending from N.E. to S.W., between England and 
 Scotland, iu the counties of Northumberland and Ito.xUurgh, 
 but mostly iu the former county, in which they occupy 
 about 10,000 acres. They are of trap formation, porphyry 
 and greenstone, and intersect the old ivd sandstone and 
 mouutaiu limestone strata. They afford e.xcellent pasture, 
 and are grazed by sheep of superior breed. Grouse are 
 abundant. Tbe Cheviot I'eak, alx>ut 7 miles S.W. of Wooler, 
 is 2684 feet, and Carter Fell. 2020 feet in elevation. The Clie- 
 Tiot Hills were the scene of the famous encounter between 
 the Earl Percy and Douglas, described in the old ballad of 
 " Chevy Chase." 
 
 CHEVKEUSE, shJvVuz', a town of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, 7 miles S.W. Versailled, on the Yvette. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 1807. It was formerly an important fortress, 
 and repeatedly taken and retaken in the wars of the fifteenth 
 century. 
 
 CHEW-MAG'NA, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHEWNI.VGA, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois. 
 
 CllliWS LANDINCJ, a post-village of Camden co., New 
 Jersey, on the North ISranch of Big Timber Creek, 9 miles 
 S. by E. of Camden. It contains 2 churches, and from 40 to 
 60 dwellings. 
 
 CHKW'STOKE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHKWS'VILLE. a post-village of Washington CO., Mary- 
 land. 106 miles X.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 CHEW'TON-.MEN/«IP. a parish of England, co. of Somer- 
 set. 6 miles N.X.E. of \Vells. It gives the title of viscount 
 to the Earl of Waldegrave. 
 
 CHEYCHUN, chAVhun/, a town of Sinde, on the Indus, 
 50 miles N.X.^V. of Hyderabad. 
 
 CHKY'ENNE. See Chienne. 
 
 CllfiZE, La, Id sh.iz, or 14 shJz, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cotes-du-Nord, 6 miles S.E. of Loudeac, on the Lie. 
 Pop. ill 1862, 410. 
 
 CIlfiZY L'ABBAYE, shAVoe^aVbi/, a market-town of 
 France, department of Aisne, 4 miles S. of Chateau-Thierry. 
 Pop. ]21ti. 
 
 CIII.\MPO, ke-dm'po, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice, 12 miles W. of Vicenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CIII.WA. ke-d/n3. (anc. Clafnis.) a small river of Central 
 Italy, belonging to Tuscany and Umbria: after forming one 
 or two lakes or marshes, it is divided into two branches, the 
 former being an affluent of the Arno, which it joins 5 miles 
 N.W. of Arezzo, after a course of 35 miles; the latter joins 
 tlie Paglia. The two are connected by the Chiana Canal, -'57 
 miles in length, begun in 1551, finished in 1823, and by which 
 a large tract of land has been drained and rendered fertile. 
 
 CHIANCI.\NO, ke-dn-chi'uo. a village of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince of Arezzo, 4 miles S.E. of Montepulciano. It is one of 
 the most favorite watering-places iu Central Italy. Pop. 2166, 
 
 CHIANTI, ke-dn'tee, that part of Tuscany which lies be- 
 tween the sources of the Arbia, Ambra, and Ombrone, 
 forming part of the water-shed between their basins and 
 that of the Arno. 
 
 CHI.\NTL.\, ehe-lnt/ld, a river of Central America. Guate- 
 mala, rises iu the volcanic chain which traverses the centre 
 of Guatemala, and, after a N.W. course of 150 miles, joins the 
 Usumasinta. on the left bank, in lat. 17° W N., Ion. 91° 55' W. 
 
 CHIANTLA. a town of Central America, on the above-, 
 named river. 12S miles S.W. of Guatemal.a. 
 
 CHIAPA, che-d'pd, or CHIAPAS, che-d'pds, the southern- 
 most state of the Mexican Confederation, situated between 
 lat. 16° and 18° N., and Ion. 91° and 94° W.. having N. the 
 state of Tabasco; W., Oajaca: S. and E., Guatemala, and 
 N.E., Yutacan. Area, 18,679 square miles. It comprises a 
 portion of the table-land of Central America, traversed by 
 the rivers Usumasinta, Tabasco, and their affluents. Eu- 
 ropean grains are raised on the uplands; the valleys yield 
 maize, hemp, tobacco, sugar, pimento, indigo, vanilla, and 
 oocoa, the export trade being chiefly in the two latter-named 
 products. Principal towns, Cuidad-lteal. the capital, Chiapa, 
 and Palenque. Remains of ancient cities are found in the 
 N Ji. part of this state. Pop., chiefly Indians, 161,914. 
 2C 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHTAP.A. DE LOS INDIOS, cherd'pd dd loce eenMeoce, a 
 town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Chiapa. on the 
 Taba.sco, 20 miles N.W. of Cuidad-Real. It derived its namo 
 from its population being mainly Indian. 
 
 CHIAPAS. SeeCHL\p.4.. 
 
 CHIARAMOXTE, ke-d'rd-mon'td, a town of Sicily, 17, 
 miles N.N.W. of Modica. Pop. 7000. It is well built, aud the 
 view from its Capuchin convent is one of the finest in Sicil) 
 
 CIIIAKAMONTE or CHIAHAMONT, a citadel, inten 
 dancv of Girgenti, a little W. of Siculiana. 
 
 ClilARAMONTE, a villivge of Sardinia, 14 miles E.N.E. 
 of Sassari. I'op. 1505. 
 
 CHI.4.RAVALLE, ke-dVd-vdll J. a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra II., near the Gulf of Squillace, 17 milea 
 S.W. of Catiiuzaro. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CniARAVALLE, an abliey in Lombardy, 3 miles S.E. of 
 Milan, originally a Cisterciau monastery, founded by St. 
 Bernard. 
 
 CHIARENZA or CLARENTZA, a cape and village of 
 Greece. See Kubentza. 
 
 CIIIARI, ked'ree, a town of Lombardy, 14 miles W. of 
 Brescia, on the railway fiom 51ilan to Brescia. Pop. in 1843, 
 8903. it has numerous churches, and flourishing manufac- 
 tures of silk fabrics and twist. Here Prince Eugene gained 
 a victory over Marechal Villeroi, on 1st September, 1701. 
 
 CHIARO.MONTE, ke-d-ro-mon'td. a town of Niijilos, pro- 
 vince of Basilicata, on a mountain, 42 miles S.E. of Potenza, 
 with 2020 inhabitants, 2 parish churches, and a hiL'h school. 
 
 CHIAROMONTE. a market-town of Sicily, 31 miles W. of 
 Syracuse. Pop. 3600. 
 
 CHIASSO, ke-.ds/.so, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Ticiuo, with a custom-house on the frontier of Lombardy, 
 4 miles N.AV. of Como. Pop. 954. 
 
 CHIAVAHI, ke-d/vd-re, a maritime town of the Sardinian 
 States, 21 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on the Gulf of Rapallo, at 
 the mouth of the Sturla. Pop. 10.610. It is enclosed by 
 cultivated hills, and is well built and flourishing. Street! 
 narrow, and Iwrdered with arcades; the houses present much 
 curious architecture; old and picturesque towers are dotted 
 about the town, and in the vicinity are many handsome vil- 
 las. Principal edifices, three richly adorned churches, the 
 mayor's residence, a hospital, and a convent. It has a 
 celebrated society of agriculture and arts, lace, and silk- 
 twist factories, an anchovy fishery, and several annual 
 fairs Marble and slate are quarried in its neighborhood. 
 Though liable to gusty winds, it is a good deal resorted to 
 by invalids. 
 
 "CHIAVENNA, ke-d-ven'nd, (anc. Clarevna.) a town of 
 Lombardy, Valtellina, on the Maira, 20 miles W.N.W. of 
 Sondrio. Pop. 3539. It is enclosed by walls, and well 
 built : it has 6 churche.s, to one of which are attached a 
 baptistry, with some curious antiquities, and singular 
 mosaic work executed in bona. Mauufactures of silk twist 
 and fabrics, and of pottery made from a peculiar soft stone, 
 are carried on ; and the Sept imer and SplUgen roads, meet- 
 ing here, Chiavenna has an active trade with Switzerland 
 and Italy in these articles; also in wine, which the inha- 
 bitants keep in large excavations, termed " venlnridi." 
 
 CHICA BALA POOR,' a town of India, Deccan and Jlysore 
 dominions, 100 miles N.E. of Seringapatam, aud formerly 
 noted f)r a manufacture of sugar-candy. 
 
 CHICUCOLE/. or CICACOLE. silOd-kOl', a town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, 107 miles S.W. of Ganjam, on 
 N. Lank of Chicacole River, near the Bay of Bengal. It ia 
 large, irregularly built, has some neat barracks, several ba- 
 zaars, many mosques, and its muslin manufactures have 
 long enjoyed repute. 
 
 CHICAGO, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 C1IIC.\G0, she-kaw'go, the Largest city of Illinois, and 
 the most imiwrtant commercial centre in tho Northwestern 
 States, is situated on the Southwestern shore of Ltike Michi- 
 gan, in the county of Cook, of which it is the county-seat. 
 Lat. 41° 52' 20" N., Ion. 87° 35' W. 
 
 This city has, within 25 years, risen from a small settle- 
 ment around an old fort (Dearborn), till now it is one of the 
 largest interior cities in the United States, exhibiting a ra- 
 pidity of growtli and development never before known in 
 the annals of tho country. It is built on the lake shore 
 and along the banks of Ciiicago River and its two branches 
 — one running N. and the other S. — the city limits stretch- 
 ing out to the Westward about 5 miles. This river was 
 originally but a small creek, which emptied into the lake, 
 but, since the settlement of the city, it has been widened 
 and deepened by artificial means, to render it navigable for 
 several miles for sail vessels and propellers of 500 and 600 
 tons burthen. Along the river and its branches are im- 
 mense grain warehouses, some of which are capable of 
 storing 1,500,000 bushels of grain — and alongside of which 
 grain vessels can be loaded within a few hours. There are 
 also immense storehouses built along the river, for the 
 storage of floiir, pork, whiskey, and general merchandise 
 and capacious docks for lumber, coal, wood, Ac. 
 
 The harbor is not a very good one for vessels to get into 
 in rough weather, on account of the narrowness of the 
 channel, and, during a storm, vessels have to ride at 
 
 433 
 
cm 
 
 CHI 
 
 anchor in the lake till it subsiiles. An expenditure of I The receipts of seeds in 1860 amounted to 7,071,074 lbs.; 
 *150 000 now being made, will remedy all this, and render in 1861, to 7,742,614 lbs.; in 1862, to 8.176,049 lbs.; in 1863, 
 
 it one of the best harbors on the lakes. At present, vessels 
 can "-o up the Chicago River a distance of 5 to 6 miles on 
 the S. branch, and from 4 to 5 miles on the N. brancli. 
 
 The citv of Chicago is laid out iu rectangular blocks, and 
 the streets are nearly all 80 feet wide. From the lake the 
 city extends to the AVestward about 5 miles, and N. and 8. 
 about 8 miles. Apparently the city is level ; but tliere is a 
 gradual rise in the ground as you proceed Westward, quite 
 sufficient to drain the city thoroughly. The principal 
 streets are now paved with wooden blocks (Nicholson pave- 
 ment), which are found by experience to be more durable 
 than stone blocks. During the past 8 years the entire busi- 
 ness portion of the city has been raised from 4 to 8 feet above 
 its former level, so as to facilitate drainage and render it pos- 
 sible to have dry cellars for storehouses, &c. This incurred 
 a cost of millions of dollars in grading and filling up, and 
 in raising the buildings up to the new grade. , , . , 
 
 Tlie business portion df the city is mostly built of bnck, 
 but a large number of the more recently erected blocks are 
 of Athens stone, or, as it is sometimes called " Athens mar- 
 ble." This stone is found about 16 miles Southwest of the 
 city, and is highly prized all over the West. It is white, 
 and has the virtue of being ea.«ily worked when newly 
 quarried, but hardens after exposure to the wejither. The 
 houses are mostly built of lumber, but nearly all the large 
 and costly residences are of brick and Athens stone. 
 
 The most prominent public buildings in the city are the 
 Court-House, which is built of stone brought from Lock- 
 port, N. Y. ; the Chamber of Commerce, built of Athens 
 stone, at a cost of nearly $400,000; Second Presbyterian 
 Church, built of a dark, oily stone idug out of the prairie 
 immediately W. of the city, and where they were boring 
 for oil in 18*64, and struck an artesian well of grejit value) ; 
 First Presbyterian Church; Trinity Church; St. James' 
 Church; Church of the Redeemer; First Unitarian Church; 
 Church of the Holy Name, and the Church of the Holy 
 Family. These buildings are nearly all of Athens stone, 
 and display tine architectural fciste and ability. 
 
 No city in the United States has increased in population 
 eo rapidly as Chicago. In 1837 the first census was taken, 
 when it was found that the entire population numbered 
 4170. In 1840 the i)opulation was 48o3; in 1850, 29,963; 
 in 1860, 110,973; and now (1865) it is estimated at 175,000. 
 
 Chicago is confessedly the commercial metropolis of the 
 Northwest. Here about 24 distinct lines of railroads, all 
 leading to different sections of the country, centre. More 
 than 140 trains of cars arrive and depart daily. 
 
 The Illinois and Micliipin Canal connects Lake Michigan 
 at Chicago, with the Illinois and consequently with the 
 Mississippi River. It is 100 miles iu length, and admits 
 boats carrying 6,000 busliels of corn. It was opened ni 
 1848, and it is contemplated to enlarge and deepen it so as 
 to admit steamboats from the Mississippi. 
 
 Chicago is the largest interior grain market in the world. 
 Tlie growth of this branch of trade is truly remarkable. 
 In 1838 the first shipment of wheat was niiide, consisting 
 of 78 bushels. In 1864 the receipts of flour and grain were 
 as follows: 1,170,274 barrels flour, 10.888,4-36 bushels wheat, 
 13,197.340 bushels corn, 16,365,440 bushels oats, 1,007,776 
 bushels rye, and 893,000 bushels barley — in all equal to 
 4^,203,312 bushels of grain. In 1861 the receipts of wheat 
 amounted to 17,385,002 bushels, and iu 1862 the receipts of 
 corn were 29.574,328 bushels. The heaviest shipment of 
 grain in any one year was in 1862, when there were exported 
 In flour and all kinds of grain equal to 56,484,110 bushels. 
 
 Chicago is also the greatest lumber market in the United 
 States. In l'i47 there were received 32,118,225 teet; in 
 1850, 100,364,779 feet ; in 1855, 297,567,669 feet ; and in 1864, 
 601.592,406 feet. The receipts of shingles in 1864 amounted 
 to 190,169,750, and of laths to 65,953.900 pieces 
 
 to 9.885,208 lbs. ; and in 1864 to 10,180,781 lbs. 
 
 The salt trade of Chicago is very large. In 1855. the re- 
 ceipts amounted to 170,623 barrels"; in 1856, to 184.834; in 
 1857, to 200,946; in 1859, to 316,291 ; in 1860, to 25fi.l48; in 
 1861, to 390,499; in 18(i2. to 612,003; in 1863, to 775,364; 
 and in 1864. to 680,346 barrels. 
 
 The lake tonnage at the port of Chicago, in 1864, amount- 
 ed to 2,172,866 tons in arrivals, and 2,166,904 tons in clear- 
 ances. During the season, 8,939 vessels and propellers 
 arrived, and 8,834 cleared. In 1864 the tonnage of vessels en- 
 gaged wholly in the Chicago trade, amounted to 198,005 tons. 
 [For continuation, see Appendix.] 
 CHICAGO RIVER, a small stream flowing into take 
 Michiiran, at Chicago. See Chicago. 
 
 CHfCAMOGL<.H:)K. chik'a-mo-gloor'. a town of India, My- 
 sore dominions, 90 miles X.W. of S^eringapatam. 
 
 CHICANHUALLY, chik'an-hwailee. a town of India, 
 My.sore dominions, 70 miles N. of Seringapatam, and 
 strongly fortified. 
 
 CHICAI'A, che-k3'p3, a river of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, falls into a lagoon confniunicating with the Gulf 
 of Tehuantepec, after a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 CHICAPA, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state of 
 Oajaca, 25 miles N.W. of Tehuantepec, on a river of same 
 name. In its environs are silver-mines, at one time import- 
 ant, but now neglected. 
 
 CHICHACOTTA. chitchS-cofta. a town of Bcotan. near 
 the Biitish frontier, 60 miles X. of Eungpoor. Lat. 26° 35' 
 N.; Ion. 8y0 43'K. 
 CHICII'KLEY. a parish of England, co. of Rucks. 
 CinCIIEN. che-chjn', a village of Central America, in 
 Yucatan, aVjout 18 miles S.W. of Valladolid, with the re- 
 mains of an ancient Indi.Hn city, comprising a vast ruined 
 temple. 450 feet in length, a pyramid 550 feet square at base, 
 a remarkable domed edifice, the " house of the caziques," 
 ornamented with elaborate sculptures. 
 
 CHICHEROWLY, chitchVr-<)w'lee, a fortified town of 
 North Hindostan, in Gurwal. 22 miles N.N.W. of Seharua- 
 poor. It was taken by the British in 1818. 
 
 CHICHKSTER. chitch'es-ter. (anc. Rrg'num.) a city, 00 
 of itself, and parliamentary and municipal borough of Eng- 
 land, capital of the county of Sussex, on the South Coast 
 Railway. 143 miles E.N.E. of Portsmouth, and 28^ miles W. 
 of Brighton. Pop. in 1851, 86f'i2. It stands in a plain be 
 tween the Southdown Hills and the sea. and is enclosed by 
 walls of Roman construction, now formed into terraces with 
 walks, and shaded by elm-trees. It is neatly built, clean, 
 well paved, drained, and lighted, and intersected by 4 prin- 
 cipal thoroughfares, directed toward the cardin.al points, 
 and meeting in the centre of the city, where there is an 
 elegant octagon.al cross, erected in 1478. The Cathedral, 
 though not largo, is a well-proportioned and handsome edi- 
 fice, mostly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, 410 
 feet in length, smi 22i feet iu extreme breadth, with a 
 spire 300 feet in height In its interior are a richly adorned 
 choir, portraits of all the sovereigns of England from thg 
 time of the conquest, with other historical paintings, and 
 numerous monuments, including some fine works of art by 
 Flaxman. S. of the Catheilral is a quadrangle enclosed by 
 cloisters, including the church-yard, and near it is the 
 bishop's palace and gardens. The see is co-extensive with 
 the county of Sussex, excepting 22 parishes, which are pe- 
 culiar. The city is divided into 8 parishes. The Church of 
 St. Paul's is a handsome modern building. The Ouild-hall, 
 a portion of an ancient friar)', stands within a walled en- 
 closure at the N.E. extremity of the city. The other prin- 
 cipal edifices are the Market and Council-houses. Com Ex- 
 change, Jail, buildings of the Mechanics' Institute, and 
 Literary and I'hilosopbical Society, the Theatre, Hospital of 
 St. Mary, some alms-houses, and the Infirmary, a handsome 
 structure at the X. extremity of the city, near which is an 
 
 As a beef cattle market Chicago is second only to New increasing suburb named Summerstown. Chichester has 
 York in magnitude. In 1855 the receipts of beef cattle 1 grammar school, revenue. 13i 0^ a year, blue-ccat. national, 
 amounted to 10,715 head; in 1856, 21,950 head; in 1857, j Lancasteri.-in. and other schools. The trade is almost wholly 
 48.524 head; in 185S, 118.151 head; in 1859, 90,574 head; in in asrrieultural produce and live stock, for which a market 
 1860, l.'>5,753 head; in 1861, 204,679 head: in 1862, 209,655 1 is held every second Wednesday. The only manufactures 
 head; in 186.3, 298,381 head; and in 1^64, 336,627 head. | are of coopers' and other wooden wares. About 2iX) years 
 
 Chicago has for many yeare been the largest beef-iMicking ago it monopolized nearly the whole mantifacture of needles, 
 point in the United Stj\tes. In the season of 1851-2, there but this trade is now entiiely transferred to other places, 
 were 21,863 beeves packed; in 1852-3, 24,663 head; in 1861 It communicates with Portsmouth and Arundel by a canal. 
 -2, 55,212 head; in 1862-3, 42,163 head; in 1863-4, 70,086 Registered shipping of port in 1847, 4932 tons. It sends 2 
 head; and in the season of 1864-5, the packing amounted memlx'rs to the House of Commons. Originally the town 
 to 92,459 head, was a Roman station. The name is said to be a contraction 
 
 As a pork-packing point Cliicago also stands foremost in of Cissanceaster, the city or castle of Cissa. an AnglivSaxon 
 the Unitetl States — having distanced Cincinnati several chief, who reimired and partly rebuilt it after it had been 
 years since. In the swison of 1852-3, there were packed destroyed in a siege, a. ». 491. by the South Saxons, under 
 48,1 .Vj hogs; in 1857-8, 99,262 hogs; in 1858-9, 185,000 hogs; Ella: and thenceforth it remained the capital of the king- 
 in 1859-60, 167,918 hogs; in IS'lO-l, 231,355 hogs; in 1861-2, dom of Su.«sex, till its conquest by the West Saxons. Va- 
 614118 liogs; in 1862-3, 970.264 hogs; iu 1803-4, 904,658 nous Roman remains, with im-criptions. h.-«ve Wen dis- 
 hogs; and in 1864-5, 760,514 liogs. covered in the city and vicinity; and Kincly-bottom, X.E., 
 
 The total receipts of hogs, both those alive and those is supposed to have been the place of interment of the 
 dressed, in Chicago, in 1868, amounted to 540,486; in 1859, to South Saxon monarchs: 4 miles N.E. is GoodwcKHl. the seat 
 271,204: in 1860, .392,864; in 1861, 675,902: in 1862, 1,348^90; , of the Duke of Kichmord. Chichester K'«es the tjU» cT 
 in 1863, 1.677,757 ; and in 1804, 1,410,320 hogs. 
 
cm 
 
 cur 
 
 earl to the Pelham family. Among its eminent natives 
 were the poets Collins and Hayley, and George Smith and 
 brothers, landscape-painters. 
 
 CinCII'ESTKR, a post-town ship of Merrimack co., New 
 Hampslyre. 6 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1041. 
 
 CIUCIIKSTKR IIAKBUK, 2 miles S.W. of the city of Chi- 
 chester, an inlet of the Knplish Channel, between the 
 Peninsula of Selsey and Ilayllng Island, containing seyeral 
 creeks and Thorney Island. 
 
 CHICHESTER KAl'E comprises the 8 W. hundreds of 
 the CO. of Sussex, England. 
 
 CHICHI A. chee'ehe-d, one of the Feejee or Fiji Islands, 
 In the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. (S.W. point) ]7° 48' S., 
 Ion. 179° IS' W. It is nearly circular, and is 3 miles In 
 diameter. 
 
 CIIICKAIIOMIXY (chick-a-hom'e-ne) RIVER, in the S.E. 
 part of Virginia, rises in Hanover co., and falls into York 
 River, about 8 miles above Jamestown. It divides Henrico 
 and Charles City counties on the right from Hanover. New 
 Kent, and James City counties on the left. It furnishes 
 extensive water-power. 
 
 CHICKAIMMINY, a postoflRce of Hanover co., Virginia. 
 
 CII]("K.\'LAH, a post<)ffice of Yell co., Arkansas. 
 
 CHICKA'MA BEND, a post-office of Madison parish, 
 Loui.siana. 
 
 CHICKAMAU'GA CREEK, of Georgia and Tennessee, 
 rises in W.alker co. of the f()rmer state, and Howing north- 
 easteily, enters the Tennessee near Chattanooga. 
 
 CniCK.i.MO'GA, a postrotflce of Hamilton co., Tennessee. 
 
 CHICK'ASAW, a small river of Baker co., Georgia, flows 
 into the Ichawaynochaway from the north. 
 
 CHICKASAW, a county towards the N.K. part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 990 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Oktibbeha, Loosascoona, and the Yallobusha Rivers, 
 the last of which rises within it. The surface Is nearly 
 level; the soil productive. The soil of this county was 
 ceded to the state by the Chicka-saw Indians. Formed in 
 1S.36. Capital. Houston. I'op. 16,420, of whom 7339 were 
 free, and 9087 slaves. 
 
 CHICKASAW, a new county in the N.E. part of low.o, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Wapsipinicon. and by the Middle Fork of Turkey River. 
 The surface is divided between prairie and forests, and 
 slopes towards the S.E. This county is not included in the 
 census of 18.^0. Capital, New Hampton. Pop. 4.336. 
 
 CHICKASAW, a thriving post-village of Franklin co., 
 Alabama, on the Tennessee River, at the mouth of Be.ar 
 Creek. 140 miles N. by W. of Tuscaloo.sa. The Memphis 
 and Charleston Railroad p.asses through it. 
 
 CHICKASAW, a post-oilice of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 CHICKASAW CREKK, of Marengo co.. Alabama, flows 
 into Tombigbee River from the E., 28 miles below Demo- 
 polis. 
 
 CHICKASAW CREEK, of Mobile co., Alabama, flows 
 into Mobile Kiver. 6 miles from its mouth. 
 
 CniCK\iSAW'IIA RIVER, of Mississippi, rises in the E. 
 part of the state, and flowing southward, unites with Leaf 
 River, in Greene co., to form the Pa.scairoula. 
 
 CHICirASAWHAT'CHEE. apost-otHceof Leeco..C.eorgia. 
 
 CHICKASAW INDIANS, a tribe formerly inhabiting the 
 northern portions of Mississippi and Alabama, but. with 
 the Chocktaws, now occupy the territory W. of the State of 
 Arkansas. See Choctaws. 
 
 ClIICKELIS or CHIKEELIS. See Chikailis. 
 
 CHICK'ERELL. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CmCK'LADE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CHICK'NEY. a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 CHICKOO'RY, a considerable town of Hindostan. dimi- 
 nlons, and 84 miles S.S.E. of Sattarah. It is situated amid 
 an amphitheatre of hills. 
 
 CHICK S SPRINGS, a post-village of Greenville district. 
 South Citrolina, 10 miles N. of Greenville, and 120 miles 
 N.W. of Columbia. Here is a chalybeate spring which has 
 lately become a place of resort, and buildings have been 
 erected for the recei)tion of visitors. 
 
 CHICL.'VNA, che-kld'nj, a town of Spain, 12 miles S.E. of 
 Cadiz. It has numerous country-honses of inhabitants of 
 Cadiz, and near it is a ruined Moorish castle. On March 
 11,lSn, the French were defeated by the Anglo-Spanish 
 army, in the Battle of Barossa. 5 miles S. of Cliiclana. 
 
 CillCLAYO, che-kli'o, a town of I'eru, capital of a pro- 
 vince of same name, department of Libertad, near the sea- 
 coast, 118 miles N.W. of Trujillo. Pop. of the province, in 
 IS.'-.O, 2fi,123. 
 
 CIIICO. chee'ko, a river of Patagonia, supposed to rise in a 
 lake in the interior, and falls into the estuary of Santa Cruz. 
 
 CIIICO, chee'ko, Butte CO., California, See Appendix. 
 
 CllICOANA, che-ko-i'ni, or CHICUANA. chtvkoo-J'nd, a 
 town of La Plata, 25 miles S. by W. of S;ilt.a, on the Que- 
 braila del Toro, in a desert country. Pop. 20mO. 
 
 CIIICOBEA, ch'^ko-bA'S, the northernmost of the Feejee 
 fslanils, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 15° 4h' S , Ion. 179"= 51' 
 W. It is 3 miles long, and 1% wide. 
 
 CIIICNJPKE', a river in the W. central part of Massa- 
 iiosetts, is formed by the junction of tlie West Branch and 
 
 Swift River, fwhich is formed by the East and Jliddla 
 Branches,) in Hampshire county, and falls into the Merri- 
 mack in Hampden county. It affords extensive water- 
 power, employed in cotton and other manufactures. Tlie 
 railroad from Springfield to Worcester passes near this river 
 for a short distance. 
 
 CHICOl'EE, a post-township in Hampden co., Mas8.a- 
 chusetts, on the E. side of the Connecticut, at the influx of 
 the Chicopeo River, and on the Connecticut River Rail- 
 road, 6)4 niiles N of Springfield. This township is noted for 
 its numerous and extensive manufactories. It contains the 
 villages of Chicopee or Cabot>iville and Chicopee Falls, which 
 are connected by a branch railroad 2 miles in length. Pop. 
 7210. See CiB')TSViu,K. 
 
 CHICOPEE. a post-office of Holmes co., Mississippi. 
 
 CHICOPEK FALLS, a flourishing post-village of Ilamp- 
 den CO., Massachusetts, at the terminus of the Chicopee 
 Falls Branch Railroad, and on the Chicopee River, which 
 here affords valuable water-i)Ower, b}/, miles N. of Spring- 
 field. The industry of the inhabitants'is chiefly directed to 
 manufactures. It contains 3 churches, 3 or 4 cotton-mills, 
 a large manufactory of fire-arms, and 2 of agricultural im- 
 plements. Pop. about 2500. 
 
 CHICOT, shee'ko, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Arkansas, and bordering on Louisiana, contains 820 square 
 miles. The Mississippi forms its entire E. boundary; it is 
 also drained by Bayou Boeuf The surface is level, and 
 partly subject to inundati.-.n ; the soil in some parts is very 
 fertile, and is occupied by plantations of cotton and maize. 
 Ca])ital, Columbia. Pop' 9234, of whom 1722 were tree, and 
 7512 slaves. 
 
 CHICOVA, she-ko'vS. a town of South-eastern Africa, in 
 Monomotapa, on the right bank of the Zamliezi. 220 miles 
 W.N.W. of Senna. It was formerly celebrated for its silver- 
 mines. ' 
 
 CIIICSOT, cheek-so'ee, a river of Guatemala, forming the 
 head stream of the Usumasiuta. It rises in a mountain 
 range aVx)ut 40 miles N. of the city of Guatemala, flows 
 N.W.. and after receiving the Pasion, San I'edro. and other 
 streams, enters the Mexican state of Cliiapa, where it as- 
 sumes the name of Usumasint.a. Total course to the Mexi- 
 can frontier, exclusive of windings, 150 mlle.s. 
 
 CII1CT.\WAGA, chik-to-wi'ga, a township of Erie co., 
 New York. Pop. 2743. 
 
 CHICUANA. See CmcoAXA. 
 
 CHID/DIXGFOLD. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CHlD'Dr.NGLY. a parish of Enirland, co. of Sus.sex. 
 
 CHIO'DI.MiSTONE. a pari-sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CHID'EOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CHliyilAM, a parish of l^ngliind, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CIIIEM SEE, Keem sL a lake of Upper Bavaria. 42 mlleg 
 S.E. of Munich, celebrated for its fish. Length, 12 miles; 
 breadth, 9 miles: height above the sea, 1549 feet: greatest 
 depth. 480 feet. It has 3 small islands, receives the Achen 
 and I'rien Rivers, and discharges its surplus waters by the 
 Alz into the Inn. 
 
 CHIENNE or CHEYENNE (she-Jnn') INDIANS, a tribe 
 found chiefly in the E. part of Missouri Territory. 
 
 CHIENTI, ke-Jn'tee. (anc. Fhi>sor,)si river of Central Italy, 
 in tlie Mardies, and in the lornier delegations of Cainerino 
 and Macerat;i, enters the Adriatic 25 miles S.E. of Ancoua, 
 alter a N.E. course of about 45 miles. On its W. bank is 
 Tolentino, nciir which the Austrians defeated the troops 
 under Murat, May 4, 1815. 
 
 CHIENTI, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata. on 
 the Adriatic, district, and loi miles N.W. of San Severe. 
 Pop. 1680. 
 
 CHIERI, ke-iVree. (anc. Oxrreta Poten'tia.) a walled town 
 of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, on a hill, 9 miles S.E. 
 of Turin. Pop. 1.3.272. It has 4 .squares, several convents, 
 and the largest Gothic building in Piedmont, the Church of 
 Santa Maria della Saala. founded in 1406. Chieri was for- 
 merly fortified, and has manufactures of silk, cotton, and 
 linen fabrics. It is one of the most ancient manufacturing 
 towns of Europe. 
 
 CHIERS. she-ain', a river of Europe, rises in Luxemburg, 
 and joins the Meuse, 4 miles S. of Sedan, after a W. course 
 of 50 miles. 
 
 CHIESE. ke-A/sA or CIIISO. kee'so. ("anc. CMsiuf.) a river 
 of the Tyrol and Northern Italy, rises W. of Arco, in the 
 Tyrol, flows S., forming the Lake of Idro, and joins the 
 Oglio, 18 miles W. of Mantua. Length, 75 miles. 
 
 CIIIETI. ke-.Vtee, (anc. TeaHe,) a fortified archiepiscop,al 
 city of Naples, capital of the province of Abruzza Citra. on 
 a liill. near the I'escara, 40 miles E. of Aquila. Pop. 17,734. 
 It is badly laid out. but has some good edifices, comprising 
 a cathedral, college, and handsome theatre: the adjacent 
 country is pleasant. Among its antiquities are the re- 
 mains of a large thejitre, of some temples, a gateway, and a 
 mosaic pavement. It is the seat of an archbishopric, a high 
 court of justiciary, and a civil court. The ancient Teate 
 was the capital of the tribe of the Marrucini. and was ono 
 of tlie largest and most important cities in this part of Italy. 
 It appears to have been possessed for some centuries by the 
 Qreeks, after which it passed successively into the hands 
 
 435 
 
CHI 
 
 cm 
 
 of theKomans, 3oths, Lombards, Franks, and Northmen. 
 In lSO-3. it was taken by the French troops. 
 
 CUIEVI'BS, she-Av'r', a town of Beljjium, province of 
 Il.aiuaut, 11 miles X.W. of Mous. on the Ilunel. Pop. 3107. 
 It h.is a larje annual horse tair and uiauuCictories of cot- 
 tons and notterv. 
 
 CllIFi'LlK, chift^•?ek^ a village of Turkish Arminia, 81 
 miles \V. of Erzr.Kjm, at the foot of a castle-crowned hei;iht. 
 Many of its dwellinjrs are caves, iu one of which are some 
 old paintinsrs and a Greek inscription. 
 CiilFUNOTE. See Chefo.nte. 
 CllIti'X.\L, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 Clll»i.\Ali SMEALY, a parish of Eni^land. co. of Essex. 
 CllWXECTO (shi:,'-nJk'to) UAY, an inlet of British North 
 Ameiica, between Nova Scotiii and New Brunswick, for- 
 merly the northern extremity of the Bay of Fundy. Length, 
 30 m'iles : average brejith, 8 miles. See FuxDV Bay of. 
 
 CUIGNl'LO, keen-yo/lo, a town of Lombardy, 16 miles 
 E.N. E. of favia. Pop. 3992. 
 CIUG'WELL. a p:u-ish of England, co. of Essex. 
 CIIIIIUAIIUA, che-wa'wi, a city of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, capital of a state of the same name, on a small tributary of 
 the Couchos. in the midst of a plain. 310 miles N.by AV.of Du- 
 rango: l.it.2S'^ uO' N.. lon.li>4° 29' 17" W. It is regularly laid 
 out, and for the most part well built; the streets are bi-oad 
 and clean, and some of them paved. In the centre is a spacious 
 s-juare. called the Plaza Mayor, on one side of which stands 
 the Cathedral, a lartce and imposing structure of hewn stone, 
 erected at a cost of fSOO.OUO; it is surmounted with a dome 
 and two towers, and has a h:indsome fa9ade, with statues 
 of the twelve apostles. The other sides of the plaza are occu- 
 pied with public and other buildings, incltidiug the ancient 
 state-house; and in the centre is a fountain. A little below 
 the Plaza Mayor is the unfinished convent of San Fran- 
 cisco, begun by the Jesuits in 1707, prior to their expulsion 
 from the country, .ind now converted into a state prison. 
 Chihuahua was formerly the seat of a flourishing militiry 
 academy, and was the residence of the ■' captain-general of 
 the interior provinces." It is supplied with water by a well- 
 constructed aqueduct, alwut 3j miles in length, supported 
 by a number of stupendous arches, and communicating with 
 the smiiU river Chihuahua. In the vicinity are many fine 
 gardens and pleasant pi-omenades. The city is surrounded 
 by silvei^miues, and contains many furnaces for smelting 
 the ores. Here also is a mint, at which was coined, in 18i0, 
 $108,410 of gold, and S94.048 of silver. An important trade 
 is carried on between this place and the United St;\tes, by 
 means of caravans to St. Louis in Missouri, and San Anto- 
 nio iu Texas, at which latter phice the greater portion of the 
 trade now centres. Chihuahua was founded iu 1091, and 
 during the most successful working of the silver-mines in its 
 vicinity contained, it is said, 70,t)00 inhabitants. Its popu- 
 lation is at present estimated at 14.000. 
 
 CHIHUAHUA, a state of the Mexican Confederation, 
 bounded N. by New Mexico and Texas, E. by Texas and 
 Cohahuila, and on the other sides by Durango. Sonora, 
 and Cinaloa ; situated between lat. 27° and 32° 45' N., and 
 Ion. 100° 50' and 10S° 40' \V. Ai-eti. 100.250 square miles. 
 The great chain of the Mexican Cordillera.s, here called the 
 Sierra Madre and Sierra de Carcay, occupie.s most of the W. 
 portion of the state, traversing it throughout its whole ex- 
 tent. E. of these mounfciins, the surface is mostly an ele- 
 vated table-land, from 4000 to 6000 feet above the level of 
 the SKI, intersected, however, by numerous cross ridges, be- 
 tween which flow the affluents of the Bio Grande, which 
 forms the north-eastern boundary of Chihuahua. Several 
 of the rivers that enter the Gulf of California take their 
 rise oa the W. slope of the Sierra Madre, while numei-ous 
 streams flowing from the E. slope fall into Lakes Guzman, 
 Candelari.a, Santa Maria, Patos. and other considerable bodies 
 of water lying in the E. central part of Chihuahua. The 
 soil, however, is in general very dry, and unfit for agricul- 
 tural purposes; the gre.iter part of the country is either 
 barren, or covered with thorny chapparal and different spe- 
 cies of cacti. Along the water-courses are narrow strips of 
 timbered land.s, and in the valleys, between parallel ranges 
 of mountains, the mesquit and live-oak grow to a con- 
 siderable size. These valleys also abound in rich grazing 
 lands, on which feed great uumljers of cattle. The region 
 bordering on the E. slope of the Sierra Madre is by far 
 the Itest watered and most productive portion of the state. 
 Maize is the principal crop raised, though wheat, barley, 
 beans, peas, cotton, and the vine are cultivated. The chief 
 w«,ilth of the inhabitants consists in their herds of cattle, 
 horses, and mules, and their flocks of sheep, which are 
 raised Tor sxportation. The rearing of stock, however, re- 
 ceives far less attention than formerly, owing to its having 
 become much less lucrative in conse<iuence of the depreda- 
 tions of the Indians. Chihuahua is rich in minerals, which 
 comprise gold, ullver, copper, le.ad, iron. tin. cinnab:ir. salt- 
 petre, and bituminous coal. In its mineral wealth. Mr. 
 ISartlett thinks this stite is not surpassed by that of any in 
 the world. The silver-mines of Chihuahua have lieen cele- 
 brated for centuries. The most important are in the Sierra 
 Madre, at El Panal, Botapelas, and Jesus Maria ; the tamous 
 436 
 
 mines of Santa Eul.ilia are In a hill which stinds Isolated 
 on the plain, about 12 miles from the capital. Chihuahua 
 i.i( infested with a powerful tribe of Indians, called .\paches. 
 They inh.ibit the countr}' lying on lioth sides of the Kio 
 Grande, and carry on a series of ceaseless hostilities against 
 the inhabitants, destroying their property, and greatly re- 
 tarding the prosperity of the state. Game of various kinds 
 abounds here. Two species of bears are found iu the moun- 
 tains: and elks, and other deer of various kinds are equally 
 abundant on the sierras and iu the plains. Near the 1 ase 
 of the Sierra Madre, and not far from the boundary -line be- 
 tween Chihuahua and Sonora. are ruins of great extent, 
 called C.asjis Grandes ; they consist of the remains of houses 
 and other buildings, a canal, ic, and are considered as one 
 of the stations of the Azteks in their emigrations. Pop. 
 147.000, consisting of the descendants of Europeans and 
 Indians. 
 
 CIIlKAILTS,(app,irently the siiine name as Chehalis,) or 
 cm LTS. a tribeof Indians N.of the mouth ol Col umVia r.iver. 
 CIIlKllil. CIIEEKEEREE, or TCHlKIi;!, che-kee'ree', a 
 river of the Chinese Empire, Mantchooria. rising on the con- 
 fines of Siberia, and. after a cour.se of aljout 450 miles, falls 
 into the Amoor. a little above Saghalien OvJa. 
 
 CHI LA. chee'12, a river of Peru, rising in the Andes, and, 
 after a westerly course of about 105 miles, falls into the 
 Pacific, about 75 miles S.E. of Arequipa. 
 
 cm LA PA, che-15'pa, and CIIILAPILLA, che-ia-peel'yd, 
 (i.e. "Little Chilapa,") two rivers of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, department of Tabasco, and tribut.ary to the I'.iver 
 Tabasco, w hich they join from the E., the former below, and 
 the latter above Escobas. The Chilapa is less r.ipid than 
 any other affluent of the Tabasco, and at their junction it 
 has at all seasons three fathoms of water. 
 
 CHILAPA, che-ld'p4,a townof the Mexican Confederation, 
 155 miles S. of Mexico. It h.is several manufactories of delft. 
 CIIIL.\W. a maritime town of Ceylon, on its western 
 coast, 45 miles N. of Colombo. Opposite to it a pearl-fishery 
 is carried on. 
 CIIlL'BOl/rON. a parLsh of England, co. of Hants. 
 CHll/CA. cheel'kd. a seaport of Peru, 40 miles SJi. of Lima, 
 on the Pacific, near w^hich are remains of ancient Peruvian 
 edifices. 
 CHIL'COilBE, a parish of EngLind, co. of Hants. 
 CHILCOMBE. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 CHILVOMP'TON. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 CHIL/DEHDITCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 CHIiyDERLEY. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 CHILD-JKE'FOI'.D, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 CHIiyDHESS'S STORE, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Vircinia. 
 Cllll/DREY. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 CHILUS'BURG, a village of Fayette co., Kentucky, 32 
 miles E. of Frankfort. 
 CIIILDS-EK'CALL. a parl.<h of England, co. of Salop. 
 CHILDS'VILLE. a post-ofliceof Yancev co.. North Cai-olina. 
 CHILUS-WICK'HAM.av>arishofEn_-land.co.ofGloucester. 
 CHILDAVWLL, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 CIIILECITO. chtvUVsee'to. a village of the confederation of 
 La Platjt. department, and 45 miles W. of Kioj.%. in the Fanuv 
 tina Valley, and the he.id-quarters of its mining district. 
 Lat. 28° o& S., Ion. 08° 30' W. Estimated height above the 
 sea. 3000 feet. 
 CHIL'FPlOOM, a parish of Endfind, co. of Dorset 
 CHIL'HAM, a pari.'ih of England, eo_ of Kent. 
 CHIL^IOWEE. a mountain ridge of Blount CO., Tennes- 
 see, about 30 miles S. of Knoxville. 
 CHILHOWEE, a po.st-office of Blount co., Tennes.see. 
 CHILI, chillee. (Sp. Cliile, ohee'lil.) an independent re- 
 public of .South America, con.si.afingof alongn.irrow strip of 
 country l)orderingon the Pacific Ocean, and extendina from 
 lat. 25° 22' to 43° 30' S., and from Ion. 70° to 74° M'. ; " being 
 about 1150 miles in length from X. to S., and with a breadth 
 varying from aliout 88 to 130 miles, and including an area 
 of perhaps. 170.000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by 
 Bolivia, on the E. by Patagonia and the territory of the 
 Argentine Republic, (La Plata.) fi-om which if is sf>i)arated 
 by the Aiides, and S. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 f\icp. of the C'ounti-y. Mnmlains. d-c. — Chili is separated 
 from the eastern part of the continent by the hiL'hest ridges 
 of the .\ndes. which attain on the easterji limit of Chili a 
 mean elevation of from 13.000 to ll.ilOO feet above the s«'a; 
 but many of the pt>aks, — as those of Aconcagua. S. of 32°; 
 Tupungato, S. of Sj°; the Volcano of M.iypu, or Peuquenes, 
 ne;ir 34°; the Peak of Desi-abezado X. of 30°; and the 
 Volcano of Antuco, N. of 37°.— attain much greater elevji- 
 vations. Aconcagua, the highest peak in South Ameri<a 
 whose altitude has been ascertained, (though Illimani and 
 Sorato. in Peru, were formerly thought to be higher,) 
 reiiches an elevation of 23,200 feet. 1'his country, which 
 lies entirely on the western slope of the Andes, is gene- 
 r.ally mountainous, being in many parts crowded with rami- 
 fications of theprinci|«jl range, which gradually diminish in 
 height as they recede from the central chain, fo-iniug ele- 
 vated plateaus, often covered with timt«-r aaiarich vegeta- 
 tion. Between the ridges are deep valleys, some of tiiem of 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 oonsidfrable breadth, and many fertile, thoush others are 
 n>ere ravines. The richest and mo.st lu.xuriant districts are 
 In the S , where the scenery is pleasing and picture.sque : but 
 proceeding X.. towards Va Iparaiso. the hills tieL'in to look bleak 
 and naked, being thinly clad with a stunted brushwood. At 
 Co<iuimbo even this brushwood disappears, its place being 
 supplied by a scanty sprinkling of wiry grass. Farther N., 
 the country pre.^ents a scene of utter desolation, the hills 
 and plains being covered with Iiare sand, and no trace of 
 vegetation is visible The mountains of Chili are remarkable 
 for their abrupt ascent from the plains on which they stand. 
 There areanuml)er of passes across the Andes from this ter- 
 ritory: the most frequented is that of Aconcagua, whose 
 highest point is upwaids of 12,00il feet above the level of the 
 gea; while that of I'or.tillo is upwards of 14,000 feet. The 
 pass of Uspallata is described by Sir Francis Head and 
 Lieutenant Strain as being in the highest degree grand, 
 and in many places terrifically dangerous, winding some- 
 times along ledges t,oo narrow for two mules to pass, and 
 where the slightest deviation from the track would hurl 
 the traveller down precipices several hundred feet in per- 
 pendicular height. Many frightful accidents have hap- 
 pened on this pas,s from the baggage of the mules merely 
 striking a projecting cr.ag. There are many volcanoes in 
 the Chilian Andes, some of them of the most formidable 
 description: they are most numerous S. of 35°, where there 
 are seven within a space of about 250 miles; and it is sup- 
 posed there are many still unknown. Few of them, how- 
 ever, are In a state of .ictivity. and this is believed to be 
 the source of the frequent earthquakes to which Chili is 
 subject. One of the most violent of tho.se, which have re- 
 cently occurred, look place on November 19, 1822, when the 
 towns of Valparaiso, Quillota. Casa Ulanca. and Limacha 
 were destroyed, and many inhabitants buried in the ruins. 
 A line of coast of 50 miles extent was rai.sed on this occa- 
 sion nearly 3 feet above its former level. The shock of this 
 earthquake was felt at a distance of 500 miles from its 
 centre, which was out at sea, some distance to the S. of 
 Valparaiso. On April 2, 1851, another severe earthquake 
 visited Chili: off the mouth of the Maypu Itiver it was felt 
 40 miles out at sea. In Valparaiso, about 200 houses were 
 rendered uninhabitable: a like cal.aniity befell the capital, 
 in which even greater damage was done. The coast of Chili 
 is bold and rocky, with deep water close to the shore. This 
 whole region, with the exception of the valley of UspallatJi, 
 which is formed by a bifurcation of the Andes, which sends 
 its waters to the Atlantic, belongs to the Pacific b;isin. 
 
 Mineruls. — Chili is rich in mineral treasures, particularly 
 In the northern portion. "On the southern boundaiyr of 
 that terrible desert, (says Colonel Lloyd, in a paper read 
 before the Koyal Geographical Society of London.) which 
 stretches from the Andes, on the E., to the barren shores 
 of Chili on the W., and extending for hundreds of miles to 
 Bolivia and I'eru. are found in every direction the purest 
 veins of silver ore. besides copper, lead, iron, bismuth, cobalt, 
 antimony, arsenic, and quicksilver." The two great mining 
 districts are IjOs Tres Pantos, 90 miles N.N.K. of Copiapo. and 
 Chanarcillo, (chln-yaR-seeVyo, i.e. "stunted bush,") 4S miles 
 S. of the same town. In the provinceofAtacama. or Copiapo, 
 there were, in 1851, 235 silver mines operated by 27(51 
 miners, and 153,987 cwt. of ore was sent to the amalgama- 
 tion works in 1850. In the same year, Copiapo had 2.'i3 
 silver, 6 gold, and 14 copper mines. In 1851, the exports 
 of silver in bars and ingots from C.aldera, the port of Co- 
 piapo. amounted to 3.030.874 ounces, and in ores of different 
 degrees of purity, of from 8 to 73 per cent., 2.312.829 pounds. 
 The exportation of silver bars, reduced in Copiapo from 
 native silver, increased from S'i9.000 in 1S30. to $3,483,179 
 In 18.50. The produce of the goM-mjnes in 1850, amounted 
 to S70(i,100. 
 
 The export of metils of all kinds for 1853 is estimated at 
 f 10.000.000 for the Copiapo district. Among the greatest 
 difficulties attending mining have hitherto been the desert 
 nature of the country, the want of water, and of suitalile 
 means of transport. The lattx^r difficulty has been partlj» 
 removed by the construction of a railway from the port of 
 Caldera to Copiapo. But the cost and difficulty of pro- 
 :uring water in this sterile region still remain. At the Re- 
 lirio mine alone, the cost of this necessary is nearly $10,000 
 annually. At the mines are mounds of ore, which has 
 been rejected because not pure enough to bear the cost 
 of transport. At the Chai5arcillo mines alone, it is com- 
 puted there are more than 300.000 tons of ore, that would 
 yield from 48 to 400 ounces per ton of pure silver. Bitu- 
 minous coal, in extensive deposits, has been recently dis- 
 covered near Talcahuano, and is used in Bntish steamers 
 when their supply is short. This coal may yet effect an im- 
 >3rtant change in mining operations, by removing the ne- 
 cessity of sending silver and copper ores to England to be 
 reduced. I^esides the metals mentioned aliove, zinc, man- 
 g.inese. and tin are found; .and of other minerals, siilphur, 
 alum. salt, nitre, lime, porphyry, .and quartz are plentiful. 
 Great tables of limestone rock, hundreds of feet in thick- 
 ness, sometimes interrupt the veins of silver, and put the 
 miners to great labor and expense to pierce them; but, 
 
 once penetrated, amply repay all cost of time and tell, by 
 restoring the lost metal in richer veins than ev^r, some- 
 times in masses weighing hundreds, and even thousands o. 
 marks. (A mark is 8 ounces.) 
 
 Jiivirs, Bni/s. and Gitlfa. — The narrowness of the Pacific 
 slope prevents the formation of any large rivers in Chili, the 
 most of the streams being mere mountain torrents. The 
 only rivers of any importance are the Maule. the Maypu, 
 Biobio, Copiapo, the llu.a.'co. and the Chnapa, all discharging 
 their waters into the Pacific. The BioUo is about 200 mile* 
 long, but too shallow for large ves.sels to enter, though small 
 craft ascend 100 miles. The Manle is n.avigable about 20 
 miles for barges, and may be entered by vessels of 7 feet 
 draught. Large vessels enter the mouth of the CalacalLa. 
 The lakes of Chili, as far as known, do not exceed 15 miles 
 in length, .and lie among the Andes. There are no largo 
 b.aj's or gulfs on the coast, and commerce suffers much from 
 want of good harbors. The principal ports are those of T;il- 
 cahuana, Valdivi.a, Conc^pcion, A'alparaiso, and Coquimbo. 
 
 hhinils. — The principal island lielonging to Chili is Chiloe, 
 S. of the mainland, and \V. of the coast of Patagonia, from 
 which it is separated by a channel called the Gulf of Ancud, 
 which is 35 miles wide. It Is 125 miles long from N. to S., 
 and 50 miles broad at the widest part, but divided near its 
 centre b.y a deep indentation, wiiich reduces the wiilth to 15 
 miles, it forms a province of the republic. To the W. of 
 Chili, in the Pacific Ocean, are the islands of .Tuan Fer- 
 nandez and St. Felix, the former of which are used as a cri- 
 minal settlement. 
 
 Cliinati'. — The climate of Chili is one of the healthiest in 
 the world : the temperature near the sea is finer even than 
 that of the interior, being less subject to variations. The 
 months of .January and February are the hottest in the 
 year, the thermometer frequentlj' rising to 90° and 95° in 
 the shade; but the air is cooled by refreshing breezes after 
 sunset and during the niiht. Itain falls only from June 
 to September, during which period the whole country 
 throughout the more fiivored regions is decked with flowers. 
 The rains often last severjil days, and are so excessively 
 heavy as to cause a general suspension of business. In the 
 interior parts of the Cordilleras, snow falls at intervals dnr- ■ 
 ing the winter, and from June to November the nifire lofty 
 ranges of hills. E. of Santiago, are covered with it; but it 
 generally disappears before December, except in the deep 
 gorges. In the central parts of Chili, storms of hail, appal- 
 ling thunder, and vivid lightning are frequent in the win- 
 ter season. In the northern parts, rain oft«n does not dll 
 for years in succession. 
 
 ,4^il and ProdivcUnng. — Though possessing many fertile 
 tracts, a large portion of Chili, especially toward the N.. i? 
 hoi)elessly sterile. In the S.. however, are dense forests and 
 profuse vegetation. The slopes of the Andes are covered 
 with herbaceous plants and flowers of the richest and most 
 beautiful hues. Laurels, myrtles, cypres.ses. and other ever- 
 greens attain here a gigantic size; hard woods, of different 
 descriptions, also alKjund. The lands of Chili may l)e divided 
 into two classes — those adapted to cultivation, and those 
 en which cattle may be reared. The surface of a grazing 
 firm generally consists of a series of heights, deep hollows, 
 and ravines ; the first being studded with bushes, the inter- 
 vals between which are in the wet season, from May to Oc- 
 tober, covered with flowers, herbaceous plants, .and tubeiose 
 roots, which afford a tolerable sustenance for cattle. Hut 
 this show of verdure lasts only 4 or 5 months, and between 
 December and Jlay the country presents an aspect of ex- 
 treme barrenness, furnishing but an inadequate sujijily oi 
 food for cattle; the consequence is, that beef and mutton, 
 milk, and wool are inferior. In the northern districts, maize 
 is cultivated, and in the S. wheat and barley; the former of 
 which is the staple of the country, considerable quantities 
 of Hour being exported. The hemp is reckoned superior to 
 that of Kussia. Leguminous vegetables are grown abun- 
 dantly, particularly different kinds of beans; but vege- 
 tables generally are not much cultivated. Agriculture is in 
 a very backward state. In the northern districts, however, 
 potatoes are plentiful. Apples, pears, apricots, nectarines, 
 plums, pe.aches, cherries, figs, grapes, oranges, limes, water- 
 melons, and gourds are abundant in their seasons. The 
 agricultural implements are of the rudest kind. The yoke 
 is fastened to the horns, and not to the shoulders of the 
 ox: the plough consists of a part of the trunk of a tree, 
 with a crooked branch for a handle, and a heap of brush, 
 loaded with stones, serves for a harrow. Fences or en- 
 closures are almost unknown, the boundaries of estates 
 being marked by rivers or ridges of mountains. 
 
 Animo.Js. — Chili is remarkably free from the larger and 
 fiercer animals, and also from noxious insects and reptiles; 
 but theguanaco, a species of llama, the cougar or puma, the 
 jaguar, monkey, and skunk are found. Among the fea- 
 thered tribes are the large condor, vultures, pelicans, par- 
 rots, and p.arroquets. Whales, dolphins, cods, and pilchards 
 are caught on the coast. Herds of black cattle of from 4000 
 to 20.00() are found on a single farm. The horses are strong 
 and hardy; the mules and asses excellent; but the sheep. 
 hogs, and goats ai-e inferior. 
 
 437 
 
CHI 
 
 Iidtmal iT-iprovfinettts. — A railway (the first, we believe, 
 of any extmt in Soutli America) was opened in December. 
 3851, from the port of Ciildera to Copiapo. a distance of 50 
 miles, and is probably now (1854) finished to I>uente del D«- 
 monio. 28 miles farther. The tot;il cost will be within 
 $2,000,000. The road in question had. within a year of its 
 completion, reduced the prices of provision and labor at the 
 mines GO per cent., and will proluibly diminish the expense 
 of reducing the ore still further, either by transporting it 
 more cheaply to places where fuel is abundant, or by carry- 
 ing the fuel to the mines. Lieutenant Strain says of the 
 road between Valparaiso and the capital, '' It is well con- 
 structed, and kept in constant repair." 
 
 Oummerce and Manufactures. — The principal articles ex- 
 ported are copper, silver, wheat, hides, wool, and hemp. The 
 grain and othercountry produce are chiefly exported to Peru 
 .snd Ecuador. The largest portion of the foreign trade of Chili 
 is with Ctreat Britain, from which she imports cotton and 
 woollen goods, hardware, iron. itc. From Germany she re- 
 ceives linen ; from France silks, paper, leather, perfumery, 
 wines, brandy, Ac; from the United States, tobacco, sperma- 
 ceti, candles, oil, sugar, and manufactured goods; from 
 China and Indi.i, silks, nankins, tea, sugar, &.Q.; from Peru 
 and Central America, dyes, coffee, pearls, sugar, cacao, to- 
 bacco, cotton, rice, siilts, and spirits; from Brazil and La 
 Plata, cotton; and from Paraguay, tea. The manuliictures 
 are not extensive, but consist of superior earthen jars, 
 hempen cloth, cordage, soap, copper wares, leather, brandy, 
 tallow, and charcoal. The mercantile tonnage of Chili, at 
 the close of 1848. was 16,970 ton.s. The imports for 1850, for 
 borne consumption, amounted to $11,788,193; for 1851, 
 $15,884,972. The exports of home products, for 1850. 
 amounted to $11,392,452; for 1851. S9.6C6.354. Be-exports 
 of foreiirn goods in 1850. $1,033,817; in 1851, S2.4S0.037. 
 Total foreign trade of 1860, $24,214,402: of 1851, §28.031,363. 
 Of the exports of ISol, $861,113 were to France; $4,643,290 
 to England and her colonies; $2,067,603 to California; 
 $ir447.li32toother United States; $1,179,247 to Peru: $513,898 
 to Brazil; $225,483 to New Granada; and $209,902 to Boli- 
 via. Customs duties for the same year, $2,724,718, of which 
 $2,426,631 were collected at Valparaiso. A'alue of merch.Hn- 
 dise. in transitu for other countrie.s, warehoused in 1851, 
 $25,781,867; of which $8,957,250 were actually forwarded. 
 The imports from the United States, in 1852. amounted to 
 $2,043,836: in 1853. $2,157,320. Exports to the United States, 
 in 1852, $2,002,100; in 1853, $2,214,262. The imports of 
 Chili for six months of 1853 amounted to $5,152,900; and 
 the exports to $6,504,000. The tonnage entered from the 
 United States for the year ending June 30, 1852, was 44,808 
 tons, of which 23.402 was in foreign bottoms. 
 
 liehgiim and Iklucution. — The established religion is Ca- 
 tholic — other religions are simply tolerated. Lieutenant 
 Strain tells us that '' public instruction appears to be pro- 
 gressing steadily." and that normal schools and lyeeums 
 have been established. The capital has a university and 
 national institute, and the cities and principal towns their 
 high schools. Education is generally diffused among the 
 higher classes, and the government is making enlightened 
 exertions to extend it to the lower orders. The military 
 academy at Santi.-igo had 81 students in 1848,and is an insti- 
 tution creditable to the country. Chili hasalso a naval school. 
 
 Pnpulutii/n. — The Chilians are mostly of Spanish and In- 
 dian descent. The aboriginal population chieftj" living S. of 
 the river Biobio, are more advanced in civilization than the 
 wandering Indians of the pampas. They excel in weaving, 
 and the manufacture of pottery. The women not only do 
 the spinning, weaving, and dyeing, but al.=o cultivate the 
 land. Tl' 'i Indians, who live in a state of independence, 
 subject 01. ' ■■ to their own chiefs, are gener.iUy of amiable 
 disposition ' possessing few of the vices of other Indians. 
 The white twpulation are more energetic and enterprising 
 than the inhabitants of Spanish descent in the other South 
 American States, as is evinced by the greater material 
 pro.sperity of Chili, and the less frequent political revolu- 
 tions. French fashions generally prevail among the women. 
 M ith some not ungraceful modifications. The attire of the 
 men consists of the never-absent poncho, and the conical 
 broad-brimmed hat: but foreign customs and habits will 
 probably soon predominate. Dancing is the favorite amu-^e- 
 ment, and the evening, owing to the hejit of tlie climate, is 
 the gay period of the day. when the shops are opened, and 
 the streets and public squares are thronged. 
 
 riiVtical DivigiiAis unci Tmvns. — The provinces or states of 
 Chili are .\tacama. Cofjuimbo. Aconcagua. Valparaiso, San- 
 tia!;o. Colcha<iua/ Talca. Slaule, Concep<'ion, Valdivia, and 
 Chilort. The principal cities are Santiago, the capital, popu- 
 lation 80.(XKt: X'alparai.'io. population from 30.000 to 60.000 :* 
 San Felipe, 12.500; La Serena, or Coquimbo and Quillota. 
 each 8000; Ballenar, 7000; San Carlos and Sfci.Kosa. each 
 60" K); and Valdivia. 2000. Caldera and I/ita have lately re- 
 ceived an impetus as the ports of the mining districts. 
 
 Guvemmmt. — The general sovernmeut of Chili is adminis- 
 
 » 'I'lie latter is tlie estimate of Lieutenant Strain, of the United 
 Stitltfj Navv. {Itas.) 
 438 
 
 CHI 
 
 tered by a president, elected for five years, and re-eligible for 
 a Second tei-m, but not for a third, unless the period of a 
 presidential term has intervened. The executive is assisted 
 by a council of 8 members. The legislature consists of 2 
 houses, the senate and house of deputies. The former is 
 composed of 2 senators from each continental province, who 
 are elected for 9 years, but in such a manner that one-third 
 is renewed every 3 years. The house of deputies is com- 
 posed of 1 member for every 20.000 souls. The deputies are 
 elected for 3 years. The judicial power consists of 2 supe- 
 rior courts, tlie supreme court of justice, and that of appeals. 
 Annual expenses for salaries and c-ontingents of the two 
 houses of Congress. a1x)Ut $8000. The revenue for 1845. ac- 
 cording to Lieutenant Strain, was $3,223,039. $3,623,918 for 
 1846. and $3,714,078 for 1847. derived from import and ex- 
 port duties, from land-tax, tithes, excise, monopolized .arti- 
 cles, stamps, licenses. &c. In the years named' above, the 
 portion of the incomes derived from duties was. respectively, 
 $1,763,739. $2,099,608. .ind $2,103,076. The national debt, 
 in 1848, was $9,371,150, of which $1,745,950 was due to her 
 own subjects. The remainder was chiefly due to England. 
 The total expense for the department of finance, for the year 
 1845, was $734,923. while that of the interior was $347,710. 
 The expenditures for the ministry of justice, tor 1846, was 
 $198,:;06; for that of religion, $179,517 ; and for that of in- 
 struction, $136,080. The army consists of 28,698 infantry, 
 and about fOOO cavalry. The national guard amounts to 
 65.982 well-drilled men, and more efficient than any on the 
 continent. Total expense, aljout $950.0C0 per annum. The 
 naval establishment, in 1849, consisted of six vessels, the 
 largest a 46-gun frigate. 
 
 Hufiori/. — Chili originally belonged to the Inca of Peru, 
 from whom it was wrested by Pizarro, who sent Alniagro in 
 1635 to subdue the countiy. He swept all before him in the 
 northern poition of Chili, but in the southern encountered 
 a warlike tribe or tribes, who effectually resisted his pi-o- 
 gress. Some time after. Valdiviii completed the subjugation 
 of thecountry, with the exception of Araucania. and founded 
 Santiago in 1541. In 1650. Valdivia again visited Chili, and 
 founded Concepcion. In 1553. he suffered a complete rout 
 at the hands of the Araucanians, was himself taken captive 
 and put to death, and the Spaniards obliged to forsake South- 
 ern Chili, The contest was continued ftr a century and a 
 half between these Indians and the Spaniards, often with 
 the most disastrous results to the former, and folltiwod by 
 burnings and ravages. >"or did the Indians escape ; for as 
 the scales of fortune changed, they. too. were often sufferers 
 in turn. Chili continued a vice-royalty of Spain till 1810, 
 when a revolution conmienced which terminated in the inde- 
 pendence of the country in 1817. Though less disturbed by 
 revolutions than other South American states, she has not 
 been entirely exempt from internal commotions. One, which 
 occurred in 1860. had no serious result: and the second, in 
 1851. led by Colonel Urricia, was speedily suppressed by the 
 government. The leader lost his life in the contest, and 
 
 26 other persons were killed. Adj. and inhab. Cdilun, 
 
 chil'e-an. The Spanish appellation, Chilkxos, che-l.Vnoce, 
 is also used by some English writers to designate the in- 
 habitant.<i. 
 
 CIllLI or CHEE-LEE, a province of China. See Pe-chee-lee. 
 
 CIII'LI, a jKist-village and township of Monroe to., New 
 York, on the Genesee lUver. and on the railroad between 
 Eochester and Buffalo, 10 miles S.W. of the former. Pop. 
 of the township. 2205. 
 
 CHILI, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 92 miles XJE. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 CHILI, a village of Miami co., Indiana, on Eel River, about 
 9 miles X. bv E. of Peru. 
 
 CHILI, a post-village of Hancock co„ Illinois, is situated 
 in a fertile prairie, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 CHILI, a township of Fond du Lac co., Wisc-onsiu. 
 
 CHILICOTHE. See Chiujcothe. 
 
 CHILKA. a river of Eastern A.si.i. See Shilka. 
 
 CHll/KA L.\KE. of British Indi.i. is a shallow inlet of 
 t*e Bay of Bengal, between the presidencies of Madras and 
 Bengal. Area. 2.''0 square miles. The average depth, some 
 years ago, was? 44 feet, but it was then decreasing. It has 
 many peopletl islands, and its banks are studded with ham- 
 lets, whose inhabitants are employed in extensive .salt-woi ks. 
 
 CHU/KE'AH.a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. 70 miles N.N.W. of Bareily, and a principal mart of the 
 trade between the British territory and Kumaon Thil>et, Ao. 
 
 CH1L'LAMB.4RAM'. a town of British India, in Caniatic, 
 on the sea coast. 3t> miles S. of Pondicheri-y. In the viclcity 
 are extensive ancient Hindoo temples. 
 
 CH1LL.\.\. cheel-yiin.' a town of Chili, province, and IV 
 miles N .K. of Concepcion. See li Al A 
 
 CinL'l..ENDE.\. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CHIiyLKSFOKD. a parish of Endand. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CHlLLICOTHE.chil-leJii th'ee or CHILICOTHK.a beauH 
 ful city. ca))ital of Itoss co.. Ohio, on the right bank of the Scioto 
 Biver. and on theOhio and Erie Can.al. 45 miles S. of Ccluml'US, 
 and 46 miles X. of theOhioHiver at Portsmouth. Thetif nation 
 is remarkalily beautiful. The river winds giiicefullv (hi-ough 
 a level plain of considerable extent, enclosed on either hand 
 
CHI 
 
 by verdant and cultivated hills, which attain an altittide of 
 about f)iJO feet. These eminences form the bacliground of a 
 landscape which can scarcely be surjiassed in tlie ^Vestern 
 States, and which appears to great advantage through the 
 medium of a bright and transparent atmosphere. Paint 
 Creek, flows along the S. side of the town, and enters the 
 river about 3 miles below. The plan of the town is regular; 
 the streets are wide, lighted with gas, and adorned with 
 many handsome buildings, among wliich are 13 churches, 3 
 banks, and a fine stone court-house, which cost about 
 5100,000. Two newspapers are published here. This town 
 contains 4 commodious brick buildings for the use of the 
 Union schools, a commercial college, and a select school for 
 girls. Chillicothe is the centre of trade in the fertile and 
 populous valley of the Scioto, one of the finest farming 
 regions in the United State.s, and is steadily advancing in 
 population and importance. The Cincinnati and Marietta 
 Railroad connect it with the Ohio at the two points speci- 
 fied. This road affords residy access to tlie coal and iron 
 mines of Southern Ohio, from which advantage Chillicothe 
 offers great inducements to capitalists as a manufacturing 
 town. Here is a foundry and machine-shop, in which 
 steam-engines and fanning implements of good qtiality are 
 made. Chillicothe was founded in 1V96, by emigrants from 
 Virginia and Kentucivy, and in 1800 it became the seat of 
 the state government. The convention which formed the 
 constitution of Ohio met here in November, 1802, and the 
 Bessicms of the state legislature were held in Chillicothe 
 until 1810, when the seat of government was removed to 
 Zanesville. Pop. in 1850, 7100 ; in 1860, 7626. 
 
 CHILLICOTHE, a flourishing post-villagfe of Peoria co., 
 Illinois, on the right bank of the Illinois River, at the head 
 of Peoria Lake, 20 miles above Peoria City. It contains a 
 nimibiT of stores, and has a steamboat landing. Pop. in 
 1860, 603. 
 
 CIITLLICOTHE, a post-village, capital of Livingston co., 
 Missouri, o c^ i miles N.E. of Grand River, and on the Han- 
 nibal and St. Joseph RR., 76 miles E. of St. Joseph. It con- 
 tains a court-house, several churches, and a branch bank. 
 Free Pop. 994. 
 
 CIULLICOTIIE, a post-village of Wapello co., Iowa, on the 
 Des Moines River, 72 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 CIIIL'LINGHAM, a pan.sh of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland, on the Till, 4j miles S.E. of AVooler. The castle, 
 Beat of the Earl of Tankerville, is a spacious Elizabetlian 
 structure; in the park is still kept a breed of wild cattle, or 
 white Caledonian o.xen. 
 
 CIIIL'LI.N'GTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CUll/LIXGTOX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ClIILLISQUAQUE, chil-lis-kwA/kwee. a creek of Pennsyl- 
 vania, enters the Susquehanna a few miles above Sunbury. 
 
 ClIILLISQUAQUE, a po.sl>township of Northumlierland 
 CO., Penn.sylvania, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, 7 
 or 8 miles N. of Sunburv. Pop. 1341. 
 
 CIULLITECAUX, shi"rie-te-ko', a postofBce of Dunklin co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 CHI LLON, choel-yon', a town of Spain, in New Castle, 56 
 miles S.W.of Ciudad Keal. on the crest of a hill, surrounded 
 by loftv and rugged mountains. Pop. 2415. 
 
 CHILLO.V, chillon, (Er. pron. sheeVAN"',) CASTLE OF, a 
 fortress of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 6 miles S.E. of 
 Vevay, at the E. extremity of the Lake of Geneva, on an 
 Isolated rock, surrounded by deep water, and connected with 
 the mainland by a wcxiden bridge. It was built by Amadeus 
 IV. of Savoy, in 1238. and was long a state prison, but is 
 now used as an arsenal. Ronnivard, prior of St. Victor, was 
 confined here from 1530 to 1536, and the place has been ren- 
 dered famous by Byron's "Prisoner of Chillon." 
 
 CHIiy.VIAr,K, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 C1IIL'M.A.RK, a post-township of Dukes co., Massachu- 
 setts, on Martha's Vineyard, 95 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. 
 Gay Head, in this township, is the S.W. extremity of the 
 Island. Pop. 654. 
 
 ClIILMAllY, chil-md'ree, (Hindoo, Chalamori,) a town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal, district, and 40 miles 
 S.E. of Rungpoor, on the Brahmapootra, and at which from 
 60,000 to 100,000 Hindoos are stated to assemble at certain 
 religious and commercial festivals. 
 
 CHI'LO, a posfr-village of Clermont co.. Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River. 40 miles above Cincinnati, has over 100 inhabitants. 
 
 CHILOE. cheel-o-i/, (almost chil-way'.) an island on the 
 W. coast of South America, which, with several smaller 
 islands, forms a province of the Chilian republic. It is .sepa- 
 rated from Patagonia by the Gulf of -incud. and from Ciiili 
 by a strait not more than a mile in width ; it is included be- 
 twt*n lat. 41° 40' and 43° 20' S ; the 74th meridian of \V. longi- 
 tude passes through its centre. Pop. in 1832, 42,000 ; of the 
 province, 44,000. It is 120 miles in length from N. to S., and 
 about 50 in breadth at the widest part ; but a deep indenta- 
 tion i!i its centre reduces its breadth at that point to little 
 more than 15 miles. It is mountainous, and is covered with 
 magnificent but almost inaccessible forests, which give to 
 the wliole island a singularly agreeable and picturesque 
 appearance. The W. shores avh composed of rocky masses, 
 rising abruptly from the ocean to the height of from 1500 
 
 CHx 
 
 to 3000 feet: the E. shores are of moderate elevation. Ther» 
 are numerous inlets on the coasts, which afford sectire an- 
 chorage, but few harbois of any extent. The piincipal a~- 
 San Carlos, Chacao, Dalcahue. ;?iid Castro. Of the iniorior 
 little is known. No mines have yet been discovered in Chi- 
 loe. or in any of the islands of the province, although many 
 of the streams are strongly impregnated with miuei-al sub- 
 stances. Some have a eopperish taste, while others, pure 
 and limpid, appear to be impregnated with carbonate of 
 iron. Traces of coal. also, have been fcund in several parts. 
 
 The climate is temperate, but exceedingly moist — in win- 
 ter almost incessant rains prevail, with fre<iuent gjiles from 
 W. to N.W. ; the summer is warm, but the air frequently 
 clouded and loaded with moisture ; yet. on the whole, it is 
 reckoned healthy. The soil is a rich sandy loam. The 
 beech, cypress, laurel, and other trees grow in perfection. 
 The chief products are wheat, barley, potatoes, ap])lis. and 
 strawberries; cattle, sheep, and swine are reared incon- 
 siderable numbers. The shores produce abundance of shell 
 mollusks; oysters, mussels, and pico, (a barnacle,) form a 
 principal part of the food of the inhabitants. The popu- 
 lation consists of natives, originally of Spanish descent, 
 and alx)riginal Indians, but the great bulk of the inhabit- 
 ants are of a mixed breed. All are nominally Christians, 
 but in general very ignorant and superstitious. The In- 
 dian language has become obsolete, and Spanish is that in 
 general u.se. Agriculture is in a very primitive state, and 
 the trade carried on is a species of barter, money being very 
 scarce. The people are indolent and poor. Schools are 
 general, but the teachers and priests are of a very illiterate 
 grade. A coarse woollen cloth, dyed blue, is the principal 
 local manufacture. Exports comprise provisions, timber, 
 hides, brooms, woollens, to the annual amount of §25.000. 
 The number of coasting vessels is about 1500. Coal or lig- 
 nite exists here, but is not wrought. The island was dis- 
 covered by the Spaniards in 1558. Castro, the ancient capi- 
 tiil, was founded in 1566. San Carlos is now the chief town 
 and port. This island was the last to throw off th;^' authority 
 of the King of Spain. The Chiloe Archipelago consists of 
 upwards of 60 small islands, aliout 30 of which ai-e inha- 
 bited, and several of which are well cultivated, and contain 
 schools, &c. The province is divided into 10 districts, and 
 is goyerned by an intendant and a provisional assembly, 
 subject to the general government of Chili. 
 
 CHILON, ehe-lon', a village of Bolivia. 120 miles S.W. of 
 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the frontier of the department 
 of Chuquisaca. Pop. 150. 
 
 CllIU'ANZINGO. cheel-pan-sin'go, a town of the Mexi- 
 can Confederacy, department, and 120 miles W.S.W ol 
 Mexico, on the road from Acapulco, and 48u0 feet above the 
 sea. Pop. 2700. 
 
 CIIILTEl'EC, cheel-t.A-pJk'. an affluent of the river Ta- 
 basco, Mexican Confederacy, leaves the main stream at San 
 Juan Bautista. and after a northern course of liO or 70 miles 
 enters the Gulf of .Mexico. 30 miles AV.S.W. of !>:» Frontera. 
 
 CHIL/TERN, ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 CIIILTERN HILLS, a range of chalk hills of England, 
 CO. of Bucks, the S. part of which they traverse Ix'tween 
 Goring and Oxfordshire, and Tring in the county of Herts. 
 Breadth from 15 to 20 miles. Height of principal summit, 
 near Wendover, 905 feet above the .sea. It is stated (o have 
 been formerly covered with a forest, some traces of which 
 are extant, and it was noteriously infested with dcpred.v 
 tors. to suppress whose ravages the office of •• stewards of the 
 Chiltern hundreds" was established under the crown. The 
 duties of the office are now only nominal, but the recogni- 
 tion of them is retained to enable members of ■ e House of 
 Commons, by accepting them under the crown '»k> relinquish 
 tlieir seats in th.at assembly, which a member annot other- 
 wise do. There are 3 Chiltern hundreds, ana the office is 
 in the gift of the Chancellor of Exchequer. 
 
 CIIILTERN, ST. MARY, a p.arish of England, co. of Wilt.«. 
 
 CHILTHORNE-DOMER, chil'thorn-do/mgr, a parish of 
 Enarland. co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHIL'TON, a parish of Endand, co. of Berks. 
 
 CHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Suflblk. 
 
 CHIL'TON CANTIVLO, a p;\ri.sh of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CHILTON, a post-village, capital of Calumet co.. Wiscon- 
 sin, 25 m. N.E. of Fond du Lac. It has a bank. Pop. 1125. 
 
 CHILTON ECLIAT, a parish of England, cos. of Berks 
 and Wilts. 
 
 CHILTON'S MILLS, a small post-village of Walker co., 
 .Alabama. 125 miles N.W. of Montgomerv. 
 
 CHILTON TUIN'ITY, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CIIILTONVILLE, a post-office of Plymouth co., Mass* 
 chusetts. 
 
 CHILTS. See Chikailis. 
 
 CniL/\ERS-COTON, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 
 
 CHILnVELL. a hamlet of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 CHIL'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 139 
 
CHI 
 
 Cirrr.WORTn, a chapelrv of England, co. of Surrev. 
 
 CIIIMAJ-APA. che-nid-ld'pd, a village of Antral America, 
 gtate, »nd o5 miles N.E. of Uuatemala. in a rich and fertile 
 tract, on the Motagua, and consisting, a few years ago. of 
 about 90 Uuts, and a ruined church. The "Chimalapilla 
 (che-ml-l3-peel'yA, i.e. " little Chimalapa") Itiver is an affluent 
 of the Coatzacoalco, in the Mexican Confederation, departr 
 ment of Talia.«oo. 
 
 CHIMALTENAXGO, che-m3l-t.Vnan'go.a town of Central 
 America, gtate, and 2S miles W.X.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 
 4000. 
 
 CHIMAX.iS. che-mJ/nSs, a group of islet.s, in the Carib- 
 bean Sea, off the coast of Venezuela, about lat. 10° 19' JS",, 
 Ion. 64° 51' W. 
 
 CHIM.iPLA. che-ml'p'i, a hacienda of Mexico, about 27 
 miles S.E. by S. of the city of Mexico; occupied by General 
 Pillow previous to the Battle of Contreras, fought August 
 18 and 19. 1847. 
 
 CUI.MARA, KIITMARA. kee^m^'ri or CHIMARI, kee- 
 mi'ree, (anc. Oraulnii Mnnftes. i.e. .the "thunder moun- 
 tains,"* named, it is said, from the fi-equent thunder storms 
 which occur among them.) a mountain range of Albania, 
 between 40° and 41° X. lat., and near 19° E. Ion., termi- 
 nating in Cape Linguetta, called by the ancients Acrnct^ 
 raufnia, (i.e. the ••extremity or promontory of the Cerau- 
 nian" mount;iins.) which name, however, was sometimes 
 applied to the whole chain. 
 
 CIIIMAKA or KHIMAUA. a town situated at the foot of 
 the above mountains, on the strait of Otranto, 22 miles 
 N.W. of Delvino. 
 
 CHIMAY, shee'mi/, a town of Belgium, province of Ilai- 
 naut, on the Blanche, 32 miles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 3041. It 
 has a noble mansion and park, a college, several iron-works, 
 and breweries, andnear it ai-e some valuable marble (xuarries. 
 
 CHIMBARONGO, cheem-bd-ron'go, a river of Chili, pro- 
 vince of Colchagua, rises in the Andes, about lat. 34° 55' S., 
 flows in a N.W. direction to lat. 34° 25', where it is joined 
 by the Tinguiririca, the united stream subsequently join- 
 ing the Rapel. at lat. 24° 12' S. 
 
 CIIIMI50. cheemlx), a town of South America, in Ecua- 
 dor, on the Chimbo River, in the Andes, at the foot of Chim- 
 borazo Mountain, and 50 miles K.E. of Guayaquil. It has 
 an active transit trade. 
 
 CIIIMBORAZO, chim-bo-ri'zo. (Sp. pron. cheem-bo-ttf tho.) 
 a well-known mountain of South America, and the culmi- 
 nating point of the Colombian Andes, 90 miles- S. by W. of 
 Quito, and about 110 miles from the coast; lat. 1° 29' S., 
 Ion. 79° 5' W. It was long believed to be not only the 
 highest summit of the Andes, but the highest in the world. 
 It is now known to be the sixth loftiest peak of the Andes 
 only, being surpas.sed by four in Peru and one in Cliili; 
 while it comes far short of the culminating points of the 
 Himalaya chain, in which occur, at least, 18 summits of 
 much grejtter elevation. The height of Chimborazo, as fixetl 
 by Humboldt, is 21,424 feet above sea level ; but above the 
 valley of Quito, which forms its base, it only rises 11.958 
 feet, an apparent height not quite equiil to that of Mont 
 Blanc, above the valley of Chamouni. and much less than 
 that of Mount Ararat, above the plain of the Aras. This 
 vast mountain, the top of which is covered with perpetual 
 snow, presents a most magnificent spectacle when seen from 
 the shores of the Pacific, after the transparency of the air 
 has been suddenly increased by the long rains of winter. 
 It was ascended in 1802. by Humlx)ldt and Bonpland. to the 
 height of 19,28') feet, and in 18ol, by J. B. Boussingault, to 
 the heiu'ht of 19.689 feet. 
 
 CniMEPAXIPESTICK, sheem-pa-neep-steek', a river of 
 Canada East falling into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the 
 N. side, about 20 miles S.W. of Seven Island Bay, after a 
 S.W, course of about 100 miles. 
 
 CHIMERA. SeeCniMARA. 
 
 CHIM'X EY POINT, a post^village in Shoreham township. 
 Addison co., Vermont, on the shore of Lake ChampUiiu, 50 
 miles i; W. of Montpelier. 
 
 CniMXEY ROCK, a po8tK)ffice of Rutherford co., North 
 Carnlin.a. 
 
 C1IIN'.\. See CirmESB Empfrb, 
 
 CIIIXA, a tlnuri.shing post-village and township of Ken- 
 nebec CO.. Maine, on the S. side of a beautiful Like, the 
 outlet of which affords water-power. 20 miles of E. Augusta. 
 It is a place of active business. IPop. of township in 1860, 
 2719. 
 
 CniXA, a post-township of Wyoming co., New York, 
 about 35 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 2037. 
 
 CHIN.A, a j>ost-township of St. Clair co.. Michigan, on the 
 W. side of St. Clair River, 100 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. 
 1340. 
 
 CIIIXA, a village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 8 miles N.E. 
 •f Madison. 
 
 CUIX A, a post-township of Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 1712. 
 
 • Byron calls them the 
 
 •■ thunder hills of fear. 
 The Acrocerauaiau mountains of old name." 
 
 CUilde Harold, It. 73. 
 440 
 
 CHI 
 
 CmXAB. See CHEXAtrn. 
 
 CHIXWCIIIX'. a large town in X'epaul, on an .affluent of 
 the Gogra. 250 miles W.X.W. of Khatniandoo. Houses of 
 brick or stone, with flat roofs. It has 2 Hindoo temples, 
 and an important trade in metals, spices, and manufactured 
 goods from Hindostan. to which country it exports horses, 
 sjilt, drugs, musk, and seeds. 
 
 i 1 1 1 X A G R OA' E. a post-office of Rowan co.. North Carolina 
 
 CHINA GROVE, a postroffice of Williamsburg district 
 South Carolin.a. ' 
 
 CIIIXA GROVE, a postoffice of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 CHINA GROVE, a post-office of Pike co.. Mississippi. 
 
 CHIXA GROVE, a post-office of Gonzales co.. Texas, 
 
 CIIIXA HILL, a post-office of Gadsden co.. Florida. 
 
 CHIX'AP-\T.\M'. a town of India. Mvsore dominions, 35 
 miles E.X.E. of Seringapatam. Pop. 5000. 
 
 CHIXA SEA. (Chinese. Tmng-H.n. "Eastern Sea:"' Fr. Mer- 
 OritnlaU. inaiu oVe-ftx^Hdl',) is that portion of the Pacific 
 Ocean which extends between China and Siam on the W.. the 
 I'hilippine Islands on the E.. Borneo on the S.. and the i.sland 
 of Formosa on the X. It forms the great Gulfs of .Siam and 
 Tonquin. Chief atHuents. the Me-kong, Cambodia, and 
 Canton Rivers. Chief ports. Canton, Manila, and Singa- 
 pore. 
 
 CHIXCIIA, chin'cha or cheen'chj. a sm.all seaport-town 
 of Xorthern Peru, deiiartment. and 115 miles P.S.E. of Lima. 
 
 CHIXCIIA ISLAXDS. a group of three small islands situ- 
 ated in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Peru, about 14 
 miles from the shore. Lat. 13° 38' S. ; Ion. 7C° 28' YV. These 
 islands, which have recently become so noted and valuable 
 for their large deix)sits of guano, are composed of a dull 
 whitish and red colored rock, which appears to have been 
 formed by separate inundations of lava under great pres- 
 sure, probably at the bottom of the ocean. In some places 
 they rise 300 feet, nearly perpendicularly from the sea. are 
 perforateil in all directions by caves and arches, sometimes 
 100 feet in height- and having apparently but a thin crust 
 over them. Into these caves the sea beats violently, pre- 
 senting very wild and picturesque scenes. Here also 
 multitudes of penguins and other sea-lirds build theii 
 nests, and the sea-lion sports amid the d.<ishijig surf Ac- 
 cording to George W. Peck, Esq., who vLsited these islands 
 in the fall of 1853, the usuiil height of the rock on Middle 
 Island is from 150 to 200 and 30io feet. On this the guano 
 lies in a smooth, rounded mound, apparently aljout ItiO feet 
 deep in the central pjvrt. Immen.se flecks of beautiful birds, 
 much like blue pigeons, but more lightly formed, frequent 
 these islands in numbers sufficient to cover many .acres. 
 There are also large flocks of other smaller birds. be.side8 
 penguins, pelicans. &c., to be found here. The guano ia 
 perforated like a honey-comb with the multitude of the 
 nests of the smaller birds. Besides the birds, the only other 
 animal on the island is a lizard, from 3 to 10 inches long. 
 Neither of the islands extend more than a mile iu any one 
 direction. At the period of Mr. Peck"s visit, at>out 1000 
 coolies (in a condition of abject slavery, over-worked, and 
 otherwise cruelly treated) were constantly empk'ved in 
 loading vessels at the North and Sliddle Islands. There 
 Were, at the period mentioned. 114 vessels either loading or 
 awaiting their turns. The Chinchas belong to Peru. 
 
 CHIXCHILLA. chin<heel'yd, (anc. Sala'na,) a city of 
 Spiiju, 9 miles S.E. of Alliacete. Pop. 12,609. It was for* 
 merly fortified, has an old castle, and is surrounded by 
 ancient walls. It has manufactures ofo.ar.se cloth. 
 
 CHINCHOX, cheen-chon'. a town of Spain, 25 miles S.SX 
 of .Madrid, between the Tagus and the Tajuna. Pop. 5392. 
 
 CHIN"-CHi>0, chinVhoo', a maritime region of China, be- 
 tween lat. 23° and 26° X.. and Ion. 116° and 119° E., com- 
 prising parts of the provinces of Fo-kien and Quang-tong, 
 and inhabited by a hardy and industrious people, who man 
 most part of the imperial and commercial navy, and are 
 particularly able as fishermen, traders, and i^rriculturists. 
 Soil mostly sterile; sugar and sweet potatoes. rai.sed by 
 much lalxir. are the only exports. This circumstance con- 
 tinually causes large numbers of the population to emigrate; 
 and it' is stated that -Chinchoo men" are the princip,al 
 bankers of the capital, cultivators of the tea-plant, pedlars, 
 colonists in Formos.a, Hai-nan. S.E. Asia, and the Malay 
 .\rchipelago: and that in Canton almost every kind of 
 traffic is under their direction. 
 
 CHIX-CHOO, cheenVhoo', or TCHTN-TCHEOU, cheen>. 
 cheoiV, a city of China, province Of Ho-nan, capital of a 
 department, 80 miles S.S.E. of Kai-fong. 
 
 CHIX-CIIOO or TCHIXG-TCHKOU. chingVhJ-oo', a city 
 of China, province of Hoo-nan, capital of the department, on 
 the Yuen-kiang. 110 miles W.S W. of the great lake Tong-ting. 
 
 CHI.N^CHOOR/, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay. 18 miles N.N.W. of Poonah. Pop. about 50(*0. It 
 was the residence of a chief believed by the Hindoos to be 
 an incarnation of the Deity. 
 
 CHIXCORRO. EL, ^1 cheen-kon'Ro. a reef off the E. coast 
 of Yucatan, Central America, 110 miles S. ot Coznme I.sland. 
 Length from X. to S., 23 miles; greatest breadth. 9 miles. 
 
 CillXCOTEAGUE, ching'ko-teeg', a post-offi** of Acco- 
 mack CO., Virginia. 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 CniNCOTEAGUE LTOHT-TIOUSE. on the S.E. point of 
 Assateague Island, in the Atlantic, between Cape Ilenlopen 
 and Cape Henry. It shows a fixed lifrht oO feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 37° 55' N.; Ion. 'ib'^ 21' W 
 CinXU.A.RKE. See CuANDEREE. 
 
 CIIIXE, or LA CIIINJS, the French name of China. 
 Bee Chinese I'Impire. 
 CJIINIO, LA, a village of Canada. See Lachine. 
 CIIIN'B.\DKG.\, che-n^n-d.Vgi, two contiguous towns of 
 Central America, state of Nicaragua. — ^'E^v Chinendega, 9 
 miles from Hiaglio. and a depot for the trade of that port 
 with the interior, has from SOOO to 10,000 inhabitants. It 
 stands in a fertile plain; houses straggling, and many en- 
 closed hv gardens and plantations. — OU) Chine-NDEGA has 
 from 3000 to 4000 inhabitants. 
 
 CHINESE EMl'IRE, an immense territory, stretching 
 from the centre to the E. extremities of Asia, and occupy- 
 ing nearly a third of the surface of that continent: between 
 lat. 18° 20' and 50° N., and Ion. 70° and 143° 30' E. ; bounded 
 N. by Siberia; Vf. by Independent Tartiiry and the Punjab; 
 S. by Ilindostan. Uurmah, L:to8,Anam. and the China Sea; 
 E. by the different arms of the North Pacific Ocean, under 
 the names Tonghai or East Sea. Whanghai or Yellow Sea. 
 Sea of Japan, and Sea of Okhotsk ; greatest length, from 
 S.W. to N.E., 3330 miles; greatest breadth, 2100 miles; 
 area, abo«t 5.000,000 square miles. This vast empire is 
 usually divided into China Proper, which forms its nucleus, 
 and tlie following dependencies: — Corea or Korea, Mant- 
 chooria, Mongolia, Elee, (Hi,) including Soongaria and East 
 Toorkistan, Koko-tior, Thibet, and numerous islands, the 
 largest of which are Formosa and Hainan. Some of the 
 Chinese dependencies, as Mantchooriii, may almost be said 
 to form a part of the empire; while others do little more 
 than profess a nominal allegiance. A considerable territory 
 on the N. frontier has lately been occupied by the Russians. 
 (See Mantchoor[A.) As the dependencies will be described 
 under their respective heads, it may be sufficient here to 
 give a general idea of the whole empire, by mentioning that 
 it has a coast-line of 3350 miles, a circuit of 12,550 miles, an 
 area nearly equal to a tenth of the habitable globe, and a 
 population of above 400,000,000. 
 
 Cui.VA ('chl'na) Pkoper, (anc. Sir'ica,* Tsina, tsee/nd. and 
 Cathay. kJ-th.V. or Khitai, Ke-ti'; Chinese. Choong Knoe. or 
 C/ioong Kweh. choong kwA, i. e. the "middle kingdom:" Fr. 
 Chine, sheen: Ger. China. Kee'nS: Sp. China, chee'nl; Dutch 
 and Port. China, shee'nd; It. Cina, chee/nL) the S.E. portion 
 of the Chinese Empire, occupying a third of its whole extent. 
 Not including the island of Hainan, it lies between lat. 20° 
 20' and 41° N., Ion. 98° and 123° E.; it is bounded X. by one 
 of the most remarkable of human structures, the Great 
 Wall, which proceeds directly over mountain and valley, and, 
 for alK)ut 15(10 miles, forms the barrier between China and 
 Mongolia; (for a more particular notice of the Great Wall, 
 Bee Hiitori/, page 445;) W. by Thibet; S. by Burmah, Laos, 
 Anam. and the China Sea ; and E. by the North Pacific Ocean. 
 Excluding a considerable prominence in the N.W., a second 
 la the N.K!., and another of smaller dimensions in the S., 
 it bears no inconsiderable resemblance to a semicircle, the 
 diameter of which lies obliquely, front N.E. to S.W., for a 
 length of about ItJOO mile.s ; while the curve bends round 
 from each extremity, and attains its greatest convexity in 
 the E. The coast line exceeds 2500 miles, and the main- 
 land frontier 4400 miles; area, 1,297,999 square miles, or 
 more than a third that of Europe. For administrative 
 purposes, it is divided into provinces, the names, areas, 
 and population of which are as follows: — 
 
 Provikces. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Pop. 
 sq. m. 
 
 Capital*. 
 
 Pe-chaclee or > 
 
 Cliee-loe J 
 
 Shan-toong 
 
 58,949 
 
 65,1M 
 
 55.i6rt 
 65.101 
 44.500 
 4l8,4<il 
 7.!,l-« 
 39,1.50 
 5:i.4H0 
 70, 4M 
 74,3.'0 
 67,-WO 
 86.608 
 
 166,800 
 79,4.-)6 
 78.'250 
 64.5.H 
 
 107.969 
 
 27,990,871 
 
 28,958,764 
 14,004,210 
 23,0:17,171 
 37,843,501 ) 
 34,I68.0.'>9 i 
 30,4^6,999 
 26,2.58,784 
 14,777,410 
 37,370,098 ) 
 18,652,507 J 
 10,207,256 ) 
 15, 19;), 1 25 S 
 21,435,678 
 I9,142,0:S0 
 7.3f3,895 
 5,288,219 
 5,561,320 
 
 473 
 515 
 253 
 353 
 
 774 
 421 
 671 
 
 276 
 
 317 
 164 
 
 12S 
 214 
 93 
 82 
 51 
 
 Peking. 
 Tsee-nan-foo. 
 
 Ho-nan 
 
 Kai.foong-foo. 
 J Nanking. 
 I Ngan-king-foo. 
 
 Nan-chang-foo. 
 
 Hang-choo-foo. 
 
 Koo-choo-foo. 
 J Woo-chang-foo. 
 I Chang-sha-foo. 
 5 See-sang-foo. 
 { Lan-choo-foo. 
 
 Ching-too-foo. 
 
 Canton. 
 
 Kweilin-foo. 
 
 Kwei-,vang-foo. 
 
 N'gim-hoei 
 
 Kiaug-soe 
 
 Che-kiang 
 
 Fo-kieii 
 
 Hoo-pe 
 
 
 
 Se-cUueii 
 
 Quang long 
 
 Quang-see 
 
 Yun-nan 
 
 
 
 l.-.J97,999 
 
 387,632,907 
 
 
 Physical Fmtum. — Owing to the barriers, both natural 
 Bnd artificial, which guard the frontiers of China, and the 
 rigid e.xclusion of foreigners from its interior, great part of 
 the country must be regarded as a terra incof/nilu. The 
 •oast line, which could not be made inaccessible, is pretty 
 
 * See History, page 445. 
 
 well known. Forming an irregular curve of about 2.500 
 miles, it gives about 1 mile of const for every 520 miles of 
 areiu One of its peculiar features is the va.st number of 
 islet groups by which it is lx)rdered. It is not deeply pene- 
 trated by gulfs, the only one of great extent being that of 
 PeK;hee-lee,intheN.E., but numerous indentations of suffi- 
 cient dimensions to form safe and capacious roadsfeads are 
 found in every quarter. With the exception of a bold and 
 rocky peninsula in the province of Shantoong, the shore, 
 from the Gulf ofPe-chfe-lee,S.to the island of Chusan, is flat, 
 and in many places so little raised above the .sea level, 
 as to be extensively inundated during a continuance of 
 strong winds. From Chusan to the mouth of Canton River 
 it is usually rocky, bold, and precipitous; from this poin* 
 S.W., flats, occa-sionally interrupted by bold headlands, 
 again prevail. The interior of the country commences in 
 the N.W. in a series of lofty mountjiin ranges, forming the 
 abutments of the great table-land of Central Asia. The 
 principal chain, called Yun-ling, has its main axis N. to S. 
 Its average height is not known, but many of its summits 
 are described as towering far above the line of perpetual 
 snow. Its most important ramifications take an K, direc- 
 tion, and becoming the leading water-sheds of the country, 
 divide it into three great basins, the waters of which are 
 accumulated in mighty rivers, and carried E. to the sea. 
 The general slope of China, as thus indicated by its princi- 
 pal rivers, is from W. to E., the mountains lowering gra- 
 dually as they proceed toward the coast, and ultimately 
 sinking down by a succession of descending terraces into 
 level tracts, the largest of which, called the Great Plain, 
 has a length of not less than TOO miles, and a width vary- 
 ing from 150 to 500 miles, and consisting generally of a deep 
 alluvium, which is of unparalleled fertility, and probably 
 maintains a denser population than any other portion of 
 the earth's surface of similar extent. 
 
 Genliyy. — The geology of China is very imperfectly known, 
 but there is no doubt that all the leading geological forma- 
 tions are found in it. Primary formations are most largely 
 developed in the mountainous regions of the W., where 
 gi-anite, gneiss, and primitive schists prevail. The same 
 formations exist to a more limited extent in the S.E.. where 
 bleak mountains of granite give that district its distinguish- 
 ing feature. The secondary formation, including the car- 
 boniferous and cretaceous system, occurs to a small extent 
 in the central province of Ho-nan; and the space traversed 
 by the impeuial canal in uniting the Hoang-ho and Yanz- 
 tse-kiang, but more largely in the neighborhood of Peking, 
 where a zone of no great width, but considerable length, 
 forms an irregular curve from N.E. to S.W., and contains 
 beds of coal, from which the capital and the surrounding 
 districts obtain their principal supplies of fuel. The tertiary 
 formation has its largest development in the N.E.. and pro- 
 bably underlies the greater part of the alluvium which 
 covers the surface of the Great Plain. 
 
 Minerulnr/y. — Perhaps the only metal which China is not 
 known to pos.sess is platina. Gold, though not thought to 
 be very abundant, is obtained by washing the .sand of .several 
 of the rivers, particularly those of the upper branch of the 
 Yang-fse-kiang, and in the mountainous and almost inac- 
 cessible regions of Yun-nan. Silver is also found in the 
 same regions. Much of it is of great puiity, and is well 
 known under the name of si/cee silver. The quantity also 
 must be considerable, since it has not only furnished the 
 vast sums exacted by the British in compensation for the 
 last war, but also suffices for a large annual export, chiefly 
 in payment of opium. Copper, besides forming the ordinary 
 currency in limited mercantile transactions, is worked to a 
 great extent for economical purposes. A species, called 
 pd'mg or white copper, and, when polished, scarcely distin- 
 guishable from silver, is said by some to be peculiar to 
 China; while others, with more probability, as.sert, that in- 
 stead of being a simple metal, it is merely a compound of 
 Clipper and zinc. Quicksilver, in the form of a cinnabar, 
 is of fre<iuent occurrence, and is much used both for color- 
 ing and medicine. There is no want of iron either in the 
 form of rich hiematite, or in that of the carbonate of the 
 coal measures, from which almost all the iron of Britain is 
 derived, but the quality is said to be inferior. Lead, tin, 
 and zinc exist, but the native product falls short of the 
 consumption, and leaves room for a large importation. 
 Reference has already been made to the coal-fields of China, 
 and the exten.sive use of coal for fuel. It occurs both as 
 bituminous coal and anthracite, but the quality is injured 
 both by the presence of sulphur and a prefKinderance of 
 ashes. As most of it is raised without machinery, bj' the 
 rudest forms of manual labor, the price being nece.ssarjiy 
 high, confines the use of it in a great measure to (he rich, 
 while the poorer classes are obliged to content theni.selves 
 with coarse mixtures of culm and earth, or other still more 
 inefficient and less attractive omipounds. Among other 
 mineral substances may be mentioned nitre, alum, gypsum, 
 and. more important than all, inexhaustible Ijeds of kaolin 
 or porcelain earth, the early possession of which by the 
 Chinese, and their great skill" in working it, has given the 
 name of China to the beautiful ware which so iong monopo- 
 
 441 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 Ilzed the market of Europe. A peculiar species of nephrite, 
 called jitft yu aijude. of a green color, and Talued chiefly for 
 the property of emitting a musical sound when struck, 
 tKough not peculiar to it. appears to be found in China in 
 Its most perfect form, and is there held in the highest esti- 
 mation. Various precious stones also are found, and asates 
 especially, admirably wrought, form a particular article of 
 commerce, but it is supposed that many of the fine stones 
 are not native but imported. 
 
 Jiivers and Lal.es. — Xo country of the world is better 
 watered than China. The Yang-tse-kiang. which traverses 
 the country centrally from W. to E., has a course of 2900 
 miles. The Iloang-ho, the next in size, has a course of 
 2000 miles, during the larger and lower part of which it gra- 
 dually approaches the former, and being connected with it 
 by the Imperial Canal, which has a length of 700 miles, fur- 
 nishes what is said to be the most magnificent system of 
 water communication in existence — a system which brings 
 all the provinces into direct communication with each 
 other, and gives an inland navigation which meets with 
 only one interruption from Canton to Peking. Besides these 
 rivers and their numerous tributaries, the most deserving 
 of notice are the Ilong-kiang,- of considerable size, but still 
 more commercial importance, having its embouchure at 
 Canton; and the Yu-ho, which, instead of the E. course fol- 
 lowed by the great rivers of China, flows N., forming part of 
 the line of the Imperial Canal, and &lls into theGulf of Pe-chee- 
 lee. The lakes of China are mere dilatations of the rivers, and. 
 though numerous, are not individually of great extent. The 
 largest, Tunting, province of Honan. which furnishes an im- 
 portant affluent to the Y'ang-tse-kiang, has a circuit of 220 
 miles. The next in size, Poyang. province of Kiangsee. is VH) 
 miles long by 20 broad, abounds in fish, and is remarkable 
 both for the picturesque scenery around it. and the numerous 
 beautiful and populous islets which it encloses in its bosom. 
 
 Climate. — The greater part of China belongs to the tem- 
 perate zone, only a small portion of the S. lying within the 
 tropics. It has what is called an excessive climate, and has 
 a for greater range of temperature than Ls usual within the 
 same parallels of latitude. Peking, the capital, is nearly a de- 
 gree S. of Naples : and yet while the mean temperature of 
 the latter is 6o°, that of the former is only 54°. In summer, 
 however, the heat reaches from 90° to 100° in the shade, 
 while the winter is so cold that the rivers usually continue 
 frozen from December to March. At Hong Kong, notwith- 
 standing the influence of the sea in checking extremes, the 
 thermometer, in June and July, the hottest months, fre- 
 quently stands at 90°, and in winter, from December to 
 March, sinks nearly to the freezing point. At Canton and 
 the adjacent hills, snow, though rarely, has sometimes 
 £illen. At Shanghai, lat. 31° 20', the range of temperature 
 Is still greater, the maximum reaching 100°, and the mini- 
 mum falling at least 2u° below freezing, or 12° Fah. Still, 
 the climate is eulogized as one of the finest in the world. 
 In the S., the S.W., and X.E.. monsoons blow with great re- 
 gularity, and nearly divide the year between them. In the 
 K. they are more variable, and the wind not unfrequently 
 blows from other quarters. Among the greatest scourges 
 of the country, and perils of the adjoining seas, are the 
 dreadful galt-s known by the name of typhoons — a corrup- 
 tion of the Chinese Ta-foong or •* great wind." They never 
 fell to commit great devastation, though their effects are 
 doubtless much modified by the distinct and timely notice 
 which they give of their approach, and the consequent pi-e- 
 parations which are made throughout the whole of the 
 threatened dii^tricts to guard against them. 
 
 Zo'ilngy. — Of this, almost all that is yet known is derived 
 from the casual glimpses of ambassadors and their suits in 
 p,issing along some of the great thoroughfares, from mer- 
 chants not allowed to go beyond the suburbs of frontier 
 towns, and from missionaries, whose opportunities have 
 indeed l>een better, but whose account* savor more of cre- 
 dulity tlian diiicrimination. But the emperor having now 
 thrown open the country to the investigation of travellers, 
 we may expect, in due time, to obtain more accurate infoi^ 
 mation on this and on many other subjects, of which we are 
 at present comparatively ignorant. Of quadrumanous ani- 
 mals, one is described as " perfectly resembling man. but 
 longer armed and hairy all over, called /f-se. most swift and 
 greedy after human flesh." This is evidently an exaggerated 
 picture of some animal identical with or allied to the orang- 
 outang. Of the s:ime order is the ilorre. commonly called 
 the Cochin-China monkey, and remarkable for the variety 
 of its stripes and colors. Still more curious is the lakan, 
 or proljosfis monkey, in which the combined properties of 
 man and beast seem to be ludicrously caricatured. Of fe- 
 line animals, the lion appears to have only a fabulous ex- 
 istence. Tigers and leopards were at one time so numerous 
 as to have been hunted on a magnificent scale by the em- 
 perors. Tiiat mode of chase is now abandoned, and the 
 native existence of the animals which formed the objects of 
 It K»gins to lie doubted. A sm.all species of wild cat exists 
 In thii .•?.. and bears are fKn",uently mentioned. Both camels 
 and elephnnts, though not indigenous, are largely domes- 
 ticated. Bats are numerous; one in particular is said to be 
 443 
 
 large as a hen. and Is extensively used as food. To the Indi- 
 genous animals already mentioned m.ay be added the wild 
 hog. porcupine, raccoon-faced dogorChine.se fox, and several 
 species of rats, more especially one of a > ellow color, larger 
 than those of Europe, and much prized for its skin. In 
 feathered tribes. China is understood to be extremely rich. 
 Pheasants in particular are Cimous, lioth for abundance 
 and for beauty. Among others, are the well-known gold 
 and silver pheasants, and. al)Ove all. the Viarred-lailed phea- 
 sant, a most magnificent bird, with tail-feathers sometimes 
 seven feet in length. Water-birds of almost every kind 
 alxiund, but perhaps the most remarkable is the leii-tae, or 
 fishing cormorant, the training of which forms an import- 
 ant employment, and Ls so complete, that when a bird haa 
 secured a fish, which from its size he cannot manage singly, 
 his neighbor darts down and assists him to complete the 
 capture. The reptilia of China include several serpents of 
 monstrous size, not regarded as dangerous, and one of a 
 black and white color, hence called pak-y-hak: which never 
 exceeds three feet in length, but is very \enomous. Xo 
 country is said to have a more complete ichthyology than 
 China. All its waters — its rivers, lakes, pools, canals, and 
 even ditches, are full of fish. The domestic animals of 
 China include the horse, (a smaller and inferior variety to 
 ours.) the Bactrian camel, the buffalo, the pig. dog and cat; 
 the sheep and ox are both less common than in Eilrope. Se« 
 Agriculture, page 443. 
 
 Botuny. — This department is only beginning to be known. 
 Among tree.s, the bamboo, as in India, is perhaps the most 
 valuable of all, not so much on account of its magnitude, 
 (though stems with wavy plumes of 60 feet in height are 
 not uncommon.) as on account of the almost endless uses to 
 which it is applied. Several species of willow attiin a large 
 size. Staunton mentions one with a girth of 15 feet. Oaks 
 of different species are common — the wood. bark. &c. of 
 which are put to various economical purpo.ses. Even the 
 acorns of some kinds are ground into flour, and converted 
 into a farinaceous paste. Coniferous trees are represented by 
 numerous forms of pine, yew. and cypress. The tallow tree 
 (Cfntton feliif>t-rum) and camphor trees abound: from the 
 seeds of the tallow-tree the vegetable oil is obtained ; it is 
 like wax, and, in its natural state, is of snowy whiteness. 
 The koo-soo, a species of sycamore, furnishes paper from its 
 inner bark. Palms are not abundant, but the cocoa-nut 
 flourishes in Hainan and on the adjacent coast. Tlie 7x;n- 
 dantti or screw-pine is abundant, but the date-palm is not 
 known. The chestnut walnut, and hazel are all indige- 
 nous. The fruit trees include many spei-ies of fig — the 
 mango, guava. wanghee, peach, pomegranate, quince, nec- 
 tarine, plum, apricot, and a superior species of orange, 
 which, when ripe, has a deep crimson rind, quite det.iched 
 from the fruit. In general the fruits are of indifferent qua- 
 lity. Among shrubby plants, the fii'st place is unques- 
 tionably due to Thea bohea and Thea viridi.':, of which men- 
 tion will afterwards be made. The next in importance is 
 the mulberry. Among flowering shrubs or trees, the rose, 
 with its numerous varieties, is most coiispituons. Xor 
 must we omit to mention the J^'ilumlihitn. a Ix'autiful 
 flower, of which the seeds resemVile. in form and size, 
 acorns without their cups, and have the flavor of nuts, 
 while the root is sliced and eaten as fruit; the hydran- 
 gea, the passion-flower, the lugerstroemni. in its white, 
 purple, and red varieties ; Indian pride, the Chinese tinia- 
 risk, the cactus, the cereug. seen sometimes in the S. with 
 more than 50 splendid flowers in full bloom ; and the 
 camellia, in almost endless variety. Xo de]>artment of the 
 Chinese flora is richer than that of the «;((/<«. '-Few." s;iys 
 Mr. Fortune, "can form any idea of the gorgeous beauty 
 of the azalea-clad hill, when on every .side tlie eye rests on 
 ma.sses of flowers' of dazzling brightness and surpassing 
 lieauty. Xor is it the azalea alone." remarks the traveller, 
 •■ that claims our admiration : clemati.'vs. wild roses, honey- 
 suckles, and a hundred others, mingle their flowers with 
 them, and make us confess that China is inde.-<l ' the central 
 flowery land.'" Dwarfing is a favorite occnpaticn of the 
 Chinese gardeners, and no small degree ol scientific ac- 
 quaintance with veget.ible physiology is implie.i in the suc- 
 cess with which they manage to cr.amp the. natural growth 
 of plants, and force them to a-ssume the most fantastic 
 forms. 
 
 Agriculture. — This first of arts h.as always been held In 
 the highest veneration in China. The emjieror hinrself. to 
 do it honor, repairs annuMly to an appointed spot with 
 3 princes, 9 high officers. 40 old and 40 young husl andmen, 
 and taking the plough in his hand, draws a furrow and 
 sows some seed. A similar festival is lield in the capital of 
 each province. A branch of industry thus honored can 
 scarcely have failed to make great progress, and accordingly 
 the agriculture of the Chinese has l>een lauded in high 
 terms by almost all who have had opportunities of witness- 
 ing it. It is a mistake, however, to suppose that they are 
 adepts in what may be called the science of agriculture. 
 Thev slavishly follow a routine wliich has J>een handed 
 down, without change, from untold generations, ai'.d not 
 only display no inventive powers thems(>te«j but from 
 
CHI 
 
 cm 
 
 OTerweenJng conceit obstinately refuse to profit by the in- 
 FeutiDiis of other countiifs when placed before them. Their 
 implements generally are of the rudest description, and 
 tIioui;h improved ploui^hs have been sent out and urged on 
 their acceptance, tliey reject them with disdain, preferring 
 a rude shapeless thing drawn by oxen or buffaloes. They 
 appe;ir to liave no idea of raising Improved breeds of horses 
 and cattle by the arts so well lincvrn and practised in other 
 countries. The only animal of which the Chinese can be 
 gaid to have furnished us with an improved breed is the 
 pig. Kice, as tiie principal food of the people, is the staple 
 crop. The rich alluvial plains which cover a great part of 
 the surface are admirably adapted for its culture, and, by 
 careful management, yield amazing crops. The rice is sown 
 in seed-beds, and afterwards planted out in drills. A first 
 planting is made about the middle of May, and in two or 
 three weeks after a second planting is made in the intervals 
 between the previous drills. When the first crop is reaped 
 in August, the other is still green, but being stirred and 
 manured, it comes rapidly forward, and is re;>ped in No- 
 vember. The rice is not always grown on alluvial flats. 
 The sides of the hills ai'e often laid out in a succession of 
 gently sloping terraces, which .sometimes rise to the height 
 of 6()iJ or 8U0 feet above sea level, and planted with rice in 
 drills running across the declivity, thus admitting of being 
 irrigated by streams which, retarded at every step, move 
 slowly forward. In the first stages of the crop, these ter- 
 races are clothed with luxuriant green, which contrasts 
 finely with the rugged steeps in tlieir neighborhood, and 
 forms an enchanting landscape. The same mode of culture 
 being evidently applicable to other crops is in general use, 
 and is noticed with admiration by almost all travellers as a 
 distinguishing feature in Cliinese husbandry. After rioe, 
 the staple crops on their terraces are sweet potatoes and 
 earth-nuts. In the neighborhood of Canton the common 
 winter crops are our own ordinary vegetables — potatoes, 
 pease, onions, and cabbages, for the use of European resi- 
 dents; in the N. their crops principally consist of our ordi- 
 nary cereals and legumes — wlxeat, barley, pease, and beans. 
 The two last are the same as our field kind, and are indi- 
 genous ; the two first are inferior varieties. The raising of 
 green crops to be ploughed in as manure is common in all 
 the districts where rice is cultivated. Two kinds of plants 
 are chietiy employed : one of tliem. a trefoil, grown on ridge.s 
 similar to those forming the intervals in our celery beds. 
 
 Among the other crops regularly and extensively grown 
 mav V>e mentioned sugar-cane, u.sed chiefly in a green state: 
 indigo, a particular kind, called tein-ching, now ascertained 
 to be the Jsatis indigotica; the castor-oil plant, and nume- 
 rous plants grown for their roots. Three other plants of 
 the greatest economical importance are extensively grown 
 in China. The first is the mulberry. Judging from the quan- 
 tity of raw silk annually exported, and the general use of 
 sUk for dress, at least by the wealthier classes of the country, 
 it is evident that hundreds of thousands of acres must he 
 appropriated to the cultivation of this shrub, and mil- 
 lions of persons employed in the diflbrent proces.ses con- 
 nectt>d with it; the plants are all grafted, and produce very 
 fine thick leaves. They form trees, or rather bushes, which 
 are not allowed to exceed from 4 to fl feet in height, and are 
 planted in rows, often along the banks of canals. The mul- 
 berry farms are generally worked by the farmer and his 
 Eimily, who not only plant, graft, and cultivate the mul- 
 berry, but gather the leaves, feed the silkworms, and wind 
 the silk off the cocoons. The Chinese silk is much heavier 
 than the Italian, and preferred in fabrics requiring lustre 
 and firmness. The cotton plant, used in China, and called 
 in the N. provinces the " Mie wha," is of the same species 
 a.< the American, namely, G/issi/pium herbaceum. The yel- 
 low cotton used in the manufacture of na»/.wn appears to 
 be of a more stunted habit than the ordinary gossypium, 
 but has no characters which constitute a distinct species. 
 It is chiefly cultivated in a level tract around Shanghai, 
 forming part of the Great Plain, and is the staple summer 
 crop. The culture differs little from that of other cotton 
 countries. The last crop to be hero mentioned, and to us 
 the most importiint of all raised in Cliina. is that of tea. 
 There are two varieties of the plant — T/iea holiea and Tliea 
 viri'lis. and though it was long supposed that the former 
 only yieldi^d the black, and the latter the green teas, it is 
 now proved that lioth kinds of tea are obtained from each. 
 Tlie plant, whose botanical affinities ally it to the camellia, 
 in its natural state as seen in Assam attains the height of 
 30 feet, but in China only from 3 to 6 feet, where it is kept 
 down by prunings, and made to assume a l)ushy form, pre- 
 senting a dense mass of foliage on an infinite number of 
 small shoots. The leaf is dark-green, of an oblong oval 
 shai)e. and the flowers are single, white, and without smell. 
 The seeds, three in number, are enclosed in a husk resem- 
 bling that of the hazel-nnt, having a somewhat acrid taste, 
 and, by extraction, yield an oil which is used for varioxis 
 purposes. The great tea provinces are Quangtong, Fokien. 
 and Chekiang. In the first the Tliea bohea is grown, and 
 the tea is of inferior quality; In the other two the Tlica 
 viridis, which yields all the finer qualities, and furnishes 
 
 the greater part of all that is exported to this country. 
 Where the culture is most extensive and carried to itx 
 highest perfection, the tea plantations are usually loruied 
 in a deep rich loam, never on the lowlands but on the low 
 hilly slopes. The plants, consisting of seedlings previously 
 grown in nursery beds, are placed in rows about 4 feet apan 
 from each other every way, and when grown, look at a dis- 
 tance like shrubberies of ever-greens. The leaves are ga- 
 thered thrice — about the middle of April, when the leaf-buds 
 are beginning to unfold, about a fortnight after, in the be- 
 ginning of May, when the leaves are fully grown, and when 
 the leaves again are newly formed. The first gathering 
 yields a fine and delicate hyson, highly valued by the na- 
 tives, and generally distributed in small quantities as pre- 
 sents. 
 
 Manufactures. — In all the arts necessary to the comfort 
 of life, and in not a few of those conducive tr luxury, the 
 Chinese have made considerable progress. One peculiar 
 feature in their processes is the general absence of machi- 
 nery : in almost every production the great moving power is 
 manual lal>or. The silk stuffs of China have long borne a high 
 name, and in several qualities are still unsurpassed. The loom 
 in common use is worked by two persons, one of whom sits 
 on the top of the frame, where he pulls the treadles and 
 assists in making the various changes which must be made 
 on the machine while in operation. By means of it the 
 workman can imitate almost any pattern, and excel parti- 
 cularly in crapes and flowered satins, and damasks for 
 official dresses. In China everybody wears silks. It is the 
 prescribed attire of high officers : soldiers are not considered 
 in full uniform without it. The finer kinds of it form the 
 ordinary dresses of the opulent, while the poorest manage 
 tx> deck themselves in coarser if not on common, at least on 
 gala days. The embroidery of silk is carried on to an 
 amazing extent, the perfection to which it has been brtjught 
 cre.ating an almost unlimited demand. In cotton goods tlie 
 Chinese might have been supposed to excel, but for the won- 
 derful inventions which in other countries have so rapidly 
 carried that manufacture to the highest perfection, and 
 produced fabrii'S, which both for quality and cheapness 
 defy all competition. Nankeen continues to form an im- 
 portant brancfi of domestic manufacture. Flax is not 
 grown in Cliina, and linen seems not to be made. The only 
 woollen fabrics are felt for the soles of sh(jes and winter 
 hats, and a sort of rug or carpc^t. The porcelain of China 
 has been famous from the earliest periods. The manufac- 
 ture of the finest forms of it being long known to the Chi- 
 nese alone, gave them the monopoly of the world, and 
 though in elegance of shape and design they must yield the 
 pahn to Europe, for quality of material and rich gorgefius 
 ciiloring they still hold the foremost place. The manufac- 
 ture of glass is chiefly carried on at Canton, and is one of 
 the few arts which, at least in regard to its finer processes, 
 the Chinese have condescended to learn from Europeans, 
 In the working of metals the Chinese have only attained 
 to mediocrity. Bells and tripods are occasion.ally made ot 
 large size, but the most of their castings are comparatively 
 small. \V'rought iron is little used except for nails, screws, 
 hinges, and other small articles. The metallic products 
 most deserving of notice are gongs, mirrors, statuettes in 
 copper and bronze, and various kinds of carved, chased, and 
 filigree work, both in gold and silver. In a great number 
 of minor articles the workmanship is exquisite. Fans, card 
 cases, seals, snuff-boxes, combs, counters, chessmen of 
 wood, ivory, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, &c., exhibit a 
 finish and delicacy which no other workmen in the world 
 can equal. 
 
 Trade and Cbmvierce. — The inland trade of China, aided 
 by the unusual facilities which it derives from a system of 
 water communication, ramifying like network over all its 
 provinces, is of incalculable magnitude. Its riVers and 
 canals are so covered with junks and barges and swarms 
 of smaller boats, that there does not seem much exaggera- 
 tion in the estimate which makes the tonnage belonging to 
 the Chinese, little short of the conil>ined tonnage of all other 
 nations. The coasting trade is small in comparison, and is 
 much impeded not merely by the dangers of navigation, 
 along a coast frequently visited by storms of terrific violence, 
 but by hordes of pirates, who are permitted to roam about 
 almost with impunity, and make an easy prey of defence- 
 less traders. Of the coasting trade there is no means of 
 forming even an approximate estimate, but according to a 
 return of it for the port of Foo-choo alone for a year, (two 
 quarters of 1845, and two quarters of 1846.) 1078 junks 
 ariived with cargoes valued at 6.51 .906^, and 1281 junks 
 depiirted with cargoes valued at 2.42S.052Z. In this return 
 the largest exports in value are timber and paper; the 
 largest imports, sugar, salt-fish, and pease. Till the late 
 war with Great Britain, the trade with foreigners, exclusive 
 of that carried on by the mainland chiefly with the Kus- 
 sians, was zealously restricted to the mouth of Canton 
 River. By the treaty of Nanking, four other ports have 
 been thrown open, namely, Amoy, Foo-choo, Ningpo, 
 and Shanghai. By this arrangement the trade has been 
 placed on a more satisfactory footing, al» J has increased 
 
 443 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 considerably, thouirh not at all to the extent which had 
 been anticipated. The articles which China can furnish for 
 foreicn export are few, con.sistiug chiefly of tea and silk 
 goods, and unless the demand for the.se increase and enable 
 the Chinese lo .sell, it is not ea.sy to see how they can pur^ 
 chase more larirely. The following table <rives the total value 
 of the imports and exports at each of the five open ports 
 of China, in British and foreign vessels, in 1844 and 1847 : 
 
 POETS. 
 
 1844. 
 
 In British Vessels, j In Foreign Tessels. 
 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. Imports. I F.xports. 
 
 £3,359,685 
 501.335 
 
 £3,883,828 £506,351 £1.644.194 
 
 
 «7,528' '.'. 
 
 
 Foo-choo 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 £3,861,020 
 
 £4,371,466 506,351 £1,644,194 
 
 
 ;■ 1 
 
 POSTS. 
 
 1847 
 
 In British Vessels. 
 
 In Foreign Vessels. 
 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Imports. 1 Exports. 
 
 £2,085.581 
 179,758 
 
 il,786 
 
 898,228 
 
 £3,406,420 
 
 7,138| £75,976 
 
 " 6231 '.'. 
 l,401,194j 111,001 
 
 
 
 £8,568 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 116,105 
 
 Total 
 
 
 £3,175,353 
 
 £4,815,375 £186,977 
 
 £124,673 
 
 The aboTe table only gives the legal trade, and, of course, 
 excludes one item, which in amount far ex(^eds that of all 
 other imports, and which, though, as used, is not only 
 worthless, but noxious and demoralizing in the extreme, is 
 paid for by the Chine.se in hard cash. The opium, which 
 forms this imijort is chiefly grown in British India, where 
 the East India Company cultivate it ss a monopoly, and 
 sell it to private traders with the full knowledge of its 
 having been grown and sold to be smuggled into China ! 
 The export from Calcutta in 1845. was IS.T'Ji chests, and 
 from Bombav in 1843. (the latest return.) 18.321 chests: in 
 all 37.113 chests, valued at 4.800.000/. The amount continues 
 to increase, and the value is alxiut tive millions. The prin- 
 cipal imports to China from the United Kingdom, in 
 1841, were— cotton manufactures, 848,8141.; cotton yarn, 
 164.2B4/.; linen manufactures, 9321/.; woollen manufac- 
 tures. 390.437?.: beer and ale. 9786/.: iron and steel. 15.7 6S/.; 
 glass, 7494/. The principal exports from China to the United 
 Kingdom in the .same year were — nankeens. 67.110 pieces: 
 rhubarb, 148,936 pounds: silk. raw. 2.015.2S8 pounds; silk, 
 thrown. 6167 pounds; silk, manufactured, namely — hand- 
 kerchiefs, 19.(05 pieces : silks and crapes in pieces. 4435 ; 
 crapes, shawls, and handkerchiefs, iu number 16,191 ; tea. 
 55,355,590 pounds. The revenue derived from tea amounts 
 to about 6.000.000/. annu.ally, nearly sufiScieut to defray the 
 whole expense of the British navy. 
 
 The following table exhibits the value of the principal 
 exports to the United States, for three years, ending 1851 : 
 
 
 1849. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851. 
 
 Silks 
 
 $901,552 
 104.861 
 82,527 
 
 4,071,789 
 29,«J4 
 73,607 
 
 $1,244,799 
 198,649 
 21,188 
 4,585.720 
 27.023 
 101,618 
 
 1,526,049 
 313,104 
 
 Kaw silk 
 
 
 
 4,633,520 
 
 
 
 96 715 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value of produce and manufactured goods imported from 
 the United States, for three years, ending 1851 : 
 
 
 1849. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851. 
 
 
 $1,378 
 182,966 
 8,445 
 2,111 
 1,495,283 
 26.827 
 17,552 
 
 $2,123 
 122,916 
 
 " 844 
 1,203.997 
 
 28.6-8 
 27.632 
 
 
 
 100.549 
 9.500 
 8,291 
 1,894.418 
 13.538 
 15.286 
 
 Bkins and furs 
 
 Tobacco, manufactured 
 
 Cottons, ordomestic maaufac. 
 Beef, pork, bacon, and lard.. 
 Biscuit and ship-bread 
 
 Toul 
 
 $1,460,945 
 
 $1,485,961 
 
 $2,155,945 
 
 
 Tlie total commerce with the United States in ISW, com- 
 prised imports to the value of $3,736,992, and exports to 
 $10,573,710. 
 
 The total export of tea from China, and the total con- 
 sumption in different countries, on an estimated annital 
 average of five years, ending 1848, is as follows : 
 
 Pound.?. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland g.noo.OOC 
 
 Briti.'ih America and West Indies 2,600.000 
 
 Australasia, Cape of Good Hope, &c 2,7nn.00C 
 
 British India, &c 2,i00.000 
 
 United States of Xorth America 13.000.000 
 
 Russia 9,000.000 
 
 France 550.000 
 
 Hanse Towns, ic 150.000 
 
 Holland and its colonies 1,200.(100 
 
 Belgium 200.000 
 
 Denmark, Sweden, and Norway 250.000 
 
 Germany SOO.OiX) 
 
 Spain and Portugal 100.000 
 
 Italy .iO.OOO 
 
 South America 500.000 
 
 Otherplaces 550.000 
 
 Total, all countries 41,560,000 
 
 In 1849, the tea exported to the United States amounted 
 to 18.710.017 pounds: in 1850. 21.747.800 pounds; in 1851, 
 28.506.712 pounds: and in 1852. ai.3.38.721 pounds. 
 
 During the year 1852. 102 British vessels, (tons. 32.700.) 
 .and 71 American, (tons, 40.365.) entered the various Chinese 
 ports. The entire tonnage inwards was 76.900. of which 
 3835 (the amount of tonnage left after taking out the 
 British and American) was nearly equally divided between 
 French. Danish. Hamburg. Spani.sh. Ilawaian, and Dutch. 
 
 Peo])le. Langungt, and Kditfion. — The Chinese lieloiig to 
 that variety of the human race which has been called Mon- 
 golmn, btit in them, its harsher features, as reprt-.^eiitid in 
 the genuine Tartars, are considerably softened. I'liey are 
 generally of low stature, have small hands and feet, (the 
 last artificially made so small in the females as to become 
 a deformity.) a dark complexion, much modified by the 
 degree of its exposure to the open air, a wide forehead, 
 black hair, eyes and eyebrows obliquely tunied upwards at 
 the outer extremities. In thickness of lips, flattened nose, 
 and expanded nostril, they Ivar a considerable resemllance 
 to the negro. In bodily strength they are far inferior to 
 Europeans, but superior to most .\siatics — their great 8S.«i- 
 duity and patient endurance of fatigue making tht-m highly 
 prized as laliorers throughout the Malay Ai-chipelago. The 
 finest physical specimens of the race are to be seen in the 
 coolies or porters of Canton. In their moral qualities there 
 is much that is amiable. They are strongly attached to 
 their homes, hold age in respe-'t. toil hard for the support 
 of their families, and in the interior, where the worst kind 
 of foreign intercourse has not debasi>d them, exhibit an 
 unsophisticated simplicity of manners which recalls the ago 
 of the patriarch.?. In the great mass, these qualiti.-s are 
 counterljalanced or rather supplanted by numerous vi es — 
 treachery, lying, and nameless abominations. 
 
 The Chinese tongue is unquestionably the most ancient 
 spoken, and, with the exception of the Ilebrew, the most 
 ancient written language. 
 
 The art of making paper is said to have been known in 
 the fii-st centtiry. and printing from wooden blocks in the 
 seventh or eighth century, hundreds of years l>efoi'e those 
 valuable arts were reinvented in Europe; and in the books 
 which have continued since to appear in great number^, are 
 to be found treati.ses on almost all subjects — scieiice. his- 
 tory, geography, belles-lettres, and poetry — emlK>dying a 
 literature of no mean description. If learning in China 
 equal that of Europe in any respect, it is in the degree of 
 encouragement which it receive.s — literary eminence being 
 the sure avenue to the highest honors and oflices of the 
 state, and hence '• the literati are the gentry, the magis- 
 trates, the governors, the negotiators, the ministers of 
 Chiniu" With such rewards to stimulate industry and 
 tempt ambition, we need hardly say, that among the more 
 comfortable classes, education of the kind which promises 
 to be best rewarded is almost universsal. For the lower 
 classes also, every village throughout the empire has its 
 school, but the silbjects tiught are of the most elementary 
 description, and attendance is not so general a.s wius at one 
 time supposed. In cities perhaps half the males rei-eive 
 some instruction; in the villages not more than one In 
 twenty can read. 
 
 Judging by the multitude of temples and joss-house." seen 
 In ever)- qu.t'rter. and the endless number of ritUJil acts per- 
 formed on higli festivals and in the ordinary interaiurse of 
 life, the Chinese appear to be a most reliirious people. It 
 would seem, however, that the feeling .«eldom goes deeper 
 than the external act and th.at veneration, when actually 
 paid, instead of a.scending to a supreme lieing. stops .short 
 at inferior agencies of fabulous origin, and not unt"re<niently 
 tails to find a higher object than the emperor. The reli-ion 
 of the state, if it may be so called, is that founded by KiMnig- 
 Foo-Tseu, (called in Latin 0'/»/«c/?'S.)about 530 n. C. A kind 
 of sacerdotal college, at Peking, regulates its ob.servance: but 
 among many of its members, and generally among the uppei 
 
 1!:=: 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 classes, skepticism is said to be in fashion. Boodhism is frene- 
 rally piof&ssed in .seveial provinces, and Tanism, a kind of de- 
 mon worship prevalent among the Mongolians, though now 
 decayed, jnce counted vast numbers of votaries. Attempts to 
 introduce Christianity were made by the Nestorjans as early 
 as the sixth century, but the celebrity of the Jesuit mis- 
 sions has tlirown all others into the shade. The number of 
 their converts is still nominally great, and bears strong tes- 
 timony to their .subtle policy and unwearied zeal. Various 
 Protestant bodies carry on missionary operations in China, 
 but their labors have hitherto been attended with indiffer- 
 ent success. 15ut a new era would seem to be approadiing. 
 The young Emperor of China, who succeeded his father at 
 his deatii, in February, ISoO, published a decree in the 
 month of June of the same year, permitting the free exer- 
 cise -of the Christian religion throughout his dominions. 
 The emperor is stated to have been educated by a Christian 
 lady, iu whom the late emperor placed unbounded confi- 
 dence. 
 
 Government, Laws, Army and Navy, dx. — This is an un- 
 mingled despotism. The emperor unites in his person the 
 attributes of supreme magistrate and sovereign pontiff, and 
 as " Heaven's Son," is to Heaven alone accountable. His prin- 
 cipal ministers, four in number, form the interior council 
 chamber, and beneath them are a number of asses.sors, who 
 constitute the principal council of state. The government 
 business is distributed among six boards, having cognizance 
 respectively of all civil offices of revenue, of rates and cere- 
 monies, of military affairs, of crime, and of public works. 
 There is, besides, an office of censors, 40 or 50 in number, 
 who go out into the empire as imperial inspectors, and are 
 privileged to make any remonstrance to the emperor with- 
 out endangering their lives. The provinces, either singly 
 or by twos, are under a governor and sul>governor, and each 
 province has also a chief criminal judge and a treasurer. 
 Pajticular magistrates, estimated at 14,000. preside over par- 
 ticular districts and cities, and, instead of being permanent, 
 are changed about once iu three years. The chief protec- 
 tion of the people is in a body of laws, called Ta-Tsing-Liooh- 
 Lee, (Ta-Tsiug-Liuh-Li,) that is, statutes and rescripts of the 
 great pure dynasty, which are held in high regard, and 
 agreeably to which, with occasional violations, all public 
 functions are discharged. The military force of China has 
 been estimated at more than 1,000.000, but tho.se receiving 
 pay do not exceed 700.000. The navy consists of two fleets — 
 one for rivers, and another for the sea. The war junks are 
 large and showy, but miserably equipped, and so far from 
 being able to cope with a regular enemy, are not able to 
 clear their own seas of pirates. The river fleet has 1036 
 ships. y500 men; and the war fleet 918 ships, 98.421 men ; 
 together, 107,921 men. The largest guns do not exceed a 
 12-pounder, and are so fixed on wooden carriages that they 
 can neither be elevated nor depressed. The revenue of the 
 empire, derived from customs, excise, and more especially 
 from a land and house or workshop tax. is payable partly 
 in sycee silver and partly in grain, and amounts to about 
 25 millions sterling. 
 
 Hid'iry, <tc. — The ancient Greeks and Romans knew little 
 or nothing of China. The name Si'Jrica (Gr. 'r\ Tepixri) was 
 vaguely applied to a region in the extreme eastern p;u-t of 
 Asia, famous as the native country of the silk-worm ; hence 
 Sericits came to signify "silken." The Serica of Ptolemy 
 corresponds to the north-western portion of China and the 
 adjacent parts of Thibet and Chinese Tartary. The names 
 both of China, (Tsinu. or Tchina.) and Cath.at, (originally 
 Khitai, Ke-ti',) are unknown to the Chinese. Tsina is said 
 to have been, before the Christian era, the name of a south- 
 western province or kingdom of that vast country: and 
 from being the only portion known to the people of Hither 
 and Farther India, was employed by them as an appellation 
 for the whole empire. Cathay or Khitai is derived from 
 the KJiit'ins, who occupied the northern portions of the 
 empire at the period of the Mongol invasion. This appella- 
 tion was introduced into Europe by Marco Polo, and is still 
 used by the Russians to designate China. (See " Chine, 
 par JI. G. Pauthier." Paris, 1839.) 
 
 The early history of the Chinese is shrouded in fable, but 
 it is certain that civilization had advanced much among 
 them when it was only dawning on the nations of Europe. 
 Their earliest existing records consist of the compilations 
 of Khr>.ing-Foo-Tseu,or Confucius, 550 B.C., from which period 
 thej' descend In an unbroken series to the present day. Un- 
 der their earliest dynasty they attained considerable pros- 
 perity, and tempted the rapacity of the Tartars, as a protec- 
 tion against whose incursions the great wall was built by 
 T.sin-Shee-IIwaug-Tee, the founder of the dynasty of Tsin. 
 Til's work, perhaps the most stupendous monument of 
 huL'an industry ever exhibited to the world, was begun 
 about 214 u. c, and finished al)OUt 204 B. c, several millions 
 of men having lieen occupied at once in its construction. 
 This waU is about 1500 miles in length, from 20 to 25 feet 
 high, ai 1 .so thick that six horsemen can ride abreast on the 
 summit. Towers are placed along its whole extent, at twice 
 the distau.^e an arrow can be shot, so that every part of the 
 *itil may V e within the reach of the archers stationed in the i 
 
 towers. In one instance, the wall is carried oyer the top rrf 
 a mountain one mile (5225 French feet) in height. It is, .'o 
 many parts, built in the most substantial manner, especiaMy 
 towards its eastern extremity, where it extends by a massivo 
 levee into the sea. In this portion the workmen were rev- 
 quired, it is said, under penalty of death, to f.t the stones so 
 exactly that a nail could nowhere be inserted between the 
 joints. In some parts, however, the wall is compos(!d of 
 earth only.* It is estimated that the materials employed il) 
 this immense fortification would be sufficient for construct 
 ing a wall six feet high and two feet thick, twice round thf 
 world. (Pauthieb, C/iine, pp. 10, 11.) 
 
 About the end of the second century, the empire was di- 
 vided into three states, and continued so till a. b. 5S5, when 
 it became united under one ruler. Three centuries later, 
 the right to the throne was disputed, and civil war raged 
 till an adjustment took place by the establishment of the 
 Tsoong dynasty under Taitsoo, A. i). 950. Under this dynasty 
 great progress was made iu literature and art. New inroads 
 of the Tartars now pressed the Chinese so hard that they 
 called in the aid of the Mongols, who freed them from their 
 oppressors, but gave them a new master in the celelrated 
 Kiiblai Khan, who founded the Mongol dynasty, and re- 
 moved the capital from Nanking to Peking. " His ninth de- 
 scendant was driven from the throne, and a native dynasty, 
 called Ming, again succeeded in 1300, in the person of 
 Hoongwoo. A lung peiiod of peace ensued, but was broken 
 in 1618, when the Jiantchoos, a mixed Tartar and Mongol 
 race, gained the ascendency, and. after a war of 27 years, 
 estalilished the existing Tartar dynasty in the person of 
 Shunchy. According to the Chinese, their dynasties, 26 in 
 number, embrace a period of aljout 5000 years, during which 
 236 soveieigns have held the throne. The earliest authentic 
 accounts of China, puljlished in Europe, are those of Marco 
 Polo, who visited the country in the thirteenth century. 
 The first British intercourse was attempted under Queen 
 Elizabeth, in 1596, but the vessel sent did not reach its des- 
 tination. A trade was subsequently established by the East 
 India Company, but no direct intercourse between the go- 
 vernments took place till the embassy of Lord Macartney, 
 in 1792. A secfnd embassy, in 1816, by Lord Amherst, re- 
 turned without any satisfactory result. In 1^41, the British, 
 on being refused redress for injuries, partly alleged and 
 piirtly real, proceeded to hostilities; and. having defeated 
 every force opposed to them, were preparing to lay siege to 
 Nanking, when the Chinese, found it necessary to sue for 
 peace. In consequence of it, China has virtually been 
 
 thrown open to the intercourse of other nations. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. CniNE.SE. chi-neez', and Cathay/an, (poetical:) 
 (Fr. Chi\oi.s, shee'nwa/; gp. Chino, chee^no: Ger. adj. Chine- 
 SLScn. Ke-nA'zish, inhab. Chinese, Ke-nA/zgh.) 
 CHING/FOUD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 CHIXO-IIAI, ching'-hi'. a seaport town of Cliini, province 
 of Che-Kiang, at the mouth of the river leading to, and 9 
 miles N.E. of Ning-po. It is surrounded by a wall 20 feet 
 high, and is 3 miles in circumference, with exten.sive suburbs. 
 It has two batteries on the river-side, and a strong citadel on 
 a precipitous cliff 2.50 feet high. In October. 1S41. in the 
 vicinity, the Chinese were signally defeated by the British. 
 
 CHING-IIAI. a town of the Corea, on its S. coast, at the 
 mouth of the Han-Kiang River. 
 
 CHING-KIANG, ching'-ke-Sng', a city of China, 35 miles 
 N.E. of Yun-nan. on the bank of a lake. 
 
 CHING-KIANG-FOO, ching^-ke-dng'-foo', written also 
 TCHAXC.-KIANG, a city of China, province of Kiang-soo, 
 on the riiiht bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, near the junction 
 of the Imperial Canal, in lat. 32° 17' N., lon.'119° 25' E. It 
 is advantageously situated for trade, and surrounded by a 
 lofty and solid wall 4 miles in circumference, with hills of 
 considerable height beyond. Extensive suburbs stretch 
 along the canal: and tlie bustle and activity exhibited on 
 the waters afford a striking evidence of the industi-y of the 
 natives, and of the commercial importance of the city. It 
 forms, indwd, the key of the empire, as the blockade of the 
 river and canal at this spot would, in a great measure, pre- 
 vent all communication between the N. and S. The city is 
 strongly fortified; but, in 1842, it was taken by the British 
 after a determined resistance on the part of the Mantchoo 
 garrison. 
 CHING-KIXG. a province of ^longolia. See Leaotong. 
 ClIINGLEPUT, ching\'le-put', or THE JAGHIRE, j^ 
 gheer', a maritime district of British India, presidency of 5Iar- 
 dras, and immediately surrounding that city and its disti icts, 
 having E. the Indian Ocean, and ou other Sides the Arcot 
 districts. Area, 3020 square miles. Pop. 583,462. The sur- 
 face is low, with scattered hills; principal liver, the Palaur. 
 The Pulicat Lake and other lagoons skirt the coast. The soil 
 is generally poor. The principal towns are Chingleput and 
 Conjeveram. 
 
 * According to the statement of a missionary, (P. Oekbillos,) 
 who himself saw and examined the structure, some portions of 
 the Great Wall aro faced on both sides by two walls nbont one 
 foot and a half thick, (the lower part of which is composed of 
 hewn stone, the upper part of brick,) the intermediate spac* 
 being filled with earth, 
 
 4-15 
 
CHI 
 
 CirrVGLEPUT, (anc. SirrxjaUtpett-a,) a town of India, capi- 
 tal of Ihe above district, in a valley, near a fine artificial 
 take. Zt't miles S.W. of Madras, and having a large and strong 
 citadel. 
 
 CIUNG-TE, or TCIIIXG-TEFOU, chingHAYoo', a city of 
 China, provinceof Pe-chee-lee,capital of a department, 110 
 miles N'.N.E. of Peking, beyond the Great Wall. Near it is 
 the celebrated Imperial palace, Zhehol, zhA-hol', (otherwise 
 written Gehol, Jehol, and Zheho,) the summer residence 
 of the emperor. 
 
 CHI\(J-TIH. or TCiriNO-TING. See Chiso-te. 
 
 CHlXG^riNO', a city of China, province of Pe-chee-lee,155 
 miles S.S.W. of Peking. 
 
 CHING'-TON' a city of China, In Se-chuen ; lat. 30° 40' N., 
 Ion. 104° E. It is populous, adorned with fine edifices, in- 
 tersected by canals, and the seat of an extensive commerce. 
 It was formerly an imperial residence, and one of the largest 
 cities of China, but was ruined by the Tartars in 1646. 
 
 CiriXG-TOO-FOO or TCillXG-TOU-FOU. ching'tooYoo', a 
 dty of China, capital of Se-chuen; lat.30° 50' N.; lon.l04°20'E. 
 
 CIIINGU. See Xingu. 
 
 Cllixr or CIirXEE, che-nee', a large villacre of Sinde, 30 
 miles X.W. of Sehwan. and at an elevation of 10,000 feet. 
 
 CIIIX IXDIA, chin in'de-a, a name given to the region 
 between China and Uindostan, comprehending the Burman 
 and Auanu'se Empires, Laos, Slam, and the peninsula of 
 Malacca. It is often called the Peninsula beyond the 
 Ganges. Little is known of these countries, and their po- 
 litical divisions and boundaries are very uncertain. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Chix Indian', chtn in'de-an. 
 
 CIIlXIXIorCIIIXEAXEE, chinVnee', atown and palace 
 of India. See Chanpahxee. 
 
 CIIIX'K.VPIX, a post-office of Duplin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 ClllXLKY. a chapelry of Ensland, co. of Derby. 
 
 CIITXXAXEE. See Chandahnee. 
 
 CIIIXXTBEE, a post^iffice of Talladega co., Alabama, 75 
 miles X. by E. of Montgnmerv. 
 
 CIITX'XOCK. E.AST. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CIlixXOCK. CUDDLE, a parish of England, co. Somerset. 
 
 CIIIXXOCK. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHIX'XOR. a parish of Enjtland. co. of Osford. 
 
 CnLVOTSunA CHINO. See China. 
 
 CIITXXOX, shee*nAN°', a town of France, department of 
 Fndre-et-Loire. on the A'ienne. 25 miles S.W. of Tours. Pop. 
 48.59. Henry II. of England died here in 1189. It was the 
 residence of Charles VII.. King of France, when the English 
 occupied Paris, and has the ruins of the castle in which .Jnan 
 of Arc presented herself to him. Rabelais was born here 
 in 1483. 
 
 CiriXOOK or CHINOOK CITY. See Citenook City. 
 
 CIIINRAr*APATA.M', a town of India, in the Deccan, 
 Mvsore dominions, 40 miles N.X.W. of Seringapatam. 
 
 CHIXSOO'RA, a town of British India, in Bengal, on the 
 Ganges, 20 miles N. of Calcutta. It formerly belonged to the 
 Dutch, but was latterly ceiled to the British. It has quite 
 R. Dutch appearance, is dull, and its commerce is now insig- 
 nificant. 'i"he principal edifices are the government-house 
 • and a fortified factory. 
 
 CIIIXY, shee^ee', a town of Belgium, inLuxembourg.on 
 Ihe Semoy. 8 miles S.S.W. of Xeufciiateau. Pop. 1084. partly 
 employed in manuiSicturing iron wares. It was formerly of 
 much more consequence. 
 
 CIIIX-YAXG, a city of the Chinese Empire. See Mookdex. 
 
 euro or KHIO, an island of Asi.itie Turkey. See Scio. 
 
 CIIIOBBE, che-oWbil, a town of China, province of Fo- 
 kien, 15 milei^S.W. of Amoy, Ut.24° 35' N., Ion. 117° 55' E., 
 on a considerable river, which bears different names, accord- 
 ing to the district through which it flows. Here it is 300 
 yards wide, and navigable at high water for junks of about 
 400 tons. The town is large, has a custom-house and cita- 
 del, and along the river are numerous fortifications. It is a 
 great emporium of common chinaware, and a considerable 
 number of the inhabitants are employed in the fisheries, 
 and in the cultivation of the soil, 'i'here are no fewer than 
 18 villages in the vicinity, one of which contains a body of 
 Eoman Catholics, under the superintendence of a Spanish 
 priest. The district of Leungkey, in which the town is situ- 
 ated, is famed for the cultivation of the mulberry-tree and 
 the rearing of silk-worms. Pop. of Chiobbe, estimated at 
 300.000. 
 
 CHIOGGIA, ke-od'jd, (anc. F^sha CMdia.) a fortified sea- 
 port town of Northern Itjtly, 15 miles S. of Venice, on an 
 island in the southern extremity of the Venetian Lagoon. 
 Pop. 26,667. It is about 2 miles in circumference, fiunded, 
 like Amsterdam, on piles, well built, and connected with the 
 mainland by a stone bridge of 4:5 arches. It has a fine main 
 Btreet lined with porticos, a cathedral, various charitable 
 Institutions, and a harl>or protected by two forts and several 
 batteries. It has hi,'h schools, important salt-works, yards 
 for ship-building, fisheries, and a trade with the interior by 
 the Brenta, Adige, Po. and various canals. 
 
 CHIOS or CIIIO. SeeScio. 
 
 CHIPICANI, che-pe-kS/nee, a mountain peak of the 
 Andes, near the boundary of Peru and Bolivia, lat. 17° 43' 
 8., Ion. 69° 47' W. Height, 19,740 feet, 
 440 
 
 cm 
 
 CITTPIONA. che-pe-o'nl, a market-town of Spain, 22 mOee 
 N.X.W. of Cadiz, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. Pop. 
 1559. 
 
 CHIP'MAN'S POINT, a post-office Addison co., Vermont 
 
 CIIIPOLA (che-po'la) RIVER in Henry co., Alabama, en- 
 ters Florida, and unites with the Appalachieola iu Fianklin 
 county, after a S. course of 150 miles. 
 
 CHIPPAWA, a town of Canada. See Chippewa. 
 
 CHIPPEXH.WI, chip'niim, a parliamentary and munici- 
 pal borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Wilts, on 
 the Avon, here crossed by a fine bridge of 22 arches, and on 
 the Great Western Railway, 22 miles E. of Bristol. Pop. of 
 parliamentary borough, in 1851, 6283. It has a spacious 
 church, partly built iu the twelfth century, a free school and 
 other charities, with a union work-house, and literary insti- 
 tution. Its manufactures of silk and woollen have dedined, 
 but the retail trade is thriving and the markets are large. 
 The borough sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 CHIPPKXHAM. a p.arish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, chip'pe-wA. a river of Ohio, rises in a small 
 lake of the same name, in Medina county, and joins the Tus- 
 carawas River, about 12 miles N,N.W. of Massillon. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a small river of Michigan, enters Pine 
 River in Midland county. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a river of Wisconsin, (the Ojihway or Ojih- 
 heivay of the Indians.) rises near the N. boundary of the 
 state, and flowing nearly south-westward through Chijipewa 
 county, enters the Mississippi at the foot of Lake Pepin. 85 
 miles below St. Paul, Minnesota. Its whole length pnOiably 
 exceeds 200 miles; and it is about 500 y.ards wide at its 
 mouth. Its banks are bordered by large forests of pine'. 
 
 CHIPPEW.\, a county of Michigan, forms the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the upper peninsula, bordering on Lakes Supe- 
 rior and Huron, and separated from Canada West liy the 
 river St. Mary. It is drained by the Te<iuamenon and Mo- 
 nistic Rivers. The surface is uneven, and partly covered 
 with pine forests. The underlying rocks are limestone and 
 Potsdam sandstone. Capital, Saut St. Marie. Pop. 1603. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a county in the N.W. part of Wisconsin, 
 contains about 4300 square miles. It is traversed by the 
 Chippewa River, and drained by many large attlnents of 
 that river. The surface is uneven, and mostly occupied 
 forests of pine and other trees. The principal rock is sand- 
 stone. Formed in 1845. Capital, Chippewa Fails. Pop. 1895. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a small village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CI1IPPEW.\, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania- 
 Pop. 769. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a post-office of Newcastle co.. Delaware. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a village of Pontotoc co., Mississippi. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a post-village and township of Wayne Co., 
 Ohio, on Chippewa River, 100 miles X.E. of Columbus. Pop 
 of township. 2497. 
 
 CIIIPPEW.V, a village of Fnlton co., Indiana, on the Tip 
 pecanoe River. 30 miles N. by E. of Logansport. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a village of Madison co.. Illinois, on the 
 Mississippi River, 60 miles AV. by S. of Vandalia. 
 
 CHII'PEWA, a village and port of entry of Canada West, 
 CO. of Welland, at the confluence of the Chippewa River 
 witli the Niagara, above the Falls, and 50 miles S.E. of To- 
 ronto. It contains 8 store.s, a printing office, an insurance 
 agency, and an extensive steam-engine manufactory, con- 
 nected with which is one of the largest stove manufactories 
 in the province. The imports for 1850 amounted to $:318.152, 
 of which $316,204 were from the United States; the value 
 of exports was only $7528. all of which were to the United 
 States. Chippewa is memorable as being the scene of a de- 
 cisive victory gained July 4, 1814, by the Americans, 1900 
 in number, commanded "by General Brown, over the Bri- 
 tish, 2100 strong, commanded by Generals Riall and Drum- 
 mond. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 CHIPPEWA CITY, a post^village of Chippewa co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 CHIPPEW.A. FALLS, a post-village, capital of Chippewa 
 CO., Wisconsin, on Chippewa River, about 185 miles X.W. of 
 Madison. It has extensive water-power with mills. Pop. 
 in 1860. 753. 
 
 CIIIPPEWAY or CHIPPEWA INDIANS, written also 
 O.TIHBEWAY, a numerous tribe, formerly inhabiting Wis- 
 consin, but now removed to the X. part of .Minnesota. 
 
 CHIPPEWAY.iX FORT, chip-pe-w.-i'-an, British North 
 America, is a commercial post in the Chippeway territory, 
 at the W, end of Lake Athabasca. Lat. 58° 40' N., Ion. 
 111° 20' W. 
 
 CHIPPEWAYAN MOUNTAINS. See Rocky Mountains. 
 
 CIIIP'I'ING, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 CHIPPING, NORTON, OXGAR. and SODBURY, towns of 
 En'.'Iand. See Norton, Onoar, Ac 
 
 CinP'PING-WAIl'DEX, a parish of England, co. of Xortb- 
 ampton. 
 
 CHIP'STABLE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHIP'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CHIPWAX'IC, a creek of Fulton eo., Indiana, flows into 
 Tippecanoe River. 
 
 CHIQUIMULA DE LA SIERRA. che-koe>-moo'!S ik \\ 
 i&ivJsi, a town of Central America, stats, and 85 mUos 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 E.N.K of Guatemala, capital of a department, with a lar<re 
 churcli, ami a fuuiitijin in tiie pr ncipal square. Pop. fiOOO. 
 Maize is extensively raised in its vicinity, and it is a place 
 of active trade. 
 
 CIIIQUIMULA, ISTHMUS OF. Central America, in Ion. 
 89° W., comprehending about 70 miles of cnast, on the 
 Carilibean Sea, between the mouth of the Rio Motapua and 
 the innermost corner of the 15ay of Honduras. The distance 
 across from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean Is here 150 miles. 
 Greatest elevation of the land, 2000 feet. 
 
 CIIIQUITOS. che-kee'toce, a territory of Bolivia, depart- 
 ment of Santa Cruz, between lat. 15° and 17° S., and form- 
 ing the middle part of the great longitudinal plain which 
 extends N. and S. of the ea.stern base of the Andes. Surface 
 low and level, and containing large lakes and swamps; the 
 oountry uncultivated and partially uninhabited. 
 
 CIIIKAC, sheeVik', u town of France, department of Lo- 
 rtre. on the Uioulone, 11 miles W. of Mende. 
 
 CIIIKAZ or SIIIUAZ. a city of Persia. See Sheeraz. 
 
 CHIll'BUKY or CHEIl/UUKY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Salop. 
 
 CIIIKCARI, ehJr-kil/ree, a town of Hindostan, Bundel- 
 cund. 73 miles K. of Jhansi. 
 
 CIIIKEN'S, sheeVflN«'. a town of France, department of 
 Is^re, 18 miles N'.N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 2030. 
 
 CHlKMiONG', a town of Hindostan, Bundelcund, 16 miles 
 N.E. of .Ihansi. 
 
 CHIUIQUI, che-re-kee'. a river, lagoon, and archipelago 
 of Central America, state of Costa Rica, department of 
 Veragua. The river, after a northward course, enters the 
 lagoon, which is separated from the Caribbean Sea by the 
 Chiriqui Archipelago. Lat. 90° X., Ion. 82° 30' W. The Chi- 
 riqui lagoon is a spacious bay with three entrances, and 
 capable of contjiining ships of the largest class. It extends 
 along the coast alwut 90 miles, and from 40 to 50 miles inland. 
 
 CHIRK, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, on the 
 Ellesraere Canal, 4^ miles S. of Rhuahon. Pop. 1611, partly 
 employed in coal-mines and lime-works. The village is 
 large and thriving. The vicinity is celebrated for the beauty 
 of its scenery. Chirk Castle, the ancient mansion of the 
 Myddleton family, is said to command views into 17 coun- 
 ties. N. of the village the Dee is crossed by Teller's magni- 
 ficent aqueduct for the EUesmere Canal — an iron trough 
 710 feet in length, supported on 10 arches, raising it 70 feet 
 above the river. 
 
 CHIHN'SIDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 CHIR'RA. a village of Cnssyah country, Farther India, 
 presidency of Bengal. 30 miles N.W. of Sylhet. Elevation, 
 iOOO feet. Aliout 1 mile northward is the convalescent sta- 
 tion. Cherrapoonjee. 
 
 CHIRRIPO, cheen-nee'po. a volcano and river of Central 
 America, state of Costa Rica. The former is about 20 miles 
 N.E. of Cartago; and from its N. flank the river flows to 
 join the Barbilla. and f!)nn the M.atina River. 
 
 CHIRTOX, a township of England, co. of Xorthumber- 
 land, parith of Tynemouth, on the Tyne. 1 mile ^V.S.\\'. of 
 North Shields. Pop. 43iX). mostly employed in collieries. 
 
 CHISAGO, che-saw'go, a county in the E. part of >Iinne.sota, 
 bordering on Wisconsin, contains an area of about 420 square 
 miles. The St. Croix forms its eastern boundary; it is also 
 drained by Sun Rise Creek, and contains several small lakes. 
 The surface is uneven, and partly covered with forests of 
 pine. Lumber is the principal production. Capital, Tay- 
 lor's Falls. Pop. 1743. 
 
 CHISELHAM I'TON, chiz'gl-hamp'ton, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Oxford. 
 
 CHISELIIURST, chis'el-tirst, a parLsh of England, co. of 
 Kent. 11 miles S.E. of London. The celebrated antiquary, 
 ■William Camden, died in ItiSJ at Camden Place, in the 
 vicinity, now the property of Earl Camden. 
 
 ClIIS'HALL, GK KAT. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 CIIIS'UALL. LlTTfiK. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 CHISLKHOROUGH, chiz'el-bar-rah, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset. 
 
 CIIISLEDON. chiz'el-don. a parish of Ensrland, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CHI.S'LET, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CHIS'WKLL'S ISLAND, a group of desert isles, near the 
 S. coast of Russian America: lat. 59° 30' N., Ion. 149° 2' W. 
 
 CHISWICK. chiz'ik, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 on the Thames, 7i miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. 
 Chiswick House, a villa of the Duke of Devonshire, is an 
 elegant mansion, in which both Fox and Canning breathed 
 their last. The parish contains other handsome villas, and 
 the gardens of the horticultural .society. In the church are 
 many interesting monuments, and Hogarth lies buried in 
 the church-vard. 
 
 CHITHURST, chit'nrst. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CHITI. kee'tee, (anc. Cit'imn.) a maritime village of the 
 island of Cyprus, on its S. coast, near Cape Chiti, and 3 
 miles S.W. of Larnica. It has various remains of antiquity. 
 The stoic Znno was born here about B. c. 3(12. 
 
 CIlirLONO', a town of Nepaul. 20 miles S.W. of Khat- 
 mandoo. It is well built, and is the chief town of a district. 
 
 CHirORE', a town of India, capital of the rajahship, and 
 70 miles N.E. of Odeypoor. 
 
 CmrRAL'. or LITTLE CASIFOAR', a country of North- 
 west India, consisting of the Kooner valley, on the S. slope 
 of the Hindoo Koosh, lying between lat. 35" 45' and 3G° 25' N.. 
 Inn. 71° 20' and 73° 10' E. Length 100 miles; breadth, irom 
 15 to 20 miles. 
 
 CHITRAL, a town of Northwestern India, In lat. 36° IV 
 N., Ion. 71° 59' E. Pop. between 3000 and 4000, mostly 
 Mohammedans, with some Hindoos. 
 
 CHirTAGONG', a distiict of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, beyond the Brahmapootra, between lat. 21° and 
 23° N., and Ion. 91° 38' and 93° E. Length from N. to g. 
 120 miles; greatest breadth, 50 miles. It has the Bay of 
 Bengal on the W. Estimated area, 3000 squaremiles. Pop. 
 1.0(JO,000.(?) The Mohammedan inhabitants are to the Hin- 
 doos as 3 to 2. Chittagong was ceded to the British in 1760, 
 
 CHITTAI, chit'tr, one of the L;»ccadive Islands, in the 
 Indian Ocean. 156 miles S.W. from Mangalore. Lat. 11° 40' 
 N., Ion. TJP 42' E. 
 
 CHITTAPET', a town, and formerly an important fortress, 
 of British India, 75 miles S.W. of Madras, district of South 
 Arcot. It was for several centuries capital of the principality 
 of Odevpnor, and celebrated for its strength and riches. 
 
 CHl'rTKLDROOG', (anc. Sihdd-Durf/a, ihe "spotted cas- 
 tle,") a town and fortress of Southern Hindostan, dominions 
 of Slysore, 12S miles N..\.W. of Serlngapatam. The fort, 
 garrisoned by British ti-oops, is one of the strongest and 
 m{*t remarkable in India; the town, at its base, is enclosed 
 by walls, and has a spacious main street. Near it are some 
 curious artificial caverns. 
 
 CHirTKNAN'GO, a post-village of Sullivan township, 
 Madison co., New York, on Chittenango Creo^k, 2 miles S. 
 of the Central Railroad, and 14 miles E. of Syracuse. It is 
 %ofa mile south of the ErieCanul. It contains 3 churches, 
 a bank, 1 woollen factory, and manufactories of water-lime. 
 Pop. about 1200. 
 
 CHITTENANGO CREEK, of New York, ri.ses in Madison 
 CO., flows in a N.N.W. course, and enters Oneida Lake on the 
 Ixjundarv between Madison and Onondau'a counties. 
 
 CHlT'TEXANGO J'ALLS, a post-ofBco of Madison co.. New 
 York. 
 
 CIIITTENDFJf, chif t?n-d?n, a county in the N.W. part 
 of Vermont, has an area of about 517 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Lake Champlain, and is drained 
 ]>rincipatly by the Lamoille and Onion River.s, which afford 
 valuable watei^power. The surface near the lake is level, 
 but in the E. part it is rough and mountainous. The soil is 
 generall.v fertile. The A'ermont Central Railroad traverses the 
 county, and that connecting the above line with the Rutland 
 and Burlington Railroad partly intersects it. Pop. 28,171. 
 
 CIIITTKNDEN, a township of Kutland co., Vermont, 
 situated among the Green Mountains, 40 miles S. by E. of 
 Montpelicr. Pop. 763. 
 
 CHITTLKHAMPTON, chitHfl hamp'ton, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Devon. 
 
 _ CHITTO BAYOU, chit/to bl'oo, a small stream of Missis- 
 sippi and Louisiana, rises in the foi-mei- state, and, flowing 
 south-eastward into Louisiana, enters Pearl River at the 
 S.E. extremity of Washington parish. 
 
 CIirrTOOR', a town of British India, SO miles 'W. of 
 Madras, district of North Arcot. 
 
 CHIT'TRA, a town of Briti.sh India, presidency of Bengal, 
 110,.miles N.N.W. of Calcutta. 
 
 CHIT'TROO', a town of British India, piesidency of Ben- 
 gal, 214 miles X.W. of Calcutta. 
 
 CHIURA, ke-oo'r3, a village of Lombardy, 7 miles E. of 
 Sondrio, on the right bank of the Adda. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CHI USA, a town of the Tyrol. See Knrs?;N. 
 
 CHIUSA, La, la ke-oc/sS, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont, 8 miles S.E. of Coni. on the Resio. Pop. 5800. 
 It is well built, and has manufactories of silk fabrics and 
 glass wares. 
 
 CniUSA, La, a village of Italy, 18 miles W.N.W. of 
 Turin, on the Dora Ripaira. with an hospice for travellers, 
 formerly a rich abbey of the Benedictines, recently chosen 
 as the place of sepulture for the royal family of Sardinia. 
 
 CHliJS.\, La, a town of .Sicily, intendancy, and 30 miles 
 S.S.W. of I'alermo. Pop. 6000. 
 
 CHIUSA, La, a defile of Northern Italy, 10 miles X.W. of 
 Verona, through which pass the Adige River and one of the 
 great routes between Italy and the Tyrol. 
 
 CHIUSAXO, keoo-sd/no, a market-town of Naples, 10 miles 
 E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 2140. 
 
 CHIUSl, ke-oo'see, (anc. Clu'sium.) a city of Central Italy, 
 Tuscany, province, and 37 miles S.E. of Sienna. Pop. in 1844, 
 1602. It has highly interesting museums of Etruscan anti- 
 quities, with a cathedral, and several convents ; ne.ir it are 
 many sepulchral remains of Clusium, one of the most famous 
 of the ancient capitals of Etruria. 
 
 CHIUSl. LAKE OF, in Italy, 1 mile E. of the above city, 
 forms a portion of the Tuscan frontier on the east. It is 4 
 miles in length from N. to S.. by 1 mile in breadth, and tra- 
 versed by the river Tuscan-Chiana. Its banks are marshy. 
 
 CHI VA, chee'vd. a town of Spain, IS miles W. of Valencia. 
 Pop. 3954. It is very ancient, and has remains of a castle 
 and Roman walls. 
 
CHI 
 
 CHO 
 
 CUIVASSO, ke-vJs'so, a small city of the Sardinian Stati-s. 
 Piedmont, 15 miles N.K. of Turin, in a fertile plain, on the 
 Po. Pop. 7841. It was formerly strouj^ly fortified, and con- 
 eideretl the key of Piedmont, but it is now only enclosed hy 
 a single wall. It has a handsome church, 6 eouTents. and 
 the remains of the ancient castles of the Counts of Mont- 
 ferrat. It was stormed and taken by the Prench, October 
 18. ISOO. 
 
 CIUV'ELSTOXE, a parish of England, co, of Devon. 
 
 CIl K LOV, a town of Russia. See Shklov. 
 
 CHLUMETZ or CHLUMKCZ, Kloo'niJts, a town of Bohe- 
 mia, on the Zydlina. 46 miles E.X.E of Prague. Pop. in 
 1843, 2909. It has manufiictures of cotton goods, and the 
 seignori.il castle of Karl.skrom. Two villages in the circles 
 of Beraun and Budweis. have the same name. 
 
 CHMIELMK or KHMIELMK. Kme-^l'nik, a town of 
 Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 93 miles N.E. of 
 Kamieniec. 
 
 CHMIELNIK. a town of Russian Poland, 19 miles S.S.E. 
 of KieKe. Pop. 1800. It is celebrated for the victory of the 
 Tart.ir.'* over the Poles in 1240. 
 
 CHOASPKS. See Ker.vh. 
 
 CIIOBANDO, cho-bdn'do. or SEBANDO, se-bJn'do, a town 
 and Chinese military post of Thibet, 230 miles E.N.E. of 
 Lassa, Lat. 30° 17' N., Ion. 95° 40' E. Before it, runs a 
 narrow but deep river. There are two Boodhist convents 
 here, in one of which is a printing press, which furnishes 
 eacred lx)oks to the temples of the pruviuce of Khan. 
 
 CIIUI5K. a river of Africa. See Ngami. 
 
 CHOB'IIAM. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CHOC or CIIOyUE (shok) BAY, West Indies, on the N.W. 
 ooast of St. LuiMa, one of the Wiiidw.ird Islands, in lat. 14° X. 
 
 CIIOCCIIU'MA, a village near the S.E. extremity of TaUa- 
 hatchie co., Mississippi, near Yallobusha River. 
 
 CiraCU(^LXA, KO-Kol'nl a village of Hungary, 38 miles 
 N.E. of Trentschin, on the Waag, with mineral springs and 
 baths. 
 
 CIIOCO, choOiO. a large bay on the W. coast of Xew Gra- 
 nada, extending from Point Chirambira on the X., to Point 
 Guascama on the S. 
 
 CHuCO, a Iwy of Central America, forming the southern- 
 most p.-irt of the Gulf of Darien. The Atrato falls into it. 
 
 CHOCO, cho-ko' a province of Xew Granada, on the coast 
 of the Pacific, S. of the province of Darien, and W. of Antio- 
 auia. It is traversed by the west«?mmost branch of the 
 Andes, and wat*.>red by the San Juan, and the Atrato. In 
 1788, a canal is .said to have been dug in the ravine of Ra.s- 
 Dadura, which united these two rivers, and established, in 
 the rainv season, a communication between the two seas. 
 
 CHOCOLO'CIIEB, or CIIOCOLOC/CO CREEK, of Alabama, 
 rises in Benton co.. and enters the Coosa River about 10 
 miles X.W. of Talladega. 
 
 CIUVCOXUT. a post-township of Susquehanna co.: Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Xew York, 12 miles X.W. of Montrose. 
 
 CIKVCOVIhLE. a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas. 
 
 CHOCTAW, a county in the W. part of Alabama, border- 
 ing on MLssi.ssippi. has .in area of about 800 square miles. 
 The Tombigbee forms its eastern boundary. The surface is 
 hilly or undulating, and partly covered with pine woods; 
 the soil in some parts is fertile. Formed recently out of 
 parts of Sumter and Washington counties, and named from 
 the Choctaw tribe of Indiana. Capital, Butler. Pop. 13.877, 
 of whom 67X3 were free, and 7094 slaves. 
 
 C llOCTA W, a county in the N. central part of Mississippi, 
 contains about 990 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Big Black River. The surface is undulating, and partly 
 covered b}' forests of oak, hickory, and other timber. The 
 soil is fertile. Capital. Greensborough. Pop. 15,722, of 
 whom llj525 were free, and 4197 slaves, 
 
 CHOCTAW AAGENCY, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 CHOCTAW AGEXCY, a post-offlce of Choctaw Nation, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 CIH>CTAW BAYOU, of Grayson co., Texas, enters the 
 Red River at the N.E. corner of the county. 
 
 CHOCTAW CORNER, a post-office of Clarke co., Alabama. 
 
 CHOCTAWIIAT'CHEE RIVER, of Alakima and Florida, 
 rises in Barbour co. of the former state, and Hows south- 
 westward to the boundary; thence southward through 
 Florida, and falls into the E. end of Choctawhatchee Bay." 
 
 CHOCTAW IXDIAXS. a trilie formerly iuh-Hliiting the 
 middle portions of Mississippi, on both sides of the Y'azoo 
 River: but arc now settled in the Indian Territory, along 
 the southern banks of the Arkiinsas River. They have 
 madi) considerable advancement in the arts of civilization, 
 have good farms, are tolerably well skilled in the mechanic 
 arts, and are governed by a written constitution and laws. 
 The Chickasaws inhabit the same region, and are repre- 
 sented in the general council of the two tribes. The mem- 
 bers receive a certain salary per diem, and business is con- 
 ducted in the usual forms of civilized society. Few of the 
 North American trilx>s have been more benefited than these 
 bv the labors of the missionary. 
 
 CH(X;ZIM, a town of Russia. See Chottn. 
 
 CHODZIESEN, Kot'see'zen, a town of Prussia, province 
 US 
 
 of Posen, 47 miles W.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 3250, engaged 
 in woollen weaving. It has a castle and 4 churches. 
 
 CHOE.STOE, ch6'sto\ a post-office of Union co., Georgia. 
 
 CHOG'DAH, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 on the Hoogly River. 30 miles X. of Calcutta. 
 
 CHOISEUL. shwJ'zLl', an island in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, one of the Solomon group, E. point, in lat. 7° 29' S., 
 Ion. 157° 65' E. 
 
 CHOISEUL. shwJVvl', a harbor of JIadapascar. on tho K. 
 coast of the island, in the Bay of .^ntonnil. It had for- 
 merlv the French establishment of Louisburg. 
 
 CliOISY-EX-BlUE, shwit'zee'6s°-bree, a town of France, 
 department of Seine-et-Marue. arrondissement, and 6 miles 
 E.S.E. of Coulommiers, formerly fortified. Pop. 1311. 
 
 CHOISY-SUR-SEIXE, shwi'zee'-siiR-sAn, or LE BOI. Igh 
 rwi. a town of France, on the Seine, and on the Paris and 
 Orleans Railway, 6 miles S. of Paris. Pop. in 1^52. 3271. It 
 has extensive manufacturer of glass wares, porcelain, soap, 
 morocco leather, and chemical products. 
 
 CHO'KEEGHUR', a town of Hindostan, 50 miles E.S.E. of 
 Bhopaul. 
 
 CHOKIER, sho'ke-A/, a village of Belgium. 6 miles S.W. 
 of Liege, with a picturesque old castle and extensive lime- 
 works. Pop, 451, 
 
 CHOl/DERTOX, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CHOLEKCHEL. cholA-chel', or CHUELECIIUEL, chwi- 
 li-chw^V, a considerable island of South America, La Plata, 
 formed by the Rio Xegro, 220 miles X.W. of Carmen, and 
 affording good pasturage. 
 
 CHOLET or CHOLLET, shoM.V, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, on the Moine, 11 miles S.S.E. of 
 Beaupreau. Pop. in 1852, 10.385. It is well built, and has 
 manufactures of fine woollen and mixed cloths, .;^the CliuUies 
 deriving name from this town,) cloth markets, and a brisk 
 trade in cattle. It was often taken, and nearly ruined in the 
 wars of La Vendee, 1793-5. 
 
 CHOI/LERTOX, a parish of England, co. of Xorthumber- 
 land. 
 
 CH0LM0XDELEY,chum1ee, atown.ship of England, co. 
 of Chester, parish of Malpas. 7 miles W. of Xantwich. Its 
 castle, the seiit of the Mar>iuis of Cholmondely, contains a 
 valuable library and collection of paintings. 
 
 CHOL'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 CHOLUL.\, cho-loo'ld, a decayed town of the Mexican 
 Confederacy, state, and 15 miles W.X.W. of La Puebla. It is 
 situated on the table-land of Anahuac. Elevation, 6912 
 feet. Pop. lO.UOO, wholly Indians. Close to the town is a 
 pyramid of clay and brick, erected by the ancient Mexicans, 
 177 feet in height, measuring 1440 feet on each side at its 
 base, ascended by 120 steps, and surmounted by a chapel, 
 erected by the Spaniards. Cortez, early in the sixteenth 
 century, recorded that Cholula (anc. ChuriiHical) then con- 
 tained 20.000 houses, laesides as many in the suburl s. and 
 more than 400 towers of temples. A motlern traveller, in 
 1S41, stated — "The temple is year after year crumlling, and 
 of the race that worshipped on that pyi'amid, there now re- 
 mains but a few Indians, who till the adjacent fields, and 
 tlie women, who throng the market-place with fruit and 
 flowers." 
 
 CHOMERAC, shohn.VrJk', a town of France, department 
 of Ardeche, 3^^ miles S.E. of Privas. Pop. 2650. It has ma- 
 nufactures of, and trade in, silk goods, 
 
 CIIOXOS or KHOXOS, Ko'nos/, (anc. Colos>sce, afterwards 
 CMna.) a large village of Asiatic Turkey, about CO miles 
 S.S.E. of Ala-Shehr, or Philadelphia. This place derives its 
 interest from standing on the site of Chonre. chiefly known 
 for being the birthplace of Xicetas, the Bvzantine historian. 
 
 CHOXOS (cho'noce) ARCHIPELAGO, an island group off 
 the W. coast of Patagonia, mostly between lat. 44° and 46° 
 S.. and Ion. 74° and 75° W. Some of the islands are large, 
 but all, except a few outlying ones westward, are bare, and 
 very scantilv inhabited. 
 
 CHOO-KIAXG, the Chinese name for Canton River, 
 which see. 
 
 CIIOOMP-HOOX, choomp^-hoon', a maritime town of Siam, 
 on a river near its mouth, in the Gulf of Siam. Lat. 11° 
 X. : Ion. 99° 30' E. Pop. 8000. Here is a stockaded military 
 fort. Good timber alwunds in the vicinity. 
 
 CHOOX'GA, a village of Sinde, E. of the Indus, 40 miles 
 E. of Shikarpoor, 
 
 CHOON'KA. a village of Sinde, E. of the Indus, 40 miles 
 S.E. of Khyerpoor. 
 
 CHOOMtOtV, a town of Hindostan. in R^pootana, domi- 
 nions and 100 miles E.X.E. of Bickaneer. Exclusive of 
 suburbs, it is about 1^ miles in circumference, and hand- 
 somely built of white limestone. 
 
 CHOPER. See KnoPEu. 
 
 CHOPERSK, XOVO, or XEW. See Khopkhsk. 
 
 CHOP'PEEX, a post-offlce of Wells co.. Indiana. 
 
 CHtyPRAH, a considerable town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bombay, near the Taptee, 150 miles E. of Surat. 
 Lat. 21'° 14' X.: Ion. 75° 2S> E. 
 
 CHOPTAXK' RIVER, of Delaware and Maryland, rises in 
 Kent CO. of the former state, and flows south-westward into 
 Maryland. Near the southern extremity of Talbot OD., it 
 
Clio 
 
 cim 
 
 gprends oiit Into an estuary several miles wide, and nearly 
 20 miles Ions, coinmunipatinif ^yjth the Cliesapeake. The 
 whole len^^th is nearly 100 miles. It is navifrable lor sloops 
 to the mouth of Tuclvahoe River, about 50 miles. 
 
 CHOK.V.SSAX, a province of I'ersia. See Kiiorassan. 
 
 CHORtiiiS, shoRzh. a town of France, department of 
 Hautes-Alpes, 9 miles E. of Gap. It has slate and marble 
 quarries. This was the Koman Caturigcc, capital of the 
 Outuriges. Pop. in 1852, 1S91. 
 
 ClIOKILIiOS, cho-reel'yoce, a village and waterinsr-place 
 of Peru, department, and 10 miles S. of Lima. Tlioujrh it 
 Is wretchedly built, it is a good dcjal resorted to by tlie in- 
 habitants of Lima in summer. Around it are many remains 
 of ancient Peruvian edifices. 
 
 CIIOKLEY, chor'lee, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Lancaster, on the Chor, near its confluence with the 
 Varrow, and on tlie I>eeds and Liverpool Canal, 9 miles 
 S.S.E. of Preston, with which town and with Bolton it com- 
 municates by railway. Pop. in ISol, 12.684. It stands on 
 a lising ground, and has an ancient parish church in the 
 Norman style, a handsome Gothic church, a Pioman Ca- 
 tholic chapel, a small grammar school, a town-hall, and a 
 union work-house, with numerous mills for the manufac- 
 ture of cotton yarn, muslins, jaconets, and fancy goods. In 
 Its vicinity are coal and lead mines, slate and stone quarries. 
 
 CIIORLEY, a township of England, co. of Chester, parish 
 ofWilmslow. Pop. 501. 
 
 CIIOKLEY, a township of England, co. of Chester, parish 
 of \Vren>)ury. Pop. IS:!. 
 
 CIIOKLTOX, three small townships of England, in the co. 
 of Chester, and a chapelrv and township in the co. of StalTord. 
 
 CII0RL'rO\-O.\-MED'L0CK, a township of England, co. 
 of Lancaster, 1 mile S. of Manchester, of which city it is a 
 suburb. I'op. 28.:536 
 
 CIIiJRL/TOX-wiTH-IIAU'DY, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, 3i miles S.W. of Manchester. 
 
 ClIOROLQUK, cho-rol'ki, a snowy mountain of South 
 America, in Bolivia. Lat. 21° 28' S. Elevation, according 
 to Dr. Redhead. 16..")48 teet al)Ove sea-level. 
 
 CHORUS (cho'roce) ISLANDS, three small i.slands in the 
 South Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Chili. The largest is in 
 lat. 29° 17' S.. Ion. 71° 36' W. 
 
 CIIOKll.STKoW, Ko-rosfkov, a town of Austria, in Gali- 
 cia, 30 mil's S.S.E. of Tarnopol, on the Teyna. Pop. 2400. 
 
 OIIORKERA, choR-Ri'rd, a town of South America, New 
 Granada, on the isthmus and 15 miles W.S.W. of Panama, 
 nesir the head of the river Cliorrera. which enters the Pacific 
 by a deep mouth 10 niiies W. of Panama. 
 
 ClIOHSA. See Kars. 
 
 CIIOKL'K, a town of Asia Minor. See Tchorck. 
 
 CIIUltZKLE, K0R-zA/l(^, a town of Poland, province of 
 Plock, 16 miles N. of Przasnysz. on the frontiers of Prussia. 
 Pop. 1700. It has manutactures of woollen and leather. 
 
 C1I0S.\^R.\SP, Ko^si-risp'?, a walled town, khanat. and 
 40 miles E. by S. of Khiva. It has two castles, of which the 
 one in the citadel is of brick, 10 mosques, and a brick college. 
 
 CHOT.V, chiVtd, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its 
 own name, in the department of Liljertad, situated among 
 the Andes, on an affluent of the MaraBon, l;i0 miles N. of 
 Triyillo. i'op. of the province, in 1850, 62.597. 
 
 ClIOX'EESGlIUiy, a large district of British India, pro- 
 vince of Gundwana, the easternmost possession of the Nag- 
 poor Mahrattas. Length from N. to S., 260 miles. It is 
 surrounded by woody and inaccessible mountains; in the 
 centre it is open and level. 
 
 ClIOTlEBuRZ. Kot'yii-boRz', or KOTIEBOR, a town of Bo- 
 hemia, 19 miles S.E. of Czaslau, near the Dobrowa. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CIIOTIESCIIAU, K0t/y.i-shdw\ a town of Bohemia. 10 
 miles S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1055. It had formerly a rich 
 abbey, founded in 1200. suppressed in 1782. 
 
 CliOXTA, several villages of Siude, on the route between 
 Sehwan and Uirkhana. 
 
 CIIOTUSITZ. Ko'too-zits^, a town of Bohemia, 2J miles N. 
 of Czaslau. Pop. lOOO. A battle between the Prussians 
 and Austiians was fought here in 1742. 
 
 CUOTYN. KIIOTIN or KIIOTINE, Ko-teen/, and CIIOC- 
 ZIM. Ko'cliim, a strongly fortified town of Southern Russia, 
 province of Bessarabia, on the Dniester, 20 miles S.W. of 
 Kamieniec. Pop. formerly amounting to 20,000, had in 1838 
 diminished to 1690; but the town is still an important mili- 
 tary post. Till the end of the eighteenth century, it was the 
 northernmost fort of the Ottom.^n Empire. The Russians 
 here defeated the Turks in 1739. 
 
 CIIUTZEN, Kot/zen. a town of Bohemia, 19 miles E. of 
 Chrudim, on the Stille-Adler, and on the railway from 
 Prague to Brtlnn. with the castle of Prince Kinsky, rebuilt 
 In 1829. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CIIOUBAR. See Charbar. 
 
 CIIOUOIIUCK, choo'chuk', a town of the Punjab, on the 
 Rsvee. 62 miles S.W. of Lahore. 
 
 CIIOUL, chool, a maritime town of British India, presi- 
 fleiicy of Bombay, 30 miles S.S.E. of Bombay, formerly of 
 some imortauce. 
 
 CIIOULESBURY, cholz'bfr-re, a parish of England, co.-of 
 Ducks. 
 
 2D 
 
 CIIOULESBURY. a parish of England, co. of Monmouta 
 
 CII0U.M.4L.\11I, a peak of the Himalayas. See Siium.u.ari 
 
 CHUURAG UR, chooVa-giir', a town and strong tortrtss of 
 British India. 75 miles S.K. of llosungabad. 
 
 ClIUUSTEU. a city of Persia. See Shooster. 
 
 ClIOUTIOAUS ^shooHoz') STORE, a little village of Batoe 
 co„ MisHouji, on Marmifajn Creek. 
 
 CIIOUZE. shoo'z;V/, or t:lIOLZE-SUR-LOIRE, shoo'z.V sUl. 
 IwdR, a town of Fiance, department of«;iidre-et-Loire, on the 
 Loire, 7 miles N.W. of Chinon. Pop. 3852. 
 
 ClIOUZY', shoo'zee', a village of France, department of 
 Loir-et-Cher, with a station ou the Orleans and Tours Rail- 
 wav. 6 miles S.AV. of blois. Pop. 1239. 
 
 CHO IF or CHOO a Chinese proflx. See TcHEOO. 
 
 CHOWAN, cho-wdn'. a river of North Carolina, is formed 
 by the Meheriin and Nottoway Rivers, which unite a few 
 miles above Winton. in Hertford county. The river tiows 
 liist sou til-eastward and then southward, and enters Albe- 
 marle Sound at the W. end. It is navigable for sloops 
 through its whole extent, about 50 miles. 
 
 CHOWAN, a county in the N.E. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on the W. part of Albemarle Sound, has an area 
 of about 240 square miles. The Chowan River (navigable 
 for steaniboatsi forms the entire W. boundary. The surface 
 is nearly level or undulating; and the soil generally pro- 
 ductive. Chowan county was one of the original precincts 
 of the lords proprietors under King Charles II. The name 
 was derived from the Chowauokes, a tribe of Indians who 
 owned the soil. Capital, Edentou. Pop. 6842, of whom 3129 
 Were free, and .3713 slaves. 
 
 CIKJWRY ISLAND. See NiconAR Islancs. 
 
 CIIRAST. Krdst, a village of Bohemia, 6i miles S.E. of 
 Chrudim, with a summer palace of the Bishop of Kiiuig- 
 gratz. Pop. 1648. 
 
 CIIRIS'HALL, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 CHRISTBURG, krist/l OCiiG, a town of Western Prussia, 
 23 miles N.E. of Marienwerder, on the Sorge. Pop. 2t,30, 
 engaged in the manufacture of woollens. It has distilleries, 
 breweries, and tanneries. 
 
 CIIRIST'CHURCH, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, town, and parish of England, co. of Hants, on the 
 S.W. border of the New Forest, and at the confluence of the 
 Avon and Stour, about Ij miles above their mouth, in 
 Christchurch Bay, (English Channel.) near the railway be- 
 tween Southampton and Dorchester, 20 miles S.W. of South- 
 ampton. Pop. of pjirliamentary borough, in 1851, 7475. It is 
 a quiet town with little trade, and named from its fine old 
 church, formerly collegiate, founded early in Saxon times 
 but rebuilt in the reign of Wiliiam II. Christchurch hiis 
 some small manufactures of watch-springs and hosiery, and 
 a salmon fishery. It .sends 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Near it are some Roman earth-works; andon Hengist- 
 bury Hill, a cliff 1^ miles south-.south-ea.'itward, are the re- 
 mains of a castle. The phenomenon of a double tide every 
 12 hours occurs at Christchurch Bay. Chrlstcuuecb is the 
 name of several parishes in and around London. 
 
 CHRIS/TIAN, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, 
 bordering on Tennessee, contains 700 square miles. It is 
 drained by the sources of Little River and of Tradewater 
 Creek. The southern part of the county is level and ex- 
 tremely fertile : the northern part is occupied by hills which 
 pi-oduce fine timber, and contain rich mines of ct)al and iron 
 ore. The rock which underlies the county is a cavernous 
 limestone. Several ca,ses here occur of stre.ims which enter 
 subterranean channels, and after flowing a few miles, 
 emerge again to the surface. Formed in 1796, and named 
 in honor of Colonel William Christian, an officer in the war 
 of the Revolution. Capital. Hopkinsville. Pop. 21,627, of 
 whom 11 .676 were free, and 9951 slaves. 
 
 CHRISTIAN, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 675 square miles. The Sangamon River, forma 
 the northern boundary, and the South Fork of that river 
 flows through the middle of the county. The surface is 
 generally level, or slightly undulating: the soil is fertile. 
 The county is intersected by the Central Railroad. Capital, 
 Taylorsvilie. Pop. 10,492. 
 
 CHRISTIAN, a township in Independence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 582. 
 
 CHRISTIANA, kris-te-ah'na, a river of Michigan an<l Id- 
 diana, rises in Cass co. of the former state, and flows into 
 the St. Joseph's River, at Elkhart, in ImUana. 
 
 CHRISTIANA, a thriving post-village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, about 
 20 miles E. by S. of Lancaster, has an active trade, and con- 
 tains an iron foundry and machine shop. 
 
 CHRISTIANA, a hundred of New Castle co., Delaware. 
 Pop. 5613. 
 
 CHRISTIANA or CHRISTIANA BRIDGE a post-village 
 in New Ca'^tle co., Delaware, on Christiana Creek, about 10 
 miles S.W. of Wilmington. Pop. 442. 
 
 CHRISTIANA, a post-village and township in Dane co., 
 Wi8con.sin, on Koslikonong Creek, about 20 miles S.E. of 
 Madison. It has 2 stores, 2 mills, and 30 dwellings. Pop. 
 of township, 1424. 
 
 CHRISTIANA CREEK, of New Castle co., Delaware, ia 
 
 449 
 
 J 
 
CHR 
 
 cnu 
 
 Ibnped aboui i jiilesW. of Wilminpton.by the junction of 
 the Christiana Branch with the Red Clay and White Clay 
 Creeks. Flowing eastwai-d. it unites with the Braudywine 
 at Wilminirton. and enters Delaware Bay 2 miles below. 
 Vessels rei)uiring 14 feet of water ascend to the city just 
 named. This creek furnishes abundant water-power. 
 
 ClIRISTI.4NBUI!Ct, Kris'te-dn-b<H>RC.\ a Tillage of North 
 Germanv. duchv. and 18 miles X. of Oldenburg. 
 
 CHKISriANiA. kris-te-4'ne-a. the capital city of Norway, 
 amt of AL'gtTshuus, most picturesquely situated at the 
 head of Christiania F'.ord, in lat. 59° 64' 1" N.. Ion. 10° 45' 
 E. Pop. 26.141. Temperature of the year. 41°-4: winter, 
 23°; summer, 59°-9 Fah. The town is regularly laid out, 
 and pretty well built, wholly of st<lne or brick; the adjacent 
 old town, Opslo, and other suburbs, are mostly constructed 
 of timlier. It has a cathedral, several other churches, a 
 citadel, one of the chief fortresses, and the great arsenal of 
 the kingdom, a royal residence, military and lunatic hospi- 
 tals, a new town-hall. bank, and exchange. 2 theitres. a 
 university founded in ISll. having usually alout 600 stu- 
 dents, aiid a library of 130.000 volumes, various other 
 public schools, museums, an astronomical observatory, and 
 a botanic garden. The few manufactures of the city consist 
 of woollen tloths, iron ware, tobacco, paper, leather, soap, 
 spirits, glass. Ac. There are also some extensive breweries. 
 The exports are principally timber, deal planks, and iron. 
 The environs of the city are exceedingly beautiful, the ap- 
 proach to it by the magnificent fiord, at the head of which 
 it is situated, exciting the admiration of all visitors. The 
 fiord itself is frozen for upwards of two months of the year, 
 from about 20 miles from Christiania to the sea. and the 
 harbor is generally locked up for three or four months. 
 
 CUKlSn^lAN-MAL'FOKD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilt.s. 
 
 CIIRISTIANOPLF,. kris*te-an-o'p?l. a maritime town of 
 Sweden, la'n, and 20 miles E.N JO. of Carlscrona, on Kahuar 
 Sound. It was formerly fortified. 
 
 CaKISTlA.S.-AMT. kris'te-4ns-amt\ or CHRISTIAN, 
 kris'te-dn, a large amt or district of Norway, occupying its 
 centre, between lat. 60° and 62° N.. and Ion. 8° and" 11° E., 
 encircled by the amts of Iledemarken, Trondhjem, Bergen, 
 Ac. aiid traversed by the Lougan Biver. Pop. 102.730. 
 
 ClIRIPTIANSAND. kris'te-an-s^nd', a fortified seaport 
 town of Norway, near its S. extivmitj-. capital of a .stiff of the 
 g.ime name, on a fiord of the Skatrer-rack, 157 miles S.W. of 
 Christiania: lat. 5S° 8' N.. Ion. 8° 3' E. Pop. 854K. It is re- 
 gularly laid out, and built chiefly of wood. Principal edi- 
 fices, the citadel Fredericksholm. a Gothic cathedral, and a 
 cathedral school. A good deal of ship-building is carried 
 on; it has an export trade, especially in timtier and lob- 
 sters. The harV>or i* deep, and well-sheltered, and is de- 
 fended by several batteries, and liy the fort of Christian- 
 holm, on the small islands of Oddero. at the entrance to the 
 harbor. Christiansand is the residence of a bishop, and of 
 the Stiftsamtmand or governor of the province. It was 
 founded in 1641 by Christian IV., whose name it bears, and 
 was in possession of the British for a short time in 18U7, 
 durins the war with Denmark. 
 
 CHRISTIANSBORO. kri.s'te-4ns-boRo'. the principal Dan- 
 ish fort of .Africa, on the Guinea coast, 3 miles E. of Fort St. 
 James. See .\CCRA. 
 
 CHRISrriAXSBURG. a post-village, capital of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Virginia, on the stage route from Richmond to 
 Nashville, and on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. 
 200 miles W. by S. from the former. It was laid out in 
 1792, and contains 2 churches, and 1 bank. Pop. in 1860, 
 739. 
 
 CHRISTIANSBURO, a post-village of Shelby co„ Ken- 
 tucky, 38 miles E. of Louisville, and half a mile from the 
 LouLsville and Frankfort Railroad, contains 2 churches, seve- 
 ral stores. 1 steam mill, and 1 woollen factory. 
 
 CIIRISTIANSBURG, a post-village in Champaign co., 
 Ohio, about 55 jniles W. of Columbus. 
 
 CHRISTIANSBURO or CHRISTIANBURO. a post-office 
 of Brown CO.. Indiana. 64 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ClIRISTIANSFELD, kris'te-dns-f^ldN a small town of 
 Denmark, duchy Sleswick. 7^ miles N. of Hadersleben. 
 Pop. 700. It has manufactures of liuen and cotton fabrics. 
 It is a colony of Moravian Brothers, founded in 1773. 
 
 CHRISTIANSHAVN, kris'te-ans-h6wn\ a suburb of Co- 
 PExmarN. which see. 
 
 CHRISTI ANS-OE. (Christians-Be.l kris'te-ans-o'eh. a group 
 of islets in Denmark, province of Stvland. in the Baltic. 12 
 miles N. of the island of Bornholm. consisting of three 
 rocks. Ijetween the two first of which is a secure haven, 
 used as a return port by ships of war. It Is fortified, de- 
 fended by strong batteries, and h.is a castle, built by 
 Christian IV. in 1684, used as a state prison. On Chris- 
 ti«ns-<5e is a revolving light lat. 55° 19' 12" N.. lon.I5°12' E. 
 
 CHRlS^riANSTAD^ or CURISTIANSTADT. kris/te-^n- 
 Btat, (Sw. ChriOianftid. kris'te-Sn-stid^ ) a fortified town of 
 Bouth Sweden, capital of a hen of the same name, on the 
 Holge, nair the Baltic 265 miles S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 
 4500. li is well built, and has artillery barracks, and manu- 
 factures of gloves, liuen and woollen filbrics, &c 
 460 
 
 CITRTSTIANSTAD, a la-n or district of Sweden, near it< 
 S. extremity, mostly enclosed by llalmstad, Wexio. Carls- 
 crona. and Malonoe. Area, 24S2 square miles. Pop. 189,627. 
 
 CHRISTIANSTADT. kris't<^all-stdtt'. a small town of 
 Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on the Bober, opposite 
 Naumburir. I'op. 870. 
 
 CHKISTIANSTED, kris'te-an-stJd\ a town on the N.K 
 coast of the island St. Croix, Danish West Indius. Pop. 
 .""SSO, of whom 1250 are .slaves. It is the seat of thegoverno^ 
 general of the Danish West Indies, and has an excellent 
 port, defended by Fort Christiansvarn. and a bjittery. This 
 is the chief entrepot of commerce with Copenhagen: the 
 town has a Danish and English chui-ch, and a Danish and 
 Enclish bank. 
 
 CHRISTIANSUND, kris'te-an-soond\ a seaport town ot 
 Norway. 85 miles W.S.W. of Troudtuem, amt of Romsdal, 
 on 3 islands in the Atlantic whi<'h enclose its harbor. Pop. 
 4634. It has an active trade and extensive fisheries. 
 
 CIIRISTrL^NSVILLE, a post-village in Mecklenburg co, 
 Virginia, about 75 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 CIUtlSAnEVILLE, a village of Canada East, co. of Rou- 
 ville. 28 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains several stores, 
 saw and crist mills, hotels, and about 1200 population. 
 
 CHRISTINEHAMN, kris-tee'ne-hdm. a town of Sweden, 
 la?n. and 25 miles E.S.E. of Carlstad, on the Varn. half a 
 mile from its mouth in Lake Wener. Pop. 1800. 
 
 CIIIUSTINE.<TADT. kris-ti'e'nfh-stdtt\a seaport town of 
 Russia. Finland, la»n, and 55 miles S. of Vasa, on the Gulf 
 of Bothnia. Pop. 1500. It h.as a. good harJior. 
 
 CIIRISTIONYDD-KENRICK. kris-te-on'iiH kJn'rik, a 
 township in North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 ClIKISTLETON. a parish of Engl.and. co. of Chester. 
 
 CHRISTMAS (kris'mass) CATARACTS are in the river 
 Berbice, British Guiana; lat. 4° 41' 45" N., ion. 57° 54' 
 10" W. 
 
 CHRISTMAS HARBOR, Kerguelen Land. Indian Ocean, 
 is in lat. 49° 20' S.. Ion. 69° 24' E., where there is a cnri- 
 cuslv arched basaltic rock. 
 
 CHRISTMAS ISLAND, an island in the Pacific; lat. o' 
 the S.E. point, 1° 41' S.. Ion. 157° 30' W. ; was discovered by 
 Cook. Decemlwr 24, 1777. and is about 60 miles in circuit. 
 
 CHRISTMAS ISLAND, an island in the Indi.in Ocean; 
 lat. 10° 31' S.. Ion. 105° 34' E. 
 
 CHRISTMAS SOUND, near the S. extremity of America, 
 120 miles N.W. of Cape Horn. It was discovered b3- Cook 
 in 1774. 
 
 CHRISTOIASVILLE, a thriving post-village of CarroU 
 CO.. Tennessee, on the Obion River, 120 miles W. of Nash- 
 ville. The river is navigable for flat-boats up to this point. 
 The village is situated in a rich farming dirtrict and has an 
 active trade. It contains 1 church, 5 stores, and 1 tan- 
 nery. 
 
 CHRTS/TON, a pari.sh of Engl.and, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHRISTOW. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CHRISTY'S or CHRISTIE'S (krls't^zl PRAIRIE, a post- 
 office of Clay CO., Indiana, 66 miles W.S.W. of Indi.inapolis. 
 
 CHRISTTY'S FORK, a post-ofl-ce of Morgan co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CHROMA, kro/md. or DUBROWNIK, doobrov'uik, « 
 small fortified Dalmatian island in the Adriatic, off Ragusa; 
 lat. 42° :38' N.. Ion. 18° 8' 23" E. 
 
 CHRON'ICLE, ft post-office of Lincoln CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 CHRUDIM. Kroo'dim, a town of Bohemia, on the Chru- 
 dimka. an affluent of the Elite. 02 miles E.S.E. of Pi-ague. 
 Pop. 6107. It has a fine church, a grammar school, and 
 large markets for horses. 
 
 CHRVSOPOLIS. See Scutari. 
 
 CHRYSORRHOAS. See Barr.vda 
 
 CHRY'SATON. a village of Scotland, co. of Lan.ark, in the 
 parish of Cadder, 7 miles E.N.E. of Glasarow. I'op. 655. 
 
 CHRZANOW, Kzhi'noT, a town of the late republic of 
 Cracow, on the Chechlo. 27 miles W.N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 
 4000. mostly Jews. It has an active commerce. 
 
 CHUAPA. choo-d'pl. a river of Chili, forming the S. 
 boundary line of the province of CoquimlK), and separating 
 it from .\concagua. It rises on the W. slope of the Andes, 
 and foils into the Pacific after a course of about 125 miles, 
 in lat. 31° 38' S. 
 
 CHU-CHOW. See TcHOo-TcnEoo. 
 
 CHUCK'ATUCK. a post-village of Nansemond co., Virginia, 
 10 miles N. of Suffolk, the county seat. 
 
 CHUCK'Y BEND, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CHUCUITO. CHUCUVTO, choo-kwee'to, or CHUQUITO, 
 choo-kee'fo, a town of Bolivia, capital of a province of its 
 own name, in the department of Puno, pleasantly situated 
 on the W. shore of Lake Titicaca, and at the mouth of a 
 stream of water flowing from the Andes. 20 miles S.E of 
 Puno. and 85 miles E. of Arc^uipa. It contains about t<X»0 
 inhabitants, but was formerly much more populous. In the 
 province are mines of silver and gold: splendid specimens 
 of the remains of antiquity have also been found here. Pop. 
 in 1850. 75.957. 
 
 CHUDLEIGH. chtldlee. a market-town and parish of Enj? 
 bind, CO. of Devon, 9 miles S.S W. of E.'seter. Pop. in 1851, 
 2401. The town, on an acclivity v »ar the Teign. Ins been 
 neatly rebuilt, since a fire wUch almiwt entirely destroyed 
 
CIIU 
 
 CHU 
 
 St In 1807. The country is famous for cider orchards. Tn 
 its vicinity is Ui;brook, (the superb seat of Lord de Clif- 
 ford.) sli.^ht remMiiis of a former palace of the bishops of 
 Kxeter, and remarkable limestone rocks, with a cavern, the 
 reputed haunt of the " IMxies." or Devonshire foiries. 
 
 CHUI')L,KCUUKL. See Choi.eechel. 
 
 CHUE.M'KK, chu'Jn'pee', a fortified port of China, on an 
 Island opposite Ty-cock-tow point, in the Canton Kiver, So 
 miles S.K. of Canton. It was taken by the British in 1S41, 
 when a Chinese squadron of war-junks was also destroyed 
 in Anson's Bay, imuiediati^ly X. 
 
 CHUiiA.NSKlSAI. choo-<rj(n-se-ri'. a small river of Af«han- 
 istan. rises in Knfiristan, and joins theCabnol near Jelalabad. 
 
 CIIU(3AXSKKAI. a town of Afi;haiii.«tan, on the al)Ove 
 river. 80 miles X.K. of Cabool. Lat. 34° 55' N., ion. 70° 8' E. 
 
 CiniKA, choo'kS, a castle of Bootan, near a river, here 
 crossed by a remarkable chain suspension-bridge. Lat. 27° 
 20' N.. Ion. 89° 27' K. 
 
 CllU-KI ANG, a river of China. See Caxtox Riveji. 
 
 CIIUL'DISTAX', a town of i'ersia, province of Fars. 
 
 CnULAHNNE, choo'la-linu'? a post-office of Kandolph 
 CO.. Alabama. 
 
 CHOLAlid'MA, a thriving villafre of Marsh.all co., Mis- 
 sissippi, 15 miles S.W. of Holly Sprinjrs, and 200 miles N. by 
 K. of .(ackson, is situated in a wealthy and populous neiirh- 
 borhood. It contains a nourishing academy for young 
 ladies. 
 
 ClIULAS'lCYla post-office of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvani.a. 
 
 CnULK, choo'lA, a small port of South Peru, department 
 and (KJ miles S.K. of Arequipa. 
 
 CIIULN.\, chool'na. (anc. Crocnta. f) an islet of the Indian 
 Ocean, ti miles N.W. of Cape Monza, Beloochistan. It is a 
 sonical rock, about .3 miles in circuit. 
 
 CIIULUMANI, choo-loo-md'nee, a town of Bolivia, 45 
 miles K.N.B. of La Vs.?.. on a head-stream of the Beni. 
 
 CIIULUWAN, choo^loo-wdn', or HOLY ISLAND, an 
 island 5 or 6 miles long, on the E. coast of Africa; Mo- 
 zamliique Channel, lat. 20° 38' S.. Ion. .34° 53' E. 
 
 CdUMAL.-VKI. amonntain of Himalaya. See Shumalaree. 
 
 CHUM'HA, a town in the l'unjal>. on the Itavee, at the fixit 
 of the Himai.aya8,120 miles N.E. of Lahore: lat. 32° 22' X., 
 Ion. 76° 50' E. " Pop. about 50JO. It is built of wood, is the 
 residence of a rajah, and was formerly an important place 
 of commerce. 
 
 CHUMBIVILC.\S. chonm-be-veel'kis. a province of Peru, 
 In the department of Cuzco. Pop. in 18.50. 2:>.250. 
 
 (iiU.MMiUL', a river of India, rises in the Vindhyan 
 Mountains, flows mostly X.E., and joins the Jumna. 85 
 miles S.E. of Agra. Total course estimated at 500 miles. 
 AfHuents the I'arbuttee and Sind. The towns Kotah and 
 Dholpoor are on its bank.s. 
 
 CHUMIE, choo'mee, a mountain range of South Africa. 
 Cape Colony, between the parallels of 32° and 33° S., and 
 near the meridian of 27° E., in which basaltic rock, wood, 
 and grassy slopes are curiously intermingled. 
 
 CHUMIE. a river flowing from the above range, and put^ 
 suing a S.S.E. course to the Iveiskamma. 
 
 CHUMIE, a Presbyterian missionary settlement of South 
 Africa, on a tributary of the river of the same name, 12 miles 
 N.E. of Fort Beaufort. 
 
 CHUMLEIGH. chQmlee. a small market'town and parish 
 of England, co. of Devon, on the Dart, 21 miles X.W. of 
 Exeter. Pop. In 1851. 1711. 
 
 CHUMl)l{EKEEL, CHAMORERIL. or CIIUMURERI, a 
 Lake of Central Asia, Ladak. lat. (\. extremity) 32°59'X., 
 Ion. 78° 2u' E. Length about 15 miles, breadth 1 j miles. 
 It is 15.000 feet above the sea-level. 
 
 CHU^PPAXEER/, or POW.UtURII'. a town of Indi.a, 
 Gwalior dominions, on an isolated rock, 150 miles AV.S.AV. of 
 Oojein. capital of a district yielding an annual revenue of 
 2.3.000/., which is now appropriated to the support of the 
 British force in the Gwalior territory. 
 
 CHUMM'AWUT'. a town of Xorth Ilindostan, and the 
 old capital of Kumaon, 35 miles S.E. of Almora. It is 
 built of stone, and has some curious diminutive Hindoo 
 temples. 
 
 CIIUMURERI. a lake in Central Asia. See Chumorereei. 
 
 CHU'XARGUK', a town and fortress of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 17 miles S.W. of Be- 
 nares. The fort stands on an abrupt rock in the river, E. of 
 which is the town, comprising many stone houses. 
 
 CIIUXCHOS, choon'choce. a savage race of Indians in 
 the S.W. part of Ecuador, in the district of Jaen. They have 
 their chief residence in Chisbatizo. 27 miles from Pucara. 
 
 CIIU'XKXUG'GEK. a post-office of Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 OHUNGAM.'XH. See Ciiaxgama. 
 
 CHUX'KEYVILLE, a post-office of Lauderdale CO., Mis- 
 6lssippi. 
 
 CIIUX-KHIXG. See Shun-khixo. 
 
 CHUX-XIXG. See Siin.\-MSG. 
 
 CHOX-TE. See Shux-te. 
 
 i'HijPAT -rhoo-pdt/, a river of Patagonia, which, after a 
 Ktiig fc. course enters the Atlantic, in lat. 14° 16' S., Ion. 
 66° W. 
 
 CHTJPEE (choo'pee) CREEK, of Georgia, flows •?.E. throuph 
 Monroe and Bibb counties, and enters the Ocmulgee about 
 9 miles S. of Macon. It is called also Tobesofka. 
 
 CHUP'PARAH, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 90 miles X.X.E. of Xagpoor. 
 
 CHUI'MIAII. a town of Briti.'ih India, presidency of Bengal, 
 capital of the district of Sarun. 34 miles AV.X.W. of Patiia. 
 Pcip. 50.000. It extends upwards of 1 mile aloi'jg the X. bunk 
 of the Ganges, and has many large residences, mosques, ami 
 pagodas, with a wide main street, but irregular and dirty. 
 The British militarv and civil station is isolated. 
 
 CHIPQUA TOX'CHA CREEK, of Chick.a.saw co., Missis- 
 sippi, flows into Oktibbeha River. 
 
 CHUQUEAl'O, choo-k.'l-3-po'. a river of Bolivia, ri.ses in the 
 Andes near La Paz. flows mostly X., and may be considered 
 the head-stream of the Beni and >tadeira Riveis. 
 
 CHUQUIBAMBA. choo-ki-brlm'ba. a town of South Ame- 
 rica, in I'eru. 15 miles X.W. of Arequipa. In the vicinity is 
 a mountain of the same name; lat. 15° 50' S., Ion. 72° 20' AV. 
 Elevation, 21.000 feet 
 
 CHUQUISACA. choo-ke-sVka. ST'CRE, soon<r!l. or LA 
 PLATA. Id pU'ta. the capital of Bolivia, situated 9343 feet 
 above the sea-level, on a sm.all plateau above the liio de la 
 t>lata. a small affluent of the Cachimayo: lat. 19° 40 S.. Ion. 
 65° 35' \V. The houses, generally of two stories, are well 
 built, and have usually small paved courts, with a small 
 stream of limpid water running through them : the streets 
 are regular, spacious, and clKin. The principal sqiiare is 
 adorned with an elegant fountain. The buildings mofit dt*. 
 serving of notice are the Catliedral. a magnificent edifice, in 
 the Moresfiue style, with lofty towers and an immense dome, 
 the President's Palace, the churches of San Fi-ancisco and 
 San Miguel. 2 monasteries. 3 nunneries, and a theatre re- 
 cently constructed. The principal educational establish- 
 ments are the Seminary of St. Christopher, and the Colli-ge 
 of Junin. where a good education, comprehending Latin, 
 mathematics, physics, logic, and moral philosopliy. can be 
 obtained. There is also an endowment called Collegio de las 
 Educandas, where poor female orphans are brought up. 
 Chuqui.saca is the seat of the legislature, of the supreme 
 court of justice, and several other important courts and 
 offices, and is also the see of an archbishop. It cannot lie 
 said to have either manufactures or trade, and owes all its 
 prosperity to its being the capital. The great body of the 
 population are Indians, who are vei-y singular in their dr.ss, 
 and speak a language called Qidcliua. Immense treasures 
 were firmerly carried across the river at this point, on their 
 way to Cuzco, the town of the Incas; hence, from the terms 
 Clinque fara (i. e. " bridge of gold"), in the Quichna, the town 
 is supposed to have derived its name. Pop. in 1858, 23,979. 
 
 CHUQUISACA. a department of Bolivia, on the S.E. of 
 the great table-land, comprehending four provinces, viz 
 Chuquisaca. C6uti, Tornine. and Yampardes. 
 
 CHUQUITO. a town of Peru. See CfiucilTO. 
 
 CHUR, chooii(?) a mounfeiin, Ilindostan, one of the lofty 
 peaks of Gurhwal, near the sources of the Jumna. Its 
 hei.L'ht is estimated 12.149 feet. Ijit. 30° 52' N., Ion. 77° 28' E. 
 
 CHUK, KooR,(Fr. fhire. kwdu; anc. Ou'riaor Cu'rialthos- 
 to/rM»i,)the capital of the Swiss canton of Grisons. in the val- 
 ley of the Upper Ithine. Lat. 40° 50' N., Ion. 9° 36' E. Slean 
 temperature of the year, 49°; winter, 32°; summer. t';3°-7 
 Fahrenheit. Pop. 5300. It presents much curious architec- 
 ture, and has a cathedral partly of the eighth century, a 
 bishop's palace. Roman Catholic seminary, Protestant can- 
 tonal school and librar3', witli some manufactures of zinc 
 wares, cutting tools, and an active transit trade with Italy. 
 The sculptor Angelica KaulTman was born here in 1741. 
 
 CHURCH, a post-office of Assumption co.. Louisiana. 
 
 CHURCH'AM. a parish of England, co. of Glouce.ster. 
 
 CHURCH A.SA1'0X. a chapelrv of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 CHURCH CKEKK. a post-office of Dorchester CO., Mary- 
 land, about 50 miles S.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 CHUnCH DOAVX, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 CHURCH EATON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Staflbrd. 
 
 CHURCH GRES'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Derljy. 
 
 CHURCH GROA'E, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee. 
 
 CHURCH HILL, a chapelry of Endand, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CHUKCII HILL, a chapelrv of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CHURCH HILL, 2 chapelries of England, co. of AVorcester. 
 
 CHURCH HILL, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penn.syl- 
 vania. 
 
 CHURCH HILL, a post-village of Queen Anne co., Jlary- 
 land, about 45 miles E.X.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 CHURCH HILL, a post-ofRce of Halifax co., A'irginia. 
 
 CHUR(!H HILL, a post-office of Jefferson co., Mississippi. 
 
 CHURCH HILL, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky. 
 
 CHURCH HILL, a p<ist-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, Oo 
 miles E.S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 CHURCH IIOLLOAV, a postoffice of Chenango co.. New 
 York. 
 
 CHURCH HON'EYBOURN, a parish of England, co. of 
 "Worcester. " 
 
 CHURCH IIULME. a ch.apelry of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 CHURCH'ILL. called also MISSINNIPPI, mi.s-sin-nip'pee, 
 and ENGLISH RIA'ER, a river of British America, rising in 
 
 451 
 
CHU 
 
 Lake Jit thy, lat. 51° 10' N.. Ion. 109° 30' W.. first flowing S.E. 
 throu'ih the lakes Buffalo and La Crosse, then turning N.E., 
 nnd running .ilmost due K. to Nelson's Lake, whence it flows 
 in a N.K direction through two considerable lakes, and falls 
 into Hudson's Bay after a course of about 700 miles, in lat. 
 54" N. It traverses a woody region and is full of rapids, but 
 it is nevertheless navigable, portages being formed at the 
 most difficult rapids. 
 
 CHURCH IvNcnVLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CHUi;CHL.\ND. a post-office of Norfolk co.. Virginia. 
 
 CHURCH L-iNtiTON, a parish of Engl.ind, co. Leicester. 
 
 CHURCH LAW'TOX. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 CHURCH LKNCH. a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Worcester. 
 
 CHURCH OAK'LEY, a parish df England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CHURCH OVER, a parish of England, co. of Wai-wick. 
 
 CHUKCU'S STOKE, a post-oflice of Wilkes co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CHURCH, STATES OF. See PoNTincAl. St.wes. 
 
 CHURCH STAUNTON, a parish of Enirkand. co. of Devon. 
 
 CHUKCH STOKE, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont- 
 gomerv. 
 
 CHURCH STOWE, a parL=:h of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CHURCH STRETrrON, a parish and market-town of 
 Enirland. co. of Salop. 
 
 CHUKCH TOWN, a chapelry of England, co. of Lane.i.'^er. 
 
 CHUKCH'TOWN, or BRUUEN/NY, a parish and village 
 of Ireland, in JIunster, co. of Cork. The village is neatly 
 built: near it are the seats of Burton and Eymont, giving 
 the titles of baron and earl to the I'ercival family. 
 
 CIIURCHTOWN, or RHEBAX, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. co. of Kildare, traversed by the Grand Canal. 
 
 CIIURCHTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath. 
 
 CHUKCHTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meatb, .3 miles 
 B.W. of Navan. It is also the name of villages in the coun- 
 ties of Cork, Waterford, Limerick, and \Vexford. 
 
 CHUKCHTOWN, a post-office of Columbia co., New York. 
 
 CIIURCHTOWN, a small village of CumK'riand co., Penn- 
 Bvlvania. 
 
 " CIIURCHTOWN. a po8t>village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 52 miles E. of Hanisburg. 
 
 CHURCH'VIEW, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia. 
 
 CHURCH'VILLli, a post-village of Monroe co., New York, 
 on the Buffalo and Kochester Railrotid, 15 miles W.S.W. of 
 Kochester. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several stores. 
 
 CHURCHVILLK. a post-vUlage of Harford co., Maryland, 
 3) miles N.E. of Baltimore. 
 
 CHURCHVlLLi';, a poist-village of Augusta co., Virginia, 
 on the turnpike from Staunton to Parkersburg. 128 miles 
 N.AV. of Kichmond, contiiins 2 churches, 2 stores, and 2 
 schools. 
 
 CHURCIIVILLE, a small village in Claike co., Missouri, 
 near the mouth of the Di-s Moines River. 
 
 CHURCIIVILLE, a post-village of Canada We.st, co. of 
 York. 25 miles N. of Toronto. It contains several stores and 
 grist mills. I'op. 250. 
 
 CHUKKAREE, chtii^kil'ree, a rajahship of IndLi, in Bul- 
 delcund. tributary to the British. 
 
 CHURS'TON-EER/KEKS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devoji. 
 
 CHURTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CHURUBUSOO, choo-roo-boos'ko, a village of Mexico, 
 Bituated on the Rio de Churubusco. the banks of which 
 have been elevated and planted with trees, about 6 miles 
 S. of the capital. It contains a massive stone convent. 
 Churubusco. and a bridge over the causeway near by, wei-e 
 strongly tbrtified and occupied by Santa Anna in lS47, to 
 intercept the American army under General Scott in their 
 march upon the city of Jlexico. A battle was fought on the 
 20th of August, and resulted in the total defeat of the 
 Mexicans, their loss being stated at 'lOO in killed, wounded, 
 and missing. The loss of the Americans in killed and dis- 
 abled was about 1000. including 26 officers. 
 
 CHURUBUSCO, chOi-a-bfts/ko, a post-office of Clinton 
 CO., New York. 
 
 CHURUBUSCO, a post-office of Anderson district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 CHURUBU.SCO, a postoffice of Franklin co., Alabama. 
 CHURUBUSCO. a post-office of Whitley co.. Indiana. 
 
 CHUllWALDEN, K0OR/*irden, a parish and village of 
 Switzerland, e.inton of Orisons." 6 miles S. of Chur. 
 
 CIIUR'WELL, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, parish of Batley, 3 miles S.S.AV. of Iioeds. Pop. in 
 lS-51, 1103. 
 
 CIIUS.W. chooS^n', one of a group of islands off the E. 
 ixxust of China, province of Che-kiang. opposite the estuary of 
 the Tsien-tang-klang, 50 miles E.N.E'. of Ninipo. lAt. of the 
 harbor, 30=' 0' 10" N., Ion. 122° 10' E. Length from KtoW..10 
 miles; bi-eadth. from 6 to 20 miles: circumference, 51 miles. 
 The surface is mountainous, interspei-sed with well-culti- 
 vated valleys, and the mountain sides are tilled in terraces 
 with the utmost care. The products c»mpri.se rice, wheat, 
 tea, cloth grass, sweet p<jtatoes, cotton, tobacco, chestnuts, 
 walnuts, and varnish. The -whole island is intersected by 
 flagged roads and canals, which last, and the rice swamps, 
 ittnder it in some parts unhealthy for Ew-opeaus ; on tiie 
 452 
 
 CIE 
 
 whole, however, the climate is delightful and {<ambriou.s 
 Mean temperature of winter. 40°-9; of autumn, C7°'8 Fal> 
 renheit. On many accounts, it appears much better adapted 
 for a British settlement than Hong Kong. Numerous towns 
 and villages are scattered over it. the capital being Tiug-hai, 
 near the S. coast. It was taken by the British in 1840, anil 
 again in 1841. and held until the final settlement of the wai 
 expenses agreed to be paid bj' China to Great Britain. 
 
 CHUSENLI, Koo-sen-lee', (?) an important town in the 
 khanat. and SO miles N. of Khiva, on the Oxus. 
 
 CHUSI.<T.\N. a province of Persia. See KhOozist.^x. 
 
 CUUT.'V AirMEI>P(X)R', (i. e. ■■ little Ahmedpoor."j a gar- 
 risoned town of Ilindostan, principality of and 145 miles 
 S.W. of Bhawlpoor. on the frontiers of Sinde. It is of con- 
 siderable size, is surrounded by a mud wall, and has sevei-al 
 recently erected but detached fortre.s.ses. 
 
 CIIUT.i NAGM'OOK/, a large zemindary or rajahAip of 
 British India, presidency of Bengal, in the S.W. districts, on 
 the borders of the proviuce of Gundwatia. 
 
 CHUTE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CHUTT.A.-NUTTEE. See Calcutta. History, page 3:35. 
 
 CIIUTTEKBAI, cbatHer-bl', a stron.j.lio!d of Northern 
 Afghanistan, in an almost inaccessible position on the In- 
 dus, in lat. 34° 20' N.. ion. 72° 58' E.. and belonging, with 
 the fort Am and about 240 square miles of territory, to 
 a predatory chief. 
 
 CHUTTERPOKE or CHUTTURPORE. See Chatterpoor. 
 
 CHUWA'RI. a small town of India, in the Punjab, 10 
 miles S.W. of Chumba. Lat. 32° 17' N.. Ion. 76° 45' E. 
 
 CHYNPOOR-BAREE, chin^poor'-bi/ree. a considerable 
 town of Ilindostan. dominions, and 50 miles E.SJ!;. of Bho- 
 paul. in lat. 23° 2' N., Ion. 78° 15' E. 
 
 CHYRuW. kee'rov, a town of Austrian Galioia. 60 mUes 
 S.W. of Limberg. on the Streewiatz, with manufactures of 
 stockings. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CIAMOT. ch^-moV. written also CAMOT or CIITAMUT, 
 (It. Cima del JUf.nte. chee'md dJl mon'tA.) a village of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Grisons. in the valley of the Aorder Lhein, 
 aVjout 3 miles N.E. of Mount Baduz. and 5000 feet above 
 the sea Uei-e commenced, in 1799, the rising against the 
 French. 
 
 CIANCIANA, chSn-chS'ni. or SAN ANTONIO, s3n In- 
 to^ne-o, a town of Sicily, 15 miles N.W. of Gii-genti. Pop. 
 3400. Near it are extensive sulphur-mines. 
 
 CIARA. See CEAR.t. 
 
 CIBAO. .se-bii/o, the principal mountain of Hayti. near the 
 centre of the island, in a chain which runs E. and W. Cul- 
 minating point. 45iK) feet in elevation. It is celebrated for 
 the rich mines of gold which it formerly contained. 
 
 CIBINIUM. a town of Hungary. See Sebf.n. 
 
 CI BO IX), se-bo/lo, a small river of Texas, rises near the W. 
 part of Comal co.. and flowing south-easterly, enters the San 
 Antonio on the line between Bexar and Goliad counties. 
 
 CIBOLO, a post-office of Bexar eo., Texas. 
 
 CIBOURE, see'booR', a village of France, department of 
 Hautes-Pyrenees, with a sm;Ul port at the mouth of the Kt 
 velle. Pop. 15:57. 
 
 CIC.\COLE, a town of British India. See Chicacoi.e. 
 
 CICAGNA, che-kdn'yd. a viUage of Sardinia, 11 miles N. 
 of Chiavari, at the foot of the Appenines. Pop. 2722. 
 
 CICCI.\NO, chit-thi/uo, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro. 3 miles N. of Nola. Pop. 30(i0. 
 
 CICERO, sis'sgr-o, a post-village and township of Onondaga 
 CO., New York, on the south-western shore of Oneida Lake, 
 10 miles N.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 2637. 
 
 CICERO, a posf-oftico of Defiance co.. Ohio. 
 
 CICERO, or CICEROTOWN. a post-village of Hamilton 
 CO., Indiana, on Cicero Creek, and on the Peru and In- 
 dianapolis Railroad, 26 miles N. of Indianapolis. Pop. 
 278. 
 
 CICERO CENTRE, a post-offico, Onondaga co., New York. 
 
 CICERO CREEK, of Hamiltou co., Indiana, flows into 
 White River near Noblesville. 
 
 CICOLA. chee-ko'li, a river of Austria, in Dalm.atia, falls 
 into the Kerka 1 1 miles above its emlx)uchure in t he Adriatic. 
 
 CIDADE DO RECIFE, a city of BraziL See Rkcife. 
 
 CIECHANOW, tse-i-Kl'nov, a town of I'oland. province 
 of Plock, 14 miles N.W. of Pultusk, in a marshy district, 
 on the Lidiuia. Pop. 2400. mostly Jews. 
 
 CIECH.\NOWIEC. tse-.-l-Kd-nfi've-ets. a town of Russian 
 Poland. 45 miles S.W. of Bialystok. on the Nurzek. Pop. 
 3000, the gre:iter part of whom" ai-e Jews. It has a fine cas- 
 ' tie and a convent. 
 
 i CIECHANOWIEC, a town of Poland, government of An 
 i gustow. on the Nurzek. opposite the aV'Ove town. I'op. 607 
 I CIEGO. El, i\ the-.'i'go, a town of Spain, 9 miles W.N.AV 
 I of Logroflo, on the Kbro. Pop. 980. It has trade in fruits 
 ] but no manufactures. 
 
 CIENFUEGOS. se-WfwA'goce, a town of the island of 
 Cuba, capital of a jurisdiction of the s;)me name, !i«>p.art- 
 I ment of Centro. Pop. 4708, of whom 600 are slaves. Sugar 
 ; is the most important export. It was founded about the 
 ] year 1818. and named in honor of Cicnfuegos, who was then 
 I captain-general of Cuba. Lat about 22° 15' N , Ion. ntB." 
 i 81° W. 
 
CIE 
 
 CIRN-P07,UELO?, the-Jn'-po-thwi1ofe. sometimes writ- 
 ten CIEM-IMZUELOS. a town of Spain, in New Castile, 20 
 miles S. bv E. of Mailrid. Pop. 2060. 
 
 CTKPLICE. t,=e-i-pleet'sA. a village of Austrian Galicia, 
 30 miles N.X.AV. of I'rzemysl. Pop. 2125. 
 
 CIEKP, se-ainp' a village of France, department of Ilaute- 
 Garonne, arrondissoment of St. Gaudens, in a picturesiiue 
 situation. Pop. 1141. 
 
 CIKSZKOWICE,. tse->4-shko-veet/si, a town of Austria, in 
 O.'iliria, on the Biiila, 17 miles N.E. of Neu Sandec. Pop. 
 1910. 
 
 CIEZA. the-.Vthi. n town of f?p.ain. 26 miles N.W. of Mur- 
 da, neiir the Segura. Pop. 6917. It has manufactures of 
 cioth: on the opposite side of the river are vestiges of a PvO- 
 man town, supposed to he Carteia. 
 
 Olt'UE.VTIW, the-foo-^n't(^s or the-fwJn't<H a town of 
 Spain. 31 miles N.E. of Guadalajara, situated in a valley 
 with numerous springs, whence its name. Pop. 1465. 
 
 CIGU.'VNO, cheel-vJ'no. a town of the Sardinian State.?, 
 in I'iedmnnt, 18 miles W. of Vercelli. Pop. 4475. 
 
 Clb.AVEON'A. che-li-v.in'yd, a town of the Sardinian 
 States, in Lomellina, 4 miles N.E. of Mortara. Pop. 3251. 
 
 CJLCEX, kil'kfn, or KII/KEN, a pari.sh of North Wales, 
 CO. of Flint. 
 
 CILCUX'IN or KILKEN'IN, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Cardiian. 
 
 CriilCI.\, se-lish'e-.a. an ancient division of Asia Minor, 
 now included in tlie Turkish pashalic of Itch-Elee. 
 
 CILLKItOS, theel-yi'roce, a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura. •')0 miles N.N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 2.520. 
 
 CIL'LIKCIIiaST, or GILCHRIST, ghiinvrist, a chapelry 
 of Scotland, co. of Ross, 9 miles AV'.N.W. of Inverness. It 
 was the scene of a bloody clan-fight early in the seventeenth 
 century. 
 
 CILLY. CILLT. sillee. or ZTUJ. (Ger. pron. of all. tsillee; 
 anc. i%mhUa OieHaf)!y, town of Sty ria. on the San, and on the 
 railway from Vienna to Triest, .58 miles S. of Oratz. Pop. 
 16<)0. It has a gymnasium, a high school, and .some trade 
 In wine and oil. It derived its ancient name from the 
 Ksman Emperor Claudius, its reputed founder. Near it is 
 the ruined castle of Ober Cilly, former residence of the 
 Counts ofCiily. 
 
 CIMAURON, a river of the United States. See Seme- 
 
 ROXE. 
 
 CIMBEBASIA, sim-lie-b.A'she-a. a country on the S.W. 
 coast of ,\frica, between Cape Frio, in South Guinea, and 
 the country of the Hottentots. The coast is said to be in- 
 habited by the tribe of Cimljebas. (sim-b.Vbas,) respecting 
 whom little or nothin? certain is known. 
 
 CIMIJRISIIAM, sim'bris-ham.(anaft'»ifcr'>';-tt7)t Pnr'tiis?) 
 a town of Sweden, 33 miles S.S.E. of Christianstad, on the 
 Baltic. Pop. 1032. It has a small port and an active 
 fishery. 
 
 CIMINNA. che-min'ni, a town of Sicily, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Palermo. Pop. 600<). 
 
 CIMITILE, che-mtvteelA, a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra di I.avoro, 1 mile N. of Nola. Pop. 2500. A massa- 
 cre of Christi.anF took place here in the time of Marcian. 
 
 CIMOLIS or CIMOIjUS. See Argentiera. 
 
 CIMONK. che-mo'nA. a mountain of Italy, duchy, and 
 district of Modena. N. of the Apennines, fl miles E. of Pierre 
 Pelago; lat. 44° 13' N.. Ion. 10° 4.3' E.: formerlv one of the 
 summits of the central Apennines. Height 6975 feet. 
 
 CINA. See China. 
 
 CI.N'AIjOA or SINALOA, sin-i-lo'J. a state of the Mexi- 
 can Confederation, situated between the Gulf of California 
 and Durango, and stretching from the River Bayona to the 
 River Mayo, or from lat. 22° 33' to 26° 58' N.. a distance of 
 alwut 220 miles, and having a general breadth of about 150 
 miles; area. 35.721 Sfiuare miles. The county along the 
 coast is generally low and Hat, with a sandy soil, which, how- 
 ever, yields good crops of Indian corn and wheat, where it 
 can be irrigated. The mounfciins are usually without wood, 
 and only covered with low stunted trees and bushes : but to- 
 wards the Sierra Madre. on the e.ostern frontier, there are 
 extensive forests. The rains commence about the 20th of 
 June, and last two months. The greatest heat is experienced 
 before the rains, from the month of March, when the coun- 
 try is parched up and resembles a desert. Capital, Culiacan. 
 Pop. 160.000, including a few Indians. 
 
 CINALO-\, a town of Mexico, situated in the a1x)ve state, 
 on a small stream, about 50 miles from its entrance into the 
 Gulf of California, and about 300 miles N.W. of Durango ; lat. 
 22' 45' N., Ion. 108° 7' \V'. It is a thiiving place, with gold- 
 washings in the vicinity. Pop. about 9500. 
 
 CI.NCA, theen'kd. (anc. Cin'ga,) a river of Sp.ain. rises in a 
 small lake in the Pyrenees, on the French frontier, and 
 lirocee<liug S. through Aragon. joins the .'*egre, a little 
 above its confluence with tlie Ebro. Its whole course is 
 about 70 miles. 
 
 CI XCI N X ATI. sin-sin-nah'tee, a post-village of Walker co., 
 Texas, on the Trinity lUrer, 14 miles N. of HuntsvUle, the 
 Dounty town. 
 
 CINCINXATI, sin-sin-nah'tee. the metropolis of the state 
 of Ohio, and county-seat of Uamiltou co., is on the right or 
 
 CIN 
 
 northern bank of the Ohio River, opposite the mni-.th o 
 the Licking. It is, by water, 476 miles from Pittsr.nrg 
 Pennsylvania, 142 from Louisville, Kentucky, 529 from 
 Cairo at the month of the Ohio, 708 from St. Louis, Missouri, 
 and 1520 from New Orleans, Louisiana. It is, by railway, 
 100 miles N. of Lexington, Kentucky, 120 S.W. of Columbus, 
 Ohio, 340 E. of St. Louis, 280 S.E. of Chicago, Illinois, and 
 610 from Washington by the shortest railway line. Lat. 
 39° 6' 30" N., Ion. 84° 26' W. from Greenwich. The upper 
 portion of tlie city is 540 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Situation, Sdreis, d-: — Cincinnati \i situated in a valley 
 about three miles in diameter, environed on the N. side by 
 a semicircular range of liiUs. rising 400 feet above the river, 
 while around the southern margin the Ohio sweej)s in a grand 
 curve from the E. to the W. side of the city. The greater 
 part of the city is bnilt on two terraces or plains, the firs* 
 50, the second 108 feet higher than low-water mark. Th( 
 front margin of the latter, originally a steep bank, ha-s bee» 
 graded to a gentle declivity, so that the draiilage of much 
 of the city is maile directly into the river. The upper ter- 
 race, comprising two-thirds of the area of the valley, is 
 somewhat undulating in its surface, but in the main slopes 
 to the N., and, at an average distance of a mile, terminates 
 at the base of the hills. The central and business portions 
 of the city are compactly built, and a large proportion of 
 the entire valley is already built up. The streets are laid 
 out with much regularity, and are about 66 feet wide ; most 
 of them are well graded, and paved with boulders : the side- 
 walks are wide, paved with brick and stone, and on many 
 streets lined with shade trees; the streets are all well 
 lighted with gas. Main street runs nearly N. from the 
 river, with Broadway, Sycamore, Walnut, Vine. Race, Elm, 
 Plum, Central Avenue, Ac, parallel with it. The.se are in- 
 tersected at right angles by some twenty principal streets, 
 named Front, Second, Pearl, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Ac. The 
 principal streets for wholesale bu.siness are Main, Walnut, 
 Vine, Columbia, and Pearl ; for retail. Fourth, Fifth, and Cen- 
 tral Avenue ; most of the banks arc located on Third street. 
 Some parts of Broadway, and Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, and 
 Eighth streets are remarkable for elegant residences. At the 
 foot of Miiin, Sycamore, and Broadway, on Front street, is 
 the public landing or levee, an open area of 10 acres, with 
 1000 feet front. 'The shore l.s paved fiom low-water mark, 
 and furnished with floating wharves or wharf-boats, which 
 rise and fall with the river; in the height of which there 
 is a great variation, the mean annual range from high to 
 low water being about 50 feet. The city is divided into 18 
 wards, and is governed by a Mayor and Common Council, 
 composed of two representatives from each ward. 
 
 Jiiiprovr.me.nU and Public Buildings. — Cincinnati Wiis 
 settled in 1788, and is the.most populous city of the Western 
 States, according to the census of 18(50. It is remarkable 
 for its rapid growtli, extensive trade, and productive in- 
 dustry. Its position, midway between Pittsburg and the 
 mouth of the Ohio, its important railway connections, and 
 Its extensive manufacturing interests, have made it the 
 commercial emporium of the region of which it is the 
 geographical centre. The increase<l prosperity and growing 
 wealth of the city is indicated in a striking manner by the 
 changes and improvements that have taken place in the 
 business portions within a few years. During the last de- 
 cade the wholesale business has been carried to three or 
 four streets beyond its former limits, and entire blocks of 
 business houses, with fine stone fronts and five stories high, 
 have been built to accommodate this extending trade, while 
 in the old wholesale localities buildings of tlie same char- 
 acter have taken the place of the three and four story brick 
 stores in which the heavy business of the city Wiis formerly 
 transacted. A great many handsome residences have been 
 erected in different parts of the city, but the most striking 
 improvement li;is been in the business portions, both lus to 
 the architecture and magnitude of the buildings. The 
 material generally employed for the fronts of the best build- 
 ings is a fine freestone or sandstone, though white limestone 
 is used to some extent. There are many prominent public 
 buildings in the city, some of whicli are of fine architectural 
 style and imposing dimensions. The edifice of the Cincin- 
 nati College, on Walnut street, is 140 feet front by 100 deep, 
 bnilt of wliite limestone in the Doric style; it is occujiied 
 in part by the Chamber of Commerce and the Young Men's 
 Mercantile Library. Pike's Oliera House, built by the 
 private enterprise of the jierson whose name it beats, is one 
 of the most extensive and beautiful buildings of the kind 
 in America: it fronts 134 feet on Fourth street, and is 190 
 feet deep and five stories high; the front is of fine sandstone, 
 wrought in the architectural style of the Elizabethan age, 
 with elaborate emblems of the fine arts cut in relief; the 
 auditorium is 98 feet square and 82 feet high under the 
 centre of the dome, with a stage 55 by 96 feet; tlie cost was 
 $.500,000. The Ma.sonic Temple, a new edifice about 200 feet 
 long, built of stone in the castellated Gothic style, is a 
 magnificent structure. Mozart Hall is a massive stone 
 building, with an auditorium that will seat 3000 persons. 
 The Court-House is a large white limestone building, erected 
 at an expense of $500,000. The City Hall, the Mechanics' 
 
 453 
 
CIX 
 
 cm 
 
 Institute, the Melodeon Hall, the Ohio Medical College, and j 
 the Custom-House are eacli large and important public 
 buildings. There are several fine church edifices ; among 
 the most imposing is tlie St. Peter's Roman Catliolic C:vthe- 
 dral, which is one of the finest buildings in tlie West; it is 
 built of white limestone, with a stone spire of remarkable 
 symmetry, 250 feet high, resting on a colonnade of Corin- 
 tiiian columns, and cost Sl-10,000. St. John's Protestant 
 EpiscopM Churcli, Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, the 
 First and Central Presbyterian Cliurches, and tlie St. Xavier's 
 Cliurch are new and costly buildings. Tlie Burnet House, 
 one of the most spacious hotels in the country, was built 
 ,\t a cost of S300,000; including the terrace, it is 212 by 210 
 feet, six stories high, contains 342 apartments, and is sur- 
 mounted by a dome, which i,s 100 feet aliove the basement. 
 The Cincinnati Oljservatory is situated in the eastern limits 
 of the city, on Jloitnt Adams, 500 feet above low water, and 
 hivs a conimaijding view of the city, the river, and the sur- 
 rounding hills. It is furnished with a most perfect equa- 
 torial telescope, whose focal length is 17J4 '•^"t, with an 
 object-glass 12 inches in diameter, and luis magnifying 
 powers varying from lOU to 1400 times. The corner-stone 
 of this edifice ■\n\s laid by tlie statesman and scholar, John 
 Quincy Adams, and the institution is inseparably asso- 
 ciated with the memory of the astronomer and patriot, 
 General 0. M. Mitchell. 
 
 Religious, Literary, and Benevolent Institutions. — Cincin- 
 nati is distinguislied for its benevolent and literary insti- 
 tutions as well as for wealth and i>ublic spirit. It contains 
 105 churches and 5 synagogues, which may be classified as 
 follows: 22 Methodist Episcopal, 19 Roman Catholic, 10 
 Baptist, 6 Protestant Episcopal, 5 German Evangelical. 5 Old 
 School, 4 New School Presbyterian, 3 United and 3 Reformed 
 Presbyterian, 5 Christian, 4 Congregsitional, 3 Lutheran, 3 
 German Reformed, 2 i'riends, 2 Meiln)dist Protestant, 1 
 Independent Methodist, 1 Calvinistic Jlethodist. 1 Wesleyan 
 Metliodist, 2 United Brethren, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Unita- 
 rian, and 1 Universjilist. Twenty-five churches are German 
 (15 Protestant and 10 Roman Catholic), and 5 belong to 
 colored congregations. The Protestant churches have about 
 18,000 members (18t'5); they also have about 90 Sjtbbath 
 schools, in which 20.000 children are enrolled. The city 
 has two colleges, properly so called, viz.: the Cincinnati 
 College, which has a law school in operation, the other de- 
 partments being suspended at present, and tlie St. Xavier 
 College, founded by the Roman Catholics. There are tliree 
 medical colleges devoted to the several systems of practice, 
 and a College of Dental Surgery. Lane Seminary, (Presby- 
 terian New School I, is a theological school of high repu- 
 tation, liberally endowed by the church and by private 
 donations; it possesses the finest theological library in the 
 AVest, for the accommodation of which an ample building 
 has been erected by a donation from one liberal man. The 
 public schools have become the pride of the city. There 
 are 18 common schools, 2 intermediate, and 2 high schools, 
 with a capacious brick building for each one — 22 in all. 
 AVithin a few yeiir« new buildings have been erected, or the 
 old ones enlarged and improved in each district; they are 
 now ample in size and tasteful in style and appointments. 
 The High School buildings, founded by donations from two 
 liberal citizens, are fine strticturcs, and the course of study 
 pursued in them is of a collegiate grade. By the census of 
 1863 there were 80,527 youths between 5 and 21 years of 
 age in the city; in the school year of 18t;3-4 there were 
 21,904 enrolled in the common schools, 1194 in the inter- 
 mediate, and 415 in the high schools; tliere were 68 male 
 and 305 female teachers employed, and the total expendi- 
 tures amounted to $J79,750. Tlie Roman Catholics have a 
 school connected with each of their churches, with an 
 attendance of between 7000 and 8000 children. Among the 
 private schools there are 2 academies for boys and 3 semi- 
 naries for young ladies, earch accommodated with good 
 bnildings. A School of Design is sustained in tl/e Mechanics' 
 Institute under the patronage of the mechanical interests. 
 There are 9 public libraries; the principal of which are the 
 Mercantile Library, with 20,000 volumes and a reading- 
 rooifi; the School Library, composed of the library of the 
 Mechanics' Institute and the Common School library, which 
 is free to every resident of the city ; the Law Library and 
 the Theological and Religious Library ; the last named w:is 
 organized in 1863. with a Boai-d of Trustees representing 
 almost every religious denomination, and now contains 
 2500 valuable religious works. The Methodist Episcopal 
 Church has a publishing house, doing a business of $300,000, 
 and there is a Depository of the American Bible Society 
 and the Tract Society. Under the control and support of 
 the city are a Ilotise of Refuge, an Infirmary, a Disiiensaj-y, 
 ami a Lunatic Asylum; the last is one of the largest build- 
 ings of the kind in tbe country. I'rivate benevolence has 
 established 3 orphan asylums, 2 hospitals, a AVidows' Home, 
 and a Home for the Friendless. Since the beginning of the 
 war for the Union, the Government has estjiblished 4 hos- 
 pitals, and the people have organized a Christian Comniis- 
 Bion, a Sanitary Commission, and the Western Frecdmen's 
 Aid Commission. There are 33 public associations, 16 Mar 
 454 
 
 iionic, 38 Odd Fellow, 13 Good Fellow, 9 Druid, 5 American 
 Protestant, 5 Beni-Berith. 4 Bed Men, and 11 Temperance 
 Societies. There are 6 daily and 24 weekly newspapers, 5 
 semi-monthly and 10 monthly periodicals published, 16 of 
 which are religious organs. 
 
 Banks, dx. — There are 21 private banks, 4 banks of issue: 
 and 7 national banks ; the latter have a capital of $3,i i2.'),00(l, 
 and are limited to $6,800,000. There are 23 insurance com- 
 panies estiiblished in the city. 
 
 Railways. — Cincinnati is a great commercial centre. .Km 
 extensive trade, built up and carried on in the main for 
 years by the Ohio River, his been greatly extended by 
 canal and railway connections. The city is connected with 
 Lake Erie by the Miami Canal, which furnishes both a 
 means of transit for commerce and excellent water-power 
 for machinery. Nine lines of railway run to the city, l)y 
 which it has the following connections, viz.: the Little 
 -Miami, Xeiiia and Columbus to Columbus, connecting there 
 with roads to Cleveland and Eastern cities ; the Cincinnati, 
 Hamilton and Dayton to Dayton, connecting with roads to 
 Sandusky, Toledo, and Chicago; the Ohio and Missis«iiipi 
 to St. Louis, reducing the distance of travel between the 
 two cities to less than one-half what it is by water, and the 
 time to less than one-fourth ; the Cincinnati and Chicago 
 Air Line, the shortest by 46 miles of three lines connecting 
 these cities; the Indianapolis and Cincinnati, the shortest 
 by 24 miles of two lines connecting these cities: the Marietta 
 and Cincinnati, connecting at Parkersburg, Virginia, with 
 tlie Baltimore and Ohio road; the Cincinnati, Wilmingtim 
 and Ziiuesville, connecting at the latter place witli the 
 Central Ohio road; the Atlantic and Great Western, which 
 here connects with the Ohio and Mississippi road; and the 
 Kentucky Central, connecting Covington on the opposite 
 bank of the Ohio with Lexington, Kentucky. The White- 
 water Canal, whicli tiipped one of the most fertile and pro- 
 ductive portions of Indiana, has been purchased by the 
 Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad, and replaced by a 
 railway. The city has given the Little Miami and the Cin- 
 cinnati and Indianapolis roads tlie right to cuiinect their lines 
 by a track through the streets parallel with the Ohio River. 
 River Trade. — The trade on the Ohio has been favorably 
 afifected by the canal around the falls at Louisville, and «his 
 ciinal is now being enlarged so as to accommodate the 
 niamnioth steamers whicli ply the Mississippi. Notwith- 
 standing the numerous railways connectins Cincinnati with 
 the grejit cities, esist, north, and west, there has been a 
 steady increase in the river trade. During the commercial 
 year ending August 31, 1864, 435 steamboats and barges 
 were employed in this tnide, an increase of 121 over the 
 year 185^4, and an increase of 112 over tlie average number 
 employed during the last decade. The tonnage of the boats 
 and barges for the year lS63-i was 92,742, against an aver- 
 ivge tor the ten years preceding of 75,846. There were in 
 tlie same year 29:6 steamboat arrivals, although for three 
 years the New Orleans trade and much of other lower Mis- 
 sissippi trade was cut off by the war. During this year 
 there were built here 44 ste<imboats, tonnage 17,308, and 18 
 barges, tonnage 2S09, a tofcil increase over the previous 
 year of 21 vessels and 7527 tons, and nearly double the 
 number and tonn-.ige of any other previous yeiu'. 
 
 Purk Trade. — Cincinnati lias long been known as the 
 great pork market of the Union. In 1>63, 608,457 hogs were 
 received, but in lS6i only 370,623 were received, an unpre- 
 cedenteil decline, resulting first from a deficiency of more 
 than 20 per cent, in the market of the principal hog pro- 
 ducing states of the West, and, secondly, from the fact that 
 a large number of the Kentucky hogs were taken South by 
 the Government. The average weight of hogs in l>62-3 
 was 2o3 pounds; in 1863-4 only 188 pounds. The total de- 
 creiise in number and weight was 32}/^ per cent. Thirty- 
 nine houses were engaged in this trade. Its imports in 1863 , 
 were 33,215,723 pounds of pork. 93.707 ban-els and 11,800 
 kegs of lard: in 1864, 20,169,052 pounds of pork, 58,328 bar- 
 rels and 5327 kegs of lard. But. while there was a decrease 
 in the quantity, there was an increase in value; hogs im- 
 ported 1-63-3 amounted to $5,791,305; tliose of 1863-4 to 
 $6.377,265 ; jxirk, 1863-3, amounted to $2,620,734 : for 186:5-4, 
 $3,998,171 ; lard, 1862-3, amounted to $1,9j4,870( for 1863-4, 
 $2,139,760. 
 
 [For the commerce, manufacturr,a, improvements and 
 gi-o\vth of Cincinnati, see Appendix.] 
 
 CIXCINNATI, ft village of Greene oo., Indiana, 66 miles 
 S.W. of Indian.ipolis. . 
 
 CIN'Cl \'X 4T1. a post-vilhiire of Rahs co^ Missouri, on Salt 
 River. 100 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City. It has a CathoUc 
 chapel and a few stores. 
 
 CINCl.NN.^TI, a postroffice of .\pranooRt, co., Iowa 
 
 CINCINNATI, a post-village of Polk co., On^on, op the 
 
 left bank of the Willamette KivtT. ^ ^ ., ^ 
 
 CINCINN.'VTUS, a post-village .tnd township of Co-tland 
 
 CO., New York. 30 miles N. of Binghamton, drained by 
 
 Otselic Creek. Pop. 1213. 
 
 CINCINN.VTUS. a post-office of Hendricks co., Indian,-*. 
 
 C1NC(>SkS')UES. seen'ko-san-yo'ris. a town of tbr Mexi 
 
 can Confederation, state of and 106 nuifcd N. by W. ef Uvraiigc 
 
CIN 
 
 JIR 
 
 It fonne.l one of the mission settlements of the Jesuits, and 
 was occupied by Indians. 
 
 CIXl-JY, see^nA/. a town of Bel^um. province of Xamur, 
 9 miles K.N.E of Dinaut, on the Italijoux. Pop. 1435. It 
 has ancient walls, and manufactories of pottery ware. 
 
 CI.\(JA. See Cl.NXA. 
 
 CLXGALESE or aiJS'OIIALESK See Ce^IO^J. 
 
 CI.NGOLI, chin'iro-le. or CIN'OOLO, chin'jro-lo, (ane. Cinf- 
 giihint.) a town of Central Italy, in the Marches, 14 miles 
 W.N.AV. of Macerata, on the Musone. Pop. 2440. 
 
 CIXISKLLO, cho-nesi'1'lo, a market-town of Italy, in Lom- 
 bnrdy. 6 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 2408. 
 
 CINISI. ehe-nee'see, a town of Sicily, 14 miles W.N.VV. of 
 PiUermo, near the coa.«t. Pop. 3400. 
 
 CIN'NAMINSiiN, a township, Biirlinjrton Co.. New Jersey. 
 
 CIXQ-MAKS, silNk^-maR/, a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire, 16 miles N.E. of Chinon, near 
 the Loire. It has a remarkable sfjuare tower of Koman 
 origin, 92 feet in height, and 13 feet broad on each side. 
 Pop. 1728. 
 
 CIXQUEFROXDI, chin-kwiV-fron'dee, a town of Naples, 
 province of Calabria Ultra I.. 15 miles K.X.E. of Palmi. Pop. 
 3tKK). It was nearly ruined by the earthquake of 178.3. 
 
 CIXQUK (sink) POKTS, seaports of England, namely, 
 Dovei', Sandwich, Ilythe. and Komney. on the coast of 
 Kent, and Sussex, Kj'e, Winchelsea, Ilastinirs. and Seaford, 
 on th:it of Sussex. Their number, as the name imports, 
 was orij;inally five, Winchelsea, Kye, and Seaford havini; 
 been subsequently added. The original Cinque Ports were 
 created by AVilliam the Conqueror; the othei-s were added 
 before the reign of Henry III. They were endowed witli 
 various important privileges, in consideration of their fur- 
 nishing a certain quota of ships of war. properly equipped 
 and manned, for the king's use, when demanded. In tlie 
 time of Edward I., the number they were bound to provide 
 was 57, the period of gratuitous service being limited to 16 
 days. 
 
 CIXTEGABELLE, sAxtva'bMl', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaute-flaronne. on the Ariege, 20 miles S. of Tou- 
 louse. Pop. in 1852, 4000. Lord Hills division passed the 
 river here in 1814. 
 
 CIXTI or ZI.XTI. seen'tee. a town of South America, Bolivia. 
 140 miles S.E. of Tuere; Pop. 2000. It has a trade in wines. 
 
 CIXTR.4^. sin'tri or seen'trd, a town of Portugsil, province 
 of Estremadur.a. 14 miles N.W. of Lisbon, on the slope of the 
 mountain chain of Cintra, which terminates at Cape Koca. 
 Pop. 4IJ00. It is remarkable for the picturesque beauty of its 
 situation, and its delicious climate. It has an ancient royal 
 castle, and numerous villas of the inhabitants of LislKm. 
 The convention of Cintra. by which the French were allowed 
 to leave Portugal unmolested, was signed here August 22d. 
 1808. 
 
 CIXTRUENIGO, theen-troo A-nee/go. a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Navarre, 14 miles W. of Tudela, on the Albania. 
 Pop. 2396. It has manufactures of woollens. Cintruenigo 
 was a walled town in the time of the Romans. 
 
 CIOTAT. L\, Id seeVi'ti'. (anc. Cith((ri.'>'la .?) amaritime town 
 of Fi-ance, department of Bouches-du-Rhone. on the AV. side 
 of a bay in the Mediterranean, 14 miles S.E. of Marseilles. 
 Pop. in 1852, 5194. It is enclosed by old walls, is well built, 
 and has a town-hall, hospital, lazaretto, schcxd of navigation, 
 a port enclosed by a mrile, a light-house, shipbuilding yards, 
 a brisk trade in dry fruits, wine, and olive oil, and 2 large 
 annual fairs. 
 
 ClPltlCAOLIE. See Cervicale.s. 
 
 CinCARS, NORTHERN, several districts of British India. 
 
 See NOBTHERN ClRC.^RS. 
 
 CIRCASSIA, sir-kas'she-a, or TCHERKESSIA, chJr-k?s'- 
 shea. a country in the S.K.' corner of Europe, the E. portion 
 of which is called Little Abkasia. claimed bv Russia, but in fact 
 Independent, between lat. 41° 50' and 46° 20' N., and ion. 37° 
 and 47°20'E.: bounded N. by the rivers Kooban and Terek, 
 and part of the Russian government of Caucasus. N.W. by 
 the Black Sea, S.W. .and S. by the mountains of Caucasus, and 
 E. by Uaghestan and the district of K%miki : greatest length, 
 from X'.W. to S.E., 550 miles ; average bi-eadth, 75 miles ; area, 
 about 40.000 square miles. It occupies the whole of the X.. 
 and. in the X.W., a part of the S. side of the Caucasus, and is 
 Inter.sected throughout by branches of that mountain chain, 
 separated from each other by deep, precipitous ravines, 
 which in general are only wide enough to form the beds of 
 foaming torrents, but occi.sionally. after commencing with 
 n.irrow gorges, spread out into valleys of some extent and 
 great fertility. The highest summits are, for nine months 
 in the year, covered with snow, some of them, indeed, never 
 altogether parting with this cover-ng. At a lower level, 
 where the surface is not so precipitous as to leave no soil 
 for vegetation, magnificent forests, chiefly of oak, prevail ; 
 and lower still, gi-assy slopes appear, succeeded occasionally 
 by cultivated fields; the whole uniting to form a scenery 
 which, according to all .accounts, is of the most magnificent 
 description. Tiie climate is tempei-ate and salubrious. The 
 geology of Circassia is very impei-fectly known. Rich beds 
 of .ron exist, but have not been turned to account. Traces 
 Of copper and lead have also been discovered ; and, in some 
 
 districts, coal not only is found, but it is f»1'7 to be partial!* 
 worked, and used for fuel. Circassia abouii/' in mountain 
 torrents; but none of its streams deserve ttt. name uf river, 
 if we except the Kooban and Terek, which hece take their 
 rise. The wild animal.s, though not v.cicus in kind, are 
 very numerous, and consist chiefly of bears, wolves, foxes,, 
 and hogs. 
 
 The natural vegetation of Circassia It vigorous and luxu- 
 riant. Reference has already been nmde to the magnificent 
 mountain forests. Some of these extend into tlie lower 
 grounds, and there have a rank undergrowth, almost impene- 
 trable. AVhere the surfac-e is sufflridntly level to admit of 
 cultivation, the soil is generally a df ep. rich loain. with a sub- 
 stratum of limestone or clialk. The implements and mode 
 of cultivation are very defective ; but corn and wine, and all 
 the ordinary productions of temperate climates, are raised in 
 considerable abundance. The f.iop most extensively grown 
 is millet, the flour of which, made into porridge, may be 
 regarded as the national diet. Almost every Circassian has 
 his horse, and tends it with the greatest care. Both cattle 
 and sheep .are extensively reared: but the domestic animal 
 existing in greatest numl)er is the goat. Agriculture and 
 the rearing of cattle seem to be the only industrial occupa- 
 tions. There are no manufactures, in the proper sense of 
 the t^rm, and the trade is almost as nominal as the nianu- 
 fiictures: when it has any existence, it is only as barter, 
 miney being almost unknown. 
 
 I'knpli'., Keliginn. eft. — It seems to be univer.sally admitted 
 that the people inhabiting Circassia exhibit man' in his finest 
 physical form, and are the original stock froOi which the 
 races now dominant tliroughout the civilized world were 
 derived. Although the different tril)es bear a striking re- 
 semblance to each other, both externally and in habits and 
 customs, they differ widely in language. Within a narrow 
 space, not less than 72 dialects have been counted: and one 
 particular spot, where this variety is more remarkably e,x- 
 hiliited, has been surnamed " Jebel-el-Alas.son." (the Mount 
 of Tongues.) To add to the perplexity, none of their lan- 
 guages have a written character; while their pronunciation 
 consists of strange, uncouth, deep, guttural sounds, which 
 European letters can hardly express, and European organs 
 vainly attempt to articulate. The Circassians may be divided 
 into two great classes — the Circassians proper, or the Tclier- 
 kessians. and the Chechenzes or Tschetscht^nzes, (ch'i-chi^n'- 
 zes.) They take the common name of Adighe. (i'dee'ga':) 
 but the former, occupying the W. parts of the Caucasus, and 
 including among them sinaller tribes of Kabaitiians. Aljkases, 
 llbiches. Chigetes or Tschigetes. »tc.. amount to 4(10,(1(10 or 
 500.000 souls; while the latter, occupying the E. parts, have 
 probably risen, by their own energy and prowess, from a com- 
 paratively feeble stock, and now amount to aliout 150,000 — 
 thus making the whole population not to exceed 650.1X10. 
 For governmental pur))Oses the people are divided into four 
 different classes, over whom are the princes or T^leex, 
 (7N-c/(i>.) who are independent of each other, and have no 
 common head unless when on great emergencies they concur 
 in appointing one. Under each I'slieeare. 1. OostJei's, {I'sdis.^or 
 nobility; 2. 6V,/b.',o<('S. (7Vc/(/»AYrfe.v.)or full freemen; S. Pxliilt, 
 mere freemen, or rather serls. Beneath all these, though 
 their unfortunate position scarcely allows them to lie re- 
 garded as a class, are slaves. Th* inhabitants are civilized 
 enough to live in towns ; but the nature of the country, com- 
 bined with other causes, induces them to prefer hamlets or 
 single homesteads, often widely scattered. In domestic life, 
 the Circassian is very much of a Turk. His authority in his 
 own house is absolute. His wife must hide herself frcmi stran- 
 gers, and not walk out without lieing veiled. His children 
 must stand in his presence, and, when they eat. go into a cor- 
 ner and turn their backs. The best feature in the domestic 
 arrangement is that there is no harem, and polygamy is 
 almost unknown. Still, so long as public law values the 
 life of a woman at half that of a man, and he sells his 
 daughter, not only to the countryman who honestly takes 
 her for his wife, but sometimes even to the trader who means 
 to make a speculation of her charms — without questioning 
 the truth of all that is said of his manllne.s.s, generosity, 
 courage, and love of freedom, it is impossible to (jeny that, in 
 many essential respects, he is more than half a savage. 
 
 The n'liginn of the Circassians exhibits a strange combina- 
 tion of Christianity, Mohammedanism, and paganism. The 
 first, unfortunatelj'. has scarcely a nominal existence, and 
 is chiefly discernible in a superstitious reverence paid to tho 
 cross, figures of which, in stone, are set up in many locali- 
 ties, which, in consequence, often become famous trysting- 
 places. and at whicli .some kind of worship is p.iid. The 
 paganism appears in the homage which is paid, chiefly by 
 the vulgar, to two spirits, a giXKl and a bad — Merem, a 
 benevolent deity, and Tschible. the spirit of thunder. In 
 some districts, considerable influence is posses.sed by Jloham- 
 medan jiriests, who, in addition to their proper duties, act 
 as te;»chers. and, as there is no printed vernacular, Turkish, 
 and occasionally a little Persian, are employed. The true 
 Circassian education is that which the youths receive who 
 are trained to war from their earliest years, and never ceasa 
 from it till they are able to take the field. 
 
 4fi5 
 
CIK 
 
 CIT 
 
 ilistorti. — The Cii-casRians having no annals, and very few 
 traditions, their e.irlv historj- is almost a bLiuk. There can 
 be no douht. however, th.it they came from the East; and 
 the probability is that they were orisrinally Medes. From 
 them Greece received her first inhabitants, and, in return, 
 appears to have .*ent back colonists, who settled on the Cir- 
 cassian coast, and ultimately fell under the Roman domina- 
 tion. In more modern times, between the tenth and thir- 
 teenth centuries, they became subject to the kinjjdom of 
 Georgia, whose queen. Tamar, is said to have instructed 
 them in the knowledge of Christianity, In 1424 they threw 
 off the Georgian yoke, a.sserted their independence, and not 
 only maintained it, but extended their boundaries so far, 
 that they were at last brought, into tierce conflict with the 
 Tartars, who ultimately prevailed, and made the Circassians 
 their tributaries. In 1705. they i-ose against their oppressors, 
 and, by a decisive victory, effected their freedom. In 1781, 
 Russia acquired the Kooban as a frontier: and in 1784 the 
 Turks built the fort .\napa, and thence directed their efforts 
 to stir up the Circassians against the Czar, Anapa, taken 
 by the Russians in 1807, was restored to Turkey in 1S12, at 
 the peace of Bucharest. The quiet which followed this 
 treaty was u.sed by the Turks to convert the Circassians to 
 Islamism, and thus implant in them an ever-duiing enmity 
 to Rus.sia. In lS2il, Anapa again fell into the hands of the 
 Russians: and by the treaty of .\driauople they also ac- 
 quired all the other Turkish possessions on this coast. Upon 
 this they ground the claim of .sovereignty over Circassia.which 
 
 in £ict was Yiever under Turkish rule. Adj. and inhab., 
 
 Circassian, sir-kash'e-dn, or Tcherkp-ssian, cher-k^sh'e-an. 
 
 CIRCELLO, chiK-chJllo, or CIRCEO. chiit-ohii/o, (anc. 
 Circa'lum Pr</jnonto>rium.) a headland of Southern Italy, on 
 the Mediterranean, near the S, extremity of the Pontifical 
 States, 12 miles W.S.\V, of Terracina." Lat. 41° 13' N., Ion. 
 13° 3' E. IIei'_'ht above the sea, 1713 feet, 
 
 CIR/CLEVILLE, a postoffice of Orange CO., New York. 
 
 CIRCLEVILLE, a post-office of Loudon co., Airginia. 
 
 CIRCLKVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Picka- 
 way CO., Ohio, on the left bank of the Scioto River, and on 
 the Ohio Canal, 25 miles S, of Columbus, and 20 miles N". of 
 Chillicothe. It occupies the site of an ancient f irtification 
 having a circular foi'm, from which the name is derived. 
 The canal crosses the river here by a handsome aqueduct, 
 Circleville is surrounded by a rich and highly cultivated 
 district, and has considerable trade. It contains a fine brick 
 court-house, a large union school-house, which cost S2o,000, 
 8 churches, several newspaper-offices, 2 national banks and 
 1 other bank. The town has numerous mills and factories 
 propelled by water-power. The Zanesville and Cincinnati 
 Railroad passes through Circleville. Laid out in 1810. 
 Pop. 4383. 
 
 CIRCLEVILLE. a village of Cass co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River and Canal, opposite Lewisburg, and 8 miles 
 E. of Loffansport, 
 
 CIRCLEVILLE, a small village of Tazewell co„ Illinois. 
 
 CIRENCESTER, sis'e-ter, (anc. Chrin'ium.) a pailiamentary 
 borough, town, and parish of England, co.. and 10 miles S.E. 
 of Gloucester, on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 
 on the river Churn, and a branch of the Thames and -Severn 
 Canal. Pop. of borough and parish, in 1851, COM). It w.is 
 a town of the ancient Britons, and occupies a portion of 
 the site of the ancient Roman town, the walls of which, 
 about 2 miles in circumfei-ence. are still traceable. The 
 principal buildings comprise a parish church of the fifteenth 
 century, various dissenting chapels, some remains of a very 
 ancient abtiey. sover.il hospitals for the poor, and a union 
 work-house Public institutions, a free grammar school, of 
 which Dr. Jenner was a pupil, blue and yellow c-oat schools, 
 &e. The principal manufactures are of carpets, woollen 
 cloths, and cutlery. It is not an incorporated borough, but 
 is governed by 2 high constables and 14 wardsmen. It is a 
 polling-place for East Gloucestershire. It sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. Many Roman remains have been 
 discovered in the vicinity. Adjoining the town is Oakley 
 Grove, the seat of Earl Bathurst, 
 
 CIREY, seeV.i', a villageof France, department of Meurthe, 
 33 miles E. of Nancy. Pop. 2347. It has glass-works and 
 manu&ctures of mirrors. 
 
 CIREY. a village of France, department of Haute-Marne, 
 12 miles S. of Vas.sy. on the Blaise. 
 
 CIRIE. seeVee', a town of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont. 12 miles N.N.W. of Turin, on a branch of the Stura. 
 Pop. 33.53. 
 
 CIRO, chee'ro. a town of Naples, province of CiLibria 
 Ultra II., district, and 21 miltis N.NfiV. of Cotrone, and 3 
 miles from the Mediterranean. Pop. 2900. It is enclosed 
 by w.hUs. and has a castle, several churches, a bishop's pa- 
 lace, a seminary, manufactures of serge and co<arse linens, 
 trade in manna and agricultural produce, and an anchovy 
 fishery. It was the birthi)lace of the astronomer Lilio. 
 
 CI RON. seeVi\x«'. a small river of France, joins the Ga- 
 ronne, below l^ianson. 
 
 CISALPINE (sis-.tl'pin') REPUBLIC, a former state in 
 the North of Italy, founded by the F'rench. in 1797, of parts 
 of Milan, Mautua, the Valteline, the Venetian territory S. 
 450 
 
 and W. of the Adige. Slodena. and the N. part of the Ponti- 
 fical States. In 1802 it took the name of the Italian Re- 
 public, and in 1S05 it formed the greater part ol the king- 
 dom of Italy. 
 
 CISMAR. tsis'mar, a hamlet of Denmark, duchy of IIol- 
 stein, 9 miles S.E. of Oldenburg. 
 
 CISNEROS, thees-n.i'roce. a town of Spain, in Leon, 24 
 miles N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 2029. 
 
 CISOINO, see'zwaJis'. a village of France, department of 
 Nord. 8 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. 240<). Its abbey comm^ 
 morates the Battle of Fontenoy. 
 
 CISTERN A. chis-tfe/nd, a lillaize of Italy, in the I'oQ- 
 tifical States. 8 miles S.S.E. of Velletii. Pop. 2500. 
 
 CISTERNA, a village of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont. 23 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 1902. 
 
 CISTERNA. a Tillage of Naples, province of Terra di L»- 
 Toro. 9 miles N.E. of Naples. 
 
 CISTERNINO, chis-t^R-nee'no, a market-town of Naples, 
 in Terra di Rari, 17 miles S.E. of iIono]X)li. Pop. 3600, 
 
 CISTRlilRES, sees*tre-aiR', a village of France, department 
 of Hatite-Loire, 11 miles E, of Brioude. Pop, 1070. 
 
 CITARA. che-t4'rd. a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra. on the Ciulf of Salerno, 3^ miles S.W. of 
 Salerno. Pop. 2550. ma«tlv occupied in fishing. 
 
 CITARA, che-t(l'ri or (^UIBDO, keeVdo. a town of New 
 Granad:i, department of Cauca, on the Atrato, 80 miles S.W. 
 of Antioquia. Pop. 3lHi0. 
 
 CITEAUX. seeHo', formerly.CISTEAUX, (L„ ChUHavm.) 
 a hamlet of France, department of COte-d'Or, 14 miles N.E. 
 of Beaune. on the right bank of the Aouge. It was the seat 
 of the celebrated monastery of Citeaux, the buildings of 
 which still remain to attest its former magnificence. The 
 monastic order of Cistercians w.as founded here in 1098. by 
 Robert. Abbot of Molesme: and. in the course of a few year.s, 
 had become so numerous as to throw off the colonies of 
 Ferte, Pontivy^, Clairvaux, and Morimond. Through the 
 exertions of St. Bernard de Clairvaux. it had increased so 
 much, one hundred years after its origin, as to embrace 800 
 rich abbeys in the different countries of Europe. They 
 succeeded in freeing themselves from the superintendence 
 of the bishops, and formed a kind of spiritual republic, 
 under the immediate superintendence of the pope. Among 
 the fraternities emanating from them, the most remarkable 
 are the tarefooted monks, or feuillans, the nuns of Port 
 Royal, the Recollets, and the monks of La Trappe. In the 
 eighteenth century, 1800 monasteries and 14o0 nunneries 
 depended on the abbey of Citetjux, 
 
 CITII.ERON, (sith-ee'ron ; Gr. KiBatpov.) MOUNT, now 
 ELATEA, el-l-tee'i(, a £mious mountain of Greece, forming 
 part of the l)0und!iry between Attica and Thebes. Ileij^t 
 above the se.i, 4ti20 feet. 
 
 CIT'ICO. a post-office of ^lonroe co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CITRONELLE, sit'i-o-nJU', a post-village and niilroad sta- 
 tion of Mobile co., Alab;ima, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 
 33 miles N.N.W. of Mobile. 
 
 CITTADELLA, chit-ta-dJl11 a walled town of Northern 
 Italy, government of A'enice. 14 miles N.Fi. of Vicenza, on 
 the Brentella. Pop. 6C00, partly engaged in paper and wool- 
 len factories. 
 
 CITTADELLA-DI-PORTO, chit-ti-dflia dee poR/to. a town 
 of Austrian Italy, government of A'enice, 2 miles N.W. of 
 Mantua, separated from that city by the Mincio. It is 
 strongly fortified, begirt with walls, and overlooked by a 
 fortress. Pop, 2900. 
 
 CITTA-DELLA-PIEVE, chit-tJ/dJiai pe-.VvA, a town of 
 Italy, in Umbria, 2^ miles W.S.W. of Perugia. Its chief 
 interest is derived from its being the birthplace of the cele- 
 brated Pietro Perugino. Pop. 3400. 
 
 CITTA DI CASTE l,LO, cliit-td' dee kSs-tlHo, or simply 
 CASTELLO, (anc. Tiberi'num.) a town of Itiily, in Umbria, 
 about 30 miles X.W. of Perugia, on the Tiber. Po).. 5:W9. 
 It has a cathedral, an hospital, seminary, many ecclesLa» 
 tical buildings, and some manufactures of silk-twist. 
 
 CITTA-DUCALE, Naples. See Civjta Ducale. 
 
 CITTA-NUOV.A., ehit-ta'noo-o'v3. a town of Illyri.a. go- 
 vernment, and 26 miles S.S.W. of Triest, on a headlxud 
 in the Adriatic, with a good harbor. I'op. 1000. 
 
 CITTA-NUOVA, chit-til'n.xi-o'v.i a market-town of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, 30 miles N.N.W. of Ochrida, on an affluent 
 of the Driu. 
 
 CITTA VECCIIIA. chit-ta/ vjk'ke-i or NOTABILE, no- 
 ti'lje-li, a fortified city of >L»lta. near the centre of tho 
 island, 6 miles W. of Valletta. It stands on a limestone 
 hill, in which exten.sive citaccmbs have lieen excavated at 
 a remote period. Tho Cathedral, dedicated to St. Paul, a 
 large .and handsome edifice, from which a view of the whole 
 Island is obtained, is said to occupy the site of the house of 
 Publius. who was Roman governor when the apostle sut 
 fered shipwreck. The Catacombs, situaU'd in the suburb 
 Rabato. are amtmg the most interesting objects of the place. 
 They are excavated in the tertiary limestone of the island, 
 and run a considenible way under ground. Tlie rm'^ly 
 sculptured ci-oss which is on the roof of many of the tombs, 
 and the inscription. In pace. }x>.<ita sunt — " They have been 
 , laid (buried) in peace" — leave no doubt that they were the 
 
CIT 
 
 CLA 
 
 work of the early Christians. Citta Vecchia. while in pos- 
 session of the Saracens, was called Medina, (me-dee/nSj) and 
 lu that of the Ara^onese, Xotabile. 
 
 CITTA VKCCIllA, a seaport and market-town on an in- 
 let of the island of Lesina, in Dalmatia, 23 miles S. of Spa- 
 latro. I'op. 8'Jlti. 
 
 CITY, a post-office of Dutchess co., Xew York. 
 
 CITY POINT, a post-village and port of entry of Prince 
 George CO., A'ir!;iiiia, on James Kiver, at the mouth of the 
 Appomattox, 34 miles S.E. of Richmond, and 10 miles K.N.K. 
 of Petersburg. There is a good landing here, at which the 
 large vessels engafred in the trade of Kichmond and Peters- 
 burg receive and discharge their cargoes. The Appomattox 
 Kailroad extends from this place to I'etersburg. 
 
 CITY POINT, a post-office of Itawamija CO.. Mi.ssis.sippi. 
 
 CITY WKPT, a village of Porter co., Indiana, on Lake 
 Michigan, about 33 miles by water S.K. of Chicago. 
 
 CIUDAD Di; LAS CASAS, a town of Mexico. See CiUD.u> 
 Eeal. 
 
 CIUDADELA, seoo-di-di/l3, a city and seaport of the 
 Island of Minorca, on its VV. coa.st, 25 miles N.W. of Mahon. 
 Pop. 7800. It was formerly capital of the island, and retains 
 portions of its ancient walls. 
 
 CIUDAD KEAL, thoKX)-!)!!)/ nVil', a walled city of Spain, 
 formerly capital of La Mancha, 97 miles S. of M84rid, be- 
 tween the Guadiana and the Jabalon. Pop.ia 1849,10,235. 
 It has a large hospital, mona.steries, and 3 nunneries, with 
 several schools; its manufactures of woollen and leather, 
 formerly important, have greatly declined. Chief commerce 
 in wine, fruits, oil, and mules. It was the head-quarters of 
 the celelirated .Santa Hermandad, or " holy brotherhood," 
 founded in 1249 for the suppression of highway robtery. 
 
 CIUDAD R E A L, senw-dM' rA-ll', a town of South America, 
 in Venezuela, department, and 170 miles S.S.AV. of Cumuna, 
 on the Orinoco. 
 
 CIUDAD REAL, se-oo dM' rA-dl', a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, capital of the department of Chiapa, in a fer- 
 tile plain on the Rio de los Zeldales, 285 miles S,E. of Vera 
 Cruz, Lat. 16° 30' N., Ion. 92° 40' W. It has a cathedral, 
 three monttiiteries, a nunnery, an episcopal seminary, and a 
 Roman Catholic college. It was founded in 1528, on the site 
 of an Indian tovfu, and raised to a bishop's see ten 3'ears 
 after. It has some manufactures and trade in cocoa, cochi- 
 neal, cotton, and wool; and in its vicinity an intermittent 
 spring and a st-ilactific cavern. It was originally called 
 Villa Real, veel'yd r.i-ill', then Villa Viciosa, veel'yi ve- 
 se-o'si. next, San Christoval de los Llanos, or simply San 
 Christoval. sin krees-t»-vdl dA loce lyi'noce, after which it 
 received its present name. It is likewise sometimes called 
 Ciudad-i)e-las-Casas, se-oo-dM' d,i Ids ki/sds. Pop. 6500. 
 
 CIUDAD RODRIGO, the-oo-DiiV ro-dree/go, a fortified 
 frontier city of Spain, 44 miles S.W. of Salamanca, near the 
 Agueda, here crossed by a bridge of seven arches. Pop. 4612. 
 Chief edifices, a large squaro citadel, a Gothic cathedral of 
 the twelfth century, two other churches, and the governor's 
 residence. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1706, by the 
 French in 1810, and by the British, under the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, in 1812, who thence derived his title of Duke of 
 Ciudad Rodrigo. conferred by the Spanish government. 
 
 CIVEII, see'veh. a village of Western Africa, on the Sene- 
 gal. Lat. 15° 40' N.; Ion. about 13° W. It has a low, but 
 beautifully verdant site, amid a natural forest. 
 
 CIVEZZANO, che-v5t^sil'no, a town of Austri.a, duchy of 
 Tyrol, 5 miles E. by N. of Trent. It has several silk manu- 
 factories. Pop. 2557. 
 
 CIVID.A.LE, che-ve-dJl.^, (anc. lyruni Ju/lii.) a walled 
 town of Northern Italy, government of Venice. 9 miles E.N'.E. 
 of Udine, on the Natisone, here crossed hy a bridge 220 feet 
 in lensjth. Pop. 6027. 
 
 CIVIDATE, che-ve-da'trl, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 
 13J^ miles S.E. of lierframo. 
 
 CIVITA, chee've-ta. a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 3i miles N. of Cassano. Pop. 1500, mostly 
 of Greek descent. 
 
 CIVITA BORELLA, chee've-tS bo-rJlId, a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra. 22 miles S. of I>anciano. 
 
 CIVITA CAMPORANO, chee've-ta kdm-po-rd'no, a mar- 
 ket-town of Naples, province of Molise, 16 miles N. of Cam- 
 poliasso. Pop. 2900. 
 
 CIVITA CASTELLAN A. chee've-ta Uf^til-WnL a town 
 of the Pontifical States. 19 miles S.E. of Viterbo. Close to it 
 are remains of the ancient Falerium. with some sepulchral 
 jhambers, &c. ; and 4 miles distant are those of FaUrii, 
 made memorable to readers of Roman history by the epi- 
 sode of Camillus and the schoolmaster. The latter ruins 
 present the most extraordinary specimen extant of ancient 
 militarj' architecture. The walls, towers, and several gate- 
 ways are tolerably perfect, and within the area are remains 
 of an ancient theatre, and of a Lombard church of the 
 twelfth century. Civita Castellana is a bishop's see. Near 
 It the rren<h under Macdonald defeated the troops under 
 Mack, December 4. 1798. 
 
 CIVITA DI PENNE, chee've-ta dee pJn'ni, a town of Na- 
 ples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I.. 23 miles S.E. of Teramo. 
 I'op iooo. It has a jathedral and a diocesan seminary. 
 
 CIVITA DUCALE, chee've-ta doo-ki/lA, the westernmost 
 town of Naples, province of .\hruzzo Ultra II., on the Velt 
 no, I) miles E. of Rieti. Pop. 3331. It owes its n/tme to 
 having been founded by the Norman king, Robert of Si >ily, 
 while Duke of Calabria. 
 
 CIVITA-LAVIGNA, chee've-td-ia-veen'ya, a town of thi> 
 Pontifical States, 18 miles S.S.E. of Rome. It comprises 
 the site of the ancient Lanu/vium, and has Roman ruin^ 
 and antiquities. 
 
 CIVITA NUOVA, chee've-ta noo-o'va, a small town of th« 
 Pontifical States, 12 miles E. of JIacerota. near the Adriatic 
 
 CIVITA NUOVA, a small town of Naples, province ot 
 Molise, 10 miles E.N.E. of Isemia. Pop. 2720. 
 
 CIVITAQUANA, chee-ve'ta-kwd'na, a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., in a valley, 9 miles 6. 
 of Civita di Penne. Pop. 1920. 
 
 CIVITA-REALE, chee-ve'ta-r.-l-a/ll, a market-town of Na- 
 pies, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., at the source of the Vo- 
 lino, 19 miles N.E, of Civita Ducale. Pop. 1440. 
 
 CIVITA SANT-ANGELO, chee've-ta sant-an'j.i-lo. a town 
 of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., near the Adriatic, 9 
 miles N.E. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 5994. It has an active 
 trade in grain, wine, and oil. 
 
 CIVITA VECCHIA, chee've-ta vfk'ke-d, (anc. Cenftim 
 CelUw and Tnijuhius IhrHua.) the principal seaport city of the 
 Pontifical States, on the Mediterranean, 38 miles W.N,W. of 
 Rome. Pop. 6S78. It is enclosed by walls, and well built. 
 Chief edifice.s, the convents and churches, theatre, lazaretto, 
 arsenal, building docks, warehou.ses, and a coilvict esta- 
 blishment. The port, which owes its origin to the Emperor 
 Trajan, is one of the best in the Papal dominions. Two 
 large moles form the harbor, and a breakwater (jutside, 
 constructed on a similar plan to the Plymouth breakwater, 
 protects the shipping fr( m the heavy sea brought in by 
 the western gales. A light-house is erected on its S. end. 
 The harbor has depth of water for vessels of 400 or 500 tons, 
 and ships of greater draught may anchor inside the break- 
 water. Civita Vecchia is a free port, btit the quarantine 
 regulations are enforced with extreme strictness. Consuls 
 from the principal European stites reside at it. The prin- 
 cipal {)reign commerce of the state, chiefly with Genoa, 
 Marseilles, and England, passes through this port; the 
 trade is not so extensive as formerly, Civita Vecchia has 
 regular steam communication with Marseilles. Genoa, Leg- 
 horn, Naples, Greece, Egypt, and Turkey. It was captured 
 by Totila, and retaken by Narses in 553. Since that period 
 it has been frequently taken and destroyed, but has been, 
 on each occasion, rebuilt by the con(iueror8. Its fortress 
 was begun in 1512 by Julius II,, from designs by Michael 
 Angelo. and finished liy Paul III. Imports consist mainly 
 of woven goods, salt provisions, wines and spirits, colonial 
 produce, haberd.ashery, salt, and drugs ; exports consist of 
 staves, wheat, alum, cheese, skins, bark. kc. 
 
 CIVITELLA CASANUOVA, che-ve-ttMia kava-nooK)/va, 
 a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 7 
 miles S.S.W. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CIVITELLA DEL TRONTO, che-vtvtJl'ia d^l tron'to, a 
 market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I.. 10 
 miles N. of Teramo, strongly posted on a rock, crowned by 
 a castle, and having a collegiate church, 3 convents, a hos- 
 pital, and 2500 inhabitants. 
 
 CIVO. chee/vo. a town of Northern Italy, government of 
 Milan, 14 miles E. of Sondrio, near the Adda. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CIVRAY, seeVrA/, a town of France, department of Vi- 
 enne, on the Charente, 30 miles S. of Poitiers, with 2109 in- 
 habitants, a very old parish church, a castle, manufactures 
 of woollen febrics, and a brisk trade in corn, chestnuts 
 truffles, &c. 
 
 CLACIINAHARRY, klaK-na-hir'ree, ("the Watchman's 
 Store,") a fishing village of Scotland, co. and IJ miles W.S.W. 
 of Inverness, at the mouth of the Caledonian Canal. li 
 was the scene of a bloody feudal battle in the fourteenth 
 century. 
 
 CLACK'AMAS, a river in Oregon, rises in the W. slope of 
 the Cascade Range, and joins the Willamette on the right. 
 
 CLACK.A.MAS, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Cascade Range, on the N. 
 by the Columbia, and on the W. by the Willamette River. 
 Along the streams, especially the Willamette, the .soil is 
 very fertile. In 18.50. this county produced 353 tons of hay, 
 the greatest quantity of that article raised in any county of 
 the State. Capital. Oregon city. Pop. 3466. 
 
 CLACK Ail AS. a post-office of Marion co., Oregon. 
 
 CLACKIIEATON or CLECKIIEA'TON, a chapelry of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York, We.st Riding. 
 
 CLACKMANNAN, kMk-man'nan. or CLACKMAN'NAN- 
 SIIIRE, the smallest county of Scotland, having S. the river 
 Forth, and on other sides the counties of Perth, Stirling, 
 and Fife. Area. 48 square miles, or 30,720 acres, of which 
 22.000 are arable, and 5000 in pa^ture. It consists chiefly 
 of the viiUey of the Devon, along which river are some rich 
 and well cultivated lands, on which large crops of beans, 
 peas. kc. are raised. In the N. the county extends to the 
 Ochil Hills. Slineral products consist of ironstone, sand- 
 stone, and greenstone, with coal shipped in considerable 
 
 457 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 quantities from Alloa. This connty comprises only 4 pa- 
 ri8li<4S. Towns, Clackmannan, Alloa, and Dollar. It unites 
 wltli the county of Kinross, in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 CLAOEM.A.NXAN', a town and parish of Scotland, capital 
 of the above county, on the DeTon, near its confluence with 
 the Forth, 7 miles" E. of Stirling. Pop. of town, 1077. Its 
 harbor has latterly been improved. The tower is a part of 
 the palace of Itobert Bruce. It is the seat of the county 
 quarter sessions. 
 
 CLACKMANXANSHIRE. See Clweshn-nvx. 
 
 CLAGENFURTU, a town of Illyria. See KLAGESFtniTH. 
 
 CLAG'GAN liXY, Ireland, in Counaught, co. of Galway. 
 Ss about 3 miles W.N.W. of Inuisboffin. and extends inland 
 for 2f miles. It affords good shelter and anchorage for the 
 largest ves^sels, and a quay has been erected on it for the 
 benefit of its tishery. 
 
 CLAGTON, GKK.A.T. a parish of England, co. of E.ss;ex. 
 
 CLAGTO.N, LITTLE, a parish of Encrland. co. of Es.'^ex. 
 
 CLAIBORXE, klA/bllrn, a county in the W. part of Mis- 
 Bissippi, has an area of 740 square miles. The Jlississippi 
 waslies its W. border, separating it from Louisiana: the 
 Big Black River forms the N.W. boundary, and it is inter- 
 gected by Bayou Pierre. The surface is mostly uneven; the 
 soil near the river is fertile. Named in honor of General 
 Claiborne, who commanded in tlie south-west during the 
 war of 1812. Capital. Port Gibson. Pop. 15,679, of whom 
 3383 were free, and 12,296 slaves. 
 
 CL.4.IB0RNE. klA'brirn. a parish in the N. part of Loti- 
 isiana. bordering on Arkansas, contains abont 1200 square 
 miles. It is drained by branches of Bayou d'Arbonne. and 
 bounded on the W. by the Dauchite or Dorcheat River. 
 The surface is undulating, and the soil moderately fertile. 
 The parish con(5iins forests of pine and other trees. An ac- 
 tive emigration to this place has been going on for a few 
 years past. Capital. Ilomer. Pop. 16,848, of whom 9000 
 were free, and 7^48 slaves. 
 
 CLAIl'.ORN'E, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee, 
 bordering on Virginia, has an area of about 350 square miles. 
 Clinch River forms the S.E. boundary, and Powell's River 
 flows through the county. The surface is elevated and 
 mountainous. The soil in some parts is fertile. The county 
 contains extensive beds of iron ore. which are worked in 
 several places. Zinc and lead are also found in the county, 
 Dut not worked at present. The great thoroughfare from 
 Kentucky to Carolina passes through Tazewell, the county- 
 eeat. Pop. 9643, of whom S900 were free, and 743 slaves. 
 
 CL.A.IBORN'E, a post-village, capital of Monroe county, 
 Alabam.i, on the left bank of the Alabama River, about 200 
 tniles by water S.AV. of Montgomery, 
 
 CL.-VIBORXE, a post-office of Ja.s'per co., Mississippi. 
 
 CLAI'BOKNESVILLE. a post-office, Yazoo co., Mississippi. 
 
 CLAIFE. klAf a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 CL.AIX. kli.vo, (ane. CLt'iiis, or C?y'<i>,.') a small river of 
 France, joins the Vienna below Cernon, after a course of 
 about 60 miles. Operations have l)een undertaken to make 
 It navigable as far as Poitiers, 
 
 CLAINES, klAnz, a p.irish of England, co. and 2J miles 
 N. of Worcester. In the nunnery of "the white ladies," 
 Charles II. was concealed after the Battle of Worcester. 
 
 CLAIRAC, cl,4V3k', a town of France, department of Lot- 
 et-Garonne, on the Lot, 16 miles X.W. of .-Vgen. It has a 
 Protestant and several other churche.s, paper mills, and a 
 brisk traffic in white wines, prunes, and rural produce. 
 
 CLAIR.\C, a village of France, department of Ilerault, 20 
 miles X.W. of Beziers. 
 
 CLAIR'BOURN. a township of Union co.. Ohio, P. 1441. 
 
 CLAIREGOUTTE, klaRV'oot/, a town of France. dep,art- 
 /nent of Ilaute-Sjione, 8 miles E, of Lure, with manufactures 
 of cotton, and distilleries of kirschwasser, 
 
 CLAIRMOXT, a village of Canada West, co, of Oxford, 
 9 miles S.E. of Brantford, 82 miles from Toronto, and 56 
 miles from London. It contains several stores and hotels. 
 Pop. 300, 
 
 CLAXRVAU.X, klaiR'vy, (L. CUi'ra-Vamis.) a hamlet of 
 France, department of Aube, 33 miles S.E. of Troyes. Its 
 celebrated abbey was founded in 1114. by St. Bernard. The 
 monks were Cistercians, (see Cite.m'x.) and so rapid was 
 the increase of the order, th.at before St. Bernard's death, in 
 1153, there were 7t»0 monks here, while St. Bernard had 
 either founded or affiliated to this abbey no less than 76 
 monasterieii. of which 35 were in France. 11 in Spain. 10 in 
 Encland and Irehiud. 6 in Flanders. 4 in Italy, 2 in Ger- 
 many, 2 in Sweden, 1 in Hungary, and 1 in Denmark. This 
 abl>ey presented the singular spectacle of an immense manu- 
 facturing and agricultural institution carried on by monks. 
 It is now trausforuied into a criminal cottnn factory. 
 
 CL.\IK'V1LLE. a post-office of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. 
 
 CL.\IS. kl,'^, a market-town of France, department of Isfere. 
 Smiles S.S.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1710. 
 
 CL.4.LL'.\M. a county of Wa.<hing-ton Territory, having N. 
 the Strait of Juan de Fuca. See Appenpix. 
 
 CLAMy.\MS. an Indian tribe of Washington Territory, 
 N. of the rolumV)i.i, and near the Strait of Ju.'in de Fuca. " 
 
 CL.VMART, kli^mis/, a village of France, department of 
 458 
 
 Seine, on the Paris and Versailles Railway, 5 miles S.W. of 
 Paris. 
 
 CL.\MECY, kldm'see', a town of Fnance, department of 
 Xiftvre, at the confluence of the Yonne .and Reuvron, 38 
 miles X'.X.E. of Xevers. Pop. in 1S52. 6179. It has several 
 Gotliie churches, a fine modern chateau, manufactures of 
 earthenwares, paper, and leather, and an active trade in 
 fuel, sent hence to Paris down the Yonne. It was formerly 
 fortified, and has remains of an old fortress and walls. 
 
 CLAX'ABOROUGn. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CL.\XDOXACn.kl.an-don'.-}h. a barony of Ireland, Queen'g 
 CO,, in Leinster, forms the middle part of what was formerly 
 the barony of Upper Ossory. 
 
 CL.\N'1X)X, EAi?T, a parish of Ensland, co. of Surrey. . 
 
 CLAXDOX, WEST, a parish of England, co. of SuiTey. 
 
 CL.\XE. a barony, p.-.rish, and town of Ireland, in I>ein- 
 ster, CO. of Kildare. The town is on the Liffey. here crossed 
 by a six-arched bridge. 7 miles W.S.W. of Selbridge. Pop, 
 of town, 335. Here are the rem.-^ins of an .abl)ey. founded 
 54S. and of a Franciscan priory of the thirteenth century. 
 Adjoining the town are a ruiued castle, an ancient earth- 
 work, and the bog of Clane. 
 
 CL.\X'FIELD. a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CLAXFIELD. a parish of En-jland. co. of Oxford. 
 
 CLAXIS. a river of Italy. See Cm.oA. 
 
 CLAX^MAU'RICE, a barony of Ireland, co. of Kerry, in 
 Munster, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. Length, 
 17 miles. 
 
 CLAX'M.A.UIUCEorCLAX'MOR'RIS.abarony of Ireland, 
 CO. of Jlavo, in Connauirht. Length from X. to S.. 18 miles. 
 
 CLAN'Wil/LIAM, a district in the X.W. of the Cape Co- 
 lony, in South .\frica, bounded X, by the Koussie River, lat, 
 29° 41' S,, and S, by the Great Berg River, (lat, 32° 45' S.,) 
 E. by the Great Riet River, and W. by the Atlantic. Area, 
 22.111 square miles. Pop. in 1845. 9416. It is traversed X. 
 to S. by the Karree Berg and Cedar Berg Mountains, and 
 watered bv the Oliphant and its tributaries. 
 
 CLAXWILLIAM. a village of Southern .Africa, capital of 
 the above district, is situated on the rijlit bank of the Oli- 
 phant River. 140 miles X^.X.E. of Cape Town. It has a neat 
 church, and an English school. In its vicinity is a fine 
 chalylieate spring. 
 
 CL.\XWILLI.4m, a barony of IreLand. co. of Limerick, in 
 Munster. bounded on the X. by the Shannon. Length, 
 about 10 miles. 
 
 CL.A.XWILLIX>I, a barony of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 
 bounded on the W, by the county of Limerick, Length, 18 
 miles, forming a fertile and picturesque district. 
 
 CLAP'IUM. a p.irish of En^'Iand. co. of Bedford. 
 
 CLAP1I.\M, a parish of Endand. co. of Surrey, compris- 
 ing an agreeable suburb of Ixindon. 
 
 CL.tPHAM. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CLAPII am; a parish of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 CL.\PH.iM-wiTH-XEWB\', a parish of England, co. of 
 Sussex. 
 
 CLAPTERTOX', an island in the Arctic Ocean. Damley 
 Bay, lat, 69° 42' X,, Ion. 123° 15' W. It was discovered by 
 Sir John Franklin, who ujuned it in honour of the distln- 
 gui.'hed African traveller. 
 
 CLAPP'S. a post-office of Guilford Co., North Carolina. 
 
 CL.\PP^'ILLE, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachu- 
 setts, on the Western Railroad, about 8 miles S.W. of Wor- 
 cester, 
 
 CLAP'S ISLAXD, a sm.aR island in the Mal.iy Archi- 
 pelaso, on the equator; Ion, 9^° E, 
 
 CL.'iP'TOX, a parish of England, co, of Gloucester. 
 
 CL.4r*rOX, a parish of EnJand., co. of Northampton. 
 
 CL.\PTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CL.\R.\. kli'rfl, one of the Mergui Islands, off the coast of 
 Tenasserim. in Ilindostan. 
 
 CL.A.RA. klSh'ra, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. King's co., 5 miles S.W. of Killvsrsan. near the 
 Brosna, which here works extensive corn mills. Pop. 1155. 
 
 CL.\1{.\. a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkennv. 
 
 CLARA! klS'rd, a town of the i.sland of Cuba, 43 mile* 
 X.M'. of Trinidad. Pop. 613'2. 
 
 CLA'R.\. a post-town.ship of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 
 7 miles X.W. of Coudersport. It had, in 1660, 172 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 CL.iR'AN BRIDGE, a village of Ireland. S miles S.E. of 
 Galway. In the vicinity are the ruins of an ancient castle 
 Pop. '200. 
 
 CL-ARA, VILL.\, veel'yj kH'rl a town of Cuba, in the 
 central department, 45 miles X.W. of Trinidad, in a sutrar 
 district. Pop. 6132. of whom 3355 are white, 1891 free peo- 
 ple of color, and 886 slaves. 
 
 CL.IRBESTilX. a parish of South AVales. co. of Pembroke. 
 
 CL.\RE. a river of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Gai«-.ay, 
 after a southward course of al»out .32 miles, enters Lake Cor- 
 rib. 3 miles X. of Galway. In sevei-al places it expands into 
 shallow marshes, and for 3 miles it is subterranean. 
 
 CLARE, or CLARA, an island <iff the W. coast of Irelant'. 
 in Connaught. co. of >layo. at Ibe entrance e* Clew l!av 
 It."? X. point has an elevation of 4*7 foet. La». 53^^ N.. Inu 
 9° Sa* W. Length 4i miles ; breadth 2 miles its b iahet 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 point rising to 1520 feet above the sea. Com is exported 
 hence to W'estport, from a village on its E. coast, where a 
 quay has been erected. 
 
 CLAIIK, a maritime county of Ireland, in Munster. hav- 
 ing W. the Atlantic, and landward the counties of Oalway, 
 Tipperary, and Limerick, it being separated from the two 
 latter by Lough Derg and the Kiver Shannon. Area, 1'29-t 
 square miles, or 827 ,994: acres, of which 455,009 are arable. 
 Pop. 2 : ■-, 428. Surface mostly hilly, with some tracts of level 
 land : coast precipitous. Principal rivers, the Fergus and 
 its affluents. Small lakes are numerous. Soil fertile in the 
 lowlands. The fisheries are important; manufactures are 
 only of coarse liiieos and hosiery, and flannels are only for 
 home consumption. Chief town.s, Ennis, the capital, Kil- 
 rush.Ennistyiii(ii',and a part of Kil.aloe. Exclusive of En- 
 nis. the county sends 2 memljers to the House of Commons. 
 Besides numerous ecclesiastical remains, Clare county is re- 
 ported to contain 118 ancient baronial castles. 
 
 CLARE, a town of Ireland, in Munster, in the above 
 county, on the Fergus, here crossed by a stone biidge, 2 
 miles IJ.S.E. of Ennis. Pop. of town, 879. It contains an 
 old castle, now used as an infantry barrack. Its quay is 
 Inadequate for its commerce, it being the port for all the 
 centre of the county. Its exports, consisting of corn, meiU, 
 flour, &c., were valued^ in 1845, at Vjfil'l. It gives the title 
 of eiirl to the Fit/.gibbon family. About one mile southward 
 are the remains of Clare Abbey, founded by O'Brien, King 
 'of Munster, in the twelfth century. 
 
 CLAlllO, or CLAlll>MORRIS, a town of Ireland, in Con- 
 naui^ht, cx). of Mayo, 15 miles S.E. of Cistlebar. Pop. 2256. 
 It is clean, and has various schools, a court>house, and an 
 active retail trade. 
 
 CL.iRE, a barony of Ireland, co. of Galway, in Connaught, 
 divided from the county of Mayo by Black Kiver. Length, 
 19 miles, breadth, 12 miles. 
 
 CL.iRE, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Suf- 
 folk, on the Stour, 14^ miles S.S.W. of Bury St. Edmunds. 
 Pop. in 1851, 1709. The town is poorly built, but has a 
 handsome church, and the remains of an old castle. 
 
 CLARE, a wapentake or division of the county of York, 
 West Riding, England, comprising 29 parishes, with the 
 towns of Ripon, Knaresborough, Otley, &c. 
 
 CL.4RE, a new county in the N. central part of Michigan, 
 h.as an area of alxjut 050 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the .Maskegon Kiver. The surface is mostly covered with 
 forests. The county has few inhabitants. 
 
 CL.\RE, a township of St. I^jiwrence CO., New York. 
 
 CLARKBaRUUail, klair'bar-rtih, a parish of England, 
 «o. of Notts. 
 
 CLARE-G.'VI/\yAY, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 CO. of Oalw.ay. 
 
 CLAREMONT, klair'mont. a domain and royal palace of 
 Enj:land, co. of Surrey, immediately E. of Esher, and now 
 belonging to the King of the Belgians. 
 
 CL.\Ri;'MONT/, a beautiful and flourishing post>-village 
 and township of Sullivan co., New Hampshire, on the left 
 bank of the Connecticut, and on the Sullivan Railroad, 
 about 48 miles W. by N. of Concord. It contains 1 bank, 6 
 churches, numerous stores, 3 cotton mills and 2 woollen 
 mills. Two newspapers are issued here. Pop. in 1860, 3604 ; 
 in 1 «C0. 4026. 
 
 CL.AREMONT, a post-office of Pickens district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 CLARE'MONT ISLES, a group of low. woody islands off 
 the N.E. coast of Australia, Cape York peninsula, about lat. 
 13° ?.S' S., Ion. 141° 45' E. 
 
 CLARENCE, a village of Greece. See Klarkntza. 
 
 CLAR'ENCE. a post-township of Erie Co.. New York. 16 
 miles N.E. of Buffalo, drained by Tonawanda Creek. Pop. 
 3350. 
 
 CLARENCE, a post-township in Calhoun co., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles N.E. of Marshall. Pop. 866. 
 
 CLARENCE, a post^village of Green co., Wisconsin, on 
 Sugar River, 37 miles S. of .Madison. 
 
 CLAR'ENCE, a settlement of New South Wales, co. of 
 DurlK^m, IS miles N. of Port Hunter. 
 
 CLARENCE CENTRE, a post-office of Erie w.. New York. 
 • CLARENCE HARBOR, or PORT, in Russian America, on 
 the E. side of Behrlng Strait, 45 miles S.E. of Cape Prince 
 Of Wales. 
 
 CLAR/ENCE ISLAND, in South America, W. of Terra 
 del Fuego. Ijit. 54° 10' S.. Ion. 71° 20' W. Length from E. 
 to W., 52 miles; breadth, 23 miles. It is rocky, and gre.'itly 
 indented by bays. 
 
 CLAR'ENCE ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, N. of Navi- 
 gator Island. L.at. 8° 10' S.. Ion. 172° 10' W. 
 
 CLAR'ENCE-LAKF;.'^- GREAT LAKE, a lakeof Van Die- 
 men's Land, in NorfoiK Pliins. of irregular tbrm. about 9 
 miles in length, and 4 in brejidth at the broadest parts. 
 
 CLARENCE PEAK, in Fernando Po Island, is 10,700 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 CLARENCE RIVER, in E.astern Australia, enters the 
 pacific at Shoal Bay, lat. 29° 20' S., after a tortuous north- 
 eastward course. 
 
 CLAR/ENCE STKAIT. in the Persian Gulf; between the 
 
 island of Kishm and the mainland, varies In breadtL from 
 3 to 13 miles, and is studded with islands 
 
 CLARENCE STRAIT, in Itussian America, between 
 Prince of Wales Archipelago and Duke of Ifork Xslanfi 
 
 CLARENCE STRAIT, the channel bec^tcu rielvula 
 Island and the N.W. coast of Australia, communicating 
 with A'.an Diemen's Gulf. It is aliOut 12 miles in bivadth at 
 the narrowest part, and is studded with small islets, rocks, 
 and reefs, having rapid currents between tliem. 
 
 CLAR/ENCETOWN. a settlement, and formerly a British 
 military station, on the N. .side of Fernando Po Island. The 
 British troops were withdrawn from it in 18.34. 
 
 CLARENCEVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Rouville, 10 miles W. of Phillipsburg. 
 
 CL.iR/ENDON. a post^village and township of Rutland CO., 
 Vermont, on Otter Creek, and on the Albany and Rutland 
 Railroad 55 miles S.W. by S. from Montjjelicr. Pop. 1237. 
 
 CLARENDON, a post-village and township of Orleans CO., 
 New York, 25 miles W. of Rochester. Pop. 1831. 
 
 CLARENDON, district. South Carolina. See Appendix. 
 
 CLARENDON, a post-village of Monroe co., Arkansas, 
 See Appendix. 
 
 CLARENDON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Cal- 
 houn CO., Michigan. Pop. 960. 
 
 CIjAR/ENDON park, an extra-parochial liberty and an- 
 ciently a royal forest of England, co. of Wilts, 2i miles 
 E.S.E. of Salisbury. Area, 4160 acres, about ono-third of 
 which is woodland. Pop. 183. Here are the remains of a 
 royal palace or hunting-seat, in which Henry II. held the 
 council that enacted, in 1104, the celebrated constitutions 
 of Clarendon, aimed against the encroachments of the clergy. 
 It gives the title of earl to the Yilliers family, as it did for- 
 merly to Lord Chancellor Hyde, author of the " History of 
 the Great Rebellion." 
 
 CLARENDON SPRINGS, a postoflice of Rutland co., Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 CL.-VR'IINS, (Fr. pron. klSVSN"'.) a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva. 3 miles E.S. E. of Ve- 
 vay. It commands a fine view of the lake and of the moun- 
 tains on the opposite shore, and is immortalized by the 
 writings of Rousseau. 
 
 CLAK/IDON, a post-township in the central part of Geauga 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 993. 
 
 CLA KIDON, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop 1464. 
 
 CLAK'IN'iiTON, a post-office of Forest co., Penu.sylvania. 
 
 CLAIUNGTON, a thriving village of Alonrocco.. Ohio, on 
 the ( thin River, at the mouth of Sunfish Creek, 135 miles E. 
 of Columbus. Pop. in 1850, 341. 
 
 CLAR'ION, a county in the N.W. part of Pennsylvania 
 has an ari!a of 600 square miles. It is intersected Ijy Clarion 
 River,, from which the name is derived; bounded on the 
 S.W. by Alleghany River, and on the S. by Red Bank"Creek. 
 The surface is rolling and hilly; the soil is generally fertile. 
 Bituminous coal, iron, and limestone are the most valuable 
 minerals of the county. Capital, Clarion. Pop. 24.988. 
 
 CLARION, a post-borough, capital of Clarion co., Penn- 
 sylvania, is situated on the left bank of the river of the 
 same name, where it is crossed by the Bellefonte and Erie 
 Turnpike, about 75 miles N.N'.E. of Pittsburg, and 187 miles 
 W.N.W. of llarrisburg. It contains a com't-house. an aca- 
 demy, 3 churches, 2 newspaper-offices, and 1 national bank. 
 Pop. in ISOO, 955. of the township of Clai-ion in 1850. 2.517. 
 
 CLARION, a post-office of Grundy co., Illinois, 140 miles 
 N.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 CLAR'ION, or CLOUD'S ISLAND, an island in the North 
 Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast of Mexico ; lat. 180° N., Ion. 
 114° 50' W. 
 
 CLAR'ION RIVER. Pennsylvania, also called TOBY'S 
 RIVER, rises in McKean co., flows S.W. and enters the Al- 
 leghany in Clarion county. Large quantities of pine lum- 
 ber are transported on it. The whole length is estimated 
 at 130 miles. 
 
 CLARK or CLARKE, a post-office of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CLARK, a township in the E. part of Brown co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1371. 
 
 CLAUK, a township in the S. part of Clinton co.^ Ohio. 
 Pop. 2059. 
 
 CL.AKK, a township in the N.E. part of Johnson co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 1161. 
 
 CLARK, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1993. 
 
 CL.^RK, a township of Perry co., Indiana. Pop. 895. 
 
 CLARlvE. a county in the N.E. part of Virginia, has an 
 area of 208 square miles. It is traversed by the Shenan- 
 doah Kiver. and also drained by Opequan Creek. It occu- 
 pies part of the Great Valley of Virginia, which extends 
 along the N.W. base of the Blue Kidge. The surface is beau- 
 tifully diversified ; the soil is based on blue limestone, and is 
 highly productive. This county is intersected by the Win- 
 chester Railroad, and by several turnpike roads. It was or- 
 ganized in 1836 out of part of Frederick county, and named 
 in honor of General George Roger Clarke, anofficer of the 
 war of the Revolution. Capital. Berryvillo. Pop. 7146; of 
 whom 3771 were free, and 3375 slaves. 
 
 459 
 
CLA 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, 
 has an area of -■'0 square miles. It is tiavei'sed from N. to 
 S. by tlie Oconee and its branches, the Middle Oconee and 
 the North Kork, bounded on the W. by the Ajipalachee, and 
 ftlso drained by Sandy. Shoal, and Cedar Creeks. Tlie sur- 
 face is hilly. The richest soil is found in the vicinity of the 
 Oconee and its branches ; a portion of the ujdand is said to 
 '.« " worn out." Granitic rocks are abundant in the county; 
 gold, garnets, kaolin, pyrites, and tourmaline are also found. 
 A branch railroad extends from Athens, the county-seat, to 
 the Georgia Kailroiid. Named in lionor ot General Klijah 
 Clarke, an oflScer in the war of the Revolution. Pop. ll.JlS 
 of whom uooS were free, and o6t50 slaves. 
 
 CLARKK, a county in the S.W. part of Alabama, has an 
 area of 127li square miles. The-Tombigbee and Alabiuna 
 Rivers constitute the respective boundaries of the county 
 on the AV. and S.E., until they unite at its southern extre- 
 mity to form the Mobile. The surface is uneven : the soil 
 in some parts is fertile, in others sandy and thin. Pine tim- 
 l)er is abundant here. Capitjil, Clarkesville. Pop. 15,0ld, 
 of whom 7613 were free, and 7430 slaves. 
 
 CLARKK. a county in the E.S.E part of Mississippi, bor- 
 dering on Alabama, has an area of 650 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Chickasawha River, a branch of the Pas- 
 cagoula. The surface is moderately uneven. The .Mobile 
 and Ohio Railroad parses through the county. Named in 
 honor of Judge Clarke, firet chancellor of JIissi.ssippi. 
 Capital, Quitman. Pop. 10,771, of whom 5C95 were free, 
 and 5076 slaves. 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the S.W. central part of Arkansas, 
 contains 941 square miles. It is boundeil on the E. ny the 
 Washita, and on the ;*. W. by the Little Missouri. The surface 
 is hilly or rolling; the soil sandy and fertile. Ciipital, Arka- 
 deli)hia. Pop. 9736. of whom 7521 were free. 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the E. central part of Kentuckj", 
 has an iirea of about 210 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S. by the Kentucky and Ked Rivers, the former of which 
 Is nangable. and drained by Stoner's and Howard's Creeks. 
 The surface is uneven, and in some parts broken: a portion 
 of the soil is very productive. Hydraulic limestone is found 
 in the county. Red River furnishes valuable water-power. 
 Organizeil in 1793, and named in honor of General George 
 Rogers riarke. Capital. Winchester. Pop. 11,4S4, of whom 
 6722 were free, and 4762 slaves. 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the S.W. central part of Ohio, has 
 an area of SSOsquare n>iles. It is intersected by Mad Hiver, 
 and also drained by the sources of the Little Miami and by 
 Lagontla Creek, which furnish abundant water-power. The 
 surface is diversified by beautiful undulations : the soil is 
 generally excellent, and well supplied with water and tim- 
 ber. The county is crossed by five line^ of railway, which 
 meet at Springfield, and connect it with Cincinnati, Daj'- 
 ton, Columbus, i=andusky. &c. ; several turnpikes also pass 
 through it. Capital, Springfield. Pop. 25,300. 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the S. piirt of Indiana, bordering 
 on Kentucky, contains about 400 square miles. The Ohio 
 River bounds it on the S.E.; it is also drained by Silver 
 Creek. The surface is nearly level, excepting a chain of 
 " knobs" , neiir the W. border, which are not suited for 
 cultivation, but produce good timber. The soil is gene- 
 rally fertile and well improveil. Iron ore, marble, lime- 
 stone and hydraulic cement are Rbnudant. The county is 
 intersected bv the Jeffersonville Railroad. Org-.vnized in 
 1801. Capital. Charleston. Pop. 20.502. 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the E. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Indiana, has an area of 460 sqiiare miles. The Wabash 
 River, navigjihle by steamboats, forms its boundary on the 
 S.E. The county is intersected by the North Fork of the 
 Embarras River, and also drained by Fox and Crane Creeks. 
 The surface is diversified by prairies and forests ; the soil is 
 productive. Stone coal is found along the Wabash River, 
 in this county. Capital, Marshall. Pop. (and the jMipulation 
 has incre-ased rapidly within the last ten years i 14.987. 
 
 CLARKE, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 516 square miles. It is situated on 
 the Jli8sis«ii)pi, at the mouth of the Des Moines, the latter 
 of which forms its boundary on the X.E.. separating it from 
 Iowa, and the former separates it from Illinois. The county 
 is intersected by the Fox and Wyaconda Rivers. Thesuilace 
 is undulating or nearly level. More than half of the county 
 consists of fertile upland prairies, some of which are several 
 miles in width, with forests of good timber distributed along 
 the watercourses. Named in honor of William Clarke, of 
 the expedition of Lewis and Clarke, afterwards governor of 
 Missoiiri Territory. Capitjil, Waterloo. The population 
 has increased rapidly for several years past. Pop. 11.684, 
 of whom 11.229 were free, and 455 slaves. 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the S. part of Iowa, has an area 
 of 432 square miles. The South River, and Wliitebreast 
 Blvet, atlluents of the I'es Sloines, rise by several branches 
 in this county ; it is also drained by the East Fork of Grand 
 River which flows southwanl into Missouai. The surface 
 is slightly diversified; the soil is fertile. A large i)art of 
 the couuty is prairie. Named in honor of James Clarke, 
 Governor of Iowa in 1S46. Capital, Osceola. Pop. 5427. 
 460 
 
 CLA 
 
 CLARKE, a county in the S.W. part of Washington Tei^ 
 ritory. has an area of about 1400 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S. and S.W. by the Columbia River, which separates 
 it from Oregon, and drained by the Cathlapootle River, a 
 tributary of the Columbia, and by several other streams. 
 The surface in some parts is mountainous. The soil has 
 as yet been but little cultivated. Capital, Vancouver. 
 Pop. in IRfiO, 2.3S4. 
 
 CL.^RKE or CLARK, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio. Pop. 796. 
 
 CL.\RKE. a post-village of Canada West. co. of Durham, 
 on the jwst-road to Toronto. 12 miles W. of Port Hope, and 
 52 miles trora Toronto. It contains several stores and hotels. 
 Pop. 250. 
 
 CLARKE'S POINT, a narrow peninsula S.W. of New Bed- 
 ford Bay. At the extremity of the point i.s a fixed lisht. 62 
 feet above high water. Lat. 41° 35' 30" N., Ion. 70= 54' 
 12" W. 
 
 CLARKE'S RIVER, or FLAT'HEAD RIVEU. in Wash- 
 ington Territory, rises in the Rocky 5Iountains. neju- the 
 sources of the Missouri, in about 45° 30' N. lat. For ne.-irly 
 200 miles it flows in a northerly direction, after which it in- 
 flects to the N.W.. entering the Columbia in about 4S°c0' N. 
 lat., and 117° 45' W. Ion. The greater part of its course lies 
 through a mountainous region. About 125 miles from its 
 confluence with the Columbia, it spreads out into a lal;e 30 
 miles long, and from 6 to 12 miles wide, called Kullnspelm, 
 or L'jc I'eud Oreilles. The Blackfoot River, and the Kivifire 
 k Jacques, (from Flathead Lske.) flowing from near the 
 Rocky Mountains, are the principal affluents. The entire 
 length is estimated at 650 miles. 
 
 CLAKKKSVILLi:. klarks'vil, a post-village, cipital of 
 Habersham co.. Georgia, is deliirhtfully situated on the bead- 
 waters of the Chattahoochee River. ISij miles N. of Jlilledge- 
 ville. It is surrounded by charming mountain scenery, of 
 which the Blue Ridge is a prominent feature, and is a favor- 
 ite retreat for many families from the lower parts of South 
 Carolina and Georgia, The village contains a brick court- 
 house and 4 churches. Pop. al>out 500. 
 
 CLARKSBOROUG II. klark-sflitir-rah. a post-village of Glou- 
 cester CO.. New Jersev. 5 miles S.W. of Woodbury. 
 
 CLAItKSBOROUGH, a post-office of Scott co.. Indiami. 
 
 CLARK'S BRIDGE, a village of Erie co.. New York, on 
 the railroad. 8 miles E. bv N. of Buffalo. 
 
 CLARKS'BURG. a township of Berkshire co.. Massachu- 
 setts. 105 miU-s N.W. by W. of Boston. Pop. 420. 
 
 CLARKSItUliG. a post-oflice of Erie co., New York, about 
 300 miles W. of jVlbany. 
 
 CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Monmouth co., New Jer- 
 sey. 20 miles E. of Trenton. 
 
 CL.\1!KSBUKG. a post-village of Indiana co . Pennsyl- 
 vania, 170 miles W. of Ilarrisburg, has 1 church, 2 stores, 
 and about 1.^0 inhabitants. 
 
 CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary- 
 land. 60 miles W.N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 CLAKKSBURG, a post-village, capital of Hairison co., 
 West Virginia, on the West Fork of Monongahela River, ."00 
 miles W. of Baltimore. It is situated on a high table-land, 
 environed by hills. It contains 2 or 3 churches. 2 acade- 
 mies, 2 printing offices, and a bank. Stone coal abounds 
 in the vicinity. The Northwestern Rjiilroad. a branch of 
 the Baltinuire and Ohio Railroad, passes through the village. 
 Free pop. 89,i. 
 
 CL.\RK?BUR6. a poftt-village, capital of Lewis co.. Ken- 
 tucky. 4 miles from the Ohio River, and 90 miles E.N.E. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 CLARKSBURG, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 30 
 miles W. of AVheeling. 
 
 CLARKSBURG, a village of CLarke co., Ohio, 48 miles W. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, about 18 
 miles N.W. of Chillicothe. 
 
 CL.\RKSBURG. a village of Daviess CO., Indiana. 16 miles 
 N.E. of Wa.shington. the county seat. 
 
 CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 
 about 50 miles N. of Madi.son. 
 
 CL.\RKSBURG. a village of Johnson co., Indiana, IS miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CL.VRK'S CORNERS, a thriving post-village of Luzerne 
 CO.. I'ennsvlv.nnia. 
 
 CL.\RK'S CORNERS, a post-village of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 
 165 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 CL.'VRK'S CRIOEK. of Dauphin co..Pennsylvania- flows Into 
 the Susquehanna River about 10 miles aViove Harrisbuvg. 
 
 CL.\RK"S CREEK, a post-oflice of Montgomery co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CL.\RK'S FACTORY, a post-office of Delaware co.. New 
 York. 
 
 CLARKS'FTELD.a post-township in the E.part of Huron 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1397. 
 
 CLARK'S FORK, a postK)fiice of York district, South Car 
 rolina. 
 
 CL.4RK'S FORK, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri. 
 
 CLjVKK'S GREEN, a post-oflice of Luzerne co, Penusjl- 
 Tania. 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 CliAKK'S ITfLL, a post-oflRce of Tippecanoe cc, Indiana. 
 
 CLAl'.K'S ISLAND, the most southern of the I'urneaux 
 group, Danks's Strait, off the Is'.K. end of Van Dieiuen's 
 Land. Lat. of the S. extremity. 40° 3-t' S. 
 
 CLAHlvS ISLAND, an island in the North Pacific, in lat. 
 27°4S'N., Ion 17C° W. 
 
 CLAKIv'S (Sir George) ISLE, an island in the Arctic 
 Ocean. 1(» miles off the coast of British North America, in 
 lat. Gijo 20' N.. ion. 118° 40' W. 
 
 CLAUK'S MILLS, a small but thriving village of Oneida 
 (50., Now York, on Oriskany Creek, alioul 12 miles S.AV. of 
 Utica. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly directed 
 to the manufiicture of cotton goods. 
 
 CLA I! K'S .MILLS, a post-oflfice of Washington co., Virginia. 
 
 CLAKlv'S MILLS, a post-office of .Moore CO., North Carolina. 
 
 CL.miv'S MILLS, a post-office of Hempstead CO., Arkansas. 
 
 CLAUK'S MILLS, a village of Canada West, co. of Ad- 
 dington, on the Napanee lUver, 21 miles W. of Kingston. 
 Pop. 350. 
 
 CLAItKSOX, a post-township of Monroe cc, New York, 
 on Lake Ontario, 16 miles N.W. from Kochester. Pop. 2093. 
 
 CLAI'.KSON, a post-village of Columljiana co., Ohio, alwut 
 165 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 CLAHKSON CENTRE, a post-village of Monroe co.. New 
 York. 215 miles V,'. by N of .\lbany. 
 
 CLAltK'S JUVER, in the W. part of Kentucky, rises near 
 the S. border of the state, and flowing N. and N.W., enters 
 the Ohio at Paducah, just below the mouth of Tennessee 
 Kiver. A small stream, named the West Branch, enteis 
 Clark's lUver on the left hand, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 CLARK'S KIVER, Washington Territory. See Cl.\rke"s 
 River. 
 
 CLARK'S RIVER, a postoflRce of Callaway co., Kentucky. 
 
 CL.\Riv'S 1!UN, a small stream of Yuba co., towards the 
 N. part of Califiirnia, falls into Yuba liiver. about 20 miles 
 above .^larysville. Several hundred men are engaged here 
 In gold-digging, obtaining from $5 to $50 a <iiiy. 
 
 CLARKS'TON, a thriving post-village of Independence 
 township, Oakland CO., Michigan, on Koivrsley Creek, 36 
 miles N.W. of Detroit. It contaius 2 churches, 4 stores, and 
 1 flouring mill. 
 
 CLARK.STOWN, a post-township of Rockland co., New 
 York, on the right bank of Hudson River, 122 miles below 
 Alli:iny. It contains New City, the county-seat. Pop. 3874- 
 
 CLAUKS'VILLE, atownship of Coos co., New Hampshire, 
 on the E. side of Connecticut Kiver, about 120 miles N. of 
 Concord. Pop. 249. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-office of Albany co., New York. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-township of Alleghany co., Now 
 York, jiliout 67 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. I'op. 865. 
 
 CLARKSVII>LE, a village of Brookfield township, Madi- 
 Bon CO.. New Y'orlc. contains the Brookfield Academy. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Hunterdon Co., New- 
 Jersey, 14 miles N. of flemington. 
 
 CLARKESVILLE, a post-village of Greene co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Ten Mile Creek, 12 miles N.E. of Waynesburg. 
 
 CL-4KKSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. '245 miles, W.N.W of Hanisburg. Pop. 376. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 152 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg, and 8 miles AV'. of 
 Honesdale. 
 
 CLAliKSVILLE, a thriving postrvillage of Mecklenburg 
 CO., Virginia, on the S. bank of the Roanoke River, a little 
 below the confluence of the Dan and Staunton, 102 miles 
 S.W. of Richmond. It h.is increa.sed more rapidly, perhaps, 
 during tlie last ten years than any other village in the 
 state. It contaius 3 or 4 churches, 1 bank, and over 1000 
 Inhabitants. About 2000 hogsheads of tobacco are annually 
 inspected here, and sent down the river in batteaux. A 
 railroad is completed from this place to the Gaston and Ear 
 leigh Railroad. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE. Georgia. See Ciarkesvilt.e. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE. a post-village, capital of Clarke co., Ala- 
 bama. 134 miles S. by W. of Tuscaloosa, contains a court- 
 house and a few stores. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Red 
 River co., Texas, is about 15 miles S.W. of Red River, and 
 ^O miles N.E. of Austin City. It is the oldest village of the 
 county, and the principal village in wliat is called the Red 
 Kiver country of Texas. 
 
 CL.^RKSVILLE, a post-vijlage, capital of Johnson co., 
 Arkansas, on Spadra Creek, about 100 miles N.W. of Little 
 ttock. It contains a court-house, jail, and United States 
 .and-office. Pop. 464. 
 
 CL.iUKSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Tennessee, on the right bank of Cumberland 
 River. "at the month of Red River, about 50 miles N.W. of 
 Na.shvil!e. It contains 4 or 5 newspaper offices, 2 banlis, 
 and lias considerable trade. Pop. in 1S60, estimated at 
 SOOO. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, on 
 the /anesville and Cincinnati Railroad, 81 miles S.W. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a small village of Defiance co., Ohio, oti 
 St. Joseph's River. 
 
 CLAiiKSVlLLE. a village of Clarke co., Indiana, on the 
 Ohio River. 4 miles above New Alliany. 
 
 CLAIiKSVILLI'i. a post-office of Hamilton co., Indiana, 
 
 CL.\RKSVILLE, a post-office of Kankakee co.. Illinois. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of I'ike co., Missouri, o» 
 the Mississippi, about 100 miles above St. Loni.s. It oou 
 tains several stores. Pop. 573. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Iowa, 94 
 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE. a post-office of Oconto co., Wisconsin. 
 
 CLARSBOROUGH, a post-<.>ffice of Scott co., Tennessee. 
 
 CLA It Y. ki^'ree', a village of France, department of Nord, 
 10 miles S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 2230. It has maiiuiacturea 
 of tulles and gauzes. 
 
 CLARYSVIIjLfc;, a post-office of Alleghany co., ;Man,-land 
 
 CLA'RYVILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York. 
 
 CLASE, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 5 
 miles N.W. of Swansea. 
 
 CLASH'.MORE, a village and pariiih of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster. CO. of Waterford. 4 miles N.N.E. of Youghall. Pop. 3777. 
 
 CLAS'SEN'S COPv/NER, a village of La Porte co., Indiana, 
 a little S. of the Northern Indiana Railroiid, and 5 miles 
 W.S.'^V. of La Porte. 
 
 CLAT'EORD GOOD/WORTH, a parish of England, co.of 
 Hants. 
 
 CLATFORD, UPPER, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 OiAT'SOP. a county in the N.W. part of Oregon. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Columbia liiver. which .separates 
 it from Washington, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, 
 and is drained by several small streams flowing into the 
 Pacific. The soil is generally fertile, although as yet but 
 little cultivated. Capital, Astoria. Pop. 498. 
 
 CLATT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 CLA'r'WORTIIY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CLAU'DY, a village of Ireland, co. and 9 miles S.S.E. of 
 Londonderry. Pop. 191. 
 
 CLAUDY or CLADY, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, 
 4 miles S.S.W. of Stratiane, on the Finn. Adjacent to the 
 village is a handsome bridge of seven arches over the Finn, 
 connecting Claudy with the county of Donegal. Pop. 219. 
 
 CL.\UGHTON, klaw't^n, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 CL.\UGHTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lancastei. 
 
 CLAL'SENBURG, Tran.sylvania. See Khuse.nbuko. 
 
 CLA L'S'SELA'l LLE. a post-village of Jlonroe co., Alabama, 
 90 miles S.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 CLAUSSVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh Co., Pennsylviv- 
 nta. S3 miles E.N.E. of Harrislmrg. 
 
 CLAUSTIIAL or KLAUSTIIAL, kWw.«/tai, a town of Ha- 
 nover, capiUil of a district in the Harz, 47 miles S.E. of 
 Hanover. Pop. 9799, including the adjacent town of Zeller- 
 feld. It is situated on a hill, 1740 feet above the level of 
 the sea, and is mostly built of wood'. It is the chief mining 
 town of the Harz, and has an important mining academy, 
 with a valuable mu.seum, a mint, and a high school. Near 
 it are the principal lead and silver mines in the Harz. in 
 which, and in some manufactures of camlets and other 
 woven falirics. its entire population is employed. 
 
 CLAVENNA. See Chiavex.na. 
 
 CLAV'ERACK, a post-township of Columbia co., New 
 York. 4 miles E. of Hudson, intersected Ijy the Hudson and 
 Berkshire Railroad, and the Harlem Extension Railroad 
 It contains an academy. Pop. 3477. 
 
 CLAV'ERDON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 CL.\VEI{DON, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CLAV'ERING, a village aud parish of England, co. of 
 Essex. 
 
 CLAAVERLEY, a village and parish of England, co. of 
 Salop. 
 
 CLAAVR'PLYE', a hamlet of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 CLAAV'TON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLAX'BY PLUCK'ACRE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 CLAXTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CL.\XTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 CLAY, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, contains 
 an area estimated at 700 square miles. It is traversed by 
 the South Fork of Kentucky River. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. Coal and iron ore are found, and salt is manufac- 
 tured extensively. A large part of the surface is covered 
 with forests. Capital, Manchester. Formed in 1806, and 
 named in honor of General Green Clay, an officer in the war 
 of 1 812. Pop. 665-2, of whom 6303 were free, and 349 slaves. 
 
 CLAY, a county in tlie W. part of Indiana, contains 360 
 square miles. It is drained by the Eel River. The surface 
 is generally level, and much of the soil is fertile. The 
 county contains iron ore, and numerous beds of coal, which 
 are easily accessible. It is intersected by the raili oad from 
 Tcrre Haute to Indianapolis, and by the AV abash and Erie 
 Canal. Organized in 1825, and named (as well as the three 
 following counties) in honor of the late Henrv Clay, the 
 distinguislied statesman of Kentucky. Capital, Bowling 
 Green. Pop. 12,161. 
 
 161 
 
CLA 
 
 CLE 
 
 CLA.Y, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, haB an area 
 of 4 10 square miles. It is iiiterbected by the Little Wubash 
 J{ivcr, and also drained by Kim Creek. The surface is un- 
 dulating, or nearly level; and the soil is fertile. The county 
 con'^ists partly of pniirie. and is partly covered by forests. 
 Capital, Louis"vilIe. Pop. 9336. 
 
 CLAY, a county in the W.N.W. part of Missouri, has an 
 trea of 415 square miles. The Blissouri River forms its S. 
 boundary; it is also drained by Fishing Creek and Smith's 
 Fork of the Little Platte lilver. The surface is moderately 
 diversified ; the soil is fertile, and well timbered with oaks, 
 black walnut, and ash. The rocks which underlie the coun- 
 ty are limestone and sandstone. Capital, Liberty. Pop. 
 13,023. of whom 95ti8 were free, and 34.55 slaves. 
 
 CLAY, a new county in the N.W. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of about 600 square miles. It is drained by the Little 
 i^ioux Kiver. an affluent of the Missouri, with its branches, 
 and gome of its tributaries, and also by Lizard River, an 
 affluent of the Des Moines. This county is not included in 
 the census of 1850. Pop. in 1860, 52. 
 
 CLAY, a post-township of Onondaga co., Now York, on 
 the Oswego River, 10 miles N. of Syracuse. The canal con- 
 necting Syracuse and Oswego passes through it. Pop. 3583. 
 
 CI..AY, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 10.30. 
 
 CLAY, a post-office of Madison co., North Carolina. 
 
 Ci.AY, a township in Auglaize CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1091. 
 
 CLAY, a townsliip in Gallia co.. Oliio. Pop. 1-204. 
 
 CLAY, a town.<liip in IIi;;liland co . Ohio. I'op. 1303. 
 
 CLAY, a town.sliip in Knox co.. Ohio. Pop. 1102, 
 
 CLAY, a townsliip in Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 668. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 2257. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 749. 
 
 Cl.AY, a townsliip in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 896. 
 
 CI>AY, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1398. 
 
 CLAY, a township in St. Clair co., Michigan, nesir the 
 mouth of St. Clair River. Pop. 1037. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. Pop. 776. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Cass co., Indiana. I'op. 733. 
 
 CLAY, a village of Cass co., Indiana, 85 miles N. of In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Hendricks co., Indiana. Pop. 1209. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 698 
 
 CLAY, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. Pop. 908 
 
 CLAY, a township in Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 846. 
 
 CLAY, a town.sliip in Morgan co , Indiana. Pop. 1071. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Owen CO.. Indiana. Pop. 1209. 
 
 CLAY, a township in Pike co , Indiana. Pop. 641. 
 
 CLAY, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 934, 
 
 CL.\Y. a township in Wayne co , Indiana. Pop. 1069. 
 
 CLAY, a post-offlce in La Salle co., Illinois. 
 
 CLAY, a townsliip in La Fayette co., Missouri. 
 
 CLAY, a ixist-office of AVashington co., Iowa. 
 
 CLAY'BUO'JKE, a parish of Kndand, co. of Leicester. 
 
 CLAYBROOKE, GllEAT, a chapehy of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 CLAY'CROSS, a sfcition on the North Midland Railway, 
 England. 4 miles S. of Chesterfield. 
 
 CLAY'DON, a parish of England, co. of SufTolk. 
 
 CLAYDO.V, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CLAYDON, MIDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CLAYDON STEEPLE, a p.arish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CLAYE, kl.V, a town of France, department of Seine-et- 
 Jlarne. 9 miles W. of Meaux, on the Canal de I'Ourcq. 
 Pop. 1108. 
 
 CLAYETTE, La, 13 klJ'Jtf. a town of France, department 
 of Saone-et-T^ire, 10 miles S. of CharoUes. Pop. 1221. 
 
 CLAY FURNACE, a small village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CLAVHANOER, a parish of Ensland, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLAY'lIEDON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLAY HILL, a post-offlce of York district. South Carolina. 
 
 CL.\Y HILL, a post-offlce of Marengo co., Alabama. 
 
 CLAY LANDING, a post-office of Levy co.. Florida. 
 
 CLAY'LANE, a township of England, co. of Derby. P. 1478. 
 
 CLAY LICK, a post-offlce of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 ' CLAYMONTE, a post-office of New Castle co., Delaware. 
 
 CL.\Y'POLE, a parish of England, co. of LincfJn. 
 
 CLAY POOL, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana, about 
 100 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLAY PORT, a village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on the 
 railway projected from Peru to Elkhart, 100 miles N. by E. 
 
 f Indianapolis. 
 CLAYS'BUKG, a village of Preble co., Ohio, about 35 miles 
 
 AV. of Dayton. 
 
 CLAY'S POINT, a post-offlce of Lewis co., Virginia. 
 CL.\YS'VILLE. a post-borough of Washington CO., Penn- 
 fjivania. on the Nation.il Road, about 22 miles E. of Wheel- 
 ing. Pop. 275. 
 
 CI.,AYSVILLE, a small village of Montgomery co., M.iry- 
 land. 
 CI-AYSVILLE, a post-offlce of Hampshire co., Virginia. 
 CLAY.-VILLE, a village of Wood co., West Virginia, on 
 the Little Kanawha Kiver, 7 miles above Parkersburg, has 
 a fine water-power and several mills. 
 462 
 
 CLAYSVTLLE, a post-office of TelCiir co., Georgia. 
 
 CLAYSVILLE, a post-village of Marshall co., Alabama, 
 on the Tennessee River, 133 miles N.N.E. of Tuscaloo.sa. 
 
 CL.4YSVILLE. a pnstoffice of Tippah co.. Mississippi. 
 
 CLAYSVILLE, a post-office of White Co., Tennessee. 
 
 CLAYSVILLE, fonnerly MAUYSVILLE, a small post- 
 village of Harrison CO., Kentucky, on the Licking Ri\er, 47 
 miles N.E. of Frankfort. It contains a church, a woollen 
 factory, a flour mill, and 3 tobacco factorit*. 
 
 CLAYSVILLE, a village of Clinton co., Ohio, ab:ut 48 
 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 CLAYSVILLE. a vill.ige of Greene co., Ohio, on the Little 
 Miami Railroad. 10 miles from Xenia. the county seat. 
 
 CLAY'SVILLE, a postrvillage of Guernsey co., Ohio, 80 
 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 CL.WSVILLE, a vill.age of Hendricks co., Indiana, on the 
 Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad, 21 miles W.S.W. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 CLAYSVILLE, a postrvillage of Washington CO., Indiana, 
 about 90 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLAYSVILLE. a po.st-offlce of Boone CO.. Missouri. 
 
 CLAYTON, klA'ton, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township of England, co. of York, AVest 
 Riding. 
 
 CLAVTON, a county in the E.N.E. part of Iowa, border^ 
 ing on Wisconsin, has an area of 760 square miles. The 
 Mississippi River forms its entire boundary on the E. The 
 Turkey River flows through the middle of the county Into 
 the iirst-named river, and the South Fork of the Turkey 
 traverses part of the county. The surface is diversified by 
 rolling prairies and woodlands; the soil is productive, and 
 the climate healthy. Mines of lead are worked in the S.E. 
 part near the river. Capital, El Kader. Pop. 20,72s. 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-village and township of .lefferson co., 
 New Y'ork, on St. Lawrence and Chaumont Rivers, and at 
 tlie terminus of the Utica and Black River Hailroad, 20 
 miles N.N.W. of Watertown. Clayton is a port in the col- 
 lection district of Cape Vincent, and has a landing for ves- 
 sels plying on the St. Ijiwrence. Pop. 4696. 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-office of Berks Co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CL.W'TO.V. a jiost-village, capital of Rabun CO., Georgia, 
 about 175 miles N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-village, capital of Barbour co., Alabama, 
 75 miles S.E. of Montgomery. Pop. about 400. 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-village in the N.W. part of Miami co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 CL.AYTON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 75 
 miles W. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 CLAYTON, a small village of Morgan co.. Ohio. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township in the N. part of Perry co., Ohio 
 Pop. 1329. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township in Genesee co., Michigan. Pop. 768 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-offlce in Hendricks co., Indiana. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 1380. 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, on the 
 Quincy and Toledo Railroad, 28 miles E.N.E of Quincy, and 
 89 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 CLAYTON, a flourishing post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, 
 on the Mississippi River, 50 miles above Dubuque. Nearly 
 all the surplus jiroduce of Clayton county is shipped by 
 steamboats at this place, which is the most easily accessible 
 river-port for a large extent of country. Lead-mines have 
 been opened near Clayton. Pop. 723. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township in Winnebago co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 402. 
 
 CL.AYTO'NA. a post-offlce of Morgan co., Ohio, 75 miles 
 E. S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 CLA Y'TON-LE-D -ALE, a township of EngI.ind.co. Lancaster. 
 
 CLAYTON-LE-MOORS, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 CLAYTON-LE-WOODS, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 CLAYTON'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Monmouth co., New 
 .Jersey. 
 
 CLAYTON'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Pickens district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CLAY'TONVILLE, a post-village of Henderson co., North 
 Carolina. 284 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 CL.AYTON, WEST, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 CLAY'TON-wiTH-FRICKLEY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Y'ork, AYest Riding. 
 
 CLAY A'ALLEY. a post-offlce, Robeson co.. North Carolina. 
 CLAY VILLAGE, a post-village of Shelby co., Kentucky, 
 on the road from Louisville to Frankfort, 16 miles W. of the 
 latter. Pop. about 250. 
 
 CL.AY'VILLE, a postrofflce of Providence co., lihode 
 Island. 
 
 CL.AYVILLE. a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, 
 about 10 miles S. of Utica. 
 CLAY'WORTH. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 CLEAR BRANCH, a post-office of Washington co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 CLEAR BRIDGE, a post-offlce of Clearfield co., retnsyl- 
 vania. 
 
CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, of Iluntlngdon co., Indiana, falls Into 
 the Wabash Kiver. 
 
 CLEAR CKEKK. of Monroe co.. Indiana, joins Salt Creek. 
 
 CLEAIl C1{KKK. near the southern extremity of IlliuoLs, 
 flows Into the Mi'-.'iissippi. 
 
 CLE All CHEEK, of .Missouri. See Peshaw. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, of Sh:ista co..in the N.part of California, 
 falls into Sacrarjento River about 2 miles below Shasta City. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a post-village of Chautauqua co., New 
 York, about 320 miles \V, by S. of Albany, has 2 or 3 
 churches aufl several stores. 
 
 CLEAR CilEEK, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 3LEAR CREEK, a township in Ashland co., Ohio. Top. 
 1214. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a post-townsliip of Fairfield co., Ohio, 
 80 miles S. by E. of Columbus. Pop. 1905. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a township of Warren co., Ohio. Pop. 
 27NO. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a township in Monroe co,, Indiana. 
 Pop. 12;i2. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a township in Clark co., Illinois. Pop. 
 720, 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a township in Cumberland co., Illinois, 
 Pop. 400. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a small village of Bfites co„ Missouri. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a small post-village of Dayiess co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a post-office of Daviess co., Missouri. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK LA.NDl.Nli, a post-village of Alexander 
 CO., Illinois, 215 miles S. of .'^prinjrfield. 
 
 CLEAR'l'IELD, a county in the W. central part of Penn- 
 sj'lvaui.t. has an area of about 1150 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, 
 which divides it into nearly equal portions. Mushannon 
 Creek forms part of the .S E, Imundaiy. and Clearfield Creek, 
 from whii-h the name is derived, enters the river about the 
 middle of the county. The eastern part is traversed by deep 
 ravines formed by the watercourses, and is too rugjied for 
 cultivation ; the remainder is irenerally rolling and uneven. 
 The soil in the valleys of the larjje streams is productive, 
 and much of the upland is moderately fertile, and adapted 
 to pra/.iiig, Larfie quantities of timl)er, pine, oak, poplar, 
 and cherry, are procured from the forests, and floated down 
 the river to market. Mines of iron or» and stone coal are 
 worked. Organized in 1804. Capital. Clearfield. Pop. I!'," 59. 
 
 CLEARFIELD, a township of Rutler co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. SIO. 
 
 CLEAREIELD, a small post-village of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CLEARFIELD, a post-villnRe and the capital of Clear- 
 field county, is situated in Lawrence townshij). Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the West Briimli of the Susquehanna River, 120 
 miles \V.N.W. of llarrisbm-g. It contains, besides the 
 county buildings, several churches, a newspaper office, and 
 a bank. Coal is abundant in the vicinity, and lumlfer 
 is a leading article of export. Pop, 767 ; of the township, 
 1402. 
 
 CLEARFIELD BRIDGE, a post-^sffice of Clearfield co,, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CLEARFIELD CREEK. Pennsylvania, flows northward, 
 and enters the West Branch of the Susquehanna near 
 Clearfield, 
 
 CLEAR FORK, of Mohiccan River, Ohio, enters the main 
 stream near Loudonville. Ashland county, 
 
 CLEAR FORK, of Black River, Missouri. See Bl.^ck 
 River. 
 
 CLEAR FORK, a post-ofllce of Tazewell co., Virginia. 
 
 CLEAR FORK, a pnst-office of Whitely co., Kentucky. 
 
 CLEAR LAKE, of Yolo co., towards the N.W, part of Ca- 
 lifornia, is about miles long by 2 miles wide. 
 
 CLE.VR LAKE, a township in Steuben co., Indiana, 
 Pop. 332. 
 
 CLEAR LAKE, a post-office of Sangamon co., Tllinois. 
 
 CLEAR L.\KE, a post-office of Benton co., Minnesota. 
 
 CLEARMDNT. a post-office of Warren co., Tennessee, 
 
 CLEAR POINT, a post-office of Hart co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CLEAR PORT, a post-office of Fairfield co., Ohio. 
 
 CLE.VR SPIUNG. a ijost-office of York co., Pennsylv.anl.T, 
 
 CLEAR SPRING, a post-vilkge of Washington co., Mary- 
 land. 110 miles N.W. of Ann.apolis, situated in a beautiful 
 and fertile country. 
 
 CLEAR SPRING, a postoffice of Greenville district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 CLEAR SPRING, a post-ofllce of Chickasaw co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 CLEAR SPRING, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee. 
 
 CLEAR SPRING, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, 64 
 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLE.AR SPRING, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana, 
 14 miles S.E. of Warsaw, the county seat. 
 
 CLEAR SPRING, a township of La Grange co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1207, 
 
 CLEARS* VILLE, a post-office of Bedford co,, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CLEAR'WA'TER(orWASHACUMMOT) RIVER, m Brl 
 tish North America, lat. 50° 30' N., Ion. 110° W., o.nnccw 
 Uike Metbye with the river Athabasca, and theuce the 
 waters flowing to Hudson Bay with those entering the 
 Arctic Oc(;an. 
 
 CLEAR'WA'TER, a post-village of Chippewa co.. AViscon- 
 sin, on Chippewa River, at the mouth of J/Eau Claire River 
 It has 2 mills, 
 
 • CLEAS'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 CLEATOR, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 CLEAVELAND, New York. See Clevel.w.'d. 
 
 CLEAVELAND, Ohio. See Clevela.nd, 
 
 CLEAVE/LAND, a post-office of Fayette co., Kentucky. 
 
 CLEAVELAND, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 CLECKHEATON, klJk'e-t^n, a village and townsliip of 
 England, co. of York, M est Hiding, Sg miles W. of Leeds, is 
 well built, lighted with gas, and has a news-room and me- 
 chanics' institution. The m.anufacture of woollen cloth and 
 worsted is extensively Ciirried on ; cards and other machine- 
 ry used in the wool trade are .also made, and the iion- 
 founding trade is important. Here is a station on the 
 Briidford branch of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. 
 Pop. 4299. 
 
 CLl5cY, kl.iVe', a market-town of France, department of 
 Calvados, near the (Jrne, 13 miles W.N.W. of Falaise. Pop. 
 2028. It has manufactures of laoe and cotton fabrics. 
 
 CLEDEN, kleh-ddi*"', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistere, 25 miles W.X.W. of Quimper. 
 
 CLEDEN, a market-town of France, department of Finis- 
 tere, 26 miles N.E. of Quimper, 
 
 CLEE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CLEEK'S MILLS, a post-office of B:ith co„ Virginia. 
 
 CLEl-yNISH, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Ferma- 
 nagh. 
 
 CLEE SAINT MARGARET'S, a parish of England, co, of 
 Salop, 
 
 C'LEES, LE, leh klAce or Igh kli, a parish and village of 
 Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 4 miles W. of Orbe, on the 
 Orbe, in a narrow gorge of the Jura, It was formerly a 
 small town, with a fortress for the defence of one of the 
 p;tsses of the Jui'a, 
 
 CLEFyTHORPE, a township of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 parish of Clee, on the coast, 2j miles E.S.E. of Great Grims- 
 by. Pop. 778. It is frequented fjr sea-liathing. 
 
 CLEEVF;-BL«H0P'S, or BISHOP'S CLEEVE, a village 
 and parish of England, co. of Gloucester, .'ij miles N.N.E. of 
 Cheltenliam, with a station on the Bristol and Birmingham 
 Railroad. 
 
 CLEEVE, OLD, a parish of llngland, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CLEEVE-PRI'OR, a village and parish of England, co, of 
 WorcestiT. 6 miles N.E. of Evesham. 
 
 CLfiliUEREC. kLVgiV^k', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Morbihan, miles N,W. of Pontivy, Pop. iu 
 1852, 3850L 
 
 CLEISH, kleesh. a parish of Scotland, co. of Iviurosg 
 Here are remains of some Roman forts, 
 
 CLEM'ENT. a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio. 
 
 CLEM'ENTON, a village of Camden co.. New Jer.sey, 13 
 miles S.S.E. of Camden, has 2 mills and a tavern. 
 
 CLE.M'ENTSBURG, a village of Crittenden co.. Kentucky, 
 on the Ohio River, about 220 miles W. l)y S. of F'rankfort, 
 
 CLEM'ENTSVILLE, a post-office of Jack.son co., Tea- 
 
 CLEM'MONSVILLE, a post-village In Davidson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CLENCH-WAR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CLENDENIN. a po.st-office of Kanawha co., Virginia, 
 
 CLENT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 CLEOBURY-MORTIMER, klo'bfr-re-mor'te-mf r, a market- 
 town and parish of England, co. of Salop, 10 miles E. of 
 Ludlow. Pop. 1730. It has a work-house, and a free .school 
 fjunded in 1714. The Clee Hills in the vicinity .abound in 
 coal, ironstone, and limestone. The ancient satirist, Piera 
 Plowman, was born in this town, 
 
 CLEOBURY, NORTH, a pai-ish of England, co, of S.alop. 
 
 CLEOPATRIS. See Suez. 
 
 CLERCKEN, kl^Rk'kgn, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders. 20 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop, 2845. 
 
 Cl6rES, kliiJR. a town of France, department of Seine- 
 Inferieure, 10 miles N. of Rouen, on a small river of it* 
 own name. Pop. 906. 
 
 CLERFF, klaiKf or CLERVAUX. klaiR'vo', a sm.ill village 
 of Holland, 33 miles N. by W. of Luxemburg. It has a 
 castle belonging to the Count of Lannois. Pop. 800. 
 
 CLER'lHAN, a village of Ireland, co, of Tipperary, 4 
 miles N,W. of Clonmel, with a neat Roman Catholic chapel. 
 
 CLER'KENWELL, a large district and out-pari.sih of the 
 city of London, co. of Middlesex, 1 mile N. of St. Paul's, 
 Area, 320 acres. Pop. 56,766. It has a conspicuous session- 
 house, Clerkeuwell Green Prison-h luse. and New Rivef 
 Head water-cistern for supplying t he metropolis. '• St. 
 John's Gate" is the only remnant of an ancient priory 
 which stood in that locality. 
 
 CLERMONT, kUfi'miji'', a town of France, department 
 
 463 
 
CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 of Oiso, on the rente between Paris and Amiens, and on the 
 Bailv.i/ dii Xord, 1(5 miles S.S.E. of Baiivais. Pop. in 1862, 
 6144. eagasred in calico bleaching and trading in s^ri'-ul- 
 taral produ.-e. It has a college and library of 12,000 
 volumes. Its old castle is now a prison. 
 
 CLERMONT, kler-monf, a county in the S.W. part of 
 Ohio, has au arivi of 402 square miles. The Ohio RiTer 
 forms its hound.iry on the S.W., and the Little Miami on 
 the W. ; it is also drained by the East Fork of Little MiamL 
 Th'i surface is generally rolling, and is quite hilly in the 
 Tieinity of the ( hio River. •■V large portion of the soil is 
 rich. The surface rock of this county is the blue limestone. 
 The Cincinnati and Marrietta Railroad passes along its 
 northern border. Capital, Batavia. Pop. ;ia.034. 
 
 CLER.MOXT, a post-towuship of Columbia co.. New York, 
 on the Hudson Kiver, about 10 miles S. by W. of Hudson. 
 Pop. 9CS. 
 CLERMONT, a post-offlce of Marion eo., Indiana. 
 CLKRMONT, a post-office of Richland co.. Illinois. 
 CLERMONT, a post office of Fayette co., Iowa. 
 CLERMOXT-DE-LODJiVE, kl^R^miS.N'^-deh-loM.'lv', a town 
 of France, department of Ilerault, 23 mil^s AV. of Montpel- 
 lier. Pop. in 18rr2, 6180. It h;is manutictories of coarse 
 woollens for military clothing, and for export to the Levant, 
 and trade in rural produce. There Ls here a communal 
 college, a savings bank, and a chamber of commerce. 
 
 CLERMaNT-EN-.\RGO.\NE, kl^R'mA.No'-dn-iR^gonn', a 
 town of France, department of Meuse, 14 miles W.S.W. of 
 Verdun. Pop. 1450. 
 
 CLERMONT-FERRAND, kllR'mi\.\«'-fjRW.\»'.(ane.^«7!(s- 
 tonemiftitm.) a city of Fnmce. capital of the department of 
 Puy-de-l)6me, on an eminence, 212 miles .S.S.E. of Paris. 
 Pop. in l'<62. .3.3,516. It has a university, i-oyal college, 
 school of medicine, library of l.S.OOO volumes, academy, nor- 
 mal school, l)otanic garden, a chamber of commerce, and a 
 school of desiijn. It is composed of two towns. Clermont 
 and >Iont-Ferrand, formerly separate, united bv a fine pro- 
 menade. Being situated near the Puy-de-Dome. it is sur- 
 rounded by volcanic formations of the most varied aspect. 
 Chief edifices, the Gothic Cathedral and Church of Notre- 
 Dame. In one of its suburbs is the fountain of St. .41yne, 
 the incrustations of which, during the successive deposits of 
 300 years. h:ive formed a curious natural bridge. It has 
 manufactures of lineu and woollen fabrics, hosiery, paper, 
 and cutlery : and it is the entrepot for commerce between 
 Bordeaux and Lyons. 
 
 Anterior to the Roman conquest. Clermont w.as called 
 Nenietum. and, in the reign of Augustus. .\ugusto-Neme- 
 tum. It 1>ecame (he capital of the Arverni after the destruc- 
 tion of Gergovi.i, the ancient capital, which seems to have 
 occupied a bill 4j miles from Clermont. Christianity w.as 
 established here, and a bishopric founded, about the year 
 250. The city, which had K»come very considerable under 
 the Romans, suffered severely from the irruption of the 
 northern tribes : and, k. d. o07, it was taken by Thierry. 
 and united to the crown of France. In a. p. 761 it was 
 sacked by Pepin. The great council in whi'-h the Cru- 
 sades orinnated was held here in 1095, convoked by Pope 
 Urban 11. Here, from a throne around whii-h were grouped 
 the tents of tens of thousands of enthusiastic hearers, the 
 pope pronounced that elo(juent discourse which melted all 
 to tears, and w.is followed by the universal shout of "Diex 
 le volt." (Dieu le veut — God wills it.) when the cloaks of 
 red cloth worn by the noble bystanders were torn into 
 shreds, to form the badge of the cross, then first adopted. 
 In 1550. Clermont was declared the capital of the duchy of 
 Auvergne. Gregoi-y of Tours, Blaise Pa-scal. the poet De- 
 lille, and General Desaix were n.itives of this town. 
 
 Ci.,EHMONT MILLS, a post-office of Harford co.. Marvland. 
 
 CLERMONTOIS, kl^R^m^NoHwa'. a small district of 
 
 Prance, in the old province of Lorraine, of which the capital 
 
 was Clermontois-en-Argonne. It is now comprised in the 
 
 department of the Meuse. 
 
 CLERMONT-TONNERRE. kler^monVton'nair', (Fr. pron. 
 kleE.hu'<N<='-tou'naiii/.) an island of the Pacific Ocean, Low 
 Island group, in lat. 18° 32' 49" S., Ion. 136^ 21' 12" W. 
 Length. 10 miles, by li miles across. Surface, low. Its dis- 
 covery has been claimed for the French under Admiral 
 Duperre in 1S25. 
 
 CLERMONT'VILLK. a post-villii?e of .AIcKean CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, aliout 194 miles X.W. of Uarrisburg. 
 
 CLERVAL, kljRH-41', a town of France, department of 
 Doubs. 24 miles N.E. of Besanjon, on the Doubs. 
 CLKRVAUX. See Clerff. 
 
 CLERY. kl.Vree', (ano. Clariaewnt) a town of France, 
 department of Loiret. on the Loire. 9 miles S.W. of Orleans. 
 Louis XI . was ititerred in the church of Notre Dame de Clferv. 
 CLES, klJs, a town of Austria, Tyrol. 19 miles X. by W. 
 of Trent, on the Noce, here crossed "by a bridge. It is well 
 built, and commanded by a castle, and pos.sesses a Francis- 
 can convent, with a large library. Pop. 2046. 
 CLETO, a post-offlce of Bexar co., Texas. 
 CLETO CREEK, of Texas, flows into the San Antonio 
 from the N. in Goliad co. 
 CLEVK'DOX, a narisb of England, co. of Somerset. 
 464 
 
 CLEVEDOX JITLTON. or mLTTON CLEVEDOX, a pn- 
 rish of Knaland. co. of Somerset. 
 
 CLEVty LAN D. a bay on the N.E. coast of Australia. It is 
 about 20 miles in width at the entrance. 
 
 CLEVE'LAND. a fertile district of Ensl.nnd. co. of York, 
 Xorth Rilling. It gives the title of duke to the Vane family. 
 In it is the hamlet of Clevelandport. 
 
 CLEVE'LAND. a county in the S.W. p."ii-t of Xortn 
 Carolina, bordering on South Carolina, has an area of aliout 
 6G0 square miles. It is intersected by the First Broad 
 River, which enters Bro.id River pmper near the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of the county. The surfnce is elevat*^d and uneven; 
 the soil is .said to lie fertile. King's Mountain is on or near 
 the S.E. border of the county, which was formed in 1S41, 
 and named in honorof Colonel Benjamin Cleveland, who com- 
 manded at the battle of King's Jlountain. Capital, Shelby. 
 Pop. 12.348. of whom 10,217 were free, and 2131 slaves. 
 
 CLEVELAND, a post/village of Constantia township, 
 Oswego CO., Xew York, on the northern shore of Oneida 
 Lake, about 48 miles W. by N. of Ulica. It has one or two 
 churches, and several mills. Pop. 902. 
 
 CLEVEL.^XD, a village of Meriwether Co., Georgia, about 
 100 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CLEVELAND, a thriving post-village, capital of Bradley 
 CO., Tennessee, on the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, 
 156 miles E.S.E. of Xashville, and about SO miles X.E. of 
 Chattanooga.' The surrounding country is fertile and well 
 watered, and is rapidly improving since the opening of the 
 railroad. Cleveland is a place of active business, and has 
 from 600 to 000 inhabitants. It was laid out in 1840. A 
 railroad has also been constructed from this point to Chut- 
 tanoo^. 
 
 CLKV'EL.^XD, a city and port of entry of Ohio, capital 
 of Cuyahoga tv., situated on the S. sliore of Lake Erie, at the 
 mouth of Cuyahoga Kiver, 136 miles by railroad E.X.E. of 
 Columbus, 255 miles N.E. from Cincinnati, and lti5 miles by 
 water S.W. ofBulfalo. Lat. 41° 30' X., Ion. 81° 47' \V. Cleve- 
 land is the second city of Ohio in size and importance, and is 
 one of the most beautiful cities in the United States. It is 
 deiightfuUy situated on a gravelly plain, elevated from 60 to 
 100 feet above the level of the lake. The Cuyahoga River 
 passes through the city, its tortuous course adding to the 
 picturesque character of the scenery, and affording several 
 miles of dock front. The city is laid out with much taste, the 
 streets being spacious and mostly arranged at right-angles; 
 the principid streets are from ^0 to 120 feet wide. A peculiar 
 feature is the abundance of shade trees, chiefly maple, on all 
 hut the exclusively business streets, which gives CleveUiud 
 the title of the " Forest City."' Xesvr the centre of the city is a 
 public square of 10 acres Open to foot passengers only. It is 
 thickly shaded with trees, and covered with a grassy turf, 
 carefully preserved. In the X.W. corner is a handsome foun- 
 tain, ornamented with rockwork and flowers, lunuediately 
 in the centre of the square stands an admirably executed 
 st^itue of Commodore OUver Hazard Perry, the hero of 
 the battle of Lake Erie. The statue was erected by the 
 citizens, at the cost of $8000, and is the largest marble stiitue 
 in the United Stiites. The pedestal is of Rhode Island gran- 
 ite, 12 feet high. The sfcitue is of Italian marble, s feet 2 
 inches high. In the front of the pedestal is a marble me- 
 dallion, representing the jiassage of Perry in a small boat 
 from the Lawrence to the Xiag-ara during the battle of Lake 
 Erie. The statue was inaugurated on the 6th of Sejjtember, 
 1.S60, in tlie presence of 100,000 persons ; the Governors of 
 Ohio and Rliode Island with their staffs, and the military of 
 lioth states being i)resent Bancroft, the historian, delivered 
 the oration, and a number of the survivors of the battle were 
 also present. On theW. side of theriver there isanotlur public 
 enclosure, called '• the Circle," shaded with trees and having 
 a fountain in the centre. The streets are well lighte<l with gas. 
 The principal streets are mostly well paved, and extensive 
 additions are annually made to the paving and sewerage of 
 the city. The business portion of the city is mostly bnilt 
 with handsome brick and stone blocks, from 3 to 5 stories 
 in lieight, and a large proportion of the dwellings are fine 
 buildings of brick and stone. The produce, shipping, and 
 much of the heavy wholesale grocery business is done on 
 River and Slerwin streets, on the E. bank of the river. The 
 principal jobbing business is on Water street. Superior 
 street is occupied with the larger retail stores, mixed retail 
 and jobbing stores, and the banks. The retail dry-goods 
 stores and bookstores are all on Superior street. The mar- 
 ket, and the retail grocery, provision, and vegetable and 
 fruit stores, are mostly on" Ontario street. S. of the pnlilic 
 square. The principarstreet for dwellings is Euclid street, 
 which is lined on the N. side with elegant residences, and is 
 siiid to be one of the handsomest streets in America. Pros- 
 pect street, parallel to Euclid, ranks next in beauty, and 
 there are a number of other fine streets and avenues. The 
 gravelly soil renders the site of the city dry and very healthy. 
 There are3 cemeteries belonging to Cleveland. The City Cem- 
 etery is on Erie street, and is a favorite resort of tlie citizens. 
 It is shaded with trees <if considerable age, and filled with 
 tasteful monuvnents. The walks are laid out in rectangle*. 
 Woodland Cemetery, just beyond the city limit, on Kinsman 
 
CLE 
 
 CLI 
 
 stre-wt, was opened a few years since. It is an extensive en- 
 closure tastefully laid out with winding paths, and shaded 
 with native trees. Many elegant monunients already adorn 
 the grounds. The West Side Cemetery is in the W. portion 
 of the city. There is also a Uonian Catholic Cemetery. 
 
 The principal public buildings are the U. S. liuilding, con- 
 taining the Post-office, Custom-house, and U. S. Court ; the 
 County Court-house, the U. S. Mttrine Hospital, the City 
 Police-court and Prison, the County Jail, Medical College, 
 Charity Hospital, Orplian Asylums, City Infirmary, with a 
 number of railroad, bank and business blocks. The U. S.. 
 county and city buildings are of stone, the others of brick 
 and stone. Many of the churches are large and costly 
 edifices. The railroad buildings are unsurp»sse<l in e.\tent 
 and completeness. The new freight depots.locomotive-house, 
 and repair-shops of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati 
 Kailroad are substantial and extensive structures of brick 
 and stone, with all the necessary machinery and appliances 
 in great perfection. The Cleveland and Erie and Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg lijiilroads also have extensivcand complete 
 locomotive and car-shops. A new and very extensive Union 
 depot of stone was commenced in IR61I, on the lake front, by 
 four of the railroad companies. The Academy of Jlu^ic is a 
 plain building fronting on Bank street. Hrainard's Hall, 
 Chapin's Hall, and L.vman's Hall are used for lectures, con- 
 certs, and balls. Case's Hall, to be completed in 1865, will 
 be one of the largest and finest halls in the \Vest. 
 
 [For continuation of Ci.evbi.and, see A ppendix.] 
 
 ClifcVEL.WD, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 CLEVEL.\ND. township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 533. 
 
 CLEVELAND, a village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, 5i 
 miles X.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLEVELAND, a sni.all vilUge of Boone co., Illinois. 
 
 CLEVES, kleevz, (Oer. Kln^e. klA'Vfh. Fr. CItvcs, kl.ive. 
 L. C'U'ri((.) a town of Rhenish I'russia.goveninientDusseldorf 
 capital of circle, and formerly capital of duchy of Cleves. near 
 the Khine and the Netherland frontier. 23 miles N.W. of 
 Wesel. Pop. 8(X)0. It stands on a declivity, (whence its 
 name,) and is neatly built in the Dutch style. It has a 
 college, a castle now used as a house of correction, a good 
 town-hall, and a statue of Prince Maurice of Nassau; 
 manufactories of silk and woollen falirics, hats, leather, 
 ho.'iiery, <tc. Near it are a royal park and a zoological 
 garden. 
 
 CLEVES. or CLEVES'TOWN, a post-village of Hamilton 
 county, Ohio, situated about 12 miles W. by N. of Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 CLEW BAY, Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo, is an 
 inlet of tlie Atlantic, lat. 5.3° 55' N.. Irn. 9° 50' W. It ex- 
 tends inland for about 15 miles, with a nearly uniform 
 breadth of 8 miles. Along its shores are numerous sMiall 
 harbors and fisliins stations, with the towns of Newport, 
 Westport. and Louisburgh. At its upper end is an archi- 
 pelago of about oUO fertile and cultivated islets; and oppo- 
 site its entrance is Clare Island. 
 
 CLEW'EK, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 CLEY i^kW) NE.\U THE SEA, a small seaport and parish 
 of England, co. of Norfolk, on an estuary, forming an indif 
 ferent harlior for li.Lrht craft. | mile from the North Sea, and 
 2o miles N.N.W. of Norwich. It has a custom-house, an ex- 
 port trade in corn and Hour, imports of coal, and some 
 fisheries. It was here that Prince James, afterwards James 
 I. of Scotland, driven by stress of wesither on his voyage to 
 France, was detained by the inhabitants : he was afterwards 
 kept a prisoner by Henry IV. for 17 years. 
 
 C'LI'HUUN. a pari.sh of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 CLICHY-LA-G ARONNE, kleo'sheeMd-gaVonn', a village of 
 France, department of Seine. 4j miles X.W. of Paris, of 
 which it Ibrms a suburb. It has important manufactures 
 of chemical products. 
 
 CLID'DESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CLIF'DEN, a seaport-town of Irel.ind. in Connaiv^cht, dis- 
 trict of Connemara, co. and -13 miles W.N.W. of Galway. on 
 an inlet of Ardl)ear harbor. Pop. 1509. It has a Gothic 
 parish church, several schools, a bridewell, work-house, cus- 
 tom-house, sessions-house, and a harbor admitting vessels 
 of 200 tons burden. Chief exports, herrings, and upw.ards 
 of 1000 tons of oats annually. Chief import, American tim- 
 ber. Clifilen Castle is '2 miles distant. 
 
 CLIFDEN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kil- 
 kenny, gives the title of viscount to the Agar-EUis family. 
 
 CLli'FE, kliff, a township of England, co. of York, East 
 Biding. 
 
 CLIKFE, a township of England, co. of K«nt. 
 
 CLIFFE PYPARD, or PEPER, a parish of England, co. 
 ci Wilts. 
 
 CLIFFE REGIS, or KING'S CLIFFE, a parish of England, 
 00. of Northampton. 
 
 CLIFFE. ST. THOMAS, a parish of England. CO. of Sussex. 
 
 CLIFFE. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CLIF'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, 8 miles 
 ^.S.W. of Kington. Here are the ruins of an ancient castle, 
 the baronial residence of the Clifford family. 
 
 CLIFFORD, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 2£ 
 
 CLIFFORD, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Penn 
 sylvania. 10 miles N. of Carbondiile. Pop. 1624. 
 
 CLIFFORD, a po.^t-office of Bartholomew co.. IndLana. 
 
 CLIFFORD CHAMBERS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 CLI FT MILLS, a post-office of Fauquier co., A'irginia. 
 
 CLIFTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 CLlF'Ti>X, a watering-place and parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester, about 1 mile W. of Bristol. Area, 910 acres. 
 Pop. 14.177. It compiises elegant ten-ace?, and crescents, 
 built on the sides and summit of a precipitous limestone 
 hill, commands fine views, and is separated from a similar 
 clilf by a deep chasm, tlirough which flows the navigable 
 Avon. Its celebrated hot biiths have a temperature of 
 about 73° Fahrenheit. They contain an unusual tiuantity 
 of carbonic acid gas. with salts of magnesia, and have for up- 
 wards of two centuries been in high repute. Hotels, lodging- 
 houses, assembly and concert rooms are established, and 
 many of the wealthy inhabitants of Bristol permanently 
 reside here. Races are held near it annually in .'ipril. 
 
 CLIFTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, on the 
 Manchester and Bolton Railway, oj miles N.AV. of Salford. 
 
 CI^IFTON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 CLIFTON, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Ridinc 
 
 CLI V'TON, a post-township of Penobscot co.. 5Iaine. P. 307. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-office of Monroe co.. New York. 
 
 CLIFTON, a township of St. Lawrence co.. New York. 
 
 CLIFTON', a village of Carbon county, Pennsylvania, near 
 the Lehigh River, about 120 miles N.E. of Harri.sburg. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-ofiice of Luzerne co., Penn.xylvania. 
 
 CLIFTO.V, a post-office of King George co., Virginia. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-office of Madison co., Florida. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-office of Wilcox co.. Alabama. 
 
 CLIFTON, a small post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee. 
 
 CLIFTO.V, a small village of Woodford co., Kentucky, on 
 the Kentucky River. 
 
 CLIFTO-N, a village of Clarke co., Ohio, about 50 mile* 
 S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 CLIFTO.V, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio, on the Little 
 Miami River, 75 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. The water-power 
 of the river propels a cotton and a woollen tactory, a paper 
 mill, and grist mill. 
 
 CLIFTO.V, a postoffice of Houghton CO., Michigan. 
 
 CLIFTO.V, a post-office of Union co., Indiana. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-village of Jefferson co., Missouri, on the 
 Mississippi River, 26 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. 
 
 CLIFTON, a village of Dane co., Wisconsin, on the Wi* 
 consin River, about 24 miles N.W. of Madison. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-office of Monroe co., Wisconsin. 
 
 CLIFTON CAMP'VILLE, a parish of England, co. of Staf- 
 ford. 
 
 CLIFTON-CtJM-HARTS'IIEAD, a township of England, 
 CO. of York, West Riding. 
 
 CLIF'TON FOItGE. a po.st-offlce of Alleghany co.. Virginia. 
 
 CLIF'TON HAM'DEN. a parish of England, co. of O.xford. 
 
 CLIF'TON MAY'BANK. a parishof England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CLIFn:ON MILLS, a post-office of Breckenridge co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 CLIFTON, NORTH, a parish of Engl.-md, co. of Notts. 
 
 CLIF'TON P.\RK, a post-township of Saratoga co.. New 
 York, 17 miles N. by W. of Albany, borders on tlie Mohawk 
 River and Erie Canal. Pop. 2804. 
 
 CLIF'TON REYNES, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CLIFTON SPRINGS, a post-village of Ontario co., New 
 York, on the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 44 miles 
 E.S.E of Rochester. 
 
 CLIFTON-wiTH-CAMPTON, a township of England, co. 
 of Derbv. 
 
 CLIFTON-UPON-DUNS/.MORE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 CLlFTON-wiTH-GLAPTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Nottincham. 
 
 CLIFTON-wiTH-SAI/WICKja township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 CLIFTON-upox-TEAME, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 
 CLIFTY, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky. 
 
 CLIFTY, a township in B.irtholomew CO., Indiana. P. 1133. 
 
 CLIFTY. a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana, 45 miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLIFTY CREEK, Alabama, flows S. Into Sipsey River, in 
 Walker county. 
 
 CLIFTY CREEK, in the S.W. part of Kentucky, flows 
 through the S.E. part of Muhlenberg county into Muddy 
 
 CLIFTY CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Rush county, and 
 flowing S.W. about 50 miles, enters the Driftwood Fork ot 
 White River, 3 miles below Columbus. 
 
 CLIFTY CREEK, of Jefferson co., Indiana, falls into the 
 Ohio 1 mile below Madison. 
 
 CLI'MAX, a township of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Pop. 
 1160. 
 
 CLI'MAX PRAI'RIE, a postofflce of Kalamazoo co., MV 
 chlsan. 
 
 465 
 
CLI 
 
 CLTMPTNG, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CLINCH, a new county in the S. part of Georgia, formed 
 since l.«50. Pop. 3063. 
 
 CLINCH DALE, a village of Hawkins co., Tennesisee, 250 
 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 CLINCH KIVEK. of Virginia and Tennessee, ri.ses among 
 the mountains in the S.AV. part of the former state, and 
 flowing S.AV. into Tennessee, traverses the valley between 
 Clinch and Powell Mountains, and unites with the Holston 
 Ot Kingston, to form the Tennessee Kiver. Its whole length 
 Ls estimated at above 200 miles. Small boats navigate it 
 fcr more than half that distance. 
 
 CLINES MILL, a post-office of Augusta co.. Virginia, 
 
 CLING'MAN. a post-office of Cleveland co., North Carolina. 
 
 CLING'MAN'S PEAK, of North Carolina, is the highest 
 peak of Black Mountain, and the most elevated land E. of 
 the Mississippi, being 6941 feet above the level of the sea. 
 it is situated about 3 miles N. of Mitcheirs Peak, and is 
 named in honor of the lIon.Thos. L. Cliugman, who detei^ 
 mined its altitude in Sept. 1855. 
 
 CLINTON, a county forming the N.E. extremity of New 
 York, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by Lake Champlain, and on the S. by the llivifere 
 au Sable, and is drained by the Saranac and Chazy Ttivers, 
 and other smaller streams which furnish abundant watei^ 
 power. Along the shore of the lake the surface is level, or 
 slightly uneven, and the soil of good quality. In the W. 
 part the surface is mountainous, and abounds in iron ore of 
 , an excellent qu.ility. The railroad, connecting liouse's Point 
 with Ogdensburg, traverses the county, and a branch to 
 Plattsburg is included within it. Organized in 1788, and 
 named in honor of George Clinton, who was six times suc- 
 cessively elected governor of the state of New York, and 
 ftfterwards vice-president of the United States. Capital, 
 Plattsburg. Pop. 45,735. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the N. central part of Pennsylva- 
 nia, contains about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and also drained 
 by Bald Eagle and Kettle Creeks. The surface is mountain- 
 ous, the county lying on the W. declivity of the Alleghany 
 Kidge. The soil of the limestone valleys is productive. There 
 Ls abundance of iron ore and bituminous co;il in the county, 
 and the coal-mines are exteusivelj' worked. The West 
 Branch Canal affords an ea.sy access to market. Organized 
 In 1S39. This county, as well as most of those following, 
 was named in honor of De Witt Clinton, governor of New 
 York, and one of the earliest and most distinguished pro- 
 motei-s of internal improvement in his own state. Capital, 
 Lock Haven. Pop. 17,723. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, border- 
 ing on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 350 .square miles. 
 Cumberland lliver, navigable fi^r boats, washes its X. Iwr- 
 der, and it is also drained by Wolf Uiver and Indian Creek. 
 The surface is partly hilly and partly undulating. Poplar 
 Mountain, a spur of Cumlierland Mountain, rises in the E. 
 part of the county to the height of lOOO feet or more. The 
 Boil is fertile, but a large part of it is yet unimproved. 
 Stone coal and iron ore are abundant in the highland.s. 
 The county is liberally supplied with water-power. Organ- 
 ized in 1836. Capital, Albany. Pop. 57S1, of whom 5523 
 were free, and 25S slaves. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area 
 of -167 square miles. It is drained by the East Fork of Little 
 Miami, by Anderson's Fork, and by Todd's and Rattlesnake 
 Creeks. The surface is undulating ; the soil highly produc- 
 tive and well cultivated. It is intersected by the Zanesville, 
 Wilmington, and Cincinnati Railroad. Named in honor of 
 Governor George Clinton,of New York. Capital,^^"ilmiugtou. 
 Pop. 21.401. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the central part of Michigan, con- 
 tains 576 square miles. It is drained by the Grand, Maple, 
 and Looking-glass Rivers. The surface is level and heavily 
 timbered. The soil is productive. The county is liberally 
 supplied with water-power. Capital, St. John. Pop. 13.916. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the N.W. central I'art of Indiana, 
 contains 432 square miles. It is drained by the forks of 
 Wildcat River and Sugar Creek. This county, which lies in 
 the fertile valley of the Wabash, hits a level surface and an 
 alluvial soil. It contains a prairie 12 miles long and 4 miles 
 wide. Plank-roads extend in two directions from Frankfort, 
 the county-seat. Organized iu 1830. Pop. 14,505. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, has 
 im area of 42<J square miles. It is intersected by the Kas- 
 Icaskia River and by Shoal Creek, and also drained by Bea- 
 ver and Crooked Creeks. The surface is generally level, 
 and the soil productive. It coutjuns a number of prairies, 
 alternating with tracts of timber. Capital, Carlyle. Pop. 
 10,941. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the N.W. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 460 square miles. It is drained by Smith's Fork lyid 
 Little Platte River, and by Castile Creek. The general sur- 
 face is nearly level, and the soil productive. The county 
 has a large proportion of prairie. Limestone and sandstone 
 are the principal rocks. The Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 Railroad passes along the northern border of the county. 
 466 
 
 CLI 
 
 Capital. Plattsburg. Pop. 7848, of whom 6704 were free, 
 and 1144 slaves. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the E. part of Iowa. Iwrdering on 
 Illinois, has an area of 696 square miles. The Mississippi 
 River forms its eastern boundary ; the W'apsipinicon tra- 
 verses the western part, and forms the southern boundary. 
 The county has a fair propurtion of timber and prairie; the 
 soil is good. Capital. De Witt. The population of the co\inty 
 ha.s increased rapidly within the last ten years; in 1860 it 
 amounted to 18,938. 
 
 CLINTON, a ixist-village and township of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, 25 miles N. by E. of Augusta, on the E. side of Ken- 
 nebec River. Pop. 1803. 
 
 CLINTON, a flourisliing manufacturing town of Worces- 
 ter county, Massachusetts, situated on the Nashua River, 
 and on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, at its junction 
 with the Agricultural Branch R.R., a5 miles W. by N. of 
 Boston. The township was set off from Lancaster in 1849. 
 Clinton is remarkable for its rapid growth, and for its ex- 
 tensive and peculiar manufactures, consisting of Lancaster 
 gingliams, Brussels and Wilton carpets, figured counter- 
 panes, Clinton gala-plaids, hooi)-skirts, horu combs, wire 
 cloth, and machinery. Prominent among the numerous 
 establishments are the Lancaster Mills, which are situated 
 on the banks of the Nashu.a, and cover more than four acres 
 of ground. About 900 hands are employed, who keep in 
 operation 28,000 spindles and 850 looms, producing about 
 6,000,000 yards of ginghams and plaids annually. Capital 
 of the company. $5)0.000. The Bigelow Carpet Company 
 turns out annually 400,000 yards of Brussels and Wilton 
 carpeting, of a quality unsurpassed. The capital of this 
 company is $.500,000. The Lancaster Quilt Company pro- 
 duce annually 70,000 counterpanes. The Clinton Wire Cloth 
 Company is said to be the first that ever wove metallic wire 
 by power-looms. J. B. Parker & Co. of this place are cele- 
 brated for skill in the manutacture of machinery, including 
 looms for a great variety of textile fabrics. Clinton has 
 1 national bank, 6 churches and several good schools. The 
 township covers an area of only about 5000 acres. Pop. in 
 1860, 3859. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, and on the New Haven 
 and New London Railroad, 23 miles E. of New Haven. It 
 has a bank. Pop. 1427. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-township of Clinton co.. New York, 30 
 miles N.W. of Plattsburg. intersected by the Northern Rail- 
 road. Pop. 1924. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Duchess co.. New York. Pop. 
 19-22. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village of Kirkland township. Oneida 
 CO., New York, is pleasantly situated on both sides of the 
 Oriskany Creek, and on the" Chenango Canal, 9 miles S.W. 
 of Utica. and 100 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It is the seat 
 of Hamilton College, a well-endowed and popular institu- 
 tion, under the direction of the Presbyterians. The build- 
 ings are of stone, and are situated on an eminence 1 mile 
 from the village. Connected with it is an observatory said 
 to be one of the finest in the United States. The Clinton 
 Liberal Institute, under the patronage of the Universalists, 
 is an academical institution of the first class, comprising 
 two departments, one for males and one for females. Clin- 
 ton also contains the '•Houghton Seminary," and the ''Ru- 
 ral High School,"' both of which are prosperous, 6 churches, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. The manutacture of cotton goods 
 and lumber is carried on here and in the vicinity to a con- 
 siderable extent, and about a mile above the village, where 
 the Chenango Canal crosses the Oriskany, the Franklin Iron 
 Company established, in the year 1851. an extensive blast- 
 furnace, the works of which cost about $100,000. The capi- 
 tal of the company has since been increased, and they now 
 consume about 40 tons of coal daily, producing from 15 to 
 20 tons of iron. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Essex co.. New Jersey. Pop. 3659. 
 
 CLINTON^ a thriving post-village and township of Hun- 
 terdon CO.. New Jersey, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, 
 and on the South Branch of Raritan River, about 10 miles 
 N. of Fleraington, is situated in a fine and well-improved 
 agricultural region. The stream altbrds sufficient water- 
 power to turn a large flour-mill, a saw-mill, and some other 
 macliinery. This town hiis 2 or 3 hotels, 7 stores, 2 churches, 
 and 1 national bank. Pop. in 1865, about 1000; of the 
 township, iu I860. 2949. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 15 miles W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 CLINTON, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the right bank of the Alleghany River, 33 miles above Pitts- 
 hurg. _ 
 
 CLINTON, a village of Centre township, Greene co., Pt.an- 
 gylvania. about 6 miles W. of Waynesburg, 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1018. . ,. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1200. , , 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 654. 
 
CLT 
 
 CLO 
 
 CLINTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Sampson co., 
 North Caroliua, on the stage-road from Fayetteville to War-: 
 saw, 35 miles E. of the former. It has an active trade, and 
 contains G dry-goods stores, and 8 or 10 other shops. There 
 is a female institute in the immediate vicinity. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-office of Laurens district. South Caro- 
 Una. 
 
 CLINTON, a small village of Gwinnett co., Georgia. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-villa<ie, capital of Jones co., Georgia, 
 about 2 J miles W. by S. of Milh-dgeville. 
 
 CLINTON, a thriving postrvillage of Greene CO., Alabama, 
 120 miles VV.N.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 CLINTON, a village in Hinds co., Mississippi. 10 miles 
 W. of Jackson. It is on the railroad from Vicksburg to 
 Urnndon. It is the seat of Mississippi College. Free pop. 2S9. 
 
 CLINTO.N, a thriving post-village, capital of Kast Feli- 
 ciana parish, Louisiana, 32 miles N. of Baton Rouge. A 
 railroad, 2.0 miles long, connects it with Port Hudson, on 
 the Mississippi. It is a place of active and extensive busi- 
 ness, and is surrounded by a community of wealthy cotton- 
 planters: 16,000 bales of cotton were shipped here in 1S51. 
 Clinton contains a fine court-house, 2 cliurches. 1 syna- 
 gogue, 1 academy, about 20 stores, and 2 ofilces which issue 
 newspapers. I'op. in 1850, 1252. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village, c.apit.al of De Witt co., Texas, 
 about 94 miles in a direct line S. by E. of Austin. The 
 lands of the Gu.adalupe A'alley are said to be extremely fer- 
 tile, and the uplands are rolling and tinel^' diversified in 
 scenery. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village, capital of A'an Buren co., Ar- 
 kansas, on Little Ued Kiver, alx)ut 60 miles in a straight 
 line N. by W. of Little Rock. 
 
 CLINTON, a thriving past-village, capital of Anderson 
 CO., Tennessee, on the right bank of the Clinch Kiver, 18 
 miles N.W. of Kno.xville, and 175 miles E. of Nashville, is 
 surrounded by a fertile and beautiful country. The river 
 is navigable for boats. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village, capital of Hickman eo., Ken- 
 tucky, is about 10 miles from the Mis.sissippi Kiver, and 
 300 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It contains 4 stores, 1 
 school, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Franklin co., Ohio, Pop. 1413. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Fulton CO., Ohio. Pop. 912. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 882. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 2068. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pi.p. 2822. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village of Summit CO., Ohio, on the Oliio 
 Canal. 118 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1544. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1310. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village of Lenawee to., Micliigsin, is 
 pleasantly situated on Raisin River, and on the Cliicago 
 Road, 15 miles N. by E. of Adrian, the county-seat ; is well 
 supplied with water-power, and is surrounded by a fertile 
 tract (if land. It contains several stores and mills. Pop. 680. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Macomb co., Michigan. P. 2893. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Cass CO., Indiana. Pop. SC5. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Elkhart co., Indiana. P. 1575. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of La Porte co., Indiana. P. 879. 
 
 CLINTON, a thriving post-village and township of Ver- 
 million CO., Indiana, on the W. bank of the Waba.-fh River, 
 10 miles S. of Newport. It is a shipping point for the pro- 
 duce of the vicinity. Pop. in 18C0, about 500; of the towa- 
 Bhip. 1873. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of De Kalbco., Illinois. Pop. 1006. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village, capital of De Witt co., Illinois, 
 on the Central Railroad, 50 miles E.N.E. of Springfield, and 
 22 miles S. of Bloomington. The hmd in the vicinity is 
 verv productive. Laid out in 18:J7. Pop. 1362. 
 
 CLINTON, formerly RIVES" COURT-HOUSE, a small 
 post-village, capital of IIi'nr3' co., Missouri, a few miles N. 
 of Grand River, (of the Osage.) and 107 miles W. by S. of 
 Jeffer.son City, 
 
 CLINTON, a thriving post-village of Monroe co., Missouri, 
 on the North Fork of t^alt River. 81 miles N. of Jefl'erson 
 City. It has a valuable water-power, and several stores. 
 
 CLINTON, a village of Dane co., AVisconsin, on the Kosh- 
 Uonong River, 24 miles E. by S. of Madison. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village and township of Rock co., Wis- 
 consin, on tlie Chicago and North W estern Railroad, 14 
 miles S.E. of Janesville. Pup. 15-34. See Appendix. 
 
 CLIN'TON-COL'DEN LAKE, an extensive sheet of water 
 In British North America, connected with Lake Ayhner on 
 the N.W., and with Artillery Lake on the S., intersected by 
 the parallel of 64° N., and by the meridian of 107° 30' W. 
 It was discovered in 1833, by Captain Back. 
 
 CLINTON COLLEGE, a post-office of Smith co., Tennes- 
 see. 53 miles E. by N. of Nashville. 
 
 CLINTON CORNERS, a post-uttice of Dutchess co.. New 
 ■fork. 
 
 CLINTONDALE. a post-office of Ulster co.. New York. 
 
 CLINTON FURNACE, a post-office of Clarion co., Penn 
 Bylvania. 
 
 ClilNTON HILL, •» village of St. Clair co., Illinois, 5 or 6 
 milt:! N cl BeUviH? 
 
 CLINTON HOLLOW, a post-ofRce of Dutchess co., New 
 York. 
 
 CLINTON MILLS, a post-office of Lycoming co., Fennsvl- 
 vania. 
 
 CLINTON RIVER, of 5Iichigan, hasi its sources In tin 
 numerous small lakes of Oakland county, and flows turouu'h 
 Macomb county into Lake St. Clair, 6 miles from Mount Clo- 
 mens. Its length is estimated at 50 miles. It is navigable 
 by lioats for 20 miles. 
 
 CLINTON ROCK, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana. 
 
 CLINTONVILLK, a post-villajre in Au Sable township, 
 Clinton co.. New York, on Au Sable River, about 150 niiloa 
 N. of Albany. Several furnaces and rolling mills are here 
 in successful operation. Pop. about 1400. 
 
 CLINTONVILLE, a village of Onondaga co.. New York, 4 
 or 5 miles E.S.E. of Skaneateles. 
 
 CLINTONVILLE, a village of Lycoming co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 10 miles S.E. of Williamsport, and 80 miles N. of liar- 
 risburg, 
 
 CLINTONVILLE. a post-village of A'enango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 175 miles W.N.W. of llarrisburg. 
 
 CLINTONVILLE. a post-village of Greenbrier CO., Virginia, 
 231 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 CLINTONVILLE, a post-vill.ageof Bourbon co., Kentucky, 
 9 miles S. of Paris, the county seat, has 2 churches and seve- 
 ral stores. 
 
 CLlNTONmLLE. a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, on 
 the Cleveland. Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, 5 milefl 
 N. of Columbus. 
 
 CLINTONVILLE, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 CLI'O, a post-village in Marlborough district, South Caro- 
 lina, about 120 miles N.E. of Columbia. 
 
 CLIO, a post-office of Wayne co., Kentucky, 94 miles S. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 CLIO, a post-office of Greene co^ Ohio. 
 
 CLION, kle-Ax"', a village of Frarree, department of Loire- 
 Inferieure, 11 miles S. of Paimboeuf. Pop. 2110. 
 
 CLION. a village of France, department of Indre, 4^ miles 
 S.E. of Chatillon. Pop. 1600. 
 
 CLIP/PEUTON ROCK, a low coral island In the North 
 Pacific Ocean. N.W. of the Galapagos, in hit. 10° 14' N., Ion. 
 109° 19' W. It is about 3 miles in diameter. Both the ex- 
 istence and the position of this dangerous rock were doubt- 
 ful, until ascertiined liy Capt;»in Belcher, May 18, 18.30. 
 
 CLIPPESBY, klipsAbee. a p.uish of England, co. of Not- 
 folk. 
 . CLIP'SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 CLII'S'TO.N, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 CLISII in.M. kli.s'him, or CLISSKV AL, klis\«e-val', the high- 
 est mountain in the outer Hebrides, Scotland, island of Har- 
 ris. 6 miles N.W. of Tarbet. Height, 2700 feet. 
 
 CLISS.\, klis'si, a small fortified town of Dalmatia. 4 
 miles N.E. Spalatro, on a height commanding the route from 
 that city to the interior. Clissii, from the importance of its 
 position, has always been afirst object of attack by any army 
 invading this part of Dalmatia, and has accordingly stood 
 many sieges, and passed under the hand of many masters. 
 Pop. 1300. On a mountain of the s;ime name, in the vicinity, 
 is supposed to have stood the Roman castle of AmireHium, 
 
 CLISSON, cleesVAs"', a town of France, department of 
 Loire-Inferieure, on the S6vre-Nantai?e, near its confluence 
 with the Maine, 16 miles S.E. of Nantes. Pop. 1372. It has 
 manufactures of woollen cloths, paper, and 3"arn. 
 
 CLIST H0N1T0N, a pari.sh of Engknd, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLIST HY'DON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLIST ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLIST ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLIST ST. MA'RY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CLITHEROE, kliTH'er-o, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough and market-town of England,, co. of Lancaster, 
 parish of Whalley. on the Kibble, at the base of Pendle Hill, 
 (which rises to 1800 feet above the .sea.) 28 miles by railway 
 N. of Manchester. Pop. in 1851, 11,4S0. It is built of stone, 
 and has a Large chapel of ease, a Roman Catholic chapel, a 
 grammar school founded by Queen .Mary in 1554, (annual 
 revenue upwards of 450?.,) a mechanics' institute, some re- 
 mains of a castle built by the Lacy family in the twelfth 
 century, and considerable manufactures of calicoes and 
 other cotton fabrics. It sends one member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 CLITUMNO,kle-toom'no.orCLITUNNO.kle-toon'no, (anc. 
 CHlum.'nus,) a little river of Italy, in Umbria, falls into the 
 Tinia, an affluent of the Tiber. It is remarkable for the 
 beautiful transparency of its waters. [See Bykoss CUUde 
 Ilarol'/. iv. 06.) 
 
 CLIV'IGERj a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 CLIX'BY. a'piirish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CLOCAENOG, klo-ki'nog, a parish of North Wales, co, 
 of Denbigh. 
 
 CLOCH (kl5K) or CLOUGII (klSti) POINT, a headland of 
 Scotland, on the S. shore of the Frith of Clyde. 4 miles W. 
 by S. of Greenock, with a light-house exhibiting a white 
 stationary light, 70 feet above high water. 
 
 CLOCK'VILLE, a posMownship, Madison co., New York. 
 
 CLO'DOCK, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 4C7 
 
CLO 
 
 CLO 
 
 CTXVFORI), a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CUK3II or CLOirOIl, kldn. a villasje of Ireland. 17 miles 
 N. of Antiim. ne.tr '.he Kavel water. On a hi;;h rock over- 
 •ookitif; the villiisre are the remaius of an old castle. 
 
 CI.'X5I1'.\N, a vilNjie and post-town of Ireland. Kings co., 
 <l miles N.X.K. nf B«na^her, near the Shannon, consisting 
 nl neatlv thatched c-jttaues. Pop. (>ti4. 
 
 CLOGII.WK, kl6n-iiain', or CL.VUAXE, kld-hain', a pa- 
 rish of Ireland, in JIunster, co. of Kerry. 
 
 CLiXlHEEN, klAh-Heeu', a market-town of Ireland, in 
 Muustor, CO. of Tipperary, 13i miles W.S.W. of Clonmell. 
 Pop 2049. The princip;il edifices are a chui-ch, cavalry 
 barracks, hiidewfll, work-house, and hospital. It is head 
 of a poor-law union. The Cork Railway passes within 5 
 miles of the town, and about 2 miles distant is Shanbally, 
 the sent of Viscount Lismore. 
 
 CLOCiUEU, kloh'Her. a decayed episcopal city, and dis- 
 franchised parliamentary borough, now a market-town and 
 pjirish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, on the Blackwater 
 j;iver, S2 miles X.N.W. of Dublin, and 7 miles \V. of Aush- 
 nacloy. It h.as a cathedral, a court-house, and bridewell, a 
 free and an infant .school. Quarter sessiotis are held twice 
 in the year. Clogher was erected into a tiorough in the 
 rfigu of Cliiu-les I., and continued to return two memliers 
 to the Irish parliament till the Union, when it was disfran- 
 chised. Pop. of town, 523. 
 
 CLOG II Kit, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 CLOOIIEK. or KILCLOGUiiK, a parish of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, CO. of Louth. 
 
 CLtKHIKK. a village of Ireland. iuConnaus.'ht.co.of Mavo. 
 
 CLOGIIKKNKY or CLOUGIIEKXEY, kldh'iier-ue, a parish 
 of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 CLi iG IIJOIVD-W, a post-town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 
 Si miles W. of Roscrea. Pop. 11&4. 
 
 CLUIv'KY. a post-office of Washington co_ Pennsylvania. 
 
 CLONAKILTV or CLOG II.N A KILTY, klfihWkil'te. a 
 market-town and formeily a parliamentary borough of Ire- 
 land, in JIunster, co. of Cork, on the Foilaijh. here crossed 
 by two bridges, near its mouth in Olonakilty Bay. 11 miles 
 S. \V. of Bandou. Pop. 3'.tvi3. It was once a flourishing town, 
 but is now in decay. The principal edifices are a church, 
 court house, infantry barracks, bridewell, market-house, and 
 a linen-hall. Linens of the annual value of 30,(K)0?. were 
 formerly woven here: some cottons are still manufactured. 
 
 CLOXAl/LON. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 CLUN.iKiy. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath. 
 
 CLO.N^BKG'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 CLOX'BKKN', a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway. 
 
 CLOXBliCKXEY or CLOXBUOXE, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, co. of Lou'ifoid. 
 
 CLOXBULLiXJE.'klon-haiOoj, or CLOX'SAST', a parish 
 of Ireland, in Leinster. Kings co. 
 
 CLONBULLOGK., a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 CLOXCIIA or CLOXC.A.. the most northern parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, co. of Londonderry. l>etween the Strabreasy 
 B:iy and the .\tlantic. In it are Malin Head and Well, with 
 various anti(iuities. 
 
 CLijXCLAJtK. kloQ-klair', or CLOOXCLARE. kloon-klair', 
 a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Leitrim. 
 
 CLO.NCUR'KY, 2 parishes of Ireland, iu Leinster, eo. of 
 Kildare. 
 
 CIX)X'DAG Aiy or CLOX^DEGAIV, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Clare. 
 
 CLOXDAIVKIX. a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 CLUX'DEIMR'KEY or CLOX'DAIIOR'KEY, a parish of 
 Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Doneiral. 
 
 CLOX'DERADOC or CLOX^DARADOG', a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 CLOX'DKRALAW BAY, of Ireland, in Munster, eo. of 
 Clare, 18 miles S.W. of Ennis, is an inlet of the Shannon 
 estuary, and penetrates inland for about 4 miles ; breadth 
 varying from i to li miles, 
 
 CLONDROIllD. klouMi-o-heed', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 CLOX^DUFF' or CLAX'DUFF', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, eo. of Down. 
 
 CIa>N E or CLOOXE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim. 
 
 CLOXE. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wexford. 
 
 CLOXEXACiU, klonVniii', and CL<_)XAGIIEEX, klonV 
 neen'. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. Queen's co. 
 
 C1X)XKS, klonz. a p;irish and market-town of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, CO. and 11 miles W.S.W. of Jlonaghan. and near the 
 Ulster Canal. Pop. of the town. 2S77. It has a modern 
 church, a work-house, fever hospital, sessions and market- 
 houses. Xear it are numerous antiquities, including an 
 abljey founded in the sixteenth centurv. 
 
 CLiyXEY, CLCVXY, or CLO'XIE,a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. CO. of Clare. 
 
 CLOXFAXE, klon-fin', STRAWBERRY HILL, and 
 QUEEXSFORT, BOG OF, Ireland, in Connaught, co, of 
 Galway, comprises about 3715 English acres. In it the 
 river Clare has its sources. 
 
 CL')XFKACLE. Iflou-fi/kel. (anc. auain-Fiacul.) a pai-ish 
 of Ireland, in l.'lster. cos. of .\rmagh and Tvrone. 
 
 ( ILOX'F ERT' and KJL'MOKE/, two contiguous bogs of Ire- 
 46S 
 
 land, in Connaught, co. of Galway, N'.W. of the Shannon, 
 and comprising 9til5 aci-es. with an average depth of 30 feet, 
 hi many places 10 feet Imlow the Shannon. They we tra- 
 versed bv the Grand Canal. 
 
 CLOXFERT. or XEWMAKKET, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 CLOXFERT, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of 
 Galway. 
 
 CLOXFIXLOUGII. klon-fin-WH, or CMOXFIXLOUGU, a 
 parish of Ireland, in Connaught. co. of Kosconimon. 
 
 CLOX'GESU or CLOX'GISU, a parish of Ireland, in Leln- 
 ster, CO. of Longford. 
 
 CLOX^KEEX', a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Louth. 
 
 CLOXKEEX. or ClA)XKEEX-KER'RY, aparish of Ireland, 
 in Connaught, co. of Galway. 
 
 CLOXKEEX, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Lime- 
 rick. 
 
 CLOXLEIGII, klonlee. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Donegal, comprising a part of the town of Lifford. 
 
 CLOXLEIGII or CLOXLEE, a p.vish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, CO. of Clare. 
 
 CLOXLEIGH, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wex- 
 ford. 
 
 CLOXMACXOISE.klon'm.ak-noiz'.("T/«;5ifenC7i!<rc/i««,") 
 a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. King's co. 
 
 CLOX^M A'X Y. a parish of Ireland, iu Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 CLOX'MEEX' or CLOOX\MEEX', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 CLOX.MEL, klpn-m^l', a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough and town of I reland. in Munster, cos. of AVaterford and 
 Tip]>erary. on the Limerick and Waterfoi-d Railway, and on 
 both banks of the Suir. and some islands in that river, its 
 several parts connected by 5 bridges. 14 miles S.S.E. of Ciishel. 
 Pop. 13.505. Its municipal jurisdiction extends over 4000 
 acres, mostly in the ctmnty of Waterfurd. It appears thriv- 
 ing, and its central jjart is regularlj- built, paved, and lighted 
 with gas. but its suburbs are mean. The principal buildings 
 are a church founded in the twelfth century, Roman Catho- 
 lic and various other chapels, the endowed grammar s<hool, 
 a lunatic asylum, court-hcu.se, county jail, large barracks, 
 the county infirmary and dispensiiry, fever hospital, house 
 of iudustrj-, and butter market. It has a mechanics' insti- 
 tute, several Kiuks, manufactures of cotton fabrics, brewe- 
 ries, a distillery, and a Considerable commerce in agrioul- 
 ttn-il produce for the Waterford. Bristol. Liverpool, ic. mar- 
 kets. The borough sends one memlier to the IIou.se of Com- 
 mons. It gives the title of earl to the Scott family. 
 
 CLOXMEL, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 CLOXMEl^LOX. a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of West Meath. 5 miles X.AV. of Athboy. Pop. 859. 
 
 CLOX MIXES, klon-uiluz', a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Wexford. 
 
 CLOXMORiy. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Cai^ 
 low. It gives the title of baron to the Howard family, who 
 have here an old castle. 
 
 CLOX MORE, a pai-ish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 CLOX MORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Ix.uth. 
 
 CLOXMORE. or KILLAVEXOCII, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Tipperary. 
 
 CLOXMORE. a parish of Ireland, co of Wexford. 
 
 CLi)XMULSK' or CLOXMELSH', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. oo. of Carlow. 
 
 CLOX.MULSK'. or CLOXRUSH', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Connaught, co. of Galway, 
 
 CLOXOE, klon-<y, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Tyrone. 
 
 CLOXOULTY, klon-«l'tee, a pai-ish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Tipperary. 
 
 CLOXPRIEST', a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Cork. 
 
 CLOXTARF'. a small town and parish of Ireland, in Lein 
 ster, CO.. and 3 miles E.X.E. of Dublin, on the X. side of its 
 bay. The town con.^ists of a pretty good main street with 
 some detached residences, a ehunh of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, having the family vault of the Vernons, lords of the 
 manor, who reside in Clontarf Castle. Here, on April 2.3, 
 1014. the united Danes and Irish were defeated by the troops 
 of Brian Borouch. who was killed in the action — a liattla 
 forming the subject of Griv's ode. '• The Fatal Si.«ters." 
 
 CJAIXTHAL or KLOXTHAL. (KlOnthal.) klou'-tdl, a lake 
 of Switzerland, in the beautiful valley of the same name, 
 3 miles S.W. of tilarus. It is 2 miles long, 1 mile broad, and 
 2520 feet above the level if the seii. 
 
 CLOXTllVKET. a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan. 
 
 CLOXTURK'. a parish of Ireland, in Lein.ster. co. of Dublin. 
 
 CLOX^rUSKERT' or CLOXTIIUSKERT, a pai-ish of lie- 
 land, in Connaught. co. of Galwav. 
 
 CLOX"rUSKERT', or CL(X)XrwiS'CAR, a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Connaught, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 CLOO'XAF', CLO'XAFF' or CLOX'CRAFT', a parish of 
 Irel:ind, in Connaught. co. of Roscommon. 
 
 CLtXt'XtXJHlLL' or CLOO'XACOOL', a parish of IrelanU, 
 in Connaught. co. of Sli.ro. 
 
 CLOP'HILL. a parish uf England, co. of Bedford 
 
 CLOPTOX, a parish of England, co. "f Suffolk. 
 
CLO 
 
 CLY 
 
 CIjOPTON, a post-office of Smith co., Texas, 250 miles N.E. 
 of Austin. 
 
 CLOPTtyXA, a post-offlce of Dale co., Alabama. 
 
 CLOl'TUX'S JIILL, a post-office of i'utuam co., Georgia, 
 le miles X.W. of Milled;,'eville. 
 
 CliOSE'IiUUN, (formerly KILOSBURX,) a parish of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Dumfries. 
 
 CLOS'TKK. a viU.i<;e of Bergen CO., New Jersey, about 20 
 miles N. by W. of New York. 
 
 CLOrVWOKTII, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 OLiVrU'ALL. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 CLOTZK or KLOTZE, (Clotze or Klotze.) klot^st'h, a village 
 of Prussian Saxony, 40 miles N.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 
 2320. 
 
 CLOUD'Y BAY, New Zealand, is an inlet of Cooke's Strait, 
 In the N.E. extremity of New Munster. (.Middle Island.) Its 
 S. coast is most lofty ; on its N. shore is Cloudy Harbor, one 
 of the finest harbors known, the E. entrance of which is in 
 lat. 41" 20' S., Ion. 174° 10' E. Cloudy Bay receives the AVairoo 
 River. 
 
 CLOU'VEY. a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 CLOUTIEUVILLE. kloo'te-er-vil, a post-village of N.atchi- 
 toclies parish, Louisiana, on the N. bank of lied lUver, 85 
 miles W. by S. of Concordia. 
 
 CLO/\'.\, a parish of Scotland, co., of Forfar. 
 
 CLOVE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York. 
 
 CLOVE, a posbofflce of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 CLOVEL/LY or CLAVEVLY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 CLO/VEU, a post-offlce of Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CLOVEK, a township of Jefferson co., I'enusylvania. 
 Pop. 910. 
 
 CLOVEK, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 CLOVEK liEXn. a post-office of Lawrence co., Arkansas. 
 
 CLOVEIl BOTTOM, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennes.eee. 
 
 CLOVEIl CKEEK, of Blair co., Pennsylvania, falls into 
 the Juniata Uiver. 
 
 CL'tVEK CREEK, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia. 
 
 CLO'VEKDALE, a post-office of Boutetourt co., Virginia. 
 
 CLOVERD.\LE, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Piitiiiini CO., Indiana, 10 miles' S. of Greencastle, is surround- 
 ed by a fertile country, which is well supplied with water 
 and Vfiluiible timber. The Louisville New Albany and 
 Cliicago Railroad passes through the village. Popuiution, 
 1506. 
 
 CLOVERDALE HOTEL, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia. 
 
 CLOVER G.iRDEN, a post-office of Orange co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 CLOVER GREEN, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 CLOVER HILL, a post-village of Hunterdon co., New 
 Jersey. 35 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 CLOVER HILL, a pleasant post-vill.age, capital of Appo- 
 matox CO., Virginia, about lOi) miles W. of Richmond, and 
 20 miles E. of Lynchburg. It is connected by a plank-road 
 with James River, which is nearly 15 miles distant. The 
 villa'je lias a handsome court-house. 
 
 CLOVER HILL, a post-village of Blount co., Tennessee, 25 
 miles S.W. of Knoxville. 
 
 CLO'VERHILL, a post-office of Greene co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CLO'VERL.\ND, a post-village uf Clay co.. Indiana, on the 
 Terre Haute aud Indianapolis Railroad, 10 miles E.N.E. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 CL')VER ORCHARD, a postofflce of Orange co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CLO'VERPORT, a post-office of Hardeman cO., Tennessee. 
 
 CLOVERPOIJT, a post'village of Breckenridge co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Oliio River. 110 miles below Louisville. It has 
 a considerable business in shipping produce. Coal is abun- 
 dant in the vicinity. Four miles from the village are the 
 White Sulphur Springs, a fashionable watering-place. Pop. 
 about 700. 
 
 CLOVE'S DEPOT, a post-office of Oldham co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CLOVESVILLE, klSvz'vil. a post-village of Delaware co., 
 New York, 65 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 CLOWN, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 CLOYD. a river of North Wales, cos. of Denbigh and Flint, 
 rises in Slangfihangel, flows mostly northward past Ituthin, 
 Denbigh, St. Asaph, and Rhyddlan, and enters the Irish Sea 
 at Rlryl. Total course, 30 miles. Chief affluent, the Elwy. 
 Its vallev is noted for picturesque beauty. 
 
 CLOYD'S CREEIC.a post-office of Blount co., Tennessee. 
 
 CLOYES, klwd. a town of France, department of Eure-et- 
 Loir. 6 miles S.W. of Chateaudun. on the Loire. Pop. 2)S0. 
 
 CLOYNE. kloin. a parish and market-town, aud formerly an 
 episcop.il city, of Irelapd, Munster, co. of Cork, 4 miles S.W. 
 if Castle-Martyr. Pop. of town, 2200. mostly agricultural, 
 yhe principal public edifices are a Gothic cathedral, founded 
 ftbout the sixth century, and having some good monuments ; 
 the old episcopal palace, now a private residence ; the Itoman 
 Catholic cathedral, a round tower, and the remains of an 
 ancient castle, a church, nunnery, and monastery. The 
 diocese, now merged in tuat of Cork, comprises 119 parishes 
 in the county. la the vicinity ^re some valuable marble 
 quarries. 
 
 CLUB CREEK, in the S. part of Virginia, flows sri'.thwari. 
 through Charlotte co., and enters the Staunton a fev.- mileK 
 S.W. from Marysville. 
 
 CLUON'.\T, iilUn'yS/. a village of France, department of 
 Creuse. 14 miles N.E. of Gueret, on the Veraux. Pop. 2120 
 
 CLUIS, klwee. two contiguous villages of France, depart 
 ment of Indre, 12 miles W. of La Chutre. United pop. 19-')0. 
 
 CLU.V or CLUNN, a de<'ayed borough, market-town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Salop, on a small river :f the same 
 name, SJ- miles S.S.W. of Bii^hop's Castle. Area of pari?h, 
 22.6IX) acres, including nearly 2iM)0 acres of couunon land in 
 the forest of Clun. Pop. in 1851, 2121; of township, 913 
 Revenue of Trinity Hospital for 13 pcor brethren, atoui 
 120i)i. The borough has a town-hall and union work-house 
 It is governed by baililfs and a recorder, under the Earl oi 
 Powis, lord of the manor, and it gives the title of baron to 
 the Duke of Norfolk, a descendant of its ancient lui-ds, the 
 Fitzalans. 
 
 CLIIX'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 CLU.N'GU.NFORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 CLUNIE, klu'nee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 Surface mountainou.s. An action between the Caledonians 
 and the Romans under Agricola is supposed to have taken 
 place in this parish. Here is Cluuie Loch, with a small 
 island, and remains of ancient castles. 
 
 CLUN Y, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 CLUNY, klU^nee/. a town of France, department of Saone- 
 et-Loire, on the GrOne, here crossed by two stone bridges, 
 11 miles N.W. of Macon. Pop. in 1852, 4411. It is enclo.sed 
 by ruined walls, and has the remains of an abbey, founded 
 in 910, a college and hospiUd. It has manufactures of 
 gloves, linen, and leather, paper and oil mills, a large 
 pottery, and a trade in timber, corn, and cattle. 
 
 CLUSI'^S, klllz, a town of Savoy, province of Faucigny, 
 near the '.\rve, here crossed by a one-arched bridge, 23 miles 
 E.S.E. of Geneva, and having a church, a college, a hospital, 
 and 15)70 inhaliitants, mostly engaged in mauufiicturing 
 clock and watch movements. 
 
 CLUSIUM. SeeCmusi. 
 
 CLUSIUS. See CilIESE. 
 
 CLCSONE, kloo-s.yna. (anc. Clii/sn,) a river of Italy, in 
 the Sardinian States, rises in the Alps, a1x)Ut 12 miles 
 E. of Mount Geiifivre, flows S.E. p.ast Fenestrella, Perosa, 
 and Pinerolo, and, after a course of about 50 miles, joins the 
 Po 18 miles S.S.W. of Turin. 
 
 CLUSONE, a town of Italy, in Lombardy. 17 miles N.E. 
 of Bergamo, near the Serio. I'op. 3200. It is pretty well 
 built, and has a church, 2 hospitals, a public school, and a 
 brisk trade in corn and iron. In the vicinity are copper- 
 foundries and vitriol-works. 
 
 GLUTTON, a parish of England, co; of Somerset. 
 
 CLWYD, klwid, a small river of North Wales, flows N., 
 through the counties Denbigh and Flint, to the Irish Sea, 
 past Rhuddlan and St. Asaph. It is navigable from lUiudl- 
 lan. Its valley is one of the most l,eautiful in Wales. 20 
 miles long, from 3 to 8 in breadth, and sprinkled with towns 
 and villages. 
 
 CLY'ATTSVILLE. a post-office of I>owndes co., Georgia. 
 
 CLYDE, klid, one of the largest and most important rivers 
 in Scotland. It takes its rise from numerous streams flowing 
 from the mountain range in the S. part of Lanarkshire and 
 borders of Dumfriesshire : the chief summits of which are 
 the Lowtbers, Leadliills, Queensberry Hill, and Rodger Law, 
 with elevations approaching .3000 feet. Tlie ori.:inaI source 
 of the Clyde, popularly so called, has its rise about 2 miles 
 S.E. of Rodger I^iw, and 4 miles E. of the village of Elvan- 
 foot, at an elevation of 1400 feet, .\fter a course of a tew 
 miles this small stream is joined by the Daer, Powtrail, 
 Elvan, and other mountain rivulets. It now Hows in a N.E. 
 direction, receiving tributaries from the Tinto Hills, then, 
 turning with many windings N.W. and W., is joined by the 
 Douglas Water from the S.W., the Medwin, Mouse, &c., and, 
 entering Lanark parish, forms the celebrated falls, descend- 
 ing by several rapids about 2;;o feet, amid high shelving 
 sandstone rocks and most picturesque scenery. Its coui-se 
 is now through rich and fertile valleys on to Glasgow. 
 From this city it expands into a river navigable for ships of 
 ■300 or 4(W tons, and flows N.W., dividing the counties of Ren- 
 frew on the W. from Dumbarton on the N.E., receiving the 
 tributaries of tlie Kelvin, Cart, and Leven. After passing 
 Dumbarton it opens up into a noble estuary 4 miles in width, 
 spreading northward into Loch Long, and southward into 
 the Firth of Clyde, with the isles of Bute and Cumbraes, 
 situated at the mouth of the estuary. Here the Clyde ex- 
 pands into a firth averaging aboilt 32 miles in widih. and 
 at the distance of 48 miles becomes identified with the 
 North Channel. The length of the river from its source to 
 Glasgow, including winding.s. is about 75 miles; from Glas- 
 gow to the S. point of Bute Island, about 40 miles. In tlie 
 Clvde was launched the first steamboat constructed in 
 Britain, (1812.) 
 
 CLYDE, a river of British North Aijierica, falling into 
 Baffin's Bay, lat. 70° 10' N., Ion. 09° W. 
 
 CLYDE, a flourishing post-village in Galon township. 
 Wayne county, New York, 186 miles N. AV. by W. of 
 
 469 
 
CLY 
 
 COB 
 
 illbar,y, on the .We Canal and Clyde Eiver, where it is 
 crossed by he X>w York Central Railroad. It contains 6 
 churches, 3 banks, 1 newspaper office, 24 stores, 1 gUiss-fiic- 
 tory, 1 bottle-factory, 2 distilleries. 3 hotels, and 1 grist- 
 mill. Population in 1S64, about 2500. 
 
 CLYDE, a post-village of gandusky co., Ohio, about 120 
 miles X. of Columbus. Pop. 701. 
 
 C b YDE, a township of St. Clmr co., Michigan. Pop. 1128. 
 
 CLYDE, a postotlice of ■\Vhitesides co., Illinois, 140 miles 
 N. of Springfield. 
 
 CLYDE, a township in Iowa co., in the S.W. part of Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 610. 
 
 CLYDE MILLS, a post-village of St. Clair co., Michigan, 
 ri6 miles X.X.E. of Detroit. 
 
 CLYDE RIYEU, in the N. part of A'ermont, rises in 
 Essex CO.. and fills into Meinphreuwsog Lake, in Orleans co. 
 
 CLYDE KIVER, ot Wayne ^co., Xew York, formed by the 
 junction of Flint and Mud Creeks, flows into Seneca River. 
 
 CLYDES'DALE, the district forming the valley of the 
 Clyde. (See L.inark, county of.) It is celebrated for its 
 on-hards, coal and iron mines, and horses. It srivos the title 
 of marquis to the eldest son of the Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 CLYDEY, klud'ee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 CLY'M.A.X, a post-township in the S. central part of Dodge 
 CO., M'iseonsiu. Pop. 1461. 
 
 CLY'MEIt, a post-village and township of Chautauqua co.. 
 New York, 18 miles S.W. of Slavsville. Pop. liJaO. 
 
 CLYMER CENTRE, a post-office cf ChautauciUa CO., New 
 York. 
 
 CLY.N'E. a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland. 
 
 CLYXOG, klQn'og, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. of Carnar- 
 von. 
 
 CLYRO, klOWo. a pari.sh of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 CLYTIIA, kl&th'a, a hamlet of Wales, co. of Monmouth, 
 
 5 miles N.N.W. of Usk. 
 
 CLYTIIE-XESS, klliH'nJss'. a headland of Scotland, on 
 the German Ocean, co. of Caithness, parish of Latherou. lat. 
 6S^ 21' X., Ion. 3° IS' W.. having near it the remains of 
 the ancient stronghold, Easter Clyth. 
 
 COA, ko'4, (anc. Cuda,) a river of Portugal, province of 
 Beira. rises in the Serra de Gata, flows X., passing near 
 Almeida, and joins the Douro on the left, 5 miles W. of 
 Torre de Moncorvo. Length, HO miles. 
 
 COA. ko'i. a sm.ill island in the M.alay Archipelago, on 
 the S. coast of the i.sle of Flores. Lat. 9° S.. Ion. 122° E. 
 
 CO.iHOM.*., ko-a-ho'ni.a, a county in the W.X.W. part of 
 Mississippi, bordering on the Mississippi River, which sep.1- 
 rates it from Arkansjis. The area is about "50 square miles. 
 It is drained by Sunflower River. Tlie surCice is flat and 
 low, and the W. part is frequently overflowed b}' the Missis- 
 sippi. The soil is said to be productive. This county, which 
 is comprised in the Chickasaw cession, was orgimized about 
 tlie year 1S36. Capital, Delta. Pop. 6606, of whom 1521 
 were free, and 5085 slaves. 
 
 COAUUILA. See CoH.\nuiL.4.. 
 
 COAL, a township of Xorthumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1709. 
 
 COAL CREEK, of Fountain co.. Indiana, flows into the 
 Wab;vsh a little below the mouth of AermUhon River. Rich 
 mines of coal are found at its mouth. 
 
 COAL CREEK, a township in Montgomery co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 15:39. 
 
 COALESYILLE, a post-office of Hendricks co., IndLina. 
 
 COALEY. kMee, a ptirish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 COAL GHOVE, a post-village of Pike co., Kentucky. 
 
 COAL GKOVE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio River, about 10 miles below Burlington, 
 
 CO.\L HILL, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia. 
 
 COAL ISLAXD, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, 4 miles 
 K.E. of Dungannon. Pop. 431. 
 
 CO.M/MOXT, a post-office of Huntingdon CO.. Penn.sylvania. 
 
 00.\L MOUNTAIN', a post-office of Forsyth Co., Georgia. 
 
 C0.\L'1'0RT, a village of .\lleghany co.,"Pennsylvani.a, on 
 the left bank of the Ohio River. 4 miles below Pittsburg, is 
 the depot for the Chartier Coal Itailroad, which extends about 
 
 6 miles back from the river. 
 
 COALPORT. a pnst-( ffice of Indiana CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 COALPORT, a tlirivlng village of Meigs CO.. Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, 100 miles S.E. of Columbus, and 1 mile Mow 
 Pomeroy. Immense beds of coal are worked here on the 
 bank of the river. 
 
 COAL RIVER, in the W. part of Virginia, rises in Fayette 
 CO., and, flowing in a general X.W. direction, falls into the 
 Great Kanawha River, in Kanawha co., after a course of 
 cr^baMy not less than 60 miles. 
 
 COAL RIVER MARSHES, a postK)fflce of Raleigh co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 COAL RUN, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio. 
 
 COALS'MOUTII. a post-office of Kanawha co„ Virginia. 
 
 COALTOWN, EAST and WEST, two adjacent villages of 
 Scotland, co. of Fife, 4 miles X.E. of Kirkaldy. inhabited by 
 colliers. Pop. of East Coaltown, 165 : of West Coaltown, 372. 
 
 COAL VALLEY, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 470 
 
 COALn'ILLE, a village of England, co. r.f Leicester. 5 
 miles X.W. of Ashby-dti-lii-Zouch, and a station on the 
 Leicester and Bristol line of riulway. Pop. 1300, employed 
 in coal-mines. 
 
 COAXZA, ko-Jn'za, a river of Western Africa, Lower 
 Guinea, enters the Atlantic S. of Loando, ncv lit. 9° IW 3. 
 and Ion. 14° 22' E.. after a rapid eour.se of (as i< supposed) at 
 least o>M miles. It is navigable for a considerable distance, 
 but, on account of the formidable bar at its mouth, can be 
 entered only by small vessels. 
 
 COARR.\ZE, kwdR^R^//, a village of France, department 
 of Basses-Pyrenees, 11 miles S.E. of Pau. Pop. 13.S8. It has 
 linen weaving. In its environs is a chateau in which Henry 
 IV. was brought up. 
 
 COAST KAXGE, or COAST MOUXTATXS, the name ap- 
 plied to a range of mountains in California, extending 
 almost parallel with the Pacific coiist nearly from the Ore- 
 gon bouudai-y to the town of Los -■Vngeles. Some of the 
 peaks rise above the line of perpetual snow. 
 
 COAT'BRIDGE, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, parish 
 of Old Moukland, 9i miles E. of Gla.sgow by railway, and on 
 the Monkland Canal. Pop. 741. Near it are extensive iron- 
 works. 
 
 COATES, kots. a ] arish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 • CO.\TES, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CO.\TES, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CO.\TES, GREAT, a paiish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 COATES. LITTLE, a parish of Enirland, co. of Lincoln 
 
 COATES. XORTIL a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 COATESS TAVEIiX, a post-office of York district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 COATES/VILLE, a thriving post-village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of Brandywine Creek, 
 where it is crossed by the Central Railroad, SO miles W. of 
 Philadelphia. It is pleassintly situated iu a rich and highly 
 cultivated valley, and contains 3 churches. 1 bank, 3 rolUug- 
 mills. several iron-fumaces, and paper-mills. 
 
 COATOX (ko'ton) CLAY, a pail«h of England, co. of Xorth- 
 ampton, 
 
 COATSVILLE, a post-office of Hendricks co.. Indiana 
 
 COATZACOALCO, ko-4t-sd-ko-il'ko, a consideiable river 
 of the Mexican Confederac)', rises in the Sierra Mad.-^. de- 
 jwrtment of Oujaca, flows tortuously N. between Vera Cruz 
 and Tabasco, and enters the Bay of Coatzacoalco (Caribbean 
 Sea) 130 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. It is of interest as con- 
 nected with the projected communication across the Isth- 
 mus. 
 
 COAZZO, ko-3t/so, a market-town of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, 13 miles E.S.E. of Susa, near the conflu- 
 ence of the Sangone and Sangoiietto. Pop. 3996. 
 
 CO'B.\LT, a post-office of Middlesex co., Connecticut, 
 
 COB.\N. ko-b3n'. a city of Central America, state, and 90 
 miles X.X.W. of Guiitemala, is the capital of the department 
 of Vera Paz, on the Uio Dulce. Estimated population, 14,(100, 
 mostly Indians, wto are st;»ted to be more wealthy than the 
 inhabitants of most cities of Central America, 
 
 COBB, a coimty iu the W.X.W. part of Georgia, coHtains 
 about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the S. E. by the 
 Cliattahoochee River, and drained by Sweetwater, Powder 
 Spring, Pumpkin Vine, Vickerys, and other creeks. The 
 surface is elevated, hilly, and iu some ptu-ts mountiiinous. 
 The Kenesa\\' Mountain, 2 or 3 miles from the county-seat, 
 rises 1828 feet above the sea-level. The soil is generally fer- 
 tile and well watered. Granite is abundant, and gold, silver, 
 copper, iron, and lead have been found. The county is in- 
 tersected by the \\ esteru and Atlantic Railroad. Organized 
 in 1832, and njimed in honor of John Cobb, formerly United 
 States Senator from Georgia. Capital. MiU-ietta. Pop. 14,242, 
 of wlioui 10,423 were free, and USlU slaves. 
 
 COBB, a pf)St-offlce of Jackson co.. Iowa. 
 
 COBBE, a town of Cential Africa. See Kobbe. 
 
 COBBOSSEECOXTEE WATERS,in the S.partof Kennebec 
 CO.. Maine, a bejiutiful sheet of water connected with a num- 
 ber of smaller ponds. Length, about 7 miles. Its outlet, 
 the Cobbosseecontee River, flows into the Kennebec. 
 
 COBBS CHEEK, a post-office of Matthews co., Virginia. 
 
 COBB'S FORK, a post-office of Dt^catur co., Indiana. 
 
 COBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Cherokee co., Al.-ibama. 
 
 COBBS'VILLE, a post-<.ffice of Telfair co., Georgia." 
 . COBBS VILLE. a post-office of John.sou co., Arkansas, 
 
 COIVDO or KOIVDO. a city in the X.AV. of Tdongolia. on 
 the Isi\ a tributary of the Jabkan, (nj.tbkan,) in lat. 4*^° N, 
 Ion. 91° E. It is siiid to contain 2r.00 houses, is regularly 
 built, and canies on some trade with Kurun. 
 
 COB'ERLY'S, a post-office of Union co., Ohio, 40 malel 
 X.W. of Columbus, 
 
 COBtl.iM, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 44 W. of 
 Rochester. Kear the church are monument.-il brasses of thd 
 barons of Cobham. whose ancient hall, built by Inigo Jones, 
 is the seat of Lord Darnlev. 
 
 CilBH.iM, a parish of England. 00. of Suirey, 9 miles X.E. 
 of Guildford. It comprises Church Cobh.im. ^ villa;;e on 
 the Mole, with the Parish Church, .ind CobKavi far'c. tho 
 residence of the hird of the manor, and Str.>et-Cobh *ni. a 
 hamlet on the Old London and Portsmouth l-Md, myaceat 
 
COB 
 
 COG 
 
 to which is the domain formerly belonginp; to the Earl of 
 Carhanipton. Fairs. March 17. and Deeemher 11. 
 
 CL)I5ll.\.M, a post-office of Albemarle co., A"irgiiila. 
 
 CoKU.VM, a small viriafre of Oolunibia co.. Georgia. 
 
 com. a wide dt'Sert of Central Asia. See Gobi. 
 
 C0IU.7A, ko-bee/H^, or POKT LA MAH, poRt 13 mis, 
 (Sp. I'uerto la Mar. pw^R'to li maR.) the only legal seaport 
 of IV^livia. Ciipital of the province of La M.'ir. on the 
 Pacitic. wirh a village, 110 miiea W.of Atacama. Lat.22°34' 
 8 . Ion. 70° 2V 2'' W. Pop. 793. It is a wretched place, and 
 has been destitute of water until the very recent discovery 
 of 1 .spring, but it has some shi])-bui!ding docks and mining 
 estabiishmeiits ; and, in 1844, a qviay. barrack.s, and a new 
 custom-house were in course of construction. It is also a 
 de|)ot for coin, bullion, ore. and some other products from 
 the interior, which, with imports of cotton and woollen 
 BtufTs. paper, and mercury, a few years ago employed 5700 
 beasts of burden for their transit. In 1S40. 92 vessels (of 
 which .3:i were British, and 15 French) entered the port: and 
 in 1S4.3, the export of s])ecie amounted to 1,7.'>0.5;!3 dollai-s, 
 and the merchandise imported to 1,534.822 dollars in value. 
 In IJoMvian documents it is always named Puerto l.\ Mar, 
 but Ensrlish works and maps still retain 0)liija. 
 
 COB'LKNTZ,* (Ger. Cbbl-'m or Knbkn:, ko'bl^nts, Fr. Co- 
 hUvcf. koH)18nss/, ane. OmfluenHes and CiinflitMtia,y a 
 stron;rIy fortified city of Khenish Prussia, on the Rhine, at 
 the influx of the Moselle, 49 miles S.S.E. of Cologne. The 
 Rhine is here crossed by a bridge of boats. 485 yards across, 
 and the .Moselle by a stone bridge, 53b yards in length. Pop! 
 exclusive of the garrison, 22,715. Mean temix>rature of the 
 year, .51°-.5 ; winter. 3o°-7 ; summer, GfP-d Fahrenheit. It is 
 well built, and has several fine churches, a noble palace of 
 the former Electors of Treves, an ancient Jesiiit's college, 
 and a Homan Catholic seminary. The other principal build- 
 ings are the 4 Homan Catholic churches, one of which, called 
 the Church of St. Castor, situated precisely at the coiilluence 
 of tlie two rivers, is remarkable for its antiquity, having 
 been founded in 830. and also as the place where the grand- 
 sons of Ch.arlemagne m(!t, in 843, to divide his vast empire 
 into (fermany, France, and Italy. There are n-sidences of 
 several noble families in the town, including tliat of Prince 
 Metternich. who was born hero, a hospital, admirably con- 
 ducted by the Sisters of Charity, a town library, with valuable 
 collections of coins, paintings, and antiquities. At Khren- 
 breitstein, on the opposite side of tlie river Ithine. there is a 
 strong fortress, with 4(K) pieces of cannon, and containing 
 vast arched cisterns, capable of holiling three yeais" supply 
 of water. The expense of constructing tiie fortifications of 
 Coblentii, the former Iwing an out-work, was upwards of 
 750,0011/. Together, they are Citpable of accommodating 
 100.000 men, while the magazines are large enough to con- 
 tain provisions for 8000 men for ten years. These extensive 
 fortitications, which areoinstruited partly on the system of 
 Vauban, and partly on that of Montalembert. render Coblentz 
 the strongest place in the Prussian dominions. Coblentz 
 is the seat of a central and criminal court, of a general 
 court of justice, of a ti'ibunal of commerce, of a bmrd of 
 taxation, and is the place of residence of tlie lord-lieutenant 
 (oberprasident) of the province of the Khine. It is a free 
 port, and carries on an active commerce by the Ithine. Mo- 
 selle, and Lahn. It is the principal place of shipment for 
 the I'lhineand Moselle wines, which are extensively exported. 
 Grain, oil, iron, and Seltzer-water are also exported, the 
 latter to the amount of 1^ million bottles annually. Mill- 
 stones, manufictured from the l.ava of extinct volcanoes 
 in the neighborhood, pumice-stone, potters' clay, and Imrk, 
 are also articles of trade. Japanned wares, linen, ami 
 tobacco are among tlie manuf.ictures. Coblentz was taken 
 by the French in 1794. after an obstinate resistance, and 
 made capital of the department of Khine and Moselle under 
 the i'rench Empire. 
 
 COBLENTZ or KOBLKXTZ, a government of Rhenish 
 Prussia, hounded N, by the government of Cologne. Area. 
 1754 square miles. Capital. Coblentz. 
 
 COBLENZ, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, at 
 the junction of the Aar with the Rhine, 9-30 teet above sea- 
 level. Pop. tj4:A. 
 
 COB'LESKILL or CO'BUSKILL, a creek of Schoharie 
 sounty, in the E. part of New York, rises in a natural wi>ll, 
 and following a subterranean passage through several miles 
 of its cour.se. fills into the Sch')harie River. 
 
 COB'LESKILL. a post-village and township of Schoharie 
 00.. New York, 40 miles W. of Albany, is drained by Cobles- 
 kill Creek, an affluent of .^chohavie Creek. Pop. 2367. 
 
 COBLESKILL CENTRE, a post-offic-e of Schoharie CO., 
 New York. 
 
 COBOURO. a town of Germany, See Coburo, 
 
 COBOURG, konahrg. or CitBURG, a town and port of entry 
 
 * We often hear Cf^bientz MCoentiiated on the last syllable, hut 
 this is coutrary to tht- tendency of our language, (see Int. IX., 
 Obs. 2.) as well, as to th.e native prouuuciation. Byron is riglit, 
 ;w usual : — 
 
 "By CoBT-EXTZ, on a rise of gentle gronnd. 
 There is a small and simple pyramid." 
 
 Childe Harold, canto iii. 
 
 of Canada TTest. capital of the united counties of N'orthiitn- 
 beiland and Durham, on the N. shore of Lake Ontario, in 
 the CO. of Northumlierland. 105 miles W. by S<. oi Kina"r-oa. 
 It is situated at the junction of two railroads in progress, oia. 
 connecting it with Peterlx) rough, and the other extendlcit 
 along the X. shore of Lake Ontario, intended to connect 
 Montreal with the railway .systems of the 'Western United 
 States, It contains a branch of the Montreal Bank, a 
 savings institution, agencies of 8 assurance companies, 
 about 50 stores, a newspaper-office, ancj churches fur the 
 Episcopalians. VVesleyans. Episcopal Methodists. Bible Chris, 
 tians. Free Church of Scotland, Congregationalists, and 
 Pioman Catholics, Its manufactures comprise st(?am-engines, 
 machinery, iron castings, woollen goods, soap and candies, 
 &c. Cobourg is the .seat f.f Victoria College, which, in 1^51, 
 had 4 instructors and 50 students. The value of imports 
 received here in 1851 amounted to §142,376. of which $125,404 
 were from tlie United States. The exports amounted to 
 f71,612, all of wliichwent to the United States. Pop. iu 
 1861, 4975. 
 
 COBR.^S, koOirls. an i,sland group on the E. coast of 
 Africa, lat, 6° S„ including Remba. Jlonfia. and Zanzibar. 
 
 COBRAS, kc/brits. an island and fort of Brazil. B<ay of Rio 
 de Janeiro, alwut 1 mile from the city, of whicli the fort is 
 one of the principal defences, being capable of holding 1000 
 men, and 100 pieces of cannon. It is also used as a st;ite 
 prison. 
 
 COBRE, koOirA, a town of the island of Cuba, E. depart- 
 ment. Pop. 2601. of whom 614 are Europeans. 
 
 CO'BRIDGE. a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, is a 
 suburb of Burslem. 3 miles N.E. of -Newcastle-tmder-Lvne. 
 
 COBS'COOK BAY, at the E, extremity of Maine, "com- 
 municates with Passamaquoddv Bay, near ICastport, 
 
 COBURG, \s.on.66KO. (Ger, Oih'urg or Kohurg. ko'bMno, Fr, 
 Cnhmurg, ko^booiiA L. Milncidmx.) a town of Central Germany," 
 capital of principality of Coburg, (a portion of the duchy of 
 Saxe-Coburg-Gntha.) on the Itz, an affluent of the Regen, 
 and on the railway from Dresden to Munich, 20 miles N. 
 of Bamlierg : lat. 50° 15' ly" N .. Ion. 10° 58' 9" E. Pop. 10.002. 
 Mean tem|)erature of year 46°-2; winter 32°; summer ('i2°-8, 
 Fahrenheit. It is irregularly built, but has some good edi- 
 fices, and public walks separating it from its suburbs. 
 Principal buildings, the l''.hrenberg Palace, a residence of 
 the duke, containing a collection of p.iintings. a library of 
 26.00<J volumes, and a fine state banquet-hall : several 
 churches, a lai-ge arsenal, oliservatory, new theatre, casino, 
 and work-house. On a height above the town is the old 
 castle of the Dukes of Coburg, still a place of strength, and 
 containing a large collection of armor, with rooms once 
 occupied by Luther. In the vicinity are the ducal resi- 
 dence of Rosenau: and the castles of Lanterbnrg and Kal- 
 lenlierg. Coburg is the seat of all the high cf.ui-ts for the 
 duchy, and it has a gymnasium, and mannt'aitures of 
 woollen, linen, and cottcm fabrics, gold and silver articles, 
 bleaching and dye works, stone quarries, and an active 
 transit and '.'eneral trade, 
 
 CO/HURG-PENIN'SULA, North Australia, is an irregular 
 peninsula in lat, 11° 22' S., Ion. 132° 10' E.; 50 miles in length 
 from E. to W., by 20 miles in breadth, connected S.F,, with 
 the main land by a narrow isthmus, and separiite<l W. from 
 Melville Island by Dundas Strait. On it is the British set- 
 tlement Victoria. See Port Essixotox, Victoria. 
 
 CO'BUIiN'S STORE, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., 
 North (^arolina. 
 
 COCiES.ko-k3/Jx8,orko-kA/6xgs,TilIage of Brazil, in the 
 province of Matto-Gros.so, about JiO miles N.W. of Cuiaba. It 
 contains a chui-ch, and has two chapels in its neighlxirhood 
 Pop. aliove 2(X)0. 
 
 COClES. ARRAIAI^DE, dB-Ri-r(lM;\-ko-ka'S\s, a mining 
 villii're of Brazil, in tiie province of Minas Geraes. about lat. 
 20° S., Ion. 44° W., beautifully situated on the gentle slope 
 and summit of a hill. The houses are neat, and mostly 
 whitewashed. and surrounded by gardens, filled with orange 
 and colTee trees, bananas, &c. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 engaged in the neighboring gold-mines. 
 
 C0C.\L1Cl). a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylv.inia. 
 
 COCCONATO, kok-ko-nd'to, a town of Piedmont." division 
 of Alessandri.a, province of Asti, 17 miles E,X.E. of Turin, 
 I'op. 252S. 
 
 COCHABAMBA, ko-chJ-b^m'ba, or CONDORILLO, kon- 
 do-reel'vo, a river of Bolivia, rising near the parallel of 18° 
 S.. flowing S.E.. and. after receiving numerous tributaries, 
 assumes the name of Rio Grande, in lat, 19° 42' S„ Ion. >>4° W. 
 
 COCHABAMBA. also called OROPHSA, o-ropV'l, a city 
 of Bolivia, capital of a iirovince, and department of the 
 same name, stands at the E, end of a plain, IS miles long, 
 and 2 miles wide, •'^370 feet above the sea, lat. 17° 27' S., Ion. 
 r5°46'W. The liio de Rocha, from the valley of Sacaba, 
 flows throtigh the town, and is joined lower down by the 
 Tamborada — both overflowing in the rainy season, though 
 almost dry in winter. 1'he city of Co<habamba occujiics a 
 great sp.ice, owing to the lowness of the houses, (which 
 rarely rise above a single story.) and to the number of 
 gardens interm.inglod with them. In tlie middle of the 
 city is the grand Plaza, round which are four churches, and 
 
 471 
 
COG 
 
 COG 
 
 th(! CabiUlo, or goTcrnment-house, a large but plain build- 
 ing. Of 15 chuivhL'S. the haiiiisduiest is that wiiicii furmerly 
 belonged to the oolK-sie of the Jesuits. The streets are broad, 
 and in good condition ; but the plazas, or open square.s, 
 being used as market-places, are ordinarily littered with 
 wares and crowded with Indians. Toward the borders of 
 the town, the tile-roofed houses, with large wooden bal- 
 conies, disappear, and thatched cabins of Indian farmers 
 become nuiuei-ous. The general language is the Quichua; 
 and none but men of rank can speak good Spanish. While 
 Potosi, Oruro. aud other towns in the mining districts, 
 have fallen to decay, Cochabamba. situated in a valley, de- 
 voted wholly to agriculture, aud, therefore, despised by the 
 Spanish settlers, has continued to prosper, and contained, 
 in 18:i5, 25,0'JJ inhabitants. The name Oropesa, given 
 to Cochabamba, in 1579, by the Viceroy of Lima, was never 
 adopted by the people ; and, though found in m.aps and 
 public documents, is now wholly unknown in Bolivia. 
 
 COCIIAB.\.MIJA, a department of the republic of Bolivia, 
 mostly between lat. 17° and 19° S., and Ion. i'}b^ and 68'^ W., 
 named from the river Cochabamba, the head-stre:im of the 
 Ouapey. Estimated area, 40,000 square miles, and pop. 
 200.0(.t0. It was formerly regarded as the granary of Peru, 
 and produces also cotton, sugar, dye-woods, fine timber, and 
 the precious met;Us. Chief cities and towns, Cochaliamba or 
 Oropes,a, Misques, Sacalxi. and Tapacari. 
 
 COCHK, ko'chl. a small island of South America, in Yene- 
 cuela, between the island Margarita and the mainland. 
 
 COCIIECTOX, a post-tow n.ship of Sullivan co., New 
 York, on the Delaware Kiver, alxiut 100 miles S.W. of Al- 
 bany. The village, on the New York and Erie Kailroad. 141 
 miles from New York city, is pleasantly situated in the 
 fertile valley of the Cochecton Creek, an affl ueut of the Dela- 
 ware Kiver. Pop. 3174. 
 
 • COCIIKM or KDCIIEM, ko'Kfem, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 a miles S.W. of Coblentz, on the Moselle, at the influx of the 
 Endert. Pop. 2553. It is picturesquely situated, but ill 
 built, and surrounded by ruined walls. It has manufactures 
 of cloth, and trade in wine. 
 
 COCIIEREL. koVhf h-r^l', a hamlet of France, department 
 of Eure. 12 miles E. of Evreux, celebrated for a victory 
 gained by Du Guesclin over Charles le Mauvais, King of 
 Navarre, the K'th of >lay. lotU. 
 
 COCII KS/ETT, a post-officeof Plymouth co.. Massachusetis. 
 
 COCHIN, ko/chin, or ko-cheen', a rajahship of India, com- 
 prised in the Travancore dominions, and extending along 
 the Malabar coast, between lat. 9° 30' and lU° 30' N., and 
 Ion. 76° and 77° E., having South Travancore, N. and E. the 
 Madras districts, and W. the Indian Ocean. Area. lUSn 
 square miles. It contains fine forests of teak and other 
 woods, from the products of which most part of the revenue 
 Is derived. X'rincipal towns. Cochin and Cranganore. 
 
 COCHIN, a seaport town of Ilindostan. capital of the above 
 rajahship, is on the Malabar coast. 93 miles S.S.E. of Calicut. 
 It is situated at the entrance of an extensive backwater, 
 and has great natural advantages for ship-building. &c. ; and 
 though, during the present century, it has declined in im- 
 portance, it still h;is an export trade in teak, timtwr. car- 
 damoms, coir, and other produce, sent to both East and 
 West .\sia. Here, in 1503, wa,s erected the first fort possessed 
 by the Portuguese in India : and Cochin is still the see of 
 a Roman Catholic bishop, whose diocese includes Ceylon, 
 and more than loO Christian stations in India. It has also 
 Protestant church missionary establishments, and various 
 English schools. The town was taken from the Dutch in 
 179-5, and finally ceded to the British in 1S14. 
 
 COCHIN CHiN.\, ko'chin chi'n?, a name sometimes given 
 to the whole empire of Auam or Annam, but more properly 
 restricted to a province Ibrming its S.E. portion. (See Anam, 
 p. 80.) Adj. and iuhab. Cochis-Chixese. ko'chin chl-neez'. 
 
 COCIIIT'UATE, a post-village of Wayland township, 
 Middlesex co., Ma.«.sachusetts. about 16 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 COCUITUATE LAKE, a small lake near the above villaj^e. 
 Is the source of the water wliic'i supplies the citv of Boston. 
 
 COCHRAN'S (kok'i-jni) CROSS KOADS, a. post-office of 
 Harris co.. Georgia. 
 
 COCHRAN'S ROVE, a post-village of Shelby co., Hli- 
 nois, about 70 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 C(X;iIRANS LANDING, a post-otfice of Monroe co.,Ohio. 
 
 COCHRAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Pickens co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 COCU'RANSVILLE. a post-village of MarshaU co., Ten- 
 nessee, 4S miles S. of Nashville. 
 
 COCU'RANTON, a post-viUage of Marion co., Ohio, 56 
 miles N. by W. of Columbus. 
 
 COCH'RANTOWN, a post-village of Crawford CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, on French Creek, 11 miles S.E. of Meadville. P. 260. 
 
 COCH'RANX ILLE. or COCIIRANSVILLE, a post-village 
 of Chester co., Pennsylvania, Co miles S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 It has a boarding-school. 
 
 COCINTHUM. or COCINTUM. See Punta bi Stilo. 
 
 COCKAYNE (kok'kiuu) HAi'LEY, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Bedl'ord. 
 
 CCK-K'BURN CHANNEL, Terra del Fuego, is a continu- 
 atiou of Mngdalen Sound, iu lat. 54° 30' B.; Ion. 72° W. 
 47a 
 
 COCKBUnX ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean. Is in lat. 22° 
 12' 25" 8. ; Ion. 13S° 39' 53" W. 
 
 CtK'KBURN SOUND, of Mest Australia, co. of Perth. lat. 
 32° 10' S., Ion. 115° 40' E.. is thoroughly sheltered westward 
 by Garden Island. Length, from N. to S., 6 miles; bre-idth, 
 at the N. entrance. 4 miles; depth, from 6 to 10 fathoms. 
 
 COCK'BURNSPATH. (formerly tUbyandspat/i,) a parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 COCKE, a county in the E. part of Tennessee, bordering 
 on North Carolina, hiis an area estimatiid at 270 square miles. 
 It is traversed by Big llgeon River, an affluent of French 
 Broad River, which latter forms its N.E. boundary. The 
 surCice is mostly mountainous, especially near the S.E, 
 Ixiundary, which is formed by the Iron or Smoky Mountain. 
 Capital, Newport. Pop. 10,408, of whom 9^59 were free, 
 aud 849 slaves. 
 
 COCK'EN, a township of England, co. of Durham, parish of 
 Iloughton-le-Sprinir. 3i miles N.N.E. of Durham. At Cocken 
 Hall, au ancient edifice, the property of Lord Dnrhani. a con- 
 vent of nuns was established earl} in the present century. 
 
 CX'KEN'ZIE, a maritime village of ScotLiud. cc. of Had- 
 dington, parish of Tranent, on the Frith of Forth, 1 mile E. 
 of Prestonpans. Pop. 570. 
 
 COCK'EK, a small river of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 issuing from Lake Buttermere, and flowing N. into the 
 Derwent at Cockermouth. 
 
 COCK'KRH.\M. a piirish of England, co. of T^ncaster. 
 
 COCK'ERI NGTON ST. LEON'AKD'S, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln. 
 
 COCK'EUINGTON ST. MA'RY'S, a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 COCK'ERMOUTH. a parliamentary borough, torn, and 
 chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland, parish of Brigham, 
 at the confluence of the Derwent aud Cocker Rivers, each 
 here crossed by a bridge. Ji5 miles S.AV. of Carlisle. Pop. of 
 parliiimentary t>orough, in 1861, 7275.. It is irregularly 
 built, but clean and thriving; and it hiis been recently 
 much impi"oved. It possesses some remains of a strong 
 castle, built soon after the Conquest, aud razed by the par- 
 liamentary army in 1(548; a savings bank, ga.s-works, libra- 
 ry, reading-room, a grammar school, town-hall, county 
 house of correction, court-house, market-house, alms-house, 
 &c.. with flax and woollen mills, manufactures of hats and 
 hosiery, and cotton looms. The corpuration is almost nomi- 
 nal. 'The borough is a polling-place for the W. division of 
 the county, and sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 The piet Wordsworth was born here in 1770. 
 
 COCK'ERWIT. a seaport in the S.W. extremity of Nova 
 Scotia, CO. of Shelburn. at the head of a Ikiv setting up from 
 the Atlantic, about 125 miles S.W. of Halifax. 
 
 CiX;K'EYSVILLE. a post-village of Baltimore co.. Miiry- 
 land. on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, 40 mile. 
 N. of Annapolis. 
 
 COCK'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 COCKFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COCK'IXG. a parish of England- co. of Sussex. 
 
 COCK'INGTON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 .COCK'LEY-CLEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 " COCK'PEN. a parish of Scotland, co. of FMinburL'h. 
 
 C(;)CK'RUM, a pos^village of De Soto co.. Jlississippi, 
 about '200 miles N. of Jackson, contains 2 dry-goods stores. 
 
 COCKTHURPE. a pari.«h of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 COCLE('/) a river of .New Granada, in the Isthmus of Pa- 
 nama, formed by the union of the I'anonome and Rata, and 
 falling into the Caribbean .Sea 50 miles S.E. of Chagres, after a 
 cour.se of 75 miles, for a part of which it is navigable. 
 
 COCO, or POOLO COCO. pooOo ko'ko, an island in the 
 Sti-ait of JIal.acca, N.E. of Junkcevlon. 
 
 COCO, sometimes called MANALIPA. mlnJ-lee'pS. and 
 M.\LINIP.\. md-le-nee'pi. an island in the Sooloo Archi- 
 pelago, on the E. side of the S.W. extremity of Jliudanao. 
 Lat. l)° 45' N.. Ion. 122° 23' E. 
 
 COCO, an island in the China Sea, off the S.W. end of the 
 Great Natun.t Ijit. 3° 40' N. ; Ion. 10S° E. 
 
 COCOA-NUT, one of the smallest islands of the Sandwich 
 group, at the entrance of Byron B.ay. Lat. 19° 43' 9" N, 
 Ion. 155° 2' W. 
 
 COCOA-NUT. an i.sland in Torres Strait, between the S. 
 co.ast of New Guinea and Cape York, in Australisx. Lat. 10^ 
 4'S.: Ion. 143° 10' E. 
 
 COCOA-NUT. a small island off the S.W. of Kew Ireland, 
 about lat. 4° 42' S.. Ion. 152° 44' 5" E. 
 
 CiyCOA-NUT. KLAPA or KLAP1> ISLAND, an island off 
 the S.W. extremity of Java, on the W. side of Wineiix per's 
 Bay, about 3 miles in length. Lat. of W. point, 7° 1' S.; 
 Ion. 106° 30' E. 
 
 COCODRIE BAYOU, ko'ko-dree' bl'oo. or CROC'OI'ILE 
 B.A'i'OU, Ix)uisiana. traverses Concordia parish, between the 
 Washita and Mississippi Rivers, and is ctmnected with R^d 
 River. 
 
 CO'CO ISLAND. GREAT, an island in the Bay of Bengal, 
 is nearly 6 miles in lenirth. 
 
 COCO ISL.1ND. LITTLE, an island in the Bay of Bengal, 
 lies about 9 miles S.W. of the Great Coco. The centre i5 le 
 lat. 13° 68' 30" >'.; it is about 2i miles louij. 
 
coo 
 
 COCOL'AMUS CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Ju- 
 niata in Perry county. 
 
 COCUNAT 0. ko-ko-nd/to, a town of the Sardinian States. 
 Ju Piedmont. 17 miles E.N'.E. of Turin. It has an annual 
 &lr. Pop. 25110. 
 
 COCOS ISLANDS, Indian Ocean. See Keeling Isiands. 
 
 COCUMO.NT, ko^kU'mAN"'. a town of France, department 
 of Lot-eW!arfinne. 9 miles S.W. of JIarmande. Pop. 1(376. 
 
 COIVDKMIA.M, a rwrish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COD^Dl.ViiTON, a parish of Kn^'laud. co. of Chester. 
 
 CODDINCTOX, a parish of Eujilaud, co. of Hereford. 
 
 CODi)I.\GTO.\, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 COD'DINOVILLK. a post-office of Medina CO., Ohio. 
 
 COD'DLE CHEEK, a post-ofBce of Cabarras co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 COD'FORD ST. MA'RY, a parish of Enpland, co. of Wilts. 
 
 CODFOUD ST. PETKR, a parish of EngLind, co. of Wilts. 
 
 COIVICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 CODIGUKO. ko-de-gn'ro, (anc. Nern/nia,?) a town of Italy, 
 in the province of Ferrara, 23 miles E. of Ferrara, on the 
 Po ili A'olaiio. 8 miles from the Adilutic. Pop. 22oO. 
 
 CODINAS DK SAX FEUU, ko-dee/nds d.i sin £i-le-oo', a 
 town of Spain, province of Barcelona, on the Congost. Pop. 
 2579. It lias several Itoman remains. 
 
 COD'XOH-wiTU-LOS'COW, a township of England, co. of 
 Derby. 
 
 CODO, ko'do, a town of Brazil, province of JIaranhao, at 
 the continence of the Codo with the Itapieurfi, 50 miles X.W. 
 of Caxias. For the purpose of curbing and keeping the In- 
 dians in check, a company of soldiers or hunters is kept here. 
 
 CODOG.\(», ko-dAn'yo, a town of Lombardy, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Lodi, between the Po and Adda. Pop. 9U32. It is well 
 built, and has manufactures of silk stuffs. It is the prin- 
 cipal mart in Italy fir the cheese misnamed Parmesan. 
 
 CODO'KUS, a ])ost-township on the S. border of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Baltimore and York Rail- 
 roatl. Pop. 1842. 
 
 CODORUS CREEK, of York co., Pennsylvania, flows into 
 the Susfiuehanna about 10 miles aiiove Columbia. 
 
 CODItOIPO, ko-dro-ee'po, a market-town of Northern 
 Itily, government of Venice, province of Friuli, 14 miles 
 S.W. of Udine. Pop. 3100. 
 
 COD'SALIi. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 COEDANA, kwe-dd'nd, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Angle.sea. 
 
 COEDCAXLASS, kwed-kdn/lass, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Pembroke. 
 
 COED DIIU CHURCH. South Wales. See Coychurch. 
 
 C0EI)-F'1{ANK, kwed-franc, a hamlet of South Wales, co. 
 of Glamorgan, parish of Cadoxton. Pop. 1126, partly em- 
 ployed in cop))er-mines. 
 
 COEDKKIiXEW, kwed-Ker'nu, a parish of England, co. 
 of Monmouth. 
 
 COED-V-C'U.MAR, kwed-e-kee/mar, a hamlet of South 
 Wales. CO. of Brecon, parish of Vainor, 2 miles N.E. of Mer- 
 thyr-Tydvil. Pop. 1905. 
 
 COEL, ko^61'. a town of British India, presidency of Bengal. 
 Upp*>r Provinces, district of Alighur, and the residence of 
 its civil authorities. SO miles S.S.E. of Delhi. It is a bu.sy 
 town: its most remarkable structures are a mosque, and a 
 ruined minaret of the thirteenth century. 
 
 C'(ELK-SY1{IA, seele-slr'e-!}, a fine valley of Syria, be- 
 tween the mountain ranges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, 
 ."iength. about 100 miles; breadth, 10 miles. It is traversed 
 oy the Litany River, (anc. Leoixltts^ and contains the towns 
 of Baalbec, Zahleh. and liekaa. 
 
 COEI.K, a post-office of Livingston parish, Louisiana. 
 
 COKLLKDA. See Coi.leda. 
 
 COKl'ANG or KOEl'ANG, koo-pdng,' written also COO- 
 PAXG and COUPAXG. a town and principal Dutch settle- 
 ment in the island of Timor, near its S.W. extremity. Lat. 
 of Fort Concordia 10° 9' 54" S.; Ion. 12.3° 35' 45" E. It is 
 neatly built in the Dutch style, and has a good harbor, de- 
 fended by Fort Concordia. It is a free port, and carries on 
 an import.^nt export trade. Pop. 5000. 
 
 COK RIDGE, a post-oflice of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. 
 
 COESLIX. SeeCOsLix. 
 
 COESSE. ko-fss', a post-office of Whitley co.. Indiana. 
 
 COETIVY, ko-it-ee'vee, an island in the Indian Ocean. 
 ibout 550 miles X.E. of Madaga.scar. Lat. 7° 6' S.; Ion. 50° 
 30' E. From the S.W. point of the island a coral reef ex- 
 tends for several miles, on which the sea is constantly 
 breaking. Another reef stretches from the N. end for 
 about 'ly, miles. 
 
 COEVORDEX, koo'voR-den, or KOEYORDE, koo'voR-deli, 
 a fortified town of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe.with 
 a port on the Kloine Vecht, 23 miles S.S.E. of Assen. P. 2395 
 It luis manufactures of cotton fabiics, and an active trade. 
 
 COEYMAN S, quee'mauz, a post-village and township of 
 Albany co., Xew York, on the right bank of the Hudson, 13 
 miles S. of Albany. It is a place of active trade, and has a 
 landing for steamboats and vessels. Pop. 3117. 
 
 COEYMAN'S HOLLOW, a postoffice of Albany co., New 
 Vork. 
 
 COF'ER, a post-ofKce of Hardin co., Kentucky. 
 
 con 
 
 COF'FEE, a county in the S. part of Alabama, bordering 
 on Florida, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Pea River. The surface is moderately un- 
 even; the soil mostly sandy and unproductive. Pino tim- 
 ber is abundant in the county. It was formed from the 
 W. part of Dale county. Capital, Wellborn, or Elba. Pop 
 QOii, of whoin S20B were free. 
 
 COFFEE, a county in tlie S.E. central i).art of Tennessep, 
 has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by thv 
 head-streams of Duck River. The surface is diversifieil and 
 elevated, tlie county occupying the lower plateau of Cum 
 berland Mountain. The soil is fertile. It is intersected bj 
 tlie Nashville and Chattanooga Railrcnd, and by the turn- 
 pike leading from Fayettevilie to Warren county. Capital. 
 Manchester. Pop. 90S9, of whom 8160 were free, and 1629 
 slaves. 
 
 COFFEE, a post-office of Clay co., Indiana. 
 COFFEE CORNER, a post-office of Coll'ee co., Alabama. 
 COFFEE CKKEK, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana. 
 COFFEE L.WDIXG, a post-office of Hardin co., Tennessee. 
 COFFEE RUX, a post-olHee of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 COF'FEEVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Alabama, on 
 tlie E. bank of Tombigliee River, 132 miles S. by W. of Tus- 
 caloosa. 
 
 COFFEEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Yallobusha co^ 
 Mississippi. 130 miles N. by E. of Jackson. It has 1 or 2 
 newspaper offices, and alx)ut 700 inhabitants. 
 COFFEEVILLE. a post-office of Upshur co., Texas. 
 COF'FIX'S GROVE, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, 
 60 miles N. of Iowa City. 
 
 COF'FIX'S ISLAND, one of the Magdalen Island.s. in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lat. 44° 3' N.; Ion. 64° 3b' W. It is 
 the largest of the group, and is 25 miles long, and in some 
 places 3 miles wide. 
 COF'FINSWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 COF^FODl'VLI AH, a post-village of Ne.-;hoba co.. Mississippi. 
 COFRENTES, ko-fr5n't^s. a town of Spain. 50 miles W.S.W. 
 of Valencia, on an elevated tongue of land, formed by the 
 confluence of the Gabriel and Juc.ar. Pop. 1624. 
 CO'GAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 CO'GANHOUSE, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 696. . 
 CO/GENHOE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 COGGES. kogz, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 CO(iGESHALL, (kog'sh.il,) GREAT, a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Essex, on the Blackwafer, here 
 crossed by an ancient bridge, 6 miles E.S.E. of Braintree. 
 Ai-ea, 2770 acres. Pop. 3408. The town, ili built, has a 
 large church, an endowed grammar school. alms-houi<es and 
 other charities, with several silk mills and looms. Adjoin- 
 ing the town are some remains of an abbey founded by 
 King Stephen In 1142. 
 
 C(XJGI(JLA, kod jona, a village of Piedmont, 11 miles 
 N.X.E. of Bielia, on the Sessera. Pop. 2056. It has two an- 
 cient palaces of tlie families of .\imone and Favre. 
 
 CtJG HILL, a post-office of McMinn co.. Tennes.see. 
 , CdGLIANO, kol-yd'no. or COLLI ANO, koMe-^'no, (anc. 
 CnsiWnum.. t) a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra, 
 11 miles N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 2600. 
 
 C(X(XAC, kAn'yik', (L. CbnacMWi.) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Charente. 21 miles W. of Angouleme. on the 
 Charente. I'op. in 1S52, 5887. It has an old castle, in 
 which I'rancis I. was born. It is the entrepot of the brandy 
 of the Charente, to which it gives its name, and which 
 f >rms the object of a very extensive commerce. The quan- 
 tity produced annually does not exceed 6000 butt.s. but the 
 number sold under the name of Leg fines Champngyiejs. by 
 which the best quality is distinguished, exceeds 15,000 
 butts. 
 
 COGNAC, a village of France, denartment of Haute-Vienne, 
 10 miles W. of Limoges. Pop. 1808. 
 
 COGNE, kAn'y.-i, a town of the S;irdinian States. 9} miles 
 S. of Aosta, in the valley of the same name, surrounded by 
 elevated mountains. Pop. 1480. Iron is extensively mined 
 in the valley. 
 
 COGNE, VAL DT. vdl dee kAn'yi, or VAL DE COGXE, 
 v3l-dfh-koH. a beautiful and romantic valley in the gardl- 
 nian States, in Savoy, opening out of the Val d' Aosta. It 
 is remarkable for containing a Roman tunnel or gallery, cut 
 in the rock during the reign of Augustus. 
 
 COGOLETO. ko-go-kVto, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 14 miles W. of Genoa. Pop. 2065. Celebrated as the birth- 
 . place of Christopher Columbus, in 1447. 
 
 COGORXO, ko-goR'no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Chiav/iri, 2 miles X.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 3738. 
 
 C( K3S/^^ ELL. a village of McIIenry co., Illinois, 140 miles 
 N.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 COHAHUILA.ko-a-wee'ld.a stateof the Jlexican Confede- 
 ration, bounded N.and N.E.by the Rio Bravodel Norte.(whlch 
 Sep rates it from Texas.) E. by Nuevo Leon. S.by Zacatecas, 
 and W. by Chihuahua and Durango: between lat. 24° 17- 
 and 30° 5' N.. and Ion. 100° and 104° W. Length. 390 miles , 
 greatest breadth. 270 miles. Area. 66.570 square niile.s. The 
 vegetation is in ge&wal s^nty and the soil is nowhere os- 
 
 473 
 
COH 
 
 tentdvely cultivated. The southern districts are chiefly pas- 
 tuie-trrciuD'l for sheen; the northern parts present a broken 
 and hilly surface, and the western portion is occupied by a 
 desert •Ailed the Bolson de Mapimi. There are several sil- 
 ver-mines in this province, and horses, mules, and wool are 
 exported. The principal towns are Saltillo, the capital, Co- 
 hahulla or Jlontelovez. Santa Hosa, and Parras. Pop. 56,570. 
 
 COHAIIUIL.*. or MONTELOVEZ, mon-tA-lo/vJs, a town 
 of Mexico, State of Cohahnila, about 150 miles- N.W. of 
 Monterey. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 COIIAX'SEY, a river of Xew Jersey, rises in the S.E. part 
 of Salem co., and flowinj; first southerly, and then westerly, 
 lisill.« into Delavare Bay, in Cumberland county. It is navi- 
 gable for large brifts, 7 or 8 miles, to Greenwich, and for ves- 
 sels of SO tons to Bridj^ton, about 20 miles. 
 
 C0H-4.NSEY, a township of Cumbeiland co^ New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1509. 
 
 COIIANSEY LIGHT, (fixed.) on the Jersey shore of Dela- 
 ware Bay, N. of the mouth of Cohansey Creek, has an eleva- 
 tion of 40 feet. 
 
 COII.A.S'SET, a post-township of Norfolk co., Massachu- 
 setts. 15 miles S.E. of Boston. In 1S51, there were 44 ves- 
 sels, tons iShb, belonjdng to the town, and employing otil 
 persons, engaged in the mackerel fishery ; and during the 
 year ending December 31st, 1S52. 11,010 barrels of mackerel 
 were inspected. The village is the terminus of the South 
 Shore Kailroad. Pop. 195^ 
 
 COUOCTOX. a post-office of Steuben co., Xew York. 
 
 COIIOES, ko-hO-i', (written also CAIIOOS and CAHOES,) 
 iV flourishing manufacturing post-village of Albany co., Xew 
 Fork, on the right bank of the Mohawk River, a little below 
 Cohoes Falls, on the Erie Canal, near its junction with the 
 "Jhamplain Canal, and on the Troy and Schenectady Kail- 
 road, S miles N. of Albany. The village contains churches 
 of six denominations, a newspaper otlice, a bank, 2 very ex- 
 tensive axe-factories, 4 large cotton-mills, employing some 
 1200 hands, 1 linen-thread-factory, besides various other 
 manufacturing e.«tablishnient.s. Pop. S800. 
 
 COHOES FALLS, on the Mohawk River, 3 miles above 
 its mouth, and 10 miles X. of Albany. The fall is about 
 70 feet in perpendicular height, and is remarkable for its 
 picturesque beautv. 
 
 COIlUTrrAII SPRIXGS, a post-village of Murray co., 
 Georgia, at the base of Cohuttah Mountain, 90 miles N. by 
 W. of Atlanta. 
 
 COI'LA, a post-office of Washington co., Xew York. 
 
 C01L.4.. a post-office of Carroll co., Jlississippi. 
 
 COISIBATOOR. koim'ba-toor/, or COIJIBATORE, koim'- 
 ba-tOr', a district of British India, presidency of Madras, 
 enclosed by the districts of Salem, Trichiuopoly, Madura, 
 and Malabar, and the Mysore and Travancore dominions. 
 Area, 8392 squai-e miles. Pop. 807.9(34. 
 
 COIMBATOOK, a town of Ilindostan, capital of the above 
 district, on the Xoil. Lat. 10° 52' X., Ion. 77° 55' E. It 
 occupies an elevated and dry situation, Is well built, and 
 contains about 2000 houses. There is here n musjid built 
 by Tippoo Sultan, who made this town one of his principal 
 military stations. Aliout 2 miles from the town, at a place 
 called Peruru. is a celebrated Hindoo temple, known by the 
 name of .Mail Chittumbra. It is a rude piece of workman- 
 ship, destitute of elegance, but covered with a profusion of 
 Hindoo ornaments. Some time since an ancient tumulus 
 or mound near the town was opened, and found to contain 
 yarious weapons and other articles, such as were formerly 
 used by the Romans. Coiml«toor *as twice taken by the 
 British; first, in 1783. and, again, in 1790. 
 
 COlMBItA, ko-eemObrd, (anc. Chnintfbriga.) a city of Por- 
 tugal, capital of the province of Beira, on the right bank of 
 the JVioudego, here crossed by a long stone bridge, 110 miles 
 N.N.E. of Lislx)n. Pop. 13,400. It is enclosed by old walls, 
 and is highly picturesque externally, but ill built. Its uni- 
 versity, the only one in Portugal, consists of 18 colleges, 
 attended now by about 1100 students, and has a library of 
 80,000 volumes, with extensive museums, an observatory. 
 4c. It has also some fine churches and many convents, 
 that of Santa Cruz now serving for a barrack ; and around 
 it are numerous detached residences, including the famed 
 quiniti das lagrintus. or " villa of tears," the scene of the 
 death of Inez de Castro. In addition to earthenwares, linen 
 and woollen fabrics, and coml«. one of its principid manu- 
 &ctures is that of willow toothpicks. 
 
 COIN, ko-een'. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 21 miles W. 
 of Malaga, on a gentle declivity facing the X. The houses 
 are tolerably well-built, and the town possesses numerous 
 spacious and clean streets, and three squares — the principal 
 having a promenade and handsome fountain in its centre. 
 It has 2 large churches. 2 chapels, some convents, 4 schools, 
 a town-hall, prison, store-house, cemetery, and an episcopal 
 palace; and, in the environs, several public walks and gar- 
 dens, adorned with fruit-trees, flowers, and fbuntains. In 
 the neighboring hills, quarries of marble are wrought, and 
 jasper of all colors is obtained. Pop. 82.39. 
 
 COIN'JOCK, a postroffice of Currituck co.. North Carolina. 
 
 COIRE, the capit.il town of the (irisons. See Chuk. 
 
 CX)ISE, kwaz, a village of the Sardinian States, province 
 471 
 
 COL 
 
 of Savoy, 12 miles S.E. of Chambfiry, with mineral springs 
 Pop. 1702. 
 
 COITS'VILLE, a post-township forming the N.E. extr©- 
 mitv of Mahoning co., Ohio. I'op. 1285. 
 
 C'OJUTEPEQUE. ko-Hoo-tA-pA'k.-l, a town of Central Ame- 
 rica, state, and 15 miles S. of San Salvador. Estimated pop., 
 15,000. Except three churches, it has no buildings worthy 
 of notice; and its dwellings are mostly built of mud. 
 
 COJUTEPEQU E, LAKE OF, or ILLABASCO, eel-yd-bJs'ko, 
 a lake of Central America, in San Salvador, a few leagues 
 distant from the above, is 12 miles in length from E. to W., 
 with an average breadth of 5 miles. In windy weather it 
 assumes a dense green hue, and fish are often cast dead in 
 vast quantities on its shores. 
 
 COK'EK CREEK, a small post^village of Monroe co., Ten« 
 nessee, 155 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 COK'ER, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 COKEIt. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 COKES/BUKG, a post-office of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey. 
 
 COKESBURG, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 COKESBUltY, koks^hfr-e, a post-oijice of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 COL. (('. e. " a neck,") the name of many passes across the 
 Alps of Savoy and lledmont, some of tiae prlncip.il being 
 the following; — CoL de Balme, Coi,-i)E-Ferre'i, Col de la 
 Seione, Col de Tend.\, Col du B()SHom.me, &<:., which will be 
 found in their alphabetical places. 
 
 COLAB/BA. a narrow promontory in British India, presi- 
 dency of. and immediately S. of the island of Bombay, vrith 
 which it is connected by a causeway. Here are a light- 
 house and cantonments for British troops. 
 
 COLABBA, a small town on the Malabar coast, 19 miles 
 S. of Bombay Fort. 
 
 O/LAGAUiy. a town of British India, presidency of Ma- 
 dras, district, and 70 miles W.X.W. of Seringapatam, and 
 lately a thriving placi*. 
 
 Cd^L.\IR', a lake of Ilindostan, Northern Circars, in Masu- 
 lipatam. 5 miles E. of Ellore. Lat. lt;° 36' X.: Ion. Sl°22' E. 
 It lies in a natural hollow, is of an oval .shape, about 22 
 miles long, and from 7 to 12 miles broad, and formed chiefly 
 by the overflowing of the Krishna and Godavery. When 
 the periodical rains fail, it dries up completely. By the 
 river Ooputnair the Lake communicates with the Bay of 
 ISengal. distant about 2U miles. 
 
 COLAMO'KA (or KOLEMO'KEE) CREEK, of Early co., 
 Georgia, flows into the Chattahoochee River, a few mUes 
 below Fort Gaines. 
 
 CO'L.\X. a parish of England, co. of CornwalL 
 
 COLAPAK'CIIEE, a post-office of Monroe co., Oorgia. 
 
 Cu'L.\POOR'. a town of India, in the Peccan, dominionsand 
 56 miles S. of Sattarah, and the capital of a rajabship, com- 
 prising also the towns of Parnellah, Muic;ipoor, and Col- 
 gong. The town is built on an elevated rock. 
 
 COLAR/, a fortified town of Southern ludi.a, Mysore do- 
 minions. 40 miles N.E. of Bangalore. It was taken by the 
 British in 17U8, and retaken soon after by Ilyder AIL Pop. 
 3850. 
 
 COiyBERG. or KOI/BERG. (Ger. pron. kol'bjRG,) a strongly 
 fortified seaport town of I'russian I'omerania. 25 miles W. of 
 Coslin, on the Persante, near its mouth, in the Baltic. Pop. 
 7<ilO. It has a cathedral, several other churches, numerous 
 hospitals, an ancient ducal cjustle, now used for a charitatile 
 foundation, a house of correction, a harbor, woollen facto- 
 ries, distilleries, extensive salt-works, salmon and lamprey 
 fisheries, and a considerable export trade. It sustained me- 
 morable sieges in 17tiO and 1S06. 
 
 Ct>iyBERT, a small village of Lowndes co., Mississippi, on 
 the Tombi,i;bee River. 
 
 COLBERT, a post-office of Chickasaw Xation, Arkansas. 
 
 OJI^BY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 COI/BYVILLE. a post-village of Clarke co., Kentucky, 
 39 miles S.E. of Frankf >rt. 
 
 COLCHAGUA. kol-chd'gwl. a department of Chili, mostly 
 between lat. 34° and 35° S.. stretchinj; from the Audi-s to the 
 Pacific Ocean, having N.and S. the departments of Sitnti.igo 
 andMaule. Area. 8120 squaremiles. Pop.130,000. ThepLning 
 are fertile, and watered by the Maule and .Maypu Rivers. The 
 chief towns are Curico. San Fernando, and Rancagua. 
 
 COLCHESTER, kfll'ches-ter, {a-ac.CanuiIochi'num ?) a pai^ 
 liamentary and municipal borough, river poit. and town 
 of England, co. of Essex, on the Colne. crossed here by seve- 
 ral bridges, and on the Eastern Union Railway. 51 miles 
 X.X.E. of lyondon. Area of borougli. comprising 16 pa- 
 rishes, 11.770 acres. Pop. in 18C1, 23,815. It is well built 
 on the sides and summit of an eminence, where there are 
 vestiges of its ancient walls, many antiquated dwellings, 
 imposing remains of a castle of great strength, lepnted to 
 have been founded by Edward the Elder, part? of which 
 are now used for the town library and a prison : interest- 
 ing relics of an .abbey and a priory, an ancient chaj^jl, and 8 
 parish churches, several of which are very antique struc- 
 tures. Its free grammar school has scliolarslnps at Cam- 
 bridge University, and the celebrated Dr. Parr was in.aste- 
 of it in 1779. The town possesses also well cndowet hospi 
 tals for the poor, a general hospital, various mouey ••iiaii 
 
COL 
 
 C(K, 
 
 lies, a union work-house, fine moot or town hall, county 
 house of correction, neat theatre, small barracks, several 
 literary and scientific associations, a custom-house, a large 
 market^house, iKinding warehouses, and a quay, approached 
 by vessels of 150 tons. Its man ulactures of silks are declining; 
 but it has some malting trade, and thriving oyster fisheries. 
 Its registered shipping, in 184", amounted to 9447 tons. It 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Colchester 
 was one of the earliest Iloman stations in Britain ; and nu- 
 merous coins and other antiquities have been found in it. 
 rt was also a Saxon town of note. It gives the title of baron 
 to the Al)Ix)tt family. 
 
 COl/CIIESTER, a post-township of Chittenden co., Ver- 
 mont, on Lake Champlain, and on the Vermont Central Rail- 
 road, 35 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has manufactories of 
 cotton and woollen goods, iron castiui;s, sash, blinds, &c. 
 Pop. 3041. 
 
 COLCHESTER, a beautiful post-village and township of 
 New Loudon co., Connecticut, 20 miles N.AV. of New Lou- 
 don. It is the seat of Eacon Acatlemy, an old and liberally 
 endowed institution. The India-rubber business has been 
 commenced here on an e.vtensive scale, and is now very 
 successfully carried ou. Iron-castings, paper, and other 
 articles are also manufactured, i'op. of the township, 2802. 
 
 C* tLClIESTER, a post-township of Delaware co., New 
 York, on the I'opactou Kiver, about 2U miles S. of Delhi. 
 Pop. 2480. 
 
 COLCHESTER, a county in the central part of Nova Sco- 
 tia, bordering on Mines and Colquid Bay.s, with a narrow 
 Strip extending W. along Mines Channel to the Bay of 
 Fuiidy. A rugged ridge hounds its shores. The interior 
 is mostly level. Capital, Truro. Pop. in 1851, 16,46'J. 
 
 COLCHIS, kolOiis, (Gr. KuXx's,) an ancient division of 
 Asia, at the E. end of the black Sea. It contains gold and 
 silver mines. The phoa.'yint is originally from this district. 
 It was, in the fifteenth century, subdivided into the princi- 
 palities of Imeritia, Mingrelia, and Ciooriel; and is now 
 almost wholly comprised in the Russian territory of 
 Transcaucasia. A^j. and inhab. Colchian, kolOie-an. 
 
 COLD-ASH'UY, and COLD-ASH/Ti^N, 2 parishes of Eng- 
 land. See .\sniiT-CoLD and Ashton-Cold. 
 
 COLD'RROOK, a post'-village of Worcester CO., Massachu- 
 setts, on a small stream of the same name. 
 
 COLDHROOK, a post-village of Herkimer CO., New York, 
 on a stream of the Siime name, about 90 miles N.W. of 
 AUianv. It has several stores and mills. 
 
 COLDIJROOK, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois. 
 
 COLD CKEEK, of Indiana, flows into White Kiver, about 
 15 miles above Indianapolis. 
 
 C(JL DK BALME, kol deh liJlm. See Baljie. 
 
 COL DE FERRET, kol dfh feR'ad', between the Valais 
 (Switzerland) and Piedmont, W. of the Great St. Bernard. 
 Hei-ht 7041 feet. 
 
 C(»L DE LA SEIGXE, kol dfh 13 sto, leads from Savoy 
 into the Val d'Aosta. in Piedmont, 7 miles 'W.S.W. of Mont 
 Blanc. Height, 8422 feet. 
 
 COI/DEN, a post-township of Erie co., New York, 20 miles 
 S.E. of BulTalo. Pop. 1508. 
 
 COL'DEMIAM, a post-office of Orange co.. New York. 
 
 OIL DK TE.NDA. kol deh tSu'dd. in the .Maritime Alps, 
 on the route from Nice to Turin. Height. 5980 feet. 
 
 COLD FIRE CREEK, of Alabama, flows S.W. through 
 Pickens county, and enters Tombigbee River near the 
 western line of the state. 
 
 Co L D- 11 IG IV X M, a pari.sh of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 COLDING. a town of Denmark. Si^ Kolwno. 
 
 COLD'IXGH.iM, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Berwick, on the North British Railway, 2i miles N. of Eye- 
 mouth. Pop. 2746. In the village are the remains of a 
 Jamous priory, supposed to have been the first founded in 
 Scotland, and about 2 miles X.E. is Fast Castle, the Wolfs 
 Crair of the •• Bride of Lammermoor." 
 
 COLDITZ, or KOLDITZ, kol'dits, a town of Saxony, 
 circle, and 25 miles S.E. of Loipsic, on the Mulde. Pop. 
 2900, engaged in manufactures of stockings, linens, felt, 
 and earthenwares. Its ancient castle is now used as a 
 house of correction. 
 
 COLD XKCK. a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri. 
 
 COLD-NOR'TON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 COLD-0'VERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 jester. 
 
 COLD'RED, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 COLD RUX. a post-office of Gordon co., Georgia. 
 
 CtlLDS'BORXE. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 Cold spring, a post-office of Iterkshh-e co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a postK)ffice of Fairfield co., Connec- 
 tiuut. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a township of Cattaraugus co.. New 
 York. Pop. 007. 
 
 COLD SPRING, a post^village of Phillipstown township, 
 Putnam co.. Xew York, on the eastern Ixink of the Hudson 
 River , and on the Hudson River Railroad, 54 miles X. 
 of Xew York, snd 1 mile above West Point. It is beau- 
 tifully situated among the Uiglilauds, and one of the 
 
 princiivil villages of the county. It has 5 churches, a fur- 
 nace, and a large foundry of iron and brass, with macbmo- 
 shops. Parrot guns and projectiles are mauo ucio. P. 2770. 
 
 COLD SPKIXG, a post-villagH in Lower township, Capo 
 May CO., New Jersey, about 10 miles S.S.W. of Cai>e May 
 Court-House. It has 2 churches. The name of the place 
 is derived from a remarkable spring near it, which rises 
 in the marsh, and is overflowed at every tide. Pop. about 
 325. 
 
 COLD SPRING, a post-offioe of Lebanon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 COLD SPRING, a post-ofilce of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 COLD SPRING, a village of Meriwether co., Georgia, 
 about 90 miles W. by S. of Jlilledgeville. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a postoffice of Wilkinson CO., Mississippi. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a post-offlce of Polk co.. Texas. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a post-village of Campbell co., Kentucky. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a postoffice of Harrison co., Ohio. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a post-offlce of Noble co., Indiana. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a post-viUage of Shelby co., Illinois, 13 
 miles S.W. of Shelbyville. 
 
 C^LD SPRIXG, a post-village of Daviess co., Slissouri, 
 150 miles X.W. of Jefl'erson-City. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a post-office of Potawatamie co., Iowa. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a postrvillage and township of Jefferson 
 CO., Wisconsin, .30 miles E.S.E. of Madison. Pop. 720. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG, a postK)ffice of El Dorado Co., Californi.-u 
 
 COLD SPRIXG HARBOR, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Suffolk co.. New York, on a bay of Long Island 
 Sound, about 35 mlle« E. by N. of New York. It contains 
 1 or 2 churches, and several hundred inhabitants. The 
 line between Suffolk and Queen's counties passes through 
 the village. The registered tonnage of the district. June 
 30, 1854, was 29,24, all of which was employed in the 
 whale fishery, and the enioUed and licenswl tonnage 632, 
 employed in the coast trade. 
 
 COLD SPRIXG MILLS, a village of Steuben co. New 
 Yoik, 4 miles N.E. of Bath. 
 
 COLIVSTREAM, (formerly LerniH or Leinhall.) a border 
 town, burghof barony, and parish of Scotland, county of and 
 15 miles W. of Berwick, on the northern bank of the Tweed, 
 here crossed by a five-arched bridge, and on the main route 
 from Scotland into England. Pop. of town, in 1851. 2238. 
 It is irregularly built, and contains a parish church, several 
 chapels, benevolent societies, and liliraries, and had formerly 
 an extensive Bible-printing establishment. The famous ford 
 of the Tweed is in the vicinity, where the Scotch and Eng- 
 lish armies crossed in former times. Near it is Lennel 
 House, the property of the Earl of Haddington. " The Cold- 
 stream Guards'' were so named from having been raised 
 here by General Monk, in lt'59-60. 
 
 COLD'STREAM, a post-village of Hampshire co., Virgi- 
 nia. 20 miles N.W. of Winchester. It has 2 churches and 1 
 flouringmill. 
 
 COL DU BOXHOMME, kol dU ho'nomm', in the Grecian 
 Alps. 10 miles S.W. of Mont Blanc. Height, 8054 feet. 
 
 COLD-WALT'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 COLD'WA'TER, a post-office of Elliert CO., Georgia. 
 
 COLDW.\TKR, a postKiffice of Marshall co., Mississippi. 
 
 COLDWATER, a small village of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 C0LDW.\TE1{, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 COLDWATER, a flourishing post-village, capital of Branch 
 CO., Michigan, on the eastern branch of Coldv/ater River, in 
 a prairie of its own name, and on the Michigan Southern 
 Railroad, 115 miles W. by S. from Detroit. It is surrounded 
 by a fertile country, and having no competitor within 20 
 miles or more, it is the centre of an extensive retail trade. 
 It contains 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper-offices, and sev- 
 eral mills. The river afl'ords a large amount of water-pow- 
 er, wbiob has "been improved. Pop. 2905. 
 
 COLDWATER, a small post-viUage of Wayne co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 COLDWATER CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into 
 Rocky River, aljout 10 miles S. of Concord, in Caliarras co. 
 
 COLDWATER RI^'ER, of Mississippi, a small stream 
 which rises in the northern part of the state, and flows in a 
 W.S.W. direction to Tunica co., where it turns towards the 
 S. and enters the Tallahatchie River in the county of that 
 name. 
 
 COLDWATER RIVER, of Branch CO., Michigan, flows 
 north-westward and enters the St. Joseph's River. 
 
 COLD WELL, a post-office of Union district. South Cv 
 rolina. 
 
 COLD WELL, a postoffice of White co., Arkansas. 
 
 COLE, a county in the centre of Missouri, has an area 
 of 410 square miles. The Missouri River forms the bound- 
 ary on the N.E., the Osage River on the S.E., and it is 
 intersected by Moreau Creek. The Osage River enters the 
 Missouri River at the eastern extremity of the county. 
 The surface is broken, and some parts flre too rocky for 
 cultivation; but the soil of the river bottoms is productive. 
 Limestone and burrstone are abundant in the county: 
 quari-ies of good building stone have been opened at Jeffer- 
 son City. Named in honor of Sc^uire Cole, an Indian- 
 
 475 
 
COL 
 
 fighter and pioneer. It contains Jefferson City, the capital [ 
 of Missouri. Pop. 9697, of whom 8710 were tree, and 987 
 slaves. 
 
 COLEBORNE, kolTborn, a post-village of Canada West, co. | 
 of Northumberland, 16 miles from Coburg. It contains | 
 several stores, and flour and grist-mills. Pop. about 700. 
 
 COLEBROOK. kol'bruok, a post-village and township of 
 Cloos CO., New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connecticut 
 Kiver, 110 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 1118. 
 
 COLEBROOK. a post-township of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, 31 miles N.W. of Hartford. The streams afford motive- 
 power for 1 cotton-mill, 1 paper-mill, 2 chair-factories, 2 tan- 
 neries, and numerous saw and grist-mills. Pop. 1875. 
 
 COLEBROOK, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 470. 
 
 COLEBROOK, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 COLEBROOK, a post-office in Lebanon co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 COLEBROOK. a township of Ashtabula co. Ohio. P. 890. 
 
 COLE'BROOKD.^LE, a hamlet of England, co. of Salop, 
 2 miles N. of Broseley, on the Severn, which here winds 
 through a picturesque narrow glen, and is crossed by an 
 elegant one-arched iron bridge. This district contains ex- 
 tensive seams of coal and ironstone, and petroleum or tar 
 springs, which issue from the sandstone strata. Here 
 railroads, formed of wood, were first used in 1620 and 
 1650. and about a century afterwanls iron plates were put 
 upon the wooden rails. The population is engaged in the 
 collieries and foundries, and fire-brick and tobacco-pipe ma- 
 nufactories. 
 
 COLEBKOOKDALE, a post-township In the E. part of 
 Berks co.. Pennsylvania, 17 miles E. of Reading. Pop. 1359. 
 
 COLE'BROOKE, a pjirish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 COLEBllOOKB, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Addington, 21 miles W. of Kingston. It has several stores 
 and hotels. Pop. about 120. 
 
 COLEBROOK FURNACE, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsvlvaniau 
 
 COLKBliOOK RIVER, a post-village of Litchfield co.. 
 Connecticut, on the Farmington River, about 30 miles N.W. 
 of Hartford. It contains a cotton-mill and a grist and saw 
 mill. 
 
 COLTyBV. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 COLE CAMP, a post-village of Benton co^ Missouri, 66 
 miles W. bv S. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 COLE CKEEK, of North Carolina, enters the Yadkin 
 from the N. in Davidson co. 
 
 COLE CREEK, a post-office of Fountain co.. Indiana. 
 
 COLE CREEK, a postrtownship of Montgomery co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 1539. 
 
 COLE'FORD. a small market-town of England, co. of 
 Gloucester, parish of Newland, 7i miles W.N.W. of Blake- 
 nev. Pop. 2208. 
 
 COLEGNO. ko-lin'yo, a Tillage of Sardinia, 5 miles W. of 
 Turin, on the Dora-Riparia. Pop. 1776. 
 
 COLE'M.\N, a post-office of Cherokee eo., .Alabama. 
 
 COLE'MAN'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 COLE'ilANSVILLE. a post-village of Harrison co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the South Fork of Licking River, aliout 50 miles 
 N.E." of Frankfort. It has 1 church and about 100 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 COLK/.MORE. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 COLE-OR'TOS\ a parish of Engkind. co. of Leicester. 
 
 COLERAIN, k61-rain', a township of Bedford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1235. 
 
 COI.ERAIN, a village of Camden co., Georgia, on St. Ma- 
 ry's River, about 24 miles W. of St. Mary's. 
 
 COLERAIN, a post-office of Jackson co., Arkansas. 
 
 COLERAIN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Belmont 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1349. 
 
 COLERAIN, a \nllage and township of Hamilton co., Ohio, 
 16 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 3933. 
 
 COLERAIN, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1288. 
 
 COLERAIN K, k61-rain', a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, seaport town and parish of Ireland. Ulster, co. of 
 Londonderry, on the Bann. here crossed by a bridge 4 miles 
 from its mouth, and 47 miles N. N.W. of Belfast. .\rea of 
 parish, 4S46 acres. Pop. 68.57. Area of parliamentary bo- 
 rough. 9(i3. Pop. of town and parliamentary borough^ 6255. 
 It is tolenibly well built, and has a large parish church, an 
 elegant Roman Catholic chapel, endowed and other schools, 
 a town-hall, a court-house, custom-house, and work-house, 
 and several market-houses and banks, and some remains 
 of old fortifications. The harbor at the mouth of the Bann 
 has been go much improved of late years, that vessels 
 of 200 tons burden can now discharge" at the quay close 
 to the bridge. The exports consist of com, meal, provisions, 
 and fine linens, mostly sent to England. Registered ship- 
 ping, in 1847. 980 tons. Steamers continually ply hence tS) 
 Liverpool. Glasgow, and Fl^twood. Here are p.ipe!^mii!s, 
 tanneries. Meach-grouuds, and salmon and eel fisheries. 
 The borough sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 It gives the title of biron to the Hanger £imily. About 1 
 mile S. are traces of a large Danish fort. 
 476 
 
 COL 
 
 COLER.ilNE, kOl-e-raIn', a post-village and township of 
 Franklin co., Mass;ichusetts, on a branch of the Deerfield 
 Ri^■er. which affords water-power, alxiut 100 miles W.X.W. 
 of Boston. It has manufactories of cotton goods, iron cast- 
 ings, chairs, sash and blinds, leather, &c. Pop. l79S. ' 
 COLERAINE, a post-township of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Octorara Creek, 18 miles S.E. of Lancaster. 
 Pop. 1740. 
 
 COLERAINE, a post-villase of Bertie co.. North Carolina, 
 on the right bank of Chow.in River, 140 miles E. bv N. of 
 Raleiih. 
 
 COLERAIN FORGE, a post-village of Huntingdon eo., 
 Pennsylvania. 106 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 COLE'RIDGE. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 COLERNE. koMern', a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 COLEROOX', the most N. and largest branch of the Cavery 
 River. British India, at its delta, enters the Indi.an Ocean 
 at Devicotta. 24 miles N. of Tranqueliar. after having formed 
 for 80 miles the division between the Madras districts of 
 Tanjore and Trichinopoly. Waters shallow. 
 
 COLES. kOlz. a county In the S.E. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 550 square miles. It is intersected by the Kas- 
 kaskiaand Embarras Rivers, which flow nearly southward. 
 The surface is rolling, and mostly destitute jf forests : a part 
 of Grand Prairie is included in the county; the soil is very 
 fertile. The county is intersected by the Chicago branch of the 
 Central Railroad. Named in honor of Edward Coles, second 
 governor of the state of Illinois. Capital,Charlestou. P. 14,203. 
 
 COLES'BERG. a district of the Cape Colony, South Africa, 
 having S. the districts Graaf-Reinet and Cradock. and N. 
 the Hottentot country. Area 11.654 square miles. Pop. 
 8S2S. It is a lofty level region.'well adapted for rearing live- 
 stock, of which large numbers are fed. The Orange liiver 
 forms its N. boundary. The village of Colesberg, near lat. 30° 
 40' S.. Ion. 25° 30' E.. has Dutch and Wesleyan churches, and 
 about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 COLESBURG, kOlz'btirg, a post-office of Potter co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 COLESBURG. a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, 30 miles 
 W.N.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 COLE'S CREEK, a small post-village of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 COLE'S FERRY, a post-office of Wilson CO.. Tennes.=ee. 
 
 COLES'HILL. a market-town and parish of Enirland. co 
 of Warwick, on the Cole, (an affluent of the Tame.) hero 
 crossed by a bridge, and with a station on a branch of the 
 West Midland Railw.ay. 14^ miles N.W. of Coventry. Pop 
 2172. It stands on an eminence, and is handsomely built; 
 its parish church contains a curious font, and many monu- 
 ments of the Digby family, who possess a domain in the 
 vicinity. It is governed by two constables. The antiquary 
 Duidaie was born in its vicinity in 1605. 
 
 COLESIIILL. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 COLESHILL. a hamlet of England, cos. of Herts and 
 Bucks, p.irish. and 1^ miles S.9.W. of Amersham. Pop. 547. 
 It was the birthplace and residence of the poet Waller. 
 
 COLESHILL, a township of England, North W.iks. co. 
 of Flint, parish of Holywell, and scene of a battle, where 
 Ilenrv II. was defeated bv the AVelsh. in 1157. 
 
 COLE'S MILLS, a post^ffice of Delaware co.. Ohio. 
 
 COLESSEAH, or COLLESSErAH. a small seaport and 
 village, on the N.W. coast of the island of Socotra. Aralii.ao 
 Sea. situateil at the gorge of a valley. Dragon's blood, 
 aloes, and ghee are shipped in small quantities. 
 
 COLESTOWN. a villasre of Burlington co.. New Jersey, 
 12 miles S.W. of Mount Holly. 
 
 COLES'VILLE. a post-township of Broome co.. New York, 
 on the Susquehanna Kiver, 10 miles N.E. of Binghanipton. 
 Pop. 3250. 
 
 COLESVILLE. a post-office of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 COLESVILLE. a post-village of Montgomery co., jiary- 
 land. 40 miles W. bv N. of .\nnapolis. 
 
 COLESVILLE. a post-office of Stokes co.. North Carolina- 
 
 COLE^TA. a post-office of Talladega eo., .Alabama. 
 
 COLETTO. a post-office of De Witt co.. Texas. 
 
 COLETTO CREEK, of Texas, rises In De Witt county, and 
 flowing south-eastward, enters the Guadalupe River about 
 8 miles S. of Victoria. 
 
 COI/FAX. a post-office of Clinton co.. Indiana. 
 
 COL^GONG'. a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 16 miles E.ofBoirlipoor. beautifully situated on the Ganges. 
 
 COLICO. kol'e-ko. a village of Lombardy. government of 
 Milan. "26} miles N.N.E. of Como. near the X. extremity of 
 the Lake of Como, in an unhealthy situation at the foot 
 of Mount I,«gnano. Pop. 2700. 
 
 COLIGNY, koMeen\vee'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of AIn. 14 miles N.N.E. of Bourg. It gives its name 
 to the illustrious house of Coligny-Chatillon. See Ch.^tii.- 
 
 L0y-8UR-I/lINO. 
 
 COLUXSI'LAAT. ko-lins-pk^t'. commonly called COOLT- 
 JESPLAAT. k61t\v8s-pl,]t' a vill.ige of Holland, province of 
 Zealand, island of North Beveland. 19 miles N.W. of Bei gen- 
 op- Zoom. It has a harbor, whence small vessels ply to 
 MiddelburiT and Rotterdam, and whence there is a iesular 
 ferry to Zierikzee. Pop. 1688. 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 COLIMA., ko-lee'mJ, a town of the Mexican Confederation, 
 capital of tile territory of Colima, situated in a fertile plain; 
 lat. 18° qO' N., Ion. 10o° 7' W., near tlie volcano of the same 
 name, it is a pretty large town, and hivs a considerable de- 
 mand for various articles of trade, such as linens, cotton 
 goods, wo<jllens, and hardware. Pop. al,774. The port of 
 Colima, which is about 30 miles S.S.W. of the city, lat. 18° 
 33' X., Ion. 103° 35' W., has a good anchora];;e, and is well 
 protected against the S. winds prevalent during the rainy 
 season, but on account of a very considerable lake of stag- 
 nant waters in its immediate vicinity, is very unhealthy 
 during the summer. Infested by myriads of mos(iuitoes 
 and sand-flies, even in the dry season it is nearly impos- 
 sible to reside there. This port has been open to foreign 
 commerce for several years, but has not been able to make 
 much progress. The port itself lias not a single house, and 
 the first adjacent town is Colima. 
 
 COLIMA, a territory or district of the Mexican Confederacy, 
 mostly between lat. 19° and 20° X., stretching 100 miles 
 along the coast of the. Pacific, S. of tlie department of 
 Jalisco. Climate hot; soil fertile. Capital, Colima. Jsearly 
 all the population are Indian. 
 
 COLIMA. VOLCAXO OF, is situated in the territory of 
 Colima, about 30 miles X.E. of the town of this name, near 
 19° X. lat., and 103° W. Ion. Height, 12,000 feet. 
 
 COLIN'I).\, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 district of Tiperah. 26 miles E. of Luokipoor. 
 
 COLINSBUIIUH, kol'inz-bar-rhh, a village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Fife, parish of Kilconijuhar, 4 miles W. of Pittonweem. 
 Pop. 500. It has weekly corn-markets and two annual fairs. 
 
 COL'IXTO.N or COL'LIXGTON, a village and parish of 
 Scotland, co. Edinburgh. It is beautifully situated on the 
 Water of Leith. N. declivity of the Pentland Hills, and in it 
 is the seat of Lord Dunfermline, and several extensive 
 paper mills. 
 
 COLIT.V, ko-lee'td, a post-ofiice of Polk co., Texas. 
 
 COLIUMO, ko-le-oiymo, a small maritime town of South 
 America. Chili, 18 miles E.N.E. of Concepcion. 
 
 COl/KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 COLL, one of the western islands of Scotland, on the Vi'. 
 coast of Mull, 2i miles N.E. of the island Tiree. Length 
 from y.W. to S.E. 12 miles; average breadth 2j miles. Pop. 
 1412. It contains many hamlets, and a residence and fjudal 
 stronghold of the Macleans. About one-third is cultivated 
 and in pasture, the rest is rocky and barren. 
 
 CinL'LACE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 COL'LAMAN'S COBXEKS, a post-office of Albany co., New 
 York. 
 
 CtiL'L iilER, a post-village of Windham CO., Connecticut, 
 45 miles E. by N. of Hartford. 
 
 CilLLAMfJl, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York. 
 
 COLL AM EH, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 COLL.\MER, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi. 
 
 COLLAMER. a post-office of Cuvahoga co., Ohio. 
 
 COLLAMKR, a post-office of Whitely co., Indiana. 
 
 COUjAMER, a post^village of Kane co., Illinois, on the 
 edge of a beautiful prairie, 160 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 COLLAMER, a post-village of Sauk co., Wisconsin, on 
 Wisconsin River. 
 
 COLLARES, kol-ld'rJs, a market town of Portugal, 12 
 miles W.X.W. of Lisbon, ou the Kio-das-Macas, N. of Cape 
 Roca. Pop. 2200. 
 
 COLLARES, a small town of Brazil, 40 miles N.N.E. of 
 Belem, on an island in the Para Kiver. 
 
 COLLE, kolla, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of 
 Molise, 17 miles S.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 4020. It has 
 vai'ious ecclesiastical edifices, a hospital, and a large annual 
 fair in September. 
 
 COLLE, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, province, and 22 
 miles S.S.W. of Florence, on the Klsa., with 3800 inha- 
 bitants. It has a cathedral, a castle, and paper mills. 
 
 COLLE CORVINO, kolli koR-vee'ao, a town of Italy, in 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 4 miles E. of Civita-di- 
 Penne. Pop. 1800. 
 
 COL LED A, (CoUeda,) kWU-di, a town of Prussian Sax- 
 ony, 35 miles W.S.W. of Murseburg. Pop. 2000. 
 
 COL'LEO U, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 523. 
 
 COLLEGE CORNERS, a post-village in Butler co., Ohio, 
 on the Junction Railroad. 35 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 COLLEGE GREEN, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland. 
 
 COLLEGE IIILL,apost-officeofLa Fayette co., Mississippi. 
 
 COLLEGE HILL, a thriving post-village of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, 6 miles N. of Cincinnati. It is the seat of two flourish- 
 ing institutions, viz. B'armers College, formerly Carey's 
 Academy, and the Ohio I'emale College, chartered in 1851, 
 eiicb having handsome buildings. The former has about 200 
 students, and the latter alx)ut 150. Pop. about 500. 
 
 COLLEGE OF NEW JER.SEY'. See Princeton. 
 
 COLLEGE MOUXD, a post-office of Kaufman co.. Texas. 
 
 COLLEGE OF ST. JAMES, a post-village of Washington 
 CO.. Maryland, 6 miles S.E. of Ilagerstown. The college, 
 which has a preparatory department connected with it, is 
 under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal church. It 
 ■was first opened in 1842, chartered in 1849, and is in a very 
 flourishing condition. 
 
 COI/LEGEITLLE, a post-village of Sxiline co., ArkaDsaa 
 about 14 miles S.W. of Little Rock. 
 
 Ci)LLESAXO. kol-l!l-s.i'no. a town of Sicily, 25 miles E.S.« 
 of Palermo, on the N. declivity of the Madonia Mountains 
 Pop. 2^00. 
 
 COLLESSEAII. See Colesseah. 
 
 COLLESSIE. kol-les'see. a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 COLLETON, col'le-ton, a district in the S. part of i^OTXtb 
 Carolina, bordering on the Atianti<', hns an area of 1670 
 square miles. It is intersected by tlie Edisto. bounded on 
 the S.W. by the Combahee, and also drained by the Saikd- 
 liatchie and .Ashepoo Rivers. The surface consists of an 
 alluvial and e.xtremely level plain, and is partly occupied by 
 sw.tmps. Tile soil of the drier parts is productive. The dis- 
 trict is intersected by the South Carolina Railroad, and is one 
 of the most populous in the state. Cai)ital,Waterb()rough. 
 Pop. 41,916, of whom 9609 were free, and 32.307 slaves. 
 
 COLLETOUTO, kol-li-toR/to, a town of Naples, province of 
 Molise. and 10 miles S.S.E. of Larino. Pop. 2620. 
 
 CliiyLETSVILLE, a posMillage in Caldwell co.. North 
 Carolina. 16 miles W. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 COLLIANO, a town of Naples. See Cooliano. 
 
 COLLICOON or COLLIKOOX. See Calliooo.x. 
 
 Collier bay. of Australia, on the X.W. coast, between 
 Camlioden Sound and King's Sound, in lat. 16° 7' S., Ion. 
 121° 7' E. It is 20 miles wide at its entrance. The tide 
 rises in this Ijay 36 feet. 
 
 COLLIERLEY, kol'yjr-le, a township of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 COLLIERS, kol'yerz, a village of Otsego co.. New York, ou 
 the Susquehanna River, 73 miles W, by S. of Albany. 
 
 COLLIERS, a post-office, Edgefield district. South Caroliniv. 
 
 COL'LIERSTOWN, a post-village of Rockbridge co., A iiv 
 gini.a. 154 miles AV. of Richmond. 
 
 COI.^LIEI{SVILLE, a village of Sullivan co.. New York, 
 75 miles AV. bv S. of Albany. 
 
 COLLIERS'VILLE, a post-office of Otsego <p.. New York. 
 
 COLLlERSVlLLE.a i)()st-villago Shelby co.. Tennessee, on 
 the Memphisand La Grange Railroad. 30 miles E. of Memphis. 
 
 COL/LIX, a county in the X. part of Texas, has an area 
 of 916 square miles. It is intersected by the E. fork of 
 Trinity River, and also drained by Little Elm and PilcT, 
 Grove Creeks. The surface consists partly of prairies, and 
 partly of timbered land. Capital, McKinuey. I'op. 9264, 
 of whom 8217 were free. 
 
 COL'LINGBOUllXE-DU'CIS, a parish of England, co. of 
 AVilts. 
 
 COL'LINGBOURNE-KINGSrrON, a parish of England, co. 
 of Wilts. 
 
 COL'LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 COI/LTXGHAM. NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 COL'LIXtiH AM, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 Cl Il/LINGTOX. a parish of England, co, of Hereford, 
 
 COiyLIXGTREE, a parish of England. CO. of Northampton. 
 
 COLLINGWOOD, Canada. See Appendix. 
 
 COL'LIXS, a post-village and township of Erie co.. Now 
 Y^ork. on Cattaraugus Creek, 22 miles S. of Buffalo. Poj). 2119. 
 
 COLLI.N S, township, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. P. 2027. 
 
 COLLINS, a post-office of Columbia co,, Florida. 
 
 COLLINS CENTRE, a post-village of Erie co.. New York, 
 about 25 miles S. of Huflalo. 
 
 COLLINS' DEPOT, a post-office of Hampden co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 COLLINS RIVER, a small stream in the S.E. central part 
 of Tennessee, flows through Warren co. into the Caney fork 
 of Cumberland River. 
 
 COLLINS SETTLEAIEXT, a post-office, Lewis co..Tirginia. 
 
 COI/LINSVILLE, a post-village in Canton township, Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, on Farmington River, and at the ter-* 
 minus of the CoUinsville branch of the New Il.aven and 
 Northampton Railroad, about 15 miles X.W. by W. of Hart- 
 ford. There are in this place several manufactories of paper 
 and saws, and the largest axe manufactory, it is said, in the 
 United States, averaging 1000 axes daily throughout the 
 year. It contains 1 church and 5 stores. A school-house is 
 about being built, to cost $5000. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 COLLINSVILLE, a post-village of Lewis co,. New York, 
 near Black liiver, about 37 miles N.by W. of Utica, h.as 1 or 
 2 churches and several stores. 
 
 0:)LLINSVILLE, a village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, 122 
 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 COLLINSA'ILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the 
 Eaton and Hamilton Railroad, 10 miles N.N.AV. of Hamilton. 
 
 COLLINSVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois, 
 86 miles S. by W. of Springfield, and 14 miles E.N.E. of St, 
 Louis. It has several mills and stores. 
 
 COLLIO, kolle-o, a village of Lombardy. 14 miles N.N.E. 
 of Brescia, on the Mella. Pop. in 1843, 2256. It has iron 
 mines and forges. 
 
 COLLIOURE, korie-ooR/. a forHfied seaport town of France, 
 department of Pyrenees-<Drientales. on the Mediterranean, 
 a little N. of Port Vendres, and 15 miles S.E, of Perpignan. 
 I'op. in 1852, 3507. It is defended by 3 forts, and has some 
 trade in wines, wool, and anchovies. 
 
 477 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 COLLTRENE, koHe-reen', a post-offlce of Lowndes co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 COLLO, kono. a town of Aljreria. province of Constantine, 
 68 miles W. of Bona, on the bay of the same name, In the 
 Mediterranean. Pop. 2500. 
 
 COi,L(11il!IERES, korio'bre-ain/, a Tillajre of France, de- 
 partment of Var. 19 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 1890, 
 partlr enj^awd in Iron, lead, and coal mines. 
 
 COL'LO>!SVILLE.apost-office,Lycomin2co..Pennsylrania. 
 
 COI/LON, a market-town and parish of Ireland. Leinster, 
 eo. of Louth, on an affluent of the Boyne, here cro.ssed by a 
 Btoue l>rida:e. 6^ miles X.W. of Drogheda. Pop. of town. 936. 
 It has a cotton-factory and a bleachins-prround. Stocking 
 and linen weaving employs many of the inhabitants. Collon 
 House is the residence of Viscount Ferrard, chief proprietor 
 In the parish. 
 
 COLLOXGE. koritezh', a parish and village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Valais. 4 miles S.E. of St. Maurice, on the P>hone. 
 Elevation. 5302 feet. 
 
 COLL(WNEY, a market-town of Ireland, Connanght, co. 
 and 5i miles S.AV. of Sligo, on the Owenbeg. Pop. 651. 
 
 COI/LUMBKILL', a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Longford. 
 
 COLLUMBKILL, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kil- 
 kennv. 
 
 COLLtJMPTON, a market>-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Devon, on the Culm, a tributary of the Exe. anfl on 
 the Great Western Railway, 12j miles N.E. of Exet«r. Pop. 
 In 1S51, 3655. The town, in a broad vale, has many antiiine 
 houses, a church, originally ctillegiate, containing a Ix-auti- 
 ful chapel and many rich ornaments, and a large serge 
 fectory. It has county sessions, and is the polling-place for 
 the northern division of the county. A fire in 1839 destroyed 
 a great part of the town. 
 
 COr/LY. a village of Pulaski co., Missouri, 60 miles S. of 
 Jefferson Citv. 
 
 COL'LY-WESfrOJr, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 C<)LMAB, korman', (L. Chtvmba'ria,) a city of France, 
 Mpital of the department of Ilaut-Rhln, on the Lauch. near 
 Its confluence with the 111, 41 miles N.N.E. of Strasbourg, 
 with which it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1S52. 23.348. 
 It is well built ; and its old ramparts are now converted into 
 planted boulevards. The principal edifices are a cathedral, 
 town-hall, theatre, prison, and court-house. It has a com- 
 munal college, with a collection of paintings and library of 
 40,000 volumes, and several hospitals. It is the seat of a 
 superior court, and a tribun.al of commerce; and it has active 
 manufactures of cotton fabrics, tapes, cutlery, paper, leather, 
 brushes, ctnibs. fee which articles, with corn and other 
 produce, it exports into Switzerland. Colmar was an im- 
 perial city in the Middle Ages, and had an active share in the 
 civil wars under Undolph of Hapsburg and Adolpheof Nas.siiu. 
 It was ceded to France by the peace of livswick in 1697. 
 
 COr^MAKS, koPmaR', (L. Col'Us Marlfis, i. e. "Mars' Hill,") 
 A town of France, department of Basses-Alpes. 24 miles N. of 
 Castellane. on the Verdon, 4 miles from the Sardinian fron- 
 tier. I'op. 1000. It is defended by walls and forts. 
 
 C0LMKNAI5, kol-niA-naR', a town of Spain, province and 
 15 miles N. of 5Ialaga. Pop. 5949. 
 
 COLMEXAR DEL ARROYO, kol-md-naR/ dll iR-RD'yo, a 
 town of Spain, 33 miles S.E. of Avila. 
 
 COLMEXAR DE LA SIERRA, kol-mA-naR' dA 13 se-eT?/RL 
 « town of Spain. 35 miles N. of Guadalajara, on the Jarama. 
 
 COLMEXAR DE OREJA, kol-mA-naR' dk o-rd'H^, a town 
 of Spain. 30 miles S.S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 4552. 
 
 COLM EXAR VIE.TO. kol-m.A-naR' ve-d'Ho, a town of Spain, 
 17 miles X. of Madrid.' Pop. 3810. 
 
 COI/MOXELIA a parish of Scotland, co. of Avr. 
 
 COLM'WOUTII. a pari.sh of England. CO. of Bedford. 
 
 COLX'BKOOK, a village and chapelry of England, cos. of 
 Middlesex and IJucks, on the Colne, here crossed by several 
 bridges. 17 miles S.W. of London. Pop. 1050. 
 
 COLXE. kolu or kOn, a river of England, cos. of Herts 
 and Middlesex, joins the Thames at StSnes. Its length is 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 COLXE, a river of England, co. of Essex, joins the North 
 Sea by a broad estuary, separated from that of the Black- 
 water by Jlcrsea Island. Course about .30 miles. 
 
 COLXE. a river of England, co. of Gloucester, joins the 
 Isis. near Lechlade. after a S.E. course of about 25 miles. 
 
 COLXE, a market-town of England, co. of Lancaster, parish 
 of Whalley, on an affluent of the Calder, and on the I>eeds 
 and Liverpool Canal. 32 miles by railway X.E. of Manche.ster. 
 Pop. of town, in 1851. 6644. It has two chapels of ease, a 
 (;raii:niar school of which Archbishop Tillotson was a pupil, 
 A cloih hall, and large manufactories of cotton calicoes and 
 mousKelins-de-laine,which have almost superseded its ancient 
 woollen manufacture. Its mills are partly wrought by water- 
 power. C«il. slate, and lime abound in the vicinity. 
 
 COLXE, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 COLXE. EAltLS, a parish of Englind. co. of Essex. 
 OiH.XE EXGAIX. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 COLXE. WAKE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 COLXE, M"II1TE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 4-H 
 
 COT/XET. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 COLX-ROGERS, kOln-roj'grz, a parish of England, co, of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 COLX ST. ALD'WYN, a parish of England, co, o*" (51o«- 
 cester. 
 
 COLX ST. DENNIS, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 COLOCZA. See Kalocsa. 
 
 COLOGXA, ko-lAn'yl, a town of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of A'enice, 19 miles S.E. of Verona. Pop. in 1843, 
 6315. It has manufactures of silk. 
 
 COLOGNE, ko-lon/, (Fr. ko'lofi', Ger. CSIn, Koln. kbln, ana 
 Op'pidum or Civ'itas UlMnim, afterwards OMriia Agrip 
 pi'na, or Cnlnlnia Claufdia Agrippinen'Hs.) a city of Prutc 
 sia. on the left bank of the Rhine, capital of the province of 
 the Rhine. 45 mUes X.X.M'. of Coblentz. Lat. 50° 50' 29" N., 
 Ion. 6° 57' 62" E. It is built close upon the river, in the form 
 of a crescent, and is connected with the town of Dcutz by a 
 handsome double bridge, erected in 1860. It i^surrouiided liy 
 walls, which form a circuit of several miles, and present pei> 
 feet specimens of the fortifications crf'the Middle Ages. Out- 
 side the walls are fine gardens and walks. In the older quar- 
 ters of the town the houses bear the impress of the Middle 
 Ages: the streets are dark, narrow, and filthy, pools of dirty 
 water being left to stagnate in the thoroughfares. Of late, 
 however, government has paid some attention to improving 
 the town, by opening public walks, and by widening and 
 paving the streets. It confjiins 27 churches. 8 ch.ipels, a 
 synagogue, and many public buildings, including the Town- 
 house, a remarkably fine old building; the Hall of Justice, 
 the Archiepiscopal Palace, the GUrzenich, finished in 1474, 
 in the large lower hall of which, now used as a store-house, 
 several diets of the Empire were held, and liere the carnival 
 balls are given ; the Tempelhaus, a Byzantine building, used 
 now for public meetings respecting navigation, industry, and 
 commerce. But the olgect of greatest interest in the town is 
 the Cathedral, begun in 12-18, one of the finest and purest 
 Gothic monuments in Europe. It is in the form of a cross; 
 its entire length is about 511 feet : breadth, 231 feet : the 
 roof rests on 100 columns, of which tht four centre ones 
 are .30 feet in circumference. In 1842. the completion of 
 this magnificent edifice was commenced, after designs by 
 Zwirner, under the auspices of the King of Prussia: and 
 the works have been vigorously prosecuted since that time. 
 The estimated cost of tlie completion is 750,000?, The other 
 remarkable churches are those of St. Peter, in which is an 
 altar-piece of the crucifixion of that saint, by Rubens, who 
 presented it to this church, in which he was baptizid : St. 
 Mary, on the capitol, occupying the .site of the capitol of the 
 ancient Roman city, and dating from about the year 1000; 
 the Apostles' Church, in the X'eumarkt, built about th» 
 vear 1200, a perfect .specimen of the Romanesque stvle; the 
 Church of St. Ursula, filled with the bones of the 11.000 
 British virgins destroyed here on their way to Btvtagne, 
 under the guidance of St. Vrsula: the Chiirch of the Jesuits, 
 or Maria Ilimmelsfahrt. dating from 1636, overloaded with 
 gorgeous decorations of marlile sculpture. &c. ; and St. Ge- 
 reon's, which, like the Church of St. Ursula, is lined with 
 bones, not, however, of virgins, but of the Theban legion of 
 m.artyrs, slain, according to tradition, during the reign of 
 Diocleti.an; this is one of the finest, as well as most ancient, 
 churches in the city. Cologne contains two g>-mnasi.-> — one 
 for Roman Catholics, the other for Protestants; the latter 
 hits a library of 33.000 volumes : an observatory and botanical 
 garden, a normal school, a public library, a theatre, several 
 hospitals, a school of design, a museum, containing an in- 
 teresting collection of pictures of the school of Cologne, and 
 of Roman antiquities found in and about Cologne: and an 
 arsenal, in which is a groat variety of ancient arms and 
 armor. 
 
 The manufiictures are considerable, and consist chiefly of 
 cotton yam, woollen stockings, bonnets, silks, velvets, 
 tobacco, "soap, hats, lactf. and the celebrated Cologne AVater, 
 (Fr. Eau de OJ'tgne. Ger. Klilniscfir^ lll'.>-,»er.) of which there 
 are no fewer than 30 different manufacturer.', who export 
 annually 1.600.000 bottlestoall parts of the world. There are, 
 besides, some tanneries, distilleries, and 15 sugar-refineries. 
 Its commerce is considerable, and. in consequence of the 
 opening of the Rhine in 1837, the navigation of which had 
 been closed by the Dutch, is rapidly improving. It has a 
 gocKl port on the Rhine, and is the principal entrepot of the 
 com. wine, and oil trade on the river, and has active com- 
 mercial relations with the Netherlands. Germany. Alsace, 
 and Switzerland; while the transports of com and Rhenish 
 wine down the Rhine, and into the neighboring countries 
 of Holland. Belgium, and Westphalia, employ a great many 
 ypgsels; and numerous steamers are coutinuallj pnssing, 
 with passengers, up and down the river. Three railroadg 
 branch out from Cologne; one. on the N.. going W. to -\lx- 
 la-Chapelle. and Belgium : a second, on the E., from Deutz, 
 leading to DUsseldorf and Northern Germany; and a third, 
 on the S., leading to Bonn, 
 
 Cologne was anciently called Oppidiim or Civftaa Vhinfritm- 
 (the " town or city of the Ubii," one of the most rowerfnl 
 of the ancient German nations.) It was afterwards called 
 Oolonia Claudia Agrippinensis, or simply Volonia Agrippina 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 A Roman colony having been planted at this place by the 
 Emperor Claudius at the request of his wife, Agrippina, 
 who was born here. Tlie city was annexed to the German 
 Empire in 870, and was one of the most powerful and 
 wealtliy cities of the Ilanseatic league, its population then 
 amounting to 150,000. As early as the eleventh century, 
 Cologne airried on an extensive trade with foreign coun- 
 tries, including England, in the produce of the countrj- — 
 wine. corn, tiour. raalt. beer. &c. The art* and sciences also 
 flourishe(i. and its university was one of the most famous 
 in Germany. Intestine divisions, and the intolerant and 
 persecuting spirit of its magistrates, with some other cau.ses, 
 finally elTeeted its ruin, and in ITsW it ceiised to be a free 
 city. Duns ^cotus died in Cologne in 1308, and was in- 
 terred in the chapel of the Minorites; and Kubens was born 
 here in 1077, in the same house in which Mary of Medii;is 
 died, inlfi-12. Pop. in 1801, ll;!,083, of whom only about 7000 
 are Protestant.* .A.(lj. and inliab., Colognesb, ko*lf)-neez'. 
 
 COIjOGNK, or KOLN. (KSln.) a government of Kherilsh 
 Prussia, bounded N. by the government of DUsseldorf, E, 
 by Arnsberg, S. by Coblentz, and W. by Aix-la-Chapelle, or 
 Aachen. Area. 1.044 sijuaio miles, it lies wholly in the 
 valley of the Rhine, and is divided into 10 circles, of which 
 the circle of Cologne, contitining the capital, has an area 
 of 176 square miles. Pop. 484.51(3. 
 
 COLUGNK, ko-16n' or koMofil', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Gers, 18 miles N. of Louibez, on the Sarrampion. 
 
 COIjOGXE, ko-lon'. a post-otfice of Mason co., Virginia. 
 
 COliOGNO, ko-l6n'yo, a walled town of Lomljardy, 8 miles 
 S.S.K. of liergamo. Pop. 2060. It suffered repeatedly in the 
 wars of the (Juelphs and the Ghibelines. 
 
 COLOKYTIUA. t<ee Kolokythia. 
 
 COLnbO, ko-lo'lo. a mountain-peak of the Andes, near the 
 boundary of I'eru and Bolivia, in lat. 14° 57' S., Ion. 69"^ 10' 
 W. IleiL'ht, 17,y30 leet. 
 
 COLO'MA, a post-office of Cherokee oo^ Alabama 
 
 COLOMA. Caiiforiiia. See Culloma. 
 
 COLOMBEY, ko'lAM'b.V, a village of France, department 
 of Seine, on the railway l>etween Paris and St. Germains, 6 
 miles N.W. of Paris. It had formerly a royal castle, in 
 which Queen Ilenrii-tta of England died, in 1009. 
 
 CObOMliKY, a village of France, department of Is^re, ar- 
 rondlssement of Le Tour-du-1'in. 
 
 COLOJIBEV, a town of France, department of Meurthe, 
 10 miles S. of Toul. 
 
 C()I>*MB1A. ko-lom'be-i, is the name which was adopted 
 by the northern countries of Soiith America, in 1S19, when 
 Kew Granada and Venezuela united, and established one 
 central government, for the purpose of resisting Spain. In 
 1829, A'enezuela renounced tlir union, and constituted it.self 
 a s^'parate republic. After the resignation of Bolivar, in 
 18.30, it agaiu joined New Granada, but this union lasted 
 only a shiort time. In Xovemlwr, 1831, a new separation 
 took place; at the same time it was decided that the former 
 province of Quito should constitute a separate government, 
 under the name of Ecuador. Thus Colombia was divided 
 into three re))ubliLS, Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. 
 Adj. and inhab., Colombian, ko-lom'be-an. 
 
 COLOMBIKR, ko'lAM'be-A', a parish and village of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 4 miles S.W. of Neufchatel, near the W. 
 bank of the lake. It has an ancient castle of the Dukes of 
 Longueville. I'rinces of Neufchatel. 
 
 COLOMBIEU, ko'lAm^be-i. a village of France, department 
 of Is&re, 10 miles \.E. of Vienne. Pop. 1312. 
 
 COLOM'BO or COLUM/BO. the principal seaport-town and 
 modern capital of Ceylon, on its W. coast, in lat. 6° 50' N., 
 Ion. 79° 49' E. Pop. 31,549. The fortitied town. alx>ut li 
 miles in circumference, stands on a rockj' peninsula, on 
 three sides surrounded by the sea. and having landward a 
 lake, a moat, and drawbridges ; internally, it is more like a 
 European town than any other in India, except Goa; its 
 buildings are mostly in a plain Dutch style, and some of its 
 streets are lined with trees. Climate salubrious, though 
 humid. Mean temperature of tlie year 80°-7 ; winter 79°'l ; 
 Bummer 80°-9, Fahnrenhcit. Tlie f n'titied town is the resi- 
 dence of the civil and military authorities, and the princi- 
 pal European residents of Ceylon ; the open town to the E. 
 is occupied by a mixed population of Dutch^and Portuguese 
 descent, and the suburbs are inhabited by native Singhalese. 
 Principal edifices, the government-house, court-house. Eng- 
 lish. Dutch, and Portuguese churches, chapels, extensive 
 barracks, a good military hospital, and the light-house. It 
 has various museums, schools, hotels, and libraries. The 
 harbor, defended by several forts, is small, and the road- 
 stead is safe only during the S.E. mon.soon. Colombo is the 
 entrepot for most of the foreign trade of Ceylon, and has 
 upwards of 20 commercial houses. Value of exports in 
 1845. 491,026?.; of imports, 1.188.418?. Customs revenue, 
 107.017?. It was occupied by the Portuguese in 1517 ; taken 
 by the Dutch in 1G03, .and by the English in 1796. 
 
 C'OLOMEKA, ko-lo-in.Vri, a town of Spain, 12 miles N. of 
 Granada, on a river of same name. Pop. 22C0. 
 
 CO'LON, a post-township in the W. part of St. Joseph co.i 
 Sllchigan. Pop. 1269. 
 
 OOI/ONA DI-BUIUANO. ko-lo'ni4ee-boo-re-a'no, a vUlage 
 
 of Tuscany, 8 miles N.E. of Castiglione-della-Pescnja, re. 
 markable for the remains of Cyclopean walls, and Koman 
 and litruscan antiquities. 
 
 COLONEIjLA, ko-lo-n^l'li a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra I., 16 miles N.E. of Teramo, near the Medi- 
 terranean. Pop. 2000. 
 
 COF.,ONEL"S (kQr'nglz) CREEK, of South Carolina, flows 
 into the Wateree from the right in Richland di.strict. 
 
 COLONEL'S FOllK, a post-villiige of Mckens district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CULONIA DO SANTISSIMO SACRAMENTO, ko-lo'ne-3 
 do s^n-tees'se-mo sd-kr4-m^n'to, (i.e. '"Colony of the most 
 Holy Sacrament,") a foititied maritime town of South Ame- 
 rica, in Uruguay, on the N. bank of tlie estuary of the Plata, 
 opposite Buenos Ayres, 98 miles AV.N.AV. of Montevideo. 
 Pop. 2500. In 1845, it was taken by the English and French 
 fleeti! fi-om the troops of Rosas. 
 
 COLONIA or COLONIA AGRIPPINA. See Cologne. 
 
 COLON MILLS, a post-village of Colon township, St. Jo- 
 seph CO., Jlichigan. on Swan Creek. 136 miles W. by S. of 
 Detroit. It has a few stores and mills. 
 
 COLONNA. See Capb Colonna. 
 
 COLOXNA, ko-lon'ni, a small town in the Pontifical 
 States, 13 miles E. of Rome. 
 
 COLONNE, ko-lon'ni. a cape of Naples. See Cape Nac. 
 
 COL'ONSA orCOUONSAV, an island of the Hebrides, in 
 Scotland, included in Argyleshire, 9 miles W.N.AV. of Islay, 
 separated from the island of Oronsay by a narrow sound 
 left dry at low water. I>ength of both islands, 12 miles, and 
 from 1 to 3 miles in breadth. Loch Fad is in the centre. 
 
 COL'ONY, a post-office of Knox co., Missouri. 
 
 COLON Y^, a post-township of Delaware co.,lo wa. Pop.1389. 
 
 COLORADO, kolo-rah'do. an important river of Texas, 
 and one of the largest which intersects the state. It rises 
 in the table-lands in the N.W. part of the state, and flows 
 in a general south-easterly direction. After pas.sing by 
 .\ustin City. Bastrop. La Gr.ange, and Columbus, it enters 
 Matagorda B.ay at the town of Matagorda. The whole length 
 probably exceeds 900 miles. It is navigable by steamboats 
 to -Austin City, (about 300 miles,) in the higher stages of 
 water. It is stilted that they can ascend to La Grange, dur 
 ing at least six months of the year. Ik^ow Austin it tl<jw8 
 through an alluvial plain, adapted to the growth of cotton, 
 rice, and sugar. 
 
 COLORADO, or RTO COLORADO, ree'o kol-o-rah'do, 
 (called also the Colorado of the West, to distinguish it from 
 the Colorado f]f Texas,) a river of the United States. W. ol 
 the Rocky Mountains, in which it tjtkes its rise, by two 
 branches, namely. Green and Grand Rivers, which unite in 
 aliout .35° 30' N. lat.. and 112° 55' W. Ion. Flowing at first 
 S.W.. then V,'.. and lastly, almost due S., it falls into the 
 head of the Gulf of California, in about .32° 10' N. lat., and 
 114° 20' W. Ion. The entire length, including that of Gieen 
 River, its longest branch, may be estimated at 1200 miles. 
 Although the largest river W. of the Rocky Mountains, 
 with the exception of the Columbia, the quantity of water 
 carried down its channel during the dry reason is very 
 small. It is called Rio Colorado, or '"Red River," because, 
 owing to the fall of Riins upon a soil of red clay, its waters 
 often assume that color. 
 
 COLORADO, a county in the S.E. central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 1020 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Colorado River. The other streams furnish wat^r- 
 power. The soil near the Colorado is alluvial, and extremely 
 fertile ; some parts of it are sandy. In 1S50 it produced 4771 
 bales of cotton, a great quantity more than any other county 
 in the state. Capital, Columbus. Pop. 7885, of whom 4328 
 were free, 
 
 COLORADOS, LOS los kol-o-rl'dos, a cluster of rocks and 
 islets near the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, off theX.W. 
 side of the island of Cuba, in lat. 22° 15' N., Ion. 84° 40' W. 
 
 COLORNO, ko-loR'no, a market-town of Northern Italy, 
 situated 8 miles N. of Pai-ma, with a ducal palace, on the 
 Parma. Pop. 3000. 
 
 COLOSS^i;, ko-los'see, a ruined city of Asia Minor, in Ana- 
 tolia, near lat. 37° 47' 30" N., Ion. 29° 24' E." Its remaini 
 comprise a theatre and numerous sepulchres. See Cuoxos. 
 
 COLOSSE. ko-los'see, a post-village of Oswego co., New York, 
 20 miles E. of Oswego, has 1 church and several stores, 
 
 COL'QUITT, a post-village of Montgomery co., Georda, at 
 the confluence of the Oconee and Ocmulgee Kiyers, about 
 100 miles W. by S. of Savannah. 
 
 COLS/TERWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 Isaac Newton, whose father was lord of the manor, was 
 born here on Christnjas day. 1642. 
 
 COLSTON-BAS'SET, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 COL/TISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 COL'TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 COLTi>X, a parish of England. See Covlton. 
 
 COLTOX, a thriving post-village and township of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New Y'ork, on the Racket River, about 7 miles S. 
 by E.of Potsdam. The water-power furnished by the Racket 
 here is immen.se. The river at the village plunges down a 
 steep declivity of about 60 feet, and is said to have a lall of 
 
 479 
 
COL 
 
 800 fi»t in the distance of 2 miles. By the completion of the 
 Noithern Railroad, au impulse has been given to the lum- 
 bering business that has doubled the size of Colton village 
 within 2 years. There are two gang mills here, one of which 
 runs aoout 60 saws, and the other 70. Another gang mill 
 was erected in 1S52, alx)ut 2 miles above. In the township 
 X'-e "Mtiinsive beds of bog and magnetic iron ore. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1843. Pop. 1400. 
 
 i.^f^I-TON, a post-office of St. Lawrence co.. New York. 
 
 COLTS NECK, a post^village of .'Monmouth co.. New Jer- 
 sey, 5 or 6 miles N.E. of Freehold. It has a church, several 
 stores, and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 COLT'S STATION, a small village of Erie co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 15 miles E. of Erie, the county seat. 
 
 COLUtrllAPE, ko-loo-gwd'pi, a lake in the interior of 
 Patagonia, iiitersect<id by the 47th parallel of S. lat. and 
 tlie 7'2nd meridian of W. Ion. I/cngth, from 30 to 40 miles. 
 Little is known respecting it. It is supposed to discharge 
 its watei-s into Port Desire River. 
 
 COLU>I.\, California. See Ccllom.4.. 
 
 COLU.MBI A, ko-lum^be-.a. or OR'EGON (River,) the largest 
 stream of water entering the Pacific Ocean from the Ameri- 
 can continent, rises in a small lake on the western slope of 
 the Rocky Mountains, in about 50° N. lat., and 116° W. Ion. 
 The first part of its course is toward the N.W., along the 
 base of the above mountain range, till it receives its north- 
 ernmost tributary, in about 52° 30' X. lat., after which it 
 flows in a southerly direction to the 4(;th parallel. From 
 this point to the Pacific it runs due W., forming the bound- 
 ary between 'i\'ashington and Oregon Territories. Between 
 the 46th and 4Sth parallels, the Columbia is very crooked, 
 flowing in a serpentine course N.W., W., and S.W., about 140 
 miles. and then S.E. to Fort Wallaw.illa. It is a remarkably 
 rapid stream, often passing through mountain gorges, and 
 over falls. The tide sets up about 140 miles, to the foot of 
 the Cascades, a series of napids caused by the passage of the 
 river through the Cascade range. Its principal aflluents 
 are Moliilliv ray's, or Flat Bow River, entering it from the 
 S.E.. in British America; Clarke's, or Flat Head River, 
 which joins it about 30 miles below, in Washington Terri- 
 tory; and Lewis, or Snske River, flowing into it in about 
 40° -20' N. lat., and 118° 50' W. Ion. Besides these, all of 
 which rise in the Rocky Mountains, there are the Okona- 
 gan, Wallawalla, Fall River, and A\ illaniette, which unite 
 their waters with those of the main stream. For 30 or 40 
 miles from its entrance into the Pacific, the Columbia forms 
 a kind of bay, from 3 to 7 miles in breadth. At its mouth, 
 over the flats which extend from Point Adams north- 
 ward, nearly to Cape Dis.appointment. there are about 20 
 feet of water at low tide, while the channel has a depth 
 of 24 feet. Vessels of 200 or 300 tons burden ascend to the 
 Cascades, .^^bove these, no portion of the river is navigable 
 continuously for more than 20 or 30 miles, and then only 
 by vessels of the smaller class. The entire length, (includ- 
 ing that of its longest aflluent,) is estimated at 1'200 miles. 
 The Columbia was discovered by Captain RoV^ert Gray, who 
 entered it on the 11th of May, 1792. in the Columliia Rcdi- 
 vina, of Boston, Massachusetts. It was from this vessel that 
 the river received its name. The first exploration of the 
 Columbia was made in 1S04-5. by Captains Lewis and 
 Clarke, under the direction of the United States Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a county in the E.S.E. part of New York, has 
 an area of alxiut 620 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the state of Massachu.setts. and on the W. by the Hud- 
 son River, and is drained by several sm.iU streams, which 
 afford valuable water-power. The surface of the E. part is 
 uneven and hilly, but in the central and western portions 
 nearly level, the soil is generally fertile, and well cultivated. 
 Iron and lead ores, limestone, slate, and marble, are among 
 its mineral productions. The warm springs of New Leba- 
 non, in the N.E. part, are much resorted to. The Western 
 Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, and the Harlem Rail- 
 ro-ad traverse this county. Organized in 1786. Capital, 
 Hudson. Pop, 47,172. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a county in the E. central part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, has an area of about 375 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna, and drained 
 also by Catawis.sa and Fishing Creeks. The surface is tra- 
 versed by branches of the Alleghany Mountains, namely, 
 the Knob Mountain. Catawissa Mountain, and Muncy Hills. 
 The soil of the valleys has a basis of limestone, and is very 
 productive: some portions of the upland are moderately 
 fertile, the mountains are sterile. Limestone and iron ore are 
 abundant. The North Branch Canal traverses the county. 
 Organized in 1013. Capital, Bloomslmrg. Pop. 25,065, 
 
 COLUMBIA, a county in the E. part of Georgia, border- 
 ing on Savannah River, which separates it from South Caro- 
 lina, contains about 580 square miles. Little River forms 
 the boundary on the northwest. The surface is uneven; 
 the soil was once fertile, but has been injured by improvi- 
 dent cultivation. The county contains granite, hornblende, 
 and other primary rocks. A gold-mine near Little River 
 has been worked profitably. The Georgia Railroad passes 
 through the county. Formed in 1790, having been sepa- 
 480 
 
 COL 
 
 rated from Richmond county. Capital, Appling. Pop. 
 11,860, of whom 3567 were fi-ee, and 8293 slaves. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, border- 
 ing on Georgia, contains about lOiH) square miles. The Su- 
 wanee River forms its boundary on the N.W. and AV., and 
 the Santa Fe on the 8. The surface is nearly level, and 
 partly covered with pine woods ; tlie soil is mostly sandy. 
 Capital, Alligator. Pop. 4646, of whom 2583 were free, and 
 2063 slaves. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas, bor- 
 dering on Louisiana. It is drained by the Dorcheat River 
 and other streams. The surface is nearly level ; the soil 
 productive. The county was formed in 1853. Capital, Mag- 
 noUa. Pop. 12,449. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a county in the S. central part of Wiscon- 
 sin, contains 727 square miles. It is intersected by the Wis- 
 consin and Neenah Rivers, which at the Winnebago Portage 
 are only about IJ/^ miles apart. The surface is undulating 
 or hilly, the soil fertile. The Wisconsin is navigated by 
 steamboats to the Winnebago Portage, and a canal connects 
 the Wisconsin at the head of navigation with the Neemih. 
 Organized in 1846. Capital, Portage City. Pop. 24,441. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of Washington 
 CO., Maine, on Pleasant River, which affords water-power for 
 numerous mills, 130 miles E. by N. of Augusta. It contains 
 
 3 churches and 10 stores. The inhabitants are chiefly en- 
 gaged in hauling, manufacturing, and shipping lumber to 
 Boston, New York, &c. Ship-building is cari-ied on to a 
 limited extent, and some small vessels are owned and em- 
 ployed in the lumber-trade. Pop. 1265. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of Coos co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the E. bank of the Connecticut, 110 miles 
 N. of Concord. Pop. 798. 
 
 COLUMBI.i, a post-village and township of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, 20 miles E. by S. from Hartford. Pop. 832. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of Herkimer co., 
 New York 70 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1S93. 
 
 COLUMBI.\. a post-village of Jlercer co.. New Jersey, 17 
 miles N. of Trenton, contains a Baptist church. 
 
 CJLUMBIA. a small village of Chatham township. Mor- 
 ris CO., New Jersey, on the turnpike from Newark to Morris- 
 town, 13 miles W. of the former. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village of AVarren co.. New Jersey, on 
 the Delaware River, at the mouth of Pauliiiskill Creek, 10 
 miles N. of Belvldere. It has a church, a saw mill, and 
 from '25 to 30 dwellings. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a village and township of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 24 miles AV.by N. of Towanda. Pop. 1277. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a flourishing post-borough in West Hemp- 
 field township, Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of the Susquehanna (here nearly 1 mile wide) and on 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad, 28 miles S.E. of Hai-risburg. It 
 is the second town of the county in respect to population 
 and business, and is the principal dep3t of the lumber wliich 
 is rafted down the Susquehanna. The Eastern Division of 
 the State Canal terminates at this point. A new railroad 
 has been opened to Reading, 46 miles distant, and by an- 
 other railioad it communicates with York and Baltimore. 
 A handsome railway-bridge, \}/^ m. long, connects this place 
 with AVrightsville. Columbia is built on a high, sloping 
 bank of the river. It contains a town-hall, an academy, 12 
 churches, 2 banks, 1 newspaper office, 2 large rolling-mills, 
 
 4 iron-furnaces, several grist-mills. &c. Incorporated in 
 1814. Pop. in 1840, 2719; in 185(t, 4140: in ISOtL 5007. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village of Fluvanna co., 'Virginia, at 
 the confluence of the Rivanna and James Rivers, and on 
 the James River Canal. 52 miles W. by N. of Richmond, 
 contains 1 church aud a few stores. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a thriving village of Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina, on Deep River, a few miles from Ashborough, the 
 county seat. The river furnishes a fine water-power, which 
 is used in the manulHcture of cotton. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Tyrrel co.. North 
 Carolina, is situated on a creek which extendi from the S. 
 side of Albemarle Soxmd. 182 miles E. of Kaleig-h. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a city, capital of South Carolina, and seat of 
 justice of Richland district, on the left or E. bank of the Oin- 
 garee River, immetliately Ix-low the confluence of the Saluda 
 and Bi-oad. 124 miles N.N.AV. of Charleston, and 500 miles 
 from Washington. Lat. 33° 57' N.. Ion. 81° V AV. It is 
 pleasantly situated on a plain, and regularly laid out, with 
 streets about 100 feet wide, bordered with ornamental trees?. 
 The greater numlier of the dwellings are of wood, and others 
 are of brick. Columbia is the seat of South Carolina Col- 
 lege, founded by the state in 1804. and lilx»rally endowed. 
 It'has 8 professors, and a IHirary of 17,000 volumes. The 
 main buildings are of brick. 210 feet long. 20 feet wide^ and 
 3 stories high. The other public buildings are the State- 
 house. 170 feet long by 60 wide, court-house, 3 banks, a 
 market-house, the Insane Asylum, and churches of the 
 Presbyterians. Episcopalians. Baptists, aud Alethodists. The 
 Insane Asylum is richly endowed, and well conducted, un- 
 der the charge of the state. It had. in 1851. 170 patients. 
 The building is one of the most splendid in the city. Co- 
 lumbia also contains several academies, a theological semt 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 nary founded by the Presbyferians In 1831. and 4 news- 
 japer offices, besides a number of other printing offlces. It 
 is at the head of steamlKiat naviiratiou, and the terminus 
 of three railroads, connecting it witli C'liarleston. Augusta, 
 4c., namely, the Columbia Branch, the (jreeuville and Co- 
 lumbia, and the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad. 
 Pop. in 18o0, 6UC0; in 1853, 7054; in 1860, 8059. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a village of Columbia co., Georgia. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village of Henry co . Alabama, on the 
 Chattahoocliee Hiver, about 120 miles from Montgomery, 
 was the county Beat till 1834. It contains 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Missis- 
 sippi, on the E. bank of the Pearl River, 90 miles S. by E. 
 of Jackson. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Caldwell parish, 
 Louisiana, on the Washita River, 230 miles by water N. by 
 E. of Baton Kouge. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village of Brazoria CO., Texa.s, on the 
 right bank of the Brazos River, about 50 miles in a straight 
 line VV. by S. of Galveston. It is at the head of regular 
 steamboat navigation, and is the most commercial place in 
 the county. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Chicot co., Arkansas, 
 on the right bank of the Mi.ssis.sippi. 115 miles S.S.E. of Lit- 
 tle Rock, was first settled in 1830. I'op. from 300 to 400. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a l)eautirul and thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Maury co.. Tennessee, on the left bank of Duck Ri- 
 ver, 41 miles S. by W. of Nashville. A company has been 
 formed to improve the navigation of Duck River. The 
 surrounding country is populous and highly productive. 
 The town has considerable trade, and is distinguished by 
 the excellence of its schools. It is the seat of Jackson Col- 
 lege, and of two female seminaries. The Maury Female 
 Academy is a splendid structure, surrounded with beautiful 
 grounds. The railroa<l leading from Na.shville to Decattir, 
 Alabama, passes through this place. Columbia was the 
 residence of President I'olk previous to his election in 184-1. 
 It coiitiiius 2 banks, and 3 or 4 newspaper offices. Pop. 
 about 2500. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Adair co., Kentucky, 
 100 miles ^.S.W. of Krankfort. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio River, 5 miles above Cincinnati. The vil- 
 lage contains 3 lumber-yards, and several stores. Pop. of 
 the townsbip. 2931. 
 
 C »LXIMBIA, a township of Lorain co., Oliio. Pop. 1136. 
 
 COLUMF.IA, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1286. 
 
 COLUMBIA.a villageof Putnam CO., Ohio, 45 milesN.N.W. 
 of Belief jutaine. 
 
 C 'LUMBIA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Jackson 
 CO., Michigan.. Pop. 882. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a township in Van Buren co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 320. 
 
 COLU MBT A, a township of Du Bois Co., Indiana. Pop. 1079. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a thriving post-village and townsliip of 
 Fayette co., Indiana, 50 miles in a direct line E.S.E. of In- 
 dianapolis. Pop. of township, 912. 
 
 COLUMBrA,atownshipof (iibsnn cclndiana. Pop. 1416. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a township ofjennings CO., Indiana. P. 1086. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Whitley co., Indiana, 
 on a branch of Ki'l liiver. 105 miles N.N.K. oflndianapolis, 
 and 20 miles W. of Fort Wayne. It has a brick court-house, 
 and several churches. Pop. in 1800, 887. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-village of Monroe co.. Illinois, about 
 110 miles S. by W. of Springfield. Pop. 1080. 
 
 COLU.MBI.\, a flourishing and handsome post-village, 
 capital of Boone CO., Missonri, is pleasantly situated .3.i 
 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City, and 10 miles from the 
 Missouri River. It is the seat of the State University; the 
 building is a large and elegant structure, built by tl'ie citi- 
 zens of Boone county. To secure the location of this uni- 
 Tersity, the citizens of the county subscribed, and have 
 paid S120,n00 : of which sum S75.006 were expended in the 
 erection of the building. Columbia contains several churches, 
 a national bank, a state bank, and 1 newspaper oflfice. The 
 surrounding country is highly productive. Pop. 3207. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, at the 
 mouth of the Missouri River. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a village of Wapello co>,Iowa, on the De« 
 Moines River, 70 miles S.W. of Iowa city. 
 
 COLUMBIA, Tuolumne co., California. See Appendix. 
 
 COLUJIBIA CKNTRE. a post-office of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 COLUMBIA CITY, a post-office of Whitley co., Indiana, 
 
 COLUMBIA CITY, a post-viUage of Clark co., Washing- 
 ton Territorv, on the right bank of the Columbia. 
 
 COLUMBIA COt.LKGK. See New York. 
 
 COLUMBIA CRO.-S ROADS, a post-office of Bradford co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. See District op Columwa. 
 
 COLUMBIA FURNACE, a post-village of Shenandoah 
 CO., Virginia, about 100 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. Popu- 
 lation 557. 
 
 COLUMBIA >IINKP,apo8t-offlce,Crittendenco.,Kentucky. 
 
 COLUMBIANA, ko-lum-be-ah'na, a county in the E.N.K. 
 part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio River, which separates 
 2F 
 
 it from Pennsylvania, has an area of 490 square miles. R 
 is drained by Little Beaver River and its branches, and 
 by Sandy and Yellow Creeks. The southern part is hilly, 
 and the northern level or undulating. The soil is of limiv 
 stone formation, and is uniformly and remarkablv fertiln. 
 The county is especially noted for' the production "of wool 
 Limestone underlies a part of the conntv; stone coal an' 
 iron ore are found in it. It is intersected' by the ^andy and 
 Beaver Canal, by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 
 and the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chicago RR. Capital, 
 New Lisbon. Pop. 32,836. 
 
 COLUMBIANA, a post-village, capital of Shelby co., Ala- 
 bama, about 70 miles E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 COLUMBIANA.a thriving post-village of Columbiana CO., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, about 160 
 miles N.K. of Columbus. Pop. 474. 
 
 COLUMBIAN.^, a village of Greene CO.. Illinois, on the 
 Illinois River. 78 miles S.W. of Springfield, and 8 miles 
 from CarroUton. It has a steamboat landing. Produce was 
 shipped here in 1S52. to the value of $175,000. 
 
 COLUMBIAN (COLUMBIA) COLLKGK. See Washixgtox. 
 
 COLUMBIAN GKOVE. post-office, Lunenburg co.. Viririnii. 
 
 CoLU.'il'BIA STATIO.N, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio. 
 
 COLUMBIA VILLAGE. a ftouri.shing village. St. Liiwrence 
 CO., New York, on both sides of Gra.ss River, one mile N. of 
 the Madrid station on the Northern Kailroad. and 21 miles E. 
 by N. of Ogdensburg. At the falls in the river is a consider- 
 able island, fi om which to either shore a dam has been con- 
 structed .securing a valuable hydraulic power. In the fall 
 of 1852. the village contained 4 churches, viz. Congrega- 
 tiouah Methodist, Baptist, and Univer.salist, about 12 stores, 
 a woollen tactory and carding mill, and 3 cabinet factories, 
 besides numerous mechanics' shops. 
 
 COLUM/BIAVILLE, a village of Stockport township 
 Columbia CO.. New York, at the junction of the Kinderhook 
 and Claverack Creeks, a few miles N. of Hudson, near Hud- 
 son Hiver Hailroad. It has one or two cotton factories. 
 
 COLUMBIAVILLE, a small villa.ge of Martin co., Indi- 
 ana, aliout 95 miles S.S.W. oflndianapolis. 
 
 COLU M BO. See Colombo. 
 
 COLUilBUETES, ko-loom-br.Vtls, a picturesque group of 
 volcanic islands and rocks in the Mediterranean, off the E. 
 coast of Spain, 06 miles N.E. of Valencia. Lat. of Mount 
 Colibre. in the largest island. 3U° 53' 58" N.; Ion. 0° 44' 27" 
 E., supposed to be the ancient OphiuftF. These islands have 
 Rig l)een the resort of privateers and Barbary corsairs. 
 
 Ct)LU.M'BUS, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on .Vouth Carolina. Area estimated at 600 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Lumber Klver, and 
 intersected by Waccamaw River. The surface is level, and 
 and in some parts marshy* Capital, Whitesville. Formed 
 in 1808. Pop. 8597, of wliom 6i:i4 were free, and 24a3 slaves. 
 
 Ci »LUMBUS, a post-township of Chenango co.. New York, 
 on the Unadilla River, 33 miles S.W. of Utica. Pop. 1407. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a neat post-village of Mansfield township, 
 Burlington co., New Jersey, 12 miles S.S.E. of Trenton. It 
 has a Presbyterian, a Baptist, and a Methodist church, a 
 library, and several stores. Pop. alwut 4oO.. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village and township of Warren CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on Coffee Creek, about 33 miles E.S.E. of 
 Erie. Pop. 1864. 
 
 COLUMBUS.'a flourishing city of Georgia, and seat of jus- 
 tice of Muscogee county, on the left (E.) bank of the Chatta- 
 hoochee Kiver. 90 miles W.S.W. of Macon, 128 miles W.S.W. 
 of Milledgeville, and 290 miles W. of Savannah. The city is 
 laid out in oblong blocks of four acres, each of which is di- 
 vided into eight square lots. It extends one mile and a 
 quarter in the direction of the river, and about half a mile 
 towards the interior. The court-house is one of the finest 
 buildings of its class in the state. JIany of the private 
 hou.ses are well built, and pleasantly embowered with trees. 
 Columbus contains 7 or 8 places of worship, 1 oi-phan asy- 
 lum, several excellent schools, 150 stores, and 3 or 4 news- 
 paper offices. A handsome bridge extends across the river, 
 and connects the city with the village of Girard. It is the 
 third city of the state in population and wealth, and has an 
 advantageous position for trade and manufactures. The 
 river, which in this part of its course forms the boundary 
 between Georgia and Alabama, is navigable for steamboats 
 from this point to the Gulf of Mexico, during eight months 
 of the year. These boats each carry about 900 bales of cot- 
 ton on an average, and usually run from November to the 
 end of June. The cotton shipped at this place amounts to 
 about 80.000 bales in a year. The bed of the river opposite 
 Columbus is filled by large and rugged rocks, which form a 
 succession of rapids, and produce abundant water-power. 
 Considerable capital has been invested in hydraulic im- 
 provements, and iu the erection of manufactories, and it is 
 thought that Columbus will become one of the greatest 
 manufacturing towns in the Southern States. A dam 500 
 feet long has been built across the river. There were, in 
 1850, 4 cotton factories, 1 paper mill, 1 cotton-gin factory, 1 
 woollen factory, 2 iron foundries, several mills, 3 banks, 
 and 1 manufactory of larming implements. Columbus is 
 the terminus of the Muscogee Railroad, opened in 1852, 
 
 481 
 
COL 
 
 which connpcts with other lines leading to Macon and Sa- 
 vannah. Another n'Hroad lias been coniniencetl which 
 leads from this place to some point on Mohile Bav. I>aid 
 out in 1S2S. Pop. in 1850, 5942 ; in 1S54, 8S60, of whom 
 3317 were slaves : in 1860, 9621. 
 
 COLU.MBUS, a post-village of Columhia co., Florida, on the 
 Suwanee liiver. SO miles E. of Tallahassee. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a thriving post-town, capital of Lowndes co., 
 Mississippi, on the left lank of the Tonibijrbee River, 140 
 miles N.K. of Jackson, and 60 miles below Aberdeen. The 
 river is navi;.;able at all seasons for steamboats, which make 
 fre(iuent pa.s.<a!res between this place and Mobile. Colum- 
 bus is surroundi'd by a fertile planting district, and has an 
 active business. Large quantities of cotton are shipped 
 here annually. It contains a court-house, an United States 
 l.\nd-otfice. several churches, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. 
 in 1850, 2614: in 1860, a308. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Colorado 
 CO.. Texas, on the right bank of the Colorado Kiver, 95 miles 
 S.K. of Austin City. The river is a navigable stream, flowing 
 through an alluvial and very fertile valley or plain. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village of Hempstead co., Arkansas, 10 
 miles W. of Washington, the county seat. 
 
 CoLUMHUS, a small village of .lackson CO., Tennessee. 
 
 CiJLUMBUS. a post-village, capital of Polk co., Tennessee, 
 on the lliawassee Kiver, 170 miles K,S.K. of Nashville. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a postrvilh^e of Hickman co., Kentuc4vy, on 
 the Mississippi Kiver, about 300 miles W.S.VV. of Frankfort, 
 Pop. 9P3. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a city, capital of the state of Ohio, and seat 
 of justice of Franklin county, is pleasantly situated on the 
 E. hank of the Scioto Kiver. iO miles from it.s mouth. 110 
 miles X.E. of Cincinnali, 115 miles S. of Sandusky Citv. and 
 350 miles from ^Vashington. Lat. 39° 67' N.; Ion. 83°' 3' W. 
 It is on the same parallel of latitude with Philadelphia, 
 from which it is 450 miles distant. It was laid out in 1812. 
 in the midst of an unbroken wildemes.s, and incorporated in 
 1816. The State-house, a plain brick building, was erected 
 in 1814. and the legislature met here for the first time in 
 December, 1816. The site of Columbus is level; the streets 
 are wide and laid out with great neatness and uniformity. 
 Broad street, 120 feet wide, extends from E, to W„ and is 
 crossed by High street, 100 feet wide, on which the princi- 
 pal business is transacted. At the intersection of these is a 
 public siiuare of 10 acres. The old State-house, occupying 
 one corner of this square, was entirely consumed by lire. 
 February 1. 1852. A. new Capitol had previously been com- 
 menced, which is designed to !« the finest building in the 
 state, and will surpass in magnitude every other state- 
 house in the Union: it is 304 feet long by 184 wide, and 
 covers an area of 55.0.'?ii square feet. The height to the top 
 of the rotunda is 157 feet. The material is a hard, whiti-sh 
 limestone. re.senibling marble. The other remarkable edi- 
 fices are the t)hio Lunatic Asylum, the Institution for the 
 Blind, the .\.sylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Ohio 
 Penitentiary, The Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1836, is a 
 brick building, 296 feet in front, and 46 in depth, with 
 wings 39 ft-et wide, extending back 218 feet; it cost about 
 $150,000, and can accommodate 350 patients. The number 
 admitted in the year ending November. 1861. was 157, and 
 149 were di-iclmrged in the same period. The Institution 
 for the Blind is a handsome brick bnihlinz, three-quarters 
 of a mile K. of the State-house. In 1862 it had 432 pupils. 
 The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is also a fine edifice, 
 and surrounded by ornamental grounds. In 1862 there 
 were 150 pupils. The Ohio Penitentiary, situated on the 
 E. bank of the river, is an imposing edifice, of Ohio marble : 
 together with the numerous workshops, it comprises a 
 square of 6 acres. The whole number of prisoners in 1862 
 ■was 768, They are employed in useful manufactures, the 
 proceeds of which are more than sntficient to meet the ex- 
 penses of the establishment. The Starling Medical College 
 was recently established in this city, by means of a legacy 
 of S50,000 from the late Lyne Starling." It is a Gothic edi- 
 fice, the walls of which are lirick, with cornice.'*, caps, 
 arches, sills, &c. of whitish limestone, giving it a very taste- 
 ful appearance. The Capital University founded here in 
 18.')0 is under the control of the I'.vangclical Lutherans. 
 
 Columbus is surrounded by a rich and populous country, 
 and is a place of active business. The National Road. pa.ss- 
 ing throuch it from E. to \V.. is a great thoroughfare of 
 travel, and the Columbus Feeder connects it with the Ohio 
 Canal. Other internal improvements recently finished 
 have given nn impetus to its gi-owth, viz. the Cleveland and 
 Columbus Railroad : the Columbus and Xenia Railroad, 
 ■which connects it ■with Cincinnati : the Central Railroad, 
 which extends to Zanesville. and the Columbus and Indian- 
 apolis Railroad. The city is lighted with gas. It contains 
 24 Protestant and 2 Roman Catholic churches, 1 academy. 
 a Union school, and 4 banks. Several daily and weekly 
 newspapers are published in this town. Assessed value of 
 property in 18,'S3, $6,934,117. There is a park of 40 acres on 
 the N. side of Columbus, given to the public by one o( the 
 citizens, Eastwood, one_niile E. of the city, contains the 
 gardens of the Columbus Horticultural Society, occupying 
 482 
 
 COM 
 
 10 acres, and the grounds of the Franklin County Agricul- 
 tural Society. Pop. in 1840, 6048 ; in 1850, 1»,13S ; in 1860. 
 18,554. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a village oflngham co., Michigan, on Grande 
 River, 12 miles S. by W. of Liinsing. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village and township of St. Clair co, 
 Michigsm, on Belle Kiver, 40 miles N.X.E. of Detroit. Pop. 
 1032. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Bartholo- 
 mew CO., Indiana, on the Madison and Indianapolis Rail- 
 road, and on the Kast Fork of White Kiver, 41 miles .S.S.E. 
 of Indianapolis. It is pleasantly situated iu a rich agricul- 
 tural region. It contains a fine court-house, 7 chtu-ches, 2 
 banks, 2 newspaper offices, a large woollen factory. 4 tan- 
 neries, 2 steam flouring-mills, Ac. A railroad hiis been 
 opened from this vill.ige to Lo»iisville, in Kentucky. Pop. 
 in 1850, llKiS : in 1865, about 2500. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1840. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a village of Madison co., Indiana, 6 miles 
 S.r>. of Anderson. 
 
 COLUM BUS. a post-village of Adams co., Indiana, 100 miles 
 W. of Springfield. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village of Johnson co., Missouri, 106 
 miles W. by N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a new post-village of AUomakee co., Iowa, 
 on the Mississippi, 86 miles above Dubuque. There is 
 water-power near the village, which is partly impro\ed. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village and township in Columbia Co., 
 Wisconsin, ou Crawfish River, and on the Milwaukee and 
 St. Paul R.R., about 30 miles N.K. of Madison. It contains 
 2 banks.. Pop. of the village, 1188. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village of Canada AVest, co. of York, 
 40 miles N.E. of Toronto. Pop. about 270. 
 
 COLUMBUS CITV. a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, on 
 the Iowa River, 12 miles above M'apello. The village has a 
 few stores. Poj). 530. See Appendix. 
 
 COLU.MBUS GROVE, a village of Putnam co., Ohio, about 
 100 miles N.W'. of Columbus. 
 
 COLU'SI. ko-loo'see, a county toward the N.W. part of 
 California, ha.s an area of about 2800 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the K. by the Sacramento Kiver, and partly on 
 the N. by Red Creek: and is drained by Elder, Tombes, 
 Stone, and Sycamore Creeks, which aflbrd some mill sites. 
 The Coa-st Rjinge passes along its W. border. The soil 
 is generally fertile. Capital, Colusi. Pop. 2274. 
 
 COLUSI, a jjost-town, capital of Colnsi co., California, 
 about 90 luiles N.N.E. of Benicia. Pop. 348. 
 
 Ct)LnEXD, formerly CUVWEX, a parish of Scotland, ca 
 of Kirkcudbright. 
 COl/VKSTON. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 COL'VILLE, a fortified station of British North America, 
 on the W. side of the Kocky Mountains, near the river Co- 
 lumbia. Lat. 48° 37' N. The hou.ses are neat. Wheat and 
 maize are raised in the vicinity, and cattle aie abundant. 
 
 COl/VI.N'S CREEK, a post office of New Hanover eo. 
 North Carolina. 
 COLAVALL. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 COL'^VICH, a pari.sh of England, co. of StafTord. 
 COL'WICK. a parish of England, co. of Nottiush.im. 
 COL'WINSTON, a parish of South Wales, co.'of Glamoi^ 
 gan. 4 miles W. of Cowbridge. The " golden mile,'" iu this 
 parish, is a common, free to all the parishioners. 
 
 COLVTON, kol'e-ton, a small market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Devon, on the Coly, a small affluent of the 
 Axe, 22 miles E, of Exeter. Pop. in 1851. 2504. Annual 
 revenue of parish lands, (the gift of Henry VIIT..) 23U. 
 The town is built of fiiut, and is a titular borough. It is the 
 se;it of county petty-sessions. 
 
 COLVTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 3 miles W. 
 of Sidmouth. 
 
 COLZEAN (kol-zainO CASTLE, the fine seat of the Mar- 
 quis of Ail.sa, in Scotland, co. of Ayr. parish of Kirk-Osw.ild, 
 on a basaltic cliff projecting into the sea. 4 miles W. of May- 
 bole. Near it are some remarkable caves. 
 
 CO'M AC, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, 187 miles 
 S.S.E. of Albiiny. 
 
 COJIACCHIO, ko-rndk^eo, a strongly fortified town of 
 Italy, province of Ferrara, and 28 miles E.S.K. of l-'errara, 
 in the midst of the marches termed Valli-<li-Commachio, 3 
 miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 5783, chiefly employed in 
 fishing eols, Ac, in the surrounding lagixins. By the treixty 
 of 1815, the Austrians acquired tlie right to garrison this 
 town and Ferrara. 
 
 COAIADKR'RY. a mountain of Ireland, in Leinstcr. co. of 
 Wicklow. 3 miles W. of Glendalough. Elevation. 2-268 feet. 
 CO^MAL'. a county in the W. central part of Texas, has 
 an area of 1080 square miles. It is drained by the Guadalupe 
 and Cibolo Rivers, and by Comal Creek, an affluent of the 
 Guadalui>e. Tlie surface is hill v. Capital, New Braunfels. 
 Pop. 4030. of whom 38.37 were free. 
 
 COMAL TOWN, a village of Comal CO.. Texas, near the 
 Junction of Comal Creek with the Guadalupe River, alx)ut 
 to miles S.S.W, of Austin, 
 CJMANCHE ^ko-mau'chA) INDl A.NS, or COMANCHES, 
 
co:m 
 
 COxM 
 
 trD-man'oh^z, (Pp. pron. ko-mjii'chfs,) written also CA- 
 MANCIIKS, ka-mdnt'chjz, ati American Indian tribe of 
 Mexico and Texas, wlio roam alon^ tiie praii-ie-ground 
 beyond tiie Puercos and lUo Grande del Xorte. They 
 are extremely warlike, and fond of plunder. In some 
 respects they differ from the other Indian trilies; but most 
 in their aversion to ardent spirits. Tlieir number is esti- 
 mated at 10.001). 
 
 CO'M.^N'S VV'KLL. a post-offlce of Sussex co., Virginia. 
 
 COMAYACtUA. ko -mi-iVwi- formerly VAL7,AD0L1D', a 
 city of Central America, capital of the department of Hun- 
 duras. in the state of and 170 miles K. of Guatemala, on 
 a river Howing to the Pacific. Pop. 12,000. (?) Chief edifices, 
 a cathedral, a collej^e. and a richly endowed hospital. 
 
 C0.M15.\, kom'bd. a small isl.and in the Malay Archipelaf;o, 
 Flores Sea. 33 miles X.N.E. of the island of Adenara. liat. 
 7°4-9'S.: Ion. 123° 38' K. 
 
 COJrB.A.CO'NUM or COM'BOOCO'NUM. a town of Ilin- 
 dostJin, in the Carnatic, 2o miles K. of Tanjore. I.at. 10° 69' 
 N.; Ion. 79° 20' K. This city was the ancient capital of the 
 Chola dynasty, from which the whole coast of Coromandel 
 (a corruption of Cliolnmandel) has received its name. It 
 is now inhabited chiefly by IJrahmins, whose dwellinjrs are 
 neat and comfortable. IJeing reckoned a place of sanctity 
 by the Hindoos, it has numerous pagodas, gateways, and 
 tanks of superior description. It is believed that one of 
 these tanks is tilled every twelfth century by the waters of 
 the Gan;;es, wliich find their way into it by a subterranean 
 passage; and, as this water is deemed capal)le of purifying 
 from all sin and uncleanliness. thousands re.sort hither at 
 the favorwl season with undoubted contidenc-e in its eiflca- 
 cy. In this stronghold of idolatry a Protestant mission has 
 been some time established, and is makinsr s.atisfactoi-y 
 progress. There are also considerable numliers of liomati 
 Catholics. Pop. estimated by Malcom at 4<l000. 
 
 COMMJ.MIEK'. a small river of South Carolina, flowing 
 south-eastward, forms the boundary between Beaufort and 
 Colleton districts, and enters the Atlantic through St. He- 
 lena Sound. 
 
 COMBK, kom. a p.arish of EngUnd, co. of Southiimpton. 
 
 CO.MBK AI!'1{.\S. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 Cij:MBE FLOIt'EY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CO.MBE II.VY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 COMBE Li>\<i. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 COMBE .MAR'TIN. a parish and village of England, co. 
 of Devon, on an inlet of the English Cliaunel. 4g miles E. of 
 Ilfr.jcomlie. The village and cove are encompassed, except 
 on the .N'.W., by romantic hills. The parish contains argen- 
 tiferous lead-mines. 
 
 C' •MB E .MD.XE' r IX. a parish of EuL'land. co. of Somerset. 
 
 COM'BEU or CU.M'BEK. a market-town and parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, co. of D'>wn. on the W. side of I^outih 
 Strangford. 8 miles E.S.E. of Belfast. Pop. of town, 19<i4. 
 It is tolerablv well built, and has remains of ecclesia.stic.al 
 and other edifices of the twelfth century, with a trade in 
 linens and spirits, and 4 annual fairs. 
 
 COM'BEKMEHE, a township of England, co. of Chester, 
 parish of Acton. IJ miles N.W. of Xantwich. Combermere 
 Abliey. founded in 11.33, is the seat of the Cotton family, to 
 whom this township gives the title of baron. 
 
 CuM'BEI'.TON. a parish of Endand, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 ClJMBEKTOX, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Woi^ 
 eester. 
 
 COMBERTOX, LITTLE, a pari.sh of England, co.Worcester. 
 
 CO.MBE ST. XICIIJLAS, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CO -M BIX, kAjf'b^xo', a mountain of Europe, between 
 canton of Valais, in Switzerland, and province of Aosta. in 
 the Sardinian States, one of the culminating points of the 
 Pennine Alps. E. of the Great St. Bernard. 9 miles S.E. of 
 Warti^'ny. 14.124 feet in elevation, and containing exten- 
 sive gla.iers. 
 
 CO.M'lilXTIXIIEAD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CO.MBLES. kAM'bLV, a village of France, department of 
 Sonnne. Pop. 1<)77. 
 
 CO.MBOOCONU.M. See CojfB.\coNXM. 
 
 COMB )UHQ. kA>rbooR'. a town of Fr.ance, department 
 of IlU-et-Vilaine, 20 miles S.S.E. of St. Male. Pop. 1217. It 
 is the birthplace of Chateaubriand, the distinguished writer, 
 and has an extensive trade in cattle. 
 
 CO.MBRAILLES. kAM'brJi', an old division of France, in 
 the province of Basse-Auvergne. Its capital-was Evreux. 
 It is now comprised in the department of Creuse. 
 
 COMBRONDE, kAM'brAxd', a market-town of France, 
 department of Puy-de-Dome. 1-5 miles X. of Clermont. P. 1488. 
 
 COMBS, komz, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COM'ERCOL'LY. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, district ofRiij'shaliye,near a branch of the Ganges, 
 S4 miles S.E. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 COMER. See CoMO, Lake of. 
 
 CO.M'FOUT, a postoffice of Pickens CO., Alabama. 
 
 COMFORT, a post-office of Jones co.. North Carolina. 
 
 COMIL/LA or COMIL'LAH, a town of British India, 
 Tiperah, 50 miles S.E. of Dacca. 
 
 COMIXES, a town of France. See Commines. 
 
 COMIXO, an island In the Mediterranean. Spa CrinNo. 
 COMISA, ko-mee'.s4, a town of Dalm.ifiu. circle Spaiatro, 
 on the \V. coast of the island Lissa. Pop. 2619, mostly em- 
 ployed in fishing. 
 
 CO.MISO, ko-mee'so. a town of Sicily, Syracuse. 8 miles W. 
 of Kagu.ea. Pop. 10.000 (?) 
 
 COMITAX, ko-me-tan>, or COMITLAN, ko-meet-lSn'. a 
 town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Chiapa, on the 
 Grij.-Uva. 40 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 10,000. (?) It hag 
 a superb church, and a larure Dominican convent. It has 
 become a place of considerable contraband trade, as, in con- 
 sequence of heavy duties at the Mexican ports of entry, 
 most European goods consumed in Southern Mexico are 
 smugsled hither through Balize and Guatemala. 
 
 COMITE, ko-meef. a small river of Louisiana, rises in East 
 Feliciana parish, and flowing southward, enters the Amite 
 about 15 miles E. of Itaton lloucre. 
 
 CO-MITI, ko-mee/tee, or COMITIXI. ko-we-toc'nee. a town 
 of Sicily, province of 'Trapani, 10 miles N.X.E. of Mazzara. 
 Pop. 3500. 
 COMITLAX. See CoMiT.\tr. 
 COM.MACK. See CoM.tc. 
 
 CO.MMEX'DA. a British fort of West Africa. Guinea 
 co.ast. 15 miles W.S.W. of Capo Coast Castle. liaviuL' near it 
 a town with .3(KX> inhabitants. 
 
 COMMENDA, LITTLE, is a Dutch fort on the same 
 coast as the above. 
 
 COMME.N'THY. kom'mAxo'tree', a village cf France, de- 
 partment of Allier. on the fEil, 7 miles S.E. of Montlu9on. 
 It gives its name to a coal-field which occupies a consider 
 able area in the surrounding districts, and is extensively 
 worked. Pop. 1884. 
 
 COMMERAGII (komVrAhO MOUXTAIXS. a mountain 
 range of Ireland, co. of Waterford, rising on the S. side of the 
 Suir. somewhat abruptly from the water's edge, to an average 
 height of 1750 feet above sea-level. 
 
 COM'MEP.CE. a post-village in Tunica co., Mississippi, on 
 the E. bank of the Mississippi Kiver, about 200 miles X. by 
 W. of .Tack son. 
 
 COMMERCE, a post-village in Wilson co., Tennessee, 
 about .35 miles E. of Xashville. 
 
 COMMERCE, a post-township of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 12 miles S.W. of Pontlac. Pop. 1425. 
 
 COIMMKRCE. a p'>st-vi!lage in Scott co., Missouri, on the 
 W. Kank of the Mississippi River. 120 miles S.S.E. of St. IjOuis. 
 COMMER'CIAL TOWX, a village in Adams co., Ohio, 
 near the Ohio IJivor. 15 miles S.W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 CO?I.MERCY. kom^mi^R'see'. a town of France, department 
 of flense. 20 miles E. of Bar-le-I>uc, on ti;e Mense. Pop. 3424 
 COM/METTSBURG, a postoffice of Washington co., l»enn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 C« >M M EWYXE or OOMMEWYX A. kom-meh-wi'na a river 
 of Dutch Guiana, rising in the hilly grounds in the E. part 
 of the colony, is joined by the Cottica. after which it forms a 
 fine naviirable stream, and falls into the estuary of the 
 Svirinam between the forts Amsterdam and Leyden. Total 
 course, exclusive of windings, about 70 miles. 
 
 COMMIXES, kom^meen', a town of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders. 9 J miles E. of Ypreg. on the Ly.s. and on ths 
 frontier of France, opposite the French town of the same 
 name, with which if communicates by a drawbridge. Pop. 
 31«7. It has celebrated manufactures of ribbons, thread, 
 handkerchiefs, and tobacco. 
 
 COMMIXES or CO.MIXES.ko'meen'.a town of France, de- 
 partment of Xord. on the right bank of the Ly.s, opposite file 
 above toAvn. and S miles X. of Lille. Pop. 2988. It has manu- 
 factures of ribands and thread. The old town of Commines, 
 wliich comprised both the above towns previous to the ces- 
 sion of French Flanders to France, was fortified, but dis- 
 mantled by the French in 1672. It is the birthplace of 
 Philippe de Commines. 
 
 COMMTS'STONERS CREEK, of Georgia, flows through 
 M'ilkinson county into the Oconee, about 10 miles E. of 
 Irwinton. 
 COMUM. SeeCoMO. 
 
 COiniU'XIA. a post-office of Clayton CO., Iowa. 
 COMMU'XIP.\W, a village of Bergen co., Xew Jersey, on 
 the W. shore of Xew York I^,ay, 2 miles S. of Jersey City. It 
 is an old Dutch settlement mentioned in the humorous 
 history of Tning. 
 
 COMO, (anc. Cnfmnm.) an episcopal city of Lombardy, capi- 
 tal of a province of its own name, at the S. extremity of the 
 lake of Como. elevation 702 feet, in a delightful valley, en- 
 closed by hills covered with gardens, and with olive and 
 chestnut groves. Pop.,incIudingitssubnrbs, 24.0SS.ofwhom 
 11,562 belong to the city proper. It has a public library 
 of 50.000 volumes, a botanic garden. 3 gymnasia, and a mu- 
 seum of anti(iuities. Chief edifices, the Cathedral, commenced 
 in 1396. built entirely of marble and decorated with numer- 
 ous works of art, and an ancient town-hall, also of marble. 
 Manufactures comprise woollens, silks, cotton, and soap. 
 Trade is much facilitated by navigation in the lake, and by 
 excellent roads. Many of its inhabitants emigrate, as m.v 
 sons and makers of barometers. Como was a place of impor- 
 tance under the Romans, having been rendered so by acolo- 
 
 483 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 nvof Greeis sent there b\' Julius Csesar, when It obtained I 
 the name of Xo'i'uvi iymum. It was the birthplace of the I 
 younger (and piiibubly also of the elder) Pliny, of Volta. and ' 
 of i'ope Innoi-ent .VI. A colossal statue has beer- recently , 
 erected to Vol ta. 
 
 CO'.MO, a post-oITice of De Soto co., Mississippi. 
 
 COMO. a post-office ot Henry co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CoMO. a post-villaire of Whitesides co., Illinois, on Rock 
 River, 160 miles X. of Springfield. 
 
 CO.MO, LAKE OF, (It. L:iyo di Cmno. Ij'go dee ko'mo, Fr. 
 Lac dc CSiiu, lik-deh-kom. Ger. Comersee, kc/nier-sil', anc. 
 Lt'nus Lalcas.) a lake of North Italy, Lombardy. an expan- 
 sion of the river Adda, which enters it at the foot of the 
 I.epontine and Ilhetian Alps, and quits it at Lecco, in the 
 midst of mountains of from lOOJ to 1300 feet in elevation. 
 It is of a very irregular shape, being separated iijto the two 
 branches of Como and Lecco, by the promontory of Bellairio. 
 Extreme breadtli between Jlenasrgio and Varena. 3 miles. 
 Length, from Como to liiva, 35 miles. Como is. on account 
 of the beauty of its basin, and its favorable exposure, the 
 most celebrated of all the lakes of North Italy, Its shores 
 are covered w^ith elegant villas, among which are the Villa 
 d'Este-long the re.sidence of Queen Caroline of England, and 
 the Villa Lenno on the supposed site of J'liny's villa. The 
 lake abounds in all kinds of fish; its navigation is liable to 
 interruption from sudden stoi-ms : regular steam communi- 
 cation is established between its principal towns. 
 
 COMODO, an island of the Malay Archipelago, between 
 Sumbawa and Flores: lat. of the X.E. peak, 8° 22' S.. Ion. 
 119° 37' E. Length from N. to S. about 35 miles; average 
 breadth, 16 miles. 
 
 COMOE, ko-m5'. a town of West -Africa in Boossa, on the 
 Niger. It is of considerable size, and situated atout half a 
 loile from the ferry across the river; lat. 9° 45' N., Ion. 6° 
 TE. 
 
 CO'MORX, (Ger. Kdmnm ; Hun. Komdrom. ko'md^rom',) a 
 royal free town of Hungary, capital of a circle of its own name, 
 at the confluence of the Waag with the Danube, aljout 48 
 miles W.N.AV. of Pesth. Its streets are narrow and irregular. 
 It contains 4 Roman Catholic churches, 1 Greek church. 2 
 Protestant places of worship, and a synagogue. The other 
 public buildings are, a town-hall, a council-house, some 
 large warehouses, 2 theatres, a Roman Catholic and a Pro- 
 testant gymnasium, a Roman Catholic head-school, and a 
 hospital. Its fortress, the ramparts of which extend along 
 the margin of the Danube to the end of the promontoiy, at 
 which the AVa.ig joins it, is consideretl one of the strongest 
 In Europe. It was a principal point in the military opera- 
 tions during the recent rising in Hungary, and was long 
 unsucces,«fully besieged by the Austrians in 1848-9. The 
 Danube is crossed below the town by a flying bridge, and a 
 bridge of boats. There are here manufactures of woollen 
 cloths, tanneries, &c.; also, an extensive trade in wine, tim- 
 ber, fish, grain, honey, &c. The wine produced from vine- 
 yards in the neighborhood is of good quality. In the 
 vicinity excellent coal is obtained. Pop. in 1846, 17,900, 
 exclusive of garrison. 
 
 CU.MORO (kom'o-ro) ISLES, a group of volcanic islands in 
 the Mozambique Channel, 350 miles from the X.W. coast 
 of Madagascjvr. and 200 miles from the east coast of Africa, 
 between lat. 11° and 13° S.. and Ion. 43^ .and 45° 30' E. Pop. 
 estimated at 80,000, comprising Arabs and Negroes. The 
 professed religion is Mohammedanism ; but feticism is 
 practised. The group consists of the i.slands Angaziya. or 
 Great Comoro, Anjouan or Johanna. Mayotta and Mohilla. 
 The islands are mountainous, and fertile in tropical pTo- 
 ductions. The meadows maintain great herds of cattle, and 
 the rivers abound in fish. The Arabs manufacture coarse- 
 cloths, jewelry, and small arms. The commerce was foi-m- 
 erly important, and extended to India. Chief exports, cocoa- 
 nut oil and tortoise-shell. The Comoros are governed by sul- 
 tans, one of whom resides in nearly every lown. The island 
 of Mayotta was ceded to France in 1841, and the cession was 
 confirmed in 1S45. A British consul has recently been ap- 
 pointed for the islands. 
 
 COMPETA, kom-pi/td, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 26 
 miles X.E. of Malaga. Pop. 2753. 
 
 COMPETITION^ a beautiful and thriving post-village, 
 capital of Pittsylvania co., '\'irginia, on a small bi-anch of 
 Banister River, 160 miles S.W. of Richmond. It is situated 
 In a rich farming district, and contains a number of hand- 
 some residences. 
 
 COMPIAXO, kom-pe-i'no, (anc. Complanum f) a. town of 
 It-ily, 35 miles S.W. of Parma, on the Taro. It is tolerably 
 well built, surrounded by walls entered by three gates, iinil 
 commanded by a castle on an adjacent hill. It also pos- 
 sesses a church, primary and medical schools, and extensive 
 iron works. I'op. 5383. 
 
 (.'OMPIEGXE, koM^pe-aiB', (L. ComjxfrJdium,) a town of 
 France, department of OLse, on the Oise, and on the railway 
 from Paris to St. Quentin, 33 miles E.S.E.of Beauvais. Pop. iii 
 1852, 10,795. It has a tribunal of commerce, a communal 
 college, and a public library of 28,000 volumes, m.in ufaetures 
 of muslins, hosiery, and cordage, and commerce in wood 
 ujd gra'n. Chief edifices, the church of the ancient Abbey 
 484 
 
 of St. Comeille, burial-place of manj* of the early kings of 
 France: the Hotel de Ville, nnd the Pont Neuf It has a 
 splendid palace, one of the finest in France, rebuilt under 
 Louis XIV., XV. and XA'I.. and magnificently restored by 
 Napoleon, surrounded by spacious parks and a forest of 
 30.(J00 acres. It was formerly strongly fortified, and in de- 
 fending it while besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, Joan 
 of Mx was made prisoner, in 1430. and afterwards basely sold 
 to the English. Here Napoleon espoused Jlari^Louise in 1810. 
 
 CO.M POSTELA. kom-po-stali. or COMPOSTEl/LA, a town 
 of the Mexican Confederacy, department of Jalisco, and for- 
 merly its capital, 100 miles W.of Guadal.ijara. It has silver- 
 mines, but is nearly deserted on account of its unhealthy 
 climate. 
 
 0).M POSTELA, Spain. See Samiaco de Compostela. 
 
 COMPOTIXE. a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa. 
 
 COMPIIEIGNAC. kA>rprAn\vak'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of llaute-Vienne. 12 miles X. of Limoges. Pop. 2280. 
 
 COM'PI!t)MlSE\ a post-office of Fulton co., Kentucky. 
 
 C( )M P'.SIW l.L. a village of England, co. of Chester, 5 miles 
 E. of Stockpiirt. Pop. engaged in manufactures. 
 
 Ci>MPTAT-VEXAlSSI.\'. See Comt.at-Ven.aissin. 
 
 C()MPT£ D'AVIGXOX, kte>'n;i'd"i'veen\6s<=/ or COMP- 
 TAT D'AVIGXOX. kfe^Hd' daVeenVA.\«', an old division of 
 France, which, with the Comtat-Venaksin, forms nearly the 
 whole of the department of Vaucluse. It was held by the 
 popes from 1228 to 1791, when it was united to France by 
 a decree of the Xational Assembly. 
 
 COMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 COMPTOX, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CO.MPTOX. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CDMPTOX, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 COJII'TON. a village of Jasper CO., Georgi.-u near the left 
 bank of Ocmulgee KLver. 40 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 COMPTON. a post-villaire of Canada East, co. of Sher- 
 brooke. 11 miles S.S.E. of Sherbrooke. 
 
 C< ».M PTON AlVBA.-^. two parishes of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 COMPTON AB/DALE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 COMI'TOX BAS'SET. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 COMPTON BEALX'lIAMP, (bee'chum,) a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Berks. 
 
 COJIPTON BIS/HOP, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 C«MPTOX CIIAM'BERLAIX, a parish of England, co.of 
 Wilts. 
 
 COMPTOX DAX^DO. a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 COMPTOX DUX'DOX, a parish of Enslaud, co. of So 
 mer.set. 
 
 COM PTOX, FEN'NY. a p.irish of Engl.ind, co. of Warwick. 
 
 COMPTON GKEEN'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 COMPTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 CO.MPTOX, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 COMPTON MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 COMPTON, XETH'ER. a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 COMPTON. OVER, a parish of England, co. of Dor.set. 
 
 COMPTON I'AUXCE'FOOT, a parish of England, co.of 
 Somerset 
 
 COMPTON VAI/LAXCE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 COil'RADE BAYOU, (bi-oo.) of Rapides parish, Loui- 
 siana, flows S.E. into Calcasieu River. 
 
 COM'RIE. a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 5 miles W. of Crieff. Pop. 2471; of village 803, engaged 
 in distilling and in woollen and cotton weaving. The vil- 
 lage is on the Earn and Lednock. here crossed by a stone 
 bridge, and near it is a granite obelisk to the late Lord Mel- 
 ville. Among its antiquities are remnants of several Dru- 
 idic buildings, and the vestiges of a Roman camp, whence 
 it has been supposed that the engagement between the 
 forces of Agricola and Galgacus took place in this parish. 
 
 COJISAX, kAN"^-S(5xe'. a town of France, department of 
 .\ude. 4 miles X.N.E. of Narbonne, in the middle of a fer- 
 tile plain on the right bank of the Aude. Pop. 2010. 
 
 COM'STOCK, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Kalamazoo co., Michigan, on the right or N. bank of the 
 Kalamazoo River, and on the Central Railroad, 136 miles 
 W. of Detroit. It is one of the princip.al villages of the 
 countv. and contains several mills. Pop. 2012. 
 
 COM'STOCKS. a post-village of AVashinglon CO., New York, 
 on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 70 miles N. of 
 Albanv. 
 C(tMT.\II, a town of Indi.% 8 miles X.E. of Nazpoor. 
 COMT.\n, a town of liritLsh India, presidency of Madras, 
 12 miles X.N.W. of Onore. 
 
 COMTAT-VENAISSIN or COMPTAT-VEXAISSIN, k*!l«>- 
 tl'-veh'nAs'sSso', (L. Vom^ti'tus VimlUci'mis.) a small province 
 of France, formerly dependent on that of Provence, and now 
 included in the department of Vaucluse. Along with the 
 portion of Compted'Avignon noticed alcove, it formed an in- 
 dependent state, of which, till the Revolution of n93, Uie 
 pope had the sovereignity. 
 
CON 
 
 CON" 
 
 cox. a post-office of Jasper co.. Iowa. 
 
 COXAC. ko^ndk', a town of France, department of the 
 Chareute-Inferieure, 1-i miles W.S.W. of Jonzac. Pop. 
 159S. 
 
 CO'XAX, a river of Scotland, co. of Ross, which, after an 
 easterly course of 35 miles, enters Cromarty Frith, near 
 Dingwall. Its affluents are the Garve and Oriin. It affords 
 valualile sahnon and trout fisheries. 
 
 COXAN BRIDGE, a vill.age of Scotland, on the banks of 
 the al)0ve river, i^ miles S. of Dingwall. 
 
 COXAIt.'VII. ko-nd'ri. a maritime town of British India, 
 presidency of JIadras. 28 miles X.E. of Vizagapatam. 
 
 COXASAUGA KlVEll, Georgia. See Co.\.nasauo.4. 
 
 COXC.\X, kong'kan, a subdivision of British India, in the 
 presidency of Bombay, stretching along the western coast 
 of Iliiidostan, mostly between lat. llj° and 20° N.. and Ion. 
 72° W and 74° E., bounded E. by the Ghauts, and having 
 N. the district of Sunit, and S. the Sattarah domiuion.s. 
 It is separated into the districts of Xorth and South Concan. 
 Length. 220 miles; breadth, 35 miles. United area, 12,270 
 square miles; and population 1.044,121. 
 
 COXC.A.RXEAU, kA.\«'kaR'ii5', a maritime town of France, 
 department of Fiuistfere, on an island in the bay De-la- 
 Foret. Atlantic Ocean, 12 miles S.E. of Quimper. The popu- 
 lation (2024) is chietly engaged in taking and curing pil- 
 chards. The quantity taken averages from 12,000 to 30,000 
 barrels, according to the season. The town is defended by 
 a fort, and surrounded by ancient walls. 
 
 COXCEig.^0, kon-s:l-sOws»' or kon-sA-sd'A.N'o, a village of 
 Brazil, province of Alagoas. on the Curaripe. about 4 miles 
 from the sea, .and at a short distance from I'o.xim. It hasacon- 
 Tenient, though shallow harbor, at which there is some trade. 
 
 COXCKICAO, a modern city of Brazil, on the right bank 
 of the Palma, 340 miles X.N.E. of Goyaz, lat. 12° S., Ion. 
 48° 5' W. 
 
 COXCEiglO, ARRAIAIi DE, jR-nT-ai' d.-l kon-s,l-s6w.N«'. or 
 COXCEI'CIUN.a small river of Brazil, province of Goyaz. 110 
 miles S.W. of Xatividade. in a hollow lietween two small 
 hills. The soil for about 3 miles round the village has been 
 all turned over in searih of gold, which was formerly found 
 in considerable quantities. 
 
 C0XCH;1C1(VDA-SKHKA, kon-.sA-sdwxo'-di-sjR'R.i, a town 
 of Brazil, in the province of E.spirito-Santo, X.N.W. of Vic- 
 toria. Pop. 1500. 
 
 COXCEiglO-DE-LAGOA. kon-si-s5wNo'd:l-ia-go/a. a town 
 of Brazil, in the centre of the island of Santii Catberiua, E. 
 of Desteiro. Pop. 3nii0. 
 
 COXCEigSODE-XOGUEGA, kon-s.'\-s5wNo'-d.'l-no-g!l/ga. a 
 town of Brazil in the province of Minas Gerae.s, 85 miles 
 N.X.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 1200. A rich gold-mine was 
 discovered here in 1785. 
 
 COXCKiglO D'lTA.MARCA, kon-.si-sCw.N"' de-ta-maR^ka, 
 a town of Brazil, in the province of Peruambuco, IB miles 
 N. of Olinda, and capital of the district of the island of 
 Itamarca. on its western coast. The population of the dis- 
 trict is estimated at 12.000. This town has long been in a 
 state of decay, although its restoration was decreed by the 
 government in 1836. 
 
 COXCEigXO-DOSERRO, kon-srl-sOwso'-do-sjR/KO, a town 
 of Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, N.X.W. of 
 Ouro Preto. Pop. of district, 8000. employed in gold mines. 
 
 COXCEXTAIXA, kon-thSn-tl'nd, a town of Spain, 28 
 miles X. of Alirante. Pop. 5072. It has a Moorish tower, a 
 convent, and extensive manufactures of wofillen cloths. 
 
 COXCHPCIOX, kon-sJp se-on'. or COXCEI'TIOX, kon-s^i>'- 
 shUn. an island and headland on the X. side of the Isthmus 
 of Panama, 78 miles E. of Puerto Bello. 
 
 COXCEPCIOX, kon-s^p-so^n'. COXCEPCIOX-LA-XUEVA, 
 kon-sjp se^Sn'-ianw.Vvd. COXCKPCIOX-DE-MOCIIA, kon- 
 sJp-se-On'-d.A-mo'-cha, or COXCEPCIOX-DE-PEXCO, kon- 
 sSp-se-6n'-dA-pJn'ko, a port of Chili. capit;>l of a pro- 
 vince of its own name. 270 miles S.S.W. of Santiago, on 
 the right b.ank of the Biobio, and 75 miles from its mouth; 
 lat. 30° 49' .30" S.. and Ion. 73° 5' 30" W. It is the seat 
 of a bishop and of a military commandant of the district 
 and of the forts along the Biobio. and contains a college, 
 a Rominary, and some other literary in.stitutions. Its 
 port at Talcahuano. a small fortified town on the bay 
 of Concepcion, about 8 miles distant, is one of the best in 
 Chili. The b.ay forms an extensive and excellent roadstead, 
 and is shut in by the island of Quii-iquina. on either .side 
 of whif'h is a channel. There is a trade in grain, hides, 
 tallow, and salted beef; and in the vicinity of I'enco is an 
 Important coal-mine. In 1840, the number of vessels which 
 entered was 243; tonnage 52,951; — cleared, 240; tonnage 
 51.706. In 1847. the numbers were, entered. 258 ; tonnage 
 C5,952;— cleared, 256: tonnage 64,906. In 1846. the imports 
 in British vessels amounted'to 156,800?.: exports. 158,800/.; 
 in 1847. the amount was. imports, 89.440Z.; exports, 91,040?. 
 Conception was founded in 1550, by Pedro Valdivia. on the 
 S. side of Concepcion B.ay. In 1554, 1555, and lt)03, it was 
 taken and burnt by the Araucaniaus, and as oft<;n rebuilt; 
 4Jid. in 1730. it was destroyed by an earthquake, and a 
 /reat part of it swallowed up by the sea. It was again 
 .P.estroyed by an eai'thquake in 1751; after which the towu 
 
 was rebuilt on its present site. The Ar.ancanians again 
 devastated a portion of it in 1823; and, in 1825, when its 
 population was about 20.1 00. a terrible earthquake laid it 
 in ruins. It has since partially recovered, and has now a 
 population of about lO.OOO. 
 
 COXCEl'CIOX, kon-sf p-se-i5n', a department of Oiili. be- 
 tween lat. 36° and 37° 30' S.. and Ion. 70° and 74° AV., having 
 X. the dejiartment of Maule, E. the Andes, \V. the Pacific 
 Ocean, and S. Independent Araucania. Area, 5210 square 
 miles. Pop. 102.000. It contains the most extensive plains 
 in Chili. Coal of an inferior quality is abundant, and a little 
 wine is exported. 
 
 COXCEPCIOX, a town of, Bolivi.a, in the province of 
 Tarija. or Tariha. 240 miles S.E. of Chuquisaca, in a fertile 
 country, producing wine. Pop. 2000. 
 
 COXCEPCIt!)X, a town of Bolivia, in the province of Chl- 
 quitos, 145 miles N.E. of Santa-Cruz-de-la-.*ierra, in an ele- 
 vated district, containing mines. Pop. 2200. 
 
 COXCEPCIOX, a town in Xew Granada, on the frontier 
 of Costa Rica, 70 miles W.S.W. of Chagres, on the Carilpbet\n 
 Sea. near tlie mouth of a .small stivjim of its own name. 
 
 COXCEPCIO.X, a town of the Argentine Republic, in the 
 province of Cordova. Pop. 20t)0. 
 
 COXCEPCIOX, a town of the Argentine Republic, in 
 the province of Corrientes, near the lell bank of the Uru- 
 guav, 190 miles W. bv S. of the city of Corrientes. 
 
 COXCKI'CIOX. or VILLA RKAL Dl'l LA COXCEPCIOX, 
 veel'yd rA-il' d.i 13 kon-s?p se on', a town of Paraguay, c.ijii- 
 tal of a department cpf its own name, on the Paraguay, 135 
 miles X.X.K. of Assumption. Pop. 1800. 
 
 COXCEPCIOX BAY, is an inlet of the Pacific Ocean. 8 
 miles X. of the town of Concepcion. It is about 5 miles 
 across, and has an entrance on either side of the island of 
 Quiriquino. It receives the Biobio River, and almost every- 
 where affords good anchorage. 
 
 COXCEPCIOX-DEL-ARRi^YO-DE-LA-CTIIXA, kon-s(*p-s©- 
 on'-dJl-dR-Ro'yo-dA-ia-chee'na.. a town of the Argentine Re- 
 public, in the province of Entre-Rios, on the right bank 
 of the Uruguay. 197 miles X.W. of Montevideo. Pop. 3500. 
 
 COXCEPCIOX-DKL-1'AO. kon-s^p-se-on'-diM-pJ'o. a town 
 of i'outh .\merica, in the republic of Venezuela, 110 miles S 
 of Barcelona. 
 
 C0XCE1>CI0X-L.\-XUEVA, COXCEPCIOX-DE-MOCIIA 
 or COXCKPCIOX-DE-PEXCO. See Concepcio.n. 
 
 COXCEPTIOX or COXCEPCIOX (LA) an island of the 
 Bahami\s. 25 miles S.E. of Siin Sjilvador. 
 
 COXCEPTIOX, a town of Chili. See CoNCEPaox. 
 
 COXCEP'TIOX BAY, an inlet of Xewfoundland. on its 
 eastern coast, X.W. of St. John's; lat. 48° N., ion. 53° W. 
 It has several ports, the principal being HarlKir-tirace. 
 
 COXCt:i'TIOX STRAIT, an inlet of Terra-del-Kuego, 
 between Hanover Island .and the Madro Archipelago, and 
 continuous with Mesier Cli.annel. 
 
 COXCII.\GU.V, kon-chi'gwd. an extinct volcano of Cen- 
 tral -America, state and 70 miles E.S.E. of .San Salvador, at 
 tlie W. side of the entnmce to the Gulf of Conchagua. 
 Tiiough not very lofty, it commands fine views, embracing 
 as manv .as 18 other volcanoes. 
 
 Ci>XCIIAGUA, or FOXSECA, GULF OF, an inlet of the 
 Pacific Ocean, bt^tween the states of San Salvador and Xica- 
 ragua, is 40 miles in breadth, and receives several con.sider- 
 able rivers. 
 
 COXCIIAR'DEE, a post-ofRce of Talladega co.. Alabama. 
 
 COXCII.\S. kon'shds. a small river of Brazil, falls into the 
 Atlantic about 5° S. lat. and 36° 50' W. Ion. 
 
 COXCIIAS, kon'chds. or COXCIIOS, kon'chos, a river of 
 ^lexico, in the departments of Durango and Chihuahua, 
 joins the Rio Bravo-del-Xorte. near lat. 29° 50' X., Ion. 104° 
 40' W., after a northerly course, estimated at 300 miles. I ts 
 valley is the most populous and best cultivated in the table- 
 land of Chihuahu.a. 
 
 COXCIIES, kAvsh a town of France, department of the 
 Eure, 10 miles S.W.of Evreux, with 1672 inhabitants, partly 
 engaged in nail-making, and in fancy steel-work. 
 
 COXCIIUCOS, kon-choo'koce. a town of Peru, capital of 
 a province of its own name in the department of ,\ncach. is 
 situated on the western slope of the Andes, on a branch of 
 Santa River, 85 miles S.E. of Trujillo. Pop. of the province 
 in 1S.50. .54.751. 
 
 COXCISE, kixoVeez', a village of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Vaud. on the Lake of Xeufchatel, 6 miles X.X.E. 
 of Yverdun. Pop. 1500, partly engaged in raising wine, 
 wliich is the best of the district. 
 
 COXCOBELLO, kon-ko-bM'lo. a town of Western Africa, 
 on the Congo River, near lat. 4° .30' S. Ion. 10° E. 
 
 COXCORD, kong'kprd, a post-village and township of 
 Somerset 00.. Maine. 50 miles X. by W. of Augusta. P. 540 
 
 COXCORD, kong'kord. a city, and seat of justice of Jlerri- 
 mack CO.. Xew Hampshire, and c;»pital of the stite, is plea- 
 santly situated on the right bank of the Merrimack River, 
 59 miles X.X.AV. of Boston. Lat. 4-3° 12' 29" X., Ion. 71° 29' 
 W. It extends about 2 miles along the river, and thri-e- 
 quarters of a mile back. The streets are handsomely laid 
 out. and many of them beautifully shaded. The hotels, the 
 principal mercantile houses, and a largj portion of the ma- 
 
 485 
 
CON 
 
 nufactoiies are on Maine street, ■which is nearly 100 feet 
 broad and about 2 miles long. State street, also about 
 2 miles Ii.ng, b .s on it the State Prison, a massive p-a- 
 nite stnic^ture, mil a Methodist General Biblical Insti- 
 tute, founded in 1S47. The State-bouse stands in the 
 midst of a beautiful common, planted with maple and elm 
 trees. It is built of hewn gianite. is 12tj feet long, -19 feet 
 wide, and 2 stories high above the basement. Concord con- 
 tains a new city hull, 9 churches, 5 state banks, 1 or 2 na- 
 tional banl % a State Lunatic Asylum, and 2 railnoad dejjots. 
 Here is an extensive manufactory of carriages, employing 
 a ciipitul or $200,000. By the aid of locks, the falls in" the 
 Merrimack, opposite the town, furnish a vast hydraulic 
 ])<)wer, exte isively employed in manufacturing. Among 
 the articles produced may be mentioned iron and steel, 
 machinery, musical instruments, leather, wooden ware, and 
 woollen good.s. The business of Concord, which is impor- 
 tant and rajiidly increasing, centres principally in Boston, 
 formerly it was c;\rried on through the Merrimack River 
 and Middlesex Canal ; but since the completion of the 
 various railroads opening communicjition with nearly 
 every section of the state, the canal has been abandoned. 
 Four new?pai)ers are published here. Pop. 10,890. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village and township of Kssex co., Ver- 
 mont, on the west side of Connecticut liiver, 40 miles E. by 
 N. of Slontpelier. Pop. 1291. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-township and semi-capital of ^fiddlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Fitehburg Railroad, and on both 
 sides of Concord River, 20 miles N.W. of Boston. It con- 
 tains a bank, and a newspaper office; has manufactories of 
 cotton and woollen flannels, black-lead pencils, boots and 
 shoes, carriages. &c. A granite obelisk, 25 feet high, here 
 marks the spot where, excepting at Lexington, on the same 
 di>}'. CApril 19th. 1775.) the first blood was shed in defence 
 of American independence. It was settled in 16:55. A Pro- 
 vincial Congress was held liere in 1774. Pop. 2246. 
 
 CONCORD, a township of Krie co.. New York. Pop. 3183, 
 
 CONCOKD. a post-township in the S.W. part of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvani!^ 22 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia. Pop. 
 1220. 
 
 CONCORD, a townsliip of Krieco. Pennsylvania. Pop.124.5. 
 
 CONCOKD, a i)Ost-viIlage of Franklin co., Pennsvlvania, 
 In Path VaHey,28 miles X. of Chambersburg. Pop. near250. 
 
 CONCORD, a small village of Lanca.-ter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village of Sussex Co., Delawiire, 46 
 miles S. of Dover. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-office of -Appomattox co., Virginia. 
 
 CONCORD, a thriving pcst-villagi-. rapital of Cabarras 
 CO., North Carolina, on a branch of Itockv River. 145 miles 
 W. by S. of Raleigh. It is on (he North Caroltua Railroad, 
 the commencement of which has already increased the ac- 
 tivity of its bnsiness. Concord contains 3 or 4 churches, 1 
 academy, and a cotton factory. 
 
 Concord, a post-village of Baker CO., Georgia, 28 miles 
 W. of Albany. It has 3 stores. 
 
 COXCORll, a post-office of Harrison co., Texa.s. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village in Lincoln co., Tennessee, about 
 70 miles .S. by K. of Nashville. 
 
 CONCORD, a i)ost-village of Lewis co , Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio, 6 miles above Maysville. It has 1 church, and about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 CONCORD, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1008. 
 
 CONCORD, a township of Delaware co.. Ohio. Pop. 1K-.6. 
 
 CONCORD, a township in Favette co , Ohio. Pop. 1044. 
 
 CONCORD, a township of Highlaml co., Ohio. Pop. 1451. 
 
 CONCUR!), a post-township in the S. part of Lake co., 
 Ohio. I'op. 95.3. 
 
 CONCORD, a township in the central part of Miami co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 4246. 
 
 CONCORD, a small village in Muskingum co., Ohio, about 
 14 miles E. by N. of Zane'sville. Pop. about 400. 
 
 CONCORD, a townsliip in the N.W. part of Ross co., Ohio. 
 Pop 28:^5. 
 
 C iNCORD, a township in the W. part of Jackson co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 11(2. 
 
 CONCORD, a flourishing post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Kalamazoo River, 90 miles W. of Detroit. It is 
 situated in a beautiful and productive country, diversified 
 by groves of oaks, resembling orchards. The village has 
 good water-power, and contiuns several flouring-mills. Pop. 
 in 1861). about 700. 
 
 CONCORD, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 816. 
 CONCORD, 1 village of Iroquois co.. Illinois, on the Iro- 
 lois River. 10 or 12 miles !■;. by N. of Middleport. 
 
 quois iSiver. 10 or 12 miles !■;. by N. of Middleport. 
 
 CONCORD, a small post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, 
 60 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village of Callaway Co.. Missouri, .>J 
 miles N.N.K. of Jefferson City, is situated in a rich farming 
 district, and has some trade. 
 
 CONCORD, a posl-villagc of Louisa co., Iowa, 35 miles 
 N. bj W. of Uuriiugtou. See Appendix. 
 4&i> 
 
 CON 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village and township of Jefferson co, 
 Wisconsin. 44 miles E. of Madison. Poi>. 1442. 
 
 CON'CORD COR'NER, a villajo in Concord township, 
 Essiw CO , A'ermont, about 38 miles W. by N. of Munt- 
 pelier. 
 
 CONCORDI.A, kon-koK'de-J. a parish in the N.E. part of 
 Louisiana, on the western bank of the Mississippi River. TTio 
 area is about 790 squaremiles. The western border is washed 
 by the Tensas and Washita Rivers, and the southern border 
 by the iJed River; all of which are navigable. The surface 
 Is low, subject to inundation, and occupied by numerous 
 lakes or sloughs. In 1S50, there vere raised is,297 bales 
 of cotton — the greatest quantity produced by any parish 
 of the state, except Tensas. Capiti-l, Vidalia. Pop". 13,805, 
 of whom 12(>3 were free. 
 
 CONCORDIA, a post-office of Bolivar co.. Mississippi. 
 
 CONOIRDIA, a post-village in Fayette CO., Tennessee, 
 alKjut 170 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 CONCORDIA, a vill.nge of Meade co., Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio River, about 110 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 CONCORDIA, a post-village in D.irke co., Ohio, 35 miles 
 N.W. ofDravton. 
 
 CON&ORDIA-DI-QUA. kon-koRMe-a-dee-kwd, a town of 
 Northern Italy, 34 miles N.E. of ^■enice. on the left bank 
 of the Limene. Pop. 1330. It was of imfKirtance during 
 the Roman dominion, and remains a bishop's see, although 
 now in decay. 
 
 CONCORlilA-DI-QUA, a walled town of Northern Italy, 
 province of and about 17 miles N. of Modena, on the right 
 bank of the Seccliia. Pop. 3600. 
 
 CONCORDIA VILLAGK. Louisiana. See Vd).\u.k. 
 
 CON'CORD RIVER, of Middlesex county, in the northern 
 part of Ma.esachusetts. is fornied by the junction of Assa- 
 Ijet and .Sudbury Rivers, at the town of Concord, and falls 
 into the Merrimack, near Lowell. This river is the princi- 
 pal feeder of the Middlesex Canal. 
 
 CONCORDVILLE. a post-village of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 83 miles E.S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 CONCRETE, a post-office of De ^\ itt co., Texas. 
 
 CONa)AMINir RIVER, Jjistern Australia, is a head- 
 stream of the Darling River: hit. 28'' S., Ion. 151° E. 
 
 CON'DAPII/LY, a town of British India, in the presi- 
 dency of Madras, 55 miles N.W. of >lasulipat-im. on the 
 Kistnah. formerly the capital of one of the Northern Circars. 
 
 CONDAT, kAN^Mii/, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Correze. 16 miles N.N.W-. of Tulle. Pop. 1730. 
 ■ CONDAT. a village of France, in the depai-tmeut of Puy- 
 de-Dome, 26 miles W. of Clermont. Pop. 1700. 
 
 CONDAT'CHY, abay and village of Ceylon, on its western 
 coast. 120 miles N. of Colombo. It is the centre of the cele- 
 brated pearl fishery of the Gulf of Manaar. 
 
 COND.VfK. S^ Rennes. 
 
 CONDAT-EN-IENIERS. kix<=MM^s<=-fi'ne-.V, a village 
 of France, in the department of Cantal, 32 miles NJE. of 
 Aurillac. I'op. .^a^O. 
 
 CONDK, kAx^Md', a town of France, in the department 
 of Nord, at the confluence of the Ilaine and Scheldt, 7 
 miles N.N.E. of Valencii^nnes. Pop. in 1852. 5110. It is 
 enclosed by strong fortifications, and well built. It has a 
 handsome church, a town-hall, arsenal, military hospital, a 
 harbor for river-craft, manufactories of chicorj-, starch, 
 leather, and cordage, an extensive trade in coals and cattle; 
 .ilso large weekly airn-markels. and an annual fair of 8 days 
 in October. It was frei^uently taken during the early wars, 
 and by the .\ustrians in 1793. 
 
 CONDK. kon'd.i. a town and .seaport of Brazil, in the pro- 
 vince of. and 85 miles N.E. of I>:ihia. at the mouth of the 
 Inhambuite. It coutains a pari.sh church, and a primary 
 school, and has .some trade in sugar, tobacco, and mundioca. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 CONDE, a town of Brazil, in the province of. and about 
 20 miles S. of Parahiba, in a plain, between the small rivers 
 Japo<|uinha and .lapoca. Pop. SOO. 
 
 CONDF;. a town of Brazil, in the provinceof. and 22 miles 
 S.W. of Pari, on the right bank of the Tocantins. It stands 
 upon a kind of island formed by thir, river, the Moju. ami 
 the Igna)i6 Mirim, a can.il forming a communication be- 
 tween thtni. 
 
 CONDfi-EN-BRIE. kAx^M-V-Jx^-bree, a town of Franco, 
 in the department of .\isne, £ niiies E. of Chateau-Thierry. 
 Pop. 092. 
 
 CONDE-SUR-IIUINE, kANoM-V-sUR-ween. a town of Franco, 
 in the department of Orne, 7 miles S.E. of Mortagne. 
 Pop. 13S2. 
 
 CONDfi-SUR-ITON.ki'.xoMV-sUR-eeHAxo'.a town of France, 
 in the department of Eure, on the left bank of the Itou, 
 16 miles iS.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 1100, partly employed in 
 raising and forging iron. 
 
 C0ND15-SUR-NO1REAU. kAxoMA'-sUR-nw-JVO/. a town of 
 France, in the department of Calvados, at the confluence of 
 the Noireau and Dronance. 25 miles S.S.W. of Caen. )*op. 
 in 1852, 6315. Here are manufactories of linens, eotron, 
 and mixed fabrics, muslins, cotten-yarn. cutlery, ."»nd 
 leather ; also a trade in cattle, horses, and honey. This 
 was one of the first towns in France that embraced the re- 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 fbrmed religion, and, in 1674, a Protestant synod was held 
 here. 
 
 C(JXDE-SUR-VIRE, kix^MA'-saa-veeR, a commune and 
 village of France, in the department of Manche, on the right 
 bank of tlie Vire, 5 miles S.S.E. of St. lA Pop. "ilfU. 
 
 C0.VDJ';SUY0S. kon-di-soo'yoce, a disti-ict of Peru, in the 
 department of Areiiuipa, extending from the N.E. Ixjund- 
 ary cf Uolivia to Camaua, on the W., and intersected N.E. 
 to S.W. by the Val-de-Mayes. Wine, grain, and cochineal 
 ai-e produced in abundance. The gold-mines here are not 
 BO prudii'tive as formerly. Pop. 20,145. 
 
 CUNKlO-VIEUX, kAx^MAZ-ve'-uh', a village of France, In 
 the department of the Xord, on the right bank of thp 
 Scheldt. Pop. 2981. 
 
 CO.N'DTCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 COXDIN'O, kou-dee'no, a village of Austria, duchy of Ty- 
 rol, 21 miles AV. of Koverodo, on the Sarca. It contains a 
 church, a Capuchin monastery, and has iron-works. Pop. 
 9405. 
 
 COXDOJI, kAx^'ddN":', a town of France, department of 
 Gers, ou the Bayse, here crossed by two bridges, 25 miles 
 N.X.W. of Auch. Pop. in 1852, 7210. Its interior. is ill 
 built, but it has agreeable suburbs, a large marketrsquare, 
 a noble parish church, an exchange, 2 hospitals, manufac- 
 tures of cotton and mixed fabrics, cotton yarn, earthen- 
 ware, and an active trade with Bordeaux in rural pi-oduce. 
 BossLiet was bishop of Condom. 
 
 COXD )MOIS, koN'oMo^unvd/, a former district of France, in 
 the old [irovince of Gascony. Its capital was Condom, now 
 comprised in the departments of Gers, Laudes and Lot-et- 
 Garonne. 
 
 CtJXDOl!, an i.sland of the Chinese Sea. See Poolo-Coxdor. 
 
 CDX'DOVElv, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 COXDIII EU, koxoMre-L'h', a town of France, department of 
 Rhone, 21 miles S. of Lyons, on the right bank of the Khone. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 3200, who manufacture silk fabrics, and trade 
 in corn and in superior white wines. 
 
 CaXEOOCIIEAGUE (kouVko-choeg') CREEK rises in the 
 S. part of Pennsylvania, and flowing through Maryland, 
 fells into the Potomac at Williamsport. 
 
 COXIXUII, ko-netyka, a small river of Alabama, rises in 
 Pike CO., and flowing S.\V. into Florida, unites with the 
 Escambia, a few miles from the boundary of the two stjites. 
 
 COXPXJUII, a county in the S. part of .VlaUama, bordering 
 on Florida, has an area of 14^0 square miles. It is traversed 
 by Conecuh River, from which it derives its name, and also 
 drained by Sepulga Uiver. The surface is uneven, the soil 
 is SJindy, and mostly unproductive. Cottcui and Indian 
 corn are cultivated. Large quantities of pine lumber are 
 procured from the forests, and conveyed down the Conecuh 
 River in small boats or rafts. A cavern of considerable size 
 has been found in the E. part of the county, near Brooklyn. 
 Organized about the year 1822. Capital, Sparta. P. 11,3U, 
 of whom 6429 were free, and 4882 slaves. 
 
 COX'EDOGWIX'IT, a creek which rises in the S. p.art of 
 Pennsylvania, and flows into the Susquehanna, nearly op- 
 posite Ilarrisburg. * 
 
 a»XEGLIANO, ko-nAl-yJ'no, a towniof Northern Italy, 
 government of Venice, 15 miles N. of Treviso. Pop. 6459. 
 It is enclosed by an ancient wall, is well built, and has a 
 cathedral and a citadel. It has manufactures of woollen 
 and silk fabrics. It w;is created a duchy by Napoleon for 
 Mari'chal Moncey. 
 
 COXE,[EK.\. ko-nA-nVrd. a small uninhabited i.sland of 
 the Me'literranean. forming the highest of the Cabrera 
 group, about 6 miles from Clape Salinas, on the S. cojist of 
 Iviija. It takes its name, Conejera, (a "rabbit warren,") 
 from the number of rabbits which swarm upon it. 
 
 COXEM.VUGIL kon'e-maw, ariver of Pennslvania, rises in 
 Cambria co., and flowing nearly W., forms the Ixiundary be- 
 tween Indiana and Westmoreland counties, until it unites 
 with the Loyalhanna, near Saltzburg. The stream thus 
 formed is called the Kiskiminetas River. The Pennsylvania 
 Canal follows the course of this stream. 
 
 COXEMAUGII. a township of Cambria' co., Eennsylrania. 
 Po]). 6059. 
 
 COXE.MAUGII. a borough of Cambria co , Pennsylvania, 
 on the Central Railroud, 170 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 
 in 1S.W. 8.^4. 
 
 COXEMAUGII. a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2293. 
 
 COXEMAUGII, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1105. 
 
 COXEMAUGII FURNACE, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CON^KQUENES'SIXG CREEK, of Western Pennsylvania, 
 rises in Butler co., and unites with the Slippery Rock 
 Creek, in Mercer county. 
 
 COX^ESTO'GA. a creek of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Susquehanna, about 12 miles below Colum- 
 bia. Boats ascend it to Lancaster City. 
 
 Ci)NESTOGA, a post-village and township in the S.W, 
 f>art of Lanciister co., Pennsylvania, bordering on Susque- 
 hanna River, and bounded by Conestoga and Pequca 
 creeks, about 36 miles S.E. of Ihu-risburg. Pop. 3167. 
 
 . CONE'SrS, a post-village and township of Livingstoji co. 
 New York, bordering on Conesus and Hemlock Lakes, 10 
 miles S.K. of Geiieseo. It is traversed by the Buflfalo and 
 Corning Railroad. Pop. 1443. 
 
 Ci>Nr;8U.S LAKE, of New York, in the central part of 
 Livingston CO.. is 8 miles in length, and from three-quarters 
 of a mile to 1 mile in breadth. Its outlet joins the Genesee 
 River. 
 
 CONE.SVILLE, konz'vil, a post-village and township of 
 Sclioliarie co , New York, about 40 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 Pop. 1478. 
 
 CONESVILLK, a post-oflice of Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 CONKW.VGO, kon-e-w.Vgo, a creek in the S.piirt of Potn- 
 sylvania, rises in Ailams co.. flows through York co., ai d 
 entei-8 the Sasquehanna, a little below York Haven. 1 a 
 general course is N.E. TheLittleConewagoentersthematn 
 stream, about 3 miles from its mouth. 
 
 CON kw .4.00, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 670. 
 
 C0NEW.A.Q0, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 816. 
 
 CONEWAQO, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 Po|). 1277. 
 
 CONEWAN'GO. a post-village and townshii) of Cattarau- 
 gus CO., New Yo! k, 45 miles S. by W. of Buffalo, drained by 
 Conewango Creek. Pop. 13;'.9. 
 
 CONEWAN'GO, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 Total pop. 2811. 
 
 CONEWANGO CREEK rises in the W. part of New York, 
 and enters the Alleghany River at Warren Court-House, in 
 I'ennsylvania. It receives the waters of the outlet of Cluiu- 
 tauque IjJike. 
 
 CONEWIN'GO, a little village of Cecil co., Maryland, on 
 a ci'eek of the same name, near its entrance into the Sus- 
 quebann.a. 
 
 CO'.VEY ISL.\ND. (anc. Tniahmulclnr/Iii/.) an island of Ire- 
 land, in Sligo Bay, I5 miles long, and half a mile average 
 breadth. 
 
 CONEY ISLAND, an i.sland at the S.W. extremity of 
 IjOng Island, New York, 11 miles S. of New York City. 
 Length, IJ miles; breadth, about half a mile. It contains 
 three large hotels, and is resorted to by multitudes during 
 the summer for seabathing. 
 
 COXFEDERA'TIOX OF THE RIIIXE, a confederation 
 firmed by the secondary states of Gepuiany, under the pro- 
 tection of XaiX)leon. in 1806. It comprised 34 stati>s. viz. the 
 4 kingdoms of Bavaria. Saxony, Westphalia. WUrteintierg, 
 and the duchies or principalities of Frankfort, l$erg and 
 Cleve.s, Hesse-Darmshidt, Wurzlmrg, Nassnu-Usingen, Nas- 
 .sau-Weilburg, Iloheuzollern-llechingen, HohenzoUern-Sig- 
 maringen, Isenburg-lJirkstein, Liechtenstein, Leyen, Saxe- 
 Weimar, Saxe-Gotha. Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-IIildbnrghau- 
 sen, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Anhalt-Des.sau. Anhalt-Bern- 
 burg. Anhalt^Cothen, Lippo-Detmold, Lippe-S<haumburg, 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Reuss-Greitz, 
 Reu.ss-Schleitz.Reuss-Elx^rsdorf. Reuss-Lobenstein, Schwarz- 
 burg-Sondershausen, Schwarzhurg-Rudolstadt. and Wal- 
 deck. At the fall of the French Knii)ire, the states of the 
 Confederation of the Rhine combined with the other states 
 of Germany to form the Germanic Confederation. 
 
 CONFIEXZA, kon-fe-^n'zd, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont. 9 miles S.S.W. of Xovara. Pop. 1539. 
 
 COXFLANS, kAxo'flftxo', a town of the Sardinian States, in 
 Upper Savoy, at the influx of the Arley into the Is^re, 24 
 miles E.N. E. of Chambery. Pop. 1.335. Its fortifications were 
 mostly destroyed by the French under Francis I. Near it 
 are royal smelting- works fir silver ore, rai.sed in its vicinity. 
 
 C0X"FL.\XS. a village of Fr.ance, department of Sarthe, 
 26 miles E, of Le Mans, Pop. 1220. Several communes in 
 the central and E. departments of France have this name. 
 
 COXFLAXS SAIXTE HUXORIXE. kAxo'liSx"' s&nt-o'no'- 
 reen', a village of France, department of Seim^et-Oiso, on 
 the right bank of the Seine, near the influx of the Oise. and 
 on the Paris and Havre Railway, 14 miles N,W. of Paris. 
 Pop. 1520, 
 
 CONFLEXTI, kon-fi^n'tee, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra II., 7 miles N. of Nicastro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 C0XFLUENTE3. See Coblk.ntz. 
 
 COXFOLEXS or COXFOLEXT, kAxo^foMAx"', a town of 
 France, dep;»rtment of Charent«. on the ri;;ht bank of the 
 Vienne, here crossed by a bridge, 35 miles X.E. of Angou- 
 leme. Pop. 2289. It has a commercial college, a trade in 
 timber, cattle, and corn, and large monthly fairs. 
 
 COXG, a small town and parish of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 CO. of Mayo. 9 miles W.X.AV. of Ileadford. Pop. of town, 
 364. It has a good church, and curious remains of an abbey 
 of the seventh century. 
 
 COXGAREE. kong*ga-rep', a river of South Carolina, 
 formed by the Broad and Saluda liivers, which unite at Co- 
 lumbia, liear the middle of the state. After a S.K. course 
 of about 50 miles, it unites with the Wateiee to form the 
 Santee. Steamboats a.scend this river to Columbia. 
 
 COXGAREE CREEK, of Lexington district. South Caro- 
 lina, flows into the Congaree River, a few miles below 
 Columbia. 
 
 487 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 COX'OBRSTOy, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 eONG'HAM. a parish of Euijland, co. of Norfolk. 21 miles 
 E.S E. nf the castle of Kising. The antiquary SiHjlman was 
 born here in 15tt4. 
 
 OONiiLKTON. kon^g'I-ton, a municipal borough, town, 
 ana ch.ipulry of Enj^Iand. co. of Chester, in the deep v.iUey 
 of the Dane. ne.ar the Manclesfleld Canal, "i miles S.S.W. of 
 Macclesfield. I'op. of borouirh, in ISol, 10.520. Principal 
 buildings, the Episcopal, Koman Catholic, and other chapels, 
 town-hall and jail, market-house and a.s,semlily rooms. It 
 h,is a grammar school, some cotton spinning factories, and 
 manufactories of ribbons and other silk fabrics, which em- 
 ploy most of its population. 
 
 CONGO, kong'go, or Z.\IKE. jij-ee'r.'i, a large riverin South- 
 western Africa, having its emljourhure in the South At- 
 lantic, in lat. C° S.; Ion. 12° 40' E. Of its origin and aifluents 
 h.irdly any thing is known ; hut. according to the accounts 
 of the natives, it issues from an extensive marsh, about lat. 
 2° 15' X.. Ion. 17° 30' E.: although McQueen is disposed to 
 think that its sources lie considerably farther X. At its 
 mouth it is 10 miles wide; a little higher up it diminishes 
 to 7 : and at IW miles from the sea. narrows commence and 
 continue for 40 miles, through which space the river is not 
 generally more than from 310 to 500 yards wide, and mostly 
 confined between lofty rugged rocks, where tremendous 
 falls and cataracts occur; and below, where it begins to ex- 
 p:ind, are fearful whirlpools. Above the narrows, for about 
 100 miles, the river again expands to a breadth of 2, 3. and 
 even more than 4 miles, flowing with a current of 2 or 3 
 miles an hour. Immediately off its mouth, Captain Tuckey 
 found no bottom with 150 fathoms of line, the velocity of 
 the stream varying from 2^ to 5 knots an hour. Thirteen 
 miles from the entrance the water is perfectly fresh, of a 
 diiigy red color; it ferments in a few d.iys. and remains for 
 Bome time in a highly puti-escent state, discoloring silver 
 greatly, but it afterwards becomes perfectly cle-ar and color- 
 le.ss, and deposits no sediment. The rise of the Congo, at 
 Its highest flood, is. toward its mouth, 12 feet, and every 
 third and fourth year it is said to rise to a greater height 
 than it does in the intermedi.ite years. The banks on either 
 side are low and swampy, principally covered with two dif 
 ferent kinds of mangrove.s — one a low bush, the other a 
 stately tree: there are also many kinds of palms, two of 
 which bear fruit, one of them poisonous. 
 
 Cl)X60, an extensive but little known conntrj- of AVestern 
 Africa, in South Guinea. It was formerly understood to 
 comprise all the countries between the equator and lat. 18° 
 S., and is now divided into 4 principal parts, viz. Ix)ango, 
 Congo proper, Angola, and Benguela. Congo proper is sepa- 
 rated from Loango on the N. by the river Congo or Zaire, S. 
 from Angola by the Danda. and is Viounded W. by the Atlan- 
 tic, and E. by thi? countrii-s of the interior. Capital. Banza. 
 called by the Portuguese Sao Salvador, The government is 
 despotic. The I'ortugue.se, who discovered Congo in I486, 
 long held it in vassal.ige. chiefly through their missionaries, 
 but their authority is merelv nomln.al. 
 
 COSGOMIAS-DK-SABAKA, AKUAIAL DE dR-Kl-ai' di 
 kon-gAii'y2.«-d.'l-.«d-bd-r3.' an irregularly built mining village 
 of Brazil, province of Miiia.s-Geraes. about lat. 19° 50' S., Ion. 
 21° W.. near the mine of Marro Yelho, wrought by a British 
 company, and is chiefly inhabited by those connected with 
 the mining operations. Pop. 2000, 
 
 C0XG0.\HAS-D0-CAMP0, kon-gAn'yis-do-kJm'po, a town 
 and parish of Brazil, province of Minas-Gei-aes, on a river 
 of same name, about 16 miles W. of Queluz. A college 
 established here enjoys a high reputation, and in the neigh- 
 borhood are mines of iron, employing 5 furnaces. Pop, .3000, 
 COXXtOOX', a maritime town of Persia, province of Fars, 
 with a port ^n the X. shore of the Persian Gulf. 115 miles 
 S.E. of Uushire, Pop, 6IJ0O. 
 
 COXGKKIIOY, kon-gra-ho/ee, a river of Central America, 
 in GuatLMuala. province of Honduras, flowing N.. and falling 
 into the Caril)bean Sea, about 55 miles W. by S. of Truxillo. 
 A few miles above its embouchure is a singular peak of same 
 name. 7500 feet high. 
 
 COXGllESBURY. kong'gherz-ber-e. a village and parish 
 of England, co. of Somerset. 2 miles S. of the Clevedon Sta- 
 tion of the Great ■ffestem Railway. Pop, 1380. 
 
 COX'GRKSS, a township in Morrow co.. Ohio. Pop. 1563. 
 COXGKESS, a post-village and township forming the 
 N.W. extremity of Wayne co^ Ohio, 85 miles N.K. by E. of 
 Columbus. Pop. 2265. 
 
 COXIIOC'TOX, a river, rises near the N.AV. extremity of 
 Steuben co., in the S.S.W. part of New York, and running 
 in a S.K. course, unites with the Tioga, to form the Che- 
 mung River. 
 
 CONIIOCTON, a township of Steuben co.. Now Y'ork. 
 Pop. 2n35. 
 
 COXI, ko'nee. or CUNEO, koo-ni'o, a town of Northern 
 Italy, in the State of Piedmont, capital of the province of 
 Coni, is sitiiated on an eminence at the confluence of the 
 Stura and Gezzo, 48 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop, exclusive 
 of garrison, 12,7i>7. It was a strong fortress previously to 
 1800, when it was dism;intled by the French after the bat- 
 tle of Marengo. It is still enclosed by walls, and has some 
 iS8 
 
 handsome streets, a cathedral, and several other chnrches 
 numcmiis nunneries, a fine town-hall, a royal college, hosni- 
 tal. orphan a.sylum, work-house, thtatre. iu.d public baths, 
 with manufactures of silk and other fabrics, and a consider- 
 able trade in agricultural produce, it being an entrepot for 
 the commerce between North-'NVestern Italy ami the coun- 
 tries bevond the Alps. 
 
 COXIL. ko-neel', a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.E. of 
 Cadiz. It is surrounded by walls, and defended by 3 forts. 
 Pop. 1542. 
 COXIMBRIGA. See Coimbba. 
 
 COXIXBKOUGII, kon'in-bruh, a vill.age and parish of 
 Engl.and. co. of York, West Hiding, on the Don, 7 mile* 
 N.E. of Rotherham. Pop 1445. It contains stately ruing 
 of a castle supposed to have been erected at the Conquest, 
 and the massive keep of which is still nearly entire. 
 
 CON'INGSBY or CUN'ESBY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 COX'IXGTON. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 COXIXGTOX-wiTH-IlUNTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 COX'isCLIFFE. a p.arish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 COXasiIOLM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 COX'ISTON, a township of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 C0X1ST0XE. a chapelrv of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 COXISTONE WATER, a fine lake of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, 4 miles W. of Ilawkshead. It is 6^ miles in length 
 from X. to S., by three-quaiters of a mile in breadth, and 
 having at its N. extremity the romantic Conistone Fells, in 
 which are slate qu:irries and copper-miues. The char of 
 Conistone Water are esteemed the finest in England. 
 
 COXITZ or KOXITZ. ko'nits, a town of Western Priissja, 
 in Marienwerder. on the Brahe. Pop. 1203. It has a gym- 
 nasium and manufactures of linens. 
 
 CONJEVERAM, kon'jev-^r-am' or kon-jJv'er-am, ■ (ano. 
 Gincliipiira, " the golden city.") a considerable town of Bri- 
 tish India, on the river Palaur. in the presidency, and 42 
 miles S.W. of Madras, in the district of Chiugleput. in which 
 it is the principal military station. It is a collection of vil- 
 lages interspersed with gardens, and it has two remarkable 
 temples, many other pagodas and public edifices, and some 
 manufactures of cotton and other fabrics. The town is sni^ 
 rounded by a hedge of the American aloe, a plant formerly 
 much used in India as a defence .'igainst sudden inclusions 
 of mounted 1 audits. There is a school here, connected with 
 the Free Church of Scotland Madras Jlission, (1851,) attended 
 by 3<J9 pupils. 
 
 CONKAIR or KONKAIR,kon-kdre/. atown of Hindostan, 
 province of Gundwana. at the foot of a rocky hill, on the 
 right bank of the Mahanuddy, 157 miles S.E. of Xagpoor. 
 It is surrounded by hills inhabited by wild Gond moun- 
 taineers. 
 
 COX KEY'S STORE, a post^iffice of Vermilion co.. Illinois 
 
 COXKl. kon'kee. a river of Ilindostiin, ri.Mng in the 
 southern slope of the Mergoo 5Iouiitains. and forming the 
 boundarj* between Nepaul and the territory of Sikkim, and 
 joins the Mahanada 20 miles E. of Pumeah, after a course 
 of about 150 miles. 
 
 COXK'LIX, a post-village and township of Broome co., New 
 York, intersected by Susquehanna Kiver and by the Erie 
 Railroad, about 5 miles S.E. of Binghamton. Pop. 1146. 
 
 COXKLIX CENTRE, a post-village of Broome co.. New 
 York, 110 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 COXLIE. k(l)x<'Mce', a market-town of France, department 
 of Sarthe, 12 miles S.AV. of Mans. Pop. 1627. 
 
 COX'NA, a vilLage of Ireland, co. of Cork, 5 miles W.N.W. 
 of Tallow-on-the-Bride. It has ruins of a castle burned in 
 1653. Pop. 4-34. 
 
 CONNAS.\U'flA, a river of Georgi.o, rises in Gilmer co., 
 near the Blue Ridge, It flows northward to the X, tound- 
 ary of the state, then turns southward, and unites with the 
 Coosawattee. near New Echota. to form the Oostenaula. 
 
 CONNAUGHT. kon'nawt. (Latin Cnnnacia,) the smallest 
 of the four provinces of Ireland, bounded on the X". and W. 
 by the Atlantic. E. by Ulster and Lcinster. and S.E. by Mun- 
 ster. Greatest length, from S. to N., S6 miles: greatest 
 breadth. 81 miles. Are.a. 4,.302.000 acres, of which about 
 2,000,000 are arable. Pop. 911,917. The W. portion is 
 broken up into numerous peninsulas, the largest of which 
 is Connemara. and numerous islands, as .■Vchill. Innisbegil, 
 Clare, Innisboflin. Arranmore. &c. The numerous Uays and 
 sounds afford commodious harbois. The W. part of the pro- 
 vince, including the islands, is mountainous, the elevatit n 
 in many parts amounting to 2000 feet, forming highly pic- 
 turesque scenery. The N. and S. extremities are also ele- 
 vated, while the centre forms one level plain. The chief 
 rivers are the Bonnet. Uncioii, Arrow, >loy. and Clare, th« 
 Shannon forming the E. boundary. The chief lakes are Lake 
 Conn, 10 miles in length. Corrib. Mask, and Carra. Granit«> 
 and primary rocks form the northern p:irt. commencing at 
 Galway bay; Silurian strata extend W. of Lochs Corrib Hnc* 
 Mask, and to this succeeds old red -amis tone. The centre and 
 eastern parts are composed of limestone, and coal is fonnH 
 in Lough Allan district. The province is divided into thu 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 cotrnties of Mayo and Gal way on the W., and SligO; Leitritn, 
 and Koscomnmn on the E. The chief towns are Galway. 
 Roscommon, Sliiro, Oarrlck, Castlebar, Tuam, Ballinasloe,'' 
 and Athloue. Connau^ht was formerly a kingdom of the 
 Irish heptjirchy, and ruled by the O'Connors; and in 1590 
 was divided into counties, and came under English admi- 
 nistration. 
 
 CONNKAUT, kon^ne-awf, a creek, rises in the N.W. pari- 
 of Pennsylvania, passes into the State of Ohio, and flows 
 Into r.ake Krie in Ashtabula county, 2 miles from the village 
 of Oinneaut. 
 
 CONXKAUX, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2867. 
 
 CONNEAUr, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pod. 
 2118. . 
 
 CONNE.^UT, a flourishing post-borough and township of 
 Ashtabula co.. Ohio, on a creek of its own name, and on the 
 Cleveland and Erie Kailroad, 2 miles from Lake Erie, and 
 226 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is the easternmost port in 
 Cuyahoga district, and has a good harbor at the mouth of 
 the creek. Its commerce is very considerable, it being the 
 entrepot for the landing of supplies and the shipping of 
 produce for an extensive and tertile agricultural region, 
 not only of the adjacent country in Ohio, but also of an im- 
 portant section of Pennsylvania. A liglit-house has been 
 erected here, and a number of vessels are owned in the town. 
 The borough cont.iins a bank, Schurches, a newspaper office, 
 and an academy. Pop. about 1.500. Conneaut is memorable 
 as the landing-place of the party which made the first set- 
 tlement of Northern Ohio, in 1799; and is sometimes called 
 the Plymouth of the Western Keserve. The settlers were 
 natives of New England. Pop. of the township, 19.")2. . 
 
 CONNEAUT'VILLE, a post-borough of Spring town- 
 ship, Crawford co., Pennsylvania, on the Erie Extension 
 Canal, 105 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg. It is the most 
 important town in the county, except Jleadville the cai)i- 
 tal, and has considerable trade. It contains a national 
 bank, and several churches. Population, in 1860, about 
 1000. 
 
 CONNECTICUT, kon-net/e-kat, the largest and, perhaps, 
 the most beautiful river in New Englangl, rises in the hi;j,h- 
 lands. between the United States and Canada, and flowing in 
 a S.S.W. direction, divides Vermont from New Hampshire, 
 passes through the western part of Massachusetts and cen- 
 tre of Connecticut, as far as Jliddletown, where it inflects to 
 the S.E., discharging its waters into Long Island Sound at 
 Saybrook, in hit. 41° Ki' 15" N., Ion. 72° 21' W. Its source, 
 1600 feet above the level of the sea, is a few miles N. of Con- 
 necticut Lake, tlirough which it passes. One of its branches 
 forma the boundary line between Canada East and New 
 Hampshire, to the 45th parallel of N. latitude. Tlie entire 
 length of the rivjr is rather more than 400 miles. Its 
 breadth at the north<>rn boundary of Vermont is 150 feet; 
 60 miles t)elow. :j90 feet : in Massachusetts and Connecticut 
 It varies from 450 to 1050 feet. Tlie volume of the Connecti- 
 cut is increased by a large number of afHuent streams, the 
 principal of which, on the W., are the Passumpsic, flowing 
 tnt« it at the f lot of Fifteen Mile Falls; the White Itiver, 
 joining it at Hannver; the Deerfield and Westfield Kivers in 
 Massachusetts, and the Farmington in Connecticut. Those 
 most prominent on the E. are the .\mraonoosu(k in New 
 Hampshire, and Miller's and Chicopee Kivers in Massiichu- 
 •ettfl. Numerous bridges have been thrown across this 
 stream ; the one farthest down is at Hartford, 50 miles from 
 Its mouth. To this place it is navigable f.)r vessels of 8 feet 
 draught, and to Middletown for those drawing 10 feet of 
 water. By the aid of canals around the falls, boats of 8 or 
 10 tons burden are enabled to ascend as far as Newbury, at 
 the mouth of Wells Kiver. in Vermont, a distance of 270 
 miles from Long Island :Souud. The Connecticut Valley, 
 measuring in a .'straight line, is about 300 miles long, with a 
 mean breadth of about 4i) miles. It is no le.ss celebrated for 
 the fertility of its .soil than for the variety of its enchanting 
 scenery. Some portions are diversified with magnificeut 
 mountains and beautiful lakes; others consist of broad 
 tracts of alluvitm. skirting the stream. The latter are an- 
 nually overtlownd in the spring, and not unfre(iuently at 
 other seasons, being thereby rendered e.xtremely productive. 
 Shadof a superior quality are taken in large quantities in the 
 Connecticut; but the salmon, with which it formerly 
 abounded, have entirely disappeared. The Indians called 
 this river Quonektacut. signifying •■ long river," or, as some 
 render it, " without end." 
 
 CONNECTICUT, one of the original states of the Ameri- 
 can Confederacy, and the most S.W. of the New England 
 States, is ixvunded N. by Jlassjichusetts, E. by Rhode Island, 
 S. bv Long Island .Sound, and W. by New York. It lies be- 
 tween 41° and 42° .3' N. lat., and 71° 55' and 73° 50' W. lou. ; 
 being about 03 miles in length from E. to W., and 68 miles 
 in its greatest breadth from N. to S. ; including an area of 
 ibout 4674 square miles, or 2,991,360 acres, of which 1,830,807. 
 *ere improved in 1S60. 
 
 Hici' of lite Cminlry. — Much of the surface of Connecticut 
 Is hilly and rugged, being crossed by several ranges of low 
 mountains, or perhaps more properly, high hills. The Green 
 
 Mountains, entering the N.W. portion of this state from 
 Massachusetts, extend in a succession of detached eminences 
 through the W. part of Connecticut. Another range, in 
 the N. part of the state, intervenes l)etween the Green Moun- 
 tains and the Talcet or Greenwoods Hange, which cross the 
 state from its northern boundary to nejtr New Haven. Far- 
 ther E. are the Middletown Mountains, e.xtending parallel 
 to the lastruamed ridge, between Hartford and a point E.of 
 New Haven. Crossing the Connecticut Kiver, we come upon 
 a ridge that appears to be a continuation of the Whit^ Moun- 
 tains of New Hampshire. The G reen Mountain Kanges, and 
 the mountjiins E. of the Connecticut, are primitive or gra- 
 nitic; while the other ranges, neiir the W. bank of the Con- 
 necticut, are composed of trap rock, more precipitous on the 
 western than on the eastern declivity. There are, between 
 these ranges, valleys and plains of greater or le.ss extent, 
 and, thfise on the river intervals particularly, of great agri- 
 cultural capabilities. The channel of the Connecticut, in 
 the lower part of its cour.se. is cut through a primitive form- 
 ation. The trap rocks generally rest ou a base of sand- 
 stone. 
 
 Geotogy and Min&rals. — AVe are indebted to Dr. Frankfort 
 of Middletown, Connecticut, for the following summary 
 '• The State of Connecticut may be geologic;illy divided into 
 two large fields, the first of which i.s composed of the un- 
 stratified asd metamorphic rocks, and the other of those 
 secondary strata which, under the name of 'freestone,' are 
 so extensively quarried in different parts of the state for 
 building purposes, and constitute the new red mmlftone of 
 Lyell. The best place to study this peculiar formation la 
 near Portland, in Middle.sex county. In the vicinity of the 
 new Ked Sandstone, are to be found, in nearly every part of 
 the state, large dykes of trap, which protrude and traverse it, 
 as, for example, at Meriden. This gives Connecticut a great 
 analogy to the Lake Superior copper region in which large 
 veins of native copper. une<iuallBd as yet in any other part of 
 the world, are found nearly always at the junction of these 
 trapdykes with the red sandstone. From this fact we niigh*' 
 expect that in Connecticut, also similar deposits of copper 
 would exist. In several instances, indeed, vestiges of the 
 presence of such have been found : as for example, near New 
 Haven, where a large mass of native copper was discovered; 
 and also near Meriden where ancient excavations made in 
 search of copper, may be seen. The state is very rich in 
 mining resources, as veins of the different metals have beei^, 
 discovered, and more will undoubtedly be found. In evf^^ ' 
 part of the world, such veins are chiefiy known to ( 
 where the metiimorphic strata are in junction with the 
 condary: and the mineral veins of Connecticut are uWi 
 these junctions, of which a great many may be fjund 
 throughout the stiite. The following is a brief statemeut 
 of the different localities in which valuable minerals are 
 known to exist in veins or deposits. Gold has been found 
 in small quantities in Miiidie lladdam, >liddle.sex <»unty ; 
 silver, in the argentiferous lead ore of the Middletown 
 mines, now extensively worked. One of the richest copper 
 mines in the United States has been worked in Biistol, 
 Hartford county, for ten years. The ores found here are 
 chiefly sulphurets. Copper deposits also exist near Litch- 
 field, Simsbury, Plymouth, Granby, Farmington and Mid- 
 dletown, Lead occurs, as galena, at the mines near Mid- 
 dletown ; also near 'Wilton and Brookfield, and near Monroe, 
 Fairfield county. Iron is mined at Salisbury, where large 
 furnaces are supplied with 'brown hematite,' the ore chiefly 
 found at the mines. Koxbury furnishes an excellent ore, 
 from which the very best of steel could be manufactured, if 
 the large deposits of pure spathic ii-on, known to exist there, 
 should be worked. Bismuth is found at differeut places in 
 the town of Monroe. The only vein containing the.se valu- 
 able metals, (cobalt and nickel.) in abundance in the United 
 States, is in the town of Chatham, where at present exten- 
 sive mining operations for their extraction are caj-ried ou." 
 
 The mines of Cheshire deserve mention also. As here 
 "sulphate of baryt;i"' or heavy spar occurs in large veins 
 which are explored by mining operations. The use of this 
 mineral is the s;»me as that of white lead, with which it is 
 often mixed when used for painting. The different granite 
 quarritvs in the state, furnish a variety of fine granite for 
 building purposes, tho.se of Haddam, Jliddle Haddam and 
 Middletown, are actively worked. Marble and verd-antiqua 
 of a very beautiful kind are found near Milford, where a 
 quarry has Ix'en opened. The ''t'eldspar Quarry" of Mid- 
 dletown, furnishes the manufacturers of china-ware in this 
 country with a pure spar, and many tons of it have been 
 shipped toEngland, where the mineral has been pronounced 
 very good by eminent authority. Connecticut is furthet 
 celebrated for several other minerals found there, such 
 as the Chrysol)eryl of Haddam, the precious Beryl of Had- 
 dam-Neck, and the Columbite, (a very rare mineral,) found 
 near Middletown, &c. &c. 
 
 Hirers. Biv/s, dx. — Long Island Sound washes the entire 
 southern boundary of the stat«. New Haven Bay is the 
 largest bay opening into the .sound, though there are a n um- 
 ber of small ones. The Connecticut Kiver, entering the 
 state from Massachusetts, traverses its whole extent from X 
 
 4sa 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 tc S., a Ml d'rides U info two nearly equal portions. This 
 ri\er is navigable 60 miles for vessels drawing 8 feet water., 
 The llousiitonic crosses the western part of the state, first in 
 a S.W. and then in a S.K- direction, and is navi^^able for 
 email vessels 12 miles. The Thames, in connection with its 
 main branch, the Quinebaug, traverses the E. part of the 
 Ftate. and is navigable 14 miles to Norwich. New London, 
 on this river, h;is an excellent harbor. These rivers all 
 empty into Long Island Sound. The Farmington Kiver 
 enters the Connecticut from the W. above Hartford. The 
 Shetucket. on the E.. unites with the Quinel«ug to fonn 
 the New Thames. The smaller rivers and streams abound 
 In falls and rapids, which afford valuable watt-r-power. 
 
 Oiijeels of Interest to IhtnisU. — Though Connecticut has 
 no high mountains, or any scenery reaching the sublime, 
 she h;»s much that is highly picturesque in various jwrts. 
 The shores of the Connecticut Kiver are often bold and pre- 
 cipitous ; sometimes with rugged cliffs on one side, while the 
 other spreads Into beautiful meadows, terminated by hills 
 or mountains at no great distance. Romantic hills and low 
 mountains diversify the whole of that part W. of the Con- 
 necticut Kiver, and some of the eastern portion. " At Kocky 
 Hill, near Hartford." says Goodrich, " in a quarry of build- 
 ing stone, the junction of .sandstone and trap is conspicu- 
 ously exhibited. Slost of the ridges are parallel, and their 
 Western parts generally precipitous, so that in many places 
 the country seems divided by stupendous walls. Immen.<!e 
 masses of ruins are collected at their feet. These consist 
 sometimes of entire cliffs and pillars of many tons weight, 
 which are thrown off by the freezing of water in the gullies, 
 and often fall with a mighty concussion into the valleys. On 
 the oppasite side, there is generally a gradual slope, covered 
 with trees." '• In Meriden," (we quote the same author.) •' is 
 a natural ice-house, in a narrow defile. l)etween ridges of 
 greenstone. The defile is choked up with the ruins of the 
 rocks which have fallen from the ridges, and form a series 
 of cavities overgrown with trees, and strewn with thick beds 
 of leaves. The ice is formed in the cavities of these rocks, 
 and remains the whole year. A portion of it melts during 
 summer, Ciiusing a stream of cold water perpetually to flow 
 from the spot. The space between the mountains is called 
 Cat Hollow, and presents the most wild and picturesque 
 scenery in the state." Mount Tom, near Litchfield is 700 
 feet high, and Bald Mountain, near the Massachusetts line. 
 Is the highest elevation in the state \Y. of the Connecticut 
 Kiver. The chalybeate springs of Stafford, in the neighbor- 
 hood of Bald Mountain, are the most noted in the stjite. 
 There is a waterfall ne;»r Norwich that Bartlett has thought 
 worthy of a place in his Views of American Scenery. Sa- 
 chem's Head, Saybrook. and Guilford, on I-ong Island, are 
 places of resort in the lathing season. 
 
 Clinuite, Snl. and PrrKhictinns. — The climate of Connecti- 
 cut, like that of New England in general, is severe in win- 
 ter, though vegetation, owing to its somewhat more south- 
 ern latitude, commences a little earlier in the spring than 
 in the other Intern States. It is liable, in March and 
 April, to chilling N.E. winds from the ocean, but the same 
 proximity to the sea mitigates the heats of summer, and 
 renders the nights pleasiint. The soil in the valleys of the 
 Connecticut, Quinipiac. IIous;»tonic, and other streams, is 
 generally very fertile, especially that of the first named river. 
 The N.W. and E. parts of the state are best adapted to graz- 
 ing, but the W. has many fertile districts suited to raising 
 grain. Wherever the soil admits of it, it is skilfully tilled. 
 and is generally made to produce the most it is capable of 
 with our pivsent system of culture. Connecticut yields most 
 abundantly butter and cheese, live stock. Indian corn, oats, 
 rye, market products, tobacco, wool, and Irish potatoes; she 
 also produces wheat, peas, beans, barley, buckwheat, hay, 
 grass-seeds, and beeswax and honey in considerable quanti- 
 ties, and some sweet potatotjs, wine, hops, flax, silk, and 
 maple sugar. In 1860 there were in the state 1,830,807 
 acres of improved land (673,457 being unimproved), produ- 
 cing 52,401 bushels of wheat ; 618,702 of rye; 2,059.835 of 
 Indian corn; 1,522,218 of oats; 1,8:!3,148 of Irish potatoes; 
 25,864 of peas and beans ; 20,813 of barley ; 2710 of sweet 
 potatoes; 309,107 of buckwheat; 26,<"95' of grass seeds; 
 6,000,133 pounds of tobacco; 335,896 of wool; 7,620,912 of 
 butter; 3.898,411 of cheese; 44,259 of maple sugar; 62.730 of 
 honey; 562,425 tons of liay ; live stock valued at $11,311,079; 
 orchard products $-508,848 ; market products $337,025, and 
 Blauglitered animals $:j,181,992. 
 
 Minufncture.*. — Though its wares are generally fabricated 
 in small (juantities by individuals with trifling capital, yet 
 the aggregate amount is great, placing Connecticut among 
 the first of the m:inufacturing states of the Union. The 
 wooden clocks of this state note the lapse of time to the re- 
 motest settlers of our Western States, and have of later years 
 been exported even to Europe. Wooden, iron, copper, tin. and 
 brass ware : hats, bixits, shoes, coaches, combs, axes, buttons, 
 saddlery, paiier. and agiicultural and mechanical apparatus, 
 are all largely manufacturt<l in this state. Extensive feoto- 
 ries of cotton and woollen goods have lately sprung into exist- 
 ence, and the following figures will show that Connecticut 
 does her full proportion in the production of these important 
 
 articles. She is nearly equal to New York or Pennsylvania 
 in the absolute amount of those articles procuicod. and. coia- 
 pared with her population, greatly superior, while she U 
 only inferior to Pennsylvania in the relative amount of iron 
 jnanufactiircd. According to the census of 1800, thi-re were 
 in Connecticut 3019 manufacturing ostablislinients, em- 
 ploying 64,469 persons, consuming raw material worth 
 f40,909,090, producing goods to the value of SS1,92^555 
 annually, total amount of capital invebted $15,590,430. Of 
 these 129 were cotton factories, amount of capital invested 
 $6,627,000, value of annual products 8^,91 1,3>7 ; >-4 woollen 
 factories, capital invested $2,491,000, annual produrts 
 $6,840,220 ; 212 boot and .shoe manufactories, capital invest- 
 ed S-313,400, annual products $-',0o3,T6J; 194 saw-mills, 
 cai)ital invested $375,300, annual prodncts $572,731; 154 
 carriage factories, capital investetl $1,776,450, annual pro- 
 ducts $4,171,804; 67 Iron works, capital invested $1,476,200, 
 annual products $1,795,.340; 132 flour and meal establish- 
 ments, capitiil invested $-J03,200, annual products .51,720,659 ; 
 75 establishments for the preparation and manufacture of 
 leather, amount of capitiil invested $49n.91>0, annual pro 
 ducts $953,782; 20 ship and boat-yards, eai)ital inve.-tiMl 
 $90,600, annual products $215,900; 17 clock maiuifactories, 
 capital invested $o05,0i>0, annual products $l,0b5,250; total 
 value of homemade manufactures $4S,U,)4. 
 
 Commerct. — The foreign commerce of Connecticut is nearly 
 all carried on through the ports of New York and Boston. 
 She has, however, some direct trade with the West Indies, 
 and an active coasting trade. Her domestic trade consists 
 principally in the e.xport of her manufactures. There were 
 33 arrivals in the ports of Connecticut from the wliale fishe- 
 ries in 1853, bearing 1914 barrels of .^perm and (.5,loiJ of whale 
 oil, and 2,042,240 poundsof whalebone. The foreign importt" 
 for the hscal year, ending June 30th, 1863, amounted to 
 $603,848; and the foreign exports to $554,066; tlie tonnage 
 of tlie vessels wliich entered was 22,9U2, and the tonnage of 
 those which clcjired 17,151. Tlie tonnage of the several 
 districts of the state amounted to 110.0;i3, of which 73,003 
 tons were onij)loyed in the coasting trade, <)720 in the whale 
 fishery, and 4446 in the cod fishery. The number of vessels 
 built dining the year was IS, tlie aggregate tonnage of 
 which was 4871. Of these vessels, 7 were steamers, and 2 
 brigs. 
 
 Jntemal Improvements. — Connecticut is threaded in all 
 directions by railways, connecting her principal towns with 
 each other, and with New Y'ork and Boston. Lines of rail- 
 way coast Long Island Sound from New York to Stoning- 
 toii, from which branches diverge to the N. from llridgeport, 
 New Haven, New London, Stonington, and sinalUr places, 
 uniting the towns just named with Albany. Pitt.stield, Win- 
 stoil, 'lariffviUe, Hartford, Spriugfiidd, Palmer, Worcester, 
 Providence, and various intermediate points. Tlie Provi- 
 dence Hartford and Fishkill Kailway, otlierwise called 
 the Boston Hartford and Erie Kailroad, is completed from 
 Providence to Waterbury, on the Naugiituck Railroad. 
 SeveriU brancli railways diverge from the main tracks to 
 Daubuiy, CollinsviUe, and other places. According lo the 
 report on the Eighth Census, tliis state liad in 1^60, 003 
 miles of railroad completed, the construction and equip- 
 UKUt of which cost $21,984,100. There were other lines 
 of railway in course of construction or projected, the most 
 important of which was an air-line railioad connecting 
 Boston with New Y'ork. 
 
 Julucatioii. — This state has long been celebrated for the 
 attention she has given to the subject of popular instruc- 
 tion. She had, in 1S52, a school fund of .■?2.04'.».4S2. origin- 
 ally derived from the .sale of certain public lands in Ohio, 
 the property of the state. Although this fund has distri- 
 buted among the schools of the state nearly $4 tXlO.OOO since 
 its formation in 1795. it has nearly doubled its princijiaL 
 In 1852, the revenue distributed among the different schools 
 was $143,693. The number of children in 1S52, tictween 
 4 and 16 years, was 96,382. The Legislature appropriated 
 $10.iX)0 in 1849 for the formation of a state normal school 
 for the instruction of youths intending to become teachers, 
 in 1850, it was .attended by 154 pupils. These are educated 
 gratis, but the number .it one time in the institution mtist 
 not exceed 220, There are schools conne<'te<l with this for 
 exercising the pupils in the practice of teaching, which had 
 400 pupils in 1851. An active zeal is manite.'ited in this 
 state for improvement in the modes of instruction, and, to 
 promote this end, societies of teachei-s are formed, and state 
 and county conventions held, Yale College, the most nu- 
 merously attended of any college in the United States, had 
 457 students in 1863 and 70.0<HJ volumes in its lihrary. In 
 1860, there were in Connecticut 5 colleges, witli !Nt3 students 
 and $100,239 income, of wliich ST 4,691 was from emlowments; 
 1805 public sch(X)ls, having 82,530 pupils, $:174,954 income, of 
 which $1 54.499 was from taxation, $153,391 frnni puMic funds, 
 and $13,480 was endowments; 197 academies anil other 
 schools, having 8749 pupils, $27:V2f<l income, $! :i,4S0 of which 
 was endowments, $1438 frum taxation, and $lt'77 frtim pub- 
 lic funds. It hiW also 490 libraries, of which 194 are jiublic, 
 containing 231,332 volumes, 99 schoid, 183 Sunday-schiKil, 4 
 college, and 10 church libraries, comprising 404,206 volumes. 
 
CON 
 
 Efh'riimis Dennminatiims.—Of the 802 churches in Con- 
 necticut in ]S00, the Jiaptists owned Ho, tlie Congregation- 
 alists, Uhl; Epi.s( oiialians, 112; Methodists, 188; Presbyte- 
 rians, l.'i; Roman Catliolics, 43, Universiilists, 18. Tlie retst 
 belonged to the Adventists, Free Will and Seventh Day liiij)- 
 tists. Christians, Friends, Jews, Spiritualists, and Unitari- 
 ans. This will give an average of 1 church to every 570 
 persons. The total value of church property in the state is 
 $0,354,205. 
 
 PerKxlicals.— In 1S60, there were jjublishod in Connecti- 
 cut 56 periodicals, of which 14 were issued daily, 1 bi-weeklv, 
 37 weekly, 1 monthly, and 2 quarterly. Of "these, 45 were 
 political, 3 religious, and 6 literary, the circulation of the 
 daily papers wa^ 19,100, and of the weekly papers 6K,4o6. 
 The whole nunilier of copies issued annually was 9,555,072. 
 
 PuhUc In.Hilutirms. — Connecticut Jias nianil'ested the same 
 wise and benevolent care for her erring and unfortunate 
 children as fur literary instruction to the virtuous, liealthy, 
 and sane. An act was passed in 1851 for the estiililisliniei'it 
 of a State Uelbrm .School, for the instruction and reforma- 
 tion of juvenile offenders under 10 years of age. For this 
 purpose the state appropriated $10,000, upon the condition 
 that a like sum should be contributed by individuals. 
 Suitable building have l)een erected and tlie institution 
 has gone into operation, under the most favorable ausjiices, 
 at Meriden. The HHtreat for the Insane at Hartford receives 
 a liberal contribution from the state. Since its establishment 
 in 1S24, it has received 40SO patients, of whom 1931 have 
 recovered, and 421 died ; Marcli 31, 1,S(J3, there were 231 
 patitnts in the institution. The Deaf and Dumb Asvlum at 
 Ilartlord was the first institution of the kind established in 
 the United States. Appropriations are made for the benefit of 
 their own citizens in this institution, severally by Maine, 
 New Uamiishlre, A'emiont, Massachusetts, and Khode Island. 
 Of the 200 pupils of the institution in 1853, May 1, 37 were 
 supported by the State of .Maine, 15 by New Hampshire, 22 
 by Vermont, 74 by Ma.sgachusetts, by Kliode Island, 29 
 by Connecticut, 14 by their friends, and 3 by the asylum. 
 The charge for tuition, board, &c., is $VW per annum, an 
 extra charge being made during sickness. The Stjite Prison 
 is at Wethersfield, and in April 1, 1863, confined 159 con- 
 victs, 116 of whom were white males, 15 white females, 24 
 colored males, atid 3 colored females. The income for tlie 
 year exceeded the expenditures by S'JOl 50. The male con- 
 victs are emidoycd in mannlacturing shoes, cabinet-ware, 
 »nd cutlery, and the females in cooking, wasliing, mending, 
 «nd boot-binding. There is a library of about 1000 volumes 
 connected witli the institution for" the benefit of the pri- 
 soners, who are also instructed in tlie elements of know- 
 ledge. There is a Sunday-school also in the prison. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1860, there were in Connecticut 42 
 public libraries, with 38,609 volumes; 111 school and ^^un- 
 day-school libraries, with 43,484 volumes; 8 college libra- 
 ries, with 82,000, and 3 church libraries, with 025 vol- 
 umes. 
 
 P'ipidatinn. — ^The population of Connecticut is. in common 
 with the other New Kn::I.ind States, of more pure English 
 origin than most of the other states of the Union, though of 
 latter times an infliix of emi::;rants from fireirn countries 
 has commenced. In 1790. thore were in this state 238.141 in- 
 habitants: 251.002 in 1S0!1; 262.042 in 1810: 275,202 in 1820: 
 297,075 in 1830; 309,978 in 1840; 370.792 in 1850; and 
 460.147 in lS6t), of whom 451,504 were whites. 86'JV colored, 
 anil 16 Indians. Poiiulation to the square mile 98. Represen- 
 tative population 460,147. Of the population 323,772 were 
 horn in the state, 55,079 in other states of the Union, and 
 80,r.96 in tbreign countries, of whom 8875 were born in Eng- 
 land, 55,445 in Ireland, 2546 in Scotland, 176 in Wales, 3145 
 in British America, 8526 in Germany,549 in France, and 381 
 in other foreign countries. Of the population in the leading 
 pursuits 30,612 were farmers, 15,683 laborers, 12,831 ser- 
 vants, 11,489 farm laborers, 9:52 factory hands, 3892 shoe- 
 makers, 3885 clerks, 3.573 mariners, o33;5 carpenters, 2768 
 merchants, 2»'77 machinists, 2iJ33 mechanics, 2600 teachers, 
 2398 blacksmiths, 1859 weavers, 1817 painters, 1771 seam- 
 stresses, 1577 jolliers, 1410 manufacturers, 1273 masons, 
 1*253 students. In the year ending June jst, 1860, there 
 occurred 0138 deaths, or 13.5 in every thousand. Tlie num- 
 ber of deaf and dumb during the same year was 396 (see 
 Introduction to the volume on Population of the Eighth 
 Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &e.), 176 blind, 3ol insane, and 207 
 idiotic. To confine one's attention to the incre.ise of the 
 residents of the state, would give a very inaccurate idea of 
 the increjise of the enterprising and sturdy sons of Connecti- 
 cut. She has been sending forth all over the Union, leading 
 merchants, statesmen, and lawyers, who have not only as- 
 sisted In forming new states, but are among the prominent 
 men who direct the affairs of those already formed. 
 
 Omvliie. — Connecticut is divided into 8 counties, viz. Fair- 
 field. Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New 
 J/ondon. Tolland, and Windham. Capitals, alternately Hart- 
 ford and New Haven. 
 
 Citiea and Towns. — New Haven is the largest town in Con- 
 necticut; population in 1800, 39,207. The other most im- 
 portant towns are Hartford, population 29,164; Norwich 
 
 CON 
 
 14,048 ; Bridgeport 13,299 ; New London 10,115 ; Waterbury 
 10,004; Norwalk 7682; Jleriden 7426; Danbury 7234; Stam- 
 ford 7185; Greenwich 6522; Stonington 5827. 
 
 Gmvrnment, Finances, cfc. — The governor of Connecticut 
 is elected by the people annually, and receives SHOO per an- 
 num; a lieutenant-governor, who is also president of the 
 senate, is elected in a like manner, and for the same period, 
 and he receives $300 per .annum. The senate, which con- 
 sists of 21 memlx»rs, and the house of representatives, of 215 
 members, are both elected annually by popular vote. Tlie 
 legislaturemeetsannually on the first Monday in May. Con- 
 necticut sends four members to the national house of repre- 
 sentatives, and is entitled to six electoral votes for Presi- 
 dent of the United States. Any white male, 21 years of age, 
 who has resided in the town (township) where he wishes to 
 vote, six months next preceding the election, or four months, 
 if previously admitted to the electoral oath, and of good 
 moral character, is a constitutional voter. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a supreme .and superior court, compf)sed 
 of one chief, and four associate judges, receiving from S1250 
 to .■jl.SiW per annum. One term of the superior court is held 
 triennally in each county by a single judge; and the su- 
 preme court, comprised of five judges, meets anr.u.illy in 
 each county. The judges in this court cannot hold their 
 seats after the age of 70. The judges of the supreme court 
 hold the circuits of the superior c-ourt, one judge holding 
 such superior court quarterly each year. 2. Of county 
 courts, held in each county three times a ve.ir by one judge, 
 a])pointed annually by the legislatiire. ^"he state del)t in 
 186.3, was $3,050,000; the expenditures for the year ending 
 Ai)ril 1, lS(>i, amounted to $2,3:i6,371, and the valuation of 
 prt)perty for jjurposes of taxation was $254,742,695 for 1862. 
 in April, IWiS. the banks of this state had an aggregate 
 capital of $21,849,148; a circulation of $12,850,358, and 
 $1,466,857 in specie. 
 
 Ilistnr;/, — The early history of Connecticut is fraught 
 with adventure, savage forays, and abundance of incident 
 for the novelist: but this is not the place to dwell upon 
 such themes, and we enter at once upon a few brief facts. 
 Though the Dutch had erected a trading house at Hartford 
 as early as 1031, the English colony at Windsor, an off-shoot 
 of the Plymouth, is generally considered the first perma- 
 nent settlement in Connecticut. Two years after. Hartford 
 was founded by English emigrants, Wethersfield in 1036, 
 and New Haven in llJ3S. In 10.37 the settlers in Connecti- 
 cut were much annoyed by the Indians, several persons 
 killed, and animals destroyed at Wethersfield and Saybrook. 
 Shortly after, however, the savages were completely sub- 
 dued in enacragements at Mystic and Fairfield, and never 
 more gave the whites of this state serious trouble. Some 
 difficulties occurred between the Dutch of New York and 
 the people of this colony, as to the right of posses.-;ion, which 
 was terminated by a treaty in 1050. New Haven was for 
 several years a separ.ate colony : and when Charles II., in 
 1605, granted a charter to Connecticut, she refused her ad- 
 hesion for a time, but at length submitted, and the Connec- 
 ticut colonies were consolidated into one government. Sir 
 Edmund Andros was sent over by King James II., in 1686, 
 to resume the charters granted to the colonies. The assem- 
 bly was in session on his arrival at Hartford, and while the 
 subject was under consideration, the lights were suddenly 
 extinguished, and the charter secretly conveyed away and 
 concealed in the cavity of an old oak. J liis tree, ciillnl the 
 ''Charter O d;" is dead. After the <leposition of Andros, 
 the charter was resumed, and continued in force till 1818, 
 when the present constitution was adopted. Connecticut 
 early took ail active part in the cause of American Inde- 
 pendence, and througliout the entire contest sustained an 
 eminent distinction both for the wisdom of her statesmen 
 and the liravery of her soldiers. 
 
 CONNECTICUT FARMS, or UNION, a village of Essex 
 CO., New Jersey. miles .'^.W. of Newark. 
 
 CON'NKLL. a small barony of Ireland, on the Liffey. 
 
 CONNIILL, GREAT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. 
 of Kildare. 
 
 CON NELL, OLD, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Kihliire, 
 
 CON'NELLSVILLE, a post-borough and township of 
 Fayette Co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Youghi- 
 oglieny River, and on the Pittsburg and Conntllsvllle R.R., 
 67 miles S.S.K. of Pittsburg. It has 4 churches. A bridge 
 acro.«s the river connects it with New Haven. There is a 
 pftper-mill, a large woollen factory, and several iron foun- 
 dries in the vicinitv. (Sefl New Haven.) Pop. 996. 
 
 CONNEiHRA, "kftn*ne-mar'ra. (i. e. "the bays of the 
 ocean.") a district of Ireland, co. of Gal way, occupying its W. 
 portion, about 30 miles in length, and from 15 to 20 miles 
 in breadth. It consists chiefly of mountains and bogs, in- 
 terspersed with many small lakes. Its coasts are indented 
 with innumerable bays and arms of the sea. Pop. 02.564. 
 
 CONNERN. (Cannern.) kBn'nern, a walled town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, 10 miles N,W. of Halle. Pop. 2730. Good 
 buildiner stone is quarried in its vicinity. 
 
 COX'NKKO'S CHEEK, of Pickens district. .«outh Carolina, 
 flows into the Iviowee about 8 miles S.W. of Pendleton. 
 
 491 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CON'XEE'S MILLS, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri. 
 
 COX'N KRS VI LL 1-J, a post-office of Harrison co., Kentucky. 
 
 CONN.KKSVILLE, a flourishing post-village and town- 
 ship, capital of Fayette co., Indiana, is pleasantly sitiiated 
 on the W. bank of the Whitewater River, 5(3 miles E.S.K. of 
 Indianapolis. It is noted for its fine public buildings; the 
 court-house is one of the largest and most elegant in In- 
 diana. It contains 7 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 
 a town-hall, 3 floiiring-mills, and 1 large woollen factory. 
 The trade is facilitated by the Whitewater Valley Canal, 
 \rhich also affords water-power, and by a railioad whidi ex- 
 tends to Hamilton, Ohio. Laid out in 1817. Pop. in 1850, 
 1396; in 1860, 2119. 
 
 COXX. LOUOII, ISii konn. a lake of Ireland, co. of Mayo, 
 between Castlebar and BaUina, about 10 miles in len;j;th, and 
 2 or 3 miles in breadth. Its lower extremity, called Lou;;h 
 CuUeen, is separated from the main body by a narrow chan- 
 nel, spanned by a bridge called the Pontoon. 
 
 CON'XOR, a villa'je, parish, and episcopal see of Ireland, 
 In Ulster, co, of Antrim, 18 miles X.X.W. of Belfast, Though 
 once important as a fortress, it has long ceased to be of con- 
 sequence. Pop. of the village, 265. 
 
 COXX'S CRKEK, a post-offlce of .Shelby co., Indiana. 
 
 COXX'S CREEK, a village of Camden co., Missouri, 50 
 miles S. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 COXOCOX or CONUCOX, SIERR.^, se-^R/R^ ko-no-kin' or 
 ko-noo-kAn', a mounfciin range of British Guiana, extending 
 for 30 miles in a X.E. direction from parallel 3° X. Through 
 It the Kupunoony River has forced a passage of about 390 
 feet wide. Its peaks in many places rise to an abrupt 
 height of from 20U0 to 2500 feet. 
 
 COXOI/OWAY creek rises in Fulton co., Pennsylvania, 
 and enters the Potomac in Washington co., Maryland. 
 
 CONON. a river of Scotland. See CoxAX. 
 
 COXOT'TEX, a creek of Ohio, rises in the E. part of the state. 
 and flows into the Tuscarawas lliver, a few miles above 
 Dover. 
 
 COXOTTEX, a post-villaie of Harrison co., Ohio, on Co- 
 notten Creek, an affluent of the Tuscarawas River. 
 
 COXOY', a village and township of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna, 18 miles S.E. of Ilarrisburg, 
 pop, 1877. 
 
 COXQUES, kAxk, a small town of France, department of 
 Aveyron, 19 miles X.X.W. of Rodez. 
 
 COXQUES, a sm.ill town of France, department of Aude, 
 5 miles X,X.E. of Carcassonne, on the left bank of the 
 Orbiel. 
 
 COX'QUEST, a post-village and township of Cayuga co., 
 New York, 15 miles N. of Auburn, bordering on Seneca 
 River, Pop. 1892. 
 
 COXQUET, Le, leh kAxo'kA', a maritime town of France, 
 department of Finistfere, with a port on the Atlantic, arron- 
 dissemeut. and 11 miles W. of Brest. Pop. 1312. It has 
 manufactures of chemical products. 
 
 COX/RAD'S STORE, a postroffice of Rockingham co., A'ii^ 
 ginia. 
 
 COXSECA, kon-s-^Tvi or COUSCEA. koo-s.V.^ a walled 
 town of Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, 150 miles E,S,E. of Free 
 Town, Pop. 20,000. 
 
 COX'SECOX, a post-village of Canada West, co, of Prince 
 Edward. 22 miles W. of Belleville, and 15 miles from Brigh- 
 ton. Pop. 350. 
 
 COXSEGUIXA, kon-sd-ghf^e'nl, formerly QUISIGUIXA. 
 Jce-se-ghee'nJ, a volcano of Central America, in Xicaragua, 
 on a promontory on the S. side of Conchagua, or Fonesca 
 Gulf, and about 10 miles from the Pacific, The verge of the 
 crater, whith is half a mile in diameter, is elevated about 
 8800 feet above the mean level: thence the interior walls 
 fell perpendicularly to a depth of about 200 feet. The last 
 eruption of this volcano occurred in January, 1835. 
 , C0XSELlCB,kon-s4l'e-chA,amarket>town of Central Italy, 
 in the Pontifical! States, 24 miles S.S.E. of Ferrara. Pop. 
 2000, who trade in rice, corn, and hemp, 
 
 COXSKLVK, kon-sM'v."l. a market^town of Xorthern Italy, 
 government of Venice, 12 miles S. of Padua. Pop. 4678. 
 
 COXSKNTI.A, SeeCosENZA. 
 
 COXSHATTK CHUTE, kAs'shitf shoot, a postrofflce of 
 Natchitoches co.. Lousiana. 
 
 COXSIIOUOCKEX, kon-sho-hok'gn, a thriving postrvillaae 
 of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Schuylkill River, and on the railroad between Philadelphia 
 and Xniristown, 13 miles X.W. of the former. Many of the 
 Inhabitants are employed in iron-works. The discovery of 
 rich iron-mines In the vicinity, a few years ago. drew the 
 attention of capitalists to the place, and the popul.ition 
 since that time has increased rapidly. It contains 2 large 
 blast'fiirnaces: gas and water-pipes manufactured hero are 
 sent to distant parts of the Union; several machine- 
 shops, 4 rolling-mills. 1 nail-factory, and 1 saw-factory. 
 Two blast-furnaces liave been erected on the oi)po8ite 
 side of the river. Population, in 1*50, 727; in 1860, 
 1741, 
 
 COXSOLATIOX, a post-vill:ige of Shelby co., Kentucky, 
 on the railroad from Louisville to Frauki'ort, 41 miles K 
 of the former. . 
 
 492 . 
 
 COX'STABLE, a township of Franklin co,, New York. 
 Pop. 1680. 
 
 COX'STABLEVILLE, a post-village of Lewis co,. New 
 York, 138 miles X,W. of Albany. 
 
 COX'ST.\XCE, (Ger. Omsianzor Kimstam. kon-stlnt.e', ana 
 CoiistanUia.) a fortified city of the Gmnd Duchy of Baden, 
 capital of a circle on the S,\V. shore of the Lake of" Constance, 
 at the influx of the Rhine, 35 miles X.E. of Zurich. It is 
 highly picturesque in its architecture. Chief edifices, a 
 miignificent cathedral. founded in the eleventh century: the 
 Kaufh^ius. in which the famous council of Constance sat 
 from 1414 to 1418, (and which deposed three anti-popes, and 
 condemned IIuss and Jerome of Prague;) an ancient pal.ice 
 a grand-ducal residence, various conventual establishments, 
 and a theatre. One of its suburbs is connected with it by 
 along covered bridge across the Rhine, It has manufac- 
 tures of cotton goods, w.atches, and silk fabrics, .Market 
 gardening and navigation occupy many of the inhabitants. 
 Constance is one of the oldest towns in Germany. It was 
 formerly a free imperial town, but fell under the ban of the 
 empire in 1548, and in 1549 was annexed to .\ustiia. which 
 ceded it to Baden in 1810. In the fifteenth and sixteenth 
 centuries, the population was between 25.000 and 30;0U0. It 
 has now deci-eased to 6500, mostly Itoman Catholics. 
 
 COXSTAXCE, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky. 
 
 COXSTAXCE, a post-office of Iowa co,. Wisconsin. 
 
 COX'STAXCE. LAKE OF, (anc, Briganlihim La'cia; 
 Ger. Soden See. bo'df n-sfi, Fr, Lac de (hnxlanct. Idk deh k6x"''- 
 RtSxss') a lake in Central Europe, forming a common cen- 
 tre, in which Switzerland, and the territories of Baden, 
 Wiirtemlierg, Bavaria, and Austria meet. It lies between 
 lat. 47° 28' and 47° 50' X. ; and Ion. 9° and 9° 42' K. ; length, 
 from N.W. to S.E., 40 miles; greatest breadth, about 9 
 miles: area, 200 squ.are miles; gre^itest depth, which is be- 
 tween Friedrichshafen and Rorschach, 964 feet; 1283 feet 
 above sea-level. At its X,W. exti-emity, the lake is divided 
 into two branches or arms, each aliout 14 miles in length; 
 the X, arm is called the Uberlingen Lake, after the town of 
 Uberlingen, on its X. bank : the S, branch the /ellersee or 
 Untersee, in which is situ.ated the fertile island of lleiehe- 
 uau, belonging to Baden, about 3 miles long, and.lf broad. 
 The Reine entei-s the lake at Rheiiiek, at its S.E, extremity, 
 and leaves it at Stein, at its X,W. termination. Various 
 other smaller rivei-s empty them.selves into it. The lake, 
 the waters of which are of a dark-green hue, and veiy clear, 
 is subject to sudden risings, the cau.ses of which are un- 
 known. In 1770. it rose in one hour from 20 to 24 feet above 
 the ordinary level. It freezes in .severe winters only. Its 
 navigation by s.ailing vessels is rendered dangerous by sud- 
 den and violent squalls. Steamers ply on the lake between 
 Constance and various points on its shores. The banks are 
 either flat, or gently undulating, and are not remarkable for 
 picture.sque beauty ; but they are extremely fertile, and are 
 covered with corn-fields, orchards, and gardens, interspersed 
 with ruined caStles. and other remains of the Middle Ages, 
 and with numerous towns and villages, producing, alto- 
 gether, a very pleasing and striking effect, 
 
 COXSTAXtl.\, kons-tan'she-.?, a vill.ige of the Cape Co- 
 lony, South Africa, at the E, b.ase of the Table Mountain, 
 12 miles S. of Cape Town, celebrated for its wine, which, 
 next to Tokav. is reckoned the best liqueur known. 
 
 COXSTAXtl.4., kon-stan'she-a, a post-village and town- 
 ship of OsweiO CO., Xew York, on Oneida Lake, 115 miles 
 W.X.W. Of Albany. Pop. 2511. 
 
 COXSTAXTIA, a post-office of Bel.aw.are co., Ohio. 
 
 COXSTAXTIA CENTRE, a post-office of Oswego co.. Xew 
 York. 
 
 COXSTAXTIXA, kon-stin-tee'nS, a town of Spain, 40 
 miles X.X.E. of Seville, near tlie Sierra de Constantina. 
 Pop. 6986. It is defended by a strong castle which was re- 
 paired by the French, Near it are some argentiferous lead- 
 mines. The Sierra de Cox.stantixa, between Andalusia and 
 Estremadura, is connected E. with the Sierra Morena, and 
 gives rise to the .\rdilla. an affluent of the Gu.adiaua, and 
 the lluclva, an .affluent of the Guadalquivir. 
 
 CONSTANTIXE. kon'stiu'teen', or CO.NSTAXTTXA, kon- 
 stan-teyni. (anc. Cii->l(i.) a fortified city of Algeria, capital Of 
 a province of the s;ime name, on a detached height, 169S feet 
 above the sea. surrounded on three sides by ravines, oni of 
 which is crossed bv an ancie.nt Roman bridge: lat, 36'^ 22 21" 
 X., ion. 6° 37' E, "Pop. in 1847, exclusive of fortress. 20.S2-2. 
 of whom 1919 were Europeans. Jlean temperature of yeat 
 6.3°-5: winter 51°-9; summer 74°-7, Fahrenheit. IIou.se» 
 mostly of brick, raised on stone foundations. It has a pub- 
 lic school and hospital, Roman remains, and a citadel on the 
 site of the ancient Xumidiau fortress, with manufactures of 
 saddlery, and other leathern goods, an export of corn tc 
 Tunis, and an active trade with the country southward ID 
 the products of Central Africa. CorHstantiue occupies the 
 8it« of Cirta, which was, in ancient times, a great city, and 
 capital of the kings of Xumidia, It was ravaged in the year 
 311, but afterwards rebuilt by Constaufine, whose name it 
 took. It partook of the fortunes of Algiers in succeeding 
 times, till the occupation of the province by the French in 
 1830. Constautiuo stood a eicge Ju 1836, and held out til' 
 
CON 
 
 0<'tol)er IS, 1S37, -when it was taken by assault. Pop. aboat 
 2H,000. 
 
 COX'STAXTIXE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 COX'STANTINE, a small village of Breckenridge co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 COXSTAXTINE, a thriving post-village and township 
 of St. Joseph CO., Michigan, on the St. Jo.seph's River. fsO 
 miles S.W.of Lunsing. iinil on a l)ran(h of the Michigan 
 Southern Railroiul. It is the largest village of the county. 
 The river is navigaMe for small steamlioats from tliis place 
 to its mouth. Coustantine contains 3 churches, 1 national 
 bank. 1 newspaper office, and a woollen factory. Pop. 1500, 
 of the tounsliiii in lSe4, 2070. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, kon-stan-te-no'p'l. {Tar\i. Slaml>ool. 
 StaiiibfiiU, stjm-bool', or Istumhxil, Idambmd. is-t^m-bool', in 
 common language, and O/nstantinieJi, kon-st^u-te-nee'^jh. 
 In documi^ntary writing; modern Or. Jslampoli, is-tiin'po-le ; 
 anc. Or. KuyvaravTivoiroXn; L. Condanlin(i]>'i>Us. i.e. the 
 "city of Constantine,") a celebrated city of Turkey in 
 Europe, capital of the Ottoman Empire, in lat. 41° 0' 18" N., 
 Ion. 'l'i° 5.1' 15" E , situ.Hted on a declivity or series of gentle 
 hills, at the E. extremity of a triangular promontory of 
 the province of Uoom-Klee, having the Sea of Marmora 
 and the IJosporus on the S. and E., and the Golden. Horn, 
 an inlet of tne latter, on th* X. It is thus surrounded by 
 water on all sides, excepting the W. and has a sea front 
 altogether of about 8 miles in extent. Taking the form of 
 the ground on which it stands, the city is also triangular in 
 shape, its apex projecting into the Bosporus, and its base, a 
 lofty double wall, of -I miles in length, stretching across the 
 promontory, from the Sea of JIarmora to the Golden Horn. 
 Each of the sides may be about 3J miles in length, and 
 within these limits the whole of the city proper is included. 
 On the opposite side of the Golden Horn, and also occupying 
 the extremity of a promontory, sometimes called the Penin- 
 sula of Pera. are situated the extensive suburbs, (jalata, 
 Pera. and Tophana. Constantinople was formerly walled on 
 all sides; but those along the Golden Horn and Sea of Mar- 
 mora, are in a ruinous state, and in many places have alto- 
 gether disappeared. At present the entrance is by 2S gates. 
 The appearance of the city from without Is extremely pictu- 
 resque and imposing with its mosques, cupolas, and minarets. 
 inters|)ersed with lofty cypre.sses, and its port crowded with 
 shipping : but within It consists mostly of a labyrinth of 
 crooked, ill-paved, and dirty lanes, and a crowd of low-built 
 and small houses, formed of wood or roughly hewn stone. Its 
 drainage is favored by its uneven and sloping site and a great 
 number of public fountains, which amply supply the city 
 with water brought from artificial tanks constructed at some 
 distance. This capital, including its suburbs, contains 14 
 royal and 332 other mosques, 40 Mohammedan colleges, 1S3 
 hospitals. 36 Christian churches, several synagogues, 130 
 public baths, and 180 kh.ms or inns, besides numeuous 
 bazaars. coffee-hou.s«;s, and caravanserais. 
 
 StrariUo. — On the extreme X.E. point of the promontory 
 on whii'h the city stands, called Point Serai, is situated the 
 Se^.^glio, or palace of the sultan, having the Bosporus in 
 front, and the Golden Horn on the left, and commanding a 
 magniljcent view of the opposite shore, including the beau- 
 tiful town of Scutari and its cypress-covered hills. The 
 Ser.)glio, with its gardens and groves, includes an area of 
 about 3 miles in circumference, and is washed by the sea 
 for two-thirds of its extent. Having been enlarged and 
 altt>red at various periods, according to the taste or caprice 
 of the princes and sultans, it now consists of a conglomera- 
 tion of building?, clustering together without order or de- 
 sign. Its apartments, however, are spacious and richly 
 furnished. At the principal entrance is a large and lofty 
 gate, called Babi Humayon, the high door or sublime porte, 
 from whiih has been derived the well-known diplomatic 
 phrase, .fll political business being transacted, as sup- 
 posed, under this portal. Within the precincts of the palace 
 Is the celebrated Divan, and the Harem, with the "Garden 
 of Delight." in which are numerous gorgeous parterres .and 
 pavilions; the latter as bright with painting and gilding 
 as the flowers which blossom on every side, while clusters 
 of roses bloom in baskets of gilded wicker-work, and foun- 
 taiufl murmur under the deep shadow of overhanging 
 boughs. Near by is a battery of heav.v cannon. The site 
 of ancient Byzantium is supposed to have been included 
 within the present limits of the Seraglio. 
 
 Immediately without tlie Seraalio is the principal mosque 
 of. St. Sophiii, originally a Christian cathedral, built by the 
 Emperor Justinian, tetweeu 531 and 538. at a cost equiva- 
 lent to at least 1,000,000;. sterling. This edifice is in the 
 form of a G reek cross, 2(i9 feet in length, by 143 in breadth, 
 (in its interior.) and surmounted by a flattened dome. 180 
 feet above the ground, besides several minor cupol.is. and 4 
 minarets added to it by the Turks. In its interior are 
 numerous large columns, a floor of variegated marble, and 
 some magnificent bronze gates; but most of the ancient 
 Byzantine paintings and decorations have been hidden by 
 Turkisli inscriptions, and the general effect of the building 
 is destroyed by the presence of a multitude of lamps, globes, 
 and other insignificant ornaments depending from the 
 
 CON 
 
 dome. Near St. Sophia is the mosque of Achmet, a flno 
 structure with a beautiful marble pavement, and 6 mina- 
 rets — a number possessed by no other mo8<|Ue in the M(v 
 hammedan world. This mosque sUinds on the At-nieidan, 
 or " horse-course." the ancient Hippodrame of historic cel» 
 brity, a space of SOU yards in length by 150 in breadth, and 
 on which are the granite Theban otielisk .set up by 'I'heodo 
 sins, the broken pyramid of Constantine Porpbyrogenitus 
 shorn of its bronze plates, and the identical twisted bra.'^g 
 column which originally supported the tripod in the templi 
 of Delphi. The other principal mo.scjues are those of Solyman 
 the Magnificent, a masterpiece of Saracenic architecture, of 
 Mohammed II.. Bajazet (Hayazeed) II., Selim II., Mustapha 
 III., and Othman and Eyuii, with the Valide mosque, built 
 by the mother of Mohammed IV.. and containius; pillars 
 from the ruins of Troy. Most of these e.stablishments have 
 attadied to them one or more colleges or charitaMe institu- 
 tions: tlnrt of Mohammed II. is surrounded by 8 endowed 
 academies, a diet-house for the poor, hospital, caravanserais, 
 and baths all surmounted by lead-covered cu])olas. There 
 are government naval and military and medical colleges, a* 
 well as numerous inferior schools; but the system of edu 
 cation throughout the whole is on a low scale, and very in 
 efficiently conducted. The bazaars are extensive and well 
 supplied, but have no architectural beautj'. The nume- 
 rous cemeteries in and around the city are among its 
 greatest ornaments. JIany new barracks, schools, and hos- 
 pitals have V>een estai>lished in different parts of the metro- 
 polis by the late and present sultans. The priucipjil antiqui- 
 ties are the "burnt column." originally erected by Constan- 
 tine the (treat, a part of the column of Arcadius. the pillar 
 of Marcian, vestiges of the Boucoleon I'alace, built by Theo 
 dosius II., the aqueduct of Valens, various subterranean 
 cisterns, the principal of which, called by the Turks the 
 "thousand and one columns." is a vault, 240 feet in length 
 by 200 feet in width, suppf)rted by 424 pillars. About the 
 S.W. angle of the city is the citidel of the "seven towers," 
 (llipkipip-'yium.) a fortress erected about .\.D. lUUO, and now 
 used as a state prison. 
 
 The city proper comprises separate quarters for the Jews, 
 .Armenians, and Greeks; that of the Inst, the " I'aiiar." ex- 
 tends along the shore of the port, or the "Golden Horn," 
 Tbis fine harbor, which has usurped the name of the pro- 
 moutoi-y on which Byzantium was built, extends between 
 tbe city and its suburbs Pera, Galata, &c.. for about 4^ 
 miles from S.E. to N.W., breadth varying from 1 to 4 fur- 
 longs. It is deep enough to float ships of the larsrest size, 
 can receive 1200 sail of the line, and is always full of mer- 
 cantile and other vessels, with a vast number of light boats, 
 which here form the principal vehicles of transport. A 
 bridge of Ixiats across it. constructed in IPS", connects the 
 Eanar wifii Pera; besides which suburb, tliose of Cassim 
 Pusha, Tophani, Galata, and Tei-shanna. with the imperial 
 arsenals and dock-yard, are on its N. shore. (See the ai-ticles 
 on tiie.se suburbs, also Scutari.) The foreign commerce of 
 Constantinople, though extensive, is not so large as might 
 have been expected. Th* imports consist of corn, iron, 
 timber, tallow, and furs from the Black Sea and Russia; 
 cotton stuffs, yarn, woollens, silks, metallic goods, watches, 
 jewelry, furniture, dyes, and drugs from Western Europe; 
 corn and coffee from Alexandria; sugar from the East and 
 West Indies; and wax, copper, gums, drugs, porcelain, 
 overland from China, &c. About 2000 tous of coffee, 
 1,200,000 pounds of sugar, 300,000 pounds of pepper and 
 spices, 2000 puncheons of rum, and large quantities of low- 
 priced cotton manufactures, are said to be reijuired an- 
 nually for home consumption. The annual imports from 
 Great Britain are estimated to amount in value to 1 .500.0002. 
 The number of vessels that arrived from the Danulxj in 1851 
 was GOO, bringing 153,128 quarters of wheat, 2U1.731 of 
 Indian corn. 6205 of rye, and 2424 cwt. of tallow. The 
 exports consist of silks, carpets, hides, woo], goats" hair, 
 potash, gall, yellow berries, lin.seed, madder, valonea, and 
 bones. Between 5000 and 6000 vessels enter and leave the 
 port annually. Of these, about 600. with an aggregate bur- 
 den of 150,000 tons, are British; the rest are principally 
 Greek. Austrian. Russian. Italian, and loni.m. .Scutari is 
 the place of rendezvous for caravans from Persia, .\rmenia, 
 &.C.. and is the seat of the principal corn warehouses, and 
 manufactures of Turkish silk and cotton goods. The other 
 manufactures are siorocco leather, saddlery, shoes, meei^ 
 schaum pipe-lK>wls, mouth-pieces, and pipe-tuljes; and ex- 
 pressly for the niiinufacture of the last, large numbers of 
 cherry-trees are raised near the city. Constantinople is the 
 see of Greek. Armenian, and Catholico-Armenian patriarchs. 
 
 The social condition and every-^i-iy life of Constantinople 
 presents some curious phases. The streets are generally 
 dull and deserted, all bustle and animation being confine<l 
 to the bazaars. JIany of the houses have no windows at all 
 toward the street, but only a long, narrow, dingy door; 
 and where there are any. they are latticed and closed. Till 
 1844^5. there were no lamps or lights of any kind in the 
 streets, neither were the latter named, nor the houses num- 
 bered: all this, however, is now remedied. Toward evening 
 the coffee-houses are much thronged; but at sunset th« 
 
 493 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 Turks rpHre to their homes, and do not jro abroad till next 
 day A great numlier of do-rs are permitted to range the 
 streets, wb ioh act as scavengers ; they hare no private owners, 
 but iK-lons to the community. E.ich ward has its own par- 
 ticular ilo;rs. and should an individual trespass upon a 
 neiirli!)oriiig territory, he is immediately driven off by the 
 dojrs that oi-cupy it. The climate is variable, and the tem- 
 perature, especially in winter and sprinp;. is subject to invat 
 vicis.«it udes : snow and hard frost alternate with mild wea- 
 ther. The mean temperature of the year is 6'j°'3; winter, 
 iOP-S : summer, 71°-2 Fah. The annual quantity of rain 
 which falls is moderate. Constantinople is but indiffe- 
 rently supplied with pulilic means of oonTeyance, the chief 
 one beinjr the caiques or wherries, the number of winch 
 ph'ing on the waters has been estimated at 80,000. They 
 are extremely liirht, elefrantly constructed, and move with 
 great rapidity. There are, besides the caiques, a class of 
 larire and he;ivy boats that ply resrularly between the city 
 and the opposite shores. Omnibuses have l>een recently 
 introduceil : besides plying on the thoroughfares, they run 
 also to Adrianople. 
 
 Constantinople was orijrinally founded by Byzas. B. c. 656, 
 and rebuilt by Constantine. A.h. 328. who gave it his name. 
 Ko city in the world has been subjected to such numerous 
 and celebrated sieges: and no other has undergone so many 
 Ticissitudes of fortune. Yet it lias only been taken twice, 
 namely, in 1204 by the Crusaders, who retained it till 12>il, 
 and by the Turks under Mohammed 11.. May 29. 1453 — an 
 event which completed the extinction of the Koman Em- 
 pire in the E.-»st. Pop., including the suburbs. 786.990, 
 compii.sed of Turks. Arabians. (Jreeks. Amienians, Jews, 
 
 and Europeans. Adj. and inhab.. Coxstantinopolitan, 
 
 kon-stan-te-no-pol'i-tan, Byzantine, be-zan'tin, and Byzan- 
 riAK. be-zan'she-an, \see Byzantium;) Turk. Stamboollee, 
 Btim'bool-lee'. 
 
 CO.XSTANTIXOPLE, CH.iXXEL OF. See BospoRrs. 
 
 CONSTrrUCIOX, la. \i. kon-ste-too-.Ke^n'. a small sea- 
 port town of Chili, department of Maule. at the mouth of 
 the river of same name, 115 miles N.E. of Concepcion. The 
 duties collected here in 1852 amounted to $256. 
 
 CDNSTlTLigAO, kon-ste-.too^-sd'fSN". a modem town of 
 Brazil. 115 miles N.E. of San Paulo, on the Piracicaba. Pop. 
 2500. 
 
 CONSTITUTION, a post-office of Franklin co.. Arkansas. 
 
 CONSTITUTIO.V. a post-Tillage in Washington co.. Ohio, 
 on the W. Iiank of the Ohio Kiver, 6 miles S.M'. of Marietta. 
 
 COXSUKGliA, kon-soo-.Vgr2, (anc. Citisahrum or Omsa- 
 biirum.) a town of Spain, province, and 35 miles S.E. of Tole- 
 do, on the right bank of the iVmarguilla. Pop. 6124. It has 
 manufactures of coitrse wooUeus. It has the remains of an 
 ancient castle, and various Roman antiquities. 
 
 CONT.VI. kon^tl'. a town of Ilindostan. presidency of Ben- 
 gal, lat.21° 4S' N., Ion. 87° 54' E.,on a hill about 6 miles from 
 the sea. 
 
 CONTA>nXES, LES, W kAN<=H^'meen', a village of Savoy, 
 province of Faucignv, on the route from the Col du Bou- 
 homme to St. Maurice, AV. of Jloftt Blanc. Pop. HXK1. 
 
 CUNTA.NWGUK', a town of Hindostan, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. 112 miles X. by E. of Moorshedabad. It was formerly a 
 place of some note, and still contains one of the finest 
 temples in Bengal, but is now in other respects in a state 
 of decay. Lat. 26° 44' X., Ion. 88° 43' E. 
 
 COXTAKIXA, kon-td-ree'ni a town of Austrian Italy, 29 
 miles S, of Venice, on the Po, which here forms the boundary 
 between the Austrian domiuiuus and the kingdom of Italy. 
 Pop, 2S50, 
 
 COXTAS, BrazU, See Rio-de-Oontas. 
 
 COXTKNT'XI A, a post-office of Pitt cc. North Carolina. 
 
 COXTEXT'XY, (sometimes written COXTEXTXED,) a 
 creek, in the E. central part of North Carolina, rises near the 
 E. extremity of Wake co.. and flowing south-eastward, falls 
 Into the Xeupe Hiver, about 10 miles X.E. of Kingston. It 
 is navigable by flaH>oats 90 miles from its mouth. 
 
 C(J.XTESS.\, kon-tjs'si, a town of Sirilv. intendancv of 
 Palermo, y miles S,AV, of Corleone, Pop. 2500. 
 
 COXTESSjV, a village of Sicily, delegation of, and near 
 Messina. Pop. 1000. 
 
 C<.)XTKS'S.t, a village of European Turkey, in Roomilia, 
 on the .\. shore of the Gulf of Coutessa or Ori)hano. 
 
 COXTKS.><A. GULF OF, Turkey. See Orphano. 
 
 COXTIIKY. k<SN«'tA/. a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Talais, 3 miles W. of .Sion. on the Morge. near its mouth, in 
 the Rhone. Pop, 2239. Excellent wine is produced in its 
 Ticinity. 
 
 CONTI, a town of France, See Contt, 
 
 COXTICU, kon'tiK, a village of Belgium, province, and 6 
 miles S.S.K. of Antwerp. Pop. 3640. It has manufactures 
 in hats and leather, and trade in horses and fuel. 
 
 COXrri.X, one of the largest parishes in Scotland, co, of 
 Ross, comprising a viV-ige 5 miles S.W. of Dingwall, with 
 Lochs Fannich. Luichart. 4c. Pop. 1770. 
 
 COXTOlK^'OK, a river of New Hampshire, rises in Ches- 
 hire CO., and running through llillsborough, falls into the 
 Uerrimack River in Merrimack co., about 8 miles X. of 
 Concord. 
 
 494 
 
 I CONTOOCOOK TILLAGE, a post-village in Merrimack 
 CO.. New Hampshire, on the above river, 10 miles W. of Coi> 
 i cord. It contains a number of mills. 
 
 i COX'TOY', or LOG'G KKUEAD. an island in the Caribbean 
 
 Sea. off the coast of Yucatan. 10 miles W. by N. of Cape 
 
 Catoche. Lat. 21° 32' N.; Ion. 8(1° 49' W. 
 
 I CONTRA COSTA, a county in the X.W. central part of 
 
 California, has an area of aliout 800 square miles. It is 
 
 bounded on the W. by San Francisco Bay. and on the N. by 
 
 San Pablo and Suisnn Bays and San Joaquin River, and 
 
 drained by San K.imon. Nueces. Jugerto. llambre, and San 
 
 Pablo Creeks, with several other small streams, most of 
 
 which are generally dry in summer. The soil is forthemoel 
 
 pisrt fertile. The surface in the E. and W. portions is level, 
 
 ; but the Coast Range, entering it from the S., terminates 
 
 I near the centre of the county. Mount Diabolo is the prin- 
 
 I cipal elevation. Excellent limestone and building stone are 
 
 I found, also red freestone and gypsum. Sulphur springs, 
 
 mostly tepid, are abundant; saline springs also exist. The 
 
 most pro<luctive coal mines of the state are in this county. 
 
 Capital. Martinez. Pop. in lx&), .5329. 
 
 COXTRA COSTA, a postKifflce of Alameda co,. California. 
 
 a)XTRARI'ETIES ISLAXD. in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 one of the Solomon Islands. Lat. 9° 49' S.; Ion. 162^ 3' E. 
 
 COXTKER A S. kon-trA'ra.s. a celebrated battle-field of Mexl- 
 CO, atiout 14 miles S. of the ciipital. The battle was fought, 
 Au^just 18 and 19. 1847. l>etween the United States forces 
 under General ScOft and a division of the Mexican ai-my 
 commanded by General Valencia. The result was a com- 
 plete disjK^rsion of the Mexican forces, Valencia having lost 
 all his artillery, about 2000 men killed, and near li'iX) pri- 
 soners, including 4 generals, 4 colonels, and 30 captains. 
 Scott's loss amounted to not more than 60 kilbd and 
 wounded. The IMreijnl is an almost impassable field of 
 lava, which the .Vmerican army crossed at tlie commence- 
 ment of the battle of Contrer.^s. August 18 and 19, 1847, 
 situated aliout 14 miles S. of the citv of Mexico. 
 
 COXTKE'RAS, a post-oflfice of Butler co.. Ohio. 
 
 COXTRERAS (kon-trA'ras) ISLAXDS. a group of small 
 islands in the North Pacific. S.W. coast of Guatemala, pro- 
 vince of Veragua, close in shore, Lat. 7° 50' N. ; Ion. 82° W. 
 
 COXTRES. kANt'r. a town of France, department of Loir- 
 et-Cher. 14 miles S.S.E. of Blois. Pop. 1817. 
 
 COXTHEXVILLE. kteo'trAVeel'. a villi^e of France, de- 
 partment of Vosges. 14 miles S.W. of Mirecourt. on the 
 Vaire. Pop. 708. It has a celebrated establishment of 
 mineral waters. 
 
 COXTROGUERRO, kon-tro-gwjH'RO, a town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Ultra I,, 16 miles N,X.E, of Toramo. 
 Pop, 2500. 
 
 CONTRONE, kon-tro'n.^. a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra, 10 miles S.S.E. of Campagna. Pop. 2ii00. 
 
 COXTURSI, kon-tooR'see. a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra. on the Sele. 20 miles E. of Salerno. P. 3000. 
 
 CX1NTW0Y-T0. kon-twoi'-to\ or KU.M LAKE, a lake of 
 British North .\merica, in the country of the Copper Indians, 
 intersected by the parallel of 65° 3b' N. and the meridian 
 of 111° 60' W. 
 
 CONTY or CONTI. kAyo'tee'. a town of France, dejvirt. 
 ment of Somme, 12j miles S.S.W. of .4miens, on the Seille. 
 Pod. 897. 
 
 CONVE/XIENCE, a postrvillage in Fayette co., Ohio, 25 
 miles N.W. of Chillicothe. 
 
 CONVE/NIENT. a post-office of Smith co.. Tennessee. 
 
 COX'VEXT. a post-office of St. James piirish. Louisiana. 
 
 CONVERSANO, kon-v^K-s^'no. a town of Naples. 19 miles 
 S.E. of Bari. PoJ). 7720. It is enclosed by decayed walls, 
 defended by a Norman castle, and is pretty well built. 
 Chief edifices, a fine cathedral, several convents, a hi^hop's 
 pjilace. dioce.san seminary, hospital, and foundling asylum. 
 A brisk trade is carried on K-tween it and Bari in wire, oil, 
 almonds and other fruits, flax, and cotton. In the Middle 
 Aires it was the capital of the Norman possessions in Eastern 
 Italv. 
 
 COXVII.rCAY0. kon-vil-ki'yo. a village and parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Carmarthen, 7i miles X.W. of Landovery. 
 
 COX'VIS, a post-village and township in the N. p.irt of 
 Calhoun co.. >lichigan. Pop. 1029. 
 
 Cl>X'VoY. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co, of Donegal. 
 
 COXnVALL or CONJ/WAL, a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Doneiral. 
 
 COX'WAY or CONWY, kon'wee. a river of North Wales, 
 issues from a small lake, flows mostly N.N.W.. and joins 
 Beaumaris I!ay by a broad estuary. 11 miles E. of Beauma- 
 ris. Total cour.se, 30 miles. It is navigable f n m ne»r 
 Llanrwst to its mouth, where a mussel-pearl fishery is car- 
 rii'd on. 
 
 CONWAY, or AB'ER-CON'WAY. a pariiamentary an(^ ira- 
 nicip.al liorough, seaport town, and parish of North AA ales, 
 CO. of Carnarvon, on the estuary of the aliove river, here 
 crossed by a noble tubular suspension bridge, 327 feet in 
 length, on the line of the Chester and Holyhead I'aiiwpy, 
 13 miles E.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. of parliamentary loiough, 
 in 1851. 2106. It occupies a steep slope, and is encltv.-d ny 
 embattled walls, with towers and gateways, still in gOHl 
 
CON 
 
 COO 
 
 r«p«!r. Tlie castle, built by Edward 1., on a precipitous 
 rock above the river, is also in many parts still entire. 
 Iind is one of the jrrandest feudal fortresses remaining in 
 Britain. Tlio harbor diiis at low water, and the trade is 
 insignificant. It unites with Carnarvon, Banpor. Criccieth, 
 Kevin, and I'wUheli in sendlnji one member to Parliament. 
 It gives the title of baron to the Mariiuis of Hertford. 
 
 (S)N'\VAY. (or .MiDiiLK Kiver,) a small river of Virginia, 
 flowin;: into the Itapidun, on the boundary between Greene 
 and Madison counties. 
 
 CON\V.\Y,a county near the centre of Arkansas, contains 
 about 1"2UU S(iuare miles. The Arkansas Itiver bounds it 
 on the S.W., and it is drained by Cadron and Cypress 
 Creflks. The surliice is diversified, and produces fine pasture. 
 The streams afford fine water-power. Stone coal is found 
 along tlie -Arkansas Jiiver. Capital, Sjiringfield. Pop. 6697, 
 of vvliiim oS'Ju were free, and 802 slaves. 
 
 CONW.W, a post-ofiice of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 CONW.W, a post-village and township of Carroll co., New 
 Hampshire, on Saco liiver, about 76 miles X.N.E. of Con- 
 cord. The streams afford motive-power for mills. Pop. 1024. 
 
 CONWAY, a post-village and township of i'ranklin co., 
 Massachu.setts, 100 miles \V. by N. of Boston, on the S. sfde 
 of Deerfield Kiver. It contains an academy, an insurance 
 ofBce, and has extensive manuiactures of cotton goods, and 
 of other articles. Pi>p.l6S9. 
 
 CON\V,\Y. a post-tillage and township of Livingston co., 
 Michigan. -5 miles K. of l,ansing. Pop. 764. 
 
 CON'WAYlSuHOUtiH, a post-village, capital of Horry 
 district. South Carolina, on the Waccamaw Kiver. at the 
 head of navigation. 110 miles in a direct line E. by S. of 
 Columbia. It is situated in a level and sandy district, 
 which produces aliundance of pine timber. Turpentine is 
 procured in this vicinity. Pop. 476. 
 
 CON'YKKS. a pc st-village of Newton CO., Georgia, on the 
 Georgia Kailroad. 141 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 CON'YKKSVILIjK. a thriving post-village of Henry co., 
 Tennessee, a few miles N. of Paris, the county seat. It is 
 situated in a rich farming district, and has several stores 
 and mechanics' sliops. 
 
 C0N\'N(jlll.4M, ktin'ing-ham, a post-village of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Nescopec Creek, 90 miles N.E. of Uar- 
 risburg. It contains several stores, and over 50 dwellings. 
 
 CONZA. kon'/A. (anc. Cf>mp'xa.) a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Principato Ultra, district, and 9 miles S.E. of St. 
 Angclo-de-Lombardi. Pop. "AKK). It has a cathedral, an 
 arelibishop's palace, and a diocesan seminary. It was of 
 considerable importance in the Middle Ages, but was nearly 
 destroyed bv an earllit|uake in lt>y4. 
 
 COOBCAIilA. OOL'lK'AlilA or CUBCABIA. koob-kjlie-a. 
 a town of Central .\frica. in Darfoor, in a fertile district. 41 
 Miles W. of Cobbe. lat. 14° N., Ion. 20° GO' K. It is the en- 
 trepot of goods from the West of Africa, and has a large fair 
 twice a week. It has been long celebrated for its com- 
 merce in coarse cotton cloth, called Tokeas, and in leathern 
 sacks. 
 
 COOCir-BAIIAR. kooch-bi-har', a rajahship of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal, near the Beotjiu frontier, and 
 now comprised in tlie district of Rungpoor. 
 
 COOCirS BltlDi i K. a post-office. New Castle co.. Delaware. 
 
 COODUO'NIA. a river in the N.W. of Africa, in Soodan, 
 territory of .Jacoba. rises in a mountiiinous district in lat. 
 V 7' N., Ion. 10° E., and falls into the Niger a little N.W. of 
 Egga, in lat. 8° 37' N., Ion. S° W. 
 
 COO'(!KE, a small seaport town of New South ^Vales. co. 
 of Cumbei land, about 4 miles S. of Sydney, on a fine sandy 
 bay of the same name. 
 
 COOK, an inland county of New South Wales, of an irre- 
 gular form. 5f< miles in length from N.W. to S.E. ; breadth, 
 46 miles. It .sends, in conjunction with the county of Hun- 
 ter, one member to the Legislative Council. Pop. 3598. 
 
 COOK, a county in the N. part of Texas, bordering on 
 Bed Kiver, which separates it from the Indian Territory, 
 contains al)ont 950 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of the Elm Eorkoffrinity Kiver, and by Clear Creek. 
 A large tract of forest, culled the Upper Cross 'Timbers, ex- 
 tends across the C(junty in a N. and S. direction. Capital, 
 Gainesville. Pop. 3760, of whom 3391 were free, and 369 
 slaves. 
 
 COOK, a county in the N.E. part of Illinois, bordering on 
 Indiana and Lalte Midiigan. has an area of 1027 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Des Plaines. Calumet, and 
 Chicago Rivers. Lake Jlicliigan washes the eiistei-n border. 
 The surface is slightly undulating, and in some parts level, 
 with eonsideralile prairie land. The soil is deep, and highly 
 productive. The flat land was tbrmerly thought unfit for 
 tillage, but it is now much cultivated, and conmiands the 
 highest prices. The county is intersected by the Illinois 
 and Michigan Canal, by the Chicago and Galena K.R.. the Chi- 
 cago and Rock Island K.R., and by several other railroads, 
 CooV county is the most populous and important in the 
 state, containing the city i>f Chicago, the commercial capi- 
 tal of Illinois. Org-anizeil in 1831, and named in honor of 
 Daniel P. Cook, a menibei of Congress from Illinois, who 
 obtaijied from the t'uited States a grant of 300,000 acres of 
 
 land, to aid Ir construction of the canal above uamed. 
 Pop. 144,954 
 
 COOK, a p<ist-«ffice of Erie co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 COOK'BL'RY^, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 COOKE'S CORNEliS, a post-oflice of Erie co., Ohio. 
 
 COOK'HA.M, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 COtJK'HAM. a post-village of laii-field district, South Ca- 
 rolina, IS miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 COOK INLET, in Russian America, is between lat. 68° 
 .and 01° N., Ion. 151° and 1.54° W.. opposite the island of 
 Kodiak. Length from S. to N.. 130 miles: breadth, 70 miles. 
 
 COOK ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean. S. of Polynesia, ia 
 the S.W. of the Society Islands, between the Archii)elago 
 of Tonga on the W., and Tahiti on the E. The princijwl are 
 Mangeia. Atiou, Hai-vey. and Raratonga. Pop. estimated at 
 50,000.(1') They are of the Malay race, and many of them 
 have been converted to Christianity by English nii.ssionaries. 
 
 COOK STRAIT, in New Zealand, .separates the two prin- 
 cipal islands. Named after its discoveier. Capt. Cook, in 1770l 
 
 COOK'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COOKLEY'. a village of England, co. of AVorcester. 3 miles 
 N. by E. of Kidderminster. It is the seat of long-established 
 and extensive iron-works. 
 
 COOKS'BUKG. a post-village of Albany co., New York, 28 
 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 COOK'SHIRE, a village of Canada East, co. of Sherbrooke, 
 13 miles N. of Ijenoxville. 
 
 COOK'S LAND, or MORETON BAY DISTRICT, a mari- 
 time territory in New South Wales, extending from about 
 lat. 20° to 29° S. Its chief town is Biisl ane. 
 
 COOK'S LAW-OFFICE, a post-oflice of Elbert co., Georgia. 
 
 COOK'S M ILLS, a village of Canada. See Crowlandville. 
 
 COOK'S ItUN, a post-office of Clinton co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 CDOK'S ^;TOUE, a post<iftice. La Fayette co., Mis.'-issippi. 
 
 COOK'S STOKE, a postKiftice of Caddo parish. Louisiana. 
 
 COOKSTOAN N. an inland town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Tyrone, on the Ballinderry, 5 miles W.N.W. of Stewarts- 
 town. Pop.3(i00. Itbasa largeGotbicchurch. a court-house, 
 union work-house, bank, market-bouse, and lineu-hall. 
 
 COOK.^TOWN, a parish of Ireland, co.of Meath. 
 
 COOKS'K >\\ N. a post-office oj Ituiliugton co.. New .Jersey. 
 
 C0( iKSTOW.N. a post-village of Fayette co.. Penn.sylvania, 
 on the .Monongahela River, about 30 miles S. by E. of Pitts- 
 burg, contains glass-works and a steam mill. 
 
 COOKSTtjMN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Simcoe. about 15 miles S. of Barrie. 
 
 COt>KS VALLEY', a post-office of Calloway co.. Kentucky. 
 
 COOKS^VILLE. a post-ottice of Howard co., Maryland. 
 
 COOKSVILLE, a po.st-village of Noxubee co., Mississippi, 
 132 miles 10. N.E. of .Jackson. 
 
 COOKSV1L1>K, a post-office of Howard co., Indiana. 
 
 COOKSVILLE, a post-village of Rock co.. Wisconsin. 18 
 miles S.E. of Madison. It lias 1 church, 3 stores, and 3 
 mills. 
 
 COOKS/VILLE. a post-village of Canada We.st, co. of 
 Y'ork, Iti miles S.W. of Toionto. It contains several saw 
 mills and stores. Pop. about 350. 
 
 CO(>L.\NE\', koo-U/nee, a market-town of Ireland, co., and 
 ^ miles S.S.W. of Sligo, contains a court-house. Pop. 380 
 
 COOLIi.A.U01I, kooPbaw', a post-town.thip of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania. 3S miles N.W. of lOaston, drained by the 
 sources of the lyebigh River. Pop. 457. 
 
 COOLE, a village of Ireland, co. of Westmeath, 4 miles 
 N.W. of Castle I'oUard. on the road to Granard. Pop. 371. 
 
 COOLGRAXEY, kwl-gi-J/nee. a village of Ireland, co.of 
 Wexford. 3 miles S.S.W. of Arklow. The vicinity was the 
 scene of the last pitched battle lietween the insurgents' and 
 rovalists' forces during the disturbances of 1798. Pop. 311. 
 
 COiVLIN, or CUCIIULLIN (koo-Koo/lin) HILLS, a range 
 of wild, romantic hills. Scotland, Isle of Skye, extends from 
 the head of Scavaig Bay, in a N.W. direction, enclosing 
 the romantic valley of Loch Cornish, and that of Ilart-o- 
 Corryon the N.E. Scuir-na-Oillean. at the N.K. extivmity 
 of the range, is estimated to be upwards of 3'200 feet high. 
 
 COOL'ING. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 COCKLOCK. a parish and small town of Ireland, co. of 
 Dublin. Pop. 499. 
 
 COO'LOO' or KOO'LOO'. a district in Northern India, be- 
 tween lat. 31° 20' and 33° N.. and ion. 70° 40' and 7S° 35' E., 
 lying at the foot of the Himalaya '^lount.iins. 
 ' COOLOO. a town of British India, presidency of Bongal, 
 75 miles S.E. of Sumbhulpoor, and an inland mart for traf- 
 fic in cotton and salt. 
 
 C<X)LSCAS1P, kols'kimp', a village of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, 14 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 2564. It h.ts 
 extensive manufactures of linens. 
 
 COOL SPRING, a post-office of .Jefferson co.,Penn.»ylvania. 
 
 COOL SPRING, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 892. 
 
 COOL SPRING, a small village of Mercer co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 COOL SPRING, a post-ottice of Iredell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 COOL SPRING, a post-office of Wilkinson co.. Georgia. 
 
 COOL SPRING, a township in Laporte CO.. Indiana. P.99a 
 
 COOL SPRING, a village near the S.W. extremity of lia 
 Fayette co., Missouri, 25 miles E.S.E. of Independence. 
 
 495 
 
coo 
 
 coo 
 
 COOI/VIliLE. a po.«t-viUage of Athens co.. Ohio, on the 
 IIockhookin<; Kiver. 9(i miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 COOL WKLL, a post-ofllce of Amherst CO., Virginia. 
 
 COOMAS'SIK. the capital town of the .\shantee dominions 
 in Guinea, about 120 miles N.N.AV. of Cape Coast Castle. 
 Lat. 6° 34' 50" N.. Ion. 2° 12' W. Pop. estimated by Bow- 
 ditch at IS.OOO. It stands In a wooded Talley. environed 
 by swamps, id refrularly built, and has a fortified palace, 
 and an active trade with Central Africa. 
 
 C00MB1<>BTS'?KT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 COOMBE-KEYXES, koom-kanz, a parish of England, co. 
 of Doi-set. 
 
 COOMBLA. a town of India. See Cu\aT. 
 
 COOMBS, a parish of England, co. of Sus!5ex. 
 
 COO'WER. a post-oflfice of Niagara co., Xew York. 
 
 COOX CHEEK, a post-village of Jasper co., Missouri, 170 
 miles S.W. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 COON'DAl'OOU/, a maritime town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, district of Canara, on the Malabar coast, 
 63 milfs N.N.W. of Mangalore. 
 
 COO'NEWAR/. a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi. 
 
 COOX HILL, a post-office of Santa Rosa co., Florida. 
 
 COON ISLAND, a post-office, Washington CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 COON MEAIKJWS, a post-office of Marshall co.. Illinois. 
 
 COON PRAIRIE, a postroffice of Bad .\xe co.. AVisconsin, 
 
 COONS'BHROUCn, a post-office of Orangeburgh district, 
 pouth Carolina. 
 
 Cf>i INS MILL, a post-office of Boone co,, Virginia. 
 
 COON'VILLE, a post-village of Mills co.. Iowa. 
 
 COOl'ANG. See Coepa.ng. 
 
 OOOr'ER, a county in the central part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 55S scjuare miles. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Missouri River, intersected in the N.AV. part by I.^niine 
 River, and also drained by Little Saline and Monite.au 
 Creeks. The surface is generally undulating and hilly, 
 consisting of prairies .and timbered land in convenient' pro- 
 portions ; the soil is highly productive and easily cultivated. 
 The mineral resources of the county are said to he inex- 
 haustible. Cannel and bituminous coal of good quality aiv 
 found tliroiigliont the county ; it also contains ri'h mines 
 of iron and lead near L.amuie Kiver; marble and hydraulic 
 limestone are found in several localities; and a rare de- 
 scription of sand, used in the manufacture of tlint-gla.^s. is 
 abundant on Moniteau Creek. I^amine River is navigable 
 from its mouth to the entrance of Blackwater Kiver. 
 Named in honor of Colonel Cooper, an early settler of the 
 county, and a native of Tennessee. Capital, Booneville. 
 Pop. 17,3.30, of whom 13,556 were free, and 3800 slaves, 
 
 COOPER, a post-village and township of Washington co., 
 Maine. .'0 miles \, of >I,ichia3, Pop, 468. 
 
 COOPER, u township of Montour co., Pennsylvania, P. 396, 
 
 COOPER, a pc>st-office of Wayne co„ Ohio, 
 
 COOP I'.R, a post-township in the N.W. part of Kalamazoo 
 CO., Michigan. Pop, 1231. 
 
 COi»l''KR-BRIDGE, a station on the Leeds and Manches- 
 ter Railway. England. 24 miles S.W. of Leeds. 
 
 COOt'ER ISLAND, in the British West Indies, Virgin 
 Islands, is an islet 5 miles S.E. of Tortola. 
 
 COOPER POINT, a headland on the E. coast of Australia. 
 Lat. 17° 20' S.. Ion. 146° 50' E. 
 
 COOP'ER RIVER, of South Carolina, rises in Charleston 
 district, and flows S.E. until it unites with the Ashley 
 River, lielow Charleston, to form Charleston Harbor. 
 
 COOP'ER'S, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 COOP'ERSBUKG, a post-office, Lehigh co,, Pennsylvania. 
 
 COOl'EK'S CREEK, of Camden co.. New Jersey, enters the 
 Delaware immediately above the citv of Camden. 
 
 COOPER'S G A 1'. pos^offlce, Rutherford co.. North Carolina. 
 
 COOPER S GAP. a post-offlce of Lumpkin co., Georgia, 
 
 COOPER'S MII-LS, a post-office of Uncoln CO., Maine. 
 
 COOPER'S PLAINS, a post-office of Steul)en co.. New York. 
 
 C00P'ER.<TOWN, a post-village in Ostego township, and 
 capital of Otsego co.. New Y'ork. is pleasantly situateil at the 
 outlet or S. end of Otsego Lake, 69 miles AV. of Alliany. 
 This Uike is 9 miles in length, and from 1 to 2 miles in width, 
 and is environed by hills about 400 feet in height, which 
 present much interesting scenery. The villase contains 
 6 churches, an academy, 3 national banks, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. A female collegiate institute has recently been 
 established here. The tfuilding is 222 feet long, by 40 wide, 
 exclusive of the wings. Pop. loU7. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a Tillage of Burlington co„ New Jersey, 
 3 miles S.W. of Burlington, contains 2 churches. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a village of Camden co., New Jersey, 6 
 miles E. of Camden, 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a thriving post-vill.age of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Sugar Creek, 75 miles N. of Pittsburg, It 
 has a woollen factory and several mills. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a postH>ffice of Robertson co., Tennessee. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a post-offlce of Brown co.. Illinois. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a post-office of Brown co,, Wisconsin, 
 about 120 miles N.E. of Madison. 
 
 COOPER.STOWN, a village and township of Manltoowoc 
 CO.. Wisconsin, on Benton Creek, 60 miles S, of Milwaukee, 
 Pop. 1222. 
 
 496 
 
 COOP'ERSVILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 55 miles S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 COOPERSVILLE, a post-office of Union district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 COOPERSVILLE, a post-office of Fentress co., Tennessee. 
 
 COOPERSVILLE, a post-office of Dearborn co.. Indiana. 
 
 COOP'ER'S WELLS, a noted watering-place of Hinds co., 
 Mississippi. The water h.is the reputation of curing various 
 diseases, and is extensively patronized by the people of Mi»- 
 sis.«ippi and adjoining states. 
 
 COOP"S CRKEK.a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee, 107 
 miles S,E. of Nashville. 
 
 COORG, kooRG, a subdivision of Hiudostan, between lat. 
 12° and 1.3° N., extending from the Tamljacherry Pass on 
 the S.. to the river Hemavutty on the W. 
 
 COOS, (commonly pronounced ko-6s',) a county forming 
 the N, extremity of New Hampshire, has an area of about 
 1950 square miles. It is bounded on the W. bv the Connecti- 
 cut River, and is drained by the -\ndroscoggin.Saco. Upper 
 .\iuonoosuck, and smaller stream.s. The Connecticut River 
 has its source in this county, near its N. extremity. The 
 surface is generally rough .ind mountainous, and not fitted 
 for cultivation; but along the banks cf the Connecticut and 
 some other streams it is comparatively fertile. The cele- 
 brated White Mountains, among which the Saco River has 
 its principal sources, are situated in the S, part of this 
 county. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad passes 
 through the S. part of Coos. Organized in 1803. and named 
 from the pine forests with which a jiortion of the county is 
 covered; coos, in the Indi.in language, signifying "pines." 
 Capit;tl, Lancaster, Pop. 13,101, 
 
 COOS.A., koo/sa, a river of Georgia and -\labama. is formed 
 by the confluence of the Etowah and Oostenaula, which 
 unit*' at Rome, in Georgia. It flows .south-westward to the 
 N.E, extremity of St. Clair county in .Uabama. after which 
 its general course is nearly S. until it unites with the Tal- 
 lapoosa and forms the Alabama, about 10 miles N. of Mont- 
 gomery. Its length is estimated at 350 miles. Several 
 small steamboats navigate this river between Rome and 
 the Ton Islands, a distance of ISO miles. Between the lat- 
 ter point and Wetnmpka the channel is obstructed by nu- 
 merous shoals, which prevent na\igation, excepting the 
 passage of flat-boats down the stream. 
 
 Ct)OSA, a county in the E. central part of Alabama, has 
 an area of 860 square miles. Its entire boundary on the 
 S.W, is formed by the Co<3.sa River, fi-om which the name is 
 derived: it is also drained by Sochapatoy and other creeks. 
 The surface is elevated, and in some jxirts broken. The soil 
 is fertile, and supplied with perennial springs of the purest 
 water. It is particularly adapted to pasturage, and to the 
 cultivation of grain. Quarries of statuary granite and fine 
 marble have been opened in the county. The Itillowing in- 
 t<?resting extract, relating to the mineral productions of this 
 county, is from a letter of one of our correspondent.s, a gen- 
 tleman of the highest respectability, residing at Wetnmpka: 
 '• .\lout a mile from the village of Bradford there is found 
 the best statuary granite yet discovered in the United 
 States. It is of the most Ijejiutiful gray color, easy of ao- 
 cess, being almost entirelj- above the surface of the ground, 
 and what, according to my information, is an exceedingly 
 rare excellence, it may he split in any direction the entire 
 length of the block, and is capable of being worked into 
 any desirable shape or size. In addition to this, a plank- 
 road passes by the (juarry. We have specimens, in several 
 buildings here and in Montgomery, of the New Hampshire 
 granite, between which and the Coosa granite there is no 
 comparison. In the northern part of the county there is 
 also a very superior marble, equalling, in the opinion of 
 judges, the best Italian marble, a specimen of which may 
 be seen in the Washington Monument. It is so far supe- 
 rior to any thing yet seen in the United States, that I no- 
 ticed in some of the Northern papers an insinuation, if not 
 a direct charge, that it was an imposition of Italian for 
 American marble; when, in truth, it was quarried by Mr. 
 Nix, our own townsman, out of his own quarry, and po- 
 lished and lettered within one-quarter of a mile from where 
 I now write. Indeed. I have seen richer specimens often 
 from the same quarry. All the tombstmts and all the 
 marble u.sed in building or furniture, in the southern part 
 of this state, is obtained from this quarry. It extends 
 from the northern part of Co(5sa, through Talladega, into 
 Benton county. Ijead and iron ore are also found in this 
 county." The streams of the county furnish an ample 
 supply of motive-power. Large steamboats can navigate 
 the Coosa River as high as Wetnmpka, A plank-rorfd is in 
 progress of construction from this town to the Tennessee 
 Kiver. The county was formed out of part of the Creek 
 Indian Territory, and organized alx)ut 1S34. Capital, 
 Rockford. Pop. 10,273, of whom 14,001 were free, and 5212 
 slaves. 
 
 COOSA, a post-office of Floyd co,, Georgia. 
 
 COOSAU'DA. a village of .4utauga co., Alabama, on the 
 W. bank of the Alabama River, about 8 miles N. by W. of 
 Montgomerj-, 
 
 COOSAWATTEE, a small river of Georgia, rises in tlU) 
 
cod 
 
 COP 
 
 Blue 151(1??, in Gilmer county, and unites with tlie Conna- 
 sauga. in >Iurray county, to form the Oostenaula, 
 
 COOSAWATTKK. a post-office of Murray co., Georgia. 
 
 COOSAWIIAT'CiriE, a post-villase, capital of Ueaufort 
 distrirt, Soutli Carolina, about 100 miles S. of Columbia. 
 
 COOSIMA or KOOSIMA, koo-see'mj. a .small volcanic 
 island in the Japanese Archipelago, at the entrance of the 
 Strait of Sangar. Lat. 41° n \.. ion. 139° 46' K. 
 
 COO'SOO' or KOO'SOO', a town of North-western Africa, in 
 Guinea Yarriba Territory, on the N. side of the Kong 
 Mountains. Lat. 8° 53' N.. ion. 4° 45' E. 
 
 COOTKIIILL, koot/liill. a market-town of Ireland, in Ul- 
 ster, CO. of Cavan, on the Cootehill liiver, an affluent of the 
 Annalee, 28 miles W.N.AV. of Duiidalk. Pop. 2425. It is 
 pretty well built, .and has a neat church, and several schools, 
 ft court-house, bridewell, union work-house, with a brisk 
 trade in linens, and in corn, beer, and spirits. Quarter ses- 
 sions at Easter.and in October. 
 
 COPALS, a lake of Greece. See TopoLIAS. 
 
 COPAKE. ko-paik', a postrvillage and township of Colum- 
 bia CO., New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 50 miles S. of 
 Albany. Pop. 1839. 
 
 CO PAN, ko-p3n', a ruined city of Central America, in the 
 state of Guatemala, 30 miles K. of Chiquimula. Its remains 
 extend for 2 miles along the Copan liiver. an affluent of the 
 Motagua, and comprise the walls of a supposed temple 024 feet 
 in length, and many pyramidal structures with .sculptured 
 idols resembling tlie remains of Kgyptian or Hindoo art. 
 and which are described and delineated in Stephens's Central 
 America. 
 
 COM'AN', a post-office of Haywood co., Tennes.see. 
 
 COPANO, ko-pah'no, a small post-village of Kefugio co., 
 Texas, on Aransjis Bay. 
 
 COPAY, ko-pA', a small uninhabited island of Scotland, 
 one of the Hebrides, co. of Inverness, in the .Sound of Harris. 
 
 COP'DOCK a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COPE'LAND. a post-village of Telfair CO., Georgia, 75 miles 
 in a direct line S. of Milledgevilie. 
 
 COPE'LAND ISLANDS, a small group on the N.W. coast 
 of Ireland, co., of Down, off the S. side of the entrance to 
 Belfast Lough. On Cross Island, about 5 miles N.N.K. of 
 Donaghadee. is a light-house, elevation 131 feet, lat. 54° 4' 44" 
 N.. Ion. 5° 32' W. 
 
 COPENHAGEN, ko-pen-hi'ghen, (Dan. KjSbenhavn. kyiV- 
 ben-hSwn', i. e. " merchant's taven;" Ger. Koprnlutgen, 
 ko'pen-hi'ghen ; Fr. Oipenhagw, ko'pen-3g', L. Haffnia.) the 
 capital of Denmark, and one of the finest cities of Northern 
 Europe, is situated partly on the E.coast of the island of See- 
 land, and partly on the N.W. coast of the adjacent island of 
 Amager; lat. (observatory) 55° 40' 9" N., ion. 12° 34' 7" E. 
 Pop. inlSP.O, 155,143. mostly Protestants. It occupies an ex- 
 tensive flat, so very low as to require to be protected by em- 
 bankments even from the tideless Baltic, and hence, in 
 whatever direction it may be approached, it neither becomes 
 visible at any great distance, nor presents a very imposing 
 appearance. Its firm is that of an irregular circle, with a 
 diameter of about 2 miles ; circumference rather mare than 
 6 miles. It is strongly fortified, being surrounded on the 
 land side by a lofty wall flanked witli bastions, and by a 
 broad, deep ditch, filled with water from the lialtic, and 
 defended toward the sea by most formidable batteries, espe- 
 cially one on the water-level, called Trekroner, and the po- 
 lygonal citadel of Eredericksiiavn, a maiden fortress, deemed 
 almost impregnable. In consequence of n^peated conflagra- 
 tions, the greater part of the older house.^ of Copenhagen, 
 which were chiefly of wood, have disappeiired, and been re- 
 placed by edifices of modern construction, lofty and well 
 built, either formed into handsome sijuares, or lining tlie 
 sides of long spacious streets ; usually of brick, but occa- 
 sionally of Norwegian granite. In genen-il the pavement, 
 particularly for foot passengers, is very indifferent; and Co- 
 penhagen suffers much by one of the worst evils to which a 
 town can be subjected — a deficiency of good fresh water. 
 The boundary between the old and new town, a designa- 
 tion now nearly obsolete, is a principal street, called Gotliers- 
 gade, (Goth's Street.) which, with its continuation along 
 the canal of Nyehavn, (New Haven.) stretches through Co- 
 penhagen Proper from N. to S., and divides it into two 
 nearly equal parts. The W. part, or old town, where it has 
 not been replaced by modern buildings, exhibits the Copen- 
 hagen of the olden time, and consists generally of narrow 
 crooked streets, lined by mean, and in many cases, wooden 
 hou.ses. Many of the finest public buildings, however, be- 
 long to this division. partil;ularly that part of it called Slots- 
 holm, (castle island.) a kind of isl.and which is formed by 
 the channel already mentioned, and canals branching from 
 it. and which, though the original nucleus of the city, h.as 
 become one of its newest sections. The E. part, or new 
 town, and also Christianshavn. (which is on the i.sland of 
 Amager.) are almost entirely of modern construction, the 
 former l)eing built according to a plan, which, if com- 
 pleted, would give Copenhagen a first place among Euro- 
 pean cities. The city is entered by four gates, and con- 
 tains 16 public squares and market-places. The largest 
 ard handsomest of these squares, the Kongens Nytorv 
 2Q 
 
 (New King's Market.) covers an extensive space almoefi 
 in the very middle of the town. No ftjwer than 12 sfieetfl 
 open into it : and in its centre is a colossal equestiian 
 statue of Christian V., with curious allegorical figures. 
 Its E. side forms part of the Gothers-'ade already men- 
 tioned, wliich is the princiijai thoroughfare, and contain? 
 the finest shops. On the N. of the city, and connected with 
 it b}' an esplanade, is the citadel of Frederii-kshavn, a regu- 
 lar polygon with 5 ba.stions. The city contains many noble 
 public buildings, among which are the Palace of Amalien- 
 borg, inhabited by tlie rojal family, the Castle of Charlot- 
 tenborg. now used as an academy of the fine arts, with its 
 parks converted into a botanic garden, the Castle of Rosen- 
 borg, built in lGt)4, in which are deposited the regalia and 
 many antiquities; the Town-house, built l.S05-lfl; the 
 University, partly rebuilt between 1831 and 1S36. and tlie 
 Koyal Theatre. The chief ecclesiastical buildings are — the 
 Frue Kirke, the metropolitan church of tlie kingdom, 
 adorned with the finest Qulptures of Thorwaldseii : St. Pe- 
 ter's, or the German Church, with a spire 250 feet in height; 
 the Trinity Church, on the round tower of which is placed 
 the astronomical observatory : and the Church of our Sa- 
 viour, in Christianshavn, with a spire 288 feet high. 
 
 Among the educational institutions the University natu- 
 rally takes the first place. It was founded by Christian I,, 
 in 1478. The number of professors and lecturers at the com- 
 mencement of 1850 was 46, of whom only 16 have a seat and 
 vote in tlie Senatxus or Consistorium. The average attend- 
 ance of students Ts from lOOU to V200. The University is 
 well endowed and possesses numerous bursaries — the Ke- 
 gena, (ilomiis reip'a,) an astablishment connected witli it, 
 lodges, and partially maintains 120 students. To (he Uni- 
 versity, too, belong the chiruigical academy, two observato- 
 ries, the liotauical garden in Nyehavn, and the polytechnic 
 scliooi, in wliich a complete preparatory course is given. The 
 other principal schools are the Metropolitan School, the Ve- 
 terinary Sdiool, the Military High School, the naval and 
 military cadet academies, and the town .schools. Copenha- 
 gen possesses several extensive and valuable libraries. That 
 of tile University has 12o.(IO0 volumes; but by far the most 
 important is the Koyal Library, which occupies a large build- 
 ing to the S. of Christiansliorg. and contains 400.000 volumes, 
 and 15,000 MSS. It is particularly rich in northern litera- 
 ture, and among the >1SS. is liask's Sanscrit and .Singha- 
 Ie.se collection, wliich is said to be unique in Euro])e. The 
 principal scientific and literary associations of Copenhagen 
 are — the Academy of Arts, the Koyal Danish Literarj- and Sc: 
 entitic Society, the Koyal Society for Northern Antiquities, 
 the .Agricultural Society, the Art Union, Artist's Union, Mu- 
 .sical Union, &c. This city is also rich in museums and curi- 
 ous collections. The most recently formed, but at the .same 
 time, jierhaps. the most interesting of these, is Thorwald- 
 sen's Museum, situate on the Slotsholm. It contains the 
 ricii be([uest which th.at great sculptor ni.nde to his country, 
 of his compo.sitions and collections, during the course of 
 lialf a century. The Mu.«eum of Northern Antiquities oo 
 cupies a wing of the palace of Christiansborg. but a const- 
 deraiile part of the collections prfiperly belonging to it is 
 deposited in the Koyal Museum, in the Droningen Tvergade. 
 These comliined collections form a museum which is almost 
 unique. The antiquities are arranged in four sections, ac- 
 cording to the ages to %vhich they belong, and proceed in 
 regular gradation, from the rudest efforts of heathenism to 
 the age of chivalry. The l!oyal Museum of N.itural History, 
 in the Stormgade. is rich both in zoological and and niinera- 
 logicjil specimens. Among the latter, the most deserving 
 of notice is a mass of native silver from Norway, the largest 
 in the world, alx)ut 6 feet long, 2 feet broad, and 8 inches 
 thick. The other important collections are the royal cabi- 
 net of coins and medals, in the Castle of Kosenliorg, alike 
 remarkable for the numlx^r and the rarity of its spwimens ; 
 the Etlinographical Museum, and the Koyal Gallery of Paint- 
 ings in the Christiansborg. containing about 1000 pictures, 
 many of them by the first masters. 
 
 Copenhagen possesses numerous hospitals and asylums, 
 in which no kind of di.sease. poverty, or helplessness appears 
 to be forgotten. At the head of these establishments is 
 Frederick's Hospital, which has beds for 350 patients, and 
 which, in addition to the admirable accommodations of its 
 interior, has a spacious court, laid out in planted alleys, as 
 a promenade for the convale.scent. The inhabitants of Co- 
 penhagen have a keen relish for public amusements, and 
 find ample means of gratifying it in their theatres, casinos, 
 and tivoiis. 
 
 Harbor, Trade, ttc. — The harbor is formed by the chan- 
 nel between the islands of Seeland and Amager, and pos- 
 sesses all essential requisites, being deep, spacious, and 
 secure. The channel is closed at both ends — on the W. by 
 the Langebro (long bridge.) which opens in the middla 
 and has a length of 440 feet ; and on the E. by a con tinua- 
 tion of a floating bridge, stretching in the direction of the 
 channel for lliX) yards, and dividing it into two unequal 
 parts, that %n the S. forming the great naval station of Den- 
 mark, where each ship has it« place, and a wooden gallery 
 ranges round, so as to enclose the whole fleet, and make it 
 
 407 
 
COP 
 
 as easy to vlefr the phips as if they lay on dry ground. The 
 aveidire width of tlie channel is about 70 yards; its depth 
 from 18 to 22 I'eet ; and from either side of it numerous canals 
 branch ofiT. those on the S. givini; access to the arsenal, the 
 buildinsr and praving docks, and other extensive premises 
 reciuired by the navy, while those to the N. often penetrate 
 a considerable way into the citj-. and give important facili- 
 ties for trade. Tlie manu&ctures of Copenhagen are not 
 Tery important, and are almost entirely confined to the 
 supply of articles for home consumption, or for the army 
 and navy, 'the chief of these are woollen cloth, for which, 
 in additional to private establishments, there is a govern- 
 ment factory, employing 1200 persons, and annually furnish- 
 ing alx)Ut 150,000 ells ; linen, and siiilcloth. leather, tobacco, 
 ironware, and porcelain. The shipping trade of Copenhagen 
 is less extensive than might be exijeoted from its admirable 
 position and other advantages. About 250 ves.sels belong to 
 the port, with a tonnage of 15..579. The average entries of 
 foreign vessels is 1400 : tonnage ]45,ii40. ( >f these, 250 come 
 from (treat Britain, with cargi>es afmost exclusively confined 
 to coal, salt, and iron. Thetransit trade has ct>nsiderably 
 diminished : the ports, from whii-h much of it used to come, 
 now communicating directly ; but the coa,sting trade still 
 gives the entries at 4000 veswels, tonnage 115,920. The chief 
 Imports are colonial produce, wine. toUicco, and naval stores ; 
 the chief exports, grain, hides, and cattle. Copenhagen is 
 regularly visited by steam pjifkets, chiefly from ports in the 
 Baltic, and a railway, to connect it with.Kor.'iier. about ti2 
 miles S.W., has been completed as far as'noeskilde. 
 
 //(.vYr»'y.— Copenhagen is first mentioned as a fisliing ham- 
 let in 1043. In 1108, Bishop .\bsiilon f lunded a haven, and 
 erected a fort on the Slotsholm. as a place of refuge agiiust 
 the northern pirates. It then bore the nanu-of Axelhuus. 
 Shortly after it rose to importance, and acquired its present 
 name of Kjobenhavn. or .Merchant's Haven. It has occa- 
 sionally suffered much from hostile ravages, and still more 
 firom accideutal tires, which have ivpeatedly laid the greater 
 part of it in ruins. It was attacked by Nelson, .\pril 2. 1801, 
 but its crowning ai.saster w.hs the bomliardment by the Bri- 
 tish in 1SU7. Being elevated but little above the level of 
 the sea. Copenhagen is liable to be overflowed during storms, 
 and it suffered much from this cause in 1S24. 
 
 COPEMIA'GKN. a pos^village of Lewis co., New York, on 
 Deer Hiver. alx)ut 25 miles E. of Sacketfs IIarl)or, contains 
 several stores and mills. A little below the village there is 
 a remarkable water-fall. 
 
 COPEMIAtJKN, a post-village of Caldwell CO., North Ca- 
 rolina, about 200 miles W. by X. of Raleigh; 
 
 COl*KXII.\(:i KX, a post-offlce of Caldwell parish, Louisiana. 
 
 COPKNIIAtJUli, a city of Denmark. See Copi:xhagen. 
 
 COP'K.XHALL. a parish of EugUnd. co. of Chester. 
 
 COPEX.S.\Y. one of the Orkney Islands. .See CurtxsnAT. 
 
 OOPEUTlXi). ko-p^R-tee'no. a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto. district, and 10 miles S.S.W. of Lecce. enclosed by 
 (rails, defended by a strong castle, and having several 
 churches and conTent.s. Pop. 3500. 
 
 COPES Mn>L.S, a poslrofiice of Jefferson co., Ohio, 146 
 miles from Columbus. 
 
 COPET a village of Switzerland. See CoppCT. 
 
 COP'FOltD. a parish of England, co. of I^ssex. 
 
 COP'GKOVE, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding. 
 
 CO'PI, a post-village of Johnson co, Iowa, 12 miles W.X.TY. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 COJ'I'AII. a county in the S.W.part of Missi.s!:ippi. has an 
 area of alout UCO square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Pearl Kiver. and drained by the head-streams of Bayou 
 Pierre and Uomocliitto Kiver. Small Iwats sometimes navi- 
 
 fate the Pearl Kiver as high as this county. Copiah is an 
 ndian word signifying '• screech-owl." Capital, (Jallatiu. 
 Pop. lo.?!).', of whom 'i?^ were free, ami 7965 slaves. 
 
 COPIAH CREEK, n pcst-village of U'piiili ca, Mississippi. 
 
 COPIAPO, kope-a-po/, a rivor of Chili, falls into the Pacific 
 at Copiapo, after a N.W. course of about 150 mile«. 
 
 COPIAPO or SAX FUAXCLSCO DE SELVA, san fran- 
 sis'ko (or sin frin-sees'ko di sjl'vd.) a town of Chili, pro- 
 vince of, and 177 miles N.X.E. of Coquimlo. on the right 
 bank of a river of its own name. 30 miles from its mouth, 
 at which is situated the port of Copiapo. in lat. 27° 19' 30" 
 8.. Ion. 71° 2' \V. A railway was finished from Copiapo to 
 Cnldera in 1851. Tha town is regularly built, and most of 
 the houses are of lirick. It has a college, and several con- 
 vents. I^rthquakes are here of daily, or almost hourly 
 occurrence. Dr. Meyen relating that duiing his stay six or 
 seven occurred every 24 hours. In 1819 and 1822. Copiapo 
 was almost wholly destroyed by earthquakes: and again on 
 M.iy 2o, 1851, it was seriouMy damaged, and the hou.«es in 
 one street nearly all destroyed by one of these visitations. 
 Copiapo is the centre of Hie piiiicipfil mining district of 
 Chili — copper, gold, silver, mercury, iron, sulphur, nitre, 
 and lapis lazuli being found in its vicinity. A considerable 
 portion of the metallic ores are smelted near the port, which 
 Is also the centre of an important import and export trade. 
 The duties collected here in 1852 amounted to $145,494. 
 Pop of town. 4000; of port, 1200. 
 
 COQ 
 
 C0PI.4.P0. a province which inclnded the whole N. portion 
 of Chili is now incorporated with the province of Coquimbo, 
 
 Ci iPIXSllAY'orC •PENSAY,sometime3 written C>)PEN- 
 SH AW, one of the Orkney Islands, iu Scotland, off the S. end 
 of Mainland; lat. 58° 55' X., Ion. 2° 2(5' W. It is about 1 
 mile long, and }^ mile broad. 
 
 COPEE, a parish of England, CO. of Bedford. 
 
 COP'LEY, a post-village and township of Summit co, 
 Ohio, 124 miles X.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1323. 
 
 COPO'PA, a post-office of Lorain co., tihio. 
 
 COPPARO, kop-pd'ro, a town of the Papal States, 11 miles 
 E.X,E. of Eerrara. Pop. 2330. 
 
 COPPEXAME. kopVn I'meh. COPOXAME or CUPAXA- 
 MA, kup-Jn-J'mJ. a river of Dutch Guiana, rises in the 
 mountains of the Guacanayas country, flows X.. and falls 
 into the ocean at the mouth of the Saramacea. Total course, 
 93 miles. 
 
 COPPEXBRUGGE. (CoppenbrUgge,) kop'pen-brtig'ghfh, a 
 small town of. and 19 miles S.S.W. of Hanover. 
 
 COP'PEKAS CKEEK. a post-village of Fulton co., Hlinois, 
 on a creek of ."Mime name, near its entrance into the Illinois 
 River, about 50 miles X. by W. of .Springfield. The produce 
 of the vicinity is shipped here iu steamboat.', and in 1852 
 amounted in value to S150.000. 
 
 COPPERAS HILL, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont. 
 
 COP'PER CREEK, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois. 
 
 COPPER CREEK, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, 76 
 miles E.X.E. of Iowa City 
 
 COPPER CREEK, a post-office of Rock Island co., Illinois. 
 
 COPPER HILL, a post-office of Hunterdon co., Xew 
 Jersev. 
 
 COP'PERJIIXE MOUXTAIXS, a low mountain range in 
 the X.W. part of British Americi, running parallel to the 
 Rocky Jlountains, from lat. (i3° X. to the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 C0P'P£R.M1XE RIVER, in British North America. North- 
 west<?rn Territory, enters an inlet of the Arctic Ocean N.E. 
 of the Great Bear Lake, after a course estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 COPPER RIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co.. Tennessee. 
 
 COPPET, kop^p-V, or COPET, a village of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Vaud, on the lake, and 9 miles X.X.E. of Ge- 
 neva. It is only remarkable for its chateau, with garden* 
 and park, once the residence of Bayle. (lt>70-72.) afterwards 
 of tlie financier Xecker. and his celebratetl daughter Ma- 
 dame de Stael-HL>lstein, who are both interred in a chapel 
 near it. In its vicinity several Roman inscriptions have 
 been found. Pop. 600. all Calvin istic Protestants. 
 
 COP'PINGFOKD, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 COP'PULL, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 COPRATES, a river of Persiiu See Dezfool. 
 
 CO^PUL'. a strxmgly fortified town of India. Deccan, Ni- 
 zam's dominion. 210 miles S.W. of Hyderabad; lat. 15° 19* 
 X., Ion. 70° 10' E. It was stormed and taken by the Britisli 
 in 1819. 
 
 COQ, LE Ifh kok, a town of Senegambia. co. of Foofci 
 Toro, at the.M'. extremity of the island Morfil formed by a 
 branch of the Senegal ; lat. 10° 3S' X.. Ion. 15° 5' W. 
 
 COQUAGO, ko-kwd'go,or OQUAGO.o-kwS'go, the principal 
 branch of the Delaware River, rises in Xew York on the W. 
 declivity of the Catskill ilountaine, near the boundary be- 
 tween Schoharie and Delaware counties. It flows first S.W. to 
 Deposit, only about 10 miles from the Su.squehanna River, 
 where it suddenly changes its course to S.E. ; and, after 
 forming the boundary between Xew York and I'ennsylvania 
 for a few miles, unites with the Popacton, the other con- 
 stituent branch, at Hancock. The whole length is pro- 
 bably 100 miles. It is a beautiful and rapid stream, 
 affording extensive motive-power. 
 
 COQUET, kok'ef. or COClv'ET,a small river of England, 
 rises in the Cheviot Hills "and enters the Xorth Sea near 
 ^A'arkworth. Its valley, Coquetdale. forms a civil division 
 of the county. Opposite its mouth is Coquet Island, 1 mile 
 in circumference, and having the remains of an ancient mo- 
 nasterv. 
 
 COQUILAGE. ko'keenlzh'. (GRAXDE, giSxd, and PE- 
 TITE, peh-teef.) two islands in Chagos Archipelago. Indian 
 Ocean, about lat. 5° 20' S., Ion. 72° 20' E., covered with cocoa 
 
 OQL'IMBO, ko-keem'bo, or LA SEREXA, Id s.A-rA'ni a 
 seaport town in Chili.capifal of a province of its own name, 
 beautifully situated on the left bankof Cofiuimbo River.not 
 far from its emixiuchure in the B.\v of CoquimlK) ; lat. 29° bV 
 12" S.. Ion. 7 1° 19' W. The town is small, but well and regu- 
 larly built. The houses, one story in height, are mostly 
 constructed of sun-dried brick, and stand apart from each 
 otlier. with large gardens between. It contains several 
 churches and convents, a public school and hospital, and at 
 the S. extremity is the plaza or public square. The port or 
 harbor at Balsas. 6 or 7 miles distant, is excellent, and is on 
 this account much frequented, notwithatan<Iing that both 
 wood and water are difficult to obtain. The trade of the port 
 consists principally of the export of copperand more pn-cious 
 metals obtained in the province ; the imports are provisions, 
 Ac, for the supply of the inhabitants and of the mines. The 
 nnmlier and tonnage of vessels that entered the port in 
 1S47, was 145; tonmige, 39,987. Value of cargoes, loO.SoOi 
 
COQ 
 
 Cleared in the same year. 145 ; tonnage, 39.987. Value of 
 far^oes, 253,2-44/. Amount of duties collected in 185'J, 
 17,982?. The name L\ Serena, sometimes given to the 
 town, alludes to the serenity of its climate. Pop. about 8000. 
 
 COQUI.MBi), a large province of Chili, composed of the 
 former provinces of CnpiajKD and Coquimbo united, ex- 
 tending from the Bolivian frontier, lat. 25° 28' S., to the 
 river Chuapa, lat. .31° 40' S. It is upwards of 400 miles 
 long, and a.s it occupies the entire breadth of the state, from 
 the Andes to the Pacific, is generally about 100 miles 
 broad. Area. 48,000 square miles. Pop. 30,000. 
 
 COIl.\, ko'rd, a town, capital of the island of Samos, in 
 Asiatic Turkey, 3 miles from its S. coast, and on a portion 
 of the site of ancient Samos, which was anciently one of 
 the most flourishing cities of Greece. 
 
 COIIA, a town of Italy. See Cow. 
 
 CCKA, a village of Henry CO., Iowa, 25 miles W.N.W. of 
 Burlington. 
 
 COKAIj, kor'3! or ko-rjl', a small rocky island of Brazil, 
 S.E. coast, 20 miles S.S.E. of Paranagua, lat. 20° 46' S., Ion. 
 48° 35' VV. 
 
 COIv'.\L, a post-village and township in McIIenry co., Illi- 
 nois, ne.tr the Galena and Chicago Kailroad, SO^iiles N.W. 
 of Chicago. Pop. 1268. 
 
 COU'AL SK.\, a part of the Pacific Ocean, bounded W. by 
 Australia, and E. by the archipel.ago of New Hebrides, so 
 called from the numerous coral reefs it contains. 
 
 CO'llAM, a post-villago of Suffolk co.. New York, about 
 60 miles E. of New York city, contains a few stores. 
 
 COI{.\N'.\.\S. ko-rin'nis, a tribe of South Africa, inhabit- 
 ing the country lying between Griqua-land on the E., and 
 Namaqua-land on the W. They are chieHy to be found 
 along the banks of the Great Orange Kiver. are good-look- 
 ing but excessively filthy. They cultivate nothing but to- 
 bacco, subsisting chiefly on the milk of their cattle, of which 
 they have gre;it numbers ; their flocks also are immense. 
 
 C0!{A.\S.4.1I. ko-rin'sjh. a district of Upper Guinea, near 
 the centre of" the .\shantee county. Principal towns — Oo- 
 ransah, Sasafior. and Boben. 
 
 coil AT J. ko-ri'to, a city of Naples, in Ten-a di Bari, 14 
 miles S.E. of Barletta. Pop. 24,576. It has a fine church, 
 & convents, and an oi-phan a.sylum. 
 
 COltAY, ko\\V. a market-town of France, department of 
 Finist^re, 13 miles E.N.E. of Quimper. Pop. l^.iO. 
 
 CORAZON, ko-rd-s5n', (i. e. "Heart,") a mounfciin of Ecu- 
 ador, in the Andes, 20 miles S.AV. of Quito. Its summit is 
 occasionally covered with snow, and beai-s the form of a 
 he-irt, from which it derives its name. 
 
 COItBACH, or KOItBACH, kou'blK. a walled town, in Cen- 
 tral Germany, capital of the principality of W.ildeck, on the 
 Itt<?r, which divides it into an old and a new town. 28 miles 
 S.VV. of Cassel. Pop. 2200. It has a castle, Lutheran and 
 and Calvin churches, a college, orphan asylum, and manu- 
 ■ Cictures of woollen stuffs. 
 
 CORli.\ L'l> Y, a parish of Ireland, cos. Tipperary and King's. 
 
 COItBALI-Y. a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford. 
 
 CORKALl.Y. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 COKBEAU, kor-bO', a village in the N.E. part of Clinton 
 CO.. New York. 
 
 COUBEIL, koR'b.-lI', a town of France, department of 
 Seiiie-et-Oise, on the Seine, at the influx of the Essonne. artd 
 at the head of a branch of the Paris and Orleans Railway, 
 18 niilfS S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 4725. It is divided 
 by the Seine into an old and a new town. It was formerly 
 fortified. Priiiiip.il edifices comprise a corn-hall, large corn 
 magazine, public library, and theatre. It has various manu- 
 facturing establishments, and is the centre of an active 
 trade in corn and flour for the supply of Paris. 
 
 CORBETTA, koR-bi-t'ta, (anc. Cti/ria Pic'ta, ? Curbitum,*) a 
 town of Northern Italy, government of Milan. 22 miles 
 N.N.W. of Pavia, and 10 miles \V. of .Mil.an. It is well built, 
 and has a large parish church and a castle. Pop. 4020. 
 
 C:»R'HETTSVILLE,a post-office of Broome co.. New York. 
 
 CORBIE. koR^bee', a town of France, department of Som- 
 me. on the Canal de la Somme. and the Railway de Nord, 9 
 miU's E. of Amiens. Pop. 1819. 
 
 CORISlillRES, konMie-aiR/, (Ger. Korbers. koR'bfRs,) a pa- 
 rish and village, formerly a town of Switzerland canton, 
 find 9 miles S. of Freybnrg.on the Sarine. Pop. 193. 
 
 COItUlGNY, koRM>eenVee', a town of France, department 
 of Niftvre, on the Arguisson, 30 miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. 
 1729. 
 
 COR'GRIDOE, a village, and parish of England, co. of 
 Northumberland, on the Tyne. here crossed by a .seven- 
 :,rched bridge, and with a station on the Newcastle and 
 '^rlisle Railway, 3 j miles E. of Hexham. Pop. 2103. 
 
 COR'BY, a market-town and parish of England, co. and 
 <0 miles S. of Lincoln. Pop. 714. 
 
 CORBY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 CORBY, GREAT, a township of England, co. of Cumber- 
 L'lnd. 
 
 CORCIEXJX, koR'se-uh', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vosues. 20 miles E. of Epinal. Pop. 1640. 
 
 CORCDBADV or COKCOVADO. koR-ko-v^'do. (i. e. the 
 " Humpbacked" Mountain,) a volcanic mountain of the 
 
 coit 
 
 Andes, in Patagonia, near the Pacific coast. Lat. 43^ 10' 3 , 
 Ion. near 73° \V. Height. 7510 feet. 
 
 CORCOBADO or COliCOVADO, ULF OF, on the W. coast 
 of South America, between the 8. part of the island of 
 C'hiloe and the mainland. Named from its proximity to 
 the above mountain. 
 
 CORCOMOHIDI';', a parish of Ireland, in Munster, cos. of 
 Cork and Limerick. 
 
 CORCOVADO, kon-ko-vd/do, a remarkable mountain of 
 Brazil, 2 miles from Ilio Janeiro, rises in -an isolated 
 peak to an elevation of 2000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 The view from the summit is magnificent, comprising the 
 harbor, city, and environs of Kio Janeiro. 
 
 CORCUBION, kor-koo-be-6n'. a fishing town of Spain, on 
 a bay of the same name, 50 miles W.S.\V. of Coruna. Pop. 
 S04. It was formerly fortified, but dismantled bj' the Eng- 
 lish in 1809; in the same year it was burned by the French. 
 
 CORCYRA. See Corfu. 
 
 COIt/D A V I LLE, a post-oflice. Worcester co.. Mas.sachusetts. 
 
 CORI)EM.\IS, koKMsjh-uui', a market-town of Frajice. de- 
 partment of Loire-Inferieure, 10 miles W.N.W. of Nantes 
 Pop. 2238. 
 
 CORDES, koRd. a town of France, department of Tarn, 13 
 miles N.W. of Albi. 
 
 CORDES (kop.d or koR'des) B.\Y, south coast of Patagonia, 
 Strait of Magellan. 45 miles N.W. of Cape Froward. Its en- 
 entrance is obstructed by sandbanks, and in some places by 
 rocks. Discovered in 1599 by Simon de Cordes, a Dutch 
 navigator. 
 
 CORDILLERA, kor-dille-ra, (Sp. pron. koR-dcel-yd/rl,) 
 the .Sp.anish name of a niovintain chain. See A.ndes. 
 
 CORDOUAN, LA TOUR DE. iS tooR dyh koRMoo-^N"', (i. «. 
 " The Tower of Cordouan,") alight-hou.se at the mouth of the 
 Oironde. on a rock — the remnant of the island of Antros, 
 60 miles N. N.W. of Bordeaux. The light-house is 207 feet 
 in elevation, and the finest in France. 
 
 CORDtJVA.kor'dova,* (Sp. Oirdabii or 0)r(?wa,koR'do-vS; 
 Fr. Oird'iue. koR^doo'; anc. Coi-'duha and Olnlnia Palri'cia, 
 or simply l\itricia.) a city of Spain, capital of the province 
 and formerly capital of the kingdom of Cordova, in a sa- 
 lubrious pl.ain on the Guadalquivir, SO miles N.E. of Seville; 
 lat. o7° 52' 1.5" N., Ion. 4° 49' 3ii" W. Pop. 41,976. Its Moorish 
 w.alls. built on Roman foundations, enclose a large area, 
 much of which is now occupied by gardens or by I'uins. ex- 
 cept one large square, bordered by lofty and handsome 
 edifices ; the city is generally badly laid out, meanly built, 
 and dirty. It communicates with a suburb across the river 
 by a noble .stone bridge of 16 arches, built by the Moors in 
 the eighth century, and commanded by a Saracenic castle, 
 still kept in a state of defence. Its Cathedral, formerly one 
 of the most holy moscjues of the Mohammedan world, and 
 still one of the most remarkable edifices in Spain, pre.sents 
 in its interior a ''labyrinth of columns" of all orders and 
 materials, whirh were lirought from various ancient tem- 
 ples all around the Mediterranean. Other principal build- 
 ings are 13 parish churches, gorgeously adorned, about 40 
 convents, the Bishop's Palace, with fine gardens, and a 
 llbrai-y of 15,000 volumes, the remains of a palace of tlie 
 Aloorish sovereigns, now converted into stables for a royal 
 breeding stud, the City llall, 16 hospitals, foundling and 
 other asylums, 3 colleges, and several schools. It was noted 
 for the famous preparation of goat-skins, called Cordovan.-f 
 This branch of industry, however, has declined into insig- 
 nificance; but the silversmiths and filigree workers of Cor- 
 dova maintain their repute ; and manufactures of jxiper, 
 barrels, hats, and silken fabrics are carried on. 
 
 Cordova was founded by the Romans, but at what period 
 is uncertain. It was afterwards taken by the (loths and 
 again by the Jloors in 672, and for many centuries after- 
 wards remained the splendid capital of the Caliphate of the 
 West. In 1236 it was taken and almost wholly destroyed 
 by Ferdinand III. of Castile, a blow from which it never 
 recovered. It afterwards became the capital of one of the 
 four old provinces of And.alusi.a, with the title of kingdom. 
 It contained in the tenth century nearly a million of inhabi- 
 tants, 300 mosques, 900 baths, and iiOO inns — a statement 
 which sufficiently marks the importance and splendor from 
 which it has fallen. Cordova was for some time compiised 
 in the country of the kings of Seville. It is the birthpl.ice 
 of the two Senecas, the Roman poet Lucan, the Arab physi- 
 cians, Avicenna and .\verroes, and Gonzalves Fernandez. 
 
 .Adj.and Inhab. Cordovese, koR'do-veez; or Cor'dl'bese', 
 
 when the ancient town is referred to. 
 
 * " the regal seat 
 
 Of Abdalazis, ancient Cordoba.' 
 -" till they saw 
 
 The temples and the towers of Cordoba 
 Shitting majestic in the light of eve." 
 
 South EY's Roderic/c, Boolj V. 
 ** And strangers were received by the© 
 Of Cordova the chivalry." Byros. 
 
 t This word has been corrupted into o<ir cnrdwain, whenefl 
 shoemakers in England derived their old name of cordwainen, 
 and in France that of cordonniers. 
 
 499 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 CORDOVA, provin-e<»f Spain, Andalusia.isbounded N.by 
 BudajnsanJ Ciudad Kenl, K. by .laen, S.and S.E. by Granada 
 and Malaga, and S.W. by Seville. It retains its old boun- 
 darit^s unaltered by the decree of 1834. Area. .5068 square 
 milts. It Is naturally divided into two parts by the Guadal- 
 qui\ ir. Poi>. 348,956. 
 
 CORDOVA, koR'do-va, a town of the Mexican Confederacy, 
 state of. and 50 miles W.S.W. of Vera Cruz, on the S. route 
 to Jlexico. Pop. 6000. It l.s well built of stone, and has 
 many handsome public edifices, an active ti-ade in sugar, 
 tobacco, and coffee for the supply of Mexico, and manufac- 
 tures of cotton and woollen fabrics. 
 
 Ci )I{DOV A . koR/do-va. a city of the Argentine Republic,_(La 
 Plata.) capital of a province of its own name, situated in a 
 beauUful valley on the Primero. and is well sheltered from 
 the X. and S. winds, 387 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres, lat. 31° 
 S5' S., Ion. 63'' 50' W. It is well built, and contains many 
 churches and a university, once hold in high repute, but now 
 dwindled down to a mere provincial school. J t was for a long 
 period the residence of a bishop. Here, also, was the celebrated 
 library iK'longing to the .Jesuits, which, on their expulsion 
 from the city, was transferred to Buenos Ayres. Cordova is 
 the centre of communication between Buenos Ayres and the 
 uppir provinces. Its produce, which consists principally 
 of hides and wool, is sent to the capital of the republic, 
 from which it receives goods of European manufacture in 
 return. It was founded by the conquerors of Tucuman in 
 1573. Pop. 13,000. 
 
 CORDOVA, a province of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata,) in South America, near its centre, bounded by San- 
 tiago, La Rioja, S;in Luis, and Santa Fe. Estimated pop. 
 90.000. Little wheat is raised, that consumed being Im- 
 ported from San Juan. Cattle, sheep, and goats are nu- 
 merous, and beef, maize, and fruits are the principal pro- 
 ducts. Its E. portion is nearly uninhabited. 
 
 COR'DOVA, a post-ofRce of Lincoln co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CORDOVA, a post-office of Grant co., Kentucky. 
 
 CORDOVA, a post-villageof Rock Island co., Illinois, on the 
 Mi.ssissippi River, about 25 miles above Rock Island City. 
 
 CORDOVADO, koR-do-v4'do, a village of Northern Italy, 
 in the government of Venice, 23 miles S.W. of Udine. Pop. 
 2400. It has a fort, a cathedral, and bishop's palace. 
 
 CORDUBA and CORDUBESE. See Cordova. 
 
 CORDUEXE or CORDYEXE. See Koordist.\x. 
 
 COREA, or KOREA, ko-ree'a. (called by the natives T.<yo- 
 sien, by the Chinese, to whom it is tributary, Kuo-Ue, and 
 by the Japanese, Ko-rai, ko^rl', whence its European name 
 of Corea, or Korea,) is an extensive peninsular country in 
 North-eastern Asia, whose limits are not accurately known, 
 bounded E. by the Sea of Japan, S. by the strait of Corea, 
 and W. by the Whanghai, or Yellow Sea, and the Gulf of 
 Leao-tong. The capital, Kingkitao, is situated on the 
 Kiang River, in the centre of the kingdom, lat. 37° 40' N., 
 and Ion. 127° 20' E. Corea comprises a peninsula with a 
 small pc'vtion of the continent to which it is attached ; the 
 continental portion extending in breadth from Ion. 124° to 
 132° E., the peninsula from Ion. 125° 15' to 131° 30' E., be- 
 tween lat. 33° 20' and 43° X., its average width being about 
 135 miles, while the total length of the country, from X. to 
 S., is somewhat less than 600 miles. Corea also Includes 
 numerous groups of islands in the Yellow Sea and Strait of 
 Corea, and the island of Quelpaert, 50 miles S. of the penin- 
 sula. Area of continental portion, about 80,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 The peninsula is traversed through its length by a Cordil- 
 lera, abrupt and precipitous on the E., but forming a gentle 
 slope on the W. side, which, being watered by the principal 
 rivers of the country, is exceedingly fertile. The coasts are, 
 for the most psirt, rocky and almost inaccessible; yet there 
 are sume excellent harbors. The climate is very cold, and 
 in the summer rain is frequent. In the N. the only grain 
 that can be grown is barley ; but in the S., the soil is fertile, 
 and wheat, cotton, rice, millet, indifferent legumes, and 
 hemp, are grown extensively. A decoction of pinang. a kind 
 of walnut, is substituted fur tea. The ginseng root is a pro- 
 duction of Corea, greatly valued in China and Japan, where 
 high prices are given for it. Potatoes were introduced by 
 GutzUilTand Lindsay, in 1832. The uncultivated northern 
 parts of the kingdom are covered with extensive forests. 
 Fruits are abundant, including pears, plums, strawberries, 
 blackberries, apricots, and grapes ; but, on account of the 
 continual summer rains, all are watery and in.sipid. tJold, 
 silver, copper, rock-salt, iron, and coal, are found, but are 
 Ultle attended to. The domestic animals are oxen, pigs, 
 goats, dogs, and cats, and a small race of horses, very strong 
 and spirited, called mon-k-wat. Oxen only are used for ag- 
 ricultural labors, the horse being reserved expressly for the 
 saddle. Sheep are almost unknown, there being, it is said, 
 n. prohibition against rearing them. The roval tiger and 
 panther are so numerous that their skins form an article of 
 ?ommcrco with foreigners. Tliese animals are distinguished 
 from those of the same kind found in the tropics by the 
 greater length of the hair— the Bengal tiger being far infe- 
 rior in beauty of coat to that of Corea. Corean musk is 
 mui:h used as a medicine and perfume. 
 500 
 
 The manufactvires of Corea, comprise strong and coarse 
 tissues of hemp, cotton, and grass; silk in considerable 
 quantity, but not very fine; pottery and porcelain, some- 
 times of monstrous size ; excellent arms — Corean .siibres and 
 poignards being much sought tbr by the Chinese: and well- 
 m.ade matchlocks. Paper constitutes an impoitant branch of 
 manufacture, entering, as it does in Corea. into the construc- 
 tion of numerous articles. Of it are made hats, umbrellas, 
 sacks, and cloaks, which appear to wear well. A few .slips 
 of wood, covered with paper, forms a door, through which 
 the occupant, by making a hole with his finger, is enabled 
 to see what is going on in the street. Ships it. C«rea are 
 simple and light, from 30 to 50 feet long : tho wood work 
 clumsy, and fastened with wooden pegs, no metal being em- 
 ployed in joining any part of them. 
 
 The foreign connnerce is trilling, and confined to China 
 and Japan. Skins, silk, raw and manufactured, cotton 
 cloths, paper, and ginseng, are exported; and aromatic 
 woods, pepper, various kinds of horn, and Japan waie, are 
 imported. A strong feeling of jealousy on the part of the 
 government existing in regard to intercourse with foreign 
 countries, there is little or no commercial communication 
 with Europeans, and scarcely with the Chine.se. Internal 
 commerce there can be almost none, from the want of good 
 roads; those that are best not being capable of admitting 
 more than four men abreast, and frequently, by rocks or 
 large stones, reduced to half that breadth ; many are mere 
 patlis. scarcely tracejitile, and often inundated. The bridges, 
 composed of stjilies fixed in the stream, and covered with 
 earth, are swept away by evei-y flood; but numerous 
 streams have not even this apology for a bridge, but are 
 supplied only with stepping-stones. 
 
 Corea is governed by a king, whose sway is, in a manner, 
 absolute, and though tributary to China, his freedom of 
 action seems quite uncontrolled. The governmental consti- 
 tution of the crown is organized like that of China. The 
 ministry is divided into five dep.artments, which form the 
 centre of all civil and military appointments, so that from 
 them issues the administration of every religious, political, 
 and social ordinance. The power of the king is lield invio- 
 lalile and sacred, from the union in his own person of the 
 iiierarohical and secular sovereignty. The country is di- 
 vided into eight circles, or provinces, eacli of which is placed 
 under the authority of special governors, who, as in Japan, 
 are personally responsible to the government. The king's 
 revenues, which are very considerable, are derived chiefly 
 from the letting out of lands, and a tithe of all produi'e, he 
 being the possessor of nearly all the landed property in the 
 kingdom. The prevailing religion is Boodhism. which was 
 introduced from China, in the year 372, although there ap- 
 pears to be another religion in existence in the country, 
 like the Sin-too in Japan, and the Taosyn in China. Cox- 
 Fucius is also much esteemed in Corea, and has many fol- 
 lowers. 
 
 Of all the languages of North-eastern Asia, the Corean is 
 the least known. It appears to have been corrupted by the 
 introduction of a multitude of Chine.se words, and by the 
 general use of Chine.se characters, which are employed by 
 the higher clas.ses for all official, scientific, and religious 
 purpose.s, whUe, for tlie use of private life, another kind of 
 character is used, remarkable for simplicity. 
 
 Corea was first subjected by the Tartars, bitt in about n. c. 
 1120, the Chinese appear to have gained possession of the 
 country. The Japanese conquered and held it tietween the 
 years 1G92 and 1608, when it again fell under the sway of 
 China, and still pays a small annual tribute of 800 ounces 
 of silver to the emperor; to whom, also, an embassy is s«>nt 
 every year with presents, and to communicate information 
 of any political event of importance that may have occurred. 
 Adj. and inhab. Coreax or Korean, ko-ree'an. 
 
 COREA or KOREA, ARCIIIPKLAGO OF,"or COREAN 
 ARCHIPELAGO, an extensive group, or a series of groups 
 of islands, chiefly in the AVhanghai or Yellow Sea. on the 
 W. coast of Con^a. and extending from the island of Quel- 
 paert, (lat. of the X. part, 33° 29' 42" N., Ion. l--'6° 56' 30"^ 
 E., to lat. 36° 50' N. 'They are very imperfectly known, but 
 form several group.s. of which, reckoning from S. to N., may 
 be named Port Hamilton. Lyra's, Amherst, Ilatton's, and 
 Clifford's islands. They are chiefly of granite rock, rising 
 at times to sharp peaks of 2000 feet high, and having fre- 
 quently most fantjistic shapes, rugged and bare; basalt like- 
 wise occurs, and sometimes is columnar. 
 
 CORE.\, STR.'VIT OF, a narrow sea connecting the Sea of 
 Japan with the Yellow Sea, and having the peninsula of Co- 
 rea on the N.W., and the Japanese island of Kioo-Sioo en 
 the S.E. 
 
 CORE'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 COUEIJjA. ko-rf I'yd, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, 
 on the Albania, 49 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona, in a fertile 
 plitin. Pop. 4648. It has a hospital, and several distilleries, 
 oil mills, and liquorice factories. 
 
 CORENTYX, ko-rSn-tin', or CORANTYV.a river "f South 
 America, rises in Mount Acarai, in lat. 1° \., 23 miles E. of 
 tiie E.«sef|uibo, flows generally X., sep;iritiiig Biitish .ind 
 Dutch Guiana, and enters the Atlantic bj an estuary, in lat. 
 
COR 
 
 COK 
 
 6° N.. Ion. 57° W., about 25 miles across at its mouth. It 
 was asf'Kiided ia 1830. by Sir It. SchomVjurgk, as hiirh as 
 Int. iP il'Si)" N., Ion. 57" 35' 30" W., where it forms a series 
 of fine catarsfts, and is 900 yards across. It is navigable for 
 boats froia the sea to the intlux of the Cabalaba, (lat. 5° N..) 
 a distance of 150 miles. 
 
 (JUKJi SUUND, on the coast of North Carolina, is about 35 
 miles long, and from 2 to 5 miles broad. It joins Pamlico 
 Sound. 
 
 COi{FK, knrf a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CORKK CASTLK, a decayed borough, town, and parish of 
 England, co. of Dorset, Isle of Purlieck, 4^ miles S.S.K. of 
 Wareham, within the parliamentary borough of which it is 
 now comprised. Pop. in 1851, 1906, partly employed in 
 stone (iu;irries. The town, which appears to have derived 
 its origin from its celebrated castle, is poorly built, and has 
 little trade. The castle, founded during the Saxon era. is a 
 well-iireserved ruin, on a steep, rocky hill, and surrounded 
 by a dry moat; it was dismantled by the Parliamentary 
 army. The borough sent 2 members to the House of Com- 
 mons until disfranchised by the Keform Act. King Edward 
 the martyr was murdered here, at the iusUince of his step- 
 mother, Elfrida. A. D. 978. 
 
 (JDKFU-MUiyLEN, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 COKKU, kor-fiK)' or kor'fii. {.niodcra Gr. Kop0oi. koii-fee': 
 Fr. CorJ'ou. koK'fuo' ; anc. (Jr. KspKUpa. K«rknra ; L. Oivcyh-a.) 
 one of the Ionian I.slands. and tlie seat of tlieir government, 
 next in size to Cephalonia, in the Meditei'ranean. separated 
 from the coast of .Albania by a narrow channel between lat. 
 38° 40' and 39° 40' N., and mostly between Ion. 19° 10' and 
 20° E. Its shape is elongated and irregular. Extreme length, 
 40 miles ; breadth, fmm 2 to 18 miles. Area. 227 square miles. 
 Pop. 74.913. The surface is hilly, and very picturesque; soil 
 fertile; climate hot, very variable, and unhealthy on the 
 coasts. The principal products are corn, sufficient for four 
 months' consumption annually, with a good deal of inferior 
 wine and oil, more than half "the island being covered with 
 olive groves: with oranges, lemons, salt, honey, and wax. 
 It is subdivided into 7 cantons, each sending 1 memlier to 
 the legislative assembly. Besides the city of Corfu, it con- 
 tiiins onlv some villages. 
 
 CORFU, a fortified seaport city, capital of the above island, 
 near the centre of its E. coast, 10 miles S.S.W. of Butrinto, 
 (in Epirus.) I>at. of the citadel, 39° 37' 1" N.. Ion. 20° G' 2" E. 
 Pop. nearly 20.000. It is beautifully situated on an enii- 
 ueiice. and has l)een gresttly improved of late; it is defended 
 by a detiK-lied citjidel, by forts Neuf and Vido, (the latter on 
 a small island, the ancient Pli/'clta,} and various new fortlti- 
 c'ations. The principal edifices are the cathedral, numerous 
 other richly decorated Ureek and Koman Catholic churches, 
 the arsenal, military hospital, residence of the lord high 
 commissioner in the citadel, lunatic and orphan asylums, a 
 light-house, and au /iqueduct. On the esplanade is a fine 
 stitui' of Count Schulenl)erg. who successfully defended the 
 city for the Venetians against the Turks, in 1710. Orfu is 
 the seat of the parliamentary senate, and high judicial court 
 of the Ionian Islands, of ft university and college, and is the 
 residence of the archbishop of the Oreek I.>atin Church. It 
 is well supplied with uecess.iries, has a safe and convenient 
 harbor, and communicates by weekly packets with Oti'antfi, 
 and twice monthly by steamers with Triest, Athens, Gi- 
 braltar, and England. 
 
 COIfKU, a post-<jttice of Genesee co.. New York. 
 
 COKKU, (kor-foo'.) CHANNEL, OK. an arm of the Mediter- 
 ranean, between the island of Coifu and the mainland of 
 Epirus. about 30 miles in length from N. to S., and vaiying 
 in breath from 2 to 16 miles. Corfu and Butrinto are the 
 chief towns on its banks. 
 
 COKIIA.MP'TON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 com, ko'ree, (anc. Colra.) a town of Central Italy, in the 
 Pontifical States. 29 miles S.E. of Kome. Pop. 3000. 
 
 C0R1.\, ko're-d. (anc. Cait/riuin,)a town of Spain. 47 miles 
 N.N.W. of Caceres. on the Alagon. Pop. 1770. It is enclosed 
 by granite walls of Roman oi-igin, and has a cjistle of the 
 fifteeuth century, remarkable for its solid construction, a 
 Gothic cathedral with fine sculptures, several convents and 
 hospitals, and a modern aqueduct. In 1812. it formed the 
 winter-quarters of the troops under Lord Hill. 
 
 CORI.\, a market-town of Spain. (5 miles S. of Seville, on 
 the Guadalquivir, noted for a manufacture of large jars for 
 storing oil and almonds. Pop. 3156. 
 
 CORIGLIANO, ko-reel-yd/iio. a town of Naple.s. province 
 of Calabria Citra, capital of the district. 6 miles VV.N.W. of 
 Ro.s.sano. aud 4 miles from the Gulf of Taranto. Pop. 8260. 
 Tt is gloomy and ill built, but well supplied with water by 
 an atiueduct from the neighboring mountain ; it has a fine 
 castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth, caps, and soap, 
 with a trade in wine and fruit, the product of the vicinity. 
 Near it is the site ot Si/l)Hris, the type of ancient luxury and 
 indolence. 
 
 CORlGhI.\NO, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, dis- 
 trict, and 14 miles S.S.K. of Lecee. Pop. 2100. 
 
 CORINAEDO, ko-re-nil'do, a town of Central Italy, in the 
 M:ucliis, between the Misa aud the Cesano, 25 miles W. of 
 Aucona. Pop. 5S5U. 
 
 CORINGA, ko-rin'g3. a town of Naples, province of Oala 
 bria Ultra II., 15 miles W.S.W. ofCatanzaro. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CORINGA. ko-ring'gd. (anc.nH<(v'i7(7,/}aconsideni!ile sea 
 port town of British India, presidency of Madras, district, 
 and 35 miles S.E. of Rajahniundry. on one of the mouths of 
 the Godavery, with the only harbor (except Blackwood's,' 
 having smooth water on the \V. side of Bengal Bay during 
 the S.W. monsoon. A great number of small ves.»els are 
 annually built here. Cotton stuffs and teak are exported, 
 and silk, paper, copper, &c. imiiorted. In 1784. an inunda- 
 tion of the sea destroyed many lives and much property. 
 
 CORINIU.M. See Cirbncester. 
 
 CORIN'NA. a posttnwnship of T'enobscot co., Maine, situ- 
 ated on an affluent of the Seb.asticook. a lai-ge stream, afford 
 ing fine water-power, and on the Penobscot and Kennebec 
 Railroad, 60 miles E. of August.a. It contains 2 churches, 6 
 stores, 1 grist and 6 .saw mills. 6 shingle machines, cutting 
 about 50.0<X1 shingles annually, 4 boot and shoe factories, 
 and 1 carding and cloth-tlressing machine. Poj). 1597. 
 
 CORINNA CENTRE, a thriving post-village of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, on a fine mill-stream, an aflluent of the Sebasti- 
 cook, and on the Penobscot and Kennebec Railroad. 60 miles 
 E. of Augusta. It contains a church, a town-house, a social 
 library, an academy, built in 1851, an<l 6 stores. 
 
 COR'INTH, (anc. h. C'onVttu.? ; Gr. KopivSoj; Fr. OnHntlie, 
 ko'r^Nf,) an ancient and celebrated city of the kingdom of 
 Greece, on the Isthmus of Corinth, between the Quits of Le- 
 panto (anc. Si'nus Oirinllii/acus) on the W.. and .T-^gina 
 (anc. Si'nus S(trnn'icus) on the E., 48 miles W. of Athens. 
 Pop. 2000. Its citadel, called Acro-Corinthus. was nearly 
 ruined during the wars of independence. From its port, 
 in the Bay of Corinth, it exports dried grapes, wheat, oil, 
 honey, and wax. In remote times, Corinth was one of 
 the most flouiishing cities of Greece, being an entrepOt fot 
 all merchandise p;issing from sea to sea, and commanding, 
 at the sjime time, all the traffic from N. to S. The city early 
 became renowned for its riches. Its inhabitants formed 
 numerous colonies, and acquired great riches, so that the 
 city became proverbial for its luxury; travellers from all 
 parts came to admire its magnificent works of art. St. Pavil 
 ))reached the gospel here during more than a year. It 
 was profusely adorned with fountains, statues, theatres, 
 and various public buildings, of such peculiar excellence in 
 design, as to give rise to a new order of architecture now 
 known by its name. But no portion of this splendor has 
 existed for centuries; and for ages the visitor to Corinth has 
 had to climb over masses of masonry, and by ruined walls, 
 to reach the streets of the modern town. The traces of the 
 ancient walls of the city are still discernible; but the piin- 
 cipal and most interesting monuments of antiquity now rt»- 
 maining are the citadel or Acro-Corinthus, and seven Doric 
 columns, the remains of a Doric temple, at the S.W. extre- 
 mity of the town. The citadel stands on an elevation 18(XI 
 feet high, on the S. side of the city, and is considered the 
 second strongest fortification in Greece. The view from this 
 point is singularly magnificent. Ancient Corintli was sacked 
 and nearly destroyed by the Romans, B.C. 146; nearly all 
 the treasures of art there accumulated were carried to Home 
 The later city was possessed successively l)y the western em- 
 perors and the Venetians; from the latter, Mohammed II. 
 wrested it, .\. D. 1458. It was recovered afterwards by the 
 Venetians in 1687, and retaken by the Turks in 1715. who 
 held it till 1823. .\d.j.and inhab.CoBl.MHiAX. ko-rin'tho-an. 
 
 COR'INTH, a post-vilLige and township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, 20 miles N.W. of Bangor. The village is flourishing, 
 and h.is 2 churches, a well-conducted academy with about 80 
 pupils, 3 public houses, about a dozen stores, and numerous 
 mechanics' shops. Pop. 1790. 
 
 CORINTH, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont, 20 
 miles S.E. of Mont(>elier. It h;us an academy, and manufac- 
 tures of boots and shoes, leather, kc. Pop. 1627. 
 
 CORINTH, a post-township of Saratoga co.. New York, 52 
 miles N. of Albany, bordering on the Hudson River. P.1658. 
 
 CORINTH, a thriving post-village of Heard co., Georgia, 
 135 miles W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CORINTH, a village of Sumter co., Georgia, about 100 mile» 
 S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CORINTH, a post-office of Belmont co.. Ohio. 
 
 Ct)RlNTH. GULF OF, or GULF OK LEPANTO, (anc. Cb- 
 rinthi/acus Sifnus.) an arm of the Mediterranean, extending 
 into the centre of Independent Greece, and separating tbs 
 Morea on the S. from Hellas on the N. Length, from U'. to 
 E., 75 miles; average breadth, 15 miles. It receives numer- 
 ous small rivers, and communicates northward with the 
 Gulf of Patras, by the Strait of Lepanto. The shores are 
 highly picturesque, and in many parts very fertile; around 
 them are the towns of Lepanto, Galaxidi, Livadostro, Corinth, 
 and Vostizza. 
 
 CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF, a neck of land in Greece, unit- 
 ing the Morea with Attica, between the gulfs of Corinth and 
 -Egina. Length, aliout 20 miles; the breadth varies from 
 4 to 8 miles. Its scenery is very interesting, and on it are 
 various remains of antiquity, including the Isthmian wall, 
 and traces of the famous temple of Neptune. The villagu 
 of I\alamaki is on its N , aud Kenkris on its S. coast. 
 
 501 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 OORIO, kc/re-o, a markeWown of the Sardinian States. 
 2.0 miles N.N.W. of Turin. l>op. 6813. 
 
 COiilSC^:), ko-ris'ko, a bay of \Ve.st«rn Africa, Ei:zht of Bia- 
 fra; it is 32 miles broad, and extends from Cape Ksterias on 
 the S. to Cape St. Johr. on the N., and 14 miles inland. It 
 receives the Moonjee Angra or Danger on the >«'., and the 
 Jloondah on the S. 
 
 COIUSCO. an island of Western Africa, at the mouth of 
 the above bay, is 12 miles long by 6 broad. Lat. 0° W 30" 
 K., Ion. 9^ 10' E. 
 
 C<.>RK, L. On-caffia or Corragia,) a city, parliamentary bo- 
 roujih. and river-port of Ireland, capital of the county of Cork, 
 on the lyee. 11 miles above the entrance of Cork harbor, and 
 137 miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1841,80.720; in 1861, 
 78,892, live-sixths of whom are Roman Catholics. The city 
 proper is built on an island formed by the Lee, vrhich river 
 is here crossed by 9 modern bridj^es. several of them elegant 
 structures. Its main streets are broad, well paved, and 
 li;j:hted with gas; but a large p;irt of the city consists of 
 wretched lane.s. inhabited by a population in the lowest 
 destitution. The houses in the more ancient quarter are 
 mostly of limestone: elsewhere they are of brick, frequently 
 faced with slate, and nowhere do they present much regu- 
 larity of architecture. Among the most striking edifices are 
 the City and County Court-houses, erected at a cost of 22.00«.V., 
 and having a portico, surmounted by a group of colos.siil 
 figures: the Mansion-house, on a fine walk termed the Mar- 
 dyke; the Kxchange. Commercial Buildings. Old County 
 Court-house, county and city prisons. House of Correction, 
 Convict Depot, Savings Bank. North and South Intirmaries, 
 Lunatic Asylum. Custom-house. Cork Koyal Institution, and 
 the episcopal palace of the united diocese of Cork, Cloyne. 
 and lioss. The Cathedral is a plain and uninteresting build- 
 ing. HereareS large Roman Catholic churches, oneof which 
 ninks as a Roman Catholic cathedral, various other places 
 of worship, Augustine. Franciscan, Dominican, and Capu- 
 chin monasteries, (the two latter possessing very handsome 
 chapels.) and two nunneries, to which are attjiched large 
 female schools. The charitable in.stitutions comprise, besides 
 the infirmaries, fever, Iving-in, and f mndling liospitals, the 
 Magdalen Asylum and Refuge for Females, green and blue 
 coat schools, the Monks schools, government pawn bank, 
 (mont de piete.) e.stablished in 1S41. and numerous other 
 charities of less note. The principal scientific institutions 
 are Queen's College, the School of Jledicine and Surgery. 
 Cork Library, Pliilosopbical Library, fine art. Cuvierian, agri- 
 cultural, horticultural, and other societies, and the Mecha- 
 nics' Institution. Cork has several club-houses and banks, a 
 chamber of commerce, 3 theatres, a circus, and 3 news- 
 papers. Near it are cavalry and infantry barracks, adapted 
 for 2000 men, and a public cemetery. Its l>eautiful environs 
 are studded with country residences belonging to mer- 
 chants, kc. The city of Cork forms a county of itself. 
 
 The principal nianufectures are of leather, iron and other 
 metallic goo(l.s, glass, gloves, and paper, and there are some 
 large breweries and distilleries ; the woollen and cotton 
 manufactures, formerly important, are now all but extinct. 
 The trade is extensive: the exports consist of corn, flour, 
 butter, and other Irish produce; the imports chiefly of 
 m.mufitctured goods from Kngland; wines, fruits, and salt 
 fnan Portugal and the Mediterranean : and timber from the 
 Baltic and North America. The custom duties received at 
 Cork in 1848. amounteti to 286.113/.. in lS-50. 246,41:2/.. and 
 in 1851. 236,530/. In 1848, the number of vessels registered, 
 belonging to the port, was 396. tonnage. 4i).453; and 20 
 steamers, tonn.ige. 4276. The shipping trade of CorJc, in 
 1848, stood as follows : — 
 
 
 OCTWARD. 
 
 l:.v 
 
 •AHD. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Coa.«ting 
 
 no.' 
 »<6 
 75 
 210 
 
 110.B«5 
 116.593 
 19,lio7 
 4:'.317 
 
 2(i0.1 
 
 387 
 
 212.S7-1 
 11' 59 
 
 
 
 Korelgn 
 
 
 1 Total 
 
 
 rii-A 
 
 •289.232 
 
 3.»5 
 
 411.985 
 
 The aggregate tonnage of the shipping which entered and 
 cleared in 1851, was 681,182 tons. The foreign export trade 
 of Cork has not varied materially for many years. In 1840 
 it amounted in value to llO.OOC/.. in 1850 "to 116,-V8/., in 
 1852 to 141.074/., and in 185:3 to 129.658/. 
 
 Cork communicates by steam-packets with London, Dul)- 
 \\i\ Bristol, Liverpool, and Glasgow. Its corporation con- 
 sists of a mayor, recorder, sheriff, 16 aldei-men, and 48 
 town-councillors, elected from its 8 wards. It is the seat 
 of as.sizes for the city and county of Cork, of quarter-ses- 
 sions, and a reciirder's weekly court; and the head-quarters 
 of the southern military district of Ireland. It .sends two 
 uieml>ers to the House of Commons. Cork was built in the 
 6th century, proliably by the Danes, and in the 12th ac- 
 knowledged the sovereignty of Henry II. After the revo- 
 lulion of 1688. it was occupied by King .lames II., but was 
 besieged and taken In the year 1690 by the then Earl of 
 Marlborough. Cork is the birthplace of the artists Barry 
 602 
 
 and !llaclise. of O'Keefe, and of the dnimatic author Sheri- 
 dan Knowles. 
 
 OOltK, the most southerly and largest county of Ireland, 
 in Munster. bounded on the N. by Limerick, N.E by Tip- 
 perary, K, by WaterlVird, and on tlie other sides by tile At- 
 lantic Ocean. Aiva, 2S,s5 square miles, or 1.846.;iS3 acres, 
 of Avhich about l,3u8,00l) are arable. 82.180 in plantations 
 and 465.889 waste. Pop., including the city of Cork. 64S,90.3k 
 The surface is mountiiiuous in the M'. Old red sandstone 
 and mountain limestone are the predominant rocks, with 
 some seams of coal. The coast is dimply indented by some 
 of the finest bays and harbors in the world, the principal 
 being Bantry and Dunnianus Biiys. and Klonakilty, Kin- 
 .■iale, Cork, and Youghal harbors. The pi-incipal rivers are 
 the Blackwater. Lee,and Itaudon: the first chiefly.theothers 
 wholly within this county. Small lakes are numerous, and 
 in many i«rts the scenery is highly picturesque. From 
 1800 to 2000 hands are employed at .\llahies in raising cop- 
 per; after which limestone is the principal mineral product. 
 The county is subdivided into Kast and West Ridings. 
 After Cork, the capital, the principal towns are Youghal, 
 Bandon, and Kinsale, The county sends 2 members t«) the 
 House of Commons. The ancient territory was more exten- 
 sive than at present, and. previous to 1172, formed a king- 
 dom under the Macarthys. 
 
 CORiv. a post-village of Butts co.. Georgia. 
 
 CORK, a post^village of Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 
 CORK, a past-office of Dearborn co., Indiana. 
 
 CORK HAR/BOH, a fine land-locked busin of Ireland, 
 formed by the estuary of the Lee. which is navigable to li 
 miles alx)ve Cork City. It is large and deep emmgh to con- 
 tain the whole British navy, and has an entrance 1 mile 
 across, within which it expands to 8 miles in breadth. It 
 contains Spike and IIaullx)wline Islands, on which are.irtil- 
 lery barracks and various ordnance works. LiJt. 51° 50' 4" 
 N., Ion. 8° 19' W. On its shores are the towns of Cove and 
 Passaw, with quavs 4 miles in length, which were erected 
 at a cost of lOO.OOii/. 
 
 CORLAY. koB'14', a town of France, department of the 
 Cotes-du-Noi-d. 17 miles N.W. of L(.udeac. Pop. 1475. 
 
 COliLAY. HALT, hS koR'lA/, a village of France, adjacent 
 to the above town. Pop. 1608. 
 
 CORLEONE, koR-lA-o'iiA, a town of Sicily. 21 miles S. of 
 Palermo, on a hill near the source of the Belici. Pop. 
 16,000. It is pretty well built, and has several churches 
 and convent.s. a royal college, prison, and hosjiital, with a 
 brisk trade, chiefly with Palermo, in corn and oil. 
 
 CORLETO, koE-LVto, a town of Naples, in the province 
 of Basilicata, 23 miles S.E. of i'otenza. 
 
 COR'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 CORLIN. (Corlin,) k»R-leeu', a town of Prussian Pome- 
 rania. 16 mites S.W. of Coslin. Pop. 2430. 
 
 CORMACHITI, koR-ni4-Kee'tee, (anc, Ci-irnOmi/nn Piommb- 
 tnlrium.) a lofty promontory, sometimes called ilount Cor- 
 machiti. on the N. of the island of Cyprus; lat. 35° 23' 48'' 
 N.; Ion. 32° 55' 15" E. 
 
 CORMANTY'X.koR-man'tin.orkoR-min-tlne'.orCORMAN- 
 TINO. koR-mdn-tee'no. a large and populous village (f Ipper 
 Guinea, Ashantee. It lies on a steep hill, and is said liy the 
 negroes to be the oldest in the kingdom of Fantee. F'rom the 
 name of this village many of the blacks in the West Indies 
 are called Coromantis. 
 
 CORM ANTYN, LITTLE, an abandoned Dutch fort of West- 
 ern Africa, on the Guinea co;ist. 3 miles E. of Anamaboe. 
 
 CORMAYEUR, koR'nii'yiR',or CORMAJOR, koR-nii-yoR', 
 a village of North Italy, Piedmont, 19 miles N.N.W. of 
 Aosta. on the left bank of the Dora Baltea. and 4029 feet 
 aliove the sea. Pop. 1535. It has many good houses. ai;d is, 
 in summer, resorted to for the sake of its mineral sprinirs. 
 
 CORME, koR'm.'l, or CORINF;. ko-ree'nA. a small port on 
 the N.W. coast of Spain, in Galicia. 30 miles W. by S. of Co- 
 runna. on a bay of the same name, which receives several 
 streams of excellent water. 
 
 CORMKILLKS. kon'mA'ye or koR^mail', a market-town of 
 F'rance. in the department of the Oise, 15 miles N. of Beau- 
 vais. Pop. It '2J. 
 
 CORM FAILLES, a market-town of France, in the dep.nrt 
 ment of ilure. 38 miles W.N.W. of Evreux. Pop. 1:390. 
 
 CORME-ROYAL, koRni-roVdl', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Charente-Inferieure, 9 miles W. of Saintes. 
 
 COR.MEKY', koR^meh-i-ee'. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Indre-et-Loii-e. 11 miles S.K. of Tours, on the 
 left Imiik of the Indre. Pop. 1048. 
 
 CORMICY', koK^mee'see'. a market-town of France, in the 
 department of Marne. 10 miles N.W. of Rheim.s. Pop. 1500. 
 
 CORMONS, koR/moiis. a w.illed town of lllyria, in the 
 government of Triest, and 7 miles W. of G8r«. Pop. 3600, 
 partly engaged in silk manufactures. 
 
 COR'NARD. GRKAT, a pari>h f>f Encland. co. of Suflulk. 
 
 CORNARD, LITTLK, a parish of Kngland. co. of Sullolk. 
 
 COKNATE. koR-na't.A. orCORONATK. ko-ro-ni'tA. a vil- 
 l.-igo of Austrian Italy. 21 miles N.N.K. of Milan. It is well 
 built and contains a Jesuit College. Pop. 2000. 
 
 COR.N CISEEK, of Couecuh oo., Alabama, flow^ 'nto Con© 
 cuh Kiver from the N. 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 OORX CREEK, a post-offlee of Utah Territory. 
 
 COHNEGLIA.NO, koR-nal-yi'no, or COliMGLIANO, koR- 
 neel yi'uo. a inarket-U>wii of the Sardinian States, 3 miles 
 \V. of Genoa, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 COIl.NEGLIANO. a market-town of the Sardinian States, 
 In I'iedmont, 2(5 miles .S.E. of Turin. I'op. 1M4. 
 
 COli.NEILLli-LA-UlVIilUE, koR'naii'-U-ree've-aiR', a 
 town of Knuice. in the department of the I'y reu6es-0rientales, 
 arrondissement of I'eipijrnan. 
 
 COU'NELLY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 COii'XEK GU.\1, a post-offlce of Currituck co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 O^R'NEU IN'LET, of Australia. New South Wales; lat. 
 38° 47' S., lOn. 146° 20' E., Khind Wilson's I'romontory. 
 
 COlt'.NEItSBUKG. a post-village iu Mahoning co., Ohio, 
 about 5 miles N. of Canfield. 
 
 COR'.N'ERSVILEE, a post-village near the N.E. extremity 
 of .Marshall co.. Mississippi. 
 
 CORNEKSVILLK, a post-village of Giles co., Tennessee, 
 is situated in a rich and beautiful valley. It has 3 stores. 
 
 COli.NKHHVILLK.a post-villasre iu Graves co., Kentucky, 
 ahoxit 2.50 milois 8.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 CORN KRSVILLK. a small village of Saline co., Illinois. 
 
 CORNKTO. koR-ni'to, (aiic. C'rnetum?) a maritime town 
 of Central Italy, in the Pontifical State.s, 12 miles N. of 
 Civita Yecohii, on a lofty height, bordering the Mediterra- 
 nean, and 1 miles from the ruins cf Tarquinii, to which 
 city it succeeded in the sixth century, as a bishop's see. Pop. 
 3800. It has a Gothic cathedral of the ninth century, with u 
 fine dome and various antiques; many private houses and 
 churches are built, partly with materials from the ancient 
 Tarijuinii. In thechapelofoneof its convents, Madame .Mere, 
 the motlier of Napoleon, and Cardinal Fesch. are buried. 
 
 COK'NIA', a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 CORN'FOI'.TII. a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 C<:>RX GROVE, a post-office of IJenton co.. Alaliama. 
 
 CORN'IIIEL. a chapeli-y of Kngland co. of Durh.am, 2 miles 
 E. of Coldstream. Its castle was twice destroyed by the Scots. 
 
 CORM.\, koR/ne-S, a river of Tuscany, enters the Mediter- 
 ranean. 3 miles K. of l^iombino. I^ength, 24 miles. Its basin 
 Is remarkable for volcanic phenomena, springs of carbonic 
 acid, and mineral waters. 
 
 COR Nia IJ A N 0. Sse Cornegi.iajto. 
 
 COK.N 101,10, koR-neel'yo, a town of Italy, 25 miles S.S. 
 W. of Parma, at the confluence of the Reatica and Parma 
 Rivers. It lias cavalry barrack.s. and a medical school. P. 5335. 
 
 COliM.MO.NT-IIOKXEXBKRG, koR^nee^mAN"' hoR'nSNO^ 
 bain', a t'v.vn of France, liepartment of Vosges. Pop. 2720. 
 
 CORN'ING, a tionrishing post-village and towiishij) of 
 Steuben co., New York, 291 miles N.W. of New Y'ork. The 
 village is beautifully situated on Chemung River, and on the 
 A'ewYork and Erie Railroad, at the termiinis of the Chemung 
 Canal, 18 miles W. of l':!niira. The Corning and Blossburj; 
 Railroad connects it with the bituminous coal regions of 
 Pennsylvania. In 185.3, 9.444,000 square feet of timber, 
 77,559,"000 of lumber, t5.9o9,000 shingles. 298 tons of staves, 
 and 34,724 of coal, were shipped at this point, and the business 
 Is rapidly increasing. The village contains 5 churches, a 
 court-hoiise, erected about 1854, 4 banks, 6 hotels, 2 print- 
 ing offices, and upwards of 50 stores, including 9 for dry- 
 goods. It has also 7 railroad de]>ot8, 3 of which are manu- 
 facturing depots, 1 canal warehouse, 6 lumber offices, 3 
 wholesale and retail coal offices, 2 large iron foundries, and 
 manufactures of railroad-cars, wagons and carriages, cabinet- 
 ware, boots and shoes, f-igars, lime, bricks, Ac. Pop. at the 
 time of its incorporation in 1848, 1726; in 1860, 6003. 
 
 COR'NISII, a post-towship of York co., Maine, on the 
 Saco River 60 miles S.W. of .\ugU3ta. Pop. 1153. 
 
 CORNlSH.apost-town~hipofSnllivanco.,Newlfampslure, 
 on the Coniu'Ctifut. .50 niibs N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1520. 
 
 CORNISH FLAT, a pogt-office of Sullivan co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 COR.MSII VILTi.iGE, a post-village of York co., Maine, 
 on the Saco River, 36 miles from its mouth. It has 2 
 churches, a high school, and 6 stores. Pop. alKiut .300. 
 
 COR'.NISIIVILLK. a thriving post-vill.age of Mercer co., 
 Kentucky, on Champlain River, about 8 miles W. of Ilar- 
 rodsburg. The water-power of the river is employed in saw 
 and grist mills. 
 
 CiiKM.SllVTlXR.a village ofMcHenry co., Illinois, about 
 200miKs N.N.K. of Springfield. 
 
 C.JR.XO. M)NTE. mdn'ta kda'no. or MONTE CAVALLO, 
 mSn'ti kd-vdl'lo. called, also, GRAX-SASSO-DTrALIA. 
 griii-sSs'so-de-tile-S, (the "Great Rock of Italy,") a moun- 
 tain of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra, about 70 miles 
 E.N.E. of Rome, Lit, 42° 27' X.. Ion. 13° 38' E. It Is the 
 highest peak of the .'Vpennines. its summit being 9519 fuet 
 above se.a level. Snow '••'» on it tiine months in the vear. 
 
 CORXOUAILEES. konnoo-wil', a former district of 
 trance, in Lower Brittany, now comprise<l in the depart- 
 ments of FiinstJre,Cotes-du-Xord, and Morbihan. Its capi- 
 tal was Quimper-Corentin. 
 
 COR\'PIj.\.\TKR. a post-township in the central part of 
 Venango co., Pennsylvania, on the northern side of the 
 Alleghany River. Pop. 1077. I 
 
 CORXTON. a post-office of Cumberland co., Illinois. 
 
 CORNUCOPIA, a post-office of Carroll co.. Indiana. 
 
 CORN UDKLL A. koB-noo-d^l'yi. a town of Spain. Catal'^nla. 
 24 miles N.W. of Tarragona.in a mountainous district. P. 1 6.37. 
 
 CORN US, koR^niice', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aveyron, on the Boras, 15 miles E,S.E. of St. 
 Affrique. 
 
 CORX'VILLE, a post-township of Somerset co.. Maine, on 
 .an affluent of tlie Kennebec, about 40 miles N. by E. of 
 Augusta. Pop. 1141. 
 
 CORXnVALL,* a co. of England, forming its S.W. extre 
 niity, enclosed on all sides )jy the sea. except on the E 
 where it is mostly st-paratcd from Devonshire by the ri'or 
 Tamar. Length, 78 miles; breadth. 43 miles. A'ca, 8r.6,474, 
 acres, of which 650,000 are estimated to be arable, pasture, 
 and meadow lands. Pop. in 1851. 35o,o5S. The svirface is 
 intersected, from W. to E.. by a ridge of rugged and blenk 
 hills, and very scantily timliered. but it has some very pic- 
 turesque and fertile valleys. William of Worcester states, 
 that between Mount's Bay and the Scilly Islands, there had 
 been woods and meadows, and arable lands, and 140 pari.sh 
 churches, which, before his time, were submerged by the 
 ocean : and the sub-marine forests show, in this tiact, a 
 subsidence of at least 12 feet. On the northcin coast, a 
 considerable extent of surface has lieen overwhelmed with 
 sand, covering hills of several hundred feet in height. 
 The shoi-es are greatly indented by inlets of the sea. the 
 principal of which are St. Ives and Padstow. harbors on 
 the Irish Sea; and on the Enizlish Channel, St. Rlazey 
 Bay, Falmouth Harbor, and Mount's Bay, between the 
 promontories of the Lizard and Land's End. Principal Ri- 
 vers, the Tamar, Lynher. Towey. Fal. and Can.el or .\Ian. 
 Corn and potatoes are the chief crops, and agriculture hag 
 lately improved. The pibhard fishery employs capital, 
 varying from 200.000/. to 2;'0.O(J0/. Cornwall is lich in me- 
 tals; its tin-mines have been known and wrought from 
 remote antiquity. The great metallic district extends from 
 Dartmoor in Devonshire, on the E.. to the Ijind's End. on 
 the W. Tin is found most abundantly in the St. .Just, 
 St. Ives, and St. Austell districts; copper in the districts of 
 Gwennap, Redruth, Camborne, Bfeague, Manizion, and 
 Gurnnear. Silver, lead. zinc. iron, manganese, antimony, 
 cobalt, bismuth, are also found in various locsilities. The 
 capital invested in the Cornish mines is estimated at nearly 
 2.500.000/.. and about 71.00(1 hands are employed. The Bo- 
 tallach copper-mine is situated close to Cape Cornwall, a few 
 miles X. of Land's iind, on a shore exposed to the full fury 
 of the Atlantic. The workings are on the very verge of the 
 clilT, and descending beneath the sea, are carried 4.'<0 feet 
 beyond low-water mark. The dashing of the waves is dis- 
 tinctly heard by the miner at his work, and in stormy 
 weather the large stones driven towards the beach grate 
 upon each other with a noise resembling thunder, 'i'he 
 average annual produce of tin is al)Out 4(100 tons, and that 
 of copper 12 000 tons. The actual produce of fine copper in 
 1847 and 1848, was 12.870 tons, obtained fiom ir,5.('.l(; tons 
 of ore. Nearly all the ores arc sent into South Wiiles to 
 be smelted. About 6000 tons of soapsrone. and 7(K!0 tons 
 of porcelain clay, are shipped annually from Cornwall for 
 the potteiies. The exports are nearly confined to min- 
 ing produce and fish. Cornwall, including the Scilly 
 Islands, is suMivided into 9 hundreds. Before the Reform 
 Act. it contained 20 boroughs, each sending two members to 
 the House of Commons. It now, with its towns, returns 10 
 members, including two for each division of the county. Its 
 principal towns are Bodmin. Truro, I.«unciston. Falmouth, 
 Penryn. and Penzance. Tliis part of I?ritain was not sub- 
 dued by the Saxons till the time of .4thelstan, and its ver- 
 nacular language (the Cornish, a di.ilect of the Celtic.) has 
 Viecome extinct only during the present century. The dis- 
 trict contains many Druidical stones and other rude mo- 
 numents, as also ruins of baronial castles. Cornwall forms 
 a royal duchy, settled on the eldest son of the sovereign, 
 who" accordingly, to his other titles adds that of "Duke of 
 Cornwall." Adj. Coi;/.\ish; inhab. Cor/xishman. 
 
 Ci)RX'VVALL. a county of Van Diemen's Land. It is wa- 
 tered by the North and South Elk and other streams. Its 
 principal mountain, Benlomond, is 42tl0 feet in heitrbt. 
 
 CORNWALL, a post-village and township of Addi.son co., 
 Vermont, on the W. side of Otter Creek, about 40 miles 
 S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 977. 
 
 CORXW.\LL. a post-village and township of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the E. side of Housatonic River, and on the 
 Ilousatonic Railroad, 40 miles W. by N. of Hartford. It 
 contains the villages of Cornwall Bridge and 'West Corn- 
 wall. Pop. 1953. 
 
 CORXVV.\LL. a post-village and township of Orange co. 
 New Y'ork, 90 miles S. of Albany, bordering on the Hudson 
 River. l>op. 4800. 
 CORN AV ALL, a post-township of Lebanon co..IVnnsy I vania. 
 
 * Corrupted from Corntt GnlHie, i. e. " the horn or extremity 
 nf G.iul." In like manner. Wales (called Gnllf:' hy the French) 
 is deriveil from ff«//ia— the Welsh nation being a remnant of the 
 ancient Gauls. 
 
 603 
 
 =s 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 CORNWALL, a town of Xova Scotia, Kins's ro., on an in- ,' 
 let of the Bay of Fundy, 50 miles X.W. of Halifax. j 
 
 COK N W ALL. a cuunty-town of the cos. of Stormont, Dun- 
 das, and Glengarry, situated at the mouth of the Cornwall 
 Canal, in Canada West, 82 miles S.W. of Montreal, and 120 
 miles from Kinsrston. It contains 4 stores, saw and flour 
 mills, and .several hotels. Pop. about 1600. 
 
 CORNWALL BRIDGE, a post-villajre in Cornwall town- 
 ship, Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the Hnusatonie Rail- 
 road, on the W. side of the Ilousatonic River, about 43 
 miles W. by X. of ilartford. It contains a blast-furnace, be- 
 sides other manufiicturing esfcitilishments. There is a bridge 
 over the river at tliis pl.ice. from which it derives its name. 
 
 COK.N'WALL HOLLOW, a post-oiiice of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 CORNWALL ISLAND, an i.sland of New Shetland, in the 
 South Atlantic: lat. 61° S., Ion. 54° 28' W. 
 
 CORNWALL ISLAND, an island in tlie Mulgrave Arehi- 
 pela;;o. in the Pacific. N. of Radack Island. 
 
 CORNWALL lt^LAND. in British North America, in the 
 Arctic Ocean, E. of Bathurst Island; lat. f>5° N.. Ion. 96° W. 
 
 CORNWALL LANDING, a villa;.'e on the Hudson River, 
 8 miles below Newburg, and at the N. termination of the 
 Highlands. 
 
 CORNWALL, NEW, a name given to a portion of the W. 
 co,^st of North America, on tlie Pacific Ocean, between New 
 Norfolk and New Hanover, extending from lat. 54° to 57° N., 
 and from about Ion. 130° to loG° W., and belonging partly 
 to the British and partly to the Russians. It Ls traversed 
 in its whole length by a branch of the Rocky Mountains, j 
 On the coast are numerous islands, among which are tho.se 
 of the Prince of Wales and Duke of York. The climate near 
 the sea is mild. Slate quarries are found, and there are 
 several hot sprinjrs. 
 
 CORN'WALLVILLE, a post-village of Greene co.. New 
 York, 38 miles S.S.W. of Alliany. 
 
 CORN'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CORNWELL TURNOUT a post-oflice of Chester co., South 
 Carolina. 
 
 CORN'WOOD. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 OORN'WORTIIY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CO'RO, a maritime city- of South America, in Venezuela, 
 of which it was once the aipital. now capital of a province, 
 in a sandy plain near the Gulf of Maracaybo, 155 miles 
 W.N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 4000. It is meanly built, and has 
 few public edifices; its trade with the West India Islands 
 has gre;Jtly declined. 
 
 COR'OPIN' or CUIOOFIN', a market-town of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Clare. 13 miles S.W. of Gort. Pop. 907. It 
 Is ill built, and not thriving. It has petty sessions every 
 Wednesd.ay, and 7 annual fairs. 
 
 COROLl'NA, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi. 
 
 COROMANDEL. korVman'del. a harbor on the E. coast of 
 Kew Ulster, an island of the New Zealand group, on the W. 
 side of the peninsula terminating in Cape Colville, which 
 forms the estuary of the Thames. Lat. 36° 46' S., Ion. 175° 
 27' E. 
 
 COR'OMAN'DEL COAST, in India, extends along the side 
 of the peninsula, through nearly 6 degrees of lat.. from Point 
 CalyVnere to the mouth of the river Kistnah. It has no good 
 harbor, and is heavily surf-beaten. The cities of Madras, 
 Tranquebar. and Poudicherry, and the towns of Sidras, 
 Cuddalore, Caiical, and Negapatam are on this coast. 
 
 CORON, a seaport-town of Greece. See Koron. 
 
 CORONA, ko-ro'ni. a hamlet of Northern Italy, gorern- 
 ment of Venice. 15 miles N.W. of Verona. Celebrated for a 
 battle between the French and Austrians. January 15. 1797. 
 
 CORONADA, ko-ix>nd'Dd, a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura. province of Badajos. on a rocky plain near the Sujar. 
 Pop. 1407. 
 
 CORON ATA. ko-ro-nJi'ta, an island of Dalmatia, in the 
 Adriatic, 18 miles S.of Zara. Length, from N.\V. to S.E., 15 
 miles: greatest breadth, li miles. Surface mountainous. 
 The inhabitants are employed in rearing sheep, making 
 cheese, fishing, and trading in wine and olive oil. It has 
 one village, and three tolerable harbors. 
 
 CORON.VrK. See CoFNWTE. 
 
 CORONATION GULF, in the Arctic Ocean, in British 
 North America, is W. of Victoria Land and Kent Peninsula. 
 Lat. 68° 30' N.. Ion. 110° W. 
 
 CORONATION ISLAND, in New South Shetland, in the 
 South Atlantic Ocean, is in lat. 00° 32' S., Ion. 46° 52' W. It 
 was discovered in 1821. 
 
 CORONATION ISLAND, in Russi.in America. W. of Prince 
 of Wales's .Archipelago. It was discovered by Vancouver iu 
 the last century. 
 
 COROND.A, ko-ron'dS, a town in tlie province of Santa F6, 
 Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 36 miles from the city of 
 Santa Fe. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CORONIL. ko-i-o-neel', a town of Spain, 24 miles S.E. of 
 Seville, on a crown-shaped hill, (whence its name,) with 
 ruins of a Moorish castle. Pop. 3920. 
 
 COROORA or CORURA. ko-i-oo'ra, an island in the North 
 Pacific Ocean, one of the Pelew group, atx)ut hit. 7° 30' N., 
 lou. 135° E. 
 504 
 
 COROWAUGH, koHo-waw, a post-office of Isle of Wight 
 CO.. Virsriniii. 
 
 CORPACH. koi-'pdk, a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 on the E. bank of the Loch'Eil. 2i miles N. of Fort William, 
 It is situated at the entrance of the Caledonian Canal, 
 formed by a series of 11 locks, including the sea-lock. Eight 
 of these are within IJ miles of the sea. and are called " Nep- 
 tune's Staircase." On a hill hard by is a monument to Co- 
 lonel Cameron, who tell at Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815, 
 Pop. in 1861, 1060. 
 
 CORPS, koR. a town of France, department of Is^re, ou 
 the Dr.-vc. 28 miles S.S.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1414. 
 
 CORPS-N UDS Les-Trois-Maisoss. koK-niid M-trw^-mA's(\x«', 
 a town of France, departmentof lUe-et-Vilaine, lOmiles S.E. 
 of Rennes. Pop. 2342. 
 
 CORPUS CHKISTI, kor'pus kris'tee. a post-village, capital 
 of Nueces co., Texas, and on the bay of the same name, at 
 the mouth of Nueces River. 230 miles S.W. of Galveston. 
 It is a place of active trade, and has steamboat communica- 
 tion with New Orleans. 
 
 CORPUS CHRIST! BAY', a laaoon of North America, in 
 Texas, co. of Refugio, lat. 27° 30' N., Ion. 9S° W.. forming 
 the N. extremity of the Livguna del Madre. and separated by 
 Mustang Island from the Gulf of Mexico, with which it 
 communicates by Aransaso and Corpus Christi inlets. At 
 its W. extremity it re<"eives the river Nueces. 
 
 COiyPUSTY'.a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CORRAL DE ALMAQUER, koR-R^l'dA ai-md-kaiR/, a town 
 of Spain, province, and 45 miles E.S.E. of Toledo, in a fertile 
 plain near the Rianzares. Pop. 3378. 
 
 CORRAL DE CALATRAVA. koR-nil dA ki-ia-tri'va. a 
 townof New Castile. 8 miles S.S.W.of CindadReal. Pop. 1315. 
 
 CORRALES. koR-Rd'l^s. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 62 
 miles E.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 1 67 1 . 
 
 COR'REG.A-UM', a village of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay, 17 miles N.E. of Poonah, ou the Beemah. and me- 
 morable for an obstinately and successfully con t<?sted action, 
 fought on Decemlier 31, 1817. by a few British troops, against 
 the whole army of the Peshwa, estimated at 20,000 cavalry 
 and several thou.s.tnd infantry, mostly .Arabs. 
 
 COR REGIO, koR-E6d'jo, a town of Northern Italy, province 
 of Moden.i, 9 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 4000. It is remark- 
 able as the birthplace of Antonio Allegri, commonly known 
 as Corregio. 
 
 CORRESE, koR-RA's.4. a vilLige of Central Italy, Pontifical 
 States, 18 miles S.S.W. of Rieti,ne;»r a river of the same name, 
 on the site of the lamous ancient city of Cures, capital of 
 the Sabines. 
 
 CORRfiZE. koR'Raiz'. or koR^R??/. a river of France, rises 
 in the mountains of Monedieres. in the department of Cor- 
 reze. flows S.W. a.-^d joins the Vezere at St, Pantiileon, after 
 a course of about 60 mile.'<. 
 
 CORREZE, a department of France, formed of p.-jrt of the 
 old province of Limousin, near its centre, between thedepart- 
 ments of Creuse. Uaute-Vienne. Rordogne. Lot, Cantal, and 
 Puv-de-Dome. and between lat. 44° 55' and 4.5° 40' N. Area, 
 2218 square miles. Pop. in 1861 , 310,118, Surface hilly. 
 Principal rivers, the Dfjrdogne and Vezere. of which Latter 
 the Correze is an affluent. Soil poor. Cora is raised for 
 exportation, but many of the population subsist on chest- 
 nut flour. Cattle are reared tor the Paris market.s. Other 
 chief products are timVier. coal, iron, copper, lead, and mill- 
 stones. It is divided into the 3 arrondissements of Tulle, 
 the capital. Brive. and Ussel. 
 
 CORlifeZE. a town of France, department of Correze. 9 
 miles N.E. of Tulle. Pop. in 1852, 17t)0. 
 
 CORRIB. LOUGH. I6h kor/rib. a large lake of Ireland, in 
 Connaught, co.. and 3 miles N.of Galway. The .shape is very 
 irregular. Length, from N.W. to S.f;., 20 miles; the breadth 
 varies from 1 mile to 6 miles. Area. 43.4-6 acres. It con- 
 tains numerous islets, receives the Clare and other rivers, 
 with the suri>lus water of louirhs ^lark and Carra, and dis«, 
 charges its own surplus by the Galway River into Galway 
 Bay. On its banks are the towns of Cong and Onghterard. 
 
 CORRIENTES, koR-Re-en't^s, a department of the Plata 
 Confederatinn. mostly between lat. 27° and .30° S.. and Ion. 
 57° and 59° W., having E. and S. the Missiones and Entr« 
 Rios. and W. the river Parana, which river al,«o separates it 
 on the N. from Paraguay. Estimated area, 2ti.0(>0 S(|uare 
 miks. and population from 35.1 00 to 40,0<X). Surface on the 
 S. undulating, fertile, and wooded : in the N. swamjiy, and 
 comprising the Lake Ybara. Products. m.aize, cotton, su- 
 gar, indigo, tobacco, and a kind of silk, (seta fi/lvstri;) 
 Chief towns. Corrientes and St. Lucia. Corrientes. the capi- 
 tal, is situated on the Parana, near the confluence of tho 
 Paraguay. Lat. 27° 27'31" S.: Ion. 68° 46' W. Pop. 45,000. 
 A river, same state, and several capes in Cuba, Mexico, and 
 New Granada, have same name. 
 
 COl'.RIEVREKIX, CORRYVRECKAN. kor-re-vr^k^kan, 
 or CORRYBRECHTAX, korVe-br^k'tan. a formidable whirl- 
 pool off the W. coast of Scotland, between the islands of 
 Jura and Scarba. occasioned by the tide-strearr, being op- 
 posed tiy a pyramida' rock, wliich rises 15 fathoms lieluw 
 the surfijoe. 
 
 COIfKINGHAM, a parish of EnglanJ, co of Essex. 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 C0RT5IXGIIAM, Great and Little, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Lincoln. 
 
 COH'itlSKlX. UK:il, a small lake of Scotland, in the 
 Isle of Skye, near its S. coast, l'2i miles S. of I'ortree. Length 
 from X. to S. about 2 miles, Ijy i mile acros.s. It is very 
 deep, contains several islets, and is finely described by Sir 
 M'aiter Scott, in the •• Lord of the Isle-s.'' 
 
 COltlvOl'OLI. koR-RopVlee, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra I.. U miles N.X.E. of 'feramo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 COIiSK, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 COKSK, CAl'E, the N. point of the island of Corsica. 
 
 COKSE'COMBK, a pari.sh of Ensjland, eo. of Dorset. 
 
 COn'SENSlDE, a parish of England, co. Northumberland. 
 • COKSEUL. koK^sul', (anc. Fu'tmm MaHlig,) a village of 
 France, department of Cotes-du-Nord, 26 miles E. of St. 
 Brleuc, with 4206 inhabitants, and numerous Roman re- 
 mains. 
 
 COKSIVWALL POINT, a headland of Scotland, on its 
 B.W. coast, CO. of AVigton, 12 miles N. of Port Patrick, with 
 a light-house having an elevation 112 feet ; lat. 55° 1' N., Ion. 
 6° 9' W. 
 
 COll/SIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, with a 
 (station on the Great Western l<ail.way,4 miles S.W.of Chip- 
 penham. Its parsonage-house was formerly a priory. The seat 
 of Lord Methven contains a choice collection of paintings. 
 
 COKSIC.\, kor'se-ka, (ane. Cyi'wis, afterward Cnrtsici, 
 Fr. Corse, koRs.) an island in the Jlediterranean, situated 
 between lat. 41° 2U' and 4o° N., and Ion. S° 30' and 9° :jO' E. 
 separated S. from Sardinia, by the Strait of Bonifacio. 10 
 miles wide. It is somewhat irregular in shape, but toler- 
 ably compact, except towards the N., where it terminates 
 in a long and narrow tongue of land, about 22 miles hjng, 
 by about 6 miles broad. Greatest length, from N. to S., 
 110 miles ; greatest breadth, ue.ar its centre. 5:5 miles; area, 
 3377 square miles. The E. coast is remarkable for . its 
 uniformity, presenting a line which is broken in only one 
 or two places by (wmparatively small indentations. To 
 this the W. coast presents a striking contra.<*t. a numtier of 
 deep bays following eath other in rapid and almost unin- 
 terrupted succession. Of these, the most important, pro- 
 ceeding from N. to S., are the Gulfs of St. Fiorenzo, Calvi, 
 Porto. Lisciu, Ajaccio, and Valinco. The interior is tra- 
 veised by a mountain chain, which has its principal direo 
 tion N. and S.. but thi-ows out several lateral branches, 
 particularly to the N.W. The culminating point- Monte 
 Kotondo, iiejir the centre of the island, has a height of 
 9054 feet, while .several of the other summits consideralily 
 exceed 7000 feet, and the greater part of the year are covered 
 with snow. From the E. and W. sides of the chain, nume- 
 rous streams descend to the opposite sides of the coast. 
 They are mere torrents, short and rapid, and altogether 
 unfit for navigation. Along with the other torrents which 
 take the same direction, they have accumulated large quan- 
 tities of debris and alluvium, which, preventing the egress 
 of the waters, have gradually formed, on the E. coast, a 
 long series of lagoons and mora.sses, and made that part of 
 the islaHd very unhealthy; but, with this exception, the 
 climate is one of the finest in Europe. The heat is some- 
 times excessive, but the sky is generally clear, and the air 
 bracing. Owing to the mount.iinous nature of the surface, 
 the greater part of it neces.sarily remains in a state of nature, 
 covered with primeval forests, or, when not absolutely naked 
 and barren, clothed with herbage well fitted for the rearing 
 of young cattle. Numerous valleys, however, lie between 
 the lofty ridges, and sometimes plains of con.sid«rablo ex- 
 tent occur, the soil of which is generally fertile, and well 
 adapted for the growth of all the ordinary cereals. Not less 
 than one-seventh of the whole surface is devoted to the cul- 
 ture of grain, and a return of twenty-fold is not uncommon. 
 Rearing live stock is the chief branch of industry: next to 
 cattle, the chief products are timber, honey, wax. olive-oil, 
 the fruits of Italy and the South of France, and fish, which 
 latter are, however, mostly taken by Genoese and Neajxjlitan 
 fishermen. Corsica is rich in minerals, but few mines are 
 wrought; apd manufactures are nearly limited to the pro- 
 duction of coarse woollens, hardwares, and leather. 
 
 From the Phoenicians, its first colonists, the island took 
 the name of Cyrnos ; and from the Romans tiiat of Corsica. 
 On the decline of the Roman Empire it was seized by 
 the Goths, and passed from them to the Saracens. In 1481, 
 jt fell under the dominion of the Genoese, who retained it, 
 with some interruption, till 1755, when a great part of it 
 was wrested from them, and made independent, by the 
 celebrated Genera! Paoli. It was ceded to France (of which 
 it forms a department) by the Genoese in 1768. Paoli and 
 Napoleon were born in the island. The department is di- 
 vided into the 5 arrondissements of Ajaccio, ISastia, Calvi, 
 Oorte. and Sartena. Inl848,a lightrhouse was erected on the 
 Island Oiiaglia, off the N. point of Corsica, in lat. 43° 1' 45" 
 N., Ion. 90° 24' 17" E. Pop, in 1861, 252,889, mostly of Italian 
 descent. Adj. an<l inhab. Corsican, kor'se kan. . 
 
 COR'SICA, a thriving post-village of Jefferson co., Penn- 
 .:'vlvania, 177 miles W.N.W. of Ilarrisburg. It contained in 
 ix^, about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 CORSICA, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 CORSICACs'A. a thriving post-village, capUil ^f N'^tqVro 
 CO.. Texas, on the main road from Austin City ia North- 
 eastern Texas. 180 miles N.N.E of Austin City. Corsicana 
 has a seminary and 4 or 6 stores. 
 
 CORSICO, koR/se-ko, a village of Lombardy, 4J miles S.W, 
 of Milan, on tlie Naviglio Grande. It is the de]>6t for the 
 best cheese, called purnusan or grana, made in the pro- 
 vinces of Milan and Pavia. 
 
 CORS'LEY, a village and parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 3 miles N.W. of Warminster. Pop. 1621. 
 
 CORSO, koE/so, or CORSE, koRs, (anc. PromrmMrium St'- 
 crum.) a cape forming the N. extremity of Corsica; lat. 
 43° 0' ay N., Ion. 9° 23' 3" E. 
 
 CORSO, an island on the W. coast of Patagonia, about 8 
 miles long. lat. 49° 48' S., Ion. 75° 34' W. 
 
 CORSOER, or KORSOR. (Korsiir.) koR/soR\a maritime town 
 of Denmark, province of Seeland on the Great IJelt opposite 
 Nyborg, with 1600 inhabitants, an old castle, a small port, 
 and a ferry station. It communicates by railway with Co- 
 penhagen, 61 miles N.N.E. 
 
 COlfSTON. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 COR'.S'roN E-II ACK'ET, a parish of England, co. AVorcester. 
 
 CORVl'ORPIIINE/.aparishofScotland. CO. of Edinburgh. 
 
 CORTACIIY, kor'tii-Kee', and CLO'VA, two c-on joined pa- 
 rishes of S<;otland. co. of Forlar, the villiige of Cortachy being 
 7j miles N.W. of Forfar. Pop. 867. They comprise a very 
 picturesque portion of the Grampians; and contain Cor- 
 tachy Castle, the scat of Lord .\irlie. and Clova House. 
 
 COUTAILLOD. koRHAh\vo' or koBMSh'yod', a village and 
 parish of Switzerland, 5 miles S.W. of Neufchfitel. Pop. 1070. 
 
 CORT.\LE. koR-td'L'i. a town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 bria Ultra II., 9 miles W.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 3030. 
 
 CORnVA MADE'RA. a town of Marin co.. California. 
 
 CORTE, koRH.V, a town of Corsica, near its centre. 31 miles 
 S.W.of Rastia. Pop. in 1852. 4719. It is defended by a 
 strong castle, and has a polytechnic school, called the 
 School of I'aoli, a hospital, and trade in com and wine. 
 Nejir it are extensive quarries of jasper and marble. 
 
 CORTE DEL PALASIO. koB-tA djl pd-ia'-se-o. a village of 
 Northern ItHlv.4miles N.E. of Lodi. Pop. 1380. 
 
 COKTEGANA, koR-td-p^nJt. a fortified town of Spain, 43 
 miles N.N.E. of Huelva. at the foot of the Sierra Aracena, 
 Its parish church is built of marble. 
 
 COKTEMAGtilORE. koR^ti-mid-jo/r.'l, (anc. Cas'trum 
 Lfiu'rif or Cti'riu Ma'j<nr?) a town of Northern Itjily, 15 
 miles E. by S. of Piacenza, on the Anla. Pop. 2000. 
 
 C( >RTE.M ARCQ. kofi't-Vm^Rk'. a market-town of Relgium, 
 province of West Flanders, 15 miles ."^.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 
 4015, who manufacture woollen fabrics. 
 
 COIiTEMlGLI.A, koR-t.-i-meel'yd. a town of the S.ardini.an 
 States, in I'iedraont, divided into two paits by the liormida, 
 34 miles S.W. of Alessandria. 
 
 CORTE-OLONA. koR'tA-o-lo'nd. a town of Northern Italy, 
 government of Milan, 11 miles S.S.E. of Pavia, on the Oloua. 
 Pop. 1330. 
 
 CORTERATE. See Coutras. 
 
 CORTES, koR't^s, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, 
 12 miles S.E. of Tudela, near the Ebro. Pop. 960. 
 
 CORTES-DE-ARENOSO, koR/tJ.s-drl-l-rA-m/.so, a town of 
 Valencia, 28 miles N.W. of Ca.stellon-de-la-Plana. I'op. 1775. 
 
 Ci>RTES DE LA FRONTEKA, koR'tfs dA \A front.Vri a 
 town of Spain, 48 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 2970. It 
 has manutactures of leather. 
 
 CORTES DE LA FRONTERA, a bay on the S.W. ccast of 
 the island of Cuba. 
 
 CORTETZ, koR-t^ts', or CORTITZ. koR-tits/, an island of 
 Russia, government of, and 39 miles S. of Vekaterinoslav, 
 formed by the Dnieper. It stands U5 feet above the level 
 of the river, and is surrounded on all sides by masses of 
 granite which make it without the aid of art almost im- 
 pregnable. It was early selected by the Zaporog Cossacks 
 its the site of their celebrated Setcha ; and on their removal, 
 in 1784. to the banks of the Kooban by Catharine II.. was 
 settled by a colony of Germans composed entirely of Prus- 
 sian Mennonites. 
 
 CORTINA, koR-tee'nl, a town of Austria, duchy of Tyrol, 
 on the Botta, here crossed by a fine bridge, 64 miles S.E. of 
 Innspruck. Pop. 2700. 
 
 C01{TL.\ND. kOrt'land, a county near the centre of New 
 York, has an area of about 4S0 square miles. It is drained 
 by Tioughnioga and Otselic Rivers, and other smaller 
 streams, which afford valuable water-power. The suiface 
 is moderately uneven, and the .soil is principally a gravelly 
 loam, well adapted to both grazing and tillage. Iron ore, 
 sulphur springs, and salt springs have been found. Organ- 
 ized in 1802, having been formed from part of Onondaga 
 county, and named in honor of the Van Cortlandt family, 
 earlv and distinguished emigrants from IloUand. Capital, 
 Cortland village. Pop. 26,294. 
 
 CORTLAND, a post-township of Westchester co.. New 
 York, on Croton and Hudson bivers.lOO miles S. of Albany, 
 intersected by the Hudson River Railroad. Pop. 10,074. 
 
 CORTLAND, a post-office of Newton co., Texas. 
 
 CORTLAND or CoUHTLAND, a post-township in Kent 
 CO., Michigan, 170 miles W. by N. of Detroit. Pop. 947. 
 
 505 
 
=il 
 
 COR 
 
 CORTLAND, a ponV i.fflce of Jackson co., Indiana, 
 
 CORTLAND VILI.AGK, a post-village in Cortlandville 
 township. cai)ital of Cortland Co.. New York, on the Tiough- 
 niogii IMver, and on the Syracuse and Binghamton Jtail- 
 road, 143 miles W. by S. of Alhany. It contains the county 
 bnildinjrs, 3 banks, churches for Presbyterians, Baptists, 
 Metliodists, Episcopalians, and Universalists, 2 newspaper 
 offices, an academy, a pajier and an oil-mill, 'lliere are over 
 350 dwellings, some of which are elegant edifices. 
 
 COKTLANDV]LLK,a post-township of Cortland co.. New 
 York, on the SyracuRe and Binghamton Kailroad. 33 miles 
 8. of Syracuse, drained by the Tioughnioga Hiver. Pop. 4817. 
 
 COli'TOX. a parish of Kngland, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COKTON.A, koR-to/ui. (anc. Oii-li/tum or Corlythus, after- 
 wards Cnro'na.) a town of Tus«-any, in ancient times one of 
 the VI principal cities of Etruria. province.and 50 miles S.E. 
 of Florence, on a hill facing the lake of Thirasymene. Pop., 
 exclusive of suburbs, 3-kiO.' Its ancient Cyclopean walls, sup- 
 posed to have been erected 3000 years ago. remain perfect in 
 two-thirds of thi-ir extent. Around the city, and in its nu- 
 merous museums, are a great variety of Ktruscan and some 
 Roman antii(uities ; and Cortona has a cathedral of the tenth 
 century, which, like many of its other churches, contains 
 fine works of art. also a castle built by the Medici, a famous 
 academy of sciences, founded in 1726, a theatre, and trade 
 in wine and olives. 
 
 COR/TOX-DEN'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CORTORIACUM. See Courtr.u. 
 
 CORTS'VILLE, a small village in Clarke co., Ohio. 
 
 CORUCIIE. ko-roo'shA, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Alemtejo. on the Erra, 60 miles E.N. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2520. 
 
 COKUISIIK. LOCH, loH ko-roo'ishk. a sm.ill lake of Scot- 
 land. Isle of Skye. 12 miles S. of Portree, from 1 to 2 miles 
 in length, by ^ mile in breadth. 
 
 C'JllUN'NA,(Sp. airufia, ko-roon'ya, F'. Orrogne. ko'rofi'. 
 L. Corn>nium ?) a fortified city and seaport of Spain, capital of 
 a province of its own name, in thebaysof lietanzosand El Fer- 
 rol of the Atlantic.) 320 miles N.W. of Madrid. I„at. (Fort St. 
 Antonio)4a°22'5"N.,lon. 8°22'7"\V. Pop. 19,415. Itstands 
 on the E. side of a small peninsula, and consists of an upper 
 and a lower town, the former having the citadel, and the 
 latter containing the theatre, custom-house, reading-room, 
 palace of the captain-general, court-house, arsenal, and bar- 
 racks. Its harbor is «afe. and defended on the E. by Fort 
 6au Diego, and W. by Fort San .■Vntonio. North of it is the 
 tower of Hercules, a light-house &2 feet in height, on a 
 Roman foundation. A great part of its population is em- 
 ploj-ed in the herring and pilchard tishery on the coast. 
 The vessels entered the port in 1W6, were S9. tonnage 
 14,063; cleared 13S, tonnage 22.491. Principal manufac- 
 tures, linen goods, hats, cordage, canvas, and segars — in the 
 manufacture of which last, 1500 females are employed. Some 
 ship-building is carried on. and it has a .school of navigation, 
 from this port the Spanish Armada set sail in 16S8, and near 
 this, on the heights jf Elvina, the French were defeated. 
 January 16. 1809, by the troops under Sir John Moore, who 
 was mortally wounded in the action. There is regular steam 
 communication with Southampton in summer. 
 
 COKUN'.NA, a thriving post/village, capital of Shiawassee 
 CO., Michigan, on lx)th sides of the Shiawassee River, 85 
 miles N.W. of Detroit, and 28 miles N.E. of Lan.sing. The 
 river affords excellent water-power. It has improved rapidly 
 since the connty seat was permanently loc-ated here. It 
 has a brick court-hou.se. which cost $700^). a tiouring mill, a 
 large woollen factory, 2 iron foundries, and 1 printing office. 
 Tiie Detroit and Milwaukie Railroad passes through the 
 village. Pop. 684. 
 
 COKURA, an island in the Pelew group. See Coroor\. 
 
 COllV'O. koR'vo, the ntvthernmost and smallest of the 
 Azores Islands. Lat. of S. point. 39° 41' 41" N. Itis6miles 
 long and 3 miles broad, with an elevated mountain at each 
 extremity, and a hollow centre, giving it the form of a sad- 
 dle. It is fertile, and the climate is delicious, but the in- 
 habitants are idle, poor, and ignorant. Pop. 90O. 
 
 COU'WEX, a market-town and parish of North Wales, 
 30S. of Merioneth and Denbigh, on the Dee, 11 miles JJ.N.E. 
 of Bala. Pop. in 1851. 2069. 
 
 COit'WlN, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 COKWIN. a village of M'arreii co., Ohio, on the Little 
 Miami Railroad. 67 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 COK'WINVILLE. a small village of Lorain co.. Ohio. 
 
 COllYCIAX (ko-rLsh'e-an) CAVE, Greece, government of 
 Boeotia. is a fine stalactitic cavern on the S. slope of Mount 
 Parnassus, 10 miles E.N.E. of Salona. said to be capable of 
 containing 3000 persons. It is named the -Forty Courts." 
 by the inhabitants of its vicinity. It was long the resort 
 of the robliers of Parnassus. 
 
 COItYDON. kor'e-don, a township of McKean co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 190. 
 
 CORYDON, a post^village and township of Warren co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany River, about 2 miles from 
 the N. boundary of the state. I'op. of township. 302. 
 
 COKYDO.V. a po8^village of Henderson co., Kentucky, 11 
 miles from Henderson, the county seat. 
 
 COKYDON, a handsome pocWUlaga, capital of Harrison 
 606 
 
 COS 
 
 CO., Indiana, and formerly the capital of the state, is situ- 
 ated on Indian Creek, 115 miles S. of Indianapolis, and 24 
 miles W. of Louisville, in Kentucky. The seat of govern- 
 ment was removed from this place to Indianai)olis. in 1824, 
 after which event the prosperity of Corydon declined, and 
 it remained stationary for a considerai>le period. But within 
 a few years an imjirovement has taken place, and it is now 
 a flourishing village. A plank-road. 20 miles long, extenda 
 from Corydon to New Albany. The village contains 4 
 churches. 1 academy, a bank, and several mills. 
 
 CORYDON, a post-village, capital of Waj-ne co., Iowa, 
 about 65 miles S. by E. of Des Moines. Pop. 640. 
 C(VRYTON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 CORYTUM or CORYTHUS. See Coktoxa. 
 COS, KOS, kds, or STANCHIO, stdn'ke-o. an i.sland of 
 Asifitk Turkey, in the Mediterranean. 21 miles long and 5 
 miles in bre;tdth. .\ lofty mounViin range rises on the S. 
 coa.st; the rest of the island is a lieautiful and fertile plain, 
 with a delightful climate. Produce, corn, cotton, silk, and 
 wines, fruit, and formerly flocks of sheep. Cos. the only 
 town in the island, is beautifully situated, and it.^ port much 
 frequented by merchant vessels. In ancient times the i.sland 
 was celebrated for a temple to Esculapius. and was the 
 birthplace of Hippocrates. Apelles the painter, and Ariston 
 
 the philosopher. .\dj. and inhab. Coan. ko'.jn. 
 
 COS.\L.\. ko-sdii. a town of the Mexican Confederation, 
 state of Clnaloa. 80 miles N.E. of Ma/atlan. Near it i.« a gold- 
 mine, exceedingly rich, but not worked at present. Pop. 6000. 
 COS'BY, a parish of Enu'land. co. of Ix'icester. 
 COSCILE, ko-sheeni, or SIBAKI. set-/bd-re, (anc. SyV- 
 aris.) a river of Naples, province of Calabria Citra: after an 
 E. course of about 20 miles it joins the Crati 4 miles from 
 the flulf of Taranto, and near the site of the ancient city of 
 Syharis. 
 
 CUSEL or KOSEL. (Ciisel or Kosel.) kii'sel. a fortified town 
 of Prussian Silesia. 26 miles S.S.E. of Oppcln, on the left 
 bank of the Oder. Pop. 3('O0. 
 
 Ct>SENZA, ko-ste'zl (anc. Ofynfeii'tia.) a city of Naples, 
 capital of the province of Calabria Citra. at the confluence 
 of the rivers Crati and Busento. 12 miles E. of the Mediter- 
 ranean. 29 miles S.W. of Rossano. Pop. 13,847. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has an old castle now converted into barracks, 
 a fine court-house, a cathedral, diivesan seminary, royal col- 
 lege, theatre, large foundling asylum, academies of science 
 and literature, manufactures of earthenware and cutlery, 
 an active trade in silk, rice. wine, manna, flax. ic. Cosentia 
 was anciently the capital of the Bruttii, It submitted to 
 th' Romans, and was taken by Hannibal, from whom the 
 Romans recaptured it soon after. Alaric. the Ooth, 
 laid siege to it in 410, but died l)efore its walls, and was in- 
 terred by his soldiers in the lied of the Busento. It was 
 afterwards sacked by the Saracens, who were expt^llcd in 
 turn by the Northmen, who. h.aving founded the kinsidom 
 of the Two Sicilies in 1130, made Cosenza the capital of Ca- 
 labria Citra. 
 
 COSFELD or KOSFELD, (Ctisfeld or Kijsfeld.") kiis'f^lt. a 
 town of Prussian Westphalia. 20 miles W. of MUnster, with 
 some fortifications. I'op. 3510. 
 
 COSFELD or KOSFELD. a parish and village of Prussian 
 Westphali.% Pop. 3000. 
 COS'OR.AVE H.\LL. a post-office.Snyderco.. Pennsvlvania. 
 COS'GROVE or COVES^iROVE, a parish of England, co. 
 of Northampton. 
 
 COS, GULK OF, called also GULF OF BOODROO^l. (anc. 
 Oeramficitf Si'niis.) on the coast of Anatolia, near the altove 
 island, is 17 miles wide at its entrance, and extends inland 
 52 miles. It is very deep, being seldom less than 300 feet 
 even near the shore. 
 COSH ECl'ON . See CocHEcrojr. 
 
 COSHES^rON. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 CO'SHOCTON. a county in the N.E. central part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 516 square miles. The Tiiscjirawas and Wal- 
 honding Riveif> unite near the county seat to form the Musk- 
 ingum. The county is also drained by Vernon River and by 
 Wills and Killbuck Creeks. The surface is mostly undulat- 
 ing, and in some parts hilly. The soil presents abrupt tran- 
 sitions from sand to olay. and is generally good. Stone coal 
 and iron are abundant in the county. It is amply supplied 
 with water-power, and is intersected by the Ohio TaraLand 
 by the railroad from Pittsburg to Colilmbua. Organized in 
 1811. Capital. Ci>8hocton. Poi>. 25.032. 
 
 COSHOCTON, a jiost-village, cajiital of Coshocton co., Ohio, 
 on the left bank of the Muskingum River, just below the 
 junction of the Tuscarawas and Walhondiiig. 75 miles N.E. 
 of&)lnmbus. The Ohio Canal connwtsit witli Lake Erieanc 
 with the Ohio River, and also affords a fine water-jiower a1 
 this place. The Pittsburg. Columbus and Cincinnati llail 
 road passes through Coshocton. It is pleasantly bituated on 
 four natural terraces, the highest of which is about 40 feet 
 above the water. A bridge across the river connects thit 
 village with Roscoe. Coshocton contains 5 clmi-ches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 2 banks, 1 p.-iper-mill. 2 large halls, and 1 floui^ 
 ing-mill. Pop. in IS.-SO. S.-SO; in I860. 1161. 
 
 COS'SATOT. or COS'SEI.OSK CREEK, of Arkansas, rises 
 In Polk CO., and flowing S. joins Little Hiver in Sevier county 
 
COS 
 
 COSI. kfysee, or KOOSK, koo'see. or KOCSA. (Hind. Kavr 
 eOci.) a. ri\erof Ilindostan. triVjut;iry to tlie Ganges, which 
 It joins in Beniral, aijout 30 miles S.W. of Purneah, after a 
 southward course estimated at 300 miles. It is very liable 
 to inundation ; and at all seasons it is navieable by boats of 
 fh>m 4ui) to duo maunds burden as high as some rapids at 
 Its exit from the hills of Kepaul. 
 
 CO.SKJIJINA, ko-se-jiheiyuil. a volcanic mountain of Cen- 
 tral America, in Nicaragua, about 80 miles S.K. of Guato- 
 mala, in lat. 13°N., and Ion. 87° 30' W. A great eruption 
 of this volcano occurred in 1835. 
 
 CO.SIIIIJIKIACHI, ko-se-we-re-^chee,.a town of the Jlexi- 
 can Confederation, state of Chihuahua, under the parallel 
 of 28^12' N. Its population, which formerly amounted to 
 10,700, has. in consequence of the falling off in the produc- 
 tiveness of the mines in the neighborhood, been reduced 
 to 3o00. 
 
 COSLIN, (CiJslin.) COESLIN, or KOSLIX. (Koslin.) kos- 
 leen', a town of Prussia, province of I'omerania, 7 miles from 
 the Baltic. Lat. 540 12'7" N.. Ion. 10° 10' K. Pop. 8230. It 
 was burnt in 1718, and rebuilt by Frederick \Villiam I., 
 whose sUitue adorns the mai-ket-place. It has a provincial 
 society of arts, a college, a normal school, and manufactures 
 of woollen stuffs, hosiery, silks, and leather. On the Ellen- 
 berg, a hill near it. is a monument to the Pomeranians who 
 fell in the war of 1813. 
 
 CUS.MULEDO (kos-mo-lA'do) ISLANDS, a group in the In- 
 dian Ocean, at the N.E. entrance to the Mozambique Chan- 
 nel, about lat. 9° 40' 8., Ion. 47° ■f2' K. This group consists 
 of a ring of coral about 30 milts in circumference, enclosing 
 a magnificent lagoon, into which there is no app.arent en- 
 trance. 
 
 COSNK, kone, (anc. 0>nda>te.) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nifevre, on the Loire. 27 miles N.N.W. of Nevers. 
 Pop. in 1852, 6326, who forgo anchors and heavy iron-work, 
 and manufacture hardwares and cutlery, in all of which it 
 has an active trade. 
 
 COS'P0OH/,orKIIASPUR, Kjs'poor'. the capital town of 
 Cachar, in Farther India, on the Madhura, an affluent of 
 the iirahmapootra. 60 miles K. of Svlhet. 
 
 COSSACKS, kos'saks, (COUNTKY OF THE DON.) (Kuss. 
 Zemlia BnUka Boh S/ctigo, zJmle-a boisHtd don skd/go. a vast 
 plain of Southern Kussia, traversed by the river Don, and 
 bounded N. by the government of Saratov, S. by the govern- 
 ment of Caucasus and the Cossacks of the Black Sea. E. by 
 Astrakhan, and W. by Voronezh and Yekaterinoslav. Area, 
 62,974 square miles. Capital. Tcherkask. The territory 
 Is fertile, but ill cultivated. The chief industry is agricul- 
 ture, fishing, and cattle rearing. Though the Cossacks pos- 
 sess several characteristics by which tiiey are easily distin- 
 guished, they do not appear to have sprung from one ori- 
 ginal stock. There is evidently a mixture of blood among 
 them. They bear a close resemhl.ince to the Russians, but 
 are of a more slender make, and have features which are de- 
 cidedly more handsome and expressive. They have a quick, 
 keen eye. and an ear which is ever on the alert, and are 
 active, spirited, and brave. Education has made some pro- 
 gress among them, and their old capital. Staro-Tcherkask, 
 contains a gymnasium, in which the proficiency of the Cos- 
 sack pupils would not suffer by comparison with that of any 
 other town of the Russian Empire. Their language is a 
 mixture of Russian. Polish, and Turkish ; their religion that 
 of the Greek Church, to which they are strongly attached. 
 The martial tendencies of the Cossacks are very decided, and 
 have from time immemorial formed their distinguishing 
 feature. The whole structure of society among them is 
 military. Originally, their government formed a kind of 
 democracy, at the head of which was a chief or hetman. of 
 their own choice; while, under him, was a long series of 
 officers, with jurisdictions of greater or less extent, partly 
 civil and partly military, all so arranged as to be able, on 
 any emergency, to furnish the largest military array on the 
 shortest notice. The democratical part of the constitution 
 has gradually disappeared under Russian domination. The 
 title of chief hetman is now vested in the heir apparent to 
 the throne, and all the subordinate hetmans and other 
 officers are appointed by the crown. Care, however, has 
 been taken not to interfere with any arrangements which 
 fostered the military spirit of the Cossacks ; and hence all 
 the subdivisions of the population into pulks and minor sec- 
 tions, with military heads, and of the villages into stanitza, 
 still remain. Throughout the empire, wherever particular 
 alacrity, vigilance, and rapidity of movement are required, 
 the qualities by which the Cossack is distingui.shed mark 
 him out fur employment. He is almost always on horse- 
 back, and is in his element when scouring the open fields. 
 Pop. in 1852, 793,758. 
 
 COSSACKS OF THE BLACK SEA, is a territory of 
 Southern Russia, bounded E. by the government of Cau- 
 casus, \V. by the Sea of Azof, S. by Circassia. and N. by the 
 country of the Don Cossacks. The capital is Y'katerinodar 
 on its S. l)oundary, and on the right bank of the Kooban. 
 It is occupied by a population of Cossacks, who form a sort 
 !.! democratic republic, and who, in 1828-9 attempted to 
 renter themselves independent. 
 
 COS 
 
 COS'SAL, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 COSS AT(), kos-sd'to. a market-town of the Sai-dinian States, 
 in Piedmont, province of Biella, 42 miles N.E. of Turin, on 
 a hill. Pop. 2500. 
 
 COSSEIR, a .seaport town of Egypt. See KossElR. 
 
 COSSE-LE-VIVIKN, koss-leh-veeVe-i.vo'. a market town 
 of France, department of Mayenne, 11 miles S.W. of liaval, 
 on the (Judon. Pop. 2000. 
 
 COSSILA, kos-see'li, a village of Piedmont, province of 
 Biella. on the Oropa. Pop. 2328. 
 
 COvS'SIMB AZAR'or COSSnrBUZAR/, a considerable towr 
 of British India, presidency and province of Beng.il. about! 
 mile S. of Moorshedatiad, of which it is the port, on tho 
 Bhasirathi or Hoogly branch of the Ganges. It has ma- 
 nufactures of carpets, satins, and stockings, and a largie trade 
 in sUk. Ac. 
 
 COS'SIMCOTTA, a small town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, 28 miles W.S.W. of Vizagapatam. 
 
 COS/SINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 Ct>SSINGTON, a parish of Ent'land. co. of Somerset. 
 
 COS'SIPOOR', a town of British India, in Itengal. 64 miles 
 N. of Bareily. It is a place of Hindoo pilgrimage, with nu- 
 merous temples, and an active trade with Kortb-western 
 Ilindostan. 
 
 COS,SONAY or COSSONEX, kosVn'nA', a town of Switzer- 
 land. Clinton of Vaud. on the Venoge. 9 miles N.W. of l>au- 
 sanne. Pop. 1080. It was formerly a rich priory of the Be- 
 nedictines. 
 
 COSSYAir Ckos/so-a or kos/ydh) HILLS, in Farther India. 
 about lat. 26° 30' N.. Ion. 91° .'JO' E.. embrace all that tract 
 of country between Assam and Sylhet. and from the Bengal 
 district of Mymunsingh to Cachar. In many parts they are 
 interspersed with fertile valleys, in others they rise to up- 
 wards of 4(100 feet in elevation. Here are the sanitary sta- 
 tions Cherrapoonjeo and Darjeeling. 
 
 COSTA, kos/ti. a village of Northern Italy, government 
 of Venice, 4 miles W.S.W. of Rovigo, on the Adigetto. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 0O.«TAMBONE, a citv of Asia Minor. See Kastamooxee. 
 
 COSTA RICA. kos'tA" ree/kS. (t. e. •' rich coast,"') the most 
 southern state of Central America: bounded N. bv Nicara- 
 gua, from which it is partly separated by the river San Juan. 
 N.E. by the Caribbean Sea, S. by New Granada, from which 
 it is partly separated by the river Escuda and partly by the 
 Cordillera de Cabeoares. and S. and W. by the I'acific; be- 
 tween lat. 8° and 11° 30' N.. Ion. 8.3° and 85° W. Area, aliout 
 16.250 square miles. The country is intersected diagonally 
 by the primary range of the isthmus, which throws off nu- 
 merous spurs on either side, giving to the surface a con- 
 tinued alternation of abrupt heights and sudden depres- 
 sions. The principal range contains several lofty eminences 
 and volcanoes, both active and extinct or dormant, includ- 
 ing those of Orosi. Votes, and Cartago: from the summit of 
 the la.«t of which both the Pacific and Atlantic can lie dis- 
 tinctly seen. The N.W. districts are more rugged and moun- 
 tainous than the S.W.. but along the coast of the Pacific, 
 especially around the Bay of Ni<'oya. the country has a most 
 beautiful and picturesqtie appearance, being diversified by 
 valleys, and intersected by numerous streams. Costa Rica 
 contains some of the richest gold-mines in this portion of 
 America, whence the origin of its name; these mines, how- 
 ever, are now not at all. or very little wrought. Silver and 
 copper are also found, but they, in like manner, receive 
 little notice. In all parts of the state, with exception of the 
 sea-coasts, the climate is mild and temperate, never subject 
 to excessive heats or colds, and rarely expenencing any other 
 vicissitudes than those from the dry to the rainy season. It 
 is. therefore, extremely well adapted to agricultural purposes, 
 and capiible of brininng to maturity many European plants, 
 as well as most of those peculiar to the tropics. The soil 
 is remarkably frrtile, especially on the table-lands, and in 
 the valleys.lietween the mountains. Among its agricultural 
 productions are coffee, cocoa. Indian corn, tobacco, sugar, and 
 a little wheat. The birds include vultures, pelicans, parrots, 
 pigeons, ducks, quails, and teal. 
 
 The woods of Costa Rica are valuable, comprising maho- 
 gany, cedar. Brazil, and various other kinds of timber: and 
 on the sea-coast of Nicoya. some pearls, and large quantities 
 of mother-of pearl shells are found. Coffee, however, forma 
 the most important product of the state. Its cultivation, 
 though onlv introduced about the year 1830. has increased 
 so rapidly that from 3000 to 4000 tons of st«ds are now ex- 
 ported annually. Tobacco, which is of excellent quality, is 
 a government monopoly, and is sent chiefly to Nicaragua, 
 though some of it finds its way to the British market. The 
 other exports are gold, sugar. Brazil-wood, and mf>therof- 
 pearl. The imports consist chlefiv of manufactured goods. 
 Total exports in 1845, 120.340Z.; imports. 87.600Z. 
 
 Costa Kica is divided into three department.s — the Ea.stern, 
 the ^Vestern. and that of Nicoya. Each of these is again 
 subdivided into partidos or districts. The principal cities 
 are San Jose, the capital. Cartago. Erredia. Estralla. Esparza, 
 and UjaiTas. The two established ports of entry are Puntas 
 Arenas, in the Gulf of Nic-oya. and Matina. on the Caribbean 
 Sea. The government of Costa Rica was establishetl in 1S23, 
 
 £07 
 
COS 
 
 COT 
 
 and is afwonnted the best and most liberal in Central Ame- 
 rica, It has a representative legislature, and the executive 
 lo lutrusted to a supreme chief. The re)i<rion is Komaii Ca- 
 tholic. The annual net revenue of the state avera<res about 
 "d.*Xi?. The inhabitants are extremely industrious and 
 orderly. They were formerly subjected to great poverty, 
 and it is only of late years, and since the cultivation of 
 coffee on an extensive scale began to be encouraged, that they 
 have attained to any thing like their present prosperity. 
 
 In lS4t>-50, the government granted to M. G. Laibnd. 
 the French consul-general, a tract of land from the Gulf of 
 Dulce. on the Pacific, to the Boca del Toro, on the Caribbean 
 Sea. ftr the purpose of opening a route between the two 
 oceans. The route across the isthmus by the San Juan 
 River, along part of the frontier of Costa Kica, is so far 
 opened that steamers now ply on the river in connection 
 with others on the Lake of Nicaragua. Pop. 150,000, of 
 whom 25,lKX) are Indians. 
 
 COS'TUSSY or COS/SEY, a parish of England, ca of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 COSTIGLIOLE D'ASTI. kos-teel-yo/lA dis'tee. a town of 
 the Stjrdiuian States, in Piedmont, division of Alessandria, 
 8 miles S. of Astl. Pop. 6016. 
 
 CO.STIGLIOLK DI SALUZZO, kos-teel-yo/lA dee sd-loot/so, 
 a town of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division of Coni, 
 province, and 6 miles S. of Saluzzo. Pop. 2054. 
 
 COSn'OCK. or COKT'LING STOCK, a parish of England, co. 
 of Nottingham. 
 COSTO.V, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 CO.*TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 CO.^'UMNE, a post-village of Sacramento co., California. 
 COSWIG. kos/*iQ. or KO.SWIGK, kos'wik, a town of Cen- 
 tral Germany, duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, on the Kibe, and 
 on the Berlin Railway. 11 miles E.N.E. of Dessau. Pop. 2S00. 
 COTAB.A..MBAS. ko-ti-bdm'bds, a province of Peru, depart- 
 ment of Cuzco, between the .\purimac and Pachachaea. in- 
 tersected from S. to X. by the Oropes.i, an afUuent of the 
 Apurimac. It is 78 miles long, and 50 broad, almost entirely 
 covered with mountains, which are clad with snow during 
 the greater part of the year. Pop. in 1S50, 23,241, of whom 
 18,000 are Indians. 
 
 COTAGAYTA, SANTIAGO DE. sin-te-i'go dA ko-t4-ghI'ti, 
 a sm.-Ul town of Bolivia, dep.artment, and 15 miles S.S.E. of 
 Potosi. on the river Cotagavta, an affluent of the Pilcomayo. 
 COTEAU DES PRAIBIES, ko'to' dA priVee', an elevated 
 region or swell in the prairies of North .^.nierica. separating 
 the Imsin of the Mississippi from that of the Missouri, It 
 commences aljout the parallel of 40^^ N.. and between the 
 meridians of 9S° and 9a° W., and extends S.S.E. 2oO miles 
 to the h»iad of the Blue Earth River, where it gradually fells 
 to the level of the suirounding countrv. 
 
 COTEAU DO LAC. ko'to' du Idk, a post-village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Vaudreuil. on the river St. Lawrence. 42 miles 
 S.W. of Montreal, and 42 miles from Cornwall. It contains 
 several stores and hotels. Pop. about 350. 
 
 COTK.AO (ko'to'i LANDING, a post-village of Canada East, 
 CO. of Vaudreuil, on the St. Lawrence Kiver, 45 miles S.W. 
 of Montreal, and 34 miles from Cornwall. It contains several 
 stores and a hotel. Pop. about 350. 
 
 COTE BLA.NCIIE, kot bliNsh. a bay in the S. part of Lou- 
 isiana, washes the S.W. border of St. Mary"s parish, commu- 
 nicating with the Gulf of Mexico on the S., and Vermilion 
 Bay on the W. 
 
 COTE DES NEIGES. kot dA naizh, a small village of Cana- 
 da Eitst. in the rear of Montreal Mountain, 2^^ miles W. of 
 Montre.^1. Pop. aliout 150. 
 
 COTE D'OR. kSt doR, (t. «. "coasst or region of gold.") a 
 chain of mountains in France, which separates the basin 
 of the Saone from those of the Seine and Loire, and connects 
 the Cevennes with the Vosges. The name has special refei^ 
 ence to the small chain which extends from Dijon to the 
 southern limit of the department of Cote d"Or, iiud was be- 
 stowed on it on account of its valuable vineyards. Culmi- 
 nating point, Le Tasselot ; height lytiS feet. 
 
 COTE D'OR, a department in the E. of France, formed 
 of part of the old province of Burgundy, between lat. 40° 55' 
 and 48° 10' X., and surrounded by the departments of Aube, 
 Yonne. Saone-etrLoire, Jura. Ilaute-Saone. and liaut-Marne. 
 A.rea, 33.i4 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 384,140. The chief 
 rivers are the Seine, the Arman^n. Serain. and Aulje. in 
 the basin of the Seine; the Saone, which is navigable, the 
 Vingeaune. and the Tille and Ouche. its affluents. The Ca- 
 nal of Burgundy (Canal de Bourgosrnei traverses tlie deiwrt- 
 ment from S.E. to N. W. The soil is rich in mines of iron 
 and coaL, marble, gypsum, and building and lithographic 
 stones. A great part of it is covered with forests. It is ter- 
 tile in grain and fruit, but especially in the vine, which ren- 
 dere this one of the most important departments of France. 
 Capital. Dijon. The department is divided into fourarron- 
 dissemeiits — Beaune. Cbatillon-sur-Seine. Dijon. and Semur. 
 COTE.NTIN, ko't<ix"'ti.N«', (anc. C'lielU or Vetfli^for Oiii- 
 ttaidi'nus.f) a digtrict of France, in the old province of Nor- 
 mandy. It forms a peninsula in the N.of the department of 
 Maneiie. extending into the English Channel; its N. extra- 
 Diiiy is Cape La Uague; the principal town, Coutances. 
 6U8 
 
 COTE-ROTIE, XOt-roMee'. a village of France, department 
 of Rhone, arrondissement of Lyons, canton of St. Colonibe, 
 with a vineyard producing the celebrated red wine of that 
 name. 
 
 COTE SANS DESSEIN. kot sAn dJs-sIn', a post-vill.ige ii\ 
 CalLiway co., Missouri, on the N. bank of Missouri Kiver, 
 about 12 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 COTES DU NORD. kot dU noR. a maritime department of 
 the W. of F" ranee, formeil of part of the old province of Bre- 
 tagne. It is situated between lat. 4S° 3' and 4^° 57' N., 
 l>ounded X. by the English Channel, in which it comprisee 
 several small island^ 8. by the department of Morbihan, E. 
 by lUe-et-Vilaine. and W. by Finistere. Area. 1967 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1861, 028,676, The princip.al rivers are the 
 Rauce, Arguenon, Gouet, Trienx. and Oust, all small. The 
 soil is mountainous and undulating, and contain.s iron, lead, 
 excellent granite, and many mineral springs. Corn and cider 
 are exported: hemp and tiax are extensively raised: many 
 horses and cattle are reared. Linen goods are expirted in 
 immense quantities. Cipital, St. Brieuc. The department 
 is divided into the arrondissements of Din.tn, Guingamp, 
 Lannion, Loudeac. and St. Brieuc. 
 
 COTES, LES. lA kOt, several vineyards of France, depart- 
 ment of Gironde. Those which produce the best graiws ex- 
 tend along the Garonne, between Ambares and St. Croi^ 
 du-Mont. 
 
 COTE ST. AXDRfi, LA, lA kat sJirt 6x»MrA', a town of 
 France, department oi' Isfire. 19 miles E.S.E. of Vienne. Pop. 
 in 1852. 4429. Its vicinity produces the celebrated liqueur 
 called Eaux de la Cut«. 
 
 COTES'WOLD, or COTS/WOLD HILLS, in England, a tract 
 of about 201.01.0 acres in the centre of the county of Glou- 
 cester, extending from Bath northward to Chipping Camp- 
 den. and separating the basins of the Thames and Severn. 
 The surface is generally bare. Extreme elevation, near 
 Cheltenh.^m, ll:J4 feet. 
 
 COT'GKAVE. a p:irish of Englivnd, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 COT'II.\M. a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 COTH'ELTONE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 COTIIEN. (Cothen.) a town of Genn.tnv. See KiiTUKjf. 
 
 COTH'ERIDGE, a parish of Enirland. co. of Worcester. 
 
 COTU'ERSTON, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 CL>''rHY^, a river of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen, which, 
 after a southward course of 25 miles, joins the Towy about 
 5 miles above Carmarthen. 
 
 COTIGNAC. ko^teen\vAk'. a town of France, department of 
 Var, 16 miles W. of Draguignan. Pop. 3397. It has trade 
 in silks, leather, confectionery, and wine. 
 
 C(JTIGNOLA, ko-teen-yoHA". a town of Central Italy, in 
 .Emilia, 34 miles S.S.E. of Fenara, nciir the Seiinio. Pop. 
 3335. 
 
 COTILE. ko'teel'. a post-ofRce of Rapides parish. Louisiana. 
 
 COTINDIBA, ko-teen-dee/bl or COTINGUIBA. ko-teen- 
 ghee'bA. a river of Brazil, rises in the N. side of Monnt Ita- 
 baianna,flow8 :Omost due K., and falls into the .Mlantic 18 
 miles N.N.E. of Sergipe del Rey, after a course of about 90 
 miles. 
 
 COT'L.A.ND. a post-offlce of Newton CO., Texas. 
 
 COTLEIGII. kot/lee, a pansh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 COTO'MA. a post-office of Montgomery eo.. .Mabama. 
 
 COT'OX. a piirish of England, co. of Cambiidire. 
 
 COTOP.A..\I. ko-to-pax'ee. (Sp. pron. ko-to-pAh'uee.') a vol- 
 cano of South .\meric.i. in F>uador. in the E. Cordillera of 
 the Andes. 34 miles S.S.E. of Quito. L.it. 0° 41' S.. Ion. 7*" i'i^ 
 W. Its shape is perfectly conical : height aliove tiie sea, 
 18.876 feet, or 9800 feet above the adjacent valley, being the 
 highest volcano in America that has been active in modern 
 times. The upper 4400 feet of tlie mountain are covei-ed 
 with snow, except a section around its summit. The scoriaB, 
 lava, and rocky fragments which are the produce of it.s 
 eruptions, cover an area of some 50 or 60 sfju.ire miles. Its 
 first recorded eruption occurred about the time of Pizarro's 
 invasion of South .\merica. In 1698. an eruption destroyed 
 the city of Tacunga. In 1738, the flames rose 3oii0 feet 
 above the brink of the crater; and in 174:1. the fire burst 
 forth from several new apertures near the summit, followed 
 by profuse torrents of water, which flooded and desolated 
 the whole plain below. In the Slay also of the following 
 ye.ir. 1744, the internal fire opened for itself new passages; 
 and again, in April. 1708. the smokeaud ashes were so den.'ie, 
 and caused such darkness. th.-4t many of the inhabitants of 
 the province werec-ompelled togo about with lanterns during 
 almost the whole day. In 18i>3. another eruption occurred, 
 after an app.irently complete st-ite of quiescence dui log 20 
 years. In the Jatiuary of that year, the snows began sud- 
 denly to melt : and in a single night the internal files be- 
 came 80 active that at day dawn the outer walls of thf- cone 
 were seen to be quite baro. and of a dark brown hue. like 
 vitrified scoriae or lava. At the port of Guayaquil, v.hich is 
 130 miles distant in a .sti-aight line, Humboldt heard, day 
 and night, the roaring and explosions of this volcano, like 
 continued discharges of a battery of artillery 
 COTO'SA, a post-office of Walker co.. Georgi i 
 COTRONE, ko-tpo/uA, (anc CruU/na ) « to »n of Naples, 
 
COT 
 
 COU 
 
 proviuce of Calabria Ultra II., on its E. coast, near the 
 mouth ot the Ksaro. 6 miles N.W. of Cape Xau. Pop. 5500. 
 It is eiK'lfSdU by walls, and defended hy a strong citadel. 
 Among its narrow streets and shabljy houses are a cathe- 
 dral and /ieveral other churches, a diocesiin seminary, mili- 
 tary and civil hospitals, and several asylums and convents. 
 It has a small harbor; trade jnsijrniticant. In ancient 
 times it wa« tamous for the school of Pythan;oras. and as 
 the birthplace of the famous >lilo and other celebrated 
 wrestlers. 
 
 COTHONEI, ko-tro-ni'ee, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra II., 20 miles ^V.N'.W. ef Cotrone. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 GOTTA, kof ti, a village of Ceylon. 6 miles E. of Colombo, 
 formerly one of the capitals of the kings of Ceylon. There 
 is here a Christian institution. Singhalese and Malabar 
 youths receive instruction in the IleVirew, Greek, Ij;itin, 
 and English languages, mathematics, and theology. There 
 are also lure a chapel and a printing oflice. 
 
 COT'T.\(iK, a post-office of Cattaraugus co.. New York. 
 
 COTTACiE. a post-otlice of Huntingdon co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 COTT.VijE, a post-office of .Montgomery CO., Maryland. 
 
 COnWGK GliOVE, a po-st-oflice of Union co., Indiana. 
 
 COTT.\GE GROVE, a post-village and towu.sliip in Dane 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 12 miles S.IO. of MjuJi.ion. Pop. 130.3. 
 
 COTTAGE GUOVE, a post-village of Washington co., .Min- 
 nesota, 15 miles S.tl. of 6ft. Paul. 
 
 COTT.\GE HILL, a post-otlice of Lauderdale co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 COTTAGE IIILL, a post-office of St. Joseph co., Indiana. 
 
 COTTAGK HILL, a post-village of Du Page co,. Illinois. 
 on the Chicago and Galena Kailroad, IG miles W, of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 CoTT.VGE IIILL, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa. 
 
 COTTAGE HOME, a post-office of Harford co., Marvland. 
 
 COTT.\GE HO-ME, a post-office of Lincoln co.," North 
 Carolina. 
 
 COTT.\GE INN, a post-office of I^ Fayette co., Winconsin. 
 
 COTTAGE MILL, a post-office of Jluscogee co., Georgia. 
 
 COTTBUS or KOTTBUS, kott/bCfis, a town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, capital of a circle, on the Spree, 
 43 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 8127. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and has several suburbs, a royal palace, college, orphan 
 asylum, and various other public institutions; also ex- 
 ten.sive manufactures of woollen cloths, linen, hosiery, and 
 tobacco, with breweries, distilleries, and export and transit 
 trade. 
 
 COT'TENIIAM, a village and pari.sh of England, co., and 
 6j miles N. of Cambridge. Pop. l.Sa:3. In 1109 some monks 
 of Crowland resorted hither as lecturers, whence is supposed 
 to have resulted the system of academical instruction at 
 Cambridge. Arcbbi.shop Tenison, Pepys, and l.ord Ciian- 
 cellor Cottenham were born in this parish. 
 
 COT'TEHED. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 COT'TEKSTOCK, a parish of England. c6. of Northamp- 
 ton, 2 miles N.N.E. of Cundle. Various Roman antiquities 
 have been discovered here. 
 
 COT'TESBATCII, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 COT'TE.SBROOK, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 COT'TE.^FORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 COT'TESMORE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 COT'TI A \ ALPS. (anc. AUpfg O,0li(e. ) a division of the Alps, 
 extending from Monte Viso north-westward to Mount Cenis. 
 
 COTTJC.Il. kot-tee'kd, a river of Dutch Guiana, rising in 
 the N.E. part of the colony, and falling into the Commewyne. 
 
 COT'TINGHAM, parish of England, co. York, East Riding. 
 
 COTTINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of .Nortlmmptou. 
 
 CtKl'TlSllALL. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 COTTLKVILLE, a post-office of St. Charles co., Missouri. 
 
 COTTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COTTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 COT'TO.X, a township in Switzeriand co., Indiana. P. 1800. 
 
 COTTON CREEK, a post-office of Benton co.. Tennessee. 
 
 COTTON GIN, a post-office of Freestone co., Texas. 
 
 COTTON GIN PORT, a post-village of Monroe co.. Missis- 
 sippi, on the Tombigbee River, 16 miles above Aberdeen. 
 Cotton is shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 COTTON GROVE, a post-office of Davidson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 COTTON GROVE, a post-office of Pontotoc co.. Mississippi. 
 
 COTTON GROVE, a post-village of Madison co.. Teunes- 
 Bee, 142 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. Pop. about 100. 
 
 COTTON GROVE, a post-office of AVapello co., Iowa. 
 
 COTTON HILL, a post-office of Fayette co.. Virginia. 
 
 COTTON HILL, a post-village of Kandolph co., Georgia. 
 150 miles S.W. of Milledgevilla 
 
 COTTON PLANT, a post-office of Tippah co„ Mississippi. 
 
 COTTON PLANT, a post-office of Rusk co.. Texiis. 
 
 COTTON PLANT, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas. 
 
 COTTON KIDGE, a post-village of Itawamba CO., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 COTTON VALLEY, a post-office of Macon CO., Alabama. 
 
 COTTON VI LLE, a post-village in Marshall co., Alabama, 
 about 120 miles N. of Montgomery, 
 
 COTTONVILLE. a post-office of Christian co.. Kentucky. 
 
 COTTON VILLE, a village of Jackson co., Iowa, 70 mil** 
 N.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 COT'TONWOtJD, a post-village of Shasta co.. California. 
 
 COTTONWOOD, a small town of Yolo co.. California. 
 
 COTTONAVOOD CREEK, of Shasta co., California, falls 
 iiito Sacramento River, about 20 miles below Shasta City. 
 
 COTTONWOOD GROVE, a post-office of Bond co..lllinoia. 
 
 COTTONWOOD POINT, a post-office of Pemiscot co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 COTTRELVILLE,a post-village and town.ship of St. Clair 
 CO.. Michigan, on the W. side of St. Clair River, about 40 
 miles N.e'; of Detroit. Pop. 1627. 
 
 COTUIT. kot'u-it. a post-village of Barnstable township, 
 Barnstable co.. Massachusetts, 6S miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 COTUIT PORT, a post-village and seaport of Barnstable 
 township, Barnstable CO., Massachusetts, on Oyster Bay, 70 
 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 COTUY or COTUI, ko-twee', a town of the island of Hay ti, 
 in the North-east»»rn department, near the river Yuiia. 44 
 miles N.N.E. of San Domingo. Pop. 2000. In its vicinity 
 are copper and iron mines. 
 
 COTY.EUM. SeeKuTAlEH. 
 
 COUBCABIA. See CooiicAuiA, 
 
 COUCHES, koosh, a village of France, department of 
 Saone-et-Loire, 14 miles E.S.E. of Autun. Pop. in 1>>62, 2800. 
 
 COUCHE'S (kfiw'chfz) GAP, a small village of Greene co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 CMJUCHE'S .MILLS, a poet-offlce of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 COUCKELAERE.kOw-kfh-ld'reh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Fl;»nders, 11 miles S.W. of Bruges, on the 
 Westelieke. I'op. 4162. 
 
 COUCY-LE-CHaTEAU. kooVeeleh-shaHo'. a town of 
 Franco, department of Aisne. 10 miles N. of Soissons. It 
 has the remains of a fine old feudal castle, whence its name. 
 Pop. in 1862, 830. 
 
 COUDEAC. koo/dil-ak'. or PETICODIAC. pet-e-ko'do-ak\ a 
 river of British North America, in New Brunswick, tailing 
 into Shepody Bay. at the head of the Bay of Fundy, after a 
 course of about (k) miles. 
 
 COCDEKERCJUE. k(X)d'keRK/, a village of France, departr 
 ment of Nord, 3 miles S.E. of Dunkerque. Pop. 1593. 
 
 COUDERSPORT. kow'dgrz-port, w ritten also COWDERS- 
 PORT. a postrvillage, capital of Potter co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Alleghany River. 174 miles N.N.AV. of Harrisburg. It 
 has 1 newspaper office. Pop. 446. 
 
 COUDES-.MONTPEYROUX, kood-mANo^prVroo/. a village of 
 France, department of Puy-de-Dome, with remains of the 
 Castle of Montpeyroux. Pop. 1473. 
 
 COUDOliNlA. koc>-doo'ne-d(7)a river of Western Africa, in 
 Soodan. falling into the Niger 5 miles N.W. of Egsa. 
 
 COUDRES, kood'r. (Fr. ItU aiia-, Cmi/lres. eel 6 kood'p, 
 " Hazel Island,") an island of Canada East, in the St. Ijiw. 
 reuce. 56 miles N.E. of Quebec. Length. 6 miles. Pop. 300. 
 
 COIERON, koo-A'rAN"', a town of France, department of 
 Loire-lnferieure. on the i^oire, with a biisin and quay on the 
 Loire. 14 miles S.E. of Savenay. Pop. 1162. Commerce in 
 linens, cloths, wine, brandy, and fish. 
 
 • COUESMES, kwaim or kw?m, a village of France, depart- 
 ment and 11 miles N.N.W'. of Mayenne. I'op. 1640. 
 
 COUESNON, koo-A'nAs"', or kWiVmiN"/, a river, of France, 
 department of lUe-et-Vilaiue, enters Cancale Bay nearly op- 
 posite Mont St. Michel, after a generally N. course of 65 
 mile.s. for the last 20 of which it is navigable. 
 
 COUFFE, koof. a vill.ige of France, department of Loire- 
 Interieure. 6 miles W.N.W. of Ancenis. Pop. 1750. 
 
 COUGH'TON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 COU HE. kmi'kf. a town of France, department of Vienne, 
 11 miles N.N.W. of Civray, on the Dive. Pop. 1913. It has 
 manufacttn-es of coarse woollen stuffs. 
 
 COLLAN. See Qulon. 
 
 COULL. kool, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. W. of 
 I..amphanan, with 462 inhabitants, and the ruins of a large 
 feudal castle. 
 
 COULLOX, kooPlAN"', a village of France, department of 
 Loiret. 33 miles S.E. of Orieans. Pop. 2060. 
 
 COUl/MAN, an Island in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 73° 
 36' S., Ion. 170° 0' 2" E. Discovered by Sir James Ross, on 
 January 17. 1841. 
 
 COULOMMIERS, kooMom'me-A'. a town of Franco, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Marne. on the Grand-Moron, an affluent of 
 the Marne. 13 miles S.E. of Meaux. Pop. in 1852, 42.57. ]tg 
 chief edifices are a large parish church and the ruins of an 
 old castle. It has an active trade with Paris in corn and 
 flour. Brie cheeses, fruit, and cattle. 
 
 COULONGES-SUR-LAUTIZE, kooMAxzh'-sUR-loHeez', a 
 town of France, department of Deux-Sfevres, 12 miles N.N.W. 
 of Niort. Pop. 1845. 
 
 COULS'DON, kols'd^n, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 COUL'SON'S (kol'sonz) MILLS, a post-office of Linn co., 
 Missouri. 110 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 COUL/STON, (kol'ston) EAST, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilt.s., 
 
 COULTER, LOCH, loK kool'tjr, a small lake of Scotland, 
 
 609 
 
cou 
 
 eo. of Stirling, parish of St. Ninian's, abont 2 miles in cir^ 
 immference. 1 ts waters are rejiorted to have sunk from 10 to 
 \i feet at the time of the great earthquake at Lisl>on. in 1766. 
 
 COU 1.1'KKS CROSS K0ADS,a8mall village of Lixucaater 
 CO., I'ennsylvaiiia. 
 
 COUL'TER'S STORK, a pos(>office of Macon cc, Missouri. 
 
 COL'L'TEiiSA'ILLK, a post-village of Butler cc, Pennsyl- 
 rania. 175 miles W. by N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 COUf/TON, a parish of Kngland, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 COUN'CI h BENIi. a post-office of Crittenden cc, Arkansas. 
 
 COUNCIL BLUFFS, CITY OF, a post-village and capital 
 of Pottawattomie cc, Iowa, on the left (E.) bank of the Mis- 
 Douri Kiver, opposite Omaha City, aliout 1000 miles above 
 St. Louis, and 120 miles in a direct line W. by S. of Des 
 Moines. Lat. 41° 18' N. A council was held here with the 
 Indians by Lews and Clark in 1804 — hence its name. It 
 contains 6 churches, 3 banks, and about 50 stores. One daily 
 and 2 weekly newspapers are pulilished here. Council Bluffs 
 is the western terminus of the Mississippi and Missouri Hail- 
 road (unfinished). Another railroad is in progress between 
 this point and St. Joseph, Missouri. Pop. 2011. 
 
 Council grove, a post-viUage, capital of Morris co., 
 Kansas, on the great thoroughfare to Santa Fe, about 55 
 miles S.W. of Topeka. It contains several stores, steam 
 eaw-mills. a grist-mill. Ax. In the vicinity are coal mines. 
 
 COUNCIli HII.L, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 
 7 miles l)y railroad N.E. of Galena, has rich lead-mines in 
 its vicinity. Pop. 850. 
 
 COU.VD. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 COUN'DON, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 COUNT KSTIIORPE. a chapelrvofEngland. CO. of Leicester. 
 
 COUN'TISBUKY. a parish of Endand, co. of Devon. 
 
 COUN'TS'VILLE, a post-office of Lexington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 COUXTY LINE, a postKiffice of Niagara co.. New York. 
 
 COUNTY LINE, a post-office of Davie co.. North Carolina. 
 
 COUNTY LI N E. a post-village, Campbell co.. Georgi.t. on the 
 left side of Chattahoochee River, 32 miles W.S.W. of .Atlanta. 
 
 County line, a post-viUage of Tallapoosa CO., Alabama, 
 40 miles N. by E. of Montgomery. 
 
 CiJUNTY LINE, a post-vill.ige of Newton co., Mississippi, 
 60 miles K. by N. of Jackson. 
 
 County line, a post-office of Pike CO., Arkansas. 
 
 COUNTY LINE CKEEK. of Caswell co.. North Carolina, 
 flows into Dan River at Milton, near the N.bound;iryof the 
 state. 
 
 COUP.ANQ, a town of >lalav .\rehipelago. See Coep.vnq. 
 
 COUPE-(koopVLE\Cll-NE\VlIALL'KEY. a township of 
 England, co. of Lancaster, 4 miles S.S.E. of Ilaslington. 
 
 Cl»UP1AC. koo"pe-dk', a town of France, department of 
 Aveyron. 25 miles j<. of Rodez. Pop. 27t''3. 
 
 COURBKVOIE. kooRMieh-vwJ', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine, on the Si'iiie. and on the I'aris and Versailles 
 Railway. 5i miles N.W.of Paris. Pop. in 1852. 5065. 
 
 COU itCiOLLES. kooR'sMl'. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, 44 miles N.W. of Charleroi. Pop. 322fi. Coukcellk 
 or CnCRCELLES is the name of several other villages of France. 
 
 COUliCKMONT. kooaVh-mAxo'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Sarthe, 14 miles N.N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1862. 
 
 COUKCrrfi. kooR'see'ta'. a market^town of i'rance, depart- 
 ment and 17 miles E. of Mavenne. Pop. 1900. 
 
 COUllDKMANClIE, kooRMeh-ma>rsh'. a village of France, 
 department of Sarthe. 11 miles S.W. of St. Calais. Pop. lliOO. 
 
 COURLAND or KURLAND, koorOind. (Ger. pron. kooR'- 
 I4nt.) a government of Russia, mostly between lat. 56° and 
 58° N.. and Ion. 21° and 27° E.: having S. the government 
 of Wiln.i. E. Vitebsk. N. Livonia and the Gulf of Riga, and 
 W. the R-iltie. Area. 10.608 Siiuare miles. Pop. 639 270. 
 mostly Protestants, and of Lithuanian descent. Coast fiat ; 
 surface undulating. Principal rivers, the Duna. BuUer. An. 
 and Windau; l.ikes numerous. Soil fertile in the E., but in 
 many other parts swampy: about two-fiflhs of the surface 
 are covered with forests of fir and oak. More corn is raised 
 than is requin-d for home consumption. \\"ith fiax. hemp, to- 
 bacco, and fruits. Pastura;re scanty, and the oxen, sheep, and 
 horses are generally of inferior breeds. In manufacturing 
 indu.^try Couiland ranks nenrly the last among the Russian 
 governments: it has only a few manufactures of paper and 
 copper-w.tres, with distilleries and tile factories. Principal 
 towns, Mitau, the capital. Lilian. Goldingen. and Jacolstpd. 
 Courland formed an independent duchy frfmi Ib^l to 17?>5: 
 It was incorporated with Russia in the latter year, but the 
 Codrlanders maintained their ancient ri'jhts and privileges. 
 
 COUKNON, kooR'nAx"'. a town of France, department of 
 Puy-de-POme, 6 miles E.S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand, near the 
 AUier. Pop. 2515. 
 
 COURONNK. La, \i koo'ronn'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Charente. 4 miles S.W. of Angonlfime. Pop. in 1862, 
 2340. It has numerous paper mills. 
 
 COURONNB. La, two villages of France, department of 
 delne-lnfSrieure, near the left bank of the Seine, 6 miles 
 W. of St. I'.ouen. Unite(i pop. 2630. 
 
 OiJURPIKRK, kooR'pe-aiR', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of I'uv-le-DOme, on the Dore, 22 miles E. of Clermont. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 3810. 
 ftlO 
 
 COU 
 
 COtJRRTfiRES, kooR'Re-alR'. a town of Frani-e, depaI^ 
 ment of Pas-de-Cal.ais, 18 miles E:S.E. of Bethune. Pop. 1S38. 
 
 COURS. kooR, a village of France, department of Rhone, 
 20 miles W.N.W. of Villefranche. on the Tiaml>ouze. Pop. 
 in 1852, 4ti88. It is the centre of an extensive manufacture 
 of cotton goods, called Beaujnl.iis. 
 
 COUKS.AN, kooR'sSx"', a vilLage of France, department 
 of Aude. 4 miles N.N.E. of Narlwnne. Pop. 2000. 
 
 COUR'Sl^NVILLK, a village of Sussex co.. New Jersey, 9 
 miles N.N.?;, of Newton, has a store and a mill. 
 
 COURSEULLES, kooR'siU', or COURSEVLLE-SUR-MER, 
 kooR^siU'-stlR-maiR, a village of France, department of Calvar 
 dos, near the English Channel. 11 miUs N.N.W. of Caen. 
 Pop. 1540. employed in lace-making, and coasting trade. 
 
 COURSON, kooR^sAx-"', a village of France. dep;irtment of 
 Yonne. 13 miles S. of Auxerre. Pop. 1530. 
 
 COURSON. a village of France, dep.irtnient of Calv:ido8, 40 
 miles S.W. of Caen. Pop. ISno. 
 
 COURTABLEAU (kooR'tl'blo') BAYOU, of Louisiana, la 
 formed by the Boeuf and Crocodile Bayous, which unite 
 .about 8 miles N.N.E. of Opelousas. Flowing south-east- 
 ward, it entt-rs the .\tcha&laya on the E. border of St. l,an- 
 dry parish, after a course of 30 or 40 miles. During high 
 water it is navigable by steamlx)ats from its mouth to 
 Washington, and is important as a channel by which the 
 produce of thie parish is exported. 
 
 COURT AIS (koorH.V) CREEK, of Missouri, flows into the 
 Osage Fork of Maramec River, in Crawford county. 
 
 COURTEENIIALL, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 COURTELART. See CorRTHRi. 
 
 COURTENAY, kooRt^nA'. a to^vn of France, department of 
 Loiret, 15 miles E.N.E. of Montargis. Pop. 1984. 
 
 COURTESY, a village of Floyd co., Georgia, about 60 
 miles N.W. of Atlanta. 
 
 COURT HILL, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 COURT-HOUSE, a post-office of Bolivar co., Missis.«ippi. 
 
 COURTINAY. koor'te-n.V. a lai-ge village of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, district .ind 10 miles N.W. of Bellary. 
 
 COURTISOLS, kooRHee'sol', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Marne. arrondis.sement, and 7 miles E.N.E. of ChSr 
 Ions, on the Vesle. Pop. VJOO. Its inhabitants, sain to be 
 descended from an ancient Greek colony, are distinguished 
 by their agricultural knowledge, their patois, and many pe- 
 culiar customs. 
 
 COURTL.\ND. k5rt/I.ind, a post-village of Lawrence co., 
 Alabama, on the railroad between Tuscumbia and Decatur, 
 about 2'j miles E. of tlie former. 
 
 COUIITLAND, Michigan. See Corti.an-d. 
 
 COURTL.AND, a sm.-iil village of Jackson CO., Indiana, has 
 a ste«ni mill and a few stores. 
 
 COURTL.AND.a post-township of Columbia co.,Wiscon.sin. 
 
 COURTL.ARl or COURTEL.\RI. koontMa^ree', a market- 
 town of Switzerland, canton, and 24 miles N.W. of Bern. It 
 has an old castle. Pop. 878. 
 
 COUHrMACSHER'RY. a fishing village of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Cork, on the W. shore of the bay, 7 miles K. 
 of Clonakilty. Pop. 740. Courtmatsberry House, iu the 
 vieinitv. is a m.arine villa of the Earl of Shannon. 
 
 CoURT'NEYVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 COURTR.M or COURTRAY. koonHrV. (anc. Chrtnriacum ; 
 Flem. Kortri/k; koKt'rike,) a fortified town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, capital of the arrondissenient. on 
 the Lys. 26 miles N.W. of Ghent, with which, as also with 
 most of the other principal places in Belgium, it communi- 
 cates by railway. Pop. 23,382. It is Well built and clean; 
 chief edifices, a Gothic town-hall and cathedral. St. JIartin'g 
 Church, and a public library of 12.000 volumes. It has va- 
 rious public schools. In and around it extensive manufiic- 
 tures of linen and cotton fabrics, of damasks, lace, and yarn 
 ai-e carried on: and it has also manufactures of wcoUeu 
 goods, hosiery, paper, toliacco. soap, beer, and leather, with 
 large fiirs on Easter-Monday and .August 24. 
 
 Courtrai is of early origin: in Roman times it w.as called 
 Oorfnriacinn. The Normans took and fortified it in S^O; the 
 locality was made a countship in 988, The (lirst) ■• Rattle 
 of Spurs" was f >ught close to the town, July 11. 1302. be- 
 tween the Flemings and Fn>nch. in which the latter were 
 defeated with immense loss, including the 8lK/0/7i7/ .^jnirs ot 
 the killeii or vanquished French knights. fir>m which cii cum- 
 stance the fight took its name. In 13~^2. the French took and 
 sacked the town, professedly to revenge this sigiial ditcat. In 
 1385. Count I'hilip the Hardy erected new fortificati'U.=r and 
 strengthened the < Id. as did the French in 1047 : the latter 
 took the town again in 1793. Courtrai. under their repub- 
 lic and empire, became chief town of an arrondis.«enient of 
 the department of the Lys. In 1814, it reverted to the Ne- 
 theriands. 
 
 COURT WRIGHTS (kOrt/rlts) MILLS, a post-office of Iro- 
 quois CO.. Illinois. 
 
 COUHVILLE, kooRVeel', a town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loir, on the Enre, 11 miles W. of Chartre.-*, with 
 1640 inhabitants. 
 
 COURZIEU or COURSIEUX, kTORVe-ch', a village of 
 
cou 
 
 Piance, depailment of RhOne, 12 miles W. of Lyons. Pop. 
 1630. 
 
 COUSER.WS. LE, leh koo'zeh-rSx"', an ancient district of 
 France, situattd anion"g the Pyrenees, near tlie frontiers of 
 Spain. Its capital was St. Lizier. 
 
 COUSIl.M'TEK CHUTE, (slioot) a post-office of Xachitoches 
 parisli. Louisiana. 
 
 COUSS.VC-UO.VNEVAL, koosVik'bonnVil'. a village of 
 France, de.partment of Haute-Vienne, 21 miles S. of Li- 
 moges. I'op. ii: 1S.')2. SlxiV. It has manufactures of porcelain. 
 COUT.-V.NCKS, kooHAxss', (anc. Omstan/tia.) a town of 
 France, department of Manclie, capital of the arrondi.s.se- 
 ment. at the coiitlueni.-e of ttie Soulle and Bulsard. 8 miles 
 frcm the Kuytlish Channel, and 41 miles S. of Cherbour;?. 
 Pop. in 1852. 80i)4. It stjind.s on a hill slope, surrounded 
 by an old wall ; it is not well built, but has an ancient ca- 
 thedra!, and two other handsome churches, a bishop's pa- 
 l.ice, prefecture, commercial college, public library, and 
 theatra. .Manufactures of worsted stuffs, druijrptets, tape, 
 laoe, parchments, and liardwares. and a brisk trade in corn, 
 flax, hemp, butter, and cattle, and two con.siderable annual 
 fairs. C'lutances is an ancient town, and Ivad a bishop in 
 430. It was afterwards fortified, and became the capital of 
 the district of Cotentiu. The fortifications have almost en- 
 tirely disappeared. 
 
 COCTEK.N'K. kooHSRn'. a town of France, department of 
 Orne, on the V6e, near its confluence with the Mayenne, 11 
 miles K.S.K. of Domfront. Pop. 1720. 
 
 COUTH KZO.N. kooHeh-zANO', a vill.ase of France, depart- 
 ment of Vaucluse, arrondissement, and 10 miles N.N.K. of 
 Avignon, on a branch of the Ouveze. Pop. 2558. 
 
 COUTIIUI.N-HKI'PK, k5w-toiiiMp'peh, (Fr. pi-on. koo'- 
 twSxo'iJpp. ) a villai;e of Belgium, province of Liese, on the 
 Meuse. 4 miles W. of Huy. Both coal and iron are worked, 
 and there are also lime-kilns. Pop. '24y9. 
 
 COUTICIIKS, kooHeesh'. a village of France, department 
 of Nord, 8 miles .\.E. of Pouai. Pop. 2110. It has maiiu- 
 fiietures of l)eet-root susjar. 
 
 COUWUVllK. koo"toovn', a village of France, department 
 of Loire. 8 miles N.K. of Koanne. Pop. 1750. 
 
 COUTR.\.S. koo'tri'. (anc. 0>rterate,) a town of France, de- 
 partment uf Uironde, on the Dronne, 26 miles N.E. of Bour- 
 deaux. I'op. I:i:'i5. 
 
 COUTUIIK, IjA, li kooHllR/, a vill.nge of France, depart- 
 ment of Pas-de-Calais. 5 miles N.K. of Itethune. Pop. 2360. 
 COUTUllK, La, a villase of France, depiirtraent of Eure, 
 14 miles S.E. of Evreux, with mauufactures of wind-instru- 
 ments. 
 
 COUVES, k6'vfe or ko'ooS-Ss. two small islands of Brazil, 
 off the coast of the province of Sao Paulo. Lat. 23° 25' S. ; 
 Ion. 44° .^6' \y. 
 
 COU VET. knoV.V. a villacre of Switzerland, in the Val-de- 
 Traver.s, 14 miles W.S.W. of Neufcbattil. It is the centre of 
 the lace manufactures of the canton. 
 
 COU VI. V. koo\i.\°'. a viila;je of Bel^um, province, and 
 35 miles S.W. of Xaraur. Pop. 2000. It luw rich iron-mines, 
 and important aud celebrated manufactures of steam ma- 
 chinery and cables. 
 
 COU.X. Le, leh koo, a villase of France, department of 
 Dordogne. Vi miles AV.S.W. of Sarlat. Pop. 15S3. 
 
 COVE, a fipliin;j; viliaire of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, on 
 the S. shore of Nigg Bay, 4 miles S.S.W. of Aberdeen. 
 Pop. 421. 
 
 CC»VK, a maritime village of Ireland, co. of Cork, 1 mile 
 E. of Kinsala. Pop. 352. 
 
 COVE, a post-villaLce of Shelby co., Alabama, 70 miles N. 
 by W. of .Montiriimery. 
 COVE, a pist-oflice of Polk CO.. .4rkans.is. 
 COVE CREEK, a postoftice of Tazewell co.. Virginia. 
 COVE CREEK, a pist-otftoe of lienton co., Alab.ama. 
 COVE DALE, a post-ofHce of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 COVE IIVTIIE, a piirish of En-rland, eo. of Suffolk. 
 COVE'LAND, a post-village of Island co., Washington 
 Territ.iry. 
 
 COVE'LOXO. a maritime town of British India, presi- 
 Jency. and 22 miles S. of Madras, district of Chingleput. A 
 fort here, now destroyed, was taken by Clive in 1752. 
 COVE'XEV. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 CO\ 'EXllA.M SI'. BAUTlluL'OMEW.a parish of England,. 
 00. of Lincoln. 
 
 COVE.MIAM ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 COVE. NORTH, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 COVEXTRY. kuv'en-tre. (L. Oivenltria,)&city of England, 
 CO. of Warwick. S5 miles X.W. of London. 9J miles N.N. E. of 
 Warwick, on the London and North-western Railway. It 
 is situated partly on a gentle eminence rising in a valley, and 
 partly on a hill, fallingaway gradually on each side — the whole 
 stretching from E. to \V. for nearly 2 miles, and bounded on 
 the N.E. by the river Sherbourneand the brook at Radford. 
 The more modern parts of the town are regularly and well 
 built; but a few irregular and narrow streets still remain, 
 lined with houses in the style of the fifteenth and sixteenth 
 aenturies. Several new streets have been formed of late 
 years, a number of new and handsome houses built, aud a 
 
 COT 
 
 great and general improvement effected in the appearance 
 of the town. The whole is well paved and lighted with 
 gas; and the Inhaliitants are abundantly supplied with 
 water from the corporation water-works. Among the more 
 rem.arkable buildings are St. Michaels Church, a master- 
 piece of the lighter Gothic style, aud having a beautiful 
 spire 3<J3 feet high; Trinity Church, with a spire 2;J7 fett 
 high; St. John's Church, a plain cruciform structure of the 
 time of Ed\yard III.; Christ Church, a handsome moiern 
 building, attached to the elegant spire of the (ireyfriars' 
 niona.stery; and St. Mary's Hall, erected in the time of 
 Henry VI., and esteemed one of the finest specimens of the 
 ornamental architecture of the fiftet-iith century in Eng- 
 land. To these buildings may be added the Theatre, the 
 Town-hall, the Drapers' Hall, the Jail, barracks, and several 
 other handsome public structures. During the monastic 
 ages, Coventry had a large and magniticeiit cathedral, 
 which was destroyed at the Reformation. Besiiles the six 
 churches belonging to the Establishment, it has a hand- 
 some Gothic Roman Catbulic chapel, and places of worship 
 belongin;; to Independents, Baptists, Jletliodists. Unita- 
 rians, and the Society of Friends. The charitable institu- 
 tions are numerous and well endowed, the princijial of 
 which are Sir Thomas White's Charity, founded in the 
 reign of Henry Vlll., with an annual income of l)etween 
 2000/. and 30t)0f.; the Bablake Mens Huspital, income aljout 
 1500?.: and the Bablake Boy's Hospital, with an income of 
 about 940/. Besides these, there are various other con- 
 siderable charities, and several minor ones. The scholastic 
 foundations are. the FreeGrammar Sch<iol. a richly endowed 
 institution, with exhibitions and fellowships iittached; 
 several other charity schools, a schocjl of design, and a num- 
 l)er of well-conducted private academits. 'J'hcre are also a 
 library, a mechanics' institute, a society for the diffusion 
 of religious and useful knowledge, several dispensaries, a 
 hospital, and a beautifully laid out cemetery. 
 
 Coventry was celebrated for its manufactures of cloth 
 caps and linnets as early as the sixteenth century, and 
 also for a kind of blue thread, calK^d -'Coventry true blue." 
 These were succeeded by the manuficture of woollen broad- 
 cloths of various descriptions, which continued long the 
 staple trade of the town, till superseded, in turn. ))y 
 weaving, -now, together with watch-making, the staple 
 business of the place. Gauze and ribbons of all descrip- 
 tions are made, and fringe-making and silk-dyeing are car- 
 ried on. This city is the greatest emporium for ribbons in 
 England: and watch-making, introduced at a very remote 
 period, has so much increased, especially within the last 40 
 or 50 years, that a greater number of watches is now made 
 here than in London, and of equal quality. Coventry was 
 formerly surrounded with lofty walls, in wliich were 12 
 gates. Its pageants and processions were of the most m.ag- 
 niticent description, and Musl'-ries weie bore enacted in a 
 style nowhere else eijualled. The old predilection of the 
 people of Coventry for goi-geous pageantry, is still mani- 
 fested by the triennial processional show in honor of the 
 Countess Godiva, who unwittingly temi>ted •• Peeping Tom 
 of Coventry" into the indiscretion which obtained for him 
 the soubriquet by which he has been immortalized. The 
 origin and meaning of the well-known figurative threat of 
 '• sending to Coventry" has been variously given, but is 
 still uncert.iin. Coventry sends 2 members to the Hou-^se 
 of Connnons, and has done so since 1433. The municipal 
 government is vested in a mayor, 10 aldermen, aud 30 
 councillors. Pop. in 1841, 30,74:3; 1861,41,647. 
 
 COVENTRY, a township of Grafion co.. New Hampshire, 
 about 70 miles N.W. of Concord. 
 
 COVENTlvY', a po,-,t-village and township of Orleans co., 
 Vermont, .50 miles N. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 914. 
 
 COVENTRY, a post-village and township of Kent co., 
 Rhode Island, on a branch of the Pawtu.xet River, which 
 affords water-power, and on the New York and Boston Air- 
 line Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Providence. This township 
 is the seat of varied aud extensive manufactures, com- 
 prising mouseline-de-laines, calico prints, coai'se cotton 
 goods, cotton and other machinery, &c. Pop. 4247. 
 
 COVENTRY, a post-village and township of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, on the Williniantic River, 29 miles E. of Hart- 
 ford. Its manufactures are very extensive, comprising ma- 
 diinery, articles of hardware, cotton and woollen goods, 
 nnislins, and an immense number of hats. Pop. 20S5. 
 
 COVENTRY, a post-village and township of Clienango 
 CO.. New York, 21 miles S.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. 1671. 
 
 COVENTRY, a village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, on 
 French Creek, about 67 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. Ic haa 
 a church, an iron forge, and a mill. 
 
 Coventry a post-townslup in the S. part of Summit 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1368. 
 
 COVENTRY CENTRE, a post-office of Kent co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 COVENTRY DEPOT, a post-office of Tolland co., Conneo- 
 ticut. 
 
 COV'ENTRYVILLE. a post-village of Chenango co.. New 
 York, il4 miles W.S.W of Albany, contains 2 churches and 
 several stores. 
 
 611 
 
cov 
 
 OiVE OF CORK, nnw QUEEXSTOWN, a seaport and 
 market-towu of Ireland, in Munster. co. and 10 miles E.S.E. 
 of Cork, on the S. side of Core Island, in Cork harbor. 
 Pop. C)142. It occupies a steep slope, its houses being dis- 
 posed in successive terraces. Principal edifices, a handsome 
 parish church, larjre Roman Catholic chapel, national 
 school, hospital, dispensary, bridewell, clulv-roonis. and a 
 spacious market-house. Roche's Point, at the E. entrance 
 of Cork harbor, lat. 51° 47' 33" N., Ion. 8° 13' 14" W.. is sur- 
 mounted b}' a lijht-house. and at the E. end of the town 
 are a pier, quay.x. and a stjition-house for pilots and officers 
 of the port of Cork. Cove is protected by formidable bat- 
 teries, and opposite it are several islets, with additional 
 fortifications, barracks, mjijiazines, and victuallini; stores. 
 In summer. Cove is a pood deal resorted to for bathing by 
 the iuhaliitaiits of Cork, with which city a continual com- 
 munication is maintained by steamers. The Isle of Cove, 
 area about 13.000 acres, is fertile, mostly occupied with 
 villas and plantations, and connected with the mainland 
 by several bridices. 
 
 COA'E POINT, on Ches!»peake Bay, N. of the entrance to 
 Patuxent River. On it is a tixed lisht, 50 feet hi^h. 
 
 CO'VERUA.M, a pari.'^h of England, co. of York, North 
 Ridin_'. 
 
 CO'AERLEY II.\LL, a village of Centre co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, in Xittany Valley, 12 miles N.E. of Bellefonte. The 
 Dame of the post-office is Xittany. 
 
 COVERT, kuv'ert. a post-village and township of Seneca 
 CO., New York, on the W. side of Cayuga Lake, 25 miles S. 
 bv K. of Waterloo. Pop. 3410. 
 "cove. SdUTII, a pai-ish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COVE,?'VIL.LE, a post-offlce of Saratoga co.. New York. 
 
 COVESVILLK, a post-offlce of Monroe co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 COVESVILL?;. a post-village of All:>emarle co., Virginia, 
 103 miles W.N.W. of Richmond, has 1 church. 
 
 COVILll.i. kcvveel-vitN»', a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira. 21 miles S.W. of Ouarda. Pop. 5000. It has a l>Mfin 
 school, woollen manufactures, and near it arethernial springs, 
 
 COVINGTON, ktiv'ing-t^n, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 COVINGTON, klivlng-ton, a county of Alabama, bor- 
 dering on Florida, has an area of 1240 squsire miles. It is 
 Intersected by the Conecuh River, and also drained by Yel- 
 low-w.iter River. The surface is uneven ; the soil is sandy 
 and poor, and mostly covered by forests of pine. Luml>er 
 is the chief article of export. Capital, Andalusia. Pop. 
 6460, of whom 5648 were free, and 821 slaves. 
 
 CO\'INGTON, a county in the S. part of Mississipjii, has 
 an area of about 680 square miles. It is drained by Bf>nie 
 River and Sun Creek, aflluents of Leaf River. The soil is 
 sandy and rather light, producing a sparse growth of pine 
 timber. Named in honor of General Covington. Capital, 
 Williamsburg. Pop. 4408, of whom 2846 were free, and 
 1563 slaves. 
 
 COVINGTON, a post-village and towTiship of AVyoming 
 CO., New York, 33 miles S.VV. of Rochester. Population, 
 1286. 
 
 COVINGTON, a to^vnship of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 646. 
 
 COVINGTON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 851. 
 
 COVINGTON, n thriving post-village and township of 
 Tioga CO., Pennsylvania, on tlie Tioga River, and on the 
 Corning and Blossburg Railroad, 138 miles N. liy W. of 
 Harrisbnrg. It has an active trade in lumber. Pop. of the 
 township. 1189. 
 
 COVINGTON, a flourishing post-village, capital of Alle- 
 ghany CO., Virginia, on Jackson's River, a branch of James 
 River, 196 miles W. by N. of Richmond. It is situated in 
 a beautiful and healthful region among the Alleghany 
 Mountains. It is the western terminus of the Central Rail- 
 road, which is opened to a point 10 miles from Covington. 
 
 COAaNGTON. a post-village in Richmond co.. North Ca- 
 rolina, about 80 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 COVINGTON, a post-villuge, capital of Newton co., 
 Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 130 miles W. of Augusta. 
 It has a brick court-house, an academy, a church, and 8 
 stores. 
 
 COVINGTON, a post- village, capital of St. Tammany pa-- 
 rish, Louisiana, and 45 miles N. of New Orleans. 
 
 COVIN(JTON, a po8)>village, capital of Tipton CO., Ten- 
 nessee. 200 miles W. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 COVINGTON, a flourishing city of Kenton co., Kentucky, 
 situated on the Ohio River, opposite Cincinnati, and just 
 below the mouth of the Licking River, which separates it 
 from the city of Newport. It is built on a beautiful plain, 
 several miles in extent, and regularly laid out in accord- 
 ance with the pl.m of Cincinnati, of which it may be con- 
 sidered a suburb. The facilities of intercourse are such, 
 that many persons reside here, whose places of business ai-e 
 In Cincinnati. Covington is connected with Lexington by 
 a railroad about 90 miles long. A charter is also obtained 
 (br a railroad from this place to Louisville. It cont.-jins 
 about 10 churches, 3 banks, a large city hall. 2 fei«ale aca- 
 demies, the Western Theological College, a richly endowed 
 612 
 
 COW 
 
 and flourishing institution, under the direction of the Bap- 
 tists, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Here are manufactories 
 of cotton, hemp, silk, and tobacco, a large rolliiig-niill, and 
 an extensive establishment for packing pork and beef. Pop. 
 in 1860, 16,471. 
 
 COVINGTON, a thriving post-village of Miami co., Ohio, 
 on Stillwater Creek, 6 miles by railroad W. of Piqua. It is 
 in a rich and beautiful country. Pop. 791. 
 
 COVINGTON, a village of Preble Co., Ohio, about 100 
 miles \V. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 COVINGTON, a flourishing post-village, capital of Foun- 
 tain CO.. Indiana, on the left bank of the Wabash River, and 
 on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 73 miles W.N.W. of Indiai>- 
 apolis. Since the canal was completed thus far in 1846, this 
 village has rapidly improved. L.irge quantities of grain 
 are shipped here by canal. A bridge has recently been 
 built across the river here. Covington lii>8 a court-house 
 and several chnrches. The vicinity abounds in coal and 
 iron ore. Laid out in 1826. Pop. in 1860, 1176; in 1860, 
 1366. 
 
 COVINGTON, a village of Washington co.. Illinois, on 
 the Kaska.skia River, about 100 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 COVI.NGTON, a post-office of Montgomery co.. Missouri. 
 
 COVINGTON, a small village of Warren CO.. Missouri. 
 
 COVINGTON and TIIANK'ERTON, a parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Lanark, on the Clvde. 
 
 C(nV'AL or COW'.\LL. a peninsular district of Scotland, 
 CO. of .\rgvle. between Loch Long and the Frith of Clyde 
 on the K.', and Loch Tyne on the \\'. Pop. in 1851. 8930. 
 In it are Lochs Goyle and »k. the villaires of Inver- 
 hallon. Kilmodan, Kilmun. Kililuau. Strathlaohan, Loch- 
 goilhead, Kilmorisch, and the royal castles of Dunoon and 
 Carrick. 
 
 COW.WLIS. a postofflce of Benton co.. Oregon. 
 
 COWANES'QUE, a creek of Pennsylvania, rises in Potter 
 CO.. flows through Tioga co.. and enters the Tioga River in 
 Stexiben co.. New York, about 7 miles S. of Corning. 
 
 COW'AN'S FORD, a post-office of Mecklenburg co. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 COWWXSIIAN'NOCK, a creek of Pennsylvania, falls into 
 the .\llegh!iny in Armstrong county. 
 
 C()WANSHANNiX)K, a township of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1961. 
 
 COW/ANSVILLE, a post-ofiice of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 " COWANSVILLE. a post-village in Rowan co.. North Ca- 
 rolina, about llX) miles W. bv S. of Raleigh. 
 
 COW.\NSVILLE. a post-village of Canada East. co. of 
 Jlissisciuoi, 38 miles S.E. of St. John's, and 55 miles from 
 Montreal. 
 
 Ct)WARNE, (kiyarn,) LITTLE, a parish of England, co. 
 of Hereford. 
 
 COWARNE, MUCH, a parish of England, co. of Here- 
 ford. 
 
 COAVBIT. a pjirish of Ensland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CltW'BRIIXiE. or PONT-VAEN. (vi'en.Ja municipal bo- 
 rough, market-town, and parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 moi-gan. on the small river Ddau, here crossed by a stone 
 bridge. 12milesW. of Cardiff. Pop. of parlLimentarj- borough, 
 1080. It unites with Cardiff and Llantrissent in sending 1 
 member to the House of Commons. In the vicinity are the 
 remains of a castle, and of a Druidic temple. 
 
 CUW CREEK, of Shasta co.. California. fall.« into the Sa* 
 ramento River ab.iut 10 miles below Sh.ista City. 
 
 COW. CREEK, a township of Gallatin co., Illinois. Pop. 
 756. 
 
 COW' CREEK, a post-offlce of Saline co.. Jlissouri. 
 
 COW'DEN. a pailsh of Engl.and. co. of Kent. 
 
 COWDEKSPORT. See Coudeiwport. 
 
 COW'EE\ a post-offlce of Macon co.. North Carolina, 
 
 OIW^KKEE', a creek of Barbour co., Alahim.i, flows into 
 the Chattahoochee, about 10 miles above Eufiula. 
 
 COVVKKEEor COWIKEE, a post-office of Biirbour CO., 
 .\lab.ima. 
 
 COWELITSK, kewVl-itsk',(al90 written COWLITZ/,") IN- 
 DIANS, a tribe of Wa.shington Territory, N. of the Colum- 
 bia liiver. near Fort Vancouver. .See C .wi.rrz. 
 
 COWKLL'S BRIDGE, a poslKiffice of Currituck co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CDAV'ER, a trading place of North-western Africa, on tho 
 (^lambia. about 80 miles from its emlwuchure. Lat. 13° 37' 
 N.. Ion. 14^ 30' W. 
 
 COWES. kflwz. (West,) a seaport-town and watering-place 
 In the Isle of Wight, on the W. side of the riverSIedina, at its 
 mouth, (here i mile across.) and at the N. extremity of the 
 sland. lOi miles S..S.E. of Southampton, and 11 milesW.S.W. 
 of Portsmouth, with both of which ports it communicates 
 daily by steamers. Pop. 4107. Being built on a steep and 
 wooded slope, it has a striking appearance from the sea. and 
 compri.ses many good residences, with hotels, assembly and 
 reading rooms." At the anzle. forme<l by the river .and sea, 
 termed Egypt Point, is a battery oriirinally built by Henry 
 VIII.: a handsome church is the other chief public edific* 
 Cowes has a good bathing establishment, and docks loi 
 ship-building; and it is the head-quartera of tb* Koyal 
 
cow 
 
 GRA 
 
 Tacht Cluh, who hold their annual regatta here. It no-w 
 numbers about 170 members, who have yachts of sizes va- 
 rying from 30 to 450 tons ; total tonnage, 10.000, employing 
 about 1500 seamen. Its coasting trade consists chiefly of 
 pxports of a:::ricultural produce and malt ; imports coal, co- 
 lonial produce, and manufiictured goods. Registered ship- 
 ping in 1847. 9230 tons. 
 
 COWKS, (East,) a village in the Isle of AVight. on the 
 E. side ot the river Medina, at its mouth, opposite West 
 Cowes, and 4 miles N. of Newport. Pop. 8S0. It has the 
 custom-hou.<e for the port of Cowes. Near it are Norris 
 Oastic and Osborne-house, the marine residence of Queen 
 Victoria. 
 
 COWByT.\, a county in the W.X.W. part of Georgia, has 
 an area of 378 square miles. The Chattahw:)chee Kiver 
 forms its boundary on the N.W., and Line Creek on the K. ; it 
 is also drained by Cedar, Wahoo, and Sandy Creeks. The sur- 
 tace is uneven ; the soil is a loam, more or less sandy, and 
 generally fertile. Strips of pine timber are distributed through 
 the county, but the greater part produces the oak and hickoi-y . 
 One gold-mine was worked in 1*<50. The county is inter- 
 Bected by the Atlanta and La Grange Ilailroad. Organized 
 in 1826, and namod in honor of General William Mcintosh, 
 a half-blofid Creek Indian, and head chief of the Coweta 
 towns. Capital, Newman. Pop. 14,703, of whom 7455 were 
 free, and 7248 slaves. 
 
 CJW'F )L1>, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 COWGROVE. a tything of England, co. of Dor.set. 
 
 CaW-IIO'NKYBORXE, a parish of Kngland, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 COW'ICK, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding'. 
 
 COW'IKEE. See Coweker. 
 
 COW'ISII.Vl!/, a town of Xepaul, near its N.W. extremity, 
 on the Goggra. Lat. 13° 16' \., Ion. 81° 5' E. 
 
 COWL AM. a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 COWL'i:.SVILLE. a post-offlee of Wyoming co., New York. 
 
 COW'LKY. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 COWLKY. a parish of En^'Iand, co. of Jliddlesex. 
 
 COWLFA'. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 COW'LIN'G. a pari'h of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 COWLING, a township, England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 COW'LTTZ. COW'LITSK or COW'ELITSK\ a considerable 
 river of Washington Territory, joins the Columbia about 60 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 COWLITZ or COWLITSK, a county of Washington Terri- 
 tory, having S. the Columbia, and intersected by Cowlitz 
 River. Area, about 400 sq. miles. Capital, Monticello. P. 406. 
 
 COWLITZ LAXMNG, capital of Lewis co., Washington 
 Territory, on Cowlitz River, about 62 miles N.E. of Pacific 
 City. 
 
 COW/PASTURE RIVER, of Central Virginia, unites with 
 Jackson's Kiver to form James River. 
 
 COW'PEX. a township of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 COW'PEN, a post-office of Attala co., Mississippi. 
 
 COWPEN BRANCH, a post-office of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 COW'PENS, a post-village of Spartanburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 COWl'EXS. a vilLage of Walton co., Georgia. 
 
 COWPER HILL, a postoffice, Robeson co., North Carolina. 
 
 COWS'BY. a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 COW'SKIX'. a post-office of Ozark co., Missouri. 
 
 OOWri'IIORPE, a parish, England, co. York, West Riding. 
 
 COWTOX, EAST, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. Nouth and South Cowtos are townships in the 
 same parish. 
 
 COX, an island of Ilindostan, at the mouth of the Hoogly, 
 contiguous to the X. end of S.agor Island. It is about 3 miles 
 in length, and 2 miles in breadth. 
 
 COX, a river of Xew South Wales, rising in Cook CO., 75 
 miles N.W. of Sydney, and falls into the WoUondilly. 
 
 COXE'S BAZAR/, a town of British India, presidency, and 
 province of Bengal, district of Chittagong, on the river Nauf, 
 near its mouth. 70 miles S. of Islamabad. 
 
 COXE"S MILLS. See E\st-Pierrepo.\t. 
 
 COX'HOE. a township of England, co. and 5i miles S.S.E. 
 of Durham, with a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle 
 Railway. Pop. 3904. 
 
 COXIM, ko-shee-N'o', a river of Brazil, rising among the 
 mountains in the S. of the province of Matto-G rosso, and 
 joins the Tarjuari, in lat. 18° 24' S. In the upper part of its 
 course it is very impetuous, and is Ijroken by numerous 
 rapids; but about 120 miles of the lower part are available 
 for canoes, which descend from the confluence of the Caraa- 
 puan to the Ta^uari ia 7 or 8 days, and ascend the same 
 distance in 25 days. 
 
 COX'LODGE, a township of England, co. of North umber- 
 tand, parish of Gfsforth, 2i miles N.X.W. of Newcastle. 
 Pop. 924. The Newcastle r.aco-course is in this township. 
 
 COXSAC'KIE, a post-village and town.shipof Greene co., 
 New York, 22 miles S. of Albany. It has a landing on the 
 Hudson, and contains a bank, several stores, and about 
 1000 inhabitants. Total pop. 3661. 
 
 COXS MILLS, a post-office of Gilmer co., W. Virginia. 
 2U 
 
 COX'S SHLLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 COX'S MILLS, a post-office of Wayne co., Indiana. 
 
 C()X'S STORE, a post-office of Washington co., Tennessee. 
 
 COXTOWN, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 COX'VILLE. a post-office of I'itt co.. North Carolina. 
 
 COXVILLE. a po.st-office of De Kalb co.. Alabama. 
 
 COX'WELL, GRI;AT, a parish of Endand, co. of Berks. 
 
 COXWELL. LITTLE, a township of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 COX'WOLD, a village and parish of Emrland. co. of York, 
 North Riding. 5 miles N. of Easingwold. The celebrated 
 taurence Sterne once had the curacy of this parish. 
 
 COYACAN, ko-yd-k3n', a town of Mexico, situated on a 
 small stream flowing into I^guna de Oxochomilco. about 10 
 miles S. of the capital. It was at this place that General 
 Scott issued his orders for the attack on Churubusco, 
 August 20. 1847. 
 
 COY-CUURCII. a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 COYLE, koil, a river of Ilindostan, rising in Bahar. and 
 falls into the Bay of Bengal; lat. 20° 47' N., Ion. 85° 20' E. 
 Total course about 300 miles. 
 
 COYL E, a small town in British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, upper provinces, district of Agra, on an island in the 
 Jumna, 6 miles S. of Muttra. and rendered conspicuous by 
 its numerous mosques, turrets, and pinnacles. 
 
 COYLE'VILLE. a post-office of Butler co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 COYIVTOX or COYLSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 
 COY'TEE, a post-office of ^loiiroe co., TonneS8i*e. 
 
 COYTY, a parish of South AVales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 COZ^BY, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee. 
 
 COZES, koz, a market-town of France, department of 
 Charente-Inferieure, 43 miles S.S.E. of I.a Rochelle. P. 1950. 
 
 COZUMEL (ko-zoomSI') ISLAND, off the E. coast of Yu- 
 catan, in Central America, lat. 20° 35' N., Ion. 86° 41' W., 
 24 miles in length from N. to S., and 7 miles in width. Sur- 
 face level. 
 
 CRAB BOTTOM, a post-office of Highland co., Virdnia. 
 
 CKAB ISLAND is situated 10 miles off the W. coast of 
 Madagascar ; lat. 21° 4' S. 
 
 CltAB ISLAND, of British Guiana, is situated in lat. 6° 21' 
 N., Ion. 67° 33' W. 
 
 CRAB ORCHARD, a post-office of Wythe CO., Virginia. 
 
 CRAB ORCHARD, a post-village of Lincoln co.. Kentucky, 
 60 miles S. by E. of Frankfort. It is connected by a turn- 
 pike with Lexington. The miner.al springs of this place at- 
 tract numerous visitors. It contains a church. Pop. in 
 1860, 364. 
 
 CRAB ORCHARD, a post-office of Williams co., Illinois. 
 
 CRAB OltCHARD, a post-office of Kay co., Missouri. 
 
 CKAB TREE, a post-office of Haywood co.. North Carolina. 
 
 CRACATO'A, a small and mountainous island in the Ma- 
 lay Archipelago, in the Straits of Sunda, between Sumatra 
 and Java. 
 
 CRACH. krlsh, a village of France, department of Morbi- 
 han, 19 miles S.E. of L'Orient. 
 
 CKACKER'S NECK, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, 
 about 30 miles N. of Milledgevillo. 
 
 CRACOW or KKAKOW, krATii, (Polish, KrakCiv, kr^'- 
 koof; Ger. Kraf.au, krd'kdw; Fr. Kracovie or Cracrrvie, krd'- 
 koVee'; L. Graccht/p>olis. OirrtxMniim and CracrJria ;) a city 
 and ancient capital of Poland, more recently the capital of 
 the republic of Cracow, but now comprised in the .\ustrian 
 Empire, is situated on the left bank of the Vistula, which 
 separ.ates it from the suburb of Podgorze, at the head of a 
 branch railway recently constructed connecting it with Vi- 
 enna. Berlin, and Warsaw, 168 miles S.S.W. of Warsaw. 
 Lat. 50° 3' 59" N., Ion. 10° 51' 60" E. Pop. about 43,000, of 
 whom about 12,000 are Jews, residing on an insular quarter 
 in the Vistula. Mean temperature of the year. 47°: winter 
 27°, summer 66° Fahrenheit. It is irregularly built, and 
 greatly dUapidated: a few years ago 40 of its churches were 
 in ruins. It has, however, many venerable and historically 
 interesting edifices; viz. the castle, founded A. D. 700. a mag- 
 nificent cathedral, containing 20 chapels and the tombs of 
 the most celebrated Polish kings, the bishop's palace, and 
 council-house; a university, founded in 1364, has attached 
 to it a botanic garden, an observatory, and a library with 
 30,000 printed volumes and 4500 MSS. Cracow has also a 
 gymnasium, school of arts, and academy of painting. Near 
 it are the mounds said to mark the tomb of the founder of 
 the city in the eighth century, and about 3 miles W. is a vast 
 tumulus to the memory of Kosciusko. 120 feet in elevation. 
 Adj. and inhab. CRAroviAU, kr^-ko/ve-an. 
 
 CRACOW or KRAKOW, formerly a part of the old king- 
 dom of Poland, and more recently an independent republic, 
 lying between lat. 49° 52' and 50° 17' N., and Ion. 19° 7' and 
 20° 17' E. : about 48 miles in length, and 14 miles wide 
 throughout the broadest portion. Are;». 444 square miles. 
 By the Partition Treaty of 1705. Cr.acow fell to tlie share of 
 Austria : and in 1809 formed, with Western Galicia. the grand 
 duchy of Warsaw. At the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, it 
 was formed into an independent republic by the allies, but 
 was subsequently, in 1846. again incorporated with Austria, 
 and is now included in the government or grand duchy of 
 Cracow, the most western division of Galicia. Pop. 14O,00U 
 
 613 
 
CRA 
 
 CRA 
 
 CRAD'Ll' r, a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 CRADLE i". EAST ASD WKST, a parish of England, co. 
 of Hereford. 
 
 CRAD'lCK, a district in the E. of the Cape Colony, in 
 Bouth Africa, having E. British Kaffraria, S. the district of 
 Somerset. X. Colesberg. and W. Graaf Eeinet. Area, 3168 
 square miles. Pop. in lS-15, 811S. 
 
 CKADOCiv, a Tilla<re of South Africa, Cape Colony, in the 
 above district, on the left bank of the Great Fish River, 3 
 miles N. of Somerset, has a Dutch church and chalybeate 
 strings. 
 
 CK AD09, krJMoo', a town of South-western Africa, on the 
 coast of Guineii. in the kinjrdom of Jalioo, at the junction of 
 the Palmar River with the lake or lagoon of Cradoo; lat. 
 6'' 38'N., Ion. 3'^ 56' E. It is a well-known mart for the Jaboo 
 cloths, which are to be had here in great abundance, and of 
 fine quality. The Lake of Cradoo, on the X. bank of which 
 the town is situated, is of a crescent form, about 50 miles in 
 length, and 6 miles in breadth in the centre. It communi- 
 cates with the sea by a narrow channel, at its VT. end, called 
 Lagos River. 
 
 CRAFTS'iJURY, a post-village and township of Orleans 
 CO.. Vermont. 30 miles X. by E. of Hartford. The streams 
 afford wat«r-power for the manufacture of paper, starch, 
 rakes, and other articles, and iu the village is an academy. 
 Pop. 1413. 
 
 CRAFTS/VILLE, a post-oifice of Elbert co.. Georgia. 
 
 CRAIG, (anc. Inch Briocli.) a maritime parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Forfar, comprising the vill.ages of Ferryden, Rossie, 
 and Us;in. 
 
 CRAIG, a new county iu the S.W. central part of Vir- 
 ginia. It is drained by the sources of Craig's Creek, from 
 which the name is derived. The surface i.** mountainous, 
 the main .\lleghany extending along the X.W border. The 
 soil of the valleys is fertile. The census of ISaO furnishes 
 no returns for this county, which was formed since that 
 year out of parts of Giles, Botetourt, and Roanoke counties. 
 Capital, New Castle. Pop. 3553. 
 
 CRAIG, a post-village and township of Switzerland co. 
 Indiana. Pop. 1940. 
 
 CRAIGIE. kr.l'ghee. a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 
 CllAIGMILLAR (krig-milOfr) CASTLE, a picturesque 
 ruin. CO., and 3 miles S. of Edinburgh, on an eminence in 
 Liberton parish, formerly a royal residence, and the seat of 
 a famous conference in 1666. 
 
 CRAIGXEISH, krig'nish, a maritime village and parish 
 of Scotland, co. of .\rgj-le, on a peninsula X. of Jura Sound, 
 19 miles W.S.W. of Inverary. Here are various remains of 
 Danish encampments. 
 
 CKAIGXETHAX (kr:lg-n5th'an) CASTLE is a fine ruin 
 of Scotland, co. and S.AV. of Liiuark, parish of Lesmahagow, 
 on the river Nethan. 
 
 CKAIG-PIIADltlC. krig-fJd'rik, a lofty hill of Scotland, 
 CO. of and near Inverness, and having extensive remains of 
 an ancient fortress, composed of vitrified stones. 
 
 CRAIG"S CREEK, in the S.W. central part of Virginia, 
 rises in Giles and Montgomery counties, and falls into 
 James River, iu Botetourt county, after a course of about 
 60 miles. 
 
 CRAIG'S CREEK, a post-oflRce of Botetourt co., Virginia. 
 
 CR.ilG'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co.. Airuinui. 
 
 CRAIG'S VILL.\GE, a village of British Guiana, a, few 
 miles from the mouth of Berhice River. Pop. 1500. 
 
 CRAIGfVVlLLE, a postoflSce of Orange co., Xew York. 
 
 CRAIGSVILLK, a village of We.«tmoreland co.. Pennsyl- 
 Tania, on the Central Railroad, about 50 miles E. of Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 CRAIKE. a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 CR.*.IIi'lI.\LL, a township of England, co. of Vork, North 
 Riding. 
 
 CR.\IL. krAle. a royal and parliamentary burgh, seaport- 
 town, and parish of Scotland, in the '• East Xeuk'' of the 
 CO. of Fife, on the Xorth Sea, 9 miles S.E. of St. Andrews. 
 Pop. of town, in 1851. 1'it". it has many massive and an- 
 tique houses, an ancient church, once collegiate, and some 
 remains of a royal palace. Its harbor, formerly a great ren- 
 dezvous for boats employed in the herring tishery, is small 
 and inconvenient. It existed as a town in the middle of 
 the ninth century, and was CiiUed Caryll ; its trade and 
 manufactures have now decayed. The borough unites with 
 St. Andrew's, Anstruther West and East, Cupar, Kilrenny, 
 and Pitteuweem in sending 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 CUAILING. a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 CRAILSHKIM. a town of WUrtemberg. See Kr.UISHeim. 
 
 GRAIN'S CORNERS, a postK)ffice of Herkimer co., New 
 York. 
 
 CHAIN'S CREEK, a postroffice of Moore co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 Clt.VIXS'VILLE. a post-offlce of Hardeman co., Tennessee. 
 
 CR AMBE, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 CR.*.>1'LIXGT0N, a chapelry of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 CKA.MOND. krah'mond, a parish of Scotland, oos. of Edin- 
 burgh and Linlithgow. 
 6U 
 
 CRAN'AC.E, a town.ship of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 CRANnJERRY, a post-village of Middlesex co.. New Jer- 
 sey, on the Camden and Amboy Railroad. 40 miles N.E. of 
 Camden. It contains 2 Presbyterian churches, 2 academies, 
 and several stores. Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 CRANBERRY, a township of Butler co., Pennsvlvar la. 
 Pop. O.'il. 
 
 CRANBERRY, a post-village and township of Venango 
 CO., Pennsvlvania, on the Alleghany River, opposite Fnu^St- 
 lin. Top. 173-2. 
 
 CRANBERRY, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 CRANBERRY, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. P. ia'59. 
 
 CRANBERRY BROOK, of Middlesex co.. New Jers.y, 
 flows into the Millstone, about 3 miles S.E. of Princeton. 
 
 CRANBERRY CREEK, a postoflice of Fulton co.. New 
 York., 
 
 CRANBERRY FORGE, a postoffice of Watauga co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CRANBERRY ISLES, a post-office of Hancock co.. Maine, 
 
 CRANBERRY LAIvE. in the S. part of St. Lawrence co., 
 Xew York, is the source of Oswegatchio River. Length 
 about seven miles. 
 
 CRAXBERRY PLAINS, a post-office of Carroll co, Vu^ 
 ginia, 
 
 CRANBERRY PRAIRIE, a postK)ffice of Mercer co.. Ohio. 
 
 CRANBERRY SUMMIT, a villiige of Preston co.; West 
 Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 243 miles W, 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 CRANBORNE, kran'b9m, a market-town and p,-irish ef 
 England, co. of Dorset. 9 miles X.N.E. of Winborrse. and 13 
 miles S.W. of Salisbury. Pop. in 1851, 2737. The town is 
 plcas.antly situated, and has some remains of a castle and 
 ancient church, originally part of a priory. Bi.shop Stilling- 
 tleet was bom here in 1635. Cranlxjrne Chase is a tract of 
 wood and parkland extending nearly to Salisbury, and still 
 abounding in deer. Its castellated mansion-house, contain- 
 ing the Chju«e prison, was formerly a royal lodge. 
 
 CR.IX'BROOK, a parish and market-town of England, 
 CO. of Kent. Area. 1U.4C0 acres. The town, 40 mUti S.E. 
 of London, on a brook called the Crane, is neatly built, and 
 partially paved and lighted with gas. The first woollen 
 manufiictury attempted in England was established here 
 by the Flemings in the reign of Edward III. This trade, 
 however, has long since disappeared, and traffic in hops has 
 liecome the chief business. I'op. 3996. 
 
 CR.4.NE, a township in Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 490. 
 
 CR.^NE, a township in Wyandot co., Ohio. Pop. 2877. 
 
 CRANE, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. 
 
 CI'.AXE CREEK, of Richland district. South Carolina, 
 flows into Broad River, a few miles above Columbia. 
 
 Cit.VXE CRKKK. a post-viU.vge of Barry co. Mis.souri, 
 about 150 miles S.S.W. of .Jefferson Citj'. 
 
 CR-\XE RIV?;R, of Arkansas, flows through Arkansas 
 CO., into White River. 
 
 CR.\XE'S forge, a post-ofSce of Assumption parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 CRAXE'S GROVE, a post-offlce of Stephenson co., Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 CR AXE'S RUN, a small village of Greene co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 CRANE'S TOWN, a village ofWyandotco, Ohio, 70 miles 
 N.N.AV. of Columbus. 
 
 CRANE'S VILLAGE, or CRANESVILLE, a post-village 
 of Montgomeiy co. New York, on the Utica and Schenec- 
 tady Railroad. 13 miles from Schenectady. 
 
 CR.\XES'VILLE, a post-offlce of Essex CO., New .Tersey. 
 
 CR.\NESV1LLE, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Beaver and Erie CanaL 25 miles S.W. of Erie. 
 
 CRANESVILLE. a post-village of Preston co., W. Vir- 
 ginia, about '250 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 CRANESVILLE, Tennessee. See Crainsvilij!. 
 
 CRANESVILLE. a post-office of Paulding co., Ohio. 
 
 CRAXEVILLE, a small village of Marquette co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 CR.\X'FIELD, a pari.sh of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 CR.YX'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 CRAXFORD. a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 CRAX'tJ.'VNORE', a maritime town of Southern India, 
 Travaneore dominions, rajahship, and 16 miles X. of Cochin, 
 on the backwater of the JIalabar coast, formerly possessed 
 by the Portuguese, and latterly by the DutA. It is the sec 
 of a Roman Catholic bishop. 
 
 CR.IX'H.V.M. a p;irish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 CRAXH.iM, a p.arlsh of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 CR.\X'LEY, a pari.sh and village of England, co. of Surrey, 
 8 miles S.S.E. of Guildford. Most part of the village is buiU 
 around an open common. Its church has a fine ih.incel. 
 
 CRAX'MORE, E.\ST, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CRANMORE, WEST, a parish of England, oo. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 CR.^X'OE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 CR-VXS'KORD. a parish of Kngland, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CR.\X'."'H.^WS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berv.ick. 
 
 CltAXS'LEY, a, parish of England co. of Xorthjmpton 
 
CRA 
 
 CRA 
 
 CRANSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 CRANSTON, a townsliip of Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 5 miles 8.W. of Providence. It contains 2 banks, and has 
 manufactories of cotton goods, prints, thread, and ma- 
 chinery. Pop. 7500. 
 
 CRAXTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 OIIAN'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CKAX'WICK. a parish of England! co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CRAXnVOKTII, a parish of Englond, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CRAON, kr^'Ax"', a town of France, department of 5Ia- 
 yenne. on the Oudon, IS miles S.AV. of Laval. Pop. in 1846, 
 8153. Volney was born here in 1755. 
 
 CUAONXE, krd'onn', a town of France, department of 
 Aisne. 12 miles S.E. of Laon. Pop. 1056. In the battle of 
 Craonne, on the 7th of March, 1814, the army under BlUcher 
 was routed by Napoleon. 
 
 CR.A.POXNK, krd'pJiin', a town of France. In the depart- 
 ment of the Haute Loire, 19 miles N. of Le Puy. Pop. 2260. 
 It has manufactories of lace and woollen fabrics. 
 
 CliA'RY'S MILLS, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New 
 York. 
 
 CRArrER'S MILLS, a post-office of IredeU co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CKAT'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CRATIIIS. See Cr\ti. 
 
 CRATU'ORNE, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 CllATIIY (kra/thee) and BRAEMAR, bri'mir, an exten- 
 sive united, and the most inland parish of Aberdeenshire, 
 Scotland, in the district of Marr, and intersected hy the Dee 
 River. Pop. 1712. The ancient Caledonian forest of Marr. for- 
 merly coveied the whole parish, and part still remains at 
 lir.aemar. where are also extensive plantations of fir and 
 larch. The great military road from Blairgowrie to Fort 
 George intersects the district. 
 
 CilATI. knl'tee, (anc. OraHhis,) a river of Naples, in 
 the province of Calabria Citra, rises in the forest of Sila, 
 flows X. and E.. and enters the Gulf of Tar.anto, 13 miles 
 E.S.E. of Cassano. Total course, about 50 miles. Its chief 
 affluents are the Coscile and Busento. 
 
 CKATO, krd'to, (anc. h/'ntnf) a town of Portugal, in the 
 province of Alemtejo, capital of a comnrca, near the Ervedal, 
 11 miles W. of Portalegre. Pop. 3000. It was formerly an 
 important fortress, but its defences are now in decay. 
 
 CKATO, krd'to, a city of Brazil, in the province of Ceara, 
 ISO miles S. of Fortaleza. It is situated in a fertile district, 
 with a rapidly increasing population. It received the title 
 of city in ISl". 
 
 CUAUHIIWI^LL, kraw'well, a post-town of Ireland, co., 
 and 14 miles E.S.E. of Galway. Pop. 274. 
 
 CRAU, LA. id kro. (sometimes called in Latin. Li'pidf^fi 
 Ciiyn'pi. i. e. '-Stony Fields.") a plain, in the S. of France, 
 occupying the western part of the department of Bouches- 
 diiKhone, arrondissement of Aries and Aix, between the 
 Rhone and the fitang de Berre, its northern part being tra- 
 versed by a branch of the Canal of Craponne. The surface 
 is generally arid and covered with boulders, but it is inter- 
 spersed with some excellent vineyards, and various olive and 
 mulberrv plantations. 
 
 CRAVEN, kr.Vven, a county in the E.S E. part of Xorth 
 Carolina, bordering on Pamlico Sound, at the mouth of the 
 NeusB Hiver. by which it is intersected. The area is esti- 
 mated at 1000 square miles. The sui'Eice is level, and 
 much of it is covered by swamps and forests of pitch pine. 
 It was formed in 1729, as a precinct of Albemarle county. 
 The name was given in honor of the Earl of Craven, one of 
 the lords proprietors. Capital, Newborn. Pop. 16,268, of 
 whom 10,079 were free, and 61 ■'-9 slaves. ■ 
 
 CR.WKX MILLS.a small village of Wayne co., Tennessee. 
 
 CK.\'VEXSVILLE. a post-village in Daviess co.. Missouri, 
 on the northern bank of Grand River, about 140 miles N.W. 
 of Jefferson City. 
 
 CKAWFISII RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Columbia 
 countv, and flowing nearly southward, enters Rock River 
 at Jefferson, in Jefferson co. 
 
 Cr.AW'FORD, or CUAWFORD-DOUGLAS, a parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 CK.\WFORD, a village of Scotl.and, co. of Lanark, on the 
 Clyde, here crossed by a chain-bridge. 15 miles S.S.E. of 
 Lesmahagow. It has opposite to it the ruined castle of 
 Crawford- Lindsay, the ancient .seat of the Earls of Crawford. 
 
 CR-VW'FORD, a county in the north-western part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio, has an area of about 975 
 ejuare miles. It is intersected by French Creek, and also 
 drained by Shenango, Oil, Cussawago, and Conneaut 
 Crit'ks, The surface is undulating, and the soil generally 
 fei tile, thouiih a large portion of it is better adapted to grazing 
 th.^n to tillage The county contains iron ore and lime 
 marl. It is intersiwted by the Beaver and Firie Canal, and 
 by the Pittsburg and Erie Railroad, the Atlantic and Great 
 Western, and the Oil Creek Railroad. Petroleum is pro- 
 cured in vast quantities in this county. Named in honor of 
 Col. 'William Crawford, who was captured and put to death 
 by tie Indians at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1782. Capital, Mead- 
 villo, Pop. 48,755. 
 
 CR.^WFORD, a county in the western central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 2S9 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S.W. by Flint River, on the X".E. by Echaconnee Cietk, 
 and drained by Spring and Walnut Creeks. The surface i« 
 uneven; the soil of the northern part is moderately produc- 
 tive; the .southern part is sterile and covered with pine 
 woods. It was named in honor of William II. Cr.-YMloid, 
 United States senator from Georgia, and at one time secre- 
 tary of the treasury. Capital, Knoxville. Pop. 7693, of 
 whom 3423 were free, and 4270 slaves. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a county in the western part of Arkansas, 
 bordering on tho country of the Cherokee Nation, contains 
 585 square miles. The Arkansas River, navigable for steam- 
 boats, forms the entire southern boundary : the county is 
 also drained by Frog Bayou and Lee's Creek. The surface 
 is diversified by mountains, some of which are among tho 
 highest in the state. Boston Mountain is estimated to have 
 an elevation of about 2000 feet. Stone coal and other valu- 
 able minerals are found. Capital, A'an Bureu. Pop. 7850, 
 of whom 6992 were free, and 858 slaves. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a county in the N. central part of Ohio, 
 contains 412 square miles. It is drained by the head streams 
 of the Sandusky and Olentangj' Rivers. The surfaie is 
 nearly level, and is among the highest parts of the slate. 
 The Eouthern part of the county is adapted to grazing: the 
 otherportion is most Ij' appropriated to the growth of wheat. 
 Three important railway lines meet at Crestline, in this 
 county. Capital, Bucyrus. Pop. 23,881. 
 
 CR.\WF01;D, a new and unorganized county in the N. 
 central part of Michigan, contains about C'20 square miles. 
 It is drained by the sources of Aux Sable River. The sur- 
 face is not well known. The census of 1860 furnishes no 
 returns for this county. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a county in the southern part of Indiana, 
 bordering on Kentucky, contains 280 .square miles. The 
 Ohio Kiver washes its southern border, and it is also drained 
 by the Blue River. The surface is uneven and broken ; the 
 soil is rather poor, except near the river. Coal and iron ore 
 are abundant in the county. The surface rock is carboni- 
 ferous limestone. Capital. Leavenworth. Pop. 8226. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, bor- 
 dering on Indiana, has an area of 420 scjuare miles. The 
 Wabash River forms the eastern boundary, the EniTiarras 
 River flows through the south-western part, and the Noith 
 Fork of the latter flows along the western border. The sur- 
 face presents a large proportion of prairie, the soil of which 
 is good. Named in honor of William II. Crawford, former 
 secretary of the treasury. Capital, Robinson. Pop. 11,551. 
 
 CRA'WFORD, a county in the southeastern central part 
 of Missouri, contains about 600 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Maramec River, and also di-ained by Huzza, 
 Dry and Crooked Creelis, and by the head streams of 
 B(jurbeuse Creek. The surface is uneven, and in some 
 parts hilly; the valleys and river bottoms contain some ex- 
 cellent land, and the hills afford valuable timber. The coun- 
 ty contains several prairies, which are moderately fertile. 
 This county is remarkable for its rich minesof iron, copper, 
 and lead, all of which are worked with success, and the first 
 quite extensively. The iron and copper are found in the 
 sterile hills, in tlie vicinity of the Maramec River. Stone 
 coal has recently l)een discovered in the same district. Tho 
 mineral region is estimated to comprise alxiut two-thirds 
 of the county. This county is traversed by the Southwest 
 Branch of the Pacifiic Railroad, which connects it with 
 St. Louis. The streams of the comity aft"<ird extensive 
 water-power. Capital, Steelville. Pop. 5823, of whom 5641 
 were free, and 182 slaves. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a new county in the western part of Iowa, 
 has an area of about 000 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Boyer and Soldier Rivers, affluents of the Missouri. The 
 county is not included in tho census of 1850. Capital, Den- 
 nison. Pop. .383. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a county in the southwestern p.irt of Wis- 
 consin, bordering on the Blississippi river, which separates 
 it from Iowa : contains 612 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S.E. by the Wisconsin River, and drained by Kickapoo 
 River. The surface is hillv, and partly occupied by prairies. 
 Organized in ISIS. Capital, Prairie-du-Chien. Pop. SOliS. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a township of Washington co., Maine, 120 
 miles N.E. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 273. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a post-village and township of Orange co., 
 New Y'ork, 2i! miles W. of Newburg. Pop. 2003. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 448. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a post-village, capital of Stokes co.. North 
 Carolina, 110 miles N.W\ of Raleigh. It was laid out about 
 1850, when Stokes county was divided and Forsyth county 
 formed. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a district in Harris co., Georgia. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a post-village,capital of Russel Co., Alabama, 
 72 miles E. of Montgomery. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 1 church, and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a township in Coshocton co.,Ohio. Pop. 1516. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a village of Crawford co., Ohio, 70 miles N. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 5U 
 
CRA 
 
 CUE 
 
 OlATVFORD, a post-villiige and township in Wyandot co., 
 Ohio, ahout 12 milos N.N.E. of Upper Sanduslcy. Pop. 1626. 
 
 CJtAWKOrvD, a post-office of Gallatin co., Illinois. 
 
 CltAWFOltB COVE, a post-ofTiee of St. Clair eo., Alabama. 
 
 CKAWFOKD IIODSJK, a post-office of Coos CO., New Ilamp- 
 Bhire. 
 
 OiAWFORD-JOIIN. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 C1!A^\VF0KD'S MILL, a ix)st-villa):e of Henry co., Iowa, 
 on SlvUTik River, about 37 miles W.K.AV. of Burlington. 
 
 CRAWFORD'S MILLS, a post-office of Westmoreland CO., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CH.\WFOI!I)"S MILLS, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio. 
 
 CRAW'FORDSVILLE, a post-office of Sp.artauburg dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 CKAWFORDSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Taliaferro 
 CO.. Geor^'ia, on the Georgia Railroad, 45 miles N.N.E. of 
 Milledu'eville. It has one church and an academy. 
 
 CI;AWF0RDSV1LLE, a post-office of Lowndes co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 CI! A^\TORDSVILLE, a thriving town of Union township, 
 and capital of Jloutgomery co., Indiana, is beautifully situ- 
 ated on Sugar Creek, 45 miles AV.N .W. of Indianapolis, and 28 
 miles S. of L:ifayetto, with which it is connected by railroad. 
 It is surrounded by an undulatiug and fertile country, in 
 which stone coal and timber are almndant. It contains 
 many handsome public and private buildings, and is distin- 
 guished for its educational advantages. Wabash College, of 
 this place, founded in 1835, is one of the oldest and most 
 respectable literary institutions of the state. The original 
 edifice was consumed by tire in 1838, but it has since been 
 repaired and enlarged. This village also contains a county 
 seminary, 7 churclies, 2 banks, and 2 new.spaper offices. 
 Sugar Creek furnislies water-power in the vicinity. The 
 railroad which connects this town witli Lafayette was 
 opened in 1852, and has been extended southward to New 
 Albany. Pop. in 1860, 1922; in 1864, about 2500. 
 
 CUAWFORDSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., 
 Iowa, 35 miles S. of Iowa City. 
 
 CKAW'FURD TAR/RANT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 CRAAV'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 CRAWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CRAWLEY. NOirni, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CRAY. FOOTS, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CR.\Y'FORD, a town and parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 8 miles E.S.E. of Greenwich. Pop. 2403. Here are two 
 extensive works for printing articles of dress, as shawls, 
 rravats. handkerchiefs. &c. In its vicinity are numerous 
 ■ chalk-pits. Here, in 457, Ilengist totally defeated Vortimer, 
 in the second great battle between the Saxons and Britons. 
 
 CRAY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CRAY, ST. MARY'S, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CliAY. ST. PAUL'S, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CRAYTOXVILLE, a post-village of Anderson district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CREACII'VILLE, a post-ofBce of Johnson co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 CREA'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CREA'GERSTOWN. a post-village of Frederick co., Mary- 
 land. 12 miles N. by E. of Frederick. 
 
 CREAGH, krd, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 CREAGII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 CREAGII'S MILLS, a post-office of Wilcox co_ Alabama. 
 
 CREAKE, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CREAKE. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CRE.4XCES, krA'6Ns.s/, a town of France, department of 
 Manche. 12 miles N.N.W. of Coutances. Pop. 2360. 
 
 CKEATON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. Holmby House, in which Charles I. was kept 
 prisoner, is in this parish. 
 
 CREATON, LITTLE, a hamlet of Northampton co., 7 
 miles N.N.W. of North.-impton. 
 
 CREOY or CRESSY, kres'see. (Fr. pron. kri^see'.) a town 
 of France, department of Sonime, 10 miles N. of Abbeville, 
 on the Maj'e, famous in British history for the signal victory 
 gained here. August 26, 1346, by the "troops of Edward III. 
 of England, over .i large French army under Philip of Valois. 
 
 CUECY, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, 
 on th;; Grand Morin River, 25 miles E. of I'iiris. Pop. 1049. 
 
 CIIECY SUR SERRE. kri'see' sUr saiR, a town of France, 
 department of Aisne, 10 miles N. of Laon. Pop. 2044. 
 CRE'DENHILli. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 CREDIN, kr.V-dJ.\-<:', a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan. 10 miles N.W. of I'loSrmel. 
 
 CRED'ITON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Devon, on the Crede, near its confluence with the Exe; 8 
 miles N.W. of Exeter. Pop. 5947. It ha.s a noble church 
 of fhe Tudor era. a flourishing gramni,ir school, founded by 
 Edward VI.. a blue coat schofd, and other well-endowed 
 fh.iritics. Woollens were once extensively woven hero. In 
 oldi'U times it was the see of a bishop, afterwards transferred 
 to Kxoter. 
 
 CREE. a river in the south-western part of Scotland, joins 
 Wi'/t.-.n Ray, by the estuary Loch Croe, after a course of 20 
 mile?. In the latter part of which it is navigable. 
 516 
 
 CREED, a pari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 CREEK AGENCY, a postoffiee of Creek Nation, Arkansas. 
 
 CREEK INDIANS, formerly a numerous and powerful 
 tribe, dwelling in Georgia and Alabama. Their number 
 was much reduced liy the war of 1!-14: and of those who 
 survived mo.et have removed beyond the Mississippi. Some 
 of them have made considerable progress in civilization. 
 
 CREEK'SEA, or CRIX'ITH, a parish of Englan.l, co. of 
 Essex. 
 
 CREEK STAND, a post-office of Macon co., Georgia. 
 
 CREEK STAND, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 CREEKS'VILLE, a village of Otsego co., New York, about 
 90 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 CiiEliK TOWN, a village of Guinea, on an affluent of the 
 Old Calabar River, 70 miles above its mouth. Lat. 5° 56' N, 
 Ion. 8° 40' E. 
 
 CREELS/BURG, a post-village of Russel co., Kentucky, 
 on the Cumberland River, about 5 miles Ix-low Jamestown. 
 
 CREES/VILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 CREET/ING ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 GREETING ST.-MARY-wiTn-ST.-OI/AVE,a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Sxiffolk. 
 
 CREETING ST. OLAVE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 CREETING ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 CREl'TrON. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CREliyTOWN, or FERRYTOWN OF CREE, a maritime 
 village and burgh of barony, Scotland, Stewartry Kirkcud- 
 bright, parish of Kirkmabreck, at the mouth of the Cree In 
 AVigton Bay, 4 miles N.E. of Wigton, with whii-h it com- 
 municates by packet-boats. Pop. in 1851, 900. It has good 
 anchorage, and some coasting trade. Near the village is an 
 extensive granite quarry, employing xipwards of 300 hands. 
 Dr. Thomas Brown was born here in 17S0. 
 
 CREFELD, krA'fyt, a thriving town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 12 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 50,562. It is well built, 
 and is the principal town in the Prussian dominions for the 
 manufacture of silk goods — a branch of industry introduced 
 here by refugees from Juliers in the seventeenth and 
 eighteenth centuries, and employing abo\it 2500 looms in 
 the town and vicinity, the products of which are estimated 
 to be worth nearly 1,000.000/. annually. Many silks in- 
 troduced into Great Britain as French are from Crefeld. 
 Here are also manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen 
 fabrics, lace, oil-cloths, &c., with potteries, tanneries, and 
 distilleries. An old castle in the vicinity is now used as a 
 dye-house. 
 
 CRECj'GAN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Arm.igh. 
 
 CREGLINGEN, kr^G^ing-en, a town of WIS rt em berg, circle 
 of Jaxt, on the Tauber, 44 iuiles N.E. of Heilbroun. Pop. 
 1376. 
 
 CREGRINA, kr.i-gree'na, a parish of South Wales, oo. of 
 Radnor. 
 
 CREICH, kreech, a village and parish of England, co.. and 
 12 miles N. of Derby, near the North Midland Railway. 
 Pop. 3098, partly employed in the manufacture of silk and 
 cotton. 
 
 CREIL. krAI or kra'yg, a town of France, department of 
 Oise, 6 miles N.V.'. of'Senlis, on the Oise. Pop. 2151. It 
 was formerly strongly fortified, and has remains of an old 
 royal palace, on an island in the river, a large porcelain- 
 fiictory. and souie trade in oil, timber, and corn. 
 
 CRE.M.\. kr.Vmit, a town of Lombardy. on the Serio, 25 
 miles E.S.E. of Milan. It is enclosed by old fortifications, is 
 well built, and has several hand.«ome churches and palaces. 
 It h.is manufactures of lace. hats, thread, and silk. Crema 
 was founded by some Longobards who fled from the cruelties 
 of Alboin, the first Lombard king of It.aly. During the 
 wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. it took the part of the 
 former, and was destroyed by Frederick I. in 1160, but was 
 soon after rebuUt. In 1797, it was taken by the French. 
 Pop. 9200. 
 
 CREMEAUX, krA^m5', a vill.ige of France, department of 
 Loire, 11 miles S.S.W. of Roann'e. Pop. 1540. 
 
 (}REMIEU.\, krA'me-Uh', (anc. Cremiacumf) a town of 
 France, department of Is6re,43 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 
 1985. 
 
 CREM^IEN, krJm'men, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 26 miles N. of Potsdam. I'op. 2450. 
 
 CREMNITZ. a town of Hungary. See Krkmmtz. 
 
 CliEMONA, cre-mo'n.a, (It. pron. kr.'i-mo'n.i) a fortified 
 city of Lombardy, on the Po. here crossed by a bridge, 48 
 miles S.E. of Milan. Pop. 31,001. It is handsomely built, 
 and has a cathedr.il and numerous other churches rich in 
 works of art. Close by and connected with the cathedral ii» 
 the Torazzo. the loftiest and most beautiful tower in Italy, 
 372 feet in elevation, having 49l» steps to the bell str)ry; also 
 a fine baptistry, city-hall, 2 theatres, barracks, hospitals, and 
 charitable institutions. Someof the ."incient palaces of Cre- 
 mona are beautiful specimens of architecture. There were 
 formerly many convents here, but most of them are now 
 demolished. It is the .seat of a i'ishopric. and has civil, crimi- 
 nal, and commercial tribunals, a lyceum, gymnisium, and » 
 
CRE 
 
 CUE 
 
 piiWic li>irary. Its corso is fine and much resorted to. Its 
 infant schools were the first established in Italy. Its violins 
 and other musiral in-truments formerly had a world-wide 
 reputation: but the manufacture of these articles has now 
 declined. Their manufacture was almost wholly confined, 
 for nearly 100 years, to a family of the name of Amafi. The 
 first of this family. Hieronymus Amati. who distinsruished 
 himself as a violin-maker, became famous about tlie begin- 
 ning of the seventeenth century. Cremona has flourisliinj; 
 manufactures of .«ilk and cotton fabrics, porcelain, dye.s. and 
 chemical products. In the si.\teenth and seventeenth centu- 
 ries it was the seat of a hiplily meritorious school of painting. 
 
 HMnry. — Cremona was known to the ancient Jlomans 
 under its preBont name, and is mentioned by Virjril in liis 
 Bucolics. Kclogue IX. It had been colonized by the Romans, 
 and subsequently became a populous and flourishing town. 
 In the war between Vitellius and Vespa=ian, it was plundered 
 and liurnt by the troops of the latter, but was subsequently 
 rebuilt by Vespasian. After the fall of the empire it shared 
 the fate of the other cities of Lombardy, and eventually fell 
 under the dominion of the Visconti of Milan, since whicli 
 time it has continued to form a part of the Mil.anese state. 
 In 1796 it was taken possession of by the French. Vida, 
 Bishop of Alba, the celebrated Latin poet, was born here in 
 1490. kA). and inhab. Creminese. krJmVneez'. 
 
 CllKN'DON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CIlKPi^A. PeeCHEnso. 
 
 CIlKPY, krA^ee/, or CRESPY. (L. Cretpiacum.) a town of 
 France, department of Oise, 13 miles E. of Senlia. Pop. 
 2(')07. It has a handsome church, the remains of an old 
 castle, manufactures of fine cotton fabrics, coarse linens, lace, 
 paper, and leather, monthly markets, and two annual fairs. 
 
 CRf5PY-E\-LA0N0IS, kr.Vpee' 6n° biVnwd/, a town of 
 France, department of Aisne. 5 miles N.W. of Laon. P. 1520. 
 
 CRERAN. LOCH, Ion kree'ran, an inlet of the sea. on the 
 W. coast of Scotland, extending S.E. from Loch Linnhe. 
 
 CRKS'CENT, a postoflice of Saratoga co., New York. 
 
 CRKSCKNT, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CRESCENT CITY, a post-town, capital of Del Norte Co., 
 California, in the N.W. corner of the state, on or near the 
 ocean ; lat. 41° 48' N., Ion. 124° 5' W. It was laid out near 
 the close of 1851, and has increased rapidly. It is an im- 
 portant entrepot of trade with the upper mines. Pop. 638. 
 
 CRESCENT CITY, a town of Tuolumne co., California, on 
 the right hank of the Tuolumne River, about 20 miles above 
 its entrance into tlie San .Toaquin. 
 
 CRKSCKNTINO, krA-shon-tee'no. (anc. Qmdra'ta f) a town 
 of the Sardinian States. I'iedmont, province, and 18 miles 
 AV.S.W. of Vercelli. at the confluence of the Dora Raltea 
 with the Po. Pop. .5547. It has a church of the Sth century; 
 manufactures of silk and woollens, and Roman remains. 
 
 CRES'CENT ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, is one of the most 
 easterly of Dangerous Archipelago, in lat. 23° 20' S., Ion. 
 134° 3.V Vf. It is ^ miles in leneth. 
 
 CRES'CENTVILLK. a village within the chartered limits 
 of the city of Philadelphia, on Tacony Creek, 6 or 7 miles N. 
 by E. of the State-house. 
 
 CRES/LOW, a p.arish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CRESP.\.NO. kres-p.i'no, a town of Austrian Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice, 22 miles N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 2023. 
 
 CRESPIXO. krJs-pee'no, a town of Italy, government of 
 Venice, capital of a district, on the Po, 40 miles S.S.W. of 
 Venice. Pop. 4000. chiefly engaged in trade on the river. 
 
 CRES'SIXG, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 CKES/SINGIIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 CKESSINOIIAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 CKESSY, a village of France. See CaficT. 
 
 CREST. krJst. a town of France, department of Dr9me, on 
 the ri.rht hank of the Drome. 14 miles S.S.E. of Valence. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4948. It stands at the foot of a hill, crowned 
 by the remains of an old castle. It has manufactures of 
 v.'OoUen and silk fabrics, and printed cotton fabrics, Ac. 
 
 CREST, a market-town of France, department of Puy-de- 
 D6me, 7 miles S.S.E.of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. lOSO. 
 
 CREST-LINE, a thriving post- village of Crawford co.,Ohio, 
 is situated on the Cleveland. Columbus and Cincinnati Rail- 
 road, where it is crossed by the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and 
 Chicago Iliiilroad 60 miles N. by E. of Columbus, and 279 
 miles from Chicago. It contains 4 churches, 12 stores, a very 
 large hotel (lately erected), a Union school, and extensive 
 railroau shops. It was laid out in 1850, or 1851. I>op. in 
 18(50, 1487 ; in 1865, about 3000. 
 
 CRETE, kreert, or CANDIA, l<an'de-a, (anc. L. Creta ; 
 (St. Kpjim, kriH; Fr. Candle, kiNMee/:'Turk. Kiruli, kee- 
 ret^dee.) a large and famous island of the Mediterranean, 
 now belonging to Turkey, between lat. 34° 55' and 35° 43 
 N., and Ion. 2.3° 30' and 26° 20' E. Length, 150 miles; 
 breadth, from 6 to 35 miles. Pop. estimated at 158.000, 
 comprising 100.000 Greeks, and 44.000 Turks. The N. coast, 
 with numerous indentations, forms the Capes of Buzo, 
 Spada. >Ulek, Retimo, Sassoso,St. .Tohn, Sidero, and the 
 H.iys or Gulfs of Kisamos. Oanea or Khania. Suda, Armyro. 
 Hctimo, and Jliraljel. The S. coast is lofty, bordered by 
 
 mountains, presenting few indentations, so that only rsna 
 marked promontory is formed, Cape Mntala or Theodia. and 
 an extensive bay, that of Messara. About miles E., how 
 ever, of Cape Matala. are some small bays, the most inte 
 resting of which is that in which the vessel bearing the 
 apostle Paul to Rome txiok refuge, on her way to Malta or 
 iMelita. and still called liy tlie Greeks. Fair ILavens. The 
 island is traversed throughout its entire length by a chain 
 of mountaln.s. Mount Ida, near its centre, rises to 7674 feel 
 in height. Caverns are very numerous, and one of great 
 extent, near ilount Ida. is supposed to have been that an- 
 ciently celebrated as the retreat of Minotaur. There are 
 few plains, and no rivers or lakes of any importance. The 
 climate is. in general, mild and healthy, the heats of sum- 
 mer being tempered by a N. wind, called by the natives, 
 enhal, which blows throughout the greater part of tlie day. 
 The only useful minerals known to exist are gypsum, lime, 
 slate, and whetstone. Vegetation is extremely luxuriant 
 in favorable situations, although a great portion of the soil 
 is dry and stony, and not well adapted for the production 
 of grain. In many places, however, fruits and vegetables 
 grow spontaneously; myrtles and rose-laurels cover the 
 banks of the rivulets, and the plains and pastures are 
 enamelled with the most beautiful and fragrant flowers. 
 The principal products are tobacco, oil, oranges, lemons, 
 silk, wine, raisins, carobs, valonea. wool, cotton, and honey. 
 The corn raised is insufllcient for home consumption. The 
 other manufactures, which are mostly domestic, comprise 
 some leather .and spirits, with coverlets, sacking, and coarse 
 cloths. Soap is its staple article of manufacture. The ex- 
 ports go mostly to Egypt, Turkey, and Greece, and in 1847 
 amounted in value to 284.28(7. The imports, consisting 
 chiefly of cotton goods and other manufactured products, 
 colonial goods, rice.wheat, and barley, amounted to 248, 65W., 
 mostly from Britain and Austria. During the year, 901 
 vessels arrived, with a burden of 40,657 tons. 
 
 History. — Crete, the cradle of the civilization brought to 
 Europe by the Phoenicians and Egyptians, received its name 
 from Cres, the fir.«t of its monarchs. of whom, and liis succes- 
 sors, however, little is known, and that little is so intermingled 
 with faille, as to be of liardly any historical value. Among the 
 mon.archs were two of the name of .Tupiter, and two of the 
 name of Jlinos, one of whom was esteemed the wisest legl.s- 
 lator of antiquity. His laws were engraven on tablets of 
 brass, and were <adopted by the Greeks. In the time of 
 Homer, Crete was crowded with inliabitants, and contained 
 a great number of flourishing cities. The original or true 
 Cretans, were called Et*>ocretes. to distinguisli them from 
 the foreign .settlers, and inhabited the S. division of the 
 island. The last King of Crete was Idomeneus, whose 
 exploits are recorded by Homer. For ten centuries. Crete 
 repelled all foreign aggression, but was at length subdued 
 by the Romans, who subsequently ceded it to the Marquis 
 of Jlontferrat. by whom it was sold to the Venetians in 
 1204. when it obtained the name of Candia. It w.as after- 
 wards taken by the Turks, in whose possession it remained 
 till 18;i0, when it was ceded to Mehemet All, A'iceroy of 
 Egypt, who, in turn, was obliged in 1841 to restore it to 
 Turkey. Besides the classical interest M»hich attaches to 
 Creta. from 'its heroic and mythological associations, and 
 from its having been a chosen seat of the arts and sciences, 
 is the higher interest which arises from its having b<»en 
 one of the fir.st places in the world favored with the light 
 of the go.spel. The Christian faith was introduced into the 
 island by St. Paul, whose disciple. Titus, was the first 
 
 Bishop of Crete. .\dj. and inhab. Cretan, kree.'tan. or 
 
 Candiax. kan'de-an, also Ca.ndiot or Candiote, kan'de-'ot\ 
 
 CRETE, a post^township of Will co., Illinois. 
 
 CRETEIL, kreh-til'. a village of France, department of 
 Seine, on the Marne, 6 miles S.E. of I'aris. Pop. 1570. 
 
 CKE'TINGHAM, a parish of England co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CREUILLY, kruh'yee'. a town of France, department of . 
 Calvados, 10 miles N.W. of Caen, on the Seule. Pop. 1000. 
 It has m.anufactures of lace. 
 
 CREUSE, kruz, a river of France, departments of Creuse 
 and Indre. joins the Vienne, 12 miles N. of Chatellerault, 
 after a N.N.W. course of nearly 175 miles, of which only the 
 last 4 miles are navigable. 
 
 CREUSK. a department in the centre of France. situatM 
 between the departments of Indre, Haute- AMenne, Corrfeze, 
 Puy-de-D6me, Allier, and Cher. Area. 2133 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1861, 270,055. Surface mostly mountainous, and 
 great part of it arid. Thjs is one of the poorest departments 
 of France; from 20.000 to 24.000 of its laboring population 
 emigrate annually to Paris, Ac. as masons and other arti- 
 Siins. Principal mineral products, coal and salt. Capital, 
 Gueret. It is divided into the 4 arrondissemeuts of Au- 
 husson. Bourganeuf. Boussac. and Gueret. 
 
 CREUTZNACH. kroits'ndK. See Kreutznacft. 
 
 CREUZBURG, kroits'lj«<5RG, a town of Prussiiin Silesia, 
 24 miles N.N.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 3710. 
 
 CREUZOT, LE, leh kruhVo'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of .Sa6ne-et-Loire, 12 miles S.S.E. of Autun. Pop. in 
 1852. 8083. employed in raising iron and coal, and in blast- 
 furnaces, steel-mills, foundries, and stean-engine factories. 
 
 517 
 
CEE 
 
 C1i6tEC(ETJR, kfZv^kuR', a village of France, department 
 of Oi?e, 12 miles X. of Beauvais. Pop. 2125. 
 
 CiiEVECOJUR, a villa'je of France, department of Nord, 
 on ibi- Scheldt. 6 miles S. of Cambrai. Pop. 1875. 
 
 Ci;£VEC<EUK. krSv'kCR', a fort of the NetherlandLs. pro- 
 fiuce of North Brabant, on the Mense, 4 miles X.X.W. of 
 Boi.s-le-Duc. 
 
 CKEVKCCEUR. a Dutch fort on the coast of Guinea, in Ac- 
 cra. E. of St. James, lat. 5° 32' X., Ion. 0° 11' W. See Accra. 
 
 CRETE C(Et'K, a post-office of S. Louis co.. Missouri. 
 
 CREVILLEXTE, kri-veel-yeu'tA, a town of Spain, in 
 Valencia, 18 miles S.W. by S. of Alicante, at the E. base of 
 the hills which form the boundarj" of the province of ilurcia. 
 It possesses a parish church, 2 chapels, town-hall, prison, 
 a schools, and a cemetery. Pop. 722B. 
 
 CitEAVE, kru. a market-town and great railway depot of 
 England, co. of Chester, parish Barthomley, on the Loudon 
 and N.W. Railway, at its junction with the Chester and 
 llolyhead line. 34 miles S.E. of Liverpool, 47 miles X.X.^V. 
 of liirmiujcham, 21 miles S.E. of Chester, and 160 miles 
 X.W. of London. Population chiefly employed in stations 
 and foundries connected with the respective railwjiys here 
 centriug. and with the recent construction of which the 
 town has entirely sprung up. It con.sists mostly of houses 
 and neat cottages with gardens, for the railway officers and 
 servants ; has a handsome station in the Elizabethan style, 
 a tine hotel, elegant church, Roman Catholic chapel, schools, 
 lecture-room, library, mechanics' institute, baths, and nu- 
 merous shops. Markets on Saturday. It gives the title of 
 Baron to the Crewe family, whose .seat is in the vicinity. 
 
 CREWKERNE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ilchester. Pop. in li>61, 
 4497. The town, paved and lighted with gas. has a fine 
 cruciform church, in the Tudor style, and richly orn.a- 
 mented; a grammar school with 4 exhibitions to Oxford 
 Uiiiversity. and an alms-house. 
 
 CRICIIA. Brazil. See Crixa. 
 
 CRICUTOX, kriK'ton, a village and parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Edinburgh. The village is thriving; and near it are 
 limestone quarries, and the ruins of Crjchtou Castle, de- 
 Ecriljed hv Sir Walter Scott, in -Marmion." 
 
 CRICliTOX'S STORE. posfcKjffice, Brunswick co.. Virginia. 
 
 CRICK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, with a 
 station on the Loudon and Birmingham liailway, 4j miles 
 N. of Weedon. 
 
 CRICK'ADARX, a parish oT South Wales, co. of Brecon, 7 
 miles X.X.W. of Talgarth. Pop. 441. 
 
 CRICKEITII or CRICCIETH. krik'ith, a borough, mai^ 
 ket^town. and parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon, on 
 Cardigan Bay, 9 miles E.X.E. of Pwllheli. I'op. of parlia- 
 mentary borough, in ISol, 797. It unites with Carnarvon, 
 Bangor. Conway, Xevin, and Pwllheli in sending 1 member 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 CRICK'ET MEiyilERBIE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 CRICKET ST. THOMAS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 CRlCK/nOWELL, (Welch Cnig-Hywen. kug-htih'w?l.) a 
 market-town and parish of South Wales, co. and 12$ miles 
 E.S.E. of Brecon, on the Usk, here crossed by a bridge of 14 
 arches. Pop. of parish, in 1861, 1-Ki3. The town, picturesquely 
 situated, and greatly resorted to both by tourists and inva- 
 alids, has the remains of a castle, and is the head of a poor- 
 law union, and the seat of petty sessions. 
 
 CRICK'LADE, a parliamentary borough, and market/ 
 town of England, co. of Wilts, on the Isis, and the Thames 
 and Severn Canal, 3j miles N. of the Purt<3n station of the 
 Gloucester and '^windon Railway. Pop. of parliamentary 
 borough, which embraces most part of 4 adjacent hundreds, 
 and the town Swindon. 34,381. It has 2 antique churches, 
 an ancient cross, a union work-house, and the remains of an 
 old priory. The borough sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 CRIECII or CREICII.kreeK. a parish of Scotland. CO. of Fife. 
 
 CIILHCU or CREICH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Suther- 
 lasa. 
 
 CRIEFF, kreef; a town, burgh of barony, and parish of 
 Scotland, co., and 15 miles AV. of Perth, on the Earn, a tri- 
 butary of the Tay, here cro8.sed by a four-arched bridge. 
 Pop. in 1851, 45tU. It stands near the foot of the Gram- 
 pians, at the entrance of one of the principal passes to the 
 hi.'hlands. and ranks as the second town in the county. 
 It has 3 good churches, a town-house, several branch banks, 
 an elegant assembly room, subscription and circulating 
 libraries, active manufiictures of cotton, linen, worsted and 
 woollen stulfs, tanneries, corn and oil mills, distilleries, and 
 a trade in tamUiring and flowering webs forGlasi:ow houses. 
 Previous to 1770. it was the site of the largest cattle-market 
 in .Scotland, which was then transferred to Falkirk. 
 
 CKIFFEL (krifVl) or CRUFLE. a granite mountain of 
 Scotland, iu Dumfries and Gallowayshire. Elevation, 1892 
 feet. 
 
 CRICOLESTOXE, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 CRIG'LERSVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Virginia. 
 618 
 
 CRI 
 
 CRIME.\, krim-ee'a, fRuss. Krim, anc. Thyfricn ChrrffmeT- 
 S)ts,) a peninsula of Southern Russia, formed tiy the Sea 
 of Azof and the Black Sea, comprising the chief p;irt of 
 the government of Taurida. Pop. 19n.0t'3. It is separated 
 into two distinct regions by its largest river, the Salghir; 
 the N.W. portion forms a vast plain, the soil of which is 
 impregnated with salt, and only tit for pasturage, while the 
 S.E. part is in general mountainous, and interspersed with 
 fertile valleys. The mountain < bain runs in a N.E. and S.W. 
 direction, its culminating point, Tchatir dagh. (anc. Be- 
 rosifus?) is 5180 feet in elevation. The climate of the N.W. 
 portion is cold and humid in winter, and hot and dry in 
 summer; but the S.E. part, defended by the mountains 
 from the X. winds, is mild and salubrious. The !<oil is rich 
 and fertile, producing in abundance all the grains and 
 fruits of Southern Europe; the mountains are covei-ed with 
 valuable forests, and present the most varied and pictu- 
 resque scenery. Vast herd.s of cattle are reared, and the 
 honej- of the Crimea is celebrated for its excellent quality. 
 Among the Tartar population the dromedary is used as a 
 beast of burden. This country was called taurida by the 
 Gi-eeks. who foimed in it the small kingdom of Bosporus; 
 was held by the Mongols in the thirteenth century, sub- 
 jected to the Turks in 1475. and ceded to Russia in 17S3. 
 Its changing history is indicated by the circumstance that 
 
 each of its towns has at least thi-ee different names. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Crijikax. krim-ee'an. See Taurida. 
 
 CKIMMITZSCHAU. krim'mits-sh6w\ a town of Saxony, 
 10 miles N.W. of Zwickau, on the Pleisse, and on the rail- 
 way from Altenburg to Zwickau. Pop. 10,050, employed 
 in wouUen, cotton, and needle factories. 
 
 CRIil'OXD. a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 CRIMP'LESIIAM, a parish of Emrland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CRINAN (kree'nan) CANAL, in Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 connects Loch Gilp with Jura Sound, across the head of the 
 peninsula of Kiutyre. Length about 9 miles: average width 
 24 feet, and depth 12 feet. It has 15 locks, is navigable for 
 ves.sels of 200 tons, and was completed between 1793 and 
 ISOl. at a cost of ISo.OtXV. Near its extremities are the vil- 
 lages of Crinan and Ijochgilphead. 
 
 CRINAX, L(X^II, Ion kree'nan, a small arm of the sea in 
 Scotland, on the W. coast, about 5 miles E. of the X. end of 
 the i.sland of Jura. At the head of the loch is the entrance 
 to the Crinan Canal. 
 
 CRIX'GLEFORD. a pari.sh of Engl.-jnd. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CRIN'OW. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 CRIP'PLE CREEK, a post-office of Greenvile district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CRIPPLE CREEK, a post-office of Rutherford co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 CRIPPLE DEER, a post-office of Tishemlngo co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 CRIQUERCEUF EX CAUX. kreek^buP 5>» k6, a village of 
 France, department of Seine Inferieure. 20 miles X.E. Havre. 
 
 CRIQUEBtEUF SUR SEINE, kreek'buf sUr sAn a village 
 of France, department of Eure. 
 
 CRIQUETirr LESNEYAL, kreekHo/ li'nfh-vjl'. a villago 
 of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, 12 miles X.XE. 
 of Havre. 
 
 CHIQUETOT SUR OUVILLE. kreek'to/ sUr ooVeeV, a 
 village of France, department of Seine-Inlerieure, arron- 
 dissement of Yvetot. 
 
 CRISP PRAIRIE, a post-office of Dade co., Mis-souri. 
 
 CRIT'CHELL. LONG, a parish of England, co, of Dor.set. 
 
 CRITCHELL. MOORE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 CRITTENDEN, a county in the E. prt of Arkansas, bor- 
 dering on the Jljsfissippi River, which separates it fn^m 
 Tennessee, contains 994 square miles. The St. Francis River 
 forms the entire W. Iwundary. The surfiwe is an alluvijil 
 plain, part of which is often overflowed by the Mississippi. 
 The soil is very fertile where it is not occupied by swamps. 
 The St. Francis River is navigable from its mouth to the 
 upper part of the county. Capital, Marion. Pop. 4920, of 
 whom 2573 were free. 
 
 CRITTEXDEX, a connty in the W. part of Kentucky, 
 bordering on the Ohio River, which separates it from Illi- 
 nois, has an area estimated at 420 squ.are milas. Tnulewater 
 Creek forms its boundary ou the N.E., and Ciunbcrland 
 River on the S.W. The surface is mostly level or gently 
 undulating, but the E. part is more hilly : the soil is fertile. 
 Stone coal is abundant in the county, and the mines of lead 
 and iron are Siiid to be inexhaustible. Formed in lS42,and 
 named in honor of John J. Crittenden, for many years 
 senator from Kentucky, and twice attornej -general of the 
 United States. Capital, Mai'ion. Pop. 8796, of whom 7S57 
 were free, and 939 slaves. 
 
 CRITTEXDEX, a post-ofBce of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 CRITTEXDEX, a post-village of Grant CO., Kentucky, on 
 the turnpike from Covington to Lexington, 'Jl miles S. of 
 the former; it hixs 3 churches. Free pop. 29^). 
 
 CRITTEXDEX, a village of Hendricks co. Indiana, on 
 the Terre Haute and Indianapolis llailr -ad, 26 miles W. by 
 S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CRITTEXDEX, a post-office of Howard co., -ndiana. 
 
 CIUTXKNDEN, a post-office of FraakUn co. llUncis. 
 
GRI 
 
 CRO 
 
 CHITTENDEN, a post-office of Daviess co., Missouri. 
 
 CraTTENDEN SPKINGS, a post-office of Crittenden co., 
 Kentui-ky. 
 
 ClilVITZ, a town of Northern Germany. See Krivitz. 
 
 CKIX.\. or CRICIIA, kree'shd, a Mver of Brazil, rising in 
 the mountains N. of the town of Goyaz, flows N.W., and 
 joins thu I'i.^ht tjank of the Araguay. Its whole course is 
 about 2 lU miles, and it is partly navij^able. 
 
 CUIXA or CKICIIA, a city of Brazil, province, and 135 
 miles N. of Goyaz, and 10 miles S. of the above river. Tlie 
 title of city was conferred on the old borough of Crixa in 
 1838. Pop. 5000. (?) 
 
 CROA, kro'i, the name of five small islands at the em- 
 bouchure of the Amazon. 
 
 CUOAGII, kro'dn, a village and parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 Bter, CO. of Limerick, 3^ miles N.X.E. of Kathkeale. Its 
 church was formerly collegiate. Pop. of village, 187. 
 
 CKO'AGU PAT'RICK, or RKEK, a mountain oflreland, in 
 Conuaught, co. of Mayo, on the S. side of Clew Bay, 6 miles 
 W.S.W of Westport. Elevation, 2530 feet. It is an object 
 of superstitious reverence to the Irish. 
 
 CRO ATI A. kro-A'sh€vij.(c;illea by the natives Handth Orszdg, 
 hoR'vdt' OR'sdg'; Ger. Kroatiev, kro-i'te-gn,) a provinceof the 
 Austrian Empire, formerly dependent on the crown of Hun- 
 gary, bounded N. by Illyria, Styrla, and Hungary, E. by Sla- 
 vonia and Turkish Croatia, S. by Dalmatia, and AV. by the 
 Adriati'-. Area, 3398 square miles. Pop. .')38,204. It is divided 
 into Civil Croatia, capital Agram, chief towns Warasdiu and 
 Creutz ; and Military Croatia, chief towns Carlstadt, Belo- 
 var, Zeiig, and Carlopago. The foim and surface of Croatia 
 are very irregular; between the Save and the Adriatic, it is 
 traversed by a range of limestone mountains, an extension 
 of the Julian Alps, varying in height from 3500 to 5000 feet. 
 A characteiistic featuie of the mountains is the number of 
 deep ravines and subterranean caverns and channels which 
 they contain. In the latter, the waters of important streams 
 are often lost, and after pursuing a mj'sterious course, re- 
 appear. Its minerals compri.'ie copper, iron, lead, and coal. 
 It has salt-mines, and many mineral springs. The climate 
 is mild and salubrious in the southern districts; on the 
 higher summiL>f, snow lies during a great part of the year, 
 and it is visited by violent and excessively cold X.E. winds. 
 The plains of the E. and N.E. are very fertile, and furnish 
 various kinds of grain, fruits, and especially a wine of ex- 
 cellent quality; there are extensive forests of oak and beech. 
 The chief occupation of the inhabitants is cattle rearing. 
 There are almost no manuftictures. The inhabitants are of 
 Slavonian descent, and mostly belong to the Roman Catholic 
 and G reek churches. 
 
 Croatia was anciently inhabited by the Pannonians, who 
 were sul)dued by the Romans under Augustu.s. In .\. d. 
 489, it was taken possession of by the Goths, and in a. d. 640, 
 the Croatians. a tribe from Bohemia, settled in it, and gave 
 their name to the country. In the tenth century, its princes 
 assumed the title of Kings of Croatia, which thej' subse- 
 quently chang(»d into that of Kings of Dalmatia. About 
 the end of the twelfth century it was incorporated with 
 Hungary, and thenceforth sent representatives to the Diet, 
 but retained, and still retains, many of its peculiar political 
 rights and privileges. By the new arrangements of pro- 
 vinces according to the constitution of March 4. 1849, it was 
 withdrawn from Hungary, and incorporated with the king- 
 dom of Dalmatia. Aclj.and inhab. Croatian, kro-;'i/she-an. 
 
 CR(JATIA, MILITARGREXZE, (Militargrenze.) See Sli- 
 
 L1T.\RY Fro.NTIF.R. 
 
 CROATIA, (kro-,Vshe-a,) TURKISH, a part of ancient Cro- 
 atia, comprised in the Turkish Empire, in which it forms 
 thesanjak of Banialuka, dependent on the eyalet of Bosnia. 
 It is situated between Austrian Croatia, Bosnia, and Herze- 
 govina. 
 
 CROCE EIESCIII,kro'chi fe-^sl^ee, a village of Sardinia, 13 
 miles X.N'.E. of Genoa, with the places of Balbi and Daglio. 
 Pop. SrS". 
 
 CROCE riESCHI MOSSO, kro/chi fe-Ss^kee mos'so, a vil- 
 lage of Sardinia, province of Biella. Pop, 1630, 
 
 CROCK' KliSVILLK. a post-office of Genesee co., Michigiin. 
 
 CROCK'KRY CREEK, a post-village and town.xhip of Ot- 
 tawa CO., Michigan, on Grand River, 8 miles from its mouth. 
 Pop. 517. 
 
 CROCK'ETT, a thriving post-village, capital of Houston 
 CO.. Texas, on the San Antonio road, l90 miles X.E. of Aus- 
 tin City, and 12 miles E. of Trinity River. The valley of 
 I'rinity Kiver is especially rich, and adiipted to cotton, rice, 
 and sugar-cane. The village has several stores, a flourish- 
 ing school, a Masonic lodge, and a Temple of Honor. Laid 
 out in 1S38. Free pop. 319. 
 
 CROCKETT'S BLUFF, a post<jffice of Arkansas co., Ar- 
 
 CR(>CK'ETTSVILLE, a village in Russell co., Alabama, 
 about 65 miles E. by X'. of ilontgomery. 
 CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 CK.OFT, a parish of England, co. of York, N'orth Riding. 
 CKOF'TOX, a parisL cf England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 CROGHAN, kro'b.^n, a parish of Irol.and, in Lcinster, 
 Kings CO. 
 
 CROGHAN. a post-town.'ship ol Lewis co., X'ew York, about 
 60 miles X, of Utica. borderiiiL' on Beaver River. Pop. 2035. 
 
 CROGHAN. a post-office of .-Vllen co.. Ohw. 
 
 CRO'GHA.XSVILLE, a village of Sandu.'-ky CO., Ohio, on 
 the Sandusky River, opposite Fremont, the county seat. 
 
 CROG'LIN, a parish of Kngland. co, of Cumberland. 
 
 CROIA, CROJA, kro'yd, or AK-HISSAR, dk-his-sSr', (••- «. 
 " White Castle,") a town of Turkey in Europe. Upper Al- 
 bania. pa.shalic of. and 42 miles S.S.E. of Scutari, and capi- 
 tal of a sanjak of its own name. It stands on a lofty moun- 
 tain-spur, about 500 feet above the plain, and is defended by 
 a strong castle. The celebrated Scanderbeg was born here. 
 Pop. about 5000. 
 
 CROISIC. LE, leh krwdVeek', a seaport town of France, 
 department of Ix)ire-Inferieure, on a point of land between 
 the mouth of the Loire and Vilaine, 44 miles Vf . of Nantes. 
 Pop, 2196. It has an exchange, a school of navigation, tri- 
 bunal of commerce, and a port of great extent and depth, 
 with active li.«heriesof herring, mackerel, and pilchard; and 
 retineries of salt and soda procured from neiuhVioring salt- 
 marshes. About 6 miles seaward is Le Four, an extensive 
 and dangerous reef of rocks, now marked bv a light-house. 
 
 CROISILLE. LA. \l krwS'zeel'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of 1 laute-A'ienne, 20 miles S.E. of I,imoges. Pop. 2120. 
 
 CROIX-ROUSSE, LA, la krwd'rooss'.a town of France, de- 
 partment of Rlidne, arrondissement and canton of Lyons, 
 of which it forms a suburb, on the right bank of the Rhone. 
 Pop, in 1852, 18,9.33, It has manufactures of silk, 
 
 CROIX, SAINT, one of the West India Islands. See 
 San'TA Ct'.uz; 
 
 CROIX, ST. See St. Croix. 
 
 CRO'KER ISLAXD. (native name, IIERATKI. h:\-rT'kee,) 
 one of the Low Islands, in the South Pacitic. in hit. 17° 26' S., 
 Ion. 143° 26' W. It is .sometimes called Tu.-ican l.»land. 
 
 CRO'KER ISLAXD. on the X. coast of Australia, off Co- 
 burg Peninsula. Its N. point, Cape Croker, is in lat. 10° 68' 
 S., lon.l32°3S'E, 
 
 CROLLE8, kroll, a village of France, department of Isfere, 
 11 miles N,E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1550. 
 
 CROMA. \jK. See L.wnKOJiA. 
 
 CROM.\RTY, krom'ar-tee, a small county of Scotl.ind. form- 
 ing the promontory called Ardmeaxach, or " Black Isle," 
 consisting of about 17^ square mile.s, but including also 9 
 detached portions of land in vaiiovjs parts of Ross-shire 
 The district is now included in the sheritTdom of Ross, with 
 which it joins in sending a member to the Ilou.se of Com- 
 mons ; and a sheriff's court is held every alternate Friday 
 at the town of Cromarty. The parish and c-ouuty belonged 
 to the eccentric Sir Tlinnias Urquhart. 
 
 CROM.\RTY. a parliamentary burgh, seaport tflim. and 
 parish of Scotland, capital of the above county, beautifully 
 situated on Cromarty Frith, at the S. side of its entrance, 
 near South Sutor. 16 miles FI.N.E. of Din gw all. Pop. in 1851, 
 1988. It has 2 churches, .some ship-building docks, an ex- 
 cellent harbor, and a pier accessible by vessels if 4(X» tons, 
 manufactures of ropes, sacking, sail-cloth, and beer. The 
 exports of pork to F^ngland are estimated at 20.000/. in an- 
 nual value. Steamers ply weekly between it and Leilh. It 
 was once a royal burgh, and now unites with Kirkwall, 
 AVick, Dingwall, Dornoch, and Tain in sending one member 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 CRO'.MAltTY FRITH, (anc. Ihrltus Sahi/tuf i. e.. the 
 "Haven of Safety,") an inlet of the North Sea, in Scotland, 
 and one of the fine.st bays in Britain, on its X'.E. coast, im- 
 mediately W. of the Moray Frith, and between the counties 
 of Cromarty and Ftos.s. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 18 miles; 
 the breadth within varies fiom 3 to 5 miles ; average depth, 
 from 9 to 12 fathoms. It is entered by a strait, between 
 wooded headlands called South and North Sutors, only IJ 
 miles across. 
 
 CROMBIE, an ancient pari.sh of Scotland. See Toert- 
 
 BURX. 
 
 CROM'D.\LE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Tnvemes.s. 
 
 CRO'.MER, a small .seaport town and watering-place of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Norfolk, on its N. coast, 21 miles X. of Xorwich. 
 Pop. in 1851, 1366. It has .some remains of ancient walls, 
 and of an abbey, a fort and b.attery, a fine church in the 
 Tudor style, with baths, hotels, and a public library. About 
 three-fourths of a mile eastward is the fiist of four light- 
 houses between it and Y'armouth. Ail atteinjits to form a 
 harbor have lieen baffled by the heavy sea. which is here 
 continually gaining on the laud, and vessels load and unload 
 on the open beach. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in 
 fishing. Cromer Bay, from the danger of its navigation, has 
 been named by seamen the " devil's throat.'' 
 
 CROM'F(JRD, a neatly built market-town of England, co. 
 of Derby, in the picturesque valley of JIatlockdale. at the 
 terminus of the Peak Forest Railw,ay. 2 miles S. of Matlock. 
 Pop. in 1851, 1190. mostly employed in the cotton factories 
 of the Arkwright family, who have a handsome seat here, 
 and whose celebrated member. Sir Richard Arkwright. estab- 
 lished here, in 1771. the first great cotton mills ever erected. 
 
 CROM'HALL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 519 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 CROMJITON or CROMYOX PROMOXTORIUM. See 
 
 OORMACHITr. 
 
 CUli.MPTOX. a township of England. CO.. of Lancaster. 
 
 CliOit'WELL, a jwirish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 cKOM'AVKLL. a post-village and township of Middlesex 
 CO., Connecticut, on the W. side of Connecticut Kiver, about 
 25 miles N.N.E. of New Haven. Pop. 161". 
 
 CRO.MWELL. a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1108. 
 
 CROMWELL, a post-office of Cecil CO.. Maryland. 
 
 CROMWELL, a post-office of Ohio co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CROMWELL, a post-office of Nolile co.. Indiana. 
 
 Cl'.ONBERG, krAu'b^BG. or KRONEN BERG, krin'en- 
 bJRG\ a town of Nas8.-iu. 1^ miles E. of Konigstein. Pop. 
 2133. Near it is the mineral spring of Kronthal. 
 
 CROX'DALL. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 CRONSPUR(t, krAn.s'podnG. a villageof Bavaria near Aliorf. 
 
 CRONSTADT or KRONSTADT, ki-on'stltt. a seaport town 
 of Russia, government of. and 20 miles W. of St. Petersburg, 
 on the long. Hat. and arid island of Kotlin, near the E. ex- 
 tremity of the Gulf of Finland; lat.of the Cathedral, .59° 59' 
 42" N., Ion. 20° 46' 30" E. The town is built in the form of 
 an irregular triangle, on the S.E. extremity of the isle, oppo- 
 site the mouth of the Neva, and is strongly fortifit'd on aU 
 sides. On the S. side of KotJin is the narrow channel, 
 through which only one vessel can pass at a time, from the 
 gulf to the capital, and scores of guns would here be brought 
 to bear on au enemj-, by means of a fortress erected on a de- 
 tached islet ; or, if arriving on the opposite side, by means of 
 the batteries of Riesbank, and the citadel of Cronslot. Cron- 
 stadt is regularly built, and contains many straight and well- 
 paved streets, and several squares. The houses, however, 
 are all low. being generalh' of one story, with those singular 
 red and green painted roofs common in Russia, and are 
 mostly of wood, with exception of those belonging to the 
 government, which number nearly 200. and are nearly all 
 built of stone. The town is entered by three gates, and is 
 divided into two sections, the commandanfs division and 
 the admiralty, each of which is subdivided into two dis- 
 tricts. It is also intersected by two canals, which have their 
 Bides of gi-anite. and are Ixith deep and wide enough to ad- 
 mit the largest vessels. The one, Peter's Canal, is used as a 
 repairing d'xk; and the other. Catherine's Canal, for com- 
 mercial purposes. Cronstadt contains three Greek churches 
 — that of the Transfiguration, a large wooden edifice, built 
 by Peter the Gi"eat. and covered with images ; Trinity 
 Church, and St. Andrew's Church, in the Byz.intine style, 
 with a handsome cupola. There are also 2 Greek chapels. 
 and 3 other churches, for Lutherans. English, and Roman 
 Catholics. Between the two canals stands a handsome 
 palace, built by Prince Menshikof, now occupied as a naval 
 school, and attended by 300 pupils. The other public build- 
 ing deserving of notice are the Marine Hospital, fitted up 
 with 2500 beds, the Exchange, Custom-house. Admiralty. 
 Arsen.al, Barracks. Cannon Foundry, ic, and the small palace 
 In which Peter the Great resided, in the gardens of which 
 are several Mks planted by his own hand. The shady 
 alleys of the gardens form the principal promenade. The 
 harbor lies to the S. of the town, and consists of thi-ee sec- 
 tions — the military or outer harbor, which is the great naval 
 station of Hussia. and is capable of containing 35 ships of 
 the line; the middle harbor, properly intended for the fitr 
 ting out and repairing of vessels: and the innermost har- 
 bor, running pitrallel with the last, and used only by mer- 
 chant vessels, of which 1000 might lie in it. Tw(>thirds of 
 the external commerce of Russia passes through Cronstadt, 
 although the depth of water at the bar is scarcely 9 feet, and 
 ice blocks up the harbor nearly five months in the year, the 
 shipping se;isOn continuing only from M.ay to November. In 
 1849. the nnml er of vessels that entered the port was 1611, 
 of which 940 were British ; the departures were 1550, of 
 which 8iH) were Brifi.sh. (For the trade of the port, see St. 
 PETERsnuuo.) Cronstadt has constant communication with 
 the opposite shores, and ste:imer8 now ply regularly between 
 it and the capital. It was founded by Peter the Great in 
 1703. Pop. in winter, not alove 60 X), exclusive of the garri- 
 Bon and marine: but including these, in suuuner, not less 
 than 40.000 ; in 1S58, 29,116. 
 
 CRONSTADT, Transylvania. See Kro.vstabt. 
 
 CROOK .\-\D BII/LY-ROW, a township of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 CROOK'ED CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in the 'W. cen- 
 tral part of the state, and joins the -\lleghany River in Arm- 
 strong county. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, of South Carolina, rises near'the N.E. 
 extremity of the state, and Hows south-westward through 
 MarllK>rou.rh district into Givat Pedee River. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, of Paulding co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Auglaize Hiver. ' 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, of Spencer co., Indiana, falls into the 
 Ohio a fL'W ni'.Ies al)ove Rockport. 
 
 CROOKED CKEEK, of Indlauiu rises in Steuben CO., and, 
 (ktssing Into Michigan, enters Fawn River. 
 
 Clt'X'KED CK>:eK, In the W. part of Illinois, fells Into 
 the Illinois River near Beardstowu. 
 6:^0 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, of Monroe co., Missouri, flows RE 
 into the North Fork of Salt River. It furnishes motive- 
 power for mills during a few months of the 3-ear. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK of Iowa, enters the Skunk River at 
 the N.W. corner of Henry county 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a small post-village of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Stokes co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Arkansas. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a past-office of Steuben co.. Indiana. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Clinton co.. lUinois. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a township of Jasper co., Illinoig. 
 Pop. 1366. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co.. Missouri. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK, a sm4ll village of Shelby co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 CROOKED CREEK FURNACE, a post-office of Bullitt co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 CROOKED FORK, a post-office of Morgan co., Tennessee. 
 
 CROOKED HILL, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CROOK'ED ISLANDS, a group of the Bahamas, consist- 
 ing of Crooked Island. Aklin's Island. Fortune Island and 
 Castle Island. Lat. of S. point of Castle Island 22° 7' N., Ion. 
 74° 21' W. 
 
 CROOKED LAKE, in the western part of New York. Is in- 
 cluded in the limits of Steuben and Yatt-s counties. Length, 
 about IS miles; greatest breadth. H miles. At the N. end 
 it is divided into two forks or branches, one of which is 
 about 5 and the other 8 or 9 miles long. Its surface is stated 
 to be 487 feet above Lake Ontario; that is, 718 above the 
 level of the -Atlantic. This lake usually freezes over in the 
 winter. At other seasons, a steaml>oat leaves l^enn Yan. at 
 its N.N.E. extremity, for Hammondspoit, at its S.W. extre- 
 mity, at 1 o'clock, p. M., and returns the next morning. The 
 scenery along the shores is very beautiful and picturesque. 
 The outlet which flows into Seneca Lake has a descent of 271 
 teet in about 7 miles, affording valuable water-power. 
 
 CROOKED LAKE, a post-office of Marquette co., 'Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 CROOKED RIVER, a small strejim in the S.W. part of 
 Maine, rises in Oxford county, and flows into Sebago Pond 
 in Cumberland county. 
 
 CROOKED RIVER, of Missouri, a sm-all stream which 
 flows S.E. through Ray county into the Missouri River, a few 
 miles below Lexington. 
 
 CROOK'HAVEN, a village of Ireland, in :Munster, co. of 
 Cork, on Crookhaven Harbor, 19 miles W.S.W. of St. Kib- 
 bereen. 
 
 CROOKSn'ILLE, formerly BANCROFTS MILLS, a thriv- 
 ing manufacturing village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, is 
 delightfully situated on Ridley Creek, about 3 miles AV. of 
 Chester. It contained in July, 1S53, two large woollen lao- 
 tories, in which nearly all the working population of the place 
 are employed ; also a neat church, and from 51.1 to lO dwellings. 
 
 CROOM. a town and parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of 
 Limerick, 5 miles S.S.E. of Adare. It w.hs of considerable 
 importance in earlier ages, and still has a strong castle, built 
 in the reign of King John. 
 
 CROOME, (kroom,) EARL'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 CROOME D'ABITOT, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 CROOME HILL, a parish of Eneland. co. of Worcester. . 
 
 CROPPENDSTADT. (Croppenstadt,) kroji'pen-stett'.awall- 
 ed town of Prussian Saxony, in Magdeburg, 7 miles S.S.E. 
 of Oschersleben. Pop. 2001. 
 
 CROP'PER'S DEPOT, a post-office of Sheltiy co.. Kentucky. 
 
 CROP'IxEADY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CROPTHORN, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 CROP'AVELL, a post-office of St. Clair co., .\l.Hbama. 
 
 CROP'WELlrBISH'OP, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingh:un. 
 
 CROPWEIX-BCTIiER, a hamlet of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 CRoS'BY, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 1182. 
 
 CROS'BY G.IR'RET. a villiige and parish of England, ca 
 of Westmoreland, in a picturesque secluded vale at the foot 
 of Crosby-Fell. 
 
 CROSBY, GRE.\T, a chapelry of Engl.and. co. of L.nncaster. 
 
 CltOSBY, LITTLE, a township of Fngland, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 CROS/BY RA/VENSWORTir, a parish of England, co. of 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 CUOS'BY-UPOS-E'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 CROS'BYVILLE. a post-village in Chester district, South 
 Carolina, about 50 miles N. of Columbi-H. 
 
 CROS'COMBE. a parish of England, co. of S<ui"rset. 
 
 CROSS, a parish of the Orkney Islands, in S.-otland. 
 
 CROS'S.\KEEL\ a post-town of Ireland, co of Meath, <? 
 miles S.W. bv W. of Kells. Pop. 316. 
 
 CltOSS AN'CUOR, a postoffice of Spar tanbm-g co., South 
 Carolina. 
 
CRO 
 
 CROS/SANVILLE, a small post-Tillage in Perry co., Ohio. 
 CROSS BAYOU, of Catahoula parish, Louisiana, commu- 
 nicates with Saline Ba)'ou. 
 
 CJiOSS'BOY^K, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of 
 Mayo. 
 
 CltOSS CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Ohio Elver 3 or 4 
 miles lielow Sttiubenville. 
 
 CROSS CREEK, a township of 'Washingtoa oo., Pennsyl- 
 rania. Pop. 1110. 
 
 CROSS CREEK, a post-township of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1582. 
 
 CROSS CREEK VILLAGE,apostofficeof "^Vashington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CROSS CCT, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 CROSSEX or KllOSSEX, kros'sen, a town of Prussia, pi-o- 
 rince of Brandenburg, 32 miles S.E. of Frankfort, at the 
 confluence of the Bober with the Oder. Pop. 6450. It has 
 manufactures of woollen clotli and hosiery, tanneries and 
 distilleries. It is walled, and has an old citadel. It was 
 taken by the Russians in 1768. 
 
 CROSS-FELL, a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 11 miles E..\.E. of Penrith. Elevation, 2901 feet. 
 
 CROSS'FORI). a vilhage of Scotland, co. of Fife, 2^ miles 
 W. of Dunfermline. Pop. 443, mostly weavers. 
 
 CROSS FORK, a po.st-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CROSS/GAR, a villa.L^e of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 
 6 miles N.W. of Downpatrick. Pop. 695. 
 
 CROSS'OATE.S. a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 3i miles 
 miles E. of Dunfermline. Pop. C4G. 
 
 CROSS'IIA'VEN, a village and harbor of Ireland, co. and 
 10 miles S.E. of Cork, in Cork Harbor. Pop. 549. 
 
 CROSS HILL, a post-village of Laurens district, South 
 Carolina, 14 miles S.E. of Laurens Courtrllouse. It has 2 
 high schools, which are in a prosperous condition. 
 
 CROS'SIXOVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, al-Kjut 240 miles ^V.^".^V. of Harrisburg. 
 
 CROSS KEYS, a post-village of Camden co., New Jersey, 
 about 18 miles S.S.E. of Camden. 
 
 CROSS KJCYS. a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia. 
 
 CROSS KEYS, a post-office of Union district, South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 CROSS KEYS, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. 
 
 CROSS KEYS, a post-office of De Kalb co., Georgia, about 
 112 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 CROSS KEYS, a post-office of JIacon co., Alabama. 
 
 CROSS KEYS, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee. 
 
 CROSS'KILL MILLS, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 CROSS LAKE, of Louisiana, situated In Caddo parish. 
 Immediately ^V. of Shieveport, communicates on the N. 
 with Soda Lake. Length, about 15 miles; mean breadth, 2 
 or 3 miles. 
 
 CROSS (or LA CROSSE, 11 kross,) LAKE, in British North 
 America. 20 miles in length from N. to S., receives the Bea- 
 ver, and gives origin to the Mississippi. On its W. side is 
 Fort La Crosse, lat. 55° 26' N., Ion. 108° \V. 
 
 CROSS'LAND, SOUTH, a township of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding. 
 
 CROSSVMAGLE.W, a neat market-town of Ireland, In Ul- 
 ster, CO. of .\rmai;h. 10 miles N.W. of Dundalk. Pop. 546. 
 
 CR0SS\M1'CI1AEL, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of 
 Kirkcudbright. 
 
 OROSS.MOLINA, kross^mo-le-n3/, a market-town and pa- 
 rish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo, on the Deel, 6i 
 miles S.W. of Bajlina. I'op. of town, 1672. 
 
 CROSSON'S STORE, a postroffice of Randolph co., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 CROSS PLAINS, Georgia. See Daltox. 
 
 CROSS PLAI.NS, a postvillage of Benton CO., Alabama, 13 
 miles N. of Jacksonville. , 
 
 CROSS PLAINS, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 CROSS PLAINS, a post-office of Fulton co., Arkansas. 
 
 CROSS PLAINS, a post-village of Robertson co., Tenne.ssee, 
 35 miles N.X.E. of Nashville. 
 
 CROSS PLAINS, a postrvillage of Ripley co., Indiana, 80 
 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CROSS PLAINS, a village of Callaway co., Missouri, about 
 to miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CROSS l'L.\.INS, a post-township in Dane co., Wisconsin, 
 tbout 16 mik'S W. of Madison. Pop. 1125. 
 
 CROSS RIDGE, a post-office of Tishemingo CO., Mississippi. 
 
 CROSS RIVER, Guinea. See Calabar. 
 
 CROSS RIVER, a post-office of Westchester co., New 
 Pork. 
 
 CROSS ROADS, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, 
 Smiles S.W. of Mount Holly. 
 
 CROSS ROADS, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 CROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Jackson co., Mississippi. 
 
 CROSS ROAD.S, a post-office of Franklin co., Arkansas. 
 
 CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Jelferson co., Kentucky. 
 
 CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Madison co., Ohio. 
 
 CROSS RO.^DS, a post office of Johnson co., Illinois. 
 
 CROSS ROADS, a village of Osage co., Missouri, about 16 
 miles S.S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CRO 
 
 CROSS SOUND, in Russian America, separates K'tij 
 George III. Archipelago, towards the N.W., from the main- 
 land. Cross Cape is at its S.W. entrance. 
 
 CROST'ON, a village and parish of England, co. of L;in- 
 caster. Pop. 3939. 
 
 CROSS TIM'BERS, a village of Hickory CO., Missouri. 
 
 CKOSS/VILLE, a postoffice of Liunpkin co., Georgia. 
 
 CROSSVILLE, a post-village of Cumberland CO., Ten- 
 nessee, 111 miles E.S.E. of Nijsliville. 
 
 CROSS'WICKS, a post-village of Chesterfield town,shipi 
 Burlington co.. New Jersey, on the left I)ank of Crosswick* 
 Creek,8 miles S.E. of Trenton, and 4 miles E. of Eordentowi* 
 It has 3 churches, and several stores and mills. 
 
 CROSSWICKS CREEK, of New Jer.sey, rises in the cen- 
 tral part of the state, and flows along the boundiiry between 
 Mercer and Burlington counties, until it enters the Dela- 
 ware at Bordentown. 
 
 CROSTIIVVAITE, kross/thwait, a parish of England, co. 
 of Cunit.i'iland 
 
 CROSTIIWAITE and LYTH, chapelry of England, co. 
 of Westmorilaiid. Pop. 717. 
 
 CROST'WICK. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CROST'WIGHT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 CRO'TON, a post-villaire in Delaware co.. New Y'ork, about 
 80 miles W.5.W. of Albany. 
 
 CROTOX or CROTON LANDING, a post-village and sta- 
 tion of Westchester co.. New Y'ork, on the Hud.son River 
 Railroad, and on the Hudson River, at the mouth of Croton 
 River, 30 miles N. of New York. 
 
 CltOTON, a post-office of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey. 
 
 CROTON, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 CROTON, a post-office of Newaygo co., Michigan. 
 
 CROTON, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 CIIOTONA, Italv. See Cotrone. 
 
 CRO'TON COli/NERS, a post-village of Chemung co.. New 
 York. 
 
 CROTON FALLS, a post-village and railroad station of 
 Westchester CO., New York, on Croton River, and on the 
 Harlem Railroad. 51 miles N.N.E. of New Y'ork City. 
 
 CROTON RIVER rises' in Dutchess co.. New York, and 
 flowing in a southerly course through Patnam county, 
 turns westward into Westchester county, and enters the 
 Hudson River about 35 miles above New York City. From 
 this stream the city of New York is supplied with water. 
 See New Y'ork. 
 
 CROTOY, LE, Ifh kro'tw^/, a town of France, department 
 of Somme, 10 miles N.W. of Abbeville, with a small port ou 
 the Somme, near its mouth. It has remainsof a fortress ia 
 which Joan of Arc was imprisoned. 
 
 CROT'TY. a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois. 
 
 CROUGHTON, kro/tyn, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 CROULIN (krooain) ISLES, a group in Scotland, off the 
 W. coast of Ros.s-shire, 14 miles S.W. of Loch Carron. The 
 largest island is about 1 mile in length. 
 
 CRO'WAN, a parish of England, co. of Comwall. 
 
 CROW'COMBE, a parish of Endand, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CROW CREEK, a post-office of Pickens co.. South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 CROW CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee. 
 
 CROW'DER'S CREEK, of North Carolina and South 
 Carolina, enters the Yadkin in York district of the latter 
 state. 
 
 CROWDER'S CREEK, a postK)ffice of Gaston co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CROWDER'S MOUNTAIN, a postK)ffice of Gaston co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 CROnVELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CItOW'HURST, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 CROWHURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CROW IX'DIAXS, a tribe dwelling in the central and 
 south-western part of Missouri Territory. 
 
 CROWLAXD, a town of EngLind. See Crotland. 
 
 CROWLANDVILLE, kryiand-vil, or COOK'S MILLS, a 
 post-village of Canada West, co. of AVelland. about 9 miles 
 S.W. of Chippewa. It contains churches of the Wesleyan 
 and Episcopal Methodists. Pop. about 150. 
 
 CROWLE, kr61, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln, near the confluence of the Trent and Don, 5| 
 miles E.S.E. of Thome. Pop. 2544. 
 
 CROWLE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 CROW'M ARSH-GIF'FORD. a parish of England, co. Oxford, 
 
 CROW ME.VDOAV. a post-village of Marshall co., Illinois, 
 122 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 CROW MEADOWS, a post-office in Marsh.ill co., Indian.<u 
 
 CROWN POINT, a post-village and township of Essex co., 
 X'ew York, on the western shore of Lake Champlain, about 
 75 miles N. of Albany. The fortifications which rendered 
 this place famous in the history of the American War, aie 
 now in ruins. Pop. 2252. 
 
 CROWN POINT, a post-village, capital of Lake co.. Indi- 
 ana, about 130 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. It contains 2 
 or 3 churches. 
 
 CROWN S/VILLE, a post-office of Anne Arundel ca, 
 Maryland. 
 
 621 
 
CRO 
 
 CSI 
 
 CROWNTHORPB a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 CROW RIYBR, o< Minnesota, is formed by the union of 
 Us Ni^rth and South Forks. Flowing in a N.E. course it 
 fnUs into the Mississippi River about ti miles above Anoka. 
 J^ntire lenjrth, inchiding that of the North, or principal, 
 I'ork, aliout 100 miles. 
 
 CROWS NEST, a peak of the Highlands, is situated on 
 tlie W. side of the Hudson, in Orange co.. New York. 
 
 CRO\V S POND, a post-office of Daviess co., Kentucky. 
 
 CROWS'VILLE, a post-offlce of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CROW'VILLE, a post-office of Warwick co-, Indiana. 
 
 CROW WING, a village and trading-post of Uenton co., 
 Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, at the mouth of Crow 
 Wing River. 
 
 CROW WING RITER, of Minnesota, has its source in a 
 group of small lakes S. of Lake Itasca. It flows S.E. and 
 foils into the Mississippi 8 or 9 miles above Fort Ripley. 
 Entire length, near 100 miles. 
 
 CUOX'.\LL-wiTH-ED/INGHALL, a parish of England, cos. 
 of Stafford and Derby. 
 
 CHOX'UY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 CROX'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 CROXTOX, a parish of England, co. of CamWdge. 
 
 CROXTOX. a parish of Enijland. co. of Lincoli&. 
 
 CROXTON, a parish of England, co. Of Norfolk. 
 
 CROXTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 CROXTOX, a postoffice of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 CROXTON-KEYRIAL, kee're-al, a parish of England, co. 
 of Leicester. 
 
 CROXTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 CROY, a parish of Scotland, cos. of .Naiin and Inverness. 8 
 miles N.E. of Inverness!. Pop. 1084. It comprises the Moor of 
 CuUoden, memorable for the defeat of Prince Charles's army, 
 In 1746. by the royal troops under the Duke of Cumlierl.ind. 
 
 CROY, a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway. 
 
 CROYA, a town of Albania. See Krova. 
 
 CROY'DON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Surrey, on the London and Brighton Railway, lOJ miles S. 
 of London Bridge. Pop. in ISSi, 20.031. The town is well 
 built, and increasing in size; principal edifices, a handsome 
 parish church, with many tombs of archbishops of Canter- 
 bury, various other places of wor.ship, the Town-hall, oc<»- 
 sionally used as a corn-market : the Poultry Market-house, 
 Trinity Hospital, for the maintenance of 40 poor persons, 
 (revenue, upwards of 2000i. a year;) sever■^l alms-houses, 
 the Jail, Union Work-house, and, near the town, some bur- 
 racks. Addington Park, the seat of the Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, is near Croydon. Among its numerous public 
 Bchools are Archbishop Tenison's, and a school of the So- 
 ciety of Friends, removed to Croydon from Islington in 
 1825. Addiscombe College, for cadets in the East India 
 Company's service, is about IJ miles distant, and has 14 
 professors, with from 120 to 160 pupils. Croydon, alter- 
 nately with Guildford, is the seat of the county assizes. It 
 has a court of requests and petty sessions. An active trade 
 In corn for the London markets is carried on ; and the di- 
 rect London and Portsmouth Railway here joins the 
 Brighton line. Croydon is supposed to occupy the site of 
 the ancient Nnvinmlagus, and near it many remains of an- 
 tiquity h.ave been discovered. 
 
 CROYDON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 CROY'DON, a post-township of Sullivan co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, 40 miles M'.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 755. 
 
 CKO Y D0.\ FLAT, post-oflice. Sullivan co.. New Hampshire. 
 
 CROY'LAND or CROW'LAND, an ancient town and pa- 
 rish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the river Welland, here 
 crossed by a bridge built in the time of Edward II., and 
 much admired by antiquaries. 14 miles E.X.E. of Stamford. 
 Pop. in 1S51, 3183. It is celebrated for the ruins of its once 
 splendid abbey, founded in 716, out of the remains of which 
 a church h!\s been constructed. 
 
 OR0ZliT(kro'z4/)ISLAND8,a group of four small islands 
 in the South Indian Ocean, between Kerguelen and Prince 
 Edward Islands. The easternmost, called East I.«land, is 
 placed by Sir James Ross in lat. 46° 27' S., Ion. 52° 14' E. 
 
 CROZIERVILLE, kro/zher-vlll, a thriving manufactur- 
 ing village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, on Chester 
 Creek, where it is joined by its West Briinch. and on the 
 West Chester I'.ailroad. 16 W.S.W. of PhiladelpWa. Pop. in 
 1S63, about 800. 
 
 CItOZON, kro^zAx"', a town of France, department of Fi- 
 nistire, 25 miles N.W. of Quimper. on a peninsula S. of Berst 
 Roads. Pop. 8858. chiefly suppoi-ted by navigation and fishing. 
 
 CItOZO.X.a village of tVance, department of Indre,6 miles 
 8.W. of La Chatre. Pop. lOSO. 
 
 CRUACHEN, BEN. See BEtr-CRUACnE;». 
 
 CRUACri-LUSSA. kroo'aK loos'sa, or CKUACH-LUSACII. 
 kroo/.in lu'san. ("the mountain of plants,") a. mountain of 
 Scotland. CO. of Argyle. district of Knapdale, 3000 feet high. 
 
 CRUCES, krno's^s, (the pi unit of the .-iSpanish word Cruz, 
 % "cross,") a village of South America, in New Granada, on 
 the Isthmus, 2t) miles N.N.W. of Panama. Itoats ascend the 
 Ch.agres liiver to this point. In 1760 it was sacked and 
 burned bv Morgan, the English pirate. 
 622 
 
 CRU'CIFER, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee, 126 
 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 CRU'DEN, a parish of Scotland, co., and 20 miles N.N.E, 
 of Aberdeen. Pop. 2349. Here are the remains or a Druidl- 
 cal temple, and the fine castlii of Slaiiies, Ibe seat of the Earl 
 of Errol. In the eleventh century, this parish was the scene 
 of a battle between the forces of Jlalcolm II. of Scotland and 
 of Canute, afterwards King of Ennlaud. 
 
 CRUD'WELL, a parish of England, co., of Wilts. 
 
 CRU'GES, a postroftice of Westchester co.. New York. 
 
 CRU'IT ISLAND, of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, is 
 in the Atlantic, immediately off its N.W. coast, 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Dungloe. Lieugth, from N. to S., 2*uile.s. 
 
 CRUM CREEK, of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, flows into 
 the DeLaware River. 
 
 CRUM ELBOW, a postoffice of Dutchess CO., New York. 
 
 CRUM'LIN, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulstei, co. of 
 Antrim, 12 miles W.N.W. of Belfast. Pop. 668. 
 
 CRUMLIN, a parish of Ireland, in Leiii.«ter. co. of Dublin. 
 
 CRUM'MOCK-WATER, a lake of England, co. of Cumber- 
 land, between Buttermere and Lowes AVater. Length, 4 
 miles ; breadth, j mile. The Cocker carries its sujwrtiuous 
 waters to the Derwent. The surrounding mouutair. scenery 
 is beiiutiful. Scale-Force, the loftiest cascade of •' the Lakes," 
 having a fell of 156 feet in one clear leap, is in its vicinity. 
 
 CRUM'SALL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 Pop. 2745. 
 
 CRUN'D.iL, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CRUN^VEAR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 CRU'SO. a post-office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 
 CRU'WYS-MOlt/CHARD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 CRUX-EASrrON. a parish of England, co. of ILints. 
 
 CRL'Y'BEIvE, a village of Belgium, proviuce of Last Flan- 
 ders, 6 miles S.AV. of Antwerp. 
 
 CRUYSHANTEM, krois'hilu'tJm, a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, 11 miles S.W. of Ghent. Linen- 
 weaving employs about 6U0 looms. Near the centre of the 
 commune is an ancient castle. Pop. 6769. 
 
 CRYSTAL, kris/tal, mountains of Africa, lat.eoS.lon.20°E. 
 
 CRYS'TAL LAKE, a post-village of ."Uclleury co.. Illinois, 
 on a small lake of the same name, and on a railroad 43 
 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 CRYSTAL LAKE, a post-office of Waupaca co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 CRYSTAL SPRINGS, a post-office of Autauga co.. Alabamti. 
 
 CS.\BA, chOVdhV a village of Hungary, beyond the 
 Theiss. co.. and 7 miles S.S.W. of Bekes. Pep. of the dis- 
 trict, 24,690. This is the largest village in Kunpe. It has 
 a Roman Catholic and a Protestant church, and an exten- 
 sive trade in corn, cattle, fruit, wine, hemp, and fiax. 
 
 CSACZA, chat/s(Bh\ or CSATTCZA. a market-town of Hun- 
 gary, circle of Hither Danube, 54 miles N.E. of Trent.«:chin, 
 on the S. slope of Mount Jablunka, and right bank of Kis- 
 zucza. Pop. 4640. 
 
 CSAIKISTEN. chi-kis'tln\ or B.ATAILLONP DISTRICT, 
 b2-tdl-y6ns' dig'trikt, a district of Hungary, in Military Sla- 
 vonia, on the angle formed by the Danube and the Theiss. 
 Pop. 30,600. 
 
 CSAKATHURM, chl/kd-tooRmN CSAKVAR, chakVaR', 
 or TSAKTORNYA, tsdk-toRn'yl a town of Hungary, co. of 
 Szalad, 7 miles N.N.E. of AVarasdin, on the Tarnova. It 
 contiiins an old castle. Pop. 1080. 
 
 CS.\KOVA, chOh'koVOh , a town of Hungary, circle of 
 Thither Theiss, on the Temes, 18 miles S. of Temesvar. 
 Pop. 4250. 
 
 CSAKVAR, chdkVfiR', a vilkage of Hungary, co. of Stuhl- 
 weissenburg. 27 miles W.S.W. of Buda, with a castle and 4 
 Protestant church. Pop. 4840. 
 
 CSAN.\D. ch<5h'n3d', a market-town of Eastern Hungary, 
 capital of the county, 44 miles N. of Temesvar, on the Maros 
 Pop. 3730. It was once a flourishing town, and has the re 
 mains of an ancient castle. 
 
 CS.4NTAVER. chOnHOh'vaiR/, a vill.age of Hungary, cird* 
 of Hither Danube, near Magyar Kanisa. Pop. 3186. 
 
 CSANY or TSANY, chiil, a village of Hungary, circle of 
 Hither Theiss, 3 miles from Hatvan. Pop. 2175. 
 
 CS.\SZ.\R. chO.s'saR', a vill.ige of Hungary, circle of Hither 
 Danube. 8 miles from Tat.a. I'op. 2:!SS. 
 
 CSATH.CSAT.orCSAIT, chdt, a market-town of Hungary, 
 circle of Hither Theiss, 13 miles from Sliskolcz. Pop. 5^ 40. 
 
 CSATSAK or TSATSAK. chlV-hik', a town of Senia, on 
 the Morava, 90 miles S.W. of Belgrade, and lately rebuilt in 
 a regular style. It is the see of a Greek bishop. 
 
 CSKB. eh^b. a vill.Hge of Hungary, circle of Hither Danube, 
 3 miles frem I'olanka. Pon. 2043. 
 
 CSEPEL or TSEl'EL. chi'p^l', a river island of Hungary, 
 immediately S. of Pesth. firmed by the Dannlie. Greatest 
 length from N. to S.. 25 miles: average breadth. 4 miles. 
 
 C.SERVENKA, cbJa^'fn'kOh', a town of Hungai-}-, circle 
 of Hither Danube, 10 miles from Zombor. Pop. 2791. 
 
 CSET.NEK. chJt'nJk'. a ni;irket-town of Northern Hun- 
 gary. CO. of GUmiir. 8 miles W. of Rosenau. 
 
 CSI K EK-ST U II L. chee'ker-stool', a district of Transyl vanli, 
 on the borders of Moldavia, forming a part of the SiiUtary 
 Land. 
 
cso 
 
 CSOKA, cliO'koli\ a marl<etrtown of Hungary, circle of 
 Thithtr Theiss, about 5 miles from Torok-Kanisa, on the 
 Theiss. over wliicii tliere is a ferry. Pop. 2*H0. 
 
 Ci-'-)Ki)SYA, clio*kon'y01i\ a market-towu of Hungary, 
 circle of Thither Danube, 6 miles S.W. of Babocsa. I'op. 15o0. 
 
 CSONGRAD, chonVrdd', a market-town of Hungary, 
 capit.il of the CO. of same name, at the conftuenee of the 
 Theiss and KiiiOs, 70 miles S.K. of Pesth. Pop. 13,686. It 
 is well built. Its co-council and hi}:h court has been trans- 
 ferred to Sze^edin, 32 miles southward. 
 
 CS'JItNA, ehuR/ndh\ a marketrtown of Western Hungary. 
 30 miles K.S.K. of Oedenburg. Pop. ;!990. It is surrounded 
 by garden^and has a Benedictine abbey, built in 1180. 
 
 CtSUKGO. chooK/go\ a town of Hungary, circle of Thither 
 Danube, 27 miles S.S.W. of Martzali. 
 
 Cl'i:SIPn«JN. See MoDAiN. 
 
 CUA.nXlQUALPA, kwJ-He-ne-kwai'pJ, a town of Central 
 America, state of Guatemala, and the largest between that 
 city and Sonsonate. Pop. from 2000 to 3000. 
 
 GUAM A. ?ee Zammze. 
 
 CU AUTLAY-AMILPAS. kwfiwt-ll' d-meeVpas- a town of the 
 Mexican Confederation, state, and 70 miles S.W. of Puebla. 
 
 CUBA, kuOja, (Sp. pron. koiybl,) an island in the Carib- 
 bean Sea, belonging to Spain, the largest of the AVest Indian 
 group, and the most important of all the Spanish colonial 
 possessions, is situated at the mouth of the Oulf of Mexico, 
 about 130 miles S. of Floridit, from which it is separated by 
 the Bahama Channel; on the E., it is separated from Ilayti 
 by the windward piissage, about 48 miles wide; on the S., 
 from Jamaica, by a portion of the Caribbean Sea, 90 miles 
 across; and on the W., from Yucat:in, by the Yucatan Chan- 
 nel, about 130 miles wide. It is about a third larger than 
 Hayti, and nearly five times the size of Jamaica. It extends 
 from Ion. 74° to near 85° W., and is about C50 miles in length 
 from E. to W. ; greatest breadth, at Cape de Cruz. 110 miles; 
 average width, from 50 to 60 miles; while towards its M'. ex- 
 tremity it does not exceed 31) miles. The extreme E. end of 
 the island. Point de Maysi. is in lat. 20° 15' N.. Ion. 74° 7' 
 W. ; the W , San Antonio, in lat. 21° 15' N., ion. 84° 57' 12" W. ; 
 and it extends from hit. 19° 50' to 23° 10' N. Estimated 
 area, 34,800 square miles. Coast line, exclusive of minuter 
 sinuosities, about 2000 miles. 
 
 Geni'ful Deacriplion. — The island is intersected longitu- 
 dinally by a range of mountains, diminishing iu height 
 from E. to W. At the E. end, where they are diffused over 
 nearly the entire surface, they attain their greatest elevation, 
 which is about 80U0 feet. From the bases of these highlands, 
 the country opens into extensive meadows, or beautiful 
 plains and savannas, with occasionally some low swampy 
 tracts. Owing to the cavernous structure of the limestone 
 deposits, the great inclination of their strata, and the small 
 breadth of the island, there are very few rivers of any mag- 
 nitude, and a large portion of the territory Is subject to se- 
 vere droughts. Yet the undulating surface of the country, 
 the continually reuew^ed veidure, and the distribution of 
 vegetable forms, give rise to the most varied and beautiful 
 landscapes. Everywhere, however, the eye falls only upon 
 a mass of luxuriant vegetation; and nowhere is the struc- 
 ture of the country to be seen, except on scarped, treeless 
 mountain slopes. The largest river in Cuba is the Cauto, 
 (kfiw'to,) at the E. end of the island^having its sources in 
 the Sierra del Cobre, or Copper Mountains, and falling into 
 the Bay of Buena Esperauzii, after a course of about 90 
 miles. None of the streams are navigable excepting by 
 small boats, and only for a few miles inland. The coasts of 
 Cuba are in general exceedingly foul, presenting reefs and 
 shallows, which extend from 2 to 2^ miles into the sea, and 
 make the approach to the land both ditiicult and dangerous. 
 Within these reefs there is often a good sandy beach ; but 
 for the greater part of the circumference of the island, there 
 Is a belt or zone of lowland very little raised above the level 
 of the seii. subject to floods and inundation.s, and so wet at 
 all seasons of the year, as to be constantly in a state ap- 
 proaching to mud, rendering the acce.ss to the coast, and 
 the oi'dinary communication between the interior and the 
 sea, Tiext to impossible in the rainy season, and not very 
 easy during any month in the year. There are, however, a 
 number of harbors and bays on all the coasts, including the 
 Havana, one of the finest harbors in the West Indies. Some 
 others are also excellent, such as Guantanamo, Santiago, 
 Mnnzanillo. and Jagua, (or Xagua,) on the S. coast, Bahia 
 Honda and Puerto de Cabattas on the N.W. coast, and Nipe, 
 Baracoa Harbor, Port Naranjo, Puerto del Padre, and Matan- 
 gas. on the N. and N,E. coasts. 
 
 Geiihiyy and Mineral/igy. — Geologically, the island of Cuba 
 m.ay lie shortly described as composed of granite, gneiss, 
 syenite, and euphotide, overlain by secondary and tertiai'y 
 fjrmations. chieHy calcareous. conUiining numerous fossils, 
 and through which the primitive rocks are often protruded. 
 The mountains of the S.E. part of the island appear to have 
 X euljuiarine connoction with the lieights of Hayti and Ja- 
 maica; and in this section earthcjuakes are frequently felt, 
 thout^h they rarely extend to the W. part. In some localities 
 *b9 limestone is exceedingly purous ana cavernous, ab.sorb- 
 bit; rapidly the tropical lains, and. even engulfing consider- 
 
 CUB 
 
 able rirers. The latest calcareous formation is entirely eo- 
 raliferous, and goes on at present accumulating on all the 
 coasts, and contains numerous animal remains. Xo traces 
 of volcanic eruption, properly so called, have hitherto been 
 discovered. 
 
 The mineral riches of Cuba have not yet been fully ex- 
 plored, but it is known not to be deficient in this respect. 
 The precious metals have not been found in sufficient quan- 
 tity to repay the cost and labor of working. Copper is moro 
 abundant, there being several extensive mines of this metal 
 in active operation in the Sierra del Cobre, (Copper Moun- 
 tains.) They were wrought by the Spaniards at an early pe- 
 riod, but had been abandoned for upwards of a century, when 
 they were reopened about 1828. Slines of alum and copperas 
 were also at one time worked in the mountains of Juragua, 
 but were speedily abandoned. Coal has recently been disco- 
 vered near Havana. A variegated serpentine marble, chalce- 
 dony, magnesia, iron pyrites, quartz, and feldspar slates 
 and schists have been found in various places. The schistose 
 formation shows itself most conspicuouslj' at the base of the 
 mountains of San Juan and Trinidad, where great masses 
 of slate are to be found, of a dark blue color, and of a pyrl 
 tons and bituminous quality. In tlie quarries near ila 
 vana, a thick slate is found, fit for floors and pavements. 
 The mineral bitumen spoken of, exhiliits itself under a vsr 
 riety of aspects — sometimes in a li(iuid state, like naphtha, 
 issuing from the fissures of the rocks; sometimes soft, like 
 wax or half-melted resin. There are several mineral spruigg 
 in different parts of the island, and on the N. const are ex- 
 tensive lagoons, which, in dry years, produce immense 
 quantities of marine salt. 
 
 Climate, Soil, Veffduble Productions, cfc. — The climate la 
 hot and dry during the greater part of the year. The mean 
 temperature is 78° 3', but in the interior only 73° 4'. The 
 hottest months, July and August, do not give a greater 
 average than 83° 8' ; and the coldest. December and January, 
 present the mean of 69° 8'. In summer, the thermometer 
 seldom rises above 82° or 86°, and its depression in winter 
 so low as 50° or 53° 5' is rare. Bain often descends in tor- 
 rents from July to September, and occasional showers tall 
 for a month or two before and after these periods. Xo snow 
 is known ever to fall on the highest mountains; but frost 
 occurs occasionally, forming ice of several lines in thick- 
 ness. Hail storms are rare, and hurricanes much less fre- 
 quent than in the other Antilles. The vegetation of Cuba 
 is exceedingly luxuriant. Forests of mahogany, ebony, 
 cedar, fustic, and other useful woods aliound: and the fields 
 are covered with flowers and odoriferous plants. The \inr\ 
 cipal cereal cultivated is the indigenous maize, or Indian 
 corn. Two crops of it are obtained in the year. IMce is also 
 produced in considerable quantities iu many districts; but 
 the principal crops are sugar, coffee, and tobacco, also a little 
 cotton, cocoa, and indigo. A considerable extent of country 
 is appropriated also to cattle-breeding farms, and to pntreros, 
 farms on which vegetables are raised, maize, mallochia grass, 
 cassava, onions, garlic, poultry, wax, and honey. The prin- 
 ci])al fruits of the island ai-e the pine or ananas, oranges, 
 shaddocks, plantains, bananas, melons, lemons, and sweet 
 limes ; figs and strawberries are also to be had. 
 
 Animals. — The most valuable domestic animals are the 
 ox, hoi-se. and pig, which form a lai-ge proportion of the 
 wealth of the island; the sheep, goat, and mule are inferior 
 in quality and numbers. Jackasses and rabbits have been 
 recently intrtduced. The sylvan birds are numerous, and 
 in great variety, but birds of prey few ; the principal is the 
 bald-headed vulture, or turkey-buzzard. The only indige- 
 nous qu.idniped ever known in Cuba is the hulia. which 
 resembles a large rat, about 18 inches long without the 
 tail. Snakes and reptiles are not very numerous. The 
 most remarkable are the maja, 12 or 14 feet in length, and 
 18 or 20 inches in circumference; and the jubo, about 6 
 feet in length : the latter is considered more dangerous 
 than the former, and is also moro common. Phosphorescent 
 insects abound, as do al.so those of a noxious description, 
 including chigres or jiggers, ants, mosiiuitoes. and a singu- 
 larly disgusting-looking spider, with a poisonous sting. 
 There are also centipedes and scorpions. 
 
 Agriculture, d-c. — As elsewhere mentioned, sugar, coffee, 
 and tobacco form the principal objects of cultivation; but 
 of these, the fii'st is by far the most important. The quan- 
 tity of sugar produced in Cuba, per acre, is estimated at a 
 little more than 2000 pounds, being somewhat better than 
 Jamaica, but greatly short of Barbadoes. The coffee planta- 
 tions are confined almost solely to the N. side of the island, 
 the only part where the precise degree of heat most favor- 
 able to the growth of the plant is to be found. The best 
 season for planting the trees is in the middle of the month 
 ofM.ay; the gathering commences in August; but Novem- 
 ber and December are the most active and important 
 months of the harvest. The best tobacco is grown in the 
 district of Vuelta de Abajo, a little W. of Havana, about 84 
 miles in length, and 21 in breadth ; and here the mildest 
 and finest flavoui-ed is produced on the banks of the San 
 Sebastian, most of which is made into cigars, celebrated 
 under the name of Havana cigars, reckoned the best made 
 
 a23 
 
CUB 
 
 CUB 
 
 anywhere. Previous to 1820. the cultivation and sale of I 
 tobacco were subjected to the same sort of monopoly in 
 Cuba a-s in Mexico; but at the period referred to. the trade \ 
 was thrown opt- n. The cattle-breeding farms of the island | 
 are said not to be in a very prosperous condition. In 1852 l 
 there were in Cuba 15'50 susar plantations. 1218 colTee I 
 plantations. 5128 cJittle farms, 13 chocolate pl.intations. 224 
 cotton plantations, 34.439 fruit and vegetable farms, 7979 
 tobacco plantations, and 2284 colmemires, (kolm.4-n3/r^s, 
 firom colniftiar, an " apiary,") farms devoted exclusively to 
 the production of honey. The produce of the foregoing for 
 the year w;is sufrar, 7.291,309 cwt,; coffee, 291, 7"2o cwt.; to- 
 bacco. 444.040 cwt.: mola-sses, 267,185 hogsheads: brandy, 
 39,411 pipes ; honey, 106,175 barrels : and beeswax, 18,725 cwt. 
 
 Manufictures. Cbmmerce. d-c. — The manufactures of Cuba 
 are confined to the making of sugar, molasses, and cigars, 
 bleaching wax, and the preparation of coffee. The cigars 
 which the lower orders smoke — and in Cuba every one 
 smokes, man, woman, and child — cost about $4 per 1000. 
 From the same quality of tobacco, the first, second, and 
 third class of cigars are made. When the cigars are 
 twisted, and before they are sorted, they are said to be "en 
 revolucion." They are now sorted and picked, and about 
 25 per cent, of the whole are chosen, and these are called of 
 the first cla.ss: the rest are divided into seconds and thirds, 
 and the prices vary from $8 to $15 per 1000. The commerce 
 of Cuba, on the whole, may be said to be in a flourishing 
 condition. The export of sugar had more than doubled 
 from 18:J7 to 1849, and exceeded in value all other articles 
 of commerce; coffee, however, has greatly declined. The 
 chief imports are grain and flour, salted meats, salted fish, 
 cheese, brandy, vinegar, wines, spices, fruits, and cotton, 
 linen, and woollen manufactures, of which, to the value of 
 $5,620,000, were imported from Great Britain and Ireland. 
 In the year ending December 1853. The exports are .sugar, 
 coffee, molasses, tobacco, mahogany, cedar, fustic, and other 
 valuable timljers, fruits, and the precious metals. 
 
 The following statement exhibits the v.ilue of the prin- 
 cipal articles of Cuban produce for the year 1849 : — 
 
 Garden fruits $14,839,500 : Beef $3,605,780 
 
 Sugar 18.699.9:i4 ! Pork 1,346.055 
 
 The leading articles of import from the United States for 
 the year 1851 were as follows : — 
 
 Birds... 
 Milk.... 
 Rides... 
 Uutton. 
 
 1,166,880 
 
 1,074.216 
 
 326.040 
 
 180,289 
 
 120,000 
 
 Esculents 6,097,080 
 
 Tobacco 6,042,8-29 
 
 Ck>ffee 2,206,131 
 
 Indian corn 1,884.982 
 
 Charcoal 1,750.110 
 
 Cedar, maiioganv, Ac 1,711,193 
 
 Molasses .". 1,162,728 
 
 Other agricultural pro* 
 
 iucU 3,728,175 
 
 The total value of the exports and imports of the island 
 at different periods has been as follows : — 
 
 Total $59,791,462 
 
 Tear, i Exports. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Year, 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 If37... i S20,346,fi07 
 1841.,. 26,774.618 
 1842,.. 26.684.701 
 1843... 2J.02«,7M 
 1844... 25,426.591 
 
 $22,940,357 
 25,081.408 
 24.637,527 
 23,422,096 
 23,771,865 
 
 1845,.. 
 1848,.. 
 1849... 
 1850... 
 1851... 
 
 $18,792,812 
 26.077. 0<18 
 22,436,556 
 25,631,948 
 31,341.683 
 
 Sl'3.499,.S57 
 25.4.35.565 
 26.320,460 
 28,983,227 
 32,311,430 
 
 Of the total exports from Cuba in 1850. 11'98 per cent, was 
 to Spain. 32'61 per cent, to the United .States. 27'55 per cent, 
 to England. '-SO per cent, to Germany, 7'27 per cent, to 
 France, and 2-26 per cent, to Spanish America, Of the im- 
 ports 2H-S1 per cent, was from Spain, 22-96 per cent, from the 
 United States, 21-10 per cent, from Kngland, 7'27 per cent, 
 from Germany, 6-03 per cent, from France, and 6-91 per cent, 
 from Spanish .\merica. 
 
 The following comparative tables exhibit the principal 
 articles exported and imported, with their declared value for 
 the years 1837 and 1849 :— 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Rom... ., 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Wax 
 
 Honey 
 
 Molasses 
 
 Cigar. 
 
 Leaf Tobacco ........ 
 
 Fruit 
 
 Mahogany 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Liquors, fcc , 
 
 Bei'f. pork, fee 
 
 Spices and fruits 
 
 Grain and tlour 
 
 ViBh 
 
 Other provisions 
 
 Cottnn luanuractures. 
 Linen do. 
 
 Woollen do. 
 Silk do. 
 
 I.,«*ther 
 
 Lumlier, kc 
 
 Uanei 
 
 524 
 
 1837. 
 
 $69,010 
 
 7,927 J26 
 
 J,133,567 
 
 171,800 
 
 63,384 
 
 718,598 
 
 1,267,496 
 
 560,948 
 
 81,562 
 
 128,908 
 
 39,967 
 
 1849, 
 
 877,6,36 
 134,980 
 48,103 
 1,478.102 
 1,236,762 
 601.055 
 24.619 
 113.196 
 39,611 
 
 1837. 
 
 fl.8-'7,761 
 
 1,425,497 
 
 293,565 
 
 3,302,849 
 
 4.37.909 
 
 1.629.161 
 
 S,i33,120 
 
 2,881.999 
 
 676,178 
 
 616,481 
 
 501,150 
 
 979,838 
 
 3,121,930 
 
 1819. 
 
 $2,732,360 
 
 1,971,260 
 
 233,950 
 
 1,160,110 
 
 653.680 
 
 1.068,380 
 
 2,187,-'O0 
 
 1,840,980 
 
 1S7.890 
 
 3.30.940 
 
 1.3S.710 
 
 1.721.200 
 
 6,975,910 
 
 Whale oil 
 
 ,(fa11s 
 
 181 .094 
 
 Indian com 
 
 .bush. 
 
 229.105 
 
 Linseed oil 
 
 , galls 
 
 3.311 
 
 Indian meal 
 
 .bbls.. 
 
 3,398 
 
 Tallow caudles,... 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 56,925 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 .bush. 
 
 66,058 
 
 Spermaceti can- 
 
 
 
 .Apples 
 
 .bbls.. 
 
 6.964 
 
 dles 
 
 .lbs,. 
 
 715,764 
 
 Rice 
 
 
 27,618 
 
 Dried fish 
 
 .qtls. 
 
 11,062 
 
 Soap , 
 
 .lbs... 
 
 380,748 
 
 Pickled flsh 
 
 .bbls 
 
 2,289 
 
 
 ..lbs... 
 
 
 Tallow 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 548,367 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 .lbs... 
 
 191,615 
 
 Butter 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 418,777 
 
 Beer, cider, Ac. . . 
 
 .gaUs. 
 
 85,251 
 
 Cheese 
 
 .lbs,. 
 
 256,162 
 
 Nails 
 
 .lbs... 
 
 2,698.886 
 
 Pork 
 
 .Iha.. 
 
 3,:i64 
 
 Steel and iron 
 
 
 
 Flour and Bacon.. 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 1,210,083 
 
 Manufactured cast 
 
 
 
 Lard 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 7,836,153 
 
 ings 
 
 .floUs. 
 
 534,123 
 
 Boards and Planks 
 
 ..M... 
 
 51.191 
 
 Paper and station 
 
 
 
 Other lumber 
 
 .dolls 
 
 37,816 
 
 ery 
 
 .dolls. 
 
 31,119 
 
 Wooden manufac- 
 
 
 
 Paints and rarnisb 
 
 .dolls. 
 
 11,830 
 
 tures 
 
 .dolls 
 
 1,353.616 
 
 Glass 
 
 .dolls. 
 
 23,225 
 
 
 .dolls 
 ..dolls 
 
 58.7a3 
 1,033,884 
 
 
 .dolls, 
 .dolls. 
 
 
 Specie and bullion 
 
 Ice 
 
 18,3:0 
 
 Prints, &c 
 
 .dolls 
 
 105,964 
 
 Pepper 
 
 .lbs... 
 
 603,189 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 98.3t.3 
 
 Cordage 
 
 .lbs... 
 
 29,3-26 
 
 Figs 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 33,374 
 
 Salt 
 
 .lbs... 
 
 77,191 
 
 The total value of imports into Cuba from the United 
 States in 1851 was $6.524.12.'5, of which $6.,318.9f.2 was in 
 American bottoms. The total export to all the Sj.anish 
 dominions in 1851 was $13,249,056. The total exjwrt to 
 the United States was $17,046,931, a greater amount than 
 was received there from any other country except Eng- 
 land and France. The total trade between Cuba and the 
 United Stites. in 1852, amounted to J;6.517,f>51 imports, and 
 $17,861,728 export.s, and in 18.i3 to $6,287,959 imports, and 
 $18.586.7.55 exports: the shipping employed the latter year 
 amounted to 388.122 tons inward, and 493.062 tons outward 
 The shipping owned in the island in 1851 comprised 7 ves- 
 sels of over 400 tons. 30 of from 2tXt to 400 tons. iKI of from 80 
 to 200 tons, 295 of from 20 to 80 tons, 208 of less than 2'J tons, 
 and 2454 of still smaller burden. 
 
 Infernal Impmremmts. — The roads in Cuba, formerly in a 
 most wretched condition, have latterly been much improved; 
 and the internal traffic of the island is now facilitated by 
 the laying of railways, of which no less than .351 miles were 
 in operation at the commencement of the present year. 1 1854.) 
 A railway from Havana to Guines, a distance of 46 miles, was 
 opened in 1837, t)eing the first ever constructed in any 
 Spanish country. It was not till 1848 that a railraid was 
 opened in Spain. From Havana a railway extends across 
 the island to Hatabano, sending off a branch westward to 
 Siin Antonio and Guaniijay. At Union it connects with the 
 Matanzas railway, and, farther E., with the railway extend- 
 ing to Cardenas, A railway extends from .Tucaro. on the N. 
 coast, 34 miles into the inferior: and from Cienfuegos 
 another penetrates the interior of Santa Clara. A railway 
 44 miles in length, connects Nuevit.as with Puerto Principe, 
 and another extends from the city of Cuba to El Cobre. 
 These railways have many important branches leading into 
 the richest parts of the island. Various railways are also 
 projected or in progress, which, when completed, will render 
 every part of the island easily accessible. The magnetic 
 telegraph is in operation between Havana and Bataliano; 
 and Havana is being connected with 5Iatanza.s, Cardenas, 
 and Gu.anajay. the wires following the railroads. Lines ar« 
 also being extended from Pinar del Rio. in the W. part of 
 the island, to Santiago de Cuba, in the E. part, with branches 
 to the principal towns on the coasts. 
 
 The means of external communication with the principal 
 points on the island are very extensive. Havana is con- 
 nected by daily lines of steamers with Matanzas, Cardenas, 
 and Jucaro, aiTiving at Matanz-as in five hours. Between 
 Hataban6 and Santiago de Cuba, in the E, part of the island, 
 steamers ply regularly touching at Cienfuegos. Tiinidad, 
 ,*anta Cruz, and Manzanillo. readiing .Santiago de Cuba in 
 five days. Steamers ply daily l^etween liatabano and 15;iilen, 
 touching at Dayani'/uas. Coloma. and Punta de Cartas : also 
 weekly between Batabano and tlie Isle of I'ines. Ocean 
 steamers connect Havana with the principal ports on the 
 American continent. 
 
 Slave Tritde. tf-c. — It has been a general impression that 
 the slave trade of Cuba, notwithstanding the treaty with 
 Spsiin for its abolition, has been not only connived at. but 
 protected, by the Spanish government. It is. at any rate, 
 certain that the d£'.:ree of encouragement it meets with de- 
 pends much, if not entirely, on the disposition of the captain- 
 general of the island for the time being. The slave trade 
 papors for 1846 roport that the Cuban slave trade was ,'ilmngt 
 annihilated under the honoraVile .tdininisf ration of Captain- 
 general Valdez, But it soon after revived under another 
 governor, and ultimately attained a height which it had 
 never reached before. In 1844. no fewer than 10.000 slaves 
 were introduced into Cuba: and this was under the governor- 
 ship of General Valdez. In 18.tO. the numl)er of slaves in 
 Cuba, according to the census return.i. was 4,36,100: altliough 
 in 1 8,53 it makes the numl>er but 3."0,425. There can 1« but 
 little doubt that a large portion of them are wrongfully held 
 in bondage, there being a Spanish law to the effect th.tt every 
 negro brouirht into Cuba after a specified date should I>e 
 ipso facto fr&e. The African nations that fiu-uish Cuba with 
 
CUB 
 
 CUB 
 
 slaves are the JIandingoes, who occupy the greater part of 
 Sene;^ainViia. and are the most intellijrent, being more or 
 less imbued with Arabic civilization; the Gangoes, iiihabit- 
 auts of the coast from Cape Palmas S. of the Cordillera of 
 Kong; the Minaa. who come from the Gold Coast: the Lucu- 
 mies, tVom the Slave Coast; the last furnish the greatest 
 numTjer of Cuban slaves, and are distinguished by brands 
 on thi'ir cheeks ; the Carabalies, from the Kingdom of Heiiin ; 
 the Congoes, from Congo, and the Macuaes. found in Mozam- 
 biiue. The Cubans divide the negroes of the island into 
 three classes, as follows : — bozal^s, (>)0-zd'lj8.) comprising 
 those lately arrived, and ignorant of the Spanish language; 
 ladinos, (ll-dee'noce,) those speaking the language; and cri- 
 ollos. (kre-Al'yoce.) those who are bf)rn in the island. 
 
 Educitirm. — Public instruction in Cuba has made com- 
 mendalile progress since the establishment of the Univer- 
 sities of Havana and Santiago de Cuba, and especially since 
 1842, when an important change was effected in the esta- 
 blishments for public education. The Koyal University 
 is permanently organized at Havana, with a rector and a 
 corps of 30 professors; and there is now in course of erec- 
 tion here, by the government, a large edifice for an insti- 
 tution called the Royal College of Havana. It is also pro- 
 posed to establish a similar institution at Puerto Principe. 
 There is at Havana, and likewise at Santiago de CuVia, a col- 
 lege subject to special regulations, in whiih theology is 
 taught, including the humanities and philosophy. The 
 schools for elementary instruction in Cuba are under 
 the inspection and control of boards specially appointed 
 by the governmeot. The number of persons employed 
 in giving primary instruction in the island is estimated 
 at 500, and the number of pupils at 9000. In the country 
 parts, the most profound ignorance reigns; the master 
 and the servant, the agricultural prople of all sorts, are 
 equally in ignorance of the first elements of education. 
 Neither religion nor morals are in a better condition. The 
 Eoniau Catholic is, nominally, the prevailing religion, 
 though Mr. Glanville Taylor declares that he never knew 
 an instance of men going to church at all in Cuba, and 
 that no reverence whatever was exhibited for churches, 
 padres, images, or saints. 
 
 Military Force. — According to an oflRcial statement made 
 since the commencement of 1854, the land forces of Cuba are 
 on the most brilliant footing, both with respect to military dis- 
 -ipliue and equipment. The army is composed of 16 regiments 
 ")f infantry of lOUO men each ; 2 companies of picked men. 125 
 in number: 2 regiments of lancers, of four squadrons each, 
 each comprising 602 men .and 500 horses ; besides which there 
 are 4 light squadrons, each consisting of 151 men and 125 
 hor.ses. There is also a regiment of foot, with 8 batteries of 
 artillery, a brigade of 5 batteries, and a company of sappers 
 xnd miners, together with a large reserve of chiefs and other 
 officials, making the total number of veteran troops in the 
 island .as follows: — Infantry, 17,500 men; cavalry, 1S08 men 
 and 1500 horses; artillery, 1500 men and 100 horses and 
 mules; sappers and miners, 130 men. Total, 20.938 men 
 and 1600 horses, not including the Civic Guard, which is 
 slso a part of the veteran troops. In addition to the above, 
 there are on the island 1 regiment of militia infantry, 1 of 
 disciplined militia cavalry of 781 horses; also 8 rural squad- 
 rons of 2 companies each, with 100 horses. The urban 
 companies of cavalry also number 740 mounted men. making 
 in all 3-500 mounted men, and a total land force of 24,438 
 troops. Some 4000 or 5000 troops have been landed on the 
 island from Spain since the^ publication of the document 
 referred to, but .are intended chiefly to fill vacancies. The 
 expense of the army was $5,985,963. The Cuban naval force 
 consists of 1 frigate of 44 guns, 7 brigantines. carrying 104 
 guns, 11 .steam-vessels, with 54 guns, 4 schooner.s, with 11 
 guns, 2 gun-boats, with 6 guns, and 2 transports ; in all, 25 
 vessels, carrying 219 guns, manned by 3000 men. There are 
 also 2 war-steamers now being constructed in Spain, destined 
 for Culia. Expense of the navy, .?1,965,444. 
 
 Gorirnmevt, die. — Cuba, with tlie Spanish islands depend- 
 ent on it, forms the captain-generalcy or military govern- 
 ment of lia Havana. The captain general, being also civil 
 governor, is assisted in his duties by a sub-governor, and a 
 colonial j unta of seven members. The division of the island 
 is fivefold — ecclesiastical, civil, military, fiscal, and marine. 
 Ecclesiastically, it is divided into two, the E. end presided 
 over by an archbishop, who has his seat at Santiago, and 
 the W. end by a bishop, resident at Havana. The civil di- 
 visions are also two, called provinces, but not conterminous 
 with the ecclesiastical division. Each province contains 
 several smaller subdivisions, and has its distinct governor, 
 that of the W. or La Havana being the captain-general, and 
 that of the E. end or Cuba being a separate governor, inde- 
 pendent of the firmer in civil and political matters. The 
 two principal civil tribunals are the auiUencias of La Havana 
 and of Puerto Principe, and of which the captain-general is 
 president ct officio. The military division is into three de- 
 partments — eastern, central, and western, over each of 
 which is a commandant-general. The fifth or marine divi- 
 sion is int.o five provinces — Havana. Trinidad, San Juan de 
 los Kemedios, Nuevitas, and Santiago de Cuba, having each 
 
 for its capital a town of same name, being the principal 
 towns of the island. 
 
 Ii'evfnue. — The revenue of Cuba for the five years end 
 ing with 1837 averaged §8,948,581, 61 per cent, of which 
 was dei-ived from the customs, and the rest was made up 
 fii)ni various internal revenues. In 1844 the revenue wau 
 §10,490.252; and for the three years ending 1849, it was aa 
 follows ; — 
 
 
 1847. 
 
 1!«8. 
 
 1849. 
 
 «o.8to,lfin 
 
 5,844, 7H3 
 584,477 
 
 
 $a,0(X>,5a«i 
 
 6,lT4,53a 
 
 709,325 
 
 $(!,0SS,715 
 
 6,.tSO,5<IO 
 
 816,-26 
 
 Impoit duties and tonnage.. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $l-.i,»S0,446 
 
 $13,i:i6.44L 
 
 S12,'.!«U,4'J0 
 
 In 1851 the revenue is stated by Spanish authorities at 
 ,S13.,821,450, and the expenditures at .§11.969.750. The taxes 
 of the i.>^land are said to haie included both these sums, 
 making the real revenue $25,791,206, the S13,S21.45t) being 
 the .amount sent to Spain. — (•• De Bow's Heview.'") 
 
 The internal tax is made up princijially from the Diezmos, 
 a tithe collected on certain agiicviltural products; (he Alca- 
 vala. a duty of per cent, upon the .sides of all lauds, houses, 
 negroes, or other property requiring a notary ; and thci 
 lotteries, of which there are 10, yielding, in 1848, $IJOO.OOO. 
 The circulating medium of Cuba, like that of Spain, consists 
 of the precious metals, there being not a single bank on the 
 island. 'It is said, however, that a large amount of papet 
 currency finds its way into the market. 
 
 Piqmlollon. — Half a century after the discovery of Cuba 
 the indigenous population, said by the fir.st naiigators t( 
 have been numerous, had entirely disappeared, having been 
 exterminated liy the Spaniards. At different periods the 
 population of the island has been as follows : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 ■White. 
 
 Free Colored. 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 Total. 
 
 15.S)... 
 
 
 
 
 IH.OCO 
 
 I6S0... 
 
 
 
 
 40.000 < 
 
 1775... 
 
 94,419 
 
 30,615 
 
 44,3:«5 
 
 169.370 
 
 1817... 
 
 
 
 199.145 
 
 6."0,980 ' 
 
 1827... 
 
 811,051 
 
 106,494 
 
 286.942 
 
 704,487 
 
 1&41... 
 
 418,291 
 
 152.838 
 
 4:jB,495 
 
 1,(11)7,624 
 
 ISoO... 
 
 605,560 
 
 206,570 
 
 4.'«>,100 ^ 
 
 1,247,2:10 
 
 The annexed table, from De Bow's Heview, Is on the 
 authority of Don Jose M. de la Torre, member of the Ileal 
 Sociedad Economica, of Havana. 
 
 Fixed PopuloM/m of Cuha in 1853. 
 
 Western Department. 
 
 Pinar del Rio 
 
 St. Cristobal 
 
 Bahia Honda 
 
 Muriel 
 
 San Autouio 
 
 Hh.'ana 
 
 Santiago 
 
 Kejucal 
 
 Guanabacoa 
 
 Roiiario 
 
 Guines 
 
 Jaruco 
 
 Malanzas 
 
 Cardenas 
 
 Sagua 
 
 Cienfuegos 
 
 Santa Clara 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 Remedios 
 
 Sto. Espiritu 
 
 Total. 
 
 Eastern Department. 
 
 Puert<» Principe 
 
 Nuevitas 
 
 Tunas 
 
 Manzauitlo 
 
 Holguin 
 
 Huyamo 
 
 Jiguani 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Guautanamo 
 
 baracoa 
 
 855 
 
 387 
 
 MS 
 
 954 
 
 1,107 
 
 1.9.15 
 
 1,017 
 
 657 
 
 1.845 
 
 21,843 
 11. .578 
 
 4,124 
 15,921 
 12,284 
 87.916 
 
 7,194 
 10.817 
 10,721 
 11,764 
 18,214 
 10,218 
 31.721 
 27.521 
 14,534 
 17.811 
 25,592 
 15,208 
 15,149 
 24,321 
 
 18,252 397,451 
 
 4,545 
 1,710 
 2,061 
 1,044 
 1,908 
 990 
 531 
 2,403 
 
 26,893 
 
 2,721 
 3,818 
 7,321 
 19.427 
 10,721 
 6,721 
 21,524 
 1,574 
 3,817 
 
 Total 17,505 104,537 78,205 61,708 244,450 
 
 Total of Island... 35,757 510,988 176,647 330,425 1,009,060 
 
 621 
 2,849 
 1,721 
 32,594 
 1,597 
 1,74<! 
 3,273 
 2,841 
 2,44-. 
 1.875 
 5.94.'^ 
 3,824 
 1,17:! 
 4,121 
 8.528 
 7,:12) 
 3,821 
 6,394 
 
 10,318 
 397 
 
 1,821 
 11,143 
 
 8,271 
 11,217 
 
 4,318 
 29,718 
 
 2,281 
 
 3,721 
 
 9,998 
 6.548 
 5,494 
 19,422 
 10.188 
 26.8.50 
 4.9ftt 
 7.9:t8 
 4,322 
 5.428 
 16,918 
 8.136 
 411,728 
 55.016 
 
 9,318 
 4.012 
 6,816 
 
 917 
 3,827 
 2,724 
 684 
 34.000 
 5,92s 
 1.842 
 
 35,065 
 i0.049 
 10,239 
 S8,l!)2 
 
 24.1'.):) 
 147,:)(!0 
 13,75 
 20.510 
 18,316 
 20,033 
 3T„574 
 20,-.'.H 
 81,:)97 
 
 86.:k;i 
 
 33/253 
 39.421 
 31,8.">0 
 22,9H2 
 37,532 
 
 764,610 
 
 46,532 
 
 4.8(» 
 6.:wi 
 )9.3»l 
 26, .in 
 24.602 
 11.723 
 85.242 
 
 Pop. of 
 Chief 
 Tonus. 
 
 1,500 
 270 
 570 
 
 1,296 
 
 2.890 
 125,905 
 2,274 
 2,2M 
 8,100 
 
 4,708 
 6.604 
 14,119 
 
 2,004 
 3.050 
 8,7.14 
 
 The population to the square mile in the Western Departr 
 ment is 42. in the Eastern 14, and in the Island 28. 
 
 In the area and population of Havana is included the Isle 
 of Pines; in the population of the city of Havana is not in- 
 cluded the suburbs of Hegla and Casa Blanca, whose aggregate 
 population amounts to 8310. The area and population of all 
 thf islands and keys adjacent to Cuba are included in the 
 above table. The white population of Cuba mav be clasjnfied 
 as follows : Natives of Spain, 90,000; Canary Islands, 25,000; 
 France, 3000; England, 1000; North America .ind other 
 
 525 
 
CUB 
 
 CUE 
 
 eonntries. 3000; learing more than 400,000 natives of the 
 Island. Ethnographically considered, the inhabitants ai-e 
 Caucasian, African, American, and Jlongolian. Of the 
 latter race, none were seen in the island prior to 1847, 
 except an occasional sailor from China. Since then, the 
 introduction of Asiatic colonies has commenced, and about 
 6000 persons from China hare arrived in the island. They 
 are introduced by contract, generally, as field-laborers for a 
 t«rm of years. Some 20 or 30 of them have returned to 
 China. 
 
 lliftfiry. — Cuba was discovered by Columbus on the 2Sth 
 of October, 1492. He first named the island Juaua; it was 
 afterwards called Fernandina, and next Santitigo; but its 
 Indian name has survived all these. The island was divided 
 Into nine independent prindpalities, under as many different 
 caciques, among whom the most perfect tranquility pre- 
 vailed. The aborigines were an exceedingly mild and indo- 
 lent race. and. beyond all other Indian nations, they were 
 the most ea-sily converted to Christianity. Columbus re- 
 visited the island in April. 1494, and again in 1502. In 1508 
 Cuba was circumnavigated by Sebastian Ocampo. In loll, 
 the Spaniards formed the first settlement on the island, 
 and have retained possession of it ever since. In 1762. 
 Havana was taken possession of by the British, but was 
 restored to the Spaniards in the following year. From this 
 period, the history of Cuba presents nothing more interest- 
 ing than a catalogue of captains-general and bishops — except 
 that, in 1789 and 1791, pel-mission was given to foreigners to 
 Iwing slaves into the island — down to the years 1S09-1811, 
 when the ports were opened to the ships and trade of foreign 
 X)untrie8; during whi.-h period 54 or 56 captains-general 
 liave in turn ruled the island. The next events of import- 
 ance in its historj- are the attempts, made in May. 1850. and 
 again in August, ISol, by a band of United States adven- 
 turers, under the command of a Spaniard, named Xarcisso 
 Lopez, to revolutionise the island Both expeditions signally 
 foiled. The whole 450 men who landed were either slain in 
 fight or taken prisoners: of the latter. 50 were shot; and 
 
 shortly after Lopez himself was garotted. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 CuBAX. ku'ban. 
 
 CUI5A, koo'bi. a town and parish of Portugal, province of 
 Algarve, 14 miles X.X.K. of Beja. Pop. 2410. 
 
 CU'BA, a post-village and township of Alleghany co., New 
 York, on Oily Creek, wliere it is crossed by the New York 
 and Krle Kailroad, and on the canal connecting the Alle- 
 ghany River with the Erie Canal, 110 miles W. by S. of El- 
 uiint. The village is a place of active trade ; it contains a 
 liank. and about 1000 inhabitants. Pop. of township, 2187. 
 
 CUB.\. a post-office of Kutherford co., Xorth Carolina. 
 
 CUBA, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee. 
 
 CUBA, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, about 80 miles 
 MV. of Columbus. 
 
 CUIi.i, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 CUB.V, a post-office of Owen CO., Indiana. 
 
 CUBA, a post-office of Fulton co.. Illinois. 
 
 CUBA, a township in I^ke co.. Illinois. Pop. 872. 
 
 CUB.VGUA, koo-Kl'gwi a small island of South America, 
 In Venezuela, department, and 30 miles X. of Canicas. in the 
 Caribbean Sea, between 5Iargarita and the mainland. 
 
 CUBA. See Santiago de Ccb.i. 
 
 ClTBAHAT'CnEE. a creek of Alabama, enters the Talla- 
 poosa Kiver from the S.E., near the W. part of Macon county. 
 
 CUBAIIATCIIKE or CUBEUATCUKE, a post-office of 
 Macon co.. Alabama. 
 
 CUB.\X. a river of Caucasus. See Koobav. 
 
 CUBA. SAXTIAGO DE. See Santiago de Cvmk. 
 
 CUBB CRE1-;K, a post-office of Perry co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CUB'BEULY. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 CUB'BINGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 CUBCABEA or CUBKABIA, a town of Darfur. See Coob- 
 
 OABIA. 
 
 CUB CREEK, a post-offlce of Charlotte co., Virginia. 
 
 CU'BERT. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 CUB HILL, a post-office office of Baltimore co., Mar34aiid. 
 
 CUB'LEY, a parish ot England, co. of Derbv. 
 
 CUB'LIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CUBLIZE, kilb'Ieez', a village of France, department of 
 RhOne. on the Rhone, 27 miles X.W. of Lyons. Pop. 2.504. 
 
 CUBZ.^C. kUb'z3k'. a village of France, department of 
 Gironde. 11 miles X.X.E.of Bordeaux, on the Dordogne, with 
 a small port, and fine suspension bridge. Pop. lOOO. 
 
 CUCIC'FIELD, a parish and market-town of England, co. 
 of Sussex, pleasantly situated on an eminence, 34 miles S. by 
 E. of London, and within 1 mile of the railway from Loudon 
 to Bri-'hton. Pop. 3444. 
 
 CUCKOOVILLE. kCOkTcoo-vil. a post-offica of Louisa co.. 
 Vlrgini;i, 46 miles X.W. of Kichmond. 
 
 CUCUISAS, LAS, lis koo-kwee'sds. a town of Venezuela, 
 i28 miles S.W. of Cara<ai!. It lies in the beautiful valley of 
 Aragua, ;ind properly speaking, it is composed of three 
 towns, near each other. Pop. 5000. 
 
 CUCCRKOX, kU'kUR'RiNo'. (ancCVicuro f ) a town of FranM, 
 department of Vaucluse, 7 miles S.S.E. of Apt. Pop. 1568. 
 
 CUCUTA. koo-koo'ta. a valley of Xew Granada, province 
 of Pamplona, on the Venezuelan frontier; lat 7° 30' X., 
 628 
 
 Ion. 72° 10* W. It was discovered by Juan de San Martin 
 in 1.534. 
 
 CUD'DALORE', a maritime town of Hindostan. in the Car- 
 natic, and one of the largest and most populous in the S. of 
 India, 17 miles S. by W. of Pondicherry, on the right bank 
 of the Trivadi. at its embouchure in the Bay of Bengal; 
 lat. 11° 43' 30" X., Ion. 79= 45' 46" E. It has a court-house, 
 a custom-house, and some trade, particularly in exporting 
 to Madras the cottons produced in this pjjrt of the penin- 
 sula. It is one of the principal stations for soldieis wbo 
 have been invalided. This place has been the scene of many 
 contests, and has frequently changed masters. It was cap- 
 tured from the French by the British army under Colonel 
 CiX)te. in 1760. and continued under the dominion of the 
 Xabob of Arcot until 1782. when it was taken by the Rajah 
 of Mysore, with the assistance of some French troops. In 
 1795. Cuddalore. with the remainder of the province, was 
 consigned by treaty to the East India Company, who have 
 ever since retained it. 
 
 CUIVDAP.MI. (anc. Cripaf) an extensive district of Bri- 
 tish India, presidencv of M.adras. 
 
 CUDD.A.P.ill, the capit.al of the .above district, on the Cud- 
 dapah River. 138 miles X.W. of Madras. It was formerly 
 the capital of an independent state, and has a mud fort con- 
 taining the rajah"s residence, the court house, and prison. 
 The diamond mines are 7 miles X.E. of the town, on the 
 Pennar. 
 
 CUD'DEBACKVILLE, a post-office of Orange co., Xew 
 York. 
 
 CUD'DESDEX, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CUD'DIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 CUDDIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 1 mile 
 X'.X.E. of Ewell. Henry VIIT. built in this parish his mag- 
 nificent palace of Xonsuch, which was destroyed in the wars 
 of the 17th century. 
 
 CUD'DYHUXK. a post-office. Yallabusha co.. Mississippi. 
 
 CUD'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 CUDILLERO. koo-deely.Vro. or OLEIRO, o-lA'e-ro, a town 
 and seaport of Spain, in ,\sturia.s, 22 miles X.AV. of Oviedo, 
 on the Bay of Biscay. A few small vessels frequent the 
 port. Pop. 2210. 
 
 CUDREFIX, kUMrfh-fSxo', a town of Switzerland, canton 
 of Vaud. with a small port on the E. bank of the Lake of 
 Xeufchatcl, 5 miles X.W. of .\venches. 
 
 CUD'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CUDWORTH, a township of England, co., of York. We?* 
 Riding. 
 
 CUELL.4.R, kwJl-yaR', a town of Spain. 30 miles X.X.W. 
 of Segovia. Pop. 2851. It h.ts a fine castle, formerly be- 
 longing to the .Albuquerque family. Its environs are very 
 fertile, and famous for poultry. 
 
 CUEXC.\. kwjn'kd. a city of Spain. In New Castile, capi- 
 tal of a province of its own name, near the continence 
 of the Huescar and .Tucar. 84 miles S.E, of Madrid. Pop. 
 iX)37. It is enclosed by high walls, and has 7 gates, a richly 
 .adorned cathedral, a handsome episcopal pal.ace. 14 parisii 
 churches. 13 convents, several colleges and hospitals, a dio- 
 cesan school, and 8 bridges across the rivers. In its vicinity 
 are agreeable promenades. It has manufactures of wo<illen 
 stuffs and paper. It gives its name to the Sierra Cuenca, 
 a part of the Iberian Slountain.s, which traverse the pro- 
 vince. Cuenca was at one time celebrated for its literature, 
 its arts, and manufactories. 
 
 CUEXC.V, a province of Spain, in Xew Castile, between 
 lat. 39° 20' and 40° 47' X.. ion. 1° 5' and 3° W. It is bounded 
 on the X. by the province of GuadaLajara. Area. 7,990 
 square miles. Pop. 252.723. 
 
 CUEXC.\, kwen'ki, or RAMBAE, a city of South America, 
 in Ecuador, department of .\ssuay. capital of a province of 
 its own name, in a wide plain, S640 feet above the sea, 8ii 
 miles S.S.W. of Quito. Though not well built, it is regu- 
 larly laid out. and it ha-s a cathedral, various other ecclesi- 
 astical edifices, a university, and trade in cheese, confec- 
 tionery, hats. liark, and rural produce. In its vicinity ar« 
 various Peruvian antiquities. It is the see of a bishop, 
 erected in 1780. There are here extensive sugar refineries. 
 .\ little to the S. is the mountain of Tarqui. whi.h Oon- 
 d;unine and other French astronomers selected for their 
 meridian in 1742. .^fter Quito, Cuenca is the most popu- 
 lous citv in Ecuador, Pop. about 20.000. 
 
 CUERX.WAC.t. kwjR-nd-vd'kl a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, stat«, and 40 miles S. of Mexico, on a monntaio 
 spur jutting into a valley. It consi.sts of numerous steep 
 and narrow streets, with ranges of one-storied houses, fronted 
 with balconies and porches. and h.as quite "a Xeapolitan ap- 
 pearance." Its suliurbs, inhabitated by Indians, are also 
 very picturesque. In its vicinity is an old isolated mount 
 with Indian ruins. 
 
 CUERO. kw.Vro, a post-TilIa<re and former capital of D« 
 Witt CO., Texas, on the Guadalupe River, 90 miles S. by E 
 of .\ustin. 
 
 CUERS, kwaiR, (anc. Gisltritm df O^rlcis.f) a town of 
 Fran'-e. department of Var. 11 miles X.E. of Toulon. 
 
 CUEV.A. Di; VERA. kwA'vi Ah vA'ri a town of Sjiain. 42 
 miles X.E. of Almeria, at the mouth of the Vlmar.zor, in 
 
CUE 
 
 CUL 
 
 the Mediterranean. Pop., Including its suburbs, 10,140. 
 Many of its inhal^itants are employed in fishing, in the ma- 
 nufacture of saltpetre, and in potteries. It has risen into 
 Importance from the silver mines recently discovered in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 CUEVAS DE S.4N MARCOS, kwi'vis di sdn mfc/kos, or 
 ALTAS, dl'tis, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 38 miles N. 
 of JIal.iga. on a declivity, i'op. 3711. 
 
 CUEVAS DE VI.NRuSlA.kwA'v^sdAveen-ro'ma.atownof 
 Epain, 23 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2tJ00. 
 
 CUFFEIGIITiax, k&f-fa/trin, a parish of Ireland, in Ul- 
 gter. CO. of Antrim. 
 
 CUGGKJXO-JIAGGIORE. kood-jo/no-mad-jo'rA, a town of 
 Lombardy, 18 miles W. of Milan. Pop. 3629. 
 
 CUGLIKRI, k(K)l-yA'ree. a town of Sardinia, division of 
 Bassari, 9 miles S.K. of Bosa. Pop. 4052. 
 
 CUIARA. a town of Brazil, See Cutaba. 
 
 CUISERY, kwee'zeh-ree'. a town of France, department 
 of Saone-et-Loire, on the Seille, 11 miles S.W. of Louhans. 
 
 CUISSEAUX, kweeVo', a village of France, department 
 of SaOue-et-Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Louhans. It has a fine 
 church of the fourteenth century. 
 
 CULAUO. See Gre.voule. 
 
 CUL'BEUTSON'S, a snuiU post-village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 OUL'BORXE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the 
 Bristol Channel, SJ miles W. of Minehead. The village and 
 church are so buried among the lofty and almost perpen- 
 dicular hills, with an elevation of 1300 feet, that fur 3 months 
 In winter the sun is never .seen. 
 
 CUL/BUEAXa. a po.st-village of Columbia co., Georgia, 
 about 20 milts S.W. of .\ugustJi. 
 
 CUL/ClllCTII, a township of EngLind, co. of Lanea.ster. 
 
 CUL'DAFF, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 CULEBRA, koo-li/bri, a river of Central America, in the 
 itate of Costa Rica, enters the Caribbean Sea near the Lake 
 of Chiriqui. 
 
 CULEBRA, koo-lAliri or PASSAGE ISLAND, a small 
 island of West Indies, belonging to the A'irgin group, off the 
 E. coast of Porto Rico; lat. 18° 17' N.,.lon. 65° 17' W. It 
 is about 7 miles long, and 3 miles broad. Pop. 300. 
 
 CULEBRA, an island in the Pacific Ooean, belonging to 
 the Philippines ; lat. 11° IS' N., Ion. 123° 3' E. 
 
 CULEBRA, koo-l,Vbri, a .seaport of Central America, in 
 the state of Costa Rica, in lat. 10° 35' N., Ion. 85° 38' W. It 
 is one of the finest ports on this part of the coast and af- 
 fords safe anchorage for ships of any burden. 
 
 CUI/FORD, a parish of England, "co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CUL'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 CULIIUACAN, koo!-wd-kan'. See Palexque. 
 
 CULI.iCAX, koo-le-i-kJn', a town of Mexico, 90 miles S.E. 
 of Cinaloa, in a fertile tract, on the river Culiacan. Pop. 
 7000. It is a depot for goods passing between Guayuias and 
 Mazatlan. 
 
 CULLA, kool'yd, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 26 miles N. 
 by W. of Castellon de la Plansi, near the Seco, on a hill 
 crowned by a Moorish castle. Pop. 1405. 
 
 CULLARDE-BAZA, kool-yaR'd.A-ba/tha, a town of Spain, 
 in Andalusia, 68 miles E.N.E. of Granada. Pop. 5509. 
 
 CUL^L.ATOOR' and CULLOOR/, two towns of India, the 
 former in British India, the latter in Nizam's dominions, 
 200 miles E.N.E. of Hyderabad. 
 
 CUI/LEN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, sea- 
 port-town and parish of Scotland, co. and 12 miles W.X.W. 
 of Banff, on the CuUen, here crossed by a bridge at its 
 mouth in Cullen Bay. (N. Sea.) Pop. of parliamentary bo- 
 rough in 1851, 1853. The borough unites with Elgin, Banff, 
 Kintore, Peterhead, Macduff, and Inverury in sending 1 
 member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of 
 baron to Lord Seafield, chief proprietor, whose mansion, rich 
 In valuable paintings, is adjacent. 
 
 CUL'LEX, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, 6 
 miles X.W. of Mill Street. Here are the remains of several 
 baronial castles. 
 
 CULLEX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kinsale. 
 
 CULLEX, a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 CULLEX'S WOOD, Ireland, in Leinster, is a suburb of 
 Dublin, on its S.E. side. 
 
 CULLERA, kool-yi'rj, (anc. Sufcrof) a maritime town of 
 Spain, province and 24 miles S.S.E. of Valencia, on the Medi- 
 terranean, at the mouth of the Jiicar. Pop. 7114. It exports 
 rgain, wine, fruits, vegetibles. paper, and salt fish to an aver- 
 age annual value of 101,482i. Cullera has always, from its 
 natural position, been esteemed a place of great military im- 
 portance: the walls, towers, and fortifications have been 
 repeatedly dismantled, and as often repaired or rebuilt. 
 
 CUl/LERCOATS. a township and watering-place of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Northumberland, IJ miles N.X.W. of Tyne- 
 mouth. 
 
 CULLOrOEX or DRUMMOS'SIE-MOOR, a wide, moory 
 ridge of Scotl.and. co. of Inverness, in the parish of Croy, and 
 memorable for the total defeat of Prince Charles's army, on 
 the 16th of April, 174(1, by the royal troops under the Duke 
 of Cumberland. On the moor, 4 miles E.X.E. of Inverness, 
 stands CuUoden house, the old seat of the Forbes family, in 
 
 which Prince Charles lodged on the night previous to the 
 battle. 
 
 CULLO'DEX, a post-village of Monroe co., Georgia, tii 
 miles W. of Macon, and (i5 miles E.X.E. of Columbus. The 
 situation is pleasant and healthy. The village contains I 
 church, a seminary and other schools of high character, and 
 several stores. 
 
 CULLO'MA or COLOMA, a post-town of El Dorado co., 
 California, is situated on the left bank of the South Fork 
 of American River, and on the road from Siicramonto 
 City to Nevada, 107 miles in a straight line N.E. of San 
 Francisco. In the vicinity of this town is Sutter's Mill, 
 where the first discovery of gold in California was made. 
 It contiiined in 1864, 4 general stores, several saw-mills, 
 and 2 churches. Pop. in 1860, 758; total population of 
 Coloma township, 1646. 
 
 CULIX)MPTON, a town of England, See Coixumptox. 
 
 CULLY, kUl'lee', a town of Switzerland, canton of Vivud, 
 on the Lake of Geneva, 5 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. It haa 
 some Roman antiquities, 
 
 CUI/LY, a post-township of Sullivan co., Penn.sylvani2i, 
 has 387 inhabitants. 
 
 CULM and CULMBACII. See Kulm and Kulmbach. 
 
 CUI^MERVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsyl 
 vania. 
 
 CULOIIXGTON, a pari.ih of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 CULM'STOCIv, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 CUl/XA. (anc. AT/iatoia,) a town of British India, presi- 
 dency and province of Bengal, in the district of Jessore, on 
 an arm of the Ganges, 78 miles E.X.E. of Calcutta. 
 
 CULNA, a town of British India, piesidency and province 
 of Bengal, in the district of Burdwan, on the Iloogly River, 
 43 miles X. of Calcutta. There is here a circular area com- 
 posed of two concentric circles, the outer one of whicb con- 
 tains 108 temples, and the inner 35. Here also is a flour- 
 ishing school and a mission station in connection with the 
 Fre« Church of Scotland. It is one of the principal ports 
 on the Iloogly for the Burdwan district, and carries on a 
 thriving trade. Near it is a magnificent residence of the 
 Burdwan rajah. Pop. 40.000. 
 
 CULXAI, kool-ni'a village of Peru, in the Ande.s, district 
 of Canta, about lat. 10° 10' S.', remarkable only for its great 
 elevation, lieing alx)ut 10.000 feet above sea-level. 
 
 CUL'l'ilE'. a town of British India, presidency and pro- 
 vince of Bengal, in the district of 24 I'ergunnahs, in a 
 jungly and unhealthy position, on the Iloogly Kiver, about 
 34 miles W.,s.W. of Calcutta. 
 
 CUL'PEPPER. a county in the N.E. central part of Vii^ 
 ginia. has an area of 673 square miles. The southern and 
 north-i'astern borders are respectively washed by the Rapi- 
 dan and by the Xorth Branch of the Rapp.ahanno<;k, which 
 unite at the eastern extremity of the county. The X. part 
 of the county is drained by Hazel River. The surface is 
 finely diversified with hill and dale; the .soil is of a deep 
 red eolor.and highly productive. The Rappahannock liiver 
 has been made navigable along the border of the county^ 
 small boats also navigate Hazel River. The count.v is in- 
 tersected by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. Organ- 
 ized in 1748, and named from Lord Culpepper, Governor of 
 Virginia in 1681. Cajiital, Fairfax. Pop. 12,063, of whom 
 5388 were free, and 6675 slaves. 
 
 CULPEPPER COURT HOUSE. Virginia. See Fairf.^x. 
 
 CULPHO. kUl'fo, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 CULROSS, kOl-ross', a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, seaport-town and parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, on 
 the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 10 miles AV.N.W. of IMin- 
 burgh. Pop. of parish, in lh51, 1487. It stands on a steep 
 acclivity, and is meanly built ; the chief edifices are a pa- 
 rish church, formerly collegiate and belonging to a monas- 
 tery, the remains of an ancient chapel, and those of Culross 
 Abliey, successively the seat of the Bruce and Dundonald 
 families. The borough unites with Queen sferry, Inver- 
 keithing, Dunfermline, and Stirling in sending 1 member 
 to the House of Commons. In the vicinity are the remains 
 of two Danish camps, and the house of Castle-hill, on the site 
 of an ancient stronghold of the Macduffs. called Dunne- 
 marle. and where the murder of the wife and two children 
 of JIacduff, by order of Macbeth, is reputed to have tak«n 
 place. 
 
 CULS.^^LMOXD, ktll-sawtoond, a parish of Scotland, eo. of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 CULTER. a parish of Scotland, co., and 11 miles S.E. of 
 Lanark. Culterfell Mountain, in this parish, has an eleva- 
 tion of 2430 feet. 
 
 CULTS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 3 miles S.W. of 
 Cupar. Its antiquities comprise a Roman camp, and in the 
 parish is the superb man.sion of the Earls of Lindsay and 
 Crawford. The celebrated painter Sir David Wilkie, was a 
 native of Cults. 
 
 CUL'VER. a post-offtoe of Calhoun co., Michigan. 
 
 CUL'WORTH, a pari.sh of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 CUMA, koo'mi, a fortress of Southern Italy, 11 miles W, 
 of Xaples. close to the Mediterrane;in, occupying the site of 
 the ancient Cu>mce. of which it has a few remains. 
 
 CUMANA, koo-md-nil/, a maiitime city of South Ameri«\ 
 
 627 
 
CUM 
 
 CUM 
 
 In Venezuela, capital of a department and province on the 
 Gulf of Cariaco. at the mouth of the Manzanares. Lat. of 
 Fort Boca del Rio 10° 27' 6" X.. Ion. &*=■ 11' \V. Pop. 05<H). 
 It has several suburbs, and a fort on an adjacent height, 
 but no remarkable edifices ; and, on account of fi-equent 
 earthquakes, all its houses are low-pitched. Its raidstead 
 is excelleut, aud capable of holding the combined navies of 
 Europe. Export trade in cattle, smoked meat, salt fish, co- 
 coa, aud other provisions pretty extensive. In the year 1S47, 
 10 vessels, a^rgregate buixlen 6S2 tons, entered, and 6. bur- 
 den 65S tons, cleared from the port. Cumana is the oldest 
 European cit)' of the New Continent, having been founded 
 by Governor Diego Castellon in 1523. It has suffered se- 
 verely by two earthquakes ; by that of 21st October, 1706, 
 It was entirely destrojed In the space of a few minutes. 
 On 14th Deceml>er, 1797, more than four-fifths of the city 
 were again completely demolished. Before the revolution 
 of 1823 its population was upwards of 30.000, now it is only 
 about 6500. 
 
 CL'MAXA, a department, Venezuela, bounded on the W. 
 by the dejjartment of Caracas, S. bythe river Orinoco, and on 
 the other side by the Caribbean Sea. h.is an area of 370,0i)0 
 squai-e miles, and comprises, besides the cities of Cumana 
 (the capital) and Barcelona, the towns of Cariaco, Carupano, 
 Aragua. and El Pao. 
 
 CUMANACOA, koo-mi-nd-ko'fL a town of South America, 
 in Venezuela, department, and 40 miles S.E. of Cumana. 
 Pop. 2'^iXi. It has a cool and healthy climate. 
 
 CCMAXIA or KU.MAXIA, koo-niA'ne-a, (Ger. Kumanim, 
 koomd'ne-?n; Hun. Kunsdg, koon^shdg'.') Great CcMAxn, 
 (Hun. A'/.f/v Kunsdg. nOdj or nddy koon'shdg'.) is an inde- 
 pendent district of Hungary, in the province - lievond the 
 Ihei-^s.' between 47° and 47° 40' X. lat.. and 20° 30' and 
 21° 10' E. Ion. The area is about 424 s^^uare miles. The 
 whole surface is a low plain, and rendered so swampy by 
 the inundations of the rivers, that nearly one-half of Cu- 
 mania is a mere bog. There are here no large land propri- 
 etors or feudal lords, as in most parts of Hungary ; the peo- 
 ple have an independent jurisdiction of their own. and send 
 representatives to the Hungarien diet. The Cumaniaus are 
 a robust, .ithletic race, and very fond of rural pursuits, and 
 are altogether a rich, happy, and independent people. The 
 population amounts to about 55,000, of whom 37,000 are 
 Protestants. Great Cumania contains one market town, 
 Kardza.'-uj-SzallSs. Lat. 47° 20' X.. Ion. AP 55' E. 
 
 Little Cumvxia, (Hun. Kis Kiimdg, kish koon'sh|g',) 
 a district of Hungary, in the province " this side theTheiss," 
 It consists of several detached portions of land, with an 
 aggregate area of about 1000 square miles, so that it is more 
 than twice as large as Great Cumania.* Pop. about 64.1XX). 
 (P. C.) The general features of the country, as well as the 
 character and condition of the inhabitants, correspond with 
 that given under the head of Great Cumania. Their largest 
 
 town is Felegyhaza. Lat. about 40° 43' X.. Ion. 10° 54' E. 
 
 Adj. and inhab., relating to both districts, CuM-inias, ku- 
 ma'ne-an. 
 
 CUMBAL, koom-bil'. a mountain peak of the Andes in 
 Xew Granada, a little X. of the equator. IIeight,15.620 feet. 
 
 CU.M'BEilLAXD. the most X.W county of England, hav- 
 ing X. Sohvay Frith and the Esk and Liddle Kivers sepa- 
 rating it from Scotland, and W. the Irish Sea. Area, 1565 
 squai-e miles, (l,001,tOO) acres, two-thirds of which are 
 enclosed and cultivated. Pop. in 1851, 195,402. Surface 
 mountainous, and highly picturesque. Skiddaw rises to 
 3020 feet ikbove the sea. 'fhe principal rivers are the Eden, 
 Esk. and Derwent. In this county are the beautiful lakes 
 of Derwent-water, Bassenthwaite, Borrowdale. Buttermere, 
 and Ulles-water. on the twrders of Westmoreland. The county 
 is traversed by the Lancaster and the MTiitehaven and Car- 
 lisle Railw-ays. Xear Whitehaven and Xewington are ex- 
 ten.s;Te and profitable beds of coal, and in Borrowdale is a 
 lamous mine of plumbago or graphite. The pnncipal towns 
 are Carlisle, Whitehaven, Cockermouth, Penrith, Keswick, 
 and Egremont. It sends to the House of Commons two 
 members for each division of the county. Within the limits 
 of this county is a considerable extent of the great Roman 
 wall erected iu the time of Hadrian. 
 
 CUM'BEKLAXD, a county in the S.W. part of Maine, has 
 an area of about 990 square miles, the Androscoggin River 
 forms part of the N.E. boundary, and the Atlantic Ocean 
 ■washes it on the S.E. It contains several ponds, the princi- 
 pal of which is Sebago Pond, from which a canal has l>een 
 constructed, affording a communication with the Atlantic. 
 The! soil is fertile, and under good cultivation. This county 
 ha.s several bays, the chief of which. Casco Bay, affords fa- 
 cilitK»8 fjr navigation, and for fisheries, perhaps not to be 
 equalled ou the coast. The railroad connecting Boston with 
 Waterville, and the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroads 
 pass through this county, and that from Gorham la in- 
 cluded within It Capital, Portland. Pop 75,591. 
 
 • The origin of the distinctive epithets of LillU and Great, as 
 applied to those districts, is not known. The relative sixe of the 
 two territories may possibly have changed since the nauiei were 
 fint bestowed. 
 6:S 
 
 CTMBERLAXD, a county in the S.S.W. part of New Jer- 
 sey, has an area of about 4S0 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.W. by Delaware Bay. and on the E. by Tuckahoe 
 Creek ; and is intersected by Maurice River and Cohansey 
 Creek. The surfiice is generally level, with some low bridges 
 Iietween the streams. Marl is found iu the W. part of the 
 county, and iron ore in Greenwich township. Organized in 
 174S, and formed from part of Salem county. Capital, Bridge- 
 ton. Pop. 22,605. 
 
 CUMBERLAXD, a county in the S.S.E. p.irt of Pennsyl- 
 vania, has an area of 545 square miles. The Susfiuehauna 
 River forms the boundary ou the K. : Conedogwiuit Creek 
 flows through it towards the E_ aud Yellow Breeches Creek 
 forms part of the S.E. boundary. The greater part of the 
 county lies within the Kittatinny or Cumberland Valley, 
 enclosed between the Blue Mountain range on the X., and 
 the South Mountain on the S.E. The soil is calcareous, ex- 
 ceedirfgly fertile, and iu a high state of cultivatiou. Lime- 
 stone of fine qualitj- is abundant in the Cumlierland A' alley, 
 and iron ore is also found. The county is copiously sup- 
 plied with good springs, and with permanent water-power. 
 It is intersected by the Cumberland Valley Railroad, and 
 by turnpike roads extending to Baltimore and Ilarrisburg. 
 Organized in 1750, and named from Cumberland county, 
 England. Capital. Carlisle. Pop. 40,098. 
 
 CUMBERLAXD. a county towanls the S.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 310 square miles. The Appomattox 
 bounds it on the S.E., the James River washes its X. border, 
 and Willis River flows through it. the surface is undu 
 lating ; the soil was originally fertile, but in some parts ha.5 
 i>eeu worn out. Formed from part of Goochland in 1748. 
 Capital, Cumberland Court-Honse. Pop. 9961, of whom 3250 
 were free, and 6705 slaves. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a county in the S. central part of North 
 Carolina. Area estimated at y5<-> square miles. It is intei 
 sected by Cape Fear River, which, in its passage through 
 the county, is joined by Little River and Rockfish Creek. 
 The surface is diversified. The line'which separates the 
 tertiary formation of the low country from the granite and 
 hilly region of Xorfc Carolina passes nearly tlu-ough the 
 middle of the county. The soil is generally fertile. The 
 county contains large forests of pitcli-pine, li-oiu which Umu- 
 ber and turpentine are procured, and exported by means 
 of steamboats which navigate Cape Fear River. Its pros- 
 perity has been increased by several plank-roads recently 
 laid, "the aggreg-ate length of which is above 300 miles. 
 Water-power is abundant on Cape Fear River, and is em- 
 ploved in a number of cotton-mills. Organized in 1754. 
 Capital, Fayetteville. Pop. 16,369, of whom 10,539 were 
 free, ami 5830 slaves. 
 
 CUMBERLAXD, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, 
 bordering on Tennessee, has an arpa estimated at 375 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Cumberland River, (from which 
 the name is derived,) lUviding it into nearly equal parts. 
 The river is bordered by'liills of considerable height. The soil 
 is moderately fertile. The river is navigable by small boata 
 through the county. There is a remarkable '-oil spring"' on 
 the bank of the river, in this county. Capital, Burksville. 
 Pop. 7340, of whom 5927 were free, and 1413 slaves. 
 
 CUMBERLAXD, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 310 square miles. It is intereected by the 
 Einb;u-iii3 River, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface 
 is diversified with prairies and tracts of timlH.'r: the soil 
 is good. The Central Railroad (Chicago Branch) passes 
 through one corner of the county, Capihil, Greenup. Pop. 
 8311. 
 
 CUMBERL-WD, a post-village and township of Cumber- 
 land CO.. Maine, on Casco Bay, and on the Kennebec and 
 Portland Railroad.55 miles S.W. by S. of Augusta, Pop. 1713. 
 
 CUMBERLAXD, a township of Providence CO., Rhode 
 Island, on the Blackstone River, and on the I*rovjdeuce 
 and Worcester Railroad, 10 miles )♦. of Providence. It has 
 4 banks, and manufactures of iron ciistings, machinery, car- 
 riages, boots and shoes, bonnets, paper-hangings, sash and 
 blinds, calico prints, and threjid. Pop. 833iK 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a township of Adams cawPennsylvania. 
 Pop, 3715. ^ 
 
 CUMBERLAXD, a township of Greene eo,, Pennsylvanii. 
 Pop, 2180. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a flourishing town, capital of Alleghany 
 CO,, Maryland, on the left bank of the Potomac River, and 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 179 miles W. by X, of 
 Baltimore. It is the eastern terminusof the Xational Road, 
 and the western terminus of the Chesjjpeake and Ohio Ca- 
 nal, exteudiiv; to Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, 
 aud has an extensive trade. In respect to population it is 
 not surpassed by any city in the state, excepting Baltimore. 
 It contains, besides the county btiildiugs. chunlies of five 
 or six denominations. 3 new.^aper oftices. 3 banks, and 1 
 savings' institution. There are several flouring mills in 
 the vicinitv. Lanre quantities of stone coal are mined i 
 few miles W. of this town. Pop. in 1850, 6073 ; in 1860, 847S 
 
 CUMBERL.^XD. a post-office of Grundy co.. Tenne<isee 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a small village of Cumberland ca. Kan 
 tuckf. 
 
CUM 
 
 CUM 
 
 CnXIBERLAND, a village of Guernsey co., Ohio, about 80 
 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 CUMBERLAXD, a village of Licking co., Ohio, 18 miles 
 E. of Columbus. 
 
 CUMBEFIIjAND, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, on 
 the National Koad, and on the Central Railroad, 10 miles 
 E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a po.stxjfiice of Fayette co., Illinois, 75 
 milfs S.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a county in the N.W. part of Nova Scotia, 
 bordering an Northumberland Strait, and partly separated 
 from New Brunswick by Chignecto Bay. The coasts are 
 deeply indented, affonling many fine harbors. The surface 
 Is broken, a portion being occupied by Cobequid Mountain. 
 Cumberland county contains some of the richest coal-mines 
 that are to be found in all Nova Scotia, and from them the 
 North American Mining Company annually obtains large 
 quantities of excellent bituminous coal. The underlying 
 rock of this coal formation also furnishes immense quanti- 
 ties of beautiful and compact gray and buff-colored grind- 
 stones, which are exported to all of the United States. The 
 county also abounds with gypsum. Capital, Amherst. Pop. 
 in 1851, 11,339. 
 
 CUMBliRLAND, a peninsula of British North America, 
 having N.K.Davis's Strait, and S.W. Northumberland Inlat, 
 between the parallels of 04° 10' and 07° 30' of N. lat. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a county in E. Australia, lat. 34° S., 
 .on. 15° E., bounded E. by the oi^ean, and landward the coun- 
 ties of Northumberland, Hunter, Cook, and Camden In it 
 are the towns of Sydney, Paramatta, Richmond, AVind.sor, 
 llawkesbury, and Liverpool, with Ports Jackson, Ilackins, 
 and Botany Bay. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a county in Van Diemen's Land, in Clyde 
 district. 
 
 CUMBERLAND BASIN, celebrated for its flpVries.is the 
 N-E. portion of Chignecto Bay, which communicates on the 
 S.W. with the Bay of Fundy. Lat. 45° 40' N., Ion. 64° 30' W. 
 In 1850, there were 213 fishing boats at the various stations 
 in the Basin, manned by 520 men. Among the fish taken 
 were 4100 barrels of sh.ad. 
 
 CUMBERLAND BAY, a portion of Lake Champlain, ex- 
 tending into Clinton co.. New York, near PJattsburg. 
 
 CUMBERLAND BAY, on the N. side of the island of Juan 
 Fernandez, off the coast of Chili, in lat.3.3° 37' S.. Ion. 78° 53' W. 
 CUMBERLAND CENTRE, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, alxjut 55 miles N.W. of Augusta. 
 
 CUMBERLAND COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of 
 Cumberland co., Virginia, 55 miles W. of Richmond. It is 
 situated en a ridge, between the Appomattox and 'Willis 
 Rivers, about 5 miles from each. 
 
 CUMBERLAND FORD, a post-office of Knox co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 CUMBERLAND GAP, a post-office of Claiborne co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 CUMBERLAND HILL, a post-village of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island, on Blackstone River, 12 miles N. by W. of Pro- 
 vidence. 
 
 CU.MBERLAND HOUSE, a station of the Hudson Bay 
 Company, in British North AmericA. on the W. side of Pine 
 Island Lake, in lat. 54° N.. Ion. 102° 40' W. 
 
 CUMBERLAND INSTITUTE, a postoffice of White co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 CUMBERLAND IRON-WORKS, a post-village of Stewart 
 CO., Tennessee, on the Cumberland River, 55 miles W.N.W. 
 of Nashville. 
 
 CUMBERLAND ISLAND, on the N. coast of Georgia, off 
 Camden county, is about 20 miles long, and from 1 to 5 miles 
 wide. 
 
 CUMBERLAND ISLAND, in British North America, is 
 a peninsula between Davis Strait and Northumberland 
 Inlet. 
 
 CUMBERLAND ISLAND, In the Pacific, one of the Dan- 
 gerous .4rehipela20. 
 
 CU.MBERLAND MOUNTAINS, a range of the Appala- 
 chian system, forming a part of the boundary between Vir- 
 ginia and Kentucky, and between North Carolina and Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 CUMBERLAND RIVER, one of the largest affluents of the 
 Ohio, rises among the Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky, 
 near the S.B. boundary of the state, ilowing westward and 
 south-westward, it enters Tennessee between Jackson and 
 Overton counties; and after making an extensive circuit of 
 near 250 miles through Middle Tennessee, and passing the 
 city of Nashville, turns towards the N.W. and again enters 
 Kentucky about 10 miles E. of the Tennessee River. Its 
 gubsequent course is nearly parallel with the latter river 
 until it enters the Ohio at Smithland. The whole length is 
 estimated at above 600 miles. During high water, large 
 steamboats ascend to Nashville, about 200 miles from its 
 mouth, and small boats nearly 300 miles further. About 14 
 miles from Williamsburg, in Kentucky, the river has a ver- 
 tical fall of 60 feet. The area drained by this river is esti- 
 mated at 17.000 square miles. 
 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY. See LcBAJfON, Tennessee. 
 CUMBERLAND VALLEY, a postrtownship of Bedford eo., 
 
 m 
 
 Pennsylvania, about 100 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. Pop- 
 1336. 
 
 CUMOJERNAULD, a burgh and parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumbarton, on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, 14 
 miles N.E. of Glasgow. Pop.in 1851. 3778. The town, in a fine 
 valley, has a good church and subscription library. The prin- 
 cipal shops, workshops, and dwellings are lighted with gas. 
 In the N. part of the parish are some remains of Antoni- 
 nus's wall. 
 
 CUM'BERSDALE, a township of England, co. of Cumber 
 land. 
 
 CUM'BER, UPPER and LOWER, are two contiguous p«r 
 rishes of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Londonderry. 
 CUM'BERWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 CUMBERWORTH, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 CUMBERWORTH, HALF, a township of England, co. of 
 York. 
 
 CUMBO'LA, a mining village in Schuylkill co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, which extends 
 from Pottsville to Tamaqua. 
 
 CUMRRA, kfim-bra', or CIMBRAES, sim-braze', GREAT 
 and LITTLE, two islands of Scotland, eo. of Bute, in the 
 Frith of Clyde, 2 miles S.W. of Largs. Little Cumbray lies 
 southward, separated from the county of Ayr by a channel 
 3 miles across, and has a lighthouse, in lat. 55° 43' 16" N., 
 and Ion. 4° 58' W. Both islands contain remarkable trap 
 dykes intersecting the old red sandstone. 
 
 CUMBRE. La, 13 koom'bri, a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura, 20 miles E.S.E. of Caceres. in an extensive plain. Pop. 
 2081. 
 
 CUMBRE, L-S li koomOari, (i. e. "the summit,") a princi- 
 pal pass across the Andes, between Santiago, in Chili, and 
 Mendoza, in lat. 33° S., Ion. 70° 20' W. Elevation, 12,454 
 feet. From the end of May to the end of October, 
 generally, but not always, the Cumbre and grejit part of 
 the valleys leading to it on each side can be passed on foot 
 only. 
 
 CUMBRES-MAYORES, koom'brJs-mJ-yo'r?s, a modern 
 town of Spain, 55 miles N.N.E. of Huelv.a. Pop. 2056. 
 
 CUM'BRIA. an ancient British princip.ality. comprising, 
 with the greater part of Cumberland, the Scotch districts 
 of Strathclyde, Galloway, Kyle, Carrick, and Cunningham, 
 in the counties of Wigtown and Ayr. Early in the eleventh 
 century it was given to Malcolm, Prince of Scotland, to be' 
 held as a fief of the crown of England. Its name is pre- 
 .served. not only in that of Cumberland, but in the islands 
 
 of Cumbray. and in many places in Clydesdale. Adj. 
 
 Clmdrian, ktim'bre-an, 
 
 CU.M'BRIAN MOUNTAINS, a range of hills in England, 
 occnpying part of the counties of Cumberland, Westmore- 
 land, and North Lancashire. 
 
 CUM'BRIE, an African tribe, to be met with chiefly in the 
 kingdom of Yaooree, (Yaouri,) in Iloussa, and in the towns 
 and villages on the banks of the Niger, in the central parts 
 of Soodan, towards the S. They are a mild, harmless, and 
 industrious race. 
 
 CUMIANA, koo-me-3/nJ, a market-town of Piedmont, 7 ■ 
 miles N. of Pisnerolo, on the Cisola. Pop. 3453. 
 
 CUM'INEStOWN, a vilKige of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 
 parish of Monquhitter, founded in 1700 by Cumine of 
 Auchry. Pop. 477. 
 
 CUMINO. koo-mee'no, or COMING, ko-mee'no, a small 
 island of the Mediterranean, between Malta and Gozo, IJ 
 miles in length, by three-fourths of a mile across. Pop. 900. 
 West of it is the island of Cominotto. 
 
 CUMLV', koom'lee, or COOM'BLA. a maritime town and 
 fort of Briti.sh India, presidency of Madras, on a peninsula 
 surrounded by a salt lake, near the Malabar coast, 20 miles 
 S.E. of Mangalore. 
 
 CUM\MERTREES', a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, 
 on Solway Frith. Ilere is Kinmount House, the superb 
 seat of the Marquis of Queensberry. chief proprietor in the 
 parish, and the ancient castle of Uoddam, built early in the 
 iburtetmth century. 
 
 CUM'MING, a pleasant post-village, capital of Forsyth co., 
 Georgia, on Vickery's Creek, 109 miles N.W. of Milledgevllle. 
 It has a healthy situatipn, and is surrounded by beautiful 
 scenery. Sawney's Mountain, about 2^ miles from the vil- 
 lage, contiiins rich gold-mines. Gumming has 2 churches, 2 
 schools, and 2 hotels. 
 
 GUMMING, or DOUBLE WELLS, a post-village of War- 
 ren CO., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 57 miles W. of Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 CUM'MINGS, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvanijw 
 Pop. S41. 
 CUMMING'S MILL, a small village of Jackson co., Tei> 
 
 CUMOIINGSVILLE, a post-village of Itawamba co., Mis 
 sissippi. 
 
 CU.MMINGSVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 
 on the railroad from Cincinnati to Dayton, 5 miles N, of the 
 former. 
 
 CUM'MINGTON, a postrvillage and township of Hamp- 
 shire co., Massachusetts, 90 miles W. by N. of Boston, on the 
 
 529 
 
CUM 
 
 CUR 
 
 Westfield River. It has manufactures of scythe stones, 
 leather, castinss. wooUeu yarn, plaids. Ac. Pop. 1085. 
 
 CUMMINGTON, a small village of Macoupin co., Illinois, 
 30 miles in a d>ect line S.W, of Springfield. 
 
 CUMMI.NUTUN WEST VILLAGE, a post-village of Ilamp- 
 Bhire co., Massachusetts, on Westfield River, 110 miles W. of 
 Boston. 
 
 CUMOIIXS. a post'*fiice of Arkansas co., Arkansas. 
 
 CUM'MIX'S CKEEK. Texas, flows into Colorado River 
 from the N.. near Columbus. 
 
 CCM'MIXSVILLE, a post-office of Huntingdon CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 CDM.MIXSVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Hal ton, on the N.W. shore of Lake Ontario, i\ miles S.W. 
 of Toronto. It contains a cloth fiictory, a grist mill, and 
 saw mills. Pop. 250. 
 
 CUM'MUM. a to\vn of India, presidency of Madras, 75 
 miles X.E. of Cuddapah. 
 
 CUM'MUMAIT. a town of India, in Nizam's dominions, 
 110 miles E. of Hyderabad. 
 
 CUM'XOCK. NEW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, imme- 
 diatelv S. of (Jld Cumnock. 
 
 CUMNOCK. OLD, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Ayr, on Lugar Water, here crossed by 3 bridges. 12 miles E. 
 of A}'r. Pop. 2S36. It is lighted with gas. has an old church, 
 many good shops, some banks and public libraries, a manu- 
 fectory of snuff-boxes, of which between 25,000 and 35.000 
 are produced annually, a trade in cotton stuffs and earthen- 
 wares, and an active retail trade. It gives the title of baron 
 to the Criehton-Stuart femily, who chiefly own the p.arish, 
 and whose fine seat stands near the biinks of the Lugar. 
 
 CUM'XOH. a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 5 miles 
 N.N.E. of Abingdon. It has an endowed fiee school and 
 other charities. Cumnor palace, the ancient residence of the 
 abbots of .\bingdon, and supposed scene of the murder of 
 Amy Robsart. Countess of Leicester, (see Sir W.u.ter Scott's 
 " Keni'lw'irtit,") w.is situated in this parish. 
 
 CUM'UKW, a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 CUM'KO, a township of Iterks co., Pennsylvani;i. Pop. 
 2182. 
 
 CUM'WIITTTON. a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 CUX'DAII or KUX'DAH. a town of Hindostan. Ilolcars 
 dominions. 100 miles S.E. of Oojein. Pop. 4000 or 5000. 
 
 CUX'DALL-AND-LECK'BY, a. parish of England, oo. of 
 York. Xorth Hiding. 
 
 CUXDEEaUK'KEE, a village of Hindostan, province of 
 Orissji. 25 miles fromCuttack. Here are three hills, which 
 are perforated in every direction with caves of all dimen- 
 sions, many being the dwellings of devotees or priests of the 
 Jain worship. Above the entrance to several are long in- 
 scriptions in a forgotten tongue. 
 
 CUXDIX AM ARCA. koon-de-nJ-man'kJ. the central depart- 
 ment of New Gran.ada, in South .\merica. comprising the 
 provinces of Mariquita, Nej'va, Bogota. &c. It comprises 
 also the capital city of the republic, Santa Fe de Bogota. 
 Pop. in !>-.=);!. 5r4.99"5. 
 
 CUNDWAH. a town of India. See Ctoda. 
 
 CUXEXE or CUXEXI, koo-ni'ne. a river of South-western 
 Africa, in Benguela. flowing circuitously along the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of the kingdom, and felling into the Atlantic under 
 the namp of Xourses. 
 
 CUXEO. a town of Piedmont. See Coxi. 
 
 CUXHA. koon'ya, a town of Brazil. 120 miles E.N.E. of 
 Sao Paulo, on Mount Falcao. Pop. 3000. 
 
 CUXinXG.i.. koon-yeeng'gi, a river of Western Africa, 
 A ngola. rising i n lat. 1 1° 10' S.. Ion. 20° 20' E., and after a N.W. 
 course of 130 miles enters the Coanza. 
 
 CDXXEUSDORF, a town of Prussia. See Kusnersdorf. 
 
 CUX'XIXGHAM, a district of Seotlsind. co. of .iyr, about 
 20 miles in length, and from 9 to 12 miles in breadth. 
 
 CDX'NIXGHAM'S, a post-office of Bastrop co.. Texas. 
 
 CUNNIXGIIAMS ISLAND, near the W. end of Lake Erie. 
 is about 12 miles N. of Sandusky City. 3 miles long and 2i 
 wide, constituting a part of Ottawa countv. Ohio. 
 
 CUNXIXGIIaSI'S mills, a small post-village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 CUX Nl.NG II A.M-S STORE, a postoffice of Person co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 COXTTS. koon-teece', a town of Spain, in Galicia, 15 miles 
 N. of Pontevedra. on a small river. Near it are mineral 
 baths, much frequented in their season. 
 
 CUOliGXE. kwoRn'yi, a market-town of Piedmont, 12J 
 miles W.S.W. of Ivrea, on the Orca. Pop. 5(514. It has 
 several churches and convents, a hospital and a copper 
 foundry. 
 
 CUPAR-.\NGOS. koo'per-ang'gus, a burgh of barony, and 
 parish o*' Scotland, cos. of Perth and Forfar, on the Isla, a 
 tributaiy of the Tay, 13 miles N.N.E. of Perth, and on the 
 Dund(^? and Newtyle lUilway. Pop. of parish, in 1S51. 2972. 
 
 CU'P.^R-KIKE. a royal, parliament.arv and munici|»l bo- 
 rough, market.town. and parish of Scotland, capital of the 
 county of Fife, in the centre of the •• Howe" of Fife, on the 
 Eden, 9 miles W. of St. Andrew's station of the Edinburgh 
 and Northern Hallway. Pop. of parish, in 1S51, 7427. It 
 has a, good parish church, a liandsome oourt-liaU. with a 
 630 
 
 town-hall, jail, public library, various dissenting chapcla, 
 reading rooms, newspaper oftices, and banks; an active ma- 
 nufecture of linen goods, .spinning mills, corn, snuff, and 
 fulling mills, breweries, and tan-yards. Tlie borough unites 
 with St. Andrew's, the two Anstruthers, Crail. Kihenny, 
 and Pittenweem in sending one member to the House of 
 Commons. On a mound. E. of the town, was anciently the 
 principiil residence of the Macduffs, feudiil Earls ("f Fife', and 
 here are also some other historically interesting sites. 
 
 CUPIC.i, koo-pee'kL a village and seaport of New Grana- 
 da, on a bay of the same name, near the entrance to the Bay 
 of Panama, in lat. 6*^40' N.. Ion. 77°50' W. There is some 
 probability that this bay will one day be the western termi- 
 nation of a ship canal across the Isthmus of Darien, as the 
 course from the Gulf of Darien up the river Atiato, thence 
 up its aftiuent, the Naipi. and overland to this bay, would 
 appear to be the route offering greater probabilities of suc- 
 cess for such an undertaking than any other on the conti- 
 nent. Native boats at present ascend the.se streams, and 
 disembark their goods at a point on the Naipi. about 17 miles 
 distant from the B.iy of Cupica, the remainder of the jour- 
 ney being completed overland. 
 
 CURA. koo'rj. a town of South America, state and depart- 
 ment of Venezuela. 45 miles S.W. of Caracas. Pop. 40(W. 
 
 CUR AQO A . ku-ra-so'.i or kuVd-so', (Sp. O/rofao. kcvo-r3-.sJ'o,) 
 one of the West India islands, belonging to the Dutch, off the 
 N. coast of Venezuela. L.it. 12° N., Ion. 69° W. Length, 
 40 miles: breadth, from 6 to 10 miles. .Pop. 15.164. of 
 whom 9728 are slaves. It rises wild, bare, and abrupt, and 
 consists of two ridges of greenstone, connected by a lime- 
 stone dyke li miles thick. Iron and copper occur, but 
 are not wrought. The soil is not rich, and the island is de- 
 ficient in water, yet a good deal of sugar, indigo, tolwcco, 
 and maize are raised. "The staple of the island, however is 
 salt, obtained by natural evaporation, and of the finest qua- 
 lity. The salt exported in 1847 was 108,.347 barrels: that 
 produced, 250.000. The amount of cochineal produced in 
 1S48 was 18,050 pounds. In 1847, 662 ve.ssels (tonnage, 
 36,212') entered the port of Curagoa. The islands of Cura^oa, 
 Bonaire, Oruba. (or .\ruba.) and Little Cura^oa. form a Dutch 
 government, the residence of the governor being at Wil- 
 helmstadt. Cura^a was settled by the Spaniai-ds, early in 
 the sixteenth century : it was taken in 1632 by the Dutch, 
 and was captured by the British in 1798. but restored at the 
 pe.ace of .■Vmieus. It was taken again by the British in 1S06, 
 and finally ceded to Holland at the general peace, in 1814. 
 The government is vested in a stadtholder, assisted by s 
 civil and military council. 
 
 CURAQO.A. LITTLE, a small i-sland in the Caribbean 
 Sea. about 6 miles S.E. of Cura5oa, in lat. 12° 2' N., Ion. 68° 
 38' W. 
 
 CUR.\^RAY. koo-r3-ri', a river of Ecuador, rising in the 
 Andes, on the N. side of the Llanganate Mount.^in. 65 
 miles S.S.E. of Quito, and after a direct course of 38-5 miles 
 through a flat country, falls into the Napo 87 miles below San 
 Miguel. 
 
 CUR'BRIDGE. a hamlet of England, co. of Oxford. p.irish 
 and 2 miles W.S.W. of Witney. Pop. 596. 
 
 CURDS/VILLE. a post-village of Buckingh.am co.. Virginia, 
 on Willis River, at the head of navigation. It has a large 
 flouring milL 
 
 CURDSVILLE, a small village of Mercer co., Kentucky, 
 on Dix River. 
 
 CUUiywORTH. a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 3 
 miles N.N.W. of Coleshill. 
 
 CURE, kiiR, a river of France, rising in the department of 
 Ni^vre. and fells into the Yonne after a course of 66 miles. 
 
 CUREN. See Cteene. 
 
 CURKS S60 CORRESE 
 
 CURF/fON'S BRIDGE, a post-oflice of Henry co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 CURETON'S STORE, a posfc<)fflce of Lancaster district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 CURIA, or CURIA RHfETORUM. See CHim. 
 
 CU'ilI.4. a small post-vill.ige of Independence CO., .Arkan- 
 sas. 90 miles N. bv E. of Little Rock. 
 
 CURIA MURI.\ or KURIA MURIA (koo're-1 moo're-l) 
 ISLES, a group of five islands off the S.E. coast of Arabia, 
 Hellaneeyah. (^Hellaniyah.) the largest and only inhabited 
 island, being in lat. 17° 33' N., Ion. 56° 6' E. Tlie surface ia 
 sterile. 
 
 CUR1BU>r. a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 
 province of Orissa, atout 82 miles X. of Chicacole. 
 
 CURICO, koo-ree'ko. a maritime district of Chili, contain- 
 ing a rich mine of gold and copper mingled. 
 
 CURICO. a town of Chili, capit.tl of the above district, 120 
 miles S. of Santiago. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CURISCHE-H.\FF or KUKISCHE-HAFF, koo'rish-?h- 
 hiff'. a Lagoon, or back-water of the Baltic, in Eastern I'rus- 
 sia, extending along the coast f t about 53 miles S. of Me- 
 mel. separated by a narrow sandy ridge — the Curische-Xeh- 
 rung, (kofVrish-eh n.Vi'oOng) — from the sea with which it 
 communicates at its X. extremity by Memel Det>ps. a channel 
 300 yards across, and 12 feet deei>. It receives (he Xieraen. 
 
 CUIUTIBA, koo-re-tee'bi, a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 
CUR 
 
 W. of the mountains of Cubatao. follows a cireuitons course 
 towards i,1ib S. passes of Sao Paulo, and, after rereivinp: the 
 Sao Jose, turns W., and precipitates its waters over tlie ca- 
 taract of Cayacun^'a : it ultimately joins the Tguagu. which 
 sometiuies is considered as a continuation of the Curitiba, 
 and buars its name. 
 
 CUItlTIBA, a town of Brazil, capital of a comarca of the 
 same name, province of Sao Paulo, 1U8 miles W. of Para- 
 nau'ua. on the lett bank of the Cuntiba. Lat. 25° 40' S., 
 ton. 50° 5' W. It has manufactures ofcoar.se woollens. 
 
 CU R'L AND, a parish of Knpland, co of Somerset. 
 
 CUKLJi^/VILIiK, a post-villajre of Clarion co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 8 miles S. by W. of Clarion. 
 
 CUKNOUL. See Kurnool. 
 
 CUK'RAII or KUK'KAII, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district, and 38 miles 
 N.W. of .A.llahabad, on the Gange.s, with numerous Moham- 
 medan remains on the hiirh banks of the river. 
 
 CUK'KAN, a township of S^aline co.. Illinois. Pop. 1052. 
 
 CU It RAN. a post-office of Stone co., Missouri. 
 
 CUHRKNT ISLAND, an island off the N.E. coast of Ce- 
 lebes. Molucca Passa'.'e, in lat. 0° 27' N., Ion. 124° 43' E. 
 
 CURRKNT ISLAND,an island in the North Pacific Ocean, 
 between Papua and the Pelew Islands, in lat. 4° 38' N.. Ion. 
 132° 3' E. This island is sometimes called Ann.i, or Pcolo 
 Anna. 
 
 CUR/RENT RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas, rises in 
 Texas co., Missouri, and flowiu}; south-eastward into .\r- 
 kansas. enters the Black River in Randolph county. Its 
 whole length probably exceeds 250 miles. The water is re- 
 markably clear. The river is navigable for flat-boats, and 
 alx)unds with excellent fish. Branch. — Jack's Fork, which 
 is properly an affluent, enters it from the right, in Shannon 
 CO.. Missouri. 
 
 CUR'RIE, (anc. OJriaf) a parish of Scotland, co. of Edin- 
 bur'.;h. 
 
 CUR'RIGL ASS', a village of Ireland, co., and 23 miles N.E. 
 of Cork. Pop. 262. 
 
 CUR'RIN. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Monaghan 
 and Perm.ana'.;h. 
 
 CUR'KITUCK. an island of the United States. olT the 
 N.E. coast of North Carolina. It is 30 miles long and 2 miles 
 broad, and encloses a sound of the same name. 
 
 CURRITUCK, a county forming the N.K. extremity of 
 North Ciirolina. bordering on Virginia and Currituck Sound. 
 Area rstimatfd at 2!I0 sjuare miles. North River, an arm 
 of Allii'inarle Sound, washes the S.W. border. The surface 
 is luvel. 11 nd the soil sandy. The limits of the county com- 
 prise several islands, separated from the mainland by 
 Currituck Sound. The name is derived from a tribe of 
 Indians who once pos.sessed the land. Capit.il. Currituck 
 Cuurt-llouse. Pop. 7415, of wliom 4892 were free, and 2523 
 
 CURRITUCK COURT-HOUSE, capital of Currituck co.. 
 North Carolina, on the sound of the same name. 242 miles 
 E.N.K. of Raleigh, and about 12 miles from the sea. 
 
 CURRITUCK SOUND, on the coa.st of North Carolina, in 
 the N.K. part of the state, is separated from the main sea by 
 low. narrow islands, and communicates on the S. with .\lbe- 
 marle Sound. Length, aljout 50 miles; greatest breadth, 10 
 miles. 
 
 CUirRODE'. a town of British India, presidency of Bom- 
 bay, on the Nerbudda, 25 miles E. of Sural. 
 
 CUiORUCKDE/AII. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, district of Boglipoor, 100 miles S.E. of Patna. 
 
 CiJ irR UCKPOOR', a town and zemindary of British India, 
 province of Bahar. 
 
 CURM{YB.\R'RY, an extensive zemindary of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Bengal, K. of the Brahmapootra. 
 
 CUR'RV M.\iyLET, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CURRY, NOKTII. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 CURRY REVELLE, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 (JUR'RY'S MILLS, a post-ofBce of Washington co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 t;ijRI!Y"S RUN. a post-office of Harrison co., Kentucky. 
 
 CURSATO. kooR-sd'to, a mountain chain of British Gui- 
 ana. intersect<;d by the parallel of 2° 47' N. ; the highest 
 summit rises 3000 feet above the Takutu. 
 
 CURTATONE, kooR-tii-to'nil. a village of Northern Italy, 
 3 miles from Mantna, on the Lj\go Superiore of Mantua, 
 and on the high road from Ci-ejiiona to Milan. Pop. esti- 
 mated at oOOO. 
 
 CUK'TIS CORNER, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 CUR'TIS ISLAND, an island of Bass Strait. S.S.E. of Wil- 
 son's Promontory, 1060 feet high. Lat. 39° 28' S., Ion. 146° 
 40' E. 
 
 CURTIS ISLAND, an island ^of dry sand) between the 
 N.W. coast Australia and Timor. Lat. 12° 27' S., Ion. 123° 
 55' K. 
 
 CURTISVILLE, a post-village In Stockbridge township, 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts. 120 miles W. by S. of Bostim. 
 
 CURTISVILLE. a post-office of Tuolumne co.. California. 
 
 CURT'WRIGHT, a post-office of Greene co.. Georgia. 
 
 CUKUGUAT Y, koo-roo-gwd-tee', a village of Paraguay, 135 
 
 CUT 
 
 miles N.E. of Assumption. It is a dei)dt for yerba^nafi, <» 
 Paraguay tea. collected in its vicinity. 
 
 CUKA'ALl'I, kUR'vJl', a village of France, department of 
 Tarn, on the Ranee, 16 miles E. of Albi. Pop. 2567, partly 
 employed in adjacent lead-mines. 
 
 CURVELLO, kooR-v^l'lo, a town of Brazil, province cf 
 Mina.s-Geraes. 150 miles N.N.W. of Villa Rica. Pop. lodf' 
 
 CUR'WINSVILLE. a thriving post-village of Pike town- 
 ship. Clearfield co.. Penn.sylvania, on the West Branch of 
 the Susquehanna River, 6 miles S.W. of Clearfield, has ac 
 active trade in luml)er. Pop. 455. 
 
 CU'RY. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 CURZOLA, kooRd-zo^a, orCORZOLA, koRd-zolil. (anc. 
 Cnrcji'ra-NHgra ; Slavonic. Korziil. koR-zool',) an island in the 
 Adriatic, the most beautiful of all the islands of Dalmatia. 
 Lat. of Fort Biaggio 42° 57' 24" N., Ion. 17° 8' E. Separated by 
 a narrow strait from the peninsula of Sabionrello. Length, 
 from E. to W., about 25 miles ; average breadth, 4 miles. The 
 greatest part of it is covered with trees. Pop. 4268, mostly 
 employed in commercial navigation and fishing. Principal 
 products, timber, corn, wine, and fruits. 
 
 CUltZOL.^, a town of Austria, capital of the above island, 
 situated near its N.E. extremity, on the strait between the 
 island and the peninsula of Sabioneello. It rises from the 
 water's edge in a triangular form, and is surrounded by 
 massive walls, defended by huge old towers built in 1420. 
 A fort commands the strait. It contains the palace of the 
 Venetian governors. All the vessels of the Austrian Lloyd's 
 Company are built here. Pop. 1846. 
 
 CURZOLARl ISLES, coast of Greece. See KuHZOT.Ari. 
 
 CUSANO. koo-sd'no. a town of Naples, province of Terra 
 di Lavoro, in the mounfjiins, 19 miles ?s".W. of Beneveuto. 
 Pop. 4000. It has 3 churches and an hospital. 
 
 CUSH. a post-office of Clearfield co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 CUS11'ENDALL\ or NEW'TONGLENS. a market-town of 
 Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim, on the D.all, near its 
 mouth. 32 miles N. of Belfast. Pop. 645. It is fiequented as 
 a watering-place. 
 
 CU.S'HENDEEV, a village of Ireland, co., and 36 miles 
 N.N.W. of Antrim, on a small bay of the same name. 
 
 GUSHING, kiiosh'ing. a iiost-villageand township of Knox 
 CO.. ;M;tine, on St. George's River, about 40 miles S.E. of 
 Augusta. Pop. 796. 
 
 CI SIIINGSVILLE, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia. 
 
 CU S 1 1 1 NG VILLE, kOc.sh'ing-vil, a post-office of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CU'SOP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 CUSS AC, kiis'sSk'. atownof France,dep,artmentof Hante- 
 Vienne. 21 miles S.W. of Limoges. Pop. 1990. 
 
 CrSSAAVA'ffO, kris-sa-wi'go, a creek of Pennsylvania, 
 rises in Erie co., and joins French Creek nearMeadville. 
 
 CUSSAWAGO, orCOSSAWA'GO.a post-township of Cr.aw- 
 ford co„ Pennsylvania, 12 miles N.W. of Meadville, drained 
 l)y Cussawago Creelc. Pop. 1806. 
 
 CUSSET. ktis'sA', a town of France, department of Allier, 
 32 miles S.E. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852. 5510. It is plea- 
 santly situated in a valley, and has manufactures of coarse 
 woollens and paper. 
 
 CUSSi:'T.\. a post-rvillage in Chambers CO.. Alabama, on 
 the Montgomery and West Point Railroad, about 65 miles 
 N.K. of Montgomerv. 
 
 CUSSY-KN-MORVanT, kUs'see'-6N-«-moRH-6x"', a village 
 of France, depaitment of Saoue-et-Loire, 12 miles N.AV. of 
 Autun. Pop. 1750. 
 
 CUSTARD'S, a small post-village of Crawford co., Penn- 
 svlvania. 
 " CUSTRIN, a town of Prussia. See (KUstrin.) 
 
 CUTCH or KUTCH. kiltch, (written Catch, in French,) a 
 state and province of Western Ilindostan. mostlv Ijetween 
 lat. '23° and 24° N.. and Ion. 68° 311' and 71° E.. h.aving W. 
 the K(iree branch of the Indus. S. the Indian Ocean, E. the 
 Gulf of Cutch, and N. the Runn — an extensive salt morass, 
 which seaparates it from the Indian Desert, formed after an 
 earthquake in 1819. Estimated area 74(J0 square miles. A 
 chain of rocky hills extends through the country from E. to 
 W., and abounds in volcanic products, elsewhere rare in In- 
 dia. The rivers are .small, and the soil in many parts sterile 
 from want of water. Chief products, cotton, dates, iron ore, 
 horses, and goats, which are exported to Sinde and the Ma- 
 labar coast, in return for com and other provisions. The 
 ruling family is Mohammedan. Principal towns. Bhooj, the 
 capital. Anjar, Teerah. Luckput, and Kuntcote. all forti- 
 fied, Ijesides which tlie country is studded with fortresses. 
 The people are treacherous and demoralized. 
 
 CUTCII GUNDAV.\, kutch gfin-dd/vd, a province of Beloo- 
 chistan. mostly between lat. '27° 10' and 29° 60' N.. and Ion. 
 67° 21' and 69° 15' E., having W. the provinces of Sarawan 
 and Jhalawan, N. Afghanistan, and E. Sinde. Length, from 
 N. to S.. 160 miles: breadth. 130 miles. Area. 10.000 square 
 miles. • Pop. 100,000 (?) Surface low and generally level, but 
 ill watered, and destitute of forest-land: and the climate is 
 oppressively hot. Where irrigated, however, fine cixips of 
 grain, pulse, cotton, sugar, madder, and fruits are pi'oduced ; 
 and this is the most valuable part of the Khan of Kelafs do- 
 minion. It has also some commercial importance, from being 
 
 631 
 
CUT 
 
 CYC 
 
 ;raTer!<o.l liy the principal rontes from Sinde into Afghanis- 
 tan. Principal towns, Guudava, Dadur, Bliag, Leliree, and 
 Kotree. 
 
 OUTCIIOGUE, k&v-chSij/. a post-Tillage of Suffolk co., New- 
 York. .s!>out 235 mili-s S.S.E. of Albany. 
 (^rT'COMBE, a parish of Kngland. co. of Somerset. 
 OCT'ETANT CKEEK. of Tioga co., Xew York, falls into 
 Oswe;;o Creek aboMt 2 miles N. of Osweso. 
 
 CUTII'BEUT, a post-villaKe. capital of Randolph CO., Geor- 
 gia. 150 miles S.W. of Milled,jeville. It contains a brick 
 wiurt-house, 2 or 3 churches, and 2 academies. Incorporated 
 in 183i. 
 
 CUTIGLIANO, kooteel-yi'no, a town of Tuscany, 33 miles 
 N.W. of Florence, on the Lima, here crossed by a handsome 
 bridiie. Pop. 1151. 
 
 CUT'LEK, a post-township of 'Washington CO., Maine, on 
 the Atlantic Ocean, 130 miles E. by >'. of Augusta, has a 
 good harbor. Pop. 820. 
 
 CUT OFF, a post-village of Walton co., Georgia, 75 miles 
 K.X.W. of MiUedgeville. 
 CUT OFF. a post-office of Drew CO., Arkans.is. 
 CUT^TACK', (anc. GUac. kS'tkk', •• a royal residence,") capi- 
 tal of a district of its own name, is situated on the Maha- 
 nuddy. 220 miles S.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 2\P 27' X., Ion. 86° 5' 
 E. Pop. 40,000 (?) It has a good m.nin street, a spacious mar- 
 ket-place, some military cantonments, and some handsome 
 Mohammedan structures, the whole secured against inun- 
 dation by solid embankments along the river. It is a place 
 of resort for bathing, and one of the healthiest stations in 
 India. In some seasons, large importjitions of rice take 
 place here : and a good deal of timber, destined for Calcutta, 
 is fioateil hence down the JIah.anuddy. 
 
 CUT"rACK', a large maritime district of British India, on 
 the W. side of the Bay of Bengal, between the Miduapoor 
 and Berar, and the N. part of the Madras presidency. Area, 
 9000 square miles. Pop. 1,290.365 (?) 
 
 CUTTEHAII, a village of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, Upper Provinces, 30 miles S.E. of Bareily. Here the 
 Oude and British forces tobilly defeated the KoliiUas in 
 1774. 
 
 CUT'TIXGSVILLE, a post-village in Rutland co., Vermont, 
 about ()0 miles S.S.W. of Jlontpelier. 
 
 CUrTUB', a small town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, 13 miles S. of Delhi, with many tombs of Mogul em- 
 perors, and the Cuttub-Minar, an editice of a kind unri- 
 valled in Ilindostan, 242 feet in height, with several balco- 
 nies, ascended by a stairca.se, and erected early in the thir- 
 ieenth century. 
 
 CUTrrUP or KUTTUP\ a town of Xorth-westem Africa, 
 state, and 75 miles X. by W. of Jacoba. hat. 9° 45' X.. Ion. 
 10° 15' E. It consists of a number of hamlets almost adjoin- 
 ing each other, occupying a beautiful and extensive plain. 
 
 CUT'TYIIUXK' ISLAXD. the most south-western of the 
 Eli/jibeth Islands, at the entrance of Buzzard's Bay, JIass.v 
 chusetts. At its S.W. end is a tixed light, 4Si feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 41° 24' 35" X., Ion. 70° 57' 20" W. 
 
 CUT'AVA, (Hindoo A'an.9^)i/'a,) a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, 30 miles X. of Burdwan. on the Iloogly 
 liiver. I 
 
 CUVO, koo'vo, a river of Western Africa, in Lower Gui- 
 nea, Benguela, enters the Atlantic 120 miles S. of the Coan- 
 za, after a course estimated at 400 miles. 
 CU.VH.\M, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 CUXII.iVEX, ktix-hi'ven or kOCx-hJ'fen. a seaport vil- 
 lage of Xorth-westem Germany, about 58 miles AV.X.W. of 
 Hamburg, to which it belonsrs. on the W. tank of the Elbe, 
 at its mouth, in lat, 53° 63' N.. Ion. S° 44' E. Pop. 1000. It 
 has public baths, and a regular packet communication with 
 England. 
 
 CUXTOX, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 CUX'WOLD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 CUYAB.\ orCUIABA, koo-yd/bi.a river of Brazil, rises in 
 the district of Diamantino, in lat. 13° 12' S. It tlows circui- 
 tously, and joins the Porrudos, or Sao LourenQO, on its right 
 bank. Above the town of Cuyaba it is navig:ible for canoes. 
 but is much broken by rapids, and even for 60 miles below 
 the town its course is very impetuous. 
 
 CUYABA or CUIAB.A.., a city of Brazil, capital of the 
 province of Matto-G rosso, near the river of the same 
 name. Lat. 15° 26' S.. Ion. 56° \V. Pop. 3000. It is ill 
 built and irregular; houses mostly of clay. Chief editices, 
 tile churches of Bom Jesu.s, .Sao do Kozarlo, and San .\nto- 
 nio ; it has an imperial hospitiil. a lazaretto, a school of phi- 
 losophy, and a Latin and other schools. Cuyaba supplanted 
 MatU)-GrriS.so as capitijl of the province in 1820. It is the 
 Beat of the provincial assembly, of the military command- 
 ant, and of the bishop of the diocese of Matto-Grosso. Its 
 commerce consists chiefly in the exchange of iron imple- 
 ments and other European manufactures' for gold. The 
 comarca of which it is capital comprises numerous villages, 
 and has a population of 2o.(K)0, comprising miners, agricul- 
 turist*, and many half-civilized Indians. The rich gold- 
 mines of the district have been worked since 1719. 
 
 CU If AHOGA, kl-a-ho'ga, a river of Ohio, rises in the X.E. 
 partofthe state, and after a very circuitoua course, eaters 
 632 
 
 Lake Erie at CleveLind. At Cuyahoga Falls, in Summll 
 county, the river descends about 200 feet iu the space of 2i 
 miles, and affords abundant water-power. 
 
 CUYAII(.>G.\. a county in the X. X.E. part of Ohio, border- 
 ing on Lake Erie, has an area of 426 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Cuyahoga P.iver. from which the n.nme in 
 derived, and also by "Chagrin and Itc^ky Kivers. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, with a moderate declivity toward? tht 
 X. The soil is good, and adapted to grazing. Sandstone 
 underlies a portion of the surtaco: large quantitiesof grind- 
 stones and iiuilding stone are procured from it. The county 
 is intersected by the Ohio Canal, and bv three railroads, 
 which unite at Cleveland, and connect it with Pittsburg, 
 Erie, and Cincinnati. Cuyahoga is the most p^ipuloas 
 county in the st.ite, excepting Hamilton. Capital, Cleve- 
 land. Pop. 78,033. 
 
 CUY'AliOGA F.A.LLS, a post-village and fractional town- 
 ship of Summit county, Ohio, on the Cuyahoga River, and 
 on the Penn9>lvania and Ohio Canal. 128 miles X.E. of 
 Columbus. It has a beautiful situation, and contains many 
 elegant buildings. The river here passes through a deep 
 ravine, enclosed by walls of stratified rock near 200 feet 
 liigh, and presenting a viu-iety of i)icturesque views. With- 
 in a distance of 21/^ miles there is a fall of more than 200 
 feet, which affords immense water-power. There is an 
 abundance of coal in the vicinity. It contains 1 bank, 3 
 churches, 3 paper-mills, 1 manufactory of steam-engines, 2 
 machine-shops, 2 flouriug-mills, and various other mills. 
 The Cleveland, Zauesville ami Cincinnati Ritilroad i)asse8 
 through this place. Pop. 1516. 
 
 CU\ LEU. kiler. a post-village of Cortland co., New York, 
 125 miles ^\'. of Albany. 
 
 CUY'LEKVILLE, ki'lyr-vil, a post-ofRce of Livingston co., 
 Xew York. 
 
 CUYOS (koo'yoce") ISL.^XDS, a group of small islands of 
 the Philippines, in the Mindoro Sea. between Pala.van and 
 Panay. The largest of them. Gi-eat Cuyo, is in lat. lu° 52' 
 X., Ion. 121° 15' E. Cuyo is defended by a fort, and has a 
 small port on the X.W. side. 
 
 CUYUXI. CUYUXY. koo-yoo'nee, or CUYUWIXI. koo- 
 yoo-wee'nee,a river of British tiuiana. tributary to the Ksse- 
 quibo. which it joins from the W. in lat. 6° 26' N., Ion. 58° 
 43' W.„after receiving the Mapai-oony. its banks are less 
 picturesque than those of the latter river, and it is much 
 less navigable: but it traverses a more productive region. 
 
 CUZCO, koos'ko. a city of Peru, capital of a department, and 
 formerlv capital of the Inca.s, 200 miles X'. of -irequipa. and 
 11.380 feet above the sea. Lat. 1.3° 30' 65" S., Ion. 72° 4' 10" W. 
 Pop. in 1850. 41,152. who manufacture cotton and woollen 
 stuffs, leather, embroidery, Ac, having considerable repute. 
 Its cathednil and .\u:;ustiue convent are among the finest 
 edifices in South America: and here are a mint, hospitals, 
 collegiate schools, and a university. Its Dominican convent 
 occupies the site of a famous Peruvian temple of the sun. and 
 many massive specimens of ancient Peruvian architei ture 
 are extant in and around the city. On its N. side are re- 
 mains of a vast fortress of a cyclopeau kind, and traces re- 
 main of a magnificent road extending thence to I>ima. 
 
 Cuzco is the most ancient of the Peruvian cities, being 
 founded, according to common tradition, in 1043, by Manca 
 Capac, the first Inca of Peru. In 1534, it was taken by 
 Pizarro. who was surprised with the grandeur and magnifi- 
 cence it exhibited. Its streets were then large, w ide. and 
 straight; and its churches, palaces, and temples, the latter 
 including the famous Temple of the Sun. were rithly 
 adorned with ornaments of gold and silver, which glittered 
 on the w.alls. While still in possession of Pizan-o. it w.ns 
 besieged by the whole Peruvian force, and a great part of it 
 destroyed, 
 
 CUZCO, a department of Southern Peru, mostlv be- 
 tween lat. 13° and 15°. S.. a.Tid Ion. 70° and 73° W., having 
 AV. .and S. the departments of Ayacucho and Puno. .Area, 
 44,900 square miles. Pop. in 1850. 339,718. Its chief towns 
 are Cuzco, Aban^av, and Uruliamba. 
 
 CW.M, koom, or COMBE, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Flint. 
 
 CWMCARV.iX, koom-kar/van, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 CWMD.\KE, koom'dair, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of 
 Glamorgan. 4 miles S.E. of Merthyr-Tydvil. Pop. 24t14. In 
 its vicinity is a cascade, the schistous bed of which emits an 
 infiammalile gas. 
 
 CWMDU. koom'dee, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morir.in. Pop. 2.380. 
 
 CWMRHEIDOL. koom-ri'dol, a township of South Wales, 
 CO. of Cardigan. Pop. 758. 
 
 CWM-TOYDDWK. koom-toi'xHoor, (oo as In poor,) a parish 
 of South Wales, co. of Kailnor. 
 
 CW.M YOY, koom'yoy. a pai-ish of England, co. of Hereford 
 and Monmouth. 6 miles from .Mx^rgavenny. The beautiful 
 ruins of Ijinthony Abbey are situated on the summit of a 
 cliff, in the romantic vale of Ewyas. in this parisli. 
 
 CYCLADES. sikla-dez. (so called because they lie in a 
 circle. [OyclnsJ around Deks. regarded as the mr st import 
 tant on account of its famous oracle,) Die principal islands of 
 
CYF 
 
 CYZ 
 
 the Grecian Archipelago, sitvmted between lat. 36° and 3S° 
 N , and Ion. 24f' and 2o° 30' E., belongini? to the kinirdom of 
 Greece, of which they form the (j;overnments of Tenos. Syra, 
 Naxns, and Thera. comprising; the islands of Lyra, Kythnos, 
 Thera, Tenos, Andro, Xaxos, and Jlelos. United area. 
 13.0IH) square miles. Pop. 1S,90S, many of whom are Koman 
 Catholics. These islands are generally mountainous, but 
 moat of them fertile. , Produce of the whole, comprising 
 wine, silk, barley, olive-oil, estimated at 121,000i Total an- 
 nual revenue to the government, 55.000/.; expenditure, 
 lO.OOOf. About 1000 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 
 60.000 tons, are owned in the Cyclades. The iuhaliit;ints, 
 whose chief occupation is maritime trade, are among the 
 must industrious and liest educated in the l<ingdom. 
 
 CYFOETIt-Y-BKUXXIX, kjf'fo-^th-e-brSn'nin, a town- 
 ship of South Wales, co. of Cardii^an. 
 
 CV(i'.\KT. a postK)fiice of Richland co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 CVLCII-Y-Bt;!!:, kilk-e-dee. a township of South Wales, 
 CO. of Peml)roke. parish of St. David's. Pop. 10S6. 
 
 CYLY-CUM, kil'e-koom. a parish of Wales, co. Carmarthen. 
 
 CYME. See Sandari.ee. 
 
 CYMKY. gee Wai.es. 
 
 CYNELTy-MAWK, kin/ell-mOwr, a township of South 
 Wales. CO. of Cardigan. 
 
 CYXT'IIIAN. a village and town.ship of Shelby co., Ohio, 
 90 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 1226. 
 
 C YNTIIl ANA. sin-the-ah'na, a post-village,capital of Har- 
 rison CO., Kentucky, on the South Fork of Licking River, 37 
 miles N.E. of Frankfort. It contains a bank, 6 churches, 
 an academj', 1 bagging-factory, 1 wooUen-fiictory, and 2 tan- 
 neries. Incorporated in 1802. Pop. 1237. 
 
 CYNTIIIANA, a post-village of Pike co., Oliio, 58 miles 
 S.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 CYN'TIII.\NA, a village of Il.amilton co., Indiana, about 
 20 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CYNTIIIANA, a postrvillage of Posey co., Indiana, 22 
 miles N.E. of Mount Vernon. 
 
 CY'l'KESS, a post-ofRce of Yazoo co., Mississippi. 
 
 CYPRESS, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky, on Cy- 
 press Creek, 190 miles AV.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 CY'PRESS. a post-village of Scott co.. Missouri, about 5 miles 
 S.W.of the Mississippi River. and 140 miles S.S.K.of St. Louis. 
 
 CY^I'RESS. a post-offlce of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. 
 
 CYPRESS BAYOU, of Arkansas, forms the boundary be- 
 tween Hempstead and Washita counties, and enters the 
 Little Missouri from the right. 
 
 CYl'RESS CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Tennessee 
 from the N. at Florence. Little Cypress unites with it a 
 few miles from its mouth. 
 
 CYPRESS CREEK, of Arkansas, unites with Cadron 
 Creek in Conwav c/iunty. 
 
 CYPRESS CliKEK, of Warwick co., Indiana, flows into 
 the Ohio. 
 
 CYPRESS CREEK, a postK)fflce of Bladen co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CYPRESS CREEK, a post-office of Johnson co., Illinois. 
 • CYPRESS GROVE, a postofflce of New Hanover co., 
 Noith Carolina. 
 
 CYPl'.ESS INN. a post-oflBee of Wayne co.. Tennessee. 
 
 CYPRE.-^S MTIjLS, a post-ofBce of Perry co., Arkansas. 
 
 CYPRESS TOP. a post-offlce of Harris co., Texas. 
 
 CYPRESSVILLE. a post-village of Gallatin Co., Illinois, 
 190 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 CYPRUS, si'prtls. (Turk. Kihris. kee'breece*: Gr. Kwrrpoj; 
 Fr. Oujpri:. sheep'r ; Ger. Oi/peiti, tsee'pern : Ital. Ciprn, chee'- 
 pro.l an island of Turkey in Asia, and the easternmost in the 
 Mediterranean, near the mouth of the Gulf of Iskande- 
 roon. 44 miles S. of Cape Anamoor, in Antolia. and 76 miles 
 W. of Latakeea in Syria : Cape St. Andrea, its N.E. extremity, 
 is in lat. 35° 41' 42'' N., Ion. 34° 35' ,30" E. ; and Baffa, near its 
 S.W. extremity, is in lat. 34° 47' IS" N.. Ion. 32= 24' 30" E. It 
 stretclies frfjra Cape Gatto. lat. 34° 29' 18" to lat. 35° 41' 42" N. 
 or Cupe St. Andrea. It is about 148 miles in length, with a 
 width of about 40 miles; but its N.E. extremity diminishes 
 greatly, and terminates in a long, narrow peninsula, about 
 40 miles long, and not over 15 miles broad. The whole 
 island is occupied by a range of mountains stretching from 
 N.E. to S.W., known in heathen mythology as the third 
 range of Olympus, and whose culminating points, Santa 
 Croce (Olympus) and Thrados. are 7000 feet high. On the 
 N.E. side of the island tlie slopes of these mountains are 
 bold and rugged; and one of the elevated valleys contains 
 Nicosia, the modern capital of the island. On the S. side 
 the hill-slopes are even bolder, presenting a deeply serrated 
 outline, with thickly wooded sides, furrowed by deep val- 
 Ivys. The prevailing formation of the mountain range, in 
 its N.E. division, is limestone, whicli assumes many abrupt 
 and remarkable forms. The S.W. portion of the mountains 
 is of crystalline formation, and yields excellent asbestos: 
 also talc, red jasper, copper in abundance, gold, silver, 
 emeralds, and the Paphian diamond; but the only mine- 
 lals wrought are the first three named. 
 
 Cyprus is deficient in water; its streams being chiefly 
 mountain torrents, which dry up In summer, the only per- 
 manent river of Importance being the I'edia, (anc. Pedasus,) 
 
 which waters the valley of Nicosia, flows E., and falls into 
 the sea at Famagosta. The climate is in general healthy, 
 excepting in some points on the S. coast during the heats 
 of summer, much increased by the burning winds from the 
 Arabian and African deserts, which, causing a rapid eva.- 
 poration, give rise to a dangerous malaria. Temporary 
 blindness is sometimes occasioned by the sun's reflection 
 from the white chalky soil ; and to avoid sun-stroke, the 
 natives wrap their heads in thick shawls. 
 
 The mountains of Cyprus are covered with vast forests 
 of excellent building timber, and the island is esteemed tlie 
 richest and most fertile in the Levant : yet it has few level 
 tracts of country, those around Nicosia. Famagosta. Lar- 
 nica, Limasol, and Baffa being the chief. Agriculture, 
 however, is in a very backward state. The cultivable sur- 
 face of the island is estimated at about 2,500,000 acres, of 
 which not much more than 130.000 acres are actually under 
 tillage. Fertile spots in the neighborhood of the village are 
 cultivated, but the more distant tracts are neglected. Of 
 the vegetable products, cotton may be esteemed the most 
 important; it is sent chiefly to Marseilles and Leghorn; 
 excellent wheat and barley are raised, the surplus of which 
 is exported to Syria; tobacco of good quality is grown in the 
 S.W. part of the island, and is on the increase ; madder, 
 after that from Smyrna, the best in the Levant, is raised in 
 numerous localities, and in quantity augments yearly. 
 Silk is produced ahundiintly in the vicinity of Bafl'a. and in 
 other quarters. Carobs are extensively grown ; but the 
 olive is much neglected. Wine is the most noted produc- 
 tion of the Island, and is of an excellent quality. The oiher 
 vegetable products are sugar, flax, sesamum, poppies, liquor- 
 ice, exquisite fruits, including the orange, citron, date, fig, 
 pistachio nuts, caper, &c. 
 
 Manufacturing is carried on to some extent. Salt, in large 
 quantities, is obtained from salines at Lima.sol and Lar- 
 nica. The Greek females of some of the towns and villages 
 do beautiful embroidery, and make silk net, which will 
 st:ind comparison with the finest European lace. The fe- 
 males also weave some common cotton, woollen, and linen 
 fabrics — the' last chiefly sacking. Good morocco leather is 
 made at Nicosia; and ciilicoes. import<?d from Britain, are 
 here dyed in brilliant colors, and exported to Syria, Smyrna, 
 and Constantinople. Pottery. sufl[icient for home consump- 
 tion, is made; and on the W. side of the island, the pea- 
 santry distil rose, orange, and lavender water, and myrtle 
 and laud.inum oil. 
 
 The island forms a pash.alic. of which the capital is Ni- 
 cosia. F'or ecclesiastical affairs it is divided into the foui 
 dioceses of Nicosi.a. Larnica. Cerina and Baffa. and Limas,il 
 — the first being .administered by an archbishop, appointed 
 by the sultan. The ])rincipal ports, as well as the principal 
 towns, are Cerina, Famagosta. Larnici, Limasol, and Baffa. 
 
 Originally peopled by the Phoenicians, and afterward 
 colonized by the Greeks, Cyprus was, by the latter people, 
 dedicated to Venus, whose most celebrated temple was at 
 P.aphos, now Baffa. It belonged successively to the kings 
 of Persia, of Egypt, to the Romans, and to the Greeks of 
 the lower empire. It was one of the first pl.oces, out of 
 Palestine, that received the gospel, and was visited by Paul 
 and Barnabas on their missionary tour. In the time of 
 the Crusades it was fciken from the Saracens by Richard T. 
 of England, and given by him to the princes of the Lusig- 
 nan family, who had it till the year 1570, when it was con- 
 ((Uered by the Turks. In 1S30 it was t.aken by the Viceroy 
 of Egypt, but was retaken, in 1840. by the Turks, who have 
 introduced various changes into the government of the 
 island, tending much to the advantage of the inhabitants. 
 The King of Sardinia bears the title of King of Cvprus and 
 Sardinia. Pop. in 1841. 100.095, of which 70.000 we're Greeks, 
 •30,000 Turks, and the remainder Roman Catholics. Maronites, 
 
 and Armenians. Adj. and inhab. Cyi'iiiAy. sip're-.an, 
 
 Cyp'riot or Cyp'riote. The former should be employed only 
 when ancient Cyprus is referred to. 
 
 CYRENE, sl-ree'nee, (Gr. Kupiji/if, Kurene.) called by the 
 natives GRENNE, gr^n'nJh, or GRENXAH, a miserable 
 town of North Africa, regency of and 5.50 miles E. of Tripoli, 
 on the plateau of Barca, occupying the place of the ancient 
 Cyrene, 1800 feet above the sea level: lat. 32° 50' N.. Ion. 
 21° 47' E. Numerous interesting remains of antiquity have 
 been discovered hei-e. Cyrene was the birth-place of Aristip- 
 pus, Eratosthenes, and Callimachus. It was f:iunded in tho 
 year 632 D. c. by a colony of Greeks, and became the capital 
 of a district, to which it gave its name, extending from the 
 Great Syrtis to the Gulf of Platea. This country formed a 
 monarchy which lasted for ISO years. It was made tributary 
 to Egypt under Ptolemy Sofer, and. along with Crete, was 
 ultimately formed into a Rom.an province. 
 
 CY'liUSTON. a post-village in Lincoln CO., Tennessee, 
 aboxit 70 miles S. by E. of Nashville. 
 
 CY'SOING, see^zw^N'o'. a villaire of France, department of 
 Nord. 8 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. 2746. 
 
 CYTHERA. sith-ee'ra. See Cerioo. 
 
 C YZICUS, siz'e-ktis. a peninsula of .\^sia Elinor, in .\natolia, 
 extending into the Sea ofJtarmora, S.E. of the island of Mar- 
 mora, and 70 miles S.W. of Constantiaople, connected bv a 
 
 523 
 
CZA 
 
 narrow jecK with the maiuland. Len^h from S. to N., 
 ii>x)ut 4i miles; breailth, 18 miles. It is noted for picturesque 
 beauty. On its isthmus are the remains of the ancient town of 
 C.vzicus, the i>rincipal being those of a fine lioman amphi- 
 theatre. 
 
 CZARXTKOW, chau/ne-kov\ a town of Prussia. 63 miles 
 S.W. of Broniberg. capital of the circle, on the Xetz. I'op. 
 3510. It has manufactures of linen fabrics. 
 
 CZ.VKNOVVO. chaR-no/vo, a village of Poland, 80 miles 
 E.X.E. of PlocU, on the ri:iht bank of the Orz, celebrated 
 for a victory by the i'rench over the Russians, December 
 23, ISOt). 
 
 CZ.\.SLAU, chdslOw, a town of Bohemia, capital of the 
 circle, 45 milas E.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 3100. In its church, 
 which has an elevated spire, is the tomb of the Hussite 
 leader, Ziska. Here Frederick the Great gained a victory 
 over the Austriaus, Mav 17, 1742. 
 
 CZEBE, t.sd'bth. or TSCHEBEX, chA'ben, a village of 
 Hun^arv. co. of Zarant, 18 miles from Deva. Pop. 1576. 
 
 CZKCZE, t^t/eJh\ a village of Hungary, circle of Thither 
 Banube. on the Sarviz, over which there is a ferry, 9 miles 
 from Foldvar. Pop. 219U. 
 
 CZEOLED. tsA'glM\ a large vill.ige of Central Hungary, 
 CO. and H) miles S^E. of Pcsth. Pop. 16.650. It has Roman 
 Oitholic and Calvinistic churches, and a trade in red wines. 
 
 CZEMPIX. chSm'pin, a small tow^n of Prussian Poland, 
 20 miles S.SW. of I'osen. 
 
 CZEXSTOCHOW, chJns-to'Kor, or CZEXSTOCHOWA, 
 chJns-to-Ko'vi a town of Poland, province, and 75 miles 
 S.E. of Kalisz, with 3500 inhabitants, woollen manufac- 
 tures, and a fortified convent. In 1C65, a bloody battle was 
 
 DAD 
 
 ! fought here between the army of the King of Poland and 
 1 that of I'rince Lubomirski. It' has a station on the railway 
 from Warsaw to Cracow. 
 
 CZEiTS.\. a river of Russia. See Tcheptsa. 
 
 CZERDVX. a town of Russia. See Tcherdtx. 
 
 CZERKKWE. ch.-1-r^k'v.-l. two sniaU towns of Bohemia, 
 circle, and .34 miles E.S.E. of Tabor. 
 
 CZERIKOW, a town of Russia. See Tcherikov. 
 
 CZERXA, tsJa'niL a river of Austri.a. falling into the 
 Danube at Orsova. after a course of from 5o to 60 miles 
 from its source in the East Carpathians. 
 
 CZERXIEJEVO. chJRn-yA-y.4'vo. a tovi-n of Prus&lao 
 Poland, circle of Bromberg. 10 miles S.W. of Gnesen. 
 
 CZERXIGOW or CZXERXIGOV. See Tcherxigov. 
 
 CZERXOWITZ, cheR'no-vits. or TSCHEltXOWlTZ. (more 
 correctly. CZERXOWICE, ch^R'no-vit'seh.) a town of Au- 
 strian Poland, in Bukowina, capital of the circle of same 
 name, on a hill near the Pruth. 146 miles S.E. of LemWrg. 
 Pop. 26,315. It has a Greek cathedral. 70i} houses, a gymna- 
 sium, and high schools, manufactures of clocks, silver goods, 
 hardwares, and carriages, and an active trade. 
 
 CZER.\O^V^fZ, a village of Bohemia, circle, and 13 miles 
 E.S.E. of Tabor. 
 
 CZERSK, chjRsk, a town of Poland, province, and 22 
 miles S.E. of Warsaw. 
 
 CZIRKXICZ. SeeZiRKXiTZ. 
 
 CZOKTKOW, choRt^kov, a town of Austrian Galicia. capi- 
 tal of the circle, on the Sereth, 105 miles S.E. of Lemberg, 
 with 2:>00 inhabitants, a castle, and an important mauufaic 
 ture of tobacco. 
 
 CZYllKASSY, a town of Russia. See Tcherkask. 
 
 D 
 
 DAAA'REF.TELD. See DovREriET.D. 
 DAB'BLIXG'. a village of Thibet, on the Sutlej, 920 
 feet above the level of the .sea; lat. 31° 45' X'., Ion. 78° 37' E. 
 
 DABER, dd'ber. a fortified town of Prussia, government 
 of Stettin, 18 miles X.X.E. of Stargard. Pop. 1560. 
 
 DABO, dl^bo', a vill.ige of France, in the department of 
 Meurthe. arrondissement of Sarrebourg. canton of Phals- 
 boui-g. Here is a ruin said to be the remains of a castle, 
 built by King Dagobert, in which Pope Leo XI. was born. 
 I'op. 1226. 
 
 DABRIXGHAUSEX, d.^'bring-hSw'zen, a vill.age of Rhe- 
 nish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, circle, and 8 miles 
 S.E. of West i^nnep. Pop. 212. 
 
 D.\BUL, dd^bool', a town of British India, in the presi- 
 dency of Bombay, district of Concau, 85 miles S.E. of 
 Bombay. 
 
 D.\CC.^, a city of Briti.sh India, ranking as the second 
 in the province of Bengal, and formerly its capital, now the 
 se.at of one of the six circuit courts of its presidency, and a 
 capital of a district on the Dallye Creek, which connects 
 the Gances and Brahmapootra Rivers, and is here ero.ssed 
 by 10 bridges, 155 miles X.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 2:i° 42' N., 
 Ion. 90° 17' E. Estimated population 200,000. It has an 
 imposing external appeai-ance, with its numerous minarets 
 and spacious buildings, and some good European residences 
 with gardens att;iched; but much of its interior is said to 
 be like the worst parts of Calcutta. There are in the city 
 and suburbs, 13 ghauts or landing places, 7 ferry stations, 
 12 biizaars; Protestant, Roman Catholic Armenian, and 
 Greek churches and cemeteries, and 180 Mohammed.an and 
 119 Hindoo pl.ices of worship ; the other conspicuous build- 
 ings being the offices of the British magistrate, judge, col- 
 lector, and revenue comrais.«ioner. : the post-office jail, 
 native hospitiil. lunstic asylum, British military canton- 
 ments, (unhealthily placed, however, on the boniers of a 
 large mai-sh.) the commis-sariat department, militai-y or- 
 phan a.sylum, and elephant depot. Several of its ruined 
 palaces were once fine edifices. It has a government college, 
 attended, in 1845, by .342 students : a hospital for the in- 
 sane, and numerous Baptist missions, with Hindoo and 
 Mohammedan schools. The manufactures of fine and strong 
 muslins for which Dacca was formerly famous, is wholly 
 .extinct: scarf embroitlei-y. and m;<nufactiire.s of gold orna- 
 ments, musical instruments, necklaces, and idols are im- 
 portant branches of industry. Much of the trade is in the 
 hands of .'Vrmenians. In 1008, the seat of government was 
 removed from R.<ijmahl to this place. Dacca was formerly 
 much more extensive than it is at present, and exhibited a 
 degree of splendor to which it has now no pretensions, as the 
 magnificent ruins of briilges. causeways, caravansaries, pa- 
 laces, gardens, Ac, within its ancient limits sufliciently 
 prove. These remains are now surrounded with jungle and 
 overrun with rank vegetation. 
 
 D.VCCA. and DAt^OA JELWLPOOR/, two contiguous dis- 
 tricts of British Indi.a, in the presidency of Benjral. inter- 
 sected by the main streams of thr Brahmapootra and Ganges. 
 
 D.\Cn.\L', dd'KOw, a market town of Upper Bavaria, oij 
 the Ammer, 10 miles N.X.W. of Munich. Pop. 1300. 
 bin 
 
 DACHEET RIVER, Arkjinsas. See Dacchitb. 
 
 DACHSTEIX. d^K'stlne. (Fr. pron.. dSk'st^n',) a town 
 of France, in the department of the Bas-Rhia, 10 miles 
 W.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. 565. 
 
 D.\CI.\, dA'she-a, a former country of South-Eastem 
 Europe, bounded on the X. by the Carpathian Mountains, 
 on the E. by the Dneister and the Bl.ick Se;i. on the S. 
 by the Danul)e, and W. by the Theiss. It comprised wliat 
 is now the eastern part of Ilungary, Transylvania. Moldavia, 
 and Wallachia. Adj. and inhab. D.ACLAX, d-A'she-an. 
 
 DACOTAU. See Dakotji. 
 
 DACQS. See Dax. 
 
 DACRE, di'ker, parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 4i 
 miles W.S.W. of Penrith. It has an ancient church bnilt 
 out of the ruins of a monastery, and a castle, the ancient 
 seat of the barons of Acre, whose ancestors expUiits as a cru- 
 sader at .\cre, in Palestine, otitained for the family this name. 
 
 DACRE. a township of Engl.^ud. co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 D.\'CUSVILLE. a post-village in Pickens district, South 
 Carolina, about 120 miles X.W. of Columbia. 
 
 D-\CZ1CZE, a town of Moravia. See Datschttz. 
 
 DAD.iUAH. dd-di'rd, a large village of Sinde, on the 
 Indus. 34 miles S.W. of Larkhana. 
 
 DADE, a county forming the north-western extremity 
 of Georgiii, bordering on Tennessee and Alaliam.a, contains 
 160 square miles. It is drained by Lookout Creek. The 
 county occupies liOokout A'aliey. which is environed by 
 high mountains. Iron ore. bituminous coal, and other 
 valuable minerals &!» found in the county. Xamed in honor 
 of Major Francis Langhome Dade, who was slain in the 
 Florida War in December, 1835. Capital, Trenton. P. .3069. 
 
 DADE, a county of Florida, forms the southcra extremi- 
 ty of the peninsula, bordering on the Atlantic. Area esti- 
 mated at above 3000 square miles. The surface is level, 
 and mostly occupied by the Everglades, a vast expanse of 
 shallow water studded with myriads of small islands. The 
 pine, palmetto, and orange are indigenous in this region. 
 It is proposed to reclaim the inundated lands of this county 
 by means of canals. There is a good harbor for vessels 
 drawing 9 feet water, with a light-house at its entrance on 
 Cape Florida. Indian Key is the principal village of tlia 
 county. Pop. 83. 
 
 DADE, a county in the southwestern p.art of Mis.souri, 
 has an area of 498 square miles. It is intersected by Siic 
 River, an affluent of the Osage, and also drained by Horse 
 and Cedar Creeks, which rise within it. The surface is 
 somewhat diversified, and consists partly of pniirie : the soil 
 is generally fertile. Capitjil Greenfield. Pop.7u72,of whom 
 6726 were free, and 346 slaves. 
 
 DADE, a small village of Dade CO.. Missouri. 
 
 D.VDEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Tallapoosa co., 
 .Vlabama, 6 miles E. of Tijlapoosa lUver, and about 50 
 miles X.E. of Montgomery. 
 
 DADI, dl'dee, a village of Greece, 24 mi lea N.W. of Li vadia. 
 It faces the plain of the Cepliissus, and is btilt on terraces 
 in the form of an amphitheatre. 
 
 DADREE, da'dree\ a town N.W. of Ilindf tan R,ijpoo 
 taua, 5ti milos S.^V. of Delhi. 
 
DAD 
 
 DAH 
 
 DABSVII/LE, a post-oflBce of Marion co., Tennessee. 
 
 DAUUK, di'dur, n town of Boloochistiin, in the province 
 of Cutch-tiuudava, 5 miles E. of the Bolan Pass. Pop. about 
 SUOO. It is stated to be " one of the hotte.st places in the 
 world." Here, in November, 1840, the British troops routed 
 ft Kelat force. 
 
 D.VDVULA, ddd-vold, a village of Sinde, 40 miles S.W. 
 of Subzukote, in a populous and well cultivated country. 
 Lat. 28° 2' N.. Ion. Gy° 8' E. 
 
 DAEXY. dd'g-nee\ or DANTK, dd'nee, an island in the 
 Persian Gulf, on the Great Pearl Bank. Lat. 24° 57' 30" 
 N.. Ion. 02° 2.5' E. 
 
 DAi;T, dd-^y, a town of Luzon, one of the Philippine 
 Islands, in a district of its own name, and capital of the pro- 
 vince of North Camarines. 140 miles S.E. of Jlauila. 
 
 DAFAR, Arabia. See Dhofar. 
 
 D.A-GANA, dS'gi^nS', a town of Western Africa, Sene- 
 gambia, on the Senegal: lat. 16° 28' N., Ion. 15° aC W. It 
 is a small but flourishing place, deriving much of its conse- 
 quence from containing a French fortified trading station, 
 which fronts the river. It is a rude edifice, surrounded by 
 ^wall mounted with 10 cannon. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 DAGELET, di'zheh-U', an island in the Sea of Japan, 
 about midway between Japan and Corea, 8 miles in cir- 
 cumference. Lat. (N. point,) 37° 25' N., Ion. 130°56' E. 
 
 DA'GENIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 DAG'GER'S SPRING, a post-village of Botetourt co., Vir- 
 ginia, IS miles N. of Fincastle. Extensive buildings have 
 been erected here for the entertainment of the public. 
 
 DAG'GETT'S SIILLS, a post-village of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 150 miles N, of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 DAGIIESTAN, dd'ghis-tin', (from dagh, "mountain," 
 and Stan, " country,") a province of Russia, extends along 
 the western coast of the Caspian Sea, mostly between lat. 
 41° and 4."° N., and Ion. 46° and 50° E.. bounded S. and 
 S.W. by the Caucasus Mountains and Georgia, and N. by 
 the province of Koomikee. According to some writers, Da- 
 GHESTAN is the "country of the [ancient] Dahft" a Scythian 
 people who dwelt S. and E. of the Caspian Sea. It is, how- 
 ever, not impossiT)le that they derived their name from 
 
 the mountainous district originally inhabited by them. 
 
 Adj. and iiihab. Daghest.\nee, diVbis-td'nee. 
 
 I)A(;'LIXG WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 DAG.Mi:i;SELLEN, ddg'mer-s^l'len, or DAJIMERSEl.r 
 LEN, ddui'mer-sJllen, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 18 miles N.W. of Lucerne, on the Wigger. 
 Pop. 1828. 
 
 DAGOE. (Dagoe.) dd'go'eh, or DAGO, dd'go, DAGDEN, an 
 island of Russia, government of Esthonia. in the Baltic Sea, 
 near the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, separated from the 
 Island of Oesel, on the N. by Sele-Sund. Length, nearly 34 
 miles; breadth, 16. The soil is chiefly sand or chalk, and 
 unfertile ; and the cattle, though the pasture seems good, 
 are of an inferior stunted breed. The population amounts 
 to 10.000, who are mostly employed in fishing and rearing 
 cattle. The coasts are rocky. 
 
 DAGS'BOROUGII, a post-village of Sussex co., Delaware, 
 on Pepper Creek, 50 miles S.S.E. of Dover. 
 
 DAIIA. dd'hi, a market-town of Bavaria, in the circle of 
 Pfalz, on the Lauterj20 miles S. of Kaiserlautern. Pop. 1300. 
 
 DAIIAB or MERSA DAHAB, mJr'.sd dd-hdb'. (-'golden 
 port,") a port of Arabia, peninsula of Sinai, on the western 
 coast of the Gulf of Akabah. Lat. 28"^ 28' N., Ion. 34° 37' E. 
 
 DAII.r.. See Daohestax. 
 
 DAIIALAC or DAIIALAK. See DhalaK. 
 
 D.illHI, ddh'hee', a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 50 miles 
 S.E. of Loheia. 
 
 DAIIII R A,ddn'ra, a town, Arabia, 80 miles S.S.W. of Muscat. 
 
 DAHLEN. ddlen.a town of RhenLsh Prussia, in the circle 
 of DUsseldorf, 4 miles S.W. of Gladbach. Pop. 1360. 
 
 DAIILEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Sax- 
 ony, on a railway, 27 miles E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2081. 
 
 DAIILON'EGA a thriving po.st-village. capital of Lump- 
 kin CO.. Georgia, 141 miles N.X.W. of Milledgeville. It is 
 situated on a high hill, commanding a magnificent view of 
 mountains in various directions. The gold mines in this 
 vicinity are among the richest in Georgia, and the adjoining 
 hills have been completely riddled with the operations of the 
 miners. The gold was first obtained from the alluvion of 
 the streams, afterwards from veins embedded in pyrites 
 of quartz rock. Several valualile mines have been dis- 
 covered quite recently. A Branch United States Mint is 
 established here, which, including the machinery, cost 
 $100,000. The deposits of gold, at this mint, for the year 
 1853, amounted to $452,28.). The village contains 2 large 
 hotels, 3 churches, 1 academy, and 1 printing-office. The 
 Indian name was Tau-lau-ne-ca, which signifies "yellow 
 money." Pop. in 18.50, 1277. 
 
 D.\ilLONKG.A..apost-viIlage,WapeIloco.,Iowa, ontheroad 
 from Keokuk to Fort Des Moines. 65 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 DAIIME, dd'meh, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Brandenburg, government of Potsdam, on the river Dahme, 
 14 miles S. of Berlin. Pop. 3750. It is enclosed by walls, and 
 defended by a strong citadel : it has woollen linen, and to- 
 bacco tactories The French were defe-t^od here in 171/, 
 
 DAH-MER. a town of Xubia. See Eu Pahmer. 
 
 D.\IIXA, AL, dl-ddn'nd, a wide sandy plain occupying 
 all the north-eastern part of AraVda, bordering on the Turkish 
 pashalic of Bagdad, and extending S. to about lat. 27° N. 
 
 DAHOMEY or 1>A110.MAY, dd-ho'mi or dd-ho'me, often 
 pronounced, though less correctly, ddh*ho-mA'.* 4 kingdom 
 of Western Africa, on the coast of Guinea, with \)ouuclarJes 
 not well ascertained, they being liable to extension or 
 abridgement with the power or weakness of its sovereign. 
 At present it appeius to occupy the space between 6° and 
 8° 50' N. lat., and 1° and 3° E. Ion. 
 
 The country appears to be in general extremely fertile 
 and, what is not a little surprising, is well cultivated, espe- 
 cially in the neighbourhood of the towns and villages. On 
 the coast, particularly in the neighbourhood of ^\ hydah. the 
 principal port of the kingdom, there are many farms in a 
 high state of cultivation, the houses clean and comfortable, 
 and the scenery singularly beautiful. These farms, how- 
 ever, are mostly in the hands of persons returned from the 
 Brazils, and who had, doubtless, benefited by their agricul- 
 tural experiences in that country; although Mr. Duncan 
 found an equal degree of skill exhibited many hundred 
 miles in the interior. Another class of colonists here are 
 emancipated slaves from Sierra Leone. The piiiicipal crops 
 raised here are Indian corn, yams, and the manioc-root, 
 which is ground into meal, and forms a principal article of 
 food. Two crops of corn are obtained in the year ; and of a 
 smaller sort of red corn four may be obtained. Inland, the 
 country loses none of the beauty and fertility by which 
 it is distinguished on the coast. 
 
 Dahomey, though generally level, or but slightly and 
 gradually rising from the coast, has yet several pretty 
 extensive mountain ranges and hilly tracts, formed, it is 
 believed, by offsets of the Kong Mountains. Most of these 
 mountains rise abruptly from the plain, and are very steep, 
 being on some sides nearly perpendicular. Some of them 
 consist of immense blocks of granite. They are much in- 
 fested with wild beasts — especially a range called the Dassa 
 Mountains, in the form of a crescent, which abouuds with 
 lions, hyrenas, and panthers. 
 
 Although springs and rivulets are numerous and the 
 country, on the whole, well watered, there are no rivers of 
 any magnitude. The luxuriance of the vegetable produc- 
 tions of Dahomey afford evidence of the singular fertility 
 of the soil. Its forest trees attain the most magnificent 
 dimensions, and are interspered with fruit trees of various 
 kinds, including the tamarind, of which there are two dif- 
 ferent species, a yellow fig and damson, cashew, koUa, and 
 ground nuts. Green grapes are also plentiful. The cocoa 
 tree, and palms of various kinds, abound on the coast. The 
 rocks and trees are festooned with beautilul parasitical 
 plants, and the clematis and jessamine fill the air with their 
 delightful odor. 
 
 The wild animals of Dahomey are of the same kind as 
 those met with throughout Western Africa, consisting of 
 lions, hyaenas, panthers, and deer. Jlonkcys also abound; 
 and elephants are met with in the vicinity of the swamps 
 in the interior. AUigator.s and hippopotami are numerous. 
 Boa-constrictors, of enormous size, are met with in the inte- 
 rior, and insects, in great variety, alx)und. Birds of beautiful 
 plumage are met with in great numbers: as are also Guinea 
 fowl, the common and Muscovy duck, crows, and pigeons. 
 
 The general condition of the people under the present 
 king, who seems to have effected an extensive and beneficial 
 reform, appears to be prosperous and happy. The Dahomans 
 manufacture a very good cotton cloth, and in many places 
 iron is wrought with considerable dexterity and skill into 
 various useful articles. 
 
 The Dahomans are all pagans, and their worship Fetish, 
 The sovereign power is absolute, extending to an entire con- 
 trol over the lives and properties of the people, who invest 
 their king with the attributes of deity, believing him to be 
 superior to aii human wants and infirmities. The posses- 
 sion of fids extraordinary power and influence by a barba- 
 rous prince, combined with the gross ignorance and super- 
 stition of his people, has led to the perpetration of the mcjt 
 fearful atrocities, wholesale murders forming the principal 
 and most acceptable part of all state and religious ctuemo- 
 nies. The number sacrificed on these occasions is now 
 greatly diminished, there having been 32 only put to deaUi 
 in 1840, and there is reason to believe that most of these. If 
 not all, were criminals. Formerly, many hundreds used to 
 be sacrificed at the Customs, as such celebrations were called, 
 and all guiltless of any offence. Oneof the most extraordinary 
 manifestations of barbarian spirit and sentiment in this 
 country, is exhibited in the king's female army, consis- 
 ting of from 5000 to 8000 women, formed into regiments, 
 and armed with long Danish muskets, short swords, and 
 clubs. 
 
 * " Rash adventurer, bear thee back, 
 Dread the spell of Dauomay, 
 
 Fcir the race of Zahavak. 
 Daughters of the burning day " 
 
 Scon's Bridal u/ Triennain, Canto. III. 
 535 
 
DAI 
 
 DAL 
 
 AHhough the King of Dahomey has always expressed the 
 ntmost anxiety to form friendly alliances with the British 
 eovernment. it has been found impossible to prevail upon 
 him to abandon the slave trade, from which he derives a 
 large and immediate revenue, about 90ti0 V*ing annuallj- 
 nhipi-t-d from his kingdom. Pop. in 1860. estimated at 200,OCiO, 
 
 of which not more than 20.0UO are free. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 Dahomax. dihTio-man. 
 
 hXWLY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. with a village 
 ftn the tiirvan Kiver, 6 miles E.X.K. of Girvan. 
 
 DAIMAX, dl-mto', or AKAXGUA. i-rin'gwl. a river of 
 South Americ.i, in the Banda Orient.il. is an affluent of the 
 Ouguay. rising in a mountainous district, in the centre of 
 -he state, its whole course iH'ing about 110 miles. 
 
 DAIMIKL. di-me-^1', a modern town of Spain, province, 
 and 20 miles E.N.K. of Ciudad-Ke.-U. Pop. 9128. There are 
 several salt-marshes in its vicinity. It has manufactures of 
 woollens and linens, and is one of the richest and most im- 
 portant places in Iji Mancha. 
 
 DAINA, di'ni a village of Syria, pashalic, and 20 miles 
 W. of Aleppo. Here are numerous ruins, supposed to be 
 those of the ancient Imma, and near it the convent and 
 ruined pillar of St. Simon Stylites. 
 
 DAI.NGEKFIELD. See D.\>gerfifjj). 
 
 I>.\IK-EIrK.\MEK. See Deir EL Raster. 
 
 D.\I1{'.SIE. a pjirish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 2i miles E. 
 of Cupar. Here is an old castle, in which a parliament was 
 held in 1:355: subsetjuently. Archbishop Spottiswood resided 
 in it, and built the church and bridge across the Eden. 
 
 DAl'KY, a post-office of Scotland co.. Mi.ssouri. 
 
 D.iJEL. di'jjl', a small town and fort of North Sinde. 40 
 miles S.S.W. of Dera Ghazee Khan, and commanding a route 
 from the Indus throusrh the Bolan Pass. 
 
 DAKHEL. El, U di'Kel. or EL DAKHLEH. l\ Al^nih. the 
 Vt. oasis of Upper Egypt, near lat. 25° 30' N.. Ion. 29° E., 50 
 miles W. of the oasis" of El Khargeh. Length, from E. to 
 W., 28 miles: breadth, 15 miles. Estimated population, be- 
 tween 6000 and VOOO. The soil is very fertile, yielding large 
 quantities of dates, olives, and other fruits. It contains the 
 small towns of El Kasr and Kalamoon, numerous villages, 
 and the remains of many ancient towns, with a remarkable 
 temple. 
 
 I»AK'KEn,(anc. PseVcU,) a village of Nubia, on the left 
 bank of the Nile. 40 miles N.E. of Derr. with a temple of the 
 Ptolemaic era. Opposite to it. E. of the Nile, are considerable 
 remains of the ancient Metacompso. 
 
 DAKOT.A.. a county in the E.S.E. part of Minnesota, con- 
 tains alx)ut 650 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by 
 the Mississippi, on the N.W. by St. Peters or Minnesota 
 River, on the S.E. by the Cannon, and intersected by Ver- 
 milion River. The surface is undulating or level, the soil 
 productiva Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. Capital, Hastings. Population in 1850, 584;- in 1860, 
 9093. 
 
 DAKOT.4^, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. 
 
 DAKOTA, a village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, situated 
 on the right bank of the Mississippi, 143 miles S.E. of St. 
 Paul. 
 
 DAKOTA INDIANS. See Siocx. 
 
 D.\LAI-NOR. dd-li'-nor, a lake of Mongolia, near the Rus- 
 sian frontier, in lat. 54° N.. Ion. 116 E. 
 
 DALAKOE. (DalariJe,) di^^R-o'Jh. a maritime village of 
 Sweden. 20 miles S.E. of Stockholm, with a fort on the (xulf 
 of Bothnia. Pop. 600, mostly pilots and fishermen. 
 
 DALBEATTIE, dal-bA'tee. a village of Scotland, stewartry 
 of Kirkcudbright. 4^ miles E.S.E. of Castle Douglas. 
 
 D.\LBUKY. dAl'bgr-e. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 DALBY. d.il'bee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 D.tLBY. a p;irish of England, co. of Y'ork. North Riding. 
 
 DAL/B\' Sl.\G'NA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 DAIVBY-o:<-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 cester. 
 
 DAL'BY PART A. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 DALDERBY, dil'dgr-be, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 DALE, a maritime villase and parish, formerly a borough 
 and market-town of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 0^ miles 
 W. of Milford. on a peninsula bounding Milfordhaven on 
 the W. Pop. of pari.sh. in 1S51, 406. In this parish is St. 
 Ann's Head, in lat. 51° 41' N.. Ion. 5° 10' 25" W., with two 
 liirht-houses : elevation, 192 feet. The Earl of Richmond, 
 afterwards Henry VII., landed here to contest the crown of 
 England in 1485. 
 
 D.\LE. a county in the S.E. part of Alabama, bordering 
 on Florida, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by t'hoctawhatchee River. The surface is uneven : 
 the soil generally sandy and unproductive. \ large portion 
 of the county is covered bv forests of pine. Capital, Newton. 
 Pop. 12,195, of whom 10,388 were free. 
 
 DALE, a post-office of Wyoming co.. New York. 
 
 DALE, a iiost-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DALE, a (K>st-office of Spencer co., Indiana. 
 
 DALECARLIA, dl-le-kaR'le-i, or DALARNE, diaaR-ni, 
 an old province of Sweden, now comprit>ed in the Isen of 
 faluu. 
 
 638 
 
 DAL-ELF, dil-llf, (i. «. " Dal River.") a river of Sweden, 
 formed by the union of the 0.ster and Wester Dal. fiows suo- 
 ce.ssively S.E. and E.. traversing many lakes, and enters the 
 Gulf of Bothnia 10 miles E. of Gefie. Total course, from the 
 source of the Oster-Dal. about 250 miles. It forms numer- 
 ous cataracts, and, except near its mouth, it is only naviga- 
 ble for rafts. 
 
 DALEM. ddljm, a village of Holland, province of Gelder- 
 land. within 1 mile of Gorinchem or Gorkum. Pop. 400. 
 
 DALEN, dilen, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Drenthe. 24 miles N.E. of Coevorden. Pop. 1600. 
 
 DALENBURG. di/len-l«6RG\ a town of Hanover, 15 milea 
 S.E. of LUneburg. Pop. 800. 
 
 DALES/VILLE. a village of Delaware co., Indianfu about 
 40 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DALESZYCE. di-lA-shifsA. atown of Poland, province, and 
 9miles.S.E. of Kielce, in a deep vallej-. Pop. al.out 1520. It 
 has a fine church. Near it are extensive mines. 
 
 DALE'VILLE, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 DALEVILLE, a postrvillage of Dale co., Alabama, about 
 70 miles S.S.E. of Slontgomery. Formerly the county seat, 
 
 D.\LEVILLE, a post-village of Lauderdiile co., Mississippi, 
 about ICO miles E. of Jackson. 
 
 D,\'LEY''S, a post-office of Montgomery CO.. Tennes.see. 
 
 DALFSEN, ddlf'sen. a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Overys.«el, on the Vecht. 7 miles E. of ZwoUe. 
 
 DALtJETY, dal-gh^t/ee. a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on 
 the Frith of Forth. 2 miles N.E.of Inverkeithing. Coal snd 
 salt are exports! from its harbor. Donibristle House, in thig 
 parish, was in 1592 the scene of the murder of Earl Moray. 
 
 DAlXilNROSS, dal'ghin-ross\ a vUl.ige of Scotland, 22 
 miles W. of Perth. Pop. 317. 
 
 DAiyilAM. a pjirish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 DALIIOUSIi;. dal-hoo'zee. a village of Scotland, co.. and 8 
 miles S.E. of Edinburgh, parish of Cockpen. In its vicinity 
 is Dalhousie Ca.stle, seat of the Earl of Dalhousie. 
 
 DALHOUSIE. dal-hoo'zee, a port of entry, capital of Restl- 
 gouche CO., New Brunswick, on the right bank of the Rest!- 
 gouche River, at its entrance into the Bay of Chaleurs, about 
 200 miles N. of St. John. In front of the town is a well- 
 sheltered, crescent-shaped cove, with good holding ground 
 for ships in 9 fathoms water. Fine wharves and excellent 
 timber ponds have lieen constructed here, affording every 
 convenience for loading the largest ships. The Restigouclid 
 and its branches drain at least 4000 .square miles of fertile 
 countrj'. abounding in timber and other valuable resourc»»s, 
 the whole of which must find its w.ny to the sea through 
 the port of Dalhousie. The uumlier of foreign arrivals for 
 1851 was 108, (tons 21.774.) the clearances 102, (tons 23,660,^ 
 imports $12*i.570, exports $152,015. Pop. about 800. 
 
 DALIAS, di'le-l.s, a town of Spain, province, .nnd 20 miles 
 W.S.W. of Almeria. near the Mediterranean. Pop. 11,970. 
 
 DALINGHOE, a parish of Engl.ind. co, of Suffolk, 
 
 DALUNTO'BER. a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, about 
 1 mile N.W. of Campbelton. Pop. 1702. 
 
 DAL.TA. See Dallta. 
 
 D.\LKKITII. dal-keeth', a burgh of barony, market-town, 
 and parish of Scotland, c-o.. and f? miles S.E. of Edinburgh, 
 between the North and South Esk Rivers, has a st.ition on 
 the Hawick Branch of the North British Railway. Pop. of 
 parish, in 1851, 6521; oftown. 5o86. The town is well built, 
 paved, and lighted; has a parish church, (a Gothic edifice, 
 formerly collegiate,) several other chapels, a classical ."ichool, 
 scientific institution, subscription library, various banks, 2 
 market'houses, numerous good shops and residences, and 
 one of the largest corn markets in Scotland. In and around 
 it are extensive corn mills, with breweries, iron foundries, 
 tanneries, and coal-works. In its vicinity is Dalkeith Palace, 
 the principal seat of the Duke of Bucdeuch. and where 
 George IV. resided during his visit to Scotland in 1822. 
 
 D.iLKEY, dAl'kee, a maritime village and pjirish of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster. co., and 8 miles S.E. of Dublin, on the Irish 
 Sea, immediately outside Dublin Bay, The village was a sea- 
 port town of some consefjuence in the .seventeenth century, 
 and its harbor is pn)tected by 7 strong forts, now in part 
 dismantled. Dalkey Island and battery are separated from 
 the mainland by a narrow sound. / 
 
 DALL.\, dil'li, a town of Burmah. province of Pegu, on 
 a river of the same name. 50 miles S.W. of Ransoon. 
 
 D.\LL.\N, dll'lan.a town of Baden, circle of Unter Rhein, 
 (Ixiwer Rhine.) It contains two parish cliurche.<and a small 
 castle, and has tile-works and several mills. Pop. 1157. 
 
 D.\L'LAS or DOL'L.\S. a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Elgin. 
 
 D.\L'L.\S, a new county in the peninsula of Florida, 
 formed since the census of 1850 was taken. 
 
 D.\LLAS. a county in the W. central juirt of .\labama, ha« 
 an area of 890 square miles. The Alabama River divides 
 the county into two nearly equal pjirts, and, in jxissiiig 
 through it, is joined by the navigable riverC.ihawb.H, and by 
 Ce<lar and Mulberry Creeks. The surface ir. uneven ; the 
 soil highly productive, and extensively cultivated. 1 n 1850, 
 there were raised 35,275 bales of cotton and 1 207,011 busheli 
 of corn. The quantity of cotton was the gr<jater.t ),<r:'d"ioi4 
 in any one county of the United Slates, except Tuscalc^a 
 county, Alabama; and that of corn greater than iu auv 
 
DAL 
 
 other of the state, except Greene county. The Alabama Eiver 
 is navigable by steamboats through its whole extent. The 
 unfinished railroad connecting the Alabama with the Ten- 
 nessee River has its terminus at Selma, in this county. Dal- 
 liis county is one of the most populous in the state. The de- 
 ficiency of water which was formerly felt during the summer 
 months, has been supplied by numerous Artesian wells, 
 which vary in depth from 200 to 900 feet. Kanied (as well 
 as most or all of the following) in honor of George M. Dal- 
 las, formerly A'ice-President of the United States. Capital, 
 Cahawba. Pop. 33,025 ; of whom 7866 were free, and 25,760 
 slaves. 
 
 DALLAS, a county situated towards the N.N.E. part of 
 Texas, contains about 950 square miles. It is drained by 
 the forks of Trinity River, two of which unite within it. 
 The soil is mostly productive, and the county is well sup- 
 plied with water and timber. Capital, Dallas. Pop. 8666 ; 
 of whom 7591 were free. 
 
 DALLAS, a county in the S.W. central part of Arkansas, 
 contains 860 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Washita, and ou the E. by Saline River. The surface is 
 nearly level or undulating : the soil is fertile. The Wasliita 
 is navigable by small boats on the border of the county. 
 Cai)ital, Princeton. Pop. 8283 ; of whom 4789 were free, and 
 34U4 slaves. 
 
 DALLAS, a new county in the S.W. central part of Mis- 
 souri, hiis an areii of 576 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Niangua River, (an aflluent of the Osage,) flowing from 
 S. to N., and also drained by the head streams of the Little 
 Niangua. The surface presents no great elevations, and 
 consists of prairies and forests ; the soil is generally good, 
 and particularly adapted to pasturage. The streams furnish 
 valuable water-power, and the county is supplied with good 
 springs of limestone water. Dallas county was formed a few 
 yearsagooutofi)art of Polk county. Capital, Bufialo. Pop. 
 6892; of whom 5778 were free. 
 
 DALLAS, a new county in the S.W. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. It is traversed by Racoon 
 Eiver and Beaver Creek, altluents of the Des Moines. The 
 soil is stated to be productive. Tlio county is intersected by 
 the State Road from Fort Des Moines to Council Blufi's. 
 Capital, Adell. Pop. 5244. 
 
 DALLAS, a township in Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 996. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-office of Marshall co., W. Virginia. 
 
 DALL.YS, a post-village, capital of Giiston co.. North Caro- 
 lina, about 170 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. The county waa 
 formed in 1846, from the S. part of Lincoln county. 
 
 DALLAS, Paulding co., Georgia. See Appendix. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-village of Madison parish, Louisiana, on 
 Bayou Tensas, 15 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 DALLAS, a thriving post-village, capital of Dallas CO., 
 Texiis, on Trinity River, just below the mouth of the Elm 
 I'ork, about 215 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. It is situated 
 in the region known as the " Three I'orks of the Trinity." 
 It has several dry-goods stores. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Arkansas, 
 170 miles AV.S.W. of Little Rock. It is situated in a moun- 
 tainous region, which is remarkably rich in minerals, in- 
 cluding silver, lead, zinc, iron, and stone-coal. The popu- 
 lation of the county is sparse. 
 
 DALLAS, a township in Crawford co.', Ohio. Pop. 406. 
 
 DALLAS, a small village of Darke co., Ohio, on the Belle- 
 fontaine and Indiana Railroad. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-township in the N.W. part of Clinton co., 
 Michiican. Pop. 907. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-village of Greene co., Missouri, about 16 
 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 DALLAS, a village of Iowa CO., Wisconsin, on the West 
 Branch of Pckatonica River, a few miles from Mineral Point. 
 It is situated in the vicinity of rich mines of lead and cop- 
 per, and has an active business. Pop. about 500. 
 
 DALLAS, ciipiial of Polk co., Oregon. See Appendix. 
 
 DAL'LASBUUG, Owen CO., Kentucky. See Appendix. 
 
 DALLASRUHG, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio. 
 
 DALL.\S CITV, a small village of Henderson co., Illinois, 
 on the Jlississippi River. 
 
 l)AL'LAST(l\V\, a post-office of York eo., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DALLKS CITY, Oregon. See Appendix. 
 
 DALLES idKVi) OF THE OOLUMIUA, a narrow portion of 
 the Columbia River, some 50 miles abuve the Ca.scades. This 
 channel, which receives the whole volume of the river, is 
 formed by walls of basaltic rock, and is only 58 yards wide 
 in the narrowest place. The word •• dalles" (from "dalle," a 
 " slab") appears to signify '• trough," in the language of the 
 French hunters. 
 
 DAL'LTNGTOy. a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 DALLIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 D.VLLU. a town of West Soudan. See Delow. 
 
 D.\LLY, ddl'lU a villa;;e and parish of Sweden. 15 miles 
 <!.N.E. of Malnii}. It contains a royal residence, forming a 
 nonastfry. and was once the see of a bishop. In the church- 
 yard the Danish king, Uarald Heiu is buried. 
 
 DAL 
 
 DALLYA or DALJA, dSl'yd, a market^own, Austrian 
 dominions, in Slavouia. co. of Verocz, on the right bank of 
 the Danube, 19 miles E.S.E. of Eszek. Pop. 3430, part^-' 
 engaged in extensive sturgeon fisheries in the river. 
 
 DALMACHERRY, dal-ma-ehjr'ree, a town of British In 
 dia. presidency, and 100 miles N.W. of Madras. 
 
 D ALMAL/LY. a village of-Scotland, co. of Argyle, 16 mile* 
 N.E. of Inverary. 
 
 DALMATIA,daI-mil'she-a. (It. pron. dH-mi'te-i, Ger.Dalr 
 wati«n, d^l-m^te-en; ¥r. Valmatie, iiliVuiii.''iee',) KINCJDOM 
 OF, a province of the Austrian Empire, comprising the an- 
 cient kingdom of Dalmatia. Croatia. Slavonia. and the town 
 and territory of Fiume — the latter three of which were for- 
 merly comprised in the kingdom of Hungary, from which 
 they were disjoined by the constitution of March 4. 1849. 
 The following article refers only to the first division ; the 
 others will be found noticed under their respective heads. 
 
 The kingdom of Dalmatia consists of a long narrow ti act 
 of mountainous country, and a number of large islands, 
 along the N.E. coast of the Adriatic Sea, bounded, N. by 
 Croatia, and N.E. by Turkey. It extends from about lat. 
 42° 9' N. to lat. 44° 26' N. In breadth it is very limited, not 
 exceeding 40 miles in any part ; and at the naiTowest, near 
 Ragu.sa, about 2 miles; its whole area, comprises 4928 
 square miles. The surface is much varied ; a ridge of lime- 
 stone mountains .separates the N. portion from Turkey, and 
 another runs nearly parallel with the coast ; they are sterile, 
 and destitute of soil. The highest peaks ai-e. Orien. 6332 
 feet; Diuara, 6040 feet; and Partovo, 5!»29 feet; and the 
 largest and loftiest part of the N. range is that of Velebich, 
 to the N.E. of Zara, which is 5439 feet. On the coast range 
 occur the peaks of Mount Mossor, 44r4 feet; and. S.E., 
 Mount Biocovo, 5S99 feet. The inland parts of Dalmatia 
 are diversified by undulatory ground, hills, and high moun- 
 tains — many of the latter having the same rugged barren 
 aspect as those of the coast; others, again, are partially co- 
 vered with low wood. There are also several extensive and 
 unwholesome marshes in various parts of the country, 
 causing deadly fevers In hot weather. The soil, though not 
 rich, is good, and the produce, as a whole, suffices for the 
 limited population of the country ; but, altogether, it can- 
 not be otherwise considered than as a poor, unproductive 
 territory, though not without some rich and beautiful val- 
 leys; but these are generally very narrow. It has few 
 rivers, and all with short courses. The principal are — the 
 Narenta, in the S., having a depth of water sufficient to 
 admit large steamers; the Zermagna, Kerka, and Cettina 
 On some of thes«! rivers the scenery is singularly wild and 
 picturesque. The Kerka has several magnificent ca.scades ; 
 and on the Cettina there are two, froni iio feet to upwards 
 of 100 fet't high. There are also numerous small lakes : but 
 most of them become dry in hot weather. The waters of 
 many ofthe Dalmatian streams have a petrifying quality, 
 and cover the rocks over which they flow with a coarse 
 stalagmitic deposit. The country is not rich in metals, 
 although, in ancient times, it produced large quantities of 
 gold ; but iron and coal are wrought — the latter in tne dis- 
 trict of Dernis, where there are several mines. 
 
 The coast i.^ indented with numerous harbors and bays, 
 the principal of which are Cattaro, Sebenico, and Ragusa. 
 A vast number of islands, also, of all dimensions, stretch 
 along, and parallel to its shores. Most of these are moun- 
 tainous, and present the same general aspect as continental 
 Dalmatia; but are valuable for their productions, such as 
 timber, wine. oil. cheese, honey, salt, and asphalt: and in 
 sever.al of them ship-building is carried on to a consideralile 
 extent. The climate of Dalmatia, generally, is warmer than 
 in any other part of the Austrian dominions: and in spring 
 the African sirocco is occasionally felt, but not^ the same 
 extent as in Sicily or Greece. 
 
 Agriculture is in an extremely backward state. At pre- 
 sent, the greatest proportion of available land is in pjisture, 
 the next in wood, and then arable land and vineyards. 
 The principal agricultural productions are Indian corn, 
 rye. barley, figs, olives, and vines ; but sufficient grain is 
 not produced to supply the wants of the country — the defi- 
 ciency being imported from Turkey and Hungary. Various 
 fruits are also grown, including ai)ples, pears, plums, 
 almonds, peaches, apricots, lemons, oranges, carobs. and 
 pomegranat<?8. Comparatively few sh(^p or cattle are 
 reared: horses are rare, and of very diminutive size. 
 
 Dalmatia h.as hardly any manufactures worthy of the 
 name. Neither the Dalmatians of Italian origin, nor those 
 of the Slavonic race, are noted for any .skill, exopt the 
 ship-builders of Curzola. the manufacturers of liqueurs at 
 Ziira. and the venders of oil and wine throughout the 
 country. 
 
 The whole of Dalmatia is divided into fbur circles or do- 
 p.artments — Zara, Spalatro, Ragusa. and Cattaro, which are 
 again subdivided into districts, of which there are in all 26. 
 Each circle is governed by a capo, oi- ciipffann ciroliire. who 
 superintends the police and all the civil .administration. 
 Somewhat less than a fifth of the people of Dalmatia are 
 Greek Catholics; the rest, with the exception of a few Jews 
 and Calvinists, are all Roman Catholics. Education is very 
 
 637 
 
DAL 
 
 jjenerally diffused by the system of national schools. Prin- 
 cipal towns, Zara the capital : Spalatro, and Kagusa. Dal- 
 niatia was conquered by the Romans in the time of Augus- 
 tus. In the seTenth century it was taken by the Slaves, 
 who founded there a liinjrdom that lasted till 1050. when 
 the greater part of it was united to Hunpary. and the re- 
 niajncler pas.sed under the protection of Venice. In 1797, 
 the Venetian portion, along with the city of Venice, was 
 CtXSed to Austria; but in 1805, by the treaty of Presburg, 
 It fell into the hands of Napoleon, who first united it to the 
 kingdom of Italy, and subsequently, in 1810, to the king- 
 dom of Illyria. The events of 1814 brought Dalmatia again 
 
 under Austrian rule. Pop. in 1850, 393.715. Adj. and 
 
 inhab.. Dalmatian, dal-m;\'she-an. 
 
 DALMATIA. a post-village of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 Fylvania, 40 miles X. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 DALMATIK or DALMATIEX. See D.iLMATU. 
 
 DALMATOV. See Dolmatov. 
 
 DALMKL'LIXGTOX. a parish and burgh of barony of 
 Scotland, co., and 13 miles S.E. of Ayr. Pop. 2910. 
 
 DALME'XY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on 
 the Frith of Forth, U miles E.S.E. of Queensferry. Pop. in 
 1851. 1243. It has. among other antiquities, a picturesque 
 castle of the Earl of Rosebery, and a Saxon church in fine 
 presei-vation. 
 
 D.^LMOW. dirmOw'. a town of India, dominion of Oude, 
 on the X. bank of the Ganges. 54 miles S. of Lucknow. 
 
 D.\LMY. dil'mee, a small island in the Persian Gulf, off 
 the Arabian coast, in lat. 24° 36' X.. Ion. 52° 24' E. 
 
 DALRY, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 19 
 miles S.W. of Gla.sgow. on the Scottish South-western Rail- 
 way, is beautifully situated on an eminence on the right 
 bank of the Gamock. It is rapidly increasing, and im- 
 proving in the character of its buildings. Thou'jh it has a 
 ga.s-work the streets are not lighted, being sufficiently illu- 
 minated by the glare of the adjoining Iron-fumaces. Until 
 the last few years, the principal occupation of the inh.abit- 
 ants was silk and cotton hand-loom weaving, but the greater 
 numl>er are now employed in the numerous coal and iron 
 mines in the vicinity. Pop. in ISol. 8867. 
 
 DALUY,a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright, 
 on the Ken. 3 miles X.W. of Xew Galloway. Height of 
 Blacklarg Mountain 2890 feet. 
 
 DAL'RYMPLE, a village and parish of Scotland, co., and 
 4J miles S.E. of Ayr. Pop. in 1851. 1096. The village, situ- 
 ated on the Doon. gives name to an eminent Scotish family, 
 ancientiv lords of the barony. 
 
 DAL'RYMPLE, PORT OF, is an estuary at the mouth of 
 the Tamar. on the X. shore of Van Diemen's Land. Lat. of 
 light-house. 41° 3' 6" S.. Ion. 146° 47' 5" E. 
 
 DAL/SKRF. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 DALSTOX, a parish of England, co. Cumlierland. 
 
 D.\LSTOX. a hamlet of England, co. of Middle.sex, form- 
 ing a X. suburb of Ixindon. 
 
 DAiyrOX", a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 D.\LTOX. dawl'ton. a township of England, co. Lancaster. 
 
 DALTOX. a post-township of Coos co.. Xew Hampshire, 
 on the E. side of the Connecticut River, 90 miles X. by W. 
 of Concord. Pop. 666. 
 
 D.\LTOX. a post-villace and township of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 146 miles W. of 
 Boston. It has manufactures of cutlery, paper, machinery, 
 and woollen goods. Pop. 1243. 
 
 DALTOX. formerly CROSS PLAINS, a flourishing post- 
 Tillage, capital of Whitefield co.. Georgia, on the ^Vestem 
 and Atlantic Railroad. 271 miles W.X.W. of Augusta, and 100 
 miles X.X.W. of Atlanta. Dalton was laid out in 1846. and 
 owes its rapid growth to the construction of the railroad, 
 which was completed about the year 1849. It is also the 
 southern terminus of the East Tennessee and Georgia Rail- 
 ro,ad. leading to Knoxville. and forming part of the direct 
 route from the Eastern States to those of the South-west. 
 Large quantities of grain, produced in the adjacent counties, 
 are re.-eived here and forwarded by railroad. Dalton is envi- 
 roned by mountains of considerable height. Pop. alxiut 2000. 
 DALTOX, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi. 
 DALTOX. a tliriving po.st-village of Wayne co.. Oliio. near 
 the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, about 100 miles X.E. 
 of Columbus. Lanre coal beds are found in the vicinity. 
 Pop in 1860, about 800. 
 
 DALTON, a post-village of Wayne co., Indiana, about 60 
 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 789. 
 
 DALTON-IX-FUK/XESS. a parish of England, with a 
 market-town. co.. and IS miles W.X.W. of Lancaster. Pop. 
 2201. mostly engaged in Iron mines and foundries, and 
 In malting. In its vicinity are the splendid ruins of Fur- 
 ness AbiKjy. and remains of a castle called the Peel of 
 Foundey. erected on an islet, to defend the harbor. 
 DALTON-LF^DAT.E. a parish of Ejigland. co. of Durham. 
 DALTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 DALTON-ON-TEES, a township of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. r t, -. 
 
 DALTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 538 
 
 BAM 
 
 I DALUPIRI. d3-loo-pe-ree/(?)oneof the PhQippine Islands, 
 ] N. of Luzon. Lat. 19° 15' N.; Ion. 121° 34' E. It is 30 mUe» 
 i in circumference. 
 
 DALWOOD, d.<ll'weS(5d. a hjimlet of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 DALZIEL. d.VJl', a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 D.\M, (Den.) the name by which Appingedam is known 
 to the country people of Frieshind. See Appingedam. 
 
 D.AMAGHAX. drmj-gin'. a fortified town of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Khorassan, 50 miles S.S.E. of .\strahad. Its ruinous 
 walls are about 2i miles in circumference, but not one-half 
 of the space within them is occupied by buildings. 
 
 DAMAK, di'milk'. a town of Java. See Demak. 
 
 D.\MAL.\, dd/miUi. a village of Greece, in the 5Iorea. de- 
 partment of Argolis. 26 miles E.S.E. of .\rgo.s, on the Gulf 
 of .ilgina. It was the seat of a congress duriug the Greek, 
 revolution. Near it are the remains cf the ancient Trc^zen. 
 
 DAM AX. a district of the Punjab. See Damaum. 
 
 DAMAXH(X)R or DAMAXIIOUR, di'mdn-hoor', (anc. 
 Hermopfolis-Par'va,) a town of Lower Egypt, capital of the 
 province of Bahireh. 37 miles E.S.E. of .4lexandri!i. It has 
 cotton-spinning and woollen-weaving Cictories, in which 
 latter are woven coarse csipotes for the army, afterwards 
 sent to Boolak to be finished. 
 
 DAMANHOUR SIIO'BRA or CHOBRA, a village on the 
 Nile. 5 miles miles X. of Cairo, where the Egyptian pasha 
 has a summer residence. 
 
 DAMAR, dd'mas', or DEMAR. dem'aR', a town of Arabia, 
 in Yemen, 60 miles S.S.E. of Sana," with a citadel, a college, 
 and ooOO houses. 
 
 DAJIARAX, di'ml-rSn'. an island of the Malav Archi- 
 pelago. E. of Palawan. Lat. 10° 45' N.; Ion. 120° 5' E. It 
 is 45 miles in circumference. 
 
 DAMURISCOTTA. (RrvER.) of Lincoln co.. in the S. part 
 of Maine, may be considered as an arm of the sea. It is 
 navigable for 16 miles, nearly its whole length, for ships of 
 any burden. 
 
 D.\MARISCOTT.\, a township in Lincoln co.. Maine, on 
 the Damariscott.a River, about 44 miles X.fi. of Portland. 
 It has a bank, and is the centre of extensive ship-buildinj/ 
 and of some coast trade. Pop. 1366. 
 
 DAMARISCOTTA MILLS, a post-village in Lincoln co.. 
 Maine, about 45 miles X.E. of Poi-tland. 
 
 DAMASCOVILLE. Ohio. See D vmasccs. 
 
 DAMASCUS, (anc. DameA: dd-mJsk'; Arab. Sham-«l 
 KelietT, shim-JI-ke-beeR/. t. e. " Damascus the Great." and 
 Sliam-^!!*-Sliererf, i.e. '-Damascus the Holy."') a celebrated 
 city of Asiatic "rurkey. in Syria, capital of a pa.shalic of its 
 own name, is be^iutifully situated on a plain, at the K. base of 
 the .\nti-Ijibanus range, about 180 miles S. by W. of Aleppo; 
 lat. 33° 27' X., Ion. 36° 25' E. It is suppos(»d to be the most 
 ancient city in the world. It is 6 miles in circumference, and 
 is surrounded by a dilapidated wall. Its appearance, when 
 it first opens on the view, has been spoken of by all travel- 
 lers, in all ages, in the most rapturous terras. The Arabs 
 regJird it as one of their four terrestrial paradises. It is said 
 of Mohammed, that when be lookeit on it. he exclaimed, that 
 as man could have bi'.t one paradise, he would not enter 
 it. lest he should have none above. Strabo also speaks of it 
 in the most eulogistic te.'-ms; and Julian calls it the great 
 and sacred Damascus, surpjissing every city, both in the 
 beauty of its temples and the masmitude of its shrines. 
 Addison describes the view of the city as '• one of the most 
 magnificent prospects in the world."" Lamartine speaks of 
 it in the same enthusiastic langu.age; and Lord Lindsay 
 likens it, with its pituresque minarets, to " a fleet Killing 
 through a sea of verdure." The plain on which Dama.scus 
 stands is of great extent and extraordinary fertility, covered 
 with the most beautiful gardens and orc-liards. irrigitted by 
 the limpid waters of the Barrada. forming a waving grove, 
 of more than 50 miles in circuit, rich in the most luxuriant 
 foliage and the finest fruits. As. however, is the ca.se in 
 nearly all Eastern cities, the interior of Dama.scus by no 
 means corresponds with the exquisite beauty of its en- 
 virons. The streets are narrow, and have, many of them, a 
 gloomy and dilapidated appearance. In the Armenian 
 quarter, the hotises are built with mud. and pierced, toward 
 the street, by a very few small grated wind.iws. with red- 
 painted shutters. They are low. with flat-arched dooi-s. re- 
 semliling those of stables, while a dun'.'hill and pool of 
 putrid water almost invari.ably stand before each door. In 
 many of them, however, a singular contrast is presented 
 between the dull, prison-like outer walls of gray mud, antt 
 the richness within. 
 
 The best and wealthiest part of the city is what is called 
 the >Ioslem quarter, where the streets are wider and cleaner, 
 and the houses higher and better built. The Christi.in and 
 Jewish quarters are the most miserable. Among the places 
 most worthy of notice in Damascus are the bazaars, which 
 
 * In this and similar cases, the article el is chanced in sound 
 to m, 80 OS to corrospond with the initial letter of the word to 
 whioh it is prefixed: accordingly, SUAM-EL-SHEiSFKr i» to 1>« 
 pronouncBd and may be written .^/i'ihi-m-.S/ktm/. When Shax 
 is used to designate the country »T Syria, the article is nsuall> 
 emploved. «. </. El Sham, pronounced tK-ithinn. In like maiinet 
 El-DAumkb is pronounced and may b« written JEd-DahvKr. 
 
DAM 
 
 DAM 
 
 Bfe merely long streets — the prin jipal one IJ miles in lengrth 
 — covered in with hiatli wood-work, and lined with shops, 
 stalls, miii;a/,ines, and cafes. In the midst of the hazaars 
 standi the Great Khan, said to he one of the most magnifi- 
 cent .structures of tliis kind in the East, It is an immense 
 cupola, supported on granite pillars, and huilt. in part, of 
 alternate layers of black and white marble. Its gate is one 
 of the finest specimens of Jloorish architecture to be seen in 
 the world. The principal mosque is also a fine edifice, and 
 was originally a (^liristian cathedral. There are three Latin 
 monasteries iu Damascus — those of the Franciscans, Capu- 
 chins, and La/.arists. The first of these has an extensive 
 library. There is also a school for boys attached to the Fran- 
 ciscan convent, in which the pupils are instructed in Arabic 
 and Itali.an. The prin.-ipal Roman Catholic churches form 
 part of the monastic buildings; there are besides, a number 
 of det:»ched churches belonging to different sects in various 
 parts of the city. Besides the more remarkable architec- 
 tural objects mentioned, there is an extensive citadel, also 
 a serai or palace, in which the pasha resides. The house 
 of Judas, to which Ananias went, is still pointed out, as 
 well as that of Ananias himself. This city still continues 
 to be thoroughly oriental in all its features and charac- 
 teristics. No wheeled vehicles of any kind are used, nor 
 are there glass windows to any of the houses. 
 
 Damascus is the chief emporium of the trade in European 
 manufactures with Bagdad, Bassorah, Persia, and the neigh- 
 boring countries; it is also a place of great manuCicturing 
 industry. Traders and merchants arrive and depart with 
 the caravans (o and from Mecca once a year : to and from 
 Bagdad, Mesopotamia, and Persia two or three times a 
 year; to and from Aleppo twice a month; to and from Bey- 
 root weekly. It is one of the holy cities, and here the pil- 
 grims assemble on their journey to, and separate on their 
 return from Mecca. The business classes in the city con- 
 sist of Mohammedan, Cliristian, and Hebrew merchants. 
 The traders are the retailers of British goods ; and also the 
 shopkeepers, grocers, and druggists. There are also a num- 
 ber of manufacturers of silk, damasks, cotton, and other 
 fobrics; the looms for working which amount to 4000. There 
 are. besides, numerous cotton printing and dyeing establish- 
 ments, tobacco factorips, copper and iron foundrie.s, glag-s- 
 worUs, soaperies, Ac. The manufacture of Damascus Ijlades, 
 for which the city was once so celebrated, no longer exists: 
 but saddles and bridles, rich and highly finished, fine cabi- 
 net work, and eleijant jewelry, are largely produced. Until 
 a very recent period, no Christian could walk the streets of 
 the city without incurring the risk of being insultetl. and 
 probably maltreated. This intense hatred of the Frank, 
 however, is now considerably abated ; although an obtrusive 
 disj)lay on the streets of nationality in costume, might still 
 be attLMided with unpleasant consequences. 
 
 Of the origin of Damascus nothing certain Is known. The 
 building of it has been ascribed Ixith to Abraham and to 
 his steward, Eliezer. There is, however, abundant evidence 
 of its great antiquity, being mentioned in Gen. xiv. 15, as 
 existing 1913 years B. c, and appearing even then to have 
 been a place of note. At subsequent periods, it fell suc- 
 cessively under the power of the Persians. Greeks, and Ro- 
 mans, attaining great eminence under the last. In 1516. it 
 fell into the hands of the Turks, who retained it till 1832, 
 when it was taken by Ibrahim Pasha, but reverted again to 
 the Turks, when the Pa.sha of Egypt was compelled to eva- 
 cuate Syria. It is the native place of the geographer and 
 historian Abulfeda. Beyroot, distant about 68 miles X.W.. 
 is the seaport of Damascus. Pop. 112,000, of whom alxiut 
 
 12,000 are Christians, and 5000 Jews. Adj. and Inhab., 
 
 Damascene. damV-.seen'; Arab. Siiamee. Bh,i/mee\ 
 
 D.iMASCUS. the largest pa.'shalic of Syria, comprising all 
 that country between Lebanon and the Euphrates; lat. 
 from 31° to 3PP N., Ion. fi-om 35° to 41= E., having N. the 
 pashalics of Aleppo and Diarbekir; W. those of Tripoli, Acre, 
 and (Jaza; and E. and .S. the Arabian Desert. Chief cities, 
 Damaiseus. Ilnms. Hamah. and Jerusalem : here also are the 
 remains of Palmyra, and other cities celebrated in ancient 
 and sacred history. The pashalic is divided into 20 districts 
 or governorships, has 8 cities and 1522 villages, and a popu- 
 lation of 526.812, exclusive of Bedouins, 
 
 DAMAS'CUS, a thriving post^village and township of 
 W.ayne co.. Pennsylvania, is finely situated on the Delaware 
 River, and on the Erie Railroad. 178 miles N.E. of Ilarris- 
 burg. opposite the village of Cochecton. A bridge, 550 feet 
 long, crosses the river at this place. The village contains an 
 academy and .several mills. Pop. 2395. 
 
 D.\M.\SCUS, a post-village of Montgomery co., Maryland, 
 70 miles X.W. of .4nnapolis. 
 
 D.A..M.\SCUS, a post-village in Spartanburg district. South 
 Carolina, about 75 miles X.W. of Columbia. 
 
 DAMASCU.S, a post-village of Columbiana co.. Ohio, 160 
 miles X.E. of Columbus. It is on the line between this county 
 and Mahoning. The name of the post^ofRce is Damascoville. 
 
 IJ.^IMASCUS, a postfVillage and township of Henry co., 
 Ohio, on the Maumee River, and on the ^Vabasb and Erie 
 Canal. 135 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. of the town 
 ship. 781. 
 
 DAM'AUN' or D.A.M,\?f , dS'm3n', a seaport town of Hindrv 
 .stan. pi-ovince of Guzerat, at the mouth of the Gulf of Caui^ 
 bay, 100 miles N. of Bombay. Lat. 20° 25' N. ; Ion. 72"^ 58' E. 
 It belongs to the Portuguese, who conquered it in 1531, abd 
 have kept possession of it ever since. The town has a ore- 
 possessing appearance from the sea, the houses being gene- 
 rally whitened, but the streets are narrow and dirty. It has 
 several churches and convents. The commerce of the jilace 
 is rapidly declining; but ship-building is still carjied on to 
 a considerable extent, timber being obtained from the adjoin- 
 ing teak forests. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 DAMAUX or D.\MAX, a district formerly in Afghanistan 
 now included within the territory of the Punjal'. conipre 
 bending the tract of country between the Salt range on the 
 X., the Sooliman Mountains on the W.. the Indus on the 
 E., and Sungur, in Upper Sinde, on the S, ; extending about 
 220 miles from X. to S.. by an average breadth of 60 niiles. 
 
 D.\^1AZ.\N, di^md'zSxo', a town of France, department 
 of Lot-et-Garonno. 11 miles X.X.W. of X6rac. Pop. 1680. 
 
 D.\MBACI1, dim^bdk', a town of France, department of 
 Bas-Rliin, 4 miles X. of Schelestadt. Pop. in 1852, 3539. 
 X'ear it are mines of iron and manganese. 
 
 DAMBAKAXEH, ddm-bd-kd'neh, a village of "Western 
 Africa, on the Senegal, in the Damga country. Lat. 15° y 
 N.: Ion. 13° 30' W. 
 
 DAMBKA, a lake of Abyssinia. See Dembea. 
 
 DAM'BELIXG, LAKE, a large salt-water lake of Western 
 Australia, al)Out 100 miles S.S.E. of Beverly. It is the 
 largest of several lakes in this territorj-, aliout 15 mile* 
 long, by 7 or 8 miles broad, shallow, with many low islands 
 of various and lieautiful form. 
 
 DAM'BOOiy, or DAMBO'LO, a village in the island of Cey- 
 lon. 45 miles X.W. of Kandy, and 70 miles X.E. of Colombo. 
 It lies at the junction of four lines of road, and has a com- 
 modious rest-house, and carries on some little traffic. It 
 receives its name from a large mass of rock, situated aliout 
 a mile from the village, and named Damboollagalla, which 
 rises atout 550 feet above the level of the surrounding 
 plain. On the S. side of the rock, about 100 feet from the 
 summit, are five remarkable cave-temples, devoted to the 
 worship of Boodha, partly natural and partly artificial. 
 In one is a long and int.eresting inscription, throwing con- 
 siderable light on the state of the government of Ceylon in 
 the twelfth century. In another there is a colossal statue 
 of Boodha hewn out of the rock; and similar figures, though 
 smaller, are in some of the other raves. In all of them 
 there are numerous carvings and images. These caves, a 
 hundred years before the Christian era, .served as a place of 
 refuge from the invading Malaliars. to the Ceylonose mo- 
 narch Walagamb,ihu. who, in gratitude for the protection 
 thus received, ordered them to be enlarged, placed in them 
 images of Boodha, appointed priests to take charge of them, 
 and dedicated certain lands for their support. Notwith- 
 standing all the changes that have taken pl.ace since that 
 period, the priests of Boodha still take charge of, and offi- 
 ciate at the cave-temples of Damb(X)l. 
 
 DAMBORSCHITZ.dflm'bor-shits^orDAMBORITZ.dam'bo. 
 rits\ a market-town of Moravia, 17 miles S.E. of Brtinn. P. 1617. 
 
 D.\M KR. a town of Nubia. See Ed-Dahmer. 
 
 DAM'KRHAM. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 D.4MERY. dd'meh-ree', a town of France, department of 
 Marne. 4 miles W.N.W. of Epemay, near the right bank of 
 the Marne. Pop. 1770. 
 
 DAMGARTEX. ddmVaR/ten. a fortified town of Prussia, 
 in Pomerania. 25 miles W. of Stralsund. Pop. 1411. 
 
 D.\MGH.\X, dim'^ghln', a town of Persia, i Khoras.san, 
 capital of district of the same name. 50 miles S. of Astra- 
 bad. It is now in a state of utter ruin and decay, not a 
 quarter of the space within its walls being occupied by 
 habitable buildings. 
 
 DAMIETTA, dam-e-St/ta. (Arab. Damiat, dd-me-dt'; anc. 
 Tamia'tliis.) a town and river port of Lower Egypt, on 
 the right b.ank of the East Branch of the Xile, on its 
 delta, 8 miles from its mouth in the Mediterranean. Lat. 
 .31° 25' N.. Ion. 31° 49° E. Pop. estimated at 28.000. It 
 is in general meanly built, but it has some good mosques, 
 houses, and marble baths, a school for infantry officers, 
 and a cotton-spinning factory. Its harbor is bad. and its 
 commerce having become mostly monopolized by Alex- 
 andria, it has now little more than a coasting trade with the 
 ports of Syria, &c., in dried fish and agricultural produce. 
 The ancient town of Damietta (Tamiathis) stood about 5 
 miles nearer the sea. or farther N. It was considered the 
 bulwark of Egypt, on this side, in the time of the Crusaders ; 
 and its capture was always looked upon as the most impoi-- 
 tant oVject in their expeditions against that country. The 
 danger to which it was exposed, however, from its position 
 on the shores, induced the Egyptian caliphs to change its 
 position, and to remove it to where the modern town now 
 stands, abovit the year 1251. The present town contains 
 many anticjue columns and blocks, supposed to have been 
 brought from the old city. It was taken by the Pasha of 
 Egypt in 1S33. 
 
 DAMM, d3mm, or DAMME, ddm'meh, a fortified town of 
 Prussia, province of Pomerania, government of, and 5 miles 
 
 639 
 
 J 
 
DAM 
 
 B S.E. Stettin, on the railway to Starjrard. at the mouth of 
 the PIbne, in the Dammsche-See. Pop. 2890. 
 
 DAMM, a village of Bavaria, in I«wer Franeonia, on the 
 Aschaff. here crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1009. 
 
 DAMMA, dirn'mi. a small island of the Molucca group, 
 Malay Archipelago, N.E. of Timor, lat 7° 5' S., Ion. 12s° 
 30' K. It yields a considerable quantity of sulphur, and 
 has some good anchorages. 
 
 DAMMARIE, dim'ml^ree', thenameof several villages in 
 the central departments of France; the principal in Eure- 
 et-Lnir. S miles S. of Chartres. Pop. 1131. 
 
 DAMMAKTIX, dlm'maRHise', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Marne, 11 miles N.W. of Meaux. Pop. 
 18-27. .Several villages, in the departments of Doubs, Jura, 
 Haute-Marne. &c.. have the same name. 
 
 DAMME, ddmm, or ddm'mfh, a fortified town of Belgium, 
 province of West Flandei-s, i miles K.E.of Bruges, on a ca- 
 nal. Pop. 800. 
 
 DAMME, dim'meh, a village of Xorthem Germany, duchy, 
 and 43 miles S. of Oldenburg, with an extensive cattle market. 
 
 DAM.ME, dJm'meh. an island in the M.ilay Archipelago, 
 Banda Sea. between Ceram and Timor, lat. 7° 10' S., Ion. 
 128° 40' E. ■ about 12 miles square. It is very mountain- 
 ous, and has a lofty active volcano in its X.E. part, where 
 there are also hot springs. 
 
 DAM'MEK, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the 
 S. extremitv of Gilolo, in lat. 1° S.. Ion. 128° 10' E. 
 
 DAMMERSELLEN. See Dagmersellex. 
 
 DAMMGARTEN. See Damg.a.rte.\. 
 
 DAMM. LAKE OF. See Dammsche-see. 
 
 DA:MMSCIII'>SEE, d3mm'sheh-s.V, or DAMMISCHE-SEE, 
 dani'me-sheh-.s4. a lake of Prussia, province of Pomerania, go- 
 vernment of Stettin, formed by the Oder near its mouth. 
 Length. 10 miles ; greatest breadth, 2 miles. It is navigable 
 in all its extent. 
 
 DAMOO. di'moo', a town of Thibet, 40 miles N.N.E.of the 
 Niti Pass : lat. 31° 26' N., Ion. 79° 53' E. 
 
 DAM PIER, dam'peer, an island on the X. coast of Papua, 
 or New Guinea, in lat. 4° 40' S., Ion. 14o° oC E. 
 
 DAM PIER ARCHIPELAGO, is off the X.W. coast of 
 Austr.alia. in lat. 21° S., Ion. from 116° to 117° E., and com- 
 prises Enderby, Lewis, Rosemary, Legendre, Depuch, and 
 many smaller islands. Dampier Strait, between the islands 
 of Waigeoo and Papua, is about 70 miles long, and 35 miles 
 broad. 
 
 DAMPIERRE, dSM'pe-alR', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Jura, near the right bank of the Doubs, 12 miles 
 N.E. of Dole. Pop. 691. 
 
 DAMPIERRE. SUR SALOX, d5M'pe-aiR/, sUr san6xo'. a 
 market-town of France, department of Ilaute-Saone, on the 
 Salon, 9 miles X.K. of Gray. Pop. 1422. Dampiebre the 
 name of several villages in Central and Western France. 
 
 D.\MPOOR, dam^poor', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal. 38 miles X.W. Moradiibad. 
 
 DAM'S.*, a beautiful islet of the Orkneys, in the Bay. and 
 forming part of the parish of Firth. Circuit alx)ut 1 mile. 
 
 DAMUGGOO, d3-mtlg-goo'. a town of Africa, in Guinea, on 
 the left bank of the Niger; lat, 7° N., Ion. 7° 50' E. It is 
 large and populous, but extremely dirty. 
 
 DAMA'ILLK. dfiM^veel', a Village of France, department 
 of Eure, 11 miles S.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 804. 
 
 DAMVILLERS, dftMVeeVA/, a vill.age of France, depart- 
 ment of Meuse, 13 miles S. "of Montmedy. Pop. 1075. 
 
 DAN, a city of antiquity in Palestine, at the X. extremity 
 of the '• Promised Land." The site of Dan has been fixed by 
 Robinson at the Tell-el-Kady. 3 miles W.X.W. of Banias. 
 
 ©AXA, di'ni. a village of Xorthern Syria, pashalic, and 
 20 miles W. of Aleppo, with many rem.iins of antiquity. 
 
 DAXA, d.i'na, a post-village and township of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, P5 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 876. 
 
 DAXAKTL. SeeDoKAU. 
 
 DAXAPRIS. See Dmkper. 
 
 DAXASTRIS. See Dniester. 
 
 DAXAW. See Danube. 
 
 DAX'BOROUGH or DAXn'ILLE, a post-village of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvani.a, 4 miles X. of Dovlestown. 
 
 DAX'BURG. a post-village of Wilkes co., Georgia, about 65 
 miles X.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 D.\XBURY, dan'ber-e. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 It has an ancient Danish camp, whence its name. 
 
 D.^NBURY, a post-village and township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Xorthem Railroad, 39 miles X.W. 
 of C-mcord. Pop. 947. 
 
 DAXBL'RY, a i>o8t-town and semi-capital of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, at the terminus of the Danbury and Norwalk 
 Railroad, LS miles N.N.W. of Bridgeport. It is a pleasant 
 borough, continuing, besides the county b>iildings,9 churches, 
 2 banks, 1 savings institution, 2 printing otlices, and about 
 "*4 manufactories of hats ; 2 weekly newspapers are pul>- 
 lished here. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly di- 
 *«cted to the manufacture of hats. Population of the bor- 
 ough about 5000. Still River, a branch of the Uousa- 
 tonic, passes tlirough the town, and affords good water- 
 power. Inorponited In 1690. In 1777 it waa burned 
 by the British, on which occasion Qeneral Wooster. the 
 &40 
 
 DAN 
 
 American commander, was killed. An appropriate monu- 
 ment has been recently erected to his memory by the citi- 
 zens of the place. Pop. of township, 7234. 
 
 DAX'BURY, a post-village, c;ipitjil of Stokes CO., North 
 Carolina, ;ibout IIJ miles W.X.W. of Rjvleigh. 
 
 DAXBURY, a tow^nship of Ottowa co., Ohio, occupying the 
 N.E. part of the peninsula formed liy Sandusky Bay. Pop. 901. 
 
 DAX'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 DAXBY, a post-village and township of Rutland co.,Ver- 
 mont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 70 miles S.S.W. 
 of Monti)elier. Pop. 1419. 
 
 DAXBY, a post-village and township of Tompkins co^ 
 New York, on the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad, 7 
 miles S. of Ithaca. Pop. 2261. 
 
 DAXBY, a i)ost-township forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Ionia CO., Michigsm. Pop. 717. 
 
 DAX BY, a post-office of Dupage co., Illinois. 
 
 DAXBY FOUR C0RXER3, a post-office of Rutland co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 DAXBY WmSKE, a parish of England, co. of Y^ork, 
 North Riding, 
 
 DAX'CYVILLE, a post-village of Haywood co., Tennessee, 
 190 miles W.S.W. of Nashville, has 2 or 3 stores, and about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 DAXDA, d^n'da. or DAXDE, diu'd^h, a river of South- 
 western Africa, bounds the state of Angola on the X., enters 
 the Atlantic tiO miles X. of the mouth of the Coanza. after 
 a northern course estimated at 200 miles. Daude is a village 
 near its mouth. 
 
 DAN'D RIDGE, a thriving post-village, capital of Jellerson 
 CO., Tennessee, on French IJroad River, at the head of steam 
 navigation, and 30 miles E. of Knoxville. It hiis aa active 
 trade, and contains an academy for both sexes. 
 
 DANE or Diint. Sie Dexmark. 
 
 DAXE, a county In the S. central part of Wisconfin. con- 
 tains 1235 sijuare miles. The Wisconsin River forms a jMirt 
 of its X.W. boundary: it is also drained by the Sug-.ir and 
 Catfish Rivers. The latter is the outlet of the Four Lakes, 
 which lie in a row ne-ar the centre of the county, and are 
 connected by short outlet*. The largest of these lakes is 
 six miles in length. The surface is diversified by hills of 
 moderate height and gentle ascent. The soil is mostly cal- 
 caivous and fertile. Prairies and oak openings occupy ne.Hrly 
 the whole area of the county. In the W. part is an emi- 
 nence called the Blue Mound, which is about 1000 feet 
 high. The streams afford valualile water-power. It is inter- 
 sected bv the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad. Organ- 
 ized in 1839. Capitol, Madison. Pop. 4.3,922. 
 
 DAXE. a post-towusliip in Dane co., Wisconsin, about 15 
 miles N.N.W. of Madison. Pop, 952. 
 
 DAXEMARK, (Diinemark.) See Desjiark. 
 
 D.\XEMORA. dd-ne-mo'ri. a village of Sweden. 24 miles 
 X.X.E. of Upsala, celebrated for the iron mines in its vicinity, 
 which have Ijeen worked without interruption fn>m the 
 fifteenth century, and produce the finest iron in the world. 
 
 DAXEMOR.V. Xew York. See Dan-nemora. 
 
 DAXEMORA. a vilLage of Darke co., Ohio, about 110 miles 
 W.X.W. of Columbus. 
 
 DAXGEAU. dfiN'^zho', a village of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loir. 9 miles X. of Chateaudun. Pop. 1600. 
 
 DAXGER (dain'jer) ISLAXD. of Chagos Arcliipelaso. on 
 the W. edge of the' Great Chagos Bank; lat. 0° 23' S., Ion. 
 71° 18' 30" E. 
 
 DAX'GERFIELD or DAIX'GERFIELD, a thriving post- 
 village of Titus CO.. Textjs, about 320 miles X.E. of .\ustin 
 City. It is pleasantly situated in a rich farming region, 
 and h.is a large boiirding school for girls, and a college. 
 Pop. in 1853, about 350. 
 
 DAXGER. ISLES OF. a small group in the Pacific. Lat 
 11° S., Ion. 166° W. 
 
 DANGEROUS ARCHIPELAGO, a group of Islands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, In lat. 21° S., ion. 140° W., nearly identical 
 with the Low Archipelago. 
 
 DAN'GER RIVER. (Danger is a corruption of D' Angra 
 or Kio cCAngra, i.e. the "River of the Bay.") a river of 
 Western Africa, which falls into the Bight of Biafra, forming 
 a considerable bav at it.s ninuth. in lat. 1° N. 
 
 DAXHOLM, djn'holm, formerly STRALE, strdlA, a small 
 island in the Baltic, in the narrow strait between Rugen 
 and the mainland. 
 
 DAN IE. See Daent. 
 
 D.\X'IEL. PORT, a bay of Canada East on the S. side of 
 the district of Ga.spe near the entrance of Chaleur Bay. 
 
 DANIELS' MILLS, a post-office Person co.. North Carolina. 
 
 DAXIELSONVILLE. See West Kiluxglt. 
 
 D.\N'1ELSV1LLE. a postrvillage of Spottsylvania CO., Vir- 
 ginia, 90 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 DANIELSVILLE. a po.st-village of Madison co., Georgia, 
 87 miles N. of Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, 
 a church, and 2 stores. 
 
 DAXIELSA'ILLK, a post-office of Dickson co.. Tennessee 
 
 DAN'IELTOX, a pos^office of Beiiuforf district, S<-uth Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 D.INILISn.*., dj-ne-lee'shi, a populous village of Russia, 
 government of Perm, of which city it is a suburb. 
 
DASr 
 
 DAN 
 
 DANILOV or DANILOW, dJ-ne-lor', a town of Russia, po- 
 verument, and 40 miles X.N.K. of Yaroslav, on the Pelenda. 
 Pop. 1TC4. It is surrounded by collieries, and has manufac- 
 tures of Ciindles. and dye-works. 
 
 D.VMLtJVKTSCIlI, dd-ne-lo-v6tch'ee, a market-town of 
 Bu.ssia. frovernment. and 80 miles N. of Minsk. Pop. 1200. 
 
 DAM.SC1IK-VVALD, (Danische-Wald,) dil/nish-gh-ftillt/, a 
 country of Denmark, in Sleswick, between the Uulfs of Kck- 
 enfiorde and Kiel. 
 
 DAXlSff or DANISCH, fWnisch.) See Denmark. 
 
 DANKALI, dSn^ka-lee/, or DANAKIL, d^-ni^eer or dl- 
 nS'kil, formerly a province of Abyssinia, now an independ- 
 ent state, bounded N.E. by the" Red Sea. and S.W. by a 
 raniie cif mountains running nearly parallel to the coast, and 
 formin;^ a frontier line towards Ti^re and the Galla country. 
 It is about ii.50 miles in length, by al)Out 5(j in width, at the 
 broadest part, and extends from about lat. 13° to 15° 30' X. 
 It is in general low, sandy, dry, and unproductive, although 
 said to have been formerly a rich country. The heat is 
 often excessive, the thermometer rising frequently to 110°. 
 In the dry season it is almost destitute of water. Its popu- 
 lation is composed of various Arab tribes, known under the 
 geneial name of Dankali, or Danakils. and de.scribed by all 
 travellers as being an unprincipled and ferocious race, and 
 the rao.«t treacherous and cruel of all the inhabitants of 
 Africa. I'op. estimated at 70,000. 
 
 DA.NKAKA, d4n'kil"rl\ or DIXKIRA, din^kS-rdN a town 
 of Western Africa, in Upper Guinea, capital of a kingdom of 
 the same name, on the Gold Coast, 47 miles W. of Coomassie. 
 The kingdom is tributary to Ashantee, and contains rich 
 gold mines. 
 
 DANKOV or DAXKOW, dln-kov', (written also DOX- 
 K0\''.) a town of Russia, government, and 90 miles S. of 
 Riazan. on the Don. Pop. 2.5U0. It is mostly built of wood. 
 
 DAXMARK. See Denmark. 
 
 DAX^NAIKKNCOTTA, a town of British India, in the 
 presidency of JIadras, 32 miles N. of Coimbatoor. 
 
 DANXKM.A.RIE, ddnn'miVee', a market town of France, 
 department of the Haut-Rhin, and 12 miles K. of Belfort, on 
 the Canal of the Rhone and Rhine. Pop. 1214. 
 
 DAXNKMOllA. a town of Sweden. See Da.nemora. 
 
 D.\XNEMO'RA, a post-village in Reekman township, Clin- 
 ton CO., Xew York, 150 miles X. of Albany. Pop. about 100. 
 
 DAX.XKXBBKG, ddn'nen-bSao\ a witUed town of Uanf>- 
 ver. 30 miles E.S.E. of Luiieburg, on the Jeetze. Pop. 1600. 
 
 DAA'O/S. See Denmark. 
 
 DAX KIVKR. of Virginia and North Carolina, rises in 
 Patrick co., Virginia, and tiowing first S.E., then E.. it cros.ses 
 the boundary of the two states no less than five times ; and, 
 after a cour.se of about 200 miles, it unites with the Staunton 
 or Roanoke, at Clarksville, in Mecklenburg county. Virginia. 
 It is navigable by batteaus to Danville. Virginia, which is the 
 principal town on its tanks. The water-power at Danville 
 is very aliundant, but is as yet little used. 
 
 DAN'S FORK, Jlissouri. See Rlack RrvEK. 
 
 DAKSK. See Denmark. 
 
 DAXS'VILLE, a thriving post-vill.age of Livingston co., 
 New York, on Canaseraga Creek, about 40 miles S. of Ro- 
 chester. It contains 6 cnurches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper-offi- 
 ces, a seminary, and a water-euro. The falls of the creek 
 at this place furnish valuable water-power, which is em- 
 ployed in mills and factories of several kinds. Dansville is 
 connected with the Genesee Valley Canal by a branch canal 
 about 10 miles long. Pop. about 3300. 
 
 DANSVILLE, a township of Steuben co., New York. 
 Pop. 21 S7. 
 
 DAXT'ZIC, or DAN'TZICK, (Ger. D,tmiff,dlLnt'siG; Polish, 
 Gdansk; gddnsk ; Fr. Danlzick; ddNt'zeek' ; L. Dantis'cum ,) a 
 fortified city and seaport of West Prussia, capital of an exten- 
 Bive government of its own name is situated on the left bank 
 of theVistula,;)!/^ miles from its outlet at Weich8elmunde,and 
 here joined by the Mottlau and Randanne,which traverse the 
 city. Lat. (of parish church) 54° 21' 4" N., Ion. 18° 39' 34" E, 
 Pop. in 1S61, 72,280, besides 10,4.'^5 soldiers. The mean 
 temperature of the year is 45° 6'; winter, 30°; summer, 61° y' 
 Fahrenheit. It is nearly of a circular form, and ranks as a 
 fortress of the first class, being both surrounded by walls 
 and bastions, defended by a citadel .and several outworks, 
 and provided with the means of laying a considerable part 
 of the surrounding country under water. It is entered by 
 four gates, has nine suburbs, and is divided into five parts — 
 the Old, New, and Low Town, the Speieher, (granaries.) an 
 Island, and Langgarten. The last is the more modern part of 
 the town, and is both regularly and well built. In the other 
 parts the houses are generally old and indilferent. and the 
 streets narrow and winding. The principal public edifices are 
 I cathi.'dral. finished in 1503; numerous Lutheran and Roman 
 Catholic churches and chapels, 2 synagogues, an English 
 church, several monasteries and nunneries, a gymnasium, 
 a i-oyal school of navigation, schools of commerce, arts, and 
 trade, a public library with 30.000 volumes ; an observatory, a 
 museum, society of natural history, an orphan asylum, house 
 of industry, and several hospitals, 2 towh-halls. an arsenal, 
 dnd an exchange. Vessels drawing 8 or 9 feet of water can 
 reach the city ; others lie in the Neufiihrwasser, at the I 
 
 mouth of the river, or in the roads, which afford good an- 
 chorage for vessels of any burden. Its principal mauufac 
 tures are fire-arms, tobacco, silks, vitriol, and jewellery ; 
 and it has numerous distilleries, breweries, flour mills, dye- 
 works, and sugar refineries. The principal exports aru 
 wheat, rye, barley, oats, pease, flour, linseed, rape, bi.scuit.s, 
 provisions, ashes, zinc, bones, timber, staves, flax, hemp, 
 linens, spirits, black beer, and wool. The imports comprise 
 woollen and silken stuffs, and other nianuflictured goods, 
 colonial products, dyes, wine, oil, spice, fruit, salt, and furs. 
 Among its exports, in 1S52, were comprised 20.495 cjuartera 
 of wheat, 1250 of barley, 21,900 of rye, and 4470 of peas. 
 The tot;il annual exports are valued at 900,000^, and the im- 
 ports at 300,000i. 
 
 The proper port of Dantzic is Neufahrwasser, at the mouth 
 of the Vistula, the numtjer of sandbanks which encumber 
 the river iumiediately above seriously obstructing the navi- 
 gation. Xow, however, by means of a canal about 150 feet 
 wide by 15 feet deep, the worst of the obstructions are 
 avoided, and vessels of large size come up close to the town. 
 The corn granaries, with warehouses for linens, ashes, hemp, 
 lie, are all .situated on a small island fijrnied by the Muttlau. 
 
 The history of Dantzic reaches back to the times of histo- 
 rical obscurity. As early as 970. there was a town here. 
 In 1271, it was taken by Mestwin, and in 1294 liy the Poles 
 It was occupied by the Teutonic knights from 1310 till 1454. 
 when it liecame independent under the protection of Poland, 
 and was for a long period a principal member of the Hanse- 
 atic Le.ague. Dantzic was assigned to Prussia at the second 
 partition of Poland. It capitulated to the French in 1S07. 
 ."'ince 1815, its fortifications have been greatly extended and 
 improved, but its commerce has never regained its former 
 
 prosperity. It is the birth-place of Fahrenheit. Inluib. 
 
 Dant'zicker. 
 
 DANTZIC, GULF OF. in Ea.=t and We.st Prussia, is an 
 inlet of the Baltic, 06 miles in breadth at its entrance. It is 
 separated from the Fri.sche Ilaff by the Fri.sche Nehrung. a 
 long narrow tongue of land on the S.E. On it are the towns 
 of Pillau. Putzig. and llela. 
 
 DAXTZICK. See Dantzic. 
 
 DAN/UBK or DAN'AW, (anc. Danu/biui and Uter ; Get. 
 Drmau, d^ndw; Ilun. JJuna, doo'nOh,) a celebrated river of 
 Europe, originates in two small streams, the Brege and the 
 Brigach, rising on the eastern declivity of the Schwarzwald, 
 in the grand duchy of Baden, at an elevation of 285U feet 
 above the sea level, about lat. 48° 3' X\; Ion. 8° 12' E.; and 
 uniting at Donaueschingen. Its general course is from W. 
 to K., falling into the Black Sea by four different outlets, 
 called respectively the Kilia, Stjimbool, Sulineh. and the 
 Edrillisor St. George's Mouths. The Sulineh mouth or chan- 
 nel, the deepest, is in lat. 45° 9' 18" N.; Ion. '29° 40' 30" E. 
 The extent of the basin of the Danube is estimated at 209,189 
 miles, the direct distance, from source to mouth, upwards of 
 1000 miles, and its developments, including windings, are 
 2423 miles. From its source the Danul)e flows N Ji. to Ra- 
 tislion, in Bavaria, lat. 49° 1' X.; Ion, 12° 5' 62" E.; when it 
 takes a S.E. by S. direction, to Waitzen, in Hungary, lat. 47° 30' 
 X.. previously passing Aienna and Presburg. At Waitzen it 
 suddenly bends round, and flows nearly due S. to the point 
 where it is joined by the Drave, near Eszek, in Slavonia; 
 thence it runs S.S.E. to Belgrade, on the northern confines 
 of the Turkish province of Servia, of which it subsequently 
 forms the Ixjundary, continuing its general eastern course, 
 to the point where it is joined by the small river, Bereska, 
 lat. 44° 28' N., it abruptly turns to the X.E., and continues 
 in this direction to Orsova, a distance of about 25 miles, 
 when, by suddenly taking a S.E. course, it fairly enters the 
 Turkish European provinces, forming the boundai'y lino 
 between Wallachia and Bulgaria. At Rassova, on the S.E. 
 extremity of the former province, it t;»kes a direction nearly 
 due X. to Galatz, when it bends round to the S.E., and. after 
 a farther course of about 80 miles, falls into the Black Se.a. 
 
 The great basin of the Danube has been divided into 
 four minor basins. The first consists of a vast plateau of a 
 pentagonal form, 1640 feet above sea level, 150 miles in 
 length, and 125 miles broad, surrounded by mountains, and 
 comprising a portion of the principality of HohenzoUern, 
 part of the kingdom of WUrtemberg, and the greater part 
 of the kingdom of Bavaria, This tract is, by fur, the most 
 fertile and most populous through which the DanuVe passes 
 during its entire career. The principal affluents within this 
 space are the Iser and Lech, both from the right, or S. — those 
 from the left, or X., being trifling. At Ulm it is .about 330 
 feet in width and becomes navigable. 
 
 The second basin belongs to the empire of Austria, hav- 
 ing Vienna nearly in its centre, and comprising the .ircli- 
 duchy of Austria, Hungary as far E. as Waitzen. and Styria. 
 It is very irregular, and is bounded, on all sides, by very 
 high mountains. The soil is rich in mineral prodacts, and 
 the climate one of the best in Europe, The principal afflu- 
 ents in this basin are the March, or Morava, and the Ens— 
 the former from the left, and the latter from the right. The 
 Danube here flows through a succession of the most pictu- 
 resque scenery, till it passes Vienna, Behnv Presburg it 
 runs with great velocity, and is crowded with isbnds. In 
 
 641 
 
DAN 
 
 DAO 
 
 this portiofi of its course, also, it sends off numerous arms, 
 cnclwlni; lirse tracts of country. 
 
 The thini basin of the Danube comprises ITunfrary, E. of 
 Waitzen. and the principality of Transylvania, and consists 
 of an immense plain, almost without undul.itions of any 
 land, and only 394 feet above the sea level. It is inter- 
 sected by lar«re rivers, with marshy banks, and interspersed 
 with stagnant ponls, saline and sandy wastes; rich, however, 
 In mineral products, in flocks and herds, and in wines. It 
 comprises about one half of the entire basin of the Danube. 
 The principal affluents in this basin are the S.ave. theDrave. 
 and the Morava. Below Moldava the Danube flows for 60 
 miles throuirh a succession of rapids and shallows, inter- 
 spersed with rocks and sandbanks, and between Drenk- 
 Dva in IIun<jary, and Scala Kl.adova. in Servia. the navipra- 
 tion is effectu.ally Interrupted by three great rapids, the 
 principal, or l.a.st and lowest, of which is the famous cataract 
 called the Iron Gate, where the stream rushes through a nar- 
 row channel. Iwtween stupendous rocks, with srreat rapidity, 
 endinji with a series of whirlpools, eddies, and .smaller falls. 
 
 The fourth basin comprises Wallachia. Moldavia, a portion 
 of Bessar.ahia, and Bulu'ari.a. This tract is flat, inundated, 
 and marshy alons the banks of the river. The principal afflu- 
 ents in this basin are the -Moota, (Aluta,) Sereth. and Pruth. 
 In its progress through Turkey the Danube gradually in- 
 creases in width, from 14(X» to 2100 yards: and below Ilirsova. 
 In Bulgaria, it forms an expanse of water like a sea. and is 
 studded with islands. Excepting between Drenkova and 
 Kladfiva. the Danube may be said to be navigable for steara- 
 vessels fr im CIm to the sea. although, in some places, ren- 
 dered difficult by the occurrence of shallows and sandbank.s. 
 The Danube receives 60 navigable tributaries, and its volume 
 of water is nearly equal to that of all the other rivere that 
 empty themselves into the Black Sea taken together. Its ra- 
 pidity is. in many places above Ors ;va. so great as to render 
 any navigation, except that of steam, impossible: but below 
 that point its current is gentle and equable. Before 1830. 
 when steam navigation was introduced into the Danube, 
 the boats which descended it were very rarely, If ever taken 
 back, but were broken up at the end of their voyage. 
 
 The number of merchant vessels sailing from the Danube 
 Into the Black Sea; in 1851, was 1668, carrying 417.180 
 quarters of wheat. 997.299 of Indian com, 105.597 of barley, 
 71.024 of rye. and 4349 cwt. of tallow. Adj. D.^nv'bux. 
 
 D-4NUBE. a postrvillage and township of Herkimer co.. 
 New York, on the Mohawk River and Erie Canal. 70 miles 
 W.X.W. of .Mb-any. Pop. 1711. 
 
 DAXUBE, CIKCLE OF. one of the four circles of WUr- 
 b^mberj. comprehending the south-eastern part of the king- 
 dom, and bounded, X. by the .Taxt circle, E. by Bav.aria. S. 
 by Ba^\'aria and Lake Constance, and W. by Baden, Holien- 
 Eollern. and the circles of Schwarzwald (Black Forest) and 
 Neckar. .^rea. 2348 sjuare miles. Pop. 376.594. 
 
 DAXUBR TIITIIEIt. and DAXUBK, TillTIIER, (Oer. 
 DiefS'its (kr D'inau. vcnA Jewfiii <ler Dnnau: or, this side 
 the Danul>e, and beyond the Danube,) two of the four prin- 
 cipal divisions of Hungary, comprehending all the western 
 portion of the country, and called, also. Nieder or Ijower 
 Hun_rary: Thither D.anube, suMivided into 11 counties, 
 comprehends gener.ally the whole of the kingdom situated 
 on the right bank, and W. of the Danube; and Hither 
 Danube, sub-dividid into 13 counties, comprehends a 
 considerable portion of the northern and western part of 
 the kingdom N. and E. of the Danube, and W. of the Theiss. 
 
 DAXUBE. UPPER and LOWER. (Oer. (yhcr and Vnler 
 Donati. (Wn'ter do'nOw.'l two former circles of the Bavaria, 
 now called .Swabia and Lower Bavaria, 
 
 DANUM. See D jncaster, 
 
 D.\X'VERS, a post-villaie and township of Essex county, 
 Massachusetts, on the Essex Railroad, about 18 miles N.by 
 E. of Boston. It contains 5 churches, 15 schools, 1 bank, a 
 savings institution, and an insurance office. It has also 
 numerous manufactories, among which are about 50 of 
 boots and shoes. Tliere are about 2(Xi0 persons employed 
 In the boot and shoe business. The nnml>er of pairs of 
 boots and shoes annually miide amounts to over a million. 
 The number of dwellings in 1850, 1020. Danvers town- 
 ship contains the village of North Daxvers, which see. 
 Pop. 5110. 
 
 DAN'^'ERSPORT, a post-office of E.ssex ccMassachusetts. 
 
 DAN'VILLE, a post-village and township of Andros- 
 coggin CO., Maine. The township is on the Androscoggin 
 River, about 2 miles below Auburn. The village is at the 
 juurtion of the Maine Central R^iilroad with the Grand 
 Trunk Railroad, 28 miles N. of Portland. Pop. 1322. 
 
 D,\NVILLE, a post township of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire, 25 miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 620. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-village and township of Caledonia 
 county, Vermont, 20 miles E.N.E. of Montpelier. It con- 
 tains a bank, 4 churches, a newspaper office, and 2 hotels; 
 also manufactories of rakes, woollen goods, &c. It was 
 formerly the county-seat. Population of the villaee about 
 600, and of the township. 2544. ' 
 
 DANVILLE, a po.xt-village if Warren Co., New Jersey 
 12 miles N.E. of Bolvidere, contains a Presbyterian church! 
 542 
 
 D.^NVILLE, Bucks CO., Pennsylvania. See Daihso- 
 
 ROl'OH. 
 
 D.\XV1LLE. a flourishing post-ixirough. ?apit.al of Mon- 
 tour county. Pennsylvania, on the riirht bank of the Xorth 
 Branch of the Susquehanna River, about 12 miles alwve 
 Sunbury, and 67 miles X. by E. from Harrisburg. 1 1 is a 
 pl.ace of great activity, and is especially noted for the manu- 
 facture of iron. By its position on the Xorthern Branch 
 Canal, in the vicinity of rich and inexhaustible mines of 
 iron ore, and anthracite coal, Danville pos.sesses a great ad- 
 vantages for this branch of industry. The celebrated Mon- 
 tour's Ridge, which extends 21 miles along the river, in the 
 immediate vicinity of this town, abounds in excellent iron 
 ore and limestone, which is used as' a flux in the process of 
 smelting. Since the anthr.acite coal has been used as a fuel 
 in the iron furnaces, the prosperity of the region in which 
 these three substances are abundant, has received a rsipid 
 development: 5 blast furnaces. 3 rolling mills, and sever.al 
 foundries are kept in constant operation. The town con- 
 tains 16 churches, 2 banks, and an academy. Two newspa- 
 pers are issued here. The Montour Iron Works for the mar 
 nufacture of railroad iron are among the most extensive 
 establishments of the kind in the United States. A Iridge 
 connects the opposite banks of the river at this jilace. The 
 Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad connects it with 
 Scninton C8 miles distant. The Catawissa Railroad also 
 passes through this place. Danville was settled about 1780. 
 Pop. in 1850, 3302 ; in 1860, 6385, or according to one report, 
 8420. 
 
 DANVILLE, the principal village of Pittsylvania county, 
 Virginia, on the Dan River, 5 miles from the North Carolina 
 Line, and 16S miles W.S.W. of Richmond. The town is 
 pleasantly situated on high ground, near the head of navi- 
 gation, and is a place of active business. It is surrounded 
 by a fertile farming region, which abounds in stone-coal, 
 iron-ore and limestone. The canal which has been con- 
 structed around the falls at this place affords abundant 
 water-power. A railroad is completed from Richmond to 
 Danville. The village has 4 or 5 churches, 3 academies, 2 
 banks, and several iron-foundries and mills. Pop. estima- 
 ted at 4000. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-village - of Sumter co., Georgia, on 
 FUnt River, 75 miles S.E. of Columbus. Pop. about "250. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-office of Tishomingo co., Mississippi. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Texas, 15 
 miles N. of Montgomery, the county-seat. 
 
 DANVILLE, a small village of Pope co., Arkansas. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-village, capital of Yell co., Arkansas, 
 on the Petit Jean River, about 80 miles W.N.W. of Little 
 Rock. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-town, capital of Boyle county, Ken- 
 tucky. 42 miles S. of Frankfort, is situated in one of the 
 most fertile and highly improved parts of the state. Mao- 
 adan\ized roads extend from this village in seven directions. 
 A railroad 35 miles long is in course of construction from 
 Danville to Lexington, and another is in ])rogres3 from this 
 place to Knoxville. Centre College, in this town, has about 
 200 students and a library of 5500 volumes. The State 
 Aejium for the Deaf and Dumb, which is established here, 
 has abiiut 67 pupils; the building is a fine specimen of the 
 Doric style. Danville also contains a handsome court-house, 
 a bank, and several mills and factories. It was the capital 
 of the state for several years preuious to 1792. Pop. in 
 1850, 21.50 : in 1860. 4962. 
 
 D.\NVILLE. a village of Highland co., Ohio, 7 miles S.W. 
 of Hillsborough. 
 
 DANA'ILLE. a post-village of Knox co., Ohio., about 6C 
 miles N.E. of Cofumbus, is surrounded by a rich farming 
 district. Pop. near 400. 
 
 DANVILLE, a small village of Madison co, Ohio, a few 
 miles S. of London, 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-village, capital of Hendricks county. 
 Indiana, on the Indiana and Illinois Central Railroad, 20 
 miles W. of Indianapolis. There is also a plank-road leiul- 
 ing to Indianapolis and the Wabash River. There is hei'e a 
 county seminary. Pop. 895. 
 
 DANVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Vermillion 
 CO.. Illinois, on the Vermillion River, 125 miles E. of Spring- 
 field. The Great Western Railroad connects it with Spriug- 
 field on one hand and Toledo on the other. The river fur- 
 nishes excellent water-power; stone coal and timber abound 
 in the vicinity. Danville contiiins 6 churches, 1 bank, 2 
 seminaries and 1 newspaper-office. Pop. 1632. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post- village, capital of Montgomery co, 
 Missouri. 50 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 DANVILLE, a small post-village of Des Moines CO., Iowa, 
 about 14 miles AV. by N. of Burlington. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Sher- 
 brooke, 9 miles S. of Richmond, and 34 miles from Sher- 
 brooke. 
 
 DAN WEBSTER, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana, 52 
 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DANZIG, a city of Prussia. See Dantsic. 
 
 DAOORIA, DAOUKIA, or DAURIA, di-oo're-J, a conn- 
 
DAOf 
 
 DAK 
 
 try of AsU, included partly in Mantchooria, (a division of 
 the Chinese Knipire,) and partly in the Itussian govern- 
 ment of Irknotsk. Adj. and inhab. Daoorian or Daou- 
 
 MAN. dd-oo'i-e-an. 
 
 DAOOKlAN'or DAOUKTAN MOUNTAINS, a part of the 
 Stanovoi chain, between the basin of the Amoor and Lake 
 Baikal. They are rich in silver, zinc, copper, iron, and 
 mercury. 
 
 DAOUDCAUNDY, dj-ood-kawn'dee. a town of British In- 
 dia, in the presidency of Bengal, on the Brahmapootra, 30 
 miles W. of Coniillah. 
 
 DAOUUN'AGUR, dd-ood-nj-gfir' or dJ-ood-ntlg'gar, a town 
 of British India, in the Bahar district, on the Sone, 30 miles 
 S.S.W". of I'atna. 
 
 D.\UUL.\i>, dd'ooMiV, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Finist6re, 10 miles E. of Brest, with a port on the 
 Atlantic. Pop. oOX. 
 
 DAK. a village of Asi.a. in Sinde. 
 
 D.\U.^, di'rj. a ruined town of Asiatic Turkey, in the 
 p.ashalic of Bagdad, 20 miles S.S.E. of Mardeen, with exten- 
 sive remains of granaries, tombs, and reservoirs. 
 
 DARA, dJ'ni, a village of Western Africa, in the Bondoo 
 country, about 12 miles W. of the Faleme; lat. 14° 40' N., 
 Ion. 12° 16' W. It is a large and populous place, built on a 
 plateau commanding a view over an undulated and well 
 wooded country; 
 
 DAHABiillKRD, dd-rib-gherd', or DARAB.TERD, dl-rdb- 
 jerd', a town of Persia, province of Fars, IGO miles S.E. of 
 S'heeraz. It is pleasantly situated on a small river in an 
 extensive plain, and surrounded with groves of dates, 
 orangfs, and lemons, the latter in such abundance that the 
 juice is exported to all ptrts of Persia. About 3 miles S. 
 of the town are some remarkable remnants of antiquity, 
 consisting of excavations and sculptured rocks. Pop. from 
 15,000 to 20.000. 
 
 D.\R.\II, dd'r/i, a village of .\sia, in Sinde. 
 
 DAR.UKK', a town of .<inde, in the delta of the Indus, 39 
 miles S.8.\V. of Tattah. Pop. atout 2000. 
 
 D.\R.\K, d.iVlk'. a village of Asia, in Sinde. 
 
 DAli-AI--BKII)A. dir-ai-bi/di, (the "white house,") a 
 small fortified maritime town of Slorocco, kingdom of Fez, 
 on the -Atlantic. 40 miles N.E. of Azamor. Pop. 700. 
 
 DARANAOUR, da-ra-ntig'gar, a town of Briti.sh India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on thio Ganges, 67 miles N.E. of Delhi. 
 
 DAR.\POR.V.\I, darVi-po-ram', a populous town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, district, and 42 miles S.E. of 
 Coimbatoor. 
 
 D'AltB )NNE, dar'bonn'. a bayou of Louisiana, formed by 
 three branches, viz. the South Fork, Middle Fork, and Cor- 
 neille Creek, which unite in Union parish. Flowing thence 
 S.E. it fiills into the Washita alxiut 6 miles above Monroe. 
 Steamboats ascend 00 miles from its mouth. • The South 
 Fork rises in Claiborne parish, and flows nearly eastward. 
 The Middle Fork rises near the N. border of Claiborne pa- 
 rish, and its direction is E.S.E. Corneille Creek, or Cor- 
 ney's Creek, ris.^'S in Union co.. Arkan.sas, and flowing S.E. 
 into Louisiana, unites with the main stream, a few miles 
 W. of Farmersville. 
 
 D'ARBi)X.\E, a post-office of Union parish. Louisiana. 
 
 DARBY, a pleasant postrvlllage and township of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on D.irby Creek, at the head of tidewater, 
 T miles S.W. of Philadelphia, is one of the oldest settlements 
 in Pennsylvania. It has not increased as rapidly as most 
 of the towns in this state, though situated in a rich and 
 pojuilous neighborhood. Pop. 1497. 
 
 DARBY, a iiost-officij of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 DARBY, a townshi]) of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 843. 
 
 DARBY, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1525. 
 
 DARBY, n township in Union CO., Ohio. • Pop. 1269. 
 
 D.\RBY CKEKIv, of Pennsylvania, enters the Delaware 
 River. alKiut 8 miles below Philadelphia. 
 
 DARBY CRKEK. of Ohio, rises in Logan co., flows south- 
 eastward, and enters the Scioto River, near Circleville. 
 
 DARBY CltKEIv. a post-office of Madison co.. Ohio. 
 
 DARBY PLAINS, a post^ifflce of Union co.. Ohio. 
 
 D.'VRBY'S. a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia, 94 miles 
 E.N.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 DARBYVILLK. a post-village on Darby Creek, in Picka- 
 way CO.. Ohio. 40 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 DARD.\-XAGY, daK'ddti^-nOdj', a market-town of Hungary, 
 Thither Danube, co. of Baranya. in a plain, 38 miles S.S.E. 
 of FUnfkirchen, Pop. 2160. 
 
 DAKD.VNKLLE. dar'da-njll', a village of Pope co., Arkan- 
 sas, about 14 miles S. of Dover. 
 
 DARDAXELLK. a post-village of Yell CO., Arkansas, 72 
 miles N .W. of Little Rock. 
 
 DARDANELLKS, dai'd.a-nMz', or HELLESPONT, (anc. 
 HdUsivrn'tti:!.) called also the STRAIT OF GALLIP'OLI. a 
 narrow strait between Jlurope and Asiatic Turkey, con- 
 necting the Sea of Marmora, and the ^Egean Sea. is situ- 
 ated I)fctween lat. 40° and 40° 30' N., and Ion. 26° 10' and 
 26° 40'E.. having S.E. Asia Minor, and N.W. the penin- 
 RiK of Gallipoli. Length, from N.E. to S.AY., 40 miles: 
 breadth ffm. 1 to 4 miles. There is always a rapid current 
 AX the channel, running S., the volume and velocity of 
 
 which is much increased hy the prevailing winds, which 
 blow in the same direction with the stream for at least 10 
 months in the year. The Asiatic side presents th*" most 
 beautiful scenery, and is seen gradually rising from the .sea 
 upwards to the range of Mount Ida. The European side is, 
 in general, steep and rugged. Its various inlets form secure 
 harbors for vessels of every size, and well shelt<?red from N, 
 gales. On Iwth shores there are nvmercnis forts and batte- 
 ries. Of these, there are eight upon the European side, 
 mounting in all, 340 guns: and, on the Asiatic side, seven, 
 mountiiig 3S3 guns. The modern name of this .strait is de- 
 rived from the castles called the Dardanelles, on its banks at 
 the S.W. entrance; that on the Asiatic side being near the 
 site of Dar'ilanus. an ancient town built by Dardanus, the 
 ancestor of Priam ; its ancient n.ame Helle.spont, (i. e. " Sea of 
 Ilelle,") from Ilelle, daughter of Athamas. King of Thebes, 
 who was drowned in it. It is also memorable as the scene of 
 the death of Leander, who used to swim across at Abydns. the 
 narrowest part of the strait, a feat also achieved by Lord By- 
 ron. The invading armies of Xerxes and of the Turks crossed 
 it to enter Europe. 
 
 D.\RD.\.NKLLES, a post-office of Jackson co.. Oregon. 
 
 DARDENNE, a village in St. Charles co., Missouri, 29 
 miles by railroad W.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 DARDENNE CREEK, of St. diaries CO., Missouri, enters 
 the Mississippi River above the mouth of Illinois River. It 
 is a fine mill stream. 
 
 DARDESlIEIM,daR'des-hTme\ a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 circle and 11 miles N.W. of Ilalberstadt. Pop. 1655. 
 
 D.VKENT, dA'rent, a river of England, rising about 5 
 miles W. of the Seven Oaks, and after a course of alxiut 20 
 miles falls into the Thames near Erith. 
 
 D.VREXTH. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 D.iRETOWN, a small village of Salem co.. New Jersey, 
 on Salem Creek, about 25 miles S.S.AV. of Camden. 
 
 DAIt'FIELD. a village of England, co. of York, AVest 
 Riding. 20 miles S. by E. of Leeds, and near the North 
 Midland Railway, is well built. 
 
 D.\RFO, daii'fo, a village of Northern Italy, government 
 of Milan, 30 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Oglio. Pop. 1711. 
 
 DARFOOR, DARFOUR, DARFUR, dar'foon', or DAR-EL- 
 FOOR. (i. t. "Country of the Foor or Foorians,") a country 
 of Africa. East Soodan, whose boundaries are but imperfi'ctly 
 known, but which mav be represented, generally, as lying 
 l)etween 1,-it. 11° and 16° N.. and Ion. 26° and 29° E. It lies 
 W. of Kordofan. from which it is separated by a strip of 
 country inhabited by wandering Arab trilies. rich in cattle 
 and horses. Darf wr is said to be 50 days' journey in length, 
 from N. to S., and about 15 days E. to W.; and it is tra- 
 versed longitudinally by a ridge of mountains named 
 Marrah. from whose sides. E. to W., descend numerous 
 streams, none of which are of any size. The heat in Dartboi 
 is excessive, and there are. properly speaking, only three 
 seasons in the year — spring, summer, and autumn. Autumn 
 is the sea.son of the rains. «hii-h continue 75 days, during 
 which time four or five rainbows may often be seen at once. 
 During summer, the mirage prevails on the plains. 
 
 The crops chiefly cultivated are millet, rice, maize, sesa- 
 mum, for its seed, not for its oil. and legumes. Among the 
 fruit trees a^e the tamarind and date. Tobacco, both wild 
 and cultivated, atiounds, and is much used by the natives 
 in all its forms. 
 
 The inhabitants are a mixture of Arabs and negroes, 
 though many individuals of both races still retain theij 
 pecuii.ar physical characteristics. Education is little a^ 
 tended to. and is confined to learning to real the Koran, 
 and that by the male children only. The religion is Mo- 
 hammedanism. As a result of its position, the commerce 
 of Darfoor is all inland; but this is very considenable. Its 
 principal intercourse is with Egypt, carried on by caravans 
 which traverse the desert, carrying awjiy slaves, camels, 
 ivory, horns of the rhinoceros, teeth of the hippopotamus, 
 ostrich feathers, gum, pimento, tamarinds, leather sacks for 
 water, paroquets, monkeys, and guinea-flens. and a little-cop- 
 per. There is also considerable trade with .Mecca, combined 
 with religious objects. The commerce is conducted wholly 
 by barter. 
 
 Darfoor is governed by a .sultan, who is completely de.spo- 
 tic. and always surrounded by a numerous corps of pri- 
 vileged old women, who assist in various ceremonies. "The 
 sultan seldom or never speaks to either rich or poor, except 
 through the medium of an interpreter. 
 
 In 1794. Cobbe, lat. 14° 11' N., Ion. 28° 8' E..- was the 
 capita! : the royal residence, however, is now believed to be 
 Tendelty. about 20 miles S.S.E. of the former. Several other 
 towns are named, but very little is known of them. The 
 population, according to Browne, is about 200.000 ; but by 
 ttie estimate made by Mohammed Ebd-Omar-el-Tounsy . who 
 resided in the country from 1803 to 1820. and enjoyed most 
 ample opportunities c investigation, the number is estl 
 mated at three or f lur millions, all speaking a dialect of the 
 Arabic. Adj. and Inhab. Fooria.v or Fur.iAK, foo're-an. 
 
 D-\1{GUN, dan/goon, a market^town of Mecklenburg. 
 Schwerin, on the Klostersee, 27 miles E.N.E. of GiUtrow 
 Pop. 1817. 
 
 643 
 
DAR 
 
 DARIEL, di-re4l', (anc. PijIcb Ca^pm, t the " Caspian 
 Gates.") a Kussian fortress of Cin-assia. in a narrow defile of 
 the Caucasus, on the Terek. 80 miles N. of Titlis. 
 
 D.^ ItlEX, d Vre-en, (?p. pron. dl-re-§n'.) a former province 
 In the X.E. part of New Granada, hordering on the Gulf of 
 Danen. 
 
 DAll. EN. d.iVe-3n'. a post-village and township of Fairfield 
 CO.. Connecticut, on Lon^ Island Sound, on the New York 
 and New Haven Railroad, 35 miles S.W. of New llaven. 
 Pop. 1705. 
 
 DAIIIEN, a post-villase and township of Genessee co., New 
 Fork, and on the Buffalo and New York City and the New 
 York Central ftiilroads, 26 miles E. of Buffalo. The streams 
 afford wat«r-power for 6 saw-mills and 2 grist mills besides 
 several lath and shingle machines. There are also manu- 
 factures of carriages, and sash and blinds. The village con- 
 tains a Methodist church. Pop. 2143. 
 
 D.\RIEN, a small village on the S.E. border of Hancock 
 CO.. Georgia, a few miles E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 DART KN, d;\'re-en, a port of entry, and capital of Mcintosh 
 CO.. Georgia, on the left bank of the Altamaha River, 12 miles 
 from the se,x, and <X) miles S.W. of Savannah. The situation 
 is not healthy. It had formerly an extensive trade in pro- 
 duce, a portion of which has been diverted to another mar- 
 ket by the construction of the Central Railroad. Large 
 quantities of pine lumber are received here by the river. 
 The shipping of the port, June 30th. 1852. was 306 tons 
 registered, and 859 tons enrolled and licensed. The foreign 
 arrivals for the year were only 3; tons. 721: and the cleai^ 
 ances for foreign ports, 6; tons, 1359. The town contains 5 
 churches. 1 academy, and 12 stores. Pop. 570. 
 
 DARIEN', a iwst-village and township in AValworth co., 
 Wisconsin, on the railfoad from Racine to Beloit, 19 miles 
 N.E. of Beloit. Pop. 1590 
 
 DAKIEN CENTRE, a postrvillage in Darien township. 
 Genessee CO., New York, on the Buffalo and New Y'ork City 
 Railroiid, 26 miles E. of Buffalo. It has a Presbyterian 
 church, a seminary, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 D.VltlEN CITY, a small village in Darien township, Ge- 
 nessee CO., New York, on the Elmira and Buffalo Railroad. 
 
 D.A.RIEN DEPOT, a post-village of Fairfield eo.. Connecti- 
 cut, on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 35 miles 
 W.S.W. of New Haven. 
 
 DAItlEX, GULF OF, a portion of the Caribbean Sea, New 
 Granada, in lat. 9° N., and Ion. 7° W., having W. the isthmus 
 of Darien or I'anama. Shores steep, and on it are few good 
 places for emlwrkation. At its S. extremity an inlet termed 
 the Bav of Choco. receives the river Atrato. 
 
 DAKIEN, ISTHMUS OF. See P.^sama. Isthmus of. 
 
 DAKIEN (or DOBAY) LIGHT, on the S. point of Sapelo 
 isl.and, E. of Mcintosh co.,Georgia, is 74 feet above the level 
 of the sea, and revolves once in five minutes. Lat. 31° 33' 
 N.. Ion. 81° 15' W. 
 
 DAR.TEELING, dar'jeeWng, or DARJILING, dar-jil'ing, 
 a British sanatory station for the British troops in India, in 
 the Sikkim territory; lat. 27° 3' 9" N., Ion. 88° 28' E., about 
 318 miles N. of Calcutta. It has an elevation of 7400 feet 
 above sea-level. The atmosphere is humid and moist, and 
 the annual fall of rain, 120 inches. 
 
 DAUIC, a post-office of Perrv co.. Arkansas. 
 
 DARK COKNEIt. a post-viilase of Campbell CO., Georgia, 
 110 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 D.VKK CORNER, a postoflic« of De Soto co., Mississippi. 
 ' DARKE, dark, a county in the W. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on Indiiina, has an area of 609 square miles. It is drained by 
 the sources of Gi-eenville, Stillwater, and Franklin Creeks. 
 The surfiice is mostly level, and consists partly of small 
 prairies : the soil is good, and well timbered. This county 
 is intersected by three railroads: namely, th« Greenville 
 and Miami, the Bellelbntaine and Indiana, and the Colum- 
 bus, and IndianapoUs. Organized in 1809, and named in 
 honor of General William Darke, an officer in the war of 
 the,Rev.lution. Capital. Greenville. Pop. 26,009. 
 
 DAliKE. a post-office of Darke co.. Ohio. 
 
 DARKEHMEN, daR-ki/m(*n, a town of East Prussia, 
 15 miles S.S.W. of Qumbinnen. on the Angerapp. Pop. 2260. 
 
 DARKHAN, (daE^Kin',) MOUNT, a lofty granite moun- 
 tain range, in Mongolia, 140 miles S.E. of Oorga. neivr the 
 route thence to Peking ; on it is a monument to which the 
 Mongol tribes repair annually to celebrate the memory of 
 Jenghis Khan. 
 
 D.VKKING. a town of England. See DoKKrso. 
 
 D.^RKS'VILLE, a post-village of Berklev co., Virginia, on 
 Sulphur Spring Creek, 165 miles N. by W. of Richmond, 
 contains 1 church and a few stores. 
 
 IiAR'L.\.STON, a town and parish of England, co., and 
 17 miles S. by E. of Stafford. Pop. of parish, in 1851, 10.590. 
 The town is rapidly increasing and gradually improving. 
 The principal manufacture is that of iron, vvhich is made 
 here of all descriptions, and of excellent quality. Articles 
 of iron are aLso manufactured to a gre;it extent, such as gun- 
 locks, bolts, bars, screws. door-Latches, bullet-moulds, cast- 
 ings. 4c. The coal and iron mines in the parish, are also 
 extensively worked. 
 
 DARUETON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 W4 
 
 DAR 
 
 DARO-ET, a parish of Enghnd. co. of Derby. 
 
 DARLEY ABBEY, a township of England, co. of Derby, 
 parish of Alkmund. on the Denvent. 
 
 DAlfLING. a principiil river of Central Australia, rises by 
 numerous heads, between lat. 20° and 27° S.. and Ion. 151*^ 
 and 152° E.; it flows south-westward, and has been traced 
 as fir as lat. 32° 24' 20" S., Ion. 142° 24' 2i>" E.. where it has a 
 southward course, and unites with the Murrav near lat. 34° 
 S., Ion. 142° E. It receives the Bogan from "the S.E., tra- 
 verses a bare and sterile country, and in most part of its 
 course its waters are salt. 
 
 DARLING DOWNS, a gras-sy hill-chain of Central Austra- 
 lia, N.E. of the source of Darling River. Lat. 28° S- Ion. 
 152° E., and with an average elevation of 2uo0 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 DARLING R.A.NGE. Is a granite series of mountains of 
 Western Australia, parallel with the co:ist, and alx)unding 
 with sandal-wood and other large timber trees. Length, 250 
 miles: greatest height. .3500 feet. 
 
 DAR'LINGSVILLE, a small village of Pike co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 DAR'LINGTON. a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 18$ miles S. of Durham, on the Great North of England 
 Railway. 45 miles N. of York. Pop. in 1851, 12.453; of the 
 town. 11.582. a lai-ge number of whom are Friend.s. The 
 streets diverge from a spacious market-place: the town is 
 well built and lighted. It has a bridge of thi-ee arches across 
 the Skerne. an affluent of the Tees, a fine church of the 
 twelfth century, and formerly collegiate, a new church, a 
 grammar school founded by Queen Elizabeth, a blue-coat 
 school, union work-house, formerly an episcopal palace, a 
 town-hall, mechanic's in,st)tutinn, manufactures of worsted 
 and linen yarn, and metal foundries. It is a titular borough, 
 under the bishop of Durham, and the place of election for 
 the southern division; county and potty sessions, and bo- 
 rough courts are held. It communicates by railway with 
 Bishop .\uckland and Stockton. It gives the title of earl to 
 the Duke of Cleveland. 
 
 DAR'LINGTON. a district in the N.E. part of South Caro- 
 Ima, has an area of 800 square miles, it is bounded on the 
 N.E. by the Great Pedee, on the S.W. by Lynche's Creek, 
 and intersected by Black Creek. The surface is undulating 
 rather than hilly, and p.-vrtly covered with forests of pine. 
 The soil along the streams is fertile, and that of the uplands 
 sandy and light. The district is intersected by the Wilming- 
 ton and Manchester Railroad, latelv constructed. Capital, 
 Darlington. Pop. 20,361, of whom 8484 were free, and 11,877 
 slaves. 
 
 DARLINGTON, a post-borough and township of Beaver 
 CO., Penusylvaniit, on Little Beaver Creek, about 39 miles 
 N.W. of Pittsburg. It contains 1 or 2 churches, and sever- 
 al stores. Pop. of the township, 1677. 
 
 DARLINGTON, a post-village of Harford co., Maryland, 
 32 miles N.E. of Baltimore, has 2 chtu-ches and an academy. 
 
 DARLINGTON, a post-village, capital of Darlington dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, 7S miles E.S.E. of Columbia. It con- 
 tains a court-house, jail, several churches, and stores. 
 
 DARLINGTON, a post-village in St. Helena parish, Lotil- 
 siana. about 75 miles N.E. of Baton Rouge. 
 
 D.iRLINGTON. a pleasant post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Indiana. 8 miles E.N.E. of Crawfordsville. 
 
 DARLINGTON, a post-village, capital of Lafayette co., Wis- 
 consin, on the Mineral Pt.R.R. P.aboutl200. See Appendix. 
 
 DARLINGTON HEIGHTS, a post-ofHce of Prince Edward 
 CO.. Virginia. 
 
 D'.ARLON. dar'lon', a village of Gibson co., Indiana, on 
 the Evansville and Illinois Railroad, about 20 mUes N. of 
 Evansville. 
 
 D.i^RMSTADT, daRm'stStt. a town of Western Germany, 
 capital of the grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, and of the 
 provinc* of Starkenburg, at the N.W. extremity of the Oden- 
 wald, on the little river Darm. and on the Frankfort and 
 Mannheim Railway, 5S miles N.E. of Cailsruhe. Pop. 
 28.523. It consists of an old and new town, both enclosed 
 by walls. The former is ill built ; the latter ha," broad and 
 handsome streets. It has old .ind new ducal palaces : the 
 former of which contains a picture gallery, museum of na- 
 tural history, with valuable fos.'iils. aiiil of ancient and 
 modern sculpture, a h.all of antiquitie.s. colle<:tions of cork 
 models, armory, and a library of 2lX).IXH) volumes; other 
 edifices are the palaces of the hereditary prince, and the 
 Landgrave Christian, the opera-house, in the Italian style, 
 artillery dep6t. several churches, one of whii-h contains the 
 tombs of the landgraves, ancient princes of this territory, 
 the Casino, hall of the commons, military hospital, royal sta- 
 bles, orphan asylum, ducal chapel, synagogue, ic. It h.aa 
 an agricultural 'norm.al school, a gj-mnasium. school of arts 
 and sciences, artillery, scnlptuiv, and drawing. The pre- 
 sence and expenditure of the court form the chief source of 
 subsistence to the inhabitants. Manufactures of tobacco, 
 wax candles, carpets, silver articles. pa)x'r. cards, starch, 4e. 
 are carried on. The celebrated chemists, Schleijrmacher and 
 Liebig. were born here. 
 
 D.\RN.4C. dda'nak', a village of France, department of 
 Haute-Vlenne, 8 nule« N.N.M'. of Bellac. Pop. 2214 
 
DAR 
 
 DAU 
 
 DAR'NAWAY CASTLE, the seat of the Earl of Moray, In 
 Scotland, co. of Elgin. See Dyke. 
 
 DARNES'TOWN, a po.st-vilIat;e of Montfromery co., Mary- 
 land, near the left bank of the Potomac, 55 miles W. by N. 
 of Annapolis. 
 
 DAK.VETAL, daR'neh-tdl', a town of France, department 
 of Seine-Inferieui-e, on the Aubette, arrondi.ssement, and 2 
 miles E. of Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 6002. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloths, liLinkets, flannels, &c. 
 
 DARNEY, daR'n.V, a village of France, department of 
 Vcsges, 15 miles S.E. of Minecourt. Pop. 1880. 
 
 DAR/NICK, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxborough, 1 
 mile W. liy X. of Melrnse. It contains an ancient tower 
 built during the fifteenth centur}'. Pop. 280. 
 
 DARNLEY (darnlee) ISLAND, in Torres Strait, Australa- 
 sia, is about 100 miles N.E. oi Cape York. 
 
 DAROCA. dl-ro'ki, a town of Spain, on the Jiloca, pro- 
 Tince and 48 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 2510. 
 
 DARO^V'EN, a pari.sh of Xorth AVales, co. of Montgomery, 
 6 niles E.N.E. of Machynlleth. Pop. 1013. 
 
 DAR/KIXGXON, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 DARRTOWX, a post-village in Butler co., Ohio, about 30 
 miles N. by W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 DAR'SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 DART, a river of England, co. (jf Devon, rises in Dartmoor, 
 flows south-eastward past Totnes, and after a course of 35 
 miles joins the Knglish Channel by an estuary which forms 
 the harbor of Dartmouth. 
 
 DART, a post-office of Perry co., Arkansa.". 
 
 DART'FOlvD, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Kent, on the navigable Daren t, here crossed by an ancient 
 bridge, and near the line of the London and Gravesend Rail- 
 way. 15 miles E.S.E. of London. Pop. in 1851, 6224. The town, 
 situated in a narrow valley, has a large church, a grammar 
 school, a church charity school, alms-house founded in the 
 reign of Henry VI., some remains of a nunnery founded 
 about 1355, and made a royal residence at the reformation, a 
 county bridewell, union work-house, market-house, bianch 
 bank, with large gunpowder, paper, oil, and flour mills, an 
 extensive steam-engice factory, and considerable trade with 
 London by the river. It is the seat of lathe sessions and a 
 court of reciuests. The insurrection of Wat Tyler, the 
 blacksmith, commenced here. 
 
 DAKT'FORU, a thriving post-village of Green Ijike co., 
 Wisconsin, on the outlet of Green Lake, r5 miles N .N.E. from 
 Madison. It had, in 1804, 1 or 2 churches, 5 stores, i mills, 
 and about --lOO inhabitants. 
 
 DART'INOTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DART'MOJR, a table-land of England, occupying a large 
 part of the S. half of the county of Devon. Area, 350,000 
 acres. It comprises many granite heights, termed ti/rs; the 
 Yes-tor has an elevation of 2050 feet; and Cawsand Reacon, 
 1782 feet. The surface is mostly heath or woodland ; it has 
 numerous mines. 
 
 DARTMOUTH, dart'mtith, a parliamentary and munici- 
 pal lX)rough, and seaport town of England, co. of Devon, on 
 the W. side of the estuary of the Dart, which forms its har- 
 bor, and 8 miles S.S.E. of the Great Western Railway at 
 Totnes. Pop. in 1851, 4508. The town is most picturesquely 
 built on a steep acclivity, forming a succession of terraces, 
 often connected by stairs, and its dock-yard and quay pi-o- 
 ject into the river, which here resembles a lake with finely- 
 wooded banks, and is crossed by a floating bridge. The Dart 
 is defended at its entrance by a castle and strong batteries, 
 and is navigable to the town for vessels of 150 tons burden. 
 The pi-incipal exports are barley, woollen goods, and cider. 
 The imports are wine, oil, fruits, salt from the Slediteri'a- 
 nean, and fish, many of the inhabitants being engaged in 
 the pilchard and Labrador fisheries. Steamers ply hence 
 daily to Totnes. Registered shipping of the port in 1848, 
 452 vessels; aggregate burden, 32,099 tons. It returns one 
 member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of 
 earl to the Legge family. 
 
 DART'MOUTIL a seaiiort of British America, in the N. 
 part of Prince Edward Island, in Prince CO., on Richmond 
 Bay, in lat. 46° 33' N., Ion. 63° 54' W. 
 
 DARTMOUTH, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Hali- 
 fax, situated at the entrance of a small river into Halifax 
 harbor, opposite the town of Hali&tx. 
 
 DART'MOUTH, AirTEMONT', or ONGLAHY, ong'gli/- 
 hee*. a river of Madagascar, rising in the mountains in the 
 Central S. part of the island, flows nearly due W., and falls 
 Into the Ray of St. Augustine under the Tropic of Capri- 
 corn. Its entire course may be about 150 miles. 
 
 D.\RTJIOUTII, a post-village and township of Bristol co., 
 Miissachusetts. on the N. side of Buzzard's Bay, 50 miles 
 S. by E. of Boston. Numerous inlets setting up from the 
 bay afford many fine harbors. The whale fishery is carried 
 on from this port to a considerable extent; in 1853, 
 2 ships arrived, bringing 385 barrels of sperm oil, 1870 
 of whale oil, and 25.800 pounds of whalebone. There are 
 several villages in the township, which has a population 
 f f 38S3. 
 
 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, New Hampshire. SeeHANOTER. 
 2K 
 
 DARTON, a village and parish of England, co. of Tori 
 West Riding. 4 miles N.W. of Barnsley. Pop. 3583. 
 
 DARUVAR. dd'roo-vaR', a town of the Austrian Empire 
 in Slavonia, 28 miles N.W. of Posega. It has sulphur bath* 
 and marble quarries. 
 
 DAR'VEL. a village of Scotland, co. and 15 miles N.E. of 
 Avr, on the Irvine Water. Pop. 1362. 
 DARVERNUM. See Cantkrihry. 
 
 D.AR'VILLE, a post-office of Dinwiddle co., Virginia. 
 DAR'WAR\ a district of British India, presidency of Bom 
 bay. bordering on Mysore. Area, 9122 square miles. Pop 
 838.757. 
 
 D.\RWAK. a town and fortress of Hindostan, capital of 
 the above province, in lat. 1.5°28' N., Ion. 75° 8' E. The town 
 is situated to the S. of the fort, and is surrounded by a wall 
 and ditch. The fort is naturally strong. This pl.ice hag 
 been taken and retaken many times, both by native princes 
 and bv the British. 
 
 DAR'M EN. LOWER, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 2 miles S.E. of Blackburn. Pop. in 1851. 3521. 
 
 DARnVEN, O'VER, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 3i 
 miles S. of Blackburn. It is well though irregularly built 
 of freestone, well supplied with water, lighted with gas. and 
 rapidly increasing and improving. The cotton manufacture 
 is carried on to a great extent, no fewer than 3800 looms, 
 with 63.000 spindles, lieing now at work, \fith the prospect 
 of an increase. Paper m.inufacturing and staining, and 
 handloom silk weaving are also carried on extensively, 
 while the carpet manufacturing is just commencing. There 
 is a station here on the Bolton. Blackburn. Clitheroe, and 
 West Yorkshire Railway. Pop. in 1861. 11,702. 
 
 DARWENT, a river of England. See Derwent. 
 
 DAR'WIN, a thriving post-village and township of Clark 
 county, Illinois, on the Waba.^h River, about 20 miles below 
 Terre Haute, and 133 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. Pop. 
 779. 
 
 DAR'AVIN, MOUNT and SOUND, Terra del Fuego, on the 
 S.W. side of King Charles's South Land; the mountain, 
 near the coast, is estimated to be 0800 feet in height. 
 
 I)AR'YS.\W\ a post-office of Jefferson Co., Arkansas. 
 
 D.\SCHITZ, di'shits, a market-town of Bohemia, 7 miles 
 N.N.E. of Chrudim, on the Lauena. Pop. 1500. 
 
 DASHKOVA or DASCHKOWA, dish-ko'vi, a town of 
 Russia, government, and 12 miles S. of Moheelev, on the 
 right bank of the Dnieper. Pop. 1100. Heie the French 
 were defeated by the Russians, on the 10th of July, 1812. 
 
 DAS MORTKS, a river of Biazil. So Rio Das Mortas. 
 
 DASSAU, dds/s«w, (written also DASSOW.)amarketrtown 
 of Northern Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 20 miles 
 W. of AVismar. on the Stepenitz. Pop. 1045. 
 
 DASSEL, dds'sfl. a town of Hanover, 23 miles N.N.W. of 
 Gcittingen. Pop. 1811. 
 
 DA.«'SEN ISLAND, in South Africa, Cape Colony, in the 
 Atlantic, 40 miles N.N.W. of Cape Town. Lat. 33° 20' 12" S., 
 Ion. 18° 6' 45" E. 
 
 DAS/SET-ON-ATON. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 DATCH'ET, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, on the 
 Thames, opposite Windsor. Here are many elegant man- 
 sions, including Lord Montague's seat of Ditton Park, re- 
 markable for its fine oaks. Datchet .Mead is famous for Fal- 
 staff's adventure in •' Merry Wives <rf Windsor." 
 
 DATCHnvOKTH, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 DATE ISLAND, a small island on the E. coast of Anam, 
 in lat. 13° 30' N.. Ion. 108° 15' E. 
 
 DATNOVO, ddt'no'vo. a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government, and 70 miles N.W. of Ailna. Pop. about 1400. 
 
 DAT^CIIITZ. dS'chits, (Moravian Daczicze. da-chee'cb,-!.) a 
 town of Moravia. 25 miles S. of Iglau, on the Thaya, with 
 1600 inhabitants, and a castle. 
 
 DATTOLI, d^t-tolee, a cluster of small rocky islets around 
 the island of Panaria, Lipari group, in the Mediterranean, 
 conjectured to be a part of the ancient volcanic island Evo- 
 nymus. 
 
 DAUBA, dOw'bJ, or DUBA, doo'bi, a town of Bohemia, 
 circle, and 19 miles N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1700. 
 
 D'AL'BIQNY, do'beenVee', a village of Canada East, in 
 the parish ofPointeLevi, oppo.site Quebec, to which a small 
 steamer crosses several times daily. It contains several stores. 
 
 DAUCHTTE, daw-cheat/, also written DORCHEAT', a 
 bayou of Arkansas and Louisiana. Rising in the S.W. part 
 of the former state, it flows southward into Louisiana, and 
 forms the W. boundary of Claiborne pari.«h until it falls into 
 Lake Bistineau, atoxit 8 miles S.W. of Miuden. Steamboats 
 navigate the lower part of this bayou. 
 
 DAt'DLEB, dCwdlJb, or DAUDLEBY', dCwdl^b-ee, a vil- 
 lage of Bohemia, circle of Koniggratz, capital of a dLstn'ct 
 of the same name, on the Adler, Pop. 10t)8, 
 
 DAUGI, dCw'ghee, a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Vilna. 25 miles S.W. of Troki. Pop. 1200. 
 
 DAULE. ddwiil, a large navigable river of Ecuador, rises 
 nearS.m Miguel, in lat. .35° S., Ion. 80° 38' E., from which 
 point it flows S. to Guayaquil, where it joins the river of 
 this name. 
 
 DAULE. a village of South America, in Ecuador, 22 miles 
 N.N.W. of Guayaquil, on the river Daule. 
 
 545 
 
DAU 
 
 DAV 
 
 DAULIA ft Tillage of Greece. See Davua. 
 DAUMEKAY, do'meh-rA/, a village of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Loii-e, 19 miles X.W. of' Bauge. Pop. 1^-5:3. 
 
 DAUX, dOwn. a village of Rhenish Prussia, capital of a 
 circle, 29 uiiles .N.X.E. of Treves. Pop. 460. It has a castle 
 of the Coimtf of Daun, and mineral springs. 
 DAUNT'.-'EY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 D.VU'PUIX, a county in the S.E. central part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, has an area of 530 square miles. Susquehanna 
 Kiver forms its entire boundary on the AV. and S'.W., Ma- 
 hantingo Creek washes its northern Ixjrder, and it is 
 traversed by Swatara lUver, and by Wiconisco, Powell's. 
 Clark's, and Paxton Creeks. The surface is mostly occupied 
 by parallel mountain ridges and intervening valleys, the 
 general direction of which is X.E. and S.W. The Kittatin- 
 ny, or Blue Mountain, raises its crest across the middle of 
 the county. South Mount;iin extends along the S. Iwrder 
 of the county. The soil has almost every variety ; the val- 
 ley in the southern part is of limestone formation, and is 
 extremely fertile. Extensive mines of anthracite coal are 
 worked in the northern part. Iron is also found. The Sus- 
 quehanna Canal extends along the western border of the 
 county, and tlie Union Canal passes through the southern 
 part. It is traversed by the Northern Central Kailroad, the 
 Lebanon A'alley Railroad, and by other railroads. Organized 
 in 1785, and named as a compliment to the Dauphin of 
 France, afterwards called Louis XVII. Harrisburg is the 
 county-seat and capital. Population, 46,756. 
 
 D.'VIIPIIIN, a thriving post-borough of Middle Paxton 
 township, Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 River and the Pennsylvania O^nal. 10 miles N. by W. of 
 Harrisburg. Stony Creek enters the river at this point. 
 Pop. 680. « 
 
 D.iUPIIIXE, d8'fee''n^, an extensive old frontier pro- 
 vince in the S.W. of France, now comprised in the de- 
 partments of Drome. IlautesAlpes, and Isere. After having 
 been governed for several centuries by palatine counts, who 
 were called dauphins, it was ceded to Philip of Valois in 
 1349; and from that time to the revolution of 1S30. the 
 eldest son of the King of France had the title of dauphin. 
 
 DAU'PIIIX, FORT, on the E. coast of .Madagascar, lat. 
 25° 1' S., Ion. 46° 50' E., is a square fortress 150 feet above 
 the sea. belonging to the French. 
 
 D.\U'REE\ a village of Ilindostan. province of Malwah, 
 on the Nerbudda. Lit. 22° 12' X.. Ion. 76° 23' E. At this 
 spot the navigation of the Xerbudda is impeded by a fall 
 of 30 feet in height. 
 
 D.\USS, daws, an island of the Persian Gulf, in a bay of 
 the Arabian caast. Lat. 25° 10' X.. Ion. 53° 3' E. 
 
 DAV'EXIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Chester. A 
 battle, between the royal and parliamentary armies, was 
 fought .at Budheath, in this parish, in 1643. 
 
 DAVENPORT, a post-vill.age and township of Delaware 
 CO., New York, 13 miles N. of Delhi. Pop. 2362. 
 
 DAVEXl'OllT.a flourishing citj-, capitalof Scott co., Iowa, 
 is finely situated on the Mississijjpi River at tlie foot of the 
 upper rapids, 330 miles above St. Louis, 184 miles W. by S. 
 of Chicago, and about 175 miles E. of Des Moines. It is 
 built at the foot of a bluff which rises gradually ft-om the 
 river with a range of rounded hills in the background. 
 Davenport is the largest city in Iowa, except perhaps Du- 
 buque, and has advantages which indiciite that it will con- 
 tinue to grow. It is the E. terminus of the Mississijipi and 
 Missouri Railroad, which is to be extended via Des Moines 
 to Council BlulTs. It has communiciition with Chicago by 
 the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad which terminates on 
 the opposite side of the river. A handsome drawbridge 
 crossing the river connects Davenport with the town of 
 Rock Island. This city contains lo churches, 2 or 3 banks, 
 several high schools and is the seat of Griswold College. 
 Three newspapers are published here. Nearly half of tlie 
 citizens are Germans. Among the manufactories of Daven- 
 port is a niainilactory of cotton and woollen cloth. Stone 
 coal is so abundant and cheap here that steam power is >ised 
 chiefly for manufacturing. The scenery around the town is 
 scarcely surpassed by any on the Missis-^ippi River. First 
 settled in 1^37. Population in 1860, 11,267 ; in 1S65, esti- 
 mated at 17,000. 
 
 DAVENPOllT CEXTRE, a post-village of Delaware co.. 
 New York, on Charlotte River, 65 miles W.S.AV. of Albany. 
 DAVJi.N'PORT CEXTRE, a village of Xew York. See 
 Centre. 
 
 D.W'EXTRY, commonly pronounced dJn'tree, an ancient 
 munii-ip,-<l borough, town, and parish of England, co., and 
 12 miles W.N.W. of Northampton, and 5 miles S.W. of the 
 Weedon Station of the London and Xorth-western Railway. 
 Pop. in 18-")1. 4430. The town, on an eminence, has a good 
 modern church, a free grammar school, founded in 1576. the 
 remains of a priory, founded in 1090. a branch hank, and 
 manufactures i)f shoes and whips. A branch of the ancient 
 Watling Street runs E. of the town, and on Brough (or 
 Dane) Hill. In the vicinity, is the largest and loftie.st Roman 
 encampment in the kingdom. 
 
 DA'VEY, PORT, of Van Diemen's Land, on the S.W. 
 coast. Lat. 43" 18' S., Ion. 140° E. It U an excellent har- 
 A4<! 
 
 bor, separated into two branches, and extending several 
 miles'inland. 
 
 DA'VII) CLARK ISLAXD. in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 Low Archipelago. Lat. 17° 19' S.. Ion. 138° 30' W. It it 
 about 20 miles in circumference, low and dangerous. 
 
 DA'VIDSBOROLGII, a post-oflice of Washington co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 D.VVIDSBXJRG. a village of Blair co.. Pennsylvania, on the 
 Central' Railroad, 125 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 D.V'VIDSOX, a county in the AV. central part of North 
 Carolina, has an area estimated at 630 square miles. It ib 
 bounded on the W. by Yadkin River, and intersected by 
 Abbott's and other creeks. The surfiice is divei-sified by 
 hills and valleys, the soil of which is generally fertile. 
 Gold h.is been found near the S. boi-der. It also contains 
 valuable mines of lead and silver. The route of the Cen- 
 tr.al Railroad* (not finished) passes through the county. 
 Capital. Lexington. Formed in 1S22 from Rowan county, 
 and named in honor of General AVilliam Davidson, an offl- 
 cer in the war of the Revolution. Pop. 16,601, of whom 
 13,."i25 were free, and 3076 slaves. 
 
 D.WIDSOX, a county in the N. central part of Middle 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 750 square miles. It is 
 traversed by Cumberland River, dividing it into nearly 
 equal parts; and also drained by Ilarpeth and Stone's 
 Rivers. The surface is gently undulating: the soil is fer- 
 tile, well watered, and extensively cultivated. Fine lime- 
 stone is abundant in the county. Steamboats navigate the 
 Cumberland lUver in this part of its cmufe. Eight good 
 turnpike-roads, extending to distant parts of the state, meet 
 in this county at the city of Nashville, the county seat and 
 capit.al of Tennessee. The Xashville and Chattanooga Rail- 
 road also terminates at the same place. Davidson county is 
 tlie most populous in the state. Pop. 17,055, of whom 32,265 
 were free, and 14,790 slaves. 
 
 D.WIDSOX, a post-township on the S. border of Sullivan 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. Pop. 525. 
 
 D.^.VIDSOX, a po?t-villa!>e in Mecklenburg co.. North Ca- 
 rolina, about 135 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 D.WIDSOX. a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana, about 
 105 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DAVIDSON CEXTRE, a post-ofl[ice of Genesee co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 DAVIDSON COLLEGE, a post-village in Mecklenburg co., 
 Xoith Carolina, 120 miles AV. by S. of Raleigh. The College, 
 from which the place derives its name, was foundeil in 1838, 
 has about 60 students, and a library of between 5000 and 
 6000 volumes. 
 
 DAVIDSOX'S CREEK, of Burleson CO., Texas, flows south- 
 eastward into Yegu.a Creek. 
 
 DAA'IDSON'S RIA'ER, a post-oflSce of Henderson co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 DA'VIDSONVILLR, a po.st-village in Anne Arundel co., 
 Marvland. 12 miles AV. of Annapolis. 
 
 DA'VIDSTOAV, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 D.\'A'IDSA'ILLE. a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 18 miles N. by E. of Somerset. 
 
 D.\A'IE. di'vee, a county in the AV. central of North Caro- 
 lina, hiis an area estimated at "250 square miles. It is w.a- 
 tered by the Yadkin River and Hunting Creek. The sur- 
 face is elevated and uneven. Formed in 1836. and named 
 in honor of General AVilliam R. Davie. Capitol, Mocksville. 
 Pop. 8494, of whom 6102 were free, and 2392 slaves. 
 
 D.W'IESS. d:V'vis. a county in the X.AV. part of Kentucky, 
 bordering on Indiana, contains an area estimated at 650 
 square miles. The Ohio River washes its northern border, 
 and the Green River, navigable for steamboats, bounds it on 
 the S. and AV. The surface is nearly level, and th« soil fer- 
 tile. Extensive beds of coals are found. Daviess county 
 was formed in 1815, a>id named in honor of Colonel Joseph 
 11. Daviess, who fell at the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, 
 Owenl)orough. Population 15,.^49, of whom 12,034 were free, 
 and 3515 slaves. 
 
 DAA'IESS. a county tow,ards theS.AV.part of Indiana, has 
 an area of 423 square miles. The E.ist Fork and AVest Fork 
 of AVhite River respectively form its boundaries on the S 
 and AV., and unite at the" S.AV. extrt^nity of the county. 
 The surface is mostly level or undulating: the soil varies 
 from sandy to clayey, and is generally fertile. Extensive 
 beds of bituminous coal, are found in the county. It is in- 
 tersected by the AVabash and Erie Canal ; and AVhite River 
 and its brandies are navigable in hisli water. Organized iu 
 1817. Capital, AVashington. Pop. 13,323. 
 
 D.\.A'IES3, a county in the N.AV. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Grand 
 River, which flows in a S.E.. direction, receivinsr in its pjiss- 
 aire the Cypress, Big. and Honey Ci-eeks. The surface is 
 sliirhtly undulating: the soil "fertile. Capital, Gallatin 
 Pop. 9f06, of whom 9248 were free, and 3,')8 slaves. 
 
 D.\A'1LIC.\N, dS-ve-le-k3n'. a b.ay on the E. coast of the 
 Island of Luzon, one of the I'hilippines Lat. \(P W S. 
 
 DAA''IXGTOX. a parish of England, co. ot Kent. 
 
 D.\'A'IOT, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Inverness and 
 Nairn. 
 
 D.\A'IOT, a parish of Scotland, co. o' A' «rdeen. 
 
DAY 
 
 DAY 
 
 DATTS, a county in the S.S.K. of Iowa, bordering on 5Iis- 
 BOUii, has an area of 4S0 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Fox liiver and Soap Creek, and drained also by the soui'Cos 
 of (he VVyaconda and Fabius Hivers, which flow south-ea.st- 
 ward. The surface is rolling; the soil rich and well watered, 
 but mostly destitute of timber. Named in honor of (iarrett 
 Davis, f>rmer menilier of Congress from Kentucky. Capital, 
 Bloomtield. Pop., wliich is rapidly increasing, was in 1850. 
 72Gf; in 1860, 13,764. 
 
 DAVIS, a county of Utah, on the E. side of the Great Salt 
 Lake. Area, about 550 square miles. Capital, Farmington. 
 Pop. 2;'0+. 
 
 D.VVISBOROUGH, a Tillage of Washington co., Georgia, 
 on the Central Hailroad, 1J2 miles X.W. of Savannali. 
 
 DAVIS'S COVE, an inlet near the W. e.xtremity of Ja- 
 maica. 5 miles S.W. of Lucca. 
 
 DAVIS' (or DAVIS'S) CKI-^KK. Missouri, flows into Cur- 
 rent liiver from the riiht at Van Buren. in lilpley county. 
 
 DAVIS' CHEEK, a post-office of Favette co., Ala'bama. 
 
 DAVIS' CHEEK, a post-office of Dubois co., Indiana. 
 
 D.WIS' CREEK, a post-office of Washington co., Iowa. 
 
 DA'VIS INLET, a bay formed by the Atlantic on the E. 
 coast of Labrador, 80 miles S.E. of Nain. Lat. .55° 37' N., 
 Ion. 60° 20' \Y. It extends 57 miles inland, with a mean 
 breadth of 6 miles. 
 
 DA'VIS ISLAND, in the Bay of Bengal. Mergui Archipe- 
 lago, is about 10 miles in circumference. Lat. y° 40' N'., Ion. 
 97° 5U' E. 
 
 DAVIS' 5IILLS, a village in Barnwell district. South Ca- 
 rolina, about 60 miles S.W. of Columtiia. 
 
 D.WI.'^' MILLS, a small village of Bedford co.. Tennessee. 
 
 DAVIS' MILLS, a post-village of Bedford co., Virginia, 130 
 miles W. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 D A'VISON, a post-township. Genesee co., Michigan. P. 950. 
 
 DA'VISONVILLF!, a thriving post-village of Jasper co., 
 Indiana, on the Iroquois River, about 100 miles N.N.W. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 DAVIS' (or DA\TS'S) SPRING, a post-office of Robeson 
 CO., North Carolina, 73 miles S.S,W. of Raleigh. 
 
 DAVIS' STOHE. a post-office of Bedford co.. A'irginia. 
 
 DAVI.'^'S (da'vi.s-iz) STRAIT, between Greenland and 
 British North America, connects Baffin's Bay with the At- 
 lantii'. Length, about 750 miles. The narrowest part of the 
 str.■li^ is precisely at the point where it is intersected by the 
 «\ relic Circle, being there 220 miles broad, the widest being 
 probably about 600 miles. The E. coast is thickly strewed 
 thrnuuhout its wh ile length with rocKS and islets, and ser- 
 rated with numerous narrow inlets, which penetrate a good 
 way into the land. The ^V. coast has f'wer, but larger, iii- 
 dent.itions. the most extensive being Hudson's Strait and 
 Noithumtierland Inlet. Strong currents set from it south- 
 waid. and though greatly encumljered with ice, it is much 
 frequented by whaling ships. Named in honor of the 
 celebrated navigator, John Davis, who discovered this strait 
 in 1.585. 
 
 DA'VISTON, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, about -12 
 miles K.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 D.WISTO.X. a post-village in Clay co., Indiana, about 60 
 miI<'S S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 D.V'VIST'tWN. a post-village of Greene co„ Pennsylvania, 
 about 220 miles W. by S. of Uarrisburg, Pop, about 200. 
 
 D.^'V'ISVILLE, a post-office of Washiugton co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 D.\VIS■\^LLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 13 miles S.S.E. of Doyle.stown. 
 
 D.WISVILLE. a post-office of Jasper co.. ilLssissippl. 
 
 DAVLIAorDAULI.\, dav-leo'a,— see XVIII. '25 on p.age 
 19 — (anc. Dau'lis.) a village of Greece, government of Bceotia, 
 9 miles N.W. of Livadia, at the foot of Mount Parnassu.s. 
 
 D.VVOID-GORODOK, dd-void'-go-ro'dok. a market-town of 
 Russian Poland, goveuumeut, and 132 miles S.S.W. of Minsk. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 D.VVOLI. di-voOee. a town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 bria Ultra II.. IS miles S. of Catanzaro. Pop. 3000. 
 
 DAVOS. dS'vos, a small town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Orisons, 15 miles E. of Chur, (Coire.) It is the principal 
 place in the valley of the same name. Pop. 600. 
 
 D.VVIIELI, d.iv-nV'lee. a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Vilna. 45 miles N.E. of Vilkomeer. Pop. 1100. 
 
 DAW'ICIN'S MILLS, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio. 
 
 DAW'LEY MAG'XA. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 D.WV'LISII, a village and parish of England, co, of Devon, 
 on the British Channel, 3 miles N,N,E,(if East Teignmouth* 
 and having a station on tlie tJreat Western Railway. Pop. 
 3132. The village is frequented as a watering-place, on ac- 
 count of its fine climate, beach, and scenery. 
 
 DAWN, a post-office of Livingston co., Missouri, 
 
 D.VW'SON, a considerable river of Eastern Australia, 
 iat<;Iy discovered near lat. 25° S.. Ion. 150° E. 
 
 DAW'SON, a post-village, capital of Terrell co., Georgia 
 hoont 70 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 DAW'SONBIJRG, a post-office of Fremont CO., Iowa. 
 
 DAW'SON ISLAND, a considerable island of Terra del 
 fuego, in the middle of the Strait of Magellan, intersected 
 ty the parallel of 51° S., and by the meridian of 70° 30' "W 
 
 DAWSON'S, a post-office of Alleghany eo., Maryland. 
 
 D.\W'SON VILLK. a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary 
 Land, about CO miles W. by N. of Annapolis. 
 
 DAW'SON VTLLE, a post-office of Greene co., Virginia. 
 
 DAAVULGII AUT, dawVCil-gawtA a walled to'in of I ndia. In 
 the Deccan. Nizam'.s dominions. 54 miles S. of Boirhanpoor. 
 
 DAX, d3x. AX or AQS. 3x. (anc. A'qzi/^Aiigtm'Ice,) a. town 
 of France, department cf Ijindes. in a fertile plain, on the 
 left bank of the Adour, 30 miles S.W. of Mont-de-JIarsan. 
 Pop. in 1852. 5S42. It is enclosed by old I'onian walls, is 
 pretty well built, and has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, 
 court-house, prison, chamber of commerce, and theatre: 
 with manufitctures of earthenware, linen-thread, linseed- 
 oil, vinegar, and leather, and some trade in corn, wine, 
 brandy, Bayonne hams, and wood. It was celebrated in 
 the time of the Romans for its hot saline springs, (temperar • 
 ture, 162° Fahr., and is still much frequented by invalids. 
 The origin of the name Dux is somewhat curious. In the 
 Middle Ages the town was called Ciritiis Ahenxis or Aqiiertsis-; 
 I. e. the '-city of Aquae." whence the French Vilk d'Acqs, 
 (town of Acfjs.) or simply iCAc'/s; ctAx, or Dax. 
 
 DAXLANDER, dax'lSnMjr, a village of Baden, 4 miles W. 
 of Carlsruhe, on the Rhine. Pop. 1470. 
 
 DAXWEILEH. ddx'ftTler, a village of Prussia, govern- 
 ment, and 28 miles S. of Coblentz. Pop. ('05. 
 
 DAY. a post-village and township of Siiratoga co.. New 
 York, 50 miles N. by W. of Albany. Pop. 1209. 
 
 D.\Y'AN VI LLE. a village of I.iewis co.. New York. 140 miles 
 N.W. of Albany. 
 
 DAY BOOK, a post-office of Yancey co.. North Carolina. 
 
 DAYLES'FOHD, a parish of England, co. of AVorcester. 3^ 
 miles E.S.E. of Stow-ou-the-Wold. The celebrated AVarreu 
 Hastings resided here. • 
 
 D.VY'S STORE, a po.st-office of Greene CO.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 DAY'S STORE, a post-office of Hopkins co.. Kentucky. 
 
 DAYS'VILLE, a manufuturing village of Killingly town- 
 ship. Windham co., Connecticut, about 45 miles E. by N. of 
 Hartford. 
 
 DAYSVILLE. a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky. 
 
 D.iYSVILLE, a postrvillage of Ogle co., Illinois, on Rock 
 River. 174 miles N. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 D-WTON, a township in Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 D.VYTON, a post-village of Dayton township, Cattarau- 
 gus CO.. New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 
 447 miles from New York (^ity. Pop. of the township, 1294 
 
 D.W'TON. a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia. 
 
 D.WTON. a pleasant and flourishingL post-village of Ma- 
 rengo CO., Alabama, 70 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. It owes its 
 growth and prosperity to the salubrity of the situation and 
 its proximity to a fertile cotton-growing region, known as 
 the 'Canebrake." Many wealthy planters, who own estates 
 in the vicinity, have fixed their residences in this place, for 
 the benefit of good society and cood schools. Several 
 churches and flourishing seminaries have in consequence 
 been establisheil here, and the village is rather eligible as a 
 retreat fn>m business than as a place of trjide. 
 
 DAY'TON. a fiourishing city, capital of .Montgomery co,, 
 Ohio, is situated on the left or E, bank of the Great Miami, 
 at the mouth of the Mad River, and on the line of the Miami 
 Canal, 52 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. 67 miles W. by S. of 
 Columbus, and 460 miles from AVashington. Lat. 39° 44' 
 N., Ion. 84° 11' W. This is the third or fourth city of Ohio 
 in respect to population and wealth, and surpasses all other 
 Western towns of equal size in the variety and extent of its 
 manufactures. It is the terminus of 7 railroads, viz., tlie 
 Sandusky, Dayton and Cincinnati, the Atlantic and Great 
 Western, the Cinciimati and Dayton, the Dayton and West- 
 ern, the Dayton and Union, the Dayton and Xenia, and the 
 Dayton and Michigan. A continuous line of railroad is now 
 completed from the Ohio River, at Wheeling, to St. Louis, 
 on which Dayton is one of the principal points. Twenty-six 
 Macadamized or hard gravelled roads radiate in all directions 
 from Dayton, witli an aggregate length of more than 600 
 miles. The town- is laid out with streets 100 feet wide, 
 crossing each other at right-angles. The public buildings 
 are remarkably splendid, and excellent taste is displayed in 
 the con.struction of the private residences, and in the eni- 
 hellishmont of the adjoining grounds. The county court- 
 house, built of compact white marble, quarried in the vici- 
 nity, is perhaps the most elegant edifice of its class in the 
 Western States. The style of architecture is that of the 
 Parthenon, with slight modifications. The dimensions are 
 127 feet in length, by 62 in breadth. It cost about 8170,000. 
 D.ayton contains 34 churches, a public librarj-, 3 national 
 banks, 3 other banks. 2 market-houses, 7 well-organized free 
 schools, and the Cooper Female Academy, a large and floiir- 
 isliing institution. Two daily and three weekly newspapers 
 are published here. The streets, stores and p»il>lic build- 
 ings are lighted with gas. Quarries of excellent lime- 
 stone are worked in the vicinity, and furnish material for 
 the finest buildings of Cincinnati. The abundant water- 
 power which Dayton possesses is one of the chief elements 
 of its prosperity. In 1845 an hydraulic canal was con- 
 structed, by which the water of Mad River is brought 
 through the city. It is the seat of extensive manufactories 
 
 647 
 
DAY 
 
 ot iTulroad car*, o' i"Rper, and of stoves and hollow-ware. 
 Tlie annual pi-oducts of these three branches are vahied iit 
 Ilea- $:j,000,000. It also contiuns several cotton-factories, 
 woollen-factories, oil-mills, flouring-mills, and machine- 
 Bhops. Dajton was first settled in 1796, and incorporated 
 in ISOo. Assessed value of property in 1863. $-5,309,928; in 
 lSl'4, S10,31o,310. In 1829 the Miami Canal was opened 
 from Circinnati to this point, from which event its pros- 
 perity m.iy be dated. Pop. in 1830, 29;')4; in 1840, 6067 ; in 
 1S50. 10,976; according to the census taken, in 1853, lti,u62; 
 in I860, 20,081 ; in 1865, about 30,000. 
 DAYTOX, Berrien cc, Michigan. See Appendix. 
 DAYTOX, a pleasant post-village of Tippecanoe co., Indi- 
 ana, 10 miles S.E. of Lafayette. It is situatetl on the bor- 
 der of a prairie, and has valuable water-power in the vicinity. 
 Pop. abouut 600. 
 
 DAYTOX. a village of Adams co., Illinois, about 55 miles 
 W. by X. of Springlield. 
 
 liAVTOX. a post-office of l,a Salle Co.. Illinois, 
 i > A YTOX'. a village of Fremont co., Iowa, 216 miles'W.S.W. 
 of Iowa Citv. 
 DAYTOX, Y'lim Ilill co . Orction. pin- Appendix. 
 DAViTDX B.iiOU, a small village of Desha co., Arkansas. 
 DKAD fALL, a post-office of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DEAD LAKE, in the S.W. part of FrankUn cc, New York. 
 Length, about 5 miles. 
 
 DK.^D KlVEil of Maine, rises in Franklin county, in the 
 X.W. part of the state, and falls into Kennebec River, about 
 20 miles below Moosehead Lake. This important affluent of 
 the Kennebec flows through a very lertile and well-wooded 
 part of the state. 
 
 DE.4D KIVEK of New Hampshire, rises in Coos county, 
 and falls into the Margallaway Kiver. 
 DE.\D KIVER, a postxjffice of Somerset co., Maine. 
 DEAD SEA or SEA OF SODOM. (Arab. Biiket Loot, 
 beea'ket loot. "Lake of Lot," or Balir Lout, blii'r loot, "Sea 
 of Lot;" Fr. J^ir Jforfe, maiR most; Ger. 'J}jdtes-Mi:er,\6ihes- 
 main: ane.Xu'cui Asphalli/tes ; L. Mu're MurHuum,) called 
 in Scripture, SALT SEA, SEA OF TUE PLAIXS, and EAST 
 SEA, a celebrated lake of Asiatic Turkey, near the S. ex- 
 tremity of Palestine, 25 miles E. of Jerusidem, and 10 
 miles S.E. of Jericho. Centre about lat. 31'^ 30' N., Ion. 
 35° 45' E. Length, from N. to S., about 41 miles; breadth 
 at the widest part, 95miles; .-ivei-age. about 8j miles. The 
 basin or hollow in which the Dead Sea reposes forms the 
 .southern termination of the great depre.ssion through which 
 the Joi-dan flows, that river entering it at its northern ex- 
 tremity. The surface of the lake is 1312 feet below the level 
 of the Mediterranean, and 984 ftjet below Lake Tiberias, 
 from which the Jordan issues, it being thus by far the 
 deepest known iissure on the earth's surface. It lies im- 
 bedded between lofty cliffs of naked limestone, its shores 
 presenting a scene of iRdescribable desolation and solitude, 
 encompassed by desert sands and bleak, stony, salt hills: 
 excepting where there are fresh-water streams, in which 
 localities the shores are fertile. Lofty mounfciins, exhibiting 
 frightful precipices, rise on the E. shore to the height of 
 2000 and 2500 feet above the water; and on the W. the 
 rocky barriers attain an elevation of 1500 feet. Its waters 
 are thoroughly impregnated with salt, and it has not been 
 proved that any animal exists in this sea. A mountain of 
 rock-salt on its S.W. side, called Hijr Oosdoom, "stone of So- 
 dom," preserves the name of that city, ruined with others, 
 as described in Genesis xix. 24-28 ; and traces of towns or 
 buildings are reported, on doubtful authority, to have been 
 seen at certain times in its bed. Asphaltum was thrown to 
 the surface at its southern extremity, in large quantities, 
 after the earthquakes of 1834 and 1837. Messrs. Robinson 
 and Smith have found the Andepias giganU'a growing at 
 Engedi, on its W. coast, the fruits of which, (the famed 
 '• apples of Sodom,") though inviting in appearance, crumble 
 in the h;»nd into powder. 
 DEAD STREAM, Maine, joins the Penobscot at Orono. 
 DKAKOVAR, di-i*ko^vaR/, a market^town of Hungary, 
 in Slavonia, co. of Veriitze, 22 miles S.S.W. of Eszek. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 DE.4L, deel, a municipal and parliamentary borough, 
 maritime town, and p.arish of England, co. of Kent, a mem- 
 ber of the cinque port of Sandwich, from which town it is 
 4i miles S.E.. on the shore of the Xorth Sea, near the S. ex- 
 tremity of the Downs, opposite Goodwin Sands, 8 miles 
 N.N.E. of Dover, and 102 miles E.S.E. of London. Pop. in 
 1851, 7067. The town consists of Upper, Middle, and Lower 
 Deal ; the last, stretching in parallel streets along the coast, 
 is indifferently built; Upper and Middle Deal are well 
 built, and comprise many detached houses. The principal 
 buildings, are a church, court-house, jail, naval store-house, 
 custom-house, and new public rooms with a library and 
 baths. At the S. and X. extremities of the borough are 
 Walmer and Sandown Castles, and intermediate is Deal 
 Castle, a fortress built by Henry VIII. The inhabitants 
 are moi-.tly connected with maritime traffic, and the skill 
 nnd boldness of Deal boatmen is proverbial. Of late, Wal- 
 BMr hub been resorted to for sea-bathing. The borough 
 
 DEA 
 
 unites with Sandwich in sending 2 members to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 DEAL, a village of Monmouth CO., Xew Jersey, 3 miles S. 
 of Long Branch, and 1 mile from the sea. 
 
 DEAL'S MILLS, a post-office of Caldwell co., Xorth Caro- 
 lina. 
 DE-^MOXOS, a district in De Kalb CO., Georgia Pop. 617. 
 DEAX, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 DEjVX, a parish of England, co. of Lauc-aster. 
 DEAX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Xoithampton. 
 DEAX, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 DE.\X, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Southampton, 
 5^ miles X.W. of Romsey, with a station on a branch of the 
 South-Western Railway. 
 DEAX, E.\ST, two parishes of England, co. of Sussex. 
 DK.\X, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 DEAX, X ETHER, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 DEAX PRIOR, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 DEAX, PRIORS, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 DE.\X, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 DEAX, WEST, two p;irishes of England, co. of Sussex. 
 DEAX, a river of Scotland, co. of Foi-far, issuing from 
 Forfar Loch, and falling into the Isla 1 mile X. of Meigle. 
 
 DEAX or DEEX, a river of England, rising in the co. of 
 Leicester, and falling into the Trent at Xewark. 
 
 DE.iX'FIELD, a township of Hancock CO., Maine, 80 miles 
 X.E. of Augusta. 
 
 DEAX FOREST, Engkand, co. of Gloucester, comprised 
 formerly the chief part of the co. \i. of the Severn, but as a 
 royal forest it is now reduced to 22,000 acres, about 5 miles 
 S.W. of Xewnham, and of which about one-half is under 
 enclosure for navy timber. Pop. in 1851, 13,566, mostly 
 employed in iron and coal mines, with which the forest 
 and neighboring wastes abound. It coutiins fine planta- 
 tions of oak, beech, ic. and orchards yielding the lamous 
 styre-apple cider. Xumerous railways connect the mines 
 with the Severn, Wye, ic. It is divided into 6 parochial 
 districts, and belongs to the crown. The inhabitants are 
 exempted from county rates, and have other ancient privi- 
 lege,*;. 
 
 DEAX MITCH'ELL, a parish and market-town of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Gloucester, 11 miles W. of Gloucester. Pop. 665. 
 DE.VX'S COKXERS, a post-office of Saratoga co., Xew 
 Y'ork. 
 
 DEAX'S ISLAXD, a lagoon island in the South Pacific, 
 Ocean, between the Low Islands and the Society Islands. 
 Lat. 15° 5' S.; Ion. 148° W. 
 
 DE.VXSTOX, a village of Scotland, co., and 30 miles S.W. 
 of Perth, on the Teith, about 1 mile W. of Douue. Pop. 
 982, employed in the Deanston cotton factories, 
 
 DEAXS'VILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., Xew Y'ork, on 
 the Chenango Canal, about 15 miles S.W. of Utica. 
 
 DEAKBOKX, deer'born, a county in the S.E. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on uliio. contains 291 squai-e miles. It is 
 drained by the Whitewater River, and the Ohio touches its 
 S.E. corner. The surface is diversified, some parts being 
 level, and others hilly ; the soil is mostly fertile. The prin- 
 cipal rock is limestone. The county is intersected by the 
 Whitewater Canal, and the railroad extending from Indian- 
 apolis to Lawrenceburg. the capital. Pop. 24,406. 
 
 DEARBORX, a township of Kennebec co., Maine, 20 miles 
 X. of Augusta. 
 
 DEARBORX. a township in the central part of Wayne co, 
 Michigan. Pop. ls»02. 
 
 DEARBORX^S RIVER, the first tributary of any import- 
 ance which the Missouri receives after the junction of its 
 three head branches. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
 and flowing S.E., unites with the Missouri, about 130 miles 
 alxive the lireat Fells. Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 DEAlt/BORXVlLLE, a thiiving post-village of Dearborn 
 township. Wayne co., Michigan, on the S. branch of the 
 Rouge Kiver, and on the Central Railroad, 10 miles W. of 
 Detroit. The United States Arsenal at this place compre- 
 hends 11 brick buildings, arranged around a sijuare. whose 
 side is 300 feet The main building is 120 feet long by 30 
 feet deep, and is 3 stories high. The several buildings are 
 connected by a strong wall. 12 feet in height. 
 
 DEARaX)RFF'SMlLLS. a post-office of Tuscarrawas co., 
 Ohio, about 15 miles S. of Massillon. 
 
 DEAR'H.iM, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 DE.A.R'MAX'S, a post-village, landing, aud ra'ilroad star 
 tion of Westchester co.. Xew Y'ork, on the Hudson River 
 and Railroad, opposite Piermont. It has a ferry across the 
 river. 
 
 DBASE (dees) IXLET. Arctic Ocean, Russian America, 
 S.E. of Point Barrow, in lat. 71° 13' X., Ion. 75° 10' W., is about 
 5 miles broad, and, has 2 lathoms of water. 
 
 DEASE RIVER, of British Xorth America, rising in the 
 Coppermine Mountains, and flowing into the X. side of 
 Great Bear Lake. Xamed. as well as the following river and 
 strait, after Lieutenant Dea.se. one of the party who first ex- 
 plored it in 1837 by order of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 DEASE STR.ilT. a channel in the Arctic Ocean, commu- 
 nicating with Coronation Guif, and having Mellwume 
 Island at its C. extremity ; intersected by the parallel of 
 
DEA 
 
 DEC 
 
 B9° Jf. It is about 120 miles long, and 23 miles average 
 breadth, and at its widest part is considerably obstructed 
 by islands. 
 
 DK.\TESVILLE, a postHDffice of Xel.son co., Kentucky. 
 
 DKA'TONSVIUjK, a post-village of Amelia co., Virginia, 
 52 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 DKA'VKKTOWN. a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, 16 
 miles S. of Zanesviile. 
 
 DEliA, dA'bd, or DIIAPA, d'hi'pL a town of Thibet, capi- 
 tal of a province, near the Upper Sutlej. 14,918 feet above the 
 sea. Lat. :W°13'.\.: Ion. 80<^21'E. It is built of stone, and 
 has a large temple of Vishnu, and monastic establishment, 
 with some trade in wool and salt. 
 
 DKJ5A, dA'bd. or DIIVIJAII, a fortified seaport town of Ara- 
 bia, on the .Vrabian Sea. 100 miles N.W. of Muscat. The inha- 
 bitants number between 1000 and 1200, who collect shark 
 fins, and send about 90 boats to the pearl fishery, the yearly 
 returns amounting to between 4.")00/. and G250i. 
 
 DK1{.\I. dii^bi'. a maritime town of Arabia, on the Persian 
 Gulf. lat. 25° 10' N.. Ion. 55° 25' E. It may be considered 
 the termination of the Pirate coast. 
 
 DEHALPOOR, dl-bdl-poor', a town of India, in the Pun- 
 jab, between the Sutl^j and Payee Rivers, 77 miles S.W. of 
 Lahore. 
 
 DE15DEX. a parish and village of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 DKIJ'KNHAM. a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk, 13 miles >'. of Ipswich. Pop. 1067. 
 
 DEBI or DKIUE, dA'bee\ a village of Senegambia, on the 
 left bank of the Senegal, about 20 miles from its mouth, and 
 7 miles K. of the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 DKR'LOIS', a township of Washington co., Maine, incorpo- 
 rated March 4, 1852. 
 
 DaiJ, d,Vbo, or DIBBIE. dibOjce, (Amh. Bahr-TielKhin'r- 
 teeb, the '-black lake,") a lake of Central Africa, in Nigritia, 
 150 miles S.W. of Timbuctoo, and traversed by the Joliba 
 River, which enters on its S., and emerges from its N.E. side. 
 On its S.W. shore is a town of same name. 
 
 DEBOO or DEBOU, dA-boo'. a village of Western Africa, 
 in Bondoo, on the Faleme. Lat. 14° 20' N.; Ion. 12° 14' 
 W. It is situated on a clilT overhanging the river, and has 
 the appearance of a considerable village, with clean, well- 
 built huts. 
 
 DEBRECZIX or DEBRETZIN, d.i-br5t'sin. a royal free 
 town of Eastern Hungary, and, next to Pesth. the largest 
 in the kingdom, capital of the co. of Bihar, is situated in a 
 sandy pl.tin. 110 miles E.of Pesth. Pop. Oa.iiOO, mostly Mag- 
 yars, and nearly 43.800 of whom are Calvinists. The houses 
 are almost all one story in height, and thatched ; the streets 
 are broad, unpaved, and in wet weather a mass of liquid 
 mui. Its principal edifices are 5 churches, a monastery, 
 several hospitals and infirmaries, an orphan asylum, and a 
 town-hall. It has a Calvinistic college, with a library of 
 20.000 volumes, founded in 1792, and said to be the best 
 educ;itional institution in Hungary, and upwards of 2000 
 students, a Piarist college, and a Koman Catholic high 
 school. It has manufactures of soap and tobacco pipe- 
 bowls, of which latter about 13,000,000 are made annually. 
 Shoemaking is al.so carried on to a vast extent, and about 
 25,000 sheep-skins are prepared annually; besides which, it 
 has manufactures of furs, combs, and coopers' and turnery- 
 wares. It was taken by the Turks in 16S4, but abandoned 
 by them in the same year. 
 
 DEBTLTNO. dJt'ling, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 DEBURIEII, dgb'oo-ree'eh, (the Dali/uralh of antiquity,) 
 a village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 2 miles S.E. of Naza- 
 reth. 
 
 DEC.\TUR, de-kA'ter, a county forming the S.W. extre- 
 mity of Georgia, bordering on Florida, has an area of 1062 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Flint River, and 
 bounded on the W. by the Chattahooehe, and also drained 
 by Spring Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven, the soil 
 geneially fertile. Both of the rivers above mentioned are 
 navigaliie by steamboats. Named, as well as those which 
 follow, in honor of Commodore Stephen Decatur. Capital, 
 Bainbridge. Population 11,9J2, of whom 5998 were free, 
 ami 5924 slaves. 
 
 DECATUR, a county in the W. central part of Tennessee, 
 has an area of 325 square miles. The Tennessee River 
 Forms its entire E. boundary, and Beech River flows through 
 It. The surface presents no great inequalitie.s; the soil is 
 mostly fertile. Decatur county was formed in 1846, out of 
 the W. part of Perry co. Capital, Decaturville. Population 
 6276, of whom 5492 were free, and 784 slaves. 
 
 DECATUR, a county in the S.B. part of Indiana, contains 
 872 square miles. It is drained by Laughery, Clifty, and 
 Sand Creeks. The surSvce is nearly level, or gently undu- 
 lating; the soil is mostly a rich loam, based on limestone. 
 The county is intersected by the Michigan plank-road, ex- 
 tending from the Ohio River to Lake Michigan, and by the 
 [ndianapolis and Cinciimati Railroad. Organized in 1821. 
 Capital, Greensburg. Population 17,294. 
 
 DECATUR, a county in the S. pai-t of Iowa, bordering on 
 Missouri, has an area of 528 square miles. It is traversed 
 'rom N. to S. by the Weldon River, and by the Crooked 
 fork of Grand River. The surface is undulating; the soil 
 
 fertile. The prairies of this county are separated by nume- 
 rous groves of hard timber di.stributed among the watei 
 courses. A company of Hungarian refugees, about ?.00 in 
 number, under Governor Ujhazy, have formed a settlement 
 in this county, at New Buda. Capital, l,eon. Pop. 8677. 
 
 DECATUR, a post-village and township of Otsego co.. New 
 York, 60 miles W. of Alliany. Population 90-2. 
 
 DECATUR, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population 668. 
 
 DECATUR, a post-township in the E. part of Mifflin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 42 miles N.W. of Harrisbnrg. Pop. 1-216. 
 
 DECATUR, a handsome and thriving post-village, capital 
 of De Kalb co., Georgia, on the Georgia Railraid, 105 miles 
 W. of Augusta. The situation is reputed to be one of the 
 most healthful, beautiful, and agreealile that can be found 
 on any of the great thoroughfares of the South. It con- 
 tains 2 seminaries. About 6 miles E. is the famous Stone 
 Mountain, which is visited every year by thousands of ad- 
 miring spectators. Pop. in is.^o. 744. See Sto.ne Mouxtaix. 
 DECATUR, a thriving post-village of Morgan co., Abv 
 bama, on the left bank of Tennessee River, 30 miles W.S.W 
 of Huntsville. It is the eastern terminus of the Tuscumbia 
 and Decatur Railroad. 44 miles long. 
 
 DECATUR, a postrvillage, capital of Newton co., Missis- 
 sippi, 76 miles E. by N. of Jackson. 
 
 Di:CATUR. a post-vilIas:e, capital of Meigs co., Tennessee, 
 about 140 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 DEC.VrUR, a post-village of Brown CO., Ohio, about 100 
 miles S. by W. of Columbus. 
 
 DECATUR, a township in Lawrence Co., Ohio. Pop. 959. 
 I) ECATU It, a township in Washington co., Ohio. Pop. 1-222. 
 DECATUR, a thriving post-village and township in Van 
 Buren co., Jlichlgan, on the Central Railroad, 108 miles W. 
 of Detroit, 12 miles S.S.W. of Pawpaw, the county .'seat, and 
 about 25 miles E. of Lake Michigan. It is situated in a 
 rich fiirming district, which is settling rapidly. I'op. of the 
 township. 654. 
 
 DEC.\TUR, a post-village and township, capital of Adams 
 CO., Indiana, on the St. JIary's River, 24 miles S.S.E. of 
 Fort Wayne, was settled in 1837. Plank-roads extend In 
 several directions from this village. I'op. 532. 
 DEC.A^TUR, a township in Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 1387. 
 DECATUR, a fiourishing post-village, capital of Macon 
 CO.. Illinois, is situated 1 mile N. of Sangamon River, and 40 
 miles E. of Springfield. The Central Railroad and Great 
 AVestcrn Railroad intersect each otherat this point. It is sur- 
 rounded by an excellent agricultural district, and is rapidly 
 advancing in population. It contains a court-house, 11 
 churches, 3 banks, and several factories. Three new8pap(!rs 
 are issued here. Pop. in 1860, 3839 ; in 1865, al'out 5500. 
 DECA'I'UR, a post-township of Decatur CO., Iowa. Pop. 952. 
 DECATUR, a thriving post-village in Decatur township, 
 Green co., Wisconsin, is pleasantly situated on Sugar 
 River, 87 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. Sugar River is .i 
 fine durable stream, affording extensive water-power, which 
 has been improved by the erection of mills. Lead and lime- 
 stone are abundant here. Pop. of township 1618. 
 
 DECArrURVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of De- 
 catur CO., Tennessee. 110 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. It be- 
 came the county seat in 1846, when the county was organ- 
 ized. Pop. alKiut 350. 
 DECATURVILLE. a po.st-office of Wa.shington co.. Ohio. 
 DECAZEVILLE. deh-ki/.Veel'. a vill.age of Trance', depart- 
 ment of Aveyron, 19 miles N.E. of Villefranche, with exten- 
 sive iron forges. Pop. in 1852. 5938. 
 
 DECCAN or DEKKAN, dJk'kan, (San.scrit. Dacshina, ul,k- 
 shee'nd. " the south,") a term formerly applied to the whole 
 of Ilindost.an S. of the Nerhudda, but latterly limited to the 
 country between that river and the Kistnah. or from lat. 16° to 
 23° N.. and comprising the provinces ofGundwanah.Orissa, 
 the Northern Circars. Candeish, Berar, Boeder. Hyderabad, 
 .\urungabad. and Bejapoor. In 1818, the following districts 
 were ceded to Britain, and constitute the British Deccan: — 
 Candeish, Ahmednugger, Poonah, and Darwar, under the 
 presidency of Bombay : and the ced<-d districts on the Ner- 
 budda, under the presidency of Bengal. The remainder 
 of the Deccan is under the rajah of Berar, the Nizam, the 
 rajah of Sattarah. the Guicowar and the Gwalior sovereign. 
 DECCAN, dJk'kau, or DUKKINSHAHABAZPOOR, dftk- 
 kin-shd-hi-biz-poor'. an island in the Bay of Bengal, at the 
 mouth of the Megna or Brahmapootra, from the sediment 
 of which it is formed. It is 30 miles long, and from 10 to 13 
 miles in avenaire breadth. 
 
 DECEP/TION ISLAND, near South Shetl.and, in the An- 
 tarctic Ocean, lat. 6-2° 55' 6" S., Ion. 60° 35' ".V., is volcanic, 
 and consists of alternato layers of ashes and ice, with a deep 
 lake. 5 miles in circumference, and hot springs ; temperature, 
 140° Fab. 
 DECEMP.\GT. See Dieuze. 
 DECETIA. See Decize. 
 
 DE CHIEN BAYOU, de sheen (Fr. pron. deb-she-SN"') 
 bi'oo, in the W. part of Kentucky, flows westward through 
 the S. part of Hickman co.. into the MissLssippi River. 
 DECHKIN. See Deshkix. 
 
 DECIMOMANNU, ddVhe-mo-man-noo/, a vilbiie in the 
 
 549 
 
DEC 
 
 DEE 
 
 islaml of Sardinia, 7 miles N'.W. of Cagliari. at the con- 
 fluence of the Santaliana and Mannu. 
 
 DECIZK. deh-seez', (an:. DfCfHia.) a town of France, de- 
 partmi'nt o,' >ievre. 18 m-,les S.E of Xevers. Pop. in 1852, 
 3ni>t. It is jituated on a rock in the middle of an island in 
 the Loire. The islet is connected with one tank of the river 
 by a stone, and with the rther by a suspension bridge, and 
 lis, his^hes'-. summit is crowned by an old castle of the Dukes 
 of Nevers De-ize has extensive iron-works; the coal-mines 
 in the neiihboi hoo4 are among the richest in France. The 
 glass-works, 1 mile distuut, make about 100,000 bottles 
 m.mthly. 
 
 DKCKEXDOKF. a town of Bavaria. See Deggexdorf. ■ 
 
 DE ::i\'ERD,a post-office of Franklin co.. Tennessee. 
 
 DECK'ER'S CUKEIC, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia. 
 
 DECKE1{'.S FERKY, a post-office of Knox co., Indiana. 
 
 D ECK'EllTOW.N, a thriving post-village of Wantage town- 
 ship. Sussex CO.. New Jersey, on Deep Clove Creek. 1.3 miles 
 N.X.E. of Xewton. It is surrounded by beautiful moun- 
 tain scener}'. and contains 2 or 3 churches, an academy, a 
 bank, and milLs of various kinds. Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 DECO'R All, n post-village, capital oJ \Vi^ne^hiek t;o.,Iowa, 
 on the Ujiper Iowa Itiver, about tO miles in a direct line 
 N.W. of Duliuqne. It contains a national bank, 4 churches, 
 
 1 newspaper office, 4 flouring-mills, &c. See Appendix. 
 DECJK'it.1, a post-office of Uentoa co., Minnesota Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 DKCS, daitch. a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, co. 
 of Tolna. .3 miles from Szexard. Pop. 1606. 
 
 DED'DIXGXOX. a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO., and 16 miles X.X.W. of Oxford. Pop. in 18.51. 2178. It 
 has endowed almshouses, and breweries of excellent ale. 
 
 DEDELElihX, dA-deb-lA'ben, (Gross, git)ce, and Kleis, 
 klliie,) two adjacent villages of PiTissia, government of Mag- 
 deburg, near Oschei-sleben. Pop. 1323. 
 
 DEDIIAM. ded'am. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 DED'lIAM, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, 10 
 miles S.E. of Kangor. intersected by Union River. Pop. 495. 
 
 DEDHAM. a post-village and township, capital of Xorfolk 
 CO.. .Massachusetts, is situated on Charles River. 12 miles 
 S.W. of Boston; connected with the Boston and Providence 
 Railroad by a branch railroad about 2 miles in length. The 
 village is large and flourishing, and contains 4 churches. 2 
 newspaper offices, a bank, a savings institution, and an in- 
 surance office. It has soaie manufactures of machinery and 
 print-a. Pop. of the township. CoSO. 
 
 DEDHAM, a post-office of Weaklev co., Tennessee. 
 
 DKDILOVA or DEDILOWA, da-de-lo'vi, a town of Russia, 
 government, and 20 miles S.E. of Toola. Pop. 1000. 
 
 DEE, a river in Wales, rises in Lake Bala. co. of Merioneth, 
 flows between the county of Denbigh on the W. and Flint- 
 shire and Cheshire on the E., nearly encircles the city of 
 Chester, and is thence continued by an artificial channel 8 
 miles in length, to an estuary 14 miles in length, and from 
 
 2 to 6 miles across, between the counties of Flint and Ches- 
 ter, by which it communicjites with the Irish Sea. Total 
 coui-se, 70 miles. Its estuary is encumtiered by sand banks, 
 but it has important inland communication with the rivers 
 of Central England. 
 
 DEE, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises in Cairn- 
 gorm Jlountains, and flows, with a generally E. course, to 
 the Xorth Sea at .\berdeen. Total course, 96 miles. Near its 
 source its waters are hemmed into a narrow, intricate chasm 
 of rock, flowing over which it forms the " Linn of Dee," Its 
 s.almon fishery is one of the most valuable in Scotland, and 
 lately yielded 8000?. a year. 
 
 DEE, a river of Scotland, flows southward below Kirkcud- 
 bright and enters Solway Firth after a course of 50 miles, for 
 ♦he last 7 of whi'h it is navigable. 
 
 DEED'S CREEK, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana. 
 
 DEEDS^V'ILLE, a po.st-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, on 
 Skunk River, .ibout 40 miles X.W. of Burlington. 
 
 DEEG, a town and fortress of Hindostan, presidency of 
 Bengal, 57 miles X.W. of Agi-a. There are here the ruins 
 of 7 remarkably fine palaces. It was thought to be impreg- 
 nable by the penple of India tiU it was taken by storm by 
 Lord Lake in 1805. 
 
 DEEGOA, de-go'i. a large walled town of Borneo, in Cen- 
 tral Africa, 60 mile^ S, of Kooka. Pop. 30.000 (?) 
 
 DEEL, a river of Ireland, rises in the Orrery Mountains, 
 and flows into the Shannon. 
 
 DEEM, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana. 
 
 DEEX, a river of England. See Dean. 
 
 DEEP CLOVE CREEK, of Sussex co.. New Jersey, rises 
 at the S.E. base of the Blue Mountain, and enters the ^Vall- 
 kill River a little below Deckertown. 
 
 DEEP CREEK, of Xorth Carolina, flows into Tar River 
 a few miles above Tarborouurh. 
 
 DEEP CREEK, of Anderson district. South Carolina, en- 
 ters Kiowee River a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 DEEP CREEK, a po.st-village of Xorf )lk co.. Virginia, at 
 the northern terminus of the Dism.al Swamp Canal, 10 miles 
 8 of .Norfolk. It has an active trade in shingles, which are 
 procured fi-om the Dismal Swamp and shipped by schooners 
 to tht) northern cities. 
 
 DEEP CUT, a village of Allen co^ Ohio, on the Miami 
 Canal, 100 miles X.W. of Columbus. 
 
 DKEP CUT, a small villa-e of Ausrlaize co.. Ohio. 
 
 DEEP CUT. a po.st-office of Mercer co.. Ohio. 
 
 DEEP'IXG. MAR'KET. a market-town and parish of Eng 
 land. CO. of Lincoln. 93 miles X.X.W. of lyondon. 
 
 DEEP'IXG, ST. JAMES, a parish of England, co. of liu 
 coin, 
 
 DEEP'IXG, WEST, a p.arish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 DEEP RIVER, a branch of Cape Fear River, in the cen- 
 tral part of Xorth Carolina. Rising near the W. border of 
 Guilford county, it flows first south-etistward, through Ran- 
 dolph county, and then nejirly eastward, until it unites 
 with Haw River, at Haywood, in Chatham county. Its 
 length probably exceeds 110 miles. It flows through a 
 hilly and fertile country, and affords abundant motive 
 power. The river has lately tern rendered navigable fiom 
 its mouth to the inexhaustible beds of anthracite and bitu- 
 minous coal which have been oj)ened along its banks in 
 Chatham county. The aboriginal name is Sippotuih. 
 
 DEEP RIVER, of Indiana, flows into the Calumet, in 
 Lake count v. 
 
 DEEP RIVER, a post-village of Middlesex co-, Connecti- 
 cut, on the right bank of the Connecticut River, at the con- 
 fluence of a small creek, 30 miles E. by N. of New Haven. 
 It contains 2 churches, a bauk. and has muimfactures of 
 bits, augers, combs, Ac. Pupulation about lOOO. 
 
 DEEP RIVER, a post-office of Guilford co.. North Carolina. 
 
 DEEP RIVER, a }K)st-office cf Lake co.. Indiana. 
 
 DEEP RIVER, a post-office of Poweshiek co.. Iowa. 
 
 DEEP W.\TER, a post-office of Marsh.Hll co., Mississippi. 
 
 DEEP W,\TER. a pnst-village of Henry co.. Missouri, on 
 a tributary of the Osase, 110 miles W. by S, of Jefferson. 
 
 DEEPWATER CREEK, of Henry co., Missouri, flows 
 eastward into Griind River. 
 
 DEEP WELL, a post-village of Iredell co., North Carolina, 
 125 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 DEER, capital of NubU. See Dbrr. 
 
 DEER BROOK, a post-village of Xoxubee co., Mi.ssissippi. 
 
 DEER CREEK, of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Alleghany River a few miles N.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 DEElf CREEK, in the X.E. part of Maryland, flows 
 through Baltimore and Harford counties, and enters the 
 Susquehanna alKiut 7 miles from its mouth. 
 
 DEER CREEK, of Mississippi, enters the Yazoo from the 
 N. in Warren countv. 
 
 DEER CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Scioto River in 
 Ross county, about 10 miles X. of Chillicothe. 
 
 DEER CREEK,of Indiana, a fine mill stream, rises in How- 
 ard CO.. and flows westward into the Wabash, near Delphi. 
 
 DEER CREEK, of Putnam co., Indiana, tlows into Mill 
 
 DEER CREEK, also called SOUTH YUBA and DOBBIN'S 
 CREEK, Y'uba co., toward the X. p.art of California, rises on 
 the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and running fir.st in a S.W., 
 and then in a W. course, falls into the Yuba River 25 miles 
 above Marysville. Good timber is found on its b:inks. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a village of AUeLihany co.. I'ennsylvania, 
 on the -Mleghany River. 11 miles al>ove Pittsburg. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 
 225 miles W.X.AV. of Harrisburg. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a post-office of Issaquena co., Mississippi 
 
 DEER CREEK, atownshipof Madison CO., Ohio. Pop. 700. 
 
 DEER CiiEhK, a township of Pickaway CO., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation l:;79. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a post-office of Livingston Co., Michigan. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a post-townsliip of Carrol co., Indiana. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a township of Cass co., Indiana, IVp. 1132. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a town^bip of Miami co.,Iudiana. Pop. 946. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a towusnip of PeiTy co., indian-a. 
 
 DEER CREEK, a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon. 
 
 DEER'FIELD river rises in Windham co., in the S. part 
 of Vermont, and falls into the Connecticut River in Frank- 
 lin CO.. in the X.X.W. part of M!«s.s.>»ohusetts. 
 
 DEERFIELD. a po.st-village and township of Rcckinsham 
 CO.. Xew Hampshire. 15 miles S.E. of Concord. I'op. 2066. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a post vill.tge and township of Franklin n., 
 Ma.ssachusetts, at the junction of Deerfield and Omnectlcut 
 Rivers and on the Connecticut River Railroad, about 100 
 miles W.X.W. of Bo.ston. Pop. 3073. • 
 
 DEERFIELD, a townsliip of Oneida co.. New Y'ork. Pop. 
 2249. 
 
 DEERFIELD. a post-township of Cumberland co , Xew 
 Jersey, on Cohansev Creek, contains the village of Liridgo- 
 ton. Total pop. 4883. 
 
 DEERFIELD. or DEERFIELD STREET, a post-vilLige of 
 the aliove township. 7 miles .N. of Bridgeton, contains a 
 Presbvterian church, and aV>out 40 dwellings. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a post-vilKige and township of Ti'iga co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Cow.anesquo Ci-eek, 16 miles X.X.W. of 
 WeUsl)orough. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a township of Warren co., Pe^ i sylvan ia. 
 Pop. 1449. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a post-vill.ige of .\ugusta CO., 'N irginia, ISO 
 miles W.X.W. of Richmond. 
 
DEE 
 
 DEK 
 
 DEEKFIEI/D. a pout-office of Carroll parish, Tx)uisiana. 
 
 DKEKKTELD, a pnst'Village and township of I'ortage co., 
 Ohio, 15 raile.s S.E. of Ravenna. The villaj;e has 2 churches, 
 and a f.'w stores. Pop. 1091. 
 
 nKEUKlKLD, a township of Mornian co.. Ohio. Pop. 12+0. 
 
 DKF;!!FtELD, a township of Koss co., Ohio. Pop. of town- 
 ship. Ki04. 
 
 DEP;i{FIRED. a post-villase and township, of Warren CO., 
 Ohio, on the ri;;ht bank of Little Miami Hiver, 32 miles N.K. 
 of Cincinnati. The Little Miami Railroad passes near it. 
 Pop. nf township, 2021.. 
 
 DEEKFIELD, a post-village of Lenawee CO., Michiiian, on 
 the railroad connecting Monroe and Adrian, about 22 miles 
 \V. by S. of the former. 
 
 DEER FIELD, a township of Livingston co., Michigan. 
 
 Pop. lOl."!. 
 
 DKEHFIELD, a pleasant post^village of Randolph co.. In- 
 diana, on the Mississinewa River, and on the 'SVinchester 
 and Portland plank-road. 7 miles \. of Winchester. 
 
 DEKH FI FLD, a township of Fulton co.. Illinois. Pop. T35. 
 
 DEKKKTKLD. a post-village and township of Lake CO., 
 Illinois. -'00 miles N.E. of ,'ipringfield. Pop. 1022. 
 
 DEERKll'^LD. a post-villaire and township of Dane co.. 
 Wisconsin, l.i miles E. of Madison. The village contains 
 about l.T dwellings. Pop. of township, 952. 
 
 DI;KI!FI1':LD STUEKT. Xew Jersey. See DEEnFiEl.n. 
 
 DEERFIELD VILLAGE. AVarren co.,Ohio. See DEF.nFiELn. 
 
 DKKR OROVE, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois, 30 miles 
 N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 DKKK'UURST, a p.irish of Endand, co.. of Gloucester. 2i 
 miles S.AV. of Tewkesbury. It gives the title of viscount to 
 the Earl of Coventry. 
 
 DEER'IXG, a post-township of Hillsborough co., New 
 Hampshire, 18 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 793. 
 
 DEER ISLAND, an island of Ireland, on the W. shore of 
 the estuary of the Fergus. Si miles N.E. of Kildysert. 
 
 DEER ISLAND, an island of New Brunswick, in Passa- 
 maquoddy Bay, near its entrance, on the S.W. side, alxjut 
 7 miles Ions, and 3 miles broad. 
 
 DKER ISLANDS, two small i.slands in the Malav Archi- 
 pelago, in Macassar Strait. Lat. 5° 9' S., Ion. 119° 14' E. 
 
 DEER ISLE, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, 54 
 miles E. by S. of Augusta. It comprises the island of its 
 own nanii'. and several smaller ones lying in Penobscot Bay. 
 Shiii-lmililirig, navigation, and the lisliuries constitute the 
 chiit'ociiiiiation of the inhabitants. Pop. 3590. 
 
 DEKR LICK, a post^tfice of Mason co., A'irsinla. 
 
 DEER LICK, a post-office of William co.. Ohio. 
 
 DEER'NESS', a parish of Scotland, in Orkney.. island of 
 Pomona, forming a peninsula, between the North Sea and 
 the inlet of Deer Sound, which forms an excellent harbor. 
 
 DEKR. NEW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Alierdeen. 
 
 DE E K. OLD, a parish of Scotland, cos. Aberdeen and Banff. 
 
 DEER'l'.^RK, a township of Orange co.. New York, on 
 Neversink River. 3S miles W. of Newl>urg. Pop. 5186. 
 
 DEERPARK. a post-office of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 DEERP.\RK. a post-villafre of La Salle co., Illinois, about 
 120 miles N. by E. of Sprinsrfield. 
 
 DEER PLAIN, a post-office of Calhoun co.. Illinois. 
 
 DEER RIVER, a village of Franklin co.. New York, on a 
 small stream of the same name. liiO miles N.W. of .Albany. 
 
 DEER RIVER, a post-office of Lewis co.. New York. 
 
 DERRS/VILLE. a post-vilhure of Harrison co., Ohio, 12 
 miles W. of Cadiz, the county seat. 
 
 DEES, dais or daiz, a market-town of Transylvania. 
 CO. of Szoluok. at the confluence of the Gi'eat and Little 
 Szamos. 28 miles NJS'.E. of Klausenburg. Pop. in 184G, 
 6300. It is a dep6t. for salt raised in its vicinity. 
 
 DEE'S.'k.. a town of Ipdia. in Guzerat, 88 miles N.N.W. of 
 Ahmodabad, and the head-quartei-s of a brigade of the Bom- 
 brfy army. It is hot and unhealthy, but near it is the fine 
 salubrious retreat of Mount Alioo. 
 
 DEF'FORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester, with 
 a station on the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, 4 
 miles N. of Tewkesbury. 
 
 DEFI'ANCE. a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, border- 
 ing on Indi.ana. contains 414 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Maumee and St.. .Tosi'ph's Rivers, and also drained 
 by the .A.uglaize;ind Tiffin Rivers, which enter the Maumee 
 at the county seat. The surface is nearly level and heavily 
 timbered. The soil is fertile. The county is intersected by 
 the Fort Wayn« and Toledo Railroad, and by the Wabash 
 and Erie Canal. Capital, Defiance. Pop. 11,886. 
 
 DEFIANCE, a thriving post-village and capital of Defiance 
 CO., Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the Maumee River, at 
 the mouth of the Auglaize, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 
 and on the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 51 miles W.S.W. 
 of Toledo. Steamboats can ascend the river as far as this 
 village during high water, and b»ats of 00 tons in ordinary 
 stages. In 1794, General Wayne built Fort Defiance at this 
 place, which was then occupied by a large tribe of Indians. 
 It hv 6 chvuxhes, 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, 1 wooUeu- 
 factory, and 1 foundry. Population 13M9. 
 
 DEFRANCE'VILLE, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 DEFRIETSVTLLE, de-freets'vil, a post-vilLaiTP of Rens«.« 
 laer co.. New York, 4 miles S.E. of Albany. 
 
 DEFYNOCK. de-fuu'gk or de-fin'yk, a parish of SouT.!i 
 Wales, CO, of Brecon. 
 
 DEGAGN.\C. dch-gii nH'3k', a town of France, department 
 of Lot, 6 miles S.S,W. of Gourdon. Pop. 2009. 
 
 DEGERLOCII, da/gher-loK\ a village of WUrtemberg. cir- 
 cle of Neckar. 3 miles S. of Stuttsart. Pop. 1.113. 
 
 DEtiGENDORF, d^g'ghpndonr, or I)ECK'ENDORF\ n. 
 town of Lower Bavaria, on the Danube 29 miles X.W.of Pas- 
 sau. Pop. .'5^00. It is well built, and has 3 hospitals, brewe- 
 ries, distilleries, tanneries, and potteiies. 
 
 DEGGINOEN. d%'ghing-gn, a village of WUrtemberg, cir- 
 cle of Danube, near GeLslingen. Pop. 1707. 
 
 DEGHICZE. or DEGIIITCUE. dMiee'chrl, a town of Rus- 
 sian Poland, government of A'ilna, 44 miles W.N.W. of 
 Yoorboorg. Pop. 1100. 
 
 DE GLAI/E. a post-office of Morehouse parish, Louisiana. 
 
 DE GLAIZE BAYOU, of Avoyelles parish, Louisiana, 
 communicates with Atchafalava Biiyou. 
 
 DEGLIA. d.il'ya. or DELIA. d^le-L a town of Sicily, 11 
 miles S.S.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 2(100. 
 
 DEGNIZLI. dJn^yiz-liV. or DEXIZLI. dJnMz-le.>'. a town 
 of Asia- Minor. in Anatolia, 53 miles S.E. of Alasluhr. (.\llah- 
 Shehr.) It is inclo.Be<l by mountains and vine-clad hill.s. and 
 has a castle, several mosnues. and bazaars: but it has never 
 regained the importance it had previous to 1715. when it 
 was destroyed by an earthquake, and 12.000 of its inhabi- 
 tants are said to have perished. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 DEOO. d-A'go, a town of the Sardinian States, 18 miles S. 
 of Acqui. Pop. 2I1.7. 
 
 DK OR.iF'F, a village of Miami township, Logan co., 
 Ohio, on the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad. lOti miles 
 from Cincinnati. It was laid out about the year 1850. 
 
 DEHAK, df-hlk', or DOIIAK. a vill,age of Persia, province 
 of Irak-Ajemee, 53 miles N.W. of Ispahan. 
 
 DE HART'S CREEK, a post-office of Macon co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 DEIM-HAJEE, dAVe-ha'jee\ a walled town of Afghanis- 
 tan. 20 miles S. of Candahar. Pop. 2000. 
 
 DEflLI. a province of Ilindo.stan. See Delhi. 
 
 DEIIR. the capital town of Nubia. St>e Derr. 
 
 DKHKA. dJH'rd or d.Vrl. or DEYIiAIl DOON. dA'rJ doon, 
 a large village of North-western Ilindostan. in Gurhwal. in 
 the Doon Valley, 42 miles N.F]. of Seharunpoor. and near 
 which is the cantonment of Landour, established for British 
 troops in 1827. 
 
 DKIIRUNG. d.Vriing'. a district of Assam, on the N. side 
 of the Brahmapootra, about 30 miles sfjuare. 
 
 DEIDESHEIM, di'des-hlme'. a town of Rheni.sh Bavaria, 
 13 miles W.N.W. of Speyer. Pop. 2400. 
 
 DEIGHTON-KIRK, dee/ton-kirk'. a parish of England, co. 
 of York. West Riding. A chapelry and parish in North 
 Allerton. and a township and parish in Escrick, co. of York, 
 are also named Dkightox. 
 
 DEINUM. di'ntim. a village of Holland, province of Fries- 
 land, 3 miles W. of Leeuwarden, on the canal thence to 
 Franeker. Pop. 400. 
 
 DEIR or D.\IR. d.^r or dlr. an Arabian word signifying a 
 " monastery." forming the name, or the prefix to the names 
 of variovis places in Palestine and Egypt. 
 
 DEI It or DER. d.'lr. a town in Asiatic Turkey, on the Eu- 
 phrates, near 35=' 10' N. lat. 
 
 DEIR-EL KAINIER or KAMMER. dAr-M-ldui'er. or DAIR- 
 EL-KAMAR.dIiv^l-k3m'ar. inSyria. pashalicof .\cre. 10 miles 
 S.E. of Beyroot, on the road to Damascus, and the chief 
 town of the Druses, whose emir resides in its citadel. 
 
 DEIRA, d.Vrd. a river and plain of Persia, province of 
 Khoozistan: the river, an affluent of the Holwan River, 
 S.W. of Zohab: and the plain it traverses the place of a breed- 
 ing stud, famous throusihout Persia. 
 
 DEIRA. di'rj or d:i'r3. the name of one of the two sove- 
 rei'j:nites into which the Anglo-Saxon kingdom nf Northum- 
 berland was divided, in the middle of the seventh century. 
 
 DEIROOT. or DEIRUT. d:l-root/. a town of I»wer Egypt, 
 province, and 18 miles S.S.E. of Ro.setta, on the W. bank of 
 the Nile. 
 
 DEISLINGEN. dis^ing-en. a villacre of WUrtembera. circle 
 of lilack- Forest. 35 miles S.W. of Tubingen. I'op. 1500. 
 
 DE.JT.\R. d.AHaK'. a village of Hungary, co, of Neograd, 5 
 miles from Balassa-Gvarmath. Pop. 12^7. 
 
 DK KALB'. a county in the N.W. central part of Georgia, 
 contains about 350 square miles. The Cbatahoochee River 
 forms its boinidary on tlio N.: it is also drained by the 
 sources of South River, one of the main branches of the Oc- 
 muliree, and by Peachtree. Nancy's, and I'toy Creeks. The 
 surface is elevated and undulating. The famous Stone 
 Mountain, in tlie E. part of the county, is estimated to rise 
 about 2000 feet above the nearest stream. See Stone Moin- 
 T.UM. The soil in the vicinity of (he river is excellent. Gold 
 has b^en found in small quantities : and the county con 
 tains iron, and an abundance of granite. Chalybeate springs 
 occur at Decatur and Atlanta. This county is intersected 
 by the Georgia Ruihoad. which connects it" with Augusta. 
 Named in honor of Barou De Kalb, who bravely fell at the 
 
 551 
 
DEK 
 
 Utttle of Camdon, in 1780. Capital, Decatnr. Pop. 7806, 
 ol' whom 58i 6 were free^ and 2000 slaves. 
 
 DK K ALB, a county m the N.E. part of Alabama, border- 
 ing on Georgia, is about 50 miles long, and has an area of 
 775 square miles. It is intersected by Wills Creek, an afflu- 
 ent of Coasa Kiver. dividing the county into nearly eiju-il 
 portions. This creek flows through a valley of the same 
 name, about 60 miles long, and 5 miles wide, which is en- 
 closed by Lookout Mountain on the S.E.. and Sand Moun- 
 tain on the X.AV. The soil of the v.Hlley is fertile and much 
 Improved. Water-power is abundant. The county is noted 
 for its romantic scenery. Capit;il. Lebanon. Pop. 10,705, 
 of whom y!S57 were free, and 84S slaves. 
 
 DE K.A.LB. a county in the X. central part of Tennessee, 
 has an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Caney Fork, an affluent of the Cumberl.and Kiver, and 
 also watered by several creeks which furnish motive-power. 
 The surface is agreeably diversified; the soil productive. 
 The turnpike from Lebanon to l^parta passes through the 
 county. Cai)itaJ, Smithville. Population 10,573, of whom 
 9548 were free. 
 
 DE KALB. a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, border- 
 ing on Ohio, contains 346 .square miles. It is drained by 
 the St. Joseph's Kiver of the Maumee. and by Cedar Creek. 
 The surface is mostly undulating, and the soil fertile. Oi^ 
 ganized in 1S36. Capital. Auburn. Pop. 13,880. 
 
 DE KALB, a county in the N. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of lUS square miles. It is drained by Sycamore and In- 
 dian Creeks, affluents of the Ki.shwaukee and Fox Rivers. 
 The surface is undulating and the soil good. The greater 
 part of the county is prairie, with some good timber. Capi- 
 tal. Sycamore. Pop. 19,086. 
 
 DE K.\LB. a new county in the N.W. part of Slissonri. 
 has an area of 44D square miles. It is drained by Blue and 
 Grindstone Creeks, affluents of Gr.ind Itiver, and by Livings- 
 ton Creek, and the Third Fork of Platte Kiver. The surCice 
 is diversified by prairies and woodlands; the soil is produc- 
 tive. De Kalb was formed out of part of Clinton county. 
 Capital, Marj'sville. Pop. 52'J4, of whom 5087 were fre«, 
 and 137 slaves. 
 
 DE KALB, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New 
 York, on the Oswegatj?hie River, 15 miles S.S.E. of Ogdens- 
 burg. It contains the village of Kichville. Pop. 3182. 
 
 DE K.\LB. a post.office of Gilmer co.. West Virginia. 
 
 DE K.\LB, a village of Kershaw district, South Carolina, 
 on Pinetree Creek, about 1 mile from Camden, has a cotton 
 &ctory. 
 
 DE K.VLB. a post-village, capital of Kemper CO., Missis- 
 sippi, about Ul5 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 DE K.\LB, a post-village of Bowie co., Texas, 14 miles 
 N.W. of Boston, the c-ouuty seat, and 29 miles E. of Clarks- 
 ville. 
 
 DE KALB. a post-village of Crawford co., Ohio, 70 miles 
 N. by E. of Columbus. 
 
 DE KALB, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana. 
 
 DE KALB, a township of De Kalb co., Illinois. Pop. 900. 
 
 DE KALB. a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, about 
 200 miles X. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 DE K.\LB, a po.st-village of Buchanan co., Missouri, 60 
 miles X.W. of Independence. 
 
 DE KALB CEXTRE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois, 
 near 200 miles X. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 DEKK.\.\', a country of Hindostan. See Decoax 
 
 DEKXAL. dek-ndl'. or d^k-nawP. a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, district, and 40 miles X. of Cuttack. 
 
 DEKOIt'RA. a post-village and township of Columbia co.. 
 Wisconsin, on the left bank of Wisconsin Kiver. 6 miles be- 
 low Winnebago Portage, and 30 miles X. of Madison. Small 
 steamers can ascend from the Mississippi to this village. It 
 has 1 church, and 2 mills. Totjil i)opulatiou 1214. 
 
 DEiyAFIELD. a post-village and township of Waukesha 
 CO.. Wisconsin, 25 miles W. of Milwaukee. It has 2 flouring 
 mills. 4 stores, and 1 machine .shop. Pop. of township. 1343. 
 
 DEL'AOiy.\ Bay. an inlet of the Indi.an Ocean, in South- 
 eastern .\frica. 55 miles in length, from X. to S.. by 20 miles 
 across. Lat. of Cti\>e St. Mary, Myach Island, 25° 58' S.. Ion. 
 33° 15' E. The shores are flat, marshy, and unhealthy in 
 summer. The bay, commodious and safe, is a good deal fre- 
 quented by South Sea whalers. It receives the Manice 
 Kiver from the X.. and Mapoota. or Machavanna. from the 
 S., and has on it« W. side an estuary, termed English River, 
 formed by the mouth of several streams, one of which, the 
 Delagoa. Is navigable by vessels drawing 12 feet water for 40 
 miles, and by boats for 2011 miles. The Portuguese h.ive a 
 fort near Cape Inyack. whence a limited export trade in 
 ivory and gnl.l dust, and a trade in slaves, is carried on. 
 
 DEI/AMAI!'. a small P"»t-villaie. Tioga co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 DEL.\MEKK. dJl'a-meer. a parish of Enirland. co. of Ches- 
 ter. It gives the title of l«ion to the Cholmondelev family. 
 
 DK LAX'CEY, a post-office of .Madison co.. Xew York. 
 
 DELA X'C< >. a village of Burlington co.. N'ew Jersey, at the 
 Junction of the Rancocus Creek with the Delaware. 12 miles 
 al>OTcC:inide'n. It is on the Camden and AmboyR.K. Pop.352. 
 
 DELA PALMA.d^Plap;il'nia.apost-<)ttice.Brownco„01iio! 
 
 DE LARiiE BAYOU, di larj bi'oo, of Louisiana, com- 
 
 DEL 
 
 mences in the N. part of Terre Bonne parish, and flows S.W. 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 DEL^A VAX', a post-office of Cattaraugus CO., New York. 
 DEL.4VAN, a post-village and township of Tazewell cc^ 
 I Illinois, 45 miles N. by E. of Springtield. Pop. 12;*4. 
 I DELAVAN, a post-village of Delavan to»^lship, Walworth 
 ! co.,Wi8consin, on the railroad leading from Rjicine to Beloit, 
 I 45 miles W. from tlie former. Turtle Creek and the outlet 
 ! of Sw^un Liike unite here and sjii)ply a valuable water- 
 ! power. Dolavan has a bank and the State Institution for 
 j the Deaf and Dumb. Population of township, 1.549. 
 I DEL.\WARE. d^l'.vwar, called by the Indians MikeriA-it- 
 I Um, an important river of the United States, rises in Xew 
 York, on the W. declivity of the Catskill Mountains, by two 
 I branches, the Coquago (or Oquago) and the Popacton. which 
 I unite at the village of Ilancock, on the boundary l>etween 
 I Xew York and Pennsylvania, near the X.E. extremity of 
 I the latter state. It flows first south-eastward for a distance 
 of more than 70 miles, to Port Jervis, where it enci?unters 
 the Kittatinny (or Shawansunk) Mount.ain. by which its 
 course is inflected to the S.W. l*ursuing this direction to 
 the X. extremity of Northampton county, it passes through 
 the mountain ridge at the well-known Delaware Water Gap, 
 one of the most remarkable curiosities in the state. The 
 mountain on each side rises almost perpendicularly from 
 the waters edge to the height of lOlH) or 1200 feet alxwe the 
 river. From this point its general course is southward 
 until it crosses the South Mountain, a few miles below 
 Ea.ston, and turning again to the !^.E., falls over the primi- 
 tive ledge at Trenton, and meets the tide-water 132 miles 
 from the sea. Now increased to a fine navigable river, aliout 
 half a mile in width, it takes a south-westward course, 
 passes by Philadelphia, and empties itself into Delaware 
 Bay, about 40 miles below that city. Its entire length ia 
 al«)ut 300 miles. The main stream, through its whole 
 course, forms the boundary lietween the states of New York 
 and Xew Jersey on one hand, and Pennsylvania and Dela- 
 ware on the other. It is navigable fur ships of the largest 
 size to Philadelphia, and for stejimboats to Tn^ntou ; smaller 
 boats can descend the stream through its whole course. A 
 ainal has been constructed along this river from Bristol to 
 Kaston, a distance of 60 miles, and a heavy trade in coal, 
 lumber, and grain is carried on by this means. The chief 
 towns on the Delaware are E.aston and Philadelphia on the 
 right, and Trenton. Burlington and Camden on the left 
 bank. The area drained by the Delaware is estimated by 
 Darby at 11.250 square miles. The great inflections of this 
 river and of the Susquehanna, exhibit a remarkalvle paral- 
 lelism, and both receive their largest tributaries from the 
 right hand. Islands of small extent occur in various parts 
 of its channel, one of which lies Ijetween PhiLidelphia and 
 Camden, where the river is about 1 mile wide. Substantial 
 bridges extend acro.ss this river at several points, of which 
 Trenton is the first that occurs in ascending from its month. 
 The New York and Erie Railroad follows the course of the 
 Delawflre for a distance of about 90 miles, and two canals 
 extend from this river to the Hudson, namely, the Morris 
 Canal, and the Delaware and Ilmlson. This river was 
 bridged with solid ice at Philadelphia in the winter of 
 1851-2, but this only happens in seasons of unusal severity. 
 Large numbers of sliad are caught in the river in the lower 
 part of its course. The name of the river Delawari>. as well 
 as the Delaware Indians and territory, was given in honor 
 of Thomas West. Lord De la \\ are, who visited the biiy m 
 1610. and died on his vessel at its mouth. The Delaware 
 was originally called by the Dutch the South (Zuyd; River, 
 to distinguish it from the Hudson or Xorth River, 
 
 DELAWARE, one of the Middle States, and one of the 
 original thirteen, is bounded on the X. by I'onnsylvania, E. 
 by the Delaware River and Bay. (which sep:irates it irom 
 Xew Jersev.) and the Atlantic Ocean, and S. and W. by 
 Maryland." It lies between 38° 28' and 39° 50' X. lat.. jftid 
 between 75° and 75° 45' W. Ion., being auout 96 miles iu 
 length, and 37 in its greatest breadth, including an area (the 
 smallest except Rhode Island in the Union) of 212il s<|Uare 
 miles, or l,;i56,000 acres, of wliich 637,065 were imjiroved in 
 
 Pice of the Omntrif, Minrrals. tCc. — There are no moun- 
 tains in Delaware, but the northern portion is beautifully 
 variegated by hill and vale, while the ceiHr.al and southern . 
 sections are mostly level. Delaware forms a part of a low 
 peninsula l>etween the Chesa]r<*ake and Delaware Bays, of 
 which the Eastern shore of Maryland constitutes the larger 
 portion. There is a slightly elevated region on the western 
 side of Delaware, running X. and S., which is occupied by a 
 swampy tract, the source of the stn-ams which flow in oppo- 
 site directions to the Chi-sapeake and Delaware Bays, 'i'his 
 elevation is terminated by a cypress swamp at the >i<iuth. 
 Delaware has few minerals: a fine sand for glass nianuiao- 
 ture is found ni-ar the bead of Delaware Bay. which is ex- 
 ported to Xew England. Bog iron ore exists in the southern 
 part of the state. 
 
 Itivern. Bi'}/s, (f-c. — The Delaware River and Bay, ss bafl 
 been el.sewhere stated, Iwund this state on the E. T'jero 
 are no other large waters. The Brandywiiie and Christiana 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 Creeks. <he former running S.E. from Pennsylrania, and 
 the other coming in from the S.W., unite at Wilmington, 
 and pour tlieir waters into the Delaware one mile below 
 their junction. There are a number of other creeks which 
 empty into the Delaware Bay, that are navigable by coasting 
 vessels for a short distance, and therefore important to the 
 inhabitants. Indian Kiver flows into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 near the southern extremity of the state. Tiie Chnptank 
 and Nanticoke have their origin near the middle of Dela- 
 ware, and flow S.W. into Chesapeake Bay. Tlie Brandy- 
 wine, so well known for the important battle fought on its 
 shores, just Ijeyond the limits of Delaware, is a very fine 
 mill stream, and lias numerous flour, powder, and other 
 mills on its banks. 
 
 Olijrds ftf hitereA to Tovrists. — The banks of the Brandy- 
 wine near Wilmington are very romantic and wild, and 
 near them are the Brandywine Chalybeate Springs, much 
 visited by IMiiladelphians. who seek a pleasant retreat with 
 their families in the summer months. Lewes, or Lewistown, 
 near Cape Ili-nlopen, is becoming a bathing resort. Near it 
 is Delaware Breakwater, a>>out two-thirds of a mile in extent, 
 with one face presented to the sea and another to the current 
 of the river; the latter to protect vessels from floating ice. 
 The ice-breaker is about 1500 feet long. Both are built of 
 massive stone, at an expense to the United States govern- 
 ment of over $2,000,000. The deep cut in the Delaware and 
 Chesapeake Canal is 90 feet perpendicular, and is said to>l)e 
 the deepest excavation of the kind in any canal in the world. 
 
 Climate. Soil, Prnductinn/<. — The climate of the N. of 
 Delaware is severe at times, but in the southern part the 
 air is ameliorated by the influence of the sea. The soil in 
 the N. and on the shore of the Delaware Kiver is good, but 
 the soutliern portion is sandy; in the centre it consists of 
 clay and sand mixed. Wheat, Indian corn, and butter, ai'e 
 the staples of the state ; besides which considerable quanti- 
 ties of oats, live stock, wool, Irish and sweet potatoes, market 
 vegetables, hay. and fruits, with some rye, barley, buckwheat, 
 peas, beans, wine, cheese, grass seeds, hemp, flax, hops, Ijees- 
 wax, and honey, are produced. The peaches of Delaware 
 have become very celebrated : the other fruits are apples, 
 pears, plums, grapes, and t>erries of different kinds. In 
 1860 there were in Delaware 637,065 acres of improved land 
 (a67,2:iO being unimproved), producing 912,941 bushels of 
 wheat; .3,892,.3.37 of Indian corn; 1,046,910 of oats; 377,921 
 of I rish potatoes ; 1 42,213 of sweet potatoes ; 1,430.502 pounds 
 of butter; 50,201 of wool, and 66,136 of honey ; live stock 
 valued at $3,144706; orchard ]iroducts valued at S114,22.') ; 
 market products valued at $37,797; slaughtered animals 
 valued at $573,076. 
 
 Tntemal Imprmvments. — Delaware is crossed by two lines 
 of railway, forming parts of the great chain of communica- 
 tion between the North and East and the capital of the 
 Union; about 40 niilesof their tracks are included within tlie 
 state. A raih'oad has been liuilt from Wilmington through 
 Dover to Seaford. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Bal- 
 timore Itailway crosses through Wilmington and Newark, 
 leaving the state near Elkton, Maryland. The New Castle 
 and Frenclitown Railway forms part of a steamboat line 
 between Philadelphia and Baltimore, much travelled when 
 navigation is open. An air-line railway is talked of from 
 Norfolk to New York, through the southern and eastern 
 part of Delaware. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 
 connects the bays of the same names at Delaware City and 
 Back Creek, and forms an important link in the coast navi- 
 gation between Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the ports of 
 Virginia. It is of sufRcient depth to allow schooners and 
 small steamers to pass through. 
 
 Manufactures. — Wilmington in this state is a manufac- 
 turing town, and has long been celebrated for its powder, 
 paper, and flour mills : more recently, coach and car-making 
 have become imiiortant bfnnches of industry in this town. 
 According to the census of 1860, Delaware lia<i 615 manufac- 
 turing establishments, employing 6421 persons, consuming 
 raw material worth $6,028,918, producing goods to the value 
 of $9,892,902 annually ; total amount of capital invested, 
 $5,452,887. Of these 11 were cotton factories, capital in- 
 vented $582,500. value of annual products $941,703; 4 woollen 
 factories, capital invested $117,0(30, annual products $153,000 ; 
 80 flour and meal establishments, capital invested $627,062, 
 annual products $1,849 537 ; 71 saw-mills, capital invested 
 $247,760, annual products $276,161 ; 45 carpenter sliops, 
 capital invested $27,-'iO0, annual products $176,947 ; 38 
 blacksmith sliops, capital invested $31,765, annual products 
 $68,677; 24 carriage factories, capital invested $225,150. 
 annual products $608,.580 : 17 cooper-sliops, capital invested 
 $59,950, annual products $132,091. A considerable amount 
 of ship-building is carried on in Wilmington; the whole num- 
 ber of ship-yards in the state is 12, capital invested $325,500, 
 value of home-made manufactures $17,591. 
 
 Qimmerce. — Though bounded by navigable water for nearly 
 half Qer extent, Delaware has but little foreign trade, l>ecause 
 if hi*r proximity to Philadelphia and Baltimore. Tlie tonnage 
 iwned by the state in 1863 was 25,963 tons; and the number 
 if v:-.sofs built the same year was 2, tonnage 877. Dela- 
 vure -ixiiorts to other states considerable flour, grain, large 
 
 quantities of peaches, lumber, (from the cypress swamps,) 
 and sand for the manutacture of glass. 
 
 Education. — According to the census report of 1860, there 
 were in Delaware, 1 college, with 90 students, and $9500 
 income; 256 public schools, with 11,736 pupils, and $67,847 
 income, of which $29,020 was from public funds. $3235 from 
 taxes, and $500 from endowments ; 40 academies and other 
 sciiools, witli 1957 pupils, and $47,462 income, of ■which 
 $400 was from endowments. There are also in this state 
 114 liliraries, of Avhich 64 are public, 1 school, and 1 col- 
 lege literary. The rest belong to tiie various Sunday-sch;D]j 
 and cliurchos. 
 
 Eeliyioiig Denominations. — Of tlie 220 churches in Dela- 
 ware in 1860, the Baptists owned 12; the Episcopalians, 27; 
 the Friends. 10; the GermSn Keformed, 1; the Methodists, 
 1-31; the Presbyterians, 32; the Roman Catholics, 6; the 
 Swedentjorgians, 1 ; this gives 1 church to every 510 per- 
 sons. Total value of church property, $846,150. 
 
 Populatinn. — ^The number of inhabitants in 1790 was 
 59.096: in 1800, 64.273; in 1810, 72,674; in 1820. 72.749; in 
 1830,76,748; in 1840, 78.085; in 18,50,91,532; in 1860, 112,216; 
 of whom 90,589 were whites, 19,'<29 free colored, and 179S 
 slaves. Population to tlie square mile, 52. Representativo 
 population 111,496. Of the free population 84,809 were 
 born in the state, 16,384 in other states of the Union, and 
 9165 in foreign countries, of whom 1581 were born in Eng- 
 land, 5832 in Ireland, 200 in Scotland, 30 in Wales, 39 in 
 British America, 1263 in Germany. 1.3.3 in France, and 87 
 in other foreign countries. Of the population in the leading 
 pursuits, 7284 were farmers, 6611 laliorers, 4122 farm labor- 
 ers, 2462 servants, 16S8 domestics, 954 carpenters, 920 ap- 
 prentices, 560 clerks, 550 factory hands, 4!*! slioemakers, 
 422 blacksmiths, 405 mariners, 402 merchants, 268 weavers, 
 233 coopers, and 217 painters. In the year ending June 
 Ist, 1860, there occurred 1246 deaths, or 11.3 in every thous- 
 and. The number of deaf and dumb was 66, of whom 1 
 was a slave; (see Introduction to the volume on Population 
 of the Eiglith Census, pp. liv., 1y., Ivi., etc.) 42 blind, 60 
 insane, and 67 idiotic. 
 
 Delaware has 3 counties, namely, Kent, Newcastle, and 
 Sussex. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Wilmington is the largest town in 
 Delaware. Poi)ulation in 1860, 21,258. The other principal 
 towns are Newcastle, population aliout 2000; Milford, about 
 2000; Smyrna, 1873; Delaware City, 1338; and Dover, tlie 
 capital of the state, 1289. 
 
 Gmernment, Finances, d-c. — The govemnr of Delaware 1» 
 chosen for 4 years, and receives a salary of $1-333 per annum. 
 The senate is composed of 9 members, elected for 4 yeai'S, 
 and the house of representatives of 21 members, chosen fot 
 1 year. These officers are all elected by the direct vote of 
 the people. The legislature meets biennially, on the 2d 
 Tuesday in October. Every white male citizen over 22 years 
 of age, who has p^iid a tax, and resided one year in the state, 
 and one month next preceding the election in the county 
 where lie votes, is entitled to the right of suffrage. Those 
 between 21 and 22. not otherwise disqualified, m.ay vote 
 without having paid a tax. Delaware has but one member 
 in the national house of representatives, and three electoral 
 votes for president of the United States. This small state, 
 however, has furnished several distinguished men to the 
 national councils: John Dickinson to the Kevolutionary 
 period, and Rodney. Bayard, McT>ane, and Clayton, since 
 that period. The judiciary consists — 1. Of a superior court, 
 one chief and three associate judges ; 2. A court of chancery, 
 with one judge: 3. An orphans' court, composed of a chan- 
 cellor and a judge of the superior court; and, 4. A probate 
 court. A new and amended constitution was submitted to 
 the people in 1863 and rejected. The assessed value of pro- 
 perty in Delaware in 1863 was $:i8,994.038 ; oniinary ex- 
 penses, $40,442 per annum. Public debt, none. There 
 were, in 1860, 12 banks in Delaware, with an aggregate 
 capital of $1,640,775, a circulation of $1,135,772, and $208,924 
 ill coin. 
 
 Histonj. — Delaware was first settled by the Swedes and 
 Finns about 1627: was subjected by the Dutcli from New 
 York in 1655: but fell into the hands of the English with 
 that colony in 1664. It formed a part of the grant to Penu 
 from the crown in 1682, under the name of the "Three 
 Lower Counties of Delaware;" but in 1701 was separated 
 from Pennsylvania, though subject to the same governoi 
 down to the period of the JJevolution. 
 
 DELAWARE, a county in the S.S.E. part of New York 
 has an area of aliout 1550 .square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N.AV. liy the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and on the 
 S.W. the Delaware River separates it from Pennsylvania. 
 It is drained by the Coquago and Popacaton branches of 
 the Delaware River, Olaut Creek, and other smaller streams. 
 The surface is generally hilly or mountainous, with fertile 
 intervening valleys. The Delaware and Susqui banna are 
 navigable for boats from this county, and lar^e (:uantities 
 of lumber are annually rafted down them. The New York 
 and Erie Railroad traverses the S.W. part of the county. 
 Named from the Delaware River, which has its source in 
 the N.E. part of the county. Capital, Delhi. Pop. 42,465. 
 
 563 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 DELAWARE, a ••onnty forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Penii^-ylvaUia, bordering on the state and river of the same 
 name, lias an area of ISO square miles. It is intersected by 
 Darbj, Cram, Ridley, and Cliester Creeks. Brandywine 
 Creek fiirms the boundary on the S.W. The surface is ge- 
 neially ualulating or liilly, excepting the level tracts along 
 the Delaware Kiver. The soil being derived from primary 
 rocks, is not natnrally the most fertile : but has been ren- 
 dered lii^'hly productive by the use of lime and other 
 manures. A large part of the land is occupied by dairy 
 &rnis. The principal rocks which underlie the county 
 are gneiss and mica slate ; the quarries of the former 
 furni.<h a largo quantity of building material for Phila- 
 delphia. Whetstones of good* quality are procured^ near 
 Darby Creek, and exported to all parts of the Union. 
 The county is liberally supplied with water-power, which 
 is employed in numerous manufactories. It is intersected 
 by the Uential Railroad, the West Chester and Philadelphia, 
 and the Philadelphia and Wilmington Railroads. The 
 earliest settlement of the province was made in this county, 
 by the Swedes in 1G43. Organized in 17S9, and named 
 from the Delaware River. Capital, Media. Pop. 30,597. 
 
 DELAWARE, a county in the central part of Oiiio, has 
 an area of 478 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. 
 by the Scioto and Olentangy Rivers, and also drained by 
 the Big Walnut, Alum, and Mill Creeks. The surface is 
 generally level: the soil productive. There are valuable 
 sulphur" springs at the county se;it. The county is libe- 
 rally supplied with water-power. It is iutei'sected by the 
 Clevtland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railioad. Another 
 railroad extends from the county seat to Springfield. Capi- 
 tal, Delaware. Pop. 23,902. 
 
 Df:LAWARE, a county in the E. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 400 scjuare miles. It is drained by the. White and 
 Mis.'issinewa Itivers. The surface is nearly level: a small 
 portion of it is occupied by wet prairies, which are adapted 
 to grass. The soil Is generally productive. The streams afford 
 an ample supply of water-power. The county is traversed 
 by the Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroad. The name 
 is derived from the Delaware tribe of Indians, by whom the 
 county was once inhabited. Capital, Muncie. Pop. 15,753. 
 
 DELAWARE, a county in the E.N.E. part of Iowa, has 
 an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Ma- 
 koqueta Kiver. an affluent of the Mississippi, and by Buf- 
 ■alo Creek. Thj-surface is uneven, and in some parts bro- 
 ken : the soil is mostly productive. Timber and water are 
 said to be abundant, and the climate is considered healthy. 
 Capital, Delhi. Pop. 11,024. 
 
 DEL.\WARE, a township of Camden co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1602. 
 
 DELAWARE, a township of Hunterdon co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2838. 
 
 DELAWARE, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DELAWARE, a township of Mei-cer c8., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop 1S16. 
 
 DEL.4WARE, a township of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1903. 
 
 DEL,\WARE, a post-village and township of Pike co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware Kiver, about 40 miles N. by 
 E. of Ka.ston. Pop. 887. 
 
 DELAWARE, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 895. 
 
 DEIjAWARE. a post-township in the central part of 
 Delaware co.. Ohio. Pop. 3889. 
 
 DELAWARE or DELAWARE COURT-HOUSE, a post- 
 town, capital of Delaware co., Ohio, situated in the above 
 township, on the right bank of the Olentangy River, and on 
 the railroad between Cleveland and Columbus. 24 miles N. 
 of the latter. It is pleasantly situated on rolling ground, 
 and is neatly built. There is a bridge across the river here. 
 Delaware is the seat of the Ohio Wesleyan University, es- 
 tablished in 1845, which has a library of 18,000 volumes, and 
 of the Ohio Wesleyan Female College, which has many 
 pupils. It also contains 11 churches, 2 banks, (1 of which 
 is national.) 3 newspaper offices, and a large hotel called 
 "The IliutoQ House.' Here is a medicinal spring resorted 
 to by many persons. Tliis village has several machine- 
 shops, an oil-mill, and manufactures of cordage, cra^h, &c. 
 Populntion in IhoO, 2074; in 1865, about 3000. 
 
 DELAW ARE, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 1201. 
 
 DELAWARE,a township of Hamil ton co„Iudiana. P. 1207. 
 
 DELAWARE, a post-village and township of Ripley co. 
 Indiana, w miles N. by E. of Madison. Pop. 1549. 
 
 DEL.\WARE, a pos^village of Jersey co., Illinois, 69 
 miles S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 DEL.4.WAKE, a post-office of the Indian country, Ne- 
 braska. 
 
 DELAWARE, del'a-war, a post-village of Canada West, 
 CO. of Middlesex. 149 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 12 miles 
 from lx»ndon. Pop. about 400. 
 
 DELAWARE BAY, a large arm of the sea. separating the 
 states of .New .Jersey and Delaware, communicates with 
 the Atlantic Ocean lietween Cape May and Cape Henlopen. 
 13 miles distant from each other. Its entire length to the 
 entrance of the Delaware Kiver, of which it may be re- 
 garded as a broad estuary, is about 60 miles; 'sreatest 
 654 
 
 breadth. 25 miles. Numerous .«hoals in the bay renJer the 
 navigation in some parts difficult. The want of any good 
 anchf)rage ground ou this portion of the United States coast 
 has induced the general government to construct an exten- 
 sive breakwater within Cape Ileiilnpen. By thi.s meansasafe 
 and capacious harbor, withadeptliof from 4 to tj fathoms, h.as 
 been formed. A be»con. on the N.W. end of the Brejikwater, 
 exhibits a red fixed light, 56 feet aV)ove the level of the bay. 
 
 DELAWARE BRIDGE, a post^lfice of Sullivan co.. New 
 York. 
 
 DELAWARE CITY, a thriving pnst-borou.ch of Newcastle 
 CO., Delaware, on the Delaware Kiver, near its mouth. 46 
 miles below Philadelphia. It is the eastern terminus of the 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and contiiiijs 5 churches, 
 a bank, and an academy. Pop. iu l.>50, 90S ; i?i 1S60, 1355. 
 
 DELAWARE CITY, a town of Leavenworth co , Kansas, 
 on the left bank of the Missouri River, about 25 miles above 
 the junction of the Kansas. Population 830. 
 
 DELAWARE COLLEGE. See New.\i!K. Delaware. 
 
 DELAWARE GROVE, a post-.^illage of Mercer CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 DELAW.\KE HILL, a village of Greene co.. Arkansa.". 
 
 DEL.A.WARES, a trilie of Indians, occupying a portion 
 of the United States territory assigned to the 1 ndians W, of 
 the Missouri. They were formerly numerous and power- 
 ful, occupying part of New York, Pennsylvania, and New 
 Jersey ; their present number is about SOO. 
 
 DELAY'', a post-office of Lafavette co.. Mississippi. 
 
 DELBINO, a vlllaze of Turke'v. See DeLvino. 
 
 DELBKUCK. (DelbrUck.) dJl'bruk, a market-town of Prus- 
 sia, Mestphalia. 9 miles W.N.W. of Paderljorn. Pop. 1110. 
 
 DELDEN. djl'dgn. a town of Holland, province of Over- 
 Y'ssel, 31 miles S.E. of Zwolle. I'op. 1495. 
 
 DELECTABLE HILL, a post-ofiice of Pike co., Indiana, 
 120 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DELEMONT, dermAK"', (tier. DeUUry, dJlsliJp.r..) a town 
 of Switzerland, canton, and 29 miks N. of Bern, on the left 
 bank of the Some. Pop. 1422. It has a manulactory of 
 watches. 
 
 DELFT, df 1ft, (commonly pronounced dJlf ) a town of the 
 Netherlands, province of South Holland. 9 miles N.W. of Rot- 
 terdam, on the canal between it and the Hague. Pop. with 
 suburbs, 21,460. It is well built of brick, and clean, but 
 dull. Principal edifices, the palace, in which Prince WUliiUU 
 I. of Orange was assassinated, July 10th, 1584, now used as 
 barracks: a Gothic church, with the magnificent tomb of 
 that prince, and that of Grotius (Hugo van Groot,) born at 
 Deia, April 10th. 1583: the old church, with the itombs of 
 Admiral Van Tromp, the famous Peter Hein, and the natu- 
 ralist Leeuwenhoek. the council-house. ar.«enal. and school 
 of military engineering. It has many breweries and distille- 
 ries with manufactures of carpets, coverlets, woollen cltth, 
 soap, and earthenwares, but most Of the coarse table goods 
 known as "Delft ware," are in reality made iu England. 
 
 DELFT, (original name Nedoontivoe or Long Island.') a 
 small island off the N.W. coast of Ceylon, about 8 miles 
 long by 3 broad, and entirelv surrounded by coral reefs. 
 
 DELFTSHAVEX, dJlfts'hj'ven, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, South Holland, on the right bank of the Mtuse, 2 
 miles S,W, of Rotterdam, with 3000 inhabitants engaged in 
 ship-building, in the herring fishery, and iu distilling. It 
 was the birthplace of Peter Hein. 
 
 DELFZYL,or DELFZIJL, delf-zil', (L. Ca.o'lriim Dd.M'i- 
 anum.) a maritime town and fortress of Ili'lland, province, 
 and 16 miles E.N.E. of Groningen. at the mouth of the old 
 Delf or Damsterdiep, and ou the estuary of the Ems. 
 Pop. 1704. 
 
 DELHI, dellee, (Sanscrit, IndraprasClia.) a city of Hindos- 
 tan, presidency of Bengal, capital of the alove province, and 
 anciently of the Patau and Mogul Empires, lat, 28° 40' N., 
 Ion. 77° liy E. It is about 700 miles N.E. of Bombay, and 
 about 790 miles N.W. of Calcutta, and now tlie re.«idence of 
 the King of Delhi. It was at one time the largest city in lUn- 
 dostan. covering a space of 20 square miles, and having a 
 population of two millions. It is now reduced to a circum- 
 ference of 7 miles, and its population to aliout 2oO.0(X). A 
 vast tract covered with the ruins of palaces, pavilions, 
 baths, gardens, and mau.suleums, mark the extent of the 
 ancient metropolis of the Mogul Emjiii-e. ■ The present city, 
 built on two rocky eminenc-es. is sum>uuded by walls of 
 red sandstone, 30 feet high, and from 3 to 5 feet thick, with 
 a moat 20 feet broad. There are .seven colos.sal archt-d gates, 
 defended by round bulwarks, and all built of freestone. The 
 streets are all narrow, excepting two. whicJi are, or rather 
 were, of the breadths respectively of 30 and 40 yards, but 
 now narrowed and otherwise disfgured by the intrusion of 
 new buildings. One of them divides the cily fiom E. to W. 
 The houses here are of sandstone and brick, and are of two 
 and three stories in heiglit. The liazaars ha. e a very 
 attractive appear.^nce, being filled with rich and showy 
 goods displayed to the best advantage, and throng«>d with 
 busy crowds. The palace or residence of the Givat Mogul, 
 buiit by Shah Jehan. is by far the most interesting liuilding 
 in,Delhi. and the most magnificent structure cf the kind in 
 India. It is situated ou the bank of the Jumna, and is 
 
DEL 
 
 aT)out a mile and a half in circuit. Its lofty 61111581116(1 walls, 
 stup^'Uilous towers surmounted by elegant pavilions, marble 
 domes, and gilded minarets, form altogether an unequalled 
 assemblage of tiiste and magnificence. Another remarkable 
 object in the city is the Jamma mosque, a splendid struc- 
 ture in the Byzantine-Arabic style, and considered by the 
 Mohammedans the wonder of the world. It is built of 
 white marble and red sandstone. At the two extreme cor- 
 ners rise minarets 150 feet high, and between them two lofty 
 domes. A splendid view of the city and adjoining country 
 is obtained from the summits of the minarets, which are 
 ascended by winding stairciises within. There are no fewer 
 than forty other mosques in different parts of the city, many 
 of them having lofty minarets and gilded domes. Five 
 miles S. of the city is the tomb of the Emperor Iloomaioon. 
 the largest and hand.somest of the sepulchral monuments 
 of Delhi, and at the distance of a few hundred paces are the 
 tombs of several saints; the most remarkable of which is 
 that of the celebrated JIussulman SJiint, Nizam-ud-Been, dis- 
 tinguished by its elegant arabesques and filagree work, e.\e- 
 cut(?d in beautiful white marble. The famous observatory 
 of Jye-Singh, Itajah of Jeypoor, at the S.W. extremity of 
 , the city, has l)een much dilapidated, and its astronomical 
 instruments nearly all destroyed or carried off. The princi- 
 pal European structures are an arsenal, a church, a college, 
 attended in 1845 by 460 students, a printing office, and the 
 dwellings of the British functionaries, who exercise the real 
 authority at Delhi, the Jlogul emperor receiving a yearly 
 stipend of 160.00<W. from the Indo-IJritish government. The 
 vicinity is fertilized by the canal of Ali-Merdan, re-opened 
 by the British in 1820. Delhi has manuf;U'tures of scarfs, 
 embroidery, harness, and ornamented goods in great variety ; 
 and its bazaars are furnished with most of the produce of 
 the East. 
 
 Dellii, or as it was anciently called, Indraprast'ha, is men- 
 tioned by the Mohammedan historians as early as A. D. 1008. 
 when it was the residence of the Hindoo rajahs. It has at 
 various times undergone great vicissitudes, having been fre- 
 quently taken by hostile powers, and sulgected to all the 
 miseries of such events. In the beginning of the present 
 century, the prosperity of the city and country around was 
 almost" entirely annihilated, and the Mogul Emperor and 
 royal family reduced to the utmost poverty and distress by 
 the Mahrattas, who took possession of his capital, of his 
 gardens and houses, and used his name to oppress and im- 
 poverish the people by fraud and extortion. From this 
 miserable state of desolation and ruin the city was rescued 
 by the British in 18U3, when it was entered and taken pos- 
 session of by Lord Lake, after he had defeated the army of 
 Dowlub Row Sciuda, in the neighborhfwd. Peace and order 
 were now restored to the city and territory, and a handsome 
 annual allowance made to the emperor and family. Pop. 
 250.000; of whom the Mohammedans are to the Hindoos in 
 the proportion of 2 to 7. 
 
 DELHI or DEHLI, an old Mohammedan province of 
 Iliudostan, between lat. 2S° and 31° N., and Ion. 75° and 
 80° E.. surrounded by the provinces of Ourhwal, Oude. 
 Agra. Rajpootana. and Lahore. It is now one of the six 
 administrative divisions of the North-western provinces, and 
 comprehends but a small portion of the ancient province. 
 Area, t)274 square miles. Pop. 1,488.556. Several canals 
 traverse the country, the chief of which is the Doab Can.al. 
 and the canal of All Merdan Khan, extending from Kur- 
 naul to Delhi. The province came under British rule in 
 1803. Delhi is the capital. 
 
 DELHI, dM'hi. a post-village and township, capital of De- 
 laware CO., New York, on the Coquago River, a branch of 
 the Delaware, 77 miles W S.W. of Albany. The village 
 contains 4 churches, 2 baijks, 3 academies, and 3 newspaper 
 offices. Pop. about 1400 ; population of township, 2900. 
 DELHI, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 2700. 
 DELHI, a small village of Delaware co., Ohio, 32 miles 
 N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 DELHI, a township of Ingham co., Michigan. Pop. 928. 
 DELHI, a post-village of Jersey co., Illinois, 14 miles 
 N.N.W. of Alton. 
 
 Dl'lLHI, a post-village, capital of Delaware co., Iowa, near 
 the Makoqueta River. 40 m. W. of Dubuque. Pop. about 600. 
 DELHI, a post-village of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, on 
 the right l)ank of Fox River, 80 miles S.E. of Madison. It 
 has 3 stores, and 2 mills. Pop. about -''OO. 
 DELHI CENTRE, a postKjfftce of Ingham co., Michigan. 
 DELIA, a village of Sicily. See Degua. 
 DE'LI A LAK E, in the western part of Essex co.. New York, 
 one of the sources of the Hudson River. Ijcngth. about 5 miles. 
 DELI-BABA, dinee-ba'bd\a villasre of Asiatic Turkey, 48 
 miles E.S.E. of Erzroom. It is inhabited solely by Arme- 
 nians. The only building of note is a large Turkish tomb, 
 to which the village owes its name. 
 
 DELICKTO, d;l le-chi/to, a town of Naples, province of 
 Capitanata. 3 miles S.E. of Bovino. Pop. 3000. It has a 
 coUeiiate church, and various charitable establishments. 
 
 DELIKLITASH'. d^l-e-kle-tdsh'. a town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 pashalic. and 25 miles S.S.W. of Seevas. 
 DELITZSCU, d4/Utsh, a town of Prussian Saxony, 19 miles 
 
 DEL 
 
 N.E. of Merseburg, on the Leber. Pop. 4C70. It is well buDt 
 and has a castle. 3 churches, a hospital, with manuiactures 
 of tobacco, woollen stocking.s, and glove.s. 
 
 DEL'LAMCOTTA, a fortress of Northern Kindostan. in 
 Bootan, 47 miles E.S.E. of Sikkim. It was takeu by theUH- 
 tish in 1773, but again restored. 
 
 DELLE, d^U. a village of France, department of Haul 
 Rhin II miles S.E. of Belfort. Pop. 9i;5. 
 
 DELLI, dJl'lee, a town and small state on the N.K. coast 
 of the island of Sumatra. The town stands at the moutU 
 of a river of the same name. Ijni. 3° 40' N., Ion. 98° 42' E. 
 
 DELLIBL.Vr. d^rie-bldf, a village of Hungary, about 10 
 miles from Neudorf. The inhabitants are Wallachians. P. 3986. 
 DELLNICZE, djll-neet/s,i, a village of Austrian Croatia. 
 Pop. 1679. 
 
 DEL/LO, a town of Sumatra, on the Strait of Malacca, at 
 the mouth of a river, nearly opposite Penang. 
 
 DELLYS, dM'leez\ a seaport town of Algeria, 49 miles E. 
 of Algiers. It is built out of the ruins of an ancient city, 
 supposed to be the Kusueurium of Pliny. Steamboat com- 
 munication is kept up with Algiers. Pop. 1800. 
 
 DEL'LY.MOUNT. a headland of British India, presidency 
 
 of JIadras. on the W. ctiast. 15 miles N.W. of Cananore. 
 
 DEL'MAR', a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. I'. 2323. 
 
 DELL I'RAIRIE. a post-village of .^dams co., Wisconsin. 
 
 DEl/MENHORST', a town of North-western Germany. 
 
 grand duchy, and 16 miles E.S.E. of Oldenburg, on the Delme. 
 
 Pop- 1777. 
 
 I'ELORAINE dJlVrW, a town of Van Diemen s Land, 32 
 Cx.^s ''-om Launceston. 
 
 ,;F. -lOS, two small islands in the Grecian Archipelago. 
 Cyclases; the largest, in lat. 37° 24' N., Ion. 25° 15' E.. is 4i 
 miles long, and 2 miles broad. It is the ancient lihenea. 
 The smaller island, about half a mile E. of the former, is ce- 
 lebrated in antiquity as the birthplace of Apollo and Diana, 
 and as containing a famous temple and oracle of -Apollo. 
 DE LOS PATOS, a lake of Brazil. See Pato.s, Lake. 
 DELOW, d5-low', or DALLU, ddl-loo', a town of ^^■est Soo- 
 dan, 20 miles S.E. of Boossa. in lat. 9° 55' N., Ion. 5° 15' B. 
 Pop. 10,000. It was formerly the capital of Mandara. 
 DELPHI, a mountain of Greece. See Eubit.a. 
 DEL'PIlI.asmall town of ancient Greece, in Phocis. ne.ar 
 the site of the modern Castri. (which see.) It was remark- 
 able as containing a celebrated oracle of Apollo. 
 
 DEL'PHl, a po.st-village of Onondaga co., New York, 210 
 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 DELPHI, a village of Marion co., Tennessee, on the W. 
 .side of Sequatchie River, 114 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 DELPHI, a flourishing post-village, capital of Carroll co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie Canal. 1 mile E. of the 
 AVabash River, and 65 miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis.' It is 
 surrounded by a fertile country. The Toledo and Wabash 
 Railroad passes through it. An inniiense water-power is 
 produced by a dam across the river. Delphi has 6 churches, 
 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 paper-mills. Pop. 1395. 
 
 DELPHI, a post-village in Gasconade co., Missouri, 80 
 miles W.N .W. of St. Loui.s. 
 
 DEiyPHOS, formerly SECTION TEN, a flourishing postr 
 vilhige of Allen co., Oliio, on the Miami Extension Canal. 116 
 miles N.W. of Columbus. It is the largest village of. the 
 county, excepting Lima, and owes its rapid growth to the 
 navigation of the canal,which affords extensive water-power. 
 The village contained, in 1850, a large iron foimdry and m.a- 
 chine-shop, 2 woollen-factories, several boat-yards, and mills 
 of different kinds. Laid out in 1844. Pop. about 1200. It 
 is on the Pittsbwg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. 
 DEL'RAY', a post-office of Upson co., Georgia. 
 DELREY'. del-rV, a post-office of Ander.son co., T.enne.ssee. 
 DELTA, del'ta, (the name of the Greek letter A.) often 
 applied to the alluvial tracts enclosed between the bifurcat- 
 ing branches of a river and their common recipient. Deltas 
 are called fluvial, lacustrine, Mediterranean, and Oceanic, 
 according to the recipient of the streams which form them. 
 They are simple deltas when the stream is divided into two 
 branches only, and compound when intersected by other 
 branches. The principal deltas are those of the Nile, Ganges. 
 Niser, and Ml.'^issippi. DMc branches of a river are those 
 which enclose a delta ; and deltic islmuls are those formed by 
 the a»a-deltic branches of a compound delta. 
 
 DEL'TA. a county of Michigan, forms the southern extre- 
 mity of the upper peninsula, bordering on I^ake Michigan 
 and Green Bay, has an area estimated at 2200 square miles. 
 The Menomonee River forms its boundary on the S.W., sepa- 
 rating it from Wisconsin. It is drained by Ford and \Vhite- 
 fish Rivers. The surface is uneven, and mostly covered with 
 forests. Tlie rocks which underlie this county are limestone 
 and sandstone. Population 1172. 
 
 DELT.\. a post-village of Lee township, Oneida co.. New 
 York, 20 miles N.W. of Utica. It contains 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several stores and mills. 
 
 DELTA, a new post-village, capital of Coahoma co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Mississippi River, at the Yazoo Pass, 66 milcfl 
 below Memphis. It contains, perhaps, 20 dwellings. 
 
 DELTA, a post-offlce of Fulton co., Ohio, about 30 mUee 
 S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 655 
 
DEL 
 
 DEN 
 
 DELTA, a post-township forming tiie north-eastern extre- 
 mity of Eatou CO., Michi^n. Pop. 618. 
 
 DKLTA, a post-office of I'arlie co.. Indiana. 
 
 DELTA, a post-office of McLean co.. Illinois. 
 
 DELTING, a parish of Shetland, island of Mainland, on 
 Its X. coast. Pop. 'J019, who mostly live by fishing. 
 
 DELTOX, a post-village of Xi-w Buffalo township, Sauk 
 county, Wisconsin, 50 miles N.N.W. of Madison, has 2 or,3 
 churches, and about 40 dwellings. 
 
 DELUWI. deroo-ee'. a village of Persia, province of Kho- 
 rassan. 140 miles S. of Meshed. Pop. 300, of the Arab race. 
 
 DELVIXACIII, dol-ve-ud'icee, a villaiie of European Tur- 
 key, cont;iiniu)5 about 300 houses, 2S miles E. of Delvino. 
 
 DELTINO or DELBIXO, dfl've-no. a large village of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, in Albania. 47 miles W.N.W. of Yanina, on 
 a hill-slope covered with olive and orange plantations, foi^ 
 merlv the residence of the pasha. 
 
 DEMAK. dJm^ak', or DAMAK, d3'm3k'. a town, district, 
 and river on the N. caast of the island of Java, province of 
 Samarang. The town. 15 miles E.N.E. of Samarang, on the 
 river of the same name, is populous, and was formerly capi- 
 tal of the kinsdom of Demak. 
 
 DEMAR, a town of Arabia. See Damar. 
 
 DEMAKCATIOX POIXT, a cape on the Arctic coast of 
 North America, in lat, 69° 45' X., Ion. 141° W., marking the 
 boundary between the British and Russian Xorth American 
 possessions. 
 
 DEMAVEXD, (dJm'J-v?nd',) MOCXT. a volcanic mountain 
 of Persia, and the loftiest peak of the Elbrooz chain, between 
 the provinces Irak-Ajamee and Miizanderan, 40 miles X.E. 
 of Teheran. It has an elevation of 14,695 feet. Its shape is 
 conic.ll, with a crater-shaped summit. It yields large quan- 
 tities of pumice-stone, and pure sulphur. Around its base 
 are many hot springs; between it and Teheran is the small 
 town of Demavend. 
 
 DEMBE.A., dJmlie-a, improperly pronounced dfm-bee'a, 
 written also DAMBEA, or TZAXA, a lake of Abyssinia, in 
 lat. 12° X., Ion. 37° 15' E. Length, from X. to S.. 60 miles ; 
 average breadth. 25 miles. It contains several islands, the 
 lai^est named Dek, and its S. part is traversed by the Bahr- 
 el-Azrek, or Blue Xile. 
 
 DEMBIA, d^m'be-a, a river of Western Africa, in Sierra 
 Leone, supposed to rise in the mountainous district on the 
 S.E. of Seneinimbi.a, flows in a S.W. direction, and falls into 
 the Atlantic at lat. 9° 45' N. 
 
 DEMIILEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 DEMED, dJnOM', a village of the Algerian Sahara, 174 
 miles S. by E. of Algiers. The houses, which are low and 
 ill constructed, are surrounded with gardens containing 
 fruit-trees pulse, and grapes of excellent quality. Powder 
 is manufactured here. Pop. about 200. 
 
 DEMEK. dVmer. a river of Belgium, provinces of Lim- 
 bourgand South Bralwnt. joins the Dyle 6 miles S. of Lou- 
 Tain, after a W. course of 47 miles, for the last 18 of which it 
 is naviirable. 
 
 DE5IEKARA, dJm-er-J'ra, written also DEMERARY, a 
 river of South America, in British Guiana, rises near lat. 5° 
 20' X., and after a X. course of perhaps ISO miles, enters the 
 Atlantic Ocean near lat. C° 50' X.. Ion. 5S° 20' AV., by an estu- 
 ary, on the E. side of which stands Georgetown. 
 
 DEMEK AUA. a populous district of British Guiana, inter- 
 sected bv the above river. Pop. in 1S51, 50.259. 
 
 DEM'EltlE'S FEUKY. a post-office of Burke co., Georgia. 
 
 DEMIAXKA. dA-me-dn'ka. a river of Siberia, rises in Lake 
 Oogansko6. government of Tobolsk, flows E., and. after a 
 course of about 200 miles, joins the Irtish from the right. 
 
 DEM1.\XSK. dJm-e-dnsk', a town of Russia, government, 
 and 106 miles S.E. of Xovgorod. Pop. 1200. 
 
 DEMIAXSK, a village of Siberia, government, and 100 
 miles X.X.E. of Tobolsk. 
 
 DEM'IXG. a post-office of Hamilton co., Indiana. 
 
 DEMIR-HISSAR, dimeer'-his'sar', '-Iron Castle," (ane. 
 Herw:h'a f) a town of European Turkey, in Roora-Elee. on 
 the Struma. 13 miles X.X.W. of Seres. It stands at the fcx)t 
 of a hill, which is crowned with an old fort, whence its 
 name. Pop. SimK). 
 
 DEMISII. dVmish', written also ODEMi;^ a commercial 
 town of Asia Minor, in An.atoli.a, 50 miles E.S.E. of Smyrna. 
 
 DEMMIX, dfm-meen'. a town of Prus.sia. province of Po- 
 merania, 73 miles W.X.AV. of Stettin, at the mouth of the 
 Tollense and the Trebel. Pop. 6140. It has a superior 
 school, manufactures of hats, woollen cloths, linen, stock- 
 ings, and lejither. distilleries, breweries, a brisk trade in 
 corn, tobacco, timber, and gloves. The exports of grain in 
 1852 comprised 64.112 quarters, of which 50.420 were wheat; 
 It is very ancient, and celebrated for the numerous sieges 
 it has sustained; its fortifications were razed in 1759. 
 
 DEMOCRACY, a post-office of Pike co., Kentucky. 
 
 DEMiX'UACY. a post-f>fflce of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 DEM' (CRAT, a pnst-<iffiee. Buncombe co., Xorth Carolina. 
 
 DEMOCRAT, a township in Carroll co..Indianii. Pop.»40. 
 
 DKMiiCUAT. a post-office in Iroquois co.. Illinois. 
 
 DKMOXESOI, Sea of Marmora. See Princes' Islands. 
 
 DEMOX E, VAL. v^l dA-mf/ni, an old division in the N.K 
 of Sicily, now partly comprised in the province of Messina. 
 656 
 
 DEMOXTE, dA-mon'tA, a fortified town of the S-irdinian 
 States, in Piedmont, 15 miles S.W. of Coni, on the right 
 bank of the Stura, Pop. 0956. It has been repeatedly be 
 sieged, and was taken by the French and Spaniards in 1774 
 
 DEMOP'OLIS, a flourishing post-village of Marengo co., 
 Alabama, on the Tombigl^ee River, just below the mouth of 
 the Black Warrior, (>4 miles S.S.AV. of Tuscaloosa. It is a 
 place of considerable trade, and the principal depot for the 
 cotton exported from the county, the capital and labor of 
 which is almost entirely devoted "to the cultivation of that 
 article. The salubrity of the air, the refined society, and 
 the excellence of the schools, render this an attractive pl.ice 
 of residence. It contains 4 churches and a United States 
 land office. Free population, 473. 
 
 DEM'OREST'VILLE. a post-village of Canada We?t. co. of 
 Prince Edward. 9 miles X.W. of Picton, 12 miles from Belle- 
 ville, and 4 miles from Xorth Port. Xorth Port is the Lind- 
 ing-plSce for Demorestville. Pop. about 300. 
 
 DE'MOS. a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 DEMOTICA. de-mot/i-kd. (.anc. Didymotichosr) a town of 
 European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Maritza. at the f<X)t 
 of a castle-orowned hill. 25 miles S. of Adrianople. Pop. 8000. 
 It is well built, has several Greek churches, and schools. It 
 was the residence of Chai-les XII. for a year after the battle 
 of Poltava. 
 
 DEMP'SEYTOWX, a small post-village of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 DEX.A.IX, deh-n^N""', a village of France, department of 
 Xord. a station on the railway from Abscon to Valenciennes, 
 14 miles E. of Douai. Pop. in 1852, 8691. In 1712, Villars 
 gained a victory here over Prince Eugene. 
 
 DEXAXE. de-nain', a village of Saline co., Illinois. 90 miles 
 S.S.E. of Aandalia. 
 
 DEXBIGII, dt^n^bee, or DEXBIGnSIHRE, dJnAl>ee-s)iir, 
 a maritime county of Xorth Wales, having X. the Irish Sea. 
 Area, 603 square miles, or 385.920 acres, of which alx)at 
 150.000 are estimated to be arable, the rest being mostly in 
 pasture. Pop. in 1851, 92.583. The surface is mostly rug- 
 ged and mountainous, but it contains the fertile v.illey of 
 Llangollen. The principal rivers are the Clwyd. Dee. Con- 
 way, and A'alle-Crucis. The Conway forms its W., and the 
 Dee most part of its E. boundary. Wool is manufactured 
 into stockings, flannel, and coarse cloths by the rural popu- 
 lation. It has mines of coal, lead. u-on. flint, and slate: in 
 the Khuabon hills are several iron-works, and a cannon 
 foundry. The Holyhead Railway crosses the X. part of the 
 county. Exclusive of its boroughs, it sends 2 members Uj 
 the House of Commons, The chief towns are Denbigh, Ru- 
 thin, Wrexham. Llanrwst, Abergely, Holt, and Rhuabon, 
 
 DEXBIGII. a parliamentary and municipal bnrongh. mar- 
 ket-town, and parish of Xorth Wales, co, of Denbigh, on an 
 affluent of the Clwyd, 5 miles S. of St. A.saph. Pop. of ivirish. 
 in 1851. 3591 ; of tlie parliamentary lorongh. 5498. It stands 
 on a steejt acclivity, crowned by the ruins of its stately 
 castle, and has many handsome antique houses, an old par- 
 ish church, an ancient chapel, two free si-hools, a town-hall, 
 assembly-room, literary society, and market-house, with some 
 manufactures of gloves and shoes. Quarter .sessions are held 
 here. The Ixirough is a polling place for the county, and 
 joins with Wrexliam, Rutliin. and Holt in sending one 
 membi-r to the House of Commons. The Eistedffod. or tri- 
 ennial a.ssembly of the Welsh bards, is sometimes held here. 
 It gives the title of earl to the Fielding family. 
 
 DEXBKiHSIIlRE. See Denbigh, 
 
 DEX'BUItY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DEX'BY, a parish of England, co., and 7 miles X.X.E. of 
 Derby. Pop, 1338, partly employed in collieries. Flam- 
 stead, the astronomer, was born here in 1646. 
 
 DEXBY. a chapelry of En.;land. co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 DEXCIl'WORTIL a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 DEXDER. dJn'der. a river of Belgium, provinces of Ilain- 
 aut and East Flanders, after a X. course of 42 miles joins 
 the .Scheldt at Dendermonde. / It is navi'.™ble from the 
 Scheldt to Ath by the help of numerous sluices, and serves 
 extensively for the conveyance of coal. 
 
 DEXDER. dJn'der. a river of Xuliia. tributary to the Blue 
 Xile, which it joins 40 miles N. of Sennaar, after a X.W. 
 course of 2.10 miles. 
 
 DKXDERAH. dJn'df r-ah. (^anc. TenKi/ra.) a village of Upper 
 Egypt, near the left bank of the Xile, opiX)site Keneh, im- 
 portant for its antiquities, and especially its grand temple, 
 which is 220 feet in length by 50 in breadth, with a portico 
 supported by 24 columns. In it isalso a famous zodiacal ceil- 
 inir : its planisphere was removed to Paris in 1822, See Ksneh. 
 
 DEXDERMOXDE. den'der-mAn'deh, DEXDERMOND, 
 denVier-mAnf, or TEIOIOXDE, t^r-mon'djh. (Fr. pron. ti^R^ 
 mANd'.) a fortified town of Ik-lgium. pi-ovince of East Flan- 
 ders, capital of the arrondis.«ement. at the confluence i.fthe 
 Dender and the Scheldt, and on the railway from Mechlin 
 to Ostend, 16 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 8548. It has a citadel 
 of the sixteenth century, a town-hall and hospital, lunatic 
 and orphan asylums, several churches and convents. It baa 
 manufactui-es of cotton yarn, lace, and woollens. 
 
 DEXEK.\MP. dJuVkimp', a psirish and vilJage o'' the 
 Netherlands, in Overyssel, 5{ miles X J:!, of UldenzaiU. P. 4068. 
 
DEN 
 
 DEN 
 
 DEXn^-r.DTSION, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 DEN'B'OI!D, a parish'Of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 DKN\i ELiEij'or GON'GILAG, a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Szathiiiuiv about 5 miles from Piskolt. Pop. 1320. 
 
 DK.\'»rl E, a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 DKX'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of liucks, 2 miles 
 N.N.W. of Uxbridge. It has a lunatic asylum. 
 
 DKMIA.M, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 DKX'tlOLM, a village of Scotland, co. of Koxburgh, parish 
 of Cavers, 5 miles E.N. E. of Hawick. It is neatly built. It 
 is the liirth-place of Leyden, the poet. 
 
 DENIA, d:l/ne-d, (anc. Diahiium.) a maritime town of Spain, 
 province, and 46 miles N.E. of Alicante, on the Mediterranean. 
 Pop. 2'JSu. It is enclosed by walls, and has a ruined castle, 
 and several hospitals. It has manufactures of woollen and 
 linen dotlis, and an export trade in fruits. The vessels en- 
 tering and sailing from Denia average annually 400, tonnage 
 47,000. This city was bombarded by the French iij 1813, 
 when mo.st of its fortifications and public buildings were 
 demolished, and though since partially restored, it lias never 
 recovered its former consequence. Its harbor is now mostly 
 choked with sand. 
 
 DKN'IO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 DEN'IS (or OKIXA, o-ree'shi) ISLANDS, the north-east- 
 ernmost island of Seychelle Archipelago. Lat. 3° 49' S., Ion. 
 56° 44' K. 
 
 D E \ 1 7. hi. See Degnizli. 
 
 DEXKENDOKK, dtok'gn-doRr, a market-town of WUr- 
 temberg, circle of Neckar, on the Kersch, 3 miles S. of Ess- 
 Ijngen. Pop. 1459. It has remains of a monastery. 
 
 DEN'.MAKK, (Dani.sh Danmark, ddn'maRk ; (ier. DUne- 
 mark, dd/neh-maRk^; Fr. Danemark, dSn^niaRk'; It. Dane- 
 marka, dd-nA-maR/kd; Sp. IHnamurca, de-nd-man/kd; L. 
 Dafiiia,) Ki.\QD0M OF, a state of North Europe, composed of 
 three parts:— 1. The Islands in the Baltic and Atlantic; 
 2. The peninsula of Jutland; 3. The duchies of Sleswick, 
 HoIst<?in, and Lauenburg. The principal portion is situated 
 between lat. 53° 22' 42" and 57° 44' 52" N., and Ion. 8° 5' and 
 12° 37' E. The following exhibits the area and population 
 of the monarchy of Denmark, including its colonies : — 
 
 
 Area in 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Denmark Proper 
 
 Ducliy of .Sloswick 
 
 15,8i« 
 3,600 
 3,2.!0 
 400 
 516 
 38,400 
 
 188 
 
 640 
 
 61!,870 
 
 1,407,747 
 363,000 
 48^.361 
 39,560 
 8,1.50 
 57,100 
 8,050 
 
 40,955 
 6,000? 
 
 1850 
 18,50 
 
 "_ Lauenburg 
 
 1845 
 
 
 1840 
 1840 
 1&41 
 
 Greenland 
 
 West India Islands— Santa Cruz, ) 
 St. Thom.as, and San Juan.... J 
 
 Total of Monarchy 
 
 
 1!,412,926 i 
 
 It is hounded N. and W. by the North Sea, E. by the Catte- 
 gat and ttie Baltic, and S. by the Elbe. The coasts are 
 greatly indented, and the country is perfectly tlat; in the N. 
 some parts of it are below the level of the sea. from the in- 
 vasions of which it is defended by dykes. On the E. the 
 surface rises into gentle elevations. The highest part of the 
 peninsula is 650 feet, and of the islands 460 feet, above the 
 sea. Ilolstein and Lauenburg are the best watered districts. 
 Among the islands, only Seeland and Funeu have rivers, 
 the others being watered by mere brooks. Extensive 
 marshes exist in all the valleys of the peninsula and the 
 islands. Next to the Elbe, which forms the southern 
 boundary of the kingdom for 80 miles, the Eider is the 
 largest and most important river. The largest lake is the 
 Arre, in Seeland. 'The principal gulfs are the Lym-fiord, 
 Kingkiiibing-fiord, Nissum-tiord, and the bays of Kallije 
 and Flensborg, on the continent; the Ise-fiord in Seeland, 
 and Odense-tiord in Funen. Between the islands and the 
 peninsula of Denmark and Sweden, there are several pass- 
 ages called sounds, the chief of which areOere Sund, (the 
 Sound.) and the Great and Little Belts. The climate of 
 Denmark is humid and cloudy; but, notwithstanding its 
 northern position, it is, fi-om the lowness of its level and 
 the influence of the surrounding seas, much milder than 
 the countries of Germany situated farther S. Mean tempe- 
 rature of the year, 46° 6 Fahr. ; shortest day, Oj hours; 
 longest day, 17 j hours. Storms* are rare, and of short du- 
 ration: average days of storm, 9; rain, 106; snow, 30. 
 Prevailing winds, W. during spring and summer, and S.W. 
 in autumn and winter. Soil almost entirely alluvial, co- 
 vered with a vegetable mould well adapted for cultivation, 
 in Jutland and the duchies, and producing excellent pas- 
 turage iu the marshy districts. The proportion of culti- 
 vated to marsh land is as two to one. Few of the great fo- 
 rests with which the country was once covered now remain. 
 The principal tree is the beech, constituting, perhaps, about 
 four-fifths of all the growing timber; the rest consists chiefly 
 of elm and lime. Oak. though once the most abundant kind 
 of tree, now foi-ms but a small portion of the forests of Den- 
 * Tbunderstorms. 
 
 mark, and woods entirely of oak are rarely met with. Birch 
 occurs in single trees only. 
 
 Afjriculli.ire, Cattle-Breeding, rfc. — Although not particu 
 larly fevored by nature, Denmark is yet pre-eminently an 
 agricultural coUntrj' ; but improvement is greatly retiirded 
 by want of capital, and, in no small degree, by want of en- 
 ergy and industry also, on the part of the cultivators of the 
 soil, by an extremely minute sudivision of property, by op- 
 pressive dues and services, and, lastly, by bad roads. Of 
 late years, however, considerable advances have been made 
 in agricultural skill and management, notwithstanding these 
 very serious impediments, particularly in Ilolstein and Sles- 
 wick. The kinds of grain mo.st largely cultivated are bar- 
 ley, rye, wheat, and oats. Barley, the oldest ceieal of the 
 north, is grown chiefly in Seeland, and in some parts of Jut- 
 land, and on the islands of Samsoe and Bornholm. It is 
 largely used in brewing beer, the common bevei'age of thv 
 country, and is manufactured into flour and gioats. Kye, 
 the principal product of the .soil, is grown throughout tl;e 
 whole peninsula, in Ilolstein and Lauenburg, and in the 
 islands of Funen and Seeland, and some of the islands on 
 the W. coast. From this grain the greater part of the 
 bread used in Denmark is made. Wheat is grown chiefly 
 on the marshes on the E. coasts of Sleswick and Ilolstein, 
 on the islands of Laaland and Langeland, and on large 
 estates in other quarters of the kingdom. Oats are raised 
 in almost every part of the country, but the best are pro- 
 duced in Jutland. Large quantities of all those grains are 
 exported annually. Buckwheat is cultivated in Jutland, 
 in the central part of the duchies, and in the island of Fii- 
 nen. The quantity produced is suflicient for the demand.s 
 of the country, but little ren)ains for exportation. The cul- 
 tivation of rapeseed, which has been found to be a profit- 
 able crop, has been greatly improved and extended of late 
 ye.ars. Potatoes, which were introduced into Denmark 
 early in the present century, are now very generally culti- 
 vated, the annual produce being estimated at 2,000,000 
 tons. Red and white turnips are also grown,- and various 
 kinds of vegetables in considerable quantity ; but horticul- 
 ture is. on the whole, still in a backward state, especially in 
 Jutland and Seeland. It is otherwise, however, with herb- 
 age plants and gras.ses, which are now carefully cultivated. 
 Beans, peas, and tares are also extensively produced 
 throughout the whole country, and form an important ai^ 
 tide of fxid, little being left for exportation. Flax, hemp, 
 hops, tobacco, madder, lavender, and mustiird-seed are 
 grown, but not in sufficient quantities to supply the home 
 demand, the deficiency being imported fiom other countries. 
 The places most remarkable for the production of fruit are 
 the islands of Funen and Alseu. But cattle-breeding, 
 grazing, and the dairy engage the greatest share of the far- 
 mer's attention in Denmarli ; 28,000 oxen, 7000 cows, and 
 10,000 calves, besides immense quantities of pork and 
 smoked or hung beef, being annually exported from the 
 country. A great increase has of late years taken place 
 also in dairy produce, particularly butter, of which 45,584 
 tons are made annually. Of this quantity, 8624 tons are 
 exported. Nearly tlie half of the butter exported is pro- 
 duced in Ilolstein; the remainder is supplied by Sleswick 
 and .Jutland. Considerable quantities of cheese are also ex- 
 ported, chiefly from Ilolstein and Sleswick. I'rivate socie- 
 ties have lately Ijeen formed tor the improvement, or rather 
 restoration, of the Danish horse, which had been rapidly 
 deteriorating. About 10.000 are exported annually from 
 the mainland, and about 1000 from the islands — the greater 
 part from Funen. Sheep-rearing is also on the decline in 
 Denmark, although considerable improvement has of late 
 taken place in this branch of husbandry. The i-»aring of 
 hogs is much attended to ; about 12.000 are annually ex- 
 ported to Hamburg; while the export of lard amounts to 
 3087 tons, of which article Jutland produces nearly as much 
 as the duchies. The roaring of bees occupies a large share 
 of attention, and the production of honey and wax is rapidly 
 increasing; of the latter, 88,000 pounds are now exported 
 annually, while formerly both honey and wax were import- 
 ed into the country. 
 
 As Denmark has no mountains, except in Bornholm, 
 where an inferior"quality of coal is found, its mineral pro- 
 ducts are insignificant. From the absence of coal, metals, 
 and water-power, there are no manufactures of importance 
 iu Denmark. Woollen cloths, linens, bonnets, and paper 
 are manufactured for home consumption. The m.iking of 
 paper has of late years been greatly improved and extended. 
 There are a considerable number of iron foundiies in Den- 
 mark, 12 of which are in Copenhagen; some of them very 
 extensive establishments. The government formerly pro- 
 tected several branches of manufactures, but these are now 
 confined to the porcelain-works at Copenhagen and the cloth 
 factory at Usserod. Carriages, musical instruments, to- 
 Ijacco, candles, both wax and tallow, and soap are among 
 the principal manufactures of Denmark. There are also a 
 number of thriving sugar refineries in .Jutland. Sleswick, 
 and Ilolstein. There are some brandy distilleries and ex- 
 tensive tanneries, chiefly confined to the towns. These 
 last have greatly multiplied within the last few years. 
 
 667 
 
DEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 Trade and Oommf.rce. — The commerce of Denmark has 
 greatly increased since the peace of 1815. The principal ar- 
 ticles of trade are corn and other grain, butter, tallow, lard, 
 rape.seed. rapeseed-oil. potatoes, clover-seed, cattle, and 
 horses. The greater part of these are .'hipped from Altona. 
 Tlie exports from Iceland, Greenland, and the Kar8e Is- 
 lands, consisting of eider-down, feathers, skins, dried fish, 
 and wool, are mostly shipped at Copeuh.igen, 
 
 The annexed table exhibits the exports of grain from 
 Denmark, for the J'ears specified : — 
 
 .Articles. 
 
 1B46. 
 
 1S4T. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851, 
 
 Wheat, tons 
 
 Rve, 
 
 Barley, " 
 
 Cats, " ••.... 
 
 Peas, " 
 
 •riour, " 
 
 All sorts.... 
 
 191.306 
 29.1.042 
 l,l»2,3t3 
 282,690 
 ITO.Oa.i 
 30.600 
 
 154,454 
 215,076 
 954.968 
 429.765 
 137..'55 
 29,338 
 
 235.220 
 303,583 
 1,921.097 
 527,004 
 140,014 
 21,044 
 
 238.003 
 212.694 
 1,390.142 
 378.738 
 119,545 
 24,i00 
 
 2,187,101 
 
 1,982,5.54 
 
 3.164.072 
 
 2,387,475 
 
 The value of the commerce of 18,i2 was as follows : — Ex- 
 ports from Denmark I'roper. $7.."i92.C.09; imports. S12."0<1,954: 
 exports from Sleswick. S2.5ii3.904; imports. $3.52,3.678 : ex- 
 ports from Ilolstein. $5,043,599: imports, $4,372,141, Total 
 exports, $15,140,112: imports, $-20,596,573. 
 
 After grain, the most important export is butter. The 
 export of this article in 1S31I amounted to 114.548 cwt. : in 
 1847 it had increased to 183,790 cwt., three-fourths of which 
 w;is from the duchies; of this, again, six-sevenths fell to 
 the share of HoLstein. In 1848 the export of butter from 
 Denmark proper amounted to 23.342 cwt. The exports of 
 chee.sf in 1S47 amounted to 8770 cwt., of which 5112 were 
 from Ilolstein. The trade in flesh and pork has more than 
 doubled in the last 26 years. In 1831, these amounted to 
 7060 cwt. of Hesh, and 18,150 of pork ; in 1847, to 21.914 cwt. 
 of flesh, and 38.235 of pork ; in 1S4S, the exports from Den- 
 mark proper were 9993 cwt. of flesh, and 9398 of pork. The 
 ti-ade in wool was nearly stationary for many years previous 
 to 1840, since which tlie increase has been very consider- 
 able: in 1847, the exports from Denmark proper alone were 
 10,005 cwt. The exports of skins and hides in 1840 were 
 27,307 cwt.. and in 1>;47, 14.723 cwt. The falling off in this 
 branch is attributable to the establishment of new tanneries 
 in the kingdom. The export of oil-cake averaaed 101.237 
 cwt, for 5 ye;»rs up to 1840; the latter year it reached 170.000 
 cwt,, and in 1817, 2(iS,519 cwt. The jfreat bulk of this 
 article is exported from the duchies. Denmark proper fur- 
 nishing cne-twelflli. Almost the whole goes to England. 
 The export of liemp and flax in 1845 amounted to 207.025 
 pounds, and in 1S47 to 215.074 pounds. In 1848, the export 
 from I)enm:irk proper alone amounted to 234.106 pounds. 
 Brandy forms an imi>ortant export, of which the greater 
 portion goes to Hamburg. Considerable portions are like- 
 wise exported to Iceland, Greenland, and the FSriie Islands. 
 The w(X)l goes almost wholly to Sweden, and is shipped 
 chiefly from I{anders and A.arhuus from the former in the 
 raw state, from the latter in yarn. Tlie skins are sent chiefly 
 to Ilamiiurg, t,he fish to the ports of the Mediterr.anean, the 
 oil to Germany, and the knitted woollen fabrics to Holland. 
 
 The diief imports are iron, timber, coals, wine, salt, to- 
 bacco, coffee, tea, and sugar. The imports from the West 
 India colonies, in 1844, included liioO tons of smrar, and 
 119.07S impeiial gallons of rum, chiefly from Santa Cruz, 
 The value of imports from Great Britain and Ireland, in 
 1852, amounted to .$10,945,000, The commerce of Denmark 
 with the United States is small, employing, in 1852, but 
 42'»0 tons of shipping inwards, and 1083 outwards. The 
 value of imports was $115,652; of exports, only .*16.611. 
 In 1844 there were 4184 vessels belonging to Denmark; 
 tonnage, 197.774. 
 
 Fifiierlea. — The fisheries were formerly a more important 
 branch of national industry than now. In 1S2S, the cured 
 herrinzs exported amounted to above 126,000 tons ; which, 
 in 184-'). had dwindlwl down to 7500 tons. The qu.antity 
 now tiken hardly suftices for the consumption of the coun- 
 try. The principal fishing ground is between the mouth 
 of the Schlei and the peninsula of Amis ; those of the Lym- 
 fiord. and N. parts of the E. coast, Iteing now unimportint. 
 Next to the herrinz. the turbot, torsk, .and salmon are the 
 most abundant. Fish ponds were at one time very general 
 over the country, and were profitable, but are now cliiefly 
 confined to Ilolstein. The seal-fiBheries ot Denmark proper 
 are unimportant, this branch of business being chiefly 
 carried on on the coasts of Iceland, Faroe, &c. 
 
 Jiile.nitil Iiiiiir/vriiirnts: — The maJs ot Denmark are m ge- 
 neral b.id: the best arc in Sceland, Funen, and the duchies. 
 The geographical position of the country, however, is favor- 
 able for water communication, and in consequence large 
 expenditures have been made in the construction of canals. 
 Of tliese, there are four, two on the mainland, and one in 
 each of the islands of Seeland and Funen. The Sleswick 
 and Ilolstein Canal is hetwetm Kiel Fiord, at a point 3 
 miles N. of the town of tliat name, and Rendsburg, on the 
 658 
 
 Eider, where It joins that river, and thus communicates 
 with the North Sea. It is 10 feet deep, 100 feet braid at the 
 surface, 44 feet at the bottom, and is .about 18 miles long. 
 About 2500 vessels pass through the canal annually, of 
 which one-half are under foreign flags. The Steckenitz Canal, 
 one of the oldest in Europe, connects the Elbe with the 
 Trave. joining the former above Lauenburg, and the latter 
 above Lubeck. Its general breadth is about 17 yards, but 
 so shallow that it will not carrj- vessels drawing mr.rv than 
 4 or 5 feet water, and so inadeijuately supplied with water, 
 that it is n.avigable only twice or thrice a week, Thf canal 
 In Funen connects Odense with the sc.a. and that in See- 
 land forms a communication between the lake Bavelso and 
 the Baltic. There are two railroads : one on the m.iinland, 
 from Altona to Kiel, witli branches to GlU.kstadt and 
 llendsburg; and one on the Island of Seeland, from Copen- 
 hagen tliroiigh l;oesl.ilde to the Great Belt 
 
 People. L'lngwige. cOc. — The population of Denmark is com- 
 posed chiefly of Danes, Germans, Friscs, and Angles, -and 
 .some 70.000 Jews. The Danes occupy the islands. .Tutland, 
 andabout onehalfof Sleswick. They still maintain their 
 ancient reputation of being bold and hardy .se.amen: the 
 v.ast number of islands of which their kingdom consist."", 
 and the numerous sea-ai-ms intersecting its continental por- 
 tion, necessitating a certain amount of acfiuaintance with 
 seafaring life, facilitates and tends materially to keep up. 
 the maritime spirit. The German populaticm is settled in 
 Ilolstein. Lauenburg, and in about one half of Sli'swick. 
 The Frises and .\ngles. two German tribe.*. inhal>it the W. 
 coast of Sleswick and the Islands of the German <>cean. 
 The Jews, who are of German descent, are confined to Co- 
 penhagen, Altona, and a few other towns. The Danish lan- 
 guage, a form of the original Norse Language, is s]>oken 
 by two-thirds of the inh.abit.ants, being almost exclusively 
 used in the islands and in ,Tntland : German is spoken by the 
 remaining third of the inhabitants, and over Sleswi /k. Ilol- 
 stein. and Liiuenburg. In some of tlie S. localities Frisian 
 is spoken. 
 
 Goi-ernmfnt, Lawn, TTeligimi. d-c. — The government of 
 Denmark was originally an elective monarchy, the right ot 
 election being vested in the three estates — the nobles, the 
 clergy, and the commons. But taking advantage of popular 
 discontents, the partisans of the crown, in 1660, suicecded 
 in making it hereditary; and in the following year an Act 
 of Sovereignty was obtained, conferring absolute power on 
 the monarch. This state of things continued till 1S4S, 
 when, on a sudden, almost the whole continent of Europe 
 was convul.sed. and the Danish constitution underwent 
 great modifications, and now belongs to the class of heredi- 
 tary constitutional monarchies. According to a charter 
 adopted by the king and diet, June 5, 1849, it Is declared 
 that tlie executive power is in the king .alone: the legisla- 
 tive, in the king and diet jointly. The'persoif of the king is 
 inviolable, but he rules by a responsible ministry. He 
 must be a member of the evangelical Lutheran church, 
 which is declared to be the religion of the state. The diet 
 consists of the Landsthing and the Folkethln" — the for- 
 mer a kind of senate or upper house, and tlie latter n house 
 of commons. To the Landsthing any male subject is eli- 
 gible who Is 40 years of age, does not Labor under mental 
 incapacity, and either pays two hundred rixdoUars of direct 
 taxes, or enjoys a yearly income of twelve hundrod rlx- 
 dollars. To "the Folkethincr. anv male householder, 25 
 years of age. is eligible, provided he does not labor under 
 any Incapacity which would deprive him of the riiht of 
 voting. This ri-rht is the Rame in regard both to the 
 Landsthing and the Folkething, and belongs to every 
 householder who has re,ached his 30th year, who is not in 
 the actual receipt of public ch,arity, or who. if he has at any 
 former time been in the receipt of it. has repaid the sums 
 so received, and who does not labor under mental incapa- 
 city. The members of the l^andsthing hold their seats for 
 ei'iht, and those of the Folkething for three years. The 
 diets meet annually on the first Monday of October, pro- 
 vided the king does not summon them on an earli.T d.av. 
 The duchies of Sleswick and Ilolstein have reserved their 
 own separate institutions and laws: and several districts 
 and towns have their own ]ieculiar provincial laws. The 
 laws of Denmark are amomr the best in the world : they are 
 equit;i>'le. brief and explicit, and their administration 
 prompt and effective. Unlimited toleration is extended to 
 everv sect. The bishops are nominated tjy the crown. The 
 sulvirdinate clergy amount in numbtsr to between 1500 and 
 1600. 
 
 Ediicitinn. LHernbrrf. Art. and Srhnrf. — Few countries, 
 in proportion to their size, have done so much for educa 
 tion. literature, and art, as Denmark. At the head of the 
 (Miucational Institutions stand the University of Copen- 
 hasen. and the IIoli>erg Acadomy at Sortie. In the 64 pn> 
 vincial towns, are 20 schools, in which the learned lan- 
 guages are taught, and 130 tiwn, free, and upp<'r general 
 schools, b<>sides a number of private establishments: in the 
 country there are ?.504 common schools, or Volks*ch.|lcn, 
 and 5 normal schools, in which persons arc qualifi-d t,i l-e- 
 come teachers. Denmark has the greatest number of prplln 
 
DEN 
 
 DEN 
 
 In school, In proportion to the total population, of any 
 country in the world. Among the eminent Danish writers 
 may be mentioned OehlenpchlS.:er. whose reputation as a 
 dramatic writer stands hlirh not only in Denmark, hut also in 
 Oei-iuiiny: tni^emann, who has liad considerable success as 
 a novelist; IJajrtrt'sen, who has written voluminously and 
 well, lioth ill Danish and German; and Hans Christian 
 Andersen, whose delii^htful tales are well known in this 
 country throuj;h the medium of translations. In science, 
 Denmark early attained considerable eminence in the pei-- 
 son of Tyclio Bi'ahe, and still continues to maintain a hi;ih 
 reputation in various departments of scientitic inquiry. In 
 art. TlK)rswaldsen has given her a first place, and taken the 
 most efTi^-ctual as well as patriotic means of enabling her to 
 koep it, by the Iiequest of his works. 
 
 Arm;/ ami Xavi/. — The land force of Denmark, in time of 
 peace, consists of 25,000 men ; in time of war it is increased 
 to 75,169. The army is recruited by conscription. The pe- 
 riod .of service is eij^ht years, commencinji with the "ioth 
 year of the recruit's age. four years in the line, and four in 
 the reserve. After this period, they serve for other eight 
 years in the class called Festmannen, similar t« the Prus- 
 sian Liindwehr, and are subsequently enrolled in the re- 
 serve force, in whirli they remain till the termination of 
 their 45th year. The re>;ular troops in the AVest India 
 colonies amount toabout 300 men. The navy consistsol six 
 ships of the line, four carrying each 84 guns, one 72, and one 
 OGguns; OlVij^ates, withfromOO to44gunseach; 4corvetteg, 
 with from 28 to 14 guns; 4 brigs, liaviug from 16 to 12 guns; 
 andlOl other craft, including 8 steamers, — making, in all, 
 122 vessels, with a total of 977 guns. 
 
 Finances. — The Danish Budget for 1855-56 gives the revenue 
 and expenditures at 18,142,080 rix dollars, (or §9,514,907;) of 
 which about §61-1,000 was for the civil list and the royal house, 
 $3,898,000 for interest on public debt, $2,400,000 for army and 
 $1,050,000 for navy. The public debt amounted. April 1st, 
 1855, to 123,164,500 rix dollars, or $64,661,303. The cbiet 
 sources whence revenue is derived are land-tax, customs, 
 and excise; next, the woods and forests, and other crown pro- 
 perty, Iotterie.s, house-tax, and tax upon rank and salarie.s. 
 
 Wslory.—The tin-ee kinirdoms of Denmark. Sweden, and 
 Norway were originally called Scandinavia. At this remote 
 period. Denmark was divided into a number of petty states, 
 inhiibited hy a fierce and warlike people, whose principal 
 occupation was piracy. On the decline of the Romans, the 
 Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians, under the general name 
 of Normans, began to make themselves known to and 
 dreaded by the more southern nations, whose territories 
 they invaded and plundcr^'d. In 832, they landed in Eng- 
 land, and there estalilished two kingdoms. Two centuries 
 afterwards. Canute, King of Denmark, completed the con- 
 quest of England, and subdued a part of Scotland. lie also 
 introdii.-ed tlw Christi.iu religion into his dominions, and 
 thus elTected a great change in the general character of his 
 people. Canute died in 1036, leaving a, powerful kingdom 
 to his successors. After the extinction of the princes of the 
 family of Skiold. the Danes elected Christian I., Count of 
 Oldenburg, in 1448. This Christian was the founder of the 
 royal Danish family, which has ever since kept possession 
 of the throne, and from which, in modern times, Kussia, 
 Sweden, and (Jldenburg, have received their rulers. He 
 connected Norway, Sleswick, and Holstein, with the 
 crown of Denmark. In 1726, Denmark united with the 
 crown the county of Rantzau; in 1761, Holstein-l'lciu; and 
 in 1773, Holstein flottorp. In return for the latter, by a 
 treaty with Kussia. it ceded the counties of Oldenburg and 
 Delmenhorst, which was acquired in 1607. Denmark, siding 
 with Napoleon during the Continental War, had her capitid 
 bombarded by the Uritish in 1807, and her territory occu- 
 pied after tiae battle of Ix-ipsic. in 1813, by the Northern 
 powers, who were united against France. She concluded a 
 peace with England and Sweden, January 14, 1S14, at 
 Kiel; entered into an alliance against France, and contri- 
 buted a body of troops to the allied forces. She was obliged 
 to cede Heligoland to Great iSritian, (receiving in exchange 
 the West India Islands.) and Norway to Sweden, (for which 
 she was compen.sated by Swedish I'omerania and HUgen.) 
 A peace was concluded with Russia in February, 1814. 
 January 14, 1815, Denmark ceded Swedish I'omerania and 
 KUgen to Prussia, and received tor them Lauenburg and a 
 pecuniary compensation. June 8, 1815, the king entered into 
 the German Confederacy with Ilolstein and Lauenburg. and 
 receive<l in it the tenth pliice. and three votes in the general 
 assembly, (the plf.nitm :) after which, by the appointment 
 of a decemviral commission, preliminary measures were 
 taken to introduce a representative government into Hol- 
 stein. In .March. 1848, the duchies of Sleswick and Hol- 
 stein revolted from Denmark, ostensibly in consequence of 
 its having been proposed in a new constitution submitted 
 by the king, dated January 28, 1848. that tlie representa- 
 tives of the duchies should act with the representatives of 
 Dei'.ma:!., the people, mostly German in their language and 
 pi*Jilections, being desirous rather of joining the new Ger- 
 man Empiie: but the real question at issue was one of suc- 
 cession, the Kiuii of Prussia and several of the powers com- 
 
 posing part of the Germanic Confederation alleging that, 
 the duchies of Sleswick and Holstein, which had hitherto 
 been regarded as important portions of the kingdom of Den^ 
 mark were '■ male fiefs," and did not admit of the succession 
 of '-females." On this plea, which had fur its ultimate ob- 
 ject the separation of the duchies from Denmark, by pre- 
 venting tile former from descending along with the latter to 
 a ciueen, the powers above named invaded Denmark, and a 
 series of hostilities was the result,.^highly creditable to 
 Danish skill and prowess, though often of a very san- 
 guinary character. But, in July, 184 J, a treaty of peace 
 was signed by the King of Prussia and the Germanic Con- 
 federation on the one part, and the King of Denmark on 
 the other, which terminated the interference of the former 
 in the quarrel. The duchies, however, continued the con- 
 test on their own account, until defeated at the battle o) 
 Idstet. fought on July 26. 1S50, when they finally sub- 
 mitted to the authority of their sovereign, the King of 
 
 Denmark. Adj. Danish, dii'nish; (Dan Dansk. d,^nsk; 
 
 Ger. DaNISCH, dA/nish; Fr. D.\N0is, dd'nwd'; It. D\nesf:. di- 
 nd'si: Sp. Dinam.\rques, de-ni-man'kJs, or Danes^,) inhab. 
 Dane, dain; (Dan. Dansk, ddnsk; tJer. DXne, d.i'neh.') 
 
 I)EN'.M.\HK, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 50 
 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1171. 
 
 DI;nMAKIv, a post-township of Tewis co.. New York, on 
 Blft'-k River. 66 miles N. by W. of Utica. 
 
 DENMARK, a thriving poet-village of Madison co.. Ten- 
 nesssce. on the road from Memphis to Jackson. 12 miles S.AV. 
 of the latter. It has 5 stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 DKN.MAUK,apost-townshipofAshtabulaco..Ohio. P. 433. 
 
 DENM.\RK, a village of Iroquois co., Illinois, 150 miles 
 N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 DENM.^RK, a post-village of Lee co.. Iowa, about 10 miles 
 N. of the Mississippi River at Fort Madison. Pop. 843. 
 
 DENN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co., of Cavan. 
 
 DENNi:WlTZ, diWneh-«its\ a village of Prussia, in the 
 province of Brandenburg, 3 miles S.W. of Jiiterbogk. It has 
 an iron monument to commemorate tlie battle between the 
 French and allies on the 6ih of September, 1813. 
 
 DEN'NING, a post-village and township Of Ulster co. 
 New Vork. 70 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. 1073. 
 
 DEN'NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 DEN'N IS, a post.-vill.age and a township of Barnstable co., 
 JIassachusetts, on the peninsula of Cape Cod, 84 miles (by 
 railroad) S.E. of Boston, and 5 miles from the eastern termi- 
 nus of the Cape Cod Kailruad. The township extends en- 
 tirely across tlie peninsula, whioli is hc-re about eight 
 miles wide. If contains six churches, numerous stores, and 
 two marine insurance companies. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly engaged in commerce and j^bijibiiilding. About 
 250 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 35.000 tons, are 
 employed in the coast trade; and. in 1S53, 48 vessels (3160 
 tons) were engaged in tlie mackerel fishery. The mackerel 
 inspected in 1852 was 10.2,K)J barrels. Besides the above, 
 there are 10 or 12 ships (owned here wholly or in parti em- 
 ployed in the freighting IjUfiness. The railroad from Yarmouth 
 to Orleans passes through Dennis. Bass River, navigiiblc for 
 two miles, separates Dennis from Yarmouth, and is crossed- 
 by two toll-bridges. The ])roperty valuation was, in 1850, 
 $798,934; and in 1854, it is estimated at over fl.OiXXOOO. 
 The village of Dennis, in the northwestern part of the town- 
 ship, where the first settlement was made, contains a post- 
 office, a Unitarian, and a Methodist church. Pop. 3C02. 
 
 DKNNIS, a post-township of Cape May co., New Jersey, 
 8 miles N. of the Court-house. Pop. 1558. 
 
 DENNIS' CREEK, in the western part of Cape May co., 
 New Jersey, flows into the Delaware Bay. 
 
 DENNIS' CREEK, a village of New Jersey. See Dex.nis- 
 
 VILLE. 
 
 DENNIS' MILLS, a post-office of St. Helena parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 DEN'NTSON, a town.ship of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Lehish River. 15 miles S. of Wilkesbarre. 
 
 DEN'NISVILLE, or DENNIS' CREEK, aflonrishing post- 
 village of Dennis town.ship. Cape May Co., New Jersey, is 
 situated on both sides of a creek of its own name, 7 miles 
 N. of Cape May Court-house, It has two churches, and se- 
 veral stores. Around this village is an extensive deposit of 
 •sound cedar timber in the soil. Ship-building and trade in 
 lumber are carried on to some extent. Pop. about COO. 
 
 DENNISVILLE, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia. 
 
 DEN'NY, a thriving village and parish of Scotland, co.. and 
 7 miles S.E. of Stirling. Pop. aljout 2000. 
 
 DEN'NY. a post-office of Warren co., Illinois. 
 
 DEN'N YSVILLE, a post-townsliip of Washington CO., 
 Maine, 135 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 48;). 
 
 DENOON, dgh-noon,' a pc.st-village of Waukesha co.. Wis- 
 consin, on the Millwaukee and Rochester I'lauk-road, SO 
 miles E.S.E. of Madison. It has a church. 
 
 DEN'SONTOWN, a post-ofRce of Rankin co., Mississippi. 
 
 DENT, a village and chapelry of England, co. of York, 
 WeBt Riding, on a small stream of the same name. 3 miles 
 from Jedburgh. The village is large, has a chapel, many 
 antique houses, and is a polling-place for the A\ est Riding. 
 The secluded valley of Dentdale in singularly picturesque. 
 
 559 
 
DEN 
 
 DER 
 
 DENT, a new county in the S.E. central part of Missouri. 
 It is drained by the sources of the Maramec IJiver, and 
 by small affluents of the Current KiTer. The surface is di- 
 Tersified by hills and valleys. The soil in some parts is fer- 
 tile. The county is not included in the census of 1850, 
 having been recently formed out of the northern part of 
 Shannon county. It wa.s named in honor of Frederick Dent, 
 au early citizen of Missouri. Capifcil, Sitlem. Pop. 6654. 
 
 DENT, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 DEXT.\ GYENTA, dto'toh^ dy^n'toh\ a market town of 
 Huugarv. 2h miles S. of Temesvar. on the Bezava. Pop. 5110. 
 
 DENT-DU-MIDI, dftxo'dU-mee'dee/. a mountain of the 
 Alps, on the frontiers of Valais and Savoy, 10.771 feet in 
 elevati'.n. It was ascended for the first time in 1784. 
 
 DEXTILA, dJn-tee'ld, a state of Western .\frica, Sene- 
 gambla, between the rivers Gambia and Falfme, about lat. 
 13° N.. Ion. 12° W. Its surface is elevated. 
 
 DEXTON, a pari>h of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 DENTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 DENTO.V. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 4 miles 
 S.W. of Grantham. A Komau tesselated pavement has been 
 discovered here. 
 
 DENTON, a parish of England, co.of Norfolk. 
 
 DENTON, a pjirish of England, co. of North.impton. 
 
 DLNTON, a p,irish of England, co. of Susse.x. 
 
 DENTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 DKNTON, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Kidiug. on the Wharte. Ilere is the beautiful seat of Sir C. 
 Ibberston, Bart. 
 
 DEN'TON, a county in the northern part of Texas, has 
 an area of 9(X) stjuare miles. It is intersected by the Elm 
 Fork of Trinity, and also drained by the Denton Fork of 
 that river, and by Hickory Creek. The county is partly oc- 
 cupied by extensive forests, called the Cross Timbers, and 
 contains "fertile prauies. Capital, Alton. Population 5031, 
 of whom 4780 were free. 
 
 DENTON, a post-village, capital of Caroline co., Sfaryland, 
 on the E. bank of Choptank Kiver, 65 miles E. of Annapolis. 
 
 DEXTON, a post-office of Newton co., Arkansas. 
 
 DEXTON Creek, a post-office of Denton co., Texas. 
 
 DENTON, EAST, a township of England, co. of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 DEXTON FORK, of Trinity River, Texas, rises in Cook 
 CO.. and. flowing S.E.. unites with Elm Fork, in Dallas co. 
 
 DEX^TON, XETII'EK, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 DEXrrONSVILLE, a village of HanoTer 09., Virginia, 22 
 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 D'ENTRECASTEAUX (dftytVkisMoO CHANNEL, Tan 
 Diemen"s Land, in lat. 43° 25' S., and Ion. 147° 15' E., sepa- 
 rates Bruny Island from ti>e mainland. Length, from X. to 
 S., 35 miles ; breadth varies from 3 to 9 miles. At its north- 
 ern end it opens into the estuary of the Derwent Kiver, and 
 tliat of the Huon joins it from the W. 
 
 D'E.NTRECASTEAUX LSLAXDS, in the Pacific Ocean; 
 lat. 10° S.. Ion. 151° E. 
 
 D'ENTRECASTEAUX POINT, in ■Western Australia; 
 lat. 34° 52' .30" S., Ion. 116° E. 
 
 DEX'VER. a parish of Encland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 DEX'VILLE. a post-office of Morris co., New Jersey. 
 
 DEXZLIXGEN. dJnt.'j'ling-en, a village of Baden, in the 
 circle of Upper Rhine, 4 miles S. of Emmendingen. It 
 sometimes takes the name of Langendexzusgen (lyongDena- 
 lingen.) Pop. 1461. 
 
 DE'OBUND'. a town of British India, in the presidency 
 of Bengal, upper provinces, 21 miles S.S.E. of Saharunpoor. 
 
 DEOGIIUR. deeVgiir', a town of India, in theBerar domi- 
 nions, capital of a district. 56 miles N.W. of Nagp<X)r. 
 
 DE'OGIIUR/, a town of India, in Bundelcuud, 29 miles 
 N.N.E. of Ditteah. 
 
 DEOGHUR BATDYANATII, deeVgtir' brde-J-nilt'h', a 
 celebrated phice of Hindoo pilgrimage, in the presidency and 
 province of Bengal, district of Beerbhoom, 106 miles N.W. of 
 Moorshedabad. with a temple. 
 
 DEOGHUR WARA, deeVg&r'wd'rd, a viHage of India, 5 
 miles S.E. of Indore. 
 
 DEO'LA, a fortified town of Hindostan, 55 miles S.E. 
 of Odeypoor. 
 
 DfeOLS. diW, or BOURG-DIEU, booRMe-ch', (anc. Dol- 
 lumf) a town of France, in the department of Indre, H 
 miles N.N.E. of Ch&teauroux. on a kind of peninsula formed 
 by the Indre and Angolin. Pop. 2180. 
 
 DEONA. See Chester. 
 
 DE'OPHAM, a jwirish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 DEOTSUH. dee'ot-.soo', an elevated table land of Little 
 Thibet, S. of the Valley of Iskardo. It is about 30 miles 
 long and 15 broad, and is 12.000 feet above the level of 
 the sea. Lat. 34° 30' N.. Ion. 76° 20* E. 
 
 DEI'AU'VILLK. de-peVvill, a post-vllUge of Jefferson co., 
 New York, on Chaumont River, 178 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 It has several stores and mills. 
 
 DEPa)EX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 DEPEDELEN. See Tepelem. 
 
 DE PERE, de-pair', or de-peer', a post-township and village 
 of Brown co., Wiiiconcin, on both sides of the Neenah or Fox 
 660 
 
 River. 6 miles from its mouth and 110 miles N. of Milwau- 
 kie. It is at the head of lake navigation, and has abundant 
 water-power. The river is crossed by a dniwbridge 2500 
 feet long. De Pere contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 grist-mills 
 and manufactures of pumps, sashes, doors, hubs, Ac. P. 768. 
 
 DEPEYSTER, de-pl'st?r. (ISLANDS.) a group of about 
 seventeen islands in the South Pacific Ocean : lat. 8° 4' S., 
 Ion. 17}>° i^ E. One of them is of considerable size, the 
 others are small and low. 
 
 DEPEY.STER. de-pi'ster. a post-village and township of 
 St. Lawrence co.. New York, on the Oswegatchie River, 10 
 miles S.E. of Ogdensburg. Pop. 1249. 
 
 DEl'OS'IT, a thriving post-village of Delaware co.. New 
 York, on the Co<juago River, where it is crossed by the 
 New York and Erie Railroad, 177 miles from New York 
 City. There are extensive tanneries in the vicinity. Pop. 
 about 1500. It contains several churches, an academy, a 
 bank, and freight houses of the railroad company. 
 
 DEPTFORD. dWford. a parliamentary borough and naval 
 port of England, in the counties of KexxX and Sun-ey, on 
 the Thames, where it is joined by the Ravensboume, and 
 on the London and Greenwich Railway, contiguous to 
 Greenwich, and 3 miles S.E. of London Bridge. Pop. 27.876. 
 It is irregularly and in most parts meanly built, its chief 
 buildings are the parish churches, a well endowed charity 
 school, 2 large ancient hospitals for decayed pilots and ship- 
 masters and their widows, belonging to the Trinity House, 
 and an extensive naval arsenal, victuallingoffice. and dtick- 
 yards, established here by Henry A'lII., and occupying an 
 area of 31 acres. This, with large private yards lor ship- 
 building, mostly employs the population. The borough 
 (created by the Reform Act) joins with Greenwich. Woolwich, 
 ic. in sending two memlH?rs to the House of Commons. 
 
 DEITFORD, dStt/ford. a township of GloucesK-r co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware River. Contains Woodbury, the 
 CO. seat. Pop. 2679. 
 
 DEPUCII (de-pu'?) ISLAND, off the N.W. coa.st of Australia, 
 in lat. 20°37'46" S. Ion. 117° 44' E., 8 miles in circumference, 
 composed of a vast collection ofgreenstone rocks rising to 514 
 feet above the sea, and forming a remarkalle contrast to 
 the adjacent low mainl.tnd. IJere have been found some 
 curious native sculptures. 
 
 DER.\. a town of Palestine. See Dbaa. 
 
 DERABUND. d^rVbtind'. or DRABUND. drd'biind', a 
 town 30 miles S.W. of Dera Ismael Khan, and a rendezvous 
 for Lohanee caravans. Pop. about 10<J0. 
 
 DERA DEEN PUNAH. d^r'a deen poo'nl a town of Af- 
 ghanistan. 40 miles N.N.W. of Mooltan. and nearly opposite 
 a village of the same name, on the ea.stern bank of the Indus. 
 
 DERA FATI IvHAN, dfr^a fd'tee klu. a town of Afghanis- 
 tan. 16 miles N.W. of Leia. Pop. 6000, who trade in cotton, 
 grain, indigo, sugar, and opium. 
 
 DERA GIIAZKE KHAN. d^r'ra-gSVee/kJn.a considerable 
 town of Afghanistan, 4 miles from the risrht bank of the 
 Indus, and 65 miles N,W. of Bhawli)Oor ; lat. 30° 5' N., Icn. 
 70° 52' E. Pop. 25.iKX). It stands at the junction of several 
 great routes, and has a bazaar, reported to contain 1600 
 shops, with manufactures of silks, cottons, sau-fs, and cut- 
 lery to about 20,000i. annually, an active transit trade and 
 extensive commerce. 
 
 DERAI.\, a town of .Arabia. See Derateh, El. 
 
 DERA ISMAEEL(or ISMAIL) KUAN. d^r'^is^mJ-eePkln, 
 a town of .\fghanistan. near the western bank of the Indus, 
 17 miles N.X.W.ofBukkur: lat.31°50'N..lon.70°58'E. Pop 
 8000. It has extensive manufactories of white cotton cloth. 
 
 DERAYEH. Yx h\ AhrVih. written also DERAIA. DE- 
 R.\YE. and DERR.WEH. a town of Arabia, formerly capital 
 of the country of the Wahabees, is situated nearlv in the 
 centre of Xedjed ; lat. 25° 15' N., Ion. 46° 30' E. Pop. 
 IS.OIK). It consists of five separately fortified quarters; and 
 had formerly nearly 30 mosques, and as many colleges, 
 besides bazaars: but. in 1819. it was nearly ruined by the 
 troops of Ibrahim Pasha, after a siege of seven months. 
 
 DER'BE. an ancient city of Asia Minor, probably the mo- 
 dern villaire of Devli. 28 miles N.E. of Karanian. 
 
 DERBEXn, dJr'b^nd', or DERBEXT. d^rWnt/, i.e. the 
 "closed gates." (anc. Alhunaf) a fortified maritime town of 
 Russia, capital of the provineo of Dagliestan.on the Caspian 
 Sea, 135 miles N.W. of Bakoo. Pop. 12.000 Mohammedans, 
 with a few Armenians and Jews. It is situated at the foot 
 of a mountain at the entrance of a defile in the Caucasus, 
 called by the ancients the '• Allianian Gates." and formerly 
 shut in on the X. by an ii-on gate. The town is enclosed by 
 two w.alls of singular masonry, 8 feet thick, and 2''ifeet high, 
 probably 1500 years old : and seven gates lead to the dit 
 ferent quarters. The streets are straight and regular, 
 but narrow. The upper city, which is separated by a wall, 
 forms the citadel, and is still in repair. Derbend has no 
 proper .harbor : ships cannot come near it. and consef|uently 
 there are many shipwrecks. It was taken by Russia from 
 Persia in 1795. 
 
 DERBY, dgr'bee or darOiee. Cthe latter pronunciation was 
 once universal.) or DERBYSHIRE, der'be-shir, an inland 
 and central county of England, having X. the county of 
 York, E. Notts, S. Leicester, AVarwick. and Stafford, and W. 
 
DER 
 
 DER 
 
 Stafford and Cheshire. Area 663,180 acres, of which about 
 610,000 are in pasture, or arable. Pop. in 1S51, 296.0.S4. 
 In the N.W. is the S. termination of the Penine chain of 
 mountains, highest elevation from 1700 to lJi09 feet, com- 
 posed of limestone, and alwunding in romantic hill and dale 
 Rconery, caverns, and other natural curiosities, (see Peak;) 
 elsewhere level or gently undulating. Principal rivers, the 
 Trent, Derwent, Dove, and Wye. Collieries and iron works are 
 numerous in the X.E., and valuable lead mines in the Peak 
 districts, where marble and varioms kinds of spar are also ob- 
 tained. Canals are numerous, and branches of the Midland 
 railway Intersect the county throughout. Derbyshire sends 2 
 Biemliers to the House of Commons for each of its two parlia- 
 iaent;iry divisions, (N. and S.,) and 2 for its county town. 
 
 DEK'BY, a parliamentary and municipal borough and 
 manufacturing town of England, capital of the county, on 
 the Derwent. at the head of its navigation, and on Markeaton 
 Brook, both here crossed by handsome bridges, also at the 
 junction of the principal branches of the Jlidland Railway, 
 3d miles N.N.E. of Birmingham, and loi miles W.S.W. of 
 Nottingham. Pop. in 1861, 43,091. The streets are clean 
 and well paved, and lighted ; the older, crooked and narrow, 
 the newer, well built; and it has a spacious market-place, in 
 which are a covered market and a large assembly-room. The 
 other ijriiicipal edifices are a fine Grecian structure, contain- 
 ing the I'ost-offlce, Derbyshire Bank, a hotel, and public 
 rooms, a museum. All-hallows' Church, with fine tower and 
 monuments, an elegant l.oman Catholic church, many new 
 chapels of ease and dissenting chapel.s, almshouses built by 
 the Duke of Devonshire, the Infirmary, county and town 
 halls, and an excellent jail. The Fiee School, founded in the 
 time of Henry II., is considered one of the most aucient in 
 England. Among numerous public institutions are .•; philo- 
 sophical society, town and county library, mechanics' insti- 
 tute, and various charitable .a,sylums. Adjacent to the town 
 are public grounds possessing much beauty. Derby is favor- 
 ably situated for manufactures and trade, standing at the S. 
 extremity of a large coal-field, and communicating by canals 
 and railways with a large part of England. It is a principal 
 seat for manufactures of silk twist and hosiery; and in 1h39 
 it had 17 silk-mills, employing alxjut 3000 hands. Silk 
 ribands, cotton fabrics, hosiery, lace, porcelain of great 
 beauty and elegance, fluor-spar and marble ornaments, are 
 also made in large quantities; and it has many rolling- 
 mills, foundries, and other metallic works, so.ap factories, 
 tanneries, bleaching-grounds. corn-mills, and malting-houses. 
 Wages are stated to be generally higher and steadier than 
 in most other large manufacturing towns; yet this town 
 Avas the centre of the great strike of operatives in 1833-34. 
 It sends 2 members to the House of Commons. It gives the 
 title of earl t« the Stanley family. The town was called 
 Northworthige by the Saxons, and Deoraby by the Danes, 
 and is supposed to have been the Roman station of Derven>- 
 tia. It is the birth-place of Linacre, the founder of the 
 roj-al college of physicians. Dr. Darwin, the antiquary Hutton, 
 and the novelist Richardson. 
 
 DER/BY, a post^village and township of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, on Lake Memphremagog. 50 miles N.X.E. of Mont- 
 pelier. The village contains several churches and an aca- 
 demy. Pop. 1906. 
 
 DERBY, a postr-village and township of New Haven co., 
 Connecticut, at the junction of the Naugatuck River with 
 the Ilousatonic, 10 miles W. by N. of New Haven. Derby 
 village, situated on the E. side of the Ilousatonic River and 
 on the Naugatuck Railroad, is a flourishing place, with some 
 manufactures and about 1500 inhabitants. It has steam- 
 boat communication with New York, and is connected by a 
 substantial bridge with Birmingham, which occupies the 
 tongue of land formed by the union of the Naugatuck and 
 Housatonic. P. of the township, in 1850, 3824, in 1860, 5443. 
 
 DERBY, a post-village of Perry co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River. 90 miles below Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 DERBY CENTRE, a post-village in Derby township. Orange 
 CO., Vermont, on the Passump-ic River Railroad, 53 miles 
 N. by W. of St. Johnsburg. It has 3 churches, 6 stores, a 
 flourishing academy, and 500 inhabitants. 
 
 DERBY HAVEN, a maritime village of England, Isle of 
 Man, 2 miles N.E. of Castleton, with a good safe harbor. 
 
 DERBY LINE, a post-village in Derby township, Orleans 
 CO., Vermont, on the boundary between the United States 
 and Canada, and on the Passumpsic River Railroad, 67 
 miles N. by \V. of St. Johnsbury. It has a church, a bank, 
 1 hotel, and 3 stores. A fine stream of water flows past 
 the village, affording motive-power for several mills. 
 
 DERBYSHIRE, a county of England. See Derby. 
 
 DERBY, WEST, is a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 Included in the borough of Liverpool. 
 
 DEREC.?KE. d4Vaich'k.i\ a village of Eastern Hungary, 
 -o. of Bihar, 12 miles S. of Debreczin. Pop. 5320. In its 
 vicinity are 5 salt lakes, and a small pearl-fishery. 
 
 DERE/HAM, EAST, or MARKET-DEREHAM, a market- 
 town and parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 16 miles W.N.W. 
 of Norwich, and 10 miles N.N.W. of Wymondham, where it 
 communicates by a branch with the East Counties Railwav. 
 Pop. In 1851, 4385. The town, situated in a district noted 
 21. 
 
 for its gardens and orchards, is remarkably well built and 
 clean. It has a very ancient cruciform church, formerly 
 part of a convent, founded about a.d. 750, and containing a 
 rich antiijue font, and a monument to the poet Cowper, who 
 was buried there in 1800. 
 
 DERE'HAM. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk 
 
 DERENBL'RO. di'ren-bO«5RG\ a town of Prussian Saxony 
 in JIagdeburg. 7 miles W.S.W. of Halberstadt. Pop. 24oO. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has an ancient castle, paper and 
 oil mills. 
 
 DEKENDAH, dJi-'^n-di\ a town and fort of Asiatic 
 Turkey, pashalic. and 65 miles S.E. of Seevas. The town 
 stands on a platform of the rock, on the summit of which 
 the castle is situated, .300 feet above the river bed. 
 
 DKRETSCHIN, dd-ret'chin or di-rJt-chin', a market-town 
 of Russian Poland, government, and 53 miles S.E. of Grodno. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 DERG. LOUGII. ISh dSrg, Ireland, is the longest and most 
 picturesque of the expansions of the Shannon, and separates 
 .Munster (co. of Tipperary) from Connaught, (co. of Gahvay.) 
 Shape serpentine; length from N. to S. 24 miles; breadth 
 varies from 2 to 6 miles. Area. 29.570 acres. 
 
 DERG, LOUGH, a lake of Ireland, Ulster, at the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of the CO. of Donegal, about 9 miles in circumference, 
 and containing the fomous islet calliHl St. I'atrick's Purga- 
 tory, which is visited annually by 18.0(K) devotees. 
 
 DERIABI. djr'ee-d'bee, one of the Kartan Islands, on the 
 S.E. coast of Arabia, at the entrance of the Baj' of Curia 
 Muria: lat. 17° 35' N., Ion. 55° 55' E. 
 
 DER/ICKSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Worcester 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 DER.MBACII, dJRm'bjK. a town of Saxe Weimar, near the 
 Fulda, 60 miles S.W. of Weimar. It h.as a castle and savings 
 bank, und has several mills. Pop. 1080. 
 
 DKRNE, DERNEH, der'nfh, or DER'NA, (anc. Dar'nis.) a 
 seaport town of Northern Africa. Tripoli dominions, 140 
 miles N.E. Bengazi. It is regularly but meanly built. It 
 was one of the cities of Pentapolis. Pop. 6<J00. 
 
 DERNIS, d^'R'nees', a village of Dalmatia, 50 miles S.E. of 
 Zara. on the Cicola. Pop. 1010. It was formerly fortified, 
 and had the rank of a town, with a population of from 10,000 
 to 15.000. 
 
 DERNYE. dJRn'yA\ a town of Austri.i. Croatia, on tlie 
 Drave. over which there is here a ferry, about 4 miles ftrom 
 Neudorf. Pop. 1699. 
 
 DEKOCHE. de-rish', a post-office. Hot Spring co., Arkansas. 
 
 DER PT. a town of Russia. See Dori>at. 
 
 DERR. DEUR or DEER, d^R or daiR, a town of Eastern 
 Africa, capit.al of Nubia, on the S.E. bank of the Nile. Lat. 
 •22° 44' N., Ion. .32° 15' E. It is stated to be increasing in 
 trade and importance, and is the residence of a native Nubi- 
 an kashef under the Egyptian pasha. It is celebrated for its 
 ancient temple. 
 
 DER^RALOS'SORY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Wicklow. 
 
 DERRAYEH. a town of Arabia. See Derayeh, Eu 
 
 DERR-STTOWN, Pennsylvania. See Lewishurg. 
 
 DER'RY, a rivulet of Ireland, falling into the Slaney, IJ 
 miles below Clonegall. 
 
 DERRY. a co. and city of Ireland. See IjOndonderrt. 
 
 DER/RY, a post-village and township of Rockingham co. 
 New Hampshire, on the Manchester and Lawrence Rail- 
 road, 25 miles S.E. of Concord. The village, pleasantly 
 situated on Beaver River, contains several churches and a 
 bank. Pop. 1995. 
 
 DERRY, a small village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DERRY, a township, Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. P.2322. 
 
 DERRY, a township, Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. Pop.1611, 
 
 DERRY, a township, Montonr co., Pennsylvania. P. 933 
 
 DERRY, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 591-2. 
 
 DERRY A6IIY, dJrVe-a-Hee', a parish of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Antrim. 
 
 DERRYHEIGIIAN, dSr-re-hii/nan, a pari.sh of Ireland, co. 
 of Antrim, 
 
 DER'RYLO'RAN, a parish of Ireland. Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 DEirRYNOJSE', or MADDEN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Armagh. 
 
 DER'RYVUL'LEN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Fer- 
 managh, comprising Lowtherstown, (which see.) 
 
 DERSINGHAM, der'sing-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 DERTINGEN, d^R'ting-en. a market-town of WUrtemburg, 
 circle of Neck.ar, 4 miles N. of Maulbronn. Pop. 1800. 
 
 DERTINGEN, a market-town of Germany, in Baden, cir» 
 cle of I>ower Rhine. 6 miles E. of Wertheim. Pop. 950. 
 
 DERTINGEN. (O'BER and UNTER.OiJn'ter,) two contigu- 
 ous villages of Wtirtemburg, not far from Bi'berach. P. 618. 
 
 DERTONA. See Tortona. 
 
 DERTOSA. See Tortosa. 
 
 DE RUYTER.de ri'ter.a post-village and township of M* 
 dison CO., New York, 22 miles W. of Albany. It contain* 
 the De Ruyter Institute. Pop. 1817. 
 
 DEIVVAL or D.^R'VAL. a manufacturing village of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Ayr, on Irvine Water, 9 miles E. of Kilmarnock. 
 
 561 
 
SfER 
 
 DEKVEXTCH. clJR'Ti-n)!t\ an islet in the Adriatic Sea, 
 near tl fc coa"!t of Dalmatia, 12 miles S.W. of Trau. 
 
 DER'VOCK, a neat village of Ireland. Ulster, co. of Antrim, 
 4 miles N.N.K. of Jtallymoney. Pop. 645. 
 
 DEK IVEX. a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 DEKWEXT. der'went. a rirer of England, co. of Derby, 
 rises in the High I'eak, near the X. extremity of the county, 
 and joins the Ti-ent on the border of Leicestershire. I<;ngth 
 nearly 60 miles. Its upper rale is strikingly picturesque. 
 
 DERWEXT, a river of England, co. of York, East Riding, 
 a large part of which it drains, rises in the Wolds, and. after 
 a S. course, joins theOusent Barm by, whence it is navigable 
 to Malton. Total length about (30 miles. 
 
 DERWEXT. a river of England, co. of Cumberland, rises 
 in the district of Borrowdale, and, after forming the cataract 
 of Lodore. flows N. through the lakes of Derwent- water and 
 Bassenthwaite-water, and thence AV.S.W. p;i,st Cockermouth 
 to the Irish Sea, which it enters at Workington. Its banks 
 abound with fine scenery, especially where it expands into 
 the celebrated lake of Derwent^water. 
 
 DER/WEXT. one of the principal rivers of Van Diemen's 
 Land, rises from Lake St. Clare, in the centre of the island, 
 flows very tortuously S.E. through the district of New 
 Norfolk, and;'between Richmond and Hobart-Town. enters 
 Storm Bay by an estuary 4 miles across. Hobart-Town and 
 Kew Xnrfulk are on its banks. 
 
 DERWEXT-WATER, or KESnVICK LAKE, a celebrated 
 and picturesque lake ofEnsland, CO. of Cumberland, stretches 
 S. fh)m Keswick, for 4 miles, to Borrowdale. and is near the 
 middle \i miles across. Its banks are rocky and abrupt: in 
 It are .several richly wooded islands, and a remarkable mass 
 of soft land, which sometimes partly fioats on its surface. 
 It is an enlarirement of the Derwent River. 
 
 DE.eAGUADERO. dJs-S-gwa-D.Vro. (i.e. the "outlet.") a 
 river of Bolivia, rises from the Lake Titicaea, of which it 
 forms the only outlet; it fiows S. ISO miles, and enters Ijike 
 AuUagas ICO miles N.W. of Potosi. It is the only river of 
 any importance the entire basin of which is wholly within 
 Bolivia. 
 
 DESAGUADERO. a river of the Argentine Republic (L.v 
 Plata.) between the provinces of San Luis and Meudoza, but 
 dried up in summer. 
 
 DE.'iAGUADERO, a vast depres^on or inter-alpine valley. 
 in Bolivia and Peru, between two huge ridges of the Andes, 
 Into which the great chain divides, near the well-known city 
 of Potosi. in lat. 19° 35' S., and again unites at the peak of 
 VUcaBota, lat. 14° 30' S., lon.VS° 50' W. The great vaUey or 
 table-land occupying the intermediate space is about 400 
 miles in length, with a breadth varying from 30 to 80 miles. 
 It comprises an area of 1.50.000 square miles, and includes 
 the great lake Titicaea. 12.800 feet abive se.i-level. and the 
 smaller lake Aullagas or Uros, 570 feet below the level of 
 the former, the latter of which receives the superfluous wa- 
 ters of Titicaea bv the river Desaguadero. 
 
 DESAGUADKKO DE OSORXO, des-d-gwd-d-Vro di o-sor' 
 no, a lake of Araucania, Chili, 35 miles in length by an ave- 
 rage breadth of 5 miles. It discharges its surplus waters 
 by the Osorno Kiver into the P.icific Ocean. 
 
 Djfis.ilGXES. d,Vz6il' or dA^zaif!'. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ardeche, on the Doux, 16 miles W.X.W. of 
 Tournon. Pop. in 1S52. .3953. 
 
 DES ALLEMAXD'S (d.Aze airmaNo/ or dJz ii'leh-mJnz') 
 L.\KE. in the S.E. part of Louisiana, about 5 miles from 
 the right bank of the Mississippi, joined by a bayou of its 
 own name with Lake Washa. Length, about V miles. 
 
 DES AUC. d^z ark, a thri\ing post-villaiie of Prairie co., 
 Arkansas, on White River, 50 miles X.E. of Little Rock. It 
 is situated in a rich cotton and corn-arowing district, and 
 has an active trade. The river is navigable Ijy steamlwats 
 from this point to its mouth in all stages of water. Cypress, 
 cedar, and white-oak staves are exported extensively. Laid 
 out in 1S4S. 
 
 DES ARC BAYOU, d?z ark bi'oo. of Arkansas, flows south- 
 eastward into White River, at the north-eastern extremity 
 of Prairie countv. a little alxive the vill.aire of Des Arc 
 
 DESBOROIGH, a vilLage and parish of England, co, of 
 Northampton. 
 
 DE;>'»i )Ki )UGir or DES/RORO. a seaport on the X. coast of 
 Prince Edward Island, co. of Queen's, with a harbor for 
 «mall craft. Lat. 4t/> 21' N.. ion. €fi° 13' W. 
 
 DESCHKIN. See Deshkix. 
 
 DESICADA. an island of the West Indies. See Desirjide. 
 
 DKSKMB(XiUE. di-srJn-bo'k.A. a town of Brazil, province of 
 Jlinas-tieraes. on the Y i has. atwut 4iJ0 miles S.W. of Goyaz. 
 In the neijhborhood ar» mineral spriniMi considered very efli- 
 ca<iousincut:ineousaffettlons. Pop.oftownanddistrict,6000. 
 
 DKSENZ.VNO. d.-i8-«^n-z4/no, a town of LomKirdv, 16 miles 
 E.S.K. of Hrejci.i. on the S.W. hank of the Lake of Garda.on 
 which it has a fishing port. Pop. 3600. It is defended by 
 an old castle, and has a gymnasium, several churches, bar- 
 racks, and manufarturesi if silk hosiery. 
 
 DES'EHEl". a name sometimes given to the newly-organ- 
 Ued Mormon territory in the United States. See Utah. 
 
 DES'KRKT. a co. of Utah territory. W, of the Great Snlt 
 Lake, and b<;tweeu Tooele and Weber counties. 
 512 
 
 DES; 
 
 DESERTAS, Las, lis dA-sJn/ta.s, a group of islets ra the 
 .\tlantic Ocean. S.E. of Madeira: the largest is C miles long, 
 and i a mile broiid. It supparts manj- cattle. They are 
 visited bv shepherds from Madeira. 
 
 DliSERTCREIGllT, dkVrt^krait/, a parish of Ireland, CO. 
 of Tyrone. 
 
 DEs'ERTLY'X', a parish of Ireland, co. of Londonderry. 
 
 DKS'ERTMAR'TIX.aparish of Ireland.co.of Londonderry. 
 
 DESEUTOGHILL, dezV»"t-toil', a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Londonderry. » 
 
 DES'ERT-SER'GES, a parish of Ireland, in co. of Cork. 
 
 DES'FOHD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 DESFUL or DESFOUL. See Deztool. 
 
 DESIIA, df-shA'. a county in the S.E. part of Arkansas, bor- 
 dering on the Missis.sippi River, contains S69 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Arkans;is and White Rivers, and by 
 Bartholomew Bayou. The surfiioe is i(u alluvial plain, 
 partly subject to inundation by the large rivers which 
 meet on its E. border. The soil and climate are adapted to 
 the production of cotton and maize. Capital, Napoleon. 
 Pop. l>459, of whom 267.') were free, and 3784 slaves. 
 
 DESCHAMBAULT, d^sh'dM-bft', a post-village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Portneuf, on the river St. Lawrence. 33 miles 
 S.S.E. of Quebec 
 
 DESHKIX, DESCHKIX, or DECHKIX, dtsh-kin' or 
 d&h-keen', a town of Russia, government, and 30 miles 
 X. X.E. of Orel, on the Oka. Pop. 2000. It has a hiirbor and 
 salt mairazines. 
 
 DESHTI PYAZ, dJsh'tee pPdz', a lai^e village of Persia, 
 in Khorassan. 150 miles S. of Mej^hed. surrounded by one 
 continued garden of mulberry and fruit-trees. 
 
 DESIMA, dJh-see'md, an artifici.il island of Japan, imme- 
 diately opposite the city of Nagasaki, with which it com- 
 municates by a .stone bridge, strictly guarded, The islano 
 is about 600 feet in length by 250 in breadth, and to it the 
 Dutch merchants in Japan are in general closely restricted. 
 
 DESIO. dA-see'o, (anc. Disimum. f) a town of Lombardy, 11 
 miles X. of Milan. Pop. 2000. 
 
 DESIRADE, dil'zee-rild', called also DESIRADA. dA-se-rJ;- 
 dd. and DESlDERArDA. an island of the Little Antilles. 4 
 miles W. of Gu.odeloupe. of which it is a dependency. Length, 
 from X.E. to S.W.. 6 miles: average breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 
 2568, of whom 2070 are slaves. Surface elevated and unfer- 
 tile. It was the first island discovered by Columbus on his 
 second vovage, November, 1493. 
 
 DESK'FORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff. 
 
 DES JIOIXES. de moin, the large.*t river of Iowa, rises In 
 the S.W. part of Minnesota, and runs S.E, until it eutens 
 Emmet county of Iowa. Below this its general direction is 
 S.S.E. to Fort Des Moines, where it turns towards the S.E^ 
 and empties itself into the Mississippi R.iver at the SJJ. ex- 
 tremity of the state, about 4 miles below Keokuk. It is 
 thought th.it it can be made navigable for ste;»mboats. with 
 a moderate expense, as far as Fort Des Moines, a distance 
 of above 200 miles, and the state government has recently un- 
 dertaken the work. The river flows through an undulating 
 and fertile region, in which numerous prairies are found. 
 
 DES MOINES, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, border- 
 ing on Illinois, has an area of 408 square miles. The Mis- 
 sissippi River forms its boundary on the E. and S.E.. .and 
 the Skunk River on the S.W.; it is drained also by Flint 
 Creek. The surface is agreeably diversified, and is divided 
 lietween prairies and woodlands in convenient proportions; 
 the soil is excellent, and is extensively cultivated. Lime- 
 stone and stone coal are abundant. The Burlington and 
 Missouri River Railroad passes through the county. Capi- 
 tal, Burlington. Pop. 19,611. 
 
 DES MOINES, capital of low.i. See Fort Drs Moixes. 
 
 DESMOINES CITY, a village in the S. part of Clarke co., 
 Missouri, near the Mississippi River. 
 
 DESMOINES CITY', a post-oflice of Wapello co., Iowa. 
 
 DESMOND. Michigan. See Por.T IIuROX. 
 
 DESX.l. des'ni a^river of Rus.«ia. governments of Smo- 
 lensk. Orel, and Tchernigov, joins the Dnii'per nearly oppo- 
 site Kiev, after a S. coui-se of nearly 500 miles, for the most 
 part of which it is navigable. It h.as lieen propo.sed to unite 
 the Oka with the Desna, and thereby give a continuous 
 water communication between the Caspian, the Black Sea, 
 and the Baltic. 
 
 DE SOTO, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Sfi* 
 sissippi, bordering on Tennessee, has an area of about 9<)0 
 .square miles. The Missis.sippi washes its N .W. border ; it 
 is also drained by Coldwater Creek. The surfiice is nearly 
 level, the soil fertile. The industry of the county is almost 
 entirely devoted to the cultivation of cotton, which is con- 
 ve)"ed by wagons to Memphis as the swamps in the W. 
 part prevent "access to the nearest part of the river. In 
 1850, this county produced 32,907 pounds of beeswax and 
 honey — the gre:itest quantity produced by any county in 
 the United States. Atout eighteen years ago the county 
 w.as a wilderness, in the possecsion of the Chickasaw In- 
 dians. It wa« organized in 183t), and named in honor of 
 Hernando De Soto, a Spaniiu-d, who first explored this region 
 about 1541. Cftpitui, lleruaudo. Pop, 23,336, of whom 9349 
 were free. 
 
DES 
 
 BE SOTO, a parish !n the N.W. part of Lonisiana, border- 
 ing on Texas. Area, 910 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Red and Sabine Rivers, wliich flow respectively on its N.E. 
 and S.W. borders. The soil is fertile. Steamboats navi- 
 gate Red River on the border of this parisli and convey 
 produce to New Orleans. De Soto was formed since 1840, 
 from Natchitoches parish. Capital, Mansfield. Pop. 13,298, 
 of whom 4791 were free, and 8.507 slaves. 
 
 DE SOTO, a thriving post-village of Floyd co.. Georgia, on 
 the OostenauU Kiver. opposite Rome. It was laid out in 1861. 
 
 DK Si^TO, a postoffice of Tallapoosa CO., Alabama. 
 
 DES I'KKKS. dA pain, a post-village of St. Louis co, Mis- 
 souri. 15 miles W. bv S. of St. Louis. 
 
 DKS PLAIXES. d.A plain, (usually called O'PLAIN,) a 
 river of Illinois, rises in the S.K. corner of Wisconsin, and 
 flt.wing first southerly, and then south- westerlj', joins the 
 Kankakee at Dresden, to form the Illinois River. Length, 
 about loll miles. The name is derived from a species of 
 maple, called plaine. by the Ereuch. The Indian appellation 
 was SJie-sliih-mali-o. 
 
 DKSPOHLADO. Pee PtATA, Li. 
 
 DESPOTO DAG XL dSs-po/to ddg, (anc. Rhod/npe.) ft moun- 
 tain chain of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, leaves the 
 Ralkan. about 40 miles E. of Ghiu.Ktendil. extends S.E.. and 
 terminates on the bank of the Maritza, the basin of which 
 river it bounds on the S.AV. Elevation, 7800 feet. 
 
 DK.-'SAU, dJs'sOw, written also DES'SAW, (L. Drsxn'via.) 
 a walled town of Northern Germany, capital of the duchy 
 of An halt-Dessau, is situated on the left branch of the 
 Mulde. near its confluence with the Elbe, here crossed 
 by a fine bridge, 67 miles S.W. of Berlin. Pop. 12.000, of 
 whom 800 were Jews. It consists of an old and a new town 
 and several suburbs, and is well built and lighted. Prin- 
 cipal public edifices, the Ducal Palace, built in 1470, and 
 having a theatre, a goiid collection of paintings, and other 
 works of art; two other palaces, the Amelia Asylum, the 
 Riding School, Lutheran. Roman Catholic, and 2 Calvinist 
 churches, and a synagogue. It has a college, a normal 
 school, schools of music, a separate female school, and a 
 Jewish cla.ssical seminary, with manufactures of woollens, 
 liats. and leather, numerous distilleries, and a brisk trade 
 in corn. The ground around Dessau, originally a sandy 
 waste, has been completely i-eclaimed, and is now covered 
 with beautiful gardens, forming the pnncipal attraction of 
 the place. The celebrated Jlendelsohn was born here. 
 
 DKSTERRO, dtVt^K'no, or NOSPA SENHORA DO DES- 
 TV:RU0. nns's.4 sjn-yo'rii do d?s-t"R'RO. a city of Rrazil. capital 
 of the province of Santa Catharina. on the W". coast of the 
 Jsland of Santa Catharina. 4r.0 miles S.W. of Rio Janeiro. 
 Pop. of the district. Onoo. Chief buiblings. the palace of the 
 president of the province, an arsenal, and a small hospital. 
 It is defended by scver.'jl fi^rts, and has an excellent port. 
 
 DKSVKKS. djv'r or daiv'r. a town of France, department 
 of T'as-de-Calais, 11 miles E.S.E. of Boulogne. Pop. in 1852, 
 2yi10. 1 1 has manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, earthen- 
 wares, and leather. 
 
 U1:TII'WIC1v-LEA. a village and chapelry of England. 14 
 miles N. by W. of Derby. The Cromford and High Peak Rail- 
 wav passes within a quarter of a mile of this place. I'op. 488. 
 
 DET'.MOLD, (Ger. pi-on. d^t'niolt.) a town of North-west- 
 ern Germany, capital of the principality of Lippe-Detmold, 
 on the W"erra, 47 miles S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 4716. It 
 consists of an old and new town, with a suburb. The 
 principal public edifices are a neat palaie of the prince, a 
 Lutheran and two Calvinist churches. It has a normal 
 school, a gymnasium, a good library, a Bible society, and a 
 school of arts and sciences. In the vicinity is a summer 
 palace of the princes, and the battlefield on Vhich the army 
 of Varus was destroyed by the Germans under Hermann, 
 (Arminius.) \. n. 9. to commemorate which event a monu- 
 ment was erected there in 18.J8. 
 
 DETOUR (de-toor') POINT, a headland of the United 
 States, on the N. shore of Lake Michigan, opposite the W. 
 extremity of Manitnulin (Or Drummond) Island. Lat. 45° 
 57' N.. Ion. 84° 4' W. 
 
 DETROIT', a post-village and township of Somerset co., 
 Maine, about 45 miles N.E. of Augusta. The village is 
 situated about three-fjuarters of a mile S. of the Penobscot 
 and Kennebec Railroad, in course of construction, and on a 
 fine mill-stream, an affluent of the Sebasticook. It contains 2 
 stores. 1 saw mill, and 2 tanneries. Pop. of township, 659. 
 
 DETROIT, a post-office of Marion co., Alatiama. 
 
 DET1\01T, de-troit,' (Fr. prun. dAHrwd'; named from the 
 river or " strait," in French,'/c;;v;tf, on which the city is built ;) 
 the county-seat of Wayne co., and the largest city in the 
 state of Michigan, is admirably situated on the W. side of 
 Detroit River, IS miles from the head of Lake Erie, and 8 
 miles from the outlet of Lake .<t. Clair. Lat. 42° 20' N., Ion. 
 82° 58' W. The river coimects these 2 lakes, and is from half 
 a mile to a mile wide, verj- deep, of clear, pure water, with a 
 current at 3 or 4 miles an hour, not subject to rapid rise or 
 fall, and at Detroit forms one of the finest harbors in the 
 V nited States. The city is defended by Fort Wayne, situated 
 a little below, on Detroit River. 
 
 The greater part of Detroit is compactly built, with good 
 
 DET 
 
 buildings, many of them elegant »—? -ritb'^Mnnnii BTirrotm-l- 
 inga. The city covers an area of about 10 square miles, at-d 
 extends about 3 miles on the border of the river. Pop -.d 
 1865, about <iO,000. Streets and avenues are wide — many of 
 them from 100 to 200 feet — substantially paved with stone, 
 with wide side-walks, and beautifully ornamented with forest 
 trees. It has an excellent system of sewerage, by which 
 the heavy clay soil is thoroughly drained. It is a very lieai th- 
 ful city, not surpassed by any of its size in the United 
 States. 
 
 It is abundantly supplied with the p arest lake water, which 
 is raised from the river, by steam-f ower, into a reservoir, 
 built on the most elevated part of the city, and is distributed 
 in iron pipes at a cost of about SlO per annum, to each family. 
 
 Its streets.and buildings are lighted with gas. It has a well- 
 managed system of street railroads, by which any part of the 
 city may be eai3ily reached. It has an efficient system of 
 public schools, of which there are 66, with elegant and com- 
 modious school buildings. It has 38 church edifices, a num- 
 ber of them are elegant structures. The city contains 7 in- 
 corporated banks, with an a ggregate capital of Si ,000,000, and 
 abuut the same number of private bankers. Six of the first 
 are banks of issue, and one a savings bank. Tht /e is a house 
 of correction — capable of lodging, in single cells, 300 convicts 
 — built and managed by the city government — a large chair 
 manufactory is connected with the institution. Among the 
 benevolent institutions may be named the Harper Uosijjtal, 
 capable of accommodating 500 patients, commenced by Mr. 
 Walter Harper; the St. Marys hospitiil, under the charge of 
 the sisters of charity ; the Marine Hospital, for disabled sail- 
 ors and seamen, owned and sustained by tlie United States, 
 on the bank of Detroit River, just above the city, with orna- 
 mental grounds, and commanding a fine view of the Canada 
 shore ; the Orphan Asj'lum ; and the House for the Friend- 
 less. There is also an Industrial School, where the ragged 
 and vagrant children are gathered, and taught to read, write, 
 and sing, to mend and make their cUithing, and are fed one 
 good moiil every day. The substantial and elegant building 
 of gray sandstone, erected by the United States, on Griswold 
 street, is nsed and occupied for the Post-oflice, Custum- 
 liouse, and United States courts, and cost $85,000. 
 
 Detroit is admirably situated ibr commerce. By it^{ posi- 
 tion on the great chain of lakes, and by means of 5 important 
 lines of railroad, it has ready communication with the prin- 
 cipal centres of trade, and with the "Giant West." A line 
 of ships trades regularly between Detroit and Liverpool, Eng- 
 land, via. the St. I>iiwrence River. The working and develop- 
 ing of the copper aJid iron mines of Michigan bordering on 
 Lake Superior, hjis created an extensive trade witli that 
 region, and several lines of large steamers are actively 
 engaged in this trade. Other lines of steamers and sail 
 vessels trade regulaily between Detroit and the diflereut 
 ports on the lakes. 
 
 Hislory. — The present site of Detroit was occupied as a 
 military post by the French, about the year 1670. Three 
 Indian tribes, the Hurons, tlie Pottawattomies, and the 
 Ottawas, had their villages in the vicinity. In 1760, Detroit 
 and other western French posts came into tlie posses.sion of 
 the British. At the close of the Revolutionary War, by treaty 
 with England in 1783, Detroit passed under the control and 
 government of the United Stjites. The Territory of Michigan 
 was established in lb05, and on June 11th, of that year, Ihe 
 town or village of Detroit was entirely destroyed by fire. A 
 new plan of the city was then adopted by General William 
 Hull, the first Governor of the Territory, which is in part its 
 present plan. In the war of 1812, Detroit fell into the hands 
 of the British, by the surrender of General Hull, on 18th 
 August, 1812: it was evacuated Ipy them September 2ti, 1812. 
 
 Detroit was the capital of the stiite from theadmissiou of 
 Michigan into the Union (1S36) until 1850. 
 
 [For the manufactures and statistics of commerce of 
 Dktroit, see Api'KNinx.] 
 
 DETROIT, a village of Peoria co., Illinois, on the western 
 shore of Peoria Lake. 6 miles N.N.E. of Peoria. 
 
 DETHOIT, a postroffice of Pike co., Illinois. 
 
 DETROIT (Fr. Dilroit. dA'trw3/. i. «., a '-strait," or "nar- 
 row passage,") RIVEI5. the name of the river or strait con- 
 necting Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie. Length, 25 miles , 
 breadth, from half a mile to a mile. 
 
 DETS. See Dkcs. 
 
 DETTA. d^t'tOh', or GYEDU, dyiVloo'.'jAMoo'. a market- 
 town of Hungary. 23 miles S. by y'i of Temesvar, on the 
 Berzava. Pop. 1480. 
 
 DETTELBACH. dJt'tel-blK\ a town of Bavaria, on tho 
 Main, 10 milesE.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 2445. Its churches 
 are much resorted to by pilgrims. 
 
 DETTENHEIM, dJt'ten-hime\ a tillage of Bavaria, circle 
 of Sliddle Franconia. 25 miles S. of Anspach. 
 
 DETTINGEN, d^fting-en. a market-town of Germany, in 
 WUrtemberg. circle of Black Fore' t, on the Erms, 6 miles 
 S.W. of N Urtingen. Pop. 2851. 
 
 DETTING EN", a town of WUi temberg. circle of Danube, Vi 
 miles E.S.E. of NUrtingen. Pop. 2283. 
 
 DETTINGEN, a town of WUrtemberg, circle of Jaxt. 15 
 miles N.N.E. of Ulm. Pop. 1437. 
 
 503 
 
DET 
 
 DEV 
 
 BETTIXGEN, a village of Bararia. circle of Lower Frtin- 
 couiii. OH tht? rijrlit iank of the Main, 8 miles N.W. of As- 
 chiilTeul'iir^. In June, 1743, the allied British and Austrian 
 army, under C<eorr;e II., piined a victory here ever the 
 French, under Marshal Xoailles. 
 
 DErr\V I LLElt, dett'veeriaiR'. (Ger. Deltweaer, df tf wfler,) 
 a town of France, department of Bas-Khin, 4} miles E.N.E. 
 of Saverne, on the Zorn. I'op. 1840. 
 
 DE'rrVA, dMl/vOh\ a town in the X.W. of Hungary, co. of 
 Sohl. in a valley E. of Altsnhl. Pop. 7240. 
 
 DE UCAR, du'kai-/, a town of Xepaul. Lat. 28° 8' N., Ion. 
 82° E. 
 
 DEULE, dul, a river of France, rises in the department of 
 Tas-de-Calais, passes Lille to Quesnoy, in the department of 
 Nord. and joins the Lys on the right. The Caual-de-la-Deule 
 jcdns the Scarpa and the Lys, and pjisses Lille and Quesnoy ; 
 leM'^th, 41 miles. 
 
 DEULIXA, dii-lee'nj, a village of Russia, government, and 
 33 miles N. of Moscow, on the Voria. A treaty was con- 
 cluded here in 161S, between the Poles and Hussiaus. 
 
 DEURXE, dS'llR-'neh, a villaite of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, near the Peel Marsh, 5 miles E. of 
 llelmond. Pop. 3354. 
 
 DEUKNE, a village of Belgium, 2 miles E. of Antwerp. 
 Pop. 5100. 
 
 DEU.*LE5I0NT, durmix«'. a town of France, department 
 of Nord, 8 miles N.AV. of Lille. Pop. 2125. 
 
 DEUTICIIEM, do'te-KSra, or DOETICIIEM, doo'te-xJm, 
 a town of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the 
 Old Yssel. 16 miles E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1831: 
 
 DEUTSCIIBKOD. a town of Bohemia. See Brod. 
 
 DEUT.<CIIEXDl>RF. doitch'en-doKf \orPOPRAD, po^rld'. 
 a town of Northern Hungary, co. of Zips, 7 miles S.W. of 
 liesmarkt. Pop. 1370. 
 
 DEUTSCHES-BUND. See Germaxt. 
 
 DEUTSCH-HAUSE, doitch-hOw'zeh. (Moravian, Husowa, 
 hoo-so'v.i.) a town of Moravia, 10 miles N.N.E. of Olmutz, 
 Pop. 1002. 
 
 DEUTSCn-KRONE, doitch-knyneh, a town of West Prus- 
 sia on Lake Radnor. 61 miles W.N.W. of Posen. Pop. 3000. 
 
 DEUTSCHE AND. doitchaint. See Germany. 
 
 DEUTZ or DUYTZ, doits, (the Tui'lium of the Romans.) 
 a fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of 
 the Rhine, opposite Cologne, with which city it is united 
 by a bridge of lx>ats, at the head of the railway to Minden. 
 Pop. 3088. It has an ancient Benedictine abbey, and manu- 
 factures velvets and .silken fabrics. 
 
 DEUX'HILL, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 DEDX-PONTS. di:h'-pA><=', (Ger. ZwiOrUclen, tswi-brtik'- 
 ken, L. Biixtn'tium.) a town of Rhenish Bavaria, formerly 
 capital of an independent duchy, and, since 1814, of a dis- 
 trict and county, on the Erbach, near its confluence with 
 the Serre. 60 miles W. of Speyer. It is well built, and has 
 remains of an ancient ducal palace, a Lutheran cathedral, 
 C.ilviuist and Lutheran churches, a college, and manuf.ic- 
 tuivs of woollen cloths, leather, cotton, and tobacco. In the 
 vicinity are the ruins of a fine c.istle, built by Stanislaus, 
 King of Poland. Deux-Ponts, with its duchy, formed, from 
 1802 to 1814, an arrondissement of the French department 
 of Mont-Tonnerre. The French name Decx-Poxts. and the 
 German Zweibrcckex, both signifying '-two bridges," are 
 derived from the circumstance of its old castle being situated 
 between two bridges. Lat. 49° 10* X^ Ion. 7° 20' E. Pop. 
 abi)ut 7000. 
 
 DKUX-SEVRES, a department of France. See Sevres. 
 
 DEVA, d.Vvoh', (Ger. Diemrich, deem'ris, or Sciilossberg. 
 shloss'bSRO ; L. Decajfdlisf) a market-town of Transylrania, 
 CO. and 10 miles X. of Hunyad. on the Maros. Pop. 4000. 
 In the vicinitj' are a copper-mine .and paper mills. 
 
 DEVA, di'vi, a town of Spain, province of Guipuscoa, 
 with a small port on the Deva, near its mouth in the Bay of 
 Biscay. Pop. 2490. 
 
 DEVA or DEVA CASTR k. See Chester. 
 
 DEV AX. 4. Sea Aberdeen. 
 
 DEVAf>RAYAGA, ikisi-^n-ifgk, a town of Northern 
 Hindostan, in Gurhwal. reckoned holy to Hindoos a.s being 
 the place where the Bhagirathi and Alakanauda Rivers 
 unite to form the Ganges. It has an ancient temple, and 
 numemus stone houses Inhabited by Brahmins. 
 
 DEV'ENISIL an i.sland of Ireland, in Lough Erne, 2 miles 
 N.X.W.of EnniskiUen, containing some interesting remains 
 of ancient religious establishments. 
 
 DKVEMSH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Ferm.anagh. 
 
 DEVENTER or DEWENTER, dSv'en-ter or d-Vvftn-t^r, (L. 
 DaxvnHria.) an ancient and fortified city of Holland, province 
 of Overyssel, Smiles X.of Zutphen,on the Y.s.sel. The streets 
 are generally narrow, but the market-places large and wide. 
 Successive changes in the fortifications have reduced the 
 gates to seven. An extensive prospect is enjoyed from the 
 ramparts, but the favorite promenade is the Worp, on the 
 farther side of the Yssel, whose fine old linden-trees were 
 destroyed by the French in 1813, but it is now laid out 
 with great taste in the English garden style. The Town- 
 house is of great size; in it the .\thenicum" has its library. 
 Tlie Court-house and Prison are haudsoma structures, as is 
 
 also the Weigh-honse, a large, old, isblAted building. Tho 
 Reformed have two churches, the Lutherans one, the Meii- 
 nonltes one. and the Roman Catholics one : the Jews have 
 a sm.ill synagogue. Though no longer the thiid commer- 
 cial city of Holland, it still derives great advantages from 
 its harbor on the Yssel. It exports CoO.OOO pounds of but- 
 ter, and 305,000 Deventer cakes, annually; has. a royal 
 Turkey carpet manufactory, an iron foundry, a stocking 
 manufactory, and various other industrial establishments. 
 Among its public institutions are the gretit hospital for old 
 people, a burgher orphan-house, St. Elizabeth's Hospital for 
 the In-iiane, and four other hospitiils. including a military 
 one. The Athenieum comprises a drawing school, a leo- 
 ture-nxmi, and a hall for the Chemical and Physical Society. 
 There are also a Latin and an industrial school, with 500 
 scholars, a fine art* society, and natui-al history and chemi- 
 cal society, a department of the public utility society, and 
 one for the encouragement of industry, and eight other 
 schools, with 2200 scholars. Pop. in 1S50, 14.37 S, of whom 
 10.650 are Protestants, oOOO Roman Catholics, and 2S0 
 Jews ; in 1863, 17,257. 
 
 DEVERE.\UX, dJv'e-ro^a post-office of Herkimer co.. Xew 
 York. 
 
 DEA'EREAUX. a village of Hancock co- Georgia, IS miles 
 X.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 DEV'EUHILL LOXG'BRIDGE, a p.arish of England, co.of 
 Wilts. 
 
 DEVERHILL MOXCKTOX, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 DEV'EROX, a river of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and 
 Banff, enters the North Sea at Banff. Length, 40 miles. 
 
 DEVETSER, dAHJt-salR', or DEVECSER, diVvkh'aiR/. a 
 market-town of Hungary, 81 miles S.W.of Pesth. Pop, 2800. 
 
 DEV'ICOT'TA, a fort and seaport town of British India, 
 presidency of M.adras, district, and 60 miles N.E. of Tanjore. 
 
 DEVIL ISLAND, of Terra del Fuego, is in lat. 54° 58' SO" 
 S.. Ion. 69° 4' 50" W. 
 
 DEVIL LAKE. See Misniwakax. 
 
 DEVILLE-LES-ROUEN, daVeelMA-roo-ix<:', a viUage of 
 France, department of Seine-Inferieure, on the Cailly, 2 
 miles N.W. of Kouen. Pop. in 1852, 3884. It has uiauu£io- 
 tures of cotton cloths. 
 
 DEVIL'S, an island off the coast of French Guiana. Lat 
 5° 16' N., Ion. 52° 34' W. 
 
 DEVIL'S BA'SIN. the name given by Cook to a port In 
 Christmas Sound, Terra del Fuego. Lat. u"5° 10' S.. Ion. 70° W. 
 
 DEA"IL'S BRIDGE crosses the Reuss, in Switzerland, 
 canton of Uri, 16 miles S. of Altorf 
 
 DEVILS BIT MOUNTAINS, a mountain range of Ire- 
 land, in Munster, co. of Tipperary, extending S.W.and N.E, 
 for about 24 miles, and separating the l>aslns of the Shau* 
 non and Suir. Height. 2iJ84 feet. 
 
 DEVIL'S PE.\K. a mountain of South Africa. Cape Colony, 
 in lat. 33° 57' 12" S.. Ion. 18° 31' 45" E. Height, 3315 feet. 
 
 DEVIL'S PUNCH-Bt IWL. a small lake of Ireland, co. of 
 Kerry, near the summit of Mangerton Mountain, at an ele- 
 vation of between 2u00 and 3u00 feet above the sea-level. 
 
 DEVIZES, de-vl'ziz, (•• The Vize." or " Vies,''} a parliament- 
 ary and municipal borough and town of England, co. of Wilts, 
 on the Kennet and .\von Canal, 23 miles N .N.W. of Salisbury, 
 and 10 miles S.E. of the Chippenham station of the Great 
 Western Railway. Pop. iu 1851, 6554. It is built on an 
 eminence neai- the X. limit of Salisbury plain. The main 
 streets, branching from a large market-place, are spacious, 
 well paved and lighted. The princip.il buildings are 2 an- 
 cient churches, an endowed school and almshouse, a hand- 
 some town-hall and cross, large county jail, and a union 
 work-house. Devizes has numerous inns, having formerly 
 been a great halting-place on the Bath Road ; also mills for 
 silk-throwing, manufactures of snuff, malt, and, on Thurs- 
 day, one of the largest markets for corn in the W. of Eng- 
 land. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 DEVOCU (dee'vdk) AVATER, a lake of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland, 4| miles E. of Ravenglass, and formed by the 
 sources of a tributary of the Esk. .\rea, 300 acres. 
 
 DEV'OX, or DEVONSHIRE, dJvVnshir. (L. Devfinia.) a 
 county of England, forming part of its S.W. peninsula, and 
 having X. the Bristol Channel. E. the counties of Somerset 
 and niorset, S. the English Channel, and W. Cornwall. .A.rea, 
 2589 square miles, or 1,054,400 acre-s. of which about 1.2i.'0.000 
 acres are reported to be arable or in p;»sture, and upwards 
 of 300.000 waste. Pop. in 1851, 567.098. The surfitce is greatly 
 brokeu and diversified, but, except the wild, sterile tracts 
 Dartmoor and Exmoor, generally remarkable for fertility. 
 The vale of Exeter, and the district bordering on th« English 
 Channel, called the South Hiuiis. are especially beautiful and 
 rich. The principal rivers are the Exe, Dart, Tamar, J'aw, 
 Torridge, 'I'eign, and .4xe, the estuaries of most of which 
 form good h-wbors. The inlets of Torbay ani Plymouth 
 Sound are re.spectively upon its S.E. and S.W. sides. The 
 county is famed for its cider. The red Devon breed of cattle 
 is highly esteemed ; and Dartmore feeds large numliers of 
 small ponies. Mines of copper ,tnd tin are extensive. The 
 Great We.stern Railw.ay extends through the S. part of the 
 county, past Exeter to Plymouth. Capital, E\eter. Ply- 
 
DEV 
 
 DHA 
 
 mouth. Devonport, Tavistock, Tiverton, Rarnstaple, Iloniton, 
 rotiiet'S, Ashburton. and Dartmouth are the chief towns and 
 boroUjzhs, and toj;ether send 18 uiemliers to the House of 
 Commons. The county sends 2 for its X. and 2 for its S. di- 
 vision. It gives the title of duke to the Cavendish, and of 
 earl to the Courtney family. Adj. Devonian, de-vo'ne-an. 
 
 DKV'i^.V, a river of f^cotland, cos. of I'erth and Clackman- 
 nan, rises in the (khil Mountains, and joins the Forth near 
 Alloa. It ha.s remarkable falls near the village of Crook of 
 Devon, and its fine .scenery lias been celebrated by Burns. 
 
 DEVON, a postoffice of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 DEVON, NOKTU, a tract of the Arctic region. In North 
 America, Lit. 76° N.. Ion. from 80° to 92° W., having E. Baf- 
 fin's Bay, W. Wellington Strait, and S. Barrow Strait, sepa- 
 rating it from North Somerset. 
 
 DEVON I'OKT, d6v'9n-port, (until 1824 called PLYMOUTH 
 DOCK.) a parliament;iry and municipal borough, maritime 
 and fortified town, and naval arsenal of England, co. of 
 Devon, at its S.VV. extremity, on the E. shore of the estuary 
 of the Tamar, termed the Ilamoaze, 2 miles W.N.W. of Ply- 
 mouth. The borough comprises the parishes of Stoke-Da- 
 merel and East Stonehouse. Pop. in 18(jl, 04,798. The town 
 stands on high ground, and is enclosed by ramparts, de- 
 fended by various batteries. It is, however, as a naval ar- 
 senal, the largest by far in Great Britain, that Devonport 
 attracts attention, and from which it derives its chief ch.v 
 racteristics. The national works, constructed for govern- 
 ment purpo.ses, cover not less than 358 acres, comprising one 
 of the finest dock-yards in the world, and which will be 
 e^iualled in magnitude by another, now in process of forma- 
 tion, for the equipment of men-of-war steamers. The two 
 dock-yards will comprehend an area of about 150 acres. In 
 184S, 529 hands were employed in this yard, but as many 
 as 3000 have been .sometimes engaged here. Tlie principal 
 structures are the residence of the port admiral, the bar- 
 racks, the military hospital, chapels of ease, assembly-rooms, 
 theatre, and a Doric column erected on a height to comme- 
 morate the changing the name of tlie town. Devonport has 
 breweries, soap factories, and an e.xtensive trade in refitting 
 and victualling ships. It sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE. See Devox. 
 
 DEVKA-TABOOU, dAv'ri-tA-booR/, or DEBRA-TABOUR, 
 dJb'rd-ti-booR'. a populous town of Abyssinia, 35 miles E. of 
 Lake Dembe.a. in hit. 11° 55' N., Ion. 37° 45' E. 
 
 DE VKIGHI, devVee-ghee', (anc. Nicnp'olis ?) a town of Asi- 
 atic Turkey, pashalic, and 02 miles E. of Seevas, on the Egkin. 
 
 DEVYNOCK, de-vtin'ok, a village and parish of Wales, co. 
 of Brecknock, 7 miles W. of Brecknock. 
 
 DEWA. a river of Hindostan. See Googra. 
 
 DEW ANGARY. deeNvdn-gA'ree, a populous village of Boo- 
 tan, 2100 feet above the sea, and having several Boodhic 
 temples. 
 
 Dl-rWASS', a town of India, province of Malwah, 23 miles 
 S.E. of Oojein. It is the capital of a rajahship, under Bri- 
 tish protection. 
 
 DEWCHURCH, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 DEW'CHURCH, MUCH, a parish of England, co. Hereford. 
 
 DEWEXTER, a town of Holland. See Deventer. 
 
 DE WITT', a county in the S. central part of Texas, 
 contains 968 square miles. It is drained by the Guadalupe 
 River. The surface of the uplands is rolling and highly pic- 
 turesque, and the soil is fertile, especially in the vicinity of 
 the Guadalupe. The population is sparse, but increasing 
 rapidly. Named in honor of De Witt, an empresario. under 
 the Mexican government, of what was termed De Witt's co- 
 lony. Capital, Clinton. Pop. 5108; of whom 3465 were 
 free. 
 
 DE WITT, a county in the central part of Illinois, con- 
 tains about 450 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of Salt Creek, an affluent of the Sangamon River. 
 The surface is generally level, and diversified by prairies 
 and forests of good timber; the soil is highly productive, 
 and easily cultivated. Stone co.al is found. The county is 
 intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad. The name Wiia 
 given in honor of De Witt Clinton, governor of New York. 
 Capital, Clinton. Pop. 10,820. 
 
 DE WITT, a post-village and township of Onondaga co.. 
 New York, on the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, and on the 
 Erie Can!U,4 or 5 miles E of Syracuse. Pop. 3043. 
 
 DE WlTT, a thriving post-village of De Witt townsliip, 
 Clinton county, Micliigan, on the Looking-glass River, 8 
 miles N. of Lansing. The river furnishes water-power, 
 which gives motion to several mills. P. of township, 1139. 
 DE WITT, a post-village of De Witt co., Illinois, 60 miles 
 E.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 DE WITT, a post-village of Carroll co., Missouri, on the 
 
 N. bank of the Missouri River, 85 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 DE WITT, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Iowa, 70 
 
 miles E.N.E. of Iowa City, and 4 miles N. of the Wapsipini- 
 
 con River. Pop. 2261. See Appenwx. 
 
 DE WITT LAND, a region of Australia, on its N.W. coast, 
 \)etw een Ion. 120° and 12:5° E., opposite Dampier Archipelago, 
 discovered by De Witt in 1628. 
 
 DE WITT'S ISLANDS, off the S. coast of Van Diemen's 
 Land. l)etween South Cape and South-west Cape. 
 
 DE WITT'S VALLEY, a villageofAUeghanvco.. New York. 
 
 DE WITT'VILLE, a post-office, Chautiiuqu.-i co.. New York. 
 
 DE\\*ITTVILLE, a post-village of Canada Ea.st. co. ol 
 Beauharnois, 50 miles S. of Montreal. It contains several 
 stores, saw and carding mills. Pop. about 150. 
 
 DEW'USH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 DEW'S.\H, a considerable town of Western Hindostan, 32 
 miles E. of Jevpoor. enclosed by a wall. 
 
 DKWSALL,"a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 DEWSBURY, dewz'ber-e, a market and manufacturing 
 town, parish and township of England, co. of York, Mest 
 Riding, on the Calder, 8 miles S.S.VV. of Leeds, and having a 
 Stat ion on the Manchesterand lA'eds Railway, 7 miles W..\.\V. 
 of Wakefield. Pop. of parish, in 1851, 28.1U.S. The town lies 
 low, but has some good streets and stone houses, .in d it is well 
 paved and lighted. It has a free school, a mechanics' institute, 
 branch banks, a blanket-hall, with large and thriving manu- 
 factures of blankets, carpets, and other low woollen fabrics, 
 made from refuse woollen rags re-spun. More than 31.00 
 persons are engaged in the manufactures of the place. The 
 Calder Navigation connects the town with Hull and Liver- 
 pool. Pop. of town, in 1851, 14,051. 
 
 DEX/TER, a post-village and township of Penobscot co,, 
 Maine, 70 miles E. by N. of Augusta. The village, situated 
 on an affluent of the Sebasticook, is one of the most flour- 
 ishing in the county. It contains 4 churches, a newspaper 
 office, a high school, a lyeeum and libniry, 20 stores, a la rge 
 hotel, gas-ligkt company, Ac. The alx)ve stream affords ex- 
 cellent water-power, which is here employed for 4 large 
 woollen factories, an iron foundry, machine shop, planing 
 machine, Girding and cloth-dressing mill, an extensive tan- 
 nery, several shingle m.achines, 2 saw mills, and other esta- 
 blishments. The above employ about 300 luinds. Imme- 
 diately N. of the village there is an extensive floating bridge 
 across the neck of a large pond. Pop. of the village, about 
 800 ; of the township, 2363. 
 
 DEXTER, a post-village of Brownsville town.ship. Jeffer- 
 son CO., New York, at the entrance of Black River into I,;ika 
 Ontario, about 7 miles W. of Watertown. It contains i 
 a number of manufactories and saw mills, and has a land- 
 ing place for steamboats, and imported merchandise. Dexter 
 being a port in the collection district of S.ackett's Harlior. 
 
 DKX'TER, a thriving post-village of Scio township. Wash- 
 •tenaw co., Michigan, on the Michigan Central Railroad, at 
 the confluence of Mill Creek with Huron River, 50 miles W 
 by N. of Detroit. It is abundantly supplied with watei* 
 power, and has several mills. Pop. 850. 
 
 DEX'TERVILLE, a village of Chautauqua co..New York, 
 at the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, about 18 miles S.E. of 
 Maysville. Pop. 358. 
 
 DEYNZE or DEYNSE, din'zeh. (anc. Donfta?) a town of 
 Belgium, province of East Flanders, 9 miles S.W. of Ghent, 
 on the Lys, and near the railway between Ghent and Cour- 
 traL Pop. 3ai0. 
 
 DP.Yl'AULPOOR, di^pawrpooR/ or drpawPpoor', a town 
 of Hindostan, 22 miles N.W. of Indore, having about 1000 
 houses. 
 
 DEYRAH, a town of Ilindostjin. See Dehua. 
 
 DEYUZE, dA'Uz', a town of Belgium, province of Ea.st 
 Flanders, on the Lys, and the Ghent and Courtrai Railway, 
 9 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 3630. It has celebrated manu- 
 factures of gin. 
 
 DEZA, dA/thS. a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 35 miles S.E. 
 of Soria, on a rugged hill. Pop. 1424. 
 
 DEZKOOL, DEZFUL, or DEZI'HOUL, dJz'fool'. written 
 .also DIZ'FOUL', DESFOUL.and DESFUL. a town of Persia, 
 province of Khoozistan, in which it is now the principal 
 mart, on the Dezfool River, (Coprates.) here crossed by a fine 
 bridge of 22 arches, 32 miles W.N.W. of Shooster. Pop. 
 15.000. (?) It is not so well built as Shooster; and from the 
 inferior size of its tazajir, the merch.Tnts expose their goods 
 for sale in private dwellings or caravanserais. Near it are 
 many mound.s. evidently of Sassanian origin. It has ruins 
 of ancient buildiniis. and Mr. Layard suppo.ses that here was 
 the site of the "Castle of Oblivion," in which Shahpoor con- 
 fined the .\rmenian king, Arsaces II. 
 
 DHAFAlt, a town of Arabia. See Dhofar. 
 
 DHALAK, dd'iak'or dhiMdk', or DAHALAK, di-htlikj 
 (anc. Orinef) an island in the Red Sea, 25 miles E. of Mas.so- 
 wah. in Abyssinia, 23 miles in length from N. to S.,by 15 iu 
 breadth. Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in a coral 
 fishery. On its S. coast is the village of Dhalak. Several 
 small islands near it are called the Dhalak Isl.ixris. 
 
 DHAMIE, dJ'niee'. oneof the Sikh .states of North-western 
 Hindostan. S. of the Sutlej, protected by the British. Pop 
 3000. Tt has an armed force of 100 men. 
 
 DHAMONEE. d^'mo-nee'. or DH AMANT, d^'niR'nee'. a for- 
 tified town of India. d(iniinions,and 1 50 miles S.S.E. of Gwaltor. 
 
 DHAR, <1aR, or DHARANUGOUR. dSVa-nlig'gtir. a city 
 of Central Hindostan. capital of a rajpoot state of 1460 square 
 miles. 32 miles W.S.W. of Indore. Elevation, 1908 feet. 
 
 DHARWAR. See Darwar. 
 
 DHAWALAGHIRI, da-wilVgher'ree, a lofty peak of th« 
 
DHO 
 
 Himalaya Mountains, in Northpm Hindostan, formerly 
 sn]>|Hised to be thecniniinating point of the earth's purfaoe, 
 between Xepaul and Thibet, in lat. 29° X., Ion. 82° oC E. 
 t'stiinnted elevaticu, 2S.ri00 feet. See Himalayas. 
 
 DHOF.ill or DJF.AU, doYaR'. written also DHAF'AR, for- 
 merly a celebrated city of Yemen, said by Arab writers to 
 biive lieen the residence of most of the kinirs of that coun- 
 try. This w as probably the Sapphara metropolis of Ptolemy, 
 and Supliar-He^a of i'liny. 
 
 UIKtLK.\, dol'kd or d'holl^i a town of Ilindostan, presi- 
 deiiov of Br-mbav. 20 miles W.S.W. of Kaira. 
 
 PIIOLPOOR, (iarpooK/, a town of Hindostan, 34 miles S.E. 
 Df A'jcra. 
 
 DnO;)RCATEE, dooR^kJ/tee' or d'hoor'kS-tee', the smallest 
 of the .Sikh States, in Xorth-western Ilindostan, protected by 
 the British. Pop. 200. 
 
 DIIDOKWYE, dooaVi', asmall rajahshipof India, in Bun- 
 delinind. under British protection. J'op. SOOO. 
 
 DUUlUHj-MPOOKKE. drir'rum-poo'ree, a decayed town of 
 Hindostan, province of Malwah, on the Xerbudda, in lat. 22° 
 10' X.. Ion. 76° 26' E. 
 
 DI.VBLERETS. de'Jb'leh-ri', a remarkable mountain of 
 Switzerland, in the Bernese Alps, between the cantons of 
 Bern and Valais. Ileijiht above the sea, 1U.190 feet. 
 
 DI.\DIX, dee-d'deen'. a town of Turkish .\rmenia. pashalic, 
 and 25 miles W.X.W. of B.iyazeed. on the Xorth Branch of 
 the Kuphrates. It has a larsre ruined fort, and was, until 
 lately, a place of some importance. 
 
 DIALA, dee-daa. or DI YALAII. deeVdlSh. a rirer of Asiatic 
 Turkey, an atfluent of the Ti:zris. formed by the junction of 
 the Shirvan, Ilolwan, and various other intermediate 
 streams, all flowing from the mountains of Kirmanshah. It 
 is supposed to coincide with the ancient Gi/ndes. 
 
 DlALItJUKLY. dee-4'lee-g.iaee. a viUa<re of Western Af- 
 rica, in the Bondoo cotintry, on the Fsileme, in lat. 14° 36' 
 N., Ion. 12° 10' W. 
 DI'AL'S CREEK, a post-office of Oranpte CO.. North Carolina. 
 DI.AMAXT, dee'.i^mSx"', a town of the French colony of 
 Martiniiiue, in the Antilles, on the S. coast of the island, 8 
 miles S.S.E. of Fort Royal, near the Morne dc Diamant, a 
 volcanic mountain 1.56S feet in elevation. Pop. 15.34. 
 
 DI.\>I.\XTK. de-i-mln'tA, a coast-town of Xaples. province 
 of Calal)ria Citra, 30 miles X.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 1700. 
 
 BIA.MAXTIXA. de-d-man-tt^na. formerly TE.IUCO. ti- 
 ihoo'ko, a flourishins modern city of Brazil, province of Mi- 
 nas-Geraes, capital of the diamond district, situated in a val-' 
 ley surrounded by hiirh mountains. 220 miles X.X.E. of 
 Ouro-Preto, 5700 feet ab'we the level of the sea. It was 
 erected into a city in 1S31. It is built in the form of an 
 amphitheatre. The streets are wide and paved. Pop. about 
 6000. Its district comprises several villages and a popula- 
 tion of 14.000. 
 
 DIAMA.XTIXA, atown of Brazil, in the province of Matto- 
 Grosso, at the confluence of the rivers Ouro and Diaman- 
 tino. 70 miles X.X.W. of Cuyalta. Pop. 4500. The Rio Dia- 
 MA.NTixo, (•• Diamond River.'') so called from the valuable 
 diamonds found in its ba^in. was discovered in 1728. Tlie 
 Spanish government closed the district, in order to monopo- 
 lize the gold and diamonds, which led to an extensive emi- 
 jrration in 1749. The present town of Diamantina occupies 
 the site of the old village of .\lta Paraguai-Diamantina. 
 
 DIAMAXTE. de-a-mln'tA. XEUQUE. n^'oo-ki, or XEU- 
 GUE.V, nJ'oo-ghJn'. a large riverof the Argentine Republic, 
 (La Plata.) an affluent of the Rio Xegro. having its sources 
 on the E. slopes of the Chilian Andes, about lat. 36° 16' S., 
 Ion. 70° W. Its whole course is aliout 170 miles. 
 
 DIAMOXD GROVE, a post-village in Brunswick co., A'ir- 
 ginia. Sfi miles S.S.AV. of Richmond. 
 DIAMOXD GROVE, a post-ofiice of Jasper co.. Missouri. 
 DIAMOXD (di'mond! HARBOR. British India, presidency 
 of Btnixal. is in the river Hoogly. -34 miles below Calcutta, 
 with which it communicates by a good road. 
 
 DIAMOXD HILL, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 DIA^IOXD HILL, a postxjfHce of Anson co., North Caro- 
 lina. 154 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 DIAMOXD HILL, a postoffice of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DIAMOXD ISLAXD. British India. Burmese dominions. 
 Is in the estuary of the Rassain River, 12 miles S.E. of Cape 
 NeRrals. It nlK>unds with turtles. 
 
 DIAMOXD MILLS.a village of Indiana co.. Pennsylvania, 
 on Two Lick Creek. 58 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of Pitts- 
 burg, has 1 foundry and 2 mills. Pop. about 150. 
 
 DIAMOXD P.>IXT. of Sumatra. Imunds VV. the Strait of 
 MtUcca. Lat. ^° 16' X.. Ion. 97° 40* E. 
 
 DIAMOXD RIVER, a small stream of Coos co., in the N. 
 part of Xew Hampshire, falls into Dead River. 
 
 DIAMPER. de-am-paiii/. a town of Hindostan, in Travan- 
 eore, 14 miles E. of Cochin, in lat. 9° 5fi' X., Ion. 7«° 29* E. 
 
 DIAXA. dl-an'a. a post-township of Lewis co., New York, 
 45 mlli-s .S. of Ogdensburg. Pop. 1483. 
 
 DIAXA MILLS, a post-village of Buckingham CO., Virginia, 
 on '^late River, 75 mi'es W. of Richmond. 
 DIAXICM. SeaDESu, 
 606 
 
 DID 
 
 DIAXO. de-2'no. a town of Naples, province of Pnncipato 
 Citra. in the A"al-diDiano, ou the Calore, 45 miles from Sv 
 lerno. Pop. 5000. 
 
 DIANO-MAIUXO, de-il'no-ma-ree'no. a town of the Sardi- 
 nian States, division of Xice. 1^ miles N.of Oneglia Pop. 2538. 
 DIAXO DALBA, de-d/no dil'ba. (ancDiti'iiium Alhen>xium 
 P>mp'Jano>rumr) a town in Piedmont, of Sardinian States, 
 31 miles S. of Alba. Pop. -2000. 
 
 DlARBEKIR.dee'an'be-keeR'.orDIARBEKR.dee-an'bfkr, 
 a city of .Asiatic Turkey, capital of a pashalic of its own 
 name, is situated near the Tigris, in lat. -37° 55' 30" X.. Ion. 
 39° 52' E. Pop. about 8000 fSimilies. cniefly Turks and Ar- 
 menians. It is enclosed by a vast wall of dark stone, is sulv 
 stantially built, and has a citfldel. seme cotton and silk looms?, 
 and copiier-works ; but its manufactures have of late mate 
 rially diminished. It is the .see of a Chaldean patriarch. 
 
 DIARBEKIR or DIARBEKlt.a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey 
 forming the W. part of Turkish .Vmienia. mostly between 
 lat. 37° and 39°X.. and Ion. 38° and 42° E., having X.W. and 
 S. the Euphrates, separating it fi-om the pashalics of Ei-z- 
 room. .Seevas. Marash. and Damascus, and E. the pashalics 
 of Van and Koordistan. Its centre is traversed by the Upper 
 Tigris. The chief cities are Diarbekir, Oorfah, and Mardeen. 
 DI'.AS CREEK, a post-offlce of Cape May co., Xew .lersey. 
 DIiyBLEVILLE. a village near the X.E. corner of Livings- 
 ton CO.. Michi^n, about 51 miles X.W. of Detroit. 
 DIB'DFIX, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 DIlVERTSVl LLE. a post-office, Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 DIBIO. See Duoy. 
 
 DIBOXG. dee'bong'. a river of Thibet, one of the head 
 streams of the Brahmapootra, joins the Dihong in 27° 45' N. 
 lat.. and 95° 10' E. Ion. 
 
 DICE'S I1F;AD. a point or cape at the entrance of Castine 
 Harbor, Maine. On it is a fixed light. 116 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 44° 21' X.. Ion. 68° 45' 30" W. 
 
 DICKELVEXNE.dik'-kel-vJnn'. a vilLige of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on* the Scheldt. Pop. 1632. 
 
 DICK'EXSOXVILLE. a post-office of Russell co., Virginia, 
 340 miles AV. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 DICK'ERSOX VI LLE. a post-offlce of Niagara co.. New York. 
 DICK'EYVILLE. a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin, 
 alKiut 21 miles N.X.M'. of Galena. 
 
 DICKIXSOX. a new county in the N.W. part of Iowa, bor- 
 dering on Minnesota, has an area of about 4.30 sijuare miles. 
 It is intersected by the OkolKiji River, a branch of the Little 
 Sioux River. It has several small lakes, the principal of 
 which is Spirit I^ke. Named in honor of Senator Dickin- 
 son of X'ew York. Pop. ISO. 
 
 DICKIXSOX. a post-\illage and township of Franklin Co., 
 New York.on Racket River, 16 miles S.W. of Malone. P.1917. 
 DICKIX.SOX, a post-office. Cumlierland co.. Pennsylvania. 
 DICKI.NSOX. a post-village of Franklin co., Virginia, dm) 
 miles W.S.AV. of Richmond. 
 DICKIXSOX COLLEGE. Pennsylvania. See Carusle. 
 DICKIXSOX'S LAXDIXG. a post-village of Canada West, 
 CO. of Stormont, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, at ths 
 head of Cornwall Canal. 90 miles S.W. of Montreal. In 1851 
 6934 vessels (tons 526.210) passed down this canal. The vil- 
 lage contains churches of 4 denominations. 6 or 7 stores, 
 several factories and mills, and has a collector of customs. 
 A ferry crosses the river here to Messina, in New York 
 Pop. 700. 
 DICK .TOTIXSON. a township of aav CO.. Indiana. P. 1222. 
 DICKLEBURGH, dik'el-burg, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 DICK'SBURG. a villaire in Knox co.. Indiana, on the N. 
 hank of the West Fork of White River, 14 miles S. of Vin- 
 cennes. 
 
 DICK'SOX. a county in the N.N'.W. part of Tennessee, 
 has an area estimated at 050 sjuare miles. It is drained by 
 Harpeth River, and other affluents of Cumlierland River, 
 which washes its X.E. border. The surface is undulating; 
 the soil moderately fertile. Capital, Charlotte. Pop.99S2; 
 of whom 7781 were free, and 2201 slaves. 
 
 DICK'S RIVER, a small stream of Kentucky, rises in 
 Rockcastle co . and flowing X.W., enters the Kentucky River 
 10 miles X.E. of Ilarrodsburg. 
 
 D1C0M.\X0. de-ko-mi'no. (anc. Deaimahmm *) a town of 
 Tuscany. IS miles X.E. by E. of Florence, at the confluence 
 of the Dicomano with the Sieve. Pop. 1480. 
 
 DlD.'iM. deMilm'. or DIEM, deem, a village of the X'etber- 
 lands, province of Gelderland. 13miles S. of Zutphen. P. 2100. 
 DID'BROOKE. a parish of Ensrl.and. co. of Gloucester. 
 DIIVCOT .lUNCn'IOX. a station on the Great Western 
 Railway. England, co. of Berks. 53 miles M'. of London. 
 
 DID'DEH. a large .and thriving village of Western .\frica 
 Bondoo country, situated ne;ir the Fal6m6 River, in lat. IS" 
 52' X.. Ion. 1-2°1S'W. 
 DIIVDIXOTOX. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 DID'DLEBURY, a |miish of England, co. of Stilop. 
 DIIVLTNG. a parish of Eii-jland. co. ot Su.ssex. 
 DID'LIXOTOX, a jiarUh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 DID'MARTON. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 DI'DO. a post-office of Choctaw co.. Mi.ssi.ssii>pi. 
 DIDS'BUKY, a chtipelry of England, co. of Lancaster 
 
DIE 
 
 DTE, dee, (ane. Ma or Dc'a Vocrmtii^rum.) a walled town 
 of France, department of Drdme, on the riirht bank of the 
 Drome, 2H miles K.S.E. of Valence. Pop. in 1852, 3928. It 
 ha.<i uianufaetures of silks, paper, and leather. 
 
 DIliHURO, deeTu<SORo\ a town of Central Germany, in 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Gersprenz,9 miles E.N.K. of Darm- 
 stadt. Pop. 3100! It is defended by a strong castle. 
 
 DIKDKKl'IN. a village of Holland. See Dieren. 
 
 DIEDITZ.. dee'dits. or DI KDICE. de-A-tleef sA, a town of 
 Moravia. Hi miles E.N.E. of IJriinn, on the Hanna. Pop. 1.366. 
 
 DIKGO, de-:l'go or dee'go, a bay of Anegada, in the West 
 Inrtios. 
 
 DIEGO ALVAREZ. See GoucH Islam*. 
 
 DIEGO GARCIA, de-3'.sro jraH-see'J. the most S. of the Mai- 
 dive Islands, in the Indian Ocean, with an excellent harbor- 
 
 DTEGO SAURIEZ, de-A'jro s5Ve-A'. or BRITISH SOUND, a 
 fine harbor, near the N. extremitv of Madagascar. Lat. (N. 
 point) 12° 13' 4S" S.. Ion. 49° 2.3' .'iO" E. 
 
 DIEGO R.\>!IREZ. de-A'co rJmee'rJs. an island group in 
 the Sonth Pacific, 60 miles S.W. of Capo Horn. Lat. 56° 26' 
 S.. Inn. 6S° 44' W. 
 
 DIEKIRfH, dee1;66RK. a town of the Netherl.Tnds. prn- 
 ■vince. and 18 miles N. of Lnxembonrg. on the Sure. P. 3000. 
 
 DI KLtil, de-^l'lee. a fortified town of the island of Timor, 
 on the N. coast, capital of the Portuguese goTerument of 
 Dielli. and residence of the governor. 
 
 DIEL.SDORE. decls'doRf. a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 8 miles N.X.W. of Zurich. Pop. 642. 
 
 DIEM EL, dee'mel, a river of Central Germany, in Prus- 
 gla, M'estphalia and Hesse-Cassel. joins the Werra 24 miles 
 N. of Cassel, after a N.E. ooui-se of 50 miles, past the towns 
 of St.adtberg and Reinhardtswald. 
 
 DI KM R ICH, a town of Transylvania. See Deva. 
 
 DIEXVILLE, de-^NoVeel', a town of France, department 
 of Aube, 13 miles N.W. of 15.ir-sur-Aute. Pop. 12n4. 
 
 DlEl'ENUEK. dee'pen-bik', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Limbourg. and 3 miles S.E. of Ila.sselt. Pop. 2508. 
 
 DIEI'ENIIEIM, dee'pen-hlme", or DIEPEN. dee'pen, a 
 town of Holland, province of Overyasel, 17 miles E. by S. 
 of Deventer. Pop. 13S9. 
 
 DIEl'HOLZ, deep'hAlts\ a town of Hanover, capital of a 
 county, CO miles W.N.W. of Hanover, on the Hunte. Pop. 2523. 
 
 DIEPPE, dyipp or de-5pp', a seaport town of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-Inferieure. at the moxjth of the Arriues. 
 at the W. terminus of the Rouen and Dieppe Railroad, on 
 the English Channel, and 33 miles N. of Rouen. Lat. of 
 lighthouse, 49° 55' 7" N., Ion. 1° 5' 2" E. Pop. in 1S52, 17.669. 
 It is divided into the town proper, and the suburb le PoUet, 
 which communicate by a flying bridge, both being well fur- 
 nished with water from an aqueduct supplying nearly 200 
 fountains. The principal edifices are an old castle on a 
 cliff W. of the town, 2 churches, the town-hall, commercial 
 college, theatre, public library, baths, and a school of navi- 
 gation. The port, enclosed by 2 jetties, and bordered by 
 quays, can accommodate from 60 to 80 vessels under 600 
 tons; but it dries at low water, and is otherwise inconve- 
 nient. Dieppe has an active general trade, ship building 
 docks, manufactures of ivory wares, watches, lace, &c.. and 
 is a packet station, communicating daily by steambo.ats 
 with Brighton, the traffic having increased considerably 
 since the opening of the Paris and Rouen Railway. Among 
 the imprjrts of 1*^52. were 22,9S4 tons of coal from Newcastle. 
 Dieppe is the chief watering-place of Fr.ance. and is much fre- 
 quented by visiters in summer, but .still more towards 
 autumn, during the recess of the legislature, and vacation 
 of the colleges and government offices at Paris. It was 
 once the principal port of Franc^ and its Inhabitants were 
 distinguished f^r thi'ir enterprise. It was bombarded and 
 much dam.aged by the English and Dutch combined fleet in 
 1694. It owes much to the Duchess de Berri, who first made 
 it fashionable as a bathini: place. 
 
 DIEREX, dee'ren, properly DIEDEREX, dee'der-en, a vil- 
 lage of Holland, province of Gelderland, in the Veluwe, 9 
 miles N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1300. 
 
 DIERSBURG, deers'bOoRG, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Ifhine. on a mountain slope. Pop. 1100. 
 
 DIERSDORF, deers'doRf. a town of Rhenish Prussia, 14 
 miles X.N.K. of Coblentz. on the VViedbach. Pop. 1400. It 
 has a fine castle, and manufiictures of woollen cloths, linens, 
 and leather, 
 
 DIES, a river of Holland. See DiEZE. 
 
 DIESBACH. OBER, o'ber dees^bdE. a village of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 11 miles S.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish. 5915. 
 
 DIESBACH, UXTER. SOn'ter dee.s'bdK a village of Swit- 
 Berland. canton of Bern. Pop. 1330. 
 
 DIESE, a river of Holland. Sea Diezk. 
 
 DI ESSEN, dees'sen, a market-town of Upper Bavaria, on 
 Lower -\mmer, 13 miles S.E. of Landsberg. Pop. 1330. 
 
 DIESSEX. a scattered but prettily situated village of Hol- 
 land, province of Xorth Brabant, 15 miles S.W. of Bois le 
 Due. on the Diesse. Pop. 540. 
 
 DIESSEXHOFEX, dees'seii-ho'fen. a town of Switzerland, 
 canton of Thurgau, on the'left bank of the Rhine, ok miles 
 E. of SchafChausen. Pop. 1517, mostly Protestants. 
 
 DIEST, deest, a walled town of Belgium, province of South 
 
 DIG 
 
 Brabant, on the Demer. and 17 miles N.E. of Louvain. Pop. 
 7720. It has manufactures of wof«llens and hosiery. Diest 
 was once a feudal barony, of which the princes of Orange 
 were lords. It was taken by Marlborough in 1705. 
 
 DIETHXHEI.M. dee'ten-hime\ a town of Wtlrtemberg. cir 
 cle of Danube, on the ll'ler. 15 miles N.E. of Biberach. P:p 
 1251. It h.as a fine church, and ruins of a casti-- 
 
 DIETFURT. dect/fCORt, a town of Bavir::i. .ircio ot Unper 
 Palatinate, on the Lvidwigs Canal, at thir mouth of the Alt 
 miihl, 23 miles W. Ratisbon. Pop. 957. 
 
 DIETFURT, a village of Bavaria, circle of :>fiddle Fran- 
 conia. on the Altmilhl, 2 miles X.W. of Pappenheim. 
 
 DIETIGHEIM, dee'tio-hime', or DITTIlJlIIOI.M. dif/tio- 
 hlme\ a village of Eadeu. circle of Lower Rhine, on the Tau- 
 ber, 1 mile S. of Bischofeheim. Pop. 9S9. 
 
 DIETIKON, dee'te-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 8 miles W,X.W. of Zurich. Several contests took place 
 here in 1799 between the French and Russians, generally to 
 the advantage of the former. Pop. lOiJO. 
 
 DIETLIXGEX, deet/ling-gn, a villiiire of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine, 12 miles S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1340. 
 
 DIET WEIL, GROSS, groce deet'wile, a village and pa- 
 rish of Switzerland, canton, and 8 miles N.N.E. of Lucerne. 
 Pop. 2297. 
 
 DIhTZKXB.\CH, deet'sen-b3K\ a village of Hesse-Darn>- 
 Btadt. province of Starketiburg, about 7 miles E. of Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main. Pop. 1239. 
 
 DIEU, an island on the W. coast of Fi-ance. See Ti.e-d'Yeu. 
 
 DIEU-LE-FIT, de-uh'-leh-fee. a town of France, department 
 of Drome, in a mountainous district, 17 miles E. of ilonte- 
 limart. Pop. in 1852, 4222. It has Rom.an Catholic and 
 Protestant churches, a model Protestant school, manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloths, earthenwares, and gla.ss. In the 
 town are 2 acidulated springs, and 2 miles N.E. is a curious 
 stalactitic cave called •' 'J'om-.Jones." 
 
 DIEULOUARD. de-uh'loo-aii'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Meurthe. 10 miles N.N.W. of Xancy. I'op. 14:j0. 
 
 DIEUZE, de*uz', (anc. De/cem Pa>gi.) a town of France, de- 
 p.artmeut of Meurthe, 9 miles E. of ChateauSalins. Pop. 
 3St)3. It is enclosed by walls, and has a large church, 2 
 hosi)itals. manufactures of linen cloth, hosiei-y. hats, and 
 soda. A mine in the vicinity yields annually 5000 tons of 
 rock salt. 
 
 DIEZ or DIETZ, deets, a town of Germany, 10 miles N.E. 
 of Nassau, on the Aar. at its mouth in the Lahn. Pop. 
 2204. It consists of an old and a new town, and has an an- 
 cient castle, used as a house of correction. 2 churches and a 
 school of horticulture. Three miles from the town is the 
 castle of Oi'anienburg, (o-rl'ne-gn-ljOoRO,) the residence of 
 the Dukes of Nassau. 
 
 DI EZK. DI ESE, dee'zeh. or DIES. decs, a river of Holland, 
 province of Xorth Bralirant. formed by the junction of the. 
 Aa and the Dommel, and falls into the Meuse. 
 
 DIl-'FXAXE (diff'ndn') ISLAND, in tlie Red Sea, one cf 
 the Dlialak group. Si miles from the nearest shore. 
 
 DIG'ISY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 DIGBY, a village of Xova Scotia, on Annapolis Harbor. 
 11 miles S.W. of Annapolis. A steamboat )ili"S regularly 
 between this port and St. John's. Xew Brunswick. 
 
 DIGBY, a county in the W.S.W. extremity of Nova Sco- 
 tia, bordering on the Atlantic. Brials Island, and a re- 
 markalile headland called Digby Neck, encloses St. Mary's 
 Bay on the N.W. The surface is extremely diversified with 
 mountains, valleys, and lakes, the last of which give rise 
 to several considerable rivers. Copper and silver ores are 
 found in the county. The underlying rock consists of dif- 
 ferent colored sandstones of the coal measures. Capital, 
 Digby. Pop. in 1851, 12,252. 
 
 DIGBY', a seaport-town of Nova Scotia, capital of Digby 
 county, is situated on the N. shore of the neck of the same 
 name, about 110 miles W. of Halifax. This is one of the 
 principal seats of the fisheries, and the herrings of Digby 
 have obtained a wide celebrity for their excellence. Pop., 
 consisting of Hessians, American refugees, and French, 
 about ftiO. 
 
 DIGGES ISLANDS, a group of three small islands in the 
 .\rctic Ocean, on the S.W. side of Hudson's Strait. Lat. 02° 
 37' X., Ion. 74° 18' ^V. 
 
 DIG'GERS. a name applied to various tiibes of miserable 
 and degraded Indians in Oregon and California, who subsist 
 on roots, which they dig out of the earth, and on insects, 
 lizards, Ac. 
 
 DIGHTON. dl'ton. a post-township of Bristol co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the W. side of Taunton River, 35 miles S. by AV 
 ofBcston. Pop. 1733. 
 
 DIGX.\XO, deen-yd'no. a town of Illyria. in Tstria, 48 
 miles S.S.E. of Triest, pleasantly situated on an eminence 
 about 3 miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 3600. It has a ca- 
 thedral and 2 monasteries. 
 
 DIGX E. deeSi, (anc. Di'nia.) a walled town of France, capital 
 of the department of Basses-Alpes, on a hill side near the 
 left bank of the Bleone, 55 miles X.E. of .4.ix. Pop. in 1SS2. 
 4781. It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, courts of assize 
 atid commerce, a public library, tanneries, and trade in 
 prunes, almonds, corn, hemp, and cattle. 
 
 567 
 
DIG 
 
 DIN 
 
 DfGOA. See Dekgoa. . 
 
 D/ GOIX. tlef'gwlNo', (smcDenegonHium f) a town of France, 
 department of t-aOue-et^Loiie, on the Loire, at the entrance 
 of the ( anal du Centre, 14 miles W. of CharoUes. I'op. in lsd2, 
 32yl It h;is manufactures of earthenware, and trade in salt. 
 
 DIGS'AVELL, a parish of England, eo., of Herts. 
 
 DIGUK, La, Id deeg, an island of the Seychelles Archi- 
 pelago, in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 4° 21' 12" S., Ion. 55° 55' 
 16" K. 
 
 DIIION'G, dee'hong', the great western stream forming the 
 Brahmapootra Kiver, in tart her India, which br«aks through 
 the Himalayas, near lat. 2S° 15' N., Ion. 95° 10' E., and has 
 been supposed identical with the San-poo, in Thibet. See 
 
 BRAHMAI'OOTRA. 
 
 DIJON, due'zhAxo', (anc. Dib/inor Div'io,)a.nyero{ France, 
 capital of the department of Coto-d'Or. at the confluence of 
 the Ouche and S^uaon, on the Caual of Burgundy, (Canal de 
 Bourgogne,) and on the railway from Paris to Lyons. ICO 
 miles S.K. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 32,252. It is enclosed by 
 ramparts, and has many tine public walk.s, and beautiful en- 
 virons. The chief public buildings are a palace of the princes 
 of Conde, a castle built by Louis XI. and XI 1., and serving 
 for barrai^ks, the town-hall, prefecture, a large old court- 
 house, a theatre, hospitals, prisons, and an orphan asylum. 
 It has 2 public libraries, one containing 40.000 volumes with 
 MSS., a cabinet of natural history, a national court for the 
 departments of COte-d'Or, llaute-Marne. and Sijone-et-Loire, 
 courts of assize and commerce, an acadeinie unirersituire. 8 
 colleges, .schools of medicine and the tine arts, and a botanic 
 garden. It has manufactures of linen, cotton, and woollen 
 fabrics, hats, earthen-ware, soap, beer, and leather; but its 
 chief dependence is on its wine trade, it being the principal 
 depot and market for the .sale of Burgundy wines. Many 
 eminent men were natives of Dijon, the celebrated Bossuet, 
 Crebillon, Saumaise. (Salmasius, the antagonist of Milton,) 
 Piron, Hameau, Guyton, Morveau, &c. St. Bernard, the fa- 
 mous founder of Citeaux, was born in a neighbouring vil- 
 lage, and a bronze statue of him has lately been erected in 
 a new quarter of Dijon, called the St. Bernard suburb. Dijon 
 is a very ancient city, and is believed to be of Roman foun- 
 dation. The annals of the Middle Ages give constant evi- 
 dence of its importance in ejirly times as the capital of a 
 principality, the rival of ancient France in extent of terri- 
 tory, and occasionally its superior in power. 
 
 DIJONXOIS or DIJONN AIS, dee'zhon'nA/, an old division 
 of France, in the province of Burgundy. Its capital was 
 Dijon, it is now comprised in the department of C6te-d'0r. 
 
 DIKiywID, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 DIiyH.4M, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 DIL'lIORNE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 DIL'IGENT STRAIT, a channel or passage in the Bay of 
 .Bengal, between the S.E. coast of the middle Andaman and 
 some contiguous islands, and a group or chain of larger 
 islands, extending from lat. 11° 48' to 12° 20' N. It is from 
 6 to 9 miles wide, except towards the middle, where it is only 
 2 or 3 miles in width. 
 
 DILLENBUKG, dil'len-bfKSRG\ a town of Germany, duchy, 
 and 37 miles N.E. of Nassau, on the Dille. Pop. 2500. It 
 has an ancient ruined castle, a college, hospital, and orphan 
 asylum, and manufactures of woollen fabrics. In the vi- 
 cinity are copper mines, potash, and lime-works. 
 
 DIL'LEUSVILLE, a village of Lancister co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Ilarrisburg and Lancaster Railroad, I mile W. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 DILLE'S BOTTOM, a po?tK)ffico of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 DILLI, dillee, or DELLY, dJl'lee, a town on the N.W. 
 coast of the island of Timor. Malay Archipelago, in the Por- 
 tuguese possessions. Lat. 3° 33' S., Ion. 4° 33 S., Ion. 
 
 DILLINGEN, dilling-fn, a town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Swabia, capital of a district on the left bank of the Danube, 
 24 miles N.W. of Augstiurg. Pop. 3453. It is enclosed by 
 ancient walls, and has a palace, the residence of the bishops 
 of Augsburg, 3 Roman Catholic churches, an orphan asylum, 
 barracks, gymnasium, and superior schools, ship-building 
 docks, and manufactures of cutlery. 
 
 DILLINGEN. a village of Rhenish Prussia, 28 miles S. of 
 Treves. Pop. 1390. It has paper milli, and copper and iron 
 foundries. 
 
 DIiyLINGERSVILLE, a postoffice of Lehigh co., Penn- 
 ■ylvania. 
 
 DILLN or DILN. See Duii\, (DUlln.) 
 
 DI l/LON, a post-township of Tazewell CO., Illinois, P, 13.39. 
 
 DILLON 8 RUN, a post-office of Hampshire co., A'irginia. 
 
 DI liLS' HOROUG II, a post-village of Deai'born co., Indiana, 
 85 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DILLS'HURG, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 15 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 306. 
 
 DIL'LY or DEl/LY .MOUNT, a headland of .South Hindos- 
 tan, which may be considen^d as marking the limit lietween 
 the coasts of Canara and -Malabar: lat. 12° 2' N., Ion. 76° 16' K. 
 
 DILM.iN, deermdn', a new and considerable town of 
 Northern Persia, province of .\zerbaijan. 50 miles N.N.W. of 
 Ooroonu-e/yah. It is a new town, there being an old one of 
 the same name, now almost In ruins, almut 4 miles W. of it. 
 It Is surrounded by gardens. Pop. estimated at 15,000. 
 6U8 
 
 DILTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 DIL'WORTH. a township of England co. of Lancaster 
 
 DIL'WORTHTOWN. a post-village of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 78 miles E.S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 DIjyWYN, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 DIM A. dee'ma, a large town of .Abyssinia, state of Amhara, 
 district of Goiam, near lat. 10° 30' N.. Ion. 38° 5' K. It ie 
 divided into many quarters by stone walls; the houses are 
 mostly of stone, and its church is one of the largest edifices 
 in the countrv. 
 
 DI.MCHUHCII. a parish of Endand. See DYMciiiRcn. 
 
 DIMITROVSIv or Dl.MITKOWSK, dee'me-trovsk', a town 
 of Russia, government, and 47 miles S.W, of Orel, on the 
 Oscheiltz, at its confluence witli the Neroosa, Pop. about 3000. 
 
 DIMITZ.^NA, dee-meet-sd'ni, a town of Greece, in Morea, 
 on an affluent of the Carbanara, 15 miles N.W. of Tripolitza. 
 Before the Russian invasion in 1770, this town was one of 
 the most important places in the country. 
 
 DIM'.M1CK, a post-oflice of Iji Salle co.. Illinois. 
 
 DIM'OCKS, a post-village and township of Susiiuehanna 
 CO.. Pennsylvani.^, 7 miles S. of Montro.«e. Pop. 1181. 
 
 DINABURG. a town of Russia. See Dusahurg. 
 
 DINAGKPOORorDIXAJPOOR.dee-ndj-poor', (i.e. "the 
 abode of beggars.") capital of a district of its own name, and 
 seat of a British jurisdiction, is 105 miles N. of Moorshada- 
 bad. Estimated pop. 30,000. It is meanly built. It is the 
 seat of the British judicial and revenue courts, but is. on the 
 whole, a very poor place. The vicinity is sandy soil, and ill 
 supplied with water. 
 
 DINAGEPOOR. a district of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. Area. 5374 square miles. Pop. 2.341,420. 
 
 DINAMARCA, DiyAMAVQUKS. See Denmark. 
 
 DINAN, dee'uSNo', a town of France, department of C6te9- 
 du-Nord, on a height near the Ranee, 14 miles S. of St. 
 Malo. Pop. in 1852, 8437. It is enclo.sed by a wall, de- 
 fended by a fine old castle. The principal edifices are two 
 Gothic churches, a clock-tower, town-hall, commercial col- 
 lege, hospital, public library, concert-hall, &c. It has m.tnu- 
 factures of sail-cloth, linen and cotton fabrics, slme.s, hats, 
 and leather ; salt refineries, beet-root sugar factories, and a 
 brisk trade in butter, hemp, linen thread, &c., carried on by 
 means of the river, which is navigable up to the town. In 
 1389 it was besieged by the Duke of Lancaster, and defended 
 by Du Guesclin. 
 
 DINANT, de-n3nt/ or dee'nfljf"', (L. Dina-nHium.) a town 
 of Belgium, pnivince, and 15 miles S. of Namur, on the de- 
 clivity of a rocky and castle-crowned height, near the Meuse, 
 Pop. 6388. It has a Gothic cathedral, two hospital.*, a Latin 
 school, manufactures of hardwares, woollen fabrics, paper, 
 and leather. The existence of Dinant dates from the sixtll 
 century, and, according to old chronicles, its name is d* 
 rived from the goddess Diana, who was worshipped and had 
 a temple here. As early as the twelfth century it was 
 strongly fortified, and deemed impregnable. In 14i3ri. Philip 
 the Good, Duke of Burgundy, with 50.000 men and a for- 
 midable artillery, took it by assault, razed it to the ground, 
 and, taking 800 of the inhabitants, tied them by twos, back 
 and back, and threw them into the Meuse, It was rebuilt 
 in 1493, but has since been twice taken by the French, 
 namely, in 1564 and 1675. 
 
 Dl'NAPOOR', a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, district, and 14 miles W. of I'atna, with a quay on the 
 right bank of the Ganges. It has handsome military can- 
 tonments, and 3200 houses, chiefly of mud. and tiled. 
 
 DIXARIC (;de-nJr'ic) ALPS, (L. M'pr.t Dhmrfica.) consist 
 of that portion of the Alpine system which connect the Ju- 
 lian Alps with branches of the Balkan in Turkey, and cover 
 South Croatia. Dalmati.i. alid Herzegovina, with their rami- 
 fications, separating the basin of the Save from the region 
 watered by the Kerka, Narenta, and other rivers flowing to 
 the Adri.itic Sea. They seldom rise to more than 7000 feet 
 in height, and are chiefly of a calcareous formation. 
 
 DIN'AS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 DIN'AS-MOWDDU, (mOw'THee,) a decayed borough and 
 market-town of North Wales, co. of Jlerioneth. on the Dovy. 
 Pop. 300. It is most picturesquely situated on the si('e jf a 
 precipitous mountain, and though but a miserable village, 
 has the local designation of a •'city." 
 
 DIN'DER. a parish of Enirland. co. of Somerset. 
 
 DI.X^DIGUI/, an old division of the M.idras presidency, in 
 British India, now comprised in Madura. 
 
 DIN^DIGUiy, a town of India, 30 miles N.W. of Madura, 
 with a fort on a high granite rock. Pop. 3200 
 
 DIN'DIXG' ISLES, a group off the W. coast of the 5Ialay 
 Peninsula, "0 miles S.S.E. of Penang. I..jit. 4° 20' N., loo. 
 1(X»° 32' E. PooLo DiNDixo is a beautiful granitii- island, 
 250 feet high, and covered with thick woods from the mar- 
 gin of the sea to the summit. 
 
 DINIVDOK. a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Hereford. 
 
 DIN'EVAWR' CASTLE, a ruined Sirtress of South W.ileK, 
 CO. of Carmarthen, anciently a seat of the Cambri.m princes. 
 It now idves the title of bamn to the Cardonnel iiiiiiily. 
 
 DI NGK, d.'iX'^'zh.V. a town of Fiixnce. department of lUe-et, 
 Vilaine. 17 miles N.of Rennes. Pop. 18.30. 
 
 DINGELSTADT, (Dingelstadt,) dini;'yl st^tt', a wnUed 
 
DIN 
 
 DIS 
 
 town of Prussian Saxonv, on the Unstrut, 10 miles N..N.W. 
 of MUhlhausen. Pup. 36f)2. 
 
 DIN'UESTOW, a parish of Eagland, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 DIN'OLE, a seaport and market-town, parish, and dis- 
 franchised Ijorouj^li of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry, on 
 the N. side of Dinj^le Bay, S miles K. of Dunmore lle;td. Pop. 
 of town, o386. Its linen manuCictiire has declined. Dinj;le 
 Bay is much exposed to the swell of the Atlantic, but the 
 harbor is safe. 
 
 DING'IiEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 DIN'G'Jl AN, a post-village and township of Pike co., Penn- 
 Bylvauia, on the Delaware lliver, about 8 miles below Mil- 
 ford. Pop. -603. 
 
 DINGOIANSBURG, a thriving village of Shelby co., Ohio, 
 on the Miami Kiver, opposite Sidney, 72 miles W.N.W. of 
 Columbus. Pop. about 250. 
 
 DIXG'.M AN'S FERRY, a post-oflfice, Pike co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DINGOLKING. ding'ol-fiug\ a town in Lower Bavaria, on 
 a rock near the right bank of the Is;ir, 10 miles W.S.W. of 
 Landau. Pop. 1897. Ecclesiastical councils were held here 
 in 772 and 932. 
 
 DING'WALL, a royal burgh and parish of Scotland, capi- 
 tal of the CO. of Ross, at the head of Cromarty Firth, where 
 joined by the Peller, 11 miles N.W. of Inverness. Pop. of 
 borough, 1739. It has wharves for vessels drawing 9 feet 
 water, but very little trade. It joins with Tain, Dornoch, 
 Wick, and Kirkwall in sending 1 member to Parliament. 
 
 DINIA. See Dione. 
 
 DIXKKLS13UHL, (DinkelsbUhl,) dink'?ls-bUle\ a fortified 
 town of Bavaria, circle of Jlidile Franconia, on the Wernitz, 
 20 miles S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 5019. It was formerly a 
 free town of the empire, and has manufactures of woollen 
 cloths, camlets, leather, stockings, and gloves, and a brisk 
 trade in corn. 
 
 DINKL.A.GK, ding'kld^gheh, a village of Northern Ger- 
 many, grand duchy of Oldenburg, ciipital of a district and 
 lordship, 8 miles S.W. of Vecht. Pop. 1384. It haa 4 an- 
 nual fairs. 
 
 DIM'.MINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 DINS'D.\LE, a parish and watering-place of England, 
 CO. of Northampton, on the Tees, 5 miles S.E. of Darlington. 
 It has a medicinal spring, with baths and hotel. 
 
 DINSLAK KN, dinsWken, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 24 
 miles from Dusseldorf. Pop. 1624. 
 
 DIXS/MOKE, a postrtowuship of Shelby co., Ohio, 75 miles 
 W.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 1.365. 
 
 DINTELOORD, din'teh-lORt', a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of North Brabrant, 5 miles W.S.W. of Willemstad. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 DIX'TING, a township of England, co. of Derby, on the 
 Sheffield and Manchester Railway, 30 miles N.W. of Shei&eld. 
 
 DIX'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 DIXTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 DIN WID'DIE, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, con- 
 tains 540 square miles. The Appomattox River bounds it 
 on the N., and the Xottoway on the S.W.; it is also drained 
 by Stony and Xamazine Creeks. The surface is undulating. 
 The rocks which underlie this county are of the primitive 
 formation. The railroad from Richmond to Weldon, North 
 Carolina, passes through the county. Formed in 1762, and 
 named in honor of Robert Dinwiddle, then governor of Vir- 
 ginia. Capital, Dimviildie Conrt-IIouse. Pop. 30,198, of 
 wliom 17.424 were free, and 12,774 slaves. 
 
 DINWID'DIE COURT HOUSE, a postrvilUge, capital of 
 Dinwiddle co., Virginia, on Stony Creek, 35 miles S. by W. 
 of Richmond. 
 
 DIXWID'DIE'S TAN YARD, a postnifflce of Campbell co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 DIXXPERLO, dinx'p?R-lo', a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Gelderland. 7 miles S.W. of Brede voort. Pop. 700. 
 
 DIOIS, dee^vi', an old district of France, in the province 
 Dauphine. the capital of which was Die. In 1414 it was 
 ceded to Charles VI. by Louis-de-Poitiers. 
 
 DIO.MA, de-o'mi, a river of European Russia, govern- 
 ment of Orenboorg, after a N.N.E. course of 150 mile.s, joins 
 the Biela near Oofa. It has many copper mines on its banks. 
 
 DI'OMKDE ISLAND, a group in Behring Strait, midway 
 between .\sia and .\merica, consisting of Fairway, Krusen- 
 stern, and Ratmanov Islands, the centi-al one in lat. 65° 46' 
 N., ion. 168° 55' ^V. 
 
 DIOSCORIDIS INSULA. See Socotua. 
 
 DIOS-GYOR, (Dios-Gyor,) dee'oshySH/, a market^town of 
 Northern Hungary, co. of Borsod. in a pleasant valley 65 
 miles W. of Miskolcz. Pop. 3264. It has manufactures 
 of barrels and toys. Near it are important iron mines. 
 
 DIOS, NOMBliK DE. nAm'bri di dee^oce, a town of 
 Mexico, state, and 50 miles S.E\ of Durango. Pop. 7000. 
 
 DIOZEGH. deeV^zJg'. a market-towu of Hungary, co. of 
 Bihar, 23 miles S.K. of Debreczin. 
 
 DIOZKGH, a market-town of Hungary, co.. and 25 miles 
 E.N.E. of Presburg, on the Dudvvag. Pop. 1714. 
 
 DIPIGN.IXO, de-peen-yi'no. a village of Naples, province 
 of CalaBria Citra, 3 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 2400. 
 
 DU'POLDISWALDE, dip-pordis-wdl'dgh, a, town of Saxo- 
 
 ny, circle, and 11 miles S. of Dresden, on the Weisseritz. 
 Pop. 2406. It has manufiictures of woollen and linen cloths. 
 
 DIPSO, dip'so, a town of Greece, on the island of Negropont 
 or EuUwi, on the channel of Talanda, 30 miles N.W. of th» 
 town of Negropont. It is supposed to replace the ancient 
 (Eikpsus, famed for its hot baths. 
 
 DIPTFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DIRECTION ISLAND, in the Indian Ocean, is one of the 
 Keeling group, in lat. 12° 5' 24" S. 
 
 DIRKCTION ISLAND, at the entrance of the China Sea, 
 off the S.W. coast of Borneo; lat. 15° N., Ion. 108° 2' E. 
 
 DIRKCTION ISLANDS, a group of small islands off the 
 N. E. coast of Australia, near Cape Flattery ; lat. 14° 25' S., Ion, 
 145° 30' E. 
 
 DIlfHAM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 DIRILLO, de-rillo, (anc. AcftaHes,) a river of Sicily, in- 
 tendency of Syracuse, enters the Slediterranean 24 miles 
 W.N.W. of -Modica, after a W.S.W. course of about 30 miles. 
 
 DIRK-IIARn"OG ISLAND, off the W. coast of Australi:v. 
 Lat. 26° S., ion. 113° E. Coast steep; length from N. to S., 
 45 miles ; breadth, 10 miles. 
 
 DIRKSLAND, diaks/ldnt, a village of Holland, province 
 of South Holland, 20 miles S.\V. of Rotterdam. It has a 
 harbor, communicating S. with the Ilaringvliet. Pop. 2030. 
 
 DIRLETON, dgrl'ton, a maritime village and paiish of 
 Scotland, co.,and 6i miles N. of Haddington, on the S. shore 
 of the Frith of Forth. Its village, one of the most beautiful 
 in Scotland, is situated in a plain, on one side of wliich are 
 the noble ruins of Dirleton Castle. 
 
 DIRMSTEIN, dSeRm'stine. a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 
 circle of Palatinate,4 miles E.N.E. of GrUnstadt. Pop. 2049. 
 
 DIRSCH.\U, dfiea'shOw, a town of East Prussia, capital of 
 a circle, 20 miles S.S.E. of Dautzic, on the left bank of the Vis- 
 tula, and on the railway from Berlin to Dantzic. Pop. 3510. 
 It has tanneries, breweries, and a transit trade on the river. 
 
 DIRT TOWN, a pos^village of Chattooga co., Georgia, 
 about 180 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 DIS, a walled town of South Arabia, near the coast, 53 
 miles E.N.E. of MakalLih, with lOoO inhabitants. 
 
 DIS'APPOINT/MENT ISLAND, one of the Bonin group In 
 the North Pacific Ocean; lat. 27° 16' N., Ion. 140° 5i' E. 
 
 DISAPPOINTMENT ISLAND, in the South Pacific Oce.in; 
 lat. 50° 36' S., Ion. 166° E. 
 
 DISAPPOINT.MENT ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific, in 
 lat. 14° 5' S., and discovered by Byron in 1765. 
 
 DISCUINGEN, dish'ing-^n, a market-town of WUrtem- 
 burg, on the Egge, 5 miles S.S.E. of Neresheim. Pop. 1150. 
 
 DISCHIXGEN, UPPER, a market-town of WUrtemburg, 
 on the Danube, E. of Ehingen. 
 
 DlS'CO. a large island belonging to Denmark, in Davis* 
 Strait, off the W. coast of Greenland. Lat. 69° 11' N., Ion. 
 53° 20' W. It contains stone quarries and coal mines, pos 
 ses.ses valuable fisheries, and, with a number of small sur- 
 rounding islands, forms a division of the inspectorate of 
 North Greenland. 
 
 DISCOVERY BAY, on the S. coast of Australia, between 
 Capes Bridgewater and Northumberland. It is about 50 
 miles wide. Centre in lat. 38° 5' S., Ion. 141° E. 
 
 DISCOVERY PORT, a harbor of Oregon, near the head of 
 the Straits of Juan de Fuca, stretching inland for 8 miles, 
 to the parallel of 48° N., and having an average width of 2 
 miles. 
 
 DISENTIS. See Dissentis Mustae. 
 
 DISE'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 DIS'M.^L SWAMP extends from near Norfolk, in A'irginia, 
 into North Carolina. Length from N. to S., about 30 miles; 
 greatest breadth, 10 or 12 miles. It is in some parts covered 
 with reeds, in others with a heavy growth of trees with a 
 thick undergrowth. In the centre is Lake Drcm.moxd, 
 covering about 6 square miles ; when full, the surface is 21 
 feet alx)ve tide-water. 
 
 DISNA, dis'nd, a thriving town of Russia, government 
 and 109 miles N.N.E. of Minsk, capital of a circle of same 
 name, at the mouth of the Disna. It has some shipping, 
 and a considerable trade. Pop. 2219. 
 
 DISNA, a river of Russia, rises In a lake of .same name, in 
 the N.E. of the government of Vilna, and joins the Dwiua 
 after a course of aViout 90 miles. 
 
 DISON, dee'z(!)N='. a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 
 2 miles N.N.W. of Verviers. Pop. 2900. It has important 
 manufactures of woollen cloths. 
 
 DISS, a market-town and parish of England, co. oJ" Xoi> 
 folk, on the Waveney, 20 miles S.S.W. of Norwich. 
 
 DISS.\IS, dees'sA', a village of France, department of Vi- 
 enne. 9 miles N.N.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1556. 
 
 DISSAY, dee.s'si'. and village of France, department of 
 Sarthe, 21 miles S.S.W. of St. Calais, on the left bank of the 
 Long. Pop. 1600. 
 
 DIS/SEEV or VALENTIA. an island in the Rod Sea. W. of 
 the Dankali coast, about Ijit. 15° 18' N., Ion. 40° 2,V E. It is 
 about 2^ miles long, and | of a mile broad, and is remarkable 
 for its pleasant appearance. 
 
 DISSI'IN, dis'sgn, a market-town of Hanover, 13 mile* 
 S.S.E. of Osnaburg. Pop. 1650. 
 
 DISSENTIS MUSTAR, dis-sJntU moostaB, or DISEN- 
 
 569 
 
DIS 
 
 t>IV 
 
 TIS dee sen'tis, a town or Switzerland, canton of Orisons, 
 3800 loet above sea-level, on a gentle slope, near the conflu- 
 ence of the Further and Middle Khiue, 34 miles W.S.tV. of 
 . Chur. (Coire.) Its chief attraction is an ancient convent of 
 Beu'-dictine?, which is said to have l>een founded, in 600, by 
 Sij:i'^t)ert, its superiors were once princes of the empire. It 
 was almost destroyed by the French in ItSW. The environs of 
 Dissentisexhibit someof fhefinest Alpine scenery. l'op.l436. 
 DI.S'SKRTU, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 DISTIXGTON. a paiish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 DJST'LEV, a chapelrv of England, co. of Chester. 
 DISTKICT, a township of Berks co.,Penn8ylvania. P. 786. 
 DISTRICT OF COLUM'BIA. a small tract of territory set 
 apart as the site of the capital of the United States, was 
 ceded to the General Government by the state of Maryland, 
 by which it is Ixinuded on all sides except the S.W., which 
 is wsished by the Potomac River. The capital in Washington 
 is in lat. 38° 63' N., Ion. 7V' 2' W. from Greenwich. American 
 geographers, however, often compute longitude from this 
 place. Originally the District of Columbia was 10 miles 
 square, or 100 square miles; bnt by the retrocession of 
 Alexandria co. to Virginia in 1846, it was reduced to about 60 
 square miles, or 35,400 acres, 16,267 of which are improved. 
 Surfice. — The surface is generally undulating, with some 
 marshes. There are eminences of sufficient prominence to 
 command fine views and give variety to the scene. 
 
 Riven. — The Potomac River separates the district from 
 Virginia, which, except a small tributary called the East 
 Brancli, and Rock Creek, separating Washington from 
 Georgetown, is the only stream of importance. 
 
 Proditclions. — The District has very little agricultural 
 importance, producing only for home consumption. Pro- 
 ducts in 1860, 12,760 bushels of wheat; 6919 of rye; 80.840 
 of Indian corn; 29,548 of oats; 31,.593 of Irish potatoes; 
 18,835 pounds of butter; 3180 tons of hay; 15,200 pounds 
 of tobacco, with some peas and beans, sweet potatoes, bar- 
 ley, buckwheat, wine and honey. Value of live stock, 
 $11)9.540; of orchard products, $9980 ; and market garden, 
 $139,403, 
 
 ilanufiielures — In 1860, the District had 1 cotton fac- 
 tory of 3560 spindles, and 83 looms, employing $45,000 of 
 capital, and 70 male and 25 female liands, consuming raw 
 material worth $47,403, and producing 980,000 yards of 
 stuff. value<l at $74,500 ; 2 foundries, and 4 machine-shops, 
 with $86,200 capital, consiuning raw material worth $40,430. 
 priMluting castings, 4c,, worth $147,000, and employing 
 143 hands ; $108,800 were invested in the nianufiieture of 
 malt and spirituous liquors, consuming S48.400 busliels of 
 barley, proilucing 22,500 barrels, valued at $159,620; there 
 were 12 flour and meal mills with $284,100 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $1,069,126, producing flour, 
 163,2.30 barrels, worth $1,104,893, and meal worth $'!8,000; 
 4 tanneries employing $66,400 capital, and raw material 
 Worth .i;68,478. and producing leather valued at $107,809; 
 8 printing offices, employing $471,250 capital, and consum- 
 ing raw material worth $307,560. and producing books, &c., 
 Talued at $778,500 The total value of products, in 1860, 
 amounted to $5,512,102, and, in 1850, to $2,680,258, being an 
 Increase of $2,721,844, or nearly 121 per cent. 
 
 Intfrnal Improvements. — A few miles of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad are in the District, and the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal has its terminus at Georgetown. There are 2 
 horse-railroads, with an aggregate of 8 miles of track. 
 
 Commerce. — Since 1860. there have been no imports or ex- 
 ports, and the amount of tonnage belonging to the District 
 Tery light. 
 
 Klticaliun. — The returns on this point as regards the 
 District have not been received. There were in 1864, 65 
 public schools, with 4895 pupils, and a school fund of 
 J49,171. 
 
 Religimts Denominations. — Of 68 churches, the Baptists 
 owned 5, Episcopalians 12, Friends 1, Jews 1, Lutheran 3, 
 Metho<iists 27, Presbyterians 11, Roman Catholics 7, and 
 Unitarians 1, with an aggregate church accommodations 
 tor 50.040 persons. Value of church property. $950,450. 
 Public InstitiUinns. — See W.\shi.\gton and Qeoroktown. 
 B'pulati-rn.— The District of Columbia had 14,093 inhabi- 
 tants in 1800; 24,023 in 1810; 33,039 in 1820; 39 S.34 in 
 IMO; 43,712 in 1840; 51,< 87 in 1850; and 75,0<0 in 1860. of 
 whom 29.585 were white males, 31.179 white fenuiles, 4702 
 tree colored males, 6429 free colored females, and 1212 male 
 and 19,3 female slaves. Of the free population, 34,005 were 
 born in the District, 25,406 in other parU of tlie United 
 Statics; 59 in Briti.Mi America, 1030 in En-land, 12.58 in 
 ^land, 2>6 m Scotland and Wales, 3254 in Gernianv, 160 in 
 jrwnce; 40 were deaf and dumb, of whom 4 were free 
 colored, la slave; 47 blind, of whom 11 were free colored, 
 7 slave.'*; 204 insane, 22 free colored, 8 slavoe 
 
 0«MrtM.— The entire district constitutes the coontr of 
 Washington. ■' 
 
 C«i«v.— Washington, the capital of the United States, has 
 a population of 61.122, and Georgetown 8733, and include 
 nearly the entire population of the di.strict 
 
 Cowmmrr./,— The District of Columbia is under the direct 
 government of the Congress of the United States, and has 
 
 ■ no representation in Congress, and no rote for President. 
 The judiciary consists of 1 supreme court, witli 1 chief and 
 3 a-ssociate justices, the former receiving $.';000, and the 
 latter $3000 each per annum, and of an orphans' court, 
 with a judge receiving $2500 per annum. Assessed value 
 of property, $42,000,000. In January, 186,"), there were 8 
 banks,with an aggregate capital of $21,000,0u0, and 6 private 
 banking houses. 
 
 History. — In 1790, Maryland and Virginia ceded 100 square 
 miles to the United States. This tract was named tlie Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, in honor of the great discuvcrer of 
 .America. This district, about two-thirds of wliich was on 
 the Maryland shore of the Potomac, was designed for the 
 site of the capital of the nation, and, in accordance with 
 this intention, a city was laid out, public buildings erected, 
 and, in ISOO, the government officials removed tliereto 
 from Philadelphia. During the war of 1812, tlie British 
 forces took Washington, and burned the Cajiitol, (including 
 the library of Congress,) and the President's Ilouss. In 
 1846, Alexandria county was retroceded to '\ irgiiiia. The 
 project of abolishing slavery had been long entertained by 
 the friends of emancipation, but was not carried into effect 
 till 1862. 
 DIT'CHEAT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 DITCHEI/LING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 DITCIIINGHAM, dit/ching-.jm, a p;irish of England, co. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 DITMAKSCH (dit/maush) \ORTII and SOUTH, (Ger. 
 Norder noR'der and SiUler sii'der Dituiarsclieii, difuias- 
 shen.) a subdivision of the Duchy of Ilolstein. in Denmark, 
 between the Elbe and the Eider. The North distrief contains 
 11 villages ; chief town, Ileide. Area, 231 S(iuare miles. Pop 
 in 1847, 30.200. The South district contains 13 villages; 
 chief town, Meldorf. Ai-ea. 275 .sijuaie uiiU-s. Pop. 33,400. 
 DIT'NEY HILL, a post-office of Dulxiis co., Indiana. 
 DITRO-VAiaiEGY, deetioMaR'h^dj'. (Ger. Jiurgherg, 
 bflORo'b^RG.) a village of Tran.sjlvania. in Szekler-land, on 
 the Maros, 8 miles N.W. of Gytrgyo St. iliklos, with mi- 
 neral springs. 
 
 DITTE'AH, a town of Ilindostan.in Bundelcund. capital 
 of a rajahsbip, 15 miles N.W. of Jhansi. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and mostly built of stone. The rajahsbip. area 850 
 square miles, pop. 120.000 is under British protection. 
 DITTEKIDGE. a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 DITTEKSBACII, dit%rsbaK\ or STAKSOW, sta«/sov, a 
 village of Bohemijv, circle of Chrudim, in a valley about 40 
 miles W, of Olmutz, Pop. 1105. 
 
 DITTKURT. dit'fMKt. a market-town of Prussian Saxony, 
 28 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2120. 
 DITTIGHEIM, a villase of Jiaden. See DiETianElM. 
 DIT'TISHA3I, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 DITrrON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. A handsome 
 mansion in the vicinity is supposed to have been part of an 
 abbev founded in the reign of William Kufus. 
 
 DITTON, FEN. a parish of England, co. of Cambridg®. 
 DITTON, LONG, a pari.sh of En;:land. co. of Surrey. 
 DITTON PRI'ORS. a paiish of England, co. of .«alop. 
 DITTON, THAMES, a parish of En.-'.and, lo. of Surrey. 
 DITTON, WOOD, a parish of England co. of Cambridge. 
 DITWYL, dit/*il, or DIETWYI.^ deet'wil. a village of 
 Switzerland, canton, an''. 8 miles N.N.E. of Lucerne, on the 
 Reuss. Pop. 2600, n:,istly engaged in agriculture. 
 
 DITZINGEN, dif sing-en, a village of Wfjrtemburg, circle 
 of Neckar. liailiwick of Leonberg, Pop, 12V):3. 
 
 DIU. deeoo'. a fortified maritime town of West Ilindostan, 
 belonging to the Portuguese, on an i.sland off the S. coast of 
 the Guzerat Peninsula. E. of Diu-head. Pop.40iX).(?) It hag 
 the remains of a once fiimous Hindoo temple, a citadel, and 
 a good harbor, 
 DIU-HEAD CAPE is in lat. 20° 43' N., Ion. 71° 3' 2" E. 
 DIUM PROMONTORIOI. See C.\Pi: Passoso. 
 DIVEN, dee/ven, or DIVIN. dee'vin, (llnn. Divfnj/, dee'- 
 ▼Sil',) a market-town of Hrmgary, co. of .Neograd. 20 miles S,E. 
 of.iltsohl. Pop. 1056. It has glass-works and a ruined castle. 
 DIVEN. a market-town of S<iuthern Russia, province of 
 D.ighestan, on the Rubass, 22 mile.« W.S.W. of Derliend. 
 
 DiVEN, a market-town of Russian Poland, government 
 of (irodno, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Kobrin. 
 
 DIVES, deev. a town of France, department of Calvados, 
 12 miles W. of Pont TEvSciue. on tlie right bank of the 
 Dives, near ita mouth. Pop. 589. It hsis a small h.nrbor. 
 DIVI/DING CREEK, a post-village of Cuml>eriand co.. 
 New Jersey, 17 miles S.S.E. of Bridgeton. It h.as 2 churches, 
 and from 200 to 300 inhabitants. 
 
 DIVINA. Kis. kish. and N.\(!Y Divina. H6dj deeVet'nSh', 
 (i.e. Little and Great Divina.) two adjacent villages of Hun- 
 gary, in Hither Danube, co. of Trentschin. on the Waag, 
 about 3 miles from Solna. United pop. 1525. 
 DIVIO. SeeDlJOX. 
 DIVODURUM. See Metz. 
 DIVON.\. See Cahors. 
 
 DIVONNB, dee^vonn', a village of France, department of 
 -Mn. canton, and 6 miles from Gex. It has paper-mjUs and 
 iron-foundries. Pop. 1600. 
 DIVOSCH or DIWOSCH, de^osh\ a village of Aue.^ria, 
 
In Slavonia, cr. of Syrmia, at the foot of the monntains of 
 Syrmia, al)ou', 22 miles S.W. of Peterwardoin. Pop. 1462. 
 
 DIWISCHaU, dee'-ve-show\ or DI15ISCHAU, dee'be- 
 sli('iw\ a town of Boliemia, circle of Kaurzim, 30 miles S.E. 
 of Prague. Po|). 1000. 
 
 DIX, a township of Schuyler co., New York. Pop. 2908. 
 
 DIX-AN', a town of Abyssinia, state of Tigre, 65 miles N.E. 
 of A.voom, on the Danakil frontier. 
 
 DIXIJOROUtill, a village of Washtenaw co.,Michigan, 3-1 
 miles W. of Uotx-oit. 
 
 DIX'COVK KORX, a British settlement of West Africa, on 
 the Gold Coast. Lat. 4° -tS' N., Ion. 1° 57' W., in a fine bay, 
 in which ships of 100 tons can load. The town, which lies 
 below the fort, has a permanent yiop. of 1200. Behind Dix- 
 cove is a small lake with brackish water, in which the 
 negroes maintain a number of crocodiles. 
 
 5lX CKEEK, a post-offlce of Chickiisaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 DIX'FIELD, a post-townshii> of Oxford co., Maine, on the 
 N. side of Androscoggin River, 35 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 1181. 
 
 DIX HILIi, a post-offlce of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 DIXMONT, deex^mdN"', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Yonne, 20 miles N. of Auxerre. Pop. 1640. 
 
 DIX\MONT', a post-village and township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, about 40 miles N.E. of Augusta. It has manufac- 
 tures of lumber and edge-tools. Pop. 1442. 
 
 DIXMONT CORNER, a village in Dixmont township, 
 Penobscot co., Maine, about 40 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 DIXMONT MILLS, a village in Dixmont township, Penob- 
 soot CO., Maine, about 43 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 DIXMUDE, di.x'miide', (Flem. Dixmui/dev, dix-moi'den,) 
 a town of Belgium, jjrovince of West Flanders, pleasantly 
 situated on the right bank of the Yser, 12 miles N. of Ypres. 
 Po]). C066. It has a handsome parish church, a hospital, 
 and a workhouse, breweries, and tanneries. The town was 
 first walled in the tenth century, and was fortified in 1270 
 and 1411. It was often taken and retaken by the Germans 
 and French. 
 
 DI.X'ON, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1213. 
 
 DIXON, a thriving post-village, capital of Leeco., Illinois, 
 on Rock River, and on the Chicago and North Western R.R., 
 where it is crossed by the Central Railroad, 98 miles W. of 
 Chicago. A dam has been built across the river, producing 
 extensive water-power, which is employed in mills. Dixon 
 contains a court-house, a United States land office, 7 
 churclies, 2 banks, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. 2213. 
 
 DI.XOX, a post-offlce of Scott co., Iowa. 
 
 DI.Y'ON'S KN/THAXCE, a strait in North America, W. 
 coast, lat. 54° 30' N., Ion. 132° W., between Queen Charlotte 
 Island and the Prince of Wales Archipelago. Length from 
 W. to K.. 100 miles. 
 
 DIXON'S MILLS, a postofflce of Marengo co., Alabama. 
 
 DIX<JN'S SPR1.\«8, a post-village of Smith co., Ten- 
 nessee. 51 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 Dl.VOXVILLK, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri, 9 
 miles \V. by N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 DIX'TON. NEWTON, parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 DIX'VILLE. a township of Coos co., New Hampshire, 43 
 mile.s X.E. of Lancaster. Pop. 8. 
 
 DIYALAII. a river of I'ersia. See Diala. 
 
 DtZFi )UL or DIZFUL. See Dezfool. 
 
 DJ. For places sometimes sijelled with these initial letters, 
 and not tbund here, refer to Dl and J. 
 
 D.IAO.\KAO.\, jdVi-ri'gi, a town of Java, province of 
 Madion, 48 miles S.E. of Samarang. Pop. 6000. 
 
 D.IA.NGUTAI, jin-go<vti', a market-town of Southern 
 Russia, province of Daghestan, 60 miles N.W. of Derbend. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 DJAPAN, a town of Java. See Japan. 
 
 DJAI'.\KA. a town of Java. See Japara. 
 
 DJAK. or EL DJAR, &\ jaR, a maritime town of Arabia, 
 in Ifejaz, on the Red Sea, 45 miles S.S.E. of Yembo. 
 
 DJAVAT. jd-vaf, a town of the Russian Transcaucasia, 
 province of Shirvan. on the left bank of the Koor, at its 
 junction with the Ai-as. 36 miles S. of Shamaka. 
 
 DJAWA.NA, a town of Java. See J-awaxa. 
 
 DJEM. .See Emba. 
 
 DJEMILAII. SeeJF.snLAH. 
 
 DJEKASH, a city of Syria. See Gerasa. 
 
 DJESR-ERKEXE. See Jezar-Erkeneh. 
 
 DJI LLO LO. an island of the Malay Archipelago. See Giloi/d. 
 
 DJIDDA. See Jiddah. 
 
 D.IIGKLLI. a town of Algeri.a. See Jijeu. 
 
 D,(IMAJ.4 or JAMAJA.ja-ml'jl an island of the China 
 Sea; M.(.«. point) 2°50' N.. Ion. 105° 52' E. Length, 12 miles. 
 
 DJI I!J).1EII, a town of Egypt. See Giroeh. 
 
 Djr>IIOR, a town of MaUoea. See .Iohore. 
 
 D.rOKJOKAKTA or DJ(X'JOCARTA.jok-yo-kar'ta, written 
 also VrGYAKAHTA, a Dutch residency of .Java, on the 
 S. coast of the island near its centre. This was formerly one 
 of the most important native states of Java. Pop. in 1840. 
 830 ..00. 
 
 DJOK.^HKARTA. a town, capital of the above, lat. 7° 47' 
 S., Ion. 10° 2*' E., is well built. The sultan's water-palace is 
 a curious town of itself, with subterranean approaches, walls 
 
 DOB 
 
 and towers. The resident's abode is in a fort which commanda 
 both the palace and the town. There are here a church, 
 school, and shot foundry. Bi.sides the European guards of 
 honor, the sultun has a guard composed of young females 
 armed with lance, sword, and pistol, who perform service on 
 horseback as well as on foot, and f.om among whoiu he fns 
 quently selects his wives. Pop. 90,000. 
 
 DJOLIB.\. See Jouba. 
 
 DLE-POLE(?)a village of Hungary, in Hither Danube, 00 
 of Trentschin, about lU miles from Sillin. Pop. 3114. 
 
 DLUH.'V, dloo/hoh, or DL1I.\, did, a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Arad, on a river of the same name, here crossed by two 
 bridges, 9 miles from Kubin. Pop. 1087. 
 
 D.MITROV, d'me-trov', a town of Russia, government, and 
 40 miles N. of JIoscow, capital of the circle, on the Jakh- 
 rama, an affluent of the Volga. Pop. 3000. It is ancient 
 and ill built, and has a college, and manufiictures of woollen 
 cloths and leather. Near it is a porcelain factory, and the 
 palace of the Counts Soltikov, burnt by the French in their 
 retreat, October, 1812. 
 
 DMITKOVSK, d'me-trvosk', a town of Russia, government 
 and 40 miles S.W. of Oro], capital of the circle, on the Ne- 
 roosa, and on the high road from Moscow to Kiev. Pop. 
 3935. 
 
 DNIEPER, nee'pr. (Russ. Dniepr, dnyJp/p'r; anc. Bary^- 
 ilieiies, and Dumipris,) a river of Russia, rises in the 
 government of Smolensk, flows generally S., and passes 
 Smolensk, (where it becomes navigable,) Moheelev, Kiev, 
 Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, and enters the Black Sea on the 
 N. by several mouths. Length, 02:3 miles; including wind- 
 ings, 1230 miles. Chief affluents on the right.Droots, Bero- 
 gina, i'ripets, and Bug; on the left, Sozh, Desna. Soola, Korol, 
 and Samara. The navigation is interrupted by rapids for 
 47 miles below Yekaterinoslav. A magnii:eent wrought-iion 
 bar-chain suspension-bridge has been erected over the 
 Dnieper at Kiev, by the command of the Emperor of Kus.sia. 
 It is half a mile In length, and 52i feet broad, and cost 4U0.0OUZ. 
 Tlie river here is 35 feet deep in summer; but spring-Hoods 
 raise it to 50 feet, and even ob feet. The mouth of the es- 
 tuary is defended by the fortresses of Otchakov and Kin- 
 boorn. The Borysthenes was absurdly reckoned the greatest 
 river of the ancient world, after the Nile. The Greeks had 
 very exaggerated ideas of tlie fertility and beauty of the 
 surrounding lands of its lower waters; but of its sources 
 and early course they knew nt.thing. Near its emlxjuchure 
 was the Milesian colony of Olbia, founded for tra<liug with 
 the wandering races of the interior. 
 
 DNIESTER, nee.s'ter. (Russ. Dniedr, dnyfs'fr; anc Tyl' 
 ras, afterwards Datui^lris or DanaxUer,) a navigable river 
 of Austria and Russia, rises in the Carpathian Mountains, 
 (tJalicia,) separates Bessarabia from the governments of Po- 
 dolia and Kherson, flows E.S.E., passes Sanibor, Ilalicz, 
 Chotym, Moheelev, Bender, Akermau, and enters the Black 
 Sea on the N.W. l.«ngth, 400 miles; including windings, 
 5U0 miles. Chief affluents on the right, Stry, Reout, and 
 Botna; on the left, Sered and i'odhorce. Navigation difficult. 
 
 DNIEPROVSK, VERKHNEE, (Verknii,) vtek'nee' dne- 
 4'provsk', a town of European Russia, capital of the district 
 of .same name, government, and 41 miles W.N.W. of Yekater- 
 inoslav, on the Dnieper. 
 
 DOAB or DOOAB, doo^il/, ("two waters,") a name applied 
 in Ilindostan to tracts between two rivers, and especially to 
 that between the Ganges and Jumna ; the " J ullunder 
 dcxib," between the Sutlej and Beas Rivers. Punjab was 
 aa^uired from the Sikhs by the British in 1846. 
 
 DUAKS'VILLE, a post-office of Choctaw Nation, Arkansas 
 
 DO.AN', do-2n', a town of Arabia, near its S.E. coast. 111 
 miles W. of Dhotar. 
 
 DOAN'S (donz) CREEK, of Indiana, enters the West Fork 
 of White Itiver, near the S. line of Greene county. 
 
 DOANESBURG, dOnz^bftrg, a post-office of Putn;un co., 
 New York. 
 
 DOAZIT, do'dVeo', 'a village of France, department of 
 Landes, 18 miles S.S.W. of Mont de Marsau. Pop. 15o0. 
 
 D0B.4.R'V.\, the northernmost town of Abyssinia, 98 
 miles N. of Axoom, formerly important. 
 
 DOBASNIZZA, do-bSs-nits'i, or DOBASCHIZA, do-b^- 
 shits'd, a village and seaport of .\ustria, in lUyria, capital 
 of the district of same name, 21 miles S.S.E. of Fiume. 
 Pop. 2160. 
 
 DOBBIN'S CREEK, California. See Deer Creek. 
 
 DOBBIN'S RANCH, a post-office of Yuba co., California. 
 
 DOBBO, a town of the Malay Archipelago. See Areoo 
 Island. 
 
 DOBB'S FERRY, a post-village of Westchester co.. New 
 York, on the Hudson River, and on the railroad of that 
 name, 22 miles N. of New York. It is a thriving village, 
 with a steamboat landing, and a ferry across the river. 
 
 D0I5EIN, (Dobein.) do'bine, a town of Saxony, circle, and 
 35 miles E.S.E. of Leipsic, on an island formed by the 
 Mulde. Pop. in 1849, 9158. It has 2 churches, a hospital, 
 and manufactures of woollen cloth, linen, and cotton. 
 
 D0BER.4N, dcVber-dn', a market-town and sea-bathing 
 establishment of Germany, in Mecklenburg -Schwerin, 
 duchy, and 40 miles N.N J^. of Schwerin, capital of the di» 
 
 671 
 
DOB 
 
 DOG 
 
 trict, on a small river which foils into the Baltic. 2J miles ! 
 ielow the town. Pop. 3'.'23. It ha.s a grand-ducal palace, 
 »ea-water baths at the mouth of the river, and mineral 
 springs and baths, temperature, 42° Fah. 
 
 DOB LEX. do-bUn', or DOBLEIIX, do-bUin', a large mar- 
 ket-town of Russia, government of Courlaud, circle, and 18 
 miles W. of Mitau. 
 
 DOBLIXG, (Dobling.) doVlins, a suburban village of 
 Vienna, 3 miles N. of the city, with mineral baths, and nu- 
 merous villas. 
 
 DOBOI. do'boj'', a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, 
 on the left bank of the Bosna, 42 miles N.E. of Travnik. 
 
 IK)BOK.\. do^bo'k6h\ a vill.age of Transylvania, co. of Do- 
 boka, 12 miles W.S.W. of Szamos-Ujvar. The county of 
 I>oboka is partly mountainous and infertile. Pop. 66,900. 
 
 DOBOZ. do'boz', a villasre of Hungary, co. of Bekes, on the 
 Black Kiii-os. about 4 miles from Gyula. Pop. 1714. 
 
 D0B1{.\, do'brd, a town of Poland, province, and 25 miles 
 E.X.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 1000. It has 2 churches, a syna- 
 gogue, and manufactures of linens, gloves, and hosiery. 
 
 DOBK.\ Bl)X01''0LIS, a village of Transylvania, co. of 
 Hunvad. on the Maros, and on the frontier of the Banat, 
 60 miles W.S.W. of Karlsburg. 
 
 DOBRAX. do-brin'. or DOIJR.VXY, do-br3/nee, a town of 
 Bohemia, circle, and 10 miles S.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1836. 
 
 DOBK.\UC. See Liedentual. 
 
 DOBR.WVITZ, do'brl-*it3', or ROTH-DOBRAWITZ, a 
 town of Bohemia. 30 miles X.E. of Prague. Pop. 1161. 
 
 DOBRE MIASTO. a town of Prussia See Gutstadt. 
 
 DOBRIGXO, do-breen'yo, a village of Austria, lUyria, in 
 the island of Veglia. 24 miles S.S.E. of Fiume. Pop. 1700. 
 
 DOBRILUCK. do'bre-hVik', a town of Pru.ssia, in Branden- 
 burg, on the Dober. 66 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1200. 
 
 DOBRIXCZE. do^brint'si, or DOBKIXZEX. do-brint/sen, 
 a village of Austria, in Slavonia, co. of Syrmia, in a plain, 
 22 miles S.S.E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 1505. 
 
 D0BROD.TA. See Dourudja. 
 
 DOBROKOZ. do'bro'koz'. a market-town of Hungary, co. 
 of Tolna. 84 miles S.S.W. of Pesth. on the Kapos. Pop. 2550. 
 
 DOBROMIELITZ, doTjro-mee'lits, a village of Austria, in 
 Moravia, circle of Olmutz, 7 miles from Prossnitz. Pop. 804. 
 
 D0B'ROMIL\ a town of Austrian Galicia. 23 miles E. of 
 Sanok. Pop. IfiOO. It has important cattle faii-s. 
 
 DOBROSLAWITZ, do-bro-slj'vits, a village of Austrian 
 Silesia, about 41 miles X.E. of Olmutz. Pop.'^1422. 
 
 DOBROTA, do-bro'tl, a market-town of Daluiatia, 2 miles 
 N.E. of Cattani. on the Adriatic. Pop. 1700. 
 
 DOBUUDJA or DOBRUDSCIIA, do-bttx/ji. written also 
 DOBRODJA, DOBRUJE, and DOBRUZA, a country on the 
 right side of the Danulje. extending from Silistria and Varna 
 to the mouth of the Danube: inh.ibited bv Tartars. 
 
 DOBRCSCIIKA, do-broosh'kt or DOBRIJSKA. do-broos^ka, 
 a town of Bohemia, circle, and 15 miles E.X.E. of Kiiniggriitz. 
 Pop. 1900. It has a trade in corn, flax, varn, and wine. 
 
 DOBRZAX, ion>zhin, a town of Bohemia, 8 miles S.S.W. 
 of Pilsen. on the right bank of the Radbuza. Pop. 2000. 
 
 DOBRZYX, dob/zhin, a town of Poland, government of 
 Plock, on the Drewenz, 18 miles X.N.W. of Lipno. Pop. 
 2200, one-half of whom are Jews. It has a fine castle, and 
 manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. 
 
 DOBSCUAU, dojyshflw, or DOBSIXA, dob'-shee'-n5h\ a 
 market-town of Xorthern Hungary, co., and 21 miles X.X.E. 
 of G6mor, on the Dobsina. Pqp. 5410, mostly Germans. It 
 has extensive iron, copper, and cobalt mines. 
 
 DOB-TISZA, dob-tees'.s<Sh\ a market-town of Hungary, on 
 the Theiss. 12 miles S.S.W. of Tokay. Pop. 2274. 
 
 DOCK, do's.'l. {i.e. "sweet,") a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 province of Minas Geraes. flows N.E. l)etween the provinces 
 of Porto Seguro and Espiritu Santo, and enters the .\tlantic 
 60 miles N. of Victoria. Its direct course X.E. is SSO miles ; 
 but Its whole course, including windings, cannot be less 
 than 500 miles. Its navigation is very much interrupted 
 by cataracts. 
 
 DOCHART. doK'art. a lake of Scotland, co. of Perth, parish 
 ofKillin. Length, about 3 miles. Its banks are beautifully 
 wooded ; there are ruins of a castle on an Islet, and a curious 
 floating island. Ariverof thesamename, 8 miles in length, 
 carries Its surplus waters through Glen-Dochart, into the 
 liOchy. 
 
 DOCK'ERY'S STORE, a postoffiee of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 DOCK'INO, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 DOCK'LOW. a psirish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 DOCTORS CREEK, of New .Tersey. rises in Monmouth 
 CO., and falls into Crosswicks Creek, 3 miles N.E. of Borden- 
 town. 
 
 DOCTOR'S CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Altamaha 
 from the left, on the W. part of Mcintosh county. 
 
 D(yDA, a town of Hindostan, Punjab, on the Chenaub, 
 here crossed by a cable-bridge, 115 miles N. of Lahore. It 
 has a fort and a pxxX liazaar. 
 
 DODAIREE, do^I'rw. a town of India, In the Deccan, 
 Mvsore dominions, 22 miles E.X.E. of Chittt-ldroog. 
 
 DOD'BRi'>KE, a sm.ill market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Devon, half a mile E of Kiji^'sbridge. Pop. 1229. 
 672 
 
 DODDENHAM, dod/den-^m, a piirish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 DOD'DERHILL, a parish of England, co. of Worcestw. 
 
 DOD'DIXGHURST, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 Di iD'DIX'iTOX. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 DODDIXOTON, a p:»rish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 DODDIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 DODDIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. In the vicinitv is a valu.able coal-mine. 
 
 DODDIXGTOX, DRY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 DODDIXGTOX, GRE.\T, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 DODDISCOMBSLEIGH, dod'dis-komz-lee. a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Devon. 
 
 DOD'DLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 DOD'UKIDGE, a county in the N. part of W. Virginia, 
 contains 300 square miles. It is drained by Hngbi-s River 
 and Middle Island Creek. The surfa<;e is hilly, and the 
 land aiiapted to pasturage. The Middle- Island CYeek is 
 navigable by flat-boats, in which lumber is exported. Capi- 
 tal, West Union. Pop. 5203, of whom 5169 were free, and 
 34 slaves. 
 
 DODDSVILLE, a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois. 
 
 DODD'VILLE, a post-otlice of Rock Castle co., Kentucky. 
 
 DODEBERG, (Dikieberg.) See Doedibekg. 
 
 DOD'FOIID, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 DODGE, a county in the E. jiart of Nebraska, h.is an area 
 of about 725 square miles. It is intersected by the Platte 
 and Elkhorn Rivers, and also drained by Maple and other 
 creeks. The surface is diversified by umlulating prairies 
 and bottom lands, wliich are overgrown with Cottonwood 
 and other trees. The soil is fertile. The rock which uudep- 
 lies this county is limestone. Capital, Fontenelle. Pop. 309. 
 
 DODGE, a county in the S.E. central part of Wisconsin, 
 contains 930 square miles. It is intersected by Rock River 
 and by Crawfish and Beaver Dam Creeks. The surface is 
 diversified by prairies and "oak openings," or uplands, 
 which are covered with a scattered growth of burr and pin 
 oaks, while the large streams are bordered by dense forests 
 of oak, ash, elm, maple <tc. The soil is calcareous, and very 
 fertile; the Winnebago Marsh, (an immense mill-pond, 
 through wliich Bock River flows,) covers an area of 44 
 square miles. Limestone, suitable for building, is found in 
 considerable quantities. It is intersected by the Chicago 
 and North Western R.R. Rock River furnishes valuable 
 motive-power, and is navigable for small boats. This is 
 one of the most populous and flourisliing counties of the 
 state. Named in honor of Henry Dodge, first Governor of 
 Wisconsin. Capital, Juneau. Pop. 42,M8. 
 
 DODGE CENTRE, Wisconsin. See Juneao. 
 
 DODGEVILLE, a village of Des Moines co., Iowa. 
 
 DODGEVILLE, a post^village and township, capital of 
 Iowa CO., Wisconsin, 45 miles W. by S. of Madison. Rich 
 mines of lead and copper are worked in the vicinity. The 
 village has 6 churches, 9 stores, and 2 smelting furnaces. 
 Pop. in 1860, about liOO; of the township, 2181. 
 
 DODINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 DODINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DOD'SON, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 14S6. 
 
 DOIVSONVILLE, a small post-village iu Jackson co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 DODSONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Highland co., 
 Ohio, ,50 miles E. of Cincinnati. Pop. in 1853, about 200. 
 
 DOD'WORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 DOEDIBERG or Dodibeeg, diyde-b^Rc', a principal summit 
 of the Swiss Alps, 17 miles S.S.W. of Glarus, at the S. ex- 
 tremity of the canton. Height, 11.887 feet. Elevati'in of 
 pass tietween the valleys of the Linth and Vorder llheln, 
 9609 feet. 
 
 DOE HILli, a post-office of Highland co., A'irginia. 
 
 DOE RUN, a post-office of Chester co_ Pennsylvania. 
 
 DOESBURG. doos'bttRG. (anc. Dnifsi BuHgiimf) a forti- 
 fied town of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the 
 Ys.sel, 10 miles E. of .\rnhem. Pop. 3347. 
 
 DO*ES'S.\H. a large village of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 56 miles S.W. of Ramghur. 
 
 DOETICHEM, a town of Holland. See DEiTiniFM. 
 
 DOFREFIELD or DOFRIXES, the central )iortion of the 
 mountain chain of Scandinavia. See Dovfe-Fjeld. 
 
 Di}G.\REE, do-gi'ree, a town of Hindostan, province of 
 Ajmeer. 23 miles X.E. of Boondee. on the margin of a beau 
 tiful lake, surrounded by pagodas and other buildings. 
 
 DOG CREEK, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 
 DOG'GER-B.\XK, a sand-bank occupving all the centre 
 of the North Sea, between lat 54° 10' and 57° 24' N.. and 
 Ion. 1° and 6° 7' E.. intermediate between the shores 
 of England and Denmark. It is the scat of important 
 fisheries. On the 5th of August, 1781. an obstinate contest 
 took place between the English and Dutch off its southern 
 extremity. 
 
 DOG ISLAND, at the E. side of the middle enti-an.e to 
 St. George's Sound, on the S. coast of Florida. On its W 
 end is a light 50 feet high, revolving once in three minutea. 
 Lav. 29^ 43' 30" N., Ion. 84° 41' W. 
 
DOG. 
 
 DOM 
 
 DOO ISLAND, In the Pacific Ocean, one of the Timor 
 group : lat. 7° 40' S., Ion. 126° 2' K. 
 
 DUdlilANI, dAl-yil/nee, (anc. DoHa'naf or Dolialmim f) a 
 town of the Sardinian Stptes, in Piedmont, province, and 11 
 miles N.E. of Mondovi, on the Kea. It haa a communal 
 college, a small hospital, the remains of an old castle, and 
 several government offices. Pop. 6000. 
 
 DOO'.MEKSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of South- 
 ampton. 
 
 DOGN'ACSKA, dofj^n4ch'li6h\a market-town of Hunfrary, 
 CO. of Krasso, 40milesS.VV.of Temesvar. Pop. 2335. It has 
 iqiues of copper, lead, and zinc. 
 
 DOO IlIVEil, a small stream of Washington co„ Ver- 
 lM)nt. falls into Onion River, a few miles below Montpelier. 
 
 Dure |;IVEU, Mississippi. See Escatappa. 
 
 00(; l;l VKR COVE, a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee. 
 
 DiXiS. ISLK OK, or POPLAR MARSHES, a peninsula 
 of the Thames, England, eo. of Middlesex, 3i miles E.S.E. 
 of St. Paul's. The \Vest India docks are situated here, and 
 the city canal intersects it. In former times the king's 
 hounds were kept here. 
 
 DOOS/TIIORI^E, a hamlet of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. H miles N. of Peterlmrough. Pop. 500. 
 
 DOU'TOWN, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 DOOWOOD NECK, a post-office of Horry district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DOGWOOD VALLEY, a village of Walker co., Georgia. 
 
 DDUARAB. do'ha-rdW. an island in the Red Sea, E. side; 
 lat. 10° IS' 30" N., Ion. 41° 59' E. 
 
 DOHN'A, AH/nl, atown of Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Dres- 
 den, in a Kmutiful and fertile district on the Muglitz. P. 1294. 
 
 DU'IIUD'. a town of Hindostau, province of Malwah. 
 Lat. 22° 56' X.. Ion. 74° 20' E. 
 
 DO'lIUiy, an island in the Red Sea, N.W. of Dhalak; lat. 
 15° 5.5' X., Ion. 39° 40' E. 
 
 DOIRI-;. Si'B Dora Baltea. 
 
 DOKKUM. dok'kfim. a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Friesland. on the ship-canal Dokkuindiep. 6 miles from 
 the Xortn Sea. and 12^ miles X.K. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 3797. 
 It is the principal market for flax, has a town-hall, a Latin 
 school, ship-liuilding docks, s.Hlt refineries, and breweries. 
 
 DO^K(V or DOKOK. a pigmy race of negroes inhabiting a 
 region of Tropical Africa, S. of Abyssinia, near 3° N. lat., and 
 87° E. Inn. They are four feet in height, of a dark olive 
 complexion, and perfectly wild. They are supposed by some 
 to be the '• pigmies" of the ancients. 
 
 DOL, dol. a village of France, in the department of Ille- 
 et-Vilaine, 13 miles S.E. of St. Malo. Pop. in 1862, 4181. It 
 is enclosed by old fortiflc.ition.s. and is ill built, but it has a 
 fine cathedral, a hospital, and trade in corn, hemp, and 
 cider. Dol was taken and retaken many times during tlie 
 Middle Ages, and the troubles of the lemrue. In 1793, the 
 Vendeans repulsed the republican forces in an assault 
 upon it. 
 
 DOL-REX-MAEN, (mj/en,) a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 DOLCE, Gulf and River. See DULCE. 
 
 DOLCE ACQUA, dol'chi d'kwd, (b. DiWcis a/qua, i. e. 
 "sweet water,") a market-town of the Sardinian States, 21 
 miles E.X.E. of Nice, on the Xervia. Pop. 1892. 
 
 DOLCEDO, dol-chVdo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 In the province of Oneglia. Pop. 26(58. 
 
 DOLCIGXO. a town of Turkey. See Dclcigno. 
 
 DOLE, dol, (L. Do'la or IWlium ; anc. Dnilium ?) a town 
 of France, department of the Jura, at the foot of a vine-clad 
 hill, on the right bank of the Doubs, 29 miles X. of Lons-le- 
 Saulnier. Pop. in 1852, 10,830. It is irregularly built. The 
 principal edifices are the Court-IIouse, the Old and Xew Pri- 
 sons, 2 hospit.als, and a theatre. It has a public library, 
 manufactories of straw-hata, leatlier. earthenwares, hard- 
 wares, and an active trade in agricultural produce. Dole 
 was founded by the Romans, and in later times was the ca- 
 pital of Franche-le-Comte, till its annexation to the kingdom 
 3f Franeu. In 1442, it became the seat of a parliament !ind 
 a university, established by Philippe-le-Bon. The fortifica- 
 tions, once of great strength, were dismantled in 1674. Pre- 
 viously it had been besieged, taken and retaken several 
 times, alternately by the Germans and French. 
 
 DOLE, L.V, Id dol, a mountain of Switzerland, canton of 
 Vaud. in the chain of the Jura, on the French frontier, 16 
 miles X. of Geneva. 6509 feet in elevation. It is celebrated 
 for its magnificent prospects. 
 
 DOLGELLt, dol-gSth'lee,orDOLGELLEN, a market-town 
 and parish of North Wales, capital of the county of Jlerion- 
 eth. ou the Jlynach, here crossed by a bridge near the foot 
 of Cader-Idris, 46 miles W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of parish, 
 in 1851,3479. The town is surrounded by magnificent hill 
 scenery, and contains a church, with fine tower, a county- 
 hall, jail, and house of correction. It has manufactories of 
 coar.se woollens, and considerable markets for flannels. 
 Here Owen Glendwr held a parliament in 1404. 
 
 DOLGOI. dol-goy', an island in the Caspian Sea, off the 
 coast of Khiva ; lat. 45° N., Ion. 51° 30' E. 
 
 DOLtiOI, an island of European Russia, government of 
 
 Archangel, in the Arctic Ocean, 55 miles S. ov *he island 
 of Vaigats. 
 
 DOLGOI, an island of Russia, at the mouth of the Neva 
 at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland. 
 
 DOLIIA, dol'hOh', or DOHA. diyh6h\ a market town of 
 Hungary, co. of Marmaros, on the Doiha or liorsav), 30 miles 
 from Szigeth. I'op. 8S6. 
 
 DOLIXA, do-lee'nd. a town of Austria, G.ali-i.a, 22 miles 
 S.S.E. of Stry. Pop. 3120. It has Roman Cath <lic and Pro 
 testant cbur"hes. 
 
 DOl/IXGTON. a post-village of Bucks co., Ptwnsylvania, 
 120 miles E. of llarrisburg. 
 
 DOLITZ XIEDERHEl.M, do'lits nee'der-hime\ a village 
 of Saxony, S. of Leipsic, on the bank of the Pleisse, with an 
 old castle. Pop. 930. 
 
 DOiyL.\R, a tillage and parish of Scotland, co. of Clack- 
 mannan, 10 miles X.E. of Stirling. Pop. 1662. The village 
 is beautifully situated on the Devon. The Dollar Academy 
 is an elegant structure founded in 1819. under the will of 
 Captain M-Xab. who left nearly 80.000/. for tbe purpose. 
 Coal is wrought here, and Iron-stone is abundant. The fine 
 old ruin of Castle-C.Hmpbell is in this parish. 
 
 DOIVLAR-LAW, a mountain of Scotland, CO., and 90 
 miles S.S.W. of Peebles. Elevation, 2840 feet. 
 
 DDL'LART, (L. SilnM Emiiuhms or JJoUti/riiis.) a gulf ot 
 the German Ocean, at the estuary of the Ems, between 
 Hanover and the Netherlands, 10 miles in length from X. to 
 S., by about 7 miles across, owes its origin to a destructive 
 inundation in 1276. The town of Emden is on its northern 
 shore. 
 
 DDLLOVA, dol1oV6h\ a village of Hungary. In the 
 Banat district of Temesvar, 21 miles E.X.E. of Belgrade. 
 Pop. 20.'35. 
 
 DOLM, dolm, a small island of Norway, on the coast of 
 Trondhjem, near the island of Hitteren, and between it and 
 Froyeii. Its greatest length is 6 miles. Two summits rise 
 to the height of nearly 3000 feet. 
 
 DOr.MATOV or DOLMATOW. dol-md-tov', written also 
 DALMATOV, a town of Asiatic Ru.ssia, in the government 
 of Perm, on the left bank of the Iset, 30 miles W.X.W. of 
 Shadrinsk. Pop. 1600. It has a fine monastery, and an 
 annual fair, visited by merchants from Sit>eria. 
 
 DO'LO, a town of Xorthern Italy, 13 miles W. of Venice, 
 on the Brenta and Brentano. Pop. 3000. 
 
 DO'LOL', a village of Africa, in Senegambia, near the left 
 bank of the lower Senegal. 
 
 DOLOXXOR. ScH- Tchao-Naiman-Soome. 
 
 DOLORES, do-lo'rfe, a town of Spain, province, and 21 
 miles S.S.W. of Alicante, on the Segura. Pop. 24.33. 
 
 DOLORES, a town of the Mexican Confederation, depart- 
 ment, and 45 miles N.E. of Guanajuato. 
 
 DOVPIIIXTOX. a parLsh of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 DOiyPHINGSTON, a hamlet of Scotland, co. of Had- 
 dington. 2 miles W. of Tranent. 
 
 DOL'SENTOWN, a village of Orange co., New York, about 
 100 miles S. by W. from Albany. 
 
 DOl/SON, a post-office of Clark co.. Illinois. 
 
 DOLTOX, dOl'ton, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DOI.rWYDELLAX, dol-we-d5th1an, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Carnarvon, on the river Ledan. 6| miles S.S, 
 W. of Llanrwst. On a rocky hill, in this parish, are the 
 ruins of Dol-Wydellan Castle, in which Llewellyn the Great 
 was born. 
 
 Dfi5IAGX]5. do'milnV«V, a village of France, department 
 of lUe-et-Vilaine, 8 miles W.S.W. of Vitre. Pop. 1900. 
 
 DOM.\IZE, do'mjz' or do'mAz', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Puy-de-DOme, 22 miles S.S.E. of Clermont-Fer- 
 rand. Pop. 1671. 
 
 DOMALAIX. do'mdMAx"', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ille-et-Vilaine. 22 miles E. of Rennes. Pop. 2830. 
 
 DOMAXIS, do'm.-.h'neesh', or DOMAXISA, do'moh'nee'- 
 shdh\ a market-town of Hungary, co., and 30 miles E.N.E, 
 of Trentsohin, It contains two castles. Pop. 1370. 
 
 DOMART, do'maR', a town of France, department of 
 Somnie, 14 miles X.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1314. 
 
 DOMB.\I, dom'bJ', a large village of Asia Minor, 60 miles 
 W. of ,\k-Shehr. Near it are many ancient remains. 
 
 DOMB.\SLE, dAM'bil', a village of France, dep. of Meurthe 
 
 DOMBES, diub, an old division of France, in the pro- 
 vince of Bourgogne, now comprised in the department of 
 Ain. The principality of Dombes was long governed by par- 
 ticular princes. Its capital was Trevoux. 
 
 DOM'BOV AIV, a market-town of Hungary, 21 miles N.N.W. 
 ofFUnfkirchen. It contains the ruins of an old ca.stle which 
 made a considerable figure in the wars with the Turks. 
 Pop. 1330. 
 
 DOM'BROVIT/ZA or DOM'BROVIT'ZY, a town of Russian 
 Poland, government of Volhynia, 150 miles X.N.^V*. of Zhit- 
 omeer (Jitomir.) Pop. 2645. 
 
 DOMBROWICE. dom-bro-veet/sA, a town of Russian 
 Poland, about 84 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1159. 
 
 DOMBROWNO, a town of Prussia. See Giioenburo. 
 
 DO.MBUKG, domajfiKG, a small town of the Netherlands, 
 in the province of Zealand, on the western coast of the 
 island of Walcheren, 6^ miles N.W. of Middelburg. 
 
 573 
 
DOM 
 
 D0M6>fE, do^mln' or do'tnain', a village of Prance, de- 
 partment of Isdre. 6 miles N.K. of Grenoble. Pop. 1590. 
 
 DOMfil(.A.T, dom'.-iVJ'. a Tillage of France, department of 
 AUier. .3 miles W.X.W. of Montlu^on. Pop. SniJ. , 
 
 DOMKS/TIC. a post.ofKce of AVilliams co.. Ohio. 
 
 DOMFKONT, d6M'frA.vo', (L. Domefi-ontium.) a town of 
 France, in the department of Orne. capital of the arrondisse- 
 ment. on a steep rock, near the Varenne. 35 miles M'.N.W 
 of .Vlenjon. Pop. 2086. It has a fine old church : also ma- 
 nufactories of coarse linen and hemp cloths, and 11 large 
 annual horse and cattle fairs. Domfront was founded early 
 in the eleventh century, and was formerly a coveted strong- 
 hold. It was besieged' and taken in 1203 by King Philip 
 Augustus; in I-'JoG and 1418. by the English ; in 1574. by 
 the forces of Catheriue-de-Medicis. from the Huguenots; and 
 In 15S9. from the Leaguers, by Henry IV. 
 
 DOMFKONT. a village of Fr.ince. department of Sarthe, 
 10 miles X.W. of Le Mans. Pop. 1440. 
 
 DOMINICA or DO.MENICA. dom-e-nee'ka. (Fr. Dnmi- 
 niqtte. dom-e-neek'.) a British AVest India Island, of the 
 Leeward group, 22 miles X. of Martinique; lat. of Roseau. 
 15° IS' 4" X.. Ion. 61° 24' 7" ^Y. Its length, from X. to S.. is 
 29 miles : its breadth. 16 miles. Pop. 22.200. of whom about 
 800 are whites. It Is of volctinic origin, and the most elevated 
 of the lesser .Antilles, the extreme height being 5314 feet. 
 Though in part mountainous and rugged, it is interspersed 
 with fertile valleys well watered. The shores are but little 
 indented, and entirely without harbors: but on the W. side 
 there are several good anchorages and bays, the coast being 
 all along bold and clear of danger. Hot and sulphurous 
 Rprings abound. The soil is fertile, and well suited for coffee 
 and sugar. The other products are maize, cotton, cocoa, 
 tobacco, splendid timber trees, and cabinet wood. Hogs, 
 poultry. )jei«, and game are plentiful. The temperature of 
 the low districts ranges from 69° to 88° Fahrenheit, but in 
 the more elevated parts, it is much lower, the air being 
 frequently chill. The wet season lasts from September 
 to January, but rain falls frequently during the other 
 months. The thunder storms are not generally severe, 
 and earthquakes are of rare occurrence. There are 1 Epis- 
 copal. 2 Di.ssenting churches. 7 free schools, and 3 private 
 schools. In 18-52. 6.5.78S hundredweights of sugar. 81.016 
 gallons of molasses. .35.794 gallons of rum. 67. .594 pounds of 
 coffee, with cocoa, cane-jnice, copper ore. Ac. were exported 
 to the United Kingdom. The fcital value of exports in 1849 
 was 4'*.5•23^. and the value of imports 50.584/. In the year 
 1844. 343 ships, of an aggregate burden of 14.783 tons, entered, 
 and S-W ships, of an aggregate of 14.595 tons, cleared, from 
 the ports of the island. The reglstei^ shipping amounted 
 to 14 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 602 tons. The 
 principal harbors are Roseau, on the western, and Prince 
 Rupei-t Bay on the northern coast. The government is in 
 the hands of a governor, council, and a legislative a.ssembly 
 of 20 members. There is here a well organized militia. 
 The public revenue of the island amounted, in 1849. to 
 8877;.. and the expenditure to 10.539/. The isl.and is divided 
 Into 10 parishes. The chief towns are Roseau, the capital, 
 and 5!t. .Toseph. It was discoveivd by Columbus in 1498, 
 ancl ceded by France to (treat Britain in 1763. 
 
 DOMINIC.^. dom-e-nee'k.H. (native. O'xrafto'a.') one of the 
 Marquesas Islands, in the South Pacific Oce.'in: lat, (X. 
 point) 9° 34' ?.. and Ion. 139° 4' W. It is the largest of the 
 group, beine about 18 miles in diameter. 
 
 DOMIXICAN RF.PUBLIC. See Sa.\ DoMixr.o. 
 
 DOM'IXICK, a village of La Salle co., Illinois, about 50 
 miles N.X.E. of Peoria. 
 
 DOMITS. (Diimitz.) diymits. a fortified town of Northern 
 Germany, grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, capital of 
 a distrii't. 33 miles S.S.W. of Schwerin, at the conHuence 
 of the Elde with the Kllie. Pop. 2545. Its citadel on an 
 island in the Ellje. is now used as a house of correction. It 
 has manufactuivs of tobacco, distilleries, and breweries. 
 
 DOMME. dom^m.V. a village of France, department of 
 Dordo:rne, and on the Dordogue, 36 miles S.E. of Perigueux. 
 Pop. 1444. 
 
 DOM'MEL, (anc. DuthmflaT) a river of the Xetherlands, 
 in the province of North Brabant. After a tortuous north- 
 ern course of 45 miles, it joins the Meuse at Fort Crevecoenr. 
 
 DOMMITSII, dom'mitch. a town of Prussian Saxony, 8 
 miles N.X.W. of Torgau. Pop. 2060. 
 
 DOMV AU, dom'nSw, atown of Ijjst Prus.sia. 23 miles S. E. 
 of K5nigsberg. I'op. 1281. It has an ancient castle. 
 
 DOMO D'OSSOLA, do'mo dos'soli. (L. Oscela or O^Cflum,) 
 a town of Xorthern Italy, in Piedmont, on the Simplon 
 route, near the Swiss frontier, and 16 miles N.W. of Lago 
 Maggiure. Pop. 2025. It Is built chiefly of stone, and de- 
 fended by a small fort. 
 
 DOMI'AIKE, dAx^pAa', a town of France, department of 
 Vosges. 7 miles S.E. of Mirecourt. Pop. 1000. It has manu- 
 factures of lace. 
 
 DD.MIMKKKK. dAM'poslR', a village of France, departs 
 men; of Charente-InfSrieure, 6 miles X.E. of La Rochelle. 
 Pop. 2686. 
 
 DOM PIERRE, a village of France, department of Alller, 
 1 miles K.S.E. of Mouliua. Pop. 1620. 
 674 
 
 DON 
 
 DOMPTERRE, a village of France, department of Haute 
 Vienne. 12 miles X.E. of Bellac. Pop. 1700. 
 
 DOMREMY, di^MVto'ee, or dA>o^eh-mee'. or DOAIREMY- 
 LA-PUCELLE, dAN"'rfh-mee'-Id-pti"se!l', a village of France, 
 department of Vosges. 7 miles X. of Neufchateau. on the left 
 bank of the Meuse. It is the native place of Joan of Arc. 
 (called La I'ucelle, i. f. "the Maid, or Virgin.") whose house 
 is preserved as a national relic. Opposite to it is a handsome 
 monument, with a colossal bust of the heroine. 
 
 DOMRI.\XSK, dom-re-insk'. a market-town of European 
 Russia, government, and 40 miles N.X.E. of Perm. Vv\i. leilO. 
 
 DO'MUS. a maritime town of British India, presidency of 
 Bomliay, 16 miles S.AV. of Sural, at the mouth of the Tap 
 tee. in the Gulf of Cambay. 
 
 D()X, (anc. Tan'aif ; Tartar. Dofi>nn.) a river of European 
 Russia, rises in the government of T<x)Ia. flows generally S., 
 passes Dankov. Leliedian, Tcherkask. Nakhitchevan. ."Czof, 
 and Rostov, and enters the Sea of Azof by many nuiuthson 
 the N.E. Chief affluents on the right, the Sosna and the 
 Donets ; left, the Voronezh, (or Voronetz,) Khoper, Medvie- 
 ditsa, Sal. and .Manitch. Length, direct. 4C8 miles: includ 
 ing windings. 990 miles. The navigation of the Don is dif!' 
 ficult in summer, when the water is low : but in winter it 
 is traversed by large vessels. The Don and the A'c.ronezh 
 communicate by canals with the Oka. an affluent of the 
 Volga, and thus unite the Sea of Azof to the Caspian. The 
 delta of the Don is an expanse of sjtiidy flats, running 28 
 miles up. and 22 miles wide at the coast-Une. 
 
 DON. a river of England, co. of York. AVest Riding, ri.ses 
 in the moors AV. of Pennistone. and joins the Ouse after a 
 course of .55 miles. It is navigable from Sheffield. It com- 
 municates by canals with the Trent and the Calder. 
 
 DON', a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises in Ben 
 .\ven. and enters the North Sea Ij miles N. of .W.erdeen, 
 after a course of 62 miles. Banks mostly level, ex'ept in 
 the last part of its course, where it flows rapidly through a 
 narrow channel ; and it is navigable from the sea only for a 
 short distance. Its salmon-fisheries were lately rented for 
 2000J. per annum. Balgounie Bridge is an old Gothic one- 
 arched bridge near its mouth, alluded to by Lord Byron in 
 one of his early poems: a splendid new bridge of 5 arches 
 crosses the river a little farther down. 
 
 DON, d^N^o, a river of France, departments of Slaine-et- 
 Loire and llle-et-A'ilaine. joins the A'ilaine 6 miles E. X.E. of 
 Kedon. after a AA'. course of about 40 miles, tor the last 10 of 
 which it is navigable. 
 
 DOX, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Iowa. 
 
 DO'NA, a small village or steamboat landing of Kent co., 
 Delaware, is situated on Delaware Bay, about 7 miles N.E. 
 of Dover. 
 
 DON.\B.\TE. don-a-bait'. a village and parish of Ireland, 
 CO.. and 10^ miles N.N.E. of Dublin, with a station on the 
 Dublin and Drogheda Railw.ny. Area. 2715 acres. Pop. 479. 
 
 DON.\GH, don'.Hh. a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan. 
 
 DOX.\GH. a parish of Ireland, co. of Donegal. 
 
 DONAGHADKK. donVH^-deo' or don'a-ga-dee'. a seaport' 
 market-town, and parish of Ireland, co. of Down, on the 
 Irish Channel. M^i miles E.X.E. of Belfast. Pop. of town, 
 3151. It is well built, and has a good harbor, with a 
 light-house. Embroidering is here carried on to a ci.nsider- 
 able e.xtent, and in the town are many tiax mills. Steamers 
 ply hence to Portpatrick. 
 
 D(JXAGHCLOXEV, donVklon'ee, a parish of Ireland, co. 
 of Down. 
 
 DOXAGHEADY, donVh&d'ee, a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Tyrone. 
 
 DOXAGIIEAVY. donVhiv'ee, or FIXDONACH, fin'-don'- 
 Ih. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, comprising the town 
 of Fintona. 
 
 DONAGH-HENRY. don'l-hJn'ree. a parish of Ireland, co. 
 of Tyrone, including Stewartstown and a part of Coal I.sland 
 
 DONAOHMOKE. donVmoi-'. a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Donegal, including the town of Castle Linn. 
 
 DOXAGHMOUK. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 DOXAGHMOKK.a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. It givei> 
 the title of earl to the Helv-Hutchison family. 
 
 DOXAGHMORE. a parish of Irel.-ind. co. of Down. 
 
 DONAGHAIORE. a parish of Ireland, co. of AVicklow. 
 
 DON.UillMOKE, a parish of Ireland, co. of A\exford. 
 
 DOXAGHMORE, a parish of Iivland. Queen's county. 
 
 D0N.10HM0RE, two parishes of Ireland, co. of >Ie.ith. 
 
 DOXAGHMORE. a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 Di)N.\GH.MORE. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 DOXAGHMORE. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 DOXAGHMORE. a parish of Irel.ind. co. of Kildare. 
 
 DONAGHMOYNE, donVmoin', a parish of Ireland, co ot 
 Monaghan. 
 
 DON^AGHPAT'RICK. a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway. 
 
 DOXAGHPATUICK. a parish of Ireland, co. of .M.atli. 
 
 DOX'ALDSON, a thriving post-village of S<huylkill orv 
 Pennsylvani-a. 15 miles S.AV.of PottsviUe. It is situated 
 in the vicinity of coal-mines, and owes its rapid pro^rn-^s to 
 thetradeinooal. Laidout about 1845. Pop. in 18.53. alK>ut TOO. 
 
 DOX'ALDSOXVILLE, a post-omce of Abbeville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
DON 
 
 DOX 
 
 DON'ALPSOXA''TLLE. a town and rirer-port, capital of 
 Ascension parish. Louisiana, on the right tank of the Mis- 
 sissippi River, at the head of Bayou La Fourche. S2 miles 
 above New Orleans. It was formerly capital of the state. 
 It has a landing fur steamboats. and contains several stores. 
 DON'ANY. d'vnah'nee, a town on the isle of .Mohilla. one 
 of the Comoro Islands, in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 12° 20' .S.. 
 Ion. 4-1° E. It is walled, and along the sea-face is a solid 
 rampart or platform fur a btittery of guns. The queen's 
 house is built in the European style. 
 DOXAU, a river of Europe. See Daxcbe. 
 DONAUESCIIINGEN', d(yn6w-^sh'in.<r-fn, a town of 
 Southern Germany, grand duchy of Eaden, circle of Lake, 
 37 miUis N.W. of Constance, at the contluence of the Bri- 
 gaeh and Brege. Pop. 3^l.^0. It is well built, and has a fine 
 residence of Prince FUrstenberg, in the court-yard of 
 which is a spring considered the fountain-head of the 
 Danube. 
 
 DOXAUSTAUF, do'n«w-st6wr, a town of Bayaria, circle 
 of Upper I'alatinate, 9 miles VV.X.W. of Worth, on the left 
 bank of the Danube. I'op. IIW. Near it is the Walhalla 
 temple. 
 
 DUXAUWORTH, (DonauwBrth.) do/ndw-ftoBf, written 
 also DOXAUWEHTII. a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, 
 capital of a district, at the confluence of the Wernitz with 
 the Danube, (the latter here crossed by a bridge.) 25 miles 
 N.X'.W. of Augsburg. I'op. 3000. It was formerly a free town 
 of the empire: is enclosed by walls, and well built. It has 
 several churches and hospitals, a monastery, and a fine pul>- 
 lic promenade. Its inhabititnts are mostly employed in rais- 
 ing fruits, tiax. hemp, and hops, in brewing, and a transit 
 trade on the Danube. In 1704, Marlborough here gained a 
 victory over the Bavarians. 
 
 DUX BEXITO. don bA-nee'to. a town of Spain, 57 miles 
 E.X.E. of Badajoz, near the Ouadiana. It is the capital of a 
 partidn (district) of the same name, comprising 8 villages. 
 Pop. 15.124. It has uianufaeturea of woollens. 
 
 DOXC'ASTEIi. (anc. Ita'nuni.) a municipal borough, mar- 
 ket-town, and parish of England, co. of York, West Biding, 
 on the navigable river Don, here crossed by two fine stone 
 bridges, and on the great Xorthern Koad. 32 miles S. of 
 York, and 9 miles E. of the Swinton Station of the North 
 Midland Kail w.ay. Pop. in 1861, 16,430. It is pleasantly situ- 
 ated, and is one of the cleanest and best-built towns in the 
 kingdom. The High Street, nearly 1 mile in length, is re- 
 markably handsome. The chief edificesare the Parish Church, 
 a noble cruciform structure, with a tower ; Christ Church, an 
 elegant modern edifice; a grammar school, supported by 
 the corporation; St. Thomas' Hospital, for decayed house- 
 keepers: a large county deaf and dumb institution; a no- 
 ble m.insion-ho use. or residence for the mayor: the Town- 
 hall. .Tail, and Cross; a public library, theatre, lyceuin, 
 branch banks, and numerous fashion.able hotels; and, on 
 the celebrated race-coui-se adjoining the town on the S.E., a 
 magnificent grand stand, noblemen's stand, with every other 
 convenience for its far-famed races, which directly or indi- 
 rectly contribute to the chief resources of the inhabitants. 
 They were established in 17u;j. In 1776, the famous St. Leger 
 stakes for 3 year olds were fimnded by Colonel St. Leger, and 
 have been since annually run for in September by the best 
 horses in England. 
 
 DOXCHEK Y. d<'iN'<!^sheh-ree', a town of France, department 
 of Ardennes, on the riiht bank of the Meuse. here cros.sed 
 by a stone bridge, :5 miles W. of Sedan. Pop. in 1S52. 1784. 
 It is surrounded with walls, and was formerly strongly for- 
 tified. On a large open sp.)ce is a town-hall and a residence for 
 a military govei-nor ; it has a hospital and cavalry barracks. 
 DOX COSS.\CKS, COUXTKY OF. See Cossacks. 
 DOX'DRA HEAD. (anc. Dewandre. i.e. "island's end,") 
 the southernmost extremity of the island of Ceylon. Lat. 
 6° 55' X.. Ion. 80° 38' E. 
 
 DOX^EG.\L, don-e-gawl'. a maritime county of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, having E. and S. the counties of lyondonderry, Ty- 
 rone, and Fermanagh, and oh other sides Donegal Bay and 
 the Atlantic. Area, 1S65 square miles, or 1.193.tiO0 acres, 
 of which 393.191 acres are arable, and 769.587 are waste. 
 Pop. in 1851, 2.55,160. Surface mountainous : principal rivers, 
 the Swilly and Leenan. Shores greatly indented, and the 
 county contains Loughs Swilly and Mulroy. with Sheepha- 
 Ten, Gliddore, Guybarra. and Lochrus Bays, and many 
 islands off the coast, 'J'he inland lakes are numerous: the 
 principal is Lake Derg. in which is the island of St. Patrick's 
 I'urgatory. Fisheries in 1S49 employed 12.188 hands and 
 2810 vessels. Principal towns. Ballyshannon and Letter- 
 kenny, with the ports of Kathmelton. Doneg.al, and Killy- 
 begs. It sends two members to the House of Commons. 
 
 DONEG.\L. a seaport, market-town, and parish of Ire- 
 land, CO. of Donegal, at the moutli of the Esk. in Donegal 
 Bay, 11 miles X.X.E. of Ballyshannon. Pop. of town. 1366. 
 It is ill built, but has a neat church, a spacious m.arket-place, 
 •ulphur baths, the ruins of a monastery, the remains of a 
 fine castle, a harbor for vessels drawing 12 feet of water ; it 
 exports corn and butter. 
 
 DOXEGAL, donVgawl'. a village and township of Butler 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 7 miles N.E. of Butler. Pop. 999. 
 
 DONEGAL, a village and township of Washiii^on co., 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on W, Virginia, and intersected bv 
 the Ilempfield Riiilroad. Pop. 1690. 
 
 DOXEGAL, a post-village and township of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 44 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. Pop. l:iS9. 
 DijNEtiAL BAY, an inlet of the Atlantic, extends in- 
 wards about 25 miles; breadth at entrance, 20 miles. 
 
 DOXEUAILE, don^-?r-ail', a market-town and parish of 
 Ireland, in Munster, co.of Cork, on the Awbeg. here crossed 
 by a handsome stone bridge, 6 miles X.X.E. of Mallow. Pop. 
 of town, 2722. It is a poor place, with a few good residences, 
 a neat church, largg Itoman Catholic chapel, nunnery, dis- 
 pensary, and market-house. It gives the title of viscount 
 to the St. Leger family. The ruined castle of Kilcolman in 
 its vicinity was a favorite residence of the poet Spenser. 
 
 DiJXETS or DtJXETZ. do-nSt.s', a river of Southern Kus» 
 sia, and the principal affluent of the Don, rises in the go- 
 vernment of Koorsk, flows mostly S.E. through the go- 
 veinnent of Kharkhov and the Don Cossack country, and 
 joins the Don on the right. 40 miles X.E. of Xovo-Tcher- 
 kask. after a course of 4(10 miles. It is wide and deep, and 
 its banks are highly fertile. Principal affluents, the O.-kol, 
 .\idar, and Kalitva — all from the X. On its banks are the 
 towns of Bielgorod, and Zniiev, (where it becomes navigable.) 
 Izioom.and Slavianoserbsk. 
 
 DuXGEX, dong'Hgn, a village of Holland, province of 
 .North Brabant. 8 miles X.E. of Breda, on a stream of its own 
 name. Pop. 560. 
 
 DOXGE.S, dA.Nzh. a market/town of France, department of 
 Loire-Inferieure, 25 miles X.X.W. of .Nantes. Pop. 2700. 
 
 DOXG-XAI, dong^-ni', a river of Anam, enters the China 
 Sea by many mouths, near lat. 10° 20' X., Ion. 107° E. It 
 is navigable for large ships to the city of Saigon, 40 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 DOXG-XAI, a town of Anam, on a tributary of the Dong- 
 nai River. 
 
 DOXG-XAI, a considerable province in the S. part of Anam, 
 bordering on the Gulf of Siam and the China Sea. 
 
 T>i>\'(iO.(nm:. Ac/un'cum ?) a village of Xortliern Italy, 
 20 miles X.X.E. of Como, at the foot of a mountain, which 
 rises above the W. shore of Lake Ojuio. Pop. 1299. 
 
 DiJXGOLA, dong'go-l5. a province of Upper Xubia. ill de- 
 fined, but generally repre.sented as lying between lat. 17° 60' 
 and 19° 30' N. It consists of an extensive plain, about ISO 
 miles long, but of quite a limited breadth, eniliraciug Ixith 
 banks of the Xile, b^ which it is traversed throughout its en- 
 tire length, encircling in its course the i.sland of Argo. It 
 was taken from the Menilooks by Ilirahim Pasha in 1820. 
 
 lnha,b. Dongoi.awee. dong-gold/wi e. 
 
 DOXGOLA. New. or MARAKA. m.iril/k3. a town of Xu- 
 bia. capital of the province of Dongola, on the W. bank of the 
 Xile. in lat. 19° 10' 19'' X., Ion. .30° 22' 15" E. It is populous, 
 and imiK)rtant. both as a military depot and a place of tr.ide 
 its exports are chiefly slaves in return for goods of all descrip- 
 tions tVom Cairo. It has an indigo lactjry belonging to the 
 Egyptian pasha. Pop. 5000. 
 
 DOXGOLA, (Old,) a ruined town of Nubia, on the right 
 bank of the Xile, 75 miles S.S.E. of New Dongola. The pa- 
 lace of the ruler of Nubia may still be distinguished by its 
 size and form. 
 
 DONGO'LA, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, on Pa- 
 toka Creek, about 14 miles E. of Princeton. 
 
 DOX'HEAD ST. AX'DUEW, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 DOXHEAD ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 D0X1XGT0X-0JJ-BAIX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 DOX'IXGTOX CASTLE, a town and parish of England, co. 
 of Leicester, 2 miles from Keyworth station, on the Midland 
 Railway. Pop. 2500. 
 DON'IPIIAN, a post-village, capital of Kipley co., Missouri. 
 DONIPHAN CITY', a post-town of Kansas, on the Mis- 
 souri River, about 28 miles above Leavenworth, and 5 or 6 
 miles X. of Atchison City. 
 
 DON-ISLE or DOX/HILL, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Waterford, with ruins of Don-Isle Castle. 
 
 DOXJON, Le, Ifh d6N='zh4x=', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Allier, on the Odde, 26 miles S.E. of Moulins. 
 Pop. 1800. 
 
 DOX KERBROEK, donk'er-brdok'. a village of Holland, pro- 
 viive of Frie.sland. 22 miles S.F). of Leeuwarden. Pop. 780. 
 DOX KOV or DOX KOW. See Daxkov. 
 DON'NA ANA. a new county in the S. part of New Mexico. 
 DOXX AL of Anam. See Du.ng-.nai. 
 
 DOXXAOE, don'ni-o'^h, an i.sland of Norway, off the coast 
 of Nordland. at the mouth of the Ranen Fiord : about 1 8 milea 
 long by 6 broad. Lat. of the centre. 66° 7' N.. Ion. 12° 45' E. 
 DONNAS or DONAS, do/nds, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, on the Dora Balteai. Pop. 1530. 
 DOX'NELL'S a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 DO.N'XELSVILLE, a post-villaiie of Clarke co., Ohio, a few 
 miles W. of Springfield. Pop. about 200. 
 
 DON'XIXGTOX, a market-town and pari.=h of England^ 
 CO., and 27 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. A canal connects the 
 town with Boston. Hemp is largely cultivated, in the viciuitv 
 DOXNIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 67i 
 
DON 
 
 DOXN'IXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the 
 Aruudel and Portsmouth Canal. 
 
 POXMXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 DOX'NYBKOOK. ST. MARY'S, a parish of Ireland. In 
 Leinster, co. of Dublin, including the small towns of Irish- 
 town, Hingsend. and Sandymount. ^which see.) Pop. 9825, 
 of whom 1610 are in the village; the latter, on the Dodder, 
 here crossed b)' a handsome bridge, has an elegant parish 
 church, a large hospital, a dispensary, a hat factory, and 
 Bereral mills, but is chiefly famous for its fair, held during 
 the week commencing .\ugust iffith. 
 
 DO'XOBEW, a town of the Burmese dominions, province 
 of Pegu, on the Irrawaddy, 60 miles alKjve Rangoon. 
 
 DOX'OHILL. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 DOXTKEI.K, dA-Vo'tHV or ddxo'trAx', a village of France, 
 department of Creuse. 20 miles E. of Aubusson. Pop. 2250. 
 
 DOX'YATT, H parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DOX'YLAXD EAST, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 DONYSA, one of the Grecian islands. See IIerakua. 
 
 DOXZDOKF, donts/doRt a town of WUrtemberg, on the 
 Lauter. 5 miles X. of Geislingen. Pop. 1659. 
 
 DONZEXAC. dfixo^zeh-nlk', a town of France, department 
 of Correze. 5 miles X. of Brives. Pop. in 1852. 3409. 
 
 DO.VZfiRE. dAso'ziiiR', a town of France, department of 
 DrSme. on the Rhone, 35 miles S. of Valence. Pop. 1707. 
 
 DOXZY, M^o^zee', a town of France, department of Xi6vre, 
 on the left bank of the Nonain, arrondissemeut and 10 miles 
 E.S.E. of Cosne. Pop. in 1852, 4057. 
 
 DOO'B.^II, a small river of Sinde, rises in the S.part of the 
 Keertar -Mountains. After a course of about 45 miles, it forms 
 a junction with theDamajee, near 25° X., lat. and 68° E.lon. 
 
 DOtTBAUXT' or DtWBAUXG', (Indian, Tootxmvg. i. t. 
 "turbid wat<ir," a small lake of British America, near 62° N. 
 lat., and 98° W. Ion. Doobaunt River is a small stream flow- 
 Inir into it. 
 
 bOOBOSARY, DODBOSARY or DUBOSARY.doo'bo^S^- 
 ree, (written also DUBOZARl or XCyvO-DOOBOSARY.) a 
 town of Russia, government of Kherson, on the Dniester, 42 
 miles X.W. of Tiraspol. Pop. 1600. 
 
 DOOBOVKA, DOUBOVKA, DUBOVKA, doo-bov'ki or 
 DUBOVSKI-POS.\D, doo-bov'skee-po-sSd' a town of Europe- 
 an Russi.a, government and 180 miles S.S.W. of Saratov, on 
 the right bank of the Volga. It is an entrepot for all the 
 produce of the X. of Russia, sent by land to Katchaliusk. on 
 the Don. for the use of the southern provinces. Pop. 1300. 
 
 DOODU'UT'LEE, a town of Farther India, in Cachar, 40 
 miles E. of Sylhet. and where, in 1S24, aBritish detachment 
 was repulsed by the Burmese. 
 
 DOO'ISU. a mountain of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Done- 
 gal, 10 miles W.X.W. of Letterkenny ; height. 2143 feet. 
 
 DOOK()VCIIE?:X A. DOUKOVTCHINA. or DUKOVTSCIII- 
 K A. doo-kov-chee'ni. a market-town of Russia, government 
 and 32 miles X.E. of Smolensk. 
 
 DOO'LEW. a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, 
 district of Candeish ; lat. 21° 1' N., Ion. 74° 47' E. 
 
 DOOLr'l!I.\, a town of British Indi.a, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. S.W. ceded districts, 13 miles S.W. of Hosungabad. 
 
 DOO'LY, a county in the S.W. centnil part of Georgia, con- 
 tains about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 Flint River, and drained by the sources of the Alapaha, and 
 by Lumjikin's, Gum, and Cedar Creeks. The surface is level, 
 and partly covered with pine woods. Much of the land is 
 productive. Organized in 1821, and named in honor of Co- 
 lonel John Dooly, an officer in the war of the Revolution. 
 Capital, Vienna. Pop. 8917. of whom 4847 were free, and 
 4070 slaves. 
 
 DOOMAIRAII or DUMAIRA. doo-mPrtl, an island in the 
 Red Sea. otf the Abyssinian coast in lat. 14° X., Ion. 43° 30' 
 E., of great height, running up to a remarkable sharp peak 
 In the centre. 
 
 DOOX. a river of Scotland, co. of Ayr, flowing from Ix>ch 
 Doon, in a X.X.W. course of about 18 iniles. into the Frith of 
 Clyde. 3 miles S. of Ayr. The name of this beautiful stream 
 has been immortalized by Bums. 
 
 DOO.X, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperarv. 
 
 DOOX^GURPOOR/, a town of Western Hindostan, in R.ij- 
 pootana, 48 miles S. of Odeypoor, and the capital of a small 
 rajahsbip. tributary to the British. 
 
 D(X)X, LOCII, ISk doon. of Scotknd. 22 miles S.S.E. of Avr, 
 Is about 5 miles in length and three-fourths of a mile' in 
 breadth. It is inclosed by mountains, and has an Islet on 
 which are the ruins of a castle. 
 
 D(H)R, DOUR, or DUR, door, (rhyming with poor^) a town 
 of Asiatic Turkey, pashallc, and 83 miles X.N.W. of Bagdad, 
 on the Tiifris. 
 
 DODR. DOUR, or DUR, door, a village of Persia, province 
 of Irak-.\jemee,75 miles N.W. of Ispahan. 
 
 DOOR. dOr, a ctmnty of Wisconsin, is a narrow peninsula 
 betwcn'n Lake Michigan and Green Bav, forming the X.E ex- 
 tremity of the state. The area Is alxmt 400 s<iuare miles. 
 It was separated from Brown county in 1860. Capital. 
 Gibmltar. Pop. 2948. 
 
 DOORA, d.'i'rl, a village of Holland, province and 11 miles 
 E.S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 1002. 
 
 DOORAK, DOURAK, or DURAK, doo'-rilk, (written also 
 57 ti 
 
 DOR 
 
 DORAK.) da'rlk, a town of Persia, pnovince of Khoozistan, 
 200 miles S.W. of Ispahan, at the confluence of the Jerahl 
 and Doorak Rivers. It has manufactures of silk handker- 
 chiefs and .\raV)ian cloaks. Pop. 8000. 
 
 DOOH CREEK, a post-ofBce of Dane co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 DQORX, doRn or dtx>rn. GRE.Vf and UTTLK. two rivers 
 of Southern Africa, in Cape Colony, tributary to Elephant 
 River. In the district of Georce. 
 
 DOORXEBUUG. dOR'neh-buRG\ or DOORXEXBURO, dOR/- 
 nfn-b&RG. a village of Holland, province of Gelderland, 8 
 miles E.X.E. of Xymwegen. with a fine castle. Pop. 600. 
 
 D(X)RX1K. a citv of Beliiium. «ee Tourn.at. 
 
 DOORXSPYK. doRu'spike. a vill.tge of the Xetherlands, 
 province of Gelderland. on the Zuyder Zee, \\ miles S.W. 
 of Elburg. Pop. of parish. 2815. 
 
 Drx)R VILLAGE, a little post-village of La Porte co,, 
 Indiana, 3 miles S.W. of La Porte, is situated in a fertile 
 prairie. 
 
 DOOSHAK, doo\«hik', a walled village of West Afghanis 
 tan, on the route between Herat and Candahar. 
 
 DOOSH.\K, a town of West Afghanistan. See J£Lal.abaii. 
 
 DOOSTEK or DUSTEE. doos't(*\ (written also DUSEE, 
 DOOST, DOUST, and DUST. ) a river of Beloochist.in, province 
 of Mekr.jn, enters the Arabian Sea. in lat.25°15'X., Ion. 61° 
 60' E., after a coarse of perhaps 1000 miles, but very shallow 
 throughout. 
 
 DDK, D'OR, or DORE, (MOXT,) mA.>o'doR, a group of 
 mountiiins in France, comprised in the mountains of Au- 
 vergne. department of Puy de Dome. \jiiX. 45° 32' X., Ion. 2° 
 50' E. The principal summit is the Pic de Sancy. 6188 feet in 
 elevation. These mountains contain many volcanic products 
 and some craters. The rivers Dor and Dngne have their 
 sources here, and the celebrated mineral baths of Mont Dor 
 are situated in the X. of the mountains. The Dor Moun- 
 tain is often mistaken for the Mont D"Or,in the department 
 of Rhone. 
 
 Di>'K.\, a village of Wabash co., Indiana, on the Salamo- 
 nie River, 8 miles E. of Wabash. 
 
 DORA, a village of Broome co., Xew York, 18 miles E. of 
 Binghampton. 
 
 DORA BALTEA. do'rd bdl-ti/i (anc. Dulria M-iiJor.) a river 
 of Xorthem Italy, in Piedmont, rises at the foot of the Little 
 St. Bernai'd. and after an E. and S.E. course of nearly 90 
 miles, joins the Po near Crescentino. Under the French it 
 gave name to a department of which Ivrea (which is on its 
 banks) was the capital. 
 
 DORAK, doVSk', a town of Persia, pi-ovince of Khoozistan, 
 90 miles S. of Shooster. It is walled, and reported to be 
 populous, and to have some thriving manufactures. SJS. 
 of it are the remains of Eskee (or Old) Dorak. Pop. 6000. 
 
 DOR AM A. do-ri'mi a town of Central Arabia, in Xedjed, 
 30 miles X.E. of Derayeh. It is a place of provisioning for 
 the Mecca caravans. In 1818, it was taken and sacked by 
 Ibrahim Pa.sha, when nearly every individual excepting 200 
 females was slaughtered. Pop. 7700. 
 
 DORAX. doVin/, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on a moun- 
 tain. 30 miles S. of Sana. It has some remarkable tombs. 
 
 DORA RlPAIRA.do'rire-pI'rd.(anc.i>!(Vi((iV<'n')C.)a river 
 of Xorthern Ifcily, in Piedmont, rises in the Cottian Alps, 
 and after an E. course of tiO miles, joins the Po near Turin. 
 
 DOR.\T. Lr, Ifh doVi'. (anc.Oratorium .?ia town of France, 
 department of Haute-Vienne. 7 miles X.of Bellac. Pop. 1852. 
 
 DOKCHEAT, a post-oifice of Clailiorue parish, Louisiana. 
 
 DORCHEAT RIVER. See Dauchite. 
 
 DOR/CHESTER, {unc. Durnom'ria. and Durinum; Sax- 
 on, Dnrnceaster, probably .a corruption of Durhii Ciistra, i. e, 
 the "Station of Durinum,") a p:u-liamentary and mu- 
 nicipal Ixirough and town of England, capital of Dorset, 
 on an eminence on the right bank of the Frome, 8 miles 
 X. of Weymouth, on the English Channel, and 115 miles 
 S.W. of London, on the South-western Railway. Pop. in 
 1851. 6394. It is almost wholly surrounded by fine ave- 
 nues, and handsomely built, the poorer edifices being con- 
 fined to the adjoining suburban village. Fordlngton. It has 
 3 churches; St, Peter's is an ancient structure, containing 
 some curious monuments and stained glass; a small gram- 
 mar school, having exhibitions to the university; several 
 ancient endowed poors" hospitals, a county hospital, union 
 workhouse, handsome town-hall with market-house, neat 
 shire-hall, county jail and house of correction, Kii^e cavalry 
 barracks, theatre, some lianks. and seveial interesting Roman 
 remains, including traces of the ancient walls: and. in the 
 close vicinity of the town, two strongly entrenched stations, 
 and the remarkalile amphitheatre of Maumbury. the most 
 perfect in the liingdom. 'The last is enclosed by sloping sides 
 or seats of chalk, rising 30 feet atove the spacious arena. 
 Dorchester has a flourishing retail trade, breweries of cele- 
 brated ale, and large fiirs for the vast nuniWrs of shet>p and 
 lambs pastured on the adj!»cent downs. It sends 2 members 
 to the lloiise of Commons. It gives the title of baron to th« 
 Carleton family. Judge Jeffreys's "bloody assize'' was held 
 here in 1685. 
 
 D( )KCHESTER. (anc. Diirocina or Dorocina.) a vilL-tge and 
 parish of England, co. and 9 miles S.S.E. of Oxford, on the 
 Thames, here ctosaed by an elegant stone bridge, fop. Is 
 
DOR 
 
 1851, 1061. The ancient cruciform church of the village was 
 originally the cathedral of St. Biriiie, who fixed here tlie seat 
 of his bishopvic. (the largest ever formed in Kn<;!and,) about 
 A. D. 635. It still contains the tomb of the saint and his 
 leaden font, said to be the most ancient of the kind known. 
 
 DOlt/CIIESTIilt, a county in the S.K. part of Maryland, 
 bordering on Delaware State, and on the Chesapeake Bay, 
 which washes the W. border. Area, 640 square miles. Tlie 
 Choptank Kiver forms its boundary on the N. and N.W., and 
 the Nanticoke Itiver on the S.E. It is also drained by Hud- 
 son and Marshy Hope Rivers. The surface is level, and 
 partly occupied by marshes. The Choptank and Nanticoke 
 Rivers are navigable along the borders of the county. Or- 
 ganized in 1669. Capital, Cambridge. Pop. 20,461, of whom 
 16,-J38 were free, and 4123 slaves. 
 
 DORC'HESTEKja post-township of Grafton co.,NewIIamp- 
 Bhire, about 50 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 691. 
 
 DOltCHliSTEK, a beautiful and flouri.shing post-town of 
 Norfolk CO., Massachusetts, on Boston Bay, 4 miles S.K. of 
 Boston, witli which it communicates by the Old Colony 
 Railroad, and the New York and Boston Air-lino Railroad. 
 It contains 16 cliurches, 2 banks, and a savings institution; 
 it has 3 paper-mills, 2 eliocolate-mills, 1 cotton factory, 3 
 large iron foundries, 1 wire factory, 3 plauing-mills, 1 large 
 Britiinuia ware factory, 1 sasli and blind factory, 1 establish- 
 ment for tlie mantifacture of refrigerators, 21 for the manu- 
 facture of furniture, 1 of starch, and 7 of tinware. Dor- 
 chester is a favorite place of residence with persons doing 
 business in Boston. Many of its dwellings exhibit a de- 
 gree of elegance and ta.ste rarely surpsissed. The township 
 contains 5 post-otlices, viz., Dorchester, Harrison Square, 
 Fairmonnt, Mattapan, and Neponset. Settled in 163U by a 
 company of Puritans, and named in honor of tlie Rev. John 
 Wliite of Dorchester, England. P. in 1S50, 79tj9 ; in 1860, 9769. 
 
 DiHtCHE.STliK, a riverport and capital of 'Westmoreland 
 CO., New Brunswick, situated ou the left bank of the Petico- 
 diae River, near its entrance into Shepody Bay. The river 
 is navi;;ahle for ships of any size and Dorchester is rapidly 
 becoming a place of importance. A valuable mineral, which 
 by some is designated ''jet coal," and by others considered 
 pure a.-iphaltum. lias recently been discovered in its vicinity, 
 and it is now being worked to a considerable extent. The 
 mineral is of a btilliant black, highly inflammable, and 
 yields a large quantity of gas of great illuminating power. 
 
 DIJRCHKSTER, a post-village of Cumberland Co., New 
 Jersey, on Maurice River, 2U miles S.E. of Bridgeton. 
 
 DOKCUi;STEK, a decayed village of the parish of St. 
 George's Dorchester, Colleton district, South Carolina, half a 
 mile K. of the left bank of Ashley River, and 18 miles N.N.W. 
 of Charleston. This is the principal scene of the romantic 
 tale of the '• Partisan," by Simms. 
 
 DlJltCIIH.STEIl, a village of Liberty cc, Georgia, about 
 5 miles from Suubury, containing an academy and 12 
 families. 
 
 DORCHESTER, a post-office of Lafayette ec, Arkansas. 
 
 DOK'CHESTER, a county in the E. part of Canada East, 
 extending from the river St. Lawrence on the N.W. to the 
 State of Maine on the S.E. The Chaudidre and Etchemin 
 Rivers pass through this county. Area, 2050 square miles. 
 Pop. 43,105. 
 
 DOR'DASVILLE, a small village of Pope co., Arkansas. 
 
 DOKDOGXE. dorMon', (Fr. pron. doR'doS',) a department 
 in the S.W. of France, between the departments of Haute- 
 Vienne, Charente, Charente-Inferieure, Gironde, Lot-et-G.a- 
 ronne, Lot. and Correze. Capital. Perigueux. Area, 3492 
 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 501,687. The chief rivers are 
 the Dordogne and Vez6re, both navigable. Haute- VezSre, and 
 Isle. The surface is many pjirts is uncultivated, and has 
 numerous marshes. The soil, generally dry and sandy, is 
 rich in minerals, including iron, copper, lead, coal, manga- 
 nese, and lithographic stones; it has marble quarrie.s and 
 mineral springSi Chestnuts are extensively cultivated, and 
 the truffles are the best in France. The principal manufac- 
 tures are iron, paper, brandy, and liqueurs. 
 
 DORDOGN E, (anc. Durahiius, and Dordolnia f) a river in 
 the S.W. of France, is formed by the junction of the Dor and 
 Dogne, in the department of Puy-do-Dome, and after a course 
 of 220 miles, 167 of which are navigable, joins the Garonne 
 13 miles N. of Bordeaux. 
 
 DORDRECHT, a town of the Netherlands. See Dort. 
 
 DOKE, a chapolry of llngland. co. of Derby. 
 
 DORE ABBEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 DOREB.\T, doVe-bit/, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 45 
 miles E.X.E. of Mocha. It is the residence of a sheikh. 
 
 DORE L'EGLISIC, doR lA^gleez', a villageof France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-Dome, 12 miles S. of Aml^ert. Pop. 2090. 
 
 DORES, dcVrz, a parish of Scotland, CO., and 8 miles S.S.W. 
 of Inverness, on Loch Ness. 
 
 DORGALI. doR-gd/lee, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 wpilal of a district, 62 miles K.S.E. of Sas.sari. Pop. 3356. 
 '.t has manufactures of coarse silks. 
 
 DORHEIM, doR'bime. a market-town of Germany, in 
 Uesse-Cassel, 16 miles N. of Hanau, on the Wetter. Pop. 688. 
 
 DORJELING. See Darjeelixq. 
 
 DORJELLA, dor-yMId, a vilLage of the Malay Archipelago, 
 2M 
 
 DOR 
 
 capital of Wammer, one of the Arroo Islands. It is well built, 
 has a batterv. and a small but neat Christian church. 
 
 DOR/KING or DAR/KING, a market-town and pari.<'h of 
 Enaland, co. of Surrey, in a valley famed for picturesque 
 be.-iuty, 21 miles S.S.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 5996. The 
 town stands chiefly on a slojje facing the N., and cnntains 
 many new and handsome residences, a church newly rebuilt, 
 containing the mausoleum of the Dukes of Norfolk, lords of 
 the manor, and in the cemetery of which are traces of the 
 Roman Stone Street. The trade in lime and chalk from 
 adjacent pits is considerable. Around the town are nume- 
 rous fine seats and mansions, including Deepdene, the resi- 
 dence of the late Mr. Hope, author of " Anastasius," and tha 
 Rookery, the birth-place of Malthus. 
 
 DORLA, douli, Upper and Lower, two contiguous vil- 
 lages of l>russian Saxony, 3 miles S.S.W. of JlUhlhausen. 
 United population, 2170. 
 
 DORM AGEN, doR-m^/gh^n, (anc. Dnrnnm'agus. t) a vill.iH:s 
 of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles S.S.E. of Dusseldorf, near the 
 Rhine. Pop. 14S6. 
 
 DOR.MANS, doR^mSN"', a town of France, department of 
 Marne. 14 miles W. of Epernay. Pop. in 1852, 2249. 
 
 DOK'.MANSVILLE, a post-oflice of Albany co.. New Y'ork 
 
 DOK'NICKTOWN. a post-office, Monongaliacoco., Virginia. 
 
 DOR/.MINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 DORMS'DKN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 DOR.MS/TON. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 DORNACH, doR^nSk', a village of France, department of 
 Haut-Rhin. 2| miles by railw.ay N.W. of MUlhausen. Pop. 
 in 18.')2, 2983. engaged in cotton spinning and weaving. 
 
 DORNACH. doK/iiik\ a village of Switzerland, 19 miles N. 
 of Soleure. It is celebrated for the victory of the Swiss over 
 the Austrians, July 22, 1499. 
 
 DORNBACH. doRn'bjK, a village of lavrer Austria, 3 
 miles N.W. of Vienna, with the castle of Neuwaldegg. 
 I'op. 960. 
 
 DORNBIRN, doBnOiSfiRn, or DORNBURN, (DornbUm,) 
 doRii'bUiin, a market-town of Austria, in Tyrol, principality 
 of Vorailburg, 6 miles S. of Brogeuz, ou Liike Constance. 
 Pop. 4600. 
 
 DORN BURG, doRnljCORG, a small town of Germany, duchy 
 and 15 miles E. of Weimar, on tlie Sa.ale. It is the seat of a 
 court of law and several pulilic offices, and contains 3 cas- 
 tles, one of which was often the residence of Goethe. 
 
 DORNDORF, doun'doRf, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Westphalia, about 20 miles S.W. of MUnster, on the Lippe 
 It contains a i'r.inciscan monastery and hospital. Pop. 2824. 
 
 DORNES. doRii, a village of France, department of Nj6vre, 
 21 miles S.S.E. of Nevers. Pop. in 1S52, 1282. 
 
 DORNES, doR'nJs, a market-town of Portugal, on the 
 Zezere, 14 miles N.E. of Thomar. 
 
 DOR'NEY', a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 DORMIAN, dsRii/h^n, or DORNHEM, doimOiJm, a toim 
 of WUrtemburg, circle of Black Forest, 40 miles S.W. of 
 Stuttgart. Pop. 1650. 
 
 DORNO, doR/no, (L. Dorfnus,) a town of Piedmont, division 
 of Novara, 3 miles S.E. of Mortara. Pop. 3683. 
 
 DORNOCH, dor'noK, a royal and parliamentary burgh, mv 
 ritiuie village, and parish of Scotland, capitiil of the county 
 of Sutherland, on the frith of the same name, 14 miles N. of 
 Cromarty. Pop. of burgh, 599. The town is poor, but has a 
 church, (originally a cathedral,) elegantly fitted up by the 
 late Duchess of Sutherland, and fine remains of the bishop's 
 castle. Sheriff's courts are held here. It unites with Kirk- 
 wall, Cromarty. Dingwall, Tain, and Wick in sending one 
 member to the House of Commons. Dornoch was, until the 
 revolution, the seat of the bishops of Caithness. The last 
 victim in Scotland of the laws against witchcraft was burnt 
 in this parish in 1722. 
 
 DORNOCH FRITH, a deep inlet of the North Sea, on the 
 N.E. coast of Scotland, between the counties of Sutherland 
 and Ross. Breadth of entrance, abt.ut 15 miles. The navi- 
 gation, for large vessels is obstructed by sandbanks. 
 
 DORNOCK, a p.^rish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 DORNSTETTEN, doRn'stJt-ten, (anc, Tarodu'num f) a town 
 of Wiirtemburg, circle of the Black Forest, 35 miles S. W. 
 of Stuttgart. Pop. 1200. 
 
 DORNUM, doR/nMm, a village of Hanover, 13 njiles N.W. 
 of Aurich. Pop. 1580. 
 
 DOROGH, do^rog', a town of Hungary, co. of Szabolcs, in 
 a marshy district, about 20 miles N.N .W. of Debreczin. Poj) 
 6640. 
 
 DOROGH. Kis, kish, and Nagy, Dorooh, nCdj. doVog', 
 ("Little and Great Dorogh,") two adjacent villages in Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Tolna, on the Sarviz, which is here navigable. 62 
 miles S.S.W. of Pesth. Pop. of Kis Dorogh, 1055; of Nagy 
 Dorogh. 2666. 
 
 DOROGOBOOZH or DOROGOBOUJ, do-ro-go-boozh', writ 
 ten also DOROGOBUSH and DOROGOBUJ, a town of Rus- 
 sia, government, and 55 miles E.N.E. of Smolensk, capital 
 of a circle, on the Dnieper. Pop. 5000. It is enclosed by 
 walls, well built, and has numerous churches, a fine mar 
 ket-place, a ruined citadel, and a brisk general trade. Ou 
 the 12th of October, 1812, the French were defeated here by 
 the Russians. 
 
 677 
 
DOR 
 
 DOROGOT:^. doro-ffol'A, a town of Moldavia, in its N. 
 part. 70 miles N.W. of Y.issy, (Jassy.) 
 
 DOliOX, dorAu', a small rivei- in the Sardinian Stites, 
 Savoy, which rises in the Grecian Alps ; and, aft«r a course 
 of about -to miles, joins the left bank of the Isere, at JIou- 
 tiers. 
 
 DOROSMA. doVosh'moh\ a village of Central Hungary, 
 Little Cumaniii, 6 miles W.N.W. of Szeged. Pop. 8030? 
 
 DOROSZLO, do]ros'lo\ a village of Hungary, on the Mos- 
 tanso. about 8 miles from Zombor. Pop. 2235. 
 
 DOUPAT, doR/pdt, or DERPT, dJBpt, (L. Torpatum and 
 Darbetun; RvLss.Turiev or Yooru^.) a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Livonia, capital of a circle on the Embacli. here 
 crossed "oy a stone bridge, and on the road between Riga and 
 St Petersburg, 150 miles N.E. of Riga. Pop. 12,000. Mean 
 temperature of the year 41°.8; winter, 30°.l : summer, 63° 
 Fahrenheit. It has a very picturesque appearance, is well 
 built and paved, and comprises a town proper, and the su- 
 burbs of St. Petersburg and Riga. Its old fortifications have 
 been converted into ornamental gardens and public walks. 
 Principal edifices, the ancient, but partly ruined Cathedral, 
 the government offices, a college, founded in loS9. female 
 and numerous other schools, and a spacious market-house. 
 Its celebrated university, originally founded in 1632 by Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus of Sweden, and re-established by Paul I., 
 had in 18-16, SO profes.sors, 574 students, an extensive libra- 
 ry, a museum of arts, an observatory, and a botanic garden. 
 The Dorpat Observatory was rendered famous by the observa- 
 tions made here by Tycho Brahe. It is the chief school for 
 the Protestant clergy in Russia, and the Reformed Synod of 
 Vilna send their students to Dorpat. 
 
 Dorpat is an ancient city, and in the thirteenth century 
 was a place of so much trading importance as to be admitted 
 among the Hanse Towns. In 1223 it was taken by the Ger- 
 mans from the Russians ; the latter reposses.'ied themselves 
 of!tinl553. The Poles captured it from the Russians in 
 1582, from whom again the Swedes recaptured it in 1625. 
 Peter the Great ultimately took it, and it has since remain- 
 ed in the possession of Russia. 
 
 DORR, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 706. 
 
 DORR, a township of McHenry co., Illinois. Pop. 1060. 
 
 DOR'RA>"CE, a post-township of Luzerne CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 553. 
 
 DORRANCE, a postoffice of Stark co.. Illinois. 
 
 DORKE (dorr) ISLAND, West Australia, is 15 miles N. of 
 Dirk Hartog Island, and with it bounds Shark Bay on the 
 W. ; lat. 25° 10' S. Leusth from N. to S. 20 miles. 
 
 DORRHA. dor'ra, or DUR'ROW, duh'ro, a parish of Ire- 
 land. Munster. co. of Tipperary. 
 
 DOR/RIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 DORIVVILLl!;, a past-village of Washington co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 DOR/SET or DORSETSHIRE, dor'se1»shir, a mantime 
 county of England, on its S.W. coa.«t, having X.W. the 
 county of Somerset, N. of Wilts, E. of Hants, W. of Devon- 
 shire, and S. of the English Channel. Area 9S7 square 
 miles, or 643,840 acres, about one-third of which is estimated 
 to be arable. Pop. in 1851, 184.207. Surface in the N. mostly 
 level ; in the centre, traversed by chalk downs, on which many 
 sheep are pa.stured ; in the S. finely diversified by hill and 
 dale; In the E. are some wide heaths. Principal rivers, the 
 Stour and Frome. Coast on the S. presents the islands of 
 Portland and of Purbeck. with St. Alban's Head, and on 
 the S.E.. the inlet Poole Harbor. Portland and Purbeck 
 stone, coarse marble and potter's clay, are raised in large 
 quantities. In 1847, 1120 persons were employed in linen, 
 silk, and woollen factories. The South- Western Railway 
 from London, extends through the S.E. part of the county, 
 to Dorchester. The county forms an archdeaconry of the 
 diocese of Salisbury. Capital, Dorchester. It sends, with 
 its boroughs. 12 memljers to the House of Commons, 3 of 
 whom are returned by the county. 
 
 DOR'SET. a post-village and township of Bennington co., 
 Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 90 miles S.S.W. 
 of Montpelier. It has extensive quarries of marble, the 
 working of which, constitutes the chief occupation of the 
 inhabitants. Pop. 2090. 
 
 DORSET, a post-village and township in Asht.abula co_ 
 Ohio, 175 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. .329. 
 
 DORSET, a post^village of De Kalb co., Illinois, 66 miles 
 W. bv S. of Chicago. 
 
 DORSETSHIRE. See Dorset. 
 
 DOR'SEY. a postoffice of Woodford co.. Kentucky. 
 
 DOR'SIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 DORSTKN. dnRR/tgn, a town of Prussiia, Westphalia. 35 
 miles S.W. of MUnster, on the Lippe. Pop. 2900. It has 
 manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 DOR'STONE. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 DORT, doRt, or DORDRECHT, doR/drjKt. (L. Dnrdractmi,) 
 a town of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, on an 
 island in the Merwe. (Meu.se.) 10 miles S.E. of Rotterdam. 
 Pop. 23,552. Chief edifices, a fine town-hall, a Gothic church, 
 with a tall square tower, and numerous monuments and 
 curious works of art. It h-as a Ivitln school, and many 
 public institutions; seveial quays and canals, a good har- 
 57 d 
 
 DOU 
 
 bor, building docks, numerous saw-mills, s-ilt and sugar 
 refineries, linen-bleachiug grounds, white lead and tobaceo 
 factories, and a large trade in flax, corn, saltish, train-oil, 
 and timber, floating hither down the Rhine. Among the 
 imports in iS52. were S24S tons of coal from Newcastle. Dort 
 was the original residence of the Counts of Holland, and the 
 place where, in 1572. the independence of the United Pro- 
 vinces was first declared. It is the birthplace of the bro 
 thers De AVitt. The famous Synod of Dort, which anatho- 
 matized the doctrines of Arminius. and was productive of 
 much intestine disturbance in the Netherlands, was held 
 here in 1618-19. 
 
 DORT.MUND, doRfmMnt {!,. Dortmunlda and Tieirwinia,) 
 a walled town of Prussia, Westphalia, capital of a circle on 
 the Emster, and on the Cologne and Minden Railway, 27 
 miles W.X.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 2.;!,348. It is the seat of a 
 mining-board, and has a Roman Catholic and 4 Lutheran 
 churches, 3 monasteries. 3 hospitals, and a provincial aca- 
 demy, founded in 1543. Its manufactures are linen, woollen 
 and cotton stuffs, tobacco, nails and cutlery. Dortmund 
 early became a place of some importance, rose to be a fi-ee 
 imperial town, and joined the llauseatic League. With thg 
 dissolution of this league, its prosperity began to decline, 
 and during the Thirty Years War. its trade was almost 
 ruined. In 1802, it came into the family of Nassau Dioz, 
 and wa.s given to Prussw. in 1815. at the Congress of Vienna. 
 
 DORTTdN, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. It has a 
 ch.alybeate spring and handsome bath establishments. 
 
 DORUM, do'i'Odm, a town of Hanover, duchy, and 44 miles 
 N.N .AV. of Bremen, capital of the district of Wursleiu. Pop. 
 628. 
 
 DORZBACH, doRsljjK. a town of WUrtemberg, on the 
 Jaxt, 7 miles S. of Mergentheim. Pop. 1480. 
 
 DOSA-J.ASZ, do'shoh\viss', a village of Hungary, co., and 
 about 36 miles E. of Pesth. on the Tarna. Pop. 25(>4. 
 
 DOS B.ARHIOS, doce bSn'Re-oee. a modern town of Spain, 
 province, and 27 miles E.S.E. of Toledo. 
 
 DOS HERMANAS, doce fR-mi/nds, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 6 miles S.S.E. of Seville. Pop, 2915. 
 
 DOSSENHEIM, dos'sen-hIrae\ a village of B.adisn, circle, 
 Lower Rhine, 4 miles N. of Heidelberg, Pop, 1425. 
 
 DOSSOLO, dos'so-lo, a village and commune of Austrian 
 Italy, government of Milan, 7 miles S. by N. of Viadana, 
 on the left bank of the Po. Pop. 3^46. 
 
 DOTIS, diVtish^, a market-town of West Hungary, CO., and 
 12milesS.E. of Komorn. Pop. 4S69. It consists of an upper 
 and a lower town, between which are ruins of a celebrated 
 ancient castle, which was inhabited by Mathias Corvinus; 
 it has also a castle, with fine gardens, belonging to the 
 Esterhazy family, a Calvinist. and several Roman Catholic 
 churches, a synagogue, a Capuchin monastery, a Piarist col- 
 lege, evmnasium and hij:h school. 
 
 DO/TY'S COIVNER, a postoffice of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 DO'TY'VILLE. a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin, 
 37 miles S.S.W. of Providence. 
 
 DOO.AI or DOUAY, doo'A', (L. Dimcum, anc. Dua'giumf) a 
 fortJfied town of France, department of Nord, on the 
 Scarpe, and on the Railway du Nord. at the junction of the 
 branches to Lille and Valenciennes, 18 miles S. of Lille. 
 Pop. in 1852, 20,528. It is well built, and has several hand- 
 some old churches, a fine arsenal and cannon foundry, 
 several hospitals, a theatre, botanic garden, nation.il college, 
 university, academy, and other public schools, and it is the 
 seat of a national court, and numerous flourishing scientific 
 institutions. It has important manufactures of l.ace. gauzes, 
 cotton stuffs, earthenware, beet-root sugar, glass, soap, and 
 refined sugar. Douai is one of the most ancient towns of 
 France, and existed in the time of Julius Cicsar, who men- 
 tions it as a place occupied by Caluaci. It had acquired 
 considerable importance, and w.os strongly fortified in the 
 ninth century. Its posses.^ion wa.s afterwards strongly con- 
 tested by the Flemish and French, by whom it was repeatedly 
 taken and retaken. It was finally secured to the latter by 
 the peace of Utrecht. 
 
 DOUARNENEZ, doo'aR'ngh-ni/, (L. Dnrvarwna.) a town of 
 France, department of Finistere, on the bay of Douarnenei. 
 12 miles N.W. of Quimit.r. Pop. in 1852, 4193. It hns a 
 considerable fishery. 
 
 DOU.\Y, a town of France. See DoDAl. 
 
 DOUBLE BRANCHES, a post-oflice of Anderson district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 DOUBLE BRANCHES, a post-village of Lincoln co, 
 Georcria. 
 
 DOUBLE BRIDGE, a postoffice of Lunenburg co., Vir- 
 ginia, 87 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 DOUBLE BRID'GES. a post-village of Upson CO., Georgia. 
 11 miles S.W. of Thomaston, the county seat, 
 
 DOUBLE BRIDGES, a post-office of Lauderdale co,, Tan- 
 nessee. 
 
 DOUB'LE CAB/INS. a post-vilLige of Henry co.. Georgia, 
 65 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 DOUBLE OAK, a post-office of Camdon co., Missouri. 
 
 DtlUBLE PIKE CREEK, a postofflce of Carroll co., Mary 
 land. 
 
 DOUBLE SHOALS, a post-offlce of Morgan co., Georgia. 
 
DOU 
 
 DOU 
 
 POUBLE SPRIXO. a post-office of Benton co., Arkansas, 
 
 DOUBLK SPRINGS, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 DOUBLK SPRINGS, a post-office of Jackson co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 DOUBLE SPRINGS, a post-town of Calaveras county, 
 California, is sitimted on the main road from Sacramento 
 City to Sonora, 87 miles E.N.E. of San Francisco. It is in 
 the vicinity of one of the principal mining districts, and is 
 much resorted to for supplies by traders and miners. 
 
 DOUBLE W KLL.S, Warren CO., Georgia. See Gumming. 
 
 I).)U1SI)VKA. See Doouovka. 
 
 DOU lis, doobz. (anc. Dii'bis.) a river of France, rises in the 
 Jura, at the S. extremity of the department of Doubs. passes 
 Dole, where its natural navii^ation commences, and joins 
 the SaOne at Verdun-sur-Saone ; it is accompanied by the 
 Canal of the Rhone and Rhine from Voujancourt to its junc- 
 tion with the SaOne. Length 263 miles. Near Morteau, it 
 forms a cataract 8S feet high. 
 
 DOUBS, a department in the E. of France, formed of ptirt 
 of the provinces of Franche-Comta. It is situated between 
 the departments of Ilaut-Rhin. Ilauto-Saone, and Jura, and 
 on the frontier of Switzerland. Area 2028 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1861, 296,280. Chief rivers, the Doubs and Loue. 
 The Canal of the Rhone and Rhine traverses the department 
 from S.AV. to .\.K. The surface is nearly covered with 
 ramificiitions of the Jura range. Soil In many parts fertile, 
 especially in the valley of the Doubs. It has mines of iron, 
 salt, gypsum, and mineral springs. Capital, Besan^on. It 
 is divided into the 4 arrondissements, Beaume-les-Dames, 
 Besangon. Montb61iard. and Pontarlier. 
 
 DOUBTFUL ISLAND, an island of the South Pacific 
 Ocean. Lat. (E point) 17° 20' S. : Ion. 142° 23' W. 
 
 DOUBTFUL ISLAND, a sxiall island in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, near the S. coast of Australia. Lat. 34° 24' S.; Ion. 
 119° 34' E. 
 
 DOUCATES. SeeDucATES. 
 
 'DOUCK, doo.s, a mountain of Ireland, co. of Wicklow, 5J 
 miles S.S.W. of Bray. Elevation, 2392 feet. 
 
 DOUGHY, doo^shee', a village of France, department of 
 Nord. on the Selles, 27 miles S.S.E. of Lille. Pop. 1558. 
 
 DOUDKVILLK, doodVeel', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-Inl'erieure, 8 miles N. of Yvetot. Pop. 
 17 So. 
 
 DOUDS'VILLE, a post-office of Pendleton co., Kentucky. 
 
 DOUJ^. doo-A', a town of France, department of >Iaine-et- 
 Loire,10 miles W.S.W. of Saumur. Pop. in 1852, 3194. It 
 has vast Roman ruins and curious grottoes in its vicinity. 
 
 DOUERA, doo-:'i'r3, a walled town of Algeria, 10 miles 
 S.W. of Algiers. Pop. 1573. 
 
 DOUGHTY'S FORK, of Killbuck Creek, Ohio, falls into 
 the main stream, in Coshocton county. 
 
 DOUGL.\S, dilg'lass. a seaport, market-town, watering- 
 place, and capital of'the Isle of Man. on a fine bay on its E 
 coast, 81 miles N.W. of Liverpool. Pop. in ISol, 98S0. Its 
 old .streets are narrow, irregular, and dirty; but several 
 handsome ones, with terraces, a crescent, and numerous 
 detached villas, have been recently built. It has 4 episcopal 
 churches, several meeting-houses, a hand.some custom- 
 house, market-house, general post-office for the island, 
 house of industry, assembly rooms, libraries, baths, with 
 e.xcellent lodging-houses and hotels, including a very ele- 
 gant one, formerly a seat of the Duke of Athol. The har- 
 bor, which admits of vessels drawing from 10 to 12 feet at 
 high water, has a good pier, 520 feet in length, with a 
 light-house at its N. head. Lat. 54° 10' N.; Ion. 4° 29' W. 
 Liverpool, Glasgow, and Irish steamers often touch here, 
 and bring many visitors. Small vessels are also built, and 
 the town lias some coasting trade and fisheries. It is the 
 seat of the Deemster Court for the island. 
 
 DOUGL.\S, a village and parish of Scotland, co., and Oj 
 miles S.S.W. of Lanark, on a stream of same name, which 
 rises in Cairntable Mountain, and flows 16 miles N.E., 
 through Douglas-dale into the Clyde. Pop. in 1851, 2i311. 
 The parish gives the title of baron to its almost sole pro- 
 prietor, the heir-at-law of the Douglas family, and that of 
 marquis to the Duke of Hamilton. The ruin of St. Bride's 
 Church Is full of fomily tombs, including the beautiful one 
 of '■ the good Lord James," the friend of Bruce, and the hero 
 of Sir Walter Scott's '-Castle Dangerous." The remains of 
 that fortress still stand near the seat of Lord Douglas. 
 
 DOUGLAS, dUglass. a post-village and township of Wor- 
 cester CO., Massachusetts, 40 miles S.W. of Boston. P. 2442. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Schuylkill River, 15 miles S.E. of Reading. Pop. 1120. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a post- village and township of Jlontgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 21 miles N.N. W. of Norristown. Pop. 1579. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a post-village of Nacogdoches co., Texas, about 
 240 miles N.E. of Austin. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a town of Douglas co., Kansas, on the right 
 bank of Kansas River, opposite the mouth of Soldier Creek, 
 a few miles above Lawrence. 
 
 DOUGLAS FORT, in British North America, is near the 
 continence of the Assiniboiu and Red Rivers. 
 
 DOUGLAS ISLAND, in Russian America, is between Ad- 
 
 miralty Island and the mainland. Lat. 58° 15' N. ; Ion. 
 134° 24' W. 
 
 DOUGLASS, a post-office of Fayette CO.. Iowa. 
 
 DOUGLASVILLE. a post-village of Berks CO., Pennsvlva 
 nia. 64 miles E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 DOUKOVTCHINA. a town of Russia. See Dookovcheena 
 
 DOULEVANT, doorvfix"', a town of France, department 
 of Haute-.Marne, 9 miles S. of Vassy. on the Blaise. Pop. 70". 
 
 DOULLENS, dooridx"', a town of France, department of 
 Somme, on the Authie, 17 miles N. of Amiens. Pop. in 
 18,52, 4357. It has a citadel, a prison, and a theatre. It 
 was taken bv the allies in 1814. 
 
 DOULTING, dOl'ting, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 
 DOUNE, doon, a village of Scotland, co. of Perth, hejiuti- 
 fuUy situated on the Teith, 6i- miles N.W. of Stiriing, 
 Pop. 1559. Doune Castle, one of the most majestic feudal 
 remains in Britain, was built in the fourteenth century, 
 and last occupied as a fortress by the adherents of Prince 
 Charles, in 1745. It was frequently occupied in the six- 
 teenth century by Margaret, daughter of Henry VII.. aTid 
 widow of James IV. It was also the residence occasionally 
 of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was in possession of the rebels 
 in 174.5, under the command of Macgregor of Glengyle. 
 
 DOUR, dooR. a town of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 9 
 miles W.S.W. of Mons. I'op. 5833. It has a custom house, 
 and extensive iron and coal works. 
 
 DOUR, a town of Turkey. See Door. 
 
 DOUR.\K. a town of Persia. See Door.ak. 
 
 DOURDAX. dooR'dSN"', (L. Dordim'gum,) a town of France, 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, on the Orge. 18 miles S.W, of 
 Versailles, Pop. in 1852, 2508. It lias an old castle, a 
 handsome Gothic church, and manufactures of silk hosiery 
 and coarse woollen goods. 
 
 DOUKGA (dooR'gi) STRAIT, is on the S. side of the 
 island of Papua, near Torres Strait. The N.W. entrance is 
 aVwut 12 miles wide, the W. point heins: in l.at. 7° '27' S., 
 Ion. 138° 46' E., and the E. point in lat 7° 22' S., Ion, 138° 
 55' E. 
 
 DOURGNE. dooRfl, a market-town of France, department 
 of Tarn. 9 miles S.S.W, of Castres, at the foot of Mount Noire. 
 Pop. 1009. 
 
 DOURN.VZ.^C, dooR^dV,dk', a commune and village of 
 France, department of Ilaute-Vienne, arrondissement and 
 15 miles S.K. of Rochechouart. Pop, in 1852, 2355. It haa 
 important iron foundries. 
 
 DOURO, doo'ro, (Port. pron. dS'ro; Sp. Dvern. doo-.Vro; 
 anc. I/it/riiis.) an important river of Spain and Portugal, 
 rises in the province of Soria, in Spain, flows generally ^\'. 
 through Leon to Miranda, then turns S.S.M'., forming the 
 boundary between Spain and Portugal: and. lastly, again 
 W.. and having divided the Portuguese provinces of Tras- 
 os-Montes and Beira, and intersected the province of Oporto, 
 enters the Atlantic at Sao Joaoda Fox, 3 miles W, of Oporta 
 Total course estimated at 400 miles. Its basin, between the 
 A.sturian Mountains. N„ and the Sierras Guadarrama and 
 Estrella, Ac, is the most extensive in the Spanish Penin- 
 sula; but its course is chiefly through narrow and craggy 
 valleys. Chief tributaries, the Pisuerga, Elsa, Eresma, 
 Tormes, and Tavora, Its course is rapid, and so impeded 
 by rocks, that, until lately, it was navigable only to Sao 
 J. de Pesquiera; but it has recently been rendered so into 
 the Spanish territory, 
 
 DOURO, a recently formed province of Portugal, in the N., 
 having W. the Atlantic Ocean, and on the other side the pro- 
 vinces of Jlinho, Tras-os-Montes, Upper Beira, and Estrema- 
 dura. Area, 3872 square miles. Pop, in 1850, 808,712, 
 
 DOUSIIAK, a town of Afghanistan. See Jelaiabad. 
 
 DOUST. See Doostee. 
 
 DOUSTRE, doos-t'r', a small river of France, department 
 of Coi i-6ze, joins the Dordogne near Argentat, after a S. 
 course of 25 miles. 
 
 DOUTIIET. a post-office, Anderson di.'trict. South Carolina. 
 
 DOUA'AIXE, doo'vjn' or dooVain'. (L. Duvatnia.) a town 
 of the Sardinian States, province of Chablais, 9 miles S.W, of 
 Thonon, near the S, shore of the L;ike of Geneva, Pop,1140. 
 
 DOUVE, LA, M doov, a river of France, rises at a place 
 called Fontaine Douve, near the village of Tollevast, and 
 falls into a bay in the English Channel, after a course of 25 
 miles. In spring-tides it is navigable as far as St. Sauveur- 
 le-Vicomte, about 19 miles. 
 
 DOUVRES, See Dover. 
 
 DOUVRES or DOUVRES-LA-D^LIVRANDE, doov'R-U- 
 d.V-leeVrftNd', (anc. Z'«'?>n',<!F(<Z2(ca.s'si'!(m,) a village of France, 
 department of Calvado.", 7 miles N. of Caen, Pop, 1,311, 
 
 DOUW, (ddwv or dOw,) POOLO. written also DAW, 
 DAAUW, or DAO, an island of the Mal,ay Archipelago, 35 
 miles S,W. of Timor, Lat, 10° 48' S, ; Ion. 122° 41' E. Pro- 
 perly speaking, it is no more than a barren rock, yielding 
 only spelt and native beans; still so attached are its inha- 
 bitants to it, that they refused the offer of transference to 
 Timor, Pop, 5000, 
 
 DOUX, doo, (" sweet,") a river of France, department of 
 Ardfeche, joins the Rhone, near Tournon, after a S,E, course 
 of 25 miles, 
 
 DOUZE, dooz, a river of France, departments of Gers and 
 
 S79 
 
DOV 
 
 Iiiindeg, joins <bo Midou at Mont-de-Marsan, after a N-IT. 
 course of .55 miles 
 
 DOVADOLA, do-vi-doOS. a town of Tuspany, 10 miles 
 S.W. of Teira-del-Sflle, on the Moutone. I'op. 22i»3. 
 
 DOVE. dQv, a river of England, rises near Buxton, and 
 after a S. course of 39 miles, joins the Trent below Burton. 
 Its iMinks are hiijhiy picturesque, e.specially in the vicinity 
 ( f .\shtHjurne. where it winds through a remarkable chasm, 
 2 milcji in lengtli, temied Dovedale. 
 
 UiyVEK, (Fr. Vouvres, doov'r; anc. Du/bris,) a parliamen- 
 tary and municipal borough, cinque port, and town of Eng- 
 land, c'j. cf Kent, on the X.W. side of Dover Strait, at the 
 terminus of the South-eastern Railway, 66 miles E.S.K. of 
 London. Lat. of castle, 51° 7' 8" N., Ion. 1= 19' 5" E. Area 
 of Iwrough. 321,1 acres. Pop. in 1861, 24,970. The town con- 
 si:its mostly of a collection of old streets on the N. side of its 
 harbor,and a long street on the banks of a small stream, the 
 wh lie enclosed and bticked by chalk downs, on which are the 
 Castle. Citadel, and several strong detached forts. On the W. 
 the raihv.ay outers the town through a tunnel cut in the 
 cliSs, which here abut into the sea. The Castle is a collection 
 of formidable works, occupying 35 acres; its foundation h:is 
 been attributed to the Komans, and it contains Roman and 
 Saxon towers, a spacious keep terming a bomb-proof maga- 
 F.ine, and barracks for 2X)0 men. The other principal edi- 
 fl es are a military hospital, the two parish churches, a 
 handssorae new chapel ofeasa. numerous dissenting chapels, a 
 sy n.igogue, the Town-hall and Jtil, and the Hospital Muison- 
 Dii'u, Custom-hou.se, Work-hou.se, Theatre, .\ssembly Rooms, 
 Museum, baths, docks, bonding warehou.ses, and numerous 
 good hotels. The harbor consists of 3 basins, the outer one 
 esiclosed between 2 piers 150 feet apart; large sums have 
 byen spent upon it in different reigns, since Henry VII., 
 but its entrance is unfortunately impeded by a movable 
 shingle bar. Operations are in progress to establish here a 
 harbor of refuge, by throwing out jetties of great magnitude 
 still farther into the sea. The works authorized by the 
 government are to cost 2,500,tX)0^ Dover, the chief port of 
 communication between England and the Continent, h.is 
 continual intercourse by steamboats with Calais and Bou- 
 logne, It imports large quantities of eggs, fruit, and other 
 rural produce, from France, and has a thriving coa,sting- 
 trade and fishery. Ship-building, with sail, rope, and paper 
 making, employ many of the population. Regular shipping 
 in lx-17. lot) vessels: aggregate bwden, 5249 tons. In 1849 
 the total number of steamers arriving and departing was : — 
 British, outwards, 781, tonnage, 87,381; inwards, 784, ton- 
 lage, 87,639; foreign, outwards, 566, tonnage, 74,557; in- 
 wards, 5C5, tonnage, 74,555, Of other vessels the total num- 
 ber was. outwards, 265, tonnage, 11,578; inwards, 580, ton- 
 nage, 54.545; in both ca.ses the hirger portion being coasters 
 avfi-airiag under 80 tons each. In October, 1851, telegraphic 
 communication was established l)etween England and the 
 Continent by means of a submarine wire laid across the chan- 
 nel from Ik)ver to Calais. Shakespeare's Cliff is situated at 
 a little distance from the town and is perforated by a tunnel 
 on the South-eastern K.iilway. In M.iy, 1847, a huge ma.ss 
 of this cli.ilk-cliff scaled off. and fell to the base; the mass 
 was 254 feet in height. 15 feet thick, and was calculated to 
 contain 48,000 tons of chalk. Shortly after, another fall of 
 10,000 cubic yards took place. The cliff is 350 feet high, and, 
 though sufficiently remarkable in form, does not bear out the 
 magnificent description of the poet, Dover is the principal 
 station and seat of government of the Cinque Ports, and 
 has returned 2 memliers of Parliament since the time of Ed- 
 ward I, 
 
 D>y VER, a post-village and township, capital of Piscataquis 
 co„ Maine, on the Piscataquis River, about 70 miles N,E, of 
 Augusta. It has a newspaper-office and manu&ctures of 
 woollen goods. Pop. of the township, 1970. 
 
 DOVER, a beautiful and flourishing city, capital of Straf- 
 ford CO., New Hampshire, is situated on both sides of Coche- 
 co River, at the lower falls, where it is crossed by the Boston 
 and Maine Railroad, 68 miles N. of Boston, and 12 miles 
 N.W. of Portsmouth. Lat. 43° 13' N., Ion. 70° 54' W. The 
 site of tliis town presents an agreeable variety of surface, 
 and some of the streets cross each other in an oblique di- 
 rection. It contains a handsome city-hall, 4 banks a sav- 
 ings institution, an insurance office, 3 newspaper-offices, an 
 academy, 2 high schools, and 10 churches, viz,, 3 Baptist, 1 
 Methodist, 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 1 Unitarian, 1 
 Friends" (orthodox), and 1 Uuiversalist, a court-house, and 
 a public library. The principal hotels are the American 
 Ilonse and the New Hampshire Hotel. Dover is favorably 
 situated for tnide, at the head of sloop navigation, and is con- 
 nected by the Cocheco Railroad with Alton,on 'Wiunipisiogee 
 Ijike. The river at this place has a direct fall of 32 feet, 
 affording abundant water-power. The Cocheco Manufac- 
 turing Company, with a capital of $1,:;00,000, have erected 
 here 4 largo cotton-mills, from a to 7 stories high, in which 
 they employ about 1600 operatives, working 1200 l(X>ms and 
 47,000 spindles. This company, previous to the war, manu- 
 factured and printed about 10,000,000 yards, or 5082 miles, of 
 cloth, annually. The amount is however uecessuiily le»8 
 within the last four yeai-g. 
 
 DOV 
 
 Dover also contains 8 boot and shoe manufactorieg, sererfU 
 of theui extensive, a nuiuufactory of oil-carpets, 1 of flan 
 nels, an extensive iron-foundry, and a, brass-foundry* 
 About 12 vessels of all sizes are owned in the town. Ship- 
 building, formerly carried on here, is about being resumed. 
 Dover is lighted with gas. It is the oldest town in the 
 state, having been settled by a company from England, in 
 102;}. Pop. of the township iu ISoO, 8196; of the city in 
 1860, S5U2. 
 
 DOVEll, a i)ost-village and township of Windham co., 
 Vermont, 00 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 6o0. 
 
 DOVER, a post-village and township of Norlbl k co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on Charles Kiver, 15 miles S.AV. of Boston. Pop 
 679. 
 
 DOVER, a posttownslup of Dutchess co., New York, 20 
 miles E. of Poughkeepsie, intersected by the Harlem Kail- 
 road. Pop. 230.'). 
 
 DOVER, or DOVER PLAINS, a post-village in the aboTo 
 township, on the Harlem Railroad, 80 miles N.N.E. of New 
 York. It contains 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and several 
 stores. 
 
 D'JVER. a thriving post-village of Randolph township, 
 near the centre of Morris co., New Jei-sey, is situated on the 
 Rockaway River and on the Morris Canal, about 7 miles 
 N.N.W. of Morristown. The inhabitants are extensively 
 engaged in iron manufactures. There are several forges, 
 foundries, rolling-mills, spike-factories, and steel-furnaces. 
 The Morris and Essex Railroad passes through this place. 
 The Tillay:e contains a bank. 
 
 DOVER, a township of Ocean co., New Jersey. Popula- 
 tion 2378. 
 
 DOVEll, a post-village and township of York co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, on Couewago Creek, 7 miles N.W. of York. Pop. 
 2449. 
 
 DOVER, a handsome and flourishing town, seat of justice 
 of Kent CO., and capital of the state of Delaware, on Jones's 
 Creek, and on the Delaware Railroad, 50 miles S. of Wil- 
 mington, and about 5 miles W. of Delaware Bity. Lat. 89° 
 10' N., Ion. "liP 30' W. It has a fine State-house, with an 
 open lawn in front, 4 churches, 2 large hotels, 1 newspaper 
 office, a telegraph-station, a bank, several seminaries, and 
 many elegant residences. The houses are mostly built of 
 brick. Dover has increased rapidly for some yem-s past. 
 Pop. 1280; of the hundred, 4:?2'<, 
 
 DOVER, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 DOVER, a village of Greene co., Georgia, 41 miles N. of 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 DOVER, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia. 
 
 DOVER, a post-village in Russel co., Alabama, about 75 
 miles E. by N. of Jlontgomery. 
 
 DOVER, a post-office of Yazoo co., Mississippi. 
 
 DOVER, a post-village, capital of Pope co.. Arkans.is. near 
 Illinois Rsyou, about 90 miles N.W, of Little Rock. 
 
 DOVER, a post-village, capital of Stewart co., Tenne.ssee, 
 on the left bank of Cumberland River, 75 miles W. by X. of 
 Nashville. 
 
 DO\'ER, a thriving po.st-village of Mason co., Kentucky, 
 on the Ohio River, 10 or 12 miles below Maysville, A con- 
 siderable quantity of tobacco and hemp is expoi^ed from 
 this place. It contains 2 or 3 churches, a large flouring- 
 mill, and a steam saw-mill. Pop. about 600. 
 
 DOVER, a township of Athens CO., Ohio. Pop. 1423. 
 
 DOVER, a post-village and township of Cuyahoga co., 
 Ohio, on the S. shore of Lake Erie, 14 miles W.S.^V. of Cleve- 
 land. Pop. 1284. 
 
 DOVER, a township in Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 751. 
 
 DOVER, a po^t-village of Fulton county, Ohio, 170 
 miles N.W. of Columbus, and 35 miles W. of Toledo. It was 
 laid out alxiut the year 1S50. 
 
 DOVER, a flourishing vill.-ige and township of Tuscsraw,"ig 
 CO., Ohio, is situated on the right bank of Tuscirawas River, 
 just above the mouth of Sugar Creek. 10;} miles E.N.E. of 
 Columbus. It owes its importance to the navigation of the 
 Ohio Cinal, on which large quantities of wheat and flour 
 are shipped at this place. In 1S51 -the .imount was com- 
 puted at 5-34.415 bushels of wheat, and 40.495 barrels of 
 ttour. Dover also has facilities for manufacturing, which 
 are yet only partially improved. A hydraulic cin.-il h.ns 
 been completed from Sugar Creek to the town, by which a 
 fall of 22 feet is obtained. Dover has churche.' of 5 denomi- 
 nations, 1 woollen-factory. 2 iron-furnaces, and sever.-U mills. 
 The name of the post-office is Canal Dover. Pop. of the 
 Tillage, VU3; of the township, ."490. 
 
 DOVER, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop 1W6. 
 
 DOVER, a post-township of Lemiwee co., Micliigan, about 
 7 miles W. of Adrian. Pop. 1.377. 
 
 DOVER, a small post-village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 
 on Huron River, 54 miles W. by N. of Detroit. 
 
 DOVER, a thriving village of Dearborn co., Indiana, on 
 the State Road from Rusliville to Cincinnati, about 90 miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. near 300. 
 
 DOVER, a po.it-village of Bureau co., Illiuois, 144 mile* 
 N. of Springfield. 
 
 DOVER, a iKist-village and township of Lal^iyette co., Mis- 
 souri, 108 miles W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 2^58. 
 
DOV 
 
 DOW 
 
 DOVER, a post-ofiRce of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 DOVER, a village of Davis co., Iowa, on Fox River, 80 
 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 DOVER, a post-village of Iowa co., 'Wisconsin, 27 miles 
 W. by N. of Madison. 
 
 DOVER, a small village and township of Racine co., Wis- 
 consin, on the Racine and Mississiiipi Railroad, 21 miles W. 
 from Racine. Pop. 1108. 
 
 DOVER, a posl'Village and township of Walworth co., 
 Wisconsin, about 48 miles H.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 DO VERA. do-vA/rd, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, 4 miles N.N.E. of Lodi. It is famous for its 
 cheese, known by the name of stracchiuo. Pop. 1683. 
 
 DO'VEKU.\LE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 DOVER HILL, a thriving post-village, capital of Martin 
 CO.. Indiana, Ij miles from the Eastern fork of White I'iver, 
 and 92 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. The surrounding 
 country cont.aius coal and iron ore. Laid out in 1S4.'). 
 
 DOVERIDOE. d&v'rige, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 DOVER MIIjLS, a post-village of Goochland co., Virginia, 
 on Dover Creek and on the .lames ISiver Canal, 21 miles W. 
 of Richmond. It has a valuable water-power and a flouring- 
 mill. 
 
 DOVER PLAINS, New York. See Dover, 
 
 DOVER SOUTH MILLS, a post-office of Piscataquis co., 
 Maine. 
 
 DOVER, STRAIT OF, (Fr. Pas-de-CalaJa. pi dgh kd'LV, i. e. 
 the "passage of Calais;" L. Fieltum GaVlicum.) the strait 
 which separates England and France, and connects the Kng- 
 li.-ih Channel with the North Sea. It extends from Dunge- 
 ness and Cape Gris Nez N.E. to the South Foreland and 
 Calais. Length, 22 miles; breadth, (where narrowest,) 21 
 miles. See English CuANNiiL. 
 
 DOVESVILLE, d&vs'vill, a post-office of Rockingham co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 DOVREFIELD, DOVREFJELD, do/vrg-fe-Jld', or DO- 
 FRIXES, do'freen' (Norw. DaavrefjeU, d5'vrj-fy61d'.) a 
 mountain range of Norway, forming the central part of the 
 Scandinavian .system, and extending in an E.N. E. direction 
 from the valley of Lessiie, nejtr lat. ti2° N.. where the Lang- 
 field range terminates, to the Sy Itf jallet, lat. 03° N., where the 
 chain of Kiiilen or Kiijel begins. It is generally composed 
 of gneiss and micaceous schist, and possesses, in the Skag- 
 Btol.s-tind, which has an altitude of 8390 feet, the highest 
 summit in the Scandinavian Peninsula. This mountain 
 raises its gigantic mass above the lofty plateau ou which 
 the chain rests, till its snowy heights are lost among the 
 clouds. Four passes lead across the Dovre-Field range. The 
 most frequented of these is in the line of road which leads 
 from Christiania to Trondhjem. by the E. side of Sneehaettan. 
 Its greatest height is 42i)0 feet. The name is derived from 
 Daavke (do'vreh.) a small village, near lat. 62° N. and Ion. 
 9° 20' E.. and_^( W or fjeld, " a mountain ridge." The appel- 
 lation of DovRKFiELD is often iucorrectlj' applied to the whole 
 chain of mountains which divide Norway from Sweden. 
 
 DO'VY or DY'VI, a river of Wales, cos. of Merioneth and 
 Montgomery, rises near Bala, and, after a S.W. course of 
 about .'JO miles, joins the Irish Sea 7 miles N. of Aberystwith. 
 
 DOVVAGIAC, do-wa'je-ak, a small river of Jlichigan. rises 
 In Cass and Van Dureu cos., and tlows into the St. Joseph's 
 River, near Niles. 
 
 DOWAGIAC, a post-village of Cass co., Michi'jan. on the 
 above river and on the Central Railroad, 179 miles W. fi-om 
 Detroit. Settled in 1848. Pop. 1181. 
 
 DOVVAL'LY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 3 miles 
 N.N.W. of Dunkeld. with which it is united. Here was a 
 royal chase, and the hills are still partly covered with wood, 
 abounding in red and roe deer. 
 
 DfJWDESWELL, dowds/well, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 DOWELTON, a post-office of Y'adkin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 D0WL.4ND, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DO^VLES. dowls, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 DOWLETABAD. DOAVLATABAD, DOULETABAD. dCw^ 
 la-ta-bM', or DE'OGHIR'. (the Fortunate City.) an inland 
 town and fortress of Ilindostan, province, and 10 miles 
 N.W. of Aurungabad, is situated in lat. 19° 57' N., Ion. 75° 16' 
 E. It is one of the most remarkable fortresses in India, and 
 Stands upon an isolated rock, 300 feet — some accounts say 
 600 feet^— high, and for about one-third of its height as per- 
 pendicular as a wall, and presenting no visible means of 
 reaching the summit, which is only to be attained through 
 an excavation in the heart of the rock. The view from the 
 summit is extensive and lieautiful. In 1306 this fortress 
 was taken from a powerful Hindoo chief by the troops of the 
 Emperor of Delhi. Aliout l.',55 it fell into the hands of 
 Ahmed Nizam Shah of Ahmednuggur, and in 1634 it passed 
 into the hands of the Moguls, from whom it was taken by 
 Nizam ul Mulh, and has since continued in the possession 
 of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Near it are the cave-temples 
 of Elora. 
 
 DOWLETABAD, a ruined fort of Afghanistan, on the Fur- 
 rah-rood. 140 miles S. of Herat. 
 
 DOW'LISH WAKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DOWLISH, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DOWN, a maritime co. of Ireland, in Ulster. Area, 9bC 
 square miles, or 012.480 acres, of which about &14.(XiO are 
 arable. Pop. in 1851, 328,754. Carlingford Bay separates ii 
 from Leinster on the S., and the Newry Canal and I<iigar 
 River form its boundaries on the W. The other rivers ere 
 the Bann and Annahill. It contains Lough StrangfonL 
 Dundrum Bay. and the Mourne Mountains, the highest of 
 which, Slieve Donard, is 2796 feet. Surface, mostly moun- 
 tainous or hilly, but in many parts tolerably fertile. The 
 Ulster Railway crosses the N. part of the county. C.spital, 
 Downpatrick. The county returns 2 membeis to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 DOWN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 DOWN, (East,) a paiish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DOWN. (West.) a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DOW'NARD.a post-office of Iowa co., Iowa. 
 
 DOWNE, a township of Cumberland co.. New Jersey 
 Poj). .3114. 
 
 DOWNER'S GROVE, a post-township of Du Page co., 
 lUindis. 24 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. Pop. 1806. 
 
 DOW'NERVILLE, a post-office of Yuba co., California. 
 
 DoWNHAM, down'.jm, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 DOWNHAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 DOWNHA.M-.M ARKET, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Norfolk, on the Ouse. here crossed by a stone 
 bridge, with a station on the East .Anglian Railwiiy, lOj 
 miles S. of Lynn. Pop. in 1851, 3262. The town is weP. 
 built, has an antique church, a union work-house, a large 
 bell-foundry, and markets. 
 
 DOWN'HEAD. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DOWN-HOL'LAND, a township of England, co. of I^n- 
 caster. It is crossed by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. 
 
 DOWN'HOLME, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 DOVVNIEVILLE, dow'ne-vil, a post-town, capital of 
 Sierra co., Calitbrnia, is situated on Yuba River, near its 
 source. Pop. 1343. See Appendix. 
 
 DOWNINOS MILLS, a post-office of Strafford co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 DOWNINGSVILLE. See Downingvii,i.e. 
 
 DOWNINGTON, a post-village of Meigs co., Ohio, about 
 40 miles S.W. of Marietta. 
 
 DOWN'INGTOWN, a pleasant post-village of East Cain 
 township, Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia 
 and Lancaster Turnpike, and on the Pennsvlvania Centnil 
 Railroad, 29 miles W. of Philadelphia. Tile East branch 
 of Brandywine Creek passes through it. The houses ai'e 
 neatly and substantially built of stone. Downiugtown is 
 the western terminus of the Chester Valley Railroad, which 
 extends to Norristown. It contains 2 boarding-schools, a 
 large grist-mill, and 1 national Imnk. Pop. 761. 
 
 D0AVN1NGVILLE or DOWNINGSVILLE, a post-village 
 of Grant co., Kentucky, on Eagle Creek, 10 miles W. of Wil- 
 liamstown. the county seat. 
 
 DOWNINGVILLE, a village of Carroll co., Ohio, on the 
 Sandy and Beaver Canal. 
 
 DOWNINGVILLE, a po.st-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 DOWNPAT'RICK, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, seaport town, and parish of Ireland, in Vl.'iter. capital 
 of the CO. of Down, near the mouth of the Quoyle, 21 miles 
 S.S.E. of Belfast. Pop. of town. 4651. The town consists 
 chietly of four streets, and is divided into English, Iri.«h, 
 and Scotch quarters. The principal edifices are a catJUft- 
 dral, parish church, chapels, dioce.san school, county court- 
 house, prison, infirmary, fever hospital, almshouses, large 
 barracks, and a union work-house. It has a library. ne\»s- 
 room, various schools, some convenient quays, manufactures 
 of linen, leather, soap, and breweries. Near the town are 
 the ruins of the old cathedral, a remarkable ancient mound, 
 a race-course, and wells, resorted to by Jfoman Catholic pil- 
 grims. It sends one member to the House of Commons. 
 Downpatrick claims to be one of the oldest towns in Ireland, 
 having been the place of residence of the ancient native 
 Kings of Ulster, and the chosen residence of St. Patrick, whc 
 founded two religious establishments here, and presided 
 over them till his death, in 493, when his remains were 
 deposited in the abbey of Down, as were, subsequently, 
 those of St. Bridget and St. Columbkill. 
 
 DOWNS, THE, a portion of the North Sea. off the S.E. 
 coast of England, co. of Kent, between the North and South 
 Foreland, and opposite Ramsgate, Deal, &c., where valuable 
 shelter is insured for shipping by the Goodwin sands, which 
 serve as a breakwater, and where large numbers of ships 
 are often lying. 
 
 DOWN ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DOWX.S'VILLE. a post-office of Delaware co.. New York. 
 
 DOWNSVILLE, a post'-office of Ocean co.. New Jersey. 
 
 DOWNSVILLE, a post-office of Union parish, Louisiana 
 
 DOWN'TON, a disfranchLsed borough, town, and parish 
 of England, co. of Wilts, on the Avon, which here divides 
 into three arms, 6 miles S.S.E. of Salisbury. Pop. in 1851, 
 3898. It has a long irregular street, with some good houses, 
 a large cruciform church, several chapels, a grammar school, 
 and some traces of an ancient castle. 
 
 581 
 
DOW 
 
 DRA 
 
 DO^VXTOX. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 DOWSBYwiTH-ORABY.a parish of England, co.of Lincoln. 
 DOX.V. or DOXAX. See IIirschberq. 
 DOYLESTOWX, doilz'tOwn, a pleasant post-boroiigh and 
 tcniisliip, and the capital of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 100 
 D)i;es E. of lliirrisburg. A turnpike connects this place with 
 Philadelphia, a distiince of 28 miles. It is pleasantly situated 
 on an eminence, in the midst of a beautiful, fertile, and well- 
 cultivated country. The county buildings are subsfaintial 
 edifices of sandstone. It contains an academy, 5 churches, 
 a public library, and a bank. Four newspapers are issued 
 liere. The Doylestown Branch of the North Pennsylvania 
 Jltiihoad connects it with Philadelphia. Pop. in 1850, 1006 ; 
 in 1S60. 1441 ; of the township, 1723. 
 
 DOYLESTOAVX, a small Tillage of Paulding co., Ohio. 
 
 DOYIiESTOWX, a postvillage of Wayne co., Ohio, on the 
 road from Wooster to Akron, 104 miles X.E. of Columbus, 
 contains .350 inhabitants. 
 
 DOY'X'TOX. a parish of Encland. co. of Gloucester. 
 
 1)UAA. dri, or EUUHA, Stfrd/, written also DER.\, (anc. 
 Edreit) a town of Palestine, a few miles S.E. of Mezareeb, in 
 a deep valley. The ruins of the ancient city cover an extent 
 of .-ilKtut two miles in circumference. 
 
 DKAUUND. a town of Afghanistan. See Derabujto. 
 
 I)KAC, drik, a river in the S.E. of France, departments 
 of Ilautes-Alpes and Isere, rises in the Alp.s. and joins the 
 Is^re 3 miles bi'low Grenoble, after a N." . course of 70 miles. 
 
 DKACIIENFELS. drd'Ken-fMs', (-'Di-agon's Rock,") a cele- 
 brated mountain p(?ak. one of the ranges of fhe Sieben- 
 gebirsre, in Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the 
 Rhine, 10 miles S.E. of Bonn; elevation, 1056 feet. Its 
 summit, crowned by the ruins of a castle, commands a 
 noble prospect. 
 
 DR.4.CUT. dnVkat. a post-village and township of Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts, on the X. side of Merrimack River, 
 opposite Lowell, (with which it is connected by two substan- 
 tial bridges,) 28 miles X'. by W. of Boston. The village con- 
 tnins 4 churches, 5 stores, and a large manufactory of 
 woollen goods. Pop. of township, 1881. 
 
 DK.'VGE, dri'cheh, a river of Prussia, rises in the forest 
 of Draheim, flows circuitously S.S.W., expanding into, or 
 communicating with, several small lakes, and. after a course 
 of alx^ut 90 miles, joins the Xetze from the right. 
 
 DRAGOJIESTRE. dri^go-mJs'tri, (anc. AsUicmf) a seaport 
 town of Greece, in Hellas, government of Acarnania, on an 
 iulet of the Ionian Sea, 28 miles S.S.E. of Vonizza. 
 
 I)K.\GOME.'?TRE. BAY OF, sheltered on the S.W. hy the 
 Dragonera Islands, is 6 miles in length by 1 in breadth. 
 
 DKAGOMIUXW, drl^go-meeR'ni. a village of Austrian 
 I'oland, in Bukowina, 35 miles S.W. of Tchemovitz, on the 
 frontier of Moldavia. 
 
 DRAGOX. BOCA DEL, bo/kl djl drJ-gSn', (i. «. Dragon's 
 mouth.) is a passage, in Xew Granada, province of A'eragua, 
 lending from Lake Chiiiqui into the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 DRAGOXERA, di-i-go-ni'ri an island of the Mediter- 
 ranean, belonging to Spain, off the W. end of Majorca, about 
 2 miles in length, and having a fort on its highest point, 
 but otherwise uninhabited. 
 
 DR.iGOXER.\. a group of the Ionian islands, immediately 
 olT the coast of .\carnania, 6 miles S.W. of Dragomestre. 
 
 DRAGOXERA, a group of islands, S. of the Morea, and 
 Immediately E. of Cerigo. 
 
 DUAGOXI, drd-go'nee. (anc. Combidtiera.) a town of Xaples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, 12 miles X.X.E. of Capua. Pop. 
 2400. 
 
 DRA'OOX'S 5I0UTH is the passage between the island of 
 Trinidad and the peninsula of Paria. in South America, 12 
 miles across from E. to W., and Interspersed by islets. 
 
 DltAGOR, (Di-agor,) dr3g^6r\ a maritime vill.ige of Den- 
 mai'k, on the Sound, at the S.E. extremity of the island of 
 Amager. 7 miles S. of Copenhagen. Pop. iSOO. 
 
 DRAGTEX. dric'ten, a thriving town of the X'^etherlands, 
 province of Friesland. 15 miles S.E. of Leeuwarden. P. 4400. 
 
 DIHGUIGXAN, drd*gheen"y6s°'. (anc. Drocenum?) a town 
 of France, department of Var, 40 miles X.E. of Toulon. 
 Pop. in 1852, 8972. It is picturesquely situated, and has 
 many public fountains, a botanic garden, and manuCictures 
 of broadcloth. The town is sjiid to have been founded in the 
 fifth century, and w.v early one of thechief towns of Provence. 
 It was last fortified in 1615, and its pos.«ession was much co- 
 veted during the political and religious contests of France. 
 
 DU.\H, dri, or DK.\1I.\, drd'hi. a river, province, and town 
 of Morocco. The river rises in Tafilelt E. of the Atlas and is 
 lost in the desert after a S. course of 250 miles. 
 
 DKAIIUTUSCH, draOjo-toosh'. a marketrtown of Austria, 
 in Moravia, on the lloschkan, 22 miles K.X.E. of Olmutz. 
 
 DKAINY. dr.Vnee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin. 
 
 DK.\KE\BERG, mountains of Africa. See Quatulamba. 
 
 DRAKES, dr.'lk.s, a poRtoffice of l-ucas co., Ohio. 
 
 DRAKE'S CHAX'NEL. in the British West Indies, Is im- 
 mediately S.E. of the island of Tortola. 
 
 DRAKE'S CREEK, in the S. part of Kentucky, enters 
 the Big P.ari-en Kiver in Warren county. 
 
 DK.AKES CREEK, a village of Shelby co., Illinois, about 
 65 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 682 
 
 DRAKE'S ISLAXD, in Plj-mouth Sound, England, off th« 
 town of Plymouth, has a fort aud military quarters. 
 
 DKAKE'STOWN, dniks'town. a post-village of Morris co.. 
 New Jersey, on Schooley's Mountain, about 16 miles W. by 
 X. of .Morristown. 
 
 DRAKESVILLE, drAks'vjl, a po.st-village of Morris co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Morris Canal, 12 miles X.W. of Morris- 
 town. 
 
 DHAKESVILLE, a post-village of Davis co.. Iowa, on the 
 rasd from the lower part of theDes Moines Valley to the W. 
 line of the state. 
 
 DRAMA, drd'mj. a town of European Turkey, in Mace- 
 donia, sanjak. and 30 miles E.X.E. of Seres. A few miles 
 S.E. is the celebrated I'lain of Philippi, on which the forces 
 of Brutus and Cassius were defeated B. c.42. 
 
 DRAMAXET, drihn^^net/, a town of Senegambia, on the 
 right Kink of the Senegal, kingdom, and 6 miles S.E. of 
 Galam. Pop. 4000. 
 
 DR.\MBUHG, drSmOiMRG, a town of Prussian Pomerania. 
 SOmiles S..S.W. ofCoslin, on theDrage. Pop. 3.321. 
 
 DR.\MMEX, dr3m'men, a seaport-town of Xorway, stift 
 of Aggershuus, on both sides of the Drammen. near its 
 mouth in the Christiania fiord, "22 miles S.W. of Christiania. 
 Pop. 8095. It consists of the two formerly separate villages 
 of Bragern.-vs and Stromsoe, which are united by a bridge 
 across the river. It is well built, and has a college, various 
 schools, distilleries, manufactures of carriages, sail cloth, 
 rope, tobacco, and earthenwai-es. and an active trade in tim- 
 ber, iron, pitch, and other Baltic produce. The number of 
 Tessels that arrived in 1842 was 548, tonnage 92,671 : de- 
 parted, 654, tonnage 108,961. This port is second in Norway 
 for the export of timber. 
 
 DR.\XESVILLE. drains'vil, a post-village of Fairfax co., 
 Virginia. 17 miles W. of Washington. 
 
 DR.\XSE. drSn'seh or dr^NZ, a river of Savoy, province of 
 Cliablais. enters the Ijike of Geneva 2^ miles X.E. of Tho- 
 non, after a X. course of 24 miles. See Bagnes-le-Chaele. 
 
 DRAXSE, a river of Switzerland, canton of A'alais. joins 
 the Rhone near Martingy. after a X. course of 24 miles. 
 
 DR.\XSFELD, drSns'fJlt. a town of Hanover, landi-ake of 
 Ilildesheim. and 7 miles W.S.W. of Gottinsren. I'op. 1342. 
 
 DRA'PERSTOWX. a market-town of Ireland, co., and 27 
 miles S.E. by S. of Londonderry. Pop. 373. 
 
 DRA'PER'S VAL'LEY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 DRA'PERSVILLE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Vi> 
 glnia. 
 
 DRAS. See Duras. 
 
 DRASEXHOFEX, drd'zfn-ho'fen, or TRASEXHOFEN, 
 trS'zen-ho'fen. a vilhige in the -Archduchy of Austria, dis- 
 trict of Poisbrunn, on a small stream of the same name, 49 
 miles X.X.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1232. 
 
 DRAU, a river of Europe. See Drate. 
 
 DRAUGHTOX, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 DRAUGH'TOX'S STORE, a post-office of Sampson co„ 
 North Carolina. 
 
 DKAUSEX, di-6w'zen, a small lake in Western Prussia, S. 
 of Elbing. 
 
 DR AV E, drAv, or dr3v, (anc. Drah'us : Ger. Drau. drCw ; Sla- 
 vonian, Drara. dri'vi.) a river of South-eastern Europe, and 
 one of the principal tributaries of the Danube, rises in the 
 Tyrol, alxiut 17 miles E. of Brunecken. flows E. between the 
 basins of the Mur .and Save, at first through Carinthia and 
 Styria. and afterwards separating Hungarj' from Croatia 
 and Slavonia. joins the Danul)e 14 miles E. of Eszek, after 
 a total course of 360 miles, for the latter three-fourths of 
 which it is navigable. The chief affluents are the Mur, 
 Mohl. Gurk, Lavant, and Gail. In its upper part it is rapid, 
 and is little used for commercial purposes. 
 
 DRAWBRIDGE, a post-office of Sussex co.. Delaware. 
 
 DR.\X. a parish of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 DRAYCOT CERXE, dri/kot s?rn, a parish of England, co 
 of Wilts. 
 
 DRAYCOT FOLLIAT, foWe-at, a parish of England, co 
 of Wilts. 
 
 DRAYCOT AND WILNE, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Deri)y. 
 
 DRAYCOTT-njJTHE-MOORS, a parish of England, co. ol 
 Stafford. 
 
 DRAYTOX, drVton. a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Berks. 
 
 DRAYTOX, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 DR.WTOX, two parishes oif England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 DR.AYTO.V. a parish of Enal.and, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DRAYTOX, a hamlet of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 DRAYTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Sussex, with a 
 station on the South Coast Railway, 2 miles E. of Cliichester. 
 
 DRAYTOX, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland. 
 
 DRAYTOX. a post-village of Dooly co., Georgia, on Pen- 
 nahatchee Creek, near its entrance into Flint Liver, 85 
 milts S.W. of .Miliedgeville. 
 
 DRAYTOX BEAUCHAMP, bee'ch&m, a parisl of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Bucks. 
 
 DRAYTOX BUS'SET. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 Dravton-manor here is the seat of Sir Robert Peel. Bart. 
 
 DRAYTOX, DRY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
DRA 
 
 DRE 
 
 DRA YTOX, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 DRAYTON, FEN, a parish of Kngland, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 DKAYTO.V, I'EX'NY, a parisli of England, co. of Leicester, 
 5|- miles W.N.W. of Hinckley. George Fox, the founder of 
 the sect of Friends, was born here in 1024. 
 
 DKAY/TO.\-lN--IIALES, or MAll/KET-lx-IIALES, (anc. 
 Mediolanuni f) a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Salop, on the Liverpool and Birmingham Junction Canal, 
 17i miles N.N.E. of Shrewsbury. 
 
 DIIAYTON I'AIVSLOW, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 DRAYTONSVILLE, a post-village in Union district, South 
 Carolina. 75 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 DIIAY'TOX, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Xotts. 
 
 DItAYTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 with a station on the Great ^Vestern Ilailway, Vij miles W. 
 of the terminus at Paddington. 
 
 DREBACII, dr.VbdK, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwic- 
 kau, 8 miles S.W. of Lengefeld. Pop. 21K)0. 
 
 DJIEBKAU, drJp'kOw, a town of Prussia, government, 
 and 50 miles S.S.^V'. of [<'rankfort>on-the-Oder. Pop. 9U2. 
 
 DltEGG, drJg, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 DREG'IIORN, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 The village is 2 miles S.E. of Irvine. Pop. 1222. 
 
 DREHKRSVILLE, dieerz'vil, a post-olflce of Schuylkill 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 DREIEICIIKNIIAIN. See IIai.\-zcr-Dreieich. 
 
 DREM, a village of Scotland, co., and 4 miles X. of Had- 
 dington, with a station on the North British Railway, lOj 
 miles E.N.E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 DREMPT, di-Jmpt, a village of Holland, province of Gel- 
 derlaud, 8 miles S. of Zutphen, on the Old Yssel. Pop. 
 1100. 
 
 DREXGFURTH, drSng'fOCat. a town of East Prussia, go- 
 vernment of KiJnigsberg, on the Veisse, 12 miles N.N.E. of 
 Kastenburg. Pop. 1760. 
 
 DREN'NON SPRINGS, of Henry CO., Kentucky, on the 
 Kentucky River. This fiishionable watering-place is half a 
 day's distance from Louisville by steamboat, situated in the 
 most delightful region imaginable, and encompassed by an 
 amphitheatre of woody heights. The buildings are capable 
 of entertaining 1000 persons. The Western MiliUiry Insti- 
 tute of this place is a school of high reputation. 
 
 DREXSTEINFURTII. drJn'stin-t5dRt\ a town of Prussian 
 Westphali.T, government, and 13 miles S.S.E. of MUnster. 
 Pop. 1150. 
 
 DRENTHE, drSn'teh, a frontier province of the Nether- 
 lands, having E. the Hanoverian dominions, N. and N.E. 
 provinces of Groningen, W. Friesland, S. and S.W. Overys- 
 sel. Area, 10:!2 square miles. Pop. in 1863, 102,225. Sur- 
 fikce level, and much of it marshy: its B. frontier is formed 
 by the Bourtanger Jloor. Soil generally poor; buckwheat 
 is the principal grain I'aised. The rearing of live stock Ls 
 the chief branch of rural industry. Chief towns, Assen, 
 Meppel. and Coevorden. 
 
 DREPAXUM. See Tr.\pani. 
 
 DRESDEN, drJz'den or drSs'den, (L. Dres'da, or Dresdenaf 
 Fr. Dresde, dr^zd.) a' city of Central Europe, capital of the 
 Kingdom of Saxony, on both banks of the Elbe, here crossed 
 by a tine stone bridge : lat. (Frauenkirche) 61° 3' 18" N.. 
 Ion. 13° 44' 47" E., 103 miles S. by E. of Berlin, and 230 miles 
 E.N.E. of Frankforton-theMain. It is situated in a pictur- 
 esque and fertile valley in the Saxon wine district, and con- 
 sists of the Alstadt. (Old Town.) with its suburbs, Pirna, 
 See, and Wilsdruf, and the adjoining new quarter of Frie- 
 drichstadt on the W., all on the left bank of the river: and 
 the Neustadt, (New Town,) on the fight bank. The Alstadt 
 is composed of lofty houses, with streets narrow and dingy, 
 though tolerably clean. The new town, including the Neu- 
 tadt, is more openly built; the houses are not so lofty, but 
 are generally of a pleasing exterior, and frequently having 
 gardens attached. Elevation, 322 feet above the North Sea. 
 Mean temperature of the year, 49°1 ; winter 3'2°" ; summer 
 66° Fahrenheit. The old town, on the S. bank of the river, 
 was formerly enclosed by fortitications, which were destroyed 
 by the French, and their site is now laid out in fine public 
 walks, outside of which are several suburbs; and the whole 
 vicinity is very picturesque. The Royal Palace is a vast and 
 antiquated building, containing a royal library, a Roman 
 Catholic church, with a tower 37S feet in height, and the State 
 Treasury, with an immense collection of valuable property. 
 The far-famed Dresden Gallery of Paintings, for the reception 
 of which a new buildi ng is in progress, is considered the finest 
 collection north of the Alps. The Palace of the Princes, the 
 Japanese Palace, or Augusteum. and the Zwinger, also con- 
 tain large collections of valuable works of art and scientific 
 treasures, for its wealth in which Dresden has been termed the 
 " German Florence." Other principal objects of interest are 
 the Brilhl Palace, many splendid churches, and residences of 
 noblemen, rich in works of art, an opera house seated for 8000 
 spectators, a smaller theatre, the residence of the command- 
 ant, the Mint. Arsenal. Hall for the Annual Exhibition and 
 Sale of Works by Saxon Artists, an academy of arts, various 
 colleges, schools, and asylums, t^.e House of Assembly, 
 Royal Guardhouse, new Post-office, trades' and city halls, 
 and excellent public baths. Dresden has manufactures of 
 
 .silk and woollen stuffs, leather, carpets, gloves, jewelry, 
 musical and scientific instruments, artificial flowers, chemi- 
 cal products, a bomb and cannon foundry, sugar refinery, 
 and a wool-market, recently established, and it is the resort 
 of numerous artists of all descriptions. Its trade is lesa 
 than might have been supposed, yet a good deal of busi- 
 ness is done'with the upper parts of the Elbe by means of 
 the steamers which ply up as far as Trentchen, passing on 
 their way through the Saxon Switzerland. Three lines of 
 railvf.ay meet at Dresden, and have their termini near 
 each other in the Neustadt — the railway to Leipsic, that to 
 Garlitz and Prussian Silesia, and that to Prague. The city 
 is well supplied with beautiful and elegantly laid out 
 walks. After the Continental War, the whole of the fortifica- 
 tions were thrown down, and their site converted into gar- 
 dens and promenades; besides which the Brilhl Terrace, in 
 front of the Brtihl Palace, overlooking the Elbe: the Gre;it 
 Garden (Grosse Garten) in Pirna suburb, 5 miles in circum- 
 ference, and adjoining it the nursery of fruit trees, the gar- 
 dens of the Japanese I'alace, the gardens of the ^larcolinian 
 Palace, the Botanic Gardens, and Prince Ma.ximilian's Gar- 
 den, are all pleasant and favorite places of public resort. 
 Dresden appears originally to have been a village of Wendish 
 fishermen on the right bank of the Ell:>e, where the present 
 Neustadt is situated. In the eleventh century the present 
 town was built on the left bank, where the Alst;idt now 
 stands. In 1510 it was fortified ; and. in the beginning of 
 the eighteenth century, under Augustus I. and If., it at- 
 tained its greatest point of splendor. Since that time it has 
 been the theatre of many and important historical events. 
 It suffered severely during the Seven Years' War. and dur- 
 ing the B'rench War it was alternately the head(iuarter8 of 
 Napoleon, and of the Russian and Prussian army. In 1813, 
 on the 26th and 27th of August, the Allies were defeated 
 under its walls by the troops of Napoleon, on which oc<;asion 
 the celebrated general Moreau was mortally wounded. Sep- 
 tember 9. ]S:W. a popular revolution took place, in conse- 
 quence of which King Arton resigned in favor of his nephew, 
 and Saxony obtained a constitutional form of government. 
 Another insurrection broke out in May, 1849, when many 
 lives were lost: the Opera House and part of the Zwinger 
 were burnt, and much damage done in various parts of the 
 citv. Pop. in 1849, 94,092, of whom 88,181 were Lutherans, 
 and 4111 Roman Catholics; in 1801, 128,152. 
 
 DRESDEN, one of the four great circles, (Kreisdirections- 
 bezirk,) into which the Kingdom of Saxony is divided, 
 bounded N. by Prussia, E. by the circle of Bautzen. S.E. and 
 S. by Bohemia, and W. by the circles of Zwickau and l>eipsic. 
 Area, 1680 square miles. It wholly belongs to the basin of 
 the Elbe, which traverses it from S.E. to N.W., and toward 
 both banks of which the surface slopes down into tolery.bly 
 level triicts of great fertility. In other parts it is very moun- 
 tainous. Pop. in 1852, 507,705. 
 
 DRES'DEN, a post-village and township of Lincoln co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of the Kennebec River, 15 miles S. by 
 W. of Augusta. Pop. 1247. 
 
 DRESDEN, a post-township of Washington co.. New York, 
 lies between Lakes Champlain and George, 20 miles N.N.E. 
 of .Sandy Hill. Pop. 779. 
 
 DRESDKN, a post-village of Yates co., New York, on the 
 W. shore of Seneca Lake, about 7 miles E. of Penn Y'an. It 
 has 1 church, 10 stores, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 DRESDKN, a post-office of Navarro eo., Texas. 
 
 DRESDEN, a post-village, capital of Weakly CO., Tennes- 
 see, 120 miles W. of Nashville. 
 
 DRESDEN, a postrvillage of Jefferson town.ship, Muskin- 
 gum CO., Ohio, is situated on the Muskingum River, 69 
 miles E. by N. from Columbus, and 15 miles N. of Zanesville. 
 It is at the head of steamboat navigation on this river, and 
 is connected with the Ohio Canal by a side-cut. 2 miles long. 
 These advantages render it a place of active business. The 
 village is well supplied with water-power, and the neigh- 
 boring hills abound in coal and iron ore. The railroad from 
 Pittsburg to Columbus passes through this place. Pop. in 
 1860, 1415. 
 
 DRESDEN, a village of Green co., Indiana, about 70 
 miles S.S.W. of Indian ipolis. 
 
 DRESDEN, a post-village of Grundy co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois River and Canal, 52 miles S.W. of Chicago. It con- 
 tained, in 1852, a warehouse and 6 dw^ellings. Grain and 
 other produce are shipped here. 
 
 DRESDEN, Pettis co., Missouri. See Appendix. 
 
 DRESDEN, a village of Perry co., Missouri, about 86 
 miles S. by E. of St. Louis. 
 
 DRESDEN MILLS, a post-ofRce of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 
 DRES'SERVILLE, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York 
 
 DREUMEL, droi'mel. a village of Holland, province of 
 Gelderland, 17 miles W. of Nymwegen. Pop. 1465. 
 
 DREU.Y, druh, (anc. Dwocas'ses, afterwards Dro/cae.) a 
 town of France, department of Eure-et-Loir, on the Blaise. 20 
 miles N. of Chartres. Pop. in 1852, 6764. It is regularly and 
 well built; it has a fine Gothic church and town-hall, a well 
 endowed a.sylum, public baths, a theatre, and a pleasant walk 
 along tlie river, with manufactures of serge, woollen hosiery, 
 hats and leather. When it was founded is un<'ertiiin ; but 
 
 6S3 
 
DRE 
 
 DKO 
 
 It had its own counts and a mint a. ». 1031. Tt was taken 
 and ravaged by the Auglo-Normans in 11S8; in 15!t3 Henry 
 IV. took it by as.<iault, after an obstinato siege of 18 days. 
 
 DIIEW, a county in the S.E. part of Arkansas, contains 
 about UOO square miles. It is intersected in tlie E. part by 
 the Bayou llartholomew. and partly bounded on the W. by 
 Saline Kjver. The surface is nearly level, and partly co 
 Tered with forests of c.vpress, ash. &c.; the soil is produc- 
 tive. Capital, Monticello. Pop. 9078, of whom 6561 were 
 free. 
 
 DKEW, a postMjfHce of Randolph CO., Arkansas. 
 
 DREWE.NZ, dri'vtets, a river and lake of Prussia; the 
 lake in the circle and close to Osterode is 7 miles in length, 
 from E. to W.. and traversed by the river; which, after a 
 S.W. course of 80 miles, p-ist Neumark. Strasbur^, and Do- 
 brzyn. joins the A'istula, 3 miles E. of Thorn. 
 
 DREWEKSBUIIG. a post-ofjice of Franklin eo., Indiana, 
 about 84 miles E.X.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DREWKYSVILliE, a po.st-vilIage of Southampton CO., 
 A'iririnia. 75 miles S.S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 DREWRYSVILLE, a post-office of Pike co.. Georgia. 
 
 DKEWS^VILLE. a post-village of Cheshire co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 45 miles W.S.W. 
 of Concord. 
 
 DRIBUKG. dreeOjCdRO. a town of Prussian WestphalLi, 39 
 miles S. of Minden, at the foot of a mountain surmounted 
 by the ruins of the ancient Castle of I burg. Pop. 2320. It 
 is enclosed by walls, and has mauutactures of glass and 
 fire-arms, and mineral baths. 
 
 DRI'BY, a parish of England, co. Lincoln, 4 J miles W.S.W. 
 of Alford. Area. 1410 acres. Pop. 97. 
 
 DRIEBERGEX. dree'b^RG-en. a village of the Netherlands, 
 province, and 6 miles E.S.E. of Utrecht, with a station on 
 the Amsterdam and Arnhem Itailway. 
 
 DRIEDORF, dree'doRf. a walled town of Germany, duchy, 
 and 25 miles N.E. of Nassau. It contains two castles. 
 Pop. 646. 
 
 DRIEL, dreel, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Gelderland. 6 miles S.S.E. of Bommel. Pop. in 1S40, 2815. 
 
 DRIESEN, dree'zen, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. 64 miles X.E. of Frankfort, on an island formed 
 by the Netze. Pop. 3840. It was formerly well fortified ; and 
 hits 2 large market-places, manufactures of woollen cloth, 
 linens, and leather. 
 
 DKIETOMA. dree-to/mi, a village of Hungary, in Hither 
 Danube, co.. and 6 miles from Trentschin. Pop. 1719. 
 
 DltlF'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 DRIFFIELD. GREAT, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York, East Riding, with a station on the Hull 
 and Scarborough Railway, 20 miles N.N.W. of Hull. It has 
 an ancient church, a union work-houso. branch banks, and 
 large markets for corn. 
 
 DRIFFIELD LITTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of York. 
 
 DRIFT/WOOD, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 
 804. 
 
 DRIFTWOOD, a post-office of Iroquois co., Illinois, 135 
 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 DRIFTWOOD CUEEK, abranch of SinnemahoningCreek, 
 rises in the N.N.W. part of Pennsylvania. 
 
 DRIFTWOOD FORK, of White River. See White River. 
 
 DRIG'LINGTON, a chapelry of England, eo. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 DRILO or DRILOX. See Drdj. 
 
 DRIMEIRCHIOX, dre-mir'ke-on, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Flint 
 
 DRIMOLEAGUE, drira'o-leeg\ or DROMDALEAGUE, 
 dr6m'da-Ieeg\ a parish of Ireland, in Muuster co. of Cork. 
 
 DRIVPTEM'PLE or DRUMVJTE.M'PLE, a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Connaujjht, cos. of Galway and Roscommon. 
 
 DRIN. dreen, (anc. Dri'nus.) a river of European Tur- 
 key, in Bosnia rises in the Dinaric Alps, and. after a N. 
 course of 180 miles, partly separating Bosnia from Servia, 
 joins the Save 63 miles W. of Belgrade. 
 
 DRIN. (anc. DrCIo or DriUm, and Drinus?) a river of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, in .\lbania, formed by the junction of the 
 Black and White Drin. 17 miles S.S.W. of Prisrend, whence 
 it has a generally W. course of 110 miles, and enters the 
 Gulf of Drin (.\driatic) 5 miles below Alessio. 
 
 DRI.V.iOH. drin'ah. a p-iri-sh of Ireland, co. of Cork 
 
 DRINAGH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 DKINKSTONE, drink'stUn, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 DRIOS, dree'oce, a district or settlement of British Gui- 
 ana, on the )>anks of the Upper Corinty n, about lat. 2° I' N., 
 ion. 5fi° 28' W. 
 
 DRIP'PINO SPRING, a postofflce of Edmondson co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 DRISIIANE. dre-shain', a parish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 eo. df Cork, comprising the town of Millstreet. 
 
 DRISTRA. a town of European Turkev. See Siustria. 
 DRIVER'S HILU a post-office of Clinch co., Georgia. 
 DROB.VK, dr«/)>dk. a seaport town of Norway, stift of Ag- 
 pershuus. on the E. side of Christiania Fioi-d,18 miles S. of 
 Christiania. Pop. 1476. It has trade la timber. 
 DROC-I-:. See Drkux. 
 581 
 
 DROGHED.^. di5h'Hf-da. a parlijimentary and municipal 
 borough, seaport, and town of Ireland, in Leiustor. cos. of 
 Meatli and Louth, on lx>th sides of the Boyne. 4 miles from 
 its mouth, and 3H miles X. of Dublin, by "railway. Pop. of 
 town, 16,621. It was formerly enclosed by walls, some re- 
 mains of which still exist. It h.HS two churches, a chapel of 
 ease, an elegant Roman Catholic cathedral, numerous mo- 
 na-steries and nunneries, an endowed classical and five 
 other schools, an infirmary, a mendicity-house, an institu- 
 tion for Protestant clei-gymen's widows, an alms-house, 
 mansion-house, jail, barracks, union work-house, custom- 
 house, linen-hall, and market-house. Linen and cotton- 
 spinuing are carried on in Dro'.:heda. or its imniodiato 
 vicinity, to a verj- considerable e.xtent. there beins several 
 large mills on the lianks of the Boyne near the town. 
 There is also an extensive foundry and steam-engine ma> 
 nufactory. two breweries, a number of tanneries, several soap- 
 works, and a small ship-building yard. Di-ogheda carries on 
 likewise a pretty large export trade, (chiefly with Liverpool.) 
 in which several first-rate steamers ply. The numter of 
 sailing vessels belonging to the port in 1848 was 46. ton- 
 nage 4S6S; steamers 6, tonnage 1585. The harbor of Dro- 
 glieda is formed by the waters of the Boyne, 4 miles from 
 seju and extends about half a mile below the bridge, with 
 10 to 18 feet of water abreast the quays. At the entrance 
 of the harbor are three light-houses. The navigation of the 
 Boyne for barges of 60 tons extends inland, to Xavan, 19 
 miles. 
 
 Drogheda was a principal rendezvous for the forces which 
 were so frequently required in Ulster between the four- 
 teenth and seventeenth centuries. In 1649 it was stormed 
 by Cromwell, and its garrison put to the sword: and in 
 1690 it resisted the attack of a division of King William's 
 army. Within 2 miles of its walls was fought the famous 
 •'Battle of the Boyne." Drogheda was also the seat of many 
 Irish parliaments at various periods, particularly during 
 the fifteenth century. Among the remarkable architectu- 
 ral antiquities with which this ancient town and its vici- 
 nity abound, are Magdalen's Steeple and Lawrence Gate; 
 the first is all that remains of a Dominican convent founded 
 in 1224. Pop. of the parliamentary borough, 14,730. 
 
 DROHITSHIN or DROIIICZYN, dro-hit'shin. a town of 
 Russian Poland, province, and 65 miles S.S W. of Bialystok, 
 on the Bug. Pop. 1000. It is the most ancient town of 
 Podlachia, and has several churches, convents, and public 
 schools. An engjigement between the I'oles and Russians 
 took place here on the 20th of July. 1^31. 
 
 DROGIIIT'SHIN, a town of Russian Poland, government 
 of Grodno. "25 miles E. of Kobriu. 
 
 DROHOBICZ. droTio-bitch'. or DROnrtOVISCH'. (written 
 also DROHOBICE.) a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 18 
 miles S.E. of Sambor, on the Tiszmanicka. Pop. in 1845. 72C6. 
 It has 8 suburbs, numerous churches, (one of which is the 
 finest specimen of ancient architecture in Galicia,) a syna- 
 gogue, sever.ll schools, and important annual cattle and com 
 markets. Near it are pitch-wells, iron-mines, and salt-works. 
 
 DROITWICH, droit'itch, (anc. Siili/n(rf) a parliamentary 
 and municipal borough and town of England, co.. and 7 
 miles N.N.E. of Worcester, with a station on the Bristol 
 and Birmingham Railway. Pop. of town, in 1851. 3125; ot 
 parliamentary borough, 7096. It has several churches, a well- 
 endowed poor's hospital, and other charities, and a union 
 work-house. In the centre of the town are the famous brine- 
 springs, wrought from the time of the ancient Britons, and 
 which at present yield annually about 30.000 tons of salt 
 The borough formerly s6nt two members to the House of 
 Commons; at present, one. Near it are Uindlip Hall and 
 other fine mansions. 
 
 DROLSIIAGHN, drols'hj'glipn, a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Westphalia, 35 miles E.N.E. of Cologne. Pop. 497. 
 
 DROMAGH. drom'dh\a villageof Ireljvnd. in iIunster,co. 
 of Cork. 5i miles S.W. of Kauturk, with a castle and exten- 
 sive collieries. 
 
 DRO.M.\H.\IRE. dromVh.W. a barony and village of Ire- 
 land. CO. of I.*itrim, 7i miles E.S.E. of Sligo. Pop. .'J4S. 
 
 DROM.\R.\G H, drom'a-rih, a parish of I reland. CO. of Down. 
 
 DKO.MCLIFFE, droniVlif. or OGO(»MUCK. oV'oo-mlik'. « 
 pari.sh of Ireland, co.of Clare, compri.'iing the town of Ennis. 
 
 DKOSIE, (Drome.) drSm, (anc. Ih->i'na.) a river of France, 
 ri.ses in the Hautes-Alpes. flows W. through the department 
 of Drdme. and joins the Rhone 12 miles S.S.'SV. of Valence, 
 after a course of 00 miles. 
 
 DROME, a department in the S.E. of France, enclosed by 
 the Alpine departments of IsJre, Vaucluse, and the Rhone, 
 which river separates it on the W. from .Ard^che. Area, 
 2,508 sq. miles. Pop. in 1861, 326,684. Chief rivers, the 
 Rhone, Isfere, and Drome. Surftce. mountainous in the K., 
 and level in the AV. Soil generally infertile. Silk and wine 
 are important products. Hermitage being among the growths 
 of the latter. The mineral products consist of coal, iron, 
 copper, lead, marble, and granite. Drome is divided Into 
 the four arrondis.sements of Valence, (the capital.) Crest, 
 Die. and Montelimart. 
 
 DROMERSHEIM. dro/mer.s-hIme\ a town of Desse-Dana- 
 stadt, in llbeinhessen, near Biiigi^n. Pop. 892 
 
DRO 
 
 DRY 
 
 DROJIIX, dro'inln, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 DROMIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Louth. 
 
 DKOMISKIN, dro'inis-kiu, a parish of Ireland, co. of Louth. 
 
 DROMOD. dro/mod, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry. 
 
 DROMORK, dro'niore, an episcopal city and parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, CO. of Down, on the Lagan, 14J miles SAV. of 
 Belfiist, on the road from Dublin. I'op. of city, 2110. In its 
 cathedral lie the remains of Jeremy Taylor and other bishops ; 
 and it has an episcopal residence, and various antiquities. 
 
 DROMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 —Some villages in the counties of Clare and SUgo have this 
 Dame. 
 
 DRON. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 DROXEIK;), dro-n.Vro, (anc. Draconafrium or DragnneJ- 
 riumf) a city of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, province, 
 and 12 miles W.N.W. of Coni, picturesquely situated on an 
 eminence at the confluence of the Roccabruna with the 
 Maira. It has a Benedictine monastery, a college with 
 about 200 students, and an hospital erected on the site of 
 the old Castle of Dronero. Pop. a365. 
 
 DRONFIEIiD. dron'feeld, a village and parish of England, 
 CO. of Derby, b^ miles N.N.W. of Chesterfield. Pop. in 1861, 
 6231. The village has a lieautiful ancient church and a 
 grammar school. Btauchief Abbey, in ruins, was founded 
 by Fitz-Ranulph in 11G3, in expiation of the murder of 
 Thomas-i-BecUet. 
 
 DRONN E, dronn, a river of Franco, after a S.W. course of 
 80 miles, unites with the I.sle near Coutras. 
 
 DRONRYP, drou-iipe', a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Frieslaiid, miles W. of Leeuwarden. 
 
 DRONtllElM, Norway. See Trondhjem. 
 
 DRORANDDRF. dro/rdn-doar, a fortified town of Lower 
 Austria, on the Moravian frontier, 20 miles W. of Znaym. 
 It has a CHstle, formerly belonging to the Templars. 
 
 DROSAU, dro'zdw, DUOSCIIAU, dro'shOw, or STRA- 
 CZOW, stri'chov, a town of Bohemia, 8 miles S.S.W. of 
 Klattau, on a height alx)ve the Bradank. Pop. 1474. 
 
 DROSEXDOKF, dro'zen-doKf\ a town of Lower Austria, 
 32 miles N. of Krems. Pop. 791. 
 
 DROSSE.V, dros's^n, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. 14 mile.s N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 4200. 
 It has several Lutheran churches, and manufactures of 
 woollen cloths, linen fabrics, and le.ather. 
 
 DROTINGIIOLM, dro/ting-holm'. a royal castle of Sweden, 
 6 miles W. of Stockholm, on the N. shore of Lake Mat^Iar. 
 Its noble parks are much resorted to by the inhabitants of 
 Stockholm. 
 
 DROUMTARIFF. drSm-tir'ifif, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 DROWN'INU CREEK, a posiKjUBce of Burke co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 DROWNIXG FORIC, apostKjfficeof McDonough co.jllllnoig. 
 
 DROX'FOHD, a parish of Endand, co. of Hants. 
 
 DROYLS'DKN, a thriving vilbige of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, 4 )niles E. of Manchester. Pop. 4933. The Moravian 
 gettlement of Fairfield is in this township. 
 
 DROYSSIG. drois'siCt, a village of Prussia, province of 
 Saxony. 12 miles S.S.E. of Weissenfels, with a fine castle. 
 Pop. 783. 
 
 DRUEXT, droo-Jnt/ or droo-6.\o,'or DRUEXTO, droo4n'to. 
 (L. Druen'lum,) a village of the Sardinian States, province, 
 and about 7 miles X.VV. of Turin. Pop. 2000. 
 
 DRU.VI, or ELARD'RTUM\ a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Hoscommon. 
 
 DRUM, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo. 
 
 DRUM.XCIIOSE, dram/a-hose\ a parish of Ireland, in Ul- 
 setr, CO. of Londonderry. 
 
 DRUM'AUL'. a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 
 DRUMBALLYRO'NEY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down. . 
 
 DRUM'BLADE^ a p.irish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 DRUM^BOE'. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 DRUM'CAX'XOX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford. 
 
 DRU.MCLTFFE, drftm^kliff', a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Sligo. 
 
 DRUMCOL'LIKER. a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 DRU.M'COX'DRA or DRUM^CON'RA, a papsh of Ireland, 
 iu Ijeinster, co. of Meath. 
 
 DRUMCONDRA or DRU.MCONRA, a vilLage of Ireland, 
 in Leinster. co. and about two N. of Dublin. Pop. 227. 
 
 DRUMCOR'EE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Arm.igh. 
 
 DRUMCOREE, a village of Ireland, co. of Westmeath. 
 
 DRUM^CUL'LEX, a parish of Ireland, King's countv. 
 
 DRUM'OATH'. a parish of Irel.and. in Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 DRUMXJLASS', a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 DRU.M'GOO'LAXD, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down. 
 
 DRUM'GOOX'. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Cavac. 
 
 DRUMUIOLM' or DRUSrilOME', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster. CO. of Donegal. 
 
 DRUM'KEK'RAX. a pjirish of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh. 
 
 DRUMKEERAX.avillageoflreliind.co.ofLeitrim. P.469. 
 
 DRUM'LAXE', a parish of IreKand, co. of Cavan. 
 
 DRUM'LAX/RIG CASTLE, a mansion of the Dukeof Buc- 
 cleugh. in Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on the right bank of 
 the Nitli, 3i miles X. \V. of Thornhill. Built by the Duke 
 of Queensberry in 1G89. 
 
 DRUM'LEASE'. a parish of Irel.and. co. of Lel^rim. 
 
 DRUM'LO'MAX. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cavan. 
 
 DRUM'MELZIER/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles. 
 
 DRUM'MOXD, a post-oflftce of Washington co.. Georgia. 
 
 DRUMMOXD, a county in the interior of Canada East, 
 comprising an area of lti44 square miles. The river of St. 
 Francis passes through this county. Pop. lG,a62. 
 
 DRUM'MOXD CASTLE, the seat of Lord "NVilloughby 
 d'Eresby, in Scotland, co. of Perth. 2 miles S. of Crieff. 
 
 DRUMMOND'S ISLAND is the farthest W. of the Jlani- 
 toulin Islands, in Lake Huron, North .\meriea,.30 miles E. ol 
 Mackinaw ; 20 miles in length from E. to W'., by 10 miles io 
 in its greatest breadth. Here is a British fort and trading post 
 
 DRUMMOND ISLET, a .small Lsland of the China Sea, in 
 the Paracels group. 220 miles S.E. of Hainan 
 
 DRU.MMOND LAKE. See Dismal Swamp. 
 
 DRUMMOXD TOWN. See Accomack Coukt IIorsE. 
 
 DltUM'MOXDVILLE. a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Welland. on Xtigara River, near the Falls, where the Great 
 Western Railw.iy communicates with the railw:iv system of 
 New York; 48 miles S.E. of Hamilton, and 24 m'iles N.N.W. 
 of Buffalo. It has churches of four denominations, an as- 
 surance agency, and several stores and hotels. Pop. 700. 
 
 DRUMMOXDVILLE, a postrvillage of Canada East.co. of 
 Drummond, on the St. Francis River. 50 miles S. of Three 
 liivers, and 90 miles from Quebec. The district court of the 
 county is held here. 
 
 DRUMJIOSSIE MOOR. See CuLL0t)EN. 
 
 DRUM^MUL/LY. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Mo- 
 naghan and Fermanagh. 
 
 DRUM^OAK', a parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and 
 Kincardine. 
 
 DRU'MORE, a township of LancJister co., PennHj-lvania. 
 Pop. 3098. 
 
 DRUMViUIN', a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, 
 7i miles W. of Omagh. Pop. 452. 
 
 DRUMRAGH, drCun'rah, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 DRUMRAN'ER, or DRUMUlATII', a pari.sh of Ireland, in 
 Leiuster. co. of M'estmeath. 
 
 DRUMREILLY,drtim-ri'lee, a parish of Ireland, chiefly in 
 Connaught. co. of Leitrim. 
 
 DRUMSHAM/BO, a village of Ireland, in Connaught, co. 
 and 4} miles N. of Leitrim, on the Shannon, at the S. extra- 
 mity of Lough Allen. Pop. 617. 
 
 DRUMS/NA, a small but thriving market-town of Ireland, 
 in Connaught, co. of Leitrim. on the Shannon, 4^ miles 
 E.S.E. ofCarrick. Pop. 516. 
 
 DRUMS'XAT', a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan. 
 
 DRUNEX, drU'nen,a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Bi-abaut, 7 miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 14O0. 
 
 DRUXG, a pju-ish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Cavan. 
 
 DRU'RY'S LAX'DING, a village of Rock Island to., IIU- 
 nois. on the left side of the Mississippi River. 
 
 DRUSENIIEIM, droo'zfn-hJme\ (Fr. pron. drilVSn^em',) a 
 town of France, department of Bas-l!hin, at the confluence 
 of the Moder and the Rhine, 17 miles S. of Wissembourg. 
 Pop. 1616. 
 
 DRUSHKOPOL, droosh-ko'pol(?) a town of Rus.sian Po- 
 land, government of Volhynia, 32 miles S.S.E. of Vladimeer, 
 (Vladimir.) Pop. 1030. 
 
 DRUSES, droiVziz, a people who inhabit the chain of Le- 
 banon, in Syria, but chiefly the S. part. E. and S.E. of Bey- 
 root, and as far S. as the district of Haslieza, about the 
 sources of the Jordan. They are remarkable for patient and 
 persevering industry, for hospitality, valor, and love of 
 country, with extreme pride of birth. Their religious rites 
 are but little known ; but they have a priesthood, and al> 
 hor all religions excepting their own. They neither fast 
 nor pray, but believe in the transmigration of souls. Their 
 language is Arabic. The capital of the Druses is Deii'-el- 
 Kanier. 
 
 DRUTEN, drU'ten. a village of the Netherlands, province 
 Gelderland, on the AVaal, 11 miles W.X.W. of Nymwegen, 
 with a castle, and 2700 inhabitants. 
 
 DRY''BURG, a post-oflfice of Halifax co., Virginia. 
 
 DRYBURGH ABBEY, drI'btir-rUh ab/bee or dri1>tlrg aV- 
 bee, a beautiful ruin of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, on the 
 Twetcl, 4 miles S.E. of Melrose. It was founded by Hugh de 
 Morvilie about A. D. 1160, and is now the property of the 
 Earl of Buchan. The ruin forms a fitting cemetery for the 
 great bard of romance, Sir Walter Scott, whose remains were 
 interred here in 1832. 
 
 DRY CREEK, of Knox co., Ohio, enters the Vernon River 
 near Mount Vernon. 
 
 DRY CREEK, rises in El Dorado county, in the N. cen- 
 tral part of California; it flows first in a W.S.W. and then 
 in a southerly course, forming part of the boundary be- 
 tween Sacramento and San Joaquin counties, and falls into 
 the Moquelumne River about 20 miles above its junction 
 with the San Joaquin. 
 
 DRY CREEIi, No. 1, a small stre.am of Yuba co., towards 
 the N. part of California, falls into Be;ir River about 5 mileg 
 from its mouth. 
 
 DRY CREEK, No. 2, a small stream of Yuba co., flows into 
 the Feather River 6 miles aliove the mouth of Bear IUvm: 
 
 585 
 
DRY 
 
 DUB 
 
 DRT CREEK, No. 3, f.f Tuba co., after receiving seyeral 
 email streams, falls into the Yulm River. Its wliole length 
 is about 40 miles. Gold is found on this stream, which also 
 affords TMluable water-power. 
 
 DRY CREEK, a postoffice of Lancaster district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DKV CREEK, a post-office of Covington co., Mississippi. 
 
 DRY CREEK, a small village in Monroe co., Tennessee. 
 
 DI!Y CREEK, a post-office of Kenton co., Kentucky. 
 
 DRY'DEX, a post-village and township of Tompkins co., 
 New York, 8 miles E. uf Ithaca. Pop. 4902. Near the village 
 is a mineral spring. 
 
 DRYDEN, a post-township in Lapeer co., Michigan, 80 
 miles E. by X. of Lansing. Pop. 1752. 
 
 DRYFE&DALE, drifs'dil, or DRYSa)ALE, a paiish of 
 Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 DllY FORK, of AVhitewater River, rises In Franklin co., 
 Indiana, and joins the main stream in Ohio. 
 
 DRY FOItK. a post.office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 DRY FORK, a p'.st-offlce of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 DRY FORK, a village of Bond co., Illinois, about 67 miles 
 S. of Springfield. 
 
 DRY GLAZE, a post-office of Camden co., Missouri. 
 
 DRY HILL, a postoffice of Lauderdale co., Tennessee. 
 
 DRY'MEN. a large village and parish of Scotland, co., and 
 18 miles W.N.W. of Stirling. Pop. 1515. 
 
 DKYOX. See Dcriax. 
 
 DRY POND, a post-office of Lincoln co.. North Carolina. 
 
 DRY POOL, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 DI!Y RIDGE, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DRY RIDGE, a post-village in Grant co., Kentucky, 50 
 miles X.N.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 DKY RIDGE, a post-office of Hamilton CO., Ohio. 
 
 DRY RUN, a post-villnge of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, in 
 Path Valley, 165 miles W. of Philadelphia. It contained in 
 1860 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 DRY RUN, a postrofflce of Tippah co., Mississippi. 
 
 DRYSDALE, a parish of Scotland. See DrtfesdaIK, 
 
 DllY TOWN, a post-town of Calaveras co., California, is 
 situated on the S. bank of Dry Creek. It is a fine locality 
 for winter mining. 
 
 DRY VALLEY, a small village of Union co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 DRY VALLEY, a post-village of 'White co., Tennessee, 90 
 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 DRY WOOD, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, 150 miles 
 W.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 DKY'WOOD CKEEK, of Bates co., Missouri, flows north- 
 ward into Marmiton Creek. 
 
 DRY WOODS, a village of Jones co., Iowa, 32 miles N.N.E. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 DRZEWiCA, dzhj-veet'si, a town of Poland, province 
 of Sandomier, (Sandomir,) 29 miles W. of Radom. Pop. 800. 
 
 DSANGBO. a river of Thibet. See Sanpoo. 
 
 DSCHURDSCHOWA, a town of Wallachia. See Giukoevo. 
 
 DUAGII, du'ah, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry. 
 
 DUAXE. du-iu', a post-township of Franklin co.. New York, 
 about 140 miles N. by W. of Albany. St. Regis River tikes 
 Its rise among the numerous l.ikes of this township, which 
 contains extensive beds of iron ore. For many years previous 
 to 1849 forges were erected in different localities, but chiefly 
 on Deer River, and ores to a considerable extent were smelted. 
 Some good steel has been manufactured. Pop. 279. 
 
 DUANESBURG, a post-village and township in Schenec- 
 tady CO.. New York, 23 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 3222. 
 
 DUANE STREET, a postofflce of Hall co., Georgi.i. 
 
 DUADLT. dd'y, a village of France, department of Cotes- 
 du-Xord, 18 miles S.W. of Guingamp. Pop. 2380. 
 
 pUB*BOI'. a populous town of India, dominions, and 38 
 miles N.E.of Baroach.with remains of ancient fortifications, 
 and a temple adorned with some of the finest Indian sculp- 
 tures. 
 
 DUBEN. doo'ben. a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Mulde. 
 18 miles W. of Torgau. Pop. 23S0. 
 
 DUBENETZ. doo^b^n-JtsN a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Kttniggratz, about 6 miles from Jaromir, (or Jaromirz.) In 
 the vicinity are the ruins of the strong castle of Kalnowitz. '' 
 Pop. 1538. 
 
 DUBICZA or DUBITZA, doo-beet/sl a fortified town of 
 European Turkey, in Bosnia, on the right bankof theUnna. 
 23 miles W. of Grivdiska. Pop. 6000. It was taken by the 
 Austrians in 1738. 
 
 DU BICZA. AusTniAM. is a village on the militjtrv frontier, 
 on the left tmnk of the Unna, opposite Turkish Dubiczii. 
 
 DUIUCZA, a market-town of Croatia, circle of Dubicz. 
 Pop. 3;J20. 
 
 DUBIECKO, doo'hfrfknio, a town of Austria, in Gallcia, 
 Circle of Sanok, on the bank of the San, 75 miles W.of Lem- 
 berg. It has valuable salt-mines, which yield aanually 
 about 20(V) tons of siilt. Pop. 1050. 
 
 DUBITZA, a town of Turkey. See Dlbicz.i. 
 
 DUB/LIX, (Irish. Ball !/-at/i-cliaVi,'- the town on the ford 
 
 of the hurdles," or Pnhlilinn. '-Black pool;" the EUana of 
 
 Ptolemy,) the capital city of Ireland and of the county of 
 
 SnbUu, on tfan Liffey, close to its entiance into Dublin Bay, 
 
 680 
 
 Irish Sea, 66 miles TV. of Holyhead, and 135 miles W. of 
 
 Liverpool. Lat of observatory, 53° 23' 2" N,, Ion. 6° 20' 5' 
 W. Mean temperature of tfie year, 49°; winter, 39°.8; 
 summer, 59°.6, Fahrenheit. It is the residence of the 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the seat of the see of the Arch- 
 bishop of the southern province, and the centre of all the 
 political, ecclesiastical, etlucational, fi.scal, commercial, and 
 military institutions of the kingdom. 
 
 Dublin is divided into two nearly e<(ual parts by the Lif 
 fey, which is embanked with gianite. and lined on both 
 sides with sp.icious quays, and spanned by nine bridges — 
 seven of stone and two of iron. The city is flanked, N. and 
 S.. by the Royal and the Grand Canals, and is nearly sur- 
 rounded by a highway called the Circular Road, from 8 to 
 9 miles in extent, which may be considered the entire cit^ 
 cumference of the city. Its length from E. to W, is about 
 2j miles ; greatest breadth, about 2 miles. The ground on 
 which it is built rises gently to the N. and the S.W'.; the 
 S.E. portion was reclaimed from the river. It is paved and 
 lighted with gas, and supplied with water, chiefly from the 
 Royal and the Grand Canals. Nearly in the centre of the 
 southern half of the city is Dublin Castle, an edifice of dif- 
 ferent ages, built on an elevated site, and containing an ar- 
 senal, an armory, the viceregal chapel, and various govern- 
 ment offices, with the state apartments of the Lord Lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland. Adjoining the castle on the 8. are its 
 gardens: and on its N. side is the elegant Exchange, from 
 which a line of streets extending may be considered, with 
 the Liffey, to separate Dublin into four quarters^ 
 
 The S.W. quarter, occupying all the site of the ancient 
 city, is mostly ill built, irregular, and filthy: in this part 
 are Christ Church and St. Patrick's Cathedrals, both contain- 
 ing interesting monuments, the Archbishop's Palace, and the 
 royal and foundling hospitals. The X.W. quarter, much 
 more regularly built than the foregoing, is principally inh.i- 
 bited by the trading and middle classes. On its outskirts 
 are many good edifices, and here are the new IIou.se of In- 
 dustry, Richmond Penitentiary, Blue coat Hospital, Koy.il 
 Barracks, Smithfield and Ormond Slarkets. the Linen-hall, 
 and the new Courts of Law erected on King's Inn Quay, at a 
 cost of 200,000?. The E. quarters of Dublin are by far the 
 handsomest ; and the finest approach to the city is on the 
 X.E. The quarter in this direction comprises Sackville 
 street, one of the finest thoroughfares in Europe, and in 
 which are the Post-office and the Rotunda ; and in its centre, 
 the Nelson Pillar, a Doric column 134 feet in height, and 
 surmounted by a statue; in this quarter are also the Cus- 
 tom-house and Royal Lying-in Hospital, with Monntjoyand 
 Rutland Squares, and M.arlborough Green. The S.E. quarter 
 comprises St. Stephen's Cfreen. in which is the equestrian 
 statue of George II.. Merrion and Fitzwilliam Scjuares, Col- 
 lege Green, now a paved area, on which are the Bank of Ire- 
 land, (formerly the Parliament House.) Trinity College, and 
 a bronze statue of William III.: Dame street. Sir P. Dunn's 
 Hospital,' the Dublin Royal Society House, and the Mansion 
 House, near which is an equestrian st.atue of George I. 
 The principal edifices not hitherto mentioned comprise St. 
 George's Church, with a steeple 200 feet in height. '29 other 
 Protestant parochial churches, and as many chapels of ease, 
 9 Roman Catholic parochial churches. 7 friaries. 3 monaste- 
 ries, 8 convents, numerous dissenting chapels, and a syna- 
 gogue ; the Commercial Buildings. Corn Exchange. Royal 
 Hospital at Kilmainham. various barracks, the new Inns of 
 Court, the County Infirmary, Richmond Surgical. Dublin, St. 
 Vincent's. Steeven's. Mercer's, and several other general hos- 
 pitals, many maternity hospit.als. the General Dispensary, 
 Richmond Lunatic Asylum, numerous other charitable in- 
 stitutions, the City A.ssembly House. Corporate Halls, Ses- 
 sions-house, Newgate and several other prisons, and three 
 theatres. 
 
 Its University, chartered in 1591, and situated in Trinity 
 College, is attended by about 2000 students, possesses a 
 landed revenue of 15,60<W. a year, a library of 160,000 vo- 
 lumes, a park, printing-house, anatomical and chemical d» 
 partments, a bot.anic garden, and an observatory. Dublin 
 has colleges of, phy.sicians and surgeons, an apothecaries' 
 hall, royal Irish and Hibernian academies, a royal institu- 
 tion, zoological, geological, phrenological, agricultural, horti- 
 cultural, and other societies, various clulw. and a mechanics' 
 institute. The Zoological Society has gai-dens in the Phoenix 
 Park, a fine open space at the W. extremity of the citv, and 
 in which is the Wellington Testimonial, a heavy obelisk, 
 raised at a cost of 20:000/^ This park, the Rotunda and Zoo- 
 loirical Gardens, are the favorite places of re.sort for tne inha- 
 bitants. The villages of Ririgsend. Irishtown, Sandymnunt, 
 Ballsbridge. Donnybrook, Ranelagh, Rathniine.s. Herold'* 
 Cross, Kilmainham. Glassnevin, Drumcondra. and Cloiitarf, 
 are immediate suburbs of the city, the environs of vhicb 
 have much picturesque beauty. 
 
 Dublin communicates with the W, of Ireland by the 
 Grand and Royal Canals, by railways with Drogheda. K ngs- 
 town, and Limerick, and by steampackets with Belfast. Glas- 
 gow. Liverpool. Holyhead, Bristol. Cork, Plymouth, South- 
 ampton, London, and Havre. The Dublin and Drogheda 
 Railway is 31^ miles in length, and borders the coast of the 
 
DUB 
 
 DUG 
 
 Irish Spa N. to Ballbrig;;an, which, with Clontarf. Malahide, 
 ami lialilanjan, are on this line. The Dublin and Kings- 
 town Railway, miles in length, has a S.E. direction from 
 Dublin, and a continuation by an atmospheric line to DaF- 
 key, 2 miles farther S. Its harbor, whicii comprises an area 
 of 3030 acres, has been latterly much improTed; and near 
 the mouth of the Liffey are the Grand Canal and the Cus- 
 tom-house Ducks, the latter occupying 8 acres ; deptii at low 
 water 12 feet, at high tides 24 feet; the wharves and docks 
 are accessible by vessels of 900 tons. Dublin had formerly 
 important manufactures of woollen, silk, and cotton tHbrics, 
 but they have declined into insignificance, and at present 
 its chief trade is in linens, poplins, porter, provisions, &c. 
 Its timber trade has very recently increased so much, that 
 in 1846, 14.253 loads of timber and deals were imported from 
 Northern Europe, and 19,661 from North America. In 1850, 
 llie value of foreign exports amounted to .50.354/.; in 1851, 
 to 50,07ui.; it 1852, to 75,182/.; and in 1863, to only 23,800/. 
 In 1840. the value of exports was 60,395/. The customs du- 
 ties collected at the port in 1850 amounted to 874,943/., and 
 in 1851, to 893,383/. The registered tonnage in 1861 com- 
 prised 444 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 39.353 tons. 
 The foreign commerce employed 1,393,822 tons of shipping. 
 Including both the entrances and clearances. 
 
 The corporation of Dublin consists of a lord mayor and 15 
 aldermen, and 45 town councillors, elected out of the 15 mu- 
 nicipal wards. Besides the lord mayor's weekly courts, here 
 are courts of conscience for debts under 4'J .sbiillings Irish, 
 and 5 manor courts; and Dublin is the seat of a chamber 
 of commerce, and the Ouzel-galley Society for the Arbitration 
 of Commercial Disputes. The see of the archbishop com- 
 prises the counties of Dublin and Wicklow, with part of Ivil- 
 dare, and his jurisdiction is nearly co-extensive with the 
 provinces of Leinster and Munster. 
 
 The environs of Dublin are remarkably beautiful, al- 
 though the city itself is somewhat unfortunate in its ap- 
 proaches, none of which do it justice. The bay is noble and 
 picturesque and esteemed one of the finest in the United 
 Kingdom ; it is about 7 miles in breadth at its entrance, be- 
 tween Ilowth Head on the N. and Kingston on the S., with 
 a lighthouse. It extends inland for about tbe s-ime dis- 
 tance ; and along the shores are the villages of Ivingstown, 
 Blackrock. Clontarf, Katheny, Ac, and terraces of handsome 
 houses and scattered villas. In the centre flows in the 
 Liffey, and on either side the Dodder and Tolka. 
 
 The metropolis of Ireland claims a-high antiixuity, haying 
 been in existence, as is alleged, since the time of Ptolemy. 
 It« original native name was Drom-Col-Coille. or the " Hill 
 of H.T/.el-wood." In the earlier part of the ninth century, 
 Dublin was taken by the Danes, who infested it for several 
 »nturies thereafter. In 1169, it was taken by storm by the 
 Knglisli under Stronglwiw, who died there seven years after- 
 wards, and was interred in Christ Church Catliedral, From 
 alwut this period the history of Dublin is that of Ireland. 
 The city returns 2 members to the House of Commons, and 
 the University returns other two. Pop. in 1841, 232,726; in 
 1851, 254,8.W; in 1861, 249,73.3. 
 
 DUB'LIN, a post-village and township of Cheshire co.. 
 New Iliimiishire, 35 miles S.W. of Concord. It has manu- 
 factures of woollen goods and leather. The view from the 
 summit of Breeds Mountain, near the centre of tliis town- 
 ship, is exceedingly beautiful. Pop. 1096. 
 
 DUBLIN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, about 
 7 miles N.N.W. of Doylestown. 
 
 DUBljIN.atownshipofFulton co.,PennHylTania. Pop. 869. 
 
 DUBUN, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 882. 
 
 DUBLIN, a post-village of Harford CO., Maryland, 68 miles 
 N. by E. of Annapolis. 
 
 DUBI.,IN, a post-village of Butts co., Georgia, 8 miles S.E. 
 of .lackson, the county seat. 
 
 DUBLIN, a post-village, capital of Laurens co., Georgia, 
 half a mile from the Oconee Kiver. and 120 miles W. by N. of 
 Savannah. It has a court-house, a church, and several stores. 
 
 DUBLIN, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama. 
 
 DUBIJN, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky, 11 miles 
 W. of Mayfield, the county seat. 
 
 DUBLIN, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, on the Scioto 
 Biver. 12 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 DUBLIN, a township of Mercer CO., Ohio. Pop. 1.352. 
 
 DUBLIN, a village of Parke co., Indiana, on Racoon 
 Creek, about 10 miles S.E. of llockville. 
 
 DUBIjIN, a post-village ami township of Wayne co., In- 
 diana, on the National Koad, and near the Central Railroad, 
 45 miles E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 967. 
 
 DUBLIN BAY, an inlet of the Irish Sea, co. of Dublin, be- 
 tween Howth Ileivd on the N., with Dsvily light-house, in 
 lat.53°21'40" N., Ion. 6° 3' 5" W.,and Kingstown on the S., 
 wild the light-house in lat. 53° 18' N., Ion. 6° 8' W. Its 
 length, and breadth of entrance, are each about 7 miles. 
 The Shores are biild and highly picturesque. At its W. end 
 is the mouth of the river Ijiffey, with Dublin Harbor, and 
 on its shores are the villaces of Ratheny, Clontarf, Black- 
 rock, and Kingstown. 
 
 DUBLIN COUNTY, Ireland, in Leinster, has E. the Irish 
 
 Sea. and landward, from the S. round to N.. the counties of 
 Wicklow, Kildare, and ileath. Area, 354 square miles, or 
 226.414 acres ; of which 196,063 acres are arable, 19,312 un- 
 cultivated, 5519 in plantations, and 1820 in towns, exclud- 
 ing Dublin city. Pop. in 1851, 404,992. The surface is level 
 or undulating ; principal river, the I^iQey. Capital, Dubllu 
 city. It sends 2 members to tlie House of Commons. 
 
 DUBLIN MILLS, a post-office of Bedford co., Penusvlvania. 
 
 DUBXICZ, doob^nits/, a market-town of Hungary, co^ and 
 7 miles N.E. Trentschin, near the Maag. Pop. 1868. 
 
 DUBNICZA, doob'nifsd, a town of European Turkey, In 
 Bulgaria, 22 miles S. of Sophia, on the left bank of the Djer- 
 ma. Pop. 6000. It has extensive iron-works. 
 
 DUBNO, doob/no, a town of Russian Poland, government 
 of Volhynia, on the Irwa, 32 miles W. of Ostrog. Pop. 8700. 
 It has a castle, numerous Greek and Roman Catholic 
 churches, and a Greek abbey. 
 
 DU150IS, du-boi' or du-lxii.s', a county in the S.W. part ot 
 Indiana, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the I'atoka River, and bounded on the N. by the 
 East Fork of White River. The N.E. p;irt is rolling, and the 
 other portions level. The county is heavily timVjered. The 
 soil is generally fertile. Extensive beds of stone coal are 
 found in this county. Organized in 1818. and named in ho- 
 nor of Toussaint Dubois, a merchant of Vincennes. Capital, 
 Jasper. I'op. 10,.394. 
 
 DUBOVKA or DUBOTSKI-POSAD. See Doobovka. 
 
 DUBOZAKI. See Doobosart. 
 
 DUBRAVA, ALSO, srsho' doo-brl/vOh, a village of Hun- 
 gary. CO. of Szalad, on the Murakiiz, near the junction of 
 the Mur with the Drave. Pop. 2026. 
 
 DUBIWVNA, doo^brov'nS, a town of Russi.an Poland, 47 
 miles N.N.E. of Moheelev, on the Dnieper. I'op. 4000. 
 
 DUBROWNIK. See Chroma. 
 
 DUBUQUE, du-book', (oo as in monn.) a county in the E. 
 part of Iowa, bordering on Illinois and Wisconsin, has an 
 area of alx)ut 600 square miles. The ilississippi River forms 
 its north-eastern boundary, and the county is also drained 
 by Fall River and Little Makoqueta River. The surface is 
 uneven, and extensively covered with timber. The county 
 comprises the principal portion of the mineral region of Iowa. 
 Large quantities of lead are annually taken from the mines 
 of this county, and sent down the river by steamboats. The 
 rock which underlies the county is limestone. A lailroad 
 extends from Dubuque westward. Named in honor of M. 
 Dubuque, a Frenchman, who obtained a grant from the 
 Spanisli government for mining lead in tliis region. Capi- 
 tal, Dnbuque. Pop. 31,164. 
 
 DUBUQUE, the largest city in Iowa, and seat of justice of 
 Dubuque co., is on the right bank of the Mississipi)i, 450 miles 
 above St. Louis; built partly on a terrace extending several 
 miles along the river, and partly on the bluff rising 200 feet 
 higher. The main part is regularly laid out; on the bluff 
 the streets conform to the irregular surface. Among the 
 finest puljlic buildings are a market-house and city-hall, U.S. 
 custom-house, Ejiiscopal seminary, and 3 free-school build- 
 ings, accommodating 600 pu])ils each. The office of the Sur- 
 veyor-General of Iowa and Wisconsin, is located here. Du- 
 buque is the depot for the lead mining region west of the 
 Mississippi, and centre of trade for most of northern Iowa. 
 The shipments of lead range from 5 to 10 million pounds 
 annually, worth one-fourth to one-half million dollars; some 
 of the mines are within the city limits, and the best witliin 
 a few miles of it. The land in the vicinity is occupied by liiglily 
 cultivated farms, orchards, and vineyards. The city contains 
 14 I'rotestant and 3 Catholic churches. A large cathedral is 
 in process of construction. There are 5 newspaper offices, 3 
 of them German, 1 state and 1 national bank; iron, shot, flour, 
 lumber, and other manufactures. The city is the eastern ter- 
 minusof theDubuqueand Sioux CityRailroad,with its South 
 Western and Cedar Falls and Minnesota branclies. There are 
 extensive warehouses on the levee, and large elevator build- 
 ings for the grain trade. Its railroad commerce with Chicago 
 is by the Illinois Central and Chicago and N. W. railroads ; its 
 river trade with St. Paul, St. Louis, New Orleiins, and other 
 river cities, is carried on by several lines of steamboats ; the 
 N. W. Packet company has its chief office here. Julien Du- 
 buque, a French trader, settled here in 1788; the Indians 
 drove his colony away ; whites returned in 1830 ; Indian title 
 extinguished in 1833, when the first permanent settlement 
 in Iowa was made at Dubuque. Pop. in 1865, about 16,000, 
 
 DUCATES or DOUCATES,doo'k3't6s(?)atown of European 
 Turkey, in Albania, 8 miles S. of Avlona. It is the capital 
 of a numerous tribe of Albanian Yapys, whose government 
 is patriarchal. 
 
 DUCEY. dU'sA/, a village of France, department of Manche, 
 7 miles S.S.E. of Avranches. Pop. 1822. 
 
 DUCHOUQUET, du'shoo-kJf or du'shoo-kA', a township 
 in Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 2502. 
 
 DUCHS. See Dux. 
 
 DUCIE (du'see) ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, Is oval- 
 shaped, and of coral formation, with a lagoon in its centre^ 
 Lat. 24<^ 30' S., Ion. 124° 20' W. 
 
 DUCK BRANCH, a postrofSce of Barnwell district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 687 
 
DUG 
 
 DUCK CREEK. In Central Australia, is an arm of the 
 Macquarrie River, W. of its marshes, and the principal chan- 
 nel bv Vthirh its waters reach the Darling Kiver. 
 
 DUCK CKEKK. of Delaware, forms the boundary between 
 Kent and N'eir Castle counties, and enters Delaware Bay. 
 
 DUCK CUKKK.in the S.E.part of Ohio, falls into the Ohio 
 Rirer 2 or 3 miles aboTe Marietta, 
 
 DUCK CKEEK, of Indiana, flows into the AVhitewater 
 Biver a few miles above Brookville. 
 
 DUCK CREEK, a hundred in Kent co^ Delaware. Pop. 
 33S8. 
 
 DUCK CREEK, a post-ofBce of Walker co., Geonria. 
 
 DUCK CREEK, a post-office of Trumbull co, Ohio. 
 
 DUCKKNFIELD. See Dukixfield. 
 
 DUCK ISL.\XD, in Lake Huron. North America, off the 
 S. coast of theOreat Manitoulin Island. 
 
 DUCK'LIXQTON', a parish of Enjiland, co. of O.xford. 
 
 DUCKOIANTON. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 DUCK RIVER, of Middle Tennessee, rises in Coffee and 
 Franklin counties, near the base of the Cumberland iloun- 
 tiins, and enters the Tennessee liiver on its right tiank, in 
 the S.W. part of Humphreys county. Its genenil course is 
 nearly W.X.M'., and its whole length is estimated at above 
 250 miles. A company has been formed to improve the na- 
 vigation of this river by dams and locks. 
 
 DUCK RIVER, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenne.ssee. 
 
 DOCK SPRING, a post-office of De Kalb co_ Alabama. 
 
 DUCLAIR or DUCLER. dU'kl.W, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-InfSrieure, on the Seine, 10 miles W.X.'W. of 
 Rouen. Pop. 1700. 
 
 DUD'COTE, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 DUD'DESTOX, a town of England, co. of Warwick, form- 
 ing the X.E. suburb of Birmingh.im. It is well laid out on 
 an elevated plain, lighted with gas, and is rapidly increas- 
 ing in size and population. Pop. in 1S41, 20,079. 
 
 DUIVDIXGSTOX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 DUD'DlXGTtJX, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 DUD'DOX, a river of England, rises near the junction of 
 the counties of Cumberland, Lancaster, and Westmoreland, 
 and after a S.W. course of about 8 miles, between Cumber- 
 land and Lancashire, joins the Irish Sea X. of Morecanibe 
 Bay by a wide estuary, mostly dry at low water. The river 
 Is celebrated in a series of sonnets, by Wordsworth. 
 
 DUDELDORF. doo'dgl-doEfS a town of Prussia, govern- 
 ment and IS miles X. of Treves. Pop. 870. 
 
 DUDELSIIEIM, doo'dels-hime\ a market-town of Hesse- 
 Darmstidt. Oberhessen. near Biidingen. Pop. 1258. 
 
 DUDEXIIOFEX, doo'dgn-ho'ffn, a village of Ilesse-Darm- 
 stadt, province of Starkenburg, district of and near Seli- 
 genstadt. Pop. 1131. 
 
 DUDERSTADT, doo'der-8tiltt\ a town of Hanover, on the 
 Hahle. 15 miles E. of Go'ttingen. Pop. 4414, mostly Roman 
 Catholics. It has a Roman Catholic college, and an Ursu- 
 line convent. 
 
 DUDIXGEX. (DUdingen.) dU'ding-fn, a village of Switzer- 
 land, canton and 3 miles X.X.E. of Freyburg. Pop. 2342. 
 
 DUDLEY. dCidlee, a parliamentary borough, town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Worcester, of which it is, a de- 
 tached part, surrounded by the county of Stafford, 10 
 miles W.X.W. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1861, 44,975. It 
 has several good streets, a fine modern Gothic parish 
 church, a chapel of e.ve. and numerous dissenting chapels ; 
 a grammar school founded in the reign of Elizabeth, and 
 free to all parishioners, Baylie's Charity School, a blue-coat 
 school, several other liberally endowed schools, money chari- 
 ties, and a bank. It is a principal seat of the iron trade^ 
 its vicinity abounding with mines of coal and iron, and with 
 limestone qu:»rries. On a hill X. of the town are the re- 
 mains of a castle founded A. u. 700, by a Saxon chief named 
 Dudo. from whom Dudley appears to have derived its name; 
 and W. of the castle are the ruins of ■% priory. Since the Re- 
 form Act, it has sent one memlier to the House of Ci)m- 
 mons. The Dudley Canal. 13 miles in length, joins the Bir- 
 mingham and Worcester Canal 4 miles S. of Birmingham. 
 Richard Baxter, the celebrated Xon-conformist divine, was 
 for some time master of the grammar school in this parish. 
 Dudley confers the title of earl on the family of Ward. 
 
 DUI)'LEY. a pijst-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Mas-sachu-setts. 50 miles S.W. of Boston. It is watered by 
 Several good mill streams, and comprises the vilLige of Dud- 
 ley Hill. Tufts and Merino. Pop. 17.36. 
 
 DUDLEY, (I post-village and township in the E. part of 
 Hanlln co.. Oliio, 00 miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 797. 
 DUDLEY, a post-townshij) in Henry co., Indiana. P. 1326. 
 DUDLEY, a village of Jackson oo., Indiana, about 60 
 miles S. by E. of Imiianapoli.s. 
 
 DUDLEY, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on the river 
 Des Moines, al>out 10 miles below Fort Des Sloines, the 
 county town. It is surrounded by a fertile prairie. 
 
 DUIKLEYTOWX. a post-vill.tge of Jiickson co., Indiana, 
 78 miles .S. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DUIVLEYVILLK, a p<«it-village In Tallapoosa co., Ala- 
 bama. 150 miles E.S.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 DUliZEELE. dQd-z.Vlfh, a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 4i miles N. of Bruges. Pop. 1600. 
 688 
 
 DUK 
 
 DUESf-iS, doo-Jn'yis. a town of Spain, province, and 6 
 miles S. of Palencia. near the Pisuerga. Pup. 2490. In ita 
 vicinity is a handsome iron suspensicm-bridge called 
 ^' Puerto de la Union," recently constructed. 
 
 DUEKXA, doo-aia/ni. a river of Spain, rises in the E. 
 slope of the Sierra del Teleno, and after a course of 40 milea^ 
 joins the Tuerto from the right, near La Baneza. 
 
 DUERO. a river of Sp.iin and Portugal. See Docrao. 
 
 DUE WEST COKXER, a post-office of AbbeviUe district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 DUFFEL, daffyl. (Fr. pron. dtffJl'.) a village of Belgium, 
 10 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the railway, thence to Brussels, 
 and on the Xethe. Pop. 4048. 
 
 DUF'FIELD, a village and parish of England, co., and 4J 
 miles X. of Derby, with a station on the North Midland 
 Rjiilway. Pop. 17.664. employed in manutactures of cotton 
 and cotton lace, and in collieries. It has several endowed 
 alms-hou.ses. 
 
 DUFFIELD, NORTH, a township of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 DUF'FIELD. a post-office of Charles co., M.irvland. 
 
 DUF'FI ELD'S a postoffice of Jefferson co.. Virginia. 
 
 DUF'FIX S CREEK,a viUageofCan.-idaWest,co.of York, 
 22 miles X.E. of Toronto. It contains 2 stores, s;iw and 
 grist mills. Pop. 250. 
 
 DUFFS FORKS, a postoffice of F.ayette CO., Ohio. 
 
 DUFFS ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 N.E. of Queen Charlotte's Islands : lat. 10° -23' S., Ion. lOdO 
 49' E. They are about 11 in numl)er, extending 14 or 16 
 miles from N.W. to S.E. 
 
 DUF'FUS, a parish of Scotland, co.. and 3 miles N.N.W. of 
 Elgin, with a village, picturesquely built near Moray Frith. 
 It contains Duffus Castle, a ruiu of great antiquity. 
 
 DUFTON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 DUG, a considerable town of India, 80 miles S. of Kotah, 
 and containing about 2000 houses. 
 
 DC'G.\N'S LANDING, a small village of Jefferson co, 
 Arkans.is. 
 
 DUG'DEMO'XA, a village of Catahoula parish. liouisiana, 
 on Biiyou Castor, about 40 miles W. of Harrisonburg. 
 
 DUliDEMO/NA. a post-office of Jackson co.. Iowa. 
 
 DUG'GER'S FER'KY', a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee. 
 
 DUOXANO, doon-yd/no, a village of Nortbern Italy, pro* 
 Tince of Milan, 6 miles W. of Monza. Pop. 1421. 
 
 DUG SPUR, a post-office of Carroll co., Virgini.i. 
 
 DUtt'^VAY, a post-office of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 DUIDA, dwee'dd, a magnificent mountain of South Am» 
 rica, VenezueUi. near its southern extremity : lat. 3<^ 10' N., 
 Ion. 66° 10' W.; about 20 miles X.E. from the point where 
 the natural can,ilof theC^ssiquiare, leaves the Orinoco. It 
 rises to an elevation of 8500 feet, and being perpendicular 
 S. and W., bare and stony on the summit, and clothed on 
 its less steep declivities with v.ist forests, presents a most 
 imposing spectacle, forming a landmark which guid^-s the 
 voyager on the Orinoco for hundreds of miles. The summit 
 of the mountain is so steep that no person has ever ascended 
 it. At the beginning and end of the rainy season, small 
 flames, which appear to sliift, are seen upon it. On tlii» 
 account it has been called a volcano. 
 
 DUIXO, dwee/no. (anc. Castei/lHin PucVnumf) a small sea- 
 port town of Austrian Empire, Illyria, government, and 13 
 miles X.W. of Triest. on the X. coast of its gulf. Near it is 
 a quarry of bl.ack marble. 
 
 DUIli'XlSH or DU'RIXISH, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Inverness, comprising the W. part of tlie Isle of .Skye. 
 
 DUISBURG, doc/is-bfioRG^ (auc. CasUrum Diusf/iiiif) a 
 town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles X. of Dusseldorf. between 
 the Ruhr and Anger, near the Rhine. Pop. 7770. It is 
 partly walled, and h,is 2 Lutheran and 2 Catholic churches, 
 a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen and cotton 
 fabrics, and has ship-building docks. It is.«.<ud to derive its 
 name from the Teutones. who had a camp on this spot; it 
 was called by the Romans Castrum Di'usrmis. A forest in 
 the vicinity is mentioned by Tacitus, under the name of 
 Saltus Teuioburgentis. Duisburg has been declared a free 
 port. Lat. 61° 26' N., Ion. 0° 46' E. 
 
 DUIAELAXD, doi'veh-llnt\ (-'pigeon land,'') an island In 
 the Xetherlands. province of Zealand, in tlie East Scheldt, 
 sep;irated from Schoewen by a narrow channel. Length, 
 from E. to W., 8 miles : breadth, 5 miles. It is defended by 
 dykes, and on its N. side is the town of Kramnier. 
 
 DUIVEX, doi'ven, a village of Holland, province of Gel- 
 derland, 6 miles E, by S. of Arnhem. Pop. 700. 
 
 DUKl/DOM, a post-office of Weakley co., Tennessee. 
 
 DUKELL.V, doo-kMli, a maritime district of Morocco, 
 S.W. of the Morl>eva. between lat. 32° 10' and 33° 15' X. 
 
 DUKE OF YORK, (native OaUtfu, o4*tJ-f.X)'.) an island o» 
 the South Pacific Ocean : lat. 8° 36' S., Ion. 17-2° 23' 52 " W. ; it 
 is 3 miles in length from E. to W., and 2i miles bro.ad from 
 N. to S.. and is of coi-al formation. 
 
 DUlvES. d&ks. a county consisting of several islands in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, (the principal of which. Martha's Vine- 
 yard, is separated from Barnstable county by Vineyard 
 Sound, which is about 5 miles wide.) has an area of .liiout 
 lis square miles. A large part of the surface is covered with 
 
DUK 
 
 DUM 
 
 wood. Many of the inhabitants are engapted in naTigation 
 and the flsh<?ries. This founty was organized in ICiJo. 
 Capital, Kdjjarton. Pop. 44*3. 
 DUKE'S, a post-ofilce of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 DUKH'S TOWN, Guinea. See Calabar. 
 DU'KINFIKLD, a village and township of England, co. 
 of Che.ster. with a station on the Manchester and Staiey- 
 brldge Kailway, 1^ miles S.W. of Staley-bridge. 
 
 DilKLA, doiVklj. a frontier town of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galioia. 17 miles S.E. of Jaslo, on the Jasielka. Pop. 2300. 
 It has a fine castle, and a Koman Catholic church. 
 
 DUIvOllA, doo-ko'ri, a market-town of liussia, govern- 
 ment, and 22 miles S.iJ. of Minsk. 
 DUKOVTSCHIXA. See DooKovcnEEXA. 
 DU'LAS, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 IiULAS, a hamlet of England, South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 DULAS, a maritime hamlet of England, on the N. coast 
 of An xlesev. Several small rivers of Wales have this name. 
 DULBAilANTA, doorbi-hdn'ta, a district of Nortli-ejistern 
 Africa. Soinauli country between lat. 8° and 10° N., and 
 Ion. 40° and 49° E. It is a level country. alx)unding in 
 grass, water, and timber, without a stone, and forming ex- 
 tensive pasture ranges. 
 
 DULCK. dool'si, (sometimes called "Golfo Dulce".) a lake 
 of Central America, state, and 102 miles N.E. of Guate- 
 mala, forming the principal water-way of the state to the 
 Atlantic. It is about 25 miles long, and 10 miles in average 
 breadth ; has 18 feet water at 300 or 400 yards from the 
 shore, and, in most other places, from .30 to 60 feet; commu- 
 nicates with the Gulf of Honduras through a smaller one 
 called the Golfete, on the small river Dulce, the entrance 
 to whii'h, from the sea, is impeded by a bar, which cannot 
 be passed by vessels drawing more than 6 or 7 feet; though 
 once over, there is a general depth of 15 feet. 
 
 DULCB, (Oolfo Didce,) a gulf of Central America, firmed 
 by the Pacific, on the coast of Costa Kica. Its entrance is 
 between tlie points of Burica, lat. 8° N., Ion. 83° W.. and 
 Oorda. lat. 8° 32' N., Ion. 83° dC W., on the latter of which, 
 is a fort. 
 
 DULCE, RIO, ree'o dool'si or dool'thA. a river of South 
 America, La Plata, rises in the district of Tucuman, flows 
 S.E. pai-t Santiago, and empties itself into Porongos Lake. 
 
 DUL'CI, a post'OfBce of Holmes co., Mississippi. 
 
 DULCIGNO,dool-cheen'yo, written also DOLCIGN'O, (anc. 
 Olciii>ium; Turk. OTsmofi/,) a seaport town of European Tur- 
 kev, in Albania, on Cape Kadilie, a rocky peninsula in the 
 Adriatic, 12 miles W.S.W. of Scutari. Pop. from 7000 to 8000, 
 about h^Uf Turks. 
 
 DULKEK', a disfranchised borough, market-town, and 
 parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath, on Nanny Water, 
 5 miles S.S.W. of Drogheda. Pop. 1158. It has a handsome 
 Roman Catholic chapel, and some remains of an abbey of 
 the twelfth century. 
 
 DULKKN. (DUlken,) dUl'ken, a town of Rhenish Prussi.a, 
 regency, and 20 miles W. of Dusseldorf, on the canal between 
 the Rhine qnd Venlo (Netherlands.) Pop. 2370. 
 
 DULL, a large parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 DUL'LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 DULLN, (DUUn,) dUln, DILLN or DILN, diln or dil'n. 
 'Hun. Bda-Bani/a, b:l'lcitfb^n'y6h\) a royal free town of 
 ' North-west«rn Hungary, co. of Honth, 8 miles S.W. of Alt- 
 gohl. Pop. 1680. engaged in adjacent silver mines. 
 
 DULMEV, dool'men, a town of Prussian Westphalw. 17 
 miles S.W. of MUns'ter. Pop. 2500. It has a castle, the 
 residence of the Duke of Croy, lord of the county and town ; 
 several churches and hospitals, and manufactures of linen. 
 
 DULOi;, du'lo. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 DULUDE RIVER, Mich. See Buck River. 
 
 DUL'VERTON, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Somerset, 151 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 
 1497. The town has a union workhiuse and branch banks. 
 
 DDLWICH. d&l'ich. a h.amlet of England, co. of Surrey, 
 and suburb of London, parish of Camberwell. 4^ miles 
 S.S.E. of St. Paul's. Pop. in 18-51, ia32. It is beautifully 
 situated, partly in a valley and partly on a commanding 
 height: and h.as numerous handsome mansions and villas. 
 Dulwich College, founded in 1619 by Edward Alleyne, a 
 celebratf;d tragic actor of Shakespere's time, is a very hand- 
 some and spacious Elizabethan edifice, with a chapel, gar- 
 dens, and library. The picture-gallery, containing one of 
 the choicest collections of Italian and Flemish paintings in 
 Biitain, was left to the college in 1811 by Sir Francis Bour- 
 gefiis. 
 
 DUM.VIRA, an island of the Red Sea. See Doomairah. 
 
 DUM.iX'^VAY, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, 
 near the junction of three streams, which form the river 
 Bandon, 29 miles W.S.W. of Cork. Pop. 3086. 
 
 DUMARAN, doo^md-rJn' an island of Malay Archipelago. 
 Philippines. N.E. of Palawan. Lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 120° E. 
 It is about 20 miles in length and breadth, with a town of 
 the same name, on the S.W. coast. Pop. 1460. 
 
 DU^MAS'. a post-office of Tippah CO., Mississippi. 
 
 DUMAS'S STORE, a post-offlce of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 DXJMBAR/TON or DUMBARTONSniRE, diim-bar'ton- 
 shir, formerly LEN'NOX. a county of Scotland, chiefly en- 
 closed by Lochs Lomond and Long, and the Frith of Clyde, 
 having a detached portion eastward, between the counties 
 of Stirling and Lanark. Total area, 165,760 acres. I'op. 
 in 1851, 45,103. Principal river the Leven. Surface mostly 
 mountainous, and soil poor; but in the lowlands fertile and 
 well cultivated. It contains iron and c«il mines, free.stone 
 and limestone quarries; principal towns, Dumbarton and 
 Helensburgh. The county sends 1 member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 DCMBARn'ONorDUNBARTON, a royal pariiamentarv 
 and municipal borough, seaport town, and parish of Scot 
 land, capital of the county of Dumbarton, on the Leven. 
 near its confluence with the Clyde, 13 miles X.W. of Glas- 
 gow. Pop. in 1.S51, 4590 ; of parliamentary borough, 5445. A 
 suburb called Renton, is situated on the W. side of the river. 
 Dumbarton Castle, on a bold isolated basaltic rock, pi-o- 
 bably a Roman station, at the rivers mouth, is a fortress 
 of great antiquity and historical interest. The Leven is 
 navigai^le from its mouth to the quay, at high water; and 
 the town has flourishing glass workss .some shijvliuilding 
 and rope making. The novelist. Smnllet, was a native of 
 Dumbarton. It has been a stronghold for at least 1000 
 years, and was at different times in posses.sion of Edward I., 
 but came subsequently and successively into the possession 
 of Baliol, Bruce, Queen Mary, Charles I., and Cromwell. It 
 was from this castle that the unfortunate queen just named 
 was conveyed to France while yet a child. In 1503. at a 
 more happy period of her troubled career, she visited it 
 with a numerous retinue on a progress to Argyleshire. The 
 last memorable occurrence connected with tliis ancient 
 fortaiice, was the vi.sit of her present majesty. Queen Vic- 
 toria, August 17th, 1847, on her way to the Ilighl.ands. 
 Dumbarton (Castle is one of the four stipulatt'd to be kept in 
 repair by the articles of the Union. Dumbarton was known, 
 in ancient times by the name of Alcluyd. which, in the 
 Britisli language, signifies the rock high on the Clyde. It 
 unites with Port-Glasgow, Renfrew, Rutherglen, and Kil 
 marnock in sending a member to tlie House of Commons. 
 Pop. in 1841, 3782: in 1851, 5411, 
 
 DUMBARTONSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See DcM- 
 
 UAIITON. 
 
 DUMBLANE, of Scotland. See Ddxblaxe. 
 
 DUM'HLETON. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 DUMBRAVICZK, doom'br5h-vet«t/s.i\ a town of Hungary, 
 Thither Theiss, about 40 miles from Arad. Pop. 1746. 
 
 DUM'DUM\ the valley of the Pir Panjal Pass between the 
 Punjab and Cashmere. Elevation 11,800 feet, traversed by 
 a river of the same name. 
 
 UU.MDUM, a village and cantonment of British India, 
 presidency and province of Bengal, miles W.N.W. of Cal- 
 cutta, and the head-quarters of the Bengal artillery. 
 
 DU.AIFRIES, dQm-freece'. or DUMFi!lES-SHU{ E. a frontlei 
 county of Scotland, bounded E. and S. by Cumberland and 
 Solway Frith. Its estimated area is 1007 square miles, about 
 one-fourth of which is arable. Pop. in 1861, 78,123. The 
 whole valley of the Nith is composed of a red sandstone. 
 The mountainous districts are of the lower Silurian strata. 
 There are mineral springs at Moffat. The county is subdi- 
 vided into Nithsdale, Annandale. and Eskdale, watered by 
 the three principal rivers, the Nith. Annan, and Esk. 
 There are nine lochs in the vicinity of Lochmaben, and 
 Loch Skene, near the head of the Moffat water, at an eleva- 
 tion of 1-300 feet. A considerable part of the county is 
 mountainous, especially towards the N. and N.E. Amongst 
 the highest mountains are Black Larg 2890 feet, Lowther 
 31.30 feet, Queensbeny 2140 feet, Hartfell :«i feet. The 
 high grounds afford good pasturage; and cattle, sheep, and 
 pig rearing forms an important branch of rural industry. 
 The Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Kailw.iy has recently 
 been constructed. The principal towns are Dumfries, the 
 capital, Annan, Sanquliar. and Lochmaben, which are royal 
 burghs. The county sends 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Dumfries originally comprised the stewartry of Kirk- 
 cudbright, and by tlie Romans was comprehended under 
 the province of Valentia. 
 
 DUMFRIES, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 river-port, and parish of Scotland, on the Nith, across 
 which it communicates with its suburb >Iaxwellton, by 
 two bridges, (one of 7 arches, as old as the thirteenth 
 century,) 9 miles from its mouth, and 2Si miles W.N.W. of 
 Carlisle. Pop. in 1851, 11.107 ; of piirliamentary borough. 
 13,160. It is handsomely though irregularly built, and is 
 regarded as the provincial capital of South Scotland. Around 
 it. of late, man}' handsome villas have been erected. Prin- 
 cipal edifices, 3 parish churches. 1 with an extensive ceme- 
 tery, a vast number of monuments, and which contains the 
 remains and tomb of Burns; numerous dissenting chapels, 
 a tower in the High Street, (the work of Inigo Jones,) the 
 Crichton Royal Institution, (a lunatic asylum.) the In- 
 firmary, Dispen.sary, Court-house, Jail and Bridewell, 
 Theatre, and Assembly Rooms. Here are 4 endowed semi- 
 naries united under the name of the Dumfries Academy, 
 various other schools, several assoi iatioas with libraries, 
 
 589 
 
DUM 
 
 DUN 
 
 reading: rooms, an observatory, and a mechanics' institn- 
 tion. In Queensberry Square is a handsome Doric column 
 erected in 1780 in honor of Charles. Duke of Quoensberry. 
 The principal manu&ctnres are hats, hosiery, leather, bas- 
 kets, clocrs. and shoes. Vessels of above 60 tons can ap- 
 proach the town quay, between which and the mouth of 
 the river are 3 other quays for laraer vessels. Cattle, to the 
 value of about 350.000<. are annually exported hence to Eng- 
 land. Principal imports, coal, slate, iron, tallow, hemp, 
 bones. timl>er. (from the Baltic and North America.) wine, 
 and colonial produce. Steamers ply hence to Liverpool. Re- 
 gistered shippinsr. in 1817, 8366 tons. The borough unites 
 with Kirkcudbriiiht, Sanquhar, Lochmaben, and Annan in 
 Bending 1 member to the House of Commons. Dumfries be- 
 came a royal burgh in the twelfth contury, about the end of 
 which a monastery was founded here; in its chapel John 
 Comyn. a competitor for the Scottish throne, was stabbed by 
 Rol)ert Bruce, in 1305. On the banks of the Cluden are the 
 ruins of a nunnery. Dumfries gives the title of Jiarl to the 
 Crichton-Stuart family. 
 
 DUMFRIKS, dQm-treece' or dfim-freez', a post-village of 
 Prince William co., .Virginia, on Quantico Creek. 90 miles 
 N. of Kit'hmond, was formerly a thriving place, containing 
 2 churches, and several mills, but it is now in decay. 
 
 DUMFKIES-SUIKE. a county of Scotland. See Dum- 
 fries. 
 
 DUM'MER, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 DUM'MER, a post-township of Coos CO., New Hampshire, 
 100 miles N. by E. from Concord, on the eastern side of An- 
 droscoggin River. Pop. 289. 
 
 DU.M'MERSTON, a post-village and township of Wind- 
 ham CO, Vermont, on the E. side of Connecticut Kiver, 100 
 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1021. 
 
 DU>rMO'D.A.II. a river of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, joins the Hoogly River. 30 miles S.W. of Calcutta, 
 after a south-eastern course estimated at 300 miles. Its val- 
 ley is capaiile of furnishing large supplies of coal. 
 
 DUMONT'VILLE, a post-office of Fairfield CO., Ohio, 32^ 
 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 DUM'PLTN ROCK LIGHT, on one of the Dumplin Rocks, 
 In Buzzards Bav. Massachusetts. It is a fi.xed light, 43 
 feet alKive the level of the sea; lat. 41° 32' 10" N., Ion. 70° 
 65' 40'' W. 
 
 DUM'PO'. a town of Thibet, 40 miles S.S.W. of Garoo; 
 lat. 31° 6' N.. Ion. 80° 15' E. 
 
 DUX. an island in the China Sea. See Dune. 
 
 DUN. a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 DUN A. (DUn,a. i du'i.i. or SOUTH ERN DWINA.— dwee'ni, 
 (anc. Titrun'tltus or Taninftus.) an important river of Russia, 
 rises in the W. of the government of Tver, near the sources 
 of the Volga, with which it is connected by a canal, flows 
 at fii-st S.\V. between the governments of Smolensk and 
 Pskov, .and afterwards N.W.. in the lower part of its course 
 separating Courland on the S. from Vitt-bsk and Livonia, 
 and enters the Oulf of Riga, 7 miles N.W. of Riga. Its 
 length direct is 400 miles, for nearly all of which it is navi- 
 gable : although its mouth and many other parts of the river 
 are encumbered by shoals, rendering its navigation unsafe, 
 and only lit for small vessels, except during the spring thaws 
 and autumnal rains. Oppf>site Riga it is about 2400 feet 
 broad, and cros.sed by a fiojiting bridge, which is taken down 
 annually in September and again erected early in April. 
 The principal affluents ai-e the Evst and Drissa from the N., 
 and theMezhaand Desna from the E. and S. It is con- 
 nected by canals with Lake Ilmen, the Beresina, and the 
 Niemen. 
 
 DUNA, (DUna.) dU'nJ. a town of Russia, on a railway in 
 course of construction from St. Petersburg to Warsaw. 
 
 DUN.-V. a river of Europe. See Danube. 
 
 DUN.A^BURG. (DUnnburg.) du'na-bftrg or dU'na-booRg\ 
 DINWRURG. dee'nibooBg\a strong'ly fortified town of Rus- 
 sian Poland, in the government of Vitebsk, on the right 
 bank of the DUna. where it is crossed by the railway in 
 course of construction from St. Petersburg to Warsaw, 57 
 miles W..N .W. of Dris-sa. A railway is also in course of con- 
 struction connecting DUnaburg with Riga, and another is 
 projeot^(i to ■vj.s.i.w. The town has Greek United .and Ro- 
 man Catholic churthes. Pop. 6300. 
 
 DUNAEVTSYI,doonMvt/see,amarket-town of Russian 
 Poland, in the government of Podolia, 12 miles N. of Kam- 
 leniec. Pop. 30(K>. 
 
 DUNAGHV. dtln'!i-hee. a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 
 DUNAMANAlMI. dan'mWin. a village of Ireland, co. 
 of Tyrone. 8 miles E.N.E. of Strabane. 
 
 DUNA.MU.XDE. (DUnamUnde.) dU'nJ-mUnMfh, (t. e. 
 "the mouths of the DOna.' )a fortress of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Livonia. 9 miles N.W. of Riga, on an island at the 
 mouth of the DUna. which it defends. It has a custom-house 
 and a quarantine establishment. 
 
 DUNA VEOSE. doo'nflh^ vA'ch.V. a market-town of central 
 Hungary, co.. and 4o miles S. of Peath. on the left bank of 
 (he Danube. I'op. 7910. 
 
 DUX A VECSE, a village of European Turkey, in the pro- 
 vince of Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, 22 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 690 
 
 DUNVAWAVS, a post-office of Dark eo.. Kentucky. 
 DUNBAR. dtin-b.ir', a royal parliament.iry and municipal 
 borough, seaport-town, and pai-ish of Scotland, county, and 
 10 miles E.N.E. of Haddington, at the mouth of the Frith 
 of Forth, with a station on the North British Itaihvav, 25^ 
 miles E.N.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of town, in lSol.'3038. 
 It is regularly laid out. and has a new Gothic parish church, 
 Dunbar House, the residence of the Earl of Laudei-dala, 
 handsome as.sembly rooms, various public libraiies. and 
 the remains of an ancient castle; also ship-building docks, 
 sail-cloth and cordage factories, iron foundries, breweries, 
 and distilleries. The harbor is accessible by ves.sels of 800 
 tons ; the principal imports are coal and foreign grain; the 
 exports, corn, whisky, and fish for the London markets. 
 Dunbar joins with North Benviek. Haddington. Lauder, 
 and Jedburgh in sending 1 meml)er to Parliament. The 
 name Disbar signifies the "Ca.stle of Bar." and originated 
 from its having been bestowed, in the 9th century. l>y Ken- 
 neth, King of Scotland, on Bar, a valiant captain who had 
 signalized himself in the war against the Plots. 
 DUN'BAR/. a town.ship Fayette co.. Pennsylvania. P. 2224. 
 DUNBAR'NIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 DUNBARTON, a town of Scotland. See DuMB.AiiToy. 
 DUNBARrrON. a post-village and township of M.rrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, 10 miles S. by W. of Concord. Pop. 901. 
 DUNBARTON, a post-oflice of" Barnwell district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DUNBARTON, a postH)fflce of Adams co., Ohio, 96 miles 
 S.S.W. of Columbus. 
 DUNBEATH. dUn-baith', a river of Scotland. 
 DUNBEATH. a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Caith- 
 ness, 3 miles S.W. of Latheron, with a castle on a peninsular 
 rock in the North Sea. 
 
 DUNBLANE' or DUMBLANE, a burgh or barony, maiv 
 ket-town. parish, and formerly an episcopal city of .Scotland, 
 county, and 23 miles S.W. of Perth, on the All;m, here 
 crossed by a single arched bridge of the fifteenth century. 
 Pop. of town, in 1S51, 1816. It is a good deal resorted to in 
 the summer for the sake of a mineral spring. It has % 
 public library, founded by Bishop Leighton. Ne.ir it, on 
 the 13th of November, 1715, was fought the indecisive batr 
 tie of Sheriffmuir. between the royal forces under the Duke 
 of Argyle, and the troops of the Pretender, under the Earl 
 of Mar. Dunblane gives the title of Viscount to the Usborne 
 family. 
 DUNBOE. diin-bo'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Londonderry. 
 DUN'BiXi'. a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 DUNBOYNE, dUu'boin', a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. 
 DUNC\N, a post-office of ^^■ood co., Virginia. 
 DU.N'CAN, a post-oflice of Mercer co., Kentucky. 
 DUNCAN, a postoffice of Sheboygani co., Michig.iu. 
 DUNCAN'NON, a maritime village of Ireland, Leinster, 
 CO. of Wexford, on Waterford Harbor, 2 miles S.S.E. of 
 Ballyhack. Pop. 521. It has a fort, and gives the title of 
 Viscount to the F^arl of Besborough. ,\fter the battle of the 
 Boyne. James II. embarked ivoa\ this place for France. 
 I)UNC.\NNON. a post-otfice of Perry co., Pennsvlvauia. 
 DUNCAN CHAN'NEL, an inlet in I'rince of Wales' Ai-chi- 
 pelago, Russian America. 
 
 DUNC^.iN IS'LAND, Pacific Ocean, near the centre of. 
 the Galapagos group. 
 
 DUNCAN ISLAND, in the China Sea, belongs to the 
 Paracels. (which see.) 
 
 DUNCANSBY HEAD, the N.E. headland of Scotland, 
 CO. of Caithness, about li miles E.N.E. of John O'Oroat's 
 House: lat. 5S° 39' N., Ion. 3° 1' W. On its highest part is 
 an ancient watch tower, commanding a magnificent view. 
 
 DUNCAN.S CREEK, of South Carolin.v flows into the 
 Ennoree River, on the X. border of Newberry district. 
 
 DUNCAN'S CREEK, a postofltice of Cleveland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 DUNCAN'S FALLS, a post-village of Mu.skingnm eo, 
 Ohio, on the Muskingum River, 9 miles below Z.iuesTille. 
 Pop. in 1860, about 250. 
 
 DUNCAN'S MILLS, a village of Mahaska co., Iowa, on 
 Skunk River. C6 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 DUNCANSVILLE, a post-vill.ige of Blair eo., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Portage Railroad, about 3 miles W. of HolU- 
 davsburg. 
 
 DUNCANSVILLE, a post-village of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina. 70 miles S.S.W. of Columbia. 
 DUNC/ANTOVVN, a post-oflice of White co., Illinois. 
 DUNCANVILLE. a post-village of Thomas co., Georaia, 
 212 miles S. by W. of Milledgeville. 
 DUNCARD. a village of Penn.sylvania. See Dr\K.\RD. 
 DUNCHLDEOCK, dUn-kid'eok, a parish of England, ca 
 of Devon. 
 DUN'CHURCH, a parish of England, oo, of Warwick. 
 DUNCTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 DUN'D.\FF'. a post-lorough of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, near Crystal Lake, 10 miles N. of Carbondale. It 
 has a church, academy, and glass factory. Pop. 240. 
 
 DUND.iLK, dQn-dawk', two )>aronies. and a parliamen- 
 tary and municipal borough, seajiort-town and p;u'ish of 
 Ireland, in the province of Leinster, county of Louth, us 
 
DUN 
 
 DUN 
 
 the southern bank of Castletown Rirer, near its mouth in 
 Duiidalk Hay, 45 miles N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of pari.sh, 
 13,204: of town and boroufih, 10.782. The principal build- 
 ln;rs are a spacious parish church, a lars^e Homau Catholic 
 chapel, a county court-house, county jail, market, and cus- 
 tom-houses, an infirmary, a guild-hall, linen-liall, news and 
 assembly-rooms, a large barrack, union workliouse, and 
 several ruined ecclesiastical edifices. It has various schools, 
 one called the Dundalk Institution; aUso stt-am flour-mills, 
 a pin factory, breweries, tanneries, and a larpe distillery. 
 Its harbor is Siife. the fisheries somewhat important, and 
 it exports a good deal of rural produce, with timber, slates, 
 and coal. In 1834, the gross produce of the customs, was 
 only 4460?.. while in 1S4S, it amounted to 44.393. The num- 
 ))er and tonnage of sailing vessels belonging to the port 
 In 1848 was 27, with an aggregate tonnage of 2307, and 3 
 steamers, of 1023 tons. Comparing the five years ending 
 January 5. 1850, with the preceding five years, the foreign 
 trade had more than doubled itself, — the increase being Co 
 Tessels. of an aggregate of 12,480 tons, inwards, and 40 ves- 
 sels, of 8039 tons, outwards. The rise of the tide at the bar, 
 where there is now a light-house on the screw principle, is 
 16 feet. King Edward Bruce, brother to Kobert Uruce. of 
 Scotland, was killed in battle near Dundalk, and part of his 
 body is buried at a place called Faughart, close to the town. 
 Dundalk returns a member to the House of Commons. 
 There is a direct railway communication lietweon Dundalk, 
 Drogheda. and Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 11.000. 
 
 DUNDALK BAY, a shallow inlet of the Irish Sea, 
 between Cooley and Dunany points, 8 miles in length and 
 breadth. It contains large oyster beds, and receives the 
 rivers Dee. Fane, and Castletown. 
 
 DUNDAKKACII, dtln-dar'rah, a post-office of Robeson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 DUND.\S, dUn-dass'. a post-nfficeof Calumet co., Wisconsin. 
 DU>iD.\8, dQn-dass', a county in the eastern part of Cana- 
 da West, bordering on the St. Lawrence Itiver, and inter- 
 sected by a proposed railroad connecting the Ottawa with 
 Kingston. Area, 377 square miles. Capital, Cornwall. Pop. 
 In 1852. 13.811. 
 
 RUXDAS, a post-town of Canada West, co. of Wentworth 
 Ilalton. at the head of Burlington Bay, formed at the W. 
 extremity of Lake Ontario, and on the Hamilton and Ijon- 
 don Branch of the Groat AVestern Railway, about 6 miles 
 W. of Hamilton. It has a branch of the Bank of British 
 North America, agencies of three assurance companies, a 
 printing-ottice. issuing a weekly newspaper, and churches 
 for the Wesleyan Methodists, Kpi.scopalians, United Prcsby- 
 t«rians. Church of Scotland, and Roman Catholics. Itcon- 
 tiitis alxiut 20 stores, an iron foundry, and a machine shop. 
 s;ish factory and planing machine, an axe factory, soap and 
 candle factory, a comb factory, woollen mills, and grist and 
 other mills. Pop. aliout 3U00. 
 
 DUNDAS/ ISLAND, of British North America, is in the 
 Pacific. 40 miles N.K. of Queen Charlotte Island. 
 
 DUNDAS/ ISLANDS, ofif the Kastern coast of Africa, 
 between the Eixuator and lat. lj° S., comprise nearly 500 
 coral islets, from 2i to 4 miles in length, but with only one 
 secure harbor near the mouth of the Durnford River. 
 
 DUNDAS RIVER, an .iflluent of English River, Delagoa 
 Bav. Eastern Africa. 
 
 DUNDAS STRAIT, of Northern Australia, separates 
 Melville Island from Coburg Peninsula, and is 18 miles 
 across. 
 
 DUNDEE,* dun-dee', a royal burgh and seaport of Scot- 
 land, county of Fortiir, finely situated on the left bank 
 of the Frith of Tav. about 8 miles from the sea, and 37 
 miles N. by E. of Edinburgh. lAt. 56° 27' 36" N., Ion. 2° 
 67' 45" W. It stretches along the Tay, for about If miles, 
 and recedes inland, with a gradual ascent, to a distance of 
 about half a mile. Its appearance from the sea. and opiwsite 
 the shore, is at once striking and plea.sing: an- effect much 
 enhanced by the beautiful green hills which form the 
 background of tlie picture. In the centre of the town is a 
 large open space, surrounded with good, substantial free 
 stone buildings, of four stories in height, called the Cross, 
 or .Market-place, 3(>0 feet long, by 100 broad, from which a 
 number of the principal streets diverge. The more re- 
 cently formed streets are, in general, spacious and hand- 
 some; but most of those of more ancient date are narrow. 
 Irregular, and ill built. The town is liglited with gas, and 
 Is amply supplied with water. The most conspicuous ot>- 
 ject in Dundee is its old tower, 150 feet high, founded by 
 D.ivid, Earl of Huntingdon, in the twelfth century, and the 
 only remaining portion of an edifice burnt down in 1841; 
 Jiud to which three modern parochial churches have been 
 built in the form of a cathedral, the nave, choir, and tran- 
 sept respectively forming a separate church, and the whole 
 constituting one of the most striking architectural features 
 of the town. In all. there are 5 Established Churches, and 
 2 chapels; 11 Free, 6 United Presbyterian, and 3 Congrega. 
 
 • This name appears to be a corruption of Dun-Tny, or tlie 
 " Castle of the Tay." Buchanan calls it, in Latin, Taodanum, 
 • liioh is equivalent to "Dun-Tay." 
 
 tionalist churches, 3 Episcopal chapels, 3 Roman Catholic, 
 1 I'riends', and .several other Dis.senting places of worship. 
 The other public buildings of note are — the Town-hall, 
 Trades-hall, Academy, the New Exchange, containing, be- 
 sides other accommodation, a handsome reading-room : the 
 Watt Institution, Theatre, Infirmary, and the Royal Lunar 
 tic Asylum. To these may be added, the Jail, and Bridewell, 
 which cost 26,000i. ; and an impfising Norman triumphal 
 arch, erected in front of the mid quay, to commemorate the 
 landing at Dundee of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, in S<ptem- 
 ber. 1844. There are two handsome cemeteries one on the 
 northern, and the other on the western side of the town, both 
 ta-stefully laid out; and al)Ove the former is the new bleach- 
 ing-green, bordered by trees and shrubs, and intersected by 
 gravel walks. 
 
 Besides the Academy, the pi-incipal seminary of tlie town, 
 the Grammar School, and tlie Sessional School, there are a 
 large number of private schools, including several connected 
 with the spinning establishments of the town, the teachers 
 of which are paid by the proprietors of these works. The 
 principal are the Dundee Public Library, consisting of se- 
 veral thousand volumes; the Watt Library, and the l.aw Li- 
 brary ; the Dundee Literary Institute has a handsome read- 
 ing-room and library in a central part of the town. Exclu- 
 sive of the Infirmary and Dispensary already alluded to, 
 there are a number of charitable and benevolent institutions 
 and .societies, and various religious associations. 
 
 Dundee has long been celebrated for its manufactures, 
 and is now the principal seat of the linen manufactures 
 in Great Britain. Its fabrics comprise Osnaburghs. sheet- 
 ings, duck and coarse linens generally, besides which linea 
 yarn, cotton-bagging, canvas, and cordage are extensively 
 manufactured. The linen manufactures employ altogether 
 10.157 individuals, of whom 4543 are females: and their 
 entire value is estimated at from l,500,000(.lo l.t^OO.OOOi. an- 
 nually. The linen yarns are manufactured partly in the 
 town, and partly in the neighboring towns and villages: and 
 a portion of them is exported to France and other foreign 
 countries. All the mills are driven by steam-power. The 
 staple articles of import are flax and hemp from foreign 
 countries, and coals and lime coastwise. The principal ex- 
 ports are linens and linen jams; to which may be added, 
 since the opening of steam communication witli London, 
 large exports of black cattle, sheep, and agricultural pro- 
 duce. Aljout half the linens shipped at Dundee are exported 
 to foreign countries, being generally sent in the first place 
 to Glasgow, Liverpool, and London, where they are re- 
 shipped for their destination. In 1S50, the total t'onlgn 
 exports amounted to 91,672?. Another manufacture of 
 some importance is the Dundee kid gloves, famed lor their 
 neatness and durability. Sugar-refining, working in Iron, 
 and shipbuilding, the la.st including the construction of 
 iron steamers, are also important. The iiaibor accommoda- 
 tion, and docks of Dundee, are of Wie best description ; and 
 include two wet docks, one of t j acres, and anotb.-r of 6^ 
 acres, with a tidal liarbor of4| acres, connected with them; 
 the breadth of the lock of the former, to which is attached a 
 splendid graving dock, is 40 feet; and that of the latter, 
 which is fitted to admit steamers, 65 feet. A wet dock of 
 14^ acres, is now being constructed, the lock of which will 
 bo 60 feet; and there are others embraced by the harbor 
 plan, which, when executed, will greatly extend fliis spe- 
 cies of accommodation. The quays are wide, affording Ijerth- 
 age for aliove 65 vessels, and there are spacious carpenters' 
 and shipbuilding yards, with a slip capable of drawing up a 
 a vessel of 800 tons. A large crane, of 30 tons power, is 
 erected on the S.E. corner of Earl Grey's Dock, for the pur- 
 jjose of lifting the heavy machinery and boilers of steam 
 vessels, there being now a considerable business carried on 
 in constructing and fitting in the machinery of steamers, 
 The registered shipping of Dundee, in 1851, numbered 38'i 
 vessels: aggregate tonnage, 72.754: the customs' duties col- 
 lected, amounted to 63,34a. In 1850, 63,183?. were collected 
 at the port. 
 
 Dundee was long considered one of the most unhealthy 
 towns in the United Kingdom, but some later inquiries 
 show that the aggregate duration of human life is greater 
 here than in either Liverpool or Glasgow. The conmiunica- 
 tion between Dundee and the opposite shore, a distance of 
 from I5 to 2 miles, is maintained by a large and handsome 
 steamer. About 100.000 persons are conveyed across ann ually, 
 besides carriages, horses, cattle, &c. The trip is performed 
 in 20 minutes. There are four railways connected with the 
 town — one to Newtyle, from which are branches to Cupar- 
 Angus and Glammis, on the Scottish Midland Junction, 
 (this being the fir.st railway line in Scotland:) one to Ar- 
 broath, with a branch to Montrose, and continuation to 
 Aberdeen ; another (the Edinburgh. Perth, and Dundee) to 
 Edinburgh, crossing the Friths of Tay and F'orth by power- 
 ful steamers ; and a fourth to Perth, and thence to the 
 South, by the Scottish Central. &c. 
 
 Dundee was at an early period a place of considerable 
 note. and. like most old towns, was originally walled. It 
 was erected a royal burgh by William the Lion, was twice 
 in the possession of the English under Edward 1., was as 
 
 o91 
 
DUX 
 
 DUN 
 
 often retaken ty Wallace and Bruce, and In the reigns sab- 
 ioquent to that of the latter was ranked the third town in 
 Scotland after Edinburirh. At the Reformation it was dis- 
 tinguished by the name of '• The Second Geneva," for its 
 «eai in behalf of the new faith. In 1W5, it was besieged, 
 taken, and sacked by the Diike of Montrose: and six years 
 afterwards, namely, in 1651, it was stormed by Monk, when 
 a great number of its inhabitants were put to death, not 
 fewer, it is said, than a sixth part, or about 1300 persons. 
 During the reigns of the Scottish kings Dundee was one of 
 their places of residence. It is the birthplace of Hector 
 Boece, the historian ; Halliburton, who was the first openly 
 to profess the reformed religion in Scotland; Sir George 
 M'Kenzie, Lord Advocate; Ferguson, the poet; andofAd- 
 inir.al Duncan, the hero of Camperdown. Sir AVilliam 
 Wallace was educated here. The town returns one member 
 to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1841,60.553; in 1851, 
 78.8-29; in 1861,90.425. 
 
 DUN'DEE'. a small village of Canada West, co. of North- 
 umberland, 19 miles W. of Belleville, and 3 miles from 
 Brighton. It contains several saw mills and a grist mill. 
 
 PUXDEE. a post-village of Canada East, co. of Beauhar- 
 nois, 78 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 100. 
 
 DUX^DEE'. a post-village of Yates co., New York, 190 miles 
 W. by S. of Albany. It contains 2 churches, 2 academies or 
 union schools. 20 stores, and mills and factories of different 
 kinds. Pop. in 1860, 733. 
 
 DUXDEE, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. 
 
 DUNDKE, a thriving post-village and township of 5Ion- 
 roe CO., Michigan, on the Raisin River, 15 miles above Mon- 
 roe, has an ample water-power, which is partially improved. 
 Pop. about 700 : of the township, 1940. 
 
 DUXDEE, a flourishing post-village and township in Kane 
 CO., Illinois, on the Fox River, 48 miles X.W. of Chicago. 
 The river affords valualile water-power. Pop. 1889. 
 
 DCXDERIIEIM, dMn'der-hime', a village of Baden, circle 
 of Middle Rhine. Pop. 800. 
 
 DUX^DOX'ALD, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Ayr. district of I\yle. 4 miles S.S.W. of Irvine. On the Frith 
 of Clyde are ruins of a rastle. supposed to hiVe been built 
 by the Stuarts l^fore their accession to the throne, and in 
 which they afterwards frequently resided. It gives the title 
 of earl to the Cochrane family. 
 
 DUX^DOX'.\LD, a village "and parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Down. 5 miles E. of Belfast. 
 
 DUX'DJtEX'XAN, the old name of a parish of Scotland. 
 CO. of Kirkcudbright, containing the ruins of a once famous 
 abbey. 
 
 DUXrDRUM, a village of Ireland, on the inner harbor of 
 Dijudrum Bay, 
 
 DUXDRUM, a village of Ireland. 4i mfles S. of Dublin. 
 
 DUX DRUM BAY, Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, is a b.ay 
 of the Irish Sea. 7 miles S.W. of Downpatrick. having St. 
 John's Point on its X.E. side, and the Mourne Mountains 
 on the S.W. Breadth at the entrance, about 10 miles. A 
 heavy S. and S.E. swell sets into it: and near its N. side are 
 the rocks Cow and Calf joined by a reef with the mainland. 
 The steamer Great Britain was sti-anded here in 1846. 
 
 DUX'DRY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DUXE or DUX. doon. an island in the China Sea, off the 
 E. coast of Anam. in lat. 12° 15' X.. Ion. 109° 30' E. 
 
 DUXEAX, dun-ain'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 
 DUX EDIN. See Edinburgh. 
 
 DUXES, diin. a town of France, department of Tarn-et- 
 Garonne. 29 milee W. of Montauban. Pop. 1248. 
 
 DUXFAXAGHY, dlin-fan'a-ne, a market-town of Ireland, 
 in Ulster, co. of Donegal, on the S. side of Dunfanaghy Har- 
 bor. 12i miles X.W. of Kilmacrenan. 
 
 DUXFEENEY or DOOXFEEXY, doon-fee^nee, a parish of 
 Ireland, in Connaught. co. of Mayo. 
 
 DUXFERMLIXE. diim-fer'lin. a parliament,arv and muni- 
 cipal borough, manufacturing town, and parishof Scotland. 
 CO. of Fife, 13 miles X.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of town, in 
 1851, 8577; of the parliamentary borough. 13.836. It is 
 generally handsome, though irregularly built, on an emi- 
 nence, separated from a large suburb on the W. by a 
 ravine, crossed by a bridge. The principal edifice is its fine 
 collegiate church, erected in 1821, conti'jruous to the ruins 
 of the ancient edifice. The Abbey, originally founded by 
 Malcolm and his queen, between 1070 and 1086, was a mo- 
 nastery of Culdees. Here Edward of England resided for 
 some months in 1304, and on leaving it set it on fire. It 
 was reT.uilt by Bruce, and here his body was interred. In 
 1589. the .Vbbey. with its lands, was erected into a temporal 
 lonl.ship. and conferred upon Anne of Denmark, wife of .lames 
 VI. The nave and tower and some parts of the refectorv. still 
 remain, and are partly of Saxon and partly Xorman architec- 
 ture. In the town are various other places of worship, a 
 guildhall with a spiie 132 feet in height, town-hall and jail, 
 several public schools, a flourishing mechanics' institute, 
 several learned a.ssoc-iations. and subscription libraries. The 
 staple manufacture is table linen, in regard to which the 
 town early took the lead, and is still unrivalled by any other 
 town in the kingdom. This manufacture, together with 
 that of colored worsted and cotton covers, which has been 
 S92 
 
 added to it. and almost equals it i& extrnt, rjccupieg ahout 
 one-half of the population. There aie alfeo njrot.-oni« spin- 
 ning mills, extensive malleable iron-works, a larpe power-loom 
 factory, and, in the vicinity, several important collieries. 
 Dunfermline connects E. with a br.inch of the Edinburgh and 
 Xorthern, and W. with the Alloa and Dunterniline Rail- 
 ways, both of which have a common station immediately 
 X'. of the town. The town, erected into a royal bur^ih in 
 1588, unites with Stirling, Inverkeithing. Culross. and 
 Queensferry. in .sending one member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Adjoining the Abbey was a palace, enlarged by James 
 IV. in 1500. in which Charles I. was born in 1(300. and 
 where Charles II., in 1650, subscribed the League and Co- 
 venant. 
 
 DUXTORD BRIDGE, a station on the Sheffield and Man- 
 chester Railway, 18^ miles X.W. of Sheffield. 
 
 DUXGAXXOX' diin-gan'non. a parliamentary and munici- 
 pal borouirh and market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Tj-rone. 11 miles X.X.W. of Armagh. Pop. 3801. It stands 
 on a hill-slope, consists of an old and a new town, is regularly 
 and pretty well built, and has a good church, an endowed 
 royal school, founded in 1628. fever hospital, several branch 
 banks, and manufactures of linen and earthenware. The 
 borough sends one member to the House of Commons. 
 Dungannon was the chief seat of the O'Xeils. Kings of Ul- 
 ster from the earliest period of Irish history till 1607, when 
 the last of these powerful chieftains fled to the Continent, 
 and his possessions were granted by James I. to Sir Arthur 
 Chichester. 
 
 DUXG.\X/XOX, a post-village of Columliana co., Ohio, 
 on the Sandy and Beaver Canals, 142 miles X,E, of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 DUX/GAXSTOWN. a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow. 
 
 DUX'G.\R'VAX'. a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 seaport town, and parish of Ireland, in Munster, co., and 
 25 miles W.S.W. of Waterford. on the Colligan. near its 
 mouth in the Bay of Dungarvan. and across which a hand- 
 some one-arched bridge connects it with its suburb. Abbing- 
 side. Pop. of town, 8625. It is neatly built, and re.sorted to 
 for sea-bathing. The principal edifices are a parish church, 
 4 Roman Catholic chapels, a convent, a ca.stle of the fifteenth 
 century, now used as a barrack, a bridewell, session-house, 
 union work-house, and market-house. It has little trade, 
 its harbor being only fitted for vessels under 150 tons. It 
 sends one member to the House of Commons, and gives the 
 title of viscount to the Earl of Cork. 
 
 DUXGARVAX", a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kil- 
 kenny. 
 
 DUXGEN, (DUngen.) dOng'Hen, a village of the Xethei^ 
 lands, province of SVest Brabant, 3 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 DUXGENESS, diinj-nfe«', a headland of England, form- 
 ing the S. extremity of the county of Kent, and projecting 
 into the English Channel, about 3^ miles S.S.E. of Lvdd. It 
 has a fort and light-house, in lat. 50° 64'59"N., Ion. 58° E. 
 Elevation of light-house, 92 feet. 
 
 DUXGIVEX. dtin-ghiv'en, a market-town and parish of 
 Ireland, in Ulster, co., and 10 j miles E.S.E. of Londonderry, 
 on the road from Armagh. Pop. of town. 1016. 
 
 DUXGL-iSS/. a promontory of Scotland, co., and 2j miles 
 E.S.E. of Dumbarton, parish of Ol\l Kilpatrick, projecting 
 into the Clyde. Here was the W. termination of the walto 
 of Antoninus, which is crowned by a ruined castle of the 
 Colquhouns. 
 
 DUX^LOW', a village of Ireland, co. and ll^ miles N. by 
 W. of Donegal. Pop. 449. 
 
 DUX'H.\M, a parish of England, co. of Xotfs, on the 
 Trent, here crossed by a bridge of 4 arches, 5J miles E.N JJ. 
 Tnxford. 
 
 DUNHAM, a post-village and township in McIIenrv co., 
 Illinois, 200 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. Pop. 981. 
 
 DUNHAM, or DUXHAM FLATS, a post-village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Missisquoi, 56 miles S.E. of Montre.al, and 45 
 miles from Stanstead. 
 
 DUXHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 DUXHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 DUNHAM MAS^SEY, a township of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 DUXHAM'S BASIN, a village of Washintrton co.. New 
 York, on the Champlain Canal, about 64 miles N. by E. of 
 Albany. 
 
 DUX'K ARD or DUXCARD. a post-village and township of 
 Greene co.. Pennsylvania. Pop. 1455. 
 
 DUXKARD CREEK, of Greene CO., Pennsylviinia, flows 
 into the Monongahela River. 
 
 DUXHOLME, dUnOiom, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 DUX'IERES. dtl'ne-aiR'. a village of France, department of 
 Haute-T>oiiv, 10 miles X.E. of Yst-ingeaux, on the left bank 
 of the Dunidres. Pop. 2409. 
 
 DUXIXO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 DUXnP.\CE, a parish of Scotland. co. of Stnling. joined 
 with Liirbert, near Falkirk. Here are two singular artifi- 
 cial mounds of Celtic or Roman origin. Torwood. ,a part 
 of the old Caledonian forest, still remains iu this parish. 
 
DUN 
 
 DUN 
 
 DTJT« KKLD, dtin-k Jl', a burpch of barony, and market-town 
 of Scotland, co. of I'erth,01d Dunkeld (parish of Dunkeld and 
 Dowally) beinji 13 miles N.N.W. of Perth, ou the );reat East 
 Pass to the Iliirhlands, and on the N. bank of the Tay, across 
 which it communicates with the suburb, Little Dunkeld, by 
 an elegant bridjre of 7 arches. Pop. in 1S51, llU4. In an- 
 cient times, Dunkeld is said to have been the seat of the 
 Picti-sh kinjrs. A cell of Culdees was here early established, 
 and in 1130 was made the seat of a bishopric by David II. 
 Its cathedral was built in 13.J0. but long l>efore this period 
 I>unkeld was celebrated in the ecclesiastical annals of the 
 kinjidom. Near the cathedral stands the ancient palace of 
 the Dukes of Athole, an old-tiushioned square building, and 
 at a short distance the new mansion of the late duke. 
 ■Within the grounds are shown the two first larches intro- 
 duced into Britain, brought from the Tyrol in 1738. The 
 larch is now naturalized in Scotland, and forms one of the 
 most valuable and extensively cultivated timber-trees in the 
 ■.ountrv. I'op. in 1851, 1102. 
 
 DUNKKLD. a parish of Ireland. See Dunkitt. 
 
 DUNKEIiQUE. See Dunkirk. 
 
 DUNK'KIITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DUNK'K.SWKliL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DU.NMvINKK'LY or DU.NKA.XELV, a village of Ireland, 
 CO., and 3 miles Vt'. of Donegal, >'.E. of the head of .Macswine's 
 Bay, with a parish church and a Wesleyan chapel. Pop. 476. 
 
 DUNK'I.NSVILLE, a po.st-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 DU.N'IvI K K , (Kr.Z>H?i/,erf/)/c. dfiN^'kalRk'; Oer.Duni-i'rcAcn. 
 diin'-kfeeh'Ken.) a fortified si^aport town, and the most N. of 
 France, department of Nurd, capital of thearrondi.s.sement. on 
 the Strait of Dover. 40 miles A.W. of Lille, and 45 miles E. of 
 Dover, at I bejunction of 3 canals, and on the Railway du Nord. 
 Pop. in ]^52.2y,0S0. It is defended by a citadel, has a town-hall, 
 theatre. C(jncert-hall, several finechurches. a lofty belfry, seve- 
 ral hospit.il.s, military and civil prisons, barracks, a college, and 
 public li) M-ary of 18,0<JU volumes, soap, starch, and iron- works. 
 The hurlxir, chietly artificial, is shallow, but the roadstead is 
 good, and since Dunkirk was made a free port in 1S2IJ. it has 
 had a brisk and increasing trade in wines. In 1844, the 
 number nf vessels belonging to the port were 197, (lS.29iJ tons.) 
 A considerable nnmlier of these were engaged in the cod 
 fishery, from which the number of vessels of all nations 
 whicli entered the port in the same year was 94, (7270 tons.) 
 In 1849. t he total number of vessels entered was 1740, (134,828 
 tons.) and cleared. 1(;69, (184,927 tons.) The receipts at the 
 Custom-hiiuse in 1S48, were 5.277,000 francs, and in 1849, 
 6,963,000 francs. Dunkirk is the seat of a court of first re- 
 sort and commerce, and of a maritime syndicat, and pos- 
 sesses a chamber of commerce, an e.xchange. and an agricul- 
 tural society. This town is said to owe its origin to a chapel 
 founded liy St. Eloi. which, from its situation among the 
 <andy downs of the coast, took the name of Dun-kirk, i. e. 
 the "church of the downs." It appears to have become a 
 place of snme importance in the tenth century, when it was 
 first surrounded Ivy walls. The possession of it was repeat- 
 edly contested by the Spaniards and French. In 1658. it was 
 given up to the English by Turenne, and continued with 
 them till ltifi2, when Charles II. sold it to Louis XIV. 
 
 DU>i'KIRK, an extm-parochial district of England, co.of 
 Kent. 
 
 DUNKIRK, a port of entry and post-town, in Chautauqua 
 CO., New York, situated on a bay of Lake Erie, and on the 
 Lake Shore Rjiilroad, 40 miles S.W. of Buffalo. It is the 
 western terminus of the Erie Railway, 4C0 miles long. It 
 was tbrmerly part of the township of Pomfret ; but, in 18C0, 
 was set oti' as the township and village of Dunkirk. The 
 situation is elevated and pleasant. It contains 2 banks, 3 
 oil refineries, the Viirions shops of the western division of 
 the Erie Railway, 2 printing offices, a large steam flom-ing- 
 mill, and manufactories of various kinds. As a harbor for 
 lake commerce the bay is commodious and safe. Thirteen 
 propellers, besides brigs, schooners, and small craft, run 
 to the harbor regularly. I'or the year 1862, the imports 
 here included 1,095,364 hols, flour; 147,579 bbls. pork and 
 beef; 112,061 bu. wheat; 149,054 bu. corn; 27,509 tierces 
 hams; li ,102 bbls. eggs; 38,245 casks of lard; 30,323 pack- 
 ages of butter; 21,460 hhds. tobacco; 814 bales of cotton; 
 22,545 hides; 16,275 packages of wool; and copper, oil, cat- 
 tle, liog3, &c., ic, in proportion. Its lake commerce is 
 Bteadily increasing, as shown by the books of the collector 
 of the port. Navigation is generally open at Dunkirk some 
 weeks earlier than at Buffalo, owing to the ice being driven 
 down the lake each spring by prevailing winds, and this 
 gives a decided advantage to it as a port of entry. The Erie 
 Railway has two large and secure docks for the reception 
 and shipment of freight. The railroad now being built from 
 the coal-fields of Pennsylvania to the Erie R.R. at CarroUton 
 will make this place a coal depot, at which vessels will be 
 supplied. With its natural advantages, aided by the public 
 spirit of its inhabitants, Dunlcirk bidis fair to soon rank with 
 the cities of the State of New York. Pop. in 1855, 4392; in 
 I860, 5616 ; in 1865, about 7000. 
 
 DUNKIRK, a post-office of Calvert co., Maryland. 
 
 DUNKIRK, a post-oflice of Greenville district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 DUNKIRK, a thriving post-village and township of Dans 
 CO., Wisconsin, 20 miles S.E. of Madison. It has a wate» 
 power, with several mills. Pop. 1760. 
 
 DUN'KITT'. or DDN^KELIV, a parish of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster. CO. of Kilkenny. 
 
 DUNK'LIN, a county near the S.E. extremity of Missouri, 
 bordering on Arkansas, has an area of abcat 700 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by St. Francis River, and 
 on the E. in part by Lake IVmiscot, intersected by Castor 
 River. This county, together with several adjoining, was 
 severely injured by the eitrthquakes of 1811 and 1812. Thf 
 soil, where not overfiowed. is hi>;hly productive. Named in 
 honour of the late Daniel Dunklin, former Governorof Mis- 
 souri. Capitid, Kennet. I'op. 5026, of whom 4855 were 
 free. 
 
 DCNKUR, drin'ktiR\ a village and fort of Ilindostan, lu 
 Kunawur, on the Spiti, near the Sutlej, 140 miles S. by B 
 of Leh: hit. 32° 18' N., Ion. 78° 20' E. 
 
 DUNLAP', a post-office of Hamilton co.. Ohio. 
 
 DUNLAP'S CREEK, in the S.W. central part of Airginla, 
 rises in Monroe county, flows north-eastward, and falls into 
 Jackson's River near Covington. 
 
 DUNLAPS'VILLE, a post-office of L.aurens di.strict, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DUNLAPSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Union co., 
 Indiana, on the East F'ork of M hitewater River, 70 miles 
 K.S.K. of Indianapolis; contains 1 church. 
 
 DUXMjAV'.\N, a town and parish of Ireland, co.of Wick- 
 low, 5 miles N.W. of Donard. Pop. of the town, 990. 
 
 DUNLECK'NEY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Carlow. 
 
 DU.\LKKK/,a small post-town and disfranchised borough 
 of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Louth, on the Dublin and 
 Belfast Railroad, 11 miles S. of Dunkalk. Pop. 8u8. 
 
 DUN LElTll. dan-leeth'. a thriving post-viilage, .In Daviess 
 CO., Illinois, ou the E. bank of the Jlississippi l:iver. oppo- 
 site Dubuque. It forms the N.W. terminus of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad. It has 3 large hotels, &c. Pop. in 1860, 
 
 DUN-LE-PALLKTEAU, dONo-lfh-parieh-te', (or pairty,) 
 a town of France, department of Creuse, arrondissement, 
 and 14 miles X.W. of Gueret. Pop. 1421. 
 
 DUN-LE-ROI, d£is«-leh-rwl,(anc. Ca>'<rujn Duhnf) a town 
 of Franco, department of Cher. 11 miles N. of St. Amand 
 Montrond, on the rit^ht bank of the Auron. Pop. in 1852, 
 4948. It was an important city in the fifteenth century. 
 
 DUNLKV'Y, a post-office of VVarren co., Ohio. 
 
 DUNLOP', a village and pari.sh of Scotland, cos. of Ayr and 
 Renfrew, 71 miles N.E. of Irvine. Pop. 1206. It is famouii 
 for its excellent cheese. 
 
 DUNLUCt/, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim, 
 including part of the town of Bu.shmills. Dunluce Castle, 
 a structure of the fourteenth centurj", is now a picturesque 
 ruin. 
 
 DUN'MAN'US BAY', an inlet on the S.W. coa.st of Ireland, 
 CO. of Cork. 4 miles in breadth at its entrance, and stretch- 
 ing inland about 12 miles. 
 
 DUNMAN'WAY, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Cork. 13 miles W. of Bandon. Pop. 3086. 
 
 DUN\M01!E', a village of Scotland, co.. and 7 miles S.E.of 
 Stirling, parish of Airth. Pop. 153. Thec;istle is the ancient 
 Seat of the Murray family, to whom it gives the title of earl. 
 
 DUNMOKE, a town and parLsh of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 co.pfOalway, 75n)ilesN.N.E. of Tuam. Pop. of the town, 917. 
 
 DUNJIURE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 3j 
 miles W.N.W. of Kilkenny. Here is a curious cave of con- 
 slder.aMe extent. 
 
 DUN\MOR E'. a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DUNMORE, a thriving post-village in the N.E. part of Lu- 
 zerne CO., I'ennsylvania, on the railroad which extends from 
 Scranton to the Lackawaxeu River. The origin of this vil- 
 lage is very recent; it has been built up by the mining ope- 
 rations of the Pennsylvania Coal Company. A large num- 
 ber of hands are employed in the coal mines near this place, 
 which are very extensive. Pop. in 1860, estimated at ICOO. 
 
 DUNMORE, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia. 
 
 DUNMORE, EAST, a seaport town oflreland. in Munster, 
 CO., and 8? miles S.E. of Waterford. on Waterford Harbor. 
 Pop. 302. It is well built, and much fretiuented as a water- 
 ing-place. It has a handsome church, and a harlior and qu-iy. 
 Mail steam-packets ply regularly between it and Milford. 
 
 DUN'MOW, GREAT, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, co of Essex, on theChelmer, 12 miles N.N. W. of Chelms- 
 ford. Pop. in 1852. 3235. The town, supposed to have been 
 the Roman Casarom'cigus, is pleasantly situated on an emi- 
 nence, and well built. It has a fine church, a market-cross 
 built in 1578, a union work-house, and some manufactures 
 of sacking. 
 
 DUN. MOW. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 DUNMUR'i'.Y, a village of Irel.ind, co. of Antrim, on the 
 Glenwater, and on the Ulster Railway, 4j miles S. by W. ol 
 Belfast. Pop. 211. 
 
 DUNN, a township of Dane co., 'Wisconsin. Pop. 1055. 
 
 DUN'NET, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Caith 
 ness on Pentlaud Frith, with a village, "i},^ miles E.N.E. of 
 Thurso. 
 
 603 
 
DUN 
 
 DUP 
 
 DUX'Xr.T riEAD. a rocky peninsula of Scotland, forming 
 the \. extremity of Great Britain, and having on it a liirht- 
 house. 340 feet .-tbOTe the sea. in lat. 58° 40' N.. Ion. 3° 21' VV. 
 On th,< S.W. side is the deep inlet of Dunnet Bav. 
 
 DUNMCHEX, dan'niK-fn, a parish of Scoftand, co. of 
 Forfar. 
 
 PIT.WNIXG. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, with a neat 
 Tillage. Si miles S..S.W. of Perth. 
 
 DUN NINO EX, rtfkin'ning-en. a Tillage of WUrtemburg, 
 circle of Schwarzwald. 7 miles W.N.W. of Kottweil. P. 1411. 
 
 DUN'NING'S CREEK, of Bedford co.. Pennsjlvania, falls 
 into the I'.avstflwn Branch of JunLtta River. 
 
 DUXXIXGS MOUNTAIX. Pennsylvania, a ridge extend- 
 ing nearly northward from the X.W." central part of Bedford 
 couQty, E. of Dunning's Creek, into Blair county. 
 
 DCX'XINGSVILLE, a post-office of Washington co, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 DUX'XIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. and Ainsty of 
 York. 
 
 DUX^XOSE'. a loftv headland of the Isle of Wight near 
 the middle of its S.E. coast, Lat. 60° 37' X., Ion. 1° 11' 36" W. 
 
 DUX'XO'fl'AR, a parish of ScotLind. co. of Kincardine, on 
 the North Sea, and comprising the town of Stonehaven. 
 The extensive ruin of Dunnottar Castle, formerly the seat 
 of the Keiths. Earl-Marischals. stands on a perpendicular 
 rock, 160 feet above the sea. and almost separated from the 
 mainland by a deep chasm. The castle was taken in 1296, 
 by Sir W. M'allace. During the commonwealth, the Scottish 
 regalia were kept there; and on the surrender of the garri- 
 son to Cromwell, the crown was secreted in the church of 
 Kineff. In 16.'>6, many Covenanters were imprisoned in the 
 dungeons of Dunnottar. It was dismantled after the rebel- 
 lion of 1715. 
 
 DUXNS/BURO, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 DUXX'S COR'XERS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 DUXXSTOWX\ a village of Clinton co.. Pennsylvania, on 
 the West Branch of the Susquehanna Kiver, opposite Lock- 
 haven. 
 
 DUXXSTTLLE, a post-office of Albany co.. Xew York. 
 
 DUXXSVILLE. a postoffice of Essex co., Virginia, 56 miles 
 N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 DTJXOIS. diiVwif. an ancient territory of France, pro- 
 Tince of Orleanois. (Orleanais.) now forming parts of the de- 
 partments of Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, and Loiret. 
 
 DU.NHJI/LY, a ruined castle of Scotland, co., of Argyle, on 
 a rock forming the X. point of Oban Bay. The M'Dougals, 
 descendants of the Lords of Lorn, are its proprietors. 
 
 DXJX'OOX' AM) KII/MUX. a p.irish and village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Argyle. on the W. .side of the Frith of Clyde. 74 miles 
 W. of Greenock. The vill.ige is frequented as a watering-place, 
 and numerous steamers touch there. It has the ruins of a 
 castle of the earlv Stuarts. 
 
 DCX'REG'G.^X, a village of Scotland, co. and 16 miles X.W. 
 of Dumfries. Pop. 277. A bridge across Dalwhat Water 
 connects it with the villase of Minnvhive. 
 
 DUX'KOB'IX CASTTLE. in Scotland, co. of Sutherland, is 
 a residence of the Duke of Sutherland, parish of Golspie, on 
 a height on Dornoch Frith. 7 miles E.X.E. of Dornoch. 
 
 DUX'ROSS'-XESS. a parish forming a peninsula at the S. 
 extremity of Shetland mainland, and terminating in Sum- 
 burgh Head. 
 
 DUXS/BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 DUXS'CORE'. a parish of Scotland, co..and 9 miles X.W. of 
 Dumfries. Ellisland Farm, residence of the late poet Burns, 
 is in this parish. 
 
 DUXSE. dUnss, a burgh of barony, market-town, and parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on an eminence, at the S. point of 
 Dunse Law, and on a branch of the X'orth British Railway, 
 13 miles W. of I$erwick-upon-Tweed. Pop. of town, 2666. It 
 has many private schools, a town-hall, subscription and 
 other libraries, a reading-room, and 2 branch banks. John 
 Duns Scotus. Boston, authorof the Fourfold State. Dr. M'Crie, 
 the historian of Knox, and Sir Joseph Paxton, architect of the 
 Crystil Palace, were all born in the town or parish of Dunse. 
 
 DUXS^KOLD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 DUXS/FORD. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DUXSHAUGIILIX. dtin-shawulin. a market-town and 
 parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Meath, 11 miles S.S.E. 
 of Navan. Pop. of the town. 524. 
 
 DUX^SIIELT'. or DAXESIIALT. dAn-shflW, a village of 
 Bcotland. co. of Fife, 1 mile S.E. of Auchtermuchty, on the 
 Eden. Pop. 646. 
 
 DUX'SIXNAXE/, one of the Sidlaw Hills, in Scotland, co., 
 and 7 miles N.E. of Perth. Elevation, 1114 feet. It has 
 been a military station, surrounded by ramparts and fosse, 
 attributed to Maelx-th. 
 
 DUX'SIXSK'. a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dub- 
 lin, 4 mile« W.X.W. of Dublin Castle, and on a hill n*>ar 
 which is Trinity College Observ.atory. 
 
 DUX'STAULE. a markettown and parish of Engl.and, Of , 
 and 18 miles S.S.W. of Bedford, on the Watling Street, at 
 the E. lia.se of the Chiltern Hills. 10 miles E.X.E. of the 
 Boxmore Station «. f the London and Xorth-western Railway. 
 Pop. in 1851. 3689. The town, situated among chalk downs. 
 ooiuist< of antique but mostly respectable brick houses, and 
 
 has a church, originally the nave of a celebrated priory, 
 founded by Henry I. The early Norman kings had a palaco 
 here. 
 
 DUNST.\BLE, a post-village and township of Middlesex 
 co„ Massachusetts, on the N. boundary of the state, 30 miles 
 N,W. of Boston. Pop. 487. 
 
 DUX.STABLK, a post-township of Clinton Co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the W. branch of the Susquehanna Kiver, a few 
 miles below Lockliaven. Pop. 472. 
 
 DUX'STAFF'XAGE, an ancient royal castle of Scotland, 
 CO. of Argyle, on Loch Etive. 2i miles X.E. of Otian. It bt^ 
 longed to the Scottish monarchs in early times, and is of 
 unknown antiquity. The famous palladium stone of Scot- 
 land, now in Westminster .4.bbey, was kept here pi-evious to 
 its removal to Scone. 
 
 DUX'STER. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset, 32} miles W.X.W. of Somerton. Pop. in 1861, 
 1184. Here are the remains of a castle. 
 
 DUX'STEW. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 DUX'STOX, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 DUXSTOX, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 DUXS'TOX,a village of Cumberland co., .Maine, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Portland, has 1 church and 4 stores. Pop. about 900. 
 
 DUX-SUR-MEUSE, dtiNO-sUR-mcz. a town of France, de- 
 partment of the Meuse, 12 miles S.S.W. of Montmedy, on the 
 left bank of the Meuse. Pop. 966. It was formerly fortified. 
 
 DUX'SYRE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 DUX'TEHTOX, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 DUNTOCHER, dJin-tdK'fr, or dCin-tfin'er. a large manu- 
 fticturing village of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton. 8 miles X.W. 
 by AV. of Gla.sgow, containing several large cotton-spinning 
 and weaving fectories. and manufactures of agricultural im- 
 plements, ic. Pop. 3S09. 
 
 DUX'TOX. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 DUXTlIX, a parish of Encland. co. of Bucks. 
 
 DUXTOX. a parish of Eniiland. co. of Essex. 
 
 DUXTOX. a parish of Enu'land. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 DUX/TOX BAS'SETT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 DUX'TOX SVILLE, a post-office of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DUXTS/BORNE AB/fiOTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 DUXTSBORNE ROUSE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 DUX'TEG'AX, a bay and headland of Scotland, on the W. 
 coast of the Isle of Skve. 
 
 DUXniXi'AX FORT, in British Xorth America, on ths 
 Peace River. Lat. 56° 14' X., Ion. 117° 30' W. 
 
 DUX'VILLE, a thriving post-village and rivei^port of 
 Canada West. co. of Haldimand. on Grand River, which is 
 here navigable fur steamboats, and on the Buffalo, lirautford, 
 and Goderich Railroad. 40 miles S.S.E. of Hamilton, and 60 
 miles by water W. by X. of Buffalo. It has churches of the 
 Episcopalians and Methodists, an assurance agen^'v. 8 stores, 
 a foundry, grist and plaster milk, and extensive lumber 
 yards. The imports in 1851 amounted to §110.840. all from 
 the United States, and the exports to $85,164. of which 
 $76,416 went to the United States. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 DUXWICH. dun^ch. a decayed borough, seaport, and 
 parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on the Xorth Sea. 26 miles 
 X.E. of Ipswich. Pop. 237. It was .inciently an important 
 city, the capital of East Anglia. but has been almost entirely 
 destroyed by initwds of the sea : and the ruins of a monastery, 
 a church, and a eliapel. are all that remain of its ancient 
 ecclesiastical edifices, said to have been 50 in number. The 
 borough formerly sent 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 It was a Roman station. 
 
 DU P.\GB. a CO. in the N.E. part of Illinois, has an area 
 of 340 square miles. It is drained by the E. and W. branches 
 of the Du Page River. The surface is nearly level, and the 
 soil highly productive. A latere portion of the county is 
 prairie. The Illinois and Michigan Canal passes along the 
 S.E. border. The county is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Galena Railroad, and two or three short lines of railroad 
 terminate in the W. part. Capital, Xapierville. Pop. 14,701. 
 
 DU PAGE, a postrtownship, forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Will CO.. Illinois, fop. 918. 
 
 DU PAGE, a p<:.st-village of Will co, Illinois, on Du Page 
 River, 14 miles N. of Joliet. 
 
 DUPLAIX', a post-township forming the NJE. extremity 
 of Clinton co.. Michigan. Pop. 915. 
 
 DUI'LIX, du'plin, a county in the S.E. part of North 
 Carolina, has an area estimated at 670 square miles. It ia 
 intersected by the N. branch of Cape Feiir River, and by 
 Goshen Creek. The surface is a level and sandy jilain, partly 
 covered with forests of pitch pine. The soil is said to be 
 fertile near the large streams. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 2-53.097 bushels of sweet potatoes, the gi-eatest qiian- 
 tity produced by any county in the state. It is intersected 
 by'the Wilmington and Weldon liiulroad. Capitiil, Kenans- 
 ville. Formed in 1749. Pop. 15,784, of whom 8600 were 
 free, and 7124 slaves. 
 
 DUPOXT', a thriving post-villa{ce of Jefferson co., Indiana, 
 on the Madison and Indianapolis Ruilruad, 14 miles N.W »f 
 Madison, contains a railway station, and several stoics. 
 
DUP 
 
 DUR 
 
 DCPPAtr, dflSp'pdw, a marketrtown of Bohemia, 18 miles 
 E.N.K. of EInbogeii. in a deep valley.on the Aubach. P. 1-100. 
 DUr'PLIN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 DUl'REW, a district In Clarke co.. Georgia. 
 DUPRKE'S (du-preez') OLD STORK, a post-office of Char- 
 lotte CO.. Virpinia. 
 
 DUQDESNK, du-kain', a fort formerly occupying the site 
 of Pittsburg. See Pittshdrg. 
 
 DUQUESNE, a pcst-borough of Reserve township, Alle- 
 ghany CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Alleghany 
 River, 1 or 2 miles above Pittsburg. It has been mostly 
 built since 1845, and contains numerous saw-mills, tanne- 
 ries, and ice-houses for the supply of Pittsburg. Pop. 1720. 
 
 DUQUOIN, du-kwoin'. a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, 
 14S miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 DUR. See Door. 
 
 DU it AK. a town of Persia. See Doorak. 
 
 DURANCE, dUVS.N'ss,' (L. Driwn'tia.) a river in the S.E. 
 part of France, rises near Mont Gen^vre, department of 
 Ilautes-Alpes. and, after a tortuous S.W. course of 100 miles, 
 joins the Rhone 3 miles S.W. of Avignon. It is rapid and 
 innavigat)le. but is used to float down numerous rafts from 
 the mountains. 
 
 DURAND. du-rand.' a post-offlce of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 DURANOC), doo-rjn'go or doo-rdng'go, a town of Spain, 
 province of liiseay, 1.3 miles S.E. of Bilbao, on the right bank 
 of the Durango, over which are 3 stone bridges. It has an 
 hospital, several public schools, and 2240 inhabitants. 
 
 DUKANGO. doo-rdng'iro, an inland state or department of 
 the Mexican Confederation. Ixitween lat. 23° 37' and 27° 45' 
 N.. and Ion. 102° 30' and 107° 17' W.; surrounded by Chi- 
 huahua. Cohahuila, Zacatecas. Jalisco, Sonora. and Clnaloa; 
 length from N. to S., about 280 miles: breadth. 150 miles; 
 area, about 48,489 square miles. It is mostly rocky and 
 mount.iinous, and is traversed by the Sierra Madre, which 
 forms the connecting link between the plateau of .^nahuac 
 and the Rocky Jlountains. It is watered by only a few 
 streams, the most important of which is the Rio-de-la.s-\ases, 
 which loses itself in the Lake of Cayman, in the Bolson-de- 
 Mapimi. The greater part of this state is a barren and irre- 
 claimable waste: but there are some fine me.adows, well 
 adapted for grazing, and along the banks of the streams the 
 soil is rich and fertile, producing, in abundance, corn, maize, 
 rice, and other cere.als. Agriculture, cattle-rearing, and 
 working the gold, silver, and iron in the mountains, are the 
 chief employments. Durango is greatly infested by several 
 Indian tribes, especially by the Comanche.s, who, at certain 
 Reasons, overrun the N. and W. portions of Me.xico. driving 
 cattle, and massacring, without mercy, all who come in their 
 way. Pop. 137,503. 
 
 DUR.\.\GO. a town of Mexico, capital of the above state. 
 7295 feet above sea-level : lat. 24° 26' N., Ion. 103° 34' 37" W. 
 It is picturesque, but dirty; and has 2 large churches; a 
 college, an hospital, several convents, a mint, and numerous 
 woollen and cotton manufactories: and a good trade in 
 cattle and leather. In 1S45. $43,732 in gold and SliOli.(iOS in 
 silver were coined at the mint. Iron mines are wrought in 
 the vicinity. It was founded about the middle of the six- 
 teenth century. Pop. 22,000, of whom a majority are rogues 
 and beggars. 
 
 DURAN'GO. a post-offlce of Dubuque co.. Iowa. 
 
 DU'RAXT'S NECK, a post-office of Perquimans co., North 
 Carolina. 215 miles E.X.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 DURAS, doo-rds', or DRAS, dris. a vallev of Ladakh, 
 about lat. 34° 2r N., Ion. 75° 30' E,. at a short distance N. 
 from the northern frontier of Cashmere, elevated 9000 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 DURAS, dUV3ss', a market^town of France, department of 
 Lot-et-Garonne, 12 miles N. of Marmande. Pop 1700. 
 
 DURAS. or KINVARRA-DURAS. kin-vir/rd-du'ras, a pa- 
 rish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway. 
 
 DURAVEL, dUVi^'Jl'. a town of France, department of 
 Lot, 18 miles W.N.W. of Cahors. on the right bank of the 
 Lot. Pop. 3120. It has a large annual cattle fair in October. 
 
 DURAZZANO. doo-rdt-.sd'no, a village of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro. 7 miles E.S.E. of Caserta. Pop. 2300. 
 
 DUP. AZZf). doo-rdt/so, or DURAS. doo-rds', (auc. Fpidam'- 
 nita. aftei'wards. Dyrrhachhim.) a fortified maritime town of 
 European Turkey, in Albania. 30 miles W.N.W. of El-Bas- 
 Mn. on the rocky peninsula of Peli, in the Adriatic. Pop. 
 from (iOOO to 7000. Its harbor is safe, and. though moderate- 
 sized vessels must anchor more than 1 mile from the shore, 
 the town has an active impoi-t trade in Manchester and Birm- 
 ingham goods by way of Triest. and an export of tobacco and 
 corn to Italy. The ancient Epidamnus. which was a cctlony 
 of Corcyreans, was the most powerful maritime town of 
 Illyria. The expulsion of its aristocracy. B.C. 436, was the 
 origin of the Peloponnesian War. No traces of the ancient 
 city now exist, excepting pieces of columns and marbles 
 scattered over the burial-grounds or built in the walls. 
 
 DUI'.BEX. dOOn/hen, a market-town of Russia, government 
 of Courland, on the S.E. shore of Lake Durben, 15 miles 
 E N.E. of Libau. Pop. 1500. It has an ancient castle. 
 
 DURMJIN'S CORNERS, a village and post-office of Wil- 
 lianji If.- Ohit. 
 
 DURBUY, dfln-boi', (Fr. pron. dUR^bwee',) a small town of 
 Belgium, in Luxembourg, on the right bank of the Ourthii, 
 11 miles N.N.E. of .Marche. Pop. about 400. 
 
 DURCAL, dooR-kdl', a village of Spain. In .\ndalusia, 13 
 miles 8. of Granada, in a beautiful plain at the foot of 
 Mount Sahor. Pop. 1821. 
 
 DURELL', a postrtownship of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Susquehanna River, a few miles below Towanda. 
 Pop. 1202. 
 
 DUREN, (DUren,) dU'ryn, or MARK-DUREN, mask-dU'- 
 rgn, (anc. MarcndiJi-um,) a.to\!n of Rhenish Prussia. 18 milea 
 E.N.E. of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, on the Roer, and on theCologne and 
 Alx-la-Chapelle Railway. I'op. 8010. It is pleasantly situated, 
 and has a Roman Catholic and numerous Lutheran and 
 Calvinist churche.s, a female high school, manufactures of 
 woollen cloths, cassimeres, cotton goods, nails, cutlery, 
 watches, soap, leather, and colored silks. In its vicinity 
 are oil. paper, and wire mills. DUren is of Roman origin, 
 and is mentioned by Tacitus under its name of .Marcodurum. 
 It was besieged by Charles V. in 1543. with an army of 
 60.000 men, and. after an obstinate resistance, taken and 
 destroyed. Charlemagne here defeated the Saxons, and 
 held diets in 775 and 779. It was the capit.al of the depart- 
 ment of Roer under the French Empire. 
 
 DURGERD-iM. dau'HPr-ddm', a fishing village of Holland, 
 province of North Holland, on the Y, opposite Amsterdam. 
 Pop. 450. 
 
 DUR'HAM.a maritime county in the N. part, of England, 
 having E. the North Si>a. Pop. in 1851, 390.997. The surf i.o 
 is mountainous in the W., where one range has an elevation 
 of from 1000 to 2196 feet, whence several other ranges 
 decline toward the coast. The river Tees forms the south- 
 ern boundary, and the Tyne the northern ; the other rivers 
 are Wear, Skerne, and Derwent. The valley of the Tets 
 and eastern shores of the county are composed of mag- 
 nesian. limestone, and new red sandstone. The western 
 part of the county consists of mountain limestone, rich in 
 lead ore: greenstone and basalt dykes intersect the dis- 
 trict. The Teeswater breed of short-horned cattle, rai.aed 
 here. Is deservedly famous. The Durham Collieries are the 
 most extensive and valuable in the kingdom; near the 
 coast are numerous coal-mines: lead, iron, and grinding- 
 stones are also highly inipoitant products. All the eastern 
 part of the county is intersected by railways, and the Great 
 North of England line traverses it from S. to W. Durham, 
 a-s a county palatine, was formerly under the sovereignty of 
 its bishop, most of who.se jurisdiction has now merged in 
 that of the crown. Principal towns. Durham. Sunderland, 
 Darlington. Gateshead. South Shields, and Stockton. It 
 sends in all ten members to the Hou.se of Commons, four of 
 whom are returned by the county. It gives the titleof earl 
 to the Lambton family. At the time of the Roman inva- 
 sion, the principal part of the county was included in tlie 
 territory oftlje Brigantes. William the Norman, soon after 
 the Norman conquest, subjugated and Laid waste the whole 
 district. 
 
 DUR'HAIM. originally DUNVHOLME. (L. PuneVmia. Dim- 
 dhnum or Dunhiihnum.) an ancient city, parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, .and famous episcopal see of England, 
 capital of the above county, nearly in Its centre, on a branch 
 of the Great North of England Railway. 14:J miles S. of New- 
 ca.«tle. Pop. in 1851, 13.188. Ithasamostimposingextern.il 
 appearance, its cathedral and castle occupying the summit of 
 a steep rocky eminence, surrounded by hanging gardens and 
 plantations, and nearly encircled by the Wear, here crossed 
 by several bridges, and beyond which, on either side, are the 
 quarters of Framwellgate, Etvet, &e. TheCathedral, founded 
 in 1093. and one of the noblest edifices in the kingdom, in- 
 cluding the western porch, is 507 feet in length, by 200 feet 
 in its greatest breadth, and has a central tower 214 feet in 
 height; it is chiefly of massive Norman architecture, and h.as 
 the tomb of St. Cuthbert, the chapel of 'the vener.tble Bede, 
 a fine W. front, with a Galilee chapel, and two richly orna- 
 mented towers 143 feet in height. The See. founded near 
 the end of the t«nth century, was long the richest bishopric 
 in England. In 1843 its gross income was 22,416?.. but its 
 arrangements have been materially remodeled by the com- 
 missioners, and the bishop's annual income fixed at SOiKt?. Ad- 
 joining the cloisters are the deaneiy, library, chapter-house, 
 prebendal college, and exchequer. The Castle, a little N. of 
 the cathedral, was founded by William the Conqueror, and 
 contains apartments for the liishop, but is otherwise chiefly 
 appropriated to the Ecclesiastical University, incorporated in 
 1837, and which succeeded one existing from the time of 
 Cromwell to the Restoration. A new college, called llalfisld 
 Hall, has been attached to the former. In which students can 
 be educated on much cheaper terms than in the University. 
 An additional college, on similar terms to Ilalfield Hall, was 
 opened in October, 1851. Duiliam has 6 pai-ish churches, a 
 Roman Catholic and various other chapels, a grammar 
 school, with exhibitions to Oxford and Cambridge, a well- 
 endowed blue-coat and numerous other schools, an infirm- 
 ary, .alms-houses, and many other charitable institutions, 
 public libi-aries, and .assembly -rooms. In the old town, on 
 the N., are the Market-place, Theatre, and principal shops ; 
 
 5»0 
 
DTjR 
 
 DUS 
 
 in Elvet, the County Jail and Coart-house, erected at a cost 
 i.i 140 l.<X>i. Till' tra-le and pupulalion of the city hare re- 
 jtfiitlv received a rapid increase, owini; mainly to the exten- 
 einn oi"the coal trade. The borouijh is divided into 3 wards, 
 and gyveroed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 councillors, 
 i^ui'ham is the seat of the county assizes, borough sessions, 
 Aud sheriffs courts. It sends two members to the House 
 of Commons. Abont 2 miles from the city is Xeville's Cross, 
 er.if tf d to commemorate the defeat of David II. of Scotland, 
 in 13ia. 
 
 DURHAM, a post-village and township of Androscoirgin 
 CO., Maine, on the left bank of the Androscoggin, across 
 whicl; iti a bridge, 30 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1623. 
 
 DURHAM, a post-office of Strafford Co., New Hampshire. 
 
 DURHAM, a beiiutiful post-village and township of Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Connecticut, 20 miles S. of Hartford. The vil- 
 lage consists of one wide, handsome street, and contains 3 
 chiu'clies, 2 or 3 stores, an academy, a hotel, and several 
 boot and shoe manufactories. The surrounding country is 
 fertile and higiily cultivated. Pop. 1130. 
 
 DURHAM, a post'Village and township of Greene CO., 
 New York, on CiJtskill Creek, 30 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. 
 2558. 
 
 'DURHAM, a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 ou the I>elawai'e River, about 50 miles N. of Philadelphia. 
 Pop. 1208. 
 
 DUiniAM. a post-ofnce of Columbia co., Florida. 
 
 DUKHAM, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois. 
 
 DUli/H.XM, a county of Canada West, on the N. coa.st of 
 Lake Ontario, comprising an area of 620 square miles. It is 
 intersected by 2 proposed railitMids. Capital, Port Hope. 
 Pop. 30.732. 
 
 DUI4'H.\M(Op.ms'town,) a postrvillage of Canada East, co. 
 of Ueauharnols, 45 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 200. 
 
 DUKHAM (^St. Francis.) a p<jst-villaie of Canada Kast, 
 CO of Drummond, on the river St. Francis, 56 miles S.E. of 
 Port St. Francis. 
 
 DUKHAM. a county of New South Wales, in the N. part 
 of the colony. In it are the settlements of Muscleton, 
 Edenglassie. Merton, Dulwich, Paterson, and Clarence. 
 
 DUUIIAM, a district of Western Australi.-v. surrounded 
 by the districts of Urey, Carnarvon, Landsdowne, Howick, 
 and Victoria. 
 
 DUU'IIAM CENIRE, a post^ffice of Middlesex co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 DU It If A M CREEK, of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, flows into 
 the Delaware Kiver. 
 
 DUUIIA.M CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 DUK'HAMVILLE. a post-village of Oneida co.. New York. 
 125 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 and perhaps :;00 inhabitants. 
 
 DURHAMVILLE, a post-office of Orange co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 DURHAMTILLE, a thriving post-villasre of Lauderdale 
 to.. Tennessee, 190 miles W. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 DUUIA MAJOR. See Dora Baltea. 
 
 DURIA MINOR. See Dora Ripaiba. 
 
 DUKIAX. doo're-2n' or dix>rl'an, or DRYON, dri'on. 
 UllEAT and LITTLE, two islands at tho S.E. entrance of 
 the Strait of Msiljicca. Ljit. 0° 50' N., Ion. 10o° 60' E. 
 
 DUKI.\.X STR.\IT lies between the E. coast of Sumatra 
 and the island of Lingen. It is about 120 miles in length. 
 
 DUiUMSH. of ScotLind. See DoiwisH. 
 
 DUlilNU.M or DURINI CASTRA. See Dorchester. 
 
 DL"K1SDKKR/. a p:irish of Scotland, co.. and 17 miles 
 N.N.W. of Dumfries. Druml.inrii^ Castle, the ma'xnificent 
 se:it of the Duke of Buccleugh. ou the right bank of the 
 Nith, is in this parish. It was built by the Duke of 
 Queensberry in 10i>9, uniting the aspect of a palace and a 
 castle. 
 
 DURIUS. SeeDoimo. 
 
 DUKK.HinM.(DUrkheim."> dURkOiIme. a town of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, on the Isenach. 18 miles N. of Landau. I'op. 4529. 
 It has a castle. Itoman Catholic. Lutheran, and Calvinist 
 churches. ai:d a hi-h school, with manufactures of tobacco, 
 cutlery, and pap t. 
 
 DUULACH, dOOaliK, a town of Western Germany, in 
 Baden. i:ircle of Middle Rhine, on the l^nz, with a station 
 on the Baden Railway, 3 miles E.S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 
 4840. It was formerly the residence of the Baden mai^ 
 praves, whoso castle on a contiiruous hei'.'ht is now a ruin, 
 ill the gardens around which some Roman antiquities have 
 been disc-overed. It has a cavalry bairack, and manu&o- 
 t urcs of tobacco and earthenwares. 
 
 DUKLAi'H. daKlak. a post^villaje of Lancaster CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 3s miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 D U K L K I ( i H, dtir'lee. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DUB'LEY. a parish of England, co. of .Southampton. 
 
 DUif.NES.S. a parish forming the N.W. extremity of Scot- 
 laud. CO. of Sutherland, and including Cape Wi-ath. 
 
 DUKN'KOKD. a river of Eastern Africa, coast of Zangue- 
 bar. falling into the Indian Ocean in lat. 1° 8' .S. 
 
 DUK.N'KOltD, GRKAT. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 DURNHOLZ, (DUruholz,) dUan'hdlts, a town of Austrian 
 5lM 
 
 Moravia. 25 miles S.W. of Brunn, on the Thays. It hag an 
 old castle and an hospital. Pop. 2407. 
 
 DUl;NTEN.(DUrnten.)dURn'ten.MITT£L.mit'tgl.OEER, 
 o'ber, and UNTEK. OOn'ter, (•• Middle, Upper, and Lower,") 
 a parish and scattered village of Switzerland, canton, and 16 
 miles S.E. of Zuriih. Pop. 15o3. 
 
 DUROC. du-rok', a post-office of Benton co.. Missouri. 
 
 DURUCASSES. See Dreix. 
 
 DUROCATALAUNUM. Chalons-sor-Marxe. 
 
 DCKOCORTORUM. See Reims. 
 
 DUROVERNU.M. See Casterbirt. 
 
 DURRANG/DKA. a town of Uindostan, in Guzerat, 85 
 miles N.W. of Cam bay. 
 
 DCRRENBEliU. dUR'Een-bJRG\ a village of Prussian Sax- 
 ony. 5 miles S.S.E. of Merseburg. Pop. 320. It has saline 
 springs, yielding annually 240.6(:iO hundred-weight of salt. 
 
 DURRENBERU. (Diirrenberg.) a mountain of Upper Aus- 
 tria, near theS.olza, 2 miles S.S.W. of Ilallein. containing 
 mines, from which upwards of 150,000 tons of salt are raised 
 annually. 
 
 DURltEXBERG. a village of Upper Austria, near the 
 Salza. 2 miles S.S.W. of Ilallein. 
 
 DURREX liOTH. ^DUrrenroth,) dliR'Ren-r6t\ a village and 
 parish of Switzerland, canton, and 22 miles N.E. of Bern, in 
 an elevated and picturesque Ircality, surrounded by green 
 slopes and wooded hills. Pop. 1542. 
 
 DURREXSTEIX.(DUrrenstein.l dliR'Ren-stine\a town of 
 Lower Austria, on the Danulie. Sj miles W.S.W. of Krems. 
 Pop. 500, with the Castle of Narhemberg and an abbey of 
 the Augustiues. On a high rock near the town are the 
 ruins of the fortress in which Richard Coeur-de-Lion was 
 imprisoned on his return from I'alestine. in 1192, by Leo- 
 pold. Duke of Austria. In 1805 the French were defeated 
 here by the united Russian and Austrian armies. 
 
 DUlt'KETSVlLLE. a post-office of Richmond co.. A'irginia. 
 
 DURRHEIM, (DUrrheim.) dURR'hIme. a village of Baden, 
 circle of Lake, 4 miles S.E. of Villingen, on the AV. slope of 
 the Black Forest. Pop. 1049. 
 
 DUR'RIXUTOX, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 DURRINGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 DUR'KIS. a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine. 
 
 DURRMEXZ-MUHLACKEli. (MUhlacker,) ddOR'm^nts- 
 mii'ldk'ker. a market-town of Germany, in AVtirlemberg, on 
 the Enz.'lt miles W. of Ludwigshurg." Pp. 1490. 
 
 DUR'ROW. a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, Kilkenny and Queen's counties. 5f miles S S.W. of 
 Abbevleix. Pop. of the town, 1318. It has extensive iloUT 
 mills.' 
 
 DURROW. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, chiefly In 
 Kinii's eountv. 
 
 DURR-SEii, (DUrr-See.1 dURR'sA'. a small lake of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 37 miles S. of Bern, nearly 4000 feet above 
 the sea-level. 
 
 DUR'RUS. a parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Cork. . 
 
 DUR'SEY. an island of Ireland, in Munster. off its S.W. 
 extremity, between the estuary of the Kenmare River and 
 Bantry Bay. I-ei^gth, 2^ miles. Pop. 200. 
 
 DURS'LEY'. a market-town and parish of England. CO., and 
 14 miles S.S.W. cif Gloucester, and 4i miles E.S.E. of the 
 Berkeley Station of the Gloucester and Bristol Railway. 
 Pop. in 1S51, 2752. 
 
 DUKSTOX. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 DURTAL. dUK^dl'. a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire. on the Loire. 20 miles N.E. of Augers. Pop. 
 1566. 
 
 DURWAZ. dooRVSz' a territory of Independent Toorkis- 
 tan. lietween Bndukhshanand thePamer Bolor Mountains, 
 intersected by h»t. 38° N. and Ion. 71° E. It is exceedingly 
 mountainous, and its dizzy paths can only be tniversed by 
 footmen. Cotton is grown on what little soil there is. 
 
 DURWEST'OX, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, 
 
 DUSKE. See Doostee. 
 
 DUSHAK, a town of Afghanistan. See Jbt.al.abap. 
 
 DUSllET. dooVhef, a town and fort of Georgia, in .\sia, 
 28 miles X. of Tetlis. 
 
 DUSHORE/. a postKiffice of Luzerne co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 DUSK'Y B.\Y. a large inlet on the S.W. coast" of Middle 
 Island. Xew Zealand, lat. 45° 40' S.. Ion. 166° 20' E.. afford- 
 ing good anchorage, and having in it Resolution and other 
 islands. Dis^-overed by Cook in 17t9. 
 
 DUS^S.iUX'. a river of Hindoetan. has its .sources in the 
 Vindhitya Monntiiins. flows X.. aud joins the Betwah in lat. 
 25° 45' X.. Ion. 79° otK E. Entire course, a>x)ut 180 miles. 
 
 DUSSELDORF. d&s'sel-dorfS (Ger. Pfi^ffhltirf. dUs'sel- 
 doRr ; h. Dusseldr/rifi um^\ a town of Rhenish Prussia. Kipital 
 of a government of its own name, is l>eaulifully situated, 
 among villas and gardens, on the right l«nk of the Rhine, 
 here crossed by a bridge of boats, at the influx of the Dtisfel, 
 21 miles N. N.W. of Cologne, on the railway fn>m thence to 
 Minden. and 16 miles W. of Elberleld. with which it is also 
 connected by a railway, and of which it Is the port. Pop., 
 including tlie subnrlis' of Neustadt and Rngsclburg, 37.916, 
 chiefly Roman Catholics. It is the residence of the governor 
 of tlie Rhenish provinces, and is generally well built Ne-tr 
 the i-iver aud quays the .-treets ai-e full of factories aud nar»- 
 
DUS 
 
 DYR 
 
 houses, but beyond these are many hnndjiome streets and 
 planted squares. Its fortifications were destroyed by the 
 J'rench. and their place is now occu))ied by public walks. 
 Principal edifices, the castle of the former electors, several 
 fine churches, a town-hall, larjie barr.icks, a synajrogue, and 
 a mint. Its institutions include several hospitals, an acar 
 demy of sciences, orijjinally seated at Duisburg. a famous 
 school of p;ii:itiini. founded in 1777. by the Klectnr Theo- 
 dore, and entitled the " Academy of Art," many excellent 
 educational estaljlishments. an observatory, museums, and 
 the remains of a noble collection of paintings which were 
 chiefly transferred to Munich. It has manufiu-tures of 
 woollen stuffs, carpets, hosiery, and chemical products, and 
 a trade with Klberfeld and Solingen in woven fabrics, iron 
 wares and linens, which are exported into Switzerland and 
 down the Rhine to the Netherlands, along with coal for the 
 mines on the Huhr, The commerce of the town h.as nearly 
 doubled within the last ten years. From its position at the 
 mouth of the DUssel it derived its name DUSSKLDOItF 
 (DUsseldorf) or the '• village of the DUssel." It was raised 
 from the rank of a village to that of a municipal town, by 
 Adolphus v.. Duke of Berg, in 12S8. It afterwards became 
 the capital of the duchy of Berg. 
 
 DU8.SKLD0KF. a governmentof Rhenish Prussia, bounded 
 N. and \V. by Holland. The surface wholly belongs to the 
 basin of the Rhine, which divides it into two nearly equal 
 parts. Area 2096 square miles. Pop. 907,151. 
 
 DUS'SKKA. a fortified town of Ilindostan, province of Gu- 
 rerat. Lat. 23° 16' X., Ion. 71° 51' K, Pop. 6000. 
 
 DUSSLIXGKN. dfiOs/ling-?n, a market-town of WUrtem- 
 berg. 5 miles S. of Tubingen. Pop, 2287. 
 
 DUSTKE or DUST, See Doostee. 
 
 DUSTO.N, a parish of England, co„ and 2 miles W, of 
 Northampton. It has remains of an abbey built in 1112. 
 
 DVrcri. and DUTCHMAN. See Netherlands, 
 
 DUTCH ORKEK, a small post-village of Washington co., 
 Iowa. .^5 miles S.W. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 DUTCH CREEK, a post-ofTice of Brown co„ Wisconsin. 
 
 DUTCH EAST INDIES, a name somntiraes given to the 
 Dutch Possessions in the Malay Archipelago. See Nether- 
 
 LAXT)S. 
 
 DUTCH'ESS, a county in the E.S.E. part of New York, has 
 an area of about 816 square miles. It is Iiounded on the E. 
 by the state of Connecticut, and on the W, by the Hudson 
 River, It is drained by AVappinger's Creek, Fishkill River, 
 and other smaller streams, which turn numerous mills. The 
 surface is uneven, and in the E, and \V, parts hilly. The 
 soil is generally fertile, and under good cultivation, although 
 a large portion is better adapted to grazing than grain. In 
 1850 this county produced 782,605 bushels of corn, and 
 1.066,177 of oats, the greatest quantity of each produced by 
 any county In the state. Limestone abfiunds; iron and lead 
 ore, marble, and slate are found. The Harlem and the 
 Hudson River Railroad traverse the county. Capital, Pough- 
 keepsie. Pop. 64,941. 
 
 DUTCH GUIANA. See Guiasa. 
 
 DUTCH ISLAND, in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. 
 On its S. end is a fixed light. Lat. 41° 29' N„ Ion. 7 1° 24' W, 
 
 DUTCH'MAN'S CREEK, of Davie co., North Carolina, 
 flows S.E. into the Yadkin River. 
 
 DUTCHMAN'S CREEK, of Lincoln CO., North Carolina, 
 flows into the Catawba from the N.W. 
 
 DUTCiniAN'S CREEK, of Fairfield district, South Caro- 
 lina, flows intn Wateroe River from the right, 
 
 DUTCH NECK, a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey, 
 18 miles N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 DUTCH SET'TLEMENT, a village of St. Mary's parish. 
 Louisiana, on Bayou Teche. 100 miles W.S.W. of New OrIean.s. 
 
 DUTCH/VILLE, a post-oflBoe. Granville co.. North Carolina. 
 
 DUT'HILL-AITO-ROTHIEMURCHUS, rothVmar'kQs, a 
 united parish of Scotland, cos. of Elgin and Inverness, on 
 the Spey. 
 
 DUTOTS'BURG, a postrvillage of Monroe co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Delaware River, 4 miles E. of Stroudsburg. 
 
 DUTTEAH, a town and rajahship of India. See Ditteaii. 
 
 DUT'TON. a township of England, co. of Chester, 4i miles 
 E. of Frodsham. Pop. 361. 'fhe Grand .Junction Railway 
 Viaduct here crosses the valley of the Weaver, and is a stu- 
 pendous structure of stone, consisting of 20 Gothic arches, 
 about 70 feet in height and 60 feet in span. Dutton Hall is 
 a ruin of the sixteenth century. 
 
 DUTTON. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 DUTTWEILER, dOdt'wrier. a village of Prussia, 40 miles 
 8.S.E. of Treves, on the Fischbach. It has extensive alum 
 and vitriol works; a seam of coal in the neighborhood has 
 long l>een burning below ground. Pop. 1387. 
 
 DUVAL, du-v6ll', a county in the N.E. part of Florida, 
 bordering on the Atlantic, has an area of 430 square 
 miles. St. John's River flows along the eastern border 
 antil it enters the sea, and Nassau River forms its N, 
 boundary. The surface has but little elevation. Capital, 
 Tacksonville. Pop. 5074, of whom 3087 were free, and 1987 
 ilaves. 
 
 DUVALL'S BLUFF, a post-office of Prairie co., Arkansas, 
 
 DUX or DUCllS, dOox, or DUXOW, doox'ov, a town of Bo- 
 
 hemia, circle, and 18 miles W.N.'W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 864 
 The town belongs to the counts of Waldstein, whose castli 
 contains a fine library of 13,000 volumes, a picture gallervi 
 and a cabinet of natural history. 
 
 DUX'BURY, a township in W.ashington CO., Vermont, on 
 the S. side of Onion River. 15 miles W, of Montpelier, P. lOOO 
 DUXRUltY, a post-village and township of Plymouth co. 
 Massachusetts, on Massacimsetts Bay, 30 miles S.E. of Bos- 
 ton. The inhabitants are principally engaged in ship-build 
 ing, commerce, and the fisheries. Pop. 2597. 
 DUX'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 DUYTZ, a town of Prussia. See Deutz. 
 DVIN.\. two rivers of Russia. See Di'NA and DwiN.A 
 DWALDEK, dwil'der. an island in the Sea of Java, near 
 the S. entrance to the Macassar Strait. Lat. 4° 12' S., Ion. 
 116° 21' E. 
 
 DWARACA, dwS-rii/kil, a maritime town of Western Hin- 
 dostan, in the Baroda dominions, at the western extremity 
 of the Guzerat I'eninsula. Lat. 22° 14' N., Ion. 6S° 68' E. 
 Here is a temple of Krishna, with a pyramid 140 fi-et in 
 height, and resorted to anjiually by lo.OOO pilgrims. The 
 town, enclosed by walls, has an important trade in chalk, 
 which, having a high sanctity is used by the Brahmins, for 
 marking their Sireheads. 
 
 DWIGIIT, a village of Pope co., Arkansas, on Illinois Ba- 
 you, about 9 miles S'.W. of Dover. 
 
 DWINA, dwi'na, or dwee/ni, or DVTNA, (Russ. pron. 
 dvee'ni,) or NORTHERN DWINA, an important river of 
 Russia, governments of Vologda and Archangel, is formed 
 by theconfluenceof the Sookhona. (Sukhona,)and Vitchcgda, 
 flows N.W., and enters a gulf of the \Vhite Sea by several 
 mouths, 20 miles below .Archangel. Total course. 330 miles. 
 Chief affluents, the I'inega, Vaga. and Emtsa. It is connected 
 througli the Sookhona with the Neva by the LfiobinsUce.. 
 (Lubinski.) Canal, and through the Vitcliegda with the Kama 
 and Volga by the Severnoi Canal. From slioals at its mouth, 
 it does not admit vessels drawing more than 14 feet of water. 
 Opposite Archangel it is 4 miles in breadth ; and it is the prin- 
 cipal channel for the trade between Central Russia and the 
 White Sea. 
 
 DWINGELOO, dwing'ne-liy, a pleasantvillageof Ilolhind, 
 province of Drenthe, 14 miles S.S.W. of Assen. Pop. 700. 
 
 DWOREC. a town of Moravia, See Hof, 
 
 DWYGYFYLCHI, dwe-ghe-fil'kee, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Carnarvon, on the Irish Sea. 
 
 DYARDANES. See Brahmapootra. 
 
 DY'BERKY, a township of AVayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1339. 
 
 DYBERRY CREEK, of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, mils 
 into the Lackawaxen River. 
 
 DVCE, dis, H parish of. Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. Her« 
 are some Druidical remains. 
 
 DY'CUSBURG, a post-office of Crittenden co., Kentucky. 
 
 DY'ER, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, bordering 
 on the Mississippi River, which separates it from Missouri. 
 Area estimated at 400 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Obion and Forked Deer Rivers, which flow south-westward. 
 The surface is level ; the soil is highly productive and well 
 timbered. Large quantities of lumber (yellow poplar) are 
 procured in the county. Capital, Dyersbnrg. Pop. 10,5:J6, 
 of whom 7895 were free, and 2641 were slaves. 
 
 DY'ER'S BAY extends into St«uben township of Il.ancock 
 CO., Maine. Depth, 4 or 5 fathoms. 
 
 DY'ERSBUltG, a flourishing ]»st-village, capital of Dyer 
 CO., Tennessee, on Forked Deer River, 161 miles W. of Nash- 
 ville. It is surrounded by a fertile country, and has severivi 
 steam saw mills. 
 
 DYE'S MILLS, a small village of Grundy co., Missouri. 
 
 DYFFRYN CLYDACH, dif'rin klid'ak, a hamlet of South 
 Wales. CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 DVHERNFURTH, dee'hern-fiWRf , a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Silesia, 18 miles N.N.W. of Breslau, on the Oder. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 DYKE AND MOY, a united parish of Scotland, cos. of El- 
 gin and Nairn, on the Moray Frith, 3 miles W. of Forres. 
 In this parish are Hardmoor Heath, on which Macbeth Ls 
 supposed to have met the weird sisters, and Darnaway 
 Castle, the princely seat of the Earl of Moray, surrounded 
 by vast pine woods. This edifice still contains the ori- 
 ginal bjironial hall built by Regent Randolph, the nephew 
 of Bruce, 
 
 DYKE'MAN'S, a post-office of Putnam co., New York. 
 
 DYLE or DYL. dil, a river of Belgium, provinces of 
 South Brabant and Antwerp, after a N. and W. course of 
 50 miles, joins the Nethe to form the Rupel. 4 miles N.W 
 of Mechlin. Chief affluent, the Demer. from the influx of 
 which the Dyle is navigable to its termination, a distance 
 of 22 miles. It gave its name to the department of Dyle, 
 under the French Empire, 
 
 DYM'CIIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 DY.M'OCK, a parish of llngland, co. of Gloucester. John 
 Kyrle. Pope's '■' Man of }!oss." was born here. 
 
 DYNOV, din'ov, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galiciai 
 17 miles N. of Sanok, on the San. Pop. 2075. 
 
 DYKRHACHIUM. See Durazzo. 
 
 697 
 
DTS 
 
 EAH 
 
 DYg ART, df'zart, or DESART, a royal parliamentary and 
 muiiii ioal b-^rougb. seaport toirn. and parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Kift, on t)ie N. coast of the Frith of Forth. 12 miles X.X.E 
 of Edi:ibur).;h. Pop. iu 1851, 8739. It consists of several 
 narrow thor<iUfrhlares meeting in a central open space; the 
 highstieet l.s lined with substantial antique houses. On 
 its W. side is Dysart House, the seat of the Karl of Rosslyn. 
 It has laanufactures of ticking and checks to the value of 
 about ISti.OOO/. a 3-ear, a flax-spinning mill, and a trade in 
 coal and building stone. The borough unites with Kirk- 
 caldy, Rurnt Island, and Kinghom in sending one member 
 to the House of Commons. It gives the title of earl to the 
 Tollemache family. West of the town are the ruins of 
 Ravenscraig Castle. Dysart is mentioned in Scottish his- 
 tory as early as the Danish invasion of Fife in 874. 
 
 DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 DYSERT, a. parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Ros- 
 common. 
 
 DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Waterford. 
 
 DYSERT, two parishes of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Kerry. 
 
 DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of West- 
 meath. 
 
 DYSERT. a parish of Ireland, in leinster, co. of Louth. 
 
 DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, ia Munster, co. of Limerick. 
 
 ! DYSERT GALLEN or DYSART GALLEN, a parish of 
 Ireland, in Leinster, Queen's eountv. 
 
 DY'SERTU. a parish of N orth Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 DY'SON'S, a post-office of Uuernsev co.. Ohio. 
 
 DY'SON'S MILLS, a postofflce of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 DYSORT^VILLE, a post-office of McDoweU co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 DZAXBO or DZAXGBO, a river of Thibet. See Sanpoo. 
 
 DZIALOSZICE. dze-4-lo-sheet/.s.i a town of Poland, pro- 
 Tince, and 36 miles S.S.W. of Kielce. on the right bank of the 
 Warta. Pop. 3193. 
 
 DZIALOSZYN. dze-3-losh'in ? a town of Poland, province, 
 and 67 miles S.S.E. of Kalisz, on the right bank of the Warta. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 DZIAXGXAMRING, dze^ng'nimVing', a to^n of Thibet, 
 150 miles W. of Lassa, 
 
 DZITOVO, dze-to'vo. a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government, and 97 miles S.S.E. of Grodno. Pep. 1000. 
 
 DZIUZILOV, dzyoo-zee'lov or dzyoo-zee-lov'. a market- 
 town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 70 miles E. 
 Kamieniec. Pop. 1500. 
 
 DZOUNGARIA, a country of Central Asia. See SooxGABLi. 
 
 DZWINOGROD, dzwee'no-grod, a market-town of Aus- 
 trian Poland, in Galicia, 25 miles S.W. of Kamieniec Pop. 
 1800. 
 
 E 
 
 EA, a village of Holland. See Ee. 
 E.4GLE, ee'g'l, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 EAGLE, a pof t-township of Wyoming co., New York, 15 
 miles S.S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1312. 
 
 EAGLE, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 EAGLE, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1364. 
 
 E.AGLE, a post-township in the central part of Hancock 
 CO., Ohio, 82 miles X.W. by X. of Columbus. Pop. 1371. 
 
 E.AGLE, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 593. 
 
 EAGLE, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Clinton co., Michigan, 15 miles W. by N. of I jinsing. P. 91 2. 
 
 EAGLE, a post-village of La Salle" co., Illinois, 110 miles 
 K.X.E. of Springfield. 
 
 EAGLE, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 EAGLE, a post-office of Harrison co.. Missouri. 
 
 EAGLE, a post-village and township of AVaukesha co., 
 Wisconsin. The village is on a railroad 36 miles W.S.W. of 
 Milwaukie. It has 2 churches, 6 stores, and about 80 houses. 
 Total pop. 1280. 
 
 EAGLE BRIDGE, a post-offlce and station where several 
 railroads meet in Rensselaer co.. Xew York, 32 miles X.E. of 
 Albany by the Albany and Rutland Railway route. 
 
 EAGLE CLIFFS, a post-village of Monroe co., Illinois, on 
 the Mississippi. 115 miles S.S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 EAGLE CKEEK, a pos-t-office of Bradlev co.. Arkan.sas. 
 
 EAGLE CREEK, of Hancock co., Ohioj flows into Blan- 
 chard's Fork at Findlav. 
 
 EAGLE CREEK, ofOhio, falls into the Ohio River, a few 
 miles above Ripley, in Brown county. 
 
 EAGLE CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Boone county, and 
 flowing nearly S.. enters White River, 4 miles below In- 
 dianapolis. It affords unfailing water-power. 
 
 EAGLE CREEK, a post-otBce of Benton co., Tennessee. 
 
 EAGLE CREEK, a township in Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 
 749. 
 
 EAGLE FALLS, a post-office of Rockingham co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 KA(jLE FOCX/DRY, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 EAGLE FUR'XACE. a postrvillage of Roan co., Tennessee, 
 140 miles E.S.E. of Xashville. 
 
 EAGLE GROYE, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia. 
 
 EA'GLE HAR'BOR, a post-village of Gaines township, 
 Orleans co., Xew York, on the Erie Canal. 57 miles E.X.E. 
 of Buffalo. It contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, and 
 several warehouses. Pop. about 500. 
 
 EAGLE HARBOR, a post-village of Houghton co., Michi- 
 gan on a fine bay. oiK-ning into Lake Superior, alK)ut 375 
 miles N.W. of Lansing. It is a thriving place in the vicinity 
 of rich copper-nn'nes. Pop. 1306. 
 
 EAGLE ISLAXD. in Ireland, Connaught, co. of Mayo, in 
 the Atlantic, and 4 miles W.S.M'. of Erris-Head. It has 2 
 light-honses. Lat. 54° 7' X.. Ion. 10° 6' W 
 
 E.\GLE ISLAXD POINT. Maine, on which is a li^ht to 
 guide to the X.E. entrance to Penobscot Bay. 
 
 EAGLE LAKE, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas. 
 
 EAGLE LAKE, a post-office of Oakland co.. Michi<mn. 
 
 EAGLE LAKES (The) are situated in the N. part of 
 Maine, in Aroostook and Penobscot counties. 
 
 EAGLE MILLS, a post-office of Rensselaer co.. New York. 
 
 EAGLE MILLS, a post-office of Iredell co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 EAGLE MILLS, a post-offlce of Hardin co., Tennessee. 
 698 
 
 EA'GLE MOUXTAIN, of Ireland. LHster, co. of Down, is 
 one of the highest of the Mourne Mountains. Elevation, 
 2084 feet. 
 
 EAGLE PASS, a post-village, capital of Kinney co., Texas, 
 on the left bank of the RioGrande.450 miles S.W.of Austin 
 Citj-. contains about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 EAGLE POIXT, or ELK'IIORN GROYE. a small post- 
 Tillage of Ogle co., Illinois, about 100 miles N. of Peoria. 
 
 EAGLEPORT, ee'g'l port, a post-village of Morgan co., 
 Ohio, on the Muskingum River. IS miles S. of i^inesville. 
 
 EA'GLE RIVER, Kentucky, rises in Scott co., flows first 
 nearly N. through Owen county, then turning suddenly to 
 the S.W.. enters the Kentucky River near the bjfder between 
 Owen and Can-oil counties. 
 
 EAGLE RIVER, a i.iost-villaee of Houghton co., Michi- 
 gan, on the shore of Lake Superior, about 375 miles X.W. 
 of L.ansing. It is the seat of extensive mining operations. 
 
 EAGLE ROCK, a post-village in Make co.^ North Caro- 
 lina. 14 miles E. of Raleigh. 
 
 EAGLESCLIFFE,ee'g'i2-kliff. or ECCLESCLIFFE, ek'k'lz- 
 kliff. a parish of England, oo. of Durham. 
 
 EAGLESHAil, ee'g"lz-am, a village and parish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Renfrew, 9 miles S.E. of Paisley. It has much 
 beautiful scenery, and moors abounding iu game. Here 
 are remains of a castle, built by Sir J. Montgomery, with 
 the ransom-money of Henry Hotspur, whom he took pri- 
 soner at the battle of Otterburn. Pollock, author of "The 
 Course of Time." w.is born in this parish in 1708. 
 
 EAGLESHAY. ee'g"l-shA. one of the Orkney Islands, 1 mile 
 E. of Rousav. Length 2^ miles; breadth I'mile. 
 
 EA'GLESMERE, a post-office of Sullivan co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 EA'GLE'S-NEST. (The.) a rock, of Ireland, in Mun,eter. co. 
 Kerry, l)etween the Upper and Middle Lakes of Killamey, 
 4 miles S.W. of Killarney. It is an almost perpendicular 
 crag. 13O0 feet in height. 
 
 EA'GLETOWN, apostvillage in Choctaw nation, 160 
 miles W,S.W. of Little Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 EAGLETOWX, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana, 
 
 21 miles X. of Indianapolis. 
 
 EA'GLE VIL'LAGE. a post-village, in Wyoming Co., X.Y- 
 about as miles S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 EAGLE YILL.\GE. a post-village of Boone co.. Indiana, 
 on the Michigan Road. 14 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 EA'GLEVILLE. a post-village of Tolland co., Connecticut, 
 on the Willimantic River, which affords water-power for a 
 cotton factory, and on the New Loudon Northern Riiilroad, 
 
 22 miles E. of Hartford. 
 
 EAGLEVILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Bald Eagle Creek, 100 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 EAGLEVILLE, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 EAGLEVILLE. a post-village of Williamson co^ Tennes- 
 see. 30 miles S. of Xashville. 
 
 EAGLEVILLE. a thriving po.Bt-village of Ashtabula co., 
 Ohio, on Mill Creek, 20u miles X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EAGLEVILLE, a village of Milwaukee co., Wisonsin. 
 
 EAGLEVILLE. a post-village of Waukesha cc , Wisciinsin, 
 on the railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi, 36 miles 
 W.S.W. of the former. See Eaqi.e. 
 
 EAllEIXOMAL'WE, e-d-hi-no-miJw'wee, the oativt name 
 of the nio.st northern of the two great islands 'i Ni « Zea- 
 land, which see. 
 
EAK 
 
 EAKIIIXG, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 EALAN-NA-COOMB, rWan-na-koom, an islet of Scotland, 
 off the coast of Sutherland. 
 
 KALI NO. ee'linf;. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 with a station on the Great Western Railway, 6 miles W. of 
 Paddin^'ton. 
 
 KAJIUNT (ee'mont) BRIDGE, a township of England, co. 
 of Westmoreland. 
 EAl'. a village of Holland; See Epe. 
 EAU'DISLAND. a parish of England, CO. of Hereford. 
 EAK'UISLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, 5 
 miles S.S.E. of Kingston. In its vicinity is a gigantic oak 
 400 years old. 
 
 EAKL, a post-township of Berks co., Tennsylvanla, 13 
 miles K. of Reading. I'op. 114.3. 
 EARLE, ?rl,a township in La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 819. 
 EAltLE'S. friz, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky. 
 EAKLESVILLE, frlz'vil, a postofflce of Spartanburgh 
 district. .South Carolina. 
 
 EARLKVILLE, fil'vil, a post-village of La Salle CO., Illi- 
 nois. ah()ut 140 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 EARLSFERRY, frlz'f6r-ree, a decayed burgh of Scotland, 
 CO. of Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 1 mile W. of Elie. 
 
 EARL-SHILTON, a village and ch.apelry of England, co. 
 of Leicester. 
 
 E ARL'STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. Pop. in 
 1851. 970. 
 
 EARL'STON or ERCILDOtJNE, gr'sll-doon, (formerly Er- 
 ed'lfiun.) a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, 6i miles S.S.E. 
 of Lauder. It has an endowed academy, library, and 
 savings' bank, and is famous as the birthplace of Thomas 
 the Rlivuier. 
 
 EARI/VI LLE or EARLETVILLE, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., New York, on the Chenango River and Canal of that 
 name, about 32 miles S.W. of Utica. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches, and about 8 stores. 
 
 EARLVILLE or EARLEVILLE, a small village of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EARLA'ILLE, a post-oflBce of Portage co., Ohio. 
 
 EARLY, er'leo, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, bor- 
 dering on Alabama, contains about 500 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the Chattahoochee, and drained by 
 the Colamoka and Sp'ring Creeks. The surface is a level 
 and fertile plain, in which scarcely a rock can be found. 
 The greater part of it is occupied by forests of yellow pine 
 and oak, or by plantations of cotton and Indian corn. 
 Steamboats navigate the river along this county, and the 
 creeks furnish extensive motive-power. On the bank of 
 Colamoka Creek is an artificial mound, 75 feet in height, 
 with a level surfiice on the top, 80 yards by 30 in extent. 
 Named in honor of Peter Early. Governor of Georgia in 
 1813. Capital, Blukeley. I'op. 6149, of whom 2092 were 
 free, and iOWl slaves. 
 
 EARLY GROVE, a postrofflce of Lincoln co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 EARLY GROVE, a post-village of Marshall co., Missis- 
 sippi, 175 miles N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 EAIl'LYSVILLE. a post-village of Albemarle co., Vir- 
 ginia. 'M miles W.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 E.\r.N'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 EAKX, LOCIl, 16k enn, a lake of Scotland, co., and 24 
 miles W. of Perth. Circumference about 19 miles. Depth 
 said to be 100 fathoms. Benvoirlich is the loftiest of tlie 
 mountains surrounding this lake, the scenery of which is 
 much admired. 
 
 EARN, LOCH, a river issuing from the above lake, flows 
 E. through the rich valley of Strathearn, and joins the Tay 
 after a course of 30 miles, near Abernethy. It is navigable 
 for vessels of 50 tons to the Bridge of Earn, a small water- 
 ing-place, 3 miles E.S.E. of Perth. 
 
 EAKNtVlIILL. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 EAKPVILLE, eri^vil, a post-oflice of Upshur co.. Texas. 
 
 EARSDON, ers'dgn, a parish of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 EAKi<II.\M. er'sham, a p.arish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 EAKTHAM, grth'am, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 EAS'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Hiding. 
 
 EASDALE or EISDALE, eez'dAl, a small island of the 
 Hebiides, lat. 56° 20' N ., Ion. 6° 26' E. Area. about 1 i square 
 miles. It is noted for slate quarries, which have been 
 wrousht for 150 years. 
 
 EASEBOUKNE, eezlrem, a town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Sus.sex, I5 mile N.E. Midhurst. Pop. 1708. 
 
 EAS/INPTON. a narish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 EASINGTON, a parisn of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 EASINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Elding. 
 
 EASINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, North 
 Hiding. 
 
 EAS'INGWOLD, ft m.arket-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of York, North Riding. 12i miles N.N.W. of York. Pop. 
 of town, 2171. It has an endowed school, a union work- 
 house, and 3 branch banks. 
 
 EASKEY, ais'kee, a village and parish of IreUnd, Con- 
 naught, CO. of Roscommon, 19^ miles S.S.W. of Sligo, ou a 
 
 EAS 
 
 river of the same name. Pop. 6349. It has an ancient 
 castle. 
 
 EAST AB'INGTON, a post-village ot Abic^t-^o township, 
 Plymouth CO., Mas-^achusetts, near tlie Old t olony Railroad, 
 ISmiles S.S.E. of Boston. Tlie inhabitants are extensively 
 engaged in tbe manufacture of boots and shoes. 
 
 EAST'A BO'GA, a post-office of Talladega cu., Alabama. 
 E.\ST AL'LEN, a township of Northampton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, Pop. I,i56. 
 
 EAST AL'LENTOWN, a village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on tbe Lehigh River, near Allentowu. 
 
 EAST ALTON, a post-village of Belknap co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, about .30 mile.-) N.E. of Concord. 
 
 EAST AM'HERST, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 EAST AMU'CHY, a district of Walker co., Georgia. 
 
 EAST AM'WELL, a township of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersey. Pop. 1865. 
 
 EAST ANDOVER, a post-village of Merrimack co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 25 miles N.N.W. of 
 Concord. 
 
 EAST AULINGTON, a thriving village recently sprung 
 up in the E. part of Arlington township, Bennington co., 
 Vermont, about 95 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It is abun- 
 dantly supplied with water-power, which is employed for 
 manufactories. 
 
 EAST ASH'FIELD, a village of Franklin co., Massachu- 
 setts, about 40 miles N.W. of Springfield. It has a church, 
 2 stores, a potterv, and a tannery. 
 
 EAST ASllFOKD, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New 
 York. 
 
 EAST AU'BURN or BEIIY'S MILLS, a post-village of 
 Androscoggin co., Maine, on the Androscoggin Kiver, about 
 35 miles S.W. of Augusta. It contains a Baptist church, a 
 store, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 EAST AUKO'RA, a thriving post-village of Erie co., New 
 York, in Aurora township, and on Cazanovia Creek, which 
 furnishes good water-power, about 15 miles S.E. of Buffalo. 
 It contains churches of 4 denominations, an academy, 2 
 insurance offices, 10 stores, 1 woollen factory, 2 iron foun- 
 dries, 8 blacksmith shops, 2 tanueries, a fluuring-mill, 2 
 shingle factories, a sheep-skin manufactory, beside several 
 other establishments. In the vicinity of the village are 
 several small lakes or ponds, around which are mounds 
 and embankments, containing large quantities of human 
 bones. Human relics are also found in the village, and 
 for miles around, scarcely a well or cellar being dug with- 
 out meeting with thigh-bones, skulls, &c. There is a post- 
 office at eacli end of the village, about 1 mile ai)art. Pop. 
 about 2000. 
 
 I;AST AVON, a post-village of Avon township, Livings- 
 ton CO., New York, 220 miles W. by N. of Albany, and 2 
 miles E. of Avon Springs. It is situated on the line of the 
 Buffalo, Corning, and New Y'ork Railroad, and contains 2 
 churches. Pop. 450. 
 
 EAST BAUJ'WI.V, a post-village in Cumberland co., 
 Maine, 45 miles S.W. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST BAK'NAUD, a post-village in Windsor co., Ver- 
 mont. 40 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST BAU'KE, a post-<iffice of Orleans co., New York. 
 
 EAST BARRE, a postoffice of Huntingdon 00., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 EAST BATON ROUGE, eest bat/on roozh. a parish in the 
 S.E. central part of Louisiana, contains about 500 square 
 miles. The Amite River washes its E., and the Missi.ssippi 
 its W. border. The surface is level in the N., and gently 
 undulating in the S., and the soil is moderately fertile 
 The parish contains extensive forests in which live oak, the 
 cypress and magnolia are found. Cai)ilal, Biiton Rouge. 
 Pop. 16,046, of whom 7476 were free, and 8.^70 shives. 
 
 EAST BEEKOIANTOWN, a post-office of Clinton co.. New 
 York. 
 
 EAST BEND, a post-office of Yadkin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 EAST BENNINGTON. See Bennington E.\8T. 
 
 EAST BERGEN, (usually pron. bfr'jen,) a post-office of Ge- 
 nesee CO., New York. 
 
 EAST BEHK'SHIRE, a post-village in Franklin co., Ver- 
 mont. 50 miles N. by W. of Montpelier. 
 
 E.VST BEIi'LIN, apost-office of Hartford co., Connecticut 
 
 EAST BERLIN, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Conewago Creek. 24 miles S. by W. of Harris- 
 burg, and 15 miles \V. of York. It has several stores, and 
 about 100 houses. 
 
 EAST BEIILIX, a post-village of St. Clair co., Michigan, 
 90 miles E. by N. of Lansing. 
 
 EAST BEKNE, a post-village of Albany co.. New York, 19 
 miles W. of A 11 any. 
 
 EAST BETU'ANY, a post-village in Genesee CO., New 
 York, contains 1 or 2 churches, and .several stores. 
 
 E.\ST BETH'EL. a post-village of Oxford co.. Maine, on 
 the .\tlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about 60 miles W. 
 of Auirusta. 
 
 EAST BETHEL, a post-village ot Bethel township, Wind- 
 sor CO , Vermont, near the Vermont Centr.1l Kailroad, 38 
 miles S. of Montpelier. and 39 miles N.E. of Windsor. 
 
 EAST BETH'LEHEM, a post-township of Washington Co., 
 
 690 
 
flAS 
 
 EAS 
 
 I*ent»svlvania, on the Uonongahela River, 33 miles S. of 
 rittsbiirir. P..p. 2151. 
 
 EASTBTR'MIXOIIAM,aborongliof Allegliany co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the S. bank of the Monongahela, opposite Pitts- 
 burg, and iiiimcdiately above Birmingham. Pop. 34'21. 
 
 EA.-^T BLOOM'KIELD, a post-village and township of On- 
 tario CO.. New York, on the Canandaigna and Niagara Rail- 
 road,8 miles W. of Cauamlaigua. Tlie village has i chinches, 
 and an academy. Pop. of the townshii), 2163. 
 
 EAST BOSTON, Massachusetts. See Boston. 
 
 E.\STBOUIlNE, eest/bUin, a market-town, watering-place, 
 and parish of England, co. of Sussex, &i miles S. of Ilails- 
 ham. I'op. 3015. The town has a the;itre. ball-room, 
 library, a ehalyljeate spring, and an excellent beach for 
 bathing. In its vicinity is Beachv Head. 
 
 EAST BOWDOINIIAM, bc/dtn-ham, a postofBce of Saga- 
 dahook CO.. Maine. 
 
 EAST BRAD'FORD, a po.st-office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 EAST BK.\DFOKD, a flourishing manufacturing village 
 of Bradford town.sliip. Essex co., Mas.sachusetts, on the 
 right la.nk of the Merrimack liiver. 28 miles N. of Boston. 
 
 EAST BRADFORD, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Poji. 1 175. 
 
 EAST BI!.4.N'DY\VINE, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Poj). 1039. 
 
 EAST BREWSTER, a post-village in Barnstable ca, Irfas- 
 sachusetts. 55 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST'BRTDOK. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 EAST BRIDGE/WATER, a post-village and township of 
 Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Bridgewator Branch 
 of'the Old Colony Railroad, 25 miles S. by E. of Boston. 
 The village contains 2 or 3 churches, and an academy incor- 
 porated in 1S37. The Inhabitants are extensively engaged 
 in the manufactureof bootsaud shoes. There are also manu- 
 factures of carriages, castings, edged tools, 4c. Pop. of the 
 township, 3ii7. 
 
 EAST'BR')OK, a township of Hancock co., Maine, 30 
 miles K. by S. of Bangor. Pop. 221. 
 
 E.ISTBRO 'K. a post-ofBce of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EASTBKOOK'KIELD, a post-village in Orange co., Ver- 
 mont, abont 15 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 
 E.\ST BROOKKIELD, a post-village in Worcester co., 
 Massaohnsettg. 6U miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 EAST BR »OK'LY.\, a village of Windham co.,ConnecH- 
 cut, abont 45 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It is the seat of 
 the Qninnebang Cott<m -Mills. 
 
 EA.ST BRUN.<'\VlCK,a township of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1H15. 
 
 EAST BUF'FALO, a village and township in Union co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of the Susquehanna, im- 
 mediately S. of Lewisburg. Pop. 968. 
 
 EAST BURKK, a post-village of Caledonia co., Vermont, 
 60 miles N.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST BURN'IIAM, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, 40 
 miles N.E. of Augu.sta. 
 
 EAST CAL.\IS. (kal'is). a post-village of Washington co., 
 Vermont, 15 miles N.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST CALX, (kaln,) a township of Chester co., Penn«yl- 
 Tania. 
 
 EAST CAMBRIDGE. Massachusetts. See Cambidge. 
 
 EAST CAMBRIDGE, (kdm'brij,) a post-office of Henry oo., 
 Illinois. 
 
 EAST CANAAN, eest kA/n?n, a post-village of Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire, 45 miles N.N.W. of Concord. 
 
 EAST CANAAN, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, 40 miles W.N.W. of Hartford. 
 
 EAST CAN'ADA CREEK rises in Hamilton co., in the E. 
 central part of New York, and after forming the boundary 
 between Herkimer and Fulton counties, tails into the 
 Uohawk. 
 
 EAST CANa)OR, a small post-village of Tioga co., New 
 York. 
 
 EAST CAPE. New Zealand. See Cape W.ai-Apoo. 
 
 EAST CAl'E. JIadagascar. See Cape East. 
 
 EAST CAPK. Asia, on Behring's Strait. See Cape E.ast. 
 
 EAST CARI/TON. a post-office of Orleans co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 EAST CEN'TREVILLE, a post-office of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 EAST CHAR'LEMONT,a post-vill.igeof Franklin county, 
 Majisachusetts, on the Deerfield River, about 45 miles 
 W..V.W. of Springfield. 
 
 EAST CHAI{LESTON, a post-village of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, on the route of a proposed railroad to connect Rouse's 
 Point with the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about 
 60 miles X.N. K. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST CHARLESTON, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 EAST CHAT'HAM, a post-village of Columbia co., New 
 York, on the M estern Railroad, and on or near the Hudson 
 ami Berkshire R.R., 28 miles &£,. of Albany, and 23 N.E. 
 of Hudson. 
 
 EAST CHKSTER, post-village of Rockingham Co., New 
 Hampshire, 25 miles S.E. of Concord. 
 
 EAST ClIESTEIt, a post-village and township of West- 
 chester CO., Now York, on a creek of its own uiuue, about 
 600 
 
 16 miles N.E. of New York. The township is intersected by 
 the Harlem Railroad, and by the New York and New Haven 
 Railroad. The creek is navigable from the East liiver to 
 the village, w hich contains 2 or 3 churches. Pop. of town- 
 ship, 65S2. 
 
 EAST CHICKAMIN'GA, a district in Walker co.. Georgia. 
 Pop. 2088. 
 
 EAST CHI'NA, a post-village of Wyoming co. New York, 
 270 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 EAST CLAR/ENDON, a post>village of Rutland co., Vei^ 
 mout, 60 mlies S.S.W. of Moutpalier, 
 
 EAST CLARaOON, a post-village of Geauga x>., OhlO; 
 174 milbs N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EAST CJiARKS/FIELD, a po.stoffiee of Huron en., Ohio. 
 
 E.i.ST CLAHK'SOX, a post-office of Monroe co., Xew York. 
 
 EAST CLEVEOiAND, a post-village of Cuyahoga co, 
 Ohio, about 4 miles K. of Cleveland. Pop. 3011. 
 
 EAST COB'LESKILL, a postrvillage of Schoharie co.. New 
 Y'ork. 38 miles W. of Albanj-. 
 
 EAST COCAI/ICO, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2325. 
 
 EAST CONCORD, a flourishing post-village of Concord 
 township, Merrimack co.. New Hampshire, on the E. tank 
 of the Merrimack River, and on the Boston Concord and 
 Montreal Railroad, about 2 miles from Concord. 
 
 EAST CONCORD, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 EAST CONCORD, a post-office of Bureau co.. Illinois. 
 
 EAST CON^EQUENES'SING, a township of Butler co, 
 Penn.sylvania. 
 
 EAST CON'STABLE, a post-office of Franklin co.. New 
 York. 
 
 EAST CORINTH, a post-village of Penobscot co.. Elaine. 
 It contains an academy, and several establishments for tlie 
 manufacture of lumber. 
 
 EAST CORINTH, a post-vUlage of Oninge co., Vermont, 
 23 miles S.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST'COTTS. a chapelry of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 EAST COVENTRY, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1401. 
 
 EAST CRAFTS^URY', a thriving post-village in Crafts- 
 bury township, Orleans CO., Vermont, about 30 miles N,E. 
 by N. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST CREEK, a post-office of Heikimer co.. New York. 
 
 EAST CREEK, a post-office of Cape May co., New Jersey. 
 
 EAST DEER, a township of Alleghany co_ PeunsylvaniiL 
 Pop. 184".. 
 
 EAST DE KALB, a post-office of St. Lawrence co- New 
 York. 
 
 EAST DENOJIS, a post-village in Barnstable co , Massa- 
 chusetts, near Cape Cod Bay, 65 miles S.E. of Boston. The 
 industry of the inhabitants is chiefly directed to commerce. 
 Some 10 or 12 ships owned here are employed in the foreign 
 trade, besides which the fisheries and coastwise trade are 
 important. Ship-building is carried on here to some 
 extent. 
 
 EAST DIX/FIELD. a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, 35 
 miles E. by N. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST DIXOIONT, a post-village in Dixmont township, 
 Penobscot co., Maine, alxmt 12 miles N.E. of .Augusta. 
 
 EAST DONEGAL, (don-e^gawl',) a township of Liiucsstat 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2183. 
 
 E.\ST DOIfSET, a p<ist-village in Dorset township, Ben- 
 nington CO., Vermont, on the Western A'ermont Railroad, 
 about 80 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. In its vicinity are 
 numerous valuable marble quarries, the working of which 
 furnishes the chief occupation of the inhabitants. 
 
 EAST DOUG'L.iSS. a post-village of Worcester co.. Massa- 
 chusetts, about 45 miles S.W. of Boston. It contains seve- 
 ral manufactories of printed goods. 
 
 EAST DiyVER, a post-office of I'iscataquis co., Maine. 
 
 EAST DUANES'BURG, a post-office of Schenectady no. 
 New Y'ork. 
 
 EAST DCRIIAM, a post-village of Greene co., New York, 
 40 miles S. by W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST ETJEN, a posl>offi,e of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 EAST EDEN, a post-office of Erie CO., New Y'ork. 
 
 EAST EiyiNGTON, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 75 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 E.AST EL/LIOTT, a post-village in York co.. 5Iaine. noar 
 the Portland. Saco. and Portsmouth Railroad, about 45 miles 
 W.S.W of Portland. 
 
 EASTTER, a village in Piftsfield township, Btrkislure co., 
 Massachusetts, about 115 miles W. bv S. of Boston. 
 
 EAS/TEBGATE. a parish of i'^iglaiid, co. of Susivx. 
 
 EA.S/TER, GOOD, a pari.«h of England, co. of Es.stx. 
 
 E.\STER, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 EASTER ISLAND, or TEAI'Y ISLAND, in the Pacific, !n 
 lat. 27° 6' S., Ion. 109° 17' W., arx)ut 2300 miles \\. of the 
 coast of ChilL It is small and of volcanic origin, and rises 
 1200 feet in elevation. 
 
 KASrTKRX (or GLOUCESTER) POINT, at the entrancs . 
 of Cape Ann Harbor. Massacbusotts, On it is a ligbt-honse 
 contJiining « fixed light. Liit. 42° 34' 40" N., Ion. 7iio a.'V W. 
 
 EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. See JUlai ARCUin.(.Auu. 
 
EAS 
 
 EAS 
 
 EASTERSXOW, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. 
 of Roscommon. 
 
 EAST KU'CLID, a village of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 10 miles 
 N.K. of Cleveland. 
 
 EAST EV.\XS, (iv'anz,) a post-office of Erie co.,NewYork. 
 
 EAST FAIU'FIKLb, a post-village of Columbiana co., 
 Ohio, about 1.50 miles E.N.E. of Columbu.s. 
 
 EAST FAIRFIELD, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver- 
 mont, 45 miles N.X.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST FAiyLOAVFIELD, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvaiiiii. Pop 1440. 
 
 EAST FA LLOWFIELD, a township of Crawford Co., Penn- 
 Bylviinia, 1226. 
 
 EAST FAL/MOUTII. a post-village in Barnstable co., Mas- 
 sachusett.s, 60 miles S.E. of lioston. It is the seat of the 
 Pacific Cotton and Woollen JIanufkcturing Company. 
 
 EAST FAK/JIIXGTON, a post-office of Ontario co., New 
 Tork. 
 
 EAST FAR3ITXGT0N, a post-village in Oakland co., 
 Michigan, 20 miles N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 EAST FELICIAN'A. a parish in the N.E. part of Loni.si- 
 ana, on the Mississippi River, has an area of about 480 
 square miles. The Amite River bounds it on the E., and it 
 is drained by the Coniite River and several creeks. The 
 sur&ce is gently undulating; the soil is fertile and easily 
 tilled. A railrfiad 25 miles long extends from the Missis- 
 sippi River to Clinton, the seat of justice. The parish con- 
 tains an .isylum for tlie insane, and a college. Pop. 14,697, 
 of whom 4104 were free. 
 
 EAST FIN'D'LEY, a post-township of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, 3S miles S.W. of PittHlmrg. Pop. 1221. 
 
 EAST FlSU'KIbL, a post-township of Dutchess co.. New 
 York, about 75 miles S. of Alliany. Pop. 2544. 
 
 EAST FLOK'ENCE, a post-o«ice of Oneida co„ New York. 
 
 E.\ST'FORD, a po.st-vlllage and township in Windham 
 CO., Connecticut. 35 miles E.N.E. of Hartford. It has ma- 
 nufactures of woollen goods. Pop. of the township, 1005. 
 
 EAST FORK, a post-office of Adair co., Kentucky. 
 
 EAST FORK, a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, 
 60 miles S.S.E. of Springtieid. 
 
 EAST FOliK, a post-village of Macon co., Missouri, 110 
 miles N. by W. of .lelTerson City. 
 
 EAST FOX/ROROUGII, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 25 miles S. by W. of Boston. 
 
 EAST FRAXK'LIN, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver- 
 mont, 60 miles X X.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST FHEE'DOM, a post-village of Blair co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on a branch of the Juniata River, 130 miles W. of Ilar- 
 risburg. 
 
 EAST FREE/TOWN, a postofflce of Bristol co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 EAST FREETOWN, a postoffieo of Cortland co.. New 
 York. 
 
 EAST G A INKS. giiiz,a post-office of Orleans co.,New York. 
 
 EAST GAINES'VILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co.. New 
 York. 
 
 EA.ST GATEWAY, a postoffice of Saratoga co., New York. 
 
 EAST GEN'ESEE, a township in Genesee county, Mi>-hi- 
 gan. 
 
 EAST GEXO'.A^, a post-village of Cayuga co.. New York, 
 bbout 20 miles S. of Auburn. 
 
 EAST GEOK'GIA, a post-village of Franklin co., Vermont, 
 on the Vermont Centrail Railroad, 48 miles N.W. of Mont- 
 pelier. 
 
 EAST GER'MAN, a post-office of Chenango co.. New York. 
 
 EAST GEROIANTOWN, a postofflce of Wayne co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 EAST GLASTENBURY, a village of Hartford co., Connec- 
 ticut, about 9 miles S. of Hartford. It is the seat of the 
 Roaring Brook Manufacturing Company. 
 
 EAST GLEN'VILLE, a post-office of Schenectady co.. New 
 York. 
 
 EAST GO'SIIEN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 844. 
 
 EAST GRAFTON, a postrofflce of Rensselaer co.. New 
 York. 
 
 EAST GRAN'BY. a post-village in Hartford co., Connecti- 
 But, 20 miles N.X.W. of Hartford. 
 
 EAST GHAX'VlLbE, a post-village in Hampden co., Mas- 
 gachusetts. about 100 miles E.S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST GKEKX'BUSII, a post-town.ship of Rensselaer co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson, oppo.site Albany. Pop. 1607. 
 
 EAST GREENE, a pcst-office of Chenango co., New York. 
 
 EAST GKEEXE, a post-office of Erie co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 EAST GUEEN'FIELD, a township in La Grange co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 400. 
 
 EAST GHEENVVILLE, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio. 
 110 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 E.\ST GREEN'WICH, a post-village and township, capital 
 of Kent CO., Rhode Island, on the W. side of Xarraganset 
 Bay, on the Stoningtou and I'rovidence Railroad, 14 miles 
 .S. by W. of Providence. It has a fine harbor, and contains 
 the county buildings, 2 banks, 4 churches, a flourishing 
 Beminary, 5 or 6 cotton factories, and a newspiiper office. 
 The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly devoted to manu- 
 
 factures, the fisheries, and the coast trade. Pop. of the 
 township. 28S2. 
 
 EAST GREENWICH, a postrofflce of Washington co. 
 New York. 
 
 EAST GRIN'STEAD, a market-town and parish of Ei»^ 
 land, CO. of Sussex, 26 miles S. of London. Pop. 3686. Th* 
 town has a grammar school. It formerly sent 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 EAST GRIS'WOLD, a village of New Ixjndon co., Connec- 
 ticut, al)0ut 45 miles E. by S. of Hartford. It contains a 
 cotton factory. 
 
 EAST GROVE, a postrvillage of Henry co., Iowa, 66 miles 
 S. of Iowa City. 
 
 EAST GROVE'LAND, a post-office of Livingston co.. New 
 York. 
 
 EAST GUITTFORD, a village of Windham co., Vermont, 
 about 116 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. It contains several 
 comb manufactories. 
 
 EAST GUILFORD, a post-village of Chenango co.. New 
 York, about 100 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST HAD/DAM, a post-township of Middlesex co., Con- 
 necticut, on the E. side of tlie Connecti<Mit River 30 miles 
 S.S E. of Hartford. It contains the nimnifiicturing village 
 of Mechanicsville, and on the Connecticut are the villages 
 called the Landing and Goodspeed, each of which has a 
 steamboat landing. Considerable trade is carried on by the 
 river. It contains 2 lianks. Pop. ;;056. 
 
 EAST HAD'DAM LAX'DING, a village of Middlesex co., 
 Connecticut, on the left bank of Connecticut River, al>out 
 1 mile lielow the entrance of Salmon River, and 35 miles S. 
 by E. of Hartford. It is a place of active trade, and hag a 
 bank for discount, several stores, and a shipyard where seve- 
 ral large ships have recently been constructinl. Steamboats 
 plying between Hartford and New York touch here. 
 
 EAST'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 EASTHAM, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 EAST'HAM, a post-township of Barnstable co., Massa- 
 chusetts, situated on the peninsula of Cape Cod, extending 
 from the Atlantic on tlie E. to Cape Cod Bay on the W., 
 alx>ut 70 miles (in a direct line) S.E. of Boston. The inha- 
 bitants are extensively eng.iged in the freighting business, 
 fisheries, and making salt. About 2000 tons of shipping 
 are employed in freighting, and 1600 tons in the fisheries. 
 Pop. 779. 
 
 EAST HAM'BURG, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 EAST HAMaLTON, a postrvillage of Madison co., New 
 York, about 'Jo miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 EAST HAMPDEN, a postofflce of Penobscot CO., M.Mne. 
 
 EAST HAMPDEN, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 EASTIIAMP/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 EAST HAMP/TON, a post-village and township of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, on the W. side of Connecticut 
 River, 80 miles W. by S. of Boston. The village is about 
 4 miles from the river, on the New Haven and .Nortliamp- 
 ton Railroad. It contains 2 churches, 1 bank, and an ex- 
 cellent institution, called Williston's Seminary. Here are 
 manufactures of vulcanized rubber, buttons, suspenders, &c. 
 Mount Tom, alxjut 2 miles E.S.E. of the village, rises ab- 
 rupt! v to the height of 1214 feet. Pop. of township, 1916. 
 
 EAST HAMPTON, a post-village of Middlesex co., Con- 
 necticut. 18 miles S.E. of Hartford. 
 
 EAST H.\MI'TON, a post-village and township of Suffolk 
 CO. New York, the township forming the F>. extremity of 
 Long Island, terminating in Montauk Point. The village 
 is situated near the ocean, about 110 miles E. by N. of New 
 York, and has 2 churches, an academy, and 600 inhabitants. 
 Pop. of township. 2267. 
 
 EAST HAN'OVER, a township of Dauphin co., Penn^ 
 sylvania. Pop. 1710. 
 
 E.iST H.^NOVER, a post-township forming the N.W. ex- 
 tremity of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, 20 miles N.E. of liar- 
 risburg. Pop. 1806. 
 
 EAST HARD'WICK, a post-village of Caledonia co., Ver- 
 *mont. 20 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST HART'FORD, a post-village and township of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 
 opposite Hartford. The village is pleasantly situated on a 
 plain, and contains one broad, hand-sonie street, finely 
 shaded with elms and other trees. Slanufacturing is car- 
 ried on to a considerable extent, and includes the makijig 
 of paper, screws, spoons, carriages, leather, &c. Pop. 2951. 
 
 EAST HAR/WICH. a post-village of Barnstable co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 65 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST HA'VEN, a post-township of Essex co., Veimont, 
 45 miles S.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 136. 
 
 EAST HAVEN, a post-village and township of New 
 Haven county, Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, 4 
 miles E. of New Haven. A company, organized since 
 November, 1852, with a capital of $400,000, have erected 
 in the south-western part of the township, on New Il.tver 
 Bay. several extensive buildings, with furnaces and othei 
 appurtenances necessary to the smelting of copper ore. 'I'his 
 is to be brought by water, for which purpose the compa.iy 
 have constructed a wharf. Between East llaven and Bran- 
 
 601 
 
EAS 
 
 EAS 
 
 ford lipj abcanOfnl sheet of water, called Saltonstatl Lake, 
 from w hich Nev Haven is mostly supplied with ice. The 
 Tillage is pleasantly situated on the New Haven and New 
 LondoL' Riiilroad, and contains 2 churches, and a number 
 of stones. Pop. of the township, 2292. 
 
 EAST HA'VERHILli, a post-villasre of Grafton co., New 
 flampshire. about 15 miles N.N.W. of Concord. 
 
 EAST HAVERHILL, a post-village of Essex CO., Massa- 
 diusetts. about SS miles N. of Boston. 
 
 EASV H.\WLEV, a jiost-ofBce of Way ne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EA ST H K'BROX, a post-village of O.xford co., Maine, on the 
 Buckfield Branch Railroad, 45 miles X.N.W. of Portland. 
 
 EAST HEMP'KTELD, a township of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 ■j-lvania. Pop. 2013. 
 
 EAST UER'KICK, a post-villa<re of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 110 miles X.X.E. of 'Harrisburg. 
 
 EAST HIGH'GATE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver- 
 mont, about 55 miles X.N.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST HILL, a post-village of Xunda township, Livingston 
 CO.. New York, about 255 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 E.^ST HOLD'EX. a post-office of Penobsco't CO., Maine. 
 
 EAST HOiyLISTOX. a postvillage of Sliddlesex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. alx»ut 23 miles W.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 EAST Hiy.MER, a post-offlce of Cortland co.. New York. 
 
 EAST'HOPE, a parij^h of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 EAS/THORPE. a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 EASTHi )TH'LY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 EAST HOUXDS'FIELD, post-office, Jefferson co.,NewTork. 
 
 EAST HDXT'IXGDOX, a township of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1952. 
 
 E.\ST IN'DIES, a collective name vaguely applied to Ilin- 
 dostan. Farther Indi.-^ and the Malay Archipelago. See 
 l»WA, and M.tUT Archipelago. 
 
 E.'iST'IXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 EAST ISLAXD. Indian Ocean. See Cbozkt IsL-ixiw. 
 
 EAST JAF'FREY, a post-village of Cheshire co.. New 
 Hampshire, 36 miles S.W. of Concord. It cont.nins a banlc, 
 and several establishments for the manutactui-e of heavy 
 sheetins^s. 
 
 EAST JXrvX. a post-offlce of Wvoming co., New York. 
 
 EAST .TEW'ETT. a po.^t-office of Greene co.. New York. 
 
 EAST JOHN'SOX'. a village of Lamoille co., Vermont, on 
 the Eden Branch of Lamoille River. It contains 2 stores, 2 
 saw mills, and a number of workshops. 
 
 EAST KENT, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 EAST KILOilXGLY, a post-viUage of Windham co., Con- 
 necticut, about 30 miles N.X.E. of Norwich, 'ihe inhabi- 
 tants are extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton 
 goods. 
 
 EAST KINGSTON, a post-township of Rockingham co., 
 New Hampshire, 40 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 598. 
 
 EAST KXOX, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 EAST KOY. a post-office of Wvoming co.. New York. 
 
 EAST KOY CREEK, in the W. part of New York, unites 
 with West Koy Creek, and enters the Genesee River in Alle- 
 ghanv count V. 
 
 EAST LACK^iWA^VNOC, a township of Mercer co, Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 794. 
 
 EAST LAM'PETER, a township of Lancaster co, Penn- 
 Bylvunia. Poji. 2205. 
 
 EAST LANDAFF', a post-offlce of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 EAST LAX'SING, a post-office of Tompkins co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 EAST'LEACH, MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 EASTLEACH, TUK^T:LLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 EAST LEB/ANON, a post-village of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, 60 miles N.W. of Concord, on the Northern 
 Railroad. 
 
 EAST LEE, a post-office of Berk.shire co.. Massachusetts. 
 
 EAST LEMPSTTER, a postoffice of SuUivan co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 EAST LE/ON. a post-office of Cattaraugus co.. New York. 
 
 EAST LEWLSTOWN, a post-office of Mahoning co.. Ohio. 
 
 EAST LEXINGTON, a post-vill.ige of Middlesex co.. Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Lexington and AVest Cambridge Railroad, 
 11 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 
 EAST LIB/ERTY, a village of Collins township, Alleghany 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad. 5 miles E. 
 of Pittsburg. Pop. about 1000. The name of the postoffice 
 is Wilkins. 
 
 EAST LIBERTY, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. on the Youghiogheny River. 
 
 EAST LIBERTY, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, 126 
 miles -X.X.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 EAST.LIBERTY, a postoffice of Allen co., Indiana. 
 
 EAST Ll'.MA, a township of La Grange county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 EAST LIM1NGT0N. a postrvillageof York co., Maine, near 
 the junction of the Little Ossipee with Saco River about 
 65 miles S.W. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST LTXE, a post-village of Saratoga co.. New York 
 about 20 miles N. by W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST'LIXO, a parish of England co., of Kent 
 602 
 
 EAST LITCH'FIELD, a post-offlce of Litchfield co., Con. 
 necticut. 
 
 EAST LIV'ERMORE. a post-village and township of An- 
 droscoggin CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin Rive?, and on 
 the Androscoggin Railroad, about 25 miles 'W. ny N. of 
 Augusta. The village contains 3 churches, 4 stores, and 
 several mills. Pop. of township. 1029. 
 
 EAST LIV'ERl'OOL. a flourishing post-village of Colum- 
 biana co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 48 miles below Pitt* 
 burg, and on the Cleveland and Pittsburg R.R. It is beau- 
 tifully situated. Its rapid growth has been caused by the 
 discovery of a fine material for stoneware or ydlowware. 
 It has 5 churches, and 12 potteries, each of which employs 
 about 100 men. Pop. in 1850, 835; in 1865, about 2200. 
 
 EAST LONGMEAD^OW. a post-village of Hampden co, 
 Massachusetts, 80 miles E.S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST LY'M.4N. a post-village of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 shire, about 80 miles W.X.W. of Concord. 
 
 E.\ST LYME, a post-village and township of Xew London 
 CO., Connecticut, on the Xew Haven and Xew London Rail- 
 road. 43 miles E. of Xew Haven. The town.ship is bounded 
 on the S. by Long Island Sound, from which a deep inlet 
 sets up. abounding in shad and other fish. Manufacturing 
 is cajried on to a limited extent. Pop. 1506. 
 
 EAST M.iCDOX'OUGH, a post-office of Chenango co., New 
 York. 
 
 EAST MACHI'AS, a post-township of Washington co., 
 Maine, at the entrance of East Machias River into Machias 
 Bay, about 130 miles E. by N. of Augusta. The inhabitants 
 are mostly engaged in the lumbering business, navigation, 
 the fisheries, and ship-building. Pop. 2181. 
 
 EAST MA'CON. a village of Bibb co.. Georgia, on the left 
 bank of the Ocmulgee River opposite Macon. 
 
 EAST MADISOX, a post-village of Somerset co., Maine, 
 40 miles N. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST MADISON, a post-offlce of Carroll co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 EAST MADISON, a small village of Morris co., New 
 Jersev. 
 
 EAST MAHO'NING, a township of lodiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop 1209. 
 
 EAST-MAIN, or SLADE RIVER, a river of Ltibrador. en- 
 ters .Tames Bay on its E. side, in lat. 52° 15' N., Ion. 78° 41' 
 W., after a course estimated at 400 miles, in which it tr* 
 verses numerous lakes. 
 
 E.\ST SIAIXE. a post-office of Broome co.. New York. 
 
 EAST MA'RION a post-office of Suffolk co.. Xew Y'ork. 
 
 EAST MARION, a post-village of Livingston co., Michigan, 
 40 miles E.S.E. of Lansing. 
 
 EAST M ARI/BOROUGH, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvanLi. Pop. 1476. 
 
 EAST MARSH'KIELD, a post-villageof Plymouth CO., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 20 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST MEDnVAY', a post-village of Norfolk co., Massachu- 
 setts, an the Air-line Railroad (in pi-ogress) from New Y'ork 
 to Boston. 20 miles S.W. of the latter. 
 
 EAST->IE'ON. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EAST MID^DLEBOROVGH, a post-village of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. .3.S miles S.S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST MIDOiLEBURY. a post-village of Addison co., Vet^ 
 mont. 35 miles S.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST MON'MOUTH, a post-office of Kennebec c6.. Maine. 
 
 EA.ST .MOXTPE'LIER, a post-town.«hip of Washington 
 CO.. Vermont. 6 miles E. by X. of Jlontpelier. Pop. 1328. 
 
 EAST MoXT'VILLE. a post-village of Waldo co, Maine, 
 about 35 miles E.X.E.of Augu.sta. 
 
 EAST MORICHES, a post-village of Suffolk co.. Long 
 Island, about 65 miles E. of New Y'ork. 
 
 EAST MOULTON BOROUGH, (mol'ton-btir-Qh.) a po.st- 
 village of Carroll co.. New Hampshire, 43 miles N. by E. of 
 Concord. 
 
 EAST MOUNT VER'XON, a village of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, 16 miles N.W. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST NAXTOIEAL, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 9C8. 
 
 EAST XASS.\U'. a post-village o'f Rensselaer co., New 
 York, aliout 18 miles E. of Albanv. 
 
 EAST XEW MAH'KET. a post-village of Dorchester co, 
 Maryland. 45 miles S.E. of .\nnapolis. 
 
 EAST XEW'PORT, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 65 miles X.E. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST NEW PORT'LAND. a post-village of Somerset co, 
 Maine, about 45 miles N.N.W. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST NEW SH.VKON, a post-vill.ige of Kennebec co, 
 Maine, about 25 miles N.X.W. of .\ugusta. 
 
 EAST NEW VINJ-/YARD, a post-offlce of Franklin co, 
 Maine. 
 
 EAST NEW YORK, a post-village of Flatbush township. 
 King's CO., New York, on the Long Island Railroad. 6 miles 
 S.E. of Xew York City. It contains several churches, stores, 
 and manufiictorie.s. 
 
 EAST'XOR. a parish of England, co. of Hert ord. 1} miles 
 E.S.E. of Ledbury. The Earl of Somers's smS. her« is a 
 magnificent-fiibric. 
 
 EAST NORTH'POKT, a postoffice of Waldo >„ Mfc'na. 
 
 J 
 
EAS 
 
 EAST XORTHnVOOD, a post-Tillage of Rockingham co., 
 New Hampshire, 18 miles E. by S. of Concord. 
 
 EAST NOKTH YAR/.MOUTH, a post-village of Cumber- 
 lanil CO., Maine. al)out 45 miles S. by W. of Augusta. 
 
 East NOKWE'OIAN, a township of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 gylvania. Pop. 1158. 
 
 EAST NOH'WICH, a post-village of Queen's co., New 
 York, on Long Island. 
 
 EAST NOTTINGHAM, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1361. 
 
 EAST OG'DBN, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan. 
 
 EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Norf ilk. 
 
 EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EASTON, a post-township of Bristol co., Ma.ssachusettg, 
 20 miles S. by W. of Boston. Tributaries of Taunton River 
 How through the township, furnishing motive-power for 
 several cotton and woollen factories. Pop. 3067. 
 
 EASTON, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut, 
 Kbout 20 miles W. by S. of New Haven. Pop. 1350. 
 
 EASTON, a post-village and township of Washington co., 
 New York, on the Hudson River, 26 miles N. by E. of Al- 
 bany. The village has 3 churches, several stores, and per- 
 haps 400 inhabitants. Pop. of the town.ship, 3083. 
 
 EASTON, a post-borough, capital of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, immediately above 
 the mouth of the Lehigh, 100 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg, 
 and 56 miles N. of Philadelphia. The New Jersey Central 
 Railro.id, 78 miles long, connects it with New York City. It 
 is built on a point of land at the confluence of the Lehigh 
 River and Bushkill Creek with the Delaware. A fine bridge, 
 about 500 feet long, crosses the latter river, and a chain 
 bridge connects Easton with South Easton, on the right 
 bank of the Lehigh. The town is laid out in rect'ingular 
 blocks, is lighted with gas, and supplied with good water, 
 conveyed by pipes from a spring one mile distant. It con- 
 tains 2 banks, a public library, several academies, 8 print- 
 ing offices issuing newspapers, and is the seat of Lafiiyette 
 College, a flouiishing institution, founded in 1832, with a 
 library of 5000 volumes. The building is among the princi- 
 pal ornaments of the town. Easton is one of the most floui^ 
 ishiiig towns in the state, advantiigeously situated at the 
 junction of the Delaware, Lehigh, and .Horris Canals, by 
 which vast quantities of stone coal, lumber, grain, and other 
 produce are received and exported. It is connected with 
 New York by the Now Jersey Central R. R. and with Phila- 
 delphia by the Belvidere Delaware R. R. The town has 
 abundant water-power, and is the seat of extensive manutiic- 
 tories, among which are 7 or 8 flouring mills, several oil mills, 
 extensive iron foundries, saw mills, cotton factories, and 2 
 rifle factories. It is surrounded by a beautiful, rich, and 
 highly cultivated countrj'. which abounds in iron ore and 
 limestone. Laid out in 1738, and incorporated in 1789. Pop. 
 exclusive of South Easton, in 1850, 7250; in 1860. 8944. 
 
 EA.'^Ti)N. a post-village, capital of Talbot co., Maryland, 
 at the head of tide navigation on Treadhaven Creek. 12 miles 
 from its entrance into Choptank River, and SO miles by water 
 from. Annapolis. It contains 4 churches, 1 bank, an armory 
 belonging to the state, and 2 newspaper offices. Settled 
 about 1786. Pop. in 1850, 1413. 
 
 EASTON. a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 EASTON, a township of Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 836. 
 
 EAST<>N, a po.st-village of Leavenworth CO., Kansas, 
 beautifully situated on the Fort Riley Road, where it crosses 
 Stranger Creek, 14 miles W. by N. of Lenvenworth. It has 
 one SiiW-niill. and 2 stores. Pop. about 100. 
 
 EASTON, BAVENTS. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 EASTON-IN-GOHD A'NO. parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 EASTON. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Kssex. 
 
 EASTON, GRKY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 EASTON. LITTLK, a parish of England, co. of E.«sex. . 
 
 EASrrON, M AG'N A. a chapeli^ of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 EASTON, MAU'DIT, parish of England. CO. Northampton. 
 
 EASTON, NESTON, parish of England, co. Northampton. 
 
 EAST OK'AN'GE, a post-village of Orange co., Vermont, 
 16 miles E.S.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST ORANGE, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 EAST OR'ANGEVILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co.. New 
 7ork. 
 
 FAST OR'LEANS, a post-village of Barnstable co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 65 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST OK'RINGTON,apost-village of Penobscot CO., Maine, 
 65 miles E.N.E .»f .\ugusta. 
 
 EAST OTTO, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New York, 
 about •iOO miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 EAST PAINTKD POST, a poBt>village of Steuben co.. 
 New York. 210 miles E. by S. of .\lbany. 
 
 EAST PAL'ESTINE, a post-village of Columbiana co., 
 Ohio, about It'iO miles F N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EAST PA LM Y'R A, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, 
 195 mites W. oy N. of Albany. 
 
 EAST PAR/ISH, a postolfice of Otaego co.. New York. 
 
 EAS 
 
 EAST PAR/SONFIEID, a post-office of York co.. Elaine. 
 
 EAST PAW-PAW, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 EAST PEM'BROKE, a post-village of Genesee co^ S>w 
 York, on the Canandaigua and Niagara Fails Railroad, 6 
 miles from Batavia. 
 
 EAST PENN, a post-township forming the S. extremity 
 of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River. 90 miles 
 E. by N. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 801. 
 
 EAST PENNS'BOROUGH, a post-village and township of 
 Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, on the Susfjuehanna River, 
 opposite Harrisburg. The township is intersected by tho 
 Cumberland Valley Railroad. Pop. 1845. 
 
 EAST PEIVPERELL, a post-village of Middlesex co, Mas- 
 sachusetts, about 41) miles N.AV. of Boston. 
 
 EAST PHARSA'LIA, a post-village of Chenango co., New 
 York, about 100 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 EAST PIER'PONT, or COXE'S MILLS, a thriving post- 
 village of Pierpont township, St. Lawrence co., New York, 
 on Racket River, which here affords extensive water-power, 
 about 4 miles S. of Potsdam. A dam was built across the 
 river here in 1819, and a bridge in 1828. The village con* 
 tains from 40 to 50 families, a starch factory, yielding about 
 .30 tons of starch annually, a grist mill, and several saw 
 mills, one of which, erected in 18.52, has 50 gang saws, and 
 is capable of being increased to twice that number. 
 
 EAST PIKE, a post-village of Wyoming co., New York, 
 about 250 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST PIKE, a small village of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 EAST PIKE'LAND, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 793. 
 
 EAST PIKE RUN, a township of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1698. 
 
 EAST PIT'CAI R N, apost-offlce. St. Lawrence co., New York. 
 
 EAST PITTS'FIELD, a post-village of Somerset co., Maine, 
 40 miles N.N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST PITTSTON, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 about 15 miles S.S.E. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST PLAIN'FIELD, a post-village of Sullivan co.. New 
 Hampshire, 45 miles N.W. of Concord. 
 
 EAST PLY.M'OUTII, a post-villageof Ashtabula CO., Ohio, 
 212 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EAST POESTENKILL, eest pooa'tfu-WlV, a post-office of 
 Rensselaer co.. New York. 
 
 EAST POINT, a post-office of De Kalb co., Georgi.% 
 
 EAST PO'LAND, a post-village of Androscoggin co., Maine, 
 on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about 35 mile« 
 S.W. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST'PORT, a port of entry and township of Washington 
 CO., Maine, pleasantly situated on the S.E. part of Moose 
 Island, 234 miles N.E. of Portland. Lat. 44° 54' N., Ion. 
 66° 56' AV. Besides a bridge, extending from the N. part 
 of the island to the mainland of Perry, the town com- 
 municates by means of ferries with Pembroke, Lubec, and 
 the British islands adjoining. It contains from 60 to 70 
 stores. 6 or 7 churches, and a bank. The harbor is remark- 
 able for its high tides, which usually ri.«e 25 feet, thereby 
 preventing the accumulation of ice. Extensive provision 
 has been made to meet the rerjuii-ements of commerce, by 
 the construction of wharves, of which there are nearly 00. 
 Eastport is eligibly situated for trade with the British pro- 
 vinces. It is also an important lumber depot, and is largely 
 engaged in the fisheries and in the coast trade. The ship- 
 ping of the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 13,955 tons registered, and 17,467 enrolled and li- 
 cen.sed. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage. 15,973 tons 
 were employed in the co.asting trade, and 1184 tons in the 
 cod and mackerel fisheries. During the year there were 
 1164 foreign arrivals — tons, 152,995 : of which 88,455 were 
 in American bottoms. The clearances for foreign ports were 
 669, with a burden of 81.258 tons ; in American bottoms, 
 46.068 tons. The same year 17 ships, 7 brigs, and 14 schooners, 
 with an aggregate of 10.691 tons were admeasured. In 
 1S53, 15.095 tons of navigation were built in the district. 
 Much of the shipping constructed here is for other ports. 
 This place, which is on the easternmost frontier of the 
 United States, is defended by Fort Sullivan. It has steam- 
 boat communication with Calais, on the St. Croix River, and 
 with Boston, Portland, and places along the coast. 'The 
 township consists of Moose Island, comprising about 2000 
 acres, and several other small islands in Pasgamaquoddy 
 Bay. Pop. 3850. 
 
 E.\STPORT, a steamboat landing of Alabama, on the 
 Black Warrior River, below Tuscaloosa. 
 
 E.\STPOBT, a flourishing post-village' of Tishemingo co., 
 Mississippi, is situated on the left bank of Tennes.see Kiver, 
 near the N.E. extremity of the state, 270 miles N.N.E. of 
 Jackson. It is bttilt on a bluff, separated from the river by 
 a bottom, half a mile in width. Eastport is the largest town 
 in the county, and has an active trade. It contains about 
 15 stores. 
 
 EASTPORT, a village of Tuscar.-iwas co., Ohio, near Still- 
 water Creek. IfX) miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EAST POULTNEY. polfnee. a post-viUage of Rutland co, 
 Vermont, 65 miles S.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 603 
 
EAS 
 
 EAS 
 
 B\3T PRIXCETOX. a post-village of Worcester co., Mas- 
 •achusetts. aliout 45 miles W. by X. of BosUm. 
 
 EAST PUOV'IDKNCK, a township of Bedford co., Penn- 
 sylyania. Pop. 1212. 
 
 EAST RAISIN VILLE, (r.Vzfn-vil,) a post-office of Monroe 
 eo., Michigan. 
 
 E.\ST K.W'DOIiPH. a post-Tillage of Orange co^ Vermont, 
 about 25 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST RANDOLPH, a post-village of Norfolk eo., Ma.ss.v 
 chusetts, about 15 miles S. of Boston. The chief industry of 
 the inhabitants is directed to the mauulacture of boots and 
 shoes. Pop. about 1700. 
 
 EAST RANDOLPH, a post-villageof Cattarau^s co.,New 
 York, on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, about 
 65 miles S. by AV. of Buffalo, and 16 m. E. of Jamestown. It 
 contains 2 churches, 2 hotels, 4 dry goods, and several other 
 stores. It has a good natural water-power, improved in 
 part for 3 or 4 saw and grist mills, a large furnace and 
 moulding establishment, an e.\tensive chair factory, and a 
 tannery. 
 
 * EA.ST RANDOLPH, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis- 
 eonsin. 
 
 E.4ST R.iY'MOND, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. 
 
 E.iST RE.VD'FIELD, a post-office of Kennebec co., JIaine. 
 
 EAST RICII'LAND, a post-village of Belmont co.,Ohlo, 20 
 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 EAST'RINGTON. a pari.sh of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding, with a station on the Hull and Selby Railway, 20 
 miles W. of Hull. 
 
 EAST RIA''ER, of New York, is properly a strait connect- 
 ing Long Island Sound with New York Bay, and is navi- 
 gable by large vessels. It contains several small islands, 
 and has a pass called Hellgate, (which see.) 7 miles N.K. of 
 New York City. Length, alx)ut 20 miles : breadth between 
 New York and Brooklyn, three-quarters of a mile. 
 
 EAST RIVER, a post-office of Mercer CO., Virginia. 
 
 EAST RIVER, a post-office of Walton co., Florida. 
 
 EAST ROCH'ESTER, a post-village of Columbiana co., 
 Ohio, 120 miles E. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 EAST ROCKHFORT, a post-office of Cuvahoga co., Ohio. 
 
 EAST ROD'MAN, a post-village of Jefferson co^ New 
 York, 150 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST'ROP. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EAST ROX'BURY, a post-office Washington CO., Vermont. 
 
 EAST RUM'l'ORD, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 EAST RU'PERT, a post-village of Bennington co., Ver- 
 mont, 80 miles S.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 EAST'RY. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 EAST S.^G'I.N.A.W, a post^village of Saginaw co., Michigan, 
 on the right bank of the Saginaw River, about 100 miles 
 N.N.W. of Detroit. It contains several steam saw-mlUs, and 
 has a railroad leading to Flint. Pop. 3001. 
 
 E.4^ST SA'LE.M, a post-village of Washington co., New 
 York, about 50 miles N.N.E. of .\lbany. 
 
 EAST SAL KM a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EAST SALISBURY. (.sawlzTjUr-re.) a post-village of Essex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 35 miles N.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST SAN'BORNTON, a post-vilLage of Belknap co., New 
 Hampshire, about 30 miles N. of Concord. 
 
 EAST SAND'WICU. a post-village of Barnstable co., Mas- 
 ■achusetts, about 60 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST S.4 N'DY. a postK>ffice of Venango co., Pennsylvanl.i. 
 
 EAST S A N'G KRVl LLE. a post-office, Piscataquis co.,Maine. 
 
 EAST SCHUYLER, (skHer,) a post-office of Herkimer co.. 
 New York. 
 
 EAST SCOTT, a postoffice of Cortland co.. New York. 
 
 EAST SEA. See Baltic. 
 
 EAST SHA'RON. a post-village of Norfolk co., Massachu- 
 setts. 20 miles S.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 EAST SHARON, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EAST SHEF'FIELD. a post-village of Berkshire co., Mas- 
 Bachy»etts, aliout 32 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 EAST SUEL'BURNE, a post-office of Franklin co., Massar 
 chusetts. 
 
 EA.ST SIIEL'BY, a post-village of Orleans co., New Y'ork, 
 140 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST SHEI/DON, a postK)fflce of Franklin co., Vermont. 
 
 EAST SID'NEY, a thriving village of Clinton township. 
 Shelby co., Ohio, on the Miami River, which separates it 
 from Sidney, the county seat, 72 miles from Columbus. Pop. 
 In 1860, about 350. 
 
 EAST SMITII-'FIELD, a post^fflce of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 EAST SPRING/FIELD. a post-vilUge of Otsego co., New 
 York, 60 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 EAST SPRINGFIELD, a post-office of Bradford co., Penn- 
 lylTani.n. 
 
 EAST SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 
 120 miles E.X.E. of Columi.u«. 
 
 EAST WKING'WATER. a post-village of Livingston co.. 
 New Y"rk. 215 miles W. of .Mliany. 
 
 EAST STA XD/ISH, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine 
 EAST .STER/UNG, a post-office of Mayne co., Pennsyl- 
 vsnia. 
 EAST PTONE'UAM, a postK)fflce of Oxford co., Maine 
 AM 
 
 EAST STOUGHTON (sto'ton). a post-village of Norfolk 
 CO.. Massachusetts, on the Old Colony and Newport R.l!., 17 
 miles S. of Boston. The inhabitants are largely engaged in 
 the manufacture of boots and shoes. 
 
 EAST STRONG, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine. 
 
 EAST SUF'FIELD, a post-village of Hartford co., Connec- 
 ticut. IS miles N. of Hartford. 
 
 EAST SUI/LIV.4N, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 EAST SUL/LI VAN, a post-office of Cheshire co.. New IL^mp- 
 shire. 
 
 EAST SUM'NER, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 EAST TAUN'TON, apostroffice. Bristol co., .Massachusettg, 
 
 EAST TENNESSEE COLLEGE. See KxoxvitLE, Tennessee. 
 
 E.AST THET'FORD. a post-office of Orange co.. Vermont. 
 
 EAST TIIO.MASTOX. a village of Maine. See Rockland. 
 
 EAST THORN'DIKE, a post-office of Waldo co.. Maine. 
 
 EAST TOWN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 7-8. 
 
 EAST TOWNSEND. a village of Windham co., A'ermont, 
 about 95 miles S. of Montpelier. contains an academy. 
 
 EAST TOWX'SEXD. a post-office of Huron co., Oliio. 
 
 EAST TREXaOX, a post-office of Hancock co.. Maine. 
 
 E.AST TROY', a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EAST TROY, a thriving po.st-vilkige and township of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin, on the pl.ink-road from Jlilwaukee to 
 Janesville, 32 miles S.W. of the former. The villajre has 6 
 stores and 2 mills. Pop. al)out .')00; of the township. 1717. 
 
 EAST TRUM'BULL, a post-office of Trumbull co.. Ohio. 
 
 EAST TUR'XER, a post-office of Oxford co.. Maine. 
 
 EAST U'XIOX, a post-office of Lincoln co., M.nine. 
 
 EAST UNION, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 18 
 miles W. of Coshocton. 
 
 EAST UXIOX, a post-township in the S.E. part of Wayne 
 CO., Ohio, alxiut 100 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. ISO". 
 
 E.AST U'NITY, a post-village of Sullivan eo., New Hamp> 
 shire, about 40 miles W. by N. of Concord. 
 
 E.AST V.AR'ICK. a post-office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 
 EAST VAS'SALBOROUGH, a post-village of Kenneljec cc 
 Maine, about 16 miles N.E. of Augusta. It contains an 
 academv. 
 
 EAST VENICE, a post-office of Cayuga co., .New York. 
 
 E.AST'VILLE. a post-village, capital of Northampton co, 
 Virginia, 180 miles bj' water E. by S. of Richmond, and a few 
 miles E. of Chesapeake Bay. It contains a court-bouse, i 
 carri.ige shops, and several stores. Pop. alx)ut 300. 
 
 E.AST'VILLE. a post-village in Randolph co., Alabama, 160 
 miles E. of Tu.scaloosa. 
 
 EASTVILLE, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 EAST A'lX'CENT, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1681. 
 
 EAST VIR'GIL. a post-vilLige of Cortland co.. New York, 
 130 miles W. of Albanv. 
 
 EAST WAKE/FlELUa post-officeof Carroll CO., New York 
 
 E.AST'WALL, a pari-sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 EASTW.ALL, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 EAST WAL/L1NGF0RD\ a post-office of Rutland co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 EAST WARE/HAM. a post-village in Plymouth co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. alKJUt 50 miles S. by E. of Boston. 
 
 EAST W.ASII'IXGTOX. a post-village in Sullivan co.. New 
 Hampshire, about 33 miles E. by S. of Concord. 
 
 EAST WA/TERFOKD. a post-village of Juniata co., Penn- 
 sylv.inia, on Tuscarora Creek, 50 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 E.AST WE.ARE, (wair.) a post-villageof Hillsborough co., 
 Xew Hampshire, on the New Il.impshire Ceutial Railroad, 
 16 miles N.W. of Manchester. 
 
 EAST WEST'.MORELAXD, a post-village of Cheshire CO., 
 New Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, 13 miles S.S.E.of 
 Bellows Falls. 
 
 EAST WEST'A'ILLE. a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, 
 150 miles X.E. of Columbia. 
 
 EAST WEY'MOUTjy. a post-village in Norfolk co.. Massa- 
 chusetts, on the South Shore Raili-oad, 15 miles S.S.E. of 
 Boston. 
 
 EAST WHATE'LY, a post-village in Franklin co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 80 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 EAST WHITl^yLAND, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1187. 
 
 EAST'WICK, a parLsh of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 EAST WII/rON, a post-office of Franklin co.. Maine. 
 
 E.\ST WILTO.N, a post-village of Hillsborough co.. New 
 Hampshire, at the terminus of the NashUiH, Lowell and Wli- 
 tou Railroad. 15 miles N.W. of Nashua. 
 
 EAST WIXD'HAM, a post-office of Greene co., New York. 
 
 EAST WIND'SOR, a post-office of Berkshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 EAST WINDSOR, a pleasant village and township of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, on the E. side of Connecticut Riyer, 
 where it receives the Scantic. about 10 miles N.X.E. of IlRrt- 
 ford. It contains churches for the Methodists, Baptists, 
 Congregatioiialists, and Episcopalians, and an aca(iem}\ 
 There are in the township some manufactures of cas.siniere9, 
 twej-ds. buttons, Ac. In the immediate vicinity is the Cor- 
 iK-cticut Theological Institute. (See East Wixdsor Uiu-^ 
 Pop. 2580. 
 
EAS 
 
 EBE 
 
 EAST WINDSOR, a township of Mercer co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 191.3. 
 
 EAST WINBSOR UXhh, a post-village of Hartford CO., 
 Connectioiit, about 9 miles N.N.E. of Ilartford. Jt is the 
 Beat of the Connecticut Theological Institute. 
 
 EAST WINTIIUOP, a post-office of Kennebec CO., Maine. 
 EAST WO'BUll.X, a post-village of Middlesex CO., Massa- 
 chusetts. 8 miles N.N.W. of IJoston. 
 
 EAST'WOUD, two pai'i.shes of England, po. of E.ssex. 
 EAST\V(JOD, a parish of England, co. of .Nottingham. 
 EA?T\VO(JD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew. 
 EAST WOOIKSTOCK, a post-office of ^Vindbam co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 EAST ■WORCESTER, (wOOs/t^r.) a post-village of Otsego co.. 
 New York. 53 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 E.\STYN, a town of Wales. See Hope. 
 EAT'IXUTOX. a parish of England, eo. of Warwick. 
 EAT'ON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 EATON, two townships of England, co. of Chester. 
 EATON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 EATON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 EATON, a post-township of Carroll co.. New Hampshire, 60 
 miles N.E. of Concord, fop. 780. 
 
 EATON, a post-village and township of Madison Co., New 
 York, about 100 miles W. of Albany. The village has 2 or 3 
 churches, .several factories, and aljout 500 inhabitants. In 
 the township is .Morrisville, the county seat. Pop. 3871. 
 
 EATO.N, a post-township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, opposite 
 Tunkhannock. Pop. 938. 
 
 EATON, a thriving post-village of Gibson co.. Tennessee, 
 on the Forked Deer River, H'.i miles W. of Nashville. The 
 greater part of the cotton produced in the county is shipped 
 at this place. 
 
 EATON, a post-village in Fayette co., Ohio, 160 miles N.N.E. 
 of Jatkson. 
 
 E.\TON, a township of Lorain CO., Ohio. Pop. 1206. 
 E.\TON. a post-village of Washington township, and capi- 
 tal of Preble co., Ohio, on Seven Mile Creek, 40 miles N. of 
 Cincinnati. It is situated in a rich farming country, and is 
 well supplied with water-power. About a mile W. of Eaton 
 is the site of Fort St. Clair, which was erected in the winter 
 9f 17H1-J. General Harrison, who was then an ensign, com- 
 manded the guard during its erection. Eaton is on the 
 Cinrinnati. Eaton and Riihniond Railroad, which connects 
 it with Cincinnati. It contains 6 churches, 1 bank, 2 news- 
 paper offices, a Union school, a woollen factory, an iron 
 foundry, a machine shop, and 2 manufactories of (lax. Laid 
 out in 1806. Pop. in 1850, 1346; in 1S60, about 1800. 
 
 EATON, a county near the centre of Michigan, contains 
 676 .square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by Orand 
 River, and drained by the sources of Thornapple and Battle 
 Creeks. The surface is undulating, and the soil is mostly a 
 deep calcareous and sandy loam. The middle and N. part is 
 heavily timbered ; the southern portion is occupied with 
 plains, over which oak trees are .scattered. Named in honor 
 of John II. Eaton, Secretary of War under President Jack- 
 son. Capital. Charlotte. Pop. 10.476. 
 
 EATON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Eaton co., 
 Michigan, about 18 miles S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 1270. 
 
 E.\TON, a post-village in Denton township Eaton co., 
 Michigjin, on Thornapple River, about 20 miles S.W. of 
 Lansing. 
 E.\T0N, a post-office of Crawford co., Illinois. 
 EATON, a small village of Cedar co„ Missouri. 
 EAT'ON RISII'OP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 EATON BKAY. a parish of England, co. of Beds. 
 EAT'ON CEN'TUE. a post-village of Carroll c-o.,New Hamp- 
 ihire. <jO miles N.E. of Concord. 
 
 EAT'ON CON'STANTINE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Salop. 
 EATON FIELD, Enghind. See Ede.nfield. 
 EATON rtUANT. a post-office of Aroostook co., 5Iaine. 
 EAT'ON HASTINGS, (h.Wtings,) a parish of England, co. 
 )f Berks. 
 EAT'i >N, LITTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 EATON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 EAT'ON RAP'IDS. a post^village and township of Eaton CO., 
 Michigan, on Orand Uiver, 20 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. A 
 aowspaper is published in the village. Pop. 2318. 
 
 EAT'ON'S COR'NERS. a village of Schenectady co.. New 
 York, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Alliany. 
 
 E,\T'ON"S N ECK. the E. side of the entrance to Ilunting- 
 d( n"s Bay. Long Island On it is a fi.xed light, 134 feet 
 ab^ive the level of the sea. Lat. 40° 57' 5" N., Ion. 73° 24' 
 12 ■ W. 
 X ATON SOC'ON. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 E AT'ONTON, a flouri.shing post-village, capital of Putnam 
 CO., lieorgia, is situated on a high ridge, 22 miles N.N.W. of 
 Willi dgeville. A branch railroad extends from this village 
 to Mi'ledi;eville. and connects with the Central Kailroad. It 
 is a place of some iiuportance on account of its excellent 
 schools. It contains a court-house, a bank, 2 academies, and 
 1 carriage factory. Pop. 2009. 
 EAT'ONTON FACTORY, a village of Putnam co., Georgia, 
 
 on Little River, 24 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It i-is a 
 cotton factory, employing about 100 operatives, and a capi- 
 tiil of $70,000. 
 
 EAT'O.NTOWN, a post-village of Monmouth co.. New .ler- 
 sey, 11 miles E. of Freehold. It contains an academy, and 
 between 30 and 40 dwellings. 
 
 EAT'ON YILLE, a post-village of Herkimer CO., New York, 
 75 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 EAU-PLEINE. o plain, a post-office. Portage co., WisccTisin. 
 
 EAU.\-BONNES. LES, lazeol)onn, or AAS, Is. a hamlet 
 of France, department of Ba-sses-Pyrenees, 22 miles S. of 
 Pau, frequented tor its sulphur springs. 
 
 EAUX-CHAUDES, LES. lize o shod, or AIGUESCHAU- 
 DES. aig-shod. a hamlet of France, adjacent to Eaux-Bonneft 
 
 EAUX-VIYES, o-veev, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Geneva, on the S.E. shore of l.ake Leman. Pop. 14f.2. 
 
 E.^UZE, oz. cr ELSE, I'z. (anc. i2iisa,) a town of Fiai-ce, 
 departmentofGers. on the Geli.se. an affluent ot the tiaronne, 
 aiTondissement, and 15 miles S.W. of Condom. Pop. in 1852, 
 4082. 
 
 EAY'RSTOWN, airstown, a village of Burlington co.. New , 
 Jersey, on the S. branch of Rancocus Creek. 4 miles S. of 
 Mount Holly. It has 2 mills and about 20 houses. 
 
 EBBEUSDORF-AM-MOOS, a village of Austria. See 
 Ebrkiciisdorp. 
 
 EB/RERSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 EBBES/BORNE-WAKE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 EBBS-FLEET, a hamlet of England, co. of Kent, 3i mile! 
 W.S.W. of Ramsgate. 
 
 EBELEBEN, A'bfh-l.Vbfn, a small town of Central Ger- 
 many, 9 miles S.W.of Schwarzburg-Sondershauseu. Pop. 831. 
 It has a palace of the sovereign prince. 
 
 EUELSBEKG, a village of Austria. See Ebersbero. 
 
 EB'ELTOFT, a seaport town of Denmark, in Jutland, 18 
 miles E.N.E. of Aarhuus, on a bay of the Cattegat. Rop. 
 llOO. It has a small harbor. 
 
 EB'ENE'ZEK, a post-tiffice of Indiana CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EBENEZEU, a village of Effingham co.. Georgia, on the 
 Savannah Kiver, 25 miles alx)ve Savannah. It is among the 
 oldest places in the state. The tirst settlers were Germans. 
 
 I;benezER, a post-village of Morgan co., Georgia, 112 
 miles W. of August!!. 
 
 EBENEZER. a po.st-village of Holmes co., Mississippi. 
 
 EB^ENE'ZER CREEK, of Georgisi, flows into Savannah 
 River about 9 miles E. of Springfield, in Fiffingham county. 
 
 EB'ENE'ZEKYILLE, a post-village of Y'ork district. South 
 Carolina. 80 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 F>BENFUI!T, !l'ben-f06Rt\ a town of Lower Austria, 24 
 miles S. of Vienna, on the Leitha. Pop. Iu0<^>. 
 
 E'BENSBUKG, a jjost-borough, capital of Cambria co., 
 I'ennsylvania. is situated on an eminence a few miles W. of 
 the main Alleghany chain, 74 miles E. by N. of Pittsburg. 
 It contains a court-house, nn academy, a town hall, 7 
 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 1002. 
 
 EBERBACH, i'bf r-bdK\ a village of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine, on the right bank of the Neckar, 23 miles E. of 
 Mannheim. I'op. 3050. 
 
 EBERBACH, a village of Nassau, near the right hank of 
 the Rhine, 3 miles N. of Ilattenheim. It had formerly an 
 important abbey, the buildings of which are now used as a 
 house of correction. Its vineyard is the most elevated in 
 Itheingau, (200 feet.) and produces one of the best wines of 
 the district. 
 
 EBEKGASSING, iV^r-gh'^ag, or OEBERGASSLING, 
 ((EbergSssling,) yber-gh^s'sling. a village of Lower Austria, 
 on the Fische, 15 miles S.S.E. of Vienna. 
 
 EB/ERLEE, a village of Putnam co., Indiana, 7 miles N.E, 
 of Greencastle. 
 
 E1VF;RLEYILLE, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 f:B'EKLY'S mill, a post-office of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 EBEKMANNSTADT, .Vbfr-mann-stiitt, a town of Bavh- 
 ria, circle of Upper Franconia, 15 miles S,E. of Bamberg. 
 Pop. 051. 
 
 EBERN, A'bfrn. a town of Bavaria, on the Baunach, 45 
 miles N.E. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1102. 
 
 EBERNBUKG, a'bern-bC6Ro\ a village of Bavaria, Palati- 
 nate, on the Nahe, 20 miles S.W. of Mentz. 
 
 EBEUSBACH, A'bers-bte\ a village of Saxony, 14 miles 
 S.W. of Bautzen, on the Bohemian frontier. Pap. 5C20. It 
 is one of the principal seats of the linen manuiiicture of 
 Saxony. 
 
 EBEHSBERG. A'bers-bjRo\ or EBELSBERG.i'bels-bJRG\ 
 a village of Upper Austria, on the Traun, 4 miles S.S.F). of 
 Lintz. The French defeated the Austi-ians here, May 3d. 1S09. 
 
 EBEHSBERG, a village of Upper Bavaria, 18 miles E,S.E. 
 of Munich, with 1004 inh.ibitants. 
 
 EBEKSBURG, lt/hps-h66m\ a village of WUrtemberg, i 
 miles E. of Backnang. 
 
 EBEUSDORF, i'bers-doRf \ a market>town of Germany, in 
 the principality of Reuss, 39 miles S.S.E. of Weimar, and a 
 fine residence of the sovereign prince. Here Napoleon issued 
 his first proclamation to the Saxons, in 1806. Pop. 1312. 
 
 606 
 
EBE 
 
 EBERSDORF-AM-MOOS. See Ebreichsdoiif. 
 
 BBKRSDORF, KAISER, (kl'zfr.) a village of Lower Austria, 
 6 miles S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1136. 
 
 EBKRSHEIM, A/bers-hrme\ a village of France, depart- 
 Bufnt of Bas-Rhin, on the Strasbourg and Mulhausen Rail- 
 way, 4 miles N.N.E. of Schelestadt. Pop. lot>4. 
 
 EB'ERSOLE'S WARE/HOUSE, a post-office of Mason co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 EBERSTADT, AAbgr-stitt\ a market-town of Hesse-Darm- 
 gtddt. 4 miles S. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1792. 
 
 EBESFALA^A, i/b^sli'foI'v6h\ a royal free town of Tran- 
 sylvania, 35 miles N.E. of Hermmannstadt. Pop. 2900. 
 
 EBIIAUSEN, 6b-h6w'zen, or MOLLHAUSEN, (MSUhau- 
 een.) mol-hfiw'zf n, a village of WUrtemberg, about 4 miles 
 N.W. of Nagold. 
 
 EBUER, a town of Persia. See Abher. 
 
 EBINGEN, i'bing-?n, a town of WUrtemberg, 10 miles 
 E.S.E. of Babliugen. on the S<?hmiecha. Pop. 4384. It has 
 manufiictures of woollen cloths, hosiery, and leather. 
 
 EBLANA. See DuuLi.v. 
 
 EBLERN, §b'iern, a village of Austria, in Styria, circle of 
 Judenberg. on the Ens. Pop. (500. It has copper-mines and 
 foundrie.s, producing annu."i'ly from 18.000 to 20,0tJ0 cwt. of 
 copper pyrites, 150 cwt.of fulphur, and 500 cwt. of vitriol. 
 
 EBOE, a town of Guinea. See Aboh. 
 
 EBOLI, i'bo-le, or EVOIil, 4'vo-le, (ane. Ehuri.) a town of 
 Naples, province of Principato Citra, 16 miles E.S.E. of Sa- 
 lerno. Pop. 4200. 
 
 EB'OXY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 EBOHA, a town of Portugal. See Evora. 
 
 EBOKACUM. Seo York. 
 
 EBRE. a river of Spain. See Ebko. 
 
 EBREICHSDORF. SWrlKS-doRfN or EBERSDORF-AM- 
 MOOS, i/bers-doRr-lm-moce, a village of Lower Austria, 6 
 miles N.N.E. of Ebeufurt. Pop. 800. 
 
 EBREUIL, A^brui', (anc. Ehroliumf) a village of France, 
 department of AUier, 5 miles W. of Gannat, on the Sioule. 
 Pop. in 1862, 2446. 
 
 EBKING EN, iWring-en, a village of Baden, circle of Upper 
 Rhine, 4 mil«a S.W. of 'Freiburg. Pop. 1100. 
 
 EB'RIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 2 
 miles E.N.E. of Chipping-Caniden. It gives the title of vis- 
 count to the yart<?scue family. 
 
 EBltO, ee'bro, (Sp. pron. A/Bro; Fr. Ehre, aib'r; anc. IMitis.) 
 a river in the N.E. of Spain, rises in the province of Santander, 
 12 miles W. of Reynosa, flows generally S.E., past LogroHo, 
 Calahorra* Tadela, Saragossa. and Tortosa. and enters the 
 Mediterranexn, in lat. 40° 42' N.. Ion. 0° 50' E. Length. 
 340 milef. It is navigable from Tudela. but its navigation 
 is dilBcnlt. on account of its rapidity and the rocks in its 
 bed. anfl several canals have been cut for its improvement. 
 
 EB1WPUNU.M, or EBURODUNUM CATURIGIUM. See 
 Embrun'. 
 
 EBf'AMBOOL, or EBSAMBUL. See Ips.\mbool. 
 
 EBSTUHF, ^bs'tonf or t'ps'toHf a town of Hanover, princi- 
 pality, and 15 miles S. of Liiueburg. Pop. 866. 
 
 EBUDES. See Hebrides. 
 
 EBUKACUM. See York. 
 
 EBURI. See Ebou. 
 
 EBUROVICES. See Evredx. 
 
 EBUS. A^boos', or BOS, bos, one of the Philippine Islands, 
 off the N.W. coast of Mindoro, with which it forms a good 
 harbor. It is about Ij miles in circuit. 
 
 EBUSUS. Seelvi?.^. 
 
 ECAUSSINES, A'kos'seen', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut, on the Senne and on the Namur Railway, 13 
 miles X.E. of Mons. Pop. 2680. 
 
 ECBATANA. See H.\madax. 
 
 ECCHINSWELL, Jk'kiuz-well, a chapelry of England, co. 
 of Hants. 
 
 EC'CLES, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ECCLES, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk 
 
 I'XJCLES. a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. The cele- 
 brated Lord Kaimus was lx)rn in this parish. 
 
 ECCLESALL-BIERLOW, ^k'k'lz-il-beer'lO, a township of 
 England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 ECCLKSCLIFFE. a parish of England. See E.aolesclffe. 
 
 ECCLESt'ECHAX, Jk'kl's-f^k'an, a village of Scotland, co., 
 and 14 miles 2. of Dumfries. Pop. 768. 
 
 ECCLKSFi ''I.D. a mrish of England. co.Tork,West Riding. 
 
 ECCLESHALL, ek'klz-hil, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Stafford, on the Grand .Junction Railway, 
 where it joins the .Manchester and Birmingham Railway. Oi 
 miles W. N.W. of Stafford. Pop. 4730. Its church afforded 
 a sanctuary to Queen Margaret of .4njou. The Bishops of 
 Litchfield owned the manor at the time of the Contiuest. and 
 have inhabited the Ciistle here since the thirteenth century. 
 
 ECCL ESIII LL, a, township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ECCLE.^HIM,. a township of England, co. of York. 
 
 ECCLESMACIIAN, ^k'k Iz-maK'jn, a parish of Scotland.' 
 eo. of Linlithgow. 
 
 ECyOLESTOX, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 ECCIjE.STOX, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ECCLKSTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 EC^CLESTON,GREAT, a township, England, co. Lancaster. 
 <iO« 
 
 ECL 
 
 ECDAI/LAH or EKDUL/LAII, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, 60 miles W.N.W. of Allahabad, on the 
 Ganges. 
 
 ECHACON'NEE, also called TOCIIOCU'XO, a creek of Geoi* 
 gia. flows S.E., and enters Ocmulgeo River at the S. extie> 
 mity of Bibb county. 
 
 ECIIACONNEE, a village of Bibb co., Georgia, on EclmcotH 
 nee Creek. 
 
 ECHALLEX'S, A'shdriftNo', a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Vaud, on the Talent, 8 miles N. by W. of 
 Lausanne. Pop. 800. 
 
 ECHAUFFOUR, A'shorfooR/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Orne, 19 miles E. of Argentan. Pop. 17U.5. 
 
 ECHELLES, LES, Uze i^shfeU', (?. c. " the st;urs,'') a village 
 of the Sardinian States, province of Savoy, 12 miles S.W. of 
 Chambery, on the Guiers. It is named from the stairs 
 which formerly existed here, and which liave been replaced by 
 a new road cut in the mountain, over a space of lOUO feet, 
 begun by Napoleon, and finished by the King of Sardinia 
 in 1817. 
 
 ECHMIED'ZIN' or ETCHMIADZIN, Jtch-me-ad-zeen', a 
 town, and the ecclesiastical capital of Armenia, in the Rus- 
 sian duminious, province, and 15 miles W. of Erivan, and 25 
 miles X. of Mount Ararat. It has a large fortified convent, 
 comprising a magnificent church, bazaars, Ac, and is the 
 seat of the Catholicos, or primate of the Armenian Church. 
 
 ECHMIN, a town of Egypt. See Akhmym. 
 
 ECIIT, ^Kt, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 ECHT, 6Kt. or EGT, ^Ht. a village of Holland, province of 
 Limburg.9niiIesS.W.ofRoermond, on theMeuse. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ECHTERDIXGEN, ^K'tfr-ding^n, a village of WUrtem- 
 berg, circle of Neckar, 5 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1636. 
 
 ECHTERNACH, ^K'tfr-nitK\ a town of Netheriands, pro- 
 vince of Luxemburg, on the Sure, 19 miles N.E. of Lux- 
 emburg. Pop. 3723. 
 
 ECHZELL. ^K-ts^U', a village of Ilesse-Darmstadt. in Ober- 
 hes.sen, on the Horloff. 5 miles S.S.E.of Giessen. I'op. 1615. 
 
 ECU A, (fthe-ad, {a.nc. Astigi,) a town of Spain, province, 
 and 52 miles E.N.E. of Seville, on the Genii. I'op. 28,370. 
 It has numerous convents, hospitals, churches, and Roman 
 remains; and a fine public walk near the river, ornamented 
 with statues and fountains. Its vicinity is fertile in corn 
 and oil, hut the town is .so hot as to be called the •• frying- 
 pan of Andalusia." It has manufactures of coarse woollen 
 cloths, linens, and leather. 
 
 ECK, LOCH, 16k fek, a lake of Scotland, co. of Argjie, 
 between Lochs Long and Fyue. Length, 7 mUes, bretidth, 
 ; a mile, 
 
 ECKARTSBERGA. gk'karts-fjjRVa, a town of Prussian 
 Saxony. 25 miles S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1628. 
 
 ECICE.NBERG. a village of Austria. See Eogenberg. 
 
 ECKERXFORDE, (EckeriU"orde.)ek'kern-foRMeh. or ECK- 
 ERXFIOltD, Jk'ern-fe-ORd', a seaport town of Denmark, in 
 Gottorf, on an iiilet of the Balric. 10 mUes E. S. E. of Sles- 
 wick. Pop. 3800. It has a suburb joined to it by a bridge, 
 an invalid a.sylum, and a normal school ; with distilleries, 
 ship-yards, and malting-trade. 
 
 ECKEUgDORF, ^k'kers-doRf\ a village of Prussia, in 
 Breslau, circle of Glatz. Pop. 955. 
 
 ECKIJRSDORF, a village of Prussia, government of Lieg- 
 nitz. circle of Sagan. Pop. 1042. 
 
 ECKERSDORF, a village of Prussia, government of Bres- 
 lau. circle of Xamslau. Pop. 1183. 
 
 ECK'FORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, in the 
 vale of Teviot, 5 miles S.S.W. of Kelso. Here are ruins of 
 the border tower of Cessford. 
 
 ECK FORD, a post-village and township in the E. part of 
 Calhoun co., Michigan, about 45 miles S. by W. of Lansing. 
 Pop. 1023. 
 
 ECKHUNG CHOO, Jk'kOng' choo. a river of Thibet, sup- 
 posed to be the main head-stream of the Indus. 1 1 rises in 
 theKaihis Mountains, lat. 31° 20' N., Ion. 81° 16' E., whence 
 it flows N,E., and assumes the name of the Indm .ibout loo. 
 79° E. At Ion. 80° E. it is joined by the Singhey Choo. 
 
 ECK'IXGTOX, a parish of iingland, co, of Worce.ster. 
 
 ECKIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 
 
 ECK'.M.\XSVILLE, a post-village of Adams co.. Ohio, oa 
 the plank-road from Ripley to Locust Grove, 10 miles N. of 
 the Ohio River. 
 
 ECKMOHL, Jk'mul. (Ger. EgrpnUhl. Jk'mUl.) a village c* 
 Bavaria, circle of Lower Bavari,i." 13 miles S.S.E. of Ratisbon, 
 on the Great Laber. It is celebrated for a victory of tlio 
 French over the Austrians, 22d April, 1809, for which Da^ 
 voust was created Prince of EckniUhl. 
 
 ECLI I'SE, e-klips/, a post-office of Macon co,, Tennessee, 
 
 ECLIPSE (e-klips') 1SL.\XDS, a cluster of small, roc'iy, 
 barren islands in the South Pacific Ocean, near the S,W. 
 coast of Australia: lat. 35° 12' S., Ion. 117° 53' E. 
 
 ECLUSE, L', l.i'klUz'. an important frontier fort of France, 
 department of Ain. alx)ve the Khone, 14 miles S,W, of (leneva. 
 It commands the only entrance into France between .>>eyssel 
 and St, Genaix, and "has latterly been greatly streKjthencd 
 by additional batteries, 
 
 ECLUSE, L', a village of France, department of Nord, 6 
 miles S, of Douai, Pop. 1691. 
 
ECL 
 
 ECU 
 
 ECLUSE, L', the French name of the Dut«h town Slurs. 
 
 KCOM.MOY, A^koinHnwi'. a town of France, department of 
 Sarthe. 13 miles S.S E. of Le-Mans. Pop. in 1852, 3tl31. 
 
 ECON'OMY, a thriving post-village and township of Beaver 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Ohio River, and 
 on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Kailroad, 17 miles N.W. of 
 Pittsburg. It is a settlement of Germans, called the Har- 
 mony Society, who, under the direction of George Rapp, 
 emigrated from Germany, and finally established themselves 
 here in 1825. They own 3500 acres of land, which, together 
 with their other property, is held in common. The village 
 is situated on a plain, and contains about 100 houses, a 
 large church, a school-house, a museum, and manufactories 
 3f wool, cotton, silk, and flour. Their patriarch Rapp died 
 In 1847. Pop. of the township. 1220. 
 
 ECONOMY, a postoffice of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 ECONOMY, a post-village of Wayne co., Indiana, on a 
 branch of the Whitewater River, 14 miles N.W. of Centreville. 
 
 ECORCE, d^kors'. a postrtownship in the E. part of Wayne 
 CO., Michigan, on the W'. side of Detroit River, 80 miles E.S.E. 
 of Lansing. Pop. 2396. 
 
 ECOKK A FA BRE, a village of Arkansas. See Camden. 
 
 ECOSSK and ^COSSAfS. See Scotland. 
 
 ECOUCIlf;. A'koo'shi', a town of France, department of 
 Orne, 5 miles S.W. of Argentan, on the Orne. Pop. 1506. 
 
 ECOUEN, .Vkoo-Sxo' or i^kwfiN"'. a market^town of Fiance, 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles N. of Paris. Pop. in 
 1852, 1042. Its tine chateau, built in the time of Fr.ancis I., 
 is now a house of education for the children of military 
 officers. 
 
 ECOURT-ST.-QUENTIN, A'kooR/-sJN<'-kaN''HS\«', a town 
 of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, arrondissement of 
 Arras, canton of Marquion. Pop. 1803. It has manufac- 
 tures of cloths. 
 
 ECREIIOU, Jk'r^hoo', a group of low rocky islets in the 
 English Channel, about 6 miles N.E. of the island of Jerftev. 
 
 EC'RICOK' or IC'RICOK'. a town of Guinea, capital of'a 
 chiefship. on the Old Calabar River, here upwards of 1 mile 
 in breadth, alxjut 100 miles N. of its mouth. The hou.ses 
 are of earth and raised on platforms. Old Ecricok is much 
 higher up the siime river. 
 
 ECSEU, a village of Hungary. See Etsed. 
 
 ECSEG, AVhJg', a vill.age of Hungary, in Hither Danube, 
 CO. of Neograd, on the Zagyra, about 12 miles from Hatvan. 
 Pop. 152;i. 
 
 ECTON, a paii.sh of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ECUADOR, ^k-wi-doR/, (i. e. " Equator ;" Fr. E-jiiatfur, 
 i'kwd^tint/; Port. J-y/nadnr. .i-kwA-dOn/.) a republic of South 
 America, lying under the eciuator, whence it takes its name. 
 It extends along the coast of the Pacific, from the mouth of 
 the P.atia. in lat. 2° 30' N.. to the S. end of the Gulf of 
 Puna or Bay of (iuayaquil, in lat. 3° 20' 8. From this point 
 tho boundary line strikes S.E. along the river Tumhez. about 
 60 miles to the Cordillera, which it follows S. to lat. IP 20' S. 
 and then, turning E. till it reaches the Marailon, which it 
 follows in its winding course E. by N. into the wilds of the 
 Interior. Such is the S. boundary of the state. The N. 
 boundary is traced in like manner, E. from the source of the 
 Patia across the Cordillera, to the source of the Fragua. and 
 down this stream to the .lapura, which it follows E. by S. into 
 the boundless forests.* The .Tapura joins the Maraflon or 
 river of Amazons within the Brazilian territory, and the line 
 of demarciition between the two .states in the unfreriuented 
 region of the interior has not been as yet, we believe, autho- 
 ritatively settled. Geographers, however, draw a boundary 
 line nearly In the meridian of 70° W., from Tabatinga. where 
 the . la vari joins the MaraHon. to the river .lapura or Caqueta. 
 so that the state, thus limited, 1ms New Granada on the N., 
 Peru on the S., the Pacific on the W.. and Brazil on the E. 
 Its greatest breadth from N. to S. is near the sea-coasts be- 
 tween the extreme points already indicated; towards the E. 
 It (X)ntr.aets uniformly. Its length, from Cape San Lorenzo, 
 Ion. 80° 40', to its E. limit, is about 800 miles: and the area 
 of the state, probably, does not fall short of 240,000 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1858, 1,040,.371. 
 
 Of.rural View. — This state, like the others situate along 
 the Cordillera of the Andes, embraces every variety of cli- 
 mate, having tiej-ras ealientes or low tracts, insufferably hot ; 
 templmdiis or temperate regions, from 6000 to 9000 feet above 
 the sea : frias or cold districts, extending from the upper 
 limits of the preceding to the borders of the paramos or cold 
 deserts, lying Iwtween the elevation of 11.000 feet and the 
 limits of perpetual snow: and. finally, the iievadns or snowy 
 heights themselves. The culminating summits in this part 
 of the Andes are ranged close together in double file, or 
 along the outer edges of a n.arrow elevated longitudinal ridge. 
 in tlie hollows of which is collected the chief population of 
 the state. On the W. of this ridge, towards the sea, the de- 
 clivities of the Cordillera are covered with dense forests. 
 On the E. also impenetrable forests occupy the mid region, 
 
 * On the map accompanying Lieutenant Ilerndon's explora- 
 tion of tlie Amazon, no p.irt of the A.mazon or Maraiion is on or 
 within the boumJaries of Ecuador, nor does the Japura form .^ny 
 part of the N. boundary ; but as it has no explanation in the text, 
 we have preferred tc fcUow the Imperial Gaietteer. 
 
 between the temperate heights and those intermin.ahle and 
 periodically desert plains below, which are here called by 
 the Spanish name Llanos, and which resemble the pumpaa 
 and savannas of other regions. 
 
 Cordilleras. — Tlie central ridge or elevated region of Ectj^ 
 dor is formed by a double range of snow-clad mountiiiis — 
 several of them active volcanoes — which enclose a longitu- 
 dinal valley, varying in elevation from 8800 to 13.900 feet, 
 and divided, as will be seen, by transverse harriere. The.s« 
 mountains, which figure as the most remarkable volcania 
 group on the earth, are as follows : — 
 
 E. Range. Abs. HeigtU 
 
 Koet. 
 
 Cayambe I!»,a35 
 
 Guiimanl 
 
 ADtisana 19.137 
 
 Cotopaxl 18,875 
 
 Quelemdama 
 
 Tunguragua 16,i21 
 
 Sangay 16,138 
 
 ■W. Range. Abs. Height. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Paste 13,450 
 
 Cumbal 15,620 
 
 C'utaoa;be 16,380 
 
 Pichlnetia l.'i,9--'4 
 
 Corazou l,'i,795 
 
 Ilin^a 17,380 
 
 Carguarazo 15,540 
 
 Chimborazo •il.iti 
 
 Thus, within a distance of 250 miles, there rise in succes- 
 sion at least a dozen mountiiins surpa.ssing Mont Blan« 
 in absolute elevation, besides many more which just reach 
 the line of perpetual congelation. At the N. limit of Ecuador, 
 the two chains uniting form the Paramos de los Pastes, 
 having on their N.and S. borders respectively the volcanoes 
 of Pasto and Cumbal, and inhabited to a height of 10,200 
 feet. Towards the S., the snowy Cordilleras, separating, 
 enclose the long valley of Quito, which is, however, more 
 elevated than the city from which it takes its name. The 
 village of Lulumbamba or Gualabamba in this valley, and 
 the Nevado of Cayambe, lie directly under the equator. 
 About 40 miles S. of the equator, the valley of Quito is closed 
 by the Alto de Chisinche, where the two branches of the 
 Andes unite in a single narrow ridge, not quite 600 feet 
 al)ove the adjacent plains. S. of Chisinche again the ridge 
 opens, and the valley of Hambato extends about 15(J miles 
 in length, between Chimborazo and Carguarazo on the one 
 side, and the group of Sangay on the other. It terniinBtes 
 on the S. at the trachytic ridge of Assuay. where the Paramo 
 attains the absolute height of 15,440 feet. Beyond this, 
 towards the S., the valley of Cuenca succeeds, and stretches 
 about 30 miles to the mountains of Loja. the elevation of 
 which does not exceed 700t> feet. None of the summits on 
 the sides of this valley attain the height of perpetual snow; 
 indeed, the highest of them probably does not exceed 11.000 
 feet: and beyond the valley of Cuenca, towards the' Maraflon. 
 the hills sink to an elevation of 2000 or 3000 fiiet. Among 
 the m(mntains enumerated above, Chimlorazo holds the 
 first place. Cotopaxi, tliough not the highest, is the most 
 celebrated and conspicuous peak in this most remarkable 
 region of the Andes. It at once attracts the eje, being a 
 perfectly symmetrical truncated cone, presenting a unilbrm 
 unfurrowed field of snow of resplendent briglitness. It is 
 not to its beauty, however, that it owes its celebrity, but to 
 its terrific eruptions, which, recurring frequently in the 
 course of the last and the beginning of the present century, 
 totally changed the face of the S. part of the valley of Ham-' 
 bato, overturned the towns, or buried them under scorise 
 and ashes. Riobamba was destroyed, in 1797. by an erup- 
 tion of Tunguragua, when the rivers, dammed up by masses 
 of rock falling from the mountains, swept away every vestige 
 of the town. Great numbers of the inhabitants perished 
 on that occasion. Pichincha, which, previous to the 
 Spanish conquest, was an active volcano, rises immediately 
 above the plain of Quito. Its crater is 3 miles in circum- 
 ference, and may be viewed by a spectator lying flat on the 
 precipitous rocks which form its brim. Thus seen, it appears 
 to be nearly on a level with the plain of Quito, or about 
 6600 feet (1 J miles) deep, and is quite black within, while 
 its upper edges are covered with snow. 
 
 Valbx/s. — The cultivated land of Ecuador lies chiefly in 
 the valley which extends along between the summits of the 
 Cordillera, and which may be considered as divided by trans- 
 verse ridges or dykes into the valleys of Quito. Hambato, 
 and Cuenca. The average height of this tract is about 9000 
 feet above the sea. thoug-h .at its S. extremity, at and beyond 
 Loja, it sinks about 200<J feet. Deep clefts or crevices some- 
 times occur, which bring the tropical vegetation into imme- 
 diate contiguity with that of the elevated plains. Thus the 
 luxuriant rale or glen of Chota penetrates the plain of 
 Ibarra, at a depth of nearly 5000 feet. The inhabited dis- 
 tricts on the sea-side at Barbacoas. Esmeraldas. and tiuaya- 
 quil. are of small extent, and the slopes of the Andes on 
 both sides are still covered with wild forests, on which the 
 encroachments of human industry are scarcely perceptible. 
 These forests, with the snowy heights and the dreary para- 
 mos on the borders of the snow, occupy nineteen tweiitietlis 
 of the area of the state. 
 
 Gerilogy, d-c. — The Andes of Ecuador may be entitled, col- 
 lectively, a volcanic group, but as yet little has been done 
 towards the minute examination of their structure. Chim- 
 borazo is known to be a mass of trachyte: the ridge of 
 Assuay displays the sjime formation; lavas, pumice, and 
 cinders, cover extensive tracts iu the neighborhood of Coto 
 
 607 
 
ECU 
 
 ECU 
 
 pHxi and Sanpav. Tet the syenitic rocks and porphyries, 
 elsewhere so characteristic of the Andes, occur here also; 
 and on the hei.::hts of Cuenca the causeways and ruined 
 temples of the Incas are constructed of freestone. It is said 
 that gold was formerly collected in several river beds in the 
 Tallev of llamlMito and S. towards Zeruma. and silver oivs 
 are believed to exist in various parts of the Cordillera; sul- 
 phuret of mercury is found in Cuenca, and platina in Bar- 
 bacoas ; but no attention is now given to the mines, except- 
 ing those of iron and copper. Emeralds, however, are still 
 gathered, chie.iy by Indians, the mines beinir, for the most 
 part, in impenetrable forests, ou the side of the river Esmer- 
 aldas. 
 
 Jiivcrs. <£c. — The rivers are, for the most part, rapid tor- 
 rents, quite unavailable for purposes of internal communi- 
 cation. Some of the streams on the coast may perhaps be 
 plied for a few miles by the canoes of the Indians, but com- 
 merce derives no- aid from their navigation. The rivers of 
 the eastern water-shed, all tributaries of the Amazon, have 
 long courses, but are not generally navigable till they reach 
 the plains beyond the limits of the settled parts of the 
 country. The Amazon, however, (here called Marafion.) is 
 navig-able to San Borja for large vessels, and for lijrhter 
 craft to Chuchunga. Flowing into it are the Santiago, 
 Morona. Pa.<taQa or Pastaza, Chambira. Tigre, Xapo, J^a or 
 Putumavo, and Caqueta or Japura; the last thi-ee rivers 
 of from "iW to 1000 miles in length, and all having a S.E. 
 course. The government of Ecuador has recently thrown 
 the n.Hvigation of the Amazon and its tributaries open to 
 the world : hut as the mouth and so large a portion of the 
 course of that river is in the possession of Brazil, the act is 
 of little practical importance, except as an indication of in- 
 creased liberality in commercial intercourse. The commu- 
 nication by post with the settlements (chiefly missionary) of 
 the interior, on the banks of the .MaraBon was formerly and is 
 still carried on to a considerable extent by means of Indl-ins. 
 who. with the packets of letters tied in a handkerchief round 
 the head, swim for -"00 or 400 miles down the great river, 
 aided only by a balsa or float of light wood, which supports 
 them in the descent of the rapids. On the W. or maritime 
 Bide of the mountains the chief rivers are the Patia. noted 
 only for the extreme insalubrity of its valley; the Mira, the 
 Esmerakias. so called from the ancient emerald mines (now 
 deserted) on its banks: and the river of Guayaquil, formed 
 by the junction of two small streams, the Caracol and Daule. 
 The estuary at the mouth of this river, being protected 
 towards' the sea by ti* large island of Puna, forms a secure 
 and capacious harbor, sometimes called the Gulf of Puna. 
 This island is remarkable as being the landing-plaoe of 
 Plzarro. when, in 1530. he led his adventurous band to the 
 cr>nquest of Peru. Guyaquil. one of the principal gulfs on 
 the Pacific coast, lies partly within the republic of Ecuador, 
 and partly within Peru. 
 
 Clifiiatf. — From its geographical position, and double range 
 of snow-olad mountains. Ecuador may be readily inferred to 
 )>ossess variety of clim.ate. so far at least as temperature is 
 concerned. But the practical effects of this variety are less 
 striking and important than might be expected. The inha- 
 bitants of the coast, of European origin, are few in number; 
 and the influential population has selected for its abode not 
 merely a temperate, but even an almost invariable, climate. 
 On the plain of Quito. 93iX) feet al>ove the sea. there reigns 
 a perpetual spring, with a temperature so constant that even 
 the snow-line on the surrounding mountains seems hardly 
 to vary throughout the year. The absolute height of the 
 line of perpetual congelation is here about 15.700 feet, which 
 is considerably lower than in Bolivia, where, owing to the 
 dryness of the climate, the fall of snow is scanty. At Quito 
 the rain is abundant, falling generally for a few hours in 
 the afternoon, and rarely so constant or so heavy as to mar 
 seriously the enjoyment derived from the usually bright 
 sky and delicious atmosphere. It is popularly believed 
 that, since the earthquake of 1797. the tempeniture of tjuito 
 and the adjoining valley has been lower than before; but it 
 does not appear that any change has taken place in the 
 vegetable productions of the country since that event. 
 Farther S.. in Loja, and E.. in the plains, there is lass rain 
 than at Quito: while in the opposite direction, at BarbapMs, 
 it rains nearly every day in the year. The country round 
 Guayaquil is inundated to a great "extent in the rainy season, 
 (July, ; after which it remains for some months a pestilential 
 marsh, from which issue incredible multitudes of mosquitoes, 
 reptiles, and noxious in.<!ects. The exemption enjoved by 
 <{uito and the elevated valleys from these plairues is counter- 
 balanced by their liability to violent earthquakes, of which 
 they are constantly reminded by the ground gaping in det»p 
 tracks, by tottering buildings, and other monuments of 
 former ruin. The hi:rh lands are often visited, too. by gust.s 
 of wind, of indescribable violence, sometimes accompanied 
 with sn->w. 
 
 Znoln, V. — All that we know of the zoology of Ecuador is 
 derived fmm |)opular r<>port, compared with the scientific 
 !nforni:iti()n L'athered in theother tropical regions of America. 
 The pinna, cougar or American lion, {Frlis concicr.) and the 
 stiU more formidable jsiguar or American tiger, together 
 fi08 
 
 with the black hear, frequent the moun'tains near Quito, 
 and descend even to the sea-shore. The tapir ( of two species) 
 is one of the largest of the wild quadrupeds; deer are 
 numerou-s. but generally small. The sloth, bats, of which 
 one species (the vampire) is destructive to cattle, cavies, 
 iguanas, much prized as deli.-ate food, and monkevs of 
 many species, people the interminable fjivsts. As to the 
 feathered tribes, the reptiles, and insects, thev are far too 
 numerous to be specified in a brief sketch like this. On the 
 sea-coast, life is rendered miserable by the iiice.s.sant stings 
 of flies and insects; snakes lie coiled in the path of the 
 traveller; and the lianks of ever)- stream are guarded by 
 alligators. Fish of many kinds are inconceivably abundant 
 along the shore, but, owing to the great heat of the climate, 
 they .are of little value to the inhabitants; they feed, how- 
 ever, myriads of birds, of various species, and the condor, 
 among the rest- is said to visit the beach twice a day fi-om 
 his home on the highest Andes — 100 miles distant — to feast 
 on the shell-fish washed ashore by the tide. 
 
 Vdyetatimi. — The botanical productions of this country are 
 m.iny and intrinsically valuable, but not absolutely peculiar 
 to it. The cinchona, china, or quina. (Jesuit's bark.) of 
 Loja. is of the best kind, and was formerly in general de- 
 mand: but the price now paid for it barely defrays the 
 expense of carrying to the sea-coast. The cocoa of the .«ame 
 locality, and of the coast near Guayaquil, is excellent, and 
 finds a ready sale in Mexico. Bice and pepper al.so are culti- 
 vated in the low country, while the plain of Quito produces 
 sugar-cane, cotton, maize, and. higher up. wheat and tiarley. 
 ^Vheat, which here attains the greatest perfection, and is 
 extremely prolific, particularly when grown on irrigated 
 lands, may be regarded as the characteristic product of this 
 country. It is exported chiefly to Guateni.al.-i. In the 
 efjuable climate of Quito, wheat can ripen at any time of 
 the year, and the sea.son of sowing it. depends, in the 
 several localities, on slight differences of elevation. An indi- 
 genous species of tobacco, very mild, and rendered fragrant 
 by the process of drying, is cultivated in the neiirhborhood 
 of lioja. The vast forests of large timber, and the abundance 
 of tropical fruits, on the sides and chiefly at the W. ff<it of 
 the Andes, add little to the wealth of the state, and ser\-e 
 at present only to shelter and support a few tribes of wild 
 Indians, Agriculture, considenrd as a science, is in a low 
 condition in this as in the neighboring st,ites, being chiefly 
 in the hands of the aboriginal race, who cling obstinately to 
 their old habits. 
 
 OrmmTce and Industry. — The Indians of Ecuador may be 
 considered industrious, though they never manifest the 
 energy of the European race. They weave cotton cloth, 
 make quilts and carpet*, which last are highly prized on 
 account of their brilliant and unchange-tble colors. Their 
 pottery also merits commendation. The Indians are the 
 miners, the agriculturists, the herdsmen, and. to a great 
 extent, the manufacturers al.so. of the state. On the coast 
 they formerly carried on a profitable pearl-fishery : but of 
 late years this has been aliandoued. chiefly owing, it is said, 
 to the dread of a large cuttle-fish, the gr.isp of which is fatal 
 to the divers. That the natives are not deficient in nautical 
 skill and boldness is evident from their Kh1s;is or rafts, made 
 of light wood, on which they often venture to sea. and make 
 voyages of 200 or 300 miles along the coast. The balsas are 
 sometimes 60 feet long, and capable of carrving 25 tons of 
 merchandise. The native ingenuity is still further mani- 
 fested in the taravitas or rope bridges, of various kinds, 
 thrown over torrents and across profound cha.Kms. The com- 
 merce of Ecuador is very small, and is chiefly carried on 
 through the adjoiningportsof New Granada and Peru. There 
 is, however, some trade through Guayaquil, its only port. 
 
 Government, <£c. — The form of government is republican, 
 with a president and vice-president as the head. who. in 
 conjunction with a sen.-ite and house of repi-esentatives, 
 constitute the law-making power. In the .•idministration 
 of the government the president is assisted by a council of 
 state. The revenue of the republic in 1S411 was $79-2.9tX). 
 Men of all races and complexions are politicallv equal. Be- 
 ligious liberty, freedom of the press, and election to office, 
 are' now established by law. . But the whites or Spanish 
 Creoles, though numerically weak, still maintain a leading 
 position, by means of their superior education and intelli- 
 gence. It is said, however, that they are excelled in the 
 moral qualities and in purity of life by the native race; and 
 that when the.se shall have l>een raised by e<lucation, the 
 power of the state must neces.'wrily pass into their hands. 
 In dress and domestic manners these people differ in nothing 
 from the natives of Peru. The Spaniards are much given 
 to indolent enjoyment, swinging iii hammocks, and .smoking 
 cigars. A very broad hat. braided jacket and bree<"he«, 
 coarse buskins on hare legs, and spurs with rowels of enoi-- 
 m<>us size, form the dress of the peasant. The cavalier 
 generally hides his other finery beneath an ample mantillo 
 or clonk of cloth or velvet. The ladies also sometimes con- 
 ce.ll themselves in capotes, but the French stylo of dress is 
 now generally adopted by the upper classes. The Spanish 
 language is spoken, but education is in a very backwurd 
 state. 
 
ECU 
 
 EDE 
 
 ZhriHnns. — The State of Ecuador is at present divided into 
 three departments, viz. : Pk'uador, which comprises Pichin- 
 cha. Chiral«5razo, and Imbamliura; (iuayaquil. comprising 
 Guayafiuil and Manabi ; and Assiiay, subdivided into ("uenca, 
 Ijoja, and Jaen de Bracamoros. The department of (juaya- 
 quil comprises the entire maritime district of the state; the 
 otliiT two embrace the hei;;hts of the Cordillera. As to the 
 moile in which the Llanos or (Treat eastern plains are shared 
 among the provinces, we cannot find any statement; and, 
 Indeed, it does not appear tliat the civilized popuktion of 
 Ecuador have as yet descended anywhere into those plains, 
 which, so far as the missions extend ftlong the N. banks 
 of the .\mazon, are considered as depending on .Taen de 
 Bracamoros. The Galapagos or Turtle Islands under the 
 line, and in Ion. 89° .30' to 91° 3' W., are also claimed though 
 not yet occupied by this state. 
 
 Chii'f Towns. — The chief towns (proceeding from N. to S.) 
 are Ibarra, at the foot of Cutacache; Quito, the capital, with 
 70,000 inhabitants: l!iobamb.a, near Chimlwrazo, and within 
 a few miles of the site of the old town ; Cuenci, which ranks 
 next to Quito in population, having 20.000 inhabitants: 
 Loja; .Taen de Bracamoros, only a large village; and Guay.ir 
 quil, the chief port of the state, and nearly equal in size, 
 while superior in wealth, to Cuenca. 
 
 Biimhili'in, <fe. — Of the population of Ecuador, the abori- 
 ginal red race or Peruvians, as they may be called, speaking 
 the Quichua or some cognate language, form more than 
 half; the rest are negroes, mulattoes. mestizoes, zamboes. 
 and whites, the last a small minority. The negroes are 
 comparatively ffew, and chiefly on the coast; indeed, the 
 little maritime towns of Esmeraldas, Rio Verde, and Ata- 
 cames, are peopled almost wholly by zamboes, or that breed 
 of mixed negro and Indian blood which is is said to inherit 
 all the vices of lx>th parent stocks. The entire popuUtion 
 of the state probably exceeds 500,000. 
 
 Anti'iuiticx. — In the time of the Incas the mountain region 
 from Quito S. ranked next to the plains round Titicai^a, as 
 the seat of Peruvian civilization, and the remains of royal 
 roads or causeways, and of tambos or palaces, still attest, at 
 Cayambe and on Assuay, (more than 13.000 feet above the 
 sea.) the perseverance, grandeur of design, and careful 
 workmanship of the natives. 
 
 History. — Quito formed part of the viceroyalty of Peru till 
 1564, when it was erected into a separate presidency. In 
 1717, it was annexed to New Granada, but at the end of five 
 years returned to its former separate condition, and so con- 
 tinued till the revolution, which broke out in 1809. The 
 first .attempts at insurrection were twice suppressed; and it 
 was not till 18-22 that the royalists were finally vanquished 
 in Quito, which then united with New Granada axiil Vene- 
 zuela to form the republic of Columbia. Continual troubles 
 and revolts harassed the new republic, till, at last, in 1831, 
 the three iU-united states agreed to separate, and to form so 
 many independent confederated republics, dividingequitably 
 between them the Columbian debt. On this occasion Quito, 
 with its associated provinces, took the name of Ecuador. 
 
 ECUKEUILS. .VkUVui' a village of Canada East, co. of 
 Portneuf, 24 miles S.W. of Quebec 
 
 EDAM, A'dim'. (L. Kiamum.) a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of North Holland, with a port on Zuyder-Zee, 12 
 miles N.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 4o2i. 
 
 EDAM. .'IVtdm', an i.-^land on the N. coast of Java, 9 miles 
 N.N.E. of Batavia, about 2 miles in circuit and very woody. 
 There are liere some storehouses for salt; but the island is 
 chiefly used as a place of banishment. 
 
 E'D.W, one of the Orkney Islands, in Scotland, between 
 Westray and Stronsay, to the latter of which is a ferry, 3 
 miles across. Length, f^i miles; breadth. 2j miles. 
 
 ED'BUUTON, a parish of England, co. of Su.ssex. 
 
 EDD. Md, a maritime vill.age of Abyssinia, lat. 1.3° 58' N., 
 Ion. 41° 40' E., on a sandy plain, and consisting principally 
 of oblong huts, with arched tops, and an outer covering of 
 coarse crass mats. 
 
 ED-DAIIMER, Jd'-dJh'mer, a town of Nubia, on the right 
 bank of the Nile, at the influx of the Atbara, 80 miles N. of 
 Shendy. 
 
 EDDER. a river of Germany. See Eder. 
 
 EDDERACIIYLIS, §d'djr-raKHl-is, a parish of Scotland, 
 00. of Sutherland. 
 
 EDDEKTt »UN, ed'der-toon\ a parish of Scotland, co. Ross. 
 
 ED'DINGTON, a post-village and township in Penob.scot 
 »., Maine, on the E. bank of Penobscot River, 70 miles N.E. 
 of Augusta. Pop. 856. 
 
 EDDLESBOROUGU, ^d'd'lz-btir-ah, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Bucks. 
 
 ED'DLESTONE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles. 
 
 EDDY. Jd'dee, an island of Ireland, in Galway Bay, CO., 
 and 5 miles S. by E. of Qalway ; area, 95 acres. It contains 
 the ruins of an old castle. 
 
 EIVDYS CREKK, in the W. part of Kentucky, enters 
 Cumberland River, in Caldwell county, near Eddyville. 
 
 ED'DYSTONE ISLAND, a small island in the South Pa- 
 cific, east of New Guinea ; lat. 8° 18' S., Ion. 156° 30' 40" E. 
 The natives, who are black, and have woolly hair, are can- 
 aibals. 
 
 20 
 
 ED'DYSTONE LIGIIT-IIOUSE, on the Eddystone rocks, 
 in the Engli.sh Channel, off the coast of Cornwall, 14 miles 
 S.S.W. of nymouth Breakwater. Lat. 50° 1.0' 54" N., Ion. 4° 
 1.5' 5-j" ^y. It was built in 1759, of Portland stone encased 
 in granite, and is about 100 feet high, furnished with 16 
 powerful argand-burners, which give a fixed light of the 
 first magnitude. 
 
 ED'DYS VILLE or ED'DYVILLE, a post- village of Wapolle 
 CO., Iowa, on the river Des Moines, 15 miles by railroad N.W. 
 ofOttnmwa. Pop. 917. 
 
 ED'D YTO \VN, a post-village of Yates co.. New York, about 
 190 miles W. of Albany 
 
 ED'DYVILLE, a post-village of Cattaraugus Co., New York, 
 about 300 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 EDDYVILLE, a village of Ulster co., New York, on the 
 Roiidout Creek, near its entrance into the Hudson River, 
 about 55 miles S. of Albany. It is the terminus of the Dela- 
 ware and Hudson Canal. 
 
 EDDY'VILLE, a iwst-village, capital of Lyon co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Cumberland River, at the month of Eddy 
 Creek, about 10 miles W. of Princeton. It has 1 or 2 
 churches. 10 stores, and 4 warehouses. Pop. 599. 
 
 EDDYVILLE. a village of Iowa. See EDDTSvn.LE. 
 
 EDIO, ElODE. il/deh, or EDEN, .Vden. a village of Holland, 
 province of Gelderland. 11 miles W.N.W.of Arnhem, on the 
 road to Amsterdam. Pop. 1000. 
 
 EDIiLENEY. A'dA'lJfl' a market-town of Hungary, Hither 
 Theiss. co. of Borsod, on the Bodva, 12 miles N. of Miskolcz. 
 Pop. 1470. 
 
 EDELFINGEN, 4'del-fingVn, a village of WUrtemberg, 
 circle of Jaxt. on the Tauber, 2 miles N.N.W. of Mergenfi- 
 heim. Pop. 1090. 
 
 EDEN, a village of Holland. See Ede. 
 
 E'DEN, a river of England, rising in county Westmore- 
 land, flows through Cumberland, after a N.W. course of 48 
 miles into Solway i'rith : its banks, in many parts are very 
 beautiful. Its salmon fisheries are valuable. 
 
 EDEN, a river of Scotland, co. of Fife, flowing, after an E, 
 course of 18 miles, into the Bay of St. Andrews, in the North 
 Sea. 
 
 EDEN, a river of Scotland, joins the Tweed after a S.B. 
 course of 18 miles, 3i miles below Kelso. 
 
 EDEN, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, in the 
 northern part of Mount Desert Island, 35 miles S.S.E. of 
 Ban.gor. I'op. 1247. 
 
 EDEN, a post-village and township of Lamoille co., Ver- 
 mont, about 30 miles N. of Montpelier. The village con- 
 tains 1 church, 1 store, 1 tavern, and a number of starch 
 factories. Pop. of the township, 919. 
 
 EDE.V, a post-village and township of Erie co. New York, 
 16 miles S. of Buffalo. Pop 24:i9. 
 
 EDEN, a post-ofhce of McKean co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EDEN, a post-oflice of Randolph co., North Carolina. 
 
 EDEX, a post-ofhce of Laurens co.. South Carolina. 
 
 EDEN, a post-village of Bryan CO., Georgia, 50 miles N. of 
 Darien. 
 
 EDEN, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 818. 
 
 EDEN, u township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1721. 
 
 EDEN, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, about 150 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EDKN, a township in Wyandott co., Ohio. Pop. 1247. 
 
 EDEN, a post-ofhce of Ingham CO., Michigan. 
 
 EDI;N, apost-ottice of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 EDEN, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. Pop. 685. 
 
 EDE.V, a post-office in Tazewell co., Illinois. 
 
 EDE.V, a small village of Randolph co , Illinois. 
 
 EDEN, a township in Schuyler Co., Illinois. 
 
 EDEN, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa. 
 
 EDEN, a post-township in the S.E. part of Fond du Lao 
 CO., Wisconsin, 70 miles N.E. of Madison. Pop. 1271. 
 
 E'DENBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent, with a 
 station on the South-Eastem Railway, 5 miles N.N.E. of 
 Godstone. 
 
 E'DEN BURG, a thriving post-village, of Shenandoah co., 
 Virginia, on Stony Creek, 6 miles S.W. of Woodstock. It is 
 connected by a turnpike with Staunton. Pop. 1377. 
 
 EDENBURG, a post-office of Cameron CO., 'Texas 
 
 E'DENDEKRY, a market-town of Ireland, Lelnst«r, 
 King's County, near the bog of Allen, 32J miles W. of Dublin. 
 Pop. 1850. 
 
 ErOENFIELD or EATON FIELD, a chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Lancaster. 
 
 EDKNFIELD, a post-office of Irwin co.. Georgia. 
 
 E'DENIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 3 
 miles N. of Penrith. The church contains monuments of 
 the Musgrave family, whose noble mansion gives name to 
 the parish. 
 
 E'DEN HAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 2J miles 
 N.W. of Bourn. Grimsthorpe Castle, seat of Lord W. 
 D'Eresby. is in this parish. 
 
 EDENKILLIE, eeMgn-killee, a parish of Sootland, co 
 of Elzin. 
 
 EDENKOBEN, A/den-ko'ben, a market-town of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, circle of Pfalz, 7 miles N. of Landau. Pop. 4900. 
 It has mineral springs, and importiut grain markets. 
 
 609 
 
EDE 
 
 EDI 
 
 I/DEXSOR, a parisl of England, co. of Derby. 
 E'DEX"S RIDOE. a phist-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 E'DENTO.N, a post-office of St. Lawrence CO.. New York. 
 EDENTOX, a post-town, port of entry, and capital of 
 Chowan co., North Carolina, is situated at the head of Ed- 
 enton Bay, which opens into Albemarle Sound, a little below 
 the mouth of Chowan Rirer, 150 miles E. of Raleigh. It is 
 one of the principal towns in the N.E. part of the state, and 
 carries on some trade. June 30th, 1852. 1640 tons of ship- 
 ping were owned and employed in the coist trade, and 
 during the year 3 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 
 215 tons, wei-e built. Edenton contains a court-house, bank, 
 an academy, 1 newspaper office, and several churches. It 
 was settled in 1716. Pop. in 1850, 1607. 
 EDEXTON, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 E/DEN A'AL/LEY, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 E/DEN YIl/LAGE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 li/DEXVILLE, a post-village of Orange co., New York, 119 
 miles S. by AV. of Albany. 
 
 EDER. d'dfr. or EDDER, M'der, a river of West Germany, 
 rises in Rhenish Prussia, about 42 miles X.E. of Coblentz, 
 and joins the Fulda, 8 miles S. by AV. of Cassel. Gold has 
 been found in its sands. 
 
 E'DER, a town of West Hindostan, 100 miles N.X.W. of 
 Baroda, and estimated, in 1820. to comprise 2500 houses, but 
 at present is little else than a large village. 
 
 E'DER X. AMAru', a town of France, department of Finis- 
 t^re. 8 miles S.E. of Chate-iulin. Pop. 1734. 
 
 EDER'XIOX, a beautiful valley of Xorth Wales, co. of 
 Merioneth, between Corwen and Bala. It contains many 
 fine seats, including Crogen. ftirmerly the residence of Earl 
 Dudley and Ward. Pop. of hundred, 4005. 
 
 EDES FALLS, a post-office of Cumberland CO.. Maine. 
 EDESIIEIJI. A'dfs-hlme\ a market-town of Bavaria, Pa- 
 latinate, on the Queich, here crossed by a stone bridge, 6 
 miles X. of Landau. It contains 2 castles, and has an im- 
 portajit annual fair. Pop. 2069. 
 EDESSA. See Oorfa. 
 
 EDP:YRX. A'dairn or a/dirn, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 EDFOO, EDFOU or EDFTJ, ed'foo\ (anc. ApoJIinop'olis Ma^- 
 na ; Coptic Atlxi.) a village of Upper Eg>pt. on the W. bank of 
 the Xile, 50 miles S.S.E. of Thebes, consisting of a cluster of 
 mud huts, around some of the finest ruins in Egypt. Pop. 
 from 1500 to 2000. Arabs and Copt.s, which last manufacture 
 blue cotton cloths, and earthenware similar to the ancient 
 Egyptian pottery. The remains of antiquity comprise a 
 quaj- and 2 fine temples, both of which appear to have been 
 constructed in the age of the Ptolemies. 
 
 EDGAR, a post-office of St. John Baptist parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 EIVGAR, a county in the E. part of Illinois, bordering on 
 Indiana, a few miles from the Wabash River. Area, about 
 600 square miles. It is drained by Brulette and Clear Creeks, 
 affluents of the Wabash River, and by Little Embarras 
 River. The surface presents no great inequalities : the soil 
 is good. The county contains extensive prairies, and many 
 parts of it are well timbered. Xamed in honor of Colonel 
 John Edgar, one of the earliest and most distinguished 
 pioneers of Illinois. Capital, Paris. Pop. 16.925. 
 
 ED'GAR. PORT, on the S.E. coast of West Falkland 
 Island, lat. 52° 0' 42" S., Ion. 60° 13' 15" W. It is a very 
 secure harbor. The rocks on lx>th sides of the entrance are 
 bold : there are from 15 to 17 fathoms in mid-channel. 
 
 ED'GAUTOWX, a post-village and township, port of entry 
 and seat of justice of Duke's co.. Massachusetts, on the S.E. 
 side of the island of Martha's Vineyard, about 75 miles S. by 
 E. of Boston. The island is separated from the main land 
 by an arm of the ocean, about 4 miles wide, called Vineyard 
 Sound. The village contains, besides the county buildings, 
 a good town-house, 3 fine churches, 2 flourishing public 
 schools, occupying houses which cost about $2500 each, a 
 bank about to go into operation with a capital of $100,000, 
 and a very extensive oil manufactory. One newspaper is 
 published here. The harbor is small but one of the safest 
 in the world, and has a depth of from 4 to 5 fathoms. At 
 its entrance, on a pier extending 1000 feet from the W. 
 beach, is a fixed light 50 feet al>ove the level of the sea. Lat. 
 41° 25' X.. Ion. 70° 27' W; The shippiiig of the district, June 
 SOth. 1S52, amounted to an aggregate of 5797 tons regis- 
 tered, and 2174 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the regis- 
 tered tonnage, 3964 tons were employed in the whale 
 fl.sheries, and of the enrolled and licensed 1498 tons in 
 the coast trade, and 473 tons In the cod and mackerel 
 fisheries. The foreign arrivals for the year were 82, (tons, 
 14.9it9.) of which 78 (tons, 14.386) were by American ves- 
 sels. The foreign arrivals for 1864 were 73, and the registered 
 tonnage 2533. The district includes Martha's Vineyard and 
 the adjoining islands. The interests of Edgartown are en- 
 tirely commercial, and probably no other town in New Eng- 
 land of equal population has go many ship-masters and 
 mates of vessels. Pop. of the village "about 1500 : of the 
 township, in 1860, 2118. 
 EDGE, £j, a tythiug of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 610 
 
 EDGE, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 EDGEBASTOX, Jj-bas'ton, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 EDGECOMB, a post-township of Lincoln co., JIaine, on a 
 peninsula formed by two deep inlets of the sea, about 30 
 miles S. by E. of Augusta. Considei-able shipping is owned 
 here, and ship-building is carried on to some extent. Pop. 
 1112. 
 
 EDGECOMBE, ^jTcom, a county towards the N Jl. part of 
 North Carolina. Area, estimated at 600 square miles. It 
 is traversed by Tar River, and watered by Fishing, Sandy, 
 and Contentny Creeks. The surface is nearly level; tlie soil 
 is generally sandy and fertile. Turpentine is procured from 
 the pine forests. Tar River is navigable from its mouth 
 to the county-seat. The county is intersected by the Wil- 
 mington and Weldon Railroad. Organized in 1783, and 
 named in honor of the Eiirl of Mount Edgecombe. Capital, 
 Tarborough. Pop. 17,376, of whom 726S were free, and 
 10,108 slaves. 
 
 EDGECOTT, fjOiott. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 EDGECOTT, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton, 6 
 miles X.X.E. of Banbury. In the Wars of the Koses thead- 
 herents of Edward IV. were defeated here. 
 
 EDGECUMBE BAY. in Eastern Australia, is an inlet of 
 the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 20° S.. Ion. 147° 30' E. 
 
 EDGECUMBE MOUXT, a picturesque hill of England, in 
 Devonshii-e. on the Tamar. opposite Plymouth, on which is 
 the beautiful seat of the Mount Edgecumbe ijmiily. 
 
 EDGEFIELD, ^j'feeld. a p.irish of England, co. of X'orfolk. 
 
 EDGI':'F1ELD, a district in the western part of South C.v 
 rolina. bordering on the Savannah River, which separates it 
 from Georgia, has an area of 1540 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the X. by Saluda River, and drained bj- the 
 sources of Edisto and Little Saluda Rivers. The surface is 
 moderately hilly : the soil productive. In 1S£0 the district 
 produced 25,880 bales of cotton, 1,155,489 bu.shels of corn, 
 and 285.926 bu.shels of oats. The quantities of corn and 
 oats wei-e the greatest noised by any one district in the 
 state, and the quantity of cotton was not exceeded by any 
 excepting Abbeville. The streams furnish abundant mo- 
 tive-power. The Savannah River is navigable by steam- 
 boats to the southern part of the district; the South Caro- 
 lina Railroad has its western terminus in it, and the 
 Greenville and Columbia Railroad passes near the northern 
 border. Capital, Edgefield Conrt-House. Pop. 39,SS7, of 
 whom 15,827 w'ere free, and 24,060 slaves, 
 
 EDGEFIELD, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama, 
 
 EDGEFIELD, a pleasant village of Davidson co., Tennes- 
 see, on the right bank of Cumberland River, opposite Xash- 
 ville. It contains a handsome church, 2 schools, and a 
 manufactorj- of lard-oil and caudles. The village was com- 
 menced aliout 1849. Pop, 1836. 
 
 EDGE'FIELD COURT-HOUSE, a post-vill.age, capital of 
 Edgefield district, South Carolina, 56 miles W. by S. of Co- 
 lumi>ia. It is situated in a beautiful and fertile country, 
 wliieh is mostly occupied by plantiitions of cotton. The 
 village has 3 or 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, and alS free 
 inhabitants. 
 
 EDGE'IIILL, an elevated ridge in England, co. of War- 
 wick, 7 miles X.W. of Banbury. Here was fought, in 1642, 
 the first battle between Charles I. and the Parliamentary 
 forces. At the foot of the hill is the Vale of Red Horse, so 
 called from the colossal figui-e of a horse cut on the side of 
 the hill. 
 
 EDGEIIILL, in England, co. of Lancaster, a suburb of 
 Liverpool, which it adjoins, and with which its population • 
 is united. The Livei-pool Botanic Garden is situated here. 
 
 EDGE IIILL. a post-office of King George co.. Virginia. 
 
 EDGE'WARE. a parish of Engl.and. co. of Middlesex. 
 
 EDGE/WORTH, a pari.sh of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 EDGEWORTII. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 EDGE'WORTIISTOWX, a parish of Ireland, in Leiuster, 
 CO., and Cf miles E.S.E. of Longford. It was the residence of 
 R. L. Edgeworth, Esq.. and his gifted d.aughter. 
 
 EDGIXGTOX. ^j'ing-t^n a small post-village of Rock 
 Island CO., Illinois. 
 
 EDGMOXD. ?j'niond. a parish.of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 EDG'MOXT, a post-township on the X.W. border of Dela- 
 ware CO.. Pennsylvania. 10 miles from Chester. Pop. 647. 
 
 EDGTOX, Jj'ton. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 E'DIX. a vill.^ge of Delaware co., Ohio, on the railroad 
 from Springfield to Loudouville, about 30 miles X, of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 EDIXA. See EniNHUKGH. 
 
 EDI'XA, a post-village and township, capital nf Knox cc., 
 Missouri, on the South Fabius River, 125 miles X. of Jeffer- 
 son Citv. 
 
 ED'IXBOROUGII, a post-borough of Erie co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on Conniattee Creek, 20 miles S. of Erie, is situated in 
 a fine grazing region. A plank-road connects it with Mead- 
 ville. Po)). 474. 
 
 EDIXBURG. a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 26 
 miles X.E. of Augusta. Pop. 48. 
 
 EDIXBUliO. a post-towiuship of Saratoga co., Xew York, 
 45 miles X.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 1479. 
 
EDI 
 
 EDI 
 
 EDTNBTJRG, a pnst-offlco of fiercer eo., New Jersey. 
 
 EDIN15UHG, a village of Sliddlcsex co., New Jersey, on 
 the Assjinpink Creek. 8 miles K. of Trenton. 
 
 EDINDUHG, a post-ofRce of L.awi-ence CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EDIXBUUG, a postrvillage of Leake co., Mississippi, 76 
 miles N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 EDIXBUKO. a postrvillage and port of entry of Cameron 
 CO., Texas, on the Kio Grande. It has a custom-house aud 
 several stores. Pop. about 500. 
 
 EDINBUKG, a post-ofHce of Garrard CO., Kentucky. 
 
 EDINBUHG, a postrvillage and township of Portage CO., 
 Ohio, about 140 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1018. 
 
 EDI N BU RG, a village of Wayne co., Ohio, 80 miles N.E. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 EDINBURG, a post-office of Hillsdale co.. Michigan. 
 
 EDINBUKG. a thiiving post-village of Johnson co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Blue Kiver, and on the Madison and Indiana 
 Railroad, at the terminus of the Shelbyville Branch Rail- 
 road, 30 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. The river furnishes 
 abundant water-power. Pop. 1100. 
 
 EDINBURG, a village of Grundy co., Missouri. 
 
 EDIXBURG, a village of Scotland co., Missouri, about 140 
 miles N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 EDINBURG. a post-village in Jones co., Iowa, 45 miles 
 N.K. of Iowa City. 
 
 ED'IXBURG CEX'TRE. a postrvillage of Saratoga co., New 
 York. 45 miles X.W. of .\lbany. 
 
 EDIXBUKGH, M'in-bur-rtlh, EPIXBURGIISIIIRE, M'- 
 in-b6r-rfth-shir, or MID-LOTHIAN. mid-lo'Tne-an, a county 
 situ:ited in the eastern part of the S. division of Scotland, 
 bounded on the X. by the Frith of Forth. Area, 3.58 square 
 miles. Pop. in ISol, 259.435. The S.E. partof the county is inter- 
 sected by the Moorfoot Hills, a br.anchof the Lamniernioors, 
 of greywackfe or lower silurian formation. From the S.^V. 
 the Pentland range runs towards the X\E.. composed of por- 
 phyry, while the greenstone hills of Corstorphine extend 
 from the Frith of Forth southward, and are continued by 
 the greenstone and basaltic elevations of the Castle Rock, 
 Arthur's Seat, and Calton. in the vicinity of the capital. 
 Carnethey, the most elevated of the Pentland range, is 1802 
 feet above the sea. From the S. the county gradually 
 slopes towards the borders of the Frith, and on the E. and 
 W. extends Into level and fertile plains. The principal 
 rivers are the Wat«r of lieith. the Esk. the .\lmond, and the 
 Tyne. The greater part of the county I^elongs to the coal 
 formation, and coal is extensively wrought. Sandstone of a 
 very superior quality abouiids. aiid is extensively quarried at 
 Craiirleith, Granton, .and Hailes. Limestone is tbund in many 
 localities, especially at Gilmerton,Crichton, and Burdiehouse. 
 No met.al is wrought except iron, which exists as ironstone 
 in the coal #tratji. The county is chiefly agricultural, and 
 f;u-niing is conducted on the best modern principles. There 
 are extensive paper mills on the Esk and Water of Leith, 
 and several distilleries, breweries, and potteries, but no 
 other manufactures of importance. The Edinburgh and 
 Glasgow, North British, Caledonian, and Edinburgh and 
 Northern Railways traverse the county. Capital. I'Min- 
 burgh. It sends one meml>er to the House of Commons. 
 Mid-Lothian and the surrounding distiicts, at the period of 
 the Roman conquest, was formed into the province of Va- 
 UnHia. The country was subsequently occupii'd by Saxon 
 Invaders from the north of England, and by them' chiefly 
 retained till aliout the year lO-'O. when the Lothians were 
 ceded to the Scottish monarch, Malcom II. 
 
 EDIXBUl'.GH, fd'in-bfir-tih or M'in-brllh (L. Edinhurf- 
 gum. or Mifna ; Celtic. DitneiVin ; Fr. AUinhnurp. AMJ.m'- 
 booR/; It. Eilinhor'gn, ,Vdin-boR'go,) the metropolis of Scot- 
 land, a royal and parliamentary borough, capital of the 
 above county, about li miles from the S. shore of the Frith 
 of Forth. 42 miles E. by X. of Glasirow. and 333 miles X.W. 
 of London. Lat. (observatory) 55° 57' 24" N., Ion. 3° 11' W. 
 The city stands on three parallel ridges, of considerable ele- 
 vation, lying E. and W., and is remark.able for the general 
 excellence and elegance of its buildings. It is divided into 
 an Old Town and Xew Town. The former occupies the 
 central and highest ridge; the loftiness of the houses here, 
 rising in huge, dark, irregular masses, along the edges and 
 on the steep slopes of the acclivities, add greatly to its pic- 
 turesque appearance : but, like most old towns, it is exceed- 
 ingly irregular in the arrangement of its .street's. The New 
 Town occupies a ridge of much broader crest and less abrupt 
 ascent, to the N. of the Old Town, from which it is separated 
 by a deep hollow, formerly filled with water, and called the 
 North Loch. The houses here are built of a beautiful white 
 freestone, obtained from quarries in the vicinity, and are 
 remarkably handsome, while many of the squares, crescents, 
 circuses. A-c. are truly magnificent. On the S. of the Old 
 Town, and separated from it by a hollow, stands the remain- 
 ing portion of the city. With the exception of a few unim- 
 portant streets, this is also comparatively a new town ; but 
 without any of the pretensions or elegancies of the other. 
 About a quarter of a mile fiirther S. is the handsome suburb 
 ofXewington. The entire city is about 11 miles in length. 
 And the same in breadth, with a circumference of about 5^^ 
 miles The principal street ia the Old Town is that which 
 
 occupies the crest of the ridge, bearing, at diCfertnt points, 
 the names of Canongate, Netherbow, High street. Lawn 
 Market, and Castle Hill. It is upwards of 1 mile in le""*h, 
 rising gradually, with a regular and steep incline, from a 
 small plain at the E. end of the town, on which stands the 
 Palace of Ilolyrood, and terminating in the huge rock on 
 which the castle is built, 4i3 feet above the sea level. The 
 appearance of this street is rendered exceedingly imposing 
 by the loftiness and anti(|ue aspect of the houses with 
 which it is lined, many of them ranging from five to seven 
 stories in front, and several more in the rear. The streets 
 ! in the New Town most worthy of notice are Prince's street, 
 George street, and Queen street, all running parallel to 
 each other. Prince's street extends along the edge of the 
 hollow wliich separates the Xew Town from the Old. IJeing 
 built only on the X. side, a magnificent view of the Old 
 Town, with its lordly castle towering high and darkly oi: 
 its rocky ridge, and of the intervening valley, is obtained, 
 rendering it one of the most delightful promenades of 
 which any city can boast. At the E. extremity of this 
 street is the Calton Hill, a rocky eminence studded with 
 monuments, and having a broad verdant summit, com- 
 manding a beautiful view of the Frith of Forth, witli its 
 shipping and surrounding shores. On the S. side (f the 
 town are the Meadows, a large level park, surrounded with 
 trees and walks for tlie recreation of the inhabitants. ui>- 
 wards of IJ miles in circumference; adjoining the Meadows 
 are Bruntsfield Links, an exten.sive common, of tineven 
 surface, much frequented by the golf-players of Edinburgh. 
 From the higher parts of the Links, which overlook the 
 beautifully situated village of Morningside, a view is ol> 
 tained of the Pentland Hills, and of the intervening valley 
 or strath, with the romantic hills of Braid, rendered classi- 
 cal by Sir Walter Scott, Beyond the E. extremity of the 
 town a huge belt of precipitous rock, called Salisbury Crags, 
 rises to the height of many hundred fi^et fi-om the deep val- 
 ley below. Immediately behind, a conical hill, with a nar- 
 row, rocky summit, called Arthurs Seat, towers above the 
 Crags, attaining an elevation of 706 feet. A broad pathway 
 winds along the face of the Crags, and a carriage drive leads 
 round the entire hill; many points from both afford pros- 
 pects of unrivalled beauty and splendor, 
 
 Pulilic Binldinffs, MonvmenU, Statues, rf-c. — In the Old 
 Town the most remarkable, and, next to Ilolyrood, the 
 most interesting public building is the Castle, the position 
 of whicii has already been described. It is composed chiefly 
 of a cluster of irregular buildings, begirt with embrasured 
 walls, excepting on the S. .side, where a lofty, antique-look- 
 ing edifice rises sheer from the face of the rock, which it 
 emulates in grandeur and sternness of aspect, overlooking 
 the Grass Market. The fortress contains accommodation 
 for 2000 soldiers, and the armory space for 30,000 stand ot 
 arms. On a small fl.agged area, occupying the highest sum- 
 mit of the Castle, and called the bomb battery, stands con- 
 spicuously a huge piece of ancient ordnance called Jfrms 
 Meg. built of malleable iron staves, cask-fashion, and be- 
 lieved to have been forged at Mons, in Flanders, A. D. 1486. 
 In an apartment in the Castle is kept the ancient regalia of 
 Scotl.and. found in the year 1818 in an old oaken chest, 
 where they h.ad lain undiscovered for upwards of a century. 
 They consist of a crown, sceptre, and sword of state. At the 
 E. end of the lofty range of ancient buildings on the S.E. 
 side of the castle a small room is pointed out, in which 
 Queen Mary gave birth to .lames VI., ,Iune 19, 1506. This 
 castle was anciently called Cudrum Piidlarum. the " Camp 
 of the Maidens," on account, as tradition has it, of its 
 having been the place of residence of the daughters of 
 the IMctish kings previous to their marriage. On the esplar 
 nade in front of the Castle stands a bronze statue of tlie 
 late Duke of York, and a little lower down, on the face 
 of the acclivity, the house in which Ram.say, the poet, 
 died. 
 
 The Palace of Holyrood, or Holyrood House, as it is more 
 generally called, is situated, as alre;idy mentioned, at the 
 lower or eastern extremity of the street leading to the 
 Castle. It is of a quadrangular form, with a central court 
 94 feet square. The front is flanked by two castellated cir- 
 cular towers at either end, and between them, in the centre, 
 is the entrance gate. No part of the present palace is older 
 than the time of .Tames X.. (1528.) while the greater portion 
 of it dates only from the time of Charles II. In the N.AV. 
 angle of the building are the apaitments which were occu- 
 pied by Queen Slary, nearly in the same state in which 
 they were left by that uuf )rtunate princess. The palace 
 was twice partially destroyed by tiro, first by the English 
 during the minority of Queen Mary, and afterwards by the 
 soldiery of Cromwell. On the area in front stands a statue 
 of Queen Victoria, in freestone, by Ritchie. 
 
 Ailjoining the palace on the N. side, are the ruins of the 
 chapel belonging to the Abbey of Holyrood, founded in U28 
 by D.avid I., the only portion of that establishment now re- 
 maining. In this chapel. Queen Mary was married to Lord 
 Darnley. July 29. 15l'5. and in its S.E. corner are deposited 
 the remains of David II.. James II., James V., and Magda/- 
 len his queen, Henry, Lord Darnley, and other illustrious 
 
 611 
 
EDI 
 
 EDI 
 
 anc noble ijersonages. It is still used as a place of sepulture 
 l>y fiiinilifi of distinction. A privilege of sanetiiarj' tor in- 
 solvent debtors is attached to this abbey, extending over 
 Arthurs Seat, Salisburj' Crags, and for a considerable dis- 
 tance K., including, altogether, a space of about 5 miles in 
 circumference. 
 
 The C:ith.?dral of St. Giles, the tutelar saint of the city, 
 situ.ite iu High street, is a large ancient edifice in later 
 Gothic style, of no great beauty, but having, on the whole, 
 rather an imposing appearance. It was iu thi.« church that 
 the Solemn League and Covenant was subscribed iu 1643, 
 by the Committee of Estates of Parliament, the Commission 
 of the Church, and the English Commissioners. It contains 
 three separate places of worship ; and the monument of the 
 Eogent Murray, assassinated at Linlithgow in 15i59 : his re- 
 mains, along with those of the Jlanjuis of .Montrose, are in- 
 terred within the church. The entire building is 206 feet 
 iu length, by 110 in breadth. On a commanding situation 
 at the top of High street, stands Victoria or Assembly 
 Hall, a magnificent new structure in the decorated Gothic 
 style. Its elegant spire rises to the height of 241 feet, aud 
 is seen from all points, a conspicuous and beautiful object. 
 Here the General Assembly of the Established Church meet 
 annually in May. It is used also as a place of worship. 
 Adjoining St. Giles' Church is an open area called Parliament 
 Square; in the centre of which is an equestrian statue of 
 Charles II., erected in I6S5. At the S.W. comer of the 
 square is the entrance to the Parliament House, the various 
 higher courts of law, and the Advocates' Library. The 
 Parliament House, now known by the name of the Outer 
 House, is the place iu which the Scottish Parliament met 
 before the Union. It is a magnificent hall, 122 feet long, 
 by 4i» feet broad, with a lofty open timber roof, and con- 
 tains marble statues of Henry Duudas. first Lord Melville, 
 and Lord President Blair. The only other buildings of any 
 note in the Old Town are the Tron Churfh. founded in 
 1637; the County II.ill, containing the sheriff courts; the 
 Royal Exchange, founded in 1753 : the New Corn Exchange 
 in the Grass Jlarket; and the Bank of Scotland. 
 
 Dean Bridge, a noble structure thrown across a deep ra- 
 vine, at the bottom of which flows the Water of Leith. con- 
 nects the ridge on which the New Town stands, with the 
 country to the N. of it. Its height to the top of the parapet 
 is 109 feet above the bed of the river. There are 4 arches, 
 each 90 feet span. The Physicians' Hall, in Queen street, 
 lately erected, is a handsome edifice, embellished by colo.ssal 
 figures iu front. The Assembly Rooms and Music Hall, 
 the Edinburgh and Glasgow, and the Commercial Banks, 
 the Western Bank, the British Linen Company's Bank, and 
 sundry others, are all elegant, and some of them ornate 
 structures. The Easter Office, or General Register-house 
 of Scotland, at the E. end of Prince's street, forms a square 
 of 200 feet, surmounted by a dome 50 feet in diameter, and 
 contains upwards of 100 apartments for the transaction of 
 public business. On the elevated platform in front is 
 erected a bronze equestrian statue of the Duke of Welling- 
 ton, by John Steele. The The:itre-Royal, General Post- 
 oflfice, and St-amp-ofSce, are substantial edifices. The Jail 
 and Bridewell, a cluster of castellated buildings, sun-ounded 
 by a high wall, on a rocky ledge of the Calton Hill, was 
 founded in 1S15. and opened for the reception of piisoners 
 in 1817, when the old jail, poetically called the '■ Heart of 
 Mid-Lothian," was taken down, and its inmates removed to 
 the new prison, now the only one in Edinburgh. There are a 
 number of other handsome edifices in the New Town which 
 do not come under the designation of public buildings, such 
 as the New Club in Prince's street, finely situated opposite 
 the Castle, Ac. 
 
 Cliuj-dies. d-c. — Besides St. Giless'. the Tron, and 'V'ictoria 
 Hall, already adverted to, Edinburgh posses.ses 23 churches 
 in connection with the Established Chuich. of which St, 
 George's, St. Stephen's. St. Mary's, and St. Andrew's may be 
 specified as eleg.ant buildings. There are 25 Free Churches, 
 the finest, in an architectyral point of view, being Free St- 
 George's, and the Free High Church, the latter forming part 
 of the New College buildings. There are 15 United Presb3'- 
 terian, and 8 Episcopalian ; of the latter, St John's, in 
 Prince's street,, and St. George's, in York Place, are very 
 elegant Gothic structures. The other places of worship iii- 
 clude 6 Baptist, 3 Methodist, 3 Congregationalist. 2 Original 
 Seceders, 1 Reformed Presbyterian, 2 Roman Catholic, with 
 places of meeting for Glassites. Friends. Jews, &c. The 
 Greyfriars' Church-yard, attached to the Old and New Grey- 
 friars' Churches, burned down in 1S45. is noteworthy from 
 the numerous remarkable personages interred in it. among 
 whom are George Buchanan, the historian; Alexander Hen- 
 dereon, moderator of the Glasgow Assembly of 1638; Sir 
 George McKenzie, well known as '• bluidv McKenzie," a 
 celebrated lawyer in the time of Charles II.; Dr. Pitcaim; 
 MacLiurin, the mathematician; Allan Ram.say, the poet; 
 Itoljertson, the historian, &c. In this church-yard are also 
 interred many who suffered martyrdom during the times 
 of the persecution ; and here, on tlie top of the grave-stones, 
 the National Covenant was signed in li.3S. 
 
 Tt;e most remarkable, and by &r the most elegant of the 
 612 • 
 
 public monuments of Edinburgh, is that erected to Sir 
 Walter Scott, on the S. side of Prince's street. It is in tha 
 form of an elaborate Gothic cross. 200 feet high. bt>iug a 
 cimposition from Melrose Abbey, designed by Georire M. 
 Kemp. A marble sitting figure of the novelist and poet, by 
 Steele, occupies the platform of the monument, and over it 
 the groined arches form a canopy. On Calton Hill are the 
 monuments to Admiral Nelson; Dugald Stewart, the meta- 
 physician; Playfair. the mathematician: and the National 
 Monument, intended to be a literal reproduction of the 
 Parthenon, to commemorate those who feU at Waterloo, and 
 in the different engagements by sea and land during the 
 last war with France, but for the want of funds, its progress 
 was arrested, when only 13 columns for the W. end of the 
 edifice has been erected, so that it now appears like a ruined 
 temple, and imparts to Calton Hill an aspect somewhat re- 
 sembling the Acropolis of Athens. The other noteworthy 
 monuments in the city are those to the poet Burns : Hume, 
 the historian ; and Lord Melville; with bronze stJitues of 
 the Earl of Hopetciun, George IV., aud William Pitt; the 
 last two by Chantrey. 
 
 Education, Science, dc. — Considered simply as a centre of 
 learning, Edinburgh is the most distinguished town in the 
 British Empire. The Edinburgh Review ha.s long ranked 
 among the most able journals in Europe. The University 
 of Edinburgh is especially celebrated, having included among 
 its professors men distinguished in almost every department 
 of .Science and literature. The building of the university, sit u- 
 ated on the N. side of the town, in Nicolson street, occupies 
 a Large and somewhat heavy-looking quadrangular edifice, 
 with a spacious court in the centre, founded in 1789. the uni- 
 Tersity itself having been founded in 15S2. The E. front is 
 adorned with a portico, supported by Doric columns. 2ii feet 
 in height. There are 32 profes.^^ors in 4 faculties — divinity, 
 law, medicine, and the arts. The average annual number 
 of students is about 1200. The libi-ary is a magnificent 
 room. 198 feet in length, by 50 in breadth, and above ."lO in 
 height. It contains alxmt 100.000 volumes. The museum 
 comprises a rich collection of specimens in the various de- 
 partments of natural history. A little S. of the university 
 is the Royal College of Sui-geons, an elegant modern build- 
 ing of the Ionic order; it has a v.iluable museum. The 
 New or Free Church College occupies an elegant struc- 
 ture in the Tudor style, situated in the Old Town, at 
 the he:id of the I^rthen Mound, having professors in the 
 theological, moral, aud natural sciences: and attached to 
 it is an excellent library and a museum. In the New 
 Town, at the foot of the Earthen Mound, and fronting 
 Prince's street, stinds the Royal Institution, erected 
 for the accommodation of the Roy.al Society of Edin- 
 burgh, and fjrthe Board of Trustees, instituted in 1727, for 
 encouraging trade and manufactures in Scotland, and for 
 the Royal Institution, having for its object the promotion 
 of the fine aits. It is a Grecian edifice, with an exterior 
 peristyle of Doric columns, and a fine octjistyle portico in 
 front, three columns in depthy supporting a pediment. The 
 building is surmounted by a colossal stitue of Qu^'en A'ic- 
 toria in stone, and is justly considered one of the finest 
 structures in the metropolis. The Edinburgh High School, 
 a splendid Doric edifice, 270 feet in length, is situated a 
 little E. of the prison ; and on Calton Hill, above it, stands 
 the Royal Astronomical Observ.atory. The other more pro- 
 minent educational institutions are the Edinburgh Aca- 
 demy, and the Scottish Naval and Military Academy, esta- 
 blished for the purpose of affording education to pupils des- 
 tined to serve in the army, navy, or Ejist India Company's 
 service: and the Royal Scottish Academy of Painting, 
 Sculpture, and Architecture. There are also several public 
 seminaries, and a number of schools for the education of the 
 poorer classes, two normal schools. Heriot Schools, seven in 
 number, and the School of .ALrts. established in 1821, for the 
 instruction of mechanics and tradesmen in the elements of 
 scientific knowledge. The societies and institutions for the 
 promotion of science and other branches of knowledge are 
 exceedingly numerous. Besides the Royal College of Sur- 
 geons, above mentioned, the prini;ipal are the Royal College 
 of Physicians, incorporated iu 1681; the Highl.aud Society, 
 instituted in 1785. for the promotion of agricultural im- 
 provements in Scotland; the Royal Society; the Astrono- 
 mical Society; the Society of Antiqu.iries. established by 
 royal charter in 1780; the Medico-Chirurgical Society; the 
 Royal Medical Society; the Wernerian, the Botanical, and 
 the Speculative Societies. Adjoining the Parliament Ho'dse, 
 with which it has a communication, is the Advocate.s' Lib- 
 rary, containing the largest and most valuable c-oUection 
 of books in Scotland, the printed works amounting to 
 150.000 volumes, and the manuscripts to 1700. In an ad- 
 joining building is the Signet labrary. belonging to the 
 Writers to Her M.ijesty's Signet, containing aVwut 50.000 
 volumes. There are 5 other public libraries in the city, and 
 3 public gardens connected with scientific objei-ts — tin) 
 Zoological Gardens, the Caledonian Horticultural Society's 
 Garden, aud the Royal Botanic Garden, all situated in th^ 
 N.E. environs of the city. 
 
 HospiUxU and otlier Charitable Institutions. — Few cities of 
 
EDI 
 
 EDI 
 
 equal extent are possessed of more numerous and more 
 majjniticent hospitals and charitable institutions. Many 
 of the edifices huilt for these institutions are among the 
 finest in the city, and resemble rather ducal palac*!S than 
 receptacles for orphans or the children of indigent parents. 
 Amonir these may be mentioned the Infirmary, situated 
 near the Colle;i;e. as one of the most prominent. It is a 
 spacious edifice, built in 17.36, containiiif; 400 beds; a sur- 
 gical hospital, fever hospital, and lock hospital, occupying 
 separate buildinirs, are connected with it. Ileriot's Hospi- 
 tal, on the 3. side of the city, founded by George Ileriot, 
 goldsmith and jeweller to James VI., is a fine old Kliza- 
 bethan structure, designed by Inigo Jones, and one of his 
 finest works. The object of the institution is the mainte- 
 nance and education of poor boys, the sons of freemen of 
 the town of Kdinburgh; and the surplus funds are em- 
 ployed In establishing and maintaining free s<-hooIs in va- 
 rious parts of tile city. Another large and exceedingly ele- 
 gant structure, of <iuite recent erection, is Donaldson's Hos- 
 pital, in tlie W. part of the city: it is a Tudor building, and 
 intended to maintain 200 poor boys and girls. Of the nu- 
 merous other hospitals and benevolent institutions, many 
 of which have handsome and extensive buildings, the fol- 
 lowing may be specified: — George Watson's Hospital, John 
 Watson's Hospital, Gillespie's Hospital, and the Orplian 
 Hospital. Besides these, there are the Lying-in Hospital, 
 the .\sylum for the lilind, the Deaf and Dumb Institution, 
 the City Work-house, the Canongate Charity Work-house, 
 and the West Kirk Poor-house, at the W. end of the city : 
 the Htiuse of Refuge, the IIou.se of Industry, and the Night 
 Asylum for the Houseless. There are also many public 
 dispensaries, where medicine and medical attendance are 
 gratuitously alTorded to the poor. 
 
 Courts nf L'dv, itx. — Kdinburgh is the seat of the Supreme 
 Courts of' Scotland. The principal of these is the Court of 
 Session, composed of 1.3 judges, each of whom Is distin- 
 guished by the title of lord. They are formed into two divi- 
 sions of 7 and 6, and sit in separate apartments, forming 
 di-stinct courts, but on important occasions unite. From 
 these divisions there are 5 judges detached, 2 from the one, 
 and 3 fi-om the other, called Lords Ordinary, who sit in 
 judgment in separate apartments, and before one or other 
 of whom all cases must be tried in the first instance; but a 
 right of appejil lies to the division befbre whose ordinary 
 the case has been tried, and ultimately to the House of 
 Lords. The Court of Session tries all questions affecting 
 civil rights, and decides not only on the law of the case, but 
 also in matters of equity. They also constitute the Teind 
 Court, which is held for the settlement of all civil matters 
 relating to the church. The Court of Justiciary, or supreme 
 criminal cc-urt, instituted in lt>72, is composed of the Lord 
 Justice-General, the Lord Justice-Clerk, and 5 lords com- 
 missioners. All criminal causes come before this court at 
 the instance of the Lord Advocate, who is the public prose- 
 cutor. The inferior courts are the Sherilf Court, the Jus- 
 tice of Peace Court, and Small Debt Court. The College of 
 Justice, established by James V, in 1.532, consists of all 
 members connected with the Supreme Courts, They enjoy 
 several privileges, and are exempt from some of the city 
 taxes. The Faculty of Advocates, presided over by a dean, 
 is an association of barristers who have the privilege of 
 pleading ciuses before the Court of Session, or any other 
 courts of record. The Writers to the Signet are an incorpo- 
 rated body, the members of which are qualified to conduct 
 cases before the Supreme Courts, and have the exclusive 
 privilege of subscribing the writs that pass the royal signet in 
 Scotland. Solicitors before the Supreme Courts are a society 
 of lawyers who also practise before the courts, but with in- 
 ferior privileges to those of the Writers to the Signet. 
 
 Manufactures and Trade. — The manufactures of Edin- 
 burgh are neitlier extensive nor important; ale brewing, 
 for which it has been famous for upwards of 200 yeai-s, is 
 the principal. There were lately 26 breweries in the city, 
 whose annual consumption of malt amounted, altogether, to 
 329,606 bushels. Shawl-making, coach-building, type and 
 iron founding. so:ip, and candle making, are carried on to a 
 considerable extent: and also the making of various kinds 
 of ni:ichinery, generally of the smaller cLa.ss. Glass-painting 
 ond staining .are also prosecuted to some extent, and with 
 much success. Edinburgh is the head-quarters of the bonk- 
 trade in Scotland, and as a literary mart it is the second 
 town in the United Kingdom, being in this respect excelled 
 only by London. The manufacture of linen was at one time 
 an important branch of industry here, but is now nearly 
 extinct. 
 
 Municipal Government, d:c. — The affairs of the city are 
 conducted by a lord provost, magisti'ates, and council, 
 elected by the citizens, according to the Burgh Reform Act. 
 The council consi.sts of 33 memliers, 31 of whom are returned 
 hy the five wards into which the city is divided ; the dean 
 of guild, elected by the guildry; and the trades' convener, 
 elected by the incorporated trades. The lord provost is 
 high sheriff and lord-lieutenant within the city and liber- 
 ties. The streets are lighted with gas. The supply of water, 
 which is frequently found inadequate, especially in dry sea- 
 
 sons, is obtained from a large reservoir, formed in a gor(;\ 
 of the I'entlaiid Hills, .at the distance of between 6 and 7 
 miles. A further supply is about to be brought from the 
 Revilaw Springs, about 8 miles S.W. from the city. 
 
 The inhabitiints of Edinburgh are, to a groat extent, per- 
 sons of independent property, annuitants, Ac, and include 
 a larger proportion of the more liberally educated clas.ses 
 than any other town in the United Kingdom. It has aiso 
 become the central point of several important ndlways — the 
 Edinburgh and Glasgow, North British, and Granti>n lines 
 have their termini in the low ground between the Old and 
 New Town, W, of the North Bridgi; ; the Caledonian has its 
 terminus in the western, and the Dalkeith .Mineral Line in 
 the eastern part of the city ; and the Union Canal furnishes 
 an additional means of transit for goods to the W. of Scot- 
 land. Leith (which see) is the port of Edinburgh, and may 
 almost be said to f jrm a suburb of it. 
 
 Nn-me. ami HUtury. — The name lidinburgli("}klwin's Castle 
 or f )rt")is supposwl to be derived from Edwin. King of 
 Northumbria, a Saxon prince, who. in the seventh t-entury, 
 possessed the southern part of Scotland, and wlio is alleged 
 to have built a stronghold on the site of the present castle. 
 It was anciently written Edwinesbueg or EDWiNKSnuiun 
 The Gaelic name Dun Edin or Dunrdin, is merely a transia 
 tion of the Saxon name; while its poetical name, Edwa. \v:is 
 introduced by George Buchanan. Edinburgh, accordinj' to 
 Chalmers, first atttiined the dignity of a capital in the nnie 
 of James V., the principal town of Scotland previous to that 
 period having been Scone, where the Scottish kings were 
 crowned. It was, however, a place of considerable impor- 
 tance long prior to this, having been recognised as a bur<;h 
 by David 1. in 1128. In 1215, Alexander II. held here his 
 first parliament: and 20 years later, a provincial synod was 
 convened in the city by the p ipe's leg:ite. It sulfered from 
 the successive attiicks of the English during the wars of 
 independence; and was all burned down, excepting the 
 Castle, by Richard II. in 13S5. The town was rebuilt 
 under shelter of the Castle, and for a long period w.as con- 
 fined to the central ridge. In the fifteenth and sixteenth 
 centuries, the city was walled, and the southern loch or 
 morass lieitig drained, became the .seat of the Cowgate and 
 Gi-ass Market, in which the wealthier class of the commu- 
 nity took up their residence. In 1513, Edinburgh was 
 visited by the plague; and in 1532 the College of Justice 
 was established. It was taken and burnt in 1554 by an 
 English army und:r the Earl of Hertford; but soon re- 
 covered from the consequences of that disaster. On the 3d 
 of December, 1657, the first Covenant w.os signed in the 
 the city; and during the remainder of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury it was the scene of numerous interesting events, in- 
 cluding many in the history of Queen Mary and in the 
 earlier history of the Reformation, more especially in con- 
 nection with John Knox, whose house (from a window of 
 which he frequently preached) is still standing, near flie 
 top of the Canongate. On the 28th of February, 1C3S. the 
 National Covenant was signed in the Greyfriars' Church- 
 yard. After the overthrow of Charles I., the Scots having taken 
 up arms in favor of his son, Cromwell invaded their country, 
 and took Edinburgh Castle. It remained in the po.ssission 
 of the English till the Restoration, which was followed by 
 the memorable religious persecution in Scotland, carried on 
 xinder the auspices of the Duke of York, afterwards James 
 II.. during whii'h the Gra.ss Market, the common place of 
 execution, where so many of the Presbyterian Protestants 
 suffered martyrdom, became the most notable place in the 
 city. In 1736, John Porteous, captain of the city guards, 
 having been reprieved bj' Queen Caroline (then regent) 
 from a sentence of death, pronounced upon him for ordeiing 
 the guard to fire upon the multitude assembled to witness 
 the execution of a smuggler, by which six people were killed 
 and eleven severely wounded. — was forcililj- taken out of 
 prison by the populace, carried to the Grass >Iarket, and 
 there hanged upon a dyer's pole. In 1745, the city was 
 taken possession of by the reb»ls under Prince Charles 
 Edward Stuart. The only other event in the history of 
 Edinburgh sufficiently momentous to be nott'd here took 
 place May 18, 1S4;5, wlien the Assembly of the Established 
 Church of Scotland, then holding its annual meeting in St, 
 Andrew's Church, was severed by the secession of 2U3 of its 
 members, who, retiring to Tanfield Hall, Canonmills. formed 
 themselves, with the addition of other seceding ministers 
 and elders, into the' first General Assembly of the Free 
 Church of Scotland, Edinburgh returns 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. Registered electors. In 1850, 5.'>'.;0. 
 Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1841, 138,182; in 1851, 
 158,015; in 1861, 168,098, 
 
 EDINBURGH, NEW, a seaport of South America, pro- 
 vinc«, and 118 miles E.S.E. of Panama, on the Gulf of 
 Darien. 
 
 EDINBURGHSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See Edi.n- 
 
 BURGH. 
 
 ED'IXFIELD, a villatre of Irwin co., Georgia. 
 ED'INGHALL or ED>INGALE, a parish of England, cos. 
 of Stafford and Derby. 
 ED'INGLY, a parish of England, ct- of Notts. 
 
 613 
 
 LL= 
 
EDI 
 
 EEL 
 
 ED1NG DHOuPE, a parish of Endand. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ED'IXurON, a iiarish '.f Eiifrland, co. of Wilts, 3^ miles 
 E N.E. of Westbury. The bishops of Salisbury had foi^ 
 merly a palace here, which was destroyed, in 1450. by the 
 popuiacK, who dragfred the bishop from the altar and stoned 
 him to death. Boatton Hill, in this parish, has a Danish 
 encampment, which was taken by King Alfred. The figure 
 of a whit* horse, cut on the side of the hill, is supposed to 
 commemorate this victory. 
 
 E01XGT0N, a post-office of Rock Island co., Illinois. 
 
 E1)'IST0. a river of South Carolina, formed by the union 
 of tlie North Edisto and South Edisto. The former rises 
 near the western extremity of Lexington district, and flows 
 S.E. to Orangeburs Court House, where it turns southward 
 and unites with the other branch a few miles W. of Branch- 
 ville. The South Edisto ri.ses in Edgefield district, and flows 
 along the boundary between Orangeburg and Barnwell dis- 
 tricts to the junction. The main stream flows S.E. and S. 
 until it enters the Atlantic by two channels, called the 
 North and South Edisto Inlets, between which Edisto 
 Island is situated. 
 
 EDISTO, a post-office. Lexington district. South Carolina. 
 
 EDISTO ISLAND, a post-office of Colleton district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 EDISTO MILLS, a postoffice of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 E'DlTH-WESrrON or EDOVESTON, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Rutland. 
 
 EIVLASTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 EIVLIXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. Here are the remains of an old castle. 
 
 EIVLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 EDLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 EDLIPO. f d1e-po\ a picturesque town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 Syria, 32 miles S.M'. of Aleppo, on one of the routes from 
 that city to the S. Pop. 2-00. 
 
 EIVMESTON, a post-village and township of Otsego co.. 
 New York. 18 miles W. of Cooperstown. Pop. 1804. 
 
 ED'MONDBYERS. a psirish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 EDOIOND.S, a township of Washington co., Maine, 80 
 miles E. of Bangor. Pop. 444. 
 
 EDMONDS, a post-office of Bmnswick CO., Virginia. 
 
 ED'MONDSIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 ED'MOXDSOX.a county in the south-west centra! part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 225 square miles. It is 
 hitc-i-sected by Greene River, bounded on the W. by Bear 
 Creek, and also drained by Xolin Creek. The surface is 
 genei-ally undulating and in some pai'ts hilly; the soil is 
 fertile. The county is occupied by exten.sive beds of stone 
 coal and cavernous limestone; the latter foi-mation contains 
 the celebrated Mammouth Cave, a description of which will 
 be found under the head of Kestl'ckt. Organized in 1S25. 
 and named in honor of Captain John Edmondson, who fell 
 at the battle of River Raisin, Capital, Brownsville. Pop, 
 464.5, of whom. 4:^72 were free, and 273 slaves. 
 
 EDOIONDTHORPE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 ED'.MONSTONE, an island of Hindostan. in the Bay of 
 Bengal, at the mouth of the Hoogly. I*Ht. 21° 32' N., Ion. 
 8S° 20' E. From a mere half-tide sandbank, this alluvial 
 phenomenon rapidly became an island of 2 miles in length, 
 and half a mile in breadth, coverel with shrubs,and afford- 
 ing a supply of fresh water; in 1817 a tripod was erected on 
 it as a sea-mark for ships, and in 1820 it was adopted as a 
 marine station. But it has been as rapidly demolished as 
 it was formed, by the encroachments of the sea, being now 
 without a particle of vegetation, and neai'ly covered by the 
 sea at hi_-h tides, 
 
 ED'.MOXTOX, a vilLage and parish of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, on the London and Cambridge Railway, and 
 the Kerr River, 8 miles N. of Loudon. It hjis a large 
 ancient chapel, and considerable trade in timber by the 
 River Tjea. 
 
 ElVMOXTON.a fortifie^village of British North America; 
 lat. 53° 45' X., Ion. 113° 20' W. It is built of red eiirth, en- 
 closed by high pickets, and entered by battlemented gate- 
 ways, its vicinitj- is rich in coal and other niinei-als. 
 
 ED'MOXTUX, a post-village of Barren co., Kentucky, 114 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 ED'MUXDS-BUUY. See Burt St. Edmund's. 
 
 ElVNAM or ED'KXUAM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Rox- 
 burgh, on the Eden, 2i miles N,N.E. of Kel.so. It has 
 an obelisk to the memory of Thomson, '-poet of the Sea- 
 sons." who was born in the manse of PMnam, A. D. 1700. 
 
 ED'NEYVILLE, a post-oflice of Ileudersou co., North 
 Carolin!\. 
 
 EDULO, A'dolo, a village of Lombardy, 44 miles N Jl. of 
 Bergramo, on the Oglio. Pop. 2000. 
 
 E'DOM, a post-oflice of Rockingham co., Virginia. 
 
 EDOM. a postoffice of (lilmer co , Georgia. 
 
 EDRAY'. a post-office of Pociihontas co., A'irginia. 
 
 EDIIEI. a town of Pale.stine. See Draa. 
 
 EIVKO.M. a parish of .Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 EfS.^^LLVILLK. a post-village of Bradford CO., Pennsyl- 
 Tauia, 125 miles N. of Ilairisburg. 
 
 ED'STONE, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 ED WALTON, Jd-wSl'ton, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 EDnVARDS, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, has 
 an area of 200 square miles. The Wabash River touches its 
 south-eastern extremity; the Little Wabash flows through 
 the western part, and Bon I'as Creek forms its eastern 
 boundary, The surface pre-^ents a succession of rolling 
 priiiries and fi^ests. and the s. il is good. A p!ank-road 
 extends from the AV abash River to Albion, the county seat. 
 Named in honor of Ninian Edwards, governor of the terri- 
 tory of Illinois. Pop. 5-lo4. 
 
 EDWWRDS. a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New 
 Y^ork, on Oswegatchie River, 22 miles S.S.W. of Canton, 
 Pop. 1287. 
 
 EIVWAEDSBURG, a thriving post-village of Cass co., 
 Michigan, on Pleasant Lake. 140 miles S.W. of Lansing. It 
 is pleasantly situated on the border of a rich prairie, and 
 was settled about 1S35. 
 
 EDWARDS" DEPOT, a post-ofRce of Hinds co., Mississippi. 
 
 EDAV.A.RDSPORT, a post-vill.ige in Knox co., Indiana, 
 on the AV. bank of the AVest Fork of AVhite River, 40 miles 
 S. bv K. of Terre Haute. 
 
 ED'WARDSTONE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 EIVAVAF.D.'-TOAVN, a village of Canada East, co. of Bean- 
 harnois. 54 miles S.K. of Montreal. 
 
 EDAVARDSVILLE. or THE NARROWS, a post-village in 
 the township of 5!oiristown, St. Lawrence co.. New Ifork, 
 on the N, side of Black Lake, about 18 mile S.S.AV. of Og- 
 densburg. A ferrj' to cross Black Lake from this point, 
 was establi-shed many jears ago, but not licensed fill 1851. 
 It has several times been proposed to construct a bridge 
 across the lake, which is here narrow, and is divided near 
 the middle by an island. A Union Church was erected in 
 the village in 1847, by the joint industry of the Presbyte- 
 rians and Methodists. 
 
 ElfAVARDSVlLLE. a post-village of Warren CO., Ohio, 
 about so miles S.AV. of Columbus. 
 
 EDAVARDSVILLE, a thriving po.st-village, capital of 
 JIadison co., Illinois, on the Cahi kia Creek, 74 miles S. by 
 AV. of Springfield. It is pleasantly situated in a highly, 
 productive district. It contains a United States laud-office 
 several churches, and an academy. 
 
 EDAVESTON. a parish of England. See Edith- AVeston. 
 
 EE/\V1X-L0ACII. a parish of Emrland. co. of AVorce.sfer. 
 
 EDAVIN-RALPII. a parish of EngLind. co. of Hereford. 
 
 ED'AVIXSTOAV, a parish of England, co.of Nolt.s. 
 
 ED'WOIITII, I. parish of England, co. of Bedford.<ihire. 
 
 ED'ZELL. a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, ti miles 
 N.N.AV. of Brechin. It has ruins of a stately castle, and 
 several Druidical remains. 
 
 EE, L or EA, A'd, a village of Holland, province of Fries- 
 land, IS miles N.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 9S0 
 
 EK*CH.\XK', a town of India, presidency of Bengal, 103 
 miles S.S.E. of Patna. 
 
 EECKEREX. A'ker-en, a town of Belgivun, 4 miles N. of 
 Antwerp. Pop. 3934. 
 
 EEC LOO, A klo', or ECCLOO, fk-klo'a town of Belt ium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the post-road between Ghent and 
 Bruges, 11 miles N.AV. of (jhent. Pop. 9151. It has a town- 
 hall, ani:ient convent, pri.son, sevend churches, numerous 
 schools, and manufactures of woollens, tobacco, and choco- 
 late, with breweries, and salt refineries. 
 
 EEDi:. a village of Holland. See V.m. 
 
 EEDILABAD, ee'dil A-bAd'. or IDULABAD, ee'dtil-a Lid', 
 a small walled town of Ilicdostan. province of Candeish, on 
 the Poorna. lat. 21° 4' N., Ion. 70° 8' E. 
 
 EEGHOLAI, (aig/ljolm.) GRKAT and LITTLE. 2 small 
 i.slands of Denmark, in the Great Belt, 2i miles AV. of See- 
 land. 
 
 EEJMUT, e^'nilif. a small town of Sinde. near the In- 
 dus, 17 miles S.E. of Shikarpoor. Lat. 27* 55' N., Ion. 68'^' 
 56' E. 
 
 EEL. a township in Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 708. 
 
 EKLCHEli or EKLCllI. See Khoten. 
 
 EEL CREEK, rises in the southern pjirt of Trinity county, 
 in the N.AV. portion of California, .ind running in a N.AV. 
 course, falls into the Pacific in about 4o°40'N. lat. 
 
 EKLDE. ail'dfh, a village of Ilolhmd, province of Drenthe, 
 10 miles N. of .Vssen, and connected with Groningen by a 
 canal. Pop. 700. 
 
 EELEl-:, ELK. ILL ee'lee\GOOLDJA.or GOULDJA.gool'- 
 jil. written also GULD.SCII.A. (Chinese, ffoei-yuan-tchirg. ho- 
 A'-yoo-dnVhing'.) a city of the Chinese Empire, in Soongaria, 
 capital of a district of its own name, on the ri.>;ht bank of 
 Eelee River. Lat. 43° 46' N., Ion. 82° 30' E, It is enclosed 
 by a stone wall, .lad contains barrack.s, forts, gi-anaries. and 
 public offices for the use of government: and is a plai-e of 
 banishment f )r Chinese criminals. Outside the town are 
 the barracks for the tioops. It carries on a consider-ible 
 trade with China through the cities in the province of 
 Kansoo, and also with other towTis. Pop. 75.000. 
 
 EELEE, or I LI, ec'lee', a river of Asia, rising about lat. 42* 
 N.. and lou. 81° E., iu the mountains of Thian-Shan-Nao-L » 
 
 J 
 
EEL 
 
 EGG 
 
 flows N.E., and then turns N-X-W., passing the city of 
 Kelee. and falling into Lalce Ten;,'heez, or Balkash, on thu 
 frontier of Siberia, after a course of above 30 J miles. 
 
 EEL IllVEll, (Shoamaqw of the Indians.) of Indiana. 
 rises in Allen county, and flowing south-westward about 
 100 miles, enters the Wabash at Logansport. It is a rapid 
 stream, and furnishes abundant water-power. The average 
 width, for a distance of 60 miles, is near 50 yards. S/io-a- 
 mariw ."dignifies '•slippery fish." 
 
 EEL Itl V KR. of Indiana, rises in Boone county, and, flow- 
 ing fiist S \V. and then S.E., enters the West Fork of White 
 River about 5 miles above Bloomf.eld. in Greene county. 
 The whole length is estimated at 100 miles, and the averat;e 
 width of its lower part at 50 or 60 yards. 
 
 EEL HIVEK, a post-office of Allen eo.. Indiana. 
 
 EKL RI V El!, a township of (Jreone CO., Indiana. Pop. 439. 
 
 EEL RIVER, townsbi]]. Hendricks CO.. Indiana. Pop. 15-tl. 
 
 EELS, eelz, EKLEEYATS or ILIYATS, eeMee-y^ts', a 
 name applied to the wandering tribes of I'ersia, and .also 
 to those who are employed in the pearl-fishery . They dis- 
 claim connei-tion with the old Persian stock, and preserve 
 their peculiar habits and customs. Tlieir communities 
 usually consist of 20 or 30 families. The men liave well- 
 made, powerful frames, piercing black eyes, noses generally 
 inclined to be aqniline. frequent overhanging thick mous- 
 tachios, which, united with black, bushy beards, almost en- 
 tirely conceal their dark brown skins. Their appearance is 
 altogether strongly cliaracteristic of health, hardihood, and 
 independence. The women, when young, are often hand- 
 some; their complexion is of a delicate nut-brown Ijue. ejes 
 dark and expressive, nose well formed, the mouth small, and 
 adorned with Iteautiful teeth, and the expression of the coun- 
 tenance full of good humor. All these attractions, however, 
 soon disappear as they advance in life; their skins become 
 parched and withered. When aged, they become the most 
 shrivelled and repulsive-looking hags it is possible to imagine. 
 
 EEM, aim, a river of Holland, originates in numerous 
 streamlets, which rise in Gelderland. and unite near Amers- 
 foort, whence the stream flows N.W. to its outlet in Zuyder 
 Zee. It is navigable to Amersfoort. 
 
 EEMN ES, aim'nes, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Utrecht, neiir the Eem, 8 miles N.N. W. of Amersfoort. 
 Pop. 13iMi. 
 
 EEI'.SKL, aiR/sM or EERZEL, rIr'zJI, a village of Hol- 
 land. 8 miles S.W. of Eindhoven. Pop. 270. 
 
 EE\SAUOIIUlt/, a town and strong fort, Ilindostan, 100 
 miles ^\'.S.\V. of Gwalior. 
 
 EES'SAIl SOMAU'LEE or SOMACLI. a powerful trilie in 
 East Africa, who inhabit the territory of Adel, on the coast 
 of the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. They lead a wandering life, 
 roving from place to place, wherever they can find past mage 
 for their flocks and herds. Few of them wear any clothing, 
 excepting a leather apron. They are armed with spear, shield, 
 bows, and arrows. Their arrows are poisoned. They are 
 held in great dread by their neighbors, the Danakils, who 
 describe them as thieves, and murderers. See Adel. 
 
 EKAT, a province of Shoa, Abys.sinia. See ABYSSiNi.i. 
 
 EFBE, ^Pbri^, an island in the Malay Archipelago, near 
 the S. co;ist of Mysol; lat. 2° 12' S., ion. 130° E., about 5 or 
 6 miles in length. Birds of paradise migrate hither during 
 certain seasons, and are caught by the natives, who dry 
 them in their feathers, and send them to Europe. 
 
 EFEXECIITYD, ^f-gn-^K'tid, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Denbigh. 
 
 EKFEKDTNG, Sffer-ding\ a town of Upper Austria, near 
 the Danube. 13 miles \V. of Lintz, with an old stronghold of 
 the Princes of Starkemberg. Pop. 1300. 
 
 EF'FIN'GH.VM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3i 
 miles S.W. of Leatherhead. Its vill.age. formerly a large 
 town, gives title of earl to a branch of the Howard family. 
 
 EF'FI.NGIIAM, a county in the E. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of -tSO square miles. It is situated l)etween the Savan- 
 nah and Ogeechee Rivers, which respectively form its 
 boundaries on the K. and W.; the former separates it from 
 South Carolina. The county is also drained by Ebenezer 
 Creek. The surface is level, and partly covered with forests 
 of pine and cypress; the soil is sandy, and. with sm.all 
 exceptions, unproductive. The county is intersected by 
 the Central Railroad. Named in honor of Lord Effing- 
 ham, a British olKcer. who resigned his commission rather 
 than take arms against the American colonies. Capit.al 
 Springfield. Pop. 4755, of whom 2590 were free, and 2165 
 slaves. 
 
 EFFINGHAM, a county in Illinois, situated towards the 
 S.E. part of the state, contains about 500 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Little Wabash River. The surface is 
 nearly level, and is divided almost equally between prairies 
 *nd woodlands. The soil is fertile. Mines of copper, iron, 
 and lead have recently been discovered here. Tlie count}' 
 is intersected l)y the Illinois Central Railroad (Chicago 
 Branch). The Little Wabash River affords water-power. 
 The population of the county has more than doubled within 
 ten years ending in 1860. Capital, Ewington. Pop. 7816. 
 
 EFFINGHAM, a post-townsliip of Carroll co.. New Ilamp- 
 shiro, 55 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1209. 
 
 EFFINGHAM, a post-village in Darlington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 EFFINGHAM FALLS, a post-village of Carroll co., N«w 
 Ilampsliire, about 55 miles N.E. of Concord. 
 
 EF'FORT, a post-oiflce of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EF'IRDS MILLS, a post-office of Stanley co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 E0.\, A'g,i. a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 7 miles 
 S.S.W. of Coimbra. 
 
 EGA, A/gi. a town of Brazil, province of Para, on tho 
 Teffe, near the Amazon. Pop. chiefly Indiatis. who culti- 
 vate manioc, rice, maize, cocoa, and sarsaparilia, in which 
 they trade by barter. 
 
 KGADI. See ^:r,ADE8. 
 
 EG BELL, Jg'bMl', a market-town of Hungary, Hither 
 Danulje. co., and 53 miles N.W. of Neutra, on the Sirkovi, 
 not far above its junction with the March. Pop. 2860. 
 
 EG'DEAN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 EGEA (or EJEA) DE LOS CABALLEROS. A-Hi'd dA loce 
 kJ-iiSl-yA/roce, atown of Spain, 34 miles N.N.W. of Saragossa. 
 Pop. 3082. 
 
 EGEDESMIXDE, Jg'?-des-min'deh, a district of North 
 Greenland, comprising numerous islands. It Avas named 
 from Hans-Egede. who visited it as a missionary in 1741. 
 
 EGELN, A/gheln, a town of Prussian Sa.xony, 16 miles 
 S.W. of JIagdelmrg. on the Bode. Pop. 2800. 
 
 EGELSHOFKN, 4/ghels-ho'fen, or EGOLSHOFEN, a vil- 
 lage and parish of Switzerland, ainton of Thurgau, in a 
 lieautiful district surrounded by vineyards, 3 miles W. of 
 Constance. Pop. 1386. 
 
 EGENBURG, A'ghen-bMRa', or EGGENBURO. Jg'ghen- 
 boOao*, a walled town of Lower Austria, in a valley at the 
 W. foot of the Mannhartslierg, 38 miles N.\V. of Vienna. 
 Fine amethysts are often found in the vicinity, and the 
 whole district is rich in monuments of the Jliddle Ages. 
 Pop. 1002. 
 
 EGENHAUSEN, .Vghen-hOw'zen, a village of WUrtem- 
 berg, circle of Scliwarzwald, 5 miles W. of Nagold. Pop. 
 1069. 
 
 EGER, Jg'f r or A/gher, a river of East Germany, joins the 
 Elbe .33 miles N.N.W. of Prague, after a course of 125 miles. 
 
 EG'ER. (Bohemian Clieh, k^b.) a frontier town of Bohe- 
 mia, on the Eger, 92 miles W. of Prague. Pop. 10,500. It 
 is built on a rock, and was formerly an important fortress. 
 In its old castle, in 1634, the principal friends of Wallen- 
 stein were put to death, while Wnllensteiu himself was as- 
 sassinated in a house in tlie market-place. Eger has some 
 handsome building.s, including the town-hall and parish 
 church, college, barracks, numerous scliools, and hospitals, 
 and juanufactui-es of chintz, cotton fabrics, and woollens. 
 Near it are the b,aths of Franzenbrunnen. 
 
 EGi;!!, a town of Hungary. See Erl.^u. 
 
 EGERDIIt, ^gVr-deer', a lake and town of Asia Minor, 
 pashalic of Anatolia, 15 miles N.I'. of Isbarta. The lake, 27 
 miles in length from N. to S., greatest breadth, 10 miles, is 
 highly picturesque, and communicates at its N. end with 
 l>ake Hoiran. .\t its S. extremity is tlie town, in lat. 37° 
 5-2' N., ion. 31° 6' E.. at the foot of a high cliff, and with a 
 castle on a promontory in the lake. From 500 to 000 houses, 
 all Turkish. 
 
 EG EKI, A'gher-ee, a .small lake of Switzerland, canton, and 
 4 miles S.E. of Zug. Length 3^ miles; breadth varying to 
 I5 milt^s: depth very great. 
 
 EG EKOE, (Egeroe.) Sg'er-iiVh. an island on the S.W. coast 
 of Norway, 40 miles S.S.E'. of Stavanger ; lat. 58° 26' N., ion. 
 5° 50' E. 
 
 EGERSUND. ?g'er-soond^, a maritime town of Norway, 
 .38 miles S. of Stavanger. on the .strait which .separates it from 
 the small island of JOgeriie; I.at. 58° 26' 10" N.. Ion. 5° 57' 8" 
 E. Pop. 1262. It has a small port, and is the centre of an 
 extensive herring fishery. 
 
 EGKItSZEG. A'ghjRVJg', a village of West Hungary, on 
 the Zala. 70 miles S.S.W. of Raah. Pop. 3422. 
 
 EG'EliTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 EGG. Jgg, a village and parisk of Switzerland, canton, and 
 9 miles S.E. of ZuriL-h, 2380 feet above sea-level. Pop. 27^3. 
 
 EG'G.V, a largo town of Guinea, on the S.W. bank of the 
 Niger. 70 miles N.X.AV. of its junction with the Chadda; 
 lat. 8° 42' N., ion. 6° 40' E. It extends for more than 2 miles 
 along the river, and is very populous. A large population 
 also live here on board of canoes, and trade up and down 
 the Niger from Egga, importing Benin and Portuguese 
 goods. Near it, on the opposite bank, is a considerable 
 market town. 
 
 E( iG A KAIL West Africa. See Att.\h. 
 
 EGG-BUCK'LAND, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Devon. 
 
 EG'GEBEKV a walled town of W'est Africa. Zeg-Zeg. 80 
 miles S. by W. of Kano: lat. 10° 52' N.. ion. 9° 6' E.. delight- 
 fullv situated in the midst of a besiutiful plain. Pop. about 
 14,000. 
 
 EGG RNBERG. %'ghen-bSRg\ ECKENBERG. Jkn<en-hjRo\ 
 or EGtiEXBUUti, Jg'ghen-MoRG", a village and lordship of 
 Austria, Styria, circle of. and about 2 miles from (irStz. It 
 has a castle, a simple but m.ajestic structure, which con- 
 tains a good collection of paintings. Pop. of lordship, 3516. 
 
 615 
 
EGG 
 
 EGY 
 
 EGG EXBURG, a town of Austria. See Egexbcko. 
 
 EGOEXFKLDKX. ^g'ghen-f^rdeii, a market-towu of Upper 
 luvaria. on the Kott, 34 miles ^".S.W. of Passau. Pop. 1484. 
 
 EGGENSTEIN, ^g'ghen-stine\ a Tillage of Baden, circle 
 of Middle lihine, near Gtrlsruhe. Pop. 1179. 
 
 EGGESFOKD, Jgz'ford, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 EGG IIAH'BOK, a township of Atlantic co.. New Jer.<«>y, 
 bordering on the ocean and G ivat Egg Harbor Bav. Pop. 38&4. 
 
 EGG'I.NTON. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 EGG ISL.\XD POINT, the southern extremity of Egg 
 Island, in the-Delaware IJay. near the left .shore, has a fixed 
 light. 40 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 30° 10' 24" N., 
 Ion. 75° 9' \V. 
 
 EG'GLESTOXE. a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 EGGMUHU a village of Bavaria. See Eckmlhl. 
 
 EGGOLSUi;lM, ^g'gols-hime\ a market-town of Bavarm, 
 on the Nuremberg, and Neumarkt Kailway, 11 miles S. 
 of Bamberg. Pop. 918. 
 
 EG'H.\.M, a village and parish of England, co. of Surrey, 
 on the Thames, 3 miles E. of Windsor. The village is con- 
 nected with Staines in Middlesex by an iron bridge over 
 the Thames. Adjoining it is the field of Runnymede, where 
 King John held the memorable conference with his barons, 
 which ended in the signing of Magna Charts. A. D. 1215. 
 Cooper's Hill, in this parish, is celebrated in the poetry of 
 Denhain and Pope. 
 
 tXJ'HOLM, a small island of Denmark, in the Little Belt, 
 4 miles X.E. of iEroe Island. Also a small island in the 
 Lymfiord. Jutland. 
 
 'EGIDIST.\I)T. in Transylvania. See X.^or Esyed. 
 
 E«iIN. ^g'een'. a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates. 
 22 miles N.E. of Arabgheer. ('Aiabgir.) 
 
 EGINA. an island and gulf of Gi-eece. See .j:GnJA. 
 
 EGITTO. See Ectpt. 
 
 EtJ'LETON, a pari.-^h of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 EG'LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. Here .ire ruins of a border tower. 
 
 EG'LIXTON-CAS'TLK, the seat of the Earl of Eglinton, 
 Scotland, co. of .\yr. on the Lugton, 2 miles X. of Ii-vine. It 
 Is a magnificent modern Gothic structure, surrounded by a 
 jark of 1200 acres. It gives the title of earl to the Mont- 
 gomerie femily, who.se ancestor, a relative of the Conqueror, 
 commanded the van at the battle of Hastings. 
 
 EGLIS.4D, A'gle-z5w\ a .small town of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 14 miles N. of Zurich, on the right bank of the Rhine, 
 near the Baden frontier. Pop. 1600. 
 
 EG'LISH, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co. 
 
 EGLISH. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh. 
 
 EG'LOX. an ancient city of P,Hlestine, identified « ith the 
 village of .4jlan, p;i.shalic, and 18 miles E.X.E. of Gaza. 
 
 EGLOSHAYLE, Jg-lp-shdl', a parish of England, co. of 
 Cornwall. 
 
 EGLDSKER'RY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 EGLWYS. sijuifying a " church," forms a part of a num- 
 ber of Welsh names. 
 
 EGLWYSBREWIS, fgloo-is-brewOs, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Glamorg;»n. 
 
 EGLWYS,CY.M.MYX,(kim'min,)a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Carmarthen, 4 miles from Llangham. It has ruins of 2 
 castles ; and 2 subterranean rivers fall here into Carmarthen 
 Bay. 
 
 EGLWYS, EIRW, (I'roo,) a parish of Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke, 6 miles S. of Cardigan. The ruins of Pencilli Chapel 
 are in the parish. 
 
 EGLWY'S, FACK, a parish of W.ales, cog. of Denbigh and 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 EGLWY'S, II/AX, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on 
 the TafF, 9j miles N.W. of Cardiff. Here is a bridge across 
 the Taff. having a single arch of 140 feet sp;in. 
 
 EG LW YS. R IIOS. a parish of South Wales, co. of Camavon. 
 
 EG'MANTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 EG'MERE, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 EGMOND-AAX-ZEE, fg'mont-ln-z4, a village of the Ne- 
 therlands, province of North Holland, on the North Sea, 5 
 miles W. of Alkmaar, Pop. 13:38. 
 
 EGMOND-BINXEN, Jg'mont-bin'nen, and the castle of 
 Graven (Counts.) Van Egmond, are ai^acent 
 
 EG'.MONT, or SIX ISLANDS, in the Indian Ocean, Chagos 
 Archipelago, The largest is in lat, 6°40'S., Ion, 71° 2(5' 30" 
 E. The whole group produces about 6000 gallons of cocoa- 
 nut oil vearly, 
 
 EG'MONTBAY, an inlet of the Gulf of St Lawrence, in 
 North AmeriKi, on the S,W. coast of Prince Edward Island. 
 Lat. 4(5° 31' N.. Ion, 64° E, 
 
 EG MONT ISLAND, an Island in the Pacific Ocean, Low 
 Archlpela;;o, in lat, 19°-24' S„ Ion, 139° 15' W, 
 
 EGMOXT ISLAND, the laigest of the Santa Cruz Archi- 
 pelago, or Queen Charlotte Islands, in the Pacific, Lat. 10° 
 53' S.. Ion, ir..j° 50' K. Length, 2ii miles ; breadth, 10 miles. 
 It is of coral formation, st<>ep. well wooded, and f-rtile, 
 
 EGMONT KKY, at the entrance to Tampa Bay, W. coast 
 of Florida. On it is a li;At-hou8e. showing a fixed lio-ht, 40 
 feet high. Ut, 27° 3ii' N„ Ion, 82° 48' W, 
 
 EG .MONT, MOUNT, an active volcano of New Zealand, in 
 the X. part of the island. 18 miles S, of Xew Plymouth, and 
 616 ' 
 
 rising to about 8840 feet above the sea. Lat. 39° 15' S., Ion. 
 174° 13' E. 
 
 EGMONT, PORT. West Falkland Island, off its X, coast, 
 between Keppel and SaundL'rs Islands, iu lat. 51° 21' S., Ion. 
 tiO'W, It affords anchorage and fresh water, Itut little or 
 no wood, 
 
 EGX.\CII, fg'niK, a parish and village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Thui-gau, 2i miles W, of .Arbon, Pop. 3276. 
 
 EGOI ISLES, Pacific Ocean. See C.utOLUTES, 
 
 EG' >LSn0FEN, a Swiss village. See Egdshofex. 
 
 EGR A, a town of Germany, See Kger, 
 
 EG'REMONT, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Cumberland, on the Ehen, 37 miles S,S,W, of Carlisle. 
 Pop, 1750. It has ruins of a massive Norman castle. It 
 gives the title of earl to the Wyndham tUmily, 
 
 EGRE.MONT, a parish of South Wales, co, of Carmarthen. 
 
 EGltEMOXT, a town.ship in Berkshire co,, Massachusetts, 
 120 miles W, by S, of Boston, Pop, 1079. 
 
 EGREMONT PLAIN, a post-oflice of Berkshire CO., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 EGRES, i'grJsh', or EGRIS, 4'grish',a village of Hungary 
 in Banat, on the JIaros. aliout 15 miles fixim Komlos, P, 2S40. 
 
 EGREVILLE. .Vgh"r-veel'. a town of France, dep;irtment 
 Seine-et-Marne, 17 miles S.S.E. of Fontainebleau. Pop. 1477. 
 
 EGRIPO or EGRIPOS ISLAND, Greece. See Eubcea, 
 
 EGRIPO or EGRIPOS, a town of Greece. SeeCHALCli 
 
 EGRIS, a village of Hungary, See Egres. 
 
 EGT, a village of Holland. See Echt, 
 
 EGTON, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, North Riding. 
 _ EGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 'EGUILLES. a'gheei', a town of France, department of 
 Bouches-du-lihone, 5 miles X,W, of Aix. Pop. 15S7. 
 
 EGUISIIEIM, d'ghees't^m', EXHEIM. Jx'hime.or E.VEX, 
 a town of France, dejx-irtment of Ilaut-Rhin, near the Lauch, 
 on the Strasbourg and Basel Railroad, 4 miles S,%\', of Col- 
 mar. Pop. in 1852. 2133. It owes its ori:.xiu to a strong cas- 
 tle, supposed to have been erected iu the ei^hih century, 
 of which a massive hexagonal tower, about 130 feet high, 
 still exists. 
 
 EGYEK. .•\d\vfk'. a village of Hungary, co, of Szabolcs, on 
 the Theiss. about 15 miles from Nadudvar, It contains a 
 Roman Catholic and a Protestant church. Most of the in- 
 habitants are Protestants, Pop. 2570, 
 
 EGY'PT, (Gr, AtyVTrroi ; L, ^yypHus ; Hebrew, ilizr <st 
 Mizraim ; Coptic, tlnim or Khem ; Fr. AV/i/pte, A^zheept'; Ger. 
 ^(jypten, i-ghif't^n; It. Eifitlo. k-jil'to; Arnh. Missr, misr.cr 
 J/«sr ; Turk. KiU or Kf^Ot.) a country in the N.E. of Africa, 
 remarkable alike for its physical peculiarities, and for it3 
 historii-al interest, and which still retains, iu its wonderful 
 monuments, the earliest records of civilization. It embraces 
 properly the lowest and most northern divisi..>n of the 
 valley of the Nile, from the last cataracts to the sea. In 
 lat, 24° 3' 45" N., the river, issuing from the rocky glen of 
 Lower Nubia, sweeps in a smooth but rapid stream round 
 the little island which was called by the Greeks Philn?, by 
 the Arabs Bilak, (Ixith names being cirruptions of the Coptic 
 pi-lakh, that is. •• the limit,") and then immediately hurries 
 down the cataracts, or rather rapids, of Asswan, (Syene,) 
 and by the island of Elephantine, about 2 miles below Philje. 
 Here the obstructions to the navijcation of the Nile are at 
 an end. and the river extends in a general course N. by W., 
 to lat, 31° 35' X., where, in the neighborh>X)d of D.nmietta, 
 the princip,'U branch tails into the Mediterranean St-a, The 
 length of Egypt, measured on the meiidi;in, is but 450 geo- 
 graphical miles; but along the winding valley of the river, 
 which is truly the habitable country, it has an extent of 
 alx)ve 600 miles. The average width of the valley of the Nile 
 may be assumed to lie 8 miles : the gre:itest w idth of the 
 delta, from Alexandria on the W. to the ruins of Pelusium 
 on the E., is about 160 miles. The whole area compri.sed in 
 the valley and delta, may be taken at ll.WK) square miles. 
 
 Descriptvm. — The island of Phil;e, at the S, extivuiity of 
 Egypt, has been compared by .irab writers to an emerald 
 set in gold: and this allusion to its luxuriant vegetation, 
 compared to the naked surface of the surrounding desert, is 
 equally applicable to the valley lower down. The Nile, in 
 the valley of Egypt, is evei-y where an agi-ee:ible object; not 
 so much owing to the majesty of the stream, or the variety 
 of its scenei-y, as to the stiong contra.st between the fresh- 
 ne.ss, verdure, and animation of the rivers bank.s. and the 
 desolation which reigns beyond them. The scenery of the 
 river is, in the S. part of Upper Eg.vpt, wild and romantic; 
 but as we descend, it grows continually more tame and mo- 
 notonous, till at length every lively and picturesque feature 
 is lost in the uniform level of the delta. 
 
 Miiuntains, VaUeys. d-c. — The valley of the Xile, through- 
 out its whole extent, fnim Phihe to the vii-inity of Caii-o. is 
 hemmed in on both sides by continuous chains of hillK 
 those on the E.side approach more clo.sely to the river, while 
 the Libyan hills on the W. rise with a gradual ascent and 
 sometimes recede to a distance of 10 or 15 miles, Towardd 
 the delta these chains of hills diverge; that on the E, siile 
 turning E, by Jebel Mokattem,(that is, "the hewn," .so called 
 prob;ibly frnm its qujirries.) ne;ir Cairo, and sinking gradu- 
 ally, lili it disappeai-s iu the Isthmus of Suez , while the Li- 
 
EGY 
 
 EGY 
 
 byan chain skirts to the N.W. the plains of the Natron Lakes. 
 The desert between the Nile and the Red Sea is intersected 
 by several chains of mountains, which increase in elevation 
 towards the E., so tliat the ridges nejirest to the Red Sea at- 
 tain a hei;;ht exceedinj; perhaps 6000 feet. W. of the Nile, 
 the Libyan chain sepaiates the river from a w ide valley, which 
 is supposed not to be aboA e the level of the sea. The openings 
 or lateral valleys with wliich we are best acquainted, are, on 
 the E., the Valley of the Wanderings, (of the children of Is- 
 rael,) leading from the neighborhood of Cairo to the head 
 of ttie Gulf of Suez, and that through which passes the road 
 from Koptos to Kosseir, on the Red Sea. In early ages, 
 when the commerce of the Red Sea was far more important 
 than it Is at present, the roads from the Nile through the E. 
 desert were numerous and frequented; and there still re- 
 mains indubitable evidence, eliiefly i)i the ruins of guard- 
 bouses, and solidly constructed wells, of the industry wliich 
 once animated these inhospitable wastes. ^V. of the Nile, 
 in lat. 29° 20' N., a deep sinuosity in the Libyan chain of 
 hills forms the fertile valley of Fayoom, (in Coptic, Phiom, 
 the "sea or lake,") in the N.W.andlowes^ part of which is the 
 lake called Hirket-el-Keroon. I'rom this valley a road le.ids 
 W., through the hills, to the oasis of El Dakhel. The roads 
 from Girgeh or .Tirjeh and Esneh to the great oasii are much 
 frequented; and several other openings of less note offer 
 communications with the fertile spots which characterize 
 the depressed region W. of the river. 
 
 Oase^i. — These extend, in a narrow line, along the hollow 
 region of the Libyan desert, parallel to the general direction 
 of the vaJley of the Nile, and above 80 miles W. of it. Tha 
 Grciit Oasis, called, from its chief town, ElWahelKhargeh, 
 lies immediately W. of the Thebaid, and has a length of 100 
 miles. About 60 miles W. of the N. extremity of this o.asis, 
 lies the Wah el Dakhel, 24 miles long and 10 miles broad. 
 In the parallel of Girjeh, and W. by S. of the Fayoom, the 
 date-groves of the Little Oasis, (Oasis Parva,) or \Vah el B.a- 
 harieh, display their unusual verdure. In this fertile spot 
 artesian wells are numerous, and some of ancient construc- 
 tion have been recently discovered, which have a depth ex- 
 ceeding 400 feet. On the road between this oasis and thjit 
 of El Diikhel, occurs the AVah el Ferifreh, of small extent. 
 W. of Fay(X)ra. and about 200 miles from the Nile, lies the 
 oasis of Seewah, (Siwah.) where the foundations of the once 
 celebrated temple of .Jupiter Amnion maystill be traced. Tiie 
 region of the oases terminates towards the N., in the desert 
 of the Natron Lakes, which the Copts called Scete, and where. 
 In the miilst of the dreary wilderness, prison-like monas- 
 teries offered a congenial home to gloomy and ascetic tempers. 
 The deserts on the W. bank of the Nile generally present to 
 view uniform plains of gravel, or of fine drifting sand; on 
 the E. the scene is varied by rocks and mountains, but the 
 aridity is extreme, and the heat, reverberated from sur- 
 rounding cliffs, is often insupportable. 
 
 JHvi;rs, Canals, d-c. — The only river of Egypt is the Nile, 
 which receives no accession fi'om tributary streams (occii- 
 sional torrents from extraordinary rains excepted) in the 
 last 1500 miles of its course. It enters Egypt with a breadth 
 of 3000 feet, and though often contracted lower down to 2000 
 feet, its average width throughout may be taken at half a 
 mile, and therefore, with the canals depending on it, bears a 
 considerable proportion to tlie whole area of the habitjible 
 valley, fif the canals, one of the most remarkable is that 
 commonly called the Hahr Yoosef. or .To.seph's River or Canal, 
 which, leaving the Nile at Deiroot. (lat. 2G° 15',) runs along 
 the foot of the Libyan hills, which it enters at the opening 
 of El-Lahoon, and. having watered the valley of Fayoom, it 
 again issues from the Libyan eliain and joins the Kile. The 
 Bahr Yoosef has a length of 140 miles, and the level plain, 
 often 10 or 12 miles wide, included between it .and the Nile, 
 forms, with the valley of Fayoom, the most fertile part of 
 Egypt. Popular belief ascribes the construction of this wa- 
 ter-course to Joseph, but competent observers pronounce it 
 to be an ancient branch of the river, flowing between banks 
 for the most part of natural origin. The apex of the Delta 
 wa,s, in the time of Herodotus, at Cercasorus, 10 miles below 
 Slemphis; it is now about 6 miles still lower down, at Batn- 
 el-Bakara. The river, at the early period referred to, sep.a- 
 rated at once into three l)ranches, the Canopic going N.AV., 
 the Pelusiac N.E., and the Sebennytic branch proceeding 
 directly N. to the sea. The latter also threw off two other 
 branches, namely, the Saitic, W., and the Mendesian E. 
 Near the former of these flowed the Bolbitine, and, at some 
 distance to tlie E., the Bucolic branches, both artificial. 
 These were the seven mouths of the Nile, as described by 
 Herodotus. At the present day. only two of them continue 
 to flow in uninterrupted navigable channels to the sea. and 
 those are the Bolbitine and Bucolic arms, now named re- 
 spectively, from the towns at their mouths, the Kosetta (R:x- 
 sheed) and Damietta (Damyat) branches. Among the ancient 
 canals of Lower Egypt, one merits especiiil notice, namely,' 
 that which, starting from the Nile a little below the modern 
 "!airo, ran N.E. and E. into ihe desert, and then turning S.. 
 - 1: rough the marshy district of the Bitter Lake.s, termin.ited 
 at Vrsinoe. .at the head of the Gulf of Suez, thus uniting the 
 Nijo and the lied Sea. It was completed by Ptolemus PhiLi- 
 
 delphus, after Pharao Necho and Darius had both attempted 
 its construction, and failed. In a few years, however, it be- 
 came choked up and useless, but was restored by Trajan, 
 only to fall again to ruin. Some traces of it still remain, 
 but for the most part it is wholly obliteiated. One of the 
 greatest works carried on in Egypt in modei'n times is that 
 pri jectedby Jlohammed Alee for the damming up or barrage 
 of the Nile below Cairo, and for the est.iblinhment of canals 
 above the barrage which should carry the water of the 
 stream over the surface of Lower Egypt. The. barrage is es- 
 tablished at the point of the Delta where the Nile bifurcates 
 into two great branches, one flowing to Ro.settiv, the other 
 to Damiettii. It is IIS miles from Alexandria, and 99 miles 
 from Rosetta, 12 miles below Cairo, and in view of the great 
 pyramids of Gheezeh, (Gizeh.) The works were completed 
 a))out the commencement of 185.3, and comprehend — 1. A 
 sluice bridge on each of the two branches of the river, with 
 a levelling quay, to fix the points of the Delta. 2. Three great 
 canals, one cut on the right bank- f the Diamietta braiich in 
 the direction of Mansoorah, another running along the left 
 bank o/ the Rosetta branch in the directi jn of Alexandria, 
 and the third placed in the axis of the Delta. The canal 
 directed towards Alexandria is 197 feet wide ; the two others 
 are each 328 feet. The quay wall constructed at the point 
 of the Delta is 5291 feet in lengtli. 
 
 Lilies. — The first place among the lakes of Egypt has been 
 hitherto usually assigned to the Birket-el-Keroon, lying N.AY. 
 of Fayoom. owing probably to the celebrity which attached 
 to it from the supposition that it was a remnant of the an- 
 cient Lake Mceris. The embankments enclosing the site of 
 that lake (IMoeris) were discovered in the E. part of the Fay- 
 oum Valley, by M. Linant de Bellefonds, in 1842. The 
 Birket-el-Iieroon has a length of about 34 miles, and a gene- 
 ral breadth of 6 miles. The Nile, in capes of high flood, 
 makes its w.ay to its waters, which then rise 4 or 5 feet. On 
 its shores stands a castle, the projecting spouts of which 
 have procured for it theappellation of Kasr-el-Keroon. (Horn 
 Castle,) whence the lake takes its name. About 50 miles 
 N. of the Birket-el-Keroon, a low tract, extending S.E. 
 and N.W., exhibits in the rainy season a chain of pools, 
 known as the Natron Lakes; from which, in the dry sea^ 
 son, the water evaporates, leaving the ground tliickly 
 encrusted with natron, (sesquicarbonate of soda.) better 
 known in commerce under the n.ame of troiia. The fertile 
 land of the Delta i.s, for the most part, separated from the 
 sea by a series of lakes, or rather vast lagoons, which are 
 themselves fenced from the sea by very nariow necks of land. 
 Between the Rosetta and Damietta arms of the Nile, Lake 
 B(X)rlos occupies half of the coast, or above -30 miles ; E. of 
 the latter arm. Lake Menzaleh covers an extent of 500 square 
 miles ; while Lake Bardow.al (anc. SirMnis) stretches 70 miles 
 still farther E. making, altogether, a frontier covered by 
 these lagoons but little short of 200 miles. 
 
 Gmlnf/y, &c. — The general rocks of Egypt are limestone, 
 overlain with sjvndstone and granite, which breaks through 
 and overspreads both. The granite region lies at (hi' S. ex- 
 tremity of Egypt. In Lower Nubia, the summits cf the gra- 
 nitic rocks rise 1000 feet above the level of the river. This 
 rude and wild scenery continues down to Asswan, where 
 the cat;»ra<?ts are formed by the cliffs and broken mas.ses of 
 granite which line the bed of the river. The rock at Ass- 
 wan or Syene is not the syenite of modern geologists. Black- 
 ened by the sun's rays, and often highly poli.shed, it has fre- 
 quently been mistaken for basalt; and, indeed, it is not 
 certain that volcanic rocks may not be found mingled with 
 the granite. The cliffs near Asswan have supplied the ma- 
 terials for all the colossal and monolithic monuments, of 
 Egypt. From Asswan to Esneh (lat. 25° 19' N.) extends the 
 sandstone formation, which is very durable, and easily 
 worked. The quarries at Jebel Silsilis (Chain Mountain) and 
 a few other points in this region, furnished the materials for 
 the superb structures of Thebes, and, indeed, f^r most of 
 the temples of ancient Egypt. Below Esneh the limestone pre- 
 dominates, though sandstone hills still occasionally inteiiupt 
 the calcareous range. The Egyptian limestone is generally 
 grey, containing fish, shells, and corals; but in the E. de- 
 sert, specimens have been found of handsome marble ; and 
 in the parallel of Minieh, lat. 2SO 4' N., and about 100 miles 
 E. of the Nile, were discovered, a few years ago, the splendid 
 ruins of the ancient Alabastropolis, which once derived 
 wealth from its quarries of alabaster. Farther S. in the 
 desert, towards the limits of the granite, we come upon the 
 ancient mines or quarries of jasper, porpiiyry. and verd an- 
 tique. The emerald mines of Zebarah lie near the Red Sea, 
 in the parallel of Syene. Diluvial heaps of oyster and other 
 shells frequently occur at considerable elevations in the cal- 
 careous region, and a few miles E. of Cairo, in the Jebel JIo- 
 kattem, an extensive tract is covered with the silicified 
 trunks of trees. This phenomenon of a petrified forest pre- 
 sents it.self again in the desert of the Natron Lakes, W. of 
 the Nile, and also far to the S. in Nubia. 
 
 AUuviupi. — The alluvial soil of Egypt is a no less interest- 
 ing object of study than the rocky foundation on which it 
 re.sts. The Nile, during the floods, dc^posits in the valley of 
 Egypt the earthy particles with whicli it becomes loaded in 
 
 617 
 
EGY 
 
 EGY 
 
 rhe ;arly and impetuous part of its course, and it is easy to 
 recc >riiise, in the dark brown mould of Kgypt, the disinte- 
 frat.'U trachyte's of Abyssinia. Wherever the velocity of 
 the ^trl';^m is checked, the earthy sediment is deposited, and 
 a thin, slimy film spreads over the ground. The increase 
 of the soil by this means is said to proceed, in Upper Kgypt, 
 at the rate of 4 or 5 inches in the century: in the Delta it 
 goes on more slowly. From the depth of the sedimentary 
 soil covering causewaj's, or heaped around monuments at 
 Thebes, which doubtless stood originally almve the reach 
 of the inundation, it hjvs been calculated that the age of 
 that city must reach back at least to the year 2960 b. c. 
 
 Cliiiuile. — The climate of Egypt is remarkable for its dry- 
 ness and general uniformity. Peculiar circumstances, such 
 as the vicinity of the sea, and the freshness of the N. wind, 
 modify at the X. and S. extremities of the country, respec- 
 tively, the cold of winter, and the burning heat of summer. 
 In the Delta, the mean temperature of winter is about 54° 
 Fah.; that of summer, S2^: at Asswan. the thermometer 
 often rises, in the latter sea.son, to 90°. It is. however, 
 ch;iracteristic of Egypt and the neighboring deserts, that a 
 great lall of temperature, from 14° to 20°, takes place at 
 night, owing, as it is usually explained, to the setting in 
 of the \. wind at sunset, or rather perhaps attributable to 
 the general dryness and perfect transparency of the atmo- 
 sphere, which favor rapid evaporation, and the radiation of 
 heat. This nocturnal cooling sometimes, though very 
 tarely, sinks just before sunrise to congelation; and ice has 
 been found on the Nile even at Asswan, (Syene.) The hot 
 8. wind, or Khamseen, (that is, 50 days' wind,) sets in at the 
 vernal equinox, and lasts, as the name implies, nearly two 
 mouths; the thermometer sometimes rising during its con- 
 tinuance to 100°; fi. winds prevail after the autumnal equi- 
 nox; daring the remainder, or about eight months of the 
 year, the wind blows from the X. and neighboring points. 
 In the maritime parts of the Delta, considerable fiUls of rain 
 occur 25 or 30 times between October and March: only half 
 of this quantity falls at Cairo, and above the 2rith parallel 
 rain is hardly known ; hail is very rare, and still more so 
 snow, which fell, nevertheless, in 1833, in the Delta, to the 
 great sui-prise of the people. There seems to be little reason 
 for supposing that the climate of Egypt is insalubrious. 
 As to the plague, it is doubtful whether it be generated in 
 Egypt: but its rapid diffusion, as well as the prevalence of 
 elephantiasis, and other apparently endemic diseases, may 
 be naturally ascribed to the filthy habits and wretched con- 
 dition of the people. 
 
 Sf-isrms. — In Egypt, the seasons are reduced to three, viz. 
 the inundation, spring, and harvest, the distinction being 
 immediately dependent on the Nile. At the beginning of 
 June, the hot winds being over, and most of the crops cut, 
 the country begins to resemble the adjacent desert, and the 
 parched ground cracks and opens in all directions, when, in 
 the third week of the month, the river is observed to rise. 
 The increase of the water becomes in a short time regular, 
 till it re.iches its maximum, about the second week of Sep- 
 temljer. As the canals become filled, the water is allowed 
 to run over the fields and gardens, the low dams which 
 protect them being successively trodden down. During 
 this season, Egypt resembles a great .sea, in which the 
 towns, villages, and groves of trees figure as so many 
 islands. By the middle of November, the river has re- 
 turned to its old bed. and. as the waters retire, the fields 
 emerge from the inundation in a most un.sightly guise, 
 covered with blackish mud: the seed is quickly sown: the 
 refreshed earth teems with life : and, in an incredibly short 
 time, the face of the country, lately so deformed, is clothed 
 with the richest verdure. This spring-time lasts till the 
 Khamseen. or hot winds, after which comes the harvest, and 
 occupies the period that intervenes till the return of the 
 Inundation. The Nile may rise at the present day 28 feet, 
 without occasioning any damage. 
 
 Botany.— The wild plants of Egypt are generally dicoty- 
 ledonous annuals, characterized by a hairy or thorny exte- 
 rior, long roots, and leaves of pale green color, and dry tex- 
 ture. The most common wild shrub is the Acacia seval, 
 which is almost leafless, and armed with long thorns. The 
 palm-tree is rarely seen in a perfectly wild state: vet forests 
 of the date-pjilm, of great antiquity, exist on the E, boi-ders 
 of the Delta, and on the site of .Memphis. The doum-palm, 
 {Cucifera thrbaica.) singular in its bifurcat<'d forms, arrives 
 at perfection in Upper Egypt, and yields a fruit of the size 
 of an orange: but much less esteemed than the date. The 
 sycamore is the largest and most umbrageous of Egyptian 
 tret'S, often obtaining a circumferenc-e of 23 or 30 feet, but 
 with a moderate height : it bears a kind of fig on its trunk 
 and larger branches. The oramres. figs, and tamarinds of 
 Egypt are excellent: but the Europetin fruits grown there 
 are of iufenor quality. The chief timber-trees are the acacia 
 lebekh. the cypr.-ss. and the Aleppo pine. The sant or aca- 
 cia nilotica, valuable for Wa hard wood, and producing gum 
 arable, increast's in size as we ascend the Nile. The late 
 Viceroy, Mohamm(>d Alee, is .said to have planted, chiefly in 
 Lower Egypt, alxive 16.000,000 of trees of various kinds- 
 and his (ton. Ibrahim Pasha, planted more tiian 5,000,000. 
 
 Zodogy. — The list of the wild animals of Egypt is not 
 large. The wolf, hy»na, and jackal, habitual inhabitants 
 of the desert, occasionally visit the Valley of the Nile: there 
 the ichneumon or mangouste, which lives chiefly on eggs, 
 and preys on those of the crocodile among others, is still 
 numerous. The jerboa, or kangaroo-like rat. burrows in 
 the sands, and frequents, in great number.?, the plains of 
 Gheezeh, round the pyramids. The crocodile very rarely do- 
 .scends the Nile below Girjeh. and the hippopotamus has long 
 since retired to Upper Nubia, and never visits the waters 
 of Egypt, except when forcibly borne down by the flood, as 
 happened in 1836, when one of these aiilnials rose into 
 view before Damietta. AVild swine are still numerous in 
 the marshes and thickets bordering on the Delta, but they 
 are little molested by a Mohammedan population. 
 
 Agriculture — The system of husbandry pui-sued in Egypt 
 is proViablj' the same now that it was 3U00 years ago, where- 
 ever the government has not interfered with it, by intro- 
 ducing new objects of culture. The Egyptian peasant is 
 extremely tenacious of ancient usages : his plough at the 
 present day exactly re.sembles that figured in the hiero- 
 glyphics : for a harrow he u.ses a roller made of a piece of 
 tlie trunk of a palm-tree; and he allows no rest to the inun- 
 dated land, but relieves it only by a change of crops. AVheat 
 and barley, which are among the principal crups in Egypt, 
 are quite ripe in May in the Delta, where the produce of the 
 field arrives at maturity generally a month later than in 
 Upper Egypt. Durrah, (Sorghum rulgarf.) the grain on 
 which the natives chiefly subsi.st. and millet, are sown 
 ■later, and gathered earlier. Of maize, two crops are often 
 raised in the year. Rice, the sale of which is a monoj:ioly 
 of the government, is a novelty to the Egyptian husband- 
 man, and is grown chiefly in the low grounds near IJosetta 
 and Damietta. Beans, lupins, lentils, and various kinds of 
 pulse, with onions, bamich, (Hi/biacus e.<culeiilu:<.) and mal- 
 low, are cultivated, and consumed in great quantities. The 
 cultivation of cotton, begun in 1821, has now extended 
 widely; indigo succeeds in the Eayoom and Ujiper Egypt. 
 The growth of the sugar-cane is confined to the latter coun- 
 try; the manufacture of the sugar being carried on at Min- 
 yeh. For the s.ake of the silk manufacture, 3,000,000 of mul- 
 berry trees have been planted in Egypt ; but the hot winds 
 often prove fatal to the silk-worms. The cultivation cf the 
 olive. al.=o, is now encouraged; and attempts have been 
 made even to naturalize the coffee plant, dove, and cin- 
 namon. 
 
 Industry. — The Egyptians still adhere to their ancient 
 custom of uniting the followers of each business or pro- 
 fes,sion into a guild or corporation, governed by their chief 
 or sheikh, who acts, if need be, as their repre.sentative. 
 These guilds are exceedingly numerous, as might be ex- 
 pected, among a people whose social organization reaches to 
 a remote antiquity. Of all the trades pursued in this coun- 
 try . the most remarkable is hatching of eggs by the artificial 
 heat of ovens — a peculiarity of Egypt, handed down from 
 ancient times. The poultry reared in this way are wholly 
 without the instincts which relate to the care of offspring; 
 the artificial method of hatching, therefore, when once re- 
 sorted to. soon becomes necessary, and the natural system 
 of incubation is totally superseded.. It is said that 24.000,000 
 of eggs are submitted annually to the vivifying ovens in 
 Egypt, of which number about one-fifth fail. The busi- 
 ness of tanning is one in which the Egyptians succeed per- 
 fectly, by a process peculiar to themselves. They make ex- 
 cellent morocco leather, of goatskin dressed and dyed in a 
 particular manner. The pottery of Egypt, also, deserves 
 pi-aise, chiefly for the merit of the bardaks or water-jars. 
 The best bardaks are those made at Keneh. whiih. besides 
 being impregnated with a fine and lasting perfume, are. in 
 various degrees and forms, permenllo to water; so that 
 while some sen'e as filters, others exude the purified fluid, 
 and keep it cool by evaporation, which effect, in such a 
 climate as Egypt, is a matter of great importance. But the 
 manufactures, which require capital, and are carried on 
 with skill and the aid of machinery, all owe their introduc- 
 tion to the late Mohammed Alee, and are. in fact, the pro- 
 perty of the government. That energetic ruler istaMished 
 above 20 cotton mills on a large saile. horses or oxen Inking 
 employed as the moving power. His linen manufactories 
 deliver annually 3,000.000 pieces, and compete in Italy with 
 the productions of Germany and England. The manufac- 
 ture of silk, as well as the rearing of the silk-worm, re- 
 ceived from him a powerful impulse. AVoollen cloth, 
 hempen cordage, sugar, indigo, oil. gunpowder, and various 
 chemical products, all engaged his attention: and in every 
 case he established manufactorie.s. to be conducted on the 
 public account. He erected an iron foundry at lioolak, a 
 suburb of Cairo, on the Nile, His establishments for the 
 manufacture of fire-arms, and of military accoutrements in 
 general, merit commendation, especially on grounds of 
 policy. 
 
 Cumtixerct. — The commerce of Egypt, under the present 
 viceroy, appears to be in a very prosperous conditimi — a re- 
 sult owing, it is said, to the system of government which 
 has prevailed since the death of Mohammed Alee. The prin- 
 
EGY 
 
 EGY 
 
 cipsi articles exported are cotton, beans, pease, rice, wheat, 
 barley, (Tums, flax, hides, lentils, linseed, mother-of-pearl, 
 sesamum, senna, and ostrich feathers. The chief imports 
 are cotton and iron manufactures, coals, olive-oil, indigo, 
 earthi.-nware, sugar, drugs, liquors, and pitch. The annexed 
 table exhibits the value of the exports from Egypt for a se- 
 ries of years, ending 1851 : — 
 
 1841 $9,913,507 
 
 1842 9,02i,3.H0 
 
 1843 9,578.920 
 
 1844 8,393,422 
 
 1846 89,289,119 
 
 184li 9,355.504 
 
 1847 15,017,175 
 
 1848 7,862,827 
 
 1849 $10,155,811 
 
 lH.iO...... 15,767,898 
 
 1851 16,290,234 
 
 The v.ilue of imports into Egypt in 1849 was $9.350,000 ; in 
 1861 it had increased to Sll.500,000. According to the cus- 
 tom-house returns. Great Britain occupies the first place in 
 Egyptian commerce, the North of Europe the next,. Austria 
 the third, and France the fourth. To facilitate the internal 
 trade of the country, a railway about 120 miles long, was 
 opened from Alexandria to Cairo in the early part of 1855, 
 and is to be extended to Suez. 
 
 Ooremmenl. — The government of Egypt is in the hand.sof 
 Turks, and, as might be expected, is an unqualltied despo- 
 tism. Moh.ammed Alee, (.Mehemet Ali.) the first viceroy and 
 founder of the present dynasty, in 1808 aoolished the right 
 of private individuals to hold estates in land, thus becoming 
 hims.?lf the sole proprietor of the whole kingdom, iiouses and 
 gardens excepted. He took into his own hands all the agri- 
 culture, as well as all the manufactures of the kingdom, lie 
 aimed at developing the resources of Egypt, but he never 
 dreamt of turning to account the mainspring of national pro.s- 
 perity, namely, the untiring energy with which every man 
 iab'irs to promote his own welfare. All his reforms, his 
 schools, manufactures, canals, plantations, well ap]>ointed 
 army, and increasing navy, all tended towards the organiza- 
 tion of a .system on which he reckoned for the increase of his 
 financial means and political power, never taking into the 
 account the instruction or well-being of his people. They 
 were left but a wretched subsistence. 
 
 Heienuts and Erpen-ies. — The revenues of Egypt are de- 
 rived from various sources, the chief being the meeree (niiri) 
 or land tax, which yields nearly half of the whole income. 
 Next in importance are the proceeds of monopolies, namely, 
 of cotton, indigo, sugar, rice, opium. &c. Then come the capi- 
 tation, the customs, taxes on grain brought to market, on 
 cattle slaughtered, on date-treea. fishing. &c.; in all produc- 
 ing about 2.500.000^ The J^xyptian army is composed of 
 laO.OuO regular troops, 12.000 of whom are cavalry, and of 
 about 40,000 national guards. To these may be added 
 about 40.00) irregular cavalry, (Bedouins, chiefly in Am- 
 bia.) The fleet consists of 10 or 11 .ships of the line, 6 fri- 
 gates, and a dozen smaller vessels; connected with it and 
 with the arsenals is a force of 40.000 men. The entire 
 milit.-uT force maintained in the kingdom cannot fell much 
 short of 270.000 men. 
 
 /i'((c<!, Piipuldtion. i6c. — Of the inhabitants of Egypt, the 
 great majority — those of the peasant class, or Feilahs. as 
 they are cjilled — are undoubtedly indigenous, and may be 
 regarded as descendants of the ancient Egyptians. These, 
 having embraced Mohammedanism, are now generally de- 
 nominated Arabs, though easily di.xtingui.shed from the true 
 Arab, who Invariably regards the Fellah with contempt. 
 The Copts are the Kgyptians who still cling to the Christian 
 faith; though comparatively few, they contrive to hold a 
 respectable position in society by means of their education 
 and useful talents. The Fellahs are generally peasants 
 and laborers. With these alxiriginal Egyptians are min- 
 gled, in various proportions, Turks, Arabs, (chiefly Bedou- 
 ins.) .Armenians. Greeks, Berbers, Negroes, Jews, and 
 Franks. The Turks form a privileged class, or kind of ari.s- 
 tocraey, and hold the principal offices under government. 
 The Arab tribes considered as belonging to Egypt, and to 
 whom lands have been assigned, are the Bedouins, who 
 supply the country with camels, sheep, and, to some extent, 
 with horses; their numl)er is about 250,000. The whole 
 population of Fgypt has been estimated by the government, 
 from apparently ample data, at 3i or nearly 4 millions, but 
 Europeans who have examined this question on the spot 
 concur in reducing the estimate to 2i millions; the Fellahs 
 being nearly 2.000.000, the Copts, 145.000. and the ruling caste 
 of Tuiks and Memlooks, (that is. slaves chiefly from Caucasus, 
 taken young, and reared as Turks,) not above 20,000. 
 
 Dii^ixinnn. — Egypt falls naturally into two divisions, 
 namely. Upper and I^ower Egypt; the latter comprising the 
 broail plains of the Delta, and the former the comparatively 
 narrow valley of the river higher up. These were anciently 
 regarded as separate kingdoms, denoted in hieroglyphics by 
 different crowns or rf)yal tiaras. Whenever they were united 
 under the same rule, the I'haraoh bore the title of "The 
 Lord of the two worlds." But the lower part of the valley, 
 which includes the Fayoom and the plains watered by the 
 Bahr Yoosef differs widely again from the narrower portion 
 higher up : hence the division into Upper. Middle, and Lower 
 Egypt ; or, to use the Arab names. Saeed (Sa'id) or Mares, fin 
 Coptic, the South;) Wustanee or Vostauijand Baharee. (Ba- 
 hari. "maritime."^ or Er-l'eef, (El Kif.) The whole country 
 appearu to havc ueca subdivided from the earliest ages into 
 
 districts, or, as the Greeks termed them, Nomes. Upper 
 Flgypt, or the S.aeed, was often named by classic writers the 
 Thebais: and Middle Egypt, divided into 7 Noines, the iie;>j,a- 
 nomi.s. These ancient territorial divisions, beinir ibunded 
 on nature, have never fallen wholly into disuse, though dis- 
 guised under new names. The late Viceroy. Mohammed 
 Alee divided the whole country into seven Mooderliksor pro- 
 vinces, supeiintended by a Mooder; each Mooderlik beicf; 
 subdivided into departments, and these again into cantons, 
 each having its proper and responsible chief 
 
 Literature, Slonumf.n(s, and UUtwy. — As the Araliic lan- 
 guage has been for twelve centuries the language of Egypt, 
 the literature of the country has necessarily become merged 
 into that of Arabia. The truly indigenous literatxn-e of the 
 country, therefore — that which belonged to Egypt when its 
 historical importance was at its height^ — must he sought for 
 in the graven monuments of that period. Passing ovei- the 
 2500 years during which Egypt was ruled by gods and demi- 
 gods, we come to the Menes, tlie founder of the first of thirty 
 dynasties, recorded more or less perfectly by Manetho, the 
 high-priest of Isis et 8ebenjiytus. who lived aboxit ".00 B. C. 
 But so arbitrarily has the high-priest's information been dealt 
 with by the writers who have handed it down to us. that 
 we cannot decide whether he places 5Ienes 5400 or 3900 
 years before the Christian era. Ills son and successor is 
 said to have written a book on anatomy, and to have had a 
 temple at Memphis. This city was already the capital of 
 the kingdom, and mention is made, at the same early age, 
 of Bubastos or I'u-Pasht, (Pibeseth, Ezek. xxx. 17.) dedi- 
 cated to the goddess Pasht, the remains of wliich may still 
 be traced at Tel-Bastjih. on the E. side of the Delta. With 
 the fourth dynasty begins the period of undoubted contem- 
 porary monuments. ShCifo (Cheops) built the great pyra- 
 mid in which his name is written: his immediate successor 
 built the second: and his nephew. Menkare. the third. A 
 portion of the coffin of Menkare, with his name insciined on 
 it, is now in the British Museum, being probably the oldest 
 specimen of writing extant, beyond the pvramids and the 
 tombs of Gheezeh and Sakkara. These earliest known speci- 
 mens of hieroglyphic writing exhibit the art in complete 
 maturity, and, coupled with the pyramids, prove that 
 Egypt under the fourth dynasty was already far advanced 
 beyond the infancy of civilization. The eleventh dynasty 
 was the first of the Diospolitan or Theban kings, whose ce- 
 lebrity, however, commenced with the twelfth, to which be- 
 longed Sesortasen, one of those kings whose achievements 
 have been ascribed to the halffabulous Sesostris. and of 
 whom there remains an insci-ibed pillar, recording his con 
 quests in Nubia, and of his son, Animencmes IIT., who em- 
 banked Lake Moeris and built the Labyrinth. This edifice, 
 the foundations of which may still lie traced, appeared to 
 the Greeks, even while Karnak stood in all its glory, to be 
 the greatest and most wonderful in the world. The fif- 
 teenth and two succeeding dynasties were those of the 
 Ilyksos or shepherds, whose tyrannous rule continued for 
 some centuries. With the ei-jhteenth dynasty begins the 
 most brilliant period of Egyptian history, and the greatness 
 of Thelies. Aahmes, (Amosis.) the first king of the eigh- 
 teenth dynasty, is suppo.sed by some to have been the Pha- 
 raoh (Pii-re, king) under whom the Exodus took place; 
 though others suppose the Exodus to have taken place in 
 the reign of Ramses, (Sesostris.) the last king, or the last 
 but one, of this dynasty. Subsequently comes a series of 
 great princes — Amenoph, Thothmes, Horus. Ramses, and 
 Menephthah, to whom are due the grand niotiaments of 
 Karnak. Luxor. (el-Akhsar,)>Iedinet Aboo, Amada, Senineh, 
 Ac. Their conquests are recounted on obelisks, temples, 
 tombs, and represented by paintings, with hieroglyphic ex- 
 planations so elaborate and frequent, as to furnish the ma- 
 terial of a voluminous though still obscure literature. Some 
 papyri, written in the reign of Menephthah 11.. the last of 
 the twelfth dynasty, (and son of Ramses III., the Sesostris 
 of most writers, 1340 n, c) have been partially interpreted, 
 and throw a curious light on the manners of the age. One 
 of tliem contains instructions written by a minister of .state 
 for the secret preparation of a certain feast, whence it ap- 
 pears that the Ethiopian feast entitled "Table of the Sun," 
 (in old Egyptian phrase, the king.) as described by Herodo- 
 tus 800 yeai-s later, had its origin in Thebes. Under the 
 twentieth dynasty commenced the decline of Egypt and of 
 Egyptian art, while Assyria, on the other hand, began to 
 rise. A I'haraoh, probably the last, of the twenty-first dy- 
 nasty (Tanites, by Isaiah called the Princes of Zoan.) gave 
 his daughter in marriage to King Solomon. (1 Kings i.x. 16.) 
 The twenty-second began with Sesonchis, the Shishak of 
 Scripture, (the first I'haraoh mentioned by name in the 
 Sacred Volume,) to whom .Jeroboam fled, and who after- 
 wards sacked Jerusalem. The next dynasty was founded 
 by Sabaco, (So, the ally of Hosea, 2 Kings xvii.4.) originally 
 from Upper Nubia. Ills name, as well as that of his fol- 
 lower, Tirhaka, or Zerach the Ethiopian, is found on the 
 monuments. The twenty-sixth dynasty is distingui.shed 
 chiefly by P.sammetichus, in whose reign the Greeks legan 
 to grow numerous in Egypt. This was followed by the Persian 
 Cambyses and his successors for 124 years, after which pe- 
 
 619 
 
EGY 
 
 nod we have again three dynasties of native princes, the 
 Ust king of Egyptian racet*ing Nectanelms, of whom there 
 remains a temple and inscription at I'hiise. He was driven 
 from the tlirone in 341 B. c. by a usurper, who was soon 
 after displaced ly Daiius Ochus: and he in turn wasoblijred 
 in 332 B. c. to make way for Alexander. 
 
 Among the titipliies brought by the British army from 
 Egypt was the Kosetta stone, a large black slab, covered 
 with inscriptions in three different characters. The last of 
 Ihe.se is tJreek. and informs us that, in the ninth year of 
 Ptolemy Epiphaues. (196 B. c.'l the priests of Egypt, con- 
 vened for the purpose, decreed certain honors t^^ that king, 
 and ordered tliat their decree should be engraved on hard 
 stone. '• in sacred, (hieroglyphic.) demotic, and Greek cha- 
 racters." The certainty that the hieroglyphic inscription 
 here contained the same matter as the Greek, induced Dr. 
 Thomas Young, in 1813, to examine it attentively, and he 
 soon detected the often-repeated names of Ptolemy and Cleo- 
 patra. The first steps having been successfully made, the 
 progress that ensued was astonishingly rapid, insomuch that 
 ChampoUion left liehind him at his death, in 1S.30. a com- 
 plete Egyptian grammar and dictionary of hieroglyphics. In 
 consequence, therefore, of this remarkable discovery, we of 
 the nineteenth centurj- have a much better knowledge of 
 the monuments and history of ancient Egypt than was pos- 
 sessed either bj' the Greeks or Komans. 
 
 Modern History. — In A. I>. 639, the Arabs effected the con- 
 quest of Egypt, which, under its Mohammedan rulers, soon 
 became totally changed. In 1250, the government was seized 
 by the Slemlooks, (slaves, chiefly from Caucasus, bred to 
 military service.) who had grown into power by the favor of 
 Saladin. These were subdued by Selim. the Ottoman sul- 
 tan, in 1517 ; but the descendants of the defeated chiefs kept 
 the country in disorder for more than two centuries; and 
 when, in the first half of the eighteenth century, the Otto- 
 man empire was hard pressed by Kussia and Austria. Egypt 
 again fell under the turbulent sway of the Memlooks. who 
 continued to retain the sovereign power during the French 
 invasion in 1798 : but on the expulsion of the French, the 
 young officer, Mohammed Alee Bey. commanding the Tur- 
 kish forces, contrived to shorten the contest by entrapping 
 and treacherously murdering the Memlook le.iders. Such 
 was the act which founded the fortunes of the future pasha. 
 As he consolidated his power in Egjpt, the porte, with sin- 
 ister intentiims probably, commanded him to suppress the 
 M'ahabee, (Wah&bi.) a fanatical sect in Arabia, grown forti>i- 
 dable by their numbers and audacitj-. But his energy qnd 
 perseverance overcame all difficulties. lie soon subdued the 
 Wahabee, and annexed to his dominions all the provinces 
 of Arabia bordering on the Red Sea. On the banks of the 
 Nile bis conquests extended to Sennaar and Kordofan. At 
 length he broke openly with the )>orte. and the Ottoman 
 and Egyptian forces meeting in the plains of Xizeeb, (Nizib,) 
 in Syria, in June, 1839, the latter gained a decisive victory ; 
 the result of which was a treaty confirming to Mohammed 
 Alee the vice-royalty of Egjpt, as a- fief of the Ottoman Em- 
 pire, hereditary in his family. Adj. and iuhab. Egyptia-N, 
 
 e-jip'sh.Hn. (Arab. Mus'ree.) 
 
 E/GYl'T. a post-viliase of Monroe co_ New York, about 
 200 miles W. by X. of Albany. 
 
 EGYl'T. a small village of Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EGVl'T. a post-office of Monroe co., West Virginia. 
 
 EGYTT, a post-office of Effingham co.. Georgia. 
 
 EGYl'T, a post-office of Colorado co.. Texas. 
 
 EG YI'T. a post-office of Favette co., Tennessee. 
 
 EGVI'T'S MILLS, a post-office of Belmont co.. Ohio. 
 
 EH KX. e'hen. a river of England, co. of Cumberland, flows 
 throuirh the Lake andL>'ale of Ennerdale, past Egremout, 
 and thence S. to the Tri-sh Sea. 
 
 EHIXGEN, A'ing-fn, (anc. Dracuinaf) a town of AViirtem- 
 berg, 15 miles S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 3000. It has a Roman 
 Catholic gymnasium, an hospital, and 4 churches. 
 
 EHXHKIM. a town of France. See Obernai. 
 
 EHMXGEX. A/ningen. a vill.ige of Wurtemberg, circle 
 of Schwarzwald. 7 miles W. of Urach. Pop. 5010. 
 
 EIIXIXGEX, a village of AVUrtemberg, 4 mUes S.W. of 
 BBblingen. Pop. 1530. 
 
 EHKA.NG, A'ring, a town of Prussia, Rhine province, 
 t^vei-nnient and 4 miles X. of Treves, on a hei'ht at the 
 confluence of the Kyll with the Moselle. It is surrounded 
 \rith walls, and has extensive iron-works, .some trade in 
 cattle, and an important annual fair. Pop.' 1050. 
 
 EHKEXBEltG. A'rgn-b6Rr.\ (Alt. ilt, and Xec. noi.) two 
 contiguous vilLiges of Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz. Pop. 
 tf Alt i.hrenberg. 2.579: Xeu Ehrenberg. 13-20. 
 
 EHKENBItEITSTEIX. A'ren-brlt/stlne. 41 town of Rhe- 
 nish Prussia. Immediately opposite Coblentz, with which 
 It Is conneite<l by a bridge of boats. Pop. 2100. It is situ- 
 ated at the fix)t of a rocky mountain. 4(58 feet in elevation, 
 and thence called KhrenbreitsUin-im-Thalc, ('• Ehrenbrelt- 
 tMu in the valley:") it commands extensive views of the 
 Khnie. and has a steam-cooking apparatus which prepares 
 provisions for 1000 men daily. The Fortress of Ehrenbreit- 
 steln. which ciwers the rock, was originally a Koman cas- 
 irum. It was In vaju besieged by the French in lti32 and 
 tJ:jQ 
 
 EIG 
 
 1688 . It was again besieged by General Marceau in 1796, 
 and taken in 1799: it was demolished after the peace oi 
 Luneville, but has been restored by the Prussian govern- 
 ment since 1815. and is now a first class fortress, capable of 
 contjiining a garri.«on of 14.100 men. 
 
 EHHEXFRlEDEliSDORF, .AVen-free'ders-doEP, a town of 
 Saxony, circle of Zwickau, on the slope of the Sanlierg, 
 about 1600 feet above the sea, 44 miles S.W. of Dresden. 
 Pop. 2620. 
 
 EHREXnAUSEX, A'ren-hOw'zen, a market-town of Aus- 
 tria, in Styri.i. circle, and 10 miles X.X.W. of Marburg, on 
 the MuV, here crossed by a covered bridge. In 1S09. a bat- 
 tle was fought here between the French and Austrian^, 
 Pop. 708. 
 
 EHREXSTETTEX, A'ren-st^t^en, a market-town of Baden. 
 8 miles S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1564. 
 
 ElBAU or EYBAU. Itdw, (Alt, ilt, and Xeu, noi.) two 
 contiguous villages of Saxony, on the Rnmburger. Pop 
 4?t00. This is one of the chief seats of the celebrated linen 
 manufacture of Lusatia. 
 
 EIBELSTADT. i'l)el-statt\ or EIVELSTADT. i'vel-statt\ a 
 town of Bavaria, in Lower i'ranconia, on the Main, 5 miles 
 S.E. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ElBEXSCHITZ or EIBEXSCHUTZ. (Eibenschiitz.) iOien- 
 shuts\ a town of Moravia, on the Iglawa, 12 miles S.W.'of 
 Briinn. I'op. 3549. 
 
 EIBEXSTOCK, I^ifn-stock^ a town of Saxonv. 16 miles 
 S.S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 4666. It has manufactures of che- 
 mical products, muslin, and lace. There are tin-mines and 
 stone-quarries in the vicinity. 
 
 EIBISWALD, i'bis-«dlt\ a market-town of Austria, in 
 Styria. 24 miles W.X.\V. of Marburg. Pop. 917. 
 
 ElBSTADT. iVstitt or ip'stStt, (GROSS, groce. and 
 KLEIX. kiln.) two vilLages of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, 
 near Kiinigshofen, on the Saale. Ochre is mined, and wine 
 is extensively grown in the vicinity. Pop. of Gross Eibstadt, 
 522: Klein Eibstadt. 642. 
 
 EICH, IK, a vill.Hge and pari.sh of Holland, province of 
 Luxemburg, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. 4600. 
 
 EICH. Ik. a village of Hes.s^Darmstadt, in Rheinhessen, 
 near the Rhine. 9 miles X. of Worms. Pop. 1342. 
 
 EICH EX BUHL. i'Ken-bUle\ a village of Bavaria. In Lower 
 Franconia, district of, and near Miltenberg, at the conllu 
 ence of the Schippach and Erf. Pop. 9S5. 
 EICHO, a town of Portugal. See Eixo. 
 i;iCHORX. iKTiorn, a village of Moravia. 18 miles W. of 
 Briinn, on the Schwarzawa, with an old fortress, powdoi 
 mills, and iron-works. 
 
 EICUSTADT or AlCHSTADT. Ik'st Jtt, a town of Bavaria, 
 capital of a principality given in 1S17 to Prince Eugene 
 Beauharnai.s, 42 milesW.S.W. of Ratisbon, on the Alt- 
 miihl. Pop. 7396. It has a ducal residence, a cathedra], 
 and .several other churches, a Capuchin convent, bishop's 
 palace, gymnasium, Latin and other schools, a public libra- 
 ry, museums, and manufactures of earthenw:ires, hard- 
 wares, and woollen goods, with breweries and stone quar- 
 ries. Eithstadt was the head-quarters of the French uudei 
 Des.saix in 1796. 
 
 EICHSTETTEX. ik'stJt-ten, a market-town of Biiden, on 
 the Dreisam. 8 miles X.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 2517. 
 
 EICHTERPTIKI.M, lK'tfi-s-hIme\ a village of Baden, circle 
 of Lower Rhine, near Wiesloch. Pop. 835. 
 
 EIDER, i'der or id'er, (L. EuUra.) an important river of 
 Denmark, rises In Holsteln, 8 miles S. of Kiel, and flows 
 generally W. to the German Ocean, past Rendsbuig and 
 Friedrichstadt, forming, with the canal of same name which 
 continues it. the limit between the duchies of Sleswick and 
 Holsteln. Length 90 miles, for 70 miles of which it is navi- 
 gable. It opens a communication between the Baltic .ind 
 tlie German Ocean, and the tides are felt as far as Rends- 
 burg. 
 
 EIDSVOLD. Ids'vold. or EIDSYOLD-BAKKEN. Jds'vnld- 
 bik'ken. a town of Xorway. 32 miles X.X.E. of Christiania, 
 on the A'ermen-Elf It has iron forges, and wa-s the seat of 
 the Xational .\ssembly, held after the treaty of Kiel. Janu- 
 ary 14. 1814, by which Denmark abandoned Xorwav to 
 Sweden. 
 
 EIFEL. ITfl. a range of schistous hills, in Prussia, pro 
 vince of Lower Rhine, connected. W. with the East .\rden- 
 nes. and trending E. by S. towards the Rhine, chiefly be- 
 tween the rivers Abr and Xette. They are somt-times di- 
 vided into Hohen-Eifel. (" high Eifel,") Vorder EitVl. (•• hither 
 Eifel."') and Schnelfel. ("snowy Eifel.") The culminating 
 peak Is about 2300 feet hi>;h. 5sumerousextinct craters and 
 other traces of vol'-.inic action are met with; and they tire 
 still the haunt of the wolf and the boar. 
 
 EIG, EIGG. eeg, or EG<; (Jgg) ISLAXD. one of the He- 
 brides of Scotland, co. of Inverness, 12 miles W. of .^ri.'.iig, 
 on the m.aiuland. Pop. 646. Here are some remarkable ba- 
 saltic cliffs. 
 
 EIGELTIXGEN. I'ghel-tingVn, a village of Baden, I^ake, 
 circle, hiiliwick of. and near Stockach. Pop. 793. 
 
 EIGIOR. i'gher, a mountiin of Switzerland, in the Ber- 
 nese Oberlanu, 2 miles X. of the MSneh. Elevation 13,04o 
 feet. 
 
EIG 
 
 KIGnT BROTH'ERS, or SOWAUBA, sowaw'ba, a group 
 of small islands on the N.K. coast of Ahysssiuia, at the mouth 
 of the Strait of Bab-t-l-Mandeb. about 15 miles N. of Kas Bir : 
 the laiL'est in lat. 12° 28' N., lon.4y° 28' 50" K. The highest 
 rises about 350 feet above the sea, with a small bay on its N. 
 eide. 
 
 KIGHTEEN MILE, a post-oflRee of Pickens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 EIGHTEEX MILE CREEK, of South Carolina, enters 
 the Kiowee a few miles 8.AV. of Pendleton. 
 
 EIJKHLAND, or EIERLAND, iVr-ldnf, (" egg-land,") a 
 former island of Holland, province of North Ilolland, now 
 forming the N. part (about two-iifth.s) of the island of 
 Texel. It receives its name from the number of sea-fowls' 
 eggs fiund upon it. 
 
 EliCKN, I'kgn, a village of Swilzerland, canton of Aargau, 
 near the Rhine, 10 miles N. of .\arau. Pop. 1078. 
 
 EILAU or KYLAU, ildw, (Deutsoh, doitch,) a town of 
 Prussia, province of West Prussia, 29 miles E.S.E. of Ma- 
 rienwerder, on the Lake of Genserich. Pop. 2280. 
 
 EILAU or EYLAU, (Pkeu.ssisch, proi'sish.) a town of 
 Prussia, province of East Prussia, 22 miles S.S.E. of Kiiuigs- 
 berg, on the Pasmar. Pop. 2580. It is well known for the 
 victory gained by the French over the Prussians and Rus- 
 sians. February 8, ISO". 
 
 EILDOX (eel'd9u) HILLS, three conical peaks of Scotland, 
 CO. of Roxburgh. Elevation of the loftiest, 1350 feet. Tradi- 
 tion relates that these hills were originally one mountain, 
 cloven into three parts by the power of the wizard Jlichael 
 Scott ! The view from their summits embraces some of the 
 most interesting scenery of the border. 
 
 EILKNBURG, lOfn-bdORG^ a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 27 miles E.NE of 3Ierseburg, on an island in the Mulde. 
 Pop. 8740. It is enclosed by walls, and has an old castle. 
 Luther preached here at the commencement of the Refor- 
 mation in 1522. 
 
 EILENDOKF, lien-dour, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 3 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. It has a Roman Catholic 
 church, a copper mill, and mines of calamine and lead. 
 
 EIL, LGCll, 15k eel, a salt-water lake of Scotland, forming 
 the upper part of Loch Linnhe, on the Ixirders of the coun- 
 ties of .\rgyle and Inverness. Uere is the residence of the 
 chief of clan Cameron. 
 
 EILSKN, n'sgn, a village of Northern Germany, in Lippe- 
 Schaumbnrg. 2 miles E.S.E. of Biickeburg, on the Au. at 
 the foot of the Uaarlljerg 5Iountain. It ^as celebrated 
 miner:\l springs, and a bathing establishment. 
 
 ETMAUK COUNTRY, Asia. See Huzareh. 
 
 EIMISKCK, im'bJk, a town of Hanover, capital of the 
 principality of Grubenhagen, on the llm, 39 miles S.E. of 
 Ilanover. I'op. 5S67. It is enclosed by fortifications. The 
 S. side, restored since the burning of 1826, is well built and 
 regular, has a gynasium and various endowed institutions. 
 
 EIJIEO. I'me-o, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific 
 Ocean. N.W. of Tahiti. Lat. 17° 30' S.. Ion. 150° 10' W. 
 Length 9 miles; breadth 5 miles. Estimated pop. 1300. It 
 is mountainou.s, has an alirupt coast, and is noted for its ex- 
 cellent timber. It is the church station of the missionaries 
 in th.'se islands, who have established here some cotton, 
 rope, and other factories. 
 
 EINDHOVEN, ind'ho'vgn, a town of the Netherlands, pro- 
 Tince of North Brabant, on the Dommel, at the influx of 
 the Gender. 19 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 3028. It has 
 a Latin school, and manufactures of linens and woollens. 
 It was f )rmerly fortified. 
 
 EI NOD, (Einod,) I'not, a village of Austria, in Styri.i, SJ 
 miles N.W. of Judenliurg, with mineral springs. In 1797, 
 a skirmish took place here between the Austrians and 
 French under Massena. There are numerous villages in 
 Germany called Einod, or EinOde. 
 
 EIXSIEDHX, In'.see'del. a village of North Hungary, circle 
 of Zips, on the Golnitz, il4 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2370. 
 
 EINSIKDELN, in'seeMi'ln. a town of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 9 miles E.N.E. of Schwitz, in the valley of the Sihl. 
 Pop. SOiiO. It comprises about 75 inns and ale-houses for 
 the reception of pilgrims, &c. ; and owes its origin to the 
 famous Benedictine Abbey, superior of all the Benedictine 
 abbeys in Switzerland. The abbey is situated above the 
 town, at an elevation of 2985 feet above tlie sea, in a cold, 
 exposed district. It was founded in the ninth century, has 
 spacious apartments, a hospital, library, with 26,000 vo- 
 lumes, museum of paintings and Roman antiriuities, and a 
 marble cliapel, with an image of the virgin, which, on tlie 
 1 4th September annually, attracts on an average 150.000 pil- 
 grims. Its rich treasury was despoiled by the French in 
 1798. The reformer Zwingli was curate of Eiusiedeln, 
 which was also the birthplace of Paracelsus. 
 
 EINUKU, Tnoo-roo'. a town' of British India, presidency 
 of Madras, in lat. 13° 5' N., Ion. 75° ItV E., and having a 
 Brahminical. and numerous Jain temples. 
 
 EINVIliLE, S-N^VeeV, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, 4^ miles N. of Luneville, with a chateau, 
 in which Stanislaus of Poland resided. Pop. 1146. 
 
 EIUKE, airk, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, cos. of 
 Queen's and Kilkenny. 
 
 EKH 
 
 EISACir, i'zIk, or EISAK. i'zJk, a riv.>r of Austria, In 
 Tyrol, rises on the S. slope of Mount Brennoi , and flows into 
 the Adige. 
 
 EISENACH, i'zfn-jK\ a town of Central Germany, Grand' 
 Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, capital of the principality of Lisea 
 ach, on the Ilorsel, at the foot of the \\'artliurg, and on the 
 railway from Leipsic to Cassel, 44 miles W. of ^Veimar 
 Pop. 94.39. It is the principal town in the Tliuiingian 
 Forest, and has many good public edifices, including tf 
 ducal rtfsidence, mint, town-hail, prisons, hospitals, gymna 
 sium, forest and various other school.s, mauufartures of 
 cotton goods, soap, and w hite lead, dye-works, and tanneries. 
 Near it is the castle of 'Wartburg, once the residence of the 
 landgraves of Thuringia. and in wliich Luther passed ten 
 months of durance, from May 4lh, 1521, to March 6th, 1522, 
 under the friendly arrest of the Elector of Saxouy. The 
 principality of Eisenach has an area of 285 square miles, 
 and a pop. of 70,845. 
 
 EISENBER6, i'zfn-bJRo', a town of Central Germany, 
 in Saxe-Altenburg, 24 milesAV.S.W. of Alteuburg. Pop. 4744. 
 It has a castle, with an observatory, and manufactures of 
 woollen stuffs and porcelain. 
 
 EISKNBURG, i'zen-bOi>RG\ or A'AS-TARMEGYE, voih- 
 vaR'uiAMyi', a co. of Hungary, in Hither Danube, lK)uudtjd 
 W. by Stvria, and N.AV. by the Archduchy of Austria. 
 
 EISENBURG, i'zeTi-bdei!u\ or VASVAU, vOsh'vait', a town 
 of Hungary, co. of Eisenljurg, near the Herpenyo, 27 mile? 
 S.E. of Giins. Pop. 670. 
 
 EISENDORF, I'zfn-doRf\ a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Klattau. 38 miles AV. by S. of Pilsen, in the Bohnierwald 
 Mountain.*, on the frontiers of Bavaria. Pop. 742. 
 
 EISENERZ, i'zen-jRts\ or INNEliBliRG, in'ner-b?Ra\ a 
 market-town and lordship of Austria, in Styria, circle, and 
 19 miles W.N.W. of Bruck. at tlie foot of the ICrzberg or Iron 
 .Mountain. It contains a Gothic church of the thirteenth 
 century, and is celebrated for its iron, which has been worked 
 on the mountain for 1000 years. Pop. 2575. 
 
 EISENSTADT, i'zen-stj{tt\ (Hun. Kis Hartnny, kish man'- 
 tof!',) a royal free town of Hungary, 12 miles N.N.W. of 
 tEdenburg. near the W. bank of Lake Neusiedl. Pop. ,')700. 
 Tt is divided into the town, distrfht, and the demesne of 
 Prince Esterhazy. The former has a town-house and a 
 Franciscan convent; and the latter contains the musnificent 
 palace of the prince, with a chapel, theatre, and other 
 splendid apartments. In the park is an extensive orangeix 
 containing 400 orange-trees, and 70.000 spwies of exotio 
 plants. N. of the town are the princely Zoologiial Gardens. 
 
 EISEY, ee'zee, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 EISFELT, ice'fJlt, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Meiningen, 
 on the Werra, 23 miles E.S.E. of Meiningen. It stands in 
 an extensive valley, more than 1400 feet above the sea, and 
 is divided by the river into the old and new town. Pop. 
 2796. 
 
 EISGRUB, Ice'grMp, a market-town of Sloravia, 29 miles 
 S.S.E. of Briinn, on the Thaya. It contains a fine seat of 
 Prince Lieclitenstein. Pop. 1954. 
 
 EISK. atsk or isk, a maritime town of Ru.ssi.i. at the head 
 of a landlocked bay of the same name, on the E. shore of the 
 Sea of Azof, territory of the Cossacks of the Black Sea, 50 
 miles W.S.W. of Azof. 
 
 EISLEBEN, IslA-bfn. a town of Prussian Saxony. 23 miles 
 N.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 8340, employed in linen-weaving 
 and mines of silver and copper in the vicinity. It is divided 
 into an old town enclosed by walls and ditches, a new town, 
 with suburbs; and has an old castle, a gymnasium, and the 
 house in which Luther was horn, in 1483, now a charity 
 school. 
 
 EISLINGEN, GROSS, groce iceling-en, a village of AV'Ur- 
 temburg, ciicle of Danube, 2 miles E. of Goppingen, on the 
 Fils. Pop. 1228. 
 
 EISNERN or AISNERN, ice'nem, a village of Austri.a, in 
 Illyria, circle, and 24 miles W.N.W. of Laybach. 
 
 EITEHFKLD, i'tfr-f^lt', a market-town of Western Ger- 
 many, in Hesse Cassel, 7 miles S.E. of Ilersfeld. Pcjp. 632. 
 
 ElVELSTADT, a town of Bavaria. See Eibelst.adt. 
 
 EIXO or EICHO. i'e-sho or A'sho, a town of Portugal, 
 province of Beira, 27 miles S.S.W. of Lamego, near the 
 Vouga. Pop. 3100. 
 
 EJEA DE LOS CABALLEROS. See Egea de los Ca- 
 
 BALLEROS. 
 
 EKATERINBURG. See Yekaterixbooro. 
 EKATERINODAR. See Yek.\teri>odar. 
 EKATERINOGKAD. See Yekateri.noorad. 
 EKATERIXOSLAV or EKATERINOSLAW. See Yeka- 
 
 TEKINOSIAV. 
 
 EKENAS or EKENES, Jk'eh-n5ce\ written also EKNAS, 
 a small seaport of Russia, in Finland, province of Nyiand, 
 on a tongue of land near the N.E. entrance of the Gulf of 
 Finland, 60 miles S.E. of Abo. Pop. 1260. 
 
 EKEROE, &k'er-a*eh, one of the .\land Islands, in the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, immediately W. of Aland. Length, 12 
 miles, breadth, 4 miles. 
 
 EKHE, Jk'eh. ov IGA, ig'a. a river of Mongolia, issues from 
 the S. eud of Lake Koos.saigool, in about lat. 50° 28' N., 
 lou. 100° E., from which it flaws S.E., and joins the Selenga 
 
 621 
 
EKH 
 
 ELB 
 
 at l«t 18° SC X, Ion. 104° E. Entire course, about 170 
 miles. 
 
 EKH MrM. a town of Upper E<rypt See Akhmtm. 
 
 EKIM KHAN", Jk'eem' Kin. a town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 140 miles E. of Seevas. near tlie junction of tlie Ivamak or 
 Ana with the Euphrates. Pop. from leWO to 1600. 
 
 EKNAS, a town of Kussia. See Ekenas. 
 
 EK'KON, an ancient town of Palestine, identified with 
 the villa<»eof Akiue,paslialic of Gaza, 23 miles W.N.W. of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 EKSJO, (Ek.^S,) Jk'sha. a town of Sweden, lien, of Smi- 
 land. on an elevated plain, 100 miles S.W. of Stockholm. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 E'LA. a post-township in the S. part of Lake co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 12-28. 
 
 EL AASY. a river of Syria, See Oroxtes. 
 
 EL-ABIAD or BAIIR EL-ABIAD. See XlLE. 
 
 EL.\GUI. a river of Siberia, See Yixaqooee. 
 
 EI^AIISA. See Lahsa. 
 
 K'L.\JISVILLE. a post^villasje in Patrick co., Virginia, 
 about 200 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 ELrAISAISH, el-dVish'. or AtrARAlSCH. el-iVish'. (-'the 
 Garden of Pleasure.") improperly LARACIIK. a fortified 
 seaport town of Morocco, on a declivity near the mouth of 
 a river flowing into the .\tlantie. 45 miles S.S.W. of Tangier. 
 Lat. 36° 13' X., Ion. 6° 9' W. Pop. 4000. of whom 1300 are 
 Jews. It has a castle, a handsome mosque, a larce market- 
 place, and a dock-yard. The port receives only small vessels, 
 Itud its trade has of Lite very much declined. 
 
 E1^.\REKSH or ARISH. d-reesh', a village of Lower Egg^pt, 
 on the Jlediterranean, at the mouth of the AVady-el-Areesh, 
 " Torrent of Eirypt," on the route from E^jpt to Syri.i, It 
 is supv.osed to occupy the site of the ancient Rhinodura. 
 
 ELAVER. See Aluer. 
 
 ElrAZKKK or BAHR EL-AZREK. &?e XlLE. 
 
 ELBA. M'ba, (Fr. Elbe. Jib. anc. IVra and .Ethania, Gr. 
 AiOaXia.) the largest island of Tuscany, in the Mediterranean, 
 between Corsica and the coast of Italy, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the channel of Piombinb. it is of a trian^lar form, 
 rounded on the W.. coasts elevated and steep, deeply indented 
 by 7 gulfs, which fbrm several good ports, the best of which 
 is' that of Porto-ferraio, the capital. Length from E. to W., 
 17i miles ; breadth, from 2} to 10^ miles. The population, 
 which has been gradually increasing, was. in 1842. 18.448 
 civili.Hns. of whom 7546 were proprietors of the .soil. The 
 island is entirely mountainous, covered with the conti-eforts 
 of 3 chains, which meet S.E. of the capitil: the culminating 
 point is 3134 feet in elevation. The climate is temperate 
 and he.ilthy. except in some low districts on the shore. 
 Excellent wine and delicious fruit are produced. Iron 
 abounds in many parts of the island, but is worked only 
 near Porto-ferraio. Tlie port of embarkation for all the 
 minerals of i;iba is FoUouicii, on the Gulf of I'iombino. By 
 the treaty of Paris, in 1814. the island was erected into a 
 sovereiiiiity for Xapoleon. and it was his residence from May 
 3d, 1S14. to February 20th. 1S15. Adj. and inhab. Ei/bax. 
 
 EL'B.\. a village of Essex co., Xew York, 25 miles W. by 
 N. of Elizaljethtown. 
 
 ELB.\. a post-village and township of Genesee co., New 
 York. 6 uiile* N. of Batavia. Pop. 2040. 
 
 ELBA, a post-oflice of Jackson co., W. Virginia, 
 
 ELB.A., a post-oflice of Colfee co., Alabama. 
 
 ELB.A., a jKJSt-oftice of Fayette co., Tennessee. 
 
 ELBA, a township, Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 809. 
 
 ELBA, a post-township of Dodge co., Wisconsin. P. 1640. 
 
 EL B.4L.\D. Jl bj-ldd', an ancient city of Arabia, of which 
 the ruins only now remain, on the S.E. coast, within 100 
 yards of the sea ; lat. 17° 1' N., Ion. 54° 12' 30" K The ruins 
 are spread over a space 2 miles long and 600 yards broad, 
 and consist of exten.sive mounds of loose hewn stone, worn 
 and blackened by long exposure to the weather. It is not 
 certainly known when or by whom this ancient city was 
 built: but there is a tradition that it was founded about 
 the middle of the twelfth century. 
 
 El^BASSAN", Sl-bis'siu', AL-BASSAN, ll-bJsVan', or IL- 
 BASS.W. il-b.^sV'in', a town of European Turkey, province 
 of Albania »U miles S.K. of Scutari, on a tributary of the 
 S««mbi : lat. 41° 11' X, Ion. 19° 5t5' E. Pop. 3000. 
 
 ELBE. ?lb. (Ger. pron. Jl'beh : anc. AVhis ; Bohemian. I^he, 
 li1)A ; Dutch, £/rc, M'veh.) an important river of Germany, 
 rises in the western slopes of the Schnee-Koi)pe. in the 
 the Riesengebirge, Bohemia, from 30 springs, the southern- 
 most of which, the Ell>brunnen, is situated at an elevation 
 of 4.MK> feet aliove the sea. It flows generallv N.W., and 
 waters Bohemi.a. Saxony, and l»russ!a. separates Hanover 
 and Slecklenburjr. and forms part of the S. boundary of 
 Denmark. It cntei-s the German Ocean near the port of 
 Cuxhaven. I.en'.'th, in a direct line. 396 miles; including 
 windings. 5.'i0 miles. Its chief aftluents are the Uavel. the 
 Moblau. EiMr. and .*«ale. It is navigable from the confluence 
 of the Moldan, i>ut its navigation is impeded by the Inwness 
 of Its bed. the greater part of which is only from 1.60 to 300 
 fe«t alx)ve the level of the sea. It is 14 miles wide at its 
 mouth, and ships drawing 14 feet of water can ascend it at 
 all times to Hamburg, but its estuary is encumbered by 
 622 
 
 sandbanks. It is connected by canals with the Oder and 
 the Trave; and light steam-packets ascend it as tir as Meluik 
 in Bohemia. 
 
 ELBERFELD, Jl'ber-flie, (Dutch, EJberrelde, Jl'ber-fJlV 
 djh.) a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Wipper, 10 miles 
 E. of Dusseldorf, with which it is connected by railway. 
 This is one of tlie richest and most important manufacturing 
 towns of Germany. Pop. 56,293. It is long, straggling, 
 and irregularly built; but in the newer piii-ts of the town 
 are several good streets, well paved, and lighted with gas. 
 It is the se.at of several commercial companies, and has a 
 gymnasium, with a library and museum, a school of manu- 
 factures, and 22 burgher schools, with 7743 pupils. It has 
 5500 femilie.s. and 100 great houses engaged in m.^nufto- 
 tures. Its chief busines.s is in dyeing, printing, and cloth- 
 weaving. It has 70 dyeing establishments. 10 bleaching- 
 grounds, 6 cotton-spinning Cictories. and 1 woollen-mill. 
 It is famed for the dyeing of Turkey-red, and a great 
 amount of yarn is annu.illy sent here to be dyed. Elber- 
 feld and IJannen, which adjoins it. supply all Germany 
 with tapes and bands. See Barmex. It has extensive 
 exchange transactions, a Rhenish West-Indtsn tradinir com- 
 panj-. and a mining company. Bleach-fields were established 
 here in 1450, but it first assumed importance at the coa- 
 clusion of the Seven Years' War. 
 
 El/BEItT, a CO. in the E.N.E. part of Georgia, has an area 
 of 514 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and S.W. by 
 Broad River, and on the X.E. by the Savannah, which 
 separates it from South Carolina. It is also drained by 
 Beaverdam. Coldwater. ilnd C«dar Creeks. The surface is 
 hilly: the soil in the vicinity of the rivers is good, and in 
 other parts moderately fertile. On thebankof the Savannah 
 River ure several artificial mounds, one of which is 40 or 50 
 feet high, and bears on its summit a large cedar. The 
 county was named in honor of Samuel Eliiert, formerly 
 governor of Georgia. Capital, Elberton. Pop. 10,433, of 
 whom 4722 were free, and 5711 slaves. 
 
 EL'BEI?TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 EI/BERTOX, a thiiving posl/viUage. capital of Ellx-rt CO., 
 Georgia, 78 miles X.W. of Augusta. The situation is healthy 
 and the water good. A fine court-house and several other 
 buildings were erected in 1S51 ; and me.^sures have been 
 taken to lay a plank-road to Augusta. The village contains 
 1 academv "nd 2 carriage-shops. 
 
 ELBEliVELDE. a town of Prussia. See Elberfeld. 
 
 ELB1>TEIMTZ. Jl'beli-tl'nits, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles 
 W. of Chrudim, on the Elbe, and on the Prague and Olmntz 
 Itailwav. 
 
 ELBEUF or ELB(EUF, hVhvf, (L. ElWrium or EU 
 leMviiim.) a town of France, department of Seine- 
 Inferieure, 11 miles S.S.W. of Rouen, and about 4 miles 
 from the Paris and Rouen Railway. It is beautifully 
 situated in a picturesque valley, on the left bank of the 
 Seine; its newer streets are wide and handsome, some of 
 tliem opening into a .spacious area. l)ordered with chestnut 
 trees, called the Champ de Foire: and it has eight Artesian 
 wells, with six well-supplied public fountains : and is lighted 
 with gas. It is the seat of a tributary of commerce, a con- 
 sultative board of manufactures, and a council of prud'- 
 hommes. Elbeuf is chiefly noted for its spinneries. numer- 
 ous factories, dye-works, Ac; for the manufitcture and Mni.sh 
 of woollen cloths — being the third town in France for this 
 species of manufacture. A rivulet, which traver.ses the 
 place, in several windings, called the Puchot. is usefully 
 employed in these operations, and in fulling, washing. Ac. 
 The lighter woollens, such as zephyrs, habit-cloths, chefjuered 
 stuffs, fine colored flannel fabrics, mostly fir China, billiard- 
 table covers, and all sorts of fancy goods, are made to a gi-eat 
 extent, employing at)nut two-thirds of the inhabitants, be- 
 sides more than 20(X) persons in the surroundinsr towns 
 Kltieuf is also an entrepot for the better cloths of Lraiviers 
 and Sedan, and for the wool of Spain, Italy. Germany, and 
 Engl.ind. Saap, chemical stuffs, oil, and all sorts of ma- 
 chinery for the woollen manufactures, are likewise mada 
 It hiis also some trade in grain and timber, and daily tiaflit 
 by steamer with Paris. Rouen, and Havre. Elbeuf is an 
 old town, and, as early as the sixteenth century, had 8C 
 cloth manufactories : but its importance as a great exporting 
 cloth mart, dates from about a.d. 1720. Pop. in 1831, 10,258; 
 in 1S52. 17.534. 
 
 ELBING. el'bing. (Polish. Elhi^fl. ^11jy6x«; L. EJhin'ffo,) 
 a fortified seaport town of Eastern Prussia. 34 miles E.S.E. 
 of Dantzic, on the Elbing. 5 miles from its mouth in the 
 Frische Haff. Population 25,091. It consists of an old 
 town, a new town, and suburbs, the last piirtly enclosed 
 within the town walls, which are entered by 7 gates. The 
 principal edifices are a Roman Catliolic .ind 8 Protestant 
 churches, a synagogue, a gymnasium, with a public library, 
 and numerous schools and charitable establishments, in 
 eluding a house of industry, founded by Cowle, (an Eng 
 lishman.t and in which 400 children are educated. It has 
 manufactures of woollen cloths, refined sugar, vitriol. p>>arV 
 ash. tobacco, sail-cloth, oiL st.arch, saip, chiccory, in inime of 
 which steam machinery is used. Its ti-ade Is e? euslve 
 and about 500 vessels are employed. 
 
ELB 
 
 ELRINO ERODE, Jl^hinsj-oa-ro/clfh, a town of Hanover. In 
 the Ilaiz, 20 miles E. of Clausthal. Pop. 3051, employed in 
 mining, iron-forging, and brewing. 
 
 KL'BIXSVILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 KLBOGEN or ELLBOOEX. Jl-ho/ahen, or ELNBOGEN, 
 ?ln-bo'Qhen, (elbow,) a fortified town of Bohemia, capibil of 
 a circle of the same name. 74 miles W. by N. of I'rairue. It is 
 situated on a steep, rocky promontory, round which the Eger, 
 here crossed by a chain bridge, makes an ellxjw-like bend, 
 to which the towu owes its name. It is fortified. Pop. 2000. 
 
 EL-BOTHKI'i, el-bo't'her, a low sandy island in the Ked 
 Sea. on the Arabian coast, lat. 15° 25' N., Ion. 41° 30' E., 3 
 miles \.\V. of Kainarau Island. 
 
 EL/BRIDGE, a post-village and township of Onondaga co., 
 New York, 165 miles \V. by N. of Albany. The village is 
 situated If miles N. of the Old Syracuse now Central Kail- 
 road, and 2^ miles S. of the Erie Can.al and the new track 
 of the Central Kailroad, on the outlet of Skaneatales Lake, 
 which serves as a feeder to the canal, and also furnishes an 
 abundant and never-failing water-power. It contains an 
 establishment for the manufacture of knit wrappers, a pail 
 factory, chair and other factories, a flouring-mill and 2 saw- 
 mills, the whole employing about 100 hands; 3 churches 
 and the Munro Academy, founded and munificently en- 
 dowed by Nathan Munro, Esq.. of Elbridge, lately deceased. 
 The building (recently completed) is one of the finest in 
 this section of the state. It is built of fine stone, and will 
 cost upwards of §20.000. The institution has a permanent 
 fund of $20,000. Two plank roads intersect each other at 
 this village, one e.xtending from Syracuse W., the other 
 from Skaneatales N. to Cato. There are 3 other villages 
 besides Elbridge in the township. Pop. of the township, in 
 1S50, 3924; and in 1S60, 4509. Pop. of the village about 
 1000. 
 
 ELBRIDGE, a post-village of Edgar co., Illinois, 10 miles 
 S.K. of Paris. Pop. of township, 1760. 
 
 ELBROOZ, ELBKOUZ, or ELBRUZ, grbrooz', written 
 also ELBUKZ or ELRUllJ, a range of mountains, in Cen- 
 tral Asia, occupying a middle position between the Anti- 
 Taurus and the Kuen-lun, and forming the connecting 
 range by which these two systems are united. The Elbrooz 
 pursue a course ne:trly K. and W., skirting the S. shores of 
 the Caspian, and stretching E. to the highlands of Merghab, 
 In the N'.W. part of Afghiinistan. This mountain tract, irre- 
 gular in shape, and spreading out in some parts to a breadth 
 of full 200 miles, is divided longitudinally into ridges, sepa- 
 rating valleys which communicate with each other by passes 
 or defiles, and foini an extensivs aggregate of districts, many 
 of which are well inhabit<!d and cultivated. 
 
 ELHUKG, Sl'bHrG. a maritime town of Holland, province 
 of Oelderland. on the Znider Zee. 33 miles N. by W. of Arn- 
 hem ; lat. 52° 26' 50" \., Ion. i>° 50' E. Pop. 2100. 
 
 ELCKBUS or ELCEBUM. • See Schelestadt. 
 
 ELCHK, M'chi (anc. Il>ici or mice.) a town of Spain. 13 
 miles S.W. of Alicante. Pop. 1S,063. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and has wholly an Oriental appearance, being built 
 in the Mooiish style, and surrounded on all sides by exten- 
 sive plantations of date-palms, which furnish its principal 
 article of export, shipped from Alicante as "Barbary dates." 
 The chief edifices are. a fine old castle of the Duke of Arcos. a 
 church with a majestic dome, convents, schools, and a hand- 
 some bridge across a ravine which intersects the town. It 
 has many Roman insciiptions. and an ancient palace and 
 fortalice, called Callaforra. It is the birth-place of Don Jorge 
 Juan, the travelling companion of UUoa in South America. 
 
 ELCIIE DE LA SIERRA, 41'chA di Id se-^R'ai, a town of 
 Spain. 65 miles S.S.W. of Albacete, on the Segura, with 
 manufactures of coarse cloths. 
 
 ELCHI.NCiEN, Jl'King-en, (Ober,) a village of Bavaria, 
 on the left bank of the Danube. 8 miles N.E. of Ulra. Cele- 
 brated for a victory of the French over the Austrians, 14th 
 Octolier, 1^05, which procured for Marechal Key the title 
 of Duke of Klchingen. 
 
 ELDA. Jl'dd. (anc. AdaVlum.) a town of Spain, 26 miles 
 N.W. of Alicante, on the Elda. Pop. 3846. It has manu- 
 fectures of paper, soap, lace, leather, and brandy. 
 
 ELDAGSKN, Jl'ddg-sen, a town of Hanover, 15 miles 
 S.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 2210. 
 
 ELDE, 41'deh, a river of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which, 
 rising in Lake Jliiritz, forms Lakes Kolpin, Flesen, Mal- 
 ehow, and Plau, flows W. by S., receives the waters of Lake 
 Schwerin on the right, and falls into the Elbe at Domitz, 
 about 62 miles S.E. of Hamburg. Total course 94 mUes. 
 
 ELDE.V, M'den, a village of Holland. See Elst. 
 
 ELDEX. a parish of England. See Elvedox. 
 
 ELDENA. Il'deh-nd, a village of Prussi.xn Pomerania. 5 
 miles E. of Oreifswalde. It has a royal school of agriculture. 
 
 K'LDEll'S FERRY, a post-office of Jackson co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 EL'DERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 EL/DERSLIE or EL'LERSLIE. a village of Scotland, co. 
 of Kenfrew. 2 miles N.K. of Paisley. Pop. 1200, chiefly 
 weavers, spinners, and colliers. This is the ancient pati-i- 
 mony and supposed birth-place of Sir William Wallace, in 
 
 ELE 
 
 whose family it remained until the last century. A noble 
 oak. still stiinding near the village, bears the name of the 
 patriot, whom its branches are said to have sheltered from 
 the English. 
 
 EiyDERSVILLE. a post-village of Washington CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 30 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg. 
 
 EL'DERTON. a post-village of Armstrong co^ Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 14 miles S. E. of Kittanning. 
 
 EL'DOX, a township of England, co. of Durham, 3 miles 
 S.E. of Auckland. It gives the title of earl to the descend- 
 ants of the Lord Chancellor Eldon. 
 
 ELDO'RA, a po.st-village, cai)ital of Hardin co., Iowa. 
 
 AX DOKADO,i\ do-rd'Do, a mime given by the Spaniards 
 to a part of South America. It signifies " the golden" country. 
 
 F:L DORADO, Si do-rah'do, a county towartls the N. part of 
 California, bordering on Nevada, hak an area of about 2000 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. ]>y the American 
 River; it is also drained by the South Fork of the American 
 River, by the forks of the Cosumne which flow westward, 
 and by Carson's River, which flows eastward. The surface 
 is uneven, being traversed by the Sierre .Nevada, or Snowy 
 Range of California. This county contains productive gold •■ 
 mines. In 1800 about 40 quartz mills were in operation in , 
 it. It is one of the most populous in the state. Cajiital, 
 Placerville. The number of inhabitants, according to the 
 census of 1S60, was 20,562. See Appendix. 
 
 EL DORADO, a post-office of Culpejjper co„ Virginia. 
 
 EL DORADO, a neat and thriving post-village, capital of 
 Union co,. Arkansas, 145 miles S. by W. of Little Rock. It 
 has a few handsome buildings, a spacious brick court-house, 
 a good seminary, a newspaper office, and several stores. 
 Pop. in 1860, about 500. 
 
 EL DOR.\DO, a post-village of Mercer co., Kentucky, on 
 the furnjiike from Frankfort to Harrodsburg. 
 
 EL DORADO, a post-village of Clark co., Missouri, 25 miles 
 W. of the Mississippi River. 
 
 EL DORADO, Fayette co., Iowa. See Appendix. 
 
 EL DORADO, a post-township in the N. part of Fond du 
 Lac CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1180. 
 
 EL'DRED, a townshij) of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 826. 
 
 ELDRED, a township of McKean co„ Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 754. 
 
 ELDRED, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. P. 534. 
 
 EliDRED. a post-ofBce of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EI/DREDVILLE, a postKjflice of Sullivan co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 EL/DRTDGE. Sld'rij, a postoffice of Walker co., Alabama. 
 
 ELDRIDGES HILL, a post-office of Salem co., New 
 .Jersey. 
 
 ELK. a city of Chinese Toorkistan. See Eelee. 
 
 ELECHEE. or ILITSI, Toorkistan. See KiioTE?f. 
 
 ELEIGH. eeHw, or MONKS-ELEIOH, a parish of Eng- 
 land, eo. of Suffolk. 
 
 ELEK, AMjk'. a village of Hungary, Thither Theis.s, co. of 
 Arad, about 15 miles from Simand. Pop. 2'j14. 
 
 ELEMER, AMA^maiu', a village of Hungary, Banat, co. of 
 Torontal. 9 miles N.W. of Nagy-Becskerek. Pop. 2773. 
 
 EL'EPHAN'TA, a small island of British India, presi- 
 dency and in the harbor of Bombay. 7 miles S.W. of the 
 city. It is 6 miles in circumference, and has some remark- 
 able cave-t<'mples, in one of which is a colossal bust 15 feet 
 in height, representing a triune Brahminical divinity. A 
 gigantic figure of an elephant (whence the name of the 
 island) formerly stood near the shore, but it has now fallen 
 to decay. The great temple-cave is 1.30 feet long, and 123 
 broad, rests on 26 pillars, and contains many mythological 
 figures of a remote and unknown age. 
 
 EL'EPHANT BAY. of South-western Africa. Benguela, is 
 an inlet of the Atlantic, in lat. 13° 14' S.. Ion. 12° 33' E. It 
 has excellent anchorage, but no fresh water. 
 
 ELEPHANTINE, Jl-e-fdu'tee^n.i. (Arab. JesiPeret-d-Shaf, 
 j§-zee'r?t-Jl-shif, '-islet of flowers,") an island of Upper 
 Egypt, in the Nile, opposite Asswan (Syene.) It is 1 mile 
 long, and J mile broad, highly fertile, and covered with 
 gardens, dwellings, and mills, interspersed among canals 
 and ruins. It has extensive quarries of granite, traces o( 
 Roman edifices, and remains of temples erected by the Pha- 
 raohs. 
 
 ELEPHANT ISLAND, Senegambia, in the Gambia 
 Rivei\ 100 miles from its mouth. It is very populous, and 
 on it Wie French formerly had Fort Podor. 
 
 EL'EPHANT'S RIVER of Cape Colony. See Oufant's 
 River. 
 
 ELESD, Anfshd', or ELLES, Jl'lJsh', a market-town of 
 Hungary, Thither Theiss. co. of Bihar, on the Koros. 60 
 miles S.E. of Debreczin. It has a trade in salt. Pop. 1370. 
 
 ELETZ. a city of Russia. See Yeletz. 
 
 ELEUSIS, e-lu'si!». an ancient and famous city of Greece, 
 the remains of which exist near Lepsina. in the government 
 of Attica, at the mouth of the Sarandaf )ro. in the Gulf of 
 ^gina. 12 miles N.W. of Athens. The whole pl.ain around 
 is strewed with ruins, and the ancient causeway hence to 
 Athens, forms the modern highway. 
 
 ELEUmiERA ISLAND and KEYS, one of the Biihama 
 
 623 
 
ELB 
 
 Islands in the Vest Indies; lat. of Pigeon Key, 25° 11' N., 
 Jon. 76° 15 W., 50 miles N.E. of New ProTJdence. and sepa- 
 rated from Abaco by the PrOTidence Channel. Length. SO 
 miles: breadth, 10 miles. At its >'. end is a harbor fort. 
 Fop. 2.56? 
 
 tLKUTHEROP'OLlS, or BETOGAB'KA. an ancient city 
 of Palestine, identified with Beit Jibi-een. (Beit-Jibrin.) a vil- 
 lage in the pashalic. and 2S miles E.X.K. of Gaza, with ruing 
 more extensive than any in South Palestine, except those 
 at Jeru.^alem and Hebron, and comprising a large Roman 
 fortress and massive vaults. Xear it are remarkable arti- 
 ficial caverns. 
 
 ELEVATION, a post-office of Johnson CO., North Carolina. 
 
 ELEA''EN POINTS, a small river of Missouii and Ark- 
 ansas, rises in the S. part of the former, and flowing S.E. 
 Into Arl<ansas, enters the Black Kiver. about 12 miles S.AV. 
 of Pocahontas, and near the mouth of Spring River. It is 
 naviijable bv flat-lxiats. 
 
 ELFDAL,"Jlf dSr. ELFDALEN, ^Ifddngn. or ELFTEDAL, 
 §lf'vg-ddl\ a parish and village of Sweden. 72 miles N.AV. of 
 Falun. Pop. 2700. It has porphvry quarries and iron-works. 
 
 ELFELD, milt or ELTVILLE, glt/vill, a town of Cen- 
 tral Germanv. duchv. Nassau, on the Rliine, 5 miles S.^V. 
 of AViesbaden.' Pop." 2234. 
 
 El/FORD. a parisli of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 EL FRAT. See Euphrates. 
 
 ELFSBORG. Jlfs'boF.g. or WENERSBORG, ft?n/ers-hoRg\ 
 a lipn or county of South-western Sweden, bounded E. by 
 Lake AVener. 
 
 EL FUERTE. See C.tLBrco. 
 
 ELFA'EDAL, a village of Sweden. See Elfdjil. 
 
 EI/GAI!, an i.slet of Orkney, in Scotland, S. of Shapinsay. 
 
 ELGG, h\k, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 18 miles 
 N.E. of Ziu-ich. Pop. 3000. It has an old castle and a glass 
 factory. 
 
 ELGIN, el'ghin, a royal parliamentary, municipal burgh, 
 ancient city, and parish of Scotland, capital of the co. of Mo- 
 ray or Elgin, on tlie Lossie, 118 miles N. of Edinburgh, and 5 
 miles S.AV. of Lossiemouth, Its seaport. Pop. in 1851, of royal 
 burgh, -53S3; of municipal do. 6337. The town is situated in a 
 fertile valley, anciently called " the garden of Scotland," and 
 extends about a mile in length along the right bank of the 
 Lossie, with the suburban village of Bishopmill on the left. 
 About the beginning of the present century, the town still 
 retained the antii^uated and stately aspect of an ancient 
 ecclesiastical metropolis; but more recently, mo.st of the old 
 houses have given place to modern structures. It contains 
 t neat modern church in the High street, occupying 
 the locality of old St. Giles', a modern court-house and 
 prison, Gray's Hospital or Infirmary on elevated ground to 
 the AV.. endowed with 26,0C0J., to which is attached a luna- 
 tic asylum : an orphan institution, endowed in 1832 with 
 70,000/.. by General Anderson, a native of the town, and 
 who left it for India a private soldier. There is an English 
 chapel, free church, and several other churches; a literary 
 and scientific institution with museum, assembly rooms, 
 and public fountain. There is also an excellent academy, 
 trades-.schools and infant school ; some ancient alms-houses, 
 and other ch.arities for the poor. The ruins of the Cathe- 
 dral, by far the most extensive .ind beautiful of any ancient 
 Scottish remains, are on the N.E. of the High street. The 
 Cathedral was founded in 1224 by Bishop Andrew Moray, 
 ■was burned in 1390 by the AA'olfe of Badenoch. and reliuilt 
 by Bishop Barr. It is in the form of a cross, 289 feet in 
 length ; breadth of transept, 120 feet ; height of two western 
 towers, Ijetweea which is the grand entrance, S3 feet. The 
 great central tower and spire which fell in 1711, was 198 
 feet high. The chapter-house is entire and highly orn.a- 
 mented. The architecture is a mixture of Saxon and mid- 
 dle Gothic. An ancient wall inclosed a space of ground 
 called •' the college," in which resided the dignitaries of the 
 Cathedral. Several of the old mansions still remain entire. 
 There are remains of a monastery of Grey Friars, and a 
 conical eminence called Lady Ilill. the ruins of an ancient 
 castle or stronghold of the Earls of Moray, on whicii is now 
 erected a pillar to the memoi-y of the late Duke of Gordon. 
 Elgin is supposed to have derived its name from Helgy. a 
 Norwegian general, and was created a royal burgh" by 
 AVilliam I. Along with Banff, CuUen, Inverary. Kintore, 
 and Peterhead, it returns 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Here is held the sheriff and head burgh court of the 
 county. In the vicinity is Grant Lodge, a seat of the Earl 
 of Seafield. The Earl of Elgin derives his title from this 
 town. The beautiful and secluded valley of Pluscardine. in 
 S.AA". of the parish, contains the ruins of Pluscai-dine Priory, 
 fDUnded in 1230 by Alexander II.; it is a model of Melro.se 
 on a smaller sc,<,le. and less ornamented, but of beautiful 
 proportions, and simple style of architecture. The church 
 walls are pretty entire, and the refectory has been fitted up 
 •s a chapel of ease for the S.AV. part of tliis extensive parish. 
 
 ELGIN, a post-village of Cattaraugas co., New York, about 
 800 miles AV. by N. of Albany. 
 
 EI/ilN, a thriving post-village and township of Kane co.. 
 Dlinois, on Fox River, and on the railroad between Chicago 
 and Galena. 42 miles AV.S.AV. of the former, and 138 miles 
 624 
 
 ELI 
 
 from the latter. The river affords water-power, which is 
 employed in mills of various kinds. Elciu is situated in a 
 fertile and populous country, and has an active business. 
 It contains several chiu-ches, an academy, and a bank. 
 Total pop. 2797. 
 
 EIAiIN. a post-office of Fayette co.. Iowa. 
 
 EL/GlN. a county in the AV. part of Canada AVest, situated 
 upon the N. shore of Ijike Erie, comprises an area of aiiout 
 700 squai-e miles. Otter Creek traverses the E. part, and the 
 Thames forms a part of the l)Oundary letween Elirin and 
 Middlesex counties. Capital. St. Thonias. Pop. 25,418 
 
 EUHNSHIRE. a county of Scotland. See Mor.\t. 
 
 ELGIOBAR. ^1-He-o-BaRA a town of Spain, province of Gni- 
 puzcoa, 10 miles AV.S.AV. of St, Sebastian, on the Deva. Pop. 
 2l»5. 
 
 ELGORAB, Sl-go-rlV. a small island in the Red Sea, near 
 the coast of Arabia, in lat. 1G° S' N. 
 
 ELGUETA, il-gkHL a town of Spain, province of Guipuz- 
 coa, on an elevated plateau, 30 miles S.AV. of tt. Sebastian. 
 Pop. 1517. 
 
 EiyilAM, a small market-town and pari.'Jh of England, co. 
 of Kent. (SI miles N.N.AV. of Folkstone. Pop. 1445. 
 
 EUIAYZ. ?l-hAz or ?rinz'. a small oasis of the Libyan 
 Desert, in lat. 28° 8' N.. Ion. 28° 53' K. 
 
 EL-HEl/LEH. a villageof Upper Egypt, on the right bank 
 of the Nile, opposite Esneh. 
 
 ELHEMTZ. frl/hA-nits, or LHENICSE, iJ-nit/sJ. a market- 
 town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin, on a height, among 
 mountains and forests. 23 miles S. of Pisek. It has a parish 
 church, a chapel, and two mills. Pop. 121S. 
 
 EL'IANGOO'DY, a large and populous villasre of British 
 India, presidency of Miidras, 25 miles N.AV. of Ramnad. 
 
 ELIAS. MOUNT ST. See MocxT St. Euas. 
 
 ELI'DA, a post-village and township in the S. part of Win- 
 nebago CO., Illinois, 190 miles N. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 ELIDA, a iiost-otfice of Allen co.". Ohio. 
 
 ELIE or ELY, eelee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on 
 the Frith of Forth, here forming the Bay of i:iie, 2i miles 
 S.S.E. of Colinsburgh.- The village has an excellent harbor 
 and fiipr. The ruins of Andross Castle are in the vicinity. 
 
 EI^I'JAH'S ClfEEK, a post-office cf Boone co., Iventucky. 
 
 E'L1MSP0RT\ a post-village of Lycoming co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. 20 miles from AVilli.imsport. Pop. about 200. 
 
 E/LING, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 E'LIS. a department of the kingdom of Greece, on the 
 N.AA'.icoast of the Morea. The chief town is Pyrgo. 
 
 ELIS. the name of a small river in the district of Elis, an 
 aifiuent of the Iliaco Peneus. 
 
 ELIS. a town of Greece. See Gastocm. 
 
 ELISABETGRAD. a town of Russia. See Yeijsabetgr u>. 
 
 ELISABETHSTADT. A-lee'za-b^t-stat t\ a royal free town ol 
 Transylvania, on the Kukiillo, 35 miles N.E. of Hermann- 
 stadt. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ELISAVETOPOL. A-leeVa-vA'-to'pol. written also ELIZA- 
 BETHPOL and ELIZAVETPOL or GANJEH. gdn'jeh, or 
 GANJ.\. gin'ji a fortified town of Georgia. 90 miles S.E. of 
 Teflis. Pop. 12.000. It was formerly important as the resi- 
 dence of an .\ghovavian primate, and a Pei-sian khan. Near 
 it are the villages of Anenfeld and Helmendorf, two Ger- 
 man colonies. 
 
 ETJ'Z.\, a post-offic« of Mercer co.. Illinois. 
 
 ELiZ'ABETH (CITY). New Jersey. See Euzabethtows. 
 
 ELIZABETH, a to\vn:<hip of Union co.. New Jersey, con- 
 taining Klizabeth. the county-sent. Pop. 11.567. 
 
 ELIZAB KTH, a post-township of Alleghany CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Total population, 5991. 
 
 ELIZABETH, a thriving post-l)orough in the above town- 
 ship, is lieautifnilj' situated on the right bank of the Jlonon- 
 gahela River, 16 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. It contains 6 
 churches, 3 boat-yards, and several coal works. Steam- 
 boats run regularly from this place to I'ittsburg. Pop. 
 about 1500. 
 
 ELIZ.\BETir, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 15 miles N. of Lancaster. 
 
 ELIZABETH, or ELIZ'ABETHTOAVN, a village in AVood 
 CO.. A'irginia. on the AV. bank of Kanawha River, about 300 
 miles N.AV. of Richmond. 
 
 ELIZABETH, or ELIZABETHTOAVN, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Bladen co.. North Carolina, on the right bank of Cape 
 Fear River. 90 miles S. of Raleigh. 
 
 ELIZABETH, a pc'st-village. capital of Jackson co., Ar- 
 kansas, on AAhite River, a few miles below the mouth of 
 Black River, and about lOit miles N.E. of Little Rock. The 
 rivers alwve named are navigable for steamers during 8 or 9 
 months of the year. Lai-ge quantities of cypress and ash 
 timber are exported from the <»iuitv. 
 
 ELIZABETH, a township of I.a\vrence co.. Ohio. Pop.2726. 
 
 ELIZABETH, a township of Miami co.. < iliio. Pop. 1222. 
 
 ELIZABKTH. a pleasant post-village of Harrison co., In- 
 diana. 4 miles from the Ohio River, and 12 miles S.E. of Co- 
 rydon. the county seat. 
 
 ELIZ.\BETH. "a post-village, capital of Hardin co., Illinois, 
 on the Ohio River. 219 miles S.S.K. of Springfield. 
 
 ELIZ.ABETH. a post-village of Jo Davie.^s co.. Illinois, is 
 pleasantly situated ou the road between Galena and Chi- 
 
ELI 
 
 oago, 18 miles S.E. of the former. It has considerable busi- 
 ness, and derives its importance mainly from the rich mines 
 of lead with whi.h it is surrounded. Pop. 1460. 
 
 KLIZ/ABKTH CIT'Y, a county in the S.K. part of Virginia, 
 borderini; on Chesapealte Bay, at the mouth of James Kiver, 
 has an area of 50 s<iuare miles. Hampton Koads form the 
 boundary on the S., and Hack Kiver washes its N. border. 
 The soil is fertile. The county occupies the extremity of the 
 peninsula formed by .James and Yorli Kivers. It was one 
 of the S orirfnal shires into which Virginia was divided in 
 1&34. Capital, Hampton. Pop. 8798, of whom 3381 were 
 free, and 2417 slavea. 
 
 ELIZABKTH CITY, a post-town, capital of Pasquotank 
 CO., North Carolina, on the right bank of Pasquotank Kiver, 
 about 20 miles from its mouth, 215 miles E. by N. of Raleigh, 
 and 50 miles S. of Norfolk, in Virginiti. It is one of the 
 most considerable towns in the N.E. part of the sbite. Small 
 vessels ascend the river to this place, and it communicates 
 with Norfolk, in Virginia, by means of the river and the 
 Dismal Swamp Canal. Lumber, and other products of the 
 pitcli-piue, are exported. Pop. iu 1860, 1798. It contains 
 2 banks anfl several churches. 
 
 ELIZABETH ISLAND, or IIEN'DERSON'S ISLAND, in 
 the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 24° 21' S., Ion. 1280 18' W., is of a 
 peculiar coral fornuition, 5 miles in length by 1 mile in 
 breailth. and thickly covered with shrubs. 
 
 ELIZABETH ISLAND, an uninhabited island in the 
 Strait of Magellan; lat. of the N.E. point, 52° 50' S., Ion. 
 90'^ '60' W. It is long, and, compared with the adjacent land, 
 low. not being more than fn>m 200 to SiiO feet high. 
 
 ELlZABi-nil ISLAND, one of the Admiralty Islands, in 
 the South Pacific Ocean ; lat. 2° 65' S., Ion. 146° 49' E. 
 
 ELIZABKTH ISLAND, one of the .Marshall Islands, in 
 the North Pacific Ocean; lat. of the S. point, 5° 48' N., Ion. 
 169° 36' E. 
 
 ELIZABETH ISLAND, one of the Society group; lat. of 
 the E. point. 15° 5S' S.. Ion. 145° 48' AV. 
 
 ELIZABKTH ISLANDS, off the coast of Massachusetts, 
 are situated between BuzKird's Bay and Vineyard Sound. 
 They are very small, 16 iu number, of which ouly 2 or 3 are 
 Inhabited. 
 
 ELIZABETIIPOL, a town of Russia. See Eusavetopol. 
 
 ELIZABETH PORT, a thriving manufacturing post-vil- 
 lage in Union co.. New Jersey, on Staten Island Sound, 14 
 miles W.S.W. of New York, and 7 by railroad S. of Newark. 
 It contains 5 churches, 3 iron foundries, 1 wheel factory, and 
 otlur factories, and an extensive ropewalk. It is the eiistern 
 terminus of the Central Railroad. A' steamboat makes 
 several trips daily between this town and New Y'ork. Pop. 
 inlSeo, abont ^^^hO. 
 
 ELlZABiiTHPOUT. Cape Colony, district of Uitenhage, on 
 the W. side of Algoa Bay, and the most frequented seaport 
 along the S. coast of Africa. 
 
 ELIZABETH RIVER, a small stre.im of Virginia, empty- 
 ing itself into Hampton Roads. A light-ship is stationed on 
 Craney Island Klats. at its mouth. 
 
 ELIZ'ABETHTOWN, a post-village and township, capital 
 of Essex CO.. New York, on Boquet Kiver, about 125 miles 
 N. of Albany. The village contains, besides the county 
 buildings. 1 or 2 churches, and several stores. Pop. 1343. 
 
 ELIZ ABETHTOWN, now ELIZABETH, a city and capital 
 of Union co.. New Jersey, is situated 15 miles W.SAV. of 
 New York city, and 5 miles S. by W. of Newark. The New 
 Jersey Railroad inter.sects tlie Central Itiiilroad at tliis point, 
 connecting Elizubethtown with New York, Philadelphia, 
 and places in the interior of the state. The borough has 
 a pleasant situation on elevated gi'ound, and is regularly 
 laid out with broad, straight streets, finely shaded, and cross- 
 ing each other at right angles. It contains 20 churches, 
 among which .are 4 Presbyterian (large and handsome build- 
 ings), 4 Episcopal, and 4 Methodist; 2 newspaper offices, 2 
 banks, an insurance office, and several manufactories, among 
 which may be mentioned 3 large estjiblisiiments for making 
 oil-dotlis. Elizabeth was fornu-rly the capital and jirinci- 
 pal town of New Jersey, and ha« long been noted for its ex- 
 cellent schools, and for its intelligent and polite society. 
 Settled in \6ii'^. Pop. in I860, about 13.500. 
 
 ELIZABETllTOW N, a post-borough of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lancaster and Ilarrisburg Railroad, 
 19 miles S.E. of llarrislmrg. The turnpike leading to Ilar- 
 risburg passes through it. It contains a town-liall, and seve- 
 ral churches. Incorpor-.ited in 1827. Poj). 700. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN, Virginia. See Grave Ckeek. 
 
 ELIZABKTHTOWN, a post-village, capital of Bladen CO., 
 North Carolina, on the right bank of Cape Fear River, 50 
 miles aVicive Wilmington. It has al)0ut 150 inhabitants. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-village, capital of Carter co., 
 Tennessee, on an island at the confluence of Watauga and 
 Doe Rivers. 318 miles E. of Nashville. It is situated in a 
 mountainous region, which contains abundance of good 
 iron ore, and is liberally supplied with water-power. Seve- 
 ral iron-works are in operation in the vicinity. 
 
 ELIZABKTHTOWN. a post^village. capital of Hardin co., 
 
 Kentucky, is pleasantly situated on Valley Creek, and on 
 
 the railroad from Nasiiville to Louisville, 43 miles S. by 
 
 2P 
 
 ELK 
 
 W. of the latter. It is handsomely built of brick, and con 
 tains 6 churches and 2 seminaries. Pop. 556. 
 
 ELIZABi/l'IITOWN. a village in Guernsey co., Ohio, 30 
 miles E.N.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 ELIZABKTinVlWN, a post-village of Hamilton cc, Ohio, 
 on the Whitewatir Canal. aViout 18 miles W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN, a village of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-village of Bartholomew co„ 
 Indiana, on the railroad from Madison to Columbus, 7 miles 
 S.E. of the latter. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN. a village of Jackson co., Indiana, on 
 White River. 65 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ELIZABICTHTOWN, a post-village, capit.1l of Hardin co., 
 Illinois, on the N.bank of Ohio River, about 200 miles S.S.K 
 of ."Springfield. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN. a post-office of Monroe co., Missouri 
 
 ELIZ'ABETHVILLE, a post-office of Dauphin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ELl'ZAVILLE, a post^village of Columbia co.. New Y'ork, 
 about 42 miles S. by W. of Albany. 
 
 ELIZAA'ILLE, a post-village of Fleming co., Kentucky, 
 70 miles E. by N. of Frankf jrt. Pop. about 200. 
 
 ELIZAVILLE. a village of Boone co., Indiana, about 33 
 miles N.N.W. cf Indianapolis. 
 
 ELIZONDO, it-le-thon'do, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 20 
 miles N. of Pamplona. Pop. 1100. 
 
 ELJ.A.S, ^I'uds, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 58 miles 
 N.N.W. of Caceres, near the borders of Leon. Pop. 2739. 
 
 EL-JEMM. Jl-jJni', (anc. Ti/s'drus.) a village of Barbary, 
 105 miles S.S.E. of Tunis, with remains of an .amphitheatre, 
 inferior in size only to those of Rome and Verona. 
 
 ELK. a county in the N.W. central part of Pennsylvania, 
 has an area of 800 square miles. The Clarion River and its 
 branches traverse the W. part; the Bennett's Branch and 
 Driftwood Branch of the Sinnemahoning Creek flow through 
 the S.E. part. The surface is broken by in-egular moun- 
 tains and hills, the highest of which is Elk Mountain, in 
 the S. part, from which the name is derivetl. The greater 
 l)art of the county is covered with dense forests. The soil 
 is mostly adapted to pastoral pursuits. Bituminous coal is 
 abundant. 'I'ho Philadelphia and Erie Railroad passes 
 througli the county. Organized in 1843. Capital, Kidge- 
 way. Pop. 5916. 
 
 ELK, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 963. 
 
 ELK, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 480. 
 
 ELK, a township of Noble co., Ohio. I'op. 1673. 
 
 ELK, a post-township in the central part of Vinton co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 2->34. 
 
 ELK. a small village of Crawford co., Wisconsin. 
 
 EL KAB, fl kdb, (anc. Eili/thi/asf) a town in Upper Egypt, 
 on the right bank of the Nile, 40 miles S.S.E. of ThelK'S. 
 
 EL K.\DER. &l kah'djr, a thriving post-village of Clayton 
 CO., low.a. on the Turkey River. 90 miles N. of Iowa City. 
 The river affords abundant water-power. El Kader has a 
 largo flouring mill and several stores. 
 
 EL-KASR or EL-KASAR. M-k^s'r', (t. e. "the ca.stle.") a 
 large village of Upper Egypt, capital of the great western 
 oa,sis Dakhol, lat. 25° 41' N.,lon. 29° E. It is the residence 
 of a sheikh, is surrounded by palm and acacia plantations; 
 and has sulphur springs, and remains of an Egyptian temple. 
 
 EL KATIF. See Katif, El. 
 
 ELK CRKEK, of Washington co., Indi.-ina, flows into the 
 Muscatatuc.k River. 
 
 ELK CREEK, a post-township of Erie CO., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 20 miles S.W. of Erie. Pop 
 1587. 
 
 ELK CREEK, a post-office of Grayson co.. Virginia. 
 
 ELK CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Ashe co., North 
 Carolina, 214 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 ELK DALE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylv.inia. 
 
 ELK FOKD, a village of Jones co., Iowa, 35 miles N.E. of 
 Iowa City. 
 
 ELK FORK, a post-office of Vernon co., Missouri. 
 
 ELK GARDEN, a post^iffice of Ru.ssel co., Virginia. 
 
 ELK GKOA'E, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri. 
 
 ELK GROVE, a small village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, 40 
 miles W. by S. of Madison. 
 
 ELK GROVE, a post-village and township of Ijifayette CO., 
 Wisconsin, about 20 miles N. of Galena. Pop. 1316. 
 
 ELrKHARGEH, Jl-kaR'gheh. a town of Upper Egypt, capi- 
 tal of the Great Oasis. Lat. 25° 2S' N.. Ion. 30° 40' E. Pop. 
 6000. Among numerous ruins are those of a temple, and 
 near it is a remarkable necropolis. 
 
 ELK'II.\r,T. a county in the N. part of Indiana, border- 
 ing on Michigan, contains 467 square miles. It is drained 
 by the St. Joseph's .ind Elkhart Rivers, which unite within 
 its limits. The surface is undulating, and the soil is very 
 productive. About half of the county is occupied by oak- 
 openings and prairies; the remainder was ori;;inally co- 
 vered by dense forests. In the N. are several lakes, the 
 largest of which is near 3 miles in circuit. The streams af- 
 ford abundant water-power. The North Indiana Railroad 
 pas.ses through the county. Capital, Goshen. Pop 20,986, 
 
 ELKHART, a post-office of Andsrson co., Texas. 
 
 625 
 
ELK 
 
 ELL 
 
 ELKHART, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Elkhart Co., Indiana, at the confluence of the river of the 
 same name with the St. Joseph's River, 100 miles E. of Chi- 
 cago. The village is connected with Chicago, Toledo, and 
 Monroe, by two railroads which unite here. It contains 1 
 bank, 3 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. It is the prin- 
 cipal shipping point for the county, and has a large flour- 
 jng-mill, a paper-mill, and several saw-mills. Pop. in 1860, 
 1439: in lS-60. about 1800. 
 
 ELKHART, a township of Noble CO., Indiana. Pop. 1006. 
 
 ELK'HART CREEK, of Houston co., Texas, flows into 
 Trinity River. 
 
 ELK'HART RIVER, of Indiana, rises in Noble county. 
 and flowing X.W. empties it.self into the St, Joseph's (of 
 Lake Michigan) at the village of Elkhart. Its whole length 
 is about 100 miles, and its breadth in the lower half of its 
 course is from 80 to 100 yards. It furnishes abundant 
 water-power. 
 
 ELK HILL, a posfcoffice of Amelia co., Virginia, 64 miles 
 S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 ELK'HORX, a postoffice of Franklin co., Kentucky, 9 
 miles from Frankfort. 
 
 ELK HORN, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 607. 
 
 ELKHORN, a post-village of Washington co., Illinois, 126 
 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 ELKHORN. a post-village of Montgomery co., Missouri, 
 90 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ELKHORX. a thriving village of Ray co., Missouri, about 
 160 miles X. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ELKHORN, a thriving post^village and township, capital 
 of Walworth co., Wisconsin, on the railroad leading from 
 Racine to Beloit, 40 miles W. of the former. The surround- 
 ing country is fertile, and is diversified by prairies and small 
 lakes. Eliihorn contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 banks, 1 or 2 
 newspaper offices, 15 stores, and about 240 houses. Pop. 108J 
 
 ELK HORX, a post-office of Umpqua co., Oregon. 
 
 ELKHORN GRDVK, Illinois. See E.iOLE Point. 
 
 ELKHOKX GUOVE. a posfK)ffice of Carroll co., Illinois, 
 15 miles S.E. of Mount Carroll, the county seat. 
 
 ELK'HORX RI\'ER. of Kentucky, rises in Fayette county, 
 by two branches, the North and South Forks, which unite 
 about 3 miles E. of Frankfort. After a north-westerly course 
 of a few miles it enters the Kentucky River in Franklin 
 countv. 
 
 ELk'IXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ELKINGTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 ELK LAKE, a postofiice of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 ELK'LAND, a township of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 589. 
 
 ELKL.\ND. a post-village and township of Tioga co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on Cowanesque Creek, 16 miles N. of Wellsborough. 
 Pop. 312. 
 
 ELK LICK, a post-township of Somerset co, Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 17 miles S. of Somerset. Pop. 1293. 
 
 ELK LICK, a village of Pike co., Missouri, 82 miles N.E. 
 by N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ELK MILLS, a po.st-village of McDonald co., Missouri, on 
 Elk River. 220 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ELK MOUNTAIN. Pennsylvania, is situated in the S. 
 part of Elk county, immediately S.E. of Little Toby's Creek. 
 an affluent of Clarion River. Elk Mountain is also the 
 name of an elevated mountain ridge in the S.E. part of Sus- 
 quehanna county. The height of the latter is about '2000 
 feet. 
 
 EL-KOS. M-kos', (a "bow," so named from its windings.) 
 a river of Morocco, province of Fez, enters the .\tlantic at 
 El-.\raish. It has a bar at its mouth, within which is a port. 
 
 EL-KOSH. M-kosh'. a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Koor- 
 distan, at the foot of the Sote Mountains. 30 miles N. of 
 Mosul. Pop. from 2000 to 3000. said to be all Roman Catho- 
 lics. It is a place of considerable strength, with stone 
 houses and a synagogue, resorted to by many Jewish pil- 
 grims. 
 
 ELK PORT, a post-village of Clayton 00., Iowa, 80 miles 
 N. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 ELK RIDGK. a post-office of Giles co., Tennes.see. 
 
 ELK RIDGE LAXD'IXO, a post-village of Howard co., 
 Maryland, on the S. bank of Patapsco River, and on the 
 Baltimore and W.ishington Railroad. 7 miles S.W. of Balti- 
 more. It has an active business, containing several manu- 
 factories of iron, and mills. The railroad crosses the river 
 here on a handsome viaduct of granite, about 700 feet in 
 length. 
 
 ELK RIV'KR, formed by Big and Little Elk Creeks, which 
 rise in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and unite at Elkton, 
 Cecil county, Maryhand. Flowing thence south-westward 
 It enters (he Chesapeake about 8 miles S.E. of Havre de 
 Grace. The Delaware and Chesapeake Canal follows the 
 lower part of this river. 
 
 ELK RIVKH. in the W. part of A'irginia. rises in Ran- 
 dolph and I'ocahontis countifs. interlocking sources with 
 the Greenbrier and Monongahela Rivers, and pursuing a 
 general western course, fiills into the Great Kanawha, at 
 628 
 
 Charleston, in Kanawha county. The whole length is per- 
 haps 200 miles. Boats can ascend in ordinary stages to Sut- 
 ton in Braxton county, more than 100 miles from its mouth. 
 
 ELK RIVER, of Tennessee and Alabama, rises on the 
 N.W. declivity of the Cumberland Mountains in Grundy 
 county. Tennessee, and passing into Alabama, enters Ten- 
 nessee River, on the W. border of Limestone county. Steam- 
 boats navigate it from its mouth to Elkton. in Tennessee, 
 about 40 miles. 
 
 ELK (or COWSKIX) RIVER, a small stream which rises 
 in the S.W. part of Missouri, and flowing through JIcDonald 
 county, into the Indian Tenitor}', enters the Xeosho, 
 
 ELK RIVER, a po.st-ollice of l^rauklin co., Tenne.'^see. 
 
 ELK RIVER, a township of Allen co.. Inaianii, 
 
 ELK RIVER, a po.st-oflRoe of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 
 ELK RIVER, a post-olSce of Bentou co., Minnesota Ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 ELK RUN, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn.iylvania. 
 
 ELK RUN', a postoffice of Fauquier co., Virpinia. 
 
 ELK RUN, a post-township in the E, part of Columbiana 
 CO,, Ohio, Pop. 1410. 
 
 ELK RUN, a post-oflice of Black Hawk co.. Iowa. 
 
 ELKS/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 ELK SPRIXG. a sm.>)ll villaire of Pike co., Mis.souri, 
 
 ELK SPUR, a post-office of Wilkes co,, North Carolina. 
 
 ELK'STONE, a parish of EngLind, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ELKSTONE, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 ELK'TON. a post-village, capital of Cecil co., Maiyland, is 
 situated at the junction of the branches of Elk lliver, and 
 on the Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, 
 50 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. Several handsonje houses 
 have been erected within a few years past, and the place is 
 gradually improving. It contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, 5 churches, 2 newspaper i>ttices, a bank, and a fire-in- 
 surance office. Pop. in 1^5o, M2s ; in 1801), about lOOO. 
 
 ELKTON, a post-village of i;i!es co., Tennessee, on thb 
 Elk River, 87 miles S. of Na.shville. The river is navigated 
 by small steamboats for a few months in the year. 
 
 ELKTON. a post-village, capital of Todd co., Kentucky, 
 on Elk Creek, 187 miles S.W, of Frankfort. It contains the 
 Green River Female Academy, the Jefferson Academy for 
 boys, and 3 or 4 churches. 
 
 ELKTOX, a thriving post--village of Columbiana co,, Ohio, 
 on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 169 miles N.E. of Co- 
 umbus. 
 
 ELKTON, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, 130 miles 
 S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 ELKTOX. a post-village of Ilickory co., Missouri, about 
 100 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ELKTON. a post-village, capital of Umpqua CO., Oregon. 
 
 EL KUEIT, a town of Arabia. See Grane. 
 
 ELK'VILLE, a post>village of Caldwell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 EiyL.\-KlRK, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding, 
 
 EL'LAND. a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Rid- 
 ing, on the Calder. 4 miles S.E. of Ualifex, with a station on 
 the Manchester and Leeds Railway. Pop. 6470. It has 
 m.inufactures of coarse woollens. 
 
 EL'LASTONE. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 ELLBOGEN. a town of Bohemia. See Elbogex. 
 
 ELLl5, f rii'. a river of France, enters the Atlantic 30 miles 
 S.W. of Quimper. after a S. course of 38 miles. It is navigar 
 ble to Quimperle. 8 miles from the sea, 
 
 ELLEJAY, Georgia. See Emiwt. 
 
 El/LEJOY, a post-office of Blunt co. Tennessee. 
 
 EL'LEL. a cbapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ELLENBOROUGH, Mlen-btlrVtlh. a township of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Cumberland, on the small river Ellen, 5i miles 
 W.N.W. Cockermouth. Pop. 865, chiefly colliers. It gives 
 the title of earl to the Law familv. 
 
 F:LLENB0R0UG1I, a post-village of Grant co^ Wisconsin, 
 on Platte River. 7 miles S.E. of Lancaster. 
 
 El/LEXBURG, a post-village and township of Clinton CO., 
 New York, about 155 miles X. of Albanv. Pop. 2:548. 
 
 EL*LEXGOW'.\N. a post-office of lialt'imore co., Maryland. 
 
 EL'LENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 EL'LEXVILLE. a post -village of XHster co.. New York, on 
 the Del.aware and Hudson Canal, aliout 80 miles S.S.W. from 
 Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches, about 6 stores several 
 factories and mills, and a national bank. Pop. e.stimated 
 at 1200. 
 
 EL/LERBURN, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 EL'LERSLIE. a post-village of Susquehanna co., Penosyl- 
 vaniii. 140 miles X.X.E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 ELLKRSLIE, a district in Harris co.. Georgia. 
 
 ELLERSLIE. a post-village of Harris CO., Georgia, about 
 14 miles X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EL/LERTON PRl'ORY, a pari.sh of England, co. York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 ELLERTON-ON-SWALE. a township of England, co. of 
 York, North Riding, 1 J miles E.S.E. of Chatteri^k. Pop. 75 
 Henry Jenkins, who died in 1679 at the extra> rdinary ago 
 of 169. was born here, 
 
 EL'LERY.' a post-village and township of Ch.intauquaco, 
 
ELL 
 
 ELM 
 
 New York, on Chnutauniua Lake. 55 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. 
 Pop. 1751. 
 
 KLLi-^IvY, a small Tillage of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 EiyLKKY CEX'TRE, a post-office of Chautauqua co., New 
 York. 
 
 EiyLKPBOUOTJGH, a parish of Knprland, co. of Bucks. 
 
 EL'LKSMEIIE. a market-town and parish of Enpcland and 
 Wales, cos. of Flint and Sainp, 10 miles X.N.AV. of Shrews- 
 bury. Pop. 7081. It has a branch bank, and a larj^e trade 
 In malt, carried on by a canal, which communicates with 
 Welshpool, Chester, and the Mersey. The site of the an- 
 cient castle commands a rich and varied prospect. 
 
 EIJ.KSMEUE, PORT, a village and port of Enjrland, In 
 Cheshire, on the Slersey, Si miles S. by E. of Liverpool. 
 Pop. about 600. 
 
 EL'LKT.SVILLEorEL'LITTSTILLE, a village of Monroe 
 CO.. Indiana, on the extension of the New Albany and Salem 
 Railroad. 7 miles N.W. of Bloomington. Pop. alxiut 150. 
 
 ELLi:ZELLi:S, JlPzMl', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut, 16i.miles X.K. of Tournay. Pop. 6205. 
 
 ELL GROVK, a post-oilice of Henry co., Tennessee. 
 
 El/LICE ISLANDS, a group of islets on a coral reef, sur- 
 rounding a lagoon in the Pacific, discovered in 1S19. Lat. 
 8° 30' S.: Ion. 179° 1.3' E. Pop. 250. 
 
 EI/LICHPOOU', a city of India. 9S miles W. of Nagpoor. 
 r*at. 21° 14' N., Ion. 77° 36' E. It is partly enclosed by 
 walls. 
 
 I:L'LIC0TT, a township of Chautauqua co.. New York, at 
 the S. K. end of Chautauqua Lake. Po]). 4704. 
 
 ELLICOTT. a post-offlce of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 EI.LICOTT CREKK, u post-office of Erie co., New York. 
 
 Ei-I.ICOTT'S MILLS, a post-village, capital of Howard 
 county, Maryland, is i)lea.^antly situated on both sides 
 of the Patapsco River, and on the Haltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad. 12 miles W. by S. of Baltimore. It contains a 
 bank, a newspaper office, numerous flouring mills, and other 
 manufactories, and in the township are several lumbering 
 mills. The scenery in the vicinity is remarkably beautiful 
 Pop. 1444. 
 
 EI/'LlCOTTVILLE,a post-village and township, capital of 
 Cattaraugus ro.. New York, on the Gre.at Valley Creek, a 
 tribut.iry of the Alleghany River, on the line of the Buf- 
 falo and Pittsburg Railroad Cprojected), 10 miles N. of the 
 New York and Erie R.iilroad, with which it is connected 
 by a plank-road, and l'i5 miles W. of Albany. It contains 
 besides the county buildings. 4 churches, viz. an Episcopal, 
 Presbyterian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic, 3 printing 
 offices issuing weekly newspapers, a flouri.shing school, 3 
 public houses, 4 land offices, and 11 stores of various kinds. 
 The creek here furnishes good water-power, whiih at pre- 
 sent is only used for a grist mill and saw mill. The village 
 Is located In a fertile and picturesque valley, inclosed by 
 hills covered with heavy forests of birch and maple. Pop. 
 about 1200; of the township. 1881. 
 
 EI/LIJ.\.Y, a small river of Cilmer co., Georgia, flows into 
 the Coosawattee at the village of EUijay. 
 
 ELLI.TAY, a post-village and capital of Gilmer co.. Georgia, 
 on the river of the same name, 171 miles N.W. of Milledge- 
 ville. It is surrounded by a mountainous region, which is 
 rich in minerals. The village, contains a court-house, jail, 
 and 5 stores. 
 
 ELLINGEN, ?11ing-en, a town of Bavaria, on the Rezat, 
 28 miles S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1329. It has a manu- 
 factorv of pianof )rtes. 
 
 EL'LINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ELLINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 ELLTNGIIAM, a parish of England, co.. of Hants. 
 
 ELLINGIIAM, GREAT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 ELLINGIIAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 ELT>'IXCtTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 EiyLIXOTON, a post-village and township of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, 20 miles N.E. of Hartford. It contains 2 or 
 3 churches and an academy. Pop. of the township, 1510. 
 
 ELLINGTON, a post-township of Chautauqua co., New 
 York, 25 miles E. of .Mavsville. Pop. 1937. 
 
 ELLINGTON, a township of Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 1752. 
 
 ELlilNGTON, a post-village and township of Outagamie 
 CO., Wisconsin, 36 miles W. l>y S. of Green Baj". It has two 
 mills. Total pop. 727. 
 
 EI/LINGWOOD'S CORNER, a post-office of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 EL'LTOT. a post-village and township of York co.. Maine, 
 on the Portland Saco and Portsmoxith Railroad. 45 miles 
 S.W. of Portland. It contains an academy, and in the 
 township are several lumbering mills. Pop. 1767. 
 
 ELLIOTT BAY. Washington Territory. See Se.wie. 
 
 BL'LIOTTSBURG. a post-oflRce of Perry co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ELLIOTT'S CRCS ROADS, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 ELLIOTT'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office. Morgan ccOhiq. 
 
 ELLIOTT'S RANCH, a post-offlce of Sacramento co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 ELTvIOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Pis.i.raquis cc , Ma'.no. 
 90 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 59. 
 
 ELLIOTTSTILLE. a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, i>\ 
 the Ohio River, 145 miles E. by N. of Columbu.s. 
 
 EL'LIS, a county of Texas, situated in the N. central part 
 of the .state, contains about lOSO s^iuare miles. It is drained by 
 the Trinity River and its affluents. The surface is diversified 
 by tracts of liard timber and fertile prairies. Capital, Waxa- 
 hacliie. Pop. 5246. 
 
 EL'LISBL'RG, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Jefferson co.. New York, bordering on fjike Ontario, about 
 16 miles S.W. of Watertown, witli which it is connected by 
 railroad. The village, situated fin Sandy Creek, contains 2 or 
 3 churches, and a number of mills and factories. Pop. 5614. 
 
 ELLISBURO, a post-village of Camden co.. New Jersey, 6 
 miles S.E. of Camden. 
 
 ELLISBURG, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ELLISBURG, a small post-village in La Grange co., Indi- 
 ana, 150 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 EL'LISFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EL'LIS GROVE, a post-office of Randolph co.. Illinois. 
 
 ELLIS ISLAND, of New York, is situated in New York 
 Harbor, about a mile S.W. of the city; on it is Fort Gibson 
 
 ELLIS RIVElt, a small stream of Coos county, in the 
 N.E. p.art of New Hampshire, falls into the .Saco River. 
 
 El^LISTON, a post-village of Onondaga CO., New York, 140 
 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 ELLISTON, a post-offlce of Madison co., Kentucky. 
 
 ELLISTON, a post-township of Warren co., Illinois. 
 
 ELTJSTOWN, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi. 
 
 EL'LISVILLE, a post-village in Louisa co., Virginia, 60 
 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 ELLTSVILLE, a post-office of Bladen co., North Carolina. 
 
 ELLISVILLE. a post-office of Columbia co., Florida. 
 
 ELLTSVILLE. a post-village, capital of Jones co., Missis^ 
 sippi, on Tallahalla River. 144 miles S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 ELLISVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co.. Illinois, on 
 Spoon River, about 76 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 ELLISVILLE, a post^village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 22 
 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 ELLITSA'ILLE. See EI,LETS^^I.I,E. 
 
 ELL'MORE, a post-office of Ottawa co.. Ohio. 
 
 EL'LON. a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 ELLOR.t, a town of Hindostan. See Flora. 
 
 ELLi:)RE, ?PI5r', a considerable town of British India, 
 presidency of >Iadras. 38 miles N. of Masulipat-im, and for- 
 merly capital of one of the Northern Circars. It is the resi- 
 dence of the district collector. 
 
 EL'LiiUUH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 EI/LOUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 ELLRICH or ELRICH. ?ll'riK. a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 45 miles N.N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 2600. Near it is the re- 
 markable calcareous grotto of Kille. 
 
 ELLS'WORTH, an important commercial town, port of 
 entrj', and capital of Hancock co., Maine, is situated on 
 both sides of the navigable river Union, which is here 
 crossed by 4 liridges, 30 miles S.E. of Bangor, and alxiut 4 
 miles above the entrance of the river into Frenchman's B.ay. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, 4 churches, 2 good 
 hotels, a bank, and 60 stores. Twenty-five vessels are often 
 seen anchored here at a time, and 50,000,000 feet of lumber 
 are exported annually. The shipping of the district, 
 (Frenchman's Bay.) June 30, 1852. amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 1689 tons registered, and 36.760 tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the latter 22.272 were emploj-ed in the coast 
 trade, 13,075 in the cod fishery, and 2860 in the mackerel 
 fishery. One hundred and fiftj' vessels are owned in the 
 town. During the year above mentioned. 22 vessels, with 
 an aggregate burden of 3119 tons, were admeasured in the 
 district, and in 1853 the ship-bujlding in Frenchman's Bay 
 amounted in 6860 tons. Flllsworth is one of the most flou- 
 rishing towns in the state. Pop. in 1840,2203; in 1^60, 
 4009: and in 1860. 4658. 
 
 ELLSWOKTII, a township of Grafton co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, 50 miles NiN.W. of Cimcord. Pop, 302. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, a post-village in Litchfield CO., Connecti- 
 cut, 60 miles W. by N. of Hartford. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, a post-villaie and township of Mahoning 
 CO.. Ohio, 5 miles W. of Canfield, and 165 miles N.E. of Co- 
 lumbus. The village has 2 churches and a flourj|hing acv 
 demy. Pop. 825. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, a post-village in Texas co.. Missouri, on 
 the Big Sandy Fork of Gasconade River, 85 miles S. by E. cf 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 ELLSWORTH FALLS, a post-village of Hancock cc, 
 Maine. 30 miles S.E. of Bangor. 
 
 ELLW.\NGEN, ^U'wdng-en. a town of Wiirtemberg. on 
 the Jaxt. 45 miles F;,N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2938. employed 
 in bleach-works and tanning. It has a castle, cathedral, 
 gymnasium, and hospital. 
 
 ELLWOOD. a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky, 
 
 ELM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 ELM. a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 
 ELM, Jl'm. a parish and village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 
 627 
 
ELM 
 
 ELR 
 
 10 miles &.S.E. of Glarus. Pop. 1013. Its sulphur springs 
 ■were formerly celebrated. 
 
 i;LM, a post-office of Fayette CO., PennsylTania. 
 
 Hhyi, a post-office of Ballard co., Kentucky. 
 
 Kl/MA. a post-office of Krie co., New York. 
 
 EL MASARAII, i\ nid'sa-rdh. a village of Egypt, 10 niile,s 
 S. of Cairo, opposite the site of ancieut Memphis, with ex- 
 tensive ancient quarries, to which a railway has recently 
 been constructed. 
 
 ELM BLUFF, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama. 
 
 ELM BllAXCII, a small village.of Lawrence co., Missouri. 
 
 ELM CKEEK. of McKinley co., Texas, flows south-east- 
 ward into the Nueces Kiver. 
 
 ELM CREEK, a post-office of Falls CO.. Texas. 
 
 EL'MEK, ,1 post-office of :Nilem co., New Jersey. 
 
 EL METEMXEU. el m^ttei'neh. a town of Nubia, on the 
 Nile, nearly opposite Shendy. It has manufactures of coarse 
 cotton fabrics. 
 
 ELM GROVE, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi. 
 
 ELM GROVE, a post-office of Highland co., Illinois. 
 
 ELM GROVE, a village of Clay co., Missouri, on Smith's 
 Fork of Platte River. 28 miles N. by W. of Independence. 
 
 ELM GROVE, a villageof Marion co., Iowa, 8S miles W.S.W. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 ELM'IIAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ELMH AM. SOUTH, or ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Suffijlk. 
 
 ELM HILL, a post-office of Davidson oo.. Tennessee. 
 
 ELMINA, ^1-mee'iid, or ST. GKUKGE DEL MINA, (dJl 
 mee'ni)a town and fort, capital of the Dutch posses.sions 
 on the Guinea coast. Africa. The fort Is in lat. 6^ 4' 45" N. 
 Ion. 1" '20' 30" W. The town is irregular, ill built, and dirty. 
 Pop. from 8000 to 10.000, blacks, the fort of Klmiua is the 
 strongest ou the whole coast : it is surrounded with double 
 walls and deep ditches, has 3 rows of guns next the sea. and 
 the land side is defended by Fort St. J ago, the key of Elmina. 
 
 ELMI'RA, a city and township, capitiil of Chemung coun- 
 ty. New York, is situated near the junction of Newtown 
 Creek with the Chemung Kiver, where the latter is crossed 
 by the Erie Railroad, 273 miles from New Y"ork Citj*. El- 
 niira is the N. terminus of a railroad which extends via 
 AVilliamsport and Harrisburg to Baltimore, 251 miles, and 
 connects it with Philadelphia, 271 miles distant. Another 
 railroad extends northwai-d to Canandaigua, Niagara, Ac. 
 The Chemung Canal also connects Eluiira with Seneca I>ake, 
 20 miles distant; and the Junction Canal connects it with 
 the interior of Pennsylvania. The city is handsomely laid 
 out, and contains, besides the county buildings, 13 churches, 
 a female college, capable of accommodating 300 pupils, 
 several other educational institutions, 5 banks, a savings 
 institution, 4 excellent hotels, about 300 stores, a large num- 
 ber of warehouses, and 2 daily and 2 weeklj" newspapers are 
 issued here. Here are 2 rolling-mills, 4 manufactories of 
 boots and shoes, 1 of pianos, and an oil refinery. Elmira has 
 surpassed all of its competitors along the line of the Erie 
 Itaiiroad in the rapidity of its growth. Pop. of the township 
 in 1840, 4791 ; in 1850,'81tJ6; in 1860, 8682 ; of the city in 18C5, 
 aliout 14,000. Settled in 1788. 
 
 ELMIRA, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 ELMIIJA, a post-village of Stark co., Illinois, 40 miles N. 
 by W. of Peoria. Pop. of township, 954. 
 
 ELM'LEY CASTTLK, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 fe.st«r. 
 
 ELJILEY, ISLE OF. a parish of Englatid, co. of Kent. 
 
 ELM'LEY, LOV'ETT.a pari>h of England, co. of Worcester 
 
 EI/MONT, a post-office of Clinton co., Jlissouri. 
 
 EIVMORE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ELMORE, a post-village and township of Lamoille co., 
 Vermont, about 17 miles N. by E. of Montpelier. The vil- 
 lage contains 1 store, 1 tavern, 1 starch factory, 2 saw mills, 
 and other establishments. Pop. 602. 
 
 ELMORE, a village of Talbot co., Georgia, 62 miles \7. of 
 Macon. 
 
 EI/MORE, a postoffice of Ottawa co., Ohio. 
 
 ELMORE, a township in Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 483. 
 
 ELMORE, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois. 
 
 ELM POINT, a postoffice of Bond co., Illinois, 60 miles S. 
 of Springfield. 
 
 ELM RIVER, in the S.E. part of Illinois, is an affluent of 
 the Little AVab.ish. which it joins in Wayne county. 
 
 ELM'S^LL, NORTH, a township of England, co. of Y'ork, 
 West Riding. 
 
 ELMSALL, SOUTH, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 ELM'SETT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 3^ miles 
 K.N.E. of Hadleigb. Here is a curious petrifjiug spring, 
 called the Dropping WeU. 
 
 ELMSHOHN. ^ImsOioRn, a town of Denmark, in Hol- 
 bMu, on the Elbe, and on the Kiel and Altona Railway, 10 
 miles EiJ.E. of Gliickstidt. Pop. ooOO. It has au active 
 trade iu grain. 
 
 ELM SPRING, a thriving post-village of Washington co., 
 Arkansas, 212 miles N.W. of Little Rock, has a largn semi- 
 nary for both sexes, and a flouring mill. 
 
 KLM/STEAD, a parish of i^nglaud, co. of Essex 
 628 
 
 ELM'STED. a parish of EngLind. co. of Kent 
 
 ELilSTHORPE. a p;irish of England, co. of Leicester, 3 
 miles E.N.E. of Hinckley. The church, which is in ruins, 
 was occupied a,« the head-quarters of the officers of Richard 
 Ill.'s army, before the battle of Bosworth. 
 
 ELM'STONE, a parish of England, co. of Ivent. 
 
 EL-M'STONE-HARIVWICKE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 EL.MS-'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ELSITON, a parish of England co. of Derby. 
 
 ELM TREE, a post-office of Weakly co., Tennessee. 
 
 ELM TREE, a post-village of Hancock Co., Illinois, about 
 100 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 ELMUNCHILLY. il'mftn-chillee. a village of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Madras, 31 miles S.W. of Vizagapatam, in 
 a valley, with a temple and some curious sculptures. 
 
 EL>I VALLEY, a post-office of Alleghanv co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 ELM'VILLE, a post-office of Colleton district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 ELM'WOOD, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, 23 miles 
 W. by N. of Peoria. 
 
 ELMWOOD, a post-office of Saline CO., Missouri. 
 
 ELNBOGES, a town of iiohemia. See Eldogex. 
 
 ELNE, &ln. (anc. lUiljerif. afterwards Helena.) a town 
 of France, department of Pyrenees-Orieutales. on the Tech, 
 8 miles S.S.E. of Perpignan. Pop. in 1S52. 2524. It was 
 once a place of importance, llliberis was the place where 
 Hannibal first encamped after passing the Pyrenees; having 
 been rebuilt by Constantine, it received the name of his 
 mother Helena. 
 
 ELrOBElD, LOBEID, or LABAYET. See Obeid. 
 
 Ji/LON, a post-office of Amherst co„ Virginia. 
 
 ELON. a post-office of Ashley co., Arkansiis. 
 
 El/OOS or ELUCE. M-oos', an island and town in the Eu- 
 phrates, in Asiatic Turkey, 8 miles N.N.W. of Hit. The 
 island is 1 mile in length, with oOO houses, and some 
 mosques. 
 
 ELORA, ELLORA, Jl-lo'ri or ELOUROU, e-loo'roo, a vU- 
 lage of llindostan. in lat. 20° 5' N., Ion. 75° 15' E., about 
 1 mile E. of which are some cave-temples excavated iu the 
 W. slope of a hill, in magnitude of execution surp.assing all 
 other structures of their kind iu India. 
 
 ELORA, e-lo'ra. a post-village of Canada West, co. of Wa- 
 terloo, at the confluence of the Grand and Irvine Rivers, 12 
 miles from Guelph. I'op. about 400. 
 
 ELORRIO. i-ioR'KeK), a town of Spain, 18 miles S j:. of Bil- 
 bao. Pop. 2280. 
 
 EL PASO, M pah'so, a newly fonned county forming the 
 W. extreniitv of Texas. It is not mentioned iu the census 
 of 1850. Pop. in 1860, 4051. 
 
 EL PASO or EL PASSO. a post-office in the above county. 
 
 EL PASO DEL NOItTE, el pd'so del nor.'tiV, better known 
 as EL PASO, (often written EL PASSO.) a settlement, or 
 more properly a line of settlements, embracing a popula- 
 tion of about 5000, situated in a rich but narrow valley, 
 which extends 9 or 10 miles along the right bank of the 
 Rio Grande, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, 350 miles 
 S. by W. of Santa Fe. The grape is extensively cultivated 
 in this locality, and considerable quantities of a weiik but 
 well-flavored wine and brandy (known to the American 
 traders as Pass wine and Pass brandy) are made. The 
 houses are built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks, chiefly of 
 onestory, with earthern floors. Though supplied with abun- 
 dance, the inhabitants are remarkably deficient in the com- 
 monest appliances of civilized life; glazed windows, chairs, 
 tables, knives and forks, and other conveniences, which the 
 humblest American considers indispensable to comfort, are 
 unknown even to the rich. Few of the people are pure 
 white, beiiig nearly .ill more or less tinged with Indian 
 blood. That portion of the settlement at the northern part 
 of the viiUey, where the phua. the parish ehureh. and the 
 dwellings of a few of the principsil inhabitants are located, 
 may be considered as the town of El Paso. It is in hit. 31° 
 42' N., Ion. Iei6° 4*.)' W., 1420 miles above the mouth of the 
 Rio Grande, following the course of the stream. mO miles 
 in a direct line E. from of the I'acific coast, and 1800 miles 
 from ^Vii.'-hington City. El Piiso is the chief thoroughfare 
 between New .Mexico and Chihuahua, and the other Mexi- 
 can states farther S., the Rio Grande l>eiug foi-daWe near 
 the town a great portion of the ye,ar. The name, signifying 
 "the p:»ssage,'' is supposed to be derived from the jxissjige 
 of the river thi-ough a gorge or gap iu the mountain, just 
 above the town. 
 
 liL PeS.).\, (■I p?n-y5n'. a firtified height 8^ miles from 
 the city of Mexico, commanding the entrance t» it from the E. 
 
 EL'PIIIN, a markeVtowu. parish, and bishop's see of Ire- 
 land, in Counaught. co. of Rosi-omnion. 17^ miles W.N.W. 
 ofLongfird. Pop. of town. 1551. Its cathedral is a small, 
 plain church, with au ancient tower; the episcopal pjilace 
 and deanery are substantial structures. The diocese ••"■ 
 prises 76 parishes in the counties of Roscommon, Sligo. Gal- 
 way, and Mayo, and is now annexed to the sees of Kilniore 
 and .\rdagh. The family of Gold.smith resided in this 
 parish, and, by some, the poet i.< 8:iid to have been born hera 
 
 EiyilOD. a post-office of Ripley co., Iudi;.ua. 
 
ELR 
 
 ELY 
 
 KT, ROSARIO. Jl ro-s^re-o, a town of the Mexican Confe- 
 deration, state of Cinaloa, 65 miles K.X.E. of Mazatlan. Pop. 
 5000. It had some rioh fiold and silver mines, no lonper 
 ivrfiught. and i.s now important chiefly as a depot for the 
 trade between ilazatlan and the interior. 
 
 EL.SA, iVsi, a river of Tuscany, join.s the Amo 3J miles 
 W. of Kmpoli, after a X.W. course of -30 miles. 
 
 KLSA. a river of Tuscany, an affluent of the Albegna. 
 Tot*l course, 12 miles. 
 
 1;LS.\SS, a country of Germany. See AtSACE. 
 
 KLS'UOX. a market-town and parish of lOngland, co. of 
 Northumberland, 16 miles W.N'.W. of Morpeth. I'op. 16S0. 
 The Castle, built in the reign of Henry III., is now the rec- 
 tory-house. The parish abounds in coal, lime, and iron- 
 stone. 
 
 EL'SKN'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Ks.sex. 
 
 ELS'KIELD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 KI.SFLKTII. Jls'ti.At, a market-town of Oldenburg, on the 
 Weser. at thetinflux of the Ilunte, 18 miles N.W. of Bremen. 
 I'op. 2000. employed in ship-building. 
 
 K1,.>^'IIAM or AILES/IIAM, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 EI/SIXBOUOUOII, a township of Salem co., New Jersey, 
 3 miles from Salem. Pop. 749. 
 
 EL'SING. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ELSr.XOli E, grsin-6r', or ELSINEUK, Jl'sin -fir', (Dan. TTfl- 
 finr/ui: hM'sing-g^'gr,) a seaport town of Denmark, on the 
 l.sland of Seeland. at the narrowest jtart of the Sound, here 
 onlv 2i miles broad. 24 miles N. by E. of Coponh.agen. Lat. 
 (Kronborg light) 56° 2' 12" N., Ion. 12° 37'30" E. It has two 
 churches, a classi;-al school, and a custom-house; its inhabi- 
 tants are chiefly engaged in commerce and seafaring, and 
 considerable traffic is carried on with Ilelsingborg on the 
 opposite coast, this being the chief point of transit between 
 Denmark and Sweden. Elsinoreis defended by the castle of 
 Kronborg, which stands on a projecting spitof land, and com- 
 mands the Sound. It is a Gothic-liyzantine edifice, with walls 
 and ditches; it is entered by two drawbi-idges, and was built 
 in 1.574-1584. On it is a fixed light, 113 feet high. In the 
 vicinity of Kronborg is the royal country palace of Marien- 
 lyst. Elsinore is, however, chiefiy noted as being the place 
 where the Sound dues are levied on vessels entering or clear- 
 ing the Baltic. The dues, originally instituted for keeping 
 up lights and landmarks on the Cattegat and neighboring 
 coasts, now consist of dues on the ship, being light or beacon 
 money, and dues on the c^rgo, a toll paid to the Danish go- 
 vernment. The total number of vessels passing the Sound 
 was. in 1847, 21,526; 184S, 10,857; 1849. 18,0o<): of which, in 
 1847,4522 were British; 2502 Prussian; 2334 Norwegian; 
 16.38 Swedish; 1507 Dani.sh; and 1447 Dutch. Of other 
 countries the numbers were under 1000, and in some cases, 
 as America, Naples, and Hamburg, under 100. The prin- 
 cipal maritime countries have consuls at Elsinore. Elsi- 
 nore is the assumed scene of Shakspeare's tragedy of Ham- 
 let. Pop. 8000. 
 
 ELSON ISLAND, in the Pacific, is one of the Gambier 
 Islands. 
 
 EPSON'S B.\Y, an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, in Russian 
 America, immediately E. of Point Barrow. Lat. 71° N.,lou. 
 156° W. ■ 
 
 EI/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 ELSTEAD. a parish of England, co. of Susjsex. 
 
 ELSTER, Jl'ster, White, (Goi-. Weiss Elster, wice Sl'stgr,) a 
 river of Germany, rises near Asch. in Voigtland, flows N., 
 and joins the Saale 3 mile.s S. of Halle, (Prussia.) Length, 
 110 miles. Chief affluent, the Pleisse, on the right. 
 
 ELSTEK, Black, (Ger. iSc/iM,'artii7.s<er, shwaRtsSl'ster,) a 
 river of Germany, ri.ses 2 miles S. of Elster, (Saxony,) flows 
 N.W., and joins the Elbe 8 miles E. of Wittemberg, (Prussia.) 
 Length, 105 mile.s. Chief affluent, the Hoder, on the left. 
 
 ELSTEK, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, on the 
 Little Elster, with mineral springs. 
 
 ELSTEKBKKG, ?l'ster-1ieR0', a town of Saxony, 16 miles 
 S.W. of Zwickau, on the White Elster. Pop. 2379, employed 
 in woollen and cotton weaving. 
 
 ELSTEI'vWEUDA. Jl'ster--ftjRM3, a town of Prussian S.ax- 
 ony. 66 miles E.N.E. of Me'rseburg, on the Black Elster. Pop. 
 1442. 
 
 ELSTON or ELVESTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Notts. 
 
 EL'STOAV, a parish of England, co.,and 2 miles S. of Bed- 
 ford. John Bunyan. author of the "Pilgrim's Progress," 
 was born here in 162S. 
 
 ELSTRA. els'trd. a town of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, on 
 the Elster. 21 miles N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 1080. 
 
 ELS'TREE or ID'LESTREE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Herts. 
 
 ELS'\\'ICK. a township of England, co. Northumberland. 
 
 ELS'WORTII. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 ELTEN, Jl'ten. a village of Prussia, government of Dus- 
 seldorf. not far from the Khine, 6 miles N.N.E. of Clevos. 
 Pop. 1446. 
 
 EfiTERLEIX. Jl'ter-irne\ a mining town of Saxony, 19 
 miles S.E. of Zwickau. I op, 1910. It has manufactures of 
 lace. 
 
 ELT'IIAM, a town and parish of England, co. of Kent. 7 
 miles E.S.E. of London. Pop. 2668. It has lenuiins <,i a 
 roj'al palace, formerly consisting of four quadrangles, and 
 possessing great magnificence, the existing edifice of which 
 is the hall, no'w or latelj* a barn, but in good preservation. 
 Eltham was a favorite residence of the I'lantagenet and 'J'u- 
 dor monarchs. The palace and parks were destroyed during 
 the Commonwealth. 
 
 EL'TISLEY, a ptirish of England, co. of Canibridirt. 
 
 ELTMANN, ^It'miin. a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 3o 
 miles E.N.E.. of WUr/.burg. Pop. 1392. 
 
 ELT'ON, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 ELTOX, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 ELTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 ELTOX, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 ELTOX, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 ELTOX, a township of Englatid. co.of Derljy. 
 
 ELTON, a township of England, co. of I^ancnster. 
 
 ELTON, ^rton', (i. t. " golden lake,") a salt lake of Russia, 
 70 miles E. of the Volga, government, and 100 miles S.S.E. of 
 Saratov. Area, 130 s(i«:ire miles. It receives several rivei'S. 
 Upwards of 100,000 tons of salt are obtained annually from 
 its waters. • 
 
 EI/fON, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New York, 300 
 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 ELTON, a. post-office of Edgefield district. South Carolina. 
 
 ELTSCH, a town of Hungary. See .Tolsva. 
 
 ELTVILLE, a town of Western Germany. See Ei.iEin. 
 
 EL-TYH, (51 tee,) DESERT OF, (or of '-"the Wandering.") 
 so called because it was the place of the forty years' sojourn 
 of the Hebrews in the desert, is a name applied to the pe- 
 ninsula which is between the Gulfs of Suez and .^kaliih, 
 and Egypt and Palestine. It is mountainous, comprising 
 Jeb-el-fvh, Jlount Sinai. Ac. 
 
 EL TYH, WADY, wA'dee 41 tee, (or "Valley of the Wan- 
 dering.") is in Middle Egypt, extending between ancient 
 Memi>his and Suez, immediately S. of the Jeb-el-Atak.a. 
 
 ELTZ, Jits, a river of South-western Germany, in Baden, 
 joins the Rhine 20 miles S. of Strasbourg, after a tortuous 
 course of 33 miles past Waldkirch and Kenzingen. 
 
 ELUSA. See Eauze. 
 
 ELVA, iVyi, (L. HeVra.) a village of the Sardinian States, 
 in I'iedmont, 18 miles W.N.W. of Coni. Pop. llt:5. 
 
 EI./VAN WATER, asmallafHuent of the Clyde.in Scotland, 
 CO. of Lanark. It flows N.E. Particles of gold have been 
 otien found in its sands. 
 
 ELVAS, Sl'vls, (Sp./Mws, flMs, or YfVves.ylV\l».)^ for- 
 tified fi-ontier city of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 12 miles 
 W. of Badajos, on the Guadiana. Pop. ]6,4r)0. It stands on a 
 hill, on which are the fortresses of Santa Lucia and Lijpe. The 
 town is generally ill built and dirty. Its streets ai-e lined 
 with venerable Moorish buildings. Chief edifices, theCathe- 
 dral, several churches and convents, the Areenal, bonrf>-proof 
 barracks for 6000 or 7000 men, a theatre, college, seminary, 
 public hospital, prison, and a remarkable tower. A Iiirge 
 Moorish aqueduct supplies the city with water from a hill 
 
 3 miles W. It has manufactures of arms and jewelry. Elvas 
 was taken by Marshal Junot, and held by the Fieuch from 
 March to August, 1808. 
 
 El/VASTON, a parish of England. CO., and 4 miles E.S.E. 
 of Derby. Elvaston Hall, the seat of the Earl of Harring- 
 ton, is in this parish. 
 
 EI/VEDOX or EIVDOX, a parish of England, co.of SufT"lk. 
 
 ELA'EX. 6PvftN"', a town of France, department of Morli- 
 han. 10 miles N.E. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852, 3496. In its 
 castle, now a ruin, Henry of Richmond (afterwards Henry 
 VII. of England) remained a prisoner for fourteen years after 
 the battle of Tewkesbury. 
 
 EiyVETIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EL'VINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 EiyvIXSVILLE.a post-office of Bedford CO., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 EI/VVICK HALL, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 EL'WOOD, a post-offlce of Walker co., Texas. 
 
 EL'WORTIIY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 EL'WY, a river of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, joins 
 the Severn at Pennarth. 
 
 ELWY, a river of Xorth Wales, co. of Denbigh, falling into 
 the Clwyd at St. Asaph. 
 
 ELXAS, a town of Spain. See Euas. 
 
 ELY, (ee'lee.) ISLE OF, a district of England, co. of 
 Cambridge, lying N. of the centre of the county, from 
 the rest of which it is separated on the S. by the Ouse. 
 Area, 225,150 acres. A smaller tract, of about 7 miles by 
 
 4 miles, is, however, now viewed as foi'ming the isle strictly 
 so called. It is surrounded by mar.sh, formerly covered 
 with water, whence the name. The soil is very fertile, but 
 requires artifieial draining. The district exhibits a level, 
 monotonous plain, containing many marsh plants and 
 aquatic birds. See Bedford Level. 
 
 ELY, a city and episcopal see of England, capital of the 
 above island, on the Ouse, 16 miles N.N.E. of Cambridge, 
 iind 72 miles N.E. of London, on the Eastern Counties Kail- 
 way. Pop. in 1851, 6176. The houses are mostly ancient. 
 The Cathedral, chiefly built between the reigns of William 
 
 e29 
 
ELY 
 
 Rnfue md E-lwird III., exhiliits a sinfrular yet Imposing 
 comlj)i»ation ol the Saxon, Norman^and Gothic styles. It 
 i.-i o3i feet in len^jth, by 190 feet in the transept; has an 
 elegant octagonal central tower, and many interesting 
 monuments. Trinity Church, founded in 13J1. is a beauti- 
 ful structure. The Bi.<hop's Palace is neatly built of brick. 
 Ilere are also a grammar school, founded by Henry VIII., 
 an endowed chaiity school, several oil mills, and manufac- 
 tures of earthenware and tobaico-pipe.s. In the environs 
 are rich orchards and market-gardens. Ely is governed by 
 a custos-rotulorum. and is the only city in England which 
 semis no member to the House oT Commons. Its bishopric 
 was founded in 1107. The celebrated Abbey of Ely, on 
 which the bishopric was founded, was established by Saint 
 EtheldreJa or Audry. daughter of a Saxon king, a. d. 673. 
 It was destroyed by the Danes about the year 870. The 
 city and island are siiid to owe their name to the ntimber 
 of eels which still aliound here. 
 
 ELY. a beautiful demesne of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Fer- 
 managh, compri.siug sevenil woody islets alx)ut the head of 
 Lower J»ugh Erne, 4 miles X. of Enniskillen. It gives the 
 title of maiijuis to the Lol'tus family. 
 
 ELY, a post-office of Marion co.. Iowa. 
 
 ELY, a small village of Canada Ea«t, co. of Sbefiford, 10 
 miles S S.E. of Melbourne, and 22 miles from Grandy. 
 
 E'LY LICK, a village of Kails co., Missouri, 78 miles 
 N.N.K. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ICLYRIA, e-llr'e-a, a pleasant post-vill.ige and township, ca- 
 pit.il of Loraiu co.. Ohio, is situated on Black Kiver, 7 miles 
 from Lake Erie, 28 miles W.S.W. of Cleveland, and 116 miles 
 N.X.E. of Columbus. The village ."itands on a peninsula 
 fonued by the branches of Black River, which here unite. 
 The river in this vicinity has two falls of 40 feet perpen- 
 dicular, and affords fine water-power. The railioad from 
 Cleveland to Sandusky, passes tlirough this place. Elyria 
 contains a court-house, 5 or 6 churches, a national bank, an 
 academy, and 2 newspaper offices. One of the churches is a 
 Gothic building of sandstone. In the vicinity are several 
 mills, an iron furnace, a machine-shop, and an axe-factory. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1482; in 1853, about 2000; of the township in 
 1860, 1613. 
 
 E^LYSBURG, a post-village of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 70 miles X. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 ELYSIAX (e-lizh'yjn) FIELDS, a post>ofBoe of Harrison 
 CO.. Texas. 
 
 ELYSIAX FIELDS. Hud.son co.. New York. See Hoboken. 
 
 ELYSIUM, e-lizh'ytim. a po.st-village of McHeury co., Illi- 
 nois. 50 miles X.W. of Chicago. 
 
 E/LYTOX, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Alabama, 
 100 miles N'.X.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 ELZ, a river of Germany. See Eltz. 
 
 ELZA. ^Vzi, a river of Tuscany, joining the Arno near 
 Bmpoli after a X.W. course of 35 miles. 
 
 ELZK, ^It/seh, a town of Hanover, 9 mUes W.S.W. of 
 Hildesheim, near the Saale. Pop. 2035. 
 
 JCM.iDOO, A-md-doo'. a town of Western Africa, kingdom 
 of Yarrilia. about 18 miles X. of Jenna, lat. 7° 10' N., Ion. 3° 
 10' E., on the route from Badagry to Boosa. 
 
 EMAX'UKL. a county in the E.S.E. part of Georgia, has 
 sn area of about 1000 stjuare miles. It is bounded on the 
 .\. by the Ogeechee River, on the S.AV. by Pendleton's 
 Creek, intorsected by the Great Ohoopee, and also drained 
 by the Cannouchee. The surface is level and partly co- 
 vered with piue timber; the soil is sandy and sterile. 
 Named in himor of David Emanuel, at one time president 
 of the Georgia Senate. Organized in 1812. Capital, Swains- 
 borough. Pop. oOSl, of whom 3787 were free. 
 
 EMATRIS, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Mona- 
 ghan. 
 
 J:MBA, im'hi., JEM or DJEM, j Jm, a river of Central Asi.i, 
 forming a part of the boundary between the Russi;m go- 
 vernment of Orenboorg and the Kirghees Territory. (Inde- 
 pendent Toorki.st;tn,) enters the Gulf of Emba at the X.E. 
 extremity of theOaspiim Se.a. alter a S.W. course, estimated 
 at JoO miles, where it expands into numerous shallovv lakes, 
 and has valuable tisheries. 
 
 EMB.\CH, fcm'bdK. (Gross. grOce. and Kleix, kline; t. n. 
 "Great" and "Little,") a river of Russia, government of 
 Livoni.!. It rises in the S.E. part of the district of Pernau. and, 
 under the name of Kleiu Embach, flows S.E. to near Valk. 
 then turns X . Mnd. after a course of about 36 miles, enters 
 the S. extremitj nf Lake Virtzerv. The stream which i.osues 
 from the X. extremity of the same lake, takes the name of 
 Gross Embach, Hows E. past Dorpat, where it becomes navi- 
 gable, and enters the S.W. extremity of Lake Peipus. Total 
 length, 40 miles. 
 
 EM BAK'K AS or EMB AR/R APS, a river in the E.S.E. part of 
 Illhinis. falls into the Wabash R or 7 milfs below Vincenne.s. 
 
 EMBARUAS, a river of Wisconsin, flows through Wau- 
 paca CO., and enters Wolf River on the E. border of that 
 county. 
 
 E.MIIARRAS P.OIXT. a post-village of Edgar co., UlinoU, 
 1(X) miles E. of SpringfiL-M. 
 
 EV! IIDKX, a tf)wii of Hanover. See Emdex. 
 
 EMU'DEX, a post-township ol Somerset co., Maine, on the 
 630 
 
 EMM 
 
 W. side of Kennebec River, 40 miles N. by W. of AngTista. 
 Pop. 1041. 
 
 EMBDEX CEXTRE, a post-village of Somerset co., Maine, 
 on Kennebec Kiver, 40 miles X.W. of Augusta.. 
 
 EM'BEliTOX, orEM/MERTOX, a parish of England, ca 
 of Buckingham. IJ miles S. of Olney, and 8 miles from the 
 Wolverton Station on the Loudon and North-western 
 Railway. 
 
 EMBLETOX, Jm^jgltpn, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 EMBLETOX, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 EMBOMM.\, Jm-b(im'md. a town of Africa, in Lower 
 Guinea, Congo, on the right bank of the Congo or Zaire, 70 
 miles W.X.W. of San Salvador. 
 
 EMBOK'ROW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 EMBOTETIU. St« Mondbgo. 
 
 EM'BKEVILLE, a post-office of Chester co.. Pennsylrania. 
 
 EMBRO, fmOsro, a post-village of Canada AVest co. of Ox- 
 ford, 124 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 37 miles from London. 
 It contains several stores, and two grist mills. Pop. about 
 200. 
 
 EMBRUX', Jm'brQn, (Fr. pron. SM'brtlNo'; anc. Ebro- 
 dufnum.) a fortified town of France, department of II:iutc9- 
 Alpes. on the right bank of the Durance. 19 miles E. of Gap. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4794. It has a cathedral, with a lofty tower. 
 Under the Romans it was an important military post: and 
 its archbishop's see, suppressed at the Revolution, is said to 
 have dated from the t(uie of Constantine. 
 
 EMB'SAY', a township of England, co. of Y'ork, West 
 Riding. 
 
 EMBUDO, fm-lxKydo, a village of Xew Mexico. United 
 States, situated near a pass of the same name, about 50 miles 
 N. of Santa Fe. 
 
 EMDEX or EMBDEX, Jm'dJn, a fortified seaport town of 
 Hanover, principality of East Friesland, on the DoUart. 14 
 miles S.W. of Aurich, with which it communicates bv a 
 canal. Lat. 53° 22' 3" X., Ion. 7^ 12' 38" E. l*op. 12,139. 
 The town is intersected by canals connected with the har- 
 bor. Principal edifices, the Council and Custom-houses, 
 Barracks, Exchange, Gymnasium, and School of Xavigation. 
 The port, consisting of an outer and two inner harbors, is 
 shallow; but the roadstead is deep enough for vessels of 
 any size. Emden is a free port, but its trade has been de- 
 clining ever since the .sixteenth century, and its herring 
 fishery is almost extinct. It has ship-building docks, and 
 manufactures of linen fabrics and yarn, hosiery, hats, soap, 
 starch, tobacco, and .-Jail-eloth. with breweries, distilleries, 
 and tanneries. Exports corn, butter, cheese, spirits, tal- 
 low, honey, wax, wool, and hides; imports timber from the 
 Baltic, hemp, and pot;ish. 
 
 EMEXABAD, im-kn%hM', or AMIX'ABAD', a town of 
 the Punjab, 35 miles N. of Lahore. Lat. 32° 10' N., Ion. 74° 
 8'E. 
 
 EM'ERALD or MACOUR. mj'koor'. a coral island in the 
 Red Sea, on the coast of Nubia. Lat. 23° 50' X., Ion. 30° 52' 
 30" E. 
 
 EM'ER.ALD GROVE, a post-village of Rock co.,Wisconsin. 
 
 EMKHALD POINT, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois. 
 
 EMERIXA, em'gh-ree'nd, a district on the island of Ma- 
 dagiscar, kingdom of Ankova. and formerly an independent 
 state, it is the highest and hejilthiest district in the 
 island. 
 
 EMERITA AUGUST.X. See Merid.\. 
 
 EM'EKY, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 EMER\"S MILLS, a post-office of York co., Maine. 
 
 EMERY'S KIVEH. of^East Tennessee, rises in Morgan co., 
 and flowing southward, enters Clinch River, near Kingston, 
 Roane county. 
 
 EMES-\, a town of Syria. St>e Homs. 
 
 EMFKAS. Jm'frd.*'. a considerable town of Abyssinia, on a 
 hill. Lat. 12° 12' 38" N., Ion. 37° 38' 30" E. Chief trade, 
 cloves and civet. 
 
 EM'IGSVILLE, a post-office of Y'ork CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EM1XEXCE, a post-office of Schoharie co.. New York. 
 
 EMIXEXCE, a thriving post-villaie of Henry co.. Ken- 
 tucky, on the railroad from Louisville to Frankfort, 40 
 miles E. of the former. 
 
 EMIXEXCE. a p ist-vill.ige of Logan CO., Illinois, 40 miles 
 N.N'.E. of Springfield. 
 
 EMIXEXCK, a post-vilLige. capital of Sh.nnnon co., Mis- 
 souri, on Current Kiver. about 120 miles S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 EM'LEXTOX, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylv.mia. 
 
 EM'LKY. a parish of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 EM'LY'. a small market and episcopal town and parish 
 of Ireland, in JIunster, co. and 8 miles W.S.W. of Tippe- 
 rary. Pop. of town. CoO. It has ruins of acithedral. 
 
 EM*LYK.\DD', a parish of Ireland, in Connaught. Cv*. of 
 Sligo. It has ruins of a small abbey, and of a castle built 
 in 1300. 
 
 EM'M.V, a post-village of White co., Illinois, about li 
 miles X.E. nf the Little Waliash Uiver. 
 
 EM'MAUS, or .MCOP'OLIS, an ancient town of Palestine, 
 supposed to be the village of Amwas, p:ishalic of Gaz.a, on a 
 conical hill. 13 miles W.X.W. of Jerusalem. 
 
 EM'MAUS, a post-village of Lehigh co., Penn.sylvania. at 
 
EMM 
 
 the foot of the South 5Iountain, 5 miles S.W. of AUentown. 
 The inhabitants are mostly Moravians. Pop. 381. 
 
 EM.MAUS, a post-office of Bedford co., A'irginia. 
 
 EMM EX, Gross, groce Jm'mgn, a river of Switzerland, 
 canton of Bern, rises in tiie Bernese Oberland, flows \., and 
 joins the Aar, Ij miles N.E. of Soleure, after a course of 45 
 miles. Its valley, " the Emmenthal," is one of the finest In 
 Switzerland, and feeds large herds of cattle. 
 
 EMME\, Kleix, kline Jm'men, a river of Switzerland, 
 canton of Lucerne, rises near the source of the above river, 
 and after a N'.E. course of 30 miles, joins the lleuss, (roiss,) 
 Ij miles N.W. of Lucerne. 
 
 EM^IEXDIXGEX, Jm'men-dinjr'fn, a town of Baden, on 
 the Eltz. and on the Duke of Baden's Railway, 9 miles 
 N.X'^.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 2000. It has manufactures of 
 paper and cotton. 
 
 EMMElUCir, ?m'meh-riK\ or EMRICII, Jm'riK. a walled 
 town of Rhenish Prussia, 49 miles X.X.W. of Dusseldorf, on 
 the right banl*of the Rhine. Pop. 6380. It has a custom- 
 house, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, hosiery, and soap. 
 
 EM/METT, a county of Jlichigan, called al.xo TOXEDA- 
 GAXA, in the extreme northern part of the lower penin- 
 sula, bordering on Lake Michigan, has an area of about 200 
 square miles. The census of 1850 furnishes no information 
 respecting; this county. I'op. in ISl.O, 1149. 
 
 EMMETT, a new county in the N.N.'VV. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Minnesota, has an area of about 450 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Des Moines River, and by 
 one of its aifluents flowing from Okamanpidu Ijake. There 
 are several small lakes near the N.E. harder of the county. 
 Emmett county is not included in the census of 1850. Named 
 in lionor of Emmett, the Iri.-h patriot. Pop. in 1860, 105. 
 
 EMMETT, a post-village of ^Vllkin.son Co., Georgia, on the 
 Central Itailroad, 40 miles E. of Macon. 
 
 I'iMMETT. a post^township in the W. part of Calhoun co., 
 Michi-an. Pop. 1224. 
 
 EMMKTT, a post-office of Lake CO., Illinois. 
 
 EMMETT, a post-village and township in the S. of Dodge 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 40 miles E.X.E. of Madison. Pop. 
 1267. 
 
 EM'METTSBURG. a post-village of Frederick co., Blary- 
 land, 50 miles in a direct line N.W. from Baltimore, is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile and populous country, and has con- 
 siderable business. It contains several churches, an aca- 
 demy, St. Mary's College, a flourishing institution under 
 the direction of the Roman Catholics, having a theological 
 seminary connected with it; also a female institution con- 
 ducted liy the Sisters of Charity, and an a.sylum for the edu- 
 cation of orphan girls. I'o)) in 1850, 812. 
 
 EM'METT.SVILLE, a thriving post-village of Randolph 
 CO., Indiana, about 75 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 EM'MIXGTON or AMOIIXGTON, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Oxford. 
 
 EM'XETII. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk 
 
 EM'ORTOX, a post-office of ITaiford co., Maryland. 
 
 EM'OHY, a post-office of Washington co., A'irginia. 
 
 EMORY, a post-ofRce of Holmes co., Mississippi. 
 
 EMORY AXD IIEXRY COLLEGE. SeeTAiiLEOF Coluqes. 
 
 EMOR Y COL L 1:0 E. Georgia. See Oxford. 
 
 EMORY IKOX-WORKS, a post-office, Roane co.. Tennessee. 
 
 EMOY or EM(JUY. a town of China. See Amot. 
 
 EMPFINGEX, Smp'fing'en, a viUage of We.stern Germany, 
 In Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. near Ilaigerloch. Pop. 1910. 
 
 EM'I'LXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 EM'PIRE, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois. 
 
 EMPIItE, a post-office of Fond du Lac co,, Wisconsin. 
 
 E:MPIUE city, a small town of Tuolumne co.. California, 
 is situated on the left bank of the Tuolumne River, about 
 30 miles by water above its entrance into the San Joaquin. 
 The river is navigable for small steamboats, during winter, 
 to this town. 
 
 EMPIRE IRON WORKS, a post-office of Trigg co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 EMPOLI, 6ni'po-lee, ranc. Em'/mlum,?) a town of Tuscany, 
 16 miles W. of Florence,, on the Arno. Pop. 5500. It has 
 manuta:'tures of straw hats. 
 
 EM FORI. F, See Ami'URIAS. 
 
 EMPORION, Sm-po're-on, (i. e. a "centre of trade," or em- 
 porium.) a town and island of Santorini. in the Grecian 
 Archipelago. This place derives its name from h.<iving at 
 one time been the residence of most of the merchants and 
 vine-growers of the island. Pop. 1380. 
 
 EMl'O'RITJM. a small villaire of McKean co., Pennsvlva- 
 nia, about 170 miles X.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 EMP'SIIOT, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EMRICII, a town of Prussia. See EMMERicn. 
 
 EMS. 6ms, (anc. A niihia or .1 m>'fiu.i.) a river of North-west- 
 ern Germany, rises in Prussian Westphalia, N. of Paderborn. 
 flows at first W., then X. throuj;h the Hanover dominions, 
 and joins the Xorth Sea by an estuary, between the Nether- 
 lands and East Friesland. after a course of IfiO miles. Near 
 its moutli it expands into a basin called the Dollart. 
 Affluents, the Werse, TIaase. and Leda. On its banks are 
 the towns of Wahrendorf, Rheine, Lingen, Meppen, Aschen- 
 dorf, Oldersuni, and Emden. 
 
 END 
 
 EMS, ?ms, or BAD-EMS, bdd-?ni!?, a quJot w«tering-pla<-e 
 of Nassau, on the Lahn, 15 miles N. '-'1 Wiesbaden. Pop 
 1800. It is shut in by hills, and has a pleasant terrace aloiig 
 the Lahn, with fine scenery on the heights around it. The 
 Kurhaus is a large ducal chateau, let out in anartments to 
 visitors. The springs vary in temperature from 93^ to 
 135° Fah. 
 
 EMSDETTEN, Sms^d^t-tgn. a vill.age of Prussia, provinct* 
 of We.stphalia, government of Miinster, circle of, and near 
 Steinfurt-on-the-Ems. Pop. 1180. 
 
 EMS IIOHEN, (Ems-IIiihen,) ^ms h5'en, a market-town 
 of Austria, in Tyrol, Vorarlberg, near the Rhine. 10 milns 
 S.S.W. of Bregenz. It contains a parish chinch and a castle, 
 and a quarry from which fine whetstones are obtainec*. 
 Pop. 2133. 
 
 EMSKIRCHEN, Jms'k66RK-en. a market-town of Bavaria, 
 in Middle Franconia, on the Aurach. 14 miles W.N.AV. oi^ 
 Nuremberg. In the vicinity are the ruins of the castle of 
 KSnigstein. Pop. 867. 
 
 EMS'WORTII, a small maritime town of England, co. of 
 Hants, on an arm of Chichester Harbor, and on the Chi- 
 chester and Portsmouth Railway, 8^ miles E.N.E. of Ports- 
 mouth. Pop. llOo. It is neat and clean, and has some 
 trade in ship-building, with extensive oyster beds. 
 
 EOIU, a town of Australia, in New South Wales, co. of 
 Conk, 35 miles W. by N. of Sydney, on a rising ground, on 
 the river Nepean. 
 
 EMU BAY. of Van Diemen's Land, in Bass's Strait, be- 
 tween Blackman's Point and Round Hill Point. Lat. 41° 4' 
 S.. Ion. 14<i° E. 
 
 EM/UCKSFAIR/, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama, 
 IfO miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 E>1'YVALE', a small town of Ireland, co., and 5 mile.'i 
 N.N.E. of Monaghan. Pop. in 1841. 694. 
 
 ENARA. A-na'ri, or ENARK, h-niH, a large lake of Rus- 
 sian Lapland, atwut lat. 69° N.. Ion. 28° E. Area, (585 square 
 miles. It contains numerous islands, and communicates 
 with the Arctic Oceiin by the Patsjoki River. On its W. 
 shore is the fishing village of Enare. Pop. 350. 
 
 ENAREA. hni're-L a country of North-Kast Africa, in 
 Abys.sinia, S.W. of Shoa, and between lat. 7° and 8° N., and 
 Ion. 36° and 37° E. Nearly all the coffee, and a large pro- 
 portion of the slaves and ivory brought through Abys- 
 sinia to be sent to the marts N. and E., are from this coun- 
 try. Principal town, Sakka. 
 
 EX'ltORX, a parish of England, co, of Berks. 
 
 EXCHUSA, a town of the Netherlands. See Enkhutsev. 
 
 ENCIXA-SOLA, Jn-thee'nd-so/li a town of Spain, CO miles 
 N.N.I'', of Huelva, (wJl'vd.) Pop. 3441. It has manufactures 
 of wc( liens and linens. 
 
 EXCOUX'TER BAY. in South Australia, in lat. .35° 30' 
 S., Ion. 139° E. It receives the outlet of Lake Victoria, and 
 is E. of Kangaroo Island, under shelter of which is good 
 anchcrage for small vessels, 
 
 EXr'RUZILHADA, Sn-kroo-zeel-yd/da, a village and har- 
 bor ol Brazil, province of Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-tlrande, tn the S. 
 of the lacuhy near the little river Santa Barbara, about 50 
 miles \V. of Itio-Pardo. Pop. 20(K). 
 
 END.\A'A, Jn-dS'vd, a river of South America, in New 
 Grenada, rises in lat. 5° 30' N.. Ion. 69° 20' W.. and after an E. 
 course, joins the Orinoco near the influx of the Meta. 
 
 ENDE, Sn'dA. a seaport town of theMalav Archipelago, on 
 the S. coast of the island of Flores, in Int. 8° 52' S., Ion. 121° 
 42' E. It h.as an excellent harbor, and formerly belonged 
 to the Dutch. 
 
 ENDEAVOR (en-dJv'ilr) RIVER, in East Australia, enters 
 the Pacific in lat. 15° 26' S.. Ion. 145° E. 
 
 ENDEAVOR STRAIT, in North Australia, is between 
 Cape York and Wolf Island, E. of the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 Lat. 10° 4.y S.. Ion. 142° 10' E. Breadth, 8 miles. 
 
 ENDEVLION, a maritime parish of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 ENDENICn. 5n'den-iK\ a village of Prussia, government 
 of Cologne, circle, and 2 miles W. of Bonn, on the Kreuz- 
 berg. Pop, 984. 
 
 EN'DEKBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 EXDERBY-BAG. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 EN'DERBY-LAXD, a considerable extent of territory in 
 the Antarctic Ocean, lat, 67° 30' S., Ion. 50° E.. discovered 
 February 1831, by Biscoe. who so named it after the enter- 
 prising London merchants, by whom he had been sent out 
 on his voyage. 
 
 EN'DERBY-MA'VIS, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 EXDERBY-WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 EXDERI, a town of Russia. See Axdreeva. 
 
 ENDERMO. JnMJr'mo*. a port of Japan, on the southern 
 coast of the island of Yesso: lat. 42° 20' N.. Ion. 141° 5' E. 
 
 EXD'FORD or EN'FORD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 ENDIAN. a town of Persia. See IIixdian. 
 
 ENDINGEN, Jn'ding-en, a town of Baden, circle of the 
 Upper Rhine, 12 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg, between the 
 Rhine and the Baden Railway. Pop. 3000. It ha? liueu 
 manufactories and extensiv-.i vinevards. 
 
 631 
 
END 
 
 EXG 
 
 EXDING EN, a Tillage of AVurtemberg, 1{ miles S.W. of 
 Bahriiijxen. Pop. 7-10. 
 
 EX'DU-V. a cU.ipelry of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 EX'DOIl, a village of Palestine, pashalii-. and 18 miles 
 8.E. of Acre, on the western declivity of Mount Ilermon. 
 
 ENDOK. a post-village of Will co.. Illinois. 
 
 ENDKKD. Ju'drM\ a village of Hungary, co. of Sumegh, 
 near Szarmardv. Pop. V£i9. 
 
 ENDKKD or GROSS ANDRA, grooe Jn'drd, a village of 
 Hunsfiry' ♦■<'• of. and S miles from Oldenburg. Pop. 738. 
 
 EN'DKICK, a small river of Scotland, rises in the county 
 of Stirling, and flows through the picturesque valley of 
 Innerdale into Loch ]>omond, near Buchanan. 
 
 EN'EKGV, a post-village of Clarke co., Mi.s.sissippl. 
 
 EN'FIKLD, a niarket-towu and parish of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, on the London and Cambridge Railway, -w miles 
 from Ponder"s End. and 10 miles N'.E. of London. It has an 
 ancient church, with several subordinate chapels; a free 
 school, founded in 1413; and remains of an ancient royal 
 palace. 
 
 ENFIELD, a village of Ireland. Leinster, co. of Meath, 
 with a station on the Dublin Railway, 24 miles 'W.X.W. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 EN 'FIELD, a post-township of Penobscot eo., M.iine, on 
 the E. side of Penobscot River, 90 miles N Ji. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 526. 
 
 ENFIELD, a post'VilUge and township of Gi-afton co_, 
 New Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 59 miles N.W. 
 of Concord. It has some manufactures of cassimeres, sati- 
 nets, cabinet ware. Ac. Pop. 1876. 
 
 ENFIELD, a post-township of Hampshire CO., Ma.K.sachu- 
 setts, 90 miles 'W. by S. of Boston, intersected by Swift 
 River. Pop. 1025. 
 
 ENFIELD, a post-village and town.'ihip of Hartfi^i-d co^ 
 Connecticut, on the left bank of the Connecticut River, 
 where it is crossed by the New Haven, Hartford, and 
 Springfield Railroad, 14 miles N. by E. of Hartford. A 
 bridge, the first erected across this stream in the state, con- 
 nects it with Suffield. A canal, 5i miles in length, hzis 
 been constructed around the falls in the Connecticut, oppo- 
 site the vill.ige. Here is the seat of the Hazard Powder 
 Comjiany. The township contains several nianufiictories, 
 and the village of ThjMPSowille, which see. Pop. 4997. 
 
 ENFIELD, a post-village and township of Tliomi)kius CO., 
 New York. 6 or 7 miles W. of Ithaca. I'op. 1919. 
 
 ENFIFXD. post-village of King WiUiam co., Virginia, 36 
 miles N E. of Richmond. 
 
 ENFIELD, a post-village of Halifax co., North Carolina, 
 on the AVelJou and Wilmington Railroad, 19 miles S. of 
 Wei don. 
 
 ENFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New 
 York, 160 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 ENGADINE or ENGADIN, Jn-gi-deen', an exten.sive 
 valley cf Switzerland, in the canton of the Gri.<i0ns, league 
 of ''God's House," between two principal chains of the 
 Rhaetian Alps, and consisting of the upper valley of the 
 Inn. Its length, from S.W. to N.E. is 45 miles ; average 
 width IJ miles. Elevation, 5753 feet atove the sea. Pop. 
 10,000. It is subdivided into the Ober and Unter-En- 
 gadine. 
 
 ENGANO, Jn-gl'no, (Sp. EngaRn. fn-g3n'yo,) an island of 
 the Malay Archipelago, off the south-western coast of Suma- 
 tra; lat. 5° 21' S., Ion. 102° 20' E. It is about 30 miles in cir- 
 cuit, rither lofty, and well wooded. 
 
 EXG.4N0, an Wand of the northern coast of Papua; lat. 
 2° 2S' S., Ion. 135° E. Its length is about 15 miles ; breadth, 
 6 miles. 
 
 ENGEDI, ^ng'ghe-di. or AIN-JIDY, ain-jid'ee. an ancient 
 town of Palestine, on the western margin of the Dead Sea, 
 at a point nearly equidistant from both extremities of the 
 lake: lat.. ab- ut 31° 30' N., Ion. 25° 30' E. 
 
 ENGELBEUG. Jng'el-b5RG\ a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Cnterwalden. 9 miles S.E. of Sarnen. 3284 feet in ele- 
 vation, with looe inhabitants, and a remarkable Bene- 
 dictine convent, having a fine church and library. 
 
 ENGELIIAKDSZELL. Jng'el-hdr.t\sM. a town of Cpper 
 Austria, 2S miles .\.W. of Wei.', on the Danube. Pop. llOO. 
 It has a castle of the Piince of Wi-ede. 
 
 ENOELIIOLM, Jng'ghel-holm'. a seaport town of Sweden, 
 on the Ronne Aa, near its mouth in a bay of the Cittesat. 
 Pop. loss. 
 
 EN'GELLTILE. a post-village of Schoharie co^ New York, 
 »bout 40 miles W. of .Mbany. 
 
 ENGELSBERG. Jng'ghels-bjRc'. a town of Austrian Sile- 
 sa, 24 miles W.N.W. of Tr-jppau. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ENG EN. ^ng'en, a town of Baden, on the .\ach, 23 miles 
 N.W . of Constance. Pop. of 1472. The French defeated the 
 Au8tri:tns here on the :$d of Mav. ISiX). 
 
 ENGENHO-DO-MATTO. fn-zhJn'yo-do-mat'to, (i". t. the 
 ■■Genius of the Forest") a village and parish of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Minas Ger.ies, aV.out 140 miles N.W. of Rio Ja- 
 neiro. It ontains a parish church, which stands 2416 feet 
 above sea level. Pop. 3tKHl. 
 
 EXGER. hrj^r. a town of Prussian Wcptphalia. 18 miles 
 B.W. of M inden. Pop. 1500, engaged in linen manufactures. 
 
 In its parish church is a monument tc the Saxon chieftain 
 Witikind. 
 
 ENGERS, Jng'frs. EUXOSTEIN ENGERS, oi'no-stine» 
 Jng'frs, or ZOLL ENGERS, tsoll Sng'ers, a vilkige of 
 Prussia, government, and 5 miles N.E. of Coblentz. on the 
 Rhine. It lias a castle, with a fine botanical garden and 
 park. Pop. 808. 
 
 ENGHEIN. a viUage of France. See Montmorenct. 
 
 ENGHEIN-LES-BAINS, ix^Vhe-iNoaa-bAN'. a small town 
 of France, department of Seine-et-<Jise, on the Northern 
 Railroad. 
 
 ENGHIEX. 5s<:'ghe-&Ko'. a town of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, 16 miles N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 3742. It has a 
 chate;iu with a park and gardens, a gymnasium, manufac- 
 tures of linen and cotton fabrics. It belongs to tbe Arem- 
 l>erg family, but gave the title of duke to that of Bonrbon- 
 Conde, till the death of the last duke, shot by oi-der of 
 Napoleon in 1804. 
 
 ENGIA. a corrupt spelling of JEgixa. which see. 
 
 ENGL.-VND, ing'gland, (L. An'f/b'a; Fr. Anglrtrrre. 5se^- 
 I'taiB'; It. 7Hp/ii7/erra,ln-ghil-tt^E'i;"a:Sp.and Vnrt. Injlatcrra, 
 iug-sll-t^R'Rd: Ger. England. ^ng'lSnt : Dut<-h. Engi-lamL Jng'. 
 H5!-I3nt\) acelebrated country of Europe, fornnng, with Wales, 
 the southern, larger, and more important division of the 
 island of Great Britain : between lat. 49°57'42"and 55°46'N. ; 
 and Ion. 1° 4i/ E. and 5° 42' W. The boundary betwi-en it and 
 Scotland, the northern division of the i.«land, is not very well 
 defined, but consists of a ti-act of moor and mountain, stretch- 
 ing, in a nortli-eastern direction, from Solway Frith to the 
 Tweed. On all other sides it is washed by the sea — on the 
 W., by the Irish Sea or St. George's Channel, which separates 
 it from Ireland, and has an average width of about 90 miles; 
 on the S.AV., by the Atlantic Ocean, whose vast surges here 
 beat inccss-iutly and uncontrolled upon its shores: on the 
 S., by the English Channel, separating it from F'rance by 
 distances which, commencing at ltK> miles in the W., con- 
 tract to 21 miles at the Straits of Dover; and. on the E. by 
 the North Sea or German Ocean, separating it from Belgium, 
 Holland, and Denmark. Its contour is very irivgular. the 
 coast-line presenting an almost uninterrupted succession of 
 curves, bays, estuaries, and headlands: it attains its greatest 
 width on its southern shore, and narrows as it proceeds N, 
 terminating almo.st in a point. Its general shape may be 
 described as that of a triangle, the base of which lias its ex- 
 tremities at Land's End and ^uth Foreland, while the side* 
 are formed by straight lines, drawn from these two points, 
 and converging till they meet at the town of Berjvick 
 The three sides of the triangle thus firmed measure, 
 from L.ind's End to South Foreland. 317 miles; from South 
 Foreland to Berwick, 345 miles ; and from Land's End to 
 Berwick, 425 miles; and when added together, give a 
 perimeter of 1087 miles. This, however, is only a very 
 di.sttnt approximation to the truth. AVhen, in.«tead of 
 assuming imaginary lines, the actual curvature of the co.ast 
 is traced, and the opposite sides of its estuaries are included, 
 the perimeter is found to be not less than 2iXK) miles. The 
 space thus enclo.sed has a length, measured on a meridian, 
 from Berwick nearly to St. Alban's Head, of .365 miles. Its 
 breadth, measured on a parallel of latitude, attains its 
 maximum between St. David's Head, in South Wales, and 
 the Naze, in Essex, where it anioxints to 280 miles. The 
 shortest distance between the waters of the oppusjte .shores 
 is in the N.. where the outlets of the Esk and Eden, in the 
 Solway Frith, are only 62 miles from these of the Blyth and 
 Wand.sbeck, in the German Ocean. The area of South 
 Britain (i. e. all that part of Britain S. of Scotland) was 
 formerly estimated bv writers on gec^raphv variously at 
 from •28",000,000 to 47,0'00,000 acres. But from the most accu- 
 rate surveys that have lieen made, the true area is now un- 
 derstood to be 36.999,f80 acres, or 57.812 square miles, of 
 which 50.377 are in England, and 7,425 in Wales. After 
 deducting all the land which may be considered absolutely 
 waste, there remain, out of the 57,812 square miles, no lesi 
 than 51.000 available for cultivation, con.sisting. generally, 
 either of rural districts, where hill and valley, wo^ds and 
 rivers, fields of corn, and meadows of richest verdure, unit* 
 in forming landscapes of unrivalled beauty, or of manufno 
 tuiing districts covered with large and populous towns, in 
 whii-h all the great branches of mauuficture and commerce 
 are carried on. 
 
 The physical features, geology, agriculture, commerce. Ac, 
 of England will be found fully described under the article 
 headed British Empire. 
 
 Heligion. — The Church of England is incorporated w'.th 
 the state. The sovereign is decl.-ired to I«e its only temporal 
 head. Its le,iding di,:;nitaries sit in virtue of their office, or, 
 what is nearly the Siime thing, of the emoluments ins^pa 
 rably annexed to it. in the House of Lords, and are entitled 
 to take part, l)Oth by sptt'<h and vote, in all its delibera- 
 tions. "The reli^rion is Protestant, and the fonn of church 
 government Episcopal, though all religious sects have per- 
 fect freedom to hold their peculiar tenets, and lalx^ir a.sst 
 duously in propagating them, whether by the pulpit or the 
 press. Episcopally. the whole kiuL'dom is divided into the 
 two provinces of Cantei'uury and York, each presided over 
 
ENG 
 
 by an arclibishop— the former, styled Primate and Metropo- 
 litan ot all Knu;larid. crowns the sorereigu, whether king or 
 queen ; tlie liitter, styled Primate and Metropolitan of Eng- 
 land, crowns the queen consort. Each archbishop, con- 
 8ideri»d as the head of his province, has a general superin- 
 tcnddU(* OTer the dioceses within it; and has, moreover, a 
 diocese of his owq, iu which lie possesses the privileges and 
 performs the dutii'S of an ordinary Inshop. The number of 
 dioceses is 2S, of whicth 21 are in the province of Canterbury, 
 and 7 in that of York. Each diocese has a dean and chap- 
 ter, in whom, iu the case of a vacancy, the power of election 
 Is f irmally placed; but all archbishops and bishops are no- 
 minated, and, as the nomination must take effect, actually 
 appointed by the crown. Their emoluments are chiefly de- 
 rived from land, and have been estimated to yield, in the 
 aggregate, a net produce of about 160,000^ Till recently, 
 the incomes wera very unequal; but by a statute of William 
 IV. an extensive modification has been effected. The Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury has now 15.00:1?. per annum: the Arch- 
 bishop of York, lU.OUO/. ; the Bishop of London, lO.OOOi. ; the 
 Bishop of Durliam, 8000?.: the Bishop of Winchester, 7000?.; 
 and the Bi.shop of St. Asaph and Bangor, 5200?. None of the 
 rest have more than 5000?., nor less than 4000?. The aggre- 
 gate income of the benefices of the church is estimated at 
 about three millions sterling. Several of these are above 
 2000?.. and a considerable number beneath 50?. ; but the far 
 greater proportion range Ixitween 150?. and 400?., making the 
 average nearly 2,S0?. The doctrine of the church is con- 
 tained in Thirty-nine Articles, which, having been ratified 
 by Parliament, caunot be altered, except by its authority. 
 The public services of the church are regulated by the Book 
 of Common Prayer. The adherents of the Established 
 Church are estimated to comprise two-thirds of the entire 
 population, leaving but one-third for the non-confbrmists. 
 Other estimates, however, greatly reduce this proportion. 
 Mr. Baines, of Leeds, in evidence recently given before a 
 committee of the House of Common.s. e.^timates the number 
 of dissenting chapels at 14,340, and the churches of the Esta- 
 blishment at alwut the same number, but does not think 
 that one-half of the population are dissenters. Of the non- 
 conformists, the Methodists, Independents, and Baptists are 
 the most numerous. 
 
 Etlucalitm, Crime,, dv. — For the higher and wealthier 
 classes, and the clergy of the Established Church. England 
 possesses, in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, two 
 of the most celebrat<4 institutions in the world. For the 
 middle cl;usses. a much more scanty provision has been 
 made. The deficiency, however, has in some measure been 
 supplied by the ei-ection, within comparatively recent times, 
 of agreat number of colleges and endowed schools, in which 
 instruction in the various branches, both of general and 
 professional education, is furnished at a moderate expense. 
 But the education which, in a national point of view, is the 
 most important of all — that suitable to the great masses 
 of the population — was for a long time greatly neglected. 
 The public mind, however, has finally, in a measure, been 
 awakened to the necessities of the case, accurate statistics of 
 the educatiinal state of the most important districts of the 
 kingdom have been obtained, proving both the lamentable 
 extent to which ignorance prevails, and its decided ten- 
 dency to foster pauperism, immorality, and crime; and all 
 classes of the community, more especially the religious 
 . bodies in it. are now making commendable exertions in ex- 
 tending the ble.ssings of education. The great work of popu- 
 lar instruction in England is at present most extensively 
 carried on iu the national schools in connection with the 
 Established Church, and by the British and Foreign School 
 Society, the constitution of which is so framed as to receive 
 the support of all denominations. In addition to these, 
 there are also great numbers of local associations, not under 
 the immediate superintendenceof any publicbody. The sup- 
 port which popular education in England receives from the 
 government, through the board organized for the purpose, 
 consists only of an original grant of 30,000?.. now rai.sed to 
 125,000?. per annum. The proportion of the population 
 which some of the Swiss cantons have under instruction in 
 the schools is as 1 to 5. In England, the proportion is only 
 as 1 to 11. To this fact — tne scanty provision made for the 
 education of the masses — is to be traced one of the most pro- 
 lific sources of crime ; and it has been ascertained that out 
 of 3:15.429 persons committed for offences committed in Eng- 
 land and Wales between 1836 and 1848. not fewer than 
 304.772. or more than 90 per cent., were uninstructed. The 
 number of criminal convictions in England in 1840. was 19, 
 "ilS; iu 1844. 18.4o6; and iu 1848, 22,277. In Wales, the 
 number in 1840 was 414; in 1844, 483; and in 1848, 623. 
 
 Judiciory. — The House of Lords, sitting in its judicial ca- 
 pacity, is. strictly speaking, the only supreme court within 
 the British Islands, though that name is usually given to 
 the court or courts of each kingdom whose decisions are 
 subject to no other review than that of the House of Lords. 
 The High Court of Chancery, next to the Parliament, is the 
 highest court in England. It consists of two distinct tri- 
 bunals, iirtlinarj/ and eMraorclmarii ; from the former issue 
 Ul original writs that p:is8 under the great seal, commissions 
 
 ENG 
 
 of charitable uses, bankruptcy, idiocy, lunacy, *c. The Ex- 
 traordinary Court, or Court of Equity, proceeds upon rula« 
 of equity and conscience, moderates the rigor of the com- 
 mon law, and gives relief in cases where there is no security 
 in the common law. The lord high chancellor, the keeper 
 of the great seal and the highest officer of the crown, the 
 vice chancellor, and the master of the rolls, are the judges 
 who preside over the High Court of Chancery, each holding 
 a separate court. The master of rolls is appointed by 
 the crown for life, and takes precedence next to the lord 
 chief justice of the Queen's Bench. This office is of high 
 antiquity, and its emoluments are reckoned at about 70<XIJ 
 a year. The vice chancellor holds his office during good be- 
 havior, and takes precedence next to the master of the 
 rolls. His income amounts to alxmt 5000?. per annum. The 
 office of vice chancellor was created by George III. An ap- 
 peal may be made from any decision of the master of the 
 rolls or vice chancellor to the lord high chancellor, and the 
 court of the latter is of late years chiiffly occupied with 
 such appeals, original causes being for the most part con- 
 fined to the courts of the master of the rolls and vice chan- 
 cellor. The superior courts are the Court of Exchequer, 
 having cognizance of all cases relating to the revenue, the 
 Court of Queen's Bench, which is the highest common law 
 and criminal court in the kingdom, and the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas. In these courts the great mass of the litigation 
 of the kingdom is carried on. The Court of Common Pleas 
 was fonnerly the only tribunal for causes of a purely civil 
 nature between private persons, and is still the only court 
 in Westminster in which a real action can be tried ; but the 
 great majority of causes between party and x>arty may now 
 be brought indiscriminately in any of the three courts. In 
 each of these there is a chief justice, and .several puisne 
 judges which, in the Exchefjuer, are styled chief barons. 
 During the reigns of the Stnarts there were frequently four 
 puisne judges, but after the revolution the number in each 
 court seems constantly to have been three, constituting, to- 
 gether with the two chief justices and the chief baron, the 
 twelve judges of England. By act of Parliament, in 1830, a 
 fourth puisne judge was added to each court, making the 
 total number of the superior judges of common law fifteen 
 Instead of twelve. A full court, however, consists of foiii 
 judges, the whole five never sitting together at a time. The 
 superior courts sit at Westminster, for the determination' 
 of all <iuestions at law, each holding four terms annually, 
 and twice a year fourteen of the judges make their circuits 
 through England and Wales to try all (juestions of fact that 
 arise in the country. From each of the three courts there 
 lies an appeal by writ of error to the Court of Exohei]uer 
 Chamber. This is not a permanent court consisting always 
 of the same members, but from whichever of the tliiva 
 courts an appetil is made, the cause is bi-ought before the 
 judges of the other two. In case a unifoi-m decision cau- 
 not be agreed upon, a further appeal lies by writ of error to 
 the House of Lords. The judges of the superior courts are 
 in all caVs appointed by the crown for life, and are remo- 
 vable only upon an address from Parliament to the crown. 
 For the convenience of holding the circuit courts, England 
 and Wales are divided into eight judicial districts. 
 
 fblilical Divisiims, <£c. — The civil or political divisions 
 of England have necessiirily undergone repeated changes. 
 At the invasiim of the Komans, the country appears to have 
 been portioned out among a number of half savage and 
 indepeudi nt tribes, of which the Danmonii occupied the 
 S.W. ; the Durotiges, Belgse, and Regni, the S. ; the Cantii, 
 the S.E. ; the Trinobantes and Iceni, the K. ; the Brigantes 
 and Ottoduni, the N. ; the Silures, Dimeta?, and Ordovices, 
 the W. ; and the Catecuchlani, Dobuni, Cernovii. and Cori- 
 tani, the centre. Under the Komans. the principal divi- 
 sions were Britannia. Prima, comprehending the whole of 
 the S. as far as the estuaries of the Severn and Thiinies; 
 Britannia Secunda, nearly equivalent to Wales; Flavia 
 Caisariensis, occupying the centre from the Thames to the 
 Humber; Maxima Cassariensis, stretching across the island 
 to the opposite coasts, from the Humber to the Tyne. on the 
 E., and from the Mersey to Solway Firth, on the W.; and, 
 lastly. Valencia, occupying the remainder of the N., and 
 extending indefinitely into Scotland. The next gre.'it divi- 
 sion was the Saxon Heptarchy, so called from the seven 
 petty kingdoms of which it consisted. It is probable that, 
 even during their existence, the modern division into 
 counties had begun to l)e established, but it does not appear 
 to have assui:ied a definite form till the time of Alfred the 
 Great, who subdivided his dominions into 32 counties, with 
 the names, and nearly the l)oundaries, which they still 
 retain. In the reign of Henry VIII. the 32 English coun- 
 ties of Alfred were increased to 40, b\' the addition of the 
 three northern counties of Xorthumberland. Cumberland, 
 and Westmoreland, of which the Scots long had dejure. oi 
 dc. facto possession; by the formation of Lancashire, Dur- 
 ham, Cornwall, and Kutland. and the annexation of Mon 
 mouth to England. A variety of other changes were intro- 
 duced, the most important of which was the incorporation 
 of \\'ales with the English monarchy, and its subdivision 
 into 12 counties. 
 
 633 
 
ENG 
 
 TH? names, areas, and population of the different counties 
 of El ^iand and Wales, are exhil)it<?d in the annexed tables : 
 
 CotrXTIKS. 
 
 Area 
 
 in 
 
 Square 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Parishes. 
 
 Population 
 inlSol. 
 
 Population 
 
 per 
 
 Square 
 
 Mile. 
 
 Bedfo 1 
 
 462 
 
 705 
 
 730 
 
 818 
 
 1,105 
 
 1.365 
 
 1,565 
 
 1.0-9 
 
 2,589 
 
 987 
 
 973 
 
 1,657 
 
 1,258 
 
 836 
 
 611 
 
 361 
 
 1,627 
 
 1,905 
 
 803 
 
 2,776 
 
 281 
 
 576 
 
 2,116 
 
 »:<5 
 
 1,952 
 
 82i 
 
 739 
 
 150 
 
 1,291 
 
 1.636 
 
 1,672 
 
 1,138 
 
 1,481 
 
 748 
 
 1,461 
 
 881 
 
 758 
 
 1,352 
 
 7.'« 
 
 1,201 
 
 4 
 
 2.109 
 
 2.669 
 
 123 
 151 
 207 
 165 
 
 91 
 505 
 105 
 140 
 465 
 275 
 
 76 
 414 
 338 
 223 
 134 
 102 
 413 
 
 67 
 213 
 630 
 197 
 123 
 748 
 303 
 
 94 
 212 
 218 
 
 51 
 217 
 474 
 318 
 151 
 509 
 144 
 314 
 201 
 
 S-1 
 303 
 173 
 187 
 
 48 
 192 
 196 
 
 124.478 
 170.005 
 16:1.723 
 185,405 
 455,725 
 855,558 
 195,492 
 296.084 
 567,098 
 1K4,207 
 890,997 
 869,318 
 458,805 
 115,489 
 167,-98 
 61,183 
 615.766 
 
 2,0:11.136 
 230,308 
 4<.I7,222 
 
 1,886,576 
 1.57.418 
 442.714 
 21-'.3.'» 
 S03.56S 
 270,427 
 170.4.19 
 22.9>3 
 
 22»,;mi 
 
 44:1,916 
 405.370 
 606.716 
 .rt7.il5 
 683.082 
 836.844 
 475.013 
 58.287 
 254.221 
 276.926 
 2-0.983 
 36.303 
 215,-.'I4 
 1,825,495 
 
 ■270 
 
 
 241 
 
 
 224 
 
 
 226 
 
 Chester 
 
 412 
 259 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 i88 
 
 
 218 
 
 
 186 
 
 
 899 
 
 Kssex ?.. 
 
 222 
 864 
 
 
 i;« 
 
 
 274 
 
 
 178 
 
 
 375 
 
 
 1,066 
 
 
 287 
 
 
 146 
 
 
 6,713 
 
 
 272 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 209 
 
 NorihaniptoQ 
 
 Konhumberlvxl 
 
 216 
 154 
 829 
 
 
 231 
 
 
 154 
 
 
 178 
 
 Somerset 
 
 271 
 240 
 
 
 535 
 
 
 228 
 
 Surrev 
 
 910 
 
 
 230 
 
 
 5:19 
 
 Wei^tmorelaQd 
 
 Wilis 
 
 7T 
 188 
 
 
 375 
 
 York, Kast Riding... 
 
 184 
 
 9,076 
 
 102 
 
 496 
 
 — North Riding.. 
 
 — West Riding... 
 
 Total 
 
 50,922 
 
 9,942 
 
 16,9il.888 
 
 332 
 
 
 
 Aiiglesej 
 
 Brecon 
 
 Cardigan .... 
 Carmarthen . 
 Cu!ttarTon... 
 Denbigh...... 
 
 Kliut 
 
 Glamorgan .. 
 Merioneth ... 
 Moutgomerj . 
 Pembroke .... 
 Radnor 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 693 
 947 
 579 
 603 
 2«9 
 856 
 602 
 755 
 
 57.327 
 61.474 
 70,796 
 
 110.632 
 87,870 
 9-',5S3 
 68,156 
 
 281.849 
 38.843 
 67.:«5 
 94.140 
 24,716 
 
 1.006.721 
 
 The population of England in 1831, was 13,091,005; iu 
 1841, l.i,995.13S; in 1861, 18,954,444. Of Wales, in 1831, 
 806.182: in I'Ul, 911,603; in 1861, 1,111,780. 
 
 Hidory. — The first historical record of the island is fur- 
 nished by Julius C«sar, who, about half a century before 
 the Christian era. determined to visit its shores, and add it 
 to the number of his conquests. His landing was opposed 
 by honies of painted and half naked barbarians, who not 
 only dbplayed dauntless courage, but possessed some ac- 
 quaintance with the arts of war. The superior discipline, 
 however, of the llonians prevailed, and though Cresar soon 
 withdrew, his successes were followed up by other leaders, 
 »nd the greater part of the island became a Roman province, 
 tnd continued so for nearly 400 years. But when Rome, 
 enable longer to nitjun the island, in con.sequenceof dissen- 
 •lons which hjid broken out in the heart of the empire with- 
 drew her legions, the spirit of freedom had died out among 
 the natlTes : and when the triljes of the X. came pouring 
 down upon them, the pusillanimous Britons found no better 
 alternative than first to claim the protection of their old 
 masieis. and when that was refused, to ctll in the aid of 
 warlike trilies from the E. shores of the German Ocean. The 
 llK.siiilants were expelled, but the new allies remained, and, 
 eontiiiually reinforced by large arrlvjOs of their countrymen, 
 spread rapidly over the fiiirer portions of the island, till the 
 Britons were cooped up iu its wildest and almost inaccessi- 
 ble tastnesses. The rstxong, having become masters, were 
 not united under one head, hut governed by a number of 
 Independent chiifs, who ultiu.iit<!ly formed what is called 
 the Pa.xon Heptarchy. Feuds soon anjse, and war and in- 
 te^tiiie disseiisi.ins rag'>d almost without intermission till 
 827, when Egbert, in whom military prowess and political 
 Baga( ity were happily coaibined, made himself sovereign of 
 the whole country, and gave to it the naaie of England. 
 His most distinguished successor was Alfred, who came to 
 
 ENG 
 
 the throne in 871. His reign is one of the brightest In Eng- 
 lish history ; and his numerous virtues and admii-able in- 
 stitutions have justly procured for him the surname of the 
 Great. Upon his death in 901. the Danes, who bad formerly 
 made inroads into the country, renewed their incursions, 
 and in 1014. Sweyn. King of Denmark, having arrived at 
 the head of a powerful force, obliged Ethelred, tlip reigning 
 sovereign, to take refuge in Xormaiidy wilh Duke Richard, 
 whose daughter he had married. The Saxon was thus sup- 
 planted by the Danish dyna.^ty. under which the only great 
 name which appears is that of Canute. His srm, Ilardicanute, 
 a compound of cruelty, rapacity, and intemperance, died of a 
 deljauch in 1041. With him the Danish dynasty ceased, and 
 the Saxon was resumed, in the person of Kthelrcd's son, 
 Edward, surnamed the Confessor. On his death, in HX;6, 
 Harold, maternal grandson of Canute, and brother of Ed- 
 wards queen, assumed the reins of government. His ac- 
 cession, however, was contested by William. Duke of Nor- 
 mandy, who had been made heir to the throne by the will 
 of Edward, but whose title by blcod was. perhaps, as de- 
 fective as Harold"?. William landed at Hastings in 1066, 
 with a powerful army, and in the great battle which fol- 
 lowed. Harold was slain and his army destmyed. The vic- 
 torious chieftain thus added to his former titles that of con- 
 quest, and although he cho.se rather to accept the sceptre as 
 a gift, yet there is no doubt that he wielded it as a con- 
 queror. His alilities were of the hi;:hest order, but his tem- 
 per was imperious, and his laws tyrannical. He died in 
 1087. and was succeeded by his .son. William II.. surnamed 
 Rufus, who. in 1100. was accidentally shot in a hunting ex- 
 cursion by Sir Walter Tyrrell, one of his attendants. His 
 brother Henry, a prince of great ability, but destitute of 
 moral qualities, usurped the crown, which of riirht belonged 
 to the elder brother, Robert, who was then a' sent in the 
 Holy Land. He succeeded iu subtluing all his enemies, but 
 at the moment when the summit of his wislu'S seemed to be 
 gained, he was overtaken by a domestic calamity so over- 
 whelming that it is said he was never known to smile again. 
 His only son. William, a prince of great prrniise. in his 18th 
 year, the undisputed heir to his crown. [>erished by ship- 
 wreck in a passage from Normandy to England. Vpon the 
 death of the king in 1135, Henry, the son of his daughter 
 Matilda by Geoffrey of I'lantagenet. eldest son of the Count 
 of Anjou, succeeded to the throne in 1154. His reign is one 
 of the ablest in English annals. Among its most interesting 
 events are his struggles with the clergy, the murder "fBecket, 
 and the conquest of Ireland. The di.s,sension in his &E!ily 
 sent him to his grave with an unrecalled malediction on his 
 undutiful children. He was succiH'ded in 11S9 by his eldest 
 son. Richard I., who.se achievements in the Crufades gained 
 for him the surname of Coeurde Lion, ("lion-hearted.") This 
 brave prince met his death in 1199. while bt!:ieging one of his 
 vassals in the castle of Chalons. During the reign of King 
 John, who obtained the throne by the murder of the true 
 heir. Prince .\rthur, son of Geoffrey, his next brother, was 
 granted, at Runnymede, in 1215. the JIagna Charta of Eng- 
 land. The king died the following year, and was succeeded 
 by his son. Ilenrj' III., an imbecile prince, whose nign. one 
 of the longest and feeblest on record, did not terminate till 
 1272. His son and successor, Edward I., was a man of 
 very different character. By his conquests he annexed 
 Wales to his dominions. He also made a barlai-ous at- 
 tempt to extinguish all evidence of the national irdepen-' 
 dence of the Scots, by the destruction of their ancient 
 records. He has, however, the merit of being the only 
 priuce who, up to his time, successfully resisted the arro- 
 gant pretensions of the Church of Rome, and he intro- 
 duced many valuable improvements by the laws which he 
 enacted. He was succeeded in 1307 by his son. Edward II., 
 who. .ifter all imaginable insults had been heaped upon 
 him. died a horrid death in prison by the hands of assassins 
 in 1327. His son and successor. Edward III., wielded the 
 sceptre till his death in 1377. a year subsequent to that of 
 his celelirated son. surnamed the Black Prince. The great 
 events of this reign are the battles of Cressy and Poictiers, 
 and a naval engagement in which an English tJeet of 250 
 sail, commanded bv the king in person, defeatod a French 
 fleet of 400 sail, with the loss of 230 ships and oO.tiOO men. 
 Edward III. was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II., 
 son of the Black Prince. He "at first exhibited some intre- 
 pidity and presence of mind in suppressing a popular out- 
 break, commonly called Wat Tyler's insurrection ; but was 
 afterwards formally deposed by Parliament as unfit to 
 govern, confined to the Tower, and there murdei-ed in 1400. 
 The Duke of Lanca.ster now assumed the soverei.^'nty, utider 
 the title of Henry IV.. and laid the foundation of the fierce 
 and bloody contest.' between the houses of L'<ncaster and 
 York known as the War of the Roses. In this reign the fires 
 of persecution were lighted against the Lollards and Wick- 
 liffeites. The crown liext descended to Henry V.. the victor 
 of .\gincourt. who succeeded his father. Henry IV.. i»x 1413. 
 He was cut off in 1422. in the 34th year of his age. ahd was 
 succeeded by bis son. Henry VI.. a mere infant. His reign 
 was a perpetual scene of distraction, rival factions contend- 
 ing for the superiority, and often securing it by the com- 
 
ENG 
 
 ENN 
 
 mission of horrid crimes. During Henry's lifetime, the 
 house of York resumed its ascendency in the person of Duke 
 Edward, wlio was proclaimed kiuj; by tlie name of Edward 
 IV., ill 1-161. In 1470, he was obliftod to flee, and Ilenry 
 was nominally restored. Factious still continued to rage, 
 and the most barbarous atrocities were openly perpetrated. 
 Henry "s eldest sou, Edward, Prince of Wales, was despatched 
 by the d.aggers of Clarence and tiloucester, and he himself, 
 a few days after, met the same fate. Edward IV. was now 
 again sole sovereign, and continued a course of cruelty and 
 prolli;-,acy till his death in 1482. His two sons, one 1.3 and 
 the otlier 9 years of age, were both murdered by the Duke of 
 Gloucester, who, by a .series of unparalleled atrocitits. cut his 
 way til the throne, and took upon him the title of Kichard 
 III. In 1485, only two years after his usurpation, he was 
 slain on the field of Bosworth by the Duke of Kichuiond, 
 wlto mounted the throne as Ilenry VII., and by marrying the 
 representative of the house of York, happily united the two 
 roses, and terminated the feuds by whicli the kingdom had 
 been torn asunder. After a long, prosperous, and peaceful 
 reign, he died in 1509, and was succeeded by his .son. Henry 
 VIII.. then in liis 18th year. His reign is distinguished by 
 many events of importance; but the one which far eclipses 
 all tlie rest is the Keformation. He died in 1647, leaving a 
 son and two daughters, who all successively mounted the 
 throne, The son, Edward VI., succeeded in his 9th, and 
 died in his 16th year, and was followed iu the succession by 
 Maiy. daughter of Ilenry A'lII. by Catherine of Aragon. 
 From the persecutions wliich took place during her reign, 
 she has been transmitted to posterity under the name of 
 Bloody JIary. At her death, the throne was ascended by 
 the illustrious Elizabeth, whose reign, though not free from 
 blemit^hes, pioved one of the ablest and most prosperous 
 which the kingdom has ever enjoyed. She died iu 1603. 
 Undur her successor. James VI. of Scotland and I. of Eng- 
 land, the liistory of England begins to form part of that of 
 the United Kingdom, which is accordingly contained in the 
 
 artid,' JiiuTisii Kmi-iue. Adj. Enoush, ing'glish, ANGUAtf, 
 
 and Anolica.n; inhab. Eno'ushman: (Fr. for both, A.voLAls, 
 6>'Vla/; It. I.NULESE, in-glA/si: Sp. Ingi.es, ing-gles'; Ger. adj. 
 Exfii.iscFt, Jng'glish; inhab. Enolani>er, ^ng'gldn-dfr.) 
 
 ENOLEFl ELD, Sng'gel-feeld. parish of England, co. Berks. 
 
 EN(il>E\VOOD (ing'ghfl-wood) FUB'EST, a wide moor in 
 England, eo. of Cumberland, near Carlisle. 
 
 EXGLISH BAZAR, a town of British India, on the Maha- 
 nuddv. 65 miles N. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 E.NGLISH CHANNEL. (Fr. La Manche, li mSNsh. t. e. " the 
 sleeve :" so named from its shape;) that portion of tlie Atlantic 
 whicii stiparatfS Great Britain from France, extending from 
 Dover Strait to Land's End, Cornwall. Width at Dover, 20 
 milps: nt Land's End, 102 miles: greatest width. 156 miles. 
 
 ENGLISH-COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ENGLISH, COMPANY'S ISLANDS, a group off the N. 
 coast of Australia, 40 miles N.W. of Cape Arnhem; lat. 12° 
 10' S., Ion. 1:50° 35' E. 
 
 ENGLISH COVE, a bay on the S.W. coa.st of New Ire- 
 land, in tlie Pacific; Lat. 4° 54' S., Ion. 152° 35' E. 
 
 ENGLISH CliEEK, of Marion co., Iowa, flows into the 
 Des Moines from the S.W. 
 
 ENGLISH HAR/BOR, on the S. coast of the island of 
 Antiiiua, is one of the liest harbors in the West ludies; lat. 
 17° 3' N., Ion. 61° 45' W. 
 
 ENGLISH IIAKBOR, in Central America, Costa Rica, on 
 the Pacific ; lat. 8° 50' N., Ion. 83° 55' W. 
 
 ENGLISH NEIGHBORHOOD, nd'bgr-hood, a post-village 
 of Bergen co., New Jersey, 5 or 6 miles N. of Uoboken. It 
 contains 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 ENGLISH PRAI'RIE. a post-village of McHenry co., 
 Illinoi.«, 50 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 ENGLISH RIVER, an estuary in Delagoa Bay, South- 
 eastern Africa, about lat. 25° 68' 2" S., Ion. 32° 30' 7"E., which 
 receives tlie Mattol, Dundas, and Temby Rivers. It flows 
 through a mud flat covered with mangroves. 
 
 ENGLISH RIVER, of Iowa, an atiiuent of the Iowa, is 
 formed by two branches, which unite near the N.W. corner 
 of 'W ashington county, and flowing eastward, enters the 
 Iowa aliout 15 miles S. of Iowa City. The branches are 
 called the North Fork and South Fork. 
 
 E.NGLISH RIVER, in Iowa, rises in the N. part of the 
 ^tate. and flowing S.E., enters the Red Cedar in Black Hawk 
 county. 
 
 ENGLISH SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Marion co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 ENGLISHTOWX, a post-village of Monmouth co.. New 
 Jersey. 5 miles .N.W. of Freehold. It has a Methodist church, 
 and ;iVjout 40 dwellings. 
 
 ENGLISH TURN, a post-office of Plaquemine parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 ENG U.-V-GUAgU, (or GUAZU.) Jng'gwl-gwd-soo/, an island 
 of Brazil, province, and about 30 miles S.S.E. of Sao-Paulo. 
 It is quite dose to the main land, and has recently been 
 connected with it by a road built upon piles. The town of 
 Santos stands at its N., and that of Sao-Vicento at its S.E. 
 extremity. 
 
 ENGUERA, Jn-gwi'rd, a town of Spain, 47 miles S.W. of 
 
 Valencia. Pop. 5751. It has manufactures of ivooIVii stufife, 
 and a considerable trade. 
 
 F;N'H.\M, a parisii of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EN1KAI,E. STlt.MT OF. in South Russia. See Yemkalh. 
 
 ENKHUYSEN, Jnk'hoi/sen, ENKHUIZEN, ENCHUSA 
 Jn-kii'sA(?)a fortified seaport town of tlie Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Holland, on a peninsula in the Zuyder-Zee. 
 (zoi'der-zil,) 28 miles N.N. E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 4988. It 
 has a fine town-hall, a large cannon foundry, and trade in 
 salt, fish, timlier, and cattle. 
 
 EN KIRCH, Jn'keeRH, a village of Rhenish Prussia, i 
 miles S.W. of Zell, on the Moselle. Pop. 2090. 
 
 ENKJOPING. (Enkjiipiug,) ENKOPING. (Enkiiping.) or 
 ENKIOPING, (Enkioping.) Sn'chti'ping, (almost fin'chap^- 
 ing,) a town of Sweden, 27 miles S.W. of Upsal, near Lake 
 .Ma-lar. Pop. 1253. 
 
 EN'.MORE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 4 milee 
 W.S.W. of Bridgewater. Here is a fine moated castle. 
 
 ENNA. See Cvstro Giovanni. 
 
 ENN.\SKA, 6n-nils'kd. one of the Fox islands, in the North 
 Pacific Ocean. 90 miles S.W. of Oomnak: lat. 52° 40' N. 
 
 ENNEDA, Jn-n.Vdd, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 1 mile S.E. of Glarus, on the liinth. Pop. 2129. 
 
 EN'NEL, or BEL' VEUEKE'. a lake of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Westmeath, 2 miles S.S.W. of Mullingar. It is stud- 
 ded with wooded islets, and has several fine seats on its 
 banks. 
 
 EN'NERDALE-WATER, a lake of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland, 1 mile E. of the small village of Ennerdale, and 
 about 7 miles N.E. of Egremont. It is formed by the river 
 Ekeii, and is surrounded by inland mountain scenery. 
 Length. 2j miles; breadth. J mile. 
 
 ENNEZ.iT, Snn'zd/, a village of France, department of 
 Puy-de-Dome, 10 miles N.E. of Clermont. Pop. iu 1852. 1509. 
 
 EN'NIS, a parliamentary and municipal borough and 
 market-town of Ireland, capital of the co. of Clare, on the 
 Fergus. 20 miles W.N .W. of Limerick. It has 3 bridges acro.ss 
 the Fergus, a county court-house, jail and infirmary, a fever- 
 hospital, town-hall, barracks, work- house, market-house and 
 linen market, 3 branch banks, a parish, and a large Roman 
 Catholic church, a Rom.in Catholic college, 2 convents, and 
 ruins of a fine abbey. The borough sends 1 member to the 
 Hou.se of Commons. Pop. 9318. 
 
 EN'NISCOR/THY, a municipal borough and market- 
 town of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 12 miles N.N.W. of 
 AVexfiird. It has a court-house, district bridewell, Roman 
 Catliolic cathedral and convent, a stately Anglo-Norman 
 castle, the property of Ixird Portsmouth, and still in good 
 repair; remains of a priory granted by Queen Elizabeth to 
 the poet Spencer. Most of the corn raised in the county 
 is sent to AVexford. Enniscorthy was the scene of frightful 
 outrages during the rebellion of 1798. Pop. 7016. 
 
 EN'.NISKEEN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster and Leinster, 
 COS. of Cavan and Meath. 
 
 EN'NISKER'RY, a number of small islands off the W. 
 coast of Ireland; co. of Clare; of these the most important is 
 Mutton Island, about 1 mile from the shore. It contains 
 about 210 acres of land, and some curious caves, formerly 
 used by smugglers. 
 
 EN'NISKER/RY, a beautiful village of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, CO. of Wicklow, 11 miles S.S.E. of Dublin. 
 
 FjN^NISKiyLEN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 thriving market-town, and parish of Ireland, Ulster, capi- 
 tal, CO. of F'ermanagh, mostly built on an Island, on the 
 river connecting Upper and Lower Lough Erne, 87 miles 
 N.W. of Dublin. The parish is noted for its picture.«que 
 scenery. Pop. of town, 5086. It is well built, and has a 
 county court-house and prison, a town-hall, in which are 
 preserved the banners borne by the Enniskilleners at the 
 battle of the Boyne, a richly endowed school, large barracks, 
 an infirmary, union work-house, linen-hall, 2 or 3 branch 
 banks, 2 weekly newspapers. &c., a small manvifactory of 
 cutlery. The borough sends 1 member to the House of Com 
 mons. Ennlskilleu was founded in 1641 by Sir William 
 Cole, to whose family it still mostly belongs, and now gives 
 the title of earl. The inhabitants warmly supported the 
 Protestant caui* in the war of 1689, succe.ssfuUy defended 
 their town against King James' forces, and afterwards dis- 
 tinguished themselves at the battle of the Boyne. From the 
 •'F^nmskil'lixers" has been formed the gallant regiment 
 known as •• the Enniskillen dragoons." 
 
 EN\N1SKIL'LEN. a village of Canada West, co. of Dur- 
 ham, 8 miles N.W. of Bowmanville. Pop. 100. 
 
 ENNIS POINT, a village of Jasper co., Missouri, ISO 
 miles S.W. of Jefl^erson Citv. 
 
 ENNISTRAHUL, en'nis-trawl', a small i.^land c<T the N. 
 coast of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, 7 miles E.N.i;. of 
 Malin-IIead. It has a lightrhouse with a revolving !igbt. 
 
 EN^NISTY'MON, a market-town of Ireland, in Murster, 
 CO. of Clare, on a small river of the same name, near its 
 mouth in Liscanor Bay, 14^ miles W.N.W. of Jumis. Pop. 
 2o8J. In the environs, which are singularly picturesque, 
 is an old castle of the O'Briens. 
 
 EN'MSVILLE. a post-village of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 80 miles W.N.Vv. of Hairisburg. 
 
 63o 
 
ENN 
 
 ENZ 
 
 EN'NISVn.LE, a village of Canada West. co. of Lanark. 9 
 miles S. of Carletoa Place, and 12 miles from Perth. Pop. 
 about 151). 
 
 EX'XOREE, a small river of South Carolina, rising in 
 Greenville district, near the N.W. border of the st.ate, flows 
 S.E.. and enters the Hroad Hirer in Newberry district, a few 
 miles below the mouth of Tiijer Kiver. 
 
 KX'NOIIEK, or EXOREE, a postoffice of Spartanburg dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 EXXS, or EX'S, ^ns, (ane. AnHsus or An'esus.) a river of 
 Austria, rises in the circle of Salzburg, 11 miles S. of Rad- 
 stadt. flows E. through Styria. and then N.. separating the 
 provinces of Upper and Lower Austria, past Kadstiult. Steyer, 
 and Enns. and enters the Danube on the right, 11 miles 
 S.S.E. of Lintz. Chief affluents, the Steyer on the right, 
 and Salza on the left. Length. 112 miles. 
 
 EXXS, (anc. Lauriacumf) a town of Upper Austria, on 
 the Enns, near its junction with the Danube. 10 miles S.E. 
 of Lintz. It has 3400 inhaViitants. and manufactures of iron 
 and steel. The town is inclosed with old walls, (the expense 
 of whicli was defrayed with a part of the ransom of Richard L 
 of England.) and has a towor. erected by the Emperor Maxi- 
 milian. It was the head-quarters of Xapoleon in 1809. Near 
 it is the castle of Ennseck. 
 
 E'NOCH, a post-township In Noble co., Ohio, about 100 
 miles E. by S. of Columbus. Pop. 1482. 
 
 EX'ODER. a parish of England, co. of ComwaU. 
 
 E/XOE MILLS, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina. 
 
 E'NOX, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 EXOX a post-office of Perry co., Mississippi. 
 
 ENOX, a post-village of Clark co., Ohio, on the railroad 
 from D.iyton to Springfield, 7 miles S, \V. of the latter. It 
 has 2 churches, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 EXOX, a postrvillage of Bureau co., Illinois, about 7 miles 
 N.W. of Princeton. 
 
 E'XOX COL'LEGE. a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 
 EXOX GROVE, a post-village of Heard co., Georgia, about 
 9 miles X.E. of Franklin. 
 
 EXOXTEKEIS. i-non'tA-ki.s\ a village of Russian Lap- 
 land, on the Torned River, 190 miles N.N.W. of Tornea. 
 Pop. 800. 
 
 E'XOX V AI/LEY, a post-office. Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EXORE, Jn*6r', a village of British India, presidency, and 
 8 miles X. of Madras, on the bank of a salt lake. 
 
 EXOllEE. of South Carolina. See Exnoree. 
 
 E'XO KIVER, a small stream of North Carolina, flows 
 eastward through Orange county, and enters Neuse River, 
 near the X. border of Wake county. 
 
 ENOS, i'nos\ (anc. ^nos.) a seaport town of European Tur- 
 key, province of Uoom-Elee, 38 miles X.W. of Gallipoli. on the 
 M%ean Sea, at the mouth of the Maritza, in theGulf of Enos. 
 Pop. 7000. (?) It is the actual port of Adrianople. and the seat 
 of some trade; but its harbor is choked with sand, and ad- 
 mits only small vessels. The Gulf of Enos, N. of the town, 
 is 14 miles in length, by 5 miles in breadth, and entered by 
 a strait 2j miles in width. 
 
 E'NOSUUllG, a post-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Vermont, on the S. side of Missisque River, 50 miles N,N.W. 
 of Montpelier. Pop. 2066. 
 
 EN0S15URG FALLS, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver- 
 mont. .5S miles N. of Montpelier. 
 
 EXOTA EVSK. i^no-ti4vsk'. a town of Rus,sia government, 
 and 80 miles N.W. of Astrakhan. It has a fiirt in which a 
 garrison is kept and in its vicinity, wandering Calmucks 
 encamp both summer and winter. Pop. 3000. 
 
 EXSCIIEDE, Jn-skA/deh. a frontier town of the Nether 
 lands, province of Overyssel, 40 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 
 6000. 
 
 EXSENADA DE BARR.\GON,gn-sA-na'da d.A baR-Rl-gdn', 
 a bay and village of the Argentine Kepublic. 30 miles S.E.of 
 Buenos Ayres. in the estuarv of the Plata Kiver, 
 
 EX.S'II.\.M, a parish of Eusrland. co. of Oxford, on the 
 Isis, 5 miles E.S.E. of Witney, The village, formerlv a 
 market-town, is very ancient. It has 2 handsome stone 
 bridges across the Isis. a fine Gothic church, a very curious 
 ancient cro.ss. and remains of an abhev. founded in the 
 thirteenth century. The vicinity ha.s delisrhtful scenery. 
 
 EXSI.<HEI.\I, en'sis-hime\ or EXSHEIM, ^ns'hime, a 
 town of France, department of Ilaut-Rhin, on the 111, 15 
 miles S. of Colmar. Pop. in 1S52, 3936. 
 
 EXSIVAL. ^n'se-vil. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Liege, on the Vesdre. 7 miles N. of Spa. Pop. 2720. 
 
 EX'STOXK. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 EXTELHUCII, ^n't?l-bOoK\ a parish and village of Swit- 
 terland, canton of Lucerne, capital of vallev of the same 
 name, on the Little Emmun, 12 miles S.W. of Lucerne. 
 
 EXTEKHRISE, a thrivinir post-village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Kailroad. 
 6 miles i;. of Lancaster. It has n depflt for the produce ex- 
 ported from the vicinity, and has an active trade in lumber 
 and coal. 
 
 EXTEltPKISE. a post-office of Orange co., norlds. 
 
 EXTKltl'RISE. a post-office of Clarke co., .MississippL 
 
 KXT Kit Pi! I SE. a post-village of Prdble co., Ohio, 100 miles 
 W. by S. of Columbus. 
 630 
 
 ENTERPRISE, a post-office of Shiawassee co. Michigan. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana. 
 
 EXTERPRISE, a village of Switzerland co.. Indiana; 
 about 8 miles from the Ohio River, and 100 miles S.E. of 
 Indianapolis, is a place of considerable business. 
 
 EXTERPRISE. a post-village of Wayne co., Illinois, on 
 Elm Creek. 5.5 miles S.E. of Vandalia. 
 
 EXTERPRISE. a post^illage of McDonald CO., Missouri, 
 about 225 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 EXTERPRISE. a post-office of Black Hawk, co. Iowa. 
 
 ENTRAGUE. d-voHrdg' a village of the Sardinian States, 13 
 miles S.S.W of Coni. Pop. 3147. 
 
 EXTRAIGUES or EXTRAYGUES, Sso'traig', a town of 
 France, department of Aveyron, 15 miles N.W. of Espalion, 
 on the Lot. Pop. 1806. 
 
 EXTRAIGUES or EXTRAYGUES, three villages, in the 
 departments of ls6re, Xievre, and Vaucluse. 
 
 ENTRECASTEAUX, Sxfr'kasHo', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Var, 12 miles N.E. of Brignolles. Pop. 2137. 
 
 EXTKE-DEUX-MERS, ftNt'rMch'-maii:'. (anc. B(m.;W.«?)a 
 vine country of France, department of Gironde. between the 
 Dordogne and Garonne, interspersed with corn-fields and 
 country seats; the best wine is produced from the vine- 
 yards of Sainte-Fov-la-Grande. 
 
 EXTRE-DOURO-E-MIXHO, in Portugal. See Minho. 
 
 EXTRE RIOS. Sn'tr.A ree'oce, (;'. e. "between the rivers,") 
 a province of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata.) Souti 
 America, between the rivers Uruguay and Parani. (whence 
 its name.) having E. the Republic of Uruguay, oh the W. the 
 provinces of Santa Fe, and Buenos Ayres. and on the X. the 
 province of Corrientes. Estimated area, 32,000 si^uare miles. 
 Pop. 30,000. Surtjjce alternately swampy and in wide 
 prairies, on which large herds of cattle and horses w.inder; 
 its S. part is an alluvial plain, annually inundated. Climate 
 equable and healthy: there is no frost. Cultivation is very 
 limited. The princip.al products are hides, horns, tallow, 
 and jerked beef. Chief towns, Parani, Ybicuy, and Coucep- 
 cion de la China. 
 
 EXTREV.A.U.\, 6\t'rVo', a village of France, department 
 of Basses-Alpes, on a heiirht near the Var, arrondissement, 
 and 17 miles N.E. of Castellane. Pop. 1704. 
 
 ENTRINGEN, Jn'tring-en. a village of Wiirtemberg. circle 
 of Schwarzwald, 15 miles S.E. of Ilerrenberg. On a htischt 
 above the town stands the castle of Ilochentringen. Pop. 
 1.344. 
 
 EXTRY (en'tree) ISLAND. KAPITO, kS^pee-to. or KA- 
 PITI, kd-pee'tee. an island of New Zealand, in Cook Strait. 
 Lat. 40° 50' S.. Ion. 174° 45' E. It is 5 miles in length from 
 X.E. to S.W.. by H miles in breadth, and rises to 1800 feet 
 alx)ve the sea. AVater, wood, and stock are plentiful, and the 
 island is a native depot for fla.x. 
 
 EXTWISLE. f nt/wJl, a township of England, co. Lancaster. 
 
 EXTZ, a river of Germany. See Exz. 
 
 EXVIE, ftN-o'vee', (L. In rilriis or Inrift.) a village of the 
 Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division, and 23 miles X.X.W. 
 of Coni, on theGiandone. Pop. 2470. 
 
 EX'VILLE or EX'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford, 5} miles W.N.W. of Stourbridge. Lord Stafford 
 has a fine mansion here. 
 
 EXYENG, ^n'ySng', a village of Hungary, 10 miles from 
 Veszprim, Pop. 2117. 
 
 EXZ or EXTZ. ^nts. a river of Germany, in Wiirtomburg 
 and Baden, rises in the Schwarzwald. 12 miles S. of Wildbad, 
 flows X.E. and E. past Pforzheim, and joins the Xeckar on 
 the left at Besii^heim. Length, 55 miles. 
 
 ENZBERG. Jnts'b^RO, a village of Wiirtemburg. circle of 
 Xeckar, and 6 miles W. of Vaihingen, near the Enz, on the 
 frontiers of Baden. Pop. 1054. 
 
 EXZELLEE. inV.Mlee. EXZILLI. JnV.iWee. or EXZELT, 
 JnVJl'ee. written also EXZELLE and IXZILI. a seaport 
 town and a lake of Persia, province of Ghilan. The town is 
 on a low spit of land between the Caspian and the lake. 18 
 miles N.W. of Reshd. Estimated pop. 2.')00, mostly Rus- 
 sians. It consists of 200 wood and reed houses, caravan- 
 serais, a bazaar, and a few det-iched towers for its defence. 
 The Lake, about 25 miles in lensrth from E.to W., commun^ 
 cates with the Caspi.in. immediately E. of Enzeli. by a chan- 
 nel 500 yards across. It forms the port of Enzeli. and is fire- 
 quented by Russian cr.aft of from SO to 70 tons; larger ves- 
 sels anchor in the Caspian, opposite the town. 
 
 EXZERSDORF. fnts'ers-doRf\ or STADTEL ENZERS- 
 DORF. stJt'tel Jnts'ers-doRf\ a small fortified town of Lo«^ 
 Austri.i, on the left bank of the Danulx). 8 miles K. -jf 
 Vienna, on the rsiilway to Stockerau. It was bombarded by 
 the French in 1809, 
 
 EXZERSDi)RF. a village in Lower Austria, on the 
 Fischa. about 4 miles from Fischamend. Pop. 1050. 
 
 EXZERSDORF AM GKBIRGE. ^nt.s'fvs-dour Jm ga-beeB- 
 gah, a village of Ixiwor Austria, about 5 miles from Vienna. 
 It contains a Franciscan monastery and the ruins of ■i 
 castle. The poet Werner was born here. Pop. 820, 
 
 EXZILLI, a town of Persia. See Enzeilf.e. 
 
 EXZWEIHINOEN, Jnts-wi'hing-en. a villatre of Wilrteia 
 berg, circle of Xeckar, 2 miles S.E. of Vaihinge'i. on tbs 
 Enz. Fop. 1520. 
 
EOA 
 
 ERB 
 
 T.OA. e-o/l EOOA. e-oo/a, or MIDTLEBURG, one of the 
 Frieudly Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 18° 19' S., Ion. 
 175° 37' W. Circuit, about GO miles. Surface rocky and 
 barren, rises to 600 feet above the sea. It was discovered by 
 Tasman in 1643. 
 
 KO'LIA. a post-village of Dane co., 'Wisconsin, 20 miles 
 N.E. of Madison. 
 
 EOKS-TISZA, (Eors-Tisza,) i'aRsh'tee'sOh, a village of 
 Huniary. co. of Ileves, about 6 miles from Tisza-Fiired. In 
 the vicinit}' are the traces of a Komaii fort, near which 
 many coins have been found. I'op. 1184. 
 
 El'AIiiNK.S, fh-pin', a village of France, department of 
 Eure, 0^ miles S.S.W. of I'ont-Audemer. Pop. 2317. 
 
 EPA.NO.MKRIA, i-pil-no-mdrree'i, a town in the island of 
 Santorini, in the Grecian Archipelago, singularly situated on 
 the face of the clilfs of the N.W. promontory of the island. 
 The houses are piled one over another from 15 to 20 deep, the 
 whole surrounded liy numerous wind-mills, perched on the 
 very top of the cliff. Many of the dwellings are excavations 
 In the rock: others are built above them, some with ai-ched 
 roofs, others Hat, the lower tier full 400 feet above the deep 
 waters of the gulf; the strata below are |)erpendiculur, and 
 of a bright red and black lava, much calcined, and scorite. 
 The town is approached from the zig-zag road cut into the 
 cliffs, and has a very striking appearance, the houses tower- 
 ing on high far above the mast-heads of the laigest ships. 
 At night the voyager would hardly Ije aware of the presence 
 of a town, wei-e it not for the twinkling lights along the 
 face of the cliffs. 
 
 El'K, A'peh, or EEP, aip, a village of Holland, province of 
 Gelderland, 26 miles N. of Arnhem. Pop. including ad- 
 joining hamlets, 3300. 
 
 EI'EIIV, A'p.Vee', a village of France, department of 
 Somme. Ill miles N.E. of Peronne. I'op. 20l9. 
 
 El'KlilKS, i'piVeJ.sh', or IIEPEU.JES, hA'pfRV^sh', (L. 
 Epe'rice.) a royal free town of Hungary, on the Tarcza, 
 an allluent of the Theiss, 143 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 
 8()0C). It is one of the best built towns of Upper Hungary, 
 being surrounded by walls and gardens; it has a Lutheran 
 and 4 Uoman Catholic churclies. a synagogue, town-halls, 
 Catholic and Lutheran gymnasiums, an Episcopal lilirary, 
 manufactures of linens and woollens, earthenware, and 
 beer. Near it are chalybeate springs, and a royal sivlt-mine. 
 
 EPERNAY, A^p'^R^na/, (1^. A'quce Perenhies,) a town of 
 France, department of Marne. capital of the arrondissement, 
 nejir the left bank of the Marne, 19 miles W.N.W. of Cha- 
 lons-sur-JIarne. Pop. 5926. It was formerly fortified, and 
 is neat and clean. It is an entrepot for Champagne wines. 
 
 EPliliNOV, A^pJr^uAno', a town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loir. 14 miles N.N.E. of Chartres. Pop. 1553. 
 
 EPFIG. fp'feeg', a town of France, department of Bas- 
 Rhin, 6i miles N. of .Schelestadt. Pop. 1946. 
 
 EPIIESU.S, ^f'e-stls, (Or. E0£<roj,) a famous ancient city 
 of Asia Minor, the ruins of which exist on the banks of the 
 Cayster, ne.ir its mouth in the Gulf of Scala Novo, 35 miles 
 S.S.E. of:?myrna. Its remainscompri,seamagnificent theatre, 
 a stadium 687 feet in length, ancient walls and towers of 
 the Greek. Uoman, and Byzantine periods, and in a mar.shy 
 tract the traces of a vast edifice, apparently the celebrated 
 temple of Diana, or a church subsequently erected on its 
 site. Ephesu.s was anciently the cjipital, and one of the 
 twelve cities of Ionia, and had one of the seven Christian 
 churches fiiunded by the apostles. Subsequently a Moham- 
 medan city was erected out of the ruins of the former, but it 
 has also fallen into utter decay. Only a few scattered villages 
 now remain, the principal of which is Ayasoolook or Aj\>- 
 SCIAK. and the sea has retired and left its ancient port a deso 
 late marsh. The celebrated painters Apelles and Parrhasius 
 were natives of this city. 
 
 EPHi'.V'TAH, a post-village and township in the S. part 
 of Fulton CO., New York, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 It was originally settled by Germans. Pop. 2202. 
 . EP II ' I ! ATAII, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 2-127. 
 
 iil'IIR ATAII, a post-village of Lancaster oc, Pennsylva- 
 nia. 1:'> miles N.E. of Lancaster, was settled by a sect called 
 DunkiTs. It is on the Reading and Columbia Railroad. 
 
 El'IDAMNUS. See Di'RAZZO. 
 
 EPIDAURUS. ep'e-daw'rtts, EPIDAURO, ip-e-dSiv'ro. (Int. 
 XVIII, 25.) or PIDAVRO, pLe'ddv-ro a seaport village of 
 Greece, in the Morea, government, and 23 miles E. of Argos, 
 on the Gulf of .^gina. Its inhabitants raise vegetables for 
 the markets of Athens. It was the place where the first 
 Greek Congress assembled in 1821. The remains of Epiduu- 
 rus Limura e.xist in the government of Lacouia,on the -^^^ge- 
 an, 3 miles N. of Monemvasi.a. 
 
 El' I LA. .A-peelJ, (a c. Bi/ojMis f) a town of Spain, 22 miles 
 W. of Suragossa, on the Jalon. Pop. 3152. 
 
 EI'INAC, i'pee^ndk', a village of France, department of 
 Saone-et-Loire, 10 miles E.N.E. of Autun. Pop. DiSO, en- 
 gaped in extensive coal and iron mines. It is connected by 
 railway with the Canal of Burgundy, (Canal de Bourgogne.) 
 
 EPINAL, A'pee^ndl', a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Vosges, on both sides of the Moselle. 190 miles 
 E.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 10,984. It is generally well 
 
 built, and has a ruined castle, and severrfl large an,' tins 
 pulilic edifices, including a Gothic cathedral, a p'^eft-ct'-re. 
 and a theatre, a public library with 17,000 volumes, syr.u a 
 museum of paintings and antiquities. It is the si-at o ma- 
 nufactures of embroidery, lace, linen fabrics, and thi,\ad, 
 hosiery, earthenware, oil, paper, and chemical proihicts. 
 
 EPINAY, .Vpee'n.V, the name of .several cnmniures and 
 villages of France, the principal being in the dephrtment 
 of Seine, 9 miles N. of Paris, and comprising many hand- 
 some country villas. 
 
 KP1NAY-,SUR-0RGE, A'pee'n.V-siiR-oRzh, a village of 
 France, department of Seiiie-et-(Jise, on the Paris and Or- 
 leflns Railway, 2| miles from Longjumeau. 
 
 EPIPIIANIA. See Hajiah. 
 
 EPIRUS, e-pi'rtls, (Gr. lliretpof. Epeirog, i. e. " mainland,") 
 a celebrated country of ancient Greece, corresponding to the 
 S. portion of Albania, in which it is now included. The 
 name was given to distinguish it from Corey ra and other 
 islands off the W. coast. luhab. Epi'rot or Epi'uote. 
 
 EPOREDIA. See Ivkea. 
 
 EP/PKRSTONE. a pari.«h of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 EPP1ND015F, «p'piu-doRr, a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau. Pop. 1516. 
 
 EPPl.XDORF, a village in the territory and 3 miles N. of 
 Hamburg, on the Alster. Pop. 708. 
 
 hP'PlNG. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Essex, 16 miles N.N.E. of London. The town, orij^inally a 
 hamlet of Waltham Abbey, is pleasantly situated, and 
 much visited in summer. Pop. 1S21. The famous royal 
 tbrest of Ejiping still boasts of some beautiful wocdland 
 scenery. The river Roding divides Epping Forest fri m the 
 forest of Hainaut on the S.E. The two forests togethei 
 cover about 10,000 acres. 
 
 EP'PING, a post-village and township of Rockingham co., 
 New Hampshire, on Lamprey River, and on the Portsmouth 
 and Concord Railroad, 30 miles S.E. of Concord. The vil- 
 lage contains an academy. Pop. 1414. 
 
 i;PPINGEN, ^p'ping-en, a town of Baden, on the Elsenz, 
 25 miles E.N.E. of CarLsruhe. Pop. 3237. 
 
 EPPSTKI.V, Jpp'stine, a romantic village, with a mineral 
 spring and ruined castle, in Nassau, Northern Germany, 5 
 miles S.W. of Kbnigstein. Pop. 340. 
 
 EP'SOM, (AngloSaxon, Ehhsham.) a town and parish of 
 England, co. of Surrey, 14 miles S.W. of London, and 8 
 miles W.S.W. of Croydon station, on the railway to form a 
 part of the direct line to Portsmouth. Pop. of the town, 
 3390. It has a town-hall and a national sihool. Epsom is 
 famous for its medicinal spa, (discovered in 1618.) and from 
 which the suliihate of magnesia takes the name of Epsom 
 salts; but chieHy for its races, which are held on the week 
 preceding Whitsunday, and are, especially oi\ the Derby 
 day, more numerously attended than any other in the 
 kingdom, from 300,000 to 400.000 persons, mostly from Lou- 
 don, resorting hither during the week. 
 
 EP'StlM. a post-township of ^Merrimack co., New Ilanyv 
 shire. 8 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1216. 
 
 EPTE, i^pt, (L. Ep>h!,) a river of France, rises in Seine^ 
 Inferieure, flows S. between the departments of Seine and 
 Eui-e, on its right, and the departments of Oise and Seine- 
 et-Oise, on its left, and joins the Seine above Vernon, after 
 a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 EPTINGEN, Jp'ting-en, a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Basel country, (Basel-Landschaft.) in a 
 mountainous district, among precipices so steep, that in 
 winter the sun is visible only about mid-day, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Basel. Pop. 646. 
 
 EP'WORTH. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln, 10 miles N.N.W. of Gainsborough. Pop. 944. mostly 
 employed in the culture, dressing, and spinning of flax, &e. 
 The celebrated John Wesley was born here in 1703. 
 
 EQUADOR, a republic of South America. See Ecr.\DOR. 
 
 EQUALITY, e-kw6Pe-te, a post-oifice of Anderson dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 EQUALITY, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama. 
 
 EQUALITY, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee. 
 
 EQUALITY, a village of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 EQUALITY, a post-village, capital of Gallatin co., Illinois, 
 on Saline Creek, 14 miles W. by N.ofthe Ohio River, and 187 
 miles S.S.E.of Springfield. Pop. 369. 
 
 EQUATEUR or EQUATOR. See Ecuador. 
 
 E^QUINUNK', a railrcid station, in Delaware co.. New 
 Y'ork. on the New York and Erie Railroad, 163 miles from 
 New York City. 
 
 EQUINUNK, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Delaware River, opposite the above station, about 24 
 miles N.N.E. of Ilonesdale. It contains several tiuneries. 
 
 ERANNOBOAS or ERANOBOAS, See Sone, 
 
 ERAS/MUS. a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina, 
 184 miles AV. of Raleigh. 
 
 ER.iS'TUS. a po.st-ofiice of Franklin co., Georgia. 
 
 ERBA. inliL a town of Austrian Italy, Milan, province, 
 and 7 miles E. by N. of Como, near the Lodi. Pop. 1554. 
 
 ERBACH, jB'bdK. a river of lUienish Bavaria, which passe.s 
 Deux-Ponts, and joins the Bliese. after a cour.se of 20 miles. 
 
 ERBACH, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Mimling, 22 
 
 637 
 
ERB 
 
 ERI 
 
 mfles S.E. of Darmstadt, Pop. 2078. It has a ducal residence, 
 with interesting collections of armor and antiquities. 
 
 EltBACH. a village of Nassau, beautifully situated on the 
 Rhine. 7 mUe.s W. of Mentz. At a short distance is the old 
 couTeut of t;lierbach, founded by St. Bernard de Clairvaux 
 in 1131. now used partly as a prison and partly as a lunatic 
 asTlum. Pop. 1307. 
 
 EU15ACH, a village of WUrtemberg, circle of Danube. 8 
 miles K. of Ehingen, near the Danube, with a parish 
 church and a fine old castle belonging to the lords of Ulm. 
 Pop. 1037. 
 
 KRBKXDORF, ?r.'ben-doRr. a market-town of Bavaria, on 
 the W;i.ildnaab. 21 miles E.S.K. of Baireuth. Pop. 1410. 
 
 KIU5ESBUDKSIIKIM, ^Bnies-lxxydes-hlme', a village of 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, in Rheinhessen. near Alzey. Pop. 865. 
 
 KKBIL. a town of Asi.itic Turkey. See Akbeel. 
 
 KK'BISTOCiv, a parish of North Wales, cos. of Flint and 
 Denbigh. 
 
 EK'CALL, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 ERC£, hr^sA', a town of France, department of Ariege, 12 
 miles S.K. of St. Girons. Pop. 1236. 
 
 EUCf:-EN-LAMEE, ^R's.i/OS'^ia'mA'. a village of France, 
 department of Ille-et-Vilaine. 23 milesX.E. of Redon. P.3040. 
 
 EiiCILDOWX. See Earlstox. 
 
 EK'CILDOWX. a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EKCOhANO. See Hercvlanecth. 
 
 ERCSI. jRVhee'. or EKCSEXY, jRVhfB'. a village of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Stuhlweissenburg. with a steam-packet station 
 on the Danulie. Oi miles X. of Adony. Pop. 32y6. 
 
 EHDELY-ORSZAG. See Tbasstivakia. 
 
 ERDKVEX. JndVSs<^, a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan. 12 miles S.E. of L"Orient. Pop. 3002. 
 
 EKLIXG, ?R/ding. a town of Upper Bavaria, 20 miles N.E. 
 of Munich. Pop. 1826. employed in woollen weaving. 
 
 ER'DIXGTOX, a village and chapelry of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 4 miles E. of Birmingham. Pop. 2579. 
 
 ERDMAXXSDOKF, jRt'mdnns-doRr, a village of Prussia, 
 government of Breslau. near llii-schberg. Pop. 862. 
 
 EltD.M AXXSDORF. a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 
 on the Zschopau. Pop. 834. 
 
 EKDOD. (Erdijd.') ?RMod', a town of Eastern Hungary, 65 
 miles E.X.E. of Debreczin, with glass-works and a mined 
 castle. Pop. 1670. 
 
 EKDOD, ^E'dod'. a village of Austria, in Slavonia, co. of 
 Verocze. 10 miles from Eszek. It contains the ruins of an 
 old castle. 
 
 ERDOIIEGY. iRMo^hJdj', a village of Hungary, on the 
 White Koros. 8 miles from Simand. Pop. 144ii. 
 
 ERDOVEGH, (Erdovegh.) ^RMoVJg', or ERDEWICH. ^r/- 
 deh-<iiK\ a market-town of Austria, in Slavonia, co. of Syr- 
 ml.1, district, and 8 miles from lUok! Pop. 2460.' 
 
 ERdRE. jRd"R, a river of France, department of Loire-In- 
 Krieure, joins the Loire at Xantes. after a S.W. course of 
 45 miles, for the last 16 of which it is navigable. 
 
 EREBUS. VOI.CAXO OF. See Victoria Land. 
 
 ERKCH, Jr'etch. or ER/ICH^ a town of Hindostan, in 
 Bundelcund, on the Betwah, 40 miles X.E. of Jhansi. Lat. 
 25° 49' N., Ion. 79° 2* E. 
 
 EREE or ERIH. hr'ee\ one of the Sooakin Islands, in the 
 Red Sea. lat. 18° 10' N., Ion. 28° 20' E., about 4i miles long. 
 On the E. part are the ruins of the ancient Ptolemais The- 
 ron : the highest part is a mound of ruins, which is visible 
 from a distance of 3 miles. 
 
 EREGLEE, EREGLI, JrVglee/, or EREKLT. frVWee'- 
 written also EREGRI, (anc. Herad^a or Herach'ia.) a sea- 
 port town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea. 128 miles E.X.E. 
 of Constantinople. Lat. 41° 15' 30" N., Ion. 31° 28' E. It 
 has 300 houses, and architectural fragments of the ancient 
 city, a good port, and ship-building yards. Exports timber, 
 silk, and wax : imports colonial produce, tobacco, and iron. 
 It was anciently of considerable import.ince. and here the 
 10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon, embarked on their return 
 to Greece. 
 
 EREGLKE or EREGLI, (anc. Archallat or Ai-iHtelaUf) a 
 town of Asiatic Turkey, 80 miles E.S.E. of Konieh, with 
 about WtO poor houses. 
 
 EKEGM. (anc. IWinHhus or ITeraclefa.) a seaport town 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Sea of Marmora, 
 63 miles W. of Constantinople. 
 
 EREtrRI. a town of Asit Minor. See ERtniEE. 
 
 EllETS or ERETZ. A-rJts', a fortified town of Russian 
 Transcaucasia, district of Shirvan, near the Koor, 50 miles 
 W.X.W. of SbanmUa. 
 
 ERFURT or ERFURTH. >R'f85Rt, (L. Erphor^dia and Er- 
 f.ur'tum.) a fortified town of Prussian Saxony, on the Genu 
 and on the Thuringian Railway, 14 miles E. of Gotha. 
 Pop. 32.546. It is old and irregularly built. Principal edi- 
 fices, a cathedral, with a famous bell weighing 275 cwt., 
 numerous churches and spirits, an Ursuline convent and 
 girls' school, an orphan asylum, occupying the Augus- 
 tine convent, of which Luther was a member. The uni- 
 versity founded here in l:$92. was closed in 1816. and the 
 Pharmlcenic Institute was almlished in 1828: but Erfurt 
 has a Protestant and Roman Catholic gj-mnasia. a normal 
 school, an academy of sciences, sdentiflc and literarr asso- 
 638 
 
 dations. museums, a hotanic garden, and a public library 
 of 15,000 volumes. It has a garrison of 4000 men. Erfurt 
 has an extensive manufacture of shoes, with others of 
 woollen and cotton cloths, leather, vinegar, vemiicelli, 
 and pearl barley. In 1808, i memorable intervifW took 
 place here between Xapoleon ind the Emperor Alexander 
 of Russia. 
 
 ERGEXZIXGEX', fR'ghJnt-smg'en. a village of VTiirtem- 
 berg, circle of Schwarzwald, 6 miles W.X.W. of Rottenburg 
 Pop. 1528. 
 
 ERGKEE KASTREE, a town of Greece. See Aeotro 
 Castro. 
 
 ERI BOLL, LOCH, 16k; Jr'e-boll. an arm of the sea on the 
 X. coast of Scotland, co. of Sutherland. It is about 10 miles 
 in length, and fi-om 1 to 3 in breadth. 
 
 ERICEIIH, i-re-s.A'e-rd, a maritime town of Portugal 
 province of Estremadura, near the Atlantic, 22 miles X.W. 
 of Lisbon. Pop. 2550. mostly fishers. 
 
 ERICHT, LOCH, 16k Jr^iKt. a lake of Scotland, cos. of 
 Perth and Inverness. Length. 14 miles : breadth. 1 mile. 
 It lies in a vast uninhabited district, considered the wild- 
 est and most inaccessible in Scotland. Prince Charles Ed- 
 ward found refuge here after the battle of Culloden. 
 
 ERICHT. a river of Scotland. E. of the co. of Perth, flow- 
 ing into the Isla, opposite Balbrogy, after a course of 17 
 miles. Its banks are singularly picturesque. 
 
 ERICUSA or ERICODES. See Aucudi. 
 
 ERIDAXUS. See Po. 
 
 E/RIE, one of the five great lakes drained by the St. 
 Lawrence River, lies between 41° 25' and 42° 55'X. lat.. and 
 between 78° 55' and 83° 34' W. Ion., having Canada West 
 on the X., a part of the state of Xew York, Pennsylvania, 
 and Ohio on the S., and a part of Michigan on theW. Its 
 shape is elliptical, the entire length being alxiut 240 miles; 
 greatest breadth, 57 miles ; average breadth, 38 miles : com- 
 puted circumference, 658 miles. The depth of this lake is 
 less than that of any other in the chain, the greatest yet 
 obtained from soundings being only 270 feet ; and its mean 
 depth does not exceed 120 feet. Towards the shores, and 
 especially at the western extremity, its shallowness is a se- 
 rious impediment to navigation, which is entirely suspended 
 during the winter months, in consequence of the shoal por- 
 tions being frozen. The surface of Lake Erie has an eleva- 
 tion of 322 feet above the level of Outirio, and 565 feer above 
 high-water mark in the Hudson at Albany. There is some 
 reason to suppose that it was once much higher th.in this. 
 .Ancient beaches have been discovered in Ohio and Michigan, 
 having an elevation of more than 100 feet above the present 
 surface of the water. Its princip,al supply is by the Detroit 
 and St. Clair Rivers, which constitute the outlet of the three 
 great lakes to the X.W., viz., Huron, Michigan, and Supe- 
 rior. Numerous other streams also flow into it. the more 
 important of which are the Maumee. Sandu.sky. Grand, Hu- 
 ron, and Raisin. Its own waters are di.«charged by the 
 Niagara River into Lake Ontario, and thence by the St. 
 Lawrence to the ocean. The principal harbors on the coast 
 are Buffalo. Cleveland, Toledo, Dunkirk, Erie, Sandusky 
 Bay, and Monroe, all of which have been improved liy the 
 United States government. The commercial importance of 
 Lake Erie has been greatly increased by the constiuction 
 of numerous canals and railroads, connecting its ports with 
 the interior and the seaboard. The amount of business 
 and travel which these channels of communication conduct to 
 it is .ilmost incalcuable. The shipping of f he several -■Ameri- 
 can ports on Lake Erie, June .30, 1852. amounted to an aggre- 
 gate burden of 148,219 tons, of which 70.562 were empKiyed iu 
 steam navigation. The commerce of the sinirle port of But 
 falo amounts to neariy §80.000.000. annually. The lake 
 abounds with fine fish. A kind termed vhiie-fish was for- 
 merly taken In vast quantities, hut their number has some- 
 what diminished. Lake Erie is remarkable for its violent 
 storms, which prevail most in the months of Xovemljer 
 and Deceml^r. often cau.eing the most disastrous shipwrecks, 
 attended with fearful loss of life. 
 
 ERIE, a county in the W. part of X'ew York, has an area 
 of about 950 square miles. It Is bounded on the W. \>y Lake 
 Erie, N. by Tonawanda Creek, and S. by Cattaraugus Creek, 
 and is drained by Buffalo Creek, with its three branches, 
 Cazenove, Seneca, and Cayuga, and by Ellicott's and Con- 
 quaga Creeks, with some smaller streams, which furnish valt> 
 able water-power. The surface in the X. part is unduLiting, 
 and the soil well adapted to the prodiiction of grain ; in the 
 southern portions the face of the country is uneven, and 
 the land more suitable for grazing. Iron ore, lime.«tone, 
 water cement, and brick clay are among Its mineral produc- 
 tions. The Erie Canal has its western termination at Bui 
 falo, and connects with Xl.agara River at Black Rock. wheri« 
 there is an extensive basin. The county is traversed by six 
 railroads, which pa.ss through or terminate in Buffalo. Or- 
 ganized in 1821, havinc l>een formed from part of XUgara 
 county, and named from the groat lake which foims its 
 western boundary. Capit.al. Buffalo. Pop. 141,971. 
 
 ERIE, a county forming the X.W. extremity of Pennsyl- 
 vaniii, bordering on Xew York, Ohio, and Lake Erie, Iuls an 
 area of 740 square miles. It is intersected hy Frencli anc 
 
ERI 
 
 Conneaut Creeks : Walmit and Elk Creeks rise in the county, 
 and flow into Lake Erie, whioti forms the entire N.W. 
 boundary. The surCice is Renerally rolling, with a rid{:e of 
 hifrhlarni, exteudinn; nearly parallel with the lake shore, at 
 a distance of several miles. The soil is clayey, having a 
 basis of slate and sandstone. The northern part produces 
 good crops of grain, the southern is better adapted to pas- 
 turage, and dairy farming. Iron is the principal mineral. 
 French Creek furnishes extensive wafcjr-p<:)W(jr. The county 
 is traversed by the Erie Extension Canal, and by several 
 railroads, among which are the I'liiladelphia and Erie, the 
 Erie and Pittsburg, and the Lake Shore Kailroad. Formed 
 in 1800. Capital, Erie. Population iu 1850, 38.742 ; in 1860 
 49,432. 
 
 ERIE, a county in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on Lake 
 Erie and S.andusky Bay, contains 350 siiuare miles. It is 
 intersected by Huron and Vermilion Kivers, and by Pipe 
 Creek. The surface is nearly level, with a gentle declivity 
 towards the N. The soil is alluvial and remarkably rich. 
 The county contains abundance of fine limestone, which is 
 extensively quariiod at Sandusky. Numerous ancient 
 mounds and iudosures are found near Huron River. Erie 
 county is intersected by the Mad River and L;ike Erie Rail- 
 road, by the Sandusky and Mansfield Railroad, and by the 
 Cleveland and Toledo Railroad. Capital, Sandusky City. 
 Pop. 24.474. 
 
 ERIE, a post-borouih. port of entry, capital of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the lake of the same name, 90 miles S.W. 
 of Buffalo, 129 miles N. of Pittsburg, and 310 miles by turn- 
 pike from Ilarrisburg. Lat. 42° 8' .\., Ion. 80° 10' W. It is 
 pleasantly sitiuited opposite the island of Presque Isle, for- 
 merly a peninsula. The harbor, which is one of the largest 
 and best on the lake, is 3t miles long, and over 1 mile wide, 
 and from 9 to 25 feet deep the whole length. Large .sums 
 have been expended in improving and Pirtifying the harbor, 
 and in erecting a lighthouse. The island is 4 miles long, 
 and 1 mile wide. Erie is an important place of outfit for 
 vessels of the United States, and is remarkable for its flour- 
 ishing trade. The Erie Extension Canal connects it with the 
 Ohio River and Beaver; several railways e.xtend to Cleve- 
 land, BuIThIo, Ac. It is the terminus of the Philadelphia 
 and Erie Railroad, with a branch leading to Pittsburg. 
 Erie contains a cuuit-huuse, 3 or 4 national banks, from 12 
 to la churches, a fine hotel, au aciujemy, and 4 newspaper 
 offices. The canal affords extensive water-power, which is 
 employed in mills of different kinds. About 20,0(0,000 
 feet of lumber are received hero annually by canal, and 
 over 80.000 tons of stone coal. The reijorted value of im- 
 ports and exports in 1851, was $3,832,862. The shijiping of 
 the district (Presque Isle), June 80, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 8123 tons, em-oUed and licensed, of which 5350 
 tons were employed in steam navigation. Incorporated in 
 1805. Pop. in 1840, 3412 ; in 1850, 5850 ; in 1860, 9419. 
 
 ERIE, a post-office of Roane CO., Tennessee. 
 
 ERIE, a township of Ottawa, Co.. Ohio. Pop. 371. 
 
 ERIE, a post-village and township in the S.E, part of 
 Monroe co., Michigan, on the W. shore of Lake Erie. Pop. 
 1362. 
 
 ERIE, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 520. 
 
 ERIE, a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois, on Book 
 Eiver, 76 miles N.N'.W. from Peoria. 
 
 ERIE, a post-village of Camden county, Missouri, on the 
 Osage River, just below the Niangua, 60 miles S.W. of Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 ERIE, FORT, in Upper Canad.a, is at the commencement 
 of Niigara River, immediately opposite Black Rock, in New 
 York. Lat. 42° 51' N.. Ion. 79° W. 
 
 E'RIEVILLE. a post-village of Nelson township, Madison 
 CO., New York, about 35 miles H.W. of Utica. Pop. 300. 
 
 ERIIL SeeEREE. 
 • ERIIIA. See JEiticno. 
 
 ERIN. See Ireland. 
 
 E'RIN, a post-township of Chemung co., New York, 10 
 miles E.N.E. of Klmira. l>op. 1339. 
 
 ERIN, a post-village of Meriwether en.. Georgia, near the 
 junction of Whitewater Creek with Flint River, about 60 
 miles N.W. of Macon. 
 
 ERIN, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 ERIN, a postKjffice of Jasper co., Texas. 
 
 ERIN, a township of Macomb co., Michigan, on the E. 
 shore of Ijike St. Clair. Pop. 1975. 
 
 ERIN, a post-villiige of McHenry co., Illinois, 64 miles 
 N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 ERIN, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 ERIN, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Washington co.. Wisconsin. Pop. 1445. 
 
 ERIXO-K.\STR0, Jr'e-no-kis'tro or ^r-e-no^kas-tro, (anc. 
 Tlies'pia?) a village of Greece, government, and 10 miles W. 
 ei Thebes, on the slope of Mount Zagros, (anc. HcVicon.) 
 
 ERIN SHADES, a post-office of Henrico co., Virginia. 
 
 ERISAY. Jr'e-si\ and ERISKAY, Jr'is-k4\ two islets of 
 the Hebrides; the former between Harris and North Uist; 
 the Utter immediately S. of South Ui.st. 2 miles in length, 
 from N. to S. : it is the place where Prince Charles Edward 
 Stuart first landed, in 1745. 
 
 ERN 
 
 ETITTH. a parish of England, co. of Kent on the Th-imes 
 
 ERIVAN, Jr-e-vdn', (L. Erim'na,) a fortified town of Rus- 
 sian Armenia, capital of a province, on the Zenghi. an afflu- 
 ent of the Araxes, 115 miles .S.S.W. of T.flis. Pop.ll.2'<4. It 
 is ill built, but has a large bazaar, several Armenian churches, 
 an Armenian convent, Greek church, mosques, and cuiioua 
 aqueducts. Near it is a citadel on a scarped rock, in \thich 
 are the governor's residence, a fine mosque, a cannon foun- 
 dry, and barracks. It has some manufactures of cotton 
 stuffs, leather, and earthenware; is a station for caravans 
 from Tiflis and Erzroom : and has considerable trade with 
 Russia and Turkey. It wa.'! taken by the Russians in 1827, 
 and confirmed to them by a treaty with Persia in the fol- 
 lowing year. 
 
 KRKELENZ. 6R/kfh-lf nt.s\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 23 
 miles N.N.E. Alx-la-Chapelle. Pop. 2070, engaged in linen 
 weaving and lace making. 
 
 ERKilNE, jR'kAhiA. a river of European Turkey, formed 
 by .several head streams that have their sources in the Lit- 
 tle Balkan Mountains, near A'iza, about lat. 41° 30' N., Ion. 
 27° 40' E. It flows first S.S.W. for about 18 or 20 miles, 
 then turns W. by N. and falls into the Maritza at Jezar 
 Erkene, lat. 41° 3<y N., Ion. 26° 35' E., after a course of about 
 60 miles. 
 
 ERKENEK, jR'k.WJk', a village and pass in Mount Tau- 
 rus, in .\siatic Turkey, pashalic of Marash ; the pass is 45 
 miles N.E. of Someisat, on the Euphrates, elevation 3828 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 ERLACII, Jr/I^k, (Fr. Or7f«r, sWle-.V,) a town of Switzei^ 
 land, canton of Bern, on the Lake of Bienne, 24 miles 
 W.N.W. of Bern, with 540 inhabitants, and a castle of the 
 eleventh century, now used as a prison. 
 
 ERLAXGEN, 6R'iang-cn. or ERLANG, (^RlSng, a town of 
 Bavaria, on the rallwav from Bamberg to Nureml)erg. 11 
 miles N.N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 10,896. It is walled, and 
 divided into .an old and new town, which latter is one of the 
 best built pLices in Germany. Here is the only Protestant 
 university in Bavaria, founded in 1743 by one of the Jlai^ 
 gr.aves of Baireuth, occupying their ancient palace, and 
 with which the university of -Mtdorf was incoriwratcd in 
 1809. This institution has faculties of theology, mwlicine, 
 and arts; museums of natural hist'iry. a library of 105,000 
 volumes, and a botanic garden. Number of students in 
 1847, 304. The town has manufactures of woollen goods, 
 hosiery, hiits, glove.s, and leather; a large plate-glass fac- 
 tory, breweries, and an active trade in cattle. 
 
 KRLAU, Sr^IOw, (Hun. £ger. .VgaiR/.) a fortified town of 
 Hungary, capital of the co. of Heves, on the Erlau or Eger, 
 67 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 19.800, mostly Roman Ca- 
 tholics. It is entered by six gates, has a cathedral, a 
 bishop's palace, a diocesan lyceum, with a library and ol> 
 servatory. a gymnasium and high schools, various public 
 institutions; it is the seat of a large trade in fine red wines 
 raised in its vicinity. It has also manufactures of woollen 
 and linen fabrics. 
 
 ERLB.\CII, MliiK. or MARKT-ERLBACH. mitkt-jRV- 
 blK, a market-town of Bavaria, in Middle Fmncouia, 16 
 miles N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1211. 
 
 ERLBACH, InVhiK, a market-town of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, near A^oigtsberg. Pop. 817. 
 
 ERLENB.\CH, SR/lgn-bjK\ a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 2i) miles S.E. of Bern, on the Simmen River, at the 
 foot of the Stockhom Mountain. Pop. 1187. 
 
 ERLENBACII, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 6 miles S.E, 
 of Landau. 
 
 ERM.^TINGEN, 8R'm.i-ting'*en, a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the S. shore of the Un- 
 tersee. 4 miles W. of Constance. Pop. 1584. 
 
 ERMELAND, Jn'meh-ldnt'. (L. Wirfmia ; Fr. Warmie. yavS 
 mee/,) an old division of Poland, forming the E. part of the 
 circle of Marienburg, now comprised in the Prussian 
 government of KiJnigsberg. 
 
 ERMELO, ?R'meh-lo', a village of Holland, province of 
 Gelderland, 125 miles N.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ERMEXONVILLE, jR'meh-nAs"'veel'. a village of France, 
 department of Oise, 7 miles S.E. of Senlis, with an elegant 
 chateau, celebrated as the pl.ace in which Rousseau died. 
 
 ERMENT, a village of Upper Egypt. See ,\'!>ient. 
 
 ERMESLEBEN, Sa'mes-ld'ben, a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 38 miles N.W. of Merseburg. "Pop. 2290. 
 
 ERMINEEYEII or ERMINIYEH. See Armenia. 
 
 ER'MINGTON, a parish of EngLind, co. of Devon. 
 
 ERMONT, ^R^mixo', a station on the Graat Northern Rail- 
 way of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 9| miles N. of 
 Paris. 
 
 ERMSLEBEN, jRmslJ-ben, a town of Prussian S.ixonyi 
 38 miles N.W. of Merseburg. on the Selke. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ERNE, em, a river and two celebrated Lakes of Ireland, in 
 Ulster. The river issues from Lake Ganriy, co. of Cavan, 
 and flowing N. merges into Upper and Lower Lough Erne, 
 and thence flows into Donegal Bav. It is navigable for ves- 
 sels drawing 12 feet water to Ballyshannon, where it forms a 
 fine cataract. The scenery on its banks and on its two lakes 
 is magnificent. United "length of the two lakes and their 
 connecting river, about 60 miles. Area of upper lake. 94o.3 
 
 639 
 
ERN 
 
 ESC 
 
 acres; ef lower Take, 27,645 acres. The lakes are studded 
 with numerous islets. Klevation of lower lake above Done- 
 gal Bay. 148 feet. The Ulster Canal will connect these 
 waters with LouL'h Xeairh and Belfast. 
 
 ERNKK, ^R^nA', a town of France, department of May- 
 enne, on an affluent of the Mayenue, 17 miles N.N.W. of 
 Laval. I>op. in 1852, 5614. It has a college and manufac- 
 tures of neeilles. 
 
 KKNSTBKUNX, ^RnsfbrCSn, or EHRENSBRUXN. i/rgns- 
 br(5<(Q\ a market-town of Ix)wer Austria, in a beautiful val- 
 ley, 12 miles N. of Korneuburg. About 2 miles N.W., on a 
 height, stands the castle of Ernstbrunn, with a tine garden. 
 Pop. 14(.)0. 
 
 ERXSTHAL, jRns/tAl, a town of Saxony. 12 miles N.E. of 
 Zwickau. Pop. 2700. ~It has manufectures of woollens. 
 
 EROOB or EKROOB, an island of Torres Strait. See 
 Darnllt Island. 
 
 ERPEL, jK'pt-1. a town of Prussia, government, and 20 
 miles X.W. of Cobltntz. on the Rhine. Pop. 800. 
 
 ERPFIXGEX. jKp'fing-en, a village of WUrtemberg, 10 
 miles S. of Reutlingen. Pop. 744. 
 
 ERI'INGIIAM. a parish of Enprland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ERRIGAL. frVe-gawl', a i)arlsh of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Londonderry. 
 
 ERRIGAL KEROG0E, Jr-re-gawl' kee-r5g', a parish of 
 Ireland, co. of Tyrone. It has ancient ruins, and fine scenery. 
 
 ERRIGAL TROUGH, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Mona- 
 ghau and Tvroiie. 
 
 ER'RIXGDEX, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Hiding. 
 
 ER/RIS, a maratime district or barony of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, in the X.W. part of the co. of 5Iayo, with a sifigu- 
 lail3' wild and desolate mountain scenery. Pop. 26.428. 
 
 ER'RI.*nEAU. a lofty promontory in the above district, 
 forms the W. point of the Bay of Broadhaven, 5^ miles N. 
 of lielniallet. " 
 
 ERRO.VD, er'rocJ', a town of Ilindostan. presidency of 
 Madiae. 55 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor ; lat, 11° 21' N., Ion. 77° 
 45' E. : on a canal from the Bhavani. 
 
 ER'ROL. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, on the Tay, 
 10 miles, W.S.W. of Dundee. The village is beautifully 
 situiited. and gives the title of earl to the Hay femily. 
 
 ER'ROL, a post-township of Coos co,, Xew Hampshire, on 
 the W. side of Umbagog Lake, 30 miles N.E. of Lancaster. 
 Pop. 178. 
 
 ERROMAXGO ISLAXT). See New Hebrides. 
 
 ERROXAN, Jr'ro-ndn', or EOOTOOXA, foo-too'nl an island 
 in the South Pacific Ocean, in Xew Hebrides. Lat. 19° 31' S., 
 Ion. 170° 8' E. 
 
 pnjROOB, an island of Torres Strait, in Australasia. See 
 Darnley Isi.a.vd. 
 
 ERROOR', a small maritime town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of JIadras. 50 miles S.E. of Calicut. 
 
 ERSEK-UJ VAR, jRVhJk'-ooVvaR/, a market-town of Hun- 
 gary, 22 mill's S.S.E. of Xeutra, on the left bank of the Neu- 
 tra. Pop. 6785. It has a Franciscan and a normal school. 
 
 ERSKIX'E, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on the 
 Clyde, 5 miles W.X.W. of Renfrew. The Earls of Mar took 
 their surname from this parish, formerly their property. 
 
 KRSTEIX, jR'stine, a town of France, department of Bas- 
 Bhin, on the 111, and on the railway thence to Mulhausen 
 {or Mulhouse.) 12 miles S.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 
 3688. It has extensive manufactures of cotton goods, cord- 
 age, tobacco, tiles and earthenware. 
 
 ERTIXGEX. 5R'ting-en, a village of WUrtemberg, circle 
 of Danuljo, bailiwick and S. of Riedlingen. Pop, 1879. 
 
 ERTVAAG-OE, Ju'vog-o'Sh, an island of Norway, stift of 
 Trondbjem. Lat. 63° 13' N., Ion. 8° 20' E. Length and breadth 
 about 12 miles each. 
 
 ERTVKLDE. feRtVJl'deh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 9 miles N. of Ghent. Pop. 3060. 
 
 ERUSLAX, a river of Russia. See Yeroslak. 
 
 ERVA7., jR-vats/, or ERVAZZE, ^R-vSt/sA, a village of 
 Austria, in Dalraatia, circle, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Spalato, 
 near the Cettina. 
 
 ER/VIXG. a post-township of Franklin co., Massachusetts, 
 on the E. side of C^mnecticut River, and on the Vermont and 
 Massachusetts Railroad, 70 miles W.X.W, of I5oston. Pop. 527. 
 
 ERVY, iv>yee/. a town of France, department of Aube, 19 
 miles S.S.W. of Troves. Pop. 1821, It has manufactures of 
 coarse linens and wicker-work. 
 
 ERWA. ^R/wd\ anisland in the Red Sea,oneof the Dh.xlak 
 group. It is moderately high, and about 12 miles in cir- 
 cumference. 
 . ER'WARTON. a parish of England.co, of Suffolk. 
 
 ER'WASH. a river of England, co. of Nottingham, which 
 falls into tlia Trent, about 4 miles S.W. of Nottingham. 
 
 Elt/WI.X, a post-township of Steuben co., Xew York, 20 
 miles S.S. E. of Bath ; intersected by the Erie Railroad. Pod. 
 1859. ^ 
 
 E RAVIN CEN'TRE, a post-village of Steuben co., New 
 York, situated in the aliove township. 
 
 ERWIN'NA, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Delaware River, opposite Frenchtown, with which it is 
 connected by a bridge. 
 640 
 
 ERWINSVILLE, a post-village in Cleveliind co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 ER'WINTON, a post-office of Lamewell district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ER'WYRS, a township of North Wales, co. of D^nllgh. 
 
 ERXLElsEN, ^Rx'l.i'bfn. a village of Prr,;isi-«, rjOV<',fniiient 
 ofilagdeliurg. andlOniilesS.of Xew lialdei-sleben. P. 1687. 
 
 ERYTHR.i:UM MARE. See Rei, Sea. 
 
 E1;YX. in Northern Italy. See Leeici. 
 
 ERZBERG. ^Rts/bteo, ("Ore mouiitain.") a celebrated 
 mining district of Styria. circle of Bruck. The market-town 
 of Eisenerz lies at the foot of the Erzberg Mountain; and 
 here for upwards of 1000 years, extensive iron mines hove 
 been in operation. These yield annually 300,000 cwt. of the 
 best iron. On the summit of the mountain a colossal iron 
 crucifix, 25 feet in ele^ ation, was erected by the Aj'chduke 
 John in 1821 See EiSEyuBZ. 
 
 ERZEX, eR/zJn, (unc. Ar^ano'rum Op'pidvrnT or TJiOsf- 
 pia ?) a town of Asiatic Turkey. 85 milts E. of Diarbekir, on 
 the Erzen River an affluent of the Tigris. Near it, on the E,, 
 is the small lake Thospitis. 
 
 ERZEXGAX. er'zen-gdn', or ERZIXGEN, ?r'zin-ghJn', a 
 town of Asiatic Tiirkey. pashalic of Erzrofjm. in a fine 
 plain on the Euphrates, 75 miles W.S.W. of Erzroom. It 
 is said to comprise 3000 houses. 
 
 EliZEIlOUM or ERZLKUM. See Erzroom. 
 
 ERZ-GEBIRGE, ^Rtfi'ga-beeR'ga, ("ore mountains,") a 
 mounti\Jn chain of South Germany. boiii:ding Saxony on 
 the E. and Bohemia on the X.W„ and extending from the 
 FiL-htelberg N.E. to the Saxon Switzerland. Total length, 
 alwut 120 miles: average breadth, 25 mUes: average height, 
 25(10 feet, but the Schwarzwald rises to 4fiOl) feet. It is 
 abrupt on its S.E. side, mostly of primary formation, and 
 yields numerous mefcillic ores, whence its name. 
 
 ERZGEBIRGER-KREIS, ^Rts/ga-leen'tLher-krls, or EEZ- 
 GEBIRGE,adistrict or circleofSaxonj- prior to thenew divi- 
 sion of the liingdoni in 1835, It lay alons; the mountains 
 of the same name, and is now included chiefiy in the circle 
 or province of Zwickau, excepting small portions in the cir- 
 cles oj- provinces of Dresden and Leipsic. 
 
 ERZIXGEX, a town of Turkey. See EEZEXGAy, 
 
 ERZROOM, ERZROUM or ERZRUM. erzVoom'. (written 
 also ERZEROUM. ERZERUM, and ARZROOM, arz'i-oom',) 
 {».nc. Arztn f) the principal city of Armenia, in Asiatic Tur- 
 key, capital of a paslialic of the same name, in a plain on the 
 Kara Soo, or W. branch of the Euphrates, from 5500 to 6000 
 feetabovethesea, 30 miles long and 20 miles bnad. 120 miles 
 S.E. of Trebizond, and 155 mile^ W. of Mount Ararat. The 
 population, before the Russian inva.sion in ]8:i0. was esti- 
 mated at 100,000, but in 1844 it was only 4i),(Xl0; it is, how- 
 ever, regularly increasing. Elevation. 6100 feet. It is partly 
 enclosed by a wall 30 feet high, and has an extensive citadel. 
 The streets are narrow, filthy, and infested with dogs; the 
 houses are mostly of mud. timber, or sun-di ii?d bricks, Tlie 
 principal buildings are the Armenian and Greek churches 
 and schools, about 40 mosques, a large custoni-hi.use. and 
 numerous khans or caravanserais. Erzroom has an exten- 
 sive trade with all the adjacent countries, and is a chief halt>- 
 ing station for caravans going from Teheran to Jlecca. The 
 imports comprise shawls, silk, cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo, 
 niiidder. and rhubarb, from the E.. and broadcloths, chintzes, 
 shawls, and cutlery, from the W.. by way of the Black Sea. Its 
 vicinity is extremely fertile : and near it many cattle, horses, 
 mules, and sheep, are reared, which, with furs, galls, Ac, form 
 the principjil exports. Erzroom was founded about 415, near 
 the site of the ancient Arze. u;ider the name of Tliendosio- 
 jxtlis; and it was the bulwark of Armenia under the Byzan- 
 tines, as it still is under the Turk-s. its position rendering it 
 an important military post. Erzroom is supposed to be a 
 corruption of Ardz-lioom, i.e. "the land of Rome;"' the 
 Turks sometimes applying the name Room (or Rome) to any 
 territory that was recognised as forming a part of the ancient 
 Roman or Byzantine empire. 
 
 liRZROOM or ERZROUM, PASHALIC OF. one of the 
 great subdivisions of Asiatic Turkey, comprising the major 
 part of Turkish Armenia, mostly between lat. 39° and 41° 
 N., and Ion. 39° and 44° E.. having X. the pashalic of Trebi- 
 zond, W. Seevas, S. Diarbekir and Bagdad, (Koordistan,) and 
 E. Persia (Azerbai'jan't and the Russian dnmiiiions. (Georgi.'i, 
 &c.) It is a lofty table-land ; elevation estimated at 6(K)0 feet ; 
 traversed fi-om E. to AV. by several mouutjiiu chjiins. and 
 containing the sources of the Euphrates, Araxes, Koor, and 
 Tchoruk Rivers. The winter and spiing climate is severe, but 
 the summer heat is considerable. It has ui.any extensive and 
 fertile valleys, producing rye, barley, flax, and fine fruits, 
 and rich pasturages, feeding numerous herds of cattle. &c. 
 It is sul)divided into the districts of Eizroom, Kars, Ipsera, 
 Bayazeed, Moosh, Ac; the princijial to\M;sareoi >ameUHn e, 
 
 ESA, a river of the Sardinian States, See Lts. 
 
 ESA, A/si, (L. Imi.) a village of the Sardininn States, in 
 Piedmont, 6 miles E.X.E. of Nice, on a lofty height com- 
 manding a view of the sea, and, in clear weather, of the 
 mountains of Corsica. 
 
 ESCALA, LA. \i ^s-kj/li. a town of Spain. IS miles N.E. of 
 Geroua, with a fisliing port In the Mediterranean. Pop. 2295. 
 
ESC 
 
 ESK 
 
 ESCALAPLANO, Ss-ka-li-pUVno, or SCALAPLANO, skj- 
 j3-py/iio, a village. on the island of Sardinia, province, and 
 15 miles E. of Isili, on the S. slope of a hill between two 
 strenm.s. Pop. 1220. 
 
 KSCALOXA, fee-kS-lo'ni, a town of Spain, province, and 28 
 miles N.W. of Toledo, on the Alberche. Pop. 500. It has a 
 ruined palace, and remains of ancient walls. 
 
 ESC.\LONA, a marketrtown of Spain, province, and 12 
 miles N. of Segovia. Pop. lCrj8. 
 
 ESCALONILLA, Js-ki-lo-neeVj-d. a village of Spain, in 
 New Castile, 20 miles W.N.W. of Toledo, in a pleasant valley. 
 Pop. 21it5. 
 
 KSC AMBIA, a county forming the W. extremity of Flori- 
 da, bordering on Alabama. Area about 850 square miles. 
 The Perdido River bounds it on the W., and separates it 
 from Alabama; the Escambia River, from which the name 
 is derived, forms its K. boundary, and the S. border is wasiied 
 by the Gulf of Mexico. The surface is nearly level, and is 
 mostly covered by forests of pine ; the soil is generally poor. 
 Capital, Pensacola. Pop. 5708, of whom 3807 were free, and 
 1901 slaves. 
 
 ESCAM'BIA RIVER rises in Monroe co., Alabama, and 
 flows into an arm of Pensacola Bay. It is navigable to the 
 mouth of the Conecuh, which is also navi;;able more than 
 50 miles beyond this point. Above their junction the Cone- 
 cuh is the larg(!r stream. 
 
 ESCATAI'TA, or DCKJ RIVER, a small river of Alabama 
 and MLssissippi. Hows .southward and enters the Pascajroula 
 near its mouth, and near the S.E. extremity of Mis.sissippi. 
 
 E.SCATliO.V, Ss-kd-tron', a town of Spain, 42 miles S.E. of 
 Saragossa, near the confluence of the Martino and Ebro. 
 Pop. 22C3. 
 
 ESCAUT, a river of France and Belgium. See Scheldt. 
 
 ESCII.VU, fsh'dw, a market-town of Rav.iria, in Lower 
 Franconia, on the Elstiva, :!0 miles W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 7C0. 
 
 ESCriKLBACII, Jsh'el-baK\ a village of Baden, circle of 
 Lower Rhine, near Miesloch. Pop. 973. 
 
 ESCIIEXAU. &h'en-(5w\ a village of WUrtemberg, circle 
 of Neckar. 6 miles E. of Weinsberg, with a parish church 
 and a castle. Pop. 951. 
 
 ESCIIEXBACII, Jsh'i>n-bilK\ a town of Bavaria, 27 miles 
 S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 ESCIIENBACII, a village of Bavaria, 9 miles S.E. of 
 Anspach. 
 
 ESCHKXBACn, Jsh'fn-b3K\ a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 6 miles N. of Lucerne. 
 
 ESCIIEN'Z. ^shMnts, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton of Thurgau. on the Rhine. 13 miles E.S.E. of SchafT- 
 hausen. consisting of Ober and Unter Eschenz. Pop. 2016. 
 
 ESCIIERSIIAUSEN. fsh'frs-hOw'zen, a village of Bruns- 
 wick, on the Lenne. Pop. 1070. employed in linen-weaving. 
 
 ESCIIMUNEIN, a village of Central Egypt. See Obiimoo- 
 
 NEYX. 
 
 ESCIIOLTZ (Jsh'olts) BAY. an inlet of Kotzebue Sound. 
 In Behring Strait, Russian America, near the Arctic Circle, 
 Ion. 161° 10' W. Here some remarkable fossil remains have 
 been discovered. 
 
 ESCIKJLZ.MATT, 5Bh'olts-mJtt\ a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton of Lucerne, bailiwick of Entelbuch, 
 nearly 3000 feet above sea-level. Pop. 2908. 
 
 ESCIir.EFP. a town of Persia. See AstTRtTFF. 
 
 ESCIIWEPcE, feh'wcVghfh, a walb^d town of Uesse-Cassel, 
 province of Nieder-IIesson, on the AVerra, 26 miles fi.S.E. of 
 Cassel. Pop. 6012. It is a flourishing town, and has manu- 
 factures of woollens and linens. 
 
 ESCIIWEILK.R. ?ph'<~vner, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 9 
 miles il.X.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the railway thence to 
 Cologne. Pop. 7884. It manufactures ribands, woollens, 
 canvas, needles, iron wire, and machinery. 
 . ESCLU'SIIAM, Above and Baow, the name of two town- 
 ships of Xorth Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 ESCOCIA. and ESCOCE.S. See Scothnd. 
 
 EfCOiri:Atl. f-s'ko-hJg'. post-ofRoe. Kent oo., Rhode Island. 
 
 ES'COM (! K. a parochial chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 ESCOXAW'BA. a post-oftice of Delta co., Michigan. 
 
 ESCOXDIDO, fs-kon-dee'DO, (i. e. "hidden," or "shel- 
 tered,") a harbor of Cuba, on its S. coast, 60 miles E. of San- 
 tiago. 
 
 ESCOX'DIDO, a harbor of Venezuela, department of Zulia, 
 province of Coro, on the N. coast of the peninsula of Para- 
 guana. 
 
 ESCOXDIDO, a harbor of Xew Granada, department of 
 Isthmus, province of Cauca, on the E. side of the Bay of 
 Panama. 140 miles S.E. of Panama. 
 
 ESCOXDIDO. a harbor in the Gulf of California, in lat. 25° 
 55' X., Ion. 110° 45' W.. near Loreto. 
 
 ESCOXDIDO. a harbor of Yucatan, at the X.E. extremity 
 of Lake Terminos. Lat. 18° 50' N., Ion. 91° 5' W. It is the 
 name of the adjacent channel from Lake Terminos into the 
 Sulf of Mexico, and of the Bluefields River, in Central 
 Imerica. 
 
 ESCORIAZA. Js-ko-re-a'thd, a town of Spain, S3 miles 
 tf.W. of St. Sebastian, with mineral springs. Pop. 1761. 
 
 ES'CRICK. a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 ESCUDO, Ss-koo/do, an Island in the Caribbean Sea, about 
 2Q 
 
 9 miles from the X. coast of A'eragua. Lat. (W. point) 9° 6 
 24" X.. Ion. 81° 34' 30" \V. 
 
 ESCUDO DE VERAGUA, fs-koo'do d.i v.^-rj'gwa. a river 
 dividing Central from South America, flows into the Carilv 
 bean Sea. 
 
 E.^CUIXTLA, Js-kweent.'ld, a town of Central America, 
 on the Pacific. 35 miles S.W. of Guatemala, i'op. 2.500. 
 
 ESCULA'PIA, or SULl'IIUR SI'RIXGS, of Lewis CO., 
 Kentucky. This fashionable watering-place is situated in 
 a delightful valley. The buildings are large enough tfl 
 accommodate 200 persons. 
 
 ESCURl AL, ^s-koo-re-ai', or ESCORIAL. Js-ko-re-Sl', a town 
 of Spain, in Estremadura. province, and 32 miles S.E. of 
 Cnceres, on the side of a hill. Pop. 2300. 
 
 ESCUltlAL. Ss-koo-re-ai'. ESCORIAL. or ESCORIAL DK 
 ABA.IO, ^s-ko-re-,ai' d;l d-ld/no, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 24 miles X.W. of .Madrid, on the S.S.E. slojie of the 
 Sierra Guadarrama. Pop. 1326. It is remarkable for the 
 celebrated monastery and palace of the Escuiial in its vici- 
 nity. This splendid edifice, built by Philip II., is con- 
 structed in the form of a gridiron, and contains a magni- 
 ficent mausoleum for the meml>ers of the royal family, an 
 extensive collection of rare paintings, liooks, and MSS. It 
 is the usual residence of the court in autumn. 
 
 ESDRi^•:LOX or ESDRELOX, ^s-dree/lon, PLAIX OF, 
 (Turk. Mf-rj Ihno Amce.r.) a famous plain of Palestine, 
 pashalic. and from 10 to 30 miles S. of Acre, between Mounts 
 Carmel W. and ilermon and Gilboa E. It Is lii4hly fertile 
 and watered by the Ki.shon. It hits been the .scene of numer- 
 ous combats, both in ancient and modern times, and espe- 
 cially of the victory of Deborah and Barak over Sisera. 
 (Judges iv. 12-15.) 
 
 ESKXS, Jz'^nss or A/z?nss, a town of Hanover, near the 
 Xorth Sea. 26 miles X.E. of Emden. Pop. 2218. 
 
 ESGUEIRA, Js-gi/e-rd, a village of I'ortugal. province of 
 Beira. 22 miles. X.E. of Aveiro. Pop. 2900. It has a Bene- 
 dictine convent, the oldest in the kingdom. 
 
 ESII, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. It has a 
 handsome Roman Catholic college. 
 
 ESII'EiJ. a parish of lOngland. co. of Surrey. The royal 
 palace of Claremont, in this parish, was built by the great 
 Lord Clive, and purchased for the residence of the Princess 
 Charlotte and Prince Leopold in 1816. It was the residence 
 of Louis Philippe atler his abdication in 1848. Esber Place 
 is a splendid Gothic .structure, once occupied by Cardinal 
 Wolsey. and now the property of the Pelham family. 
 
 ESIIMOUXEYN, a village of Egvpt. See Oshmooxetn. 
 
 ESII'OLT, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. Esholt Ilall occupies the site of a nunnery. 
 
 ESIPTEJIO'A. an ancient town of Palestine, pa.shalic of 
 Damascus, identified with the modern village of Semooa or 
 Semua, 8 miles S. of Hebron, and has remains of antiquity. 
 
 ES1.A.X0, A-se-l'no, a village on the island of Sardinia, 
 province of Cagliari, in an exposed and rugged district on 
 the elevated plateau of Planargia. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ESIXE, .-l-see'nA, a village or Northern Italy, province of 
 Bergamo, 4 miles S. of Breno, on the Oglio. Pop. 1311. 
 
 ESIXO. A-si'o'no, a river of Central Italy, in the Marches, 
 rises on the X. sl'ipe of the Apennines, flows X.W., and enters 
 the Adriatic 7 miles X.W. of Ancona. Length. 40 miles. 
 
 ESK. fok, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and 
 about 3 miles X.X.E. of Donegal. Area, 976 acres. 
 
 ESK. a mountain range of Ireland, in Mun.ster, between 
 the COS. of Cork and Kerry. 
 
 ESK, a river of England, oo. of Cximberland. rises in Sea- 
 Fell, and flows S.W. for 20 miles into the Irish Sea, near 
 Ravenglass. 
 
 ESK. a river of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, formed by the 
 confluence of the Black and White Esk in Eskdalemuir, 
 flows 24 miles into Solway Frith, near Sarkfoot. Its valley 
 is noted fjr picturesque scenery. 
 
 ESKDALEMUIR, Jsk-dAl-miire', a parish of Scotland, co., 
 and 22 miles X.E. of Dumfries. This formed part of the 
 distiict of Eskdale, early settled by Norman barons. 
 
 ESKE, Jsk, a river of England, co. of York, Xorth Riding, 
 rises near Kildale. and flows E. into the Xorth Sea at Whitby. 
 
 ESK EE or ESKI, is/kee, (signifying "old,") a Turkish 
 prefix of the names of numerous towns. &e. 
 
 ESKEE ADALIA. fsTcee a-dd'lee/yd, the ruins of the an- 
 cient Side, in Asia Minor, pashalic of Adana. on the Mediter 
 ranean, 35 miles X'.W. of Alaya, comprising the remains of 
 defensive walls, and a large theatre. 
 
 ESKEE AXDAVAL. ?s/kee in-dd-vai'. a town of Turkey, 
 pashalic of Konieh, 6 miles X.E. of Xigdeh. and famous in 
 antiquity for its breed of horses. 
 
 ESKEE BABA, Js^kee bl'ba. a village of European Turkey, 
 in Room-Elee. 28 miles S.E. of Adrianople. 
 
 ESKEE (or ESKI) DJUMA, S.s/kee joo/md. a town of Bul- 
 garia, 18 W. of Shoomla. 
 
 ESKEE (or ESKI) EREKLT. ?s/kee e-r^kHee. a town of 
 Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Sea of Marmora, 55 miles W. of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 ESKEE (or ESKF; IIISSAR, ?.s/kee-his-sar', (ane. LanrH. 
 cefa.) a ruined city of Asia Minor, in Anatolia. 46 miles S.E. 
 of Ala-Shehr, (anc. Philadelphia,) has extensive remains of 
 
 611 
 
ESK 
 
 walls, two theatres, temples, &c.; but, having suffered 
 greatly frr m earthquakes, Its site is now wholly deserted. 
 
 JiSK EK (or ESKI) IIISSAR, (anc. Stratoniae'a.) a ruined 
 city of Asia Minor, in Anatolia. 55 miles S.E. of Ayasalook, 
 (anc. Eph'fsus.) It ha? extensiye remains, including a vast 
 temple and a theatre. 
 
 ESK E F>S AR A, is'kee sj'ri, or ESKI-SAGR A. Js'kee sl'grl, 
 a town of European Tut key, province of R(X)m-Elee. on the S. 
 elope of the Balkan Mr untains, 70 miles N.AV. of Adrianople. 
 Pop. 20,000.(?) It is fir.ely situated, and h."is manufactures of 
 carpets and leather. Near it are hot mineral baths. 
 
 ESKEE (or ESKI) SIIEIIR, h'kee shMi'r, (anc. Dori/- 
 loelumf) a town of Asia Minor. 27 miles E.N.E. of Kutaieh. 
 
 ESKEK STAMBOOL. (KSKI STAMBOUL.) fs'kee stdm- 
 bool'. is the anciei.t Alexaxdru Trmas, which see. 
 ESKEK, a river of European Turkey. See Isker. 
 ESKI. See Eskee. 
 
 ESKILSTUXA, Js-kil-stoo'nI. a town of Sweden, 57 miles 
 VT. of Stockholm, on the Hjelmar. Pop. 2486. 
 ESKILUP, a town of Asia Minor. See Iskixib. 
 ESKIMOS. See Esqiimaux. 
 
 ESK, NORTH, a river of Scotland, co. of Forfar, rises in 
 the Grampians, and flows 32 miles into the German Ocean, 
 3 miles N. of Montrose. 
 
 ESK, NORTH and SOUTH, two small but beautiful 
 streams, rise in the co. of Peebles, flow through Mid- 
 Lothian, unite near Dalkeith, and proceed to the sea at 
 Musselburgh. The X. branch flows past Roslin Castle and 
 Hawthoruden. 
 
 ESK, NORTH and SOUTH, two rivers of Van Dieman's 
 Land, district of Launceston, flow W. and join the Mac- 
 quarrie and Quamby to form the Tamar River, The town 
 of Launceston is on the North and Perth on the South Esk. 
 ESK, SOUTH, a river of Scotland, co. of Forfar, rises in 
 the Grampians, in the X.W. part of the co.. flows E. through 
 Strathmore, after a course of 36 miles, into _Monti-ose Ilar^ 
 bor. The towns of Brechin and Monti-ose are on its banks. 
 Fine pearls were formerly fished in this river. 
 
 ES1..\, ^sld, a river of Spain, which rises in the N. part 
 of the province of Leon, near Valdeburon. in the S. slope of 
 the mountains of Asturias. flows S.S.W., and joins the 
 Douro about 15 miles below Zamora, after a course of about 
 125 miles. 
 
 ESMERALDA, Js-mi-ril'dS, sometimes written ESME- 
 RELDA. a river of South America, in Ecuador, rises near 
 Quito, flows N.W., and enters the Pacific in lat. 0° 5S' N., 
 Ion. 79° 40' W., after a course of 110 miles. At its mouth is 
 a village of the same name. 
 
 ES.MERALDA. a mission settlement of Venezuela, on the 
 Orinoco, 16 miles E. of its bifurcation. 
 
 ESMER.4LDAS. fe-nitr-dl'dSs. a maritime town of Ecu.v 
 dor, province of Imlximbura. 95 miles N.W. of Quito, at 
 the mouth of the Esmereldas. ' Lat. 1° X.. Ion. 7!i° 35' W. 
 
 ESMERALDA. SERRA, .sjR'iid is-m.A-rdlUt a mountain 
 chain of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, between the Doce 
 and Belmonte Rivers. Lat. 1S° 30' S. Length from W. to 
 E.. alxiut 170 miles. 
 
 ESXEII, yinhh.. or ESN^. Iffak. written also ESXA, (Cop- 
 tic, 'Sne ; a.nc.Lato}Mtf,)the priucip.il eommerci;U town of Up- 
 per Efrypt.on the left bank of the Nile.25 miles S.of Thel>es. 
 L.<it. 25° 19' 39" N.. Ion. 32° 34' 30" E. It stands on a mound 
 of debris, 30 feet in height, and is the entrepOt for the Sen- 
 naar caravans. It has manufactures of cotton shawls, 
 potterj-, a cotton-spinning factory, and a Coptic monastery; 
 out it is chiefly remarkable for its ruins, especially for those 
 of a vast ancient temple. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 4000. 
 ESO. A'so. an i.iland of D.ilmatia. 8 miles "S.W. of Zara, in 
 the Adriatic, lietween the islands of Grossa and Ugliano. 
 Leu<ith. 7 miles; average breadth. Ij miles. 
 
 E/SOM HILL, a post-oflice of Paulding co.. Georgia. 
 ESO'PUS. a ])ost-yill.Tge and township of Ulster co.. New 
 York, on the Hudson River, about r8 miles S. by W. of Al- 
 bany. The village, situated 2 miles \V. of the river, has 
 several stores. Pop. of the township. 4734. 
 
 ESOPUS CREEK, of Ulster county, in the E. part of New 
 Tork, falls into the Hudson River 15 miles S.S.W. of 
 Catskill. 
 ES<»U.\N, a town of Egvpt. See Asswan. 
 ESI'ADACINTA, *s-pj bl-seen'ti, a fortified frontier town 
 (^ Portugal, province of Tra.s-os-Montes, on the right bank 
 of the Diiuro. 2i.) miles E. of Torre de Moncorvo. 
 ESI'AGNE. F.SPAGNOL. See Spaix. 
 ESI'ALION, S.s'pi"le^Sj(«, a town of France, departmentof 
 Aveyroii. on the Lot. 16 miles N,E, of Rodez. Pop. 2600. 
 ESI'ANA. ESPASfOL. See Spai.\. 
 ESI'AS.tLA. See Hatti. 
 
 ESI'ARDELL. Js-par-dJll', one of the Balearic Islands, in 
 the Mediterranean, a little N. of Formentera, and between 
 that island and Ivi^a. Lat. 38° 48' N., Ion. 1° 25' E. 
 
 ESPARRAGOSA-DE-LARES, ^s-paR-nd-go'sa dA li'rfs, a 
 town of Spain. Estremadura. 80 miles E. of Badajos. P. 2450. 
 ESl'ARRAGUERA. Js-paR-p.i-gA'ra. a town of Spain, in 
 Cataloni.1, 14 miles N.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. 
 Pop. 2.'i66. It has numerous cloth factories, paper mills, and 
 ft celebrated annual &ir. 
 642 
 
 ESQ 
 
 ESP ARTEL, CAPE, See Cape Spaetei. 
 ESPE.TO, f.s-pA'flo, a town of Spain, 25 miles S.E. of Cor- 
 dova, with the remains of a Moorish castle.' Pop. .52'!4. 
 
 ESl'ELETTE. Js'peh-lJttA a village of France, department 
 of Bas.ses-Pyren6«s. 12 miles S. of Bayonne. Pop. 160(1. 
 
 ESI'ER A, Js-pd'rJ. a town of Spain, 34 miles N.E. of Cadiz, 
 on the Guadalete. Pop. 1577. It has linen weavii.g. 
 
 ES/PERANCE, a post-village and township of Schoharie 
 CO., New York, on Schoharie Creek, 28 miles W. by N. of 
 Albany. Pop. of the township. 1409. 
 ESPERANCE, PORT. See Apamsojj"s IIaesor. 
 ESPERAZA, JVpfh-ri'zJ', a town of France, dop.nrtment 
 of Aude, 8 miles S. of Limoux, on the left bank of the Audc. 
 Pop. 1403. It has m.anufactures of hats. 
 ESPICHEL. CAPE. See Cape Espichel. 
 ESPIEL, fs-pe4!'. a town of Spain. 25 miles N.W. ot Cor- 
 dova, near the left hank of the Guadiato. Pop. 1088. 
 
 ESPIERRE, Js'pe-aiR', a village of Belgium. West Flan- 
 ders, 8 miles S.S.E. of Courtrai. Here the French force was 
 defeated by the Austrian* and Engli.sh. May 22, 1794. 
 
 ESPINWRDO, ?spe-naR'do, a town of Spain, province, and 
 2 miles N.N.W. of Murcia. Pop. 1SS7. 
 
 ESPINHAQO. SERRA DO, sSr/rS do ?s-peen-y3'so. a moun- 
 tain chain of Brazil, province of Bahia. extends from near 
 Bahia to the Uruguay. It contains rich diamond-mines. 
 
 ESPINOSA-DE-LOS-MONTEROS. Js-pe-no'si dA loce mon- 
 tA'roce, a town of Spain. 52 miles N. of Burgos, near the left 
 bank of the Trueba. Pop. 2298. Here the French gained a 
 victory over the Spaniards. November, 1S08. 
 
 ESPIRITO SANTO, Js-pVe-to sdn'to or fs-pee're-fo s,?n'to, 
 a small maritime province of Brazil, between lat. 1S° 30' .and 
 21° 20' S., having N. the province of Porto Seguro. and E. the 
 Atlantic. The principal rivers are the Doce, which bounds 
 it on the N., and the Parahiba do Sul. on the S. 
 
 ESPIRITO SANTO or VILLA VELHA D'ESPIRITO 
 SANTO, veelll vJi'yl dJs-pee're-to sin'to, the former capital 
 of the above province, is situated on the S. shore of the Bay 
 of Espirjto Santo. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ESPIRITU SANTO, Js-plr'e-too s.^n'to or ?.s-pee're-too s3n/- 
 to, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, province of Badajos, 
 42 miles E. of Llerena. 
 
 ESPIRITU SANTO, ?spli''e-too sin'to or Js-pee're-too s3n'- 
 to, a cape of Terra del Fueso; lat. 52° 38' S., Ion. 68° 37' W. 
 ESPIRITU SANTO, a town of Cuba, near the centre of the 
 island. Pop. 99';2. aVcut hiilf of whom are whites. 
 
 ESPIRITU SANTO, the largest and westernmost of the 
 New Hebrides Islands, iu the Pacific. Lat. 15° S., Ion 
 167° E. Length. 66 miles : breadth. 20 miles. 
 
 ESPIRITU SANTO, an island in the Gulf of California, 30 
 miles N. of \a P.iz. 13 miles in length by 5 miles in breadth. 
 ESPIRITU SANTO, a group of the Bahama Isliinds, 18 
 miles S. of .\ndros. 
 ESPIRITU SANTO BAY, Florida. See Tampa Bat. 
 ESPIT.\. ^s-pee-'td. a town of Central America, in Yuca- 
 tan, about 30 miles N. of Valladolid. Pop. ROOO. 
 
 ESPLUGA DE FRANCOLI. ?s-ploo'gi d-\ frjn-ko-lee', a 
 town of Spain, province, and 22 miles N.N.W. of Tarragona. 
 Pop. 2702, 
 
 ESPORL.\.S. Js-poEnjs, a town of Spain, on the island of 
 Majorca. 8 miles N.W. by N. of Palma. In its vicinity are 
 some curious natural caverns. Pep. 1857. 
 
 ESPOSEND.\. Js-po-sfn'da, a maritime town of Portugal, 
 province of Minho. at the mouth of the Cavado, 26 miles N. 
 of Oporto. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ES'PY, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsylvani.a, on 
 the North Branch of the Susquehanna, about 85 miles 
 N.N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 ES'PY VI LLE. a post-village of Crawford co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Shenan'TO Creek, 110 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 ESQUERMES. fs'kaiRm/, a village of France, department 
 ofNord. Pop. 1707. 
 
 ESQUILLADO, L', iJs-keel-yd/do, a smaU island in the 
 Mediterranean, near the coast of France. Lat. 43° 3' N., 
 Ion. 0° 34i' E. 
 
 ESQUI>I.\UX, fste-mC' or fs'ke-m^z, sometimes written 
 ESKIMOS. ('• eaters of raw flesh."') the present inhabitants 
 of Arctic America and Greenland, of Mongol origin, and con- 
 sisting of three principal stocks:- -the Kalalits. better known 
 by the name of Greenlanders; the Esqtiimaux proper, on the 
 N, and E. coast of Labrador: and the Western Esquimaux, 
 found along Hudson's Bay. the W. side of Bafiin's Bay. the po- 
 lar shores of America, as far as the mouths of the Coppt>rmine 
 and Mackenzie Rivers, and both on the American and Asi- 
 atic sides of Behring's Straits. This last locality gives them 
 the remarkable peculiarity of l)eing the onlyabori-inal race 
 common to the Old and the New \Vorld. Their leading phy- 
 sical pe<-uliarities are a stunted stature, (seldom exceeding 
 five feet in height."* flattened nose, projecting cheek-bones, 
 thick lips, eyes often oblique, and yellow and biTwnish 
 skin. The dress of the men consists chiefly of a cloak of 
 seal-skins, which reaches to the knees; and that of the wo- 
 men differs from it only in a few minute points, often 
 scarcely discernible. In summer Xhey .ivo in teuts covered 
 with the skins of rein and fallow deer, in wluti^r they may 
 be said to burrow beneath the snow Their cLief depoiid- 
 
ESQ 
 
 ence for food is on fishing, particularly on that of the seal. 
 Their weapons are bows and arrows, and spears or lances, 
 generally pointed with stones or bones, but sometimes with 
 copper. Their language consists of long compound words, 
 and has regular though remarkable inflections. In gram- 
 matical structure, at least, it is American. In intellect they 
 are by no means deficient, and the success which ultimately 
 attended the labors of the Danish missionaries proves their 
 capability of receiving Christianity, of understanding its 
 truths, and conforming to its precepts. 
 
 ESQUI.M.4UX, Js'ke-mo\ an island and harbor of North 
 America, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the N. or Labrador 
 coast. Lat. 54° 35' N., Ion. 5ij° 21' W. The island is 2| miles 
 long and Ij broad, and al)Out 2iX> or 250 feet in height on 
 the N. side. The harbor is between the X. side of the island 
 and the mainland. 
 
 ESQUINA, Is'ketyni, a town of the Argentine Republic, 
 (La Plata,) province of Corrientes, on the left bank of the 
 i'arani. Pop. SOO. 
 
 KSQUIPULAS. Js-Ue-poo'lSs, a town of Central America, 
 state of Guiitemala, 18 miles S. by E. of Chlijuimula. Pop. 
 1800. 
 
 ESROM, Js'rom, a lake of Denmark, in the island of See- 
 land, 11 miles W. of Elsinore. Area, 8 .square miles. Near 
 its X. end is a small village of the same name. 
 
 E.?S, iss. a magnificent cataract of Ireland, in Leinster, co. 
 of 'VVicklow, 4f miles W. of Ulendalough. formed by the 
 Avonbeg lUver. 
 
 ESSAKTS, Ll-^S, lAi ^s'saR', a town of France, department 
 of A'endee. 10 miles N.E. of Bourbon Vendee. Pop. 2727. 
 
 ESSl5, ia^sAf, a village of yrance, department of ]lle-et- 
 Vilaine, 16 miles S.W. of Yitre, with 1703 inhabitants ; and 
 Dear which is the Roche-aux-Fees, a Druidic monument oc- 
 cupying a space about 20 yards in length from S.E. to N.W., 
 and consisting of 43 large blocks, 34 of which support 8 
 others. 
 
 ESSECK, a town of Austria. See Eszek. 
 
 ESSKX, i.s'pgn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Co- 
 logne and Miuden Railway, 19 miles N.X.E. of Dusseldorf. 
 I'op. 2. 1,7 6fi, employed in niiinnfaetures of fire-arm.'*, steam- 
 engines, steel and iron wares, leather, vitriol, woollen and 
 linen goods, and coal-mines. It has Roman Catholic and 
 Lutheran churches, an old Capuchin convent, and a gym- 
 na.siura. It is the seat of a mining board and a municipal 
 court of justice. 
 
 E.S.SKN,a villageof Hanover, 13 miles E.N.E. of Osnaburg. 
 Pop. 832. 
 
 ES.SKX, a village and parish of Oldenburg, circle of Klop- 
 ponliurg, 31 miles S.S.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 748. 
 
 ES'.SEXDI.\E, a parish of England.' co. of Rutland. 
 
 ES'SE.VUOX. a parish of Kngland, co. of Herts. 
 
 E.SSKQUIBO, fe-seh-kee'bo, (more properly ESSEQUEBO, 
 ^.s'se-kd'bo.) the principal river of British Guiana, in South 
 America, enters the Atlantic, in the N'.W. part of that co- 
 lony, by an estuary 20 miles in width, in lat. 7° \., Ion. 58° 
 40' \V., after a course of at least 450 miles. One of its sources 
 has been reached by Sir R. Sehomburgk. In Lit. 0° 41' N. 
 Affluents, the Uipununy or Rupunoony. Massenx>ny, and 
 Cuyuui. Its course lies through f irests of the most gigantic 
 vegetation. It abounds with islands, and in Its estuary are 
 three or four of considerable size. Alwut 60 miles from its 
 mouth are the Falls of Etiibally. It gives Its name to a 
 county of British Guiana. 
 
 ES'SEX. a maj-itime county of England, having X, the 
 counties of Cambridge and Suifolk, E. the North Sea, S. the 
 Thames, and W. Middlese.x and Herts. Area. 081,120 acres, 
 of which nearly 900,000 acres are anable. Pop. ia 1851, 309.318. 
 Surface, towards the Thames and the sea. flat, marshy, and 
 much broken into peninsulas .and islands; In the centre 
 and N., beautifully diversified and richly wooded. Princi- 
 pal rivers, the Thames. Lea, Stour. Roding, Crouch, Colne, 
 Chelmer, and Blackwater. Soil mostly a fertile loam. Cli- 
 mate on the coiist damp, and pnxlncing agues: in other 
 parts clear and healthy, less rain falling than, jjerhaps, in 
 any other English county. The forming is ranked among 
 the best in England. The quality of the Essex wheat is 
 very superior. Besides the usual crops, teazels, 8<iffron, car- 
 raway, and hops are largely grown. Great numbers of 
 calves are f ittened for the London market, and the butter 
 of Epping is of the finest quality. The stock of sheep is 
 estimated at from 500,000 to 600.000 head. Essex contains 
 14 hundreds. 6 halthundreds. and a royal liberty, comprising 
 406 parishes In the home circuit and dioceses of London and 
 of Rochester. Chief towns. Chelmsford, (the capital,) Colches- 
 ter. Maldon. and Harwich. The county is intersected by the 
 Eastern Counties Railway. It sends ten members to the 
 House of Commons, of which two are for its northern, and 
 two for its .southern, divisions. It gives the title of earl to 
 the Coningsby family. — This was the name of a kingdom of 
 the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, comprising the above county, 
 Es.<!ex, and parts of the counties of Middlesex and Hertford- 
 shire. 
 
 KS'SEX, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Ver- 
 mont, has an area of 79i) square miles. It is Imunded on 
 the E. by the Connecticut River, and is drained by the Pas- 
 
 ESS 
 
 sumpsic, Clyde, Nulhegan, and several other streams. P 
 contains numerous small lakes and ponds. The surface Is 
 rough and mountainous, and the soil generally pt or and 
 unfruitful; along the bank of the Connecticut there is. 
 however, some good land. The Atlantic snid St. I awrenes 
 Railroad passes through the N.E. part of this county. Or- 
 ganized in 1792. and named from p;ssex. a county in Eng- 
 land. Capital, Guildhall. Pop. 5786. 
 
 ESSEX, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Massa- 
 chusetts, has an area of about 500 square miles. It ia 
 bounded on the E. by the Atlantic, and on the S.E. by JIas 
 sachusetts Bay, and Is traversed by the Merrimack and 
 Ipswich Rivers. It has a great extent of .sea coast, and 
 many fine bays, which afford excellent harljors. A large 
 portion of the great wealth of the inhabitants of the sea- 
 board towns is invested in commerce and the fisheries. The 
 interior towns are manufacturing and agricultural. Until 
 within the last few years the manufacture of leather and 
 shoes were almost the only branches of industry; but re- 
 cently numerous steam cotton and woollen mills, erected in 
 Lawrence. Salem, and Xewburyport, have contributed very 
 much to the industrial prospects of the countj-. The sur- 
 face is generally rough and rocky, and the soil hard, but 
 well cultivated. The Merrimack River Is navigable for 
 sloops of 200 tons to Haverhill, in this county. Es.sex is 
 traversed by railroads connecting Boston with Gloucester, 
 Portsmouth, Portland, and Manchester, and several short 
 lines partly Intersect It. Organized In 1642. Seats of jus- 
 tice, Salem, Ipswich, Lawrence, and Newburyport. I'op. 
 105,611. 
 
 ESSEX, a county in the N.E. jwirt of New York, has an 
 area of about 1050 square miles. It Is bounded on the E. 
 by Lake Champlaln, and the river Au Sable forms part of 
 northern boundary. It is drained by the head-waters of 
 the Hudson, and by Boquet and Scroon Rivers, all of which 
 afford motive-power for numerous grist and saw mills. The 
 surface In the western part is rough and mountainous, and 
 usually thickly wooded, but along the lake shore It is much 
 more level. 5it. Tahawus is thi; principal elevation and the 
 highest mountain In the state. The soil is generally good. 
 This county abounds In Iron ore and limestone, and some 
 marble and blacklead have been found. Organized in 1799, 
 having previouslv formed p.art of Clinton county. Capital, 
 Elizabethtown. top. 28,214. 
 
 ESSEX, a county in the N.E. part of New Jersey, has an 
 area of about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Passaic River, Newark Bay, and Staten Island Sound, on 
 the W. by Piissaic River, and Bound Brook, and on the S. by 
 Union county. These streams, especially the Pas.saic. afford 
 valuable water-power. The surface is generally level, but in 
 some portions hilly; and in the western part are two eleva- 
 ted ranges, known by the local names of First and Second 
 Mountains, which traverse the county from S.W. to N.E. 
 The soil is mostly derived from red shale, and is in many 
 places highly productive. The New Jersey Railroad, the 
 New Jersey Central R R., and the Morris Canal traverse this 
 county, which is also partly intersected by the Morris and 
 Essex RR. Organized in 1710. Capital, Newark. Pop. 98,877. 
 ESSEX, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an area 
 of about 300 square miles. The Rappahannock River forms 
 the N.E. boundary. The snrface in the W. part is uneven ; 
 the soil is generally sandy, and moderately fertile, having 
 been improved by guano, lime and marl. The river is na- 
 vigable by small vessels, along the border of the county. 
 Formed in 1692. Capital, Tappahannock. Pop. 10,409, of 
 whom 3773 were free, and 6690 slaves. 
 
 ESSEX, a thriving post-village and township in Chitten- 
 den CO., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 35 
 miles N.W. of Montpelier. At Essex Junction, In this 
 township, a branch railroad diverges to Burlington. The 
 village contains 3 or 4 churches and several stores. Pop. of 
 the township, 1906. 
 
 ESSEX, a post-village and township of Essex oo.. Mass.a- 
 chusetts, on an arm of Squam Bay, 28 miles N.E. of Boston. 
 Several vessels are owned here, employed in the coast trade 
 and fisheries, and some ship-building is carried on. top. 
 of the township, 1701. 
 
 ESSEX, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Connecticut, on the right bank of the Connecticut River, 7 
 miles from its mouth, and 30 miles E. of New Haven. The 
 village contains 4 churches, an academy, 2 banks, an exten- 
 sive ropewalk, 10 stores, 2 carriage-factories, a woollen- 
 mill, and 4 soap-factories, &c. The inhabitants are consid- 
 erably engaged in ship-building and the coast-trade. Pop. 
 1764. 
 
 ESSEX, a post-village and township of Essex co.. New 
 York, on the W. shore of Lake Cliamplain, about 130 miles 
 N. by E. of Albany. It has a steamboat landing, 3 or 4 
 churches, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 1633. 
 ESSKX, a post-offlce of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 ESSEX, a post-township in the N. part of Clinton co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1013. 
 ESSEX, a township in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 189. 
 ES'SEX, a peninsular county of Canada West, Is situated 
 
 643 
 
ESS 
 
 lief'W^n Tjak.es St. Clair and Huron, comprising an area of 
 677 squire miles It is traiersed by the Great Western 
 Eailway, which has its terminus at AVindsor in this county. 
 Capital". Sandwich. Pop. 16,817. 
 
 KS'SIK-wiTH-NK'VAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 E.S'.SINGTON, a township of Kn'.'land. co. of Stafford. 
 
 ES'SlXtiTON, Northern Australia. See Port KssiSGTOJf. 
 
 ES-SIOUT, a town of Upper Ksrypt. See SiooT. 
 
 ESSLFNG, Sss'Iing, a village of Ix>wer Austria, on the Da- 
 nube, 7 miles E. of Vieun.i. Between this village and As- 
 pern was fouirht a sanguinary but indecisive lattle by the 
 French and Austrians on the 21st and 22d of Jlay, 1809. 
 Both villajies were at th;»t time destroyed, but have since 
 been rebuilL 
 
 E.SSLINGEN, Sss'ling-^n, a town of AViirtemberg, circle of 
 Xeckar, on the Neckar, and on the railway to Ulm, 7 miles 
 E.S.E. of Stuttgiirt. Pop. 15,059. It is enclosed by -.vails, and 
 ill built ; principal edifices, an old castle on a height, and a 
 handsome town-hall. It has a richly endowed hospital, va- 
 rious seminaries, manufactures of woollen and cotton cloths 
 and yarn, lacquered tiu-wares, glue, and paper mills. 
 
 ESSJNXE, Ss\sonn', a river of France, dep;irtments of 
 Loii-et and Seine-et-Oise. rises 12 miles N.E. of Orleans, after 
 a N. course of 45 miles, joins the Seine at Corbeil. It turns 
 numerous tiour mills. 
 
 ESSONXE, a village of France, department of Seine-et- 
 Oise, on the above river, half a mile S.W. of Corlieil. Pop. in 
 1>52, 3439, employed in flour, fulling and tobacco mills, and 
 'uanuf ictures of table liuen. 
 
 ES-SOU.\N, a town of Upper Egypt. See AsswAX. 
 
 ESSOYES, is'svri/, a town of France, department of Aude, 
 10 miles S.E. of Bar-sur-Seine. Pop. 1727. 
 
 ES'TABROOK, a thriving village of Anderson co., Ten- 
 nessee, about 160 miles E. ol^ Nashville. It has an extensive 
 manufactory of salt, and sulphur springs which are consi- 
 dered valuable. 
 
 ESTACA, PUNTA DE LA. poon'ta dA li fs-tdOcl a pro- 
 montory on the N. of Galicia, forming the northernmost 
 point of Spain. Lat. 4;5° 48' .\., Ion. 7° 42' \V. 
 
 EST.^OEL, Ss'ti'zhM'. a town of France, department of 
 Pyr6aees-0rientales, on the Gly, 11 miles W.N.W. of Per- 
 piguaii. Pop. in 1852, 2-359. employed in distilleries and 
 marble quarries. It was the birthplace of Ai-ago. 
 
 ESTAIKES, SsHia', a town of France, department of Nord, 
 on the Lys, 13 miles W. of Lille. Pop. 3207, employed in 
 manufactures of linens and soap. 
 
 E^TAMPES, a town of France. See Etampes. 
 
 EST.VXCIA, ^s-tin'se-i, a town of Brazil, 25 miles S.W. 
 of Sergipe, on the Piauhi. Pop. 3000. 
 
 EST.\PLES, a town of France. See Etaples. 
 
 EST.\RAC, feHlVik'. an old subdivision of France, in the 
 province of Guienne, of which Mirandewas the capital, now 
 included in the departments of Gers and Ilautes-Pyrenfies. 
 
 KSTAKREJA. Js-taR-Ra'zhd. a town of Portugal, province 
 of Pouro. on the Antua, 23 miles fi-om Oporto. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ESTAVAYER or ESTAVAYE. is'ii^tyfJ, (Ger SUfMs, 
 ftjf'iis,) a small town of Switzerland, canton, and 15 miles 
 AV.N.W. of Freyburg, on the E. shore of Lake Xeufchatel. 
 Pop. 1703. It has an old castle, a Dominican nunnery, and 
 a Jesuits' college. 
 
 ESTE, Ss'teh, a river of Hanover, joins the Elbe 7 miles 
 W. of Altona, after a course of 26 miles. 
 
 ESTE. Js'td, (anc. Ate^le.) a town of Lombardv, capital of 
 a district, 17 miles S.S.W. of Padua. Pop. 8000, employed 
 in manufactures of silk twist, linens, and earthenware. It 
 is picturesquely situated and well built: its houses are sup- 
 ported on arches, .ind it has a church and leaning tower in 
 the I'lOmanesqne style. The Rocca or castle, near the town, 
 is a fine feudal fortress, on the site of the seat of the Este 
 family, from whom the sovereigns of Great Britain, Hano- 
 ver, Brunswick, and Modena are descended. 
 
 ESTKBAX-DE-NOGALES. Js-td-Bln'-di-no-ga/lls, a town 
 of t^pain. 32 miles X.X.E. of Leon. Pop. 720. 
 
 ESTELL.V, Js-til'yd, (anc. AVbat) a town of Sp,"iin, 26 miles 
 S.AV. of Pamplona. Pop. 6192. It has an old castle, several 
 churches and convents, a hospital, college, and manufac- 
 tures of woollens. 
 
 ESTELLIXE FUR/XACE, a post-office of Augusta co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 ESTELVILLE, a post-office of Atlantic co.. New Jersey. 
 
 ESTEPA, Js-t;l/pl. (anc. AstiApa.) a town of Spain, 54 miles 
 E.N.E. of Seville, with a fine palace of the family of Centu- 
 rion. Pop. 6559. 
 
 KSTEPONA. fe-t.i-po'nl, a maritime town of Spain, 41 
 miles S.W. of Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 9251. 
 Chief industry, fishing, linen weaving, and manufactures 
 of leather. It has an old Roman castle in the centre of the 
 town. 
 
 ESTERHAZY, fs'ter-hi^zee, orESTERIIAZ, (Ilun. Eszter- 
 ha;, J.'i'tJr.'hJz',) a village of Lower Hungary, near the S.E. 
 extremity of the Neusiedl Lake, 41 miles W.S.W. of Pre.s- 
 burg. Pop. 375. Here is a magnificent palace of Prince 
 Esterhazy, built in 1700 in the Italian style, surrounded by 
 a noble park. 
 
 ESTHOXI.A., fs-tho'ne-J, orKETEL, rSy'S, (Ger. EsOdatid, 
 frU 
 
 EST 
 
 Jst'lant.) a government of Russia, between lat. 58° 16* and 
 39° 40' N., and Ion. 22° 10' and 28° 5' E., having E. the 
 government of St. Petersburg, S. Livonia and Lake 
 Peipus, N. the Gulf of Finland, and W. the Baltic, in 
 which it comprises the islands of Dago, 'Worms, Ac. Area, 
 8054 square miles. Pop. 289,800. Surface generally flat; 
 shores i-ocky. Principal rivei-s, the Narva, Loksa, Keyel, all 
 flowing N. Soil sandy or marshy, and climate humid; 
 about two-thirds of it covered with pine forests, or unpix)- 
 ductive. Jlore corn is, however, raised than is reiju?red 
 for home consumption: besides flax. hemp, hops, and to- 
 bticco. JIany cattle are reared, and the fisheries .are impoit- 
 ant. Except distilling, the mauuCictures are almost wholly 
 domestic. The principal exports are corn, spirits, salt fish, 
 and hides. Principal impjrts, herrings and salt. The in- 
 habitants are mostly of Finnish des'eut, and Protestants. 
 The government is subdi\ iJed into six circles. Principal 
 
 towns. Revel, llapsal, Weisseustein, and Wesenberg. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Estuoxian, 6s-tho'ue-an. 
 
 ES/TILL, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Kentucky River, dividing it nearly in the middle, 
 and also drained tiy Red River. The surface is hilly and 
 mountainous, and partly covered by forests. The soil is 
 fertile. Iron-oi-e .and stone c-oal are abundant in the moun- 
 tains. The .streams furnish valuable motive-power. Estill 
 county was formed in 1808, and named in memory of Cap- 
 tain James Estill, who was slain in a biittle witli the In- 
 dians in 17J<2. Capital, li-viue. Pop. 08b6, of whom G379 
 were free, and 507 slaves. 
 
 ESTILL'S MILLS, a post-office of Platte co., Slissouri. 
 
 ESTTILLVILLE, a post-village, capital of Scott co, Vir- 
 ginia, on Moccasin Creek, 357 miles W. by S. of Kichmond. 
 1 ron-ore and coal are abundant at this place. It contains 
 1 or 2 churches, and about tO dwellings. 
 
 ESTRELL.\, Js-trJl'yJ, a river of Central America, state 
 of Costa Rica, enters the Pacific near Quaypo, after a S.W. 
 course of 50 miles. 
 
 ESTRELLA, a town of New Granada, province of An- 
 tioquia, 5 miles S.W. of Medellin. 
 
 ESTRELL.A., PORTO DA. poR'toddJs-trJiai. a maritime vil- 
 lage of Brazil, on the h.iy of Rio de Janeiro, 16 miles N. of Rio. 
 
 ESTRELLA, SERR.\ DA. (sJr'rI di) a mount.tin range 
 of Portugal, province of Beira, extending from S.W. to N.E. 
 for about 75 miles, and having one peak which rises to 
 7524 feet in height. 
 
 ESTRELLA, SERRA DA. sJe'eS dJ Js-trJl'lS, a mountain 
 chain of Brazil, pi-ovince of Rio de Janeiro. Length, from E. 
 to W., alwut IS miles; average hei;,'ht. 3400 feet. 
 
 ESTREMADURA, f.s-trA-mit-Doo'ril. (Fr. Ettrimadure. Is"- 
 tr.VmdMuR'.) an old province in the S.W. of Spain, bounded 
 N. by the province tf Leon, E. by New and Old Castile. S. 
 by Andalusia, and W. by Portugal, now comprised in the 
 provinces of Badajos and Caceres. Area. 14,742 s<juare 
 miles. Pop. 601,124. On the N. it is bounded by the Sier- 
 ras de Gredos, Bejar, and Gata; on the.S. by that of Con- 
 stantina. a continuation of the Sierra Morena; and in the 
 centre it is divided by the Sierras de Guadalupe and San 
 Benito, into two regions, the N. watered by the Taj;us. and 
 the S. by the Guadiana. Soil very fertile, but almost wholly 
 devoted to pasturage. Agriculture is greatly neglected; 
 much less corn, wine, flax, hemp, <ic.. is raised than is re- 
 quired for home consumption; and chestnuts form a large 
 portion of the food of the inhabitants. Four millions of 
 merino sheep are said to be driven hither to feed every 
 winter; ana vast herds of hogs, goats, and cattle are reared. 
 Le.ad, copper, silver, and iron mines exist here, but they are 
 nearly all neglected; and manufactures are insignificant. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Estremenian. ^tre-mee'ne-gin. The 
 
 Spanish Estremeno.'S, fs-trA-ni.in'yoce is sometimes used by 
 English writers to designate the inhabitants. 
 
 E.STREM.\DURA, es-trA-md-doo'rl, an adminstrative 
 province of Portugal, on the Atlantic Ocean: capital, Lis- 
 bon. Area, 7256 sijnare miles. I'op, in 1853, 74>,661. The 
 Tagus divides it into two nearly equal parts, the X. of which 
 is more mountainous than the S.. but also more fertile. It 
 is frequently visited by earthquakes. Principal products, 
 wine, fruits, oil, honej. cork, sumach, and salt. Nearly 
 sufficient corn is raised fox home consumption. Few mines 
 are wrought; and manufactures are unimporUmt. The 
 province is subdivided into the districts of Lisbon, Leira, 
 and Santarem, besides which cities it comprises Setubal, 
 Torres-Vedras, Thomar, and Cintni. 
 
 ESTREMERA, ^s-tr-A-m-Vri a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile, pi-oviuce, and 32 miles E.S.E. of Madrid, near the 
 Tagus. Pop. 29J6. 
 
 ESTREMOZ, es-trA-mOze'. sometimes written ESTREMEZ, 
 a fortified town of Portugal, N. p;at of the province of Alem- 
 tejo. 23 miles N.E. of Evora. Pop. C600. It has a strong 
 castle on an eminence, an arsenal, and cavalry barracks, 
 manufactures of earthenware, and a trade in hardwares. 
 Near it are marble quarries. 
 
 ESTREMOZ, Js-trA-mOze', a town of Brazil, province of 
 Rio-Grande-do-Norte, on the Lakeof Gmyiru. about Iti miles 
 N. of Natal, and 12 miles from the sea. Pop. about I'l^C. 
 
ESZ 
 
 ETO 
 
 ■SSZKK, ESSECK, ?s's6k\ or ESSEGG, Is'sJg, (Slavonic, 
 0«i/.% os'slk; anc. Mur'sia or Mur'm,) one of the most 
 strongly fortified towns of the Austrian Empire, capital 
 of Slavonia, on the Drave, (on v'hioh it has a steam- 
 packet station.) 13 miles from it« confluence with the Da- 
 nube. Pop. ]2.2tJ2. The modern fortress contains many 
 miissive buildings, including an arsenal and barracks for 
 SU.OOO men. strengthened by additional works on the oppo- 
 site bank of the Drave. Around it. beyond its glacis, are 
 the upper, lower, and new towns, in which last most of the 
 trade is conducted. It has Roman Catholic, (Jieek. and 
 other churches, a town council-house, a gymnasium, and a 
 normal schmil. It has manufactures of silk stuffs, and large 
 fairs for corn, cattle, and hides. 
 
 KSZTKKHAZ, a village of Hungary. See Esterhazy. 
 
 ET.IlBLES, i'tilh'l', a maritime town of France, dep.Trt- 
 ment of Cotes-du-Nord, on the English Channel, 8 miles 
 N..\.\V. of .St. Hrieuc. Pop. 1018. 
 
 KT.VIX, kHky'. a town of France, department of Meuse, 
 on an affluent of the Moselle, in a marshy tract, 12 miles 
 E.N.E. of Verdun. I'op. in 18o2, 2875. It has a communal 
 colK'ge, and manufictures of cottons. 
 
 E'TAL. a township of England co. of Northumberland, 9 
 miles X.N.W. of Wooler. llere are ruins of a castle, Viuilt 
 by Sir II. Manners in the reign of Edward I. 
 
 ET.-VI.K, d-td/lgh, a market-town of Belgium, province of 
 Luxembourg, 24 miles S.W.of Bastogne. 
 
 ETA.MPE8, 4'tdMp', formerly written ESTAMPES, (anc. 
 Stamipa'f) a town of France, department of Seino-et-Oise, 
 stretching, with its suburbs, for 2 miles along the post-road 
 between Paris and Orleans, 30 miles S.S.W. ot Paris. Pop. 
 in 1852, 808.3. It has a station on the Paris and Orleans Rail- 
 way, a Gothic church of the thirteenth century, and the re- 
 m.iiiis of a royal castle. In the town and its vicinitj' are nume- 
 rous flour-mills, and it is estimated to sui)ply Paris with 
 nearly half the quantity of flour consumed in that capital. 
 It has also manufactures of soap, hosierv, and linen thread. 
 
 ETA PLK8 or E.ST A Pli liS, AHdp'P, (anc! SUxpulce f) a seaport 
 town of France, department of I'as do Calais, on the Canche, 
 near its mouth, 15 miles ^. of Boulogne. Pop. in 1852, 22ii7. 
 It-s importance, as a military post, has long ceased; and its 
 castle, built in lltiO, is now a ruin: but it retains its trade 
 in salt, and has breweries and distilleries. 
 
 ETAT,«UMS. See Unitkb States. 
 
 ETAWAII, ^rtJ'wa, or ETAWEII, ^tHj'wfh. a district of 
 British India, presidency of Bengal, in the Donb. Are.a, 3450 
 square miles. Principal towns, Minpooree and Etawah. 
 
 ET.WVAII, a town of British India, wipital of the above 
 district, on the .Imnna, fti miles S.E. of Agra, with remains 
 of foimer grandeur, now in decay. 
 
 E T'ClIKIiLS, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 E'L"('IIi;.\IIX, ^i/che-piin, (Fr. pron. ^tcli^'h-milN".') or 
 ECHKMIX, a river of Canada East, flowing from a lake of 
 the sjime name, lat. 46° 21' N., Ion. 70° 37' \V. It falls Into 
 the 8t. Ijiwrence, between 3 and 4 miles alwve Quebec. En- 
 tire length, alxjut 50 miles. 
 
 ETCUULIIAMI'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Wilte. 
 
 ETCII'r.NGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ErCII.Ml.\l)ZlN, a town of Persia. See Echmiadzin. 
 
 ETEl). AH^d', or ETETA, A'tA'tOh\ a village of Austria, 
 Transylvania, tldvarhely-Szekler-Stuhl, 25 miles E,S.£. of 
 Maro.s-Vasarhely. I'op. 1283. 
 
 ETETITZ. a village of Hungary. See Ette. 
 
 ETH'iOKIUGK, a village of Jones co., Georgia, 17 miles 
 VT. bv N.of Milledgi'ville. 
 
 ETmOPIA, e-the-o'p(>-a, (Tj. ^IhMpia; Gr. A(0ioir(a, 
 Ailhvijna.) the name given by the ancient geographers to 
 the countries S. of Egypt. It was often vaguely applied to 
 the whole southern part of Africa, from the Red Sea to the 
 Atlantic; or, to speak more correctly, as far AV. as the know- 
 ledge of the ancients extended. In its most exact political 
 sense it seems to have denoted the kingdom of Meroe ; but, 
 with a wider application, it included also the kingdom of 
 the .\xomit;e, besides sevenvl other tribes — the Troglodytes 
 and the Ichthyophagi on the Red Sea, and the Blemmyes, 
 Megabari, and Nubae in the interior. The people of Ethio- 
 pia were of the Caucasian race, and seem to have spoken a 
 langviage allied to the Arabic, Their religion apjtears to 
 have been similar to that of the Egyptians, though free 
 from their grosser superstitions. Some traditions made 
 Meroe the parent of fjgyptian civilization, while others as- 
 cribed the civilization of Ethiopia to Egyptian colonization. 
 So great wrvs the power of the Ethiopians, tliat more than 
 once in its history Egypt was governed by Ethiopian kings, 
 while the most powerful kings of Egj'pt do not seem at any 
 time to have acquired a permanet hold upon Ethiopia. At 
 present, Ethiopia is divided into Upper Ethiopia, including 
 Nubia and Abyssinia, and Lower Ethiopia, comprising Con- 
 go, Lower Guinea, Kaffrai'ia, Mocaranga, &c. Adj. and 
 
 inhab. ETHlOPlA>f, e-the-o'pe-an. 
 
 FTIVE. LOCH, 16h 6t/iv. aii inlet of the North Sea, Scot- 
 land, co.of Argyle. Length, about 20 miles; breadth, varying, 
 ind often very narrow. Scenery on its shores very beautiful. 
 
 ETJOU, Jt-yoo', a town of Japan, on the island of Kioosioo, 
 %b miles N.E. of Nagasaki. 
 
 ETKO, iVko, a lagoon of Lower Egypt, 7 mile? S.S.W. of 
 Rosetta. 18 miles in length, and from 3 to 5 miles in bre-'.dth, 
 It is separated from the Mediterranean by a nanow s:in(l- 
 bank. on which is the village of Etko. 14 miles E.ofAlxxjkeer, 
 This lagoon wsts formed by an inundation of the Nile in 
 1801. 
 
 1:TS A. Wna.. (L. ^tlna ; Sicilian. U'mgilenn. mon-jf-bfllo, 
 a corruption of the Gibhelt/ltciinat or "mountain of fii-e" of tW 
 Saracens,) a celebrated volcano in the N.E. of Sicily, near the 
 coast. and withina shortdistanceof Catania. Theloftiest siun- 
 mit is in lat. 37° 43' 31" N., Ion, 1.5° E,. and is 10.874 feet aboyo 
 sea-level. The base covers an area of nearly 90 miles in cir- 
 cumference; it is almost encircled by the rivers Alcantara 
 and Giaretta. the .sea marking its limits on the E. The 
 dimensions of the crater have been variously stated, the 
 circumference from 2^ miles to 4 miles, and the depth from 
 (500 to 800 feet; but the height of the cone, the diameter of 
 the crater, and its depth, are liable to constant change from 
 eruptions. Although when viewed from a distance. Etna 
 presents a very sj'mmetrical cone, it is found, on a nearer 
 approach, and when examined more in detail, to present an 
 exceedingly diversified surtace, and to be studded on its 
 flanks by numerous minor cones or secondary volcanos of 
 considerable dimensions. These are altogether alKiut SO in 
 number, and the largest alK)ut 700 feet in height. A\ben 
 viewed from above, they present one of the most striking 
 scenes imaginable, being arranged in beautiful picturesiiue 
 groups, anil richly clothed with wood: those in the hi>:h«r 
 parts with lofty pines, and those at lower elevations with 
 chestnuts, oaks, beech, and holm. The great terminating 
 cone, at the summit of which is the pi incipal crater or open- 
 ing, and which is continually throwing out sulphurous va- 
 pours, ri.ses from an irregular plain 9 miles in circumference, 
 and about 1100 feet below the culminating point of tlio 
 mountain. The interior of this crater, is incrusted with 
 various colored efllorescenees of ammonia, sulphur, and 
 martial vitriolic salts, to the depth of about ICO yards. The 
 bottom of the crater is plain, and tolerably hard, though, 
 from being composed of loose cinders, the feet sink in some 
 places. Near the centre are two mounds of scoria; and ashes, 
 each with a large aperture at the summit, and several fis- 
 sures around, from whence, at intervals, issue volumes of 
 thick smoke, with a rumbling noi.se and hissing sound. 
 There is also a light thin vapor, occasionally oozing fi-om 
 the bottom and sides of the huge amphitheatre in every 
 direction. About 00 eruptions of Etna are recorded in 
 history ; the more remarkable ones of later periods are those 
 of 1792, 1811, 181,9, and 18.32. The eruption of 1792 con- 
 tinued for a whole year: the streams of lava which flowed 
 from the mountain on that occasion were often 30 feet high, 
 while in their fluid state. In that of 1832. numerous fiery 
 mouths opened in the sides of the mount»iin, from which, 
 in the midst of violent explo.sions and other convulsions, 
 accompanied by tremendous discharges of ashes and cinders, 
 vast streams of lava issued; and. pouring down the declivi- 
 ties, overran cultivated fields, and threatened with destruc- 
 tion the town of Bronte. The stream of lava, on this occa- 
 sion, was 18 miles in length. 1 mile broad, and 30 feet high. 
 In l(iC9, one of these burning streams of molten matter 
 overtopped the ramparts of Catania, CO feet in height, and 
 fell in a fiery ca.scade into the city, a part of which it de- 
 stroyed : it however ultimately cooled, and the solid lava 
 may still be seen curling over the top of the rampart like a 
 cas<ade in the act of falling. At the foot of the crater of 
 Mount Etna. 9770 feet alx>ve the sea. stands a small build- 
 ing, called the Engli.sh House, probably the highest inha- 
 bited place in Europe. This ho\ise is covered with snow till 
 
 the middle of June, and fresh snow fells on it in August, 
 
 Adj. ICtnean, St-nee/an, (L. jEt.nveus.) 
 
 ET'N.\, a postrvil'lage and township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, on the Penobscot and Kennebec Railroad, 30 miles 
 N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 849. 
 
 ETNA, a post-village of Dryden township. Tompkins co., 
 New York, on Fall Creek, about 100 miles \V. by S. of Albany. 
 It has 2 or 3 churches, and several stores and mills. 
 
 ETNA, a post-office of Alleghany co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 ETNA, a post-ofiice of Hanover co., Virginia. 
 
 ETNA, a postofRce of Paulding co.. Georgia. 
 
 ETNA, a post-office of Decatur co., Tenne.>;see. 
 
 ETNA, a post-village and township, in Licking co., Ohio, 
 on the National Road, about 18 miles E. of Columbus, P. 1242. 
 
 ETNA, a post-oflSce of Lapeer co., Michigan. 
 
 ETNA, a post-village in Huntingdon co., Indiana, about 
 90 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ET'.VA CEN'TUE, a post-office of Penobscot co.. Maine. 
 
 ETOILE, A'twdl', a town of France, department of Difime, 
 7 miles S. of A'alence. Pop. 1058. It has a fortified castle in 
 which Louis XI. resided. 
 
 ETOILE, ILE L', ile KVtw3l'. one of the Amirante Islands, 
 in the Indian Ocean ; lat. 5° 5.V S., Ion. 53° 4' E., 1 J miles long. 
 
 ETOLIA, a province of Greece. See jEtolia. 
 
 E'TON, a town and parish of England, co. of Buclis, on th« 
 right bank of the Thames, opposite Windsor, with which it 
 is connectedby a handsome bridge. Pop. in 1851, 3CC6. The 
 " one long winding street, is famous for 
 &45 
 
ETO 
 
 EUP 
 
 its college f' anded by King Henry VI. in 1446, and now a 
 fiivoritt seat nf preliminary instruction for the sons of the no- 
 bility and ge'itry. It consists of two noble brick quadrangles, 
 with towdrs, cloisters, and gateways in the Tudor style, and 
 h.is a fine chapel and hall, a valuable libr-vy, two statues of 
 its royal Ibunder, beautiful pleasure grounds, with 70 foun- 
 dation scholars, and about 7lK) stipendiary pupils. The col- 
 lege is governed by a provost and fellows, and is richly en- 
 dowed. Thefdllowsof King's C!ollege, Cambridge, areentirely 
 elected from Eton scholars. The ancient and curious tri- 
 ennial pageant of the .Montem. when money is collected for 
 the .senior scholar on his removal to Cambridge, is now dis- 
 continued. Among the many great men who received a 
 p.<>rt of their education at Eton, may be named Waller, 
 IJoyle, Walpole, Boliugbroke, fielding. Gray, Sherlock, 
 Person. Chatham, Fo.x, Loixi Grey, Canning, and Wellington. 
 
 ET'OW.\H, (generally called hi'to-wah, and formerly writ- 
 ten IIKJIITOWEK,) a small river of Georgia, which rises in 
 Lumpkin county, and flows niairly W. by S. to Kome, where 
 it unites with the Oostenauhi. and forms the Coosa. Gold 
 is found in many places on its banks. 
 
 ET; IWAH, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia. 
 
 ETUET.\T, A'treh-td', a maritime village of France, de- 
 partment of Sejne-Inferieure, on the English Channel, 15 
 miles X.X.E. of Havre. It atfords facilities for an extensive 
 harbor, its port being defended by a natural dyke. It is 
 celebrated for its oysters. Pop. 1518. 
 
 ETRUKIA, e-troo're-A, in ancient times one of the most 
 important conntries of Italy, now forms the province of 
 Lncca, the greater pjirt of Tuscany, and a portion of the 
 States of Umbria. The name was restore<l by Napoleon.who 
 bi" the treaty of Luii6ville, in ISOS, formed, of the grand 
 duchy of Tuscany, the kingdom of Etruria, which was 
 
 united to the French Empire in 1808. (See Tcscaxy.) 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Etrurian, e-tru're-an. 
 
 ETKC'JUA. a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, parish 
 of Stoke-on-Trent, Ij miles N.E. of Newcastle-u'nder-Lyue. 
 It was the residence and seat of the manufactures of the late 
 Mr. J. Wedgewood. inventor of the beautiful imitation of 
 Etruscan vases, and the great improver of English porcelain, 
 who died here in 1795. 
 
 ETSCII. a river of North Italy. See Adige. 
 
 ETSED or ECSED. Jtch'ed'. a vilUige of Hungary, co. of 
 Heves. alx)ut 5 miles from Gyongyiis. Pop. ISol. 
 
 ETSED or ECSED, a village of "Hungary, Thither Theiss. 
 21 miles W.X.W.of Sz;ithni;ir, near an extensive mora.ss of 
 its own name, on the Kraszmi. It contains an old castle, in 
 which the Hungarian crown was long deposited. Pop. 1275. 
 
 ErSK.\. Jtch'kOh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal, 
 on the Bega Canal. 5 miWs from Nagv-Becskerek. Pop. 3243. 
 
 ETTE. Jf ta, or ETETITZ. a'ta'tlts^. a village of Hungary. 
 Hither Danube, co. of, and about 12 miles from Komorn, on 
 the road from I'apa to Dotis. Pop. lOSO. 
 
 ETTELBUCCK, §t/tel-brook'. a vilhige of Holland, duchy of 
 Luxemburg. 3 miles S.'W. of Diekirch. on the Alzette. P. 221S. 
 
 ETTEX, it/tfn, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 N'orth Braliant, 6 miles W.S.W. of Breda. Pop. 5391, who 
 trade in corn, cattle, and fuel. 
 
 ETTENHEIM, ^t/ten hime\ a town of Baden, 18 miles N. 
 of Freiburg, on the railway to Carlsruhe. Pop. 2730, who 
 manufacture linen fabrics. From 17iW to 1S03, this town 
 was the residence of the last Prince-bLshop of Strasburg. and 
 hc-re the Duke d'Eni:hien was seized and conveyed to Vin- 
 ceiines. May Itith. lSii4. 
 
 EiTTEBS. a post-ofBceof York co, Pennsylvania. 
 
 ETTISWEIL, fet'tia-wil'. a vill.age of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 16 miles W.N'.W. of Lucerne, on the Roth. Pop. 876. 
 
 ETTf^INGEX, JttAing-en. a town of Baden, on a railway 
 and on the -\lb River. 4i'mileS S. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 4250. 
 It has gunpowder, paper, and cotton mills. 
 
 ETTON, a parish of England, co. of York. East Riding. 
 
 ETTOX. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ETTUICK. a river of Scotland, joining the Tweed after a 
 course of 24 miles. 2 miles K'low Selkirk. 
 
 ETTUICK, a mountainou.s parish of Scotland, near the 
 head waters of the above river, co., and 17 miles S.W. of Sel- 
 kirk. It was the ancient seat of the Buccleugh family, has 
 several old border fortresses, and much romantic scenery. 
 Hogg. " the Ettrick Shepherd."' was born, and spent the 
 greater part of his life, in this parish. 
 
 ETTUICK-FOK'EST. a beautiful pastoral tract watered 
 hy the atwvo river and its tributaries. It formed originally 
 a part of the Great Caledonian Forest, but is now almost 
 entirely divested of trees. 
 
 ET'TIUCK-1'EN', a mountain of Scotland, near the source 
 of the Ktlrick Kiver. Height, 22(X) feet. 
 
 ETTVEK. ^tt.yi'V, a village of Hungary, IHther Danube, 
 CO. of Stuhlweissenburg, about 12 miles from Martouvasar. 
 Pop. 1787. 
 
 ET'W.^LL. a pirish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 ETYM AXDUIJS or ETYMAXDER. See IlEUnno). 
 
 KIT, ih. (L. Jiiga or Jiif/iuin.) a town of France, depart- 
 
 icent of the Seine-Inforieure. on the Bresle. near the 
 
 English Channel, 17 miles N.X.E. of Dieppe. In it* parish 
 
 ehuich, with a. crypt, are many effigies of tbu Artois femilv. 
 
 646 
 
 Counts of Eu. The Chateau d'Eu, inherited by the ex-king 
 Louis-Philippe from this family, contains the finest i-olloo- 
 tion of historical portraits in France, and is surrounded by 
 a park and extensive gardens. The forest of Eu extends tor 
 a considerable distance to the E. and S. The town of Eu 
 was burnt in 1445 by Louis XI., to prevent its falling iuto 
 the hiinds of the English. This was the place of an "inter- 
 view between Queen Victoria and the King of the French 
 in 1843. Pop. in 1852. 4019. 
 
 EUBA. oVbL a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, near 
 Thum. Pop. 1539. 
 
 EU'B.\NKS, a post-village of Columbia co, Georgia 80 
 miles XJi. by E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 EUBtEA, u-bee/a. or XEG'KOPOXr, (Turkish, F./ripo'' 
 or Egh-ipos' ; L. Eulem; It. X<grnponle, ai^gro-pon'tk ; 
 Gr. Evffuia. Ei)hoia.} the largest island of the kingdom of 
 Greece, of which it ifbrms a department, in the J^gean Sea, 
 lying along the northern coast of Thebes and Attica, be- 
 tween lat. 37° 56' and 39° 2' N'.. and Ion. 22° 40' and 24° 
 40' E., separated from the mainland by the channels of 
 Eulxea, (anc. Euriptis;) crossed bv a bridge at its narrowest 
 point opposite Chalcis. Talanta. and Trikeri. Its length is 
 115 miles, and its greatest breadth 33 miles. Pop. 43.312. 
 The. surface is mountainous, but very fertile. The highest 
 mountains are Delphi, near the centre, on the northern 
 coast, 6259 feet high, Kandili, 4337, and St, Elias, between 
 uOUO and 4000 feet high. The principal products are com, 
 wine, cotton, wool, pitch, and turpentine. Many cattle, sheep, 
 and goats are reared. The principal towns are Chalcis. ca- 
 pital of the northern division. (Eulxea.) and Karystos, the 
 
 chief town of the southern division. Adj. and iuhab. Eu- 
 
 B(EAN. u-ljee'an. 
 
 EU'CUEE'or U'CHEE CREEK, of Russell Co., Alabama, 
 flows into the Chattahoochee River, near Fort Mitchell. 
 
 El'CLID, a post-village of Onondaga co,, New York, about 
 11 miles X, by W. from Syracuse. 
 
 EUCLID, a beautiful post-village and township of Cuya- 
 hoga CO., Ohio, on the southern shore of Lake'Erie, iind on 
 the Cleveland and Erie It<iilroad, 9 miles N.E. of Cleveland. 
 The village contains 2 churches, #nd an academy. Pop. of 
 the township, 1769. 
 
 EUDOKEEF, uMo-keef. or FOG'GY ISLANDS, a group 
 of small islands in the North Pacific, off the S.E. coast of 
 Aliaska. Russian America, 
 
 EUEKDOltF, oi'er-doRr, a market-town of Bavaria, in 
 Lower Franconia, on the Saale. here crossed by a biidge, 29 
 miles X.N.E. of M'urzburg. Pop. 998. 
 
 EUFAU'LA, a handsome post-village of Barbour co., 
 Alabamji, on the right bank of the Chattahoochee River. 90 
 miles E.S.E, of Montgomery. It is finely .situated on a bluf! 
 which rises about 200 feet above the level of the'river. It 
 is the centre of an active and increasing trade. About 
 20,000 bales of cotton are annually shipped at this place in 
 steamlioats, Eufaula h;is 4 churches. 25 stores, and several 
 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1860. about 3000. 
 
 EUFKMIA. See Santa Ecfema. 
 
 EUQAXEAX (u-g.Vne-an) HILLS, a low range of North- 
 ern Italy, 9 miles S.W. of Padua, extending for about 10 
 miles from N,W. to S.E,. and containing many fossil re- 
 mains, and hot springs resorted to for bathing. 
 
 EUGENE, u-jeen', a pleasant post-village and township 
 of Vermilion co., Indiana, on the Big A'ermilion River, 82 
 miles W. by N. of Indianapolis. The river is crossed at 
 this place by a bridge. Pop. about 600; of the township, 
 12S.3. 
 
 EUGEXE CITY, a post-village, capital of Lane co., Ore- 
 gon, about Go S. by W.'from Salem. Pop. in IStX), 1183. 
 
 EUH.\R'LEY, a post-ofiice of Cass co., Georgia." 
 
 EUHAR'LEY CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Etowah 
 from the left in Cass co. 
 
 £l"-HO. a river in Cliina. See Yc-Uo. 
 
 tlL.EUS. See Kaeoox. 
 
 EUL.\'LIA. a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, con- 
 tains the borough of Coiiderspcrt. Pop. 877. 
 
 EULE, oilgh, or EULAU. oilOw, a market-town and cir- 
 cle of Leitmeritz, about 12 miles from Aus.segg. I'op, 94V, 
 
 EULE, oi'leh, or ELAU, i16w, a mining town of Bohe- 
 mi.-u 12 miles S. of Prague, Pop, 1350. It was formerly 
 celebrated for its rich gold mines. 
 
 EULEXBERO, oilen-lj^RG\ a market-town of MoraTia, 
 circle, and IS miles N. of Olmutz. Pop. Sill. 
 
 EULIA. a post-office of Macon co., Tennes.see. 
 
 EUPATORI.'V. u-pd-to're-S. formerly KOSLOW or KOS- 
 LOV, kos-lov', a seaport town of Russia, government of T.in- 
 rida. on the western coast of the Crimea, 38 miles W.X.W. 
 of Simferopol. Pop. 7000. It has a high Tartar schotl, hos> 
 pital. custom-house, a l.-irge harbor, and considerable trade. 
 
 EUl'EX. oi'pen, (Fr. NCau. ni'o'.) a frontier town of 
 Rhenish I'russia. 10 miles S.S.W. of Aix-la-Chapi-lle, on the 
 Vesdre. 4^ miles E. Limburg. Pop. in 1846, 10,940. It has 
 important manufiictories of wooUen.s. 
 
 EUl'UE'MIA, a thriving post-village of Prrbleco.. Otio, 
 on the Xational Road and on the Eaion and Piqua I'.aH- 
 road, b'l miles X. of Cincinnati. 
 
 EUPHRATES, u-fri'tez, (Turk. El-fTat,l\frhi,^ alto caliod 
 
EUP 
 
 EUR 
 
 by the natives MOORAD, so celebrated in all periods of 
 history for the great events that have transpired on its 
 banks, and for the renowned cities whose walls it has 
 laved, has its sources in two principal branches, in about 
 40° .\. latitude, and between 41° 30'. and i'JP 55' K. Ion. 
 Moorad CUai, its most eastern and larfjest branch, has its 
 ori:;in in the Anti-Taurus Mountains, near the meridian 
 last named, while a smaller branch Kara-Soo, rises 70 or 80 
 miles farther W., thoui^h in the same range, and distant 
 about 24 miles N.E. of Erz-room, and 90 miles from the 
 south-eastern shores of the ULack Sea. These main con- 
 fluents unite near Kaban-.Madan, or Kebb4n-Ma'den in lat. 
 about 38° 58' N. and Ion. 38° 30' K.; and from thence take 
 the name of Euphrates. The general course of the two 
 principal affluents before their union, as well as of the main 
 river after thi-ir conjunction, is S.W. to within about 80i 
 miles of the tiulf of Iskanderoon, (its nearest approach to 
 the Mediterranean,) at the Castle of Oroom or Graum. 
 From this point the Euphrates flows a little E. of S. for 87i 
 miles — following the stream, or tio^ miles in a direct line to 
 Balis, in lat. 3'i° 1' 21" .\., and Ion. 38° V 10" E. " Here," 
 in the words of Colonel Chesney, " it seems to abandon the 
 struggle it had hitherto maintained to re;ich the .Mediterra- 
 nean." and bending off in a general south-eastern course, 
 which, but with iuuumerable detours, it preserves, till it 
 discharges its waters into the Persian Gulf, after a course 
 of more than 1780 miles, from the heiid waters of the Moor- 
 ad-Cliai. The latter river of it.self has a course of 40iJ miles 
 before its junction with the Kar4-Soo. For about 580 miles 
 from their sources, the Euphrates and its upward trihutii- 
 ries meander through a mountainous country, at times 
 shut in by dark and lofty precipices, interrupted by rapids 
 or contracted within narrow defiles and deep chasms. Near 
 the village of Pash-tfch. the Euphrates enters one of the.«a 
 chasms, where the precipices are from 1000 to 1500 feet 
 hi-'h, and the gorge so narrow as to be crossed by a bridge, 
 while the mountains ri.se to about 4uOD feet on each side. 
 Nor loes this interesting river lack in picturesque beauty 
 below this point: on the contrary, till it reaches the plains 
 ne;ir ancient Babylon, there is a perpetual variety in its 
 devious course, which is now through swelling hills, and 
 now washing the base of some perpendicular ciilT, crowned 
 with its ruined castle or fortress. At 80 miles below Kak- 
 kah. •• beetle-browetl precipices" rise abruptly to a height 
 of from 300 to 500 feet al).)ve the water's edge. The ruins 
 of aniieut cities, tlie remains of canals traversing Meso- 
 potamia and uniting the Tigris and Euphrates, combine 
 with the picturesiiue scenery already noticed to give tliis 
 river an interest unsurpassed by any other en the globe. 
 At Hit, in lat. 33° 38' N. and Ion. 42° 52' E., the country 
 begins to be level, and lioth above and below this town, 
 ancient irrigating aijueducts, of costly construction, di- 
 verge from the main stream. The Euphrates is 120 yards 
 In width a little below the junction of its two m.ain 
 branches : while its genenil breadth varies from 200 to 4o0 
 and even 600 yards; but narrows, (owing to the numerous 
 canals for irrigation.) below lliilah. to Itii), 120, and even CO 
 yards in width. After receiving the Tigris, in about 31° N. 
 lat.. and 47° 29' E. lim.. the united rivers take the name 
 of Shatt-el-Arab. which expands to nearly half a mile, in 
 breadth, and for tlie l.ist 40 miles to even a greater lireadth. 
 The general depth of the Upper Euphrates exceeds 8 feet, and 
 oetween Khaboor and IJassora or Basrah, the depth varies 
 'rom 8 to 21 feet, the shallows being in the lower parts of 
 the river, in the marshes once forming the Chaldean Lake, 
 where the Euphrates separates into two branches, from 
 which smaller ones, and numerous irrigating cuts diverge. 
 Below Bassora, the depth increases to 30 feet, and in some 
 Instances to 40 feet or more. The current varies from 2 to 
 4 miles an h')ur at high water, but is much oftener below, 
 than alx)ve 3 mile.s. At Hit. the mean velocity is 4'4fifeet per 
 second : while that of thi< Danube, at Pesth, is but 233 feet. 
 According to Colonel Chesney, whom in this article we 
 have generally followed, the Euphrates is navigable with- 
 out serious interruption, from Someisat, a distance of llltSy 
 miles, to the sea; and rafts are floated down even above the 
 latter town. There are. however, some obstructions to navi- 
 gation at low water, caused by ledges of rocks crossing the 
 bed of the stream, as at Iviiriblah. in lat. 34° 40' N. Below 
 the Lemloon marshes, there is«a narrow bank of pebbles 
 across the river, with 3 or 4 feet depth at low water. 
 
 It is remarkable that, though this great river has its 
 sources comparatively near tihe Caspian and Black Seas, 
 and approaches to within le.ss than 100 miles of the Medi- 
 terranean, near its middle course, it should yet discharge 
 It.self into the Persian Gulf the most remote of the four 
 seas. The quantity of water discharged by the Shatt-el- 
 Arab i.^ computed at 23ri.907 cubic feet per second. The 
 principal tributaries of the Euphrates descending, and in 
 order, below KeOh^n-Ma'den. are Tokhmah-Soo, the 8ajur, 
 the KhalHX)r, the Tigris, (almost equal in magnitude to the 
 parent stream,) and the Kiiroon. 
 
 The Euphrates, particularly in the middle and latter 
 part of its course, is thronged with islands, especiiilly at 
 low water. 
 
 The permanent flooding of the Euphrates is causod by 
 the melting of the snow in the mountains along the upper 
 part of its course. This takes place about the l>eginning 
 of .March, and it Increa.ses gradually up to the end of .May 
 The river continues high, and its coni-se very rapitl. lor io 
 or 40 days ; but, aftc-rwards, there is a daily decrease, 
 which becomes very .small and reirular towards autumn. 
 From the middle of September to the middle of Otol er thf 
 river is at the lowest. The increiiient of l:.nd about tho 
 delta has been found to be a mile in 30 years. — about 
 double the increase of any other delta; — owing in part to 
 the n.ature of the soil over which the Euphrates and it? 
 associ.ated stre.ams flow for such enormous distances ; and 
 especially to this detrital matter being deposited in sc 
 land-locked a body of water as the Persian (Julf. in which, 
 aided by the in.set of the tide, the sediment is poured 
 back, instead of being swept out, by a boisti-rous open sea, 
 
 EURE, iir or CR. (anc. Eburat) a river of Fr.-ince. rises in 
 the department of Orne, flows N.E. through the departments 
 of Eure-et-Loirand Eure, and joins the Seine on the left, 
 above Pont-dc-1'Arche. Its chief affluent is the Iton on 
 the left. Its length is 112 miles, for 50 of which it is navi- 
 gable. 
 
 EUUE, a department in the N.W. of France, capital, 
 Evruux, f >rms part of the old province of Normandy, situ- 
 ated on the estuary of the Seine, between lat. 48° :i7' and 
 49* 28' N. Area, 2248 square miles. The climate is mild 
 and humid; the surface generally fiat. The chief rivers are 
 the Seine and its affluents, the Eure, Kille. Andille. and the 
 Iton. an affluent of the Eure. The minerals comprise iron, 
 building and mill stones. Com is raised for exportation; 
 apples and pears are important crops; pasture is extensive, 
 and forests cover one-fifth part of the department. Excel- 
 lent horses, cattle, and .sheep are reared. The mining and 
 mjinufacturing industry is very active. The manufactures 
 include woollen.s, cotton, paper, glass, iron, cojvper. and zinc 
 wares. The dep;irtment is divided into the arrondi.s.sements 
 of Les Andelys. Bernav, Evreux, Louviers. and I'out-Aude- 
 mer. Pop. in 18C1, 398,061. 
 
 EURE-ET-LOIR.UR-.i-lwaR, a department in the N.W. of 
 France, capital, Chartres, forms part of the old provinces 
 of Orleanais and Ile-de-France. between lat. 47° fi7' and 48° 
 55' N. Area. 2117 squ.are miles. Its chief rivers are the Eure 
 and Loire. There are many marshes in the W. The climate 
 is mild and temperate ; the soil is extremely fertile, and a 
 great amount of corn is raised. It is considered the granary 
 of Paris. Here excellent cavalry horses are reared, and 
 numerous cattle, sheep, and poultry. The department is 
 poor in miner.als, but has several iron works, and mannfac- 
 tories of coarse cloths, cottons, and paper. It is divided 
 into the arroudissements of Chartres, Ch&teaudun, Breux, 
 and Nogent-le-Jlotrou. Pop. in 1861, 2.)0,455. 
 
 EURE'KA, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansjis. 
 
 EUREK.\, a post-office of Woodford co., Illinois. 
 
 EUREKA, a post-village of Winnebago co.,Wisconsin. on 
 Fox River, 16 "miles W. of Oshkosh. It has 2 stores and 1 
 mill. 
 
 E U R E K A . a post-town, capital of Humboldt co.,California, 
 on lluinbolilt Bav^ See Appendix. 
 
 EURIPUS, Gr-»'-e. See EuBWA. 
 
 EUROPA, u-ro/pj. or BASSAS-DA-INDTA, b3s's;is-da-een/- 
 de-d. an island on the East African coast. Mozambique Clian- 
 nel.aboutoor4milesin diameter. Lat.22°30'S..lon.40°24' E. 
 
 EURGPK, u'r&p, (Gr. Evp&>..i|. EurOpe; Kr. L'Kurcpe, 
 lUnVop'; \j. Euroipa.) one of the principal divisions of the 
 earth, forming the N.W. portion of the old world and though 
 called a continent, it might perhaps be more justly entitled a 
 great peninsula. It is the lepstof the principal divisionsof the 
 earth, Au.stralia excepted, and yields to the others not only 
 in general grandeur of scale, but also in appreciable gifts, 
 noble rivers, luxuriant variety of vegetation, and mineral 
 tr&aturcs. Yet it is remarkable for its decidetl superiority in 
 arms and industry, and as the quarter wherein civilization, 
 almost constantly progressive, has hitherto attained its most 
 perfect development. 
 
 Boundiiries. — Europe is bounded on the W. by the .\t- 
 lantic, on the N. by the Arctic <"tcean or North Polar Sea. 
 On the S. It is separated from Africa by the Mediterranean 
 (inland) Sea, which is connected with the Sea of Marmora 
 or Propontis by the strait called the Dardanelles or Helle- 
 spont; and the Sea of Marmora is again joined on the E.N.E. 
 to the Black Sea or Euxine by a similar strait known 
 as the Bosporus. The Dardanelles and Bosporus, with 
 the intervening sea. divide Europe from the adjacent shores 
 of .\sia Minor. N.E. of the Black Sea is its shallow conti- 
 nuation, the Sea of Azof. (imcPu'lus Mviilti>:) which closes 
 the series of inland waters encompassing the sliores of Eu- 
 rope on the S. and S.E. From the head Bf the Sea of Azof, 
 the line which separates Europe from Asia, or in general 
 terms, the E. boundary of Europe, is merely arbitrary and 
 speculative; the practical and authoritative determin.ation 
 of it is neither prompted by any interest, nor facilitated by 
 natural landmarks. Some gixigraphers trace the lioundary 
 line from the Sea of .\zof up the river Don. to the point 
 where this river approaches nearest to the Volga ; theuM 
 
 647 
 
ECR 
 
 EUR 
 
 rp thi latter rirer and its E. tributary, the Kama, to the 
 TTrjilian Mouutainf. Others prefer the line of lowest level, 
 whifh is partially marked by the rirer Manitch, between 
 the Sea of Azof and the Ciispian Sea, and then continue the 
 boundary up the Ural (or Ya'ik) lUver to the mountains. 
 Others, ajrain. carry the boundaries of Europe and Asia 
 farther S. to Caucasus, where this mountain chain extends 
 from the Black Sea to the Caspian in a AV.X.W.. K.S.E. 
 direction. All airree in assumin>r the Vralian Mountains to 
 form part of the natunil boundary between Kurope and 
 Asia. This opinion, which is of modern origin — the an- 
 cients considered Europe as extendiujt indefinitely to- 
 ward the N.E., and embracing tlie country now called 
 Siberia — is founded merely on the apparent convenience 
 of referring the demarcation of the two continents to a 
 chain of mountains, supposed to run for 1200 miles nearly 
 in the direction of the meridian. But the region of the 
 Ural, which is still but imperfectly known, presents, to a 
 great extent, only a moderate elevation, attained by imper- 
 ceptible degrees, and offering to the eye no landmark what- 
 ever. The true E. boundary of Europe is, in fact, a con- 
 tested question, which has called forth much futile dis- 
 cussion ; nature has drawn in the region referred to no de- 
 cisive line of separation between the Jf^. and \V. : neither has 
 political power; and the limit of jurisdiction — the line which 
 separates Russia from Siberia — lies hot in the Ural, but 
 much farther E., at the river Tobol. 
 
 JPofition. >lj-e!, <fc. — The northernmost point of Europe, 
 on the mainland, is Cape N'ordkyn, in L:ipland, lat. 71° 6' N. 
 North Cape, on the island of Mageriie. lies al)out 4 mile.^ far- 
 ther X. The most southern points of the continent are Punt.i 
 de Tarifa, lat 36°, in the Strait of tTibraltar, and Cape Mata- 
 pan, lat. 36° 17', which terminates the Morea. The Island of 
 Crete, reaches a little S. of 35°. On the W., Cape Finisterre 
 (coast of Spain) is in Ion. 9° 27' W. ; Cape Koca (I'ortugal) 
 in Ion. 9° 28' AV.; while Yekaterlnboorg. (Ekaterinburg.) in 
 the Uralian Mountains, lies in Ion. 60° 3b' £. Thus Europe 
 may be said to extend, in round numbers, through 36 de- 
 grees of hititude, and 70 of longitude. From Oipe Mata- 
 pan to North Cape is a direct distance of 24tK) miles; from 
 Cape St. Vincent to Yekaterinloorg, X.E. by E.. 3400 miles. 
 The fexterior of Europe is made up of the following parts, 
 each, in some measure, naturally independent of the rest, 
 namely, the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, and the 
 Danish Islands, the British Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, 
 or Spain and Portugal, the peninsula of Italy, and that of 
 Greece. Iceland, al.'so, though not physically connected 
 with Europe, has been always reckoned as part of it. be- 
 cause it was known to Europeans, and colonized by them, 
 long before the discovery of .\merica, to which it more pix)- 
 perly belongs. Owing to this incompactnesg of figure and 
 separation into peninsulas, the area of the Europe;»n Conti- 
 nent, notwithstanding its considerable length and breadth, 
 does not exceed 3,60(1.000 square miles, or 3.800.000 if Cau- 
 casus be taken as the S.E. limit toward Asi.a, Toward the 
 E. it becomes more compact, or in other words, it lo.ses in 
 Russia its characteristic peninsular features, and takes a 
 transitional form before it commingles with .\sia. But W. 
 of Cracow and the Russian territory, there is hardly a spot 
 In the European Continent which is 300 miles distant from 
 the sea. 
 
 Seus. — The Atlantic Occin takes different names in the 
 various portions of it which wash the W. shores of Europe; 
 thus between the N. coast of Sp,iin and the W. coast of 
 France lies the Bay of Biscay, where the ocean swell rolling 
 Into the region of variable and restless winds, produce a 
 perpetually troubled sea. Farther X. between the coasts 
 of France and those of the British Islands, St. George's 
 Channel is still more noted for uncert,iin and tempestuous 
 weather. From this channel a branch running X. between 
 Gre:»t Britain and Ireland, is named the Irish Sea. Here, 
 in lat. 52° 30' X., on the E. coast of Ireland, the streams of 
 opiX)8ite tides from X. to S. are so exactly counterbalanced, 
 that the sea remains always at its mean level; while in 
 the British Channel, not far off. the tides often rise 24 feet ; 
 and at St. JIalo, on the coast of Xormaudy, 40 or even 50 
 feet. The sea between Great Britain and the Low Countries 
 of Holland and Germany is named the Gorman Ocean or North 
 Sea. From this a great gulf or inland sea brandies off to the 
 S., X.. and E.; taking successivelythe names of Skagernick. 
 Oitteg-at. the Baltic Sea, (the Sea of the Baits or Belts, that is, 
 narfow passes.) called by the Scandinavians, and thence by 
 the Germans also, the Ejist Sea, (Ostsee.) In lat 5H° N., 
 the Gulf of Finland branches off to the E. from the Ifciltic 
 for a length of 250 miles. From the same latitude extends 
 N. the Gulf of liothnia, nearly 500 miles. The whole 
 length of the Baltic Sea, from the mouth of the Skage- 
 r,ick to the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, cannot be less 
 than 1200 miles. There is no appreciable tide in the 
 Baltic, and as this sea receives many rivers, while it 
 liisis little by evaporation, its waters are much less 
 Bait than those of the ocean, and it Is popularly believed 
 that a continuance of X. winds renders them quite fresh. 
 N.K. of th>! Gulf of Finland, a depressed tract of country, 
 with uumeruus lakes, separates that gulf from the WUte 
 <>48 
 
 Sea, which is a deep inlet of the Arctic Ocean, extend- 
 ing from X.E. to S.W. between the shores of Lapland, 
 Finland, and Russia, nearly 400 miles. The Strait of Gib- 
 raltar, in one place only 19 miles wide, lorms the con*, 
 muuication between the Atlantic Ocean and the Medi- 
 terranean Sea, which latter has an extension from \V. to K. 
 of 2500 miles, with a general breadth of i>erhai)S oliO miles; 
 but owing to its sinuous shores and tleep iudeutalions, the 
 distance from the African to the Europeiiu Continent in 
 some places exceeds llHX) miles. Its cliief gults are the 
 Gulf of Venice or Adriatic Sea. between Italy and lllyria, 
 above 500 miles in length, and the Archipelago, which lies 
 between the Grecian Peninsula and A.'ia Minor. The Medi- 
 terranean lying generally under a warm /.oi:e. (^lat. from 30° 
 to 45^,) and having only a narrow Wit between it and the 
 Great Desert of Africa, is much exhausted by evaporation, 
 and a constant current sets into it from the .■Mlautic on the 
 one side, as well as from the Black Sea on the other. Hence 
 its waters rather exceed in saltness those of the ocean. 
 Owing to the great magnitude of the Mediterranean Sea, the 
 phenomena of tides are perceptible in it; in the Black Sea 
 there is no tide. 
 
 Mountains. — The mountains of Europe form several dis- 
 tinct groups or systems, of very different geological dates, 
 and capable of being considered as a whole, only fioni that 
 point of view which discloses their coml iued influence on 
 the climate, physical character, and capabilities of the con- 
 tinent around them. Into the succinct account here about 
 to be given of them, no particulars will be admitted which 
 have not this xinity of bearing. The Scandinavian Moun- 
 titins, to which the great Northern Peninsula owes its form, 
 and in some res])ects its peculiar climate, extend through 
 13 degrees of latitude, (6S°-71°,) or above 900 miles, from 
 the Polar Sea to the S. point of Norway. They bear many 
 n.imes in succession : first, descending from the X., we have 
 the Lapland Mountains: then, on the borders of Sweden, the 
 Kiolen ; then the Dovrefield : after which come the Sogna- 
 field and Ilardangerfield. The highest summit of the ch:un 
 are Skagtolstind.inSognafield,(lat.61°24'X.,)8390feet: and 
 SneehStten, in the Dovrefield, (lat. C2° 2o' N.,) 8115 feet. 
 The highest pjirt of the chain is from the middle, south- 
 wards. They nowhere form a narrow crest at their sum- 
 mits, but, on the contrary, expand into phiins, fells, fields^ 
 (fjelds.) often 30 or M) miles wide. Towards the K. the moun- 
 tain mass declines gradually ; while on the W. it tills ab- 
 ruptly to the sea, which forms numerous deep inlets, oj 
 fiords, along the coast of Norway. 
 
 In the British Islands, as in the Scandinavian Peninsula, 
 the mountains rise chiefly on the W. ; and. indeed, the older 
 rocks, in l)oth cjises. seem to lie in parallel courses, as if 
 they formed parts of one system. In the f'lm of Scotland, 
 the direction of Glenmore. of the estuaries of the Clyde and 
 Severn, and in the deep inlets on the S.W. coast of Ireland, 
 may be seen strong traces of parallelism with the Scandi- 
 navian range. But the mountains of the British group are 
 neither so simple and uniform in their geological charac- 
 ters, nor so elevated as those of Norway. In Scmdinavja 
 there are no traces of volcanic rocks ; but on the W. side of 
 3cotl,^nd, and N. shores of Ireland, basalts, and trap-rocks 
 are widely spre:td. and appear to have proceeded from a .source 
 lying between, perhaps uniting, the two countries, and now 
 sunk in the ocean. 
 
 The mountains of France occupy chiefly the S. and E. de- 
 partments : the X. and W. portions of the empire belong 
 to the great plain of Northern Europe. The mountains of 
 Auvergne extend alx)ut SO miles, from X. to S.. separating 
 the basins of the Loire and Garonne. They form a table- 
 laud 3500 feet high, from which again ri.se some conical 
 peaks, the Puy de Sancv. or Mont d"Or, attaining the height 
 of 6188 feet; CanUl, 6ii93 feet. E. and S. of this volcanic 
 mass extend the Cevennes. for about 180 miles the N. por- 
 tion running N. and S.. with the Rhone; while the S. poi^ 
 tion. bending to the S.W., approaches the Pjrenees, fi-om 
 which it is separated by the depres.sion through which 
 pa.sses the canal of Languedoc uniting the Mediterranean 
 with the Atlantic. The Cevennes furm the denjarcation of 
 the waters flowing into these two seas. Their general ele- 
 vation is about 3000 feet; but a few points rise 2iKjO feet 
 higher. The Jura Mountains, extending atout 2(X» milea 
 X.E. and S.W., form a barrier between France and Switzer- 
 land. Their average height is 3700 feet; but the most 
 elevated point, the Molesson, reaches 6588 feet. On the W. 
 of the Rhine, between it and the Moselle, ri.se the Vosges, 
 which form a chain 120 miles, in length, from N. to S., with 
 a mean height not exceeding 2*60 feet. The dome-like sum- 
 mits of this chain have received the name of B.illous; and 
 the highest of them, the Ballon-de-Sulz, attains on eleva- 
 tion of 4680 feet. 
 
 Oa the S., France is divided from Spain tly the Pyrenees, 
 a narrow chain. 250 miles long, and hardly -^0 miles in 
 breadth, extending in an E.S.E.. W.N.W. direction, from 
 the shores of the Su-diterranean Sea to those ut the ocean', 
 though some consider the mountains of Asturias and G»- 
 licia. which stretch above 300 miles W., as .'i continuation 
 of the Pyrenees. The central line or axis of this chain is 
 
EUR 
 
 EUR 
 
 somposed of pfranite, overlain with limestone. The highest 
 poiut. La Malailetta, or Slont Maudit, called also, in the 
 pnivincial lantruaiie, tlie I'ic Ue Nethou, hasan elevation of 
 lllfiS feet. Several other points exceed lO.OOO feet; and as 
 the limits of perpetual congelation are found here at the 
 lieights of S3(I0 feet and 91U0 feet, on the N. and S. faces of 
 the mountain respectively, it is evident that a large area in 
 the Pj-renees must bo covered with perpetual snow. They 
 are separated, on the S., by the valley of the Ehro, from the 
 elevated plain of tlie Spanish Peninsula. This great plain, 
 or table-laud, the elevation of which varies from 2.200 feet to 
 2800 fi«t, h.'is a superficial extent of not less than 90,000 
 square miles. It descends gradually on the \V. towards 
 I'ortuiral ; but on the K, towards the provinces of Catalonia 
 and Valencia, it presents an abrupt steep or line of fliffs, 
 with the characters of an ancient sea margin. Thi.s table- 
 land is bounded N. and S. by chains of mountains running 
 K. and VV'., and Iwtween which again lie three other chains, 
 inclining from X.E. to S.W. The first, or northernmost of 
 these reaches in its highest point, an elevation of about 
 8500 feet. The second mountain chain of the Iberian table- 
 land is the Guadarama, which separates the valleys of the 
 Douro and the Tagus. Towards its W. extremity it is bet^ 
 ter Icnown as the Sierra d'Estrella. The highest point of 
 these mountains, which are visible from Madrid, is tlio 
 I'eBalara, 8'200 fjet high. Between the Tagus and the Gua- 
 diana. conies the Sierra Guudaloupe, the fourth chain; and 
 between the valleys of the Guadiana and Guadahiuivir. the 
 Sierra Morena, ijoth lower than the preceding, the highest 
 ridge of the former not exceeding 5100 feet ; while the Cum- 
 bre de Aracena, the culminating ptdnt of the latter, rises 
 5380 feet al)0ve the sea. The fifth chain of mountains, that 
 of Grenada, called also, in its highest jiart, the Sierra Nevada, 
 which bounds the t.ible land on the S., rises in a few points 
 higher even than the Pyrenees: andtheCerrode Mulahacen, 
 attains an elevation of 11,058 feet. Between the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, and tlie sea on the S.. extends the chain of the Alpu- 
 jarras, rising to a iieight of 9000 feet. 
 
 The Alps, the highest mountains in Europe, extend un- 
 interruptedly from the mouth of the Ithone to the plains 
 of Ilunnary, througii 4 degrees of latitude. (44°— 18° N..) and 
 about 12 degrees of longitude. {;>°-^6° 30' E.) On the S. they 
 ore bounde<i by the valley of the Po: on tlie W. by that of 
 the Rhone; and on the N. by the valley of the Danube, and 
 some of the attlueiits of the lUiine : on the E. they meet the 
 lUyrian chain. The Alps are divided by geologists into two 
 distinct chains, supposed to heut different ages. The Mari- 
 time Alps, the most western part of the system, strike S.S.W. 
 to N.N.E.; the high Alps, or pnucipal chain, stretch W.S.W. 
 to E.N.E. It is at the point wliere these two chains cross each 
 other, that the Alps attain their greatest elevation, and that 
 Mont lilanc rears its snowy crest. 15,810 feet alx)ve the sea. 
 Mont J!osa. about 70 miles farther E., rises to within 600 feet 
 of the .same elevation, and the average height of the whole 
 range between these two summits cannot be taken at less 
 than 11.0 10 feet. The mean height of the Alps throughout 
 their whole extent, is probably atout 8000 feet; and m.»ny 
 points reach an elevation exceeding 12,000 feet. These 
 mountains are divided by longitudinal valleys of great ex- 
 tent. From the snowy heights of th* Alps, vast glaciers de- 
 scend along the valleys, till they reach, in some instances, 
 the moderate elevation of 3000 feet. 
 
 The Apennines may be conveniently, though, from the 
 geological point of view, not perhaps correctly, considered 
 as a branch of the Alps. After a winding course round the 
 Gulf of Genoa, thfsy turn to the S.E., and constitute the 
 central ridge of the Italian Peninsula. This chain has a 
 length of 600 miles, with a breadth varying from 20 miles 
 to 60 miles. In La Puglia it spreads into a wide table-land, 
 about 1500 feet above the Mediterranean. The highest 
 point of the Apennines is the Monte Corno, in lat. 42° 27', 
 9519 feet high. The loftiest ridges of the chain are on its E. 
 side, towards the Adriatic Sea. The Euganean Hills, near 
 Padua, the Albanian, near Rome, and Vesuvius, at Naples, 
 are all of volcanic origin, and quite distinct from the Apen- 
 nines. To tlie latter, however, belong the mountain groups 
 which, often attaining the height of 6000 feet, form the 
 island of Sicily: but here again the volcanic Etna 10.874 
 feet high, may perhaps be regarded, as a part of the Apen- 
 nine system. 
 
 The Dinaric or Illyrian Alps branch off from the high 
 Alps at the head of the Adriatic Sea. in a direction parallel 
 to that of the Apennines. They rise nowhere higher than 
 6000 feet: but overhanging the sea, and occasionally co- 
 rered with fine forests, they have a grand appearance. Af- 
 ter continuing in the same direction for aliout 200 miles, 
 this chain merges in the Balkan, (the Ha'mtis of the an- 
 cients.) which extends to the Black Sea. As the Pyrenees 
 and Alps cut off the two \V. peninsulas, so the united chains 
 of the Illyrian Alps and the Balkan separ.ite that of Greece 
 •from the rest of Europe. S. of these, and p.-irallel to the 
 Balkan, runs the Despoto-Dagh, (the lihodlnpe of the an- 
 cients,) the E. portion of which attains the height of 8240 
 feet. Still farther S., Pindus strikes to the S.E., and forms 
 (he central ridge of the Grecian Peninsula; its highest 
 
 point, Liakhura, exceeds 8000 feet : luid Mount St. Eliaa, 
 (anc. Tai/firfiia.) in the IMoren. rises 7829 feet. 
 
 North of the Alps, and extending E., in Germany, there rise 
 several groups and chains of mountains which collectively 
 separate the basin of the Danube, on the N., from the basin* 
 of the rivers that How into the North and Baltic Seas. At 
 the sources of the Weser are the Ilarz. and, S. of this group, 
 the Thuringerwald Mountains. Farther to the E., the Kra- 
 patski or Carpathian chain incloses the great plain of Hun- 
 gary, attaining, in several places, an elevation of 8C00 or 
 8500 feet. The Ural Mountains, which serve as a boundary 
 between Europe and Asia, extend nearly in the meridian, 
 or from N. to S.. through 18° of latitude, or'from lat. 49° to 
 67°, but N. of 60° they are not habitable by <'ivilized man. 
 The highest known summit of the Ural — the Konjakofekoi- 
 kamen, in lat. 60° — reaches an absolute elevation of 5397 
 feet ; but, generally speaking, the chain is low, and presents 
 to the eye only a series of rounded hills. 
 
 Plain.'!. — The great plain of Northern Europe conimencei 
 at the N. foot of the Pyrenees ; compreliends \Vest<^rn France, 
 Western and Northern Belgium, Holland, and part of Den- 
 mark; thence all the N. provinces of Germany into Russia, 
 where it expands, and terminates in the E. only at the t'ral. 
 A large portion of this plain, beginning at the Scheldt, 
 and extending through Ilolland, Bremen, Ditmaish, Ha- 
 nover, and the N. provinces of Prussia, is a low sandy level, 
 sometimes covered with heath and brushwood; sometimes 
 reseml>ling a sandy desert, not unfiequently below the 
 level of the sea or rivers, and protected from inun<iation 
 only by means of strong dykes ; or if liable to be submerged, 
 then converted into marsh. Nearly the entire of European 
 Russia is a plain, diversified only by moderate undulations; 
 and that plain is, in superficial extent, equal to all the i-est 
 of Europe. Owing to its vast extent, it can atfciin a con- 
 siderable elevation by an ascent qiUte imperceptible : and 
 the ridge of Valdai, which separates the basins of the Volga 
 and Dnieper, flowing into the Caspian and Black Seas, from 
 that of the Dwina, which runs into the Baltic, has an 
 absolute height of nearly 1200 feet. IJesides tliis great 
 pLiin or series of plains, there are two others, the pl.iin of 
 Bohemia, and the plain of Hungary; the latter with an 
 area of 40,000 square miles, a great part of which is perfectly 
 level. 
 
 Gedngy. — It seems to be admitted on all hands that 
 the first rank among European mountains, with respect to 
 age as well as extent, belongs to the Scandinavian rang". 
 It consists almost wholly of what were heretofore called pri- 
 mary rocks, and. on their flanks, the oldest deposited sti-«ta, 
 (Cambrian. Silurian, Devonian.) containing, in thiir fos.sils, 
 proofs of relative age, lie horizontal and undisturbed, tlieir 
 formation having taken place subsequent to the upliejjval 
 of the mountains. In the AV. of England, and on the AV. 
 side of the Ural, analogous strata are found distorted or 
 raised vertically, showing that the mountains on which 
 they lean have risen since their deposition: but, at tlie 
 same time, proving the antiquity of the framework of 
 Northern Europe, from its W. to its E. extremity. The 
 ninth great change in the physical aspect of AVestern Eu- 
 rope get^ms to have been produced by the raising of the Py- 
 renees, wliich chain, being comparatively recent, lifted with 
 it recent strata, such as chalk and the earlier tertiary for- 
 mations; and as the chalk, the formation of which was ar- 
 rested by the convulsion which raised the Pyrenees, occu- 
 pies but a small portion of Europe, it is suppo.sed that the 
 effects of that convulsion were very widely felt, and that, in 
 fact, the emergence of a large proportion of the continent 
 from the waters which then covered it took place suddenly 
 at tlie upheaval of the Pyrenees. The eleventh great revo- 
 lution was effected by the upheaval of the AVestern Alps ; 
 the twelfth by that of the Iligh Alps; so that these, tho 
 greatest mountains of Europe, are also unqucstionablj' the 
 youngest, with the exception of one inconsiderable chain in 
 Greece, the upheaval of which maybe assi.srned to a volcanic 
 action still partially surviving in Etna and A"esuvius. It is 
 remarkable that the European land which first rose above 
 the ocean is that which still continues most constantly to 
 rise; foi- it is fully ascertained that the waters of the Baltic 
 are retiring fiom the shores of Sweden at a uniform rate, 
 or. in other words, the land is rising at the rate of about 5 
 feet in a century. During the formation of the tertiary 
 strata, nearly three-fourths of Europe — most of Russia, tho 
 basin of the Danube, Northern Germany, Holland, part of 
 France, the E. shores of Sweden, of England, of Italy, ic. — 
 were under water. The rising of the Pyrenees made Europe 
 a continent: the convulsion which separated En.irland from 
 France is supposed to have been caused by the rising of the 
 High Alps. Scotland and Ireland remained connected, pro- 
 bably till a much more recent period, by volcanic formations, 
 which have subsequently crumbled and sunk in the ocean. 
 It is near the contact of the older sedimentary rocks with 
 those of eruptive or volcanic origin that the great metallic 
 deposits are found. These lie chiefly in England. Sweden, 
 the Ural, and in a line from the Harz, through the Erzge- 
 birge. to the Carpathians. 
 
 Hivers. — The vaiious chains of mountains, from the Co- 
 
 649 
 
EUR 
 
 EUR 
 
 iwines to lb.9 Carpathians, which divide the -waters mn- 
 L'Wg iatf) the Mediterranean from those flowing into the 
 Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea. and the Baltic, tbrra collec- 
 liTely ' rid.L'e, extending W.S.W. and K.X.K.. parallel to 
 the Ili-h Alps; and consequently the streams flowing 
 from itv X. side, or through the plain, all incline more or 
 less to the V,'., and, owing to the breadth of the plain, 
 which they traverse with a moderate fall, they are all navi- 
 gable to a considerable extent. The Ebro, at the S. foot of 
 the Pyrenees, holds a course parallel to these mountains, 
 but the other large rivers of the Spanish Peninsula run. like 
 the mountain chains which confine their basins, in a direc- 
 tion parallel to the High Alps. From these last named 
 mountains descend, as might be expected, some of the larg- 
 est of the European rivers — the Danube, the Rhine, the 
 Rhone, and the Po, all have their sources in this central 
 chain. The first and greatest of these, the Danube, has a 
 length of perhaps 2400 miles, or about three-fourths of the 
 length of the Nile. It is remarlcable that the Volga, which, 
 among European rivers, holds the first rank for length, 
 having a course, of nearly 1700 miles, derives but a small 
 proportion of its waters from the heights of the South 
 Ural ; its chief sources are little more than 1000 feet above 
 the sea. This river di-ains an immense extent of country 
 ■with so moderate a Cill, that its channel is always full. The 
 lakes of Europe accompany the chief mountain systems, and 
 may be divided into two groups — the Alpine and Scandi- 
 navian. A chain of lakes extends along the N. side of the 
 Alps, through Switzerland and the Tyrol ; and along the S. 
 side, through Lombardy and Styria. The Scandinavian 
 lakes extend across Sweden from W. to E., beginning at the 
 b. termination of the mountains; and on the E. side of the 
 BiiUic a numl)er of lakes stretching in the same direction 
 across Finland, on the borders of Kussia, mark the continu- 
 ation of the line of depression. 
 
 ClirtwU. — Europe enjoys the great advantage of lying al- 
 most wholly within the temperate zone. A small portion of 
 it only, comprising Lapland and the X. co.%st of Kussia, ex- 
 tends beyond the Arctic circle. On the other hand, the 
 most southern point of Europe does not reach within 12° 
 of the tropic, nor even attain a zone where snow is a rare 
 phenomenon. Another remarkable advantage is the great 
 extent of its maritime boundaries. The frequent mixture 
 of sea and land tends to diffuse over the latter the equable 
 temperature of the ocean. It is well known that W. coasts 
 are in general more warm and humid than those that face 
 the E. This difference of climate is easily explained by the j 
 difference Iwtween the ruling winds. The W., or rather 
 B.W. wind, on the coast of Europe, is in reality the equato- 
 rial current of the atmosphere, which, flowing at first due 
 N. towards the pole, continually inclines more and more to- 
 wards the E., becjiuse the velocity of the earth's movement 
 of rotation is greatest at the ec^uator, and diminishes towards 
 the poles; and consequently that motion from W. to E., 
 which is latent in the equatorial current at its first starting 
 N., becomes apparent as the circles of latitude diminish, anil 
 the wind from the intertropical regions, describing a curve, 
 reaches the European shores as a S.W. wind. A like train 
 of reasoning, with an obvious inversion of circumstances, 
 will show that the N.E. wind is generally nothing else than 
 the polar current, bent from its originally S. cour.se, because 
 it falls short of the E. motion of the lower circles. The 
 equatorial current of the atmosphere, determined in its 
 course by circumstances, flows N.. with little intermission, 
 over the Atlantic Ocean, and, inclining E.. becomes a S.W. 
 wind. This is the predominating wind of Western Europe. 
 In Ireland the S.W. wind, warm and humid, prevails dur- 
 ing nine months of the year; on the Continent its dura- 
 tion, strength, and temperature decline uniformly towards 
 the E. At St. Petersburg it is still the prevalent wind, but 
 farther E. it gives way to the cold and dry N.E. wind. The 
 heat and moisture of the equatorial zone are continually 
 flowing into the atmosphere of Europe; but the effect of 
 this is greatly heightened by an oceanic current. The 
 equ.atorial current of the ocean flows W., but being checked 
 by the American Continent, it turns N., flows round the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and then, under the name of the Gulf Stream, 
 runs at a little distance from the coasts of the United 
 States, and pa.«siiig 3. of Newfoundland, falls with a rela- 
 tively high temperature chiefly on the shores of Ireland. 
 Scotland, and Norway. At the same time, the N. shores of 
 Europe are guarded from accumulation of ice by fortunate 
 accidents of structure. The great projection of the Conti- 
 nent W. of the Obi. and the position of Nova Zembla, 
 stretching forward to lat. 77°, screen Europe effectually 
 from the ice firmed on the N. shores of Siberia, This ice. 
 when it breaks up, drifts to G reenland, the E. coasts of 
 Which are never open, while the W. shores of Norway, in 
 the same latitude, are never closed. Many circumstances, 
 therefore, concur to favor Europe generally with a pecu- 
 liarly genial climate, in which the vicissitudes of season are 
 felt without their rigor. 
 
 The incr«»«e of temperature from N. to S. and from E. to 
 W.. .ts it takes place throughout Europe, where those ele- 
 meutA have been accurately determined, is exhibited, in 
 650 
 
 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, in the foUcwlnj? 
 table:— 
 
 North Cape 
 
 Trondhjem (Korway). 
 Umeil (Sweden)....'... 
 
 St. Petersburg 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 •Kaiao 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Dautzlc 
 
 Dublin 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Warsaw 
 
 London 
 
 Penzance 
 
 Prague 
 
 Paris 
 
 Carlsrohe 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Buda 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 Rome '. 
 
 NapleJ 
 
 Liabon 
 
 Latitude. p|P°|f°" -VTinter. Summer. 
 
 71° 
 63« 
 
 53X 
 53« 
 
 52 
 51 K 
 
 S8K 
 
 From this it will be manifest to what an extent the seve- 
 rity of winter is mitigated by the vicinity of the ocean. 
 North Cape has a milder winter, and Trondhjem (Dron- 
 thelm) even a better climate altogether, than Ka>an. whiih 
 is situated in a much lower latitude — in the same parallel, 
 indeed, as Edinburgh. That the lines of equal mean tem- 
 perature decline S. as we go farther E., is obvious from the 
 comparison of Penzance, Paris, Carlsruhe. Vienna, and Buda. 
 It is also to be observed, that if the same mean temperature 
 be traced E., the difference of temperature of the seasons will 
 be found constantly increasing, the summer growing hotter, 
 the winter colder. Thus, compare Edinburgh and Ilamburg, 
 Dublin and Prague, Penzance and Buda, Naples and Lisbon, 
 and it will be seen that efjuability is the characterof the W. 
 Hence it is that some plants, as the vine for instance, which 
 suffer little from the cold of winter, but the successful cul- 
 tivation of which depends chiefly on the summer heat, have 
 a wider range towards the E., or, in other words, they flou- 
 rish within limits which run to the N. of E.. and thus make 
 an angle with the line of constant mean temperattms. The 
 same advantages of mild and genial temperature, which 
 Western has over Eastern Europe, the continent collectively 
 has over the rest of the earth. The diminution of mean 
 temperature, as well as the intensity of the opposite seasons, 
 increase as we go E. across the Old World. Peking, in lat. 40°, 
 has as severe a winter as St. Petersburg. The hills near the 
 seaside S. of the Chu-san Islands, lat. 00°, are covered with 
 snow four or five months in the year, and the snow has 
 hardly disappeared when the peach-trees are in full blos- 
 som. The E. side of the American Continent is as remark- 
 able as Eastern A.sia with respect to absolute and equable 
 temper.ature; and although the W. coast, at the mouth of 
 the Columbi.a, has a much milder climate than the E., yet 
 it is still much Inferior to W. Europe, as will be seen from 
 the following table : — 
 
 Kew Toric 
 
 Halifax 
 
 Quebec 
 
 Cumberland House (Hudson's Bar). 
 Fort Vancouver (Colombia, W. coasi 
 Fort George (Colombia) 
 
 Lati- i Mean | Win- 
 tude. ! temp. I ter. 
 
 4*M 
 
 As a large proportion of the rain which falls on Europe is 
 borne to it by the S.W. wind, the quantity of rain dimi- 
 nishes towards the E.. but not with regularity. The preci- 
 pitation of the aqueous vapor suspended in the atmosphere 
 being determined by great mas.ses of high land, the heaviest 
 rains fall, sis might be expected, round the Alps, particularly 
 on their S. side, and at the W. side of the Scandinavian 
 range. The peninsulas of Simthern Europe — namely. Spain, 
 Italy, and Greece — all feel the effects of their exposure to 
 the'heated S. winds which come to them, from the great 
 .\frican Desert, and they have little or no rain in summer. 
 Some districts in Spain are often without rain for nine 
 months together. The Pyrenees, the Cevennes, the .\\\\s, 
 and the Carpathians fonn a limit of climate between the 
 dry region on the S.. visited only Viy winter rains, and the 
 humid" region on which rain falls at all times of the year, 
 but chiefly in summer. Sweden, however, on the E. sideoi 
 the Scandinavian range, has but little summer rain, exhi- 
 biting in this, as in other particuLirs. a strong contrast with 
 the maritime climate of Norway. At Bergen, in the latter 
 country, the quantity of rain 'that falls within the year 
 amounts to SO inches ; at Stockholm it is but 17i inches. 
 Ireland, exposed to constant S.W. winds. complet<'ly satu- 
 rated with vapor, has 208 rainy days in the year ; but the 
 rain is gentle, though frequent, and protwbly does not 
 amount to more than 32 inches. Loudon has 178 days of 
 
EUR 
 
 EUR 
 
 rain, and Enpland, collectively, 31 inches; thoufrh, in the ! 
 mountaiuous districts, Cumberland especially, the annual i 
 rain ofteu exceeds 60 inches. The Alps, at their S. foot, | 
 have tjo inches: Friuli, 100 inches; Palermo, 21 inches; 
 Lisbon and Madrid — the one on the W. coast, the other in- 
 land, on a plain — have respectively 35 and 9^ inches of rain. 
 <}oin;.r over the continent from \V. to E., we find that Hol- 
 land has 2t> inches of annnal rain, and St. Petersburg, 21 
 inches; Western iTrance has 24 inches; Buda, 18 inches. 
 The fnow which covers the ground in Russia during five 
 months, from October to April, amounts, when measured as 
 rain, by inches, to only a very small quantity. The line of 
 perpetual snow is found at North Cape at the height of 2300 
 feet above the Sea.: in Southern Norway, at the height of 
 6500 feet. In the Alps, the general height of this line may 
 be taken at 90U0 feet; but on the N. side and E. end of the 
 chain it descends to 8600 feet, while on the S. face of Mount 
 Koi«i it rises to 10,000 feet. On the Pyrenees, the snow-line 
 occurs, on the N.and S. sides respectively, at heights of 8300 
 and 9100 feet. Thus it apptsirs that the line of perpetual con- 
 gelation falls lower on the Pyrenees than on the Alps, though 
 the latter mountains lie 3° farther N. than the former; but 
 this is the inevitable consequence of the vicinity of the 
 ocean, which diminishes the intensity of the summer heat, 
 
 ZAnilogy. — The zoology of Europe offers little for remark. 
 The reindeer and polar bears are peculiar to the N. The S. 
 alone has lizards and serpents. In the forests of Poland and 
 Lithuania the urus or bonasus, a species of wild ox, is still 
 occa.«ionally met with. Bears and wolves still inhabit the 
 forests and mountains, but, in general, cultivation and 
 population have expelled wild animals. The domesticated 
 animals are nearly the same throughout. The ass and 
 nrule lose their size and beauty N. of the I'yrenees and 
 Alps. A few camels are bred in the neighViorhood of .Vienna, 
 in Italy, in which country also buffaloes are used for 
 draught. The Mediterranean Sea has many species of fish, 
 but no great fishery; the N. sea.s, on the other hand, are 
 annually filled with countless shoals of a few species, chiefly 
 the herring, mackarel, cod, and salmon. 
 
 VeijeUititm. — With respect to the vegetable kingdom, Eu- 
 rope may be conveniently divided into four zones. The 
 
 first, or northernmost, is that of fir and birch. This may 
 be subdivided into the zones of lichen, birch, an 1 fir. The 
 tundras, or mo.ssy plains of Scan(iin.avia, do not equal in 
 extent those of Kastern Russia. The heights inaccessible 
 to other vegetation, up to the borders of perpetual snow, are 
 occupied by lichens, the moet valuable of which sre th«^ 
 reindeer moss and the Iceland mo?s. The birch reaclie.< 
 almost to North Cape ; the fir ceases a degree farther S. The 
 cultivation of grain extends farther in these rude latitudes 
 than might be at first supposed. Barley ripens even under 
 the 70th parallel; wheat ceases at 0-1° in Nonvay, 62° in 
 Sweden. In the country of the Samoyeds, in Eastern Rus- 
 sia, the limit of barley is in about 07°. Within this zone, the 
 S. limit of which extends from lat. 64°. in Norway, to lat. 
 62°. in Russia, agriculture has little importance, the inha- 
 bitants being chiefly occupied with the care of reindeer or 
 cattle, and in fishing. The next zone, which may be called 
 that of the o.ik and Vieech, and cereal produce, extends from 
 the limit above mentioned to the 4Sth parallel. Next we 
 find the zone of the chestnut and vine, occupying the space 
 between the 4Sth parallel and the mountiiin chains of 
 Southern Europe. Here the oak still flourishes, but tho 
 pine species become rare. Rye, which characterizes the pre- 
 ceding zone, on the continent f;ives way to wheat, and. in 
 the S. to maize also. The fourth zone, comprehending 
 the southern peninsulas, is that of the olive and ever- 
 green woods. The orange flourishes in the 8. portion of it, 
 and rice is cultivated in a few spots in Northern Italy and 
 Eastern Spain. The deciduous oak here gives jilace to the evei^ 
 green and cork oaks, with edible acorns. The lines which do- 
 fine the region favorable to the growth of each plant generally 
 incline S. towards the E. ; but it is otherwise with the vine, 
 olive, and a few other plants within certain limits. The cul- 
 tivation of the vine begins on the coast of France, in lat. 48°, 
 passes N. of Paris, in lat. 49°. and goes still farther N. in Ger- 
 many, where it re.ichesits northern limit : it is still, however, 
 carried on with success on the Volga, in lat. .50°. 
 
 The following table exhil'its the name and area of each 
 statfl in Europe, also the form of government, the prevailing 
 religion, and the population, revenue, debt, army and navy, 
 and capital city : — 
 
 Area, Ihpulalinn, cfe. o/ all the European Staten. 
 
 Anhiilt BeraburK , 
 
 AuhaU-Uessau-Kotlien 
 
 Ausn-ia 
 
 Ba.leii 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Bru 
 
 vick. 
 
 Denmark., 
 
 Frank fort 
 
 Great Britain and Irelaud.. 
 Greece 
 
 Designation. 
 
 iiourg.. 
 
 Ha 
 
 Hanove 
 
 HesKe-Cas^el 
 
 Hesse- Darmstadt 
 
 Hesse-Hombuig.. 
 
 [*Hnhenzolleru-Hechingen.] 
 
 [•Hoheuzoll.-Sigmarlugen.] 
 
 Ionian Republic '. 
 
 Liechtenstein 
 
 Lipije-Detmold 
 
 Lulicck 
 
 Mecklenburg-Sohwerin 
 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
 
 Modena 
 
 Naples 
 
 Nassau 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Oldenburg and Kniphamen. 
 
 Parma 
 
 Pontittaal States 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Reuss, Old > 
 
 " Young 5 
 
 Russia 
 
 San Marino 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Siixe-Altenburg 
 
 I Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 
 
 Saxe-Meiuiugen 
 
 I Saxo-Welmar-Elsenaob 
 
 Schaumhurg-Lippe 
 
 Schwarzbuig-Rudolstadt 
 
 Suhwarzburg-Sondeisiiauacn 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden anl Norway 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Tuseauy. with Lucca 
 
 Walluck 
 
 W'JrtL-mburg 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Duch}'" 
 
 Kuipire 
 
 Grand Duchy 
 Kingdom .... 
 .Monarchy .. . 
 Free City.... 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Monarchy.... 
 
 Empire 
 
 Free City 
 
 Kingdom .... 
 Monarchy.. .. 
 Free City.... 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 Electorate ... 
 Grand Duchy 
 Landgrave... 
 Principality.. 
 Principality.. 
 
 Principality.. 
 Principality.. 
 Free City.... 
 Grand Duchy 
 Grand Duchy 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Kingdom .... 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Monarchy . . . 
 Grand Duchy 
 Duchy ". 
 
 Kingdom .... 
 
 Monarcliy . . . 
 Principalities 
 
 Empire 
 
 Republic 
 
 Kingdom .... 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Kingdom .... 
 Principality.. 
 Principality.. 
 Principality.. 
 Monarchy ... 
 Monarchy.... 
 
 Republic 
 
 Empire 
 
 Grand Duchy 
 Principality.. 
 Kingdom 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 Luth.& Cnl. 
 K. Catholic. 
 Lutheran . . 
 R. Catholic. 
 Lutheran... 
 
 Lutheran... 
 Lutheran .. 
 E. Catholic. 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 
 3.1!) i 
 
 078 
 
 !S6,5oU 
 
 5,9(H 
 
 29,1)37 
 
 11,400 
 
 112 
 
 1,400 
 
 aoo.en 
 sol 
 
 I20.4IHI 
 
 K. Catholic. 
 
 18.600 
 
 
 151 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 14,811 
 
 Calvlnistlc. 
 
 4.4:19 
 
 Lutheran... 
 
 S,761 
 
 Calvlni.stlo. 
 
 106 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 117 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 Md 
 
 Greek Ch. . 
 
 I,0ir2 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 5.1 
 
 Calvinistio. 
 
 438 
 
 
 114 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 4,845 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 7«7 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 2,07:i 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 «1.90« 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 1,751 
 
 CUvinistic. 
 
 is.m;! 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 2,421 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 2,766 
 
 K. Catholic. 
 
 17.210 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 35,-268 
 
 Luth.&R.C. 
 
 109,314 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 640 
 
 Greek Ch. . 
 
 1,U2,504 
 
 22 
 28,229 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 510 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 799 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 971 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 1,418 
 
 Lutheran.. 
 
 6,917 
 
 Calvinistio. 
 
 207 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 331 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 327 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 193,244 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 293,48i 
 
 
 15,261 
 
 Mohamrad'n 
 
 203,6J8 
 
 R. Catholic. 
 
 8,5SS 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 461 
 
 Lutheran .. 
 
 7,55^ 
 
 52,641 
 
 lll,7o»' 
 
 .16.514.466 
 
 1.3.-)f,943 
 
 4.5)9,452 
 
 4,350,090 
 
 74,000 
 
 m,208 
 
 ?,107,397 
 
 36,779,222 
 
 77,971 
 
 27.332.145, 
 
 1,002.1 I2i 
 
 W0<l.690 
 
 l,819,;:5;l 
 
 759,731 
 
 854,319 
 
 24,921 
 
 20,143 
 
 45,4:11 
 
 219.797 
 
 7, .160 
 
 106.615 
 
 56,500 
 
 541,449 
 
 99,628 
 
 586,4.58 
 
 8,704.472 
 
 4-.;9,341 
 
 S,962,i90 
 
 28;),66o 
 
 507,881 
 
 3,006,771 
 
 3,471,203 
 
 16,935,420 
 
 114,983 
 
 60,098,821 
 
 7,600 
 
 5,090,245 
 
 132,850 
 
 150,412 
 
 166,364 
 
 262,524 
 
 1,987,832 
 
 30,226 
 
 69,0:18 
 
 60.847 
 
 13.9:16,218 
 
 4,467,156 
 
 2,:190,116 
 
 15,3,50,000 
 
 1,778,021 
 
 69.697 
 
 1,815,686 
 
 t526,583' 
 
 700,000 
 
 117,930,000 
 
 11,912.110 
 
 13,914,274 
 
 25,000,000 
 
 589,318 
 
 1.171,000 
 
 7,500,000 
 
 267,B8:l,6J0 
 
 747.0801 
 
 255.900.000 S 
 
 3.984.4261 
 
 2,953,973 
 
 6,429,870 
 
 8.134,075 
 
 3,282,749 
 
 137,353 
 
 77,440 
 
 87.120 
 
 558,632 
 
 10,748 
 
 187,631 
 
 262,369 
 
 2,370.774 
 
 221,4:10 
 
 1,682.000 
 
 18,5:16.885 
 
 1.750.000 
 
 17,938,438 
 
 726,842 
 
 1,274,400 
 
 12,542,500 
 
 14,186.829 
 
 76,593,048 
 
 261,138 
 
 87,209,270 
 
 6.600 
 
 25,630,000 
 
 503,100 
 
 706.400 
 
 576,580 
 
 1,124.870 
 
 6,045.660 
 
 93,600 
 
 288,280 
 
 200,400 
 
 122,596,000 
 
 8,229,1.56 
 
 3,210.000 
 
 36,540,000 
 
 3,649.184 
 
 266,813 
 
 5,090,946 
 
 $1,254,558 
 
 3.470.512 
 
 611,300.000 
 
 26,522,932 
 
 54,798,248 
 
 130,700.000 
 
 1,9:16.000 
 
 4,8.13.0t» 
 
 111.198.560 
 
 ,115.800,000 
 
 5,083,200 
 
 ,865.800,000 
 
 25.000,000 
 
 23,10:1,104 
 
 27,,184,03B 
 
 1,182,551 
 
 7,009,290 
 
 528,146 
 
 154,880 
 
 40,321 
 
 3,416,000 
 
 7,640,0t« 
 
 871,200 
 
 3,18.800 
 
 88,,184,S52 
 
 4,080 000 
 
 300,247,075 
 
 740,520 
 
 2,368,000 
 
 100,000,000 
 
 88,071.047 
 
 152,569,815 
 
 87,120 
 
 370 
 854 
 639.659 
 15,U00 
 58,239 
 180,000 
 6O0I 
 
 s.oooj 
 
 75,1«9| 
 
 401,2471 
 
 1.024' 
 
 1 44,035 i 
 
 9,848i 
 
 1,800; 
 
 23,687 
 
 11,000, 
 
 10.514 
 
 350 
 
 146 
 
 356 
 
 4,000 
 
 60 
 
 820 
 
 407 
 
 7,752 
 
 800 
 
 3,500 
 
 106,519 
 
 57,959 
 600 
 4,148 
 17.365 
 38,000 
 S49,812 
 
 745 
 
 567,772,640 699,000 237 
 
 114,300,000 
 1,642,676 
 2,296,953 
 1,670,450 
 4,292,200 
 31,230,000 
 
 "48,.166 
 
 524,200 
 
 914,930,000 
 
 9,661,000 
 
 2,943,000 
 
 150,000,000 
 
 (?) 
 
 435,6fl0l 
 19,369,487! 
 
 140,000 
 1,500 
 
 1,200 
 2,400 
 
 809 
 700 
 136,787 
 167,484 
 108.000 
 448.8ti0 
 15,376 
 520 
 19,017 
 
 11,773 
 15,026 
 
 288 
 9,000 
 
 Bern burg. 
 
 Dessau. 
 
 Vienna. 
 
 Calsruhe. 
 
 .Munich. 
 
 Brussels. 
 
 Bremen. 
 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 Paris. 
 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Lonilon. 
 
 Athens. 
 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 Cassul. 
 
 Darmstadt. 
 
 Honiburg. 
 
 Hechingen. 
 
 Sigmuriugen. 
 
 Corfu. 
 
 Liechtenstein. 
 
 Detntold. 
 
 Lubeok. 
 
 Schwerin. 
 
 Strelitz. 
 
 Modena. 
 
 Naples. 
 
 Wiesbaden. 
 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Oldenburg. 
 
 Parma. 
 
 P.ome. 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Berlin. 
 
 5 Grciz. 
 
 J .Schlcitz. 
 
 St. Petersburg. 
 
 • See note, page 745. 
 
 T And 90 gun-boats. 
 
 t And 117 steamers. 
 
 § And 210 gaa-boats. 
 
 Turin. 
 
 Altenburg. 
 
 Coburg. 
 
 Meiningen. 
 
 "Weimar. 
 .... I Dresden. 
 .... B,ickeburg, 
 .... BudoLstadt. 
 .... Sondershausen, 
 1,231 Madrid. 
 (7) I Stockholm. 
 
 I Bern. 
 
 4,000 Constautipople 
 .... [Florence. 
 .... Arolsen. 
 .... I Stuttgart. 
 
 II And 392 gun-boau. 
 651 
 
EUR 
 
 EUR 
 
 The total »rea of Europe, according: to the estimates of the 
 different states, as furnished in tlie foregoing taile, is 
 3,830.130 square miles. Of this, 2.142.604 square miles was 
 comprised in the territory of Bussia, being "247.439 .square 
 miles more than half of the entire area of the Continent. 
 The total population of Europe, as shown in the foregoing 
 tal>Ie. is 2i:4.209,000 ; the total revenue. $1,170,771,515: de)>t, 
 $S,4Si>.210.369; army, 3,938,9t)9 men; nary, 1757 vessels, 
 and 47.067 jruns. 
 
 Eilinngraphy and Lanfjimge. — Europe is occupied by many 
 different rac<w. wholly distinct or very remotely connected. 
 The Celts once possessed the AVest of Europe, from the Alps 
 to the British Islands. The only remnant of the pure Celtic 
 lans;uage. at the present day. is the G,T?lic. or Erse, spolien 
 in some districts of Ireland, the Scotch Hiehlands. and 
 the Hebrides. The Welsh are probably descendants of the 
 Cimbri. (whence they are still called in the AVelsh tongue 
 Cymry.) a portion of which nation, witli the Teutones. in- 
 vaded Italy, and were defeated by Marius about 100 n.o. A 
 portion of\hese Cymry established themselves in Brittany, 
 where the people still speak a langu;ige resembling tlie 
 Welsh. The Celts adopted the Anglo-Saxon writing; they 
 also used the Ogham, which was a s.icred, but not an ancient 
 character. Their literary cultivation l:)egan with their con- 
 version to Chri.stianity, and does not seem to have ever 
 advanced fir. In Spain, also, they were driven to the W. 
 side: the E. shores, the Pyrenees, and part of Aquitani.i. 
 were h 'Id by the Iberians, of whom the Basques are now 
 the representatives. Their language, the Eskuara. tias no 
 discoverable affinity with any other; and the Basques are 
 the only European race who cannot be traced into Asia. 
 Next to the Oltic comes the Teutonic race, who have long 
 predominated, and' have supplied everywhere, except in 
 Russia, the reigning &milies. Under this name are com- 
 prehended the Germans and Scandinavians ; the language 
 of the former, including Gothic, Lithuanian. Flemish. Fri- 
 sian. Ando-Saxon, Ac, extended from Transylvania to 
 North Britain, and from the Alpes to the Baltic Sea. The 
 Scandinavians. Danes and Norwegians chiefly, colonized 
 Iceland, and the Faroe Islands. Shetland. Orkney, and others 
 of the Scotch Islands: and traces of their presence in Ire- 
 land may be discerned even in Ptolemy's map of that island, 
 A. D. 150. The literature (>f this race goes back to pagan 
 times, and is extremely abundant. To the E.. in general, 
 of the Teutonic race, though sometimes mixed with it. come 
 the Slavonians, that is, the Poles, the Chekes, or Bohemi- 
 ans. Esthonians, the Servians, Craitians, about one-third 
 of the population of Hungary, and the Russians. The 
 Vends, or Veneti, formerly a powerful nation on the S. 
 shores of the Baltic, but now absorbed in the German name, 
 were of this race. An offset of the same stock penetrated to 
 the head of the Adriatic Sea, and founded Venice. Among 
 the Slavonians, the great mass of the people were serfs, and 
 subject to harsh treatment. Hence their nation.il name, 
 (Slave.) which means renoicned. has become, in West Europe 
 and America, the designation of one deprived of liberty. 
 Slavonian literature is all of modern date. In the S. and 
 S.E. of Europe are the offspring of the PeL-\.sgian stock, 
 speaking the Greek and Latin, which latter absorbed the 
 Etruscan .and other languages of ancient Italv. Greek was 
 the l.-uiguage not merely oif the Grecian Peninsula, but of 
 all the islands and Asiatic shores of the .Egean Sea : it was 
 this langu.age — rich, vigorous, and singularly perspicuous — 
 that first gave expression to that pure taste, and manly 
 conception which now form the distinction of Europe. Mo- 
 dern Greek is spoken within a comparatively limited range, 
 and differs from the ancient tongue, chieflv. in having lost 
 many grammatical inflexions ; hence it is" called Aplo-Hel- 
 lenic or Simple Greek. The .\lbanians on the W. side of the 
 Grecian Peninsula, are probably .sprung from the mixed 
 Celtic and Dacian population of the lUyrian Mountains. At 
 the present day, the language of the Skipatars (as thev call 
 themselves) is one-third Celtic, and contains much Slavo- 
 nian. 
 
 The Latin or Roman language was connected with the 
 Greek, through the least cultivated di.alect of the latter— the 
 ^Eoli'in : and contained many words of Western origin. The 
 Teutonic. Slavonian. Greek, and Latin, (with the modern 
 tongues derived from them,) all Ijelong to what is called the 
 Indo-European family of languages. Thev mav all be 
 traced from'the Sanscrit, the ancient language of Upper 
 India, and the Himalaya, though, perhaps, the Slavonian 
 may be more conveniently referred to a cognate tongue— 
 the Zend or ancient Persian. The Gvpsies also speak a lan- 
 guage of Indian origin, and related to the Pali. The Celtic 
 Language has so much analogy with the Indo-European 
 stock, as to countenance the belief that the Celts were but 
 an older wave of the same great stream of emigration from 
 the Highlinds of Central Asi.a. From the neiL'ht)orhood of 
 the Altai Mountains, N.K. of the Hiaialava. flowed westward 
 another similar stream. Turkish trills occupied the steppes 
 N. of tne Black .Sea. probably at an earlv age. At present 
 the Ba.<hkirt. ;n the South Ural, are of Turkish race, to 
 which belong aJso the Tartars of Kasan, those of the Krim. 
 and the Nogays on the Don. The Ottoman or ntiim.n 
 
 asa 
 
 Turks, (so named from their early Sultan. Othman or Os- 
 man.) after being settled for ages in Asia Minor, at length 
 took Constantinople in 1453. and established their empire 
 in Europe. Previous to this event, a body of Turcom:ius liad 
 forced their way into Macedonia, where their descendants still 
 remain. The iSshing and hunting tribes of .North Sii'eri.a, 
 also took part in this Western movement, and the Finns 
 advancing from theObi. settled themselves in the countries 
 now called Lapland and Finland. Higher up. from the 
 banks of the Irtish, other hordes of the same nati >n mingled 
 with, and led by Turks and Mongols, poured down on the 
 valley of the Danul)e. in the seventh centuiT. and founded 
 the kingdom of Hungary. The language of the Magyars, 
 as the Hungarians call themselves, has not vet lost all r* 
 semblance to that of the Ostyaks on the Olii. The in con 
 venience arising from diversity of speech, is much dimi- 
 nished in Europe by the great predominence of tlie lan- 
 guages of the Indo-European family, wliii-h are sp;iken by 
 nine-tenths of the whole population : the Teutonic. Sclavo- 
 nian, and Latin sroups. each nunii)ering about TO millions. 
 
 The literary cultivation of Europe, considered in the ag- 
 gregate, and apart from the separate national literature of 
 which it is composed, suggests a few important observa- 
 tions. It has proceeded altogether from ancient G reece. In 
 poetry, history, and speculative philosophy, the Greeks cer- 
 tainly excelled in their time; but their original and peouliai 
 merit was that of laying the foundations of exact .science, 
 and of the scientific examination of nature. Thev com- 
 menced rearing the solid and enduring edifice of human 
 knowledge. Pythagoras. Hipparchus, Ptolemy, and Euclid, 
 were the forerunners of Copernicus. Kepler, Galileo. New- 
 ton. Laplace, and Herschel: and Aristotle broke the way 
 for Locke and for Cuvier. It was fortunate that Christianity, 
 while spreading W.. raised in general consideration the two 
 languages which contained tlie seeds of civilization. When 
 the Arabs, having overrun with great rapidity the \. of 
 Africa, and part of Spain, laid aside their arms. ,and turned 
 to cultivate the arts of peace, they created, in the latter 
 country particularly, a literature which was as remarkable 
 for its extreme copiousness, as for its superficial character 
 and general worthlessness. Their example, however, worked 
 on the poets of Catalonia. Provence, and Italy : and to them, 
 prob.ibly, we owe the introduction of rhyme into J';uro|>ean 
 verse. It will be sufficient to mention here briefly, as an 
 epoch in the history of letters, and as a cau.se of European 
 superiority, the discovery of the art of printing, which, with 
 the liberty of the press, wherever it is established, is sure to 
 advance the interests of humanity. ' 
 
 Xame and Hutnri/. — The origin of the name EcRopE is 
 uncertain. According to ancient fable, it is derived from 
 Europa. the daughter of the Phoenician kijig. Agenor. Some 
 derive it from the Greek words ttipiij, (eurus,) •' bixisid." and 
 oir, (op.) the root of the verb -to see or view;" snpposins 
 the name to have been given by the inhabitants of the 
 small Grecian islands, who first visited and beheld the 
 boundless prospects afforded by the continent, so <iifferent 
 from the limited views to which they had been accustomed. 
 Its first application appears to h.ave been restricted to the 
 mainl.and of Greece. N. of the Morea or Peloponnesus. The 
 history of modern Europe starts from Rome, as its literature 
 from Greece. In the early years of the Cliristiau era. the 
 Romans subdued all W. and X. Europe, as far as the Baltic. 
 The Roman power was favorable to civilization ; it increased 
 the measure of general liberty, promoted intercourse in vari- 
 ous ways, especially by the construction of good roads, on a 
 great scale, and perfected the civil law. As the Roman Em- 
 pire declined, the Northmen, or maritime .adventures of Jut- 
 land and Norw.ay, (including Danes and Anglo-Saxons.) rose 
 into Importance, and obtjiined at last a firm fixiting in Eng^ 
 land and West France. With the.se people rose into voirue the 
 feudal system, which made the tenure of land depend on the 
 condition of military service. But the feudal system. ;is a 
 military organization, proved a failure; it created turbulent 
 vassals, and not trained soldiers, and after experiencing, in 
 the sixteenth century, the great superiority of the Ottoman 
 troops in the field, European nations adopted the .system 
 of standing armies. This change, however, was unfavorable 
 to liberty, to morals, and to public economy; and the gra- 
 dual discovery of the immen.se power connected with a well- 
 ti-ained standing army prompted inordinate ambition. Hence 
 the wars and revolutions of the last and present centuries. 
 The extinction of ancient European dynasties, however, will 
 hereafter bo thou'_rht a matter of little importance, compared 
 with the colonization which now proceeds from tlie W. part 
 of Europe over the whole earth, carrying with it a widely- 
 spread and cultivated language, a ripe literature, useful 
 arts, enlightened sentiments, and Cliristian philanthropy, 
 Adi. and inh.ab. EintopEAN, u-ro-pee'an. 
 
 EUKOTAS. now called VASILKE. fB.a.sili.l vi5'se-lee. TA- 
 SILIICO. vd-siVe-ko. or BASILOPOTAJIO. va-sil-(^pf.t'j-mo. 
 a river of Greece. Morea. and the principal stream of ancient 
 I^conia. falls into the Gulf of Itolokythla. Length, f>0 miles. 
 
 EUFIVTANIA, u-re-td-nee'd or 4v-re-t.^-nee'd. a dtsfric'. or 
 diocese of Greece, nmne or province of ^tolia and Anarnania. 
 Its capital is KarpenisL Pop. 21.533. 
 
EUS 
 
 EU?KIRCIIEX, ols'k65RK-fn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 30 miles S.W. of Cologne. Pop.31U0. 
 
 KUS'TOX, a parish of Knglaud. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KUTAW, a post-offlce of Kandolph co.. Georgia. 
 
 EUTAVV, a pleasant post-village, capitjil of Greene CO., 
 Alabama. 3 miles \V. of Black Wamor Kiver, and 105 miles 
 W.N.W. of Montgomery. It is surrounded by a community 
 of wealthy cotton-planters, many of whom reside here for 
 the .social and eduraitioual advantages which the village 
 affiirds. The adjacent country is one of the most fertile and 
 wealthy parts of the state. £ut:iw contains several churches, 
 a newspiper office, and 2 female seminaries. Laid out in 
 183>i. i>.,p. in 1860, about 20U0. 
 
 EUTAW. a postrofflceof De Soto CO., Mississippi. 
 
 EUTAW INDIANS. See Utah. 
 
 EUTAW Sl'KINGS, a small affluent of the Svntee River. 
 In South Carolina. On its banks was fought the battle of 
 Eutaw Springs in 1781. 
 
 EUTIN. oi-teen', a town of North Germany, capital of the 
 principality of Lubeck, in a det^iched territory, enclosed by 
 Hiilstein, IS miles N. of Lubeck. Pop. 2816. It has a duciil 
 palace on an island in an adjacent lake. 
 
 EUTINGEN, oi'ting-gn, a village of Baden, circle of Mid- 
 dle Rhine, near Pforzheim, on the Enz. lu the vicinity are 
 the remains of a Itoman tower. Pop. 896. 
 
 EUXINliK.N, a village of Wiirtembefg, circle of Schwarz- 
 wald, (Bl;ick Forest.) 3 miles N'.E. of Horb. It contains a 
 parish church. Pop. 1191. 
 
 EU.YlNi-; SK.\. See Black Sea. 
 
 EUXINUS PONTUS. See Black Sea. 
 
 EUXTi>N, a chapelry of England, eo. of Lancaster. 
 
 EVAN'UBLIST ISLANDS, a group of rocky islets of South 
 America, olf thi W. coast of I'afeigonia. lat. (southernmost) 
 62° 24' S., Ion. 75° V Vi., consisting of four priaci|al ones, 
 and some detached rocks and breakers. They form an ex- 
 cellent leading mark for the \V. entrance of the Sti-ait of 
 Magellan, near which they are situated. 
 
 EVA.NS, iv'anz, a post-village and township of Erie co., 
 New York, on Lake Erie, and on the Buffalo and State Line 
 Railroad, 22 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. The village U situated 
 on the shiire of the lake, and has a good lauding. Pop. of 
 the township. 2510. 
 
 EV.\NS15IJKG, iv/anz-bUrg, a village of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 220 iuiles W. by N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 EV'.VNSBUiU), a post-village of Crawford co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, at the outlet of Conneaut Lake, about 90 miles N.N.W. 
 of I'ittsburg. Pop. about 200. 
 
 EV * NSBURG, a village of -Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, 
 7 miles N.W. of Norristown. 
 
 EVANSBURG, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio Canal, about 85 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 EVANS' CRKKK, of Lenawee CO., Michigan, euters R.iisin 
 Kiver at Tecumseh. 
 
 EV.\NS' FALLS, a post-offlce, Wyoming CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 EV.4NS1I.^M, Virginia. See Wvtheville. 
 
 EVANSI'ORT, iv'anz-pOrt, a post-village of Detiance co., 
 Ohio, on Tiffin River, about 10 miles N. of Defiance, has 
 about 20i) inhabitants. 
 
 EVANS'S MILLS, a post-village of Jefferson co., New 
 York. 1(10 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 E VAN S' S MI LLS, post-office, Chatham co.. North Carolina. 
 
 EVANSVILLK, iv'anz-vill. a post-village of Preston co., 
 firgini.a. alxjut 200 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 EVANSVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas. 
 
 EVANSVILLE, a post-township of Vanderburg CO., In- 
 diana. 
 
 EVANSVILLE, a flourishing city, port of entry, and capi- 
 tal of Vanderburg co., Indiana, is situated on a high bank 
 of the Ohio River, 200 miles from its mouth, and 2oO miles 
 below Louisville, in Kentucky. It is the S. tenninus of the 
 Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad, and of the A\'abash 
 and Erie Canal, which was completed in 1^53. This canal, 
 which is about 4C0 miles long, is the most extensive in the 
 Union. The course of the river is here so winding that Ev- 
 ausville is not far from the centre of the county. The situ- 
 ation is fine, on ground which ascends gradually. Among 
 the public buildings are tiie branch of the State Bank, a 
 splendid ediflce, and a marine hospital. It contains also 30 
 clnucbes, (many of which are brick,) a fine court-house, 5 
 banks, 1 theatre, and -1 public halls. Ten newspapers are 
 publisliid here. The commercial advantages above named, 
 together with the navigation of the Ohio, wliich is seldom 
 obstructetl either by drought or ice below Evansville, render 
 this a place of extensive trade, and the principal shipping- 
 point for the grain and pork of Southwestern Indiana. 
 Here .ire 11 flour-mills, 6 breweries, 5 iron-foundries, 3 ma- 
 chine-shoi)s, 2 large woollen-factories, and manufactories of 
 tobiicc<\ leather, &c. Pop. 11,484. 
 
 EVANSVILLE, a post-village of Randolph co., Illinois, on 
 Kaskuskia River, 135 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 -EVANS\'ILLE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, on 
 Aliens Creek, and on a railroad 22 miles N.W. of Beloit. It 
 has 2 churches, 2 mills, an academy, and 2 stores. 
 
 JJVANTON, iv'an-ton, a village of Scotland, co. of Koss, 
 13 mUes N.N.W. of Inverness. Pop. 462. 
 
 EVO 
 
 E'\'AUX, iVO', a town of France, department of Crease. 
 arrondisseiuent, and 21 miles N.E. of Auljusson. with hot 
 miner.-il baths. Pop. 1391. 
 
 KV/KDON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 EVE.NING'S (oev'uingz) SHADE, a post-office of Lawrence 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 EVEN LODE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 EVENLY, a river of Ihigland, rising in the N. part of the 
 CO. of Oxford, and flowing S.E. past lilandford and Blenheim, 
 into the Isis, 4 miles W.N.W. of Oxford. 
 
 EVENLY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 EVENWOUD. a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 EVERBECQ. A'vfr-b^k\ a village of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut, 22 miles N.E. of Tournai, with extensive salt- 
 refineries and linen manufactures. Pop. 4084. 
 
 EV/EKCKEECil. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 EVERDi^N, a parish of England, eo. of Northampton. 
 
 EVERETT'S SPRING, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia. 
 
 EVERETTSTOWN, a post-village of Alexandria town- 
 ship. Hunterdon CO., New Jersey, atjout 11 miles' W.N.W. of 
 Flemington. 
 
 EVERETTSVILLE, a village of Albemarle co.. Virginia, 
 near the Virginia Central Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Itich 
 mond. 
 
 EVERGIIEM, A'vfi^QhJm\ a village of Belgium, provincts 
 of East Flanders. 4 miles N. of Giient. I'op. 7795. 
 
 EVERGREEN, formerly ROGERSVILLE, roj/yrz-vil. a 
 a post-village of Anderson district, South Carolina, 131 miles 
 W.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 EVERGREEN, a post-vill.ige of Conecuh co.. Alabama, 
 about 108 miles S.S.W. of Montgomery. It h.HS 2 churches, 
 an academy, and 3 stores. 
 
 EVERGREEN, a post-offlce of Newtort co., Mississippi. 
 
 EVE liG R EEN . a post-offi ce of Avoyelles parish, Lo ui.^iana. 
 
 EVERINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 EVERITTSVILLE, a. post-village of Wayne CO., North 
 Carolina, on the Neuse River, and on the Wilmington and 
 Weldon Railroad, about 50 miles S.E. of RiUeigh. It con- 
 tains a flourishing seminary for girls. 
 
 EVERLY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 EVEKSDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. • 
 
 E VERSDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridire. 
 
 EVERSIIOLT, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 EVERSUOT, a parish of England, co. of Dor.set. OJ miles 
 E.N.E. of Beauniinster. Melbury Hall, the sejit of the Earl 
 of Ilchester, is in this parish. 
 
 EVEItSLEY', a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 EVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Beds. 
 
 EVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 EVERTON. a chapelry of England, co. of Lani-".s*«r. 
 
 EVERTON. a post-village of Fayette CO., Indiana, 70 miles 
 E.S.E. of Indi.anapolis. 
 
 EVESB.\TCH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.. 
 
 EVESH.\M. eevz'am or eevz'ham, a parliamentary and 
 municipal tiorough and market-town of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester, in the beautiful vale of the same name, and on the 
 navigable Avon. 15 miles S.E. of Worcester. Area, which in- 
 cludes 3 parishes, 2150 acres. Pop. in 1851, 4605, mostly cm- 
 ployed in garden work in the rich environs. It has some 
 remains (including the stately tower) of its celebrated mitred 
 abbey, founded in 709; two branch banks, with small manu- 
 factories of stockings, and a large market on Monday forhoi^ 
 ticultural produce. It sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. An act has been obtained for a railway connect- 
 ing Worcester and Oxford, and pas.sing through Evesham. 
 In 1265, Edward, Prince of Wales, afterwards Edwai-d I., 
 here totally defeated the barons, under Simrm de Montfort. 
 
 EVESII.4.M, eevz'ham, a township of Burliugt^iu oo.. New 
 Jersey. Pop. 3145. 
 
 EVESH.VM, a village in the above township. 8 miles S.AV. 
 of Mount Holly, has a church, and 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 EVI.AN, dHe-^x"'. (Anc. Aquianum f) a village of Savoy, on 
 Lake Leman 26 miles N.E. of Geneva. Pop. 2084. Near it 
 are the chalybeate baths of Amphion. 
 
 EVIE (^v'ee) and REN'DELL,a parish in the mainland of 
 Orkney, Scotland. Pop. 1447. 
 
 EV'INGTON. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 EV'IT'S MOUNTAIN, a ridge extending across the Mary- 
 land line N.N.E. through Bedford, to the Raystown branch 
 of the Juniata. 
 
 EVOLl. a town of Naples. See Ebou. 
 
 EVORA, iv'o-rL (anc. Eblora and LilieraVitaKJuflia,) a city 
 of Portugal, capital of the province of Alemtejo. on a height 
 85 miles E.S.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 15,000. It is enclosed by 
 ramparts, and has two ruined forts, a rich Gothic cathedral, 
 several convents and hospitals, a house of charity, barracks, 
 diocesan school, and a museum. An aiueduct still in use, 
 and the remains of a temple of Diana, (now a slaughter 
 house.) are attributed to the Roman general. Quintus Ser- 
 torius. It has manufactures of hardware and leather. 
 
 EVORA-MONTE. M'o-rd-mon't.l a town of Portugal, 
 province of Alemtejo, beautifully situated on the side and 
 
 653 
 
EVR 
 
 EXE 
 
 crest of a hill, 15 miles N.N.E. of Erora. It is smTOtinded 
 by y-pUs, and defended bj' a castle. Here, ia 1834, the 
 Kilguelites. after beiiii; defeated at Santarem, were forced to 
 lay down their arms. Pop. 940. 
 
 "jiVliAX, dvVftx"', a town of France, department of Cfites- 
 
 du-Xoid. on the Ranee, 6 miles S.S.E. of Dinan. Pop. 4500. 
 
 EVRE, aivV. a river of France, department of Cher, rises 
 
 In the marsh of Bourdelins, and joins the Cher near A'ier- 
 
 ten. Length. 41 miles. 
 
 EVREUX, JvVuh', (anc. Mediolalnum, afterwards Ebiiro- 
 vflces and Ebroica) a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Eure. on the Hon, 53 miles W.N.W. of Paris. It is 
 well built, and has many antique houses, a fine cathedral, 
 the church of St. Taurin. a clock tower, built during the 
 English domination in 1417, a town-hall, episcopal palace, 
 theatre, and a liotanie garden. It has manufactures of cot- 
 ton twist, woollen and cotton fabrics, and leather. In its 
 environs is the fine chateau of Navarre, in which the Em- 
 press Josephine resided after her divorce. P. in 1852. 12.877. 
 EVROX, ev'ris*', a town of France, department of Mayenne, 
 17 miles E.N.E. of Laval. Pop. 2'256. 
 
 EVRY, iv'Tee/, a station on the Paris and Corbeil Railway, 
 13 miles S. of Paris. 
 EA'ST, a river of Russia. See Yevst. 
 EWANOWITZ, A-*l-no'*its, or EYWANOWITZ.i-M-no'- 
 <i^its. a town of Austrian Moraria, 24 miles E.N.E. of Briinn, 
 on the Ilanna. Pop. 2u03. 
 EW^BANK'S MILLS, a post-offlceof Johnson co., Arkansas. 
 E^\■'ELL, a small market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Surrey, with a station on the London and Epsom Kail- 
 way, li miles N.N.E. of Epsom, Pop. in 1851, 1918. 
 EWKLL. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 EWELME, u'wJlm, a p.'trish of England, co. of Oxford, 2 J 
 miles E.N.E. of Wallingford. It has an hospital, founded 
 by the Duke of Suffolk in the reign of Henry VI. 
 
 EWE, LOCH, loK yoo. an inlet of the North Sea, in Scot- 
 land, on the W. coast of the co. of Ross. It is connected by 
 a short river with Loch Maree. 
 
 EWEN'NY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 5 
 miles W. of Cowbi idjre. It h;is ruins of an ancient abbey. 
 EW'IORBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 EWES'DALE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on 
 the small river Ewes, 4 miles N. of Langholm. The scenery 
 is amongst the most bi«utiful on the borders. 
 EW'HURST. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 EWUURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 EWHURST. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 EWIJK. a village of Holland. See Ewtk. 
 EW'ING. a township of Mercer co., New Jersey, on the 
 Delaware River. Pop. 2079. 
 
 EWIXG. a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 EWING. a postKiffi<'c of Franklin co.. Illinois. 
 EAVI NO'S \ ECK. a )>ost,-offlce. Cumberland co.. New Jersev. 
 EW'INGTOX, a post-olfice of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 EWIXGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Effingham 
 CO.. Illinois, on the Little Wabash River, where it is crossed 
 by the National Koad, S2 miles S.E. of Springfield. It is on 
 the route of the projected railroad between Alton and Terre 
 Haute. The river here affords water-power. Pop. 200. 
 EWLOE, a township of North Wales, co. of Flint. 
 EW'YAS, a valley of South Wales, co. of Brecknock, near 
 the point where it joins with the cos. of Hereford and Mon- 
 mouth. It ia watered by the river Ilonddy, surrounded by 
 lofty mountains, and contains the picturesque ruins of 
 Llanthonv Abljev. 
 EWYAS HAK'/OLD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 E^\■YK or EWI.IK, A'wik, a village of Holland, province 
 of Gelderbind, 6 miles W. of Nymwegen. Pop. 670. 
 
 EX.\E1{DH. Jx-aa'deh. a commune of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders. 8 miles N.W. of Termonde. It has linen 
 manufactjiries, ijreweries, and corn-mills. Pop. 4235 
 E.X'ROUItXE. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 EX'BCRY. a parish of. England, co. of Hants. 
 EXCEL'SIOR, a postofifice of Hennepin co., Minnesota Ter- 
 ritory. 
 E.XCHANGE, a post-office of Wiirren co.. North Carolina. 
 E.XCHANGE, a post-office of M'Cracken co., Kentuckv. 
 EXCID EOIL, S-X^seeMuI', an ancient town of France, depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, 20 milei? N.E. of Perigueux. on the Lou6. 
 It has two antiijue towers, with other remains of former 
 defem-es, and ruins of a monastery. Marshal Bugeaud was 
 born here in 1784. Pop. at>out 2000. 
 
 EXE. Jx, (anc. iKica.) a river of England, rises in Exmoor, 
 CO. of .■iomersft. and flows, after a S. course of 45 miles, into 
 the En-rllsh Channel at Exmouth, from whence to Topsham 
 (alxiut 8 mil.'s) it has a na\igiible estuary. Its chief afflu- 
 ents are the Veo and Clist. Bampton, Tiverton, and Exeter, 
 are on its banks. 
 EXKA DE LOS CABALLEROS. See EoiA db los Cx- 
 
 BAIXEROS. 
 
 E.\'EI,BY. a township of England, co. York, North Riding. 
 
 E.\EN. a town of France. See EotjiSHrjM. 
 
 EXETKK. (L. l<'ca, Exii>nia, Urfllat) a city, seiiport. and 
 pnrlianientary borough of England, co. of Devon, on the 
 left bank of the Ese, 10 miles N.W. of its outlet in the 
 054 
 
 English Channel, 159 miles W.S.W. of London, on a branch 
 of the Great Western Railway; lat. 50° 44' N., Ion. 3° 3.3' W." 
 pleasantly situated on the summit and slopes of an acclivity 
 rising from the river, over which, at the W. entrance to the 
 city, is a handsome stone bridge. Two principal streets 
 cross each other at right angles, from which a number o< 
 smaller ones, extremely narrow, diverge. It ia well paved 
 and lighted, amply supplied with water, and kept, on the 
 whole, remarkably clean. The chief object of interest in the 
 city is the Cathedral, a noble edifice, of hiirh antiquity. It 
 is cruciform, 408 feet in length, and consists of a nave", with 
 two side-aislej:, two short transepts, formed out of two heavy 
 Norman towers, each 130 feet in height, a choir of the same 
 width as the nave, and 128 feet in length, 10 chapels or ora- 
 tories, and a cbapter-house. The W. front is richly dec> 
 rated, presenting one of the most beautiful fa^tides "of any 
 building in the kingdom, perhaps in Europe. The other 
 architectural antiquities are the remains of the castle of 
 Rougemont, on a high eminence N. of the city ; St. John's 
 Hospital, now appropriated to a free grammar school. 4c.; 
 and the chapels of St. Wynard and St. Anne, and the chapel 
 of the Leper's Hospital. The modem edifices worthy of 
 notice are the theiitre. assembly or ball-room, bridewell, 
 jail, sessions-house, cavalry and artillery barracks, guild- 
 hall, baths, and the new markets. There are 24 churche* 
 and Episcopal chapels in the city and suburbs, bi^sides 2 
 Independent churches. 2 Baptist, a Presbyterian, and several 
 other places of worship for Methodists and Unitarians, a 
 Friends' meeting-house, a Roman Catholic chapel, and a 
 synagogue. There are 56 daily schools in the city, s.-vnral 
 of which are endowed, and 13 seminaries devoted to pritjat-y 
 instruction. This enumeration includes a free grammar 
 school, founded by the citizens in the time of Charlts 1., in 
 which the sons of freemen are instructed gratuitously. It 
 has sixteen exhibitions to either of the Universities of 
 Oxf>:>rd or Cambridge. The charitable institutions of various 
 kinds are numerous. Of these about 10 are devoted to 
 education, of which the principal are St. Mary Arches 
 School, the Devon and Exeter Central Schxil. and the 
 Exeter British School. The charitable institutions com- 
 prise the Devon and Exeter Hospital for Iho s;eU aud indi- 
 gent, opened in 1747, and containing 200 beds, Eupviorted 
 partly by subscription, and partly from incorfe derived 
 from funded property ; a dispensary, a well-conducted lunatic 
 asylum, a deaf and dumb institution, a penitentiaiy for 
 destitute females, an eye-infirmary, a lying-in charity, a 
 humane society fir the recovery of the apparentlj' drowned, 
 a stranger's friend society. &c.. besides a number of minor 
 charities. The scientific and literary institutions are the 
 Devon and Exeter Institution fir the Promotion of Science, 
 Literature, and the Arts, established in 1817, and containing 
 about 10,000 volumes: the Athenaum. a literary institution, 
 es'talilished in 1S35; a mechanic's institute, established in 
 1825: a liter.arj- and philosophical society, founded in 1836, 
 ic. Woollen goods were formerly manufactured here to a 
 greiit extent, but the trade is now all but extinct, being 
 limited to small quantities of serges. The cotton and 
 shawl manufacture, at one time considerable, has entirely 
 ceased. The weekly meetings of the woollen manufacturers 
 of Devon, however, are still held here. There are several 
 large breweries and iron-foundries in the town, and .some 
 tan-yards and paper-mills in the vicinity. The priiicipjil 
 exports are serges and other woollen goods, paper, and man- 
 g.anese; imports, general merchandise, timber, coals, (chiefly 
 from Newcastle.) and limestone. By means of a canal. 5 miles 
 in length and 15 feet in depth, vessels of 400 tons can now 
 reaf-h the city. A large floating basin has also been recently 
 formed: extreme length, 917 feet, width, llOJ feet, at the 
 entrance. 90 feet, depth, 18 feet. On December 31, ISSO, thd 
 vessels registered at the port were 182, tonnage, I'-.SSS; 
 entered coastwise, in the same year, 910 vessels, tonnage, 
 76,938 : cleared, 613 vessels, tonnage. 38.682. Colonial .and 
 foreign vessels, inwards, 184. tonnage. 7654; outwards. 97. 
 Exeter is a place of remote antiquity, having \<een a 
 British settlement long prior to the invasion of the Romans, 
 by whom it w.as called hca Damnoniorum, being spoken of by 
 this name both by .\ntoninus and Ptolemy. A number of 
 coins, .small bronze statues, some tesselated pavements, and 
 other Roman antiquities, h.ave been found in the immediate 
 vicinity of the city, showing that it was an important itoman 
 station. In the reign of Alfred it was called Exan-ciAlre^ 
 (the Castle of the Ex.) of which the presi>nt name is a cor- 
 ruption. Before the Norman conquest this place was the re- 
 sidence of the West Saxon kings. The number of its religi- 
 ous establishments was at one time so great that the Sax- 
 ons called it Monkstown. It is said to have >)een one i.f th» 
 first cities that returned members to the House of Commons, 
 Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Thomas Bodley, 
 founder of the Bodleian Library, were natives of the city. 
 The Cecil Cimily derive the titles of earl and marquis from 
 Exeter. It forms a countj- of itself Pop. in 1851, '12,810.^— 
 luhab. Ex'oN. 
 
 EX'ETEK, or SQUAM'SCOT RIVER, a small stream of 
 Rockingkam eo.. New H.ainpshire. falls Into fJie Pkcataqna 
 River, about 10 miles M". of Portsmouth. 
 
EXB 
 
 EXETER, a posSTillage and township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine. CO miles N.E. of Auj^usta. Pop. 17S3. 
 
 EXKTKR. a post-villaire aud township, seat of justice of 
 Rockingham co., New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine 
 Railroad. 50 milos X. of IJoston, and 37 miles S.E. of Con- 
 cord. It has a deliirhtful situation on a rirer of its own 
 name, and contains, besides the county buildings, 30 or 40 
 stores, 4 or 5 churches, a bank, a newspjiper office, and a 
 richly endowed educational institution, called Phillips' 
 Academy, founded in 1781. The fills at this pUace, to which 
 the river is navigable, afford good water power, which is 
 improved for a cottor factory, an establishment for making 
 gas pipes, a paper mill, a morocco factory, Ac. The most 
 important business, however, is the manuticture of car- 
 riages, for which there are here 8 or 10 establishments. 
 Pop. of tx)wnship 3309 ; of the village, in 1864, about 3000. 
 
 KXETKR, a post-village and township of Waahingtoncc, 
 Rhode Islan<l, 25 miles S.S.W. of Providence. The village 
 contains a bank, and several cOtton and satinet factories. 
 Pop. of the township, 1741. 
 
 EXETER, a post-village and township of Otsego co., New 
 York, on Canandaigua Lake, about 7i miles W. by N. of 
 Alpany. Pop. 1570. 
 
 EXETER, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. P. 2308. 
 
 EXETER, a post-township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 intersected by the Northern Branch of the Susquehanna 
 River. The liattle celebrated in Campbell's " Gertrude of 
 Wyoming"' was fought here in 1778. 
 
 EXKTER, a town«hip,Wyomingco., Pennsylvania. P. 216. 
 
 EXETKR, a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio. 
 
 EXETER, a p<ist-township in the northern part of Mon- 
 roe CO., Michigan. Pop. 832. 
 
 EXETKR, a post-village of Scott co., Illinoig, about 50 
 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 EXKTEll, a post-village of Greene co., Wisconsin, about 
 25 miles S.by W.of Madi.«on. 
 
 EXETER MILLS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 EX'KOKD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the 
 Exe River, 7j miles N.N'.W. of Dulverton. It has several 
 ancient tumuli, and much picturesiiue scenwry. 
 
 EX'IIAM/, two parishes of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 EXIIKIM, a town of France. See Er.visHElM. 
 
 EXILLES, Jx'eel', or ESIGLTE, A-seel'yA, a village of the 
 Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 37 miles W. of Turin, on 
 the Dora Ripaii-a. Pop. 1785. 
 
 EXIN, J.Veen', (Pol. Ksi/nia.ksinfyD a town of Prussian 
 Poland, government of Posen. 24 miles W.S.W. of Bromberg, 
 with 2000 inhabitants, and a famous convent. 
 
 EX'MIX."?TER, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PjX'MOOR, an e.xtra parochial district of England, in the 
 W. of the CO. of Somerset, and N.E. of Devon. .\rea, 19,270 
 acres. It consists of ranges of hills, from 1100 feet to 1600 
 feet in elevation, formerly forest, and the resort of the an- 
 cient Druids, but uow mostly heath or marsh. A few red 
 deer still breed in this tract. The river E.xe rises here. 
 
 EX'.MOUTII, a town and wat<jring-place of England, co. 
 of Devon, parish of Littleham, on the Exe. at Its mouth in 
 the English Channel, 9 miles S.S.E. of Exeter. Pop. of the 
 town in 1851. 5123. It has a ball-room, baths, and libraries : 
 the extreme betiuty of its surrounding scenery, with the mild- 
 ness of the climate rendering it a very Civorite residence. The 
 Beacon Ilill commands one of the finest views in England. 
 Exmouth irives the title of viscount to the Pellew family. 
 
 EXMOUTII, GULF, on the W. coist of Australia, lat. 22° 
 8., formed by a peninsula about 80 miles long, and termi- 
 nating with the North-west Capo. It is 30 miles in width 
 at the entrance, and about 65 miles in length. 
 
 EX'NING. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 EXPER'IMENT MILLS, a post-office of Monroe co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 E.Xl'LO'RIXG I.«;LAXDS. in the South Pacific Ocean, a 
 group of the Friendly Islands: lat. 17° 10' S., Ion. 178° 38' W. 
 They are well situated for the resort of vessels; anchorage 
 safe and easily reached. Fruit and vegetables are abundant. 
 
 EX'TOX. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 4i mils 
 E.X.E. of Oakh.am. The Ilall, an ancient seat of the Noel 
 family, stands in a noble park. 
 
 IIXTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 FAB 
 
 EXTON, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Hants. 
 
 EXUMA, Jx-oo'mJ, Ghkat and Little, two of the Baliamn 
 Islands; the larger in lat. 23° 30' N.. Ion. 76° 60' \Y..aO 
 miles in length, by 3 miles in breadth, and having one of 
 the best harbors in these islands. 
 
 EYAFIALLA-YOKUL, ril-re-dl'ld-yoOiSOl, a volcano of Ice- 
 land. 15 miles S.E. of Mount Ileela. 
 
 i'l'U/yjBy'a'rurkishterm, signilyingjprwr'nc*. SeeTtTRKET. 
 
 EYA.M, ee'ijm or i',jm, a parish of England, co. of Derl^y. 
 in a romantic wooded and rocky dell, 4i miles E.N.E. of 
 Tideswell. Eyam was once known as ''the village of the 
 plague." with which disea.se it was visited in 1665. 
 
 EYBAR, A-e-Baii'. a town of Spain, province of Guipuzcon, 
 23 miles W.S.W. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 1771. It has extensive 
 manufactures of arms. 
 
 EYDOX, ee'dpn, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 EYE. I. a parliamentary and municipal borough, market- 
 town, and pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk, 11 miles from 
 the Ilawlsy-road Station of the Ea.stern Counties Railway, and 
 30 miles N. of Ipswich. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 
 1S51. 7531. The town mostly consists of whitewashed .ind 
 thiitched cottages; it has a fine Gothic church, a grammar 
 school with two exhibitions to Cambridge, a handsome 
 guildhall, j.ail, house of industry, almshouse, .and a branch 
 bank of England. Eye formerly sent 2 members, and now 
 sends 1 to the House of Commons. The parlianjentary bo- 
 rough now extends over 11 parishes. 
 
 EYE, a parish of England, c-o. of Hereford. 
 
 EYE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 EYE, a liberty of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 EYE, 1, an island in the .Malay Archipelago, the outermost 
 island, at the N. entrance of Qilolo I'.issage ; lat. 0° 23' X., Ion. 
 129° 53' E. It is small, low, and covered with wild trees. 
 
 EYE or EYEO, a town of Western .\frica. See Katuxoa. 
 
 EYEFORD. I'ffird. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 EYEMOUTH, I'mftth, a seaport, market-town, and parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on the Eye, a sm.all stream which 
 rises in the Lammennoor range, and here enters the North 
 Sea, 8 miles X.X.W. of Berwick. Pep. of parish. 1401. It 
 exports grain, and has a fishery. Here is a fine bay, with 
 an excellent harbor. 
 
 EY( iUI ERES. .Vghe-aiR', (anc. Aquaria f) a town of France, 
 department of Bouches-du-RhOne. 20 miles E. of Aries. Pop. 
 2099. It h.as manufactures of woollens and silk twist. 
 
 EYKE. ike, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 EYL.\U. two towns of Prussia. See EiLvu. 
 
 EYMDUTIERS. .VmooHe-aiR'. a town of France, department 
 of Haute^Vienne, 23 miles E.S.E. of Limoges. Pop. Is42. 
 
 EYXE. I'ngh. a commune of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders. 12 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 24L^. 
 
 EYXESBURY, ainz'bgr-e, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 EYXESFORD, ains'ford, a parish of England co. of Kent, 
 5s miles S.E. of Foots-cray. I'op. 1313. It has an ancient 
 church, and ruins of a Norman castle. 
 
 EYKAGUES, A'rdg', a village of France, department of 
 Bouches-du-lihone, 16 miles N.E. of Aries. Pop. 1S44. 
 
 EYRE'COURT or AIIVCOURT, a small market-town of 
 Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway. 5 miles N.W. of Ban.v 
 gher. Pop. 1419. In the vicinity is the residence of the 
 Eyre family. 
 
 EYRE (air) CREEK, the channel of a stream in Central 
 Australia, between lat. 25° and 26° S.. and Ion. 13S° and 
 139° E., traversing a flat, flanked by high, red sand-hills, 
 and containing aljundance of water and grass. Captain 
 Start traced this creek for 60 miles, when penetrating into 
 the interior of Australia in 1845. 
 
 EYSDEX', is/den. a village of Holland, province of Lim- 
 burg. 6 miles S. of Maestricht. Pop. 9-30. 
 
 EYTHORXE, I'thorn. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 EYTOX, i'tgn. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 EYTOX-ON-TUE-WILD'MOORS\ a parish of England, co. 
 of Salop. 21 miles N. of Wellington. Pop. 365. The cele- 
 lirated Ix)rd Herbert of Cherbury was born here in loSl. 
 
 EYW.\XOWITZ. a town of Moravia. See Ewanowitz. 
 
 EY'WORTH. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 EZC.\R AY, 2th-k3-ri' or ?s-k<Vri'. a town of Spain, pi-ovince, 
 and 31 miles W.S.W. of LogroiSo, on the Oja. Pop. 3211. 
 
 F 
 
 FAABERG, fo'blRg, a village and parish of Norway, stlft, 
 and 85 miles N. of Christiania, on the Lougan. Pop. 
 4780. 
 
 FAABORG, fo/boRO, a seaport-town of Denmark, in the 
 island of Funen, on its S. coast. 15 miles W. of Svendborg. 
 Pop. 2200. It has steam communication with Kiel, and ex- 
 ports corn. 
 
 FA BAR A, fi-Bi'rd. a town of Spain, in Aragon. 68 miles 
 S.E. of Saragossa, on the Matoranna. In the neighborhood 
 are the ruins of a castle, once belonging to the Templars. 
 Pop. 1370. 
 
 FABBRIANO, ab-bre-d'no, a city of Central Italy, prov- 
 ince of Macerata, 29 miles W. of Macerata. Po]i. 661^ 
 It has a cathedral, and manu&ctures of paper and parch- 
 ment. 
 
 F.\BBRICA. flVbre-kS, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical 
 States, delegation, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Virterbo. Pop. 2149. 
 
 FA'BKR'S MILLS, a post-village of Xel.son co., Virgiiiia, 
 about 100 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 FAIUAXHAZA. fd'be'arfhi'i,Oh\ a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Szathmar. on the Szamos. Pop. 11.30. 
 
 FABIUS, faWe-tis or fa'bo-tis a river of Missouri, wbicli 
 
 655 
 
FAB 
 
 FAI 
 
 enters the Mississippi in Marion co., nearly opposite Qnincy, 
 In Illinois, about 1 mile below the Junction of its main 
 branches, the North Fabius and South Fabius. The former 
 rises near the N. frontier of the state, and flows S.E. through 
 the midille of Scotland and Lewis counties. Its length is 
 perhaps 150 miles. The South Fabius rises in Schuyler 
 county, and pursues a south-easterly course of nearly the 
 same length. The Middle Fabius rises near the N. border 
 of Missouri, and enters the North Fabius on its riirht bank, 
 near the middle of Lewis county. Taylor's Fork flows S.E. 
 through Lewis county, and enters South Fabius about 9 
 miles N. of Palmyra. 
 
 FA'BIUS, a post-village and township of Onondaga co., 
 New York, 20 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 2305. 
 
 FABirS, a post-ofBce of Hardy co.,W. VirRinia. 
 
 FABl US, a township of St. Joseph co., Michigan. Pop. 876. 
 
 FABIUS, a township of Knox co., Missouri. Pop. 1620. 
 
 FABIUS, a township of Marion co. Missouri. Pop. 1630. 
 
 FABRIQUE LA NUEVA, fd-bree^A IS noo-A/vi a town 
 of Spain, proTince of Malaga, near the Gu.idiaro. Pop. 2475. 
 
 FABRIZIA, fa-brid'ze-J, a town of Naples, prOTince of 
 Calabria Ultra II., 16 miles S.E. of Monteleone. It suffered 
 greatly bv the earthquakes of 17S3. Pop. 2941. 
 
 FAC'COMBE. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 FA CUES, fSsh. a Tillage of France, department of Nord, 
 4 miles from Lille. Pop. 1257. 
 
 F.\CII[NGEN, fl'King-fn, a village of Western Germany, 
 duchy, and 9 miles E.N.E. of Nassau, on the Lahn, with 
 a celebrated spring, whence 500,000 Uasks of mineral water 
 are annually exported. 
 
 FACIL'ITY, a post-ofBce of McMinn CO., Tennessee, 
 
 FACONE, fd-ko'nA. a lake of Japitn. in the island of Ni- 
 
 Ehon, 57 miles W.S.W. of Yeddo. It is 9i miles long, by 4^ 
 road, and gives rise to a sm.nll river of same name, which 
 falls into the Gulf of Y'eddo. The Japanese attach peculiar 
 sanctity to this lake. 
 
 FAC'TOirS FORK, a post-office of Wayne co., Tennessee. 
 
 FACTORY CREEK, or A'BRAM'S CREEK, New York, 
 formed by the union of Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks, 
 falls into the Hudson River, 4 miles above the city of 
 Hudson. 
 
 FACTORY' HILL, a postofflce of Nansemond co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 FAC/TORY ISLAND, one of the Isles de Los, off the W. 
 coast of Africa, 75 miles N.W. of Sierra Leone. Lat. 9° 28' 
 N., Ion. 13° 44' W. 
 
 FACTORY POINT, a post-village in Manchester township, 
 Bennington co., Vermont, on a branch of Battenkill River, 
 near the Western Vermont Railroad, alxiut 80 miles S. by 
 W. of Montpelier. The inh.ibitants are principally engaged 
 In quarrying and preparing marble. The village contains a 
 woollen factory and a tannery, both of considerable extent. 
 
 FACTORY VIL'LAGE, Hampshire CO., Massachusetts, 3 
 miles N.W. of Northampton, contains extensive woollen 
 Jactories owned bv Boston capitalists. 
 
 FACTOKY'VILLE, a post-village of Richmond CO., New 
 York, on the N. side of Staten Island, about 155 miles S. of 
 Albany. It has a large dyeing and printing establishment. 
 The name of the post-office is North Shore. 
 
 FACTORYVILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., New York, 
 on the Cayuta Creek, where it is crossed by the New Y'ork 
 and Erie Railroad, about 264 miles from New Y^ork City. It 
 has sevenal mills or factories. 
 
 F.\CTORYATLLE, a thriving post-village of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lackawanna and Western Railroad, 
 35 miles S. of Great Bend. It has several mills. 
 
 FACTORYVILLE, a village of St. Joseph co., ilichigan, 
 on Nottawa Creek, a few miles N.E. of Centreville. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 FADD, ffldd, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, and 
 about 2 miles from Folna. on the Danube. Pop. 3831. 
 . FADIE VSICOI, ta-de-Jv'skoi, an island of the Arctic Ocean, 
 in Asiatic Russia, lat. 76° N., and Ion. from 141° to 145° E., 
 between the islands of Kotelnoi and New Siberia. Length, 
 from S.E. to N.W., 100 miles; breadth, 35 miles. 
 
 FAD, LOCH, loK fad, a lake of Scotland, Isle of Bute, 1 
 mile S.E. of Rothesay. Length 5 miles. 
 
 F.i;GL(E>:orFAGLOE, (F^lbe,)fl/glo\ one of the Aland 
 Islands, in the Baltic, in the S. part of the group. Lat. 60° 
 N., Ion. 20° 20' E. 
 
 F.EMUND or FAMUND, (Fjimund.) fA/moond\ a lake of 
 Norway, near the Swedish frontier, 85 miles S.E. of Trond- 
 hjem. Length, from N. to S., 37 miles: breadth. 6 miles. 
 
 F.UN(;(EE or FANGOE, (Fangoe,) fJng'gii", an island 
 in the Baltic, off the E. coast of Sweden. Lat. 68° 19' N., Ion. 
 16° 57 E. 
 
 FAENZA, fSrinhi, (anc. Favenftia.) a city of Central Italv. 
 province of Ravenna, 19 miles S.W. of Ravenna, at the 
 junction of the canal of Zanelli with the Lamone. Pop. 
 17,486. It is enclosed by walls, and defended by a cita- 
 del. It has a cathedral, and a fine marble fountain, schools 
 of painting, a college, hospital, lunatic and orphan a.sy- 
 lums. It has manu&ctures of a peculiar earthenware, 
 called, from the name of the town, faience, silk twist, 
 fiibriM, and papyri «md a brisk trade bv the canal to the 
 656 
 
 Po. It was sacked by Sir J. Hawkwood in 1376. It was tht 
 birthplace of the mathematician Torricelli. 
 
 F.ERDER or FARDER. (Farder.) fAii'der. a small island 
 off the S. coast of Norway, with a light-house, in lat. 59° 3 
 N.. Ion. 10° 37' E. 
 
 F.5:SUL.E. See Fie.sole. 
 
 FAGAGNA, i3-gin'yi. a village and parish of Austrian 
 Italy, government of A'enice, S miles AV.N.W. of Udine. II 
 stands partly on a height and partly on low ground, con- 
 tains a parish and 6 auxiliary churches, and tho remains 
 of an old castle, and has several mills. 
 
 FAGLOE. (FSL'loe.) one of the Aland Islands. See F jolOe. 
 
 FAONANO, fein-yi'no, or FAGNANO^^LONA, f^u-y^'no- 
 o-lo'n3, a Tillage of Italy, in Lombardy, 19 miles N.W. of 
 Milan, on the Olona. Pop. 1670. 
 
 FAGNANO,avill!ige of Italy. ISmilesS.ofVerona. Here, 
 in 1799, an engagement took place between the French and 
 the Austrians. 
 
 FAGNANO, a village of Italy, in Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Citra II., 14 miles S.E. of Aquila. 
 
 FAGNANO. a village of Italy, province of Calabria Citra, 
 22 miles N.N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 FAONANO, a village of Italy, province of Ravenna, If 
 miles S.W. of Faenza. 
 
 FAIIAN, (fl'han.) LOWER, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Donegal, on Lake Swilly. 
 
 FAHAN. UPPER, a parish of Ireland, co. of Donegal. 
 
 FAIILEEYAN or FAHLIYAN, fShneeVan', a town of 
 Persia, province of Fars, 45 miles N.of Kazeroon,with from 
 60 to 70 houses, but formerly of more importance. 
 
 F.\IILUN, a town or province of Sweden. See FALtrs. 
 
 FAHRAFELD, fd'ri-fat\ a village of Lower Austria, on 
 the Triesting, 20 miles S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 700. 
 
 F.ilDO. tl'do, a town of Switzeiland, capital of the Val 
 Levantine, canton of Ticino, 22 miles W.N.W. of Bellinzona, 
 on the Ticiijo. Pop. 615. 
 
 FAI-FO, fi-fo. a town of the empire of Anam, in Farther 
 India, and formerly the centre of its China trade, in the 
 province of Quang-nan. on a river near its mouth, in the 
 Cbiaa Sea, and 15 miles S. of Turon. with which town it 
 communicates by a canal. It has a large Boodhic temple, 
 with 2 other Chinese temples ; its population being mainly 
 Chinese. The principal exports are sugar and cinnamon. 
 
 F.\ILSWORTH. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 FAIOOM, or FAIOUM. See Fayoom. 
 
 FAIR'BAN K, a township of Sullivan co.. Indiana. P. 1099 
 
 FAIR'BAULT. a post-offlce of l',ice co.. Minnesota. 
 
 FAIR/BLUFF, a post-office. Columbus co.. North Carolina 
 
 FAIR'BURN, a township of England, co. of York, Wes 
 Riding. 
 
 F.\IR/BURN, a post-vill.age on the line between Campbell 
 and Fayette counties, Georgiii, on the Atlanta and La 
 Grange Railroad, 102 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 FAIR'D.iLE, a post-village of Susqueh;iuna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 7 miles S.W. of Montrose. 
 
 FAIR/DEALING, a post-offic<^ of Marsh.<>ll co.. Kentucky. 
 
 FAIR'FAX. a county in the N.E. part of Virgini.a, border- 
 ing on Maryland and the District of Columbia, has an area 
 of 430 square miles. The Potomac River forms its boun- 
 dary on the N.E. and S.E., and the Occo<iuan washes its 
 S.W. border. The surf;ice is hilly : the soil in .some parts is 
 sandy, and is not uniformly fertile. Much of the land has 
 been worn out, and is no longer cultivated. The county is 
 intersected by two railroads leading to Alexandria. Mount 
 Vernon, the residence of George AVashington, is on the 
 bank of the Potomac in Fairfax county. 15 miles below 
 Washington. Formed in 1742. and named in honor of Lord 
 F.airfax, the proprietor of a considerable district in the N.E. 
 part of Virginia. Capital, Fairfax Court House. Pop. 11,834, 
 of whom 8718 were free,and 3116 sl.aves. 
 
 FAIRFAX, a post-village and township of Franklin co^ 
 Vermont, on the Lamoille River, about 38 miles N.£. by N. 
 of Montpelier. It has manufactures of iron-castings, starch, 
 leather. &c. Pop. 1987. 
 
 FAIRFAX, or CULPEPPER COURT HOUSE, a thriving 
 post-village, capital of Culpepper CO., Virginia, on the Orange 
 and Alexandria Railroad. It is surrounded 1 y a finely di- 
 versified and fertile region, which is in a higli state of cul- 
 tivation. The business of the place has recently received a 
 new impetus by the construction of the raili-oad. Fairfax 
 contains 3 or 4 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Founded 
 in 1759. Pop. in 1860. 1056. 
 
 F.4IRF.\X, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama. 
 
 FAIRFAX, a post-office of Iligliland co., Ohio. 
 
 F.ilRFAX, a post-office of Monroe co., Indiana. 
 
 FAIRFAX COURT HOUSE, a small town, capital ol 
 Fairfax co., Virginia, 120 miles N.of Richmond, and 21 milef 
 W. of Washington, contains the county buildings, and from 
 200 to 300 inhabitants. 
 
 FAIRFAX STATION, a post-office, Fairfax co.. Virginia. 
 
 F.\IIWIELD. a parish of Ensland. co. of Kent. 
 
 F.\IRFIELD, a cbapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 F.\IRFI ELD, a hamlet of England, co. of Lancaster, parish 
 and 3^ miles E.S.E. of Mancb-wter. on fhe railway thence to 
 Stayley-bridge. The Moravians have an estiablishment ber& 
 
 -J 
 
FAI 
 
 FATRTIELD, a county forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Connecticut, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is 
 bounded on tlie S.K. by Long Island Sound, and on the 
 N.K. by the llousatonic River, by which it is cliiefly watered, 
 although it h.is numerous small rivers falling into the 
 liound. This stream furnishes abundant watei-power. It 
 has several good harbors, which allord great facilities for 
 navi^iation and the fisheries. The surface in the northern 
 and western portions is hilly; In the southern and eastern 
 more level. The soil is fertile. The llousatonic is naviga- 
 ble for steamboats along the eastern border. The railro;id 
 extending from New York to New Haven, and that con- 
 necting Bridgeport and Albany, traverse this county. Seats 
 of justice, Kairtield and Danbury. Pop. 77,476. 
 
 fAlKFIELD, a district In the N. central part of South 
 Carolina, has an area of 680 sqvwre miles. The Watereo 
 River forms its Iwundary on the E. and X.E., the Broad 
 River on the S.W. ; and it is drained by Little River and 
 Wateree Creek. The surCice is hilly, and the soil fertile. 
 The district is intersected bv the Charlotte and South Caro- 
 lina Itiiilroad. Capital, Winnsborough. Pop. U'.^,lll, ot 
 whom B.')77 were free, and 15,534 slaves. 
 
 FAIRKIELD, a county in the S. centr.al part of Ohio, has 
 an area of 400 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of the Hockhocking River, and by Little AValnut 
 and Rush Creeks. The southern jiart is hilly, and the 
 remainder undulating or level ; the soil is generally excel- 
 lent, and well cultivated. The county contains quarries of 
 limestone and freestone, which furnish good materials for 
 building. It is intersected by the Ohio Canal, and Viy the 
 Hocking Canal ; also by the Zanesville and Cincinnati Rail- 
 road. Capital, Lancaster. )'op. 30,538. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-villfw;e and township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, on the western side of the Kennebec, 25 miles 
 N. by E. from Augusta. Pop. 2753. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Vermont, 45 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has some manu- 
 factories (.f lioots and shoes, starch, leather, &c. Pop. 2497. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a pnst-vill.age and township, port of entry, 
 and semi-capital of Faiiiield co., Connecticut, is situ.ated on 
 Long Island Sound, and on the New York and New Haven 
 Railroad. 22 miles S.W. of \ew Haven. The village stands 
 In a fertile plain, about half a mile from the water, and is 
 principally built on one wide and beautiful street. The 
 dwellings on this street are mostly new and very handsome. 
 A fine Congregational Church has recently been erected 
 near its centre, and on the southern side of the village is 
 the ilariue Pavilion, a mammoth hotel built for the accom- 
 modation of persons visiting Fairfield during the summer 
 months, for its fine sea air and beautiful scenery. Alxiut IJ 
 miles E. by S., is the village of Black Rock, containing a 
 church and a post-office. Its harbor is the finest in the 
 state, with the exception of New London. Ships of the first 
 class are built here. The western portion of the township 
 comprises the l>orough of Southport. one of the most attrac- 
 tive of New England villages, and on the N. is Greenfield Hill, 
 the scene of President Dwighfs poem, ''Greenfield Hill." 
 The shipping of Fairfield district, on the 30th of June, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 757 tons registered, and 
 24,508 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the' latter, 23.856 
 tons were employed in the coast trade. The foreign arrivals 
 for the j'car were 33 — tons, 4018. The clearances f)r foreign 
 ports were 31 — tons, 3548, of which 2873 were in foreign 
 bottoms. Fairfield was settled in 1059. In 1779, it was 
 burnt liy order of Governor Tryon. Pop. 4379. 
 
 F.VIRFIELD, U post-village and township of Herkimer 
 eo.. New York. 16 miles E. of Utica. The village contains 
 KTBral chui-ches, and perhaps 500 Inhabitants. Pop. of 
 township. 1712. 
 
 FAUtFlELD, a township of Cumberland co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2448. 
 
 F.MRFTELD, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 11 miles 
 N.W. of Newark. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-village of Adams CO., Pennsylvania, 
 42 miles S.W. of Hai-risburg. 
 
 F.\IRFIELD, a township of Crawford co.. Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1777. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a village of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Shaver's Creek, about 100 miles AV.N.AV. of Harrisburg. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a township of Lycoming CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. SS5. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2014. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-village of Rockbridge co., Virginia, 
 144 miles W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. 
 
 FATRFIBLD, a post-office of Hyde co., North Carolina. 
 
 FAII!FIELr>, a post-village in Pickens co., Alabama, on 
 t/ie Tomliigbee River, about 50 miles W. by S. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 F.\IRFIELD, Free.stone co., Texas. See Appendix. 
 
 F.\1KFIELD. a post-village In Bedford co., Tennessee, 
 about 55 miles S. by E. of Nashville. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a jwst-village of Nelson co., Kentucky, 10 
 miles N.E. of Hardstown. It contains 1 church. 
 
 FAT I{F[ ELD, a township of Butler CO., Ohio. Pop. 2503. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a village and town.ship of Columbiana co., 
 2R 
 
 Ohio, about 160 miles N.E. of Columbtis. Pop. of village 
 about 400: of the township, 2442. 
 
 F.\IRFIELD, a post-township of Greene CO., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation 532. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a thriving post-village in Bath township 
 Greene co., Ohio, on the Dayton and Springfield Railroad, 
 64 miles N.N. K. of Cincinnati. It contains 4 churches, 1 
 academy, and over 400 inhabitants. 
 
 F.A.IRPi ELD, a township of Higbland co., Ohio. Pop. 24.33. 
 
 FA [ RFIELD, a township of Huron to., Ohio. Pop. 1698. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a township of Madison co., Ohio. I'op.ll92. 
 
 FAlRFIEIyD,a township ofTi;scarawa8CO.,Ohio. l'op.844. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-township in the southern part of 
 Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop. 16.35. 
 
 FAIRFI ELD, a township in De Kalb co., Indiana. Popu- 
 lation 1213. 
 
 F.\Il!FIi:LD, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Franklin co., Indiana, on tlio East Fork of Whitewater River, 
 48 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 866. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a township In Tippecanoe co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 854. 
 
 FAII!FIEI-D, a small village of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 
 FAI K FIELD, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., Illinois. 
 150 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It contains a liandsome 
 court-lions-, several stores, and a bank. Pop. in I860, 508. 
 
 F.\TRFIELD, a village in Benton co., Missouri, on Pomme 
 de Terre River, about 100 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 F.\IRF1ELD, a flourishing post-village, capital of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Iowa, fin Big Cedar Creek, and on the Burlington 
 and Missouri River Railroad, 50 miles W. by N. of Burling- 
 ton. Fairfield is one of the most iniportaat towns in tlie 
 interior of the state, and is the centre of an active trade. 
 It hiis 1 newspaper-offlce, 7 churches, 1 bank, a United States 
 land-offlce, a female seminary, and a college established by 
 the state. Pop. 1692. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a township, Sauk co., Wisconsin. Pop. 593. 
 
 F.\IRFIELD, a post-village on the line between Rock and 
 Walworth counties, Wisconsin. The post-office is in M'al- 
 worth county. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon. 
 
 FAIU'FIELD CEN'TR E, a post-office. De Kalb co., Indiana. 
 
 FAIR/FIELD COR'NERS. a post-village in Somerset co., 
 Maine, on the Kennebec River, 22 miles N,N.E. of Augusta- 
 
 FAIR'FIELIMIEAD. a township of England. CO. ofStaflford. 
 
 FAIR'FOUD. a market-town and parish of Engl.and. co. of 
 Gloucester, on the Colne, at the foot of the Cotswold Hills, 
 24 miles S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. 1672. It is neatly built, 
 and has a beautiful church of the reian of Ilenrv VII. 
 
 FAIR FOR'KST, a postofficc of Union co.. South Carolina. 
 
 FAIR FOREST, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas. 
 
 FAIR ti.4R'DEN, a po.st-office of Sevier CO., Tennessee. 
 
 FAIR GROVE, a postroflftce of Davidson CO., North Caro- 
 lina, 90 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 FAIR HA'VEN, a post-village and township of Rutland 
 CO., A'erniont, on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 
 about 55 miles S.W. of Montpelier. The village is plea- 
 santly situated on Castleton River, which here affords an 
 extensive water-power, and near the railro.'id. about 2 miles 
 E. of the New York State Line, In the township are seve- 
 ral apparently inexhaustible quarries of excellent marble 
 and slate, both of which are extensively wrought and ex- 
 ported. There are also rolling-mills and machinery for the 
 manuficfure of nails, manufactures of paper, leather, &c. 
 Pop. of township, 1378. 
 
 FAIRHAVEN, a flourishing post-village and township 
 of Bristol CO., Massachusetts, on Buzzard's Bay. about 65 
 miles S. by E. of Boston. A branch railroad, commu- 
 nicating with Boston through the Cape Cod and ( ild Colony 
 and Newport Railroads, was opened about the 1st of June, 
 1854. The village is beautifully situatoil on the loft bank 
 of the Aeushnet River, opposite Now Bedford, with which 
 it is connected by a bridge and ferry. It contains 4 churches, 
 a bank, a savings institution, 3 oil factories, an excellent sys- 
 tem of public schools, comprising a high-fichool, grammar, 
 Intermediate, and primary schools, and the Boston and Fair- 
 haven Iron Works. The industry of the inhabitants is 
 partly directed to shipbuilding and the whale fishery, 2 
 ships, 3 barques, and 2 brigs are owned here. The American 
 Nail and Machine Company are about to establish their 
 works hero. The population in 1850 w;is 4304; since which 
 Aeushnet township has been fornied out of It. Pop. la 
 1860, 3118. 
 
 FAIR HA'VEN, a flourishing post-village of New ILaven 
 CO., Connecticut, is situated on the New Haven and New 
 London Railroad, and on both sides of the Qulnepiao 
 River, which forms the dividing line between New Haven 
 and East Haven. 2 miles E. from the public square of the 
 former. The passage of the river for ordinary travel is by 
 an iron bridge, about 300 yards in length, and for the 
 railroad cars by a massive frame structure, supported by 
 piers and braces, at an elevation of about 40 feet above the 
 surface of the water. Most of that part of the village on 
 the right bank of the Qninepiac is built on a beautiful 
 plain, which extends to West River, beyond New Haven 
 The streets are regularly laid out, intersecting each othsr 
 
 667 
 
FAI 
 
 FAL 
 
 at light angles, and the dwellings Are usually surrounded 
 with highly Tnamented grounds. The left hank rises gra- 
 dually to an elevation of 100 or 150 feet, affording delightr 
 ful sites for residences. The view of the river and bay. 
 with the shipping, New Haven, and the bold outline of hills 
 towai-ds the N ., commanded from this eminence, is one of 
 surpassing beauty. Alx)ut 40 vessels are owned in Fair 
 Haven, which are employed in the oyster business. It is 
 stated that 8(X),000 kegs of oysters are annually exported to 
 different purts of the United States. They are taken in the 
 Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, and brought here during 
 the winter season to be opened. The village contains 4 or 
 6 cliurches, several of them beautiful edifices, an academy, 
 
 2 hotels, and several first-class stores. Pop. in 1860, esti- 
 mated at MOOO. 
 
 FAIR HAVEN, a post-village of Cayuga co.. New York, 
 on Lake Ontario. It is the northern terminus of the Lake 
 Ontario, Auburn, and Ithaca Railroad. 
 
 FAIR HAVKN, » thriving post-village of Preble CO., 
 Ohio, on Four Mile Creek, 42 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 FAIR IIAVE.X. a post-village of Carroll co., Illinois, 8 
 miles S.S.E. of Mount Carroll. 
 
 FAIRUA'VEN, a bav on the N.W. coast of Spitzbergen, 
 lat. 79° oO' X.. Ion. 10° 6' E. • 
 
 FAIR HEAD or BEN MORE' HEAD, a lofty promontory 
 on the northern coast of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Antrim, 5 
 miles E.N.E. of Ballycastle. It is an immense body of co- 
 lumnar greenstone, 530 feet in elevation. 
 
 FAIR IIILL, a postrvillage of Cecil CO., Maryland, 7 or 8 
 miles N. of Elkton. 
 
 F.A.IR HILL, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia, 
 
 FAIR ISLE, (lie.) Scotland, between Orkney and Shet- 
 land, 23 miles S.W. of Sumburgh Head. Its length is 4 
 miles ; its breadth. 2J miles. Pop. 232. It is accessible for 
 Tes.sels at only one point, on the S.E. The Duke of Medina 
 Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish Armada, was wrecked off 
 here in 158S. 
 
 F.ilR LAND, a post-oiTice of Shelby eo., Indinna. 
 
 FAIR LAND, a post-office of Livingston co.. Missouri. 
 
 FAIR'LEE, a post-township of Orange CO.. Vermont, on the 
 right bank of the Connecticut, which is here crossed by a 
 bridge, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Kail- 
 road, 30 mile S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 549. 
 
 FAIR'LEY. a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, oa the coast 
 
 3 miles S. of Largs. It has an old castle. 
 FAIK'LIOIIT,'a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 FAIR'LOP. in Ilainault Forest. England, 12 miles N.E.of 
 
 London, celebrated fijr an annual fair, and an oak of great 
 age and size, now nearly destroyed. 
 
 FAIR'MONT, a flourishing post-village, capital of Marion 
 CO., W. Virginia, on the western bank of the Monongaliela 
 River, and on the Baltimore and Ohio Rjiilroad, 302 miles 
 W. of Baltimore. 'Ihe river is navigable for steamboats 
 from this point downward. A magnificent wire suspension- 
 bridge across the river connects the village with Palatine. 
 A newspaper is published here. The village contains a 
 bank. Free pop. 704. 
 
 FAIRMONT, a post-office of Clark co., Missouri. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a post-office of Onondaga co.. New York. 
 
 FAIHMOUNT, a post office Hunterdon co., New Jersey. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT. Pennsylvania. See Philadelphia. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 F.\IRMOUNT. a post-township. Luzemeco., Pennsylvania, 
 22 miles W. of Wilkesbarre. Pop. 1190. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia, 140 miles 
 N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT. a post-office of Smith eo., Mississippi. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a post-village of Miama CO., Ohio. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a post^ffice of Marshall co., Indiana. 
 
 FAIR'.MOUNT SPRINGS, a post-office of Luzerne co,, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 FAIR/I'L.VINS, a postofflce of Montcalm co., Michigan. 
 
 FAIR PLAY', a postoffice of Pickens district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a post-village of Morgan co., Georgia, 115 
 miles W. of .Augusta. 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a postoffice of Benton CO., Alabama. 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a post-office of Panola CO.. Texas. 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a post-village of Hot Spring co., Arkansas, 
 a few miles N.E. of Kockport 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a post-village and township of Green co., 
 Indiana, on the Western Fork, of White River, 75 miles 
 B.W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 572. 
 
 FAIRPLAY. a postofflce of Polk co.. Missouri. 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin, 12 
 miles N.N.W. of Galena. It hag 2 churches, and about 100 
 bouses. The Sisiniwa Mound College is near this place. 
 
 F.MItPOINT', a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri. 
 
 F.\Ilt'l'01tT, a post-office of Monroe co.. New York 
 
 FAIRI'ORT. (usually callsd HORSl^HEADS.) a village 
 of Elniira township. Chemung co.. New York, on the 
 CIiemun'.r Canal, H miles above Elmira, has 2 or 3 churches, 
 a bank and several utoreu. Pop. about lOOO. See IIorsb- 
 
 BEADS. 
 
 058 
 
 FAIRPORT, a post-village of Lake co. Ohio, on Lake 
 Erie, at the mouth of Grand River, about 165 miles N.E. 
 of Columbus. It has a commodious harbor and a light- 
 house. 
 
 FAIRPORT, a post-village in Muscatine co., Iowa, on the 
 west bank of the Mississippi River, 40 miles E.S.E. of 
 Iowa City. 
 
 FAIR'STED. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FAIRTON, a post-village of Cumberland co.. New Jersey, 
 4 miles S. of Bridgeton. It has 1 or 2 churches, and about 
 50 dwellings. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Cattaraugus co.. New Yoik, 
 about 45 miles S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, New Jersey. See Quakertown. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennsylv» 
 nia. on the right bank of .\lleghany River. 10 miles N.E. of 
 Pittsburg. The name of the post-office is Houston. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, about 
 40 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 F.4IRVIEW, a township of Butler co., Pennsvlvanla. 
 Pop. 1106. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a village of Butler co., Pennsylvania, 14 
 miles N.E. of Butler. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a village of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, 
 on tho W. bank of the Susquehanna Kiver, nearly opposit« 
 Ilarrisburg. 
 
 F-ilRVIEW, a post-township of Erie eo., Pennsylvania, 
 on Lake Erie, with a village on the Erie and Cleveland 
 Railroad. 10 miles S.W. of Erie. Pop. 2131. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 2126. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-office of Washington co., Maryland. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Hancock county. West Vir- 
 ginia, is situated 2 miles from the Ohio River, and 36 milea 
 N. of Wheeling. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village in Buncombe co., North Caro- 
 lina. 240 miles N. of Raleigli. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village in Greenville district, South 
 Carolina, SO miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 F.\IRVIEW, a post-village of Franklin co., Georgia, about 
 100 miles N. of .Milledgeville. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-vilL-ige of Todd co., Kentucky, 190 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 FAII{VIEW, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, on the 
 National Road, 44 miles E. by N. of Zanesville. It contains 
 several churches, and 400 or 500 inhabitants. 
 
 F.\1RVIEW, a vilUge of Fayette co., Indiana, 50 miles B. 
 by S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 F.\IRVIKW. a thriving post-village of Randolph co., In- 
 diana, on the Mississinewa Kiver, about 75 miles N.E. of In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village and township of Fulton co^ 
 Illinois. 75 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 920. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Pettis co., Missouri, 76 miles 
 W. by N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 F.ilRVIE^V, a post-viliagOiiOf Jones co., Iowa, on or near 
 the Wapsipinieon River, 33 miles N.N.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 FAIRVIEW VILL.4.GE, a post-office of Montgomery co, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 FAIlt/VlLLE. a post-village of Wayne co., New York, 30 
 miles E. of Rochester. 
 
 FAIRVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylviinia. 
 
 FAIRWATER. a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wiscon- 
 sin, 22 inilcs W. of Kond du Liic. It has 2 mills. 
 
 FAIRWEATH'KR, a post-office of Ad.Hms co., Illinois. 
 
 FAIRWEATHER, a mountain of Russian America. 35 
 miles N.E. of Cape Fairwe;>ther. forms an import.iiit point 
 of the Ru.ssian and British frontier, and is stated to havean 
 elevation of 14.ftO0 feet. 
 
 FAIRWEATHER, C.IPE. See Cape Faitiweather. 
 
 FAIUWE.VrilERS ISLAND, at the entrance of Black 
 Rock Harbor. Connecticut. On it is a light, 45 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 8' 24" N. Ion. 73<: 13' 30" W. 
 
 FAISANS, ILE DES, eel dA fi'z6s»'. (i.e. "isle of phea- 
 .sants.") a small island, formed by the Bidassoa. on the 
 borders of France and Spain, near I run. Here the treaty of 
 the Pyrenees was concluded between Fr.-inee and Spain, 
 Septemlier 7. 1659. 
 
 FAISON'S DEPOT, fii'zonz dee'po. a post-village of Duplin 
 CO.. North Carolina, on the railroad from Weldon to Wil- 
 mington. 63 miles N. of the latter. 
 
 F.\JAI!DO. a town of I'orto Rico. See Faxarpo. 
 
 FAJEMMIA. ti-jim'me'i. a fortified town of Africa, in 
 Senegambi.a, state of Konkodoo. (Konkodu.) and the re- 
 sidence of its chief. 60 miles S.E. of Bambook. Lat. 1:?^ 
 50' N., Ion. 10° 35' W. 
 
 FA'KENHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suf- 
 folk. 
 
 FA'KENHAM-LANCASTER, a market-tow> ?nd pailsh 
 of England, co. of Norfolk, on the Wensum, 'z-l niiies N.W. 
 of Norwich. Pop. 2164. It has a magnificent chur-h. 
 
 FAL, fil. a river of England, co. of Cornwall, floivs S.S.W. 
 Into the estuary which forms Falmouth Harlior. 
 
 FAI/A AND SOUTKA, soo'tr^ a parish of Scotland, eoe. 
 
FAL 
 
 FAL 
 
 of Edinburgh and Haddington, 14 miles S.K. of Edin- 
 burjili. There was an ancient hospital here for the relief 
 of pilgHms. 
 
 FA LAB A, tii-Whi. a fortified town of 'Western Africa, in 
 Senegambia. capital of the state Soollmana, 215 miles X.E. 
 of Sierra Leone. I'op. 6000. (?) 
 
 I'ALAISl'], filUAz', (anc. FiiMriaf) a town of France, de- 
 partment of CalTados, on an elevated but broken fiat, bor- 
 dering on a rocky precipice, or falaife, whence its name, 23 
 miles S.S.E. of Caen. It consists of three distinct parts — 
 the town proper, almost completely surrounded by old 
 walls; the suburbs of St. Laurent and Val d'Ante, extend- 
 ing into the narrow ravine below the precipice on which the 
 town stands; «ud the suburb of Guibray, sometimes called 
 the hiih town, and situated on a hei;;ht about 1 mile E. 
 The situation is very picture.squo, but the streets are irre- 
 gular, the houses generally indifferent, and the appearance 
 of the town, as a whole, dull and lifeless. The churches of 
 St. Laurent, St. Gervais, and St. Guibray, the town-house, 
 general hospital, Hotel-Dieu. and public library, are deserv- 
 ing of notice, but the great object of attraction is the castle, 
 the ancient seat of the Dukes of Normandy, and the birth- 
 place of William the Conqueror. It occupies a commanding 
 position on a promontory connected with the plateau on 
 which the town is built on one side only, and isolated on 
 the others by steep ravines, and before the invention of 
 gunpowder was a place of great strength. It is now only a 
 grand and picturesque ruin. It covers nearly 4 acres, and 
 is surrounded by ramparts, varying in height according to 
 the nature of the ground, from 16 feet to 50 feet. Imme- 
 diately within the court another tower, of loftier eleva- 
 tion and more architectural merit, bears the name of Tal- 
 bot's Tower, and is said to have been built by the English, 
 after the capture of Falaise by Henry X. A colossal bronze 
 equestiian sfcitue of the Conqueror, by Louis Itochet, was 
 inaugurated here (X'tober 20, 1851. Falaise is the seat of a 
 court of iirst resort and commerce. Its trade consists of 
 wool, horses, cattle, and of the manufactures of the town, 
 comprising cotton hosiery, lace, cotton goods, leather, and 
 p.iper. According to the .Xormandy Chronicle. Falaise had 
 risen to be a place of some importance at the commenco- 
 ment of the eleventh century. Pop. in 1852, 8961. 
 
 F.\LALU, fd-l^loo', one of the Caroline Islands, in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, X.W. of Ilogolen. 
 
 FALCKS. fdl'tWs, a town of Sp.iin, province. and 29 miles 
 S.AV. of Pamplona. I'op. 2310. It has mineral springs, and 
 ruins of a Koman castle. 
 
 FALCET, a town of Spain. See Falset. 
 
 FAiyCON, a post-oftice of Columbia co., Arkansas. 
 
 FALCO.\.\UA, fdl-ko-nd'rl a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 10 miles W. of O.senza. Pop. lUliO. 
 
 F.\UCONER, a post-office of Chautauqua co.. New York. 
 
 FALCONERA, fai-ko-n,Uri a small island of the Grecian 
 Archipehigo, 26 miles N.\V. of Milo. Lat. 'M° 50' 40" N. 
 
 FALEME, fiMA/mA, FALKMEII. fn.Vniih. or BA (bd) 
 FALKJIE. a river of Senegambia, in Western Africa, an afflu- 
 ent of the Senegal which it joins 15 miles N.W. of Galam. in 
 lat. 14° 4(V N., Ion. 11° 4S' W.. after a N. course of 200 miles. 
 
 FAL'FIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 Pop. 15.37. 
 
 F.\LKENAU, fil'kgh-n6w\ a town of Bohemia, 5 miles 
 W.S.W. of Elbogen. on the Eger. Pop. 1900. 
 
 FALKENBEKG, fil'ken-b*Ro\ a fortified town of Prus- 
 Bian Silesia, 14 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 1632. 
 
 FALKEXIIKUG, fdl'kgn-bjR(i\ a seaport town of Sweden, 
 ten, and 20 miles N.W. of Halmstad, with a small harbor, 
 166<J inhabitants, and an active salmon fishery. 
 
 FALKE.XmjUO, fil'ken-bodRQ\ a town of Prussian. Po- 
 merania. 47 miles S. of Coslin. Pop. 3050. 
 
 FAL'KEXIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FALKENSTEIX, fdl'ken-stine\ a town of Saxony, circle 
 of Zwickau. 11 miles E. of Plauen. Pop. 3346. 
 
 FAL'KINGIIA-M, a parish of England. See Folkdjo- 
 
 H.\M. 
 
 FAL'KINSTEIX, a post-oflRce of Preston co., Virginia. 
 
 FALKIRK, fAl-kjrk', (commonly pronounced in Scot- 
 land, faw-kirk'.) a parliamentary and municipal burgh, 
 market-town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, on an 
 eminence at the S.W. extremity of the fertile tract called 
 the Cai-se of Falkirk. 24 miles W.N.W. of Edinburgh, on the 
 Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, and Scottish Central Rail- 
 way. Pop. of the borough in 1801, 9029. It has a town- 
 house, parish church, numerous schools, a public library, 
 seve<'al branch banks, a foundry, and other small manu- 
 Bietures. The Great Carron Iron-works are within 2 miles 
 of the town, which is famous for its three annual trysts, 
 which are the largest cattle tairs in Scotland, 300,000 head 
 oi cactle and sheep, on an average, appearing annually, and 
 sales made to the amount of half a million sterling. Fal- 
 kirk unites with Linlithgow, Lanark, Hamilton, and Air- 
 drie in sending one memlxT to tlie House of Commons. 
 Traces of the Roman w.all of Antoninus are found in this 
 parish. Here was fought, A. D. 1298. a battle between the 
 troops of Sir William Wallace and of Edward I., when the 
 latter was victorious; also, in 1740, an engagement between 
 
 the Highlanders, under Prince Charles Edward, and the 
 English army. 
 
 FALKJOPIXO. a town of Sweden. See F.ALKoPCfG. 
 
 Falkland, fawkland, a royal and municipal borough 
 and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, at the foot of East Lo- 
 mond Hill, 22 miles N.N.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1851, 
 3102. The only olject of interest is the palace, a favoiitd 
 hunting-seat of the Scottish monarchs. The chief part of 
 the present edifice, which is inhabited by the heritable 
 keeper, was built by James V., who died here. Falkland 
 gives the title of viscount to the English family of Carey. 
 
 FALK'LAND, a post-office of Pitt co., North Carolina. 
 
 FALK'LAXD islands, (I'r. ^falmdnes, m^Uoo-een'; pp. 
 Afahinas, mil-vee/nis.) an island group in the South At- 
 lantic Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, consisting alto 
 gether of alxjut 200 i-slands, large and small, 250 miles N.E. 
 i'erra del Fuego, between lat. 51° and 53° S., and Ion. 57° 
 and 02° W. Only two of these islands are of any consider- 
 able size; they are called, respectively. East and West Falk- 
 land, separated from each other by a sound (see Falkland 
 SoLND) varying in breadth from 2} to 18 miles. East Falk- 
 land is about 85 miles in length, and almut 53 miles in 
 breadth ; area, 3000 sijuare miles. West Falkland is So miles 
 long by about 40 broad; area. 2000 square miles. The other 
 islands vary from 16 miles long by 8 broad, to mere islets 
 of half a mile diameter. The whole group is indented in a 
 remarkable manner by bays, harbors, and sounds; two of 
 the latt«r, Choiseul and Grantham, penetrating so deeply 
 into either side of East Falkland as nearlj" to divide it into 
 two parts, the intervening isthmus being little more than 2 
 miles broad. 
 
 The general appearance of the islands is by no means 
 attractive. Kidges of rocky hills, about lOOO feet in height, 
 traver.se extensive tracts of sombre-looking moorland, unen- 
 livened by a tree, and limited, seiiward, by a low, rocky 
 coast, on whi^h the surf beats with great violence. On the 
 N. part of Ea.st Falkland the hills attain a con.sideraMe ele- 
 vation, but the whole of the S. portion is so low that it can- 
 not be seen from the deck of a vessel 5 miles distant. The 
 more elevated parts of East Falkland are quartz roc'k ; clay- 
 slate prevails in the intermediate districts. Sandstone, on 
 which are beautifully perfect impressions of shells, occurs 
 in beds within the slate formation, and upon the slate is a 
 stratum of clay fit for making bricks. A peculiar featureia 
 the geology of these islands ispre.sented in streams of stones, 
 which appejir to flow down the sides of the hills. These 
 streams are 20 or 30 feet wide, spreading out in some plac<.'3 
 to even'a quarter of a mile in width. The stones are of var 
 rious sizes, from 1 to 4 or 5 feet cube. Scarcely any view 
 can he more di.smal than that from the heights; moorland 
 and black log extend as Cir as eye can discern, intersected 
 by innumerable streams and pools of yellowish brown water. 
 The soil of the island.s, so far as has been explored, is gene- 
 rally peat, although much of what seems to be a bjirren 
 moor is solid sandy clay, covered by a thin layer of vege- 
 tible mould, on which grow shruliby bushes and a coarse 
 grass, affording ample nourishment to cattle. The largest 
 river is the San Carlos in East Falkland, about 30 miles 
 long, and navigable for boats for 8 miles. The only other 
 stream of any note is the Arwyo Malo or Matson, which lalls 
 into i'ort San Salvador, on the N.E. coast. 
 
 The climate is equable and remarkably salubrious, there 
 being no extremes of either heat or cold. The ordinary 
 range of the thermometer is tetween 30° and 50° in winter, 
 and from 40° to 65° in summer. Rain and high winds are 
 fre<iuent. but lightning ^nd thunder are rare. A peculiar 
 feature of the Falklands is the entire de.stitution of trees, 
 but there are a great variety of sweet-scented flowers, which, 
 in Noveml)er and December, nearly cover the ground. The 
 tussac grass is the most useful and singular plant in the 
 flora of these islands. It covers all the small islands of the 
 group like a forest of miniature palms, and thrives Ijest on 
 the shores exposed to the spray of the sea. Ferns and mosses 
 are few, but lichens are in great variety and abundance. So 
 far as yet tried, all the useful kinds of vegetables and green 
 crops generally have thriven, but fruit has not been found 
 to succeed, and it is doubtful whether corn would ripen. 
 
 The rearing of cattle and the cultivation of vegetables ap- 
 pear to form the natural resources of this country. It is 
 stated that the very few animals landed originally by the 
 Buenos Ayreans and others have gone on increasing in 
 numbers, entirely in a state of nature, until they are now 
 reckoned at from 35,000 to 100.000, or more. The wild 
 horses of the islands, of which there are several thousands, 
 are highly thought of; and although many of the districts 
 are too rmiist and swampy for sheep, still there is a suffici- 
 ent quantity of land on which flocks could be kept advan- 
 tageously. Pigs and rabbits are also plentiful. The nume- 
 rous creeks abound with a description of fish resembling a 
 gray mullet, weighing up to 15 pounds, and which are caught 
 in large quantities by the simplest means. Sea elephant 
 and seal frequent the shores, and whales re.sort to the sur- 
 rounding waters, though now in diminished numbers 
 There are no reptiles of any kind in the Falkland Islands, 
 and of the quadrupeds a peculiar species of fox is the only 
 
 659 
 
FAL 
 
 animal indigvnous to them. The principal of the feathered 
 Irjbe aiv; gpotyj, snipes, dufks. hawks, vultures, albatrosses, 
 gulls, petrels, penguins, &c., and a verj few land hirds. 
 
 The Falkland Islands were d^'covered hv Davis, on the 
 14th of Ausrust, 1502. They were afterwards visited (lfi90) 
 by Stronp. who gave them the name which th^y now bear. 
 In 1710. a French vessel from St. Malo touched at them, and 
 Darned them Isles Malouines. Settlements were .ifterwards 
 formed on them by the French. Spaniards, and English 
 alternately, but the latter have ultimately retained pos.ses- 
 pionof them. A British settlement has been recently formed 
 in Kast Falkland, called Stanlej-, situated at the head of 
 I'oit ^Villiam. an inlet on the >'.E. co.-vet. Lat. 51° 40' 30" 
 S.; Ion. 57° 49' W. 
 
 FALK'LAND SOUND, a narrow strait separating Kast 
 and West Falkland I.slands from e<nch other. It extends 45 
 mile.s in a X. and S. diix^ction, varying in bi-eadth from 2j 
 to 18 miles. The K. side of the sound is low, with gently 
 undulating hills, seldom exceeding 150 feet in heiu'ht. The 
 W. side is hitrh and bold, forming a singular ridge, varying 
 from 300 to 5uO ft'et in height. 
 
 FALK/.\EK'S ISLAND, of Guilford Harbor. Connecticut 
 It contains a fixed light 75 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lilt. 41° 12' 30" N.. Ion. 72° 39' 42" W. 
 
 F.\LKONEIlA. fll-ko-nA'rd. a small island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago. 45 miles from the S.E. coast of the Morea, and 
 2.S miles N.W. of Milo. Lat. 36° 51' X.. Ion. 23° 54' E. 
 
 FALKOPING, (Falkoping.) or FALKJOI'ING, (Falkjbp- 
 ing.) fil'chcrping. a small town of Sweden, Isen.and 3S miles 
 S.W. of Mariestad. near which, in 1388, Albert, Kingof Swe- 
 den, was defeated and made prisoner by Jlargai-et, Queen of 
 Denmark. 
 FAL'LASBITRG. a post-oflice of Kent co., Michigan. 
 F.\LL BRANCH, a village of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 FALL CHEEK, of Indiana, rises in Henry county, and 
 after a course of alx)Ut 75 miles, falls into 'White River, 
 just above Indianapolis It is a valuable stream for mills. 
 FALL CKEEK. a post-office of Early co., Georgia. 
 FALL CREEK, a township in Hamilton co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1341. 
 EALL CIlEEK,atownsliipinIIenry CO., Indiana. P.1729. 
 FALL CREEK, a township in Madison co., Indiana. P.2107. 
 F.\LL CRKICK, a post-office of Marion co., Indiana. 
 FALL CREEK. aTowu.shipin Adams CO.. Illinois. Pop. 967. 
 FALL'EN TIM/BEK, a post-ofifice of Cambria co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FALLERSLEBEN, faWers-lAHien, a town of Hanover, 
 principality of Liineburg, 9 miles S.E. of Gifhorn. The 
 po t lioffman w.as born here. Pop. 1414. 
 
 F ALI/I N G BUI 1X5 E, a post-ofKce of Campbell co.. Virginia. 
 FALLING CREEK, a post-ofEce of Wayne co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FALiyiNG RIVER, a sm.all stream of Campbell co., 
 in the S. part of Virginia, flows into the Staunton or 
 Itainoke River. 
 
 FALLING SPRING, a post-office of Greenbrier co., Vu^ 
 ginia. 
 
 FALI/ING WATER, a small village of White co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 FALLING W.4TER. a po.st-office of Jackson co., Tennessee. 
 FALLING WATER CItEEK. in the E. central part of 
 Tennessee, flows S.W. through White county, into the 
 Canev Fork of CumK'rl.nud Kiver. 
 
 FALLING WATERS, a post-village of Berkeley co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Potomac River, 1S8 miles N. by AV. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 FAL'LOWFIELD, a township of Crawford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FALLOWFIELD, a township of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 897. 
 
 F.ILL RIVEK, of Iowa, rises near the E. border of DeW 
 ware county, and flowing south-eastward, enters the Mako- 
 queti) River, in Jackson county. 
 
 F.\LL RIVER, an important manufacturing city and 
 port of entry of Briitol county, Massachu.setts, at the en- 
 trance of Taunton River into Mount Hope Bay, the eastern 
 arrnofNanagansettBay, .53 milos S.S.W. of Boston. The 
 , X'^^'-'^y ="»<» Newimrt Railroad connects it with Boston 
 ami Newiwrt. It has a fine situation on elevated ground, 
 an<! enj^>y s superior adv.mUges for manufacturing ; a streani 
 the outlet of Watuppa Ponds, uniting with the launton at 
 Its mouth, lurnishes a never-fiiiling hydraulic power The 
 town 18 well built, much of it of granite, which is obtained 
 in large quantities from quarries in the vicinity. It con- 
 t;viii3 14 churches a public library, 7 banks, 3 savings banks, 
 a t^ne gramte biulding occupied as a market-house and cityl 
 hall and several fine school buildings. The streets are 
 handsomely adorned with sliade trees, which, during the 
 summer months, add much to the comfort and beauty of 
 the place, lal River, from which the town derives its 
 iwnio, IS about 2 miles in length, the greater part of which 
 distjince It flows over a rocky bed, between high banks, and 
 m the last half-mile of its course has a descent of about 140 
 feet. This portion of it is occupied with extensive niann- 
 66^"^^ with a separate dam each, either extend- i 
 
 FAL 
 
 Ing partialy or entirely across the stream. About 222,000 
 spindles are employed in the production of cotton fabrics, 
 of which aliout 49,225,000 yards are annually turned out. 
 Three large calico-printing establishments produce annually 
 47,000,000 yards of prints. Tliere is also a woollen factory 
 producing about 150,0(X) yards annually, and extensive iron 
 works, comprising a rolling-mill, nail-mill, foundries, and 
 machine-shops. Cotton hatting, thread, oil-carpet, and ma- 
 chinery, are also largely produced. Four newspapers .ire 
 issued here. Fall River enjoys excellent advantages for 
 commerce. Its harbor is safe, capacious, e;isy of access, and 
 of sufficient depth to admit vessels of the largest class. The 
 shipping of the port, June 30th, 1S52, animounted to an 
 aggregate of 3809 tons registered, and 11,-375 tons enrolled 
 and licensed. Of the former, 856 tons were employed in the 
 whale fisheries, and of the latter, 4S2t5 tons in steam navi- 
 gation; (none in the cod or mackerel fisheries.) The foreign 
 arrivals for the ye^tr were 2:3, (tons, 4023,) 14 of wliich (tons, 
 2S0S) w^ere in American vessels. The clearances for foreign 
 ports were 12, (tons, 101)6,) of wliich only 751 tons were in 
 American bottoms. The number of vessels owned and em- 
 ployed here in 18(54, was about CO, with a tonnage of 14,204 
 tons. A daily line of steamboats connects the town with 
 New York. Pop. in 1850, 11,524; in 1860, 14,205; and ia 
 1S65, about I'^.OOO. 
 
 FALL RIVER, a towniship of Newport co., Rhode Island 
 formed, in l'^5t3, from the N. part of the township of Tiverton, 
 and adjoining Fall River, Massachusetts. Thread, both in 
 skeins and spools, is very extensively manufactured: there 
 is 1 large calico-works, printing annually 14,000,000 yards 
 of calico and delaines. Pop. in 1S60, 3377. By a decree of 
 the supreme court, this place was annexed to Fall Biver, 
 Massachusetts, in 1862. 
 
 FALL RIVER, a post-village of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 
 on Craw fish River. 25 miles N.E. of Madison. It has good 
 water-power, with 3ever;il mills, and about 35 dwellings. 
 
 FALLS, a new county in the E. central i)art of Texas, has 
 an area of about H.jO sq. ni. It is intersected by Brazos River, 
 and also drained by Elm and Big Creeks. Pop. 3614. 
 
 F.\1.LS, a town.-iliipofBucksco., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2316, 
 
 FALLS, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, on the North Branch of the 
 Susiiuehanna River. Pop. 850. 
 
 F.\LLS. a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina, 191 
 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 F.\LLS. a post-township in the central part of Hocking 
 CO.. Ohio, on both sides of Licking River. Pop. 1987. 
 
 F.\LLS. a township in Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 2367. 
 
 FALL'S BRIDGE, a village in Canaan township. Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut, about 35 miles N.W. by W. of Hart- 
 ford. 
 
 FALLS'BCRG. a post-village and township of Sullivan co., 
 New York, about 95 miles S.S.AV. of Alb»nv. Pop. in 1840, 
 1780; in 1850. 2620; in 1860. 3333. 
 
 F.\LLSBURG, a post-township forming the N.E. extre- 
 mity of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 916. 
 
 FALLS CHURCH, a post-ofBce of Fairfax co., Virginia. 
 
 FALL'.SINGTOX.a post-boi-ough of Falls township. Ducks 
 CO., Pennsjlvauia. 25 miles E.N.E. of I'hiladelphi.o. 
 
 FALL'S M1LL.S. a jtcst-iiffice of Cal ell co., Virginia. 
 
 F.iLLS OF' BLAINE, a post-office, I^awiience co., Kentucky. 
 
 F.iLLS OF' ROUGH, a post-office of Grayson co.. Kentucky. 
 
 FALLS OF SCHUYLKILL, ^skoolTiill*,) formeriy a post- 
 village of I'hiladelphia co., Pennsylvania, now included 
 within the limits of the consolidated city of Philadelphia, is 
 l)eautifully situated on the Schuylkill River. 5 miles alove 
 the State-house. Here is an extensive manufactory of 
 chemicals, and works for printing calico. 
 
 FALLS OF ST. CKOIX. See St. Cr.ois F.MiS. 
 
 FWLLSTON, a thriving post-borough of Beaver co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of Beaver River, about 2 miles 
 from its mouth, and 30 miles N.W. of Pittsbui-g. The falls 
 of the river at this place produce motive-power for mills 
 and factories of various kinds. A bridge across the river 
 connects the borough with New Brighton. Pop. in IbtX), 577. 
 
 FALLSTON. a post-office of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 FAIiLSTOWN, a post-village in Iredell co. North Caro 
 lin.o, 135 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 F.iLLSA'Il/LAGE.a jiost-villagein Litchfie'd co.,Conneo 
 tlcut. on the Housatonic Railroad, 45 miles AV.N.W. of Hart- 
 ford, has a t>auk. 
 
 F.iL'.^IER. a parish of England, co. of Su.ssex. 
 
 FAL'MOUTH. fil'miith, a parliamentary and municip.il 
 borough, .seaport town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 on a branch of the estuarv of the Fal, 14 miles N.N.E. of the 
 Lizard Point, and 79 miles S.W. of Exeter. I-it. 50° 8' 8" N., 
 Ion. 6° 2' 7" W. Pop. of borough in 1851. 49J3. The town 
 consi.sts mostly of a long line of streets extending along the 
 W. side of the harbor, with elegant villas ranged on the 
 eminence behind. It is generally well built, has a chun-h 
 and several meeting-hou.se.s. a town-hall, jail, market-house, 
 custom-house, excise office, packet oflice, large bonding and 
 other M-arehou.ses. 3 banks, public rooms, subscription li- 
 brary, baths, a polytechnic institution, a merchants' hospi- 
 tal for disabled seamen, and numerous schools. I'bt har- 
 
FAL 
 
 FAN 
 
 Dor is formeiJ by the estuary of the Va\. nnd is about 5 
 miles in lensth and T in lireadth. The entrance is defended 
 by I'endennis and St. Mawe's Castle, both built in thereiirn 
 of Henry VIII., and the former containing large barracks, 
 masazines, &c. Its position, at the entrance of the English 
 Channel, has rendered Falmouth, for the last one hundred 
 and fifty years, a principal station for the foreign mail 
 packets, and the great rendezvous for fleets proceeding fo 
 the S. and W. The foreign and coasting trade is consider- 
 able. Chief imports, rum, sugar, gold, and silver, from the 
 West Indies and South America: wines, spirits, and fruits, 
 from the Peninsula and Mediterranean: timber, tallow, and 
 hemp, from the Baltic: and provision.s. from Ireland. Chief 
 export.s. tin. copper, pilchards, and fuel. Registered ship- 
 ping in 1847, H518 tons. With I'enryn, it sends two mem- 
 bers to the IIou.se of Commons. Falmouth is a town of re- 
 cent origin, and is first noticed in a charter of Charles II., 
 dated 1661. 
 
 F-M/.\IOUTII. a post-village and township of Cumberland 
 oo., Maine, on Casco I5;iy, about miles AV.S.W. of Portland. 
 The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad and the Portland 
 and Kennebec Railroad both pa.ss through the township, 
 which is also intersected by I'resumpscot River, a stream 
 forming the outlet of Sebago i'oud. and furnishing water- 
 power capable of being improved to an almost unlimited ex- 
 tent. The village contains a church, a store, and about 300 
 Inhabitants. Pop. 1935. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a post-village and township of Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts, on A'ineyard Sound and Buzzard's Hay, 
 70 miles S.S.K. of Boston. There is some shipping owned 
 here, employed in the whale fisheries; and in l!S53, 2 ves- 
 sels arrived, bringing '2<>tJ0 barrels of S|)erm oil, tKIO barrels 
 of whale oil, and 9(100 pounds of whalebone. The village 
 contains a bank. Pop. of the township. 2456. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a post-village of Stafford co., Virginiii, on 
 the Rappahannock River, 6c> miles N. of I'ieiimond.iis the 
 largest village in the county. The water-power of tlie river 
 is employed in 2 cotton factories and 2 flouring mills. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a post^village, capital of I'endleton co.. Ken- 
 tucky, on Licking River, at the junction with its South 
 Branch, and on the Covington and Lexington Railroad. 60 
 miles N.K. of Frankfort. It is ."itu-ited on a beautiful plain, 
 and surrounded by heights which command an extensive 
 view. It has 4 churches and a woollen factory. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, about 
 60 miles K. of Indianapolis. 
 
 F.\L'MOUTH, a seaport town in the British West Indies, 
 on th(! W. coast of Jamaica, in lat. 18° 30' N.. Ion. 77° 40'W. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a seaport town in the British West Indies, 
 on the S. coast of Antigua, with a harbor and 2 forts. 
 
 F.\L'.MOUTH. a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Hants, 
 on an arm of Mines Bay, opposite Newport, and atout 30 
 miles N.N.W. of Hnlifax. It is rapidly becoming a pl.ace of 
 importance, in consequence of the mines of coal, plaster, 
 limestone, jind other valuable minerals found in the vicinity. 
 
 F.\LSK BAY, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, in South 
 Africa, Cape Colony, its W. side being formed by the Cape 
 of Good liope. Length and breadth, about 22 miles eivcli. 
 Ships resort to Simon's Bay in this inlet from Table Bay, 
 during the N.W. monsoon, and it is the principal station 
 of the Cape naval squadron. 
 
 FALSK B.\Y, a Uay of New Zealand, on the W. side of 
 North Island. Lat. 36° 33' S., Ion. 174° 10' £. 
 
 FALSE BAY, an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, 00 miles E.of 
 Cuttack. 
 
 FA LSE CAPE. See Cape False, 
 
 FALSET or FALCHT. fdl-sJt/, a town of Spain, in Catalo- 
 nia, province, and 23 miles W.N.W. of Tarragona, on a plain 
 at the foot of Mount Mornal. It is indifferently built, and 
 surrounded by the ruins of its ancient Roman walls and 
 castle. Pop. 2995. 
 
 FALSTKK, fdl'ster. (anc. Fahtriaf) an island of Denmark, 
 In the Baltic, and separated from that island. Miien and I>;ia- 
 land, by narrow straits. Lat. about 64° 50' N'.. Ion. 12° E. 
 Length, 30 miles: breadth, from 2 to 13 miles. Pop. in 1850, 
 23,249. The surface is flat and well watered; and the island 
 is so fertile in fruit. &c. as to be termed the •' orchard of Den- 
 mark." More corn is grown than is required for home con- 
 .sumption; timber, live stock, and bees are plentiful. Some 
 ve8.sels are built, but the manufactures are almost wholly 
 domestic. The priucip.al town is Nykioping. 
 
 FA LSTERliO. fil'ster-boo\a small seaport town of Sweden, 
 ueai its S. extremity, 10 miles S.S.W. of Malmo, on a penin- 
 sula ill the Baltic. 
 
 FAL'STONK, a parish of England, co. of Xorthumberland, 
 7 miles N.W. of Bellingham. Coal is abundant in this parish. 
 
 FALTERONA, (fll-tVro'na.) MOUNT, a summit of the 
 Apennines, in Tuscany, 25 miles E.N.E. of Florence. Height, 
 ,t557 fi*et. The Arno rises on its S. side. 
 
 FAliTSI, fil'tsee, a frontier town of Moldavia, on the 
 Priith. 70 miles S.S.E. of Yas.sy. 
 
 iALUN or FAIILUN. fd'loon, a mining town of Sweden, 
 ocpital of a la>n. on Lake Runn, 54 miles W.S.W. of Gefle. 
 It has a school of practical mining, museums, and manufac- 
 tujes of cotton yarn, &c. Here is the ^mous copper mine 
 
 of Falun : it is an immense abyss. 120C feet across, and na 
 many in depth. The daylight fiom atrove is sufticie-t foV 
 the operatiims of the miners, so that they are not oI<iiger 
 to use lamps or candles, as in other deep mines. Not only 
 copper, liut also silver and gold are fibtained here. Lat. CO"' 
 35' N.. Ion. 16° :35' E. Pop. alxiut 4400. 
 
 FALUN. FAHLUN, fd'loon. or STORA-KOPPARBERO, 
 sto'rd-kop'paK-b?sg\ a maritime province of Sweden, mostly 
 between lat. 69° 52' and 62° 16* N., bordering on Norway. 
 Area, 12.261 square miles. Pop. 151,497. 
 
 FAMAGOSTA, fd-mil-gos't^ or FAMAGUSTA. fi-ma-poo.^- 
 ii, a seaport town of Cyprus, on its E. coast, in lat. 35° 7' 40" 
 N., Ion. 3.'i° 59' E. Its defences are now insignificant, and the 
 town, with its palace and numerous churches, is mostly in 
 ruins; its harlor is choked up, and useless except fir small 
 craft. Most of the inhabitants are Greeks. Famagosta is 
 built on the ruins of the ancient j\ritirilne. Under the Vene- 
 tian rule, it was one of the principjil commercial cities of the 
 Levant. Five miles N.E. is Old Famagosta, (ancient SaVamU 
 and OmatanUic) a site covered with ruiii.s. 
 
 FAMARS, fS'maR', (anc. f\ihiiim Murithf) a village of 
 France, department of Nord, 3 miles S. of Valencieuues. 
 Pop. 606. It has the remains of a Roman fort. 
 
 FA^IATINA. fi-md-tee'nd. an extensive valley of South 
 America, in the Argentine Reputlic. (La Plata,) province 
 of La Rioja, about 150 miles in length, and 30 miles in 
 breadth, bounded E. and W. by the mountain ranges of Ve- 
 lasco and Famatina. Its irrigated spots aie very fertile, but 
 its surface is generally barren. It contains the town of 
 Chiliceto. numerous villages, and silver mines. 
 
 FAM'BRIDGE, NORTH, a p.arish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FAMBRIDGE. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FAME, a po.st-ofTice of Choctaw co.. Mississippi. 
 
 FAMELig.\0, VILLA NOVA DE. veel'ld no/vd d.A fK-m\- 
 le-.sOwx'i'. a market-town of Portugal, 12 miles S.E. of Bar- 
 cellos. Pop. 2000. 
 
 FAMENNF;. fd^mjnn' or f3-m5n'neb, a small district of 
 Belgium, province of Luxembourg, named from its inha- 
 bitants, aviled by Cassar Ifemani or I'lia'moni. 
 
 FAMIEII. fd'mee'eh, a town of Syria, pashalic of Damas- 
 cus, on the Orontes, 32 miles N.W. of Hamah. It is sup- 
 posed to occupy the site of the ancient Ap:mf!a. 
 
 FAMINE, (fam'in.) PORT, on the Strait of Magellan, E. 
 coast of Brunswick Peninsula, in lat. .6:!° 38' 3" S., Ion. 70° 
 58' 15" W. This port was formerly ciiUed San Felipe, having 
 been settled by some Sp;inish colonists in 1582-3, all of 
 whom, excepting one man, perished of hunger aud attend • 
 ant diseases ; hence its name- Port Famine. 
 
 FA.MMAMATZ, fdrn'md-rndts'. a town of Japan, island of 
 Niphon. near tlie coast, 50 miles S.S.E. of Okasakee, (Okasaki.) 
 
 FAMUND, (FSmund.) a hike of Norw.ay. See F.bmum). 
 
 F.\NAUuRlA, fd-iid-go're-i, a .sm.all Russian village and 
 fortress, government of the Cossiicks of the Black Sea, on 
 the Strait of Ycnikale, near Taman. 
 
 FANANO. fd-ud/uo, a village of Northern Italy, 30 miles 
 S.W. of .Modena, near Jloute Ceinone. Pop. 20UO. 
 
 FANAYE, fd-ni'Jh or fd-u.A\'h. a large village of Western 
 Africa, ne;ir the Senegal, in lat. 10° 24' N., Ion. 15° S' W. Its 
 people are industrious, and liave a brisk trade in millet, tish, 
 and matting. Its ruler is a maraboot of Foota. 
 
 FANCSIKA, fdu'chee/kohN or FANCIKOVA, fdnVheko'- 
 vCh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Ugocs, situated on a small 
 arm of the 'fheiss, 3 miles from Nagy-Szollos. Pop. 891. 
 
 FAN'CY BLUFF, a post-office of tilynn co., Georgia. 
 
 F'ANCY FARM, a post-office of Graves co., Kentucky. 
 
 FANCY GROVE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 FANCY HILL, a post-ofiice of Rockbridge co., Virginia. 
 
 FANCY HILL, a post-office of Iredell Co., North Carolina. 
 
 FANCY HILL, a post-office of Murray co.. Georgia. 
 
 FANE, a river of Ireland, falls into Duudalk Bay after a 
 S.E. course of aVjout 20 miles. 
 
 FANG'FOSS, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 FANO-KI, fdng-ki, a small island off the S. coast of China, 
 province of Quaug-tong, in lat. 21° 18' N., Ion. 110° 35' £. 
 
 FANUOE, (Fangiio.) an island in the Baltic. See F^nocee. 
 
 FANIROO or FANIRU, f d'nee-roo', a village of Afriui, iu 
 Nigritia, state of Houssa, 64 miles N.W. of Kano. 
 
 FANISO, fd^ueo'.so. a village of Africa, in Nigritia, etata 
 of Hous.sa, close to Kano, enclosed by a wall. 
 
 FAN JEAUX, fSNo'^zho', (anc. Fa'num Jo'vist) a town of 
 France, department of Aude, on a mountain 9 miles S.S.E. 
 of Castelnaudary. Pop. 1776. It was taken aud burnt by 
 Edward the Black Prince, in 1355. 
 
 FAN-LING-TAO, fdu-lirtg-td'o, an island in the Sea of 
 Japan, E. of Corea. Lat. 36° 48' N., Ion. 128° 50' E. 
 
 FANLOB/BUS. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 FAN'NET POINT, a headland of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Donegal, with a light-house at the W. side of the entrance 
 of Lough Swilly. 
 
 F'AN'NETT, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. -2222. 
 
 FAN'NETTSBURG, a post-village of Metjil township, 
 Franklin co., Pennsylvania, in Path Valley, 17 iiiiles N.W. 
 of Chambersburg. Pop. about 250. 
 
 661 
 
FAN 
 
 FAR 
 
 I'AX'XIX, a county in the N.N.E. part of Texas, Iwrdering 
 oa Red River, wliich separates it from tlie Indian Territory, 
 contains about 930 square miles. It is dniined by Sulphur 
 Fork of Red River, and Bois d'Arc Creek. Tlie surface con- 
 sists mostly of pr.iirie; tlie soil is remarkably fertile. Named in 
 honor of Colonel James W. Fannin, killed at Goliad. Capital, 
 Bonham. Pop. 9217 ; of whom 7-196 were free. 
 
 FAXXIXS DEFEAT, a jxistoffice of Goliad co., Texas. 
 
 FANO, fi'uo, (anc. Fa'tium Fortu'ruv.) a seaport town of 
 Central Ifcily, in the Marches and in the province of Urbino 
 and I'esai-o, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Metauro, 7 
 miles S.E. of I'esaro. Pop. 10.000. It is enclosed by old 
 walls, with a lofty, bostioued front towards the sea, and is 
 superior in its treasures of art to every other town on the E. 
 coast of Central Italy. Fano has one of the finest modern 
 theatres in Italy, remains of a triumphal arch erected to 
 Augustui!, and several other antiquities. Its harbor is now 
 choked up ; but it has still some trade, and manufactures 
 of silk twist. 
 
 F AXO, f i'no, or FAXXO, f An'no. one of the Ionian Islands, 
 at the entrance of the Adriatic, 14 miles N.W. of Corfu, of 
 which it is a dependency. 
 
 FAXOE, (Fanoe,) fd'noVh, an i.<land of Denmark, off the 
 W. coast of Jutland. 11 miles X.W. of Ribe, 8 miles long, and 
 2 miles broad. Pop. 2^00. mostly fishers. 
 
 FANTEE or FA.NTI. fiu'tee, a maritime country of Gui- 
 nea, about lat. 6° 30' X., and Ion. 1° W.. bounded S. by the 
 ocean, and enclosed landward by the states of Aguafoo, Was- 
 saw, and Assin. The soil is fertile; and the country popu- 
 lous, owing to the protection of the British forts of Cape 
 Coast Castle. Ac. 
 
 FAXUM FOKTUX JR. See Faso. 
 
 FAOUET, LE. leh fd^oo-i', a village of France, department 
 of Morbihan, on the Elle, 24 miles W. of Pontivy. It has 
 manufactures of paper. Pop. in lSo2. 3160. 
 
 FAOU. LE, leh fiOoo'. a town of France, department of 
 Finistere, 8 miles X.X.W. of Ch4teaulin, with a port on the 
 Brest roadstead. Pop. 911. 
 
 FARA, fi'ri. a town ol Piedmont, 11 miles N.W. of No- 
 vara. Pop. 1804. 
 
 FARA. a town of Naples, proTince of Abruzzo Citra, 7 
 miks .S. of Chieti. Pop. 1420. 
 
 FAKADEES or FARADIS, favSMees/, written alfso F.\.- 
 RADl^S, a town of Xorthern Africa, dominions, and 38 
 miles S.E. of Tunis, supposed to be on the site of the ancient 
 Aphridisinm. 
 
 FARA DI GERA D'ADDA. fi'rd dee ji^rl dld'dl. a village 
 of Austrian Italy, province of Bergamo, 3 miles AV. of Tre- 
 viglio, near the Adda. Pop. 1341. 
 
 FARADIS. a town of Xorth Africa. See Faradees. 
 
 FARAFKKII. Q-TOjfthh. or FEKAFRA, fa-r^'frfh. an oasis 
 of the Libyan Desert. Africa, in lat. 27° X., Ion. 28° 23' E., 100 
 miles X.N.W. of the oasis of Dakhel. It comprises seTeral 
 Tillages, and a town with traces of Greek and Roman edifices. 
 The inhabitants manufacture cotton yarn, coarso woollens, 
 and earthen vessels. 
 
 FAKAHABAD. a town of Persia. See Ferahabad. 
 
 FAKAJAX, fi-rliM, or FARAGIIAX, fi-rd-gin', » village 
 of Kafiristan, on the S. slope of the Hindoo Koosh, near the 
 source of the Tagoo, in lat. 35° 42' X., Ion. 70° 22' E.; here 
 the Afyhaus and the inhabitants of Kafiristan meet to bar- 
 ter good.s. In time of war it is held as neutral ground. 
 
 FAKAKIIABAD. See Furrlck.^bad. 
 
 FAltALLijXES DE LOS FKAYLh.^, fd-rai-yo'nJs dj loce 
 frl'l^s. a group of .small islands on the coast' of California, 
 consisting of the Xorth. Sliddle. and South Farallon. (fj-rdl- 
 yon'.) The first named is .situated .32 miles due W. of the 
 entrance to San Francisco Bay. These islands extend in a 
 direction very nearly parallel with the coast, their extreme 
 points being about 12 miles apart. They serve as land- 
 marks tor navigators in approaching San Franci.sco Bay. Fa- 
 rallon isa Spanish word signifying a •' small pointed island." 
 The whole name mav l>e translated '■ Friars' Islands." 
 
 FARA SAX MARTI XO. f.i'rd siln mar.-tee/no, a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 13 miles S.W. of Lan- 
 ciano. Pop. 2400. 
 
 FAR AY, Wrk, an islet of the Orkneys, separated by a nar- 
 row sound from Eday. Pop. 67. 
 
 FA KAY, SUUTII. an island of the Orkneys, near the 
 Island of Flota. Pop. 55. 
 
 FARCKTT'. a chapelry of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 FAUCIIOUTK. a town of Upper Egjpt. See Farshoot. 
 
 FAUDKR. (FSrder.) an island of Norway. See Fj:rder. 
 
 FAR'DIXGAVOKTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FAllE/HAM, a market^town and parish of Eu'^land, co. of 
 Hants, at the N.W. extremity of I'ortsmouth Harbor, with 
 a station on the South-west Railway, 4J miles X.X.W. of 
 Gosport. Pop. of town in 1850, 3451. The town is resorted 
 to for sea bathing. It has a union work-house, a philoso- 
 phical Institution, and manufactures of ropes and earthen- 
 ware, ship-building, and trade in timber, coal, and com 
 
 FAUESC(X)»«, FAItKSCOL'R, or FARESKUIi. f^rfs-koor', 
 a town of Lower Egypt, province, and 8 miles S.W. of Dami- 
 Ktta, on the Xile. Near this place, Louis IX. of France was 
 (nade prisoner, with all his army. 
 t>6:2 
 
 FAREWELI/, a parish of England, co. of StaffoixL 
 
 FAR'FORTIl. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FARIGLIAXO, fi-reel-yi'no. a vilhige of Piedmont, pro- 
 Tince of Mondovi, on the Tanaro. Pop. 2(i40. 
 
 FARILHAO, fd-reel-yowsc/, a group of islets off the coast 
 of Portugal, province of Kstremadura, 12 miles X.W.of Cnp« 
 Peniche. 
 
 F.^RIM, fi-rees°' or f3-reem'. a palisaded town of Senegam 
 bia. Western Africa, on the Cacheo River, 60 miles X.W 
 of Jeha. 
 
 FAKIXDOLA, fi-rin'do-li, a town of Xaples, province erf 
 Abruzzo Ultra I., 22 miles S.S.E. of Feramo. Pop. 2556. 
 
 FAKIXGDON. a pari.sh of England. See Farri.ngdos. 
 
 FARKASD. feR^koshd', a market-town of Hungary. Hither 
 Danube, co., and 19 miles S.S.AV. of Xeutra, on the W aag. 
 Pop. 33.30. 
 
 FAR'LA JI. a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 FARLEIGH ^farOee) East, a p.arish of England, co. of 
 Kent, a large part of which is laid out in hop grounds and 
 orchards. 
 
 FARLEIGH, West, a parish of England, co. of Kent, ad- 
 jacent to the above. The churchyard contains some of th« 
 finest vew-trees in Enttland. 
 
 FARLEIGH HUNG'ERFORD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. Adjoining the village are the ruins of a castle 
 and a chapel, built about 1170. The environs abound in 
 rich scenerv. 
 
 FARLKliiH W.^L'LOP. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 FAR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 FAR/LEY', a post-office of Culpeper co., Virginia. 
 
 FAltLEY'. a post-office of Platte co., Missouri. 
 
 FARLEY CHAM'BEKLYXE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 FAR/LrNGTOX,a parish of England, co. of Hants, on the 
 coast. Here are extensive water-works, supplying Ports- 
 mouth and its suburbs. 
 
 FAR'LOW'S GKOA'E. a post-village of Mercer co., Illinois, 
 20 miles E.X.E. of Keithsburg. 
 
 FARLS^niORP. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FARM'BOROUGH. a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 FAR'.MER, a post-office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 
 F.\RMER, a post-village and township in the X.E. part of 
 Defiance co.. Ohio, 145 miles X.W. of Columbus. Pop. 1180. 
 
 FARMKR-S, a po.st-officeof York eo.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 FARMER'S, a post-office of Meriwether co.. Georgia. 
 
 F.A.RMEirS, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky. 
 
 FARMER'S, a post-bftice of Ko.sciusko co., Indiana. 
 
 FARMERS' AXD MECUAXICS' MILLS, a post-office of 
 Jackson co.. CJeorgia. 
 
 FARMER'S BRAXCH. a post-office of Dallas co., Texas. 
 
 FAR'MERSBURG. a post-village of Clavton co., Iowa, 92 
 miles N. of Iowa City. Pop. of the township, 1193. 
 
 F.\RMER'S CREEK, a post-office of Liy)eer co., Michigan. 
 
 FAR5IER S CREEK, a post-township of Jackson county, 
 Iow:x. 
 
 FARMER'S GROVE, a poslniffice of Southampton co., Tii^ 
 ginLa. 
 
 FARMER'S GROA'E, a post-office of Green co., Wisconsin. 
 
 FARMER'S HALL, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, 50 
 miles AV.X.AV. of Peoria. 
 
 FARMER'S HILL, a post-office of Dutchess co., Xew Y'ork. 
 
 FAR.MER'S MILLS, a post-village of Putnam co.. New 
 York. S5 miles S. by E. of Albany, has 1 bank. 
 
 FARMER'S RETREAT, a post-office of Dearborn co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 FARMER'S VALLEY, a postoffice of McKean co., Peun- 
 sj-lvania. 
 
 FAR'MERSVILLE, a post-village and township of Catta- 
 raugus CO., New York. 45 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1389. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE. a neat village of Covert township, Se- 
 neca CO.. New Y'ork. 6 miles S.E. of Ovid, and about 2 miles 
 W. of Cayuga Lake. It contiiius 2 churches, 5 stores, and 
 about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 F.A.RMEI;SV1LLE. a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia. 
 
 FARMKRSVILLE. a pnst-village of Meriwither co., Geoi^ 
 gi.H, about 100 miles W. of Milled.;eville. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE, a post-office of Lowndes co.. Alab-ama. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE. a neat and thriving post-vilLnge. capt 
 tal of Union parish. Loui"^iana. is situated on the top of a 
 hill. 1 mile from the river d'Arbonne, and 290 miles by water 
 N.N.W. of Baton Rouge. The navigation of the river has 
 recently been improved, so that steamers can ascend from 
 the Mississippi as £ir as this village. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE. a post-office of Caldwell co.. Kentucky. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE, a small village of Lincoln"*co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE. a village of Hohnes co., Ohio, about 11 
 miles S.E. of Millersburg. 
 
 FARMEKSVI LLE. a post-vill.ige of Montgomery co., Ohio, 
 80 miles AV. bv S. of Columbus. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE. a post-office of Posey eo.. Indiana. 
 
 FARMERSVII,LE, a post-office of Colljn co., Texas. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE, a post-office of Dodge count.v. Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 FARMERSVILLE, a post-village of dna-^ Wrst, to. of 
 
FAR 
 
 FAR 
 
 Leeds. 15 miles W. of Brockville, and 50 miles from Kings- 
 ton. Pop. about 220. 
 
 FARMERVILLE, a small village of Union co., Pennsyl- 
 rania. 
 
 FARM HILL, a post-office of Poin.sett co., Arkansas. 
 
 FARM HOUSE, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia. 
 
 FARM'INfrDALE. a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 Organized April 2, 1852. Pop. 896. 
 
 FARMING DALE, a post-village and railroad stjition of 
 Queens co., New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 31 miles 
 E. of New York. 
 
 FAini'INGIIAM, a post-office of Orleans co.; New York. 
 
 FAItM'INGTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 FAR.MINGTON, a post-vill.ige, town.ship, and capital of 
 Frjviikliii CO., Maine, on Sandy River, at the N. terminus of 
 Andmscoggiii Railroad, 35 miles N.W. of Augusta. It con- 
 tiiins, besides the county buildings, 4 cluirches, a new8pai)er 
 office, a State Normal school, 3 graded schools, an institu- 
 tion called Abbott's Boys' School, a bank, 3 public liouses, 
 and 18 stores. There is 1 other village called Farmington 
 Falis. in the township. On the streams are several mills 
 and factories. Sandy River is crossed by 3 bridges in this 
 tovviisliii). Pop. 3106. 
 
 FAr..\IINGTON, a post>township of Strafford co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Cocheco Railroad, 25 miles E.N.E. of Con- 
 cord. In this township there is a rock from IJO to 80 tons in 
 weight, so accurately poised that it may be made to vibrate 
 by the hand. Pop. 2275. 
 
 FAFiMINGTON, a beautiful post-village and township of 
 Ilartfdrd co., Connecticut, on the Farmingtnn I5iver, and 
 on the New Il.aven and Northampton Railroad, 30 miles N. 
 of New Haven, and about 10 miles W. by S. of Hartford. 
 The CoUiiisville BrancSi Railroad diverges fiom the New 
 Haven and Northampton Railroad at Plainville, in this 
 township, where tlie latter is intersected by the Hartford, 
 Providence and Fishkill Railroad. Jlanufnctures of various 
 kinds are carried on in this township, comprising brass and 
 Iron castings, forks, spoons, paper, soap, candles, &c. Farm- 
 Ington Tillage is built principally on one e.xtended street, 
 and is noted for its picturesque scenery. Round Hill, in 
 the immediate vicinity is regarded as a great natural curi- 
 osity. Pop. of the township. 3144. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post-township of Ontario co.. New York, 
 20 mik'S S.E. of Rochester. It is intersected bj' the Rochester 
 and Auburn R.ailroad. Pop. 1868. 
 
 FAKMINGTON, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1+49. 
 
 FAR^IINGTON, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the National Road, about 60 miles S.E. of Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1106. 
 
 FARMINGTOV, a postKiffice of Cecil co., Maryland. 
 
 FAIOUNGTON, a post-village of Marion co., Virginia, on 
 the liiiltimnre and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post-village of Davie co., North Caro- 
 lina. 1211 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 FAl!MlN(iTON, a postrvillage of Clarke co., Georgia, 55 
 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 FAitMINCiTON, a post-village of Tishemingo co., Missis- 
 sippi. -i>2 miles- N.N.E. of .Tackson. contains 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 F.VUMINGTON, a post-office of Sevier co.. Arkansas. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post-village of Marshall co., Tennessee, 
 50 miles S. of Na.shville. 
 
 FAltMINGTON, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky, 
 11 miles S.S.E. of Mavfield. 
 
 FARMINGTO.V, a small village of Belmont co.. Ohio. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post-township in the N.W. part of 
 Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1174. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post-vill.age and township of Oakland 
 CO., Michizan, on Power's Creek, aljout 20 miles N.W. of 
 Detroit. The plank-road from Detroit to Lansing passes 
 through the township. The village has an active trade, 
 and contains several fiourini: and saw-mills. Pop. 1914. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a village of Hamilton co., Indiana, about 
 26 miles N. bv E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a postoffice of Rush CO., Indiana. 
 
 FARMINGTON. a Ijeautiful post-village and township of 
 Fulton CO., Illinois, on the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, 
 24 miles W. of Peoria. The village is situated in an undu- 
 lating, fertile country, which is finely diversified by wood- 
 lands and prairies. Pop. 1359. 
 
 FARMINGTiJN, a post-vill.age, capitil of St. Francis co., 
 Missouri, 140 miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City. It has a court- 
 'louse, several churches, and a number of stores. Mines of 
 *ton and lead are opened in the county. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a thriving post-village of 'V'.an Buren co., 
 Iowa, on the Des Moines River, about 30 miles N.W. of 
 Keokuk, with which it is connected by a railroad. It is a 
 f hipping-point for the i>roduoe of the vicinity. It contains 
 6 cluirches, and 6 dry-goods stores. Pop. 2641. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post- village and township of Jefferson 
 CO., Wisconsin, 30 miles E. of Madison. Pop. 2010. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a township in the N. part of Washington 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1718. 
 
 F.-^^RMINGTON CENTRE, Maine. See Fxbmixotox. 
 
 FARM'INGTON CEN/TRE, a pos^offlce of Tioga co., P»nn. 
 sylvania. 
 
 FARMINGTON FALLS, a thriving post-villnge in Farm- 
 ington township, Franklin co., Maine, on .Sandy River, 
 about 30 miles N.W. of Augusta. It contains 2 saw-mil's, 1 
 fiour-mill, 1 church, and 4 stores. 
 
 FARMINGTON HILL, a small village in Farmlngtou 
 township. Franklin co.. Slaine. 
 
 FAitMlNGTON RIVER, Connecticut, is formed by the 
 union of the E. and the W. branches in Litchfield co., and, 
 flowing in a winding course, falls into the Connecticut iu 
 Hartford co., a few miles above Hartfoi-d. The New Hnveu 
 and North.impton Railroad follows the course of this river 
 for about 16 miles. 
 
 FARML.\ND, Indiana. See Farmville. 
 
 FARM RIDGE, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, 55 
 miles N.E. of Peoria. 
 
 FARMSUM, faRm'stim, a village of Holland, pi-ovinee of 
 Gronlngen. 3 miles E. of Appingedam, hard by the fortress 
 of Delfzyl. Pop. 1184. 
 
 FARM'VILLE. a post-village of Prince Edward CO., Vii^ 
 ginia. is finely situated on the AppomattoxRiver, 08 miles 
 W.S.W. of Richmond. The South Side Railroad connects it 
 with Petersburg and Richmond. The river is navigable for 
 batteaus from this place to its mouth, and the village has 
 an active trade. Farmville has 3 churches, 1 bank. 1 news- 
 paper office, and several toljacco factories. Pop. 1536. 
 
 FARMVILLE, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 FARMVILLE, or FARM'LAND, a posUillage and railroad 
 station of Itandolph co., Indiana, on the Indianapolis and 
 Bellefontaine Railroad, 8 miles AV. of Winchester. 
 
 FARN'BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 FARNBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 FARNBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 FARNBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 FARN'DALE, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 FAltN'DISII, a parish of England, cos. of Bedford and 
 Northampton. 
 
 F.iRN'DON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. Speed, 
 the antiquary, was bf)rn here in 1552. 
 
 FARNDON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 FARNDON. EAST, a parish of Emrland.co. Northampton. 
 
 FARNE (farn) or FERN ISLANDS, a group of 17 islets 
 and rocks off the E. coast of Ensrland. co. of Durham, lying 
 between 2 and 5 miles from the mainland, ojjposite Ham- 
 borough. Innumerable sea-liirds build on these islands, on 
 which there are now 2 light-hou.ses. tlie highest, on the 
 S.W. point, revolving, the other, on the N.A\'. imint. fixed. 
 I>at. 55° 37' N.. Ion. 1° 39' W. On one of these islets, where 
 St. Cuthbert died, are a square tower, a ruined diurch, and 
 the stone coffin of the saint. The pass.age between the 
 islets is, in rough weather, very dangerous. Here the 
 '•Forfarshire" was wrecked in 1838, when 9 persons were 
 saved by the heroism of the light-house keeper and his 
 daughter, Grace Darling. 
 
 FAI{'NELL, a parish of Scotland, in the E. division of the 
 CO. of Forfar, 4 miles S.S.E. of Urechin. .\n ancient castle 
 of the Ogilvies is here used as a kind of work-house. 
 
 F.\RN'1I.\M, a markeWown and parisli of England, co 
 of Surrey, 6 miles S.W. of the Farnborough station of the 
 .Soutli-western Railway, and 10 miles W.S.W. of (iuildford. 
 Pop. of the town, in 18.50, 3515. The town hxs an ancient 
 church, an endowed grammar school, and a castle, forming 
 the principal palace of the Bishops of Winchester, with a 
 valuable library and collection of paintings. Two miles S. 
 are the interesting ruins of Waverly AbV'Oy, founded in 
 1128. William Cobbett was born here in 1762. 
 
 FARNH.\M, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 FARNIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FARNHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FARNIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 F.\RN'H-\M, a thriving village of Richmond co., Virginia, 
 5 miles from the Rappahannock River. 
 
 FARNHAM. EAST, a vill.^ge of Canada East. co. of Shef- 
 ford. 15 miles E. of St. Johns, and 38 miles from Montreal. 
 It cont.tins several saw-mills. 
 
 FARN'HAM, ROY'AL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 
 4 miles N. of Windsor. The Earls of Shrewsliurj-, who 
 formerly held the manor, still have the privilesre of its tenure 
 confirmed, of supporting the left arm of the sovereign, while 
 holding the sceptre .at the coronation. 
 
 FARNHAM. WEST, a village of Canada East. co. of Shef- 
 ford. 15 miles E. of St. Johns, and 3S miles from Montreal. 
 It contains several saw and grist-mills and hotels. 
 
 FARN'HILL, a township of England, co. of York. West 
 Ridina. 
 
 FARN'IIURST. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FARN/INGHAM, a pari.'jh of England, co. of Kent, 5 
 miles S.E. of Foots-Cray. A bridge of four arches here 
 cros.^es the Darent, on which are several paper-mills. 
 
 FARN'LEY", a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 663 
 
FAR 
 
 FAO 
 
 FARNLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, TVest 
 Riding 
 
 FAK.TLEY TY'AS, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Hiding. 
 I'AKNS'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 FAll'NCMSVILLE. a post-village of Worcester oo.. Massd- 
 chusetts. 60 miles W.S.AV. of Boston, on the Providence and 
 Worcester Railra-td. 
 FAK-NWOliTII, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 FAUO, fd'ro, a seaport city of I'ortUiral. province of Al- 
 garve, capital of a comarca, on the Valferniosa. near the S. 
 coast, 20 miles S.W. of Tavira. Pop. 8440. It has a cathe- 
 dral, several convents and charitable establishments, a 
 military hospital, custom-house, arsenal, and superior 
 schools. Its harbor is small, but it has a good roadstead. 
 The exports are fresh and dried fruits, wine, cork, sumach, 
 baskets, and anchovies. 
 
 FAKO, a villase of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 12 
 miles W.N.W. of Beja. 
 
 F.^RO, fa/ro, a village of Brazil, province of Para, en a 
 considerable lake, 40 miles AV. of Obidos. 
 
 FARO, fd'ro. two villages of Sicily, on and near Cape Faro. 
 
 FARO, (FaixJ.jan island of Sweden. See Fak(E. 
 
 FARO (fd'ro) CIIAN'XEL, a name sometimes given to the 
 Strait of Messina, and the two great divi.-;ions of the Nea- 
 politan dominions are accordingly called the Dominij-al-cli- 
 Id and Al-dt-qud di Faro. (" dominions on this side," and 
 those •* beyond the Faro.'") 
 
 FAROE, (.Faroe,) ti'ro or f:'i'rb\ or FAERO, fl'ro, (Dan. 
 Fdrikme, f,'i'roVr-neh . Ger. Faroer. fa'roer ; Fr. Foera. fiV.V ; 
 Sp. Fei-ro, f Jr'ro,) a group of Islands iu the North Atlantic, 
 belonging to Denmark, about 170 miles N.W. of the Shetland 
 Isles, between lat. 61° 20' and 62° 20' N.. and intersected 
 centrally bj- Ion. 7° W. They are 22 in numK'r. but of these 
 17 only are inhabited. The whole group stretches about 65 
 miles from N. to S., and 44 miles from E. to W. The 
 largest isle is Stromoe, in the centre of the group; area, 104 
 geographical square miles ; the other larger ones are Osteroe, 
 Suderoe, Sandoe, Vaagoe, and Bordoe ; aggregate area, 376 
 geographical s<iuare miles. The islands generally present 
 steep and lofty precipices to the sea, which, in running be- 
 tween them, often forms fiords and bays in which good 
 anchorage is found. The surface rises towards the interior, 
 and terminates in peaks. The culminating point. Slattare- 
 tind, in the island of Osteroe. has a height of 2800 feet. 
 The soil h;is sometimes a depth of 4 feet, but for the most 
 part is thin, and does not exceed 6 inches. Barley is the 
 only cereal that comes to maturity. Turnips and potatoes 
 thrive well. There is no wood, but the want of it is com- 
 pensated by abundance of excellent turf. The minerals 
 of the island include line opal, and, it is s.<tid. al.so coal. 
 The feathers of wild fowl form an important article of trade ; 
 but the wealth of the inhabitants is derived chiefly from 
 fishing, and the feeding of sheep. The islands were origi- 
 nally peopled by Norwegians. In the legislature of Den- 
 mark they are represented by a deputy, named by the king. 
 Their chief magistrates are an amtmann. who is also com- 
 mandant, and a landvogt. who is also head of police. The 
 capital is Thorshavn. in Stromoe. Pop. in 1851. 8150. 
 
 FAUtE. fj'ro, or FARO, (Faiii,) fi'i-ii, an isl.md in the Bal- 
 tic, belonging to Sweden, off the N. extremity of Gothland, 
 of which it is a dependencj-, and separated from it by Faroe 
 Sound, 2 miles .across. Lat. 58° N., Ion. 19° 10' E. Length 
 from N. to S., 10 miles ; breadth 6 miles. On its E. side is a 
 Tillage of the same name. 
 
 FARR. far. a pjtrish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland. 
 
 FARRAKABAD. See Furrickabad. 
 
 FAR'RANDSVILLE, a post-vill.ige of Clinton CO.. Penn- 
 Bylvania, on the West branch of the Susquehanna River, 8 
 miles above Lock Ilaven. 
 
 F.ARH.MS, farVar'. several islands in the Red Sea. 51 miles 
 off the coast of Arabia. Lat. (S. end) 10° 17' N.. Ion. 40° 40' 
 E. They extend N.N.W. 13 miles, and are low and sandy. 
 
 FAR'RINtiDON or FARaXGDIN, GREAT, a market-town 
 and parish of England, co. of Berks, at the foot of Farring- 
 don Hill, in the vale of Whitehouse, 32 miles AV.N.W. of 
 of Reading, and 6 miles N. of the Farringdon Road station 
 of the Great Western Railway. Pop. of the town in 1851, 
 2450. It is an ancient and very neat town, with an intei^ 
 esting old church, a town hall, a large nati;)nal .school, a 
 branch bank, and an extensive trade in corn and bacon. 
 The Farringdon Itoad station is 6:3| miles W. of London. 
 
 F.\RKI\GDON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 F.iK'KINtiTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 FAR'RI.NQTON GUR/NEY, a ptu-ish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 FAK'itlORVILLE. a post-ofRce of Pike co.. Alabama. 
 
 FAK'ROAVSVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, 
 130 miles W. bv N. of Richmond. 
 
 FARS, or BARSI^iTA^•, far'sis-tdn', (anc. PerttU,) a pro- 
 Tinee of Persia, mostly between lat. 28° and 32° N., and Ion. 
 50° and 55° K.. having S.W. the Persian Gulf and on other 
 sides inclosed by the provinces of Khoozistan, Irak Ajemee, 
 (Aj^uii.) Yezd. Kerman, and I^ristan. The surCice is very 
 \'ariou8; on the x>ast it is level, and the cUmate hot: la the 
 6t>i 
 
 interior are mountain ranges rising to 2500 or 30tH) leet in 
 height, and interspersed with many long and narrow fertile 
 plains. The principal rivers are the liundemeer, Tab. and 
 Nabon. Salt lakes are numerous. The products comprise 
 corn, rice, dates, raisins, and other fruits, line tobacco, opium, 
 saffron, hemp, cotton, attar of roses, silk, and wine. Many 
 cattle and sheep are reared: and the horses, camels, and 
 asses, are of superior breeds. The principal minerals are lead, 
 iroji, marble, borax, naptha, and salt. The iuhabitants are 
 among the most civilized and industrious iu the kingdom, 
 and manufacture fine woollen, silk, .ind cotton stuffs. Capi- 
 tal, Sheeraz. Fars contains the ruins of Perf>epolis, Pasar 
 gada, and Shapoor. It was the patrimony of Cj rus, and, 
 with the substitute of P for its initial letter, it gave name, 
 among the ancient Greeks, to the whole empire of his sufr 
 cessors. See I'liRsiA. Pop. 1,700.001). 
 
 FARSAN (farVau') ISLANDS, in the Red Sea. E. side, 
 about lat. 16° 30' N., Ion. 42° 45' E. They are two in num- 
 ber, and are the largest of all along thj> c< a.st, but may be 
 considered as forming one island only, bsiug connected by 
 a sandy spit of sho;il water, across wliiih cnmels frequently 
 pass from one to the other. The westernmost. Farsan Ke- 
 beer. is 31 miles long, and the other, Far.>-an Seggeer, about 
 18 miles. 
 
 FAHSIIOOT or FARCIIOUTE, farVshootA written also 
 FARSIIIOUT, a town of Upper Egypt, near the W. bank of 
 the Nile, 20 miles E.S.E. of Girgeh. It has a Coptic church, 
 a government school, and a cotton yarn factory. 
 F.4.RSIST.\N, a province of Persia. See F.abs. 
 FARSUND. faR'sooud, a maritime village of Norway, stift 
 of Christiania, 50 miles W. of Christiansand. on theNorth 
 Sea. The chief exports are dried fish. Pop. 1032. 
 
 FAKTASII, for'tish', or FARTAK, lar^tdk', called also 
 SAKEF, (.Sail,) sdVel', or KERSAII, a seaport of Arabia, on 
 its W. side. The harbor has anchorage in U fathoms water. 
 FARTASII or FARTAK, CAPE. See Cap*; Faktash. 
 FAR'TlllNGOE. parish of England, co. of Nonhampton. 
 FARTHER INDIA. See India. 
 FARTHER POINT. See Appendix. 
 FARTIIINGSTONE. parish of England, co. Northampton. 
 F.\H'WAY. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 FAR WEST, a post-oflfice of Johnson oo., Indiana. 
 FAR WEST, a post-village of CaldweU co.. Missouri, neai 
 Shoal Creek, 160 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 FAS, a city of Morocco. See Fez. 
 F.\S. a kingdom of Africa. See Fez. 
 F,\S.4NA. fd-sd'nd. a sm.all se.aport town of Tllyria, 52 
 miles S. of Triest. Opposite are the Brioni Islands, the 
 marble of which was u.sed in building Venice. 
 
 FASANO, fd-sd'no, a city of Naples, province of Bari, 8 
 miles S.E. of Jlonopoli. Pop. SSUO. It contains several 
 churches and a convent. 
 
 F AT ARELLA, fd-td-r Jl'yd, or FATORRELLA, fd-toR-R^'yl, 
 a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 37 miles W.N.W. of Tarrst- 
 gona. in a mountainous district. Pop. 1495. 
 
 FATATENDA. fd-td-tSn'dd, a considerable town of West 
 Africa, on the Gambia : lat. 13° 22' N.. Ion. 14° 10' W. The 
 English African Company had a factory here, situated on a 
 rock, and overlooking a fine country, but were driven from 
 it by the hostile conduct of a native prince. 
 
 F.tTCIIIO, fdtch'e-o\an island of the Japanese dominions, 
 in the Strait of Corea ; lat. 34° 20' N.. Ion. 129° So' E. It is 
 fertile, but diflieult of access, and is the place of banishment 
 for state criminals. 
 
 F.\TEERE1I. d-tee'rfh, a village and ruined town in thb 
 E. desert of Upi>er Egypt, 65 miles N.E. of Keneh, with 
 Roman antiquities, and granite quarries. 
 
 FATEZH, FATESCH or FATEJ, fS't^zh', a town of Rus- 
 sia, government, and 33 miles N.W. of Koorsk, near the 
 right bank of the Oosoja. Pop. 2000. 
 FATORRELLA. a town of Spain. See F.^tasella. 
 FATSA or FATSAII, fit/sd. (anc. Phadisana.) a seaport 
 town of Asia Sliuor, on the Black Sea. CO miles E.S.E. of 
 Samsoon. It has an old palace and a large khan, but is in 
 decay. Two miles E. are the ruins of PJemoin'vm. 
 
 FATSIZIO, fat-see'ze-o\ F.ATZIZIOO or FATZIZIOU, fdtr 
 zee'ze-oo\ an island of Japan, a dependency of the province 
 of Yzoo, island of Niphon, lat, 33° 0' N., Ion. 140° E. It 
 is 21 miles long by 7i miles broad, and contains .i town 
 of the same name. State criminals are banished to this 
 island, and employed in manufacturing silk stuffs for tho 
 court. 
 
 FATTECONDA, fdt'te-kon'di a town of Senearamlia, in 
 BondfX), on the Faleme River, lat. 14° 25' N, Ion. 11= 30' W, 
 32 miles N.E. of Boolil>anee, (Bulibani.) 
 
 FAUCETT'S (few's^ts) STORE, a post-ofllce of Orange co. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 F.\UCIGNY, fSi'seevi'yeef. a vill.ige of Savoy, giving name 
 to a province, of which Bonneville. 3 miles S.S.E., is the 
 chief town. This province is the highejit in SAVcy, and is 
 called "the cliissical country of the Alps." Pop. 101,792. 
 The village is 2162 feet above the .sea. 
 
 F.\UC1LLKS. fo'seel', a mountain range ol France, d* 
 partments of Marne and Vosges, connected K with tho 
 Yosges Mountains, and S.W. with the plateau of Langres, 
 
FAU 
 
 FAY 
 
 separating the Tjaslns of the Meuse and Moselle from that 
 of the Saone. Summit les Fourches. 1611 feet iu elevation. 
 
 FAUCO(}.VEY, fo^konV'V, a village of France, department 
 of Haute-Saone, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains, 11 
 miles N.N.K. of Lure. Pop. 1581. 
 
 FAUGH.\..NVALK, faw'an-vil/ a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 FAUulitA, f6wVyL a village and parish of Tuscany, in 
 tJie Val di Tora, 11 miles li. of I-eghorn. Pop. 2122. 
 
 FAUIillORN, fOwl'horn, a mountain of the Alp.s, Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 32 miles S.E. of Born, between the 
 valley of th'i Grindelwald and the Lake of Brienz, 8802 feet 
 In elevation. It has an inn on the summit. 
 
 FAULK'BOUKN. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FAUQUIER, faw'keer. a county in the N.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of abuut 6S0 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.W. by the Rappahannock, and its branch, the 
 North River, and drained by Goose Creek. The Blue lUdge 
 extends along the N.W. border; the surface is tinely diversi- 
 fied, and the soil is mostly very fertile. Several gold mines 
 have been worked in the county. It also contains valuable 
 beds of magnesia and soapstone. The Kappahannock is 
 navigable by small boats. The county is traversed by the 
 Orange and Alexandria Itailroad. and by the Manas.sa's Gap 
 Railroad. The illustrious .John Mar.shall. late Chief Justice 
 of the United States, was born in this county. J'ormed in 
 1759, and named in honor of Francis Fau(iuier. at that time 
 Governor of Virginia. Capital, Warrcnton. Pop. 21,706, of 
 whom 11,251 were free, and 1(».455 slaves. 
 
 FAUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR SPJUNGS, a post-vil- 
 lage of Fauquier co., Virginia, on the Kappahannock Kiver, 
 57 miles W.S.W. of Wasliington, is a beautiful and popul.ar 
 place of resort in summer. 
 
 FAUSSE (fo.<s) POINT, a post-offlce of St. Martln'H parish, 
 liouisiana. 
 
 F AU.SSE R I VI E R E, f Oss-red-ve-air', « small village of Point 
 Couple parish, I.rfiuisiana. 
 
 FAVAIOS, fa-vi'oco, (anc. Flaviast) a town and parish of 
 Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, near the Tua, 61 miles 
 K. by .S. of Braga. 
 
 FAVALB. fi-vdlA, (anc. PagcJU Liplurumf) a village of 
 the Sardinian Stites, province of Chiavari, in the valley of 
 Fontanabuoua, almost surrounded by lofty precipices. Pop. 
 1589. 
 
 FA VARA, fd-va'rl a town of Sicily, 4 miles S.E. of Qii^ 
 ^nti. Pop. 7590. It has rich mines of sulphur. 
 
 FAVENTIA. See Faknza. 
 
 FAVERCJES. fd'vaiRzh', (L. Falnricaf) a village of Savoy, 
 province of Geuevese, near the Lake of Annecy, 23 miles 
 N.E. of Chambery. Pop. 3641. It has manufactures of paper 
 and cotton. 
 
 F.WERN'EY, fd'vja^ni', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-Saflne, 10 miles N. of Vesoul, on the Lauterne. Pop. 
 1557. 
 
 FAVERSIIAM, fav'fr.sh-am, a borough, parish, and seaport 
 town in England, co. of Kent, 45 miles E.S.E. by S. of Lon- 
 don, near a biaiich of the Swale. It con.sists principally of 
 four streets, spacious, well paved, and well lighted. In the 
 centre is the Town-h:ill and market place. Faversham has a 
 handsome church: chapels for Baptists, Independents, and 
 Wesleyan Jlethodists, Bible Christians, and Latter-day 
 Saints; a free grammar school, a national, and three other 
 schools. Vessels of 150 tons come up the Swale to the town at 
 common tides. On December 31st, 1850, the number and 
 tonnage of vessels belonging to the port was 289; tonnage, 
 11.999; and one steam-vessel of 19 tons burden. The vessels, 
 coastwise and foreign, which entered in 1850, were 1438 ves- 
 sel.s; tonnage, 107,319; cleared, 1-303; tonnage, 42.199. The 
 principal exports are corn, hops, fruit, wool, and other pro- 
 duce ; imports — timber, iron, coal, tar, Ac. Faversham has 
 long been celebrated for the manufacture of gunpowder. 
 Roman cement is also manufactured here, but the oyster 
 fishery has now become the princi)ial trade of the place. 
 King Stephen was buried in the abbey which he founded 
 here in 1147. The town gives the title of baron to the 
 Duncombe family. Pop. 4621. 
 
 F.WKjX AN.4.. fd-veen-yd'ni, (.anc. J^gu/sa or ^f.hu/.w,) an 
 Island of the Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, 11 
 miles S.W. of Trapani. Length, from E. to W. 6 miles ; 
 average breadth. 2 miles. Surface low, except in the centre, 
 where a hill range crosses it from N. to S., having on its 
 liighest point St. Catherine's Castle. It has stone quarries. 
 On its E. side is its principal town. San Leonardo, and on 
 its N. coast a good harbor, defended by Fort San Giacomo. 
 
 F.\V()UITA. fd-vo-ree't.4, a village, and beautiful country 
 seat of .\ustrian Italy, in the vicinity of Mantua, memorable 
 OS the scone of several severe contests between the Frencli 
 and Austrians. in which the former were victorious. One 
 Immediate result was the surrender of Mantua, with its 
 garrison of 2O.O0O men. 
 
 F-WRIA. t;?v're-a. a marketrtown of Piedmont, province 
 ci Turin. Pop. 2745. 
 
 FAW'DON, a township of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 FAWK'UAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 FAWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 FAWLEY, a parish of Kngland, co. of Bucks, 3 miles 
 N.N.W. of Henley-on-Thames. Fawley-court is a handsom* 
 structure built by Sir Christopher Wren in 1684. 
 
 FAWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 FAWN or FAWN GROVE, a township of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1402. 
 
 FAWN RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream which enters 
 the St. Joseph's at Constantino. 
 
 FAWN RIVER, a post-township forming the S.E. ox 
 tremity of St. Joseph co., Michigan. Pop. 571. 
 
 F.VWS/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, •» 
 miles S. of Daventry. The seat of the Knightley {;lmiIy^ 
 situated in a fine deer park, is an ancient and interesting 
 structure. 
 
 FAXARDO or FAJARDO, fS-naK/do, a town and island of 
 Porto Rico, on the E. coast, near the mouth of a small river 
 of the same name. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 F,\XOE, (FaxSe.) fax'oVh. a village of Denmark, island of 
 Seeland. bailiwick of Prasstiie, 33 miles S.W. of Copenhagen, 
 about 2 miles from the sea It has noted quarries of build- 
 ing limestone of a pale yellow-color, and composed mainly 
 of petrifactions of marine animals. 
 
 F.tX'TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 FAY, fi, a village of France, department of Loire-InfS- 
 rieure, 8 miles N.E. of Savenay. Pop. 1852. 
 
 FAY.\L, fi-il', one of the Azores, or Western Islands, in 
 the N. Atlantic Ocean ; lat. (W. point) 38° 35' 36" N.. Ion. 28° 
 60' 30" W. Area, "27,520 acres, of which it is estimated that 
 10,020 acres are under cultivation. In its centre is a moun- 
 tain rising about 3000 feet. The soil is remarkably fertile. 
 The island produces annually about 12.000 quarters of In- 
 dian corn. 4000'of wheat, 2000 of potatoes and onions, 200 
 pipes of wine, and 17,000 boxes of oranges. The principal 
 exports are oranges and wine. The imports are manufac- 
 tures, cotton twist, and flax, chiefly from England, coloni.al 
 produce from Brazil and Portugal, tea, tobacco, and soap 
 from the latter. Fayal has, besides, a considerable transit 
 trade. About 170 American whalers touch at the island 
 every year, and land the oil of such fish .as they have caught 
 on their outward voyage. This oil is afterwards shipped for 
 the American market, and amounts in value to between 
 10.000^ and 50.000^ annually. Fayal has a good bay oppo- 
 site to Pico. Opposite the town of Orta, in the bay of that 
 name, is the best anchorage in the Azores. The chief town 
 is Villa Orta, on the S.E. side of the island. Pop. 25.900. 
 
 FAY-AUX-LOGES. fi^OMozh', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Loiret. 10 miles E.N.E. of Orleans. Pop. 1053. 
 
 FAYENCE, frS.Nss'. a village of France, department of 
 Var, 12 miles N.E. of Draguignan It has manufactures of 
 earthenware and glass. Pop. in 1852, "2257. 
 
 FAYETTE, fk-ykt/. a county in the S.W. part of Pennsyl- 
 vaniii, bordering on W. Virginia, hag an area ot 800 square 
 miles. The Mouongahela River forms its entire boundary 
 on the W.; the county is Intersected by the Youghiogheny 
 River, and drained also by Redstone, Dunlap's, Indian, and 
 Jacobs' Creeks. The surface is finely diversified. A moun- 
 tain ridge, called Laurel Hill, forms the E. boundary; 
 another, which is the most W. branch of the Alleghany 
 chain, extends across the middle of the county, under the 
 name of Chestnut Kidge; the land between these and the 
 W. border is rolling. The soil of the N.W. part is very pro- 
 ductive; the other portions are adapted to pasturage. Iron- 
 ore and bituminous coal are abundant. The Monongahela 
 is navigated by steamlxwts along the liorder. The county 
 is intersected by the National R/ad. Organized in 1783, and 
 named in honor of the illustrious Marquis de Lafayette. 
 Capital, Unioutown. Pop. 39,909. 
 
 FAYETTE, a county in the S. central part of W. Virginia, 
 has an area of 770 sq. miles. It is traversed by the Kana- 
 wha or New River, bounded on the N. by Gauley River, and 
 on the N.E. by Meadow River. The county has a moun- 
 tainous surface, abounding in wild and iiicturesque scenery. 
 The principal elevations are Gauley and Sewell Mountains. 
 The famous cliff called Marshall's I'illar, ri.ses about 1000 
 feet above New River, « few miles from the county seiit. 
 Several fertile plateaus, or glades, defctitute of timber, occur 
 among the higlilands of this county. The soil is generally 
 good. Irou-oro is found. The New River is a rapid stream, 
 affording abundant water-power in this part of its eoursa 
 The county is intersected by the Covimzton and Ohio Rail- 
 road (not yet finished). Capital, Fayetteville. Pop. 11997, 
 of whom 5726 were free, and 271 slaves. 
 
 FAYETTE, a county in the N.W. central part of Georgia, 
 contains about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 and S.E. by Flint River, which rises near tlie'N. border, and 
 also drained by Whitewater, Line, and Rose Creeks. The 
 surface is generally level; the soil is furnied by the disinte- 
 gi-ation of primary rocks, and is not the most fertile. Granite 
 and iron are the most valuable minerals of the county. It 
 is intersected by the Atlanta and La Grange Railroads. 
 Cajiital, Fayetteville. Pop. 7047, of whom 5028 were free, 
 and 2019 slaves. 
 
 FAYETTE, a county in the W.N.W. part of Alabama, 
 bordering on the Mississippi, has an area of about 900 
 
 665 
 
FAY 
 
 ■qnare miles. It is intersected by the Sipsey River and 
 Lnxapatilla Creek, affluents of Tombigbee River. The sur- 
 face is somewhat uneven, the soil fertile. Capital, Fayette 
 Court House. Pop. 12,850, of whom 11,147 were free, and 
 1703 slaves. 
 
 FA'i ETTE, a county in the S.E. central part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Coiora-lo River. The surface is undulating: the soil is a 
 black sandy loam, very fertile. The river is navigable for 
 about six months in the year, as high as the county seat. 
 Some of the streams furnish water-power. Coal mines have 
 been discovered. Capital, La Grange. Pop. 11,604, of whom 
 7818 were free, and 3786 slaves. 
 
 FAYETTE, a county m the S.W. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on the Mississippi, has an area estimated at 550 
 square miles. It is traversed by Loosahatchie and Wolf 
 Rivers. The soil is very productive, and extensively culti- 
 vated. The county is traversed by a railroad leadinj; to 
 Mempliis. Capitjil, Sonierville. Pop. 24,a:J7, of whom S854 
 were free, and 15,473 slaves 
 
 FAYETTE, a county in the N.E. central part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 300 square miles. The 
 Kentucky River washes its S.E. border: it is drained by 
 Hickman"s Creek, and by the North and South branches 
 of Elkhorn River, which rise within its limits, and though 
 flowing in opposite directions, afterwards unite with Ken- 
 tucky River. The surface is diversified by beautiful undu- 
 lations; the soil is highly productive, and extensively culti- 
 vated. In 1850 the county pi-oduced 2967 tons of hemp, 
 more than any other county in the United States, except 
 Platte county, Missouri. The rock which underlies the 
 surface is the blue or Trenton limestone, a good material 
 for building. The Kentucky River is navigable by small 
 steamboats in this part of its course. Railroads have been 
 opened tonnecting Lexington, the count}' seat, with Louis- 
 ville and Covington; another is in progress, which will 
 connect that city with Maysville. In respect to population 
 and weiilth, Fayette is the third county in the state. Capi- 
 tal, Lexington. Pop. 22,599, of whom 12,584 were free, and 
 10.015 slaves. 
 
 t'AY'ETTE, a county in the S.W. central part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 414 square miles. It is intersected by Paint 
 and Deer Crseks, and also drained by the North Fork and 
 Rattlesnake Fork of the first-named creek. The surface in 
 the N. and AV. is nearly level, and in the S. gently undu- 
 lating. The soil is mostly a deep black loam, and very pro- 
 ductive. The county is intersected by the Cincinnati, Wil- 
 mington, and Zanesville Railroad. CaiuUil, Washington. 
 Pop. 15 935. 
 
 FAYETTE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains about 200 square miles. It is drained by the West 
 Fork of Whitewater River. The surface varies from let el 
 to undulating: the soil is highly productive. Probably no 
 county in the state is more highly improved and densely 
 peopled. Limestone is the most abundant rock. The 
 county is intersected by the Whitewater Canal, which af- 
 fords a great water-power, and by the railroad which ex- 
 tends westward from Hamilton in Ohio. Oi-ganized in 1819. 
 Capital, Connersville. Pop. 10,225. 
 
 FAYETTE, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, has 
 an area of 640 square miles. The Kaskaskia River flows 
 through the county diagonally "in a south-westerly direc- 
 tion, receiving in its passage a number of creeks. The sui^ 
 face is generally level, or slightly undulating, diversified by 
 prairies and by forests of good timber; the soil is produc- 
 tive. The streams furnish motive-power for numerous 
 mills. The Central Railroad of Illinois passes through the 
 county, and materially affects its prosperity. Fayette is 
 one of the oldest counties of the state. Capital, Yandalia. 
 Pop. 11,189. 
 
 FAY' ETTE, a new county in the \.E. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 720 .square miles. The Turkey River, an affluent of 
 the Mississippi, is formed in the N. part bv the union of its 
 two main branches, and then traverses the X.E. part of the 
 county ; the South Fork of the same stream drains the 
 middle portion; the S. part is drained by Buffalo and other 
 creeks. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered 
 with woods, among which are scattered numerous fertile 
 prairies. The streams of this couutv are said to afford ex- 
 tensive water-poyver. Capital, West Union. Pop. 12,073. 
 
 FAYETTE, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, 15 
 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 910. 
 
 FAYETTE, a village of Chautauqua co.. New York, on 
 Lake Erie, at the mouth of Silver Creek, 31 miles S.W. of 
 Buffalo. 
 
 FAYETTE, a village of Chenango co., New Y'ork, about 
 100 miles W .S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches, and several 
 milU. 
 
 FAYETTE, a pc^t-township of Seneca co.. New York, ex- 
 tending from the Cayuga to the Seneca Lake, 12 mUes N. of 
 Ovid. i'op. 3742. 
 
 FAYl-TTfE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FAYETTE, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pep. 2006. ' 
 
 FAYETTE, a postoffice of Fayette co., Alabama. 
 66(3 
 
 FAY 
 
 FAY'ETTE. a pleasant post-village, capital of Jefferson 
 CO.. Mississippi, about 30 miles E.N.E. of Natchez. It con- 
 tains a court-house. 2 newspaper offices, and a nimil>er of 
 stores. Pop. in 1860, 339. 
 
 FAY'ETTE, a township of Lawrence co.. Ohio. Pop. 1569. 
 
 FAYETTE, a township of Hillsdale co!, Michigan. Pop. 
 468. 
 
 FAYETTE, a township in Tigo co„ Indiana. Pop. 1561. 
 
 FAYETTE, a post-village in Greene co., Illinois, 50 miles 
 S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 FAY'E'lTE. a post-village, capital of Howard co.. Missonri, 
 on Bonne Femme Creek^ 60 miles N.W. of Jefierson City. 
 The Missouri River approaches within 10 or 12 miles of the 
 village, at two nearly opposite points. Coal and limestone 
 lire abundant in the vicinity. Fayette has 4 churches, a 
 UnitcHl States land-oilice, an academy, a college, and a bank. 
 Pop. 647. 
 
 FAY'ETTE. a post-village and township of Lafayette co., 
 Wisconsin, 50 miles S.W. of Madison. The village contains 
 2 mills. 2 stores, and 30 dwellings. Pop. its-i. 
 
 FAYETTE CORNER, a post-village of Fayette cc, Ten- 
 nessee. 177 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 FAYETTE COURT-HOUSE. Alabama. See Fatettevilub. 
 
 FAYETTE SPRINGS, a postoffice of Fayette co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FAY'ETTEVILLE. a post-village, capital of Windham co., 
 Vermont, alxiut 100 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 
 FAY'ETTEVILLE. a post-village in Manlius township, 
 Onondaga co.. New Y'ork, near the Erie Canal, atout 120 
 miles W. by N. of Albany. It contains churches of 3 deno- 
 minations, an academv, and a bank. 
 
 FAY'ETTEVILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 144 miles W. of Philadelphia. l"op. about 300. 
 
 FAYETTEVILLE, a small post-village, capitjil of Fayetto 
 CO., W. Virginia, about 35 miles S.E. of Charleston, and 5 miles 
 W. of New River. A few miles from the village. New River 
 flows along the base of a remarkable cliff or precipice of 
 stupendous height, known by the name of the ■• Hawk"s 
 Nest," or Marshall's Pillar. Chief-Justice Marshall mea- 
 sured it with a line, and found the heiu'ht to 1 e It 00 feet. 
 
 FAYETTEVILLE. a flotirishing town, capital of Cumber- 
 land CO., North Carolina, is situated on the left bank of Cap« 
 Fear River, at the head of natural navigation, CO miles 3. 
 of Riileigh. and 100 miles N.W. of Wilmington. The town 
 is regularly laid out, with streets of 100 feet in width. It 
 is the centre of an extensive trade, which is facilitated by 
 plank-roads extending in various directions. The adjoiib 
 jng country is partly occupied by extensive forests of pine, 
 which supply important articles of export, in the form of 
 turpentine, tar. lumber, &c. The navigation has lately 
 been extended, by the construction of lucks and dams, as 
 far as the coal-mines of Chatham county. The ample 
 water-power of the river is employed in manufactories of 
 cotton and flower. Fayetteville contains an arsenal of con- 
 struction, a large establishment enclosing al'out 50 acres, 
 now nearly completed; also 3 banks and 3 newspaper 
 offices. In 1831 a large part of the town was destroyed by 
 fire, and nearly $100,000 were sub.scribed for the relief of the 
 sufferers by the citizens of this and other states. The pros- 
 perity of this place has recently been increased by the es- 
 tablishment of distilleries of turpentine, and by the con- 
 struction of plank-roads. This place was tiiken by the 
 Union nrmv in March, 1865. Pop. in 1860, 4790. 
 
 FAYETTEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Fayette co,, 
 Georgia, 25 miles S. of Atlanta. It is pleasantly situated in 
 the midst of cotton plant.ations. It contains a brick court- 
 house. 2 churches, 2 high schools, a printing office, and a 
 Masonic lodge. 
 
 FAYETTEVILLE or FAYETTE COURT-HOUSE, a post- 
 village, capital of Fayette co,, Alabama, about 2 miles W. of 
 Sipsey River, and 150 miles N.W. of Montgomeiy. It con- 
 tains a court-hou.oe and a few stores. 
 
 FAYETTEAILLE, a village in Talladega co.. Alabama. 
 
 FAY'ETTEVILLE, a postrvillage of Fayette co., Texas, a 
 few miles S.E. of La Grange. 
 
 FAYETTEVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of 
 Wa.shington co., Arkansas. 2t0 miles N.W. of Little Rock. 
 It has an elevated and highly picturesque situation, and 
 abounds with the finest springs of pure cold water. It la 
 the centre of an active trade, and has 2 large and flouiish- 
 ing schools, one for each sex. The Ozark Institute. 3 miles 
 N.W. of the village, is a prosperous academy for boys, 
 founded in 1845. Fayetteville contains a United States 
 land-office, 3 churches, and a handsome court-hou.>!e. The 
 current of emigration is setting strongly towards this part 
 of the state. Pop. in 1860, 967. 
 
 FAYEriEYlLLE. a post-village, capita] of Lincoln CO., 
 Tennessee, on Elk River, 73 miles S. by E. of Nashville. 11 
 contains a court-house and a newspaper office. 
 
 FAYETTEAILLE. a pnst-village of Brown CO.. ">hio. on 
 the Fast Fork of Little Miami River, 80 miles S.AV. of Co 
 lumlms. 
 
 FAYETTEVILLE. a village of Fayette co., Indiana, « 
 miles S.E. of IndiauapoUs. 
 
FAY 
 
 FEI 
 
 FAYETTEVTLLE, a poslrvUlage of Lawrence co., Indiana, 
 about 6 miles W. of Bedford. 
 
 FAYKTrEVILLB, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, 
 on the Kaskaskia Kiver, 14 miles S.K. of Belleville. 
 
 FAYL-BILLOT, LK, Igh fail (or fh\) bee'yo/, or LE FAYS 
 BILLOT, lei! f .A bee yo', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-Marne. 13 miles S.K. of Langres. Pop. 2502. 
 
 FAY'JIOUTII, a township in Saginaw co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 58. 
 
 FAYOE or FEIOE, (FeiBe,) ffij'fh, a little island of Den- 
 mark, immediately E. of Laaland. Pop. 1500. 
 
 FAYOO.M, FAIOOM, FAYOUM, FAYUM, or FAIOUM, 
 fl-oom', a province of Middle Egypt, consisting of a valley, 
 40 miles S.W. of Cairo, on the W. side of the Xile, and con- 
 siderably depressed beneath its surface. Length from E. to 
 W., 38 miles: breadth, 31 miles. In its N. part is the fa- 
 mous Lake Moeris. It is well irrigated both by nature and 
 art, and was anciently the garden of Egypt. Medinet-el- 
 Fayoom, (anc. Crncr/dilf^Mis, afterwards Arsinloe.) is its ca- 
 pital, around which are numerous remains of antiquity. 
 
 FAYS-BILLOT, LE, a town of France. See Fayl-Billot, Le. 
 
 FAYSTON, a township of Washington co., Vermont, 15 
 miles W. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 800. 
 
 FAZ, a river of Asiatic Bussia. See Phasis. 
 
 FAZELEY, feiz'lee, a township of England, co. of Stafford, 
 With a station on the Birmingham and Derby Kailway, li 
 miles S. of Tarn worth. I'op. 1490. The late Sir Robert Peel's 
 cotton factory was in this township. 
 
 FAZILPOOR, fiVil-poor', a small and decayed town -of 
 North-western Ilindostan. in Bhawlpoor Territory, with a 
 fort on the Indus. Lat. 28° 30' N.. Ion. 69° 50' E. 
 
 FEACLE. fiVkel. a parish of Trelmid. co. of Clare. 
 
 FKADS (feedz) AND GOOD'MAN'S ISLANDS, in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, E. from New Ireland, lat. 3° 27' S., Ion. 154° 
 45' E. They consist of an irregular chain of low islands and 
 sandbanks, encircled by a reef extending nearly N.W. and 
 S.E. 27 miles. 
 
 FEALE, fail, a river of Ireland, in Munster, joins the 
 Shannon near Guisborough, by a navigable and tidal es- 
 tuary called the Cashen. Length, 30 miles. 
 
 Fl'^Ali/ING, a post-township in the central part of Wash- 
 ington CO., Ohio. I'op. 1589. 
 
 FKAKN, f Jrn, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, near the 
 Moray Frith, N. of Cromarty. It contains ruing of Fearn 
 Abbey, and of Lochliun and CadboU Castles. 
 
 FEARN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 FEARN'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Winston co., Mis- 
 eissijipi, 105 miles N.E. of Jackson. One newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 FEAS'T KRYILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FEASTEIIVILLE, a postoffice of Faii-field district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 FKATII'ER RIVER, of California, rises in the N.E. part 
 of Butte CO., and flowing first in a S.W., and then in a 
 8.S.W. cour.se through that county, after separating Sutter 
 Irom Yulxi and Placer counties, falls into the Sacramento 
 River about 30 miles almve Sacramento City. The princi- 
 pal towns upon its banks are Hamilton, Yuba City, Marys- 
 ville, and Vernon. Steamboats run regularly between 
 Marysville, the head of navigation on this river, and San 
 Francisco. Gold is found in abundance on this stream. 
 Branches. — Middle Fork rises in the N.E. part of Butte co., 
 among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and flow- 
 ing in a general S.W. course, unites with Feather River 
 about 25 miles above Marysville. 
 
 FEATII'ERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding, 3 miles N.N.W. of Pontefract, with a station 
 on the railwav thence to Wakefield. 
 
 FKATIIERSTONE. a township of England, co. of North- 
 umberland, 4 miles S.W. of Ilaltwhistle. Its castle, the an- 
 cient seat of the Featherstones, is picturesquely situated near 
 the South Tyne. 
 
 FEATIIEKSTONE, a township of England, co. of Stafford 
 
 FEC.\MP. fA^kfiNc'. a seaport town of France, department 
 of Seine-Iuferieure, on the English Channel, at the mouth 
 of the river Fecamp, and on the branch railway from Rouen 
 to Havre, 21 miles N.N.E. of Havre. Its port, though small, 
 is one of the best on the Channel, and has been lately much 
 improved by the construction of a quay and light-house. It 
 sends several vessels to the whale ^shery. Fecamp has 
 numerous cotton, oil, and other mills, turned by water- 
 power, several steam saw-mills, ship-building docks, tan- 
 neries, sugar refineries, manufactures of linens, hardware, 
 soda. &c., and an active trade in Baltic and colonial pro- 
 duce, fish, salt, and brandy. It has a remarkable church. 
 part of an ancient abbey ; it is the seat of a <hamber of 
 commerce, naval bureau, and school of navigation, and is 
 the ref idence of various foreign consuls. Pop. in 1852. 11.401. 
 
 FKCK'ENHAM. a pari.«h of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 FEDALA, fA-d^d. a seaport on the W. coast of Morocco, 
 on a promontory 40 miles S.S.W. of Salee, surrounded by a 
 fine fertile country, and has an excellent roadstead. 
 
 FED/ERAL POINT LIGIIT-HOVSE, on the N. side of the 
 entrance to Cape Fear River, North Carolina. The light is 
 elevatdd 48 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 FED'ERALSBURG, a village of Carolina co., MarylandU 
 50 miles E.S.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 FEDER ALSBURG. a post-officeof Dorchester CO.. Mary lane. 
 
 FED'ERAL STORE, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New 
 York. 
 
 FEIVERALTON, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, 90 
 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 FEDER-SEE, f.Vder-s.V, a lake of Wiirtemberg, about 6 
 miles S.E. of Riedlingen. It is nearly circular; diameter 
 of alwjut 2^ miles, and falls into the Danube by the Kanzach. 
 
 FEDT. f Jt, a village and parish of Norway, 15 miles F.. 
 of Christiania, on Lake Ojeren. Pop. 2360. 
 
 FEED'ING UILLS, a post-office of Hampden co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 FEED SPRING, a post-office of Harrison CO., Ohio. 
 
 FEE FEE, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 18 
 miles N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 FEEJEE, FIDJI, FIJI, (fee'jee.) or VITI (vee/tee) 
 ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific Ocean, E. of the 
 New Hebrides, between lat. 15° 30' and 19° 30' S., and Ion. 
 177° E. and 178° W. The entire group comprises altogether 
 154 islands, 65 of which are inhabited. They are the Eastern 
 and Asaua groups, the latter forming the W. side of the 
 Archipelago. There are numerous spacious outlets or pas- 
 sages to and from the central space, enclosed by the group 
 known as the Goro Sea. Two of the islands only are of 
 large size, namely, Viti Levu, and Paoo (Paou) or Sandalwood 
 Islands. Among the others may be mentioned Vuna, Kan- 
 d.aboo, Ovolau, Bau or Ambow, Muthuatu. and Goro; some 
 of the others, though smaller, are populous. They each 
 contain from 5000 to 13,000 inhabitants. Mo.st of the re- 
 mainder are mere islets. The Feejees are of volcanic origin, 
 but no signs of volcanic heat have been met with, excepting 
 at Savu-Savu, on the S. shore of the large island of Paoo. 
 The peaks are usually basaltic cones or needle.s, some of 
 which rise to the height of several thousand feet. A luxu- 
 riant foliage covers these i.slands to their summits, giving 
 them a singularly pleasing and picturesque asy)ect. The 
 soil consists of a deep yellowish loam, with a large jMirtion 
 of decayed vegetable matter, which, aided by a fine climate, 
 and .abundance of water, is extremely productive. Fruits 
 of various kinds abound, including the bread-fruit, of which 
 there are nine different sorts, the banana, cocoa, shaddocks, 
 papaw apple, Tahiti chestnut, and a number of oihei fruits 
 peculiar to the islands. The chief food of the inhabitants is 
 the yam, of which they have five or six varieties. Sugar- 
 cane, turmeric, and tobacco are also culiivated. Sandal- 
 wood, for which these islands were formerly noted, h.as 
 wholly disappeared. Vegetation is exceedingly rapid. Ac- 
 cording to a statement made by the horticulturist to the 
 United States Exploring Expedition, turnips, radish, and 
 mustard-seed, after being sown 24 hours, the cotyledon 
 leaves were above the surface. In four weeks from the 
 time of planting, radishes and lettuce were fit for use. and 
 in five weeks, marrowfat peas. The climate is agreeable 
 and healthful. The mean temperature of Ovolau. one of the 
 most beautiful islands of the group, about 8 miles long by 
 7 broad, during the six weeks that the observatory of the 
 United States Exploring Expedition was established there, 
 was 77° 81'. The barometer stood at 30126 inches. The 
 lowest temperature was 62°; the highest, 96°. The inha- 
 bitants of these islands are a barbarous and savage race, 
 remarkable for cruelty, deceit, and cowardice. They are 
 also extremely covetous, and addicted to lying. Human 
 sacrifices are frequent among them, and cannibalism is com- 
 mon. The Feejeeans are ruled by chiefs, to whom great de- 
 ference is paid, and who in turn appear to acknowledge 
 the supremacy of the Chief of Ambow. who has recently 
 assumed the title of Tui Viti, King of the Feejeeans. The 
 missionaries have made great progress in the windward 
 group. The towns of the islands are usually fortified with 
 strong palisades, and have but two entrances, in which 
 are gates, the passage being so narrow as to admit of only 
 
 one person at a time. Pop. estimated at 133,500. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Feejee/an. 
 
 FEKLAHIYAII, f('l-a-hee'yah,a town of Persia. SeeDoRAK. 
 
 FEELING, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FEEiySTED. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FEES/BURG, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, about 40 
 miles E.S.K. of Cincinnati. Pop about 200. 
 
 FEGERSHEIM, fi'ohers-hlmeN (Fr. pron. f,Vzh^R'z?m',) 
 
 a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin. with a station 
 
 on the railway to Colmar. 7 miles S. of Strasbourg. Pop. 1771. 
 
 FEGYVERNEK, fAdjV^R^n^k'. a village of Hungary, co. of 
 
 Heves. near Tisza-Beo. Pop. 1396. 
 
 FEIir.BELLlN, fAR'bel-leen'. a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, 33 miles N.N.W. of Potsdam. Pop. 1644. 
 In 1675 the Swedes were defeated here by the troops under 
 the elector of Brandenljurs. 
 
 FEIA, fA-ee'i a large lake of Brazil. 130 miles N.E. of 
 Rio Janeiro, near the Atlantic, with which it communicates 
 by an artificial canal called Furado. The lake is shallow 
 and abounds in fish. 
 
 FEIGNIKS, fainVee', a village of France, department of 
 . Nord, 12 miles N. of Avesnes. Pop. 1816. 
 
 66T 
 
FEI 
 
 FET-HEOTJ. a province of Japan. See FiGO. 
 
 FEILI, fi/lee, a numerous tribe of Persia, living compact 
 and united in one region, and not dispersed. like most of 
 the ottiers. in small detachments, in differeut parts. Tiie 
 tribe occupies alto;_'ether about* 100,000 house.s on the W. 
 side of the mountains of Laristan, ttie territory of Shooster, 
 and other places. 
 
 FEIIXENS, f A^Sno', a village of France, department of 
 Ain. lo miles W.X.W. of Uour<r-eu-Bresse. Pop. 2i'84. 
 
 FEIOE. (FeiBe.) a small island of Denmark. See Fatoe. 
 
 FEJK.\, ft'e-ri, (anc. LangolJriga.) a seaport town of Por^ 
 tugal. province of Beira, on the Atlantic, 1-4 miles S.S.E. of 
 C^orto. Pop. iOiX). 
 
 FETSTRITZ. f i'strits, a river of Styria, joins the Raab be- 
 low Fiirstenfyld, after a S.E. course of about 50 miles. 
 
 FEISTKITZ, a village of Styria, circle, and 9 miles N.N.W. 
 of Orat.'.. on the Mur. with 600 inhabitants. 
 
 FEI.-<TKITZ, a village of Carniola, circle, and W. of Yillach, 
 with iron- works. 
 
 FELANICHli, fi-ll-neech'. written also FELAXITX. (anc. 
 (Xiruitix f) a town of Spain, island of Majorca. 28 miles E.S.E. 
 of Palma, in a valley surrounded by mountains. It is well 
 built, has wide streets, a parish church, chapel, town-house, 
 prison, two schools, a hospital, and, on the neighboring 
 mountain.SanSalvador of Felaniche. an ancient castle, witn 
 subterranean vaults, constructed by the Moors. The ma- 
 nuEictures are linen and woollen fabrics, brandy, and ropes. 
 Ihe trade is in rice, coffee, sugar, wine, brandy, fruit, and 
 cattle. The town is of great antiquity; and among the hills 
 bard bv are numerous Moorish remains. Pop. 9752. 
 
 FKLBACII, fil'bdK, a village of Wtirtembei-g. circle of 
 Necknr. near Cannstadt, about 6 miles E.N.E. of Stuttgart. 
 Pop. Ti". 
 
 FEI/BUrGO. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FELCII'VILLE, a postrvilhige of Windsor eo., Vermont, 65 
 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 FEl.D.\. fei'di. a villige of Ilesse-Darmstadt, Oberhessen, 
 drcle of Griinberg. near Ulrichstein. Pop. 880. 
 
 FEI,D15ACII, fJld'hiK or fMt/biK, a maritime town of 
 Austria, in Styria. 22 miles E.S.E. of Grjitz, on the Kaab, 
 here crossed by four bridges. Pop. "08. 
 
 FELDBERG. felt/bSRG. the culminating peak of the Black 
 Forest Mountains, in the grand duchy of Baden ; lat. ■17° 53' 
 N.. Ion. 7° 55' E. Height. 4675 feet. 
 
 FELDBKRG, fJldOiSRO or fi\t'hlv.o, a market-town of 
 MeckIeDl>erg-Strelitz, on a peninsula formed by the Uaus- 
 see, 15 miles E. of New Strelitz. Pop. 715. 
 
 FKLUKIRCH. fJlt'klaK, or CA.Ml'O DI SAN PIETRO, 
 kim'po dee s3n pe.i'tro. a town of the Tyrol, in Vorarlberg, 
 20 miles S.S.W. of Bregeni, on tho lU. Pop. 2300. 
 
 FELDKIRCIIBN, felt/kfeeRKVn, a village of Baden, 10 
 miles W.S.W. of Freiburg ; also tlie name of one in lllyria, 
 drcle of Villach. 
 
 FELBSBERG, fJlts^RQ, FELDSPERG, fJlts'pSRG, or 
 TELTSPURG.vllts'jiOaRO. a town of Lower Austria, 40 miles 
 N.N. E. of Vienna. Pop. 2322. Here is a magnificent palace 
 of Prince Liechtenstein, and in the vicinity tlie best wine in 
 the archduchy is produced. 
 
 FELJ-:(}Y1IAZA, fA'lJdj'h4'z(5h\ a town of Hungary, W.of 
 the Theiss, on the road between Pesth and Temesvar. 66 
 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 17.000. It has a Roman Catholic 
 gymnasium, large cattle markets, and an e.xtensive trade in 
 corn, wine, and fruit Some Roman autiijuities have been 
 discovered here. 
 
 FELETfO, fd-lJt/to. (L. fikc/tum.) a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, in Piedmont, 14 miles N.N.E. of Turin, ou the 
 Oreo. Pop. 1704. 
 
 FELrGYOGY.filMyodj', or FELSOGYOGY, (Felso-Gyogy,) 
 fershii'dyodj, a village, or rather a series of scattered villages 
 of Austria, in Transylvania, co. of Nieder-Weissenburg, about 
 8 miles from Tovis. It is inhabited by Wallachians. 
 
 FKLroi.\.V.\, Louisiana. See East and West Feliciana. 
 
 FELICIANA, fe-li.'i-e-ah'na, a post-village in Graves co., 
 Kentucky. 250 miles W.S.W." of Frankfort. 
 
 FELK^'ITY, a thriving post-village of Franklin township, 
 Clermont co., Ohio, 4 miles N. of the Ohio River, and 42 
 miles S.E. of Cincinnati. It lias several brick churches. Pop. 
 956. 
 
 FELTCUDI. fA-le-koo'dee. (anc. PlKenicuj'a,) one of the Li- 
 pari Islands, in the Mediterranean. Lat. 38° 43' N^ Ion. 14° 
 28' E. I'op. 800. 
 
 FELIJ, a village of Spain. See Feus. 
 
 FELITTO. fa-lifto, a town of Naples, Principato-Citra, 20 
 miles S.S.E. of Campagna, on the Calore. Pop. 1500. 
 
 FE'LIX. a small island in the South Pacific. Lat. 26° 20' 
 8., Ion. 80° W. 
 
 FELIX or FELIJ. fAaeeH, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 16 miles W.N.W. of .\l»ieria. Pop. 2140. 
 
 FE'LI.X. a post-office • f Wilp•^n co., Tennessee. 
 
 FELI X. a post-village of Moniteau co., Missouri, 38 miles 
 W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ryJLlX IIAR/BOll, North America, In Boothia. See Boo- 
 thia Felix. 
 
 FELIX KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Rldiug. 
 
 668 
 
 FEN 
 
 FE'LIXSTO'W. a p-irish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FELIZZANO. fA-lit-sA'no, a village of Piedmont, on the 
 Tanaix). 9 miles W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2175. 
 
 FELKA. fflTiChS or FOLK-VELKA. folk-vJl'k6h\ a town 
 of Hungary, co. of Zips, in a plain, on the Felkbaoh, 8 miles 
 S.W. of Kosmark. Pop. 1322. 
 
 i'ElJK. I RK. a parish of England, co. of Y'ork. West Riding. 
 
 FELLATAHS. a tril« of Africa. See Fool\hs. 
 
 FELLBACH. fi^ll'bAK. a market-town of WUrtemberg, dr- 
 cle of Neckar, 6 mil.-s E.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2700. 
 
 FELLETIN, ftirtlx='. a town of France, department cf 
 Crouse, ou the Creuse, 5 miles S. of Aubusson. It has ma- 
 nufactures of carpets, velvet, and paper. Pop. in 1S52. 3454. 
 
 FELLIN. ffl-leen', a town of Russia, government of Livo- 
 nia, 110 miles N.N.E. of Riga. Pop. oboO. It is very an- 
 cient, and has the remains of an old castle. 
 
 FELLONICA. fel-lon'e-kS. a village of Aiistrian Italy, pro- 
 vince, and 28 miles S.E. by E. of Mantua, on thePo. i'op. 2301. 
 
 FEl/LOWSHI 1'. a post-office of Burlington co.. New Jersey. 
 
 FEI/LOWSVILIjE. a small vilUge of Preston co., Virginia, 
 on the turnpike from Winchester to Parkersburg. 
 
 FEL/.MERSHAM. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 FKL'MINGHAM. a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FELOOJAH. FELUJ ah. fA-loo/ji FELL'GIAH.fA-loo'ge-ah, 
 or ANBAR. 3n-bar'. a castle of .Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 
 35 miles W.S.W. of Bagdad, on the Euphrates, here crossed 
 by a bridge of Iwats. about midway between Hit iind Hill.-ih. 
 
 FELOOl'S. f^bMoops', an African people, inhabiting a m* 
 ritime territory in Senegambia, between the rivers Gambia 
 and Casamanza. about 75 miles in length from W. to E., 
 and about 45 miles in breadth. They are supposed to num- 
 ber aix)ut 50.000. 
 
 FELP'H.\.M. a piirish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FELSBERG. fMs'lieitfi. a town of IIesse-Cas.=el, in Niedor 
 Hessen, on the Eder. 13 miles S.S.W. of Ca.ssel. Pop. 1233. 
 
 FELSENGEBIRGE. See Rocky Mountains. 
 
 FEL'SH.KM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FELSO, (Felso.) f^i'shiV, a Hungarian word, signifying 
 "upper," prefixed to many towns in Ilimgary. For towns 
 commencing with this word, see additional name. 
 
 FELSO (Felso) GYOGY, of Austria. See Fel-Gyogt. 
 
 FEl/STKD. a parish of England. See Feelsted. 
 
 FELT'H.\M. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex 
 
 FEl/rilORPE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FELTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 FELTON. a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 FELTONSVILLE. a thriving post-village in Middlese.x co, 
 Ma.ssachusetts. at the terminus of the Lancaster and Sterling 
 Branch Kailro-id. 34 miles W.N.W. of Boston. 
 
 FELTON VILLE, a post-office of Philadelphia City, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FELTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 FELTRE. fJl'trA. (anc. Fel'tria.) a town of Northern Italy, 
 government of Venice, 17 miles S.W. of Belluno. on a heiglit 
 near the Piave Pop. 5600. It is partially fortified, and has 
 a cathedral, an episcopal gymnasium, and a diocesan schooL 
 It h.is silk-twist and wax-bleaching factories, and a trade in 
 corn. wine, and oil. In 1809. Napoleon conferred the title 
 of Duke of Feltre on General Clarke. 
 
 FELT'S, a post-office of lugham co., Michigan. 
 
 FELT'S M' LLS. a post-village of Jefferson co.. New Y'ork, 
 162 miles N.W.of .Albany. 
 
 FELT'VILLE, a post-office of Essex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 FELT'WELL, a parish of England, eo. of Norfolk. 
 
 FKLTZ. felts, a village of Holland, duchy of Luxemburg, 
 12 miles N.N.E. of Luxemburg. Pop. 926. 
 
 FELUDSH. fA-iad.sh'. or PHELECHE. fAleetcb. an island 
 at the head of the Persian Gulf, on the entrance to Grane 
 Harbor, in U»t. 29° 27' N.. Ion. 48° 16' E. Length. 7i miles, 
 from N.W. to S.E. : breadth, from 2 to 3i miles. The chief 
 town is situated on the N. side of the island. 
 
 FKLUJ.\Hj a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Feioo.iah. 
 
 FEMERN or FEHMARN. fi'mern or fom'mern, an Island 
 of Denmark, province of Sleswick. in the B,"iltic. separated 
 from Holstein by Femersund. a channel 1 mile broad. Lat. 
 of Burg, its capital, 26° 10' N., Ion. 11° 12' E. .4.rea. 70 srjuaro 
 miles. Pop. in 1846. 8860. The surface is low and leveL 
 Corn .and cattle are abundant, but fishing and navigation 
 are the principal occuptitions of the inhabitant.s. 
 
 FEMINA. fem'e-iii. or FEMMINE. ffm'me-nA, a small 
 rocky island off the N. cotist of Sicily, 10 miles N.M'. of Pa- 
 lermo. 
 
 FEMME OSAGE, f.hnm o'z3zh' or f?m o'sAj'. a pf.st-village 
 of St. Charles co.. Mi.s.«ouri. 44 miles W. of St Loui.s. 
 
 FEMOE. (Femiio.) fMn'tiVh. a little island of DeiimarV, N. 
 of the coast of the island of U-ialand. Pop. about 7tiO. 
 
 FEN'AtJlI. a parish of Ireland, in Counaught, co. of t«l- 
 trim. It has ruins of an abliey. 
 
 FENAGH, a parish of Ireland, in I,einster, co. of Catlow. 
 
 FEN AIN. feh^n^N"'. a village of France, department ol 
 Nord. 9 miles "E. of Doual. i'op. 1942. 
 
 FENClO-HOlISKS, a station on the Newcastle and Diirbam 
 Railway, in England, co., and 6 miles N.E. of Durham 
 
 FEN'ELON FALLS . post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Victoria, 16 miles N. of Lindsay. 
 
FEN 
 
 FER 
 
 FENERIP. f?n-fh-reof/, or riXERrVE,fin'fh-reeT',a town 
 and l»;<y on the N.K. coast of the island of Madagascar, iu lat. 
 17°2S'S.. Ion. 49° 23' K. 
 
 FEXKSTKKLLE, £l-n}s-tr5Wi, a market-town of Tied- 
 mont 50 miles W. of Turin, on the Clusone. Pop. 1291. 
 
 FEXfiTKANGE, fyh-ni'trSxzh', a town of France. dep.irt- 
 nent of Meurthe, on the San-e, 8 miles N. of Sarrebourg. 
 Pop. 1473. 
 
 FEMT. an island of Ireland. See Fenxit. 
 
 FEN'ITOX, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 FEN'XKK. a post-township of Madison co., New York, 
 about 1 12 miles W. by N. of Albany, drained by Chittenango 
 Creek. I'op. 1640. 
 
 FJCN'NIOItSVILLE, a post^villago of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 110 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 FEN'MVIOKK, a post-townsliip of Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 FEN'NIT or FEN'IT, an island of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Kerry, forming the division between Tralee and Bally- 
 heigue IJays, 8 miles W.N.W. of Tralee. Pop. 215. It has a 
 ruined'castle. 
 
 FENX'S BlilDGE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Georgia, 
 40 miles E. of Milledguvillo. 
 
 FENSTANTTOX. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 FEX'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Linouln. 
 
 FEXTOX, a township of England, co. of StalTord. 
 
 FE.VTOX', a post-village in St. Louis Co., Missouri, near the 
 Maramec River, 16 miles S.W. of St. Ix)ui8. 
 
 FEXTOX,. KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding. 
 
 FEXTON, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 FEX'TONVILLE, a post-office of Chautauqua co., ^ew 
 York. 
 
 FEXTOXVILLE, a post-villacre in Oenesee co.. Michigan, 
 on thi' Detroit and Milwaiikie Railroad, 52 miles N.W. of De- 
 troit. It lia.sl bank, 4 churches ic. Pop.735. See Appkhdix. 
 
 FEN'TKiiSS, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on Kentucky, contains 570 square miles. It is 
 drained by Obey's River, and other affluents of the Cumber- 
 land. The surface is occupied by high table-lands of the 
 Cumberland Mountain, which afford line pastures. The 
 county contains abuud.ance of good timber and stone coal, 
 and is amply supplied with water-power. Pop. 5054, of 
 whom 4.S67 were tree. 
 
 FEX'TKISS, a pogtK>fflce of Guilford co., North Carolina. 
 
 Fi;X'\VICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 
 FEN V, ffa, or FOXY, (Fony,) foH, a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Toroutal, 15 miles from Temesvar. Pop. 1947. 
 
 FE'OCK. a pai'ish of Kngland, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 F EOD( )SIA, or TH I'lODi )SIA. See K.\ffa. 
 
 FEOiJor(FEOU)-LEANG, fA-.x/-lA-dng', or FOW-LEANO, 
 f6w-le-ing', a town of China, province of Kiaug-see, 45 miles 
 N.E. of Yao-tchoo. 
 
 FEK.\FHA, an oasis of theT.ibyan Desert. See Farafreh. 
 
 FERAHABAD, feh-ra-hd-bdd'. or FAKAHABAD, a mari- 
 time town of Persia, province of .Mazanderan. at the mouth 
 of a river, in the Caspian Sea, 15 miles N. of Saree. 
 
 FEKAI KHOLM, fer-i'kolm.an elevated district of Afgha- 
 nistan, having E. and S.E. the river llelmund, and W. and 
 N.W. the Kohi-Ba>a r.ange, Lat. 34° 20' N., Ion. 67° 64' E. 
 It is well cultivated, fertile, and populous. 
 
 FEKBAXE, fgr-ban', a villajre of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 King's CO., on the Brosna, 9 miles X.E. of Banagher. Pop. 537. 
 
 FER'DIXAND, a post-village and township of Dubois CO., 
 Indiana, 134 miles S.S.W. of Indiiinapolis. Pop. 1646. 
 
 FEMDIXAXD, a post-ofiice of Mercer co., Illinois. 
 
 FEKDIXAXDEA. f^R-de-ndnnlA'd, oi-GKA/HAM ISLAND, 
 a remarkable volcanic island, whioh appeared in the Medi- 
 terranean on the 31st of July, 1831, in lat. 37° 8' 3" N.. Ion. 
 12° 42' 15" E., between Sicily and Pantellaria, and remained 
 visible above the water for three months. 
 
 FERE CIIAMPEXOISE. fain shdM'peh'nwdz', a village of 
 France, department of Marne. Pop. in 1852, 21o0. Here, on 
 the 24th of March, 1814, the French were totally defeated by 
 the iiiiies. 
 
 FliHi;, L.4, Id EiiR, a fortified town of France, department 
 of Aisne, on an island in the Oi.se, near its confluence with 
 the Serre, 14 miles X.W. of Laon. It has manufactures of 
 woollens and chemical products, a large arsenal, and a s hool 
 of artillery. It was taken by the Spaniards iu 1530, and by 
 the Prussians on the 2Sth of February, 1814. Pop. in 1852, 
 4441. 
 
 FERED. &tM', FERET, FEREDJIK, fd-rjd-jeek', or PHE- 
 REH, a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee. 44 miles 
 N.W. of Uallipoli, near the right bank of the Maritza, with 
 mineril baths. Pop. 3000. 
 
 FERE-EX-TARDENOIS, iaiR-^NO-tan'dfh-nwd', a town of 
 France, dop.artment of Aisne, on the Ourcq, 12 miles N.N.E. 
 of Chateau-Thierry. Pop. in 1S52, 2556. 
 
 FEREXG.4L. fA-rJn-gdl', a remarkable lead-mine in North- 
 ern .\fghanistan, 18 miles S.W. of Ghorbund, extensively 
 wrought at a remote period, but long concealed, and re- 
 discovered only a few years ago. Lat. 34° 55' N.. Ion. 68'^33' E. 
 
 FlIREXTIXO, fA-rSn-tee'no, (anc. PrmtHmm.) a town of 
 Italy, in the Pontifical States, miles X.W. of Erosinone. 
 Pop. 680',." , It is abishop's see, and has numerous antiquities. 
 
 FERET, a town of Turkey. See Feret). 
 
 FEREZ, fi'rSth Or tVrSs, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 40 
 miles S. by W. of Albacete. on a gentle height, in a moun- 
 tainous district. Pop. 1330. 
 
 FERGHANA, Central Asia. See KnoKAK. 
 
 FER'GUS, a river of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare, 
 enters the Shannon, by a broad estuary, after a S.E. course 
 of about 27 miles. 
 
 Fi:;R/GUS, a village of Canada West, co. of Waterloo, 12 
 miles N. of Guelph. It contains several stores and a saw 
 mill. Pop. about 500. . 
 
 FER/GUSON, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1784. 
 
 FERGUSON, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 610. 
 
 FEK'GUSON'S COR/NERS. post-office, Yates co.. New York, 
 
 FER'GCSOX VILLE, a post-olliee of Delaware CO., Xew York. 
 
 FERI.\, fA'i-e-i, a town of Spain. 20 miles S.E. of Badajos. 
 Pop. 2437. It has manufactures of cloth. 
 
 FKRIAXEII. fa-re-d/nvh, (anc. Tha'la ')_ a town of Northern 
 Africa, in the desert, 176 miles S.S.W. of Tunis. 
 
 FERIXGABAD, fA-rin-gd-bdd', a village of Beloochlstan, 
 agreeably situated miles N.E. of Jloostung, ou the rout« 
 thence to the Bolan Pass. Pop. about 8U0. 
 
 FKKLA, f^K/ld, a town of Sicily, capital of a canton, 18 
 miles W.X.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 3596. 
 
 FERLACH, fjR'llK.a village of Carinthia. 7 miles S.of 
 Klagenfurth, on the Drave. Pop. 2000. It has extensive 
 iron and steel manufactures. 
 
 FER'LIGS, a post-office of Venango co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 FERM.\XAG1I. ffr-man'd, an inland county of Ireland, 
 in Ulster, inclosed by the cos. of Donegal, Tyrone. Monaghan, 
 Cavan, Leitrim, and Connaught. Area, 714 square miles. 
 Mountain limestone is the prevalent rock, with old red 
 sandstone, and millstone grit. Soil generally i-icli loam. 
 Pop. 116,007. The surface varies from the richest vales to tlie 
 wildest uplands. The lakes. Upper and Lower Erne, with 
 their connecting river, divide the county into two nearly 
 equal p<jrtions. It sends 3 raembei-s to the House of Com- 
 mons, 2 for the countj', and 1 tor Enuiskillen, its thief town. 
 
 FKRM.\N.\GH, fer-mau'j, a township of Juniata co., 
 Penn.sylvania. Pop. 1101. 
 
 FEK.M.\XVILLE, fJn'mflNoVeel', a village of France, de- 
 partment of -Mancht^, about 9 miles from Cherbourg. P.ll(;2. 
 
 FERMO, fSR'mo. (anc. Firhniim,) a city of Central Italy, 
 in the Marcliee. about 4 miles from the Adriatic, and 34 
 miles S.E. of .Aucona. Pop. 7000. The city proi)er is in- 
 closed by a wall, entered by five gates, and has a cathedral, 
 a university, founded in 1824, and fine collections of art. 
 Its coast harbor, Porto di Fermo, is small, but exi)orts corn, 
 silk, and woollens. It was the birthplace of Lauctantius and 
 Galeazzo Sforza. 
 
 FERMO, a district of Central Italy, bordering on tho 
 Adriatic. Area, about 350 gi|nare niile.s. Pop 11 1, 751. 
 
 FERMOSELLEjfSii-mo-sillA, (anc.OceWum Z>i//r«V ) a fron. 
 tier town of Spain, 26 miles, S.W. of Zaniora, near the Douro. 
 Pop. 33iX>. It has manufactures of cloths. 
 
 FERMOY', a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, CO., and 19 miles N.N.E. of Cork, on the right bank of 
 the Blackwater. Pop. of town, in 1851, 5825. The chief 
 structures are a stone bridge of 13 arches, erected in 1( 89, 
 handsome barracks for 3000 troops, an elegant parish church, 
 a coun-lioiibe, UiUewell, union work-house, hospital, and 
 convent. It has extensive flour mills, and a large trade in 
 agi'icultural produce. It was a military station in 1797. 
 
 FEKNAXDINA, fSR-ndn-dee'nd, a village of .Nassiiu co., 
 Florida, on the N. part of Amelia Island, 185 miles E. by X'. 
 of Tallahassee. It is said to have the best harbor S. of 
 Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 1330. 
 
 FEKX AXDO DE XOROXHA, f jR-ndn'do dd no-rAn'yd. an 
 isl.iud in the South Atlantic Ocean. 126 miles from the E. ex- 
 tremity of Brazil, to which empire it l>elongs. Lat. of Peak, 
 3° 5U' 10" S., Ion. 32° 22' 42" W. Length, from X.K. to S.W., 
 8 miles. Surface mountainous and rugged. It has several 
 harbors defended by forts, and it serves as a place of banish- 
 ment from Brazil. 
 
 FERNAN'DO DE TA'OS, a postofflce of Taos co., New 
 Mexico. 
 
 FERXAN'DO PO. (Port. pron. fjR-ndn'do po;— so called 
 from the name of its discoverer.) an island in the Hi;j:ht of 
 Biafra. in Western Africa, about 20 miles from the mairiland, 
 between lat. 3° 12' and 3° 47' N., and Ion. 8° 2i/ and 8° 57' 
 E. It is of volcanic origin, and in form an oblong square, 
 broadest in the' S. extremity, 35 miles long, and 22 niilea 
 broad. A ridge of mountains traverses two-thiids of its 
 length, terminating in a magnificent cone, 11.040 feet high, 
 called Clarence Peak, the summit of which is almost con- 
 stantly enveloped in clouds. The whole appearance of this 
 beautiful island is picturesque in tho extreme, being covered 
 to its highest elevations, on the N. part, with dense forests 
 and luxuriant vegetation, while on the S some fine park 
 scenery compen.s.ates a comparative deficiency of trees. The 
 latter consist chiefly of palms and the magnificent bumbax, 
 or silk-cotton tree. Many of these measure 150 feet from 
 the base to the first branch, and hav«, iu the dry seasons, 
 
FER 
 
 FER 
 
 fegtocns cf beanttful cUmbing plants pendant from the 
 braccbes. The other trees are tho goora or stercHlia, a 
 gpecies of ebony ; a dark-colored wood like mahopinj-. and 
 »everul species of shrubs. The sugar-cane also grows here 
 wild, in great profusion ; yams, likewise, are grown in great 
 quantities, and are esteemed the finest in Africa; they form 
 the chief article of food of the inhabitants. 
 
 There are several harbors in the island, the most spacious 
 of which is Maidstone Bay, at the N.E. end. where, in a 
 creek or cove, is situated Clarence Town, the principal Eng- 
 lish settlement, established in 1827. Pop. between 800 and 
 900, chiefly liberated Africans from Sierra Leone. The na- 
 tives, called Kdeeyahs. are a peculiar race, and wholly differ- 
 ent in their physical characteristics and language from their 
 neighViors on the Continent. The island was discovered in 
 1471 by the Portuguese, who, in 1778 ceded it to Spain. In 
 1827 it was taken possession of by England. 
 
 FERXAX NUSkZ. fSn-nin' noon'yith. a town of Spain, 
 11 miles S.S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 5652. It has manufactures 
 of woollens and linens. 
 
 FERN CHEEK, a pnst-office of Jefferson CO., Kentucky. 
 
 FERXEY, or FERXEX, f jR'n.V, a village of France, de- 
 partment of .\in. 6 miles S.E. of Gex. and 4 miles X.W. of 
 Qenevs. at the foot of the Jura Mountains. It was a miser- 
 able h.ainlet till Voltaire lixed his residence there. In 1768. 
 he established a manufactory of watches, which occupied 
 800 hands. The house in which he lived for 20 years, is an- 
 nually visited by thousands of travellers. 
 
 FEKX ISLANDS. Enu'laud. See Farxe Islant>s. 
 
 FERXO, f ^R'no, a village and parish of Xorthern Italy, 
 province, and 23 miles N.W. of Milan, with a parish church. 
 Pop. 2180. 
 
 FERN'S, a decayed town and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO.. and I'f miles X. of Wexford. Pop. of town, 632. It has 
 picturesque ruins of an abbey, and a modem cathedral ; it 
 was a bishop's see. comprising the whole of the county of 
 Wexford, until united with Ossory in 1835. 
 
 FEROE ISLAXD. in the Atlantic. See FarBe. 
 
 FERO'XIA. a post-ofRce ofTelfour co. Georgia. 
 
 FEROZABAD or FIHOZABAD, fe-ro^zS-bid'. a town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Bengal. 24 miles E. of Agra. 
 
 FEROZABAD. a town of Briti.sh India, in Xizam's do- 
 minions, on the Beemah. 112 miles W.S.W. of Hyderabad. 
 
 FEROZABAD or FIROZABAD. fe-ro-zi-bid'. a town of 
 Persia, province of Pars, 63 miles S. of Sheeraz. It is enclosed 
 with old walls, and has a royal palace, a large temple, and an 
 ancient aqueduft, but it is now mostly in ruins. 
 
 FEROZEPOOR. fi-roV>h-poor', orFEROZAPOKE.fA-ro'za- 
 p8r', a to^vn of North-western India, district of Sirhind, 
 near the Sutlej. 85 miles W. of Loodiana. 
 
 FEROZEPOOR or FEROZEPOHK. a town of Hindostan, 
 province of Agra. 5 miles S.S.W. of Delhi. 
 
 FEROZESIIAIl. f-i-roV.^-sh.4h'. a village 10 miles E.S.E. 
 of Verozepoor. Here the British gained a victory over the 
 Sikhs. Xovember 18. IMo. 
 
 FERRAXDIXA. f^R-RSn-dee'ni, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Basilicata, 36 miles E.S.E. of Potenzs. Pop. 4900. 
 
 FERRARA, f^R-Ri'ri (anc. FoHum AMnif) a celebrated 
 city of Northern Italy, capital of the province of the same 
 name, '^6 miles N.N. E. of Bologna, in a fertile plain, at a short 
 distance from the X. branch of the Po. It is a large and well- 
 built town, with spacious and regular streets, and is enclosed 
 by a wall 7 miles in circuit. It is defended on the W. side by 
 a citadel regularly fortified. In the middle of the city is a 
 castle, flanked with towers, and surrounded by wet ditches, 
 whii-h was once the residence of the dukes, and is now that 
 of the legate. Ferrara. though still retaining many traces 
 of its former grandeur, has long been falling into decay; its 
 pavements are overgrown with grass, and the staircases and 
 balconies of many of its noble palaces are overrun with ivy. 
 while others are without eitlier doors or windows. The 
 population has also fallen to one-fourth of its former amount. 
 It still contains a vast cathedral, and numerous churches, 
 most of which contain valuable paintings, together with 
 some interesting specimens of sculpture. It has an old 
 ducal palace and a moated fortress. There are here a pub- 
 He gallery of paintings, called the Palazzo del Magistrato, 
 containing many excellent works by the leading painters of 
 the Ferrara school ; a school of medicine and juri-;prudence, 
 and a public library, containing 80.000 volumes and 900 
 MSS.. the latter including some of those of .\riosto and 
 Tasso. The house in which Ariosto was educated, and that 
 in which he live<J during his latter years, and known by 
 the names respectively of the Casa degli Ariosti and the 
 Casa dWriosto. are shown t^o strangers. The latter is now 
 national property, and is ranked among fhe national monu- 
 ments. Another object of interest is the cell in the Hospi- 
 tal of St. Anna, in which Tasso was imprisoned. The house 
 occupied by the author of the l^u^Uir F.rfo— the Casa Gua- 
 rina — is still Inhabited by the marquises of that name. 
 The theatre is one of the finest in the Papal States. Fer- 
 rara is one of the eight archbishoprics of the latter: the 
 blsh'-pric dates from »">61; its archbishopric was founded 
 by Clement .\II.. in 17.'?5. It curries on some trade in com. 
 unU oth.r produce of the soil. There are manufactures of 
 670 
 
 silk ribbons, wax candles, brazen utensils, and stoves ; tan- 
 neries and glass-works. Under the line of Este, it was The 
 capital of a sovereign duchj-. and possessed one of the most 
 polished courts in Italy, and a population estimated at more 
 than 80,000. In the fifteenth century it was famous fir its 
 school of painting, which ranked as one of the first iu Italy; 
 and in the sixteenth it was the asj-lum of Calvin. Marot, 
 and many other eminent Reformers. It was the birthplace 
 
 of Guarini, and Cardinal Bentivoglio. Pop. 27,688 Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Fkrrakesk. f&rVl-reez'. 
 
 FERRAKA. a province iu the N. part of Italv, bonnded N. 
 by Austrian Italy, and E. by the Adriatic. Area. 1144 square 
 miles. It is almost entirely composed of a delta, formed by 
 branchesof thePo. and by "the Panaro and Primaro, and in- 
 cludes within it the extensive marshes and lagoons of Com- 
 machio The delegation comprises thefar greater part of what 
 was formerly the duchy of Ferrara, and was long governed by 
 princes of the house of Este. On the death of Alphonso IT., 
 without heirs, in 1598, Pope Oement VIII. succeeded in 
 uniting it to the Papal States. It was dissevered, in 1796, 
 by the French, and became one of the departments of the 
 then kingdom of Italy, but re-united in 1814, except thepartg 
 on the leit bank of tlie Po-di-Maestra and Po-di-Goro. It ia 
 now a part of the kin<rdom of Italv. Pop. in 1862, lf«>,158. 
 
 FERRARA, fh^-^&'rl. or FERRERA, flR-R.Vra, (L. Fh-ra- 
 ria.) a village of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont. 8 miles 
 from Xovara. near the Albogna. or Arbogna. Pop. 1692. 
 
 FERRATUS MOXS. See Jcrjura. 
 
 FERRAZZANO. f SR-Rit-s^'no. a village of Naples, province 
 of Molise. 1 mile S.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2450. 
 
 FERREIRA, f&R-R^'e-ri. (anc. Kora'pia.) a fortified town 
 of Portugal, province of Alemtejo. 16 miles W. of Beja. 
 
 FERREIRA, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, 6 
 miles E. of Thomar. 
 
 FERREIRA. a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 40 
 miles E.N.E. of Aveiro. 
 
 FERREIRA. f ^R-R-Ve-rJ. a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 36 miles E. of Granada. Pop. 1558. 
 
 FERREIROS, f^R-RA-ee'roce. a town of Portugal, province 
 of Douro. 12 miles E.X.E. of Aveira. near the Vouga. P. 1418. 
 
 FERREIROS DE TENDAES, f^R-R^-ee'roce Ak tfn-dd'Js, a 
 town of Beira-Alta. 16 miles from Lamego. Pop. 1644. 
 
 FERRERE. f Jr-rA-iJ, (anc. Ferraria As'tenmun f) a village 
 of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 8 miles W. of Asti. It 
 contains the remains of an ancient castle and a beautiful 
 palace, finelv sittiated on a height. Pop. about \f0^. 
 
 FERRERIAS, fjR-RA-ree'as. a town on the Island of Mi- 
 norca. 19 miles N.W. of Mahon. Pop. 1128. 
 
 FERRET, COL DE. kol deh flR^KA', a celebrated pass the 
 Pennine Alps, from the town of Orsiires in Switzerland, on 
 the N., to that of Cormeyeur in Piedmont, on the S. : the 
 ascent from the former direction being made by the A'al d'En- 
 tremont. and that from the lat?er by the Val de Ferret, a con- 
 tinuation of the AUee Blanche. The ascent on loth sides is 
 somewhat monotonous: but from the Col. which has a height 
 of 7641 feet, the view is one of the most magnifi'eut in 
 Switzerland. 
 
 FER'RIBY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 FERRIBY. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FERRIERE. f^R*Re-aiR'. a village of France, department 
 of Allier. 4 miles S.S.E. of La Palisse. Pop. 3228. 
 
 FERRIERE. LA. \i. f^R^Re-aifi'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Ome, 7 miles N.E. of Domfront. Pop. 1497. 
 
 FERRlftRES. f^R'Re-aiR'. a village of France, department 
 of Izdre. 17 miles X.E*. Grenoble. 
 
 FERRlfeRES. a vill.age of France, department of Loiret, 8 
 miles X. X.E. of Mont.argi.s. Pop.1782. It has marble quarries. 
 
 FER'UIXG. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FER'RINTOSH. a village and btirony of Scotland, co. of 
 Ross. \\ miles S.E. of Dingwall. Pop. of barony, 29r'7. 
 
 FER'KISBURG, a postrtownship of Addison co.. Vermont, 
 on the eastern shore of Lake Cbamplain. on the liutland 
 and Burlington Railroad. 32 miles W. by S. of Montpeiier, 
 intersected by Otter Creek. Pop. 1738. 
 
 FER'RO. (Sp. Hi>rro. y^R/Ro: Fr. Jh de Fn, eel deh faiR.) 
 the most S.W. of the Canarv Islands. I^at. of X.W. point, 
 •27° 4.5' 8" N., Ion. 18° 7' 5" W. of Greenwich. It is known 
 chiefly as the place whence the longitude is reckoned by 
 many of the geographers of Europe. Area of island. 100 
 square miles. Pop. i>37. It is the least fertile island of the 
 Archipelago, but produces good wine and fruits; archil, 
 honey, small sheep. Ac. which, with brandy, are exported 
 to TenerifTe. Chief town. Valverde. 
 
 FERRO C.^PE. See Cape Ferro. 
 
 FERROL, f Jr-ro1'. a seaport-town, and one of the princi- 
 pal naval arsenals of Spain, province, and 12 miles N.E. of 
 Corunna, on the N. arm of the Bav of Betanzos. Lat. of 
 the Mole, 43" 29' 30" N., Ion. 8° l.rw.' Pop. 16,61L Its haiv 
 bor. one of the best in Europe, is entered by a strait which 
 admits only of one ship at a time, and is defended by the 
 Cfi.stles of .''an Felipe and Palma. The town on its N". sh.ire 
 is strongly fortified on the land side. Its vast ar.senal and 
 dockyard, founded by Charles III., covers nearly 24 acres, 
 and comprises many magnificent docks and storehousea 
 
FER 
 
 FEZ 
 
 tt ban 2 hospitals, 3 lar^e churches, a nion.ist«ry, a prison 
 for galley-slaves, the residence of the authorities, naval bar- 
 racks for (ioOK men, and schools of navi'iatiou and mathe- 
 matics. The niauufactures comprise hats, paper, leather, 
 naval stores, and hardwares. Principal exports, corn, brandy, 
 vinegar, fish; imports, salted meat and manufactured pro- 
 ducts of Northern Europe. 
 
 FKIi/liYUIilDUE. a .small town of England, co. of York, 
 West Kidini!;, on the Aire, and near the junction of the 
 North Midland, York, Manchester, and Leeds and Selby 
 railways, about 2 niik>3 X.K. of Poutefract. 
 
 FKRMIYDKX, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, parish of 
 Craig, on the South Ksk, opposite Montrose, and | mile from 
 the North Sea. I'op. 921, mostly fishers. 
 
 FEli/RYIIILL, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 FER'KYL.\.ND, a small maritime town of Newfoundland, 
 on the S.E. coast, 3.5 miles S.W. of St. John's. 
 
 FEK/RYPORT-ON-CH.VIG, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Fife, on the S. side of the estuary of the Tay, here crossed 
 by a floating bridge of the Edinburgh and Northern Rail- 
 way, lis miles N.E. of Cupar. Its inhabitants are chiefly 
 engaged in the .lalmon fishery, and in weaving linen. Here 
 is one of tlie Tav light-houses. Lat. 56° 29' N., Ion. 2° 49' W. 
 
 FKRRYT(»\V'N OF C REE. See Cree. 
 
 FERS'FTELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FERTf:, LA, M. ff'R'tV, an old term signifying a feudal 
 fortress, is the name of many towns, kc. of France. 
 
 FEinfi-HERNARD, LA, ti fjRHi' biR'naR', a town of 
 France, department of Sarthe. on the Iluisne, 17 miles S.E. 
 of Mamers. Pop. 2.595. It has manufactures of liuen fa- 
 brics, linen and cotton yarn. 
 
 FERTl>aAUCIIER, LA, \l fjR'td' gO'shalR/, a town of 
 France, department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 miles E.S.E. of 
 Coulomniiers. Pop. in 1S52, 2097. 
 
 FERT£-MACE, la, M fi^R'tA/ maV,V, a town of France, 
 departmtint of Orne, 13 miles E. of Domfront. P. in 1852, 6039. 
 
 FERTE-MILON, LA. Id f^Rt'A' mee'lA.N"', a town of France, 
 department of Aisne. on the Ourcq, 15 miles N.^V. of Cha- 
 teau-Thierry. Pop. 1914. It is enclosed with walls, and 
 has a ruined castle. It was the birth-place of Racine. 
 
 FEHTfi, SAINT AUBIN, LA. Id ihCXh! s^Nt o'bi.N»', a 
 town of France, department of Loiret, 13 miles S.S.E. of Or- 
 leans. Pop. in 1852. 2117. . 
 
 FERTJO-SOUS-JOUARRE, LA. M f?RH.V soo zhoo-aR', a 
 town of France, department of .Seine-et-Marne. on the Marne, 
 11 miles E.of Me;nix. Pop. in 1852, 4189. AIx)ut 1200 pairs of 
 mill-stones are annually 11 uarrieU in its vicinity, and exported 
 to England, America. Ac. ; and it has monufactures of pa- 
 per, ropes, and leather. It has a commercial basin on the 
 Marne. here forming several islands, on one of which is tlie 
 ancient castle of La Rarre. 
 
 FKRTfeUR-AUBE. LA. M. fk'ti' sUr 5b, a town of 
 France, department of Haute- .Marne, 16 miles W. of Chau- 
 moiit. Pop. 1131. It is a great timtier dejiot. 
 
 FKRTIT or FERTYT, {kr\\\J or fer'teet/, a little-known 
 country, or district of Eastern Africa, S. of Darfiwr and Kor- 
 dofan, watered liy the afliuents of the Bahr-el-Abiad, with a 
 town of the same name, in a hilly region, about lat. 9° 36' N., 
 Ion. 26° 42' 18" E. Fertit is said to contain rich copper 
 mines. 
 
 FERWERD, fjR'*jRt, a village of Holland, province of 
 Friesland. 11 miles N.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 1600. 
 
 FEKZAII. fJr'zd, a village and di.«trict of Afghanistan, 30 
 miles N.W. of Cabool. The district is highly cultiv.ited and 
 fertile. It hiis a population of about 4000 Afghans and 
 Tadjiks. 
 
 FES.^. fSs'4 or fA'sd, a town of Persia, province of Fars. 78 
 miles S.E. of Sheeraz. The population is estimated at 18,000. 
 The town stands on a mountain defile, is of considerable 
 size, and has manufactories of silken, woollen, and cotton 
 fabrics, with a trade in superior tobacco, raised in its vicinity. 
 
 FESOLK, a town of Italy. See Fiesole. 
 
 FES'SENDKN MILLS, a postK)ffice of Rockingham county, 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 FESTENBKRG. f?s'tpn-bjRg\ or TWARD.A.GORA. t*aR- 
 dd-go/rd. a town of Prussian Silesia, 26 miles N.E. of Breslau. 
 Pop. 2476. 
 
 FESTIXIOG, f4s-tin'yog. a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Merioneth. It has slate quarries, and is surrounded by beau- 
 tiful scenery. 
 
 FETCH' A}I. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 FETERXE. fiHk'n.V, (L. Fittfr'na.) a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, Savoy, province of Chablais. near the Dranse, 24 
 miles N.E. of Geneva. Mines of lignite are worked, and 
 there are some fine alabaster grottos in the vicinity. Pop. 
 12511. 
 
 FKTII'ARD. a municipal town and parish of Ireland, 
 Munster, co. of Tipperary, 8 miles S.E. of Cashel. Pop. of 
 town, 3915. It was built in the reign of King John : most 
 of the original walls and gateways remain entire. It has a 
 very large ancient church, a Roman Catholic friary chapel, 
 ana an infantry barr.ick. 
 
 FETHARD, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wex- 
 ford, 4 miles S.E. of Duncannon. The village, on Bannow 
 Bay, has a large lobster fishery. Loftus Hall, the seat of the 
 
 Marquis of Ely, and Interesting remains of antiquity are in 
 this parish. 
 
 FETII'EKHUFF'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 FETH'EROLFFSVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FET-ISLAM, a town of Turkey. See Ol.\dov4. 
 
 FET'LAR, one of the most northern of the Shetland 
 Lsles, separated from North Yell by a sound alwut two 
 miles in breadth. Area, about 12.000 aiTes. Pop. 761. 
 
 FETOOKA or FETOUGA. See Hood's Islands. 
 
 FETTAX, fJt'tdn, a village of Switzerland, canton of the 
 Orisons, 34 miles E.S.E. of Chur. It stands amidst magniii- 
 cent scenery, nearly 5000 feet above the sea. Pop. 558. 
 
 FErTERCAIRNA a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, 
 on the North Esk. 12 miles N.N.W. of Montrose. Here is an 
 ancient ruin, called "FenelJa's Castle." in which Kenneth 
 III. is said to hare been murdered in the tenth century. 
 
 FETTERES'SO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, on 
 the North Sea. about 2 miles W. of Stonehaven. A Roman 
 camp and Druidical remains are in this parish. 
 
 FET'TKRMAX. a post-office of Taylor co.. Virginia. 
 
 FEUCIITWAXG.foiKf*ang.orFEUCnTWANGEN.foiKt/- 
 *lng'gn. a walled town of Bavaria, on the Sulz, 14 uiilea 
 S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 2550. 
 
 FEUERBACH, foi'f r-bjK', a market-town of WUrtemburg, 
 2i miles X.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2538. 
 
 FEUERLAND. See Terra dil Fueoo. 
 
 FEUILLJ;!':. la, \l fuhV-V- a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inferieure. Pop. 2154. 
 
 FEUILLjiE, LA, a village of France, department of 
 Finistfere. 14 miles N.W. of Carhaix. Near the village there 
 is an ancient Pagan temple. Pop. in 1852. 2400. 
 
 FEU'liA BUSJI, a post-offico of Albany co., New York. 
 
 FEURS, fUR, (anc. F<i>rum SegtmatK/rum,) a town of 
 France, department of Loire. 11 miles N.E. of Montbrison, 
 on the Loire. I'op. in 1S52, 2943. It has a port on the 
 river, tr.nde in corn and hemp, and numerous Roman 
 antic{uitics. It was the capital of tlie district of Forez 
 till 1441. 
 
 FEVE'DA, an island of North America, in the Gulf of 
 Georgia. Oregon Territory, lietween Vancouver's Island and 
 the mainland ; lat. 49° 41' N., Ion. 124° W. Length, 32 
 miles ; average breadth 2 miles. 
 
 FEVI;RSHAM, a town of England. See Faversham. 
 
 FEWS^TON, a parish of Kngland, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 FEYE, fVih, or FEYE-OE, fl'Jh ffeh. a small island off 
 the western coast of Norway, stiff, and 30 miles N.W. of 
 Bergen; lat. 60° 46' N., Ion. 4° 44' E. Length, 4 miles; 
 breadth. 2 miles. 
 
 FEZ, f^z. (.\rab. Fas, f3s; L. ■Jis'sa or Fiz>za.) an impor- 
 tant city of Morocco, nominally the second, but in reality the 
 principal city in the empire; lat. .34° 6' 3" N.; Ion. 5° 1' 11'' 
 W.; loo miles E. of the Atlantic, 85 miles S. of the Mediter^ 
 ranean, and 245 miles N.E. of the city of Morocco. It is 
 finely situated on the slope of several hills, whose acclivities 
 are covered with orange groves, orchards, and gardens. It 
 is surrounded by walls, now in a state of utter decay. The 
 streets are narrow, dark, and extremely dirty. The houses 
 are high, with flat roofs, on which the families spread car- 
 pets in summer to enjoy the cool breezes of the evening. 
 There are. it is said, upwards of 200 mosques in the city, the 
 principal of which is called El Caroobeen. (Caroubiu,) contain- 
 ing 300 pillars, a number of gates, and two handsome foun- 
 tains in the court. Within this mosque is a covered place for 
 women who may choose to participate in the public prayers, 
 an indulgence not allowed in an}' other Moliammedan place 
 of worship. The most frequented mo.sque is that of Sultan 
 Muley Edris, the founder of Fez, who is venerated as a 
 saint, and whose remains are depo.Mted here. Its minaret 
 is the finest and loftiest in Fez. This mosque is the most 
 sacred sanctuary in all the country, affording safety and 
 protection to the most atrocious criminals. The only other 
 remarkable building to be seen at Fez is the Sultan's Pa- 
 lace, situated on an elevation in the new city. It is com- 
 posed of a great number of court-yards, some half-finished, 
 others going to decay. Its gates are always kept closed, no 
 persons but those particularly privileged being admitted. 
 The city is well supplied with water from the river Fez. 
 There are also a great number of public baths. Fez con- 
 tains several ho.spitals.one of which is very richly endowed, 
 used for the treatment of lunatics. There are nearly 200 
 caravanserais or inns, in which the guest furnishes his own 
 food and bedclothes. The manufactures consist of woollen 
 cloaks, sashes, silk handkerchiefs, slippers, red caps, exten- 
 sively u.sed throughout the north of Africa, and, from the 
 place of manufacture, named Fezes; coarse linen, fine car- 
 pets, common earthenware, saddlery, and copper utensils. 
 The city is governed by a kaid or governor, who, as the 
 lieutenant of the sovereign, has the executive power; the 
 kadi is charged with the civil jurisdiction. Fez, founded 
 in 793, by Muley Edris, was capital of an independent state, 
 and subsequently became .so famous as a seat of .Arabian 
 learning, that its schools of philosophy and physical science 
 
 671 
 
FEZ 
 
 FIG 
 
 ■were resorted to. not only from all the Mahommedan states 
 of Afriia and Spain, >ut even from Christian countries. 
 The remains of its institutions stiU attract round them a 
 number of Mohammedan doctors, and the schools are fre- 
 quented by a great many scholars; but the studies are con- 
 fined to the Koran and its commentators, with a slight 
 tincture of grammar and logic, metaphysics, alchemy, and 
 astrology. Fez is considered a holy town by the M'estern 
 Arabs, and was also resorted to by them as a place of pil- 
 grimage, when the way to Mecca was obstructed. After its 
 conquest, in 15-48, by Morocco, it commenced to decline, but 
 recovered for a time after the fall of the kingdom of Cordova, 
 and in consequence of the edicts of Philip II. against the 
 Mohammedans. The population is estimated at 9tl,000, com- 
 posed of Moors and Arabs, 65,000; Berbers, &c., 10,000; 
 Jews, 10.000 ; Negroes, 5000. 
 
 FEZ, KixGDOH OF, once an independent state, now the 
 most northern section of the empire of Morocco ; bounded 
 K. by the Mediterranean. E. by Algeria. S. by the river Om- 
 er-begh or Morbeza, which separates it from Morocco Proper; 
 and Vt'. by the Atlantic It was conquered and united to 
 Morocco iu 15-18. 
 
 FEZAKAII. fl-zS'ri. a lake of Algeria. 30 miles S.S.W. of 
 llona. It is about 30 miles long and 24 broad, very shallow, 
 and abounds with flamingos and other wild fowl, and its 
 shores with snipe and wild boar. 
 
 FEZZAN, tSz^zJn', (anc. Phazania or Phasania,) a king- 
 dom of Northern Africa, usually considered as lying between 
 lat. 24° and 31° N. ; and Ion. 12° and 17° E. ; being about 460 
 miles iu length, and 300 miles in breadth. It is bounded 
 by Tiipfili on the N., and on all other sides by the Sahara 
 or Great Desert. In the northern part, there are three 
 ranges of mountains perfectly barren, of irregular form, 
 occasionally broken into detached masses, and some- 
 times rising into conical peaks of from 1200 to 1500 feet in 
 height. To the S. of these ranges, the country consists 
 of exten.sive sandy plains, destitute of vegetation, alter- 
 nating with ridges of low hills, the valleys of which contain 
 nearly all the cultivable soil in the territory. Dates are the 
 principal produce, and form the chief food of the inhabit- 
 ants ; sm.ill quantities of maize and barley are also grown. 
 Figs, pomegranates, lemons, and legumes are plentiful, as 
 are also pot herbs and garden Tegetables. There are no 
 rivers or brooks, and a few natural springs; but w.^ter is 
 found in abundance at various depths, from 10 to 20 feet. 
 In summer it is extremely hot, but in winter the cold is 
 pi-etty severe. Early in 1850, snow fell at Sockna, and ice, 
 the thickness of a man's finger, was formed at Moorzook. 
 Rain seldom falls: in some districts it docs not rain for years 
 together. With the exception of gaats, few domestic ani- 
 mals are reared. In the southern parts, some flocks of a 
 peculiar kind of sheep are met with, and in the most fertile 
 districts a few horned cattle. The wild animals, which are 
 abundant, are lions, panthers, hyenas, jackals, tiger-cats, 
 gazelles, and foxes. A considerable trade is carried on by 
 caravans with Timbuctoo and Bomoo; while Moorzook, 
 the capital, is the rendezvous of caravans coming from 
 Cairo, Bengjvzi, Tripoli, Ghadamis, Tooat, and Soodan. 
 The natives of Fezzan are of a mixed race, between those 
 of various African countries. The principal towns are 
 Moorzook. towards the southern twundai-y ; and Sockna, 
 towards the northern, distant from each other about 230 
 miles. Fezzan is governed by a chief who has the title, 
 and exercises the power of a sultan within his own terri- 
 tory, but is dependent on the Pasha of Tripoli, to whom he 
 pays tribute. In time of war. the sultan is s;iid to be able 
 to "bring from 15,000 to 20.000 men into the field. The 
 population has been variously estimated at from 75,000 to 
 150.000. Inhab. Fez'aneeb/. 
 
 FIACCONE. fe-dk-ko'n.A. (L. Flaco.) a town of the Sardi- 
 nian States, 7 mUes S. of Novi. Pop. 1040. 
 
 FIANO. fe-3'no, a village of Piedmont, 14 miles N.W. of 
 Turin. Pop. 8S5. 
 
 FIANOXA. fe-l-no'ni or FLUNONA, floo-no'nS, a village 
 and seaport of lllyria, circle of Trlest, on the Gulf of Quar- 
 nero. 19 miles S.W. of Fiume. Pop. 810. 
 
 Fl'ATT. a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 FIC.MtlZZI, fee-k3-rit/see, a maritime village of Sicily, 
 province of Messina. 6 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 1820. 
 
 FICCAROLO. fik-kd-ro^o, a village of Northern Italy, 
 
 ftvernment of Venice. 19 miles W.S.W. of Rovigo, on the 
 0. here crossed by a flving-bridge. Pop. 2500. 
 nCHTKLBKKO, fiK'tel-b^Ro\ or FICHTELGEBIRGE, fiK'- 
 tfl-^a-beeR'oa. a mountain-range in Bavaria, forming a kind 
 of centr.-il nucleus from which the principal ranges of Ger- 
 many diverge. It commences near the town of Baireuth ; 
 and. stretching N.E. for about 36 miles, terminates on the 
 Bohemian frontiers, where the Erzgebirge begins, and con- 
 tinues the chain in the same direction. Its principal sum- 
 mits are ttie Ochsenkopf, (ox'fn-kopf, i. e. "ox-head,") 3397 
 feet, and the Schneeberg. ('• snow-niountaln.") 3450 feet high. 
 No less than four important rivers here take their ri-oe. Of 
 these the Main or Mayn. which is the largest, flows W. to- 
 wards the Rhine: the Naab. S. towards the Danulie; and 
 loth the Eger and the Saale to the Elbe, though by different 
 672 
 
 directions, the one E. and the other N. The Fichtelpeblrge 
 takes its name {Ficlde or Piclitcl, pine,) from the pine fortjota 
 with which much of it is covered. 
 
 FICfLLE. fe-kool'lA. a town of Italy, Pontific.il States, 9 
 miles N.N.W. of drvieto. Pep. 1706. 
 
 FLDA. fee'dl. (Chin. Feitan f fA-tln',) a province of Japan, 
 in the central part of the island of Niphon, covered with well 
 wooded mountains. 
 
 FIDALGO, fe-ddl'go, a large harbor of Russian America, on 
 its southern coast, N.E. of Prince William Sound, in lat 60° 
 50' N., Ion. 145° 45' W., and bearing the name of its Spanisb 
 discoverer in 1790. 
 
 FIDALLAH. fe-diHia, or FIDALA, fe-dd'l^. a walled Be» 
 port town of Morocco, province of Fez, near the Atlantic, 40 
 miles S.W. of Rabat. 
 
 FIDDICII, fid'dlK, a small river of Scotland, flowing 
 thi-ough the beautiful vale of Glen-Fiddich into the Spey. 
 
 FIDDICHOW. fid'de-Kov\ a town of Pru.^sian Pomerania, 
 circle of Greiffenhagen, on the Oder. 21 miles S.W. of Stettin. 
 Pop. 2150. 
 
 FIIVDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 FID'DLE POND, a post-office of Barnwell district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 FlIVDLETOWN. a post-oflSce of Eldorado. California. 
 
 FID'DOWN'. a parish of Ireland. Leinster, co. of Kilkenny, 
 on the Suir. 10 miles W.N.W. of AVaterford. The noble seat 
 of the Earl of Besborough is in thi.s parish. 
 
 FIDDRI. a lake of Africa. See Fittr£. 
 
 FIDELAIRE, LE, leh feeMeh-l.^R', a village of France, 
 department of Eure. 16 miles W.S.W.of Evreux. Pop. 1551. 
 
 FIDELITY, a post-office of Miami co.. Ohio. 
 
 FIDERIS. fe-da'ris, a village of SwitzerLind. canton of 
 Grisons. in the Landquart Valley, 12 miles E.N.E. of Chur. 
 
 FIDJI ISLANDS. Pacific Ocean. See Feejee. 
 
 FIDO-K ASTRO, fee'do ki.s'tro, a ruined fort of Epirus, on 
 the northern shore of the gulf, and at the mouth of the old 
 river of Arta, and supposed to be the ancient Aia'bracus. 
 
 FIELD, a Norwegian term. See Fjeld. 
 
 FIELD-DAL'LING. a parish of England, co.of Norfolk. 
 
 FIEI.D'ING. a small post-villace of Jersey co., Illinois. 
 
 FIESOLE, fe-es'o-le or fyk'6-lk* or FESOLE, fjs'o-le, 
 (anc. F(E.<>iil(F.) a town of Tuscany. .3 miles N.E. of Florence, 
 on a steep hifl comm.inding a magnificent view of the Arno 
 Valley. Pop. 24o4. It was anciently one of the twelve prin- 
 cipal cities of Etruria. and has remains of Cyclopean walls, 
 and of a Roman amphitheatre, with a cathi-dial of the 
 eleventh century, adorned with excellent sculpture and 
 paintings, a commPrcial hall, an Episcopal school, and many 
 country houses of the inhabitants of Florence. Near it are 
 extensive sandstone quarries. 
 
 FIF. fif or FUF, fiif. a town of Arabia, capital of the 
 district of Lahsa. about 115 miles W. of the Persian Gulf; 
 lat. 24° 53' N., Ion. 49° 47' E. It is protected by an earthen 
 wall 50 feet high, and a drj' ditch. The walled town and its 
 suliurbs together, were, in 1819, estimated to contain 15,000 
 inhabitants, of whom 60.1 were capable of liearins arms. 
 
 FIFE, f If or FIFESIIIRE. fif'shir, a maritime county of 
 Scotland, forming a peninsula on its eastern coast between the 
 Frith of Tay on the N .. and the Frith of Forth on the S.. and 
 having the North Sea on the E. Area. 451 square miles, or 
 288,000 acres, of which more than two-thirds are cultivated. 
 Pop. in 1851, 153.546. The northern portion is formed of 
 old red sandstone. From the Eden westward, it consists 
 of the coal formation, with limestone, coal, and ironsttine. 
 The whole county is intersected by trap rocks. The Ochills, 
 the Lomouds. and Largo Law are the highest summits. 
 The principal rivers are the Tay, Eden, Leven, and Foi-th. 
 The •• How of Fifis." ti-aversed by the Eden, is pai-ticularly 
 productive. Fifeshire contains thirteen royal burghs, and 
 an unusu.al number of thriving towns and villages, the 
 chief of which are Cupar, (the county town.) Dunfermline, 
 St. Andrews, Kirkcaldy, and Elie. Fife sends 1 member to the 
 IIou.se of Common!, and its burghs join in sending 3 others. 
 
 FIFE, a post-office of Talladega CO.. Alabam.a. 
 
 FIFE'IIEAD-MAG'DALEN. a parish of England, co. Dor.«et 
 
 FIFE'IIEAD-NEA''ILLE, a parish of England, co.of Dorset 
 
 FIFE-NESS, fif-ness'. a promontory of Scf'tland, co. of 
 Fife, projecting on the North Sea, in "lat. 56° 17' N., Ion. 2° 
 36' W. Beyond it, the dangerous ridge called Carr Rocks, 
 extends a considerable distance into the sea. 
 
 FIFESHIRE. a county of Scotland. See Fife. 
 
 FIFE'S POST-OFFICE, is in Goochland co., Virginia. 
 
 FI'FIELD, a parish of England co. of Oxford. 
 
 FWIELD BA'A'ANT. n pari.sh of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 FIGASl-SIMA. fe-gd'see'see'md. (Chinese TiKr>g-(ao, toonff- 
 Wo,) an island of Japan, Gotoo group, a little N.W. of Kioo 
 sioo, and belonging to the province of Fizen. 
 
 • " And let ns from the top of FtESOi-E, 
 
 Whence Galileo's glasfi, by night observed. 
 The phases of the moon, look round below. 
 
 On Arnos vale— 
 
 Rogers's Ita!i/, Part I'irst, XXn. 
 Milton writes it Fesou:. See Paradiu lAtt, Book I. 
 line 269. 
 
FIG 
 
 FIN 
 
 FIGEAC, fee'zhJk' a town of France, department of Lot, 
 on the Selle. 32 miles N.K. of Cahoi-s. Pop. in 1862, 7433. It 
 Is situated in a deep valley, surrounded by rocl<y vine-clad 
 heights. It ha.s remains of fortifications, numerous antique 
 dwellings and public edifices. Beyond the town are two 
 remarkable obelisks. Charapolliou wa.s born here in 1790. 
 
 FIGII'ELDEAN. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 FIOIIIG or FIGUIG. fee'gheeg'. atown of North Africa, Mo- 
 rocco, country of Sigilmessa, S. of the Atlas, lliS miles E.S.E. 
 of Fez. A considerable trade is done with Fez, Tafilelt, and 
 Tooat, and is a rendezvous for the Mecca and Tinibuctoo 
 caravans. The people are warlike, and adepts in mining. 
 
 FIGHTING ISLAND, an island of Upper Canada, in the 
 Detroit River, 3 miles below Sandwich; area, 1800 acres, of 
 which 300 are arable. 
 
 FIGLINK, fe-glee'ni, or FIGIIINE, fe-ghee'ni, a village 
 of Tuscany. 16 miles S-t;. of Florence, near the Arno. P. 41o0. 
 
 FIG<.>, fee^go', (Chinese Fn-Heoo, fi'he-oo,) a province of 
 Japan, island of Kioosioo. It is more than 60 miles long. 
 Chief town, Koomanioto. 
 
 FIGUEIKA, fe-gA'e-r3. a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira, at the mouth of the Mondego, which forms its port, 
 24 miles S.W. of Coimbni. Pop. 6000. It has an active ex- 
 port trade in salt, oil, wine, and fruits, and is a lavorite 
 bathing place. 
 
 FIGUEIKA, a village and se.aport of Portugal, province 
 Of Algarve, 4 miles N^I. of Cape St. Vincent. 
 
 FIG UEIRO-DOS-VI N IIOS, fe-gi'e-ro-doce-veen'yoce, a town 
 of Portugal, Eslremadura,97 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2410. 
 
 FIGUEKAS, fe-gA'rfc, a frontier town of Spain, and one 
 of tlie strongest fortresses iu Europe, 21 miles N.N.E. of 
 Gerona, near the French frontier. Pop. 8050. It is situated 
 In a rich plain of olives and rice. Principal edifices, a large 
 citadel, built by Ferdinand VI., with vast arsenals and ma- 
 gazines, and quarteis for 16.000 men. It was taken by the 
 French in 1(<08, 1811, and 1823. 
 
 FIGUIG. a town and district of Morocco. See Fi«Hia. 
 
 FIGUKI.NA. fe-goo-ree'ni, an island in the Arctic Ocean, 
 being the most N. in the New Siberian Archipelago; lat. 76° 
 15' N.. Ion. 140° 40' K. 
 
 FIJI, islands in the SouthPacific Ocean. See Feejee. 
 
 FILADELFIA, fe-li-dJl'fe-a. a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra II., 13 miles S. of Nlcasti-o. Pop. 3300. 
 
 FILADl'll^FIA, a city of I'ennsylvania. See Philadelphia. 
 
 FII/BY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FILEIINK. fe-lS'neh, (Polish, Widm, *oo/len,) a town of 
 Prussian Poland, on an island in the Netze. 45 miles N.W. 
 of Posen. Pop. ."4S0. It has manufactures of cloth and Lace. 
 
 Fl'LEY, a .small watering plaoe and jjarLsh of England. 
 CO. of Vork. East Kiding, on a tongue of land projecting into 
 the North .Sea, and with a station on the Scarborough and 
 Hull Hailway. 8 miles S.E. of Scarborough. Pop. 1590. 
 
 FILIYAS, fil-leeV^s,' a river of Asiatic Turkey, after a 
 course of 75 miles, falls into the Black Sea, 20 miles S.S.W. 
 of Amastra. 
 
 FlUKINS, a hamlet of England, co. of Oxford, 5 miles 
 S.S.W. of Burford. Pop. 600. 
 
 FIl/LAN, a river of Scotl.and. co. of Perth, enters Loch 
 Tay after an E. course of 10 miles. 
 
 FILLE-FIELD, fil'lWe-^ld'.a mountain plateau of Norway, 
 connected with the Sogne-Kjeld on the N„ and the liardan- 
 ger-Fjeld on the S. The summits vary in heig it from 4900 
 feet to C300 feet. The central summit of Suletind in which 
 the Lerdal takes its rise is 6043 feet high. 
 
 FILLEIGII. finee. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 FILLINGES. feeninzh', (L. Filin'gia,) a village of the 
 Sardinian States, in Savoy. 12 miles E. of Geneva, on the 
 Menoge, and the S. slope of Mount Voiron. Pop. 1952. 
 
 FIL'LINGII.4M, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FILL'MORE, a new county in the extreme S.E. part of 
 Minnesota, bordering on Iowa, contains about ^50 square 
 miles. It i.s intersected by Root River. A railroad is in 
 progress through this county from La Crosse to St. Paul. 
 The surface is undulating, and the soil fertile. Formed since 
 the census of 1860 was taken, and named in honor of Mil- 
 liard Fillmore, ex-president of the United States. Capital, 
 Preston. Pop. ]3,r4'2. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-ofRce of Alleghany co.. New York. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Cleveland co.. North Carolina. 
 
 FILLMORK, a post-office of Whitefield co., Georgia. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Bossier parish, Louisiana. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio. 
 
 FILLMORE, a township in Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 
 668. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana. 
 
 FILLMORK, a village of Putnam co.. Indiana, on the 
 railroad from Terre Haute to Indianapolis, 34 miles W. by 
 S. of the latter, was laid out in 1850. It has a steam mill, 
 and s<;veral stores. 
 
 1 ILLMORE, a small village of Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 FILLMORE, n post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, 14 
 miles N.W. of Vandalia. 
 
 FILLMORE, a pnst-office of Andrew co., MissonrL 
 
 FILLMORE, ;i post-office of Du Buque co., Iowa. 
 
 FILLMORE. Ji post-office of Washington co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 FIJ^LMORE CITY, a post-town, seat of justice of Mill.ird 
 county, Utah, is situated on the Nuquin, a branch of Ni- 
 collet River, about 600 miles E. by N. of San Francisco, and 
 1200 miles W. of St. Louis. Pop. said to be 6oO. 
 
 FIiyLONGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 FILOR, firor', or FALOUR. fd'lixir', a town of the Punjab, 
 on the Sutlej. TS miles S.E. of Amritseer. It has a fort built 
 by Runjeet Singh, and a feny across the Sutlej. 
 
 FILS. fils, a river of WUrtemberg, which joins the Xeckar, 
 6 miles E. of Esflingen, after a W. course of 30 miles. 
 
 FI L'TON, a pf.rish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 FIM'BOROUGII, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suf- 
 folk. 
 
 FIMBOROUGII, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suf- 
 folk. 
 
 FINALE, fe-nMA, a town of North Italy, in the Sardinian 
 Statvs. 10 miles N.N.E. of Albenga, on the Gulf of Genoa. 
 Pop. 5018. It consists of the two communes. Finale Borgo, 
 and Finale Marino. It has a collegiate church, numerous 
 ruined f >rts, a small harbor, and some trade in fruits. 
 
 FINALE, a frontier town of North Italy, of the Modeneae 
 dominions, near the Po, 22 miles N.E. of 5lodeua. Pop. 8000. 
 It has manufactures of silk tmd other tabrics, and an active 
 general trade. 
 
 FISaNA, feen-yd'nJ. a town of Spain, 28 miles N.W. of 
 Ahneria, at the foot of Mount Alniirez. Pop. 3173. 
 
 FIN/CA.STLE. a hand.sonie postrvillasre. capital of Bote- 
 tourt CO., Virginia. 175 miles W. of Richmond. It is well 
 built, and finely situated in a fertile and undulating valley, 
 between the Blue Ridge and North Mountain, about 6 miles 
 E. of the latter. The Peaks of Otter, which rise on the bor- 
 der of the county, are among the highest point.s of the Blue 
 Ridge. Fincastle contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 academies, and 
 2 printing offices. It was laid out iu 1772. Pop. 896. 
 
 F1NC.\STLE, a post-vill.age in Campbell co., Tennessee, 
 about 200 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 FINC.\.STLE. a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, about 90 
 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. A plank road extends from this 
 village to Batavia, in Clermont county. 
 
 FINCASTLE, a post-vill.age of Putnam co., Indiana, 14 
 miles N. of Greencastle. The route of the New Albany and 
 Michigan Railroad passes near this place. 
 
 FINCASTLK, a post-office of Clark co.. Illinois. 
 
 FINCH'AM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FINCH A.M'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 FINCH'IN(iFlELD. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 FINCH'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 7i 
 miles N.W. of London. The common here was once a noted 
 haunt of hiuhw.iymen. 
 
 FIND'HORN, find-horn/, a river of Scotland, after a N.E. 
 course of 45 miles, enters Moray Frith. Fearful inundations 
 bv this river, pi-oduciug '• the Moray Flood," took place in 
 1829. 
 
 FINDHORN, a small seaport of Scotland, co. of Moray, ou 
 the above river, at its mouth. 4 miles N. of Forres. Pop. 
 806. The s;indbanks here are continually shifting; and the 
 site of the village has been already changed on account of 
 the encroachments of the sea. 
 
 FIND'LAY, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1187. 
 
 FINDL.\Y, a flourishing post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Hancock co.. Ohio, on the left bank of Blanchard'i 
 Fork, loo miles by the usual route, N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 The village is situated in a rich farming country, and is the 
 centre of an active trade. The Fremont, Lima and Union 
 Railroad passes through Findlay, which is also tlie W. ter- 
 minus of another railroad. Here are wells from which in- 
 flammable gas issues in quantity sufficient, it is said, to light 
 the village. It contains 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper 
 offices, 1 good school-house, 1 woollen factory, 1 iron foundry, 
 and 3 flouring-mills. Pop. of the township in 185o, 2032, in 
 1860, 2467 ; of the village in 1850, 1258, in 1865, about 2800. 
 
 FIND'LEY, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1098. 
 
 FINDOE, (Findiie,) finM5'eh, a small island off the S.W. 
 coast of Norway, 15 miles E.N.E. of Stavanger, in the Bukke- 
 fiord. Its churc!i contains a monument recording a victorj 
 obtained over ths Scotch. 
 
 FIN'DON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FINDON, a vilhge of Scotland. See Finnan. 
 
 FINE, a township of St. Lawrence co., New York. P. 519. 
 
 FINE'DO.X, a purish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 FINERIVE, of Madagascar. See Fexerif. 
 
 FINE'S CREEK, a post-office of Haywood co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FINE'SH.\DE. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 FINESTRAT, fe-n^s-tratA a town of Spain, 23 miles NJi. 
 of Alicante, on the Torres, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 
 2720. who manufacture rush-wares. 
 
 FINESVILLE, f inz/vill, a tlourishing village of Greenwich 
 
 673 
 
FIN 
 
 FIN 
 
 township,' in the S. part of Warren co., New Jersey, is on the 
 Musconetcong Creek, about 1 mile from its mouth, and 20 
 miles S.S.\V. of Belvidere. 
 
 i"I.\GAL. fing'gawl', a district of Ireland, in I/einster, co. 
 of Dublin, X. of the Liffey. The inhabitants were originally 
 Finnish or Xorwe^ian settlers, (whence the name;) and they 
 still retain a dialect and other marks of foreiirn origin. Fin- 
 gal gives the title of earl to the Plunkett family. 
 
 f ING.VL, fing'gawl', a post-village of Canada West, co. Mid- 
 dlesex, 157 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 25 miles from Iiondon. 
 
 FISG'EKSVILLE, a postoffice of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 FIXGEST, fing'ghesK a parish of EngLind, co. of Backs. 
 
 FIXG'Il.iLL, a parish of England, co. York, Xorth Riding. 
 
 FIXHJLASS', a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 4 
 miles X.X.\y. of Dublin. The poet Parnell was vicar of 
 Finglass. 
 
 FIXGOES, flng'gaz\ or WAXrDERERS, a race of South 
 Africans, belonging to rarious scattered tril)es, originally 
 from theE. co.ist,X.of Kaffraiia,but now chiefly inhabiting 
 a tract of country formeriy called the neutral ground, be- 
 tween the Lower Keiskamma and Great Fish River, but at 
 present forming part of the province of Victoria, to which, to 
 the number of 17,000, they were bi-cught, and there settled 
 under the auspices of the Colonial Government. Previous 
 to their removal to their present settlement, the Fingoes 
 lived in a state of abject slaverv under the AmakosaKaffres. 
 
 FIX'GRIMIOE. a parish of England, co. of Esse.x. 
 
 FIXH.\.X, feen'feo', or FIGX.4.X, feen'ya.x"', a market- 
 town of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 10 miles 
 S.W. of MonUuban. Pop. 1646. 
 
 FIXUA VEX, a village of Scotland. See Oathlaw. 
 
 FIXISTfiRE, finUs-taia/, originally FIXISTERRE, (L. 
 JV'ni's Ter/roe. i. e. " Land's end,") a department of France, 
 forming its X.W. angle, and part of the old province of Bre- 
 tagne. bounded X. by the English Channel. S. and W.by the 
 Atlantic, in which it comprises numerous small islands. 
 Area, 2690 square miles. Coasts steep, much indented on 
 the W., presenting numerous promontories and excellent 
 harboi-s. Surface little elevated ; traversed by the low moun- 
 tains of .\rree and Xoires : highest point 9S4 feet. It is formed 
 by the basins of numerous rivers, the chief of which are the 
 Elom. .\ulne. Odet, and Elle. all navigable near their mouths. 
 Horses and cattle extensively reared. The minerals comprise 
 coal, lead, granite, and slate. The department is divided 
 into the 6 arrondis.sements of Brest, Chateaulin, Lander- 
 neau, Quiniper, and Quimperl6. Capital, Quimper. Pop. 
 in 1861, 627,304. 
 
 FIXKEXWARDER, (FinkenwSrder.) fink'en-wJnMer. an 
 island in the Ellie, belonging partly to Hamburg, and partly 
 to the Hanoverian bailiwick of Ilarburg. It is protected 
 by a surrounding wall 20 feet high. I'op. 1700. 
 
 FIXKS'BUKG. a post-village in Carroll co., Maryland, 
 about 50 miles X.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 FIXK'S CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co.. Tirsinia. 
 
 FIXLA'GAX, a lake of Scotland, in the island of Isky, 
 and with an island containing ruins of a castle of the Lord 
 of the Isles. 
 
 FIXLAXD, Grand Ducht of, (Fr. Finlande, f Js<!'l5xd'; 
 L. Fin'nia, FirvJnia^ Finlanldia.) a government in the 
 N.W. of Russia, bounded X. by Xorw.HV. W. by Sweden 
 and the Gulf of Bothnia, S. by t'heGulf of Finland; length, 
 from X.to S., CoO miles; breiidth. near the centre, only 112 
 miles; but toward the S.. where it is greatest, 370 miles: 
 area, about 146,850 square miles. The coast generally 
 
 E resents a face of bold and precipitous granite cliffs, and 
 1 lined by numberless small islands and rocks, which 
 make the navijatiou extremely dangerous. The interior 
 may be descrilied as a vast table land, with an average 
 height of from 4tJ0 to 600 feet above the sea. It is not. how- 
 ever, by any means a monotonous fiat. The surface is much 
 broken by hills and valleys, and occasionally rises into 
 mountains, of which a chain at Maanselke. nearly 4000 feet 
 high, is continued S.. though with several interruptions, and 
 terminates in lofty cliffs in the Gulf of Bothnia, Many of 
 the heights are bare, but the greater part of those of mode- 
 rate elevation are covered with forests, chiefly of pine wood ; 
 and. in combination with the vast number of lakes enclosed 
 by their bases, often form very romantic scenery. These 
 sheets of water, both by their number and individual ex- 
 tent, furnish one of the most ch,iracteristic features of the 
 country. The most important are Lake ladoga, the greater 
 part of which belongs to the principality; Saima, Pianajar- 
 t1. (I'iajanejarwi.) all in the S.. where the greater part of the 
 surface is occupied by water; the UleA, near the centre. and 
 the Enara. in the extreme X. The lakes of Finland form the 
 chief liasins for receiving the far greater part of the streams. 
 Their waters are afterwards discharged into the sea by 
 rivers generally of no great length, but of much width and 
 depth. The climate varies much, according to locality. In 
 Lappmark, in the .\., it is polar, but somewhat modified. 
 Farther S.. the winter begins in the middle of October and 
 eontinnes to the middle of .May : but even during the coldest 
 •eason thaws of several days' "duration \re not unfrequent. 
 fiuring appears suddeuly, and continues for about a month, 
 ti74 
 
 leaving only about four months for summer and harvest 
 The summer months are hot, and dry. The soil is very fer- 
 tile; considerable quantities of barley and rye are exported, 
 and Finland, when in possession of Sweden, was regarded as 
 its most important granary. A great part of the land, owinic to 
 the nature of the surface and climate, however, is fit only for 
 pasture. In the X.. where vegetation is almost confined to 
 the growth of moss and lichen, other domestic animals are 
 superseded by the reindeer, of which great herds are kept 
 The forests are very extensive, and furnish one of the chief 
 sources of public revenue. In addition to timber, chiefiy 
 fir, large quantities of potash, pitoh, and rosin are obtained 
 from them, and form the principal articles of export. The 
 minerals are chiefly confined to iron, lead, sulphur, nitre, 
 slate, and granite; a great numt)er of excellent quarries of 
 granite have been opened, chiefly on the borders of the lakes 
 or sea coasts, and from them blocks of extraordinary magnt 
 tude and beauty are obtained. One of the finest specimens 
 is furnished by the obelisk monolith recently erected in St. 
 Petersburg to the Emperor Alexander. In its rough state 
 it was 12 feet in diameter, and SO feet long. The inhabitants 
 of the W. coast are of Swedish, and those of the S.E_ of Rus- 
 sian origin ; but the far larger portion, amounting to nearly 
 five-sixths of the whole, are Finns, with a slight mixture 
 of Laplanders. Up to the twelfth century, the Finns lived 
 under their own sovereigns, and were pagans. Their con- 
 version to Christi.anity took place about the middle of that 
 century after their conquest by the Swedes. They are almost 
 all Lutherans. In 1721, the part of F'inland which formed 
 the province of Wiborg. was secured to Peter the Great by 
 the treatj- of Nystadt. The remainder was conquered from 
 the Swedes in 1S09, and now forms a division of the Russian 
 Empire, under the name of a Grand Principality, the emperor 
 exercising his supremacy as grand prince. The proper seat 
 of government is at Petersburg; but a governor-general, 
 representing the emperor, resides in Helsingfors. Adminis- 
 tratively, Finland is subdivided into S la?ns or counties. It 
 is also sometimes subdivided into the two lappmarks of 
 Kami. Torned. and the district of Viborg. i'op. in 1851, 
 
 1.636,915. Adj. Fisx'tSH, Fis'la.vdish, and Fi.no'kias(?); 
 
 Inhab. Fixx. 
 
 FIX'LAXD, GULF OF, one of the great arms of the Baltic 
 Sea, extending E. between lat. 5S° 40' and 60° 40' X., and Ion. 
 23° and 30° 10" E., bounded X. by Finland, and E an i S. by 
 the Russi.^n governments of St. Petersburg and Revel, 
 Length, from E. to W., 260 miles ; breadth, from X. to S.. 
 from 25 to 90 miles. It contains numerous islands, (the prin- 
 cipal is Cronstadt.) and receives the Xeva. Looga^ X.arova, 
 and many smaller rivers. St. Petersburg is at its E. end. and 
 the towns, Xarva. Revel, Port Baltic, Kkenas, Boigo. Fredo- 
 riiishamm. Helsingfors. and Viborg, .are also on its coasts. 
 
 FIXLEY or Fl.NDLEY, Ohio. See Fi.ndlat. 
 
 FIXLEY'. a village and township of Green CO., Missouri, 
 130 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 FIX'LEYVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvivnia, 180 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 FIXOIARK, (Dan. and Sw. Finmarken, fln'man^kgn; 
 X'orw. Ftnmarkens, fin'maRk^fns.) an extensive province of 
 Xorway, forming the northernmost portion of Continental 
 Europe, situated between the Arctic Ocean and Russian 
 Laplaiid, bounded S.W. by the province of Xordland. Area 
 estimated at 27.412 square miles. It comprises numerous 
 islands, on the northernmost of which is "Xorth Cape. Lat. 
 71° 10 X.. Ion. 25° 50' E. Important fisheries are established 
 here, and give employment to the greater part of the popula- 
 tion. The cod fishery alone employs 2916 Ixiats and 15.3"24 
 men. and the produce is upwards of 16.000,000 of fish. 21,500 
 barrels of cod liver oil, and 6000 barrels of roe. The inhabi- 
 tants are Finns and Laplanders. Pop. 43,938. 
 
 FIX'MERE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 FIXX, a lake and river of Ireland, in Ulster, eo. of Done- 
 gal. The lake, in the parish of Inniskeel, is aViout 2 miles 
 in length : the river proceeds from it. and, after an eastward 
 course of 24 miles, joins the Foyle near Lifford. 
 
 FIX'XAX or FIX'DOX, a fishing-vUlage of Scotland, co., 
 and 6 miles S. of Aberdeen. It is famous for its smoked 
 haddocks. 
 
 FIX'XAX. a small river of Scotland, flowing through the 
 valley of Glenfinnan into the E. extremity of Loch ShieL 
 A monument in this romantic vale marks the spot where 
 Prince Charles Edward first unfurled his banner, in 1745. 
 
 FIX'XEY MILLS, a post-oflSce of Amelia eo.. Virginia. 
 
 FIX'XIXGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FIX'NIXOLEY, a parish of England, cos. of Xotts and 
 York, West Riding. 
 
 FIXX'S POIXT. of Salem co., X'ew Jersey, is a noted point 
 on the Delaware River, 4 miles above the mouth of Salem 
 
 FIND, fee/no. or PORTO FIXO, poR'to fee'no, a promontory 
 of the Sardinian States, on the shore of the gui£ an<] 17 
 miles E.S.E. of Genoa. 
 
 FIXO, fee'no, a village of Northern Italy, 6 miles 8. of 
 Como, on an eminence near the source of the Seveso. Pop, 
 1475. 
 
 FIXOW, fee'nov, • village of Prussia, province of Vran- 
 
FIN 
 
 FIS 
 
 denburg,31 mtles N.E. of Berlin, on tbe Finow Canal, which 
 connects the rivers Ilavel and Oder. Pop. 560. 
 
 I'lNS'lJUllY, a parliamentarj' borough of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, compri.«ing the X. part of the metropolis, between 
 the borough of Jlarylebone on the W. and the Tower Ham- 
 lets on the K., and on the S. bordering on the city of London 
 and liberty of Westminster. Pop. in 1861, 3S6,844. It com- 
 prises the parishes of Islington, Clerkenwell, St. Luke, &c., 
 and derives its name from Finsbury Square. It comprises 
 St. Luke's Hospital, the Charter-IIou.se. Smithfield, St. Bar- 
 tholomew's, and the Foundling Hospitals, Gray's Inn, the 
 British Museum, Clerkenwell Sessions-House and prison, 
 ftnd the depot of the New Uiver Company. Since the Ke- 
 form Act it has sent 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 FINSTER-AAHHORX, lin'stfr-jR/hoiin, a mountain of 
 Switzerland, is the culminating point of the Bernese Alps, 
 between the cantons of Bern and Valais, 14,026 feet in ele- 
 vation. 
 
 FIXSTERMUNZ, (Finstermtlnz.) fln'.ster-mants\ a nar- 
 row pass in the Tyrolese Alps, on the Inn, 18 miles N. of 
 Olurns. 
 
 FINSTERWALDE, fin'ster-ftilMeh, a town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg. 40 miles N. of Dr(?sden. Pop. 46S0. 
 
 FI.XSTEinVALDE, fiu'stgr-ftolMfh. a village of Holland, 
 province, and 23 miles E. by S. of Qroningen, near the 
 estuary of the Dollart. Pop. 1067. 
 
 FI.NTO'XA, a market-town of Ireland, In Ulster, co. of 
 Tyrone. 8 miles N.W. of Clogher. Pop. 1327. 
 
 FI.XTR.VY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 FIX'TRY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, with a 
 village 5 miles S.E. of Balfron. The scenery on the Carron 
 and Endrick is beautiful, the latter forming the cascade (60 
 feet lii;rh) called the " Loup of Fintry." 
 
 FIX'VOY. a parish of Ireland. In Ulster, co. of Antrim. 
 
 FIOXIE or FIOXIA. See Fuxen'. 
 
 FIORA. fe-o'rd, a river of Central Italy, in Tuscany, and 
 the Pontifical States, rises near Mount Ami.ita. and enters 
 the Mediterranean 20 miles N.W. of Civita Vecchia after a 
 8. course of 40 miles. 
 
 FIORAXO, fe-o-ri/no, (L. Flnria'num.) a Tillage of the 
 Sardinian States, in Piedmont, province, and 2 miles W. of 
 Ivrivi. en the Dora. Pop. 1040. 
 
 FIORD. See Fjokd. 
 
 FIOREXZA, a city of Italy. See Florence. 
 
 FIOREXZUOLA, feVrJu-zoo-oOl, (anc. Fhren/tia,) a town 
 ol Nurthern Italy, in the state of A^milia, on the ^5;milian 
 A\";ty, 18 miles W.N.W. of Parnii'i. Pop. 2750. It lia.s a col- 
 lejiiate church, and many remains of antiquity. Cardinal 
 All/eroni was born here in 1(.'64. Eifiht miles S. are tlie 
 ruins of the ancient VeJeia, buried by a fall of sand in the 
 fouith century, and rediscovereil in 1761. 
 
 FIOREXZUOL.\, a village of Tuscany, province of Flo- 
 rence, on the Santerno, 21 miles N.E. of Prato. 
 
 FIORl'.XZUOLA, a village of Central Italy, 5}4 miles 
 N.W. of Pesaro. 
 
 FIRAN, fee^dn', a small island In the Red Sea, about 18 
 miles from the coast of Arabia, lat. 17° 13' N., Ion. 41° 30' E., 
 celebrated for its pearl fisherv. 
 
 FIRAXDO. fe-rSn'do, or FIRATO, fe-rMo, an Island of 
 Japan. olT the X.AV. coast of Kioosioo, 55 miles N.X.W. of 
 Nagasaki. Lat. :53° 30' N., Ion. 129° 30' E. On its E. side 
 is the town of Firando, with a good harbor. Here the 
 Dutch had a trading fort from 1609 until 1640. 
 
 FIR.IO, fe-rd/o. a considerable town of Japan, on the island 
 of Xiphon. province of Yamato, 45 miles S.S.E. of Miako. 
 
 FI R'BECK, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, West Biding. 
 
 FtRE ISLAND LKiHT-lIOUSE, Long Island, on the S. 
 side of Fire Island Inlet. It is 70 feet 10 inches high, and ex- 
 hibits a revolving light, produced by IS lamps, 89 feet above 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 FIRENZE. a city of It.alv. See Flokexce. 
 
 FIRE'PLACE, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, on 
 Fireplace Bay, which sets up from the Atlantic, about 62 
 miles E. by N. of Brooklyn. 
 
 FIR'LE. a parish of England, oo. of Sussex. 
 
 FIRM [NY, feeR^mee'nee', a village of France, department 
 of Loire, 6 miles S.W. of St. Etienne, and sharing with that 
 town in manufactures of silks, glass, and hardwares, coal 
 mines, &c.. Pop. 2258. 
 
 FIR.MUM. See Fermo. 
 
 FIROZABAD. See Febozabai>. 
 
 FIROZGUR, feeVoz-glir', a town of India, 102 miles S.W. 
 of Hyderabad, on the Beemah. 
 
 FIRS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FIRSBY. EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FIRST FORK, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsvlvaniji. 
 
 FIRST ISLAND, or MURDER ISLAND, a small island in 
 *he Mozambique Channel, on the S.W. coast of Madagascar, 
 from which it is distant about 3 miles. Lat. 22° 5' S., Ion. 
 43"" '■ E. II was named Murder Island by Captain Owen, 
 in cnnsefjuence of the murder there of two of his midship- 
 men by the natives. 
 
 FIRST LAKE. Wisconsin. See Four Lakes. 
 
 FIRTH AND STEN'NESS. a united parish of Scotland, on 
 Mainland, one of the Orkneys. 
 
 FTSCHA, fi.sh'a,FTSCIIAMEND or FLSCll AMEXT, n»h'a- 
 mJnt'. a market-town of Lower Austria, with a castle, on 
 the Fischa River. 12 miles E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1220. 
 
 FISCII.4, fish'd, a river of Lower Austria, in the Schn(y^ 
 berg, flows N.E., receiving the Piesting and the Itiesenb.ich, 
 and joins the Danube at Fischa, 12 miles E.S.E. of Vienna, 
 after a course of 55 miles. 
 
 FISCHBACH, fish'bdK, a village of Prussian Silesia, 27 
 miles S.S.W. of Liegnitz, with a castle of Prince William of 
 Prussia. 
 
 FISCIIENTHAL. fish'en-tdl\ a village .and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 18 miles E.S.E. of Zurich, on the T8s8. 
 Pop. 2814. 
 
 FISCHHAUSEX, fish'how'zen. a seaport town of Eastern 
 Prussia, at the N. extremity of the Frische-IIaff, 20 miles W. 
 of Konigsberg. Pop. 1914. 
 
 FISCIANO, fee-shd'no, a village of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra, 7 miles N.N.E. of Salerno, with 2 parish 
 churches and 2 convents. Pop. 1296. 
 
 FISKN, a province of Japan. See Fizem. 
 
 FISII'BACK, a post-office of Clark co., Kentucky. 
 
 FlSIl'BOUliN. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FISH CREEK rises in Lewis co., in the N. central part 
 of New Y'ork. and falls into Oneida Lake in Oneida county. 
 
 FISH CREEK. Oneida co.. New York, falls into Wood 
 Creek, about 2 miles from its mouth in the Oneida Lake 
 The east branch of this stream abounds with fine niill-seats. 
 
 FISH CREEK, of Saratoga co.. New York, tails into the 
 Hudson River, about 25 miles above its junction with the 
 Moh.awk. 
 
 FISH CREEK, of Michigan, rises in Montcalm co., and 
 flows into Maple River. 
 
 FISH CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Steuben co., and flows 
 into the St. Joseph's River of the Mauniee. 
 
 FISH CREEK, a post<iffice of Marshall CO., Virginia. 
 
 FISH CREEK, a post-offlce of Steuben co., Indian.a. 
 
 FISI1'D.\M, a post-village in Wake co., North Carolina, 
 20 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 F18HD.\M. a post-village in Union district. South Carolina, 
 60 miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 FISIID.\M, a post-ofiice of Elbert co., Georgia. 
 
 FISHER-ROW, a village of Scotland. See MrssEincBGH. 
 
 FISII'KR'S, a post-office of Ontario CO., New York. 
 
 FISHER'S, a pnst-offlce of Catawba co., North Carolina, 
 170 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 FISHER'S CREEK, a post-office of Hawkins co.. Tennes.see. 
 
 FISHER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Robertson co, 
 
 FISHER'S ISLAND, New York, off the E. end of Long 
 Island, is 8 miles long by 1 mile broad. 
 
 FISHER SOUND, a ch.annel of British North America, on 
 the W. coast, which separates Princess Royal Islands from 
 the continent, and forms the N. continuation of Fitzhugh's 
 Strait. Lat. 52° N., Ion. 130° W. It was discovered by Van- 
 couver in 1793. 
 
 FISHER'S RIVER, of North Carolina, a small stream 
 which flows through Surrey co. into the Yadkin. 
 
 FISHER'SAILLE, a flourishing post-village of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, partly in Concord and partly in Bos- 
 cawen townships, on the Northern and Claremont Railroad.s, 
 6 miles N. of Concord. It is pleasantly situated on both 
 sides of the Contoocook River, near its junction with the 
 Merrimack. It contains an academy, and is extensively 
 engaged in manufactures. 
 
 FISHERSVILLK, a manufacturing post-village of Wind- 
 ham CO.. Connecticut, on French River, and on the Norwich 
 and Worcester Railroad, 40 miles N..\.K. of Norwich. See 
 Thompson. • 
 
 FISIIERSVILLE, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 
 FISH'ERTOX AX'G ER. a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 f of a mile W. of Salisbury. The county jail is in this parish, 
 and petty sessions are held here. 
 
 FISIIERTON DE-LA-MERE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 FISU'ERVILLE, a post-office of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FISHERVILLE, a postK)fflce of Shelby co., Tennessee. 
 
 FISIIERVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky. 
 
 FISH'GUARD, or AB'ERGWAIN'. a seaport town and 
 parish of South AVales, co. of Pembroke, 14 miles N. of 
 Haverfordwest. Pop. in 1851, 2316. The town, on a cliff at 
 the mouth of the Gwain, has very steep street.s, irregularly 
 built, a valuable fishery, and exports of oats, butter, and 
 slates. The port, with a pier, a breakwater, outer and 
 inner basin, and light-house, is one of the best harbors in 
 St. George's Channel. A detachment of French, who landed 
 here in 1797, were captured by the inhabitants under Lord 
 Cawdor. 
 
 FISH HOUSE, a village of Fulton co., New Y^ork, on 
 Sacandaga River, 45 miles N.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 FISH'ING CREEK, of Columbia co., Pennsylvania, flowg 
 into the North Branch of the Sus(iuehanna jit Bloomsburg. 
 
 FISHING CREEK, in the N. part of West Virginia, flows 
 through Wetzel co. from E. to W., and enters the Oliio River 
 a little below New Martinsville. 
 
 675 
 
FIS 
 
 FIU 
 
 ■pi:JH rXG CRFEK, of North Cai-olina, rises in the N. part 
 ol the state, and, flowing soiitheastwaid, enters Tar Kiver a 
 fff miles ai)ove Tarlioioiiglj. 
 
 KISIIIN'U CKEElv, of South Carolina, rises in Yorli dis- 
 trict, and flows S.E. through Chester district into the 
 Catiwba Kiver. 
 
 FiSIIINO CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Savannah in 
 Lincoln county. 
 
 FISIIINU CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the East Fork 
 of White Kiver, at I^iwreuceport. 
 
 FISHING CREEK, of Missouri, enters Missouri Kiver 
 St)m the left in Kay county. 
 
 FISHING CREEK, a post-Tillage of Cape May ec, New 
 Jersey, on Delaware ISay, 6 miles S.W. of the county seat. 
 
 FISIIING CREEK, a township of Columbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1-266. 
 
 FISII'KILL, a postrvillage and township of Dutchess co., 
 K»»T York. The township borders on the lludson Kiver, 
 opposite Xewburg, being intersected by the Hudson River 
 lUilroad, about 60 miles N. of New York. The village is 
 situated on Fishkill Creek. 5 miles E. of the Hudson. It 
 Cuntiiins 4 churches, an academy, a bank, 1 printing ofiSce. 
 issuing a newspaper, and about 1500 inhabitants. There 
 are several other villiiges in the township. Fishkill is in- 
 tended to be made the western terminus of the Ilartfoi-d, 
 Providence and Fishkill Railroad, otherwise called the Bos- 
 ton, Hartford and Erie Railroad, wliich is opened from 
 Providence to 'Waterbury, Connecticut. Pop. 9546. See 
 Fishkill Lvxwvg. 
 
 FISHKILL CREEK, of Dutchess co., New York, Cills into 
 the Hudson Kiver about 2 miles below Newbui-g. 
 
 FISHKILL LANDING, a thrivins; post-village of Dutchess 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson Kiver, at the mouth of Fish- 
 kill Creek, opposite Newburg, about 60 miles N. of New 
 York, and on the Hudson Kiver Railroad. It has churches 
 of 3 ilenoiiiinations, 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, several fac- 
 tories, and an iron foundry with a machine-shop. The Bos- 
 ton, Hartford and Eiie Railroad extends to near this point, 
 between which and the New York and Erie Raih-oad com- 
 munication is to be effected by means of the Newburg 
 Branch Railraid and a ferry across the Hudson. A ferry 
 now plies between Fishkill Landing and Newburg. Pop. in 
 1860. about 160O. 
 
 FISHKILL MOUNTAINS. This term is sometimes ap- 
 plied to the hi,.;h!ands of the Hudson. 
 
 FISHKILL PL.A.INS, a post-village of Dutchess co., New 
 York. aV>out 02 miles N. of New York City. 
 
 I TSH'LAKE, a parish of England, co. of York. "West Riding. 
 
 VISH L-VKE, of New York, in the N. part of Fulton co., 
 is 3 or 4 miles long, and from 1 to li miles wide. 
 
 FISH'POND, a post-village of Tallapoosa co.. Alabama. 
 
 FTSH'POKT, a post-village of Kock Island co.. Illinois. 
 
 FISH RIVER, GREAT. See Great Fish River. 
 
 FISHTOFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FlSIinVICK, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 FISKE'DALE. a post-ofBce of Worcester CO.. Massachusetts. 
 
 FISKEN.IES, a settlement in the S. part of Greenland, 
 on the coiist, and the residence of an inspectorate. 
 
 FISK'EKTON, a p.%rish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FISKERTON, a township of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 FISKEVILLE, fisk'vil, a village in Providence co., Rhode 
 Island, on Pawtuxet Kiver, 12 miles S.W. of Providence. The 
 industry of the inhabitiints is chiefly directed to the manu- 
 fieture of cotton print goods, sheeting, thread, &c Pop. 
 from 1200 to 150<X 
 
 FISKS/BURG. a post-village in Kenton co., Kentucky, 40 
 miles N.N.K. of Frankfort. 
 
 FISKS COUNERS, a post-offlee, Winnebago co., Wisconsin. 
 
 FI.S'LERVlLLE.apost-office of Gloucester co., New Jersey. 
 
 FIS.MES, feem. (anc PUnes liemr/rumf) a town of France, 
 depirtment of Marne, at the confluence of the Ardre and 
 Yele, 15 miles W.N.W. of Reims. Pop. in lSo2, 2425. It has 
 manufactures of coarse woollens. 
 
 FISS.VTA, fis si't.l a seaport of North Africa, dominions, 
 and ft) miles W.N.W. of Tripoli. 
 
 FISTKLLA. a town of Morocco. See Tkfz^. 
 
 FIT.\TS, fee'tdts', or FITAKI, fe-tdTie. (Chinese, Ibhang- 
 loo. chdng-loo.) a town of Japan, island of Niphon, on a 
 river near the E. coast, 90 miles E.N.E. of Yeddo. 
 
 FITCIITJUKG, a semi-capital of Worcester CO., Massachn- 
 setts, 50 miles .N.M'. of Bo.ston. It is the terminus of three 
 important r.iilroads, viz., the FiUhburg, the Worcester and 
 Fitchburg, and the Vermont and Massiichusetts. It contains 
 B very handsome town-house, with a hall capable of seating 
 15 persona, 7 or S churches, 5 of them brick, and 1 (Bap- 
 tist) costing 5:.5,0OO, a jail, a public high-school, in which 
 pupils ure fitteil for college, 2 first-class hotels, one of which 
 cost $:;0.000, and the other $35,000, 3 printing offices, 2 banks, 
 a siivings institution, and an insurance company. Two news- 
 jiiipers are is.'iued here. Fitchburg alio contains 6 or 7 paper- 
 mills, several woollen and cotton-mills, 2 large manufactories 
 oi' chairs, and a celebrated macluue-shoj). The other pi iuci- 
 pal manufactures are piano-fortes, stejim-engines, machinery, 
 castings, etige-tools, and wooden-ware. Pop. in 1S40, 2604: 
 iu 1860, 5120; and in ISOO, 7805. 
 676 
 
 FITCHBURG, a post-village and township of, Dane co^ 
 Wisconsin. 10 miles S. of Madison. It has 1 church and 2 
 stores. Pop. 1177. 
 
 FITCH'POKT, a village of Garrard CO., Kentucky, about 45 
 miles S. of Frankfort. 
 
 FITCH'VILLE, a po.st-village and township in the S.E. 
 part of Huron co., Ohio, atiout 90 miles N. by E. of Colum- 
 bu.s. It has a Inion school. Pop- 1CI96. 
 
 FITEKO. fe-tA'ro, a town of Spain, 53 miles S.S.W. of Pam- 
 plona, on the .\lhama. Pop. 2263. 
 
 FIT'FCL HEAD, a headland on the S. coast of Shetland, 
 W. of Quend.al Bay. Elevation, 400 feet. 
 
 FlTsnvOKTH, a small village of Madison co., Arkansas. 
 
 FITrrLETON, a parish of England, co. of WUts. 
 
 FITTLKWOKTIl. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FITTK£, fit/tr.V, or FIDDKI, fid'dree', a lake of Central 
 .Africa, in Ni-ritia, near lat. 14° N.. Ion. 20° E., -200 miles E. 
 of Lake Tchad. 
 
 FITZ. fits, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 FITZABADING, fit-t^'bdMlng', a beautiful fertile district 
 in the S.W. part of Abyssinia, province of Gojam. 
 
 F'lTZ'HE.AD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 FITZHEN'RY, a post-office "of AVestmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvani.a. 
 
 FITZHENRY, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 FITZHUGII (fits^u) SOUND, a strait of North America, 
 in lat. 51° 3;i' N., Ion. 12S° 10' AV.. separating Calvert Island 
 from the mainland. It is 1 S miles long, and 3 miles broad. 
 
 FITZKOY. fits'roy, an island near the N.E. coast of .\us- 
 traU.1, 5 miles N.E. of Cape (irafti^ri. The N. peak is 550 
 feet hi;:h. Lat. 16° 55' N., Ion. 146° E. 
 
 FITZ'KOY HAR'BOR, a post-village of Canada West, co. 
 ofCarleton, 32 miles E. of Bytown. 
 
 F1TZ'»> ATERTOWN, a post-office of Montgomery co^ Tii^ 
 ginia. 
 
 FlTZnviL/MAJI. a post-village and towni=hip of Cheshire 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, 60 miles 
 S.W. of Concord. It has manufactures of pails, rakes, 
 leather, Ac. Pop. 1294. 
 
 FXULINAS, feoo-lee/nas, or FLOKINAS, flo-ree'nl.s, a vil- 
 lage on the island of Sardinia, province, and 9 miles S.S.E. 
 of Sassari. near the Pianora. Pop. '20-25. 
 
 FIUMAKA-DI-MUKO. fe-oo-mj'rd-dee-moo'ro, a village of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 7 miles N.N J:!, of Reg- 
 gio. Pop. 1400. 
 
 FIUME. te-oo'm.A or fyoo'mi, (Ger. Sitvct Veil am Hium, 
 sjnkt vite dm flOwm: lUyr. Hika, ree'kd,) a seaport tcJwn of 
 Austri.a. capital of the Hung.arian Littorale or KUstenland, 
 (-' Coastland."') on the small river Fiumara, where it falls 
 into the Gulf of Quarnero. at the N.E. extremitv of the Adri- 
 atic. Lilt, of the clock tower. 4.5° 19' 36" N., Ion. 14° 26' 45" E. 
 It consists of the old town, built on a height, and c-oniposed 
 of very indifferent houses, and gloomj-. dirty, winding, and ill- 
 paved sti-eets ; and of the new town, situated along the shore, 
 and presenting a very marked contr.-»st to the old town, by 
 the number of its handsome buildings, and the general spa- 
 ciousness .and regularity of its streets. The objects most de- 
 serving of notice are the old capitular or high church. MaiiS 
 Himmeltahrt, adorned with a fine front, the church of St. 
 Veit. formerly Ijelonging to the Jesuits, a handsome structure 
 in the firm of a rotunda, with a dome, and S marble pillars, 
 resembling the church of Maria della Salute, in Venice; the 
 casino, an elegant edifice, the governor's residence, barracks, 
 town-house, mona.steiies, &c. Fiumeis the seat of a military 
 governor, a mercantile and commercial court, a maritime 
 consulate, sanitarj- directory, customhouse, and bridewell; 
 and possesses a gymna.sium. a high school, and a burgher 
 hospital. Its manufactures include linen, leather, woollens, 
 refined sugar, refined wax, tuUicco, and especially rosoglio; 
 but ship-building is the chief business of the place, for 
 which the splendid forests of the Julian .\lps afford the 
 greatest facilities. The h;lrbo^ is very indifferent, and ad- 
 mits only small vessels; but the roadstead has sufficient 
 depth of water for vessels of am- si^e. at a few hundred yards 
 from the shore, and is well sheltered. The principiil exports 
 are corn, tobacco, wood, fruit, and salted provisions: the 
 princiiKil imports are sugar, rice, spices, and .salt. Fiume is 
 the only important seaport for the outlet of the produce 
 of Hungary. Its commercial importance was early per- 
 ceived, and easy communication with the interior has Ix'en 
 8 vured by a m.agnificent road of 73 miles to Carlstiidt, where 
 the navigation of the Save and Kulpa becomes available. 
 On an average of 7 years, the exports from Hungary through 
 Flume amounted to abjut $100,000. a year. The town was 
 occupied by the French from 1809 to 1S14. Pop. 11,000. 
 
 FIUME, fcMx/md. a village of Northern Italy, 26 miles 
 W.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 20li0. 
 
 FIUME DI -MSI. fe-oo'm:l dee nee'see, a seaport village of 
 Sicily, on the Strait of >Iessina. at the mouth of the ancient 
 C/irt/fotlio.is, 17 miles S.S.W. of Messina. Pop. 2200. Near 
 it are mines of alum, antimonv. and copper. 
 
 FIU.ME-FUEDDO. fcMxymA'-frSd'do, (i_. e. "cold .stre.am") 
 a town of Naples, province of Calabria Cltra, near the MeJi 
 terranean, 11 miles W.S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 24(H). 
 FIUME-FREDDO. a village of Sicily, on a Uttle river ol 
 
FIU 
 
 FLA 
 
 the same name, which flows from Mount Ktna. province of 
 Catania, and enters the .Mediterranean at Aci. Pop. 2840. 
 
 Ft UMICELt.0, fu-oo-me-chC'l'Io, a villape of Xorthern Italj", 
 1 mile \V. Brescia, with many country houses of the inha- 
 bitants of that city. 
 
 FJUMICIXO; fi'-oo-mechee'no. (anc. IhrHm AurjiixUi.) a 
 small seaport Tillage of Central Italy, in the I'ontifioal 
 States, 15 miles S.W.of Home, at the N. mouth of the Tiber. 
 It is a place of holiday resort for the Romans. 
 
 FIVK CORNEKS. a post-village of Cayuga co., New York, 
 about 22 miles S. of Auburn. 
 
 FIVE FI.NGERS POINT, a headland of New Zealand, Mid- 
 dle Island, on its AV. coast, in lat. 45° 33' S., Ion. 100° 18' K. 
 
 " Thk Five Fixqkks " is another point on the same coast. 
 Lat. 42° 2' S., Ion. 171° 25' E. 
 
 FIVE I'DRKS, a locality in Dinwiddle co., Virginia, noted 
 for a victory gained (April 1, 1805) by Gen. Sheridan, on 
 which occasion he took over 5000 jjrisoners. 
 
 FIVE'IIEAD, a parish of England, county of Somerset. 
 
 FIVE IIUM'MOCKS POINT, a headland of Ix.wer Cali- 
 fornia, on its W. coast. Lat. 30° 24' N., Ion. 115° 40' W. 
 
 FIVE ISLANDS, a group of small islands In the China 
 Sea, on the S. coast of China, province of Quang-tong, in lat. 
 21°40'N.. Ion. 112°3S'E. 
 
 FIVE ISLANDS, a group In the Tenasserim or Mergni 
 Archipelago, 5 miles S.E. of Pine-tree Island, about lat. 10° 
 20' N., Ion. 98° E. 
 
 FIVE ISLANDS, ("Cinque Islands,") in the Bay of Ben- 
 gal, otf the S.E. end of Rutland Island, one of the Anda- 
 mans, in lat. 11° 22' N., Ion. 92° 45' E. 
 
 FIVE ISLANDS, of .T.apan. See Goto Islands. 
 
 FIVE ISLANDS II.VKIJDR. a bay on the W. coast of the 
 island of Antigua, British West Indies. 
 
 FIVE MEN'S SOUND, in Frobishers Strait, British North 
 America. 
 
 FIVE MILE, a posfcofflce, Pickens district. South Carolina. 
 
 FIVE MILE, a post-oflice of Brown co., Ohio. 
 
 FIVE MILE CREEK, of Steuben co., New York, falls into 
 the Conhocton River. 
 
 FIVE MILE CREEK, of South Carolina, flows south-west- 
 ward throu<:h Lancaster district into Catawba River. 
 
 FIVE MILE HUN, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New 
 York. 
 
 FIVE-MTLE-TOWN, or BLES'SINGBOURN. a small mar- 
 ket-town of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, parish, and 6j miles \V. 
 by S. of Clogher. Pop. 693. 
 
 FIA'E POINTS, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FIVE POINTS, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio. 
 
 FIVF:S, feev, a village of France, department of Nord, 
 within 1 mile of Lille. Pop. in 1K52, 3018. 
 
 FIVIZZANO, fe-vit-si'no, a walled town of Tuscany, capi- 
 tal of a detached portion of territory, 34 m iles N .W. of Lucca. 
 Pop. ISOO. 
 
 FIX'BY, a township of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 FIZA, fee/z5h\ or FORED, (Fored.) fb'rjd'. a market-town 
 of Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Thei.ss, 27 miles S.E. of 
 Erlau. Pop. 4020. 
 
 FIZEN or FISEN, fee'z?n',a province of Japan, in the W. 
 part of the island of Kinosioo. It also includes 1010 islands 
 and islets, of which the Goto group and the island of Firando 
 are the most important. 
 
 F'JKLD or FIELD, fe-lW or fyJld, a Norwegian word, 
 elgnifying a mountain range. 
 
 FJOliD or FIORD, fe-oRd' or fyoRd, a Danish and Nor- 
 wegian word, signifying " b.iy or estuary," forming a part 
 of numerous names in the N. of £urope. 
 
 FLA.\CH, fldK, a village and parish of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 15 mifes N.N.E.of Zurich, beautifully situated near 
 the confluence of the Thur with the Rhine. Pop. 1002. 
 
 FLAClv'V) LLE, a post-office of St. Ltiwrence co., New York. 
 
 FLAD'BURY, a parish of EngLand, co. of Worcester. 
 
 FLAD'STRAND, Denmark, See Fredkrikshav.v, 
 
 FLAGU, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 1801. 
 
 FLAG'GON, a small bayou of Rapides parish, Louisiana, 
 flows into Catahoula L;ike. 
 
 FLAGG SPRING, a post-office of Campbell co,, Kentucky. 
 
 FLAGG'TOWN, a post-village of Somerset co.., New Jersey, 
 
 6 miles S.W. of Somerville. 
 
 I'L.^G'POND, a post-office of Washington CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 FLA(iSTAI), fldg'stdd. or FLA(iSTAIM)E, (Flagstad-oe,) 
 
 flJg'stdd-B^eh, a small island off the S.E. coast of Norway, 
 
 7 miles N.E. of Arendal. 
 FLAGSTAD.oneoftheLoffodenlslands.S.ofWest-Vaagen. 
 FLAGS'TAFF, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine. 
 FLAM'BOiiOUGlI. a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 
 Riding, on the North Sea. 4 miles E.N.E. of Bridlington. An 
 old fishing village occupies the centre of the celebrated pro- 
 montory Flamborough Head, which consists of a range of 
 limestone rocks, elevation 450 feet, extending along the 
 shore for several miles, with a light-house 214 feet above the 
 North Sea, in lat. 54° 7' N., Ion. 0° 5' E. On it are the remains 
 of an ancient towerand a Danish fosse. The rock is perforated 
 by caverns, which are the resort of numerous sea-fowl. 
 
 FLAM'BOROUGH, WEST, a village of Canada West. co. of 
 Halton, 3 miles S. of Dundas, and 8 miles from Hamilton. 
 
 FLAM'STEAD. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 FLANDERS, Han'derz. (L. FUn'dria ; f^p. Fliindeif, tliln- 
 di'S; It. Fiimdra, fe-dn'drii; Fr. Fhimire, Myii'r; Ger. 
 Flandern, fldii'dgrn; Dufch VlaiinOinn, vldn'der-^'n.') a 
 former country or district of Europe, now included in Hnl 
 land, Belgium, and France. It stretched from the Scheldt 
 below Fort Lillo, W. along the Hond or AVest Scheldt, and 
 AV.S.W. along the German Ocean, to the entrance of the 
 Straits of Dover, near Gravelines, The name occurs for the 
 first time in the seventh century. The erection of the teral- 
 tory into a county took place in the ninth centui-y, and w.as 
 made by Philip the Bold. King of France, in favor of his son- 
 in-law, Baldwin, of the Iron Arm. It afterwards passed to 
 the united houses of Spain and Austria, and ultimately to 
 the latter, but underwent considerable curtailment by the 
 conquests of the French in the W., when part of it l)ecame 
 French Flanders, and is now included in the departments 
 of Nord and Ardennes; and the conquests of the Dutch in 
 the N., who succeeded in including the ipost northerly por- 
 tion of it in the province of Zealand. The remainder still 
 retains its ancient name, and forms the modern pinvinces 
 
 of East and West Flanders, in Itelginm. Adj. Fiem'ish; 
 
 inhab. F'lem'ixo. (The French of both is Fi-amand. fld'niftx"'.) 
 
 FLANDERS, East, (Fr. Fliindre Orientale, flfiNd'r oVe-d.\=^- 
 til',) a province of Belgium, bounded N. by Holland. Area, 
 1154 .square miles. The surface forms an extensive plain, 
 belonging wholly to the ba.sin of the Scheldt, which, with 
 its tributaries, and canals connected with them, furnish 
 ample water communication. Its soil, partly of a sandy 
 and partly of a clayey texture, is so industriously and skil- 
 fully cultivated that it has the appearance of a vast garden, 
 and presents one of the richest rural landscapes which any- 
 where exists. The principal crops are wheat and flax. 
 Manufactures have m.ade great progress, and all the ordi- 
 nary, as well as the fine tissues of wool, cotton, and Hax 
 are largely produced. The province is divided into C arron- 
 dissements. Capital. Ghent or Gand. Pop. 810,583. 
 
 FLANDERS, AVest, (Fr. Flandre OmtPntalt, H5xd'r ok'- 
 see'ddx<''tll',) a province of Belgium, Ijounded N. and N.AV. 
 by the German Ocean, AA'.S.AV. and S. by France. Area, 1250 
 geographical square miles. The surface is generally flat, and 
 a range of sand hills or downs, lines the greater part of the 
 coast. The S.E. portion of the province belongs to the basin 
 of. the Schelde, but the far larger part of the pi-ovince sends 
 its waters directly to the German Ocean by a number of small 
 streams, chiefly employed in feeding canals. Much of the 
 soil is naturally sandy and poor, but the untiring industry 
 of the inhabitants has converted the far greater part of it 
 into fertile plains. Large tracts of m(K>r, however, still exist, 
 and cannot well be dispensed witii, as they form the prin- 
 cipal source of fuel. The most important crop is flax. The 
 principal brancli of industry is the manufacture of linen, 
 ordinary, and divmask. The province is divided into 8 arron- 
 dLssements. Capital, Bruges. Pop. 647,371. 
 
 FLAN'DERS, (Fr, Flandre, flS.xd'r,) an old province of 
 France, of which the capital was Lille. It is now comprised 
 in the department of Nord. 
 
 FLAN'DERS, a post>village of Suffolk co.. New York, on 
 the S. side of Long l.sland. about 225 miles S.S.E. of Albany. 
 
 FL.\NDE1!S. a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey, 54 
 miles N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 FLANDRE OCCIDENTAL. See Flanders, West. 
 
 FLANDRE ORIENTAL. See Fla.vders. East. 
 
 FLAN'NEN or FLAN'NAN ISLES, (written also FAN- 
 NAN.) or the " Seven Hunters," a group of islets of the He- 
 brides, Scotland, about 15 miles N.AV. of Gallan Head, in 
 Lewis. They are not inhabited, but feed numerous sheep, 
 and are a gre.at re-sort of sea-fowl. 
 
 FLAT, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio. 
 
 FLAT BRANCH, a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois. 
 
 FLAT BROOK, a post-office of Columbia co.. New York. 
 
 FLAT'BROOKVILLE, a post-village of Sussex co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware River, at the mouth of the Flatkill, 
 18 miles W. of Newton. 
 
 FLAT'BCSH, a post-village and township of King's co., 
 New York, 4 miles S.S.E. of Brooklyn. It contains churches 
 for the Episcopalians, Dutch Reformed, Methodists, and Ro- 
 man Catholics, and a flourishing institution called Erasmus 
 Hall. The American army was defeated neiir this village iu 
 1776. Pop. of township. 3471. 
 
 FLAT CREEK, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows through 
 Amelia county into the Appomattox River. 
 
 FLAT CREEK, of Twiggs co., Georgia, flow^ into the Oo- 
 mulgee River. 
 
 FLAT CHEEK, of Monroe co., Alabama, flows into Ala- 
 bama River 5 miles above Claiborne. 
 
 FL.\T CREEK, a post-office of Montgomery co.. New York 
 
 FLAT CHEEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FLAT CREEK, a post-office of Lowndes co., Georgia. 
 
 FL.\T CREEK, a postoffice of Bedford co.. Tennessee. 
 
 FLAT'HEAD or SAILISH (sAnish) IN'DIANS, a tribe 
 dwelling in Oregon, in the vicinity of Cl.ark's River and the 
 adjacent portion of the Columbia. Their name is derived 
 from a custom, formerly prevalent among them, of flatteu- 
 
 677 
 
FLA 
 
 FLE 
 
 ing the heads of their children, when very young, by arti- 
 ficial means. It is Siiid that this practice has been aban- 
 doned by them, though It still obtains among several other 
 tril>e.< to whom the name of Flatheads is not usually given. 
 Those tribes occupy the the territory on both sides of the 
 Columbia Kiver, for a considerable dist-tnce from its mouth. 
 They are commonly of diminutive stature, .andb.idly made; 
 a wide mouth and thick lips, nose thick, and nostrils large. 
 The tlatt«ning of the head is accomplished by subjecting 
 the skull of the infant to constant and severe meclianical 
 pressure during the first si.\ or eight months of its life. It 
 does not appear that this operation has any effect in dimi- 
 nishing the capacity of the cranium, or the whole volume of 
 brain. 
 
 FLATIIOLM, an islet of England, in the Bristol Channel, 
 CO. of Somerset, i>arish, and 8 miles W,\.W. of Uphill. It is 
 about IJ miles in circumference, consists mostlyof rich pas- 
 ture land, and has a light-house with a revolving light, 156 
 feet .ilKive the sea,jn lat. 51° 22' 36" X., Ion. 3^7' 3" W., and 
 an inn resorts to by pleasure parties. 
 
 FLAT ISLAND, a small island of the Mergui Archipelago, 
 S.E. of Asia. 
 
 FLAT ISLANDS, two islets off the W. coast of Sumatra, 
 in lat. 2° 20' X., Ion. 9<iO 3' E. 
 
 FLAT'KILL CREEK, in the X. part of New Jersey, rises 
 in Sussex county, and enters the Delaware on the boundary 
 between that county and Warren. 
 
 FL.\T'LAN'D. a post-office of Humphreys co., Tennessee. 
 
 FLATLANDS, a post-village and township of King's co., 
 New York, about 7 miles S.S.E. of Brooklyn. Pop. 1652. 
 
 FL.\T LICK, a postrofflce of Claiborne parish, Louisiana. 
 
 FLAT LICK, a post-office of Knox Co.. Kentucky. 
 
 FLATOW, fii'tov, (Pol. ZUtown. zlo-to'vo or OMoiuo, tchlo- 
 to'vo.) a town of Western Prussia, S3 miles W.S.W. of Mari- 
 enwerder. Pop. 2320. It hiis manufacturesof cloth and lace. 
 
 FLAT POINT, is the S. extremity of the island of Suma- 
 tra, and a headland on the S. coast of Borneo. 
 
 FLAT POND, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia. 
 
 FL.\T KIVER, a small affluent of Xeu.se River, rises in 
 Person co.. North Carolina, and joins the Xeuse near the X. 
 extremity of Wake county. 
 
 FL.\T RIVER, of Michigan", a small stream which enters 
 Grand River in Kent countv. 
 
 FLAT RIVER, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan, 148 
 miles W. by X. of Detroit. 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a postoffice of Henderson co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a postK)ffice of Kershaw district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FL.\T ROCK, a post-village of Henry co., Georgia, about 
 80 miles N.W. of Slilledgeville. It is almost on the line be- 
 tween Henry and De Kalb counties. 
 
 FL.\T ROCK, a postoffice of Bourbon co., Kentucky. 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a township in the W. part of Henry co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 903. 
 
 FLAT R(X:K, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio. 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a post-vill.ige of Wayne co., Michigan, on 
 Huron River, 25 miles S.W. of Detroit. It has good water- 
 power, and several mills. 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a township in Bartholomew co^ Indiana. 
 Pop. 1303. . 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a post-village of Shelby co.. Indiana, near a 
 stream of the same name, aix)ut 12 miles S. by W. of Shelby- 
 TUle. 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a post-office of Crawford co., Hlinoi.'?. 
 
 FLAT ROCK, a village of Cape Girardeau co., Missouri, 
 about ISO miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 FLAT ROCK CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into the 
 ■Wateree from the left, about 8 miles X.W. of Camden. 
 
 FL.\T ROCK CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Henry CO.. 
 flows south-westward, and enters the Driftwood Fork of 
 White River at Columbu.s, after a course of about 100 
 miles. It flows through a rich farming region, and fur- 
 nishes a large amount of water-power. The Indian name 
 is Puck-op-kah. 
 
 FLAT SIIOAL CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Chattahoo- 
 chee River in Harris co., a few miles below AVest Point. 
 
 FLAT SHOALS, also called FLAT SIIOAL FACTORY, a 
 post-village of Meriwether co., Georgia, on the Flint River, 
 i>6 miles W, of Milledgeville. The river at this place affords 
 abundant water-power. 
 
 FLATTERY. CAI'E, Oregon. See Cape Fiattert. 
 
 FLAVACOUR, fliVa'kooR'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Oise. 3 miles N.W. of Chaumont. 
 
 FLATTERY CAPE, n cape of Eastern Australia, In Ut. 
 14^ 52' S., Ion. 145° 2' 21" E. 
 
 FLAT T(jP. a postoffiee of fiercer co., Virginia, 
 
 FLATWOf)DS, a post-office of Favette CO., I'ennsvlvanla. 
 
 FL.4TW00D.S. a post-office of Braxton co., A'irginia. 
 
 FLATWOODS. a post-office of Izard co.. Arkansas. 
 
 FL.^'VEL-FLY'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 FL.VVIGNY, fli'WeenVee'. a town of France, department 
 of (dte dOr. 27 miles X.AV. of Dijon, with 1234 inbabitaotb, 
 and the remains of an abbey. 
 C78 
 
 FL AVION A VI A. See Aviles. 
 
 FLAVY-LE-MARTEL, fliVee'-lfh-m.iR't^l', a village <rt 
 France, department of Aisne, 9 miles S.S.W. of St. Quentiu. 
 Pop. 1563. 
 
 FL.A.XBOUR'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 FL.\X'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 FL-WOSC, flrosk', a village of France, department of 
 Var. 4 miles W. of Draguignan. Pop. 1826. 
 
 FLECHE, LA. Id flaish, a town of France, department of 
 Sarthe, on the Loire, 24 miles S.S.W. of Le JIans. It is 
 ornamented with fountains, and supplied by an equeduct 
 upw.ards of half a mile in length. On an i.sland in tUe Loire, 
 which separates the town from its suburb.s, are the reni.nins 
 of an ancient castle. The other principal edifices are a mili- 
 tary college, formerly a Jesuits' college, the Town-hall, 
 Court-house, Hospital, and the Church of St. Thomas, from 
 the lofty spire (fleclie) of which the town derived its name. 
 It has some linen, hosiery, and glove manufactures. Pup. 
 in 185'2, 704S. 
 
 FLECKEROE, (FleckerSe,) flfck'er-iiVh, an isl&nd off the 
 S. coast of Norway, 3 miles S. of Christiansand, with a good 
 harbor. 
 
 FLECK'XEY. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 FLED'BOROUGil. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 FLEET, a parish of England, c-o. of Lincoln. 
 
 FLEET, a small river of Scotl.ind. i-ssuiiig from a lake of 
 the s.ime name, and flowing S.S.E. into Wigton Bijy. It is 
 also the name of a small river of England, an affluent of the 
 Trent, co, of Notts: and of ancient Fleta, which bounded 
 the Roman city of London on the W., and is now a covered 
 sewer called Fleet-ditch. 
 
 FLEET, LOCH, loK fleet, Scotland, is an arm of the sea 
 on the S.E. coast of the co. of Sutherland. Across its E. end 
 a road is carried by an embanked earthen mound. 
 
 FLEET'VJ LLE. a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 150 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 FLEET'WOOD. a new .seaport and watering-place of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Lancaster, parish of PouIton-le-Fylde, on the 
 Wyre. at the entrance of Morecorabe Bay, 18 miles X.W. of 
 Preston with which it communicates by railway. Pop. in 
 1851, 3373. The town, rapidly increasing, has a church and 
 hotel, market-house, custom-house, light-house, and docks. 
 Several steamers ]>ly between it and Ireland and Scotland — 
 its position, and the easy access of its harbor, giving a de- 
 cided advantage over most other ports as a point of commu- 
 nication between London. Helta.st. and Glasgow. 
 
 FLEETWOOD ACAIVEMY, a post-office of King and 
 Queen co., A'irginia. 
 
 FLEHINGEN, tt.'l'hing-en. a village of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine, 6 miles from Bretten. Pop. 1138. 
 
 FLEKKEFIORD or FLEKKEFJORD. flikOjeh-fe-oKdN a 
 maritime town of Norway, stift. and 55 miles W. of Christian- 
 sand, anit of Mandijl, on an inlet of the North Sea. Pop. 873. 
 
 FLEM'ING. a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, h.is 
 an area estimated at 500 .square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S.AA'. by Licking River, and drained by Fleming. Fox. and 
 Triplett Creeks. The eastern part is hilly or mountainous, 
 and the western undulating. The soil is mostly of lime- 
 stone formation, and is productive. A depo.sit of iron ful- 
 gurites occurs near Licking River; the oxide of iron is 
 formed into regular tubes, from the size of a pistol-barrel to 
 .several inches in diameter. The county is intersected by 
 the Maysville and Lexington Railroad. Organized in 1798, 
 and named in honor of Colonel John Fleming, an early 
 settler of Kentucky. Capital, FlemingHburg, Pop. 12,489, 
 of whom 10,471 were free, and 'XHS slaves. 
 
 FLKMING, a post-villrtge and township of Cayuga co.. 
 New A'ork, on Owasco Lake, 4 miles S, l^y AV. of Auburn. 
 The villiige contains 2 churches and several stores. Pop. of 
 the township, 1-31. 
 
 FLEMING, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FLE5IIN0. a post-office of Livingston co., Michigan. 
 
 F'LEM'ING'S. a post-office of AVeakley co., Tennessee, 121 
 miles AA'. of Nashville. 
 
 FLEMINGS, a postrvillage of Shelby co., Indiana, 5 miles 
 S.AV. of Shelbv.ville. 
 
 FLEM'INGSBURO. a po.st-villase. capital of Fleming co., 
 Kentucky. 75 miles E. by X. of Frankfort, and 17 miles S. 
 of Jlaysville. It contains a large court-house. 6 churches, a 
 branch bank, 1 academy, 1 newspaper office, and 10 stores. 
 Pop. about 800. 
 
 FLEM'INGSTOXE, a parish of South AVales, co, of Glv 
 morgan. 
 
 FLEM'INOSVILLE. a post-village of Tioga co.. New Y'ork, 
 5 or 6 miles N.E. of Owego. 
 
 FLEM'INGTON. a post-village, capital of Huntei-don co,, 
 New Jersey, is situated in Raritan township. 28 miles by 
 railroad N.N.AV. of Trenton. It has 4 churches, 9 stores, 
 2 hotels, 1 bank, a fine court-house, a large academy, 3 news- 
 paper offices, and many handsome buildings. Some beds of 
 copper ore near the village have given ri8<» to a mania for 
 sj)ecuh\ting in copper-mine stocks. Three or fonr companies 
 expended a considerable amount of money i'l exploring the 
 i mines; and it is stated that they a*^ Dow worked with 
 
FLE 
 
 ru 
 
 success. A 1)ranch railroad has been completed from this 
 place to the Belvidere Railroad near Lambertville. Pop. 
 1174. 
 
 FLEMINQTON,apostrviUage ofClinton co., Penusylvania. 
 
 FLK-MIN(jTON, a post-village iu Wake co., Korth Caro- 
 lina, 15 mile."; N.W. ofKaleigh. 
 
 I'LKMINGTON, a post-oHice of Marlon co., Florida. 
 
 FLKMIVTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FLEXS'UKKG, a village of Ethngham co., Illinois, on the 
 Little Wabash Kiver, 97 miles S.E. of Springfield, has seve- 
 ral mills. L:iid out in 1851. 
 
 I'LE.NSBOim, U^ns'boua, or FLENSBURQ, fl^ns/bMRO, 
 (L. Fkiufplijlis,) a market-town of Denmark, in Sleswiek, 
 kt the W. end of Flensborg Fiord, an inlet about 20 
 miles long, by from 2 to 10 miles broad, \yilh from 5 to 
 12 fiithoms water, 20 miles N.N.W. of Sleswiek. Lat. 
 64° 40' 54" N., Ion. 9° 20' 12" E. It is well built, and 
 has several handsome streets, and three market squares, 
 a high school, and several others, 4 churches, a hospital, a 
 penitentiary, Ttnd several charitaljle and useful institutions. 
 The industry of the place comprises sugar-retining, tobaeco- 
 Bpiuuing, soap-makiug, iron-founding, brewing, distilling, 
 &c.; and there are here ship-yards in which West India 
 merchantmen are built. In 1847 the port had 140 vessels, 
 of 14,000 total tonnage, some of which traded to the West 
 Indies. In 1848, 706 vessels arrived iu the port. Flensborg 
 Is an ancient town and the most populous and important 
 in the duchy of Sleswiek. As early as the twelfth century 
 it was a wealthy place; but it afterwards suffered greatly 
 from wars and conHagrations. In the war with Britain in 
 1807, its commerce was greatly impaired. In 1S48, the Ger- 
 mans took possession of Flensborg, and its envii-ons became 
 the scene of hostile operations. Pop. 19,082. 
 
 FLEUS, HaiR, a town of France, depiirtment of Ome, 11 
 miles N.N.E. of Domfront. It has manufactures of linen 
 and cotton goods. Pop. iu 1852. 8401. 
 
 FLESSELLLS, tlfe\s^ll', a village of France, department 
 of Sorame. 7 miles N. of Amiens. Pop. 1693. 
 
 FLETCII'EK, a post-township of Franklin CO., Vermont, 
 20 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 916. 
 
 FLETCHER, a post^village of Miami co., Ohio, 80 miles N. 
 of Cincinnati, has about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 FLETCll'lNG, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 3i miles 
 N.W. of Uckfield. liere it the Gothic mansion of the Earl 
 of Sheffield. Iu the church is a monument to Gibbon. 
 
 FLE'l 'TON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 FLEUKANCE, fluh^idxss', a town of France, department 
 of Oers, 14 miles N.E. of Aueh. Pop. in 1852, 4309. 
 
 FLEUKBAIX, fluR^bA/, a village of France, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais. Pop. 2963. 
 
 FLEUKIER, llthVe-A', a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 18 miles S.W. of Neufchatel, in the Val Travers. 
 
 FLEUKS CASTLE, tloorz cas'sgl, (rhyming with mnorz,) 
 the seat of the Duke of Roxburgh, in Scotland, co. of Rox- 
 burgh, on the Tweed, 1 mile above Kelso. It is a superb 
 mansion, built by Vanburgh iu 1718. 
 
 FLEURUS, tlL'hVuce', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, in a wide plain, 7 miles N.E. of Charleroi. Pop. 
 2370. Sanguinary battles took place in its vicinity in 1622, 
 1670, 1794, and 1815. 
 
 FLEURY, fluh'ree', a village of France, department of 
 Aude, 7 miles N.E. of .Narbonne. Pop. 1306. 
 
 FLEURY, a village of Franco, department of Yonne, OJ 
 miles N.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 1420. 
 
 FLEURY-SUR-ANDELLE. fluh^ee'-sUR-aNoMJll', a village 
 of Franco, department of Eure, 9 miles N.N.W. of Andelys. 
 Near it are the remains of Mortimer Abbey, begun iu 1154 
 by Henry II. of England. 
 
 FLEUUY-SUR-LOIRE, flthVee'-sUn-lwaR, a village of 
 France, on the Loire, 20 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. 
 
 FLE V US LACUS. See Zuydf.r Zee. 
 
 FLEWEIVLIN'S CROSS ROADS, a postofficeof De Soto 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 FLICK&'VILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 117 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 FLIEDEN, ftee'den, a village of Hesse Cassel, 9 miles S.W. 
 of Fulda, on the Flieden. Pop. 1762. 
 
 FLU. a town of Spain. See Fux. 
 
 FLIM'BY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 FLIMS, ttims, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton 
 of Orisons, U miles W. of Chur, about 2700 feet above sea 
 level. Pop. 997. 
 
 FLIN'DERS, a group of four islands off the N.E. coast of 
 Aafctralia, near Cape Flinders, at the mouth of Bathurst 
 Bay. Lat. 14° 11' 5" S., Ion. 144° 12' 5" E. 
 
 FLINDERS, a bay of .Western Australia, co. of Sussex, 
 between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Beaufort. Lat. 34° 20' S. 
 There is no landing for a boat on its E. and N. shores. 
 
 FLINDERS, a river of Northern Australia, flowing into 
 the Guif of Carpentaria. 
 
 FLIN'DERS' LAND is a nanja formerly given to the 
 coast of Southern Australia, between Ion. 127° and 140° E., 
 discovered lly Flinders in 1802. 
 
 FLINDERS' RANGE, in Southern Australia, is a moun- 
 tain system, extending, with its ramifications, N.N.E. from 
 
 about lat. 32° S., Ion. 138° E., through the peninsula, siir- 
 rounded by Lake Torrens. Mount Serle, its chief summit, 
 is in lat. 30° 30' S.. Ion. 138° 40' E. 
 
 FLINE.S-LES-MORTAGNE, tieen-U-moRHan'. a village ol 
 France, department of Nord, on the Scheldt, 7 miles S.S.E. 
 of Tournay. Pop. 1832. 
 
 ,FL1NES-LEZ-RACH, fleen-lA-rSsh. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Nord, 3 miles N.E. of Douiii, with 3600 inha- 
 bitants, and an ancient Cistercian abbey. 
 
 FLINN, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana. Pop. 1278. 
 
 FLINN'S LICK, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennes.see. 
 
 FLINSBERG, tlins/bteo, a village of Prussian Silesia. 40 
 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. on the QueisS. Pop. 1700. It has 
 mineral springs and Uaths. 
 
 FLINT or FLINT'SHIRE, a maritime co. of North Wales, 
 having N. the Irish Sea, E., the Dee. and S. and W., Den- 
 bighshire. Area. 289 sijuare miles, it being the least of the 
 Welsh counties. Pop. in 1851, 08,150. Surface level in the 
 N.; elsewhere finely diversified, and a mountain range rung 
 parallel with the Dee, throughout the county. Chief rivers, 
 tlie Deo and Clwyd. The soil is extremely fertile in tlio 
 plains and vales. Principal agricultural products, wheat, 
 and cattle of a small but excellent breed, with clieese and 
 butter. Its lead-mines are now the mo.st exten.^ive in the 
 empire; those of copper .are also valuable, and coal, near the 
 Dee, is plentifully obtained for smelting works and for ex- 
 port. Chief towns, Flint, Mold, St. Asaph. Holywell, Rhydd- 
 lan, and Ilawarden. The great line of railway to connect 
 London with Holyhead, traverses the county. The county 
 sends 1 memlxir to the House of Commons, and 1 is re- 
 turned for Flint and its contributory boroughs. 
 
 FLINT, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport, 
 watering-place, and parish of North Wales, capital of the 
 county of Flint, on the e.stuary of the Dee, 12j miles W.N.W. 
 of Chester. Pop. of paimh. in 1851. 2845; of parliamentary 
 borough, 3296. It is surrounded by ancient intrenchments, 
 has the ruins of a castle of great strength, a fine county 
 jail and guiltlhall, considerable exports of coal and lead 
 from the large mines in the vicinity, and imports of timber, 
 &c. Its wharves are appraiched by vessels of oCKJ tons at all 
 states of the tide. Flint is the principal polling-place for 
 the county. It unites with St. Asaph and Rhyddlan, &c. 
 in sending 1 member to the Hou.ee of Commons. 
 
 FLINT, a post-office of Cherokee Nation. Arkansas. 
 
 FLINT, a post-town and capital of Genesee co.. Michigan, 
 is pleasantly situated on Flint River, 64 miles by railroad 
 N.W. of Detroit. A railroad extends from this point to East 
 Saginaw. Flint is surrounded by a fertile country, and the 
 river affords a valuable water-power in the immediate 
 vicinity. The Michigan Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb 
 and Blind, located here, is a fine edifice, Flint contains 
 a city hail, 6 churches, 3 banks. 2 newspaper offices, 7 
 steam saw-mills, and 4 fiouring-mills. Population in 1S60, 
 2950. 
 
 FLINT, a post-ofSce of Steuben co.. Indiana. 
 
 FLINT CREEK, of Ontario co.. New York, flows north- 
 ward into the Canandiiigua outlet. 
 
 FLINT CREEK, of Indiana, a small stream flowing into 
 the Wabash, near the northern extremity of Fountain co. 
 An immense bed of small fragments of flint is found at the 
 mouth of this creek. 
 
 FLINT CREEK, a little stream of Des Moines co., Illi- 
 nois, falls into the Mississippi Itiver. 
 
 FLINT CREEK, a post-village of Ontario co., New Y'ork, 
 184 miles W. of'Albany. 
 
 FLINT CREEK, a post-office of Harrison co., Mississippi. 
 
 FLINT CREEK, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 35 
 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 FLINT GAP, a post-office of Knox co., Tenne.ssee. 
 
 FLINT'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 FLINT HILL, a post-office of Rappahannock co., Virginia. 
 
 FLINT HILL, a post-village of St. Chiirles co., Missouri, 
 48 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 FLINT ISLAND, a post-office of Mead co., Kentucky. 
 
 FLINT POINT, a post-office of Jlontgomery co., Missouri. 
 
 FLINT RIDGE, a post-office of Lancaster district. South 
 Carolina, 
 
 FiJNT RIVER, of Georgia. (r/iro»!a<f««/,a of the Indians,) 
 rises near Fayetteville, in the western part of the state, and 
 flowing in a general southward direction, pa.«ses hy Lanier, 
 Ogletliorpe. and Albany, and unites with the Chattahoochiee 
 at the south-western extremity of Georgia, forming the 
 Appalachicola. Steamboats ascend to Albany, which is aliout 
 250 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. The whole length of 
 the Flint is estimated at 300 miles. 
 
 FLINT RIVER, a small river of Morgan co., Alabam,a, 
 flows into the Tenne.ssee, near Decatur. 
 
 FLINT RIVER, of Michigan, a branch of the Saginaw, 
 rises in Lapeer CO., flows W. and N.W,, and unites with the 
 Shiawassee near the middle of Saginaw co. Lenzth estunated 
 at 100 miles. Small boats can ascend it 20 miles or more. 
 . FLINT RIVER, a po.st-office of .Madi.son co.. Alabama. 
 
 FLINT ROCK, a post-office of Catawba co., North Carolina 
 
 FLINTS, apost-office of Franklin co., Ge<ir!ria. 
 
 FLINTSUIllE, a county of Wales. See Fuxt. 
 
 679 
 
 J 
 
JLI 
 
 TLO 
 
 nJNTfi MILLS, a post-office of Washin<rton co., Ohio. 
 
 FLINT .^PKING, a post-office of Bradley co.. Tennessee. 
 
 FLINT'VILLE. a post-village of Marion district, South 
 Carolina, abnut 130 miles E. by X. of Columbia. 
 
 FLir'PO'S, a post-office of Caroline co.. Virginia. 
 
 FLISK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 5 miles N.X.W. 
 of Cupar. On the Tay. in this parish, stands the ruin of 
 Bambreich Castle, the ancient seat of the Kothes family. 
 
 FLISK. a small river of Ireland, which flows into the 
 Lake of Killarney. 
 
 FLITCil'AM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FLITSCU. flitch, or PLKSS. plftss. a market-town of 
 Illyria, 50 miles X.N.W. of Triest. on the Isonzo. Pop. 2100. 
 Near it is the Flitscher-Kliiise. (Hitch'f i^klOw'zfh,) a pass 
 cut across the Julian Alps in 1809. 
 
 FLITTOX, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 FLIT'WICiv. a p;irish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 FLIX or FLU, HeeH, a town of Spain, 40 miles W. of Tara- 
 gona, on a peninsula of the Ebro. Pop. 1S37. It has mauu- 
 fiictures of linens. 
 
 FLIX'BOKOUlilL a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FLI.XECOUKT, fleex'kooa', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Somme. 12 miles X.AV. of Amiens. Pop. 1729. 
 
 FLIXToX. a parish of England, co. of Lanca-ster. 
 
 FLIXTOX, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FLOBECQ. tto^blk, a village of Belgium, province of n,ai- 
 naut, 22 miles X.E. of Tournay. Pop. 5258. It has exten- 
 sive manufactures of linens. 
 
 FUXJKTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 FLfJD'DA or FLAD'DA, an islet of the Hebrides, off tlie 
 N.W. point of Itasay. 
 
 FLOD'DEX. a hill of England, co. of Northumberland, 
 8 miles X.X.W. of Wooler. Around its base was fought, 
 September 9th. 1613. between the English and Scotch, the 
 celebrated battle of Fl'iclden Fidd, described with such spii-it 
 and power in the last canto of Scott's M irtnion. A pillar 
 has been erected on the spot, to commemorate this action. 
 
 FLOGXY, flonVee', a village of France, department of 
 Tonne, on the canal of Burgundy. 18 miles X.W. of Auxerre. 
 
 FLOII, flo. a village of llesse-Cassel, province, and E.X.E. 
 of Fulda. on the Xessehvasser. Pop. 1140. 
 
 FLOXIIEIM. flon'hirae. a market-town of Germany, hi 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, 17 miles S.S.\V. of Mehtz. Pop. 1602. 
 
 FLOORE, floor, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 FIaVKA. a post-office of Smith co., Texas. 
 
 FLORA, a township of Sauk co.. AVLscon.sin. 
 
 FLOR.\C. floVdk'. a town of France, department of Lo- 
 lire. 15 miles S.E. of Mende, on the Tamon. Pop. 1904. 
 
 FLO'RAL COL/LEOE. a small village of Kolieson co.. 
 North Carolina, 95 miles S.W. of iialeigh, has a female semi- 
 nary of high standing. 
 
 FLOK'DOX. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 FLOR'EXCE, (It. Firenze, te-rin'zL or Ftcrema. fe-o-rJn'- 
 ci; Fr. Florence, flo^rftsss'; Ger. Florem. flo-r^nts/; anc. Fit*- 
 ren'tia Tuscf/rum,) a celebrated city of Tuscany, and the 
 present capital of Italy, at the terminus of two railways, 
 one conne<'ling it with Prato and Pistori.i, the other with 
 Leghorn, Pisa, and Sienna, 143 miles N.W. of P,ome. and 50 
 miles E.N.E. of Leghorn ; lat. (cathedral) 43° 46' 3H" X.. Ion. 
 11° 15' 30" E. It is intersected by the Arno. which divides it 
 into two unequal parts, the larger being on the X. side of the 
 river. The latter varies here in width from aliout 100 to 150 
 yards, and is crossed by four bridges, one of these, the Ponte 
 della Santa Trinita. is of marble, and remarkable for its light- 
 ness and elegance; it is formed of three elliptic, arches, and is 
 adorned with statues. There are l)esides two suspension 
 bridges. All these bridges are within a few hundred yards 
 of each other. On either side of the Arno is a spacious quay, 
 called the Lungo TArno. ("'along the Arno,") a lavorite 
 lounge or promenade of the Florentines. The city is sur- 
 rounded by an old wall. 4i miles in circuit, in which there 
 are seven gates. There are also two fortres.ses on the line of 
 the walls, but they are now wholly useless for military pur- 
 poses. The streets are generally narrow, but are clean, and 
 well paved with flagstones. The private dwellings are mostly 
 handsome, and the palaces, of which there are a great many, 
 are noble and impressive structures. Many of these are 
 magnificently fitted up, and confciin extensive libraries, and 
 valuable collections of paintings, one of the choicest in Italy 
 being in the I'itti Palace, formerly the residence of Luca 
 Pitti. the formidable opponent of the Medici family, now 
 occupied by the grand duke. The city contains numerous 
 pi:izzas or squares, the most iraportaiit of which, and the 
 centre of puMic life, is the Piazza del Grauduca, adorned 
 with a marble fountain, and a bronze statue of Cosmo I., by 
 John of Bologna. Several of the other squares are of a con- 
 Fiderable size, and many of them are named from the church 
 they contain. 
 
 The most remarkable building in Florence, and perhaps 
 the most remarkal>le of the kind in Europe, is the Duomo 
 or Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. situated in a spacious 
 square, nesirly in the centre of the city. It is a stupendous 
 pdifice. with a dome, the largest in the world, and said to 
 have excited both the admiratioa aod emulation of Michael 
 
 Angelo. Its walls are of brick, incrnsted with black and 
 white marble, and its floors are p.ived with the same mate- 
 rial, of various colors; it is also adorned, both within and 
 without, with marble statues, the works of the most ''mi- 
 nent sculptors; and its paintings are. in general, master- 
 pieces of the art. The Duomo Wiis begun at the end of the 
 thirteenth century by Aniolfo di Lapo, was continued by 
 other successive architects, and completed in the fifteenth 
 century by Brunelleschi, who erected its vast dome. Oppo- 
 site the gates of the cathedral is the small octagonal church 
 of St. John. (San Giovanni,) now used as a geneial bap- 
 tistry for the city, the three bronze gates of which aro 
 celebrated as the most be.autiful castings extant. One 
 of them, the work of Ghiberti. was s-aid by Michael Angelo 
 to be worthy of being the gate of paradise. Xone of the 
 other churches, the number of which is said to be 170, 
 exhibit any remarkable architectural excellence, though, in 
 many instances, their internal decorations are sufficiently 
 imposing. The church of Santa Croce contains, among 
 other interesting tombs, those of Jlichael Angelo. Buona- 
 rotti. Galileo, Machiavelli, and Alfieri. The two market- 
 places, the Mercato Vecchio, and the Mercato Xuovo, are 
 deserving of notice; the gallery (loggia) of the latter was 
 built by Cosmo I., from designs by Tasso. These markets 
 are amply supplied with merchandise and provisions of all 
 sorts, and with a profusion of the most gorgeous flowers, on 
 which, it has been said, more money is spent in Florence 
 than in any other p;irt of the world. Immediately behind, 
 and extending S.W. from the Palazzo Pitti. are the Boboli 
 gardens, about ly miles in circumference. Magnificent lau- 
 rels, cypresses, j-uccas. Ac, form their chief natural attrac- 
 tions : their artificial ornaments consist of terraces, statues, 
 and vases, including four unfinished figures by Michael 
 -ingelo. Siiid to h.ave been intended tor the tomb of Popfe 
 Julius II. The proudest boast of Florence, however, is its 
 grand gallery, (tialleria Imperiale e Heale.l It occupies the 
 upper story of a fine building, called the XTffizi, erected by 
 command of Cosmo I., after a design by Vasari. In this gal- 
 lery are contained specimens of palming and statuary by 
 the greatest masters in these arts. In statuary, among nu- 
 merous antiques may be specified the celebrated Venus de 
 Medici, and the group of Xiolie and her children; and in 
 painting, there are works by Michael Angelo, Raphael, Ti- 
 tian. Quercino. Correggio, Guido, and numeroxis others of 
 the first names in various schools. 
 
 The Laurentian Library, a long and lofty gallery, with 
 ixautiful windows of stoined glass, contains upwards of 
 90W ancient MSS_ equalled in importance by no collection, 
 except the Vatican. The Maglialiecchian Library is the great 
 repository of printed l)Ooks. The library, called the Biblioteca 
 Marucelliana. comprises a large and excellent collection of 
 books, bequeathed to the public by .\bate Francesco Maru- 
 celli. who died in 1703. The Biblioteca Kiccardiana is a 
 fourth public library, founded in the end of the .^^ixteenth 
 century by Kiccardo Romolo Riccardi, and has recently 
 been purchased by tlie government It contains 23,000 vo- 
 lumes, and 35.000 MSS.: these last more especially belong 
 to the literature of the Middle Ages. The private libraries 
 are numerous and extensive ; that of the grand duke con- 
 tains upwards of 60.000 volumes, and 1500 MSS. The cha- 
 riUible institutions of this superb city of palaces are many 
 and important ; some of them are of very ancient date ; one, 
 called the buonuomini (good men) di San JIartino, has 
 been in existence for 400 years. It con.sists of a societj- of 20 
 gentlemen, who collect and distribute .alms among the poor 
 who are ashamed to beg, unfortunate persons starving un- 
 der a genteel appearance. Another, which has existed for 
 500 years, called the Misericordia. is diffu.sed over Tu.scany. 
 At Florence it consists of 400 persons cho.sen promiscuously 
 from every rank, who volunteer their .services to the sick, 
 the hurt, and the dead. Among those of recent creation is 
 the SocietA di San Giovan Batist.a, instituted chiefly lor the 
 purpose of endowing poor maidens. Its distributions in Flo- 
 rence alone amount to between 3000/. and 4CO(i7. annually. 
 Schools, and other literary and educational establi.'^hments, 
 are also numerous. The most eminent of the.se is the Accade- 
 niia DelLi Crusca. a society of Italian philologists, who com- 
 piled the great dictionary of the Italian language, and which 
 continues, under another name, to discuss and decide upou 
 questions concerning that language, its grammatical rule.s 
 and the choice, application, and etymology of its words, on all 
 of which subjects it is considered t^y the Itali.ins as the high^ 
 est existing authority. It ha* also puiJished very P'rreot 
 editions of .several Itali.in classics. The society t.ook its 
 name, Cru.sca. which means "bran." with a mill for its do- 
 vice, to intimate that its purpose was to sift the good from 
 the bad. the chaff from the corn. 
 
 The manuCictures of Florence have greatly fallen off, but 
 still silk worms are reared to a con.sideiable extent: and 
 woollens, silk, straw-hats, porcelain, mo.saics. and pietra 
 dura, are manufactured, and likewi.se numerous objects in 
 the fine arts ; but the chief dependence of the city is on the 
 visits and tenijxirary residence of foreigners, ^'he climate 
 is in general fine, though somewhat foggy in autumn ; pro- 
 Tisions are cheap and kbunoaut; and, besides the beauty of 
 
FLO 
 
 the city itself, a delightful vicinity, studded with villas, coun- 
 try houses, and gardens, combine to render Florence altoge- 
 ther one of the most desirable places of residence in Italy. 
 
 Florence holds a conspicuous place in the history of mo- 
 dern Italy. It owes its origin to a colony of Roman sol- 
 diers, sent thitlier hy Octavianus after the victory of Peru- 
 gia, to whom he allotted part of the territory of the colony 
 of F'iesole, established about 40 years before by Sylla. J ittle 
 more is known of it under the empire, and hardly any re- 
 mains exists of that period, except some relics of an amphi- 
 theatre, and a few inscriptions. Christianity was establislied 
 here in the third century, and early in the fourth a bishop 
 of Florence attended a council at Koma In thebeginniug 
 of the twelfth century, the city had risen into importance 
 through the industry and enterprise of its iuhabitiints, who 
 had now commercial establishments in the Levant, France, 
 and other parts of Europe ; and had become money-changers, 
 money-lenders, jewellers, and goldsmiths. In the latter 
 end of the fourteenth century, the wealthy family of 
 the Albizzi became chief rulers in Florence. These again 
 were overthrown in 1434 by Cosmo de Me4ici, a popular citi- 
 cen and princely merchant, who assumed the first place in 
 the state. On the fall of the republic in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, a memVier of a lateral branch of the Medici, the line 
 of Co.smo having become extinct, was placed by Charles V. 
 as Duke of Florence. The ducal dynasty of Medici continued 
 to rule till the year 1737, when, becoming extinct, they 
 were succeeded bj' Francis of Lorraine, afterward.'* Kmperor 
 of Germany. From this period the history of Florence 
 merges into that of Tuscany. Among the great number of 
 illustrious men born in Florence, may be mentioned Dante, 
 Petrarch, Boccaccio, Guicciardini, Lorenzo d'Medici, Galileo, 
 Michael Angelo, Ijeonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, An- 
 drea del Sarto, and Amerigo Vespucci. Pop. in 1862, 114,363. 
 — ^Adj. and inhab. Florentine, Uor'gn-tine, (It. Fiorentino, 
 fe-o-r^n-tee'uo.) 
 
 FLOlfliNCK, a post-office of Hampshire co., Massachusetts. 
 
 FLORENCE, n post-village and township of Oneida co., 
 New York, 33 miles N.W. of Utica. Pop. of township, 2802. 
 
 FLORENCE, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, on 
 the Delaware, 20 miles above Philadelphia. 
 
 FLORENCE, a thriving post-village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the railroad now in progress from Pitts- 
 burg to Steubenville, 25 miles W. of the former. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-village of Guilford co., North Caro- 
 lina, about 07 miles W. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 FLORENCE, postoffice. Darlington district. South Carolina. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-village of Stewart co., Georgia, on the 
 Chattahoochee, 177 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 FL<JltE.\CE. a flourishing post-village, capital of Lauder- 
 dale CO., Alabama, is situated at the head of navigation on 
 the Tennessee River, and at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, 
 nearly opposite Tuscumbla, and 260 miles N.W. of Mont- 
 gomery. It is the principal shipping point for the produce 
 of the county and the adjacent parts of Tennessee, and does 
 a large business in proportion to the population. The river, 
 which is here about half a mile wide, is crossed by a fine 
 bridge, which cost $150,000. A railroad, about 6 miles long, 
 connects this place with tlie Memphis and Charleston Rail- 
 road. A railroad is proposed which will connect Florence 
 with Nasliville and New Orleans. F'lorence contains 3 large 
 brick churches, a female seminary, and a newspaper office. 
 There are 2 large cotton factories on Cypress Creek, 3 miles 
 from the village, having a capital of $45,000 each. Slioal 
 Creek also gives motion to a cotton factory (9 miles distiint) 
 which cost $60,000. Tlie river is navigable by steamboats 
 from its mouth to Florence, a distance of 300 miles. Pop. 
 inlSfiO, l:i05. 
 
 FLORENCE, a thriving post-village of Boone co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the turnpike from Covington to Lexington, 10 
 miles S.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. about 400. 
 
 F'LORENCE, a post-village and township in the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of Erie co., Ohio, alxiut 110 miles N.N.E. of Colum- 
 bus. Pop. 1563. 
 
 FLORENCE, a township of Williams co.. Ohio. Pop. 1319. 
 
 FLORKNCK, a post-township in the S.W. part of St. Jo- 
 seph CO.. Michigan, about 10 miles S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 981. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-office of Switzerland co.. Indiana. 
 
 I'LORENCE, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, on the 
 right bank of the Illinois River, ll miles E. of Pittsfield. 
 It has a landing place for steamboats. 
 
 F'LORENCE, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-village of Morgan co., Missouri, 54 
 miles W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 FLORENCE, a village of Louisa CO., Iowa, on Iowa River, 
 60 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City. This place was formerly the 
 ■>esidence of Black Hawk, a famous Indian chief. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-oflice of Mills CO., Iowa. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-office of Richland co., Wisconsin. 
 
 FLOR'ENCE, PROVINCE OF, or COMPARTIMENTO FI- 
 ORENTINO, kom-paR-te-mJn'to fe-o-rjn-tee'no, a province 
 of Tuscany, consisting of four detached portions, enclosed 
 by the Sardinian States and the duchies of Parma, Lucca, 
 md Modena. and of Florence Proper, bounded N. and E. by 
 Ibe Papal States. Area, including detached portions, about 
 
 3500 square miles. On the N. and N.E. it is covered by the 
 North Apennines, and on the E. by the Central Apennines 
 and the Tuscan Sub-Apennines. Enclosed by these moun- 
 tains lies the beautiful valley of the Arno. On the N.W 
 are situated the lakes of Fuceechio and Bientina. The soil it 
 very fertile. The minerals include copper, lead, and mer 
 cury ; and quarries of marble, alabaster, ani fine buildin)^ 
 stone. Pop. t)7 1,867. 
 
 FLOREN SAC, floV6N"'sdk', a village of Fr.ince. department 
 of Ilerault, 2ij miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 34ii6. 
 
 FUJRENTIA or FLORENTIA TUSCORUM. See Flcbe.\cb. 
 
 FLORENTIA. See Fiorenzuolo. 
 
 FLORES. flo'rSs, FLORIS. tto'rls, ENDE, Jn'd.i or MAND- 
 FIREI, nidnd-fee'rl, an island of the Malay Archiptlago, 
 and the largest of the chain that extends from Java to Ti- 
 mor, mostly between lat. 8° and 9"^ S., and Ion. 120° and 
 123° E. Length, from W. to E.. about 2UU miles; average 
 breadth, 36 miles. Surface hilly, and on its S. side are 
 several lofty volcanic peaks. Cotton of good staple is raised, 
 but the only exports are sandal wood, bees-wax, horses, and 
 a few slaves. The native inhabitants are Timuri, a dark 
 curly-haired race, who occupy all the islands hence E. to 
 Timor-laut, in Ion. 131° E.; on the cojist are several colonies 
 of Malays and Boogis, which latter possess the valuable port 
 of Ende, on the S. coast. At its E. extremity is Larantuca, 
 a Portuguese station. The principal trade of Flores centres 
 in Singapore. The Strait of Flores, on the E., separates this 
 island from those of Solor and Adenara. 
 
 FLOR ES, flo'rJs, the most W. of the Azores. Lat. 39° 25' N., 
 Ion. 31° 12' VV'. Pop. 9000. Surface mountainou.s, but fertile; 
 shores steep. The products comprise wheat, rj'e. yams, fine 
 fruits, cedar wood, archil, and some manufactured woollen 
 stuffs. Principal towns, Santa Cruz and Lagens. 
 
 FLORES, tto'rls, an island of the Plata estuary, 22 miles 
 E. of Mon te-Video. Lat. 34° 66' S., Ion. 56° 56' W. 
 
 FLORES, flo'rJs, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, on 
 the W, coast of British North America, not far from the 
 middle of Vancouver's Island ; lat. 49° 20' >'., Ion. 125° 45' W. 
 It is 16 miles long, from N.W. to S.E., and is from 2 to 
 miles briiad. 
 
 FLORES, flo/rJs, a town of Brazil, province, and 280 miles 
 N.E. of Goyaz, near the Parana. Pop. 2400. 
 
 FLORES HEAD, or IRON CAPE, the most N.E. point of 
 Flores Island ; lat. 8° 1' S., Ion. 122° SO' E. 
 
 FLORES SEA, that part of the South Pacific Ocean Ijing 
 N. of the islands of Flores, and S. of the island of Celebes, 
 extending from N. to S. upwards of 3° of latitude. It is in- 
 terspersed with numerous islets and coral reefs. 
 
 FLORl AN, flo're-dn', or FLORIAN A, flo-re-ifna. a suburb of 
 La Valetta, in Malta, (which see.) Here are the lesidences 
 of many English families, with the principal Protestant 
 buri;il grounds in Malta, barracks for lOUO men, a botanic 
 garden, and a house of industry for 200 female children. 
 
 FLOR'ID, a post-office of Putnam co., Illinois. 
 
 FLORIDA, flor/e-d.j, (Sp. pron. Ho-ree'riJ.) the most south- 
 ern of the United States, and the twenty-seventh in the order 
 of admission into the American Confederacy, is bounded N. 
 by Alabama and Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, and S. and W. 
 by the G ulf of Jlexico and Alabama. This state, which forms 
 a peninsula in the southern part, lies between 25° and 31° 
 N. lat., .ind between 80° and 87° 44' W. Ion. It is about 385 
 miles long from N. to S.. in the peninsula about 50, and in 
 the northern expanse 250 miles wide, including an area of 
 alxiut 59.208 square miles, or 37,931,620 acres, of which only 
 654,213 were improved in 1800. 
 
 Face of the Country. — "Florida is generally level, pro- 
 bably never elevated more than 250 or SliO feet above the 
 sea, and the southern part of the peninsula (we quote De 
 Bow's ' Resources of the South and West') is covered with a 
 large sht-et of water, called the Everglades, of an immense 
 extent, (filled with islands.) which it is supposed may be 
 rendered available hy drainage. The central portion of 
 the peninsula is somewhat elevated, the highest point be- 
 ing about 171 feet above the ocean, and gradually declining 
 towards the coast on each side. The country between the 
 Suwanee and Chattahoochee is elevated and hilly, and the 
 western portion of the state is level." " The lands of Flo- 
 rida," says the same writer, " are almost md ginrris. very 
 curiously distributed, and may be designated as high hum- 
 mock, low hummock, swamp, savanna, and the different 
 qualities of pine land. High hummock is usually tim- 
 liered with live and other oaks, magnolia, laurel, ic, and 
 is con.sidered the best description of land fur general pur- 
 poses. Low hummock, timbei-ed with live and water oak, 
 is subject to overflow, but when drained is preferred for su- 
 gar. Savannas, on the margins of stresuns. and in detached 
 bodies, are usually very rich alluvions, and yielding largely 
 in dry, but needing ditching and dyking in ordinary sea- 
 sons. Margh savannas, on the borders of tide streams, are 
 very valuable, when reclaimed, for rice or suiiar-cane." 
 S.W. of Florida is a chain of rocky key.s or islets, danger- 
 ous to navigators, but favorable to the manufacture of 
 salt, and for fisheries. On the N.E. coast are Amelia and 
 other islands, which it is thought mav yield the celebrated 
 stja-island cotton adTantageously. The Everglades cover an 
 
 681 
 
FLO 
 
 FLO 
 
 extent of about '60 miles long by 60 broad, occupying the 
 moiit of that part of Florida S. of Lake Okechobee. and are 
 desc) Ibed bv De Bow as a Tast lake studded with thousinds 
 of isTinds, from one-fourth of an acre to hundreds of acres 
 In area, mostly covered with dense thickets of shrubbery 
 and vines, and occasionally with lofty pines and palmettoes. 
 The water is ttom 1 to 6 feet in depth, out of which (from a 
 Tesretable deposit at the bottom) issues a rank growth of 
 tail grass. The Everglades furnish a soil well adapted to 
 the banana and plantain. 
 
 ffiivrs. Bays, rfc. — Florida has a number of bays, viz. 
 Chatham. Charlotte's Harbor, Tampa. Appalachee. Appala- 
 chicola. Choctaw ha tehee, and Pensacola Bays, all on the W. 
 Bide. The last affords an excellent harbor. There is also n 
 chain of lakes running through the middle of the state, the 
 largest and most southern of which is Lake Okechobee. 
 The rivers, too, are numerous, and mostly more or less navi- 
 gable. In the N.W. is the Perdido, a small river separating 
 Florida from Alabama ; followed in order by the Escambia, 
 Blackwater, Yellow-water, Choctaw ha tehee, and Cliipola 
 River, but none of great length, and all entering the state 
 from Alabam,*i, discharge their waters into the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, with the exception of the Chipola, which is an affluent 
 of the Appalachicola. The latter, (the largest river in the 
 state.) together with the Oclockonee. Oscilla. and Suwanee, 
 enter the state from Georgia, and also flow into the Gulf 
 of Mexico. The St. Mary's, separating the stite from 
 Georgia on the N., the St. John's, and Indian Kiver, (or 
 Inlet.) are the principal rivers falling into the Atlantic. 
 The St. John's is a broad and sluggish stream, resembling 
 an inlet, and is navigable fur vessels drawing 8 feet water 
 for more than 100 miles. The Appalachicola is navigable 
 for vessels of the same draught to the junction of the Chat- 
 tahoochee and Flint. Kiversin this state often issue from the 
 ground with sufficient force to turn a mill at their source. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — About 12 miles from Tall.v 
 hass^, a spring bursts from a vast depth, which has been 
 sounded with 250 fathoms of line before finding lx)ttom. 
 This forms a lake of beautiful transparency, reflecting the 
 sky in all its hues, and is nearly as cold as ice in the hottest 
 weather. The number of these springs, some of which, at 
 their source, have sufficient force and body to turn a mill, 
 bursting from a great depth below the surface, has led to 
 the conjecture that a vast cave, or series of caves, underlies 
 the whole country in which they exist, and through whose 
 roof they burst with violence, wherever an opening in the 
 rock has either been made or found. The Great Sink in 
 Alachua county is an underground pass,ige, by which the 
 waters of the Alachua-Savannah are supposed to discharge 
 themselTes into Orange Lake. "In this place," says Bar- 
 tram, "a group of hills almost surround a large basin, 
 which is the general receptacle of the water draining fmm 
 every part of the savanna, by lateral conduits, winding 
 about, and one after another joining the main creek or 
 general conductor, which at length delivers them into this 
 sink, where they de.scend. by slow degrees, through rocky 
 caverns into the bowels of the earth, whence they are car- 
 ried by secret subterraneous channels into other receptacles 
 and liasins. There are three great doors or ventholes 
 through the rocks in the sink, two near the centre, and the 
 other one near the ring, much higher up than the other 
 two. which was conspicuous through the clear water. The 
 beds of rocks lie in horizontal thick strata or lamina, one 
 over the other, where the sink-holes or outlets are." There 
 Isawarm and slightly sulphurous spring on Musquito River. 
 In Benton county are iron and sulphur springs. 
 
 Climate^ Sr,il. and Productirms. — The peninsula of Florida, 
 the most southern land belonging the United States, ap- 
 l)roaches within a degree and a half of the torrid zone, of 
 whose climate it largely partakes, and a number of whose 
 
 Productions it yields. According to Dr. Perrine's tables. 
 lie mean temperature at Key West, (in lat. 24° 32' 40" N..) 
 and Havana, (in lat. 23° 9' N.,) in 1838, (which we extract 
 from De Bow,) was — 
 
 Monthi. 
 
 KejWwt. 
 
 Baraiuk 
 
 Hontbi. 
 
 Key West. 
 
 Harana. 
 
 Jaunaiy 
 
 69 
 
 71 
 
 July 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 February 
 
 TO 
 
 7S 
 
 August 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 March 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 September 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 April 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 October 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 
 79 
 
 81 
 
 November 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 June 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 On the night of June 28-29. the coldest known for many 
 years, the thermometer fell to 44°. Bartram, however, 
 states, that on the 3d of January, in 1765. the thermometer 
 fell to 2»jO. and all the orange-trees were killed. At St. 
 Au-rustine, the thei-monieter has sunk on yarious occasions 
 to 3;j° 30°, and 24'': and at Pilatka. in lat. 29° 38'. to 28°. 
 and to 27° ; at Tampa, lat. 27° 48' to 28°. 26°, 40°. 28°. 30°, 
 88°. and 30°. At Fort King, in the interior, half a desree 
 S. of St. Augustine, the climate is more severe than on the 
 coast, and ice an inch thick is sometimes seen in its vicinity. 
 The summers, however, are hotter tlian on the coast. AVhile 
 Ui6 minimum range at St. Augustiue was 39°, and the 
 682 
 
 maximum 92°, at Fort King the minimum was 27°, and 
 maximum 105°. The Gulf coast, too, h.ns a more severe 
 winter climate than the Atlantic; the minimum (at the 
 time referred to) was 35°, and maximum 92°, at Tampa 
 Bay. From the relative numlier of deaths occurring annu- 
 ally — taking into account those deaths which are owing not 
 to the climate, but to the fact of this state being a great 
 resort, at le,ist during winter, for invalids from the north — 
 it would appear that Florida is among tiie healthiest-, if 
 not the very healthiest, of the United States. 
 
 The soil of the state is generally sandy, except in the 
 hummocks, where it is mixed with clay; yet, o%ving to the 
 mild climate, it is highly pi-oductive in many parts. The 
 best lands, however, of the state lie useless at present for 
 want of drainage. Florida is particularly well adapted to 
 grazing. Besides the forest and fruit-trees sub.sequently 
 enumerated, the state produces cotton. Indian corn, sngai^ 
 cane, rice, tobacco, (of a very fine quality,) beans, peas, sweet 
 potatoes, and butter, in considerable quantities; and some 
 wheat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, barley, buckwheat, wine, 
 cheese, hay, grass-seed, hops, flax, and silk. This state is 
 also favorable to tlie growth of .-^isal hemp. In ISi'O there 
 were in Florida 654,213 acres of inii)roved land (2,266,015 
 being unimproved), producing 2,834,391 liusliels of Indian 
 corn; 46,899 of oats; 36:3,217 of peiis and beans; 1,129,759 
 of sweet potatoes; 223,704 pounds of rice; 828,815 of to- 
 bacco; 59,171 of wool; 408,855 of butter; 5280 of cheese; 
 65,153 bales (of 400 lbs. each) of cotton; 11,478 tons of buy; 
 live stock valued at $5,5.53,356; market products at $'20,828; 
 and slaughtered animals at $1.193,fH)4. 
 
 fairest Trees. — Florida abounds in forest trees, among 
 which are the liveoak, so valuable in ship-building; the 
 water, and other varieties of oak, swamp cypress, pine, 
 hickory, magnolia, dogwood, and laurel. The palnia christi, 
 or castorKsil bean, becomes a large tree : and on the islands 
 and keys, boxwood, satinwood. m.i.^tic. and lignumvitse 
 abound. Arrowroot grows wild, and ginger and cinnamon 
 may be cultivated. The pine grows from Cape Sable to near 
 Indian River. Fruit-trees of great variety find a congenial 
 soil and climate in Florida, Except in a few .seasons of un- 
 usual severity.) The lime, lemon, orange, olive, cocoanut, 
 plantain, pine-apple, banana, guava, citron, pimento, cofl'ee, 
 pepper, cloves. &e. may all be successfully cultivated. 
 
 Animal.''. — Hideous alligators Kisk on the shores of the in- 
 lets, rivers, and lagoons of Florida. Turtle, oysters, and 
 other shell and fin fish abound. Great numbers of wild- 
 fowl are found in many parts along the coast. 
 
 Manufactures. — This is not a manufacturing state. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1860 there were in Florida 185 
 manufacturing establishments, employing 2454 persons, 
 consuming raw material worth $S74.50o, producing goods 
 to the value of $2,447,969 annually. Total amount of capital 
 invested, $1,874,125. TaJue of homemade manufactures, 
 $63,259. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In 1860. this state had 401 miles 
 of railroad completed, connecting Pensacola with Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama, Jacksonville with Lake City, &c. The 
 princiijal railroads are tlie Pensacola and Georgia, in oper- 
 ation 60 miles; the Florida, 154 miles long, extending from 
 Femandina to theGulf of Mexico ; the Florida Atlantic and 
 Gulf Central, extending westward ti-om Jacksonville (78 
 miles completed) ; and the Florida and Alabama Railroad, 
 45 miles long. 
 
 Crmmerce. — Florida has but little foreign commerce, and 
 its domestic trade is limited pretty much to the export of its 
 products, viz., cotton, rice, live-oak and other luml)er, pitch, 
 tar, turpentine, and resin. Salt is exported from the Salt 
 Keys, and fish are sent to Cuba. The lumber trade is rapidly 
 increasing in importance. According to De Bow. 188.499 
 bales of cotton were received at the ports of Florida in 
 1851-2, nearly all of which was probably exporti-d. The 
 foreign exports for 1852-3amounted to $1,698,206. and im- 
 ports to «:65.4,'U. Ilntire tonnaere of the .several districts, 
 12,127. 'The fisheries are valued at alx)ut $15.0<;>0 annually. 
 At the different ports of Florida. 179.476 bales of cotton were 
 received in 1853. of which 142.296 were exported. 
 
 Editcati'im. — The census report of 1860, gave Florida 97 
 public schools, with iOSi pupils. «;20.0:>9 income; and 138 
 academies and other schools, with 44S6 pupils, and $75,412 
 income, of which $2045 was from endowments ; it gives also 
 66 libraries, with 46,.'>75 volumes, of which 64 are j)ublic, 
 containing 37.126 volumes. 
 
 iiV/iV/roK* Denominations. — Of the 319 churches in Florida, 
 the Baptists owned 110; the Episcopalians, 9; the Metho- 
 dists, 153; the Presbyterians, 2.5; tlie Roman Catholics, 17 ; 
 the Univers!\list9, 3: and the Lutherans, 2; averaging 1 
 church to 440 persons. Value of church property. $284,390, 
 
 Period teals. — In IStX), there were iu Florida 22 periodicals, 
 of which, 1 wa-s issued bi-weekly, 2 tri-weekly, and 19 weekly, 
 20 were political, and 2 literary. Number of copies issued 
 annually, 1,0S 1,600. 
 
 Piililic In.<i(iiiitions. — There were in Florida, according to 
 the census of 1S50. 1 public library with lOiX) v ilumes. aud 
 6 school and Sunday-school libr.tries. with 166f volumes. 
 
 Popuiaiion, — The number of iuhabitanV iu 1830, w;i 
 
FLO 
 
 FLO 
 
 84,730; in 1840, 64,477; in 1850, 87,445; in 1860, 140,424; 
 of whom 77,747 were white, 932 colored, and 61,745 slaves. 
 Population to the square mile,.2. Representative population, 
 116,720. Of the free population, 35,602 were boru iu the 
 state ; 39,768 in other states ; 3309 in foreign countries ; of 
 whom 320 were born in England; 827 in Ireland; 189 In 
 Scotland; 6 in Wales; 77 in British America; 478 in Ger- 
 many ; 141 in France ; and 1271 in other foreign countries. 
 Of tiie population in the leatUng pursuits, 7534 were far- 
 mers; 2452 laborers; 1329 farm laborers; 1175 planters; 
 737 housekeepers; 693 carpenters; 6-31 domestics; 622 seam- 
 stresses; 590 merchants; 558 mariners; 494 clerks; 468 
 overseers ; 276 teachers ; 268 physicians ; 173 lawyers ; 169 
 blacksmiths ; 159 clergymen. In the year ending June 1st, 
 1860, there occurred 1769 deaths, or 12-8 in every thousand. 
 Of 24 deaf and dumb, 9 were slaves (see Introduction to the 
 volume on Population of the Kighth Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, 
 Ac.) ; of 36 blind, 21 were slaves ; of 25 insane, 5 were slaves ; 
 of 68 idiotic, 16 were slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Florida is divided into 37 counties, viz., Ala- 
 chua, Brevard, Calhoun, Clay, Columbia, Dade, Duval. Es- 
 cambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hernando, Hills- 
 borough, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, 
 Levy, Liberty, Madison, Manatee, Marion, Monroe, Nassau, 
 New River. Orange, Putnam. Santa Kosa, St. John's, Sumter, 
 Suwanee, Taylor, Volusia, \\ akulla, Walton, Washington. 
 
 Cities and 'Jhwns. — Tliere are but few large towns in Flo- 
 rida. Pensacola is tlie largest town, with a i)oj)uhition, in 
 1860, 2876. The other principal towns are. Key West, pop. 
 2832: Jacksonville, 21 IS; Tallahassee, 1932; St. Augustine, 
 1914, &.C. Capital Tallahassee. 
 
 Giwernment. — The executive power in Florida is invested 
 in a governor, elected by the people for four years, and re- 
 ceiviug a salary of §15011 a year. The legislative power is 
 placed iu the hands of a senate of 19 members, elected for 
 four years, and a house of representatives of 40 members, 
 elected annually, and both by popular vote. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a supreme court, composed of a chief and two 
 associate judges, which holds four ses.sious annually, one in 
 e;ich of the following places — Tallahassee, Jacksonville, 
 Tampa, aiid Mariana; and, 2. Of four circuit courts. The 
 judges' salaries of both courts are $2000 a year each. Flo- 
 rida hiM but one member in the national house of repre- 
 sentatives, and three electoral votes f!)r president. The 
 assessed value of property in 1850 was $22,784,837. The re- 
 ceipts are about $60,000 ; ordinary expenses, $45,000 per an- 
 num, exclusive of public debt and schools. Estimated value 
 of property in 1853, $25,148,497. 
 
 History. — Florida wa.s the earliest settled of the now exist- 
 ing states of the United States, but was not a part of the ter- 
 ritory of the Union till 1820, when it was purchased of 
 Spain. Thouu;h so recently become a member of the Ameri- 
 can Confederacy, Florida is more fertile in materials of his- 
 tory than many of her elder sisters. Her territory was 
 visited by Ponce de Leon as e;irly as 1512, and afterwards by 
 Narvaez, who invaded the country from Cuba with 400 
 men, and penetrating into the interior, was never again 
 heard of. De Soto subdued the savages, after a bloody resist- 
 ance, in 1539. It was called FUirula (•• flourishing, blooming") 
 by the Spaniards, on account of the rich vegetation which it 
 presented to their view. The French began settlements, but 
 after a struggle, in which mutual atrocities were perpetrated, 
 they were expelled by the Spaniards, who settled St. Augus- 
 tine (the first permanent colony) about 1565. Previous to 
 the Kevolution, Florida was involved in a war with the Eng- 
 lish colonies of Georgia and South Carolina, in which the 
 Spaniai'ds were defeated by Oglethorpe. At the peace of 
 1763, Florida fell into the hands of the English, but was re- 
 conquered by Spain in 1781. Since its acquisition by the 
 United States, it has been the theatre of many sanguinary 
 conflicts with the Seminole Indians, led on by their daring 
 chief, Osceola. The savages, though but a handful in num- 
 ber, managed to baffle for years the skill and power of our 
 armies, by retreating to their swamps and forests, and it 
 cost the United States government many millions of dollars 
 before they were finally subdued, which event took place in 
 1842. In 1846, the greater part of them were removed be- 
 yond the Mississippi. General Jackson followed these In- 
 dians, in 1818, into the then territory of Spain, to chastise 
 them for depredations on the American settlers, took posses- 
 sion of St. Mark's and Appalachicola. be.«ieged the Spanish 
 governor, who had aided the Seminoles, and brought them 
 all tc .submission. There is a remnant of this tribe still in 
 Florida, who steadfastly resist all offers of the general go- 
 vernment to induce them to remove. 
 
 FLORIDA, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachu- 
 setts, about 115 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 645. 
 
 FLORIDA, a township of Montgomery co., Aew York. 
 Pop. 2991. 
 
 I'LORIDA, a post-village of Qrange co.. New York, about 
 110 miles S.S.W. of .Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches 
 and an academy. William H. Seward was born here. 
 
 I'L'iRIDA, a post-village of Henry co., Ohio, on the Wabiish 
 and Erie Canal and Mauuiee River, 48 miles above Toledo. 
 FLORIDA, a ptistr-jfli:,. of Hillsdale co., Michigan. i 
 
 rLORID.4., a thriving post-village of Monroe co.. Missouri, 
 on Salt Kiver, at the .junction of its throe main branches 
 and at the head of navigation, 13 miles E. of Paris. 
 
 FLORIDA BAY, at the S. end of Florida, between Florida 
 Reefs and the mainland. 
 
 FLORIDA, GULF OF. See Baham.4. Channel and Gulp 
 Stre.\m. 
 
 FLORIDA REEFS, or KEYS, an almost continuous chain 
 of small islands and sandbanks, reefs or keys, extending 
 from Cape Florida in a S.W. direction for a distance of 220 
 miles, the whole lying in a bow or curve. They are very 
 numerous. Among the principal may be mentioned Key or 
 Cayo Largo, Cayo Hueso or Key West, on Which the city 
 of Key West is built. 
 
 FL6RIDIA,flo-ree'de-3,a town of Sicily, intendancy of Sy 
 racuse, in a plain, 7 miles W. of Syracuse. Pop. 4800. 
 
 i'LORIDO, RIO, ree'o flo-ree'do, a village of Mexico, stat« 
 and 180 miles N. by W. of Durango. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 FLORIDSDORF, flo'rits-douf, called also FLORIDSDORP- 
 AJl-SPITZ. flo/rits-doRf^ dm-spits, village of Lower Austria, 
 with a station on the railway from Vienna to Olmutz, 4 
 miles N. of Vienna. Pop. 1060. 
 FLORIXAS, a village of Sardinia. See Fiuunas. 
 FLO'KIS, a post-village in Davis co., Iowa, 75 miles S.W, 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 FLOIUISSANr, a post-village in St. Louis co., Missouri, 18 
 miles N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 FLORSIIEIM, (Fliirsheim,) floRs'hime, a vUlage of Ger- 
 many, duchy, and 35 miles S.E. of Nassau, on the Main. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 FLORSIIEIM, (Florsheim,) OBER, oAjgr floRs/hime, a town 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rheiu-IIessen, 24 miles S.W. 
 of Darmstadt. It is an ancient commandery of the Teu- 
 tonic order. Pop. 1061. 
 
 F'LO'l'A or FLO'T.^Y, one of the Orkney Islands, adjacent 
 to Faray. Length, 3 miles ; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. with ad- 
 jacent islets, 405. 
 
 FLOTTE, LA, Id flott', a seaport town of France, depart- 
 ment of Charente-Inferieure, on the N. shore of the Isle de 
 Re, 9 miles W.X.W. of La Rochelle. Pop. 2227. It has a 
 good harbor and roadstead. 
 
 FLOWER CREEK, a post-office of Pendleton co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 FLO W/ERFIELD, a post-village and town.ship in the N.W. 
 corner of St. Joseph co., Michigan, on Rocky Creek, 154 miles 
 W. of Detroit. Pop. of the village, about 300; of the town- 
 ship, 1097. 
 FLOWERS HILL, a post-offlce of More co., North Carolina. 
 FLOW'ERTOWN, a village of Montgomery co.,-Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Bethlehem Turnpike, 8 miles E. by S. of Nor- 
 ristown. It contains several inns and stores. 
 
 FLOWERY MOUND, a pos^ofiBce of Concordia parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 FLOW/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 FLOYD, floid, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, has 
 an area of 280 square miles. It is drained by Little Kiver, 
 an affluent of the New or Kanawha. The surface is high 
 and mountainous, the county occcupying the north-western 
 declivity of the Blue Ridge, which slopes gradually towards 
 the valley of New River. The land is generally rough, and 
 in some parts unproductive, but a large portion is adapted 
 to pasturage. The highlands contain copper, iron ore, and 
 other minerals. The county is plentifully supplied with 
 water-power. Organized in 1831, and named in honor of 
 John Floyd, at that time Governor of Virginia. Capital, 
 Jacksonville. Pop. 8236, of whom 7761 were free, and 475 
 slaves. 
 
 FLOYD, a county in the W.N.W. part of Georgia, border- 
 ing on Alabama, has an area of 540 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed by the Coosa River and its constituent streams, the 
 Etowah and Oostenaula Rivers, which unite at th"e county 
 seat; also drained by Cedar and other creeks. The surface 
 is beautifully diversified, and in some parts mountainous. 
 Taylors Ridge is the principal elevation. The soil of the val- 
 leys and the river bottoms is very productive. Iron, plum- 
 bago, galena, slate, satin spar, and agate are found. There 
 is a valuable mineral spring in the S.W. part. A branch 
 railroad extends from the county seat to the Western and 
 Atlantic Railroad. Organized about the year 1S33. previous 
 to which time the soil was in the possession of the Cherokee 
 Indians. Named in honor of General Floyd, formerly mem- 
 ber of Congress from Georgia. Capital, Rome. Pop. 15,195, 
 of whom 9282 were free, and 5913 slaves. 
 
 FLOYD, a county in the E. part of Kentucky, ha.s*an area 
 estimated at 500 square miles. 1 1 is intersected by the West 
 Fork of Big Sandy River, and also drained by the sources 
 of Licking River. The surface is broken by highlands, 
 which produce good pasture, and contain large bedsof stone 
 coal. B'loyd county was formed in 1799, and named in honor 
 of Colonel John Floyd, an officer in the war of the Kevolu- 
 tion. Capital, Prestonburg. Pop. 6388, of whom 6241 were 
 free, and 147 slaves. 
 
 FLOYD, a county in the S.. part of Indiana, bordering on 
 the Ohio Kiver, contiiins 148 squ;u-e miles. It is drained by 
 Silver and Indian Creeka. The surface is diversified; the 
 
 6S3 
 
FLO 
 
 poll Is not uniformly productive, A range of steep hills, 
 called the " Knobs,'' extends throupb it X. and S„ with an 
 altitude of about 500 feet. The county contains extensire 
 b«ds of iron ore, limestone, sandstone, and slate. The hills 
 produce good timber for boat-building. The New Albany 
 and Chicago Rjiilroiid passes through the county. Organized 
 in ISlSt. Capital, New Albany. Pop. 20,183, 
 
 FLOYD, a new county in the N.N.E, part of Iowa, has an 
 area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by Ced.ar 
 Kiver, and also drained by Lime and Shellrock Creeks, 
 (branches of Knglish Hiver.) which unite in the S.W. part 
 of the county. The slope of the county is south-eastward, 
 Capit;il, Charles City, Pop. 3744, 
 
 FLOYD, a post-village and township of Oneida CO,, New 
 York, 6 miles E, of Rome, Pop. 1440. 
 
 FIX) YD. a village of Camden co.. Georgia, near the mouth 
 of Santilla Kiver. 35 miles S, of Darien, 
 
 FLOYD, a township in Putnam co.. Indliina. Pop. 1440. 
 
 FI^.>YD COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Floyd 
 00., Virginia, 180 miles W.S.W. of Richmond, 
 
 FLOYD KNOBS, a post-office of Flovd co,. Indiana, 
 
 FLOYDSBURG, a postrvill^e in Oldham co, Kentucky, 36 
 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort 
 
 FLOYD'S FORK, a post-office of Shelby co„ Kentucky, 
 
 FLOYD'S MILLS, a post-office of Horry district. South 
 Carolina, 
 
 FLOYD'S RIVER, of Iowa, rises in the N.W, part of the 
 state, and flows S,W, into the Missouri, near the mouth of 
 Sioux River, 
 
 FLOYD'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia. 
 
 FLUELEN, or FLUIILEN, (FlUhlen.) ttii'len. a village of 
 Switzerland, canton, and on the Lake of Uri. 2 miles N, of 
 Altorf, Here is a chapel erected to the memory of William 
 Tell in 1388, and resorted to annually by a large concourse 
 of persons in Ascension week, 
 
 FLUKE'S, a post-office of Botetourt co., Virginia, 163 miles 
 W. of Richmond. 
 
 FLUME, a post-office of Grafton co., New Hampshire. 
 
 FLUMENDOSA, floo-mJn-do'si, (anc. Sa^phmr) a river of 
 Sardinia, which, after a S. and E. course of tO miles, enters 
 the Mediterranean on the E. coast of the island, 30 miles 
 N,E. of Cagliari. 
 
 FLUMINI-MA.TORI, floo'me-ne-mj-yo'ree, a village on 
 the island of Sardinia, 10 miles N.W. of Iglesias. Pop. 1700. 
 
 FLUMS. tiooms. a village and parish of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 23 miles S. of St. Gall, near the Seez. Pop. 2634. 
 
 FLUNONA. a village of Illyria. See Fiaxoxa. 
 
 FLUSHING, (Dutch Vlissingm, flis'sing-?n; Ft. Flessin- 
 ffuc, flfe^sJNG'.) a fortified seaport town of the Netherlands, 
 province Zeeland. on the S. side of the island of M'alcheren, 
 at the mouth of the Western Scheldt. Lat. of the light- 
 house, 61° 26' 4" N., Ion. 3° 34' 7" E. Pop., exclusive of gar- 
 rison. 7726. It is strongly defended, and has 2 harbors with 
 extensive dock-yards, and a fine town-hall: but most of its 
 public buildings were destroyed during its boni1>ardment 
 by the English in 1809. It is the seat of an admiralty board, 
 and has considerable trade with both Indies, England, &c., 
 and extensive communications by packet boats. Admiral 
 de Ruyter was born here in 1C07. 
 
 FLUSll'lNG. a small seaport of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 one-fourth of a mile N. of Falmouth. 
 
 FLUSHING, a post-village and township of Queen's co., 
 New York, on Long Island Sound. 9 or 10 miles E. of New 
 York. The village is pleasantly situated at the head of 
 Flushing Bay, and contains churches of 5 or 6 denomina- 
 tions, a boarding school and other seminaries, 2 printing 
 offices issuing newspapers, and atout 20 stores. It is noted 
 for the extensive gardens' and nurseries of William R, 
 Prince, of Parsons & Co.. and several others, which attmct 
 great numbers of visitors from New York and Brooklyn. 
 Steamboats ply regularly l)etween Flushing and New York. 
 A raihoad connects it with Williamsburg. Pop. estimated 
 at 4000; of the township, 10,188. 
 
 ^ FLUSHING, a village of Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Neshaminy Creek, 3 miles from its entrance into Delaware 
 River. KlK)ut 20 miles N.E. of Philadelphia. 
 
 FLUSHING, a post-village and township in the N.E. coi^ 
 ner nf Hell lont co.. Ohio. lU miles N.W. of St. Claursville. Pop. 
 1766. The village contains several stores. Pop. aliout 450. 
 
 FLUSHING, a jrast-township in the W. part of Genesee 
 CO., Midiigan. Pop. 1273. 
 
 FLUSOR. SeeCHiixTi. 
 
 FLUVAN'NA, a county in the S.E. central part of Vii^ 
 pinl.i, has an area of 170 square miles. The James River 
 forms the S. boundary, and Rivanna River flows thrcui'h 
 the middle of the county. The surface is partly broken and 
 partly level ; the soil in some parts is fertile, in others almost 
 barren. The James River Canal passes along the border of 
 the county. Gold has been found near Palmyra, the county 
 Beat. Formed from .tlbeniarle county in 1777. Pop 10 3^ 
 of whom ;>3i9 Were free, and 4994 slaves. '^^ 
 
 FLU V ANN A, a [lost-village of Chautauqua Co., New York 
 •bout 325 miles W. by 8. of Albany. ' 
 
 FLY CREKK, a post-office of Otsego co., New York. 
 
 ILY Cit KEK, a post-office of La Qrance co.. Indiana. 
 6M 
 
 FOJ 
 
 FLY/PORIMSBAr'TON, a parish of England, co. of Wop- 
 
 FL'i^ MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Ulster co., New York. 
 
 FLY.M'S LICK, a po^t-office of Jackson co., Tennessea. 
 
 FOATY, fo'te, orFO/T.\. a small i.sland of Ireland, in Cork 
 Harbor, 6 miles N. of Queenstown, connected with the main- 
 land and with Great Island by two handsome bridges. 
 
 FOB'BING, a parissh of England, co. of Essex, near the 
 Thames, SJ miles E. of Hordou-on-the-IlilL Jack Cade's re- 
 bellion commenced here. 
 
 FOCA. fo'ki, a small island on the W, coast of Africa, at 
 the mouth of the Calabar River. It contains a town of the 
 same name, and furnishes supplies of wood, water, and pro- 
 visions. 
 
 FOCHABERS. foK'a-berz, a town of Scotland, co. of Moray, 
 on the Spey, here crossed by a 4 arched bridge, 9 miles j;. of 
 Elgin. Pop. 1135. It is very neatly built. In the vidnity 
 is the Duke of Richmond's magnificent domain of Ooi-don 
 Castle. 
 
 FOCHrS FORGE, a post-office of SchuylkiU co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FOD'DERTY, a mountainous parish of Scotland, cos. of 
 Ross and Cromarty, 
 
 FOEIL, LE, Ifh ftl, a village of France, department of 
 C6tes-du-Nord. 9 miles S.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2485. 
 
 FOGARAS,fo'gOh'r0.sh',orFRAGET SCHMAKKX. frd'ghSt 
 shmaitkt, a town of Transylvania, on the Aloota, (Aluta.) 
 55 miles E, of Hermannstadt Pop, 5100. It has a I'rotest- 
 ant gymnasiiuu, churches of various sects, and an old fo> 
 tress, 
 
 FOGGIA, fod'ji. a walled city of Naples, in Capitanata. in 
 the great plain of .\pu!ia, 80 miles E.X.E. of Naples. Pop. 
 32,493. It is well built, but unhealthy. The principal 
 structures are the governor's residence, a Gothic cathedral, 
 about 20 other churches, theatre, the com magazines. ( fo/fe.) 
 extending under a large part of the city, the remains of « 
 palace built by the Emperor Frederick 11., and a now pro- 
 menade. It is the entrepot of a large trade in corn, wool, 
 cheese, cattle, wine, oil, and capers. It is the place of regis- 
 tration for the flocks feeding in the Apulian tuvoliert. and 
 has an important annual fair. 
 
 FO'GLESVILLE. a post-village of Macungy township, Le- 
 high CO., Pennsylvania, 9 miles W, by S, of AUentown, and 
 80 miles E, of Harrisburg. 
 
 FOGLIA, fAl'ya, a river of Italy, which rises on the K. 
 slope of the Apennines, in Tuscany, about 3 miles W. of Ses» 
 tino, and fells into the Adriatic at the latter town, after a 
 course of about 38 miles. 
 
 FOGLIZZO, fol-vit/so, a vill.ige of the Sardinian States, 17 
 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2917. 
 
 FOGLO. (Foglo.) fo'glo\ a small island of Russia, Aland 
 group, at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, In lat. 6u° N., 
 Ion. 20° 30' E. 
 
 FO'GO or FUEGO, foo-.Vgo or fwA/go. (i". e. "fire." named 
 from its volcano.^ one of the Cape Verd Islands. W. of San- 
 tiago, nearly circular, and 40 miles in circumference. It ia 
 formed almost entirely of the slopes of a volcanic mountain 
 9157 feet in elev.ation. The first eruption of this volcano on 
 record occurred in 1680, and the last, which caust'd jrreat 
 destruction, on the 9th of April, 1S47. Its inhabitants suffer 
 severely from the want of water; during three yeai-s of 
 drought (from 1730) two-thirds of the inhabifcmts perished 
 from this cause. In 1831, the population was reckoned at 
 17,000, and in 1843 only 7000, The climate is excessively 
 dry, and the temjierature elevated. It is extremely fertile, 
 and produces the best grain and fruit in the archipelago. 
 The chief port is Nossa Senhora da Luz, (nos'sd sOn-vo'rd dl 
 loos.) Lat. 14° 53' N., Ion. 24° 30' 5" W. 
 
 FO'GO, a small island off the E, coast of Africa, in Mo- 
 zambique Channel, 
 
 FOGO, an island N j:. of Newfoundland, in lat, 49° 40' N, 
 Ion, 54° W, 
 
 FOGO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 FOGO. a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan. 
 
 FOGUS SPRINGS, a post-office of Kenneb<>c co., Maine. 
 
 FOUR. (FUhr.) fiin. an i.sland of Denmark, off the W. coast 
 of Sleswick. in the North Sea. in lat. 54° 4.3' N.. Ion. 8° Cif B. 
 Area, 25 square miles. The W. part of the island, with a 
 population of 2100. Iielongs to Jutland, and the E. part, with 
 2660 inhabitants, including the village of Wyk, to Sle.^wick. 
 Great numbers of oysters are exported hence to Hamburg, 
 and numei-ous wild fowl are taken here in autumn. . 
 
 FOIX, fwi. a town of France, department of Ariege. 44 
 miles S. of Toulouse, on the .\riege, at the foot of the Pyre- 
 nees. Pop. in 1852, 4C84. It has a oomniuna) college and a 
 normal school, and is surmounted by a cavernous roi'k. on 
 which are 3 Gothic towers, the remains of an old casHe, 
 celebrated in the Middle .*gos for the sieges it sustained It 
 has several iron-forges, and ix tr.ide in cattle, leather, \vix)l, 
 iron and steel goods. It is the birthplaceof Gaston ile F'-Ix. 
 •This was the ciipit-al of the old Comte de Foix. part ci t) a 
 domain of Ilenrj' IV., now forming the depirtmeiit ot 
 Ariege. 
 
 FOJANO or FOUNO, fo-yi'no. a market-town of NnpIoB, 
 23 mUes SJ^ of Campobasso. Pop. 20OO. 
 
FOJ 
 
 FON 
 
 FOJANO or FOIANO, a markettown of Italy, In Tuscany, 
 In the Chiana Valley, 15 miles S.S.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 65uO. 
 FO-KIliX, fo'be-^ii', a maritime province of China, mostly 
 between lat. 2i° and 28° N., and Ion. Hij° and 121° E., having 
 S.K. the China Sea. Pop. 14,777,410. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. The principal river is the Min. which enters the 
 sea below Koo-choo-foo, the capit;U city. Though one of the 
 smaller provinces, it is among the most wealthy in China, 
 produtinp a good deal of the finest black tea consumed iu 
 the empire, with the best camphor, toUicco, sugar, iron, in- 
 digo, and alum. The town of Amoy and the island of i'o:^ 
 tnosa ;ire compri.sed in this province. 
 
 FOKTCIIAN Y or FOKCIiAM, fok-chd/nee, a frontier town 
 of Moldavia and Wallaehia. European Turkey, on the 3111- 
 kov, 92 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Pop. tJUOO, mostly Greeks 
 and Jews. It was burned by the Turks in 1822. 
 
 FOLDVAK, (Foldvar,) or FOLUVAR DU.XA, fold'vlR' 
 doo/noh\ a market-town of Hungary, Thither Danube, co. of 
 Tolna, on the right bank of the Danube, 17 miles E.N.E. of 
 Simonsthnrm. It is pleasantly situated, partly on the crest, 
 and partly on the side of a hill. It had once strong tbrtifi- 
 catious, of which some remains still exist; it contains a 
 Koman Catholic, and a Greek non-united church, a high 
 school, barracks, and Franciscan monastery, and has an im- 
 portant sturgeon fishery. The district is fruitful, both in 
 corn and wine. Foldvar is a steamboat station. Pop. 10,400. 
 FOLDVAK. a market-town of Austria, in Transylvania, 12 
 miles from Kronstadt. Pop. 2100. 
 
 FOLDVAK, or .MAUI EXUUKG.ml-ree'fn-bMnG', a village 
 of Austria, in Transylvania, on the .\lt, about 12 miles from 
 Porumljuk. Pop. 1100. 
 
 FOLDVAK TLSZA, foldVdii' tees/s6h\ a village of Hun- 
 gary, Hither Danube, co. of Ileves, on the Theiss, 8 miles 
 from Szolnok. Pop. '■iSi9. 
 
 FOLEMBKAY, foMSjiMirA/, a village of France, department 
 of Aisne, 15 miles \V. of Laon. Pop. 1057. It has an ex- 
 tensive glass factory, employing 900 workmen, and pro- 
 ducing eight millions of wine bottles annually. 
 FOLES'IIILL, a parish of England, co, of Warwick. 
 FOLOAKIA, fol-gd're-a. or FLLLGKEIT, (FiiUgreit.) fUll'- 
 grlte. a village of A ustria. in the Tyrol, near Roveredo. P. 1430. 
 FOLGEFO.NDEX-FIELD, fol'gh^h-fon'den-fe-^ld', an ele- 
 vated plateau and mountain range of Norway, stretching 
 from X. to S., at no great distance from the W. coast. Its 
 culminating point is 5790 feet in height; but its most re- 
 markable feature is its glacier, which is about 5000 feet 
 ibove the level of the sea. and 40 miles long by 20 broad. 
 Its depth has been estimated at €00 feet. A stream issuing 
 from its base forms a magniticent waterfall. 
 
 FOLGOAT. LK, Ifh fol'go-d', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of FiiiLstfire, 14 miles N,N.E. of lirest, remarkable for 
 a magnificent parish church built in the fifteenth century, 
 FOIJA. fo'le-()h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Temes, on 
 the Uburda. 4 miles from Zebely. I'op, 1009. 
 
 FoLIG.NO, fo-leen'yo, (anc. Fulgin'ia or Fulffinfium,) a 
 walled town of Central Italy, in the state of Lnibria, 20 
 niiies ."-.E. of Perugia, in a beautiful vale winding among 
 the Apennines, and watered by the Clitumno. The only 
 public buildings worthy of notice are the Cathedral, dedicated 
 to St, Felician, and the Palazzo Commuuale, a handsome edi- 
 fice, reiently erected, in the Ionic style. Foligno has a high 
 reputation throughout the Papal States for its manufactures 
 of woollens, parchment, and wax candles. Simp and playing- 
 cards are al.so m.ide; there are silk-mills and tanneries, and 
 it has some trade in cattle. The town was nearly destroyed 
 ty the earthquakes of 1^31 and 1802. It was anciently a place 
 of some importance, being at the head of a confederacy of 
 Umbrian cities. In 1439 it was incorporated with the Pon- 
 tifical States, by Cardinal Vitelleschi, on the extinction of 
 the Friaci Cimily. Pop. 17,891. 
 
 FOLKK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 FOLKI'VSTONE. (L. Lnpis prtpuU?) a parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, seaport, market-town, and parish of 
 England, co. of Kent, 5 miles W.S.VV. of Dover, of which 
 cinque-port it is a member. Pop. in 1851, 7549. The town, 
 on the line of the South-eastern Railway, here carried 
 across a lofty viaduct, lies in a hollow between two high 
 cliffs, on the English Channel, opposite Boulogne. It is 
 Irregularly built; has an ancient church, an endowed school 
 and charities, a battery, a pier, harbor admitting vessels of 
 from 10 to 12 feet draught at high water, and recently much 
 Improved by the removal of shingle; a market-house, excel- 
 lent baths, and other accommodations for visitors, whom 
 the fine sands and beautiful surrounding scenery attract 
 hither. Folkestone greatly suffered by encroachments of 
 >he sea, and its trade has much decayed; but it has still 
 valuable fisheries and considerable traffic with Boulogne. 
 Earl Radnor, as lord of the manor, owns the jail and appoints 
 the keeper. The borough joins with Hythe in sending 1 
 member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of 
 viscount to the earls of Radnor. Harvey, the celebrated dl.s- 
 eoverer if the circulation of the blood, was born here in 1578. 
 FOL'KIXGIIAM or FAL'KINGHAM, a market-town and 
 baiish of England, co., and 26 miles S.S.E. of Lincoln. 
 Pop. 820. 
 
 FOL'KIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 FOLKS/WORTH, a parish of England, co, of Iluntincdon 
 FOLK'TOX, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding 
 FOL'LIFOOT, a township of England, co. of York, \Ve8t 
 Riding. 
 
 FOLLO, foWo, (L. FoVhim.) a village of the Sardinian State*, 
 division of Genoa, 7 miles from Levanto, Pop, 2271). 
 
 FOLLOXICA, fol-lon'e-ki, a maritime village of Tuscany, 
 province of Pisa, on the Mediterranean, opp<jsite Elba, aud 
 12 miles E. of Piombino. It has rapidly increased in siz^. 
 having had in 1830 only 3 houses, whereas now it has in 
 winter from 1200 to 1500 inhabitants, employed in iron 
 works. All the ore from Elba is brought hither to bo 
 smelted, aud during S months of the year 1,000,000 pounds 
 of iron are produced from its furnaces, 
 FOL'SOMDALE, a post-office of Wyoming co., \ew York. 
 FOMBIO, fomljo-o, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Lodi, 2 miles S.W. of Codogno. In 1700, the Fiench hero 
 defeated the Atistrians. Pop. 1485. 
 
 FO.M'XIER CREEK, of Arkansas, flows through Clark co. 
 into Little Missouri River. 
 
 FOX'D.\, a post-village of Mohawk township, capital of 
 Slontgomery co., New York, on the X. bank of the Mohawk 
 Ki ver,andorftho New York CentrulRailroad,42 miles W,X.W. 
 of Albanj'. It has a handsome court-house, 2 or 3 churches, 
 I bank, aud several manufactories. Que newspaper is puh- 
 lislied here. Pop. about 700. 
 
 FOXD-DES-NEGRES, f6xo-dA-nA'g'r. a town of Hayti, in 
 its S.AV. peninsula, 55 miles W.S.W. of Port au Prince. 
 
 FOXD DU LAC. (i.e., "end of the lake."). a name some- 
 times applied to the S. extremity of Lake Winnebago, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 FOXD DU LAC, (Fr. pron. fAs" lU iSk.) a co. in the E. 
 part of Wisconsin, at the S. end of Lake W innebago. con- 
 t;iins 754 square miles. It is drained by the sources of Mil- 
 waukee and Rock Rivers, and by Fond du Lac River. A 
 high, steep ledge of limestone extends through the county 
 from S.AV. to N.E, On the S.E. side of this, the laud is 
 heavily timbered; the W, part of the county contains ex- 
 tensive praii-ies. The soil is calcareous and fertile. This 
 county is intersected by tile Chicago and Northwestern 
 Railroad, and by another railroad. The settlennait of the 
 county began in 1835, and has progressed with great 
 rapidity. " Fond du Lac," in French," signifies •' the end 
 of the lake." Capital, Fond du Lac. Pop. 34,154, 
 
 FOXD DU LAC, a flourishing town, capital of Fond du 
 Lac CO., AVisconsin, is admirably situated at the S. end of 
 Winnebago Lake, 72 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee, and 90 
 miles N.E. of MadLson. L.ike Winnebago, which is a beau- 
 tiful sheet of water, 30 miles long and 10 miles wide, forms 
 a link in the chain of navigable waters connecting I.Ake 
 Michigan and its tributaries with the Mississippi River, 
 and is the channel of an active and extensive trade. The 
 Fox River, by which Winnebago L;ike communicates with 
 Green Hay, has been rendered navigable for steamboats, aud 
 a canal has been cut from the same river to the Wisconsin. 
 Fond du Lac has grown up almost entirely since 1845, and 
 the population has increased with surprising rapidity. The 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad connects Fond du Lac 
 with Chicjigo on one hand, and Green Bay on the other. 
 The town is built on ground ascending gradually from the 
 lake, and is pleasantly embowered among groves aud clumps 
 of trees. It has an abundance of the purest \> ater, obtained 
 by means of Artesian wells, which vary in depth from 90 to 
 130 feet. It contains 1 national bank, 2 other biinks, 4 
 public halls, 11 churches, 2 high-schools, 13 dry-goods stores, 
 5 drug 6tt)res. 6 book stores, 2 floining-mills, 3 planing-mills, 
 and 16 saw-mills. It has also 2 plow factories, 4 cabinet 
 shops, 3 soap factories, 1 maiuifactory of railroad cars, 6 of 
 wagons, 1 of threshing nuichines, and 6 grain elevators. 
 One daily and 4 weekly newspapers are issued here. Pop. 
 in 1850, 2014 ; in 1860, 5450 ; in 1865, about 10,000, 
 
 FOND DU LAC, a settlement of Itasca co,, Minnesota, on 
 the St, Louis River, 22 miles from its entrance into Lake 
 Superior. It is accessible by steamboats from the lake, 
 
 FOXDETTES, foKo'd^t/, a vUlage of France, department of 
 Indre-et-Loire. 4 miles X,X,W. of Tours. Pop. in 1852, 2283. 
 FOXDI, fon'dee, (.inc. Fun>di,) a town of Xap'cs, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, on the Appian Way, 14 miles N.W. of 
 Gaeta. Pop. 5000. It is unhealthy from the proximity of a 
 salt lagoon, (anc. FundahmsLalcus ;) but it has a Gothic cathe- 
 dral, and various other public buildlng,s, with extensive re- 
 mains of Cyclopean walls. Its vicinity (the ancient Ca'cuhus 
 A'ger) is extremely fertile, and was anciently lamous for its 
 wine. 
 
 FOXDO, fon'do, a market-town of Au.'.'tria, in Tyrol, at the 
 confluence of the Wildbach and Rovella, 25 miles N. of 
 Trent. Pop. 1426. 
 
 FONDON, fon don', a village of Spain, in And.alusia, 28 
 miles X.W\ of Almeria, in a valley between the Sierras 
 Nevada and de Gador. Pop. 1951. 
 
 FOXES'AVOOD. a post-office of Westmoreland co., Virginia 
 FONG. fong. a prefix to the names of many cities of China. 
 See .ilso FCNG. 
 FONG or FUNG-YANG, f&ng-yilng, a town of China, pro 
 
 6So 
 
FON 
 
 ■Ince of NganhoeJ, on a mountain near the Hoal-ho, 495 
 miles S. by E. of Peking. It is the birthplace of the founder 
 of the Ming dynasty. 
 
 FOXG-TSIAXa, fong-tse-dng', a city of China, province of 
 Shen-see, on an affluent of the Hoei-ho, 90 miles W. of 
 See-ngan. 
 
 FOX XI, fon'nee. a village of the island of Sardinia, 34 miles 
 K.X.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 3053. 
 
 FOXSKCA, fon-sA/ki, a town of Spain. 12 miles S. of 
 Toledo. Pop. 4162. It has manufactures of cloth, dye- 
 works, and brandy distilleries. 
 
 FOXSECA GULF, in the Pacific Ocean. See Conchagca. 
 
 FONTAINEBLEAU, fdx-t^n-blo'. probably contracted from 
 Fontaine Belle Eac, '■ fountain of beautiful water," (L. Fbns 
 Bellaqiieus, f\>ns Bleaudi.) a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, in the midst of one of the finest forests in 
 the empire, on the railway from Paris to Lyons. al)out 2 miles 
 from the left b;ink of the Seine, and 37 miles S.S.E. of Paris. 
 It is well built, partly of stone and pjirtly of brick, with spa- 
 cious and regular streets. It is the seat of a court of fii-st re- 
 TOrt, and several public offices ; confctius fine Ivtrracks, a com- 
 munal college, school of design, public library of 28,000 
 volumes, public baths, and several hospitals The castle or 
 palace of Fontiiinebleau. from which the town de'!'ives its chief 
 importance, is one of the most magnificent in France. Many 
 of its sovereigns have made it their favorite residence, and vied 
 with each other in lavishing upon it all the emljellishments 
 that art could furnish. Henry IV. expended upon it about 
 100.000?.. Louis XIV. above aiO.OOOi., Xapoieon. 250.000/.. and 
 Louis Philippe, it is said, still more than any of his prede- 
 cessors. The park, laid out like a vast garden, and adorned 
 with statues, temples, fountains, lakes, and waterfalls, coi^ 
 responds to the magnificence of the palace. The forest, 
 frhifh has an area of 84 English square miles, abounds 
 with all kinds of game. Fontainebleau has manufactures 
 of calico, porcelain, and stone-ware; also quarries of sand- 
 stone, extensively used in paving the streets of Paris and 
 the roads of the surrounding districts ; and a trade in wine, 
 fruits, preserves, hoi-ses, and cattle. Fontainebleau is the 
 birthplace of Philippe IV., Henry III., and Louis XIII., 
 Kings of France, and Dancoiirt and Poinsonet, dramatic 
 authors. Christina. Queen of Sweden, resided here after 
 her abdication. Pope Pius VII. was detained here for 18 
 months, and here Xapoieon signed his first atxlication in 
 1814. Pop. 1852, 10,365. 
 
 FOXT A I X E FK A XC A ISE, fAsoHAn' (or fAs^HfnO frSNo'sAz/, 
 a town of France, department of C6te-d"0r, 20 miles X.E. of 
 Dijon. Pop. 1208. It has a fine chftteau and a monument 
 t<i Henry IV. of France. 
 
 FOXTAIXE L'EVEQDE, fAif'tfe' li'-vJk'. a town of Bel- 
 gium, province of Ilainaut, 6 miles AV. of Charleroi. Pop. 
 8018. employed in iron forces, hardware manufactures. Ac. 
 
 FOXTAIXE XOTKE-DAM!-;. V.^^Hin' not'r-ddm. a vill.Hge 
 of France, department of Xord, 2 miles W. of Cainbrai. 
 Pop. 1582. 
 
 FOXTAXA. fon-tl'nd. a village of Italy, in Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, pi miles .S.S.W. of Sora. Pop. 2100. 
 
 FOXTAXA, fon-ti/nd, a village of Northern Italj', near 
 Parma. Pop. 1000. 
 
 FOXTAXA FKEDDA. fon-ti'nl frJd'di avilLige of Xorth- 
 em Italy. 32 miles W.S.W. of L'dine. 
 
 FOXT.\XAKOSA, fon-t4*na-ro'sa. a town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Ultra I.. 4^ miles W. of Trigento. Pop.3000. 
 
 FOXTAXELLA, fon-td-n&lld, or FOXTAXELLA DEL 
 PIAXO, fon-tl-nJll3 d^l pe-3/no, a decayed town of Northern 
 Italy. 17 miles S.S.E. of Bergamo. . 
 
 FOXTAXELLATO, fon-ti-nJl-la'to. or FONTANALLATA, 
 fon-td-nil-li'tl, a village of Italy, 7 miles W.X.W. of Parma. 
 Pop. 1600. 
 
 FOXTAxF^MORE, fon-ti'nA-mo'rA. (L. Fonta'na-MaufrcL,) a. 
 Tillage of Pie<lmont. 36 miles E.S.E. of Aosta. Pop. 1190. 
 
 FUXTAXETO-DI-XOVAKA, fon-ti-nA'tonlet-no-vi'ri, a vil- 
 lage of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, about 1& miles 
 N.N.W. of Xovara, near the Agogna. Pop. 2531. 
 
 FOXTAXETO-DI-^EI!CELL1. tbn-td-nA'tOKlee-vJR-chJllee, 
 a village of the Sardinian States, 18 miles S.W. of VerceUi, 
 near the I'o. Pop. i:234. 
 
 FOXTAKABIA, fon'ta-r.Ani^a, {Bp. Fuenterrahia, fvilri-ik- 
 ril-bee'i,) a fortified town of Spain, in Biscay, situated at the 
 mouth of the river Bidassoa. which forms a part of the 
 boundary between France and Spain. It is chietiy interest- 
 ing on a<;count of its hi.storiwil associations. The town itself 
 has Ijeen fre<juently l)esieped, and its vicinity has been the 
 scene of numerous military operations. In 1837, some severe 
 fighting took place here between General Evans and the 
 Carlist.s, the former eventually taking the town. Lat 43° 
 
 22* X., Ion. 1° 47' AV. Adj. and inhab., Fontar.uuaji, fon^ 
 
 tl-rinx-an. * 
 
 FOXTCOUVEKTE. fAso^kooVaiRt/, (L. Fbns OpeHtus.) a vil- 
 lage of tile Sardinian States, on the Arvan. about 3 miles 
 W.S.W. of Siin Giovanni di Moriano. Pop. loOO. 
 
 FOXTE, fm'tA, a village of Austrian Italy, govemment 
 of Venice, 21 miles W.X.W. of Treviso. Pop. "l63i. 
 
 FOXTECCHIO, fon-t^kOteK), a village of Xaples. province 
 of Abruz/xi Ultra Il„ 16 miles S.£. of AouUa. Pod. 863. 
 686 ■» »■ 
 
 FOO 
 
 FONTELLO, fon-tlllo, a market-town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira. on the Douro. 4 miles E.N.E. of Ijimego. 
 
 FONTEXAY-LE-COMTE, fiN«'teh-nA'-leh-k6.Nt. a town of 
 France, department of A'ecdee. on the Ve'nd^. where it bo- 
 comes navigable. 33 miles S.E.of Bourtx>n-Vindee. Pop. in 
 1852, 7884. It is pleasantly situated, and has a couimuna] 
 college, barracks, hospitals, a church with a spire 311 feet in 
 height, and a ruined castle. It has manufactures of coarse 
 linen and woollen cloths; and it is an entrepot f.r the 
 Gironde and Charente wines. Fo.vtenay is the name of 
 numerous communes and villages of France, the chief of 
 which is FoNTENAT-AUX-RosES. department of Seine, 3. of 
 Pari.s, with a station on the railway to Sceaux. 
 
 FOXTEXAV-SOCS-BOIS, fAx^Heh-nA'-soo-bwd. a village of 
 France, department of Seine, 1 mile E. of Vinceunes. Pod 
 1696. 
 
 FONTEXOY. fAx°Hfh-nwA/. a village of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut, 5 miles S.E. of Tournay. Here on the 30th of 
 April. 1745, the forces under the Duke of Cumberland were 
 defeated bv the French under Marshal Saxe. 
 
 F0XTEX0Y-L1>CH.\TEAU, f(liN='teh-nwd/-leh-sha't3', m 
 town of France, department of Vosges, on the Touey, 17 
 miles S.S.W. of Epinal. Pop. 1372. 
 
 FOXTES, fon't^s. a town of Portugal, province of Tras-o»- 
 Montes, about 15 miles W. of Villa Real. Pop. It 00. 
 
 FOXTEVIVO, fon-t.A-vee'vo, a village of Italy, provinco 
 of Parma, in a pliun 9 miles W.N.W. of Parma. It contains 
 a magnificent marble mausoleum of Ferdinand, Duke of 
 Bourton, who died here in 1802^ and a coUoge of Maria 
 Louisa. Pop. 2630. 
 
 FOXTEVRAULT, fAsoHeh-vro'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, 8 iniles S.E. of Saumur. Pop. 1400. 
 It owed its foundation to a famous abbey, destroyed during 
 the first revolution, a part of which is now a prison. The 
 other remaining portions are a church of the twelfth century, 
 in which are the tombs of Henry II. and Richard I. of Eng- 
 land. Eleanor of Guienne. and Isabelle, widow of King Jihn. 
 
 FOXT'HILL, BISH'OP'S. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 FOXT'UILL GIF'FORD,a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 1| miles S.E. of Hindon. Here stood Fonthill Abley. the 
 superb and singular mansion of the late W. Beckford. Esq. 
 
 FOXTIVEROS, fon-te-vi'roce, a town of Spain, in Old 
 Castile, province, and 25 miles N.N.M'. of Avila. Pop. 694. 
 
 FOXT'.MELI.-M.\G'XA, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 FOXTVIEILLE. f6N«Ve-A]' or fiN«Ve-A'ye, a village of 
 Fi-ance, department of Bouches-du-Rhone, 5 miles X.E. of 
 Aries. Pop. 1786. Near it are excellent stone quarries. 
 
 FOXZ, fons or fonth, a town of Spain, 35 miles E.S.E. of 
 Ilue.'ca. Pop. 2160. It has Roman remains. 
 
 FOXZASO, fon-zd'so. a village of Xorthem Italy, govem- 
 ment of Venice, 22 miles W,S,W, of Belluno. Pop. 2700. 
 
 FOO. FOU. or FU, a Chine.<e word signifjinga "city"or 
 more properly a "city of the first class," joined to many 
 Lliiuese names, as K.vi FoSG Foo. YcSN.tx Foo; these com- 
 pounds being nearly equivaletrt to the '• great city of Kal 
 Foug," the •■great city of Yunnan," i-c. It maj-. however, 
 be observed that there are several other Chinese words repre- 
 sented in English by i-bo having altogether a different sig- 
 nification fronr the alxive. 
 
 FOO or FOU, loo, a town of China, province of Shensee, 
 situated on the Lo-ho, 45 miles S. cf Yenngan. 
 
 FOOAH, FOUAH. or FOUA, foo'i (anc. J/. Mis.') a village of 
 Lower Egypt, on the W. arm of the Xile, opposite Atfch, 16 
 miles S.S.E. of Rosetta. 
 
 FUO'CIIOO', FOO-CnOO-FOO. fixi'choo'foo/. FOO-CIIOW- 
 FOO, FOO-TCHOW-FOO, fooVlidw'foo', oi- FOU-TCHEOU- 
 FOU, HxrchS-oo^foo', a city of China, one of the five 
 ports recently opened for commerce, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Fo-kieu, on the Min River, 25 miles from its 
 mouth, Lat, 26° 12' 24" N., Ion. 119° 30' E. Pep. estimated 
 at 500,000. It is surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, 
 alx>ut 4 miles distant, and is enclosed by a castellated wall, 
 y or 10 miles in circumference, outside of which are su- 
 burbs as extensive as the city it.self. The whole is com- 
 manded by a fortified hill 600 feet above the plain, and 
 inside of the walls is another height crowned by a conspi- 
 cuous watch tower. A long bridge, erected on granite pit 
 lars, here cros.ses the river, and is partly covered with shops. 
 The walled city is very superior to that of Amoy : it has 
 good shops and houses, a main street, with residences for 
 the public functionaries. Large quantities of cotton goods 
 and well dyed blue cloths are manufactured here, and 600 
 ovens for the production of porcelain, are constantly em- 
 ployed in the city and it.s vicinity. Xear it are also exten- 
 sive lead mines; and the black tea district l»eing within 70 
 miles, tea is procured at Foo-choo 25 per cent, cheaper 
 than at C.inton. A large commerce is carried on ^itli th* 
 maritime provinces of China, both by land and water, alsn 
 witli the Loo-choo Islands and Japan. Principal exports, 
 timber, tea. paper, bamboo, oranges, and other fruits, spices, 
 copper, and corn. Imports comprise salt, sugar, European 
 manufactures, and a great Variety of other goods. Besidea 
 the trade by land, it is estimated that shipping to 29.000 
 tons is employed in the trade of Foo-choo; and the value of 
 the import and return cargoes is supposed to aniouat tp 
 
FOO 
 
 FOR 
 
 iTOOO.OOO annually. One half the population are supposed 
 to be addicted to smoking opium, on which above $2,000,000 
 are annually spent. 
 
 FOO-CIIOO-FOO or FOO-CIIOW-FOO, a city of China, pro- 
 vince of Kianp;-see, 210 miles N.W. of the foregoing city. 
 
 FOO-KKU, foo'ku', or foo^ke-oo', a town of China, pro- 
 vince of Hunan, on an affluent of the Iloai-ho, 45 miles S. 
 cf Kaifong. 
 
 FOO'LADOO', a mountainous district of Western Africa, 
 near the sources of the Senegal, between Ion. S° and 10° W., 
 and intersected by the l.jth parallel of N. lat. The .scenery 
 of this country is represented as singularly grand and 
 sublime, with villages perched among prei;ipices of many 
 hundred ft'et in perpendicular height. 
 
 FOOLAILS, FOULAIIS. or FULAHS, tooni.7>, by some 
 writer.'* called FKLL.\T.\[IS. ii\-Wtiz, a remarkable race, 
 widely diffused through West .\frica, particularly Senegam- 
 bia. Their principal kingdoms are Foota Toro. Rondoo. Foola- 
 doo, ICaarta, Ludamar. and iva.'sson. Their original locality is 
 unknown. Though allied to the negro family, they differ 
 widely in their physical diaracteristics from that race, having 
 neither their deep jet color, crisped hair, flat nose, nor thick 
 lips. In person they are tall, well proportioned, and of erect 
 and graceful figure. In speaking of the negro nations, they 
 always riuik themselves with the white people. They are 
 shrewd and intelligent, are active traders, and industrious 
 agriculturists, whiih is their chief and favorite employment. 
 They have many large commercial towns, large tracts of 
 highly-cultivated lands, and numerous schools. They are 
 mostly Mohammedans, to which religion they became con- 
 verts about 400 years ago. 
 
 FOO-MI.\0, forming', a town of China, province, and 18 
 miles X.W. of Yunnan, on an affluent of the Yang-tse-kiang, 
 FOONAI or FOU.NAI, fooSiI'. a considerable town of Jar 
 pan. island of Itioo-Sioo, near its N. coast. 
 
 FOO-XIXO or FOU-MNO, ftx/ning', a city of China, pro- 
 vince of Foliien, capital of a department, 70 miles N.E. of 
 Foochoo-foo. 
 
 FOO-NlNa or FOU-NING, a city of China, province of 
 Pe-chee-lee, near the Yellow S&'i, 105 miles E. of Peking. 
 
 FOOl'IM or KOU-PIM. foo-pim'. a town of China, province 
 of Pe-chee-Ioe, 63 miles W. of P.io-ting. 
 
 FOO-Pl.N or FOUPIN, Cxipin', a town of China, province 
 6f Quang-ton g. 
 FOOK and FOOKIAN. See Dae FooR. 
 FOOUICAKIA, foo-re-ki'rt-d, a large town of West Africa, 
 In the Mandiiigo country. 76 miles N.N.E. of Sierra Leone. 
 FOOSEE, FOUSI or FU.-<I.foo~see'. the loftiest mountain in 
 the empire of .lapan, commonly called by the .Japanese FooSEB- 
 Y.iMA. It is situated in lat. :ii)° 15' N.. Ion. 13SO ,S5' E., in the 
 province of Sooroosia. island of Xiplion. Its height, accord- 
 ing to Sieliold. is 12.440 feet; it stands in an i.solated position, 
 in the centreof a boundless landscape of uncommon beauty. 
 It is an ancient volcano, formerly the most active in all Ja- 
 pan; but a century and a half have elapsed since the last 
 eruption, and its crater Is now filled with water. It is re- 
 garded with a superstitious reverence; and. in the month of 
 August, Boodhist devotees make pilgrimages to its summit, 
 to offer prayers to the idols which liave been placed in the 
 ravines of the rock by their ancestors. According to Ja- 
 panese historians, this mountain emerged from the bosom 
 of the earth in tlie yejir 2S5 n.c, and a corresponding depres- 
 sion of the ground produced, in a single niglil. the great Lake 
 Slitsoo, or, as Siebold names it. Biwako. The last eruption 
 occurred at the close of the year 1707. 
 
 FOO-SHAX or FOU-SCIIAX, foo'shln', a large city of 
 China, province of Quang-tong. 21 miles E.X.E. of Canton, 
 on the island of See-Kiang. (Si-Kiang.) A. portion of its in- 
 habitant!!, as is common in many other towns in China, live 
 in boats. Pop. estimated at 200.000. 
 
 FOO-.SiIAX or FOC-CIIAX, foo'shjn', a town of China, 
 province of Kiang-soo, on the Yang-tse-kiang, below ban- 
 king, at the base of a fortified height. 
 
 FOO.-ilYAMA or FOUSI YAMA. See Foosee. 
 FOCTA, a territory of Western Africa, in Senegambia, S. 
 of the Senegal, extending from Dag.ana. on the N.W., to 
 North Guererr. on the S.E., between lat. 15° and 16° 26' N., 
 Ion. 12° 30' and 10° 30' W. It is divided into three parts, 
 of which that on the W. is called Foota-Tora, that in the 
 centre Foota. (Proper.) and that on the E. Foota-Damga. 
 The soil is fertile, well watered, and well cultivated; but the 
 climate is extremely hot. The principal productions are 
 rice and other cereals, cotton of excellent quality, and 
 tobacco. The forests are extensive, and the district con- 
 tains several iron mines. The natives profess the Moham- 
 medan religion. The government is theocratic and elective ; 
 but the almamy or chief must be chosen from certain privi- 
 leged families, liy a council of five persons The almamy is 
 controlled by the council of five, to whom he must constantly 
 submit his acts, and who possess the right of reprimanding, 
 deposing, andeven. in certain cases, of putting him to death. 
 FOOTA-BOXDOO. See Bondoo. 
 
 FOOTA-.TALLON, foo'td-jdlMon', a considerable district of 
 Western Africa, in Senegambia, intersected by lat. 13° X. and 
 Ion lo-' W. It is extremely mountainous, and remarlutble 
 
 for the rom.intic beauty of its scenery. The rivers SeneiT*!, 
 (iambia. and Grande, have their source within this district 
 The capital, TinitK). in lat. 10° 25' N., Ion. 10° 40' W., con- 
 tains a pop. of about 7000. 
 
 FOO-TCHOW-FOO or FOO-CIIOW-FOO. See Foo-Choo. 
 
 FOOT/DEE or FUTTIE, fooftee. a fishing-village of Scot- 
 land, in Aberdeenshire, forming a suburb of Xew Aberdeen, 
 and immediately adjacent to the entrance of the harbor. 
 
 FOOTSITZ or FOUTSITZ, foot'sits'. a town of Japjin, on 
 the island of Niphon, province of Bingo, 105 miles X.B. of 
 Miako. 
 
 FORBACH. foR'bdk'. a town of France, department of Mo- 
 selle, on the Xancy and Mannheim Kaihvay, 43 miles X.E. of 
 Metz. Pop. in 1862, 4826. It manufiictures woollen cloths 
 and tobacco-pipes. 
 
 F011B.\CH, foR'bjK, a village of Baden, on the Slurg, 
 here crossed by a suspension bridge, 24. miles S.S.W. Oi 
 Carlsruhe. Pop. 1245. 
 
 FORBES, foR/b^s. a market-town of Bohemia, 8 miles 8.B. 
 of Budweis. Pop. 720. 
 
 FORBES' (forbz'iz) ISLANDS, off the N.E. coast of Aus- 
 tralia, in Temple Bay; lat. 12° 30' S., ion. 143° 20' E. 
 
 FOR/BUSII, a post-office of Yadkin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 FORCADOS, RIO DOS. ree^o doce fcR-ka'doce. a river of 
 Western Africa. Upper Guinea, falling into the Bii;ht of 
 Benin : lat. 5° 22' N., Ion. 5° 19' 15" E. The bar. at its mouth, 
 is 1 mile broad. 3 miles long, and carries 13 feet at low 
 water. Forcados is considered the most accessible estuary 
 on the coast, with .a noble sound of smooth water, 5 fathoms 
 deep, immediately within the bar. 
 
 FORCALL, foR-kSll', a town of Spain, 44 miles N. of Cas- 
 tellon de la I'lana, on an affluent of the Ebro. Pop. 2000, 
 engased in the manufacture of sandal-cords. 
 
 FORCALQUIER, foR'kSrke-.V, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of the Basses-Alpes, 24 miles S.W. of Digne. Pop. 
 1098. It was formerly fortified. 
 
 FOR'CETT. a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 FORCIIIIEIM. foRK'hime, a fortified town of Bavaria, on 
 the Regnitz, 16 miles S.S.E. of Bamberg, on the railway 
 thence to Nuremberg. Pop. 3000. It has a collegiate church, 
 a synagogue, and an arsenal. Rudolph of Rheiufield was 
 elected emperor here by the diet of lo77. 
 
 FOKCIITEXAU. foRK'tek-ndw', (Hun. Fralvn-AIhin. frdk'- 
 no'011'yOh\) a market-town of Hungary, co . and 11 miles W. 
 of (Edenburg. Pop. 729. It has an elegant new residence 
 of the Eszterhazv familv. 
 
 FORCHTEXBERG, foRK'ten-bjRO\ a town of Wilrtem- 
 berg. 18 miles X.E. of Ileilbronn. Pop. nt'4. 
 
 FORD, ford, a parish of Engliind. co. of Xorthumberland, 
 7i miles W.X.AV. of Windsor. Ford Castle is partly mo- 
 dern. It was taken, previous to the battle of Flodden, 
 by James IV. 
 "ford, a parish of Enfcland, co. of .S.a!op. 
 
 FOKD, a parish of England, co. of Su.ssex. 
 
 FOliD. a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 FORD, a post-oflice of Geauga co.. Ohio. 
 
 FORDE. foR'dSh, a parish and village of X'orway, 76 miles 
 N.N.E. of Bergen. Pop. of parish 3760. 
 
 FOR'DEX. a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery. 
 
 FORD'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 FORDH.\M, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 FORDHAM. a parish of England, co of Norfolk. 
 
 FORD'IIAM, a post-village of Westchester co., New York, 
 on the Harlem Railroad, 12 miles N.N.E. of New Y'ork. It 
 is the seat of St. John's College, (Roman Catholic,) a thriv- 
 ing institution founded in 1841. 
 
 FORD'INQBRIDGE, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Hants, on the Avon, here ci-ossed by a stone- 
 bridge. 19 miles N.W. of South.ampton. Pop. in ISol. 3178. 
 
 FORDIXGTON. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 FORDOCHE, forMosh'. a small bayou of Louisiana, flows 
 through Pointe Coupee and Iberville parishes, and commu- 
 nicates with Atchafalaya Bayou. 
 
 FORDOCHE, a post-office of Point Coup6e parish. Louisiana. 
 
 FOR'DON. a town of Prussia, Poland, 7 miles E.X.E. of 
 Bromberg. on the Vistula. Pop. 2080. 
 
 FOlfDOUX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine. 
 
 FORD'S CR EEK, a post-office, Catahoula parish, Louisiana. 
 
 FORD'S DEPOT, a post-office of Dinwiddle co., Vircinia. 
 
 FORDS FERRY, a post-officeof Crittenden co., Kentucky. 
 
 FORD'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia. 
 
 FORDS'VILLE. a post-village in Marion co., Mississippi, 
 on the western bank of Pearl River, about 100 miles S. by E, 
 of Jackson. 
 
 FORDSVILLE. a post-village of Ohio co., Kentucky, 130 
 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 FOgDYCE, for-diss', a maritime parish of Scotland, on 
 North Sea, co. of Banff. The village is a burgh of barony. 
 
 FORE, a decayed town of Ireland, Leinster, co. of W(«t- 
 meath. 3 miles E. of CastlepoUard. Pop. 119. The town, 
 built in the reign of Edward III., has an ancient Ktond 
 cross, ruins of a priorj- and chapel, and the cell of a lierndt, 
 tenanted so late as 1764. 
 
 FORE'LAXD, (NORTH and SOUTH.) two celebrated head- 
 lands in England, co. of Kent; the first forming the N.B. 
 
 tjS7 
 
FOR 
 
 angle of the county, and the most easterly land in England. 
 Xt c-onsists of chalky cliffs, nearly 200 feet in heisrht. pro- 
 jecting into the North Soa, and having a li^ht-house with 
 fixed liL'ht. elevated 1S4 fivt. in lat. 51° 22' 5" X., Ion. 1° 26' 
 7" W. The South Foi-eland is about 16 miles S. of the for- 
 mer, the Downs Iving between. It has two liirht-houses. in 
 lat. 51° 8' 4" N., Ion. 1° 22' 5" E., elevation 372 feet, with 
 fixed liihts to warn ships coming from the S., of their ap- 
 proa.^h to the Goodwin Sands. 
 
 Ft)KE'M.A.RK. a pari.sh of Enorland. co. of Derby. 
 
 FORKNZA. forfn'zl, (anc fhren'tumf) a city of Naples, 
 province of Basilicata, in the Apennines, 15 miles N.E. of 
 Potenza. Pop. 6100. 
 
 FOK'EST. a township of England, co. of Durham. Pop. 
 884, partly employed in lead mines. Here are cascades of 
 the Tees and romantic scenery. 
 
 FOKEST, a viJla-e of Belgium. See FoRfiT. 
 
 FOREST, a county in the N.X.W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 has an area of 376 square miles. It is intersected by Cla- 
 rion or Toby's River, and the liorthern part is traversed by 
 Teonista Creek. The surface is uneven and hilly, and ex- 
 tensively covered with thick forests of pine. "The soil is 
 moderately fertile, except where it is too rough and rocky 
 for cultivation. Lumber is the chief article of export. 
 Stone coal is found. The Clarion river is navirrable by small 
 boats through the ctiunty, and the route of the Sunbury 
 and Erie Railroad passes near the north-eastern extremity. 
 This county was formed, about the year 1861. out of the 
 northern part of Jefferson, and is not included in the census 
 of 1S50. Capitjil, Marion. Pop. 898. 
 
 FOKEST, a township in Genesee CO., Michigan. Pop. 632. 
 FOREST, a towusliip in the northeaotern part of Fond 
 dii Lac CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1231. 
 
 FOREST, BLACK, Germany. See Black Fosbst. 
 
 FOR'ESTBURG. a post-township of Sullivan co. New 
 fork. 44 miles W. of Xewhurg. Pop. 911. 
 
 FOREST C ANTON'S, Switzerland, are the cantons of 
 Lucerne. Schwytz. Uri. and Unterwalden. in the centre of 
 which is the I>ake of Lucerne, or lake of the Four Cantons. 
 
 FOR'KST CIT'Y, a post-village of Tompkins ca, New 
 York 14."> miles W. of .Mb.-,nv. 
 
 FOREST CREEK.of Union district. South Carolina, tiows 
 S.E.. and enters the Tiirer River 10 miles S.E. of Unionville. 
 
 FOR'ESTD.\LE. a postrofflce of Rutland co_ Vermont. 
 
 FOREST DEPOT, a post-oflBce of Bedford co.. Virginia. 
 
 FOREST GATE, a station on the Eastern Counties Kail- 
 wav. England, co. of Essex. 5 miles E.N.E. of London. 
 
 FOREST GROVE, a postK)fflce of Claiborne, parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 FOREST GROVE, a post-office of Elkhart co.. Indiana. 
 
 FOR'EST HILL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 FOREST IIILL, a station on the London and Brighton 
 Railway. 5 miles S. of London Bridge. Around it is much 
 beautiful scenery, which is interspersed with many hand- 
 some villas. 
 
 FOREST IIILL, a post-offlce of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FOREST HILL, a post-office of Harford co., Marvland. 
 
 FOREST HILL, a postrotfic* of Decatur co., Indiana. 
 
 FOREST HOME, a post-office of Newton co., Arkansas. 
 
 FOREST HuJIK, a post-office of Amador co., California. 
 
 FOllKST HOUSE, a small village of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FOREST I'RON WORKS, a post-village of Union co., Penn- 
 eylvania. 
 
 FOREST LAKE, a post-township of Susquehanna co., 
 Peniisylvjinia, 7 miles N.W. of Montrose. Pop. 1125. 
 
 FORE^^TO, fo-rJs'to. a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Bergamo. 3 miles W. of Sarnieo. Pop. 1251. 
 
 Purest 0.\K. a post-office of Montgomery co.. Maryland. 
 
 FOUEST-QUARTER, a township of England, co. Durham. 
 
 FOREST KETREAT.apostoffice of Nicholas co.,Kentuckv. 
 
 FOREST SPRING, a post-office of Greenup co.. Kentucky. 
 
 FOR'ESTVILLE. a post-village of Hartford CO.. Connecticut, 
 on the Hartford Providence and Fishkill Railroad, 15 miles 
 W.S W. of Hartford. 
 
 FOR EST VI LLE. a thriving post-village of Chautauqua co.. 
 New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad. 8 miles E. of 
 Dunkirk. It contains churches for the Methodists, Baptists, 
 »nd Universalists. and about halt'-a-dozen stores. Pop. 674. 
 
 FORE.STVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvani.t. 
 
 FOKESTVILLE, a post-office of Shenandoah co.. A'irginia. 
 
 FURESTVILLE. a post-village in Wake co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 1.') miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 FOKESTVILLE. a village of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 FOKESTVILLE, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa. 
 
 FdI'.ET or FOREST, foVA', or foV^h', (Flemish Vorft. 
 TORst. I a village of Belgium, province, and 7 miles S.E. of 
 Liege, on the Vesdre. Pop. 2o28. 
 
 FOKET, LA. 14 fo'rA/, or foVJh', a maritime hamlet of 
 France, deprtrtment of Finistdre. arrondissement of Quim- 
 p^r, on a bay of its own name. Pop. 1500. 
 
 FOR EZ. fo*r;i/, an old division of France, in the province 
 Of Ly.nn.iis, the CHpit-nl of which was .Montbrison, now form- 
 ing the greater part of the department of Loire. 
 
 fOK/FAK, FORFAllSHlKJi, for:i»r-«hir, or ANQCS, »ng'. 
 
 FOR 
 
 1 p6s, a maritime county of Scotland, having E. the North Sea, 
 
 and S. the Frith of Tay. Pop. in 1851, 191.269. The surface 
 
 1 is naturally divided into four parallel lielts. rnnniug from 
 
 I N.E. to S.W„ viz., the Bi-aes of Angus, a part of the Grampian 
 
 j range; the A'ale of Strathmore: the Sidlaw Hills: the rich 
 
 plain on the Frith of Tay and the se.i. The principal rivers 
 
 are the North and South Esks. and the I.sla. Forfar is the 
 
 chief seat of the coarse linen manufactures of Scotland. It 
 
 has 5 royal burghs, viz., Dundee, Arbroath. Forfar. Montros*, 
 
 and Brechin. It sends 3 members to the House of Commons, 
 
 1 being for the county. 
 
 FORF.VR, a parliamentary, mun)cip.al. and royal burgh 
 and parish of Scotland, capital of the county of Forfar, in 
 the v.ile of Stiathmore, near a small lake, 14 miles N.N.E. 
 of Dundee, with which, and Arbroath, it is connected by 
 railw.ay. Pop. in 1851, 11,009; pop. of borough. 9311. It is 
 well built, has handsome county buildings, an excellent 
 news-room and library, numerous schools, and places of 
 worship, with considerable manufactures of Highland 
 brogues and coarse hneus. Forfar unites with Montrose, 
 .\rbroath. Brechin, and Bervie, in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 FORFARSHIRE, a co. of Scotland. See Forfar. 
 FORG. forg. a town of Persia, province of Laristan. 175 
 miles S.E. of Sheeraz. It is inclo.sed by an earthen rampart, 
 is well furnished with water, and hasa fortified palace, and 
 about 200 houses. 
 
 FOR'GAN, (formerly St. Phillans.) a parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Fife, on the Tay, opposite Dundee, with which it com- 
 municates by a steam ferry. 
 
 FOr.'GANDEX'NY. a parish of Scotland, co.s. of Perth and 
 Kinros.s 6 miles S.W. of Perth. It has remains of Roman 
 and Danish camps. 
 
 FORGAKH, foR-gl're-i[, a village of Austrian Italy, go- 
 •vernment of A'enice, near the Tagliamento, 16 miles N.W. 
 of Udine. Pop. 1050. 
 
 FORGES-LES-EAUX. foRzh-Uz-a. a town of France, de- 
 partment of the Seine-Inferieure. 22 miles N.E. of Rouen. 
 Pop. 1653. It has mineral springs, and an establishment 
 of baths. fi*quented from July to September. Its three 
 springs. La Rei.nette, La Royale. and La Cardinale, were 
 so named from having been resorted to in 1632 by Louis 
 XIII., his Queen, and the Cardinal Rit'lieliLU. They are 
 chalvbeate. and have a temperature of 45° Fahrenheit. 
 
 FORGE VILLAGE, a post-villaire in Middlesex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Stony Brook Railroad, 6 miles from 
 Groton. and about 30 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 
 FOR'GLEN\ a parish of Scotland, county, and 7$ miles S. 
 of Banff. The ancient castle of Forglen is situated on the 
 romantic banks of the Deveron. 
 
 FOR'GUE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 FORI A, fo're-4. or FORIO. fo^re-o. a .seapoit town of Naples, 
 on the western coast of the island of Ischia. district, and 16 
 miles W.S.W. of Pozzuoli. Pop. 6100. It is beautifully 
 situated, and h.ts a good harbor. Near it are mineral bath.s. 
 FORK'ED DEER RIVER, of West Tennes.see. is formed 
 by two brjnche.s, the South and North Fork.s, which unite 
 in Dyer county. Flowing thence south-westward, it enters 
 the Mississippi, near the north-westward extremity of Lau- 
 derdale county. Keel-boats ascend the South Fork, the 
 lai-gest branch, as high as Jackson, which is 150 miles from 
 its mouth. The North Fork rises near the north-eastern 
 extremity of Madison county, and joins the South Fork a 
 few miles S. of Dversburg. 
 
 FORK'ED HEAD, a headland of North America, Cape 
 Breton, on the S.E. coast, between Fourehon Harbor and 
 Portland Cove. 
 
 FORKED RIVER, a post-village of Dover township. 
 Ocean co.. New .Tersey, is situated on a stream of its own 
 name, alwut 9 miles S.S.E. of Toms River. It has 2 grist 
 mills. 1 saw mill, a ship-yard, a school-house, and a store. 
 Most of the citizens are engaged in maritime pursuits at a 
 distance from home ; but there are in the vicinity of the 
 village many excellent farms. 
 
 FORKED RIVER, a postofflce of Monmouth CO., Nevr 
 Jersey. 
 F0RK1IILL. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of .\rmagh. 
 FORK'L.A.SD. a thriving post-village of Greene co„ Ala- 
 bama, at the junction of the Black Warrior and Tomblgbee 
 Rivers. 18 miles S. of Eutaw. 
 FOliK LICK, a post-office of Nicholas co.. A'irginia. 
 FORK MEET'INGHOUSE, a post-office of l).-iltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 FORK'NER'S HILL, a post-office of Laclede co., Mls.sourl. 
 FORK RIDGE, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia. 
 FORKS, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1140. 
 
 FORKS, s township of Sullivan co., Pennsylvanin. 
 Pop. 0»1. 
 
 FORKS OF ELK'HORN, a post-office of Franklin co., Keo- 
 tuckv. 
 
 FORKS OF PIGEON, a post-office of Haywood co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 FORKS OF POTCMAO, a post-office of Hampshhre co, 
 Virginia. 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 FORK'STON, a post-village and township ofWyomlng co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 105 miles N.E. of Hairisburg. 
 
 ■PORKS'VILLK, a postoflice of Mecklenburir co., Virrfnia. 
 
 FORKSVirvLi;, a small post-village of Washita parish, 
 Louisiana, 13 miles W. of Munroe. 
 
 FOHKSVILLK, a pos^village of Lake co., Illinois, 50 miles 
 N.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 FOKKTOWNj'a post-village in Somerset co., Maryland, 
 about 90 miles S.S.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 FORK UNION, a post-office of Fluvanna co., Virginia. 
 
 FOHLI, foR-lee', (anc. Fnfrum LivHi.) a walled city of Cen- 
 tral Italy, in the State of iEmilia, capital of a province of its 
 own name, 38 miles S.E. of Bologna, at the foot of the Ap- 
 ©nlunes, in a pleasant and fertile plain, watered by the 
 Ronco and Slontone. It is handsome and well built, with 
 a spacious square, and contiiins many beautiful buildings, 
 Including several palaces, one of which, the Palazzo Guerini. 
 is after the designs of Michael Angelo. It also has a cathe- 
 dral, and several other churches, most of which are adorned 
 with fine paintings, by Cignani, Guido, and other masters. 
 There are likewise numerous convents in the town, and a 
 famous citiidel, now a prison. Forli is a bishop's see, and 
 the residence of the legate. It has a collecre, a public li- 
 brary, and some literary societies; manufactures of silk 
 ribbons, silk twist, oil-cloth, woollen stuffs, wax, nitre, 
 and refined sulphur; and a considerable trade in corn, 
 wines, oil, hem^i, ;ind anit^eseeU. Forli wag taken by the 
 French in 1797. Pop. 17.723. 
 
 FORM, a province of Central Italy, bounded on the E. by 
 the'Adriatic. Area, about 750 square miles. Capital, Forli. 
 Pop. in 1862, 224,463. 
 
 FORLI. a village of Naples, province of Molise, 7J4 miles 
 N. of Isernia. Pop. 2200. 
 
 •FOI!LIMPO!>OLI, foR-lim-pop'o-le, (anc. y</r7/m Pftpil'ii,) 
 a town of Central Italy, in the province of Forli, 5 miles 
 E.S.E. of Forli. Pop. 4191. It hag an ancient castle, a 
 cathedral, and some trade in wine, flax, and silk. 
 
 FORM'BY. a chapelrv of England, co. of Lanca.ster. 
 
 FOIiMKNTEKA, foR-'m^n-tii'ra, (anc. Pityii/sm.) one of the 
 Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean. 6 miles S. of Ivi^a. 
 Length from W. io E., 13^iiles; breadth, from 2 to 10 miles. 
 Pop. 2000, engaged in agriculture. 
 
 FORMKKIE. t'>R*mph-ree'. a town of France, department 
 3f Oise, 21 miles N.N.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1257. 
 
 FORMICUE. foH-mee'k.i two small islands in the Medi- 
 terranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, intendency, and 5 miles 
 S.W. of Trapani. the E. and larger being covered with stone 
 buildings, and h.aving a tolerable harbor. 
 
 FORSiICHE, foR-meencjl, a group in the Mediterranean, 
 off the S.E. extremity of Elba. 
 
 F(11!MICHE DI GHOSSETTO. foR-mee%A dee gros-sjf to a 
 group in the Mediterranean, including Monte Christo,Qian- 
 , Giglio, &c. 
 
 FORMICOLA, foR-mee'ko-H, a village of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, 7 miles N.E. of Capua. Pop. 2000. 
 
 FORMIGA. foR-mee'gd. a town of Brazil, provineo of Minas- 
 Geraes, 140 miles E. of Villa Rica, near the source of a small 
 river of the same name, comarca of Rio Grande. Pop. 2000. 
 
 FORMIGARA. foR-me-gd'rd, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province of Cremona, 6 miles S.S.W. of Soresina. Pop. 11S6. 
 
 FOH^IIG.VS, foR-mee'gJs, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Slinas-Oeraes. 100 miles W.N.W. of Jlinas-Novas. Pop. 1000. 
 
 FORMIUINE, foii-nie-jee'nfV, a town of North Italy, situ- 
 ated on ii op.nul miles S.S.W. of Modena. Pop. 1800. 
 
 FORMION Y. foR^meen^yee', a town of France, department 
 of Calvados. 12 milej from Rayeux, famous for a battle be- 
 tween the French and English, in 1450, in which the latter 
 were defeated, and in consequence of which they were com- 
 pelled to abandon Normandy. A monument to commemo- 
 rate the event was set up in 1834, near the highway be- 
 tween Paris and Cherlx)urg, at the spot where the closing 
 struggle is recorded to have taken place. Pop. 537. 
 
 FORMOSA. (Chinese Tai-wan or Tai-ouan, tl-wdn'; Fr. Fbr- 
 Biose, foK^moz'; Port, iibrmata, foR-mo'sJ, i.e. "beautiful,") 
 an island of the China Sea, between 22° and 25° 30* N.. and 
 Ion. 120° 30' and 122° E. Length from N. to S., 245 miles ; 
 breadth at the broadest part, which is at the centre, about 
 100 miles. Area, 15.000 square miles. The whole coast of the 
 i.sland facing the mainland, and for a considerable distance 
 inland, belongs to China, and is Included in the government 
 of the province of Fokien, from which it is distant about 90 
 miles. The rt^mainder, or E. side of the island, is occxi- 
 pied by aborigines. Formosa is intersected throughout Us 
 whole length by a ridge of mountains called Afuh Kan fHian, 
 some of whose summits are supposed to reach an eleva- 
 tion of 12.000 feet, and are covered with snow during the 
 whole year. Their declivities are clothed with fine trees 
 ind ftasture-grounds. giving the island a very attractive ap- 
 pearance from the .sea, whence its Portuguese name. These 
 mountains pre.sent many evidences of former volcanic 
 vction. Rivers are numerous on the W. side, but most 
 of them are mere mountain torrents. The soil of the loiter 
 tracts and the more gentle slopes of the mountains is ex- 
 tremely fertile, well cultivated, and the climate salubrious. 
 The rice trade alone, between the island and the maritime 
 2T 
 
 provinces of the mainland, employs about 300 vessels. The 
 rice grown in Formos.i is of superior quality. Wheat, mil- 
 let, maize, several kinds of vegetables, sugar-cane, oranges, 
 pine-apples, guavas, cocoa-nuts, areca-nuts, peaches, apri 
 cots, figs, grapes, pomegranates, chestnuts, and melons are 
 also raised in large quantities. The commerce of Formosa 
 is confined chiefly to Fokien, and to a few of the other E. 
 provinces of China, from wliich it imports tea — green tea 
 only, and that of a peculiar kind, being cultivated on the 
 island — raw silk, woollen, and cotton stuffs, and other ma- 
 nufactures. The exports besides rice, are camphor, salt, 
 sulphur, maize, fruits, timber, and other produce. The 
 domestic animals are cattle, buffaloes, hor.ses, asses, goats, 
 sheep, and hogs. The E. part of the i.sland is said to be in- 
 fested with tigers, leopards, and wolves, but none are mej 
 with in the cultivatwl districts on the W. side. In 184S 
 coal of excellent quality, and extending over a large area, 
 was discovered at the N.E. part of the island, in the vicinity 
 of the village of Kclung-tow or Killon. The aborigines are 
 of a slender shape, olive complexion, wear long hair, and 
 blacken their teeth. They are divided into numerous clans 
 or tribes, have no written laniruage, are honest, and just in 
 their dealings, but revengeful when provoked. The Chi- 
 nese portion of the island Is divided into fmr districts, the 
 capital of which is Tai-wan-tbo. The Chinese had no know- 
 ledge of Formo.sa till the year 1403. and their sway was not 
 estijblished over it till 1683. Since then it has greatly flou- 
 rished through their industiy, perseverance, and agricul- 
 tural skill. An e.xtensive emigration is still going on from 
 the continent; and lands are taken up by capitalists, who 
 not only encourage the people to go over, but purchase 
 large numbers of poor persons to occupy them. The colo- 
 nists are wealthy and unruly, and are a source of great an- 
 noyance, from the frequency of their revolts, to the Chinese 
 government. Literature is in a flourishing state in the 
 island, and the people of Fokien sometimes send their sons 
 there to obtain literary degrees. Formosa has tew available 
 harbors, owing to the shallowness of their entrances. The 
 channel S. from the island is remarkable f jr the violence of 
 its N. winds and for its heavy seas. In 1032 the Dutch be- 
 came masters of it. but they were expelled by the fiimous 
 pirate Coxinga. whose successors ruled here till 1083. The 
 Nerbudda transport and the brig Ann were wrecked on For- 
 mosa hi 1841, and nearly all their survivors were ulti- 
 mately put to death with great cruelty by the Chinese. 
 Pop. estimated at 2.500.000. 
 
 FOKMOS.\. foR-mo'sJ. the northernmost of the Bissagos 
 Islands, off the W. coast of Africa. It is fertile and well 
 wooded, but has no good water. This is the n.tme also of 
 the river of Benin, of bays on the Brazil and Zanguebar 
 coasts, of a mountain of Johore, Malacca, and of a village of 
 Sicily. S.E. of Trapani. with 2000 inhabitants. 
 
 FORMOSA or FORMOSO. See Bknin, River of. 
 
 FORMOSA. (for-mtVsa.) Mount and River, near the S.E. 
 extremity of the Malay Peninsula, in M.alacca Strait. The 
 mount is in lat. 1° 49' N., Ion. 102° 55' K..40 miles E. of 
 Malacca. The W. end forms the bluff point of land called 
 Point Slzan. on the E. side of the entrance of lorniosa 
 Riyer. which extends a considerable wav into the countrv, 
 and falls into the Strait of Malacca, at lat. 2° N., Ion. 102° 
 50' K. 
 
 FORMO'SA. a village of Cole co.. Missouri, on the Mis- 
 souri River, near the mouth of Osage River, about 10 mile< 
 below .Tefferson City. 
 
 FORMOSE, an island of China. See Formosa. 
 
 FORNAS, foK'nds', a village of Asia Minor, in Antolia, 7 
 miles S.E. of the ruins of Xanthus, and near which are the 
 remains of the ancient Patusa. 
 
 FOKN'CETT ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 FORNCETT ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 FORNELLA, foR-n^lJ, a fortified harbor of the island of 
 Minorca, on its N. coast, 12 miles N.N.W. of Port Mahon. 
 
 FOR/NEY'S, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Cai-olina. 
 
 FORN'HAM ALL SAINTS, a p.arish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 FOR N HAM ST. GENEVE VE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 FORNHAM ST. MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 FORNO, foR'no, several villages of Northern Italy, the 
 principal being Forno di Rivara, foR'no dee re-\ii/vi, in Pied- 
 mont. 31 miles N.W. of Turin. Pop. 2612. 
 
 FORNOS D' ALGODRES. foR'noce ddl go/drJs. a town of 
 Portuiral. province of Beira Alta, 16 miles S Ji. of Viseu. 
 Pop. 1123. 
 
 FORNOVO, foR-no'vo, (anc. FtJrum Nulvum.) a market- 
 town of Northern Italy, situated 13 miles S. W. of Parma. 
 Here the French, under Charles VIII., defeated the Mi- 
 lanese and their allies in 1405. 
 
 FOR'RABURY, a parish of England, co. of Cnrnw.all. 
 
 FOR'RHS, a parliamentary, municipal, royal tiurgh. and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Moray, 10 miles W.S.W. of Elgia 
 Pop. of town, 3339. It is neatly built, has a town-house, an 
 
 689 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 exceK«nt acadomj'. a library, some remains of a castle, a 
 tower in honor of Nelson, and near it a remarkalile ancient 
 obelisk, called Sweno's Pillar, probably erected in memory 
 of a victory over the Danes. Forres unites with Inverness, 
 Fortrose, and Nairn in sending 1 memlier to the House of 
 Commons. According to Shakspeare and tlieold chronicles, it 
 was on a "blasted heath"' near Forres that Maclwth first met 
 the weird sisters. Findhorn. 4 miles to the N.. is the seaport. 
 
 FOR'KIS. a post-oflRce of Hancock co.. Virginia. 
 
 FORRO, foR'Ro\ written also FORROU. a"market4own of 
 Hungary, in Hither Theiss,co. of Abaujvar, 10 miles N.E. of 
 Szickso. on the Hernad. 
 
 FORRO, or BRENNDORF, brf n'doRf. a village of Hungary, 
 in Transylvania, about 15 miles from Nagy-Enyed. Pop. 1016. 
 
 FORRU, foR-iuxV, a village on the island of Sardinia, divi- 
 rion of Caffliari. 23 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 9tiO. 
 
 FORS'BROOK. a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 FORS'COTE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 FORSE, forss, a river of Scotland, co. of Caithness, fells 
 into the Pentland Frith, near a village of the same name. 
 
 FORSTE. foRs'teh. or FORSXA. foRs'ti. a town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, 43 miies S. of Frankfort, on an 
 island in the Neisse. Pop. 3610, employed in potteries, and 
 in weaving linens and woollens. 
 
 FOR'STERA'ILLE. a post-office of Henry co., Georgia, 80 
 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 FORSYTH, for-slTH'. a county in the N.W. central part 
 of North Carolina: area estimated at 250 square miles. It 
 Is drained by Yadkin River and by Muddy Creek. The sui^ 
 face is diversified by hills and valleys ; the soil is said to be 
 fertile. The rocks which underlie the county are primitive. 
 A plank-road is in progress, which will connect Salem with 
 Fayetteville. Formed in 1849, from the S. p.nrt of Stokes 
 coimty. Capital. Windsten. Pop. 12,692, of whom 10,928 
 were free, and 1764 slaves. 
 
 i'ORSY'TH. a county in the N.central part of Georgia, has 
 an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S.E. and S. by the Chattahoochee, intersected by the Eto- 
 wah, and also drained by Vickery's and Sittiugdown Creeks. 
 The surface is diversified by hills or sm.ill mountains : the 
 soil in the vicinity of the rivers is alluvial and rich, and the 
 uplands are moderately productive. •• F'orsyth county lies 
 in the gold rejrion. Sawney's Mountain, near Cumming. 
 contains abundance of gold. Silver and copper are found 
 in several places, and a few diamonds and other precious 
 stones have been found." (White's StutisUcs of Gforgia.) 
 Named in honor of John Forsyth, an eminent statesman of 
 Georgia. Capital, Cumming. Pop. 7749, of whom 6859 
 were free, and 890 slaves. 
 
 FORSYTH, a thriving post-village, capital of Jlonroe co., 
 Geoi^ia, on the Macon and Western Railro.ad. 25 miles N.W. 
 of Macon. It has a brick court-house. 3 churches. 2 schools, 
 a newspaper office, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 500. 
 
 FORSYTH, a post-village, capital of Taney co., Missouri. 
 on White River, at the mouth of Swan Creek, 150 miles 
 S.S.AV. of Jeffer.ion City. 
 
 FORT AD'AMS. in Narraganset Bay, one of the defences 
 of Newport. See Newport. 
 
 FORT ADAMS, a post-village of Wilkinson co., Missifsip- 
 pi, on the Mississippi River, 40 miles S. of Natchez. 
 
 FORT AiyAMu, of Bexar co., Texas, near San Antonio. 
 Here. March 6. 1836. a small garrison of Texans bravely re- 
 sisted a body of Mexicans ten times their number, and pe- 
 rished to a man ; whence this spot has been called the Ther- 
 mopvlpe of Texas. 
 
 rORTALEZA, foR-tl-l.i'zi. a city of Br.azil. capital of the 
 province of Ceara, on a bay in the Atlantic, at the mouth of 
 the river Ceara. Lat. 3° 42' S.. Ion. 38° 30' W. Pop. 3000. 
 It has a palace of the governor, a Latin school, and an hos- 
 pital. Previous to 1823 it was called CEARA.or Villa doFortb. 
 
 FORT AM'STERDAM, New York, on the S. point of Man- 
 hattan Island, founded in 1626. It was called FoRT James 
 under the British rule. 
 
 FORTANA. foR-td'n.i the easternmost of the Bonin 
 Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, near lat. 25° N..lon. 143° 30' E. 
 
 FORT AN'CIENT, a post-office of Warren co.. Ohio. 
 
 FORTANETE, foR-ta-n.i/tA, a town of Spain. 34 miles 
 E.N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2002. It has manufactures of linen. 
 
 FORT ANNE, fftrt ann. a post-village and township of 
 Washington co., New York, on the Champlain Canal, and 
 on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad. 67 miles N. by 
 K. of Albany. The Tillage contains churches for the Sle- 
 thodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, a bank, nlcut half a 
 dozen stores, several tannerie.'?. and other establishments. 
 There are 3 looks here in the canal, which has its highest 
 level in this township. A fortification, from which the 
 place derives its name, was erected at the head of boat 
 navigation here, on Wood Creek, in 1756. during the wars 
 with the French. Pop. of the township. 3127. 
 
 FORT AR'BUCKLE, a post-office of < hoctaw co.. Arltansas. 
 
 FORT AR'NOLD. the name of one of the redoubts at West 
 Point, in the war of the Revolution. 
 
 FORT AT'KINSON. a post-village of Winnishiek co., Iowa, 
 no miles N. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 FORT ATKlNSON.a thriving post-village of Jefferson co., 
 
 «yo ' 
 
 Wisconsin, on Rock River, and on the Chicago and Jforth- 
 western R.R.. 20 miles N.E. of Janesville. It is situated in 
 a rich farming district. It has several churches, a national 
 bank, and al-out 10 stores. 
 
 FORT ATKINSON or FORT SUM'NER, a former mili- 
 tary post in Kansas, at the crossing of the Arkansa.s Rive , 
 on the Santa Fe Road. Here the Laramie treaty with the 
 tribes of the Arkansas River was ratified, July, 1853. 
 
 FORT AUGUSTTA, Pennsylvania, a revolutionary foiton 
 the site of Sunbury. 
 
 FORT AUGUSTA. Georgia, an ante-revolutionai-y fort on 
 or near the present site of .'Augusta. 
 
 FORT AUGUSTUS, a furt and village of Scotland, co. of 
 Inverness, on the line of the Caledonian Canal, at the S. 
 extremity of Loch Ness. The village is mean and irregular; 
 the fort, built in 1730, is now all but abandoned. 
 
 FORT BAIN'BRIDGE, a village of Kussifl co., Al.ibam«, 
 on the line of the (proposed) Girard and Mobile Railroad. 
 
 FORT BALL, New York, an ante-revolutionary fort near 
 Rome, between the ilohawk and Wood Creek. 
 
 FORT BAR/RIXGTON or FORT BAIVRINGTONFER/RT, 
 a post-vill.age of Mcintosh co., Georgia, on the Altamahi 
 River, 12 miles N.W. of Darien. 
 
 FORT BEND, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, contains 
 about 850 square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos 
 River, and Bernard River bounds it on the S.W. The sur- 
 face is nearly level : the soil is alluvial, and some piu-ts are 
 fertile, especially on the river bottoms. The uplands are 
 mostly uncultivated, and destitute of timber; the large 
 streams are fringed with forests of live oak. red cedar, 4c. 
 Steamboats navigate the Brazos through this ccunty during 
 several months of the year. Caiiltiil. Richmond. Pop. 6143, 
 of whom 2016 were free, and 41 -'7 sbtve*. 
 
 FORT BENTON, in Montana Territory, is situated on the 
 N. side of the Missouri, al>oiit 40 miles below the Great 
 Falls. Lat. 47° 50' N., ion. 110° 30' W. 
 
 FORT BEVERSEDE. bA'ver-s,iMeh, Pennsylvania, built 
 on the Schuvlkill. near its mouth, bv the Dutch, in 1G48. 
 
 FORT BLOCK'HOUSE and FORT MONCKTON"", two forts 
 of England, co. of Hants, defending the entrance of Ports- 
 mouth Harbor, on the W. • 
 
 FORT B0ISl5. bwd'zA', a fort belonging to the Hndmn 
 Bay Company, situated in Idaho, on the Lewis River, at 
 the mouth of Red River. Lat. 4-3° 49' 22" N., Ion. 116^ 47' W. 
 
 FORT BOONE, an old fort on the site of Booneville, Kea- 
 tuckv. It was erected by Colonel Boone in 1775. 
 
 F0"RT BROOKE, is situated at the head of Tampa Bay, 
 Florida. 
 
 FORT BROWDER. a post-office of Barber co., Alabama 
 
 FORT BliCiWN. See Brownsville. 
 
 FORT Bl'FI-INGTON. a post-office of Cherokee CO.. Georgia. 
 
 FORT BUT'LER, a post-office of Orange co.. Florida. 
 
 FORT BYKD. Pennsylvania, an ante-revolutionary fort on 
 the Moiiongahela. at the mouth of Red Stone Creek, near 
 the site of Brownsville. 
 
 FORT CAS'SIMIR, Delaware, near the present site of New- 
 castle, was erected by the Dutch about 1650. 
 
 FORT CASWELL, one of the defences of the harbor of 
 Smithville. North Carolina. 
 
 FORT CHARLES, an old fort near the present site of 
 Richmond. A'irginia. erected in 1645. 
 
 FORT CIIIP^PEWY'AN and FORT WEDOiERBURN, two 
 forts of British North America, at the W. extremity of Lake 
 Athabasca. 
 
 FORT CILRISTIANA. krisHe-^'nl founded by the Swedes 
 in 1638. stood near the site of Wilmington, Delaware. 
 
 FORT CLARK, a post-office of Al.icHua co.. Florida. 
 
 FORT CLARKE, in Humboldt co., Iowa, on Lizard Rivor, 
 165 miles W.N.W. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 FORT CLINTON, one of the defences of West Point durin? 
 the Revolution. 
 
 FORT CLYDE, an old fort of New York, near Fort Plain, 
 in Montgomery county. 
 
 FORT COLUM'BUS, is situated on Qorernor's Island. 
 
 " FORT COLVILLE. a fort belonging to the Hudson Bay 
 Company, is situated in Washington Territorv-. on the left 
 bank of "the Columbia, near 48^ 3i/ N.lat.. and 118 W. Ion. 
 
 FORT CON'FIDENCE. a fort of Briti.sh North America, at 
 the N. extremitv of the Great Bear Lake. 
 
 FORT CONSTITUTION. See Portsmolth. Nkw Hampshirb. 
 
 FORT CORNWAI/LIS, a revolutionary fortress erected 
 by the British at August.a, Georgia. 
 
 FORT (X)V1NGT0N, formerly FRENCH'S MILLS, a post- 
 village and township of Franklin co.. New Y'ork. on Salmon 
 River, about 18 miles N.W. of Malone. The viliase is situ- 
 ated on the E. side of the river, alx)ut 6 miles fmrn its en- 
 trance into the St. Lawrence. Steamboats ascend nearly to 
 this point. It is handsomely laid out. and contains churches 
 of three denominations, an academy, and several millc. Pop. 
 of the township, 27,57. 
 • FORT CRAWFORD. apost-officeofConecuh co.. .Alabama. 
 
 FORT CRO'GIIAN. of Potawatamie co., Iowa, on the right 
 bank of the Missouri River, N. of Council BliifT. 
 
 FORT CRuWN POINT, New York. See Chow.v Poi.vt. 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 FORT CTJM'BERLAXD, a strong fortress of England, eo. 
 of Hants, on Portsea Island, 4 miles K. of Portsmouth, and 
 defending the entrance of Lanjiston Ilarlsor. 
 
 FORT CUMBERLAND, an old fort on or near the present 
 sit^? of Cumberland, Maryland, erected by Briiddock in 1750. 
 
 FORT DADK, a post-office of Benton co., Florida, on the 
 WithUcoochee Itiver, 170 miles S.K. of Tallahassee. Near 
 this spot, in December. 1835, Major Dade, with his 112 com- 
 panions, perished while heroically defendini; themselves 
 against an overwhelming force of Indians. Only one of the 
 number escaped. 
 
 FORT DAU'PIIIN, a ruined French fort and town on the 
 S. coast of Madagascar. Lat. 25° 1' S., Ion. 46° 40' K. 
 
 FORT DAYTON. See Fort Herkimer. 
 
 FORT DKCA'TUR. a post-villasre of .Macon CO.. Alabama, 
 near the Tallapoosa River, and on the railroad from Mont- 
 gomerv to West Point. 30 miles E.N.E. of the former. 
 
 FORT DEFI'AXCE, a post-office of Caldwell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 FORT DES MOINES, (de-moin',) a thriving post-town, 
 capital of Iowa, situated at the junction of the Des Moines 
 and Racoon Rivers, 175 miles W. of Davenport. The seat 
 of the state government was established here in 1855. 
 Tlie Des Moines is susceptible of steam navigation to this 
 point. The Mississippi and Missouri R.R. will connect it 
 with Davenport on the E., and Council Bluffs on the W.; 
 120 miles or more of this road are finished. The town con- 
 tains 11 churches, 4 banks, 3 newspaper offices. 1 paper-mill, 
 S iron foundries, and several flouring-mills. Mines of stone 
 coal have been opened in the vicinity, and timber is abun- 
 dant. The river furnishes extensive water-jiower. This 
 place is now called Des .Moines. Pop. in 1860, 3965; In 1865, 
 about 6500. 
 
 FORT DICKINSON, an old fort situated near Wllkes- 
 barre. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 FORT DUN'CAN, a post-village and military station of 
 Kinnev co., Texas, on the Rio Grande, at what is called the 
 Easle P.iss. 250 miles W.S.W. of Austin. 
 
 FORT DV QUESNE, Pennsylvania. See PiTTSBuna. 
 
 FORT DUR'KEE, an old fort built In 1769, near Wilkes- 
 barre, Pennsylvania. 
 
 FiJRTEAU (firHo') BAY, an islet on the S.E. coast of 
 Labrador, near the S.E. extremity of the Strait of Bclk-isle. 
 It receives a considerable river, and possesses valuable 
 fisheries. 
 
 FORT ED'\V.\RD. a post-village and township of Wash- 
 !n;.iton CO., New York, on the E. bank of Hudson River. 
 The village is situated on the Saratoga and Washington 
 Railroad, and on the Champlajn Canal. 2:i miles from 
 Whitehall. It contains 4 churches, 2 banks, 1 newspaper 
 office, and a collegiate institute, and the remains of old Fort 
 Edward, erected in 1755. A dam, 9IK) feet in length, and 27 
 feet high, was erected many years ago, across tlie Hudson, 
 a little N. of the village, and 8er\-ed formerly to supply the 
 canal by means of a feeder half a mile in length. There 
 are manufactures of iron and paper at this place. I'opu- 
 lation of the townsuip, 3544; of the village, about 
 2000. 
 
 FORT EDWARD CENTRE, a post-office of Washington co., 
 New York. 
 
 FORT EI/SINBURG, New Jersey, was built In 1643, by 
 the Swedes, near the present site of Salem. 
 
 FORT EXTERPRI.-iE. a fort of British North America, 
 about 150 miles N. of the Great Slave Lake. 
 
 FOIST ERIE. See Erie, B'ort. 
 
 FORTESQUE (fonHJsk'?) BAY. a Ijpautiful bay of Van 
 Diemen's Land, on tfle E. coast of Tssmairs Peninsula. 
 
 FORTEVENTURA Island. See Fuerteve\tlr.\. 
 
 FORTKVnOT. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 FORT FAIR/CHILD, a post-office of Aroostook co.. Maine. 
 
 FORT FAIR'FIELD.a post-village in the E. part of Aroos- 
 took CO., Maine, on the S. side of .\roostook River, 150 miles 
 N.E. by N. of Bangor. It contains a barrack, and is chieHy 
 interesting from its having: been a military post during onr 
 difficulties with England in 1S39. 
 
 FORT FILL'.MORE, a military station and post-office 
 below Donna Ana, on the Rio Grande, in the S. part of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 FORT POOTE. a post-office of Neshoba co.. Jlississippi. 
 
 FORT FRANK'LIN. New York, a revolutionary stockade 
 at Llflvd's Neck. I/ing Island. 
 
 FORT FRAN KLIN, a fort of British North America. Lat. 
 65° 12' N.. loQ. 123° 13' W., with a mean annual tempera- 
 ture of 17° Fahrenheit. 
 
 FORT FRONTENAC. See KiNr.STo>f, Canad.a. 
 
 rORT GAGE, of New York, an ante-revolutionary fort, 
 situated a little S. of Fort George. 
 
 FORT GAINFJS. gainz. a thriving post-village of Early CO., 
 Georgia, on the Chattahoochee River, 175 miles S.W. of Mil- 
 lod.'eville. It is situated on a high bluff, 160 feet above 
 common water mark. Steamboats navigate the river for 
 about eight months of the year. Fort Gaines is the chief 
 mart for the sale and shipment of the cotton produced in 
 Early county. It contains several churches. On the banks 
 of Colamoka Creek, a few m':»s S.E. of Fort Gaines, are seve- 
 
 ral artificial mounds, the largest of which is 75 feet in height, 
 with a level surface ou the top. 80 yards by 30 in extent 
 From the base of the mound a broad road or canal, 500 
 yards long, extending to the creek, is still well defined, and 
 in some places is about 12 feet dt^ep. A vertical shaft U.as 
 been sunk in the mound to the depth of 50 or 60 teet, but 
 nothing found except charcoal, and a white substance sup 
 posed to be decomposed bones. 
 
 FORT GAINES, a post-village of Cass co., Minnesota, 
 situated on the Mississippi River, 122 miles N. of St. Paul. 
 It is now calleil FoRT Ripley, which see. 
 
 FORT GAR'RY, a fort of British North America, at the 
 junction of the Assinilxjine and Red Rivers, 40 miles S. of , 
 Lake Winnipeg. It is a strong and regular fortification, and 
 near it are many good dwellings, with Roman Catholic and 
 Protestant churches. 
 
 FORT GEORGE, a fort of Scotland, co. and 9 miles N.E. ol 
 Invemess, and the northernmost of the three forts on the 
 line of the Caledonian Canal, on a point of land jutting into 
 Moray Frith. It covers 15 aci-es. has qu;>rters for 3000 men, 
 bonili-proof magazines, and is esteemed the most complete 
 fortification in Britain. 
 
 FORT GEORGE, the citadel of Madras, in British India. 
 
 FORT GEORGE, thecitadel of Astoria, in Oregon 
 
 FORT GEORGE, an old fort (now a picturesque ruin,) at 
 the S.E. end of Lake George, New York. 
 
 FORTGIB'SON, or CAN/TONMENT GIBSON, a post-vil- 
 lage and military station In the Indian Territory, on the 
 Neosho River, near its entrance into the Arkansas, in about 
 36° 45' N. lat.. and 95° 30' W. Ion. 
 
 FORT GOOD HOPE. Connecticut, commenced in 1023, by 
 the Dutch, was near the present city of Hartford. 
 
 FORT GOT'TENBURG, built by the Swedes, on Tinicum 
 Island. 12 miles lielow Philadelphia, in 1642. 
 
 FORT GOW'EIt, Ohio, a revolutionary fortress on the 
 Ohio, at the mouth of the Great Ilockhocktng. 
 
 FORT ORAN'BY, a revolutionary fort near Columbia, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 FORT GRATIOT, grash'eot, a military post and settle- 
 ment in St. Clair co., Michigan, at the head of St. Clair 
 River, 55 miles N.E. of Detroit. 
 
 FORT GRIERSON, greer's9n, one of the revolutionarj' 
 forts at Augusta, Georgia. 
 
 FORT GltlS/WOLD, Connecticut, a revolutionary fortress 
 near New London. 
 
 FORTH, forth, a river of Scotland, ri.ses on the N.E. side of 
 Ben Ijomond. and after a winding course eastward, through 
 some of the finest scenery in the kingdom, it expands into 
 the arm of the sea called the Frith of Forth, dividing the 
 counties of Perth, Clackmannan, and Fife on the N., from 
 Stirling. Linlithgow, Edinburgh, and Haddington on the S. 
 The course of the Forth, including its many "links'' or 
 windings, is estimated at 170 miles. Breadth at Queens- 
 ferry. 3 miles: at Leith Fort, 6 miles. Chief tributaries, 
 the Teith. .Allan, and Devon. The Forth has m.any good 
 harbors, the principal of which is Leith; above Queensferry 
 is one of the safest road.steads in the island. The river is 
 navigable to Stirling for vessels of 100 tons, and to Alloa for 
 vessels of 300 tons. It is connected with the Clyde by a ca- 
 nal ;!S miles in length. See Forth, Frith of. 
 
 FORT H.\LE, Connecticut, named Fort Rock in the Revo- 
 lution, is on an insulated rock, 2 miles from New Haven. 
 
 FtJRT HALL, a fort belonging to the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany, and an Important station on the route to Oregon, 
 tiituated on the left or S. bank of Lewis River. Lat. 4'i° 1' 
 30" N.. Ion. 112° 29' 54" W. 
 
 FORT HAM/I LTON, a pleasant post-village of King's co.. 
 New York, situated on the Narrows, at the W. extremity of 
 Long Island, 7 miles S. of New York. Uei-e is a strong for- 
 tification, defending the entrance of New York Harbor. The 
 vill.age has a lai-ge hotel or boarding-house, and is a place of 
 summer resort. 
 
 FORT HAR/DY, New Y'ork, near the site of Saratoga, a 
 revolutionary fortress, now in ruius, at the junction of the 
 Fislikill Creek with the Hudson. 
 
 FORT HAR'LEY, a post-office of Alachua CO.. Florida. 
 
 FORT HEM'BREE, a post-office of Cherokee co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 FORT HEN'DERSON. a small po.=t-village of Macon co., 
 Alabama. 50 miles W.N.W. of Montsromery. 
 
 FORT HEN'RY, Virginia, founded by Ixird Dunmore, in 
 1774, and n.amed by him Finca.stle. near the site of Wheeling. 
 
 FORT HENRY, an old fort, erected in 1646, on the sit« 
 of the present town of Petersburg, Virginia. 
 
 FORT HER'KIMER. New York, known in the Revolu- 
 tion as Fort Dayton, near the site of the present villa'.re of 
 Herkimer, was erected during the Old French, or Seven 
 Y'ears' War. 
 
 FORTH. FRITH OF, Scotland. After the river Forth is 
 joined by the Devon, on the N. it begins to widen, and gra- 
 dually assumes the appearance of a bay. This bay. called 
 the Frith of Forth, is about 50 miles long, and, where 
 widest, is near 15 miles broad. 
 
 FORT HILL, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 45 mileg 
 N.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
FOR 
 
 FORTH MOUNTAINS, a range of hills of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, 4 miles W. of Wexford. In 179S, about 15.000 in- 
 surijouts encamped here, previous to the attack and capture 
 of ■Wexford. The maritime barony of Forth forms a penin- 
 sula, studded with the ruins of AnKloSaxon towers, built 
 to i>rc tect the invaders from the Iri.-ih. 
 
 FOll/TUO or rUK'THO, a parish of England, co.of North- 
 ampt< n. 
 
 rOKT IIOW/ARD, a thriving post-villajre of Brown co., 
 Wisconsin, on the W. bank of Fox Kiver, neiir its mouth, 
 opposite Green Bay. It has a large foundry, with a ma- 
 cJiine-shop, and 2 steam saw-mills. It is a terminus of the 
 Chicago and Northwestei-n Railroad. Pop. 695. 
 
 FORT IIUXTKR, a postroflice of Montgomery co., New 
 York, and the site of an old fortitic.ition, of which there are 
 still some remains, on the Erie Canal, about 35 miles V\'. by 
 N. of Albany. 
 
 FORT HUNTER, New York, on the Jlohawk, at the 
 mouth of the Schoharie Creek, was founded during the 
 French and Indian War, razed during the Revolution, and 
 again partiallv restored. 
 
 FORTIFIED ISLAND, or BASWARAGE, bas/war-aj", in 
 British India, presidency, Madi-as, is a small island opposite 
 Ouore, on the Malabar coast, and fortified by Tippoo Saib, 
 from whom it was taken in 1792. 
 
 FORT IXDKPEXDENCE, is on Castle Island, in Boston 
 Harbor. 3 miles below the city. It was called Castle A\il- 
 liam in and before the Revolution. The present name was 
 given by the elder Adams while president. 
 
 FORT INDIAN, a celebrated fortress of the Narragansetts, 
 near Ivingston, Rhode Island, in the early colonial times. 
 
 FORTINGAI/, forHin-gawl', a large mountainous parish 
 of Scotland, occupying the N.W. part of the county of 
 Perth. Area, nearly 450,000 acres. Pop. in 1^51, 2486. 
 Remains of a Roman camp, and of numerous Celtic forts 
 and feudal castles are still visible, and in the district of Ran- 
 noch are large remnants of the ancient Caledonian forest. 
 In Fortingal churchyard is a yew tree, supposed to be the 
 largest in the kingdom. In the parish are Schiehallion, 
 Glen Lyon, and Ijochs Rannoeh, Etricht. and Garry. 
 
 FOl'it INGE, a post-office of Bexar co.. Texas. 
 
 FORT ISLE AUX NOIX, eel 6 nwj, fortified by the 
 French in 1759, and again by Schuyler in 1775, is now a 
 strong British fortress in the Sorel River, near the southern 
 boundary of Canada East. 
 
 FORT JACK'SON, a village in the township of Hopkinton, 
 5t. Lawrence co., New York, on the E. branch of St. Regis 
 River, about 40 miles E. of Ogdensburg. It contains 2 
 churches, a saw-mill, clothing works, starch factory, &c. ; 
 and in the vicinity is a quarry of Potsdam sandstone, yield- 
 ing a be.autiful material for building. 
 
 FORT JAMES, a British station on the coast of Guinea. 
 
 FORT JEF'FERSON, a village of Ballard co.. Kentucky. 
 
 FORT JEFFERSON, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio. 5 
 miles S.W. of Greenville. The fort at this pl.ice was built 
 by General St. Clair, in 1791. 
 
 FORT JEN'KINS, Pennsylvania, 8 miles .above Wilkes- 
 barre. was built in 1776. A second fort of the s;ime name 
 was built half way between Wilkesbarre and Sunbury, on 
 the Su.squehanna. 
 
 FORT JEN'NINGS, a post-village of Putnam co., Ohio, on 
 the Auglaize River, about 112 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 FORT JES/SUP. a post-office of Sabine parish, Louisiana. 
 
 FORT JOHN, a post-office of Nebraska Territory. 
 
 FORT JOHNSTOWN, New York, an ante-revolutionary 
 fortress on the Mohawk, 3 miles W. of Amsterdam. 
 
 FORT JOHNSTOWN, North Carolina, a revolutionary 
 fortress on the Cape Fear River, 2 miles from its mouth, on 
 the site of the present town of Smithsville. There is still a 
 fortress here of the same name, forming one of the defences 
 of Smithville Harbor. 
 
 FORT JONES, on Scotts River, in Siskiyou co., California, 
 near lat. 41° 35' N. 
 
 FORT KASKAS'KIA, an ante-revolutionary and revolu- 
 tionary fortress or stockade, on the site of the present town 
 of Kaskaskla, Illinois. 
 
 FORT KEAR/NY, in Indian country, Nebraska, on the 
 Platte River, and on the Oregon route, near 99° W. Ion. 
 
 FORT KENT, a post-village of Aroostook co.. Slaine. at the 
 mouth of Fish River.about 1.55 miles N. of Bangor. It cou- 
 tiiins 5 stores and excellent water-power, which is improved 
 for mill.s. Fort Kent originated during the Aroostook War. 
 
 FORT KOOTANYE. koo-ti-ni', in Oregon, on Kootanye 
 or Flat Bow River, in lat. 48° N. 
 
 FORT LAFAYETTE, a fort surrounded by water, in the 
 Narrows, at the entrance of New Y'ork Harbor, immediately 
 in front of Fort Hamilton. 
 
 FORT LAr'AlHIl-;, a military postand settlementon the 
 North Fork of Platte River, on the route to Oregon. Lat. 42° 
 12* 10" N.. Ion. 104° 47' 43" W. It has a post-office of the 
 satne name. 
 
 tow 
 
 F<JRT LAV'RENS, a revolutionanry fort, near the present 
 wn of Bolivia, In Ohio, founded in 1778. 
 
 iOKT L AWllENCE, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Cum- 
 
 FOR 
 
 berland, on an arm of Cumberland Bav, about 90 miles N. 
 by W. of Halita.^. 
 
 FURT LEAVENWORTH, an important militiry post of 
 the State of Kansivs, on the W. side of the Missoiiri River, 398 
 miles above its mouth. 31 miles above the mouth of the 
 Kanzas Kiver, and 4 miles tjelow Weston, Missouri, in lat. 
 39° 21' 14" N.. and Ion. 04° 44' W. This is the oldest fort on 
 the Slissouri, having been established in 1827. It is Iho 
 great frontier depfit for the other military posts on the Santa 
 Fe and Oregon routes, and the general rendezvous for troops 
 proceeding to western forts. The government reservation 
 extends miles along the Missouri, and about 3 back'. The 
 fort is 1 mile or less N. of Leavenworth City. It has a good 
 landing for steamboats. All the buildings are well con- 
 structed, and present quite an imposing appearance. They 
 consist of the barracks for the troops, a large structure, throe 
 stories high : an hospital, which cost from $12,000 to $15,000 ; 
 the quartermaster's building, a capacious wareliouse, &a 
 Connected with the fort are several large farms, and stabling 
 for 8000 horses and 15.000 mules. 
 
 Fort Leavenworth is rapidly improving. New streets are 
 being laid out, and m.any new buildings are in course of 
 erection. The parade-ground is remarkably handsome. 
 Here centre all the great military roads of the territories: 
 one road runs S. to the Texas fort.s, one S.W. to Santa F6, 
 another due W. to Fort Riley, and a fourth N.W. to Nebraska, 
 Utah, Oregon. California, &c. Fort Leavenworth is supposed 
 to possess the ereatest advantages for the starting-p"int of 
 the Pacific Railroad. Here was the rendezvous of General 
 Kearney in June. l'<46, befiire his expedition to Santa F6, 
 and from this place have started the expeditions of General 
 Jo.«eph Lane to Oregon in 1S48: Captain Stansbui-y to the 
 Salt l^ake in 1849 ; the surveyors of the Central Pacific I{ail- 
 road route in 1853; Colonel Fremont for the similar purpose 
 in the same year. Ax. It is the otitfitting point for the 
 wagon-trains sent westward by the government. 
 
 FORT LEE, a village of Bergen co., New Jersey, on the 
 Hudson River, at the foot of the Palifsades, 9 miles above 
 New York. Here was a noted military po.st. now in ruins. 
 FORT LIBKKTfi, lee'b^K'tA'. formerly called Port Dauphin, 
 a seaport town of Hayti. on its N. coast. Lat. 19° 42' N., Ion. 
 71° 57' W. ItLs well built, and has a good harbor. 
 
 FORT LITTLETON, a post-village of Fulton CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, 80 miles W. by S. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 FORT LO'GAN, named from Colonel Logan, who led a 
 party of settlers in 1774, was situated in Lincoln co., Ken- 
 tucky, a mile W. of the town of Stanton. 
 
 FORT LOUDON, lOw'don, an ante-revolutionary fort, on the 
 Tennessee Kiver. near the confines of Georgia and Tennessee. 
 FORT LOUIS, foR looVe'. a town of France, de|>artmeut 
 of Bas-Rhin, near the Rhine. 21 miles N.N.E. of Stras)x)urg, 
 with the remains of a fort, built by Vauban, and destroyed 
 by the allies in 1815. 
 
 FORT M.^cHEN'RY, situated on Patapsco Bay, guards the 
 entrance to Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 FORT Mac/INTOSH, Pennsylvania, a revolutionary stock- 
 ade on the Ohio lUver, 36 miles below I'ittsburg, at the 
 mouth of Beaver River, near the site of the town of Beaver. 
 FORT MacKEAN. See Fokt Plaix. 
 FORT MACKINAAV. See Mackixac. SIichigax. 
 FORT MA'CON is situated near Beaufort harbor, North 
 Carolina. 
 
 FORT M.^D'ISON, a flourishing town, capital of Lee co., 
 Iowa, on the ilississippi River, 12 miles above the head of 
 the lower rapids, 22 wiles above Keokuk, and 22 miles below 
 Burlington. The situation is beautiful and healthiul ; the 
 ground rising gradually from the wifter to the W. part of 
 the town. The latter is well built, with a large pro])orlion 
 of brick houses. It contains the state prison, a haiid.«om9 
 brick court-house, 5 or 6 brick churches, and a t'.'ink. 
 Two or three ferrj'-boats ply constantly across the river, 
 which IS nearly a mile wide. Fort Madison is a place of 
 much activity in trade and manufactures; in the latter of 
 which it apiiears to have made more progress than any other 
 town in the state. Two or three newspapers are published 
 here. Large quantities of grain, pork, &c. are shipped at 
 this place, w hich is also an extensive depot for pine 1 amber. 
 Pop. in 1850. 2:j00; in 1860, 2S86. 
 
 FORT MANN, a former military post of Kansas Territoty, 
 on the Santa Fe route, on the N. sideof the Arkansas River, 
 24 miles aliove steamlxiat navigation. It was estai lished 
 about 1845, but was discontinued upon the erection of Fort 
 Atkinson, at the main crossing of the Arkansas. 
 FORT M.\I!10N'. See St. .\iinsTixE, Florida. 
 FORT M.\SS.\CIIU'SETTS, New .Mexico, in the valley 
 of the Rio Grande, 10 miles E. of the river, and W. of the 
 Sangre de Christo Pass, in the Rocky Mountains, and al)OUt 
 150 miles due N from Santa Fe, in about 37° 45' N. lat., 
 and 105° 30' W. Ion. 
 
 FORT MER'CER, on the Jersey shore of the Delaware, 4 
 miles below, was a revolutionary fortress, now in ruins. 
 
 FORT MIFI'LIN, a revolutionary fortress, still iiarrl- 
 soned, at the junction of the Si-huylkill and Delaware Rivers, 
 6 miles below Philadelphia. 
 FORT MILL, a postoffioe of York district, South Camiina. 
 
FOR 
 
 FORT MIL1.ER, a post-village of Wasliington co^ New 
 York, on the K. side of the Hudson, and on the Ohamplain 
 Canal. 4U miles X. of Albany. Thure is here a fall of about 
 'M feet in the river, across which, a dam, 8 feet high has 
 Iseen constructed, and a channel opened to serve »s a feeder 
 to the ciinal. The village contains a church, some half a 
 dozen stores, several factiories, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 FORT MILIyl'IK, of California, situated near the entrance 
 of the i^an Joaquin River into the plains, is a few miles 
 above the head of navi;;ation on that stream. 
 
 FOKT MILLER, a revolutionary fort on the site of the 
 present town of the same name, ou the Hudson, in New 
 i'ork. 
 
 FORT MITCII'ELL. a post-village of Russell CO., Alabama, 
 12 miles from Columbus. Georgia. 
 
 FO RT JIONTOOll'KRY, a post^fflce of Cherokee co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 FORT MONTPE'LTER, a small post-village of Baldwin 
 CO.. Alabauia. 
 
 FOIIT MOORE, an ante-revolutionary fort near Sand Bar 
 Ferry, on the Savannah River. 
 
 FORT .MORGAN. See MowLE, Alabama, 
 
 FORT MOTTE, South Carolina, a revolutionary stockade 
 on the Congaree, 33 miles tielow Columbia. 
 
 FORT MOTTE, a postofflce of Orangeburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 FORT N AS'S AU, New Jersey, a fortress erected by Captain 
 Jacobus May, (under the command of Henry Hudson.) on 
 the Delaware, near the site of the present t<iwn of Gloucester, 
 in 1631. This was the tirst settlement on the shores of the 
 Delaware, but it was not permanent. 
 
 FORT NKCKS'.SITY. Pennsylvania, an ante-revolutionary 
 fort, erected by Washington, in 1754, near the site of the 
 present town of Union, in Fayette county, in a tract which 
 wa.« then known as "the Great Meadows." 
 
 FORT NEL'SON, a revolutionary fortress, and Fort Nor- 
 folk, erected in 1812, both defended Norfolk, Virginia. On the 
 gite of the former stands the United States Marine Hospital. 
 
 FOHT'.NER-S HILL, a post-office of Laclede CO., Missouri. 
 
 FOltT NKSQUALLY. See Nesqu.vht. 
 
 FORT NEW/I'ORT, New York, an antorevolutionary for- 
 tress on Ward Creek, a tributary of Oneida ij&ka. 
 
 FORT NIAG'.^RA, Canada West, an ante-revolutionary 
 foili-ess, still garrisoned, built by the French at the mouth 
 of the river of that name, on the British side, about 1727. 
 
 FORT NINETY-SIX, South Carolina, (so called because 
 It was 96 miles from the frontier fort of Prince George, on 
 the Keowee,) in Abljeville district. miles from the Saluda 
 River. This fortress, mostly held by the British, was the 
 scene of some severe conflicts in the Revolution. 
 
 FORT NO.VSENSE, N ew .Jersey, near Morristown, erected 
 by order of Washington, to give employment to his men 
 (hence the namel during the winter of 1779-SO. 
 
 FORT OGLETHORPE, o'gl-thorp, or OGLETHORPE 
 BARRACKS, on St. Simon's Island, near the mouth of the 
 Alabama, was founded by Oglethorpe about 1737. It is now 
 In ruin.s. but was the scene of hostilities both in the Revo- 
 lutionary War, and that of 1812. 
 
 FORT OKON.\G'AN,afhrt belonging to the Hudson Bay 
 Company, on the E. bank of Okonagan river, a few miles 
 ftbove its junction with the Columbia. 
 
 FORI'ON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 FORTON a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 FOKT ONTARIO. See Fort Osweoo. 
 
 FORT OPLANDT, o'pldnt, an old fort built by the Dutch 
 In 1631. near the site of Lewes, Delaware. 
 
 FORT ORANGE. See Albany. 
 
 F()KTORE. foR-to'rA, (ane. PreiiHo,) a river of Naples, rises 
 In the Apennines, about 20 miles N.E. of Benevento, flows 
 mostly N., separating the provinces of Capitan.ata and Mo- 
 lise. and enters the Adriatic by two mouths, 34 miles N.N.W. 
 of Foggia, after a course of 45 miles. 
 
 FORT OSAGE', a post-villase of Jackson co., Missouri, 151 
 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 FORT OSWEGATCH'lE. New York, on the site of Og- 
 densburg, an old French fort, called on their maps, as early 
 asl740. Fort Pre.serv.atlon and Fort LaGallette. It was taken 
 by the British in 1760, then called Fort William Augustus. 
 
 FORT OSWE/GO, an old stockade on or near the site of 
 Oswego, New York, on the W. side of Oswego River, was 
 erected as early as 1096, by Count Frontenac; but Fort 
 Ontario, on the E. side, built in 1755. was the principal for- 
 tress after 1758. The forts here were the scene of many 
 stirring events in the wars between France and England, 
 and of a sl.irmish in 1814. 
 
 FORT P.\R'IS, in Stone Arabia, Montgomery co., New 
 York, is a revolutionary fortres.s. 3 miles N. of the Mohawk. 
 
 FORT I'AU'LUS HOOK, New .Jersey, on the present site of 
 Jersey Oitv. a revolutionary fortress, erected by the British. 
 
 FORT i'E'QUOT', Connecticut, an Indian "fort, of early 
 colonial date, on Pequot Hill, 8 miles N.E. of New London. 
 
 FORT ITTT. See PiTTSBcno. 
 
 FOKT PITT, a fortification near Chatham, in England. 
 
 FORT PITT, a fortiticati m of British North America, on 
 the Saskatchewan. Lat. 47° 30' N., Ion. 108° W. 
 
 FOR 
 
 FORT PLAIN, a revolutionary fortress, at the junctioii 
 of the Mohawk and Osqu.^ga Creeks. This fort was, for a 
 time, called Fort McKea\. 
 
 FORT PL.\IN, a postrvillage of Minden township. JInnt 
 gomery co.. New York, on the right bank of the Mohawl 
 River, and on the Erie Canal, 68 miles W.N.W. of Albany 
 It contains several churches, a bank. Fort Plain Seminary 
 and Collegiate Institute, and 2 newspaper offices. E.xcelleuf, 
 building stone is quarried iu the vicinity. Poi)ulati(JU. about 
 2000. 
 
 FORT PLANK or BLANK, New York, a revolutionary 
 fort, 2 miles N.W. of Fort Plain, in Montgomery county. 
 
 FORT PREBLE. See Portand. Maine. 
 
 FOKT PRINCE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 FORT PRINCE GEORGE, one of three frontier forts, on 
 the Savannah River, of early colonial date. It was about 
 300 miles from Charleston. 
 
 FORT PDT'NAM, the principal fortre.ss at West Point, iu 
 the Revolution, now a commanding and picturesque ruiu, 
 several hundred feet above the river. 
 
 FORT RACOON', a posf>village of Des Moines co.. Iowa. 
 
 FOKT RECOVERY, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 FORT RENSSELAER, a revolutionary fortress, near Cana- 
 joharie. New York. 
 
 FORT RIDGE/LY, a United States fort of Pierce co., Min- 
 nesota, on the left bank of the Jlinuesota River, about 200 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 FORT RI'LEY,a post-office and militarypost of Davis co., 
 Kansas,.was established in 18.5.3, at the junction of the two 
 main branches of the Kansas River, (called Republican .and 
 Smoky Hill Forks.) 140 miles from Fort Leavenworth: lat. 
 39° 3' 38" N.. Ion. 96° 24'56"W.: elevation above the Gulf 
 of Mexico, 926 feet. It posse.s.ses excellent military .advan- 
 tages, being in the midst of a fertile country which abounds 
 in timber, building materials, good water and grass, and is 
 on the route of troops and emigrants going to California and 
 New Mexico. At favorable seasons of the year the Kanzas 
 River is navigable to this place. The origin.<il plan of the 
 fort contemplates barracks of stone for 8 companie.s. part of 
 which were erected last year, (1853.) and it is expected that 
 the rest will be finished this summer, with all such other 
 buildings as are necessary for a large mounted force. Near 
 this place is a Methodist mission. A splendid military road 
 was constructed from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Riley in 1854; 
 and in 1855 Congress made an appropriation of $100,000 to- 
 wards extending it W. to Bridgers Pass. 
 
 FORT RI P'LEY, formerly FORT GAINES, a post-village of 
 Cass CO.. MinnesoU, stands on the bank of the Mississippi, 
 at the mouth of the Nokay River. 122 miles N. of St. l*aul. 
 
 FORTROSE', a royal and parliamentary burgh and .sea- 
 
 has a good harbor, an episcopal chapel, an academy, at 
 which the late Sir James Mackintosh received his early edu- 
 cation, and remains of the ancient cathedral of the Bishops 
 of Ross. The burgh unites with Inverness. Fori-es, and 
 Nairn jn sendinir 1 memlier to the House of Commons. 
 
 FORT-ROY'AL, a fortified town and seaport, in the French 
 West Indies, capital of the island of Martinique ; lat. 14° 36' 
 N., Ion. 61° 4' 15" W. ; situated on the N. side of a deep and 
 well-sheltered bay, protected by a fort, which covers the 
 whole surface of a peninsula, commanding the town and 
 harbor. The streets are straight and spacious; houses, in 
 general, well built. The principal edifices are the parish 
 church, government offices, the barracks, arsenal, prison, 
 and hospital. At its E. extremity, near the careening place, 
 is a fine parade, called the Savannah, foi-ming the glacis of 
 Fort St. Louis. From its situation on the W. side of the 
 island, the bay is protected from the prevalent winds. Iu 
 1839. Fort-Royal was almost wholly destroyed by an earth- 
 quake. Upwards of 500 persons, including nearly all the 
 inmates of the principal hospital, were killed by the falling 
 of the buildings. Fort-Royal is the residence of the French 
 governor. Pop. 11.300. 
 
 FORT SAINT SEBASTIAN. s5nt se-bast'ytln. (Port. Sao 
 Sehastiao. sown" .s.i-b3s-te-<5wN'=',) the citadel of the Portuguese 
 settlement of Mozambique, in East Africa, which see. 
 
 FORT SiO JOACHIM, sown" zho-I-keeN«'. a settlement 
 of Brazilian Guiana, on the Branco. an affiuent of the 
 Amazon. Lat. 3° 1' 46" N., Ion. 60° .T W. 
 
 FORT SCHUYLER, (New,) New York. See Rome. 
 
 FORT SCHUYLER. (Old.) New York. See UncA. 
 
 FORT SCOTT, a post-village, military post, and capital of 
 Bourbon co., Kansas, is on the Marmiton Creek or River, a 
 small branch of the Osage River, 120 miles S. of Leaven- 
 worth. It contains a city hall, 3 or 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 
 newspaper office, several wholesale stores, a hospital, and a 
 large flour-mill. Pop. .about 1000. A military post was 
 established here in 1842. The town was incorporated in 
 1855. It is one of the most commercial towns in Southern 
 Kansas, and a great depot of army stores. 
 
 FORT SCOTT, a post-office of Bates co., Missouri, near th« 
 western boundary of the state. 
 
 693 
 
FOR 
 
 FOS 
 
 FORT SEX'EOJ a postoffice of Seneca co.. Ohio. 
 
 FOKT SLON'GO, a fortress erected by the Tories in 1781, 
 Troadwell Xeok, on Long Island. 
 
 FOl'iT SMITH, a thriviug post-village of Sebastian co., 
 Arkan.<as, on tlie rijrht bank of the Arkansas River, 163 
 miles by land, W.N'.W. of Little Rook, and at the western 
 boundary of tht state. I«Ht. 34° 45' N., Ion. 95° V>'. It 
 has an extensive trade with the Indian tril:«s, and is a 
 military post of the United States. A weekly newspaper 
 is published here. The government buildings are of brick. 
 There is 1 frame church in the place. According to some 
 authorities, Fort Smith is the present county seat. Pop. 
 1530. 
 
 FORT SNEI/LTNG, a military post and post-village of 
 Hennepin co.. Minnesota, stands on the point formed by the 
 continence of the Minnesota with the Mississippi River, 7 
 mileH aljove St. Paul. 
 
 FORT SOREL/, on the site of the present town of Sorel, at 
 the mouth of the river of that name, erected by Sorel, a 
 French enfrineer. in 1665. 
 
 FORT STAXWIX, Xew York. See Rome. 
 
 FORT ST. DA'VID, a fortress of Ilindostan, on the Coro- 
 mandel coast, 12 miles S.S.W. of Poudicherry. A factory 
 was established here in 1C91 ; and, after the capture of 
 Sladras by the French, in 1746, it became the head of the 
 British settlements in this quarter till 1758, when, after a 
 short sie?e, it was taken by the French under M. Lally, and 
 the fortifications were demolished. 
 
 FORT ST. EVMO, the citadel of La Yaletta, in Malta, 
 
 FORT ST. FREIVERIC, the first in point of time of the 
 fortifications at Crown Point, Xew York, built about the 
 middle of the last century. 
 
 FORT SULLIVAX. See Eastport, Maine. 
 
 FORTS'VILLE, a post-office of Saratoga co., Xew York. 
 
 FORTSVILIiE. a village in Jones co., Georgia, 18 miles 
 W. of Milledsreville. 
 
 FORTSYILLE, a village of Ilancock co^ Indiana, on the 
 Bellefont.aine and Indianapolis Raili-oad, 20 miles X j;. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 FORT TAY'LOR, a postK)fflce of Benton co^ Florid-a. 
 
 FORT TlCONDER(jaA. See Ticosderog.^. 
 
 FORT TOMP/KIXS. is situated on Staten Island, oppo- 
 site Fort Hamilton, at the entrance of Xew York Harbor. 
 
 FORI lOWSOX, in the S.E. part of Arkansas, on Red 
 River. 
 
 FORT TRUM'BULL. a revolutionary fortress on the W. 
 wde of the Thames, a little below New London. Connecticut. 
 Opposite is Fort Oriswnld. both still irarrisoned. 
 
 FORT TRY'OX, a revolutionary fortress, in the vicinity 
 of New York City. 
 
 FORTUXA, foB-too/nJ, a market-town of Spain. 16 miles 
 N.X.E. of Murcia. Pop. 4010. It has mineral baths and a 
 saltpetre factory. 
 
 FORTC'X.i. a village of Graves co., Kentucky. 
 
 FORTUN AT.E INSULA. See Canaries. 
 
 FORTUNE, BAY, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, on 
 the S. coast of Newfoundland. Lat. 47° X., Ion. 55° W., giv- 
 ing the name to a district on its X. side. It contains Brune 
 Island, and at its entrance are the French islands of Mique- 
 lon and St. Pierre. 
 
 FORTUXE ISLAND, a small islet off the coast of Sumatra. 
 
 FORTUNE ISLAND, in the .Malay Archipelago, in Mo- 
 lucca Passage. Lat. 6° 55' S.. ion. 124° 8' E. 
 
 FORTUNE ISL.AXD, in the Malay Archipelago, in the 
 Banda Sea. Lat. 5° 3' S., Ion. 132° 11' E. 
 
 FORTUNE ISLAND, in the Sooloo Sea. Lat. 14° 4' S., 
 Ion. 120° 32' E. 
 
 FORTUNE KEY, one of the Bahama Islands. 
 
 FORT U'NION, a United States fort on the route from 
 Independehce to Santa Fe, in New Mexico. 
 
 FORT VAI/LEY, a thriving post^village of Houston co., 
 Georgia, 28 miles S.TV. of Macon. It is situated on the 
 South-western Railroad, at the terminxis of the Muscogee 
 Railraad, leading to Columbus, alx)ut 70 miles distant. 
 Since the completion of the railroad, this place has been 
 much improved, and has become a depot for cotton. It con- 
 tains 1 church, 1 large academy, and 3 dry-goods stores. 
 Pop. in 1860, about 1000. 
 
 FORT VICTORIA, vik-to're-a. in the Malay Archipelago, is 
 the citadel of the capital town of Amboyna. 
 
 FORT VILLAKINO, vil-lS-ree'no. a frontier settlement in 
 Patagonia, on the island of Choloechel, in the Rio Xegro, 
 and nanu-d after its founder in 1782. 
 
 FORT ^AI/LAWAL^LA, in Washington Territory, on the 
 left bank of the Columbia, at the mouth of the Wallawalla 
 River, near iip X. lat. It belongs to the Hudson Bay 
 Company. 
 
 fort" WAR^REX, Boston, is situated upon Governor's 
 Island. .See Bo?to\. 
 
 fort WASHINGTON, is situated on the Potomac River. 
 In the S. part of Prince Georges County. Maryland. 
 
 FORT WASHINGTON, a post-vULige of Prince George's 
 to., MariUnd, on the E. side of the Potomac. 15 miles S. of 
 H'ashiDgtou City. 
 6M 
 
 FORT WASHIXGTOX, on Manhattan Island, wag cap- 
 tui-ed by the British in Xovemlier, 1776. 
 
 FORT WASHITA, wSsh'e-taw', a postoflRce of Chickasaw 
 Xation, Indian Territory. 
 
 FORT WASHITA, Chicksaw Xation. is situated on Red 
 River, about 265 miles W. by S. of Little Rock. 
 
 FORT WaT'SOX, is situated on Santee River, in Sumter 
 CO., South Carolina. 
 
 FORT W.\YNE, wain, a flourishing town, capital of Allen 
 CO., Indian-a, is situated at the confluence of the St. Joseph'* 
 and St. Mary"s Rivers, which form the Mauniee. and on the 
 Wabash aud Erie Csjnal, 122 miles E.N.E. of Lafayette, and 
 112 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. Fort Wayne is a town of 
 rapid growth, and is one of the most important places in the 
 state. The Toledo and Wabash Railroad here intersects the 
 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 148 miles 
 from Chicago. Since the latter road has been finished, Fort 
 Wayne is connected with I'hiladelphia by a continuous line 
 of railways more than 600 miles in length. Sevenil plank- 
 roads lead from this place to different parts of the state and of 
 Ohio. It contains 2 national banks, 1 state bank, 8 churches, 
 a Methodist female college, and 2 newspaper offices. The 
 surrounding region is highly productive, and a large por- 
 tion of the land is under cultivation. On the site of the 
 to\vn was the old "Twightwee village" of the Miami tribe. 
 Here Fort ^Vayne was erected in 1794, by order of General 
 Wayne, and it continued to he a militiiry post until 1819. 
 Pop. in ISeO, estimated at 9000. 
 
 FORT WEBB. See West Point. 
 
 FORT WEDDERBURN. See Fort Chippewatax. 
 
 FORT WEL/LINGTON, a fort on Coburg Peninsula, in 
 Northern Australia, near Port Essington. 
 
 FORT WELUNGTON, a small fortress near Prescott, 
 Canada West. 
 
 FORT WILIIEI/5IUS, on Princes Island, near Fort 
 Orange. (Albany.) 
 
 FORT WIL'KINS, a post-office of Houghton county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 FORT WILLIAM. See C.^icctta. 
 
 FORT WILL/IAM, a fortress of Scotland, co of Inverness, 
 on Loch Eil, near the foot of Ben Nevis, and at the S. ex- 
 tremity of the Caledonian Canal, adjacent to the village of 
 Maryburgh. It was originally built by General Monk, and 
 reconstructed in the time of William III., whence its name. 
 It is now garrisoned by only a few invalids. 
 
 FORT WILLIAM, a fort of Briti.sh America, on the X.W. 
 coast of Lake Superior. Lat. 48° 25' 33" N., Ion. 89° 20' W. 
 
 FORT WILLIS or WYLLYS. See West Point. 
 
 FORT WIN.NEB.i'GO. Wisconsin. See Portage Citt. 
 
 FORT WINI'ERMOOT, one of the revolutionary forts of 
 Wvomins A'allev. 
 
 FORT WOLCOTT. See Newport. Rhode Island. 
 
 FOIiT WORTH, a village, TaiTant co., Texas. 
 
 FORT WYOOIING, PennsylvanLi, a fortress on the site 
 of the present town of Wilkesbarre. 
 
 FOR'TY FORT, a post-office of Luzerne county, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FORT YCM.i. a United States fort in California, at the 
 junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers, on the N.W. bank 
 of the united stream. 
 
 FORUM ALIENI. See Ferrara. 
 
 FORUM CORN ELII. See Imola. 
 
 FORUM JULII. See Friuli. 
 
 FORUM JULII, or FORU.M JULIUM. See FRfiJUS. 
 
 FORUM LIVII. SeeFoKLi. 
 
 FORUM NOVUM. See FoRXOvo. . 
 
 FORUM POPILII. in G.allia Cisjilpina. See Foblimpopou. 
 
 FORUM POPILII, in Lucania. See PoTiA. 
 
 FORUM SKGUSIAXORUM. See Feirs. 
 
 FORUM SEMI'RONII. See Fossombronk. 
 
 FORUM YOCONTII. See Vidaubax. 
 
 FORAVARDSTOWN, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FORWICII, fbr'dich. a small municip,al borough, parish, 
 and member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich. England, co. 
 of Kent, on the navigation of the Stour, 2 miles E.N.E. of 
 Canterbury. Pop. 231. It has an ancient chureh, and waa 
 formerly of import.ance. 
 
 FOS, fos, a village of France, department of Haute-Gv 
 ronne, in the Pj'renfes, 60 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 
 1597. Near it silver mines were worked in the time of the 
 Romans. 
 
 FOSC.ILDO, fos-kdl'do. a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Citra. 16 miles N.W. of Cossenza. Pop. 20O0. 
 
 FOSDICK. a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 FOSDINOVO, fos-de-no'vo, (L. Pi!ide}if>>vum.) a village of 
 North Italy, Bituate<l 7 miles N.W. of Carrai-a, 1814 feet 
 above the sea. Pop. 1448. 
 
 FOS'DYKE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Ilolbeach. Fosdtke-Wash, an ai-m of the -wa, 1 
 mile in width, is here crossed by an embankment and 
 bridge. 
 
 FOSNJES or FOSNAS. (Fa«nK.-.) fos'n.Ace, a n>>;itf Joe vil- 
 lage and parish of Norway, stitt, and 90 mile* 'AJ'M. of 
 Trondhjem. Pop. 2600. 
 
FOS 
 
 FOU 
 
 F0S5ACECA, fos'sl-oh.Vkd, a Tillage of Naples, province of 
 Molise, 9 niilps N. W. of Campabasso. Pop. 2450. 
 
 FOSSACECA. a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ci- 
 tra. nf.'ir the Adriatic, 4^ miles S.E. of San Vito. Pop. 2300. 
 
 F08SACECA, a village of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, 12 miles N.W. of Piedmonte. Pop. 800. 
 
 FOSS.VNO, fos-s3/n(), (aiic. Fosm'num,) a town of the Sar- 
 dinian SUtes. in Piedmont, on the Stura. 14 miles N.E. of 
 Colli. It is picturesquely situated on a hill, enclosed by old 
 ■walls, and crowned by a fine castle. Internally it is an- 
 tique and gloomy, the houses built over arcades, which form 
 the footways. There are several squares, none of them very 
 remark.ible; a fine cathedral, containing a few good paint- 
 ings; other churches and conventual buildings, several pa- 
 laces, a theatre, hospital, montrde-piili, orphan asylum, ce- 
 metery, a royal scientific academy, several educational 
 establishments, and mineral baths. Its manufactures are 
 silk, Kather, iron, woollen poods, and paper. It has a trade 
 in agricultural produce, and two well-attended annual fairs. 
 Pop.' 16.1)41. 
 
 FOSSAWAY and TULLIEBOLE, tarie-bol', a united 
 parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Kinross, 6 miles \V. of 
 Kinross. Pop. 1724. The castles of TulUebole and Aldie are 
 in this parish. 
 
 FOSSE or FOSSES, foss, a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 8 miles S.W. of Namur. Pop. 2900. 
 
 FOSSNAES. a village of Norway. See FosN.^s. 
 
 FOSSOMBHONE, fo.s-som-bro'ni, a town of Central Italy, 
 in the Marches, about 10 miles E.N.E. of UHiino, on the 
 Metauro, here crowed by a fine modern single-arched bridge. 
 Pop. 6421. It sprang from the ruins of the ancient Fnrutn 
 S;mp)-iinii, about 2 miles distant, and has a cathedral and 
 flourishing manufactures. 
 
 FOSSUM. fos'sooin, a village of Norway, stlft of Agger- 
 shuns, 62 miles S.W. of Christiania. It lias a cobalt mine, 
 and extensive iron-works. 
 
 FO.STAT. fosUat/, or OLD CAIRO, (ki'ro,) a town of Central 
 Egypt, on the Nile, 34 miles S.W. of Cairo, opposite Gheezeh. 
 See Cairo. 
 
 FOSTER, a post-village and township of Providence co.. 
 Rhode Island, on a tributary of the Pawtuxet, which allords 
 good water-power, 15 miles \V. by S. of Providence. It con- 
 tiuns several churches and a bank. Pop. 1935. 
 
 FOSTEli, a post-village of Bracken co., Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio River, about 50 miles in a straight line N.E. of Lex- 
 ington. 
 
 FOSTER CENTRE, a post-offlce of Providence co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 FOS'TERDALE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, 
 120 miles S.W. of Albanv. 
 
 FO.STER MILLS, a post-offlce of Cherokee co., Georgia. 
 
 FOSTER'S, a post-offlce of Tuscaloosa co.. Alabama. 
 
 FOSTER'S, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, 15 miles 
 6.S.E. of Vandalia. 
 
 FOSTER'S BAR. a postoffice of Yuba co., California. 
 
 FOSTER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-offlce of Bledsoe co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 FOSTER'S FORK, a post-offlce. Prince Edward co., Yirginia. 
 
 FOS'TERTO\VN. a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, 
 6 miles S. of Mount Holly. 
 
 FOSTERVILLE, a post^village of Cayuga co., New York, 
 155 miles W\N.W. of Albany. 
 
 FOSTER VI LLE. a village of Henry co.. Georgia, on the 
 Macon and Western Railroad, 80 miles W.N.W. of Milledge- 
 Ville. 
 
 FOSTERVILLE. a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennes- 
 see. 42 miles, S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 FOS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FOSTON, a parish of England co. of Leicester. 
 
 FOSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 FOSTON-ON-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 FOSTO'KIA, a post-village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Pennsvlvania Railroad. 124 miles W.N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 FOTII'ERBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FOTIt'EHINGAY. a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 85 miles N.N.W. of Crundle. Edward, Duke of 
 York, who died at Agincourt. and Richard. Duke of York, 
 slain at the battle of Wakefield, were buried in its church. 
 The c;istle. founded in the reign of the Conqueror, the birth- 
 place of Richard III., and the scene of Mary Queen of Scots' 
 imprisonment, trial, and execution, was razed to the ground 
 after the accession of James I. 
 
 FOU. a town of China. See Foo. 
 
 FOU.VH. a villaire of Egypt. See Fooah. 
 
 FOU-CHOU. of China. See Foo-Choo-Foo. 
 
 FOUESNANT. foo-f's'nSx"', a town of France, department 
 tf Finistfere, 8 miles S.E. of Ouimper. Pop. in 1852. Xi&i. 
 
 FOUG, foog. (anc. Fa'gus Lecolrvm,?) a village of France, 
 department of Meurthe. about 5 miles from Toul. A hill in 
 the vicinity is crowned by the remains of a castle and p.a- 
 lace. which belonged to theearly kings of France. Pop. 1484. 
 
 F0U(lEH.4'i, lou'zheh-rA/. a town of France, department 
 of ir,e-et-ViUine. 17 miles E.N.E. of Redon. Pop. in 1852, 5619. 
 
 FOUGI-jKES, foo'zhain/, (L. Filicarice Mhedimum,) a, town 
 
 of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 27 miles N.S of 
 Renne.s, pleasantly situated on a height near the Nanson, 
 Pop. In 1852, 9083. It has a commercial college, mineral 
 springs, and manufactures of sail-cloth and hempen fabrics, 
 and trade In corn, butter, and honey. It was formerly one 
 of the strongest places in Brittany, and was often taken and 
 re-taken during tht> wars with the English from the ele- 
 venth to the fifteenth centuries. A memorable engagement 
 took pliice here. November 15, 1793, between the A'endeaus 
 and the Republicans. 
 
 FOUGEROLLES, fooVheh-roIl', a village of France, depart- 
 ment, and 19 miles N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 2324. 
 
 FOUGEROLLES. a village of France, department of Hante- 
 Saone. 13 miles N.N.W. of Lure. Pop. 1139. It has a con- 
 siderable manufacture of cherry brandy. 
 
 FOUGES. foozh, a seaport town of .Asia Minor. SeePnoc.f.A. 
 The Gulf op FouaES is an inlet of the ^Egean Sea, immedi- 
 ately N. of the Gulf of Smvrna. 
 
 FOUILLOUSE, LA, Ij' foo^yooz', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Loire, 6 miles N.W. of St. Etienne. Pop. 873. 
 
 FOUL'BRIDGE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 FOUL'DEN. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FOUI/DKN. a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 FOUL ISLAND, in the bav of Bengal, off the W. coast of 
 Burmah. lat. 18° 4" N.. Ion. 93° 57' E. 
 
 FOUL'MIRE, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 FOUL'NESS, an Island and parish of England, co. of 
 Essex, on the North .Sea, 9 miles E.N.E. of Rochfor4. It Is 
 the largest of a cluster of islands, near the mouth of the 
 river Crouch. Area. 8060 acres. Pop. 674. 
 
 FOUiyPOINT, a village on the E. coast of Madagascar, 
 formerly the principal settlement of the French on that 
 Island. Lat. 17° 4^ S.. Ion. 49° 30' E. 
 
 FOULS'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FOUL/STON, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 FOULTA. SeeFuLTA. 
 
 FOUN.\I, a town of Japan. See Foon ai. 
 
 FOUN/DRYVILLE. a post-village of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 14 miles E. by N. of Bloomsburg. 
 
 FOU-NING. See Foo-nino. 
 
 FOUNTAIN, a county in the western part of Indiana, 
 bordering on the Wabash River, contains about 400 square 
 miles. It is dr.ained by Coal Creek. The surface is mostly 
 level, and is diversified by majestic forests and beautiful 
 i)rairies, the latter of which occupy about one-fourth of the 
 county. The soil is generally a black loam, and is highly 
 productive. Coal and iron-ore are abundant. The Wabash 
 and Erie Canal passes through it. Capital, Covington. Pop. 
 15,566. 
 
 FOUNTAIN DALE, a postofflce of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FOUNTAIN GREEN, a post-offlce of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FOUNTAIN GREEN, a post-village of Hancock CO., lUi- 
 nois. 10 miles N.E. of Carthage the county seat. 
 
 FOUNTAIN HEAD, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 
 FOUNTAIN HILL, a post-offlce of Gi-eene co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FOUNTAIN HILL, a post-village, capital of Ashley co., 
 Arkansas, 155 miles S.E. of Little Rock. 
 
 FOUNTAIN INN, a post-office of Greenville district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE, a postrtownship in the eastern 
 part of Columbia co.. Wisconsin. Pop. 1079. 
 
 FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE, (formerly called FALL RIVER,) 
 a small village of Columbia co.. AVisconsin. 
 
 FOUNTAIN RUN, a postrvillage of Monroe co.. Ken- 
 tvickv. 
 
 FOUNTAIN'S AIVBEY, one of the finest monastic ruins 
 in England, co. of York, West Riding, in the beautiful 
 park of Studley-Royal, about 3 miles S.W. of Ripon. It 
 was founded in 1204, and formerly occupied 12 acres of 
 ground. 2 of which are still covered by magnificent rulns^ 
 and in a more perfect state than most others in the king, 
 dom. 
 
 FOUNTAIN SPRING, a postoffice of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 svlvania. 
 ' FOUNTAIN SPRING, a post-office of Wood co., Virginia. 
 
 FOURCHAMBAULT fooK'sh8.\j'li6', a village of France, 
 department of NiSvre, 5 miles from Nevers. on the Loire, 
 here crossed by a suspension bridge. Here are extensive 
 iron-smelting furnaces and forges, employing about 3000 
 workmen. 
 
 FOURCHE A REYNAULT, foorsh I r.VnS' a post-village 
 in Washinirton co.. Missouri. 65 miles S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 FOUIiCHE A THOMAS, foorsh a tn'mJ', a small stream 
 which rises in the S. part of Missouri, and flowing southward 
 into Arkansjis. enters Black River above Pocahontas. 
 
 FOUHCHE DUMAS, foorsh doo'md/, a postroffice of Ran- 
 dolph CO.. Arkansas. 
 
 FOURCHE LA FAVE, foorsh \i fJv. a small stream of 
 Arkansas, rises near the S.W. border of Scutt cuunty, and, 
 flowing eastward, enters the Arkansas in I'erry county. 
 
 FOUR BROTHERS. See QLjlTRE-FiiiRES. 
 
 695 
 
FOU 
 
 FOX 
 
 F»)Da COIVXEKS, a post-office of Hurou cc, Ohio, 104 
 miles N. bv E. of Columbus. 
 
 FOUR KVAN'GKLISTS. a group of four islets, off the W. 
 coast of Patagonia, at the entrance of the Strait of Magellan, 
 lat, 52° 34' S., Ion. 75° 5'AV., and which, with eight others, 
 about 15 miles W., compose a group called the "Twelve 
 Apostles."' 
 
 FOUR LAKES, a name given to a chain of lakes in Bane 
 CO., Wisconsin, extending in a row from X.AV. to S.K., and 
 discharging their waters into Catfish River. The water of 
 all these lalies is pure, and deep enough in most places for 
 the purposes of navigation. In describing thera we shall 
 reverse the order in which they are named, beginning with 
 the uppermost, and descending. Fourth Lake, at the X,W. 
 extremity of the chain, is considerably the largest, being 
 6 miles in length, and 4 miles in its greatest breadth. The 
 water is cold and pure. It is navigable for small steam- 
 boats ; the depth in some p:irts is estimated at from 60 to 
 70 feet This beautiful lake is mostly fed by springs, having 
 but one tributary. It has clear, white, and gravelly shores. 
 The surface is estimated at 210 feet alxjve Lake Michigan, 
 Third Lake, the next below, is 6^ miles long, and 2 miles 
 wide. Madison, the cipital of the state, is situated on the 
 N. shore of this lake, ou the strip of land between it and 
 Fourth Lake, Second Lake, the next in order, is 3i miles 
 long, and near 2 miles wide. First Lake, the lowest of the 
 chain, is rather more than 3 miles long, and atout 2 miles 
 wide. The region in fh« vicinity of the Four I.iakes is a 
 beautiful country, with a rich limestone soil. Third and 
 Fourth lakes are now called Lake Mouonaand Lake Mcndota. 
 
 FOURMIES. foou^me©', a village of France, department 
 of Nord, 8 miles S.S.E, of Avesnes, Pop, 1S83, 
 
 FOUR MILE BRANCH, a postroffice of Barn well district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 FOUR MILK BRANCH, a postofflce, of Monroe co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 FOUR MILE CREEK, of Michigan, flows into the Kala- 
 mazoo River, in Kalamazoo county, 
 
 FOUR MILE CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Preble county, and 
 enters the Miami River near Hamilton. 
 
 FOUR MILK CRI'iEK, a post-offiee of Erie co,. New York. 
 
 FOUR MILE GROVE, a postrofflcB of Lee co,. Illinois. 
 
 FOUR MILE PRAiailE, a post-office of Van Zandt co., 
 Texas. 
 
 FOUR MILB PRAIRIE, a poet-office of Fayette co., Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 FOURNI (foor'nee') ISLANDS, (anc, CaHxuB.) a group of 
 the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to Asiatic Turkey, and 
 consisting of about 20 islets, 5 miles S,W. of Samos. They 
 are mount.iinous. and alxiund with caverns. 
 
 FOURTEEN MILE CREEK, of Mississippi, flows through 
 Hinds county into Big Black River. 
 
 FOURTEEN MILE CREEK, of Indiana, flows through 
 Clarke county into the Ohio, 14 miles above the Falls of the 
 Ohio. 
 
 FOURTH LAKE. See Four Lakes. 
 
 FOUR TOWNS, in Scotland, co. of Dumfries. See Hiqhtae. 
 
 FOU-SH AN. a town of China. See Foo-sh.\s. 
 
 FOUSIYAM.\. a mountain of Japan, See FoosiT.oiii. 
 
 FOUSSERET, LE Id foos,s'sfh-rA', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-Garonne, 28 miles S.W. of Toulouse. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2271. 
 
 FOU-TCHOW-FOO, a city of China, See Foo-choo-foo. 
 
 FOUTSITZ, a town of Japan, See Footsitz. 
 
 FOUVEXT-LE-BAS, fjoVSxo'-lfh-bd', a village of France, 
 department of Ilaute-SaSne. 16 miles from Gray, In its 
 vicinity are three large grottoes, in one of which, M. Cuvier 
 discovered, in 1800, the fossil bones of a great number of 
 quadrupeds; and in 1827, on a second seiirch. M. Thirria 
 found relics of the rhinoceros, elephanVhyena, bear, horse, 
 ox, and lion. 
 
 FOVANT', a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 
 FOVEAUX (fo\6') STRAIT, in New Zaaland, lat. 47° S., 
 Ion. I<i7° K„ separates New Munster from New Leinster. 
 Breadth varies from 10 to 25 miles. It contains many 
 Islets, 
 
 FO'VERAX, a parish of ScotUnd, co, of Aberdeen, 1 mile 
 S.S.W, of Newburgh, Here are the ruins of 2 castles. The 
 Ythan River in this parish, has a pearl fishery. 
 
 FOW, or FAU.\, f5, an bland in the Malay .\rchipel^o, 
 Gilolo passage, about lat. 0° C S., ion. 129° 30* E., sepa- 
 rated from the W, shore of Geby by a narrow channel, about 
 a quarter of a mile wide, which forms a safe liarlwr, with 
 depths fmm 10 to 15 fathoms, 
 
 FOWEY. foy, written also FAWEY, a river of England, 
 enters the English Channel near Fowey. after a cour.«e of 
 a)x>ut 30 miles. It has a broad estuary, and is navigable to 
 near liostwithiel, 
 
 KOWEY, a decayed seaport, borough town, and parish 
 of England, co. of Cornwall, at the mouth of the above 
 river, 25 miles S.S.W. of Launceston. Pop. in 1851. 1006. The 
 town is situati^ amidst scenery of singular lieauty. Its 
 harl>or admits the largest vessels, and is defendi-d by one 
 ancient and two modern forts. The principal exports are 
 copper-ore. of which many thousand tons are shipped an- 
 600 
 
 Dually, pilchardst, chinn clay, and stone. Fowey was a 
 place of great imjiortance in the thirteenth and fourteenth 
 centuries, having numerous ships, and a formidable name in 
 the naval annals of the time. During the siege of Calais^ 
 under Edward III., it sent 47 vessels to that monarch's 
 aid, being a greater number than was contributed by any 
 other town in England. 
 
 FOWLA or FOULA. fSwIi. written also FOUL, one of 
 the Shetland Islands, IS miles W. of the others, in lat. 60* 
 8' N., Ion. 2° 6' W. Length, about 2 miles; breadth, H 
 miles; elevation 1369 feet. Pop, 215, mostly fishermen and 
 fowlers. This islet, which affords good sheep pa.' ture, Ij 
 conjectured to have been the Ultima Thule of the ancient* 
 
 FOW-LE.\NG. a town of China, See Feoo-Le.\m}. 
 
 FOWLER, a post-township of St. Lawrence co.. New York, 
 on the Oswepitchie River, 27 miles S,W, of Canton. It con- 
 tains extensive beds of iron-ore, and quarries of white lim^ 
 stone. Pop. 18ii». 
 
 FOWLER, a poet-township in the eastern part of Triun- 
 bull CO.. Ohio. 160 miles N.E, of Columbus. Pop, 996. 
 
 FOWLER'S, a post-offlce of Brooke co„ W. Virginia. 
 
 FOWLER'S BAY. South Australia, near the head of th« 
 great .\ustraliau biarht, immediately W, of Point Fowler, in 
 lat, 32° 3' S„ Ion, 132° 40' E, 
 
 FOWLER"S KNOB, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia, 
 
 FOWLER'S MILLS, a post-village of Geauga co., Ohio, 170 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 FOW'LERSVILLE, a postx)fflce of Coltimbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FOW'LIS WES/TER. a parish and village of Scotland, co. 
 and 12 miles W.S.W. of Perth. Here is a very curious an- 
 cient cross, 
 
 FOWLSTOWN, a village in Decatur co., Georaia, about 
 200 miles S.W. of .Milledgeville. 
 
 FOWN'HOPE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 FOX, a former co. in the N.W. centr.al part of Iowa, has 
 an area of about 550 s(iUHre3. It is intersecte<l by Lizard 
 River, an affluent of the Des Moines. This county is not 
 included in the census of 18.50; the population is very sm.ill. 
 The name is derived from the Fox tribe of Indians. It ia 
 now comprised partly in Pocahontas county. 
 
 FOX, a township fif Clearfield co,, Pennsylvania, Pop. 154. 
 
 FOX, a towniship of Elk co,, Pennsylvania. Pop. 1333. 
 
 FOX, a township of Oirroli co,, Ohio, Pop. 1126. 
 
 F<'X, a townsliip in Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 1-10.5. 
 
 FOX'BOROUGH, a post-village and township of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Providence Railroad, 
 21 miles S.S.W. of Boston, Pop, 2879. 
 
 FOX'BURG, a small village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the .\lleghany River, at the mouth of the Clarion River. 
 
 FOXBURO, a post-offlce of Forest co., Penn.«ylvania, 
 
 FOX'CHASE, a pleasantly situated post-village within the 
 chartered limits of Philadelphia, 9 miles N.N.E. of the State 
 Ilou.se. 
 
 FOX'COT or FOS'OOTT, a parish of England, co. of Buck- 
 ingham. 
 
 FOX CREEK, a post-village of St. Louis co., Mis.souri, 28 
 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 FOX'CROFT, a postrvillage and township of Piscataquis 
 CO.. Maine, on the N. side of I'iscatni|uis River. 60 niileit 
 N.N.E. of Augusta. It contains an academy, and has manu- 
 factures of woollen goods, castinsrs, forks. &c. Pop. 1102. 
 
 FO.X'EARTH. a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 FOX'FORD. a small market-town of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Mayo, 9 miles S. of Ballina. Pop. 680. It has 
 a market-house and barracks. 
 
 FO.\'H.\LL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FOX'HOLES, a parish of England, co. of York, Eas% 
 Riding. 
 
 FOX INDIANS. See Sacs. 
 
 FO.X ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean. See Amctian Islands. 
 
 FOX L.\KE, a post-office of Lake co„ Illinois. 
 
 FOX LAKE or WACSH.VRA. wl-shah'ra. Wisconsin, in 
 Dodge CO. Fox Lake township is about 3 miles long and 2 
 miles wide. 
 
 FOX LAKE or WAUSHARA, a thriving post-village and 
 to\»-nship of Dodge co,. Wisconsin, on Beaverdam Creek, 
 outlet of Fox r,iike. about 60 miles N,N.K, of Mailison, It is 
 a place of active business, and contains 1 or 2 banks^ and a 
 flouring-mill. Total iwipulation, 1461. 
 
 FOX'LEY, a parish of Engl.ind, c-o. of Norfolk. 
 
 FOXLEY, a parish of England, co, of Wilts. 
 
 FOX RIVfMt. of Iowa and Missouri, a small stream which 
 rises in Davis co.. Iowa, and enters the Mississippi in Clarke 
 CO., Missouri, about 2 miles below the mouth of Des Moines 
 River. It is sometimes marked .\romat'ic River ou the 
 maps. 
 
 FOX RIVER, or PISIITAK'A, rises in Waukesha co., Wis- 
 consin, and running (in its general direction) nejirly due S. 
 till it reaches Oswego, in Illinois, then changes its course to 
 S.W., and falls Into Illinois River at Ottawa. The entiie 
 length is estimated at 200 miles. It affords great •<*»Uif 
 power. 
 
 FOX RIVER. (Neexah of the Indians.) of Green Bay. one 
 of the most Important rivers of Wisconsin, rises in Mar- 
 
FOX 
 
 quette co.. and flows first nearly S.W. towards the Wiscon- 
 sin, I)Ut, when within I5 miles of that river, it suddenly 
 turns towards the N. After a course of a few miles, it 
 assumes its general N.E. direction, and passing through 
 Lake Winnebago, falls into the S. end of Green Bay. A 
 canal has been tut from this river to the Wisconsin, and the 
 channel below Lake WinneViago is to be improved, so that 
 steamboats can pass from L;>ke Michigan to the Mississippi. 
 The whole length is estimated at 200 miles. The i-apids in 
 the lower part of its course furnish immense motive-power. 
 
 FOX RIVKR. Great and Little, two rivers of Canada, 
 within 2 miles of each other, and both falling into the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence between Griffith's Cove and Little Vallee, 
 on the X.E. .side of the district of Gaspe. 
 
 FOX'S CHANNEL, a strait of British North America, 
 stretching N. from, the X.W. extremity of Hudson's Strait, 
 having W. Melville Peninsula and Southampton Islands, 
 and E. an unexplored country. 
 
 FOX SPRING, a post-ofHce of Overton co., Tennes.see. 
 
 FOX SPRINGS, situated in Fleming co., Kentucky, about 
 10 miles from Flemingsburg. They contain sulphur and iron. 
 
 FOXTON, a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 FOXTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 FOX'VILLE, a post-villajre of Fauquier co., Virginia, on 
 the Rappahannock lUver, 108 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 FOJ^VILLE. a post-ofliee of Frederick co.. Maryland. 
 
 FOY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 FOYERS, pronounced and sometimes written FYERS, 
 (fl'grz,) a small river of Scotland, joins Loch Ness about 
 half way between Fort Augustus and the N.E. end of the 
 loch, 2 miles .above which junction it falls over a ridge, esti- 
 mated at 90 ftset in height, forming the finest cataract in 
 Britain. There is another fall of 30 feet about one-fourth 
 of a milo above this, crossed by a bridge. The grandeur of 
 these cascades is aided by surrounding scenery. 
 
 FOYLE, a river of Ireland, formed by the confluence of 
 the Finn and Mourne at Lifford, flows thence N. in a broad 
 tidal stream, till it exp.tnds into Lough Foyle, after a course 
 of H miles. It has a large salmon fishery, and is navigable 
 for vessels of 000 tons to the bridge at Londonderry. 
 
 FOYLK, LOUGH, Wh foil, of Ireland, is a large arm of 
 the sea, forming the estuary of the above river. Length, 
 18 miles ; breadth, 9 miles. 
 
 FOZ, foth or fiis, a market-town of Spain, 42 miles N.N.E. 
 of Lugo, on a bay of the Atlantic 
 
 FOZ, a village of Portugal, proyince of Alemtejo, on the 
 Tagus, 27 miles N.E. of Lisbon. It has extensive iron- 
 works. 
 
 FKADES. fri'd?s. a small island of Brazil, province of Ba- 
 hla, in All Saints*' Bay, 2.') miles N.W. of Bahia. 
 
 FRADES. fri'D^s. a village of Spain, 22 miles S. of Sala- 
 manca, with mineral springs. 
 
 FRAG A, fr^'ga, (anc. adiica Flaviat) a town of Spain. 55 
 miles S.E. of Huesca, on theCinca, here crossed by a wooden 
 bridge of 22 arches. Pop. 5028. Its environs are noted for 
 excellent figs and pomegranates. It has several Roman 
 ruins. 
 
 FRAGETSCHMARKT. See FooARAS. 
 
 FRAGNETO. frdn-yA'to, (Fraoxeto Moxtorti:, frSn-y.Vto 
 mon-foR/t'l, and Fhaoxkto L' Abate, frdn-y.Vto ll-b3't.A,Hwo 
 contiguous villages of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 
 and respectively 17 and 18 miles W.N.W. of Arjano. Pop. 
 of the former, 1820; of the latter, 2120. 
 
 FRAGOLETTA, a post-office of Marion co., Georgia. 
 
 FRAGUA. fri'gwi, a river of New Granada, rises on the 
 S.E. slope of the Sierra de Pardaos. and after a S.E. course 
 of about 180 miles, joins the Japura in lat. 0° 50' N., Ion. 74° 
 10' W. 
 
 FRATLES. frilfe. a modem town of Spain, province of 
 Jaen, jurisdiction of Alcala-la-Real. Pop. 2174. 
 
 FRAIN or FRAYX. frine, (Moravian, Wranow. yrd'nov,) 
 a market^town of Moravia. 11 miles W.N.W. of Znaim, on the 
 Thaya. with j, celebrated manufactory of porcelain. P. 840. 
 
 FRAIPOINT, fr.Vpwlfi'', a village of Belgium, province 
 and 9 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1058. 
 
 FRAISTHOKPE, frds'thorp, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, East Riding. 
 
 FRAIZE, irk?., a village of France, department of Vosges, 
 25 miles E. of Epin.41. Pop. 2501. 
 
 FKA'LEY, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1149. 
 
 FRAM'FIELB. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FR.VMIERES. fri'me-aia/ a village and commune of Bel- 
 gium, province of Hainaiit, about 3 miles S.S.W. of Mons. 
 Pop. 9073. 
 
 FRA'MINGn.\M. a post-village and township of Middle- 
 sex CO.. Massachusetts, on the Boston Jind Worcester Rail- 
 road, which here sends off a branch road to Milford. 21 miles 
 W. by S. of Boston. Saxonville. on Concord River, in the N. 
 Tart of the township, is connected by a branch railroad with 
 Uje Boston and Worcester Railroad at Nati^;k Framingham 
 contains a bank, a state normal school established here in 
 1853, and a high school. On the E. border Hps a part of Co- 
 chituate Lake, from which Boston is supplied with water. 
 Pop. 4227. 
 
 FRA 
 
 FRAMINGHAM, EARL, a parish of England, co. of Noi- 
 folk. 
 
 FRAMINGHAM PIGOT, a pari.sh, England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 FRAM'LINGHAM.a market-town and parish of England 
 CO. of Suffolk, 15 miles N.N.E. of Ipswich, on the .shore of a 
 lake communicating with the river Ore. Pop. in 1851, 2450. 
 It has a fine old church, containing several monuments of 
 the early Dukes of Norfolk, and the ruins of a magnificent 
 
 FRAM'LINGTON, a parish of Enghind, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 FRAMMERSBACH, fram'mers-b^K', a market-town of Ba- 
 varia, circle of Lower Franconia, 28 miles N.W. of WUra- 
 burg. Pop. 218S, partlv engaged in iron-mines. 
 
 FRAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 FRAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FRAMPTON COTrrJiRELL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 FRAMPTON-ON-SEV'ERN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 FRAMSTDEN, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FR.\MURA, fri-moo/rd, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Genoa, 5 miles N.N.W. of Levanto. Pop 1113. 
 
 FRAM'WELLG .\TE.atownshipof England. CO. of Durh.am. 
 
 FRANCA, Mnr^i, or VILLA-FR ANCA-DO-IMPERADOR, 
 veel1i-fran-k3-do-eem-p,-l-r3-doRA a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 270 miles N.N.E. of Sao-Paulo. on the Mugi. 
 
 FRANC^VIS, CAPE. See Cape Fr.a.\(;.ais. 
 
 FRANgALSE, La. U fr6.N°'»Az', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarnet-Garonne, 9 miles N.W. nfMi ntanban. P. 3825. 
 
 FRANQ.4IS, Le, Igh frln'si/, a small town on the W. coast 
 of Martin Ijue. 
 
 FItANC-ALEU, tTln\-K^\vht, a country of France, in tho 
 ancient province of Auvergne. Its capital was Sermur. 
 
 FRANCASTEL, frSNo'klUHJl', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Oise, 25 miles from Clermont. Pop. 82S. 
 
 FRANCAVILLA, frdn-ki-vind. a town of Naples, province 
 of Otranto, 20 miles E.N.E. of Taranto. Pop. ll.SoO. The 
 chief edifices are a cathedral, a college, several hospitals, 
 charitable institutions, and convents. In 1734, it suffered 
 greatly from an earthquake. It has manufactures of woollen 
 and cotton stuffs, earthenware, and snuff. 
 
 FRANCAVILLA, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 
 25 miles E. of I>agonegro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 FRANCAVILLA, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Citra, on the Adriatic, 7 miles N.IO. of Chieti. Pop. 3150. 
 
 FRANCAVILLA, a town of Sicily, inteudancy of Messina, 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Taormina. Pop. 2900. 
 
 FRANCAVILLA, a village of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 4i miles N.E. of Ca.ssano. Pop. 1100. 
 
 FRANCAVILLA, a town of Naples, province of Calahria 
 Ultra II., 13 miles S.S.W. of Nicastro. Pop. 1650. 
 
 FRANCE, (L. OaVlia, or Fran'cia; Fr. La France, 13 
 frdNss; It. Francia, frin/chd; Sp. Francia, frdn'the-i; Port. 
 Franga. frin'sl; Ger. Frayihreich. frdnk'riK; Dutch. Fran- 
 Iryk, frink'rik ; Dan. Franhrige, frdnk'ree'ghf h ; Sw. Franh- 
 rike, frink'ree^kA,) an empire, one of the most populous 
 and influential in the world, is situated in the W. part of 
 Europe, between lat. 42° 20' and 51° 5' N., and between 
 Ion. 4° 50' W. and 8° 25' E.; bounded N. by the German 
 Ocean and the Straits of Dover; N.W. by the English Chan- 
 nel, (La Manche ;) W. by the Atlantic Ocean, including that 
 part of it called the Bay of Biscay, {Golfe de Ouscogne ;) S. by 
 Spain and the Mediterranean Sea; E.by the Sardinian States, 
 Switzerland, and Baden ; and N.E. by Rhenish Bavaria, Rhe- 
 nish Prussia, Luxemburg, and Belgium. 
 
 Besides the continental territory here indicated, the em- 
 pire includes under its sovereignty numerous islands and 
 colonies in various parts of the world, the area and popula- 
 tion of which, according to the most recent ofilcial returns, 
 are exhibited in the subjoined table : — 
 
 France, including Corsica 
 
 Algeria (Fr. Algerie) 
 
 Colonies in West Africa- 
 Senegal , 
 
 Bourbon, or lie de la Reunion, Indian Ocean 
 
 St. Marie, (near the island of Madagascar)... 
 
 Asiatic Possessions — 
 
 Pondicherry (Pondichery,) Karlkal, Gan- 
 
 jani, Chandemagore, Yanaon, Surate, 
 
 and M.-ibe 
 
 West Indies- 
 Martinique, Guadeloupe, N. part of St. 
 Martin, .Marie Galante, Desirade, and 
 
 the Sainted Group 
 
 French Guiana, South America 
 
 8t. Pierre aud Miquelon Islands, on the 
 coast of North America, near Newfound- 
 land 
 
 Souih Pacific Ocean- 
 Marquesas Islands, Taiti and Akarao, In 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 New Caledonia, (Nonvelle-Caledonie) 
 
 Total 
 
 Area In 
 sq. miles 
 
 1,200 
 27,560 
 
 Population 
 
 37,47-i,7.S2 
 2,999,124 
 
 14,876 
 
 los.noo 
 
 4,000 
 
 2,101 
 2,000 
 
 321.016 4I,063,3J9 
 
 mi 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 In tracing the gf^eral contour of Prance, the projections 
 imd iudentatlonr which occur are so numerous, that the 
 country necessarily assumes the shape of a polygon com- 
 posed of many unequal sides. It however, we connect the 
 more g.ilient points which are on the N., the W.. the E., the 
 S.W., and the S.E. by straisht lines, the included space, 
 constituting a pentagon, will comprise the whole of the 
 French territory, and give a good general idea of its shape. 
 The longest lines that can be drawn across the country are 
 two diagonals — one from the S.E. to the N. W. extremity, 
 670 miles in extent; the other from the S.W. to the 
 N.E., having a length of 625 miles. Measured on the 
 meridian of Dunkirls, the greatest length is 600 miles; and 
 measured on the parallel of 4S° 20'. the greatest breadth is 
 6S2 miles. The breadth near the centre is 400 miles, and 
 between the mouth of the Gironde and the frontiers of Sa- 
 voy, where the country is narrowest, it does not exceed 330 
 miles. The lenirth ofthe coast line, without allowing for 
 minor indentations is, along the German Ocean and Eng- 
 lish Channel, 5i miles; along the Atlantic, 500 miles; and 
 along the Mediterranean, 260 miles, giving an aggreg.ate of 
 1320 miles. It is difficult to s,ay what addition would be 
 made by minutely tracing the bays and headlands: but the 
 whole length of the coast line may be safely estimated at 
 not less than 1500 miles. The continental boundary formed 
 on the S.W. by the Pyrenees, is 250 miles; on the E. by the 
 Alpj. 155; the Jura. 167; and the Rhine, 100 miles; and on 
 the X.E. by an arbitrary line of .ibout 290: in all, 962 miles; 
 thus giving, in coast and mainland, a general perimeter of 
 about 2402 miles, including an area of 197,340 square miles. 
 On taking a survey of this great country, itis impossible not 
 to be struck with the advantages which it derives from its 
 position. It not only forms a continuous and compact whole, 
 but though united to the Continent by a line of above 900 
 miles, is so much isolated from it by great natural bound- 
 aries, that the only direction in which it can be considered 
 open to hostile attack is on the N.E., where a line of strong 
 fortresses has made a barrier almost as impenetrable as those 
 which, in other directions, have been provided by nature. 
 Again, on the X. and W.. a long line of coast gives it imme- 
 diate access to the great ocean thoroughfares, while on the 
 S. its harlx)rs in the Mediterranean give it a commanding 
 influence both in Africa and the East, and secure to it a large 
 share in the traffic of that most important of all Inland seas. 
 
 Pliysical FiaturfS. ilountains. — The Alps in the E.. and 
 the Pyrenees in the S.W., connect the mountains of France 
 with the most magnificent ranges of Europe; but only a 
 few very lofty summits are situated within the French ter- 
 ritory. Of these. Mount Olan, on the borders of Savoy, 
 forms the culminating point, rising 13,819 feet. Two other 
 summits in the same locality exceed 13,000 feet. The chain of 
 the Pyrenees culminates near its centre, in Mal.idetta, which 
 has its highest peak in Spain; but the adjoining pe;ik, 
 Nfthou, which nearly equals it, having a height of 11,108 
 feet, is in Fr.-vnce. Several other summits on the French 
 Bide of the Pyrenees exceed 10.000 feet. Both of these 
 ranges throw out numerous branches ; but they all subside 
 rapidly as they recede from their central axis, ahd fall far 
 «hort of the heights which have been already mentioned. 
 The range next in importance is the Cevennes, the S. com- 
 mencement of which has been placed somewhat arbitrarily 
 In a depression where a lateral branch of the Pyrenees 
 seems to terminate and the Can.al du Midi, connecting the 
 Atlantic with the Mediterranean, has its summit level. 
 From this point, called the Col de Narouze, the Cevennes 
 proceed first in a north-easterly direction as fiir as Mont 
 Pilat, in the S.E. of the department of Lozere, and then 
 N, to the Canal duCentre, Their whole length is about 360 
 miles. The average height of the central ridge does not ex- 
 ceed 3000 feet; the loftiest summits are found not in it, but 
 In its westerly branches, forming the mountains of Auvergne. 
 where the culminating points occur in Mount d"Or, 6188 
 feet, and the Plomb de Cantal, C093 feet. Though the 
 Cevennes are considered as terminating at the Canal du 
 Centre, they are continued N.E., under the appellation of 
 C6te d'Or. to an elevated plain, stretching longitudinally 
 E. and W., and known by the name of the Plateau de 
 Langres. At its eastern extremity the chain of the Vos- 
 ges commences in a ramification, called Monts Faucilles. 
 The principal chain lies considerably E., commencing in 
 the Ballon d'Alsace, in the N,E. part of tlie department of 
 Uaute-Saone, stretching almost due N, along the AV, of the 
 departments of Haut-Uhin and Bas-Rhin, into Germany. 
 The whole length of this principal chain in France is about 95 
 mile.s; but if to this we add the Faucilles, the Plateau de 
 Langres, and the Cote d'Or, by which it is brought into con- 
 nection with the Cevennes, we shall have a total length of 
 about 270 mile-s. The aver.ige height does not exceed 30O0 feet ; 
 and the most remarkable summits — the Ballon deGuebwiller, 
 llaut de Uonec, and the Ballon d' Alsace — are, respectively, 
 l-TOO, 4391, and 4688 feet. A chain of heights stretching S.. 
 connects the chain of the Yosges with that of the Jura, and 
 has an average height of about 3000 feet. Another low 
 chain, continued from the Plateau de Langres, piocceds 
 N.N.W., and forms two other ranges or plateaux, known by 
 
 the names of .Vrgonne and Ardennes. Their average elfr 
 vation is under 1200 feet, scarcely entitling them to be 
 classed among mountain ranges. 
 
 The coasts of the English Channel are generally bordered 
 by .sandy downs; those of Brittany are covered with rocks. 
 S. of the mouth of the Gironde, is a vast extent of «ountry 
 covered with marshy lakes ((tangs) and shifting sands. 
 
 Gedngy. — France, as might be anti-ipated, from the ex- 
 tent of space which it occupies, possess-es all the geological 
 formations, in a greater or less degree of development. The 
 mountains generally have a nucleus of granite, which ac- 
 cordingly forms a prev.iiling rock in the Alps, on the 
 eastern frontier, and their branches S. to the shores of 
 the Mediterranean, in the Pyrenees, the Cevennes, and 
 the elevated Plateau de Langres. In the Vosges. it is more 
 sparingly developed, its place l)eing often occupied by por- 
 phyrj': and in the Jura, where limestone occurs in. such 
 enormous ma.sses as to have given its name to a peculiar 
 formation, it does not appe:ir at all in situ ; but. on the other 
 hand, almost the whole of the extensive peninsuhi. includ- 
 ing the old province of Brifanny, and part of those of Nor- 
 mandy and Poitou, is covered by it. The other crjstalline 
 rocks, consisting chiefly of trachytes and ba.salts, have re- 
 ceived a magnificent development in Auvergne, where 
 whole mountains are composed of them, and where the 
 effects of remote volcanic agency are still presented to the 
 eye in extinct craters and lava streams. The granite is 
 overl.iid by primitive stratified rocks of gneiss, and of mica- 
 ceous and argillaceous slates, succeeded, particularly in the 
 Pyrenees, by mountain limestone, which there assumes 
 a form worthy of the name, and is found on Mont Perdu, 
 full of its characteristic fossil shells, at the height of 10,2-"0 
 feet alxive the level of the sea. The secondary formation, 
 commencing with this limestone, and continued in ascend- 
 rng series up to the chalk, always possesses peculiar interest, 
 because, within it valuable mines of lead and iron, and all 
 the workable se.ams of coal, are included. It is largely de- 
 veloped in many parts of France, and furnishes a con.sidet^ 
 able number of coal and mineral fields, to which more 
 particular reference will afterwards be made. The tertiary 
 formation, including all the limestones, sands, and clays, 
 a1x>ve the chalk, occurs continuously in two great divisions, 
 and partiallj-, in a number of isolateid spot.s. covering avast 
 extent of surface. The larger continuous division is in the 
 S.W., where it commences at the foot of the Pyrenees, and 
 occupies a very large portion of the basins of the Garonne 
 and of the Adour. The le.sser. but better known division, 
 takes the name of the Paris basin, and has been made fami- 
 liar to the scientific world by the labors of Cuvier and other 
 distinguished naturalists. It occupies a larse extent of 
 space around P.iris. and stretches southward into the valley 
 of the Loire. The .same formation is found to a considera- 
 ble extent in the basin of the Rhone. p,Hrticularly along the 
 eastern bank of that river and also of its tributary, the 
 Saone. Of more recent alluvial formations, the only one 
 particularly deserving of notice is the delta of the P/hone. 
 
 Hydrography. — The great watershed by which the whole 
 of Europe is divided into two vast iMsins. the one sending 
 its w!itei-s S. to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea. and the 
 Caspian, and the other W. and X. to the Atlantic, N'orth 
 Sea, and the Baltic, passes in a waving line across France 
 from S.W. to X.E.. and divides it into two very unequal por- 
 tions. In France, this watershed commences at the western 
 extremity of the Pyrenees, and proceeds E. jn the line of 
 its central axis till it reaches the .south-eastern extremity 
 of Ari^ge. Here it meets a branch thi-own off at right 
 angles from the principal chain, and proceeds with it X. to 
 the Col de Xarouze. already referred to as the suuimit level 
 of the Canal du Midi. Its cour.se is now determined by the 
 Cevennes, with which it proceeds first, tortuou.^ly, almost 
 X.E.. and then nearly due X., crossing the Canal du Xord, 
 and thereafter continuing with the Coted'Or to the Plateau 
 de Langres. Ilaving cro.=:.sed this plateau, thfe Monts Fau- 
 cilles give it an easterly direction as far as the Ballon d' Al- 
 sace, where, as if retracing its steps, it proceeds S.S.W. along 
 the great wall of the Jura, and quits the French territoi-y 
 on reaching the slopes of the Jorat The portion of France 
 to the S. and E. of this great watershed is not equal to a 
 fourth of its whole sur&ce. and is almost wholly drained 
 by the Rhone and its tributaries. The only secondary ba- 
 sins deserving of notice are those of the Tech. Tet, Gly, and 
 Aude, which have their sources in the Pyrenees: and the 
 II6rault, descending from the Cevennes, The far larger 
 part of France, situated N'. and W. of the great European 
 watershed, contains, in addition to a number of secondary, 
 four principal river basins — the Rhine, belonging to tile 
 X'orth Se.1 or German Ocean ; the Seine, lielongiug to the 
 English Channel, and the Loire and Garonne, both be- 
 longing to the Ba3' of Biscaj-. The first of the.se ba.sius, 
 though the largest of all, is developed to a very limited 
 extent within the French territory. All the others are 
 wholly French. The more important .secondary basins on 
 this side of the great watershed, are those of the Sommn 
 and the Orne, Iielonging to the Engli.sh Channel ; and the 
 Yilaine, Sdvre-Xiortaise, Chareute, and Adour, ix 1 >ngin^ 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 to the Bay of Biscay. The lengths of the principal rivers, 
 »nd the area of their basins, are exhibited in the following 
 Tables :— 
 
 Length of the Principal Rivers. 
 
 » Length. I Iniglh. 
 
 Riren. Eug. m. Riven. Cog. m. 
 
 Adour 204 Mense (French part) ^20 
 
 AUier 200. Moselle 328 
 
 Aude 130 Moselle (French part) 167 
 
 Chareute 248! Marne 291 
 
 Cher 229 Oise 158 
 
 Crcuse 173 Oise (French part) 148 
 
 Dordngue 3I0{ Orne 86 
 
 Doubs 'ZeS Rhine 962 
 
 Durance 235 Rhine (French part) 136 
 
 Escaut (Scheldt) 22:i Rhone, with Lake) 334 
 
 Escaut (French part) 55. Rhone (French part) 322 
 
 Garonne 465 , Rhone, as far as Lyons 3'J8 
 
 Giroude SOi Sa'ne 316 
 
 Herault 8S Seine 497 
 
 Isere 1981 Somme 117 
 
 Isire (French pmrt) 105 Tarn 220 
 
 Loire 6+5 Viennc 2l'0 
 
 Lot 266, Vilaine 130 
 
 Ueuse 434i Yonne loo 
 
 Area of Vie Principal Biver Basins. 
 
 Area, I Area, 
 
 Birer Bulnl. «]. m. KlTer Bulnl. iq. m. 
 
 Adour 3,000 ! Seine, below Paris. 
 
 Gironiie 350 
 
 Garonne, as far as Bee ( jo 000 
 
 d'Ambes J ' 
 
 Dordogne, as far as Bee > ^ qqq 
 
 d'Anibea 5 * 
 
 Charente 4,500 
 
 Loire 29.000 
 
 Allier 4,500 
 
 Vilaine 2,500 
 
 Seine 22,000 
 
 . 6.500 
 
 Marne 3,.500 
 
 Yonne .' 2,000 
 
 .Mcu.se (French part) 1,000 
 
 Rhine 42,000 
 
 Rhine (French part) ?,000 
 
 Moselle French part) 6,500 
 
 Rhone 25,000 
 
 Rhone (French part) 18,500 
 
 Sanne 7,000 
 
 Durance 3,000 
 
 But few of the rivers of France are navigable for large 
 vessels. The greater portion of them flow with a swift cur- 
 rent throntrh channels interrupted by shallows or rapids 
 and ra:iny have their entrances obstructed by sand banks. 
 Tlie Hhine, in commercial importance one of the first 
 rivers of Europe, forms part of the eastern boundary, along 
 which it is navigable for steamt)oats to Bfile. in the N. of 
 Switzerland, a distance of about 500 miles from the sea. 
 By means of a canal its waters communicate with those of 
 the Seine. This last river is navigable for vessels of from 250 
 to 3(111 tons to Rouen, and for those drawing 6 feet of water, 
 to Paris. Shifting s.and banlis at the mouth of the Seine, 
 toiretlier with its extremely tortuous course, between the 
 metropolis and the sea, present serious obstacles to naviga- 
 tion. Steamboats require two days for the descent, and 
 four days for the ascent. The Loire, the largest river in 
 France, has a navigable channel of 512 miles, and is con- 
 nected with the Seine by the Orleans Canal, and with the 
 Uhone, through the medium of a canal which joins it with 
 the navigable waters of the SaQne. The rapid current of 
 the Khone, and its large tributaries was formerly a great 
 obstacle to navigation, but the introduction of steamers 
 has in a great measure obviated this difficulty, and added 
 vastly to the commercial importance of the river. It is 
 said that France has. In all. 133 navigable rivers extend- 
 ing to about 8000 miles. See Means of, Internal Communica- 
 tion, page 702. 
 
 Biii/s, Lakes, Cfipes, c6c. — On the coast of France are two 
 great gulfs or bays, viz.: the Bay of Biscay, (Golfc do Gas- 
 cogne,) formed by the Atlantic on the Vi'., and the Gulf 
 of Lyons (Golfe de Lyon) setting up from the Mediterra- 
 nean, on the S. The former extends from Cape Ortegal on 
 the northern coast of Spain, to the island of Ouessant at 
 the west extremity of Brittany, a distance of not less 
 than 360 miles, having an average breadth of about 250 
 miles. The latter extends inland about 80 miles; the dis- 
 tance ncroas its mouth is about 130 miles. The other prin- 
 cipal bays are Cancale and St. Brieuc on the N.; Brest 
 Road and the bays of Douarnenez and Audierne on the 
 W. of Brittany ; the bays of La Forest, arid Quiberon, and 
 Penerf Uoad on the S. of Brittany ; the Bay of Bourgneuf 
 S. of the mouth of the Ijoire; Basque Roads, or the Bay of 
 La Kochelle, and the Basin of Arcachon, W. of the depart- 
 ment of Gironde; the Roads of Toulon. Cavalaire. Grimaud, 
 Napoule. and Jouan. on the Mediterranean. Brittany (Bre- 
 tagne) is a remar1<able peninsula in the W., separating the 
 Kngliv.. Channel from the B.ay of Biscay ; and another pro- 
 jection, called Contentin, extends far into the Knglish Chan- 
 nel. The principal capes are Gris-Nez. in the Straitsof Dover; 
 Cape Barfleur and Cape la Hague, the former at the north- 
 ern, an 1 the latter at the north-western extremity of the 
 peninsula of Contentin; the Bec-du-l'.az, and the Point-de- 
 Penuiarch in Finistere. Among the islands along tlie coasts 
 may be mentioned Corsica. Hy6res. and Lerins, in the Medi- 
 terranean; Noirmoutier, OlC'ron, R6, Belle-Isle, Dieu. Graix, 
 Sein. and Ouessant. in the Atlantic. The lakes are so few 
 In number, and individually so limited in extent, as to be 
 undeserving of separate notice. The largest, Grand-Lieu, in 
 tlie department of Loire-Inferieure, covers an area of only 
 
 29 square miles, and is altogether devoid of interest. The 
 next largest, St. Point, in the Jura, does not cover 3 square 
 miles. Others, of still less dimensions, become more inter- 
 esting from their localities in the lofty regions of the Pyre- 
 nees, or in the deep hollows of ancient craters in Auvergne. 
 
 Climate. — No country in Eui-npe can boast of a climate 
 superior to that of France. With a very limited excep- 
 tion, it lies wholly within the more moderate portion of 
 the temperate zone between the isothermal lines of 50° to 
 60°, and con.sequently with a mean annual temperature 
 varying only 10 degrees. It is obvious, however, that a 
 country whose territory extends over more than S degrees 
 of latitude, presents a coast of many hundred miles, partly 
 to the ocean and partly to an inland sea, and in its interior is 
 composed of lofty mountain ranges, elevated plateaus, un- 
 dulating slopes, and low level plains, must possess a much 
 greater variety of climate than is indicated by the mean of a 
 series of observations made at its northern and southern 
 extremities. The peculiar vegetable products which the dif- 
 ferent districts of France are able to mature furnisli one of 
 the best means of judging of its climate. The whole country 
 may be conveniently divided into four distinct region.s. 
 Within the first and warmest, the olive is successfully cul- 
 tivated. This forms the S.E. part of France, and is chiefiy 
 limited to the departments which border on the Meditei^ 
 ranean. The second region is characterized bv the general 
 cultivation of maize or Indian corn. Its N.limit is deter- 
 mined by a line drawn diagonally in a E.N.E. direction from 
 the department of Gironde to the department of Bas-Rhin. 
 The third region reaches N. to the extreme limit of the 
 profitable culture of the 'vine, and may be considered as 
 determined by a line stretching between the mouth of the 
 Loire and the town of M6zi6res. in the department of Ar- 
 dennes. All the country beyond this line is included in the 
 .fourth region. In the N., the winters are .sometimes rigor- 
 ous, and last more than halfof the year. In the S.. the sum- 
 mers are long and warm, the sky almost alwa}-s serene, and 
 the winters of short duration. In the centre the tempera- 
 ture is mild, and more steady than in the N. or S.. (mean 
 temperature. 58° Fahrenheit.) The me.an annual quantity 
 of rain in the S. is 2:3 inches; in the W. 24; in the N. 22; 
 and in the valley of the Rhone 35 inches. Number of rainy 
 days, between lat. 43° and 4(j°. 1.34: in the latitude of Paris, 
 105; on the coasts of the Mediterranean, 66; on the Atlan- 
 tic, 152; and in the interior, 147. Along the coasts of the 
 Mediterranean, the S. winds, heated by the burning desert 
 of Africa, often spread desolation. The mistral, from the 
 N.N.W., occasionally arrests vegetation by its furious blasts 
 in the basin of the Rhone, while the E. wind, from the 
 snowy Alps, is equally dreaded in the E. departments. The 
 basin of Garonne is visited by cold S. winds from the Pyre- 
 nees, and by storms from the Bay of Biscay. But after 
 making allowance for all these, more than four-fifths of the 
 surface remains under an atmosphere remarkable for its salu- 
 brity, serenity, and brightness. 
 
 VegeUdion and Agriculture. — In the variety of its vegetable 
 products, France surpasses all the other countries of Europe. 
 The nunitier of its plants, either indigenous or completely na- 
 turalized, has been estimated at more than 7000. Oni^half 
 of tliese belong to the crj'ptogamous class, composed chiefly 
 of ferns, lichens, and funguses, and for the most part de- 
 void of economical value; but the phenogamous class, in- 
 cluding all flowering plants, and among them all which fur- 
 nish products essential to the existence and comfort of man, 
 contains 3540 species; while Germany has only 2280, Eng- 
 land 1370, and Prussia 1079. Of course, the far greater part 
 of these are interesting only to the botanist : and many 
 others, though possessed of a value which makes their pre- 
 servation and propagation an object of national importance, 
 are by their very nature excluded from a course of regular 
 culture. Existing in natural forests, they perpetuate them- 
 selves by throwing off shoots from the parent stems, or by 
 shedding their seed, and, when formed into regular plantar 
 tions, they grow up with little care, and continue in vigor 
 for centuries. In these natural and artificial forests, France 
 is well supplied, and finds an important source of wealth. 
 They extend over about one-seventh of the whole surface, 
 and are the more valuable from usually occupying ground 
 which could not in any other way have been turned to good 
 account. Their principal localities are the Ardennes. Vosges, 
 and Plateau de Langres. in the N.E. ; the Jura in the E., 
 and the Cevennes, particularly the mountains of Auvergne, 
 in the centre. The two loftiest of the French mountain- 
 ranges, the Alps and the Pyrenees, are comparatively poor 
 in wood. Isolated forests exist in various other qu.nrters. .as 
 at CompiJgne, Villers-CoterSts, Ilallate, Ch.antilly, Fontaine- 
 bleau, the mouth of the Seine, and in the I^ndes, along the 
 Bay of Biscay. In the last locality, a forest of sea pine, 
 about 100 miles long by 7 miles broad, has been formed, and 
 not only furnishes good timber and large quantities of rosin 
 and other vegetable products, but serves the important pur- 
 pose of protecting a large tract of territory from cloud.s of 
 dust and whirlwinds of sand, which must soon have con- 
 verted it into a desert. The other ^ooalitl->s in which the 
 pine prevails are the Vosges and the Jura, where tte prin- 
 
 69« 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 cipal sipecies Is the eommon fir, (Pinus Abies.) and the loftier 
 Alps, where it is the larch, (Pinus Larix) In the other 
 forests the prevailing trees are the oak and the elm. Where 
 artificial plantatious have l>een forraed, one tree to which a 
 just precedence has been given is the chestnut, eciujilly 
 valuable for the PxhI ivnd the timber which it furnishes. An- 
 other tree, perhaps of more importance than any other, but 
 chiefly confined (by the degree of warmth which it requires) 
 to the S. of France, is the mulberry, on which the most cele- 
 brated branch of national industry is founded. It is culti- 
 vated on the most extensive scale in the departments of 
 Gard, A'aucluse, and Basses-Alpes, and more partially in 
 the departments of Var, Bouches-du-Khune. Drome. Ai^ 
 ddcbe. and Lozere. The number of mulberry-trees in France 
 ha.s been estimated at o.TtW.OiK). Another tree of great eco- 
 nomiciil importance is the olive; but a severe winter, in 
 1789. havim? destroyed or seriously damaged a vast number 
 of the trees, the cultivation has lost much of the Civor 
 with which it was previously regarded. In some districts, 
 particularly along the shores of the Mediterranean, it main- 
 tains its ground, but in general both the quantity and qua- 
 lity of the produce are defective. The best oil comes from 
 the plain of Salon, iu the neighborhood of Aix. department 
 of Bouches-du-Rhone. Among the other trees and shrubs 
 which form objects of culture in the olive region, may be 
 mentioned the orange, lemon, pistachio, and aiper. To the 
 N. of it, the more important orchard fruit is the plum, which, 
 In the midland districts, is of the finest quality, and when 
 dried forms an important article of export. Still farther N., 
 where the vine begins to fail, its place is supplied, on an ex- 
 tensive- scale, by the apple and pear, particularly in Xoi^ 
 mandy, where their fermented juice furnishes the general 
 beverage. 
 
 Besides the large portion of France occupied by forest tim- 
 ber, and trees valuable for their leaves and fruits, another, 
 portion nearly of equal extent, estimated at about one- 
 seventh, is either absolutely waste or so rugged, moorish, 
 sandy, and marshy, as to be properly clai<sed with waste. 
 The remainder, subject to some minor deductions, is the 
 cultivable land. Of this, a quantity equal to one-half of the 
 whole French territory is under the plow, one-eleventh in per- 
 manent meadow, and one-twenty-fifth in vinejards. To se- 
 cure the productiveness of the land thus occupied, it has been 
 seen that nothing is wanting to the climate. The soil presents 
 all imaginable varieties — rich alluvium, vegetable loam, calca- 
 reous earth, tenacious cLiy. hungry gravel, and sand. Taken 
 as a whole, however, it is of at least medium fertility, and in 
 many districts possesses a fertility which cinnot easily be sur- 
 pas.sed. In regard to the management of arable land, the 
 French cannot claim much praise. While every thing else 
 has been undergoing rapidchange, the system of agriculture 
 has remained almost stationary. Owing to many causes, the 
 quantitj- of land taken into cultivation has been enlarged, 
 and the annual produce has increased, but it is very doubt- 
 ful if this increase has been obtained by improved modes 
 of agriculture. On the contrary, in many districts the most 
 antiquated routine continues to be followed, the implements 
 used are generally of an inferior description, and the large 
 farming establishments for which Kpgland and Belgium are 
 distinguished are here even of much rarer occurrence than 
 on many other parts of the Continent. One great cause of 
 this state of matters is the almost endless subdivision of pro- 
 perty, which necessarily results from the French law of suc- 
 cession, by which all children inherit equally. In conse- 
 quence of this, the death of every fiither operates like a new 
 subdivision of whatever land he m.iy have died possessed 
 of. and the whole country is in courseof being broken down 
 into innumerable patches, too small to deserve the name of 
 farms, or to require either the exercise of skill, or the ex- 
 penditure of capital in their management. According to 
 Balbi, France is possessed by nearly eleven millions of pro- 
 prietors, liable to direct taxation. This gives to each an ave- 
 rage holding of only five acres of arable land. But to show 
 that the limit of subdivision is not yet attained. Balbi adds 
 that •' as a very great proportion of these proprietors are 
 fathers, whose children are not yet in possession of the 
 shares which must fall to them, and as they all have heirs 
 more immediate or more remote, we must necessarily expect 
 to see property partitioned still mpre and more." Be the 
 merits of this arrangement, morally and politiatlly, wh;it 
 they may. it is evidently incompatible not only with an en- 
 lightened, but with any thing that can properly be called 
 a general system of agriculture. Still, the agirregate amount 
 of produce raised in such circumstaucvs must be verv great. 
 The millions who depend entirely on the land for their sub- 
 sistence, are in a manner neces.titated to tax its powers to 
 the utm'jst: and accordingly, the result of their labors, when 
 drawn up in a tabular form, presents a most imposing ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 In France as in all countries situated within the milder 
 portion of the temperate zone, the ordinary cereals form the 
 grestt bulk of the cultivated crops. These, in the order of 
 their importance, are wheat, oats, rye, and barley, the avei^ 
 ftge .annual value of each of which is estimated respectively 
 Bt $213,1(18.701, $58,082,21 6j $57,362,272, »nd $24,707,e9«, 
 
 giving an annual aggregate of gross produce amounting ia 
 value to $353,200,888. The crops next iu importance to these 
 are meslln or mixed com, {ni'ikil.) potatoes, hemp. rape, uiaize, 
 buckwheat, flax, and beet. The most valuablecrop.s,of which 
 the cultivation on a great scale fe not general, but ivnfincd 
 to particular districts, are madder, tobacco, saffron, and hops. 
 In France, the gra.ss is on a much more limited scale than 
 thp arable husbandry, the land in permanent meadow being 
 in extent only one-sixth of that under the plow. This con- 
 trasts strikingly with England, where the grass land exceeds 
 the arable. The races of oxen, instead of being confined to 
 a few of the more perfect types, are almost as various as the 
 different districts into which the .country is divided; they in- 
 clude a few good breeds, particularly in the rich plains of 
 Lower Normandy, with many more of the most inferior de- 
 scription. The rearing of sheep is more successful, and 
 though the improvement of the carcase, by imparting to It 
 the best feeding properties, continues to be too much over- 
 looked, the fleece has in many districts been carefully and 
 skilfully improved, and much wool, scarcely inferior to that 
 of the merino, is raised. The general employment of cattle 
 for agricultural purposes gives little encouragement to the 
 rearing of draught hoi-ses; but the warlike propensities of 
 the nation has always created an extensive demand for horses 
 of a description adapted both for heavy and light cavalry. 
 Considerable pains have been taken to improve such breeds, 
 by the establishment of government studs, and the rearing 
 of them is extensively and successfully carried on. Asses 
 and mules, generally of a superior de.scription, are much 
 used in France, and also reared in considerable numbers for 
 exportation. One of th* most import.ant branches of French 
 agriculture still remains to be noticed. As already men- 
 tioned, the quantity of land in vineyards is about one-t won ty- 
 fifth of the whole sur&ce: but, as there are extensive and 
 continuous districts where there are no vineyards, the pro- 
 portion which vine land, or the districts properly adapted 
 to it. bears to the whole land under cultivation, attains a 
 much higher ratio. In every thing relating to this branch 
 of culture the F"rench are unsurpassed. The various first 
 class wines which they produce, under the names of Cham- 
 pagne, Burgundy. Bordeaux. &c. are in high repute, and in 
 general demand all over the world. The vineyards produce 
 .annually abcut 7.70G.9til pipes of wine, valued at $5 2.084.018, 
 and 228,129 pipes of brandy, valued at $11,433,852. giving- 
 an aggregjite value of $iJ3,5i7,870. The comparative value 
 of laud under the vine, and of land under the oi-dinary 
 cereals, is thus placed in a clear light. It has been seen 
 above that the annual produce of the four most important 
 cei-eals, occupying at least one-fourth of the whole surface, 
 amounts in value to $213,000,000. According to the pro- 
 portion of land occupied, the vine produce should only be 
 about $55,500,000. In other words, the produce of land 
 under the vine is nearly one-eighth more than its produce in 
 grain. It ought to be added, that much of the land from 
 which this superior produce is obtained consists of rocky 
 steeps aud terraces on which corn could not be grown. 
 
 Mine/ — The coal fields of F'rance exist in no fewer than 
 33 departments : but most of the coal pits are so limited in 
 extent, that, while the proportion of the whole surface occu- 
 pied by workable seams is in Great Britain one-tenth, and 
 in Belgium one-twenty-second, in France it does not exceed 
 one-hundredth. Several of the smaller fields occur in the 
 X.W.. and also in the S.. where, besides common coal, lioth 
 anthrjicite and lignite are also found; but the fields whose 
 importance entitle them to particular notice are those of Va- 
 lenciennes in the N.K.. forming the W. extremity of the 
 great Belgian coal field, and that of St. Etienue. to which 
 the manufiictures of that town, Lyons, and the surrounding 
 districts are indebted for much of their prosperity. The 
 annual product is altout 4,150.000 tons, but falls so far short 
 of the annual consumption that a large import takes place 
 from England and Belgium, particularly the latter, and 
 wood continues to be the common fuel throughout Fi-ance 
 for domestic purposes. The coal fields contain seams of iron, 
 which are extensively worked, and furnish ore to a great 
 number of blast furnaces : but the chief supply to these works 
 appears to be derived, not from them, but partly frum alluvial 
 beds, in which the ore occurs in the form of l«lls. especially iu 
 the departments of Ardennes. Moselle. Ilaute-Marne. Ilaute- 
 Saone. Ni^vre. Cher. ic. partly from seams occurring in 
 profusion among the strata of the Jura limestone. p:irlicu- 
 larly on the W. slope of that mountain chain, aud partly 
 from veins of iron diffused among the crystalline and primi- 
 tive rocks, chiefly of the Alps. Pyrenees, and Vosge.*. The 
 numVier of mines actually worked is about 2000, and the 
 quantity of pig iron anuually produced exceeds a miliiou 
 of tons. 
 
 Few countries are understood to be so rich in lead a« 
 France. It occurs iu greater or less quantity in a multitude 
 of districts, and Is generally argentiiei-ous. It would s.>em, 
 however, that the richness of the seams is not in propor- 
 tion to their number, .as the working of it is chiefly, if not 
 entirely confined to I'oullaouen, Uuelgoat, department of 
 Finist^re: Vial.'is, department of Lozere: and PontgiLiaud, 
 department of Puy-de-DOme. The produce in silver is about 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 3000 pounds, \n lead 26.2-SO tons, and in litharpce 33.970 tons. 
 Manganese is very widely diffused, but is worked only in 
 12 niices. of which the most important is that of I{oman6<:he, 
 department of Seine-et-I/)ire. The averase annual produce 
 ts about 2800 tons. Gold exists both in the sands of rivers 
 and in ,Htu in thin streaks imbedded in quartz. Attempts 
 have been made to work it, but not with success. A vein of 
 quicksilver was opened about the middle of the last century, 
 and was successfully worked for 12 ye;irs. and then aban- 
 doned. Zinc, copper, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt exist, but 
 not in such quantities as to be worked with profit. The 
 principal saline substances are alum and common salt. The 
 former occurs extensively in bituminous schists abounding 
 with iron pyrites, and is worked in 7 departments; the latter 
 occurs in the form of rock salt, both in the X.E. departments 
 and in the i'yrenees, and is worked to the averai^e extent 
 annually of about 43.000 tons. But the great source from 
 which salt is derived are the lagoons and salt marshes, 
 which line many parts of the coast: of these the produce 
 Is about 300,001) tons. A large revenue is also derived from 
 quarries. They are classified under the head of polished or 
 worked stone.s, including the granites of Finistfere, the mar- 
 bles of the Pyrenees, May enne, and the Ardennes ; the litho- 
 graphic stones of Ch&teauroux. the millstones of Ferte-sous- 
 Jouarreaud liergerac, and the once valuable but now almost 
 forgotten gun-tiints of Loir-et-Cher ; building stones, in- 
 cluding the granites of the N.W. peninsula, the lavas of i'uy- 
 de-DOnie, the calcareous rocks of the Jura formation, and 
 the sandstones of the Paris basin ; plaster or gypsum, also 
 alx>unding in the same basin; limestone, diffused over many 
 districts; and roofing slates, extensively quarried at many 
 points, and more especially in the Ardennes and at Angers. 
 To quarries may be added valuable beds of common clay, 
 fine potters' earth, and kaolin. The number of quarries and 
 beds from which all these materials are extracted exceeds 
 20,000, and the value of their gross annual produce has been 
 estimated at $7,70-1,000. 
 
 Manxfadures. — Owing to the remarkable subdivision of 
 property, to which reference has already txien made, the agri- 
 culluial outnomljers the manufacturing population of 
 France in the proportion of 5 to 1. and hence the value of 
 the produce of manufactures, on which only one-fifth of the 
 population ai-e employed, cannot be expected to be compara- 
 tively as great as that of such a country as England, where 
 the relative proportions of the two great classes of popula- 
 tion are nearly reversed. In these circumstances, the im- 
 portant position which France holds in regard to all the 
 great branches of manufacturing industry, and the decided 
 lead which it takes, at least in one of them, is extremely 
 creditable, and bears strong testimony both to the industry 
 and ingenuity of its inhabitants. The most important tis- 
 sue is silk, which, in a great variety of forms, plain and 
 figured, has its principal locality at Lyons, and the towns 
 of the surrounding districts, particularly St. Etienne. and 
 is also successfully manufactured, though to an inferior ex- 
 tent, at Paris, Ntmes, Avignon, Annonay. and Tours. After 
 it, though at a considerable distance, follow cotton stuffs, 
 pure and mixed, at Kouen, St. Quentin, Troyes, Lille, <tc.; 
 woollens, including broadcloths, at Louviers. Elljeuf Sedan, 
 Carcassonne, .\bbeville; &c.; lighter woollen stuffs at Rheiras, 
 Amiens, and Beauvais: carpets at Paris. Aubusson, Felle- 
 tin. and Abbeville; and tapestry at Paris and Beauvais; 
 linens, including fine muslin, gauze, and lace, at Valen- 
 ciennes. Courtrai, St. Quentin, .'VIenqon, Caen, Ac; porce- 
 lain at Sevres, Paris, Limoges, and Bayeux; stoneware at 
 Nevers, Monterau, &c. ; and common pottery at Sarregue- 
 mines, and Meillonas; beet-root sugar, chiefly in the de- 
 partment of Nord; leather, and the various articles m.ade 
 of it, including gloves; paper, pKain and stained; hat.s, ho- 
 siery, steel, iron, brass and zinc ware, plate and flint glass, 
 Ac. Besides these, a great number of articles in which 
 skill, taste, and ingenuity are more especially required, have 
 their common seat in the capital. Among others, may be 
 mentioned all articles of verti, jewelry, clocks and watches, 
 surgical and mathematical instruments, carriages, works in 
 Ivory, types, Ixioks, and engravings. 
 
 Ti'ade and Chmmerce. — This is usually divided into inter- 
 nal and external. The former is unquestionably the larger 
 9f the two, but its amount cannot be ascertained with any 
 degree of exactness. The principal towns of the interior, 
 Bonstituting the centres from which it emanates, are I'aiis, 
 Lyons, Rouen, Lille, Stnvsbourg,Toulouse,Ntnies,Xancy,and 
 Porpigiian". The commerce of France, with its colonies and 
 foreign powers for the last 16 years, is shown as follows : — 
 
 It will be perceived by these figures, that during the first 
 period of 8 years, the imports exceeded in value, the exports 
 tothe amount of $103,100,000, while, during the last peric-d, 
 i the aggregatevalneoftheexport8ha8been$3-i8,l'.'t).000 more 
 than that of the imports. The average increase in the ag- 
 gregate value of the imports in the latter period over th'j 
 former, has been S2o-l,4-i4.000, w.'-ile that of the exports has 
 reached $705,740,000. Of the trtal value of imports for 1851, 
 $146,800,000 was by sea, and $84,800,000 by land; and of th« 
 exports, $253,00O,ObO was ocean commerce, and $T2..S00,000 
 was conveyed by land. The following ttible exhibits the trade 
 of France for the year 1S.50 in articles of domestic produce 
 and for domestic consumption with the countries specified. 
 
 1 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 1 
 $19I.-J00.000, 
 
 184R 
 
 Imports. 
 S'iJl.tOO.OlX) 
 
 Exports, 
 
 1 i«.-is 
 
 fIs7,H)0.000 
 
 S23l>,000.000 
 
 , 183!) 
 
 lB!»,40i).OnO 
 
 20i),6oo.noo; 
 
 18-17 
 
 •268.fiOO.00n 
 
 254,200.000 
 
 11840 
 
 SKt.lflO.nOC- 
 
 a)2.30o.0i>oi 
 
 18-m 
 
 17-2,400.000 
 
 230.<iOO,000 
 
 ; ]«4l 
 
 ■2-i4.20n.000 
 
 2l;<,200,000; 
 
 1,S49 
 
 2-28,400,000 
 
 284.600.000 
 
 184i 
 
 '2-8.400.000 
 
 188.000,0001 
 
 1850 
 
 •2.S4, 800.000 
 
 .106,200,000 
 
 i8«: 
 
 ■J-MAOO.OOO 
 
 198.400,0001 
 
 18^.1 
 
 2.S1. 600.000 
 
 3-23,800,000 
 
 18i4' 
 
 238,1)00.000 
 
 2'29,400.000] 
 
 18,i'.' 
 
 287,080.000 
 
 336, -.'00,000 
 
 I 1845 
 
 •248,000.000 
 
 237,400,000 
 
 1853 
 Tot. 
 
 34:1,364,000 
 
 S»2,840,000 
 
 1 Tot. 
 
 51.703.500.000 
 
 $l,KH0.700.00o' 
 
 S-.:,OI8,'244,000 
 
 S2,366. 440.000 
 
 Official Valuk. 
 Exports. Imports. 
 
 England 
 
 United States... 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Spain 
 
 Switzerland.... 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 German Union.. 
 
 Turkey ., 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Russia 
 
 Naples 
 
 $45,200,000 
 33,600,000 
 32.-200,000 
 14,-20O,00O 
 11,-200,000 
 11,600,000 
 9.400,000 
 4,600,000 
 4,500,000 
 3,400,000 
 3,600,001) 
 2,800,000 
 
 $i4,ooo,oa) 
 
 24,600,000 
 '21,000,000 
 7,000,000 
 4.800.000 
 14,400,000 
 6,600,(XH) 
 8,800,000 
 2,40C,(KX) 
 2,000.000 
 5,000,000 
 3,000,000 
 
 Actual Value, 
 Exports, Imports. 
 
 $47.8)10,000 
 38,800,000 
 iO,OflO.(K10i 
 
 l2,noo.o(X)! 
 10,000.000' 
 
 10,-.00.00t)' 
 9,000.000 
 4.fi0(),000 
 3,8<K1.000 
 3,-.00,Ot«) 
 S.600.00O 
 2.1100,000 
 
 814,600,000 
 -24.400,000 
 -23.600,000 
 6.000,000 
 4,800.000 
 14.600.000 
 7,-20tf,lX)0 
 8,000.000 
 2,-200,(X)0 
 2.000.000 
 4.01)0.000 
 3,400.000 
 
 The total official value of the exports to Great Biitain, 
 was $59,000,000, an increase of 57 pel- cent, on the 5 preced- 
 ing years. Value of imports, $24,400,000; exports to the 
 United States, $-54,600,0000, imports, $-.27,400,0()0, an increase 
 of 50 per cent, on an average of the 5 preceding years ; ex- 
 ports to Belgium, $23,400,000; imports, $31,(00,000 or 23 
 per cent, more than the average of the previous 5 years; 
 exports to Spain, $51,200,000; imports. $10,000,000. increase 
 over the 5 previous years 27 per cent. E.xpoi-ts to Sardinia, 
 $16,400,000, imports, S1S,200.IX)0. Exports to the Herman 
 Union $12,800,000, imports 9,000,000. Exp<irts to Tui-key, 
 $7,-200,000 ; imports, $11,200,000. The general export trade to 
 Algeria, In 1850, amounted to $17,600,000, and in 1851, 
 $-21,200,000, Theincrease in the official value of the trade with 
 the other colonies from 1850 to 1851, were -Martinique, 66 per 
 cent,, Guadeloupe, 51 per cent., Bourbon, or lie do Reunion, 
 7 percent., and FrenchGuiana,4pereent, Of the $231,60)3,000, 
 the total value of imports Into France in 1851, 60 per cent, 
 was raw material, of which 76 per cent, was for the supply 
 of the Victories, and of the total exports. (,S;J-25,800,000,) 32 jier 
 cent, was natural produce, and 68 per cent, manufactured 
 articles. 
 
 The exports of cereals in 1850, amounted in value to 
 $14,800,000; in 1851 to $19,200,000; of wines in 1850, 
 $14,000,000, in 1851 to $16,000,000; of bnindies and spirits 
 of wine in 1850, to $4,600,000, in 1851, to $6.000.000 ; articles 
 of silk manufacture in 1851, $40,800,000. being $800,000 less 
 than in 1850 ; of cotton manufactures in 1850, $27,800,000, in 
 1851, $33,000,000; woollen fabrics in 1850, $25,200,000. in 
 1851. $26,400,000; and of prepared skins in 1851, $7,400,000, 
 an increase of ,$1,200,000 over the previous year; the ofRcial 
 value of manufactured articles of every cl.iss exported in 1849, 
 was $194,000,000, and in 1850, $209,400,000. being an increase 
 of $15,400,000, or 8 per cent. The increase on the average of 
 the five previous years was 22 per cent. The increase iu 
 tlie importation of raw material for I80O, as compared with 
 the average of the five previous years, was .is follows: — Silks, 
 $5,200,000; wool. $2,600,000; coal, $l.-200,000; raw hides, 
 $600,000; flax, $1,200,000, cotton, ,$1.-200.000 ; and colonial 
 sugar, $600, )uO. There has been a deci-ease iu the importa 
 tions of 1850, as compaj-ed with the five previous years, in 
 leaf tobacco, of $2,200,000 ; indigo. $200,000 ; oliveoil, $200,000, 
 and of foreign sugare, $2,800,000, The imports of cotton 
 from the United States in 1851 amounted to 310.000 bales; 
 and in 1862, to 426,728 bales. The fisheries yielded 403,777 
 metrical quintals, of fresh and dry cod, in 1850. and 4o-2,041 
 in 1851 ; 20,157 quintals of whale oil and bone iu 1850, and 
 in 1851 only 17,477 quintals. 
 
 The following table exhibits the exports and imports of 
 the precious metals for six years, ending 1851 : — 
 
 1846, 
 1847, 
 1848. 
 1849. 
 1850. 
 1851. 
 
 Imported. 
 Gold. ' Silver. 
 
 $1,612,041 
 4.251,443 
 8,399,552 
 2,432,160 
 12,219,4-20 
 23,204,9-20 
 
 $21,502,248 
 27,800,633 
 46,500,821 
 58,576,752 
 
 28,8,iC.132 
 35,859,688 
 
 Exported. 
 Gold. Silver. 
 
 $2,731,567 
 6,743.666 
 1,172,027 
 1,1-29,680 
 8,833,'240 
 6,-286,980 
 
 $12,019,596 
 
 16 949.-267 
 3 9.<!3,646 
 9.369,392 
 
 17 582.060 
 20,-:04 708 
 
 The amount of gold coined in France in 1846 was $391,203; 
 in 1847. $1,444,897 : in 1843. $7,443,3-20 ; in 1849, $.3.033,042 ; 
 in 1850, $15,973,569; in 1851, $45,'239,269 ; and in 1853, 
 $121,460,148, 
 
 The total amount of mercantile tonnage and shipping ai^ 
 riving at, and departing fi-om, the ports of France is given 
 in the annexed table, showing how this department of com- 
 merce stood prior to the revolution, and for nearly five .years 
 after it : — 
 
 701 
 
FRA 
 
 Ti.E NCMBES AXD TOSSAGE OP SAttlXO ASB StEAM VESSEL?, 
 
 J^mch and Fireign. which Estered and Cleared at Ports 
 in France, with Oargnes and in Ballast for Fortign Coun- 
 tries in the years 1843-1S52. 
 
 
 EilTEKSD. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Cliarsd. 
 Vessels, i Tom. 
 
 
 18.404 
 18,5»6 
 20,195 
 2-J,7I6 
 Il.OOT 
 13.815 
 15,3JS 
 16,300 
 17,424 
 18.70-2 
 
 J,1j0,965 
 1,173,147 
 2,S29,Etl 
 2,696.021 
 2,779,342 
 1,777,022 
 1,890,660 
 2,068,963 
 2,201.917 
 2.4;».704 
 
 18.649 
 18,280 
 20.234 
 21.761 
 12.396 
 12,732 
 13.857 
 15.626 
 17, -'12 
 16.398 
 
 2,140,912 
 
 
 2,120,986 
 
 
 2,332.405 
 
 Itl6 
 
 2.593,567 
 
 
 1.497.466 
 
 
 1,:!67.843 
 
 
 1,483.919 
 
 
 1,616.189 
 
 18SI 
 
 1,886.269 
 
 1852 
 
 1.863.189 
 
 The following, placed in the order of their importance, 
 are the twelve powers with which maritime intercourse was 
 most active in 1861, and the share of the French flag in 
 each: — 
 
 Kuglaud 
 
 Duited States Atlantic Coast... 
 
 Sardiuia 
 
 Norway 
 
 Naples 
 
 Turkey 
 
 S)>aia .... 
 
 Russia 
 
 Low Countries. 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Total Tonnage. 
 
 Share of the 
 French Flag. 
 
 The coastwise trade of 1852 is represented in weight by 
 2.544 785 tons, it havine been 2.121.520 tons in ISol. and 
 1.91S,030 tons in 1848. The proportion of the Atlantic in 
 the movement of 1852 was 1,835,590 tons, and that of the 
 Slediterranean 703,195 tons, or 72 per cent, through the 
 Atlantic ports, and 28 per cent, through the Mediterrane;in. 
 The six principal ports, in the order of their importance, 
 stood as follows : — 
 
 Tons, 
 
 Bordeanx 272.135 
 
 Marseille*. 188,717 
 
 Celts 154,577 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Havre 13S.535 
 
 Nantes lU.a-« 
 
 Bouea 109.973 
 
 The amount of the si.\ ports coming next in importance 
 varies from 96.128 to 47.721 tons, and the next ten ports 
 from 43.314 to 20,290 tons. The movement iu the leading 
 articles was as follows : — 
 
 Tons. 
 Building Materials.... 242.172 
 
 OTSters 112.000 
 
 Coals 98.528 
 
 Brandies 76,222 
 
 The exports of silk fabrics in 1853 amounted in value 
 to fu57.6O0.000: in cottons to <i32.SO0.OO0: in woollens to 
 $29,200,000; in linens to ^fi.SiiO.O^^O: in gloves and hosiery 
 $9,400,000; and in wines to $15,150,000. Value of merchan- 
 dise that crossed the French territory in 1853, $217,050,800. 
 The general movement in the foreign colonial coasting 
 trade and fisheries is exhibited in the following table : — 
 
 AKRrVAI.S. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 trine 4CJ1.643 
 
 Timber 312.7:i5 
 
 Com and Flour 28.8.690 
 
 Salt -272.749 
 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Crews. 
 
 
 94.::67 
 25,143 
 
 4.287,613 
 1,863.220 
 
 563.1-29 
 171.441 
 
 Mediterranean Poru 
 
 119.410 
 
 6,150.833 
 
 734.570 
 
 
 I 
 
 )kparti;res. 
 
 
 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Crews. 
 
 
 94.719 
 25,228 
 
 4.354,561 
 1,871.669 
 
 463.098 
 171.780 
 
 Mediterranean Ports 
 
 Total 
 
 119.947 
 
 6.226.230 
 
 634.878 
 
 
 Since the introduction of steam, intercourse between 
 France and England has been gre.itly extended. During 
 the year 1852, 2t5,404 persons arrived from London. 24.035 
 from Dover, 30.063 from Folkestone. 5586 from Southampton. 
 and 6-2-21 from Newhaven ; total from the five ports, 92.909. 
 
 M'-nns rif Internal Cnmmunicatinn. — The canals of France 
 are numerous, and. both in the directions which have been 
 given to them, and in their general construction, furnish 
 signal displays of engineering skill. The object has been 
 to connect all the great i-iver basins, and thus give a con- 
 tinuous water communii-ation throughout the interior, and 
 from sea to sea. The Can.tl du .Midi, or, as it is sometimes 
 called, the Canal of Languedoe. starting from a point in the 
 iJaronne a little below Toulouse, is continued, in an K.S.E. 
 direcMon. into the lagoon of Thau, and therebv gives a con- 
 tinueil navig-.ible communication between the" Atlantic and 
 the Mediterranean, iu the line of the important towns of 
 Bordeaux, Agen, Toulouse, Carcassonne, and Xarbonne. In 
 like manner, three sep.irate canals cut across the basin of 
 the Klione; the Canal du Centre, or of CharoUais, which 
 70a 
 
 FRA 
 
 commences at Ch41ons-sur-Sa6ne, and proceeds to Diiroln, 
 on the Loire ; the Rhone and Rhine Canal, so called from 
 uniting these two rivers, partly by the intervention of the 
 Doubs: and the Canal of Burgundy, which, proceeding also 
 from the Saone. communicates with the Yonne, and through 
 it with the Seine. The effect of these three canals is to 
 break down the barriers which isolate the basibs of the 
 Rhone, Loire, Seine, and Rhine, and give navigable .access 
 from any one of them into the other three. The longesi 
 of all the canals, but only partially executed, is that which 
 is to unite Xantes with Brest. Its commercLil importance 
 is not very apparent, as the natural mode of proi-eediug 
 from one port to another must be to sail ovt r the ocean 
 which flows continuously between them. The chief use 
 will be to keep open an important channel of communica- 
 tion in time of war, when it might otherwise be efTectually 
 closed by British cruisers. The whole number of canals 
 whii-h France possesses, is 86, having a united length of 
 23.50 miles. 
 
 The roads of France are usually classified under the heads 
 of Great Roads (routes royales) and Dep.irtment Koadsi 
 The former, 26 in number, have a length of 24,900 miles* 
 the latter, 97 in number, a length of 22.500 miles. Besides 
 these, there are a great number of country or bye-roadi. 
 (clwmins vicinaur.) the length of which is unknown. But 
 the roads which may now be considered to constitute the only 
 true thoroughfares, those on which the comparative wealth 
 and prosperity of a countrj* depend, are railways. In the 
 construction of these France is among the foremost nation* 
 in Kurope. Taking Paris as the centre, a main trunk pro- 
 ceeds \. to Amiens, where it divides into two Ijranche*, 
 one of which proceeds N. to the coast, at Boulogne, and the 
 other X.E., past Lille, into Belgium. A branch from Lille, 
 turning W.. ultimately throws off two branches, one proceed- 
 ing to Calais, and another to Dunkirk. Starting again from 
 Paris, a line runs W.X.W., keeping clo.se to the banks of the 
 Seine, till it reaches Rouen, when it forks, sending one 1 ranch 
 X. to Dieppe, and the other W. to Havre. Thus the traveller 
 from England to France has the choice of five different ter- 
 mini on the coast — Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne, Diepi>e. and 
 Havre. The next great trunk from Paris proceeds, with very 
 little deviation, E. to Stra.sbourg, and then, almost due S., 
 through the left valley of the Rhine, to Basel, (Bale.) An- 
 other trunk, extending S., fjrks soon after quitting Paris; 
 one branch takes a S.E. course, first to Dijon, and thence to 
 Chalons, where, for the present, It terminates; the other 
 branch continues S. to Orleans. Here it again forks, and 
 sends off two important lines, one S.S.E., to Bourg>-s and 
 Xevers, and the other. S.W., to Tours. From Tours a branch 
 goes \V.S.W. to Xantes, and another S. for Bordeaux, though, 
 as yet. not completed tieyond Poitiers. From Bordeaux, it 
 is intended to carry it along the Gai-onne, and. nearly in the 
 line of the Canal du Midi, to the Mediterranean. The only 
 railw.ay not connected with Paris is at the S.E. extremity 
 of the country. It commences at Marseilles, and proceeds 
 circuitously X.E. to Avignon, from which it is to be carried 
 -.ilmost due X., to meet the Paris trunk line, which is now 
 (January, 1855) nearly or quite completed to Lyons. A branch 
 of the Marseilles line leaves it at Beaucaire. and is carried W. 
 to Ximes. where it forks, sendinc a small branch X. to .Vlais, 
 while the main line proceeds S.\V. past Montpellier. tothe 
 port of Cette. These lines include all the principal railways 
 in France, completed up to 1853, with the exception of a few 
 secondary branches. The united length of the railways in 
 operation In the empire at this date was 2303 miles, and 
 1111 miles were in course of construction. Above 20 lines 
 were chartered during this and the preceding year. 
 
 Ginemment. — France, though for many ages almost a pure 
 despotism, only limited by the power of the parliaments, 
 (more judicial than If^slative.) princip.-»lly confitied to 
 registering the decrees of the king, which they m)_'ht re- 
 fuse, but seldom dared to do. has changed its form of govern- 
 ment more frequently since 17S9 th.an any civilized nation 
 on the globe, having had fourteen dilferent constituti'^ns in 
 a period of 65 years. The first serious check received by 
 the old despotism wa.« in the assemblage of the Stat<s4;eneral 
 in 1789. This bn<}y. called together at irregular and dis- 
 tant periods, at the ple.asure of the sovereign, on this occa- 
 sion framed a constitution embracing the idea of a limited 
 monarchy, with but one legislative body, elected by uni 
 versal suffrage. The constitution was sworn to by the king 
 in 1791. In 1793 it gave place to a purely democratic con- 
 stitution, which, however, continued only a few y&irs. im- 
 ptirtant changes having taken place in 1795 and 1793. Nov. 
 9th. 1799, Napoleon was chosen consul; under him France 
 became an empire in 1804, and so continued, with some 
 Interruption, till his final exile and the re-storntion of the 
 Bourbons in 1815, in the person of LouLs XVIII. On the 
 accession of the latter to the thrOne, he gave his people a Con- 
 stitutional Charter, with a Chamber of Deputies, elec-teil by 
 a constituency of 70,000 voters, and a Chamber of Peer."!, 
 named by the king. The revolution of 1830, whi h was 
 caused by the infringement of the Charter by Charles X., 
 placed Louis Philippe on the throne, who re-.-iffirnieil and 
 considerably extended the coustitutiooal privileges gr,-inted 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 by Louis XVI II. In 184S, the French people became agrain 
 dissatisfied with the f»overnment, Ixiuis Philippe was driven 
 into exile, and a republic was formed, with a president elect- 
 ed for four years, anda National Assembly, all chosen by uni- 
 versal suffrafre. In December, 1851, took place the famous 
 coup (UCfat of Louis Napoleon, then President of France ; and 
 on January 14tli, 1S52, a draught of a constitution was pro- 
 mulirated. in which it was stated that "the Constitution 
 readmits, confirms, and truarantees the great principles pro- 
 claimed in 17Sy, and which are the bases of the public right 
 of the French. The povernment of the French republic is 
 confided for ten years to Prince Ix)uls Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 the present President of the Republic. The President of the 
 llepublic governs by means of .Ministers, the Council of State, 
 the Senate, and the Legislative Body. The legislative power 
 Is exercised collectively by the President of the Republic, 
 the Senate, and the Legislative Body." By this constitu- 
 tion Senators were appointed by the president, for life; their 
 number could not exceed 150, of whom 80 were appointed at 
 the outset. Their services were to be gratuitous; but the 
 president might grant any of them 30,000 francs a year. 
 The legislative body, consisting of 261 members, was to be 
 elected by the people, by universal suffrage, for 6 years, in 
 the proportion of a representative to evei-y 36.000 electors. 
 The legislative body might discuss and vote proposed laws 
 and imposts which had been previously sanctioned by the 
 Senate, but possessed no power to make amendments or 
 originate bills. Its sittings were to be public, but might be 
 private on the demand of five members. The sessions of 
 the Senate were to be secret. In 1853 the republic wag 
 changed to an empire, but no important alteration wag 
 made in the congtitution. 
 
 Admtnistratinn nfjuatict. — In accordance with the generiil 
 arrangement, which divides the whole country into depart- 
 ments, each department into arrondissements, and each 
 arrondissement into cantons, and each canton into com- 
 munes. — a series of courts and judges, commencing with 
 the lowest of these divisions, rise above each other in regular 
 order. First, each commune has a justice of peace, {jup''. 'It 
 paix.) who judges in petty causes, but whose more appro- 
 priate function is understood to l)e to act as a kind of umpire 
 between parties at variance, and induce them to settle their 
 diiTerences without proceeding to formal litigation. If the 
 attempt at conciliation fiiils, the complainant brings his 
 action Itefore a court which, from being that in which the 
 Bction must originate, receives the name of court of primary 
 Dr first jurisdiction, or resort, (tribunal de premiere instance.) 
 Eveiy arrondissement has such a court, and has, moreover. 
 If any more importimt trading town is situated within it. a 
 trihimal de cnmmfrce. to whitrh mercantile and commercial 
 causes are appropriated. It has, also, occasionally, a court, 
 called cnnseil de prud'liommen. in which persipns of skill and 
 character, not vested with ordinary legal functions, settle 
 disputes on principles of equity, and, apparently, in the 
 character of arljitrators. From these courts of primary i-e- 
 sort. an appeal lies to a number of courts, which used to be 
 called cnurs rni/ales. They are in all 27, have each jurisdic- 
 tion over several departments, and are ranged into three 
 classes; namely, two courts composed of five, nine courts 
 composed of four, and sixteen courts composed of three 
 chambers. These courts generally hold their sittings in the 
 most important town situated within their jurisdiction. 
 Above all these courts, and properly the only supreme court 
 in the state, is the cour de ciissation, so called from its power 
 of reviewing and annulling the decrees of inferior courts. 
 It sits in the cajntjil. A general idea of the quantity of 
 business which comes before these courts, and of the e.xtent 
 of litigation throughout the country, may he obtained from 
 the following summaiy, upon an average of five J'ears, end- 
 ing with 1S43. The annual average of cases which came 
 before justices of peace was 714.953. and of these 521.487 
 were settled amicalily out of court; before courts of first 
 resort, 198.031, of which 151,819 were decided: before the 
 royal courts, 18.192. of which 11,387 were decided; and 
 before the cour de cassation, 729, of which the decisions in 
 379 cases dismissed, and 350 sustained the appeal. 
 
 Instruction.— la France, education in all its branches has 
 long been tjiken under the special cognizance of the state, 
 and the supeiintendence of it is expressly committed to a 
 high functionary, who takes the name of minister of public 
 instruction and religious worship, (des cultes.) The principal 
 educational establishments are classed under three heads : — 
 academical or superior, secondary, and primary. At the 
 head, and as the centre of the whole, stands the university. 
 The minister of public instruction is considered its grand 
 master; and, with a council, composed of 30 members, exer- 
 cisas a universal educational jurisdiction over all France. 
 For this purpose, the jurisdiction of the university is divided 
 into 27 circonscriptions. each of which has the name of aca- 
 eUinie universitaire of the chief place within its district. 
 Thus, for instance, the one which includes the three depart- 
 ments of Charente, Dordogne, and Gironde, is called the 
 ac(uMmieunifersituire of Bordeaux. At these establishments, 
 the education given is of the highest professional description, 
 wid need not be particularized. Secondary instruction com- 
 
 prehends moral and religious mstruction, ancient and 
 modern languages, philosophy, history, geography, niathe 
 m.atical and physical science. This education i.s given chiefly 
 in colleges. Primary instrviction is intended for the whole 
 population, with a few unimportant exceptions. It compre- 
 hends moral and religious instruction, reading, writing, the 
 elements of the French language, and of arithmetic. Were 
 this education actually received by all for whom it is in- 
 tended, the proportion of pupils at school ought to be about 
 1 in 5 of the whole popul.ition. By careful inquiry it was 
 ascertained that in 184:5 the proportion was only 1 in 10"9. 
 
 Religion. — Religion is. in like manner, under the cogni- 
 zance of the state, and falls within the provin.ce of the high 
 functionary already mentioned, who adds to his designation 
 of minister of public instruction that of minister des cultts. 
 Here, however, his power of interference is much circum- 
 scribed. For while the charter which was granted by Louis 
 XVIII.. and. till formally abrogated, must still be considered 
 the fundamental law of the state, declares that the Roman 
 Catholic is the religion of the majority, it does not establish 
 it, but, on the contrary, places all forms of religifm on an 
 equal footing, and professes to deal impartially with all. by 
 paying salaries to their ministers. By a.<sumiug, on very in- 
 sufficient grounds, that all persons who do not openly avow 
 themselves to be Protestants or Jews are Roman Catholics, 
 these are represented as constituting fourteen-fifteenths 
 of the whole population. They have 80 diiweses, of which 
 15 are archiepiscopal. Each diocese has a seminary under 
 the direction of a bishop. The Archbishop of Paris has an 
 annual stipend from the state of $71184; the other arch- 
 bishops of $3000, and the bishops of $2000. There is, beside.s, 
 an aggregate annual allowance of about $20,000 for diocesan 
 visits, and other similar purposes. The Protestants are con- 
 sidered as either Calvinists, belonging to the Reformed 
 Church, or Lutherans, adhering to the Confession of Augs- 
 burg. Their number is estimated at 1,500,000. The Calvi- 
 nists comprise about two-thirds of the whole. They have 
 consistorial churches in 59 departments, and a faculty of 
 theology at ilontauban. The Lutherans, constituting the 
 remaining third, are most numerous in the N.and E. Their 
 general consistory is at Strasbourg, where also they have 
 a seminary and faculty of theology. The Jews have a cen- 
 tral consistory at Paris, and synagogues at Paris, Stras- 
 bourg, Colmar, Metz, Nancy, Bordeaux, and Marseilles. 
 
 Army, ydv;/, and Finance. — The army of France, after 
 that of Russia, though not the most numerous, is the itiost 
 effective in Europe. January 1, 1854, it numbered 401.247 
 men, of whom 371,244 were infantry, 71.031 cavalry, and 
 58.972 artillery. This force is kept up partly by voluntary 
 enlistment, but principally by thti conscription, in virtue ol 
 which, all Frenchmen between the ages of 20 and 213 are 
 liable to be forced into military service. In the budget for 
 1855, the expenditures on the army (Gwfrre) are estimated 
 at J;ti3,179.55S. The navy comprises 53 ships of the line, carry- 
 ing 5096 guns. (9 ships of 120 guns each. 14 of 100, 19 of 90, 
 and 11 with from 80 to 82 guns each;) 58 fiigates, with 3965 
 guns: 39 corvettes, with 808 guns; and 140 other vessels, 
 carrying 1854 guns, making an aggregate of 290 sail ves- 
 sels, carrying 11,773 guns. The steam fleet consists of 3 
 ships of the line, 20 frigates, 30 corvettes, and 64 other 
 ves.sels, with engines in the aggregate equal to 28,750 horse- 
 power. The expenses of the navy for 1855, are estimated 
 at $25,520,480. The following is the 
 
 Budget for 1852, as brought forward July, 1851. 
 
 EXPENDITOBZ 
 
 Jnstlce 
 
 Foreisn Affairs 
 
 Public Instrnctloa 
 
 Retigious Worship 
 
 Interior (Home Depart- 
 ment) 
 
 Agriculture and Com- 
 merce 
 
 Public TTorks 
 
 War 
 
 Marine '. . . . 
 
 Public Debt 
 
 Dotations 
 
 General Service 
 
 Expenses of Collection. 
 
 Repayments 
 
 Sinking Fund, Dota- 
 tions, and Rents 
 
 $5,152,271 
 l,.'!8+.95f) 
 4,4i:i,107 
 8,113,766 
 
 3,440.4'--6 
 lI.4-'7,448 
 52.9-'V..100 
 ]»,949.434 
 
 60,9«0.6S0 
 1,751,692 
 5,145, 217 
 18,918,124 
 1&,641,263 
 
 15,418.875 
 
 Total Ordinary Exps. S;59,T22.832 
 
 Extraordinary Works. $13,1.38,131 
 
 Rbvenub. 
 
 Direct Taxe.s $79,309,861 
 
 Revenue and Sale of 
 
 Lands 2.123,898 
 
 Forests and Fisheries., fi, 771, .532 
 
 Indirect Taxes 151.196.9,53 
 
 Mortmain EHecta 609,840 
 
 Universities :««,828 
 
 Departmental Service.. 3.717,120 
 
 Algeria 2,374,504 
 
 India 203.280 
 
 Colonies 1.086.173 
 
 Miscellaneous 3,758,356 
 
 Repayment by N. Rail- 
 way Company 774,400 
 
 Reserve of Sinking 
 Fund 15.418,875 
 
 Total Revenue. .$267,683,620 
 
 Expenditure 259.722,832 
 
 Excess of Revenue ?7.9r,0,788 
 
 In the budget for 1855, the total expenditures are esti 
 mated at $312,406,000, and the revenue at $:il3,202,400. Of 
 the former, $S0.t?52.500 was for interest on public debt; 
 $•29,267,000 for public works, and S13,123,940 for public 
 instruction. Debt in 1854, $137,500,000. 
 
 Divisions, <tc. — Long before the Oallic conquest, the Ro- 
 mans possessed the S.E. of modern France, under the name 
 Gallia Transalpina. The remainder of the country is de- 
 scribed by Caesar under three principal divisions — one in 
 the N., occupied by the Belgfe ; a second in the S.W., inha- 
 bited by the Aquitani ; and the rest was in the possession 
 
 703 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 of the Gal 15 proper, or Celte. After tlie «)tnpletion of the 
 Roman conciuest, these names in a great measure disap 
 peared. and a division into four provinces took place. At a 
 still later period the names of the provinces were attain 
 changed, and their number was increased to 12. Without 
 particularizing the whole, we may mention, as of most fre- 
 quent occurrence in history, Narbonensis Prima and Seeun- 
 An, in the S; Lugdunensis Prima, Seounda. Tertia, and 
 Quarta. in the E. and the centre: and Aquitania Prima and 
 Secunda. in the S. and S.W. During the decline of the 
 Roman Empire, a number of German trit>es had gained a 
 footing in the country, and appeared to have formed a con- 
 federation under the designation of Franks, or freemen: 
 but when the empire fell, the victorious barbarians who had 
 effected its overthrow, Vandals, Huns, Suevians. Burgun- 
 dians. Ac. appe.ired on the frontiers of Gaul, defeated the 
 Franks, who attempted to oppose them, and finally formed 
 permanent settlements. The Franks, though weakened, 
 had not been subdued. Not contented with retaining their 
 ground, they made new conquests, and at last succeeded both 
 in giving their name to the country, and in founding the 
 French monarchy in the person of their king, Clovis. to- 
 wards the end of the fifth century. Were it practicable, it 
 would be scarcely worth while to attempt to trace the various 
 subdivisions which the monarchy subsequently underwent, 
 SuMce it to say. that not without numerous changes and in- 
 terruptions of prosperity, it continued to adv.Hnce. till, under 
 Louis XIV., its extent became nearly the same as at pre- 
 sent. The subdivision of the country into provinces had 
 long been adopted, and was now completed, the number of 
 provinces amounting to 33. In 1789, when the love of 
 change became paramount, the provinces were not per- 
 mitted to escape ; and the whole of France, including the 
 Island of Corsica, was parcelled out into 86 departments, 
 and each department subdivided successively into arron- 
 dis.sements. cantons, and communes. This division has 
 since maintained its ground, and perhaps deserves it. be- 
 cause, instead of being merely anartifici.al nomenclature, it 
 has the merit of bein:; a kind of natural classification — each 
 department being named after the most important physical 
 .feature which it contains, and thus furnishing in the name, 
 some knowledge of the sp;ic« which it designates. The pro- 
 vinces, however, though no longer recognised in legal and 
 other formal documents, continue so familiar to the French 
 themselves, and are so frequently mentioned, not only by 
 earlier writers, but in the geographical, historical, and sta- 
 tistical details even of the present day, that a knowledge of 
 their locality is still of great importance. The first of the 
 following tables exhibits the old provinces in alphabetic-il 
 order, and in parallel columns the depjirtments correspond- 
 ing to them, and their capital towns; the second table, in 
 like manner, shows the departments in alphabetical order, 
 their area, population, Ac. 
 
 The Old Prmincex of France, and their GtpitaLi, with the 
 Chrrespondinff Departments into which Uiey have been di- 
 vided. 
 
 Capitals of 
 Provinces. Departments. Prorincea. 
 
 Alsice Haut-Rhin ; Bas-Rhin Strasbourg. 
 
 Amgoumois Chareot Angouleme. 
 
 Anjou MaiDe'et-I.oire Angers. 
 
 Artois Inland or S.E. part of Pas-de-Calais.. Arms. 
 
 Aunis Maritime part of Charente-Iaferieure.LaRoclielle. 
 
 Auvergne Puj-de-Dme and Cantal Clenuont. 
 
 Beam Basse-sPrrenees, Pjui. 
 
 Berri Cher, ludre Bourges. 
 
 Bourbonnoii Allier Uouliiu. 
 
 Borgandr, (Bour- 
 
 gogne! Ain.C te-d'Or. Sa^ne-et-Loire, Tonne Dijon 
 
 Brittany, (Bre-J C;.t«s du-Xord.Finistere,IlIe-et-Vil- >„_ ^ 
 
 tagne) ) aine, Loire-Inferieure, Morbihan J"'"'"®'. 
 
 Champagne ...Ardennes, Aube.Marne.Haute-Marne Troves. 
 
 Comtede-Folx Arieje, and the Republic of Andorre..Foix. 
 
 Dauphiae Hiiutes-Alpes, Drome, Isere Grenoble. 
 
 Plaudre Nord Lille. 
 
 Franche-Comti Doubs, Jura, Haute-Sa 'ne Besangon. 
 
 Oascony, (Gas-f Aveyton, Dordogne, Gers, Gironde, ) , ^ 
 
 co?ne) ■i Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, Landes, >S^ 
 
 Guleune ( HauteaPj-ren^es.Tarn-et-Garonne j""™**"*- 
 
 I«IeofFrance,(l3le5 Oise. Seine, Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et- >„ . 
 
 de France) < Marne, S. part of Aisne jfan*. 
 
 Launiedoc 5 Ardeche.Aiide.Gard.Herault.Haute- >,,„„,„, , 
 
 i^ajigueaoc j Oaronue.Haute-Loire.Lozere.Tarn {Toulouse. 
 
 Limousin Correie. Haute- Vienne Limogev 
 
 Lorraine Meurthe. Meuse, Moselle, Vosges Nancj. 
 
 Lronnois Loire, Rhone Lyons 
 
 };»'"e -■ Mayenne, Sarthe Le Mans. 
 
 *'='"='>«•, Creuse Gueret. 
 
 Nlvernoi. ...... .Nievre Nevort. 
 
 >ormandy, tSor-J Calvados, Enre.Maoche.Ome.Seine >_ 
 
 mandie) < Inferieure, N. part of Eure-et-Lolr i "''"*''• 
 
 Orl&iiiuois .........Eure-et-Loir, F-oiret, Loir-et-Cher. . . Orleani. 
 
 {"icardy, (Ficar-J Somme. maritime part of Pas-de- t 
 
 „<«iei i Calais. N. part of Aisne jAmiena. 
 
 ""0" Dcux-Sevres. Vendee. Vienne Poitiers. 
 
 Provence. . { Basses-Alpes, Bouches-du-Rhine, ) ., 
 
 ■< V ar, K. part of Vauclusc jAix. 
 
 Kouss'llon Pyrenees-Orlentales ..Perpignan. 
 
 Baintonire 5 Kjsternorlnland partof Charente- ) ^ . ,„. 
 
 ) Infbrieure > seniles. 
 
 Oomtat-d- Avlg::;a.. Western part of Vaucluae !'!!.. Avignon 
 
 Tfie Departmentt of France, their Area, Hipulation. Capital 
 City, and the Number of Arrondifsemmts, C\jntmt, and 
 Oomniunes, inUt which they are subdivided. 
 
 701 
 
 Ain 
 
 Aisne 
 
 Allier 
 
 Ardeche 
 
 Ardennes.... 
 
 Aridge 
 
 Aube 
 
 Aude 
 
 Aveyron 
 
 Basses-Alpes, 
 Basses-Pvrenees 
 
 Bas-Rhin 
 
 Bou.-du-Rhone. 
 
 Calvados 
 
 Cantal 
 
 Charente 
 
 Charenle-Infer.. 
 Cher.... 
 Correze. 
 Corsica, (Corse) 
 
 Cite-dOr 
 
 Cites-du-Nord 
 
 Creuse« 
 
 Doriiogne .... 
 Doubs 
 
 I)r -me.. 
 Kure... 
 
 Eure-et-Lnir.... 
 
 Finistf-re 
 
 Gard 
 
 Gers 
 
 Gironde 
 
 Haute- Garonne. 
 
 Haute- Loire 
 
 Haute-Marue... 
 Hautes-.\lpes... 
 H.-iute-Sa ne... 
 Hautes-Pvrenfes 
 Haute-Vieune .. 
 
 Haut-Riiin 
 
 Herault 
 
 Ille-et-Vilaine.. 
 
 Indre 
 
 Indre-et-Lolre. 
 Isere 
 
 Loire 
 
 Loire-Inferieure 
 
 Loirel 
 
 Lot 
 
 Lot-et-Garonne 
 
 Lozere 
 
 Maine-et-Loire.. 
 
 Che. 
 
 Ma 
 
 Marne... 
 
 Mayenne. 
 
 Meurthe.. 
 
 Meuse.. .. 
 
 Morbihan 
 
 Mo.-ielle... 
 
 Nievre.... 
 
 Xord 
 
 Oise 
 
 Orne 
 
 Pos-de-Caiais. . . 
 Puy-de-D nie... 
 Pvr^nees-Orien. 
 
 Bh ne 
 
 Sa''ne-et-Loire.. 
 
 Sarthe 
 
 Seine 
 
 Seine-et-Marne. 
 Seine-et-Oise... 
 Scine-lnferieure 
 Sevres (Deux-).. 
 
 Somme 
 
 Tarn 
 
 Tam-et-Garon 
 
 Var 
 
 Vaucluse 
 
 Tend<ie 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Vosges 
 
 Yonne 
 
 •i.tiS' 
 2,322 
 2,762 
 2,110 
 1,953 
 1,"S8 
 
 2.862 
 1.777 
 l,tf54 
 2,140 
 2,245 
 2,300 
 2,500 
 2,747 
 2.1!18 
 3.331 
 3,354 
 1,867 
 2.i;» 
 3,4!>; 
 2,018 
 2,508 
 
 i,-.'48 
 
 2,117 
 2.548 
 2,2.Vi 
 2,390 
 3.714 
 2,5-.'9 
 1.900 
 2,385 
 2.114 
 2.0-28 
 1.730 
 2.118 
 1,548 
 2.382 
 2,554 
 2,624 
 2,332 
 3,163 
 l,8i»4 
 3,490 
 2,3.80 
 l.t05 
 2,590 
 2,551 
 2,004 
 2,0.'7 
 1,965 
 2.755 
 2,26:1 
 3,116 
 1,966 
 2,3-.'2 
 2.368 
 2.667 
 2.034 
 2,595 
 2,170 
 2,218 
 2,329 
 2,505 
 3,039 
 1.571 
 1.066 
 3.270 
 2,371 
 185 
 2,154 
 2.141 
 2,298 
 2,315 
 2,343 
 2,185 
 1,405 
 2,773 
 1.3-8 
 2.595 
 2,574 
 2.230 
 2.781 
 
 446> 
 
 8381 
 316. 
 
 274 
 255 
 560 
 543 
 106 
 792 
 259 
 4341 
 480! 
 
 262 
 585 
 6+0 
 362 
 704 1 
 4-.9i 
 
 5791 
 
 256 1 
 550 
 1891 
 581 
 
 372.939iBourg. 
 558,9891 Laon. 
 33il,7,=>8!Moulin». 
 38«.505iPrivas. 
 S:tl.l 9 Mezierea. 
 267.4SSi Foix. 
 265.247 i Troves. 
 289.7«7!riir"ca83onne. 
 394.1si,Rodez. 
 152,0T0|r)iene. 
 44fi997;P:iu. 
 587.4.14 1 Strasbourg. 
 4.'8.9(-9;MarseiUes. 
 491.210|Caen. 
 253.3.91AurilIac. 
 88-'.912 Aneonleme. 
 4R9.9!I2 La Rochelle. 
 306.-261 1 Bourges. 
 3;0..'<;4:Tulle. 
 236. --ol '.Ajaccio, 
 400.297 lHjon. 
 63.'.HI3,S:iintBr!eno. 
 287,073j(;uBret. 
 505.7''9 Perigucux,' 
 21K;.«7y ISes.incon, 
 3.(;.846IV;iIt'uce. 
 415.777 1 Evreu.t. 
 294.892!Chartre9. 
 617.610jgHliup«r. 
 4<I8.1(a Xiiues. 
 307,479 A uch. 
 614.3.'<7lBordeaux, 
 4*4).794|Toulouse. 
 3(M.fil5 Le Put. 
 268.3* Cbauiiiont. 
 13',0;J8iGap. 
 347.0<>6lVc^oul. 
 
 2,")0.934 
 319.379 
 494.14 
 389. -tH 
 574.618 
 271 .938 
 315.641 
 603,497 
 SLi.-.K) 
 302 196 
 161. (-92 
 47-.; .588 
 535,664 
 341.0-9 
 29<i.:.-4 
 341. 345 
 144.705 
 515.45.; 
 fi00.8S. 
 373..302 
 374.566 
 450.4-.'5 
 328.657 
 478,172 
 459.6.H4 
 3:7, 161 
 
 2-28t 
 259; 
 
 585i 
 3911 
 
 Tarbes. 
 
 Limoges. 
 
 Col mar. 
 
 Montpcllier. 
 
 Ronues. 
 
 Ch tteauroux. 
 
 Tours. 
 
 l«renoble. 
 
 l.ons-le-.Saulnler, 
 
 Mout-de-Maiian. 
 
 Blois. 
 
 Moutbrison. 
 
 Nantes. 
 
 Orleans. 
 
 Caliors. 
 
 Accn. 
 
 Monde. 
 
 .\ ngers. 
 
 Sai~nt-L». 
 
 Ch lons-sur-Mer. 
 
 Laval. 
 
 Nancy. 
 
 Bar-le-Duc, 
 
 Vannes. 
 
 Metz. 
 
 Nevera. 
 
 l.ille. 
 
 Reauvals. 
 
 .\len^n. 
 
 A rraa. [rand. 
 
 rierniont-Fer- 
 
 Perpignan. 
 
 ■ Mans. 
 
 1,15S.:85 
 
 403.857 
 
 43U.^84 
 
 632.994 
 
 59fi.Sy7 
 
 181 .»,"5 
 
 674.74,1 
 
 574.721' 
 
 473,071 
 l,4i0.5S0 
 
 345,0761 Mcliin. 
 
 471,8.*, Versailles. 
 
 762.o:i<)j Kouen. 
 
 3,'3.61.=,|Xiort. 
 
 570.fi3T|Ainien8. 
 . 363.073] Allii. 
 
 237.5is;i| .Monlanban. 
 
 357.967 1 Draguigu on. 
 
 264.618 Avignon. 
 
 3Nt.734 Bouibon-Vend^e. 
 
 317,305i'oitieri. 
 
 427, 09'Rpinal. 
 
 S80.856:Auxerre. 
 
 Total 100^71! 363 2847 36,843 35,779.:22l 
 
 Races, Langwige, &c. — The population of France, ag ex- 
 hibited in the above table, averages 173 ,'6 persons per 
 square mile. The leading stock from which this popal> 
 tion springs is Celtic, but Celtic extremely modified by long 
 and extensive intercourse with the Komans, and the in- 
 cursion of numerous hordes from the N., who must ulti- 
 mately have formed no .small proportion of the lnh.Hbit."»nts. 
 The different races have become completely amalgamated 
 over the greater part of the country, and form the Fremb, 
 properly so called; but a distinction of race is still marked 
 in several districts, as in the (lermans of the N.E., the Bas- 
 ques of the S.W..and the KreTonsof the N.W. The basis of 
 the language is Latin. The original words of difTen-nt origin 
 are chiefly Celtic and German. Of the latter, about 1000 
 
 -J 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 roots have hecn counted, exdusire of derivatives and com- 
 pounds. According to the French themselves, their lan- 
 guage is superior to al! modern, and scarcely, if at all, in- 
 ferior to the most celebrated of ancient, tongues. More 
 impartial judjres form a different estimate; and, while ad- 
 mitting its possession of a flexibility and nicety of distinc- 
 tion which admirably adapts it not only for conversation 
 and all the branches of lighter literature, but also for the 
 severe sciences, find it deficient in force and dignit v. The 
 people, intellectually considered, take the first rank. In 
 ingeuuity they are unsurpa.ssed, and in the higher walks 
 of literature, with the exception of the highest kind of 
 poetry, they have writers of the most distinguished name. 
 Their moral qualities are perhaps less to be admired. They 
 are courteous and generous, and are wanting neither in sen- 
 gibility nor enthusiasm; but as a nation, they are deficient 
 In solidity and strength of character, and hence are alike un- 
 fitted to bear either prosperity or adversity. In private life, 
 more especially in large cities, dis.soluteness prevails. In 
 Paris, of 30,141 children born in 1849, 9941 were illegitimate; 
 In other words, in Paris, every third mother is unmarried, 
 and every third child has a stain on its birth. This, however 
 exhibits French society in its worst aspect; and it there- 
 fore ought to bo added, that over the whole country the 
 proportion of illegitimate to legitimate births does not ex- 
 ceed 1 in 14-4, the illegitim.ate having been, in 1848, 67,791, 
 and the legitimate, 9S0.9.J7; and that while crimes against 
 the person are mnre, those against property are less numer- 
 ous than in England. 
 
 Name and History. — Gaijl or Galija, the name of ancient 
 France, is sometimes applied to the modern kingdom in the 
 language of the poets. The present name was derived from 
 the Franks, (in Latin Fran'ci.) i.e. "Freemen," a con- 
 federacy of various German nations, who overran Gaul, on 
 the decline of the Roman power, and afterwards were united 
 under one head by Clovis, who founded the French mo- 
 narchy about the beginning of the sixth century. With 
 Clovis, the .Merovingi,in race of kings commenced. It ceased 
 with Childeric III., in 752, when Pepin le Bref obtained 
 the crown. The Carlovingian dynasty commenced with him, 
 or, more properly, with his son Charles, sumamed the 
 Great, (in Latin Carolus Magnus, now corrupted into 
 Charleinagne,) who established his sovereignty not only 
 over France, but also Italy, (except its S. part) and the far 
 larger part of Germany. This empire fell to pieces shortly 
 after his death in 771. His successors kept the throne of 
 Franco till the death of Louis V., when the Capetian dynasty, 
 whi, h had virtually commence<l in the person of Hugh Capet 
 the Gieat. was fornr.ally established by the coronation of his 
 son at Kheims, in 987. This dynasty was continued in a 
 direct line till the death of Charles IV. The most distin- 
 guished name in the direct line of Capetian kings is that 
 of St. Louis, whose reign of 44 years, from 1226 to 1270. is 
 among the most illustrious in French annals. Charles IV. 
 ■was succeeded, in 1.328. by Philip VI., grandson of Philip 
 the Bold, by his third son, Charles of Valois. He was thus 
 out of the direct line of the Capetian kings, and hence the 
 dynasty which he established is known as that of the col- 
 lateral branch of Valois. It was continued directly till 
 1498, and then successively in the collateral branches Valois 
 Orleans, Valois .\ngouleme, and Valois Bourbon. The last 
 commenced, in 15S9. with Henry IV., sumamed the Great. 
 During the three previous reigns. Protestantism had made 
 wonderful progress in France, and bade fair for the ascend- 
 ant, when two dreadful blows were struck at it — the one by 
 an atrocity among the foulest on record, the Massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew, in honor of which the Pope ordered a medal 
 to be struck, and Te Deum to be sung; and the other by 
 the act of Henry himself, who rewarded the fidelity with 
 which the Protestants had clung to him, and fought his 
 battles, by publicly abjuring their religion. To his honor, 
 however, he not only refused to persecute it, but gave it 
 complete toleration, by issuing the Edict of Nantes. This 
 was more than Rome could endure; and she therefore sent 
 him his reward in the dagger of a .Tesuit assassin. He was 
 lucceeded, first, by his son Louis XIII., sumamed the Just, 
 though it is difftcult to know why; and then by his grand- 
 son, Louis XIV., sumamed the Great. During his reign, 
 many great literary names occur; but the monarch himself, 
 when st^-ipped of the trappings of royalty, which he knew 
 well how to set off to the best advantage, stands forth in no 
 more honorable light than that of a sensualist and a bigot. 
 In the former character, he made his court a harem; and in 
 the latter, recalled the Edict of Nantes, and, by the revoca- 
 tion, cruelly drove multitudes of his best subjects from 
 their homes, and gave the national prosperity a shock from 
 which it has not recovered. The licentiousness of his reign 
 was continued in a more disgusting form during th.at of his 
 successor, Louis XV.; and when. In the person of Louis 
 XVI., the crown passed into the hands of a sovereign, who, 
 though not distinguished for talents, was of unblemished 
 morals, and loved his country, the day of retribution had 
 arrived, and all remedies were too late. The whole frame- 
 Work of society was broken up, and the most fearful atrocities 
 were openly perpetrated, on a scale of magnitude to which 
 2U 
 
 the previous history of the world has no parallel. Atheisin 
 and the wildest democracy then walked hand in hand, and 
 left no doubt as to what mvist at all times be expected whet 
 they gain the ascendant. 'The reign of terror was followed,, 
 by a military despotism, headed by a man whose wonder- 
 ful talents raised France to the highest pinnacle of mili- 
 tary fame, and whose overthrow after years of struggle, 
 the combined powers of Europe finally succeeded in effect^ 
 ing, and doomed him to spend the last years of his life 
 and die a prisoner on a rugged and solitai-y isle of the 
 ocean. The Bourbons regained their throne, but soon showed 
 that the lessons of adversity had been lost upon them. 
 They were again expelled, in 1830, and Louis Philippe, the 
 head of the collateral branch of Orlean.s, gained the crown, 
 and retained it for eighteen years. February 24th, 1848, in 
 consequence of a rising in Paris, originating in causes too 
 numerous to be here specified, Louis Philippe found it ne- 
 cessary to aijdicate the throne and take refuge in England. 
 A repuljlic succeeded, which, after dragging out a feeble and 
 uncertain existence of little more than two years and eight 
 months, was brought to an end by its own I'resident, Louis 
 Naptileon Bonaparte. December 2d, 1851 , supported by the 
 army, he dis.solved the House of liepresentntives. impiisoned 
 a large number of its members, including .some of the most 
 eminent men in the country, m.any of whom he subse- 
 quently bani.shed to Cayenne, or otherwist: expelled from 
 France. He subjected the citizens of Paris to the fire of his 
 troops, destroying not only those who attempted to resist 
 his usurped authority, but also a number of those who were 
 peaceatily sitting in their own homes. The numlwr then slain, 
 has been estimated as higli as 3000. It is due, however, to 
 state that the government which Louis Napoleon established, 
 has been administered with firmness and ability; and th.at, 
 under it, all the material interests of France have been highly 
 prosperous. Adj. French, (Fr. Francais, frSxo'sA/, femi- 
 nine, Franjuse, frSxo^siz' ; It. Francesco, fr^n-chjs'ko ; Sp. 
 Frances, frdn-thjs'; Ger. FraszOsisch, frjnt-so'zish.) Inhab. 
 Frkncumax, (Fr. FR.ixgAis; It. Francese, frdn-chi'sA; Sp. 
 Frances ; Ger. Franzose, frint-so'zph.) Gai/uc and Gaul are 
 either poetical or else used in reference to ancient Gallia. 
 FRANCE, ISLE OF. See Mauritius. 
 FRANCE, ISLH OF, (a province.) See Ile de France. 
 FRAN'CES, a bay in the island of Santi.ago, tlie principal 
 of the Cape de Verde Islands, about 3 or 4 miles W. of the 
 S.K. point of the island. This bay has been fretjuently mis- 
 taken lor Porto Praya, which is 4 or 5 miles further S.W. 
 
 FRANCESCAS, Mn'sis'kis', a town of France, departr 
 ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 6 miles S.E. of Nerac. Pop. 200. 
 
 FRAN'CESTOWN, a post-village and township of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire, 2() miles S.W. of Concord. 
 The village contains a bank, an academy, and several stores 
 and factories. The township is rich iu minerals, com- 
 prising black-lead, crystal, garret, and soapstone. The 
 latter is found in great abundance, and, when polished, 
 resembles verd antique marble. Pop. 1082. 
 
 FRAX'CKSVILLE, a post-offlce of Pulaski co., Iowa. 
 FRANCKZA, frdn-sA'sl, a small island of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Rio-de-.Ianeiro. a little S.W. of Cape Frio. 
 ^ FRANCHE-COMTiv, frSxsh-kiNoH.i'. an old province in the 
 E. of France, the capital of which was Be.san^on. now divided 
 into the departments of Doubs. the Ilaute-Saone, and Jura. 
 FRANCHI.MONT, frSNG'shee'mAN"', a hamlet of Belgium, 
 about 10 miles S.E. of Liege. It once gave title to a marqui- 
 sate, and was noted for the enterprise of its inhabitants. The 
 castle, now in ruins, and crowning a neighboring height, is 
 alluded to in Scott's poemof Jlarminn. It was a noted strong- 
 hold as early as the 12th century. When Liege was besieged, 
 in 1467, by Charles the Bold and Louis XL, tiOOof the people 
 of Franchimont cut their way into the camp of the besiegers, 
 and nearly succeeded in killing or carrying off the king and 
 the duke, but were finally overpowered and all slain. Pop. 294. 
 FRANCIS'CO, a post-oflice of Stokes co.. North Carolina. 
 FRANCIS'CO. a post-oifice of Montgomery co., Illinois. 
 FRANCIS'COVILLE, a post-officeof Jackson co., Michigan. 
 FItANCIS CREEK, post-office, Manitoowoc co., AVisconsin. 
 FRANCIS MILLS, a post-otfice of Oce.an co.. New Jersey. 
 FRANCISVILLE, a post-viyage of Crawford co., Georgia, 
 31 mile^ W.S.W. of Macon. 
 
 FRAN'CISVILLE,avillageof Boone co., Kentucky, about 
 16 miles S.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 FIIANCOFONTE. frdn-ko-fon'tA, a town of Sicily, 25 miles 
 W.N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 3480. 
 
 FRANCOLI, frdn-ko-lee/, a small river of Spain, Catalonia, 
 after a course of about 30 miles, falls into the Mediterra 
 nean. about 1 mile S.W. of Tarragona. 
 
 FRANCONIA. fran-ko^ne-a, (Ger. Frank-en, frank'en, or 
 FrankerUand, frjlnk'en-ldnt\ V. e. the " Land of the i' ranks.") 
 an old duchy, afterwards a circle of the Germanic Empire, be- 
 tween Upper Saxony, the Upper and Lower Rhine, Swabia, 
 Bavaria, and Bohemia. The chief cities are Nuremberg, 
 WUrzburg, and Anspach. Since 1806, it has been divided 
 between the grand duchies of Baden and Ilessen, and the 
 kingdoms of Saxony and Bavaria. It gives name to three 
 
 circles of the kingdom of Bavaria. Adj. and inhab. Fras- 
 
 CONIAN, fran-ko'ne-jn. 
 
 706 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 FRANCWNTA. a post-township of Grafton co., Xew 
 Hampshire, 75 miles N. by W. from Concord. This is said 
 to he the coldest place in the United States. Mount Jack- 
 son, adjoinin-; the "Notch," Kere exhibits the famous 
 " profile,'" or "Old Man of the Mountain." It consists of a 
 peak of solid rock, 1000 feet high nearly perpendicular. 
 The township abounds in majrnetic iron ore. Pop. 708. 
 
 i'RANCONIA, a post-township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 14 miles N. of Xorristown. Pop. 1579. 
 
 FRAXCONIA, a post-villafre of Putnam Co., Ohio, on the 
 Auelaize River, 120 miles X.W. from Columbus. 
 
 PRANCON VILLE, fr6x«'k6.\oVeel', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-efc-Oise. with a station on the Korthern 
 Railway, 9^ miles N. of Paris. Pop. In 1852, 1248. 
 
 FRANEKKR, frdn'e-ker, a town of the Xetherl.inds, pro- 
 vince of Friesland, 10 miles W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 5149. 
 It ia well built, clean, intersected by canals, and has an 
 athenaeum, several Latin schools, a public library, and bo- 
 tanic garden. 
 
 FRANGY, fr6x"V.hee', a Tillage of Saxony, province of 
 Genevese, on an aflluent of the Rhone, 31 miles N.of Cham- 
 bery. Pop. 1434. 
 
 FRANOY, a village of France, department of the SaSne- 
 et-Loire. 8 miles N.N.E. of Louhans. Pop. 2835. 
 
 FRAXKEN. See Fuaxconia. 
 
 FRAXKEX, a post-office of Saginaw co., Michigan. 
 
 FRAXKEXAU, frSnk'eh-ndw^ a village of Germany, 
 Hesse-Cassel. province of Ober Hessen, 30 miles S.W. of Cas- 
 sel. Pop. 1042. 
 
 FRAXKEXAU or FRAXKEXHEIM, frlnk'en-hime\ a vil- 
 lage of Bavaria, province of Jliddle Franconia, 14 miles W. 
 of Anspach. Here is a fine castle of Prince Hohenlohe-Schil- 
 lingsfiirst. 
 
 FR.iXKEXBERG, frank'fn-bJRC.', a town of Saxony, 7 
 miles X.X.E. of Chemnitz, on the Zschop.iu, an affluent 
 of the Mulde. Pop. 6273. It is one of the most important 
 manufacturing towns in Saxony, and has extensive esta- 
 blishments for cotton and linen weaving,' and mining. 
 
 FRAXKEXBERG, a town of Germany, Iles.se-Ca.ssel, pro- 
 vince of Ober Hessen, 32 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 3253. It 
 has manufactories of woollen cloth, tobacco, and paper. 
 
 FRAXKEXBURG, frink'en-li«dRG\ a marbet-town of 
 Austria. 25 miles W.S.W. of Wels. Pop. 1017. 
 
 FRAXKEXHAUSEX. frdnk'en-howVen, a town of Cen- 
 tral Germany, principality of Schwarzbufg-Trndolstadt, on 
 the Wipper, 27 miles X. of Erfurt. Pop. 48/3. It has been 
 nearly rebuilt since the great burning of 1833. In 1814, a 
 salt spring was discovered in its vicinity. 
 
 FRAXKEXLAXD. See FRAXCOIflA. 
 
 FR.\XK'EXLUST. a post-office of Saginaw co.. Michigan. 
 
 FRAXKEXJIARKT. frank'en-maRkt\ a market-town of 
 Austria, 31 miles W.S.W. of Wels. Pop. 937. 
 
 FRAXKEXSTEIX, ftiuk'en-stjne,* a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, 39 miles S. of Breslau, on a bi-anch of the railway 
 from Berlin to Dresden. Pop. 6042. It has Roman Catho- 
 lic and Lutheran churches, and manufactures of woollen 
 and linen fabrics. 
 
 FRAXKEXTHAL, frank'en-tar, a town of Rhenish B.v 
 varia, 15 miles X.X.W. of Speyer, and connected with the 
 Rhine by a canal 6 miles in length. Pop. 4C56. It is regu- 
 larly built, the inhabitants are industrious and commercial. 
 
 FRAXKEX WALD, frink'fn-«ait\ a small chain of moun- 
 tains in the X.E. of Bavaria,' between the Main and Saale, 
 uniting the Fichtelberg with the Thuringerwald. 
 
 FRAXK'FORD, a market-town of Ireland, Leinster, 
 King's CO.. 8J miles N.E. of Birr. Pop. 1345. 
 
 FRAXKfORD, a township of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1828. 
 
 I'RAXKFORD, a village and township of Cumberland co., 
 Penn.sylvania, about 10 miles W, by N. of Carlisle. P. 1401. 
 
 FRAXKFORD, a post-borough within the chartered limits 
 of the consolidated city of Philadelphia, on Tacony Creek, 
 ■which furnishes water-power, 6 miles X.E. of the State- 
 house. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in manu- 
 fcctures, which consist principally of woollen goods, prints, 
 and iron-ware. The borough contains 9 or 10 churches, a 
 national bank, and a printing office. An extensive hosiery 
 factory is about being established here. Frankford Asylum 
 for the Insane, a well conducted institution, under the 
 direction of the Society of Friends, is in the immediate vi- 
 cinity. Pop. in 1850, 5346. 
 
 FRAXKKdRD. a post-villace in Greenbrier CO., TT. Vir- 
 ginia, ISO miles W. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 FRANKFORD, a post-village in Pike co., Missouri, on an 
 affluent of Salt River. 80 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 FRANKFORD CKEEK, Pennsylvania. See Tacoxt. 
 
 FRANKFORT (frjnk'f&rt.) on theMaix, (Ger. Pranlfurt- 
 am- Mam, frSnk'fdORt im-min; Fr. Franc fm-t, fr5xk%R/: 
 L. Francofiir'tum ad Miehium. or Tmjec'tum 'Franco) rum, i. e. 
 the "passage of the Franks") a free city of Germany, seat 
 of the Germanic Diet, and capital of the territory of its 
 own name, is situated on the Main, in a beautiful but 
 narrow valley, bounded on the N. by the gentle heights 
 of the liSdenburg, terminated at some distance by'^the 
 lofty summits of the Tauuus, and on the S. by the 
 700 
 
 Miihlberg. S-ichsenhausenberg, and LerehesSerg: 20 miles 
 N.E. of Mentz. It consists of the town proper, situated on 
 the right bank, and the suburb of Sachsenhausen on the 
 left bank of the river, here crossed by a stone bridge. ■ 
 
 The environs are covered with handsome country seats, 
 the old walls, ramparts, and stagnant ditches, have been 
 removed, and the space occupied by them has been planted 
 with trees forming tine promenades. It is still, however, 
 entered by large gates, nine in number — seven belonging to 
 the town, and two to Sachsenhausen. Two of these gatea 
 retain their original form — the Gallus Thor. and the 'Es- 
 chenheimer Thor. The latter, situated on the X. consists 
 of a lofty tower, crowned by five turrets, and affords a good 
 specimen of the architecture of the 14th century. The other 
 old gates have been removed, and their places supplied by 
 handsome modern structures, formed on ancient models. 
 Among these the Ober Main, or S.E. gate in imitation of the 
 porches of the Cumpus Militum at Pompeii, and the Bocken- 
 heim or Mentz gate, with a guard and toll-hoxise, all modelled 
 after the temple of Wingless Victory, on the Acropolis of 
 Athens, are particularly deserving of notice. The north or 
 right bank of the river here curves gently towards the land, 
 and is lined by a spacious quay, along which the town 
 stretches E. to W.. from the Ober Main to the Unter Main 
 gates, for about 2000 yards. The breadth, measured nearly 
 due N. from the river, is about 1400 yards. The circuit is 
 rather more than 4 miles. Fronting the quay already men- 
 tioned is a range of magnificent houses, occupied chiefly by 
 diplom.atists, bankers, and rich merchants; but immediately 
 behind it is the Old Town, consisting generally of indif- 
 ferent houses, huddled together without any regularity, in 
 narrow streets and lanes, and often built of wood, with over- 
 hanging gables. There is. however, a remark.able exception 
 in the Zeil, a fine spacious street, which stretches in a long 
 curve from E. to S.W., and forms the principal thoroughfare. 
 It contains a great number of splendid mansions, having 
 originally been the chosen residence of the Frankfort aris- 
 tocracy, but the necessity of providing for the increasing 
 demands of trade ha.s gradually dish^dged them, and filled 
 the whole street with shops, extending along it like a con- 
 tinuous bazaar. Within the town no fewer than 29 squares 
 are counted. The most deserving of notice are the Ross- 
 markt, the largest, with a fine fountain in its centre; the 
 Paradeplatz, the Liebfrauenberg, the Paulsplatz. and the 
 Romerberg. The Rijmer, or town-house, a venerable struc- 
 ture of very early date, is situated in the Romerberg, and 
 supposed to have derived its name from the Italians, com- 
 monly called "Romer," (Romans,) who, at the great fairs of 
 the town, lodged their goods in it. It was first purchased by 
 the magistrates in 1405. and. continuing to undergo suc- 
 cessive alterations and addition.s, till it assumed its present 
 form in 1740. In one of its halls, called the Wahlzimmer, 
 the electors of the empire met and made their arrangements 
 for the election of the emperor, and the Senate of Frankfort 
 now holds its sittings. In another, the Kaisers.aal, the em- 
 peror was banqueted after his election, .".nd waited on at 
 table by kings and princes. The ceiling of this hall has been 
 richly decorated by modern artists, with strict adherence to 
 the original style, and the niches in its walls contain 62 
 portraits, being those of the whole German Emperors, in 
 regular succession, from Conrad I. to Francis II. 
 
 There are 12 churches viz. 6 Lutheran. 2 Calvinistic, 
 and 4 Roman Catholic. There is also a Jewish synagogue. 
 The most remarkable church edifices are the Domkirche 
 or G.thedral, belonging to the Roman Catholics, an ancient 
 structure, surmounted by a fine tower, begun in 1415, and 
 carried on for a century, though still unfinished. It is in- 
 teresting both as the scene of the emperor's coronation, and 
 as containing the chapel in which he was formerly elected; 
 St. Paul's, the principal Protestant church, a modern edifice 
 of an oval form ; St. Catherine's Church. Lutheran, sui^ 
 mounted by a spire 200 feet high, and intei-esting as the 
 church in which Protestantism was firet preached in Frank- 
 fort; the French Reformed Church, a verj' h.indsome edifice; 
 St. Leonard's Church, close upon the river, on the spot once 
 occupied by the pakace of Charlemagne, of which not a ves- 
 tige now remains : anda church in Sachsenhausen. originally 
 belonging to the Teutonic knights, adjoining their old castle. 
 Other buildings deserving of notice are the courts of justice, 
 the Saalhof. a gloomy-looking building, on the site of a palace 
 of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne ; the New Exchange; 
 the large p.alace of the Prince ofThurn and Taxis; the Mint, 
 Post-Oifice. Theatre, the house in which Luther lived, and 
 that in which Goethe was V)orn, August 28, 1749. 
 
 Art. Literature, dx. — Frankfort is rich in establishments 
 intended to promote art and literature. The chief of these are 
 the StSdel Institute, so named after its founder, a Frankfort 
 banker, who bequeathed al'Out 80,000/. to establish a public 
 gallery and schoolof art. and whose views havealreadj- been 
 carried out to a considerable extent by the formation of a good 
 picture gallery and other collections; the Son kenberg Mu- 
 seum of Natural History, containing many rare specimens 
 brought from Egypt. Nubia, and Abyssinia, by the traveller 
 RUppel; the town library, possessed of 60,000 volumes and 
 valuable M.SS., besides other curiodties, and a picture gal- 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 lery. In the garden of the banker Bethmann is to be seen 
 the >)eautiful and well-known statne of Ariadne, by Dan- 
 neckcr. The literary and other scientific associations in- 
 clude a medical institute, physical, geographical, polytech- 
 nic, and several musical societies. The chief educational 
 establishments are the jrymnasium, the Muster, the Middle, 
 several other public, and numerous private schools. Among 
 the benevolent institutions are the Senkenher^ Ilospit.'il, 
 the Hospital of the Holy Ghost, the Orphan Asylum, the 
 House of Refuge, the lunatic .and the deaf and dumb asj'- 
 lums, and a number of almshouses. About a mile outside 
 the walls is the New Cemetery, at the gate of which is a 
 house where bodies are deposited for a time previous to in- 
 terment, and watched till decomposition commences. Here 
 every convenience of warm baths and other applicances 
 needful in cases of suspended animation are kept in rea- 
 diness. 
 
 The manufactures of Frankfort are not important. It 
 was formerly fiimous for its woollens and linens, but they 
 have almost ceased to e.xist. Those which still maintain 
 their ground are chiefly articles of rerlil in bronze and metal 
 gilt, chemical products, chocolate, gold and silver thread, 
 japan and brass ware, machines, types, playing-cards, snulf 
 and tobacco, straw hats, tapestry, cirpets, wax cloth, and 
 black for copperplate .•md lithographic printers. The contr.al 
 situation of the town has long secured to it an extensive 
 trade, both transit and general. The former, however, 
 threatens to be seriously affected by the railway system, 
 which has raised up a numljer of formidable competitors in 
 towns which have been brought within reach of the great 
 thoroughfares, and hence classes of goods for which Frank- 
 fort was the entrepot, either take different directions, or pass 
 on without transhipment. The general trade is chiefly in 
 wine. silk, raw and manufactured cotton, wool, iron, and 
 timber. The tr.ide in English wares, formerly extensive, has 
 greatly fallen off since Frankfurt joined the ZoUverein. The 
 export duties collected in 1852, amounted to StO.OOO. against 
 $5936 in 1851; transit duties in 1851, $3206, in 1852 only 
 $1860: import duties iu 1851. $603,321. and in 1852, $626,355. 
 Total in 1851, $612,526; in 1852, $638,215. But by far the 
 most important trade of Frankfort is in money and bank- 
 ing. Its capitalists, among whom I'.othschild and Eeth- 
 mann take the lead, exert no inconsiderable influence in 
 the money markets of Europe. Frankfort has two annual 
 fairs, once visited by 400,000 strangers. 
 
 Xiime, History, d-e. — Of the origin of the name Frankfuht 
 -Ittle is known beyond the signification, the "ford of the 
 Franks," which is nearly equivalent to the Latin Trajictum 
 Prancarwn. This place appears to have been originally a 
 Rohian station, but did not attract much attention till the 
 time of Charlem.agne. who had a palace, and held a council 
 here in 793. It was fortified in 838. and made a free city in 
 1154. Subse<iuent emperors made it the seat of their court, 
 and conferred on it imiwrtant privileges. A charter by the 
 name of the Golden Bull, granted in 1.356, by Charles iV.. is 
 still preserved among the archives of the town. In 1555, 
 Charles V. conferred upon it the privilege of coining money. 
 The peace of AVestphalia confirmed it in the possession of 
 all its rights. Under Napoleon it became the capital, first 
 of a principality, and then of a grand ducliy, with an area 
 of nearly 2000 square miles. His downfall restored its in- 
 dependence: and the Congress of Vienna constituted it a 
 member of the Germanic Confederation, giving it precedence 
 among the four free towns of the empire. In 1831, it was 
 made a free port. In the N.E., outside the Friedburg gate, 
 a group of colossjil granite rocks marks the spot where the 
 Prince of Hesse-l'hillipsthal. and many of his gallant follow- 
 ers, fell, in 1792, in the successful storming of the town ; and 
 in the gardens around are many beautiful statues and other 
 works of distinguished artists. At still greater distances are 
 many spots to which plea.sant excursions may be made, and 
 with little expenditure, either of time or monej', in conse- 
 quence of the numerous easy and cheap means of convey- 
 ance which are here enjoyed. Communication with Frank- 
 fort is tacilitated by lines of steamers which ply daily on 
 the Main to Wurzburg, and railroads branch off in all 
 directions — to Mentz and Wiesbaden, to Darmstadt and Ilei- 
 delburg, to Cassel, Ilanau. and Offenbach. Fop. in 1861, 
 75.9.30. 
 
 The Territory of Fr axkfort has an area of about 90 square 
 miles, and lies immediately around the walls on both sides 
 of the Main. The government is vested in a senate, com- 
 posed of 42 members, chosen in the first instance by all 
 Christian citizens not under legal incapacity. As a member 
 of the confederation. Frankfort unites with the other three 
 free towns in holding the 17th place in the Diet, and has 
 only one vote in common with them in the lesser council; 
 but has a fiill vote to itself in the plenum. Its contingent 
 of men to the confederation is 1024. among whom are in- 
 eluded 132 riflemen. Its revenue in 1854 was $747,080, ex- 
 penditure. $707,324. and debt, $5,083,200, of which about 
 $4,500,000 are lent upon railways. Pop. in 1S61, 87,518. 
 
 FRANKFORT. Gt.AND DuciiT OF. the name of a temporary 
 sovereignty of Germany, formed in 1806, by Bonaparte, in 
 favour of the Arch-Chancellor or Elector of Mentz, who was 
 
 named Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine. 
 Several places were added to the territory already possessed 
 by him ; among others, the hitherto free city of Frankfort. 
 1 n 1811, the grand duchy, comprising an area of 2376 .sijrflrs 
 miles, contained a population of 292,9fi3. At the Ongress 
 of Vienna he was deprived of his states, and tieated in the 
 same manner as the secularized bishops of 1803, receU ing 
 an annual pension of 100,000 florins from the sovereigns 
 who shared his possessions. 
 
 FRANK'FORT ON tfie Oder, (Qi'r. Franlfurt-an-(J<'.r-0(ier, 
 frinJi'fOdRt dn djR Mer; Xj. Francnfur'tum ad O'deram or 
 Viladum.) a city of Prussia, province of Brandenljurg. and c.i- 
 pital of the government of Frankfort, on the Oder, 60 miles 
 E.S.E. of Berlin, with which city it communicates by railway. 
 Lilt. 52° 22' 8" N., Ion. 14° 33' 24" E. It consists of the town 
 proper, surrounded by walls and ditches, and of three sub- 
 urbs on the left bank, and of another suburb on the right 
 bank of the river, which is here crossed by a wooden bridge 
 about 290 yards long. It is built with considerable regu- 
 larity, four spacious streets traversing it nearly in parallel 
 lines. It is the seat of a superior court of appeals, of other 
 courts, and public oflice.s, and contains 6 churches, of which 
 the Marien, or Oberkirehe, of the thirteenth century, is 
 most deserving of notice, a Roman Catholic chapol, s-n.a- 
 gogue, town-house built in 1 617, a gymnasium, buigher and 
 numerous other schools, a theatre, a house of correction, an 
 orphan and two other hospitals. The university which 
 Frankfort possessed from an early period was transferred to 
 Breslau in 1816. The manufactures consist of woollen and 
 linen cloth, silks, hosiery, gloves, leather, delft and common 
 earthenware, wax, sugar, and brandy ; and the trade, gene- 
 ral and transit, is extensive both by land and water, par- 
 ticularly the latter, there being about 2000 vessels which 
 annually pass the town. There are also three important an- 
 nual fairs, much frequented by dealers from Poland. .\t 
 the extremity of the bridge, on the right bank, a monument 
 has been erected to Piince Leopold of Brunswick, who 
 perished in endeavoring to rescue a fatally during an inun- 
 dation of the Oder; and in the neighborhood, near Kuners- 
 dorf a great, though not decisive battle, was fought Ijetween 
 the Prussians under Frederick the Great, and the united 
 army of the Austrians and Russians, somewhat to tlie ad- 
 vantage of the latter. The poet Kleist, a native of the town, 
 was killed in this battle, to whom a monument has been 
 erected. Frankfort possesses a bathing establishment, with 
 chalybeate springs, and vapor and .sulphur bath.s. Pop. 34,2.53. 
 
 FRANICFORT, a government of Prussia, forming the S.E. 
 portion of the province of Brandenburg. Area, 7500 square 
 miles. Pop. 860,087. 
 
 FRANK'FORT. a demesne of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Kilkenny, 3f miles N.E. of UUingford, It gives the title 
 of baron to the Montmorency family, descendents of the 
 nephew of Earl Strongbow. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a post-village and township of "Waldo co., 
 Maine, on tlie W. side of Penobscot River, 12 miles S. by W. 
 of Bangor. The village contains 2 churches. 12 stores, and 
 an extensive carding mill. Ship-building and cooperage 
 are extensively carried on here. Pop. of the township, 
 2143. 
 
 FRANK'FORT, a post-village and township of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, on the Erie Canal and Mohawk River, 9 miles 
 S.E. of Utica. It contains churches of 4 deTiouiiuations, 7 
 or 8 stores, several mills, and about 100 dwellings. Pop. of 
 the township, 3247. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a village of Greenbrier CO., W. Virginia, 
 10 miles N.E. of Lewisburg, contains 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 FRANKFOltT, a post-village of Hampshire co.. W. Vir- 
 ginia, on Patterson's Creek, 12 m. S. of Cumberland in Md. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a post-office of Franklin co., Alab-ama. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a handsome town, capital of Kentucky, 
 and seat of justice of Franklin county, is beautifully situ- 
 ated on the right (or N.E.) bank of Kentucky River, 60 miles 
 from its mouth, 24 miles W.N.AV. of Lexington, 53 miles E. 
 of Louisville, and 550 miles from Washington. Lat. 38°14' 
 N., Ion. 84°40'AV. It stands on an elevated plain or valley, 
 between the river and the bluff, which rises a .short distance 
 behind the town to the height of .about 150 feet. The river, 
 which is here near 100 yards wide, flows in a deep channel 
 of limestone rock. The eminences on the N.E. side of the 
 town present a delightful view of the picturesque scenery 
 for which this river is so remarkable. Frankfort is regu- 
 larly planned, and generally well built. The State-house 
 stands on a small eminence, nearly midway between tlio 
 river and the northern limit of the valley. It is a handsome 
 edifice of Kentucky marble, quarried in the vicinity, with a 
 portico supported by six columns of the Ionic order. The 
 governor's house is a plain building of brick. The other 
 public buildings are the State Penitentiary, a court-house, 6 
 churches, 1 academy, 2 banking houses, and the State In- 
 titution for Feeble-Minded Children. One newspaper is 
 issued here. The town is supplied with good spring w^ater, 
 distributed through iron pii}es. It is the centre of an active 
 trade, which is facilitated by railroads leading to Louisville 
 and Lexington, and by the navigation of the river. The lat- 
 ter has been improved by means of dams and locks, so that 
 
 707 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 <!."aml>oats can ascend from its mouth to the junction of its 
 constituent brunches. A chain bridge connects tlie town 
 with the village of South Frankfort, on the opposite bank. 
 I'op. 3702. 
 
 FKAXKFORT. a thriving postr-villafte of Concord town- 
 ship Itoss CO., Ohio, on the North Fork of Paint Creek, 11 
 miles X.AV. of Chillicothe. It is situated in a rich and popu- 
 lous farming district. Pop. 551. 
 
 FKAXKFORT. a flouri.shing post-village, capit.il of Clinton 
 CO., Indiana, ou a branch of Wildcat lUver. 42 miles X.X.W. 
 of Indianapolis. It is surrounded by fertile and well-im- 
 proved farms. A plank-i-oad extends from this village to 
 ]^:ir;ivette and Delphi on the Wabash. It contained iu 1S53, 
 5 churthes. Pop. in 1860, 773. 
 
 FKAXKFORT, a post-village of Franklin co., Illinois, 160 
 miles S. by K. of Springfield, was formerly the county seat. 
 It contains several stores. 
 
 FKANKFOKT. a township of Will co„ Illinois. Pop.1763. 
 
 FUA XKFORT. a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, 90 miles 
 N.K. of .Tefferson Citv. 
 
 FK A X K FORT HI LL, a post-office. Herkimer co.. New York. 
 
 FKAXKFORT MILLS, a post-village of Waldo co., M.nine, 
 on Marsh Stream, which is navigable to this point, about 10 
 miles S. of Bangor. It has a church, a pottery, and 2 stone 
 quarries, which furnish employment to about 300 hands. 
 The lumber trade is extensively carried on. 
 
 FKAXKFORT SPRIXGS, a post-borough of Beaver CO., 
 Pennsylvania, about 25 miles W. of Wttsburg. 
 
 FR.iXKFURT, and FKAXKFURTH, cities of Germany. 
 
 See FRANfeFORT. 
 
 FKAXK'LAXD ISLAXDS, off the E. coast of Australia, in 
 lat. 17°16'S., Ion.l40°E. 
 
 FR.-VXK'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 FR.\XK'LIX, a county in the W. part of Maine, has an 
 area of 1600 square miles. Dead and Sandy Rivers, branches 
 of the Kennebec, have their sources in this county. It has 
 also several smaller streams, which turn numerous grist 
 and saw mills. The surface is undulating, with some moun- 
 tainous districts. Mount Abrah.am and the S.addlehack 
 Jlountain are comprised within its limits. The soil is gene- 
 rally fertile. In 1850 this county produced 49,717 tons of 
 h.ay, and 540,720 pounds of butter, a greater quantity of each 
 than was produced by any county in the state, except Somer- 
 set. Organized in 1S30, having been formed out of portions 
 of Oxford and Somerset counties, and named in honor of the 
 philosopher and statesman, Benjamin Franklin. Capit;\l. 
 Farmington. Pop. 20,403. 
 
 FKAXKLIN, a county in the N. part of A'ermont. has an 
 area of about 6.30 square mile.s. It is bounded on Jhe W. by 
 l^ake Champl.ain. ijnd is drained principally by the Mis- 
 si.sfiue and Lamoille Rivers, which afford abundant motive 
 power. The surface is uneven, Hnd in the K. part hilly. 
 Marble of good quality is found at Swanton. and iron ore 
 in other parts of the county. The soil is fertile. Lake 
 Champlain, on the W. border of the county, is navigable for 
 ves.sels of 90 tons burthen. It is intersected by the railroad 
 connecting Burlington and Rouse's Point. Organized iu 
 1792. Capital, St. Albans. Pop. 27,231. 
 
 FRAXKLIN, a county in the X.W. central part of Massa- 
 chusetts, has an area of about 650 .square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Connecticut River, and is watered by the 
 Deerfield and Miller's Rivers, and other smaller streams, 
 which afford good water-power. The surface is hilly, and in 
 some parts mountainous. The soil is fertile. The Connec- 
 ticut River, by me;ins of canals around the different fells and 
 rapids, is navigable for small boats. The railroad connect- 
 ing Hartford and Bellows Falls traverses the county, which 
 is also intersected by that extending from Lowell to Green- 
 field. Organized in 1811, having been taken from Hamp- 
 shire county. C.apitiil. Greenfield. Pop. 31,434. 
 
 FR.\XKlllN, a county in the N.E. part of Xew York, has 
 an area of about 1764 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Saranac, Chateaugay, Salmon, St. K^is. and Racket Rivers, 
 which afford valuable water-power. It has several lakes or 
 ponds, among which may be mentioned Saranac and Loon 
 Lakes. The surface is uneven, and in the S.W. part moun- 
 tainous, and well wooded. The soil is generally fertile. 
 The south-eastern portion of the county abounds in iron 
 ore of excellent quality. The N. part is traversed by the 
 railroad connecting Ogdensburg and Rouse's Point. Organ- 
 ized in 1808, having previously formed part of Clinton 
 county. Capital, Malone. Pop. 30,837 
 
 FR.VXKLIX, a county of Penn.sylrania, bordering on 
 .Maryland, has an area of 740 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Conedogwinet, Antietam, Tuscarora, and Coneco- 
 cheague Creeks. The South Mountain forms its boundary 
 on the E., and Tnscarora or Cove Mountain on the X.W. 
 Parnell's Knob, a high and picturesque peak in the X. part 
 of the county, is the S.W. termination of the Kittatinny 
 range. The highest points of Cove Mountain are estimated 
 to be about 1500 feet above the valley. The greater part of 
 the county consists of a broad limestone valley, watered 
 with copious and unfailing mountain springs, and having a 
 soil of unsurpassed fertility. In 1850 this county jieided 
 I(o7,062 bushels of wheat, the greatest quantity produced 
 708 
 
 by any county of the state, except Lancaster. Limestone^ 
 marble, and slate are abundant ; the mines of iron ore ar« 
 rich and extensively worked. The county is intersected by 
 the railroad extending from Carlisle to Ilagerstowu. and by 
 a turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. Organized iu 
 17S4. Capital, Chambersburg. I'op. 42,126. 
 
 FR.A.XKLIX, a county in the S. part of Virginia, has an 
 area of S64 square miles. The Staunton River forms its 
 X.E. boundary, and the Blue Kidge extends along its X.W. 
 border. The surface is hilly or rolling; the soil has a sub- 
 stratum of clay, and is very prc.ductive. Iron ore is found 
 in .several part* of the county. Formed in 1784. Capital, 
 Rocky Mount. Pop. 20,098, of whom 13,747 were free, and 
 6351 slaves. 
 
 FRAXKLIX, a county in the X.X.E. part of Xorth Caro- 
 lina, has an area estimated at 450 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Tar River. The surface presents no great in- 
 equalities. The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad passes along 
 or near its border. Capital. Lewisburg. Formed in 1779. 
 Pop. 14.107, of whom 7031 were free, and 7076 slaves. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a county in the N.E. part of Georgi.i, bor- 
 dering on South Carolina, contains about 450 square miles. 
 The Tugaloo River, a branch of the Savannah, forms the N.E. 
 boundary for more than 40 miles. The county is intersected 
 by the m.'iiu branches of Broad River, called the Xorth Fork 
 and Hudson's Fork. The surface is uneven; the soil is 
 mostly fertile, especially near the river. Iron ore is abun- 
 dant, and a little gold has been found. The streams furnish 
 extensive motive-power. The count)- is copiously supplied 
 with springs of good water. Capital, Carnesville. Pop. 
 7393. of whom 6080 were free, and 1313 slaves. 
 
 FKAXKLIN. a county of Florida, bordering on the Gulf 
 of Mexico, h.is an area of about 500 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the .\ppalachicola River, navigable by steam- 
 boiits. The surface is low. the soil sandy, and mostly un- 
 cultivated. Capital, Appiilachlcola. Pop. 1904, of whom 
 1384 were free. 
 
 FKAXKLIN. a county in the N.W. part of Alabiim.n, bor- 
 dering on Mississippi, h.is an area of 12t30 square miles. It 
 is intei-sected by Bear and Cedar Creeks, and the Tennessee 
 River forms its entire X. boundarj-. The surface is hilly; 
 the soil is generally fertile, and extensively cultivated. 
 Steamboats navigate the Tennessee River along the X. bor- 
 der. The railroad which extends from the head to the foot 
 of the Muscle Shoals in that river has its western terminus 
 in this county, and the route of the Memphis and Charles- 
 ton Railroad passes through it. Pop. 18,627, of whom 10,132 
 were free, and 8495 slaves. 
 
 FKAXKLIN. a county in the S.W. part of Mi.ssissippi, 
 has an area of about 730 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Ilomochitto River. The surface is uneven : the soil is 
 said to be rather poor, excepting the river bottoms. The 
 pine is abundant in the county. Capitiil, Meadville. Pop. 
 8265. of whom 3513 were free. 
 
 FRAXKLIN, a parish, in the N.E. p!«rt of Louisiana, ron- 
 tiiins 740 square miles. It is watered by Bceuf and Macon 
 Bayous. The surface is uneven ; the soil and climate are 
 adapted to cotton and Indian corn. The streams furnish 
 .ibundant water-power, which is only employed in a few saw 
 mills. The bayou Boeuf is navigable bj- steamboats. Capi- 
 tal, Winnsborough. Pop. 6162. of whom 2760 were free, and 
 3402 slaves. 
 
 FRAXKLIX, a county of .Arkansas, situated towards the 
 X'.W'. part of the state, contains 770 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the .\rkansas River, which divides it into two 
 nearly equal parts. The surface is hilly ; the soil of the 
 lowliinds is mostly fertile. Capital, Ozark. Pop. 7298, of 
 whom 6330 were free. 
 
 FR.\XKLIN, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, border- 
 ing on .Maliama. Area estimated at 7S0 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head streams of Elk Kiver. an affluent of the 
 Tennessee River. The surface is mountainous, particul.arly 
 in the S.E. part, which is occupied by a branch of the Cum- 
 berland Mountains. The soil is mostly fertile. Water- 
 power is very abundant on Elk River and its branches. 
 The Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad passes thmugh a 
 mountiiin by a tunnel 2200 feet long: and the Winchester 
 and Alabama Railroad h.as its N. terminus in this cnunty. 
 Capital, Winchester. Pop. 13,848, of whom 10,297 were free, 
 and 3551 slaves. 
 
 FRAXKLIX, a countyin the N.central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated .it 2IjO square miles. The Kentucky 
 River flows throuiih the middle, and Elkhorn River flows 
 through the E. part into the former stream. The surface is 
 finely diversified, undulating, and hilly. Tht- Iveiitucky 
 River in this county flows through a chasm between stivp 
 cliffs of limestone several hundred feet high. The soil is 
 very prwluctive, and much improved. The i-ock which un- 
 derlies the county is the blue or Trenton limestone. Quar- 
 ries of marble are also worked near the Kentucky River. 
 The river is navlg.iblc by steambo.its in this coxmty, which 
 is intersected by the Louisville and I.exington Railroad. 
 Organizeil in 1794. Frankfnrt is the county seat and capital 
 of the state. Pop. 12,694, of whom 9310 were free, ard 3384 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 FKANKLIN, a county of Ohio, situated a little S. of the 
 centre of the state, contains 5oO square miles. ]t is drained 
 by the Sciuto and Olentangy Kivers, and by Walnut and 
 Alum Creeks. The surface is level ; the soil is fertile, and 
 much of it is well cultivated. Four important railways 
 radiate from Columbus towards the chief towns of the 
 state, and several plank-roads have been laid in the county. 
 Franklin is the fourth county of the state in respect to po- 
 pulation, and is rapidly improving. Capital, Columbus. Pop. 
 50.361. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, border- 
 ing on Ohio, contjiins about 380 square miles. It is drained 
 by the forks of Whitewater Kiver, which Unite near the 
 centre of the county. The surface is level in some parts 
 find hilly in others; the soil contains a large proportion of 
 lime, and is mostly fertile. The county is amply supplied 
 with water-power, and has manufactories of cotton, paper, 
 «nd flour. It is traversed by the Whitewater Canal. Ex- 
 tensive beds of blue or Trenton limestone are found. Or- 
 ganized in 1810. Capital, Brookville. Pop. 19.540. 
 
 FKAMvLIN, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Mud- 
 dy Kiver, and also drained by Saline Creek. It is heavily 
 timbered ; the soil is mostly fertile. Capital, Benton. Pop. 
 9393. 
 
 FRANKLIX, a county in the E. part of Mis.souri, has an 
 area of 874 square miles. It is bounded on the N.^)y Jli.s- 
 Bouri River, intersected by the Maramec and Riviere au 
 Bfleuf. and also drained by Bourbeuse, Berger, St. John's, 
 and Indian Creeks. The surface is undulating and hilly ; 
 the soil is mostly fertile, especially on the bluffs of the Mis- 
 souri and along the other streams. Large quantities of cop- 
 per, lead, and iron are found on the banks of Maramec 
 Kiver and Bourbeuse Creek. Two iron furnaces are kept 
 in constant operation. Mines of copper and lead have been 
 opened in numerous places, and yield good profits. It is 
 plentifully supplied with water-power. The Maramec 
 Kiver has been navigated by small steamboats in the 
 county, and with little improvement it would be navigable 
 to the Virginia mines. The county is intersected by the 
 Pacific Railway and by tlie southwest liranch of the same. 
 Cajiit.il, ITnion. Pop. 18,085 of whom 16,484 were free. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a new county towards the N. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of about 600 square mile.s. It is drained by the 
 Iowa Kiver, and by Otter and Pipe Creeks, tributaries of 
 Red Cedar Kiver. This county is not included in the census 
 of 1850. Pop. in 1860, 1309. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post^village and township of Hancock co., 
 Maine, at the head of Frenchman's Bay, 30 miles S.E. of 
 Bangor. Pop. 1004. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Oxford co., Jfaine. 
 
 FR.4NKLIN, a post-village and township of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the W. side of Merrimack River, on 
 the Northern Railroad, 19 miles N.N.W. of Concord. The 
 inhabitants are extensively engaged in manufactures, com- 
 prising denims, batting, wieking, warp-yarn, iSrc. Pop. 16(^)0. 
 
 FltANKLIN, a post-township of Franklin CO., Vermont, 
 55 miles N.N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1781. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of Norfolk co.. 
 Massachusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad, 27 miles 
 S.W. of Boston. Pop. 2172. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of New London 
 CO., Connecticut, on the New London Willimantic and Pal- 
 mer Railroad, 20 miles N. by W. of New London, and 30 
 miles E. by S. of Hartford. Pop. 2358. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-vill.age and township of Delaware CO., 
 New York, about 82 miles W.S.W. of Albany. The village 
 contains 3 or 4 churches, an academy, about a dozen stores, 
 and SUO inliabitants. Pop. of the township, 3308. 
 
 FRAN K LIN, a township, Franklin co., New York. P. 1105. 
 
 FRAMCLIN, a township, Bergen CO., New Jersey. P. 2318. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village of Essex co., New Jersey, 11 
 miles N.W. of Newark. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Gloucester co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 177?. 
 
 FR.\NKLIN, a township of Somerset co.,New Jersey,con- 
 tains a part of New Brunswick. Pop. 3599. 
 
 FR.\NKLIN, a thriving village of Sussex co., New.Tersey, 
 11 miles E.N.E. of Newton. It contiiins a Baptist church, 2 
 3ron fcrges, 1 blast furnace, and several mills. 
 
 FRAN K LI \, a township, Warren co.. New Jersey. P. 1902. 
 
 FRANKMN, township, Adams co., Pennsylvania. P.2115. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1391. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 2674. 
 
 FRANKLTN,a township,Beaverco., Pennsylvania. P.696. 
 
 FRANKLIN,atown6hip,Bradfordco.,Pennsylvania.P.998. 
 
 FRAN K LIN, a township, Butler CO., Pennsylvania. P. 1132. 
 
 Fli AN IvLIN, a township, Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 979. 
 
 FRANKLIN, township, Fayetteco., Pennsylvania. P.1418. 
 VRANKLIN, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania, 
 c <i tains Waynesburg, the county-seat. Pop. 1376. 
 
 ifRANKLIN, a township of Huntingdon co. Pennsylya- 
 bid. Pop. 1551. 
 
 FRANKLIN, township, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 759. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township, Montour co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylva 
 nia. I'op. 805. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a thriving post-borough, capital of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, just above its entrance 
 into the Alleglumy River, 212 miles W.N.W. of Harrlsburg 
 and 68 miles N. of Pittsburg. It is the S. terminus of a rail 
 road which connects at Meadville with the Atlantic and 
 Great Western R.R. Its growth has received a great im- 
 pulse from the trade in rock oil. Small steamboats ply be- 
 tween this town and Pittsburg. Franklin contains a court- 
 house, 5 churches, 2 academies, 2 banks, 2 newspaper of- 
 fices, 10 hotels, and 4 oil refineries. It was laid out in 1795. 
 Pop. in 1850, 936; in 1860, 1303; in 1865, about 5000. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of M'estmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1760. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township, York co., Pennsylvania. P. 1017. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of Baltimore co., Maryland, on the 
 South Branch of Patapsco River, 34 miles N. of Annapolis. 
 
 FKANKLIN,a post-village, capital of Pendleton Co., West 
 Virginia, on the South Branch of the Potoniiic, about ICO 
 miles S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village of Southampton co., Virginia, 
 on the Blackwater River, and on the Portsmouth and Roar 
 noke Railroad, 88 miles S.S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Macon co.. North 
 Carolina, on the Tennessee River, where it is crossed by the 
 Western Turnpike. 325 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. It is situ- 
 ated in a mountainous region. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Heard co., Georgia, 
 on the left bank of the Chattahoochee River, 145 miles W. 
 of Milledgeville. Water-power is abundant in the vicinity. 
 Franklin has a good court-house, and a new bridge across 
 the river. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village of Henry co., Alabama, on th3 
 Chattahoochee River, about 100 miles S.E. of Montgomery. 
 It contains 5 stores. Pop. about 250. 
 
 FRANKEIN, a village in Macon co., Alabama, on the 
 Montgomery and AVest Point Railroad, 45 miles E.N.E. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village ol Holmes co., Mississippi, 00 
 miles N. of .Tackson. 
 
 FR.\NKLIN.a thriving post-town and portof entry, capi- 
 tal of St. Mary's parish, Louisiana, on the right bank of the 
 river Techg, 65 miles by water fioiji the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 125 miles S.S.W. of Baton Rouge. It is hituated in a rich 
 planting district, and has an active trade. Cotton, sugar, 
 and maize ar» exported by the river, which is navigated by 
 large steamers. The shipping of the port, (Teche District,) 
 June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 2158 tons, en- 
 rolled and licensed, of which 1219 tons were employed iu 
 steamboat navigation. Pop. about 1400. 
 
 FRAN KLIN, a post-village, capitiil of Robertson co., Texas, 
 about 90 miles N.E. of Austin. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-township in Chicot co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 501. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-office of Fulton co., Arkansas. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township in Izard co., Arkansas. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township in Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township in Union co., Arkansas. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Williamson CO., 
 Tennessee, on the llariieth River, 18 miles S. of Nashville, 
 and on the Nashville and Decatur R.R. Franklin contains 
 a bank, a cotton factory,. an iron foundry, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Here was fought a severe but indecisive battle 
 between Gen. Hood and Gen. Schofield, Nov. 30, 1864. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Simpson co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Drake's Creek, 150 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It 
 contains 2 churches, and about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 2261. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1172. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 3240. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 991. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1034. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 983. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1686. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 1016. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village and township of Harrison co., Ohio., 
 14 miles N.W. of Cadiz, the county-seat. Pop. of the village, 
 about 200 ; of the township, 1216. 
 
 FRAN KLIN, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1434. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Licking Co., Ohio. Pop. 980. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 654. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 156L 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-township iu the E.part of Morrow co. 
 Ohio. Pop. 1256. 
 
 FRAN K LIN, a township of Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 1557 
 
 FRAN KLIN, a township ofRichland CO., Ohio. Pop. 1128 
 
 FRANI\.LIN, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 883. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 828. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village and township near the N.W. 
 extremity of Warren co., Ohio, on the Miami Canal, and on 
 
 709 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 •he left bank of Miami River, 33 miles in a direct line N. by 
 E. of Clncirnati. I\ Is one of the largest villages in the 
 county, and has 4 chnrc' :es, 1 national bank, and a high- 
 Bchool. The railroa i betw een Cincinnati and Dayton passes 
 quite near this place. Pop. of the village, about 1200 ; of 
 the township. 2967. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Wavne co., Ohio. Pop. 1368. 
 
 FUAXKLIN, a township of Lenawee co^ Michigan, 
 pop. 1457. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a thriving post-village of Oakland co., Michi- 
 gan, 21 miles N.W. of Detroit, is pleasantly situated near the 
 sources of Rouge River. It has a good water-power, and 
 contains several mills and stores. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township in De Kalb co., Indiana. P. 1208. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a towrship of Floyd co., Indiana. Pop. 769. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Hendricks co^ Indiana. 
 Pop. 1152. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 1430. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a flourishing post-village and township, ca- 
 pital of Johnson co., Indiana, on Young's Creek, and on the 
 Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 20 miles S.S.E. of In- 
 dianapolis, and 66 miles N.AV. of JIadi.son. It is the prin- 
 cipal station on this railroad between the two cities above 
 named. The railroad was opened from Madison to this 
 point in,lS46. since which time the population of Franklin 
 has been tripled, and its business has increased in a much 
 higher ratio. Franklin is the E. terminus of a railroad 
 leading to Martinsville, and of a plank-road al)0ut 20 miles 
 in length, which extends to a branch of AVhite River at 
 Moorsville. Franklin College, at this place, is a flourishing 
 Institution, under the direction of the Baptists. The village 
 contains a large county seminarv. and about 5 churches. 
 Pop. of the village in 1S60, about 20"00 ; of the townshii), 2367. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 951. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of JIarion co., Indiana. P. 2000. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 15S2. 
 
 F 1! A N KLTN, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 1327. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Putnam CO., Indiana. P. 1259. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Ripley CO., Indiana. Pop. 2115. 
 
 FR.\NKLIN, a township of Washington co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1431. 
 
 FIIANKLIN, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. P. 1283. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village and township of De Kalb co., Illi- 
 nois. Pop. 936. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of De Witt co., Illinois, on Salt 
 Creek, 40 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Kendall co., Illinois. 
 
 FltANKLIX, a post-village and township of Morgan Co., 
 Illinois, 12 miles S.E. of Jacksonville. Pop. 1440. 
 
 FR.^N'KLIN, a post-village of Howard co., Missouri. 
 
 Fit AN KLIN, a ix)st-village and township of Lee co., Iowa, 
 24 miles N. by W. of Keokuk City. Tofcil pop. 1690. 
 
 FR.\NKLIN', a post-office of Decatur co., Iowa, about 60 
 miles S. of Des Moiues. 
 
 FHAXKLIN, a post-village and township at the S.W. ex- 
 tremitj' of Milwaukie co., Wisconsin, 12 miles S.W. of Mil- 
 waukie. The village has 2 stores and 2 hotels. Pop. of the 
 township, 1773. 
 
 FRANKLIN BAY, on the N. coast of North America, be- 
 tween Port Fitton and Cape Parry, and intersected by the 
 meridian of 125° W. 
 
 FRANKLIN CENTRE, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 FRANKLIN CITY, a post-village in Norfolk co., Mas.«Ui- 
 chusetts. 30 miles S.W. of BostonV 
 
 FRANKLIN COLLEGE, a post-village of Djivid.son co.. 
 Tennessee, a short distance from Nashville. It is the seat 
 of Franklin College which was founded in 184.5, and in 1852 
 had 80 students and a library of 2500 volumes. 
 
 FRANKLIN COLLKGE, Georgia. See .\thes-s. 
 
 FRANKLIN WLLKGE; Ohio. See New Athens. 
 
 FRANKLIN COLLEGE, Louisiana. See Opelousas. 
 
 FRANKLIN COHNEItS. a no.st-oflice of Erie co., Penn. 
 
 FR.\NKLIN CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Darke county, and 
 £Mls into the Miami River in Butler county. 
 
 FRANK'LINDALE\ a thriving post-village of Fishkill 
 township, Dutchess co.. New York, on Wappinger's Creek, 
 about 65 miles N. of New York. A fall in the creek here 
 affords an exten.sive water-power, employed for numerous 
 mills. The village contains churches of 4 or 5 denomina- 
 tions, and exten.sive cotton factories, print-works, Ac. which 
 furnish the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The name 
 Of the post-office is Wappinger's Falls. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 FRANKLINDALE, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 T »nia. 
 
 FRANKLIN DEPOT, a postofflce of Southampton co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 FKANKLIN FALLS, a po.st-village of Franklin co.. New 
 lork.on the Saranac River, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Malone. 
 A fall In the river here affords good water-power, which is 
 employed in manufacturing lumber. In 1852 a ct>nflagra- 
 tton destroyed the entire village, with the exception of two 
 small hou.ses, but it has since been mostly rebuilt. A plank- 
 road, with but 4 miles of interruption, connects it with 
 
 Keeseville. The inhabitants are principally employed in the 
 lumber bu.siness. 
 
 FRANKLIN FURNACE, a post-village in Hardiston 
 town.sbip, Sussex CO.. New Jersej-. is situated on the Wal- 
 kill River, about 11 miles in a straight line N.E. of Newton. 
 It has a large blast furnace for making pig-iron, and a cu- 
 pola furnace for m.iking stoves and plough castings. 
 
 FRANKLIN FURNACE, a post-village of Sdoto co., Ohio, 
 ne.ir the Ohio River, 12 miles E.S.E. of Portsmouth. 
 
 FRANKLIN GROVE, a post-office of Lee co.. Illinois. 
 
 FRANKLIN ISLAND, in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 76^ 
 8' S., Ion. 16S° 12' E. It is 12 miles long, and composed en- 
 tirely of igneous rocks. Discovered by Sir James Ross, 
 
 FliANKLIN ISLAND, on the eastern side of the entrance 
 to St. George's River, Maine. At the N. end is a fixed light, 
 50 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 51' N., Ion. 69= 
 10' W. 
 
 FRANKLIN ISLAND, in the South Pacific, off the S. 
 coast of .\ustralia. lat. 3-2° 32' S., Ion. 133° 35' E. 
 
 FKANKLIN MILLS, a thriving post-village of Franklin 
 township. Portage co., Ohio, on the Cuyahoga lUver, and on 
 the Mahoning Canal, 6 miles W. of Ravenna, the county 
 seat, and 134 miles N.E. of Columbus. The river has a fall 
 of 40 feet at this place, affording abundant water-power, 
 which is partly improved. The village is the seat of flourish- 
 ing manulactories of wool, glass, and flour. It coutaius 4 
 or 5 churches. 1 bank, and about 1400 inhabitants. 
 
 FRANKLIN SPRINGS, a post-office of Franklin co, 
 Georgia. 
 
 FRANKLIN SQU.A.RE, a post-village of Salem township, 
 Columbiana co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road, 155 miles N.E. of Columbus. It contains 2 or 3 stores, 
 several mills, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 FRANK'LINTON. a village of Schoharie co^ New York, 
 about 30 miles W.S.W. of .Mbany. 
 
 FRANKLINTON, a post-village of Franklin co.. North 
 Carolina, on the railroad from Gaston to Raleigh. 27 miles 
 N.E. of the latter. It has grown up since the construction 
 of the railroad. 
 
 FRANKLINTON, a post-village, cipital of Wa.shington 
 parish, Louisiana, on Bogue Chitto, 68 miies N. of New Or- 
 leans. 
 
 FRANKLINTON, a village of Henry co, Kentucky, 8 
 miles K. of Newcastle. 
 
 FRANKLINTON, a village of Fr.anklin co., Ohio, on th« 
 W. side of Scioto River, opposite Columbus, was the first 
 seat of justice. 
 
 FRANK'LINTOWN, a post-village of I'ork co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 18 miles S.AV. of Harrisburg, has about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 FRANK'LINVILLE, a post-village and township of Catta- 
 raugus CO., New York, 13 miles E. of Ellicottville. and about 
 45 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. The village is situated in the 
 valley of Ischua Creek, and contains about 800 inhabitants. 
 Pop. of the township 1819. 
 
 FRAN KLIN VILLE, a village of Es.sex co_ New Jersej-, 
 !»bout 10 miles N.W. of New York, contains a chui-ch, and 
 perhaps 25 dwellings. 
 
 FRANKLINVILLE, formerly LITTLE EASE, a small 
 village of Gloucester CO., New Jersey, 16 miles S.SJ-2. of 
 Woodbury. 
 
 FRANKLINVILLE, a post-office of Montour co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FR.VNKLINVILLE. a pos^office of Carroll co.. Maryland. 
 
 FRANKLINVILLE, a thriving post-village of R.indulph 
 CO., North Carolina, on Deep River, 70 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 It h.is a fine water-power, and a cotton factory. 
 
 FR.\NKLINA"1LLE, a small vill.age of Boone co., Illinois. 
 
 FRANKLINVILLE, a small vUlage of McIIeury co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Ki.shwaukee prairie. 
 
 I'R.\N K PIERCE, (peerce,) a post-office of Johnson cclowa. 
 
 FRANKREICII. FKANKRYK or FRANKR1JK,FRANK- 
 RIGE. and FRANKRIKE. See Fraxcb. 
 
 FR.\NKS ISLAND LIGHT/HOUSE, on Frank's Island, 
 at the entrance of the Mississippi River, by the N.E. Pass. 
 It shows a fixtKi light 78 feet above the level of the gul£ 
 Lat. 29° S' 30" N.. Ion. S9° 1' 24" W. 
 
 FRANKSTADT, frduk'stitt, a town of Moravia, So milei 
 E.N.E. of Prerau. Pop. .".200. 
 
 FRANKSTADT or FRENSTADT, frju'stdtt, a town of 
 Moravia, circle, and 22miles N.N.W. of Olniutz. P. 1680. 
 
 FRANKSrroWN, a post-village and township of Blair co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Frankstowu branch of Juniata Rivei, 
 and on the Pennsylvania Canal, 3 miles E. of Uollidays- 
 burg. Pop. 13l3. 
 
 FRANKS'VILLE, a post-office of Claiborne parish, Loui 
 sianii. 
 
 FRANKTON, a parish of England, co of Warwick. 
 
 FRANKTOW.V.a post-office, Nortliampton co., Virginia. 
 
 F1{jVNKT0\VN, a post-village of Canada West, co. ot 
 Lanark, 9 miles S. of Carleton Place, and 15 miles from Perth. 
 Pop. about 100. 
 
 FRANK VILLE. a post-office of Alleghany cf ., Maryland. 
 
 FRANS/HAM. GREAT, a parish of Eujdand. lo. of Norfolk 
 
 FRA>;SHAM, UTTLii a pai ish of Eus^ntJ, Kx of iir>rfoik. 
 
FKA 
 
 FEE 
 
 FRANSO'NIA, a post-office, of Richland co., Illinois. 
 
 FRANT or FANT, a parish of England, cos. of Kent and 
 Sussex, 3 miles S. of Tunbridge- Wells. Here are the ruins 
 of Beigham Abbey. 
 
 FRANZBURG, fr^ntsTjCCRG, a town of Prussia, govern- 
 ment, and 14 miles S.W. of Stralsund, on a lake at the 
 source of the Little Trelel. Pop. lU-l. 
 
 FRANZEXSBRUXNEN, frants'fns-brMn'nen, FRANZ- 
 ENSBKUXX, fri,nts'gns-brd<5nn\ ("Francis' Spring,") or 
 FRAXZKNSBAD, fdnts'gns-biltN ("Francis' Bath,'') a vil- 
 lage of Bohemia, 17 miles W.S.W. of Klbogen, with culo- 
 l)rat«!d bath establifhments, from which 200,000 jars of 
 mineral water are exported innually. Named in honor of 
 one of the German empercrs. 
 
 FRANZKXTIIAL, frints'gn-tir, a village of Bohemia, 
 circle of lieitmeritz, on the Pulsnitz. Pop. 1484. 
 
 FRAXZOSE and FRANZOSIVH. See Fl!A^•CE. 
 
 FRASCAKOLO, frils-ka-ro/lo, (L. i^r)scaj7o;«»i.)a village of 
 Piedmont, 30 miles N. of Novara. on the Po. Pop. 1673. 
 
 FRASCATI, frls-kff tee, (anc. Tus'culum.) a town of Cen- 
 tral Italy, in the Pontifiail States, 12 miles S.E. of Rome. 
 Pop. 4975. It is beautifully situated on one of the lower 
 Alban hills, and comprises a modern cathedral, with monu- 
 ments to Cardinal York and his brother Prince Charles 
 Edward, the pretender, who died here on the 31st of Janu- 
 ary, 17SS, an old cathedral, an episcopal palace, formerly a 
 fortress, various convents, churches, and fountains, a public 
 seminary, and the villas Aldobrandini, Bracciano, Mondra- 
 gone, and Ruffinella, the hist of which belonged to Lucien 
 Bonaparte, and has in its precincts a planted hill called 
 "Parnassus." On the crest of the hill, above this domain, 
 are the remains of Tusculum, the birthplace of Cato, and 
 femous as the residence of Cicero, Lucullus, and Mipcenas. 
 It was totiilly destroyed by the Romans in 1191, and now com- 
 prises only the ruins of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and bath.s. 
 
 FR.\SERBURGII, fr.a'zfi'-biirVtih, a seaport town, muni- 
 cipal burgh, and parish of Scotland, CO., and 37 miles X. of 
 Aberdeen. Pop. of town, in 1851, 3093. It has a harbor, con- 
 sidered one of the best on the X.E. coast of Scotland; large 
 herring fisheries, and considerable exports of grain and dried 
 fish. The municipal government is under the control of Lord 
 Saltoun. provost, whose seat, Pilorth House, is in this parish- 
 
 FR.\SXES, frds'uSs. or frin, a town of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut, 11 miles X.E. of Tournay. Pop. 4043. 
 
 FRASSIXETO-D'IVREA, fris-se-nA'to-dee-vrA'd, a villase 
 of the Sardinian States, 15 miles W.S.W. of Ivreii. P. 214.'!. 
 
 FRASSIXETTO or FRASSIXETTO-DI-PO, frds-se-njf to- 
 dee-po, a village of Piedmont, 16 miles N.N.W. of Alessan- 
 dria. Pop. 2087. 
 
 FRASSIXO, frSssee'no. a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 19 miles X.W. of Coni. Pop. 1098. 
 
 FRASSO, frds'.so, a town of Xaples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, 12 miles E.X.E. of Caserta. Pop. 4000. 
 
 FRASTAXZ, frds'tints. a village of Austria. Tyrol, on the 
 111, about 4 miles fi om Feldkirchen. Pop. 1521. 
 
 FRAT. See Euphrates. 
 
 FRA'TIXG, a parish of England, oo. of Essex. 
 
 FRATTA, frdl'tff. a small town of Central Italy, in the 
 State ofUmbria^lSl^ miles N.ofPerugia,on the Tiber. I'.1226. 
 
 FRATTA, LA, ll frdt/td, a village of North Italy, 7 miles 
 W.S.W. of Rovigo, with many handsome country houses. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 FRATTA MAGGIORE. MtHi mid-jo'r.A, a city of Naples, 
 in the district of Casoria, miles N. of Naples. Pop. 8500. 
 Fratta is also the name of a small river of North Italy, tri- 
 butiiry to the Brenta. 
 
 FRATTK, frdfti. a village of It.ily, in Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles X.?. of Qaeta. Pop. 2900. 
 
 FRATTE, a village of Central Italy, in the Marches, 16 
 miles S.K. of Urbino. Pop. 1072. 
 
 FRAUBKUXX, frCwt roon. or FRAUKNBRUNN, frow'en- 
 broon\ (the -'Virgin's Fountain;" L. Fons Bna'tcv Virlfiinis. 
 '•Fountain of the iSlessed Virgin,") a vUlage of Switzerland, 
 10 mUes X.X.E. of Bern. 
 
 FRAUEXBURG. fr6w'en-bO«RG\ a town of Prussia, 42 
 miles S.W. of Konigsberg, on the Frische-IIaff. Pop. 23S0. 
 Here, in the cathedral of Ermeland, is the tomb of Coper- 
 nicus. 
 
 FRAUEXFELD, fr6w'en-fJlt\ a town of Switzerland, in 
 Thurgau, on the Murg, 21 miles N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 2858, 
 It has cotton mills, dyeins. and print works. 
 
 FRAUEXKIRCHEX, fr6w'en-k66R'Ken, or BOLDOG-AS- 
 ZOXY, bordosh'-3s'soB', a market-town" of Hungary, co. of 
 Wieselburg. 9 miles S.S.R. of Xeusiedl. Pop. 2100. 
 
 FRAUEXMARKT, frCw'en-maRkt', a market-town of 
 Hungary, co. of Honth, 66 miles N.N.W. of Pesth. P. 2.358. 
 
 FKAUEXSTETN, frOw'en-strne\ a town of Saxony. 20 
 miles S.S.W. of Dresden, with 1107 inhabitants, a castle, a 
 »ilver mine, dve works, and linen manufactures. 
 
 FRAUSTADT, frSw'stdtt, a frontier town, of Pru.ssian- 
 Poland, 48 miles S.S.A\ . uf Posen. Pop. 5310. It has a Lu- 
 theran and 3 F.oman Catholic churches, a college, barracks, 
 an orphan asylum, manufactures of woollen and linen, &c. 
 
 FRAYLES, LOS, loee irVMs, several small islands, groups 
 in the Caribbean Sea, off the a. cost coast of Hay ti. 
 
 FRA'ZER, a po.st-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FRAZER (fra'zer) RIVER, in British North inu-rica. W. 
 of the basin of the Columbia, enters the Guif of Georgia, 
 opposite Vancouver Island, in lat. 45° N. Forts George, 
 Alexandria, and Langley, are on its banks. 
 
 FRA'ZKRSBURG, a post-villxige of Muskingum co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio Canal. 61 miles E.X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 FR A'ZI ER'S BOTTOM, a post-ofiice of Putnam eo., Virginia. 
 
 FREAS'BURO, a village of Saieni co.. New Jersey, 12 milts 
 S.E. of Salem. 
 
 FREASE'S STORE, a po.st-office of Stark co., Ohio. 
 
 FKECHEN, fr^K'eh, a village of Rhenish Pru.ssia, 22 miles 
 S.S.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2(340. It has manufactures of 
 earthenware. 
 
 FRECHEXFELD, frJK'en-filt', a village of Bavaria, in 
 the Palatinate, S. of L.andau. Pop. 1420. 
 
 FRECIIILLA, fnA-cheel/yi, a town of Spain, in Leon, 21 
 miles W.X.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1706. 
 
 FRECK'EXI1A:M, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FRECKEXIIORST. frek'kgn-hoEst\ a town of I'russia. pro- 
 vince of Westphalia. 15 miles E.S.E. of Munster. I'op. 1510. 
 
 FRECKLETOX, frjk'jl-ton, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 FREDEBURG,fri'deh-b5oRa\atown of Prussia, Westpha- 
 lia, 18 miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 739. 
 
 FREDKXSBORG, frA/dens-boRG\ a Danish fort, on the 
 Guinea co,ast, with the village Xingo. 30 miles X.E. of Accra. 
 
 I'REB'ERICA, a thriving post-village of Kent co., Del.v 
 ware, on Jlotherkill Creek, 13 miles S. of Dover. It has 2 
 churches, 2 hotels, and about 10 stores. 
 
 FREDERICA, a small post-village of Glynn co., Georgia, 
 is situated on St. Simon's Sound, about 70 miles S.S.W. of 
 Sjivannah. 
 
 FRliDERICIA, fred'eh-rish'e-i, or FRIDKRICIA, fre-deh- 
 rish'e-2, a seaport-town in Denmark, North Jutland, baili- 
 wick, and ■IS miles S.E. of Weile. on a tongue at the N. en- 
 trance of the Little Belt. It is a regular fortress, with 
 nine bastions, and three ravelins on the laud side, and 
 two bastions towards the sea. It is entered by four gates ; 
 contains 4 churches, a synagogue, an hospital, and a cus- 
 tom-house, at which all ships passing through the Little 
 Belt, pay toll; and has a harbor of the fourtli class, with 12 
 feet of water, some shipping, and considerable manufactures 
 of tobacco, which is grown in the vicinity. Pop. 46(10. 
 
 Fl'iKD'KRICK, a county in the N. part of Maryland, bor- 
 dering on Pennsylvania, has an area of 770 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the S.W. by the Potomac Itiver, which sepa- 
 rates it from Virginia, intersected by Moiiocacy River, and 
 also drained by Catoctin, Pipe, Linganore. and Bennett's 
 Creek.s. The South Mountain, a continuation of the Blue 
 Ridge of Virginia, forms its western boundary, and the sur- 
 face is generally undulating. The soil in different parts is 
 formed of decomposed limestone and slate, and is highly 
 productive. According to the census of 1850. this county pro- 
 duced 23,838 tons of hay, and 723,064 pounds of Imtter. more 
 of each than any other county in the state. The limestone 
 which underlies the surface is of superior quality: a quarry 
 of fine white marble has been opened in the county, which 
 also contains valuable mines of copper, iron, and manganese. 
 The county is intersected by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, and has the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal on its S.W. 
 bortler. Capital, Frederick. Pop. 46,591, of whom 43,348 
 were free, an<l 3243 slaves. 
 
 FREDERICIC. a county in the N.N.E. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of 378 square miles. The Ope<iuan. Sleepy, and 
 Black Creeks, affluents of the Potomac, ri.se within it and 
 flow N.E. The surfiice is beautifully diversified with moun- 
 tain scenery : the principal elev.ation is the North Moun- 
 tain, extending along the W. border. The county occupies 
 part of the Great Valley of Virginia, and is one of the most 
 wealthy and highly cultivated in the state. Blue limestone 
 underlies a large portion of the surface. The streams fur- 
 nish abundant motive-power for mills and factories. A rail- 
 road extends from Harper's Ferry to Winchester, the capit.al 
 of the county. Turnpike ro.>ids radiate in several directions 
 from the latter town. Formed in 1738. Pop. 16,546, of whom 
 14.287 wore free, and 2259 slaves. 
 
 FRKDERICK, a post-township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 15 miles N.N.W^. of Norristown, drained by Per- 
 kiomen Creek. Pop. 1783. 
 
 FREDERICK, a village of Ban-en co., Kentucky, 17 miles 
 N.E. of Glasgow. 
 
 FREDERICK, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 712. 
 
 FREDERICK, a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, about 
 60 miles S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 FRKDKRICK, a township in Schuyler CO., Illinois. P. 553. 
 
 FREDERICK CITY, capital of Frederick CO., Maryland, is 
 situated 2 miles W. of the Monocacy River, 44 miles X.W. 
 of Washington, and 65 miles by railroad W. of B.iltiniore. 
 .4. branch railroad 3 miles long, connects it with the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Riiilroud. It is the second or third city of 
 the state in wealth and commercial importance, and in 
 population. The houses are gener.ally built of brick or 
 stone ; the streets are wide and straight, crossing each other 
 at right angles. The town contains a handsome court-house, 
 
 711 
 
THE 
 
 FRE 
 
 11 chnirhes, (PresTiyterian, Episcopalian, Methodist, Bap- 
 tist, German Lutheran. German Calvinist, and Roman 
 Catliolic.) 3 banks, a. college, an academy, and other semi- 
 naries, 2 newspiiper offices, and 6 large tanneries. It has 
 also manufactories of iron, wool, paper, flour, &c. Pop. in 
 1850. 60-28: in ISBO. Sl-li. 
 
 FRED'ERICK IIEXRY, a bay on the S.E. coast of Tas- 
 mania. (Van Diemen's Land.) 9 miles E. of IIobart-Town. 
 
 FKEDEKICKSBEKG, frJd'eh-iiks-b^RG\ FUEDEIUCKS- 
 BORG, frJd'eriks-l)ORG\ or IIILLEKOD. (Hillerod.) hillf-riidN 
 a village of Denmark, province of Seeland, 21 miles N'.X.W. 
 of Copenhagen, with a paUice, the usual summer residence 
 of the Danish royal family. 
 
 FRED'KRICKS130RG\ a citadel of Sweden, 15 miles E.X.E. 
 of Stockholm, and defendinji the entrance to its harbor. 
 
 FRED'ERICKSBURG, a post-village of Lebanon co., Penn- 
 eylvania. lU niiKs N. of Ltbanon. Pop. 469. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG, the chief town of Spottsylvania co., 
 Virginia, on the right bank of the Rappahannock River, at 
 the head of tide water, 05 miles X. of Richmond. It is 
 pleasantly situated in a fertile valley, and has advantages 
 for commerce and manufactures. The railroad from Wash- 
 ington to Richmond passes through the town, and a canal 
 has been constructed from this place to a point on the river 
 40 miles above. The river affords extensive water-power. 
 Large quantities of fine granite and freestone are found in 
 the vicinity. It contjiins 5 churches, 1 orphan asylum, 2 
 seminaries, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, and 2 banks. Pop. in 
 1840, 3974; in 1S50, 4062; in 1860, 5022. The Union troops 
 having attacked tlio Confederate fortifications near this 
 place, were repulsed Doc. 13, 1802. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG, a post-village, capital of Gillespie 
 CO., Texas. 65 miles in a straight Hue W. by S. of Austin. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG, Kentucky. See Warsaw. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG, a thriving post-village of S.aU, Creek 
 township, Wayne co., Ohio, 9 miles S.E. of Wooster. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG, a post-village of Washington co., 
 Indiana, on the Blue River, about 15 miles S.S.W. of Salem. 
 
 FREDERICKSBUKG, a post-ofHce of Osage co., Missouri. 
 
 FREDE'RICKSBUKG, a vill.age of South Africa, Cape 
 Colony, district of Albany, 28 miles N.E. of B.ithurst. 
 
 FREDERICKSIIALD, fr&d'er-iks-hdldN or FREDERICK- 
 SII.'^.LL, frJd'er-iks-hdlP, a maritime town of Norway, stift 
 of Aggershuus. on a small river, near the X.E. angle of the 
 Skager-rack. 58 miles S.S.E. of Christiania, Pop. 5503. It is 
 femous for its strong fortress, Frederickstein, at the siege 
 of which Charles XII. of Sweden was killed, December 11th, 
 1718. The town is singularly picturesque. The streets are 
 wide and regular, houses mostly of two stories, and built 
 «ince a destructive conflagration in 1759. It has an active 
 trade in timber and iron; manufivctures linens and tobacco. 
 
 FREDERICKSHALL. a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia. 
 
 FREDERICK'S OORD, fred'er-iks oad, a piiuper colony 
 of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 5 miles N.E. of 
 Steenwyk. It was f mnded in 1818 ; and a great number of 
 paupers are profitably employed there by the state in agri- 
 cultural occupations, brick making, spinning, and weaving. 
 
 FREDERICKSSTAD, frfd'fr-ik-stld\ or FREDERICK- 
 STADT, frfd'gr-ik-stitt\ a fortified town of Norway, stift of 
 Aggershuus, at the mouth of the Glommen, 48 miles S.E. of 
 Christiana. Pop. 2673. It has an arsenal, harbor, and a 
 tobacco factorv. 
 
 FREDERICKSSTADT, frfd'er-ik-6t3tt' or FRIEDRICH- 
 STADT. freed'riK-stitt\ a town of Denmark, province, and 23 
 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick, on the Eider, near its mouth in the 
 North Se!i. Pop. 2500. It was founded in 1C21 by the Ar- 
 minians driven from Holland by the decisions of the Synod 
 of Dort It is built in the Dutch style, and has Lutheran, 
 Roman Catholic, and other churches, a synagogue, ship- 
 yards, and woollen manufactures. 
 
 FREDERICKSVARN. FREDERIKSVARK, ic See Frb- 
 
 PERIKSVARX. FREPEKIKSV.\RK, &C. 
 
 FREDERICKSTADT, a town of Russi.i, goTernment of 
 Courland, on the Dwina, 48 miles E. of Mitau. 
 
 FREDERICKSTED, frfd'gr-ik-stM\ a town of the Danish 
 island of .Santa Cruz, in the West Indies, on its AV. coast, 
 with 2400 inhal>itants. a fort, and a roadstead. 
 
 FRED'ERICKSVILLE, post-office, Berks co..Pennsvlvania. 
 
 FREDERICKSVILLE, a thriving post-vUlage of Schuyler 
 CO., Illinois, on the Illinois River, 80 miles below Peoria. It 
 is the principal shipping point for the produce of the county. 
 
 FREIVERICKTOWN, a seaport-town of Nova Scotia, co 
 if Cumberland, at the head of Wallace Bay, on a small es- 
 tuary, about 82 miles N, of Halifax, 
 
 FREDERICKTOWN. a village of Washington co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Beech Fork of Salt River, 8 miles N.W. of 
 Springfield. 
 
 FREDEKICKTOWN, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 
 on the Psndv aud Beaver Canal, 168 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 FREDERICKTOWN, a flourishing and well-built post- 
 village of Knox CO.. Ohio, on Vernon River, and on the rail- 
 road from Sandusky to Newark. aViout 50 miles N.E. of 
 Col imbus. It has a Union school. The river furnishes 
 water-power, which \s employed in saw, flour, aud carding 
 mUls. Pop. in IbaO, 712; in 1800, 7S4. 
 
 '.a 
 
 FREDERICKTOWN. a post-office of Marlon co.. Illinois. 
 
 FREDERICKTOWN. a jmst-village, capital of Madison co.^ 
 Missouri. 158 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. It has a brick 
 court-house. 1 or 2 churches, and several hundred inhabit- 
 ants. Copper and lead .are found iu the vicinity. 
 
 FRED'ERICTON,a city and port of entry of New Brun» 
 wick, capital of the province, and of York co., is situated on 
 the right bank of the River St. John, 60 mUes in a direct 
 line N.N.W. of St, John' ; Lat. 45<^ 65' N., Ion. 45° 32' 30'' W. 
 The streets are regularly laid out. some of them being 1 mile 
 long. and. for the most part, continuously built with wooden 
 houses. The public buildings comprise the Province Hall, 
 where the provincial assembly .and the coui-ts of justice a.s- 
 eemble. the Government House, churches of the Episcopar 
 lians, I'resbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, and Roman Catho- 
 lics. The river, which is here J mile wide, is navigable to 
 this point, 80 miles from the Bay of Fuudy. for sea-going 
 vessels of 120 tons; small ste:imers ascend 65 miles above 
 the town, to W'oodstock, and occasionally a trip is made to 
 the Grand Falls, a distance of about 75 miles from Wood- 
 stock. In 1849 the sum of $40,000 was appropriated by the 
 legislature of New Brunswick to be expended at the i-ale of 
 S8000 per annum in improving the navigation of the St. 
 John's .above Fredericton. The work of removing obstruc- 
 tions was commenced in 1850, and it is thought that by the 
 end of 1S55 the river will be entirely free, and that steamers 
 of light draught will be enabled to ascend without hin- 
 drance from the B;iy of Fundy to the Grand Falls. Frederic- 
 ton was m.ide a port of entry iu 1S4S, since which it has be- 
 come the chief entrepOt of commerce with the interior, 
 receiving large quantities of British merchandise for dis- 
 tribution in the province, while the timber and lumbei 
 from the upper districts are collected here before thej- are 
 floated down for exportation to St. John, with which place 
 there is a regular communication by steamers. It is esti- 
 mated that not less than 50.000 persons were transported 
 by steamers between St. John and Fredericton in 1851, 
 during which year two vessels eutered the port from Bos- 
 ton. Fredericton was formerly called St. Aune. Pop. in 
 1852. 4458. 
 
 FREDERIKSHAMN, fr5d'er-ikshlm\ or HAMINA. hi- 
 mee'u3. a fortified seaport-town of Finland, on an inlet of 
 theGulf of Finland, 63 miles AV.S.W. of Viborg. Pop. 3500. 
 In 1809, the treaty was signed here by which Sweden ceded 
 Fiuland to Russia. In 1821 the towu was almost whoUy 
 destroved by fire. 
 
 FRliDERIKSHAVN, frM'er-iks-hi5wn\ formerly FIAD- 
 STRAND, fldd'strand, the mo.st N. seaport-town of Den- 
 mark, province of Jutland, stift. and 36 miles N.N.E. of 
 Aalborg, on the Cattegat. Lat. 57° 27' 1" N.. Ion. 10° 33' E. 
 Pop. 1400. It has a citadel, light-house, and regular com- 
 munication with Frederiksvaern. 
 
 FHEDERIKSSUND, fr&d'er-iks-soond\ a small town of 
 Denmark, in the island of Seeland, on Roeskilde Fiord, 22 
 miles N.W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 450. 
 
 FREDERIKSVAERN or FREDERICKSVAERN, frdd'fr- 
 iks-vaiRn\ a mtu-itime village and fortress of Norway, stift 
 of Aggershuus, 7 miles S. of Laurvig, on the Skager-rack. 
 It has a harbor and dockvard. 
 
 FREDERIKSVARK (Frederiksvark.) fred'gr-iks-v5Rk\ or 
 FRIEDRICHSAVERK, free'driKs-«kk', a market-town of 
 Denmark, on Ise Fiord, 30 miles N,W. of Copenhagen, with 
 a royal residence, a cannon foundry, gun-powder factory, 
 and copper-works. Pop. 600. 
 
 FRE'DON, a post-office of Su.ssex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 FREDO'XIA, a post-village in Pomfret township, Chau- 
 tauqua CO., New York, alniut 40 miles S.W. of Buffalo. It 
 contains 5 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspa])er offices, an acad- 
 emy, several mills, 2 natnnil jias companies, and springs of 
 carburetted hydrogen gjis, used for the purpose of lighting 
 the houses. Pop. about 2800. 
 
 FREDONIA, a post-village of Chambers co., Alabama, 175 
 miles E. by S. of "Tuscaloosa. 
 
 FREDONIA, a post-oflice of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 FREDONIA, a post-oflice of Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 FREDONI.4^, a post-village of Caldwell co., Kentucky, 12 
 miles W. of Princeton. 
 
 FREDONIA, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Newark. 
 
 FREDONI.\, a sm.all village of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 FKEDONIA, a township of Calhoun co., Michigan. P. 913. 
 
 FREDONIA, a post-village of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 
 FREDONIA, a post-village of Crawford CO., Indiana. 
 
 FKEDONIA, a post-vill.age of Williamson co., Illiuois, on 
 Muddy liiver, about 15 miles N.W. of Marion. 
 
 FREDONI.i, a village of Louisa co., Iowa, at the junction 
 of Iowa and Cedar Rivers. 
 
 FREDONIA, a township in the N.W. part of Ozaukee co, 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 1785. 
 
 FREDONIA, a post-oflice of Ozaukee co., Wisconsin. 
 
 FREE'BOURN, a township of Dunklin co., Missouri. 
 
 FREE BRIDGE, a post-village of Gordon Co.. Georgia, oa 
 the Oostenaula River, 170 miles N.W\of Milledgerille. 
 
 FREE'BUBG. a post-village of Snyder co^ Pennsilvaniv 
 about 50 miles N. of Harrisburjj. 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 FREETOENSBURa, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 FRKE'DOM, a post-village and township of Waldo co., 
 Maine, 28 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 849. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-village and township of Carroll co., 
 New Hampshire, 4.5 miles N.X.K. of Concord. Pop. 917. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Cattaraugus co.. New York, about 320 miles W. by S. of 
 Albany, i'cip. 1424. 
 
 FREEDOM, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 473. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Ohio River, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Rail- 
 ro>\d, 23 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It has a manufactory of 
 steam engines, and a boat-yard Pop. 533. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland. 
 
 FREEDOM, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 4.')0. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-township in the N. part of Portage co., 
 Ohio, 140 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 9S3. 
 
 FREEDOM, a village of Stark co., Ohio, near the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, 136 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 FREEDO.M, a township of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1336. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-village of Owen co., Indiana, on AVhite 
 River, 64 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 FREEDOM, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 713. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-township of 1^ Salle co., Illinois, 210 
 miles N.E. of Springfield. Pop. 1302. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-village and township of Lafayette co., 
 Missouri, 95 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1838. 
 
 FREEDO.M, a post-office of Outagamie co., AVisconsin. 
 
 FREEDOM PLAINS, a post-village of Dutchess co., New 
 York, 79 miles S. of .\lbany. 
 
 FREE'IIOLD, a village of Green co.. New York, on Cats- 
 kill Creek, about 26 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 FREEHOLD, a post-vill;ige and township, capital of Mon- 
 mouth CO., New Jersey. The village is situated on a plain, 
 30 miles E. of Trenton, and contains 6 churches, an acad- 
 emy, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 banks. A branch railro.ad 
 connects the villiigo with tlie Camden and Amboy lUiilroad, 
 The battle of Monmouth Court House was fought here, June 
 28, 1778. Pop. about 2000, of the township, 3811. 
 
 FREEHOLD, a post-township of Warren co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on th'e N. boundary of the state, 15 miles N.W. of War- 
 ren. Pop. 1418. 
 
 FREE'LAND, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 I'REELANI), a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa. 
 
 FREELAND'S, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 FREE'M.\.N, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, 45 
 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 666. 
 
 FREE'MANSBURU, a pretty and thriving post-village of 
 Northampton co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Lehigh River, 10 miles from its mouth. Pop. 649. 
 
 FREE'MAN'S LANDING, a post-office of Hancock co., W. 
 Virginia. 
 
 FREE'MANSVILLE,a post-offlce of Cherokee co.. Georgia. 
 
 FREE'MANTLE, a town of Western Au.stralia, co. of 
 Perth, at the mouth of the Swan River, and about 80 miles 
 S.W. of the town of that name; lat.SJo 5' S., Ion. 115° 40' E. 
 
 FREE'MANTON, a post>vill.-ige of Effingham co., Illinois, 
 on the National Road, 5 miles W. of Ewlngton, is situated 
 on a fertile prairie. Laid out about 1840. 
 
 FREB'0,a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas. 
 
 FKEE'POIIT, a post-village and township of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, on Casco Bay, and on the Kennebec and Port- 
 land Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Portland. The inhabitants 
 »re engaged in agriculture, commerce, the fisheries, and 
 ship-building. Ten sliips, varying from 700 to 1200 tons 
 burden were on the stocks, in course of construction, in 
 April last. (1854.) This branch of business has more than 
 doubled since 1850. About 10 vessels are owned here, and 
 employed in carrying cotton and breadstuffs to foreign 
 countries, and coastwise. A river, flowing through the 
 township, furnishes motive-power for a grist mill, with 
 which is connected several kinds of machinery. There are 
 here manufactories of fire-plates, shoes, &c. The village 
 contains 3 churches, a high school, 4 stores and 300 inhabit- 
 ants. There are 3 other villages in the township, one of 
 which has a population of 200, and the others about 150 
 each. Pop. of the township in 1860, 2792. 
 
 FREEPORT, a post-office of Queen's co., New York. 
 
 FREEPORT, a nourishing post-borough of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Canal, and on the right 
 bank of tlie Alleghany River, 30 miles above Pittsburg, and 
 on the Alleghany A'alley Railroad. It contains several 
 woollen factories and mills. Pop. 1701. 
 
 FREEPORT, a small village of Blair eo., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FREEPORT, a village of Greene co., Penn-sylvania, near 
 the S.W. corner of the state, 5 miles from the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad. 
 
 FREEPORT, a post-ofiice of Wood co., AMrginia. 
 
 FREEPORT, a thriving post-village and township of Har- 
 rison CO., Ohio, 100 miles E. by N. of Columbus. Pop. of the 
 village in 1850, 350; of the township, in 1860. 1070. 
 
 FREEPORT, a post-village of Shelby CO., Indiana, on Blue 
 liver, 9 miles N. by E. of Shelby ville. 
 
 FRJOEPORT, a post-village or city, capital of Stephenson 
 CO., Illinois, on the Pekatonica River, and at the junction 
 of the Central Railroad (main line) with the Chicago and 
 Gal fua R.R., 121 miles AV.N. W. of Chicago. It is bordered on 
 different sides by prairies and groves. It has 11 churches, 2 
 national banks, and 3 newspaper offices. Population, ia 
 1850, 1430; in 1860, 5370. 
 
 FREE/SHADE, a post-offlce of Afiddlesex co., A'irdnia. 
 
 FREE'STONE, a new county in the N.E. central part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 840 square miles. The Trinity 
 River, navigable by steamboats, forms it? N.E. boundary, 
 and it is drained by Richland and Buffalo Creelis. Capital, 
 Fairfield. I'op. 6-^81. 
 
 FREETHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FREE-TOWN, or ST. GEORGE, a town of Upfjer Guinea, 
 in AVestern Africa, capital of the British settlement of Sierra 
 Leone, on its AY. coast. Lat. 8° 27' N., Ion. Vi° 14' AY. Pop. 
 in 1S47, 18,000. It is enclosed landward by an amphitheatre 
 of mountains; is regularly built, mostly of wood, and has 
 various schools, government offices, and barracks, a theatre, 
 and around it many European country houses. 
 
 FREE'TOWN, a posMownship of P.ristol co., Massachu- 
 setts, 40 miles S. of Boston. Pop. 1521. 
 
 FREETOAYN, a township of Cortland co.. New York, H 
 miles S. E. of Cortbmdville. Po]). 981. 
 
 FREETOAVN, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 64 
 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 FREETOAVN CORNERS, a post-village of Cortland co., 
 New York, 135 miles AA'. by S. of Albany. 
 
 FREE UNION, a post-offlce of Albemarle co., A'irginia. 
 
 FREGELL.E. See Cepraxo. 
 
 FREGENAL DE LA SIERRA, M-ufi-nlV di Id se-eR/Rj, 
 a town of Spain, 39 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5975. It 
 has extensive tan-yards and manufactures of linens. 
 
 FREGIONAJA, fra-jo-nd'yd, a village of Italy in Lucca, 6 
 miles AA'. of Lucca. It has an ancient monastery, founded 
 In 1107. 
 
 FREIAMT, frMmt, a town of Baden, circle of Upper 
 Rhine, in the bailiwick of Emmendingen. Pop. 2179. 
 
 FREIBERG or FREYBERG, frl'bfeo, a town of Saxony, 
 capital of its mining district, 20 miles S.W. of Dresden, near 
 the Mulde. Pop. in 1861, 17,488. It is enclosed by ancient 
 fortifications, is well built, paved and lighted, and has a fine 
 cathedral, with some remarkable monuments and works ot 
 art, an orphan asylum, a gymnasium, burgher .school, &c., 
 and outside of the town is the old cathedral of Freudenstcin. 
 It is the seat of the administration of mine.s, and foundries 
 for the kingdom, and of a famous mining a&idemy, founded 
 in 1765, having 13 professors, AVerner's collection of minerals, 
 a library of 18,000 volumes, and attended by from 50 to 70 
 pupils, who work practically in the neighboring mines. In 
 the vicinity are said to be about 130 mines of silver, copper, 
 lead, cobalt, &c., employing 139 officials, 5796 miners, and 
 supporting a population of 11,200 persons ; the principal ig 
 the Himmelsfttrst, one of the most productive silver mines 
 in Europe. Extensive smelting works and foundries are 
 seated at Ilalsbrllcke, 3 miles distant. Freiberg h.a,s also 
 flourishing manufactures of gold and silver lace, woollen 
 cloths and cassimeres, some extensive breweries, and the 
 only shot foundry in the kingdom. It communicates by 
 railway with Breslau and Schweidnitz. 
 
 FREIBURG or FREYBURG, fnlKidRQ. a city of the grand 
 duchy of Baden, Upper Rhine, on the Trcisam, and on the 
 Baden Railway, by which it communicates with Slannheim, 
 Basel, Ac, 76 miles S.S.AV. of Carlsruhe. Pop. (including 
 suburbs) 16,883. Elevation. 920 feet. It is well built, and 
 its cathedral, with a spire 380 feet in height, is one of the 
 noblest Gothic edifices in Germany. The other principal 
 buildings are the grand ducal, and archbishop's palaces. 3 
 hospitjils, custom-house, exchange. &c. Good public walks 
 and vineyards replace the old fortifications ; and in the cen- 
 tre of the fish-market is a public fountain with a statue of 
 the founder of Freiburg, Duke Berchtold III. of Zahringen. 
 The University, founded about 1454. and famous as a school 
 of Roman Catholic theology, has about 220 students. The 
 town has numerous museums, a botanic parden, a gymna- 
 sium, a school of forest economy, Herder's Institute of Arts, 
 various other public schools, and a library of 100.000 volumes. 
 Its chief sources of prosperity are its University and other 
 public establishments; but it has also manufactures of 
 chiccory, chemical products, leather, and potash, with beU 
 foundries, gunpowder and paper mills. Near it is the 
 ruined castle of Zfihringen. 
 
 FREIBURG. frl'bOORG, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, 
 36 miles AV.S.AV. of Breslau, on the railway. Pop. 4000. It 
 has manufactures of linen and tobacco. 
 
 FREIBURG, a village of ILanover, 18 miles N.N.AT. of 
 Stade, with a port on the Elbe. Pop. 913. 
 
 FREIBURG, a canton of Switzerland. See Fketbouho. 
 
 FREIBURG, fri'bfidRO, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Saxony, 13 miles S.W. of Merseburg, in a fertile district on 
 the Unstrut. Pop. 2608. 
 
 FREICHO. See Freixo. 
 
 F1{EIDENSBUR(5. Pennsylv.^nia. See Frikdexrhitrg. 
 
 FREIENOUL, fri'gh-nor, a vUlage of Prussian Westphalia, 
 
 713 
 
PEE 
 
 FRE 
 
 <m the Ruhr. Pop. 970. It is the centre of an extensive 
 waiiiifacture of woollen wares. 
 
 I'RKlEXSJiRX. fri'en-sjRn^, a market-town of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, province of Oberhessen, circle, and 9 miles X.K. of 
 I .un^•,en, on the Seebach. Pop. 1132. 
 
 FRKIHAX, fri'hdn, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 Si tJites N.N.f;. of Breslau. Pop. 1211. 
 
 FHEIIIEIT, fri/hite. a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 
 oa tlie Aupe. at the foot of the Kehhorngebirge, 25 miles 
 K.N.E. of Gitschin. Pop. 609. 
 
 FREINSHEIM, frinsOjime, a market-town of Khenish 
 Bavaria, 22 miles N.E. of Landau. Pop. 2191. 
 
 FkEINWALDE, frln'wdlMeh, or FKEYEXWALDE, frl»- 
 en-*dlMf h. a town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on 
 the AlUMer, 33 miles X.E. of Berlin. Pop. 3670. It has 
 alum-works, and manufactures of sulphate of soda from the 
 neighboring springs of ,\lexandrienbad and Freienwalde. 
 
 FREIXW.\LdE. a town of Prussia province of Pomerani.a, 
 82 miles E. of Stettin. Pop. 1180. It has manufactures 
 o/ cloths. 
 
 FREISIXG, fri'zing, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the 
 Isar, 20 miles X.X.E. of Munich. Pop. in 1845, 5350. It 
 has breweries and tobacco factories. 
 
 FREISTADT or FREYSTADT. fri'stltt, a town of Prus- 
 sian Silesia. 23 miles W.X.W. of Glogau. Pop. 3330. It h;\s 
 manufactures of woollens. 
 
 FREISTADT, a town of Western Prussia, 16 miles S.E. 
 of Marienwerder. Pop. 1876. 
 
 FREISTADT, a town of Upper Bavaria, palatinate, on the 
 Schwarzach. Pop. 798. 
 
 FREIWALDAU, fri'wdrdOw, a town of Austrian Silesia, 
 40 miles "W.X.W. of Troppau, 1300 feet above the .sea. Pop. 
 1422. It has a castle, a paper mill, and a hydropathic esta- 
 blishment. 
 
 FREIXO for FREICIIO) D'ESPADA-ACIXTA, fnVsho dSs- 
 pi'dd-i-seen'ti, a vill.age of Portugal, province of Tras-os- 
 Montes, on the Douro. 45 miles S. of Braga. Pop. 845. 
 
 FREIXO (or FREICHO) DE XUMAO. fr.Vsho di noo- 
 mdwNO, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 40 miles 
 E.N.E, of Viseu. 
 
 FRKJUS, fri'zhiic©', (anc (P/rum Juflium or FrJnim 
 Ju/Iii.) a town of France, department of Var, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Draguignan. It has a cathedral, episcopal palace, and 
 remains of Roman walls. At St. Raphael, a fishing village 
 li miles distant, Xapoleon disembarked on his return from 
 Egvpt, in 1799. and reembarked on his voyage to Elba in 
 1814. Pop. in 1S52, 2665. 
 
 FRELIGHSBURG, free^ligs-bfirg, a post-village of Ca- 
 nada East, CO. of Missisquoi, 28 miles S.E. of St. Johns, and 
 60 miles from Stanstead. It is a port of entry. 
 
 FRELS'BURG, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas, about 
 80 miles E. by S. of Austin. 
 
 FREMIXGTOX, a parish of EngLmd, co. of Devon. 
 
 FRE'MOXT, a county forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 500 square 
 miles. The Missouri River forms its entire boundary on 
 the W., the Xishnabatona River and Keg Creek flow tlirough 
 the county towards the S.W. The surface is diversified: 
 the soil is said to be good. The county contains a laige por- 
 tion of prairie. Named in honor of Colonel J. C. Fremont, 
 chief of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 
 to Oregon and Cnliforniiu Capital, Sidney. Pop. 5074. 
 
 FREMONT, a township of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee. 
 
 FREMONT, formerly LOWER SANDUSKY, a pnstrvillage 
 and township, capitjil of Sandusky co., Ohio, on the left or 
 W. bank of the Sandusky River. 24 miles W.S.W. of San- 
 dusky City, and 105 miles N. bj W.of Columbus. It is at 
 the head of navigation, and has considerable business. The 
 Cleveland and Toledo Railroad passes through the place. 
 and steamboats run frequently from this town to the ports 
 on Lake Erie. It has a bridge across the river, and contains 
 a court-house, 8 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 2 banks, 1 
 iron foundry, 1 woollen factor}-, 2 sash and blind factories 
 and 2 steam flouring-iuills. It is the X. terminus of the 
 Fremont, Lima and Union Railroad. Pop. in 1850, 1725; 
 in 1860, 3510 ; in 1865, sjiid to be 5000. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-vilhige in the S. part of Shiawassee co^ 
 Michigan. 
 
 FRKMOXT, a post-village and township in Stewben co., 
 Indianiv. about 160 mile^ N.N.K. of Indiauai)olis. Pop. 736. 
 
 FRE.MOXT, a township in L;ike co., Illinois. Pop. 1005. 
 
 FRKMOXT, a township in Buchanan co., Missouri. ' 
 
 FREMONT, a post-villiige of Cedar county, Missouri, 
 near Sac River, 110 miles in a direct line W.S.W. of Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 FREMOXT, a thriving post-village of Mahaska co^ Iowa, 
 70 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 FRKMON r, a postrofflce of Steuben co., Iowa. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-<iffiee of Brown co., AVisconsin. 
 
 FRKMONI', a post-village of Waupacca co., Wisconsin, on 
 Wolf River, 11 miles S.W. of Mukwl^ has 2 stores. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-villafje of Yolo co., California, is situ- 
 ated on the Sauramcuto River, iu the £. pai-t of the county, 
 714 
 
 of which it is the capital, about 70 miles N.N.E. of Benicla. 
 Pop. 120. 
 
 FREMOXT CENTRE, a post-office of Sullivan co..New York. 
 
 FREMOXT CEXTRE, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois. 
 
 FREMONT'S BASIN or FREMONT BASIN. See Great 
 B.tsix. 
 
 FJiEXCHMAXund FREXCH. See France. 
 
 FRENCH, a township in Adams co.. Indiana. Pop. 689. 
 
 FRENCH BRO.\D. a post-office of Buncombe co. North 
 Carolina. 265 miles AV. of Raleiah. 
 
 FREXCH BROAD RIVER, of North Carolina and Tennes- 
 see, rises near the ba,<:e of the Blue Ridge, in Henderson 
 county of the former state, and fiows nearly north-westward 
 into Tennessee. After passing the mouth cf the Noli- 
 chucky, it turns towards the S.W., and entei-s Holston 
 River, 4 miles above Knoxville. The whole length is esti- 
 mated at 200 miles. It is navigable by stesimboats to Dand- 
 ridge. The scenery along the Iwnks of this river is very 
 fine, e.specially at the AVarm Springs, in Buncombe county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 FRENCH CAMP, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississipia. 
 
 FRENCH CAMP, California. See Castokio. 
 
 FRENCH CREEK, of Chester co.. Pennsylvani.% enters 
 the Schuylkill at Phoenixville. It affords extensive watei^ 
 power. 
 
 FREXCH CREEK, in the N.W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 called, by the Indians, Venango Creek, is formed by two 
 branches which unite in Erie county. It fiows south-west- 
 ward to Meadville, where it takes a S.K. course, and enters 
 the Alleghany River at Franklin. A'enango county. The 
 whole length is estimated at 150 milas. Petroleum abounds 
 near tliis stream. 
 
 FREXCH CREEK.apo.st-village and township in the S.W. 
 exti-eniity of Chautauqua co.. New York, about 350 mile!> 
 W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 968. 
 
 FRENCH CREEK, a post-village and township in theN.B. 
 extremity of Mercer co., PenusylvanLi.on French Creek, 210 
 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg. Pop. 883. 
 
 FliENCH CREEK, a township of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vanifi. Pop. 1269. 
 
 FREXCH CREEK, a village of A'enaneo co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 FREXCH CKEEIi, a post-office of I^wis co., Virsii'nia. 
 
 FREXCH CREEK, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois. 
 
 FREXCH CREEK CHURCH, a post-office of Bladen co. 
 North Carc>lina. 
 
 FREXCH GROVE, a post^village of Bureau co, IlUnois, 
 60 miles X. of Peoria. 
 
 FREXCH GUIAXA. See Guiana. 
 
 FREXCH ISLAND, an island of Australia Felix, in the 
 harbor of Western Port, about 6 miles long and 5 broad, 
 
 FREXCH ISL.\ND, a post-office of Spenc«r co., Indiana. 
 
 FRENCH LICK, a post-township in Orange co., Indiana, 
 88 miles S. bv W. of Indianapoli.s. Pop. 1234. 
 
 FRENCHMAN'S BAY, on the coiist of Maine. Lat. 44° 
 15' N., Ion. 68° 25' AV. It extends inland nearly 30 miles, 
 with an averiige breadth of ab^ut 20 miles. It contains 
 Mount Desert and many other i.slands: and abounds with 
 indentations forming excellent harlxirs, which are at all 
 times accessible, being never obstructed with ice. 
 
 FREXCHMAX'S CAP, a lofty mountain of Van Diemen's 
 Land, 5000 feet high, 6 miles N .E. of the X.E. corner of Mao- 
 quarie Harbor. Lat. 42° IS' S., Ion. 145° 42' E. 
 
 FRENCH MOUNTAIN, a post-office of AVarren co. New 
 York. 
 
 FRENCH P.^RK. asmall market-town of Ireland, co. of 
 Roscommon, 16^ miles S.AV. of Leitrim. Pop. 515. 
 
 FREXCH RIVER, of British North America, in Canada 
 West, fiows AV. from Lake Jiipissing into Lake Huron, (or 
 Georgian Bay.) which it enters in lat. 45° 53' X, and Ion. 
 81° 5' W.. after a course estimated at 55 mile.s. 
 
 FREXCH RIA"ER. of British Xorth Americ.i, in Canada 
 West, joins the estuary of the .\bbililibe and Moo.se Rivers, 
 at the S.AV. corner of James's Bav, (^Hudson's Bay.) Lat. 51° 
 8' N, Ion. 81° W. 
 
 FREXCHS CORXER. a post-office of Kennebec co.. Maine. 
 
 FRENCH'S MILLS, a postoffice of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 FRENCHTOWN, a post-village of .\lexandria township, 
 in Huntingdon co.. New Jersey, is situated on the Delaware 
 River, 16 miles above Lambertviile. It has 3 churches, 2 
 hotels, 5 stores, 1 grist-mill, and 1 »iiw-mill. The BetviUere 
 Delaware Railroad piisscs through it. Poji. about SCKX 
 
 FKEXCHTOWX.a post-vill.ige of Bradford co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Xorth Branch of the Susquel>anna River, atout 
 134 miles X. of Harrisburg. 
 
 FREXCHTOAVX. a landing-place and railroad station of 
 Cecil CO.. Maryland, on Elk River, 1 mile S. of Elkton. and 
 lU miles E.X.E. of Baltimore. The railroad to Xewcastle and 
 Philadelphia connects here with the Baltimore ste.-.mlioats. 
 
 FRE.NCHTOAVN, a poot-village in Upshur CO., AV.A'irjinia, 
 about 100 miles S. by E. of AVlieeling. 
 
 FRENCHTOAVN, a township of Monroe co, Michigan. 
 Pop. 1777. 
 
 FRENCH TILT-AGE, a post-village of St. Clair co, Illi- 
 nois, 7 or 8 miles E.S.E, of St. Louis, AlissourL 
 
FRE 
 
 FRI 
 
 FREXCTI VTT.r.AOE, a village of St. Francis co., Missouri, 
 60 mile: S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 FRENCH' VILLE, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- 
 Tatiia, on tiie West Branch of the Susquehanna, 14 miles 
 E.N.E. of Clearfield. 
 
 FKENES. a town of France. See Fresxes. 
 
 FRENEUSE, fr?h-nuz', or GRAND LAKE, a lake of New 
 Brunswick, 9 miles E. of Frederlcton, 9 miles long by 2 wide, 
 and in some places 40 fathoms deep. 
 
 FRENS'IIAM, a parish of England, cos. of Hants and 
 Surrey. 
 
 FRENTO. See Fortore. 
 
 FRENZE. frJnz, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FRESH'FORD, a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, co., 
 and 9 miles N.N.W. of Kilkenny. Pop. 2075. It has an an- 
 cient cliurch, formerly part of an abbey. 
 
 FRESIIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 FRESH POND, a post-office of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 FRESirWATER, a parish in the Isle of Wight, IJ miles 
 S.S.W. of Yarmouth. The cliffs of Freshwater Bay are per- 
 forated by remarkable caverns, and surmounted by a light- 
 house. 
 
 FRESNAY, fri'ni', or FR£nAY-LE-VICOMTE, frA'ni/- 
 Ifb-vee^koNt/.atown of France, department of Sarthe, 10 miles 
 W.S.W. of Mamers, on the Sarthe. Pop. in 1852, 3371, em- 
 ployed in manufactures of table and other linens. 
 
 FRESN.iYE, LA \i frd'n.V, a town of France, department 
 of Sarthe, 8 miles N.W. of Mamers. Pop. in 1852, 14.52. 
 
 FRESNEDA or LA FRESNEDA, \i fr^s-ni/Dd, a town of 
 Bpain, in Aragon, 70 miles N.E. by E. of Teruel, and 15 miles 
 S.E. of Alcafiiz. Pop. 1635. 
 
 FRESNES or FRENES, frain, a town of France, departs 
 ment of Orne, 12 miles N. of Domfront. Pop. in 1852, 2108. 
 
 FRESNES, a town of France, department of Nord, S. of 
 the Scheldt, 65 miles N. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1862,4913. 
 
 FRESNES SUR APANCE, frain sUr a'pftxss/, a town of 
 France, department of Ilaute-Marne, 23 miles E.N.E. of 
 Langrts. Pop. 1252. 
 
 FRESNILLO, fr?.«-neel'yo, a decayed mining town of the 
 Me.xican Confederation. 25 miles N.W. of Zacatecas. P. 8000? 
 
 FRESNO-DE-LA-VEOA, fr4s'no-dA-14-vi/gi, a town of 
 Bpain, 16 miles S. of Leon, near the Elsa. Pop. 2061. 
 
 FRESNO-EL-VIEGO, frJs'no-Jl-ve-A'go, a town of Spain, in 
 Leon, 34 miles S.W. of Valladolid. between the rivulets of 
 Lanzon and Menines. Pop. 1016. 
 
 FRESNOY-LE-GRAND, fi-AHiwA'-leh-grftN", a village of 
 France, department of Aisne, arroudissemunt of St. Quentin. 
 Pop. in 1852. 4001. 
 
 FRESSE, frS.ss, a village of France, department of Ilaute- 
 Sa8ne, 8 miles N.E. of Lure. Pop. 2858. 
 
 FRESSE, a village of France, department of Vosges, 12 
 miles S.K. of Remiremont. near the Moselle. Pop. 1200. 
 
 FRES'SINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 4 
 miles S.S.E. of Harleston. Pop. 1456. Archbishop S;incroft 
 was born and died here. 
 
 FRESTON or FRISn."ON, two parishes of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 FRETAVAL, fr.VtiVAl', a town of France, department of 
 Loir-et-Cher, on the Loire, 9 miles N.E. of Vendome. Near 
 this tlie troops of Philip Augustus were totally defeated by 
 the English in 1194. 
 
 FRETH'ERNE, a p.irish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 FRET'TEMIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FREUCHIE, fru'Kee. a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 2 
 miles E. of Falkland. Pop. 713. 
 
 FREUDIiNBERG, froiMen-bJRo\ a village of Germanv, in 
 Baden, on the Main, 8 miles W.S.W. of Wertheim. P. 1718. 
 
 FRI-illDl-iNBERG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government, 
 and 39 miles S.S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 675. 
 
 FREUDENBERG, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Treves, circle, and B miles S.S.W. of Saarburg. P. 745. 
 
 FREUDENSTADT. froi'den-stdtt\ a town of Southern Ger- 
 many, in Wiirtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Murg, 
 40 miles S.W of Stuttgart. Pop. 4130. It has manufactures 
 of woollen cloth.s. white lead, and Prussian blue. 
 
 FREUDENTHAL. froi'den-tilP, a walled town of Austrian 
 Silesia, circle, and 20 mile's W. of Troppau. Pop. 3608. It 
 has a large palace, a Piarist college, a high school, and ma- 
 nufactures of linen and woollen cloths. 
 
 FREUDENTHAL. a village of WUrtemberg, circle of Nec- 
 kar, 4 miles W.N.W.of Besigheim, with a royal castle. P. 833. 
 
 FRKVENT, freh-v^No', a town of France, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, 21 miles W. of Arras. Pop. 
 in 1852. 3650. It has manufactures of linens and woollens. 
 
 FREWS'VILLE. a post-village of Chautauqua co., New 
 York, about 24 miles E.S.E. of Maysville. 
 
 FREVBEltG, fri'bSRG. (Moravian, l^zilion, pzhee'bon,) a 
 town of Moravia, 42 miles E.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 3600. It 
 V»as a Piarist college and a crymnaxium. 
 
 IfREYIUJKG, a city of Baden. See FREintlRO. 
 
 FREYBURG. fil'bhdRQ, FRIBOUBG, free'booR/, or FREI- 
 BURG IN UECIITLAND, fri'b«jRG in liKt'ldrt, a town 
 of Switzerland, capital of the canton of the same name, 
 on the Sarine, 17 miles S.W. of Bern. Pop. 10.454. It is 
 liii^hly pietuiesque, and enclosed by ancient walls; and 
 
 consists of the upper or French town, and the lower or 
 German town on the brink of the riyor, here crossed 
 by a stone bridge, 2 wooden bridges, .\nd a fine iron 
 suspension bridge, 905 feet in length, 28 in breadth, and 
 174 feet in elevation, completed in 1834. Fribourc haj 
 many quaint old houses, a catliedral with a spim 27o i«i»? lu 
 elevation, a Jesuits' monastery, college, town-hall, diocesan 
 school, museum, hospital, orphan asylum, work-house, pri- 
 son, public baths, several libi-aries. and medical, natural his- 
 tory, and antiquarian societies ; with manufactures of wool- 
 len cloths, straw hats, hardware, porcelain, and leather 
 sugai^refineries, dye-houses, and a considerable aunuai 
 cattle market. 
 
 FREYBURG, FREIBURG, or FRIBOURG, a canton of 
 Switzerland, bounded N. and E. by the canton of Bern. 
 Area, 5C5 square miles. Pop. 105,523, mostly Roman Ca- 
 tholics. It is situated mostly in the basin of the Aar, and 
 partly in that of Thiele and I^ake Neufchatel. Surfivco 
 hilly in the S. and E., where it is traversed by ramifica- 
 tions of the Bernese Alps; culminating points, the Dent de 
 Brenlaire, 7723 feet. Dent de Folligran, 7716 feet, and Monl 
 Moloson, 6683 feet. Principal rivers, the Sarine and the 
 Broie. The greater part of Lake Morat is in this canton. 
 Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people in the N., 
 and cattle-rearing in the S. districts. Corn is grown suffi- 
 cient for home consumption, and dairy husbandry is more 
 advanced than in any other Swiss canton. Timber and 
 peat are important products. The inhabitants are mostly 
 of Gallic descent, and French is the prevalent language in 
 the towns; but German Is spoken in the N.E., and Ro- 
 mansch in the S. Chief towns, Freyburg, Romont, and 
 Bulle. 
 
 FREYCINET (frl'se-ngf) HARBOR, an inlet of Shark Bay, 
 in Western Australia. Lat. 26° 20' S., Ion. 114° E. 
 
 FREYCINET ISLAND, in the Pacific, in Dangerous Ar- 
 chipelago. Lat. 77° 55' S., Ion. 140° 52° Sv. Discovered by 
 Duperry in 1823. 
 
 FREYCINET S PENINSULA, of Van Dieman's Land, on 
 the W. coast, forming, with Schouten's Island, the E. side 
 of Oyster Bay. Lat. 42° 18' S.. Ion. 148° 20' E. 
 
 FREYENWALDE. See Freienwalde. 
 
 FREY-OE, (Frey-oe.) fri'oVh, an island off the W. coast of 
 Norway, stift ofTrondhjem. immediately S.ofChristiansund, 
 
 FREYS/BUSII, a post-village of Montgomery co., New 
 York, about 340 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 FREYSTADT, a town of I'russia. See Freist.^ct. 
 
 FREYSTADT or FREISTADT, fri'stitt, a town of Upper 
 Austria, on the railway between Lintz and Budweis. 18 mileii 
 N.N.E. of Lintz. Pop. 3000. It has 2 castles, a Piarist college, 
 and a high school. 
 
 FREYSTADT, a town of Austrian Silesia, circle, and 11 
 miles N.W. of Teschen. Pop. 900. 
 
 FREYSTADTEL, (Freystadtel,) fi I'stSt'tel. or FREYSZ- 
 TAK, frAsH^k', a market-town of Hungary', 15 miles N.W. 
 of Neutra, on the Waga, opposite Leopoldstadt. Pop. 4660. 
 
 FREYSTROl'E, a p.arish of South Wale.s, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 FREYWALDAU, of Austrian Silesia. See Freiwai.dau. 
 
 FREYWALDAU, fri'wdrdew, a village of Prussian Silesia, 
 49 miles W.N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1020. 
 
 FRI'AR'S POINT, a post-village of Coahoma co., Mississip- 
 pi, 150 miles N.N.W. of Jackson. 
 
 FRIAS, free/Js, a small town of Spain, 35 miles N.N.E. of 
 Burgos, near the Ebro. Pop. 1210. It gives the title of duke 
 to a distinguished family. 
 
 FRIAUL, of Italy. See Friuli. 
 
 FRIBOURG, Switzerland. See Fretburo. 
 
 FRIBUSS, fiee'bodss, FRUBIS, (Frubis.) frli'bis, or FRU- 
 PAS, (Friipas,) frtl'pds, a town of ISohemia, circle of Elbo- 
 gen, in the Erzgebirge, 84 miles N.N.W. of Prague. 
 
 FRICENTO, a town of Naples. See Frigemto. 
 
 FRICK, frik, a village of Switzerland, canton of A.argau, 8 
 miles N. of Aarau. Pop. 1817. The Frickthal. of which it 
 is the capital, is a valley of about 100 square miles in extent, 
 with a population of 20,000, mostly Roman Catholics, and 
 employed in cotton spinning, and trading in cattle, wine, 
 and timber. 
 
 FRICKENHAUSEN, frik'en-hSw'zen, a town of Bavaria, 
 in Lower Franconia, on the Main, S.E. of WUrzburg. P. 1052, 
 
 FRICKLEY, England. See Clayton-with-Fricklet. 
 
 FRICK'S GAP, a pos^village of Walker co., Georgia, 200 
 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 FRI'DAYTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, East 
 Riding. 
 
 FRIEDAU, free/dCw, or FRIDAU. free/deSw, a village and 
 lordship of Lower Austria, 6 miles S.W. of St. Polten. P. 700. 
 
 FRIEDBERG, freed'bSRO orfreefbSRO. a town of Bohemia, 
 27 miles W.S.W. of Budweis, on the Moldau. Pop. 789. 
 
 FRIEDBERG, freed'htao. a town of Styria, 39 miles N.E. 
 of GrUtz. on the Pinzau. Pop. 550. 
 
 FRIEDBERG, a town of Austrian Silesia, 47 miles N.W. 
 of Troppau, at the confluence of the Schlippe and Setzdorf. 
 Pop. 931. 
 
 FRIEDBERG, freed'h^RO. a fortified town of Hes.se-Darm- 
 stadt, on the Frankfort and Cassel Railway. 21 miles N. of 
 Frankfort Pop. 2700 
 
 716 
 
FRI 
 
 FRI 
 
 FKIEDBERQ. a town of Bararia, circle of Upper Bavaria, 
 4 miles E.S.E. of Augsliurg. Pop. 2000. 
 
 FRIEDBERG ot FRIEDEBERG, free'dgh-WRG\ a town of 
 Prussia, province of Brandenburg. 66 miles N.E. of Frank- 
 fort, on the Peza. Pop. 4540. It is surrounded by lakes, 
 enclosed by walls, and has woollen cloth factories and tan- 
 neries. 
 
 FRIEDEBERG, or FRIEDEBERG-AM-QUEISS, free'deli- 
 bjRG^dm kwiss, a town of Prussian Silesia, 46 miles W.S.W. 
 of Liejrnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 2140. 
 
 FRIEDEBERG, (VBER, a town of Silesia, 19 miles S. of 
 Liejrnitz. Here, in 1745, the Austriaus were defeated by 
 Frederick II. 
 
 FRIEDEBURG, fi-ee'deh-b«5RQ\ a village of Hanover, in 
 East Friesland, 16 milesE.S.E. of Aurieh. 
 
 FRIED ECK, free'dJk, a town of Austrian Silesia, 14 miles 
 W.S.W. of Teschen, on the Ostrawitza. Pop. 3700. It has 
 ft large castle, a pilgrimage church, mineral baths, and ma- 
 nufectures of linen cloths. 
 
 FRIEDENSBURG, free'denzbQrg, a village of Schuylkill 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, 10 miles S.S.W. of Pottsville. 
 
 FRIEDEXSVILLE, free'denz-vill, a post-office of Lehigh 
 CO., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 FRIEDERSDORF.free'ders-doRf\orFRIEDERSDORF-AM- 
 QUEISS, (Jm kwlss.) a frontier village of Prussian Silesia, 
 20 miles S.E. of Gorlitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1206. 
 
 FRIEDERSDORF-AN-DER-LANDSKROXE, freefders- 
 doKr-Sn-d^R-Mnts'kro-neh, a vill^e of Prussia, province of 
 Silesia, W. of Liegnitz. ' Pop. 977. 
 
 FRIEDEWALD, free'deh-wjlf, a market-town of Hesse- 
 Cassel, province, and 24 miles N.X.E. of Fulda. Pop. 1545. 
 
 FRIEDEWALDE, free'deh-wSlMeh, a village of Prussian 
 Silesia, on the railway froni Xeisse to Brieg, about 45 miles 
 S.S.E. of Breslau. 
 
 FRIEDLAND, freedland or freetl^nt, a town of Germany, 
 in Mecklenburg Strelitz", 30 miles N.E. of New Strelitz. Pop. 
 4656. It has manufactures of various fabrics, and an active 
 trade in horses. 
 
 FRIEDLAN'D, a town of Eastern Prussia, government, and 
 27 miles S.E. of Konigsberg. Pop. 2478. Here the French de- 
 feated the allied Russians and Prussians, 14th of June, 1807. 
 
 FRIEDL.\XD, a town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, N. of 
 the Lausnitz Mountains, 68 miles X.X.E. of Prague. Pop. 
 S497. It gave the title of duke to Wallenstein, whose castle 
 is in the immediate vicinity. 
 
 FRIEDLAXD, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, 46 
 miles S.W. of Breslau, on the Steinau. Pop. 1343. 
 
 FRIEDL.VXD, freedlint, a market-town of Moravia, on the 
 Ostrawitza. 44 miles E. of Olmutz. Pop. 1905. 
 
 FRIEDLAXD, a marketrtown of Moravia, 22 miles N.N.E. 
 of Olmutz, in a vallev on a mountain slope. Pop. 754. 
 
 FRIEDLAXD MARKISCH.freedldnt maR/kish,a townof 
 Prussia, 120 mil«? W.S.W. of Marienwerder. Pop. 2300. 
 
 FRIEDLAXD, PRUS'SIAX. a town of Prussia, 70 miles 
 W.S.W. of Marienwerder. Pop. 1600. 
 
 FRIEDKICHRODA, freed'riK-ro'dJ, a town of Germany, 
 duchy of Sa.xe-Gotha. 9 miles S.W. of Gotha. Pop. 2130. 
 
 FRIEDRICHSFELD, freed'riKs-f^lt\ is a station on the 
 Mayn-Xeckar Railway, in Baden, between Heidelberg and 
 Ladenburg. 
 
 FRIEDKICHSFELDE, freed'riKs-f JlMeh, a village of Prus- 
 sia, province of Brandenburg, 21 miles N.E. of Potsdam. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 FRIEDRICHSHAFEX, freed'riKs-ha^en. or BUCHHORN, 
 bCSK'hoRn. a town of WUrtemberg, at the S. terminus of the 
 WUrtemburg Railway, on Lake Constance. I'op. 1672. 
 
 FRIEDRICHSHAMX, freed'riKs-hdm, a town of Russia, 
 In Finland, on a peninsula of the Gulf of Finland, 110 miles 
 W.X.W. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 1026. 
 
 FRIEDRICIISHULD, Prussia. See BillekbecK. 
 
 FRIEDRICHSRUH, freed'riKs-roo\ a village of Germany, 
 In Holstein, on the Berlin and Hamburg Railway, 18 miles 
 S.E. of Hamburg. 
 
 FRIEDRICHSSTADT. SeeFREDERiCKSTADT. 
 
 FRIEDRICHSTHAL, freed'riKs-tilr, a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, 15 miles X. of Oppeln. Pop. 1058. 
 
 FRIEDRICKSHALL, Xorway. See Freberickshald. 
 
 FRIEXD'FIELD, a postKjffice of Slarion district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 FRIEXDLY, frJndlee. (or TONGA, ton'gj,) ISLANDS, a 
 collection of upwards of 150 islands in the Pacific Ocean, 
 composing the Toxo.v and Feejee groups, (which see.) be- 
 tween lat. 13° and 25° S., and Ion. 172° W. and 177° E. 
 Principal islands, Tacanova, Ambow, and Tongataboo. They 
 were discovered by Tasman in 1643, but received their col- 
 lective name from Cook. See Polynesia. 
 
 FRIENDS, a post-office of Chautauqua co., New York. 
 
 FRIEXDS' GKOVE,apost-villageofCharlotteoo., Virginia, 
 104 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 FRIKND'SHIP, a post-township of Knox co., Maine, 35 
 miles S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 770. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a post-village and township of Alleghany 
 
 CO., New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 373 
 
 miles from New York City. The village contains 4 cliurches, 
 
 Baptidt, Methodist, Congregational, and Universalist, a 
 
 716 
 
 national bank, an academy of music and another acndemy. 
 The inhabitants are extensively engaged in wool-growing. 
 Total population, 1889. Pop. of village about SOO. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a post-vUlage of Anne Arundel co., Marj- 
 land, 25 miles S. by of Ann.apolis. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a post-village of Guilford co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 95 miles W. by X. of Raleigh. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a postoffice of Sumter district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 FRIEXDSHIP, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a post-office of Franklin co., Mississippi. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a post-office of Harrison co.. Texas. 
 
 FRIEXDSHIP, a post-office of Saline co.. Arkansas. 
 
 FRIEXDSIIIP, a post-office of Dyer co., Tennessee. 
 
 FRIEXDSHIP, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, a post-office of McDonough co., IllJTiois. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, a township of Fond du Lac co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 FRIENDS' SHAW^NEE' LABOR SCHlX)L, of Kansas, is 
 situated 3 miles W. of Kansas and about 2 miles from 
 Westport. Missouri. It has 30 pupils, who are instructed in 
 learning, agriculture, and domestic matters, and is supported 
 by the tliree Yearly Meetings which have it in charge, with- 
 out any aid from the Indians. The farm contains over 200 
 acres of land in fence, and its proceeds afford a surplus for 
 sale. The Friends have been laboring among the Shawnees 
 for fifty years, including the period before their removal. 
 
 FRIEXDS'VILLE, a post-village of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvaniii, 140 miles X.X.E. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 202. 
 
 FRIENDSVILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co., Mary- 
 land, about 40 miles W. of Cumberland. 
 
 FRIENDSVILLE. a vill.ige of Blount co., Tennes,see. on a 
 small affluent of Holston River, 2 miles from the latter. 
 
 FRIENDSVILLE. a post-village of Wabash co., Illinois, 8 
 miles X. by W. of Mount Carmel. 
 
 FRIESACH, free'ziK, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, 33 jniles X,W. of Potsdam, with a station on the 
 railway from Berlin to Ilamburs. Pop. 2300. 
 
 FRIESACH. free'ziK, or FRISCHES WASSER. frish'os 
 ftis/sgr, (anc. Virunum?) a town of Austria, in Illyria, 23 
 miles X.X\E. of Klagenfurth, on the Metnitz. Pop. 1273. 
 
 FRIESEXHEIM. free'zen-hime\ a village of Germany, in 
 Baden, 8 miles S.S.W. of Offenburg. Pop. 2034. 
 
 FRiiiSEXHEIM, a village of Bavaria, Palatinate, on the 
 Rhine, about 3 miles S.W. of Mannheim. The allied armies 
 crossed the Rhine here in 1814. Pop. 1200. 
 
 FRIESLAND, freez'land,or VRIESLAXD, freesllnt, (Fr. 
 Frise, freez; L. Frisia.) a province of the Xetherlands, on 
 the N.E. side of the Zuvder Zee. Area. 1272 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1863, 282,481. The surface is flat, and, lieing below 
 the level of the sea, its coasts are protected by dykes. Much 
 of it consists of sandy heaths. Capital, Leeuwarden.— — 
 Adj. Friesian, freezh'yan, and Frlesic, free'zic; iuhab. 
 Frieslaxder or Frisian. ' 
 
 FRIESLAND, (EAST,) Principautt of, the N.W. por- 
 tion of Hanover, forming, with Harlingerland, the district 
 of Aurieh. See Hanover. 
 
 FRIESOYTHE. free'zoi-teh, a town in the Grand Duchy 
 of Oldenburg, on the Soeste, 18 miles W.S.AV. of Oldenburg, 
 Pop. 1036. 
 
 FRIESTIIORPE, a p.arish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FRIESnOX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FRIG'ATE ISLE, an inhabited i.sland of the Indian 
 Ocean, the easternmost of the Sejchelle group. Lat. 4° 32' 
 S., Ion. 56° E. 
 
 FRIGEXTO, fre-jJn'to. or FRICEXTO, fre-chjn'to, (anc. 
 FrequenHum ?) a town of Naples, province of Principjito 
 Ultra, 17 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 3000. Here are 
 some ancient ruins. 
 
 FRIGILIANA, fre-ne-le-J'nJ, a town of Spain, 27 miles E. 
 of Malaga, near the Mediterranean, Pop. 2596. 
 
 FRIGXAXO, freen-yd'no, (Maggiore, m^d-jo'ra, and 
 MiNORE. me-no'rA.) two contiguous villages of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Terra di Lavoro, 10 and 11 miles S.W. of Casert-a. 
 United pop. 2356. 
 
 FRILS'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 FRIM'LEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 FRIXCO, frinTvo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Alessiindria, 7 miles N, of Asti, on the A'ersa. 
 Pop. lOSO. 
 
 FRIXDSOJURY. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 FRIXG. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 FRIXG'FOUD. a parish of EngUnd. co. of Oxford. 
 
 FRIX'GYBAZAR', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, Ki miles S.E. of Dacca, on a river uniting the Gang^ 
 and Me^na. 
 
 FRIX'STED. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 FRIXTOX, a parish of Ilngland, co. of Essex, 12 miles 
 S.E. of Manningti-ee. A great part of the parish has been 
 swept away by the sea. 
 
 FRIO, CAPE, a promontory of Brazil. See Cape Ffio. 
 
 FKIOCKUEIM, free'ok-heem\ a vilUge of Scotland, co. of 
 Forfar. 6^ miles X.W. by N. of Arbroath. Pop. 1104 
 
 F15ISANC0, fre-sdnTto, a town jf Austrian Italy, goibrt, 
 ment of Venice, near Friuli. Pop. 2200 
 
 lk=r: 
 
FEI 
 
 FRO 
 
 FRIS^TR'S MILLS, a postoffice of Warwick eo., Indiana. 
 FRISBV'-ON-THli-WREAK, a parish of England, co. of 
 
 Leicester. 
 
 FKISCII AU, fiisli'Sw, a village of Austria, in Moravia, 20 
 miles E. of Znaim. Pop. V05. 
 
 FRISCIIAU or FRISSAWA, fris-sJ/*! a village of Aus- 
 trian ^loravia. 30 miles from Gross-Meseritsch. I'op. 767. 
 
 FRISCIIE-IIAFF, frish'gh hdf, ("Freshwater Buy or La- 
 goon.'') an extensive lagoon of Eastern Prussia, between lat. 
 54° 15' and 54° 45' N., ion. 19° 16' and 20° 25' E., separated 
 from the Raltic by the Frische-Nehrung, a tongue of land 38 
 miles in length, by 1 mile in breadth, and at the N.E. extre- 
 mity of which it communicates with the Baltic by a channel 
 l/^mile across. Length of the Ilaff from S.VV. to N.E., 57 
 milet' ; average breadth, 5 miles. Depth in no place more 
 than 12 feet. It receives the Pregel and I'assarge Rivers, 
 and two arms of the Vistula at its delta. The towns of 
 Pillau, Fischhau.sen. and Brandenburg, are on its shores. 
 
 FRI.SK'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FRTSTON, a parish of J^ngland, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FRITH'KLSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 FRITH'VILLR, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FRIT'TENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 FRIT'TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FRITTOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FRIT'WHLL. a pari.sh of Engl.and, co. of Oxford. 
 
 FlUTZL.iR, frit.s'laR, a town of Germany, in Iles.se-Cassel, 
 16 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 3049. It has an Ursuline con- 
 vent. 
 
 FRIULI, fre-oolee, (It. pron. free^oo-le; Ger. Fi-iaul, 
 free'Owl ; anc. Pi>rum Jullii.) an old province of Northern 
 Italy, formerly divided between the empire of Austria and 
 the Venetian territory, now forming the circle of Gorit^, 
 part of Triest, and the delegation of Friuli, (capital, UdinC;) 
 in Lombardy. 
 
 FRIZ'EI.BURG, a post-oflRce of Cariul eo., Maryland. 
 
 FROB'ISIIER STRAIT, in British North America, between 
 Hudson's Strait and Northumberland Inlet, leading from 
 the ocean W., and separating the districts of Metaincog and 
 Nita. Length, 240 miles; medium breadth. SO miles. Its 
 shores, on both sides, are rugged and mountainous. It was 
 discovered, in 1576, by Sir Martin Frobisher. 
 
 FROC ESTER, fros'tgr. a parish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 FRODESLEY, frodzlee, a paiish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 FROD'INGHAM, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FRODINGIIAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, East Riding. 
 
 FROD'SHAM, a market-town and parish of England, on 
 the Mersey and Weever Rivers, co., and 11 miles N.E. of 
 Chester. Pop. in 1851, 6382, chiefly employed in salt-works 
 and cotton manufactures. The town has a fine old church, 
 a grammar school, and a graving-dock for building ve.s.sels. 
 
 FRODSIIAM, a lordship in the above parish, 11 miles 
 N.N.E. of Chester. Pop. 1022. 
 
 FRO EN, (Froen.) fro'jn, an island of Norway, off its W. 
 coast. Lat. 61° 47' N. 
 
 FROEX, (Froen.) a village and parish of Norway, 115 miles 
 N.W. of Chiistianja, on the Lougan. Pop. of parish, 4S00. 
 
 FROG LEVEL, a village of Newberry district, South Caro- 
 lina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 40 miles 
 from Columbia. The name of the post-office is changed to 
 
 I'ROSPERIly. 
 
 FROG'TOWN, a district in Lumpkin co., Georgia, 
 
 FROHBUKG, fro'boiiRG, a town of Saxony, 21 miles S.S.E. 
 of Leipsie. Pop. 2523. 
 
 FRtyilN.Xja village in the S.E. part of Perry co., Missouri, 
 about 5 miles from the .Mississippi River. 
 
 FPvOIINLKITEN, fron'lften, a village and railway station 
 of Styria, 14 miles N. of Gratz. 
 
 FROHSDOUB', fros'douf, a village of Lower Austria, on 
 the Leitlia, near Miener-Neustadi, with a castle, the resi- 
 dence of the Duke de Bordeaux and the Duchess d'Angou- 
 leme in 1849. 
 
 FROIISE, fro'seh, a village of Prussian Saxony, govern- 
 itient. and 6 miles'S.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 932. 
 
 FROME, a river of England, co. of Dorset, flows past 
 Frampton and Dorchester, into Poole Bay. 
 
 FRO.ME, a river of England, an affluent of the Lugg, co. 
 of Hereford. 
 
 FROME, a river of England, co. of Somerset, which after a 
 N. course of 20 miles, flows into the Avon. 
 
 FROME. or FROME SEL'WOOD, a parliamentary borough, 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Somerset, 19 miles S.E. 
 of Bristol, is plea.santly situated on the E. and N.E. declivity 
 of a hill, at the base of which flows the river Frome. Great 
 improvements have taken place of late years, both as regards 
 the widening of the streets and the construction of the 
 houses. The town is now lighteil with gas and supplied 
 with water. There are 3 parish churches in Frome. besides 
 pl.ices of worship for Baptists, Independents, Wesleyans, 
 Piimitive Methodists, Presbyterians, and the Society of 
 Friends. The schools and charities are one British, one 
 National, four Dissenters' schools, and one attached to each 
 of ihe three churches, besides a number of respectable pri- 
 vatSj schools. There are also a blue-coat school, in which 
 
 25 boys are clothed and educated, and a charity school for 
 20 girls. There is a flourishing savings-bank in the town; 
 and a literary association was formed in 1844, wliid. met 
 with immediate success. Frome has been long celebrated 
 for the manufacture of woollen cloths, particujiirly broad- 
 cloths and cassimeres. Silk, livery cloths, carriage-linings, 
 and hats, are al.so manufactured to a considerable extent 
 The river Frome is crossed at the town by a neat stone 
 bridge of five arches. The environs are beautiful, and are 
 adorned by numerous handsome nuansions and villas. Frome 
 returns a member to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1851, 
 10,148. 
 
 FROME, BISHOP'S, a parish of England. See Bishop's- 
 Fbome. ■ 
 
 FROME. LOWER, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, an 
 affluent of the Avon. 
 
 FRO.ME, UPPER, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, 
 an afHuent of the Severn. 
 
 FROMISTA, fro-mees/td, an oldand decayed town of Spain, 
 province, and 20 miles N. of Palencia, near the Canal of 
 Castile. Pop. 1029. It has brandy distilleries. 
 
 FROXSAC, frAN^Vlk/, a town of France, department of 
 Gironde, on the Dordogne, opposite Libourne. I'op. 1529. 
 
 FRONT, frAx", (L. Frrnis,) a village of the Sardinian 
 States, about 10 miles S. of Turin, on the Amalone. P. 1304 
 
 FRONTEIRA, fron-tiVe-rd, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Alemtejo, 12 miles E. of Aviz. I'op. 2480. The Portu 
 guese defeated the Spaniards here in 1(363. 
 
 FRONTEXAC, fron'te-ndk', (Fr. pron. frANoHgh-ndk'.) a cc 
 of Canada West, bordering upon Lake Ontario, near its out 
 let, and extending to lat. 45 N. It is intersected by two 
 proposed railways, and interspersed by numerous small 
 lakes and rivers. The Itideau Canal connects Kingston, in 
 this CO., with Bytown, Capital, Kingston. Area, 1342 
 square miles. Pop. 30,735. 
 
 FROXTENAY, frAx«Heh-n.V, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Deux-Sevres, ari-ondissement of Niort. It was once 
 a fortified town, but was taken and dismantled by Louis 
 VIII.. in the thirteenth century. Pop. 1482. 
 
 FRONTENHAUSEN, fron'tgn-hOw'zen, a market-town of 
 Bavaria, on the Vils, 52 miles N.E. of .Munich. Pop. 1007, 
 
 FRONTERA DE TABASCO, LA, Id fron-t.Vrd d.A td-hSs/ko, 
 a town of the Mexican Confederation, department, and on 
 the Tabasco, .about 3 miles from its mouth in the Caribbean 
 Sea, 70 miles N.N.E. of San .Juan Bautista, (A'illa Ilermosa,) 
 of which it is the port. It has some st«ne dwellings, but its 
 liouses are mostly of mud and bamboo. The principal 
 building is the custom-house. About 1 mile distant is a 
 fort on the river. It exports logwood, cocoa, timber, dye- 
 woods, and drugs. 
 
 FRONTIER/, a post-office of Clinton co., New York. 
 
 FRONTIGNAN, frAN='teen'j6W, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ilerault, on the lagoon of Maguelonne, 12 
 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 1966. 
 
 FRONTON, frdiNo'tis"', a village of France, department of 
 Haute-Garonne, 16 miles N. of 'Toulouse. Pop. 2225. 
 
 FRONTON, fron-ton', a village of Cameron co., Texas, on 
 Point Isabel and on the Laguna del Madre, a few miles from 
 the Gulf of Mexico, and about 30 miles E.N.E. of Brownsville. 
 
 FRONT ROY'AL, a flourishing po.st-village, capital of 
 Warren CO., Virginia, 140 miles N.N.W. of Richmond, and 
 1 mile E. of Shenandoah River. It is pleasantly situated 
 in a valley between the river and the Blue Ridge. The rail- 
 road from Alexandria to Strasbuvg passes through this vil- 
 lage, and a plank-road 20 miles long connects it w ith AVin- 
 chester. The water-power of the river has been improved 
 by the erection of numerous flouring-mills. Free pop. 412. 
 
 FROO.ME ST. QUENTIN, a parish of England, co. Dorset. 
 
 FROOME VAU/CHURCH, a parish of England, co. Dorset. 
 
 FROSINONE, fro-se-no'n.i, (anc. Frusino.) a ttiwn of Italy, 
 in the Pontifical States, on the Cosa. an affluent of the Sacco, 
 near the Neapolitan frontier, and 48 miles E.S.K. of Rome. 
 Pop. 7660. Its vicinity is notorious for brigandage, to re- 
 press which it has a special tribunal. It is a bishiop's see, 
 has some antiquities, and is the seat of a large annual fair. 
 
 FROSINONE, a delegation of the Papal States, composed 
 of a small isolated portion called PonteCorvo, euclcsed within 
 the Neapolitan province of Terra di Lavoro. and of Frosi- 
 none Proper, bounded S.W. and S. by the Mediterranean. 
 Area, about 800 English square miles. The S.W. portion of 
 the deleg.ation is occupied by the Pontine Marshes. P. 148,378. 
 
 FROSOLONE, fro-so-lo'nd, a village of Naples, province of 
 Molise, 11 miles E. of Isernia. Pop. 4200. 
 
 FROSSASCO. fros-sasOio, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 4 miles N. of Pinerolo, on the Noso. Pop. 1.398. 
 
 FROSS.iY^, fros'sA', a village of France, department of 
 Loire-Inferieui-e,on the Loire, 18 miles W. of Nantes. P. 2820. 
 
 FROST, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia. 
 
 FROST'BURG, a post-village of Alleghany co.. Maryland, 
 on the Cumberland Road, 10 miles W. of Cumberland A 
 large quantity of stone coal is procured in the vicinity. 
 
 FROSn'ENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 FROST VILLAGE, a postrvillage of Canada East, co. of 
 Shefford, 40 miles N.W. of Stanstead, &nd <!2 miles frosa 
 Montreal. 
 
 717 
 
FRO 
 
 FROTTSTEDT frot(/st?tt, a village of Germany, Sfixe- 
 TOtha, on the Thurinirian Eailway, 90 miles W. S.W. of 
 Halle. A railway 4 miles lon<r, connect'! it with Waltershausen. 
 
 FRilUARD. froo^R/, a village of France, department of 
 Meurtlie. on the Paris and Strasbotirg Railway, 6 miles N.W. 
 of Nancy. 
 
 FRO^V'r-ESWORT^. a parish of Encland. co. of Leicester. 
 
 FROX'FLELD, a parish of Enu'land.'co. of Hants. 
 
 FROX'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of 'Hilts. It has 
 an endowed hospital for 50 widows, (30 being those of clergy- 
 men.) founded bv the Duchess of Somerset in 16S6. 
 
 FROYE>f or FROJEX. fro'yjn, an island of Norway, off 
 its W. coast, stift, and 52 miles W.N.W. of Trondhjem, sepa- 
 rated from Hitteren Island by Frov-fiord. Lat. 6^ -tC N., 
 Ion. 8° 4^ E. Length from E. to'W., 20 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 8 miles. 
 
 FROYLE. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 FRO'ZEX CHEEK, a posboffice of Breathitt co.. Kentucky. 
 
 FRO'ZEX STRAIT, in British North America, is between 
 Southampton Island and Melville Peninsula. Lat. 66° N., 
 Ion. i-5^ W. Average breadth, 15 miles. 
 
 FRUBIS, a town of Bohemia. See FWBtJSS. 
 
 FRUGAROLO, froo-gi-ro'lo, a village of Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, on the Turin and Genoa Railway, 4 miles S.S.E. of 
 Alessandria. 
 
 FRUGES. frtlzh, a town of France, department of Pas-de- 
 Calais, 32 miles W.X.W. of Arra-s. Pop. 1852, 3052 It has 
 aiaiiufactures of woollens and hosiery. 
 
 FRCIT. a postoffice of Sht^lbv co., Illinois. 
 
 FRUIT HILL, a post-office of Clearfield co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 FRUITinLL,post-otSce,Edi,'efield district. South Carolina. 
 
 FRUIT HILL, a post-office of Christian co., Kentuckv, 190 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 FRUIT HILL, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana 
 
 FRUPAS, a town of Bohemia. See Fribbss. 
 
 FRUSINO. See Frosixoxe. 
 
 FRUTIGEN. fro</ting-en. a flourishing village of Switzer- 
 land. Clinton, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 1000. 
 
 FRY'BURG, a village of Lehigh co., Penn.sylvani,a, about 
 10 miles S.S.E. of Allentown. 
 
 FRYBURG, a post-office of Clarion co^ Pennsylvania. 
 
 FRYB0RG. a small post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio. 
 
 FRYEBURG. fri'burg. a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, 
 on the left bank of Saco River. 58 mUes W.S.W. of Augusta. 
 It is built principally on one broad street, finely shaded, and 
 contains a church, a hotel, and a flourishing academy. A 
 south-eastern branch of the White Mountain range termi- 
 nates at this village, rendering the scenery highly pictu- 
 resque. Daniel Webster was for some time a teacher in the 
 academy at this place. Pop. of the township, 1623. 
 
 FRYKRXIXG. a parish of Ensrland. co. of Essex. 
 
 FRY'ER'S BRIDG E, a post-office of Pike CO.. Alabama. 
 
 FRYER'S PONDS, a post-office of Burke CO., Georgia. 
 
 FRYKEX, frii'ken, a lake, or rather chain of lakeS. in 
 Sweden, N. of Carlstad. It stretches from N. to S. about 
 40 miles, and seldom exceeding a mile in width, has the 
 appearance of a broad river. It discharges itself into Lake 
 M'eper by the Nors. Fryksdal. the name of the valley in 
 which it lies, contains .some of the finest scenery of Sweden, 
 and is sometimes called Swedish Switzerland. 
 
 FRY'STONE, FER'RY, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 FRYST.JNE, MONK, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 FUBI N E. foo-bee'ni. a village of Piedmont, 9 miles W.N.W. 
 of Alessjindria. Pop. 2234. 
 
 FC'CA,orJU'AN DE FU'CA. (Sp. pron. Hoo-ln' d4 fooHia,) 
 a strait of North America, in Oregon Territory, leading from 
 the Pa.'iflc into the G ulf of Georgia. S. of Vancouver Island, 
 and forming a part of the British and United States bound- 
 ary line. Lat. of entrance 48° 10' N.. Ion. 124° W. 
 
 FUCKCCIIIO. foo-chJk'keo. a town of Tuscanj-, on the 
 Arco. 23 miles W. of Florence. Pop. 5233. 
 
 FUOECCHIO, a lakeof Tuscany, province of Pisa, is about 
 7 miles long, by 3 miles average breadth, and flows by a 
 small stream S.W. to the Arno. 
 
 FUCrxo. L.\GO li'go foo-cheo'no, or CELANO. ch.y3'no, 
 (ane. Fuci'nvs La'cic^,) a lake of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra TI.. alwut 11 miles long, 5 miles broad, and 
 35 mill's in circuit. It lies 2181 feet above sea-level, 
 enclosed on the N.E., E.. and S.E., by the Apennines, S. 
 by Mount Salviano. and W. bv the Roman sub-Apennines, 
 and is open only on the S.W.. leaving the country in that direc- 
 tion expi)sed to its inu-idations. A remedy was attempted 
 by the Emperor Claudius, who caused an aqueduct to be 
 constructed across Salviano, for the purpose of discharging 
 the surplus waters of the lake into the Garigliano, Of this 
 vast work, on whith 3u.(hx> slaves are said to have labored 
 11 years, there are only a few remains. The lake is generally 
 believed to be the crater of an extinct volcano. 
 
 FUEGOS. fw.'Ugoce, foo-A'goce. (i. e. fires,") one of the 
 Philippine Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, 30 miles N.of 
 Mindanao. Lat 9° N., Ion. 12:i° .30' E. Length, 20 miles, 
 by « miles in breadth. It is so named from having in its 
 centre a volcanic peak. 
 718 
 
 FUE 
 
 FITEGO, VOLCANO DE, vol-kj'no dl fwi'BO,(foo-i'?o,) i. «. 
 " fire-volcano," a mountain of Central America, .stite of Guate- 
 mala. 20 miles W. of the Volcano d'Agua. (•' water volcano."; 
 Violent eruptions frequently take place, and smoke is com' 
 monlv .seen issuing from one of its peaks. 
 
 FUENCALIENTE, fwJn'kd-le-Jn'tA or foo-en^kd-le-On'tA. a 
 town of Spain, province, and 45 miles S.S.W. of Ciuiad-lleal. 
 Pop. 2105. 
 
 FUEN-CHOO. FUEN-TCHOU. or FUEN CHOO-FOO, fwJnV 
 chooYoo', a considerable town of China, province of Shansee, 
 on the right bank of the Fuen-Ho, 50 miles S.W. of Taiynan, 
 
 FUENGl ROL.A., fwjn'ife-ro'lii, a town of Spain, 20 "miles 
 S.W. of JIalaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 1182. 
 
 FUKN-HO. fwSn^ho', a river of Chin.a, province of Sharsee, 
 joins the Hoang-Ho in lat. 35° 30' N.. Ion. 110° 28' E_ after 
 a course mostly S^ and suppo.^ed to l>e navigable for 300 
 miles. The cities of Tai-yuan, Fuen-choo, Piu-y:ing, and 
 Kiang. are on its banks. 
 
 FUEN-LABRADA, fw^n^U-brl'd a village of Spain, in 
 New Castile, 9 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 2027. 
 
 FUEX-LABRADA-DE-LOS-MOXTES.fwJn'ia-bra'ra-di-loce- 
 mon'tfe. a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 100 miles E. of 
 Bad.ijos! Pop. 1029. 
 
 FUKN-M.\YOR, fwJn'mi-yoR', a town of Spain, province, 
 and 6 miles W. of LogroBo. near the Ebro. Pop. 2ij:J7. 
 
 FUENSALID.\. fwjn'sa-lee'Da. a town of Spain, province 
 and 16 miles X.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2739. 
 
 FUEXSAXT.\, fwJn'sdn'tJ, a town of Spain, province 
 and 58 miles S. of Cuenca. Pop. 1831. 
 
 FU EN-TCHOU. a town of Chmn. See Fcen-choo. 
 
 FUENTEALAMO, fwJn'tJ-d'U-mo, a town of .Spain, 18 
 miles S. of Murcia. Pop. 6250. 
 
 FUENTE-ALBILDA, fw^n'tVil-beelMi. a village of Spain, 
 in Valencia. 24 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1117. 
 
 FUENTE.CANTOS, fwin'd-kdu'toce, a town of Spain, 48 
 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5190. 
 
 FUENTE-DEI^ARCO. ftv^n'ta-dM-dR/ko, a town of Spain, 
 in Estremadura. 80 miles from Badajos, on the N. slope 
 of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 1100. 
 
 FUENTtDEI^FRESNO, fwSn't,i-dJl-fr?s/no, a town of 
 Spain, in La Mancha, 20 miles X.N.E. of Ciudad-Rodrigo. 
 Pop. 2315. 
 
 FUENTE-DEI^MAESTRE,fwJn'tA-dfl-md4s'tri. a town of 
 Sp.ain, 30 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 6106. 
 
 FUEXTE-DE-PEDRO-NARRO, fwln'tA-d.'V-p.^/nro-n.aR'RO, a 
 town of Spain, in New Castile. 50 miles W.S.W. of Cuenca^ 
 Pop. 1260. 
 
 FUEXTE-EL-SAUCO, twSn'ti-Jl-sCw'ko, a town of Spain, 
 48 miles S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 2599. 
 
 FUEXTE-EXCARROS. fwen'tA-^n-kte'Roce, a town of 
 Spain, in A'alencia, 55 miles from Alicante. Pop. 1475. 
 
 FUEXTE-GUIXALDO. fwjn'ti-ghe-ndl'do, a town of 
 Spain, in Old Castile, 17 mUes S.S.W. of Ciudad-Kodrigo, 
 Pop. 12S3. 
 
 FUEXTE-IIERIDOS, fwJn'td-A-ree'iwce, a town of Spain, 
 in Andalusia. 64 miles N.W. of Seville, in a mountainous 
 district. Pop. 1229. 
 
 FUEXTE-LA-HIGUERA, fwJn'tA-ld-e-gA'rd, a town of 
 Spain, province of Valencia, 43 miles X.W. of Alicante. 
 Pop. 2626. 
 
 FUEXTE-LA-PESa, fwJn'tA-ll-pJn'ya, a town of Spain, 
 29 miles S.W. of Zamora. Pop. 1576. 
 
 FUEXTE-OV EJU NA, fwfn't.-l-o-vd-HOo'n J, (anc. M> Tlaira,f) 
 written also FUEXTE-ABE.TUXA. fwfn'ti-d-Bd-HoiVnd, and 
 FUENTE-OBtUUXA, fwJn't.i-o-vi/Hoo'nd, a town of Spain, 
 36 miles X.W. of Cordova. Pop. 4660. It h.-is manufactures 
 of woollens and leather. 
 
 FUENTE-PALMERA, fwJn'tA-pgl-m.Vrd, a town of Spain, 
 in .Andalusia, 25 miles S.W. of Cordova, in a plain. P. 1556 
 
 FUENTEPELAQO, fw^n-t-l-p^l'S-go, a town of Spain, 16 
 miles N. of Segovia. Pop. 1352. It manufactures linen. 
 
 FUENTERR.tBIA. in Spain. See Fontarabia. 
 
 FUENTES-DE-ANDALUCIA, fwin't^s-d.Vdn-dd-loothee'l, 
 a town of Spain, in .\ndalusia, 32 miles E.X.E. of Seville. 
 Pop. 5915. 
 
 FU ENTES-DE-DON-BERMUDA. fw?n't?SKU-donl eK-moo'- 
 Dd. a town of Spain. 12 miles W.N.W. cf I'alencia. Pop. 3065. 
 
 FUENTES-DE-EBRO, fwln'tis-Ai-kfhro. a town of Spain, 
 in A ragon, 20 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa. on the Ebro. P. 1446. 
 
 FUENTES-DE-LA-CAMPANA, fwSn'tL^s-d.Vll-kdm-pd'ni, 
 a town of Spain, 27 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. SG72. 
 
 FUENTES-DE-LEON. fwJn'tos-dd-l.'i On', a town of Spain, 
 in Estremadura. 50 miles S. of Badajos, on the boidtrs of 
 Seville. Pop. 2920. 
 
 FUENTES-DE-OXORE, fwfn't^s-dd-o-no^rl, a town of 
 Spain, province of S-aLimanca, 16 miles S.W. of Ciudad 
 Rodrigo, and, in 1811, the scene of various engjigemeuts 
 between the Enelish and French troops. 
 
 FUEKTE, tvinfxk, a small island ofT the N.W. coast of 
 South America, New Granada, in the Caribbean Sea, 88 
 miles S.S.W. of C.irtflgena. 
 
 FUERTE, RIO UE. ree'o d.A fvlKHk. a river of Mexli^an 
 Confederacy, in Cinaloa, enters the Gulf of California, lat. 
 ! 26° 50' N., ion. 109° 10' W., after a W. course of ab;ut 180 
 1 miles. See A'ula del Fcebte. 
 
FUE 
 
 FUL 
 
 FUERTE, EL. See Villj del Fuektr. 
 
 FUERTE DH SAN JOSK, fwjR^tA dA sin ho-sA/, a town 
 of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 95 miles N.E. of 
 Tucuuian. 
 
 FUERTEVEXTURA, fwjR/tA-vSn-too'ra, or FORTEVEN- 
 TURA, foR'ti-v^n-too'ia, one of the Canary Islands, in the 
 E. part of the Archipelago, separated from Lanzarote, on 
 the N. by the canal of Boeayna. Lat. of its N.W. point 28° 
 42' X., Ion. 14° 1' W. Area, 75S Kijuare miles. Pop. 11,800. 
 It is less mountainous than the other Canary Islands. Sur- 
 face deficient in streams, but has some tracts of great fer- 
 tility. The capital is Betancuria, with a pop. of 900; Cabras 
 on the E. coast, with the principal harbor, has a population 
 of 2200, and is rapidly extending. See Canaries. 
 
 FUElvTY, fu-er'tee, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 CO. of Roscommon. 
 
 f UGA, foo'gd, an island of the Malay Archipelago, Ba- 
 buj'anes, 25 miles N. of Luzon, and about 35 miles in circuit. 
 tat. 19° N., Ion. 121° 20' E. 
 
 FUGELOE, (Fugeloe,) foo/gh?h-lo'Jh, an island of Norway, 
 Finmark. in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 79° 18' N., Ion. 20° 40' E. 
 
 FUGEN, (fiigen,) fU'chen, a vill.ige of Au.stria, Tyrol, in a 
 beautiful and fertile plain, on the Zillerbach, at the foot of 
 the Ilartberg, 25 miles E. of Innspruek. Pop. 814. 
 
 FUG'GLESTON. u parish ■ f England, co. of AVilts, 1 mile 
 N. of Wilton. It has 2 end^iwcd hospitals for aged persons. 
 
 FUH.N KN, an island in the Baltic. See Funen. 
 
 FULAlLliE, foo-lilee/, or FULLALEE, ffil-ld-Iee', a river 
 of Sindo. forming the E. arm of the Indus at the delta. It 
 leaves the Indus about 12 miles N. of Hyderabad, which 
 city it insulates, by sending off a branch to rejoin the main 
 stream 15 miles below; Thence it is called Goonee. 
 
 FULANGA, foo-ldn'gd, one of the Feejee Islands, in the 
 Pacific Ocean. It is surrounded by a coral reef. 
 
 FUiyBKCK, a pari.';h of England, eo. of Lincoln. 
 
 FUL'BOUKXE, a parish of Engliind, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 FUI/liUOK IC, a parish of Kngland, co. of Warwick. 
 
 FUL'l{I{i>()K, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 FULDA. foOI'dd, a river of Germany, joins the Werra to 
 form the Weser. after a course of 90 miles. 
 
 FULDA, fimiliarly called FULD, fOdld or f651t, a walled 
 town of Germany, llesse-Cassel, on the Fulda, 54 miles S.E. 
 of Cas.sel. Pop. 9570. It has a line cathedral, bishop's 
 palace, Franciscan and Benedictine monasteries, numerous 
 hospitals, asylums, an arsenal, prison, and workhouse. 
 Most of its inhabitants are Roman Catholics, over whom, 
 the Roman Catholic Bishop of Fulda has supreme eccle- 
 siastical jurisdiction. Public institutions comprise a Ro- 
 man Catholic seminary, Protestant gymnasium, lyceum,with 
 a public library, school of industry, orphan asylum, &c. 
 Manufactures linen and woollen fabrics, tobacco, and leather. 
 
 FUL'D.\II, a post-village of Spencer co., Indiana, 10 miles 
 from the Ohio Kiver. 
 
 FULKK, fooMik', a village of Hungary, district of Little 
 Cumania, 48 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2600. 
 
 FULE, NAGY, (Xagy-Faie.) nCdj-fU'li', a village of Hun- 
 gary, Thither Danube, co. of Stuhlweissenburg, near Vesz- 
 prira. Pop. KiOO. 
 
 FUI/J'OIII), a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, 
 2 miles S. of York. Principal edifices, barracks, and a 
 Friends' lunatic asylum, termed " the Retreat." 
 
 FULOINTUM or FULGIXIA. See FoLiGXO. 
 
 FOL'HAM, a parish of PJngland, co. of Middlesex, on the 
 Thames, &i- miles S.W. of St. Paul's, London. It is mostly 
 laid out in rich market gardens ; has some handsome man- 
 eions, with alms-houses, schools, and other charities. The 
 palace of Fulham, a residence of the Bishops of London 
 since the reigu of Henry VII., is a large and commodious 
 brick quadrangle, surrounded by beautiful grounds, and en- 
 circled by a moat communii'ating with theThames, Pop. 9319. 
 
 FULIGNO. a town of Italy. See Foliono. 
 
 FUL'LER'S POINT, a post-village of Cole co., lUinoie, 70 
 miles E. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 FULLERSVILLE or FULLERVILLE IRON WORKS, a 
 post-village of St. Lawrence co.. New York, on a tributary of 
 the Oswegatchie, 3 miles E.S.E. of Little York, and 28 miles 
 S.S.W. of Canton. It cout.nins a grist mill, and extansive 
 manufactories of iron, one of which for making malleable 
 iron is capable of producing 120<) pounds per day. 
 
 FUL'LKTBY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FULLPTKIN, (FUUsteiu,) fiill'stiue, a village of Austrian 
 Silesia. 15 miles from .laxerndorf. Pop. 766. 
 
 FULL-SUTTON. parish of England, co. York. Ea.st Riding. 
 
 FULLWOOD'S STORE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 FUL'MER, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 FL'L'.MODESOX, a pari-.h of Jingland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FIIL'N KCK. a V illage of England. CO. of York, V/es»t RiUrng, 
 6 miles S.W. of Leeds. The inhabitants are mostly Jlora- 
 vians, who settle"! here in 1723, and have a larga boys' and 
 Cirls' school, a chapel, and a j-pecies of convent for single 
 brethren f nd sisters. 
 
 FULNECK. FULXEK. foM'nJk, or FULXIK, fool'iiik, a 
 town of Moravia, 26 miles N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 3500. It 
 hns manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 FUL-SEE, (FUI-See.) fUl-sa or fUl-za, a lake of Denn<ark, 
 on the W. coast of Jutland, bailiwick of Ribe. It is nearly 
 rectangular, with exception of a small narrow expan.se in the 
 S.E.. where a small stream furnishes its principal supply of 
 water. It is about 30 miles in circuit, and area 8 geogra- 
 phical square miles. Its great<;st depth is about 22 feet. 
 
 FUr^STOW. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 FULTA, OdVtA. written also FOULTA, (anc. PUalata. "fer- 
 tility,") a considerable village of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, 20 miles S.S.W. of Calcutta, on the E. bank of the 
 Hoogly, which here affords a .safe anchorage. 
 
 FULTOX, f<5<)l't9n, a county in the E.X.E. part of New 
 Y''ork. has an area of about 53U square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by East Canada Creek, and is drained principally 
 by it and Sacandaga River, with their tributaries, which 
 afford valu.able water-power. The surface is hilly and un- 
 even, and in some parts mountainous. The soil is generally 
 fertile. The railroad connecting Albany with Utica passes 
 through the S.W. corner of this county. Organized in 1838, 
 having previou.sly formed part of Jlontgomery county, and 
 named in honor of Robert Fulton, who first successfully ap- 
 plied steam to the propulsion of boats in America. Capital, 
 Johnstown. Pop. "24,162. 
 
 FULTON, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, bor- 
 dering on Maryland, has an area of .about 380 square mtlis. 
 It is traversed by Conoloway and Licking Creeks, affluents 
 of the Potomac. The surface is mountainous. Cove Moun- 
 tain forms the E. boundary, and Sideling Hill traverses the 
 W. part. The valleys have some fertile land, and the high- 
 lands are covered with timber. A large part of the county 
 is unsettled. It is intersected by a turnpike from Chanibers- 
 burg to Bedford. It was formed a few yeai-s ago out of the E. 
 partof Bedford county. Capita.', McConnellsburg. Pop.9131. 
 
 FULTON, a county of Arkansas, situated in the N. part of 
 state, bordering on Missouri, contains 860 square miles. It 
 is drained by White River, and the Big North Fork of that 
 river. The surface is hilly or undulating, and the soil 
 mostly fertile, especially along the streams. Capital, Salem. 
 Pop. 4024, of whom 3936 were free, and 88 slaves. 
 
 FULTON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on the Mississippi River, and on the State 
 of Tennessee, has an area estimated at 200 square miles. 
 The surface is diversified ; the soil is mostly fertile. Formed 
 in 1845, out of part of Hickman county. Capital, Hickman. 
 Pop. 5317, of whom 4239 were free. 
 
 FUI/TON, a couuty in the N.W. part of Ohio, borflcring 
 on Michigan, contains 337 square miles. It is drained by 
 Tiffin's River, an affluent of the Maumee. The surface is 
 nearly level, and the soil fertile. Formed a few years ago 
 by a division of Lucas county. Capital, Ottokee. Pop. 14,043. 
 
 FULTON county, situated in the N. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 366 squ.are miles. It is drained by the Tippecanoe 
 Kiver. The .surface is nearly level, and is diversified by 
 forests, prairies, and oak openings. The soil is mostly produc- 
 tive. It abounds in iron-ore. and is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. Organized in 1836. Capital, Rochester. Pop. 
 94-22. 
 
 FULTON, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area 
 of 870 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Illi- 
 nois River, intersected by Spoon River, which divides it 
 into nearly equal parts, and also drained by Otter. Put- 
 nam's, and Copperas Creeks. The surface Is undulating, 
 and diversified by beautiful prairies and forests, which in a 
 state of nature were of neai'ly e(iual extent. The soil is ex- 
 ceedingly fertile, and well cultivated. Rich mines of stone 
 coal have been opened in the county. The Spoon River 
 furnishes motive-power for numerous mills. The banks of 
 the rivers and creeks are well timbered. The Illinois River 
 affords great facilities for exporting produce; and the Chi- 
 cago and Quiucy Railroad passes through the nm'them 
 part of the county. Capital, Lewistown. Pop. 33,338. 
 
 FULTON, a post-village in Volney township, Oswego co., 
 New Y'ork, on the Oswego River, 24 miles N.W. of Syracuse 
 It is situated on the Oswego Canal, on the right (E.) bank 
 of the river, which has a fall of 38 feet in a mile, producing 
 a fine water-power, and on the other side of the stream 
 jiasses the Oswego and Syractise Railroad. It has G churches, 
 2 banks, 1 newspaper office, a seminary, an academy, an iron 
 foundry, and numerous mills. Pop. of the township, 8045 ; 
 of the village, aliont SSOn. 
 
 IT ULTON, a township in the central part of Schoharie co., 
 .New York. Pop. 2944. 
 
 FULTON, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FULTON, a postxjfllce of Westmoreland co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 FULTON, a post-village in Davie co.. North Carolina, on 
 Y'A.lkin River, 110 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 lULTON, a post-village in Sumter district, South Caro- 
 linrv. 40 miles S.E. of Columbia. 
 
 FULTON, a post-ofRce of Cobb c3., Georgia. 
 
 FULTON, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama. 
 
 FULTON, a post-village, capital of Itawamba CO., Missis- 
 sippi, on the Tombigbee River, at the head of navigation, 
 210 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. Small steamboats ascend to 
 this place in high water. Pop. from 300 to 400. 
 ' FULTON, a post-village of Hempstead co., Arkansas, on 
 
 719 
 
FTJL 
 
 FUR 
 
 Rmi R5ver. 140 miler S.W. of Little Rr-ok. A plank-road has 
 bwn comiBftnced lietween this place «nd Camden. 
 
 FULTON, a post-vJila.se of Lauderc^ale co..Tennessee, on a 
 bluff of thi> M_ssissipp! Itirer. about 35 miles N. of Memphis. 
 
 FULTON', a townihip of Fulton co.,OLio. Pop. Il.i9. 
 
 FULTON, a post Tillage and towu.«hi > of Il.imilton co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio F.iver, immediately a'"ve Cincinnati, of 
 which it isasubaib. High hilLs rise lehind the villaire 
 not more than a few hundred yards from the river, and con- 
 tain valuable quarries of limestone, suiiaole for building. 
 Fulton contjiins 6 churches, 10 boat-ysu-ds, a dry-dock, a 
 rolling-mill, a foundry, and several steam mills. Steanibott 
 building constitutes the chief business of the place. Pop. 
 about 6(^KX). It now forms tlie l"tb ward of the city. 
 
 FULTON, a post-township in the N. part of Rock co., TTis- 
 consin. Pop. 1S90. 
 
 FULTON, Stark county, Ohio. See Canal Ftt;.ton. 
 
 FULTON, a post-village in Barry co., Michigan, 130 miles 
 W. by X. of Detroit. 
 
 FULTON, a township in FountMn co., Indiana. P. 799. 
 
 FULTON, a post-office of Fulton V).. Indhna. 
 
 FULTON, a village of Fulton co., Illinois, on Spoon River. 
 
 FULTON or FULTON CITY, a post-village of Whifesides 
 CO., Illinois, on the Mi^■siss!ppi River, and on the Chicago, 
 Fulton and Iowa R.R., 136 miles W. of Chicago. Pop. 1612. 
 
 FULTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Callaway co.. 
 Missouri, 20 miles N.E. of Jefferson City, and 12 miles from 
 the Missouri River. It is the seat of the State Lunatic 
 Asylum, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. The 
 former, which was established in 1848. is a beautiful edifice 
 210 feet long, .ind 5 stories high, containing 112 apartments. 
 The people of the county gave $12,000 and 4G0 acres of land, 
 to secure the location of thi.s institution. The village con- 
 tains several churches, academies, and a branch bank. 
 There are large manufactories of earthenware in the place. 
 
 FCLTON, a post-office of Jackson co.. Iowa. 
 
 FULTON, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, near Rock 
 Elver, about 34 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 FULTON CENTRE, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 FUI/rONIIAM, a post-village in Fulton township. Scho- 
 harie CO., New York, on Schoharie River, about 35 miles W. 
 by S. of Albany. 
 
 FUVTONHAM, or UNIONTOWN, a post-vUlage of Mus- 
 kingum CO., Ohio. 57 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 FUL'l'ON UO USE. post-village, Lancaster co..Pennsvlvania. 
 
 FULTON L.KKES, in Hjimilton and Herkimer cos.. New 
 Tork, consists of 6 or 8 small lakes connected with Moose 
 River bv short outlets. 
 
 FULTONVILLE, a post-village of Glen township, Mont- 
 gomery CO.. New York, on the Erie Canal and Mohawk River, 
 44 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It contains 1 or 2 churches, seve- 
 ral stores, &c. 
 
 FULVII FORUM. See V.*.le.\za. 
 
 FUL'WOOD. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 FUMAY, f il^mi'. a town of France, dep.irtment of Ar- 
 denneSj on the Meuse, 16 miles N. of Mezidres. Pop. in 
 1852. 3447. It stands Very picturesquely among wooded 
 heights, two of which, termed the Barnes de la Meu4e, ("la- 
 dies of the Jleuse.") overhang the river. 
 
 FUMEL, f u^mel', a town of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, on the Lot 2(3 miles N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1349. 
 
 FUMONE. foo-mo'ni, a town of the Papal States. 7 miles 
 N.N.W. of Frosinone. It contains a castle situated on a 
 height, and famous as the place in which Pope Celestinus 
 was imprisoned, after having been forced to resign the pope- 
 dom to Boni&ce VIII. Pop. 1000. 
 
 FUNCHAL, foon-shll', the capital town of the isl.ind of 
 Madeira, on its S. coast. Lat. of the British consuls house, 
 32°37'7"N.. Ion. 160 64'7"W. Pop. IS.OOJ. Me.in tempera- 
 ture of the year, 67°-6; winter. 63°'5; summer. 71°'i5. Its 
 white houses, built on declivities, give it a handsome appear- 
 ance from the sea. and its sti-eets are well paved though nar- 
 row. The chief edifices are a cathedral, the governor's resi- 
 dence, hospitsl. and theatre. The harbor is indifferent, but 
 Funchal remains the entrepot of the wiue trade of the 
 Uland. Its environs are pleasant, and ornamented by nu- 
 merous villas. 
 
 FU.NDAO. (Fundao.) foon-d6wNo', a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira, 36 miles S.W. of Garda. Pop. 2600. It has 
 manuCictures of cloths. 
 
 FUND'ENHALL. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 FUNDI. See Foxni. 
 
 FUNDY, BAY OF, an inlet of the Athintic. separating 
 Nova Scotia from New Brunswick. Lenth. near 170 miles; 
 breadth, vai-ying from 30 to 50 miles. At its upper extre- 
 mity are Chlgnecto Bay and Sllnes Channel, leading to 
 Mines Basin. Passamaquoddy Bay opens into it near its 
 mouth. The Bay of Fundy is deep, but its navigation is 
 dangerous. The tides, which here rise to the height of 71 
 feet, rush in with such rapidity thit swine are often over- 
 taken and drowned while feeding on shell-fish. Grindstones 
 and gyi)sum or plaster of Paris are obtained at the head of 
 this bay. It comprises the Grand Menan and Long Isl.tnds, 
 and receives the St. John and St. Croix Rivers. The city of 
 8L John (New Bruoswick) is on itn N. ooost. 
 720 
 
 FU'NEN or FUHNEN, (Ger. Piinen or FTihnenJxi'neix, Dan. 
 /V^n- fii'en; h-Piofnia; i'r. Finnie. feeVnee.O an island m 
 tl e Riltic, and next to Seeland. the largest of the Danish 
 Islands, is situated betweea lat. 55° 4' and 55° 38* N., 
 und Ion. 9° 44' and 10^ 53' E.. separated r'rom S^and on 
 the E. by the Great Belt anr. from the main land on the W 
 iy the Little Bi-.lt Area. "il23 square mll<>j. Pop. in ISol, 
 170.450. Surface undulating; hilly in the W ind S.JV. 
 Shores grAitly indented, and in the N.E. by the OUciise 
 Fiord, which receives the Odense, the principal river, 35 
 miles 'n length. Lakes n imerous: the laigest is .Irreskov 
 See. Soil very productive. Corn is rai.%d for export, 
 and has, hemn, and fruit are cultivated. Funen ex- 
 ports A great raany cattle: the other principal exports 
 are honey, corn, horses, fruit, lard, butter, leather, salted 
 meat, and some manufactured goods. The trade is active, 
 and chietly with Norway and Sweden. Funen, with Lange- 
 Ib-nd. an island S.E., forms a stift, suMivided into 3 amts. 
 Principal towns of Funen. Odense, SvendboTir, and Xyliorg. 
 
 FUNFHAUS, (Fiinfh.ius.) fllufhOws. FUNFHAUSEL, 
 (I"Unfhal-sel.)fUnf'hoi'zel.orHANGENDENLISSEN,hdng'- 
 ea-d^n-lis'sf n, a village of Lower Austria, about 2 miles from 
 Vienna. Pop. 2400. 
 
 FUNFKIRCHEN. (FUnfkirchen.) funrkgfp.K'fn, (-'five 
 churches;'' Hun. Pics or IMs. p;iitch.) a rov.tl free town of 
 Southern Hungary, capital of the county "of Baranva, 105 
 miles S.S.W. of Buda. Pop. 14,500. It is well built, and 
 has a cathedral on the site of a Roman fortress, numerous 
 remains of mosques, baths, and other edifices built by the 
 Turks, who held the town from 1543 tol6S6. a Roman Catho- 
 lic diocesan school, a college, and military and hiA .«chools. 
 
 FUNG or FOXG, f hng or f06ng, a prefix to the names of 
 numerous citie.s, ic. of China. 
 
 FUNG-THI AN, a city of Mantchooria. Sec Mwkdct. 
 
 FUNG-WAH, ffing-wi, a city of China, province of Che- 
 kiang, about 30 miles from Ningpo. It was taken by the 
 British in 1842. 
 
 FUNG-WHANG-CHING. fiing'-hw3ng'-ching'. sometimes 
 written FOUNG YANG HOCANG-TCIllNG. a city of China, 
 province of Leao-tong. near the Coivan frontier. and the only 
 entrepot of the trade between China and Corea. 
 
 FUNG-Y.\NG, fTing'-yJng', or ffiOug\vdng', written also 
 FOUNG-Y.A.NG. a city of China, province of Ngan-hoei, capital 
 of a department. 95 miles N.AV. of N.anking. 
 
 FUNKSTOWN, a village of Franklin co.. PennE>-lvania, 
 10 miles S.E. of Chamberslmrg. Pop. in 1800, about 400. 
 
 FUNKSTOW N, a post-village of W ashington co., Mary- 
 land, on Antictam Cre<;k, 98 miles N.\V. of Annapolis. It is 
 one of the principal villages in the county. Pop. in 1850, 793. 
 
 FUN'NY LOU'IS, post-offic&, Catahoula p.irish, Louisiana 
 
 FUNSa'ONVILLE, called also LAIRDS'VILLE, a post-vil- 
 lage of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, on Little Muncy Creek, 
 98 miles N. of ilarrisbui-g. has 1 church, 2 Etore.s, several 
 mills, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 FUNTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 FUR. See Dartoob. 
 
 FURC.\. LA, la fooETiJ. (Fr. La Fmirche. ]3 fooR.sh.1 a moui> 
 tain of Switzerl.ind, canton of Valais, immediately W. ol 
 .Mount St. Gothard. Height 8268 ft«t. • 
 
 FURE.\U. fiiVo', a village of France, department of Bou- 
 ches-du-I!h6ne. 7 miles S.E. of Aix. Pop. 1897. 
 
 FUKED, (FUred.) Tu'rdd'. a village of Hungary, on the VT. 
 shore of Lake Ba]atony,9miles S. of Veszprim, resorted to as 
 a hathing pl.tce. Pop. 1046. 
 
 FURED, (FUred.) TISZA. tee'sCh' fii'rJd'. a market town of 
 Hunsrarv. on the Theiss. 21 miles E.S.E. of Kardzag. P. 4020. 
 
 FUREEDABAD. foo-ree'da-bad'. a town of British India, 
 Upper Provinces, district, and 17 miles S. of Delhi. 
 
 FUREEDP(X»R, foo-reedpoor', or D.^C'CA JEL'APOOR/, 
 a district of British Indi.-i. presidency of Bengal, between 
 lat. 2-3° and 24° N.. and Ion. 89= and 90° 30' E. 
 
 FOR'EEDPiX)R'. or FUR'REEDPOOR', the chief town of 
 the above district is .situated 37 miles W.S.AV. of Dacca, lat. 
 23° 37' N., Ion. 89° 53' E. 
 
 FUREEDPOOR, a town of British India, district and 10 
 miles S.E. of Delhi. 
 
 FCRIAN. See Dabfoor. 
 
 FUR'ISHPOOR'. a town of Hindostan, province of Malwah, 
 17 miles from .\shta. Pop. about 7000. 
 
 FURK, foiiRk. a castle and village of Eastern Persia, 105 
 miles N.AV. of Lake Hamoon.) The castle is reputed to be 
 the. strongest in Khorassan. Pop. of the village about 1600. 
 
 FURLO, fooRlo. a village of Central Italy, in the Marches, 
 8 miles South of Urbino ; near it is the famous Pass of Furlo, 
 (anc. Wtra Interci'sa.) 
 
 FURLOG, fooii/log\ FURLAH, fooR*!6h\ or FERLYUO, 
 fjR'lyoop\ a village of Hungary, in 1 hither Theiss, abou* 
 8 miles from Lugos. Pop. 2625. 
 
 FUR'N.\CE. a post-office of Berks co, Pennsylvaniv 
 
 FURNACE, a small vilLage of Mer »•• co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FURN.\CE. a post-office of Erie co_ Ohio. 
 
 FURNACE CHEEK, an affluent of Clarion River, in Elk 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 FURNACE HOI/LOW, a village of Oo.vx. See SlAJroRn. 
 
 FURNACii VII/LAGE, a villagn in Salisbury township, 
 
FUR 
 
 FDT 
 
 Litchfield CO , Connecticut. 50 miles ■W.N.W. of Hartford, con- 
 tains manufactures of iron. 
 
 FURNAS, fooR'nds, a village on tlie E. coast of the island 
 of St. Michael. Azores, with sulphurous springs. 
 
 FUKNEAUX (fur'ny) or FOUKNEAUX (fooP.'noO 
 ISLANDS, a group of Australasia, Basss Strait, between 
 A'an Piemans Landand Australia. Lat.-W^ S.lon.l4S° E. They 
 consist of three or four large and many smaller islands, Great 
 Island, the principal, being 3.5 miles long, by 10 miles broad. 
 Cape Barren, Clark, Ilumniotk. and I5ab>,'l Islands are those 
 next in size. The soil is sandy, and vegetation feeble. D1.S- 
 covered by the English navigator, Furneaux, in 1773. 
 
 FUIiXEAUX, an island in the Pacific Ocean, in lat.l7°S., 
 Icn. 14.3°G'W. 
 
 FTIRNES, fuRn, (Flemish Veume, vSR'nfh,) the most W. 
 town of Belgium, province of West Flauders, at tlie junction 
 of several canals, near the North Sea, and 26 miles W.S.W. 
 of Bruges. Pop. 4699. It has an active trade in cattle. 
 
 FUR/XESS, a manorial liberty of England, on the Irish 
 Sea, in the N.W. part of the county of Lancaster, with a 
 beautiful ruin of the celebrated abbey of Furness, founded 
 In 1127, by Stephen, afterwards King of England. 
 
 FURKAUKNE, fftr^ra-jeen', (?) a little island in the Red 
 Sea, on the W. side, about lat. 18° W N., Ion. 38° 20' E. 
 
 FUR'RAH,a decayed town of Afghanistan, on the Furrah- 
 rood River, (which enters the Lake of IIamoon,)140 miles 
 S.W. of Herat. Lat. 32° 24' N., Ion. 02° 7' E. In 1810, it was 
 large and populous, but between that date and 1839, it had 
 been completely ruined in the hostilities of the chiefs of 
 Herat and Candahar. 
 
 FUKKAII, a villiige of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, distiict, and N.AV. of Agra. 
 
 FURRAH-ROOD. fur'rd-r(iod\ a river of Western Af.;hanis- 
 tan, rising in the mountains N.E. of Tooki-Gusseerman, flows 
 S.W.. and fiills into Lakellainoon in lat.32°4' N., Ion. C0° 45' E. 
 
 FURRUCKABAD, f&r-rQk-d-bdd',orFARAKHABAD,(j.e. 
 "happy residence," see Int. xvi. 1, Obs..) a town of British 
 India. capital of theabove district, is situated near theGanges, 
 100 miles E.N.E. of Agra, lat. 27° 23' N., Ion. 79° 33' E. Pop. 
 66,000. It is enclosed by a wall, has some wide streets, and 
 Is one of the principal commercial towns of Upper Ilindostan. 
 Lord Lake defeated the troops of Ilolkar here, in 1805. 
 
 FURRUOKABAD. or FEROCKABAD, a district of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal. 
 
 FURRUCItXAGUR, fur-rtik-na-gtir', two towns of Briti.sh 
 India, presidency of Bengal, district of Delhi, one being 10 
 miles E.N.E. and the other 20 miles S.W. of that city. 
 
 FUR.STENAU, (Ftirstenau,) f ilRs'teh-n6w\ a town of Ger- 
 many, kingdom of Hanover, 23 miles N.W. of Osnabrllck. 
 Pop. 1285.. 
 
 FURSTENAU, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of 
 Starkenburg, 20 miles S.E. of Darmstadt, with a fine resi- 
 dence of the counts of Erbach. 
 
 FURSTENAU, a village and castle of Switzerland, canton 
 of Grisons. 
 
 FURSTENBERG, (FUrstenberg.) f liRs'ten-bjRQ\ a town of 
 Germanv. in Mecklenberg-Strelitz, ou the Havel, 10 miles 
 S.E. of Old Strelitz. Pop. 2425. 
 
 FURSTENBERG, a town of Prussia, provitice of Branden- 
 burg, on the Berlin Frankfort and IJieslau Railway, 63 
 miles E.S.E. of Berlin. Pop. 1560. 
 
 FURSTENBERG, a village of Prussia, province of West- 
 phalia, on the Aa. 9 miles E.S.E. of BUren. Pop. 1555. 
 
 FURSTENFELU, (FUrsteufeld.) faRs'ten-f4lt\ a town of 
 Styria, 30 miles E. of Griitz, ou the Feistri"tz. Pop. 2000. It 
 has a large imperial tobacco factory. 
 
 FURSTENFELD(FUrstenfeld)BRUCK.niEs'ten-fMt'br6i5k, 
 a village of Upper Bavaria, 15 miles N.W. of Munich, with a 
 military hospital. 
 
 FURSTENFELDE, (Fiii-stenfelde.) fuRs'ten-fePdfh, a town 
 of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 26 miles X. of Fi'ank- 
 fort. Pop. 1506. 
 
 FURSTEXWALDE. (Fiirstenwalde.) fiir.s'ten-'fi-3rdeh, a 
 town of Prussiii, province of Brandenburg, on the Spree, 21 
 miles W. of Frankfort, and on the railway thence to Berlin. 
 Pop. 4412. It has manufactures of linens and woollens, and 
 an active trade b3' the river. 
 
 FURSTENWERDER, (Furstenwerder,) fuRs'ten--ftlRMer. a 
 town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 13 niiles W.X.W. 
 of Prenzlow. between two lakes. Pop. 1600. 
 
 FURTA, fooR't6h\ a village of Hungary, in Thither Theiss, 
 CO. of Bihar, about 16 miles from Grosswardein. Pop. 1371. 
 
 FURTEI, faoR-tii/ee, or FORTEI, foR-tA/ee, a village on the 
 island of Sardinia, about 20 miles X.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 950. 
 
 FURTII. (Kiirth.) f liRt, the principal manufacturing town 
 of Bavaria, after Nuremberg, at the confluence of the Keg- 
 nitz and I'egnitz, 5 miles X.W. of Nuremberg, with which it 
 communicates by railway. Pop. 19,125, of whom 2600 are 
 Jews, the rest mostly Lutherans. It has several churches 
 and synagogues, and numerous schools. The Jews, inter- 
 dicted from tettlingin Nuremberg, have rendered Fiirth a for- 
 midable rival to that city, and possess here a separate court of 
 'iistice, Hebrew schooLs, 2 printing establishments, and enjoy 
 unusual privileges. The manufactures comprise fabrics of va- 
 rious kinds, mirrors, lacquered wares, horn, and bone articles. 
 2V 
 
 FURTII. (FUrth.) a frontier town of Bavaria, on the Chain, 
 40 miles X'.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 2244. 
 
 FURTH, (Fiirth,) a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, 16 miles 
 S.E. of Dai-mstadt. 
 
 FURTHER INDIA. See India. 
 
 FURTWAXGEN, ruRtZ-fiang-en, a town of Baden, 1 mile 
 E.N.E. of Freiburg. Pop. 965. 
 
 FURUDPOOR. a town of India. See Dacca. 
 
 FU'RY-AND-HECLA STRAIT, North America, in lat. 70» 
 X.. Ion. 85° W.. leads westward into Boothia Gulf, having N. 
 Cockburnlsland, and S.Melville Peninsula. Its breadth varies 
 from 8 to 40 miles, with numerous islands. 
 
 FURY POINT, of British North America, Prince Regent's 
 Inlet, on the AV. side of North Somerset, in lat. 72° 40' 30*' 
 N., Ion. 91° 5-3' W. Here Sir James Ross wintered in 1822-3. 
 
 FUSAGASUGA, foo-sS-gd-soo/giJ. a river of New Granada, 
 ilowing W., and falling into the Magdalena 52 miles W.X.W. 
 of Santa-Fe-de-Bogota. 
 
 FUSARO, foo-sd'ro, (anc. JcJiUron,} a lake of Naples, pro- 
 vince, and 11 miles W. of Naples, on the peninsula of Baine. 
 
 FUSE, fooZzeh, a river of Germany, joins the AUer at Celle 
 after a course of 60 miles. 
 
 FUSHT, fasht orfoosht, an island in the Red Sea. on the 
 E. side, in lat. 16° 11' X., Ion. 42° 25' E. It is 2 miles long. 
 
 FUSIGNANO, foo-seen-yd'no, a village of Northern Italv*, 
 State of .Emilia, 30 miles U.K. of Ferrara, ou the Seruo. 
 Pop. 4759. It is the birth-place of Monti. 
 
 FUSIXA. foo-see'ni, a village and post-station of Northern 
 Italy, 4 miles W.S.W. of Venice, on the Brenta Canal. 
 
 FUSSEX, (FUssen.) f iis'sen. a frontier town of Bavaria, on 
 the Lech, near the Tyrolese border, 56 miles S.W. of Augs- 
 burg. Pop. 1315. It has a castle, and manufactures of mu- 
 sical instruments. 
 
 FUTI-PAXJAL, foo'tee-pdn'jdP, a mountain of Cashmere, 
 upwards of 12,000 feet high; lat. 33° 20' X., ion. 74° 30' E. 
 
 FUTTAIC or FUTAK, f iot'tOk', a town of Southern Hun- 
 gary, on the left bank of the Danube, 8 miles W. of Peter- 
 wardein. Pop. 4700. It has a fair in Xovember, attended 
 by Turkish. Greek, and Armenian merchants. 
 
 FUTTAK, UJ, oo/ee fuotHflk', or NEW FUTTAK, a town 
 of Hungary, co. of Bacs, has a ferry over the Danube, towards 
 Cserevi'cs. Pop. 4800. 
 
 FUTTEGHUR, a fort of Afghanistan, near the E. end of the 
 Khyber Pass: lat. 33° 58' N.. Ion. 71°30'E. 
 
 FUTTEHABAD. ftif teh-ha-bdd', ("the abode of victory,") 
 a town of Hindostan, 14 miles S.W. of Oojein, so named 
 after a great battle gained here by Aurengzebe. 
 
 FUTTEHAB.\D, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 24 miles N.W. of Delhi. 
 
 FUTTEHABAD, fiit'tgh-hd-bad', a town of Afghanistan, 
 plain of Jelalabad, in lat. 34° 21' X., Ion. 70° 13' E., and oc- 
 cupied by the troops of Sir R. Sale during the advance on 
 Cabool in 1842. Also, a district in the Nizam"s dominions, 
 comprising the towns of Daroor, Cullum, and Latorr. 
 
 FUTTEHGHUR, ftitHeh-gfti-', or FATAtiHAR, fd-td-gaR/, 
 (i.e. "the fort of victory,") a town of British India, pre.si- 
 dency of Bengal, (Agra,) 3 miles S.E. of Furuckaliad, on the 
 Ganges. It has a strong fort, and military cantonments, 
 and is the residence of the head civil and military authori- 
 ties of the district. A superior manufacture of tents is car- 
 ried on here. 
 
 FUTTEHGHUR, a town of North-western Hindostan, 30 
 miles X.E. of Bhawlpoor, on the Ghara or Sutlej. 
 
 FUTTEHGHUR, a ruined fort of the Punjab, on the route 
 from Attock into Cashmere. 
 
 FUTTEHGUXGE, ffieteh-gQnj', or FATAHGANJ, fd-tl- 
 gdnj', a walled town of Hindostan, province of Oude, 8 
 miles W.S.W. of Lucknow. It was formerly the residence 
 of Raiah Tickait Rov. 
 
 FUTTEHPOOR, f'atHeh-poor', a town of India, Sinde, in 
 the delta of the Indus, 45 miles S. of Hyderabad. 
 
 FUTTEHPOOR, ftt-teh-poor', alarge inland town of Hin- 
 dostan, province of Allahabad, 05 miles S. of Lucknow, in 
 lat. 25° 56' N., Ion. 80° 45' E. It is surrounded with tombs, 
 and contains several good houses, and an elegant mosque. 
 
 FUrrEHPOOR, a village of Beloochistan, province of 
 Cutch Gundava, 5 miles S. of Gundava, in lat. 28° 25' N., 
 Ion. 67° 35' E. 
 
 FUTTEHPOOR SIKRA. See Futtipoor Sikra. 
 
 FUTTIHPOOR, fut-te-poor', or FUTTEHPOOR, a town of 
 Hindostan in the Punjab, in a fertile and well cultivated 
 country, on the Ravee, 82 miles S.W. of Lahore, on the route 
 thence to Mooltan. 
 
 FUTl'IPOOR SIKRA or FUTTEHPOOR SIKRA. an inland 
 town of Ilindostan. province, and 19 miles W.S.W. of Agra, 
 in lat. 26° 6' N., Ion. 77° 34' E. It was enclosed and fortified by 
 the Emperor Akbar. and contains remains of a palace formei-ly 
 inhabited by him. The portion of this deserted palace contain- 
 ing the apartments of Abu-Fazel, the celebrated prime mi- 
 nister of Akbar, is in a better state of preservation than 
 most of the other buildings. The walls are of great strength 
 and solidity, all the apartments being arched, and it ap- 
 pears, from what remains, were once richly decorated. I'he 
 exterior is all of a sombre red freestone, in a fine stylo 
 of oriental Gothic. There is also a tomb of elaborate work- 
 
 721 
 
FUT 
 
 GAD 
 
 maosbip, X 1 wbich several mnmbe* 8 of the royal family were 
 buried : it strtcds in the centre of an arcaded square, and is 
 •pproachei throusrh a gate of noble proportions. 
 
 FUTTOOLAII-KILLA, ffit-toold-kil'Id, or PUTTOOLA- 
 KILLA, p&t-too'la-killi. a village and fort of Afghanistan, 
 60 miles S.E. of Candahar, 3918 feet alore sea level. Its 
 supply ?f water brought by a canal from bills about 50 miles 
 K., can be easily intercepted. The British army suffered 
 severely from this cause when encamped here, in April, 1839. 
 
 rUTTYPOOR, f atte-pooi-'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengai, Xagpoor ceded districts, 18 miles KSJi. of 
 Hosur-sibad. 
 
 FUTTYPOOR, a town of British India, in Esypootana, 90 
 miles X.W. of Jeypoor. 
 
 FUTTYPOOR, a large village of Sinde, on a branch of the 
 Indus. 10 miles S. of Larkhana. 
 
 FOTWA. fut/wl a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, S miles S.S.E. of Patna, on the Ganges, at the influx 
 of the Pompon, here crossed bv a bridge. 
 
 FUUR, fooR, or FUURLAXD, fooR/lind, an island of 
 Denm.irk, province of Jutland, 30 miles X.W. of Viborg, in 
 the Lymfiord. Area, 11 square miles. Pop. 1000. It lii»s 
 niinenil springs, and traces of an extinct volcano. 
 
 FUVEAU. f u^•o^ a village of France, department of Bou- 
 ches-du-Rhone. 7 miles S.E. of Mx. Pop. 1>97. 
 
 FUZER, (Fiizer.) fu'zSr\ a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Abaujvar, 15 miles S.E. of Kaschau. Pop. 665. 
 
 FUZES, (Fuzes,) fu'zJsh', or FIZESCII, fee'zfsh', (L. Sali- 
 cium.) a village of Hungary, co. of Kraszna, on the slopes 
 of two hills, surrounded by woods, 15 miles from Somlyo. 
 It is inhabited bv Wallachians. Pop. "2414. 
 
 FUZES (Fuzes) GYAKMATH, fti'zJsh' dyoRWf, a maj> 
 
 ket-town of. Hungary, in Thither Theiss, Bekes, on the Bd- 
 rettyo, equally distant from Gyula and Csaba. Pop. 4950 
 
 FYEX. an it^land of Deumaik. See ivsss. 
 
 FYERS. See Foyers. 
 
 FY'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 FYFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 
 
 FYFIELD. a parish of J^ngland, co. of Ilant.s. 
 
 FY'LIXGDALES, a parish of England, co. of York. Xortl) 
 Riding, on the North Sea, 4^ n.iles S.S.E. of "Whitby. On 
 Raven Ilill, in this parish, llubba, the Danish chieftain, un- 
 furled his standard in SG7. 
 
 FYNE or FINE, LOCH, loK fin, an inlet of the sea. m 
 Scotland, co. of Argyle, commencing l>etweeu the islar.ds of 
 Bute and Arran. and running up between the districts of 
 Kintyre and Cowal for about 40 miles, with an avei'aga 
 breadth of about 5 miles. The shores are deeply indented, 
 and finely screened by projecting mountains. The town of 
 Inverary stands near the head of this loch. 
 
 FYUM. See Fayoom. 
 
 FY VIE. f i'vee, a parish of Scotland, co., and about 24 miles 
 N.N.W. of Aberdeen. Fyvie Castle, the seat of Gordon of 
 Fyvie, is a stately Gothic edifice. Here ai-e also the fine 
 ruins of Gight Castle, and of a prior}-. 
 
 FYZABAD. f i-zd-1 3d', {i. e. '• a beautiful residence,") a town 
 of India, 4 miles ^^'. of Oudc. on the Kalee. It is large, 
 populous, and has the remains of a fortress and of a palace. 
 
 FYZABAD, a village of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, in Agra. Near it is a ruined hunting-seat of the Em- 
 peror Shah-Jehan. 
 
 FYZABAD. a village of Afghanistan, on the Herri-Rood, 
 32 miles E. of Herat. 
 
 FYZABAD,a town oflndependentTartary.See Bcdckhshan. 
 
 G 
 
 GAABENSE, go'bln-seh, a village and ferry station of 
 Denmark, on the N. coast of the island of Falster. 
 
 GAAD, gdd, a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal, on the 
 Temes. about 12 miles from Detta. Pop. 1108. 
 
 GABARDAN, gi'baR'd6x«', or GAAARDAX, gi'TaRMSx"', 
 an ancient vicomte of France, belonging to Coudomois. It 
 is now included in the E. of the department of Landes, on 
 the S.W. of I/Ot*t-Garonne. 
 
 GABARRET, gi^baR^Rd/. a town of Fi-ance, department of 
 Landes, 25 miles E.N.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 854. It 
 was formerly capital of the vicomte of Gabardan. 
 
 GAB.\S,'giM)Js/, a frontier village of France, department 
 of Bas.ses-PyrC'ueos, 30 miles S. of Pau. 
 
 GABBIANO. gili-be-d'no. a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince, and IS miles S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 2022. 
 
 GABEL, gi/bgl, GABLON, gi-blon'. or GABLONY, gj- 
 blo/nee. a town oif Bohemiiv, on the Adler, 37 miles E.S.E. 
 of KiiniggrStz. Pop. 605. 
 
 GABEL, gi'bel, GABDAU, glVdOw, or JABLONA, jd-blo'- 
 nj, a town of Bohemia, on the Jungfernbach, 50 miles 
 N.N'.E. of Prague. In the neighborhood is the castle of 
 Falkenberg. Pop. 2135. 
 
 GABELA, gl'bAna. or GABELLA, g3-b5n3, a town of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, in Herzegovina, on the Narenta, 26 miles 
 S.W. of Mostar. 
 
 GABERA. gd-bj'ril, a town of Spain, province, and 52 
 miles S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1574. 
 
 GABES, a town of Africa. See Cabes. 
 
 G.\BIAN. gd'be-d.\»', a town of France, department of 
 Herault, 12 miles N.N.E. of Beziers. Pop. 1023. 
 
 GABI.WO. gd-be-i'no, a town of Piedmont, province, and 
 12 mile.« W. of Ca-sale, on the Po. Pop. 2;i53. 
 
 GABLON or GABT>ONY. a town of Bohemix See Gabel. 
 
 GABLONZ, gd'blouts. (Bohemian. Gabhinhcu gi-bloon'kl.) 
 a market-town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau.on the Neisse. 
 Pop. 3209. It is the centre of an extensive trade in orna- 
 mental glass, the preparation of which employs 6000 men. 
 It has al.so large cloth factories and wool-spinning works. 
 
 OABOOS, gl-boon', a river of Western .\fiica. enters the 
 Atlantic by a wide estuary, near the equator. The French 
 planted a colony in its vicinity in 1S45. 
 
 OA'BRIEL CHANNEL, a remarkable channel in the 
 Terra del Fuego Isl.ands; lat. 54° 20' S.. Ion. 70° 40' ^V.. be- 
 tween Dawson Island and a range of hills on the E. side of 
 Madalen Channel, having Cape Fi-oward directly opposite 
 its N.W. extremity. The width of the channel, at both ex- 
 tremities, is from 2 to 3 miles ; but the shores gradually 
 approach each other midway, and the coast on each side 
 rises abruptly to the height "of 1500 feet. The whirlwinds 
 or hurricane squalls, called by sealing vessels '• williwaws," 
 So frequent in Terra del Fuego. operate with ^reat violence. 
 Bursting over the mountainous ridge which forms the S. 
 ride of the channel, they descend, and, striking against the 
 base of the opposite shore, rush up the steep, and carry all 
 before them. 
 
 GABRIEL'S CREEK, a post-office of Madison co., North 
 Oatoliua. 
 
 722 
 
 G.\Cfi, gi'sJ/. a town of France, department ot Ome, 15 
 miles E.N.E. of .A.rgentan. Pop. 1500. 
 
 GACILLY', LA, Id gi'see'yee'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, 20 miles E.N.E. of Vannes. Pop. 1403. 
 
 GACS, pitch, or G.4CZ. g3ts, a market-town of West Hun- 
 gary, circle of Neograd, 64 miles N.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 4300. 
 
 GAD.\MIS, a town of Africa. See Ghad.«!IS. 
 
 GADDADA. gdd-dd'di. TCIITN-TCHOO, (.TCHIN-TCHOU,) 
 chinVhoo' or TCHIN-TCHIU, chin^cbe-oo',a river of Hindo8> 
 tan, joins the Brahmapootra, in Bengal, district, and 45 
 miles N.E, of Rungpoor, after a S. course estimated at 150 
 miles. ' 
 
 GAD'DESBY. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 GAD'DESDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 GADDHSDEX. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. ofllerts. 
 
 GAD'DEYSVILLE, a post-ofSce of Robeson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 G.\D'DISTOWN. a post-ofRce of Union co.. Georgia. 
 
 GADE, gaid. a river of England, co. of Herts, after a S. 
 course, joins the Colne near Rickmans worth. 
 
 GADEBCSCH, ga/deh-lH»sh\ (L. DiH Lu'cm.) a walled 
 town of Northern Germany, 13 miles W.N.W. of Schwerin. 
 It has a chapel where King Albert of Sweden is buried. 
 Korner the poet fell here in the war of the hberation. 
 Pop. 2284. 
 
 GADES. See Cadiz. 
 
 GAD'FLY, a post-office of Barry co.. Missouri. 
 
 GADITANIAN. See Cadiz. 
 
 GADITANUM FRETU.M. See Gibraitar, Strait op. 
 
 GADJ.iTSCH, gSd-yatch'. GADATCH, (GadStch.) gl- 
 d?tc-h' or GADlTCn, gd-ditch', a town of Southern Ru.ssla, 
 government, and 60 miles N.W. of Poltava, on the PsioL 
 Pop. 3041. It has 7 churches. 
 
 G.AiDMEN, g.^d'men. a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton of Bern, 12 miles S.S.E. of Sarnen. It is hemmed in 
 by lofty mountains, some of them 9000 feet hiih. Pop. 697. 
 
 GADOXI, gd-do'nee, a village on the island of Sardinia, 
 division, and 49 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 690. 
 
 GADOO, gd-doc/, a native st.nte of Senegambia. S. of Foola- 
 doo and Brooko. It is mountainous and well watered by 
 the Senegal, and contains mines of gold, iron, and saltpetre, 
 
 GADOR. gddoR'. a town of Spain, province, and 10 mile* 
 W. of Almeira. on the Almeira. Pop. 1954. 
 
 GADS'DEN, a county in the W. central part of Florida, 
 bordering on Georgia, and on the Gulf of Mexico, contains 
 about 750 square miles. The Appalaeliicola river ft.rnw 
 its boundary on the W., and the Ocklokonee River on the 
 E. The surfiice is uneven ; the soil is generally fertile. By 
 the census of 1850, this county produced more toh'^cco, mo- 
 lasses, and sweet potatoes, than any other county in the 
 state, and more corn than any other excepting Leon. In 
 1850 the products were 776.177 pounds of tobacco; 292.8f0 
 bushels of com; and 143.000 of sweet potatoes. Capital, 
 Quincv. Pop. 9396. of whom 3987 were free, and 5409 slaves. 
 
 (lADSDEN. a post-office, Richland district. South Carolina. 
 
 G.\DSDEN", a thriving post-village of Cherokee co., Ala- 
 bama, on the Coosa River, about 130 miles N of Mont- 
 
GAD 
 
 GAL 
 
 Bomery. The cotton raised in the vicinity is exported at 
 this place by steamboats. A railroad has been commenced 
 between Gadsden and Selma, on the Alabama lliver. It 
 contains 4 lari;e warehouses. 
 
 GADS/HILL, England, co. of Kent, 2J miles N.W. of Ro- 
 chester, famous as the scene of Kalstaff's and Prince 
 Henry's rencounter. 
 
 GAK, gM or gi, a large villase of Western Africa, in 
 Foota-Toro. on the Senegal. Lat 16° 28' N., ion. 15° 28' W. 
 
 G^STRIKLAND, Sweden. See Gestrikland. 
 
 G AETA, gd-,Vtl, (anc. Caie'ta or O/je/to ; Fr. Gaite, gl'ait',) a 
 strongly fortified seajiort of Italy, province of Terra (U 
 L:ivoro, occupying .a peninsula on the N.W. side of the 
 Gulf of Gaeta. 40 miles N.W. of Naples. Pop. (besides mili- 
 tary,) 3000. It has a handsome cathedral, 9 other churches, 
 several convents, a public seminary, hospital, and foundling 
 asylum. In Its immediate vicinity stood the villa of Cicero, 
 in the grounds of which he met his death, B.C. 43. It is the 
 see of an archbishop, and the centre of an active trade; its 
 port is one of the best in Italy. Gaeta is a place of great 
 antiquity, having been a place of resort for the wealthy Ito- 
 man families. It was taken by the French in 1789 and 1800. 
 Pope Pius IX. sought an asylum here in 1849, having escaped 
 in di.sfcuise from Rome. 
 
 GAETA, GULF OF, an inlet of the Mediterranean, on the 
 W. coast of Italy ; Jat. 41= >'.. Ion. 13° 40' E. On its N.E. 
 side it receives the river Gangliano. 
 
 GAFSA, GU AFSA, gjtf 'si, of CAFSA.kif'sd, (anc. Cap'sa,) a 
 town of Africa, in Tunis, 74 miles W.N.W. of Cabes. 
 
 GAG or GAGA, an island of the Malay Archipelago. 
 See Gagy. 
 
 GAGE'S LAKE, a post-office of Lake co., Illinoi.s. 
 
 GAGES POINT, a postroffioe of St. Francis co., Arkansas. 
 
 GAGE'TOWN, a town of New Brunswick, rapital of .Sun- 
 bury, on the St. Johns River, about 28 miles S.E. of Frede- 
 ricton. On the bordersof Grand Lake, a short distance above, 
 on the opposite side of the river, are extensive coal-mines, 
 from which large quantities of coal are annually raised. 
 
 GAGGENAU, gig'ghen-6w\ a village of Baden, on the 
 Murg, 14 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1150. 
 
 GAGLIANO, pil-y4'no, a village of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 Ultra II. Pop. 1500. 
 
 GAGLI.\NO, a village of Naples, in Calabria Ultra II. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 G.\.GLI AND, a village of N-iples, in Otranto. Pop. 2700. 
 
 GAGLIANO, a village of Sicily, province, and 36 miles 
 W.N.W. of Catiinia. Pop. 2SS6. 
 
 GAGLIAVOLA. gdl-yS-vo'ia, (L. Hnliavola.) a village of 
 the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 28 miles S.S.E. of No- 
 vara. on the Agogna. Pop. 735. 
 
 GAGY, gd'ghee. GAG, gdg. or G.\GA, gd/gil, an isl.and in 
 the Malay Archipelago, Uilolo Passage. Lat. (N. point,) 
 0°20'S., Ion. 129° 53' E. 
 
 G.^IIAN'NA. a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 GAIA. VlLL.t NOVA DE. vil'ld no/va dA ghi'd. a town 
 and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, on the Douro, 
 immediately opposite Oporto. Pop. 5300. 
 
 GAIDARONISI, grcd^ronee'see. or GAITHARONISI, (anc. 
 Hi/etul.-ia) an island off the S.W. coast of Asia Minor, in the 
 jEgean Si>a. 13 miles S. of Samos. Lat. 37° 2S' N., Ion. 27° E. 
 
 GAIDARONISI, (anc. 0'(rys«.*') a small island of European 
 Turkev. in the Mediterranean, on the S. side of Crete. 
 Lat. 34° 38' N., Ion. 2.5° 46' E. 
 
 GAIL, glle, (Slavonian SiHa, silld.) a river of Illyria, in 
 Carinthia, rises near the Tyrol, and joins the Drave 2 miles 
 below Villach, after an E. course of 65 miles. 
 
 GAILDOKF, gil'doRf. a town of Wiirtemberg, on the 
 Kocher. 31 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1510. 
 
 GAI'LEY'S MILL, a post-office of Hall co.. Georgia. 
 
 6AILLAC, g^h^ydk' or gdl'ydk', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarn. 12 miles W. of Alby, on the Tarn. It has a 
 ommunal college, manufactures of wine casks and turned 
 wares, and distilleries. Pop. in 1852. 8245. 
 
 GAILLAC. a village of France, department of Aveyron, 
 18 miles N.N.W. of Milhan. Pop. 1243. 
 
 GAILLAC TOULZA glh^dk' toorzd/, a village of France, 
 department of Ilaute-Garoune, arrondissement, and 16 
 miles S.S.E. of Muret. Pop. 1723. 
 
 GAILLAN, glh'ySx"'' or gdryftN*"'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Gironde. 1 mile N.N.W. of Lesparre. Pop. 1793. 
 
 GAHiLON. gJh^yAxo' or gdPvAx"', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Eure, 8 miles E.S.R. of Louviers, with a station 
 on the Paris and Rouen Railway, 48 miles N.W. of Paris. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3246. 
 
 GAIN'ER'S STORE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 GAINES, gdnz. a post-village and township of Orleans CO., 
 Xew York, 6 or 7 miles S. of Lake Ontario, and about 33 
 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. The village has 2 or 3 churches, 
 an academy, and perhaps lOO dwelliiigs. The Erie Canal 
 lia.sses through the S. portion of the township. Pop. of the 
 township, 2542. 
 
 GAINES, a v"st-township on the W. border of Tioga co, 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 435. 
 
 G.\.1NES, a post-township in the S.W. part of Genesee CO., 
 Michigan. Pop. 760. 
 
 GAINES, a township of Kent co.. Michigan. Pop. 870. 
 
 GAINESBOROUOIt. Virginia. See GAl.vsBORnuoil. 
 
 (4AINESB0R0UGH, g.'Vnz'btir-ruh, a post-village, capital 
 of Jackson co., Tennessee, on Cumberland River, 73 miles 
 E.N.E. of Na.shville. 
 
 GAINES CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Rappahannock 
 CO.. Virginia, about 120 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 GAINES'S LANDING, a small village of Chicot co., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 GAINESTOWN, ginz'town, a post-village of Clarke co. 
 Alabama, on the Alabama River. Here is a steamboat 
 landing. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, gAnz'ville. a post-village and township of 
 Wyoming co.. New York, on the Buffalo and New York City, 
 Railroad, 45 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. The village contains 1 
 or 2 churches, and several stores and mills. Pop. of the 
 township, 1732. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, a post-office of Prince William co., Vir 
 ginia. 
 
 GAINESVUiLE, a handsome post-village, capital of Hall 
 CO.. Georgia, on the Chattahoochee l{iver, 110 miles N. of 
 Milledgeville, has a pleasant situ.ation and a delightful 
 climate, which render it a fiishionable place of resort in 
 summer. Pop. 344. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, a post-village in Sumter co., Al.abam.a, 
 on the right bank of the Tonibigbee River, at the mouth of 
 the Noxubee River, 54 miles W.S.W. of Tuscaloos.a. It is a 
 place of active business, and the principal shipping point 
 of the county. It contains 3 or 4 ehurdies, about a dozen 
 stores, an academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. al)out 1500. 
 
 G.ilNESVlLLK, a post-village of Hancock co., Mississippi. 
 It has a newspaper ottice, and alxiut 800 inhabitants. 
 
 GAINESVILIJE, the capital of Cook co., Te.xas. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Green co., Ar- 
 kansas, about 7 miles W. of St. Francis River, and 105 miles 
 N.E. of Little Rock. 
 
 GAINFAHRN, G.\INVARN, ghin'faRn, or CONFARN, 
 kon'faRn, a village of Lower Austria, about 4 miles from 
 Baden. Pop. 13o6. 
 
 G.\1N'B'0KD, a parish and village of England, co. of Dur- 
 ham, on the Tees, 7J miles W.N.W. of Darlington. Pop. in 
 1851, 7348. 
 
 GAINS'BOROUGH, a seaport, market-town, and parish 
 of England, co., and 16 miles N.W. of Lincoln, on the Trent. 
 Pop. of the town, in 1851, 7506. The town is densely built, 
 but clean, well paved, and lighted. It has a church, the 
 tower of which was built by the Knights Templars, a gram- 
 mar school, town-hall, neat theatre, curious ancient hall, 
 said to have been a palace of John of Gaunt, and a union 
 work-house. Chief foreign imports, linseed, rapeseed, bones, 
 and timber: exports, Manchester, Birmingham, and Shef^ 
 field manufactures. The canals connecting it with the 
 Trent render Gainsborough a natural outlet on the E. coast 
 for the midland counties, in consideration of which it was 
 made a port in 1840. 
 
 GAINSBOROUGH, a post-village of Frederick co., AMr- 
 ginia, 150 miles N.N.W. of Richmond, contains 2 churches, 
 and about 30 houses. 
 
 GAINSBOROUGH, Roanoke co., Virginia. SeeBicLicK. 
 
 G AIRING, a town of Hungary. See Gajar. 
 
 G.\1RL0CH. gdr'loK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross. 
 
 GAIRLOCH, a branch of the Frith of Clyde, co. of Dum- 
 barton, between the parishes of Row and Rosneath, oppo- 
 site Greenock. Length from S. to N., 7 miles; average 
 breadth. 1 mile. 
 
 GAI RO, ghl'ro, a village of Sardinia, 3 miles from LanuseL 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 GAIRSA, gAr'sd. or GAIRSAY, gAr'si one of the Orkney 
 Islands, parish of Rendal. from which it is divided on the 
 N. by a strait. Length. 2 miles. Pop. 71. 
 
 6.\IS. ghice, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 4 miles 
 N.E. of Appenzell, on the S. declivity of the Gfitris Moun- 
 tains. 2900 feet above the sea. 
 
 GAJAR. gCh'y5R',orGATRING, ghl'ring\ a market-town 
 of Hungary, co.. and 24 miles N.N.W. of Presburg, on the 
 Rudana. Pop. 3000. 
 
 GAJDOBRA. ghrdo'bi'Ch^, a village of Hungary, co. ol Bacs, 
 7 miles from I'alanka. Pop. .3000. 
 
 GA KOV A, gd-oh^ko'vOh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 G.\L.VCZ, a town of Moldavi.a. See Gaiatz. 
 
 GALADZET (gd-ldd-zef) HILLS, a range in the Burmese 
 dominions, in Farther India, about 100 miles N. of Ran- 
 goon. They are steep and rugged, and extend for about 60 
 miles from E. to W. 
 
 GALAM', or KAJA.\^GA. kd-jd'gd, a country of Africa, in 
 Senegambia. intersected by the parallel of 14° 45' N., and 
 by the meridian of 13° 10' W. It occupies a narrow space 
 along the Senegal, and is divided by the Faleme into two 
 parts, of which the W. is called Goy6 or Lower Galam, and 
 the E. Kamera or Upper Galam. it is fei-tile. and rich in 
 vegetable products; the rivers alx)und with fifh. and their 
 banks with crocodiles and hippopofcimi ; and the forests with 
 lions, elephants, wild b(5ars. and apes. The inhabitants are 
 an industrious, agricultural, and commercial people, almost 
 
 723 
 
GAL 
 
 exclusivelj- employed as earners. The supreme power is 
 conferred according to the principle of collateral .succession; 
 but the authority of the tunka, or cMef, is restricted by a 
 national or representative council. 
 
 C.ALAM. g^'ldm'. or FOKT ST. JO'SEPH, a town of West 
 Africa, capital of the above country on the Senegal River. 
 
 OALANTIIA. gSMdn/td', a fortifii^ villa^'e of Western 
 liunjrary, 29 miles E. of Presburg. I'op. 2ST0. 
 
 G .\.LAPAGOS, gd-l3'pd-goee. commonly pronounced in Eng- 
 lish gal-la-pA/gtis, (Ger. SchildkroienLnseln, shilt'kro-ten-in'- 
 Beln, or •■ 'tortoise Islands;" Fr. Gallnpagos, gdiUi^-pSVos', 
 lies lies ToHiief, eel dA toR'tU'. "Islands of the Tortoises;'"; a 
 grjup of islands in the I'acific Ocean, on and near the 
 ■Equator, between Ion. 89° and 92° W., 730 miles W. of the 
 coast of Ecuador, Soutli Americi. and consisting of 6 prin- 
 cipal and 7 small islands; the largest. Albemarle Island, 
 being 60 miles in length, by 15 miles in breadth, and reach- 
 ing an elevation of 4000 feet. All are volcanic, and abound 
 in lavas. They are frequented by turtles of enormous size, 
 whence the name of this group is derived, (in Spanish Gul- 
 ajnigos,) iguanas, and other reptiles. On Charles Island 
 a, small colony of Spaniards has been planted, forming a 
 penal settlement; the other islands are mostly unpeopled. 
 The principal islands are .\lbemarle. Indefatigable, Chat- 
 ham, Charles. James, Marborough, Hood, Harrington, Bind- 
 loes. and Aiingdon. 
 
 G.\L.\PAGOS ISLANDS, an unimportant group of the 
 West Indies. Bahamas. X. of .4baco. 
 
 GALAKOZ.A., gd-ld-ro/thi. a town of Spain, in Andalusia. 
 58 miles X. by E, of Iluelva, on the JIartiga. Pop. 1936. 
 
 G.iLASIIIELS, galVsheelz/, a burgh of barony and pa- 
 rish of Scotland, cos. of Koxburgh and Selkirk. 5 miles 
 W.X.W. of ilelrose. Pop. of town, in 1851, 5918. It is irre- 
 gularly built of stone on both sides of tlie Gala, here crossed 
 by three bridges ; it has 3 churches, 2 libraries, a mechanics' 
 institute, 2 branch hanks, and flourishing manufactures of 
 stockings, flannels, blankets, &c. 
 
 GALATA. gi'li-ti the largest suburb of Constantinople, 
 on the X. side of the Golden Horn. J of a miles W. of the 
 Seraglio Point. It is about 4 miles in circumference, en- 
 closed by walls, and entered by numerous gates. The inha- 
 bit;ints are mostly European Christians, and Galata is the 
 chief seat of the foreign trade of the Turkish capital. It 
 has man}' Roman Catholic, Greek, and Armenian churches, 
 a i-emarkable tower 140 feet in height, and the custom-house 
 for the port of Constantinople. 
 
 GALATA, a Tillage of Greece, government of iEtolia, W. of 
 Lepanto, near the Phidaris. 
 
 GALATA, a village and cape of Bulgaria, on the Black 
 Sea. 4 miles S.E. of Varna. 
 
 GAL-iTtyA, a post-ofRce of Ilarrison cc, Texas. 
 
 GALATINA, Xaples. See S.\x-Pi£Tro-ix-Galatin.\. 
 
 GALATOXE. gd-ld-to/ni, a town of Xaples, province of 
 Olranto, 17 miles S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 4150. 
 
 GALATHO. gd-hVtro, a town of Xaples. province of Cala- 
 bria Ultra I., IS miles X.E. of Palmi. I'op. 1730. 
 
 GALATZ, ga'iats, GALACZ, or GALATCII. gdlltch, 
 (anc. Axir>p>dlis ?) a town of Moldavia, capital of the district 
 of KoTOurloni, on the left bank of the Danube, between the 
 confluences of the Sereth and Pruth with that river. Lat. 
 (church of Uspenski.) 45° 2C' 12" X.. Ion. 28° 2' 58" E. The 
 older parts of the town consist of miserable wooden houses, 
 or nither huts, confusedl)- huddled togethpr, and forming a 
 series of narrow, filthy, and irregular streets. In the newer 
 quarters are numerous well-built houses of stone. There 
 are here several Greek churches, a convent, a hospital, and 
 a large bazaar, always well filled with merchandise. The 
 lower part of Galatz consists almost entirely of warehouses, 
 and has from time immemorial po.^sessed the right of a free 
 port — a privilege which was extended to the whole city in 
 1831. Galatz is the principal port in the principality, and 
 the chief medium of the commerce carried on between Ger- 
 many and Constantinople, vessels of 300 tons being able to 
 ascend the Danube thus far. Its trade was formerly entirely 
 in the hands of the Greeks, but now many Engli.sh and other 
 foreign houses have established themselves there. The prin- 
 cipal exports are grain, wine, planks and deals, wool, tallow, 
 and preserved meat, the amount of which, with some other 
 trilling articles, exported in 1845. w.is $1,828,217. The im- 
 ports are chiefly British manufactures, sugar, tin-plates, 
 iron, tar, pitch, coal, oil, olives, dried fruits, lemons and 
 oranges, carobs, tobacco, caviar. s;ilted fish, glassware, lamb- 
 skins, li.'ather, and alba, or coarse cloth. The wliole imports 
 in 1845 amounted to $1,084,097. The uuml)er of vessels de- 
 parting from Galatz in 1851 was 619. tons 101.592. manned 
 by 6589 men, and taking cargoes to the value of S2,4<J2,421 , 
 tf which $683,598 was wheat, $1,357,837 Indian corn, and 
 $240,625 rye. Of the vessels. 178 were English, 139 Gi-eek, 
 103 Turkish, 42 Austrian. 40 Sardinian, and 31 Kussian ; 
 296 taking, among other things. 35.368 quarters of wheat, 
 295.295 of Indian corn, and 15,664 of rye. and 1925 hundred- 
 weight of tallow, were bound for England; and 176, with 
 44.984 quarters of wheat, 20,407 of Indian corn, 6205 of rye, 
 2424 hundred-weight of tallow, 429,516 plauks and deals, 
 \ud 18 caskg of wUie, were for Coastantinople. The total 
 
 GAL 
 
 value of importations by sea during the year was $2,423,886, 
 of which $1.164.>t40 was manufactured" coods. $277,912 re- 
 fined and crushed sugar, and $188.1^3 iron. Pop. 36000. 
 
 GA'LA WATER, a river of Scotland, rises in the .Muirfoot 
 Hills, CO of Edinburgh, flows mostly S.S.W., and joins the 
 Tweed close to Abbotsford. 
 
 G.\L.\X1I)I, gd-ldx'e de. ('anc (En'lJie.) a seaport town of 
 Greece, government of Phocis, on the Gulf of Salona, 12 
 miles S. of Salona or Amphissa. It has two harbors, and 
 w-Bs one of the most flourishing commercial towns in Western 
 Hellas, but was ruined by the Turks in 1S21. 
 
 GAL^BAiyLY. a parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Li- 
 merick. 7 miles S.S.W. of Tipperary. It has an ancient 
 church, and ruins of a monasten'. 
 
 GALDAR. gdl-dai;/. or GALDA'S. gai'dds. a village of the 
 Great Canary Island, on its X.W. coast, 5 milts X.W. of 
 Palmas. with the remains cf a residence of the ancient 
 Guanche chiefs, and extensive caverns. Pop. 2500. 
 
 GALEATA, gi-lA-d'ti. a town of Tuscany, on the Bidente, 
 about 2 miles from Civitello. Pop. 1026. 
 
 G.\LEGA. gl-lA'gd, a small island in the Indian Ocean, 
 X.E. of Madagascar. Lat. 10° 29' 50" S., Ion. 56° 45' E. It 
 is covered with cocoii-trees. and exports a large quantity of 
 oil to France, of which it forms a possession. 
 
 GA'LEX. a township of Wayne co., Xew York, intersected 
 by the Erie Canal. Pop. 5340. 
 
 GALiy.V.\. a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, 20 miles 
 X.X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 GA1>EXA. a village of Scioto co., Ohio, 20 miles from the 
 Ohio River at Portsmouth. 
 
 GALEXA, a post-office of Floyd co., Indiana. 
 
 G.A.LEXA. ga-lee'n.H. a flourishing city and capital of Jo 
 Daviess co.. Illinois, on Fevre River. 6 miles from its entrance 
 into the Mississippi River, 450 miles above St. Louis. 180 
 miles W.X.W. of Chicago, and 250 X. by W. of Springfield. 
 "The river on who.se rocky shelf thl« town is built is more 
 properly an arm of the Mississippi River, setting up between 
 lofty bluHs. around whose base it winds with picturesque 
 effect. The streets rise one above another, and communi- 
 cate with each othet by flights of steps, so that the houses 
 on the higher streets are perched like an eagle's eyrie, ovei^ 
 looking the rest, and i.-ommanding an extensive prospect. 
 Pleasant churches meet the eye on the first ledge or terrace 
 above the levee, and pnvate residences, wearing an aspect 
 of neatness and comfort, adoni each successive height." 
 (Thompson's Letters.) Galena owes its growth and import- 
 .ance mainly to the rich mines of leadAvith which it is sur- 
 rounded in every direction. Considerable quantities of cop- 
 per are found in connection with the lead. The amount of 
 lead shipped at this place in 1S52 was 40,000,000 p<iunds, 
 valued at $1,(:00,000. The Fevre River is navigable by 
 steamboats, which make regular passages from Galena to 
 St. Louis. St. Paul's, and other ports on the Mississippi 
 lUver. The commerce of the place is extensive, and rapidly 
 increasing. It is on the Illinois Central* Railroad ; Main 
 Line) and is directly connected with Chicago by the Galena 
 and Chicago Uniim Railroad. This citj- contains 2 national, 
 banks, and several newspaper offices. Galena is or was re- 
 cently the home of Lieutenant-Genoral U. S. Grant, com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army of the United States. An error in 
 the spelling and pronunciation of Fevre River (named fi-om 
 La F'evre, an early French trader) has given some currency 
 to an unfounded impression that the place is unhealthy. 
 The name of the city is taken from gaUna, a species of leaid 
 ore. Pop. in 1850, 6004 ; in 1860, 8196. 
 
 GALEXA, a post-village, capital of Stone Co., Missouri. 
 
 GALEXSTOCK, g5len-stok\ a mountain of Switzerland, 
 on the confines of the cantons of Valais and Uri, forming by 
 its X.E. side one of the baiTiers of tlie magnificent glacier in 
 which the lihone has its source. Its loftiest summit exceeds 
 11,000 feet. 
 
 GALEiyTA POIXT, the S.E. point of the island of Trini- 
 dad, in the West Indies. Lat. 10° 9' X., Ion. 60° 59' W. 
 
 GALERA, g.i-l.Vrd. a village of Spain, in Catalonia, pro- 
 vince of Tarragona, 6 miles S.W. of Tortosa. Pop. 1574. 
 
 GALERA. a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 
 about 70 miles X.E. of Granada. On a height above it .^tood 
 the former town of Galera, which w.as completely razed, 
 every inhabitant being destroyeil, by the Infiinte Don John 
 of .\ustria, during the wars against the Moors. Pop. 1781. 
 
 GALERA, gdla'rS. (anc. Gai(liia?) a deserted but pio- 
 turesque village of the Pontifical States, co. and 13 miles. 
 X.W. of Rome, on the Arrone. 
 
 GALERA. gi-l.Vri. a river of Brazil, province of M.itto- 
 Gros.so, joins the Guapore, 60 milesX.X.W. of Villabella, after 
 a course of about 9ii miles. 
 
 GALER.4. gl-lA'ri. a point cf South America, in Xew 
 Granada, 28 miles N.X.E. of Cartagen.i, lx)unding a bay of 
 its own name on the X. Lat. 10° 51' X., Ion. 7o° 25' W. 
 
 G.\LERA. g3-lA'r3. an island of tlie Pacific, in Solomon Ar- 
 chipelago. Lat. 9° 15' S.. Ion. 101° eC E. 
 
 G.\LES, gailz. a post-villa'.:e of Sullivan co^ Xew Yoik, 99 
 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 GALESBURCi. gailzhjvirg. a post-village of Kalim.iroo co, 
 Michigan, on the Central Kailroad. 130 miles W. of Detroit 
 
GAL 
 
 GALESBURO, a thri\-lng city of Knox co., Illinois, on the 
 Chiciigi), Burlington and Qnincy Ritilroiid, 165 miles W.S. W. 
 of Chiciigo. Another railroad 53 miles long connects it with 
 Peoriiu It is situated in a rich farming district, and has an 
 active business. Galesburg is the seat of Knox College, and 
 of Lombiird College. It also contains 12 churches, 3 banks, 
 a female seminary, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 18u0, 
 4953 ; in 1865, about 7000. 
 
 GALES'S FERRY, a post-village In New London co., Con- 
 necticut. 45 miles S.E. of Hartford. 
 
 GALESVILLE. gailz'vill, a postrvillage of Washington co., 
 New York. 37 miles N.N.E. of Albany. 
 
 GALESVILLE, a village and steamboat landing of Anne 
 Arundel co., Maryland, on West River, 12 miles S. by W. of 
 Annapolis. 
 
 GALESVILLE MILLS, a post-ofBce of Ulster co., New 
 York. 
 
 GA'LEY, a p."irish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry. 
 
 GALOA, gdl'gCh\ a river of Hungary, joins the Zagyva 
 30 miles E.X.E. of Pesth. after a course of nearly 40 miles. 
 
 GALlAXO(gi-Ie-a'no) ISLAND, of British North America, 
 in Queen Charlotte's Sound, is in lat. 61° 9' N., Ion. 128° 
 2'W. 
 
 GALICIA, gal-ish'e-a, (Sp. pron. p3-lee'the-3 or gJ-lee'se-1 : 
 anc. GaUaifcia, the country of the Gallcpfci.) afl old province 
 of Spain, with the title of kingdom, and, since 1833, form- 
 ing the provinces of Corunna, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra, 
 at the N.W. extremity of the Peninsula, between lat. 41° 50' 
 and 43° 50' N., and Ion. 6° 60' and 9"^ 15' W. Area, 10,920 
 square miles. Pop. 1,7.30,029, Its surface is generally 
 mountainous; and its principal rivers are the Minho, Sil, 
 and Ulla. The forests are extensive, .and feed large herds 
 of hogs. There are also good pasture lands and wide tracts 
 of heath. Chesnuts, maize, rye, flax, potatoes, wheat, bar- 
 ley, and inferior wine, form the principal vegetable pro- 
 ducts. The first compose most part of the food of the Gali- 
 ciaus ; the rest are partly exported. Sheep and horses are 
 extensively reared. The mineral products comprise copper, 
 lead, tin, antimony, marble, and j;vsper. The mass of the 
 Galicians, or Gallpgos, are very poor, ignorant, and uncivi- 
 lijied, but hardy and industrious ; and they make the best 
 agricultural laborers, soldiers, and domestic servants in the 
 peninsula. — Adj. and inbab. Oalle'qan, (Spanish Gallego, 
 gdl-y.i'go.) and Uaijcian, gal-ish'e-an. 
 
 GALICIA, gal-ish'e-a. or, KINGDOM OF AUSTRIAN PO- 
 LAND, (Polish Halicz.'hmich ; Ilun. Halicx. hd/litch^ Ger. 
 Gdlizien. gd-lif se gn ;) a province of Austria, compo.sed of the 
 kingdom of Lodomeria'. the duchies of Auschwitz and Zator, 
 and the grand duchy of Cracow, and formerly including the 
 duchy of Bukowina. It lies beween lat. 47° 40' and 50° 35' 
 N., and Ion. 18° 55' and 26° 25' E.; bounded, N. by I'oland, 
 N.E. and E. by Russia, S.E. by Bukowina, S. by Hungary, 
 and W. by Moravia, and a small portion of Prussian Silesia ; 
 greatest length, .E. to W. 325 miles; breadth, towards the 
 E., where the widest, a little AV. of the meridian 25°, 190 
 miles, and thence gradually diminishing westwards, till, near 
 meridian 19° 30', it is reduced to its minimum of 27 miles. 
 Its area and population iu 1842 were as follows: — 
 
 Area in 
 square miles. Population. 
 
 Kingdom of Lodomeria 28,895 4,Sh6,168 
 
 Dvichienof Auschwitz and Zator. 776 170.4:8 
 
 Grand Duchy of Cracow Ui. 145,787 
 
 Total 3U,115 
 
 4,70-.!,383 
 
 Its contour is generally well defined by natural bounda- 
 ries ; on the S., in particular, by the Carpathians, which 
 form a long and irregular curve, stretching W. to E. along 
 its frontiers; N.W. by the Vistula; S.E. by the Bialy Cze- 
 ramos, a tributary of the Pruth, and for a short distance by 
 the Dniester; and E, by the Podhoree, a tributary of the 
 Dniester. Part of the N., bordering on Inland, and all the 
 N.E., are without natural boundaries. The great physical 
 features of the country are, in a manner, determined by the 
 Carpathians, and their ramifications. The principal chain, 
 comprising the far greater part of the Western Carpathians, 
 commencing in the S.E. of Galicia, near the sources of the 
 Theiss and Pruth, forms a curve, not quitting the frontiers 
 till it reaches its western extremity, having its culminating 
 point in the mountains of Tatra. The loftiest summit, the 
 Great Kriwan, has a height of 8150 feet. Galicia is partly 
 traversed by the great watershed which divides the whole 
 continent of Europe into two great basins. The chief river, 
 on the N. and W. of this watershed, is the Vistula, which, 
 before quitting the frontier, receives the Sola, Raba, united 
 Poprad and Donajecz, Wyslocka and San, and also drains a 
 large portion of the E., by its tributary, the Bug. The 
 chief rivers on the other side are the Dniester, which rises 
 Dear the centre of the kingdom, and flows across it in an 
 B.S.E. direction, receiving numerous tributaries on both 
 banks. The only part of the surface belonging to the basin 
 of the Danube is in the S.E. The climate is severe, particu- 
 larly in the S., where more than one of the Carpathian 
 summits are beyond the limit of perpetual snow. The win- 
 ters are long, and the summers comparatively short, but 
 
 GAL 
 
 very warm. Deep snow is not uncommon in the middle o 
 April, and the grape never ripens. Pop. in 1857, 4,597,470. 
 
 In the more mountainous districts the soil often forms a 
 thin covering on bleak and almost barren rocks, whers 
 scanty pasture only is obtained. In other parts of the s;imt 
 district, both the quality and depth of the soil improve, thi. 
 pastures become excellent, and many magnificent fore.'stt 
 occur. In general, where the elevation is small, theground, 
 more especially where resting on a substratum of limestone, 
 is of great fertility, and yields abundant crops of corn .'ind 
 maize. Hemp, flax, and tobacco are also extensivel}' grown; 
 and, in the district arovind Lemberg, rhubarb is cultivated 
 on a large .«cale. The domestic animals include great num- 
 bers of horned cattle, generally of a superior description,' 
 and a fine hardy breed of horses, well adapted for cavalry. 
 Sheep are in general very much neglected; but goats, swine, 
 and poultry abound. The rearing of bees is much attended 
 to. The minerals include marble, alabaster, copper, cala- 
 mine, coal, iron, and rock-salt. Only the last two are of 
 much imp<irtance. Iron occurs in numerous parts of the 
 central Carpathian chain, and bog-iron ore is frequently 
 met with in extensive se.ams on the plains. Thej' are both 
 worked to a considerable extent. The rock-salt is particu- 
 larly abundant, stretching in continuous beds for nearly 
 250 miles along the base of the Carpathians, beyond tlio 
 limits of Galicia, into Bukowina and Transylvani.a. The 
 most important mines have their central locality at Wiel- 
 iczka. Blanufactures have not made much progress; but 
 distilleries exist in every quarter. The principjil exports 
 are salt, wood, coal, aniseseed. linen, and brandy. The popu- 
 lation is generally of Slavonian origin, and consists of two 
 principal branches — Polish in the W., and Russniak in the 
 E. The number of Jews is considerable. The Roman Ca 
 tholic is the established religion ; but a majority of the 
 inhabitants belong to the Greek church. Educational esta- 
 blishments, both for superior and ordinary instruction^ are 
 numerous. At the head of the former stands the univer- 
 sity of Lemberg, and the lyceum, at Przemysl. The latter 
 are spread over the whole country, and appear to be trJera- 
 bly well attended, as the numlier of persons at school has 
 been estimated at one in eight of the whole population. 
 For administrative purposes it is divided into the three go- 
 vernments of Lemberg, Cracow, and Sfcmislau. Lemberg 
 is the capital. Galicia was originally called Halics, (of which 
 it is only a corruption,) a name derived from an old castle, 
 on the banks of the Dniester, but now includes, in addition 
 to the old duchy of Halics, an independent duchy, called 
 first Wolodinir or Vladimir, and thereafter Lodomeria. 
 From the 12th to the 14th centuries these duchies belonged 
 to Hungary, but pas.'ied by marriage to Poland. In 1772, 
 on the first partition of that unhappy kingdom, the Em- 
 press Maria Theresa obtained restitution of these duchies, 
 and formed them into the kingdom of Galicia and Lodome- 
 ria, a name still sometimes used, though that of Lodomeria 
 is more frequently dropped, and the nanie Galicia applied to 
 both. — Adj. and inhab. Galicias, gal-ish'e-an. 
 
 G.VLIEN, a small river of Berrieu co.,* Michigan, flows 
 into Lake Michigan. 
 
 GALIGHER, a po.st-ofRce of Guernsey CO., Ohio. 
 
 GAt/lLEE, (L. Galilee I. Gr. FaAiXaia.) a province of an- 
 cient Judea, comprising the country W. of the Jordan, from 
 Samaria nearly to Sidon, together with both shores of tho 
 Lake of Galilee (or Tiberias.) It now forms the central part 
 of the pashalic of Acre, in Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 GALINAKA, gd-le-nd'rd, (anc. Gallina'ria,) a small island 
 of the Sardinian St.atos, in the Mediterranean, province, and 
 2 miles S.E. of Albenga. Its ancient name was derived from 
 the number of hens (in Latin GuUinte.) that were raised here, 
 
 G ALIGN, gSle-on or gi-le-on', an island on the N.E. co.a8t 
 of Jav.a, and E. coast of the island of Madura ; lat. 7° S., Ion 
 114° 1.3' E. 
 
 GAL'ION, a flourishing post-village of Crawford co., Ohio, 
 on the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railro.id,where 
 it is crossed by the Atlantic and Great Western R.R.andthe 
 Bellefontaine Line, 58 miles N. by E. of Columbus and 5 
 miles S.E. of Crestline. The completion of the railroads has 
 givfin a vigorous impulse to the growth of this place. It 
 has a national bank. Pop. 1966. 
 
 GALISTES, gi-lees't^s, a town of Spain, Estremadura, 
 42 miles N.N.W. of Caceres, on a height above the Jerte. 
 Pop. 1'205. 
 
 GALITA, g^lee'tl, (anc. Ca.Vathi>,r) an Island of the Medi- 
 terranean, off the N. coast of Tunis: Int. 37° 31' N, Ion. 8° 
 55" E. Between it and the mainland are the Sorelli Rocks, 
 on which the British steam-frigate Avenger foundered, 20th 
 Dec. 1847. 
 
 GALITCH, a town of Austri.a. See Hat.icz. 
 
 GALITCH, gd'litch, a town of Rifrsia. goveriiment, and 
 60 miles N.E. of Kostroma, on the Lake ol Galitch. Lat. 58° 
 •20' N., Ion. 42° 28' E. Pop. 3000. It has 13 churches and 2 
 old forts. 
 
 GALIZIEN. See Galicia (Austrian). 
 
 GALKOT, gjrkot/, a small town of Nepaul, consists of 
 about 500 huts, surrounding the house of the chief; lata 
 28° 17' N., Ion. 83° 14' E. ; 76 miles W.N.W. of Gorkha. 
 
 725 
 
GAL 
 
 GAr.KOT. a temtory of Nepoul. It is very small, but 
 wull rulU'/ated. aud h^a copper and iron mines. 
 
 GALLA, Also, irshiy gal'10h\ a vilhige of Hungary, co. 
 of Kouioru, at the foot of Jlount Steinberg, about 6 miles 
 from Tati. Pop. 800. 
 
 GALL.\, Felso, fersho' gJl16h\ a village near the former. 
 Pop. 900. Both are inhabited by Germans, and belong to 
 Prince Esterhaiy. 
 
 GALL.TXI and GALLiECIA. P« Gaucia, (of Spain.) 
 
 GAiyLAGIIERVILLE. a postvillage of East Cain town- 
 ship, Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and 
 Columbia K.ailroad, 3(3 miles W. of Philadelphia. Large 
 quarries of maruie are worked in the vicinity. Pop. atwut 
 •200. 
 
 GAL'LAHER, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 28A 
 
 GAI/LAXT, PORT, in the Strait of JIagellan, on the 
 V. coast of Brunswick Peninsula. Lat. 63° 41' 42" S. 
 
 QALLAPAGOS. See Galapagos. 
 
 GALL.4.11, gii-yaR', a town of Spain, in Aragon, 28 miles 
 N.W. of Sara.>r08«i. Pop. 1015. 
 
 GALLARATE, gdl-li-ri'tA, a market-town of Lombardy, 
 23 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 3900. 
 
 GaLLAKDON, gdl^aRMAs"', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Eurenjt-Loir, 10 miles E.N.E. of Chartres. Pop. 
 1496. 
 
 GALLARGUES, gSriaRg'. a town of France, department 
 of Gard. 12 miles S.W. of KImes on the railway to Moutpel- 
 lier. Pop. 1072. 
 
 G.VLLAS, gdndz, a numerous and powerful race, chiefly in- 
 habiting a territory in Eastern Africa. S. of Shoa, but dispersed 
 in great numbers over the countries adjoining, especially 
 ><". and E. They are divided into many tribes, but are all 
 distinguished by the same general characteristics, moral 
 aud physical. Their color varies from a deep bl.ick to a 
 orownish yellow ; stature tall ; bodies spiire, wiry, aud mus- 
 cular, have agreeable countenances, and are brave, but fero- 
 cious and cruel, massacring in war alike the resisting and 
 unresisting, young and old, male and female. Their lan- 
 guage is spoken throughout a great part of Africa, S. of the 
 equator. They are in a low state of heathenism, have no 
 priests, and are opposed to the introduction of a new reli- 
 gion. They know only about a Being, whom they call 
 Wake, to whom, on particular occasions, they sacrifice a 
 cow or sheep, but have no system of religion. 
 
 G.iLL.\TI A, gjl-ld/she-a. a post-office of Saline co., Illinois. 
 
 GAl/LATIX. a county in the X. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on the Ohio River, which separates it from Indiana, 
 lias an area estimated at 160 square miles. The Eagle 
 Creek forms the southern boundary. The surface is diver- 
 sified by hills, which are well timbered. The blue or Tren- 
 ton limestone underlies the county. Capital, Waisaw. Pop. 
 5,056, of whom 4348 were free, and 70S slaves. 
 
 GALLATIN, a county in the S.S.E. part of Illinois, has 
 an area of 310 .S(iuare miles. It is iuter-sected by the Xorth 
 and South Forks of Saline Creek, an affluent of the Ohio. 
 The surface is extensively covered with forests. The soil Is 
 fertile. Salt is pi-ocured from springs o»tlie banks of Sa- 
 line Creek, near Equality. This county is among the oldest 
 inlUinois. Organized about the year 1812. Namedinhonor 
 of the distinguished Albert Gallatin. Capital, Equality. 
 Pop. 8055. 
 
 GALLATIN, a township of Columbia co„ New York. 
 Pop. 1533. 
 
 _ Gallatin, a post-vllUge, capital of Coplah CO., Missis- 
 sippi, on Bayou Pierre, 40 miles S.S.W. of Jackson. A news- 
 paper is published here. 
 
 GALLATIN, a post-village, cipitil of Sumner co., Ten- 
 nessee, 25 miles N.E. of Nashville, aud 3 miles N. of Cum- 
 berland River. It contains several academies and churches, 
 now used as hospitals. A railroad extends from tins place 
 to Nashville. Pop. about 1800. 
 
 GALLATIN, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, on the 
 S. bank of Racoon Creek, IB miles N. of Terre Haute. 
 
 GALLATIN, a post-village, capital of Daviess co., Missouri, 
 about 1 mile S.W. of Grand River, and 50 miles E. of St. Jo- 
 seph. It has 1 newsijaper office. Pop. about 500. 
 
 GALLATIN'S RIVER, the most easterly of the three 
 branches which form the Missouri River, rises In about 
 44° N. lat., and 110° W. Ion., and flows northward to join 
 Jefferson's River. 
 
 UAL'LATIXVILLE, a post-village of Gallatin township, 
 48 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 GALn.AUDETT', a post-office of Marion CO., Indiana. 
 
 GALLEGO, gil-yi'go, a river of Spain, rises in the Pyre- 
 nees, and joins the Ebro, about 1 mile below Saragossa, after 
 a southward course of So miles. 
 
 GALLEGOS. See Gaucia. 
 
 GALLEGOS, g^l-y.^goce, a small and rapid river of Pata- 
 gonia, enters the Atbintic. opposite the Falkland Islands, 
 In lat 51- :J3' S., Ion. 69° W., by a large estuary, in which 
 the tide is said to rise 46 feet. 
 
 OAULEN. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co. 
 
 GALLEN KIRCH. gdl1fn-k66RK\ a villaae of Austria, in 
 Tyrol, about 35 miles from Feldkfrch. Pop. 1560. 
 72a 
 
 GAL 
 
 GALLE, POINT DE, pwSso deh gill, or point deh-gall, 
 a town of Ceylon, on the S.W. side, lat. 6° 1' N., Ion. 80° 
 13' E., a station where steam-p.ickets call. 
 
 GALLESE, g5l-l,Vs.A, a vilLige of Central Italy, in the Pon- 
 tifical States, 16 miles E.S.E. of A'iterbo. Pop. 1060. It is 
 supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Tki^cenlnium. 
 
 GAl/LEY CREEK, a small post-village of Pope co., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 GAL/LEYIIEAD', a promontory of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Cork, between the Bays of Ross and Clonakilty. 
 
 GALLIA. See France. 
 
 GAL'LIA, a county in the southern part of Ohio, con- 
 tains atiout 420 square miles. The Ohio River forms its 
 boundary on the E. separating it from Virginia, and it is 
 drained by Racoon and Symmes Creeks. The surface is 
 generally hilly. Stone coal and iron are found in the county. 
 Settled in 1700, by a colony of Frenchmen, some of whose 
 descendants now reside in Gallipolis. Hence originated the 
 name, GulUa being the Latin appellation for France. Capi- 
 tal. Gallipolis. Pop. 22,043. 
 
 GALLIA FURNACE, a post-village of Gallia co., Ohio, 20 
 miles W. of Gallipolis. 
 
 GALLIANO, gai-le-a'no, a village of Northern Italy. S.E. 
 of Como, has a curious Lombard church, with inscriptions 
 of tlie fouith.^nd frescoes of the 11th century. 
 
 GALLIATE. gdl-le-i't.i, a vUlage of Piedmont, province, 
 and 4i miles E.N.E. of Novara. Pop. 585S. 
 
 GALLICANA, gil-le-ka/nd. a village of Italv, in the Pon- 
 tifical States, 19 miles E. of Rome. Pop. 1300. 
 
 GALLICANO, gil-le-kd'no, a town of Tuscany, 16 miles 
 N. by W. of Lucca, near the Serchio. Pop. 1317. 
 
 GALLICUM PRETUM. See Dover. Str.ut of 
 
 GALLICUS OCEAXUS. See Biscay, Bai of. 
 
 GALLICUS SINUS. See Gilf of Lvoss. 
 
 GALLIGNANA. gdl-leen-yil'nd, or GALLTNIANA. g3l-le- 
 ne-l/ud. a town of Austria, in lllyria, 45 miles S.E. of Triest. 
 Pop. 1411. 
 
 GALLINA, gjl-lee'nl, an island off the W. coast of Africa, 
 belonging to the Bissagos or Bijuga group. 
 
 GALLINARIA. See Gauxara. 
 
 G.\.LLIX.\S. gdl-lee'nS.s. a river of Western Africa, falling 
 into the Atl.antic, in lat. 7° N.. Ion. 11° 38' W.. and formerly 
 noted for the number of slaves shipped fi-om it. 
 
 GALLIPOLl. gdl-lip'o-le. (anc. C\iUip>(Ais.) a seaport-town 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the E. coast of the 
 peninsula of .same name, at the entrance of the sea of Mar- 
 uioriu 132 miles M'.S.W. of Constantinople. Lat. 40° 24' N.. Ion. 
 26° 40' E. Pop. aliout 17.000. It has two ports, and is the 
 princip.-il station of the Turkish fleet. The town is ill built 
 and dirty; but ha.s extensive bazaars. It has manufao- 
 tures of cottons, silks, and earthenwares, and the best Mo- 
 rocco leather made in Turkey. It is a Greek bishop's see, 
 and residence of a Capidan Pasha. It was the first European 
 town taken bv the Turks. 
 
 GALLIPOLl, (giil-lip/o-le,)PENINSULA OF, (anc. nrn'cica 
 Chersonefmg.) is situated between lat. 40° 3' and 40° 3S' N., 
 and Ion. 26° 10' and 27° E.. extending S.W., separating the 
 Hellespont on the S.E. from tlie -I-j^ean Sea and Gulf of 
 Saros on the W. and N. Length 63 miles; breadth fiom 4 
 to 13 miles. 
 
 GALLIPOLl, gJl-lip'o-le. (anc. CuUijMis.) n fortified .sea- 
 port town of Naples, province, and "29 miles V.S.W. of 
 Otranto. on a rocky inlet in the Gulf of Taranto. connected 
 by a bridge with its suburb Lizza. on the mainland. Pop. 
 8500. It is well built, and ha,': a cathedral and a ciistle. and 
 schools ; but is chiefly noted for its extensive cisterns, exca- 
 vated in the rock, and peculiarly ad.Hpted for clarifying olive 
 oil. One mile W. is the island of St. Andrea, between 
 which and the town is a harbor, with from 10 to 12 fathoms 
 water. This port is one of the most frequented in tlie 
 Neapolitan dominions, as the great mart for the oil of Apulia. 
 The town has also manufactures of muslins, woollens, and 
 cotton hosiery, a tunny fishery, and an active trade in corn, 
 wine, and fruits. 
 
 GALLIPOLIS, galMe-po-leece', a thriving post-town and 
 township, capitiil of Gallia co., Oliio, is pleasantly situated 
 on the Ohio River, 108 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. It is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile district. It contains 7 churches, 1 .icado- 
 my, 1 bank. 2 newspaper ofiBces, 60 stores, a Union school, 3 
 steam-flouring-mills, 1 woollen-factory and 2 tanneries. Pop. 
 in I860, 3418 ; in lS6o, aU>ut 5000. 
 
 GALLIPOLl. STRAIT OF. See DARDANEtlES. 
 
 GAI/LITZIN. a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GALLNEUKIRCHEX, gill'noi-k66RKVn, a markettb rn 
 of Upper Austria, 4 miles X.X.E. of Steyereck. Pop. 9l3. 
 
 G.4l*L00.\'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Fcrmanasrh. 
 
 GAL'LOPVILLE, a post-vill.age of St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York, on the St. Lawrence River, a few miles X.N.E of Oy 
 densburg. The name of the post-office is l.islwn. 
 
 GAL'LOW.W, a district comprising the S.W. part ot 
 Scotland. It gives the title of earl to the Stewirt Luiiily. 
 
 GAI/LOWAY, a township of .\tlanti-' CO., New Jersey 
 Pop. 2735. 
 
 GALLOWAY, a post-village of La Sal e co., Illinids, 115 
 miles N.N Ji. of Spiiugfield. 
 
GAL 
 
 GALLOWAY, MTJLL OF, a hold rocky headland forming 
 ihe extreme S. point of Scotland, in lat. 54° 38' 6" N., Ion. 
 4° 51' 15" W., having a lighthouse 325 feet above the sea. 
 
 GALLOWAY, NEW, a royal and parliamentary borough 
 of Scotland, co., and 19 miles N.W. of Kirkcudbright, situ- 
 ated on the lien. Pop. 430. It unites with Wigton, Stran- 
 raer, and Whithorn in sending 1 member to the House of 
 Oouimons. Kenmure Castle stands in its vicinity. 
 
 GALL ST. of Switzerland. See Saint Gall. 
 
 OALLUCIO, gil-loo'cho, a village of Naples, province of 
 Tenu di J>avoro, 25 miles li.N.E. of Giieta. i'op. 1&72. 
 
 GAI/LUPVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New 
 1 ork, 25 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 GALLUKA, gJl-loo'ri, one of the four quarters into which 
 the island of Sardinia was divided in the Middle Ages. It 
 occupied the most northern part of the island. 
 
 GALLUZZO, gdl-loot'so, a town of Tuscany, province, and 
 8 miles S.S.W. of Florence. Pop. 638. 
 
 GALOENGONG, gdnoon'gong', or GALONGONG, glMon'- 
 (tong', a volcano of ,7ava, province of Preanger, division of 
 Tjanjor, after which the surrounding beautiful and lertile 
 district is named. No eruption of this mountain was on 
 record, or in the recollection of the inhabitants around, till 
 Octolier 8, 1822, when a fearful outburst took place. Ashes, 
 stones, and lava were thrown out, and a large surrounding 
 district of country laid waste, and 114 villages, upwards of 
 4000 people, many cattle, rice-fields, and three-fourths of a 
 million of cotfee trees were destroyed. 
 
 GALOFAliO, gl-lo-fi/ro, (anc. CharyVdU,) a famous whirl- 
 pool immediately outside of the harbor of Messina, in the 
 strait between Italy and Sicily, near Cape Faro. Opposite 
 to it on the coast of Italy is the rock of Scylla. 
 
 GALSA, gil'.soh\ a village of Hungary, in Thither Theiss, 
 CO., and about 12 miles from Arad. Pop. 1800. 
 
 GAL'STON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 
 GALT, gilt, a town of Canada \Vest, co. of Ilalton, on Grand 
 River, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Hamilton. It contains 
 churches of 6 denominations, 3 branch banks, 3 assurance 
 agencies, 2 printing offices issuing weekly newspapers, about 
 15 stores, and has manufactures of axes, iron castings, ma- 
 chinery, paper, soap and candles, lasts, pails, ic. Pop. about 
 2300. 
 
 GALTEE or GALTY (gawl'tee) MOUNTAINS, of Ireland, 
 in Munster, extend E. and AV. for about 20 miles. 
 
 GALTELLE. pjl-tjl'li, a village on the island of Sardinia, 
 67 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 950. 
 
 GAL'TRES FOKEST, a tract of land in England, co. of York, 
 North Riding, lying between iVldlwrough and thecity of York. 
 
 GALT'S MILLS, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia. 
 
 GAL'C'VILLE, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GALTY ISLANDS, Ireland. See G.^ltee. 
 
 GA'LUM. a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, 144 miles S. 
 of Springfield. 
 
 GALVEAS, g3l-vA'is, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Alemtejo, 37 miles W.S.W. of Portalogre, with an 
 annual fiiir. Pop. 1107. 
 
 GAL'VESTON, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, border- 
 ing on the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay, has an area 
 cf 330 square miles. It comprises a long, narrow island of 
 its own name, separated from the mainland by West Bay. 
 The surface is nearly level ; the soil is sandy. Capital, Gal- 
 Teston. Pop. 8229, of whom 6709 were free. 
 
 GALA'ESTON, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., A'irginia. 
 
 GALVESTON, a port of entry, the seat of justice of Gal- 
 reston county, and the most populous and commercial city 
 of Texas, is situat«.<l on an island at the mouth of a bay of 
 its own name, aixjut 450 miles W. by S. of New Orleans, and 
 230 miles S.E. of Austin City. Lat. 29° 17' N.. Ion. 94° 50' 
 W. The island of Galveston, which separates the bay from 
 the Gulf of Mexico, is about 30 miles in length and 3 miles 
 in breadth. The surface is nearly level, and has a mean 
 elevation of only 4 or 5 feet above the water. The bay ex- 
 tends northward from the city 'to the mouth of Trinity 
 Kiver, a distance of 35 miles, and varies in breadth from 12 
 to IS miles. The harbor of Galveston, which is the best in 
 the state, has 12 or 14 feet of water over the bar at low tide. 
 Galveston is one of the most flourishing ports on the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and carries on an active trade. Its shipping, 
 June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 1489 tons regis- 
 tered, and 4004 tons enrolled .and licensed. Of the latter, 
 3640 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 1808 tons 
 in steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year were 
 21, (tons, 5974,) of which 19, (tons, 5480) were by foreign 
 vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 21, — tons, 
 6287, of which 1461 were in American bottoms. Steam- 
 boats make regular passages to New Orleans, and to the 
 towns in the interior of Texas. Three or four newspapers 
 are published here. The city contains a fine market-house, 
 u town liall, about 8 churcnes, and several large hof<?ls. 
 Tlie privatti houses are mostly of wood, and painted white. 
 Hie strewis are wide, straight, and rectangular, and bordered 
 by numerous flower gardens. Kailroads are projected from 
 Gal vest. 1 to Houston, and to Red Kiver. First settled in 
 1837. Poy. m 1860, 7?''"^ 
 
 GALVESTON, a post-office of Cass co., Indiana. 
 
 GAM 
 
 GALTEZ. gjl'vfth, a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles 
 S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2263. It has manufi ctui-es of serge. 
 
 G~ALVEZ, a group of islands. See Hapai. 
 
 GALWAY, gawl'way, a miuitime county of Ireland, la 
 Connaught, bounded on the W. Viy the Atlantic, Area 
 2.447 sq. miles. Pop. in 1851, 322,212. The surface in the 
 W. includes the Lakes Corriband JIask, and the district of 
 Connemara, one of the wildest and most mounlainous il) 
 Ireland, with a, seacoast deeply indented with inlets. In 
 the E. it is mostly flat and sterile, but Interspersed with 
 bogs. Chief rivers, the Sh.annon, which bounds the county 
 on the S.E., the Black River, and the Suck. Agriculture 
 very backward. Fisheries valuable. The Irish language is 
 in many districts universal. The county, which is the 
 second in extent in Ireland, is divided into 2 Hidings, East 
 and West. Capital. Galway. It sends 4 members to the House 
 of Commons; 2 for the county, and 2 for the chief town. 
 
 GALWAY, a town and seaport on the W. coast of Ireland, 
 capital of the above county, is situated on the N. side of 
 Galway Bay, at the W. terminus of the Midland Great- 
 western Railway, 117 miles W. of Buljlin ; lat. (li;iht) 63° 10^ 
 12" N., Ion. 9° 3' 30" W., at the mouth of the Corrib. issuing 
 from Lough Corrib, and across which there are two stone 
 bridges. In the more ancient parts of the town the streets 
 are narrow and irregular; but in the modern por- 
 tions the streets are spacious, and the houses in general 
 handsome and svibstantial. The town is well lighted with 
 gas, and is abundantly supplied with water. The prin- 
 cipal buildings are the Queen's College, a beautiful struc- 
 ture in the Elizabethan style; the Established Collegiate 
 Church of St. Nicholas, a large old edifice, in the deco- 
 rated English style; several Roman Catholic chapels, 3 
 monasteries, 5 nunneries, Presbyteiian and .Methodist meet- 
 ing-houses; 4he County and Town Courthouses, both hand- 
 some Grecian structures; and prisons, the County Infirmary, 
 Fever Hospital, an endowed and a charter school, the Cu.^tom 
 House, the Union Work-house, and 2 barracks. The build- 
 ings of the Franciscan Nunnery, or Convent of St. Clare, 
 and of the Presentation Convent, are extensive and impo.is- 
 ing. The Grammar-school or College, the endowment of 
 Erasmus Smith, is a spacious and neat structure. There 
 are three news-rooms, called, respectively, the County Club- 
 house, the Galway Institution, and the Commercial Read- 
 ing-room; and a trades mechanics' hisLitute. The benevo- 
 lent and charitable institutions are tlie town Infirmary and 
 Dispen.sary. and the Fever Hospital. Galway is not a manu- 
 facturing place, but there are two breweries, two distilleries, 
 a paper mill, a foundry, a tanyard, and several flour mills, 
 in the town and its vicinity. Its retail trade is consider- 
 able, there being no other town of any importance within 2C 
 miles. The commerce of the port was at one time extensive, 
 but has now much declined. The principal exports are corn, 
 flour, kelp, marble, wool, and provisions: imports — timber, 
 wine, salt, coal. hemp, tallow, and Swedish and British iron. 
 The vessels registered .at the port, in 184S, were 21 ; tonnage, 
 4033. The coasters, from January 1, 1847, to January 1, 
 1848, were, inwards, 173; tonnage, 20,060: — outwards, 41; 
 tonmage, 4354." lu the colonial and foreign trade the num- 
 ber of vessels was, inwards, 139: tonnage, 2<?,161; — out- 
 wards, 145; tonnage, 26,676. Theharlwr, which has an ex- 
 tensive line of quays, is in process of being connected with 
 Lough Corrii) by a canal. Its floating dock, area 5 acres, 
 admits vessels of 14 feet draught. On Mutton Island, in 
 front of the harbor, is a lighthouse, 33 feet al)Ove high water. 
 
 On the right bank of the Corrib, and forming a suburb, is 
 a large fishing village, called a Claddagh, inhaljited by a 
 peculiar and primitive r.ace of people. About 10 tons of 
 salmon are taken yearly out of the Corrib River. The bo- 
 rough returns 2 members to the House of Commons. It 
 gives the title of viscount to a branch of the Arundel family. 
 Galway was conquered, in 1232, by the Anglo-Normans un- 
 der De Burgh, many of whose descendants still reside in 
 the town. During the Middle Ages it had a flourishing trade 
 with Spain, whence the -Moori.'^h character of its architecture. 
 The town suffered greatly during the troubles of the seven- 
 teenth century. Pop. in 1841, 17.275; in l.'-Sl, 24,697. 
 
 GALWAY, gawl'way, a post>village and township of Sara- 
 toga CO.. New York, 36 miles N.N.W. of .\lbany. Pop. 2427. 
 
 GALWAY B.\Y, on the N, coast of Ireland, is a large ex- 
 panse of water, about IS miles broad at its seaward extremity, 
 dimininishing to about 8 miles inland, and being about 20 
 miles long from E. to W. It is protected from the swell of 
 the Atlantic by the Arran Isles, of which there are three. 
 
 GALWKN. gdl-wen', a town of Eastern Africa, in the re- 
 gion S. of Abyssinia, on a river, near lat. 1° 43' N., Ion. 44<- 
 :i5' E. Pop. 9000 (?). 
 
 GAM.\CHES, gS'mSsh'. a town of France, department of 
 Somnic. 14 miles S.W. of Abbeville, on the Bre.«;le. Pop. 1273. 
 
 G.-VM A LE RO, gd-mi-l;l'ro, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 9 miles S.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 1379. 
 
 GAMBALAKUM, gim-bd-ll'rum, a river of Africa, in Ni- 
 gritia, falling into the S. extremity of Lake Tchad, after a 
 course of about f-5 miles, direct distance. 
 
 UAMB.'VRA, gdm-b^rd, a village of Northern Italy, 19 miles 
 S. of Brescia. 
 
 727 
 
GAM 
 
 GAMB\RARE glm-ba-rl/iA, or GA^lBARAPvO, gim-ba- 
 riTo, a Yillaire of North Italj-, 9 miles W. of Venice. 
 
 GAMBAK(JU. i.;ain-b3-roo', a ruined town of Bomoo, on 
 tho Yeoo. 5 miles X. by W. of Old Birnee, It contains some 
 extensive ruins, and w;is formerly the residence of the sul- 
 tan? of Bornoo. 
 
 GAMBATKSA, pim-bj-fcl'si or GAMBETESA. gam-bi- 
 ti'si. a villajre of Naples. proTince of Molise, 16 miles E.S.E. 
 of Campobasso. Pop. 2700. 
 
 GAMBI.\. gSnilie-a, (the Stachir of Ptolemy,) a river of 
 West«»rn Africa, in Seneftambia. the centre of which region 
 It travei-ses. enterinf; the Atlantic at Bathurst, 110 miles 
 S.E. of Cape Verd. in lat. 13° 28' N., Ion. U° 35' W., after a 
 W.N.W. course, estimated at upwards of lOO'J miles. At its 
 mouth it is abiut 4 miles aci-oss. but immediately within 
 this its width is doubled, and a forty-gun brig may ascend 
 It for about 1.50 miles. Vessels of 150 tons can reach the 
 vicinity of Barraconda, Ion. 13° 50' W., where the navigation 
 is stopped by falls. It has numerous affluents, and the Ca- 
 gamanza, which enters the Atlantic about 60 miles farther 
 S., is considered one of its arms. 
 
 G.^MBIA, a British colony of Western Africa, consi.stlng 
 of the i.sland of St. Mary, with the town of Bathurst. Ac, at 
 the mouth of the river Gambia, and several forts on its 
 banks, along which British influence extends beyond McCar- 
 thy Island, in lat. 13° 30' N., Ion. 14° 40' W. Pop. in 1851, 
 5693, of which 191 were whites. It is stated to be the most 
 healthy European settlement in Western Africa, and has a 
 flourishing trade. Exports, including wax, hides, ivory, 
 gold-dust. rice, palm oil. horns, and timlier, in 1852, amount- 
 ed in value to 217,856/. Value of imports, 110,174/., of which 
 45.1901. were from Great Britain, and 24.017/. from the United 
 Stat*"* Foreign arrivals during the year, 528 vessels, tons, 
 29,274: cleaninGes, 260 vessels, tons, 30,188. Gambia is a 
 dependency of Sierra Leone. * 
 
 GAM'BIER', a post- village of College township, Knox co., 
 Ohio, on the Vernon River, 5 miles E. of Mount Vernon. 
 Kenyon College, founded here in 1826, under the auspices 
 of Bishop Chase of the Episcopal Church, is a richlj' en- 
 dowed institution. Gambler contains 2 cliurches. One re- 
 ligious periodical is published here. Pop. 575. 
 
 GAM'BIER* ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 
 2.3° 8' S., Ion. 134° 55' W., consisting of five large islands 
 and several small islets in a coral reef lagoon, and important 
 as being (except Pitcairn Island) the only known station 
 between Chili arid Tahiti where good water is procurable. 
 
 GAMBIEK ISLANDS, a group in Spencer Gulf. South 
 Australia. Wedge Island, the largest, being in lat. 35° 12' S., 
 Ion. 130° 30' E. 
 
 GAM'BLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Georgi.-*. 
 
 GAM'BLKS, a post-office of Alleghany co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 GAMBOLO, gim'bo-lo, a village of Piedmont, division, 
 and 18 miles S.E. of Novara. Pop. 5075. 
 
 GAMBRUON, a town of Persia. See Gombeoon. 
 
 GAME POINT, a post-office of Stafford co.. Virginia. 
 
 GAMEREN. gi'meh-ren, a village of Holland, province 
 of Gelderland, 11 miles S.'W.of Thiel,on the Waal. Pop. 1042. 
 
 GAMK.V glm'kd. or GREAT LION, a river of South 
 Africa, in Cape Colony, rises near Beaufort, lat. 32° 24' S., 
 Ion. 22° 48' E., and flows S.W. through the Great Karroo, 
 till its junction with the Dwyka or Rhinoceros River, when 
 the united streams form the Gauritz. 
 
 GAMLA KAULEBY, gdni'W kaKleh-bU. (i.e. "Old Karle- 
 by,") a town of Finland, laen, and 68 mUes N.E. of Vasa, 1 
 niile from the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 2000. — New Karleby is 
 a maritime town, 45 miles N.E. of Vasa. 
 
 GAM'LINGAY.a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 G.\MMERTINGEN, gfoi'mertingVn, a town of Western 
 Germany. 11 miles N. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 973. 
 
 GAM'KIE. a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Banff, 
 with a village on the North Sea. 7 miles E.N.K. of Banff. 
 On the coast here are stupendous cliffs, perforated by caverns, 
 and frequentwl by vast flocks of sea-birds. 
 
 GAMKU.V. a town of Persia. See Gomduoox. 
 
 GAMSUURST, gJms'haaRst, a village of Baden, in a 
 marshv and unhealthy district N. of Offenburg. Pop. 1377. 
 
 GAM'STON, a p.arlsh of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 GAN, gdN"», a town of France, department of Basses- 
 PyrinSes. 4 miles S. of Pau. Pop. 1139. 
 
 G.A.NANOQUE, gi-ni-nok'. a po.st-village of Canada West. 
 CO. of Leeds, on the St. Lawrence River, 18 miles N.E. of 
 Kingston, and 32 miles from BrockviUe. Pop. about 800. 
 
 GANAT. g4>ndt/, or JANAT. jd'nilt/. a town of West 
 Africa, in Fezzan, 120 miles S.S.W. of Moorzook. in a sandy 
 and iiarren region, but. owing to its position on the caravan 
 routes, rich and populous. 
 
 G.ANCI, gdn'chee, a town of Sicily, province of Palermo, 
 24 miles S.S.E. of Cefalu. Pop. 9,352. 
 
 G.VND, a city of Belgium, See Ghent. 
 
 GAN D.KPOi )R. gdnMi-poor'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of I5omi)ay, district, and 62 miles N. of Ahmednusrgur. 
 
 GANUELLINO, gin dAl-lee/no. a village of Northern Italy, 
 8 miles from ('lusone, on the Serio. It has iron-works sup- 
 plied by extensive mines in the district. Pop. 1127. 
 
 GANDERSHEIM, gdn'dv'rs-hImo\ a town of Northern 
 728 
 
 GAN 
 
 Germany, duchy of Brunswick, on the GanJe, 36 miles S.W 
 of Brunswick. Pop. 1925. 
 
 GANDESA. gdn-dA/s3. a market-town of Spain, province, 
 and 42 miles W.S.AV. of Tarragona. Pop. 2310. 
 
 GANDI.4, gdn'de-d, a town of Spain, province, and 34 
 miles S.S.E. of Valencia, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 
 5751. It has a fine collegiate church, college, and a palace 
 of the Duke of Qandia. 
 
 GANDICOTTA, gdn-de-kot'td. a town and fort of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, 43 miles N.W. of Cuddapah, on 
 the Penna. 
 
 GANDINO, gdn-dee'no, a market-town of Lombardy, 12 
 miles N.E, of Bergamo, 
 
 G.VNDIOLLE. gSxoMe-oll', a village of Western Africa, at 
 the mouth of the Senegal River, 10 miles S. of Fort St. 
 Louis, said to have 5000 inhabitants. 
 
 G.^N'EHEW, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 GANGAL.\, pdn-cdnd, an island of Western Africa, in the 
 Faleme. Lat. 14° 44' N., Ion. 12° 12' W. 
 
 G.\NGES, gan'jez, (Fr. Giinfje, gftxzh; Ilindoo, Gunga, 
 gQng'gd, or Gmga, gdng'gd, so called as flowing through 
 Gang, the earth, to heaven.) the principal river of Ilindos- 
 tan, through the N, part of which it flows /rom W, to E,, tra- 
 versing the middle of the presidency of Bengal, almost in its 
 entire length. It rises by two principal heads. Bhagiratlii 
 and Alakananda, in lat. 31° N. and Ion. 7° E.. from an im- 
 mense mass of snow at an elevation of 13,000 feet, flows at 
 first S.W, to Ilurdwar, and thenceforward mostly E.S.E. to 
 the Bay of Bengal, which it enters by numerous mouths, its 
 ea.stemmost arm uniting with the Me'jrna or Braiimapootra, 
 and its W. branch being tlie IIoo'.:ly River. Its total length 
 is estimated at 1960 miles. In its couree it receives 11 af- 
 fluents, some of which are equal to the Rhine, and none 
 smaller than the Thames: the princip.al are the Jumna, 
 liamgunga. Goomty, Goggra. Sone. Gunduck. Koose. Mahan- 
 uddy, and Teesta, which have courses varjing from ."lOO to 
 600 miles in length. Between Tlurdwar and Allahabad it 
 is usually from 1 to ly mile across: below which its breadth 
 increases frequently to 3 miles, and at 500 miles from the 
 sea it is 30 feet in depth, and so continues to near its 
 mouth, where, however, the quantity of deposit it brings 
 down often forms bars and shoals. It is crossed by no bridges 
 after it leaves the mountains. 
 
 About 200 miles from the sea, the Delta of the Ganges, 
 which is considerably more than double that of the Nile, 
 commences. It is a flat alluvial tract of from 80 to 200 
 miles in breadth. The S, extremity, or that part which 
 borders on the sea, is known as the Sunderbunds. a dreary, 
 unhealthy region, covered with wood, and liroken up by 
 numerous creeks and rivers, all of which are salt except 
 those that communicate immediately with the principal 
 arm of tlie Ganges, In tracing the sea-coast of the Delta 
 eight openings are found, each of which appears to l>e a 
 principal mouth of the Ganges. The navigation through 
 the Sunderbunds is chiefly effected by means of the tides, 
 there being two distinct passnjes, the one named the South 
 or Sunderbund pas.sage, and the other the Ballaghaut pass- 
 age. The first leads through the widest and deepest rivers, 
 and opens into the Iloogly about 65 miles below Calcutta, 
 The Ballagliaut passage opens into a shallow lake on the E. 
 side of Calcutta. The navigation by these pa.s.sages extends 
 more than 200 miles through a thick forest, divided into 
 numberless islands by channels of exceedingly various width. 
 The whole coast of the Delta is one mass of mud banks, which 
 are continuall)' shifting, and among which there is scarcely 
 a channel, with the exception of the Iloogly, which ships of 
 burden can safely ent*r. 
 
 The periodical inundation of the Ganges, whi A commences 
 about the latter end of April or beginning of May, proceeds 
 from the tropical rains which begin to fall about that period. 
 The rise of the river is at first slow and gradual, not exceed- 
 ing an inch a day for the first fortniglit. Afterwards it in- 
 creases to 3 or 4 inches, and. latterly, when the rains have 
 become general in all the countries through which it pas.scs, 
 it ri.ses about 5 inches a day. until it has attained a height 
 of 32 feet above it» ordinary level. By the end of July, all 
 the flat country of Bengal, contiguous to the Ganges and 
 Brahmapootra, is overflowed to an extt-nt in breadth of 100 
 miles, nothing being visible but villages and the tops of 
 trees, the former being built on artificial mounds above the 
 height of the flood. After the middle of August, the waters 
 begin to subside, running off at tho rat« of from 3 to 4 inches 
 a day till November, from which period to the month of 
 April they decrease at the rate of atiout 5 inch a day. The 
 quantity of water discharged into the ocean by the Ganges 
 is comput<?d to be 500,tX)0 cubic feet per second in the four 
 months of the flood sea.son. and 100.000 cubic feet per second 
 on an average during the remainder of the year. The quan- 
 tity of mud brought down annually by the stream is com- 
 puted at 235.521.3S7 cubic yards, and it discolors the sea to 
 a distance of 60 miles from the coast. Owing to the loose- 
 ness of the soil on the banks, large portions of them are 
 being constantly swept away by the force of the current, 
 and with such rapidity, in some cases, that an sere of ground 
 has been known to disappear in less than llalf an hour. 
 
GAN 
 
 GAR 
 
 The phenomenon called the Bore, a sudden and rapid in- 
 flux of the tide, in the form of an enormous wave, rising as 
 perpendicular as a wall, assumes a more formidable appear- 
 ance in the Ganges than in any other river in Asia, with 
 the exception of the Brahmapootra. In the Iloogly, the 
 Bore rushes onwards with an appalling noise, at the rate 
 of between 17 and 18 miles an hour, and at Calcutta it some- 
 times c;iuses an instantaneous rise of 5 feet, having been 
 probably more than double that height at the mouth of the 
 river. The waters of the Ganges are held sacred by the 
 Hindoos, from Gaugootri, about 15 miles from its source, to 
 the islandof Suugiu-,at the mouth of the Iloogly. There are, 
 however, particular places more eminently .sacred than the 
 rest, and to these pilgrims resort from groat distances to 
 perform their ablutions, and carry off water to be used in 
 future ceremonies. The Ganges water is also esteemed for 
 Its medicinal properties, and in the British courts of justice 
 witnesses of the IJrahtiiinical fiiith are sworn upon it. 
 
 The valley of the Ganges is one of the richest on the globe, 
 and contains a greater extent of vegetable mould, and of 
 land under cultivation, than any other country in this con- 
 tinent, with the exception, perhaps, of the Chinese Empire. 
 For hundreds of miles along its course, down to the Gulf of 
 Bengal, not a stone is to be seen. Wheat and other European 
 grains are produced in the upper part of this magnificent 
 valley, while in the S. every variety of Indian fruit, rice, 
 cotton, indigo, opium, and sugar, are produced in the great- 
 est profusion. The sources of the Ganges are at an elevation 
 of upwards of 13.000 and 18,000 feet respectively above sea- 
 level; yet the fiiU of the river from Ilurdwar, nearly at the 
 foot of the Himalayas, to the Delta, a distance of about 1200 
 miles, is only 1000 feet. Its banks, in many places, exhibit 
 scenes of great beauty, while in the stream itself clusters of 
 picturesiiuo rocks occasionally occur, interesting not only 
 from their own appearance, but from the associations con- 
 nected with them. One of these, the Fakeer's Kock, which 
 occurs about 200 miles above the Delta,'is a picturesque 
 pile, consisting of several masses of gray granite, heaped one 
 upon the other, and forming ledges and terraces, which are 
 the sites of several small temples, a principal one rising from 
 the summit and overtopping all. This place has been held 
 sacred for ages, and has been the abode of Fakeers from time 
 Immemorial, who levy tribute on all passers-by. The rock 
 is also interesting to the antiquarian, being covered with 
 sculptured figures of great antiquity, and numerous inscrip- 
 tions in an unknown character. 
 
 The Ganges is navigable for boats of a large size nearly 
 1500 miles from its mouth ; and the busy scene which it daily 
 exhibits, together with the number and variety of boats with 
 which it is crcnvded. is not, perhaps, equalled on any other 
 river in the world. It forms, with its tributaries, the great 
 route of communication and traffie throughout interior 
 India, there being few roads adapted for the conveyance of 
 goods; and its value as a highway for commerce is all the 
 more increased, from the numerous important towns and 
 cities that lie either immediately on its banks, or at no 
 great distance from them. Ascending the stream, may be 
 named Calcutta, Moorshedabad, Bahar, Patna, Benares, 
 Allahabad, Cawnpoor, and Furruckabad. It forms, also 
 the great military highway by which India was conquered, 
 and is tliH main aitery by which British power is diffused 
 through Ilindostan. Adj. Gangetic, gan-jjf ik. 
 
 GANGES, gftxzh, a town of France, department of IlerauU, 
 25 miles W.N.W. of Montpellier. It has a chamber of manu- 
 factures, and factories of silk gloves, hosiery, and twist, with 
 a trade in wine. Pop. in 1852, 4600. 
 
 GAN'GES, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio, 11 miles N. 
 of Mansfield. 
 
 G.WGKS, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 759. 
 
 GANGES CANAL. See I\mA, page 900. 
 
 GANGKTICUS SINUS. See Bengal, Bat of. 
 
 OANGI, gdn'jee, a town of Sicily, province of Palermo, 19 
 Dxhes S.S.E. of Cefalu. Pop. 9350. 
 
 GANGOOTKI, gdn^goo'tree. a famous place of pilgrimage 
 in Northern Hindoostan. in Gurhwal, near the source of 
 the Ganges, in lat. 30° 59' N., Ion. 78<^ 56' E., and 10,073 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 GANGPOOR, ging-poor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, on the Braminy Kiver, 70 miles N.E. of 
 Sumbhulpoor. 
 
 GANITSA, a village of Hungary. See Ganva. 
 
 GANJA or GAND.TA, gSn'jJ, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 30 miles S.E. of TiHis. 
 
 GANJAM, gdn-jdm', the most northern district of the 
 presidency of Madras, in British India, on the Coromandel 
 Coast. Area, 3700 square miles. Pop. in 1837, 688,079. 
 Capital, Oanjam. 
 
 GANJAM. the capital of the above district, on a river, 
 near its mouth, in the Bay of Bengal, 90 miles S.W. of 
 CutUiek. It was formerly populous and handsome, but has 
 latt<>r)y decayed. 
 
 GAN.TEII. a town of Georgia. See Elisabetopoi.. 
 
 GANNAT, gin*n2/, a town of France, department of 
 Allier, capital of an arroiidis.sement, on the Andelot, 34 
 miles S.S.VV. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, 5422. 
 
 QAN/NET ISLAND, in the South Pacific Ocean, on th, 
 W. coast of New Zealand, N. island. Lat. 37° 67' S., Ion 174 
 2' E. 
 
 GANNET ISLAND, of British North America, on the coast 
 of Labrador. Lat. 54° N., Ion. 55° 34' \V. 
 
 GAN/.\£T ROCK LIQHT'HOUSE, on Gannet Rock, a 
 small Island, 6^ miles from the S.W. head of Grand .Men.in, 
 Maine. The light revolves, and is elevated 90 feet. Liit 
 46° 32' N., Ion. 60° 52' W. 
 GAN'NONSVILLE, a post-office of Jennings co., Indiana. 
 GANOS, gj'nos^, a maritime town of Europeiin Turkey, in 
 Room-Elee, 44 miles N.E. of Oallipoli, on the W. side of the 
 Sea of Marmora. 
 GANOWITZ, a town of Austria. See Gonowitz. 
 GAXSERNDORF, gln'sgrn-doRf*, a village of Lower Aus- 
 tria, with a station on the Northern Railway, at the junc- 
 tion of the Presburg Pesth and Szolnok Railway, 19 miles 
 N.E. of Vienna. 
 
 GA.XSEVOORT, gans'voort, a post-village of Saratoga co.. 
 New York, on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, ll 
 miles N.E. of Saratoga Springs. 
 GANTp;, OJiVyO/.?. See Ghent. 
 
 GANTHEAUME (ginHomn BAY, of Australia, on theW. 
 coast of Edel Liind. Lat. 27° 46' S., Ion. 114° 7' E. Two 
 small rivers fall into this bay, from about 12 miles inland. 
 
 G ANTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, 
 8 miles S.S.W. of Scarborough, on the railway thence to 
 York. 
 GAN-WIIAY, a province of China. See Ngan-hoei. 
 GANYA, g|n'y6h\ or GANITSA, gi-nit/s^, a village of 
 Hungary, co. of Marmaros, 18 miles from Szigeth. Pop, 
 1500. 
 
 GAP, g3p, (anc. Vapinfcum,) a town of France, capital of 
 the department of Hautes-Alpes, 4G miles S.S.E. of Grenoble, 
 on the Luie, 2392 feet above the sea. It has a Gothic cathe- 
 dral, with the tomb of the Constable I^esdiguieres, a com- 
 munal college, normal school and public library, a court- 
 house, town-hall, prefecture, bishop's palace, barracks, and 
 a large public reservoir constructed in 1832. Pop. in 
 1852, 8797. 
 
 G.\P, a post-village of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 18 miles E. of 
 Lancaster. It has an active trade in lumber and stone 
 coal. 
 GAP, a small post-village of Walker co., AlaTiama. 
 GAP CIVIL, a post-office of Ashe co.. North Carolina. 
 GAP CREEK, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina. 
 GAP CREEK, a post-office of Knox co.. Tennessee. 
 GAP GROVE, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois 
 G.APLO, a lake of Prussia. See Goplo. 
 GAP MILLS, a post-village of Monroe co., W. Virginia,8 
 miles from the court-house, has several mills and a woollen 
 factory. 
 G.APPLITZ, a town of Bohemia. See Kaplitz. 
 GAP SPRINGS, a post-office of Polk co., Arkan.'ias. 
 GARACIIICO, gj-ra-chee/ko, a town of the island of Tene- 
 rilfe, on its N. coast. Pop. 2600. It was nearly destroyed 
 by a volcanic eruption in 1705, before which it was one of the 
 most important places in the island. 
 
 GARAII, gd'ri or AM-EL-SAGHIER, am-?l-sl'ghe-?r, a 
 small town or village of Egypt, on the oasis of the same 
 name, in the Libyan Desert, about 250 miles S.W. of Cairo. 
 It rises above the palm-trees, and bears a striking resem- 
 blance, at first sight, to an old ruined castleof feudal times. 
 The oasis consists of a level plain, enclosed by abrupt preci- 
 pices, and covered in part with beautiful palm woods. Salt 
 pools occur here and there, surrounded by an efflorescence 
 of dazzling whiteness. 
 
 GAR A, LOUGH, 16h gah'r.a. a lake of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 13 miles W. of Carrick. Area. 4537 acres. It i-eceives the 
 Lung River on the S.W. Its outlet is the river Boyle. 
 GARAMA and GARAMANTKS. See ^Ioorzook. 
 GARBAGNATE, gaR-bJn-ya'tA, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province of Milan, 5 miles N.N.W. of Bollate. Pop. 1362. 
 
 GARBANA, gaR-bd'nJ, (L. Garbanefa Dertlitmen'shim.) a 
 town of the Sardinian States, division, and 22 miles S.S.E. of 
 Alessandria. Pop. 1293. 
 
 GARBIEH, gaR'bee^fh, a maritime province of Iiower 
 Egypt, in the delta of the Nile. Chief town, Mehallet-eV- 
 Kebeer. 
 GAR'BOLDISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 GARCHIZY, gaR^shee'zee', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Nievre, 14 miles N.W. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852. 4.595. 
 GARD. gau, or GARDON, gaRMAx"', a river of Southern 
 France, formed by the union of the Garden d'AIais and 
 G.ardon d'Anduze, and joins the Rhone 6 miles N.E. of 
 Tarascon, after an E.S.E. cour.se of 55 miles. 
 
 GARD, a department of France, in the S., formed of part 
 of the province of Languedoc, bounded E. by the Rhone, 
 and S., for 10 miJes, by the Mediterranean. Area. 2256 sqviare 
 miles. In the N. it is traversed by high mountains ; in the 
 S., numerous lakes and marshes render the countiy un- 
 healthy. Chief river.s, the Rhone, A'idourle, and Ilerault, 
 which flow to the Mediterranean, and the Ceze and Gardon, 
 affluents of the Rhone. The department is traversed by 
 
 729 
 
GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 the canal from Beaucaire to Aiguos-Mortes, and by a rail- 
 vay from Alajs to Beaucaire by Nlmes, and from Nfmes to 
 Cette by Montpellier. It has mines of iron, coal, lead, sul- 
 phur, and zinc. Corn Is raised insufficient for home con- 
 sumption, but wine, brandy, olive-oil, and fruit are abun- 
 dant. Silk- worms are extensively reared. Capital, Xtmes. 
 The department is divided into the 4 arrondissemeuts of 
 Alais. Nlmes. Uz6s, and Le A'igan. Pop. in IStil. 422.107. 
 
 GARD.\, gaR/dd, a village of Northern Italy, government 
 of Venice, 17 miles N.W. of Verona, on the H. shore of the 
 Lake of Gar la. Pop. 3000. 
 
 GARDAFUI, CAPK, Africa. See Cape Guardafci. 
 
 GARD.VIA, gaR-di'l, or GUARDEIA, gaR-di/yi, a town of 
 Algeria, fu the Sahara, oasis of Wady Mzab. Lat. 31° 57' X., 
 Ion. 2° SC E. It is surrounded by a wall with battlements. 
 and defended by nine towers, capable of containing 300 to 
 ♦00 combatants, and has ten gates. The town contains 
 6 mosques, one of which is of e.\tr3ordinary size. A consi- 
 derable trade is carried on with Tunis, Algiers, Ac. in oil, 
 corn, butter, negroes, groceries, pottery, and numerous 
 other articles. The government of the town is administered 
 by a national assembly, presided over by a chief, who, how- 
 ■ ever, can decide nothing without first taking the advice of 
 the religious chief, whose word has the authority of law. 
 The Jews have a synagogue hei«, and live in a quarter by 
 themselves. Gardaia is surrounded by immense orchards, 
 watered by wells, which sometimes have a depth of 300 feet. 
 In these orch.*irds are cultivated the vine, and all other 
 Jiinds of fruit common to that part of Africa, except oranges 
 and citrons. Rain is of rare occurrence. On a mountain in 
 the neighborhood are the ruins of a large tower, supposed 
 to have belonged to the Romans. Pop. uncertain, but 
 staftd to be little inferior to that of Algiers. 
 
 GARDA, LAKE OF, or BEXACO. bi-niOco, (anc. La'cus 
 Benafcus,) the largest lake of Northern Italv, between lat. 
 45° 26' and 45° 56' N., and Ion. 10° 35' and 10° 50' E. 
 Length, from N. to S., 35 miles; breadth, from 2 to 10 miles. 
 Height above the sea, 320 feet; greatest depth, 951 feet. At 
 Its N. extremity it receives the iiarco River, and at its S.E. 
 end it discharges itself by the Mincio into the Po. In sum- 
 mer, from the melting of the Alpine snows, it rises 4 or 5 
 feet, and, like all similar inland waters, is subject to violent 
 storms. On its shores are the towns and villages of Pes- 
 chiei-a, Riva, Gargnano, Salo, and Gaixla. Near its E. shore 
 the battle of Rivoli was fought in 1797. 
 
 GARDAXXE. gafi'din', a town of France, department of 
 Bouchesdu-Rhone, 5 miles S. of Aix. Pop. in 1S52. 2837. 
 
 GAKDE FREIXET. LA, 11 gaRd frA'ud', a village of 
 France, department of Var, 15 miles S. of Draguignan. It 
 stands on a lofty eminence, near the site of tlie celebrated 
 Saracen castle, the ruins of which still exist. Pop. in 1852, 
 
 G.iRDELEGEN, gaR/dgh-li'ghgn, a town of Prussian 
 Saxony, on the MUde, 30 miles N.N.W. of Magdeburg. 
 Pop. 5750. 
 
 GARDEMPE, a river of France, See Gartempe. 
 
 G.A.R'DEX, a post-oliice of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 G.\KDEX GKOVE, a post-village of Decatur co., Iowa, 50 
 miles in a direct line S. of Fort Des Moines. 
 
 G.VKDEX PLAIX.a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois, 
 95 miles X.X.AV. of Peoria. 
 
 GARDEX PRAIRIE, a post-office of Boone co., Illinois. 
 
 GAKDEX VAULEY, a post-office of Smith co., Texas. 
 
 GARDIA, g.Wdee*d. a village of West Africa, in Bon- 
 doo, in a plain, surrounded by tamarind and other trees. 
 Lat. 14° 5' X., Ion. 12° 28' W. 
 
 GARDIKI, gaR-dee'kee, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Epirus, 12 miles N. of Delvino. Previously to 1812, it w.is a 
 flourishing city, but it was then taken and mostly ruined 
 by Ali Pa.sha. 
 
 GAR/DIXER, a city of Kennebec co., Maine, on both 
 sides of Cobbessecontee River, (which here enters the 
 Kennebec from the right.) and on the Kennebec and Port- 
 land Railroad, 53 miles N.N.E. of Portland, and 7 miles S. 
 of Augusta. A bridge 900 feet in length lias recently been 
 constructed across tlie Kennebec, connecting Gardiner with 
 Pittston. A fine public hall has been built here in the piist 
 
 ?ear. The town possesses excellent facilities for manulac- 
 uring, the Cobl)ossecontee having in this part of its course a 
 succession of falls, affording extensive hydraulic-power. 
 .Eight d:ui)S have been built across the stream witliiu the dis- 
 tance of a mile. The principal manufacturing estal>lishmeuts 
 are 13 saw-mills, with sliingle, claplward, and lath-mills, 3 
 flouriiig-mills, 2 extensive paper-mills, a woollen-factory, ao 
 iron-founthy, 2 machine-shops, 2 sash and blind factories, 
 2 potteries, and a tjtuuery . About 550 persons are employed in 
 these various manufiictorics. Gardiner is also advantageously 
 •ituated for commerce, the Keimebec being navigable to this 
 point for ships. About 0000 tons of shipping are owned here, 
 above half of which is employed in the Southern and for- 
 eign trade, .ind the remainder in the coastwise trade. The 
 city contains 9 churches, a city hall, an iamshouse,3 banks, 
 a savings institution, a public high-scho*)!, a mechanics" as- 
 sociation with a library of 1500 volumes, and about 100 stores. 
 One weekly newspaper is publi8bi>d here. Pop. in 1850, 
 
 64S6: but by the formation of new townships, into whici 
 portions: of its territory have been incoriicrated, tho num- 
 ber of inhabitants has been reduced to 4487. 
 
 GARDIXER CITY, a post-village of Oregon. 
 
 GAUDIXEirS BAY, of Xew York, fit the E. end of Long 
 Island, is about 8 miles long and G wide. 
 
 GARDIXKR'S ISLAND, Xew York, situated between the 
 above bay and the ocean. Length, about 4 miles; breadth, 
 from J of a mile to 1 mile. 
 
 G-iRD'XER, a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Rail- 
 road. 60 miles W.X.AV. of Boston. The inhabitants are ex- 
 tensively engaged in the nianuticture of chaii-s. Pop. 2646. 
 
 G.\RDXER. a small village of Jloi-gan co., Ohio. 
 
 GARDNER'S BRIDGE, a postofiice of Martin co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GARDXER'S CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Monroe 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 GARD'NERSVILLE. a posb-village of Schoharie co., New 
 Y'ork, 45 miles W. of .Albany. 
 
 GARDOKH, a village of Thibet. See Garoo. 
 
 GARDONE, gaR-do'nA, a village of Northern Itily, 10 
 miles N.X.W. of Brescia. Pop. IJOO. It has manufactures 
 of firearms, jewelry, and silk gcods. 
 
 GARDOXE RIVIERA, gaR""-do'u4 re-ve-A'ri, a village of 
 Northern Italy, province of Brescia, 2 miles N.E. of Salo, 
 near the W. shore of Lake Gardiu Pop. 1442. 
 
 GARD, POXT or, pAs" du gaa, an aqueduct bridge, 10 
 miles X.E. of Nlmes, celebrated as one of the most mag- 
 nificent Roman remains in France. 
 
 GARD'S POINT, a post-office of Wabash CO., Illinois. 
 
 GARDTOP, a vi'il.-ige of Thibet. See Garoo. 
 
 GAREEP or GARIEP, a river of Africa. See Obamge 
 River. 
 
 GAUESSIO, rf-rJs'se-o, or GARESSO. gS-rfs'so. a town of 
 Piedmont, province, and 16 miles S.S.E. of Mondovi, on the 
 Tanaro. Pop. 5436. 
 
 GARET, g3-r§t/, a district of Morocco, province of Fes, 
 bounded N. by the Mediterranean. Mclilla is its principal 
 town. 
 
 GARFAGNAXA, gaR-fln-yii'nJ, a district of Northern 
 Italy, in Tuscany, formed of the upper valley of the Serchio. 
 Area, 155 square miles. Pop. 31,717, Chief town, Castel- 
 nuovo-di-Garfaguana. 
 
 GAR'FORTU, a parish of England, co, of Y'ork, West 
 Riding. 
 
 GARG, a village of Hungary. See GSrgo. 
 
 GARG.\LI.ANO, g.nR-gd-le-3'uo, a decayed town of Greece, 
 near the W. co;ist of the Morea. llj miles N\by W.of Nava- 
 rino. on a height. Pop. alx)Ut 350. 
 
 GARG.\XO, guR-gJ/no, (anc. Gargahius.) a mountain pe- 
 ninsula of Xaples,. province of Capitanata. extending for 
 about 30 miles into the Adriatic, with a breadth varying 
 from 15 to 30 miles. Its loftiest summits are Calvo, near its 
 centre, 5450 feet; Sagro. on the E. ; Spiiro. on the X.; Gar- 
 garano, on the W.; and Rignano. on the S. They are com- 
 posed almost throughout of limestone and the accompany- 
 ing rocks of the Jura formation, and contain some metallic 
 veins and beds of ironstone, none of which are worked. 
 They continue clothed, as Horace describes them, with lofty 
 forests of pine. 
 
 GARG ANTA-LA-OLLA. gaR-gJii'ta-l3-ol'ya.a town of Spain, 
 in Estremadura, province, and 65 miles N.N.E. of Caceres. 
 Pop. 1972. 
 
 GARG ANUS. See G.vrgaxo. 
 
 GARG.iRUS, gai-'g.^-rus, (Turk. Kaz-<lygh, kJz'dSg',) a 
 mountain of Asia Minor, in .-Vnatolia. 10 miles N.W. of Ad- 
 ramy ti. It is the most elevated summit of the range of Id.^, 
 4955 feet in height, and subdivided into a tiiple zone of cul- 
 tivated land, forests, and snow. 
 
 GARGXAXO, gaRn-yi'no. a village of Northern Italy, .23 
 miles E.X.E. of Brescia, on the W. shore of Lake Garda. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 GAR/GRAVE, a parish of En.gl.ind. co. of York, West Rid- 
 ing. 4i miles W.N.W. of Skipton. Here are remains of a 
 Roman villa. 
 
 GAR'GUN'NOCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling. 
 
 GAR'IIA, a river of Ilindostan, joins the Chuuibul. 
 
 GARHWAL, a province of India. SeeGLBHW.\l_ 
 
 GARIEP, a river of South Africa. See ORANGE RlVBS. 
 
 GARIGLIANO, gl-reel-yd/uo, (anc. Li'rix.) a river pt 
 Naples, rises about 5 miles S,E. of Tagliacozzo. flows S.E, 
 and enters the Mediterranean 9 miles E. of Gaeta, alter & 
 course of 75 miles, Affluent.s, the .'vacco and Mell'a. 
 
 GARIJP, a village of Iloll.iml. See fl-UiYP. 
 
 GARIOCH. g3're-5K. an inland district of Scotland, co. of 
 .\l>erdeen, comprising 150 s<iuare miles, and including 15 
 parishes in the centre of the county. 
 
 G.A.R/LAND, a post-township of Penobscot co, Maine, 75 
 miles X.N.E. of .\ugusta. Pop. 1498. 
 
 GAULAXD. a post-office of Warren co., Penn.ivlvanU. 
 
 GARLANDS, or GARLAND'S STORE, a post-ofllc* <t 
 Albemarle co.. Vinrinia, 95 miles W. )>y X. oi <ichmond. 
 
 GAIt'LANDVILLE, a post-village if Jaspei co. Missis 
 sippi. 
 
GAR 
 
 QARLASCO gaR iJs'ko, a market-town of Piedmont, 23 
 miles S.K. of Novaia. Pop. 5436. The Austrians crossed 
 the Po near it in their inrasion of Piedmont, March, 1849. 
 
 GAU'LIESTON. a small seaport town of Scotland, CO., and 
 6 miles S.S.E. of Wicfton. on a small bay of the same name. 
 Pop. "1*0. A Liverpool steamer touches here. In the vici- 
 nity is the seat of the Earl of Galloway. 
 
 GARLIN, iraaMixo', a town of France, department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees, capital of the arrondissement, 18 miles N.N.E. of 
 Pan. Pop. in 1852,1418. 
 
 GARillSCH, gaR'mish, a market-town of Upper Bavaria, 
 on the Loisach, near its confluence with the Isar, 50 miles 
 8.W. of Munich. Pop. 1500. 
 
 GAR'MON'S MILL'S, a post-office of Cabarras co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GAR'JIOUTH, a small seaport town of Scotland, CO. of 
 Elgin, at the mouth of the Spey, 3 miles N. of I'ochabers. 
 Pop. 6(10. 
 
 GARNACIIE, LA, \k gan'ndsh', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Vendue, 17 miles N. of Les Sables. Pop. 2926. 
 
 GARNAVIL'LO or GAR/NAVILLE, a thriving po.st-vil- 
 lage, capital of Clayton co., Iowa, on the mail-rout« from 
 DubiKjue to Praine du Chien, about 45 miles N.W. of Du- 
 buque. It is pleasantly situated on a high, rolling prairie. 
 Lead is abundant in the vicinity. Pop. 1:335. 
 
 GAR/NER'S FOKD, a post-village of Cleveland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GAR'NETSVILLE, a post-village of Meade co., Kentticky, 
 • on Otter Creek, about 30 miles S.W. of Louisville. 
 
 GARN^KIRK', a station on the railway between Glasgow 
 and Edinburgh, in Scotland, 5i miles E.X.E. of Glasgow. 
 
 G AR'XOCK, a small river of Scotland, co. of Ayr, joins the 
 Irvine River near its mouth, after a course of 12 miles. 
 
 GARNSEE. gaRn'si\ or SLEMNO, sl^m'no, a town of 
 Prussia, 8 miles S. of Marienwerder. Pop. 1985. 
 
 GARO'GA, or GAROGA CHEEK, a post-village and town- 
 ship of Fulton CO., New York, about 40 miles E. of Utica. 
 Pop. 629. 
 
 GAROGA, a small lake near the centre of Fulton co.. New 
 York. 
 
 GAROGA CREEK, of New York, rises in Fulton county, 
 flows S.W., and enters the Jlohawk near Fort Plain. 
 
 GAROM'NA, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, co. of 
 Galway, about 6 miles N. of the South Arran Isles. Area, 
 about 3y square miles. 
 
 GAHON, a headland of Ireland. See Gerron. 
 
 GARONNE, gl^ronn', (anc. Garum'na.) a river of France, 
 rises in the I'yrenees, in the Val d'Anin, on the confines of 
 Spain, enters Franco near the village of Pont-du-Roi, and 
 passes, in the department of Uaute-Garonne, St. Beat, Mout- 
 rejeau, St. Martory. and Cazferes, (whei-e its natural naviga- 
 tion commences,) Carbonne. Muret, and Toulouse, nearwhich 
 it is joined by the Canal du Midi. At Blaye the river loses 
 its name, and assumes that of the Gironde, (see Gironde,) 
 which it receives at its junction with the Dordogne. at Bee 
 d'Amlifes. Length, 384 miles. Chief affluents on the right, 
 Salat. AHege, Tarn, Lot, Dorpt, and Dordogne; on the left, 
 Neste, Gers, and Giron. The Garonne Is subject to over- 
 flow, on account of the general flatness of its banks; its 
 bed is variable, its navigation diiflcult, and often inter- 
 rupted by low water. The Canal du Midi connects it with 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 GAROO, gdVoo/, GARDTOP, gaRd'top', GARTOP, gaR^top', 
 GORTOPE. goR'tAp', or GAHDOKII, gaR'doK'. a village or 
 station of the Chinese Empire, in Southern Thibet, near a 
 source of the Indus, in lat. 31° 40' N., Ion. 80° 21' E. Ele- 
 vation, 16.0(X) feet. It is a collection of a few houses, with a 
 number of felt tents pitched beside them in summer ; an 
 active trade is then carried on in the exchange of tea. shawl- 
 wool, and other products of China and Thibet, for those of 
 Cashmere and India. 
 
 GAROUPAS, a town of Brazil. See Porto Bello. 
 
 GARRA. a river and village of India. See Ghara. 
 
 GAR'RAGILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumljerland. 
 
 GAR'RARD, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 250 square miles. The Kentucky 
 River forms its boundary on the N., Dick's River on the 
 S.W., and Paint Lick Creek on the N.E. The surface is di- 
 versified, undulating, and hilly; the soil is very productive. 
 The Kentucky River is navigable on the border of the 
 tounty. Formed in 1796, and named in honor of James 
 Garrard. Governor of Kentucky. Capital. Lancaster. Pop. 
 lOj-Wl, of whom 6953 wei-e fl'ee, and 3578 slaves. 
 
 GAR1{ARD'S FORT, a village of Greene co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GAR/R ATTSVILLK, a pos^village of Otsego co.. New York, 
 86 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 GARREGUEL, gaR^Reh-ghJl', a large village of Africa, in 
 Senegambia. on the Senegal. Lat. 15° 27' N., Ion. 12° 46' W. 
 
 (f.VR'RF.TTSBURG, a post-village of Christian CO., Ken- 
 tucky, 214 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, contains 1 church 
 and several stores. 
 
 GAR'RETTSVILLE, a postroflice of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 syhania. 
 
 OA RRErrSVIljLK. a nost-village of Portage co., Ohio, on 
 ttio SlatiOiaiQg Bi , er, ana on a railroaU 37 m. S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 GAR 
 
 It has 4 churches, 1 woollen-factory, 1 axe-factory, and 2 
 flouring-mills. Pop. about 600. 
 
 GARRIGA, LA, 13 gaR-Ree'g3, a village and parish of 
 Spain, in Catalonia, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Barcelona. 
 Pop. 1180. 
 
 GARRIGUELLA, LA, la gaR-Re-ghfl'yJ, a village of Spain, 
 in Catalonia, alwut 21 miles N.N.E. of Gerona. Pop. 1720. 
 
 G Ai'./RIOTT'S LANDING, a post-office of Triable cr., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 GAR/RISON'S, a post-ofHee of Putnam co.. New York. 
 
 GAR'RISONVILLE, a post-oflflce of Stafford co., \ irginia. 
 
 GAR/RISTOAVN. a village and paiish of Ireland, co., and 
 16 miles N.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. 2000. 
 
 GARROBILLAS, glR-Ro-Reel'yds. a modern town of Spain, 
 27 miles N.N.W. of Caceres, near the Tagus. Pop. 4434. 
 
 GARRON, a headland of Ireland. See Gerro.v. 
 
 GARROTE, gdR-Eo'tA, a postoffice of Tuolumne co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 GARROVILLAS-DE-ALCONETAK, gaR-RO-ved'yas-dA-ll- 
 ko-ni-taR/, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 
 19 miles N. by W. of Caceres. Pop. 6573. 
 
 GAR/ROW MOUNTAINS, a mountain range of Farther 
 India, between lat. 25° and 20° N., and Ion. 90° and 92° E. 
 This region rises to an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet, and 
 is inhabited by an independent people, who bring their sur- 
 plus produce, mostly raw cotton, into the adjacent Bengal 
 districts, where they exchange it for other kinds of mer- 
 chandise. 
 
 GAR/RY ISLAND, in the Arctic Ocean, Briti.«!h North 
 America, off the mouth of Mackenzie River, in lat. 69° aC 
 N., Ion. 135° W. 
 
 GARRY LAKE, in Briti.sh North America, in lat.. 66° N., 
 Ion. 99° 30' W., receives Black's River from the W. 
 
 GARRY, LOCII. loK gar/ree, a snTall lake of Scotland, co. 
 of Perth, in the wild district of Athole Forest. The river 
 Garry, flow ing from the above lake, after an impetuous E.S.E. 
 course of 20 miles, joins the Tummel about 5 miles S.E. of 
 Blair-Athol. 
 
 GAR'RY OWEN, a postrvillage in Jackson co., Iowa, 15 
 miles S. of Dubuque. 
 
 GARS'DALE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 GARSmON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 GAR'SINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 GARS'TANG, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 and 11 miles S. of Lancaster, on the Wyre, and on the Lan- 
 caster and Preston Railway and Canal. Pop. in 1851, 7465, 
 employed in cotton and woi-sted mills, and calico print works. 
 In the vicinity are the ruins of Greenhalgh Castle, gani- 
 soned for King Charles I. by the Earl of Derby in 16-13. 
 
 GARSTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 GARSTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 GARTACH, gaR/tdK, Gross, groce, and Kleix. kline, 
 two nearly contiguous villages of WUrtemberg, 11 miles W. 
 of Ileilbronn, on the Leinbach Pop. of Gross Gartach, 1615 ; 
 of Klein Gartach, 780. 
 
 GAR'TAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 GARTAN, LOUGH, loK, of Ireland, is about 2 miles in 
 length. 
 
 G ARTEMPE, gaR'tfijrp', or GARDEMPE, gaR'd3Mp', a river 
 of Central France, which, after a course of 120 miles, at first 
 W. and then N.. joins the Creuse 25 miles E.N.E. of Poitiers. 
 
 GARTH, garth, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Glamor- 
 gan, 5 miles N.N.W. of Caerphilly. Pop. 1209. 
 
 GARTH, a hamlet of North Wales, co. of Montgomery, 2 
 miles N.N.W. of Welshpool. Pop. 252. 
 
 GARTHBEIBIO, garth-bi'beK), a parish of North Wales. 
 CO. of Montgomery. 
 
 GARTIIBRENGY, garth-brgng'ghee, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Brecon. 
 
 GARTIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 GAR/TLY, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and 
 Banff. 
 
 GAR/TON. a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, 
 on the North Sea, 12 mil?s E.N.E. of Hull. Grimston-Garth, 
 the seat of the descendants of Sylvester deGrimston, stand- 
 ard bearer of AVilllam the Conqueror, is a large castellated 
 edifice, finely situated in this parish. 
 
 GARTON-on-the-WOLDS. aparLsh of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 3 miles W.N.W. of Great Driffield. 
 
 G ARTOP or GARTOPE, a village of Thibet. See G.\R0O. 
 
 GARUMNA. See G.VRO.WE. 
 
 GARVAGII, gap/viH, a small market-town of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, CO. of Londonderry, 9 miles S. of Coleraine. Pop. 
 851. It gives the title of baron to the Canning fe,mily, who 
 own the town, and whose seat is adjacent. 
 
 GaRVAGIIY. caR-vau'ee.a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Down. 
 
 GAR/A'ALD B.4R'A, a parish of Scotland, co.. and 5 miles 
 E.S.E. of Haddington. Here are the ruins of V ester Castle. 
 
 GAR'VESTONE, or GAR/STON, a parish of England, co, 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 GARTVOCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine 
 
 GAR'WAY, a parish of England, co. of Herefiird. 
 
 GARYP or GARIJP. gJ-ripe', a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of Friesland, 8 miles S.E. of Leeuwarden. Poj . 620. 
 
 731 
 
GAR 
 
 GAT 
 
 •JAHIYSBCRG, a post-village of Xorthampton oo., North 
 Carolinn, on the railroad from Petersburg to AVeldon, where 
 It is crossed by the Seaboard and Koanoice Kailroad, "-j miles 
 N. (f Weldon. 
 
 (J A'RYSVILLE, a post-otiice of Prince George co., A'irginia. 
 
 GARZ or GARTZ, gtiRts, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Pomerania, 16 miles S.S.W. of Stettin, on the Oder. Pop. 
 S800. 
 
 GARZ or GAKTZ, a town of Prussia, on the island of Rli- 
 <«n, in the Baltic, 10 miles E. of Stralsund. Pop. 1650. 
 
 G ARZE.NO, gaRd-zA/no, a village of Northernltaly, province 
 of Como. 6 miles from Dongo. Pop. 1404. 
 
 GAKZWKILER, gaRts'STler, a village of RhenLsh Prus- 
 sia, government, and 18 miles S,W. of Dusseldorf, l^op. 
 1096. 
 
 GASCOGNE, a province of France. See Gascoxt, 
 
 GA.SCOGNE, GOLFK DE. See Biscay, Bay of. 
 
 G.\SC0N.ADE, gas'ko-naid', a river of Missouri, which 
 rises by several branches in Wright co.. in the S. part of the 
 state, interlocking with the sources of White Kiver of Ar- 
 kans.->,s. Its general direction is N.N.E. It is a beJiutiful 
 stream of clear water, flowing through a hilly country 
 abounding with picturesque scenery, and covered by exten- 
 sive forests of pine and other timber. Steamboats have 
 ascended about (JO miles fnmi its mouth when the water is 
 high. Large rafts of yellow-pine lumber are floated down 
 the stream annually. It enters the Missouri in Gasconade 
 county. 40 miles below Jefferson City, after a course of about 
 250 miles. Branches. — The Osage Fork rises near the W. 
 border of Wright county, and flowing N.E., enters the river 
 in La Clede county. The Robidoux Fork, rising in Texas 
 county, flows X., and falls Into the river a few miles from 
 WaynesviUe, Pulaski county. The Big Piney Fork rises in 
 the S. part of Texas county, and flowing X., enters the main 
 stream near the centre of Pulaski county, after a course of 
 about 100 miles. These are more properly affluents than 
 constituent branches. 
 
 GASCONADE, a county in the E. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 540 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Mis- 
 souri River, and intersected in the X.W. part by the Gas- 
 conade, from which the name is derived. The Bourlieuse 
 Creek and several of its branches flow through the S.E. part 
 of the county. The surface Is uneven ; the soil is inferior, 
 excepting the river bottoms and lowlands. Iron ore and sul- 
 phur are abundant, and indications of copper along Bour- 
 beuse Creek are reported. Limestone underlies the greater 
 part of the county, and burrstoue of good quality is found 
 on the Gasconade. Small steamboats navigate the river 
 when the water is high. Capital, Hermann. Pop. 8727, of 
 whom 8651 were free, and 76 slaves. 
 
 GASCONADE, a post-village of Gasconade co., Missouri, 36 
 miles S. of Jefferson City. 
 
 GASCONADE FERKY, a postoffice of Gasconade co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 GAS'CONY, (Fr. Gascngne. pSs^kofl': Sp. Gascufla. gjs-koon'- 
 yi; L. Vasco>nta.) an old province in the S.W. of France, now 
 forming the departments of Landes, Gers, IIautos-Pyr6.nees, 
 and part of Basses-Py rentes. It was a dependency of Guienne, 
 and its capital was Auch. A portion of it belonged to the 
 sovereigns of Navarre, and it was united to France In 158l>. 
 — ^Adj. and inhab. Gas'con: (Fr. Oascox, gis'kSN"/.) 
 
 GAS FACTORY, a po.st-office of Lincoin co., Tennessee. 
 
 GASK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 GASKO, g^ko, a town of European Turkey, in Herzego- 
 vina, 50 miles S.E. of Mostar. 
 
 GASPAR, GRANDE, grdn'dA gJs-paR/, a petty island in 
 the Gulf of Paria, South America, near the N.W. extremity 
 of Trinidad. 
 
 GASPARILOiA (or GASPARILnLO) SOUND and ISLAND, 
 are situated on the W, coast of Florida, near Charlotte 
 Harbor. 
 
 GASPARINA, gSspa-ree'na, or GASPERINA, gis-pj-ree'- 
 nd. a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 11 miles 
 S.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2600. 
 
 GASPE, gis'pA/, a district of Canada East, consists of the 
 counties of Bonaventure and Gasp6, situated on the P. shore 
 of the river St. Lawrence, and is bounded N. by that river, 
 E. by the gulf of the same name, and S. by the Bay of Clia- 
 leur and the province of New Brunswick. The population 
 is principally on Gaspe B.ay, the other parts of the coast be- 
 ing mostly unsettled. They are chiefly engaged In the fishe- 
 ries and the timber trade. 
 
 GASl'E, a maritime county of Canada East, occupying the 
 E. portion of the Gaspe Peninsula, has an area of 4003 square 
 miles. Capital. Gasp^. Pop. in 1851, 10,904. 
 
 GASI>E, or GASl'E BASIN, a post-town and port of entry 
 of Canada East, capital of the co. of Gaspg. situated on the 
 8. side of the entrance to the harl)or formed by Gaspe Bay, 
 496 milfs E. by N. of Queljec. It has a custom-house, is the 
 seat of an extensive cod fishery, and several vessels are 
 owned here employed in the whale fishery. The value of 
 Imports for 1851 amounted to $53,352, and the exports to 
 {141,740. "^ 
 
 GAS'PEH, a township of Prable co., Ohio. Pop. 908. 
 
 GAS PORT, a post-vUlage ft Niagara co. New York, on 
 
 the Erie Canal, about 30 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo, named 
 from springs liere which emit an inflammable gas. 
 
 GASSEN, gd.s'sen, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, 47 miles S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 990. 
 
 GASSINO, g3s-see'no, a market-town of Piedmont, pro- 
 vince, and 8 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2.597. 
 
 GASTDORF. gdst'doKf or GASTOKF, gits'toiif, a town or 
 Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz, 29 miles N. of Prague. Pop, 
 1073. 
 
 GASTEIN, gas'tine, or HOF-GASTEIN. hotiias'tlne, a 
 market-town of Austria, duchy, and 44 miles S. of Salzburg, 
 on the A(fhen. It contains a school and a iiathiug establish- 
 ment, supplied by wooden jiipes from the springs of Wild- 
 bad-Gastein, about 6 miles distant. There is a series of fine 
 cascades in the vicinity, formed by the Achen, which de- 
 scends, by successive leaps, nearly 300 feet. Pop. 4000. 
 
 GASTEIN. gas'tine. BAD GASTEIN, bdt gi«/tlne. or WILD- 
 BAD GASTEIN, «ilt'bat gSs'tlne, a villa-e and watering- 
 place of Austria, 49 miles S. of Salzburg, 3000 feet above the 
 sea. Here are several hotels, and well-frequented mineral 
 springs; temperature, 110° Fahrenheit. 
 
 GASTEL. gis'tel, NEW and OLD, two contiu'uous villages 
 of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 14 miles W. 
 of Breda. United pop. 2917. 
 
 G.\STE1{EN, gis/tA-ren, a valley of Switzerland, on the S. 
 frontiers of the canton of Bern, and W. of the Blumlis Alp. 
 It is almost unsurpassed in savage grandeur, having for its 
 background the great Tschingel glacier, between the Schilt- 
 horn and Sackhorn, whose summits exceed 90(i0 feet In 
 height. A footpath'leads out of this valley over the Iloch- 
 weyden Alps and the Lotschen glacier to Keppel, in the val- 
 ley of the Lotschen, canton of Valais. 
 
 GAS'TIK^RPE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GAST'ON, a county in the S.W. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on South Carolina, has an area estimated at 350 
 square miles. Catawba River forms the E. ijoundary, and 
 the South Catawba flows through the county. The surface 
 is diversified by hills and valleys: the soil is fertile. Formed 
 from the S. part of Lincoln in 1846. Capital. Dallas. Named 
 in honor of the late William Gaston, a judge of the supreme 
 court of North Carolina. Pop. 9;i07, of whom 7108 were free. 
 
 GASTON, a post-village of Fremont co., Iowa, on or near 
 the Missouri, about 5 miles above Nebraska City. 
 
 G.ASTON, a postrvillage of Northampton co.. North Caro- 
 lina, on the left Itank of the Roanoke River, 85 miles N.N.E. 
 of Raleigh. It is the terminus of two railroads, which con- 
 nect it with Raleigh and Richmond, iu Virginia. Gaston is 
 a depfit for tobacco and wheat. 
 
 G.\STON, a post-oifice of Sumter co., Alabama. 
 
 CASTOR, ga-s-toR/, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, about 
 75 miles N.E. of Cadiz. It contains chalybeate and sulphur- 
 ous springs. Pop. 1200. 
 
 GASTORF. a town of Bohemia. See Gastdorf. 
 
 GASTOUNI or GASTUNI, gis-too/uee, (anc. EHis,) .a vil- 
 lage of Greece, in Morea, 9 miles S.E. of Cape Klarentza. 
 
 GASTOUNI or GASTUNI. GULF OF. a bay oppcisite Zante, 
 between Capes Kurnia and Skaphidia, and receiving the 
 river Iliaco. (ancient Penelus.) 
 
 GASTRIIvLAND, (Gastrikland.) See Gestriklcm). 
 
 GATA, gi'ta, a market-town of Spain, province, and 65 
 miles N.W. of Caceres, on the river Gata, an affluent of the 
 Alagon. Pop. 2004. 
 
 GATA, gd/ta, a village of Spain, in Valencia, 55 mUes N.E. 
 of Alicante, on the Jalon. Pop. 1645. 
 
 GATA, CAPE. See Cape Gata. 
 
 GATA, SIERRA DE, se-SR'Ri di gd'ti, a mountain range 
 of Spaiu and Portugal, separating the basins of the T.agus 
 and Douro Rivers, and the old Spanish provinces of Estre- 
 madura and Leon. 
 
 GAT'CO.MBE. a parish of the Isle of Wight, in England. 
 
 GATE'IIOUSE, a municipal borough, riverport. and mar- 
 ket-town of Scotland, co. of Kirkcudbright, on the Fleet, 5 
 miles N.W. of Kirkcudbright. I'op. in 1851, 1750. It has a 
 branch bank, news room, with some manufactures of cotton, 
 soap, and tan-works. The river is navigable for vessels of 
 180 tons. A canal of about 1 mile in length abridges the 
 length of navigation about one-half, by means of wliich 
 alx)ut 170 acres of land have been reclaimed from the river. 
 
 GATWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GATES, a county in the N.N.E. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 500 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Nottoway River, and bounded 
 on the S.W. by Meberrin and Chowan Rivers. The surface 
 is nearly level, and is partly covered by forests of nal; and 
 pine. Chowan River is navigable along its border. Ffrmed 
 in 1779. and named in honor of General Horntio (lat'S. Ca- 
 pital, Gatesvilli.. Pop. in 1860, 8443, of whom 4642 wera 
 free, and 3901 slaves. 
 
 GATES, a post-town.ship of Monroe co.. New York, 3 miles 
 W. of Rochester, intersected by the Erie Camd and several 
 railroads. Pop. 2710. 
 
 GATES, or GATESS MILLS, a post-villHgo of Cuyahoga 
 CO., Ohiot on Chngrin River, 16 miles E. of Cleveland. 
 
 GATES, a post-office of Newton co., Missouri. 
 
 GATES'UEAD, a manicipal and parliumeutury borough. 
 
GAT 
 
 GAV 
 
 and parish of Enuland, co. of Durham, on the York Newcas- 
 tle and Berwick Kailway, and on the right bank of theTyne, 
 opposite Newcastle, with which it is connected by a splen- 
 did railway bridge, and by a handsome stone bridsje of nine 
 arches. It consists of one wide. irre<nilar street, with seve- 
 ral narrow streets and lanes diverf^ing from it on either 
 side: has a mean and unprepossessing appearance, and is 
 densely inhabited by the workini; classes. The town is 
 lighted with gas, and well supplied with water. The parish 
 church is an ancient cruciform structure, with a finely illu- 
 minated window ; and there are, besides, four chapels of ease, 
 of which St. John's, opened in 1825, and St. Cuthbert's, in 
 1848, are handsome buildings ; and places of worship for 
 Presbyterians and Methodists. There are several charitable 
 and benevolent institutions, the principal of which are St. 
 James's Hospital, some charity schools, and almshouses, a 
 dispensary, and mechanics' institute. The mauuSictures of 
 Gateshead include anchors, chain cables, and nails; ship- 
 building, hemp and wire rope making, iron-founding ; paper, 
 glue, vinegar, hats, brass and copper works, &c. There are 
 also several glass and chemical works, and a large soap- 
 work. In the neighborhood are extensive collieries, and 
 also quarries of the well-known Newcastle grindstones. The 
 borough is governed by a mayor. 6 aldermen, and 18 coun- 
 cilors, and returns a member to the House of Commons. 
 Daniel De Foe is said to have written the '• Adventures of 
 Robinson Crusoe" while residing in this town. Pop. in 18-41, 
 19,.505 : in 18.il, upwards of 24.000, in 1861, &3,58». 
 
 GATKS'HKAD-FKLL^ a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 G.VI'E'SIDE, a village of Scotland, ca of Renfrew, 4 miles 
 S.E. of Paisley. Pop. e73. 
 
 GATES'VILLE, a village of Washington co.. New York, 
 63 miles N. by E. of Albany. 
 
 GATESVILLE, a post-office of Early co.. Alabama. 
 
 G.\TESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Gates co.. North 
 Carolina, on Bennett's Creek, an affluent of Chowan River, 
 140 miles N.E. of Kaleigh. 
 
 GATESVILLE, a post-ofiRce of Franklin co., Alabama. 
 
 GATIIA, gi'tS, GATTA, gaftah\ or G.A.TTENDORF, giV- 
 ten-doRf\ a village of Hungary, co. of Wieselburg, on the 
 Leitha. 12 miles S.W. of Presburg. Pop. 1731. 
 
 GATINAIS. See Gatinois. 
 
 GATIN \RA, gd-te-nava, or GATTINARA, gat-te-ni'ra, a 
 market-town of Piedmont, province, and 23 miles X.W. of 
 Vercelli. Pop. 4701. 
 
 GATINE. gdHeen', a district of France which belonged to 
 the former province of Pcitou. and is now included in the 
 department of Deux-Sfevres. Its capital was Parthen.ay. 
 
 GATINEAU, gl^tee'nO', a river oi Canada East, rises in 
 some large lakes, in lat. 48° N., Ion. 7-5° 30' W., from which 
 It flows S., and fillls into the Ottawa near Hull. Steamboats 
 have ascended this river for 4 miles. It is navigable for 
 canoes upwards of 300 miles. 
 
 GaTINOIS or GATINAIS, gJHee'nA/, an old division of 
 France, dependent on the provinces of Orleanais and Isle of 
 France, and now subdivided among the departments of 
 Seine-et/Marne, Loiret. Ni6\Te, and Yonne. 
 
 GATO, gS/to, GATTO, gJt'to. AGATTON, a-gSt-ton', AGA- 
 THO, a-gj'to, or AQATON, d-gaHon', a town of Upper 
 Guinea, the port of Benin, from which town it is distant 
 15 miles S.S.W.. on a creek of the Benin River, and accessible 
 to vessels of 60 tons. 
 
 GATRONE, gd-tro'nA, a town of Northern Africa, in Fez- 
 lan, 77 miles S.S.E. of Moorziwk, on the S. extremity of a 
 sandy plain. In the centre is a castle, occupied by Mara- 
 bouts. 
 
 GATSCHINA, a town of Russia. See Gatshina. 
 
 GATSHINA or GATSCHINA, gdt-shee/nl a town of 
 Russia, government, and 30 miles S.S.W. of St. Petersburg. 
 Pop. 7000. It is well built, and has an imperial palace, with 
 extensive parks, and Greek, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic 
 churches. 
 
 GATTA. a village of Hungary. See Gatha. 
 
 GATTENDORF, a village of Hungary. See Gatha. 
 
 GATTKVILLE, gattVeel'. a vill.%ge of France, department 
 of Manche. arrondissement of Cherbourg. Pop. 1308. It 
 gives its name to the promontory forming the E. angle of 
 the peninsula of Cotentin. called the Raz-de-GattevilJe. 
 
 GATTICO. git/te-ko, a vilLage of the S.ardinian States, In 
 Piedmont, 20 miles N.N.W. of Novara. Pop. 1876. 
 
 G.-VTTINARA, giit-te-nd'ra, a walled town of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, 17 miles N.W. of Novara, on the Sesia. 
 It contains a parish church on a magnificent scale. 4 other 
 churches, and the remains of some feudal castles. Pop. 4701. 
 
 G ATTO, a town of Egypt. See Gato. 
 
 G.^TTON, a village and parish of England, co. of Surrey, 
 17 miles S.bv W. of London. Pop. 250. 
 
 GATTONSIDE, a village of Scotland. See Melrose. 
 
 0.\TUX, gd-toon', a river of the Isthmus of Panama, in 
 Central America, rises in the mount.alns E. of Puerto Bello, 
 flows N., and joins the Chagres River 8 miles from the Ca- 
 ribbean Sea. 
 
 GATUN, gl-toon', a town of New Granada, in the Isthmus 
 if I'anama. situated near the junction of the Gatun with 
 Uie Chagres, about 8 miles from the sea. 
 
 GATJALGESHEIM. gOw'Sl-ghPs-hTme', a town of Hesso. 
 Darmstadt, 3 miles \V. of Ober-lngelheim. Pop. 1802. 
 
 GAUCIIOS, gow'chocu. the cat tle-reariug inhabitants of the 
 Pampas of La Plata. See Plata. La. 
 
 GAUCIN' orGAUZIN, gow-thecn' or gOw-seen'. a strongly 
 fortified and garrisoned town of Spain, in Andalusia, 47 
 miles W.S.AV. of Malaga. Pop. .3098. 
 
 GAUDEXZDORF, gdw'dents-doiif, a village of Tx)wer Aus- 
 tria, on the Wien, here crossed by a wire bridge, and piw 
 perly a suburb of Vienna. Pop. 2(jO0. 
 
 G.4U-EL-KEBEEK. gOw-51-keh-beer', (a,ac. Ant(irip>nUs,) a 
 village of Egypt, with the remains of a temple on the E. 
 bank of the Nile, 26 miles S.E. of Sioot. 
 
 OAUIK. gow'er a river of Scotland, rises near Loch Etive, 
 and enters Loch Rannoch. in the co. of Perth. 
 
 GAUKARNA, gaw^kaR/nd, a maritime town of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Madras, on the Malabar coast. 21 miles 
 N.W. of Onore, with about 800 houses. Lat. 14° 32' N., Ion. 
 75° 25' E. 
 
 GAUL. See France. 
 
 GAULBY or GALBY, gawl'bee, a parish of England, co. 
 of Leicester. 
 
 OAULEY (gawlee) BRIDGE, a post-village of Fayette CO., 
 W. Virginia, situated just below the junction of the Gauley 
 and New Rivers, about 150 miles S. of Wheeling. It is the 
 head i if navigation on the river, which presents here a beau- 
 tiful full of 22 feet. 
 
 GAULEY RIVER, in the central port of W. Virginia, 
 unites with the New River at Gauley Bridge, in Fayette co., 
 36 miles above Charleston. Below the junction, the river 
 is called the Great Kanawha. The valley of Gauley River 
 is almut 60 miles long. 
 
 GAULNA, gawl'ni, a hill fort and town of British India, 
 presidency of Bombay, 103 miles E.S.E. of Siirat. taken by 
 the British in 1804, and finall/ ceded to them in 1818. 
 
 G.\UNER.SD01iF, gdw'ners-doRf\ a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, on the Werdenbach. 25 miles N.E. of Korneuburg. 
 It consists of three distinct parts, called Markt, Wieden, and 
 Aigen-(.iaunersdorf. Pop. 1337. 
 
 GAU-ODERNIIEIJI, a town of Germany. See Odernheijj. 
 
 G.\UH, a city of Hindostan. See (JouK. 
 
 G AUK. a town and district of Afghanistan. See GnoRE. 
 
 GAURE, goR, an ancient country of France, capitjil of 
 Fleurance, in the former province of Guienne. 
 
 GAUKI.\C, goVe-dk', a village of France, department of 
 Gironde, 4 miles S.S.E. of Blaye. Pop. 1774. 
 
 GAURITZ, gOw'rits. a river of South Africa, in Cape 
 Colony, formed by the union of the Gamka and Dwyka 
 Rivers, and separating the districts of George and Zwollen- 
 dam to the sea, which it enters after a tortuous S. course of 
 50 miles. 
 
 G.\USSOX, g3sVAN»', a village of France, department of 
 Cotes du-Nord, 10 miles N. of Loudfac. Pop. in 1852, 2118. 
 
 GAUT'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GAUTULCO. gow-tool'ko, a h.arbor of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state, and 110 miles S.E. of Oajaca, on the 
 Pacific. 
 
 GAUZIN, a town of Spain. See Gaucin. 
 
 G.^V'AKDO, gd-vaR/do, a market-town of Lombardy, 10 
 miles E.N.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 19(10. 
 
 GAA'ARNIE, gdVaR^nee'. a frontier hamlet of France, de- 
 partment of Hautes-Pyren6es. 34 miles S. of Tarbes. 4378 feet 
 above the sea, with mineral springs, an inn, and ne.ar it a 
 magnificent amphitheatre called the circus, or valley cf 
 Gavarnie, (orMarbore.) It is situated on a small stream 
 called Gave-de-Pau, in which is the Fall of Gavarnie, one of 
 the finest cascades in Europe. 
 
 OAVE, gdv, (i.n. "water,'") the generic name of every 
 stream in the French Pyrenees departments. 
 
 G.IVE D'ASPE, giv ddsp, and GAVE D'OSSAU, glv 
 dos\so', department of Basses-Pyrenees, rise ne;ir the Pio 
 du-Midi, and unite near Olfiron, to form the Gave d'Oleron. 
 Length of the Gave d'Aspe, 30 miles; of the Gave d'Ossau, 
 30 miles. 
 
 GAVE DE PAU, giv deh pe. rises in Spain, near Mount 
 Perdu, flows N.W. through the valley of Gavarnie, and 
 joins the Adour, 15 miles E.N.E. of Bayonne. after a course 
 of 110 miles. Principal affluent, the Gave d'Oleron. 
 
 GAVELEO, gi-vM'lo, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice, 8 miles E.S.E. of Rovigo. It occupies the 
 site of an ancient town of the same name, which was de- 
 stroyed partially by the Hungarians, and .ifterward totally 
 by the inundation of the Adige and the Po. but whose 
 splendour is still attested by its ruins. Pop. "JOiH). 
 
 GA'VER'S, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 GAVI, gS/vee. a fortified town of the Sardinian States, 
 province, and 5 miles S. of Novi. Pop. 5702. 
 
 GAVIA, gS've-d, a mountain of Brazil, province, and 
 S.W. of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 GAVIA LA CHICA. gJt/ve-l 13 chee^l, a yillage of Spain, 
 province, and 6 miles S.W. of Granada. 
 
 GAVIA LA GRANDE, gj/ve-d M grjn'd.-l, a village of 
 Spain, province, and 6 miles S.W. of Granada. 
 
 GAV I AC. (Gaviao,) gS-ve-OwN"', a town of Portugal, pro 
 Tince of Beira-Eaisa, 21 miles N.W. of Crato. Pop. 1234. 
 
 733 
 
GAV 
 
 G A VTA ox, gl-ve-6wir«', a market-to\m of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Alemtejo, 30 miles W.X.W. of Portal egre. Pop. 1117. 
 
 GA\'ILAX. SIERRA DE, se-^H/llAdA g£-Te-!dn'. a moun- 
 tain range of Cuba, near the centre of the island, forming a 
 part of the great chain by which the island is intersected in 
 Its whole lenirth. 
 
 GAVIRATE, gl-ye-rJ'tA. a rillaze of North Italy, 18 miles 
 W.N.W. of Como. on the Lake Varese. Pop. 2100. 
 
 GAVOI, gil-voi', a Tillajre on the island of Sardinia, 64 
 ailes X.X.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1476. 
 
 GAVORRAXO, gd-voR-Ki'no, a town of Tuscany, in the 
 Maremma Grossetana, 36 miles S.W. of Sienna. It was for- 
 merly surrounded by walls, and defended by a strong castle, 
 now in ruins. Pop. 540. 
 
 G.A.VKAY. gdVrt', a town of France, department of 
 Manche, 12 miles S.S.E. of Coutances. Pop. 1057. 
 
 GAA'RILOVSA, g^v-re-lov'si. a large village of Russia, 
 gOTernment. and 30 miles X. of Vladimeer. 
 
 GAVRILOVSA, a village of Siberia, government of Tomsk, 
 district of Barnaul. 
 
 G.IWCOTT. a chapelry of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 GAWEIXtIIUR, g^-wM-irhJir', or GAWULGUR, gi-wtil- 
 ghur', a hill fortress of Ilindostan. in Xizam"s dominions. 14 
 miles X.W. of Ellichpoor, formerly considered very strong, 
 but stormed and taken by the Duke of Wellington (then 
 GenenU WeUeslev) in 1803. 
 
 GAAV'LER RANGE, a range of mountains in South 
 Australia, about 23 miles X.E. of Adelaide, remarkable for 
 their sterile and arid character, being without timl)er or 
 vegetation of any kind, and without a single sti-eam or 
 water-course. The country around is equally barren and 
 repulsive. Their utmost elevation is al>out 2000 feet. 
 
 GAWS'ttORTH, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 GAYA or Q.\Y.\II, ghi'.a, a city of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal. 43 miles S.W. of Bahar. on an affluent of 
 the Ganges. The population has been estimated at 36.000, 
 (the Bengal Gazetteer states 100,000:) it is variable, often 
 being auirmented by many thousand pilgrims. Gaya con- 
 sists of the old city, on an eminence, inhabited by many 
 Brahmins, and considered a town of great sanctity: and 
 Sahibgunge. the trading quarter, regularly and well laid out, 
 on the river's bank. Some silk ^nd cotton manufactures are 
 carried on here, and the town has well-supplied markets, 
 and is noted for its stone-cutters. Boodba-Gaya (which see) 
 In the vicinity, is supposed to have been the place whence 
 the Boodhist n.>ligion emanated: but at Gaya proper, the 
 Brahminioal faith reigns supreme, and here k a remarkable 
 temple of Vishnu. 
 
 G.-VyA. ghi'i. (Moravian. Kygom, kig'ov) a town of Aus- 
 tria, in Moi-ivia, 17 miles S.W. of Ilradisch. Pop. 1922, of 
 whom 500 are Jews. 
 
 G.AY.\. (ghl'i ) ISLANDS, twoislandsin thelndian Archi- 
 pelago, one on the X.E. coast, the other on the N.^V. const 
 of Borneo : the fii-st in lat. 4° 66' N.. Ion. 118° 52' E, the 
 second in lat. 6° 2' N.. Ion. 116° E. 
 
 G AYBIEL, ghl-lx-^l'. a town of Spain, in Valencia, 25 miles 
 W. by N. of Castcl!on-de-la-Plana. Pop. 1224. 
 
 G.iY'DOX. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 GAV HE.4.D, a remarkable promontory at the S.W. end 
 of Marth-i's Vineyard. Massachusetts, elevated 134 feet above 
 high water. On it is a revolving light, 173 feet above the 
 sea. Lat 41° 21' X., Ion. 70° 50' 40" W. 
 
 6.\Y HEAD, a post-office of Greene co., New York. 
 
 GKY HILL, a post-office of Washington co.. Texas. 
 
 GAY'HURST. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 Q.WLESVILLE. gailz'vil, a post-village in Cherokee co., 
 Alabama, near Coosa River, 150 miles X.X.E. of Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 GAY'LORDSVILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut, on the Housatonic River and Railroad, about 40 
 miles W.S.W. of H;irtford. It has ninnufiictures of boots 
 and shoes, leiither, iron-castings and machinery. 
 
 GAYO'SO, a post-village, capital of Pemiscot co., Missouri, 
 310 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. It is situated near the 
 Mississippi River, at Walker's Bend, 40 miles by water 
 below New Madrid. The earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 ex- 
 hibited the greatest violence in this vicinity. Laid out in 
 1851. 
 
 GAYS/PORT. a thriving post-borough of Blair co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on a branch of the Juniata River, which separates 
 it fi-om Hulidaysburg, 120 miles W. of Harrisburg. A branch 
 Riilroad connects it with the Central Railroad. It contains 
 a railroad dep.'.t belonging to the state, and an iron-foundry. 
 Pop. in 18.M1. .590; in 1860. 601. 
 
 GAYS/VILLE. a post-village of Windsor co.. Vermont, 3 
 nnJlei S. by E. of Montpelier. 
 
 G A YTON, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 OAYTON. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 GAYTON. a parish of England, co.. of Stafford. 
 
 GAYTOX-LI>MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 i«ln. 
 
 GAYTOX-LE-WOLD, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 GAYTOX THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 QAY'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 734 
 
 GED 
 
 GkZk, frA'rJ, (Arab. Guzuh. gfiz/zeh,) a city of Palestine, 
 abont 2 miles from the Mediterranean, and 48 miles S.W 
 of J erusjilem. Lat. 31° 29''X., Ion. 34° 29' E. Pop. probably 
 15,0ti0 or 16,000 (Kolnnson.) It is an open town, partly built 
 of stone, but mostly of earth, and unbaked bricks, on the* 
 .site of the ancient city; and it is a principal entrepot fot 
 the caravans passing between Egjpt and Syria. Gaza is 
 mentioned very early in Holy Writ (Genesis x. 19.) It was 
 one of the chief cities of the Philistines, and it appe;)rs to 
 have always remained a place of some importance; but it 
 has very scanty remains of antiquity. G.aza was also a 
 name of the Atropatenian Ecbatana. Persia, in the jin)vinoe 
 of Azerbaijan, identified with TuKuri Suleiman. 
 GAZACA. See Tabreez. 
 GAZE/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 GAZXA. a city of Afghanistan. See Ghuznee, 
 GAKUOLO. gdd-zoooHo, or GAZZUOLO, git-soo-o'lo, a vil- 
 lage of Lombardy, 11 miles W.X.W. of Mantua. Pop. 2000. 
 GAZZAXIG.A, git-sd-nee/gl, a village of Xorthern Italy, 
 9 miles X.E. by X. of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 1494. 
 
 G.AZZO, git/so. a village of North Italy, government of 
 Venice, 8 miles X.X.E. of Aicenza. Pop. 1660. 
 
 GAZZOLDO, git-sol'do, a village of Jiorthern Italy, 10 
 miles W. by X. of Mantua. Pop. io09. 
 
 GDAXSK, a city of Prussia. See Dantsio. 
 
 GDOV. g'dov, a town of Russia, government, and 120 
 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the Odovka. Pop. 1000. 
 
 GDOM' or GDOV, gdov, a small town of Austri:in Gali- 
 ci.1. 13 miles W.S.W. of Bochnia. 
 
 GE.AXT. zhA'Sso', (i. «., '• giant,") one of the principal sum- 
 mits of the Pennine Alps. Savoy, 4i miles X.E. of Mont 
 Blanc, 13.099 feet in elevation. The Col (or pass) du Geant, 
 is 11,146 feet in elevation, and leads from Courmayeur, in 
 Piedmont, to Chamouni, in Savoy, by the Mer de Glace. 
 
 GEARS'VILLE, a small village of White CO., Tennessee. 
 
 GEAS/HILL, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co., 
 71 miles X.W. of Portarlington. Here are the ruins of a 
 castle, heroically defended by Lady Digby during the civil 
 war in 1641. 
 
 GEAUGA, je-aw'ga, a county in the X.E. part of Ohio, 
 contains about 430 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of the Cuyahoga, Grand, and Chagrin Rivers. The 
 surface is rolling, and partly covered with dense forests; 
 the soil contains a large proportion of clay. Sandstone 
 underlies a part of the surface. Capital. Chanlou. Organized 
 in 1805. Pop. 15,817. 
 
 GEB, (i. e., " mountain,'") is an Arabian prefix of the 
 names of numerous heights in Asia and -ifrica. See Jeb 
 and Jedel. 
 
 GEB.A, a river of Africa. See Jeba. 
 
 GEB.\, a village of West Afric.i, in Senegambia, on a river 
 of the same name, lat. 12° 16' X., Ion. 14° o5' W. Pop. 750. 
 
 GEB.AIL. a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Jebail. 
 
 GEB-EL-DOKHAX, j^b^l do'kin', (anc FbrphyrPUi 
 Mons,) in the E. desert of Upper Egypt, about lat. 27° 18 
 X., Ion. 30° 18' E., with extensive ruins, and vast porphyry 
 quarries. 
 
 GEBESEE, gMifb-B-V a town of Prussian Saxonv, 11 miles 
 X.X.W. of Erfurt, on the Gera. Pop. 2009. 
 
 GEBHARDSDORF, ghJbOiarts-doRr, (Alt, ilt, i. f.. Old,) 
 a village of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles W.S.W. of Leiimiti. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 GEiyil-iRT'S. a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GEBSEH, ph^b'seh. GEIBCWZEH. or GEIBUZEH. gi'- 
 boo-zeh. sometimes written KIVYZA, (anc. Lihi/ssa t) a town 
 of A.siatic Turkey, Gulf of Ismeed, (Izmid.) 26 miles S.E. 
 of Constantinople. It contains a fine mosque of white 
 marble, and some good baths, built by the grand vizier to 
 Selim I. at the time of the conquest of Egypt. 
 
 GEBY, j^Wee? an island of the Malay Archipelago. Gilolo 
 passage, on the equator. Ion. 129° 30' E. Length, alxiut 26 
 miles : average breadth. 3 miles. 
 
 GEDDES, ghM'dez. a pos^village and town.ship of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York, on the W. side of Onondaga Lake, and 
 on the Erie Canal and Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, 6 
 miles N.W. of Syracuse, and 133 miles VV. by X. of Alliany. 
 The inhabitants are chiefly eng.-iged in the manufacture 
 of salt, producing upwards of 260,000 bushels annually. 
 Pop. 2528. 
 
 GED/DINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of North* 
 ampton. 
 
 GEDEII. gi'dfh. a mountain of Java, province of Prean- 
 ger, about 46 miles S. by E. of Batavia. It is one of the 
 loftiest mountains in the island, its highest pe;ik named 
 Pangerango, being 9868 feet high. The peak called Gedeh, 
 is only about 10 or 12 feet lower, and sends forth at timea 
 thick volumes of smoke, and also flames and ashes: but 
 neither lava nor stones, as far as yet known. It is covered 
 to its very top with a thick rank vet.etation. 
 
 GEDERX, pA'dem. a village of Germany, grand durhy 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 9 miles E.S.E. of Nidda. Pop. 200u. 
 
 GEIVLI.NG. a parish of England, co. of Xottingham. 
 
 GED'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GEDROSIA. See Beloochistax. 
 
 GEDUMA. gi-doo'mi, a state of West Africa, on the X. 
 
GEB 
 
 frontier of Senegaiebia, having N. the Sahara, and S. the 
 Senefral, which separates it iVom Galani or Kajaaga, and 
 Boudoo. 
 
 GEIOL, a town of Belgium. See Gheel. 
 
 OEELON'G. gheeMong'. a town in the S.E. of Australia, colo- 
 ny of Victoria or J'ort I'hllip, co. of Grant, near the head t^f 
 Geelong hartor, (the W. arm of the bay of Port Philip.) not 
 far from the left bank of the Barwon, -tO miles S.W. of Mel- 
 bourne; lat. 3S° 8' S., Ion. 1-14° 25' E. It is the second town 
 of the colony, and is very flourishing. Numerous ware- 
 houses have been erected here, and the neighborhood is 
 adorned with cottages and gardens. The surrounding 
 country is exceedin.i;ly beautiful, the soil fertile, and the 
 climate healthy. The shipping point is the small, but 
 fine harbor of Corio, enclosed by picturesque green clills, 
 probably within less than a mile of the town. The desti- 
 nies of this settlement are likely to niiaergo a complete 
 change from the recent discovery, (1861,) of what appears 
 to be Inexhaustible mines of gold, at a hill called Buniu- 
 yong or Bullarat. 40 miles N.N'.W. of Geelong. and 55 miles 
 W. by N. of .Melbourne; lat. 37° 40' S., Ion. 143° 55' E. The 
 deposits met with here are represented as far exceeding in 
 value any that have yet been found in any other part of 
 the world, while the well-authenticated instances of indi- 
 vidual success, resemble realizations of the wildest and most 
 extravagant flights of the imagination. The gold field is 
 believed to OKtend for miles around the central point at 
 which the first discovery took place ^ rich deposits having 
 been found 6 miles distant from Ballarat. The revenue of 
 Geelong in 1851, was 2785Z.; in 1852 it reached 10,697^., 
 most of which was spent in works of public improvements. 
 
 GEELVINK. ghAl'viiik\ a bay, on the N.W. coast of 
 Papua, between Great Bay and Dampier Strait ; lat. 1° 54' 
 S.. Ion. 137° 5' E. It has fi'om 20 to 25 fathoms of water. 
 
 GEELVINK CII.iNNEL. See Gelvi.nk. . 
 
 GEERTRUIDENBKRG. H.'lR-troi'den-b^BG\ or GERTRUY- 
 DEXBERG. tiJii-troi'den-b^RG', a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Brabant, <J miles N.N.E. of Breda. 
 Pop. 1625. It was taken by Prince Maurice in 1595. 
 
 GEERVLITE, nilE/flceHeh, a town of Holland, province 
 of South Holland, 5 miles E.S.E. of Briel, where the Spuy 
 unites with the old Meuse. Pop. 589. 
 
 G Ei;Z K II, a tow n of Egypt. See Gheezeh. 
 
 GEFELL, g.\-f^ll', a town of Prussia, pj-ovince of Saxony, 
 55 miles S.E. of Erfurt. Pop. 1574. 
 
 GEFLE, y&\'\k, a fortified seaport town of Sweden, capital 
 of a liiPTi of its own name, at the mouth of the Gefle River, in 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, 100 miles N.N.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 
 11,610. The river here separ.. tes into three arms, enclosing 2 
 Islands, on which, and on either bank, the town is situated. 
 It i.-i irregularly built, but has wide streets, an excellent 
 harbor, having a depth of 18 feet near the shore. Principal 
 edifices, an old castle, now the government-hou.se, the 
 council-house, high sichool. lazaretto, and hospitals. It has 
 ship-yards, sugar refineries, and tanneries. 
 
 GEFLK, yJv'lA, or GKFLEBORG, yfevOi-boRoS a maritime 
 laen or province of Sweden, mostly between lat. 60° and 62° 
 20' N., and Ion. 15° and 17° 30' E., having E. the Gulf of 
 Bothnia. Area, 7561 square miles. CapitiU, Gefle. Pop. in 
 1850. 120,158. 
 
 GEFREES, ghJf-r.ice', a market-town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Upper Franconia, 13 miles N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1212. 
 
 GEUO, GEIIOL, or JEHO. See Zhehol. 
 
 GEHREN. gil'ren, or AMT-GEIIREN, amt-gi/ren, a vil- 
 lage in the principiility of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 24 
 miles S.E. of Gotha. Pop. 1370. 
 
 GEIB, ghibe. (Hun. Hibbe, hib'b.V, or Hi/by, hib/bee\) a 
 ir.arke(>town of North Hungary, on the Waag, 106 miles 
 N.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2240. 
 
 GEIBUZEH. See Grbseh. 
 
 GEIERSBERG, ghi/ers-bSaG\ SUPIIIORA, soo-pe-ho'ra, 
 »r KYSSPERK, kiss'pjnk, a town of Bohemia, 32 miles S. 
 of KSnigirratz, on the Still Adler. Pop. 13C0. 
 
 GEIGER'S (ghi'gherz,) MILLS, a post-office of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 GEILENKIRCIIEN. ghilen-kegRKVi, a town of Rhenish, 
 Prussia, 13 miles N. of Aixla-Chapelle, on the Wurm. Pop., 
 including Hunshofen. 1507. 
 
 GEILNAU, gil'ndw, a celebrated watering-place of Nas- 
 lau, on the L.ahn, 9 miles E. of Coblentz. The water, which 
 is similar to that of Seizor, is annually exported to the ex- 
 tent of 200,000 bottles. 
 
 GEISA, ghl'zd, a town of Germany, 24 miles S.S.W. of 
 Eisenach, on the Ulster. Pop. 1787. 
 
 GEISELHORING, (Geiselhiiring,) ghi'zel-hoVing, a mar- 
 ket-town of Lower Bavaria, on the Little Laber, 19 miles 
 6.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1179. 
 
 GEISENFELD. ghl'zen-ft'lt\ a market-town of Upper Ba- 
 varia, on the Ilm, 26 miles E.N.E. of Landshut. Pop. 1409. 
 
 GEISKNHEI.M, ghl'zgn-hlme\ a market-town of Ger- 
 manv. duchy of Nassau, on the Rhine, 14 miles W. of Mentz. 
 Pop.'2509. 
 
 GEISII, gish, a lofty mountain of Abyssinia, kingdom 
 of Amhara. at the sources of the Blue Nile; lat. 11° N., Ion. 
 36° 55' E.; height 9700 feet above sea-level. It is con- 
 
 nected by a lower ridge with Mount Lichemji, which is still 
 higher. 
 
 GEISLINGEN, ghlse'ling-gn, a town of Wurtemberg, on 
 the Wurtemburg Railway, 17 miles N.N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 
 22.31. 
 
 GEISPOLZIIEIM, ghTse'polts-hime\ or GEISPTTZEN, gi- 
 spit/sgn, a village of France, department of the Bas-Rhin, 
 on the Strasbourg and Bale Railway, 7 miles S.W. of Stras- 
 bourg. Pop. 2166. 
 
 GEITHAIN, ghlfhine, or GEITEN, ghi/tgn, a town of 
 Saxony, circle, and 24 miles S.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 3089. 
 
 GELDERLAND or GUELDERLAND, ghSl'dpr-lani, 
 (Dutch, Geldtrland, H?l'dfr-lint\) a province of the Nether- 
 lands, having N.W. the Zuyder-Zee, S.E. the Prussian do- 
 minions, and on other sides the provinces of Overv.ssel, 
 Utrecht, South Holland, and North Brabant. Area" 1972 
 square miles. Pop. in 1863,419.996. Surface more hilly than 
 in most of the Dutch provinces; principal rivers, the Waal 
 and Old Rhine, the Yssel forming its N.E.. and the Meuso 
 its S. boundary. Along their banks a good deal of frviit is 
 raised for export, with corn, hops, and tobacco: elsewhere 
 the land is generally poor. Some of the waste lands have l>een 
 latterly planted with pines and oaks. Principal crops, wheat, 
 rye. potatoes, buckwheat, and tobacco. Many cattle are reared. 
 It has manufactures of linen fabrics, paper, and leather, with 
 tile making; brewing and distilling are extensively carried 
 on. The province is divided into 4 districts ; chief towns, 
 Arnhem the capital, Nymwegen, Thiel. and Zutphen. 
 . GELDERMALSEJI, ghJl'dfr-mirsem. a village of the Ne- 
 therlands, province of Gelderland,* 6 miles W. of Thiel. 
 Pop. 1569. 
 
 GELDEKN, ghJl'dgm, (Fr. Gueklres, gheld'r.) a town of 
 Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles S.W. of Wesel, on the Niers. Pop. 
 3648. It was founded in 1097, and was the residence of the 
 sovereigns of Qeldern till 1343. Its fortifications were razed 
 in 1764. 
 
 GELDERSHEIM, ghil'ders-hime\ a village of Bavaria, in 
 Lower Franconia, 4 miles N.N.E. of Werneck. Pop. 10S2. 
 
 GKLD'ESTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GELDROP, ghjl'drop, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, 23 miles S.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. 
 Pop. 1730. 
 
 GELEEN, gi-lain', a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Limburg, 11 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 2065. 
 
 GELENAU, gh^l'fn-6w\ or GELNAU, ghSl'uCw, a village 
 of Saxony, 3 miles N.E. of Thum. Pop. 4221. 
 
 GELL-\n, ghillih, a town and fortress of North Africa, 
 Algeria, 105 miles E.S.E. of Constantino, on the Tunis 
 frontier. 
 
 GiiLLAII, a town of Africa, 20 miles N. of Tunis, said to 
 be the ancient Cadra Corndiana. 
 
 GELLEJ, ghM'la/. a village of Hungary, co. of Borsod. 
 Gellej Katona, a Hungarian writer of some eminence, was 
 born here. Pop. 1077. 
 
 GELLI-GAEll, ghMhlee-ghir, a parish of South ATales, 
 CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 GELLIVARE. yJlle-vdVi, a village of Sweden, lam of 
 Piteii, in Luled Lappmark, about 100 miles N.N.W. of 
 Pited. It has extensive iron-works, the ore of which, yield- 
 ing nearly 67 per cent, of pure iron, is obtained in solid 
 masses from two mountain ridges in the neighborhood. 
 
 GELNHAUSSEN, ghiln'hdw'zen, a town of Germany, 
 in Hesse-Cassel, 14 miles E.N.E. of Hanau, on the Kinzig. 
 Pop., with suburbs, 4334. On an island in the river here, is 
 the castle Burghausen ; and near the town are the remains 
 of a palace of Barbarossa. 
 
 GELOSTER, je-los'ter, a village of Kalamazoo co., Michi- 
 gan. 135 .miles W. of Detroit, contains several stores. 
 
 GELVERDEII, ghM-vJr'dyh, a village of Asia Minor, 
 pashalic of Karamania, 60 miles S.W. of Kaisareeyeh. 
 
 GELVES, hJI'vJs, a market-town of Spain, 3 miles W.S.W. 
 of .Seville, near the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3054. 
 
 GELVINK, ghJl'vink, (written also GEELYINK) CHAN- 
 NEL, S.W. of Australia, between Houtman's Abrolhos and 
 the mainland. It is about 30 miles in width, and CO miles 
 in length. 
 
 GEMAPPE. See Jemmapes. 
 
 GEMARKE, geh-maa'keh, a town of Rheni.sh Prussia, in 
 the centre of the district of Barmen. Pop. 2430. See 
 
 B.4.RMEN. 
 
 GEMBLOUX, zhfiM^bloo', a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 10 miles N.W. of Namur. Pop. 2317. It had in former 
 times a famous Benedictine abbey. The French gained a 
 victory over the Austrians here in 1794. 
 
 GEMENOS, zhi^m.Vnos', a village of France, department 
 of the Bouches-du-Rhone, 12 miles E. of Marseilles. Pop. 
 1835. 
 
 GEMERT, H.VmSEt, (Fr. pron. zh.VmaiR',) a village of 
 the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 18 miles S.E. 
 of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1600. 
 
 GEJIISHKHANA, ghomMsh-kJ'nah, or GUMISHKANA, 
 gum'ish-kS'n,jh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Erz- 
 room, near the source of the Kharshoot, 45 miles S. of Tre- 
 bizond, well built; has several thousand inhabitants, and 
 silver and copper mines in the vicinity. 
 
 736 
 
GEM 
 
 GE^DIT, gh?m'mee, a remarkable mountain-pass across 
 the Alps in Switzerland, between the cantons of Bern and 
 Valais, about 'Zi miles S. of Tfaun, 7595 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 GKMONA. ji-nio'ui, a market-town of Northern Italy, 
 15 miles N.X.W. of Udine, near the Tagliameuto. Pop. 
 4S0O. 
 
 g£M0Z-A.C, zh.Vmo'zik', a village of France, department 
 of Chiirente-Inferieure, 13 miles S. of Saintes. Pop. 2675. 
 
 GEMUND, (Gemund.) gheh-miiut', a small town of Ger- 
 many, in Kbenish Prussia, 23 miles S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 on an affluent of the Ruhr. Pop. 900. 
 
 GEMUND. of Austria and Bavaria. See Gmu>t>. 
 
 GEMUN'DEX, g'miin'den, a town of Germany, Bavaria, 
 on the Main, where it is joined by the Saale, 21 miles 
 N.X.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1543. 
 
 GEMUXDEX, a town of Germany, Hesse-Ca.ssel, pro- 
 Tinee of Ober-IIessen, 15 miles X.E. of Marburg. Pop. 1430. 
 See Gmch^den. 
 
 GEMUXDEX, g'miin'dfn, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 30 miles S.S.W. of Cobleutz. Pop. 91S. 
 
 GEXABUM. See Orleaxs. 
 
 GEXALGUACIL, id njl-fewl-theel'. a town of Spain, An- 
 dalusia, about 55 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1139. 
 
 GEXAPPE, zhgh-napp', a village of Belgium, province 
 of South Brabant, on the Dyle, 17 miles S.E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1800. Near this village various military actions took 
 place in 1815. 
 
 GEXAUGEXTU, ji-naR-jJn-too', the loftiest mountain 
 range of Sardinia, near the centre of the island. Its prin- 
 cipal summit rises to 7000 feet above the sea. 
 
 GEXARO, MOXTE. mou'tA jA-ni'ro, or GEXXARO, jJn- 
 ni'ro, a mountain of Italy, Pontifical States, 21 miles X.E. 
 of Rome, 41S5 feet in height, and one of the loftiest of the 
 bills bounding the Cimpagna di Koma on the £. 
 
 OEXAVA. See Geneva. 
 
 GEXWZEXO, jA-ndd-zA'no, a town of the Papiil States, in 
 tbe Campagua di Roma, 24 miles E.S.E. of Rome, beituti- 
 fully situated on the slopes of a steep hill above the Rivo- 
 tana torrent, surmounted by a castle, and protected by 
 a drawbridge. It contains the rich chapel of Madonna di 
 Buon Consiglio, one of the most famous shrines in this part 
 of Italy. Pop. 2396. 
 
 GEXD, a town of Belgium. See Ghext. 
 
 GEXDRIXGEX, ghen'dring-fn, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Gelderland, on the Alt-Yssel, 22 miles 
 E.S.E. of Aruhem. Pop. 4S27.' 
 
 GEXEGAXTS'LET lUVER, a small stream of Chenango 
 so., of New York, falls into Chenango River. 
 
 GEXEMUIDEX, Hi'neh-moiMgn, a viUage of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Overyssel, 8 miles N. of Zwolle. Pop. 
 1200. 
 
 GfixfiRAC. zhi'nAV3k', a village of France, department 
 of Gard, 7 miles S. of Xlmes. Pop. 1944. 
 
 GEX'ERAL WAYNE, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsvlvauia. 
 
 GE.NEROSTEE CREEK, of Anderson district, South 
 Carolinji, Bows S.W. into Savannah River. 
 
 GENES. See Genoa. 
 
 GEXESEE,jtoVsee', a river of New York, has its sources 
 in Pennsvlvania, near the boundarj- between the two states. 
 It flows first in a north-westerly course into Alleghany 
 county, then turning it runs in a north-easterly direction 
 through Wyoming and Livingston counties, and enters 
 Lake Ontario, about 7 miles X. of Rochester. Near its mouth, 
 there are tails about 100 feet high, and at Rochester 
 others of nearly the same height. Above the falls are 
 rapids, from the head of which a feeder leads intd the Erie 
 Canal. In the northern part of Alleghany count}-, there 
 are three other falls — one of 60, one of 90, and the other of 
 110 feet ; and for two or three miles along both sides of the 
 river are perpendicular walls of rock, near 400 feet high. 
 At Rochester the Erie Canal is carried across this river by an 
 aqueduct, built of freestone, of 9 arches, each of 50 feet span. 
 
 GENESEE, a county in the western part of New York, 
 has an area of aliout 486 square miles. It is drained by 
 Tonawanda, Allen's, and Oak Orchard Creeks, and other 
 smaller streams. The surface is slightly undulating. The 
 soil is fertile, chiefly a moist sandy, or gravelly loam, well 
 adapted to Iwth grazing and tillage. Iron-ore, limestone, 
 water-cement, and salt-springs are among its mineral pro- 
 ductions. It is intersected by the Buffalo and Rochester 
 Railroad, the Canandaigua and Xiagara Falls Railroad, and 
 by a branch of the New York and Erie Railroad. It was 
 organized iu 1802. (having been formed out of part of Onta- 
 rio county.) when it contained all that part of the stote 
 lying W. of the Genesee River, from which it derived its 
 name. Capital, liatavia. Pop. S2,1S9. 
 
 GENESEE, a county in the E. central part of Michigan, 
 contiins 500 wiuare miles. It is drained by the Flint and 
 SMaw.issee Rivers, and by Thread and Kear.xley Creeks. 
 The surface is rolling; the soil is mostly a dry and fertile 
 Eandy Icnim. Extensive oak openings are found in the S. ; 
 the other parts produce dent>e "t)rests of pine and other Um- 
 ber. Organized in 183«. Caidtal, FUnt Pop. 22,498 
 736 
 
 GEN 
 
 GENESEE, a township of Alleghany co., New York. Popu- 
 lation, 963. 
 
 GENESEE, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Pod. 
 680. > J y 
 
 GENESEE, a p. township of Genesee co., Michigan. P.1211. 
 
 GENESEE, a post-township in theS.W.partof Waukeslia 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1628. 
 
 GENESEE FALLS, or PORTAGEVILLE, a village of 
 Genesee Falls towTiship, Wyoming co., New Y'ork, on the 
 Genesee River, about 50 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. It contains 
 5 churches and 3 hotels. Pop. in 1S60, 1020. The Buffalo 
 and New York City Railroad crosses the river, 1 mile N. of 
 the village, by a magnificent bridge, 800 feet in length, and 
 234 feet in height. The river at this place is bordered by 
 precipices about 400 feet high, and has several picturesque 
 falls, which are much visited by tourists and parties of plea- 
 sure. The Genesee A'alley Oinal crosses the river by an 
 aqneduct of stone. The post-offlce is called Portageville. 
 
 GEXESEE FORK, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsyl- 
 vani.a. 
 
 GEXESEE GROVE, a post-village of Whitsides co., HU- 
 ndis, 94 miles N. by AT. of Peoria. 
 
 GEXESE^O, a handsome post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Livingston co., New York, on the Genesee River, 25 
 miles S.S.W. of Rochester. The vill.ige contains, besides the 
 county buildings, 5 chun-hes, 2 banks, a large academy or 
 high schod. .and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. about 200*J; of 
 the township, SOtVi. 
 
 GEXESEO, a flourishing post- village of Henry co., Illinois, 
 on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 78 miles X.N.W. 
 of Peoria. Geneseo is the largest village in the county, and 
 is situated on a fertile prairie. It contains a high school with 
 three departments. Pop. of township, 1794. 
 
 GEXESTELLE, zheh*n53^t?ll', a vill.ige of Frtince, depart 
 ment of Arddche, 9 miles W. of Privas. Pop. 1975. 
 
 G EX EST, L E, leh zhf h-ni'. a vill.age of France, department 
 of Mayenne, 6 miles N.W. of Laval. Pop. 1072. 
 
 GE.VEVA. jen-ee'v.j, (Fr. Geniv:, zheh-naiv', or zhjh-njv'; 
 Ger. Gt-nf, gh^nf; It. Ginerra. je-n.VvrS: Sp. Ginebra, ne-ni/- 
 Brd, or He-nd'vri; auc. Gench-a or Gena'ra,) & city of Swit- 
 y.eriand. capital of a canton of its own name, on the declivities 
 of two hills, in the centre of a basin, the sides of which are 
 formed partly by the lower slopes of the Jura, and partly by 
 secondary chjtins of the Alps, at the W. extremity of the Lake 
 of Genev.a, where it narrows almost to a point, and pours out 
 the blue Rhone, here crossed by several bridges, and dividing 
 the town into two portions ; the larger and more important of 
 which is on the left or S. bank. The environs are covered 
 with handsome vill:is, and the city itself when approached 
 either_by land or water, has a very imposing apjiearance. 
 It is surrounded by walls, flanked with bastions, and is 
 entered on the land side by three gates. Geneva is divided 
 into two parts, upper .and lower. The upper town, occupied 
 chiefly by the burgher aristocracj-. contains a considerable 
 number of well-built houses and handsome hotels; the 
 lower town, the seat of trade and residence of the poorer 
 classes, is very indifferently built, cou.'isting chiefly of 
 houses remarkable only for their disproportioned height, 
 and lining narrow, irregular, dark, and ill-cleaned streets. 
 The chief exception is along the banks of the Rhone, where 
 a quay about 400 yards long is bordered by a row of hand- 
 some modern houses. The more important public build- 
 ings and institutions are the Cathedral or Church of St. 
 Pierre, a Gothic structure of the tenth, eleventh, and 
 twelfth centuries, occupying the highest site in the town, 
 and by its three towers forming the most conspicuous ob- 
 ject within it; the Town-house, iu the Florentine stjle; 
 the Musee Rath, a neat building named after its founder; 
 the Arsenal, with a collection of ancient armor; the Old 
 Prison, originally the bishop's palace ; the Casino, Peniten- 
 tiary, and Ilouse of Correction. The house in which Calvin 
 lived and died is rather conjectured than known, and the 
 very site of his giave is lost. Among the principal educa- 
 tional Institutions may be mentioned the College, which 
 was founded by Calvin, and has never ceased to prosper, 
 average attendance 413 ; the Academy, composed of the four 
 faculties of theology, law, science, and literature, with 26 
 prof'essoi-s, and about 250 students; the primary schools, a 
 number of other schools supported by the state or special 
 endowments, and a great many piivate boarding-schools, 
 some of which are of considerable celebrity. Besides these, 
 there is the Evangelical Sc'nool, in connection with the So- 
 ciete Evangelique. a theological seminary, in which joung 
 men are prepared either for the ministry or fir the mi-^ 
 sionary field. Among its teachers in 1S52, were Gaussin 
 and Merle d".\ubign6. Geneva has a museum of natural 
 history, enriched with the geological collections of Saussure, 
 and the fossil plants of Brogniart and DecandoUe, a boti- 
 nieal garden, and an astronomical observatory. 
 
 The only important manufacture of Geneva is that of 
 watches, musical boxes, and jewelry, which employ about 
 3000 persons, who annually make above lOO.OoO watche.s 
 and work up "5,000 ounces of gold. 5000 merks of silver, and 
 precious stones to the value of 40,000?. The trade is very- 
 much restricted by the narrow limits of the Geuevese t«rr«- 
 
GEN 
 
 GEBJ 
 
 tory, and the jealous watch which the Sardinian and French 
 govei-uments keep along its frontiers. There is also a want 
 of s proper uavii^able outlet, tlie navigation of the Hhone 
 below Geneva beini^ very much obstructed. Its chief trade, 
 Jn addition to that furnished by Its staple manufacture, 
 consists in supplying the surrounding districts with colo- 
 nial products, and numerous minor articles. 
 
 The origin of Geneva is unltnown, but its antiquity i.s 
 proved by the reference which Cae.sar makes to it. On the 
 Invasion of the N., it was successively occupied by the 
 Burgundians, who made it their capital, the O.strogoths, 
 and Fraulis. It next formed part of the second kingdom of 
 Burgundy, and became incorporated with the Germanic 
 Empire. By a grant of the emperor.s, the temporal was 
 added to the spiritual power of the bishops, and the Counts 
 of Savoy having succeeded in controlling the nomination 
 of the bishops, became in a manner masters of Geneva. 
 This state of affairs was suddenly interrupted by the Re- 
 formation, to which the Genovese are indebted both for 
 their civil and religious freedom. The celebrity which they 
 afterwards acquired, chiefly under the guidance of Calviu 
 and his distinguished associates, is matter of lOuropean his- 
 tory. The city was tiiken by the French in 179S. and firmed, 
 till 1813, the capital of the department of Leman.in the French 
 Empire. In 1814, along with a small territory, it joined the 
 
 Ilelvi'tic Confederation. Pop. in 1S60, 41,415. Adj. and 
 
 inh.ab. Gexevese. j^iiVveez'. 
 
 GKNEVA, a small canton of the Swiss Confederation, 
 bounded AV. and N.W. by France, N. by the canton of 
 Vaud and the Lake of Geneva, and E. and S. by the Sar- 
 dinian States, and including also the communes of Celigny, 
 Le Coudre, and Petit ISois, enclosed by Vaud. Area, 01 
 English square miles. The surface is broken by several 
 hills, none of which are mora than 4iXI feet above the lake. 
 The whole canton belongs to the basin of the Khone, and 
 the only stream.? of importance are that river and the Arve, 
 which joins it a little below the town of Geneva. The soil 
 has been so much improved by skilful and persevering cul- 
 ture, that the whole territory wears the appearance of a 
 large and beautiful garden. Even the natural flora is re- 
 markably rich, and makes the surrounding country a fa- 
 vorite resort of the botanist. Within a circle of 25 miles, 
 round the town of Geneva, 1470 specie.' of plants have been 
 found. Part of the surface is under the culture of the vine, 
 but the wioe obtained is not remarkable either for quantity 
 or quality. The manufactures are extensively carried on, 
 and consist chieliy of clocks and watches, gold, silver, and 
 other metal wares, woollen cloths, and silk goods of various 
 'descriptions, hats, and leather. The territory of Geneva 
 h.aving, by the arrangement of the Congress of Vienna, ob- 
 tained an accession of 15 communes, detached from France 
 and Savoy, was admitted a meniljer of the Swiss Confedena- 
 tiou in 1814, and ranks as the 'Z2d canton. The legislative 
 power is exercised by a great council, composed of deputies 
 of 25 years of age, elected by all male citizens of 21 years of 
 age, and not under legiU incapacity. The number of de- 
 puties is at the rate of 1 for every 3.33 inhabitants, and 
 amounts at present to 186. All religious denominations 
 are declared to have perfect freedom, but two of thom are 
 paid by the state — the Roman Catholics, amounting to ra- 
 ther more than a third of the population, and the Pro- 
 testant National Church. Pop. in ISCO, 82,870. 
 
 GENE/VA. a post-village of Seneca township, Ontario co., 
 New York, is beautifully situated at the N. end of Seneca 
 Lake, on the New York Central Railroad, 50 miles E.S.E. 
 of Rochester. It is handsomely built on the western shore 
 of the lake. It contains 11 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper 
 offices, more than 60 stores, a water-cure, besides several 
 niilis and fact(.iries. The Episcopal church is a fine stono 
 edifice in the Gothic style, built at a cost of S25,000. Here 
 is the Hobart Free College, under the direction of the Epis- 
 copalians. It was founded in 1823, and in 1863. it had 8 pi-o- 
 fessors, 94 students, and a library of 13,000 volumes. The 
 Medical Institute of Geneva College, founded in 1835, has 6 
 professors and about 80 students. The Geneva Union School 
 is attended by alwut 300 jjupils. Steamboats ply daily be- 
 tween Geneva and Jefferson, at the head of the lake. Pop. 
 about 6000. 
 GENEVA, a post-offlce of Talbot co., Georgia. 
 GENEVA, a post-office of Coffee co., Alabama. 
 GENEVA, a post-village and township at the N.E. ex- 
 tremity of Ashtabula co., Ohio, on the S. shore of Lake Erie, 
 and on the railroad from Cleveland to Erie, 50 miles E.N.E. 
 of the former. Pop. 1758. 
 GENEVA, a township in Jennings co., Indiana. Pop. 2131. 
 GENEVA, a post-office of Rush co./ Indiana. 
 GENEA^A, a thriving post-village and capital of Kane 
 county, Illinois, on Fox River, 36 miles W. of Chicago. The 
 river is a rapid stream, affording fine water-power, which 
 has been laigely improved. Geneva is on a branch of the 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, and is a place of active 
 trade. It contains a bank, 6 churches, a newspaper office, 
 and a manufactory of reapers and mowers. Pop. 997. 
 
 GENEVA, a village in Morgan co.j Illinois, about 40 miles 
 W.S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 2W 
 
 GENEVA, a flourishing post-village and township of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin, finely situated at the E. end, and on 
 the outlet of Geneva Liikc. 70 miles S.E. of Madison, and 85 
 miles by railroad from Chicago. It has sevenil churches 
 and mills. Settled in 1838. Pop. about 800 ; of the town- 
 Bhip, in 1860, 1184. 
 
 G l-^N EVA B.\ Y, a post-village of Walworth co., Wisconsiu. 
 on the N. side of Geneva Lake, 64 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 GENEVA, LAKE OF, or LAKE LE/MAN,(Ger. Gtii/er. 
 See, ghJn'fjjr-sA/ ; Fr. iac de Genere, Ilk deh zhyh-naiv'; anc. 
 Lemahms La'cus,) a lake of Europe, between Switzerland 
 and the Sardinian States. It is crescent-shaped. Length, 
 45 miles; breadth, from 1 to 9g miles; area, 82 sciuare miles; 
 height above the sea, 1230 feet; and greatest depth near its 
 E. extremity, 984 feet. It is traversed by the Rhone from 
 E. to W., and receives the Branse, Veuogo, and other small 
 rivers. Its waters have a peculiar deep blue color, are very 
 transparent, and contain a great variety of fish; it is never 
 wholly frozen over, and It is subject to seiches, or remarkable 
 risings of from 1 to 4 or 5 feet, which last only about 25 
 minutes. Steam navigation was introduced in 182^3. 
 
 GENEVA LAKE, in the S. pari of Walworth co., Wiscon- 
 sin, is 8 miles long, with a mean width of 1 mile. Tha 
 shore is bold, and the water pure and deep. 
 GENEVE. See Geneva. 
 
 GKNEVESE.j4-n.WA/s4. or OEN£vOIS, zhfh-n.iVwi', a 
 province of the Sardinian States, in the W. of Savoy, bounded 
 W. by the Rhone. Capital, Annejv. 
 OKNFA'E.'^K. See Geneva (of Switzerland.) 
 GENEVIEVE, j4nVh-veev', a township in St. Genevieve 
 CO., Jlissouri. Pop. 1300. 
 
 GENJ^VOIS, a province of the Sardinian States. See 
 Genevese. 
 
 GKNI^VRE, MONT. miNO zhph-naiv'r', one of the most re- 
 markable summits of the Cottian Alps, between the French 
 depjirtments of Ilautes-Alpes and the Sardinian province of 
 Susa, 11,614 feet in elevation. It is crossed by a route con- 
 structed by Napoleon, at an elevation of 0560 feet. 
 GENF, a town of Switzerland. See Ge.veva. 
 GENFER-SEE, a lake of Geneva. See Oenev.a., Lake op. 
 GENOENRACIL gh^ng'fn-baK\ a walled town of Baden, 
 on the Kinzig, 5 miles N.N.W. of Zell. Pop. 2400. 
 
 OENIL, JKNIL, or XENIL, ii.i-neel', a river of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, joins the Guadalquivir, 33 miles S.W. of Cor- 
 dova, after a W.N.W. course of about 120 miles. 
 
 GENILLE, zhfh-neel', a village of France, department 
 of Indre-et-Loire, 22 miles S.E. of Tours. Pop. 1954. 
 
 GUNIS, zheh-nee', a village of France, department of 
 Dordngne, 23 miles E.N.E. of Pfrigueux. Pop. 1429. 
 
 GE.MSSAC, zhgh-nees*sdk/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Gironde. 32 miles E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1115. 
 OENITCin. See SlVASH. 
 
 GENITO, a post-village of Powhattan co., Virginia, on the 
 Appomattox. 29 miles W. of Richmond, has a flouring-mill. 
 GEN LIS, zhSsoMee', a village of France, department of 
 Cote d'Or, 10 miles S.E. of Dijon. Pop. 909. 
 
 GENNARO, j5n-n3/i-o. a mountain of the Papal States, 
 about 9 miles N. of Tivoli. It belongs to the E. branch of 
 the Central Apennines. Heiirht, 4289 feet. With the excep- 
 tion of Guadagnolo, it is the highest point in the chain 
 which bounds the Campagna on the E., and rs supposed by 
 some to be the iUms LucretUis celebrated by Horace. The 
 summit commands one of the finest views in It.aly. 
 
 GENNEP, nSn'nJp, a town of Holland, province of Lim- 
 burg, on the Prussian frontier, 12 miles S.E. of Nymwegen. 
 Pop. 950. 
 
 GENNES, zhSnn, several villages of France; the principal 
 in the department of Maine-et-Loire, 17 miles S.E. of Augers, 
 on the left bank of the Loire. Pop. 1727. 
 G 1-;nn ESARETH. lake of. See Tabareetah. 
 GENOA or GENOVA, a maritime division of the Sardinian 
 States, bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Genoa. Area, 
 about 1250 square miles. It forms 9 provinces. Capital, 
 Genoa. Pop. in 1852. 571,167. 
 
 GENOA, j4n'o-a, (Ital. (jnora, jjn'o-vj ; Fr. Genes, zhain; 
 anc. Gen'ua,) a famous fortified se;jport city of Northern Italy, 
 in the Sardinian States, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 between two rivers, the Bisagno and the Polcevera, 75 miles 
 S.E. of Turin. Lat. 44° 24' 54" N., Ion. 8° 53' E. The ap- 
 pearance of the city from the sea is beautiful and striking: 
 it is in the form of a crescent, and rises gradually from the 
 shore — the whiteness of the houses, the imposing outlines 
 of the intermingling palaces, and the distant villas and 
 gardens, heightening the effect of its picturesque position. 
 Immediately behind the city rises an abrupt hill, covered 
 with vill.as and country houses. The city is enclosed by a 
 double line of fi>rtlficationa, forming a vast semicircle, sup- 
 ported by numerous detached forts, redoubts, and outr 
 works, crowning hill after hill, and constituting one of the 
 most extensive town fortificjitions in Europe; the outer 
 wall being about 7 miles in extent. In the older parts of 
 the town, the streets are exti-emely narrow, being seldom 
 more than 10 feet wide, with lofty buildings on either side. 
 Thev are also dark, steep, and crooked, and almost wholly 
 inaccessible to carriages. In the newer Quarters, again, 
 
 7,37 
 
GEN 
 
 niRny of them are spacious, and are lined with noble edi- 
 fices. The finest of these streets are the Strada N'uova and 
 the Strada lialbi, in both of which are palaces of the most 
 superb architecture. Most of the streets are paved with 
 smooth slabs of lava, having a patliway of bricks in the 
 centre to afford footing to mules, and to persons carrying 
 burdens. Many of the palaces are crowded with works of 
 art, and splendidly fitted up. The principal are the Ducal 
 Palace, and the palaces of Doria, Serra. Giustiniani, Cani- 
 basio, Balbi. Durazzo. and the palace of the queen-mother. 
 
 The churches and hospitals of Genoa rival the palaces in 
 splendor. The most remarkable of the former is the Duomo, 
 or Cathedral of St. Lorenzo, founded in the eleventh cen- 
 tury, but not completed till the beginning of the twelfth. 
 The most conspicuous church in the general view of the 
 city is that of Oarignano, finely situated on a hill, and 
 having a resemblance to St. Peter's in its general plan. The 
 other churches of note are Sto. Stefano della Porta, a hand- 
 some structure, but chiefly remarkable for containing a 
 painting of the martyrdom of the titular saint, the joint 
 production of Kaph.Wl and Giulio Romano; San Siro, (St. 
 Cyr,) the most ancient Christian Ibundation in Genoa; 
 St. .lLmbrosi;i. containing several fine paintings, and splen- 
 didly decorated within ; and L'Annunziata. also magnifi- 
 cently fitted up interiorlj'. There are a number of other 
 interesting ecclesiastical edifices, although more than half 
 the churches in the city were demolished by the French. 
 The principal charitable institution is the .\lbergo de' Po- 
 veri, in which 1600 indiridu.als, orphans and old people, 
 find shelter: the children are brought up to different trades, 
 and the girls who marry out of the hospital receive a decent 
 dowry. The house itself unites the beauties of architecture 
 on the most splendid scale, with the most perfect conve- 
 nience. The Ospedale del Pammatone is another splendid 
 Institution for l>enevolent purposes, founded in 1430. The 
 Deaf and Dumb Institution, (Sordi Mutti.) is also much 
 celebrated. There are in and at>out Genoa 15 different reli- 
 gious establishments for females, all regulated according to 
 the monastic system, though none of the inmates take 
 vows. The largest of these institutions is tliat of the 
 Fieschine. whicii contains 2o0 persons, all employed in such 
 light work as lace-makiug, embroidery, and the manufac- 
 ture of artificial flowers. There are two theatres in the 
 city, one of which, the Teatro Carlo Felice, is an elegant 
 structure, the Bank of St. George, one of the most ancient 
 and celebrated in Europe, and a university, also a hand- 
 some building. Besides the University, the other chief 
 educational institutions are the Theological Seminary, the 
 School of Fine Arts, the Royal Marine School, and the School 
 of Navigation. Genoa is the seat of royal ai)peal courts, of a 
 chamber of commerce, and an admiralty court. It is sup- 
 plied with water by aqueducts 18 miles in length. 
 
 The manufactures of Genoa .ire considerable. Its velvets 
 and silk are world-famed ; and it likewise ix)s.sesses factories 
 of cloth, stockings, blond, oilcloth, hats, paper, essences, 
 and soap. Besides these, its works in gold, silver, and 
 marble, have a high reputation ; indeed, for silver-filagree, 
 delicately and artistiailly wrought into bracelets, brooches, 
 bunches of flowers, and other kinds of ornaments innume- 
 rable, the Genoese workmen stand unrivalled, and their 
 productions are sent to all parts of the world. The port is 
 of a semicircular form, about three quarters of a mile in 
 diamet«r, formed by two moles projecting into the sea from 
 opposite sides, but not opposite each other; the Molo Xuovo, 
 or Xew Mole, on the E. side, being about 790 yards S. of the 
 Molo Vecchio, or Old Mole, on the AV. Both rise from 16 to 
 18 feet above the sea. Near the abutment of the Xew Mole 
 is the Light-house, a beautiful structure, 300 feet in height. 
 There is, besides, a fixed harlxir-light on each of the moles. 
 Genoa is a free port, and the chief outlet, by the Mediterra- 
 nean, for the manufactures of Switzerland, Lombardy, and 
 Piedmont. There is an immense number of bonding ware- 
 houses situated in one locality, called Porto Franco: these 
 are surrounded by walls, and "form a small separate town. 
 The principal articles of export are rice, oils, fruit, cheese, 
 rags, the products of its manufactures, &c. ; imports, cot- 
 tons, raw cotton, woollens, cochineal, indigo, colonial pro- 
 duce, tobacco, salt fish, hides, grain, le.id, nutgalls, &c. In 
 ancient times, the Genoese merchants were remarkable for 
 their enterprise, and for the extent of their dealings. They 
 brought the productions of Ilindostan from Ispahan to 
 Trebizond. and from thence conveyed them through Kaffa, 
 In the Crimea, and afterwards through Constantinople to 
 Europe, Their commerce subsequently declined greatly, 
 but is now. and has heen for some years past, reviving. 
 The exports amount to about $15,000,000 annually, and the 
 imports to JUl.000.000. The foreign trado in 1846 employed 
 2424 ves^-ls (tons, 297,147) inwards, and 2268 vessc-ls (tons, 
 279..')5S) outwards. 
 
 The origin of Genoa is s.aid to be more remote th.in that 
 Of Rome. As early as the eleventh centurv, the Genoese 
 had become formidable at sea: and. notwithstanding an 
 almost continuous succession of wars through several ages, 
 gradually increased in power and Importjince. About the 
 Duddle of the thirteenth century, the rivalry between Genoa 
 738 
 
 GEN 
 
 and Venice, so famous in Italian history, began to manifest 
 itself. For nearly seven centuries, witlj some interruption^ 
 Genoa was the capital of a famous commercial republic, 
 which planted numerous colonies in the Levant and on the 
 shores of the Black Sea. After a long period of internal 
 distraction and misrule, the citizens instituted a supreme 
 magistrate, called Doge, for life, excluding by law all the 
 nobles. This form of government continued for two cen- 
 turies, but without remedying the evils it was iutenoed tc 
 correct, tumult and faction continuing as before. Another, 
 and more efficient form of government was inti-odueed by 
 Andrea Dorea, in 1528, which existed till overturned by 
 Bonaparte. The city, in 1799. being then in the possession 
 of the French, was taken by the united forces of Austria 
 and England ; and finally, in 1S15, after a rapid succession 
 of changes, united, by a decision of the Congress of Vienna, 
 to the Sardinian monarchy. Pop. in 1838, 115,257 ; in 1862, 
 127,986. Adj. and inlialj. Genokse, jJnVeez'. 
 
 GEXOA or GEXOVA, an ancient duchy, and afterward a 
 republic, which, by the Congress of Vienna in 1S14, was 
 annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia. It is now included 
 chiefly in the division of Genoii, but partly also in that of 
 Xice. 
 
 GEXOA, usually pronounced je-no'a, a post-village and 
 township at the S.E. extremity of Cayuga co., Xew York, on 
 the E. side of Cayuga Lake. 160 miles W. of Albany. The 
 village is pleasantly situated on Salmon Creek, about 20 
 miles S. of Auburn. It has 2 churches, an academy, 2 mills, 
 an iron foundry, and a number of stores, Popuiation of 
 township, 2429. 
 
 GE.NUA, a township in the S.E. part of Delaware co- 
 Ohio. Pop. 1126. 
 
 GENOA, a post-township iu the S.E. part of Livingston 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 879. 
 
 GEXOA, a small post-village and township of De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois, about 220 miles X. by E. from Springfield. 
 Pop. 985. 
 
 GEXOA CROSS ROADS, a post-office, Delaware co., Olda 
 
 GEXOA, GULF OF, a wide bay of the Mediterranean, N. 
 of Corsica, and S. of the Sardinian States, forming an angle, 
 near the summit of which Genoa is situated. It receives 
 numerous small rivers. The G ulf of Spezzia is its chief inlet. 
 
 GEXOESE. See Genoa. Italy. 
 
 GKXOLA. jiA-no^lI, (L. Gavenola.) a village and circle of the 
 Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 10 miles E.S.E. of Saluzzo, 
 Pop. 1956. 
 
 GEXOLIIAC. zheh-noMdk'. a town of France, department 
 of Gard. 17 miles X'.N.W. of Alais. Pop. 1491. 
 
 GilXONI. jA-no/nee. a village on the island of Sardinia, 4 
 miles fi-oni I^coni. Pop. 107S. 
 
 GEXOVA. See Genoa. 
 
 GKNS.4.C. zhfiNo'sdk'. a town of France, department of Gi- 
 ronde. 31 miles E. of Bordeaux. Pop. l.'W)5. 
 
 GEXSAXO. a town of the Papal States. See Gexzano. 
 
 GEXSIXGEX. ghJn'sing-en, a village of IIes.se-D:u-mstadt, 
 7 miles S.E. of Bingen. Pop. 943. 
 
 GENT, ghfnt, a town of Holland, Gelderland, 7 miles 
 E.X.E. of Xymwegen. Pop. 400. 
 
 GENTIIIN, ghjn-teen', a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 30 miles X.E. of Slagdeburg, on the Plauen Canal, and 
 with a station on the Berlin and Magdeburg Railway. 
 Pop. 2340. 
 
 GEXTILLY, zh8s"'teeVee', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine, 4 miles N.E. of Sceiiux, on the Bidvre, S. of 
 Paris. Pop. in 1852, 13,877. The commune comprises the 
 village of Bicetre, celebrated for its vast Castle, serving as 
 an hospital for 5000 superannuated and imbecile old men, 
 and a prison for 2000 culprits, mostly destined for the 
 hulks. This edifice also contains extensive workshops for 
 polishing glass, woollen spinning, and various manufacto- 
 ries. It has a well, sunk in the rock, 183 feet deep. Near 
 this is the new fort of Bicetre. 
 
 GEXTILLY, zh5N<='teeI'yee. or zh5x<='teerype', a post-vil- 
 lage of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 75 miles S.W. of Quebec. 
 
 GENTRY, jjn'tree, a new county in the N.N.AV. jiart of 
 Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 770 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Grand River, flowing in a S.S.E. 
 direction, and also drained by the East and AVest Forks of 
 that river, which enter the main stream near the middle of 
 the county. Named in honor of Colonel Richard Gentry, 
 who was killed at the battle of Okeechobee, Florida, in 
 1837. Capital, Albany. Population, 11,980, of whom 11.862 
 were free. 
 
 GENTRY COURT HOUSE, the foi-mer capital of Gen- 
 try co., Missouri. ne;ir a fork of Grand River, about 220 miles 
 X.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 GEXTItYVILLK. a post-village of Spencer co., Indiana, 
 17 miles X. from Rockport. the county seat. 
 
 OENTRYVILLE, a post-village of Gentry co., Missouri, 
 90 miles X. of Independence. 
 
 GKNTS, ghMitsh, a village of Hungary, co. of Szathinar, 
 near Szent >liklos. Pop. 1080. 
 
 GENTS'VILLE, a post-office of .ibbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 GENTSVILLE, a postofflce of 'Walton co , Florida 
 
OEN 
 
 QENtTA. Sfle Genoa. 
 
 GENZANO. jgn-za/no, or GENSANO. jfn-sj'no. a town 
 of Italy, Pontifical States, 18 milos S.E. of Rome, on the 
 Appian Way. I'op. 4fi22. It is picturesque, and has a 
 palace ot the Duke of Cesarini, a Capuchin Convent, and a 
 modern cathedral. An annual festival, here called the 
 Infirirala di Cknzann, (in-fe-o-rd'td dee jjn-zd'no.) is fre- 
 quented by numerous visitors from Rome. 
 
 GENZAXO, a town of Italy, Naples, province of Basilieata, 
 18 miles N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3150. 
 
 GKOGKAPIIE, jee-o-frraf, or zhA-o-graf, a strait in Van 
 Diemen's Land, separating Schouten's Island from Frey- 
 ciiiet's Peninsula. It is scarcely a mile in width at the 
 narrowest part. 
 
 GE(',iGKAPIIE, a bay of Western Australia, co. of Sussex, 
 of which it occupies the whole northern e.xtremity, being 
 about 35 miles in width. 
 
 GEORGE, a maritime district of Cape Colony, in South 
 Africa, borderimi on the ocean. Area, 4033 square miles. 
 Pop. 9193. Capital, George Town. 
 
 GEORGE, a lake of New South Wales, between the coun- 
 ties of -A-rgyle and Murray, 2000 feet above the sea, 16 to 18 
 miles in length, and about 7 miles at its greatest breadth. 
 
 GEORGE D'ELMINA, (ST.) See ELMix.t. 
 
 Gi;ORGE, LAIvE, called also IIOR'ICON, a beautiful 
 mountain lake of New York, betwesn Warren and Wash- 
 ington counties. 36 miles in length, with a breadth varying 
 from three-quarters of a mile to four miles. The water is 
 remarkably transparent, .and in gome parts is more than 
 400 feet deep. To a passenger traversing this lake, scarcely 
 any thing can be imagined more beautiful or picturesque 
 than the scenery along its banks. The romantic effect of 
 the prospect is greatly enhanced by a multitude of delight> 
 ful islands, of various forms and sizes, which meet the gaze 
 of the beholder on every side. Of these, if we include many 
 little islets and rocks, there are more than 300 : a popular 
 notion prevails that their numlaer corresponds to that of 
 the days of the year. Twelve miles from the south-western 
 extremity of the lake there is an island of about 20 acres, 
 called, from its position, Twelve Mile Island. A mile far- 
 ther north there is a high point, or tongue of land, called 
 Tongue Mountain, west of which projects a sm.iU arm of ihe 
 lake, named North-west Bay. Ilere the Narrows, that is, 
 the narrowest part of the lake, commence, and continue 7 
 or S miles. Near the W.end of the Narrows, on the eastern 
 side of the lake, is Black Mountain, the summit of which is 
 regarded as the highest point in the immediate vicinity of 
 the lake, having an elevation of 2200 feet above its surface. 
 About 12 miles beyond Black ^lountain there is a rock 
 alxiut 2O0 feet Iiigh, rising almost perpendicularly from the 
 surface of the water. During the French War, Major Rogers, 
 being closely pursued by the Indians, slid down this steep 
 declivity, and landed safelj' on the ice, leaving his pvirsuers 
 petritled with astonishment at the d.angerous exploit which 
 they hiid witnessed. From this circumstance the rock has 
 been named Rogers' Slide. Two or three miles beyond the 
 place just mentioned is Lord lIowe"s Point, where the divi- 
 sion of the English army under Lord Howe lauded previous 
 to their attack on Ticonderoga. 
 
 GEORGENBOURG. a town of Rus.sia. See YoOEBOOno. 
 
 Gi;ORGENSGMUND. g/i-oR'ghens-mCdnf, a village of Ba- 
 varia, on the Royal Bavarian Railway, about 40 miles S. of 
 Nu rem burg. 
 
 GEORGENTIIAL, gd-OR/ghen-tar, a town of Bohemia, 25 
 miles W. of Leitmeritz. I'op." 17t~3. 
 
 OKORGENTIIAL, a village of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 8 miles 
 S.S.W. ofGoth,a. Pop. 617. 
 
 GEORGE-NYMP/TON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 GEORGES, a towBship of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2656. 
 
 GEORGE'S CREEK, of South Carolinp. enters the Sa- 
 luda from the right, a few miles E. of Pickensville. 
 
 GfiORGE'S CREEK, a post-vill.age of Mas.sac co., Illinois, 
 125 miles S. bv E. of Vandalia. 
 
 GEORGE'S "MILLS, a post-office of Sullivan co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 GEOItGE'S STORE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 GEORGE'S TOWN, a township of Fayette co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 26.30. 
 
 Gl'MRQES/VILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, 
 12 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 GEORGE'TOWN, a district in the E.S.E. part of South 
 Carolina, bordering on the sea. has an area of 813 square 
 niiles. It is bounded on the S.W. by Santee River, and 
 intersected by the Pedee, Waccamaw, and Black Rivers, 
 which unite in the S.E. part, and flow through Winyaw 
 B.ay into the .\tlantic. The surface is a level plain, in many 
 places marshy, and partly covered with pine woods. The 
 soil is moderately fertile. In 1850 this district produced 
 4r!.7t"5.040 nounds of rice, the greatest quantity produced 
 by any county or district in tJie United St^ites, except Beau- 
 fort, of Soutli Carolina. Capital. Georgetown. Pop. 21,305, 
 of wlioHk 3190 were free, and 18,109 slaves. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a post-towij«hip of Lincoln co., Maine, 
 composed of two islands, 35 miles S. liy E. of Augvista, poa- 
 
 GEO 
 
 sesses excellent advantage for fisheries and navigation 
 Pop. 12.')4. 
 
 GKORGETOWN, a post-village and township of Essex m., 
 Massachusetts, 29 miles N. of Boston. It contains 3 or 4 
 churches, and a bank with a capital of $100,000 In the 
 township are manufactories of boots and shoes, and leather, 
 Aliout 4o,000 pairs of boots and shoes are annuallv produced. 
 Incorporated in 1838. Pop. of the township, 2075. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Fairfield co.. Connecticut, 
 on the Norwalk and Danbury Railroad, 14 miles S. by W. of 
 Danbury. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a post^village and township of Madison 
 CO.. New York, 30 miles S.E. of Syracu.se. and 112 miles W, 
 of Albany. The village has 2 or 3 churches, and about 300 
 inhabitant!;. Pop. of the township. 1476. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New 
 Jersey, 9 miles N.E. of Mount liolly. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Be.aver co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the left bank of the Ohio Kiver, about 40 miles below 
 Pittsbunr. Pop. 295. 
 
 GEORiSETOWN, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylv.ania, 
 about 16 miles S.E. of Lancaster. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the turnpike from Pittsbui-g to Erie, about 75 miles N. by W, 
 of the former. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a pnst-village of Northumberland CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Susquehanna River, 
 40 miles above Harrisburg. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a small village of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a flourishing post-village, capital of Sus- 
 sex CO., Delaware, 36 miles S. by E. of Dover. It contains 
 a court-house, an academy, and several other schools, a 
 bank, 2 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a fine Odd Fellows' 
 Iliill, 10 or 12 stores, and 3 hotels. Pop. in 1860, 5.")3: in 
 1805. about 700. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a city and port of entry of Washington 
 CO.. District of Columbia, at the head of navigation on tbe 
 Potomac River, about 125 miles (following the windin&s fit 
 the channel) from its mouth, and 2 miles W,N.W. of Wash- 
 ington City, from which it is .separated by Rock Creek. It 
 is situated on the left bank of the river, on a range of hills, 
 the most elevated of which are denominated the Heights. 
 These eminences, which are occupied by numerous elegant 
 villas, command a view of the most exquisite lieauty. em- 
 bracing the city, Washington, the Potomac, and an almost 
 illimitable expanse of country. On the northeastern de- 
 clivity of the Heights, is Oak Hill Cemetery, a burial-placo 
 of classic elegance, laid out in 1849. The entire gronnds are 
 thickly shaded, and enclosed by an iron fence. Georgetown 
 exliibits quite an antiquated appearance, though within a 
 few years past it has been greatly improved. It contains 
 10 churches, 2 banks, and several fine hotels. It is chiefly 
 distinguished for its literary advantages and for its polite 
 society. The Russian and some of the other foreign ministers 
 have made it their place of residence. Among the literary 
 institutions, the college under the control of the Catholics 
 may be mentioned as the most important. It was first 
 founded as an academy in 1789, chartered as a college in 
 1799. and in 181S Congress invested it with authority to 
 confer degrees. The institution occupies two commodious 
 brick edifices, standing at the western extremity of the city, 
 in the midst of a large tract of land owned by the corpora- 
 tion. The college is furnished with an extensive philoso- 
 phical apparatus and a museum of natural history. Con- 
 nected with it is a flourishing female academy, taught by 
 the nuns, and a fine botanic garden. Besides the above, 
 the city contains numerous private seminaries, among which 
 is an excellent boarding-school for young ladies, conducted 
 by Miss Harover. An United States hospital for soldiei-s is 
 located here. Georgetown is one of the greatest shad 
 and herring markets in the United States. Vast quantities 
 of these fish, taken in the Potomac, are brought here for 
 barrelling. 
 
 This port once had considerable foreign commerce and coast 
 trade, but it has much declined. The shipping, of the collec- 
 tion district, JuneSOth, 1854, amounted to2884tons registered 
 and 33.099 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 42 
 sloops and canal boats, and 2 steamers, with an aggregate 
 burden of 2814 tons, were admeasured. The flouring busi- 
 ness is exten.sively carried on, .and keeps nearly 50 mills in 
 operation. Manufacturing has also been introduced, and 
 of late has become an important branch of industry. Tlie 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is carried over the Potomac at 
 this place in an aqueduct, a stupendous structure, 1446 feet 
 in length, and 36 feet above the ordinal^ surface of the 
 water. Cost of construction, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1860, S7o3. 
 GEORGETOWN, a port of entry, and capital of George- 
 town district. South Carolina, is situated on the W. shore 
 of Winyaw Bay, a little below the confluence of the Great 
 Pedee, Bhick. and Waccamaw Rivers, about 15 miles from 
 the se.a, and 13-2 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. The confluence 
 of these three navigable rivers renders the position advan- 
 tageous for trade. It contains a court-house, a bank, sevei-al 
 churches, and seminaries. Georgetown is one of the oldest 
 
 739 
 
GEO 
 
 B£0 
 
 towns in the state; but, in consequence of a bar obstructing 
 the entrance t</ its tiarbor, and the previous unhealthiness 
 of the place, it has remained in statu quo for many years. 
 Itecently, boweyer, its salubrity has been improved by a 
 change in the ouUivation of rice in the vicinity, and several 
 steam saw-mills and turpentine distilleries have been erected. 
 It has also 1 iron-foundry and 1 shoe factory. The shipping 
 of the dietrict, June 30th, 1R52. amounted to an ajri^reiiate 
 of 1890 tons registered, and 2096 tons enrolled and licensed, 
 'fhe clearances for foreisn ports during the year were 14, 
 (tons, 2091), all in Americ.in bottoms. The census of 1S50 
 pives this town a population of 1720. Two papers are issued 
 here. 
 
 GKORGETOWN, a post-village of Randolph co., Georgia, 
 on the Chattahoochee Kiver. nearly opposite Eufaula, in 
 Alabama. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 GEOIiGETO'W.X. a post-village of Copiah co., Mississippi, 
 on the W. bank of Pearl River, 40 miles S. of Jack.son. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a post-village, capital of Williamson co., 
 Texas, on San Gabriel River, about 40 miles N'. of .■Vustin. 
 
 GEORGETOAVX, a flourishing post-vill.age, capital of Scott 
 CO., Kentucky, on the North Elkhorn Kiver. 17 miles E. of 
 Frankfort. It stands on elevated ground, surrounded by a 
 Jjeautiful and fertile region. Georgetown Colleae, under the 
 direction of the Baptists, is a prosperous institution, with 
 about 130 students, and a library of 6500 volumes. The 
 main college edifice is 100 feet long, and 60 wide. The 
 village contains 4 churclies, 1 bank, 1 female seminary,! 
 printing-office, and 2 woollen tictories. Population, in 1860, 
 16S4. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a postvillage in Pleasant township, and 
 capital of Brown co., Ohio, 100 miles S.S.W. of Columbus, 
 and 7 miles from the Ohio River. It is situated in a rich 
 farming district, and has considerable business. It contains 
 6 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 723. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 150 
 miles >'.E. of Columbus. Pop. over 200. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, 6 miles 
 S.E. of Cadiz. 
 
 GEORGETOAVN. a post-township in the S.E. part of Ottawa 
 CO.. Michigan, on both sides of Grand River. Pop. 971. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Cass co.. Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River and Canal, 8 miles W. from Logansport, has 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 GKORGETOWN, a post-village and township of Floyd co., 
 Indiana. 9 miles W. of New -Albany. Pop. 12S3. 
 
 GEORGETOAVN, a small village of Cl.iy co., Illinois. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Randolph co., Illinois, about 
 15 miles E. of Kaskaskia. 
 
 G EORGETOWN, a post-village of Vermilion co., Illinois, 
 10 miles S. of Danville. It has a plank-road leading to the 
 Wabash River. Pop. 1SS3. 
 
 OEORGETOAVN, a post-village, capitiU of Pettis co., Mis- 
 souri, on the West Fork of La Mine River, 37 miles W.S.W. 
 of Booneville. Pop. 592. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a postofflce of Lafayette co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a postoffice of El Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, (Dutch, Slabrocl; sta^irMk.) the capital 
 city of British Guiana, and of the county of Demerara, at 
 the mouth of the Demerara River, on its E. bank: lat. 
 6° 49' 24" N.; Ion. 58° 11' 30" W. It is built with Dutch 
 regularity; the streets .are broad and intersecting at right 
 ansles. mostly with canals in the middle, communicating 
 with each other and with the river, and crossed by a mul- 
 titude of bridges. The houses are built in straight lines, 
 and, as a security against damp, are raised 3 or 4 feet from 
 the ground on hardwood posts; many have gardens at- 
 tached, and the luxuriant foliage embowering them adds 
 greatly to the pleasing aspect of the <Mty. Water street, 
 which foecs the river, is wholly occupied by merchant.s. 
 whose warehouses and wharves jut out into the stream. This 
 is the only street exclusively inhabited by Europeans. The 
 principal buildings are th" 'I'own-hall, with the government 
 offices, an imposing stone editice, in a pure style; the Epis- 
 copal cathedral, also of stone, and the Colonial Hospital, 
 (expenses in 1852. $43,392.) There is also a second Epis- 
 copal church, a neat Scotch church, a Roman Catholic, 
 and 8 other chapels, belonging to Wesleyans, Baptists, 
 the IvOndon Missionary Society, Ac: numerous schools, 
 nnder the guidance of the various religions communities; 
 a mariners' hospital, a lunatic asylum ; astronomical and 
 botanicil societies, instituted in 1844; 2 banks. 3 news- 
 paper offices, barracks, and 2 theatres. The .Market-place, 
 adjoining the Town-hall, is open, airy, and surrounded 
 by elegant shops, well supplied with all kinds of pro- 
 visi'ins. At the mouth of the Demerara is Fort Frederick- 
 William; connected with it are excellent barracks and a 
 milKary hospital, and near it is a fine light-house. George- 
 tfjwn, from its low, swampy position, is unhealthy ; the prin- 
 cipal diseases are yellow and intermittent fever, dysentery, 
 diarrhea, and dropsy. Anchorage good in 17 feet water; 
 but at the river mouth is a bar, on which there is only 15 
 teet Crater. The exports consist of sugar, rum, and coffee. 
 740 
 
 and the trade in 1S53 employed 591 vessels, (tons, 101,764.) 
 inwards. Pop. iti 1848, 23.000, of whom 19,000 were negroes 
 and people of color; in 1851, 25.508. 
 
 G20RGE TOWN, a town of Cape Colony. South Africa, 
 125 miles E. of Zwellendam. It is poorly built, and a few 
 3'ears ago was among the least flourishing places in the 
 colony. Trade chiefly in timber, and supplies for the tar- 
 mors in the Lange-kloof. 
 
 GEORGE TOWN, a maritime town of Van Diemen's L.>ind, 
 CO., and 28 miles N.W. of Lauucestou, ou the Tamar; lat. 41" 
 6' S., Ion. 146° 50' E. 
 
 GEORGK TOWN, a village, capital of the island of Ascen 
 sion. with a fort and some military works. 
 
 GEOllGK TOW.N, a maritime village of Prince Edward 
 Island, North America, ou its eastern coast, 31 miles E. of 
 Charlotte Town. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a seaport town, capital of Penang, or 
 Prince of Wales Island, in .Malacca iStrait. Lat. 5^ 25' 6" N., 
 Ion. 100° 19' 45" E. See PESiXO. 
 
 (iEORGKTOAVN, a seaport town, capital of Kings co,. 
 Prince Edward Island, on the peninsula between the Brude- 
 nell and Cardigan, at the entrance into Cardigan Bay. on 
 the S.E. side of the island. L;it. 4C° 12' N.. Ion. 62° 33'" W. 
 
 GEOllGETOAVN. a village and township of Canada East, 
 38 miles N.E. of Montre.al. 
 
 GEORGETOAVN, a post-village of Canada West, co, of 
 Ilalton, 34 miles N.W. of Toronto, and 35 miles from 
 Hamilton. I'op. about 6.50. 
 
 G]:OI{GETOWN CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Kent co., 
 Maryland, 
 
 GEORGE'VILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Stanstead, 62 miles S.E. of St. Johns, and 12 miles from 
 Stanstead. 
 
 GEORGIA,jor'je-a, or6RUSIA,groo'se-^(Pers. GwirgiHan 
 or Gnurijistan, goor-ghis-t^n', or Goorjistaii, goor-jis-tlii'; 
 written alscf Gardschislan and Garjislan,) a country of 
 Asia, situated near tlie centre of the Russian possessions, on 
 the S. side of the Caucasian range, and now included in the 
 Russian government of Tiflis. It is bounded S. by an .Ar- 
 menian range, which separates the basin of the Koor from that 
 of the Aras, and W, by a branch of the Caucasus, forming part 
 of the water-shed between the Caspiau and the Black Seas. 
 The name is sometimes employed to designate the whole terri- 
 tory poases.SBd or claimed by the Russians S, of the Caucasus. 
 In this large sen.se it may h.ave an area of 28,800 geogra- 
 phical square miles; but, when more correctly confined to 
 Georgia proper, the area doe.s not exceed 12,800 geographical 
 square miles. The central part is occupied by a large and 
 fertile valley, in which the Koor flows from W. to E., and 
 receives almost all its drainage. The soil, generally, in the 
 lower grounds, and more especially in this valley, is of great 
 fertility; and, having the advantage of a delightful climate, 
 grows in abundance not only all the ordinary cereals, 
 maize, hemp, and flax, but great quantities of wine and 
 cotton, and unlimited supplies of the most exquisite fruit. 
 Important improvements have taken place in agriculture 
 since the Russians acquired possession of the country from 
 Persia, in 1800 ; but it has not yet recovered from the disastei-s 
 brought upon it by ages of misrule and almost inces.sant 
 warfare. The natives, forming about three-fourths of the 
 whole population, belong to the Caucasian race, and have 
 been as much celebrated as the Circassians for the athletic 
 frames of the men and the beauty of the women. These 
 properties have created a large demand for both sexes — the 
 males to serve in the armies, and the females to become in- 
 mates of the harems of the Turks, The nobles long derived 
 their chief revenue from this inhuman trafRc, valuing their 
 serfs only for the money which they could obtain for them 
 in the Turkish markets. Under the Russian sovereignty 
 this traffic has cea.sed; and the distinction which divided 
 the whole population into the classes of nobles and serfs, 
 nearly equivalent to those of masters and slaves, though still 
 subsisting, has been greatly modified. The power of life 
 and death, which the nobles claimed, and made no scruple 
 of exercising, has teen expressly abolished. The Georgians 
 belong nominally to the Greek church; but both clergy 
 and people are generally ignorant. The Bible, however, was 
 translated into their native language, a peculiar dialect, 
 greatly resembling the Armenian, as early as the tegjuning 
 of the" fifth century ; and its benefits, though hitherto not 
 very apparent, promise to be greatly extended, bj- nieans 
 of a printing-press which the Russians have established. 
 
 Capital, Tiflis, Pop. of Georgia proper, about 300,000. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Georgi.w, jor'je-an. 
 
 GEORGIA, one of the original st.ates of the United St.ates 
 of North America, is bounded on the N, by Tennessee and 
 North Carolina ; E, by South Carolina, (from which it is .sepa- 
 rated by the Savannah River.) and by the .A.tlantic Ocean; 
 S, by Florid^, and W. by Florida and Alabama, from which 
 it is partly separated by the Chattahoochee River, Georgia 
 lies between 30° 21' 39" and 35<^ N, lat, and between 81- and 
 85° 53' 38" W. Ion,, being about 300 miles in length from 
 N, to S., and 256 in its greatest l)re^adth from E. to W,, in- 
 cluding 58,000 square miles, 37,120,0(10 acres, of which onlv 
 8,062,758 are improved, showing that this already giiAt and 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 flourishing state is but in the commencement of developing 
 her resources and wealth. 
 
 Pure of the Crruntry. — fieorpia has every variety of surface, 
 from the mountains of the north, through all gradations of 
 rou!;h. hilly, aud undulating country to the alluvial tiats 
 which begin alxiut 100 miles from the sea, to which they 
 extend. AA'e learn from White's "Statistics of Georgia," 
 from which we are oI)liged to condense, that "commencing 
 ftt tlie Atlantic Ocean, and spreading out from 100 to 150 
 miles westward, we have an extensive plain of a tertiary 
 formation, gradually swelling up to a height of 600 feet, at 
 a line passing near the head of navigation of the Savann.ah, 
 bgeechee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee Kivj>i-s. where it meets a 
 primary formation." An angle of cretaceous formation, un- 
 derlying the tertiary, enters Georgia from Alabama, be- 
 tween Fort Gaines and Columbus, and extends, with its 
 apex, to a point between Macon and Knoxville. The N. 
 side of this triangle is about SO, and the S.K. about 100 
 miles in length. The primary formation crosses the state 
 In a S.W. direction, above the falls of the rivers named, 
 with a breadth of 100 miles at the northern, and 100 miles 
 at the southern limit. A second plain above the falls suc- 
 ceeds, of about 60 or 70 miles in width, beyond which, on 
 the N.AV. side of the primary belt, and running nearly pa- 
 rallel with it, we come upon the Blue Kidge Mountains, 
 which reach an elevation varying from 1200 to 4000 feet. 
 The N.W. of Georgia consists of transition rocks, except in 
 the extreme N.W. counties, which are carboniferous in their 
 formation. In the S.E. is Okefonokee Swamp, or rather se- 
 ries of swamps, which have a circuit of about 180 mile.s, 
 filled with pools and islands, and covered with vines, Ijay- 
 trees. and underwood. Alligators, frogs, lizards, cranes, &c., 
 find a congenial l>nme in this region. 
 
 Miwml-^. — Previous to the discovery of the gold mines of 
 California. Georgia was the Eldorado of the United States; 
 but though her mines are almost swept out of inind by the 
 richer jields of the new state on the Pacific, a soberer time 
 may come again, when slow and patient industry may be 
 content to develop the golden treasures of this region. The 
 tract containing the gold mines has its centre in Lumpkin 
 county, in the northern part of the state; and at Dahlonega, 
 in this countv. a branch mint has been established, which 
 coined in 18S1, $351,592 in gold, $476,788 in 1852. and 
 $452,289 in 1S53. Besides this precious metal, Georgia con- 
 tains some silver, copper, iron, lead, manganese, titanium, 
 graphite, antimony, and zinc ; also granite, marble, gypsum, 
 limestone, coal, sienite, marl, burrstono, soapstone, asbestos, 
 elate, shale, tripoli, fluor-spar, barytes, tourmaline, arra- 
 gonite, kaolin, epidote, porcelain clay, ruby, opal, augite, 
 cyanite, emerald, prase, corneli;ins, chalcedony, agate, jas- 
 per, amethyst, precious garnets, schorl, zircon, rose quartz, 
 beryl, and even diamonds. Fossils are found in abundance 
 In the S.E. counties near the sea. 
 
 Kivers. B-tys, cC-c. — Georgia is abundantly supplied with 
 rivers, both for the purposes of navigation, and for pro- 
 pelling power. To the central plateau which forms the falls 
 or rapids, the rivers are mostl;/ navigable for steamers, and 
 among and above them they furnish advantageous sites for 
 mills. Of the 36 cotton fiictories in Georgia in 1851, 34 
 were driven by water. The Oconee and Oicmulgee rise in 
 the N. of the state, pass through its centre to within 100 
 miles of the ocean, where they unite to form the Alfamah.a, 
 which flows eastward into the Atlantic Ocean. The Alta- 
 maha is navigable to Darien for vessels drawing from 11 to 
 14 feet water, and its confluents to Macon and Milledgeville 
 for steamlx)ats. The Savannah, which forms the greater 
 part of the eastern boundary, dividing Georgia from South 
 Carolina, is formed by the Tugaloo and Seneca Kivers. It 
 Is about 500 miles in length, is navigaljle for ships to Sa- 
 vannah, and for large steamboats to Augusta. The Ogee- 
 chee, a river flowing S.E. alxjut 200 miles, drains the coun- 
 try between the above named rivers. It is navigable for 
 sloops .30 or 40 miles, and for keel-boats to Louisville. Can- 
 nouchee, a western branch, is navigable 60 miles. Tlie 
 Santilla and St. Mary's drain the south-eastern counties, 
 and the Flint, Oclockonee, and Suwanee, witli their branches, 
 the south-western. The Santilla and St. Mary's are navi- 
 
 f;able for sloops about .30 or 40 miles, and for keel-boats per- 
 laps as much more. The Flint, a branch of the Chattahoo- 
 cliee, is about 300 miles long, and is n.avigable to Albany 
 for steamboats. The Chattahoochee rises in the N.E. of 
 Georiria. crosses the state in a S.W. direction till it strikes 
 the W. boundary, which it follows for about 150 miles to its 
 union with the Flint, at the S.W. extremity of Georgi.a, 
 where their united floods form the Appalachicola. The 
 Chattahoochee is navigal)le to Columbus for steamboats. 
 The Tallapoosa and Coosa, headwaters of the Alabama, and 
 tlie Iliawassee, one of the sources of the Tennessee River, 
 take their rise in the N. of this state. The Suwanee and 
 the Oclockonee pass S. into Florida. A line run through 
 the middle of the state, from S. to N. would nearly divide 
 the waters flowing into the Atlantic from those flowing into 
 the Gulf of Jlexico; but this line would trend to the E. both 
 In the \. and S.. and to the W. in the centre. The waters 
 ofthe Iliawassee, however, reach the gulf through the Ohio 
 
 and Mississippi valleys. Georgia has about 80 miles of sea/ 
 coast, which is lined by small islands, on whidi grows the 
 celebrated sea-island cotton. These islands are cut off 
 from the mainland by narrow sounds, inlets, or lagoons. 
 
 Objects of Jntc.rai to Touristf. — The geologist will find in 
 the alluvions of the south-eastern counties of Georgia ex- 
 tensive fossil remains, while her minerals and mountains 
 will offer much for his examination; and the antitixniri^n, 
 too, m.'iy find objects, even in this new country, to baffle his 
 most ingenious theories. In Hancock county is an Indian 
 mound, of a semioval form. 2000 feet long and 37 high, and 
 surrounded by a ditch. Human bones have been found 
 here. About 9 miles E. of Mncon is a mound, covering 
 about 300 acres at its base and 50 at its top. which seems to 
 be a natuial elevation, but is covered on the summit with 
 the ruins of a limestone fortification. There are several ar- 
 tificial mounds in the same neighborhood, and in other 
 parts of the state. One in Cass county is 1114 feet in cir- 
 cuit and 75 feet high, in which have been found large jjuan- 
 tities of pottery. To the lover of the picturesque. (Jeirgia 
 offers many grand scene.s, and among them the l^fone Moun- 
 tain, in De Kalb county, 7 miles in circuit, and 2220 feet in 
 height; the Falls of Tallulah, a branch of the Tugaloo, i.-. 
 Ilaber.sham county, where it passes through a ridge o'' 
 mountains, forming cliffs fiom 200 to 500 feet, and descend 
 ing in a succession of four falls through the space of a mile; 
 Toccaco Falls, in the .same stream, 185 feet hi^h : Amicolah 
 Falls, in Lumpkin county, with a descent of 400 feet in as 
 many yards; the Towaligo Falls, in Monroe county; the 
 Eastatoah and Stockoa Falls, iu Kabun county, (thought 
 by many to surpass the Toccaco ;) a series of falls in the 
 Iliawassee, sometimes with a descent of about 100 feet; Ni- 
 cojack Cave, opening into the Bacoon Mountains, hear the 
 N.W. extremity of the state, extending for miles into the 
 mountain, which it enters by a portal ICO feet wide, and 
 60 high; through this passes a stream, up which the visiter 
 must be boated for three miles, when further progress is 
 stopped by a cataract ; (Wilson's Cave is described in the same 
 neighborhood, by Sears; whether or not it is the same cavo 
 under a different name we have no means of determining;) 
 Nix's Cave, in Floyd county: Track Kock and Pilot Moun- 
 tain, (12C0 feet high.) both in Union county — are all worthy 
 of a separate description in a work of a different character. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Pioduclions. — -'While the inbaliitants 
 (we quote De Bow's Resources of the South and AVest) of 
 South.,rn and Middle Georgia are being parched witli heat, 
 fiequeutly so intense as prevent comfoi'table rest, even at 
 night, the more nortliern climate, among the mountains, 
 is such as to render necessary a blanket in order to com- 
 fortalile repose. A more lovely heaven does not smile uprm 
 the classic land of Italy than upon tlie favored inliabitants 
 of Georgia." According to meteorological observations made 
 at Savannah by Dr. Posey, during the year ending Slay, 
 1852, the maximum in June, at 2 p. M., was Oi'^^; mini- 
 mum 70; mean for the day, 77°10: maximum for .luly, 
 99°'3; minimum. 90''-6; mean,81°'7: maximum for August, 
 9.3°; minimum, 82°-5; mean. 79°-70: maximum for Septem- 
 ber, SS^-l ; minimum, 60°-2: mean, 67°'7 : maximum for 
 October, 85°'6; mininum, 50°-9; mean, CG°-25: maximum 
 fir November, 77°-l ; minimum. 50°-l; mean,o6°-12: maxi- 
 mum for December. 58°'6; minimum, 4.3°'3; mean. 47°'27: 
 maximum for January, 76°; minimum. 29°-5; mean,41°-75: 
 maximum for February, 81° 7 ; minimum, 60°; mean, 
 5ij°'45: maximum for March. 84° ; minimum, 43°-9; mean, 
 61°-30: maximum for April, 86°-7 ; minimum, 67°-9; mean, 
 63°-27 : and maximum for May, 94°'9; minimum, 69°-9; 
 and mean, 75°-52. There were 85 rainy days in the year, 
 viz. 13 in June, 12 in July, 10 in Augu.«t, 4 iu September, 
 5 in October, 5 in NovemI)er, 7 in December. 4 in January, 
 5 in February, 7 in March, 8 in April, and 5 in May. The 
 thermometer was highest, July 30, 2 P. M., 9fl°'3, and low- 
 est, January 20, 7 a. m., 13°'8. The peach blossomed Fe- 
 bruary 20th. and the plum on the 2od, Snow falls some- 
 times, but does not lie long. 
 
 The diversity of soil is not less than that of climate, from 
 the rich alluvions near the seacoast and rivers, to the thin- 
 ner soil of the pine barrens (not so sterile by far as tlieir 
 name implies) and the rougher mountain regions. Tlie 
 good and bad lands of Georgia are so intermingled, that it 
 is difficult to describe them by districts. In the south, we 
 have on the coast the islands with their light sandy .soil, 
 but fertile in sea-i.sland cotton; and on the mainland are 
 the rich alluvions, but interspersed with swamps, which, 
 however, yield rice in abundance. The bottom lands of the 
 Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, and the smaller rivers, 
 are exceedingly fertile, and produce, rice, cotton, Indian 
 corn, and, sugar, Fartlier west, about 60 miles from the 
 coast, commence the pine barrens, at present mostly va- 
 luable for their timber and naval stores, but easily cul- 
 tivable and productive, should occasion require. In th<» 
 south-west the soil is light and .sandy, but fertile, and pro- 
 ductive in .cotton. The sugar-cane is also sometimes cul- 
 tivated successfully. The soil, though fertile, is e.tsily ex- 
 hausted, and requires manuring to restore it. Tlio middle 
 region consists of a red loamy soil, once, productive, but, 
 
 741 
 
GEO 
 
 owi ',; to al.til ^ystonl of culture, nmch imimverislied. Its 
 prodiu ts are ;o! ton, tobacco, anil tlie various kinds of grain. 
 We no V com'! to the Cherokee country in tlie north, once 
 la possession of the Indians of that name, and containing 
 lands among the most fertile in the slate, particularly in its 
 valleys, which, though worked by the Indians for ages 
 past, are still capable of producing from 50 to 75 bushels of 
 grain to the acre. This region is not so well adapted to the 
 culture of cotton, though it can be raised successfully, but 
 yields wheat, corn, Irish potatoes, pe.is, betins, &c.. abund- 
 antly. Here, too, are to be found gold, iron, coal, marble, 
 granite, limestone, and other minerals, valuable in build- 
 ing and the industrial arts. The iron is represented as be- 
 ing of very superior quality. Our summary of the natural 
 resources and the physical characteristics of this flourishing 
 Etate, brings us to the conclusion that it is surpassed by no 
 Atlantic or Gulf state, to say the least, in the elements of a 
 rapid growth in agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. 
 AVith a soil capable of yielding most of the great staples of 
 the country, and some tropical fruits, with a mild climate, 
 yet cold enough in the north for the restoration of health 
 to the enervated inhabitant of the south, and for the pro- 
 duction of the winter grains ; with rivers that can he navi- 
 gated by steamboats to her centre, and whose branches fur- 
 nish water-power in abundance, what element of prosperity 
 does she lack, if she be true to hei-self ? Jhe prime articles 
 of cultivation in Georgia are cotton, rice, sweet potat<5es, 
 and Indian corn, besides which large quantities of live stock, 
 wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas, beans, Irish potatoes, fruits, 
 market products, butter, cheese, hay. sugar, molasses, bees- 
 wax and honey, and some rye, barley, buckwheat, wine, 
 grass seeds, hops, flax, and silk are produced. Georgia is 
 first of the states of the Union in the amount of sweet pota- 
 toes raised, and second in that of rice and cotton. In 1S60 
 there were in Georgia 8,062,758 acres of improved land 
 (18,587,732 being unimprovetl), producing 2,5-44,913 bushels 
 of wheat; 115.532 of rye; 30,776,293 of Indian corn; 1,231.817 
 of oats; 1,765.214 of pesxs and beans; 303,789 of Irish pota- 
 toes ; 6,508,541 of sweet potatoes; 14.682 of barley; 52.507 ,»)52 
 pounds of rice; 919,318 of tobacco: 946,227 of wool ; 5,439,765 
 3f butter; 15,5S7 of cheese; 546.749 gallons of cane molasses; 
 103,490 of sorghum molasses; 701,840 bales (of 400 pounds 
 each) of cotton; 953,915 pounds of honey; and 46.448 tons 
 of hay; live stock valued at $38,372,734; orchard products 
 at $176,048 ; market products, $201,916; and slaughtered ani- 
 mals at 810,908,204. 
 
 fbrest Trees. — There are extensive forests of pine and live- 
 oak in the S. ; the swamps affoi-d cedar and cypress, and the 
 middle country oak and hickory. The other forest-ti-ees are 
 walnut, chestnut, poplar, sycamore, beech, maple, ash, gum, 
 elm. fir. spruce, magnolia, laurel, and palmetto. 
 
 Animah. — Bears, deers, wolves, panthers, foxes, gophers, 
 and rabbits, among quadrupeds; alligators, terrapins, li- 
 zards, scorpions, and rattlesnakes, among reptiles: and tur- 
 tle, rock, black, and flying-fish, trout, bass, drum, sheeps- 
 head. Spanish mackerel, porgey, and mullet, among fish, 
 are the loading objeet.s of animated nature in Georgia. 
 
 Muvii/aetures.—Georgia has recently made great advances 
 in the establishment of manufactures, for which she enjoys 
 great facilities in the abundaneeof her water-power and fuel, 
 in the nearness of the rawmaterial to the manufacturer, and 
 in the number of her navigable rivers and iron roads ready 
 to carry her fabrics to market. According to the censuB of 
 1S60 there were in the state 1890 manufacturing establish- 
 lisliments, employing 11,575 persons, consuming raw ma- 
 terial worth $9,986,532, producing goods to the value of 
 816,925,564 annually, total amount of ( apital invested, 
 $10,890,875. Of these 103 were establishme' its for the prepa- 
 ration and manufacture of cotton, capital in7e8ted,S2,3s5,670, 
 annual products, $3,072,377; 11 woollen factories, capital 
 invested, $242,500, annual products, $464,420 ; 410 saw-mills, 
 capital invested, $1,639,217, annual products, $2,412,996; 378 
 flour and meal establishments, capital invested, $1,599,515, 
 annual products, $4,550,007; 158 blacksmith shops, capital, 
 $98,245, annual products, .S221,.590 : 137 establishments for 
 the preparation and maniifacture of leather, capital invested, 
 $329,048, annual products, $422,45 1 ; 125 boot and shoe manu- 
 factories, capital invested.$16S,331,annual products.$406,557 ; 
 118 carriage factories, capital invested, $,370,i35, annual 
 products. So95,331; 13 distilleries (turpentine^ cajiital in- 
 vested, $196,620, annual products, $236,111; to which we 
 may add the value of home-made manufactures, which was 
 $1,431,413. 
 
 Internal Improvements.— Georgia takes the lead of the 
 Southern States in the number and extent of her railw.iys. 
 which cross the middle and N. of the state in all directions^ 
 connecting her commercial centre with all the important 
 towns of her own interior, with Alabama on the W.. and 
 with Tennessee and the great Ohio and Mississippi Valleys 
 to the X. and N.VV. According to the census of 1860 there 
 ■were in Georgia 1404 miles of railroad completed. The Cen- 
 tral Georgia Railroad extends from Savannah to Macon, 190 
 mih-.i ; the Macon and Western Railroad extends from Mar 
 con 103 miles to Atlanta, where it connects with the Geor- 
 gia Railroad and the Chattanooga and Atlanta, formerly 
 <4a 
 
 GEa 
 
 called the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which is about 
 136 miles long. Atlanta is connected with Augusta by the 
 Georgia Railroad, 171 miles long exclusive of branches. An- 
 other road 87 miles long extends from Atlanta to West 
 Point. The Savannah Albany and Gulf Railroad, extend- 
 ing from Savannah towards Tallahasse, Florida, is com- 
 pleted to Boston, 189 miles from Savannah. Augusta is the 
 N. terminus of a railroad which connects with the Central 
 Railroad at Millen, and forms part of a direct route to Sa- 
 vannah. Macon is also connected with Columbus by rail- 
 road. The railroads from Charleston and Savannah form 
 important arteries in the trside between the Xorth and the 
 Southwestern States, lliere are only a few short cjinals in 
 Georgia — one connecting the Savannah and Ogeechee 
 Rivers; another from Brunswick to the Altamaha; and a 
 canal round tiie falls in thw Savannah, at Augusta, making 
 a total of about 50 miles. 
 
 Commerce. — Georgia is favorably situated for internal 
 trade, having a number of navigable rivers, which m.-iy be 
 ascended by steamboats from 200 to 300 miles from the sea, 
 and still farther for keel-boats. She has an active coa.stiuj; 
 trade with her sister states; and, besides sailing ve.ssels, has 
 lines of ocean steamers running regularly between Savau 
 nah and New York, and the .same port and I'hiladelpbia 
 The principal exports of Georgia consist of her great staple, 
 cotton, and of rice, lumber, and naval stores. Her exporta 
 to foreign countries amounted in 1S53 to$371,883. and her im- 
 ports to $508,261. Tonnage entered. 52,175: cleared, 81,527. 
 Georgia exports also largely of her rice, lumber, and cotton 
 to other states of the Union. There were received at the 
 different ports of Georgia, in 1S53, 394,490 bales of cotton, 
 and 39.929 tierces of rice were exported ; but the exports of 
 cotton have reached 600.000 bales iu a single year. The ton- 
 nage of the state, in 1853, was 22,130. of whicli 5667 was 
 ste;im tonnage; the number of vessels built in 1S52 was 2, 
 whose tonnage was 323. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in Georgia, 32 colleges, with 3302 students, and $167,931 in- 
 come, of which $4,770 was from public funds ; 1752 public 
 schools, with 56,087 pupils, and $449,966 income, of which 
 $117,243 was from public funds, and $o3,276 from taxation ; 
 242 academies and other public schools, with 11,075 pupils, 
 $237,373 income, of which $25,289 was from public funds, 
 and $.3043 from taxes. There are also in this stutc, 364 
 libraries, of which 288 were public, 52 Sunday-school, 11 
 college, and 13 church librai-ies, comprising a total of 
 272,935 volumes. Georgia is celebrated for her female insti- 
 tutes. Among the numerous high schools and academies 
 we may mention tlie Georgia Female College at Macon, which 
 before the war is said to have been attended by about 150 
 pujuls, who were carried through a liberal course of educa- 
 tion. It is mentioned as an evidence of the increiised in- 
 terest felt in the subject of education, that a conmion-school 
 journal had been established at Columbus. Among the col- 
 legiate institutions of the state may be named Franklin Col- 
 lege at Athens, and Oglethorpe University at Milledgeville. 
 
 Periixiicals. — There were published in Georgia, in 1860, 
 105 periodicals, of which, 12 were issued daily, and 71 weekly 
 75 were political, 4 religious, 22 literary, and 4 miscellaneous. 
 The nunjber of copies issued annually, was 13,415,444. 
 
 Religious Denomiiiations. — Of the 2393 churches in Geor- 
 gia, in 1860, 1141 belong to the Baptists, Vj to the Christians, 
 25 to the Episcopalians, 1 to the Jews, 9 to the Lutherans, 
 1035 to the Methodists, 125 to the I'resbyterians, 4 to the 
 Cumbeiland Presbyterians, S to the Roman Catholics, 27 to 
 the Unionists, and 3 to the Univei-salists, making 1 church 
 to every 442 persons. Value of church property, $2,440,391. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There is a State Li;natic Asylum near 
 Milledgeville, which went into operation in 1842, and which 
 receives $15,000 annually from the state, and had in 1853 
 120 inmates. The state has recently appropriated $25,000 
 for enlarging the building. There is also an Asjium for 
 the Deaf and Dumb in Murray county, which received, in 
 1852. $17,000 from the state. The State Penitentiary at 
 Milledgeville is a three-story granite building, 200 feet by 
 30. The convicts are employed in manufactui-ing lejither, 
 wagon.s. shoes, pails, and many other articles, the sale of 
 which leaves a small balance over the expenses of the peni- 
 tentiary. It had 122 convicts in 1853. Georgia h.ad, in 1850 
 3 public libraries, with 6500 volumes; 26 school and Sun 
 day-school libraries, with 3788 volumes; and 9 college libra 
 ries, with 21.500 volumes. 
 
 Papulation. — The original settlers of Georgia were English. 
 Scotch, and German, with the usual admixture of othei 
 nations, (as shown by the figures below.) as the pe<iplirig of 
 the state progressed. Up to 183S, the Cherokee Indians, one 
 of the most civilized, intelligeut. and numerous of the abo- 
 riginal tribes, formed a considerable part of the population 
 of Georgia. In 1790 the number of inhabitants was 82.648; 
 162,101 in 1800; 252.433 in 1810; 340.987 in 1820: 51R.S23 in 
 18;0; 691,392 in 1S40; 906,185 in 1850; and in 1S60, 1.057,286, 
 of whom 591,550 were whites, 2500 colored. 462,198 slaves, 
 and 3^ Indians. Population to the squwe mile, 18. Repre- 
 sentative population, 872,406. i <f the free population, 475,4'.i6 
 were boru iu the state, 107,921 iu other states, 11,671 iu 
 
GEO 
 
 GER 
 
 forofsn countries; of whom 1122 were born in England; 
 6686 ill Ireland ; 431 in Scotland; 56 in Wales; 178 in Britisii 
 America; 2472 in Germany; 283 in France; and 11.128 in 
 otiier foreign countries. Of the populaticm in the leading 
 pursuits. 67,718 were farmers, 19,567 farm laborers, 11,272 
 laborers, 53:!7 servants, 4909 overseers, 3626 clerks, 3219 car- 
 penters, 3195 merchants, 2858 planters, 2454 factory hands, 
 2411 seamstresses, 2123 teachers, 2004 physicians. In the 
 year ending June 1, 1S60, there occurred 12,816 deaths, or 
 123 in every thousand. The ratio of mortality is less than 
 that of most of the Southern States. There were supported 
 in the same year 1453 paupers, at an expense of $45,161. 
 Of 3SS deaf and dumb, S3 were slaves (see Introdcction 
 to the volume on Population nf the. Eighth Census); of 484 
 blind, 187 were slaves; of 491 insane, 44 were slaves; of 
 724 idiotic, 183 were slaves. 
 
 This state has 132 counties, viz.: -Appling, Baker, Bald- 
 win, Banks, Berrien, Bibb, Brooks, Bryan. Bullock, Burke, 
 Butts, Calhoun. Camden, Campbell, Carroll, Cass, Catoosa, 
 Charlton, Chatham, Chattahoochie, Chattooga, Cherokee, 
 Clark, Clay, Clayton, Clinch, Cobb.Colfee, Colquitt, Colum- 
 bia, Coweta, Crawford, Dade, Dawson, Decatur, Do Kalb, 
 Dooly, Dougherty, Early, Echolls, Effingham, Elbert, Eman- 
 uel, Fannin, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Fulton, Cil- 
 mer, Glasscock, Glynn, Gordon, Greene, Gwinnett, Ilaber- 
 Bham, Hall, Hancock, llaralson, Harris, Hart, Heard, Henry, 
 Houston, Irwin. Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, 
 Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln. Lowndes, Lumpkin, Macon, 
 Madison, Marion, Mcintosh, Meriwether, Miller, Milton, 
 Mitchell, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Murray, Sluscogee, 
 Newton, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pickens, Pierce, Pike, Polk, 
 Pulaski, Putnam, Quitman, Kabtin, Randolph, Richmond, 
 Schley, Scriven, Spalding, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Talia- 
 ferro, Tatnall, Taylor, Telfair, Terrell, Thomas, Towns.Troup, 
 Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Ware, Warren, 
 Washington, Wayne. Webster, White, Whitefield, Wilcox, 
 Wilkes, Wilkinson, Worth. Capital, Milledgeville. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The towns of Georgia have received a 
 new impetus since the completion of her railways; and 
 places that were mere cross-roads a few years ago, with their 
 tavern, store, and smithy, have become flourishing manu- 
 facturing villages. Savannah, the principal city of Georgia, 
 had a population of 22,292 in 1-^60 (15,312 in 1850); Augusta, 
 the next largest, 12.493; Columbus, 9621; Atlanta, 9554; 
 Macon, 8247; Rome, 4010; Athens, 3848; Newton, 3225. 
 
 Government. — This state is similar in its governmental 
 divisions to the other members of the eonf deracy. The 
 legislature meets biennially, on the fii-st Monday in October. 
 The governor is elected by the people for 2 years, and receives 
 a salary of $3000 per annum. The senate consists of 47 
 members, and the house of representatives of 130, both 
 elected for each session of the legislature, and receiving $5 
 per diem. Every whit« male who has paid a tax the pre- 
 vious year, and resided in the county where the election 
 takes place 6 months before the election, is a legalized elector. 
 The state of Georgia is entitled to 7 members in the national 
 house of rejirosentiitives, and to 9 electoral votes for presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 The judiciary is composed — 1. Of a court of errors and 
 appeals, presided over by 3 judges, elected for 6 years by the 
 legislature; 2. Of a superior court, held in every county in 
 the state twice a year, and presided over by judges elected 
 for 4 years by the legislature; 3. Of an inferior court, consist- 
 ing of 5 justices in each county, elected by the people for 4 
 years, and holding 2 sessions a year; and, 4. Of justices' 
 courts, consisting of 2 justices for each militia district, 
 elected by the people of their respective districts. The state 
 is divided into 11 judicial districts. The judges of the superior 
 court are elected by the legislature for 4 years. The judges 
 of the supreme court receive .$2500 per annum. 
 
 The public debt of Georgia in 1853 was 2.801,972. The 
 sources of revenue (which averages about $700,000 a year) 
 are a general tax. a special tax on bank stocks and railroad 
 stocks, and an income from the State Railroad. The expen- 
 ditures, for the pay of legislators, civil establishments, judi- 
 ci.^^y, public charities. Ac, are about $131,000 a year, of 
 which $30,000 (in 185-3) was contributed to the deaf and 
 dumb and lunatic asylums. The public debt consists of 
 bonds issued for the construction of railways. Estimated 
 value of real and personal property in 1852. $308,968,825 ; to 
 each individual, $366. In 1854 there were 18 banking insti- 
 tutions in the state, with an aggregate capital of $12,957,600, 
 a circulation of $9,518,777, and .$1,576,813 in coin. 
 
 History. — Georgia was the last settled of the original 
 thirteen states of the American Confederacy. A charter for 
 establishing the " Colony of Georgi.\," (named in honor of 
 the king.) was given by George II., June 9, 1732. The first 
 settlement was made by Oglethorpe at Yamacraw BlutT, now 
 called Savannah, in 1733, more than 100 years after the 
 settlement of most of the original colonies, and 63 years 
 after that of South Carolina, her nearest neighbor. Three 
 years afterwards, some Germans founded fibenezer on the 
 river, about 25 miles above .S.ivannah. The settlement of 
 Darieu was commenced about the same time by some Scotch 
 Uighlauders. The infant colony was involved in sonie severe 
 
 contests with the Spaniards of Florida, who claimed the 
 country as far as the 33d degree of N. latitude. In 1739- 
 Oglethorpe invaded Florida, took Fort Diego, and besiege*! 
 St. Augustine, but was obliged to raise the siege and return. 
 The Spanish in turn invaded Georgia in 1742: but, being 
 alarmea by a stratagem of Oglethorpe's, they -arreated with 
 out coming to blows. Slaves were first amnitted into the 
 colony in 1749. The proprietors, harassetl by the diflicultiw 
 that surrounded them, gave up the province to the cmwn 
 in 1752, when Dr. Franklin was appointed its agent near 
 the British government. In 1761 the Cherokee Indiana 
 were attacked by Colonel Montgomery, on which occasion 
 the savages so bravely resisted, that, though Montgomery 
 claimed the victory, he thought it advisable to retreat. The 
 following year Colonel Grant burned their towns, laid waste 
 their country, and forced them to sue for peace, tieorgia 
 entered warmly into the Revolution, and, during parts of 
 1778, 1779, and 1780, was in the hands of the British troops. 
 Savannah was captured by them December 29th, 1778. and 
 the combined American and French armies were repul.sed 
 in an attempt to retake it in October, 1779, with a loss to 
 the allies of 1100 men. In 18.38 the Cherokee Indians wore 
 removed from the state to the Indian territory, beyond the 
 5Iississippi, and Georgia came into possession of the long- 
 eoveted Indian reservation, regarded as among the best lands 
 of the state. Inhab. Georgun, jor'je-^n. 
 
 GEORGIA, an island in the Pacific,' in Solomon Archi- 
 pelago. E. of New Guinea. 
 
 GEORGIA, a post^township of Franklin co.. Vermont, on 
 Lake Clianiplain, and on the Vermont Central Railroad, 40 
 miles N.W. of Montpeller. Pop. 1647. 
 
 GEORGIA, a post-office of De Soto co., Slississippi. 
 
 GKORGIA, a di.strict in Clarke co., Georgia. 
 
 GKORGIAN'A, a county of Ea.st Australia. New South 
 Wales. It is traversed by the Abercorn River and its 
 affluents, the I>achlan forming its W. )x)undary. 
 
 GEORGIAN BAY. See Huron, Lake. 
 
 GEORGIA, SOUTir an island in the South Atlantic. Lat. 
 54° 5' S.. Ion. .38° 15' W. 
 
 GEOIfGIAVILLE, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode 
 Isl.and. 
 
 GEORGIEVSK or GHF:0RGHIEVSK, gd oR-gho-^v.'sk', a 
 fortified town of the Russian dominions, government of 
 Caucasus, near an affluent of the Kooma (Kuma.) 90 miles 
 S.K. of Stavropol. Pop. 3000, mostly Cossacks. It was founded 
 in 1771. is regularly built, and was the capital of the govern- 
 ment till 1802. 
 
 GEOROIEVSKOE, gA-or-ghe-<lv'sko-A, a village of Russia, 
 government, and 120 miles N.W. of Viatka, on the Kama. 
 
 GKOKGSWALDE, gA'orgs-«ardeh. a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia. 64 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 4499. 
 
 GEPPERSDORF, gh^p^ers-doRr, a village of Austria, in 
 Moravi.i, circle of Olmiitz. Pop. 736. 
 
 GEPPERSDORF, ghVp?rsdonf\ a village and lordship 
 of Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau. Pop. 1340. 
 
 GER. zhaiR. the name of several villages of France, the 
 principal in the department of Manche, 8 miles E.N.E. of 
 Mortain. Pop. in 1862, 2624. 
 
 GER A. g.Vrd. a river of Centr.al Germany, flows northward, 
 and. after a course of about 38 miles, joins the Unstrut, 12 
 miles N. of Erfurt. 
 
 GER A. a town of Central Germany, principality of Reuss, 
 on the White-Elster, 35 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 11.265. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has several churches and hos- 
 pitals, an orphan asylum, a richly endowed gymnasium, 
 wilh a public library and museums, normal and various 
 other schools. It manuf;ictures woollen and cotton fabrics, 
 leather, hats, tobacco, porcelain. colors, earthenware, and car- 
 riages : and has dye-works, breweries, and brick-kilns. In its 
 neighborhood are well frequented public baths. 
 
 GER.\CE, j.A-rd'ch;l, (.tnc. Lo>cn.) a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra II., 34 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 
 between .3000 and 4000. It is a bishop's see. 
 
 GEIiACI. ji-rl'chee. a town of Sicily, in the Val Dimona, 
 16 miles S.S.E. of Cefalu. I'op. 3360. 
 
 GERARD-DE-RYS, zhAVaR'-de-reece. an island in the 
 Pacific Ocean : l.at. 3° 10' S.. Ion. 148° 10' E. Length, about 
 40 miles: breadth, 8 miles. It is mountainous, densely 
 wooded, and inhabited by Papuan Negroes. 
 
 GlCRARDMER, zhaVaRd'maiR', or G1^:R0ME, zhAVo'm.V, 
 a village of France, department of Vosges, between the 
 Lakes Gerardmer, Longemer, and Retournemer, 15 miles S. 
 ofSt.DiS. Pop. 1597. 
 
 GEK'ARDSTOWX or GER'RARDSTOWN, a post-village 
 of Berkley co., Virginia, 166 miles N. by W. of Richmond, 
 contains 3 churches. 
 
 GERASA, je-rd'.sa, JER ASH. je-riish', written also DJER- 
 ASn. a ruined city of Syria, in ancient Decapolis, 80 miles 
 S.S.W. of D.amascus. on the opposite slopes of two hiils. 2l:0C 
 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 32° 20' N.. ion. 36° 3- 
 E. The ruins of this city have been compared to those of 
 Baalbec and Palmyra. Here may be seen a magnificent 
 triumphal arch of the Corinthian order, a nauniachia, a 
 theatre, and a small temple, with a spacious semicircular 
 colonnade of the Ionic order, trom which a street, with a 
 
 743 
 
 ==JJ 
 
GER 
 
 GER 
 
 raose of columns on each ?ide, traverses the whole length 
 ct the city. The street is crossed at rifrht angles by three 
 parallel istreets. on either of which are the remains of inte- 
 restin;: and magnificent buildmgs. Beyond the north wall is 
 an extensive necropolis, with numerous finely-executed 
 sarcophagi. Gerasa was built by the Komans aftt-r their 
 conquests in the E.; takeu by stonu by Alexander Jan- 
 nasus : burned by the Jews iu their veiifreance on the Sy- 
 rians. fi)r the massacre of their brethren at Ca?sarea: taken 
 by Annius, a general under Vespasian, who burned down 
 what remained of it : and in 1122, its castle was destroyed 
 by Baldwin 11. of Jerus;ilem. 
 
 GKKAU. a town of Ilesse-Darmstadt. See Geoss Gekau. 
 
 GERBA or GERBT. See Jkkua. 
 
 GERBEROY, zh^<K'bfh rwl', a small ancient town of 
 France, department of Oise, 12 miles N.W. of Beauvais. 
 Pop. 2S2. 
 
 GERBEVILLER. zhJR'bi^•eeVa^B', a marketrtown of 
 France, department of Meurthe, 6 miles S. of Luneville. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 2i>93. 
 
 GERBIER-DES-JON'CS, zhJR'be-i'-dA-zhAso', one of the 
 C6vennes Mountains, in France, department of Ardfeche, 18 
 miles W.N'.AV. of I'rivns. Its summit was lowered by the 
 effect of an earthijuake in 1821. from 5610 feet to 5126 feet. 
 
 GERBSTADT, (Gerbstadt.) ghfRb'st^tt, a town of Prussian 
 Saxonv. 25 miles N.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1950. 
 
 0ERD.4.UE.\, ghjR'dSw-en, a town of East Prussia, 40 
 miles S.E. of Konigsberir. Pop. 2400. 
 
 GEKEMOABO, zhird-mo-iUbo, a town of Brazil, in the 
 Interior of the province of Bahia. Pop. 3000. 
 
 GER'ENTON, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi. 
 
 GERENZANO. jA-rJn-zil'no, a village of Kortheru Italy, 
 
 15 miles X.W. of Milan. Pop. 1430. 
 
 GEREZ. SERRA DE, s^r'rS di zhi'rjz, a mountain 
 chain, of Portugal, forming a ramification of the mountains 
 of Asturias, and situated between the basins of the Doui-o 
 and the Minho to the W. of Montalegre. It stretches about 
 18 miles from N. to S., and is generally compose! of a suc- 
 cession of lofty granite peaks. Its culminating point, the 
 Murro de Buragciro, has a height of 4296 feet. Marshal 
 Soult. in 1809, when retreating, led his army through a 
 terrific gorge forming one of the passes in this chain. 
 
 GERG.^L. ii^R-gdl', a market-town of Spain, province, and 
 18 miles N. of .\lmeria. Pop. 6028. 
 
 GERGEI, jeR-jA'ee, a village on the island of Sardinia, 34 
 miles X. of Cagliari. Pop. 2161. 
 
 GERGEN, ghjR'ghJn'. a small town and ruined castle of 
 Asiati; Turkey, on the Euphrates. Lat. 37° 56' 30" X., Ion. 
 39° 11' E. 
 
 G ERGENTI. a city of Sicily. See Giroenti. 
 
 GERGOFALVA, ghjR'go^fOl'viih*, a town of Transylvania, 
 
 16 miles W.N.W. of Ilermannstadt. 
 
 GKRIDEII, phih'reeMfh. (anc. Oa'liaf or Flaviop/c^isf) a 
 town of Asia ilinor, pashalic of Anatolia, 32 miles E. of Boli. 
 
 GERINDOTE. aa-reen-do'tA, a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile. 16 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 12.53. 
 
 GERINGSWALDE. gA'rings-« dl'dgh, a town of Saxony, 
 30 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2318. 
 
 GERK, ghJRk. a village of Austria, in Slavonia, near the 
 confluence nf the Bossut. and Save. Pop. 2S10. 
 
 GERLACIISIIEIM. ghjRllK.'i-hlme'. a village of Prussia, 
 province of Silesia, government, and W.S.W. of Liegnitz. 
 
 GERL.\CIISnKIM. ghiKliks-hime'. a village of Germany, 
 grand duchv of Baden. 13 miles E.S.E. of Wertheim. P. 1100. 
 
 GERLAC'USIIEI.M GERLINGEN.(gh*Rling-en,1a village 
 of WUrtembnrg. circle, and 3 miles E. of Leonberg. 
 
 GERM.\, gheR'md, a town of Central Africa, in Fezzjin, 50 
 miles N.W. of Moorzook. It is enclosed by rampfirts and a 
 ditch ; supposed by some to be the ancient Garama, but has 
 no vestiixes of antiquity. 
 
 GEKMAX. See Germajty. 
 
 GERMAN, jer'man, a post-townshin on the W. border of 
 Chenango co., New York, 120 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 781. 
 
 GEI;MAN, a township, Fayette co^ Pennsylvania. P. 2046. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 1359. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Augl.aize co., Ohio. Pop. 1721. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Clarke co., Ohio. Pop. 190*. 
 
 GERMAN, a post-tow nship of Dtuke co., Ohio. Pop. 1685. 
 
 GKRM AN, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 1872. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1240. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1637. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Montgomery Co., Ohio. P. 3104. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1143. 
 
 GERMAN, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. P. 782. 
 
 GERM.\X, a townfeliip in Vanderburgco., Indiana. P. 1368. 
 
 GERMAN FLATS, a township of Herkimer co., New York, 
 on the .Mohawk River and Erie CauiU, 15 miles S.B. of 
 Utica. Pop. 3940. 
 
 OERMANIA. SeeGiSRMAST. 
 
 GERMANIC CONFEDERATION. See QEEMAlfT. 
 
 GERMANICUS OCEANUS. See North Sea. 
 
 GEl!Nf.\N'NA. a post-office of Orange co., Virginia. 
 
 GKRMA'NO. a postKifBce of Harrison co., Ohio. 
 
 GER.MAN OCEAN. See Noktu Sea. 
 744 
 
 GERMAN REFORMED COLLEGE. See Mbecersbcbo, 
 Ponnsvlvana 
 
 GERMAN SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Preston CO., W. 
 Virginiii, on the Bjiltinioreand Ohio Railroad, 130 miles S.E. 
 of Wheeling. The village is called Mount C;trmel. 
 
 GER'M.\NSVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 18 miles from AUentown. 
 
 GERM.A.N'S-WEEK. a pari.«h of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 GER'MANTON. a postrvillage of Stokes co., North Caro 
 lina, 110 miles M'.N.AV. of Ralei-h. 
 
 GER'MANTOWN, a post-village and town.'ihip of Columbia 
 CO., New York, on the E. side of the Hudson River, and on 
 the Hudson River Railroad, 12 miles below Hudson. Pop. 
 1353. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a village of Fayette co.. Pennsylvania, 
 near the Monougahela River, about 195 miles W. by S. of: 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 GER M ANTOWN, formerly a post-borough of PhilaclelpWa. 
 CO., Pennsylvania, but now included within the chartered 
 limits of the city, is beautifully situated on the Germantown 
 Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of the State-house. It consists prin- 
 cipally of one broad street, extending about 4 miles in a 
 N.N.AV. and S.S.E. direction, and several others, recently 
 bnilt up, intersecting it at right angles. Many of the mer- 
 chants of Philadelphia, and other persons retired from busi- 
 ness, have here their residences, some of which are of sur- 
 passing elegance, and are enclosed with spacious grounds, 
 adorned with fountains, statuary, and green-houses. Ger- 
 mantown contains 21 places of worship, a newsi^aper office, 
 a bank, an insurance office, an academy and other schools. 
 It is lighted with gas. and supplied with water from Tulpe- 
 hocken Creek. Here are also extensive manufactories of 
 various kinds. Pop. in 1810, 6209; of the ward in 1864, about 
 20,000. This great increase in population is chiefly d«e to 
 its salubrious situation, and its ready communication with 
 the city. 
 
 GERMANTOWN,a village of Bath co.,Yirginia, half a mile 
 from the AVarni Springs. It has 2 stores, 1 hotel. Pop. 100. 
 
 OERM.\NT0WN, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, 
 95 miles N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a post-village in Hyde co.. North Caro- 
 lina, near the W. end of Pamlico Sound, 135 miles E. by S. 
 of Raleigh. 
 
 GERMANTOWN. a thriving post-village of Shelby co.; 
 Tennessee, near Wolf River, and on the Memphis and 
 Charleston Railroad, 15 miles E. of Memphis, is situated iu 
 a rich cotton-growing district, and has an active trade. 
 Pop. about 400. 
 
 GERM.A.NTOWN, a handsome post-village of Bracken co., 
 Kentucky, about 70 miles N.E. of Frankfort, is connected by 
 a turnpike with Maysville. A part of the village with the 
 post-office stands in the county of Mason. Pop. neiir 500. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a handsome post-village of Germ.in 
 township, Montgomery co., Ohio, on Twin Creek, 44 miles 
 N. of Cincinnati. It is situated in a l>eautiful ^nd fertile 
 valley. The settlers were mostly of German descent. It 
 contains 5 churches, a national bank, a newsjiaper office, an 
 academy, 3 flour-mills, and a plow factorv. Pop. 14-38. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a post-village in Marion co., Indiana, IS 
 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 GERMANTOWN. a post-village of W.ivne CO., Indiana, on 
 the Central Railroad, 56 miles E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a post-office of Clinton co.. Illinois. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a sm.ill village of Warren co.. Missouri. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a township of Washington co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Pop. 2344. 
 
 GERMAN VAL'LEY. a post-village of Morris co., New 
 Jersey, 17 miles W. of Morristown, has 2 churches. 
 
 GER'MANVILLE. a post-village of Edgefield district, 
 South Carolina. .30 miles W. of Columbia. 
 
 GERMANVILLE. a post-office of JelTerson co., Iowa. 
 
 GERMANY, (L. Grma'ma; Ger. DeiiUchlavd. doitch'- 
 I3nt; 'Ft. AUemagne,ii.\\''m?X.'\ S\>. Aknia7iia. l-ldmd'-ne-J;) 
 the name given to a very large portion of Centr.il Europe, 
 not forming a single sovereignty, but compo.sed of a great 
 number of independent states, and parts of states, united 
 together by a common league, called theGermai;i'; Confedera- 
 tion, {Deutsches Bund, doi'chos l)0i5nt.) It lies between lat. 
 45° and 55° N., Ion. 5° 50' and 19° 20' E., and is bounded N. 
 by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic, E. by AVest Prus- 
 sia, with the Duchy of Posen, Poland. Galicia. and Hun- 
 gary; S. by the Adriatic Sea and Austrian It.nly; S.AV. by 
 Switzerland; and W. by France. Belgium, and Holland. 
 Greatest length from N. to S., G9.') miles; greatest breadth 
 from E. to W.. 638 miles; area, 235,029 square miles. It is 
 obvious that the contour of Germany is not defined either 
 bj' political or natural boundaries — not by political bounda- 
 ries. becau.se several of its more important stateu h;.ve large 
 possessions which are not Includo-l in it; and not by •jatur.il 
 boundaries, because, though pari ially washed b" tbi 09 .«eas, 
 the North Sea, Baltic, and Adrialic. and barred in .on Jiffer- 
 ent directions by lofty mountains, its frontiers generally ar* 
 only marked by imaginary lines. The Pillowing table gives 
 the name. area, and population of the dllfereul states which 
 compose the confederation :— 
 
OER GER^ 
 
 SUitei of the German Qmfederation, Oieir Area, Population, Contingent to the Federal Army, and Number of Votes in the Die^ . 
 
 Designation. 
 
 Popolation. 
 
 Pop. per 
 
 Conting«.:l|y ; 
 Army. 
 
 • A Dhalt-Bernburg 
 
 •Anhalt-Dessau 
 
 r»AnhaU-Kothenf] 
 
 Austria— 
 
 Archduchies 
 
 Styria 
 
 Carinthia and Carnicla 
 
 Part of the coast territories 
 
 Tyrol, witli Vorarlberg and Salzburg.. 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Moravia and Silesia 
 
 Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator in 
 
 Gallcia 
 
 *Badeu 
 
 ttllavaria 
 
 Bremen « 
 
 *Hrun»wiclk 
 
 »Franl!fort 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 *Hanovcr 
 
 *Hcsse-Cas3el 
 
 V'Hesse-DarmstadL 
 
 ^Hessc-Homburg 
 
 [*HohenzoIleru-Hechingen J] 
 
 [^Hohenzollern-Sigmuriugenl] 
 
 Holstein and Laueuburg 
 
 Liechtenstein .......... 
 
 *I.ippe- Oetmold 
 
 Lippe-Schaumburg 
 
 Labecli 
 
 • Luxemburg with Llmburg 
 
 *Meckleaburg-Schn-criu 
 
 Mecltlcnburg'Strelitz 
 
 •Nassau 
 
 • Oldenburg and Kuiphaiiscn 
 
 Prussia. — Divisions: — 
 
 Brandenburg, with Niederlauslti 
 
 Pomerauia, with Ragcn 
 
 Silesia, with Glatz 
 
 Prussian Oberlausitz 
 
 Saxony, with Altniarli and Thuringia. 
 
 Westphalia, with Mansler and part of 
 Osnabr aclt 
 
 Lower Rhine, with Jullers, Cleves, and 
 
 Berg , 
 
 •Reuss, (old line) 
 
 •Reuss, (youug line) 
 
 •Saxony 
 
 •Saxe- Altenburg 
 
 • SaxeCoburg-Gotba 
 
 •Saxe-Meiniugen 
 
 •Saxe- Weimar- KisenacU 
 
 • Schwarzburg-Kudolstadt 
 
 •Sch warzbu rg-Soudershausen 
 
 •Waldeck 
 
 •Wurtemberg 
 
 Duchy. 
 
 Empire . 
 
 Grand Duchy 
 Kingdom .... 
 Free City.... 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Free City...., 
 
 Kingdom!'.!! 
 Electorate ... 
 Grand Duchy 
 Landgrave... 
 Principality. 
 
 Dnchief 
 
 Free City...".. 
 Grand Duchy. 
 
 Duchy , 
 
 Grand Duchy. 
 
 70,293 
 
 5,904 
 29,6.37 
 
 1,400 
 
 14,811 
 4,439 
 
 335 
 8,7^9 
 
 Kingdom.. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Principality 
 
 Kingdom.... 
 Duchy 
 
 Principality 
 Kingdom ... 
 
 60,421 
 
 6,917 
 510 
 799 
 
 53,641 
 68,08-2 
 43,677 
 
 11,893,192 
 
 1,S,t6,943 
 
 4,569,462 
 
 74,000 
 
 271,208 
 77,911 
 
 200.690 
 1,819.253 
 
 759,751 
 
 854,319 
 24,921 
 20,143 
 45.431 
 
 626,a50 
 7,360 
 
 106,615 
 80,2;6 
 55,500 
 
 400,000 
 
 541,449 
 99,628 
 
 429,341 
 
 2tJ3,665 
 
 11,775,198 
 
 85.159 
 
 79,824 
 1,987,832 
 l.S2,860 
 150.412 
 166.364 
 262.524 
 69.0.38 
 60,847 
 59,697 
 1,815,686 
 
 155-28 
 189-11 
 13734 
 
 229-83 
 156.22 
 660-71 
 193-00 
 860-67 
 1,329-07 
 122-88 
 17115 
 22715 
 234-92 
 172-16 
 132-62 
 141-28 
 138-49 
 243-18 
 14602 
 486-80 
 18:1-31 
 111-66 
 1-29-89 
 245-19 
 117-17 
 
 235-9C 
 162-57 
 335-94 
 260-49 
 188-37 
 161-03 
 185-13 
 208-57 
 186-08 
 130-08 
 240-36 
 
 235,0-29 
 
 41,187,669 
 
 Bernburg 
 
 Dessau , 
 
 Kothea 
 
 Tienaa 
 
 Carlsruhe 
 
 Muuich 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Hambui-g 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Cassel 
 
 Darmstadt 
 
 Homburg 
 
 Hcchiugen 
 
 Sigmaringen... 
 Gl icksbcrg.... 
 
 Vadutz 
 
 Detmold 
 
 Buckeburg 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 Lu.\emburg.... 
 
 Schwerin 
 
 Strelitz 
 
 ■Wiesbaden 
 
 Oldenburg 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Greli 
 
 Schleitz 
 
 Dresden 
 
 Altenburg 
 
 Coburg 
 
 ileinlngen 
 
 Weimar 
 
 Rudolstsdt 
 
 Sondershausen. 
 
 Arolson 
 
 Stutlgart 
 
 37P 
 52& 
 825 
 
 94,822 
 
 2,096 
 683 
 1,-298 
 13.064 
 5,679 
 
 -.iOO 
 
 145 
 
 356 
 
 3,600 
 
 1,166 
 1,150 
 2,010 
 
 302,911 
 
 68* 
 
 • The states marked with a • belong, either in whole or In part, to the Zollvekkim or Customs' League, 
 t The vote belonging to the extinct line of Saxe-Gotha is given by the three existing Ootha lines, making a total of 69 votes, 
 t Anholt Kotfaen, it is stated, has recently been absorbed in the other two divisions of Auliolt, The two HohenzoUerns have lately 
 been purchased by the King of Prussia. 
 
 Physical Features. — These at-e greatly diversified, and pre- 
 ient such an irrefiular succession of mountains and valleys, 
 table-land and plains, as makes it extremely difficult to 
 arrange them for the purpose of a distinct general descrip- 
 tlan. The whole country seems, however, to admit of being 
 divided into four distinct parts — a mountainous region in the 
 S., a central plateau, a central mountain region, and a N. 
 plain. The region in the S. is covered by the Alps, which, 
 entering Germany on the S.E. of Switzerland, proceed E. 
 through the Tyrol, throw off one large branch, wiiii.-h descends 
 S. through lUyria to the Adriatic, and continues E. with the 
 other main branch till it becomes linked with the chain of 
 the West Carpathians. The central mountain region, of much 
 less elevation than the former, since it nowhere attains the 
 limit of perpetual snow, is much more complicated, consist- 
 ing of a great number of separate ranges, which ramify in 
 all directions, and become so interlaced with each other that 
 the limits assigned to them are in many instances arbitrary. 
 Between, or rather enclosed by, the langes of the two great 
 mountain i-egions now referred to, lies the central plateau 
 of Germany, covering a space of about 60,000 geogriiphiral 
 square miles. Neither in extent nor in elevation can it be 
 compai-ed to the great plateaus of the African and A.'^iatic 
 continents, though in miniature it bears a considerable re- 
 semblance to them. Its average height above the sea level 
 is from 1400 to 1500 feet; and its surface, by no means uni- 
 form, is both broken by hills and intersected by valleys, 
 within which important rivers pursue their courses. To the 
 N. of the central mounfciin region is the great plain, which 
 extends without interruption to the German Ocean and the 
 Baltic, and becomes so low when it approaches these waters, 
 as in many places to require artificial protection from their 
 waves. Its length, from W. to E., is about 550 miles, and 
 its averige breadth 200 miles. To all appearance it has once 
 been covered by the sea. alluvial deposits of great depth be- 
 ing spread over almost every part of its surface, and gene- 
 rally with so large a proportion of sand as to make it tor the 
 tuost pait natural'.y unfertile. 
 
 Minerdh. — Germany possesses numerous and raried mino- 
 ra! riches. Gold is found in Austria and Baden; silver in 
 Saxony and Hanover; copper, iron, tin, rock-salt, and alum 
 in Prussia and Austria ; lead and litharge in Hanover and 
 Austria; manganese in Saxony and Austria; cobalt in 
 Saxony and Prussia; antimony and bismuth in Austria; 
 arsenic in Prussia and Saxony; mercury in Austria and Ba- 
 varia ; and sulphur in Saxony and Austria. Coal, marble, 
 alabaster, kaolin, calamine, molybdenum, cinnabar, lime, 
 asbestos, slates, millstones, freestone, trass, and sundry pre- 
 cious stone.s — as amethysts, garnets, &c. — are also found in 
 various localities. The country is likewise extremely rich 
 in mineral waters, including chalybeate. sulphurou.s, alka- 
 line, saline, and warm springs of all kinds. 
 
 T^tfcrs.— Germany is a remarkably well watered country. 
 Its central mountain region and plateau form part of the 
 great water-shed of Europe, and either give rise to more than 
 one of its most important rivers, or send them their princi- 
 pal affluents. Thus the Danube, rising near its W. extre- 
 mity, proceeds across it in an E. direction till it reaches the 
 confines of Hungary, and has itself not only become a large 
 navigable river, but been augmented by important naviga- 
 ble tributaries. The Rhine, in like manner, though it 
 neither rises nor terminates within Germany, flows within 
 it for more than a balf of its course, and forms its boundary 
 for more than a half of the remainder. After these coma 
 the Elbe, strictlj' speaking the greatest river of Germany, in- 
 asmuch as its whole basin lies within it, the Oder, Weser, 
 Main, Neckar, llosel, Ems, and Eider — all of whicn are navi- 
 gable. 
 
 Climate, Veffetation. and Zoology. — Though Germany ex- 
 tends over 10° of latitude, its mean annual temperature is 
 remarkably uniform, excepting the limited district S. of the 
 Alps, the mean annual temperature at Triest being 58°. 
 Excluding this district, the mean annual difference does not 
 exceed 5°, the raiige being between 45° and 50°. This uni- 
 formity is owing mainly to the different elevations ot the 
 siu-facBi the low plains of the N. having a higher, while the 
 
 745 
 
GER 
 
 GER 
 
 hills arid plateaus of the S. have a lower temperature, than 
 their Ktitades might seem to indicate. The climate, how- 
 ever, is more continental than insular, and hence the range 
 of the thermometer is very considerable ; and delicate plants, 
 which grow vigorously, and receive their full supply of heat 
 In summer, often perish by the lieen frosts of winter. Both 
 the KLine at Mannheim, and the Danube at Vienna, usually 
 receive a coating of ice. The mildest climate is enjoyed by 
 the v.illeys of the Rhine and the Main, where both the 
 almond and chestnut are matured. The cultivation of the 
 Tine is general S. of 51° N. latitude, and X. of that parallel 
 It ceases to be profitable. With the exception of the loftier 
 mountain districts, where the surface is fit only for pasture, 
 (and often where even that fails, richer treasures are found 
 beneath it.) the growth of all the ordinary cereals is univer- 
 sal, and in some parts to such an iKtent as to leave a large 
 surplus for export. Potatoes, hemp, and flax also form most 
 important crops, and in many parts tobacco and hops are 
 cultivated on an extensive scale. The forests are of great 
 extent, particularly in the mountain districts, as indicated 
 by their names of Schwarzwald, (Black Forest,) Bijhmerwald, 
 (Bohemian Forest.) Thiiringerwald. (Thuriugian Forest,) &c. 
 They abound in all the finest trees of the temperate zone, 
 and furnish timber which cannot be surpas.sed. The cen- 
 tral plateau is more sparingly wooded, but the E. part of 
 the X. plain has extensive tracts of oaks and beeches along 
 the shores of the Baltic, and of pine, with a considerable in- 
 termixture of birch in the interior. Among domestic ani- 
 mals, the horned cattle of the districts along the North Sea 
 and the Baltic, the sheep of Saxony, Silesia, Bohemia, and 
 Moravia, and the swine of Westphalia, have long been 
 femous. The horse, the noblest of all, appears to be much 
 neglected. Game is very abundant, and includes, in addi- 
 tion to the smaller kinds, the boar and the wolf. Fish are 
 Tery numerous, both in the rivers and lakes, but do not in- 
 clude many of the finer varieties. 
 
 Manufactures. — Linens are made in every' part of Ger- 
 many, but more especially in Westphalia, Silesia, Bohemia, 
 and Saxony ; woollens in the Prussian provinces of the 
 Bhine, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia, in the kingdom 
 of Saxony, in Moravia, and liohemia : cottons, which liave 
 increased in a remarkable degree, in the Prussian provinces 
 noted above, in Saxony, and Upper and Lower Austria; silk, 
 in Lower Austria and the Rhine provinces, where even the 
 Lyons fabrics are equalled. The manufactures of leather, 
 of metals, porcelain, glass, wax, tobacco, fancy flowers, sti-aw 
 hats, musical instruments, watches, clocks, woodeu wares, 
 including toys, Ac, are likewise important ; and breweries 
 and distilleries are to be met with everywhere. 
 
 Bailwai/s. — The railway system has made considerable 
 progress in Germany ; and now extends in a connected series 
 (forming in the N. part of the county a close network) from 
 the Baltic to the Alps, and from the Xorth Sea to Viei»na, 
 and close upon the Adriatic at Triest. From Hamburg, 
 Vienna may be reached by lines passing either through Bei-- 
 lin and Breslau, or through Dresden and Prague ; and Switr 
 lerlaud may be reached either by lines passing through 
 Hanover and Frankfort, or through Leipsic and Xuremlwrg. 
 To the W., the German lines connect with the Belgian and 
 French, to the N. with the Danish, and to the E. with the 
 Russian and Hungarian railways ; so that a traveller starting 
 from Paris, or from thecojist terminus of any of the French 
 or Belgian lines at Havre, Boulogne, Calais, Ostend. Antwerp, 
 Ac, m.ty pursue his journey by railway to any of the more 
 important towns of Northern and Central Germany, or even 
 to Cracow and Warsaw, to Vienna and Pesth ; and in a short 
 time he will also be able to reach the Adriatic at Triest or 
 Cronstadt, St. Petersburg, and Moscow, The entire length 
 of railways in Germany open to the public at the eommence- 
 of 1853 was 5736 miles: of which 1136 were in Austria, 2332 
 in Prussia. 662 in Bavaria, 244 in Saxony, 465 in Hanover, 189 
 in WUrtemburg; 193 in B.aden, and 515 in the principalities. 
 There were also 851 miles of railway nearly completed. 
 
 People. — The inhabitants of Germany belong to two prin- 
 eip.ll stocks — Teutonic or Germans proper, and Slaves, or 
 those of the Slavonic race. The latter, who originally en- 
 tered Germany from the E., are found chiefly in Moravia, 
 Bohemia, some of the Alpine valleys of Styria and Illyria, 
 on the N. slopes of Upper Silesia, and along the shores of 
 Pomerania; though of one stock, tliey are known in different 
 districts by different names — as Czechs, Wends, Slowaks, 
 &c. The Teutonic race, which is by far the most numerous, 
 and which accordinjily stiimps the character of the people, 
 is spread over the whole of the X., W., and S. of Germany. 
 The proportion between the two stocks is about 1 to 6^. 
 There is probably closely intermingled with both stocks 
 the remains of several ancient Celtic tribes. In addition 
 to the two great races already spoken of. the Italians pre- 
 vail on the S. side of the Alps, in Tyrol, Friuli, and 
 Istria; and French in the Rhenish provinces on the W. 
 bank of the Rhine. The Greeks, Armenians, and Jews 
 B*-arcely require to be particularized. With respect to the 
 religion, the Germans are ehietly divided between the Ro- 
 man Catholic and Protestant churches. The following table 
 Vill give a general idea of Uie proportion in numbers the 
 746 
 
 various races bear to each other, and also of their distribu- 
 tion according to their religious belief: — 
 
 Nationalities. 
 
 Eeligion. | 
 
 
 Roman Catholic .. 
 
 ....21.09-2,000 
 
 
 
 JiW-3 
 
 
 Jews 318.000 
 
 Itali.ins 210.000 
 
 Greelis 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 
 V¥l 
 
 
 
 
 Language. — The language of the Slaves includes several 
 dialect.s: of which the most marked are tho.';e of Bohemia 
 
 and Moravia, and that which is spoken in Silesia, and i( 
 identical with Polish. The German language, an offset of 
 the Gothic, in like manner includes a gre;it number of dia- 
 lects; wiiich, however, admit of being reduced to the two 
 great classes of High German, (^Hnch-DeuUch.) and Low 
 German {Platt-Deidsch.) The Low German is the vernacu- 
 lar of the Lower orders, and presents itself under a great 
 variety of modification.s, as Alemannic in Switzerland. Sw*- 
 bian in the Schwarzwald and the greater part of Wiirtem- 
 herg. Bavarian on the Bavarian plateau, &c. High German 
 is the spoken language of the great majority of the educated 
 classes, and. in fact, the only proper German langu.age, be- 
 cause the only one which is written and printed. This dis- 
 tinction it ow&s, not so much, perhaps, to its intrinsic supe- 
 riority over Low German, as to the .tccidental circumstance 
 of Luther having published his translation of the Bible in 
 it — a feet equally honorable to the Reformer and to the 
 Reformation; to the Reformer, as indicating the consum- 
 mate ability with which he had performed his task; and to 
 the Reformation, as proving the intellectual superiority of 
 those who espoused it. and the close connection which it 
 established between religious freedom and literary progress. 
 This language, from its peculi:tr structure, is well adapted 
 to a concise, scientific style: and yet. from its great flexi- 
 bility and full open vowel sounds, its richne.ssin words, it« 
 wondrous capacity for variations and combinations, and 
 the power it possesses of expressing with clearness and pre- 
 cision the minutest shades of meaning, it is equally power- 
 ful in conveying to the mind the most exuberant imagery 
 and fanciful creations of the poet, and the profoundest ideas 
 of the mental philosopher. The German is rich in standard 
 works in every branch of knowledge and art. In philo- 
 sophical criticisms, in metaphysics, and in some departments 
 of poetry, their literature takes a higher rank than th;it of 
 any other nation. 
 
 Qmititulion. — The characteristic feature in the political 
 institutions of Germany, is the number and variety of the 
 sovereignties into which it Is divided. Xo fewer than 38 
 states are possessed of sovereign rights, and the modes in 
 which they exerci.se them are of the most heterogeneous 
 description; some claiming powers which border on de-s- 
 potism, others presenting themselves under the form of 
 constitutional monarchies, in which the popular principle 
 is more or less largely developed : and others, both bear- 
 ing the name, and occasionally, though not always, per- 
 forming the part of free towns or republics. The necessity 
 of a common head, under which all the forces of these he- 
 terogeneous bodies might be concentrated, and made avail- 
 able for the common defence, was felt at a very early period; 
 and Germany was no sooner restored to nominal indepen- 
 dence, by the dissolution of the empire of Charlemagne, 
 than recourse was had to an elective monarchy; accord- 
 ing to which, those states called Electoral, while retaining 
 their individual independence, made choice for life of an 
 emperor, to whom they swore allegiance, binding them- 
 selves to him and to each other in an indissoluble lemrue, 
 offensive and defensive. This elective monarchy, esta- 
 blished in the ninth century, underwent many modifica- 
 tions, but was continued by a regular succession of em- 
 perors till the beginning of the 19th century, when it was 
 brought to a termination in the pei-son of Francis II., who 
 renounced the name of Emperor of Germ.iuy for that of 
 Emperor of Austria. The German Empire was replaced 
 temporarily bj- the Confederation of the lihine. which had 
 for its object mutual assistance and the maintenance of 
 peace among the confederate parties, which consisted of 
 the Kings of Bavaria and Wurtemberg. and several petty 
 sovereigns. The Confederation was established at Paris, 
 July 12, 1806, under the protection of Napoleon. Its terri- 
 tory was considerably augmented from time to time, till its 
 dissolution in 1814. " In 1815, the Congress of Vienna esta- 
 blished the Germanic Confederation, composed of all the 
 German States, (see table, page 745.") the governments of 
 which formed an alliance to secure to their re.spective terri- 
 tories the integrity of their laws, and the maintenance of 
 peace and order within their dominions. 
 
 The affairs of the confederation are managed by a repre- 
 sentative assembly, called a Diet {Bunths-Versammlung,) 
 which meets in Frankfort -on-the-Main. (Austria presiding.) 
 and sits permanently, but has the power of adjournment 
 It acts either as a General As.semlily or Plenum, in vliich 
 every state has one or more votes, according to rank, the 
 
 J) 
 
GER 
 
 GER 
 
 whole numher being 69; or in a Minor Assembly, or com- 
 mittee, ill whicli, as the whole number is only 17, the larger 
 states have no more than a single vote, and the inferior states 
 only parts of a vote ; several of them being grouped toge- 
 ther So as to give single votes by delegates : thus, while 11 
 states have a vote each, 27 states have only six joint votes. 
 The initiative is vested in the Minor Assembly or commit- 
 tee, which arranges the business generally, and decides 
 what matters are to be submitted to the Plenum ; but no 
 organic change can be made till sanctioned by the Plenum; 
 and carried by a majority of at least two-thirds of its votes. 
 la regard to peace and war, all the states must act federa- 
 tlvely : in other words, no individual state can negotiate 
 with the enemy separately; and the contingent of men and 
 money which each must contribute is fixed generally ac- 
 cording to the population. 
 
 Name and History. — Nothing is known of the early his- 
 tory of Germany, except what we derive from the Romans. 
 In the time of Julius CiBsar, the Germans (Germani) were 
 regarded as the most formidable and warlike of all the Eu- 
 ropean barbarians. To this character they appear to have 
 been indebted for the appellation by which they were known 
 among the surrounding nations. Wehrman, i. e. " war-man," 
 ■was changed by the Romans into German, as they probably 
 had uo other mode in which they could indicate more 
 nearly the sound of the barbarian name.* In the early part 
 of the 3d century the Alemanni or Allemanni appear as one 
 of the most conspicuous and powerful of the German na- 
 tions, if they were not rather a union of various nations, as 
 their name (AUeniannen, all men, or all sorts of men,) would 
 seem to imply. Though often defeated, the Allemanni ha- 
 rassed almost continually the iloman frontier on the side 
 of Germany, during the decline of the Western Kmpire. But 
 having, in a sanguinary battle, been utterly routed by the 
 Franks, under Clodwig, in 496, they were afterwards united 
 to the Suevi, and with them consolidated into a dukedom, 
 called the Duchy of AUemaunia. From the Allemanni the 
 French and Spanish names of Germany, AlUmagne and Ah- 
 mania, are derived. The Germanic Empire dates from the 
 time of Charlemagne, by whom it was founded, iu the latter 
 part of the 8th century. Conrad, the first Duke of Franco- 
 nia, was elected emperor about the yesir 911, from which 
 thne the crown of Germany remained elective till 1806, when 
 Francis II. abdicated the imperial crown of Germany. 
 After the French revolution of February, 1848, an attempt 
 was made to replace the German Diet by a representative 
 parliament, to meet at Frankfortron-the-Main. Such a 
 bodj', composed of 500 representatives, did meet in Frank- 
 fort, March 30th, and drew up a plan of representation ; 
 in acv;ordance with which the first German National As- 
 sembly was elected, and met likewise in Frankfort, May 18, 
 1848. This Assembly elected Archduke John of Austria 
 to be Lord Lieutenant, or Regent, {lieichsverweser.) of this 
 newlj'-constituted German Empire. The same prince was, 
 In like manner, elected Regent by the Diet, then also sitting 
 in Frankfort, and with this transaction the existence of the 
 Diet may be said to have, for the time being at least, vir- 
 tually terminated. The newly-constituted Assembly pro- 
 ceeded to form a constitution for the German Empire, which, 
 however, after being passed, was not recognised by several 
 important states ; dissensions ensued, and, on May 30, 1849, 
 the Assembly resolved to transfer its place of meeting to 
 Stuttgart. But this resolution not being acquie.sced in by 
 the government, it resolved to remain in Frankfort; while 
 a large body of the members withdrew to Stuttgart, w^here 
 the German Parliament was summoned for June 6. This 
 proved the final death-blow to that Assembly, which at one 
 time seemed destined to play so important a part in German 
 history. Subsequently, Prussia endeavored to form a eon- 
 federation {Bund,) with herself at the head of it. This plan 
 was opposed by sundry states, including Austria; which 
 last, proceeding to act on the old law of the Confederation, 
 by which, since 1815, the Diet of German states has been 
 annually assembled at Frankfort, convoked the Diet for 
 May 10, notwithstanding the remonstrances of Prussia. 
 With the exception of Prussia and Oldenburg, all the states 
 obeyed this summons. Again the pretensions of Prussia 
 to form and head a separate confederation, nearly involved 
 Germany in a general war; which was, however, happily 
 prevented. Meetings between the ministers of Prussia and 
 Austria took place, and differences were so far arranged that 
 these two leading powers, with the concurrence of the other 
 states, united in attempting to re-constitute the Germanic 
 Confederation. Various propositions to effect this object 
 have been made, but no definite result (February, 1862,) 
 had been attained. 
 
 Zollverdn, or Customs' Leagim. — This celebrated commer- 
 cial union was formed by Prussia, in order to unite the va- 
 
 * It is curious to observe how often w, in a Teutonic language 
 is changed to (/ in a Romanic. Among many other instance-s, we 
 may cite the following: Ger. wehr, Sp. giutrra, Fr. guerre ; Eng., 
 ward, Sp. guarda, Fr. garde ; Eng. waste, Sp. gaslar, Fr. gdfer 
 (originally gastur;) Eng. wager, Ft. gager ; Eag. warrant, Fr. 
 oaraniir. (See note to CORNWALL, page 169 ; also. Int. XXVII., 
 10.) 
 
 rious German .states for purposes of trade and commerv'e, 
 by suppressing the rates and tariffs which each had esw- 
 blished, and fixing both a uniform scale and mode of !ev3'- 
 ing, by means of which merchandise, after one fixed pay- 
 ment on the frontiers, might be transmitted ove^ the 
 country without the impediment and annoyance of new 
 inspections and new payments on the frontiers of every 
 separate state. Having no compulsory powers, Prussia 
 could only adopt the form of a voluntary association, auJ 
 endeavor to allure the different states into it, by convinc- 
 ing them of its accordance with their true interests. The 
 success has been very remarkable, and the Zollverein now 
 embraces an area of 131,615 geographical square miles, and 
 a population of 28,534,399, being 63u8 per cent, of the whole 
 area, and 64'.3oper cent, of the population; the several states 
 included in this union will be found marked with an aste- 
 risk (*) in the preceding Table, page 745. 
 
 The annexed table exhibits the quantity of the principal 
 articles imported into eleven of the states and one free city, 
 included in the German Zollverein, viz.' Baden, Bavaria, 
 Brunswick, Frankfort, Ilesse-Cassel, Ilesse-Darrastadt, Lux- 
 emburg, Nassau, Prussia, Saxony, Thuringia, and Wiirtem- 
 burg, for two years, 1861 and 1852: 
 
 Cotton wool 
 
 Cottou yarn 
 
 Coiton manufac. 
 
 Iron, raw 
 
 Iron, manufac... 
 Klax and hemp, 
 
 L: 
 
 yarn..... 
 Llneu and hem 
 
 pen good».... 
 Brandy, of al 
 
 kinds 
 
 Wines , 
 
 Butter , 
 
 Fruits 
 
 Spices 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 1852. 
 
 cwt. 
 668,344 
 467,503 
 7,560 
 2,281.305 
 89,092 
 
 275,107 
 72,127 
 
 6,477 
 
 33,747 
 203,407 
 
 45,780 
 164,790 
 
 51,116 
 944,715 
 
 14,531 
 
 cwt. 
 590.809 
 489,450 
 8,151 
 2,284,127 
 71,927 
 
 243,604 
 56,040 
 
 6,254 
 
 34,211 
 
 216,062 
 24,277 
 
 145,284 
 54,881 
 
 905,179 
 11,983 
 
 Rioe 
 
 Molasses 
 
 Tobacco iu leaves 
 
 and stems. 
 Tobacco, in roll 
 
 and cut 
 
 Cigars 
 
 Snuff 
 
 Sugar 
 
 (lil, in casks 
 
 Silk goods 
 
 Half-silk goods.. 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Woollen yarn.... 
 Woollen goods. . . 
 
 Silk, raw 
 
 Whale oil 
 
 Herrings 
 
 1852. 1851 
 
 cwt 
 591,220 
 20,40 
 
 335,714 
 
 11, .577 
 
 17,906 
 
 73 
 
 803,176 
 
 74,7fi.'j 
 
 3,871 
 
 1,972 
 
 .10,374 
 
 70,140 
 
 19.960 
 
 15,870 
 
 141,354 
 
 266,035 
 
 cwt. 
 
 388.943 
 5,595 
 
 11,462 
 
 31,613 
 
 106 
 
 781,107 
 
 61,427 
 
 3,316 
 
 1,944 
 
 14,169 
 
 69.3.'53 
 
 21,318 
 
 14,870 
 
 202,207 
 
 272,571 
 
 The total amountof duties collected in the different States, 
 composing the Zollverein in 1851 was $16,289,235. and in 
 1852, $16,688,804, of which $16,640,845 were import duties, 
 $230,944 export, and $257,015 transit duties. Of the amount 
 collected in 1852, the four powers which received the largest 
 shares were, Prussia, .$8,311,286; Bavaria, $2,265,147; 
 Saxony, $947,977; Wiirtemberg, $903,506. The duty col- 
 lected on 17,229,350 quintals of beet-root, formanuCicturing 
 into sugar, was $1,206,054. The manuiacture of sugar from 
 beet-root has iuere.a.sed rapidly, and it was estimated that in 
 1853 the amount would be nearly doubled. 
 
 There formerly existed what was called the Customs' 
 Union of Hanover, but the states composing it, with the ex- 
 ception of Lippe-Schauniburg, about two years since 1 ecame 
 
 absorbed in the German Zollverein. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 German; (Ger. Deutsch, doich; Fr. Ali.emanb, 3irm5N«'; It. 
 Tebesco, tA-dJs'ko; Sp. Aleman, dlA-min'.) 
 
 GER'M ANY, a township, Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 744. 
 
 GERMANY, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GtellMERSIIElM, gh^R/mf rs-hlme\ (anc. Vifcus Jv/liusf) a 
 fortified town of Bavaria, on the Rhine, 8 miles S.S.W. of 
 Speyer. Pop. 2200. Near it is the ruined castle of Fried- 
 rjchsbiih!, where Rudolph of Ilapshurg died, A. D. 1291. 
 
 GERMl, ghjR'mee, a village of Persia, province of Azer- 
 baijan, 120 miles N.E. of Tabreez. It is large, and its inha- 
 bitants are rich in flocks and cattle. 
 
 GERMOE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 GERNRODE, ghfen'roMeh, a town of Germany, duchy of 
 Anhalt Bernburg, 13 miles'S.S.E.of Halberstadt. Pop. 2193. 
 
 GERNSBACH, ghjRns'bdK, a town of Germany, grand 
 duchy of Baden, on the Murg, 17 miles S W. of Carlsruhe. 
 Pop. 2265. Near it is the castle of Eberstein. 
 
 GERNSHEIM, gh^Rus'hime, a town of Germany, grand- 
 duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Rhine, 11 miles S.W. of 
 Darmstadt. Pop. 2843. It is named in annuls dating as far 
 back as 773, and has a castle, and a remarkalle town-hall. 
 
 GEROLSTEIN, gA/rol-stine\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 34 
 miles N. of Treves, with mineral baths. Pop. 720. 
 
 GEROLZIIOFEN, gA'rolts-ho'fen, a town of Bavaria, on an 
 afflmsnt of the Main, 20 miles N.E. of WUrtzburg. P. 2160, 
 
 GER0M15, a village of France. See Gerardmer. 
 
 GERONA, JERONA, or XERONA, iiA-ro'ni (anc. Gerunl- 
 da.) a city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name, 
 on the Ter, at the junction of the OfSa, 52 miles N.E. of 
 Barcelona. Pop. 7661. It stands below the fortified height 
 of Monjuiz, its only remaining out-work. The town is partly 
 enclosed by walls. Principal edifices, the Cathedral, a fine and 
 conspicuous building of the fourteenth century, the college 
 church of San Felice, the Cipuchin Convent, with an Ara- 
 bian bath, the diocesan school, with a large library, several 
 ho.spitals, and 9 convents. Gerona has manufactures of 
 coar.se woollen and cotton goods, hosiery. F.oap. and paper, 
 but little trade. It was erected into a bishopric by Cbarl» 
 
 747 
 
GEil 
 
 GUE 
 
 magpe, and is the seat of an ecclesiastical tribunal, a eub- 
 Jelegat« of police, and a military gorernor. It has been 
 •eTer.ll timis block.ided. e.«pecially by I'hilip V. in the war 
 of the succession, and in 1S09 by the French under Auge- 
 reau, wh.i lost 15,000 men here in seven months. 
 
 GKUONA, a maritime province of Spain, in C.italonia. 
 bounded. N by France, E. and S.E. by the Mediterranean, 
 Area. 2413 square miles. Capital. Gerona. Pop. 262 594. 
 
 GEKKANS. ghJr'ranz, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 GEUKESIIEIM, ghJR/Rfs-hime\ a town of Rhenish Prus- 
 gia, 4 miles E. of Dusseldorf, with a station on the railway, 
 thence to Elberfeld. Pop. 1090. 
 
 GEKllI. ii^R-Ree'. (aac. Aceririsf) a market-town of Spain, 
 59 miles X.E. of Lerida, on the Noguera. Pop. 519. 
 
 GEH'RON, GAK/KON or GAR'O.V, a con<!picuous head- 
 land of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim, on the Irish Sea, 
 between Glenarm and Red Bays, 6 miles X. of Glenarm. 
 
 GER/KY POST, a township of Chautauqua co., New York, 
 Pop. 1315. 
 
 GERS, zhaiK, {rxic. JEgeriauf) a river of France, joins the 
 Garonne near Agen, after a course of 75 miles. 
 
 GEltS, a department in the S.W. of France, formed of a 
 part of the old province of Gascnny. Area, 2390 square 
 miles. Pop. in IStil, 'iJs.QSl. Surface mostly covered with 
 ramificatioDs of the Pj-renees. Principal rivers, the Gei-s. 
 Save, Gimone, Baise, and Adour, all having a K. course. 
 Much of this department consists of heaths and waste land. 
 Soil infertile, and scarcely enough corn is raised for home 
 consumption. AVine is produced much beyond consump- 
 tion, and a good deal of it is converted into Armagn.ic 
 brandy. Many mules are reared for the Spanish markets. 
 Gers is divided into five arrondissements : principal towns, 
 Auch (the cipital.) Condom, Lectoure, Lombez, and Mirande. 
 
 GERS.\U, !;hftR's8w, a vill.age of Switzerland, canton, and 
 6 miles W.S.W. of Schiwytz, on the Lake of Lucerne. Pop. 
 1361. inclusive of its small territory, which formed an in- 
 dependent state from 1390 to 1798. 
 
 GERSFELD, ghJRs'fJlt. a market-town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Lower Franconia, on the Rbon. with 3 castles. Pop. 1700. 
 
 GERSTKTTEX. gh^B'st^t'ten, a village of Wurtemberg, 8 
 miles S.W. of Heidenheim. Pop. 1524. 
 
 GERSTHOFEX. gh^Rst/ho^fen, a station on the Royal Ba- 
 varian Railway, between Augsburg and Xordheim. 
 
 QERSTUXGEX, gh^Rs'tMng-gn, a village of Germany, in 
 Saxe-Weimar, on the Thuringian Railway, 11 miles W. of 
 Eisenach, on the AVerra. Pop. 1465. 
 
 GERTRUYDENBERG. See Geertruidenbero. 
 
 GERUXDA. See Geroxa. 
 
 GERUS.\LEMMK. See Jerusalem. 
 
 GERZ.Vr. z\\li\\A', a town of France, department of Puy- 
 de-D6me, 4 miles X.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 1852. 2694. 
 
 GERZEN, ghjRt'sen, or GERZEXSEE, ghfefsgn-sA', a vil- 
 lage of Switzerland, canton, and 9 miles S.S.E. of Bern, on a 
 (mall lake of the same name: among the most conspicuous 
 objects are the cone of the Xiesen. and the mural precipices 
 of the Stockhorn. It h.is an old and a new castle. Pop. 808. 
 
 GESEKK. 1,'i-z.^'keh, or GESECKE, ga-zSkljeh, a town of 
 Prussia, in Westphalia. 26 miles X.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 3210. 
 It has A nunnerv for noble li»dies. 
 
 GESEl{ICII-SkF^ gi'zer-iK-s.V, a lake of Prussia, 27 miles 
 E. of .Marienwerder. Length from N. to S., 15 miles ; breadth, 
 3 miles. 
 
 GESORIACOL See Bouwgse. 
 
 GESPUXSART, zhJs'ptiN«V-iR', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ardennes, 6 miles X.E. of Meziires. Pop. in 1852, 
 2192. 
 
 6ESSEXAY. a town of Bohemia, 20 miles from Buntzlau. 
 
 GESSO-PALEXA. jJs'.so-pa-l,Vna, a village of Xaples. pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo-Citra. 20 miles S.S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3070. 
 
 GESTE. zhJs^t.V, a market-town of France, department of 
 Maine-«t- Loire, 6 niilesW.S.W. of Beauprdau. Pop. 1993. 
 
 GESTKL. iiJs/tel. a village of the Xetherlands. province 
 of Xorth Brabant. 4 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2000. 
 
 GESTIXGTIIORPE or GUES/TIXGTnORPE, a parish of 
 England, co. of Essex. 
 
 GESTRIKLAXD. GASTRIKLAXD, (GSstrikland.) vJs/- 
 trlk-mnd\ or GESTRICIA, jJs-trish'e-a. a former province of 
 Sweden, forming now the S. part of Gefleborgs lien. 
 
 GESTURI. j^s-too/ree, a village on the island of Sardinia, 
 division, and about 28 miles N.X.W. of Cairliari. Pop. 1779. 
 
 GE.^U.^LDO, jA-soo-Jl'do. a town of Xaples. province of 
 Principato Ultra. 2 miles S.W. of Frigento. Pop. 3200. 
 
 GET.\FE. nd-ti'fi, a town of Spain, province, and 8 miles 
 B.E. of Madrid. Pop. 2800. 
 
 GETTYSBURG, a post-borough, capital of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Hanover Branch of the Northern 
 Central K.R.. 114 miles W. of Philadelphia, and 36 miles S.W. 
 of Harri.-ib>irg. It stands on elevated ground, in the midst 
 of a fertile farming country. The court-house and public 
 offices lire built of brick, and are sufficiently commodious ; the 
 private dwellings are generally built in a neat and substan- 
 tial maimer. The l-utlieran Theological Seminary of this 
 plac«. founded in 1826, has a library of 10,000 volumes. The 
 town in also the sejit of Pennsylvania College, a flourishing 
 ioBtitutiun. The buildings occupied by these in&titutioua 
 74S 
 
 are large and beautifiil edifices. The town contains 2 1 lank^ 
 2 academies. 8 churches, and 3 newspaper otfices. On the 
 2d and 3d of July, 1863, the Uuion army gained a great and 
 important victory over that of the rebels under General Lee 
 at tliis place. Copiier is said to be found in several places 
 near this town. Pop. in 1850, 2150 ; in isGO, 2390. 
 
 (JETTYSBURG, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 102 
 miles W. of Columbus. 
 
 GEULE, Ho'leh. (Ger. pron. goi'lgh,') a stream of Ilolland, 
 rises in Rhenish Prussia, and flowing X.W., falls into the 
 Meuse. 5 miles X.X.E. of Mae.>itricht. length, o3 miles. 
 
 GfiVAUD.VX, zhriVoMSxo', an old division of France, in 
 the province of Langued'x;, now comprising the departmento 
 of Haute-Loire and Lozdre. Its capital was Mende. 
 
 GEVELSBERG. g.Vfels-bJRn\ a village of We.stphalia, 20 
 miles S. of Dortmund, on the railway thence to Elberfeld. 
 
 GEYREY, zheh-vr.V. a village of France, department of 
 Cdte d'Or, on the Paris and Lyons Railway, 10 miles S. d 
 Dijon. Pop. 153S. 
 
 GEWITSCII, gi'*itch. (5Ioravian. Geunczlo, g-A-vitchTvO,) 
 a town of Moravia, 20 miles X.X".E. of Briinn. Pop. 2420. 
 
 GEX, zhix, a town of France, department of Ain, capital 
 of arrondissement, and formerly the fo.-titied capital of a 
 small territory, now annexed to Switzerland, on the E. side 
 of the Jura Mountain.s, 11 miles X.W. of Geneva. Pop. 2874. 
 
 GEYER, ghi'er. a tow^n of Saxony, 20 miles E.S.E. of 
 Zwickau. Pop. 3.i61. 
 
 GEYERSBERG. See Geiersberg. 
 
 GEYSERS or GEISERS. See Iceland. 
 
 GIIADAMIS. GIIADAMES, or G ADAMIS. gl-di'mis or gl- 
 dlmss', atownof Xorth Africa, in an oasis of the same name, 
 in the Desert of Sahara. 310 miles S.S.W. of Tripoli: lat.30°6' 
 X., Ion. 8° 24' 23" E. It is surrounded with ruined walls : the 
 houses are generally three and four stories in height, built 
 in the Moorish style: streets narrow and winding, covered 
 in, and dark, having only small open spaces here and 
 there to admit the light; they are thus constructed to ex- 
 clude the summer heats, and the rigorous blasts of winter. 
 Pop. alout 3000. 
 
 GUAR A or GARRA, gjr'ri, a village of Sinde, on the 
 X.W. border of the Delta of the Indus, and 25 miles from its 
 bank ; lat. 24° 44' X., Ion. 67° 36' E. 
 
 GIIARA or GARRA, a small stream in Sinde, flowing p.ist 
 the village of the same name, and falling into a long creek, 
 opening into the Indian Ocean, 10 miles E. of Kurraehee : 
 lat. 24045' X.. Ion. 67= 10' E. 
 
 GIIARA or GARRA. girfrl, the name given to the Sut- ' 
 lej River, in the Punjab, from the influx of the Beas. 'M miles 
 S.S.E. of Amritseer. to that of theChenaub near Oocb, a dis- 
 tance of about 260 miles, throuiihout which it forms the W. 
 boundarj- of Itajpootana and Bhawlpoor. At its commence- 
 ment it is from 200 to 270, and at its termination 500 yards 
 across. 
 
 GHARDEIA, a town in Algeria. See Gardaia. 
 
 GlIARMY, gaR'mee. a village in the Libyan Desert, be- 
 longing to Egypt, about 330 miles AV.S.W. of Cairo, on a 
 height overlooking some ruins, supposed to be those of the 
 temple of Jupiter .\mmon. 
 
 GHASSA. gds'si. (written al.«o GASSA.) atown of North- 
 ern Hindostan. in Boctan. on the Tchin-C'Uoo (Tchiu-t>:hiu) 
 River: lat. 27° oC X., Ion. 89° 18' E. 
 
 GI1.\T, g^t. an oasis of Africa, in the Sahara. S. of Tripoli, 
 and S.W. of Moorzook ; lat. 25° X., Ion. 11° 15' E. 
 
 GH.\UTS, gawts. The, two mountain chains whii-h bor- 
 der the coasts of the peninsula of Hindostan. divt-rging 
 from each other northward at the Xeilgherry Hills, lat. 11° 
 20' X., Ion. 76° E., and enclosing E. and W. the Deccan, or 
 great table-land of South India. — The Eastern Ghauts stretch 
 N.E. for about 500 miles, broken through by the Cavery 
 and Pennar. to the Kistnah River. Greatest heiirht .itxiut 
 3000 feet. Summits usually rocky and bare.— The Westers 
 Ghauts extend through 13° of lat.. from Cape Comoiin to 
 the banks of the Taptee, with a short but remarkable l.reak, 
 the Paulghautcherry Pass, S. of the Neilgherries. Ave- 
 rage dist.ince from the sea, 30 to 40 miles: average olev,v 
 tion, between 3000 and bOOO feet. The highest summit 
 of the Xeilgherries is 9941 feet. They are commonly ab- 
 rupt on the W. side, and crowned with fine forests of bam- 
 boo, rattan, poon, and the finest teak known. The term 
 Ghaut signifies a pa.ss through a range of hills, but has 
 been transferred to the general mountain range. 
 
 GHAYX. gine or KH.\IX. kine. a town of East Persia, 
 2:30 miles E.X.E. of Yezd. on the route into Afghanistan, 
 with a fortress, and some manufactures of felt and CHrj)ets. 
 
 GHAZ'IPOOR' or GHAZ'EEPOOR', a town of British In- 
 dia, the capital of a small district of its own nanie. is situ- 
 ated on the Ganges, 38 miles E.X.E. of Benaros. Priniip.il 
 buildings, the fine but dilapidated Sanicenic ptlace of Co* 
 sim Alee Khan, now used for a custoiii-honse. ^i new li rt, 
 convenient militarj- cantonments, the church, si^hor.l, and 
 jail: and on the parade-ground, the mausoleum of the Mar 
 quisCornwallis. who died here in ISOb. 
 
 GIIEBUABA. ga-brl'bi. a town of Persia, in Irak AJo- 
 mee, a>x>ut 5 miles' X.W. of Ispahan. 
 
 GUEBSE, a town of Asia Minor. See GsBMn. 
 
OHB 
 
 GHI 
 
 GHKBT, pi/dee, a villajje of Lombardy, 9 miles S.S.E. of 
 Brescia, with a ca^•tle. Pop. 3500. 
 
 GIIKDMAX, ggd-man', a town of East Persia, 18 miles S. 
 of Herat. 
 
 GIIKEL or GEEL, gail, a town of Belgium, province, and 
 26 miles E.t?.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 703S. From time Imme- 
 morial, idiotic or insane persons of peaceable habits from 
 the neighboring provinces, have been boarded here in tarm- 
 houseH. &e. In 1839 the number of them was 079. 
 
 GIIKESAN or GIIISAX, ghee'siln'. a seaport town of 
 Aral'ia, on the Ked Sea, 84 miles N.X.W. of Lioheia, lat. 16° 
 46' N.. Ion. 42° 3' E. 
 
 Gnr.EZEIL* GIIIZEH, GIZEII, GEEZEH, ghee/zfh, or 
 JIZKII. jee'zfh, a town of Middle Egypt, in a province 
 ol the same name, on the W. banic of the Nile, 3 miles S.W. 
 Cairo, and f-imous for its vicinity to the great I'yramids ; 
 the lari;est of these, being that attributed to Cheops, is 763J 
 feet square at its foundation, covering 13 acres, and rising to 
 4C0 feet in hei^'ht. See Pyramids. 
 
 GlIKIVAII, g.Vvd, a village of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 
 16 miles lO.N.E. of Ismeed, (Nicomedia.) near the Saliareeyah 
 Kiver, (anc. Sangarius.) It is said to have 400 houses. 
 
 GIIKLEN.TEEK or GIIELENDJIK, gi-lto-jeek', written 
 also GIIELENCUIK, a bay and seaport of Circa.ssia, on 
 the X.E. coast of the Black Sea; lat. (of fort) 44° 3:3' 24" 
 N., Ion. ?j?P 3' 15" E. The bay is about 1 mile wide at the 
 entrance with 7 and 7i fethoms water in the middle. It 
 affords stood anchorage. 
 
 GIIIOLUWE, fiA-lii'^fh, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 9 miles S.E. of Ypres. I'op. 3718. 
 
 GUEMLEK, a town of Asia Minor. See Gllio. 
 
 Gil EMM E, gbSm'mi, a market-town of Piedmont, pro- 
 vince, and 14 miles N.W. of Novara. Pop. 2935. 
 
 GHEXNEII or GIIEXEII, a town of Egypt. See Kexeh. 
 
 GHENT, ghJnt, (Fr. Gand, g^N", Flem. Gend, H^nt; Sp. 
 Gantf, gdn'ta; L. Gande and Oatidavum,) a famous fortified 
 city of Belgium, capital of the province of East Flandei-s. 
 in a fertile plain at the confluence of the Lys with the 
 Scheldt; on the Terneuzen Canal, which communicates 
 with the .sea, admitting vessels drawing 15 feet water, and 
 on the railway from Ostend to Bru.s.swlf, 31 miles N.W. of 
 Brussels. It occupies a triangular spitce, above 8 miles in 
 circuit, is surrounded by walls, defended by a strong cit.idel, 
 and entered by 7 gates. In the interior, the most striking 
 feature is the great nnmlier of canals which branch off from 
 the Lys in all directions: and. forming a kind of net-work 
 within the town, divide it into 2i3 islands, communicating 
 with each other by 42 large, and 46 small bridges. Another 
 striking feature is the number of fine promenades; of which 
 the most remarkable is the Couimre, formed by rows of 
 trees along the Bruges Canal. The town is, on the whole, 
 well built. In some of the older parts, the streets are often 
 dark, and so narrow, that two cairiages can scarcely pass; 
 here many of the houses have gable fronts, which rise tier 
 above tier, presenting a very fantastic appearance; in the 
 other quarters, the streets are in general straight and spa- 
 cious, with rows of handsome houses fronting canals en- 
 closed by magnificent quays. There are a great number of 
 squares, among the most deserving of notice are the Marche- 
 du-Vendredi. ('• Friday Market,") wliere the weekly market 
 is lield. and where, in early times, the Counts of i'landers 
 were inaugurated, and the trades unions used to rendez- 
 vous: the Canter or P.arade. planted with lime-trees, and 
 surrounded by elegant edifices; the Plain de St. Pierre, a 
 large space used especially for reviews and military e.xer- 
 cises; the Corn-market, near the centre of the town: the 
 Place St. Pbarailde, where the gate of the castle of the 
 Counts of Glanders still stands; and the Plaiue-des-llecol- 
 lets, remarkable for the number of its fine mansions and 
 hotels. Before leaving the squares it may be proper to men- 
 tion, that near the Marehe-du-A'endredi, there is an enor- 
 mous cannon 18 feet long, 10 feet in circuit, and nearly 3 
 feet wide at its mouth, evidently a prototype or twin-sister 
 of the famous Mons Meg, now in Edinburgh Castle. It is sur 
 named Dulle Griete, equivalent in Flemish to Mad Margaret. 
 
 The principal buildings are the Cathedral of St. Bavon, a 
 vast structure, somewhat heavy in its exterior, but within 
 finely proportioned and ri.-hly decorated, possessed of many 
 intere.^ting monuments and fine paintings; the Church of 
 St. Nicolas, the oldest in Ghent; the Church of St. Michael, 
 with a celebrated crucijixiou by Vandyk; the Church of St. 
 Pierre, with a beautiful dome, and a facade adorned with 
 Corinthian <olumns; the Hotel-de-Ville, composed of two 
 buildinirs. the one of the seventeenth century, combining 
 three distinct orders of architecture, and the other of the 
 fifteenth century, of florid Gothic: the IIotel-de-1'Octroi, 
 (custom-house.) decorated with Doric and Corinthian pilas- 
 ters; the Beffioi, (belfry,) a lofty square tower, surmounted 
 by a gilded dragon, and containing a fine chime, a clock, 
 and several bells, one of which weighs nearly five tons, the 
 
 * It is a curious fact, that there is the same differenoe in the 
 >ound of this and many other names among the Arabs .as w« 
 might sujipose would arise among Englishmen attempting to pro- 
 nounce (rizeh ; some making the G hard, others soj't. 
 
 ' new Palais-de-Justice, a handsome structure, intended lioth 
 I to accommodate the courts of law. and serve as an exchange*, 
 the Maison-de-Force, (house of correction.) an immense octa- 
 gonal building; the Beguinage. a huge nunnery, surrounded 
 by a wall and moat, and occupied by about 600 inmates; ant! 
 the new Theatre, on whii h the municipality are said to Lave 
 I expended 100,0(JO?. The pilncipal literary and Scientific and 
 I other institutions are the University, a handsome modern 
 ' structure, finished in 1820. adorned with a noble Corinthian 
 portico, modelled on the Pantheon at Kome, and having a 
 museum of natural history, a lilirary of GO.OiiO volumes, and 
 an attendance of about 350 students; an athenauni, epis- 
 copal seminary, industrial school, academy of painting, 
 sculpture, and architecture, a superior prinmry school, sci- 
 entific, literary, and musical societies, a deaf and dumb in- 
 stitution, a lunatic asylum, and a sncitii inctriinomale. .said 
 to be one of the most useful associations of the town, and 
 has for its object the legitimation of natural children: the 
 .Tardiu-des-Plantes. (botanic garden.) boasted olas the finest 
 in Belgium; and tho General Hospital. Ghent is the see of a 
 bishop, and the seat of courts of primary resoi t and com- 
 merce : of a superior appeal court for both East and 'West 
 I'landers, and of a court of assize. 
 
 The extent to which the cotton manufacture is carried on 
 in Ghent, has procured it the surname of the Belgian Man- 
 chester. It absorbs about $S,OtiO,( 00 of capital, gives em 
 ployment to .30,000 workmen, and produces about a million 
 of pieces of calico, plain and printed. The otlier manuljic- 
 tures of importance are refined sugar, common and table 
 linen, woollen cloth, flannel, serge, silk. lace, thread, rib- 
 bons, hosier}', wax-cloth, oil, chemi<-al products, armor, 
 physical, mathematical, and surgical instruments, articles 
 in steel, bronze, and crystal, carriages, paper, hats, delft- 
 ware, tobacco, starch, &c. There are also extensive ma- 
 chine works, roperies, tanneries, breweries, and distil- 
 leries. The trade in corn. oil. seeds, wine, and Flemi.ih linen 
 — particularly the last, which has here one of its chief en- 
 trepots — is very important. Every Friday, about 18,00\ 
 pieces of linen are exposed for sale: and several of the au 
 nual fairs are very numerously frequented. 
 
 The origin of Ghent is uncertain. It is first mentioned 85 
 a town in the seventh century, but does not appear to have 
 acquired much importance till the twelfth century, when 
 its fortifications were completed. At this time it only occu- 
 pied the space contained between the Lys and the Scheldt; 
 l)ut, by the end of the thirteenth century, it was nearly ai3 
 large as at present, and so much larger than Paris then was. 
 as to justify the bonmot long afterwards used by Charles V. 
 — Je meltrais Paris duns mon Gand (Cant.)* In the bloody 
 feuds which agitated Flanders up to the middle of the 
 fourteenth century, Ghent took a leading, liut not always a 
 successful part; and repeatedly, by the turbulence of its 
 citizens, ])rovoked a fearful retribution. In 1369, when the 
 county of i'landers passed by marriage to the house of Bur- 
 gundy, Giient followed its fortunes, but shortly afterwards 
 revolted; and, notwithstanding seven reverses. In one of 
 which it lost 20,000. and in another 16.0<W of its citizens, 
 scarcely ceased 'to be prosperous. The spirit of revolt, how- 
 ever, was subdued: and Charles the Bold was peacefully 
 crowned at Ghent in 1467. In 1500, Charles V. was born 
 at Ghent, and eighteen years after succeeded to the most 
 extensive monarchy which had existed in Europe from the 
 days of Charlemagne. The Gantois appear to have dreaded 
 a collision with euch a power; but at last, in 1557, when an 
 extraordinary subsidy was demanded, broke out in open 
 resistance. Severe punishment soon followed, and tho citi- 
 zens, in addition to other enormous fines, were obliged to 
 pay for the erection of a citadel, intended to keep them in 
 bondage. Ghent afterwards suffered much during the ag- 
 gressions of Louis XIV., the campaigns of Marlborough, and 
 the commotions of the French revolution; but the advan- 
 tages of its position, and the indu.stry of its citizens, seem 
 to make it superior to all calamities, and its prosperity is 
 
 again as great as ever. Pop. in 1862, 121,250. luliab. 
 
 Gaxtois, gSx^Hwi'. 
 
 GHENT, a post-village and township of Columbia co., New 
 Yorlt, on the Harlem Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Albany. Pop. 
 2803. 
 
 GHENT, a post-village of Carroll co., Kentucky, on the Ohio 
 Kiver, 59 miles X. of Frankfort, has 3 churches. 
 
 GHEORGHIEVSK. See Georgievsk. 
 
 GHERBA, au island in the Tunis dominions. See Jerba. 
 
 GHERGONG, ghSR'gong', a town of Farther India, once 
 the capital of .\ssam, on an affluent of the Brahmapootra. 
 
 GHEltlAH, ghirlee'L a fortress of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, on a rocky promontory in the Indian Ocean, 
 172 miles S.S.E. of Bombay; taken by the British in 1756. 
 
 GHERZEH, ghJr'zfeh. or KER'ZEII. (anc. Cani'sa,) a town 
 of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 20 miles S. of Sinope. 
 
 GHE.S.\X, a seaport town of .Arabia. See Giieesan. 
 
 GHIAMDA, ghee'dm'dl, a town of Thibet, 110 miles E. by 
 N. of Lassa. It contains two Boodhist temples of colossal 
 proportions, and is a station of a C hinese garrison. It car- 
 
 * That is, " I could put Paris into my glove," or " into my 
 Ghent." 
 
 749 
 
GHI 
 
 GIA 
 
 ries on a considerable trade in lapls-lazuli, deers' horns, and 
 rhubarb with lassa, and with the Chinese provinces of Se- 
 chuen and Yunnan. 
 
 GHI AX. See GuTASDOTTE. 
 
 GHIEUZEL HISSAR, a town of Asia Minor. See ArocJ. 
 
 GUILAX or GILAN, gheeMin', a province of Persia, be- 
 tween lat. 360 30' and 38° Si/ N.. and Ion. 48° 30' and 50° 
 30' E., having on the N' E. the Caspian Sea. Area, proba- 
 bly 6000 square miles. The Elbrooz Mountains bound it on 
 the S. It is very fertile, densely wooded, swampy, and un- 
 healthy. 
 
 GirrLAX, a village of Persian Koordistan, 30 miles S. of 
 Zohab, with some remarkable antiquities. 
 
 GHILARZA. ghe-laRd'zi a village of Sardinia, division of 
 Cisliari. 20 miles X.E. of Oristano. Pop. 2045. 
 
 GHIO, ghee'o, GIIEMLEK. ghem'ljk', or KEMLIC, kSm'- 
 Uk', a small but flourishing se;iport town of Asia Minor, in 
 Anatolia, on the Bay of .Moodauia. 16 miles X.X.E.of Brusa. 
 It has about 600 Greek and 25 Turkish houses, with a large 
 export trade in olives, silk, wines, and spirits to Constanti- 
 nople. &c. It is the principal port on the Sea of Marmora 
 for the import of corn from the Black Sea. 
 
 GHIOUUA, one of the Grecian Islands. See Gt.^ros. 
 
 GHIKZ.\, gheer'zi. a valley of Northern Africa, 150 miles 
 S.E. of Tripoli, with some remains of Roman antiquities. 
 
 GHIS.ALBA, ghe-sdlOnl. a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Bergamo, 2 milus from Martinengo. on the Serio. 
 The gates and part of the fortification, including the walls 
 and towers of a cistle which figured during the civil wars, 
 Btill remain. Pop. 1374. 
 
 GHIS.AX. a town of Arabia. See Qheesax. 
 
 GHISOXI, ghe-so'nee, a villasre of Corsica, in the E. part 
 of the island. Pop. 1815. 
 
 GIIISTKLLES, ghees'tJll', a town of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders. 11 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2500. 
 
 GIIIUSTEXDIL, ghyoos't*n-deel', or KOSTEXDIL, (anc. 
 JwAinialna Secunlda t) a town of European Turkey, in Room- 
 Elee, capitil of a sanjak. near the Kara-.«oo, or .Strymon, 65 
 miles E.X.E of Uskup, (Ushub.) Pop. SOOO. (?) mostly Turks. 
 It has sulphur baths, and near it are iron, gold, and silver 
 mines. 
 
 GIIIUZEL HISSAR. a town of Asia Minor. See Aidin. 
 
 GIIIZXEE or GIIIZXI, a town of Afghanistan. See 
 Ghdzxee. 
 
 GHLIX, Glin or glJxo. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, 3 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 2697. 
 
 GIIO.\. go''!', or GW.A. gw3. a seaport town of Aracan, on 
 the Bay of Bengal. 62 miles S.E. of Sandoway. It was for- 
 merly important for its commerce. 
 
 GIIOLA.M, a town of Afghanistan. See Khooloom. 
 
 GII0I.AM-SMA1I-KA-K0TE, gonam'-shdh-kakSt, a town 
 of Sinde. in British India, on the \S. branch of the Indus. 
 85 miles S.W. of Tattah. 
 
 GIIOL'SOX. a post-village o/Xoxubee co., Mis.sis.sippi, 110 
 miles X.E. of .laokson. 
 
 GUOI/SOXVlbLi;. a post-village of Brunswick co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Muherrin River, 75 miles .S.S.W. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 GHOOS or GHOUS, goos, (anc, ApnUinnpfolis Bir'va,) a, 
 town of Upper Egypt, on the Xile, 17 miles S. of Keneh. 
 
 OIIOOZKAX, gooz'kdn'. a vill.age of Persi.a. province of 
 Khorassan, 14 miles E. of Jleshed, perpetually harassed in 
 the forays of the Turcomans. Pop. 1000. 
 
 GH0'R.\GII.\I;T'. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, 90 miles X.E. of Moorshedabad. It was formerly of 
 importance, and has a greatly venerated Mohammedan 
 tomb. 
 
 GHiyRA TRUP. a vill.ige of Afghanistan, on the Indus, 
 11 miles S.W. of Attock. I^t. 33° 40' N., Ion. 72° 9' E. 
 There is here a very dangerous rapid, resulting from 
 the latei-al contraction of the high and rocky sides of 
 the river, which is here narrowed to a width of only 250 
 feet. Through this narrow channel the Indus rushes at 
 the rate of from 9 to 10 miles an hour, and with a noise like 
 thunder. 
 
 GIIORBUXD. gor'blind'. a village of Xorth Afghanistan, 
 in lat. 35° 4' X.. Ion. 68° 47' E., whence a p,i.s8 proceeds 
 across the Koosh into Khoondooz. 
 
 GIIORE, (t6r, or 6AUR. g6wr. a town and independent 
 district of M'est Afghanistan, 120 miles S.E. of Herat, and 
 the origin.il possession of the famous Mahmoud of Ghore, 
 who established the Afghan dynasty in Uindostan in 
 1186. 
 
 OUOUS, atownof Egypt, See Gnoos. 
 
 GlIOUSOHUR, goosVar' a lar/e fortified town of British 
 India, pi-esidency of Bengal. 27 miles S.S.W. of Seharunpoor 
 
 GIIOY, gov. a village uf Belgium, province of Hainaut, 15 
 miles S.E. of .Mons. Pop. 2147. 
 
 GIIUMMUKUJIXI or GHU.MURDJIXA,atowiiofTurkey. 
 
 See GlMOOIUEENA. 
 
 GIIi;NM'<X)l!/.a fortified town of India, in the Nizam's ter- 
 ritory, capitjvl of a large district, 60 miles S.S.W. of Hyder- 
 abad. It appears tc b^Ts Ijeen formerly a place of im'port^ 
 ence, and had one of the largest and fiut-st mosques in the 
 Hizam's io'Jiiuica. 
 750 
 
 GHURRT. gOr'ree. a considerable village of Sinde, near aa 
 offset of the Indus, in lat. 27° 31' X.. Ion. 69° T E. 
 
 GHCRUX. a town of Turkey. See Gmvy. 
 
 GHUZEL HISSAR, a town of Asia Minor. See An>n». 
 
 GIIUZXEE, GHUZXI. gtiz'nee'.GAZXA. gdz'nj orgaz'nj, 
 or GIIIZXI. ghiz'nee\ a famous fortified city of Afghanistan, 
 on the W. extremity of a hill range, elevation. 7726 leet, 8fl 
 miles S.S.W.ofCabobl. Lat.33°34' N..lon.68°18'E. Pop (ex- 
 cluding garrison) variously estimated at from 3000 to 10.001). It 
 stands on a scarped rock, 280 feet above the adjacent plain, oa 
 its W. side : and its walls, about 35 fwt in height, and flanked 
 with numerous towers, form an irregular square alout IJ 
 miles in circumference, the whole being enclosed by a/avise- 
 braj/e and a wet ditch. In the X.E. part of the town is the 
 citadel, with a piilace, magazine, and granary; the whole 
 city is, however, commanded by adjacent heights. From its 
 elevated position, the winter's cold is intense — from 10° to 
 20° below zero. It has several bazaars, and is an entrep6t 
 for the trade between .Afghanistan and the Punjab. Old 
 Ghuznee, destroyed in the twelfth century, is about 3 miles 
 N.E. ; its ruins cover an extensive space, and here are two 
 fine minaret.s, and the tomb of Mahmoud of Ghuznee, 
 whence the famous " gates of Somnauth" were removed in 
 1842. Under the dynasty of Mahmoud of Ghore, and his 
 fiither Subuctaghin, about the beginning of the eleventh 
 centurj', Ghuznee was the capital of an empire reaching 
 from the Ganges to the Tigris, and from the Jaxartes to the 
 Indian Ocean. It was stormed and taken by the British 
 under Lord Keane, July 23, 1839: in 1842 the garrison sur- 
 rendered it to the Afghans, but it was retaken in the same 
 year by the troops under General Nott. 
 
 GHUZXEE RIVER, of Afghanistan, rises about 12 miles 
 X. of Ghuznee. and enters Lake Abistada. after a S. course 
 estim.ited at 60 miles. Xear Ghuznee. which it passes on the 
 E. it was embanked in the eleventh century by Mahmondof 
 Ghuznee, whose bund, though much damaged by the Ghore 
 sovereigns, is still fit for the purpose of irrigation. 
 
 GUYRCHE, GIIYRCE. ghir'cht^h, or KIRCHEH. kir'chJh, 
 (anc. Tulfzis,) a large village of Nubia, on the W. liank of the 
 Xile. Lat. 23° 16' N., Ion. 33° E. It has one of the most re- 
 markable temples in Nubia. 
 
 GHYRETTY. ghi-rjt/tee or ghe-rJt/tee. a town of British 
 India, presidency and province of Bengal, near the Hoogly, 
 opposite Fulta. 
 
 GHYSABAD. ghi-sl-bad'. a town of British India, in Bun- 
 delcund. 35 miles S.W. of liObargong. 
 
 GIABAR. ghe-4-bai-', or JI.\B.\R, jei-blH. a town and cas- 
 tle of Asiatic Turkey, pa.shalic of Diarbekir, on the E»* 
 phrates, 23 miles W.S.W. of Rakka. The town has about 
 1000 houses and tents. 
 
 GIACOMO DI LUSIAXA. jiTco-mo dee loo-se-1'na. a vil- 
 lage of .Austrian Italy, government of Venice. Pop. 2500. 
 
 GI.\GLI()XE. jdl-yo'n.'l. a village of the Sardinian Statea, 
 3 miles W. of Susa. on the Dora. Pop. 1496. 
 
 {JIAX.T.AR.je-in-jai-'(?)asm!illdistrict or native st-ate \i\ 
 the Malay Arehipel.ago. on the S.E. coast of the island 01 
 Bali. Its capital, of same name, lies about 8 miles in- 
 land, and is the residence of the Rajah. Pop. of the state, 
 200.000. 
 
 GIAXXUTI, jin-noo'tee, or, GIAXNUTRI. jin-noo'tree, 
 (anc. Dianiiim.) a small island of the Mediterranean, belong- 
 ing to Tuscany, 9 miles S. of the peninsula of Argentaro. 
 Lenzth, 2 miles. 
 
 GI'AXT'S CAUSF/WAY, a celebrated bas.altic foi-mation 
 on the N. coast of IreUnd. in Ulster, co. of Antrim, to the 
 W. of Bengore Head, about 2 miles N.X.E. of Bushmills. 
 The coast here is for a great distance distinguished by i-urious 
 and m.agnificent basaltic cliffs and caves, but the •■ cause- 
 way," properly so called, is a platform projecting into the sea, 
 from the base of a stratified cliff, alxmt 400 feet in height, 
 and resembles a pier 700 feet in length. 350 feet in lT,.'adth, 
 and varying to 30 feet in heiglit al>ove the strand. It is 
 separated by whinstone dykes into three divisions, com- 
 prising together about 40,000 perfectly formed, closely united, 
 and very dark colored polygonal columns, each consisting 
 of several pieces. Their depth below the surface is unascer- 
 tained. Popular legend ascribes this stupendous 1'onii.ition 
 to the labor of giants, seeking to construct a road aci-osi 
 tbe sea to Scotland. 
 
 (il ANT'S MOUXTAIX. in Asia Minor, on the E. shore 
 of the Bosporus. 13 miles W.X.W. of Constantinople. 
 On it is a grave greatly venerated by the Turks, and near 
 its S. fort are some batteries, and the ruins of a church 
 built by Justinian. 
 
 GIARRATAXA. jdR-Rl-ti'na. (anc. Ciratammf) a village 
 of Sicily. 13 miles X.E. of Modica. Pop. 2440. 
 
 GI.\RRE. jiv/nA. a town of Sicily, at the E. slope of Mount 
 Etna. 7 miles X. of Aci Reale. Pop. 4700. 
 
 GIARRETTA, jdR-R^t/ta, or SIMi-TO, se-md/fo, (anc. S;/- 
 nKt'tliiif.) a river of Sicily, rises in the mountains, about 'JO 
 miles S.E. of Caronia. and after a very tortuous S.E. course of 
 60 miles, enters the Meiliterranean. U miles S. of Catania. Af- 
 fluents, the Adriano, Trachino. Ditt.-iina and Chris-is. 
 
 GIAT. zhe-J', a town of France, department of Payde- 
 Dome, 31 miles W.S.W. of Riom. Pop. In 1S62, 2160 
 
GIA 
 
 QIAVE, j'I'tJ, a villape on the island of Sardinia, 28 miles 
 S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 1575. 
 
 GIAVENO. jd-v.Vno, a town of Piedmont, division, and 17 
 miles W.S.W! of Turin. Pop. 8806. 
 
 UIBAUA or .JIUAUA, He-b^rl, a seaport village of Cuba, 
 on a height on its N. coast, 100 miles E. of Puerto Principe. 
 
 GIHBS'S (ghibz) CROSS llOADS, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., North Carolina, 
 
 GIBBS'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Smith co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 GIBBSVILLE, ghlbs'vil, a small post-Tillage of Sheboy- 
 gaji CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 GIBKAII, ghiWe-ii, an ancient town ot Palestine, a few 
 miles N. of Jerusulem. 
 
 GIBELLIXA, je-b^l-lee'ni, a Tillage of Sicily, 30 miles 
 E.S.E. Trapiui. Pop. 5300. 
 
 GIBEON, ghiWe-on, an ancient city of Palestine, about 7 
 miles N. of Jerusalem. 
 
 GIBESONVILLK, a post-ofBce of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 
 QIB0LDE1I.\.USEX. See GiEBOLDEH.t.usEN. 
 
 GIBRALEON. He-brd-l.-l-on', a town of Spain, province, and 
 8 miles N. of Iluelva, on the left bank of the Odiel. Pop. 
 2704. It ha.s an ancient palace of the Dukes of Bejar. 
 
 GIBRALTAR, je-brawl'tgr. (8p. pron. He-bril-tan/; It. Oi- 
 Wferra, jeebil-tjK'Ri: anc. (MVpe,; Arab. .AsM-tariX-, j JVel-t^- 
 reek' — the Hill of Tarik. a Berber leader, who conquered the 
 fort in 711,) a town and strongly fortified rock at the S. 
 extremity of Spain, in Audalusia, belonging to Great Britain ; 
 lat. 36° 9' X., lou. 5° 21' W. This remarkable fortress, which 
 forms the key to the Mediterrane.in, standing on a penin- 
 sula at its entrance, is connected with the Continent by a 
 low sandy isthmus. Ij miles long and } mile broad, having 
 the Bay of Gibraltar on the W., and the open sea of the 
 Mediterranean on the E. Near the point of junction of this 
 isthmus with the mainland are the Spanish lines, between 
 which and the rock is a space called the •'Neutral Ground." 
 The hiichest point of the rock is alx)ut 14V0 feet ahove sea- 
 level; its N. face is almost perpeudicuhir, while its K. side is 
 full of tremendous precipices. It terminates at its S. ex- 
 tremity, in what is termed Europa Point. On the W. side 
 it Is less steep than on the K., and between its ba.se 
 and the sea, is a narrow span almost level, on which the 
 town is built. Hero the rock is secured by extensive and 
 powerful batteries, rendering it apparently impregnable. 
 The body of the rock consists of a kind of primary mar- 
 ble, running in strata of 30, 40, and 50 feet in thickness. 
 At the N. extremity are perpendicular fissures, on the 
 ledges of which a numlxir of hawks nestle and rear their 
 young in the breeding sea.son. There are numerous re- 
 markable caves in various parts of the rock, some of them 
 beautifully picturesque, but all difficult of access. The most 
 singular of these natural excavations is St. Michael's, on the 
 S.W. side, the entrance to which is 1000 feet oliove sea-level. 
 When seen from a ship's deck, no appearance of vegetation 
 presents itself on the rock, the whole having an exceedingly 
 barren and forbidding aspect; but it is not in reality so 
 destitute in this respect as it seems ; acacias, fig, and orange 
 trees grow freely, together with a great variety of odorifei^ 
 ous plants. 
 
 Vast suras of money, and an immense amount of labor, 
 have been spent in fortifying this celebrated stronghold. 
 Numerous caverns and galleries, extending from 2 to 3 
 miles in length, and of sufficient width for carriages, have 
 been cut in the solid rock ; forming safe and sheltered com- 
 munications from one part of the garrison to another, with- 
 out being exposed to the fire of an enemy, in cases of attack. 
 Along these galleries, at intervals of every 12 yards, are port- 
 holes bearing upon the neutral ground and bay; while 
 trees, shrubs, and Howers of various kinds, have been 
 planted at different points, both for ornament and utility. 
 On the summit of the rock there are several barracks, towers, 
 and fortresses. Of late years the fortifications have been 
 carefully strengthened at every vulnerable point. The total 
 number of guns now mounted on the rock is said to be not 
 less than 1000. The principiil defences are on the W. side, 
 fronting the bay: but there is alsoa battery on the E., though 
 the steepness of the rock renders it almost unnecessary. 
 
 The town of Gibraltar, situated, as already remarked, on 
 a plain between the W. declivity of the rock and the sea, 
 consists chit'tly of one spacious street, about half a mile in 
 length, lined with shops, and paved and lighted. The prin- 
 cipal buildings are the Governor's and Lieutenant-Governor's 
 houses, the Admiralty, Naval Hospital, A'ictualling-Office, and 
 barracks, and a handsome theatre. There are Protestant and 
 Roman Catholic churches, four Jewish synagogues, 7 regi- 
 mental and 2 public schools, public libraries, Ac. There are 
 also a lunatic asylum, almshouses, Ac. The water for the 
 supply of the town and garri.son is collected during the rainy 
 season ; the roofs of the houses being so constructed as to 
 receive the falling rain, which subsequently finds its way to 
 a tank beneath, with which every house is provided. Gib- 
 raltar is a free port, but its trade has greatly declined within 
 the last half century. It still, however, continues to be a 
 valuable entrepot for the distribution of British manufac- 
 tures to the Barbary States., and to the different countries 
 
 bordering on the Mediterranean. Cottons, woollens, kc, are 
 imported from England ; sugars and rum from the West In- 
 dies; tobacco, rice, and flour from America; and wines, 
 silks, wax, &c., from the East. The chief export is wine. 
 The revenue of Gibraltar, for the year 1S49, was 29.770/. : and 
 the expenditure, 31,117?. ; the difference being met by a par- 
 liamentary vote in aid. No executive or legislative counsel 
 exists here. The administration is vested in the governor, 
 who is also commander-in-chief of the troops ; and the set- 
 tlement is treated as a garrison-town, the power of en;ioting 
 laws being vested in the governor alone. All criminal oases 
 are determined according to the laws of England. Every 
 precaution is taken to prevent the increase of new residents. 
 Foreigners are permitted to remain during specified periods 
 only, and on giving the required security. The strength of 
 the garrison is generally between 3000 and 4O0O, of all arms. 
 
 Gibraltar, under the name of Calpe, and IMount Abyla, 
 now called Apes' Hill, opposite to it on the African coast, 
 were called by the ancients the Pillars of Hercules ; and in 
 very early ages were regarded by the people dwelling E. of 
 them as the western boundary of the world. Gibraltar 
 came into possession of the English, by conquest, in 1704; 
 it has been since repeatedly besieged, but always without 
 success. The last, and most formidable attack made on it, 
 occurred in September, 1782, when the Spaniards, aided by 
 a powerful fleet and army from France, as.sailed the fortress 
 with floating batteries ; but were defeated with great losf> 
 by the garrison, commanded by General Elliot. On this oc 
 casion an incessant discharge of red-hot shot was main- 
 tained on the attacking boats,with the most destructive effect. 
 Pop. in 1860, 15,462, of wliicli about 3SO0 were females. 
 
 GIBRALTAR, a post-village of Brownstown township, 
 Wayne co., Michigan, on the W. bank of Detroit River, at 
 its entrance into Lake Erie, 22 miles below Detroit. It has 
 a good harbor, the entrance to which is facilitjited by a 
 light-house. The Gibraltar and Clinton Canal (unfinished) 
 terminates here and affords water-power. 
 
 GliSR.VLTAR, a township of Door co., Wisconsin, on the 
 W. shore of Lake Michigan, about 65 miles N.E. of Green 
 Bay. Pop. 439. 
 
 GIBRALTAR, BAT OF, is formed by Europa Point on 
 the E., and Point St. Garcia on the W. It is of a semicir- 
 cular form, alx)ut 6 miles in length, and 4 j miles in breadth; 
 with depths varying from 4 to 2fiO feet. The tide rises 4 and 
 5 feet. The shipping is protected on the British side by two 
 formidable moles, called the Old and New Mole, one on the 
 N. and the other on the S. side of the town of Gloraitar. 
 The former runs 1100 feet into the sea; the latter 70i,i feet. 
 An elbow formed by the shore affords shelter for large ves- 
 .sels in winter: the farthest out lying in 6 and 5 fathoms. ' 
 Opposite the town of Gibraltar, on the W. side of the bay, 
 is the Spanish town of Algeclras. 
 
 GIBRALTAR, STRAIT OF, a narrow channel between 
 the S. part of Spain and the N. of Africa, forming the en- 
 trance to the Mediterranean from the Atlantic ; its width 
 at the narrowest part is about 15 miles; greatest depth, 960 
 Cithoms. Through this strait a powerful central current, 
 running at the rate of from 3 to 6 miles an hour, sets con- 
 stantly from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean. There 
 are also two Lateral currents — one on the European, and one 
 on the African side ; each of them alxmt 2^ miles broad, flow- 
 ing at about the .same rate as the central current ; and e)>bing 
 and flowing with the tide, setting alternately into the Medi- 
 terranean and into the Atlantic. An excess of water is con- 
 stantly flowing into the former from the latter, to supply 
 the loss sustained by evaporation. 
 
 GIBSON, ghiVson, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, 
 contains about 550 square miles. It is intersected l)y the 
 North and Sliddle Forks of the Forked Deer River, and ty 
 Rutherford's Fork of Obion River. I'he route of the Mobile 
 and Ohio Railroad passes through the county. Capital, 
 Trenton. Pop. 21,777, of whom 15,636 were free, and 6141 
 slaves. 
 
 GIBSON, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, bordering 
 on Illinois, contains 449 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Patoka River, and the Wabash forms its W. boundary. The 
 surface is undulating, and the soil fertile. Tlie county con- 
 tains extensive beds of coal. It is intersected by the War 
 bash and Erie Canal, and has a railroad from Princeton, the 
 county-seat, to Evansvilje. on the Ohio. Pop. 14,532. 
 
 GIBSON, a post-village of Steuben co.. New York, about 
 200 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 GIBSON, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 589. 
 
 GIBSON, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 16 miles E.S.E. of Montrose. Poj}. 1439. 
 
 GIBSON, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 946. 
 
 GIBSON, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio. 
 
 GIBSON, a township of Washington co..Indiana. Pop. 1488. 
 
 GIBSON'S STORE, a small village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 GIBSON'S STORE, a postofflce of Richmond co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GIBSON'S WELLS, a post-office of Gibson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 GIB'SONA'TLLE, a post-village of Livingston co., New 
 York, about 235 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 731 
 
GIC 
 
 GIL 
 
 010211?, a town of Bohemia. See Gitschis. 
 
 GIDMXG. ghid'ding. a parish of Englaud, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 OIDDXXG, GKK.Vr, a parish of England, co. of Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 GIDDIXG, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 GIDDINGS, ghid'dingz,a post-offlceof Sauk co.,'\Visconsin. 
 
 GIDDINQ, STEEPLE, a parish of Englaud, co. of Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 GIDEA, (Gidei,) yid'e-6, a river of Sweden, tens of UmeS 
 and Hernosand, enters the Gulf of Bothnia, 60 miles N.E. of 
 Hernosand, after a S.E. course of 100 miles. Near its source 
 Is the village of Gidei 
 
 GIDLEY. ghidlee. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 GIDLEY'S STATION, a post-office of Jackson co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 GIEBOLDEHAUSEX or GIBOLDEHAUSEN, ghee^l- 
 dfh-hdw'zen, a market-town of Hanover, duchy of Gruben- 
 hagen, 1-1 miles E.X.E. of Gottingen. Pop. 2141. 
 
 GIEX, zhe-^Ny, a town of France, department of Loiret, on 
 the Loire, 37 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. Pop. in 1S52, 6112. 
 It has a fine ancient castle, and a spacious quay. 
 
 GIEXGEX, gheeng'fu, a town of Wtirtemberg, 24 miles 
 S.S.E. of EUwangen, on the Brenz. Pop. 2000. 
 
 GIEKSDOKF, ghee'grs-doRf^, a village of Prussia, province 
 of Silesi;i, government, and S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 13S8. 
 
 GIESIM. ghee'sim'. a town of Xubia, on the Kahad, a tri- 
 butary of the Nile. 123 miles E.S.E. of Sennaar. 
 
 GIESMAXXSDOKF. ghees'minns-doRr, (Obek, o^ber, 
 MiTTEL, miftfl, and Xieder, nee'djr.) a village, or rather 
 three contiguous villages, of Prussia, province of Silesia, 10 
 miles S.W. of Buutzlau. Pop. 2028. 
 
 GIESMAXXSDOKF, a village of Prussia province of Sile- 
 sia, circle of Sprottau. Pop. 1183. 
 
 GIESMAXXSDOKF, a vilLige of Prussia, province of Sile- 
 sia, circle of Bolkenhain. Pop. 1245. 
 
 GIESSEX, ghees'.sgn. a town of Germany, grand duchy 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Lahn, and on the railway from 
 Cassel to Frankfort, 33 miles X.X.W. of Frankfort. Pop. in 
 ISt'il, 9331. It was formerly fortified, and is irregularly 
 built ; but it has some good edifices including the Castle, 
 now the sesit of the provincial government, the Arsenal, 
 Town-hall, and Observatory. Its University, founded in 
 160", has recently become &mous for its school of organic 
 chemistr}', under Baron Liebig, whose class is attended by 
 Btudeats from all parts of Western Europe, and even from 
 North America. The University has a library of 36,000 vol- 
 umes, and some m.anuscripts, collections in natural history, 
 &c. In 1S47 it had 40 profe.ssors and teachei-s. and 570 students 
 Giessen h:is also a normal school, school of forest economy, 
 and other institutions of leai-ning, on which its prosperity 
 mainly depends. 
 
 GIETEllVEEX, Qhee'tjr-v.iin', a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of Drenthe, 10 miles E. by X. of Assen. Pop. 595. 
 
 GIETHOOKX, ghee'toRn, a village of the Xetherlands, 
 province of Overyssel, 16 miles X. of ZwoUe. Pop. 1570. 
 
 GIFFOUD, gbiffyrd, a village of Scotland, co., and 4 miles 
 S.S.E. of Haddington. Pop. 600. Knox, the Keformer, w.is 
 born here in 1505. 
 
 GIFHORX, ghiPhoRn, a town of Germany, in Hanover, on 
 the AUer, 36 miles E.X.E. of Hanover. Pop. 2269. 
 
 GIGAXSK, a town of Siberia. See Jigaxsk. 
 
 GIGAXTIXU, je-gdn-te-noo', a mountain in the island of 
 Sardinia, a little S.K. of Tempio, 4101 feet high. It rises al- 
 most perpendicularly from the surrounding plain. 
 
 GIG'GLESWICli, a parish of Englaud, co. of York, West 
 Riding, on the Bibble, 1 mile W.X.W. of Settle. Here is a 
 celebrated gnimmar school, founded by Edward VI., having 
 six scholarships in Christ's College. Cambridge. Giggles- 
 wick Taru is a considerable lake near the village. 
 
 GIGHA, gbee'gi, one of the Hebrides, in Scotland, sepa- 
 rated from the district of Kintyre bv a channel 3i miles in 
 breadth. Area, about £000 acres. Pop. 550. 
 
 GIGLIO,jeel'yo,or ISOLA DI GIGClO,ee'so-iadee jeel'yo, 
 (anc. IgiVium,) an island in the Mediterranean, belonging 
 to Tuscany, 10 miles S.W. of Mount Argentjiro. ' Pop. 153J, 
 mostly collected iu the village of Giglio. It is 5 miles in 
 length from X.W. to S.E., mountaiuous and fertile. 
 
 GIGXAC, zheen'ydk', a town of France, department of 
 Herault, 12 miles S.E. of Lod&ve, on the Herault. P. 2951. 
 
 GIGXOD.jeeu-yod'. (L. Ginodium,) a town of the Sardinian 
 States. 3 miles N.X.W. of Aosta, on the Banteggio. P. 1260. 
 
 GiaUEL.A, He-gA'ia, a river of Spain, joins the Guadiana, 
 80 miles >..E. of Ciudad-Keal, after a course of 90 miles. 
 
 GIIIUN, a river of Asia. See Oxus. 
 
 GIJIGinXBK orGIJIGIXSK, a town of Siberia. See Ji- 
 
 ilOINSK. 
 
 GIJOX% JIJOX, or XIXON, He-h5n', a fortified seaport- 
 town of Spain, province, and 11 mUes X.X.E. of Oviedo, on 
 the Bay ot Biscay. Lat. 44° 65' 19" X., Ion. 5° 44' 49" W. 
 Pop. 6;)22. It is handsome, and has a triumphal arch, a 
 collegiut^j church, a high school, a school of navigation, and 
 public library, with manulactures of stonewares, hats, and 
 linen fabrics; an active export trade iuuuts and fruits, and 
 import trade a colonial produce. 
 152 
 
 GILA or .TILA, Heel'l, a considerable river of Xorth AinO' 
 rlca, in the S.W. part of the United States, and formerly con- 
 stituting the X. boundary of the Mexican state of Sonora. It 
 has its sources in the mountains of Xew Mexico, about lat 
 32° 45' X., and Ion. 108° 30' W., from which it flows Vi'., and 
 joins the Colorado, just before that river falls into the Gulf 
 of California, at lat. 32° 30' X., and about lon.ll4°40" W.,ita 
 whole course being .^bout 450 miles. About 108° 40' ^V. Ion., Or 
 probably about CO miles from its source, it is 50 feet wide, with 
 an average depth of 2 feet, swift and clear ; the banks covered 
 with trees and luxuriant vegetation ; the former consisting 
 chiefly of cotton-wood, a new syc;imore, mezquit, pala, a 
 few cedars and larch. Farther down, or about Ion. 110° W., 
 the banks of the stream and the countrj' around, assume a 
 wild, rugged, and inhospitable appearance; the mountains 
 of trap, granite, and red sandstone, iu irregular aud con- 
 fused strata, but generally dipping sharply to the S., cluster 
 so closely together that it becomes difficult to tell from what 
 direction the river comes, or iu what direction it is going. 
 A few miles lower down, the valley of the Gila widens, and is 
 covered with a dense growth of mezquit, \^ .Acacia prosopis,) 
 cotton-wood, and willow, the pit.ihaya, and every other va- 
 riety of cactus, the latter flourishing iu great luxuriance. 
 The Rio San Pedro, which joins the Oila from the S., and 
 the rivers San Francisco, Salines, and Bonita. from the N., 
 are almost the only affluents of which any thing has been 
 ascertiiined. Most of the tributaries are insignificant at 
 their junction with the main stream, and can be stepped 
 across, the result of their traversing deserts of s.iud, and 
 rainless regions of arid wastes, by which their waters are 
 gradually absorbed. The Gila is navigable for small bo.'its 
 only, and that but to the village of Pijmo, about 100 miles 
 above its junction with the Coloradp. The ruins of num- 
 l>erless houses are found along the whole course of the Gila, 
 proving that these regions were much more populous at a 
 former period than they are now. These ruins are uni- 
 formly of the same kind; not one stone now remains on the 
 top of another; and they are discoverable only by the bro- 
 ken pottery around them, and stones laid in regular order, 
 showing the traces of the foundation of a house. 
 
 GIL.\D. ghee'ldd', a village of Hungary, co. of Temesvar, 
 on an arm of the Temes. Pop. 4JOO. 
 
 GILAN, a province and village of Persia. See Ghilan. 
 
 GIIVIJEIIDIKE, a township of England, co. of Y'ork, East 
 Riding. 
 
 GIL'BERT ISLAXDS, or KIXGS/MILL GROUP, a group 
 of 15 islands in the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 1° S., and 
 2° 30' N., and Ion. 172° and 174° 30' E. They are of coral 
 formation, all low, the highest land in the group not ex- 
 ceeding 20 feet, and are fast wearing away b)' the action of 
 the sea. Their soil, which is but a few inches in depth, is 
 of coral, sand, and vegetable mould. Their cultivation con- 
 sists for the most part, in that of the cocoa-nut and v>an 
 danus, which are the chief articles of foi^d. The natives 
 also cultivate, with great care, a species of the taro. (Arum 
 cordifolium.) The bread-fruit tree is to be found on the X. 
 islands. The inhabitants of this group resemble the Ma- 
 Jays. Pop. of the entire group estimated at 60,000. 
 
 GILBERTSBOKOUGU, a post-olflee of Limestone co, Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 GILBERT'S MILLS, a post-oflice of Oswego co., Xew York. 
 
 GIL'BKKTSVILLE,a post-village of Otiiego co., Xew York, 
 95 miles W. of Albany, contains 3 or 4 churches, about half 
 a dozen stores. Ac. F'op. about 450. 
 
 GILBERTSVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 GILBOA, ghirbo'a, a post-village and township in the S. 
 part of Schoharie co., Xew Y'ork, on Schoharie River, about 
 50 miles S.W. of Albany. The village contains 2 Methodist 
 churches, 3 or 4 stores, and several factories and mills. Pop. 
 of the township, 2541. 
 
 GILBOA, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia. 
 
 GILBOA, a thriving post-village of Putnam co., Ohio, on 
 the Blanchard Kiver, 94 miles X.W. of Columbus. It is 
 liberally supplied with water-power. 
 
 GILCHRIST'S (ghil'krists) BRIDGE, a post-village of 
 Marion district. South Cai-olina. 
 
 GII/CRUX, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 GII/DER, a post-office of Greenville district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 GIl/DERSOME, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 'West 
 Riding. 
 
 GILDOXE, jil-dc/n-i, a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Molise, 4 miles from Campobasso. Pop. 2300. 
 
 GIL'EAD, a post-township of Oxfoi-d co., Maine, on the 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, and on the Andros- 
 coggin River, 00 miles W. by X. of Augusta. Pop. 347. 
 
 G1LE.\D, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. l"op. 1942. 
 
 GILEAD, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio, on the Maumee 
 River 140 miles X.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 GILE.VD, a post-township in the S. part of Branch co., 
 Michiiran. Pop. 644. 
 
 (ilLEAD, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, about 82 
 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 GILEAD, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, near the 
 
GIL 
 
 GIN 
 
 HlasIsGlppi River, 90 miles S.W. of Springfield, has sereral 
 hundred inhabitants. It was formerly the county seat. 
 
 GILEAD, ghil'e-ad, MOUNT, (Arab. JeM-Jilad, j5b-el-je- 
 I3d'.) in Syria, paslialic nf Damascus, is 25 miles N.X.K. of 
 the Dead Sea. lat. 32° 7' N., Ion. 35° 46' E., and near the 
 extremity of tlie rej;ion of Gilead, which extended f!)r some 
 distance northward, along the E. side of the river Jordan. 
 
 QILEXA, JILENA, or XILENA, He-li'nd, a Tillage of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 56 miles E. by S. of Se- 
 ville. Pop. 16S8. 
 
 GILES jilz, a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, has an 
 area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Kanawha or New River, and also drained by Walker's, 
 Wolf, and Sinking Creeks. The surface -is very mountain- 
 ous; the principal elevations are Walker's and Peter's 
 Mountains. The soil, excepting the vicinity of the rivers 
 and creek.s, is rocky and unproductive. Since the census 
 of 1850 was t.aken, the dimensions of the county have been 
 reduced by the formation of Craig county out of the N.E. 
 part. Named in honor of William IJ. Giles, Governor of 
 Virginia in 1828. Capital, Parisburg. Pop. 6883, of whoin 
 6105 were free, and 778 kUvcs. 
 
 GILES, a county iu the S. part of Tennessee, bordering 
 on Alabama, has an area of. &)0 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected in the S.K. part by Elk River, and also drained by 
 the branches of Richland Creek. The soil is very produc- 
 tive, and extensively cultivated. In 1850, the county pro- 
 duced .322,487 pounds of butter, the greatest quantity made 
 In any county of the state. A macadamized road extends to 
 Nashville. Capital, Pulaski. Pop. 2ti,100, of whom 15,318 
 were free, 
 
 GILES COURT HOUSE, Virginia. See Pawshuro. 
 
 GILESTONE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 GILFOltD, ghil'ford, a small market-town of Ireland, in 
 Ulster. CO. of Down, on the Bann, 4 miles N.W. of Banbridge. 
 Pop. 653. Gilford Castle is in the vicinity. 
 
 GILFORD, ghil'ford, a township of Belknap Co., New 
 Hamjisliirp, on the Concord and Montreal R.R. Pop. '2811. 
 
 GILFORD, a post-village and capital of Belknap county. 
 New Hanipsiiire, in the above township and on or near the 
 S. side of Wiiinii)iseogec Lake, about 30 miles N. by E. of 
 Concord. The village is ple^isantly situated, and con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, several churches and 
 stores. 
 
 OILGE, ghiVghfh, a river of Prussia, one of the mouths 
 of the Memel. It IHUs into the Curische-haff, 34 miles N.E. 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 GILG E, a village at the mouth of the above river. P. 990. 
 
 GILGEXliUKO, ghil'ghenl)WRO\ (Polish, Domhnrwno, 
 dom-brov'no.) a town of East Prussia, 32 miles N.E. of Ko- 
 nigsberg. Pop. 1262. 
 
 OILGIIIT, ghirghit/, a small independent territory of 
 Central Asia, on the N. declivity of the Hindoo Koosh, with 
 a village, in lat. 35° 35' N., Ion. 74° 15' E. on the Gilghit 
 River, an afDuent of the Upper Indus. 
 
 GILTXO-AUyiNG, jeeMing' aw'ting', or GIL/I-ANG', and 
 GILION. je-le on, two small islands in the Malay Archipelago, 
 off the E. end of Madura. 
 
 GILL, ghill. a lake of Ireland, in Connaught, co., and 2 
 miles S.E. of Sligo. Length, 4 miles. 
 
 GILL, a post-township of Franklin co., Massaehu.setts. on 
 the W. side of the Connecticut, and on the route of the Con- 
 necticut River Railroad, 1(10 miles W. by N. of Boston. V. 683. 
 
 GILL, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop. 1745. 
 
 GILL AM, ghil'lam, a township, Jasper co., Indiana. P. 568. 
 
 GIL'LELAND CREEK, a post-office of Travis Co., Texas. 
 
 GILLESPIE, ghil-lis'pce, a county in the AV. central part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is drained 
 by Pedernales River and Sandy Creek. The surface is un- 
 even. Capital, Fredericksburg. Pop. 2736, of whom 2703 
 vrere free. Named in honor of Captain Gillespie, who was 
 killed at Monterey. 
 
 GILLESPIE, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois, on a 
 railroad 20 miles N.E. of Alton. 
 
 GILLESPIEVILLE, a post-offlce of Ross co., Ohio. 
 
 GILL HALL, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GILLINGII.\M, ghilling-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset, on the Stour. It has' an ancient church and school, 
 and traces of an ancient Saxon palace in the enclosed forest 
 of Qillfngham. 
 
 GILLiXOHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 GILLINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GIL'LTOXS. a post-office of Baker co., Georgia. 
 
 GIL/LISO.WILLE, a postoffice of Beaufort co., district 
 5outh Carolina. 
 
 GTLLOLO, a island in the Malay Archipelago. See GiLOio. 
 
 GILL'S CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 GILL'S MILLS, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 GTI/L'S STORE, a post-offlce of Lincoln CO., Tennessee. 
 
 GILLS'VILLE, a post-offlce of Hall co., Georgia, 18 miles 
 £. of Gainesville. 
 
 GILLY, zheelYee' or zhee'yee', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of llainaut, 3 miles N.E. of Charleroi. Pop. 5618. 
 
 GILM.\N, ghil'man, a post-township of Hamilton co., New 
 York, 68 miles N.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 GIL'MANTON, a post-village and township of Belknap co. 
 New Hampshire, 20 miles N.N.E. of Concord. The villag* 
 contains churches of 3 denominations, an insurance offict- 
 a flourishing academy, and 4 stores. The inhabitants of Gil 
 nuintun are extensively engaged in the manufacture ot 
 carriages and hardware. Population of the township, 
 2073. 
 
 GILMANTON IRON WORKS, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 20 miles N.N.E. of Concord. It contains 2 
 churches, 3 stores, a plow-factory, 2 tanneries, and mills of 
 various kinds. 
 
 GILMER, ghil'mgr, a county in the central part of West 
 A'irginia : area 512 square miles. It is traversed from E. 
 to W. by the Little Kanawha River, and also drained by 
 Lick, Leading, and Steer Creeks. The surface is mostly co- 
 vered with forests. The county contains salt springs and 
 iron ore. It is intersected by the Parkersburg and Weston 
 Turnpike. Formed a few years ago out of part of Lewis 
 county, and named in honor of Thomas W. (iilmer. member 
 of Congress from Virginia. Capital, Glenville. Pop. 37S9, 
 of whom 3707 were free, and 52 slaves. 
 
 GILMER, a county in theN. part of Georgia, about 10 m. 
 miles from the line of Tennessee, has an area of about 475 
 scjuare miles. It is drained by the head waters of the 
 Connasauga, Coosawattee, and EUijay Rivers. The sur- 
 face is diversified by mountain ridges connected with the 
 Blue Ridge, and is remarkable for picturesque scenery. 
 Pome of lliese elevations are known as the Coliuttah, Frog, 
 Bald, Tallona, and Sliarptop Mounttiins. Gilmer county is 
 remarkably rich in minerals. Gold-mines are worked in 
 several places, and are productive. Many persons are em- 
 ployed in quarrying marble, wjiieh is of fine quality ; and 
 the county contains an abundance of good iron. Named iu 
 honor of George R. Gilmer, who was Governor of Georgia in 
 1830. Capital, Ellijay. Pop. C724, of whom 0557 were free, 
 and 167 slaves. 
 
 GILMER, a thriving post-village, capital of Upshur co., 
 Texas, about 320 miles E.N.E. of Austin City. It is situated 
 in a rich planting region, which is diversified by prairies 
 and forests. Laid out In 1848. 
 
 GILMER, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 1182. 
 
 G 1 LMER, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 35 miles N.W. 
 of Chicago. 
 
 GILMER'S STORE, a postoffice of Guilford co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 GIL'MERTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 GIL'MORTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 GILOLO, je-lo/lo, GILLOLO, DJILLOLO, jil-lo/lo, or IIAL- 
 MAHER.\, hJlmi-hfVrS, a considerable island in the Malay 
 Archipelago, on the Equator, Ion. 128° E., separated from 
 Celebes by the Jloluccn Passage, and from Coram by Pitt's 
 Passage, respectively about 130 miles across. Estimated 
 area, 6500 square miles. Its shape, like that of Celebes, con- 
 sists of four peninsulas, radiating N., E., and S. from a com- 
 mon centre. The interior is mountainous, and in m.iny 
 parts densely wooded; the coasts are resorted to by pirates. 
 The products are sago, cocoa-nuts, spices, fruits, edible 
 birds'-nests. pearls and gold-dust, horses, horned cattle, and 
 sheep. The im|)orts are mostly from the Dutch East India 
 settlements, anij comprise manufactured goods, opium, 
 china-ware, and iron. The island is subdivided into several 
 petty states; prinrip-al towns, Ossa and Gilolo. 
 
 GILOLO, PASSAGE OF, separating the above island, on 
 the E., from the islands of Waigeoo, Battanta, Mysol, is 
 from 100 to 140 miles across. 
 
 GILOP'OLIS, a post-office of Robe.son co.. North Carolina, 
 
 GILPAIGOAN, ghil-pI-gOn', written also GILPAIGON, 
 a town of Persia, provinceof Irak-Ajemee, 100 miles W.N.W. 
 of Ispahan. 
 
 GIL'IWY', a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri. 
 
 GILROY, a post-offlce of Santa Clara co., California. 
 
 GILS'LAND, a hamlet and district of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland, on the Carlisle and Newcastle Railway, 8 miles N.E. 
 of Brampton. It abounds in romantic scenery, has medicinal 
 spiings, and is much resorted to as a watering-place. 
 
 GILS'TONE, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 GIL'.SUM, a post-town.ship of Cheshire co., New Ilami^ 
 shire, 35 miles W.S.W. of Concord. Pop. 676. 
 
 GIMBSHEIM. ghimp-s/hlme, a village of Germany, in 
 Hesse-Dai-mst;»dt, 9 miles N.W, of Worms. Pop. 1594. 
 
 GIMEXA. JIMEXA or XIMKXA. He-m4/ud, a town of 
 Spain, province, and 50 miles E.S.E of Cadiz. Pop. 5878. 
 
 GIM1GX.\X0, je-meen-y^'no, a town of Tu.scany, 20 miles 
 S.S.W. of Florence. Pop. 5818. 
 
 GIM'IXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GIMINO, je-mee'no, a market-town of Austria, in Illyria, 
 about 60 miles from Fiume. Pop. 3568. 
 
 GIMOXE. zhee'mon', a river of France, joins the Garonne 
 abovit 3 miles S. of Castelsarrasin, after a course of 05 miles. 
 
 GIMONT, zhee^mANo', a town of France, department of 
 Gers. on the Gimone, 14 miles E. of Auch. P. in 1862, 3053, 
 
 GIXEVKA and GIXEBRA. See Geneva. 
 
 GIXGEE or JHINJI, jin'jee, a fortified town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, 80 miles S.W. of Madras. It* 
 extensive fortifications cover most part of three detached 
 
 763 
 
GIN 
 
 rocky WUs of difficult ascent, and comprise a remarkable 
 Bcen-storied tower, a pagoda, mosque, a castellated palace, 
 va ions military works, and some interesting ruins. It has 
 been repeatedly taken: the last time, in 1750, by the French, 
 who ceded it to the British in 1761. 
 
 G IXGKLOM, Hing'hA-lom^ or zhix^'zheh-lis"^', a village of 
 Belgium, on the railway, 4S miles K. by "S. of Brussels. 
 
 GIX'GEKBUEAD GROUND, a dangerous reef of the Baha- 
 ma Islands. 35 miles S. of the Great Bahama. Lat. 25° 56' 
 >-.. Ion. 78° 25' E. 
 
 GIX'GKK HILL, a small post-vUlage of Washington co., 
 Perinsylvania. 
 
 GINGER ISLAND. AVest Indies. See YiRGiy Islanps. 
 
 GINGST, ghingst, a village of Prussia, on the W. side of 
 the island of Riigen, in the Baltic. Pop. 778. 
 
 GINNEKEN. iiin'nA-ken, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of North Brabant, 1 mile S.E. of Breda. Pop. 700. 
 
 GINSENG, jin'seng, a post-office of Wyoming CO., Virginia. 
 
 GIN TOWN, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia. 
 
 GIOIA. See Gioja. 
 
 GIOJ. jo'ee, a villaee of Naples, province of Principato 
 atra. 6 miles N .W. of Vallo. Pop. 1 KOO. 
 
 GIOJA or GIOIA, jo'yi, a city of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 19 miles E. of Altamura. Pop. 9500. 
 
 GIOJA, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 
 15 miles S.E. of .\vezzano. Pop. 1900. 
 
 GIOJA, a village of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 6 
 miles S.E. of Piedimonte. Pop. 2400. 
 
 GIOJA, a village of Naples, province of Calabria Lltra I., 
 27 miles N.E. of Reggio, near the gulf of its own name. It 
 was almost destroyed by the earthquake of 1783. Pop. 429. 
 
 GIOJOS.\. jo-yo'sii, a town, of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra I., 7 miles N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 7019. 
 
 GIOJOSA, a town of Sicily, on its N. coast, 5 miles N.W. 
 of Patti. Pop. 3300. It was built at the foot of the moun- 
 tain on which stood Giojosa A'ecchio. (or Old Giojosa.) 
 
 GIORGIEV or GIORGIEF. See Giurgevo. 
 
 GIORNICO, joRfne-ko, (Ger. Ir'nis,) a town of Switzerland, 
 canton of Ticino, on the Tessin. 
 
 GIOVATA, jo-v3'td, a small seaport town of Asia Minor, 
 in Anatolia, at the head of the Gulf of Kos, (here called the 
 Gulf of Giova. jo'vd,) 50 miles E. of Boodroom. 
 
 GIOVENAZZO, jo-v4-nJt'so, (auc. Aaiiohm,) a fortified 
 seaport town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, on a rocky penin- 
 sula in the Adriatic. Pop. 6000. It has a cathedral, con- 
 vents, hospitals, and a castle. 
 
 GIPPING, ghip/ping, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GIR. See Nioeb. 
 
 GIRAGLIA. je-r3l'y5. a small island in the Mediterranean, 
 li miles off the N. extremity of Corsica. 
 
 GIRAPETRA. je-rd-p.A'trd, a small maritime town of the 
 island of Crete, on its S. coast. 17 miles S. of Spina-Longa. 
 
 GIRARD, jt^rard', a township of Clearfield CO.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Susquehanna, 12 mUes N.E. of Cleailjeld. Pop. 
 492. 
 
 GIRARD, a beautiful post-borough and township of Erie 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Lake Erie. The borough is situated 
 on the Lake Shore Railroad 16 miles S.W. of Erie, and on 
 the Beaver and Erie Canal, about 2 miles from the lake. It 
 is surrounded by rich and well-cultivated farms, and con- 
 fciins 1 academy and a national bank. Pop. in 1860, about 
 600; of the township, 2453. 
 
 GIKARD, a thriving post-village of Russell co., Alabama, 
 on the right bank of the Chattahoochee River, opposite Co- 
 lumbus, Georgia. It is the largest place in the county, and 
 has considerable trade. Girard contains 1 printing-office, 
 several stores, and about 1000 inhabitants. The route of a 
 railroad has been surveyed from Girard to .Mobile. 
 
 GIRARD, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, on the Ma- 
 honing River, 170 miles N.E. of Columbus. The Pennsylva- 
 nia and Ohio Canal passes through it. 
 
 GTR.\RD, a post-township in the N. part of Branch co- 
 Michigan. Pop. 1128. 
 
 GIRARD. a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois. 
 
 GIR'DLENESS', a headland of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, 
 forming the S. point of the entrance of the Dee. 2 miles S. 
 of Aberdeen. It has a light-house with 2 fixed lights. Lat. 
 67° 8' N., Ion. 2° 3' W. 
 
 GIRGEII or JIRJEH, jMa'jJh, (written DJIRDJEII by 
 the French.) a town of Upper Eg^pt, capital of a province of 
 its own name, on the Nile. 60 miles N.W. of Thebes. Pop. 
 7000. (?) It is large,.andin Upper Egjpt ranks nextin importr 
 ance after Sioot (Siout). It has several mosques, a govern- 
 ment cotton factory, a school, attended, a few years ago, by 
 loo boys, and a Latin t-onvent. which is now the oldest Ro- 
 man Catholic establishment in Egypt. 
 
 GIKGENTI. jlK-jJn'tee, orGERGENTI. ? (anc. AgrigtnUum.) 
 a city of Sicily, on the slojie of a mountain, nearly 1200 feet 
 •bove the sea, which it faces at about 3 miles distant. Pop. 
 18,569. It has an Imposing external appearance, but is ir- 
 regularly laid out. The public buildings are large, though, 
 nxcept the public seminar>', library, and museum, they are 
 without merit: the principal are a cathedral of the thir- 
 teenth century, with some antiquities and treasures of art, 
 ftnd a great many other churches and convents. On the 
 754 
 
 GIT 
 
 coast is a port, with a mole built by Charles III. in 1768^ 
 two light-houses, extensive corn magazines, a prison, kc 
 The extensive remains of the ancient city, E. of the modern 
 town, comprise the magnificent temple of Concord, the most 
 perfect existing structure of early Greek architecture; the 
 remains of a vast temple of the Olympic Jupiter, 369 feet in 
 length, (basement.) 182 feet in breadth, and 120 feet in 
 height: the tomb of Theron; and portions of the temples of 
 Juno, Hercules, Vulcan, Castor and Pollux, &c. Girgenti 
 is the chief port in Sicily for the export of sulphur ; the other 
 principal exports are corn, almonds, sumach, oil. and soda. 
 
 GIRGENTI, a province on the S.W. coast of Sicily, com- 
 prising an area of about 1377 square miles. Pop. 2.3o,187. 
 
 G1R1FAL01, je-re-fdl'ko, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra I., 9 mUes S.W. of Catanzaro. 
 Pop. 3300. 
 
 GIRISHK, gheeVishk', a fort and village of Afghanistan, 
 on the Ilelmund. Liit. 31° 46' N.. Ion. 64° 18' E. The fort 
 is built upon a mound, about 2 miles from the river. 
 
 GIRJEII, a town of Egypt. See Girgeh. 
 
 GIROMAGNY, zheeVo^mdn'yee', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaut-Rhin, 8 miles N.N.W. of Belfort. Pop. in 
 1852, 2700. 
 
 GIRON, JIRON, XIRON, He-r6n', or GIRONA. He-ro/nl, a 
 small town of New Granada, department of Boyaca, 46 miles 
 W. of Pamplona. 
 
 GIRONDE, je-rSnd'. (Fr. pron. zheeVAxd',) an estuary of 
 Western France, formed by the union of the rivers Garonne 
 and Dordogne. Length, alxmt 50 miles; the breadth varies 
 from 2 to 6 miles, its mouth being 3 miles across. It is navi- 
 gable throughout, but greatly encumbered with .'mnd-banks, 
 and subject at flood-tide to a heavy reliux from the sea, 
 termed the mascaret, similar to the bfire (barre) in the Seine. 
 
 GIRONDE, a maritime department in the S.W. of France, 
 formed of part of the oW province of Guieune, having W. the 
 BayofBiscay. Area, 3714 square miles. Pop. in ISOl, 667,193. 
 Surface generally level, and all the W. portion is a sand-flat, 
 interspersed with lagoons, .ind termed the '• landes." Prin- 
 cijial rivers, the Garonne and Dordogne, with the estuary of 
 Gironde formed by their union. Most of the claret-wines 
 are grown in this department, the vineyards in which form 
 its chief source of wealth. There are stone quarries and 
 smelting-works. but few mines. Gironde is divided into 6 
 arrondissements ; chief towns, Bordeaux, (the capital,) Bazas, 
 and Elaye. 
 
 GIRTHON. ghir'thpn, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of 
 Kirkcudbright. 
 
 GIRTON, ghlr'ton, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 GIRTON. a parish of Enf;land, co. of Notts. 
 
 GIR VAN, ghir'van, a river of Sc<itland. co. of .Ayr, rises in 
 a email hike, and flows westcriy into the Irish Sia, opposite 
 Ailsa Craii.', 
 
 G1RV.\N, a burgh of barony and parish of Scotland, at 
 the mouth of the alxsve river, co., and 17 miles S.S.W. of Ayr. 
 Pop. of the town, in 1S51, 7319. It is mostly inhabited by 
 cotton weavers, and has a town-hall, twobrajich banks, and 
 a harbor containing from 9 to 11 feet of water. 
 
 GISBUEN, ghi7/btlrn. a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding, on the Ribble, lOi miles W.S.W. of Skipton. 
 Gisburn Park, the seat of Lord Ribblesdale. is remarkable 
 for its herd of wild cattle, similar to those of Chillingham. 
 
 GISLEIIAM, ghiz'el-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 GISLINGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GISORS. zhee^zoR'. a town of France, department of Eure, 
 on the Epte, 33 miles N.E. of Evreux. Pop. in 1S52, 3653. 
 The principal edifices are an old castle, ptirtly built by 
 Henry II. of England, and a curious piirish church of the 
 thirteenth century. In the Jliddle .4ges. Gisors was a fort- 
 ress of importance; here several memorable interviews took 
 place between Henry I. of England and Pope Calixtus, 
 Henry II. and Louis VII.. ic. It has a commun.<il college, 
 and an active trade in corn, &c. 
 
 GISR. See Jezar.- 
 
 GISSER, ghis'ser, an island of the Banda group. Malay 
 Archipelago. It is low and sandy, surrounded by a coral reet 
 
 GISSI, jis'see, a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Citra, 10 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pod. 3400. 
 
 GISSIGHEIM. ghis'sig-hlme\ a vUlage of Itiden, on the 
 Brehm. Pop. 958. 
 
 GIS/SING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GISWEIL, ghLs/ftlle, or GYSWYL, ghis'^il, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, on the Lauwibach, 
 miles S.S.W. of Sarnen. A little above the village the out- 
 let of the Lungemsee forms two fine ca.<cades. Pop. 1406. 
 
 GITS, nits, (Fr. pron. zheet.) a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of AVest Flanders, 16 miles N,E. of Ypres. Pop. 3826. 
 
 GITSCHIN or GICZIN, phitch'in. a walled town of Bo- 
 hemia, on the Czidlina. (chid-lee'nd.) 50 miles NJi. of 
 Prague. Pop. 3S28. It has a fiue castle, built by Wallen 
 stein, and a gjninasium. 
 
 GITTELDE. ghiftiTdfh. a town of Northern Germany, 3J 
 miles S.S.W. of Brunswick. Pof . 1213. 
 
 GITTISUAM, ghit/te-sham, a parish of Knglana, co, of 
 Devon. 
 
GIU 
 
 GLA 
 
 OTUBIASCO. joo-be-is'k'6, a Tillage of Switzerland, canton 
 of Ticino, 2 miles S.W. of Bellinzona. Pop. 613. 
 
 GIUGLIANO, jool-yA'uo, a market-town of Xaple.s, 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Naples. I'op. 8300. It has 4 churches, an hospital, 
 and a fine noble residence. 
 
 GIUGLIANO, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ci- 
 tra, district of Cliieti. I'op. 14U0. 
 
 GIULAMEKK, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Joola- 
 
 UERE. 
 
 GIULTANA, joo-le-H'nJ, a seaport villag;e of Dalmatia, on 
 the K. side of the peninsula of Sabioncello. 
 
 GICLIANOVAjjoo-le-il-no'va, or G1.ULIANU0VA, joo-le- 
 l-noo-o'vd, (anc. dis'trum iVWrMHi,) a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra I., 14 miles E.N.E. of Teramo, near 
 the Adriatic. Pop. 2000. 
 
 OIULIOl'OLI, joo-le-op'o-le, a village of Naples, province 
 of Abruzzo Citra, 24 miles S. of Lanciano. Pop. 1055. 
 
 GIUPAXA, joo-pJ'ni, or SCIPAN, she-pSn', an island of 
 Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, near the coast, 3 miles S. of Slano. 
 Pop. 850. Length, 5 miles; average breadth, Ij miles. 
 
 GIURQEVO, GIUr.GKWO, jooR-jA'vo, or DSCIIUKDSCIIO- 
 WA, a town of Wallachia,ou the Danube. 40 miles S.W. of 
 Bucharest, of which it is the port. Pop. 7000. It is a poor 
 plac«, but has an active trade, especially with some of the 
 Austrian ports on the Danube. The fortifications formerly 
 encircling the town, were levelled by the Russians in 1829. 
 
 GIUSS.\N 0. joos-sd/no, a village of Northernltiily, province, 
 and 18 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 1983. 
 
 GIUSVALLA, joos-vdnd, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 about 21 miles S.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 1186. 
 
 GIV'ENDALK or GWEN'DALE, a parish of England, co. 
 of York, East Kiding. 
 
 GIV'ENS^'ILLK, a post-office of Pontotoc co.. Mississippi. 
 
 GI VET, zheeVA', a fortified town of France, department of 
 Ardennes, on the Meuse, 26 miles N'.N'.E. of Mezieres, on 
 the Belgian frontier. Pop. in 1862, 5639. Here are exten- 
 sive barracks, a military liospital, and on an adjacent height 
 is the citadel of Charlemont. 
 
 GIVOitS, zhee^oE/, a town of France, department of 
 Ehone, 13 miles S. of Lyons, on the railway from thence to 
 St. Etienne, and on the Khoue, near where it is joined by the 
 Gier River and the Canal of Givors. Pop. in 1852, 9118. It 
 has a considerable trade in coal and ironstone, brought 
 hither by its canal, which is about 10 miles in length. 
 
 GIVKY, zheeVree', a town of France, department of 
 Saone-et-Loire, 6 miles W. of Chalons-sur-SaOne. Pop. in 
 1852, 3071. 
 
 GIZEII, a town of Egypt. See Giieezeii. 
 
 GJAT or O.TATSK. a town of Russia. See GznATSK. 
 
 GLADBACH, glM'baK, or MOXCUEN GLADBACII. a 
 town o! Rhenish Prussia. 10 miles W. of Dusseldorf, on the 
 railway from Aix-la-Cliapelle to Ilomberg. Pop. 17,064. 
 
 GLADBACII, a town of Khenish Prussia, government of 
 Cologne. 6 miles N.E. of .Mulheim. Pop. 2550. 
 
 GLAD'DEN'S GROVE, a post-office of Fairfield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 GLADE, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 698. 
 
 GLADE HILL, a post-office of Franklin cp., Virginia. 
 
 GL.\DE MILLS, a post-village of IJutler co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Glade Creek, 22 miles N. of Pittsburg. 
 
 GLADK .MIXES, a pnstoffice of Hall co.. Georgia. 
 
 GLADEXBACII, gld'dfn-biK\ a market-town of Germany, 
 in Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 miles W.S.W. of Marburg. Pop. 1050. 
 
 GL.VDE RUX.a post-office of Armstrong co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 GLADE'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Putnam co., Geor- 
 gia, 32 miles N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 GLADK SPRIXG, a post-village of Washington co., A'ir- 
 ginia, on the Virginia and Tennessee Kailroad, 12 miles 
 E.N.E. of Abingdon. It is the seat of Emory and Henry 
 College, foinided by the .Methodists in 1838. 
 
 GLADE SPRIXG. a post-office of Harrison co.. Texas. 
 
 GLAD'ESTKY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 GLADESVILLE, a post-office of Jasper co., Georgia. 
 
 GLADEVILLE. a post-office of Preston co., W.Virginia. 
 
 GLADOVA, gld-do'va, (Turk. Fei-Mam, fit-is'ldm',) a town 
 of Sei'via, on the Danube, immediately below the " iron gate." 
 or rapids of that river. 13 miles S.E. of Xew Orsova. It is 
 the chief station of the Danube Steam Xavigation Com- 
 pany, and its inhabitants are actively employed in the con- 
 veyance of merchandise, by land, between it and Orsova. 
 About 2j miles below it are the remains of the bridge built 
 by Trajan across the Danube. 
 
 GLADSMUIll, gladz'miire. a parish of Scotland, co., and 4 
 miles W of Haddington. The battle of Gladsmuir. better 
 known as that of Prestonpans, was fought partly in this 
 parish. 
 
 QLAIVWIN, a new county towards the E. part of Michi- 
 gan, contains about 570 square miles. It is inter.sectRd by 
 the Titibawassee River. This county is not included in the 
 eensus of 1850, Pop. in 1860, 14. 
 
 GLADY CREEK, a post-office of Barbour co.. W. Virginia. 
 
 GLAIDS'DALE. a narish rf England, co. of York, North 
 itiaing. 
 
 GLAM'MIS, a parish of Scotland, cc . and 5i miles S.W. of 
 
 Forfar, on the Dundee and Newtyle Railway. The vene- 
 rable and stately Castle of Glammis, the seat of the Earl of 
 Strathmore, contains an interesting collection of antiquities. 
 A passage is still shown, in which Malcolm II. is said to 
 have been murdered, A. D. 1031. 
 
 GLAMOR'GAN, or GLAMORGANSHIRE, glam-or'gan- 
 •shjr, the southernmost county of Wales, having S. and W. 
 the Bristol Chiinnel. Area, 856 square miles of which alout 
 one-half are arable or pasture lands. Pop. in 1851, 2ol,849. 
 The surface is mountainous in the N., level In the S.; the 
 "Vale of Glamorgan" is of fertility unsurpassed in Wales. 
 The principal rivers are the Tawe, Neath, TafT, Romney, 
 forming the boundary on the side of Monmouthshire, and 
 on the W. the Loughor, which, with the Bury estuary, 
 bounds X. the peninsula of Gower. All the N. part of this 
 county belongs to the great coal field of South Wales. Largo 
 iron-works are established at Merthyr-Tydvil, Aberdare. and 
 Ilerwain ; and smelting-works at Swansea and Xeath, con- 
 nected with the coast by a railway to Cardiff and its branches. 
 The Neath and Swansea Canals are also in this county. Capi- 
 tiil, Cardiff. The county sends 2 members to the House of 
 Common.s, and its boroughs send 3. 
 
 GLAMOR'GAN, a county of Van Diemen's Land, bounded 
 N. by the St. Paul and South Esk Rivers, separating it from 
 the county of Cornwall, and on the E. by the ocean. Capi- 
 tal, Swansea. 
 
 GLAMORGAXSIIIRE. See Glamorgan. 
 
 GLAN,gldn,a lakeof Sweden, in the N.E. part of the Iwn of 
 Linkoping, about 9 miles long by 6 miles wide. The Motala, 
 which discharges Lake Wetter, after passing through Lake 
 Roxeu, enters the S.W. extremity of Glan ; and, issuing 
 from its E. extremity passes the town of Norrkjiipiug and 
 forms a long estuary called Braviken in the Baltic. 
 
 GLANDllVE, gl6N«Maiv', a hamlet and former town of 
 France, department of Basses-Alpes. on the Var, 17 miles X .E. 
 of Castellanne, ruined by repeated inundations of the river. 
 
 GLAND'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GLAND'FORD-BRIGG (or BRIDGE,) a market-town of 
 England, co., and 24 miles N.X.W. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1861, 
 2201. Steam-packets connect the town with Hull. 
 
 GL.\X'DON. a harbor of Ireland, co. of Cork, 3 miles W. 
 of Ross Bay, about 1 mile wide, and stretches inland about 
 3 miles. 
 
 GLANDON. a village of Ireland, co. of Cork, about 2 miles 
 above the mouth of the harbor. 
 
 tiL.\N^DDKE', a harbor on the S. coast of Ireland, co., and 
 34 miles S.S.W. of Cork, in lat. 51° 36' N., Ion. 9° 5' W. 
 
 GLAXDORE, a town of Ireland, co. of Cork, situated on 
 the E. side of the harbor, contains many handsome houses, 
 erected for the accommodation of bathers and others attract- 
 ed to it by the beauty of its situation and the salubrity of 
 its climate. 
 
 GL.^NDOKF, gldn'doRf, a village of Hanover, province of 
 OsnabrUck. Pop. 980. 
 
 GLANE, gldn or gld/neh, a stream of Switzerland, joins 
 the Saane lielow Attenryff. 
 
 GLAN'MIRE', a village of Ireland, in Munster, co., and 5 
 miles E.N.E. of Cork. Pop. 453. 
 
 GLAN/TON, a township of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 GLANnvORTH, a village and parish of Ireland, fn Mun- 
 ster, CO. of Cork. 5j miles S.S.W. of Mitchelstown. Pop. of 
 village, 1012. Here are the ruins of a noble castle, forfeited 
 by liord Fermoy in 1641. 
 
 GLAP'TIIORN, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 GLARXlSCIL(Glarnisch,)glaiR'nish, a mountain of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and about 5 miles S.^V. of Glarus, has seve- 
 ral peaks, and is connected with the Todi. It is 8925 feet 
 high, rises abruptly from the vallay below, and is difficult of 
 ascent. Lat. of the Vorder Glarnisch. 47° 1' 22" N., lou. 9° 2' 
 30" E. 
 
 GLARUS, gia/r66s, or CLARIS, gUVeece/, a town of Swit- 
 zerland, capital of a canton of its own name, on the Linth, 
 at the foot of Mount Glarnisch. Pop. in 1850, 4082. Its 
 church is shared both by Protestants and Roman Catho- 
 lics, and it has a hospital, town-hall, free school, public 
 library and reading room, with manufactures of muslins, 
 printed cottons, woollen cloths, and Schabzieger cheese. 
 
 GLARUS or CLARIS, a canton of Switzerland, enclosed 
 by St. Gall, the Grisons, Sehwytz. and Uri. Area, 2S0 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1860, 33..3f>3 The Linth and its aftluenta 
 pour themselves into the Lake of Wallenstatt, on its X', 
 frontier; on all other sides it is hemmed in by high moun- 
 tain rangos, and the Dodi at its S. extremity. 11.887 feet in 
 height, is the loftiest summit in East Switzerland. Or- 
 chards are numerous; little corn is produced; cattle rearing 
 and manufactures of cotton and linen goods form the chief 
 occupations of the inhabitant.s. Capital, Glarus. 
 
 GLAyBURY, a parish of South ^\■ales, cos. of Brecon and 
 Radnor. 
 
 GLAS'CO, a postrvillage of Ulster co.. New York, on Hud- 
 son River, 48 miles S. of Albany. It has a steamboat land- 
 ing and extensive brick-yards. 
 
 GLASCOMOE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radncr 
 
 GLASCOW, a village of Canada West, co. of Waterloo, scp.v 
 
 755 
 
GLA 
 
 GLA 
 
 rated fiorn BvidfC^port by the Grand Rirer, OTer which there 
 M n liriil^e, 2 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. about 75. 
 
 GL.i'^EN, (GlSsMi.) frli'zen, a village of Prussia, gorem- 
 ment of Oppeln. Pop. 880. 
 
 GL.\SEM5ACII. gW'zfn-biK\ a Tillage of Austria, duchy 
 of. and near !?a!zbur'2. 
 
 GLA.SKNDORF. glS'zen-doRr, a village of Bohemia, circle 
 of Bidschow. Pop. 290.' 
 
 OLASKHSDORK. (Glasersdorf.l glA'zerz-dour, a village of 
 Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1217. 
 
 GLASERSDOKF. (Glasersdorf.) a village of Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Liegnitz. circle of Liiben. Pop. 977. 
 
 GLASERHDOHF (Glasersdorf) (VnER, a village of Prussia, 
 government of Liegnitz. circle of Liiben. Pop. 665. 
 
 OLAS'FORD. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 GLAfVGOW, (L. Gliis'cua.) the principal commercial and 
 m;inufacturing citv of Scotland, co. of Lanark, I^wer Ward, 
 on bith sides nttheClvde.42milesW.bvS. of Edinburgh. Lat. 
 of Glasgow Bridge. S.i° 51' 5-t" X., Inn. 4° 16' W. Greatest 
 length from E.to W.. 3 miles: breadth from N.to S..2 miles; 
 circumference about 8 miles. The city proper stands wholly 
 on the right bank of the river, having the suburbs of Calton 
 and Brid'geton on the E., and those of Anderston and Fm- 
 nieston on the W., the whole forming one continuous town ; 
 besides these, the suburban villages of Camlachie, West- 
 muir, and Parkhead on the E.. and of Partick on the W., 
 are so cla«ely connected with it as to be likewise almost con- 
 tinuous. On the opposite or left bank of the Clyde is the 
 ancient suburb of GorKals; and, of more modern growth, 
 those of Hutchesontown on the E.. and Laurieston, Trades- 
 ton, and Kingston ou the W.. the whole so blended as to con- 
 stitute one uliinterrupted series of streets and houses, with 
 which the village of Govan, on the W., is almost united. 
 These two sections of the town are connected by three sub- 
 stantial stone bridges; and an elegant suspension bridge 
 was in process of erection in 1852: in addition to these, an- 
 other stone bridge crosses the river at the E. extremity of 
 the town. The greater part of the city, and its suburban 
 portions, stand on level ground, lying along the banks of 
 the river; but on the N. and X.W., at once compri.'sing the 
 oldest and newest parts, it rises to considerable elevations, 
 occupying, in the former quarter, the face and summit of a 
 steep ridge; in the latter, ascending, and crowning several 
 gentle acclivities. Its plan is very regular, both on the N. 
 and S. sides of the river, the streets generally extending E. 
 and W., nearly parallel to the river, or X. and S., at right an- 
 gles to it. 
 
 The general appearance of Glasgow, on being approached 
 In almost any direction, is not, perhaps, very preposses- 
 sing, owing to its generally low situstlon. and to the obtru- 
 sion of a vast number of tall smoking chimneys, and other 
 manifestations of manufacturing industry; still, the great 
 number of its handsome spires forms a striking feature in its 
 genenal .ispect. when viewed from a distance ; and. when sur- 
 veyed in detail, it is found to possess many plea.«ing and at- 
 tractive features. All its buildings, with the exception of fac- 
 tories and a few suburban houses for the working-classes, are 
 constructed in a superior style, of fine white and generally 
 polished freestone, imparting a peculi.ar air of combined 
 solidity and elegance to the whole city. Slanj' of the streets 
 are handsome and spacious, some of the public edifices mag- 
 nificent, and the new crescents, squares, and isolated rows 
 of dwellings, particularly in the W. end of the town, present 
 as beautiful specimens of modern domestic architecture as 
 are to be seen any where; having the additional advantage, 
 in numeroiis instances, of fine comm.anding situations. 
 The principal streets are. in general, remarkably straight, 
 and most of them of considerable width. They are kept in 
 good order, and are well paved, and lighted by between 7000 
 and 8000 gas lamps. Water is furnished at the rate of 27 
 gallons a day to each inhabitant, the total daily supply be- 
 ing 12.000,000 gallons. The principal street is the Trongate, 
 with its continuations — the G.allowgate on the E., and Ar- 
 pyle street on the W. ; it lies E. and W., is in all about 2 
 miles long and 80 feet wide, and is justly considered one of 
 the handsomest streets in Europe. The finest N. and S. 
 streets are Buch.anan street and Queen street; the former 
 the fashionable street of the day. and the most remarkable 
 for the elegance of its shops. The squares of Gla.sgow are 
 few in number, and generally small. The crescents and ter- 
 races are of modern creation, and are. therefore, all confined 
 to the growing, or W. and X.W. end of the city. 
 
 Public BuiUlinrii, bridges. Mnnumimts, dv. — Glasgow has 
 many public buildings of great architectural merit; but by 
 far the most magnificent is the Royal Exchange in Queen 
 street. It is in the Corinthian style, surmounted by a 
 handsome circular clock-tower, has a" lofty octostvle portico, 
 thi-ee colunnns In depth, and Is adorned on the sides by 
 engaged columns, giving the whole building a singularly 
 noble appearance: the news-room is aliout 100 feet long by 
 40 broad, with a rich colTered roof supported by Corinthian 
 columns. The new County Buildings in connection with 
 the adjoining Merchants' Hall, compose a ma-rniftcent pile, 
 of a simple, but imposing character. The Tontine, contain- 
 iug the Uld Exchanfre and Town-liaU, situated at the Cross, 
 768 
 
 on the north side of Trongate, is a noble range of buildings 
 with a superb palatial-looking front, supported on rustica- 
 ted arcides. Adjoining to it. at the Cross and the foot of 
 the High street, is the quaint-looking steeple of the old 
 Tolbooth, with a fine chime of bells : and W. from it is the 
 steeple of the old Tron Church, a well-known landmark in 
 the city. Many of the banks are among the chief architect- 
 ural ornaments of Glasgow ; the Union, Briti.sh Linen, 
 Roy.al. Xational. AVestem. and City Banks, may especially 
 be particularized for their elegance. The Western Club- 
 House, Assembly Rooms, now the Athenajum, Ilutchesons' 
 Hospital, the Trades' ILall, the Universities, the Established 
 and Free Church Xorm.il Seminaries, City Hall, Corn Ex-' 
 change, the extensive Lunatic -Asylum at Gartnavel. 2 miles 
 W. from the city, and the Observatory, about half a mile 
 nearer in the s.ame direction ; some of the more recently 
 erected schools, both private and charity, are all more or 
 less deservin,^ of notice; as are also the Town's Hospital, 
 and the Xorth and South Prisons. The public monuments 
 comprise that to Xelson in the Green, .an Egyptian obelisk, 
 144 feet In height ; an equestrian statue of KingWUllam 111. 
 at the Cross: the st.atues of Sir John Moore, a native of 
 Glasgow, by Flaxman, and one of his finest works; of James 
 Watt, by Ch.antrey : and a fluted Doric column, surmounted 
 by a figure, in free.stone, to Sir Walter Scott — the last three 
 In George Square ; and the equestrian statue of the Duko 
 of Wellington, by Marochetti, In front of the Royal Ex- 
 change. 
 
 Churches and Places of Winrfhij). — There are. within the 
 parliamentary city and burgh of Glasgow, 14-3 places of 
 worship — Established Church 25, Free 30, United I'resby* 
 terian 23. Episcopalian 5, Roman Catholic 7, Independent 
 11, Baptist 7, other denoniiiiatious, 35 ; affording, altOL'ether, 
 seats for 114,278 persons. .4s specimens of ecclesiastical 
 architecture, many of these churches are of a high oi-der. 
 First, is the ancient Cathedral or High Church, a msijestic 
 pile, situated on the X., and the oldest part of the town, 
 on the edge or W. bank of a ravine, traversed by the Mo- 
 lendinar Bum. This fine old edifice was founded in 112-3, 
 during the reign of David I., by John Achaius. Bishop of 
 Glasgow, and dedicated to St. Mungo or Kentigern. It re- 
 ceived, however, subsequently, many additions and embel- 
 lishments, bv successive prelates, as far down as the Re- 
 formation, tt is in the early pointed style, with a lofty 
 tower and spire rising from the centre 225 feet. The whole 
 edifice has recently been subjected to a complete repair. 
 " The crypt of the cathedral." according to Mr. Rickman, 
 " is not equalled by any in the kingdom; the piers and 
 groins are all of the most intrlc.ite character, the most 
 beautiful design, and excellent execution." Among the 
 Established churches, St. Andrew's, a building of the com- 
 posite order, and one of the oldest, is also, in many respects, 
 one of the finest in the city; after it, St. David's, in the de- 
 corated Gothic .style, St, George's, and St. Enoch's. In the 
 Roman style, may be named as most worthy of notice. The 
 finer specimens of ecclesiastical architecture, of more recent 
 erection, are the Fi »e churches of St. John, St. Matthew, 
 St. Peter, and St. Stiihen, all Gothic buildings, with ele- 
 g.ant and lofty spires: he Renfield street United Presby- 
 terian Church, and the i^ -w Independent Chapel, tasteful 
 Gothic structures, 
 
 Educatitmal. Literary, and .•s^>^'tijic Inftitntifms. — -At the 
 head of the educational institution"! of Glasgow stands the 
 Unlverfsity. founded, in 1450. by Bishop Turnbull. Tt com- 
 prises 22 professors, in the four faculties of arts, theology, 
 law, and medicine; there is. besides, a lecturer ^" the struc- 
 ture and diseases of the eye. The building, sii.-afed in 
 High street, comprises 5 quadrangles or open i urts, 
 bounded by the various rooms and offices belonging to the 
 Institution. Its street front is in the EUzabeth,an stvi, 
 and dates .about the middle of the 17th century. Behind 
 is the Ilunterian Museum, so called from its founder, the 
 celebrated Dr. William Hunter, who studied at the Univer- 
 sity. It is an elegant Roman Doric e<llfice, contains Dr. 
 Hunter's valuable collection of anatomical preparatii^ns, a 
 collection of objects of natural history, a cabinet of coins, a 
 library of 12.000 volumes, and a small, but choice collectinn 
 of paintings, purchased for the founder by Sir R. Strange, 
 including several of the originals of the finest works of 
 that eminent engraver. The professors derive their incomes 
 partly from fees paid by the students, and partly from funds 
 belonging to the college, augmented by annusil grants from 
 Government. There is only one session in the year, com- 
 mencing in the beginning of November, and termln.atitig 
 on the 1st of M.ay, The number of students varies f"-om 
 1000 to 1200, The .\ndersonian University w,>ls founded, 
 for the use of unacademical classes, in 1795. by John An- 
 derson, professor of natural philosophy in the University 
 of Glasgow, and endowed by him with a valuable philo- 
 sophical apparatus, museum, and library. Other public 
 educational institutions are the Mechanics' Institution, 
 the first of the kind estiiblished in Britain : the Hi'zh .^'chooi 
 or Grammar School, under the superintendence of the in- 
 corporation: the Normal Seminaries of the EstibllsheJ at"? 
 Free Churches, for the training of teachers— the former the 
 
GLA 
 
 GLA 
 
 first seminary of the l^liid In Scotland, the latter conducted 
 on Stow's Training System: and the Government School of 
 Design. The number of minor elementary schools i.<i also 
 Tery iireat : but there seems to be still a very large amount 
 of educational destitution in the city, especially as regards 
 children between the ages of 5 and 10 years; the number 
 of whom, not attending school, Dr. Strang estimates at be- 
 tween 6000 and 70<}0. The principal literary and scientific 
 institutions are the Philosophiiral Society, Literary and 
 Commercial Society. Maitland Club. Athenasum. the Glas- 
 gow Medical Society, and the Medico-Chirurgical Society. The 
 .public libraries are Stirling's Library, about 12.000 volumes ; 
 the Glasgow Library, 15,000 volumes; the College Library, 
 101,000 volumes; and the libraries of the Athena>um, the 
 Adersonian University, and the Mechanics' Institution. 
 There are 3 public reading-rooms — the IJoyal Exchange, the 
 Tontine or Old Exchange, and the AthensBum, — besides a 
 number of minor rooms established by private individuals 
 In different parts of the city. There were, in 1852, 14 news- 
 papers published in Glasgow — 9 weekly, 3 twice a-week, 1 
 thrice a-week. and 1 daily. Several of these are conducted 
 with great ability. 
 
 Bciwviile.nt Inditidions. — These are so numerous, that we 
 can do little more than name the principal. They comprise 
 the Koyal Infirmary and Fever Hospital, Eye Infirmary, 
 Kight Asylum for the Houseless; the Town Hospitiil. or 
 City Poor-house, and the Barony and Govan Parish Poor- 
 houses; the A.sylum for the iilind. Institution for Deaf and 
 Dumb, Indigent Old Men's Asylum, House of Refuge for 
 Females, Hou.se of Refuge for Males, IvOck Hospital, three 
 Lying-in Hospitals. Ilutchesons' Hospital for the Mainto- 
 nance of Decayed Burgesses and their M"idows, and the 
 Education of Boys, (sons of burgesses:) a Lunatic Asylum, 
 Humane Society, the Merchant.?' House, and the Fourteen 
 Trades Incorporations, the last two dispensing a large sum 
 annually; besides numerous free schools for the poor, bene- 
 volent societies, and minor charities. 
 
 The Green, Bolanic Giirden, and Cimeteriea. — The Green, 
 as it is emph.aticjtlly called, is a large and laeautiful park, 
 comprising 140 acres of smooth verdant lawn, and adorned 
 at various points by rows of noble trees. It is situated at 
 the south-eastern part of the city, on the right bank of 
 the river : is the common property of the inhabitants, and 
 is used principally fir purposes of recreation. The Botanic 
 Garden, about a mile N.AV. from the city, or about 2 from 
 the Cross, comprises 21 acres, occupying the gentle slope 
 overlooking the wooded banks of the Kelvin, which forms 
 part of its V'oundary. It is tastefully laid out, and has an 
 extensive collection of native and exotic plants. The Ne- 
 cropolis occupies a steep rocky eminence rising from the 
 Molendinar Bum, opposite the Cathedral ; and is taste- 
 fully and profusely adorned with trees and shrubs. The 
 numerous monuments, many of them exceedingly hand- 
 some, with which it is crowded, are finelj' displayed in ter- 
 races, rising alx)ve each other on the face of the steep. 
 There are three other cemeteries of a similar kind in the 
 outskirts of the town ; and, altogether, the number of places 
 of sepulture in and around the city is 21. 
 
 Markets, and Omsumptinn nf FbiJd. — Glasgow is well sup- 
 plied with all kinds of provisions; but has only one gene- 
 ral public marketplace that need here be noticed — namely, 
 the Bazaar, in Candleriggs street, which is spacious and 
 ■well arranged. The cattle-market, at the east end of the 
 city, occupies an area of 30,000 square yards, and is well laid 
 out. It appears that the use of bread has doubled since 
 1846. To supply the demand, there are, besides numerous 
 smaller bakeries, several very extensive establishments, at 
 the largest of which as many as 40,000 quartern (4 pounds) 
 loaves have been baked for some weeks in succession. The 
 number of animals slaughtered in GLisgow, during the 
 year 1851 was— oxen 29.569, calves 4443, sheep 72,589, lambs 
 60,499, goats 50, and pigs 5157. 
 
 Sanitary Condition. — The climate of Glasgow is marked 
 by great humidity, and the prevalence of S. and S.W. winds. 
 It seems particularly unfavor.able to human life during 
 childhood, no fewer than one child out of every 20, under 15 
 years of age, dying here annually; while in Edinburgh, 
 Dundee, and Greenock, only 1 child out of every 30 dies an- 
 nually. To adults, however, and the aged, the climate is 
 more favorable; Glasgow being ranked, in regard to these, 
 as the fourth healthiest town in the kingdom. The most 
 prevailing disease is consumption; next, bowel complaints;' 
 and next, typhus fever. Of late years, much has been done 
 by the public authorities towards the improvement of the 
 sanitiry condition of the city, but much still remains to be 
 done. There are, at present, 42 miles of main sewers ; 21 
 miles of which have been formed during the last six years. 
 
 Manufacturers. — The principal textile manufactures of Glas- 
 gow are cotton, which include an immense variety, from 
 coarse, unbleached, to the finest bleached imitations of linens; 
 ghoetinirs, twilled and plain, counterpanes, bed-covers, ging- 
 Qams, checks, and stripes ; cords, in colored febrics for foreign 
 inarkets; calicoe.s, cambrics, jaconets, lawns, muslins plain 
 and fency. Ac Besides these, mixed fabrics of cotton and silk, 
 cotton and wool, and cotton and liuen are manufactured to 
 
 a considerable extent. The calico print-works produce good* 
 of every variety and quality. The following talile, will giv» 
 a good general idea of the extent to which the various mtfliu 
 factures already alluded t(j are c-irried on, including the 
 additional branches of tlax-spinning and rope-making: — 
 
 Statistical Table oftiie Factories and Print Works situated in, 
 and near Glaagnw, 
 
 Nilure of Work, 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Works. 
 
 AgE^Tepato 
 Emplojed. 
 
 Apjfretrato 
 SpiDdles. 
 
 Agrrgat* 
 I>o»,r- 
 L4uins. 
 
 Cotton Sfiinniug 
 
 Cotton Weaving 
 
 Cotton Spinning and 
 
 40 
 S9 
 
 16 
 
 21,7.17 
 
 700 
 
 700 
 
 1,350 
 
 868,436 
 14,392 
 30,703 
 35.000 
 
 19,272 
 60 
 
 
 Woollen and TTorsted 
 
 spinning nnd weaving 
 
 Silk throwing and wind- 
 
 !)5 
 7 
 i 
 4 
 
 iTo~ 
 11 
 
 Flax spinning and rope- 
 
 
 Calico print works 
 
 SI4,.t87 
 3,164 
 
 94«,533 
 
 li(,;i32 
 
 Total 
 
 121 
 
 27,651 
 
 948,533 
 
 19,:i32 
 
 To complete this section of the manufactures, dyeworks 
 must be added; in which there are employed, in dyeing 
 Turkey red, for which Glasgow has long been noted, .about 
 350 hands; and in other colors connected with manufactures 
 about 720. But a very inadequate idea of tlie extent of the 
 Gla.sgow manufacturing interests, in the branches already 
 mentioned, will be formed, unless it be recollected that, in 
 addition to the factories enumerated in tlio preceding taV'le, 
 the hand-loom weavers in all the villages for many miles 
 round are employed directlj- by Glasgow houst!s; and that 
 the spinning and weaving factories of Blantvre, Lanark, 
 Catrine. Deanston, Kothes.ij', &c., and the print works of 
 Alexandria, Bonhill, Barrhe.ad, and N'eilston, Ac. are quite 
 as much the factories of Glasgow as those situated within 
 the bounds of the city. 
 
 The embroidering of muslins, commonly called the sewed 
 muslin manufactures, is a branch of business almo.st pecu- 
 liar to Glasgow ; about nine-tenths of the whole of this kind 
 of work being done for that city, the remaining tenth for 
 Belfast. The number of persons employed, either exclu- 
 sively or parti.ally in these manufactures, in the counties 
 of Lanark, Ayr, and Renfrew in Scotland, and iu the N. 
 of Ireland, is very great ; they are chielly females who work 
 in their own homes, many of them, however, only at bye- 
 hours. One Glasgow firm employs upwards of 20,000 : and 
 the total number employed by Glasgow houses is estimated 
 at about 110,000. The embroidering also with silk on wool- 
 len fabrics, such as ladies' dresses, vestings, ic, gives work 
 to many thousand hands, residing chiefly in the surround- 
 ing villages, and scattered over the three counties above- 
 named. 
 
 Iron. — The iron manufactures of Glasgow, in all their de- 
 partments, are at least as important as those of cotton. In 
 1849, there were 79 smelting f^urnaces around the town, each 
 producing an average of 6000 tons of pig-iron per annum, or 
 475,000 tons yearly. The principal articles manufactured 
 from this metal are — land and marine engines, locomotives, 
 railway wheels and axles, carriages, wagons, trucks, rails, 
 chair.s, and power-looms, and machinery of all kinds, hj'- 
 draulic presses, mills of various descriptions, anchors, 
 chains, and ship-mounting in general, bars, Ac. ; and a 
 vast quantity of iron is now consumed also in the build- 
 ing of both sailing vessels and ^steamers. The following 
 table furnishes a view of one department of iron manufac- 
 tures, that connected with marine engines and steamers, 
 in which the number of hands employed is between 4000 
 and 5000:— 
 
 Marine Engines and Iron Steamers constructed at Glasgow 
 in the years 1847-1851. 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 Tot.ll.. 
 
 Horse- Power of 
 Marine Kn^nes 
 eOQitruoted. 
 
 3,155 
 5,220 
 2,691 
 4,387 
 3,444 
 
 18,897 
 
 No. of Vessels 
 
 for which these 
 
 Engines 
 
 were made. 
 
 Besides what is done for private companies, a considerable 
 amount of work is also performed for government : the 
 Clyde, on which steam navigation first commenced in Bri- 
 tain, still retaining pre-eminence for its .steamers and marine 
 engines. The Cuuard mail packets, were all built here, 
 and their engines were constructed by Robert Xapier of 
 Glasgow, From March to August, 1853, there ■^ere built 
 or building here, for British American marine service, h 
 
GLA 
 
 fiteamers, with an Hstsregate burden of 6S20 tons and 1560 
 ]Kirse-power aud 8 sailing vessels, measuring, in the aggre- 
 gi.te, 5243 tons. 
 
 Chemical Substances.— T%e most extensive chemical works 
 ptahablyin existence are tho^ of St. Rollox. in the X.E. 
 part K,' Glxsgow. They cover over 12 acres of ground, em- 
 ploy ahout 1000 hands, have several lofty chimney-stalks, 
 one of which is 450 feet hiih, 50 feet in diameter at the base, 
 and 14 feet at the top; and consume annually from 70,000 
 to SO.OOO tons of coal. About 50.000 tons of raw materials 
 arf used in these works, and the manufiictui-ed products 
 amount to about 25.000 tons annually, principally of alkali, 
 bleaching-powder, vitriol, and soap. Iodine is manufac- 
 tured to a great extent by several houses in Glasgow; 
 indeed, with the exception of one establishment in the X. 
 of Ireland, a small one at Greenock, and another at Bor- 
 rowstouness, all the British iodine is made in this city. 
 Cudbear is .almost exclusively a Glascrow manufacture. 
 Bichromate of potash is largely produced. The other prin- 
 cipal chemical manufactures are naptha. pitch-oil, pitch, 
 sulphate of ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, and liquid 
 ammonia ; animal charcoal, .salt of ammonia, and bone tar; 
 piroligneous acid, acetic acid, and their combinations, such 
 as sugar of lead, iron mordaunts, &e., extensively used in 
 dyeing and printing: a small <iuantity of tartaric acid and 
 cr&am of tartar, with aquafortis, muriatic acid, and the 
 various solutions and combinations of tin, iron, copper, 
 Ac, used by calico-printers and dyers, are also manufac- 
 tured. Alum aud prussiate of potash are extensively made 
 by Glasgow houses; but the works are at some distance 
 from the city. 
 
 PfiUeries. Tobacco-pipes, Glass. <f-c.— Till 1837 there was only 
 1 pottery-work in Glasgow; in 1852 theve were 8, with the 
 prospect of a rapid increase; the town being quite as favor- 
 ably situated, with respect to clay, as the Staffordshire pot- 
 teries; and much more so with respect to fuel, aud the ready 
 means of conveyance of goods to all part.s of the world. All 
 kinds of ware are manufactured, from the coarsest descrip- 
 tion to the finest porcelain, employing upwards of 1300 
 nands. The common w.are is made of red clay obtained in 
 the vicinitv of the town; and f^r the finer kinds .about 
 10,000 tonsof clay are annually imported, chiefly from the 
 counties of Dorset, Devon, and" Cornwall. Besides the pot- 
 teries above .alluded to. there is an extensive manufactory 
 of firebricks, and other .articles from fire-cl<ay._ including 
 chimney tops. va,ses, and other ornamental objects. But 
 probably the most remarkable advances made in the manu- 
 factures of clay have taken place in the making of tobacco- 
 pipes, which is now carried on to a greater extent in Glas- 
 gow than in any other place in Great Britain. Twenty 
 years ago there were but 50 persons employed in this branch 
 of manufacture in the city; while in 1852 there were 4.30, 
 which produced from 6000 to 7000 gross (about 1.000,000) 
 of pipes weekly. These are exported to all part.s of the world. 
 The manufacture of green glass 1x)ttles commenced in 1730, 
 and of flint glass in 1777. For many years there was only 
 1 manufactory of each: in 1S52 there were 11 — of which 6 
 *re bottle, 4 flint, and 1 crown, employing altogether about 
 400 persons. Flint gla.ss is exported to a considerable extent, 
 chiefly to Canada and the East Indies. There are 10 distil- 
 leries within the bounds of the Glasgow collection, produc- 
 ing annually about 2,500,000 g.allons of .spirits; and in the 
 city and suburbs there are 5 breweries, the most extensive 
 of which exports 240,000 dozens of bottled malt liquor, and 
 pays 4O0O;. annually for corks. The number of manufacto- 
 ries of hard confections is 6; the largest of these establish- 
 ments works the pan.s by ste;\m-power and uses a ton of 
 sugar daily. The extent to whicli beef hams are cured — 
 a business almost peculiar to Glasgow — may be inferred 
 from the fact, that during the six months endinc Dec. 31, 
 1851, upwards of 128 tons of fresh beef came from Edinburgh 
 alone, to be converted into hams. 
 
 Harhor and Quays. — The improvements of the river and 
 the accommodation provided for shipping, are two of the 
 most remarkable features connected with the city of Glas- 
 gow. The harbor at the Broomielaw. below Glasgow Bridge, 
 is usually crowded with vessels from all parts of the world, 
 from the stately ship to the humble scow or gabbard. The 
 quays which line each side of the river were, in 1813, 941 
 feet in length; in 1835 they had extended to 4451 feet; and 
 now they are 10.873 feet in extent, furnished with long 
 ranges of sheds and strong cranes, and capable of accommo- 
 datinjt vessels of 1000 tons burden. There being no wet 
 docks, all vessels must lie in the river. The average avail- 
 able depths at high water of neap-tides, is 16 feet. Various 
 formidable obstructions, including a shoal, called the Hirst, 
 extending a quarter of a mile up and down the river, on 
 which there was only 15 inches at low. and 39 at high-wat«r. 
 and some islands one or more of which was situated from 2 
 to 3 miles below the city, have been removed, and a clear 
 passage made to the sea. InlSlO, the depth of the water.at 
 the top of spring-tides was 9i feet; which now is about the 
 di'pth at the lowest state of neap-tides. The process of 
 dei.'pening H still goins on, and further improvement isal.so 
 ui progress by straightenuig the general course of the 
 • 758 
 
 GLA 
 
 river, and cutting away r'.i points and projections which 
 impede the flow of the tide. Altogether, there lias been ex- 
 pended by the Clyde Trust, en construction and repairing 
 of qu.ays .and sheds, genenal management, interest of debt, 
 lie., aud in deepening and improving the river, from 1770, 
 to June 30, 1S51, the sum of 1,888.624?.; of which sum 
 1,062,846Z, have been expended since 1842. 
 
 That this great outlay has not been fruitless, is evidenced 
 by the following tables, showing the number of vessels 
 arriving at the port, and the lapid increase in their size. 
 
 Table, allowing the increase of Tonvge heiiveen iheyeari ending 
 July, 1828, July. 1850. • 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Uuder 40. . 
 
 40 tn CO. . 
 
 60 to 80.. 
 
 80 to 100.. 
 100 to 150.. 
 150 to 200.. 
 '..'Oil to 250.. 
 250 to 300. . 
 
 1828. I 1840. : 1850. 
 
 2117 
 
 3256 
 
 2K47 
 
 4286 
 
 4605 
 
 3945 
 
 1399 
 
 2975 
 
 213 
 
 922 
 
 20 
 
 S26 
 
 14 
 
 171 
 
 1 
 
 284 
 
 4319 
 2245 
 2894 
 3204 
 
 Tons. 
 
 300 to 350 
 
 350 to 400 
 
 400 to 450 
 
 450 to 500 
 
 500 to 600 
 
 600 to 700.... 
 700 & upward, 
 
 The whole tonnage which arrived during the same period 
 was as follows : — 
 
 182S 214.315 4S1,946 
 
 1840 27 1 .912 894,387 
 
 1850 392.033 873,159 
 
 Trade and Commerce. — Besides being the seat of a gi-eat 
 amount of trade arising from what may be called its native 
 manufactures, Glasgow is a general mart for all the manu- 
 factures of Scotland, and for much of those of the \. of Ire- 
 land. It has also an extensive foreign and coiisting trade, 
 for the accommodation of which there are numerous spacious 
 bonded warehouses and granaries in convenient localities, 
 most of the former being in the vicinity of the quays. One 
 of the most important articles of the conimcr -e of Glasgow 
 is grain, the quantities of which imported from Ireland and 
 other countries to the Clyde, and by way of Grangemouth, 
 (the latter arriving at Port-Dundas, the extensive harbor 
 of the Forth and Clyde Canal.) for the years 1850 and 1^51, 
 were as follows : — 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Wheat bol. 9.570 7,330 
 
 Flour Kks. 28.470 21,730 
 
 Oats bol. 122,900 130.320 
 
 0.'«tnical....l(is. 12,900 18,900 
 
 Barter bol. 9,8,30 3.350 
 
 Bvans bol. 11,390 20,320 
 
 Foreign, and Grangfiniulh. 
 
 iJiO. 1831. 
 
 Wheat qrs. 182,4(12 331,781 
 
 Flour sks. 52.556 80,6:i4 
 
 Flour oris. 1S,300 27>i.S3I 
 
 Oats qra. 23,429 13,S25 
 
 Barley qra. 46.096 42.096 
 
 Beaus qrs. 44,615 28,858 
 
 Pea.-! qrs. 10,406 4.800 
 
 Besides these importations of gnain. about 30,000 tons are 
 brouu'ht annu.ally from the E. of Scotland by the Edinburgh 
 and GlasKOW Railway. The quantity of fresh and salted 
 meat imported in 1851 was 19,798 tons, of which 18,378 tons 
 came by sea. There were imported into the harbor the same 
 year. 8900 tons of eggsi, butter, and lard: nearly the whole 
 of which was foreign. The number and register tonnage of 
 steam vessels which arrived at Glasgow from 1st July, 1850, 
 to 30th June, 1851, w.as 11.062; tonn.age 1.021.821. The 
 number and tonnage of the s,aiUng vessels, foreign and 
 coastwise, which arrived and departed during the samo 
 period is shown in the following table; — 
 
 Lines of 
 Coast. 
 
 iMWiBDS. 
 
 Outwards. 
 
 Loaded. 
 
 In Ballast. 
 
 Loaded. 
 
 In Ballast 
 
 No. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 NO. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 No. j Tonnape. 
 
 No. ' Tonna^. 
 
 Scotland 
 England 
 Ireland 
 
 Foreign 
 Total 
 
 1,935 
 
 523 
 
 1.132 
 
 3,590 
 675 
 
 4.166 
 
 45.762 
 65,705 
 63,542 
 
 1,964 
 57 
 35 
 
 109.755 
 10.354 
 8,863 
 
 3,023 82,907 
 889 86.065 
 838; 44.289 
 
 81 
 •i 
 
 6,215 
 718 
 
 177.909 
 123,346 
 
 2,046 
 
 1 
 
 123.972 
 468 
 
 4.750 218,261 
 716, 176,441 
 
 83 
 16 
 
 6.933 
 3.186 
 
 300,3.56 
 
 2,047 
 
 124,430 
 
 5:466| 389,702 
 
 99 
 
 10,119 
 
 The quantity, in tons, of the various soods imported into 
 Gliisgow, foreign and coastwise, fi-om July 1, IS.iO. to Juno 
 30. l$bl, was 428.102; the exports for the same period, 
 595,124. The total value of exports in 1^40 was 2.214,320?.; 
 in 1851, 3,499,082/.; in 1852, 3,570,375/.; and in 1853, 
 4.968.6307. 
 
 No general st.atement that can be made, will give a cle.arei 
 view of the great extent and rapid increa.se of the comratrco 
 of the port, than the followinc table, showing the progre-ssive 
 increase in the tonnage of shipping, (GlasgoTr property.) and 
 the amount of customs' dutii? collectei? at various p»> 
 riods ; the increase in the latter being aU > e more remark- 
 
GLA 
 
 GLA 
 
 able, from the well-known fact, that many and Important 
 duties have iu recent years been wholly abolished. 
 
 Years 
 
 Jan. 5. 
 
 1T96 
 
 Duties. 
 
 No. of 
 Ships. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Re.maeks. 
 
 £V25 13 
 
 OW, 
 
 
 
 
 1812 
 
 3,124 2 
 
 iVA. 
 
 35 
 
 2,620 
 
 Glasgow ships required to 
 
 1815 
 
 8,300 4 
 
 ■A% 
 
 59 
 
 4.829 
 
 be registered at Port- 
 Glasgow or Greenock 
 till 1819, and it conti- 
 uned optional to do so 
 till 1824. 
 
 1820 
 
 11,000 6 
 
 9 
 
 85 
 
 6,fi0t 
 
 Glasgow made a bonding 
 
 1825 
 
 41,154 6 
 
 7 
 
 -111 
 
 14,084 
 
 port for particular ar- 
 ticles in 1817 and 1818, 
 and in 1822 extended to 
 all articles except to- 
 bacco and tea. 
 
 leso 
 
 59,013 17 
 
 3 
 
 233 
 
 40,978 
 
 Glasgow made a port of 
 imi)Ortatiou of East In- 
 dia goods in 1828. 
 
 1835 
 
 2T0,6B7 8 
 
 9 
 
 297 
 
 54,3.35 
 
 Glasgow made a port for 
 
 1840 
 
 46H,!)74 12 
 
 2 
 
 351 
 
 71,878 
 
 imijortation and ware- 
 
 1845 
 
 551.86 2 
 
 .»> 
 
 472 
 
 111,620 
 
 bousing of tobacco in 
 
 18.50 
 
 t)40,5(i8 7 
 
 9 
 
 5D7 
 
 137,909 
 
 1832, and of tea in 1834. 
 
 1851 
 
 675,044 15 
 
 10 
 
 512 
 
 140,741 
 
 
 1852 
 
 704.419 19 
 
 9 
 
 508 
 
 U5,(i84 
 
 
 Railways and Canals. — On the N. side of the river, the 
 Edinburgh and Glasi;ow, the Caledonian, and the Glas;;ow, 
 Garnkirk, and Coatbridge Kailway,s have their termini: and 
 on the S. side, are those of the joint Glasgow, Paisley, and 
 Greenock, and Glasgow and South-western; the Glasgow, 
 Barrhead, and Neilston ; the Clydesdale Junction ; and the 
 General Terminus and Ilarbor Railway. Of these, the last 
 named, and the Glasgow, Garnkirk, and Coatbridge, are 
 exclusively mineral lines. The Forth and Clyde Canal, 
 communicating, as its name indicates, with the Clyde on 
 the one hand at Bowling, and the forth on the other at 
 Grangemouth, unites at fort Dundas, with the Mpnkland 
 Canal. The former is the medium of an extensive trade 
 with the E. coast of the country, and with the Baltic, itc; 
 the latter is chieHy used for conveying coal and iron to the 
 city, from the mining districts to the E. of it. 
 
 '^id'iry. — The name Glasgow (in old documents fre- 
 quently spelt Glascu and Glasgu) is probably derived from 
 the Celtic C'lais-dlm. (dark ravine,) in allusion to the locality 
 in which the Cathedral is situated. This locality was first 
 settled about 560. As early as the thirteenth century, Gla.s- 
 gow appears to have possessed a regular magistracy and 
 Mjurts of justice; and nearly a century before this, the an- 
 nual fair, still continued, was established. Glasgow has been 
 the scene of but few important historical events. In 1638 
 was held, in the Cathedral, the famous Gla.^gow Assembly 
 of the Kirk of Scotland, which deposed the bishops, abolished 
 Prelacy, restored Presbytery, and accomplished what has 
 been c.ilied the Second Reformation in Scotland. In 1652, 
 a third part of the city, including almost all the shops and 
 warehouses, was destroyed by fire ; and a .similar visitation, 
 in 1677, consumed upwards of 1000 houses and 150 .shops. 
 The inhabitants of Glasgow were engaged in wh.tle-fishing 
 as early as 1667. About the same time were established 
 various branches of manufactures. 
 
 But it was not till the eighteenth century that the ad- 
 vantageous position of the city for commercial pursuits — 
 situated on a navigable river, and in the immediate vici- 
 nity of'exhaustless fields of coal and iron — fairly began to 
 affect its fortunes. The union of Scotland and England, in 
 1603, having opened Virginia and Maryland to British en- 
 terprise. Glasgow very soon became a great mart for to- 
 bacco, and supplied the fiirmers-general of France with that 
 article. In 1718, the first vessel built on the Clyde crossed 
 the Atlantic, and direct communication was established 
 with America. Noy ember 14, 1715, appeared the Glasgrno 
 Churant, the first newspaper published in the city. About 
 the same year the manufacture of linens, lawns, cambrics, 
 &c., was intraluced. which continued a staple until super- 
 seded by muslins. Inkle-looms were introduced from Harlem 
 in 17o2. In 17-tO, Alexander Wilson, formerly professor of 
 astronomy in the University of Glasgow, along with his 
 friend John Bain, introduced the art of type-founding ; this 
 foundry soon after Iieeame the most famous in Europe for the 
 beauty of its types, as well as for its extent. The first print- 
 field belonging to Glasgow was established at the neighbor- 
 ing village o"f Pollokshaws, iu 1742. While residing in this 
 city, (176.3-4,) James Watt, then a young man of 27 years 
 of age, commenced the series of practical experiments on 
 the steam-engine, which resulted in his splendid improve- 
 ment of that Invaluable aid to manufactures. In 1785, 
 Turkey -red dyeing, not previously existing in Britain, was 
 introduced into Glascrow bv George Macintosh and David 
 Dale. Cotton-spinunig -^OfXs were established in 1792, and 
 in the following year (1793) power-looms were introduced. 
 From this period the progress of the Glasgow manufactures 
 was exceedingly rapid. In tne latter end of the eighteenth 
 centiiry. Charles Tennent discovered bleaching liquor, and 
 In 1798 bleaching powder was invented by Charles Macin- 
 tosh ; and soon thereafter these two chemists united in es- 
 
 tablishing St. Rollox Chemical Works, already alluded to- 
 The importance of the di.seovery of bleaching powder wilt 
 be appreciated, when it is stated that the quantit)- of cot- 
 ton goods now manufactured is so great, that the entire 
 surface of Great Britain would not suffice to bleach them by 
 the old method of exposure to the air. The first steambtjat 
 (the Comet) successfully propelled on a navigable liver in 
 Europe, w.as started on tlie Clyde, by Henry Bell, in 1812: 
 (steam navigation w.as commenced on the Hudson in 1807.) 
 In 1828 Neilson obtained a patent for using heated air in tha 
 manufacture of iron, commonly called the " hot blast," by 
 the introduction of which the extensive iron fields in the 
 vicinity of Glasgow, hitherto only partially worked, were 
 rendered fully available. 
 
 Among the remarkable men. who can be claimed as natives 
 of Glasgow, may be named General Sir Thomas Munro. Gene- 
 ral Sir John Moore, who fell at Coruuna, and Thomas Camp- 
 bell, the poet. 
 
 Glasgow is a royal, municipal, and parliamentary burgh, 
 and is governed by a lord provost, 8 bailies, and 39 coun- 
 cillors. Its income in 1851 was 26,490/., and the expendi- 
 ture 18,903i, It is the seat of justiciary, sheriff, burgh, 
 county, small debt, and police courts; has also a river court, 
 and a chamber of commerce ; and sends 2 members to tlie 
 House of Commons. Pop. in 1785, 45,889 ; in 1801, 83,769 ; 
 in 1821. 147.043; in 1831. 202.426; in 1841, 280,082; and iu 
 1851, 347.001. In 1861, 394,857. 
 
 GliASGOW, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware, on 
 the Newcastle and Frenchtown Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of 
 Wilmington. 
 
 GLASGOW, a small village of Walker co., Alabama. 
 
 GLASGOW, a post-village, capital of Barren co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the railroad from Louisville to Nashville, 126 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It contains 3 houses for worship, 
 2 academies, and 2 tanneries. Pop. about 800. 
 
 GLASGOW, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 GLASGOW, a post-village of Scott co., Illinois, 40 miles 
 S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 GLASGOW, a flourishing post-village of Howard co., Mis- 
 souri, on the left (N.) bank of the Missouri River, 72 miles 
 by land N.W. of Jefferson City. It is a place of considerable 
 trade; the surplus produce of Howard county, and some 
 others, being mostly shipped here. It contains several 
 churches, and stores, and one or two branch banks. Pop. 
 in 1860, 1035. 
 
 GLASGOW, a post-oflflce of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 GLASGOW, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou, 
 on the East River, near its entrance into Pictou Harbor, 
 about 90 miles N.E. of Halifax. 
 
 GLASHUTTE. (GlashUtte,)gias'hiitHeh, a town of Saxony, 
 circle of Dresden, 6 miles E.S.E. of Dippoldiswalde. Pop. 1085. 
 
 GLASNEV/EN, a village and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO., and 3^ miles N.N.W. of Dublin. Pop.1226. It hasa botanic 
 garden belonging to the Dublin Royal Society, laid out on 
 the grounds formerly attached to the house of the poet 
 Tickell, a handsome cemetery containing the remains of the 
 celebrated John I'hilpot Curran, an agricultural school, and 
 a deaf and dumb institution. 
 
 GLASOW, a town of I?ussia. See Glazov. 
 
 GLASS, a parish of Scotland, co.s. of Aberdeen and Banff. 
 
 GLASS, a lake of Scotland, co. of Ross, parish of Kiltearn. 
 Length, 4 miles. 
 
 GLAS'SAHY. a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle. 
 
 GLASS/BOROUGH, a thriving post-village of Franklin 
 township, Gloucester co.. New Jersey, 11 miles S. by E. of 
 Woodbury, and about 20 miles S.E. of Philadelphia. It is 
 pleasantly situated about 160 feet above the Delaware Rirer. 
 and is noted for the manufacture of glass. It contains 5 
 manufactories of window-glass, bottles, &c., employing about 
 500 hands; also an Episcopal and 2 Methodist churches, and 
 Odd-Fellows' and Sons of Temperance Hall, a steam saw aixd 
 giist-mill, and 6 stores. The surrounding country is fertile, 
 and highly cultivated. Settled about the year 1770. The 
 West Jersey Railroad connects here with the Millville and 
 Glassborough Railroad. Pop. in 1800, about 1700. 
 
 GLASS CREEK, a post-office of Barry CO., Michigan. 
 
 GLAS'SERTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigtou. 
 
 GLASS'FORD. a psirish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 GLASSLOUGH, glass/lSu. a small market-town of Ireland, 
 in Ulster, co., and 6 miles N.N.E. of Mona^han. Pop. 662. 
 Adjoining it is Leslie Castle. 
 
 GLAS.STOOLE or GLASSTHULE, glass-tool', a village of 
 Ireland, in Leinst«r, co., and 5 miles S.E. of Dublin, on Dub- 
 lin Bay. Pop. 849. ' 
 
 G LASS VILLAGE, a post-office of Conway co.. A rkansas. 
 
 GLASSY MOUNTAIN, a post-office of i'ickeu.! district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 GL.A.S/TENBURY, a township of Bennington co., Vermont, 
 9 miles N.E. of Bennington. Pop. 47. 
 
 GLASTENBURY, a post-village and township of IlartfirJ 
 CO., Connecticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 7 miles 
 S. by E. of Hartford. It has manufactures of leather, soap 
 and candles, woollen goods, .sewing silk. &c. . Pop. 3363. 
 
 GLAS'TOX, aparish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 GLAS'TONBURY, an ancient municipal borou^'h and mar- 
 
 759 
 
GLA 
 
 GLE 
 
 KeMoTm of Enejland. eo. of Somerset, 25 miles S W. of Bath. 
 Pop. in 1851. 31"J5. It occupies a peninsula formed by the 
 river Brue. anciently known as the island of A valon or Apples. 
 Most of the houses have been built out of the materials of its 
 superb abbey, once eoverino: 60 acres, but of which the beauti- 
 ful ruins of the church, with St.Joseph's Chapel, and the Ab- 
 bot's Kitchen now form the chief remains. Other structures 
 of interest are the ancient Market-cross, St.Georjre's Inn. for- 
 merly the abbey hospitium. the Tribunal, the Abbey House, 
 the Great Gate House, now also an inn, the Hospital of St. 
 John, founded in 1240, the two .ancient p.arish churches, and 
 St. Michael's Tor, a curious tower on a hill adjoining the 
 town. Glastonbury has a town-hall, 2 or 3 banks, small 
 manufactures of silk, and some export trade in timber, 
 slates, tiles, and agricultural produce, by a canal connecting 
 It with the Bristol Channel. Its ancient abbey was founded 
 In 605, on the site of a British ohurch, said to owe its orisrin 
 to St. Joseph of Arimathea. whose '-miraculous thora," 
 which constantly blossomed on Christmas day, together 
 with the shrine of St. Dunstan, used to attract multitudes 
 of devotees to Glastonbury in the Middle Ages. It was the 
 burial-place of the renowned King Arthur, whose remains 
 were many centuries ago discovered here. I'ielding. the no- 
 velist, was born at Sharpham Park, in the vicinity, in 1717. 
 
 GLATT, gMtt. a river of Switzerland, canton of Zurich, 
 joins the Rhine below Eglisau. 
 
 GLATT, a small town of Germany, with a castle on the 
 Glatt River, 35 miles N.W. of SigmaVingen. Pop. 486. 
 
 GLATTFELDEX, glitt/fjl'dea. a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 13 miles N. of Zurich. Pop. 1098. 
 
 GLATTOX. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 GLATZ, giats, (Pol. KlrdzHo,) a fortified town of Prussian 
 Silesia, 52 miles S.S.W. of Breslau, on the Xeisse. near the 
 Bohemian frontier: elevation, 971 feet. Pop. 7800, or, in- 
 cluding the gaiTison, 10,000. It is strongly walled, and 
 situated between two heights, one crowned with an old cas- 
 tle, the other with a modern fortress. It has Roman Catho- 
 lic and Luthern churches, a Roman Catholic gymnasium, 
 and several schools, an arsenal, large barracks, and other 
 buildings for military service, with manufactures of damasks, 
 woollen cloth, plush, ribbons, muslins, hosiery. le;ither, to- 
 bacco. &c. It was taken by the Prussians under Frederick 
 the Great in 1742, by the Austrians in 1759, and by Wiir- 
 temberg and Bavarian troops in 1807. 
 
 GLAUCHAU. glOw'Kdw. or GLAUCHA, gldw'Kd, a town 
 of Saxony, 8 miles X.E. of Zwickau, on the Mulde. Pop. in 
 1861,16,580. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle of the 
 princes of Schouburg, of whose mediatized principality it 
 is the capital. 
 
 GLAZE'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 GLAZOV, GLASOW. or GLAZOW. gld-zov', a small town 
 of Russia, government, and 98 miles E. of Viatka, on the 
 Tcheptsa. 
 
 GLEHX, glain. a village of Rhenish Prussia, 10 mUes S.W. 
 of Dusseldorf Pop. 1250. 
 
 GLEHX, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government of Aix- 
 'a»-Chapelle. circle of Schleiden, Pop. 388. 
 
 GLEIWITZ, gli'wits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 43 miles 
 S.E. of Oppeln, on the Klodnitz. with a station on the rail- 
 way. Pop. 7.350, chiefly employed in .some roval iron-foundries. 
 
 GLEMIIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GLEMHAM. LITTLK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GLEMS'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GLEX^, a river of England, flows E. into the Till. 
 
 GLEX. a river of England, enters Fosdyke Wash. 
 
 GLEX'A. gljn'ah, a beautiful vale and bay of Ireland, 
 near Killarney, in Munster, co. of Kerry. Here Lord Ken- 
 mare has a cottage. 
 
 GLEX AI/T.^, a post-village of Marion co., Georgia, 23 miles 
 e.E. of Columbus. 
 
 GLEXAXS, glfh-n8xe', a group of rocky islets belonging 
 to France, in the Atlantic, 9 miles from the S. coast of the 
 department of Finist^re. 
 
 GLEX'ARM', a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Antrim, on an Inlet of its own name from the Irish Se.i. 25i 
 miles X. of Belfast. Pop. 881. It is picturesquely situated, 
 •rith a castle, the seat of the Earls of Antrim. 
 
 GLEXART'XKY, a valley of Scotland, co. of Perth, vrith an 
 exten.nivedeer forest belonging to Lord Willoughby d'Eresby. 
 
 6LEXAVY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim. 
 
 GLEX'BEGIP, a parish of Irel.ind, co. of Kerry. 
 
 GLEX'BER'VIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine. 
 
 GLEX BROOK, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky. 
 
 GLENMJUCK'ET, a ptirish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 GLEXIJURX, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 60 
 miles X.E. of Augusta. Pop. 741. 
 
 GLEX'CAIUX', a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Dumfrie.s. 
 
 GLEXCAPLK. gl^n'kap'gl, a village of Scotland, co., and 5 
 miles S.S.E. of Dumfries. Pop. 268. 
 
 GLEXCOE, gl?n'ky,avalleyofScotland,co.ofArgvle.near 
 the head of Loch Etive. Its bed is swept by Ossian'"s '• dark 
 torrent of Cona," and no other portion of the Highlands 
 presents suclTa scene of gloomy sublimity. The massacre 
 if the MacDonalds occurred here in February. 1692. 
 
 GLEXCOE, a postroffice of Bolivar co., Misslssinni 
 760 y ff 
 
 GLENCOE, a post-otflce of Gallatin co., Kentuckv. 
 
 GLEXX;OLLU.MBKILL', a parish of Ireland, in lister, ca 
 of Donegal. 
 
 GLEX COVE, a post-village of Queen's co., Xew Yoik, on 
 Hempstead Harbor, 176 miles S.S.E. of Albany. It has a 
 church and a steamboat landing. 
 
 GLEXCKOE. gl^n-kry, a vale of Scotland, co. of Argj-le, 
 near the N.E. extremity of Loch Long. Its scenery, with thai 
 of the neishboring vale of Glenkinlass, is remarkalily fine. 
 
 GLEX'CROSE' or CLEX'COKSE'. a parish of Swtland, co, 
 of Edinburgh, on the Pentland Hills. 
 
 GLEX'DALE, a thriving post-vill.-ige in West Stockbrldge. 
 township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 110 miles 
 W. by N. of Boston. It contains a cotton mill, 2 stores, and 
 a sash and blind works. 
 
 GLEX'DALE. a post-ofBce of Camden co.. New Jersey. 
 
 GLEXDALOUGH. glJn-dal'lih. a lake and valley of Ireland, 
 in Leinster, co. of ^Vicklow, 24 miles S. of Dublin, famous 
 for its wild grandeur and interesting ruins. 
 
 GLEX'DER/MOT, or CLOX'DER/MOT, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Ulster, co. of Londonderry. 
 
 GLEX'DEV'OX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 GLEX'DOX, a thriving village of Xorthampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the Lehigh, 2 miles above 
 Easton. It is the seat of the Boston Company's iron-works. 
 
 GLEX/DOX-BAR/FOKD, a parish of England, co. of Xorth- 
 ampton. 
 
 GLEX^ELG', a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on the 
 coast opposite the Isle of Skye, It gives the title of baron 
 to the Grant family. 
 
 GLEXELG, a river of Australia, in "Victoria, receives all 
 the rivers S.W. of the Grampian Mountains, and enters the 
 Southern Ocean between Capes Xorthumberland and Bridge- 
 water, near lat. 30° S., Ion. 141' E. 
 
 GLEX^ELG', a maritime town of South Australia, 6 miles 
 S.W. of Adelaide, on the Sturt. 
 
 GLEXELG. one of the northernmost counties of West 
 Australia, about 60 miles from E. to W. 
 
 GLEXELG, a river of Xorth-west Australia, in T.isman 
 Land, falls into Doubtful Bay. Length, from 60 to 70 miles. 
 
 GLEXFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 GLEX^FIX'LAS, a narrow and picturestjue valley of Scotr 
 land, CO. of Perth, parish of Callandar. It is inhabited by 
 the Stuarts, clansmen of the Earl of Moray. 
 
 GLEXFIX'LAS. a post-village of Jefferson co., Slissouri, 
 on Big River. 45 miles S.W. by S. of St. Louis. 
 
 GLKXFIX'XAX, a valley of Scotland. See Finxax. 
 
 GLKXFHU'IX, a valley of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on 
 the W. side of Loch Lomond. It was the scene of a bloody 
 conflict between the Macgregors and Colqnhouns, in 1002. 
 
 GLEXG.4D', a headland of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Done- 
 gal, forming the W. point of Culdall Bay, 8j miles E.S.E. of 
 Malin Head. 
 
 GLEXGAR1FF HARBOR, a branch of Bantry Ray, in Ire- 
 land, Munster, co, of Cork, on the X'. side of the bav, 6 milea 
 N.W. of Biuitry. 
 
 GLEXGAR'RY, a beautiful valley of Scotland, co. of In- 
 verness, W. of the Caledonian Canal, and about 12 miles 
 W.S.W. of Fort Augustus. It contains a fine lake, with a 
 castle of the MacDonalds. 
 
 GLEX'HAM. a thriving post-village of Dutchess co., Xew 
 York, on Fishkill Creek, 88 miles S. of Albany. The inha- 
 bitants are extensively engaged in the manufiictureof wool- 
 len goods, prints, iSc. 
 
 GLEXHOLM, glto-home', a former parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Peebles, now united to Broughton. 
 
 GLEX'HOPE'. a post-village of Clearfield CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about 120 miles W.X.W. of Uarrisburg. 
 
 GLEXISL.\, gljn-l'la, a parish of Scotland, co., and 17 
 miles W.X.W. of Forfar. It has the ruins of two castles of 
 the Ogilvies. 
 
 GLEX^KEXS'. a district of Scotland, forming the X. part 
 of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 GLEXLIV'ET, a viUley of Scotland, co. of Banff, alx)ut 20 
 miles S.W. of Huntly. It was the scene of a memorable en- 
 counter, in 1594. between the adherents of the Earls of 
 Huntly and of Argyle. 
 
 GLEX'LUCE', a village of Scotland, co. of Wigfon, near 
 Luce Bay, 16 miles W.X.W. of Wigton. Pop. 890. Glenluce 
 Abbey, now a sp;icious ruin, was founded in 1190. 
 
 GLEXLY'OX. a fine mountain vale of Scotland, co. of 
 Perth, extending along the river Lyon. W. of a lake of the 
 same name, for 28 miles. It has much romantic scenery, 
 and gives the title of baron to the heir of the Duke of AthoL 
 
 GLEX-M.\G'X.4. a parish of England, co. of 1 Bicester. 
 
 GLEX^MALURE', a wild mountain vale of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, co. of M'icklow. on the Avonbeg River. It was the 
 scene of outrages during the rebellion of 1798. 
 
 GLEN^MORE', a vale of Scotland, cos. of Moray and Inver- 
 ness, on the Spey, containing extansive fir forests of ii^ 
 Duke of Richmond. 
 
 GLEX'.MORE/, a post-office of Oneida co.. Now YorV. 
 
 GLK.VMORE, a postoffice of Buckingham fO . Virginia. 
 
 GLP:XM0R1ST0X, a valley of Scotland, co. of luverneiiH. 
 It contains a parish united to Urquhart. 
 
GLE 
 
 GLENMOR'RIS, a pos<>village of Canada West, co. of Hal- 
 ton, 6 mlli!S X.W. of Oalt. Pop. about 120. 
 
 GLKNMUICK, glJn-miike', a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 GLKNN, a pos(>town.ship of Montgomery co., New York, 
 on the S. side of the Mohawk River, 43 miles W.N.W. of Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2884. 
 
 GLENN, a post-ofBce of McKean co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GLENN GHOVE, a po.stoffice of Kavette co., Georgia. 
 
 GLENNIE (glJn'nee) ISLANDS, a duster of small islands 
 off the S. coast of Australia, in Bass' Strait, in lat. 39° 12' S., 
 Jon. 146° 15' E. 
 
 GLENN MILLS, a postoflice of Culpepper co., Virginia. 
 
 GLENN'S, a postoffice of Gloucester co., Virginia. 
 
 GLENN'S, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa. 
 
 GLENN'S FALLS, a thriving post-village of Warren co,. 
 New York, on the Hudson Eiver, about 60 miles N. of Al- 
 bany. It contains churches for the Presbyterians, Slethod- 
 ists. Baptists, iiml Episcopalians, 2 banks, 1 or 2 academies, 
 2 newspaper offices, several miichine-shops, 6 gang saw-mills. 
 Marble of excellent quality is quarried in the vicinity. The 
 river is crossed by a bridge at this place, and has a fall of 
 about 60 feet, furiushing abundant water-power. The vil- 
 lage is connected by a feeder with the Chumplain Canal. 
 Tlie basiness portion of the village was destroyed by fire in 
 May, 1804, since which time 44 stores, Ac, have been erect- 
 ed. Pop. in lSf4. about 5000. 
 
 GLENN'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Spartanburg dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, 86 miles N.W. of Columbia. It 
 Is surrounded by beautiful scenery, and is a place of great 
 tesort. The water is said to contain magnesia and sulphur. 
 
 GLENN'S VALLEY, a post-office of John.son co., Indiana. 
 
 GLENN'VTLLE, a thriving village of Barbour co., Ala- 
 bama, on the road between Eutaula and Columbus, in Geor- 
 gia, 18 miles N. of the former. It derives its Importance 
 chiefly from its excellent schools. Pop. about yOO. 
 
 GLEN-OF-TUE-IIORSE, a stupendous ravine of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. of Kerry, on the side of Mangerton Mountain, 
 about 5 miles S. of Killarney. 
 
 GLENOGLE, glSn-o'g'l, a valley of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 at the head of Loch Earn. It is remarkable for the gloomy 
 and savage grandeur of its scenery. 
 
 GLENORCIIY (glen-or'Kee) and IN'ISIIAIL', a united 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 12 miles N.N.E. of Inve- 
 rary. Near Loch Awe. in this parish, stand the fine ruins 
 of the castle of Kilchurn, and on the island of luishail, are 
 the remains of a small monastery. 
 
 GLEN RID'DLE, a postofflce of Delaware co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 GLEN ROCK, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the York and Baltimore Railroad, 15 miles S. of York. It 
 has a natiouiil bank. Vop. 289. 
 
 GLEN^ROY', a valley of Scotland, co. of Inverness, parish 
 of Kilmanivaig, Lochabar. It is noted for Its "parallel 
 roads,"' supposed by some to have tieen the shores of a former 
 lake, which had several distinct epochs of subsidence ; by 
 othcTS to have been formed by the periodic upheaving of the 
 land, washed by the waters of the sea. 
 
 GLEN^SIIEE', a narrow valley of Scotland, 7 miles long, 
 at the N.E. extremity of the co. of Perth. 
 
 GLEXSIIEE, SPITTAL OF, a stage on the great military 
 road to Fort Gt^orge. 20 miles N.N.W. of Cupar-Angus. 
 
 GLENSHIEL. glfiu-sheel', a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, 
 adjoining Glenelg on the N. The Highland Jacobites were 
 defeated here in 1719. 
 
 GLEN'TIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GLENTIES, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, 
 6 miles E.N.E. of Ardara. Pop. 317. 
 
 GLHX'TTLT', a long, narrow mountain pass of Scotland, 
 CO. of IVrth. Lord Gleulyon has a beautiful demesne here. 
 
 GLENTMVORTII, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GLKN'VILLE, a post-village of Fairtield co., Connecticut, 
 about CO miles S.W. of Hartford. 
 
 GLENVILLE, a post>t6wnship of Schenectady co., New 
 York, on the Mohawk River, 20 miles N.W. of Albany. It 
 is intersected by the New York Central, and by the Sarato- 
 ga and Sciienectady Railroads. Pop. 3192. 
 
 GLENVILLE, a post-village, capital of Gilmer co.,W. A'ir- 
 ginia, on Little Kanawha liiver, 82 miles in a direct line S. 
 of Wheeling. Free pop. 398. 
 
 GLEN WILD, a post-office of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 GLEN'WOOD, a post-office of Erie co., New York. 
 
 GLENWOOD, a post-offlce of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 GLEN WOOD, capital of Mills co., Iowa. See Appendix. 
 
 GLEVUM. See Gloucester. 
 
 GLIMS'lIOLM, one of the smaller Orkney Isianas, nearly 
 i miles 8. of Pomona. 
 
 GLIN, a market-town and seaport of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Limerick, on the Shannon, 18 miles N.E. of Tralee. 
 Pop. Vi')8. Here is the castle of the Knights of Glin, de- 
 ocendants of the Desmond family. 
 
 GLINA. glee'nd, a fortified town of Croatia, in the Hun- 
 garian military frontier, on the Glina, 26 miles E.S.E. of Karl- 
 Stadt. Pop. 1760. 
 
 GLO 
 
 GLINIANY, gle-ne-^nee almost gleen-yi'-nee, a town oi 
 Austrian Poland, In Galicia, 25 miles E. of Lemberg. Poji 
 2350. 
 
 GLINIANY, a small town of Poland, province, and 18 miles 
 N. of Sandomier, (Sandomir.) 
 
 GLIN'TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 GLIT'NESS, one of the smaller Shetland Isles, 6 miles N.B. 
 of Lerwick. 
 
 GLOBE, a village inWoonsocket township. Providence co, 
 Rhode Island, about 12 miles N. by W. of Boston. 
 
 GLOBE, a post-office of Caldwell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 GLOBE, a post-office of Johnson co., Missouri. 
 
 GLOBE VILLAGE, a flourishing manufacturing post* 
 village of Worcester CO., Massachusetts, about 60 miles S.W. 
 of Boston. De Laines are made here. See Souihukicgb. 
 
 GLOCKNER. See Gross Glockner. 
 
 GLOCKNITZ, gl5k'nits, written also GLOGGNITZ, glog'- 
 nits, a market-towu of Lower Austria, 42 miles S.S.Sv. of 
 Vienna, is a station on the railway to Griitz. Pop. 1520. 
 
 GLOGAU, glo'gow, or GROSS GLOGAU, groce glo'gOw, 
 sometimes wiitten GL0G.4W, a strongly fortified town of 
 Prussian Silesia, government, and 35 miles N.N .W.ofLiegnitz, 
 on the left bank of the Oder, and on a branch railway from 
 Frankfijrt to Breslau, the town being connected l)y a 
 wooden bridge with the Dom In.sel, or Cathedral Island, in 
 the Oder, which is separately fortified. Pop. about 13,500. 
 or, including the garrison, 17,500. Besides its cathedral. 
 Glogau has many other Roman Catholic and some Protest 
 ant churches, a synagogue, a citadel with a large garrison,, 
 Roman Catholic and Protestant colleges, and a school ot 
 midwifery; with manufactures of beetrroot sugar, tobacco^ 
 paper, woollen and cotton fabrics, and straw hats, and aeon 
 siderable corn market. 
 
 GLOGAU, UPPER or LITTLE, a town of Prus.sian Silesia, 
 23 miles S. of Oppeln, on the Hotzenplotz. Pop. 3760. 
 
 GLOGGNITZ, a town of Austria. See Glockmtz. 
 
 GLOGOVATZ, glo'go-vdts\ a market-town of Hungary, co. 
 of Arad, on the Sfaros. It is built out of the ruins of the 
 old and celebrated town of Orod, which was founded by the 
 Emperor Probus in 277, and afterwards destroyed by the 
 Tartars. Pop. 2086. 
 
 GLOMEL,glo^mfel', a village of France, department of cotes- 
 du-Nord, 26 miles S.S.W. of Guingamp. Pop. in 1852, 3814. 
 
 GLOMMEN, glom'mgn, almost glftrn'men, the principal 
 river of Norway, rises in the Dovrefield tableland, 70 miles 
 S. of Trondhjem, flows generally S., traverses the Oieren Lake, 
 and enters the Skager-raek at Fredericksstad 50 miles S.B. 
 of Christiania, after a course estimated at 280 miles. Its 
 navigation is impeded by numerous falls. 
 
 GLONS, glA.Ns, a village of Belgium, province, and 7 miles 
 N. of Liege. Pop. 2000. 
 
 GLOOKHOV, GLOUKHOV, GLUCIIOV or GLUCHOW, 
 gloo-kov', a town of Russia, government, and 130 miles E.N.E. 
 of Tchernigov. Pop. 7000. It is enclosed by earth ram- 
 parts, and has several churches and convents, with 3 annual 
 fairs, and a large trade in corn and spirits. It was formerly 
 the residence of the Cossack hetmen, and the governors of 
 Little Russia. 
 
 GLOOS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 GLOP/PEN, a parish of Norway, stift, and 100 miles N.N.E. 
 of Bergen, on a fiord of the same name. Pop. 3360. 
 
 GLORIO/SA ISLANDS, a small group in the Mozambique 
 Channel, 100 miles from the N. extremity of Jladagascar, 
 
 GLOS'SOP, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Derby, on the Manchester and Sheffield Railway, and 19 
 miles W.N.W. of Sheffield. The town consists of two por- 
 tions, called the New and the Old Town; the former is irre- 
 gularly built, and the latter contains many respectable 
 shops and dwellings. It has a town-hall, market-house, a 
 handsome church, and places of worship for Wesleyaus, In- 
 dependents, Roman Catholics, and other Dissenters, an en- 
 dowed school, and a savings' bank ; and is the principal seat 
 in Derbyshire of the cotton manufacture. There are also 
 woollen and paper mills, dyeing, bleaching, and print-works, 
 and iron foundries. Pop. of the parish, 22,898. 
 
 GLOUCESTER or GLOUCESTERSHIRE, glos'ter-shir, a 
 county of England, in its W. part, bordering on the estuary 
 of the Severn. Area, 1258 square miles, or 805,120 acres, of 
 which about 750.000 are grass and arable. Pop. in 1851, 
 458,805. It has three natural divisions : the E. being the 
 Cotswold Hills; the middle forming the fertile valley of the 
 Severn and its affluents; and the division W. of the Severn 
 consisting mostly of the Forest of Dean. Chief rivers, the 
 Severn, Upper and Lower Avon, Wye, and Isis. In the 
 hills, sheep-farming is the chief branch of industry. The 
 vale of the Severn, once famous for vineyards, is now equally 
 so for its corn-lands, orchards, and gardens. Chief minerals, 
 coal and iron ore, extensively worked In the forest district. 
 Gloucester is divided into 29 hundreds. Capital, Gloucester. 
 Railways connect the county town with Birmingham, via 
 Cheltenham and Worcester; with Bristol, with Dean Forest, 
 and with London, by junction at Swindon with the Great 
 AVestern Railway. A canal, via Stroud, connects the rivers 
 Thames and Severn; another connects tho cities of Glouces- 
 ter and Hereford; and a third, IS miles in length, by en- 
 
 761 
 
QLO 
 
 abling jarps vessels to avoid the dangerous navijration of 
 the Ssi <m. hrings them up to the city of Gloucester. The 
 county sen Is 6 memliers to the House of Commons; 2 are 
 for its K. division, 2 for it« W.. and 2 for its boroughs. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, pronounced and often written GLOSTER. 
 (anc. Gleh uni.) a city, countj' of itself, parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, and river port of England, capital of 
 the courty of Gloucester, on the E. hank of the Severn. 33 
 miles N N.E. of Bri.stol. and 8 miles W.S.W. of Cheltenham. 
 Area of the city. 6S0 acres. Pop. of the parliamentary Iw- 
 rou-'h in 1851. 17.572. It occupies a sliiht eminence beside 
 the Severn, where it divides to enclose the island of Alne\', 
 each of the two channels beinjr here crossed by a handsome 
 bridge. It has four principal thoroushfares, crossing at 
 right angles, and directed towards the cardinal points: and 
 on its S. side is a new and handsome suburb. The Cathe- 
 dral, formerly the church of a rich Benedictine abbey, and 
 built in 104", is one of the finest in England: it posse.'ses 
 a square tower 223 feet in height a large E. window, stalls 
 of fine workmanship, and the tombs of Edward IT. and 
 Bobert. Duke of Normandy. It is the place of a triennial 
 musical festival, alternately with Worcester and Hereford. 
 Several of the parish churches are handsome. Other chief 
 buildings are the episcopal pal.Hce, shire-hall, city-h.all. county 
 Infirmary, lunatic asylum, jail, market-house, theati-o. as- 
 sembly-rooms, and pump-room over a spa, said to exceed that 
 of Cheltenham in the efficacy of its waters. The grammar 
 school has two exhibitions to Pembroke College^ Oxford: 
 an hospital; a blue-coat school: and another charity school, 
 a revenue exceeding 100?. It has manufactures of cutlery, 
 soap, pins. &c., and an old-established bell foundry. Until 
 the completion of the Berkeley Canal, by w^hich vessels of up- 
 wards of 500 tons now ascend to the city, the trade of Glouces- 
 ter was mostly conducted through Bristol : but it has now 
 extensive wharves, and an incre.ising trade in timber, corn, 
 &c.. and imports merchandise from the West Indies and the 
 Baltic. Arrangements were in progress in 1852 to bring 
 coal to Gloucester from the Forest of Dean and the Welsh 
 coalfields. The docks comprise an ar&a of about 8 acres. 
 The number of vessels entering the port in 1851 was 1652. 
 and ranging up to 1000 tons register. The foreign and co- 
 lonial produce imported in the same year was 160.000 tons. 
 Gloucester has returned 2 memliers to the House of Com- 
 mons since the time of Edward I. Glevum. said to be de- 
 rived from the British Oaer-Glow, "the Ciir city," was a 
 place of importance when made a Roman station under 
 Claudius, a. d. 44; and throughout the Saxon and Norman 
 jieriods it retained a large share of consequence. Its bishop- 
 ri'-, founded by Henry VIII.. was united with that of Bris- 
 tol in IS-'ie. Its neightwrhood abounds in fine scenery and 
 the residences of we.althv individuals. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, glos'ter. a county in the S.W.part of New 
 Jersev. has an area of 950 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N.W. by the Delaware River, N.E. by Big Timher 
 Creek, and S.W. by Oldman's Creek, and is drained by Ra- 
 coon and Mantua Creeks. Along the Delaware River, fjr 
 about 7 miles from its bank, the soil is a clayey loam, very 
 fertile, and highly cultivated. S.E. of this it is sandy, and 
 generally covered with pine forests. In 1850 this county 
 yielded 254.870 bushels of sweet potatoes, the greatest quan- 
 tity produced by any county in the state. Marl is found 
 along the bank of the Delaware, and for several miles in- 
 land: iron ore near Woodbury, which is exported for manu- 
 facture : and Ijeds of shells in different places. The inh.v 
 bitants are largely engaged in glass and iron manufactures. 
 The railroad connecting Camden with Capo May and Mill- 
 villo passes through this county. Organized in 1677. and 
 named from Glouct>8ter, a county of England. Capital, 
 Woodbury, Pop. 18,444. 
 
 GLOUCBSTEK. a county of Virginia, situated on Ches.a- 
 peake Bav. in the S.E. p.-ir't of the state, contains 280 square 
 miles. The Piankatank forms its N. and the York River its 
 S.W. boundary. The waters contain an abundance of fish 
 and oysters, which furnish empl'>yment and subsistence to 
 a great number of the inhabitants. Large quantities of 
 oysters and wood are exported to New York and Philadel- 
 phia. Formed in 1642. CapiUl, Gloucester Court-IIouse. 
 Pop. 10.956. of whom 5220 were free, and 573G slaves. 
 
 GLOUCl.STER.a post-town and port of entry of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts. 2S miles N.N.E. of Boston, is situated on the 
 8. si le of the peninsula of Cape Ann. and connected by rail- 
 road with the principal cities and towns of the seaboard and 
 Interior. It is beautifully situated, and handsomely and 
 compactly built. It contuns 7 churches, viz. : Episcopal, 
 Congregational.Baptist, Metliodi8t,Unitarian, ^man Catho- 
 !•-', a=a tJmversalist; 3 banks,! savings bank, 2 insurance 
 ofliccs, and a gas-light company, incorporated in 1853, with a 
 CiipitiU of *100,000. Tlu-eo newspajjers are published here. 
 The interests of Gloucester are almost entirely commer- 
 cial. It lias a greater amount of tonnage employed in the 
 domestic fisheries than any other town in the United States. 
 In 1864, 2i 3 vessels owned here and manned by about 2700 
 persons were employed in the mackerel fishery. The 
 quantity of mackerel inspected in 18tj4 was 155,000 barrels. 
 The number of men employed in the cod and mackerel 
 162 
 
 GLU 
 
 fisheries was 6,550. There are about 40 firms engaged 
 in fitting out vessels and packing maclierel. The halibut 
 fishery is a new enterprise, having been commenced within 
 a feiv years. The number of vessels engaged in it, owned 
 at Gloucester, was 30 in 1844, 63 in 1846, and about 75 in 
 
 1852. The cod fishery has been successfully prosecuted here 
 for more than a century. From 1765 to 1775, tlie average 
 annual fleet sent out was 146 vessels, tons 6530, employing 
 888 men; and from 1786 to 1790, 160 vessels, tons 3600, 
 maimed by 680 men. In 1864 the number of vessels owned 
 here and employed in the cod fishery, was 382. Of the 
 ports of Massachusetts, only Boston and Salem, it is said, 
 surpass Gloucester in foreign imports, which consist of 
 sugar, molasses, &e., from Surinam, and of cotils, wood, salt, 
 and lumber from the British Provinces. l)uriiig the year 
 ending June 30, 1853, the number of foreign arrivals "was 
 207, of which 24 were Americiin vessels. The clearances 
 for foreign countries were 204 vessels. Nearly 35,000 tons 
 of shipping are owned at Gloucester. During the year 
 
 1853, 41 vessels were built, averaging a little more than 80 
 tons each. The harbor of Gloucester is one of the best on 
 the coast, and is accessible at all seasons for vessels of the 
 largest class. Gloucester was oocupied as a fishing station 
 as early as 1624, being the first settlement made on the N. 
 shore of Massachusetts Bay. It was incorporated in 1639. 
 Pop. in 1850, 7786; in 1860. 10.904. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, a township of Providence co., Rhode Is- 
 land, 15 miles W. by N. of Providence. It contains the 
 manu&cturing village of Chepachet. Pop. 2427. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, a village of Atlantic co.. New Jersey, 13 
 miles N.E. from Sl.ay's Landing. It contains an iron fur- 
 nace and a grist mill. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, a township of Camden co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2320. 
 
 GLOUCESTER CITY, a post-town of Camden co.. New 
 Teisey, situated on the Delaware, about 4 miles below Cam- 
 den. This flourishing place has increased in population,with- 
 in the last 15 years, from some 50 to abont 3000. Its growth 
 is chiefly owing to the establishment of several cotton and 
 other factories. It contains several churches. Steamboats 
 ply continually between this place and Philadelphia. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, a maritime county of New Bi-unswick, 
 bordering on the Gulf of St Liiwrence and the Bay of Cha- 
 leur. The surface is extremely diversified with mountains 
 and rivers, and on its coasts are numerous islands — the 
 principal of which are Shippegan and Misi-oue. Great Ship- 
 pegan Harbor, comprising 3 commodious harboi-s. and Little 
 Shippegan and Bathurst Harbors, are in this county. Into 
 the latter flow 3 large rivers. Ship building is carried on 
 to a considerable extent, and there is a large export trade in 
 timber, deals, &c. It is proposed to construct a railroad 
 through Gloucester county, connecting Bathnrst. theoountf 
 seat, with the European and North Am.ericau Railway. Pop. 
 in 18.51. 11.704. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, a maritime county of New South Wales. 
 The chief river is the Manning, which separates it from the 
 county of Macquarrie. Chief towns, Raymond Terrace, the 
 capital. Carrington. and Stroud. 
 
 GLitUCESTER COURT-HOUSE, Gloucester co., Virginia, 
 82 miles E.S.E. of Richmond, near .an arm of the Chesapeake. 
 It contains an academy and several churches. 
 
 GLOUCESTER FURNACE, a post-vill.-ige of Atlantic co., 
 New Jersey. 74 miles S. of Trenton. 
 
 GLOUCESTER ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, fs a sm.all 
 island in lat. 19° 7' S.. Ion. 140° .37' W. 
 
 GLOUCE.STERSHIRE. See Gloitester. 
 
 GLOUCHOV or GLOUKllOV. See Gwokhov. 
 
 GLOVER, gluv'er, a post-township of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, 35 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1244. 
 
 GLOVERSVILLE. a post-village of Fulton co., New York, 
 40 miles N .W. of Albany. It has 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 nevs- 
 paper office, and manufactories of kid and buckskin glovifj, 
 mittens, &c. It is stated that two-thirds of the buckskjfl 
 gloves and mittens made in the United States are made hert . 
 Pop. about 3300. 
 
 GLOVER VILLAGE, a pcst-oflfice in Glover township. 
 Orleans co., A'ermont, about 35 miles N.E. by N. of Montpe- 
 lier. It contains 2 cliurches, one of which, the Congrega- 
 tional, is tt spacious and splendid edifice. 
 
 GLOWNO, glov'no. two small towns of Poland, one N. of 
 Posen. the other 56 miles W.S.W. of AVarsaw. 
 
 GLUCHOV and GLUCHOW. See Glookiiov. 
 
 GLUCKSBURG, (GlUcksburg.) gliiksaitViKr.. a village of 
 Denmark, duchy of Sleswick. 6J miles N.E. of Flensborg, 
 with 750 inhabitants, and the fine residence of the Duke 
 of Holstein-Gliicksburg. 
 
 GLUCK.STADT, (Gllickstadt.) gliik'stltt a town of IK«- 
 
 niark. capital of the duchy of Holstein. a marshy tract, at 
 
 the mouth of the Little Rhine, on the Ell>e. 29 miles N.W. •>* 
 
 Hamburg. Pop. In 1847, 6000. ?hiefly employed in navi^ 
 
 j tion. and its harbor is being greatly extended and improve<l 
 
 \ It was formerly important as a fbrtre.«s; but in 1814. it* 
 
 j defences were demolished, and its old arsen.il is now used 
 
 I fi)r a prison and a work-house. The town is intersected by 
 
 , canals, but so deficient in good water that rain has to bo 
 
GLU 
 
 GOD 
 
 carefully preserred in cisterns. It has a school of naviga- 
 tion, and several other schools ; since 1830 it has been a free 
 port. It comraunieates by railway with Altoua, Kiel, and 
 Kendsljurg, and by steam-packets with the ports on the 
 Elbe. 
 
 GLUIRAS, ghveeh-fc', a village of France, department of 
 Ard^che, 8 miles N.N.E. of I'rivas. Pop. in 1852, 2764. 
 
 GLUKX3, glooRns; called also GLURENTZ, glooWnts, a 
 small town of Austria, in Tyrol, on the Adige, 40 miles 
 W.N.W. of Botzen; it was destroyed by the French in 1799. 
 Pop. S42. 
 
 GLUS/BURN, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Kidint:. 
 
 GLVDE, a river of Ireland, in Ulster and Leinster, rises 
 in the county of ilonaghan, flows south-eastward, and en- 
 ters Dundalk Bay conjointly with the Doe. 
 
 GLY'MONT', a post-ofSca of Charles co., Jlaryland. 
 
 GLVMPU'VILLE, a postoffice of Newbury district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 GliY.MP'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 GLYN or GLYNN, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Cai^ 
 martheu, 4J miles N.N.W. of Llanelly. Pop. 908. 
 
 GLYN-CON'NON. a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Glamor- 
 gan, 6 miles S. of .Merthyr-Tydvil. Pop. 1614. 
 
 GLYNDE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 3 miles 
 B.S.E. of Lewes, with a station on the South Coast Railway. 
 
 GLYNN, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, bordering 
 on the sea, contitins about 400 square miles. The Altamaha 
 River bounds it on the N. The surface is partly occupied 
 by pine barrens with a sandy soil, and by extensive swamps, 
 which, when drained, are productive. The county includes 
 several islands on the coast, one of which is about 12 miles 
 long. Formed in 1777, being among the oldest in the state, 
 and named in honor of John Glynn, an English lawyer, and a 
 warm fiiend of the American colonies. Capital, Brunswick. 
 Pop. SS89, (if whum lOoO were free, and 2839 slaves. 
 
 QLYNNCORWG, glinn-kor'oog, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 GLYN'-TAFF, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 
 6 miles W. of Caerphilly. Pop. 998. 
 
 GLYN-TRAIAN, gliu-tri/an, a township of North Wales, 
 CO. of Denbigh. 
 
 GMU.ND, (Gmiind.) g'miint, or GMUNDEN, (Gmtlnden,) 
 g'mtlu'den, an old walled town of Germany, in WUrtemberg, 
 on the Rems, 29 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 6100. It has 
 numerous churches, a fine town-hall. a.sylums for the blind 
 and foi- deaf mutes, a normal and Latin schools, and manu- 
 factur 'S of jewellery, wooden wares, and woollen stuffs. 
 
 GMUND. a town of Germany, in Lower Austria, 73 miles 
 N.N.\V'. of Yienna, near the Bohemian frontier. Pop. 426. 
 
 GMUND or GEIIUND. (Gemund,) ghgh-munt\a town of 
 Germany, in lUyria, Carinthia, 26 miles N.N.W. of Villach, 
 on the Leser. Pop. 160. 
 
 GMUNDEN, (Omiindeu.') g'miin'den, a town of Upper 
 Austria, situated among the finest scenery in Austria, on 
 the river and Lake of Traun, (orGmiinden See.)36niiles S.W. 
 of Lintz. Pop. 3;300. It has a depot for the salt of the 
 neighlioring mines, a port for the steam packets on the lake, 
 and a station for the horse-puwer railway to Lintz. 
 
 G.N'.iDAU, gnj'ddw, a village and .Moravian settlement 
 of Prussian Saxony, 12 miles E.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the 
 railway, thence to I^eipsic. f'op. 400. 
 
 GNADKNIltJTTKN, gndMen-huHgn, a post-village of 
 Tuscarawas co., Ohio, 95 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 GXADENTIIAL, gni'dfn-t4l\ a Moravian missionary sta- 
 tion of South Africa, 70 miles E.S.E. of Cape Town. 
 
 GNESyN, gni'zen, (Polish, Gniezno, gne-Jz/no,) a town 
 of Prussia, duchy, and 30 miles E.N.E. of Posen. Pop. 
 7140. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, 8 other 
 Roman Catholic churches, several convents, and a diocesan 
 school, it being the see of the archbishop primate of Prus- 
 sian Poland. It has also breweries, distilleries, and a large 
 fair for cattle and horses. 
 
 GNIEWKOWO, gneev-ko^vo, a town oi Prussia, province, 
 and 72 miles E.N.E. of Posen. Pop. 900. 
 
 GNOIHN, gnoi'gn. a town of North Germany, in Mecklen- 
 burg-Schweriu, 25 miles N.E of Giistrow. Pop. 2982. 
 
 GXOSALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 GO'A, (anc. Govayf) a fortified maritime city and capital 
 of the I'ortuguese dominions in the East, on an island at the 
 mouth of the Mandona River, on the W. coast of India. 250 
 miles E.S.E. of Bombay; lat. 15° 28' 2" N., Ion. 73° 51' 2" E. 
 Pop. about 4000. It is a city of churches, and the wealth 
 of provinces seem to have been expended in their erection, 
 their architecture far surpassing in grandeur and tiste 
 whatever of their kind has been attempted by Europeans in 
 the East. The chapel of the palace is built after the model 
 of St. Peters at Rome ; the Church of St. Dominic is adorned 
 with paintings by the Italian masters; that of the Jesuits 
 contains the fine tomb of St. Francis Xavier; the Cathedral 
 would be worthy of any principal city of Europe; the 
 Augustine church and convent are also noble structures ; 
 but most of these edifices are stated to be decaying; the 
 viceroy's palace, and the building formerly occupied by the 
 Inciuieitlou, have loug ^roen unoccupied. Goa is an arch- 
 
 bishopric, and has a diocesan seminary. It was heid with 
 its territory by the English from 1807 to 1815. See P.\NJIM, 
 
 GOA or GOACH. See Macassar. 
 
 GO.\CK, go'iik/, a town of the Island of Celebes, in the 
 Malay Archipelago, immediately S. of JIacassar, and thi 
 former residence of its sultan. It was taken by the Dutch 
 in 1778. See Macassar. 
 
 GOAHATI, go-a-hi'tee, GOWIIATI, gOw-hl/tee, or GWA 
 IIATTEE. gwd-hiftee, a small town of Lower Assam, In 
 Farther India, on the Brahmapootra, 64 miles E, of Goal- 
 para. 
 
 GO.\LPARA, go-ill-p.l'rI, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, on the Brahmapootra, neai the Assam 
 frontier. 
 
 GOANDS, GONDS, gOndz, or KIIOONDS, a wild tribe oi 
 Indians inhabiting the hills of Omerkuntuc, central llin- 
 dostan, at the sources of the Sone and Nerbudda. They 
 are one of the lowest classes in the scale of civilization to be 
 found throughout India; their manners and customs are 
 peculiar to themselves, and their physiognomy differs very 
 widely from the usual characters found in the natives. 
 Their skin is much blacker than the ordinary shade, lipt* 
 thick, hikir woolly, resembling that of an African; their 
 forms are well proportioned, being strong and athletic. 
 They live upon wild roots and vegetables, and such ani- 
 mals as they can snare or kill. 
 
 GO-iT'IIILL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 GOAIVIIURST, a parish of iingland, co. of Somerset 
 
 GOAT ISLAND, in Newport barter, Rhode I.sland, di- 
 rectly in front of the town. Fort Woloott is on this island, 
 and on the N. end is a light>hou.se, exhibiting a fixed light 
 Lat. 41° 29' 18" N., Ion. 71° 20' 5" W. 
 
 GOAT ISLAND. See Niao.\ra Falls. 
 
 GOAT ISLAND, one of the Philippines, Strait of Manila; 
 lat. 13° 55' N., Ion. 120° 24' E. 
 
 GOAT ISLAND, or POOLO CAMBING, pooHo kdm^bing', 
 on the N.E. coast of Sumbawa. Flores Sea; the N. point is 
 in lat. 8° 7' S., Ion. 118° 46' 18" E. 
 
 GOAT ISLANDS, two steep islets, off Terceira, Azores. 
 
 GOAVE, go'lv', the name of two towns of Ilayti, Lb 
 Grand (leh grSs") Ooave, being 7 miles E. of Le Petit (Igh 
 peh-tee') Goave, which is on the Bay of Gonn'ives. 48 miles 
 W.S.W. of Port-au-Prince, with a good harbor, and an active 
 foreign trade. 
 
 GOBANIUM. See Abero.wenxt. 
 
 GOBI, gon)ee\ COBI, or SHAMO, shl'moN (t. e. " sea of 
 sand.") a wide region of Central Asia, between lat. 40° and 
 50° N., and Ion. 90° and 120° E., comprising a great part of 
 Mongolia and Chinese Toorkistan. Length from E. to W. 
 about 1200 miles ; breadth varies from 50u to 700 miles. Its 
 central portion consists of a desert of shifting sands, about 
 3000 feet above the sea, skirted on the N. and S. by exten- 
 sive rocky or stony tracts, interspersed with some oases, 
 affording a scanty vegetation. 
 
 GOCII, goK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles S. of 
 Cleves, on the Niers. Pop. 3800. It is enclosed by walls, 
 has a cistle, Catholic, Lutheran, and Meunonite churches. 
 
 GOCIIOP or GOCHEB. See Gojeb. 
 
 GOCILSIIEIM, goKs'hime. a town of Germany, grand 
 duchy of Baden, 18 miles N.E.of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1370. 
 
 GOCIISIIEIM, a village of Germany, in Bavaria, near 
 Schweinfurt, with a castle. Pop. 1727. 
 
 GOCKLINGEN, (G<5cklingen.)gok'ling-fn, a village of Ba- 
 varia, in the Palatinate, 7 miles S.W. of Landau. Pop. 1519. 
 
 GODA, (Gijda,) gWdn, or GODAU, (Gcidau,) giVdOw, a vil- 
 lage of Saxony, 6 miles W.S.W. of Bautzen. Pop. 938. 
 
 GOIVALMING, a municipal borough, market-town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the Wey, 4 miles S.S.W. 
 of Guildford. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 2224. 
 
 GODANO, go-di'no, a town of North Italy, in Sardinia, 
 13 miles N.W. of Spezzia, near the A'era. Pop. 3379. 
 
 GODAVERY, go-di/vg r-e, a large river of India, in the Dec- 
 can, rises from the West Ghaut Mountains and Chandpoor 
 hills, and after a tortuous .south-eastward coui-se, estimated 
 at 700 miles, it divides into two principal branches, which 
 subdivide as they enter the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 16° 30' N., 
 Ion. 82° E. During the rainy season it is in many places IJ 
 niHes across; but at the pa.ssof Papkoouda, is contracted by 
 precipitous mountains, 2000 feet high to .". quarter of a 
 mile. Principal affluents, theWurdah and Maiijera. 
 
 GOD'DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 GODFJ.LA, go-D^l'yd. a town of Spain, 4 miles N. of Va- 
 lencia, on ttie c.inal of Moncado. Pop. 1244. 
 
 GODELLETA, go-nJl-yi'ti, a village of Spain, about 15 
 miles W. of Valencia. Pop. 1069. 
 
 GODERICn, gOd'rik, or GOOD'RTCII, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Hereford, on the M'ye, 3| miles S.W. of Ross. 
 It has picturesque remains of a castle, partly built before 
 the conquest, and once the residence of the Talbots. It 
 figured greatly during the Parliamentary War, and was one 
 of the last castles in England which held out for the king. 
 Goderich Court contains a rare collection of armor. Ac; 
 and Goderich gives title of viscount to the Robinson family. 
 
 GODERICH. gSd'riteh, a post-town and port of entry of 
 Canada West, and seat of justice of Huron, Perth, and Bruco 
 
 763 
 
GOD 
 
 GOL 
 
 COS., \s pleasantly situated on Lake Huron, at the entrance 
 (*■ Maitland Piiver, and at the W. terminus of the BufTalo 
 Brantford and Ooderich Railroad, (in progress.) 157 miles 
 N.W. of Buffalo, and 32 miles W.N.W. of London. It is the 
 only shipping point for many miles on the lake, and has a 
 harbor, protected by a pier with a light-house at the mouth 
 of the Maitland. There are churches for the Episcopalians, 
 Presbyterians, Secessionists, Methodists, and lloman Ca- 
 tholics, a branch bank, 3 assurance agencies, and about 10 
 stores. The town has also a grist and saw mill, woollen 
 factory, 2 tanneries, and grammar schools, &e.; 2 news- 
 papers are published here. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 GODERICH, au inland co. of West Australia, about 55 
 miles square. The capital, Kojonup, is 90 miles N.W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 GODESBKRO, go'dgs-b5RQ\ a Tillage of Rhenish Prussia, 
 20 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, on the Rhine. Pop. 1170. 
 
 QODJiWAERSVELDE. godVd^^RS-Jld', a small village of 
 France, department of Nord, 7 miles N.E. of Uazebrouck. 
 Pop. 1836. 
 
 GOD'FREY, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois. 
 
 GODHA'VEN, or more'properly GODHAVN, goi>'h8wn, 
 (i.e. "good haven,") a Danish colony on the S.^V. part of 
 Di.sco Island, in Davis's Strait, and residence of the in- 
 spector of North Greenland. Pop. 250. 
 
 GODI.A.SCO, go-de-ds'ko, (L. Godias>cum,) a town of the 
 Sardinian States, 18 miles E. of Alessandria. Pop. lt;07. 
 
 GODING, (Goding.) go'ding, a town of Moravia, 34 miles 
 S.E. of Brlinn, on the March, and on the railway between 
 Briinn and Prerau. Pop. 2975. 
 
 GOD.IAM and GODJEB. See Gojam and Gojeb. 
 
 GOD'LEY, a township of England, co, of Chester, 8 miles 
 E.S.E. of Manchester, on the railway thence to ShefBeld. 
 
 GOD'JIAXCIIESTER, a municipal borough and parish 
 of England, co., and } mile S.S.E. of Huntingdon. Pop. 
 in 1851, 2337. It is supposed to have been the Roman 
 Vurolipons. 
 
 GOD'MANHAM, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 GOD'MANSTONE, a. parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 GOD'.MERSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 GODOLLO. (Godiillo.) go'doriS', a town of Hungary, 15 
 miles N. E.of Pesth, with 2330 inhabitants. 
 
 QODOLTHIN. a hamletof England, co. of Cornwall, parish 
 of Breaze, 5^ miles W.N.W. of Helstone. It gives the title of 
 baron to the Osborne family, who have a seat here. 
 
 GO'DRA. a town of India. Gwalior dominions, 142 miles 
 W.S.W. of Oojein. Lat. 22° 48' N., Ion. 73° 44' E. 
 
 GODS'HILL. a parish in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 GOD'STONE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 27 miles 
 S.S.E. of London, by the S.E. railway, on which it has a 
 station. It is celebrated for its sandstone quarries, and has 
 many elegant mansions. 
 
 GODTIIAAB, god'tib, a village of South Greenland, in 
 Davis's Strait. Pop. of district, 740. It was the fii-st Danish 
 colony in Greenland, established by Hans Egede in 1721. 
 It has a mission seminary, and is the residence of an in- 
 spector. 
 
 GODnviNVILLE. a post-office of Bergen co., New Jersey. 
 
 GOEDEREEDE, gooMeh-rVd^h, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, in South Holland, 10 miles S.W. of Briel, on the 
 island of Goeree. Pop. 1045. 
 
 GOENONG-API or GOENONGAPEE. See Goonong-Apee. 
 ' GOENONG TELLA. a town of Celebes. See GooNOXG Tklla. 
 
 GOENTOER, goonHoor,' or GOONTOOR, goouHoor', or 
 GOENONG-GOENTOER, goon'ong'-goonHoor', an active vol- 
 cano on the Island of Java, province of Preanger. about 94 
 miles S.E. of Batavia. Height, 6689 feet. Its eruptions in 
 1818, 1825. 1835, and 1841, all caused great damage to the 
 surrounding countrj', destroying large numbers of coffee- 
 trees, and covering extensive tracts with ashes, sand, and 
 stones. 
 
 GOEREE, gooW, GOEDEREEDE-ENOVERFLAKKE, 
 l?ooMfh-r.Vdg-^n-o'ver-fldk'kgh, written also GOERE, an 
 island of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, be- 
 tween Cramerand Hollands Diep, now united to the island 
 of Over-Flakkee. The town of Goeree orGoereede is on the 
 £. coast. 
 
 GOES, HMee, or TERrGOES, t?r-H8«ce', a fortified town of 
 the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the island of South 
 Beveland. Lat. 41° 30' N., ion. 3° 53' E. Pop. 5425. It h.-js 
 a curious ancient monastery, a harbor on an arm of the 
 Scheldt, ship-building docks, and an active trade in salt, 
 hops, corn, &c. 
 
 GOES. go/Js, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 19 
 miles E.ofCoimbra. 
 
 G(ETA-EI,F. a river of Sweden. See G&lBk. 
 
 G(ETEnORG or GOTEBORG. See Gothesbukg. 
 
 GCE'ITINGEN. See Gottinoen. 
 
 G(ETZEUBKUCK. ghitV,i:h^brlik', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Moselle. 15 miles S.E. of Sarreguemines. It 
 Las a manufactory of watch glasses, employing 600 hands, 
 and producing 45.000 glasses daily. 
 
 QOF'FLE, a village of Passaic oo., New Jersey, about 3 
 mllw N. of I'atterson. 
 
 aOFF'S COR/N EllS, a postofflce of Cumberland co., Maine. 
 7M 
 
 GOFF'S MILLS, a post-office of Steuben co., New York. 
 
 GOKFS'TOWN, a post-village and township of Hillsbo 
 rough CO.. New Hampshire, on the W. side of Merrimack 
 River; and on the New Hampshire Central Railroad, 12 
 miles S. of Concord. The Merrimack here has a descent of 
 about 48 feet in the distance of half a mile, called .\raoskeag 
 Falls, around which is a canal. The township has manu- 
 factures of cottons, woollens, &c. Pop. 1740. 
 
 GOFFSTOWN CENTRE, a postrvillage of Hillsborough co., 
 New Hampshire, on the New Hampshire Central Railro.ad, 
 15 miles S. of Concord. 
 
 GOG AN, go'gan', a village of Persia, province of Azer- 
 baijan, on the E. side of I.jike Ooroomeeyah. 
 
 60GEH, a town of India. See GoGO. 
 
 GOGGINGEN, (GSggingen,) gag'ghing-en, a vill.ige of Ba- 
 varia, on the Wertach, 2 miles S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1222. 
 
 GOGGINGEN, a village of Bavari.^, grand-duchy of Baden, 
 circle of Lake. E. Mosskirch. Pop. 622. 
 
 GOG'GINSVILLE. a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 GOGGRA, gog'gra, GOGRA, SARJOU, sar^oo/, Di;r\VA, or 
 K.4.NAR. kj^nar', (Ilindoo, Ghnrglwra. gar'gd-rl.) a river of 
 North Hindostan, and one of the chief tributaries of the 
 Ganges, which it joins about 100 miles E.N.E. of Benares, after 
 a S.E. course of from 400 to 500 miles through Nepaul.Oude, 
 and the Bengal territory. The towns of Fyzabad and Oude are 
 on its banks. It is the S-ireyu of Hindoo mythology, and ac- 
 cording to Rennel, the Agorames of Arrian. The river is 
 regarded with peculiar veneration by the Hindoos, is fre- 
 quently mentioned in their sacred poetry, and its banks are 
 re.sorted to by numerous devotees. 
 
 GOG'MA'GOG HILLS, England, co., and 3 miles S.E. of 
 Cambridge. On their highest summit are remains of an 
 ancient camp with a triple entrenchment. 
 
 GOGNA, a river of Piedmont. See Agogn.\. 
 
 GO'GO, or GOGEH, go'gheh, a maritime town of British 
 India, presidency of Bomb.iy, district of .\hmedabad, on the 
 W. side of the Gulf of Cambay, with a safe roadstead during 
 the S.W. monsoon. 
 
 GOGRA, a river of Hindostan. See Goggr.^. 
 
 GOHUD, go'h&d', a town of British India, presidency of 
 .Bengal, in the upper provinces, district, and 22 miles N.E. 
 of Agra. Lat. 26° 24' N., Ion. 78° 20' E. 
 
 60HUN, go'htln', a town of India, in Bundelcund, 11 
 mUes N.W. of Jaloun. 
 
 60I.\NINII.\, go-y3-neen'yi a town of Brazil, province of 
 Rio-Grande-do-Norte, 28 miles S. of Natal. Pop. 1500. 
 
 GOIL, LOCH, loK goil, a branch of Loch Long. Scotland, 
 CO. of Argyle, extending for 4 miles N. to Loohgoilhead. 
 
 GOIRLE, goialeh. a village of Holland, province of North 
 Brabant. 15 miles' S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 795. 
 
 GOISERN, goi'zern, a village of Upper Austria, on the 
 Traun, 6 miles N.N.W. of H.allstadt. Pop. 708. It is con- 
 sidered the hand.somest village in Austri.i. 
 
 GOITO, go/e-to, a village of Ix)mbardy, 8 miles N.W. of 
 Slantua, on the Mincio. Poo. ISOO. 
 
 GOJAM or GODJAM, go'jam', a district of Abyssinia, in 
 Amhara; lat. from 10° to 11° N., Ion. from 37° to 38° E. It 
 is mostly a grassy plain, traversed in some parts by high 
 mountain ranges, and by affluents of the Abai. 
 
 GOJEB or GODJEB, go'jJb\ written also GOCHEB, GO- 
 CHOP, and GOSHOP, a river of Africa, in the country S. of 
 .\byssinia, flowing E., in lat. about 6° N., supposed to join 
 the Abai. 
 
 GOM^AUIC a town of British India, presidency of Bom- 
 bay, 50 miles N.N.W. of Darwar, on the Gutpurba. (an afflu- 
 ent of the Kistnah.) which forms here a sort of cat.aract. 
 
 GOKT.SCHE-DENGHlS.(Goktsche-Denghis,Vokt'shA-dJng' 
 ees\ ('-blue lake.") also called KEGHAM (kA'gSmO SEA, 
 and sometimes SEWAN, sAVJn', a lake of Russian Arme^nia, 
 to the N.E. of Erivan, about 40 miles long from N.W. to S.E., 
 and on an average 12 miles broad. It is situated about 5000 
 feet above the sea-level, in a basin surrounded by mountains, 
 many of them covered with the richest verdure, not a few of 
 the most fantastic forms, and several covered with snow. In 
 the N.AV. of the lake there is an island, called Sewan or 
 Sevan, with a convent on it. 
 
 GO'LANDSVILLE or GO'LANSVILLE, a post-village in 
 Caroline co.. Virginia. 
 
 GOLA-SECCA, %cAi-s.lY>^i, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province, and 33 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Ticino. which 
 Hannibal crossed at this pl.sce with his elephants. Pop. 161)1. 
 
 GOL'BORNE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 with a station on the Ixindon and North-western Railway, 
 2 miles N.N.E. of Newton. Pop. 1657. 
 
 GOiyCAR. a chapelry of England, co. of York. West Riiing. 
 
 GOLCONDA. gol-kon'dd. a fortified town of Hindostan, i:i 
 Nizam's dominions, 3 miles W. of Hyderabad. Lat. i;° l.V 
 N., Ion. 78° 32' E. It has lx>en not4?d as a i-p6t for dia- 
 monds, which are brouglit hither from the phiins at the 
 base of Neela IluUa Mountains, on the banks of the j<ist>- 
 nail and Pennar Rivers, no mines existing in the viiinty; 
 and a large amount of treasure is supposed to be kept nere, 
 as Europeans or native strangers are not usually allnvve 1 to 
 enter the gates. On its N. side are some famous toiubs, fre- 
 quently resorted to by holiday parties from Seounilcrul-ad, 
 
 Iksr: 
 
GOL 
 
 GOM 
 
 Ie the district are found opals, chalcedonies, and other 
 gems. 
 
 GOLCONrDA, a post-Tillage, capital of Pope co., Illinois, on 
 Ohio River, at the mouth of Lusk Creek, 220 miles S.S.E. 
 of Spriiiu:field. It has a brick court-house. Pop. 404. 
 
 G0IiD.4.NGKR. a p.arish of England. See Ooldhanqeii. 
 
 GOLD.VPP, gol'dilpp, a town of Eastern Prussia. 21 miles 
 S.E. of Oumbiunen, on the Goldapp River. Pop. -3880. 
 
 GOIiDA U, gol'dOw, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 6i miles W.X.W. of Schwytz, at the S. foot of the llossberg, 
 bf a landslip of which mountain the former village of the 
 8Ame name, with the Tillages of Biissingen, Rother, and a 
 part of Lowertz, were totally buried, on September 2, 1800. 
 
 GOLDBERG, golfbjRa, a town of Germany, in Prussian 
 Silesia, 11 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Ivatzbach, an af- 
 fluent of the Oder. Pop. 7350. At its high school the famous 
 Wallenstein was educated. About 6 miles K. is the hamlet 
 of WahlsUidt, where the troops under Blueher defeated the 
 French under Macdonald, August 26, 1S13. 
 
 GOLDBERG, a town of Geiinany, in Mecklenburg- 
 Schworin, 28 miles E. of Schwerin, on the small lake of 
 Goldberg. Pop. 2646. 
 
 GOLD'CLIFF, a parish of- England, co. of Monmouth, 4^ 
 miles S.E. of Newport, with remains of a priory of the 12th 
 century. 
 
 GOLD COAST, a country of Guinea, in West Africa, ex- 
 tending along the Atlantic Ocean, from the river Volta 0° 
 40' E., to Cape Ljihotl, about Ion. 5° W., and bounded X. by 
 Ashantee. It was discovered by the Portuguese, who founded 
 an establishment at Fort Elmina in 1482. The Engli.<h first 
 settled here in 16*54. The country is fertile; deer are plenty 
 in the interior, and fish along the coasts. The principal 
 European establishments are Accra, Axim, Capo Coast 
 Castle. Dixeove, and Elmina. 
 
 GOLD CREEK, a post-office of Brown co., Indiana. 
 
 GOLD'EN, a small market-town of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Tipperary, in the '-Golden Vale," a. rich valley of the 
 Suir. 3i miles W. of Cashel. Pop. 602. 
 
 GOLDEN BRIDGE, a village of Ireland, In Lcinster, co., 
 and 1 J miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1090. 
 
 GOLD'EN GROVE, a post-village of Greenville district. 
 South Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 8 
 miles from Greenville. 
 
 GOLDEN HILL, a post-ofRce of Dorchester co., Maryland. 
 
 GOLDEN LAKE, a post-ofRce of Waukesha co., Wiscon.sin. 
 
 GOLDEN PLACE, a post-oiflce, On.slow co., North Carolina. 
 
 GOLDEN POND, a post-office of Triag co., Kentucky. 
 
 GOLDEN RIDGE, a township in Oxford co.. Maine. 
 
 GOLDEN'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Westchester co., 
 New York. 120 miles S. by E. of .Mbany. 
 
 GOLDEN SPRINGS, a post-village of Anderson district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 GOLDEN STEIN, gol'dgn-8tIne\ or KOLDS.STEIN, kolf- 
 stine, a town of Moravia, 35 miles N.W. of Olmutz, on a 
 hill above the Bord. It has two castles, one of them an an- 
 cient fortress, in ruins, an Augustine monastery, and two 
 glass furnaces. Pop. 1020. 
 
 GOLD'EN A'^ALE, England, co. of Hereford, lying W. of 
 the city of Hereford, on the river Dover. It owes its name 
 to its rich soil and beautiful scenery. 
 
 GOLDEN VAI/LEY, a post-office of Rutherford co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GOLD-'IIANGER or GOLD ANGER, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Essex. 
 
 GOLD HILL, a post-office of Buckingham co., Virginia. 
 
 GOLD HILL, a post-village of Rowan co.. North Carolina, 
 isontaiiis several stores. There is a gold-mine in the vicinity. 
 
 GOLDI.XGEN, gol'ding-fn. a town of Russia, government 
 of Courland. 72 miles WA'.W. of Mitau. Pop. 2624. 
 
 GOLD'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 GOLDKRONACH, gold'kro'ndK, a well-built town of Ba- 
 varia, on the Kronach, 7 miles N.E. of Baireuth, with three 
 castles. Pop. 940. 
 
 GOLD KE'GION, a postKjfflce of Moore co.. North Carolina. 
 
 GOLDSBOROUGII,gilds'biir-rtih. a parish of England, co! 
 of York, West Riding. 2J miles E.S.E. of Kuaresborough. 
 The Earl of Harewood has a mansion here. 
 
 GOLDS'BOROUGH, a township of Hancock co., Maine, on 
 the Atlantic coast, 90 miles E. of Augusta, has many excel- 
 lent harbors. Pop. 1717. 
 
 GOLDSBOROUGH, a village of Y'ork co., Pennsylvjinia, on 
 the Susquehanna River, and on the York and Cumberland 
 Railroad, 18 miles N. by W. of Y'ork. It was laid out in 1850. 
 
 GOLDSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., 
 North Carolina, on the Neuse River, wljere it is crossed by 
 th« Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 50 miles S.E. of Ra- 
 leigh. The first house was built in 1841. About the year 
 fS48 it began to improve rapidly, and is now one of the 
 •flost flourishing places in the state. The public buildings 
 we new and remarkably fine. Steamboats can ascend the 
 river as high as this place for about two-thirds of the year. 
 Goldsbcrough is the E. terminus of the North Carolina 
 Railroad, about 220 miles long, which extends to Charlotte. 
 It was taken by the Union army in March, 1865. Pop. in 
 1860, SS5. 
 
 GOLDSCHEUER, golfshoi'gr, a village of Germany, grand- 
 duchy of Baden, on the Rhine, 6 miles W.N.W. of Offeu- 
 burg. Pop. 572. 
 
 GOLD'SHAW-BOOTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan 
 caster. 2^ miles N.E. of Haslingden. Pop. 748. 
 
 GOLDS'TON, a post-office of Chatham co.. North Carolina. 
 
 GOLD.S'VILLE, a post-office of Cheiokee co., Georgia. 
 
 GOLD'VILLE, a post-office of Tall.apoosnco., Alab.ama. 
 
 GOLEGA, go-li/ga, a town of Portugal, province of Estre- 
 madura. on the Tagu.s, 70 miles N.N.E. of Lislion. Pop. 2600. 
 
 GOLEK-BOGHAZ, go'ljk'-bo'giz', (the "Cilician gates" ot 
 antiquity.) a pass in A.siatic Turkey, through tlie Bulghar- 
 Tagh, (Taurus.) between the pashalics of Karamania and 
 .\dana, 30 miles N.W. of Tarsoos, and defended by Turkish 
 batteries. 
 
 GOLFE, ISLES DU, eel dil golf, (i. e. " islands of the 
 gulf,") two inhabited islands in the South Pacific Ocean ^ 
 lat. 10° 15' S.. Ion. 101° 46' E. 
 
 GOLFODULCE, a lake of Central America. See Dulce. 
 
 GOLGO'THA, a post-vilLoge of Cobb co., Georgia, 123 mUes 
 N.W. of.MiIledgeville. 
 
 GOLI, gf/lee, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic 
 Sea, 3 miles N.E. of the island of .\rbe. 
 
 GOLI, a town of Western Africa, in Senegambia, on the 
 estuary of the .Teba. 5 miles N.E. of Bissao. Pop. 4000. (?) 
 
 GOLIAD, go'Ie-ad', a county in the S. part of Texas, con- 
 tains about 900 square miles. It is intersected liy tlie San 
 Antonio River, and bounded on the N.E. by Coleto Creek. 
 Tlio soil is fertile. Capital, Goliad. Pop. 3384, of whom 
 2541 were free, and 843 slaves. 
 
 GOLI.\D, a post-village, capital of Goliad co., Texas, on 
 the right bank of the San Antonio River, 120 miles in a 
 straiglit line S. by E. of Austin. Pop. 1212. 
 
 GOLLERSDORF, (Giiilersdorf,') gollers-doRf, a market> 
 town of Lower Austria, on the GiiUersbach, 23 miles N.W. 
 of Kornenburg. Pop. 1278. 
 
 GOLLNOW, gol'nov, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 14 
 miles N.E. of Stettin, on the Ihna, and on the railroad from 
 Stettin to Dantzic. Pop. 4700. 
 
 GOLLOUSIER, gol-loo-seer', (Fr. pron. gorioo'se-jU, a petty 
 maritime town of the island of Socotra, Indian Ocean, on 
 its N. coast. 
 
 GOLLUB, golloob, a fown of Prussia, on the Drewenz. 
 Pop. 2320. 
 
 GOLLUMBINCZE, golloom-bin'sJ, or GOLUBINCZE, 
 go'loo-bin'si. a village of Austria, in Slavonia, 22 miles S.E, 
 of Peterwardein. Pop. 3500. 
 
 GOL.MA. an island of Sweden. See Holmox. 
 
 GOLNITZ, (Golnitz.) grd'nits, a markettown of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Zips, 18 miles S.W. of Kperies. Pop. 5300. It is 
 the seat of a mining council and tribun!»l ; in and around 
 it are iron and copper mines, iron forges, and factories of 
 iron wire and cutlery. 
 
 GOLO, go'lo, a river of Corsica, enters the Mediterranean 
 on its E. coast, 12 miles S. of Bastia. Length. 38 miles. 
 Near its mouth are supposed to he the ruins of Muriaiia. 
 
 GOLS, golsh, or GALOS, gilh'losh', a market-town of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Wieselburg,32 miles S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1800. 
 
 GOI/SPIE, a palish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, *on 
 Dornoch Frith, 12 miles N.N.E. of Dornoch. Dunrobin 
 Castle, the seat of the Duke of Sutherland, is in this pari.sh. 
 
 GOLSSEN, gols'.sfu, a town of Prussia, government, and 
 46 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, on the Dahme. Pop. 1061. 
 
 GOI/THO, a parish of Endand. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GOLTSCII-JENIKAU, goltsh-yA'ne-k(5w\ a town of Bohe- 
 mia, circle of Czaslau, 50 miles E.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 2030. 
 
 GOLUBINCZE, a village of Austria. See Gollumbixcze. 
 
 GOMANIZZ.^., go-mJ-nit'sd, a village of European Turkey, 
 in Albania. 43 miles W.S.AV. of Yaniua, (Janina.) Lat. (S.E. 
 point) 39° 28' 42" N., Ion. 20° 18' E. 
 
 GOMARINGEN, go^mar-ingVu, a village of Wiirtemhurg, 
 5 miles W. of Reutlingen, on the AVit-.satz. Pop. 1485. 
 
 GOMBAS, gom'bSsh', a village of Hungary, co. of Liptau, 
 7 miles from Rosenberc. Pop. lOOO. 
 
 GOMB'ROON'. GOiPBEROON', GAMRUN, gdmVoon,' 
 GAAPBROON', BUNDER ABBAS', bun'der-!ib'b3.s\ BEN'- 
 DER AB'BAS', or BUN'DER AB'BAS'SEE, (formerly Hor^- 
 mooz>, Hormuz or JTarmofzia.) a seaport town of Persi.a, pro- 
 vinceof Kerman, hut latterly forming a part of the Muscat 
 dominions, on the Persian Gulf near its mouth about 13 
 miles N.AV. of the Island of Ormuz. Lat. 27° 18' N.. Ion, 56^ 
 30' E. Pop. 5000. (?) It owed its importance and modern 
 name to Shah Abbas, who, in 1022, with the aid of the 
 English, drove the Portuguese fi-om Ormuz, the trade of 
 which island was then transferred hither. Some remains of 
 European factories exist, and one serves for an occasional 
 residence of the Imam of Muscat. The imports consist of 
 Indian and other piece goods, and China ware; the exports 
 comprise Persian carpets, tobacco, and dried fruits. 
 
 GOMER, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 GOiIER.4, go-m.Vr2, one of the Canary Islands, W. group, 
 west of Teuerifle, from which it is separated by a strait 13 
 miles broad. Length, 12 miles; breadth, 9 miles. Pop. 
 11,742. It has .some primary mountains, covered with per- 
 petual snow, and many fertile valleys, producing corn, 
 
 70 j 
 
G03I 
 
 GOO 
 
 finits. trine, cotton, sugar, &c. The principal town is San 
 Set>a.KtiHn. 
 
 GOMKRA, go-mi'ri. a river of Morocco, province of Fez, 
 enters the M^lterranean near Velez-de-Gomera, after a N.W. 
 course of 50 miles. 
 
 GOMKKA. VELEZ DE. vAlfth di go-mA'ri, or BADIS. hi- 
 deece'. ianc. Paridina. f) a town of Morocco, province of Fez 
 with a fort on the Mediterranean, 55 miles S.E. of Ceuta. It 
 Is situated between two high mountains, and contains about 
 700 houses. 
 
 GO'MEKSAL, a township of England, co. of York, "West 
 Elding. 
 
 OOM'ETRA or GOM'ETRAY, a small island of Scotland, 
 eo. of Argyle, between Staffa and Mull, and separated from 
 Ulva by a very narrow sound. 
 
 GOMEZ, gormSs, an island of South America, New Gra- 
 nada, in the Caribbean Sea. at the mouth of the Magdalena, 
 I^t. 110 6' X.. Ion. 74° 50' W. 
 
 GOMMEGNIES: gom'mAnVee', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord. 14 miles N.AV. of Avesnes. Pop. in 1852, 3093. 
 GOMMENITZA, gom-md-nit/sj, a small seaport town of 
 European Turkey, in Epirus, on an inlet of the Mediterra- 
 nean, opposite the S. extremity of Corfu. 
 
 GO.MMEKX, gom'mem, a town of Prussian Saxony, 9 
 miles E.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the Ehle. Pop. 1880. 
 
 GOMOXA, go-mo'nd, a small island of the PaciSc, Xulla 
 Islands, in lat. 1° 46' S.. Ion. 127° 27' E. 
 
 GOMOR, (Gomijr,) gb^moR', a county of Hungary, Hither 
 Theiss. comprising an area of 1615 square miles. It contains 
 the lofty summits of Kroua. Tresznik, Czigan, and Sztudena. 
 It has mines of iron, cobalt, tin. and saltpetre. Pop. 170,962. 
 GOMOR (Oiimor) SAJO, gS'miJR/ sl/yo', a village of Hungary, 
 In the county of GomiJr, on the S.\jo, 88 miles K.E. of Pesth. 
 Pop. 1049. 
 
 GOMUL, go^mtiV, or GOOLATREE, goo-li'ree or goo-ll'ree, 
 an important pass on the middle route from llindostan into 
 Afghanistan, leading from Dera Ismael Khan to Ghuznee, 
 along the channel oi" the Gomul River, 
 
 GOMUL, go^mtll', a river of Eastern Afghanistan, rises 
 about lat. 33° X., Ion. 69° 22' E., 50 miles S.S.W. of Ghuznee, 
 and crossingtheSuleimanrangeof mountains about lat. 32° 
 25' X., is lost in the sand. During the rains, however, it 
 continues its course to the Indus; lat. 32° 5' X.. Ion. 71° E. 
 G<JXA1VE, LA, la go'uiv', an island of the AVest Indies, 
 W. of Hay ti, in the Bay of Leogane. Length, about 36 miles ; 
 average breadth, 8 miles. It has no permanent population. 
 GOX.^^IVES, (Gonaives,) LKS, lA go*niv', a town of llayti. 
 capital of an arronditsement, on the Bay of Gona'ives, 65 
 milfs X.^V. of Port au Prince. It has an excellent harbor, 
 a naval and military hospital, .and public baths. 
 GOX'ALDSTUN E. a parish of England, co. of Xotts. 
 GOXCELIX. gAN'«Vh-lJ>t«', a town of France, department 
 of Isere. 17 miles X.t. of Grenoble. Pop. 1547. 
 
 GON'DAR, the capital city of Abvssinia. 21 miles X.E. of 
 Lake Dembea, or Zana. in "lat. 12°"50' X.j Ion. 37° 32' E. It 
 is built on a lofty, insulated hill, which is an extinct vol- 
 cano, between two rivers, which unite below the town. En- 
 tire circumference of the city, about 11 miles. It conttiins 
 a. ruined palace, many churches, and other buildings de- 
 voted to religious purposes. Gondar was formerly a royal 
 residence; but is now, with the whole province in which it 
 is situated, in the hands of the Gallas, and h.as lo.st much 
 of its former splendor. Cotton cloths of a fine quality are 
 manufactured here. The people of this city are represented 
 as extremely licentious, and addicted to the most barbarous 
 and Irutal practices. Pop. estimated at .50.000. 
 
 GONDELSHEIM. gon'dels-hime'. a village of Baden, 14 
 miles E.X.E. of Carlsruhe.' Pop. 1320. 
 
 GOXDRECOUliT. gANdr'kooR', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Meuse, on the Ornain. 17 miles S.S.W. of Commercy. 
 Pop. 1081. 
 
 GONBREVILLE, g6xd'rVeel'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, on the Moselle, 4 miles E.N JJ. of Toul. 
 Pop. 1307. 
 GOXDS, a tribe of Indians. See Go.inds. 
 GONDWARA. gondV^'rd, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, district, and 18 miles S..S.W. of Purue;ih. 
 GOX'ERBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 GOXESSE, go'ni'S.s', a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Oise. 10 miles X.E. of Paris, on the Crou. Pop. in 1852, 
 2263. It is the birth-place of Philip Augustus. Here, alter 
 the liattle of 'Waterloo, the head-quarters of the British army 
 were established, July 2, 1S15. 
 
 GOXFAROX. g4s<:'£iV.x'='. a village of France, department 
 of Var. 22 miles X.E. of Toulon. Pop. 1663. 
 
 GOMAPZ or GOXIOXDZ, gMyA.NV, a town of Russian 
 Poland, sroveniineut. and 32 miles 'X.W! of Bialystok, on the 
 Bober. Pop. 1550. 
 
 Gd'.MC, a post-village in Strafford co.. New Hampshire, on 
 the Coche<-o Railroad. 8 miles from Dover. 
 GOXIOXDZ. a town of Russia. See Gomai>z. 
 GOX N E VILLE, gonnH-eel', a village of France, department 
 of JIanche. 6 miles E. of Cherbourg. Pop. 137U. 
 
 GONXEVILLF;. a village of France, department of Seiae- 
 (uferieur -. 11 miles N.N J:! of Havre. 
 708 
 
 GOX'NINGEN, (GSnningen.) gon'ning^gn, a village of 'Wii^ 
 temberg, circle of Black Forest, at the foot of the Rossberg, 
 5 miles S.W. of Reutlingen. Pop. 2422. 
 
 GOXXORD, gon'noR/, a market-town of France, depart 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, 18 miles S. of Angers. Pop. 187S. 
 
 GOXXOS-CODIXA, gon'nos-ko-dee'nd, a village of Sai^ 
 diuia, about 20 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 544. 
 
 GOXXOS-FAXADIGA. gon'uo.s-fi-nd-dee'gd. a village of 
 Sardinia, 30 miles N.X.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2925. 
 
 GOXXOS-TRAMATZA, gon'nos-trd-mdfsd, a vUIage of 
 Sardinia, about 18 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 850. 
 
 GOXOWITZ, go/no-^its", or GAXOWITZ, gi'no-^its', a 
 market-town of AustrLn, in Styria, 19 miles S.S.\V. of Mar* 
 burg. Pop. 670. 
 
 GOXSIXSKOIE-OZERO, go-si n-skoi'i-o-zd/ro. a lake of 
 Asiatic Russia, government of Irkootsk, 58 miles X. by W. 
 of Kiakhta. Near it are several pagodas. 
 
 GOXTEXSWEIL, gon'tf us-« ile\ or GUXDISCIIWEIL, 
 goon'dish-*ile\ a village of Switzerland, canton of .4argau, 
 about 14 miles S.S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 2119. 
 
 GOXZAGA, gon-zd/g3, a market-town of Northern Italy, 
 in Lombardy, 14 miles S. of Maptua. 
 
 GONZALES. gon-zahlSz, a county in the S. or S. central 
 part of Texas, has an area of 1140 square miles. It is intei^ 
 sected by the Guadalupe, and also drained by San Marcos 
 River, and by Castleman's Fork. Capital, Gonzales. Pop 
 8059, of whom 4891 were free. 
 
 GOXZ.\LES, a post-village, capital of Gonzales co., Texas, 
 on the Guadalupe River, 70 miles S. by E. of Austin. It was 
 formerly a considerable village, but was burut during the 
 Texas revolution. Pop. 1103 
 
 GOXZALO. See SJo Gosgiio. 
 
 GOOCH'LAXD. a county towards the S.E. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of 260 square miles. James River forms the S. 
 boundary through the whole length of the county. The 
 surfece is undulating ; the soil, originally fertile, has been 
 in some parts exhausted. Extensive mines of bituminous 
 coal are worked here, and gold has been found in small 
 quantities. The James River Canal connects the county 
 with Richmond. Formed in 1727, and named in honor of 
 one of the governors of the colony. Capital, Goochland 
 Court-llouse. Pop.l0,6o6, of whom 4ol7 were free, and 6139 
 slaves. 
 
 GOOCHLAND COURT-HOCSE, a post-village, capital of 
 Goochland co., A'irginia, 1 mile N. of James River, and 28 
 W. of Richmond. The public buildings are neat and sul>- 
 stantial. 
 
 GOOCH'S MILLS, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, on 
 Little Saline Creek. 35 miles X.Vv. of Jefferson City. 
 
 GO0D'.\LL LAKE, a township in Lake co., Illinois. 
 
 GOOD'ERSTONE, or GOOD'SuX, a parish of England, co. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 GOODE"S, a station of Virginia, on the Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee Railroad, 8 miles from Lvnchburg. 
 
 GOODES PRE'CIXCT, a post-oftice, Clarke co., Kentucky. 
 
 GOOD'FIELD. a post-oftice in Meigs co., Tennessee. 
 
 GOOD'FIRM, a township in Grundy co.. Illinois. Pop 670. 
 
 GOOD GROliXD, a post-village of Suffolk co.. New York, 
 about 240 miles S.E. of Albany. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, a small post-village of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, a post-village of Walton co., Georgia, 7 miles 
 E. of Monroe. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, a post-village of Fayette co.. Ohio. 7 miles 
 S.E. of 'Washington, the county seat. Laid out in 1>49. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, a township of Hocking c-o., Oliio. Pup. 953. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, a post-office of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 9 
 miles N. of Milwaukee City. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, a fort of British North America, on the 
 McKenzje River. Lat. 67° 30' X.. Ion. 130° 40' Vt\ Old Fort 
 Good Hope is on the same river, 105 miles N.W. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, BAY OF. a bav of Russian America, in lat 
 66° 30' X., Ion. 161° to 164° W., at the termination ot Kotie- 
 bue Sound. It contains Chamisso Island. The laud around 
 it is swampy. 
 
 GOOD'HUE. a county in the S.E. part of Minne.sota. hor- 
 dering on the Missis-Mppi River, and uu Lake Pepin, which 
 separates it from Wisconsin, contains about 650 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Cannon River. Formed in 1S52-3, 
 out of apart of Wabashawco. C^ipital. Ri'dwing. Pop. 8977. 
 
 GOOD'INGS GROVE, a post-village of 'Will co., Illiuoi*, 25 
 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 GOOD INTENT', a post-office of Wa.shlngton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 GOOIVLEIGII, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 GOOD^LUCK', a village of Dover township. Ocean CO.. New 
 Jersey. 7 miles from Tom's River. This town is oi e of the 
 oldest settlements on the Jersey shore, and lias a Methodist 
 church and 2 schools. 
 
 GOOIV.MAX. a district in Harris co.. Georgia. 
 
 GOODMAX'S CROSS KQADS, a post-office of Harris «»., 
 Georgia. 
 
 GOODMAN'S ISLANDS. See Finn's and Goo) m.od's Is- 
 
 tAXDS. 
 
 GOOCNESTON, two parishes of England, co. oiKcLt 
 
GOO 
 
 GOO 
 
 OOODPiTCn, a parish of England. See Gopctich. 
 
 QOOD'KICII. a post-office of Genesee eo., Michigan. 
 
 GOOD SI'lUNG, a post-village of Williamson co., Tennes- 
 see, 13 miles S. of Nashville 
 
 GOOD 5>PKING, a post-office of Limestone CO., Alabama. 
 
 GOOD SfUK. ft post-offlce of Carroll co., Virginia. 
 
 GOOD SUCCESS/ BAY, Terra del Fuego, Le Maire Strait, 
 in lat. 54° 49' S., Ion. 65° 13' W. It is a good anchorage. 
 Heights about 1200 feet above the sea surround the bay. 
 
 GOOD'VILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 GOOD M'ATEU, a post-offlce of Coosa CO., Alafiama. 
 
 GOOD'WIN SA^DS, a range of shoals in the Strait of 
 Dover, extending off the S.K. coast of England, co. of ICent, 
 between the North and South Foielands, abjut 7 miles E. 
 of Deal and the Isle of Thanet, the roadstead, termed the 
 Downs, lying between them and the mainland. Length 
 about 10 miles, by I5 miles in breadth. They are divided 
 Into two portions by a narrow channel, are in many places 
 bare at low water, and, owing to their shifting and loose 
 nature, they have, perhaps, proved more fatal to life and 
 property than any other quicksiinds known. Floating lights 
 have long been fi.\ed here, and some lofty beacons have been 
 erected. 
 
 GOODnVIN'S MILLS, a posUiffice of York co.. Maine. 
 
 GOODnvOOD, the fine seat of the Duke of Richmond, in 
 England, co. of Su.ssex, 3 miles N.N.E. of Chichester. Good- 
 wood races are hel.d annually in the park during the last 
 week in .lulv. 
 
 GOOD'W Y.VSVILLE, a post-office of Dinwiddle co..Virginia. 
 
 GOOD'YEAK'S BAR, a mining settlement of Sierra co., 
 California. Pop. about 400. It has a post-ofiSce of the same 
 name. 
 
 GOOJAII, goo/jl, a town of Sinde, on the route Itetween 
 Tattah andkurr.ich.?e,10 miles W. of Tattah, and on a navi- 
 gable creek of the Indian Ocean. 
 
 GOO.TKKAT. a town and province of Indi,^. See Gczerat. 
 
 GOOKEKA, GOUKEKA. goi/ke-kd, or GOUKCHA, gook'- 
 chd, or SEVAN, sAVdu'. LAKE OF. Georgia, is between lat. 
 40° 9' 40" and 40° 35' N., Ion. 45° E., 23 miles N.E. of Eri- 
 van. Length from N.W. to S.E., 47 miles ; breadth varies 
 from 6 to 21 miles. Height above the sea, 5300 feet. It is 
 very deep, and yields fine fish ; contains the island of Sevan, 
 with an Armenian monastery, and receives several small 
 rivers. The village of Gookeka is on its \V. side. 
 
 GOOLAI UEE, a pass of India. See Oomvl. 
 
 GOOLD, goold, an island on the N.E. coast of Australia, 
 In Rockingham liay, lat. 1S° 9' 54" S., Ion. 146° 11' 30" E., 
 about 7 miles in circumference. 
 
 GOOLR.gooLa river-portand townof England, co. of York, 
 West Killing, on the Uuse. at the influx of the Don. 3 miles S. 
 of Ilowden. Pop. in IS51, 5001. The docks of Goole form its 
 most ;mpoi-taut foature. One of these, the ship dock, is 600 
 feet long by 200 feet broad, with 18 feet of water; the other, 
 the barge d<ick, is 900 feet long by 150 feet broad, and will 
 contain 200 vessels averaging 50 or CO tons each. The num- 
 ber and tonnage of sailing vessels registered as belonging to 
 the pt<rt in 1860 was 512, tonnage, 32,878; steamers, 8, ton- 
 nage, 551. The number and tonnage of vessels that entered 
 and cleared at the ]X)rt during the same year w.is — sailing, 
 steam. British, and foreign, inwards, 3318, tonnage, 194,032 : 
 outwards, 2940, tonnage, 173,128. The gross amount of 
 customs' duties for the same year was £34.258. The town 
 owes its rise and subsequent importance chietty to the open- 
 ing of the Knottingley and Goole Canal by the Aire and 
 Calder Navigation Company, by which a direct inland navi- 
 gation has been effected to Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, &.c. 
 
 GOOIiKOO. goorkoo', a mountain range of Afghanistan, 
 SO miles S.W. of Ghuznee, lat. 33° 22' N.. Ion. 67° 50' E.. up- 
 wards of 13,000 feet high, and covered with snow throughout 
 the year. 
 
 OOOMISII (GOUMISII, or GUMISII)-KHANEII, goom'- 
 ish-Kd/neh, ("place of silver;" anc. Bi^te,/) a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, pashalic, and lUO miles W.N.AV. of Erzroom. It is 
 built in successive terraces up the sides of a ravine, and is 
 stated to have nearly 1000 houses, mostly inhabited by Greeks 
 and Turks. Near it are some productive silver, lead, and 
 copper mines, the oies from wliich are all reduced at Tokat. 
 
 GOOMREK, (iOUMRI, or GUMRI, goom'ree, a ruined 
 town of Russian Armenia, 54 miles N.W. of Erivan, on 
 which has been recently built the important fortress and 
 city of AixXANDROPOL. Pop. 10,000. From the great eleva- 
 tion of the laud in this district, (average, 5860 feet,) the 
 cold is intense; men are often frozen to death in the open 
 fields, and wild animals are driven into the towns from 
 hunger. Caravans of from 50 to 100 camels bring provi- 
 sions for the Russian troops stationed here. 
 
 GOOMSUR. gooni'stir'. (Hindoo, Ghumsara, goom-.s3'r3.)a 
 town of British India, presidency of Madras, 73 miles ^\'. of 
 Jugeemaut. 
 
 GbOMTY or GOOMTEE. goom'tee, (Hindoo, Gtmati, go'mj- 
 tee, ''winding,") a river of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, a tributary of the Ganges, which it joins 17 miles N.E. of 
 Benares. Its chief affluent is the Sye. The cities of Luck- 
 Dow, Sultanpoor, and .Tuanpoor. are on its banks. 
 
 GOOMTY or GOOMTEE, a river of British India, pre- 
 
 sidency of Bengal, district of Tipejah, joins the Br.'ihm*. 
 pofrtra. 20 miles S.E. of Dacca. Comiila is on its S. bank. 
 
 GOONABAD, GOUNABAD, or GLNABAD. goo-na-lad', a 
 town of East Persia, province of Khorafsan,135 miles W.S.Vf . 
 of Meshed. 
 
 GOONANG TELLA, of Celebes. See Goonono Telia. 
 
 GOONDA. goonM3. a town of Hindoostan, dominion, and 
 25 miles N.W. ofOude. 
 
 GOONDIAM or GOUNDIAM, poon-de-dm'. a village of West 
 Africa, in Upper Galam, on the Faleme; lat. 14° 40' N.. Ion. 
 12° 12' W. ; inhabited dining the season of cultivation, but 
 after haivest it is evacuated, in consequence of the ineru- 
 sions of the Bambarras and Moors. 
 
 GOONEE, goo/nee^, an arm of the river Indus, in Sinde, 
 continuous with Fulailee below Hyderabad, enters the 
 Indian Ocean by the Koree and Sir mouths of the Indus at 
 its delta. New Luckput, its E. branch, traverses a lake 
 formed by an earthquake in 1819. Its W. branch is navi- 
 gable from the Ali-I$under, in Slagbribee, to the sea, a dis- 
 tiince of 50 miles. 
 
 OOONIAM-AMADOO or GOTJNIAM-AMADOU, goo-ne- 
 drn'-d-md-doo/, a village of West Africa, in Bondoo, about 2i 
 miles S. by W. of the former. 
 
 GOONIAM (or G0UNIAJ1>SISSE, goo'ne-lm'-.sces'sch. a 
 villageof West Africa, in Bondoo ; lat. 14° 60' N.. Ion. 12- 24' W. 
 
 GOONIEH, GOUNIEH. or GUN I EH, goo'nee^h, a walled 
 town of Asiatic Turkey, 100 miles E.N.E. of Trebizoud, on 
 the E. coast of the Black Sea. 
 
 GOONONG-APEE, GOUNONG-APL or GUNONG-API, an 
 i.sland of the Malay Archipelago, in the Flores Sea, N.E. of 
 Sunibawa. L.Ht. 8° 16' S.. Ion. 119° 8' E. It has a volcano. 
 
 GOONONG-APEE, GOUNONG-API, GUNONG-API. GOE- 
 NONG-API, goo^nong'a'pee', or GOENONG-APU, goo'nong'- 
 ii'pii', a burning island of the Banda group, in the Malay 
 Archipelago, 180 miles S. of Booro. Lat. 6° 35' S., Ion. 126° 45 
 E. It contains a volcanic peak, whioh in 1820 broke out in 
 a fearful eruption. 
 
 GOONONG-TELLA, GOEN*ONG-TELLA, goo'nohg'tJlia, or 
 G0I50NTAL0, goVon-tdIo, a spacious bay on the E. coast 
 of the island of Celebes, with a breadth of 65 mile.s at the 
 entrance, widens towards its inner extremity, which is very 
 little known, to 100 miles. On the N. side of the b.iy. and 
 not far from its entrance, is Gornntalo River and village. 
 Lat, 0° 28' 30" N., Ion. 123° 16' E. 
 
 GOONONG-TELLA orGOENONG-TELLA.amaritime town 
 of Celebes, on the N. coast of the Goonong-Tella Bay. between 
 the N. and E. limbs of the island. Lat. 0° 30' N., Ion. 123° E. 
 
 GOONTOOR, a volcano of .lava. See Gootoer. 
 
 GOOR, gOB, a town of the Netherlands, province of Ove^ 
 yssel, 28 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. lf.27. 
 
 GOORB.VN, goor^n/, a river of Sinde, rising between 
 Kurrachee and Sehwan, about lat. 25° 20' N.. Ion. 67° 08' E. 
 anil, after a S.W. course of about 60 niile.s. falls into the Bay 
 of Kurrachee. in lat. 24° 48' N., Ion. 67° 6' E. 
 
 GOORGAUN, GOURGAN. or GURGAN. goor'gdn'or goor'- 
 gawn', a town in the N.E. part of Persia, on a small stream 
 of its own name, which flows into the Caspian Sea. Lat 37° 
 10' N., Ion. 56° 30' E. 
 
 GOORIEL, GOUKIEL. GURIEL. goo-re-fl', or GURIA. a 
 province of Asia, shjired between the Russian and Turkish 
 dominions, at the E. extremity of the Black Sea. It formed 
 a part of the ancient CnlcJiis. The principal towns are Bar- 
 toom, in the Turkish; Poti, Toras, and Fort St. Nikolai in 
 its Russian division. 
 
 GOORIEV, GOURIEV, or GURIEV. goo-re-Jv/, a town and 
 fortress of Russia, government of OrenlxK)rg,on the Uial, at 
 its embouchure in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 47° 10' N., Ion. 
 52° t.. Pop. 2000. 
 
 GOORKHA, goor^kS. a city of Nepaul, nearly in the centre 
 of the kingdom, 58 miles W. of Khatmandoo, in lat. 27° 62' 
 N.. Ion. 84° 22' E., foi-meriy the capital of the Goorkhas. 
 
 GOORSOOF, GOURSOUF. or GURSUF. gooB-soof/, a mari- 
 time village of Russia, in Crimea, on its W. coast. It was 
 called EristJiena (f) by the ancient Greeks. 
 
 OOORUMCONDA.GTJRRAMCONDA. or GURRtJMCONDA, 
 goor-rtlm-kon'da, a strong hill-fort of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, 52 miles S.S.W. of CudJapah. 
 
 GOOS, GOUS. or GIIS, goes, a river of Russia, rises in the 
 government of Vladimeer, and, flowing S., empties itself into 
 a lake, after a course of CO miles. 
 
 OOOSE'BERRY ISLANDS, a group of small island.* Sr 
 Newfoundland, on the E. coast of Bouavista Bay. 
 
 GOOSE CREEK, in the N.E. part of Virginia, falls into 
 the Potomac 4 miles E. of Leesburg. after a course of nearly 
 60 miles. By means of dams. &c.. it has been made navi- 
 gable for a distance of about 20 miles. An affluent, called 
 the North-West Fork, enters this creek from the left hand, 
 near the middle of Loudon county. 
 
 GOOSE CREEK, of Michigan. See Raisin Riveb. 
 
 GOOSE CREEK, a post-office of Ritchieco.. Virginia. 
 
 GOOSE CPtEEK, a post-office of Smith co.. Tennessee 
 
 GOOSE ISLAND, one of the Furneaux Islands, in lat 40° 
 19' N.. Ion. 147° 47' E. 
 
 GOOSE ISLAND, in Christmas Sound, off the S. eoa.st of 
 Terra del Fuego; so named by Captain Cook. 
 
 767 
 
GOO 
 
 GOR 
 
 OOOSB ISLAND, an island in the St. Lawrence River, 
 In Canada East, 13 miles X.E. of the island of Orleans. 
 
 GOOSE ISL.VNP, a rocky islet in Bass' Strait, on which a 
 light-house was erei.t«d in 1S4<>. 
 GOOSE LAKE, in Asiatic Kussia. See Goxsixskoib-Ozero. 
 GOOSE POXD, a post-village of Oglethorpe co., Geoi-gia, 7C 
 miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 GOOSXAKGII, goo.'^'narg, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 5 miles N.N.E. of Preston, Here is a riclily en- 
 dowed institution for decayed persons of the higher classes, 
 founded by Dr. Hushell in 1735. 
 
 QOOTA or GUUTA, goo't^ a village of AVest Africa, in 
 Bondoo, on the Faleme, in lat. 14° 24' X., Ion. 12=' 18' W. It 
 has a citadel, erected by the sovereign of Bondoo as a palace 
 and retreat to Sambala, King of Ivasson. 
 
 GOoTY or GOOTEE, a strong fort and town of British 
 India, presidency of Madra.s, 50 miles E. of Bellary, on a 
 mountain, 2171 feet above the sea. The military works 
 here are very extensive, and Gooty was formerly the capital 
 of a petty Mahratta state. 
 
 GO'PUER CREEK, of Iowa, flows into the Missouri a 
 little below the mouth of Boyer River. 
 
 GorLO. gop^o. or GAPLO, gdp'lo, a lake of Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Bromberg. It forms a long and narrow expanse, 
 having nowhere a breadth of 2 miles, and yet is above 20 
 miles ifing. 
 
 GOPPIXGEN. (Goppingen,) gop'ping-^n, a town of Wiir- 
 temburg. on the Fils, 27 miles X.W. of Tim. Pop. 5035. 
 It is well built, and has a royal residence, a remarkable 
 town-hall, mineral l)aths. manufactures of woollen cloth and 
 earthenwares, bleaching-works. and an active trade in wool. 
 Near it are the baths of Boll, and the ruined castle of 
 Hohensfciuffen. the cradle of the imperial race that held the 
 German Empire in the twelfth century. 
 
 GOP.S'ALL. an extra-parochial liberty of England, the 
 ■eat of Earl Howe, co. of Lincoln, 4i mUes N.W. of Market- 
 Bosworth. 
 
 G()RA, go'rS. a small town* of Poland, government, and 
 19 miles S.S.E. of Warsaw. 
 
 OOKA. a village of Prussia, province of Posen, 22 miles 
 S.S.W. of Bromlierg. 
 
 GOR.\. a town of Prussian Silesia. See GrnRAti. 
 
 GORABUXDER. go'ra-blin'dfr, a village and fort of British 
 India, pref^idency. and about 20 miles X. of Bombay, at the 
 N. extremity of the Island of Salsette, separated fbom the 
 mainland by a narrow arm of that sea. 
 
 GOR.iil. goVdm', an island of the Malay Archipelago, 20 
 miles in circuit. Lat. 4° 3' S., Ion. 131° 50' E. 
 
 GOR'BALS, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Lanark and Ren- 
 frew. 
 
 GORBATOV or GORBATOW, goR-bJ-tov', a town of Russia, 
 government, and 36 miles W.S.W. of Xizhnee-Novgorod, on 
 the Oka. Pop. 2070. 
 
 GORCIIEX. (Gorchen.) goR/Ken, or MIPTSKA GORKA, 
 meets'kl goR'ks, a town of Prussia, province, and 52 miles 
 8. of Posen. Pop. 1418. 
 
 GOKCUM, a town of Holland. See Gorkum. 
 
 GORDES. goud. a town of France, department of Vaucluse, 
 10 miles W.X.W. of Apt Pop. in 1852, 2948. 
 
 GOR'DO. a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama. 
 
 GOR/DOX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, 8 miles 
 N.W. of Kelso. It is famous as having given the title of 
 duke to the Gordons, a Xorman &mily. whose earliest seat 
 in Scotland was fixed here in the reign of Malcolm Ceanmore. 
 
 GOR'DOX, a new county in the X.W". part of Georgia. It 
 is traversed by the Oosteuaula River, a branch of the Coosa, 
 and also drained by Pine Log and other creeks. The soil in 
 general rests on a stratum of blue limestone, and is highly 
 productive. The county is intei-sected by the Western and 
 Atlantic Railroad. Formed out of parts of Cass and Floyd 
 counties in l.S4i4-50. and named in honor of William W. 
 Gordon. Esq., lirst president of the Central Railroad. Capital, 
 Calhoun. Pop. 10,140, of whom 804u were tree. 
 
 GORDOX, a thriving post-village of Wilkinson co.. Georgia, 
 on the Central Railroad, at the junction of the Milledgeville 
 Railroad, 21 miles E. of Macon. Large quantities of cotton 
 are exjxjrted from this place. It has 6 dry-goods stores, and 
 does an'extensive grocery business. Laid out in 1843. 
 
 GORDON, a post-ofiRceof Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 GOKDOX A, goR-do'ni. a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, 5 miles S.S.W. of Chiavenna, on the Mera, at 
 the enti-ance of the valley of Bodengo. Pop. 975. 
 
 GOU'DOX CASTLE, or CASTLE GORDOX, the seat of the 
 Duke of Richmond, in Scotland, co. of Elgin, about 1 mile 
 N. of Fochabers. It stands in a maenificent park, and is 
 one of the finest structures in Scotland. 
 
 GORIHJXCILIX). goR-don-theel'vo, a town of Spain, pro- 
 Tlnoe. and aliont 22 miles from Leon, in a plain. Pop. 1808. 
 
 GOR'rWXS. Ohio, a station on the Greenville and Miami 
 Railroad, 22 miles from Dayton. 
 
 GOR'DOX'S POIXT, a small village of Beaufort district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 GoK'DONSSPRIXGS.apost-villageof Walker CO., Georgia, 
 about JK) miles X.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 QOR'DO X S V I LLE, a post-vUli^ of Lancaster co- Pennsvl- 
 768 
 
 vania, on the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 10 miles from 
 Lancaster. 
 
 GORDOXSTILLE, a post-village of Orange co.. Tirginia, 
 on the Central Railroad, and at the terminus of the Orange 
 and Alexandria Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 GORDOXSVILLE, a post-village of Smith co., Tennessee. 
 
 GORDOXSA'ILLE, a post-office of Logan co., Iventucky. 
 
 GOR'DOXTOX, a post-office of Person co., North Carolina. 
 
 GORE, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 
 GORE, gor, a district of Canada "West, comprising the 
 counties of Wentworth and Ilalton, bounded E. by Lake 
 Ontario. Pop. about 40,000. 
 
 GOREE, goYil/, an island and town of Western Africa, be- 
 longing to the French, immediately S.E. of Cape Verd, in 
 lat. 14° 39' N., Ion. 17° 24' W. Pop. about 6000, comprising 
 18 Europeans. It is about 3 miles in circumference, and 
 steep on the W., S., and E. sides. At its N.E. extremity is 
 a roadstead. The town is well built, and covers about two- 
 thirds of the island: it is the seat of civil and commercial 
 tribunals, and an entrepOt for gum-Senegal, ivory, gold-dust, 
 &c. It has latterly been pretty strongly fortified, but is 
 deficient in wood and water. It has lieen repeatedly taken 
 by the English and Dutch in the last and the present cen- 
 turies. 
 
 GOREE. an island and village oftheNetherlands.near the 
 mouth of the Meuse, (Maas.) 
 
 GOR EE, go*rA,' a village of Jersey, on its S.E. coast, 7 miles 
 E.S.E. of St. Ilelier's, and immediately below Mount-Orgueil 
 Castle 
 
 GORE ISLAND, or ST. MATTHEW, an island jn Behring 
 Sea, about midway betweftn America and Asia. Lat. of its 
 S. point, 00° 18' N., Ion. 172° 4' W. Length from N.W. to 
 S.E., 28 miles. 
 
 GO'RELOY', one of the Aleutian Islands, containing an 
 active volcano. Lat. 51° 56' N., Ion. 178° 40' W. 
 
 GORESBRIDGE, gOrz^brij, a village of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, CO. of Kilkenny, 2} miles E. of Gowran. Pop. 921. 
 
 GO'REY, a municipal l>orough and market-town of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, cj., and 24 miles N.N.E. of Wexford. 
 Pop. 3Sfi5. 
 
 GOK'GAXSVILLE, a smaU village of Rutherford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 GORGONA. goR-go'nJ, a small island in the Mediterranean, 
 belonging to Tusainy. province of llsa, between Corsica and 
 Leghorn. It is a wooded rock, about 2 miles in length and 
 breadth, inhabited by families engaged in its fishery of 
 anchovies. 
 
 GOKGOXW. goR-go'nJ. an i.sland of South America, New 
 Granada, in the Bay of Choco, in the Pacific, 110 miles S.W. 
 of Buenaventura. I^t. 2° 57' N., Ion. 78° 25' W. 
 
 GORGOXA, a village of Xew Granada, on the isthmus, 
 and 20 miles N.W. of Panama, on the river Chagreg. 
 
 GORGOXILLA, goR-go-neel'yi, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, off Point Manglares, Ecuador. 
 
 GORGOXZOLA. goR-gon-zo^d. a village of Lombardy, 12 
 miles E.X.E. of Milan. Pop. 2310. It has an extensive 
 trade in the celebrated Strachino cheese. 
 
 GORGUE, LA, Id goKg. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, 10 miles S.E. of Hazebrouek. Pop. in 1852, 
 32^3. 
 
 GORHAM, go'ram,a thriving post-village and town.shipot 
 Cumberland co., Maine, on the York and Cumberland Kail- 
 road. 10 miles W. by N. of Portland. The village contains 4 or 
 5 churches, an academy, and about 1000 inhabitants. The 
 manufacture of cotton goods, machinery, edged tools, &c., 
 is carried on to a considerable extent. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 3252. 
 
 GORH.\M, a post-township of Coos co.. New Ilampshire, 
 on the Atlantic and St. Iiawrence Railroad, about lUO miles 
 N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 907. 
 
 GORHAM. a post-village and township of Ontario co., 
 New York, en Canandaigua Lake and on the N. Division 
 of the Erie R.R. about 12 miles W.S.W. of Geneva. Pop. 2537. 
 
 GORHAM, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Fulton CO., Ohio. Pop. 1480. 
 
 GORI, po'ree\ a considerable town of West Africa, on 
 a small island of the same name on the Xiger, aUnit mid- 
 way between Egga and the confluence of the Chadda, 
 (Tchadda.) 
 
 GOiU, go'ree or go'ree',a fortified townof Russi.i. in Georgia, 
 on the Koor, 43 miles W.X.W. of Titiis. Pop. 3000. It has 
 Sevei'al Greek and Armenian churches. 
 
 GORI or GORY, a village of Russia, government, and 42 
 miles N.E. of Moheelev. 
 
 GORIX.go'rin or go-reen',a river of Russian Poland, joins 
 the Pripets, by two arms, about 50 miles E. of Pinsk, after a 
 tortuous northerly course of 230 miles. 
 
 GORIXCIIEM, a town of the Netherlands. See Gorkum. 
 
 GO'RIXG, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, on the 
 Thames and the Great Western Railway, on which it has a 
 station, 8| miles X.W. of Reading. 
 
 GORlXti. a parish of England, co. of Suissex, on the South 
 Coast Railway, 3 miles W. of Worthing. Castle Goring, the 
 seat of the Shelley family, is in this parish. 
 
 GORlSSEXiKN, (Giirisseifen,) OBER, o^bjr gyris-srffn, • 
 
 -J 
 
GOR 
 
 village of Prussian Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 
 2240. 
 
 GORITZ, (Goritz.) po'rits, (Ger. Gorz. gijRts ; It. Oorizia, go- 
 rid'ze-d,) a town oflllyria. 22 miles N.N.W. of Triest, on the 
 Isonzo. Pop. 12,137. It consists of an upper or old town, en- 
 closed by walls, and with a partly ruined castle, now a prison ; 
 and a lower, or new and well-built town. Principal build- 
 ings, a fine cathedral, several other churches, the liishop's 
 palace, the barracks, formerly a Jesuits' college, the circle- 
 hall, town-house, alms-houses, and an elegant new theatre. 
 It has the diocesan school for the government of Triest; a 
 philo.sophieal academy; I'iarist and other colleges; Ursu- 
 Une, Jews", and other superior schools; societies of agricul- 
 ture and arts; and manufactures of silks, rosoglio, leather, 
 ic, with dye-works, sugar-refineries, and a brisk general 
 trade. The ex-king of France, Charles X., died here in 1836. 
 
 GOKITZ, (Goritz,) giVrits, a town of Prussia, province cf 
 Brandenburg, 12 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1750. 
 
 G0KIZ1.\, a town of Au.«tria. See Goritz. 
 
 GORKH.\, gonfkk, a town of Xortliern Hlndostan. and 
 (the ancient capital of Nepaul.) 50 miles W.N.W. of Khat- 
 mandoo, reported to comprise 2000 houses, with a temple to 
 the tutelar deity. 
 
 GOKK UM, GOltCUM. goRn<rim, or GORINCIIEM, go'rink- 
 em. a fortified town of the Netherlands, province of South 
 iloiland, on the Meuse. (Maas) at the influx of the Linge, 22 
 miles E.S.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 8190. It has a court of 
 primary jurisdiction, cojlege, learned association established 
 in 1«15, manufactures of tobacxo-pipes, active salmon fishery, 
 and a considerable trade in corn, cheese, hemp, and horse.«. 
 It is the! irlhplace of several eminentDutch painters: and a 
 house once occupied l)y Grotius still exists in the town. 
 
 tiOKI^A. goRlS, (Maggiore, mild-jo'rd, ••Greater," and 
 MiN'ORE, me-no'r;l, " Lesser,") two adjacent villages of Nor- 
 thern Italy, 4 miles from Milan. Pop. 2067. 
 
 GO I\L.\GO, goR-Id'go. a v illage of Lombardy, 7 miles E.S.E. 
 of Bergamo. Pop. 1^200. 
 
 GOR'LKSTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GOKLICE, goR-leet/sA. a market-town of Austrian Poland, 
 20 miles E.N.E. of .NeuSandec. Pop. 2547. 
 
 GORLITZ. (GBrlitz.) giiRdits, almost gtUtnita, (Wendisch, 
 Ffirlirz. foE'lerts : i'olish. Giniic, goR/lits.) a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, 52 miles \V. of Liegnitz, on the Xeisse, and on the rail- 
 way from Dresden to Rreslau. Pop. 20,534. It is walled, 
 entered by 11 gates, and has 3 suburbs. Principal edifices, 
 the Church of St. Peter and Paul, a structure of the fif- 
 teenth century, tlie town-hall. 4 hospitals, a prison, and an 
 orphan asylum. It has a Prote.stant college, and a philoso- 
 phical society, with a library of 20.000 volumes and several 
 manuscripts; extensive manufactures of linen and woollen 
 cloths, bell-foundiies. steel and iron factfii-ies, lithographic 
 printing and bleaching establishments, and an active trade 
 in linen fabrics and wool. 
 
 GOROIANSTOWN', a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Meath, IJ miles N.W. of ISalbriggan. Pop. ICO. It gives the 
 title of viscount to the Preston family, who acquired the 
 manor in the reign of Edward III., and whose baronial resi- 
 dence adjoins the village. 
 
 GORO. go'ro. or KOUO, ko'ro. one of the Feejee Islands. 
 Lat. (N. point) 17° 14/ S.. Ion. 179° 2G' W. It is 9^ miles 
 long, and 4 miles broad, high, and apparently susceptible 
 of cultivation to its very top. Pop. estimated at 2000. 
 
 GORODISCHTCllfi, go-ro-dish'ch.'\. or GOIIODICIITCIII, 
 go-ro-dish'chee, a town of Russia, government, and 16 miles 
 E.X.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. It has a monastery in which 
 the Grand Duke Alexander lived as a monk. Pop. 3000. 
 
 G0R0DISCIITCI115. a market-town of Russia, government 
 of Grodno, near Xovofrrodek. Pop. 1500. 
 
 60R0D1SCIIT( IlJiorGORODITCII. go-ro-ditch', a town 
 of Russia, sovernment. and35 niilesE.N.lC.of Pensa. P.2000. 
 
 QORODiSClITCnfi or G0R0DITCH£. go-ro-dee'chA, a 
 town of Russia, government, and 40 miles S.W. of Tver. Pop. 
 1271. 
 
 GORODXIA, go-rod'ne-J, a town of Russia, government, 
 and 33 miles N.E. of Tchernigov, with 1700 inhabitants. 
 
 GORODoK. go-ro-dok'. a town of Russia, government, and 
 20 miles X.X.W. of Vitebsk. Pop. 1700, mostly Jews. 
 
 GORODOiv BOHISSOV, go-ro-dok' bo-ris-sov', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 63 miles S.W. of Moscow, and 
 founded by the Czar IJoris-Godanov, whence its name. 
 GoRODoK is the name of several villages in the government 
 of Minsk. 
 
 GOROGUEA. go-ro-g,Va, or GURGUEA, gooK-g.Vi a river 
 of Brazil, Ivtween the provinces of Piauhi and Pernambuco, 
 joins the I'arahiha 95 miles X.X.W. of Oeiras, after a N.E. 
 course of S'JO miles. 
 
 GOROKIIOV. go-ro-kov', or GOROKHOVETZ, go-ro-ko- 
 vJts', a town of Russia, government, and 95 miles E. of Vla- 
 dimeer, on the Kliasma. Pop. 2400. 
 
 GOROKHO V, a village of Russia, government of Volhynia, 
 30 miles S.E. of Vladimeer. 
 
 GOROXTALO, a bav of Celebes. See GooyoxG Teila. 
 
 GORl'.EDYK or GORREDIJK, goR/-Re-dik\ a market-town 
 of the Xetherlands. province of Friesland, 18 miles S.E. of 
 \ieeuwarder Pop. 1700. 
 
 2Y 
 
 GOS 
 
 GORREVOD, goRVod', a village of France, de'partinent of 
 Ain, 18 miles X. of Bourg. Pop. 17S3. It was created a 
 duchy by Louis XVIII. 
 
 GORROX. goRV.i.N^', a village of France, department, and 
 11 miles N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 1034. 
 
 GORSBACU, (GiJrsbach.) goKs'bdK, a village of Prussia, 
 province of Saxony, about 35 miles E.X.E. of Merseburg, 
 with a church. Pop. 9C5. 
 
 GORSKli, goR/sel. a village of Holland, province of Gelder- 
 land. 5 miles X. of Zutphen. Pop. C29. 
 
 'GORSUCH'g (gor'saks) MILLS, a pos^ofBce of Baltimore 
 CO.. Maryland. 
 
 GORT. a market-town of Ireland, in Connaught, co, of 
 Galway, 16 miles X.X.E. of Eunis. Pop. 3056. It is almost 
 embowered among trees, i.s very neatly built, and has a bivr- 
 racks, union woik-house, and large market. It gives the 
 title of viscount to the Verek(!r family, whose mansion, 
 Loughcooter, is 2 miles from the town. 
 
 GOlfTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 3j miles 
 E.S.E. of JIanchester, on the railway thence to Sheffield. 
 
 GORTZKE, (Giii tzke.) gijRts'keh, a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of .Saxony, 27 miles E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1434. 
 
 GORUCKPCHJR. go-ruck-poor', a town of Ilindontan, pro- 
 vince, and 104 miles X.X Ji. of Benares, on the Jtaptee. Ijit. 
 -ltj° 4G' X.. ion. 83= 19' E. It is reckoned one of the most 
 healthy places in India. In its AV. suburb is a temple of 
 Geracnath. a Hindoo deity in high repute in these quarter*. 
 
 GORUCKPOOR, a district of British India, pre.sidency of 
 Beng.il. having Nepaul on the X. Area, 9520 square miles. 
 
 GORWYDD, gor'wiiH, a township of North Wales, co. of 
 CardiBin. Pop. 608. 
 
 GoilY. a town of Russia. See GoRi. 
 
 GORZ, (Gorz,) a town of lUyrla. See Goritz. 
 
 GORZE. goRz. a town of Franco, department of Moselle, 
 9 miles W.S.W. of Metz. I'op. 1763. 
 
 GOSAR'IiY, a consideiable town of Ilindostan, in the Ma- 
 cherry dominions, 60 miles W.X.W. of Agra. 
 
 GOS'BECK. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GOS'BERTOX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GOS'FI KLD, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2 milefl 
 S.AV. of Ilalstead. Gosfield Hall is one of the finest remain- 
 ing specimens of architecture of the reign of Henry VIII, 
 
 OOS'FORTH, a parish of England, co.of Xorthumberland. 
 
 GOSFORTH, a paiish of England, co. of Cumberland, 6 
 miles S.S.E. of Egremont. 
 
 GO'SHEX, a post-township of Sullivan co., New Hamp- 
 shire, 30 miles E. by N. of Concord. I'op. 076. 
 
 G0."~I1EX, a post-township of Addisou CO., Vermont. 
 Pop. .'594. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-township of Hampshire co., Massachu- 
 setts. 100 miles W. by X. of Boston. Pop. 459. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-village and township of Litchfield CO., 
 Connecticut. 30 miles W. by N. of Hartford: said to be tlie 
 most elevated town.ship in Connecticut. It is noted for its 
 excellent dairy farms and numerous tanneries: and has 
 manufactures of Iwots and shoes, soap and candles, hard- 
 ware, sash and blinds. &c. Pop. 1381. 
 
 GOSHEN, a postrvillage and township and semi-capital of 
 Orange co.. New Y'ork, on the Erie Railroad, near the junc- 
 tion of the Newburg Branch Railroad, 00 miles X. N.W. of 
 .New York. It contains, besides the county buildings, 3 
 or 4 churches, 2 lianks. a flourishing academy, about 15 
 stores, and several manufactories; 2 or 3 newspapers are 
 published here. The township is noted for the excellent 
 quality of its butter. Incorporated iu 1809. I'op. of the 
 township. 3480. 
 
 GOSH EX, a post-village of Cape May co., Xew Jersey, 5 
 miles N.W. of the court-house. It has a Methodist church 
 and about '20 dwellings. 
 
 GOSHEN, a vill^e of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, 23 miles 
 S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 GOSHEN, a former township of Che.ster co., Pennsylvania, 
 now divided into East and West Goshen. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 302 
 
 GOSHEN, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 58 
 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-village of Lincoln co., Georgia, 96 miles 
 N.E. of Milledgevilie. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-office of Cherokee co., Aliibama. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-(.ffice of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-office of Oldham co., Kentucky. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township in Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 407. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township in Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 2001. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1856. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-village and township in the N. part of 
 Clermont co., Ohio, 24 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 1832. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township of Hsirdin co., Oliio. Pop. 894. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1453. 
 
 GOSHEN, a thriving post-village, capital of Elkhart co., 
 Indiana, is beautifully situated on the right bank of the 
 Elkhart River, 111 miles by railroad E.S.E. of Chicago and 
 146 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has an active trade, and is 
 supplied with water-power, which is employed in mills for 
 
 7£9 
 
GOS 
 
 grinding and sawing. It contains several churches and a 
 bauk Pop. in 1860, 2053. First settled in 1831. 
 
 GOS HEX CKEEK. of Duplin cc, N'orth Carolina, flows 
 southward into Cape Fear Kiver. 
 
 GOSHEN in LL.postK)ffice. Union district South Carolina. 
 
 GOSHEN MILLS, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio. 
 
 GO'SIIKXVILLE.a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GOSIER. liE or GOZIEK. LE. leh go'zeer', or Ifh go\,e-&/. a 
 maritime villageof the island of Guadeloupe, arrondissement, 
 and 5 miles S.E. of Point-^-Pitre. Pop. 3242. 
 
 GOSLAR, gosOar, a town of Hanover. 27 miles S.E. of Ilil- 
 desheim. on an affluent of the Ocker, at the X.E. foot of the 
 Harz. Pop. 7179, mostly employed in the adjacent mines of 
 the Rammelsberg, but partly in manufactures of vitriol, 
 shot, hardwares, carpets, leather, &c. It is enclosed by 
 walls, with houses in an antiijue style, it being one of the 
 oldest towns in Germany. It was formerly a frequent seat 
 of the German diets and residence of the emperor. The prin- 
 cipal buildings and antiquities are — portions of the cathe- 
 dral, demolished in 1S20. and of an imperial palace, now a 
 corn magazine: with some churches and conventual edi- 
 fices, a hospital, a college, and the Zwinge,r, an old tower, 
 now u*d for a place of entertainment. Goslar is the seat 
 of the mining council of the Harz, and of the corn depot for 
 the Hanoverian portion of that region. 
 
 GOSPICH. gos'piK. a market^town of Austria, in Croatia, 
 ■14 miles E. of Carlopago. Pop. 1000. 
 
 GOS'PORT, a fortified seaport town of England, co. of 
 Hants, separated from Portsmouth by the mouth of Ports- 
 mouth Harbor, across which a tiotiting bridge connects the 
 two towns. It is at the termination of a branch of the 
 South-western Railway, 66 miles S.W. of London. Pop. in 
 1S51. 7414. mostly engaged in government navy works, or 
 In retail trade and the supply of shipping. Gosport has ex- 
 tensive barracks, the Royal Clarence victualling yard, a 
 powder magazine, iron foundries, and a county house of 
 correction. Outside of the town, on the S., is Haslar Hos- 
 pital, the largest naval infirmary in Britain. 
 
 GOS'PORT, a township of Rockingham co., New Hamp- 
 shire. Pop. 127. 
 
 GOSPORT, Virginia. See PoRTSMorxH. 
 
 GOSPORT. a post-village of Clarke co.. Alabama, on the 
 Alabama River, about 100 miles above Mobile, has a steam- 
 boat landing. 
 
 GOSPORT. the principal post-village of Owen co., Indiana, 
 on the West Fork of the White River, and on the Xew .Al- 
 bany and Salem Railroad. 44 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, has 
 an active business in shipping produce. It contains 2 
 churches and 3 warehouses. Pop. about GOO. 
 
 GOSSAU. gos'sOw. a village of Switzerland, canton and 6 
 miles W.S.W. of St. Gall. Pup. 520. 
 
 GOSSELIES. gos^seh-lee', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, 4 miles X. of Charleroi. Pop. 4(586. 
 
 GOSSNITZ, (Gossnitz.) goss'nits, a village of Germany, 
 duchy of Saxe-.\ltenburg, on the Pleisse, 31 miles S. of Leip- 
 sic. on the railway thence to Zwickau. Pop. 152S. 
 
 GOSTEXllDF. gos'ten-hof.^ a market-town of Bavaria. 1 
 mile S.W.of Xurembei-g, onthe Ludwig Canal andtheFurth 
 Railway. Pop. li«8. 
 
 OOSTYX, gos'tin. a town of Prussian Poland, 3S miles 
 S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2320. 
 
 GOSTYXX.V. gos-t«-neen', a village of Russian Poland, go- 
 Ternment and 65 miles W.X.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1300. 
 
 GOTA, (Giit.i.) a river of Sweeden. See Gotha. 
 
 GOTA, go/ti a town of India, in the Sattarah dominions, 
 23 miles S.W. of Bejapoor. enclosed by a well-built stone wall, 
 and having a respectable appearance. 
 
 GOTEBORG. (tioteborg.) See Gothexbcrg. 
 
 GOTH.\. go/td. a town of Central Germ.any, capital of the 
 principality of Saxe-Gotha, on the Thuringian Railway, be- 
 tween Kisenai'h and ILiUe, 14 miles W.S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 
 16,609. It stands on the declivity of a hill, crowned by the 
 palace of Friedenstein, the u'"nal residence of the sovereign 
 of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. a structure resembling Windsor 
 Ca-stle in miniature, and containing a good gallery of paint- 
 ings, a library of 120.000 volumes and 5iX)0 manuscripts, one 
 of the finest cabinets of coins in Europe, collections of Ja- 
 panese and Chinese curiosities, and various museums of arts 
 and science. Gotha is one of the best built towns in Ger- 
 many, and enclosed by handsome boulevards, which replace 
 its ancient fortifications. It con tains numerous churches, an 
 arsenal, a gymnasium, one of the most esteemed in Gei^ 
 many, a new ducal high school, orphan and lunatic asy- 
 lum, a' house of correction, an institution for neglected 
 children, the Caroline Establishment for Poor Girls, a poly- 
 technic and a normal school, school of trades, society of arts. 
 & life and fire assurance society f>r all Germany. Ac. Manu- 
 fectures comprise cotton and woollen fabrics, carpets, yarn, 
 gail-clo^h. leather, tin. and lacquered wares, fire engines, p.v 
 per hanginzs. and musical and scientific instrument*. It 
 has many dyeing establi(:ments. and a large porcelain fac- 
 tory: and Gotha saus.ages are in high repute in all parts of 
 Germany. Near it are the ot>servatorv of the Seeburg and 
 the ducal residence of Friederlchstal. Since 17G4. the excel- 
 lent " Almaa>ich de Gotha" has been published here 
 »70 
 
 GOT 
 
 GOTHA, DrcHY of, forming part of Saxe-Cobuig. liei" an 
 the X. part of the Thuringian Forest, and has a population 
 of 101.461. 
 
 GOTHA. (GStha,) or GOTA, (Gota.) go^tS, (Sw. Gota-elf, yV- 
 tA-§lf.) a river of Sweden, forming the outlet of Lake Wener 
 faUs into the Catteg.at I^t. 57° 40' X., Ion. 11° 5U' E. If is 
 navicable throush its whole extent. 
 
 GOTHA (go'tl or yyt^) CAXAL. of Sweden, unites tho 
 Lakes of Mener and Wetter, and the B;iltic Sea, with the 
 Cattegat, by the Goetaelf, Tiolhretta Canal, Ac. Length, 
 nearly 25 miles: breadth, at base, 40 feet; depth, 9 feet. 
 The GStha navigation line, which is open to ships of all 
 nations, was completed in 1832. 
 
 GOT'HAM or GOTE/HAM, a parish of England, co. of 
 Nottingham. 
 
 QOTHEXBURG orGOTTEXBURG, gofen-biirg, (Sw. GBfe- 
 borg, yiyti-boRg^.) a sea-port citj" of Western Sweden, capital 
 of a la;n of its own name, and at the head of a fiord on the Cat- 
 tegat, which receives the Gotha River, immediately opposite 
 the X. extremity of Denmark. Pop 41,585. It consists of a 
 lower and an upper town ; the former in a marshy plain, 
 and intersected by can.ils; the latter picturesquely scattered 
 over adjacent rocky heights. It is well built, and its terrace- 
 roofed stone houses, with .avenues and gardens interspersed, 
 remind a traveller of Southern Europe. Principal edifices, the 
 Exchange, .\rsenal, East India House, Town-hall, a cathedral 
 and sevenil other ehitrches. (one built with stone from Scot- 
 land,) the Theatre, barracks, and some hospitals. It has a 
 school for ICO children of soldiers, (founded bj- the present 
 King of Sweden.) a free school for the board of 200. and edu- 
 cation of 300 children, and two orphan asylums ; with a college 
 and public library, a society of arts and sciences, a chamber 
 of commerce, ic. The hartx)r. defended by three forts, has 
 17 feet of water; and Gothenburg is, after Stoc-kholm, the 
 mo.«t important trading city of the kingdom, having factories 
 for weaving, spinning, and printing cotton goods, manu- 
 factures of woollens and s.iil-cloth. snuff, glass, and paper, 
 porter breweries, tanneries, and ship-building docks, Ac; 
 the products of which establishments form, after iron, tim- 
 ber, tar. copper and other metals, oak-bark, bones, berries, 
 and rock-moss, the principal exports. The imports mostly 
 comprise colonial products, salt, rice, and herrings, which 
 last were formerly the chief article of export. 
 
 GOTHENBURG, a \sen or province of Sweden, having W. 
 the Skagerrack and Cattegat. Area, 1891 square miles. 
 Capital. Gothenburg. Pop. 187,583. 
 
 GOTHIA. an old division of Sweden. See Gothi.ant>. 
 
 GOTHLAXD (or Gothland.) gothland. ("land cf the 
 Goths:" Sw. Gotu-kiJid, y&tA-Uud''; Fr. Gntlne, go tee*; L. 
 GiJtliia;) a former division of Sweden, comprising all the 
 kingdom S. of lat. 59° 20' X. It was divided into East, 
 West and South Gothland. Xone of the.«e appellation.s 
 however, are recognised in the recent distiiimtion of 
 Sweden into provinces. The province of East Gothland, or 
 Ostrogothia, is mostly identical with the lien of Liukoping; 
 and West Gothland, or Westrogothi.1. with those of Marie- 
 stad, part of Wenersborg, and Gothenburg. 
 
 GOTHLAXD. an island, the Baltic Sea. See Gottuxd. 
 
 GOTKEE. got/kee^, a small town of Sinde, on the Indus, 
 37 miles N.E. of Shikarpoor. 
 
 GOrrO. GOT'TO. GOTS ISLANDS, or the FIVE ISLANDS, 
 the westernmost group of Japan, consisting of five islands 
 between lat. 32° 40' and 33° 30', N., and about Ion. 129° E. 
 The two Largest isUinds are each nearly 25 miles long. 
 
 GOTTEXBURG. a city of Sweden. See Gothenbitig. 
 
 GOTTERX, got'tern, (Old and Great,) two villages of Prus- 
 sian Saxon V. 23 miles N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. of Old Gottern, 
 112S: of Great Gottern. 1806. 
 
 GOTTESBERG. got/tf s-b^RG', a town of Prussian Silesia, 
 46 miles S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2350. 
 
 GOTTESGAB. gof tes-gdb\ a small mining town of Bohe- 
 mia, circle, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Elbogen. Pop. 1222. 
 
 GOTTESHAUS BUND, Switzerland. See Grisoxs. 
 
 GOTTIXGEN, (Gottingen.) or GCETTIXGKX. gjt'ting-fn, 
 (Ger. pron. giyting-en, Fr. GaMingw. ghM^tAxg'. L Gottin'ga.) 
 a town of Hanover, capital of the principality of Got tingen, on 
 the Leine. tiO miles S. of Hanover. L;it. 51° 31' 47" X., Ion. 
 9° 56' 45" E, Pop. 12,452. It is pleaaintly situated at the 
 foot of the mountain Haimberg, is enclosed by walls, en- 
 tered by four gates, and consists of the old and new towns, 
 and the quarter of Ma.sch. The streets are broad and well 
 paved, and the ramparts, planted with trees, form a plev 
 sant public promenade. Principal edifices, three Lutheran 
 churches, a Calvinist church, and a Roman Catholii," chapel, 
 the University-hall, finished in 1837, the Court-house, surgi- 
 cal and lying-in hospitals, an astronomical and a m:ignetical 
 observatory, theatre of anatomy, museum, and a large 
 riding-school. Its University, founded by George II. in 
 1734, and rechartered in 1836 as the Acadfmia Georgia Avr 
 gmUi. was, down to 1831, the chief of the German universi- 
 ties, and the number of its students iu 1822 and 1826 ave- 
 raged 1481 annually. In 1845 it had only 6.33 students. 
 Connected with the establishment is a library of 330.000 
 printed volumes, and oOtM) manuscripts, a noble academical 
 museum, founded in 1773, and a botanic gitrden laid out 
 
GOT 
 
 GOV 
 
 tmder nailer's superintendence in 1739, and yarions other 
 Institutions, including the Spruch K'Jleffivm, a judicial so- 
 ciety, for whose decision questions are brought from all 
 parts of Germany. Gross annual expenditure of the Uni- 
 versity, alxiut 50.(K)0/. Connected with the University is a 
 royal society •f sciences, established 1751. a female hi?h 
 school, (Iloher Tochter-schule.) and a house of correction. 
 Giittinfren was formerly one of the llanse town.s. and has 
 manufiictures of woollen and linen stuffs, colored paper, 
 musical and .surgical instruments, iron and steel wares, 
 starch, and soap; but tho.se of tobacco-pipes and sau.saees. 
 and the sale of books, are the only flourishing branches of 
 trade, and the town has hitherto depended for support 
 mainly on its University. Under the French, from ISO" to 
 1814. it was the capital of the department of Leine. 
 
 GOTTINGEN, Pkikcipality of. a political and .administra- 
 tive division, forming the southernmost part of Hanover. 
 Area, about 800 square miles. It is mostly covered with 
 mountains belonging to the Ilarz. Pop. (Protestants,) 
 113.616. 
 
 GOTTLAND or GOTHLAND, gott/land, (i.e. "good land,") 
 an island of the lialtic. belonging to Sweden, of which it 
 forms the la?n of Wishy, between lat. 56° 55' and 58° N., and 
 Ion. 18° 10' and 19° 10' E. Area. 1227 square miles. Pop. 
 41,575. Surface generally from 200 to 300 feet above the sea; 
 coasts indented by numerous bays. Soil pretty fertile, though 
 ill cultivated. Corn and other vegetable products are raised 
 in quantities sufficient for home consumption, and live stock 
 are plentiful ; timber, marble, sandstone, and lime are ex- 
 ported to Stockholm. Principal town, Wisby, on the N.W. 
 coast. 
 
 GOTTLTEBEN, gotlee'ben. a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Thurgau, 2 miles W. of Constance, and having a 
 ca-stle, which was successive!}' the prison of the reformers 
 John IIuss, Jerome of Prague, and Malleolus. 
 
 GOTTO. got'to. a country of Africa, between Bambarra 
 and Timbuctoo. formerly divided into several petty states 
 dependent on Bambarra, but now an independent kingdom, 
 of which Mossidoo is the capital. 
 
 GOTTO ISLANDS, of Japan. See Goto. 
 
 GOTTOLENGO. got-to-ljn'go. a village of Lombardy, dele- 
 gation, and 17 miles S.E. of Brescia. Pop, 3300. 
 
 GOTTOKF. got/f»Rf, or GoTTOKP. got/tonp. an amt of 
 Denmark, with a castle 3 miles S.W. of the town of Sleswick. 
 
 GOTTSCHEE, got/chi. or HATSCHVIE. hatch'vee. a town 
 of lUvria, capitjjl- of the duchy of Auersberg, 39 miles S.E. 
 of Layliach. Pop. 028. 
 
 GuTT'l* CROSS ROADS, post-oflflce, Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 GOTTSKA-SANDOE, (Gottska-Sandoe.) gott/ska-sdu'doVh, 
 a small island in the Bailie, belonging to Sweden, la'n, and 
 30 miles N.N.E. of Gottlaud. Lat. 58° 25' N., Ion. 29° 15' E. 
 Length. 5 miles : breadth. 3 miles. 
 
 GOUDA. gOw'da, (Dutch pion. nOw'dil.) or TERGOUW, 
 ter-gSw'. a town of the Netherlands, province of South Hol- 
 land, on the Y.ssel, 11 miles N.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 15,077. 
 It is neatly built. Principal edifice, the large church of St. 
 John, (Sl.Jansherk.) remarkable for its stained gla.ss windows. 
 It has four other churches, a fiue town-hall, several hospitals, 
 a Latin school, and a town library with curious manuscripts ; 
 numerous tobacco-pipe factories, employing 3WiO hands, 
 brick kilns, and manufactures of woollens, sail-cloth, cordage, 
 and large markets for cheese and other rural produce. 
 
 GOUD'lIUKST. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 GOUFFRE, gooff'r, a river of Canada East, ri.ses in the 
 Mont-des-Roches, co. of Saguenay. and falls into the St. Law- 
 rence opposite the island of Coudres; lat. 47° 25' N., Ion. 70° 
 30' W. It is tortuous, and full of rtipids. but none either 
 violent or formidable. The estuary of this river, with the 
 exception of its bed, is almost drv at low water. 
 
 GOUGirS (goff's) ISLAND, or "DIEGO ALA'AREZ.de-A'go 
 ai-vd'rez. an Island of the South Atlantic; lat. 40° 20' S.. 
 Ion. 9*44' W. 
 
 GOUK EK A or GOUKCII.V, LAKE OF. See Gookek.k. 
 
 GOULBURN, gol'btirn, a town of New South Wales, co. 
 of Argyle, 125 miles S.W. of Sidney, near the angle formed 
 by the junction of the Mulwaree. with the principal branch 
 of the river WoUondilly. aOled Goulburn Plains. Pop. 1171. 
 
 GOULBURN'S ISLANDS, two small islands off the N. 
 coast of Australia, 50 miles E.S.E. of Coburg Peninsula. 
 Lat. 11° 30' S.. Ion. 133° 26' E. 
 
 GOULD'S, Ohio, a station on the Stubenville and Indiana 
 Railroad. 5 miles from Stubenville. 
 
 GOULDSBOROUGH. a post-village and township of Han- 
 cock CO.. Maine, occupying a peninsula extending into the 
 Atlantic, aliout 110 miles E. by S. of Augusta. It possesses 
 excellent facilities for navigation through Prospect Harbor. 
 Considerable shipping is owned here, and ship-building is 
 extensively carried on. Pop. 1717. 
 
 GOULDS'BV, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GOULJA. See Eelee. 
 
 GOU.MISH-KHANEH. See Goomish-Khaneh. 
 
 GOUMRI. a town of Armenia. See Goomree. 
 
 G( "UXABAD, a town of l^ersid. See Gooxabad. 
 
 GOUNDl AM. a village of West Africa. See Goondiam. 
 
 QOUNIAM-AMADOU S^e Goonlam-Am.adoo 
 
 GOTINIAM-SISSE. See GooNiAM-Slsft!. 
 
 GOUNIEH. a town of Turkey. See GooKlEn 
 
 GOUNONG-APL See Goonong-Apee. 
 
 GOUK or GAUR, pCwr, (Hindoo. Lalshmaiiavati ; Bfofcani< 
 medan, Jcnnataft«rf.j^n'nf-td-bdd', "alxide of parai!3e;"pe^ 
 haps the Gangt Krgia of Ptolemy.) a ruined city or Hlndos- 
 tan. presidency, and province of Bengal, (of which it was an- 
 ciently the capital.) 60 miles N.W. of Moorshedabad. Its re- 
 mains extend along a dry channel of the Ganges, being scat- 
 tered over an estimated area of 20 square miles, on which 
 only a few straggling villages now exist. Extensive embank- 
 ments faced with brick, bridges and roads of the same mate- 
 rial, two fine gateways, a large fort containing a mausoleum 
 and traces of a palace, 7 or 8 de.serted mo.sques, a loftv tower, 
 and a multitude of large tanks and reservoirs, are the prin- 
 cipal remaining structures, most of which are of Moham- 
 medan origin. The uities of Moorshedabad and Dacca, with 
 Malda, Rajamahal, Ac, have been in a great part built of the 
 materials of its edifices, and some of its fine buildings have 
 been destroyed to erect the cathedral of Calcutta. 
 
 GOURDON, gooRMAs"', a tfjWn of France, department of 
 Lot. capital of the arrondissement, 21 miles N. of Cahors. 
 Pop. in 1852. 5060. It has a handsome church, manufactures 
 of woollen stuffs, and an orphan asylum. 
 
 GOUR'DON, a small seaport and fishing village of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Kincardine. 1 mile S. of Bervie. Pop. S90. 
 
 GOURDTINE. a post-office of Union co.. North Caroli::s, 
 
 GOUROAN, a town of Persia. See GooRC.vux. 
 
 GOURIEL, a'province of Asia. See Goorif.l. 
 
 GOURIEV, a town of Russia. See Gooriev. 
 
 GOURIN, gooV&xo' a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan, 61 miles N.W. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852, 4310. 
 
 GOURNAY, gooR'n,V, or GOURNAY-KN-BRAY, gooK'n.V- 
 SN'o-brA, a town of France, department of Seine-lnferieure, 
 on the Epte, 27 n.iles E. of Rouen. Pop. in 1852. 3306. 
 
 GOU'ROCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew. 
 
 GOURONCONDA- See Gookuxco.nda. 
 
 GOURSOUF, a village of Russia. See Goorsoof. 
 
 GOUS. a river of Russia. See Goos. 
 
 GOUSTA, goos/ta, or GOUSTA-FJELD, goos'ta-fy?ld, a 
 mountain of Norway, lat. 00° N., belonging to, and on the E. 
 side of the Langf jeld range. Height, 6354 feet, and compara- 
 ble, in respect of the magnificence of its scenery, to some of 
 the loftiest summits of the Alps. 
 
 GOUVEA, g6-vA'd, a town of Portugal, province of Beira. 
 63 miles E.N-E. of Coimbra. Pop. 1700. 
 
 GOUVERNEUR, goov*er-noor', often pronounced gtlv'^r- 
 neer', a fiost-village and township of St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York, alraut 200 miles N.W. of Albany. The village is situ- 
 ated on the Oswegatchie, (here about SO yards in width, 
 with a fall furnishing an abundant hydraulic power.) and 
 on the Rome and Watertown Railroad, 34 miles S. of Ogdens- 
 liurg. It contiiins 3 churches, a town-hall, a bank, an acade- 
 my, called Gouvernenr Wesleyan Seminary, \\ith its build- 
 ing handsomely located, fronting tlie public Square, a news- 
 paiier office, and manufactories of iron, machinery, thills, 
 cabinet-ware, wagons, sleighs, i)ot-ash, pearl-ash, &c. Tliills 
 of an excellent quality are manufactured from liickory ob- 
 tained in the vicinity; a silver-mine has been found within 
 a mile of the village. Pop. about 1400; of the township, 
 3201. 
 
 G0UY-LE-PI£T0N. goo'ee'-lfh-pe-i'tiNo'. a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of Hainaut, 9 miles N.W. of Charlerol. 
 Pop. 3043 
 
 GOUZEAUCOURT, gooVo'kooR'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Nord, 9 miles S.S.W. of Cambrai. Pop. 2354.. 
 
 GO'VAN, a parish of Scotland, cos, of Lanark and Renfrew. 
 
 GO/VANSTOWN, a post-village of Baltimore co., Mary- 
 land. 5 miles N.W.W. of Baltimore. 
 
 GOVEN, goVfi.No'. a village of Franco, department of Hie- 
 et-Vilaine, 26 miles N.N -E. of Redon. Pop. 2356. 
 
 GOVERN A DOR, go-v^R-nd-doii', an island of Brazil, in the 
 bay. and 8 miles N. of Rio Janeiro. It is very irregular 
 in shape, its coast being much indented by creeks. It is 
 about 8 miles in breadth, and 28 miles in circuit. In some 
 parts, sugar-canes, manioc, millet, and haricots are grown. 
 The island contains a church and a primary school, and a 
 building which, though little deserving it, bears the name 
 of imperial palace. 
 
 GOA'ERNOLO. go-v^R-noto. a town of Lombardv, 9 miles 
 E.S.E. of -Mantua, on the Po- Pop. 900. 
 
 GOVERNOR'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, is situated at the right of the main 
 entrance to Boston Harbor. F'ort Warren is on this island. 
 
 GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, New York, situated in New York 
 Harbor, about IJ miles S. of the City Hall. It belongs to 
 the United States, and is strongly fortified by Castle Wil- 
 liams, Fort Columbus, and a battei-y commanding the en- 
 trance through Buttermilk Channel. 
 
 GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, a postoffice of Macon co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GOVIND, a river and town of Africa. See JlJBA. 
 
 GOVONE. go-vo'n.A, a village of Piedmont, province of 
 Alba, near the Tanaro, 28 mUes S.E. of Turin. Pop. 2838. 
 
 771 
 
GOW 
 
 OOWAN'DA, a pest-Tillage of Cattaraugus co., New York, 
 about 250 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 OOWAM'S. go-wA'nQs, a village of King's co.. New York, 
 eltuat«»(l on Gowanus Cove, about 1 mile S. of Brooklyn. 
 
 GOWDKYSVILLE, a postoffice of Union district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 GOW'ENSVILLE, a post-village in Greenville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Ot)WKR. giiw'er. or GWER, goolet, a peninsula of South 
 Wales, projecting into Bristol Channel, and forming the 
 westernmost part of the co. of Glamoi-gan. Length from 
 N.K. (o S.W.. about 15 miles; average breadth, about 5 
 miles. Pop. 10,000. It has bold, rocky, and deeply in- 
 dented .<ihores, several interesting ancient remains, and 
 much tjue scenery. A colony of Flemings have occupied the 
 S.W extremity of this peninsula since the reign of Henry 
 I. They hare" preserved much of their original language, 
 dross, and manners, and rarely intermarry with the Welsh. 
 
 GOWER (gOw'er) ISLAND, one of the Solomon group; 
 lat. 7° 55' S., Ion. 160° 55' E. Its shape resembles an arrow; 
 It is low and covered with wood. 
 
 GOW'KlfS FEKKY. a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa. 
 
 GOWHATI, a town of India. See Goahati. 
 
 GOW'KAN, a small market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Kilkenny, 6| miles N.N.K. of Thom.istown. Pop. 
 1169. In the vicinity is Gowran Castle, the seat of Viscount 
 Clifden. 
 
 GOWRTE, Scotland. See Carse of Gowbie. 
 
 GOX'UILiy, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GOXIIILL, a parish of England, co. of York. East Riding. 
 
 GOYA, go'yS, a town in the province of Corrientes, Ar- 
 gentine Republic, (La Plata,) on the left bank of the 
 Varan&. Pop. 1000. 
 
 GOYANNA, go-y3n'ni, h city of Brazil, province of Per- 
 nambuco. on the Goyanna River, 35 miles N.W. of Olinda. 
 Pop. 5000. It was erected into a city in 1S40, has a I<atin 
 and some other schools, a hospital, a convent, 5 churches, 
 and numerous factories. It is the seat of civil and criminal 
 courts, and has an active trade. 
 
 GOYAVE, go-yiv'. a town on the island of Guadeloupe, 
 West Indies, on a bay of the same name, at the mouth of a 
 small stream called the Petit-Goyave. 
 
 GOY'AZ, go-ydz'. a city of Biazil, capital of a province 
 of its own name, formerly called Villa IkMi. It is situated 
 nearly in the centre of the empire. Lat. 16° 21' S., Ion. 50° 
 So' W. Chief buildings, the governors palace, and two 
 bridges .across the river Vermelho, which divides the town 
 into two parts. It has 7 churches, a Latin school, a school of 
 philosoph}-, and is the seat of the legislative assembly of the 
 province. Pop. near 8000. 
 
 GOYAZ, the central province of Brazil, extending be- 
 tween lat. 8° and 20° S., and Ion. 46° and 52° AV. Area esti- 
 mated at 274,7*0 square miles. Pop. 185,000. Principal 
 mountains, -tlje Sierra of JIatto Gordo. The Cordillera 
 Grande, in its centre, ri.ses to no great height. Principal 
 rivers, the Tocantins in the centre, the Araguay, forming 
 its \y., and the Rio Grande, its S. boundary. The soil is 
 tVrtile. Aast herds of horned cattle are reared. Gold was 
 formerly plentiful ; no mines appear to be now wrought, and 
 every branch of industry is most backward. Principal 
 town, Goyaz, 
 
 GOYCK, go-Ik', a villase of Belsrium, province of South 
 Brabant. 12 miles S.W. of Brussels." Pop. 3043. 
 
 GUY-KSILI. a village of Sardinia. See Guasha. 
 
 GOYTREY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 GOYZUET.i. go-e-thw.i'td, a town of Spain, province of 
 Navarre, 27 miles N.N.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1460. 
 
 GOZO or GOZZO. got'zo, (anc. Oau/los.) one of the Maltese 
 group of islands in the Mediterranean, 4 miles N.W. of 
 Malta. Length, 9 miles ; breadth. 4^ miles. Pop. 16.000. 
 It has a richer soil, and is better cultivated than Malta; its 
 surface is agreeably diversified, and has many fertile valleys. 
 Rabato. its chief town, is situated near the centre. Fort 
 Chambray is on its S.E. coast. The chief object of interest 
 in the island is the Giant's Tower, a Cyclopean building. 
 
 GOZZAXO. got-sd'no, (L. Gaudianum.) an ancient town 
 of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 22 miles N. by W. of 
 Novara, in a plain. It has some good modern houses, a 
 large and handsome parish church, and the remains of a 
 strong castle. Pop. 1763. 
 
 ORAAF-REIXET, grif-rj'net, or REYNET, a division of 
 Cape Colony, in South Africa, between Ion. 23° and 26° 
 E.. and extending N. from lat. 33° S. Area. 8000 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1845, 8878. Capital, Gi-aaf-Reinet. Pop. 2500. 
 
 GKAAF-UEINET, the capital of the above divi.sion, is 
 tjituated on Sunday River. 108 miles N.N.W. of Uitenhage. 
 Pop. aJjout 3000. 
 
 GKAASTEEX, a village of Denmark. See Gfavt.xstkin. 
 
 GK.\.\l;w, Hrow, a village of Holland, province of Zea- 
 lund, 15 miles S.W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Pop. 812. 
 
 GKABALL. a pnst-office of Jones co., Georgia. 
 
 GRAUALO.S. grd-iiSflfHe, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 province, and 35 miles S.E. of Ix)groHo. Pop. 991. 
 
 ORABEK, gTifhfc. or GRABERN, gri/b^rn, a t/)wn of Bo- 
 hemia, circle of Leitmeritz, 38 miles N . of Prague. Pod. 966. 
 772 *^ 
 
 GRA 
 
 GRABOW, gra/bov, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin. on the Elde, 24 miles S.S.E. of Schwerin with a 
 station on the railway between Hamburg and Berlin. P. 5130. 
 
 GRABOW. a town of Germany, in Prussian Poland, 9 
 miles N.E. of Schildberg. on the Prosna. Pop. 1490. 
 
 GRABUSA. grit-boo'si, (anc. Clmarus,?) a«mall island, in 
 the Grecian Archipelago, off the N.W. extremity of Crete. 
 
 GRA^AY', griVl'. a village of France, department of 
 Cher, 24 miles W.N.W. of Bourges. Pop. 1105. 
 
 GRACE'IUM. a post-village in Frederick co., Maryland, 
 75 miles N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 GRACl'yiIILL. or BAL^LYKEN'NEDY, a Moravian setr 
 tlement in Ireland, L'lster, co, of Antrim, 2 miles W.S.W. 
 of Ballymena. Pop. 300. 
 
 GRACE'VILLE. a post-village of Houston co., Georgia, C8 
 miles S.W. of Milledgevjlle. 
 
 GRACIAS-A-DIOS, gri'se-ds i dee'oce. a town of Central 
 America, state Honduras. 40 miles W.N.W. of Coniayagua, 
 in a fertile plain, and peopled, some years ago, by about 400 
 fiimilies. 
 
 GRACIAS-A-DIOS. a headland, E. of Patagonia, near the 
 mouth of the Gallegos River. 
 
 GRACIOSA, gr3-se-o's3. one of Azores isLinds. in the At- 
 lantic. N.AV. of Terceira, and N.E. of Fayal. Lat. 39° 5' N^ 
 Ion. 28° 4' W. Length 20 miles: breadth 6 miles. Pop. 12,000. 
 Principal town. Santa Ciuz, with a pop. of 3000. 
 
 GHACIOSA or LA GRACIOSA. 13 grj se-o/sithe most N.E. 
 of the Canary Islands, is small and unimportant. 
 
 GRADACHATZ. gra'dd-kit3\ a town of European Turkey, 
 in Bosnia. 42 miles N.W. of Zvornik. said to be enclosed with 
 walls, and to have an active trade in cattle and timber. 
 
 GRADE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 GRADIFES, grd-l>ee'fes, a village of Spain, province, and 
 16 miles E. of Leon, in a plain on the Esla. Pop. 1935. 
 
 GKADIGNAN. gri'deen'y6N<^, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Gironde, 4 miles S.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1650. 
 
 GRADISKA. grd-dis'ka. or BERBIR. Url^r. a fortified 
 town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, on the Save, 23 miles 
 N.N.E. of Banialuka. Immediately opposite to it is the 
 Austrian fortre.ss of Alt (dlt, -'Old'') Gr.adi.ska, Slavonia, 38 
 miles W.of Brod. with a cathedral, a Greek church, and the 
 head-ciuarters of a staff for the military frontier. Pop. 2299. — 
 Neu (noi. '"new") Gramska is a market town, 7 miles N.E. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 GR.\DISTA. grl-dis'ti. a village of European Turkey, in 
 Albania, 12 miles N.E, of A'alona, on the declivity of a hill, 
 on which are extensive Cyclopean antiquities, 
 
 GR.\DLICZE, a town of Bohemia. See Gkaslitz. 
 
 GRADLITZ. grddaits. or HRADISKO. hrd-dis'ko, a mar- 
 ket-town of Bohemia, circle, and 15 miles N. of Kbuiggratz. 
 Pop. 1090. 
 
 GRADO, grS'do, a maritime town of Illyria, government 
 of Triest, 22 miles S.S.W, of Goritz, on an island near the 
 head of the Adriatic. Pop. 2200. 
 
 GRADWEIN, grdd'wine, a village of Styria, on the Mur, 
 with a railway station. 7 miles N.W. of Gratz. Pop. 579. 
 
 GRA'DY'VILLE. a post-office of Adair co.. Kentucky. 
 
 GR-ECIA. See Greece. 
 
 GRAEG or GRAIG. grAg, a hamlet of Engl.md, co. of 
 Monmouth. 3 miles W.N.W. of Newport. Pop. 589. 
 
 GR^EMSAY, grim'say, an islet of the Orkneys, IJ miles 
 S of Strom ness. Pop. 214. 
 ■ GRAEN. See Gran. 
 
 GRAENA, gra-i'nd, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- 
 vince, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Granad.a. It has a pari.sh 
 church, a palace belongins to the Man|uis of PeilaHor and a 
 court-house. About 1 mile E. are thermal baths, visited 
 annually by about 800 persons; temperature of water from 
 84° to 104°." Pop. 445. 
 
 GR^SOE, (Grwsoe.) gri'so-eh, or GR.ESOEN. gr-VsoVn, 
 an island of Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, livn Stock- 
 holm, and separated from the main land bj- a narroit strait. 
 Lat. 60° 25' N., Ion. 18° 20' E. Length from N. to S. aj miles ; 
 average breadth 3 miles. 
 
 GRAETZ. a city of Austria. See Gr.atz. 
 
 GR.\FEN.\U. griPen-dw^ a town of Lower Bavaria, on an 
 affluent of the Hz. 22 miles N.N.W. of Passau. Pop. 703. 
 
 GRAFENBKRG, (Grafenberg,) grA'fen-WRcA a town of 
 Bavaria, 24 miles S,S,E. of Bamberg. Pop. 1030. 
 
 GRAFENBERG. (GrSfenberg.") a village of Austri.an Sile- 
 sia, circle of Ti-oppau. celebraifed for the first hydropathic 
 establishment instituted by Priessnitz in 1831. 
 
 GRAFEMIAUSKN. grdf'en-liawV.en. a vill.-«ge of Biiden, 
 circle of Lake. 9 miles W. of Stuhlingen. Pop. 1273. 
 
 QRAFENIIAYNCHEN, (Griitenhaynchen,) grA'fen-hrt>^ 
 Ken. a town of Prus.^ian Saxony, 9 miles N.E. of Bitterfefd. 
 Pop. 2670. 
 
 GRAFENORT, grS'fen-oRt', a village of Prussia, province 
 of Silesi.a, government of Breslau, It has an elegant castle 
 belonging to the Count of Herberstein, Pop. 1210, 
 
 G RAF'EXSBURG. a post-office of Adams CO., i'enn.'svlv.Hnia. 
 
 GRAFENTHAL, (GrSfei\fha!.> grVfen-tSP. a town <f Ger- 
 many, Saxe-Meningen. 9 miles S.S.W. of S.n.ilfeld. Pop 5422. 
 
 GR.\FENTONN.\. (Griifentonna.) gr.Vfen-ton'nl, a town 
 of Germany, Saxe-Cohurg, 10 miles N. of (jotha. Pop. 1480 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 GRAFENWORTn. (Grafenworth.) jir3'ffn-«'6Rt\ or GRA- 
 PENWKRD, grd'fgn-WRt\ a market-town of Lower Austria, 
 on the little river Kamp. about 8 miles from Krems. P. 878. 
 aAFF'IIAM, a parish of Knjjiaiid, co. of Huntingdon. 
 OI!.\KKIIAM, a parish of Kngland, co. of Sussex. 
 GRAFKATH, (GiSMlh.) gr.Vfrdt, a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia. 14 miles K. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1595. 
 
 GItAFrrON Rb'qis, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton, on the London and Birmingham Railway. 4 miles 
 E.S.E. of Towcester. It gives the title of duke to the Fitz- 
 roy Cimily, descendants of Charles H. by the Duchess of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 GKAK'XON, a county in the N.W. central part of New 
 Hampshire, has an area of about 1463 scjuare miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the Connecticut, and is drained by 
 the I'einigewasset, the principal branch of the Merrimack, 
 LowerAninioiioosuck,and the head waters of the Saco lUver. 
 It has many small lakes and ponds, the principal of which 
 are .Squam Lake and Newfound Lake: the former, a large 
 portion of which lies in Carroll county, is celebrated for its 
 magniticcnt scenery. The surface of Grafton is hilly and 
 mountainous. In 18.")0 this county produced 244,177 bushels 
 of oats: 1.006,237 of potatoes; 103,001 tons of hay, and 
 1.27S.9S4 pounds of butter. The quantity of oats, h.ny, and 
 butter was each the greatest produced by any county in the 
 state, and the quantity of potatoes the greatest produced by 
 any county in the United States. The IJoston, Concord, 
 and Montreal Railroad, a branch of which connects with 
 Biistol, passes through the county, and the Northern New 
 Hampshire Railroad intersects the southern part. Capitals, 
 Haverhill and Plymonth. Pop. 42,2tX). 
 
 GR.4FT0N, a postrtownship of Oxford CO., Maine, incorpo- 
 rated. March 9th, 1S62. Pop. 111. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-township iu Grafton co.. Now Hamp- 
 shire, on the Northern Railroad, 44 miles N.N.W. of Con- 
 cord. Pop. 1150. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post^village and township of AVindham co., 
 Vermont, 90 miles S. by E. of .^lontpelier. .Soapstone of an 
 excellent quality is found here in groat abundance. Cassi- 
 meres are manufactured to some extent. I'op. 1154. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Ma.«sachusetts. 40 miles W.S.W. of Boston. The S. part of 
 the township is traversed by the Norwich and Worcester 
 lUiilroad and lilackstone River and the N. part by the Itos- 
 ton and Worcester Railroad, from which a branch roiid, 4 
 miles in length, diverges to Milbury. The latter milpxad 
 has two depots in the township, and the former, one. On a 
 branch of Bl.ackstone River is situated New England Village, 
 with valuable water-power, and extensive cotton mills. There 
 is a iMKiutiful village in the centre of thefownship with about 
 1400 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the manufacture of 
 boots, shoes, and leather. In this business. Grafton ranks 
 as the fourth town in the state. The village contains 3 
 churches, an academy, 4 stores, and the Grafton post-ofHce. 
 About 5 a mile W. on the same strejim with New England 
 Village is Centre Village, the seat of the Kingsbury Cotton 
 Mills, running 40 looms. Here is also a grist mill with two 
 run of stones, and a saw mill. In the S.W. part of the town- 
 ship, on the Blackstone is the thriving manufacturing 
 villiige of Saundersville, the seat of extensive cotton mills. 
 On another portion of the Blackstone is a cotton mill with 
 60 looms, known as Fisher's Mills ; and near where the Black- 
 stone receives the alwve-mentioned stream, there is a 
 village, known as Farnum's Village. Pop. of township, 4317. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-township of Rensselaer co., New York, 
 20 miles N.E. of Albany. Pop. 39:50. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-village of Taylor co.. West Virgini.a, on 
 the Baltimore and Oliio Railroad, loO miles S.E. of Wheel- 
 ing. Free jiop. 891. See Appendix. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post>village and township in the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of Lorain co., Ohio, on the railro.-id from Cleveland 
 to Columbus, and at the terminus of theCleveland and Toledo 
 Railroad. 25 miles S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 11C5. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-office of Monroe co., Michigan. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-village of Jersey co., Illinois, on the 
 Mississippi River, about 84 miles S.W. of Springtield. P. 1266. 
 
 GRAFTON, a township of JlcIIenry co., Illinois. P. 1073. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-village of O/.aukee co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Milwaukee River, 22 miles N. of Milwaukee. 
 
 GRAFTON, a township of Ozaukee co.,Wisconsin. P. 1782. 
 
 GRAF'TON, a village of Canada West, co. of Northumlier- 
 land, on the post road from Kingston to Toronto, 38 miles 
 S.W. of Belleville, and about 7 miles from Cobourir i* "<"'- 
 tains S saw mills. 2 flour miI1= -...i - uoiei. Pop. about .300. 
 
 GR.IFTON ri^siTnii. a post-village of Grafton co., New 
 tTampshire, about 45 miles N.N.W. of Concord. 
 
 GRAFTON ISLAND, tjie most N. of the Bashee Islands, 
 Philippines, East Archipelago. 
 
 G R AFTON, T EM CLE, a p.irisb of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 GItAFTON UNDERWOOD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 GRAGLIA, grdl'vS, a town of Piedmont, division of Turin, 
 8 miles N.E. of Ivrea. I'op. 2S75. 
 
 GRAGN.\NO. grdn-yd'no. a town of Naples, province of 
 Kapoli, 2 miles E. of Castel-a-Mare. Pop. 7200 
 
 GRA1IAM, a post-village, capital of Alamance co., Nortl 
 Carolina, on the North Carolina Railroad, about oi uiilet 
 W.N.W. of Raleigh. It lias 7 stores. 
 GRAHAM, a small village of Guilford co.. North Carolina 
 GR.\HAM, a small vill.age of Orange co., North Cnmlina. 
 GRAH.\M, a post-offlce of Independence co.. .\rUansas. 
 GRAIIA]M, a ptjst-township of Jefferson co..ItKliana.P.1442 
 GRAHAM, a post-office of Nodaway co.. >lissoiiri. 
 GRAH.\M ISL.\ND. Slediterranean. See Feriunandea. 
 GRAHAM LAND, a tract of elevated land, in the Antaro- 
 tic Ocean, stretching from lat. 03° to 68° S., and Ion. 61° to 
 68° W. Discovered bv Uiscoe in 1832. 
 
 GRAHAM'S CREEK or GRAHAMS FORK, of Indiana, 
 rises in Ripley county, and enters the Muscatjituck at the 
 N.K. extremity of Wasliinijton co. 
 
 GRA'HAMSTOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 
 3 miles S.E. of Paisley^ — Ghahamstown is the name also of 
 suburbs of Glasgow and Falkirk. 
 
 GRAHAMS TOWN, a town in the E. part of the Cape 
 Colony. South Africa, capital of division Alliany. in a val- 
 ley about 25 miles from the ocean. Ijat. 33° 19' S., Ion. 26"^ 
 31' E. Pop. in 1845 estimated at 6000. In point of import- 
 ance it is the second town in the colony. It has spacious 
 stores, a handsome Roman Catliolic church, Wesleyan and 
 other chapels, a Protestant church, in whidi is a monument 
 to Colonel Graham, several tanneries, breweries, barracks, 
 and 3 wiiekly newspapers. A military road extends fiom it 
 to the Tarka district N.E., and a post road W. to Port ICliza- 
 beth, Uitenhage. George. Zwellendam. and Cape Town. 
 
 GRAHAMS TURNOUT, a post-office of Barnwell district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 GRA'HAMSVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New 
 York, 20 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 GRA'HAMTON, a post-village of Clearfield CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 115 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 GRAHAMTON, a village of .Meade co.. Kentucky, at the 
 
 falls of the Otter Creek, about 30 miles S.W. of Louisville. 
 
 It has I or 2 churches, and a manufactory of cotton and 
 
 woollen goods. 
 
 GRA'HAMVILLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 GRAHAMVILLE or GRAHAM.SVILLE. a post-village in 
 
 Beaufort district. South Carolina. 120 miles S. of Columbiii. 
 
 GRAIGUE. gr.Ag. a town of Ireland, in Leinster. Queen's 
 
 county, forming a suburb of Carlow, witli which town it 
 
 communicates by a bridge across the Barrow. Pop. 1675. 
 
 GRAIGUE, a town of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny, also on 
 the Barrow. 5 miles S. of Goresbridge. Pop. 224S. 
 
 GRAIN COAST, West Africa, is that portion of Guinea, 
 W. of the Ivory caast. and extending Vietween lat. 4° and 7° 
 N.. and Ion. 7° and 11° E. It comprises most part of the 
 territory of Liberia belonging to the United States. Imt no 
 other Christian settlements of importance. See Guinea. 
 
 GRAINE. ISLE OF. an isl.md and parish.of England, co. 
 of Kent, formed by the Thames, Medway. and Yantlet 
 Cri>ek, at the mouth of the Thames, W. of .Sheppey, and li 
 miles W. of Sheerness. Area. 3160 acres of mait-hy p^tUre, 
 protected by embankments. Pop. 337. 
 GRAINGER. See Graxoer. a co. of Tennessee. 
 GR.\TNS'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 GRAIN'TIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 GRAITNEY, a villaiie of Scotland. See Gretna. 
 GRAJAL DE CAMPOS, grj-nil' diV kdm-poce', a town of 
 Spain, province, and 35 miles S.E. of I^on. Pop. 1233. 
 
 GRAJEHU, grd-zh.Vhoo', a river of BraSiil, province of Ma- 
 ranhao. after a course of 240 miles, joins the Miarim. 
 
 GRAJEWO. grl-y.'\-wo',asmall town of Poland, province, 
 and 25 miles S.W. of .\ugustowo. on the Lyck. Pop. 1206. 
 
 GRAMAT. grS^mi', a town of France, department of Lot, 
 27 miles N.E. of Cahors. on the AUon. Pop. in 1852. 3995. 
 GRAMMICHELE, grdm-me-kA'li, or GRANMICHELT, 
 grdn-me-k.Vlee, a town of Sicily, 30 miles S.W. of Catania. 
 Pop. 7900. 
 
 GR AMMONT, grJm'mAN"',(Flemi.Kh Geeradsherfien. nhlrMs' 
 WRo'en.) a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on 
 the Dendei-, 21^ miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 7.3t54. It was 
 founded and originally fortified in 1068: it has a college, 
 manufactures of cotton yarn, lace, linen and woollen fabrics, 
 paper, and snuff, bleaching and dye-works. 
 
 GR.\MPI.\.NS. gram'pe-anz. a celebrated mountain chain 
 in Scotland, forming the natural rampart which .separates 
 the Iliihlands from the Lowlands. Their limits m.ay bo 
 said to stretch from the W. coast of Argylesbire and Dum- 
 n,-irronshire north-eastward across the island, terminating 
 on the_E. and N.E. coast of the counties of Aberdeen and 
 Banff, in two br.anches, running on each side of the river Dee 
 General aspect wild and ruirgeJ. e^peclally on the N. side ; 
 on the S. acclivity the slopes are (rentier, the pasture finer, 
 and the numerous defiles which indent the r»uge often prt* 
 sent scenes of the most romantic be.-iaty. The .<ireams 
 flowing from the N. siil» »re mostly affluents of the Find- 
 horn, Spey. Don. and Dee ; those on the S. join the Forth, 
 Tay. and South Esk. The loftiest summits are Ben Nevis, 
 Ben Macdhui. Cairngorm. Ciirntoul, Schihallion. Ben Aven, 
 Ben Lawers. Ben More, and Ren Lomond. The name Gram- 
 plans is not used by the natives of this part of Britain II 
 
GRA 
 
 Is derived from the Uo/is Orampius, mentioned by Tacitus 
 ill his " Agricola." 
 
 GKAMPIANS, a mountain rangre of Australia, in Victo- 
 ria, stretching crescent^wise X. and S.. lietween lat. 36° 52' 
 and 37° 38' S., and ion. 142° 25' and 142° 47' E., »x>unding 
 eastward the '>asin of the Gleneli and its afHuents. Height 
 of Mount Wiiaara. its loftiest peak, 4.500 feet. 
 
 GKAM'PIOX HILLS, a postoffice of Clearfield CO., Penn- 
 svlvani-o. 
 
 'GRAM'P0U\D, a municipal boroush and town of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Coriwall. parish of Creed on the Fal, here crossed 
 bv a fine stone bridge, (whence the name Grandpont, i. e. 
 '•"great bridge,") 14 miles X.E. of Falmouth. Pop. GOT. This 
 obscure place sent 2 members to the House of Commons 
 until disfranchised for gross bribery in 1S24. 
 
 GRAN, grdn, (Hun. Garam, gOh'rdm'; Slav. Hrnn, ron.) 
 a navigable river of North-western Hungary, joins the Dan- 
 ube opposite Gran, after a winding course of 130 miles. 
 
 GRAN, grdn. (Hun. Eizteiyom, ^s't^R'gom^; anc. Strigo- 
 niumf) a royal free city of Hungary, capital of tlie county of 
 game name, with a steam-packet station on the Danube, op- 
 posit* the influx of the Gran, 24 miles N.W. of Buda. Pop. 
 about 12.000. It was once the finest city of Hungary, and 
 is still the residence of its prin<a?-primate. The chief edi- 
 fice is a superb new Cathedral in the Italian style, begun in 
 1821. and though unfinished, the most magnificent modern 
 building in Hungary, occupying, with the Archbishop's Pa- 
 lace and Chapter-house, a precipitous height, formerly the 
 site of a fortress. Gran hfis2other Roman Catliolic churches, 
 a Greek church, town and council h.ills, an hospital for poor 
 citizens, and a Roman Catholic gymnasium. Its intiabitr 
 ants weave and dye woollen goods, but its trade is chiefly 
 in wine. 
 
 GRAN, a town of Arabia. See Gr.ixe. 
 
 GRA5f.\, gi-dn'yi, a town of Spain, province, and 10 miles 
 N.E. of Corunna, and near the mouth of its harbor, on the 
 river Ferrol. I'op. 1580. 
 
 GRANA, gri'ni. a village of Piedmont, division of Ales- 
 sandria, province, and 10 miles S. of Casale. Pop. 1363. 
 
 GR.\NAD.\, grl-nd'd.i, (Sp. pron. grd-nl'Dd; anc. IHiberit; 
 Ii. Granata; Fr. Grendih, greb-njd.') a city of Spain, in 
 And:tlusia, capital of a province, and formerly of a kingdom 
 of its own name, beautifully situated partly on two spurs of 
 the Sierra Nevada, and partly on the flat between them 
 forming the extremity of the rich plain of Vega, and on the 
 Genii; Lat. 37° 18' N., Ion. 3° 50' W. Its site being about 
 2445 feet above the sea, and snowy mountains forming 
 the back ground, the city possesses an air of delicious 
 freshness even in the hottt>st seasons: the sky is generally 
 fcerene, and the whole district alx)unds in scenery of great 
 beauty and grandeur. In the time of the Moor.s, Granada 
 was surrounded by lofty walls, flanked by 1030 towers, 
 and was entered by 20 gates. The most of these have dis- 
 appeared, with the exception of a small portion of the N. 
 enclosure, still in tolerable preservation, and consequently 
 the to\yn is now open. It is divided into four quarters — 
 Alhambra, ai celebrated fortress and palace, occupying 
 one of the hills; Albaicin, a suburb occupying another: 
 Ante^ueruela, another suburb, the residence chiefly of 
 the working classes, and the town proper, covering the 
 space between the two hills, and extending into the plains. 
 Fountains and gardens, spacious squares, and handsome 
 mansions, are seen in many quarters, and even where the 
 houses are of an fnferior desciiption, their antiquity and 
 orient;»l structure make it impo.ssible to view them without 
 Interest, but the far greater pjirt of the streets are extremely 
 narrow and tortuous. The most remarkable buildings are 
 the Alhambra. an immense Moorish structure, of rather for- 
 bidding exterior, but within gorgeous almost beyond de- 
 scription. p:«-tly remaining as the .Moors left it.' with its 
 splendid Court of Lions, so called from the beautiful foun- 
 tain in its centre, supported by 12 lions, surrounded bv a 
 gallery resting on 120 pillars of white marble, and partly 
 occupied by an unfinished pal.ice, commenced by Charles 
 v.; the Cathedral, a haavy and irregular buUding, pro- 
 fu.sely ornamented, and surmounted by a dome resting on 
 12 arches, and oontiining in the ailjoining royal chapel, 
 among its numerous fine monuments, those ofFerdinand 
 and iRjliella. The Church of Nuestra Sciiora de las Angus- 
 tlas, with two beautiful towers, and splendid high allar; 
 Church of San Jose, a modern edifice: the old Carthusian 
 tJonvent, finely situated on a lielght in the suburbs, and 
 idorned with fine paintings by Cano. Murillo, ana .Morale.-,, 
 the Monastery of St. Gerouimo, founded by the great Cap- 
 tain Gonzalo de Cordoba, whose remains lie depositiid in a 
 gplendid mausoleum coniaiuttd In Its church : theGeneralife, 
 & i)eautiful Mixirlsh palace, surrounded by fountains and 
 
 rege,"*?.' '•■oi'««pal Palace, the General Hospital, Col- 
 
 Bortant'"^,™"^""*."^ '^^ ""-^-^ ^Icloth. once very im- 
 poifant, w»re almost extmgui.«hed by the low of Sn.-»nish 
 
 tZt::Vf' l""" »""'»>"""-•" "f the SpanishXeU IZlt 
 wc!^ le ,s stm ™ "Jl" '^"^r"'"« "f "'>'i-=«- i« that of coars! 
 wof, ens. Jtil carried on to a considerable extent iu the 
 suburbs of Albaicin. The trade is insignificant. Granada 
 
 GRA 
 
 is the .=ee of an archbishop, the residence of a captaln-goneral, 
 and of civil and military provincial authorities, and tne seat 
 of several courts of law. though it has lately lost the most 
 important of all, the supreme court of appeal, by its remo- 
 val to Albacete. It was first founded by the Moors in the 
 tenth century, near the site of the ancient Vtih'ri, and be- 
 longed to the kingdom of Cordova. In 1235, it became the 
 capital of a new kingdom, and attained to almost matchless 
 splendor. Its population at this period has )>een estimated 
 as high as 700.000. In 1491. it remained the last stronghold 
 of the Moors in Spain, and mustered 60,000 men to defend 
 it.self against Ferdinand and Is.ibell.a. who had now arrayed 
 against the town, the flower and strength of their united 
 kingdoms, and took passession of it in 1492. The great l)ody 
 of its inhaljitants still were Moors, and its prosperity con- 
 tinued almost without diminution till 1510. when the decree 
 was issued for expelling the Moors from all parts of Spain, 
 upon whii-h it sunk, and has never recovered. Pop. iOO,(i7S. 
 
 GR.\NADA, an old province, and formerly a kingdom of 
 Spain, in And.ilusia. bounded on theS. by tlie Mediterranean. 
 Area. 4354 square miles. Pop. 427,250. Capital. Granada. 
 The kingdom of Granada, the last possession of the Moors in 
 Spain, was conquered by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492. 
 
 GR.\NADA, grd-ni'dl. a city of Central .\merica, state. 
 and 30 miles N.N.W. of Nicaragua, on the N.W. shore 
 of the lake. Pop. 10.000. (?) It is well built, having hand- 
 some streets and public edifices: the latter comprise several 
 fine churches. It is the seat of a flourishing trade in cocoa, 
 indigo. Nicaragua wool, and hides, which are exported in 
 flat-l)ottomed bouts by the lake and river San Juan, to the 
 harbor of San Juan del Norte, in the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 GRANADA. NKW. See New Granab.\. 
 
 GR.\NADKLL.\, grd-nd-n&l'yd. a town of Spain, province, 
 and 17 miles S.E. of Lerida. N. of the Kbro. Pop. 1714. 
 
 GRANADILL.\. gr3-nd-Deel'yd. a town of Spain, province^ 
 and 70 miles N. of Caceres, with a chateau and fine gardens 
 of the Duke of .\lva. Pop. 434. 
 
 GR.\NADILLA. a town in the Spanish colony of the Ca- 
 naries, on the S. side of the island of TenerifTe. Pop. 2563. 
 
 GRAN'ARD',a market-town and p;iri.sh of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, CO. of Longfird. 59 miies W.N.W. of DulOin. Pop. of 
 town. 24<18. It gives the title of earl to the Forbes family. 
 
 GR.\NATULA. grd-nd-too'l.'i, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 13 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1972. It is the 
 birthplace of lialdomero Espartero. Resent of Spain. 
 
 GRAN BRETASa or GRAN BRETTAGNA. See Great 
 Britain. 
 
 GRANOIY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Notts. It gives the 
 title of marquis to the eldest son of the Duke of Rutland. 
 
 GRAN'BV, a posf-township of Essex co., Vermont, 4o 
 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 132. 
 
 GR.\NBV, a post-village and township of Hampshire CO., 
 Ma-ssachusetts. 100 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has seve- 
 ral factories and mills. Pop. «07. 
 
 GR.\NBY, a post-township of Hartford co., Connecticut, 
 on the New H.aven and Northampton Railroad. 16 miles 
 N.N.W.of Hartford. This township contains the celebrated 
 Sim.sbury mines, formerly used as a prison. It has several 
 factories and mills. Pop. 1720. 
 
 GR.VNBY. a township of Oswego co.. New York, on the 
 Oswego River. 24 miles N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 4057. 
 
 GRAN'BY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of ShefFord, 
 50 miles S.S.E. of .Montreal, and 48 miles from Sherbrooke. It 
 contains .«evei-al stores, and 2 saw and grist mills. Pop. 1302. 
 
 GR.A.NBY CENTRE, a post-village of Oswego co., New 
 York, about 25 miles N.W. of Svracuse. 
 
 GRAN CANAIUA. See Caxart Island. 
 
 GRAN CH.\CO. a region of South America. SeeCtiACO. 
 
 GB.\ND. grSx". a marKet-town of France, department of 
 Vasges. 9 miles W. of Neufchateau. Pop. 1314. 
 
 GRAND, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 445. 
 
 GRANDAS-DE-SALIMK. grdn'dds d.'l .sS-lee'mA, a village 
 of Spain, province, and 54 miles W S.W. of Oviedo. P. 1426. 
 
 GRAND BANK. See Newfouxduxd. 
 
 GRAND BLANC, grand blank, (Fr. pron. grSx" bldx".) a 
 post-village and township of Genesee co.. Michigan, on the 
 Detroit and Saginaw Road, about 50 miles N.W. of Detroit. 
 Pop. 1291. 
 
 GRAND BLUFF, a post-office of Panola co., Texas. 
 
 GRAND-BORNAND. grfe^-boR'noxi^. a village of the Sai^ 
 dinian States. 15 miles li.N.E. of .\nnecv. Pop. 214.3. 
 
 GRAND'BOROL'tai. a parish of Kngland, co.. of Bucks. 
 
 o" tNDBOUOUGH. a pari.sh of England, co. of M-rwick 
 
 GRAND-BOUiiu, H.-«."> v-viR/. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Creuse. arrondissement ot uur.^-k. n^p •>4(-4 
 
 GR.4.ND-B0URG. a town in the .\ntillfts. See Boi'RH,(iRAM- 
 
 GRAND CAILLOU. (kJhVoo/,) » bayou of Terre Bonne 
 parish. Louisian.i. commences near llsuma, and flowing 
 south-westward through I^ke Caillou. enters the Gulf ..f 
 Mexico. It is navigable for small boats. The lak.. is 10 
 miles long, and 3 or 4 wide. 
 
 GRAND CANAL, in Ireland, in Leinster, cos. of Dublin, 
 Kildare. and King's. pn>eeeds from Dutilin westward, snii 
 joins the Shannon near Banagher. Lengtli. S-S ml.es; 
 breadth at surtace, 40 feet ; deptli, 6 feet. It has a branch 
 
 z=J 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 27 miles in lenjrth, to A ttiy, where it joins the Barrow River, 
 and othpr branches to Ballinasloe, Portarlington, Mount- 
 mcllick. Ac. Begun in 1765. and completed at a total cost 
 of 2.000,00(W. Annual amount of tolls. 40.0002. 
 
 GRAXD CANARY. See Canary Island. 
 
 GRAND CAVK, a post-office of De Soto parish, Louisiana. 
 
 GRAND-CIIAMP, grSso-shSNO, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Mifbihau, 8 miles N.N.W. of Vaunes. Pop. 5233. 
 
 GRAND COTEAU, grixd Ico'to', a post-village of St. I^andry 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 GRAND COTK PRATRIE, grjNd Kot pr.Vree. a post-vil- 
 lage of Perry co., Illinois, 65 miles S.S.W. of Vandalia. 
 
 GRANDCOUR, grSN^'kooR', a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Vaud, near the Lake of Neufchatel, 28 miles N.N.E. 
 of Lausanne. Its old castle was once a residence of the Bur- 
 gundian kings. 
 
 GRAND DHTOUR, (d:l-toor',) a thriving post-village of 
 Ogle CO., Illinois, on Rock River, 166 miles N. by E. of Spring- 
 field. 
 
 GRANDE, or GRANDE-ILIIA. See Ilha-Grande. 
 
 GRANDE, or GRANDK-RIO. See Rio-Gka.nde. 
 
 GRANDE-ANSE, grd.vd-Sxs', a village and parish of Mar- 
 tinique, on its N. coast, 15 miles N. of Port Royal. 
 
 GRANDE BRET.\GNE. See Great Britain. 
 • GRANDE-CHARTREUSE, LE, lyh gr6.N°-8haRHruz', a fa- 
 mous monastery of France, department of Is^re, in the Alps, 
 
 14 miles N. of Grenoble, in a picturesque situation, sur- 
 rounded by mountains, 332.3 feet above the .sea, and very 
 difficult of access. It was founded in 10S4 ; but the present 
 building, which is of vast extent, was erected in 1076. In 1826 
 It was restored to its original destination : and a few years ago 
 it was inhabited bv 33 Carthusian monks, and 18 servitors. 
 
 GRANDK CHUTE, Wisconsin. See Appleton. 
 
 GRANDE CHUTE, grand shoot, a township of Outagamie 
 CO.,AViscnnsin. Pop. 772. 
 
 GRAND ECORE, (4'k6r',) a postxfflce of Natchitoches 
 parish. Louisiana. 
 
 GRANDE-ILHA. See ItnA-GRANDE. 
 
 GRANDE-PAROISSE, LA, Id grSNo-paRVdss', a village of 
 France, department of Seine-et-.Alarne, 3 miles W.S.W. of 
 Montereau. Pop. 1256. 
 
 GRANDE-RIO. See Rio Grande. 
 
 GRANDES VENTES, LES, li grSN" v5Nt, a village of 
 France, department of Seine-InfiJrieure, 12 miles S.E. of 
 Dieppe, with 2013 inhabitants. 
 
 GRANDE-TERRE, West Indies. See QnADELOOPE. 
 
 GR.\ND FALLS, a post-offlce of Newton co., Missouri. 
 
 GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN, of North Carolina, is an 
 isolated mass of land, rising N.N.E. of Mount Mitchell, to 
 the height of 8788 feet above the sea. 
 
 GRAND-FONTAINE, graxo^fiNo'tain/, a village of France, 
 department of Vosges, arrondissement of St. Die. P. 1623. 
 
 GRAND GLAZE, a post-office of .lackson co., Arkiinsas. 
 
 GRAND GULF, a post-village of Claiborne CO., Mississippi, 
 on the Mississippi River, 2 miles below the mouth of Black 
 Eiver, and 60 miles above Natchez. It contains a town- 
 hall, 2 or 3 churches, a market-house, a Masonic lodge, and 
 eeveral steam mills. A considerable quantity of cotton is 
 shipped here. Pop. in 1860, aiwut 800. 
 
 GRAND HA'VEN, a thriving po.st-town, capital of Ottowa 
 CO., Michigan, is situated on the S. bank of Grand River, at 
 its entrance into Lake Michigan, 93 miles AV. by S. of Lans- 
 ing. The river, which is here 350 yards wide, forms the 
 best harbor on the E. shore of the lake. The water is from 
 
 15 to 30 feet in depth, and the cap.acity of the harbor is suf- 
 ficient for 600 vessels. A light^liouse has been erected at 
 the entrance of the harbor. St«aral)oats from Chicago and 
 otlier ports touch here dally. It is the W. terminus of the 
 Detroit and Jlihvaulvce Railroad. 
 
 GRAND HILL, a village of Orange CO., North Carolina. 
 
 GRAND ISIi.\ND, situated in the Niagara River, having 
 its lower extremity about 4 miles above Niagara Falls. 
 Length, between 8 and 9 miles ; greatest breadtti, 6 miles. 
 
 GRAND ISLAND, a post^townsliipof Erinco., New York. 
 . GRAND ISLE, a county fonniug the N.W. extremity of 
 Vermont, has an area of about 77 square miles. It consists 
 of a number of islands in the nortliern part of Lake Cham- 
 plain, and the southern part of a peninsula lying between 
 the lake (including Missisque Bay) and the Richelieu River. 
 Tha surface is undulating, the soil fertile. This county is 
 regarded as producing the finest apples in the state. It is 
 traversed in the N. part by the A'eruiont Central Railroad. 
 Organized in 1802. Capital, North Hero. Pop. 4276. 
 
 GRAND ISLE, a post-township of Grand Lsle co., Ver- 
 mont, ,n the N. part of the island of South Hero, in Lake 
 OVamplain, 60 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It would appear 
 that South Hero being the largest island in Lake Cham- 
 plain, was originally called Grande Isle (-'Great Island") by 
 the French, whence probublv originated the name of the 
 township as well as tlie county of Grand Lsle. Pop. 708. 
 
 <JR,:VND ISLE, Michigan, in Lake Superior, near the S. 
 lUore. Length, about 15 miles; greatest breadth. 7 or 8 
 miles. Between it and the mainland, on the S.E., is Grand 
 Isle B.ay, on the shore of which are the Cimous "Pictured 
 Eockf " 
 
 GRAND JUNCTION, a station of Massachiisetta. at the 
 union of the Providence and Worcester Railroad with t'le 
 Norwich and AVorcester Railroad, 1 mile from AVorcester. 
 
 GR.\ND L.\IvE, on the E. Ixjrder of Maine, communi- 
 cates with the St. Croix River. Length, about 15 miles 
 greatest breadth, 4 or 6 miles. 
 
 GRAND l,A.KE. a post-village of Chicot co., Arkans,as, on 
 the Mississippi, about 24 miles by land S. of Columbia. Is 
 has a landing for steam ijoats. 
 
 GRAND LEDGE, a postofBce of Eaton co., Michigan. 
 
 GRAND-LIEU, gr6N"-le-ih', a lake of France, department 
 of Loire-Inferieure, 6 miles S.AA'. of Nantes. Length, S miles 
 average breadth, 4 miles. It receives the Boulougne and 
 Ognon Rivers, and discharges itself into the Loire by the 
 Achenau. all navigable. 
 
 GRAND LIGNE, grand leen or gr^Nd leeN, a station on 
 the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, Canada East, 
 near St. John's. 
 
 GRAND-LUCE, gr5N°-lUW, a town of France, department 
 of Sarthe, 15 miles S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 2316. It was de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1786, but has been rebuilt, and has an ac- 
 
 GRAND MANAN, (man-an',) or MENAN. (men-an'.) an 
 island off the N.E. part of Maine. Length. 20 miles; average 
 breadth, about 5 miles; coast deeply indented, affording 
 numerous fine harbors. In 1850, there were at the various 
 stations in the island, 118 fishing vessels and boats, manned 
 by 473 men. 
 
 GRAND MARSH, a post-office of Columbia co., Wiscon.»in. 
 
 GRAND MOUND, a post-offlce of Thurston co., Utah Ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 GRANDOLA, grin-do'ld, a town of Portmral. province of 
 Estremadura, on the Davino, 49 miles S.E. of Lisbon. I'. 2185. 
 
 GRANDOLLA, erin-dol13. a town and pari.sh of Portugal, 
 province of Alemtejo, 29 miles S.8.E. of Setubal. Pop. 2000. 
 
 GRAND PRAIRIE. (prA/ree,) a post-township in the N. 
 part of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 488. 
 
 GRAND PRAiRIIi, a post-village of M.arion co.. Ohio. 
 
 GRAND PRAIISIE. a post-offlce of Pula.ski co.. Arkansas. 
 
 GRAND PRAIRIE, a post-ofSce of Marquetto co., AVis- 
 consin. 
 
 GRAND-PRE, grft.v-pr.^, a town of France, department of 
 Ardenne.s. on the Aire, 30 miles S.S.E. of Mezieres. P. 1300, 
 
 GRAND RAP'IDS, a city, capital of Kent co., Michigan, is 
 finely situated on the rapids of Grand River. 40 miles from 
 Its mouth, and 60 miles AV.N.AV. of Lansing. It is handsomely 
 Ijuilt on both banks of the river, and has a pleasant and 
 healtliy situation, commanding a fine view of the river and 
 country. The Detroit and Milwaukee R.R. passes through 
 it. Grand Rapids is tlie second city of the state in l)opuia- 
 tion, and a place of much activity in trade and m.anufac-» 
 tures. Large steamlioats run daily from this place to Grand 
 Haven, at the mouth of tlie river, where they connect with 
 the Lake steamers; and a smaller boat ascends from the 
 he.ad of the rapids to Lyons, which is about 50 miles distant 
 by water. Salt and gypsum of good quality are found here; 
 limestone and pine lumber, anil other materials for build- 
 ing, are abundant in the vicinity. Nearly CO manufactories 
 were in operation here in 1864. The river at this place is 
 about 30O yards wide, and fails 18 feet in the course of a 
 mile, producing an amount of hydraulic power that is not 
 surpassed by any in the state. Grand Rapids contains 12 
 churches, 2 banks, and several seminaries. Two daily and 
 1 weekly newspapers are issued here. Settled in 1S33, and 
 incorporated in 1850. Pop. 8085. 
 
 GRAND RAPIDS, a post-village and township, capital of 
 Wood CO., AVlsconsin, on the Wisconsin River, 125 miles N. 
 by AA'. of Madison. The village has 2 ciuirches. 9 stores, 1 
 newspaper office, and 4 saw-mills. Many of the inhabitants 
 are employed in the lumber business. Total pop. 1000. 
 
 GRANDRIEU. grftN«Mre-uh', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ijozftre. 18 miles N.N.E. of Mende. Pop. 1504. 
 
 GRAND RIA'ER, of Louisiana, forms the boundary be- 
 tween St. M.artin's parish on the AV.. and Iberville. Ascen- 
 sion, and Assumption on the E. It communicates with 
 Atchafalaya bayou on the N., and with Lake Chetimaches 
 at the S.E. extremitv of the latter. 
 
 GRAND RIVER.'of Ohio, rises in the N.E. part of the 
 state, and flows into Lake Erie, in Lake co., about 3 miles 
 from Painesville. 
 
 GRAND RIVER, of Michigan. (Washtennnij of the In- 
 dians.) an affluent of Lake Michigan. i.s not exceeded in 
 length or volume by any river which traverses the penin- 
 sula. Its branches rise in AVa.ohtenaw and Hillsdale coun- 
 ties, and after a course of a few miles unite near Jackson. 
 The river then flows in a general N.A\'. direction, with many 
 windings, to Lj'ons. in Iowa county, where it is joined by 
 the Maple River. From this point it pursues a general 
 westerly course, and enters the 'lake at Grand Haven. Its 
 length is estimated at 270 miles, and it is aliout 320 yards 
 wide near its mouth. The harbor fprmed by its mouth is 
 the best on the AV. side of the peninsula. Large steamboats 
 n.avigate the river daily, from the lake to Grand Rapids, a 
 distance of 40 miles, and a smaller boat ascends about 60 
 miles farther. The " Rapids" are <>aused by a stratum of 
 
 776 
 
GRA 
 
 limestone rook, wbioh extends about IJ miles along the 
 diXLnel. with a descent of 18 feet, aflfordiug al)und;int water- 
 Dowtr. The chief towns on its banks are Jackson, Lansing, 
 Mid Grand Kapids. 
 
 GRAND KIVKK, of Missouri, an affluent of the Missouri 
 River, is formed by two small branches, the East and ^Vest 
 Forks, which unite in Gentry county. It ttows S.K. through 
 Daviess and Livingston counties, and then forms the bound- 
 ary between Carroll and Chariton, until it enters the Mis- 
 souri, 30 miles above Glasgow. The lower part of the chan- 
 nel is navigable for small boats. Branches. — The East and 
 West Forks rise near the N. border of the state, and pursue 
 a southerly course. The Crooked Fork, which is properly 
 an affluent, rises in the S. part of Iowa, and flowing south- 
 ward, enters Grand Kiver in Livingston county, a few miles 
 S.W. ofChillicothe. 
 
 GRAND RIVER, of Mi.ssouri. risea near the W. frontier 
 of the state, and flowing S.E., falls into the Osage in Benton 
 county, a few miles from Warsaw. 
 
 GRA.ND RIVER, a branch of the Colorado, rises in the 
 Rocky Mountains, near Long's I'eak, and flowing nearly 
 S.W.. joins (ireen River after a course of about 300 miles. 
 
 GRAND RIVER, a post-offlce of Wayne co., Iow.i. 
 
 GRAND SA'LINE, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, Ar- 
 
 GRAND-SERRE, LE, Ifh grSxo-saiR, a village of France, 
 department of Drome. 25 miles N.E. of Valence. Pop. 16S8. 
 
 GRANDSON or GRANSON, ^rh^'^^shs"' , (Ger. Gramce, 
 grin'si\) a small decayed town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Vaud, on the S.W. shore of the Lake of Neufchatel, id miles 
 N. of Lausanne. Near it, March 3, 14V6. the Swiss deteated 
 the Bnrgundians, under Charles the Hash, with great loss. 
 Pop. S30. 
 
 GRAND SPRING, a small village of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 GRAND TRAVERSE, a new county in the N. part of 
 Michigan, bordering on Grand Traverse Bay of Lake Michi- 
 gan. Pop. in 18(50, 1286. 
 
 GRAND TRAVERSE, a post-\illage. capital of Grand Tra/- 
 Terse co., Michigan, on a bay of the same name. 
 
 GRAND TRAVERSE BAY, Michigan, near the N. end of 
 the Lower Peninsula, extends S.E. from Lake Michigan. 
 Length, n-ar 30 miles; greatest breadth, 7 or 8 miles. 
 
 GRAND VIEW, a post-township forming the N.E. extre- 
 mity of Wa.shington co., Ohio, on the Ohio River. Pop. 1891. 
 
 GRAND VIEW, a post office, Spencer co. Indiana. 
 
 GRAND VIEW, a post-village and township in Edgar co^ 
 Illinois. 12 miles S.W. of Paris. Pop. 1513. 
 
 GRAND VIEW, a post-village and township of Louisa co., 
 Iowa, 8 miles N. of Wapello. Population in 1800, 1360. 
 
 GRAND VIEW, a post-office of Richland co., Wisconsin. 
 
 GUAND'VILLE, a thriving post-village of Kent co., Michi- 
 |;an, on the S. bank of Grand River, at the mouths of Buck 
 and Rush Creeks, 8 miles below Grand Rapids City. The 
 river is navigable by steamboats of the first class as high as 
 this place. The creeks afford water-power, by which a large 
 quantity of lumber is manufactured from the extensive 
 *• pineries'' in the vicinity. Laid out in 1835. 
 
 GR.A.NDVILLE. a small village of Jiffingbam co., Illinoi.«, 
 on the National Road, i miles W. of Ewington. 
 
 GRANDVILLIERS or GRANVILLIERS, grSNo'vee'yi/, a 
 village of France, department of Oise, 17 miles N,N.VV^. of 
 Beauvais. Pop. 1861. 
 
 GRANE, GRAN, grin, or QUADE, kwAd, (Arab. El 
 Kueit. el kwAt,) a seaport of Arabia, district of Lalisa, on a 
 bay of the same name, near the N. extremity of the Persian 
 Gulf, in Ijit. 29° 23' N., Ion. 47° 57' E. It is inhabited by nu- 
 merous rich merchants, who trade to the Red Sea. and to 
 Sinde, Guzcrat. and other parts of India. Pop. about 8000. 
 
 GRANG.ERDK, grdn-vAR/dJh. a village of Sweden, lien, 
 and 33 miles S.W. of Falun, with extensive iron-works. 
 
 GR.\NtiE, a village of Switzerland. See Grexchen. 
 
 GR.\NGE, pr^Nzh, a village of France, department of 
 f osges, 12 miles S.W. of St. Die. Pop. 1335. 
 
 G_RANGh>, gr.lnj, a parish of Scotland, co., and 16 miles 
 8.W. of Banff. Here are the ruins of the "grange" of the 
 abbots of Kiuloss. 
 
 GRANGE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh. 
 Several smaller Irish parishes have this name. 
 
 ORANGiy-MOUTII. a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Stir- 
 ling, on the Carron, 11 miles S.S.E. of Stirling. Pop. 1488. 
 It has a custom-house and bank, extensive quays and ware- 
 houses, a dry-dock, a good harlior for ves-sels drawing 12 feet 
 of water, establishments for ship-building; exports of corn, 
 wool, the manufactures of Stirling, and the products of the 
 great Carron iron foundry ; and imports mostly of timber, 
 hemp. flax, and tallow from the Baltic Registered shipping 
 In Uil, 7329 tons. 
 
 GR.VNGKR, grainO?r. (often improperly written GRAIN- 
 GER,) a county in the N.K. part of Tennessee, has an area 
 estimated at 330 square miles. Clinch River forms its 
 boundary on the N.W.. and Uolston River on the S.E. The 
 eurface is elevated, and is traversed by Clinch Mountnin. 
 SteamtKKtts n:ivi'.nite the Ht.lstoii on the border of this 
 county. The Tennessee and Virginia Railroad passes about 
 6 mile* from the S. border of this county. A plank-road 
 • 78 
 
 GRA 
 
 is also projected through it. Clinch Mountain contains 
 abundance of iron-ore and other minerals. Capital, Rut- 
 ledge. Population, 10,902, of whom y8y7 were free, and 1065 
 slaves. 
 
 GRANGER, a post-township of Alleghany co., New 
 York. 10 miles N. of Angelica. It has an academy. Pop.1257. 
 
 GRANGER, a post-towuship in the E. part of Medina co, 
 Ohio. Pop. 1025. 
 
 GRANGER'VILLE, a postrvillage of Saratoga co., New 
 York, 35 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 GRANGERVILLE, a post-villace of Macon co., Georgia, 
 about 90 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 GRANI'CUS. or OSTROLA, o.s-tro/li a small but famon* 
 river of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, enters the Sea of Mar- 
 mora, after a N.E. course of perhaps tJO miles. On its banks 
 Alexander the Great gained his first decisive victory over 
 Darius, B. c. 334. 
 
 GRAN'ITE, a village of Knox ca, Illinois, 50 miles W.N.W. 
 of Peoria. 
 
 ORAN'ITEVILLE, a thriving po.st-vill.age of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on the South Caioliua Railroad, 126 
 miles W.N.W. of Charleston, and 11 miles E. of Augusta. 
 The situation is remarkably beautiful. A creek, Bowing 
 through the place, furnishes excellent water-power, which is 
 used in the manufacture of cotton. 
 
 GRANJA DE TORRE-IIERMOSA, LA, ]h grSn'R^ di toK'- 
 R.V^R-mo'-sd, a town of Spain, province, and 35 miles S. of 
 Badajos. Pop. 2500. 
 
 GRANJA L.\. See Sax Ildefonso. 
 
 GRAN JIICIIELI. See Gbammkhele 
 
 GRAN NANA, grJn-ni'uOh\ a village of Hungary, about 
 75 miles E.S.E. of Presburg, on the railway from Vienna to 
 Pesth. 
 
 GRANNOCII, LOCII, loK grSn'ttoK, a lake of Scotland, 
 stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Length, about 3 miles ; breadth, 
 half a mile. It is extremely deep, and abounds with the 
 finest trout and char. 
 
 GRANOLLERS DE VALLS, gran-nol-yaiss/ d.A vais, or 
 GRANOLLERS DEL VALLES, grrlu-nol-yaias'dJl vAl'y^s, a 
 town of Spain, province, and 16 miles N.N.E. of Barcelona. 
 Pop. 3092. It h,^s extensive manufactures of sandals. 
 
 GRaSoN, gria-you', a town of Spain, province, and 
 about 30 miles from liOgroSo. Pop. 1077. 
 
 GRANOZZO, grJ-not/so. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 in IMedmont, 6 miles S.S.W. of Novara. Pop. 1300. 
 
 GRANS, grfiN". a villageof France, department of Bouches- 
 du-HhOne, 20 miles N.N.W. of Aix. Pop. 1780. 
 
 GRAN SAS.SO D'lTALlA. See CogNO, Monte. 
 
 GRANS'DON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 GRANSDON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 GRANSEE, grln'si^, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, 43 miles N.N.E. of Potsd.am. Pop. 2600. It has a 
 monument to Louisa, late Queen of Prussia. 
 
 GRANSON, a town of Switzerland. See GraNdsos. 
 
 GRANSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 GRANT, a county in the N.part of Kentucky, has an area 
 estimated at 200 square miles. It is drained by Eagle River, 
 an affluent of the Iventucky. The surface is undulating; 
 the soil is good and well timbered. The county occupies the 
 Drj' Ridge, which divides the waters of the Licking from 
 those of the Kentucky River. The Trenton limestone un- 
 derlies this division of the state. Organized in 1820, and 
 named in honor of Colonel .John Grant, an earlj' settler of 
 Kentuckj'. Capital, Williamstowu. Pop. 8366, of whom 
 7660 were free, and 6'.)6 slaves. 
 
 GRANT, a county situated in the N.E. central part of In- 
 diana, contains 420 square miles. It is drained by the Mi»- 
 sissinewa River. The surface Is mostly level, and was occu- 
 pied a few years ago by dense forests of large timber. The 
 soil is extremely fertile. Organized in 1831, and named in 
 honor of Samuel and Moses Grant, who were slain in battle 
 by the Indians in 1789. Capital, Marlon. Pop. 15,797. 
 
 GRANT, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Wiscon- 
 sin, bordering on Illinois and Iowa, has an area of 12ii4 
 square miles. The Mississippi forms its boundary on the 
 S.AV., and the Wisconsin on the N.IV. It is drained also by 
 the l?latte. Grant. Blue, and Fevre Rivers. The surface is 
 diversified by prairies and woodlands, and presents a suo- 
 cession of ridges and valleys. The former consist of lime- 
 stone, and are traversed by fissures which contain an 
 abundance of lead and zinc. The soil is excellent. The S. 
 part of the county is represented .is one vast lead mine, 
 which has produced more than six million pounds of lead 
 in a year. The county Is liberally supplied with water- 
 power. The Milwaukee and Prairie Du Cbien Railroad 
 piisses through the northern part of this county. Organ- 
 ized in 1836. Capital, Liincaster. Pop. 31,189. 
 
 GRANT, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 GRANTA, a river of England. See Cam. 
 
 GRANT'CHE>TER, aparish of England, CO. and 21^ milei 
 S.S.W. of Cambridge. It is supposed to be the aucieut CU/n- 
 boritum, the original seat of the University of Cambridge. 
 
 GRANTHAM, graut'^m, a parliamentary and municipal 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 borough, town, and parish of England, co., and 23 miles 
 S.S.W. 01 Lincoln. Pup. of the parliamentary borough, in 
 1851, 10,873. It consists chieHy of four nearly parallel and 
 some minor sti'eets, and has a church, a fine edifice of the 
 thirteenth century, with a spire 273 feet in height, and 
 many costly monuments, and a grammar school in which 
 Sir Isa:ic Newton received his early education. Other chief 
 buildings ■ are several dissenting chapels, the Guildhall, 
 Borough Jail, Union Work-house, and a neat theatre. The 
 principal trade is in malting and export of corn, and import 
 of coal by a canal connecting the town with the Trent. It 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 GRAXTIIAM, a parish of Canada West, district of Nia- 
 gara, on the S. side of Lake Ontario, 30 miles S. of Toronto. 
 
 GKANT'H A.M, a post-township of Sullivan co., New Hamp- 
 Ehire, 35 miles N.W. of Concord. It contains numerous 
 ponds, and a noted mineral spring. Pop. 048. 
 
 GllANT'LY HARBOR, an inlet of Behring Strait, in Rus- 
 sian America, immediately E. of Port Clarence, is 10 miles 
 In length, 2^ miles across, generally from 2i to 3 fathoms in 
 depth, and supposed to communicate with a large inljtnd lake. 
 
 GRANTOWX, a village of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on 
 the Spey, 22 miles S. of Forres. 
 
 GRANT RIVER, a small stream of Grant co., Wisconsin, 
 flows into the Mississippi. 
 
 GRANT'S BOROUGH, a post-office of Campbell co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 GRANT'S CREEK, a post-office, Switzerland co., Indiana. 
 
 GRANT'S LICK, a village of Campbell co., Kentucky. 
 
 GRANTS'VI LLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland. 
 
 QRANTSVILLE, a post-village of Coweta co., Georgiii, on 
 the Atlanta and Lagrange Railroad, 52 miles S.W. of Atlanta. 
 
 GRANT'VILLE, a post-village of Norfolk co., Massjichu- 
 setts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 13 miles from 
 the former. 
 
 GRAN'VILLE, grSNo'veel', (anc. Chrannrmumf) a fortified 
 seaport town of France, department of Manehe, at the mouth 
 of the Bosq. at the fxjt of a rocky promontory, projecting 
 Into the English Channel, 30 miles S.W. of St. Ld. Lat. of 
 the lijrht-house, 48° 50' 7" N., Ion. 1° 35' 57" W. It has a 
 strong citadel, a custom-house, a fine granite mole enclosing 
 a small harbor, a Gothic church, hospital, and public baths. 
 It is the seat of a commercial tribunal, and a sch(X)l of navi- 
 gation, and the residence of a commissary of marine. Its in- 
 habitants are mostly engaged in cod, oyster, and whale fishe- 
 ries, which last employs 800 hands. It has also some tnide 
 with the Kast and West Indies, and the Channel Islands, 
 and exports eggs, Ac. to England. It was burned by the 
 British in 1695, and besieged by the Vendeans in 1793. Pop. 
 in 1852, 10.035. 
 
 GRAN'VILLE, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 750 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Tar River, and also drained 
 by several creeks which flow S. into the Neuse. The sur- 
 face is undulating or hilly ; the soil is fertile. In 1860 tills 
 county yielded 3,420,884 pounds of tobacco, the greatest 
 quantity produced by any county in the state. Sandstone 
 underlies a large part of the surface. It is intersected by 
 the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad. Capital, Oxford. Formed 
 in 1746, and named from the title of the proprietor, the Earl 
 of Granville. Pop. 23,396, of whom 12,310 were free, and 
 11,086 slaves. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, 
 on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of 
 Montpelier. Pop. 720. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a town.ship of Hampden co., Ma.ssachusetts, 
 100 miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has manulactures of pow- 
 der, leather, &c. Pop. 1385. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-village and town.ship of Washington 
 CO., New York, on the Albany and Rutland Railroad, 68 miles 
 N.N.K. of Albany. The village has 3 or 4 churches, about 
 half a dozen stores, and perhaps 100 dwellings. Pop. of the 
 township, 3474. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 16 miles W.S.W. of Towanda. Pop. 1369. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1221. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-village of Monongalia co., W. Vir- 
 ginia, on the Monongahebi River, 50 miles S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a postrvillage in Jackson co., Tennes.see. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a flourishing post-village and township in 
 the central part of Licking co., Ohio, 28 miles E.N.E. of Co- 
 lumbus. The village is pleasantly situated on an affluent 
 of the Licking River, 3 miles N. of the Central Ohio Rail- 
 road. Granville is neatly built, and is noted for its excel- 
 lent educational institutions. It contains 2 female semi- 
 naries, a gciod Union school, and Granville College, founded 
 by the Bapti.sts in 1832 ; also 6 churches, a city-hall, a bank, 
 and an iron-foundry. Pop. of the township, 1282. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a township of Mercer Co., Ohio. Pop. 1035. 
 
 GRANVILIjE, a post village of Delaware co., Indiana, on 
 the Mississiuewa River, 65 miles N.E. of Indianapolis, hag 2 
 churches. 
 
 GRANVILLE, apost-village and township of Putnam CO., 
 Illinois, 6 miles from Hennepin. Pop. 1525. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a village of Livingston co., Missouri, oi) 
 Grand River, 120 miles N.W. of Jeflerson City. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-office of Mahaska co., Iowa. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-township of Milwaukee co.. Wiscoi>- 
 .sin. about TO miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 2603. 
 
 GRAN VILLIERS. See Granbtilliers. 
 
 GRAO, VILLANUEVA DEL, veel'vl noo-.Vv3 dJl grl/o, of 
 GRAO DE VALENCIA, grj'o di vd-lSn'tbe-d, a seaport towu 
 of Spain, at the mouth of the Guadalaviar, 4 miles E. ol 
 Valencia, of which it is the port. Pop. 2736. 
 
 GRAPE GROVE, a post-office of Green co., Ohio. 
 
 GRAPE ISLAND, a post-office of Pleasant co..W. Virginia 
 
 GRAP'PEN HALL, a parish of England, co. of Che.ster. 
 
 GRASH'OLM or GRESH'OLM. an island of South Wales, 
 CO. of Pembi-oke, in lat. 51° 43' 54" N ., Ion. 5" 28' 45" W., about 
 three-fourths of a mile in circumference. 
 
 (JRASLITZ, gris'lits, GREKLIS, grJklis, orGRADLICZE, 
 grSd-leefsA, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.NJ). of Eger. 
 Pop. 4790, employed in cotton-spinning, paper mills, and in 
 manufactures of musical instruments, looking-glapses. ^c. 
 
 ORAS/JIERE. a parish of England, co. of VVestmoreland. 
 2\ miles N.W. of Ambleside. Its village stands at the head 
 of Grasmere Lake, which is about li miles In length, ane 
 has an island in its centre. 
 
 GRAS.VIERE HILL or GRASMERE FELL, a mountain 
 of England, co. of Cumberland, E. of Crummock Water. 
 Elevation. 2756 feet. 
 
 GRASO, (OrSso,) gr.Vs{5\ an island of Sweden, at the en 
 trance of the Gulf of Bothnia, and only separated from 
 the mainland, on which the town of Oregrund stands, by a 
 narrow channel, in lat. 60° 25' N. It consists of a long, nar 
 row tract, stretching S.S.E. and N.N.W. Length, about IS 
 miles; average breadth, not more than 3 miles. 
 
 GRASSANO, grSs-sd'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, 25 miles E. of Potenza. Pop. 4U00. 
 
 GRASSANO, gris-sd'no, or GRAZZANO, grSt-si'no. a vil- 
 lage of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division of Ales- 
 sandria, on the Rotaldo, about 8 miles from Casale. Pop. 13C0. 
 
 GRASS'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GRASSE, gr^ss, a town of France, department of Var, 
 capital of an arrondissement, 23 miles E.N.E. of Draguignan. 
 It is picturesquely situated on a declivity facing the S., 
 commanding fine views, and has a large Gothic church, a 
 communal college, 3 hospitals, a town-hall, an exchange, a 
 theatre, an old tower, some Roman anti(iuities, a public 
 library of 5000 volumes, and a gallery of paintings. Lai-gb 
 quantities of perfumery are made at Grasse. It has also 
 manufactures of coarse woollen stuffs, silk orgauzine, linen 
 thre;id, leather, liqueurs, and brandy, and an active trade 
 in fruits and oil. Pop. in 1832, ll,8o2. 
 
 GRASSE, LA, li griss, a town of France, department of 
 Aude, 15 miles S.E. of Carcassone. Pop. 1320. 
 
 GRASS HILLS, a post-villasie of Carrol co., Kentucky. 
 
 GRAS'SINGTON, a small market-town of England, co. of 
 York. West Riding, 8J miles N.N.E. of Skipton. Pop. 1056. 
 
 GRASS LAKE, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Jackson co., Michigan, on a small lake of the same name, 
 and on the Central Railroad, 65 miles W. of Detroit. It 
 contains flouring mills, for which the outlet of the lake 
 affords motive-power. Pop. about 500 ; of the townshi|). 1708. 
 
 GRASS LAND, a post-office of Harrison co., W. Virginia. 
 
 GRASS RIVER ri.ses in the S.E. extremity of Lawrence 
 CO., New Yor'ii, and. running first N.W., then N.E., fiills into 
 the St. Lawrence River, about 40 miles N.E. of Canton. Its 
 whole length is about 120 miles. 
 
 GRASS VAl/LEY. a. post-office of Nevada co., California. 
 
 GRAS/SY COVE, a postoffice of Bledsoe co., Tennessee. 
 
 GRASSY CREEK, of North Carolina, rises in Granville 
 CO., and flows across the N. boundary of the state into Roa- 
 noke River. 
 
 GRASSY CREEK, a post-office of Russell co., Virgini.a. 
 
 GRASSY CREEK, a post-office of Yancey co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 GRASSY CREEK, a po.st-officeof Pendleton co., Kentucky. 
 
 GRASSY CREEK, a post-office of Livingston co., Missouri. 
 
 GRASSY POINT, a post-vill.ige of Rockland co.. New 
 York, on the Hudson River, about 100 miles S. of Albany. 
 It has a steambofit landing. 
 
 GRASSY POND, a post-office of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 GRASSY VALLEY, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana, 
 9 miles S.W. of Cory don. 
 
 GRASVILLE, GRAVILLE, griVeeV, or GRASVILLE-L'- 
 HEURE, (luR,) a village of France, department of Seine-In- 
 fcrieure. 3 miles E.N.E. of Havre. It has a curious church 
 of the eleventh century, and many pleasant country resi- 
 dences belonging to wealthy inhabitants of Havre. Pop. in 
 1852. 12.794. 
 
 G R AT.\I»LOPS, grd-t3l-yops', a town of Spain, in Cat.Hlonia, 
 24 miles from Tarragona. Pop. 1177. 
 
 GRATCHEVSKA,gra-chiv'.ska,a fort and villageofRus.sia, 
 government, and 125 miles N.W. of Astrakhan, on the A'olga. 
 
 (iR.\TELEY. grait/lee, a parish of England, co. of Hant& 
 
 GRATIANOPOUS. See Gresoisle. 
 
 777 
 
GRA 
 
 ORATIOT, ^rash'f-ot, anew connty in the S. central pari 
 of Michigan, has an area of about 650 squai-e miles. It is 
 Intersected by Pine and Maple Rivers, and also drained by 
 Bait and Beaverdiini Creeks. The surface is undulating and 
 well wooded. The soil is sjiid to be fertile. Capital, Ithaca. 
 Pop. 4042. 
 
 GKATIOT, a post-TillaRe of Muskingum co., Ohio, on the 
 Kational Road, 42 miles E. of Columbus. It contains 3 
 churches and several nulls. 
 
 GKATIOT. a post-village of Lafayette co., 'NVisconsin, on 
 the I'ekatonica River, 28 miles K.N.E. of Galena. Pop. of 
 Gratiot township, 1006. 
 
 GRA'TIS, a post-townshij) forming the S.E. extremity of 
 PreMeco.,Ohio. Pop. 21.36. 
 GRATITUDE, a post-offlee of Sussex co., New Jersey. 
 GRATSANITZA. grat-sl-nit'.sA, a town of Turkey, Bos- 
 nia, 14 miles W.S.W. of Zvornik. 
 
 GRATSANITZA, a town of Turkey, in Bosnia, 37 miles 
 W.S.\V. of Zvornik. 
 GR ATTAN. a posWownship of Kent co.,Miclugan.' P.1127. 
 OKAT'WICII. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 GRATZ, (Gratz.) or GRAETZ, grjts, (Slavonian, NimfUlH- 
 GV'j(Wi,ne-mJts'ke-gri-dJts',)th« capital city of Styria.and one 
 of the most important in the Austrian Empire, picturesquely 
 situated on both sides of the Mur, in lat. 47° 4' 13" N., Ion. 
 15° 26' E. Pop. in 1867, including niilitai-y, 63,176. With 
 Its suburbs, it is about 7 miles in circumference, and pretty 
 well built having many good private and some fine public 
 edifices. The city proper, small and irregularly laid out. is 
 enclo.«ed by ramparts and a glacis, which serve for the prin- 
 cipal public walks. The cathedral has some fine monuments. 
 Near it is a chapel with the tomb of Ferdinand II., and 
 here are about 20 other churches. The ormvict, the largest 
 public building in Gratz, formerly a Jesuits' College, now 
 serves for a school of the university. The other principal 
 buildings are the ancient palace of the Styrian dukes, now 
 the governor's residence, the Citadel, the Observatory, the 
 new council-house, built in 1807, the theatre, and laiidhaus. 
 with a large collection of ancient armor. The Johanneum. 
 •'the pride of Gratz and of Styria," was founded by the 
 Archduke .lohn in 1812, for the encouragement of the arts 
 and manutactures of Styria ; it has rich museums of zoology, 
 botany, mineralogy, antiquities, and coins, a chemical labora- 
 tory, a botanic garden, a library of 15,000 volumes, and 700 
 MSS.. consisting of the best European works, and open to 
 the public, gratuitous courses of lectures, and a reading- 
 room supplied with all the chief European journals. The 
 university, re-opeued in 1827, has a library of 38.500 printed 
 volumes and 7500 MSS., and in 1842 it had 2S professors and 
 942 student*. Gratz has a gj-mnasium, an episcopal academy, 
 military and numerous other schools. 6 hospitals, and many 
 other charitable establishments, military magazines, a jail, 
 work-house, ic, and a splendid abbey built by Frederick II. 
 for the Capuchins, now serves for a lunatic asylum. GrStz 
 is the residence of the military commandant for Styria. 
 Illyria, and the Tyrol, and of the Prince-bishop of Leckau : 
 and is the seat of various courts. It has manuCictures of 
 cotton, silk, and woollen fabrics, leather, iron and steel 
 wares, rosoglio, &c. : a large trade in timber, iron, and seeds, 
 «nd transit trade between Vienna and Triest, two large 
 annual fairs, and a market well supplied with most kinds 
 of produce. It communiciites by railways N. with VieUTia 
 and S. with Cilly, whence a line is in progress (completed in 
 1854 to Laybach) to connect it with Triest. It is the birth- 
 place of the Orientalist Von Hammer. 
 
 GR.^.TZ or GRAETZ. a town of Austrian Silesia, 4 miles 
 8. of Troppau, on the Mora. 
 
 GRATZ, GRAETZ, or GREDZLACK, grltsailk, a town of 
 Prussian Poland, 27 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 3595. 
 
 GRATZ, (Gratz.) grfts, or QRODZISKO. grod-zis^ko, a 
 town of Prussia, province, and 22 miles S.W. of Posen. It 
 has a Bernardine monastery, and 4 annual fairs. I'op. 3321. 
 GRATZ, grats. or GR ATZn'OWN, a post-village of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 48 miles N. by E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 GRATZ. a post-offlee of Owen co., Kentucky. 
 GRATZEX. BOHMISCn, (Bahmlsch,) IjO/mish grjts'gn, a 
 town of ISohemia. 19 miles S.E. of Budweis. Pop. 1272. 
 GR.\UBU.\'DEN. a canton of Switzerland. See Grisojjs. 
 GRAUDENZ. grCw'dJnts, a fortified town of Western 
 Prussia, 18 miles S.S.W. of Mnrienwerder. on the Vistula, 
 here crossed by a bridge of boats, 2700 feet in length. Pop. 
 In 184<i, including military, 6800. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has a strong fortress, a gymnasium, a high school, a 
 Lutheran and a Roman Catholic church. 
 
 GRAUliHET, grO'LV, a town of France, department of 
 Tarn, 10 miles N.E. of Lavaur, on the Adour. Pop. 4125. 
 
 GRAUN, grOwn, a village and parish of Austria. In Tvrol. 
 80 miles 3.8.W. of Imst, near a lake of the same name,'and 
 more than 4500 f.vt above the sea. l»op. 736. 
 
 GRAUPE.N, grOw'pen, or KRAUPEN, krOw/pfn. a mining 
 town of B<jheniia, drcl-j of LeltmoriU, with the old castle 
 Of Iloinrichsruhe. Pop. 14aS. 
 
 GRA US. grOwce, a town of Spain, province, and 37 miles 
 B. of iluuRca, on the Sera. Pop. 2400. 
 GRAVE. grtUvgh, or OKAAF, grjf, a fortified town of the 
 778 
 
 GRA 
 
 Netherlands, province of North Brabant, on the Meuse, 20 
 miles E.N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2486. 
 
 GRAVE CREEK,, a post-village, capital of Marshall co^ 
 West Virginia, is pleasantly situated on the left bank of 
 the Ohio, 12 miles below 'VN heeling. Big and Little Grave 
 Creeks enter the river here, leaving an interval of a mile in 
 width, on which the villiige is built. It is divided into two 
 distinct villages, of nearly equal size, namely, Elizabethtown 
 and Moundsville, the former of which is the seat of justice. 
 The name of the post-office is Grave Creek. The town con- 
 tains a classical academy, 2 steam flouring mill.<<. and about 
 1200 inhabitants. Moundsville derives its name from the 
 Mammoth Mound, in the vicinity, one of the largest in the 
 United States. Free pop. of both lillngps. 11)86. 
 
 GRAVEDONA, gri-vA-do'nd, a market-town of Lombardy, 
 
 and on the W. .shoreof the lake. 27 miles N.N.E. Como. P. 3200, 
 
 GItAVE, LA, Id griv, a town of France, department of 
 
 Ilautes-Alpes, situated on a projecting rock, backed by vast 
 
 snowy heights, 19 miles N.W. of Briangon. Pop. 1886. 
 
 6RAA''EL BANK, Ohio, a station on the railroiid from 
 Sandusky to Dayton, about 80 miles S.S.W. of Sandusky. 
 GRAVE'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 GRAVELEY, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 GRAVEL HILL. New Jersey. See Blairstowx. 
 GRAA'EL HILL, a post-office of Buckingham CO., Virginia. 
 GRAVEL HILL, a post-office of McXairy co.. Tennessee. 
 GR-WELINES, grdv'leen', a strongly fortified .seaport 
 town of France, department of Nord, on the Aa, near its 
 mouth in the English Channel. 12 miles E.N.E. of Calais. 
 It stands in a marshy plain, protected from the sea by dunes 
 or sand-hills, and which may be laid wholly under water. 
 It h,is an arsenal, milit.ary magazines, and a military hos- 
 pital. Its port is small but convenient, and freiiuented by 
 fishing vessels. Here, in 1520. Henry VIII. met the Emperor 
 Charles V., on returning to England after his interview with 
 Francis I. Pop. in 1852, 5678. 
 
 GRAVELLOXA, grS-v^l-lo'ni, a village of Piedmont, 11 
 miles S.E. of Novani. Pop. 1914. 
 
 GRAVELLY HILL, a post-office of Bladen co., North 
 Carolina, 120 miles S. of Rjjielgh. 
 GRAVELLY LANDING, New Jersey. See Port Repubuc. 
 GRAVELLY SPRING, a post-offlee of Lauderdale co, 
 Alabama. 
 
 GR.WEL PIT, Ohio, a station on the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi Railroad. 17 miles AV. of Cincinnati. 
 
 GRAVEL PIT, a station on the railroad from Cleveland 
 to Sandusky, about 28 miles W. of Cleveland. 
 GR.WEL RIDGE, a post-office of Bradley co., Arkansas. 
 GRAVEL RUN, a past-office of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 GRAVEL SPRING, a post-office of Frederick co., Vii-ginia. 
 •GRAVEL SWITCH, a st.ition on the Pacific Railroad, 2:i 
 miles W.N.W. of St. Lonis. Missouri. 
 
 6RAVELTH0RPE, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 GRAVENDEEL. grS'ven-d.'ll', a village of Holl.and, pro- 
 vince of South Holland, 3 miles S. of Dort. Pop. 928. 
 GRAVEN HAGE, "S, Netherlands. See H.\r,L'E. 
 GRA'VENIIURST, LOWER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bedford. 
 
 GRAVENIIURST, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bedford. 
 
 GRAVENSTEIN, gri'ven-stine', or GRAASTEEN. er^- 
 steen, a village of Denmark, in Sleswick, with a castle, 11 
 miles N.E of Flensborg. Pop. .WO. 
 GRA'VENY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 GRAVES, graivz, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, 
 bordering on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 60<J square 
 miles. It is drained by MayfiekVs Creek, and the W. branch 
 of Clark's River. The surface is nearly level, and the roil 
 fertile. Formed in 182:3. and named in honor of Major 
 Benjamin Graves, who fell at the battle of the river Raisin. 
 Capital, Mayfield. Pop. 16,233, of whom 13,388 were free, 
 and 2845 slaves. 
 GRAVES, a post-offlee of Caswell co.. North Carolina. 
 GRAVES, a post-offlee of Hempstead co.. Arkansas. 
 GRAVES CITY, a small village of Ornes co.. Iventncky. 
 GRAVESEND, graivz'Jnd'. a municipal borough, rivei- 
 port, town, and parish of England, co. of Ivent. on the righi 
 bank of the Thames, 20 miles E.S.E. of London. I'op. of 
 borough, in 1861,18,776. The older part of the town, near 
 the river, ha.s narrow steeets ; the upper town is more open, 
 and has many tasteful rows of houses and detached villas. 
 The summit of the hill, on which it is built, is crowned by 
 prospect towers, commanding views of the Thames, and is a 
 favorite place of holiday resort, t! ravesend has a free school, 
 some handsome endowed alms-houses, a bi>ttery on Its E. 
 side, town-hall, union work-house, a comnioitinus market- 
 house, custom-house, bank, numerous good liaths. and libi-a- 
 ries, new terraces, and two piem on the river, foiming 
 agreeable promenades, and several public gardens. For- 
 merly the trade consisted in supplying ships with stores, ves- 
 sels from London I>eing obliged, until lately, to clear out 
 here. Its more recent tuid still rapidly increasins pios- 
 perity dates from the establishment o» steamlxxats, irhich 
 run to London in two hoars, and during ««unraer, especially 
 
GRA 
 
 GRE 
 
 on Sundays, bring immense crowds of visitors. Many also 
 of tlie weiilthier class of trades-people reside here. A rail- 
 way, communicating witli the London and Greenwich line, 
 unites with one which passes through a tunnel, upwards 
 of ^ miles in length, and connects the town with Rochester, 
 distant about 7 miles. There is a ferry across the Thames 
 to Tilbury Fort. The town was burnt by the French in the 
 time ot Richard II. On its W. side are the garden and sub- 
 urb of Rosherville. 
 
 GRAVESKXD, a post-township of King's co.. New York, 
 bordering on the Atlantic, 9 miles S. of New York. Coney 
 Island, which forms a part of the township, is a famous 
 place of resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 1286. 
 
 GRAVKS' FERRY, a small village of Ohio co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 GRAVES' MILLS, posfcofRce of Washington co., Virginia. 
 
 GRAVES' MILLS, a post-office of Madison co., Ken- 
 tuckv. 
 
 GRAVES' MOUNTAIN, a conical peak iu Lincoln co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 GR AVESVILLE, graivz'vil, a post-village of Herkimer co.. 
 New York, about 80 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 GHAVKZANDE, grd-vgb-z3n'deh, (L. ^re/wa ChmlUist) a 
 village of Holland, 8 miles S.W. of the Hague, on the sand- 
 downs on the .sea-coast. Pop. 1346. 
 
 6 1{ A VINA, gri-vee'ni, an episcopal city of Naples, pro- 
 vince, and 35 miles S.W. of Bari, on the left bank of the 
 Gravina Itiver. Pop. 8000. It has a cathedral, 8 other 
 churihes, several convents, and a college. 
 
 GR.WINA, grd-vee/ui, a port of Russian America. Lat. 
 60° 44' N., Ion. 145° 46' W. 
 
 GR.^Y, gri, a town of France, department of Haute-Saflne. 
 on the Sa8ne. here bordered by a fine quay, 2'J miles S.W. of 
 Vesoul. It has a communal college, public library, an old 
 palace of the Dukes of IJurguudy, cavalry barracks, a remark- 
 able water-mill, and an active trade. Pop. in 1862, 7151. 
 
 GR.\Y. a pos^township of Cumberland co., Maine, 50 miles 
 S.S.W. of A ugusta. Pop. 1767. 
 
 GKAY HAWK, a post-office of Owsley co., Kentucky. 
 
 GUAY'INGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GRAY ROCK, a post-office of Titus co., Texas. 
 
 GRAYS'RUKG. a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 GRAY'S COCNTY, a former co. of Washington Territory, 
 Ixmndod W. by the Pacific, now inchidod in Chehalis co. 
 
 GRAYS GREEK, a postH)fflce of Cumberland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Gl!.\ YS CREKK, a post-office of Monroe co., Iowa, 
 
 GR.\YS FL.\T, a post-office of Marion co., W. Virginia. 
 
 GR.A.YS HARliOR, Wasliington Territory, receives the 
 \Jheliiili8 River and communicates with the ocean. 
 
 GH.VY'S HILL, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.' 
 
 GRAY'S LANDING, a village of Calhoun co., Illinois. 
 
 GRAYSON, grA'son, a county In the S.S.W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on North Carolina, contains 340 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Kanawha River. The Iron 
 Mountain extends along the N.W. boi'der, and the Blue 
 Eidge along the S.K. It contains iron ore. Organized in 
 1793, and named in honor of a member of the Virginia Con- 
 VpnMnn which ratified the Federal Constitution. Capital. 
 Independence. Pop, 8252, of whom 7705 were free, and 547 
 
 SlllV.S. 
 
 GRAYSON, a county in the N. part of Texas, bordering 
 on Red River, which separates it from the Indian Territory, 
 area 910 square miles. The East Fork of the Trinity River 
 rises in tlie county. The surface is undulating; the .soil 
 Is very productive. The county contains extensive prfiiries. 
 Named in honor of Peter W. Grayson, a candidate for the 
 prtf idency of Texas, Capital, Sherman. Pop. 8184, of whom 
 6892 wore free. 
 
 GRAYSON, a county in the W. central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 700 square miles. Rough Creek 
 forms the N. boundary, and it is also drained by Bear, 
 Cliffy, and Caney Creeks, affluents of Greene River. The 
 BurtiiL-e is level and undulating ; the soil is moderately fer- 
 tile. Stone coal and carboniferous limestone underlie part 
 of the surface. A great number of white sulphur springs 
 are found near Litchfield, the county seat. Formed in 1810, 
 and named in honor of Colonel William Grayson, United 
 Statt-s Senator from Kentucky. Pop. 7982, of whom 7631 
 were free, and 351 sl.aves. 
 
 GR.\YSON, a post-offlce of Crittenden co., Arkansas. 
 
 GK.\YSON, a postrvillage, capital of Carter co., Kentucky, 
 on Little Sandy River, 110 miles E. by N. of Frankfort, is 
 Mtu8';i in a hilly region which aljounds in coal and iron ore. 
 
 G<.,AYSON COURT-HOUSE, of Virginia. See Indepbn- 
 
 IVFr.CE. 
 
 GRAYSON SPRINGS, a postKjfflce of Grayson co, Ken- 
 tttV 
 
 GRAYSON SULPHUR (sul'ftir) SPRINGS, of Carroll co., 
 ■Virginia, on the bank of New Itiver, 272 miles W. by S. of 
 Bichuion'' Thefe springs are surrounded by a hilly country, 
 ren\:irkooie tor us sjilubrity. Buildings have been erected 
 foi lue entertainment of vi.Mtors. 
 
 ORAYSOUTHEN, sjrA-suTU'fm, a township of England, 
 CO. of Cumberland 
 
 GRAYS'PORT, a small post-village of Yallobujha oc. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 GRAY'S THUR/ROCK, a market-town and parish of Eng. 
 land, CO. of Essex, on the N. bank of the Thames, 3 milea 
 N.W. of Gravesend. Pop. in 1851, 1713. The town has a 
 wooden pier at which steamers stop, and large brick-work» 
 
 GRAY'S VAI/LEY, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn. 
 
 GRAYS/VILLE, a post-office of Herkimer co.. New York. 
 
 GRAYSVILLK, a post-village of Hunterdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about loo miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 GRAYSVILLE. a post-village of Todd CO., Kentucky, 194 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 GRAYSVILLE. a post-village of Monroe oo., Ohio, about 
 8 miles S.W. of Woodsfield. 
 
 GRAYS/VILLK or GRAY'VILLE, a post-village of White 
 CO., Illinois, on the Waba.sh River, 150 miles S.E. of Springs 
 field. It has an active trade, and is improving rapidly. A 
 plank-road. 10 miles long, connects it with Albion. The 
 village contains 3 churches, and 3 steam mills. Pop. 794. 
 
 GRAZALE.MA, gri-thd-lA'mi, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 48 miles E.N.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 5000. It stands on a 
 steep rock in the Sierra of the same name. 
 
 GRE.\N, green, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 GREAS'BOROUGH, a ohapelry of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 GREAS'LEY, a parish of England, co., and 7 miles N.W 
 of Nottingham. Here are ruins of the ancient castle of the 
 Cantilnpes, and of Beauvale Priory, founded In the reign of 
 Edward III. 
 
 GREASY CREEK, a postofflce of Floyd co., Virginia. 
 
 GREASY CREKK, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee. 
 
 GRKAT and LITTLK TOMBS, two sm.oll islands in the 
 Persian Gulf, about 20 miles S. of Kishm, the larger being 
 4 or 5 miles in circumference. Near it, Nearchus is sup- 
 posed to have anchored the fleet of Alexander. 
 
 GREATA, a river of England. See Gkkt.\. 
 
 GREAT AUOIinviCK CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Juniata River in Huntingdon county. 
 
 GRE.Vr BARRIKR ISLAND. See Otea. 
 
 GREAT BARRINGTON, a post-village and township of 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River and 
 Railroad, about 45 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. The village 
 is pleasantly jiituated in the midst of picturesque scenery, 
 and contains 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, an academy, 
 and a bank. There are also 1 blast-furnace, 1 paper-mill, 1 
 woollen-factory, and a cotton-warp-factory. The township 
 contains beds of iron-ore and quarries of variegated marble. 
 Great Barrington possesses superior natural advantages, 
 and its manufacturing interests are very prosperous. Pop. 
 of the township. 3871. 
 
 GREAT BASIN or FREMONT BASIN, a remarkable tract 
 or region situated in the W. part of Utah Territory, between 
 the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains. It is 
 above 5U0 miles in extent from E. to W., and 350 from N. to 
 S., and is bounded on every side by high hills or mountains. 
 Only a part of it has been thoroughly explored ; it is, how- 
 ever, known to contain a number of lakes and rivers, none 
 of whose waters ever reach the ocean, being probably taken 
 up by evaporation, or lost in the sjvnd of the more arid dis- 
 tricts. As tar as known, the lakes are all salt except Utah 
 Lake. See Gke.\t S.vlt L.\ke. 
 
 GREAT BEAR LAKE. See Be.\r Lake, Gre.\t. 
 
 ORE.iT BEND, a post-village of Jefferson co.. New York, 
 on Black River, about 160 miles N.W. of Albany. It has a 
 bridge over the river, and several mills. 
 
 GRE.\T BEND, a prettily situated post-village and town- 
 ship of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania, the village on both 
 sides of the Susquehanna River, and on the New York and 
 Erie Railroad, 48 miles N. of Scranton. The I>ackawanna 
 and Western Railroad connects this point with the coal 
 mines of Luzerne county. It i.s an important station on the 
 railroad, and has an active business. Pop. 1096. 
 
 GREAT BEND, a postK)fflce of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 GREAT BRIDGE, a postrvUlage of Norfolk co., Virginia, 
 80 miles S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN, brit/fn, (Fr. Grande. Brelagne, grSxcl 
 breh-tdH'; It. Gran Brettagna, grdn br^t-tdn'ya; Sp. Gran 
 Bretaiia, grdn bri-tdn'yd; Ger. Groxs Britannien, groce bre- 
 t3n'ne-en; anc. AVbion, afterwards Brikin/nia or Britanlnia 
 Ma'jor — major, i. e. " greater," being added in order to dis- 
 tinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes called 
 Britajinia or Britannia Minor, i. t. " Lesser Britain,") the 
 largest island of Europe, containing the countries of Eng- 
 land, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, its southern ex- 
 tremity, is in lat. 49° 57' 30" N., Dunnet Head, in Caithness, 
 the most N. point, in lat. 58° 40' 24" N. The most E. point 
 is Lowestoft, on the coast of Norfolk, 1° 46' E. Ion. The most 
 W. Airdnamui'chan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, 
 Scotland, is in 6° 13' W. Ion. The distance from Lizard 
 Point to Dunnet Head is about 608 miles. The greatest 
 breadth of the island, from Land's End to the m<jst eastern 
 part of Kent, is about 311 miles. Area, 87,903 square miles. 
 The population, according to the census of 1851. is 20.816,35L 
 Great Britain contains, la ail, 84 counties, of which 40 belong 
 
 779 
 
GRE 
 
 to Kngland,* 12 to ■VTales.f and 32 to Scotland-J Great 
 Britain and Ireland form together what is termed the 
 United Kingdom, of which London is the capital. The le- 
 gislative power is vested in the Parliament, consisting of the 
 King, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. For 
 
 further particulars, see British Empire. Adj. Brit'ish; 
 
 luhab. Ukit'o.v. 
 
 GKK.\T BUTTE DES MORTS, (tute-di-moR.) a lake in 
 Winnebago co., Wiscon.sin, an expansion of the Xeenah 
 Kiver. about .3^ miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles wide. The 
 name i.<- derived from mounds in the vicinity, cJiUed bultrs 
 d^s mirrta, or ''hills of the dead." on account of their contain- 
 ing, a.s it is said, the bones of Indians slain in battle. 
 
 GRK.VT C.\i»T.\IX'S ISLANDS, three in number, are in 
 Long Island Sound, S. of Greenwich, Connecticut. On the 
 westernmost is a fixed light. 
 
 GUKAT CROSS'IXGS. a postrvlllage of Scott co.. Kentucky, 
 on North Elkhorn River, 13 miles E. of .Frankfort, has 1 
 church, and over 100 inhabitants. 
 
 GRKAT EGG HARBOR, a bay of the Atlantic, on the S.E. 
 coast of New Jersey, at the mouth of a river of the same 
 name. I^en jth. 5 miles ; breadth, from i to 4 miles. 
 
 GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER, of New Jersey, rises in 
 Camden county, flows S.E. through Atlantic county, and en- 
 ters Great Egg" Harbor Riy. The whole length is estimated 
 at about 60 miles. It drains a level and sandy tract, covered 
 with pinefurests.and is navigable bv sloops to May's Landing. 
 
 GRKAT E'QUIXUNK' CREEK, of Wayne co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, tlows into the Delaware River. 
 
 GREAT FALLS, a flourishing post-village of Strafford CO., 
 New Hampshire, on the Salmon River, which here affords 
 great water-power, 34 miles E. of Concord. The vilLige is 
 situated at the junction of the Great Falls and Conway 
 Railroad, with a branch 3 miles long connecting the village 
 with the Boston and Maine Railroad. It contains 6 church- 
 es. 2 banks, a savings bank, a town-hall, a higli-scliool, 7 
 cotton-mills, and about 40 stores. It is the seat of the Great 
 Falls Manufacturing Company, whose mills for the manu- 
 facture of cottons of various kinds are said to be the most 
 extencive in the state. Pop. iibout 4.50<1. 
 
 GREAT FISH BAY, South-western Africa, Is an inlet of 
 the Atlantic. Lat. lff> 30' 2" S., Ion. 11° 47' E. 
 
 GREAT FISH RIVER, a considerable river of Southern 
 Africa, Cape Colony, rises in the Sneeuwbergen, (Snowy 
 Mountains,) flows tortuously S.S.E. through the districts of 
 Somerset, Albany. Ac, and enters the Indian Ocean near lat. 
 33° 25' 3., Ion. '27° E.. after a S.E. course estimated at 2:50 
 miles. Its affluents are the Graak, Tarka. and Little Fish 
 Rivers. A bar at its mouth renders it inaccessible except 
 by boats. 
 
 GREAT FISH RIVER, or THEW-EE-CHOH, a river of 
 British North America, rises in Sussex Lake, on the N.E. 
 side of the Great Slave Lake, and after a tortuous N.E. 
 course, enters an inlet of the Arctic Ocean in lat. 67° 7' 31" 
 N.. Ion. 94° 39' 45" W. 
 
 GREAT'FORD, or GRET/FORD, a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 GREAT'HAM, a parish of Engl.-md. co. of Durham, 6^ 
 miles N.N.E. of Stockton-on-Tees, on the railway thence to 
 Hartford. The hospital of ''God in Greatham." founded and 
 endowed with the manor by a bishop of Durham, in 1272. 
 now supports a master, chaplain, and 13 brethren. It has 
 Terv handsome buildings and grounds beautifully laid out. 
 
 ORKATllAM. a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 GRE.\T1IAM. a parish of En'.;land. co. of Su.ssex. 
 
 GRE.*T HAM'LET. a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 GRKAT ISL.A.ND. the largest of the Furneaux Island.s, in 
 Bass' Strait, between Australia and Van Diemen's Land. Its 
 Length, fioni N.to S., 40 miles; bivadth, 12 miles. 
 
 GRK.^T ISLAND, the larirest island in Cork Harbor, Ire- 
 land. Length. 4J miles : breadth, 3 miles. Pop. 10.681. It 
 has a fertile soil, beautiful scenery, and many handsome 
 villas. 
 
 GRE.A^T ISLAND, an islet of Ireland, in Leinster. co.,and 
 3 miles N.E. of Wexford, on the N. side of Wexford Harbor. 
 
 GRKAT ISLAND, at the entrance of Portsmouth Harbor. 
 New Hampshire, near the S.W. side. On its E. point is a 
 fixed light., 90 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 3' 30" 
 N., Ion. 70° 43' W. 
 
 * Bedford, Berks, Backs (or Buckinghamshire,) Cambridge, 
 Chester (or Cheshire.) Cornwall, Cumberland, Dcrbv, Devon, 
 Dorset. Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hunts (or llampshi're,) Here- 
 ford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Lancaster, (or Lancashire.) 
 Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northamp- 
 ton, Nortbumbcrhind, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or 
 Shropshire.) Somerset, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, War- 
 wick, Westmoreland, Wilts, Worcester, and York. 
 
 t Anglesey. Brecon (or Brecknockshire.) Cardigan. Caermnr- 
 Ihen, Caernarvon. Denbigh. Flint, Ulamorgao, Merioneth, Mont- 
 gomery, Pembroke, and Buduor. 
 
 { Aberdeen, Argyle (or Argyll.) Avr, Banff, Berwick, Bute, 
 Caithni-s.i. Clackmannan. I)umh.irton, Dumfries. Edinburgh, El- 
 fin (or Mor.iy.) Fife, Forfar, llnddington, Inverness, Kincardine, 
 Kinroiis. Kirkcudbright. L.^nark. Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney, 
 and Shetland. Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty Box- 
 borgh, Bolkirk, Stirliag, SuthtrUod, and Wigtown. 
 180 
 
 GRE 
 
 GREAT KANAWHA, (kj-naw'wa,) (called NEW RIVER 
 in the upper part of its course.) a'river of North Carolina 
 and Virginia, has its sources in Ashe county of the for- 
 mer stiite, between the Blue Ridge and the Iron .Moun- 
 tain. Flowing N.E., it enters Virginia, and breaks through 
 the Iron Mountain on the N. torder of Grayson county. 
 -■Vfter crossing Pulaski county, it assumes a N.W. course, and 
 traverses several ridges of the Alleghany chain, known by 
 the local names of Walkei-'s. Peter's, and Greenbrier MouD 
 tains. Below the pjissage of the latter ridge, the river tiowii 
 through Fayette county to the mouth of Gauley River, 
 which enters it from the right. The Kanawha here attains 
 a width of 500 yards, and takes the name of the Gre.nt Ka- 
 nawha. The fells, which occur about two miles l)elow the 
 junction, are somewhat remarkable for picturesque beauty, 
 and form the limit of navigation. The whole stream is pre- 
 cipitated over a ledge of rocks 22 feet in height. Coritinu- 
 ing a N.W. course, the river flows through a hilly region 
 abounding in salt springs and stone coal, pa.sses by Charles- 
 ton, and enters the Ohio at Point Ple;isant. Above the 
 mouth of Gauley River, it bears the local name of New 
 River. The whole length is estimated at 400 miles, and the 
 area drained, including its affluents, according to Darby, is 
 10,800 square miles. It is navigated by st«aml)oats iu all 
 stages of water, from its mouth to the tJsdls at Gauley Bridge, 
 a distance of more than 100 miles. 
 
 GREAT MILLS, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Marvland. 
 
 GREAT OGEECHEE RIVER. See Oqeechke. 
 
 GREAT OHOOPEE RIVER. See Ouoopee. 
 
 GREAT (or SAN'DY) POINT, the N. extremity of Nan- 
 tucket Island, Ma.ssachusetts. It contains a fixed light 70 
 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 23' 20" N., Ion. 
 70° 3' W. 
 
 GRE.\T POND, a post-office of Hancock co.. Maine. 
 
 GREAT SALT LAKE, Utah Territory, is situated on the 
 margin of the Great Ikisin, more than 500 miles from the 
 Pacific; being Intersected by the 41st parallel of N. latitude, 
 and between the 112th and 113th meridians of W. lontritude. 
 Length, alxiut 70 miles : breadth, about 30 uiiles. The sui- 
 fece of this lake is 4'200 feet above the level of the sea. Its 
 waters are a saturated solution of common salt. Utah Lake, 
 di.'stant SS miles in a S.E. direction, is connected with the 
 Great Salt Liike by the Utah or Jordan River. The waters 
 of this lake are fresh. 
 
 GREAT SALT LAKE, city and county. See S.alt L\kk. 
 
 (iREAT SLAVE LAKE. (Vr. Luc tie LEsclui-e, lak deh 1^\. 
 kliv', "Lake of the Slave.") an extensive lake of British 
 North .\morica. situated between lat. 60° 40' and (>i' N., and 
 Ion. 109° 30' and 117° 30' W. The shape is very irregular, 
 Length from E. to W., 300 miles ; greatest breadth. 50 miles. 
 The' shores, ou its X. side especially, aie precipitous and 
 rugged, and it contains many rooky and wooded islands. 
 It receives from the N.E. the surplus waters of Aylmer and 
 Artillery Liikes. and from the S. those of Lake Athal>a.sca 
 by the Slave River; it dischai-ges its own. by the Mackenzie 
 River into the Arctic Oce.iu. It is wholly frozen over foi 
 six months of the vear. 
 
 GREAT SLAVE RIVER, of British North America, formed 
 by the Peace River, after it is joined by Stony River from 
 Liike Athabasca. It enters Great, Slave Lsiko on its S. side, 
 by two mouths, ne.ar Fort Resolution. Total courjse. 300 
 miles. The shores, in many parts, are well wooded. In ita 
 upper part it is interruptt-d by rapids aud falls; its lower 
 course is thromrh an alluvi.al region. 
 
 GREAT SOUTH BAY. New York, on the S. side of Long 
 Island, is about 50 miles long, and from half a mile to 5 
 miles wide. It is partly sepamted from the ocean by Great 
 .South Beach, which is between 30 and 40 miles long, having 
 Fii'e Island Liirht-house on its W. end. 
 
 GRE.\T VALLEY, a post-village and township of Catta- 
 raugus CO., New York, at the junction of a creek of the .=ame 
 name with the Alleghany River, where the former is cros.sed 
 by the New York and Erie Railroad, 49 miles S. E. of Dun- 
 kirk. "I'he Indian Reserve, in which the village is situated, 
 is about 30 miles long and 1 mile wide, lying ou lioth sides 
 of the Alleghany River, The reserve belongs to the Seneca 
 Indians, of whom there are about 7(X). The nailroad passe* 
 through it for about 12 miles. Pop. 15'25. 
 
 G R EAT W A LL. See Chl^a, page 445, Bistnry. 
 
 GRE.\T W KSTKl'.N. a post-villaire of Armstrong co.. Penn- 
 sylvani.1, on the Alleghany River, about 212 miles W.N.W, 
 of Harrisburg, is the sesit of extensive iron-works. The 
 name of the post-ofliee is Brady's Bend. 
 
 GREAT WORKS, a post-village of Penobscot CO., M.-iioe, 
 on the Penobscot River, about SO miles E. of .\ugusta. 
 
 G UEAT'WORTH. a parish of Ensland. co.of Northampton. 
 
 GREBE, grAeh. or GRIFT, grift, a small river of Holland, 
 falling into the lUiiiie '1 miles E. of lUienen. 
 
 (iREBENSTEIN, grilrt>?u-RtIne\ a town of Germany, in 
 Hi'sse-Cassel. province of Nieder-Hes.=en, on the railwa.N from 
 Eisenach to K.irlshafen. 11 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop, 
 ■2455. It has an .active linen trade. 
 
 G K ECI A or O K EC E. See G R tE<K. 
 
 GREDING, grA'ding, a bmall town of Bavaria, ol mile« 
 S.S.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1075. 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 GREECE, gr&8, (Or. 'EXXaj. Hellas; L. Gra^cia ; Fr. Grice, 
 grAs or c:r5s; Sp. Oreci'd, frri'the-3; It. Grecia, griV'che-d; 
 uer. Cr?-jec7(C»Z(mt<, gree'Ken-linr; Arab, and Turk. Noom.)a. 
 kingdom in the S.E. of Europe, between Lit. 3<j° 23' and S9° 
 13' X.. Ion. 20'^ 45' and 20° E.. separated from Turkey on the 
 N. by an irregular line whirh stretehos between the Gulf of 
 Art<i, on the W.. and the Gulf of Volo on the E., in the direc- 
 tion of Mount Othrys; and bounded on all other .xides by 
 the .sea — the Ionian Sea on the W.. the Mediterranean proper 
 on the S.. and the /Egean Sea on the E. It consists partly of 
 mainland, and partly of islands. The mainland forms two 
 peninsulas, united only by the naiTOW Isthmus of Corinth, 
 one calltd Northern Greece or Liviidia; and the other the 
 I'eloponuesus or Jlorea. The islands are chiefly on the K. 
 and S.E. 15y far the largest is EulxBa or Negropont, sepa- 
 rated from the mainland of Livadia by the narrow channel 
 of Euiipus. The otherislands form three principal groups : — 
 The North Sporades, on the N.E. of Negropont, including 
 Skiatho (Sciathus.) Kilidromi (Ilalonnesus.) Skopelo (Scope- 
 los.) andSkyros(Scyros:) the We.st Sporades, chiefly in the 
 Gulf of ^Tilgina, or between it and the Gulf of N'auplia, in- 
 clyding Hydra (Hydrea,) SpezzLa, I'oros. /Egina or Egiua, 
 and SalamisorKolourl ; and the whole of the Cyclades, with 
 the exception of Scio, Samos, I^esbos. and some i.slands on 
 the coast of Asia Minor, which still belong to Turkey. The 
 Cyclades are divided into three groups — a N., a middle, and 
 a W. group. The N. group includes Andro (Andros.) Tino 
 (Tenos.) Miconi (Myeonus,) Syi-a (Syros.) Thermia (Cythnos.) 
 Zea (Ceos.) and Serpho (Seriphos;) the middle — Naxia 
 (Naxos.) I'aro (Pares,) Nio (los,) Sikino (Sicinos,) I'olican- 
 dro (Pholegandrqp,) Milo (Melos,) Argentiera (Cimolos,) and 
 Siphanto (Siphnos;) and the S. — Amorgo, Stampalia {.\sty- 
 palasa.) Anaphi (Anaphe,) and Santorini(Thera.) Area esti- 
 mated at 1S,5(10 square miles. Pop. in 1801, 1,096,810. 
 
 Phrisical FeMurrs. — On looking at the map of Greece, the 
 first thing which strikes the eye is the comparatively vast 
 extent of its coast line, formed by numerous gulfs, which 
 penetrate into it in all directions, and give it a remarkably 
 broken and ragged appearance. Proceeding round the coast, 
 from the ^'.^V. to the X.E., we are presented in succession 
 ■with the Gulfs of Arta, Patras, continued inland by that of 
 Corinth, Arcadia, Koron, Kolokythia or Marathon, Xaupli.a, 
 .35gina, Zeitoun or Lamia, and the channels of Talanti and 
 irich'.'ri. Another remarkable feature is the mountain- 
 ous character of the interior. The range of the Pindus, 
 which in the N. is linked to the Dinaric Alps, proceeds S., 
 and. on reaching the X. frontiers of Greece, divides into nu- 
 meroi's minor chains, which, with their ramifiaitions, ex- 
 tend over the whole length and breadth of the country, and 
 cover the far greater part of its surface, leaving little inter- 
 mediate space for valleys and plains. The principal branch, 
 Btretcliiug E. and W. along the X. frontier, attains, in Velu- 
 chi, near the sources of the EUada, and in Cheledonia, near 
 Karpenitza. heights varying from 7000 to 8000 feet. Farther 
 E., in the chain of (Eta, is Mount Guiona, 8240 feet, the cul- 
 minating point of Greece. Another branch, stretching in 
 an E.S.E. direction towards Attica, forms the celebrated 
 range of Parnassus, which, in Liakhura. its loftiest summit, 
 exceeds 80U0 feet. Other summits, continued in the same 
 direction, though more distinguished for their classic cele- 
 brity than their elevation, attain, in Cithferon, Parnes, Pen- 
 telicus, and llymettus, the respective heights of 4030. 4040, 
 3640, and 3oV0 feet. Another range, to the N. of the former, 
 and nearly parallel to it, sti-otehes longitudinally through 
 the island of Eubcea, and in the Delphi Mountains, not far 
 from the X.E. coast attains the height of 5400 feet. Several 
 other summits of this range exceed 300O feet. Quitting 
 North Greece, a branch from Mount Cithieron proceeds 
 across the Isthmus of Corinth into the Morea,and stretches 
 over it in all directions. Many of the summits exceed 5000 
 feet: and Taygetus, W. of ancient Sparta, forming part of the 
 range which extends S. to the extremity of the More:i. at- 
 tains in its culminating point, Makryno or St. Elias, 7829 
 feet. 
 
 The rock most largely developed in the mountains of 
 Greece is limestone, where it often assumes the form of the 
 finest marble, and has been extensively used both for build- 
 ings and statuary. To the E. of Attica, mica slate occurs in 
 connection with the limestone : and is also seen in the moun- 
 tains, both of the S.E. and X.W. of the Morea. Granite and 
 fneiss are found only in the N., in the E. r.amifications of 
 he Piudus. Tertiary formations prevail in the N.E. of the 
 Morea: and in the N.W.. along the .shores of Elis, are con- 
 siderable traits of alluvium. Volcanic rocks are not seen on 
 the mainland, but form considerable masses in some of tlie 
 Islands; one of which, Santorini, is indeed only a recently- 
 v»xtinct volcano. In addition to marble and limestone, 
 already mentioned, the minerals include traces of gold, ar- 
 gentiferous lead, copper, lignite, sulphur, saltpetre, alum. 
 asbestos, millstones, whetstones, serpentine, fullers' and 
 porcelain earth. 
 
 Hirers. t£c. — Owing to the nature of the surface, the rivers 
 are more remarkable for their number than for their import- 
 ai«e. The largest is the Aspropotamo, (anc. Ac/teMus.) 
 which, rising in Albania, on the W. slope of the Pindus, en- 
 
 ters Greece in lat. 39° 9' X.. and falls into the Ionian Sea oppo- 
 site to the isle of Ithaca. The others deserving of notice- 
 not so much on account of their importance as of the interest- 
 ing as.sociations connected w ith them— are the Ilellada or Sper- 
 chius, the Gavrioz or IJoeotian Cephissus. the Cephissus of 
 Attica, the llissus, all, likewi.se. in North Greece; and the 
 Ronphia or Alpheus, and the Eurotas, in the Morea. The 
 principal lakes are. in North Greece, the Topolias or Copais, 
 Vrachori. Ambrakia, and Ozeros; and in the Morea, the 
 lagoons of Agolinitza, Kaiapha, and Muria, fiimous for their 
 tisheries. 
 
 Climate. — This Is mild, but vari:ible. In general, the first 
 snow falls in October, and the last in April. In the lower 
 grounds it often becomes six inches deep, but melts quickly 
 away; and winter, properly so called, cannot be considered 
 as lasting beyond two months. Summer is extremely warm. 
 The thermometer often rises above 100°; and tlie heat would 
 become .almost insupportible, were it not greatly modified by 
 breezes from the sea. The air is then reniaikably clear, 
 and a month will sometimes pass away without a cloud 
 being seen. Rains become frequent and cfjpious towards the 
 end of harve.st: and the streams, which had l)een diied up, 
 not only fill their ch.innels, but freiiuently overflow them, 
 and lay considerable tracts under water. In this way, .stag- 
 nant pools and marshes are occasionally formed : and. as the 
 heat increases, the va]X)rs arising from them become almost 
 pestilential, and intermittent fevers prevail. Even the 
 plague h;is sometimes made its appearance; but. on the 
 whole, there cannot be a doubt that few countries in the 
 world 'can boast of a climate better adapted for the vigorous 
 development both of animal and vegetable life. 
 
 Vegelatinn, Agriculture., dv. — Beyond the height of 5500 
 feet, vegetation is almost confined to wild alpine plants. 
 Below this height, magnificent forests, principally of pine, 
 with a considerable mixture of hard wood, including oak, 
 clothe the sides and summits of the mountains. Still lower 
 down, both the chestnut and walnut are fre<iuently met 
 with : but it is not till we descend to a height not exceed- 
 ing 1500 feet, that the full force of vegetation is displayed. 
 The extensive zone reaching fi-om this height to the level 
 of the sea constitutes the proper agricultural range, and ex- 
 hibits as great a variety of valuable cultivated trees, shrubs, 
 and plants as is to be found within the same limits on aiiy 
 other portion of the earth'.s surface. All the fruits of the 
 latitude — fig.s, almonds, dates, oranges, citrons, melons, &c. — 
 are grown in abundance, and of excellent quality. The 
 vine al.so grows vigorously. Another article, the rearing of 
 which attracts considerable attention is the currant. Both 
 the soil and the climate are alike favorable to the culture 
 of the olive; and amid all the changes to which the country 
 has been subjected, the favor with which it was regarded in 
 the earliest times has never been withdrawn, but still con- 
 tinues unabated. The culture of the mulberrj-. for the pro- 
 duction of silk, has recently been greatly extended, and 
 already promises important results. 
 
 Owing to the mountainous nature of the counti-y. the ara- 
 ble land is of limited extent, and much of the .soil is of a 
 thin, and by no means fertile nature. Even under a proper 
 system of agriculture, the produce, in such circumstances, 
 could not be abundant; and hence it is ea.sy to understand 
 how, under a system so antiquated, that the plough in u.se 
 differs in no respect from that which Ilesiod descrilied .3000 
 years ago, the grain raised barely suflices for two-thirds of 
 the consumption. The principal crops are wheat, barley, and 
 maize. The domestic animals are neither numerous nor of 
 good breeds. As.ses are almost the only beasts of burden 
 employed ; and the only animals fi-om which d:iiiy produce 
 is obtained are the sheep and the goat. 
 
 M.mitfactures and Commerce. — Manufactures are extremely 
 limited, and are chiefly confined to clothing and other arti- 
 cles of domestic use, which can be prepared at home by the 
 females, or at spare hours by the males. In some of the 
 large towns, however, the weaving of woollen, cotton, and 
 silk tissues, forms the regular employment of mrtny of the 
 inhabitants, and to them may be added embroidery in gold, 
 .silver, silk, and cotton; earthenware, leather, harness, cut- 
 lery, and firearms. But unquestionably the most in)portant 
 branch of manufacturing industry is shipbuilding, which is 
 carried on to a considerable extent on various points of the 
 coast and on many of the islands. Some of the vessels con- 
 stru<:ted are from 600 to 700 tons register, a much larger 
 number between 300 and 400 tons, but the great majority 
 are mere boat« of from 6 to 7 tons. The whole have been 
 roughly estimated at 4000 vessels, measuring 150,000 tons, 
 and employing 30.000 seamen. 
 
 The foreign commerce of Greece is extensive, having ad- 
 vanced with wonderful rapidity since the independence of 
 the country was established. It consists of three principal 
 branches — the corn trade of the Black Sea and Alexandria, 
 carried on on an extensive scale wherever open markets can 
 be found, but chiefly with Turkey, Italy. Spain. France, and 
 England ; the export trade of the countries bordering the 
 Levant, principally to London, Trie.st. and Marseilles; and 
 the import of the cotton and woollen manufactures of En^ 
 land and Germany, into Greece, Turkey, and Persia. In 
 
 781 
 
GRE 
 
 GRB 
 
 egstA to the Ust branch, the peculiar advantages which the 
 rfreeks possess, in their knowledge of the language, and ae- 
 juaintance with the habits and wants of the people of these 
 countrii'S, have given them almost a complete monopoly. 
 Even the English, who have long tried to compete with 
 them, have b^un to find it hopeless. The trade with the 
 United States is considerable, and increasing; 924 vessels 
 sailed for that country In 1852. In 1851, 534 Greek vessels, 
 (tons 112,438.) having as cargoes 162.963 quarters of wheat, 
 312,835 of Indian corn, 5232 of Ijarley, 927 of rapesced 17,616 
 hundred-weights of tallow, and 423,799 pieces of staves, 
 miled down the Danut* from the two ports of Oalatz and 
 Brahilov, (Ibnihil.) The principal exports of Greece are 
 ^aloni.i, oil, emery stone, silk, dried figs, currants, raisins, 
 honey, wax, madder, Ac The imports, cotton, woollen, and 
 silk goods; colonial produce, indigo and other dyes, iron 
 and other metals, hardware, earthenware, corn, &c. 
 
 Government and P.nplf.. — The government is a hereditary 
 monarchy, established, in the line of Prince Otho of Bava- 
 ria, under the express condition that the crown can never 
 be united with that of Bavaria, or with any other. As first 
 drawn up by the allied powers, the monarchy was nearly 
 absolute; but, in 1844. important modifications were made, 
 and a constitution gr.auted. By it, the executive power be- 
 longs solely to the king ; the legislative body jointly to the 
 king, a senate, and a representative chamlier. The Greek 
 Church alone is establi.shed. and is governed by 10 bishops, 
 but all other forms of religion enjoy toleration. Justice is 
 administered, on the basis of the French civil code, by a 
 supreme court, which has its seat at Athens; twd royal 
 courts, one at Athens, and another at Nauplia ; 10 courts of 
 primaiy resort, one in e;»ch of the principal towns; and 3 
 courts of commerce, one each at Syra, Patras, and Xauplia. 
 The public revenue, derived chiefly from the rent of national 
 property, the produce of forest.s. indirect and direct taxation, 
 was estimated, in 1850, at 20,670,285 drachme, ($3,342,880.) 
 The army is estimated at about 9ii00 men ; the navy consists 
 of a few armed 8.iiling vessels. Otho h.-iving been deposed in 
 October, 1862, the people offered the crown to a son of the 
 King of Denmark, who began to reign in 1863, with the title 
 of George I. The population, including the Ionian islands, 
 1,326,000, contains a considerable intermixture of foreign 
 stocks, among which the Albanese are the most numerous; 
 but the greiit majority, though not without some taint in 
 their blood, are of the genuine Greek extraction, and, both 
 in physical and mental features, bear a marked resemblance 
 to their celebrated forefathers. 
 
 By the enactment of .June 'i2, 1838, Greece was politically 
 divided into 24 departments or governments, and 7 sub-de- 
 partments or governments; but in the end of 1845 it wag 
 resolved to revert to the arrangement established April 15, 
 l&JS, accoi-ding to which the country is divided into 10 
 Domes or noniarchies. and 49 eparchies^r diocesns: — 
 
 Uvsdla, or Kortbern 
 Greece 
 
 Names. 
 
 Actiea aod Roeotla. 
 
 Phocis and Pluhiotes.. 
 Acuruauia and.£tolia.. 
 Kuboea or Xegropont.. 
 Argolis and Corinth . . 
 Arcadia 
 
 Messenia 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Athens. 
 
 Suhna. 
 
 Vrachorl. 
 
 Chalcis. 
 
 Nauplia. 
 
 Tripoliiza, 
 
 Sparta. 
 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Patraa. 
 
 Hermopolis. 
 
 Hiftnr}!. — The early history of Greece, like that of all an- 
 cient nations, is involved in great uncertiiinty. The origi- 
 nal inhabitant's, consisting of various tril.ies, now generally 
 classed under the common name of Pelasgi, were gradually 
 expelled or driven into inaccessible fa.stuesses by the Hel- 
 lenes, apparently a people from the Kast, who are said to 
 have first arrived in the year B.C. lo84. Some centuries 
 later. Greece is found divided into a number of independent 
 states, in all of which, with the important exception of 
 Sparta, a republican form of government was established. 
 The ambitious aims and mutual jealousies of these states 
 led to almost incessant warfare, till the appearance of a 
 foreign oppressor, in the person of the King of Persia, when 
 they were obliged to bury their animosities, aud unite in one 
 general league, as the only means of saving their indepen- 
 dence. The first great little, fought at Maratbjn, B. c. 490, 
 was only the commencement of a series of glorious victories, 
 which resulted in the complete discomfiture of the I'ersian.s, 
 and left them no inclination to renew their aisgrcssions. The 
 epoch embraring the next century and a half, ^480-;i36 B. c) 
 is the most illustrious in Grecisin annals. During this period, 
 all its greatest writers, orators, sculptors, and architects ap- 
 peared; and it was not only able to repel attackjj on its own 
 lndep<'ndence. but to assume the offensive, and enrich its 
 treasury with foreign spoils. As usual, wealth iuti-oduced 
 luxury: and the progress of degeneracy, once begun, ad- 
 vanced with fearful rapidity. The jealousies and enmities 
 of the different states revived, and while the Greeks were 
 wasting their energies in acts of mutual oppression, Alexan- 
 der of Macedou made himself al>solute master of the desti- 
 niev of their country. After Alexander's death, «ad the disso- 
 7ti2 
 
 lution of his empire, the power of the Macedoni.an sovereigns 
 continued permanent in Greece tjll the Komau conquest, 
 B. c. 146. The ejirly spirit of independence which hail ani- 
 mated the Greeks appeared to be now completely broken, 
 and they were ready to be handed over from master to mas- 
 ter without even the semblance of a struggle. The crown- 
 ing disaster commenced a. d. 143S, when the Turks first 
 obtained a footing. A long series of exterminating wars en- 
 sued, during which the Venetians and Turks contended fbr 
 the mastery. The latter ultiniiitely prevailed. A period of 
 the grossest misrule and oppression followed ; but, in 1821, 
 when degradation seemed to have reached its lowest jxis-sible 
 limit, a strong i-eaction commenced, a new spirit beiran to 
 I appear, and the Greeks, as if throwing off their lethargy, 
 declared their determination to be free. A protracted strug- 
 gle took place, but the issue was still doubtful, when 
 foreign powers interfered, and compelled the Turks, in 1S29, 
 
 ] to acknowledge Greece as an independent state. Adj. and 
 
 j Inhab. Greek and Grecian, gree'.shan. (Fr.GRECorGr.EccjCE, 
 ' grJk or graik; It. Greco, gri'ko; Sp.GRiEGO, gre-i'go; Ger. 
 Urieche, gree'Kgh.) 
 
 GREECE, a post-township of Monroe eo.. New York,jnn 
 Lake Ontario, 6 miles X.N.W. of Rochester. It is bjunded 
 on the E. by Genesee River, intersected in the S. by the Erie 
 Canal, and on the Lake side are three inlets setting up into 
 it called respectively Duck Pond, Long Pond, and Braddock'g 
 Bay. The village of Charlotte, at the mouth of Geneser 
 River, is the shipping port for the collection district of Gene- 
 see, of which Itochester is the port of entry. The township 
 also contains the villages of Hauford"s, and Adams"s Basin. 
 Pop. 4149. 
 
 GREEJEE, a town of Dahomey. See Gregapojee. 
 
 GREEK. See Greece. 
 
 G REE'LAXD DEPOT, a postoflSce of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 GREEN, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering 
 on Illinois, has an area of about (iOO square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Pekatonica and Sugar Rivers. The surface 
 is much broken by hills of moderate height, capable of 
 being cultivated to their summits. The S. part consists 
 chieliy of prairie, and the other portions are rather sparsely 
 timbered. The soil is productive. L«ad mines are worked 
 in several parts of the county, with some profit, liimestone 
 is the principal rock. Capital, Monroe. Pop. 19,808. 
 
 GREEN, a township in Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1645. 
 
 GREEN, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 251.3. 
 
 GREEN, a township in Summit co., Ohio. Pop. 1SS5. 
 
 GREEN, a township in Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 7.04. 
 
 GREEN, a township in Morgan CO., Indiana. Pop. 1318. 
 
 GREEN, a township in Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 113.5. 
 
 GRI;EN, a township in St. Josepli co., Indiana. Pop. 958. 
 
 GREEN, a township in Wayne co.. Indiana. Pop. 1319. 
 
 GRKEN, a township in Piatt co., Missouri, 
 
 GREEN BANK, a post-village of Burlington co.. New Jer- 
 sey, on Mullica River, 35 miles S.S.E. of Mount Holly. It 
 has a glass factory, and is a place of resort in the summer 
 season. 
 
 GREEN BANK, a post-office of Pocahontas co.,W.yirginia. 
 
 GREEN B.\Y, a large arm or l)ay on the W. side of Lake 
 Slichigan, forming a part of the boundary between Wi.scon- 
 sin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. It is above 100 
 miles long, and from 15 to 35 broad. The appellation Green 
 has been given to it in consequence of its great depth, 
 which is said to exceed 500 feet. 
 
 GREEN B.\Y, a post-office of Prince Edward co., Virginia. 
 
 GREEN B.\Y, a small post-village of Des Moines co.. Iowa. 
 
 GREEN BAY, a post-village in Lee co., Iowa, near the 
 Mississippi River, 80 miles S. by E, of Iowa City. 
 
 GREEN B.\Y, a flourishing city, the capital of Brown 
 CO., Wisconsin, is situated on the right bank of the Neeuah 
 or Fox River, at its mouth, aud exactly at the head of Green 
 Bay, 114 miles N. of Milwaukee, and 120 miles N.E. of Madi- 
 son. The town has a beautiful situation, aud contains many 
 sp.acious warehouses, fine churches, and elegant residences. 
 The bay and river afford a perfectly secure harbor, and the 
 largest'steamers of the great lakes stop here, making this 
 the principal entrepot for the imports and exports i>f North 
 Wisconsin. The improvement of the river by dams, which 
 is now completed, has opened uninterrupted steam naviga- 
 tion from Green Bay to the Missis>ipi)i River. The sur- 
 rounding region contains extensive forests of pine, from 
 wliich large quantities of lumber are exported. Greiii Bay 
 contains 10 churches. 2 banks, 1 newspaper office, and sev- 
 eral manufactories. It is connected with Chicago (242 miles 
 distant) by the Chicago and Northwestern Rjiilroad. On 
 the opposite side of the river stands Fort Howard, a tiiriving 
 village. Pop. in 1860, 2275 ; in 1865, about 4000. 
 
 GREEX'BOROUGH, a post-village of Oswego co.. New 
 York, 170 miles W.N.W. of Albanv. 
 
 GREEN BOTTOM, a post-office of Cabell co., W.Virginia. 
 
 GREEN BOTTOM, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee. 
 
 GREEN'BRIER, a county in the S.E. part of West Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 880 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Greenbrier River, from which it derives its name. The sur- 
 face is mostly occupied by mountain ridges of the Alleghany 
 
GRB 
 
 GRE 
 
 system and the interrening valleys. One of the former is 
 called Greenlji ler Mountain. The mean height of the arable 
 land is estimated at 1600 feet above the sea. The White Sul- 
 phur Springs of this county is the most celebrated water- 
 ing-place of Virginia. Formed in 1777. Capital, Lewisburg. 
 Pop. 12,211, of wliom lOjbSu were free, and 1525 slavos. 
 
 GRKENBllIEK, u post-office of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 QREENBRTER MOUNTAIN, in Greenbrier and Poca- 
 hontas counties, in West Virginia, has an elevation of more 
 than 2000 feet. 
 
 GREENBRIER RIVER, of Western A'irglnia. rises at the 
 base of Greenbrier Mountain, in the N. part of Pocahontas 
 CO., flows south-westward, crosses Greenbrier co., and enters 
 the Kanawha or New River, on the border between Monroe 
 and Mercer counties. The whole length is probably 150 
 miles. The mean elevation of its valley is estimated at 
 1500 feet, as the mouth of the river has been found by mea- 
 surement to lie 13.)3 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 GREENBRIER RUN, a post-office of Doddridge co., W. 
 Virginia. 
 
 GREEN'BURG. a township of Westchester co.. New York, 
 on the Hudson River, 130 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 8929. 
 
 GREEN 'BUSH, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 on the E. side of Penobscot River, 20 miles N. by E. of Ban- 
 gor. Pop. 656. 
 
 GREENBUSII, a'post-village of Rensselaer co.. New York, 
 on the Hudson River, opposite Albany, is situated at the 
 terminus of the Western Railroad, the Hudson River Rail- 
 road, and the Troy and Gi eenbush Railroad. Steam-ferries 
 communicate with Albany. Greenbush township has been 
 divided into N. and E. Greenbush. Pop. 1899. 
 
 GREENBUSH, a post-office of Scott co., Mississippi. 
 
 GREENBUSH, a small village of Brown co., Ohio, about 
 90 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 GREENBUSH, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio. 
 
 GREENBUSH, a post-township in the N. part of Clinton 
 CO.. Michigan. Pop. 967. 
 
 GREEN'isUSH, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 GREENBUSH. a thriving post-village of Warren CO., Illi- 
 nois, about 87 miles N.W. of tjpringfield. 
 
 GREENBUSH. a post-village in Polk co., Iowa, about 110 
 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 GREE.VBUSH, a post-village of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, 
 on the railroad leading from Fond du Lac to Lake Michi" 
 gan. about 20 miles from each. It has water-power and 
 several mills. Pop about 300. 
 
 GREEN CAMP, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 748. 
 
 GREEN-CASTLE, green-kas'sel, a fort, harbor, coast- 
 guard, and fishing station of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Done- 
 gal, on the \V. entrance of Lough Foyle, 4 miles N.E. of 
 Moville. 
 
 GItEEN-CASTLE, a village of Ireland, co. of Down, in a 
 sheltered cove, on the N. side of Carlingford Bay, IJ miles 
 W.N.W. of Crautield Point. It has the ruins of a castle of 
 the De Burghs. 
 
 GKEEN'CASTLE, a flourishing post-village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the railroad from Chambersburg to Ila- 
 gerstown, 56 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. It is situated in a 
 rich and highly cultivated country, and is a place of con- 
 siderable business. Pop. 1399. 
 
 GREENCASTLE, a post-office of Fairfield CO., Ohio. 
 
 GREJiNCASTLK. a flourishing post-village, capital of Put- 
 nam CO., Indiana, is situated on the great line of railways 
 which ext«iid through the centre of Indiana E. and W., 40 
 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis, and 1 mile E. of the Eel 
 River. The Louisvillo, New Albany and Chicago Railroad 
 intersects the above mentioned road at this'point, which is 
 200 miles from Chicago. The town is beautifully situated 
 on high table-land, in a rich farming region. It is distin- 
 guished for the number and excellence of its institutions of 
 learning. It contains 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offi- 
 ces, a county seminary, a female academy, and other high- 
 Bchools. and is the sesit of Asbury University. Laid out in 
 1822. Pop. in 1860, 2096. 
 
 GREEN CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Sandusky River a 
 few miles from its mouth. 
 
 GREEN CREEK, a postK)ffice of Cape May co.. New Jersey. 
 
 GREEN CREEK,a township of Sandusky CO.. Ohio. P. 1289. 
 
 GREENE, green, a county in the E.S.E, part of New York, 
 has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by the Hudson River, and is principally drained by Cats- 
 kill Creek and Schoharie River. The surface is rough 
 and broken, the Catskill Mountains passing nearly through 
 the centre. The valleys in some parts are extensive and 
 rich, but on the uplands and more elevated portions the soil 
 is of an inferior quality, or quite sterile. Named (as well as 
 those which follow) in honor of General Nathaniel Greene. 
 Capital, Catskill. Pop. 31,930. 
 
 GREENE, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Virginia, contains 600 square miles. 
 The Monongahela River bounds it on the E., and it is al.so 
 drained by Wheeling. Dunkard's, and Ten Mile Creeks. 
 The surfiice is hilly, and cut into deep ravines by the 
 water-courses. The soil is generally fertile, being based on 
 
 alternating strata of sandstone, shale, and limestone. Kfch 
 mines of bituminous coal are found in manv parts of the 
 county. Formed in 1790. having been previously included 
 iu Washington county. Capital, Waynesburg. Pop. 24,343. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the E. central part of Virginia, has 
 an area of 230 .square miles. The Rapidan River forms the 
 boundary on the N.E. The surfitce is diversified by high 
 ridges and valleys, a part of the county lying on the SIE. 
 declivity of the Blue liidge. The soil of the valleys is fei^ 
 tile. Organized In 1838. Capital, Stanardsville. Pop. 5022, 
 of whom 3038 vero free, and 1984 slaves. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the E. central part of North Caro- 
 lina ; area estimated at 280 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Contentny Creek, (navigable for flat-boats,) an affluent 
 of Neuse River. The surfiice is level ; the soil is generally 
 fertile. Marl is found in .several places. Capital, Snow 
 Hill. Formed in 1791. and first called Glasgow ; the pre- 
 sent name was adopted in 1799. Pop. 7925, of whom 3978 
 were free, and 3947 slaves. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 374 square miles. It is traversed from N. to 
 S. by the Oconee River, which afterwards flows along its 
 S.W. border. The Appalachee River forms the boundary on 
 the S.W. until it enters the Oconee: and the Ogeechee 
 River ri.ses in the county. The surface is hilly; the soil 
 was originally productive, but much of it is said to be worn 
 out. The county is intersected by the Georgia liailroad. 
 Capital, Greensborough. Pop. 12,6i52, of whom 4254 were 
 free, and 8398 slaves. 
 
 GREENE, a county In the W. part of Alabama, has an 
 area of 990 square miles. It is intersected by the Black 
 Warrior River, and Ixmnded on the S.W. by the'Tombigbee. 
 The soil is exceedingly fertile, and mostly occupied by plan- 
 tations of cotton and maize. In 1850 this county pioduced 
 1.. 336,144 bushels of Indi,an corn, the greatest quantity rai.sed 
 inanyonecountyof thestate. Several Artesian wells furnish 
 motive-power for mills. Greene county is one of the most 
 populous in the state, and is probably not surjiassed by 
 many in wealth. Capital, Eutaw. Pop. 30,859, of whom 
 7261 w^ere free, and 23,598 slaves. 
 
 ■ GREENE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Mississippi, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 830 square 
 miles. It is watered by the Chickasawha and Leaf Rivers, 
 which unite in the S. part, and f jrm the I'ascagoula. The 
 soil is rather inferior. It is int<>rsected by the Mobile and 
 Ohio Railroad. Capital, Leakesville. Pop. 2232, of whom 
 1527 were free. 
 
 GREENE, a county forming the N.N.E. extremity of Ar- 
 kansas, and bordering on Missouri, con tains about 900 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Cache, and on the 
 E. by St. Francis River. Capital, Gainesville. Pop. oS43 
 of whom 5654 were free. 
 
 GREENE, a county iu the E. p-art of Tennes.see. bouder- 
 ing on North Carolina; area estimated at 750 square miles. 
 The French Brosid River forms its S.W. Imundary, and the 
 Nolachucky flows through the county. The surface is diver- 
 sified by high ridges and fertile valleys. Extensive niiTies 
 of iron ore are worked in the county. It is traver.=ed bv the 
 East Tennessee Railroad. Capital, Greenville. Pop. 19,004, 
 of whom 17,707 were free. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the S. central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 525 8i|uare miles. It is intersected 
 by Green River, (navigable by steamboats,) and also drained 
 by Barren Fork, and by Russell's, Robinson's, Jleadow, and 
 Pitman's Creeks. The surface is generally undulating and 
 hilly. The soil, ba.sed on cavernous limestone, is produc- 
 tive. Salt is procured from springs in this county. Lime- 
 stone of good quality is abundant. Capital, Greensburg. 
 Pop. 8806, of whom 6434 were free, and 'Z'dl'J, slaves. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area 
 of 432 square miles. It is intersected by Mad and Little 
 Miami Rivers, and also drained by Caesar's and ilassey's 
 Creeks. The soil Ls clayey, and very' productive. Good 
 limestone is abundant, and a quarry of variegated marble 
 has been opened near Xenia. It is intersected by the Lit- 
 tle Miami Railroad, and two other railroads terminate at 
 Xenia, the capital of the county, connecting it with Cincin- 
 nati, Columbus, &c. Pop. 26,197. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the W.S.W. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 540 square miles. It is watered by the West Fork of 
 White River. The surface is diver.sified by praiiies. oak- 
 openings, and forests. Iron ore and bituminous coal are 
 abundant and easily procured. The M'abash and Erie 
 Canal has lately been completed through this county. The 
 river affords extensive water-power. Capital, Bloomfield. 
 Pop. 16,041. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 500 square miles. The Illinois River, navigable by 
 steamboats, forms its entire boundary on the W., and 
 M.acoupin Creek on the S. ; it is drained by Apple Creek. 
 The soilis highly productive and well cultivated. The county 
 contains several beautiful upland prairies of small extent. 
 Stone coal is abundant. Capital, Carrollton. Pop. 16,093. 
 
 GREENE, a county in the S.S.W. part of Missouri, con- 
 tains about 725 square miles. The Niaiigvia, Pomnie de 
 
 7 So 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 Terre, and Sac Bivers. affluents of the Osatre. rise in the 
 Bounty, and flow towards the X. It is intersected hy James 
 Blver and Finley Creek, which flow south-westward, and 
 unite with White River of Arkansas. Limestone under- 
 lies a larjre part of the county, and lead ore i? fnind in it. 
 Capital. Springfield- Pop. 13,lSt>, of whom 11,518 were free, 
 and 1068 slaves. 
 
 GREENE, a new county in the W. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 000 square miles. It is intersected hy the 
 Racoon River, an atfluont of Des Moines River. The county 
 is mostlv prairie. It is not included in the census of 1860. 
 Pop. in i860, l:;74. 
 
 GREENE, a ixist-township of Androscoggin co., Maine, on 
 the Androscoggin river 41 miles N. by E. of Portland. 
 Pop. 1224. 
 
 GREENE, a post-village and township of Chenango co^ 
 New York, on the Chenango lliver, and on the cannl of that 
 name. alx)ut 5<i miles 8.S.E. of Syracuse. The village is a 
 thriving ]ilace, surrounded by a rich agricultural region, 
 and contains Presbyterian,Episcopal, Baptist, and Metiiodist 
 churches, a hank. 15 stores, and about 1200 inhaliitants. 
 One newspaper is published here. Population of the tow^n- 
 ■hip. 3809. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Sussex co.. New Jersey. P. 1023. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. P.2017. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Erie CO., Penns3ivania. Pop.1437. 
 
 GREENE,a township, FrankUnco., Pennsylvania. P.3443. 
 
 GREENE,a townsliip of Greene co., Pennsylvania. P.728. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Indiana co., Peimsylvania. P.l 603. 
 
 GREENE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Mercer CO., Pennsvlvania. P. 1188. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Pike co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 691. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1629. 
 
 GREENE, atownshipof Ashlanil co., Oliio. Pop. 1743. 
 
 GREENE,atownshipof Brown CO., Ohio. Pop. 1172. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Clark co., Ohio. Pop. 1386. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 2360. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Favette co.. Ohio. Pop. 826. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1343. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 4426. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Harrison co., Oliio. Pop. 1577. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1440. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Monroe co.. Ohio. Pop. 1400. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1990. 
 
 G REENE, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 1266. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Trumbull co.. Ohio. Pop. 797. 
 
 GREENE, a township of AVayne co., Ohio. Pop. 2.005. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 1076. 
 
 GREEN E, a township of Madison CO., Indiana. Pop. 709. 
 
 GREENE, a post-oflico of Capo Girardeau co., Missouri. 
 
 GREENE, a post-office of Bollinger CO.. Missouri. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Wapello Co.. Iowa. Pop. 1091. 
 •GREENE CORNER, a post-ottice of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 GREENES STORE, a iwst-oflico of Lawrence eo., Ohio. 
 
 GREEN'FIELD, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 25 Niles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. .359. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-township of Hillsborough co., New 
 Hampshire, 25 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. ^92. 
 
 GRKK.N'FIELD. a township of Rockingham co., New 
 Hamphshire. I'op. 730. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a bejiutiful post-village and township,capi- 
 tal of Franklin co.. Massachusetts, on the W. side of the 
 Connecticut, and on the Connecticut River Railmad. at the 
 terminus of a railroad from Boston via Fitchburg, aliout 
 100 miles W. by N. of Boston. A railroad is also in course 
 of construction to communicate with the railway systems 
 of New Yor.k at Albany and Troy. The Green River flows 
 through the township, affording water-power. The village 
 contains, besides the county buildings, 6 churches, a town- 
 house, large public and private schools, 2 banks, with a 
 capital of $500,000, a savings institution, an insurance com- 
 pany, and about 40 stores. One newspaper is published 
 here. On Green River Is an extensive cutlery estalilish- 
 ment, employing .300 operatives. There are also a foundry, 
 Bteam saw and planing-mill, the Greenfield Tool Factory, 
 in which are made a great variety of carpenter's planes, 
 and the Greenfield Manufacturing Oimpany, in whose mills 
 fine doeskin cassimeres are made. Pop. of" the township in 
 1860. 3198. 
 
 GREENFIELD, Connecticut. See Qreenfieib Hul. 
 
 GltEENFIELD. a township of Saratoga co.. New York, 9 
 miles N. from Ballston Spa. Pop. 2970. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-oflSce of Ulster eo.. New York. 
 
 GREEN Fl ELD.a township. BIairco..l'ennsvlvani«. P.1099. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-township of Erie co' Pennsylvania, 
 18 miles E. of Krie. Pop. 872. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a townshiD 
 Pop. 935. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a village of Pchuvlklll co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles E. hy N. of I'ottsville. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a" pogt-horousrh of Washington co., Penn- 
 ^Ivania. on the W. lank of the Monongahola River, about 
 
 /^ Lf^x- /V "*" '** '«''*''"!rton, the county seat. Pop. 370. 
 
 n ,r V,M '■?; ? ?°**'^ "'*Se of Nelson co., Virginia, 90 
 miles W.N. V\. of Richmond. 
 764 
 
 I township of Luzerne CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-oflSce of Barnwell district, Scntb 
 Carolina. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-office of Caldwell parish, lyouisiana 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-village of Sullivan co., Tennessee, 
 about 220 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. P. 2041. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1023. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a thriving post-village of Highland CO., 
 Ohio, on the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad. 75 milea 
 E.N.E. from Cincinnati. It is situated in a rich farming dis- 
 trict, and has an active trade. It contains an academy and 
 several churches. Pop. 1500. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a townshipof Huron Co., Ohio. Pop. 1223. 
 
 GREENFI ELD. a post-village, and capital of Hancock CO., 
 Indiana, on tlie Central Railroad, and on tlie National Eoad, 
 20 miles E, of Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, 4 
 churches, a county seminary. 1 newspaper office, a machine- 
 shop, and a steam flonring-niill. Pop, in 18C0, 744; in 1865, 
 about 1200. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Orangeco., Indiana. Popu- 
 lation, 1002. 
 
 GItKENFIELD, a thriving post^yillage and township of 
 Greene co., Illinois, 60 miles S.W. of Springfield. Popula- 
 tion, 1,599. 
 
 G REENFIELD. a township of Grundy co., Illinois. P. 53L 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-village, capital of Dade co., Mis- 
 souri, on the West Fork of Sac River. ' 
 
 GREENFIELD, a village of Shelby co., Missouri, near Fa- 
 bius River. 10(1 miles N.N.E. of Jefrirson City. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-village and township in the central 
 part of Milwaukee co., ANiscousin, S miles S.W. of Milwau- 
 kee City. Pop. 2491. 
 
 GREENFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Saratoga co., 
 New York, 36 miles N. by W, of Albany. 
 
 GREENFIELD HILL, or GREENFIELD, a beautiful post- 
 village in the N.W. part of Faii-field township. Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut 66 miles N.E. of New York. It is the scene of 
 Dr. Dwight's pnem of "Greenfield Hill." 
 
 GREENFIELD MILLS, a post-ofiice of Frederick co., Ma- 
 ryland. 
 
 GKEEN'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Middlessex. 
 
 GREEN'FORD, Mahoning co- Ohio. See Green Village. 
 
 GREEN GARDEN, a post-oflice of Will eo., Illinois. 
 
 GREEN GROVE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 GREEN GROVE, a po.st-office of Conway co., Arkansas. 
 
 GREENHALGH, greeuOiall, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 GREEN'H.\M. a chapelry of Ensland. co. of Berks. 
 
 GREEN HAVEN, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New YorTt. 
 
 GREEN'HE.AD, a village of England, co, of Northumber- 
 land, 3i miles W.N.W, of Haltwhistle. 
 
 GREEN HILL, a post-office of Chemung co.. New York. 
 
 GREEN HILL, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia. 
 
 GItF.EN HILL^ a post-office of Rutherford co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 GREEN IIILL, a post-office of Stewart co.. Georgia. 
 
 GREEN HILL, a post-office of I«iuderdale co.. Alabama. 
 
 GREEN HILL, a post-office of Wilson co„ Tennessee. 
 
 GREEN HlLLi a p(.st<iffice of Columbiana co.. Ohio. 
 
 G15EEN HILL, a villaire of Montgomery co., Mis.souri. 
 
 GliEEN'HITHE. a hamlet of England, co., of Kent, on the 
 Thames, 3 miles E.N.E. of Dartford. It consi.sts pf a main 
 street, and has a pier on the Thames, adjacent to which is 
 the elecaut mansion of Incress Abbey. 
 
 GREEN HOLM, one of the Shetland Isles, 10 miIesN.N.W. 
 of Ix^rwick. 
 
 GREENUOLM, two islets of the Orkneys, IJ miles S.W. 
 of Eday. 
 
 GREEN ISLAND, in Hudson Strait, British North Ame- 
 rica. 100 miles N.W. of Cap<! Chudleigh. 
 
 GREEN-ISL.4ND, in Russian America, at the entrance 
 of Prince William Sound. 
 
 GREEN-ISLAND, in .lamaica. off its W. coast, In Green- 
 Island Harbor. 8 miles S.W. of Lucea. 
 
 GREEN ISLAND, one of the Philippines; lat, 12° 3' N- 
 lon. 119° 49' E. 
 
 GREEN ISLAND, an island in the China Sea; lat. 43' 
 N., in a direct line between the Tambelan and the most E. 
 Saint Esprit Islands. 
 
 GREEN ISLAND, an island of Australia, on the N.E. const 
 of Trinity Bay; lat. 10° 40' S.. Ion. 145° 66' E. 
 
 GREEN ISLAND, a small island of North America, in 
 the St. Lawrence. 115 miles below Quebec; lat. 48° 3' 24" 
 i N., Ion, 69° 26' W, 
 
 I GREEN ISLANDS, two small i.slands in the China Son, 
 > on the S. coast of China, called by the Chinese. Tsang-Chpw, 
 I at the entrance to Bias Bay ; lat. 22° 22' N., Ion. 114° 40' E. 
 j GREEN KAY. See Cato Verde. 
 
 I GREEN LAKE,Wiscon8in,nearthecentreof GreenLaVe 
 CO. Length. alK)ut 8 miles; bre^idth, 2 miles. Its waters 
 are deep and very clesir. . 
 
 GREEN LAKE, a post-village and township m the IL 
 ' part of Green Lake Co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1242. 
 I GREEN LAND, (Dan. Greenland, or Grimland, gronlindj 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 an extensire region or island on the N.E. of North America, 
 beloiiijing to Denmark, and stretehinfj from Cape Farewell. 
 Its S. extreniitv. in lat. 59° 49' N., northward to about 80° 
 15' N., and extending between Ion. 20° and 75' W., haTini^ 
 W. Haffin's li.iy and Davis Strait, N. Peabody Bay and the 
 Arctic Ocean, and K. and S. the Atlantic. Pop. in 1851, 9+00. 
 all Ksquimaux. except about 250 Europeans. The surface 
 is generally hiuih. rocky, and barren: the elevated portions 
 are covered with eternal snow and glaciers, extending, in 
 many parts, to the seashores. But small quantities of corn, 
 potatoiis, and kitchen herbs are raised in the S. : and some 
 edible berries, with scattered birch, alder, and willow trees, 
 grasses, and lichens, grow wild; July is the only month in 
 which there is no snow. Extreme summer temperature, 
 59-^ Fahrenheit, winter, minus 40°, and in the X. the mercury 
 falls from 00° to 75° below zero; mean annual temperature 
 of North Greenland. 5° 2' Fahrenheit, the lowest ever re- 
 corded. The natives, or Esquimaux, are a peculiar race, 
 allied to the Mongolian fiimily, of short, squat st.iture and 
 dark skin, employed chiefly in fi.shing and neal-hunting. It 
 Is estira.ated tliat 1 100 of them have been converted to Chris- 
 tianity by the labors of mis.sionaries. The region was first 
 discovered by a Norwegian in 981, and soon after colonized 
 from Iceland. Davis rediscovered Greenland in 1587, and 
 in the seventeenth century the Danes re-establi.shed a com- 
 munication with the lost colony. In 1854, the United States 
 Expedition, under Dr. Kane, traced the W. coast of Greenland 
 to its nortViern fece, which they followed toward the Atlan- 
 tic till their progress was arrested by an immense glacier, 
 Issuing in t)0° W. Ion., and offering an impa.s.sal)le barrier to 
 future exploration.s. This stupendous glacier rises ^00 feet 
 in perpendicular face, and is supposed to be the only obsta- 
 cle to the insularity of Greenland. It was followed along 
 its ba.se in a direction nearly due N. for 80 miles, and found 
 to meiye into a hitherto unk'jown region, which the party 
 named Washington. The country is divided into N. and S. 
 inspectorates, separated by the Longfiord, in about lat. 70° 
 N. I« 1837, it comprised 38 European settlements and 2 
 missionarj' stations, mostly established on the W. coast. 
 Principal villages. Frederick's Harbor, Julian's Harbor, 
 'Dp:'rnavik. and Good Hope. 
 
 GRKEN'LA.ND, a post-township of Rockingham co.. New 
 n.impshire. on tlie Portsmouth and Concord Railroad, 43 
 miles E.S.E. of Cxincord. Pop. 762. 
 
 GREENLAND, a posf-ofHce of Covington co., Alabama. 
 
 GREENLAND DEPOT, a post-office of Rockingham co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 GREEN'L.^W, a town and parish of .Scotland, capital of 
 the CO. of Berwick, 18 miles VV.S.W. of Berwick-on-Tweed. 
 
 GIIEENI/KAF. a post-office of De Soto co., MissLssippi. 
 
 GREEN LEVEL, a post-ofRce, Southampton co., Virginia. 
 
 GREEN LEVEL, a post-village. Wake Co., North Carolina. 
 
 GREEN LOG, a small village of Pope CO., Arkansas. 
 
 GREEN .MEADOW, a po.stoflice of Jack.son CO., Ohio. 
 
 GREKN MiMJNT, a postroffice of Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 G KEEN .AIOUNT, a pnst-ofSce of Rockingham co.,Virginia. 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAIN, Penn.sylvauia, is situated near the 
 N. extremity of Schuylkill county. 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAINS, a range extending from near Now 
 Haven, in Connecticut, northward through Massachusetts 
 and Vermont into Canada. It attains its greatest elevation 
 in Vermont, to which it gives its name, (in French nwnti 
 vert:, or verts mnnts, i. e. " green mountains.") The highest 
 aijmmit. Mansfield, (North Peak,) rises about 4360 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Connell'a Peak, Shrewsbury Jlountain, 
 Mansfield South Peak, Killington Peak, and several others, 
 have an elev.ation of near 4900 feet above the sea. 
 
 GREEN 0.\K, a post-office of Fulton co., Indi.ana. 
 
 GREEN OAIv, a township, Living.ston co., Michigan. P.940. 
 
 GREEN'OCK, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 seaport-town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on the 
 S. side of the Frith of Clyde, 22^ miles W.N.W. of Glasgow, 
 with which it is connected bv railway. Lat. 55° 56' 64" N., 
 Ion. 4° 45' 15" W. Pop. of" borough, in 1S61, 42,100. It 
 stands chiefly on a level strip of land, but partly stretches 
 up an abrupt height commanding noble views. The town 
 is abundantly furnished with water for domestic purposes, 
 by reservoirs belonging to the corporation and the Shaws 
 Water Company. The latter, for the use of public works, 
 has also a large supply, by an aqueduct 6j miles in length, 
 extending from artificial ponds 630 feet above the level of the 
 Clyde, and occupying 368 acres. There are two lines of falls, 
 the descent being on each line 512 feet, and equal to 184.3 
 horses' power — 1008 of which were in 1849 occupied, and 835 
 Btitl unli-t. On the W. are many new streets and handsome 
 residences. The principal structures are a fine custom-house, 
 the Town-hall, Jail, Exchange. Tontine, As.sembly-hall, 
 Theatre, Infirmary, and several handsome churches, Gselic 
 and many other chapels. Greenock has a flourishing me- 
 chanics' institute, several public libraries, one of which pos- 
 jesses 10,000 volumes, and in its hall is a st.atue by Chantrey 
 Df Wiitt, a native of the town ; numerous banks, and a gram- 
 in.ir school. One newspaper is published here. Oreencck 
 is the 'seat of a presbytery, sheriff's court, and a burgh of 
 barony, erected ir> 1635. Its docks are among the largest 'n 
 9Z 
 
 Britain; Tictoria Harbor, opened in 1850. has 31 feet depth 
 of water, and an area of acres. Ship and steamboat build- 
 ing is here extensively carried on. Sugar refining is con- 
 ducted to a greater extent than elsewhere in Britain, except 
 in London, and it has foundries for steam-engines and ma- 
 chinery ; rope, sailcloth, hat. earthenware, paper, and straw- 
 plait factories; a large herring fishery, and a very extensive 
 export trade in Scotch manufactures and produce, especially 
 with America and the Indies. Vessels proceeding to and 
 from Gla.sgow commonly touch at Greenock. The following 
 table exhibits the increase in the shipping trade : — 
 
 
 Total Tonnagk. 
 
 Total Toubaoi. 
 
 
 Ipward. 
 
 Outward. 
 
 Inward and Outward. 
 
 18.% 
 
 20) ,711 
 426,48S 
 
 2:10.871 
 424,318 
 
 86U,W5 
 99a,»42 
 
 
 
 
 
 This does not include the tonnage of steamers or other 
 craft trading on the river inside of the Cumbraes. 
 
 Increase in the Import* of the principal Articles, 
 
 Sugar, tons 
 
 Kolu^aes, tons 
 
 Ttraber, loads, 
 
 Deals and battens, hundreds 
 
 1840. 
 
 i:i,741 
 9,i:il 
 
 47,048 
 1,97:) 
 
 1830. 
 
 •24.898 
 20,917 
 61,141 
 3,336 
 
 Total value of exports in 1851, 491,913/,; in 1852, 418,697?,; 
 in 18-53, 437,522/. Greenock has wholly risen into import- 
 ance since the beginning of the eighteenth century. It 
 sends 1 member to the House of Commons, 
 
 GREEN'OCK, a post-village of Crittenden co.. Arkansas, 
 on the Mi.ssi.ssippi liiver, 135 miles E.N.E. of Little Rock. 
 
 GREEN'ORE, a headland and fishing station of Ireland, 
 CO. of Louth. 2milesS.E. ofCarlingfoid. It has a light-house. 
 
 GREENORE, a headland of Ireland, co. of Wexford, 71 
 miles S.S.E. of the entrance intoAVexford Harbor, and sepa- 
 rated from it by Greenore Bay. 
 
 GREEN PLAINS, a post-office of Northampton co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GREEN. PL.^TNS, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas. 
 
 GREEN POINT, a post-village of King's co., New Vork, 
 on Long Island, immediately N. of Williamsburg. It hag 
 been built up within a few years, chiefly by persons engaged 
 during the day in New York. Gas has recently been intro- 
 duced. Pop. above 8U00. 
 
 GREEN POND, post-village,Union district, South Carolina. 
 
 GREEN'PORT, a township of Columbia co., New York, 
 intersected by the Hudson River Railroad. Pop. 1431. 
 
 GREEN'PORT, a post-village and port of entry of Suffolk 
 CO., New York, on the S. side of the N.E. point of Long Is- 
 land, and at the E. terminus of the Long Island Railroad, 
 95 miles E. by N. of New York. It contains churches of 4 
 or 5 denominations, ship-building yard.s, and a newspaper 
 office. The harbor is one of the best on the coast, and is sel- 
 dom obstructed with ice. The shipping of the district, June 
 30, 1852. amounted to an aggregate of 3589 tons registered, 
 .and 5S06 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 7 
 vessels, tons 687, were built. In 1853, 2 whale vessels ar- 
 rived, bringing 224 barrels of sperm oil, 26S4 barrels of whale 
 oil, and 2S,300 pounds of whalebone. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 GREEN RIVER rises in Windham co., Vermont, and 
 flowing in a S.S.E. course, falls into Deerfield Kiver in 
 Franklin county, Massachusetts. 
 
 GREEN RIVER, of Kentucky, rises in Lincoln co., in the 
 E. central part of the state. It flows first nearly W. for 
 more than half of its course, during which it traverses the 
 cavernous limestone formation, and passes by the Mammoth 
 Cave. After passing the mouth of Big Barren River, which 
 enters it from the left, a few miles S.E. of Morgantown, it 
 assumes a general N.W. direction, and enters the Ohio in 
 Henderson county, 9 miles al)ove Evansville, in Indiana. 
 The whole length is estimated at above 300 miles. The 
 lower part of this river is navigiible by steamboats at all 
 seasons ; and by means of dams and locks, small steamboats 
 have ascended in high water to Greensburg. more than 200 
 miles from its mouth. Kxtensive beds of stone coal occupy 
 the lower part of the Green River A'alley. 
 
 GREEN RIVER, Illinois, empties itself into Rock River, 
 near 20 miles from the mouth of the latter 
 
 GREEN RIVER, the longest branch of the Colorado, 
 rises in Oregon, near Fremont's Peak, and flowing in its 
 general course first S.S.E., and then S.S.W., unites with 
 Grand River in 35° 39' N. lat.. 112° 55' W. Ion. 
 
 GREEN RIVER, a new county in the N.E. part of Utah 
 Territoi7, intersected by Green River, from which its name 
 is derived. It has been formed since 18.50. Pop. 141. 
 
 GREEN RIVER, a post-office of Windham co., Vermont. 
 
 GREEN RIVER, a post-office of Columbia co.. New York 
 
 GREEN RIA'ER, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky. 
 
 GREEN RIVKK, a post-office of Henderson co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 1M 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 OllEEN ETYER. a post-village of Henry co., Illinois, on 
 Green River. 70 miles X.W. of Peoria. 
 
 GKEEN RIVKK. a post-office of Green River CO.. Utah. 
 
 GREEN'S I5LCKF, a postoffice of Jefferson Co.. Texas. 
 
 GREEXtVBOltOUGII. a post-township of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont. 25 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 106."). 
 
 GREENSl?' tKOfGlt. a post-village of Greene co.. Pennsyl- 
 v.Tnia, on the Monougahela River, 20 miles S.E. of Waynes- 
 burg. 
 
 GiJEENSBOROUGII, a flourishing pos^vill,^ge, capital of 
 Guilford co., North Carolina, on the Central Railroad. S6 
 miles W.X.W. of R-ileigh. The situation is healthy, and the 
 surrounding country is fertile. JIany of the houses are of 
 ■wood, and others are built of brick. It is a place of consi- 
 derable activity hi trade, and is the seat of excellent institu- 
 tions for learning, among which are several academies. It 
 also contains 2 banks, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and a num- 
 ber of manufactories. 
 
 GREEXSBOROUGII, a post-village, capital of Greene co., 
 Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 40 miles X. of Milledge- 
 ville. It contains several elegant buildings, among which 
 are a new court-hou.«e. 2 churches, and 2 academies. 
 
 GREEN-'BOilOUGII, a flourishing post-village of Greene 
 co^ Alabama, 85 miles W. by N. of Jlontgomery, and 18 
 miles E. of Eutaw. It is the largest place in the county, 
 and is the centre of an active trade. Many of the residents 
 are wealthy planters, who have plantations of cotton in the 
 Ticinity. The village contains several churches and flour- 
 L-ihing schools, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Pop. estimated 
 at 2500. 
 
 GREEXSBOROUGir, a post-village, capital of Choctaw 
 CO.. Mississippi, on one of the head streams of Big Black 
 Kiver. 110 milles N.N.E. of Jackson. Pop. 323. 
 
 GREENSUOROUGH, a post-office of Greene co., Arkansas. 
 
 GREENSBOROUGII, a post-vill.ige and township of Henry 
 CO., Indian.i, on Blue River, 36 miles E. by X. of Indian- 
 apolis. Pop. 1318. 
 
 GREENSBOROUGII, a post-village of Caroline co., Mary- 
 land. 59 miles E. of Annapolis. 
 
 GRKENS/BURG, a flourishing post-borough of Ilempfield 
 township, and capital of AVestmoreland co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Central Railroad, 32 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. It is a place 
 of considerable trade, and is surrounded by a fertile country. 
 It contains a new stone court-house,120 by 70 feet,10 churches, 
 1 bank, 3 newspaper offices, and afine public school house of 
 brick, with 300 pupils. It has also gas-works. The Hemp- 
 field Railroad, when finished, will connect it with Wheeling. 
 Coal of good quality abounds inall parts of the county. Pop. 
 in 1850. 1051 ; in 18C0, 13S8. 
 
 GREEXSBUl:G, a post-office of Preston co., W. Virginia. 
 
 GREEXSBURO. a post-village, capital of St, Helena pa- 
 rish, Louisiana, near Tickfaw River, about 40 miles X.E. of 
 Baton Rouge. 
 
 GREEXSBURO. a post-vilhige, capital of Greene co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the right bank of Green River, 85 miles S.S.W. of 
 Frankfort. It contains a courthouse, 5 churches, a branch 
 of the Kentucky bank, and 12 stores. The river has l.itely 
 been improved, so that it is navigable for steamboats about 
 
 3 months in the year. Pop, 536. 
 
 GREENSBUKG, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, 185 
 miles X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 GREENSBUKG. a beautiful post-village, capital of Deca- 
 tur CO., Indiana, is situated on Sand Creek, and on the Mi- 
 chigan Road. 4t> miles S.E. of Indianapolis. The place was 
 first settled in 1!-^21, and is steadily advancing in size and 
 importance. It is connected by a plank-road with Madison, 
 on the Ohio, and is on the line of the Lawrenceburg and 
 Mississippi Railroad now in coui'se of eonsti'uction. Greens- 
 burg contains good public buildings, a flourishing academy, 
 and a newspaper office. Pop. 1850. li202: in 1853. about liJOO. 
 
 GRKENSBURG CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Sandusky 
 eo.. Ohio. 
 
 GR KEN'S CORNERS, a village and station of Oneida co., 
 New York, on the Syracuse and Utica Railraid, 19 miles W. 
 bv N. of Utica. 
 
 OREEN-S FARMS, a village of Fairfield township, Fair^ 
 field CO., Connecticut, 54 miles N.E. of New York. 
 
 GREEXS FORK, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1778. 
 
 GRKEN'S FORK, a post-office of Wavne co.. Indiana. 
 
 GRBi:NSNO)i/TON',a parish of England, co. Northampton. 
 
 GRKKNSl'ONl), an island and maritime village of Xoi'th 
 America, off the E. coast of Newfoundland. 29 miles N.W. 
 ofBonavistji, The island is of granite formation. It is about 
 
 4 miles .lerosR. The village has a decent church, anif some 
 large stores : and tlie fishermen's houses are neat and clean. 
 
 GKEh;N.«^'i'0KT.apo8t-vill.Hgeof St.Clairco., Alabama, on 
 the Coosa River, 120 miles .\. of Montgomery. 
 
 GREEN SPRING, a post-village of Orange co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 GREEN SPRING, a post-office of Seneca CO.. Ohio. 
 
 CKEEN SPRING FURNACE, a post-office of Washington 
 eo., Maryland. 
 
 GREEN SPRING RUN, a postniffioe of Hampshire co., 
 Vhgiuia 
 
 786 
 
 GREEN SPRINGS.apost-officeof Tuolumne CO., Cilifomja. 
 
 GREEN'STEAD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Esses. 
 
 GREEXSTKAD NEAR ONGAR, a parish of England, co. 
 of Essex. Its church, with oaken walls, is supposed to be 
 one of the oldest in Britain. 
 
 GREEXS'VILLE. a village of Grayson co., A'lrginia, on 
 New River. 276 miles W. by S. of Itichmond, was formerly 
 the county seat. 
 
 GREENTOX, a post-office of Lafayette CO., Mi.ssouri. 
 
 GREKNTOP, a postKiffice of Schuyler co.. Missouri. 
 
 GREEXTOWX or GREEXS'TOWX. a post-village of Stark 
 CO.. Ohio. 10 miles X. of Canton. Pop. about 300. 
 
 GREEXTOWN, a post-office. Currituck co.. North Carolina. 
 
 GREKNTOWX, a post-village of Howard CO., Indiana, 
 about 56 miles X. bj- E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 GREEX TREE, a village of Burlington CO., Xew Jersey, 
 12 miles E. by S. of Camden. 
 
 GREEN TREE, a post-office, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GREEX TREE, a post-office of W'hite co., Tennessee. 
 
 GREE'XUP, a county forming the X.E. extremity of Ken* 
 tucky. bonier.-* on the Ohio River which separates it from 
 the State of Ohio. Area, estimated at 375 square miles. The 
 Ohio River forms its boundary on the N.E. and N.W., and 
 it is intersected by Little Sandy River and Tygart's Creek. 
 The surface is uneven, and partly covered with timber. The 
 county contains large and productive mines of iron ore and 
 coal. Formed in 1803, and named in honor of Governor 
 Christopher Greenup. Capital, Greenupsbnrg. Pop. 8760^ 
 of whom 8397 were free. 
 
 GREENUP, a post-village and township, capital of Cum- 
 berland CO., Illinois, on Embarras River, at the crossing of 
 the National Road, 111 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. It con- 
 tains a bank. Pop. 1400. 
 
 GREl-yNUPSBURG, or GREENUP COURT-HOUSE, apogt- 
 village, capital of Greenup co., Kentacky, on the Ohio River, 
 132 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort, contains a brick courtrhouse, 
 1 church, and several stores. 
 
 GREEN'VALE, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 22 
 miles N.W. of Freeport. 
 
 GREENV.\LK. a post-office of Jefferson CO., Tenne5.";ee. 
 
 GREKN VALLEY, a post-office of Bath o<i.. Virginia. 
 
 GREEX VALLEY, a post-office of El Dorado co., Cal! 
 fornia. 
 
 GREEN VILLAGE, a post-village of Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the railroad from Ilarrisburg to Chambers- 
 burg. 40 miles S.W. of the former. 
 
 GREEN VIiyLAGE. or GREEX/FORD, a post-village of 
 Mahoning co.. Ohio. 158 niiles X.E. of Columbus, is situated 
 in a rich and populous district. Pop. estimated at 4.50. 
 
 GREEN'VILLK. a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, bop- 
 dering on North Carolina, contains about COO sfjuare miles. 
 The NottC)way River Vxiunds it on the X.. and it is inter- 
 sected by the Meherrin River. The general surface is level; 
 the soil is of medium quality. The railroad from Richmond 
 to Weldon. Xorth Carolina, passes throueh the county. 
 Organized in 1784. Capital, Hicksford. Pop. 6374, of whom 
 2207 were free. 4167 slaves. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a district in the N.W, part of South Caro- 
 lina, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 060 square 
 miles. It is drained by the head streams of the Ennoroa, 
 Tiger, and Reedy Rivers, and bounded on the W. by Saluda 
 River. The Blue Ridge extends along the N.W. border of 
 the district, the surface of which is beautifully diversined 
 by mountains and hills. The Saluda Mountain ri.<es in the 
 vicinity of the Court-house. The soil is generally good and 
 well watered. Chalybeate and sulphur springs are Jbund 10 
 miles N. of Greenville. A railroad has recently bt-en made 
 from the Court-house to Columbia, the capital of the state. 
 Pop. 21.892. of whom 14,843 were free, and 7040 slaves. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a post-township of Pisciitaquis co., Maino, 
 80 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 310. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a post-village in Providence co.. Rhode 
 Island, 12 miles X.W. of Providence, contains a bank and 
 several cotton factories. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a post-village in Preston township. New 
 I/)ndon CO., Connecticut, on the Quinebaug River, about 'i 
 miles N.E. of Norwich Landing, contains 3 churches, nume- 
 rous cotton mills, and a manuiact*iry of railro.id cars. Pop. 
 about 1000. 
 
 GREENVILLE, post-village and township of Green CO, 
 New York, 24 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2208. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a thriving vill.ige of Raritan town.ship, 
 Hunterdon co., Xew Jersey, about 20 miles X. of Trenton. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a village of Sussex co., New .lersey, 7 
 miles S.W. of Newton. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 8 miles S.E. of Clarion. 
 
 GREENVILLE, now PKNN RUN, a village of Indiana CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on Penn's Run, 147 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 GREENVILLE, Mercer co., Pennsylvania. See WtST 
 Greknville. 
 
 GREKN VILLE.a small villagpof Mifllinco..Pennsylvania, 
 
 GREEN VI l,LK. a townshiii of Somer.set co., Pennsylvania, 
 borileriiigon Maryland. 20 miles S.E. of Somerset. ' 
 
 GREENVILLE, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, on 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 the Ponth River, near its source, 120 miles W.X.'W. of Bich- 
 mnnd. It contains 1 academy, several stores, and 1 flouring 
 mill. Pop. from 300 to 4U0. 
 
 GKKEXVILLE, a post-villajre. capital of Pitt co., North 
 Carolina, on the right bank of Tar Hiver, aliout 100 miles 
 £. by S. of Raleigh. It contains a court-house, academy, 
 and several stores. Tar and turpentine are procured from 
 the forests in the vicinity. Pop. 828. 
 
 OHEKNVlLLi;,orGRKENVILLE COURT'IIOUSR. a flou- 
 rishing post-village, capital of Greenville district. South Ca- 
 rolina, on Keedy Kiver. near its source, 110 miles N.W. of 
 Columbia. The situation is elevated and healthy, at the 
 foot of the Saluda Mountain, which renders it a favorite re- 
 sort for persons who reside in the lower country. It is the 
 N. terminus of the Greenville and Columbia Kailroad. 
 Greenville has 3 churches, 2 academies, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Pop. 1,'ilS. 
 
 OKEENAILLE. a neat post-villaie, capital of Meriwether 
 CO., Georgia, on a iiigh ridire near Walnut Creek. 108 miles 
 W. of Milledgeville. It is situatKl in a region which is noted 
 for its medicinal springs. The Warm Spi-ings. 10 miles S. of 
 this town, have a temperature of 91)°. and discharge 14<J0 
 gallons of water per minute. About $75,000 worth of goods 
 are sold in Greenville annually. It has 2 churches, 3 semi- 
 naries, and about oOO inhabitants. 
 
 GKKENVILLE. a post-village. Gapital of Hutler co., Ala- 
 bama. 40 miles S.W. of Montgomery, and 150 miles X.E. of 
 Mobile, contains a court-house, a newspaper office, several 
 stores, and fi-om 4CI0 to 500 inhabitants. 
 
 GHKENVILLE. a post-village, capital of Washington co.. 
 Mississippi, on the Mississippi River, 100 miles N.N.W. of 
 Jackson. 
 
 GREEXVIIjLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Hunt 
 CO.. Texas, is situated 'near tlie source of the Sabine River, 
 aV)Out 250 miles X.N.E. of Austin City. It is situated in a 
 fertile farming region, which produces cotton, wheat, and 
 maize, and towards which an active immigration is directed. 
 The village has grown up since 1845. 
 
 GRKKN VILLE, a post-village of J'olk co., Texas, 15 miles 
 N. of Liviogston, the county .'cat. is surrounded by a com- 
 munity of thrifty planters, and is improving. 
 
 GKKh^.N VILLK. a small village of Clarke CO., Arkansas, 
 about no miles S.W. of hittle Rock. 
 
 GK KEN \'I LLK. a fiourishing post-village, capital of Greene 
 CO., Tennessee. 260 miles E. of Xashville. and 00 miles E. by 
 N. of Knoxville. It is the seat of Greenville College founded 
 in 1794. A newspaper is published here. Pop. about 800. 
 
 GI;KKNV1I.,LE. » post-village. capital of Muhlenburg co.. 
 Kentucky, 170 miles S.W. of Frankfort, and 9 miles S. of 
 Green Kiver, is situated in a region which .abounds in coal 
 and iron ore. It has 2 or 3 eburches, a seminary, 6 stores, 
 and 2 toliacc o factories. 
 
 GRKEN'VILLE, a thriving post-village and township, ca- 
 pital of Darke CO.. Ohio, on the Greenville and Miami liail- 
 road, about 90 miles W. of Columbus. The village contains 
 4 or o churclies and 3 iiewsi)n]]ir offices. Poii. of township, 
 2071. In 1793, General Wayne built Fort Greenville on the 
 site of the present town, and here the treaty of Greenville 
 was concluded between Wayne and the Indians. 
 
 GREEJiVILLE, Montcalm co., Michigan. See Ap- 
 
 PENHIX. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a post-village and township of Floyd co., 
 Indiana. 15 miles X.W. of New .Albany. Pop. 1693. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a neat and thriving post-village, capital of 
 Bond CO., Illinois, on the East Fork of Shoal Creek, on the 
 National Road, about 45 miles E. of Alton, and 20 miles 
 AV.S. W. of Vandalia. It has a field of timber on the N., and 
 on the S. a beautiful expanse of prairie. It contains 3 
 churches. Po]). 1000. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a small village of Saline co., Missouri. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a post-village, capital of Wayne Co., Jlis- 
 eouri, on St. l-rancis River, 150 miles S.E. of JetTereon City. 
 
 G I! EE.N MLLE, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa. 
 
 GRKENVILLE, a post-township in Outagamie county, 
 AViscoiisiii. N miles West of Appleton. Pop. 1244. 
 
 GIIKENWICII, grinldge. a p.irliamentary borough and 
 parisii of England, co. of Kent, on the right bank of the 
 Thames. 3J miles E.S.K. of London Bridge, the W. terminus 
 of the Greenwich Kailw.ay, partly on an acclivity, but chiefly 
 on low. marshv ground, a large portion of which is below 
 the level of the" Thames. Lat. of the Observatory. 51° 23' 38" 
 \.. Ion. 0° 0' 0". Mean annual temperature, 4S° 9'; winter, 
 37° 7' ; summer, 60° 3' Fahr. The streets are in general nar- 
 row and inegular, and many of the houses mean in appear- 
 ance, though recently numerous handsome new houses have 
 been built. The town is well lighted with gas. and amply 
 sxipplied with water. It contains four handsome Episcopal 
 churches: also places of worship for IJaptists, Independents, 
 VSesIeyan Methodists, Roman C;itholics, and Scotch Presby- 
 terians. The educational institutions, public, private, and 
 charitable, are numerous, as are aLso tlie benevolent and 
 t'haiitable institutions: among the latter may be n.amed' 
 Norfolk College, supporting 20 decayed tradesmen. But the 
 object of by far the greatest interest in Greenwich is its mag- 
 nificent Naval Hospital, for the maintenance of veteran, 
 
 wounded, or unfortunate seamen — the noblest establish- 
 ment of the kind in Europe. Its building, the finest slruo 
 ture in England, originally a paiace of Char'ts II.. and 
 erected on the site of the au.ient "GreenwicQ House," 
 which, so far back as the year 1300, had been a favorite ro- 
 sidence of royalty — in which Henry VIII. and his queen- 
 daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, were born; and where, too. 
 Edward VI. breathed his last — was converted to its pre- 
 sent use in the reign of William and Mary, although not 
 opened for the reception of inmatt-s until 17115. when 42werf' 
 admitted. Commenced at the Restoration by Webb, son-in- 
 law of Inigo Jones, it was carried on under the superin- 
 tendence of Sir Christopher Wren, and finished after hi3 
 designs by his successor. Sir John A'anbrugh. It stands on 
 the bank of the river, on an elevated terrace, is 865 feet in 
 length, and covers, with the sch(X)ls, civil offices, lawns, .and 
 burial-ground attached, a space of 40 .acres. It consists of 4 
 quadrangular piles, built principally of Portland stone, each 
 bearing the name of the sovereign in whose reign it was 
 erected— namely. King Charles. Queen Anne, King William, 
 and Queen Mary. Two of the wings front the river, and two 
 the park. In the N.W. wing, or that erected by Charles II., 
 are the governor's residence and the officers' and pensioners' 
 libraries. The N.E., or Queen Anne's, is appropriated as a 
 residence for the officers and men. In the S.W., or King 
 William's, is the Painted Hall, a noble apartment. lOli feet 
 long by 56 feet broad, and 50 feet high, painted by Sir James 
 Thornhiil, and containing a fine collection of picture.*, con- 
 sisting of portraits of n.aval heroes and representations of 
 sea-fights. The fourth, or S.E. wing, commonly called Queen 
 Mary's, contains the chapel, the interior of which, designed 
 by Athenian Stuart, is richly and elaborately ornamented. 
 The complement of in-pensioners. or those who reside in 
 the hospital, is about 2710; each of whom, besides clothing, 
 food. &c., receives a shillinjt a week as tobacco-money. To a 
 .section of them, averaging abovit 450,an allowance of money 
 is given in place of rations. Though, many of the pensioners 
 attain a great age, the annual mortality among them is 12 
 per cent. There are. besides, numerous out-pensioners, who 
 receive each about 12Z. a year. The whole revenueof the hos- 
 pital from property, freightage charged on treasure conveyed 
 by her Majesty's ships, &c.. amounted, in 1849, to 148,7317., 
 expenditure, the .same year. 146.957/. The establishment is 
 managed liy a governor, lieutenant-governor, two chaplains, 
 and numerous other officers. Connected with the hospital 
 is the Rojal Hospital School, fur the children of de<'ayed 
 non-commls.sioned officers, seamen, and marines, and for tlie 
 sons of commi.ssioned and ward-room warrant officei-s. of 
 which last there must always be 100 in the school. It num- 
 bers, in its two sections of upper and lower, 800 pupils; and 
 is one of the first nautical seminaries in the world. Gieen- 
 wich Park, between the ho!»pital and Blackheath, first en- 
 closed by Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, Protector, in the 
 reign of Henry VI., contains .about 200 acres of undulating 
 and wooded land, has numerous herds of deer, and is a good 
 deal resorted to by the Londoners. On one of its eminences, 
 160 feet aliove the river, and once occupied by Greenwich 
 Castle, is the Royal Oliservatory. founded by Charles II. in 
 11)74. the residence of the astronomer royal, and from which 
 the longitudes in all British charts are reckoned. Green- 
 wich sends 2 memliers to the House of Commons. Pop. of 
 the parliamentary boroiigh in 1861, 139,286. 
 
 GREENWICH, green'ich, a post-village and township of 
 Hampshire co., Mas.';aehusett.s, on the W. side of Swift 
 River, alwut 80 miles W. of lioston. In the township are 
 manufiictories of forks, scythes, and woollen goods. Pop. 699. 
 
 GREENWICH, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, bordering on Long Island Sound, and intersected by 
 the New York and New Haven Railraad. 31 miles N.E. of 
 New York City. The village of Greenwich, beautifully situ- 
 ated near the water, iias become a favorite jilace of resi<lenco 
 to persons doing business in New York. '•Putnam Hill," 
 in West Greenwich, near Horse Neck, is celebrated as the 
 scene of General Israel Putnam's daring exploit in the Hevo- 
 lution. This forms the S.W. extremity of New England. 
 I'op. of the township, 6522. 
 
 GREENWICH, a post-village and township of Washing- 
 ton CO., New York, on the Hudson River, 36 miles N. by E. 
 of Albany. Battenkill Creek flows along its S. border, and 
 the Champlain Canal here crosses the Hudson. The inh.a- 
 bitants are extensively engaged in the manufacture of car- 
 riages. It contains a bank. Pop. 3941. 
 
 GREENWICH, a po.«t-villaae and township of Cumber- 
 land, co.. New Jersey, on Delaware Bay and on Cobansey 
 Creek, 6 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeton. The village contains 2 
 or 3 churches, and about 100 dwellings. Pop. of the town- 
 ship. 12ti5. 
 
 GREENWICH, a township of Gloucester co., New Jersey 
 Pop. 2199. 
 
 GRKENWICH, a township of Warren co., New Jersey 
 Pop. 2541. 
 
 GRliENWICH, a township of Berks co., Pennsvlvania 
 Pop. 2041. 
 
 GREENWICH, a post township forming the S.S.E. extre- 
 mity of Huron co., Ohio. Pop. 1118. 
 
 787 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 OREEXAVICn, a seaport at the entrance of St. Peter's 
 Bav. on the >". cnaat of Prince Edward Island, co. of Kings, 
 In iat. 40° 2S' N.. Ion. e.-2P 47' W. 
 
 GliKRXWlCd STATION, a post-office of Huron co..Ohio. 
 
 G[;EKX\VICII VIl.LACfE,a post-village of Hampshire CO., 
 Ma.ssaoh\i.«etts. 73 mil"s W. of Boston. 
 
 tillKEN'WOOD, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine. 50 
 milps Vt'. of Augusta. Pop. 878. 
 
 GREEN \VOOU, a i)ost-township of Steuben co., New York, 
 27 miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. 1306. 
 
 GKEEN 'WOOD, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1470. 
 
 G KEEN WOOD, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 1729. 
 
 GRE KN WOOD, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 635. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a small villageof Mercer CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GREKNWOOD, a township of PeiTy CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 957. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-office of Doddridge co., W. Virginia. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a postrviUage in Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 GItEENWOOD, a postoffic* of .Jackson co., *'lorida. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-ofRce of De Kalb co.. Alabama. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a thrivin-j post-villase of Carroll co., Mis- 
 si.esippi. on the Yazoo River, 230 miles from its mouth, and 
 95 miles N. of .Tackson. The river is naviirable for steamboats 
 luring the whole year, with few exceptions, and several 
 thousand Kiles of cotton are shipped hereannually. The vil- 
 lage h.is also a large business in groceries and heavy goods. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-villase in Caddo parish, Louisiana, 
 about 350 miles N.W. of New Orleaui*. 
 
 GREEN W( MID, a post-office of Sebastian co.. Arkansas. 
 
 GREFINWOOD, a post-office of Sumner co.. Tennessee. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-office ofJ)arke co.. Ohio. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a thriving post-village of .Tohnson co.. In- 
 diana, on the railroad between MadLsou and Indianapolis, 10 
 milfs S.S.E. of the latter. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-vill.age of McIIenry co., Illinois, on 
 the N'ippersink Creek, about 60 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-office of .Shelby co., Missouri. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a township of Vernon Co., Wisconsin. 
 
 GREEN^VOi^D, a po,st-t)ffice of El Dorado co., California. 
 
 GREENWOOD CEMETERY. See New York. 
 
 GREENWOOD FURNACE, a post-office of Huntingdon CO., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 3REENW00D LAKE, a delightful watering-place of 
 Orange co.. New York, 8 miles S.W. of Chester, which is 
 situated at the junction of the Newburg and Erie Rail- 
 roads. 
 
 GREENWOOD VALLEY, a post-office. Wavne co., Missouri. 
 
 GREERS^VILLE. a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 GREET, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 GREET'HA.M, a parish of Ensrland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GREETHANt. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 GREETLAND-wiTH-ELLAND. En^'land. See Ell\nd. 
 
 GREET'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GREGAPOJEE. grA-g.ipo'.iee\ 'or QRKE'JEE\a town of 
 Dahomey, about 10 or 12 miles N.W. of Whydah; lat. 6° 12' 
 N., Ion. 19 32' E., on a rising ground overlooking the sre.at 
 lagoon which runs along this part of the coast of the Bight 
 of Benin. Pop. 1200. 
 
 GREGG, a post-township of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 13 
 miles S.E. of Bellefonte. Pop. 1556. 
 
 GREGORV^S (gr.Vo-r6z) MILL, a postroffice of Granville 
 CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 OREIFRNBERO. grffgn-bjiin', a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Pomerania, 40 miles N.E. of Stettin, on the left 
 bank of the Rega. Pop. 4470. 
 
 GREIFENBERO. a town of Prussia, province of Silesia. 
 34 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz. on the Queiss. Pop. 2720. 
 Near it is the castle of Greifenstein. 
 
 GREIFENBERO. a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg. 45 miles N.N.E. of Berlin, on the Sarnitz. Pop. 1300. 
 
 (JREIFENBDRO. pri'fgn-b«5RG\ a town of lUyria, 32 
 miles W.N.W. of Villach. near the Drave. Pop. 700. 
 
 GREIFENSTEIN, gri'fen-sHne\ a market-town of Ger- 
 many, In Rhenish Prussia, government of Coblentz, 10 
 miles N.W. of Wetzlar. 
 
 GREIFEX.STEIN, a village of Germany, In Lower Aus- 
 tria, on the Danube, N.W. of Kloster-Neuburg. 
 
 GREIFEN.STEIN, a village of Germany, in Prussian 
 Sajtonv, government of Erfurt, S. of Heili'enstadt. 
 
 OREIFPENHAGRX. grIf'fen-hJVhen, atown of Prussia, 
 rlHl^'""?'^."'"- ''- "'"'"' ^•^•'^^'- °f Stettin, near the Oder. Pop. 
 
 ,,A.,i-,,.? ""^""factures of woollen cloths and leather. 
 
 GREUl ENSEE, grirffn-sV, a pettv town of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 6 miles E. of Zurich, on the small lake of Greif- 
 '^'7,^'^.•,.T,'V'■^ '^ ^ '"■''"' ''^"»- "'"l U mnes broad. 
 ru^!^I.':^^^}:?\ Knf.<*JlMeh. (formerly written 
 Vo ..''•^ ; .V'"V " *""" "' ^''•"'^''ia. province of Pomerania, 
 } ^ "*....• "'^ Stra'sund, on the Rvck. near its mouth. 
 In the Baltic Pop. 15,0'J1». It is enclosed by walls, and 
 has f. harbor fitted for sraall vessels, a university, founded 
 in 1456, with a library of 20,000 volumes, and (in 1S44) 
 
 225 students, a medico-chirurgical school, observatory, bo 
 tauie garden, museum.s, and a gymnasium. It has manu' 
 factures of tobacco and soap, oil-mills, building docks, dis- 
 tilleries, salt-refineries, and an active trade both by sea and 
 land. The principal arlides of export are grain, which in 
 I?52 included 37.667 quarters of wheat, 22,500 of barley, 
 3450 of rve. 11.741 of oats, and .525 of pease and be.ans. 
 
 GRETFSWALD-(E. grifes/wdld-o'eh, an islet in the Baltic 
 Sea, 9 miles S.E, of lUigen. 
 
 GREIG. gr^g, a township. T^ewis CO.. New York. P. 1733. 
 
 GREIGS/VILLE, a post-village of Livingston co.. New 
 York, on the Genesee Canal, .about 28 miles S.S.W, of 
 Rochester. 
 
 GREIGSVILLE, a post-village of Preston co., West Vir- 
 ginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 GREIN. grine. or GREGNA, grSg'n.1, a town of Lower 
 Austri.i. on the Danube. 27 miles E.S.E. of Lintz, about ij 
 miles above the Strudel Rapid, and at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, crowned by the castle of Greinburg. Pop. 750. 
 
 GREIN. gr.'ln. a considerable town of Arabia, in Hadra- 
 maut. on the Wady Doan, near Makallah. 
 
 GREINORD. gree'nord, a bay of Scotland, on the N.W. 
 coast of Ross-shire. S.W. of Loch Brotmi. 4 miles wide, ex- 
 tending inland alxiut the same distance, and with an island 
 of the same name at its entrance. 
 
 GKEINTON or GRENTOX, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 GREITZ or GREIZ, grits, a town of Central Germany, 
 capital of the principality of Reuss-Greitz, (m the right bank 
 of the AVhite Elster, 49 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic. It is en- 
 closed by walls, is well built, and is the residence of the 
 sovereign prince, who has here two castles and a summer 
 palace, with fine gardens. It has a .seminary, a I^atin 
 school, and manufactures of woollen and cotton fabrics, 
 distilleries, and breweries. Pop. 6215. 
 
 GREKLIS. a town of Bohemia. See Grasutz. 
 
 GRENAAE, preh-no'eh\ orGRINAAE, gre-no'eh, a mari- 
 time town of Denmark, province, and near the E. extremity 
 of .Jutland, amt. and 32 miles E. of Randers. Pop. 1000. 
 
 GR EN.AD.4.* grpn-.Vda. (Fr. Grenade, greh-nid'. i one of the 
 British West India Islands. Lat. (S. poiiit) 11° 59' N„ Ion 
 61° 45' W. It is of an oblong form, 24i mUes long N. and 
 S., and 10 miles broad. Area, 80,000 acres. There are seve- 
 ral bays and creeks on both sides of the island, afToixiing 
 good anchorage. Grenada is one of the most Ijeautiful of the 
 West India Islands, rugged and picturesque in the interior, 
 being traversed from N. to S. by an irregular mass of vol- 
 canic mountains, which attain elevations of 3000 and 3200 
 feet above sea-level. In the centi-e of the island, about 1700 
 feet alx)ve sea-level, there is a circular lake, 2i miles in cir- 
 cumference, enclosed by lofty mountains. Rivers and rivu- 
 lets are extremely numerous; and most of the former car 
 pable of working sugar-mills. The soil is variable; but con- 
 sists principally of a rich black or reddish-colored mould, 
 well adapted to every tropical production. Cotton was for- 
 merly the chief article of cultivation; but at present sugar, 
 rum. and molasses, stand first in the exports, whii.'h amount- 
 ed in 1852 to 131.94(1i., and the imports to 149.718?. During 
 the same year, 21.47H tons of shipping were entered inwards. 
 
 The isl.and is divided into six districts, and h.as a lieu- 
 tenant-governor and a local legislature. The revenue for 
 1849 was 19.091/.. and the expenditure 12.777/. The Est.ab- 
 lished Church has 10 churches and chapels, the Roman Car 
 tholics 8, and various Dissenters have 6 churches. Number 
 of children attending school in the island, in 1852, 1828. 
 Capital. St. George Town. Grenada was discovered by Colum- 
 bus in his third voyage, in 149S. at which time it was inha- 
 bited by Caribs, who were subsequently exterminated by 
 the French, by whom the island was colonized, about the 
 middle of the .seventeenth century, and in whose possession 
 it remained till 1762. when it was taken by the British. It 
 was recaptured by the French in 1779. and restored to Bri- 
 tain in 1783. Pop. in 1851, 32,671. of whom about 5000 are 
 of the white and mixed races, the remainder blacks; males, 
 13.732: females, 15.195. 
 
 ORENA'D.\, a thriving post-village of Y.^llobusha co.. 
 Mis.sissippi. on the Yallotmsha River, 113 miles N. by E. of 
 Jackson. It is at the head ot steamlx)at navigation, and has 
 an active business. It contains a United States land-offlce, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 GRENADE. greh-nJd'. a village of France, department of 
 Garonne. 14 miles N.N.W. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 4364. 
 
 GRE.NADE. a village of France, department of Laudes, 
 10 miles S.S.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1442. 
 
 GRENADINES, grc^n-d-deenz/; or GRENADILLES. grJn- 
 3-deel'. a group of islands in the West Indies, belonsring to 
 Great Britain, extending from lat. 12° 30' to 13° N., be- 
 tween Grenada and St. A'incent. and consisting of Bequia, 
 Carriacou, and Union, besides some smaller islands. 
 
 • GrenaiJa, the name of one of the British We«t India Islandi 
 onght not to be confounded with the Sphnish name Gntnnda 
 (sometimes Improperly written with an i in the first syl'aMe.) 
 Worceater pronounces Grenad-t gre-o'ya, proNbly roiorring to 
 this mode of apbUiug the Spanish u»m«. 
 
GRE 
 
 GRI 
 
 GRENAUQH, gr5n'aw\ a parish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 00. of Cork. 
 
 GH KXCIIEX, p;r?n'Kfn. (Fr. Grange. (rrSxzh.) a parish and 
 village of Switzerland, with mineral sprlnp.s and bath.s, can- 
 ton, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Soleure. Pop. 1000. 
 
 GKKNPK.LIiRUCII, gr^nMel-brOOK\ (Fr. pron. grSN'o'dSr- 
 briik'. a village of France, department of Bas-Khln, 10 miles 
 N N.W. of Schelestat. Pop. 1575. 
 
 (JKEN'DOX. a parish of Enjiland, CO. of Northampton. 
 
 G;!KM)0X-ltlSII'01".'i, a parish of England, oo. Hereford. 
 
 Gi:i;XUDX-UX/DUliWOOD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks. 
 
 GRKXDOX-wiTQ-'WIIIT'TIXGnAM, a parish of England, 
 eo. of Warwick. 
 
 GUKXEIiLE, greh'nftU', a village of France, department 
 of Seine, arrondissement of Sceaux. It is comprised within 
 the new fortifications of I'aris. and i.s celebrated for the 
 Artesian well of Grenelle. 1794 feet deep, which snpplies 
 the upper part of I'aris with excellent water. Temperature 
 at bottom of well, 82° Fah. Pop. in 1852, 7878. 
 
 GHEXN.\.. gr^ii'nd. a small town of Sweden, lasn, and 20 
 miles N.E. of Jonkdping, on the E. shore of Lake Wetter. 
 It has some trade in cattle. 
 
 GREX X K or GREXXAH, a town of Africa. See Ctrese. 
 
 0REX015LK, gren-ob'l' or greb-no'b'l, (anc. Oidlaro or Cra- 
 tiannploli.<.) a fortified city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of I.«ere. picturesquely situated on both sides of the 
 Is^ru river, here crossed by two bridges, and bordered by 
 handsome quays, 58 miles S.E. of Lyons. ,Lat. 45° 12' N., 
 Ion. 5° 44' E. A railway is projected to communicate with 
 the Hue of railway in progress from Paris to Marseilles. The 
 city proper, on the S. l^ank of the river, is enclosed by bas- 
 tioned ramparts, and has a citadel; the fauOurg St. iMurent. 
 the original quarter, founded by the Emperor Gratian. on 
 the oi>posite bank, has no strong walls, but is protected by 
 the new fort of La Bastilo. on an adjacent height. The town 
 is irregularly laid out, and badly paved, but has many good 
 residences, and has VK?en latterly much improved. I'rincipal 
 edifices. theCathedral.theCourt-liouse, formerly palace of the 
 dauphins, Xational College, with a museum and picture- 
 gallery, the Episcopal Palace, Theatre, Public Library of CO.OUO 
 volumes, several convents, ho.spitals, &c. Here is a good 
 public garden ; and in a principal square is a colossal bronze 
 statue of the Chevalier Itayard. Grenoble is the seat of a 
 national court, an Acwlimip. Universitaire, a tribunal of 
 commerce, chamber of manufactures, board of customs, and 
 has a normal and numerous other schools. From 4000 to 
 5000 hands, in and about the city, are engaged in the manu- 
 facture of kid gloves; besides which, it has tanneries, 
 ni.'inufactures of liqueurs, and a trade in hemp, iron, and 
 marble, the produce of its vicinity. In the time of the Ro- 
 mans this town was known by the name of Cularo, which 
 was afterwards, in the fourth century, changed, in honor 
 of the Emperor Gratian, to Gratianopolis, (i.e. "city of Gra- 
 tian,") of which the modern Grenoble is a corruption. 
 During the wars of Napoleon it was twice occupied by the 
 allies. Grenoble was the first place which openly received 
 the emperor after his return from Elba in ISlo. Pop. in 
 1852, 31 340. 
 
 GKEXTOX. a parl.sh of Vlnglahd. See Greinton. 
 
 GREX'VILLE, a county of Canada West, bordering on 
 Canada East and the St. Lawrence, comprises an area of 421 
 square miles. This county is traversed by a railway con- 
 necting Bytown with Prescott, the capital. Pop. 20,707. 
 
 GREXVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Two 
 Mountains, on the UtUiwa River, 60 miles W. of Montreal. 
 Pop. about 250. 
 
 GRKWILLE ISL.^XD, Pacific Ocean. See Botuma. 
 
 GRKOULX or GR/:0UX, grAVo'. a village of Fntnce, de- 
 partment of Basses-Alpes. 30 miles S.W. of Digne. with 
 mineral b.°.ths known to the ancient Romans. I'op. l.'!47. 
 
 GRESn?ORD, a parish of Wales, cos. of Flint and Denbigh, 
 with a statirju on the Shrewsbury and Chester Kailway, 3 
 miles X.X.E. of Wrexh.am. 
 
 GliKSIl'A.M, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GliKSlIOLM. an island of Wales. See Gr.\sholm. 
 
 GKE.SIPVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 O K ESI K. a town of Java. See Grisseh. 
 
 GRESIVAUDAN, gri^zeeHoMSN"'. one of the most pio- 
 turesiiue and productive valleys of F'rance, department of 
 IsAre, traversed by the Is6re. to its confluence with the 
 Drac. and formerly a district of Dauphiny. 
 
 GRKSLEY, England. See Church-GresIet. 
 
 GRE.S'SEXH.A.LL. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GI{ESSIC, a town of Java; See Grlsseh. 
 
 GllESV, gr.lV.ee', (L. Grrsriacum,) a town of the Sardi- 
 nian States, on the Is^re, 16 miles E. of Chambery. P. 1486. 
 
 GRESY-SUR-AIX. gra*zee'-sUR-Ax, a village of" the Sardi- 
 niiUi States, division of Savoy, 11 miles N. of Chambery. 
 Pop. 1441. 
 
 GRE'TA or GREA'TA. a river of England, co. of Cumber- 
 laud, an affluent of the Derwent. 
 
 GRE'T.\, a small river of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding, flows E. and N. past Brignall. into the Tees. Its 
 lieauties are noticed in Sir Walter Scott's "llokeby." 
 
 GRETA BRIDGE, a hamlet on the above river, E. of Bar 
 nard Castle. 
 
 GRETFORD, a parish of Eniland. See Greatford. 
 
 GRET'NA or GRAIT'XEY.'a village and parish of .«cot- 
 land, CO. of Dumfrit;.s. on the Sark. with a station on the Ca. 
 lisle and Edinburgh Railway. 9 miles N.N.W. of Carlisle 
 Pop. 1761. The village of Gretna Green, situated on the 
 boundary line between Scotland and England, has long lieen 
 celebrated as the resort of parties bent on clandestine mar 
 riages. to avoid the Engli.«h ni;nriage law. 
 
 ORET'TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 GREUSSEN, grois^sen. a town of Germany, piincipallty 
 of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 10 miles S.SJi. of Sonders 
 hausen Pop. 21(55. 
 
 GREVE, gril/vA, a river of Tuscany, joins the Arno, 3 miles 
 below Florence, after a course of at«ut 24 miles. 
 
 GREVE. a town of Tuscany, 11 miles S.S.E. of Florence, 
 on the Greve. Pop. 1057. 
 
 GREVEN, gr.Vven, a town of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment, and 22 miles E. of .Miinster, on the Ems. Pop. llliO. 
 
 GREVENBICIIT. grA'vfn-biKt\ a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of Li mburg. 12 miles N.by E. of Maestricht. Pop.tt42. 
 
 GREVEXBROICH, gr.Vv?n-bVoiK\ a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia. 13 miles S.W. of Dus.seldorf. Pop. 854. 
 
 GREVENMACHER, gr,Vven-maKVr, a town of the 
 Netherlands, province, and 15 miles E.N.E. of Lu.xemburg, 
 on the Moselle. Pop. 22iH>. 
 
 GREVIS.MUHLEX. (Grevismiihlen.) gr.Vvl.s-mirien, a 
 town of Northern Germany, in Mecklenberg-Schwerin, 11 
 miles W.S.W. of Wismar. Pop. 2fi60. 
 
 GREVNO, grjv'no, a town of European Turkey, in Mace- 
 donlii. sanjak, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Monastir. 
 
 GRE'Wl'iLL. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 GREY, a county of Canada West, bordering on Georgian 
 Bay, comprises an area of 2321 square miles. Capital, Dur- 
 ham. Pop. 13.217. 
 
 GREY, an inland county of West Australia, about 65 
 miles from E. to W. It contains a large and beautiful sheet 
 of water, called Lake McDermott. 
 
 GREY AIVBEY^, a parish of Irel.and, in Ulster, co. of Down, 
 on Lake Strangford. 7 miles S.S.W. of Donaghadt^. The 
 ruins of an abbey, founded by the De Courceys in 1192, are 
 in this pari.sh. 
 
 GREY ROCIC, a post-office of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 GREY'STEAU, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 GREY'.STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cumberiand, 
 5 miles W. of Penrith. Saddleback Mountain, 2787 feet in 
 height, is in this pari.ch. 
 
 GREY''STOXES. a headland, fi.shing village, and coa.st- 
 guard station of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wicklow, 3 
 miles S.E. of Bray. 
 
 GREYS/VILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Indiana. 
 
 GREY TOWN, or SAN JUAN DE NICARAGUA, Ran 
 ju'an (or sdn iioo-Sn') d.-l ne-kd-r5'gwd. a seaport town of Cen- 
 tral America. Mosquito Territory, on the river San Juan; 
 lat. 10° 65' n;. Ion. 83° 43' W; destroyed in July. 1854. by 
 Capt»in Hollins. commander of the Cyane, acting under 
 instructions from the United States government. It is 
 said to have had a considerable trade in the export of hides, 
 indigo, and specie. ] ts inhabitants consisted of immigrants 
 from England, the United States, Germany, France, and 
 Spain, be.sides the native Indians; and thousands thronged 
 tliither on their w,ay to California by the San Juan River and 
 the Lake of Xicaragu,a. Two stejimers from New York, and 
 two from New Orleans, arrived monthly with passengers, 
 while a Bremen ship occasionally brought a load of Germans. 
 The harbor is one of the finest on the coast of Central Ame- 
 rica, and was declared a free port January 1, 1851. The 
 communication with the Pacific Ocean is through a healthy 
 and eminently picturesque country, and, by aid of steamers 
 on the rivers and on Lake Nicaragua, the transit has been 
 accomplished in 36 hours. 
 
 GREZ, grA, or GREZ-DOICEAU gri-dwd'so'. a villjige of 
 Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the right bank of 
 the Dyle, 18 miles S,E. of Brussels. Pop. 21 50. 
 
 GREZ.\NA, grJd-zd'ni. a village of North Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice. 6 miles N.E. of Verona. 
 
 GREZ-EN-BOUERE. grAz-6N°-boo'aiR/, a market-town of 
 France, department of Mayenne, 9 miles E.N.E. of Chateau- 
 Gontier. Pop. i;538. 
 
 GRIAZOVETZ of GRIASOWETZ. gre-i-zo-vjts', a town 
 of Russiii, government, and 30 miles S.S.E. of Yolog-la. 
 Pop. i900. 
 
 GRIECHENLAND. See Greece. 
 
 GRIEFSWALD. See Greifswalbe. 
 
 GRIEGES, gre-aizh'. a village of France, department of 
 Ain, 16 miles W. of Bourg. Pop. 1214. 
 
 GRIES (gree or grees) MOUNT, an Alpine summit, be- 
 tween Piedmont and the Swi.ss canton of Valais. Lat. 46° 
 27' 30" N., Ion. 8° 23' E. It is crossed by a pass between the 
 Hasli Valley and Domo d'Ossola. at an elevation of 7821 feet. 
 On its S. side the Toce forms a remarkable cataract. 
 
 GRIES, gree, a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 
 arrondissement of Sti-asbourg. Pop. 1398. 
 
GUI 
 
 GMESl *Cn. greeslidK. a market-town of Lower Bava- 
 i}a, 15 milt-s S.W. of I'assau. Pop. 7-W. 
 
 GRIKSHACH, a villaRe of Bavaria, 9 miles E. of Passau, 
 near the Austrian frontier. Pop. V60. 
 
 GRIliSIIKiM. gree.'^hime. a villajte of Germany, in Uesse- 
 Darmstadt. 4 miles \V. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2859. 
 
 GKIKSHKIJI, a Till!i<re of Germany, in Baden, circle of 
 Upper Rhine. 14 miles S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 950. 
 
 GRIE.SHKIM. a village of Gei-many, circle of Sliddle 
 Rhine. N. of ()flenburg. Pop. 83-1. 
 
 GRIKSKIRCIIKX, grees'kfeeRK'en, a small town of Aus- 
 tria, rirole above the Ems. 22 miles E.S.E. of Lintz. Pop. 1300. 
 GltlKTlI, greet, a small town of Rhenish Prussia, on 
 the litine. 5 miles E. of Cleves. 
 
 GRIKTIIAL'SEN, givet/hOw'zen. a gmall town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, on the Rhine, 3 miles N.N.E. of Cleves. 
 
 GRIK'FIX, a town, capifcil of Spalding co., Georgia, on 
 tlu' Macon and Western Railroad, 5S miles N.W. of Macon. 
 This railroad is a link in the chain extending from Savan- 
 nah to Nai-hville. The situation is healthy, and the water 
 good. Griflfin is noted for the prevalence of its good order 
 and temperance, for the excellence of its .schools, and for the 
 activity of its trade. Kear 50.000 bales of cotton are re- 
 ceived here annually. Many of the stores and dwellings 
 are spacious brick buildings. It contains 3 or 4 chun-hes. 
 and 5 large wui'cbousos. Laid out in 1S40. Pop. estimated 
 ttt 3500. 
 
 GRIFFIX COVE, a small village of fishermen in Canada 
 East, CO. ofGaspfe, with a harbor 6| miles N.N.W. of Cape 
 Kazier: lat. 4S° 55' X., Ion. (U'^ 23' W. 
 GRIFFIN'S, .a postofKce of .Johnson co., Arkansas. 
 GRIF'FIXSBURG, a post-vill.ige of Culpepper co., Yij> 
 giuia, 103 miles X.X.W. of Richmond. 
 
 GRIFFINS CORNERS, a postoffice of Delaware co., New 
 
 York. 
 
 GRIFFIN'S CREEK, a post-oflRce of Bentcn co., Alabama. 
 
 GRIFFIN'S MILLS, a post-village of Erie co.. New York, 
 
 on Cazenove Creek, about 15 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has 1 
 
 or 2 churches, and several mills. 
 
 GRI FFIN'S illLLS, a post-office of Lowndes CO., Georgia. 
 GRIF'FITH'S. a post-office of Nicholas co.. Kentucky. 
 jRIF'FlTIISVILLE. a post-office of CaK-U co., Virginia. 
 GRIFT, DE, dA greeft, a river of Holland, joining the 
 fssel. 2 miles S. of ilattem. 
 
 GRIGAN, gre-gRu', one of the Ladrone or Marianne 
 rsi.-ir.ds, in the North P.Hcific Ocean; lat. 1S° 4S' N.. Ion. 145° 
 40' E. It is about 8 miles wide, and about 2300 feet high. 
 
 GRIGGS'TOWN. a post-vHlage of Somerset co.. New Jer- 
 sey, on the Delaware and Raritan Canal, 9 miles S. of 
 Somerville. 
 
 GRIGGS'VILLE. a neat and thriving post-village of Pike 
 CO., Illinois, 62 miles AV. of Springfield, and 4 miles W. of the 
 Illinois River. It contains 1 bank. 4 churches, and manu- 
 factories of plows and carriages. Pop. about 1800. 
 
 GRIGXA.V, green V^s*', a town of F'rance, department of 
 Drome, 34 miles S. of Valence. The chateau of Grignan, in 
 which Madame de Sevigne died, in 1(06, was partly de- 
 stroyed in the revolution of 1793. Pop. in 1852. 1948. 
 
 GHIGNANO, green-yil'no, a village of North Italy, go- 
 Ternment of Venice. 3 miles S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 1900. 
 
 GltlGNWSCO, green-yds'ko. a town of Piedmont, pro- 
 vince, and 21 miles N.W. of Novara. Pop. 1765. 
 
 GRIGNO or GRIN.10. green'vo, a village of Austria, in 
 Tyrol. 4 miles E.S.E. of Trent. "Pop. 818. 
 
 GlilGNOLS, greenVol', a village of France, department 
 of Dordogne. 10 miles S.W. of Perigueux. Pop. 1252. 
 
 GKIGNOLS, a village of France, department of Gironde. 
 40 miles S.K. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1773. 
 
 GRIGNOX, green\vAs<^, a village of France, departments 
 of Cote d'Or and Rhone. 
 
 GRIGNY, green'yee', a village of France, departments of 
 cote d'Or and Rhone. It has .some trade in silk, and a 
 station on the railway between Lyons and St. Etienne. 
 
 GRIGORIOPOL, gre-go-reKVpol," a town of South Russia, 
 government of Kherson, on the Dniester, 90 miles from its 
 mouth. Pop. 3000. It has manufactures of silk and cotton 
 sluflfi, and is of commercial import.ance. 
 GR1GU.\S, a tribe of IIottentot.s. See Gkiqcas. 
 GRIJO, gre/zho. a town and parish of Portugal, province 
 of Douro. 14 miles S.S.K. of Oporto. Pop. 2111. 
 
 G RIJOTA or GlilXOTA. gre-Ho'tl a marketrtown of Spain, 
 province, and 4 miles N.W. of Palencia. 'Pop. 1100. 
 G R IJi )T.\, a river of Mexico. See TAnA.sco. 
 GRIJP.VKKRK or GRYP.SKERK, grIps'kSRk. a vilhige of 
 Ilulland. 9 niile.s W.N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 611. 
 
 GRIMALDI. gre-mJl'dee. a vilKHje of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 11 milra S.S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2430. 
 
 GRl.MAl'D, gree'-miV. a village of France, department of 
 > ar, near the Gulf of Grimaud, 19 miles S.S.E. of Draguignan. 
 Pop. 1321). ° " 
 
 GRIMAUD. GULF OF. (anc. Simhracftalnua Sihiu*,) an in- 
 let of the Me<lit*rranean. on the S. coast of France, depart- 
 ment of Vur. calleil also the Gulf of St. Tropez. Here Napo- 
 leon enitiarked for Elba in ISU. 
 GK1.MBKRGUEN, grimOjiBrgbtin, a viUage of Belgium, ' 
 
 GRI 
 
 province of South Brabant. 6 miles X.E. of Brussels. Pop 
 2701). In 1825 it was submerged by the bui-sting of a dyk«». 
 GRIMKS. grimz. a county in tlie E. central part of Texas, 
 area about 750 .s(iuare miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 theXavasoto ana Brazos Rivers, and drained by Lake and 
 Spring Creeks. The surface is nearlv level, and but little 
 elevated above the sea Named in honor of .7e«.se ti rimes 
 member of Congress of the Republic of Texas. Capital, Ander- 
 son. Pop. 10,;;07, ol whom -IrSn were free, and 5468 slaves. 
 GRIMKSVILLE. giimz'vil. a post-office. Grimes co.. Texas. 
 GRIM'LKY. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 GRI.MLI.\GII.\USKX, griui'liiig-liCw'zgn, a villafe of 
 Rhenish Prussia. 4 miles S. of Dus-seldorf. Pop. 830. " 
 
 GRI MM A. grim'rnj. a walled town of Saxony. 17 mile* 
 S.E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde. here crossed bv a stone bridge. 
 Pop. 50:!4. It has a gymnasium, and manufactures of w(K)l- 
 len .stuff's, stiinh, and mathematical instruments. 
 
 GRIMME. grim'meh, or GRIMMEN, grim'mfn. a town 
 of Prussia. Pomerania, 15 miles S. of Stralsund, on the Tre- 
 bel. Pop. 2670. 
 
 GRIM'.>LDBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 GRIMS'HY. a post-village of Canada We.st, co. of Lincoln. 
 GRI.M.->'RV, GRK.iT, a parliamentary and municipal Ix)- 
 rough. seaport-town, and parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 on the S. side of the estuary of the Humber, 15 miles S E 
 of Hull. Pop. in 1861, 15,013. It has several good streets^ 
 a tine cruciform church, a grammar schwil. founded in l.i4" 
 a harlx)r, furnished with extensive doek.s. large bonding 
 warehouses, e.^tablishments tor shipbuilding and hone- 
 crushing, and manufactures of ropes fmm New Zealand tiax. 
 The imports of timber from the Baltic are considerable, 
 though the town h.is declined in commercial importance 
 since the rise of Hull; but the improvements in its harbor 
 have restored some of its prosperity. It is also a terminus 
 of the East Lincolnshire and l>ancashire R.-»ihvays: and, 
 with the exception of Hull, is the only good port on the E. 
 of England. It .sends 1 member to the House of Commons' 
 GRIMSBY. LITTLK, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 GRI.MSKL. grim'sel, a mountain of Switzerland, in the 
 Bernese Alps, at the S. extremity of the Hasli Valley, crossed 
 by a pa.ss 7126 feet above the sea. 
 
 GRI.MSTAD. grim'stdd. or GROMSTAD, grom'stad. a sea- 
 port of Norway, on the Skaggerrack Channel. 2S miles N.K. 
 of Christians;ind. It has a savings' bank. Froln 10 to 15 
 of the larger cla.ss ve.sisels are built here annnallv: about 
 8000 tons of shipping are engaged in foreign trade, the prin- 
 cipal exports consisting of iron and word. Pop 71-> 
 GRIMSTKAD. EAST, a chapelrv of England, co. of Wilts. 
 GRl.M'STKAD. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 GRl.M.S^riIORPE. a hamlet of England, co. of Lincoln, 4 
 miles E.S. E. of Corby ; near which is Grimsthorpe Castle, an 
 imposing structure, surrounded by tine scenery. 
 GRIMS'TON, a pari.sh of Enghind. co. of Liecester. 
 GRIMSTON, North, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 Ea.st Riding. ' 
 
 GRIM'.STOXE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 GRIM'VILLE. a post-office of lierks co.. Pennsylvania. 
 GRlXA.tE. a town of Denmark. See Grenaae. 
 GRIX.\GER. gre-nj'gher. a parish and village of Norway, 
 33 miles X.N.W. of ChrLstiahia. I'op. 3000. 
 
 GRINDELWALD. griu'del-wilt', a vill.-ige of Switzeriand, 
 canton, .nnd 35 miles S.K. of Bern, at the foot of the Si-hreck- 
 horn. in the Bernese Oberland. :i524 fet^t above the sea. 
 Near it are the glaciers of Upper and Lower Grindelwald. 
 
 GRIN'DLE CREEK, of Pitt co.. North Carolina, Hows 
 into the Tar River, near its mouth. 
 
 GRIX'DLKTON, chapelrv, England, co. York. West Riding. 
 GRIX'DJN, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 0R1XD()X. a parish of England, co. of Stafford 
 GRIND'STOXE CREEK, of Missouri, enters Grand River 
 from the right, in Daviess county. 
 
 GRIXDSTOXE POIXT, a post-office of .MacDonough co., 
 Illinois. 
 G KIXG'LEY-o.\-THE-IlILL, a parish of England, co. Notts. 
 GRINJO. a village of Austria. See GR1G.^0. 
 GRINNELL, Iowa. See Appemux. 
 
 GRI.NNELL L.\ND, in the .Arctic Oce.nn. discovered Sep- 
 tember 22, 1850. by the United States Grinnell Expe<iiti m, 
 in search of Sir John F'ranklin. while in lat. 7.'>° 24' 21" X. 
 A large mass of land was visible, extending from N.W. to 
 N.E., with mountains in the distance rising above >he clou la. 
 This land was visited in 1854 by the United Status Expedi- 
 tion under Dr. Kane, and its .shores to the W. and N. chart> 
 ed as high as 82° 30' N.. Ion. 70^ W., being the neaix-st 
 land to the pole yet di.scovered. It is here washed by an 
 open polar sea. presenting a surfiiee of 3000 .square miles en- 
 tirely free from ice, and abounding in animal life. A north 
 wind of 52 hours duration failed to bring any drift-ice into 
 it. A belt of solid ice, 125 miles wide, separates this sea from 
 the nearest southern 1,-ind. 
 
 GRIXS'DALE. a parish of England, co. of CumKrland. 
 GRIX.S'IIILL, a p-irish orF;ngljiud, co. of Salop. 
 GR1XST.":AD, east. See E.^st Gri.nstead. 
 2."i?I^'^'*-^^' ^^'•^Sr- a P-tr'sli of England, co. of .Sikmx 
 QKINTON, a parish of Euj^nd. co. York, Noith Riding. 
 
GRI 
 
 GRO 
 
 GIUOX. eroe'Ax"'. a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud. 
 2800 feet alwve the sea. Ti miles K.S.E. of Lausanne. In the 
 vicinity is a remarkable roclt. bearing a con.'iderable resem- 
 blance to the human form, and known by the name of •• La 
 Pierre du Sauvage." It forms the subject of a romance 
 by Uridel. Pop. 430. 
 GKI P KSWOLD. See Greifswame. 
 
 GI11QUA8. [rrec'kwiz. or GKIGUAS. gree'frwiz, a tribe of 
 Hottentots, in South Africa, dwellinj; N. of Orange Kiver, 
 between 24° and isP K. Ion. They have made considerable 
 progress in civilization, which they owe to the missionaries 
 established among them. 
 
 GRIQL'A TOWN, South Africa. See Klaarwatkr. 
 
 GKISIGX.^NA, gre-seen-yd'nd. a market-town of Austria, 
 In Illvria, 2-t miles S. of Triest. Pop. 1370. 
 
 GRiSLEHAM or GRISLEIIAMN, gris'Ieh-hdm, a sm.all 
 seaport town of Swedeii, laen, and 60 miles X. of Stockholm, 
 on the Baltic. 
 
 GRlSOIiI.\, gre-sole-i, a Till.age of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citr.% 28 miles N.N.W. of f'aola. Pop. 2iXK). 
 
 GRISOLLKS, gree'zolP, a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, IG miles S.S.E. of Castel-Sarrasiii. P. 1758. 
 
 GRISONS, gree^ziN"', (Ger. (?rat«6find<fn. grOw'bilnt-tgn.) 
 the easternmost and. except Hern, the largest canton of 
 Switzerland. .A.rea. 2975 square miles. Pop in IbtiO, 90,713. 
 about thne-fifths Protestants. It comprises the Engadine, 
 or upper valley of the Inn, with the sources of the RhiTie 
 and tributaries of the Po and Adda, being little more than 
 a mass of mountains and narrow valleys. The scenery is 
 magnificent; in the canton there are 240 glaciers. The agri- 
 cultural products are insufficient fir home consumption, 
 and cattle form the principal wealth of the inhabitants. 
 The chiet mineral riches are ir.on, lead, and zinc, but few 
 mines are wrought. This canton compii.se.s a great number 
 of potty republics, united into three high jurisdictions — the 
 "GottesUaus," (God"s House.) '"Grey," and "Ten Jurisdic- 
 tion" Leagues: and these again unite to elect an annual su- 
 preme government. Grisons in French signifies "gray," 
 and Grauhundkn in German, the " gray allies." The name 
 originated in the following circumstance. In the year 1424. 
 the chief inhabitants of this portion of the country, having 
 become weary of the oppression of their feudal lords, met 
 under a large maple, in a forest near the village of Tron.s, 
 and entered into a solemn compact to defend each other's 
 property and persons, and to oblige their loi-ds to respect tlie 
 same. This was calle<l the Gray League (Gntitbund, grdw'- 
 bdSut.) from their being dressed in gray frocks. The maple 
 tree of Trons remained standing till near the close of tlie 
 last century: it was felled daring the French Inva.sion. 
 Capital, Chur, (Coire.) 
 
 GItlSSKH, gris'seh, GRTSSfi, gris's.i. GRESSIC, grJs/sik, 
 GRKSIK. gres'ik, or GRISSKE, gris'.see, a maritime town 
 on the island of Java, province of Soerabaya, on the Strait 
 of Madura. It is populous, inhabited chiefly Dy Javanese 
 and Chine.se. the latter of whom have an elegant temple. 
 There are here several ship-building yards, in which are 
 constructed numerous vessels, both for war and commerce. 
 Grisseh is one of the oldest towns in Java; here .Moham- 
 medanism first took root, and in its vicinity are numerous 
 graves much revered by the Islamites. 
 
 GRIS'TON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 GRIS'WOLD. a post-township of New London co., Connec- 
 ticut, 45 miles E.S.E. of Hartford. The Quinnebaug River 
 and the Norwich and Worcester Railroad pass along the W. 
 boundary. The river affords valuable water-power, which 
 !s employed in manufactures of cotton goods, muslins, 
 threads, yarns. &c. Pop. 2217. 
 
 GRISWOLD. a post-office of Hamilton co., Illinois, 84 miles 
 S.S.E. of Vandalia. 
 
 GRTSWDLD CITY, a Till.age in Franklin co., Missouri, on 
 the ^Missouri River, 55 miles E. by N. of .Jefferson City. 
 
 GRISWOLD'S MILLS,a post-ofllce of Washington co., New 
 York. 
 
 GRISWOLDSVILLE, a post-office of Jones co., Georgia. 
 
 GRISWOLDVILLE, a post-village of Franldiu co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 GRIT.\. L.A.. 13 gree'ti. a town or vill.nge of Venezuela, 
 department of Zulia. province, and 65 miles S.W. of Merid.a. 
 
 GRITTLETON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 GRIVKG XEE, greeV^n^y.i', a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 1 mile S.E. of Liege, on the Ourthe. Pop. 2200. 
 
 GUTX0T.4. See Grijota. 
 
 GRIZON. gre-zon', (Fr. pron.gree'zAxo'.)one of the Gren.a- 
 dines. West Indies. 8 miles N.E. of Grenada. Lat. 12° 20' N., 
 Ion. 61° 37' W. 
 
 GROAI.\;orGR0.\TS. See Groix. 
 
 GRO'l^Y or GROO'BY. a villau'e of England, co., and 4 
 miles W.X.W. of Leice.ster. Pop. 5.32. 
 
 GROBZIG. (Grobzig.) grob'zio. a town of Germany, duchy 
 of Anhalt-Dessau, 19 miles S.W. of Dessau. Pop. 12><3. 
 
 GRGCHOW, gro-Kov'. a village of Russian Poland. 3 miles 
 E. by S. of Warsaw It w,<»s the scene of a eomliat between 
 the Poles and Russians. February 19 and 21, 1831. 
 
 GRODE. (Grode.) srB'deh. an islet of Denmark, duchy, and 
 off the W. coast of Sleswick, 10 miles W. of Bredstedt. 
 
 GRODEK. gro'dfk, or GRUDEK, groo'dfk, a town of An* 
 trian Oaliiia, 16 miles AV.S.W. of Lembei'!.' I'^p. 3W>i>, 
 G RODKK, a town of Poland, nee ukudeit. 
 
 GRODKN, (Groden.) grci'dfn. or GARDENA. gaR-dA'nl 
 one of the most remarkable valleys of the Tyrol, about 15 
 miles E. of Klausen. 
 
 GROD'NO. a government of Russia, mostly between lat. 
 52° and 54° N., and Ion. 24° and 26° E. Area.' 14.817 square 
 miles. Pop. 795,604. Surface generally level. PrincipjU 
 rivers are, the Niemen. Bug, Narew, and Pripets. Almut. 
 6.825,000 hei'tols of rye are grown annually, of which one- 
 third is exported. The forests are extens-ive; that of Bia- 
 loroja. a crown domain, covers above 200,000 acres. Mineral 
 products comprise iron, chalk, nitre, and building-stone. 
 The agricultural produce is sent to the Baltic pfirts. both by 
 land and by the Niemen Canal. Grodno is subdivided into 
 8 circles. Principal towns, Grodno, Brzesc-Litewski,Slouim, 
 and Novogrodek. 
 
 GRODNO, grod'no, a town of Russi."(, cipital of a govern- 
 ment of the same name. 90 miles S.S.W of Vilna. Pop. 
 16.000. It has a fine castle, founded by Augustus III. of 
 Poland. 9 Roman Catholic and 2 Greelt cliunh.-s. a syna- 
 gogue, gymnasium, school of medicine, public libr.iry. sev(v 
 rai scientific collections, and a bo^nic garden, with mauu- 
 factuies of woollens. 
 
 (iRODZISKO. a town of Prussia. See Gratz. 
 
 GUOIODE. groo'deh, a decaved village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of Zealand, lo' miles S.S.Vv. of Middelburg. Pop. 2408 
 
 GROENEXDIJK. groon'en-dik\ a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of Zealand. 15 miles S.E. of Goes. Pop. 573. 
 
 GROE.NLAND. See Grekxi.a.vd. 
 
 GROENLO. groonMo', sometimes written GROL, grol, or 
 GR0LLI5, grol'leh. (L. GroHia,) a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of (Jeld'erland. 19 miles E..S.E. of Zutpheii. P. 2262. 
 
 GROESREHK. groos'b.ik', a village of Holland, province of ' 
 Gelderland. 6 miles S.E. of Nvrawegen. Pop. 733. 
 
 GROFF'S STORE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 GRO'GANSVILLE, a post-office of Rockingham co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GKOHNDE. grSn'deh. a town of Hanover, province of Ca- 
 lenburg, on the Weser, 7 miles S.S.E. of Hameln. It eon- 
 tains a castle, and has a custom-house and building-dock. 
 A battle was fought here in 1421 ; a monument marks the 
 spot. Pop. 836. 
 
 GROISY, grwd'zee/. a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Savoy. 7 miles from Annecy. Pop. 1337. 
 
 GROITZSCII, groitch. a town of Saxony, circle of Leipsic, 
 
 I mile S.E. of Pegau. Pop. 2001. 
 
 GROIX, grwd, GROAIX. gn^x'. or GROAIS. gro-.V. an 
 island off the W. coast of France, department of Morbihan, 
 6 miles S.W. of Port Louis. Length, 4i- miles, breadth, 2 
 miles. Pop. 3127. 
 
 OROLorGROLLE. See Groenlo. 
 
 (JROMITZ. (Groniitz.)gro'mits. a town of Denmark, duchy 
 of Holstein, on the Gulf of Liibeck, 38 miles S.E. of Kiel. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 GRO.MO, gro/mo. a village of Northern Italy, province, and 
 20 miles N.E. of Bergamo. It contains the remains of two 
 strong castles, which figured in the early history of Italy. 
 Pop. 769. 
 
 GROMSTAD. a town of Norway. See Grimstad. 
 
 GR()NAU. gro'ndw, a town of Hanover, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Ilildesheim. on the Leine. Pop. 1919. 
 
 GRON.VU, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 30 miles N.W. 
 of MUnster. on the Dinkel. 
 
 GRi>NAU, a village of Hesse-Cassol, province and circle 
 of llanau. 
 
 GRO.NDINES. grAn-deen', (Fr. pron. grilN°Meen',) a post- 
 village of Canada East. co. of Portneuf, 48 miles S.S.E. of 
 Quebec. It contains several stores. 
 
 GRONDSVELD. a village of Netherlands. See Gronsveld. 
 
 GRON'E. gron. a river of J'rance, joins the S.ione 27 mileu 
 N. of .Mftcon, after a N.E. course of about 42 miles. 
 
 GRONE. gnVneh. a town of Hanover, province of Ililde- 
 sheim. on a small stream of the same name, at its conflu- 
 ence with the I^eine near Gottingen. Pop. 986. 
 
 GRONENBACH. rGronenbach.) gron'en-bdK'. a market- 
 town of B.avaria, circle of Swabia, on the Aach, 46 miles S.W, 
 of .\ussburg. Pop. 1712. 
 
 GRON/GAR HILL, of Wales, on the Towv. co., and about 
 
 II miles E.N.E. of Carmarthen. Its beautiful scenery is the 
 subject of Dyer's celebrated poem. 
 
 GRO.N'INGEN, (Grciningen.) griin'ing-en. a town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony. 23 miles S.W. of .Magdeburg. Pop. 2390. 
 
 GRONINGEN, (Groningen.) or .MAIIKTGRONIXGEN, 
 (Marktgroningen.") maRkt-grou'ing-en, a town of Wiirtem- 
 berg. 9 miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. i674. 
 
 GRONINGEN, gron'ing-en. (Dutch pron. iiro'ning-nen; 
 Vv.Groningiie. gro*niN«': L. Gronin'fja.) a fortified town ot the 
 Netherlands, capital of a province of the .same name. 92 miles 
 N.E.of Amsterdam. Pop.in l^tj3, 30.762. Theprinc ipal build- 
 ings are the Tovvn-houseand theChurch of !?t. Marl in. It h;is» 
 university, founded in 1614. with IS professors .niiii (in 1S49) 
 216 students; a museum of natural history, a piililic library 
 
 791 
 
GRO 
 
 GRO 
 
 vti. botanic pardfin, a gymnasium, school for deaf, dumb, 
 and blind, an academy of the fine arts, and several lejirned so- 
 cieties. Its port is accessible for large ves.«els by means of a 
 canHl ; it has ship-building yards, paper mills, and an exten- 
 give trade in cattle and butter. It communicates by canals 
 with Leeuwarden, Wiuschoten, and Delfzyl. 
 
 GKO.MXlJKX, the northernmost proyince in the Nether- 
 lands, is flat. low. and partly exposed to the inundations of 
 the sea. It is rich in pasturage, but marshy in the S.K., 
 where it is bounded by the morass of Bonrtang. The cli- 
 mate is humid and unhealthy. Area. 908 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1MJ3, 218.176. It is divided into the districts of 
 Appin!rh:im. Oronin<;en, and Winschoten. 
 
 CiRO.VI.NGUE. Netherlands. See Gro.vingex. 
 
 GRONLAND, (Gronland.) See Gree.nland. 
 
 GRON.SU.VD, (Grousund.) grijn'soond, a channel of Den- 
 marlc, separating the islands of Falster and Miien, and giv- 
 ing a communication l^tween the Baltic and theGreat Belt. 
 Its length is abaut 6 miles, and its me<in breadth little more 
 than 1 mile. 
 
 GRONSVKLD,prons'fJlt\or GROXDSVELD, gronds/fJlt', 
 a village of the .Netherlands, province of Limburg, 3 miles 
 S.E. of Maestricht. I'op. 1514. 
 
 GROOB Y. a village of England. See Groby. 
 
 GROOM'S CORNERS, a post-offico of Saratoga co„ New 
 York. 
 
 GROOMS'PORT, a fishing village and coast-guard station 
 of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 3 miles N.*\'. of Donagha- 
 dee. Pop. 508. It is remarkable as the landing-place of the 
 Duke of Schomberg's armv in 1690. 
 
 GROOTEBROKIv. gro'teh-brook\ a village of the Nethei^ 
 lands, in North Holland, 3 miles W. of Enkhuvsen. P.1200. 
 
 GROOTE EYLANDT, gro'teh I'ldnt. (i.e. " Great Island.") 
 the largest island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in North Aus- 
 tralia, off its W. coast. Lat. 14° S., .Ion. 136° 40' E, Greatest 
 length and breadth, about 40 miles each. 
 
 GIIOOTEGAST. gro'teh-gSstS a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince, and 12 miles AV. of Groningen. Pop. 785. 
 
 GROOTE (gro'tgh) RIVER, several rivers of Cape Colony. 
 in South Africa; one of which joins the Doom, after a 
 W.N.W. course of 84 miles. 
 
 GROOTZUNDERT, grot/zQnMJRt, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Brabiint, on the Murk, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Breda. Pop. 2800. 
 
 GROO'VKRVILLE, a sm.all post-vill.age of Thomas co., 
 Georgia, 218 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 GROl'ELl/O, gro-p6l'lo, a village of Piedmont, division of 
 Novara. province of Lomellina. I'op. 2672. 
 
 GROS BLIDEKSTOFF. gro bleeMCR'toff/, avUlagecf France, 
 department of Moselle. Pop. 2124. 
 
 GROSIi ). gro'se-o. a vill.age of Northern Italy, province, 
 and 20 miles E.N.E. of Sondrio, on the Adda. Pop. 2127. 
 
 GROS'.^IONT. an ancient borough, market-town, and 
 parish of England, co., and 10 miles N.W. of Monmouth. 
 Pop. 692. > 
 
 GROSOTTO, a village of Italy. See Grossotto. 
 
 GiJO&S. a German word signifying "great," prefixed to 
 numerous names, as Gro.ss Glooac, "Great Glogau," Ac. 
 
 GROSSALMERODE. groce-irmeh-ro'deh. a town of Gei^ 
 many, in Hesse-Cassel. province of Nieder-Hessen. P. 2107. 
 
 GROSS ANDRA. a village of Hungary. See Exdred. 
 
 GROSS ASi'ERN. a village of Austiia. See Aspern. 
 
 GROSS AUPA. groce Ow'p.^. a mining town of Bohemia, 
 circle of Ko:iiggratz. Pop. 2426. 
 
 GROSS BEEREN, Prussi.a. See Beerex, Gross. 
 
 GROSS BKT.SKEREK. See Becskerek, N.agt. 
 
 GROSS BIEBERAN, groce bee'beh-rjn\ a market-town of 
 Hesse-Darmst;idt. province of Stirkenburg. Pop. 1498. 
 
 GROSS BITESCH. groce be-tesh'. a fortified town of Mo- 
 ravia. 31 miles N. of Znayra. Pop. 2200. 
 
 GROSSBOTTWAR. groce-bott'*ilR. a town ofWUrtemberg, 
 6 miles from Marbach. in the valley of the Bottwar. P. 2481. 
 
 GROSS BKITA.NXIEN. See Great Britai.v. 
 
 GROSSELFIXGEN, grVsel-fing'en, a market-town of Ger- 
 many, 3 miles W. of Hechingen. Pop. 800. 
 _ GROSSENEHRIO. grAs\sen-.Vrio, a town of Germany, in 
 8chwarzburg-Sondershausen,at the conlluenceof theBenne 
 and HeU)e. Pop. 80&. 
 
 GROSSENIIAIN, prAs'sgn-hIne\ a town of Saxony, 19 
 iniles N.N.W. of Dresilen. on the Roder. Its dye-works are 
 in high repute. Pop. 6394. 
 
 OROSSEXLTNDE.V, gnSs'sen-linMen, a town of Ilesse- 
 D.armst)»dt, in 01x>r-llessen, 4 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 992. 
 
 GKOSSENI-UDKR. (Oros.senliider.) grAs'sen-luMer. a town 
 ?; "'^JfCas'^il, 5 miles N.W. of Fulda, on the Luder. 
 I'op. 1»6(. 
 
 OROSSKNSTETN. gr<\s'.sen-stlne\ a village of Saxe-Alten- 
 burg. 2t null's N. of konnebunr. Pop. 952 ' 
 
 GRO.-<.SETETE. groce'tAt/. improperly GROSSTETE, a post- 
 nfflce of Ilwrville pirish. Louisiana 
 
 GROSSKTETK B.\YoU, (biW.) of Ix,uisian.a, commences 
 
 mm a L^rK: •""■'",''; l"'^ ""*" ■^•'■- ♦<> I'laquemine Bavou. 
 
 ORO.^SK-Kro or GKOSSETO, CTOss..\to, a fortified town of 
 Tuscany, capital of the Maremiiia, 40 miles S.S.W. of Sienna 
 fop. 2oOU. It has a line cathedral, and extensive salt-works. 
 702 
 
 GROSS 6ERATT, groce gA'rOw. a town of Germany, in 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 9 miles N.W. of Itirmstadt. Pop. 1996. 
 
 GROSS GLOCKNER, groce glok'ner. a pyramid.il-shaped 
 mountain in the Noric Alps, on the borders of Sahburg, the 
 Tyrol, and Carinthia, has two peaks, the highest of which ii 
 13.100 feet in elevation. 
 GROSS GLOGAU, a town of Prussia. See Glooau. 
 GROSS KEUL.4. a town of Germany. See KeuLa. 
 GROSS KREUTZ. groce kroits. a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg, 10 miles W. of Potsdam, ou the rail- 
 wav between Berlin and Magdeburg. 
 GROSS MAGKNDORF. Hungary. See Magyar, Nagy. 
 GROSS MESERITSCH. See .Meseritsch. 
 GROSSOTTO. gros-softo, or GROSOTTO. gro-sot'to, a vil- 
 lage of North Italy, on the Adda, IS miles E.N.E. of Sondiio. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 GROSSROHRSDORF, groce-roRs'doRf. a town of Saxony, 
 circle of Dresden, on the Roder. Pop. 3150. It has exten- 
 sive manufactures of linen cloths and tape. 
 
 GROSS SALZA. groce sjlt/sit. a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 government of Magdeburg. Pop. 2300. 
 
 GROSSWARDEIN. groce-waR/dliie, (Hun. Karji/ Varad, 
 nddj vd'rSd\) art ancient episcoixtl city of llunsarv. capital 
 of the county of Bihar, on the Koriis. 137 milesE.S.E. of 
 Buda. Pop. in 1845. 18.276, mostly Roman Catholics. It 
 consistsof a fortress and 8 suV)urbs." Chief edifices, a cathe- 
 dral, and several other churches. It has a royal academy, a 
 gymnasium, a national, and a Greek school. In its vicinity 
 are several hot mineral springs. 
 
 GRCTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GROrrON, a post-township of Grafton co.,New Hampshire, 
 40 miles N.N.W. of Concoiii. Poj). 778. 
 
 GROTON, a post-to\vn.-^liip of Caledonia co., Vermont, 15 
 miles \V. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 939. 
 
 GROTON, gi-aw'ton, a pos^viilage and township of .Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Mass., on the Nashua and Squannacook Rivers, 
 which afford water-power about 35 miles N.N.W. of Boston, 
 and 30 miles N.N.E. of Worcester. The township is tra- 
 versed by four railroads which intersect atOroton .Junction, 
 viz., the Worcester and Nashua, the Fitchburg. the Stony- 
 brook, and the Peterborough and Shirley. The availaHe 
 water-power is occupied by paper, saw. and grist mills; 
 paper is manufact ured to a considerable extent. Shoemaking 
 is about being introduced. Asricultural implements are 
 m.ade at Groton Junction, and tanning is being commenced. 
 The village of Groton in the centre contains 3 churches, 4 
 stores, and the Lawrence Academy, commenced in 1793. It 
 has recently been liberally endowed by the Lawrence family, 
 who were natives of Groton. It possesses a valuable library, 
 and has funds on interest above .*40.')00 ; and the value o( 
 its building and grounds is estimated at $18,000. Pop. of 
 the village about 700. There are also two other villages in 
 the township— one on Squannacook River, and the other at 
 Babbitasset Falls, on the Nashua, with a depot on the Wor- 
 cester and Nashua Railroid. Pop. of the township. 3193. 
 
 GROTON, a post-township of New London co., Connecti- 
 cut, on the E. side of Thames River, at its entr.ance into 
 Long Island Sound, opposite New London, and on the rail- 
 road which connects New London wiiii Stoniiigtun. The 
 township contains several villages, and h:is niamil'actures 
 of brass and iron castings. Britannia ware, sash and blinds, 
 c-otton goods. &c. Some commerce is also carried on. It is 
 famous as being the scene of tiie massacre perpetrated by 
 British troops under Arnold. Old Fort Griswold. com- 
 manded by the brave Ledyard. who was barbarously slain 
 with his own sword after he had surrendered, is still stand- 
 ing on Groton Heights; and a granite obelisk has been 
 erected to commemorate the patriotism of those who pe- 
 rished. Pop. 4450. 
 
 GROTON, a small village of Delaware co.. New Y'ork, 12 
 miles N.W. of Delhi. 
 
 GROTON, a po.st-village and township of Tompkins co., 
 New York, 12 miles N.E. of Ithaca, and alxiut 160 miles W.bj 
 S. of Albany. The village has 2 or 3 churches, an academy, 
 and a few mills. Pop. about 500; of the township, 3544. 
 
 GROTON. a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Erie co.. Ohio. Pop. loao. 
 
 GROTON CENTRE, a village of New London co., Con- 
 necticut, on the E. bank of the Thames River, opposite New 
 London. 
 
 GROTON CENTRE, n post-office of Erie CO., Ohio. 
 
 GROTON CITY, a post-offlce of Tompkins co.. New York. 
 
 GROTON .lUNCTION. a thriving pt>st-village of Middlesex 
 CO.. Massachu.setts. at the intersection of the Worcester and 
 Nashua, the Fitchbursr. the Stonybrook. and the Peterbo- 
 rough and Shirley Railroads, about 30 miles N.N.AV. of Bos- 
 ton. It contains 2 stores and the office of a semi-monthly 
 newspaper. A church is alxiut l^eing erected; agricnlturiil 
 implements are made here, and tamiiug is beifig commenced. 
 The population is increasing rapidly. 
 
 GR0TT.\GL1E. grot-tdl'vA. a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto. 13 miles E.N.E. of Taranto. Pop. 5100. 
 
 GliOTTAMARE. grot-ti-ml'i-A.' a town of Italy, in the 
 Marches, about 14 miles S..S.E. of Kernio, on the Adriatic. 
 Pop. 4050. A lew years ago, the annual produce of liquorice 
 
GRO 
 
 GRU 
 
 was from 20,000 to 30,000 pounds, and of refined sugar from 
 2 to 3 millions pounds. 
 
 GKOTTA-.MIXAKUA, grofta-me-naR'dJ, a village of Na- 
 ples. Principato Ultra, 6 miles S.S.W. of Ariano. Pop. 2800. 
 
 OROTTK, grof tA, a village nf Sicily, 9 miles N.E. of Gir- 
 genti, on the .side of a rocky hill. Pop. 4470. 
 
 GROTTKUIA, grot-tA-ree'i, a villajre of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra II.. 8 miles N.N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 3000. 
 
 GKOTTKAU, grotfkdw, a town of Prussian Silesia, govern- 
 ment of Oppeln, on the railway from Neisse to Brieg, 25 
 miles \V. of Oppeln. Pop. 3U83. 
 
 OUOTTOLK, grot/to-li, a village of Naples, on the Basi- 
 ento, 31 miles K.S.K. of Potenza. Pop. 2300. 
 
 GROTZINGKN, (Griitzingen,) grol'sing-gn, a market-town 
 of Germany, in Baden, 4 miles E. of Carlsruhe, on the Pfinz. 
 Pop. 2001. It has a metal-button factory, established in the 
 old palace of Augustenburg. 
 
 GROTZIXGEX, (Grcitzingen.) a market-town of Germany, 
 In Wiirtemberg, 10 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1030. 
 
 GROTZKA, a town of Turkey. See Krotzka. 
 
 GROUSE, grdwss, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, 50 
 miles W. of Chicago. 
 
 GROUT'S CORNERS, a post-village of Branklin co„ Ma.s- 
 eaehusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, at 
 a point from which diverges the Brattleborough Branch 
 Railroad, 48 miles W. of Fitchburg. 
 
 GROUW, grOwv, formerly GROWE, gro/^gh, a village ot 
 the Netherlands, province of Friesland, on the Grouw, 8 
 miles N.E. of Sneek. Pop. 1780. 
 
 GROVE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 GROVE, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 GROVE, a hamlet of England, co. of Berks, parish, and IJ 
 miles N. of Wantage. 
 
 GROVE, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York. 
 about 2ii0 mil«s W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1139 
 
 GROVE, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. P. 487. 
 
 GROVE, a post-ollice of Chatham co., North Carolina. 
 
 GROVE, a post-otlice of Elbort co., Georgia. 
 
 GROVE, a post-oflFii.e of Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 
 GROVE CITY, a post-offlce of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 GROVE CITY, a post-offlce of Utah co., Utah Territory. 
 
 GROVE CREEK, a pust-village in Jones co., Iowa, about 
 60 miles N.N.K. of Iowa City. 
 
 GROVE F,\.RM, a postrvillage of UendersoQ co., Illinois, 
 75 miles W. by N. of Peoria. 
 
 GROVE FER/RY. England, is a station on the S.E. rail- 
 way, CO. of Kent, 6j miles N.E. of Canterbury. 
 
 GROVE IIII.L,, a post-office of Page co., Virginia. 
 
 GROVE Illbli, a po.st-office of Warren CO., North Carolina. 
 
 GROVE HILL, a post-offlce of Clarke co., Alabama. 
 
 GROVK IIILL, a post-office of Jackson parish, Louisiana. 
 
 GROVE'L.\ND, a post-township in Essex co., Massachu- 
 setts, on the S. side of Merrimack River, about 25 miles N. 
 by E. of Boston. Incorporated in 1850. Pop. 1448. 
 
 GROVKLAN'D, a post-village and township of Livingston 
 CO., New York, fi miles S. of Geneseo. Conesus Lake 
 touches the N.E. border of the township which is intersected 
 by the principal tributary of the Genesee neiir its junction 
 with the main stream, and the Genesee Valley Canal enters 
 it from the W. Pop. 1565. 
 
 GROVE LAND, a postroBlce of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 GROVELAND, a post-township in the N.W. part of Oak- 
 land co., Michii'in. Pop. 1265. 
 
 GROVKL.\ND, a post-office of Putnam co., Indiana. 
 
 GROVK LAND, a post-village in Tazewell co., Illinois, near 
 the Illinois River, 00 miles N. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 GROVULAND, a post-offlce of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, 
 about .*i(l miles N. of Fond du Lac. 
 
 GROVELAND CKNTRE. a post-village of Livingston co.. 
 New York, about 230 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 GROVE LEVEL, a postH)ffice of Franklin co., Georgia, 112 
 miles N. of Milledgoville. 
 
 GROVE MEETING HOUSE, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GROVE MOUNT, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia. 
 
 GROVENOR'S (grov'ngrz) CORNERS, a post-office of Scho- 
 harie CO.. .New York. 
 
 GROVEP()RT, grov'port, a post-village in Madison town- 
 ship, Franklin co.. Ohio, 10 miles S.E. of Columbus, with 
 which it is connected by a turnpike. Pop. 540. 
 
 GROVES, grovz. a post-office of Itush co., Indiana. 
 
 GROVETON, grov'ton, a post-office of Prince William co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 GROVEVILLR. grov'vil, a post-village of Mercer co.. New 
 Jensey. on Crosswicks Creek, miles S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 GROWE. a village of Netherlands. See Grouw. 
 
 GRUB, groob. a village of Switzerland, canton, and 10 
 miles N.i;. of .A.ppeiizell. Pop. 9o4. 
 
 GRUB, a village of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, above 
 the former, the two parishes forming the frontiers of the two 
 cantons. I'op. 005. 
 
 GRUBIVS MILLS, a post-offlce of Putnam co.. Indiana. 
 
 GRUBE, groo'beh, a village of Denmark, duchy of Hol- 
 atein, near the ISaltic Sea, 37 miles E. of Kiel. Pop. 600. 
 
 GllUBENHAQEN, (groo'bgn-hd'ghgn,) Pbincipauti of, 
 
 an old division of North Germany, now comprised in the lanii' 
 grave of Hildesheim, forming the S.E. portion of Il^jnover. 
 
 GKUBENVORST, graWbgn-voRstN a village of Dutch Lint 
 burg, on tie Mouse, 4 miles N. of Venloii. Pop. 12^6. 
 
 GRUB SPRINGS, a postrofflce of Monroe co.. Mississippi. 
 
 GI{UB'VILLE,a post-office of Jefferson co., Jlis.souri. 
 
 GRUDEK, groo'dfek, or GRODEK, a market-town of Rus- 
 sian Poland, government of Podolia, 34 miles N.N.W. of 
 Kamieniec. Pop. 2700. 
 
 GRUDEK, a town of Austria. See Grodek. 
 
 GRUDZIADZ. a town of Prussia. See Graubenz. 
 
 GRUGLI.\SCO, grool-yls'ko, a market-town of Piedmont, 
 5 miles W. of Turin. Pop. 2074. 
 
 GKUINA.RD, grii'nard, an inlet on the N.W. coast of the- 
 isle of Islay. co. of Argyle. 
 
 • GRUINARD. LOCH, loK grii'nard, a bay and islet of 
 Scotland, on the N.W^ coast of the co. of Ross, between 
 Lochs Broome and Ewe. 
 
 GRUISSAN, grtl-ees^sSxo', a seaport village of France, 
 department of Aude. 7 miles S.S.E. of Narbonne. Pop. 2861. 
 
 GRULICII, groo'llK, the most eastern town of Bohemia, 
 42 miles E.S.E. of KiJuiggratz. Pop. 2490. 
 
 GRUMBACII, grOSm'bdK, a village of Germany, dominions 
 of Baden and Reu-^s. 
 
 GRUMRERG, grtXJm'bJRG, a village of Moravia, 37 miles 
 N.W. of Olmutz. 
 
 GRUMELLO, groo-m?11o, or GRUMELLO DEL MONTE, 
 groo-mJl'lo djl mon'td, a town of North Italy, 9 miles N.W. 
 of Cremona. Pop. 1060. 
 
 GRU.MELLO, a village of North Italy, 11 miles S.E. of 
 Bergamo. Pop. 1440. 
 
 GRUMO, groo'mo, a town of Naples, province, and 6 miles 
 N. of Naples. Pop. 2800. 
 
 GRUMO, a town of Naples, province, and 13 miles S.W. of 
 Bari. Pop. 3900. 
 
 GRUNA, (Griina.) grU'nl, a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, bailiwick of Chemnitz. Pop. 2240. 
 
 (IRUN.YU, groo'uOw, a village of Pru.ssian Silesia, 25 miles 
 S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1916. 
 
 GRUNBACII, grOOnljaK, a village of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles 
 N.W. of Schorndorf. Pop. 1398. 
 
 GRUNBERG, (Grilnberg.) griin'bJRO, a town of Germ.iny, 
 in Ilesse-Darmstadt, province of Ober-llessen, 14 miles E. 
 ofGie.ssen. Pop. 24.39. 
 
 GRUNBERG, (GrUnberg.) a town of Prussian Sile.=ia, go- 
 vernment of Liegnitz, 20 miles E.S.E. of Cros.sen. Pop. 10.42u. 
 It is enclo.sed by walls, and has a Lutheran and 2 Roman 
 Catholic churches, with manufactures of woollen cloth and 
 yarn, printed cottons, leather, and straw hats, and extensive 
 cultivation of vine.s. 
 
 GRUN'RY, a district in Lumpkin co.. Georgia. 
 
 GRUND, grMnt, a small mining town of Hanover, dis- 
 trict, and 5 miles N.W. of Clausthal, in the llarz. I'op. 1416. 
 
 GRUN'DISBUROH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GRUN'DY, a new county in the S.E. central part of Ten- 
 nessee, has an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is 
 drained by Collins River. The surCice is mountainous, the 
 county lying on the W. side of the Cumberland Mountain. 
 Formed about 1848, out of parts of Marion. Warren, and 
 Franklin. Capital. Aitamoute. Pop. 3093, of whom 2*27 
 were free, and 260 slaves. 
 
 GRUNDY, a county in the E.N.E. part of Illinois, has an 
 area, of 430 square miles. It is traversed by the Illinois 
 River, which is formed in the N.E. part of the county by the 
 union of the Kankakee and Des Plaines: and also drained 
 by Ma.son's River. The surface is nearly Tevel, and the soil 
 good. Beds of stone coal have been opened in several places. 
 The county is intersected by the Illinois and Michigan 
 Canal, and by the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Morris. Named in honor of the Hon. Feli.K Grundy, for- 
 merly senator from Tennessee, and Attorney-general of the 
 United States. Pop. 10,379. 
 
 GRUNDY, a new county in the N. part of Missouri, has 
 an area of 462 square miles. It is interi^ected by the Crooked 
 Fork of Grand River, Medicine, Indian, and Muddy Creeks, 
 and also drained by Weldon River. The county consists 
 mostly of open plains or prairies, the soil of which is pro- 
 ductive. Capital, Trenton. Pop. 7887, of whom 7tj02 were 
 free, and 2^5 slaves. 
 
 GllUNDY, a new county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, 
 hasanareaof about500squaremiles. Itisdrained by Black 
 Hawk Creek, an affluent of the Cedar River. This county is 
 not included in the census of 1850; Pop. in 18C0, 793. 
 
 GRUNDY, a post-offlce of Pulaski co., Kentucky. 
 
 GRUNIIAIN, (Griinhain.) grUn'hine, a town of Saxony, 
 circle of Zwickau. 8 miles W. of .\nnaberg. Pop. 1:530. 
 
 GRUNHAINICHEN, (Grunhainichen.) grUn'hI'niK-en, a 
 village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, on uie Flciha. P. 1076. 
 
 GRUNINGEN, (Griiningen,) griin'ing-en, a village of Ger- 
 many, in Ilesse-Darmstadt, 6 miles S. of Giessen. I'op. 506. 
 
 GRUNINGEN, (Griiningen.) a parish and village of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 12 miles S.I"3. of Zurich. Pop. 1600. 
 
 GRUNSFELD. (Grtinsfeld,) griins/f^lt. a vill.-ige of Centra! 
 Germany, grand duchy of Baden, 15 miles S.S.E. of Wert- 
 lieim. Pop. 1165. 
 
 793 
 
GRU 
 
 GUA 
 
 GRr:SSTAl T, (Grtlnstadt.) prUn'stltt. a town of Rhenish 
 Bavarb. 25 miles X.N. K. of Landau. Pop.o.'^2-2. 
 
 GHISBACII. grOos'biK, or IIRUSOWANY, h'roo'so-vS^- 
 nee, a market-town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 miles E.S.E. 
 ofZna'P-i. Pop. 1117. 
 
 GKysr.4., a territory of Russia. See Georgh. 
 
 GRCTLI. griiflee, a patch of meadow-land, in Switzer- 
 land. Ginton of Uri. on the AV. shore of the Lake of Lucerne, 
 7 miles N.N.W. of Altorf, traditionally believed to be the 
 place where Stauffacher, Arnold of Melchthal. and Walter 
 I'ii'^t met in 1307, and planned the insurrection against 
 Austria, which resulted in the independence of Switzerland. 
 
 GKUYKHE or GKUYfellES. RrU\vaiu/, (Ger. Grei/ers, gri'- 
 frs.1 a small town of Switzerland, canton, and 15 miles 
 S.S.W. of Freyburg. Pop. 1000. It has a remarkable ojistle, 
 said to have been founded in the fifth century. In its vi- 
 cinity, about 40.000 cwt. of the famous Gruyfire cheese, 
 ■worth S:!(i0.000 are made annually. 
 
 GRYlJdW. gree'bov, a town of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galieia. 12 miles K.N.K. of Sandec. Pop. 1400. 
 
 GRYFK. grif, a rapid streamlet of Scotland, co. of Ren- 
 frew falling into the Hiack Cart near Paisley. 
 
 GIJZEGOUZKW, gzhi-goR'zJv, a small town of Poland, 
 government of Warsaw. 4 liiiles E. of Kolo. 
 
 GRZY>tALOW, czhe-md'lov, a small town of Galieia, 22 
 miles W.S.W. of Tarnopol. 
 
 GSIIATSK, a town of Russia. See Gzn.^TSK. 
 
 GSTKIG, g'stio. a parish and village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Bern, bailiwick of Interlachen. Pop. 5522. 
 
 GUA. Le. leh g4. a village of France, department of Cha- 
 rente-Infgrieure, 10 miles S.E. of Marennes. Pop. 2056. 
 
 Gt'.iBl ARE, a river of New Granada, See Gu.wiare. 
 
 GUAC.\LKUA. gwi-kiWrL a small town of the Argen- 
 tine Republic. (La Plata.) province, and 95 miles N.N.W. of 
 Salta, near the riirht bank of the Jujuy. 
 
 GUACARA. gwS-ki4'ri, a town of South America, in Vene- 
 suela. on Lake Tacarigua. 6 miles E. of A'alencia. P. 4000. 
 
 GU.-VCIIIN.\NGO, gwd-che-nin'go. a town of Mexico, state 
 of Puebl.^. 103 miles N.E. of Mexico, in the vicinity of which a 
 large quantity of excellent vanilla is raised. Pop.about 6(K)0. 
 
 GUACiriPE. gwi-chee/pA. or (iUACIIIPAS. gwj-chee'pds, 
 Bconsidei-able river of the .\rgentine Republic, (La I'lata.) pro- 
 vince of Salta, formed by several rivers rising in the Andes. 
 It Hows E.N.E. for 190 miles, and about 33 miles S. of Salta 
 takes the name Salado. 
 
 GCACCBA. gwj-koo'ba or LEON, lA-5n'. a river of New 
 Granada, after a N.W. course of about 150 miles, foils into 
 Choco Ray in the Gulf of Darien. 
 
 GCAU, (from the Arab. WarJy, a "river,") a prefix of 
 the names of many Spanish rivers and towns, as Guadiana, 
 
 GCADAI.ETE. &C. 
 
 GUADALA.TARA or GXJADALAXARA, gwS-Daia-Ha'ra,* 
 (anc. Arriacnf) a city of Spain, capital of a province, on the 
 left bank of the Ilenares. 34 miles E.N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 
 6170. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a magnificent 
 palace of the Mendoza family, a Franciscan church, and some 
 Moorish edifices. A woollen factory, formerly Iielonging to 
 the government, has suffered by the war of independence. 
 
 GU.\1)ALA.T AR.\. a state of Mexico. See Jalisco. 
 
 GU.\t)ALA.IARA orGUADALAXARA.gwa-Da-ld-Ha'ra.*a 
 city of Mexico, capital of the state of Jalisco or Guadalajara, 
 on'the left bank of the Kio de Santiago, 275 miles W.N.W. of 
 Mexico, and about 140 miles from the Pacific, lat. 21° 9' N., 
 Ion. 103° 2' 15' W. It is a large and handsome city, the 
 streets spacious, and the houses excellent. There are 14 
 squares.12 fountains.and a numl>er of convents and churches. 
 In the Plaza Mayor is the Cathedral, a magnificent structure, 
 although its appearance has been much impaired by the de- 
 struction of the cupolas of both its towers by the great earth- 
 quake of 1S18 : on the right side of the same square is the Go- 
 vernment House, in a noble and severe style, and with a fine 
 facade: the arcades, which line the two sides of the square, 
 are very handsome, and are filled with elegant and well- 
 stocked shops, in which almost every description of Europe.in 
 and Chinese manufacture may be obtained. The AhnnMtt or 
 public walk is lieaulifally laid out with trees and flowers, 
 with a fountain in the centre, and a stream of wjiter all 
 round. Various tracles are carried on here with success, pat^ 
 ticularly those of blacksmithing. carpentering, and silver- 
 imithing. There are also manufactures of shawls, striped 
 calico, paper, and of a particular de.scription of earthenware: 
 great skill is displayed in leather working. In 1840. $881,546 
 were coined at its mint. The f ireign trade of the town, now 
 Tery trifling, was fonnerly carried on through the port of 
 San Bias, on the Pacific, but is now removed to the superior 
 liiirlxiui-s of Mazatlan and Guaymas. Guadalajara was 
 founded in 1551. and, in 1570, was created an episcopjil city. 
 Pop. estimated at 70,000. r r j 
 
 GUADALAVIAK, gwa-di-ia-ve-aR', or BLANCO, bian^vo, 
 
 • It mny be observed that in all namea hepnninK with qua. the 
 Upaniarda and .Mexicans »c.\rcely sound the </ at all ; hence Gua- 
 dalajara IS pronounced alnioet wah-dah-la-iiah'rah Guana- 
 xiiato wah-nati-iiwah'to, *c. ; hence gua is often interchanged 
 with hua, h m bpaniih being luuaUy nearly or quite silent 
 
 (anc. Tufria.') a river of Spain, rises in the Sierra Alhar- 
 racin, and after a S.E, course of 130 miles, enters the Medi- 
 terranean, 3 miles E. of Valencia. 
 
 GUADALCANAL, gwaiiai-ka-nai'. a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 48 miles N.N.W. of Seville. Its celebrated silver 
 mines, which have been under water for 150 years, were pur- 
 chased and drained by an Euglish company in 1848. Pop. 
 3884. 
 
 GUAD.\LETE, gwa-Da-lA't.A, a river of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 after a S.W. course of 75 miles, enters the Baj- of Cadiz by 
 two branches. 
 
 GUADALHORCE, gwa-l>ai-OR'th,A. a river of Spain, An- 
 dalusia. It rises on the frontiers of the province of G ranada, 
 and fjills into the Mediterranean miles S. by W. of Malaga. 
 
 GU.\D.A.LIMAR, gwa-Da-le-maR', a river of Spain, rises 
 near A'illa Verde, and joins the Guadalijuivir, 14 miles N. of 
 Jaen, after a S.W. course of 70 miles. 
 
 GUAD.\L>IEZ. gwa-Dai-mJth', a river of Spain, joins the 
 Zuja at Ciudad-Real, after a course of above 50 Diiles. 
 
 GUAD.\LQUIVIK, gaw\l;il-kwiv'er, (Sp. pron. gwd-Ddl-ke- 
 veeR': Arab. Wad-al-kebir. wld-ai-ke-beeft', •• the Great River."' 
 anc. B(ft'i!!.) an important river of Spjiin, rises in the Sierra 
 Cazoila, flows generally W.S.W., and enters the .\tlantic 18 
 miles N. of Cadiz. Length 2S0 miles. Twelve miles below 
 Seville, it separates into three branches, forming the is- 
 lands of I sla Mayor and Isla Menor. Chief afHuents on the 
 right, the Guadaliraar and the Jandula: ou the left, the 
 Guadiana 5Ienor, Guad.ajoz, and Genii. It is navigable for 
 large vessels to Cordova : barges of lijO tons a-sceud to Seville, 
 
 GUAD.\LUPE, gwa-Da-loo'ptl, a mountain-range of Spain, 
 New Castile, commences with the termination of the Sierra 
 de Montanche, and stretches in an easterly direction to the 
 source of the Guadarranque. where it is succeeded by the 
 mountains of Toledo. Its culminating point has a height 
 of 5254 feet. 
 
 GUADALUPE, gwj-ca-loo'p.l written al.so GUADALOPE, 
 a river of Spain, Aragon, joins the Ebro 14 miles S.>V. of 
 Mequiuenza, after a N.E. cour.se of 70 miles. A Moorish 
 canal, now dry. formerly conne<-ted it with the Ebro. 
 
 GU.\D.VLUPE. a town of Spain, New Castile, province, 
 and 95 miles S.W. of Toledo, on the S. slope of .Mount Alta- 
 mira. has a fine church belonging to the famous monastery 
 of Geronimo. Pop. 3834, 
 
 GUAD.\LUPE, a town of Spain, province, and 56 miles E. 
 of Caceres, near the Sierra Guadalujie. Pop. 3000. It is a 
 wretched place, grouped around a famous monastery, for- 
 merly the "Loretto of Central Spain;-' which although, de- 
 spoiled l)y the French, still contains many rich works of art. 
 
 GUAD.\LUPE, (commonly pronounced gaw-da-loop'; Sp, 
 pronunciation gwa-da-Ioo'p.A.) a river of Texas, rises in Bexar 
 county, and flows nearly eastward until it enters the allu- 
 vial plain, which descends toward the (iulf of Jlexico. Be- 
 low this, its general direction is south-eastward, and after 
 pas.sing Gonzales and Victorisv. it falls into the San Antonia, 
 about twelve miles from its mouth. The length is estimated 
 at 250 miles. 
 
 GUADALUPE, a county in the S.W. central part of Texas, 
 has an area of 840 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Guadalupe River, from which the name is derived, bounded 
 on the N.E. by San Marcus, and on the S.W. bv the Cibolo 
 River. Capital, Seguin. Pop. 6444, of whom 3C96 were free, 
 and 1748 slaves. 
 
 GUADALUPE, gwa-daioo'p.! an island of the Pacific 
 Ocean, off the coast of Lower California. Lat. 2y° N., Ion. 
 118° 22' W. Length 15 miles. 
 
 GUADALUPE, a sni.all river of California, falling into the 
 S. extremity of San Francisco Bay. 
 
 GUADALUPE orGUADALUPK IlIDAIXJO. gwa^aioyp* 
 be-dSl'go. often called gaw'd.;i-loop' he-dai'go. a small town 
 3i miles N. of the city of Mexico. lt»contains a famous col- 
 legiate church, which is much resorted to in pilgrimage. 
 Here a treaty of pe.ace was concluded, F'ebruary 2d. 1848, 
 between Mexico and the United Stales, and ratified by the 
 Mexican Congress, May 19th. 1848. By it the territories of 
 Upper California and New Mexico were ceded tQ the United 
 States. 
 
 GUADALUPE VICTORIA, a town of Texas, on the Gua- 
 dalupe. 36 miles S.S.W. of Gonzales. 
 
 GUADALUPE-Y-CALVO, gwada-loo'p.Wkai'vo, a town of 
 Mexico, state, 173 miles S.S.W. of Chihuahua, in a moun- 
 tainous district. It derives its importance from the silver 
 mines in its vicinity. Pop. lO.OiiO. 
 
 GUADA1!RAM.\, gwa-DaR-i:d'nid, a river of Spain, joins 
 the Tagus 12 miles below Toledo, after a course of 70 miles. 
 
 GUADARRANQUE. gwa-Pan-Kan'kA. a river of Spain, joins 
 the Guadiana after a course of alx>ut 45 miles. 
 
 GUADASUAU. gwa-Da-swiR/. a market t^-pwu of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 18 miles S.S.W. of Valenci.H, on a canal P. 1500. 
 
 GUADKLOUPE,gawMa-loop'orga\leh-loop'.(Sp.(;M/»rf((7j/7)«, 
 gwd-n.'i-loo'p.A.) an island of the West Indies, Leeward Group, 
 one of the jirincipal French colonies in the .Atlantic, lies be* 
 tween lat. 15° 47' and 10° .30' N., Ion. 61° 15' and M° 45' W 
 It is composed of two portions or distinct isl.inds. st-parate<5 
 by an arm of the sea called Riviere Sal6e (salt river,) from 
 30 to 100 yards broad, and navigable for iniiall vensels. Ilia 
 
GUA 
 
 W. and larger portion is Guadeloupe Proper, divided into 
 Bassotin-re, and Oapesterre, and is 27 miles long by about 15 
 miles liroad. The K. portion, called Grande-terre, is nearly 
 30 miles long by 10 to 12 miles broad. Guadeloupe Proper 
 Is of volcanic formation, and is traversed N. to S. by a ridjre 
 of hills, having a medium height of 22a6 feet. The culmi- 
 nating points are La Souffriere, an active volcano, 5108 feet 
 high; La Grosse-Montagne, Les Deux Mamelles, and Le Pi- 
 ton-de-l!ouillante, extinct volcanoes. Grand-terre, on the 
 other hand, is generally flat, composed of madrepores, and 
 marine detritus, and nowhere rises higher than 115 feet above 
 the sea. Guadeloupe is watered by a number of small streams, 
 runuiM;^ in deeply cut beds, but becoming dry in summer; 
 the principal are theGoyaves, Lamentiu, and Lezarde, wliich 
 are navigable for canoes. The climate is hot and unhealthy, 
 the mean temperature being 79^, the ordinary extremes 71° 
 and U"-', and the greatest heat 130°, accompiinied with a re- 
 markably humid atmosphere. Average annual fall of rain 
 86 inches. Ilurricanes are frequent and destructive. The 
 Boil is fertile and well cultivated, covered with fine tbrests in 
 the mountainous, untilled parts, and with mangroves and 
 manchineel trees on the marshy coast of Basse-terro. The 
 Tahiti sugar-cane is the only kind cultivated, for which there 
 were, in 1861, 560 mills. The chief articles of export, sent 
 almost all to France, are sugar, coffee, dye and cabinet woods, 
 rum. taflfta, cotton wool, annatto, hides, sweetmeats, and 
 preserves, copper, tobacco, &c. Imports, cotton manufactures, 
 hides, wheat-meal, saHed butter, cod tish, olive oil, wax can- 
 dles, pottery, glasswares, salted meat, medicines, &c. The 
 principal anchorages of Guadeloupe are the Kay of Mahault 
 and the roads of Uasse-terre. Grande-terre possesses two an- 
 chorages, that of Moule Snd Point-k-Pltre; the latt«rat the 
 S. entrance to the KiviJre Salee, is e.iteemed one of the best 
 in the Antilles, and on it was situated the important town 
 of St. Louis or Point-i-Pltre, destroyed by an earthquake 
 February 8, 1843. 
 
 Guadeloupe was first discovered by Columbus in 1493. and 
 was thus named by him in honor of Sainte Marie de la Gua- 
 deloupe. It was taken possession of by the French, in 1035, 
 who kept it till 1759, when it was tiiken by the English. It 
 was subsequently captured and recaptured several times by 
 these nations, and finally ceded to the French at the general 
 peace in 1814. Pop. 1841, 131,102: 1851, 129.050. 
 
 GU.iDKLOUl'K.agovernmentof the French West Tndie.s, 
 includes the Islands of Guadeloupe, Mario Galante, Les 
 Saintes, Desirade or Deseada, and about two-thirds of Mar- 
 tinique. 
 
 GUADT.A.XA, gwi-do-i/nd or gw3-De-d'nd, (anc. A'nas,) an 
 important river of .Spain and Portugal, flowing between the 
 Tagus and Guadahiuivir. It ri.ses in La Mancha, 15 miles 
 N.E. of Villahermosa. flows at first W. (and tor some distance 
 under ground) through N. Castile and .Spanish Estremadura, 
 then S. through the Portuguese province .^lemtcjo, and be- 
 tween Algarve and -A^ndalusia, enters the .Mediterranean 13 
 miles E. of Tavira, after a course of 380 miles, for the last 
 35 of which it is navigable. Chief affluents on the right, 
 the Giguela and Gu;idarranque.on tlieleft,the Jabalon. Zuja. 
 Ardilla, and Chanza. Guawaxa is derived from the Arabic 
 Wadi/ and Ana, a corruption of .4m(s, the ancient name of 
 this river. 
 
 G II.4DT AX A-M ENOR, gwil-De-d'n3 m.i-nSn', a river of Spain, 
 AndalusLa, joins the Guadalquivir 4 miles E.S.E of Ubeda, 
 after a tortuous course of 30 miles. 
 
 GUADI ARO, gwd-De-d'ro, a river of Spain, enters the Medi- 
 terranean 11 miles N.E. of Gibraltar, after a generally S. 
 course of 40 miles. 
 
 GUADI.'VTO. gwd-ne-d'to, a river of Spain, joins the Gu.v 
 dalquivir 17 miles W.S.W. of Cordova, after a very tortuous 
 course of about 70 miles. 
 
 GU.VDIELA, gwd-ne-.Vld, a river of Spain, joins the Tagus 
 45 miles R. of Madrid; total course 65 miles. 
 
 GL-.\DIX, gwd-Deen', (Arab, IRtdi-as7i, wd'dee-dsh. "River 
 of Life.") a city of Spain, province, and 42 miles E.N.E. of 
 Granada, on the Guadix. I'op. 1051. It is enclosed by old 
 walls and mulberry plantations. It contains a cathedral and 
 a Mooiish castle. 
 
 GUADUAS, gwd'Dwds', a town of South America, New 
 Granada, near the Magdalena. 45 miles N.W. Bogoti. and 
 8700 feet above the sea. Pop. 4000. 
 
 GU.\Fi >. gwd'fo, or HU.\FO. iiwd'fo, an island in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Chili, 20 miles S.W. of Chiloe. 
 
 GU.\II.\LL, gwa/hall, one of the Scilly Islands, off Corn- 
 wall. England. 
 
 GUAUAN, gwd-hdn', SAN JUAN,sdn Hoo-dn'. or GUAM, 
 gwdm, the most southern and largest of the Marianne Is- 
 la,ids in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 13° 27' N., Ion. 145° E. It 
 is about 100 miles in circuit, surrounded by coral reefs, and 
 has a town and !l roadstead, defended by two Spaniah forts. 
 
 GU.A.1ANEC0, gwI-d-nA'ko, an island group on the W. 
 coast of Patagonia, lat. 47° 41' S., Ion. 74° 55' \V., com- 
 prised of two principal islands and many smaller islet.s — the 
 westernmost called Byron Island, and the easternmost Wa- 
 ger Island, separated from each other by Kuiidle's l'a.ssage. 
 
 GU.A.1CUUI, t river of Brazil. See Velhas, Rig das. 
 
 GUAXLiV.S, u province of l'«ru. See Huatlas. 
 
 GUA 
 
 GU.\INIA, gwi'ne-d, a river of South America, Venezuela, 
 joins the Cassiquiare, to form the Rio Negro. 
 
 GU.\ITECA. a gulf of Patagonia. See Guattecas. 
 
 GUAJABA or GUAXABA. gwd-Hd'bd, a suiall island off 
 the .\. coast of Cuba. Lat. 21° 50' N.. Ion. 77° 2S' W. 
 
 GUALAN, gwd-ldn', a town of Central America, state, anj 
 80 miles E.N.E. of Guatemala, near the Jlontagua. Pop. 
 2000 (?) It stands on a rock at the junction of two rivers, 
 and encircled by a belt of mountains. 
 
 GUALATEIKI, gwdld-t.i-e-ree', a mountain peak of the 
 Andes, near the boundary line of Peru and Bolivia. Lat 
 20° 13' S.. Ion. 09° 17' W. Height 22,000 fwet. 
 
 GUALDO. gwdl'do, a small town of Italy, in the province 
 of Perugia, 23 miles N.E. of Perugia. Pop. 2340. 
 
 OUALILLAS, gwd-leel'yd.s, a mountain pass in the Pft 
 ruvian Andes. South America, 25 miles N.E. from Tacna, in 
 lat. 17° 50' S. ■ Height 14.750 feet. 
 
 GUALIOR. a state of India. See Gwauor. 
 
 GUALTIERI, gwdl-te-!l'ree, a village of N. Italy, duchy ot 
 Modena, 16 miles N. of Reggio, on tiie Po. Pop. 1500. 
 
 GUAM, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See Guahax. 
 
 GUAMA, gwd'md, ariver of Brazil, which rises in the S.E. 
 part of the province of Para, and falls into the bay of Gua- 
 jara. near the town of Belem or Para. 
 
 GUAMACIIUCO and GUAMANGA, towns of Peru. See 
 
 IIUAMACHL'CO, IIUAMAXGA. 
 
 GUAMALIES. See Huamalies. 
 
 GUAMOCO, gwd-mo'ko, a decayed town of South America, 
 New Granada, 70 miles N.E. of .\ntioquia. 
 
 GUA.MOTE, gwd-mo'tA, a village of Ecuador, department, 
 and near Guayaquil, on an island formed by two rivers, 
 and surrounded by lofty mountains. In 1803 it was the 
 scone of a terrible insurrection of the Indians against the 
 whites. 
 
 GIJ.\NA, gwd'nd, several Islands of the West Indies, the 
 principal being off the N. coast of Abaco, Baliamas. It is 
 17 miles in length by 2} miles in breadth. 
 
 GUANABACOA, gwd-nd-bd-ko'd. a town of Cuba, on the 
 E. side of the harbor of Havana. Pop. of town, 16.519. 
 
 GUANACACIIE, gwd-ndkd'chi, a lagoon of the Plata 
 Confederacy, South America. Lat. 31° 40' S., Ion. 68° 30' W., 
 between the departments MendozaandSan Juan. Itforms 
 a series of lakes and marshes, studded with numerous small 
 islands, and receiving the Uesaguadero and other rivers. 
 
 GUANACAS, PARAMO DE, pd/rd-mo dd gwd-nd'kds, a 
 mountain knot of South America, New Granada, in the An 
 des, where they separate into tliree lateral cordilleras, at the 
 sources of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. Lat. 2° N., Ion. 
 76° W. 
 
 GUANAIIANI (Island,) one of the Bahamas. See San 
 Salvador. 
 
 GUANAJA, in island in the Carribean Sea. See Bonacca. 
 
 GUAN A.rUATO or GUANAXUATO. gwd-nd-iiw.d'to, a state 
 of Mexico, between lat. 20° 30' and 21° 44' N., Ion. 99° 69' and 
 101° 47' W; bounded N. by the states of San Luis Potosi. and 
 Zacatecas; W. by .lalisco, S. by Michoacan, and E. by Quere- 
 taro. Area, 12,618 squjire miles. It is niountainou.s, and 
 traversed from S.E. to N.W. by the Cordillera of Anahuac, 
 whose culminating point is 9711 feet high. The only im- 
 portant river is the Rio Grande. The mines of this state 
 were once the richest in the world, yielding gold, silver, lead, 
 tin, iron, antimony, sulphur, cobalt, ochre, salts, crystals, 
 marble, &c. From 1796 to 1833, the gold and silver mines 
 produced, on the average, 73 pounds of gold, and 29,269 
 pounds of silver, annually. A falling-off took place after 
 1810, and in 1821 the produce was at its lowest. They sub- 
 setjuently increased rapidly; and in 1833 the amount ob- 
 tained was SO pounds of gold, and 11.547 pounds of silver. 
 The precious metals and spices form the chief exports of the 
 state. Guanajuato is the best peopled state in the con- 
 federation. Pop. in 1854, 718.775. 
 
 GUANAJUATO or GUANAXUATO, a city of the Mexican 
 Confederation, capit.il of the above department, in lat. 21° 
 N., Ion. 101° W., 100 miles N.W. of Mexico, singularly situ- 
 ated in a deep, narrow, mountain defile, 6017 feet atiove the 
 sea. It is formed of a number of villages, placed round the 
 mines; and being built on extremely uneven ground, the 
 streets are very steep, and so tortuous, that uo idea can be 
 formed of the extent of the town but by ascending the 
 heights by which it is overlooked. The houses, however, 
 are in general well built of hewn stone, and are extremely 
 hand,some, particularly those belonging to the proprietors 
 of the neighboi-ing mines. A practice prevails of painting 
 their fronts with the gayest colors — light green being the 
 favorite. The town contains several eleu'ant churches, nu- 
 merous chapels, and other religious edifices. The Alhon- 
 diga, a large square building used as a public granary, is a 
 remarkable edifice. 
 
 Guanajuato owes its existence and importance to the gold 
 and silver mines in its vicinity, the richest in Mexico. (See 
 the preceding article.) The gold and silver coinage of the 
 mint of Guanajuato, in 1844, amounted to §4.035.740, heiag 
 the highest of all the mints of the Mexican Republic. There 
 are in the town some manu&ctories of st)ap, woollen cloth, 
 linen, powder, and tobacco; also some tanneries. Guana- 
 
GUA 
 
 GUA 
 
 mate was founded hy the Spaniards In 1545, constituted a 
 V>wa in 1619. and invested with the privileges of a city in 
 1751. Pen. in 1S05. 70.600: in 1854. 63.000. 
 
 GUAXAP.'VRO, gwi-ni-pi'ro. a river of South America, in 
 yenezuelti. department of Giracas. province of Varinas. after 
 an E. course of about 230 miles (including Bocono) joins the 
 Portujuesa, 30 miles N'.W. of San Fernando de Apure. 
 
 OUAXARE, gwi-ni'ri, a town of South America, in Vene- 
 ruel.i, department of Caracis, on the Guanare lliver, 50 miles 
 aE. ofTrujillo. Pop. 12.000. It is regularly and well-built, 
 and ha.s a m.iirnificent church. It has trade in cattle. 
 
 GUAX AlilTO, gw^-nd-ree'to or wd-nl-ree/to, a river of Ven- 
 ejuela. rises in the Sierra Kosas, flows S. and then E., and 
 joins the I'ortuguesa 151 miles S.W. of Caracas. 
 
 GUAX AKITO, a small town of Venezuela, on the Guanare 
 Kiver. 40 miles E. of Guanare. 
 
 GUANAXUATO. See Gwnajtjato. 
 
 GUAXCAltAMBA, gwinff-kd-bim'bi, or IIC.\yCABAMBA. 
 wJnkd-b3m'l'i. a large villaare of Kcuador. department of 
 Asuay. X>at. 5° 10' S., Ion. 79° 30' W. Elevation, 6560 feet. 
 
 GUAXCAHELICA. Peru. See Huancavkmca. 
 
 GU.\.XD.iCOL, gwindi-kol'. avalley of the Argentine Re- 
 public. (I>a Plat.a.) department of Rioja. between the Andes 
 and the Pamatina Mountains, in lat.29° S., Ion. 69° W. It is 
 traversed by the Beraiejo. and is highly productive of grain. 
 
 GUAXDACDL. a vilUge of South America, in the Argen- 
 tine Republic, (La Plata.) in the centre of the v.illey. 
 
 GUAXEKO. gwi-n.Vro, a river of Venezuela, joins the 
 Apure after a S. E. course of alx)ut 100 miles. 
 
 QU.\NO, gwj'no. a town of Ecuador, on a small river of 
 the same name, 80 miles X.E. of Guay.iquil. 
 
 GU.tXO ISL.\XDS. numerous small islands on the coast 
 of South America, Africa. &c., remarkable for their deposits 
 of Guano; the most important are the Se.u. (or Lobos) 
 Islands the Chincha Islands, and Iquique. 
 
 GUAXT.4. a town of Peru. See Huaxta. 
 
 GU.\XTA.J.\YA, gwin-ti-Hi'i, a rich mining district of 
 Southern Peru, in tlie province of Tarapaea. 
 
 GUAXTAXAMO.gwiln-ta-nd'mo.orCUMBERL.WD HAR- 
 BOR, a spacious hartor on the S. part of the island of Cuba, 
 45 miles E. of Santiago. Lat. of the E. head. 19° 53' X., Ion. 
 75° 15' Vi'. It is completely sheltered from all winds, afford- 
 ing safe and excellent harbors, and has within it numerous 
 islands. 
 
 GU.\XUCO. a town of Peru. See IIu.ANrco. 
 
 GU.VXZ.\TE. gwin-zi/tA, a well-built village of Austrian 
 Italv, 9 miles S.S.W. of Como. Pop. 1799. 
 
 GUAPAl. pwd-pi'. also written GUAPEY, a riyer of Boli- 
 via, triliutary to the Maniore, which it joins after a winding 
 coui"se estimated at 550 miles. 
 
 GUAPI-MORIM. gw3'pee-mo-ree.N«'. a village of Brazil, pro- 
 Tince of Rio de Janeiro, between the Bay of Nitherothi and 
 the Serra dos Orgaos. Pop. 2000. 
 
 GUAPORE. gwd-po'ri.a river of Brazil, province of Matto 
 Gros.so, unites with the Mamore to form the JIadera, after a 
 coui-se of 400 miles. 
 
 GUARAGUAX, CaSo, kdn'yo gwa-rl-gwin', a mouth of 
 the Orinoco River, South America, enters the Atlantic, 55 
 miles X.\V. of the Xaviros. or great S. mouth. 
 
 GU.4.U.A.MB.\RI. gwd-rjm-bi-ree', a river of Paraguay, in 
 South America, joins the Paraguay, 25 N.W. of Concepcion, 
 after a course of about 150 miles. 
 
 GU.\R.\P.\RI. gw4-ri-pd-ree', a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 Cordillera of .^.imores. takes an E. direction, forming in its 
 course a number of lakes. Its mouth is narrow but deep, 
 and easily entered by caasters. Canoes proceed as far up as 
 the Conlillera. The scenery on its t>anks is remarkably 
 beautiful. 
 
 GU.A.K.\I».A.RI, a mountain chain of Brazil, province of 
 Espirito-Santo. giving origin to two rivers of the same name. 
 
 6l].\R.\P.\Rl, a town of Brazil, province of Espirito- 
 Banto, situated on the coast, 30 miles S.W.of Espirito-Santo. 
 
 OX]AR.\PICiIE, gwd-rd-pee'chsL a river of Venezuela, de- 
 p.artment of Orinoco, enters the Gulf of Paria. Atlantic. 36 
 miles \V. of the N. mouth of the Orinoco, after a tortuous 
 course of about 100 miles, the lower three-fifths of which are 
 ■aid to l>e navigable. 
 
 G U .\ R A P U .^ V A., gwd-ri-pwi/vd, a town of Brazil, province, 
 ■nd 300 miles S.W. of Sao-Panlo, nesir the Igua^u. 
 
 GUARATIBA, gwl-rj-tee'bi, a seaport village of BrazU, 
 province, and .'?n miles W.S.W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 40{H3. 
 
 OUARATINGDETA, gwd-ri-teen-gVtd, a town of Brazil, 
 province, and 120 miles X.W. of Sao-Paulo, on theParahiha. 
 Pop. of the district, 7000. 
 
 GUARATUBA, Kwd-rd-tooO)! a river of Brazil, province 
 of .Minas-(ieraea, joins the Rio Verde, an affluent of the Sao 
 Francisco. 
 
 GUAItATUBA, a small river of Brazil, province of Sao- 
 Paulo, flows into the Atlantic, after a course of 60 miles, 
 tint. 2.1° 4')' S. 
 
 Oi;.\l{ ATUBA, a town of Brazil, province of Sao-Paulo, 23 
 miles S.S.W. of Paranagua. 
 
 GUARD A. swi\ML {unc. Lanlcia Oppidnhm.) a fortified 
 
 town of I'ortU'.'al. province of Beira. on the Serra de Estrella 
 
 70 miles K.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 230a It has a cathedral. 
 
 786 ' 
 
 a large bishop's palace, and an old castle, whence its name 
 The French, under Massena, abandoned the strong heights 
 neir it. JIarch 29. ISll. 
 
 GUARDAFUI, CAPE. See Cape Guardapui. 
 
 GUARD.\M.4R. gwdR-nd-maR/, a town of Spain, province^ 
 and 21 miles S.W. of Alicante, on the Seguro. Pop. 3238. 
 
 OU.A.RD.\MIGLI0, gwaR-di-meol'yo, a village of Lorn lardy, 
 delesration of Lodi. 4 miles X. of i'iacenza. Pop. 1530. 
 
 GUARD.*.V.\LLE.gwaR-dd-vdl'ld. a market-town of Xaples, 
 province of Calabria Ultra II.. 20 miles S. of Squillace. P. 2t00. 
 
 GUARDA-VEXiyPA. gwdR/dd-vA-n.Vtd, a village of Aus- 
 trian Italy, province of Polesine, on the Po, 7 miles S.S.E. 
 of Rovigo. Pop. 1700. 
 
 GU.\r>DIA, gwdR'de-d, a town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 bria Citra, 5 miles S.S.E. of Cetraro. Pop. 1300. It wag 
 founded by an Albanian colonj' in the time of the Emperor 
 Frederick II. 
 
 GUARDIA-ALFIERA, gwln/de-d-dl-fe-ji/rd, a town of Na- 
 ples, province of Molise, near the Biferno, 19 miles X.E. of 
 Campobasso. Pop. ISOO. It is a bishop's see. 
 
 GUARDIA-GKELE. gwaR'devd-srA'l-i, a town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Citra. 12 miles S. of Oiieti. Pop. bl90. 
 
 GU.\RDIA, L.\, Id gwiu/de-d. a town of Spain, province, 
 and 4 miles S.S.E. of Jaen. Pop. 1448. 
 
 GU.\RDI.\, LA, a town of .Spain, in Biscay, province of 
 Alava, 18 miles S.S.E. of Vitoria, with a castle and other for- 
 tifications. Pop. 2374. 
 
 GUARDIA. LA, a town of Spain, province, and 28 miles 
 E.S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 3316. It is situated on a rocky ridge, 
 in which are numerous caverns, and has old fortifications, 
 having been a guard-station or outpost against the Moors, 
 whence its name. 
 
 GUARDIA LO.MBARDA. gwia/de-d lom-baB'dd. a town of 
 Naples, province of Priucipato Ultra, on the Iximbarda, 3 
 miles X.E. of St. Anaelo dei Iximbardi. Pop. 3000. 
 
 GUARDIA PERXiCARI. gwia'de-d pjR-te-kd'ree. a fown 
 of Naples, province of Basilicata, 24 miles S.E. of Potenza. 
 Pop. 1670. 
 
 GUARDIA REGIA. gwdR'de-d rA'jd, a town of Naples, 
 province of Molise. 4^ miles S.E. of Bojano. Pop. 1400. 
 
 GUARDISTALLO. gwdu-dis-tdl'lo, a village of Tuscany, 
 about 35 miles S. of Pis;\. It was much injured by an earth- 
 quake in 1846. Pop. 1385. 
 
 GUARDO. gwda'do. a market-town of Spain, province c/ 
 Palencia. 12 miles S.W. of Cervera. 
 
 GUARESa. gwd-r^n'yd. a village of Spain, province of 
 Badajos, 16 miles S.E. of .Merida. Pop. 4020. 
 
 GU.\RENE, gwd-nl'nd. a village of Piedmont, division ol 
 Coni. province, and 3 miles X. of Alba. I'op. 2.36S. 
 
 GUARICO. gwd-ree'ko, a river of South America, in Vene- 
 zuela, joins a branch of the Apure 12 miles E. of San Fer- 
 nando, after a S. course estimated at 2<X1 miles. 
 
 GUARICO, gwd-ree'ko, a cape of the island of Cuba, near 
 its E. extremity. 
 
 GUARlCUR.i, gwi-re-koo'rd, an island of Brazil, province 
 of Para, in the Amazon River, opposite the town of Pari 
 Length, from E. to W., 45 miles; greatest breadth, about 18 
 miles. 
 
 GUARIS.\MEY, gwj-re-sd-md', a mining town of the 
 Me.xican Confederation, state, and 55 miles S.S.W. of Du- 
 rango. 
 
 GUARMEY. gwaR-mA', a maritime village of Peru, depart- 
 ment, and 158 miles N.N.W. of- Lima, at the mouth of the 
 Guarmey. 
 
 GUARO. gwd'ro, a town of Spain, province, and 33 miles 
 W. of Malatra. l>op. 2119. 
 
 GUAROCIIIRI. See IIuarochiri. 
 
 GU.\RU.\PO, gwd-roo-d'po, two rivers of South America, 
 in Venezuel.a. one uniting the Apure and Portuguesa 
 Rivers; the other a tributary of the Orinoco. 
 
 GU.\SCAM.\.(gwds-kd'md") POI XT. a headland of XewGrsr • 
 nada. in the department of Cauca, 128 miles W. of Popoyan, 
 in lat. 2° 30' N., Ion. 78° .30' W. 
 
 GUASCO, a seaport of Chili. See IIu.ASCO. 
 
 GUASE, an island in the PersUn Gulf. See Kenx. 
 
 GUASACUALCO. See llLASACUALro. 
 
 GUASn. a river of England. See Wash. 
 
 GUASILA. gwd-seeOd. or GOY-ESILI, go/ee A-seelee. a vll- 
 Inge on the island of Sardinia, division, and 24 miles X. by 
 W. of Cairliari. Pop. 1807. 
 
 GUASTALLA, gwds-tdl'l4,a walled city of Northern Italy, 
 situated on the Po, 19 miles N.E. of Parm.a. Pop. V>554. 
 Has a catliedral, a public library of 12,000 volumes, a castle^ 
 manufactures of silk fabrics and twist, and a bronze statue 
 of one of its dukes. In 1734 the French del'eiitetl the Impe- 
 rialists under its walls. 
 
 GUASTATOYA. gwis-td-to/yd. a town of Central America, 
 state, and 35 miles E.X.E. of Guatemala. 
 
 GUATAVITA. gwd-td-vee'ti. a village of South America, in 
 Xew Qranadti. department of Cundinamarca. 20 miU-s X.E, 
 of lJogot.H. and of great importance t>efore the Spani.sh Con- 
 quest The Lake of Guatavita. near it, is about 9 miles in 
 length, very deep, and had anciently >n its banks maiy 
 highly venerated I'eruvian temples. 
 
 GUATEMALA, gaw te-mah'l^ or gwi tim^Ol. or QUATI 
 
GUA 
 
 GUD 
 
 MALA, RwJ-te-ml/ll, a state of Central America, having Yu- [ 
 eatuu, British Honduras, and the l?ay or Gulf of Honduras 
 N., the I'acific Ocean S., Honduras and Salvador K., and 
 Mexico W. Lat. 13° 4a' to 17° 45' X., and lou. 88° 10' to 93° 
 12' W. Greatest length, from N.W. to S.K., about 350 miles ; 
 greatest breadth, 180 miles ; area, 44,500 square miles. Gua- 
 temala is, in general, e.\ceedingly picturesque and beautiful ; 
 and. like the other states of Central America, it is distin- 
 guished by a luxuriant and varied vegetation. Each state 
 of Central America is entirely of a different geological and 
 physical character from the rest; and the change from the 
 green, undulating hills of Sau Salvador to the wild and pre- 
 cipitous mountains and rocks of Guatemala is most striking. 
 
 The country is wholly mountainous, the main chain of 
 the continuation of the Andes travtfl'sing it from S.E. to 
 N.W., at no great distance from the Pacific, sending off nu- 
 merous branches towards the Atlantic, and forming a great 
 many valleys, but enclosing few plains. -Along the main 
 chain are a considerable number of volcanoes. All of them 
 are near the I'acific; and none of them are found in the in- 
 terior. Si.K are said to be active — namely, Amilpas, 13,160 
 feet; Sapotitlan, 13.060 feet; Atitlan, 12.500 feet; Agua, 
 ■which sends f )rth torrents of water, 16,000 feet; Fuego and 
 Pacaya. The state is well watered by numerous streams, 
 of which the Lacantun, flowing N.W.. and forming part of 
 the Jlexican boundary, and the Motagua. and the I'olochic 
 continued by the Dulce, both Uowing N.K. to the Bay of 
 Honduras, and their tributaries, are the largest; but besides 
 the.se, there are many streams of comparatively short courses 
 falling into the I'acific. There are, likewise, sever.al lakes, 
 the most important being Dulce, through which the greater 
 part of the foreign trade is carried on; Amatitlan and Atit- 
 lan, and I'eten. about 30 miles long, by 9 miles broad, near 
 the frontiers of Yucjitan, in the little-known province of 
 Vera Paz. On the table-land, of which a considerable por- 
 tion of the state is formed, the climate is mild, and said 
 greatly to resemble that of Valencia, in Spain ; but in more 
 elevated situations, the cold is quite severe. The .soil, gene- 
 rally, is of great fertility, producing maize and wheat of 
 Buperior quality, excellent rice. legumes, vegetables and tro- 
 pical fruits in great variety. The most im|)ort;int article, in 
 a commercial point of view, is cochineal, the cultivation of 
 which has of late years keen rapidly increasing. The total 
 amount of this article produced in the state for 184(5, was 
 estimated at 20,000 bales — a quantity greater than the en- 
 tire annual consumption at that date. Cocoa, totacco, sugar, 
 coffee, vanilla, and cotton, are grown to a greater or less e.\- 
 tent; and also considerable quantities of indigo; the silk- 
 work is cultivated, and caoutchouc is obtained. 
 
 In the altos or N. parts of the state, considerable flocks of 
 sheep are raised, the wool of which is manufactured by the 
 natives into a coarse twilled fabric called ffert/a, whirh. 
 again, is made into various articles of clothing, including 
 large plaids called pnnchos. in which considerable taste is 
 displayed. It is divided into 7 departments, each presided 
 over by a, corregidor — namely, Guatemala, Solola, Quezalte- 
 nango, Sacatapeques, Totonicapan. Vera Paz, and Chiqui- 
 mula. The name was formerly applied to the whole confede- 
 ration. Cap. Guatemala or Jiew Guatemala, Population of 
 the state has been estimated at about 1.000,000; of which 
 800,000 are Indians, 150.000 mestizoes, and between 7000 and 
 8000 whites. Other estimates make the total dW.OOO. 
 
 GU.Vf EMALA, New, capital of the aVjove state, is situ- 
 ated in a rich and spacious plain, at an elevation of 49(il 
 feet, lot; miles W'.N.W. of San Salvador. Lat. 14° 37' N.. Ion. 
 *W°3oW. Pop. variously estimated from 35,000 to 50.000. 
 It is very hand.some, being stated to have the general aspect 
 of the best cla.ss of Italian cities, is well supplied with water 
 by a long aqueduct on arches, and extends over a large 
 space; the prevalence of earthquakes causing the houses to 
 be built fif only one st<iry. The temperature varies tetween 
 60° and 80° Eahrenheit, and rarely exceeds either of these 
 points. In the great square are situated the old vice-reg.il 
 palace, most of the government offices, the cathedral, aii 
 archi isliop's palace, and college dits infantf.s, barracks, and 
 most of the princip.il shops; in its centre is a magnificent 
 public fountain. Here are upwaitls of 60 richly ornamented 
 churches, a new fort, a good cemetery and hospital, a bull- 
 ring, theatre, university, and various schools. The con- 
 ventual buildings are now mostly appropriated to lay-pur- 
 poses. There are five printing offices, in which two weekly 
 newspapers are issued. The inhabitants are noted for their 
 aptitude in arts and manufactures; they produce muslins, 
 Qne cotton yarn, silver articles?, artificial flowers, and em- 
 broidery of high excellence. Guatemala has a flourishing 
 trade with Vera Cruz, Mexico, &c. in sugar, coffee, cotton, 
 dye-woods, and other native products. The follow ing table 
 exhibits the state of the imports: — 
 
 1840 £200,2691 1843 £88.4fi3 
 
 1841 212,421 1846 136,217 
 
 1842 136,627 | 1847 173,598 
 
 The building of the present city was commenced in the 
 /ear 1776, three years after the earthquake of 1773, which 
 Jioarlv wholly destroyed old Guatemala, the former capital. 
 
 GUATEMALA LA ANTIGUA, gwd-tA-md/ld Id dn-te^'gwd. 
 
 or "Old Qti.iTF.MALA," lies 24 miles IV.S.W. of the newef 
 capital, at the foot of the Volcan d'Agua. by an eruption of 
 wliich it was overwhelmed in 1.541. It was again devastated 
 by an earthquake in 1773. but has been since rebuilt, and ia 
 stated to have a population of 12.000 persons. Many of lis 
 old public buildings remain entire, comprising a fine cath» 
 dral .and a palace. Around it are many sugar establish- 
 ments, and in 1846 its exports of cochineal amounted iu 
 value to mOOl. 
 
 GUATEYCAS. See Guattecas. 
 
 GU.\.TULCO, gwd-tool'ko, a port of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, state, and 105 miles S.E. of Oajaca, on the Pacific. 
 
 GUAURA, a town of Peru. See Huaura. 
 
 GUAVIAUE or GUABl ARE, gwd-ve-il/r.^, a river of South 
 America, in New Granada, joins the Orinoco near San Fer- 
 nando, in lat. 4° N., Ion. 67° 30' W., after an E. course of 450 
 miles. 
 
 GUAXAB.A, an island of Cuba. See Gu.uaba. 
 
 GUAXACA. See 0.u.\CA. 
 
 GUAYAMA, gwi-d/ma, a seaport town of Porto Rico, on its 
 S. coast. Pop. 5120. It has an extensive conmierce. its im- 
 ports amounting to about $500,000, and exports to $800,000 
 annually. 
 
 GU.AYANA, a country of South America. See Guiana. 
 
 GUAY.iNILLA, pwi-d-neel'yd, a seaport town of the 3. 
 coast of J'orto Rico, West Indies. Value of imports in 1S38, 
 $43,364; of exports, $1-13.206. 
 
 GUAY.\tiUlL, gwi-d-keel'. the capital of a department of 
 its own name, and the principal seat of trade of the republic 
 of Ecuador, is situated on the coast, and on the right bank 
 of the Gu.ayaquil River. 40 miles, above its moulh. in the 
 Gulf of Guayquil. Lat. '2° 20' 28" S.. Ion. 79° 43' \V. Esti- 
 mated population, 2il,000. It is well laid out. and has some 
 good public edifices; but it is mostly built of wo<:d. and on 
 low ground, ill supplied with water, unhealthy, and infested 
 with vermin. Its harbor is one of tlie best on the Pacific, 
 and defended by 3 forts; and it has some convenient build- 
 ing-docks. The tide rises here sometimes 24 feet, and large 
 ships can ascend to the town. The exports consist of cocoa, 
 timber, hides, tobacco, ceibo-wool, and cattle. In 1844, 167 
 vessels (tons 14.718) arrived, wit ln-argoes valued at $1,001,958. 
 The exports were valued at $949,678. The country inland is 
 hence supplied with wine.s, brandy, Peruvian and Chilian 
 sugar, and European merchandise. 
 
 GU.AYAQUIL, a department of the republic of Ecuador, 
 South .\merica, having W. the Pacific, and landward the 
 departments of Quito and Assuay. Estimated area. 14.400 
 squjiro miles. Pop. 75,000. The great chain of the Andes 
 forms its E. boundary. Capital, Guaya<iuil. 
 
 GUAYAQUIL, GULF OF, an inlet of the Pacific, mostly 
 between lat. 2° and 4° S., and Ion. 80° and 81° W. It receives 
 the Guayaquil, Daule, and Tumbez Rivers, and contains the 
 islands of Puna and Santa Clara. 
 
 G UA YLAS, a province of Peru. See IIuatlas. 
 
 GUAYMAS, gwi'mds, a seaport town of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state of Sonora. on the (julf of California, at the 
 mouth of a consider.ible river. Lat. 27° 55' N., Ion. 110° 16' 
 Vi. It is neither large nor well built; but its harbor is one 
 of the Ijest on the Vi. coast of Mexico, and it has an active 
 and increasing trade. The shipping inwards, in 1852, 
 amounted to 4835 tons, bringing 718 passengers. Pop. 300. 
 
 GU.\YR.\, L.\, a town of Venezuela. See La Gcu'liA. 
 
 GUAYTARA, gwi-td/rd, a river in the N. of Ecuador, an 
 affluent of the frontier river of i'atia, which it joins after a 
 course of about 75 miles. 
 
 GUAYTECAS, gwI-tA'kds, a bay and group of Islands of 
 South America, off the W. coast of Patagonia, the islands 
 forming the N. part of the Chonos Archipelago. 
 
 GUBBIO. gool/be-o, or GUBIO, goo'be-o. (anc. Tguhium,) a 
 city of Central Ifcily, in tiie Marches, 27 miles S. of Uibino, 
 on the S. declivity of the Apyenniues. Pop. with vicinity, 
 21,772. It is beautifully situated, and veell built. The chief 
 edifices are the cathedral, a tine ducal p;ilace of the .sixteenth 
 century, and numerous churches and convents. Near it, 
 among the ruins of a temple of Jupiter Apenninus, in 1446, 
 were discovered the famous Eugubian tables — 9 plates of 
 bronze, inscribed with Umbrian, Etruscan, and primitive 
 Latin characters. 
 
 GUBEN, goo/ben, a walled town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, capital of a circle, on the Neisse, and on the 
 railway between Berlin and Breslau, 79 miles S.E. of Berlin. 
 Pop.16.235. It has a gymnasium and pul'lic lil)rary, manu- 
 fiictures of woollen and linen stuffs, hosiei-y. yarn, and to- 
 bacco, a copper foundry, building docks, and trade iu cattle 
 and fi-uit. 
 GUBIO. See Gcbbio. 
 
 GUCIIILAQUE, goo^he-ld/ki, a small town of Mexico, 30 
 miles S. of the city of Mexico, 7000 feet above the sea. 
 
 GUDEN or GC0EN-AA, goo'den-o. the principal river of 
 Jutland, in Denmark, joins the Cattegat, alxmt 1 6 miles N.K. 
 of Randers, after a tortuous N.E. course of 80 miles. 
 
 GUDKNSBERG, goo'dens-biRG\ a town of Germany, in 
 Ilesse-Cassel, province of Nieder llessen 11 miles S.AV. of 
 Cassel. Pop. 2097. 
 GUUERA, goo-dd/rd, a town of Western Abyssinia, capita] 
 
 797 
 
GUD 
 
 ot a thief^ Dip, on a low rocky height, near lat. 10° 52' N., 
 loD 30° 57' K. 
 
 GUDOCK, g«SMook', a pass across the Elbrooz (E'burz) 
 mo'tntaiiis, in Northern Persia, between the proT.Tices of 
 Mazanderan and Irak-Ajemee, 85 miles t.N.E. of Teheran, 
 supposed to be the Pijlce Caspice of Alexander the Great. 
 
 GUEBWILLEH. gh^b'veeriaiR', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of IIau^Khin. 13 miles S.S.W. of Colmar, on the Lauch, 
 at the foot of the Ballon de Guebwiller. Pop. in 1852, 3946. 
 
 GUKGON, ghfh-gAx»', a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan. 7 miles W. of Ploermel. Pop. 2883. 
 
 G U KG U ET AN. See G ceoueti-ax. 
 
 GUEGUETENANGO. gA-gd-teh-nin'go, a town of Central 
 America, state of Guatemala, 'capital of a department, 125 
 miles N.W. of Guatemala. 
 
 GUEGtJETLAN, gi-gA-tl3n'. or GUEGUETAN, gA-gi-tdu', 
 a town of Central America, in Guatemala, department of 
 Soconus';o. on the river Gueguetlan. 
 
 GUEGUETOCA. See IIdeuuetoca. 
 
 GL'ELAGO, gi-l^go, a Tillage of Spain, proTince, and 28 
 miles E.N.E. of Granada. 
 
 GUKI.DEKLAND. See Gelderuxb. 
 
 GUELDRES. a town of Prussia. See Geldern. 
 
 GUELEA, g.Vl:4'3, a town of Algerian Sahara. 135 miles 
 W.S.W. of Gardaia, consisting of 2li0 well-built houses, en- 
 rjosed by a wall, and supposed to be constructed of stones 
 hewn fill- a Roman city th;it occupied the same site. 
 
 GUELI,J5. ghiPUi'. a village of West Africa, in Foota-Dam- 
 ^i. on the Sene,,'al. Lat. 15° IS' N., Ion. 12° 45' W. 
 
 GCELl'lI. gw^lf a thriving town of Canada West, capital 
 of the county of Waterloo, on the river Speed, and on the line 
 of a pi .'pos.iid railway connecting Ljike Erie at Toronto with 
 Goderich, on Lake Huron, 87 miles W. by S. of the former. 
 It has also plank-road communi-.-ition with Georgetown. 
 The town is built on a number of hills, which give it a very 
 picturesque appearance. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, churches of 7 denominations, 2 branch banks. 
 Beven\l assurance agencies, a grammar school, a library and 
 reading-room, 2 newspaper offices, and about 25 stores. The 
 Speed here has a fall of alxiut 33 feet, furnishing an altundant 
 water-power, employed for 3 or 4 large tlouring mills, saw 
 mill, carding and fulling mill, a woollen factory, &c. The 
 town has also an. iron foundry, 4 tanneries, and several 
 breweries and distilleries. The court-house and many of 
 the stores are built of limestone quarried in the vicinity. 
 Pop. about 20110. 
 
 GD^fiMlOXfi. g.VraVn.V. a village of Fi-ance, department of 
 Loire-lnferieure, 30 miles N.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 
 46;i0. 
 
 GUEMENK, a village of France, department of Morbihan 
 
 11 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop, 154.3, 
 
 GUER, gaiR, a town of France, department of Morbihan, 
 
 12 miles E, of Ploeniiel. Pop. in 1852, 3509. 
 GUERANDE, gA\-6Nd', a walled town of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire-InlSrieui-e, near the sea, 23 miles W, of Save- 
 nay. Pop, in 1852, 8688, It has an old castle, some manu- 
 fectures of linen and cotton fabrics, and 11 annual fiiirs. 
 
 GUEi!AR.\. g.^-rd'rd, a town of Algeria, oasis of \Vady- 
 Mzab, 42 miles E,N,E, of Gardaia, It is surrounded by a 
 ?ery high wall, and entered by three gates. All the tribes 
 of the de.sert frequent this place, either to buy or sell horses, 
 asses, sheep, ivory, gold dust, ostrich feathers, cotton, silk, 
 cutlery, &c., brought chiefly from Tunis and Algiers. Pop,very 
 considerable, Siiid to be little inferior to that of Gardaia. 
 
 GUE15ARD, giVaRd'. a village of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marne. 10 miles S.S.E. of Jleaux. Pop, 1922, 
 
 GCERBAVILLE, ghjR'blVeel', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Seiue-Inferieure, 4 miles S,S.E. of Caudebec, 
 Pop, 2it4l. 
 
 GUKRCIIE. L.\, 13 gaiRsh, a small town of France, de- 
 partment of Ile-et-Vilaine, 24 miles S,E. of Kennes. Pop. 1984. 
 GUERCHE. L.\.. a village of France, department of Cher. 
 28 miles E.S,E, of Bourges. Pop, 1935, 
 
 GCEIiCHE, LA, a village of France, department of Indre- 
 et-L' ire, .35 miles S, of Tours, on the Creuse, with a chateau, 
 built for Agnes Sorel by Charles VII. 
 
 GUEUCINO, gw^R^^'hee'no, a village of the Papal States, 12 
 miles \, of Frnsinone, on the Cosa. Pop. 1100. 
 
 GUERET, giVfl/. a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Creuse, 37 miles N,E. of Limoges, 1 1 has a library, 
 a communal college, a normal school, an hospital, and a 
 lunatic asylum. Pop, in 1852, 5033. 
 
 • iUEKlGUY. gA^ree'ghoe'. a villaee of France, department 
 of Nifevre. on the Xievre. Pop. 1267. 
 
 GUERNE. gaiun, a village of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan. miles S.W. of Pontivy. Pop. 3327. 
 
 GUEKMCA, ghjR-nee'ki, a town of gp.ain, province of 
 Biscay. 17 miles E.N.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 827. 
 
 GUERNSEY, ghem'!!.*, (anc. ,SS/r'm«.) the second in size 
 of the Channel Islands, in the Bay of St. Michael, 30 miles 
 W, of the coast of Normandy, and 51 miles S, of Poi-t- 
 land, English coaft. and 15 miles W.N.W. of Jersey. Area, 
 lO.ftOO acres. Pjp. in 1h52. 2J.767. Its form is triangular, 
 ind its coast-Iuie, of alwut 30 miles in circumference, is 
 ttiwply Inle jV.d ..ith bays, and surrounded by sunken rocks. 
 
 GUI 
 
 j The surface is gently varied, but generally sloping fi om the 
 S,— where the cliffs are lofty — to the N. coast, which is low. 
 It is well watered. The soil rests on a structure almost eveiy- 
 where granitic, and is, with the aid of sea-weed manure, 
 rendered very fertile. The climate is moist, but healthy, 
 and so mild that oranges, melons, figs, myrtles, and the 
 Guernsey lily, flourish luxuriantly. The orehartls furnish 
 pasture for the famous breed of cows, which are larger and 
 more valued than even those of Alderney, and yield, on an 
 average, one pound per day, throughout the yeai-, of the 
 finest butter. Trade, or rather smuggling, has greatly de- 
 clined since 1807, when the exports from these islands were 
 m.ide subject to the general revenue laws of Britain. The 
 shipping is mostly employed in importing Bnti.>ih manufac- 
 tures, and in exporting cider, potatoes, cattle, and granite. 
 Steamers ply between Guernsey and London, Southampton 
 Plymouth, and Weymouth, The island is divided into 10 
 parishes, forming a deanery of the church of Eni;land, in 
 the diocese of Winchester, St, Peters, on the S,E. coast, is 
 the only town in the island, which Is mostly studded with 
 scatteriHl houses or cottages, embosomed in orchards. The 
 natives of the lower orders speak the old Norman French ; 
 they have long been remarkable for their adherence to 
 Protestantism, The island is under a lieutenant-governor, 
 who represents the sovereign in the assembly of the states. 
 The royal court has jurisdiction over all the Channel Islands 
 except Jersey, Guernsey formed a part of the duchy granted 
 by Charles the Simple to the Norman Rollo, to whose descend- 
 ants it has now belonged for nearly lOi lO years. The French 
 have made many vain attempts to capture it. It is defended 
 by strong fortifications, and has a well-organized militia. 
 
 GUERNSEY, ghern'zee, a county in the E. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 400 square miles. It is drained by Wills, 
 Seneca, and Leatherwood Creeks, afthients of the Muskin- 
 gum River, The surface is hilly, the soil in some parts is 
 clayey, and is generally good. The county contains large 
 quantities of stone coal. It is intersected by the Central 
 Ohio Railroad. Organized in 1810. and named from the 
 British isle of Guernsey. Capital, Cambridge. Pop. 24,474. 
 
 GUERRERO. gh&R-R.Vro. a recently organized State of 
 Mexico, bordering on the Pacific, and enclosed on all other 
 sides by the States of Valladolid, Mexico, and La Puebla; 
 area, 32,002 square miles. Capital, Tixtla. Pop. in 1850, 
 270.000. 
 
 GUEST'LING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 GUESTRICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. God 
 win. the author of Caleb Williams. Ac. was born here. 
 
 GUEST STATION, a post-office of Russel co., Yirdnia. 
 
 GUETARIA. gA-td're-d, a town of Spain, province of Gui- 
 puzcoa, 10 miles AV. of San Sebastian, on the Bay of Biscay 
 Pop. 1036. 
 
 GUEUGNON, gunVANo', a village of France, department 
 of Saone-et-Loire, 41 miles W.N.W. of M&con, Pop. 1659. 
 
 GUGER.\T. a province of llindostan. See Guzerat. 
 
 GUGGISBERG. gOog'ghis-boiio*. a small village of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 15 miles S.<of Bern. Pop. of the p.irish, 
 6203. 
 
 GUGLTELMO, gool-yJl'mo, a mountain of Lombardy, 
 near the E. shore of Lake Iseo, 5 miles N. of Gardone. 
 Height. 6300 feet. 
 
 GUGLINGEN. (Giiglingen.) giigfling-en, a town of Wiir- 
 temburg, 3J miles S.W. of Brackenheim'. Pop. 14,140. 
 
 GUGLIONISI. gool-yo-nee'see, a town of Naples, province 
 of Molise, 8 miles N. of Larino. Pop. 3300. 
 
 GUOUAN. an island of the Pacific Ocean. See Laproxes. 
 
 GUIIRAU. goo/rOw. a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of 
 a circle, 44 miles N.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 3400. 
 
 GUI A, ghee'i, a town of Guinea, in Ashantee, capital of 
 the stato of Buroomy, on the Volta. in lat. 7° N., Ion. 0°. 
 
 GUIA, ghee'd. a maritime town of Brazil, province, and 
 30 miles N.N.E. of Parahiba. on the Atlantic. 
 
 GUIA, a village of Brazil, province of, and on the Rio 
 Negro, near the N. frontier. 
 
 GUIAGUILA. ghee-.^-ghee'lJ. a village of Senegambia, on 
 the Senegal. I^t. 14° 15' N.. Ion. 12° 20' W. 
 
 GUIA, LA, \k ghee'^, a town of the Canary Islands, on 
 the N,W. coast of llreat Canary, ne.ir Gaidar, Pop, 4332, 
 
 GUIA. LA, a village of the Canaries, on the S. coast of 
 Teneriffe, Pop, 2-2:30. 
 
 GUIANA. GUYANA, ght^^'nl or GUAY.ANA, gwi-^'nl, 
 a large territory in South America, extending between lat. 
 8° 40' N. and 3'^ 30' S,, and Ion, 50° and 08° W, : having the 
 Atlantic and E, course of the Orinoco, N, : the rivers .\>gro 
 and Am.azon S.: the N, course of the Orinoco and the n.v 
 tural canal of Cassiquiare, AV, : and the .Atlantic, E. This 
 territory was divided into Brazilian or Portuguese Guiana, 
 A'enezuelan British, Dutch, and French Guiana; tut the 
 last three alone are now recognised under this name, the 
 other two beinir absorbed by their respective countries, 
 
 GUIANA, BRITISH, the" westernmost of the three por- 
 tions of the above teiritorj', is aliout 560 miles long, from 
 S,E, to N,W,. and about 200 miles broad, having E. Dutch 
 Guiana, W, Venezuela and Brazil, N, and N.E, the Atlantic, 
 and S. Brazil, Neither its AV, nor its S. limits, however 
 have been defined. It lies between lat. 0° 40' and b-' 40' N, 
 
GUI 
 
 GUI 
 
 and Ion. 57° and 61° W. Estimated area, 76.000 square 
 milee. Its coast line is about 280 mile.s, extending from the 
 river Coreiit3'n to the I'unta Harima, about Ion. 60° W. The 
 whole surface of the coast lands, from 10 to 4<J miles inland, 
 is on a level with the hijch-water of the sea. When drained, 
 banked, and cultivated, they consolidate and sink fully a 
 foot below it, in consequence of whicli it becomes necessary 
 to pay unremitting attention to the dams and sluices, to 
 keep out the sea, otherwise great destruction and damage 
 to the laud ensues. Shallows, or muddy banks, stretch 
 along the whole line of ccjast, and run several miles into the 
 sea ; they are in some parts di y, in others covered with not 
 more than from 3 to 4 feet of water. The entire absence of 
 all landmarks on these tlat and monotonous shore.s, renders 
 It difficult for strange ves.sels to ascertain at what particular 
 point of the coast they are. The level country is arrested 
 by a range of sandhills, of low elevation, the highest not 
 exceeding 200 feet. IJehind these hills, the high land 
 stretclies out into level or undulating plains, rising here 
 and there into con.sjderable eminences. The interior is tra- 
 versed, in various directions, by chains of mountains: few of 
 them, however, of any great height. Of those, the I'acaraima 
 range, nearly in the centre of the country, exhibits the 
 loftiest elevations — the culminating point, called R<iraimaf 
 by the Indians, rising to a height of 7500 feet above se;i- 
 level. The other principal ranges are the Sierra Imataca, 
 In the N. part of the country, running also X.W and S,l<;., 
 parallel to the coast, at an average distance of from 50 to 60 
 miles ; the Cannucu or Conocou. .and the Sierra Acarai — the 
 last occupying the extreme S,iO. corner of the territory, 
 forming its boundary in this direction. Thev are densely 
 wooded, but do not reach a greater elevation than 4(i00 feet. 
 
 Geology. — The geological composition of the mountains of 
 British (iuiana is various. Some of them consi.st of granite, 
 gneiss, and trappean rocks, and their different modifications ; 
 others, as mentioned alxive, are of sandstone; and others 
 again, appe.ir to beof white quartz, which, from the quantity 
 of the particles of miivi they contain, shine like gold. Gra- 
 nite, however, is probably the prevailing formation, par- 
 ticularly in the interior; many huge mountjiins. .several 
 thousand feet high, being wholly composed of this sub- 
 stance, frequently traversed by the veins of quartz, and 
 consequently almost destitute of vegetation. Some of the 
 detached masses of granite pre.sent the most extraordinary 
 forms; they are crenerally of a conoidal figure, and often of 
 great heiglit — others partal;e of both cone and pyramid. 
 Among the more remarkable of these is an isolated rock, 
 called .\taraipu, rising 13)0 feet above the sea. Another 
 natural curiosity of this kind occurs at the outskirts of the 
 I'acaraima Mountains, about lat. -t°N.; being a column of 
 granite, in the form of the trunk of a decayed tree, alxiut 
 50 feet high. Rock cryst.'ils and red agate are met with : 
 and very pure white clay is found in tlie Essef^uibo. The 
 KCtensive Hats along the shore are comp.osed of alluvial soil 
 and clays, resting upon granite. The.se alluvial flats are. in 
 many instances, covered with a black vegetable matter, the 
 detritus of numerous rivers. 
 
 Jiivrs. — The rivers of British Guiana have all nearly a 
 N. course. They are. proceeding from AV. to K., the Ksse- 
 quibo, about 400 miles long, the Demerara. 200 miles long, 
 the Berbice, and the Corentyn. the latter forming the lO. 
 boundary. The Essequil>o is from 15 to 20 miles wide at its 
 mouth, and studded with beautiful low wooded islands. The 
 Demerara is IJ miles wide at its entrance into the ocean, 
 and navigable for large vessels 100 miles. The Berbice is 3 
 miles wide at its mouth, and naviiralde for large ves.sels 50 
 miles, and for smaller craft 200 miles. The Corentyn is 10 
 miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for vessels drawing 
 10 feet for 40 miles. In 5° 15' N. lat. it has a width of 1230 
 yards, and an average rise of the tide of 6 feet. The pheno- 
 mena of the bore occurs in this river, rising from 3 to 5 
 feet. The upper courses of the three great rivers of British 
 Guiana are much obstructed by cataracts and rapids, and 
 are believed to have their sources near each otlier, in the 
 same great range. Sir R. H. Shomburgk remarks, " if Bri- 
 tish Guiana was not blessed with such abundant fruitful- 
 ness, its extensive inland navigation alone would render it 
 of vast importance." 
 
 Cariosities. — In addition to the pyramidal rocks described 
 under the head of geology. British Guiana abounds in nu- 
 merous cascades, among which is one from 300 to 400 feet 
 high, in about 4° N. lat.. and 61° W. Ion., near the foot of 
 Mount Mampang. Of the Kamaiba. the largest of these cata- 
 racts. Schoml)urgk says : " I can ill describe the magnificent 
 appearance of tliese mountains, (the Roraima.) with their 
 thundering cataracts, precipitating themselves from a height 
 of from 1400 to l.'iOO feet, which are especially grand when 
 swollen by rains." In the same vicinity is an urn-shaped i-ock, 
 4C6 teet hi^^h. and in its widest part 381 feet broad, standing 
 on a base 3135 feet alxive the neighboring vill.age. Near Maura 
 are vast granite boulders, said to be from 300 to 400 feet high. 
 Purumame Imeru Falls, on the Parima Kiver, descend in 
 two perpendicular pit<;he3 of 75 feet. King William IV. Cata- 
 luct. in the Es.sequibo, though not very high, is of singular 
 wilduess and btiauty. The cataract of Onoro lias a fall of 
 
 100 feet; that of TVamaru-Serllia, of 45 feet; Frederick 
 William's Cataract, of 65 feet: Smyth's, of 30 feet; Bar 
 row"s. of 42 feet; and in 4° 20' N. bit. are a series of cas 
 cades, with a total fall of 100 feet. Besides these, are l!a 
 leigirs, Stanley's, and other cataracts and rapids, all highly 
 picturesque, and accompanied with wild and rugged scenery, 
 and varied by the alternation of cataracts and rapids. 
 
 Climate. — Guiana has two dry and two wet seasons, each 
 continuing for three months; the wet embrace the months 
 of December, January, and February — and then June, J uly, 
 and August; the dry the other months. The mean annual 
 temperature is nearly 81° 2'. A'iolent thunder-storms occur 
 at the change of the sea.wus; but hurricane.s. so destruo- 
 five in the West Indies, are unknown. In the dry seasoni 
 the climate is agreeable, and in the interior more healthy 
 than in many parts of the West Indies. 
 
 Soil. Aciricidture, Vegetable Products, dy;. — The soil is. in 
 general, very fertile; and that of Demerara, in particvilar, 
 well .adapted for the cultivation of the sugar-cane; but. in 
 consequence of the numerous large open drains with which 
 the land is intersected, and which have been rendered ne- 
 cessary by its being below the level of the sea. the plough 
 cannot be used. Vegetation, however, is singularly vigor- 
 ous and luxuriant; its forest trees, which cover about one- 
 half its surface, are of the most magnificent desciiption ; 
 especially the niira-tree, {Mimosa exceha,) described as at- 
 taining the height of from 130 to 150 feet, and as apiK-aring, 
 at a distance, from its immense size, like hillocks clothed 
 with vegetation. The timber of this tree is .said to be equal 
 to the teak of the East Indies. Among the other princip:il 
 trees are — the green heart, (belonging to the family of the 
 Laurirute,) the sawary, {Peken tuherciOosa,) the bully-tree, 
 (Ackras balata.) the sirwabally, cral)-wood. (Ci.-riijm Giiian- 
 eitsis. ) and purple-heart. Among the indigenous fruits are — 
 the pine-apple, guava, the marmalade fruit, the anona, the 
 sapodilla, and the Brazil and Suwarrow nuts. The cabbage- 
 tree is common, and there are several varieties of palms. 
 Medicinal plants also alx)und ; including quassia, a specie? 
 of ipecacuanha, gentiivn, and many others. Cultivation i? 
 chietly limited to sugar, coffee, yams, cassava, plantains, 
 bananas, sweet potatoes, maize. &c. There are many fibrou* 
 vegetables which afford substitutes for hemp and flax : and 
 in the forests dyeing woods, cochineal, gum copal, and a 
 multitude of other valuable and unknown vegetable pro- 
 ductions abound. The tloni is rich and varied, and includes 
 the Victoria Begia, the lamest of the water-lilies, who.se im- 
 mense briglit green leaves, and enormous white and pink 
 flowers, are to be seen floating on the rivers, and whith now 
 forms one of the chief objects of interest at our horticultuntl 
 exhibitions. 
 
 '/^I'Jiigij. — The animals are those of tropica! South America 
 generally — the jaguar, tai)ir. armadillo, agouti, ant-bear, 
 sloth, deer, a great variety of monkeys, iguanas, large alli- 
 gators, and turtles; several kinds of jiarrots, mackaws, and 
 humming-birds; the flamingo. Muscovy duck, toucan, and 
 spoonbill. In the forests the vampire bat abounds. Snakes 
 are numerous, and many of them poisonous; and trouble- 
 .some insects are intolerably plentiful. The rivers abound 
 with a great variety of fish, including the siluru.s. wliich 
 often measures 12 feet in length, and weighs upwards of 
 two hundred weight. The domestic animals are — horses, 
 mules, hogs, goats, and fiawls. Black cattle and horses are 
 reaied on the savannas, 
 
 lYoiiitcts. Onmmerce. <£c. — Sucrar. rum. coffee, molasses, 
 and hardwood, form the principal articles of export. The 
 exports for 1849 amounted to 674.942/.. and the imports to 
 658,140/. ; the former showing a considerable decrease on 
 preceding years. In 1S62, the imports amounted to ['78.000/., 
 and the exports to 965.000/. Cotton was also cultivated 
 formerly to a great extent, especially in Demerara. but is 
 now nearly extinct, in consequence of the paucity of labor. 
 The cultivation of coffee has likewise shrunk greatly of late 
 year.s — the exports having fallen from 4.500.000 pounds to 
 100.000 pounds. The exports of suiiar in 1850 comprised 
 3735 hogsheads; in 1851, 4:5.0.34 hog.shoads; and in 1852, 
 55.700 hogsheads. A large increase in the tonnage and ship- 
 ping of the colony, and in the internal traffic, has taken 
 place since 1844, including a brisk trade in cattle from the 
 Orinoco. 
 
 Government. — British Guiana has no legislative as.=embly 
 or executive council, but a court of policy, consisting of five 
 official members — namely, the governor, the chief-justice, 
 the attorney-general, the collector of customs, the govern- 
 ment secretary, and five non-official members. The expen- 
 diture of the colony, in 1852. amounted to §782.000, and the 
 revenue to S8()2,006. 
 
 Churches. — In 1852 there were 43 churches in British 
 Guiana, with 4866 communicants, and sittings for 14.741. 
 With all of these were connected day-schools and Sunday- 
 schools. The total number of day-schools in the colony was 
 150: total number of children between the ages of 5 and 15, 
 23.711 ; number attending school, 10,577 ; average attend- 
 ance, 7616. 
 
 Inliahitmits. — The population of British Guiana is com- 
 posed of aboriginal tribes, and of foreign settlers — Dutch, 
 
 799 
 
GUI 
 
 Bngltsh. Europeans, Africans, and their descendants. The 
 principal tribes of the aborigines, now greatly reduced in 
 numbers, are — the Arrawaks, Accawai, Carabisce, Warrows 
 or ^Varraus, Maeusies, and NVapisianas; the last are tall, 
 fine-looking men, with regular features, and large noses. 
 The Arrawaks, living within the immediate vicinity of the 
 plantations, are the most civilized of all the tribes. The 
 natives of Guiana, according to the missionary Brett, follow 
 the fate of the Indian generally, when in contact with 
 civilization, and are rapidly diminishiug. Many tribes are 
 extinct, others number less than 100, and the greatest popu- 
 lation civen by Brett to any one tribe (the Macusi) is 3000. 
 According to "the same authority, iji Georgetown may be 
 seen men, women, and children of every shade of color, 
 from Europe, Asia, and Africa, — the English planter, the 
 Portuguese pedlar, the Hindoo coolie, the freed negro, and 
 the native redman. The population, according to the census 
 of 1851, was 127,(595, of which the greater part were negi-oes, 
 who constitute the laboring class. There were also sup- 
 posed to be about 7000 aborigines that were not included 
 in the census returns. These, with 445 siiilors, and 854 
 troops would make the total population at that date 135,994. 
 Since then there has been a considerable increase by the ar- 
 rival of immigrants from China, India, Africa, and the 
 island of Madeira. 
 
 Divisiims and Towns. — There are three counties in British 
 Guiana, viz. Demerara, (with more than three-fifths of the 
 population.) Essequibo. and Berbice. The principal towns 
 are Georgetown, pop. 25,508; New Amsterdam, pop. 5000; 
 Berbice. and Demerara. 
 
 History. — Guiana is said by some to have been discovered 
 by Columbus, on his third voyage, in 149.'S ; others attribute 
 the discovery to Vasco Nunez, in 1504. The first settlement 
 was formed by the Dutch, in 15S0, on the river Pomeroon, 
 and called New Zealand, whence they spread E. to the Es- 
 sequHx) and Demerara. In 1781, the colony was taken by 
 Sir George Rodney; but it was restored to the Dutch in 
 1783. In 179tj it surrendered to the British, and was again 
 restored to the Dutch, by the peace of Amieng, in 1801. It 
 was again taken by the British, on the breaking out of the 
 war la 1803, and has since remained in their possession. 
 On the 3d of August, 1834, slavery was abolished in Guiana, 
 but the apprenticeship system was in force till 1838, when 
 the litieration of the negroes became complete. 
 
 GUIANA, DUTCH, or SURINAM, soo-re-nJm' or soo-re- 
 nSm', a Dutch colony in South America, situated between 
 English and French Guiana, having the former on the E., 
 end the latter on the W.; between lat. 1° 30' and 6° N.. 
 and Ion. 53° 30' and 57° 30' W. Its coast line extends 
 from the river Coreutyn to the river Maroni. The length 
 of the territory, from N. to S., is 300 miles; breadth, at 
 the widest part, about 280 miles; but does not, gene- 
 rally, exceed 225 or 230 miles. Area, about 60,000 square 
 miles. The general aspect of the country is the same 
 with that of British Guiana above described — flat and 
 Bwampy on the coast, and mountainous in the interior; 
 well watered by numerous streams, flowing generally from 
 S. to N., and of which the Surinam, and its aflBuents. the 
 Saramacca with its aflBuents, and the Coppename, are the 
 chief. It has also a similarly warm, moist climate, is very 
 fertile, and well cultivated, resembling an extensive gar- 
 den, and yields similar products. The principal exports 
 are coffee, cotton, molasses, sugar, and rum. Sugar was 
 exported in 1S49 to the value of 2,764.872^.; molasses to 
 87,292?:; cotton to 74,132; coffee to 61.3017.; and rum to 
 9,408. The imports for the same year amounted 165.4187. 
 The imports from the United States in 1853 amounted to 
 $108,389. and the exports to the same country to $130,681. 
 
 The Dutch government have recently emancipated their 
 slaves in this territory ; but instead of compensation to the 
 proprietors, the slaves remain indentured laborers for pe- 
 riod of 12 years, and work without pay. On the right bank 
 of the Surinam River, and about 10 miles from its mouth, 
 is situated the canital of the settlement, Paramaribo ; a little 
 N. from which is the fort of Zeelandia, where the governor 
 resides, and where, also, most of the government establish- 
 ments are situated. The population amounts to upwards 
 of 60,000, of which between 6000 and 7000 are whites, and 
 about 53,000 or 54,000 negroes. The government is vested 
 in a governor-general and council. 
 
 GUIANA, FRENCH, (Fr. Guyane-Fravfaise, ghee'dn/- 
 frinV.^z/,) a French colony in South America, the most E. 
 division of Guiana, its coast line extending from the river 
 Marnni, on the \V., to the river Oy.apok on the E., wljich 
 separates i t from Brazil, a distance in a straight line of about 
 2X) miles : between lat. 2° and G° N., and Ion. 49° 38' and 54° 
 88' AV. The greatest length of the colony, from N. to S., is 
 about 2'iO miles; its gre.atest breadth al»ut220 miles. Area, 
 27,u60 square miles. This territory also resembles that of 
 British Guiana, in its physical features, climate, and vege- 
 table productions, with the addition, in the latter case, of 
 pepper, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg. Ac. The coast is low, con- 
 Iflsting of a flat alluvial tract, of great fertilitv, in some places 
 marsh}-, and covered with thick forests of mangroves. The 
 highlauds, in the interior— the soil consisting of clay, mixed 
 
 GUI 
 
 with granitic sand, are al.so fertile: and the whole country 
 is exceedingly well watered — the principal streams being 
 the Mana. Siunamari, Ouya, and Apronaque. 
 
 Commerce. — French Guiana exported to the United States 
 in 1851-2, products valued at $32,422. and in 1852-.3, $17,717. 
 Imports from the United States in 1851-2, $04,747; in 
 1S52-3, S64..335. The exports to France in 1853 amounted 
 alwut $4,400,000, and the imports from that country to 
 about $4,800,000. 
 
 The territory comprises the island of Cayenne, celebrated 
 for the pepper bearing that name. On this island is situ- 
 ated Cayenne, the capital of the colony. The colony is di- 
 vided into two districts, Cayenne and Sinnamari, and 14 
 communes or townships. The government is vested in a 
 jpovernor. assisted by a privy council, and colonial council 
 of 16 members, elected by the colonists. 
 
 The French first settled in Cayenne in the year 1604. In 
 1763, the French government with the view of improving 
 and otherwise increasing the importance of the c«lony, sent 
 out 12,000 emigrants; but no arrangements having been 
 made for their reception, or subseqvient disposal, they nearly 
 all perished from exposure to the climate, which was then 
 extremely insalubrious. In 1809, the colony was captured 
 by the united forces of the British and Portuguese, and 
 restored to France at the peace of Paris in 1814. In the 
 early part of 1852, a large number of political olTenders 
 were transported from the mother country to French Guiana. 
 Pop. in 1846, 19,795, showing a considerable decrease since 
 1836. 
 
 GUIANECO (ghe-a-nJ'ko) ISLANDS, a group off the W. 
 coast of Patagonia, immediately N. of Wellington Island, 
 the principal being Wager and Byron Islands. 
 
 GUIBARRA, ghe-bor'ra, a small river of Ireland, flowing 
 into an inlet of the Atlantic, between the bays of Ko.smore 
 and Trawenagh, after a S.S.W. course of 13 miles. 
 
 GUICIIE, gheesh, a village of France, department of 
 Basse.s-Pyrenees, on the Bidouze, 14 miles E. of Bayonne 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 GUICHE, LA, 13 gheesh, a village of France, in Sa6ne-et 
 Loire, 10 miles N.E. of CharoUes. Pop. 944. 
 
 GUICIIEX. ghee'shdN'^ a village of France, department 
 of Ille-et-Vilaine, 12 miles S.S.W. of Kenues. Pop. 3696. 
 
 GUICLAN. ghee^kldN"'. a village of France, department of 
 Finistfere, 6 miles W.S.W. of Moriaix. Pop. 3549. It has 
 some linen manufactures, and 6 annual fairs. 
 
 GUICOWAR'S. gwik'owarz\ written also GYKWAR'S, 
 ghik'warz (?) or BABODA DOMINION, a state of Hindostan, 
 in its W. portion, subsidiary to the British, and subordinate 
 to the presidency of Bombay, consisting of most part of the 
 peninsula and of some other detached portions cf the pro- 
 vince of Guzerat; the whole lying between lat. 2u° 40' and 
 24° N., and Ion. 69° and 74° E. It is one of the richest 
 parts of India. A treaty was first entered into between the 
 Pei.shwa and the British in 1780, and in 1817 the Guico- 
 wai"'s dominions were enlarged in consequence of the Peish- 
 wa's cession of his previous rights to Guzerat. In 1829, his 
 tribute to the British was fixed at eijiht lacs of rupees 
 (80,0007.) annually. Baroda is the capital and the seat of 
 the British resident, who conducts all the foreign relations 
 of the state. Pop. 325,526. 
 
 GUIDAKAR. ghe-dJkaK/, a -village of West Africa, in 
 Wallo. on the Senegal ; lat. 10° 27' N., Ion. 15° 43' W. 
 
 GUIDEL, gheeM?!', a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan. 6 miles W.N.W. of Lorient. Pop. ."Sy5. 
 
 GUIDIZZOLO. gwee-dit/so-lo, a town of Austrian Italy, 
 province, and 15 miles N.W. by N. of Mantua. Pop. 2238. 
 
 GUIENNE or GUYENNE, ghee^Jnn'. an old province in 
 the S.W. of France, lying N. of Gascouy, from which it was 
 partly separated by the Garonne. It is now distributed 
 chiefly among the departments of Gironde, Dordogne, Lot^ 
 et-Garonne, tat, Aveyron, and Tarn-ot-Garonp.e. After 
 having been possessed by the Englisi during three cen- 
 turies, this country was united to Frar.ce by Charles VII., 
 in 1453. Its capital was Bordeuax. Guiexxe is supposed to 
 be a corruption of Aquiiam'a, the name given to this coun- 
 try in the time of the ancient Komans. In the early pe- 
 riods of the French monarchy it was called Aquilaiiie. 
 
 GUIERS, ghee'alK', a small river, foru.ing part of the 
 boundary between France and Sardinia, joins the Rhone 
 near St. Didier. 
 
 GUIJAR or GUIXAR, ghe-HaR/, a lake of Central Ame- 
 rica, in San Salvador. It receives the Mitian. and dis- 
 charges its surplus water by the Lempa iiito the Pacific. 
 It is alxjut 60 miles in circumference, and in the middle is a 
 large island, abounding in game, and containing the ruins 
 of a considerable town. 
 
 GUIL/DEN-MOR'DEN, a parish of England, eo. ol Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 GUII/DEN-SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester 
 
 GUII/DERLAND, a post-township of Albany co., New 
 York, 9 miles W. by N. of Albany. It is intersected by the 
 route of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad. Pop. 324& 
 
 OUILDERLAND CENTRE, a postK)flice of Albany ca, 
 New York. 
 
 QUILDFOBD, ghll'fyrd, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 
GUI 
 
 GUI 
 
 rough and marketrtown of England, capital of the co. of Sur- 
 rey, on the navigable river AVey. here crossed by a bridire of 
 five i»rches, and on tlie South-western I^ailway, 17 miles S.W. 
 of London. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1S61, 8032. 
 Tt is pleasantly situated on a steep declivity, in a break 
 of the Surrey downs, consisting chiefly of one long and 
 handsome street. It has a modern jiud 2 ancient parish 
 churches, a royal grammar school, chartered by Edward 
 VI., a blue-coat school, a handsome hospKal, with chapel. 
 for the poor, founded in the reign of James T., and minor 
 charities, an elegant county-hall, a guildhall, and conspi- 
 cuous remains of a castje, which was a residence of several 
 Saxcn and Norman sovereigns. Guildford has a consider- 
 able traffic by the Wey in corn, malt, and coals: and it is 
 the emporium of an extensive rural district. It sends 2 
 members to the Douse of Commons. It gives the title of 
 earl to the North family. 
 
 GUILD'KOKD, a town of West Australia, on the Swan 
 Kiver, 7 miles N.E. of I'erth. 
 
 GUILDI[.\Lh, a post-township, capital of Essex co., Ver- 
 mont, on the \V. side of the Connecticut, which is here cross- 
 ed by two bridges, about 60 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, several churches, and a 
 flourishiuLr academv. Top. 552. 
 
 GUILB/H.\Lh FAhLS. a village in Guildhall township, 
 Essex CO., Vermont, on the \V. side of the Connecticut, about 
 60 miles X.E of Montpelier. 
 
 GUIL'FOKD, a county in the N.W. central part of North 
 Carolina, has an area of about fiOO square miles. The Deep 
 Kiver, a branch of the Cape Fear, rises in the W. part of the 
 county. The N. part is drained by the Keedy Fork of Ilaw 
 Kiver. The surface is undulating, and diversified with 
 forests of fine timber: the soil is generally fertile, well 
 watered, and extensively cultivated. In 1S50 this county 
 produced 884,28(i biishels of corn, and 21-1,682 of oats, each 
 the greiitest quantity produced by any county in the state. 
 The Central Railroad of North Carolina is in cour.se of 
 construction through the county. Guilford is the most 
 populous county in the state, excepting Wake. Organized 
 in 1770, and named in compliment to the Earl of Guilford, 
 an ancient British statesman. Capital, Green .slx)rough. 
 Pop. 20,050, of whom 16,431 were free, and 3625 slaves. 
 
 G UILF(JRD. a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, 70 
 miles N.N.E. of Augusta, on the N. side of Piscataquis Kiver. 
 Pop. 8:;7. 
 
 (iUILFOIiD, a post-village and township of Windham co., 
 Vermont, l.>0 miles S. of Montpelier, possesses good mill 
 privileges, and has some mannfiictures. Pop. 1201. 
 
 GUHjFOKD, a beautiful post-borough and township of 
 New Haven co., Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, and 
 on the New Haven and New London Railroad, 16 miles E. 
 by S. of New Haven. In the centre of the borough is a fine 
 square, ornamented with shade-trees. Fronting it are the 
 cliurches. 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal. 1 Methodist, and 
 1 Baptist, the principal stores, and a hotel. About $40,000 
 have been appropriated towards establi.shing a school of a 
 high character. The buikUng, a fine stone edifice, has been 
 erected the present sea.son, 1854. Tlie point, about a mile 
 S. of the village, is much resorted to in the summer months 
 as a waterinir-place, Guilford is the birthplace and present 
 residence of Fi'z-Greene Ilalleck, one of our most eminent 
 American poets. Pop. of the borough, about 1500 ; of the 
 township. 2624. 
 
 GUTLFORn. a post-village and township of Chenango co.. 
 New York, about 100 miles W. by ?. of Albany. The village 
 coBtains 2 or 3 churches, and several stores. Pop. of the 
 towijsliiii, 2743, 
 
 GUILFORD, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. .3090. 
 
 GtllLFOT'D, a post-ofRce of Accomac co., Virginia. 
 
 GUILFORD, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 70 miles 
 S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 GUILFORD, a post-township in the S. part of Medina co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1822. 
 
 GUILFORD, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana. It is 
 the first station on the railroad from Lawrenceburg to In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 GUILFORD, a township in Hendricks co., Indiana. P. 1687. 
 
 GUILF01;D, a village of Calhoun co.. Illinois, on the W. 
 hank of Illinois River, about 00 miles S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 GUILFOnn, a township in the E. part of Winnebago co,, 
 Illinois. Pep. nil. 
 
 GUILFORD CENTRE, a post-village in Windham co., 
 Vermont, 120 mil(« S. of Montpelier. 
 
 GUILFORD CENTRE, a post-vill.age of Chenango CO., New 
 York, about 100 miles W. by S.of Albany. 
 
 GUILLAC. ghee\vdk' or gheePy^k', a village of France, 
 department of Morbihan, 3 miles W.S.W. of Ploermel. Pop. 
 1520. 
 
 GUILLAUMES. ghee'ySm' or gheePyCm'. a town of North 
 Italv, province, and 33 miles N.W. of Nice, on the right 
 bank of the Var. Pop. 1.357. 
 
 G U I LLF.STRE. ghee'y^st'r', a village of France, department 
 of Ilautes-Alpes, on the Gull, 10 miles N.E. of Embrun. It 
 WM a station for English prisoners during the last war. 
 »A 
 
 GUILLOTIERE. LA, Id ghee'yoHe-.aiR/. a town ot Franca 
 on the Rhone, opposite Lyons. Pop. 30.000. See Ltox. 
 
 GUILMI. gwil'mee or gweel'niee. a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Citra, 14 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 2054 
 
 OUILOOM, ghee'loom', a river of Senegambia. jtdns the 
 Senegal, about 30 miles below Kaheide, after a cours« of 
 betwei>n SO and 90 miles. 
 
 GUILS'BOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of North 
 ampton. 
 
 G UI LS'FIELD. a parish of North W.ales. co. of Montgomery. 
 
 GUIMAR, ghe-maR/, a Spanish town on the S.E. coast of 
 TenerifTe. Canary Isl.ands. Pop. .3042. 
 
 GUIMARAE.NS. ghe-mri-rM-Ns, written also GUIMA- 
 R.\ES, a fortified town of Portugal, province of Minho, 12 
 miles S,E. of Braga. Pop. 6000. It has a handsome col- 
 legiate church, numerous other religious buildings, and 
 hospitals, manufactures of hardwares, and an active trade 
 in dried plums. 
 
 GU1M.\RAEN.S. ghe-mS-r.l'jNs, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 45 miles N.W. of Maranhao, on the Bay of Cuma. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 GUIMARAENS, a village of Brazil, province of Matto- 
 Gros.so. 40 miles N.E, of Cuyaba. 
 
 GUIMARAS, ghe-ma'rfc, one of the Philippine I.-lands. 
 
 GUINT^:, See (ioiNK.A.. 
 
 GUINEA, ghiu'nee, (Fr. f?«i7!&, ghee'n.V; Port. Guinl, 
 ghe-n.A ; Sp. Guinea. ghe-nfUd.) a soographical division of West 
 Africa, compri.sing the coast of the .\tlantic Ocean, from Cape 
 Negro, lat. 15° 46' S., to Ca))0 Verga, lat. 10° IS' N. It is 
 divided into Upper or North Guinea, and Lower or South 
 Guinea. 
 
 North Guinea extending from l.at. 10° 18' N. to lat. 1° S., 
 and between Ion. 14° 30' AV., and 10° E.. is bounded by 
 Senegambia and Soodan on the N. and N.E., the Atlantic 
 on the AY. and S.W., and Southern Guinea on the S.E. The 
 coa.sts are in general low. humid, and unhealthv. but very 
 fertile. The Kong Mountains, of which but little is khown, 
 are believed to extend from E. to AV. along the N. boundary. 
 Principal rivers, the Niger or Qunrra. the delta of whii-h is 
 on the Calabar coast, the A'olta and Assinie. The S. and AV. 
 coasts are watered by numerous small streams. The chief 
 products of the country consist in gold dust, indigo, pepper, 
 cotton, and the su.'ar cane. The forests contain vast num- 
 bers of elephants, lions, tigers, rhinoceroses, and enormous 
 sei-pents. The coasts from N, to S, are called Lilieria, (irain 
 coast, Ivory coast. Gold coast. Slave coast, and the Calabar 
 coast. The interior is divided into numerous native states, 
 the chief of which are the kingdoms of Ashantee. Dahomey, 
 and Benin. Fetishism is the prevailing superstition. The 
 principal European settlements are Accra. Cape Coast Cas- 
 tle, Dixcove. Elmina, and Sierra Lenne. On the S.AA'. coast 
 is the American settlement of Liberia. 
 
 South Guinea extends from lat. 1° to lat. 15° 45' S., and 
 Ion. 8° 50' to 18° E. It is bounded on the E. by elevated 
 mountains, covered with forests. The chief rivers are the 
 Congo and Coanza. The mountains are said to contain iron 
 and copper. A'egetation is rich, and wild animals are nu- 
 merous. The principal states of South Guinea are Loango, 
 Congo, Angola, and Benguela. This country was discovered 
 by the Portuguese in 1487, and they have retained nominal 
 pos.session of the southern districts. Their chief foreign 
 trade is in the supply of slaves for Brazil. 
 
 GUINEA CO.MPANY, a town or collection of villages, in 
 AVestern Africa, on the old Calabar River, near lat. £° 30' N., 
 Ion, 8° 30' E. Pop. 5000. 
 
 GUINEA COMPANY, Little, a town 5 miles N. of the 
 
 GUINEA, NEW, an island of the Pacific. See Papua. 
 
 GUINEATOWJf, ghin'ne-t*)wn, a village of Salem CO., 
 New Jersev, 5 miles E. of Salem. 
 
 GUIN1^:E. See Guinea. 
 
 GUINES, gheen, a village of France, department of Pas- 
 de-Calais, in a marshy plain, 57 miles S. of Calais. I'op. 4134. 
 The Canal of Guines connects the village with Calais at 
 St. Orme. 
 
 GUINES, (Giiines,) gwee'n?!!, almost weeVufs, a thriving 
 town of Cuba, capital of a jurisdiction of its own name, a^ 
 the S.AV. terminus of the Havana and Giiines Railroad, it 
 miles from Havana. Pop. in 1854. 4000. 
 
 GUIN'EY'f?. a post-office of Caroline co.. A'irginia. 
 
 GUINGAAIP, gheenV^N"'. a town of France, department 
 of C5tes-du-Nord, 18 miles AV,N.AV. of St Brieuc. It has a 
 church, with two high towers, a communal colleire. and manu- 
 factures of ginghams, linen fabrics, and threads. Pop., in 
 1852. 7156. 
 
 GUINNEN, gheerfuSN"'. a village of France, department 
 ment of lllt»-et-A'ilaine. 16 miles S.S.AV. of Rennes. Pop. 2730. 
 
 GUIONA. (ghe-o'nil) MOUNT, the loftiest mountain of 
 Greece, near its N. frontier. Lat. 38° 38' 10" N., Ion. 22° 18 
 24" E. ■ Height above the sea 8240 feet. 
 
 GUI'ONSA'ILLE, a post-office of Dearborn co., Indiana. 
 
 GUIPAVAS, ghee'p<Vv2/, a village of France, department 
 of Finistdre, 6 miles N.E. of Brest. Pop. in 1S52. 6047. 
 
 GUIPEL, ghee'pJP, a village of France, department of 111 e- 
 etrVilalne, 12 miles S.S.E. of Kennes. Pop. 1458. 
 
 801 
 
GUI 
 
 GUL 
 
 GTTTPISY. (jheo'prpe', « Tillapre of France, department of 
 ni^^t-Vilaine. 17 miles X.K. of Redon. Pop. 3-272. 
 
 GriPUZC'OA. phe-poos'ko-il. (Sp. prrni. srhe poothlvO-J.) or 
 GUTPUSOIA. the smallest prorince of Ppain. situated in the 
 N.E., liounded N. )iy the Bay of Biscay, and K. hy France. 
 Area. 891 wjuare miles. Pop. 141.7o2. Surface traversed hy 
 offsets of the Pyrenees. The chief rirers are the Deva. Oria. 
 and Urumea. The climate is mild and healthy.^ The chief 
 source of revenue is extensive iron mines. Capital. Tolosa. 
 As a border province, it has been the theatre of numerous 
 wars, and from time immemorial h.as been defended by 
 fortresses, the chief of which are San Telmo de Iliiruer, 
 Santa Isabella de Pasages, Sauta Cruz de la Mota, Fuenter- 
 rabia, and San Sebjistian. 
 
 GUIRI.4, ghee're-i a maritime villnge of South .America, 
 in Venezuela, department of Orinoco. 135 miles E. of Cumana. 
 on the Gulf of Paria. In the yeai-s 1811-12. 4S0 ves.sels. 
 aergreiratp burden 3ol4 tons, entered: and 4^1 vessels, bur- 
 den, 3019 tons, cleared of its port. Total value of imports 
 and exports, 23.920?. 
 
 GUISIJOKOUCH or GISBOROUGH. ghiz'bar-reh. a mar- 
 ket-town and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, 
 5 miles from the North Sea. and 40 miles X. of York. Pop. 
 of town, l"7ti. It lies at the toot of the Cleveland Hills, has 
 a town-hajl. a branch bank, the ruins of a priory founded in 
 1129, a grammar school, and a poor's hospital. The first 
 alum-works in England were established here about the 
 year 1000. 
 
 GUISCARD. gbees'kaR', a village of France, depiirtment 
 of Oise. 19 miles X.X.E. of Compidgne, with a remarkable 
 castle. Pop. 1650. 
 
 GUISCRIFF. ghees'kreef, a village of France, department 
 of Morbihan. 27 miles W. of Pontivy Pop. 3570. 
 
 GUISE, gwi-ez or gheez.* a town of France, department of 
 Aisne, on the Oise. 13 miles X.W. of Vervins. Pop. in lS,i2. 
 4060. It has a castle, and manufactures of cotton thread 
 and wboUen cloths. 
 
 GUISELEY, ghizlee, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, 
 West Riding. 
 
 GUISO.NA, ghe-so'ni. (anc. Cisha?) a town of Spain, in 
 Catalonia. 30 miles X.E. of Lerida. Pop. 1550. 
 
 GUISSEXY, L'heesVoh-nee'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finist^re, 17 liiiles X.X.E. of Brest. Pop. 3102. 
 
 GDIST. ghist, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 GUTTIVIS. ghe-te-vees*, or SANTA CRUZ DE M.\.YO, 
 sin'rS ki-oos dA mi'o. a seaport of the Mexican Confedenition. 
 State of .Sonor.i. at the mouth of the Mayo in the GuU or 
 Caiifcrnia. 120 miles S.E. of Guaymas. 
 
 GOITRE, gheet'r. a market-town of France, department 
 ofGironde. on the Isle. 10 miles X.X.E. of Libourne. P. 1270. 
 
 GCIX.^R, a lake of Central .\merica. See Guijah. 
 
 GU.r,\N', pU'zhSN"'. a village of France, department of 
 Gironde. with a small port, 28 miles S.^V. of Bordeaux. 
 Pop. 13SS. 
 
 GUJER.\T, a province of Ilindostin. See GrzERAT. 
 
 GU.TUNDERGHUR. goo-janMer-giir', a hill-fort of British 
 India, presidency of Bombay, district, and 66 miles E.X.E. 
 of Darwar. 
 
 GU.TURU-WALLA, goo-joo'roo-wina, or GURZERA- 
 WALE, a town of the Punjab, 22 miles S. of .\mritseer. and 
 the original residence of the family of Runjeet Sing, whose 
 parents are interred here. It h.as a large fort, enclosing 
 some Sne gardens and ornamental buildings. 
 
 GULAXE (or GOOLAXEVXESS, goo-lAn-nJss/, a promon- 
 tory of Scotland, co. of Haddington, at the entrance of the 
 Frith of Forth. The ancient village of Gulane has 273 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 GULDBR AXDSDAL, gooWbrinds-ddr, a valley ofXorway. 
 bailiwick of Christian. It commences at Lillehammer, 
 where the Lougan falls into the Lake of Miosen. and con- 
 tinues along the course of the stream, to the foot of the 
 Dorretield Mountains. Its length is about 168 miles. 
 
 GUl/DEFORD. a parish of EngLind. co. of Sussex. 
 
 GULDSCII A. a city of China. See Eelee. 
 
 GULF. J'or all gulfs not undermentioned see additional 
 name. 
 
 GULF MILLS, a postofflce of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 yania. 
 
 GULF OF GEORGIA, (jor^e-a.) an inlet of Korth-west 
 America, separating Vancouver Island from the mainland. 
 In lat. 49° X.. Ion. 124° W. Average breadth. 20 miles. It 
 communicates with the Pacific on the X.by Queen Charlotte 
 Sound, and on the S.W. bv the Strait of .luan de Fuca. 
 
 GULF OF GUIXKA. a gulf formed by the Atlantic Ocean, 
 on the coasts of Xorth Guine.i. between lat. 6° 20' X. and 
 1° S.. and Ion. 7° 30' \V. and 10 E. It forms on the X. and 
 E. the Bights of Benin and Biafra. which are separated by 
 the delta of the Quorra or Niger. The principal islands in 
 the gulf are Fernando Po, Prince's Island, St Thom-as. and 
 Annobon. 
 
 GULF OF LYOXS, li'9nz or lee'Ah-"', (anc. Ckiiniau Si'ntu.) 
 
 • The best French speakers are not agreed aa to the correct 
 moat of pronouncing this name, but the highest authoritiea ap- 
 pear to iiicline to the first proaoaaciatioo. 
 803 
 
 a wide Kay of the ifediterranean, wa.shing most of the S. 
 coast of France. The coast is very much diversified, but 
 along some parts are extensive lagoons and low islands. It 
 receives the Rhone. Orbe. Aude. and Tet Rivers. On it are 
 the towns of Marseilles, Cette, and Port Vendres. 
 
 GULF OF MEXICO, a large indentation on the E. coast of 
 X'orth jVmerlca. wasliing the .shores of Mexico and the United 
 States : measuring about 1000 miles from E. to M'.. and 800 
 miles from X. to S. ; estimated area. 800.0(30 .square miles. It 
 is partly formed by the Peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan, 
 nearly in a line lietween which lies the Island of Cuba, leav- 
 ing a communication on its X. witlj the -Atlantic, through 
 the Florida Channel, and on its S. with the Caribbean ^ea, 
 through the Channel of Yucatan. It receives a nurabor 
 of important rivers, the principal of which are the Mi.ssis- 
 sippi and the Rio Grande. The gulf is free from banks, and 
 contains only a few small rocky islands on the co.<»sts y* 
 Yucatan, with the Florida Reef near its E. extremity. The 
 shores are low, and generally lined with fl.at sandy islands, 
 not lar from the land, and numerous lagoons. There are few 
 harlx>ui-s: and the rivers which fall into it are obstructed by 
 bars at their mouth, which render them all. except the Mis- 
 sissippi, nearly inaccessible for vessels of large draught. A 
 current of water, entering the gulf from the Caribbean Sea, 
 is soon divided into two portions, the one running !:".. along 
 the coast of Cuba, the other W.. in a curved line, through the 
 middle of the gulf, round towards the Florida Channel, where 
 it meets the other current and the two united foi-m the 
 Gulf Stream. The temperature of the Gulf of Mexico is 
 86° in summer, or (5° higher than that of the ocean in 
 the same parallel. At high tide the Pacific rises several 
 feet above the level of the gulf, and at low water it fiiUs as 
 fer below it. 
 
 GULF OF OXEGA. (o-n.A'ga.) the southernmost portion of 
 the Whit<? Sea. mostly between lat. 63=' 50' and 65° X.. Ion. 
 34° 30' and 38° E. Length, and greatest breadth, about 90 
 miles. At its mouth is the island of Solovetskol. 
 
 GULF OF PAXA.MA. (pa-nl-maO, an inlet of the Pacific 
 Ocean, in Xew Granada, on the S. side of the Isthmus of 
 Panama, between lat. 7° and 9° X., and Ion. 78° and 80° 25' 
 W. Length and breadth at the entrance, about 120 miles 
 each. Its W. p.art is called the Gulf of Parita; on its E. 
 side is the Gulf of St. Miguel. TheGulf of Panama contains 
 the Pearl Islands. (Archipelago de las Peilas.) so named 
 from an important pearl fisherj- formerly carried on there, 
 but which has greatly declined. 
 
 GULF OF PARIA. (-pi've-h.) in South America. Venezuela, 
 is an inlet of the Carilibe."in Sea, between the island of Trini- 
 dad and the mainland, and lat. 10° and 10° 40' X., Ion. 62^ 
 W. Ijength.liXt miles. ItsS. entrance, called the "serpent's 
 mouth." is 9 miles across; its X.. or the '• drajx>n's mouth," 
 is 13 miles in width, and cont.iins several islands. It rooeives 
 several arms of the Orinoco. 
 
 GULF OF l'.\Tl'.AS, (pd-trass'.) an inlet of the Ionian Sea, 
 in the Mediterranean, between the Morea and West Hellas, 
 Greece. Length, 22 miles, greate.-t breadth. 13 miles. It 
 le.ads into the Corinthian (iulf by the .Strait of Lepanto. 
 
 GULF OF PESf AS. (pJn'y^s.) on the W. coast of Patagonia. 
 Lat. 47° 30' S.. Ion. 75° W. In it are the Guaianeco IsKinds. 
 
 GULF OF PEREKOP. (pjK'e-kop'.) an inlet of the Sea of 
 .\zof, on the X.W. side of the Crimea. Its shores are very 
 much indented. Length, 70 miles. The Isthmus of I'ere- 
 kop. which separates it from the Gulf of Sivash, and con- 
 nects the Crimea with the mainland of South Russia, is 20 
 miles long, and 15 miles across. 
 
 GULF OF RIG-A., ree'ga, or LIVOXIA. le-vo'ne-3, .an ii^let 
 of the Baltic Sea, in Russia, between the governments of 
 Livonia and Courland. It extends from lat. 57° to 58° 30' X ., 
 and from Ion. 22° to 24° 20' E. Length from X. to S.. 100 
 miles, breadth. 80 miles. The island of Oesel covers almost 
 all its entrance. It receives the DUna, Aa, and Fennern 
 Rivers. 
 
 GULF OF SALOXICA, sl-lo-neeOsl (anc. Therma'icus or 
 Thermo'his l^huts.) an arm of the .T,'.re;(n Sea. between the 
 coast of Thessaly and the peninsulas of Chalcidice and Cas- 
 sandra. Length. 70 miles, breadth at its entrance. .30 miles. 
 It receives the Salambria. (anc. I\'ne'u.<.) Indje-Kara-Soo,(ano. 
 Hj.li('C>iiu>n,) and ^'ardar (anc. Axiiig.) Rivers. 
 
 GULF OF SAROS, s^ros. an inlet of the .y.gean Sea, In 
 European Turkey, separated from the Hellespont by the 
 peninsula of Gallipoli. Lengtli, 40 miles, breadth, 20 mile& 
 Xear its head are the islets of Saros. 
 
 GULF OF SID'RA. (anc. Si/rti.<! ^f(l'Jnr.) the principal inlet 
 of the ilediterranean on its African side, between lat. 30° 
 and .33° X., and Ion, 16° and 21° E. 
 
 GULF OF ST. LAW'KEXCK, a large inlet of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, in Xorth .\merica, lietween lat 46° and 50° X.. and 
 ion. 58° and 65 W., surrounded b> the British colonial 
 territories. Canada East. Xew Brunswick, Cape Breton, and 
 Xewfoundland. It communicates on the E. with the ocean 
 by three passages, the northernmost b«>ing the Strait of Bel- 
 leisle. and the southernmost the l^ut of Canso .Average 
 length and breadth. 2S0 miles each. On its W. side are the 
 Bays of Chaleur and Mirnmicbl, and the estuar. ^f the St 
 Lawrence River. It contains Auticosti, Prince Edward"^ 
 
GUL 
 
 GUN 
 
 the Maptdalen and many other islands. Its fisheries are 
 highly important. 
 
 GULF OF TEirUANTEPEC, tWln-tA-p?k', a bay of the 
 Pacific Ocean, in Central America, bounded N.W. and N.K. 
 by the Mexican state of Oajnca. I^t. 16° N.. Ion. from 94° 
 to 95° W. It receives the river Tehuantepec 10 miles S. of 
 the town. See Tehu.\ntepec. 
 GULF I'RAIKIE, a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas. 
 GULF STREAM, a remarkable current in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, orif^inates in the Gulf of Mexico, passes through the 
 Strait of Florida, (or Bahama Channel,) runs N. along the 
 shores of that territory to lat. 31° N., then In a N.E. di- 
 rection to about lat. 3(j° X., when it crosses the Atlantic, 
 passes the W. of the Azores, and is lost in the ocean. 
 Its entire length, from its commencement to the W. of 
 the Azore Islands, is about 3500 miles, traversing in its 
 m)urse 20 degrees of latitude, or from 2.3° to 43° of N. lat. 
 Its mean brcjulth is alx)ut 350 miles; its broadest part 
 is between 40° and C0° \V. Ion., where it is upwaids of 
 400 miles broad; its narrowest, in the Strait of Florida 
 and along the Ameiican coast to about lat. 34° N., where 
 it does not exceed 00 miles, and is often much nar- 
 rower. Its comparative mean velocity in the Atlantic is 35 
 miles in 24 hours. In lat. 20° and 27° N., it was tound' to 
 have a velocity of 80 miles in 24 hours, and at the end of 
 the Gulf of Florida, in the parallel of Cape Canaveral. 5 
 miles an hour. On issuing from the Strait of Florida, it is 
 of a dark indigo blue color, and is distinguishable from the 
 green waters of the Atlantic for many hundred miles. The 
 Gulf Stream opposite to the Northern Atlantic Stitt«s often 
 has a temperature far above that of the waters of the sur- 
 rounding ocean, being .sometimes between 70° and 80° 
 Fahrenheit, even in winter. See Gui.F of Mexico. 
 
 GULGULA, gul-goo'ld. a ruined city of . North Afghanistan, 
 in the valley, and facing the gigantic figures and excavations 
 of Hainian. 
 
 GULLEGIIEM, gQl'lfh-gh?m\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, 2 miles W. of Courtrai. Top. 3921. 
 
 G ULLETTSVl LLE. Georgia. See Newmarket. 
 
 OUL'LliY'S STORE, a post-office of Johnson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 GULL ISLAND, in the Race, at the E. entrance to Ix)ng 
 Island Sound. The light-house on this island may be con- 
 sidered as tlie key to the sound. It contains a fixed light 50 
 feet atove the sea. Lat. 41° 12' 18" N.. Ion. 72° 0' 45" W. 
 
 GULLY, a post-office of Darlington district. South Carolina. 
 
 GULJI.\R, a village of Asia Minor. See Chelindreh. 
 
 U IjMI. gool'mee, a town of Nepaul, capitil of a rajahship 
 138 miles W.N.W. of Khatmandoo. I'op. 2500. 
 
 GULI'EN, gul'pen, (Fr. Galnppi'. gSUopp'.) a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of Ijmburg. 9 miles E.S.E. of Maes- 
 tricht. I'op. 1916. 
 
 GUMBINNEN. gofim-bin'nen, a town of East Prussia. 66 
 miles E.S.E of KonigsVjerg. I'op. 6580. mostly I'rotestants. 
 It has a gymnasium, two hospitals, a public library, .schools ot 
 architecture, manufactures of woollen cloths, and distilleries. 
 
 GUJllilNNE.N, a government of I'russia. Area, 63C0 
 square miles. Pop. 014.047. 
 
 GUM'BO ROUGH, a post-office of Sussex co.. Delaware. 
 
 GUM BRANCH, a post-office of Darlington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 GUMBUT, gtim'bay, a town of Sinde. 10 miles E. of the 
 Indus. Lat. 27° 24' N., Ion. 68° 23' E. Pop. aljput 3000. 
 
 GUM CREEK, a post-office of Dooly co.. Georgia, 
 
 GUM'FltKSTON, a piirish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 GUM GKOVE, a post-office of Union co,. Kentucky. 
 
 QUMIIA, gtim'hR. a small town of North-west Hindostan. 
 on the S. slope of the Himalayas, in lat, 31° 50' N., Ion. 76° 
 SS' E., with a salt mine, yielding an annual revenue of SOOi. 
 
 GUM HILL, a post-office of Tipton eo., Tennessee. 
 
 OUMIEL DE IZAN, goo-me-JP dil e-tlidn'. a town of Spain, 
 province of Burgos, 40 miles S. of Burgos, enclosed by ancient 
 walls. Pop. 1339. 
 
 GUMIEL DE MERCADO, goo-me-M' dA mJa-kS/DO. a town 
 of Spain, province of Burgos, 6 miles N.W, of Gumiel de 
 Izan. Pop. 1198. 
 
 GUMISH-KHANEH. See Goomish-Kiiant.h. 
 
 GUM'LEV. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 GU:MMEHSBACH, g50m'mers-b!(K\ a town of Rhenish 
 , Prussia. 24 miles E. of C<ilogne. Pop. 104.5. 
 
 GUMODIUEEN.V, GUMUR.TTNA, GHUMOURDJINA. 
 ^m ooR-jee'nd. written also GHUMURDJINA, KOMULD- 
 SI.VA, or ICEMOULD.TINA, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Koom-Elee. near the iEgean Sea, 80 miles S.W. of Adrianople. 
 Pop. 8000.(?) 
 
 GUMPOLDSKIRCIIEN, gC3m'polts-k66rvK*en, a market- 
 town of I.iOwer Austria, 10 miles S.S.W. of Vienna, on the 
 railway to Griitz. Pop. 1500, 
 
 GUM POND, a post-office of Baker co., Georgia. 
 
 GI;.^[RI. a town of Armenia. See Goomree. 
 
 GUM SPRING, Virginia. See Arcola. 
 
 GUM SPRING, a post-office of Smith co., Texas. 
 
 GUM SWAMP, a post-office of Marion district, South 
 arolina. 
 
 GUM SWAMP, a post-office of Pulaski eo., Georgi*. 
 
 GUM TREE, a post-office of Chester co., PennsylvanJu. 
 
 GUMUltJINA, a town of Turkey. See Gumoorjelna. 
 
 GUNABAD, a town of Persia. See Goonauad. 
 
 GUN'BY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 GUNDAMUCK. guo'di-milk', a walled village of Afghan- 
 istan. 28 miles W. of Jelalabad. Here the la.st surviving 
 portion of the British force, retreating from Cabool in 184'i 
 and consisting of 100 soldiers and 300 camp-followers, wna 
 massacred, one man only making his escape. 
 
 GUND.WA, gftn-dd'va, a town of Beloochistan, capital ot 
 the province of (-utch-Gundava, 115 miles S.E. of Kelat, 
 and the u.sual winter residence of the Khan of Kelnt. 
 
 GUNDELFINGEN, gOOn'di'l-fing'fn, a town of Bavariat 
 circle of Swabia, on the Brenz, 27 miles N.W. of Augsburg 
 Pop. 2726. 
 
 GUNDELFINGEN, a village of Baden, 4 miles N.N.E, of 
 Freiburg, i'op. 612. 
 
 GUNDERSIIAUSEN. gCCn'ders-hCw'zfn, a village of Ger- 
 many, in Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg. P. 782. 
 
 GUNDUCK. gOtiMuk', (anc. Erannohlnast or CondochnHef.) 
 a river of Ilindostan, tributary to the Ganges, which it 
 joins opposite I'atna, after a S.E. course, as is supposed, 
 of at least 360 miles. Great numbers of ammonites are 
 met with in its basin, which, under tlie name of sulyrams, 
 are greatlv venerated bj' Hindoos. 
 
 GUNDUCK, LITTLE, a river of Ilindostan, W. of the 
 foresroing. joins the Goirgra after a S. course of 90 miles. 
 
 GUNDWANAH or (iUNDWANA. gfind-wj/nd, a province 
 of India, comprising the N.E. portion of the Deccan table- 
 land, between lat. 18° and 25° N. and Ion. 77° 30' and 80° E., 
 divided among the Nagpoor dominion and the S.W. districts 
 of the Bengal presidency. Chief town, Nagpoor. 
 
 GUNGA. See Ganges. 
 
 OUNGA BAL. gan'gi hiX. a .small lake of Cashmere, on 
 the Haramuck Mountain. Lat, 34° 25' N.. Ion. 74° 39' E, 
 The Hindoos perform pilgrimages to its banks, and tlirow 
 into its waters such fragments of bone as remain unde- 
 stroyed by the fires in which bodies are consumed. 
 
 GUNIEH, a town of Turkey. See GooxiEU. 
 
 GUN KEY, a narrow ridge of coral on the western edge 
 of the Great Bahama Bank. At a distance of 250 yards 
 IVom its southern point is a ligiit, which revolves once a 
 minute, 55 feet from its base, and 80 feet above the level ot 
 the sea. Lat. 25° 34' 30" N., Ion. 79° 18' 24" W. 
 
 GUN LAKE, a post-office of Barry co., Michig.an. 
 
 GUN'NAL'LOW, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 GUNNUM. pfln'ntlni, an island at the entrance of the 
 Persian Gulf, about 4 piiles long and 1 mile broad. 
 
 GUNONG-API, an island. See Goonong-Apee. 
 
 GUNONG-BENKO, goo'nong'b^n/ko, a mountain of Su- 
 matra. 
 
 GUNONG-DEMPO, goo^nong'dJm'po, a mountain of Su- 
 matra. 
 
 GUNpNG-TELLA. & town of Celebes. See Goono\g-Tei,la. 
 
 GUN PLAINS, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1068. 
 
 GUN'POWDER, a small river of Maryland, rises near the 
 northern border, flows south-eastward through Baltimore 
 county, and falls into the Chesapeake, between that county 
 and Harford. The Little Gunpowder forms the boundary 
 between thtise two counties, until it joins the main stream 
 a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 GUNl'OWDER CREEK, of Caldwell co., North Carolina, 
 flows into Catawba River. 
 
 GUNS, (Giins.) gUns, (Hun. Kofzer/h, kos^sJg',) a royal 
 free town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on the GUns 
 River. 19 miles S.S.W. of Lake Neusiedl. Pop. in 1845. KuOO. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has an ancient castle, a gymna- 
 sium, a Lutheran and 2 Roman Catholic churches. It suc- 
 cessfully resisted the army of Solyman. in 1532. 
 
 GUN'S ISLAND, lies off the E. coast of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Down. 2} miles N.E. of Ardglass. 
 
 GUNSTADT, (GunstSdt.) giin'stJtt, a village of Prussia, 
 province of Saxony. 6 miles W. by S. of Erfurt. Pop. 1018. 
 
 GUNTERSBERGE, (Glintersbt'rge.) giin'tfrs-b^R'Ghfh. a 
 town of Germany, duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, 18 miles S.W. 
 of Halborstadt. Pop. 840. 
 
 GUNTERSBLUM. g«5n'ters-bloom\ a market-town of 
 Germany, in Ilesse-Darmstiidt, 12 miles N. of Worms, 
 with a palace and park of the Prince of Leiningen. Pop. 
 2592. 
 
 GUNTERSDORF, gfiSn'tfrs-doRr. a town of Austria, 24 
 miles N. by W. of Korneuburg. Pop. 1500. 
 
 GUNTERSHAUSEN, gadn'ters-hOw'zen, a village of Hessf^ 
 Cassel. at the junction of the F'riederich-Wilhelm Railroad 
 with the Frankfort and Cassel Railroad, 10 miles S. by W. 
 of Cassel. 
 
 GUN/TERSVILLE, formerly GUNTER'S LANDING, a 
 post-village of Marshall eo., Alabama, on the Tennessee 
 River, about 35 miles S.E. of Huntsville. It is the N. ter- 
 minus of the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, now in couise 
 of construction. 
 
 GUNTHERSFELD, gMn'tgrs-fJlt\ a village of Germany, 
 principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 24 miles S.E. of 
 Gotha. 
 
 803 
 
GUN 
 
 QirNTaORPF. a parish of EnpSand, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 GCXTOJi, a parish of England, eo. of Norfolk. 
 
 Q UNTON . 1 pirisli of Knjjland. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 GUXT(.>OK orUlNTUR, K&n-toor'jdistriit of Hritish India, 
 presiiieucy of Maili;i.s, bordering upon the ocean, and river 
 Kistnab. Area, 4l)'J0 square mile.s. Pop. 519,318. 
 
 U UN TOOK, the capital of the above district, is 226 miles 
 N. of Madris. in lat. W^ 21' N., Ion. 80° 31' K 
 
 GUNTUAMSDOKF. go6u'trdms-doKf\ a market-town of 
 Ltiwer Au.stria. on the Schwachat, and on the Vienna Kail- 
 way. IS uiilss S. of Aieuua. Pop. 1150. 
 
 GLN'VILLE-TAK/KANT, a parish of Engl.ind. co. Dorset. 
 
 GUNZBUUG. (Giinzbur4,)gunt.«'l<iORG,a town of Kavari;i, 
 30 mile.s M'.N.W. of Augsimrg. on the Danube, here cros.<ed 
 by abridge, and joiued by the Giiuz. Pop.3103. It is walled, 
 and has a fine castle, a grammar-school, and an English 
 ladies' seminary. 
 
 GUNZBUKG, (GUnzburg.) Cber, a Tillage of Bavaria, 42 
 miles !>.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1334. 
 
 GUNZENIIAL'SEN, (GUnzeuhausen.) gUnts'en-hdw^zen, a 
 town of Bavaria, on the .\ltmiihl. and on the Koyal Bava- 
 rian Kailw.ay. 37 miles S.S.W.of Nuremberg. Pop. 2G<)5. 
 
 GUR.V, goiVra, a town of .\friea. in Upper Guinea, on the 
 Gura River, 75 miles W.X.W. of Cape Coast Castle. 
 
 GL'RAGE or GUU.\GL'E. goo-rS'gA, written also GURA- 
 GIE, a country of North-east Africa, in Abyssinia, S. of 
 Shoa, to which it Is tributary, in lat. about &° N., Ion. 39° E. 
 It contains the large lake Zooai. 
 
 GUKDAN DK\V.\K. gur-diu' di-war,', a Tillage of Afghan- 
 istan, near the source of the llelmund, in lat. 33° 32' N., Ion. 
 69° 12' E. Elevation. 10.U7IJ feet. 
 
 GCKDAU, gooR'dOw, or KURDAU, kooR'dOw, a Tillage of 
 Moravia, circle of Briinn. Pop. 970. 
 
 GUK*)ON or GAKUDUN. Thibet. See Gaooo. 
 
 GUKDSCHY, goord'shee' or gurd'shee, a village of West 
 Asia, khauat. and ('5 miles N.N.E. of Khiva, near the Oxus. 
 It is supposed to hiive been founded in the la.st century, and 
 is now iuhabited by Oozbek.s, Uigurs, and Sarts. 
 
 GUKEIN, gix/rliie, (Moravian, Kurzin. koor'zeen,)a town 
 of Moravia, circle, and 9 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 1003. 
 
 GURG.4X. See Gooroaln. 
 
 GURGDEA, gooE-gd'd. a river of Brazil, joins the Pama- 
 hiba after a course of about 190 miles, during which it Ibrms 
 Lake Pernagua. 
 
 GUKHWAL, GURWAL. gilR'-wdl'. or GARHWAL. pan'- 
 wil', a province of North Ilindostan. tributary to the British, 
 between lat. 3o° and 32° N.. and Ion. 77° and 80° E., cou.sist- 
 Ing of the S.W. slope of the Himalaya Mountains. Esti- 
 mated area, 9000 square miles. Chief town, Serinagor. 
 
 GURIA or GURIEU See Gooriel. 
 
 GURIEV, a town of Russia. See GooRlEV. 
 
 GURK. goork. the name of two rivers of lllyria, one join- 
 ing the Drave 10 miles E. of Klageufurth,afteracourseof 66 
 miles ; and the other joining the Save 22 miles N.E. of Neu- 
 Etadtl, after a course of 50 miles. 
 
 GURK, a village of lllyria, on a river of the same name, 
 49 miles N. of Laybach. 
 
 GUKKFELD, gooRk'f^t, or KERSKO. kSa/sko, (anc. JV(mo- 
 duwtmf)& town of lllyria, on the Save, 18 miles NJi. of 
 Xeustadtl. Pop. 800. 
 
 GUKLAN. g&r'lin' or gfiOr-ldn'. 'a walled town of West 
 Asia, khanat, and 36 miles N.N.E. of Khiva, on the canal 
 let off from the Oxus (.\moo.) It is surrounded by dilapi- 
 dated walls. 
 
 GUK'LEYVILLE, a post-village of Tolland co., Connecti- 
 cut, on a tributary of the Willimantic. about 25 miles E. by 
 N. of Hartford. It contains 1 or 2 churches, and factories 
 for making .se\ving silk. Pop. about 400. 
 
 GUR, LOUGH, lOH g&r, a lake of I reland, in Munster, co., 
 and 10 miles E.S.E. of Limerick. It is about 4 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and contains on its shores some of the most 
 striking Druidical remains in the kingdom. 
 
 GURNET POINT, at the X. side of the entrance to Ply- 
 mouth Harbor, Massachu.setts. Near its extremity are two 
 fixed lights. 11 J feet apart, and 86 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 42° 0' 6" N.. Ion. 70° 30' 48" W. 
 
 GURNL'DY, gtir-nad'ee, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, district, and 65 miles S. of Dacca, on the 
 Ganges. 
 
 GURKAII, gtir'rj, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, on the Nerbudda River. IOC miles S.W. of Allahabad. 
 
 GUKRAKOTA or GURRACOTTA, gilr-ra-kot/ti. a town 
 and fort of British India, presidency of Bengal, on the So- 
 nar. 115 miles E.N.E. of BhopauL 
 
 GUKROTE, gftrVot/, a town of Ilindostan. dominions, 
 and 6.i miles S.S.W. of Kotah. In 1820 it had 500 houses. 
 
 GURRU.MCOXDA. See Goorlxco.nda. 
 
 GURSK, gooRsk, an island off the W. coast of Norway, in 
 lat. 62° 25' N., Ion. 6° 35' E. It i* about 12 miles long, by 9 
 Biles broad. 
 
 GUKSUF, or OOURSOUF. See GooRSOor. 
 
 GURUN, GUI!lNi?)ortiIIURUX. poo'roon/ or goo'rfin'. a 
 town of Asia Minor, panhalic of Karamanw. 84 miles E.X.K. of 
 Kaisarseyab. It is picturesque and tlourishing; its mer- 
 chants jrade as fiu- as Aleppo, Marash, and Constantinople. 
 
 GUT 
 
 GURUPA, goo-roo-p3', a town of Brazil, proTince, and 300 
 miles W. of Para, on the right bank of the Amazon. 
 
 GURUPATUBA, goo-roo-pd-too'lii. a river ot Bratil, joina 
 the Amazon at the town of JlonUdegre, after a course of 
 about 240 miles. 
 
 GURU PI. goo-roo-pee'. a river of Brazil, province of Para, 
 enters the Bay of Gurupi (.Atlantic) after a X. course esti- 
 mated at 250 miles. 
 
 GURUPI, a town of Brazil, on the W. side of the Gurupi, 
 near its mouth. 55 miles E. of Braganza. 
 
 GUKUTUB.\, goo-roo-too'bj, a river of Brazil, joins the 
 Rio Verde, an affluent of the Sao Fr.incisco, after a course of 
 140 miles. 
 
 GURWAL, a province of India. See Gcrhwal. 
 
 GUSPINI. goos-pet/uee. a village of the Island of Sardinia, 
 34 miles N.W. of Cagliari, with 3800 inhabitants, and some 
 argentiferous leiid-miues. 
 
 GUS'SAGE ALL SAINTS, parish of England, co. Dorset 
 
 GUSSAGE ST. MICHAEL, parish of Encland, co. Dcr.-iet. 
 
 GUSSAGO, goos-s4'go. a village of Lombardy, delegation, 
 and 5 miles N.N.W. of Brescia. 
 
 GUSSBACH. gOOs'bdK,a village of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 Franconia. X. of Bamberg. Pop. 600. 
 
 GUSSENSTADT. gOos/sen-stiltt', a village of Wurtemberg, 
 circle of Jaxt, S.W. of lleidenheiin. Pop. 9C0. 
 
 GUSSIXG, goos'siug\ or NEMETII-UJVAR, ni'nJt/-oo^ 
 v3k'. a town of Hungary, co. of Eisenbepg. Pop. 3000. 
 
 GUSSXITZ, a town of Bohemia. See HussiSEiz. 
 
 GUSSOL.\, gocs'so-U, a vill.ige of Xortheru Italy, province, 
 and 18 miles E.S.E. of Cremona. It once stood close to the 
 Po, but the collection of alluvium caused a change of chan- 
 nel in 1702. Pop. 352:!. 
 
 GUST.WIA. goos-tl've-d, the capital town of the Swedish 
 island of St. Bartholomew, West Indies, on its S.W. coast, 
 with a good harbor, SOO houses, and 10,000 inhabitants. 
 
 GUSTA'VUS, a small post-vilLige of Greene co., Tenue.ssee. 
 
 GUST.tVU'S. a post-township near the XJi. extremity of 
 Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 890. 
 
 GUSTEN, goos't^n, a town of Germany, in the former 
 duchy of Anhalt-Kiithen, 5 miles W. of Bernburg. P. 1665. 
 
 GUSTINE. a post-oflice of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 GUSTOX. a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 GUSTROW, (Giistrow.) giis'troT, a town of North Ger- 
 many, capital of the duohy of Meckleuberg-Schweiiu, on 
 the Nebel, and on a branch railway communicating w ith the 
 Si'hwerin and Ro8tt>ck Railway, Similes E.NJE. of Schweriu. 
 Pop. 9100. It is enclosed by walls. The principal buildings 
 are a cathedral, an ancient castle, now a work-house, a 
 house of correction, and the governor's house. It has con- 
 siderable commercial importance, and from 50 to EO t'actirries 
 of various kinds, comprising many breweries and distilleries, 
 
 GUTENBERG, goo'ten-ljKo', and GUTENERUNN. goo/- 
 tfn-br(5<5un\ two small villages of Germany, dominions of 
 Wurtemberg and Austria. 
 
 GUTENIIOK. goo'tfu-bof, a station on the railway in 
 Lower Austria, betweeu Vienna and Biuok. 
 
 GUTENSTEIN*. goo'tfn-stiue\ a vilLige of Austria, Carin- 
 thia. 32 miles E.S.E. of Klagenfurtb Pop. 1200. 
 
 GUTENSTEIN. goo'ten-stine\ a village of Lower Austria, 
 
 32 miles S.S.W. of Men'na. Pop. 500. 
 
 GUTr;NTAG, goo't^n-t4G\ or GUTIENTAG, gMt'ten-tlo', 
 a town of Prussian Silesia. E. of Oppeln. Pop. 2300. ' 
 
 GUTEKSLUHE or GUTERSLOH. (,G iitersloh.) gu'tfrs-16\ 
 atown of Prussia, Westphalia, 35 miles S.W. ofilindea. Pop. 
 4000. 
 
 GUTHRIE, g&th'ree, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 
 with a hamlet. 9 miles X.N.W. of Arbroath. The ancient 
 ca.stle is still entire. 
 
 G UTHRIE. g&th'ree, a new county in the S.W. central p-irt 
 of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by 
 Middle River, or Middle Fork of the Racoon River. The 
 soil is fertile. Capital, Guthrie Centre. Named in. honor 
 of Captain J. B. Guthrie, who fell on his way from Vera 
 Cruz to Mexico. Pop. 3058. 
 
 GUTHRIE'S CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Jackson co., and 
 Hows into the East Fork of White River, near Bedford. 
 
 GUTII'RIESVILLE, a post-office of York district. South 
 Canlina. 
 
 G UTH'RIEVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Horseshoe Turnpike, (53 miles E.S.E. of Harris- 
 burg. It has. perhiips, 30 houses. 
 
 GUT OF CAN SO or CAN SEA U. See C.oso. 
 
 GUTSTADT. gOOt'stitt. or DOBRE JIIASTO. doVr.i mo- 
 is/to, a town of East Prussia, 51 miles S. of Kijnigsburg. on 
 the Alle. Pop. 3U39. It has a castle, and manulictiireti 
 of woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 GUT'TiiXBERG. a thriving post-village of Clayton co., 
 Iowa, on the Ml«sis..;ippi Hiver. 40 miles above Dubuque. It 
 has a good landing fur steamboats. Large mines of lead ar«) 
 worked in the viciuitv. Pop. 1104. 
 
 GUTTEN STEl N . gMt/tf n-stliie\ a villageof Lower A us+ria, 
 
 33 miles S.W. of Vienna, with a castle, and 500 inhabitants. 
 GUTTENSTEIN, a village of Austria, Carinthia, govnrn. 
 
 ment, and 40 miles X.X.E. of L.iyViach. Pop. 12oo. 
 GUrXKXTAG, a town of Prusnia Pee GimaTAS. 
 
GUT 
 
 GYO 
 
 QUTZKOW, (Giitzkow,) gUts'kov, a town of Prussia, Po- 
 meraiiia, 28 miles S.E. of .Stralsund. Pop. 1370. 
 
 GCUTA, a villafre of Afri.-a. See Goota. 
 
 GUVAN, ghi-an', a township in the S. part of Gallia co., 
 Ohio. I'op. >06. 
 
 GUYANA, a country of South America. See Guiana. 
 
 GUYANUOTTE, ghiVn-^lott', faniiliUirly called GUYAN 
 or GIIIAN, glii-an', a fiver in the S.W. part of West Vir- 
 ginia rises in Wyoming county, and flowing in a general 
 N.N.W. course, falls into the Ohio in Cabell county, about 
 10 miles above the month of Sandy River. 
 
 G U YA.\ DOTTE. a post-village of Cabell county, West A'ir- 
 ginia, on the Oliio River, at the moutli of the Guyandotte, 
 '2'2S miles below Wheeling, and about 45 miles W. of Charles- 
 ton. It is an importiint point of steamboat dfbarkatiou. A 
 railroad is projected between this place and Covington, to 
 connect witli the Central Railroad. Guyandotte couUiins 1 
 or 2 cluirohes. Free population r)3S. 
 
 GUYEXNE, France. See Guiexnb. 
 
 GUYSBOROUGII, ghlz/bfir-rOh, a seaport town of Nova 
 Scotia, capital of the co. of Guysborough, situ.ited near the 
 head of Chedabuoto Bay, opposite Manchester, and about 120 
 miles K.N.E. of Halifax. It is a place of some im})ortance, and 
 is protected by a battery. 
 
 GUYSBOROUGII, a county occupying the E. extremity 
 of Nova Scotia. Capital. Ouysborouah. Pop. in 1861, 10.8:i8. 
 
 GUY'S CMFF, England, co., and IJ miles N. of Warwick, 
 is a secluded locality on the Avon, much visited by tourists, 
 Rs containing the hermitage in which the famous Guy. Earl 
 of Warwick, passed his latter days, and was buried with his 
 Countess Felicia. Here is al.^o a chapel, built by Beauchamp, 
 Earl of W'arwick, in the reign of Henry VI., and containing 
 a colossal statue of Earl Guy. 
 
 GUY'.S MlljIiS, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvani.a. 
 
 GUYS'VILLE, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, on the 
 Hocking Hiver, 82 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 GUYTING (ghl'tiug) POWER, a parish of EngUnd, co. 
 of Gloucester. 
 
 GUYXING TEM'PLE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 GUY'TOX. a post-office of Effingham co., Georgia. 
 
 GUZEIv-HISSAR. a city of Anatolia. See AiDix. 
 
 GUZERAT, gazVh-rilt/. GUJEKAT or GUGERAT, gtizh- 
 er-^fC, written also GOOJEKAT or GUJRAT, one of the old 
 provinces of Hindostan, mostly between lat. 21° and 24° 
 N., and Ion. 69° and 75° E., its W. portion consisting of the 
 peninsula between the Gulfs ofCambay and Cutch. Total 
 area, about 40,000 square miles, and population 6.000,000. 
 The surface is greatly diversified. The principal rivers are 
 the Nerbudda, Taptee. Mhye. and Subbermutty. It is now 
 mostly subdivided among the dominions of the Gwicowar 
 and Gwalior, and the N. districts of the Bombay presidency. 
 
 GUZZHII. a city of Palestine. See Gaza. 
 
 G VOSD.\NSKI, g'vos-ddn'skee, a village of Austrian Croa- 
 tia, 13 miles S.S.E. of Clina. 
 
 GVOSDANSl^O, a village of Slavonia. co. of Verocz. 
 
 GVOSDEVI, g'vos-di'vee, a group of islands in Behring's 
 Strait, between Asia aud North America. Lat. 65° 40' N., Ion. 
 173° 50' E. The largest, Imaglin, is 25 miles in length. The 
 surface of the islands is low. and bare of wood. 
 
 GWA, gwi, or GO A, go'd, an island of Burmah, on the 
 W. coast, in lat. H"^ 33' N., Ion. 94° 34' E., in the S. part is 
 the entrance of the small river of the same name, on which 
 Ig Gwa-Town, built of bamboos and masts. 
 
 GWAENYSGOR, gwa/nis-gor, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Flint. 
 
 GWALIOR or GUALIOR, gwri/le-or, a city and strong fort- 
 ress of Hindostan, capital of a state of its own name, on an 
 affluent of the Jumna. 66 miles S. of Agra. It has ext<^r- 
 nally a fine appearance with its minarets, interspersed with 
 trees. Tlie citadel, on a high, precipitous rock in its centre, 
 <lbout 3 miles in circumference, is unquestionably the most 
 magnificent native fortress in India. The town itself is 
 unenclosed, but its streets m.ay be shut by numerous gates, 
 some of which have much architectural beauty. Other 
 principal edifices are the chief mosque, a palace, and some 
 buildings in the most ancient Hindoo style within the 
 citadel, and E. of the city a fine Mohammedan tomb. In 
 the sidesYif the rock forming its site, are numerous caves, 
 with Hindoo sculptures. 
 
 GWALIOR DOMINIONS, a state of Central Hindostan, 
 until lately independent, but now subsidiary to the British, 
 extending, very Irregularly, between lat. 21° and 27° N.. .and 
 Ion. 74° and 79° E.. enclosed by the Rajpoor, Baroda. Indore, 
 and Bundelcund dominions, and the Bengal and Bomb.ay 
 presidencies. Area. .33,119 square miles. Pop. 3.228,512. 
 The surface is level in the N.. including a portion of the 
 I asin of the Jumna: in the central hilly; and in the S. it 
 comprises parts of the Vindhyan and Sautpoora mountain 
 ranges. It is traversed by the Taptee. Nerbudda. Chum- 
 bul. Sinde, Betwah, and Dussaun Hivers. The principal 
 cities are Gwalior, Oo.iein, and Boorhanpoor. After the de- 
 cisive actions at Maharajpoor and J'unnair, December 29. 
 iS43, this state was placed under the military superintend- 
 once of the British. 
 
 GWEEDORE or GUIDORE. gwe-dor', a district and bayoD 
 the N.W. coast of Ireland, co. of Donegal ; the latter in lat. 55^ 
 3' N., Ion. 8° 23' W. The district extends for some miles along 
 the coast, abounding in scenery of the wildest description 
 
 GWEEK. a seaport^village of England, in Coi'nwail, in 
 eluded in the port of Falmouth. 
 
 GWENDDWR, gwJn'Tuoor, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Brecon. 
 
 GWEN'NAP, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 3 miles 
 E.S.E. of Itedruth. Here are the most productive copper 
 mines in Cornwall. They have been sunk 1800 feet below 
 the surface, employ more than 3000 miners, and produce 
 near 200,000^. worth of ore annually. 
 
 GWERNESNEY, gwernz'nee, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 GWEK'SYLT, atownship of Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 GWETTER, g^vJt'ter. a village of Beloochistan. on the Bay 
 of Gwotter, Indian Ocean; lat. 25° 15' N., Ion. 61° 30' E. 
 
 GWIN'NEAR. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 GWINNETT', a county in the N. central part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 550 sciuare miles. It is drained by the head 
 waters of the Appalachee. Y'ellow, and Ulcofauhachee (or 
 Alcovy) Rivers, and bounded on the X.W. by the Chatta- 
 hoochee. The surface is hilly ; the soil is generally fertile. 
 Granite of fine quality is abundant: gold is found on the 
 Chattahoochee, and iron and antimony occur. Formed in 
 1818, and named in honor of Button Gwinnett, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence. Capital, I.iaw- 
 renceville. Pop. 12,940, of whom 10,389 were free, and 2551 
 slaves. 
 
 GWITH1AN, a p.arish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 GWNNWS, gooh'noos, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- 
 dimin. 
 
 GWTHERIX, gooth-lr'in, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Denbigh. 
 
 GWYDDELWERN, g^viTH-gPwern, a parish of North 
 Wales. CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 GWYDIR (gwr'djr?) RIVER, (native Kiendar. ke-fn-dar', 
 or Karoula, k3-rawOa.) a river of East Australia, joins the 
 Peel River; lat. 29° 30' 27" S., Ion. 148° 13' 20" E. Among 
 its affluents are the Mclntvre and Bambara. 
 
 GWYFFYLLIOG. gwif-fUMe-og. a parishof North Wales, 
 CO. of Denbivrh, 5 miles W. of Ruthin. 
 
 GWYNEDD, (Welsh pron. gwin%n,) a river of North 
 Wales, risi!s in the S. side of Snowdon, flows S. to Cardigan 
 Bay, which it enters by a wide estuary 1 mile S. of Tremadoc. 
 
 GWYN'EDD, a post-town.ship in the N. part of Montj,o- 
 mery co., Pennsylvania* Pop. 1976. 
 
 GWYNFE, gwjn'fS, a hamlet of Wales, co. of Carmarthen, 
 5 miles S.W. of Llandovery. Pop. 1109. 
 
 GY, zhee, a market-town of France. dep.artment of Ilaute- 
 Saone, 22 miles S.W. of Vesoul. Pop. in 1852. 2534. 
 
 GYALAR, dyOMOa/. a market and mining town of Transyl- 
 vani.a, co.. and 5 miles W.S.W. of Hunyad. Pop. 430. 
 
 GYALU, dydh'Ioo', (almost jdhMoo'.) or JU'LIA, a markets 
 town of Transylvania, 10 miles W. of Klausenburg, on the 
 Szamos. Pop. 1400. 
 
 GYARMATH, BALASSA. See B.\LASS.A-GT.\RM.\Tn. 
 
 GYARMATH. FUZES. See Fuzes Gyapmath. 
 
 GYAI!OS.j.-a/ros. or GIUOUKA. phe-oo'rd, an isl.and of 
 the Grecian Archipelago. 10 miles N.AV. of Syra. Length 5 
 miles, Vireadth 3 miles. It is mountainous and sterile. 
 
 GYEDU. a town of Hungary. See Detta. 
 
 GY'EKENYES, dy.i'kSn'yesh', a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Sumegh, 4 miles from Zakany. Pop. 1377. 
 
 GYEHGYO (Gyergyo) SZENT MIKLOS, dySn'dyo' sfnt 
 mee' klosh', a market-town of Transylvania, in Szekler-land, 
 95 miles E. of Klausenburg. Pop., with district, 5071. 
 
 GY'ERMEL, dyjR^mJl', a village of Hungary, co. of Ko- 
 morn. about 12 miles from Tata. Pop. 1U98. 
 
 GYFFIN, ghif'fin. a parish of Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 G YIRES, dyee'r^sh'. a village of Hungary, co. of Bahar, on 
 the Ivoiiis. about 8 miles from Grosswardein. Pop. 900. 
 
 GYK WAR'S DOMINION. See Guicowar's DoMi>aoN. 
 
 GYLLINGE, gUl'lin-gheh, a psirish of Denmark, in Jut- 
 land. 17 miles S. of Aarhuus. on the Great Belt. 
 
 GYMMERGINE, in European Turkey. See Guwoorjina. 
 
 GYMNESI^i. See Balearic Island.s. 
 
 GYOMA, dyo/mOh^ almost jo'niOh\ a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Bekes, in a plain on the Koros. 
 
 GYON, dyon. a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, about 8 
 miles from Inarcs. Pop. 2040. 
 
 GYONGYOS, (Gyoncryos.) dy«nMyosh', a market-town of 
 Central Hungary, co. of Heves, 44 miles N.E. of I'esth. Pr p. 
 14.649. It has several churches, a Franciscan college, a 
 gvmna.sium, a colle.Hion of arciiives. manufactures of lea- 
 ther, hats, and woollen cloth distilleries, and considerable 
 trade in corn, fruit, wine, and horses. 
 
 GYOR-FALVA. dyoR-fol'vohS or GERGESDORF, ghJR/- 
 ghes-doRfV a village of Transylvania, 6 miles from i\lausen 
 burg, on the Little Szamos. Pop. 900. 
 
 GYORKONY, dyoR^kofi'. a village of Hungary, in Hither 
 Danube, co. of Tolna. 4 miles fiom Paks. Pop. 1418. 
 
 GYOROK. dyo'rok'. a market-town of Hungary, Thither 
 Theiss, 12 miles E. of Arad. Pop. 1690. 
 
 805 
 
GYP 
 
 GYP'jt'M. a poi^t-ofBce of Ontario eo.. Xew York. 
 
 OYPSU^t CilEKK, of .Michigan, enters Grand River 2 or 
 3 miles holow Grand Kapids. 
 
 GYSWYfj, ghis'wil, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Uuterwalifcn. between the lakes of garnen and Lungern, 6 
 miles S.W. of Sarnen. 
 
 GYTH1U5I. i'ee Kolokythia. 
 
 GYULA. See Karlsbl'rg. 
 
 GYULA, dyoo')8h\ (almost joo']5h\) a market-town of East 
 Hungary, co. of Uekes, 35 miles >\X.W. of Arad, divided by 
 the M'hite K8ro3 river into two portions, Magyar and i\e- 
 
 IIAC 
 
 mdh, in one of which only German, and in the other only 
 Hungarian is spoken. lVp.13.S15. 1 1 has several cburchoe, 
 a castle, oil mills, and zoological garden. 
 
 GYULAFALYA, dyooneh'fol'v6h\ or GYULESTY, (Gytt- 
 lesty,) a village of Hungary, co., of Marmaro.s, on the Mara, 
 9 miles from Szigeth. Pop. 1070. 
 
 GYUL.\J, dyoo'li', a village of Hungary, co. of Szabolcz, 
 3 miles distant from Xyir-Bathor. Pop. 1299. 
 
 GZHATSK, GSIIATSK or U.IAXSK, gzhdtsk, a town of 
 Russia, government, and 12S miles X.E. of Smole»isk, on the 
 Gzhat, (Gjat,) an affluent of the Yolga. 
 
 H 
 
 HA A. haw, a small island of Scotland, eo. of Sutherland, 
 off its N. coast, 3j miles K. of Far-out-head. 
 
 HA.\G, h|g, the name of numerous villages of Germany, 
 and of the city of the Hague, in Netherlands. See Hague. 
 
 HAAKSBERGEX, hftks/bJRoVn. a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of Overys.sel. 25 miles E. bv S. of Deventer. Pop. 1408. 
 
 HAAMSTEDE or HAEMSTEDE. hSm'stAMeh, a village 
 of Holland, in the island of Schouwen,^ miles S.W. of Brou- 
 wershoven. Pop. 704. 
 
 HA.AlX, bin, a village of the Prussian States, on the Dus- 
 Beldorf and Elberfeld Railway, 9 miles E. of Dussoldcrf. 
 
 H.A.AKBURG. a town of Hanover. See Harburq. 
 
 H.4AREN, hd'rgn, a village of Hanover, 6 miles S.E. of 
 Meppen. Pop. 2030.- 
 
 HAAREN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles N. of 
 Aix-l;vChapelle. Pop. 1071. 
 
 HAAREN or HAEREN, hd'rgn, a village of Holland, pro- 
 Tlnce of North Brabant, 7 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. P. 1492. 
 
 HAARLEBEKE. a town of Belgium. See IIabrlebeke. 
 
 HAARLE.M, HAERLEil, or IIAIILEM, hdR/lem, a city of 
 the Netherlands, province of North Hollandr 14 'miles W. of 
 Amsterdam, with which city, and with Leyden, it commu- 
 nicates by canals and railways. Pop. in 1863, 29,098. It 
 has remains of its old fortifications, and is "very well built, 
 very clean, and very dull." The cathedral of St. Bavon 
 contains the famous Haarlem organ, one of the largest in 
 the world, though its pipes are surpassed in size by some in 
 the organs of York and Birmingham. Other principal struc- 
 tures are the Town-hall, Flesh-market, and several churches. 
 Tlie statue of L. Coster, the reputed inventor of movable 
 printing types, and a native of this city, stands in the mar- 
 ket-place. Haarlem has numerous public schools, learned 
 societies, and collections in art and science, the principal of 
 the latter being the Teyler Museum. It has also large steam 
 cotton mills, manufactures of velvet, silk, and linen fabrics, 
 carpets, lace, ribands, soap, &c., and a celebrated Greek and 
 Hebrew type-foundry. It is the centre of the important 
 Dutch trade in flowers and flower-seeds, raised in the Blne- 
 men-Tuinen, extensive nursery grounds on the S. side of the 
 city. Its vicinity is well cultivated ; near it is the Pavilion, 
 a noble seat, formerly the palace of Louis Bonaparte. The 
 painters Wynants, Ostade, Wouvermans. Berghem, and 
 Ruisdael, also A'anderhelst. and Schrevelius, were natives 
 of Haarlem. In 1573, it capitulated, after a .seven months' 
 siege, to the Spaniards under Alva, who in the contest lost 
 10,000 men. Contrary to the terms of tiie surrender, Alva 
 aaused upwards of 2000 persons, including the Protestant 
 ministers, the garrison, and many of the ministers to be 
 put to death. 
 
 HAARLEM, New York. See Harlem. 
 
 HAARLEM, hifi'lem. an island of Palk's Straits, off the 
 N. extremity of the island of Ceylon. 
 
 HAARLEM (hdR/lem) LAKE, (Dutch HderJemmer-Hfeer, 
 hdR/Um-mer-mAR,) formerly an inlet of the Zuvder-Zee, in 
 the Netherlands, province of North Holland, 2 niiles S.E. of 
 Hiuirlera, about 33 miles in circumference, communicating 
 N. with the Y or W'ye, and S. with the Old Rhine. It was 
 formed by a destructive inundation in the 16th century, 
 and in 1849 the work of draining the lake was commenced 
 by 14 large English steam engines, and completed in 1853. 
 It is estimated that 56,000 acres of land have thus been 
 gained. 
 
 HAASE, hd'zeh. or HASE, hd's.-l (anc. Ilasa') a river of 
 Hanover, joins the Ems at Meppen, after a course of 90 
 miles. 
 
 HAASTRECHT. hds/trtet, a village of the Netherlands, 
 yrovince of South Holland, 14 miles N.E. of Rotterdam. 
 Pop. 13S5. 
 
 HAAY. hi or hoi, a small island of Scotland, Hebrides, 
 In Sound ot Harris, between Harris and North Uist. 
 
 IIABA, LA, Id hd'iid, a town of Spain, province, and 51 
 miles K. ot Madrid. I'op. 3020. 
 
 HAB.VNA. a city of Cuba. See Havaxa. 
 
 HAHAS, hdH)d»', a market-town of France, department of 
 landes, 11 miles S.8.E. of Wax. Pop. in 1852, 5805. 
 
 JIABAY-LA-NEUVE, hd'bd/ld-nuv. a village of Belgium, 
 province of Luxembourg, on theRuUes, 10 miles \V. of Arlon. 
 I'op. 1596. 
 
 806 
 
 HABAY-LA-VIEILLE, hd'bdy'-ld-ve-AP, a village of Bol- 
 gium, provinceof Luxembourg, near the preceding. Pop. 1030. 
 
 H,\B'BEKLHY. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HABELSCHWERT, hd'bel-shw6Rt\ a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, on the Neisse. 10 miles S. of Glatz. Pop. 2760, en- 
 gaged in woollen and linen-weaving. 
 
 IIA'BERGHAM-EAVES, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 IIABERN, hd'bern, or HABR, hdb'r, (L. JUnns Fugi.') a 
 town of Bohemia, 10 miles S.S.E. of Czaslau, on the Little 
 Sazawa. Pop. 1956. 
 
 HABERSHAM, hab'gr-sham. a county in the N.E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of about 450 square miles. The Tuga- 
 loo River forms part of the N.E. boundary, and separates 
 it from South Carolina. The Chattahoochee rises in the 
 county, which is also drained by the Soquee, Tallulah. and 
 Broad Rivers. The surface is broken by low mountains con- 
 nected with the Blue Ridge, among which Mount Yonah and 
 Currabee are the most considerable. The latter rises in the 
 form of a cone, to the height of 900 feet. The gold mines of 
 this county are considered among the richest in the state. 
 In 1850, 3 mines were in operation. More than 1.200.000 
 worth of gold has been procured from Nacoochee Yalley. 
 Iron is abundant; rubies, cornelians, and a few diamonds 
 have been tbund. (White's Statistics o^ Georgia.) The cele- 
 brated Falls of Tallulali are in this county. Organized in 
 1818, and named in honor of Colonel Joseph Habersham, 
 Speaker of the General Assembly of Georgia in 1785. Capital, 
 Clarksville. Pop. 5966, ot whom 5179 were free, and 787 
 slaves. 
 
 IIABESH, HABESSINIA or HABESSINIEN. See Abys- 
 sinia. 
 
 HABLOCHIT'TO, a small post-vilage of Hancock CO., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 H.\15/R0U0H. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HABROW.i, UNTER, 6(5n'ter hd-bro'wd. a village of Bo- 
 hemia, circle of Koniggratz, on the small river Kniezna. 
 Pop. 1023. 
 
 HABRZEH, a town of Moravia. See Hohenstadt. 
 
 HABSAL, a town of Russia. See 1L\I'S.\L. 
 
 HABSBURO or HAPSBURG. haps'burg or hdpsajOiJRG, a 
 village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau near Brugg. with 
 ruins of a castle, the original seat of the present imperial 
 family of Austria. 
 
 H.^BSHKIM, hdbs'hime, a village of France, department 
 of Haut-Rhin, 11 miles N.E. of Altkirch. on the Strasbourg 
 Railway. 4g miles S.E. of Miilhausen, (Mulhouse.) Pop.1690. 
 
 HAC'CONRY, a parish of England, co. of Ijincoln. 
 
 H.\CCOURT, hdk'kooR/, a village of lielgium, province, and 
 7 miles N.E. of Liege. Pop. 1212. 
 
 IIACI-yBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HACH.\, a river of New Granada. See Rio Hacha. 
 
 H.\CHA, LA, a town of New Granada. See Rio Hacha. 
 
 II.\CHENBU1!G, hdK'gn-l.fl<5Ro\ a town of West Ger- 
 many, and 24 miles N. of .Nassau. I'op. 1538. 
 
 IIACH'ESTOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 H.\CHNEAU. a town of France. See Haouenau. 
 
 H.\CIIY, hdVshee', a village of Belgium, province of Lux- 
 embourg. 7 miles W. of .\rlon. Pop. 1839. 
 
 HACK'ENS.\CK, a river rising in Rockland CO., New 
 York, enters Newark Bay 4 miles E.S.E. of Newark New 
 Jersey. Sloops ascend to Hackensack, about 15 miles. 
 
 II.\CKEX8ACK, a post-village and township of Bergen 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Hudson River, about 10 miles N. «t 
 New York. Pop. 54S8. 
 
 HACKEXSACIv. a pleasant post-village of New Barbadoeg 
 township, capital of Bergen eo.. New Jersey, on the W. bank 
 of Hackensack River 13 miles N. by W. of New York. It 
 extends more than a mile along two principal streets. It 
 contains 4 or 5 churches, one of which (the Reformed Dutch) 
 is a handsome stone building, 2 academies, a bank, and more 
 than 200 dwellings. Small vessels ply constantly belween 
 this place and New York. 
 
 HACK'ETSTOWX. a town of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Cai'low, on the Dereen, 8 miles S.E. of Baltiuglass. Pop. 
 1021. 
 
 HACKETTSTOWN, a thriving post-boiough of Independ- 
 ence township, Warren co., New Jersey, ?» Wn Muscouofc 
 
 ^ 
 
IIAO 
 
 HAD 
 
 cong Creek, near the ]\rorns Canal, about 50 miles N. of 
 Trenton. The Morri.s and Essex Hailroad connects it with 
 Newark. It contains a Presbyterian and a Jlethodist church, 
 an academy, 1 bank, 8 stores, and, 2 flouring-niills. It is 
 surroiuuled by a fertile coXintry, of limestone formation. 
 IncoriHirated in 1852. Poi). 1351. 
 
 IIACK'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IIACKFORD BY KEEP'IIAM, a parish of England, CO. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 HACK'ING, PORT, a beautiful harbor of New South 
 Wales. 18 miles S. of Port Jackson ; lat. 31° i' S., Ion. 151° 
 17' E.' 
 
 11 ACK1NGT0N, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 lI.VCiv'Ni;SS, a parish of England, co. York, North Riding. 
 
 II.^CK'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, form- 
 lug a suburb of London, 3 miles N.N.E. of St. Paul's. Pop. 
 87,771, mostly employed in trades and manufactures con- 
 nected with the metropolis. It is divided into 3 districts, 
 and has an iron bridge across the Lea, S churches, and nu- 
 merous chapels, the London Orphan Asylum, Clapton, the 
 Independents' Academy at Ilomerton, a savings bank, union 
 work-house, and one of the finest nursery gardens in Eng- 
 land. Hackney was formerly the favorite suburban resi- 
 dence of the London citizens, and hackney coaches are said 
 to have been named from it. 
 
 IIACK'XEY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-ofHcff of Chatham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 HACK'TIIORNE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 H.\CK'\VKLL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 IIACQUEVILLE, hSkVeel', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Eure, arrondissement of Andelys. It is the birth- 
 place of Sir Mark I. Brunei, engineer of the Thames Tunnel. 
 
 IIADAMAR, h^'dd-maR\a walled town of Germany, duchy 
 of Nassau, on the Elbe. 5 miles N.W. of Limburg. P. 2184. 
 
 H.\D'DAM, a post-village and township, semi-capital of 
 Middlesex CO., Connecticut, on the right bank of the Con- 
 necticut River, 20 miles from its mouth, and 25 miles E.N.E. 
 of Now Haven. The inhabitants are extensively engaged 
 In the quarrying of granite, which Is found in great quan- 
 tities in the vicinity, and exported to the amount of about 
 $100,000 annually. It contains, besides the county build- 
 ings. S churches, the County Work-house, and an academy. 
 Pop. 2307. 
 
 IIADDEBY.hidMeh-bii', IIETHABY, (Ilethaby.) h.Vt.Vbii', 
 or HF;IDEB0, hrd^h-bo\ a village of Denmark, in Sleswick, 
 opposite the town of Sleswick. Its original church was the 
 earliest ffiundod in Denmark, the Archbishop Ansgarius, 
 Burnamed the Apostle of the North, having here had a small 
 chapel in the beginning of tlie ninth century. 
 
 IIAD'DKNIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HADDENHAM. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 HAD'DINGTON. a village within the chartered limits of 
 the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 5 miles W. by N. of 
 the State House. 
 
 HADDINGTON, HADDINGTONSHIRE, had'ding-ton- 
 shir, or EAST LOTllIAX, lo'Tne-an, a county of Scotr 
 lancl. having N. the Frith of Forth, and K. the North Sea. 
 Area variously estimated at from 224 to 280 square miles, 
 of which about 7000 acres are wood. Pop. in I'^Sl, 3ii.3S0. 
 Surface, in the S., occupied by the Lammermoor Hills, in the 
 centre and N. a beautiful plain, gradually sloping to the 
 Frith of Forth, and diversified by gentle elevations. Prin- 
 cipal rivulet, the Tyne. Soil mostly a clayey loam. Agri- 
 cultural improvements commenced in 1700, are now in a 
 highly advanced state, and equal, if not superior, to that of 
 any other British county. Coal is worked in the W.. and 
 limestone abounds everywhere. A railway from Edinburgh 
 to Berwick traverses the county. Haddington comprises 
 3 royal burghs, Haddington, the county town. Dunbar, and 
 North Berwick. It sends 2 members to the House of Com- 
 mons. 1 of whom is for the county. 
 
 H.VD'DINGTi)N. a parliament:iry and royal burgh, market- 
 town and parish of Scotland, capit.ilofthe above county, on the 
 Tyne. here crossed by a four-arched bridge, and on the North 
 British Railway, 18 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of burgh. 
 In 1S51. 3883. The town has handsome county buildings, a 
 town-house, surmounted by a spire 150 feet in height, and 
 a noble collegiate and parish church, originally the nave of an 
 abbey church, erected about the thirteenth century. Had- 
 dington has also a superior grammar school, a mechanics' 
 institution, an agricultural and horticultural society, seve- 
 ral public libraries, and a consideraUe trade, in wool, Ac. 
 It is perhaps the largest market in Scotland for corn and 
 other agricultural produce. Haddington unites with Dun- 
 Var, Jedburgh, Lauder, and North Berwick, in sending 1 
 meraVjer to the House of Commons. It gives the title of 
 earl to a branch of the Hamilton family, whose seat is about 
 8 miles distant. In the immediate vicinity is Lethington, 
 the ancient se.at of the I^iuderd.iles ; also .some remains of a 
 convent, founded by .Ada. Countess of Northumberland, in 
 1178. and in which a parliament was held in 1648. Had- 
 dington is a very ancient royal burgh, and holds its last 
 charier dated 1624. King Alexander II. was born here in 
 1 198, and the famous Reformer. John Knox, is generally be- 
 lieved to have been a native of the town. 
 
 II ADDXNGTONSIITRE, a co. of Scotland. See IIadbinotos. 
 
 IIAD'DISCOE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk, with 3 
 station on the Norfolk Railway, 4 miles N.N.E. of Beccles. 
 
 H.\D'DO, a small town of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 11 
 miles N.E. of Inverury. It gives the title of baron to the 
 Earl of Aberdeen. 
 
 HAD'DON, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop. 2408, 
 
 HAD'DOX, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HADDON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 II.\U'DONFIELU, a flourishing post-villago of Haildon 
 township, Camden co., New Jersey, on Cooper's Creek, 6 
 miles S.E. of Camden, and on the Camden and Atlantic 
 Railroad. It contains 5 places of worship, a good public 
 library, 2 hotels, and about 'ioO dwellings. Settled in 1713, 
 and named from Elizabeth Iladdon. 
 
 HADDON HALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 2 
 miles S.W. of Chatsworth, in the beautiful valley of tho 
 \Vye, is a castellated baronial relic of the Jliddle Ages, 
 erected between the fourteenth and sixte.enth centuries. 
 It was the family seat of the Vernons, between the reigns 
 of Richard I. and Elizabeth, when it passed by marriage to 
 the Manners family, with whom it still remains. 
 
 II.\DDO.\. WEST, aparish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 HAD'DRELL'S, a post-office of Charlotte district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HADKESAII, HADISAII. hd-deo'sJ, HADITII. or UA- 
 DEETH. hi-deeth', written also HADISA and 1IAD1TH.\, 
 an i.sland of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic. and ICO miles N.W. of 
 Bagdad, in the Euphrates. It contains a town, composed 
 of alx)ut 400 houses, built on the ruins of the ancient //a- 
 dith. The river is here about 300 yards wide, and 18 feet 
 deep. 
 
 IIADELN, hd'deln, a district of North Germany, in Ha- 
 nover, extending for 12 miles along the Elbe, with an area 
 of 110 square miles, and 16,041 inhabitants. 
 
 HA'DE.NS. a post-office of Madison co., Alab.ima. 
 
 H.VDKXSVILLE, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia. 
 
 HADENSVILLE, a post-office of Todd co.. Kentucky. 
 
 HADERSLEBEX, hI'ders-l.Vbf n, (Dan. Ifidenh-v. hd'ders- 
 lev\) a seaport town of Denmaik, on an inlet of the Little 
 Belt, duchy, and 48 miles X. of Sleswick. Pop. 6100. It is 
 well built, and has a safe harbor, several churches, a normal 
 school, and breweries. 
 
 IIAD'FIELD. a township of England, co. of Derby, 11 
 miles N.X.W. of Chapelle-Frith. with a station on the Man- 
 chester and Sheffield Railway. Pop. 1499 
 
 HAD'IIA.M, GREAT, aparish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 HADIIAM, LIT'TLE, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 HADJI-.A.l!B.\.ssi, Asia Minor. See H.uke-Abbasske. 
 
 IIADJI-HA.M/A,a town of Asia Minor. SeeH.UEK-IlAMZ.AH. 
 
 HADJI-OGLOU-BAZARDJIK. See H.uee-Ogloo-Bazah. 
 
 JEEK. 
 
 HADJYPOOR or HAJEEPOOR, hajVe-poor', a village ol 
 Punjab, on the Chenaub, and42 miles W. of Mooltau. Lat. 
 29° 36' N.. Ion. 71° 12' E. 
 
 HADJYPOOR or HAJEEPOOR. a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, district of Thibet, oil the Ganges, 
 nearly opposite Patna. It has a large trade in nitre, pro 
 duci'd in its vicinity, an annual horse fair and horse races. 
 
 H.\D'LEIGH. a n)arket-town and parish of England, co 
 of Suffolk. 94 miles W.S.W. of Ipswich. Pop. in Ihol. 3338. 
 It has many curious ancient houses, and a fine church. It 
 is a polling-place for the W. division of the county. 
 
 II.\DLE1GI1, a parish of England, co. of Es.»ex,<!J miles 
 N.W. of Leigh. It has ruins of a noble castle, built by De 
 Burgh. Earl of Kent, iti the reign of Henry II. 
 
 HAD'LEY, a parish of England, co. of .Middlesex, 1 mile 
 N.N.E. of Barnet. It has a handsome church with a tower, 
 on which is a fire-pan, anciently used as a beacon, avid a 
 column commemorative of the great battle of Burnet 
 in 1471. 
 
 H.\D'LEY, a post-village .and township of Hampshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut River, oppo- 
 site Northampton, with which it is connected by a bridge 
 about 1100 feet long, and about 90 miles W. of Boston. It 
 is noted for its manufactures, particularly of brooms, for 
 which there are upwards of 20 establishments. The village 
 has 2 or 3 churches and an academy. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 2105. 
 
 HADLEY, a post-village and township in the N. part of 
 Saratoga co.. New York, on the Hudson, about 54 miles N. 
 by W, of Albany. The village contains a bank. Pop. 1017. 
 
 II.A.DLEY, a post-township in tho S. part of Lapeer co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1351. 
 
 HADLEY, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 174 milea 
 N.E. of Springfield, and 28 S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 HAD'LEY-MOX'KEN, a vill.^ge of England, co. of Middle- 
 sex. 12 miles X.X.W. of London. Pop. 2108. 
 
 HADLEY'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Chatham co., North 
 Carolina. * 
 
 HAD'LOW. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 II.\D'LYME. a post-village of New London CO., Connecti- 
 cut, on the left bank of the Connecticut River, 30 miled 
 S.S.E. of Hartford. 
 
 HADMERSLEBEN, hSd'mers-lA'ben, a town of Prussian 
 
 807 
 
HAD 
 
 gsxony, 18 miles S.W. of Masrdeburg, with a station on the 
 railway to Halberstadt. Pop. IdOO. 
 
 IIAD'XOTS. a poptK)fflce of Carteret CO., North Carolina. 
 
 II.\DOL. hJMol', a Tillageof France, department of Vosges, 
 6 miles S. of Epinal. Pop. 2440. 
 
 H.\DUA>IAUT or IIADItAMAOUT, ha-dra-mowf, pro- 
 noun.ed hv the Arabs hd-dr3-nii-oot'. a country of Arabia, ex- 
 teudiu;: along its S.E. coast from Oman to Yemen, with which 
 it constituted the ancient Arabia Felix. The coast is lined by 
 mountains 5000 feet high. On the edge of the Desert of Aklaj, 
 a plummet, sunk in the loo.se sand, found uo bottom at 360 
 feet. (Johnston.) The inhabitants (Iladarf mi. ha-dd-rJm'ee) 
 i\iJl retain many traies of their ancient civilization. Hadra- 
 maut exports to India frankiiicen.se, myrrh, aloes, and dra- 
 gons'-blood: to Yemen. cirpets, silk .shawLs. linen. and girdle- 
 knives. Aliout 70 vessels are employed in the India trade. 
 
 HADRES. hd'drfe, a village of Lower Austria, on the 
 Pulkan, on the frontiers of Moravia. Pop. 1500. 
 
 HADRIA. See Adria, 
 
 HADHIANOPOLIS. See Adrianople. 
 
 HADKIATICUJl (or ADKIATICUM) MARE. See Adri- 
 atic Si:a. 
 
 HAD'SOR. a parish of EngLind, co, of Worcester. 
 
 IIAD'STOCK. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 IIAKGIIT. h.^Kt. a village of Belgium, province of North 
 Brabant. 16 miles X.E. of Rrussels. Top. 14C0. 
 
 IIAELEN. hii'len, a villaw of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 bourg. 11 miles" W. of Ilasselt. Pop. 2016. 
 
 HAELTKRT, h.Jl'tJRt, a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders. 19~miles E. of Audenarde. Pop. 3252. 
 
 H^MUS. MOUNT, of Europeiin Turkey. See Balkan. 
 
 HAEKINGIIE, hS'ring gheh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of 'West Flanders, 12 niiles N.W. of Y'nres. Pop. 1936. 
 
 IIAERLKBKKE or IIAAKLEBEKE, haiiOeh-bA'kjh, a 
 town of Belgium, province of \Vest Flandere, on the Lys, 
 and on the railway to Ghent, 3 miles N.E. of Courtrai. 
 Pop. 4486. It was formerly an important fortress, and suf- 
 fered many vicissitudes in the ninth and tenth centuries. 
 
 IIAEKLEM, a city of Netherlands. See Haarlem. 
 
 HAEULEMMER MEER. See Haarlem Lake. 
 
 n.AESDO.NCK, h|.s'donk, a villageof Belgium, province of 
 East Flander.s. 25 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2551. 
 
 II AFF.\R. h.^rfaa'. an ancient navigable channel in Persia, 
 connecting the Karoon River, in its lower part, with the 
 Shat-el-Ai-ab, (Lower Euphrates.) Length, about three- 
 quarters of a mile: breadth, from 200 to 400 feet. On both 
 sides of it stands the town of Mohammerah. 
 
 IIAFFEER or II AFFIR, harfeer',a vilLage of Nubia, on the 
 left bank of the Nile, 40 miles N. of New Dougola. It has 
 a large weekly market, and a government factory for indigo. 
 
 H A F F-ST KTT IX. See Stettiner-II aff. 
 
 HAFN ARFIORD, haf'naii-fe-oRd', (Dan. Hamfjnrd, hCwn'- 
 fe-ORd\) a vill.ige of Iceland, on a fiord of the same name, in 
 the S. of the i.'land, S.S.E. of Reikiavik. It has a harbor, 
 which, though small, is considered one of the best in Ice- 
 land. 
 
 HAFNERR.\CII. hJf'ner-bSK'. a villageof South Germany, 
 in Lower Austria, W. of St. Polten. 
 
 IIAFNERZELL. hdf'ner-tsjir, or OBERNZELL, o'-bern- 
 zJlP, a village in Bavaria, on the Danube, 8 miles E. of Pas- 
 sau. 
 
 IIAFXIA. See Copenhagen. 
 
 HAF'OD, a parish of South ^Vales. co. of Denbigh. 14 miles 
 S.E. of Aberystwith. The superb mansion of the Duke of 
 Newcastle stands amid grounds which, for united beauty 
 and grandeur, have been deemed unequalled throughout 
 Europe. In the vicinity is •' the Devil's Bridge," an arch of 
 29 feet span, spanning a deep wooded chasm, forming the 
 bed of the river Mynach. 
 
 IIAFSLOK (Ilafsloe) hifslo^Jh, a village of Norway, 88 
 miles N.E. of Bergen. Pop. 2100. 
 
 HAG'BORXE. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 HAGE. See IIaque, The. 
 
 HAGE. hi'ttheh. a village of Germany, in Hanover, 13 
 miles X.W. of Aurich. 
 
 UAGELBilHG. ha'^'hel-h?Ro\ a village of Germany, in 
 Prussia, province of Bradenburg, 22 miles S.W. of Potsdam, 
 and where the Allies defeated the French. August 27. 1813. 
 
 H.\GEX. ha'ghen, a town of Prussia, Westplialia, 26 miles 
 W, of Arenslierg, on the Volme. Pop. 4500, who manufac- 
 ture iron ware, woollen cloth, paper, and leather. Near it is 
 the spa of Kppenhausen. 
 
 HAGKXliUiiG. hd'ghgn-bodRO', a town of Oerm,iny, in 
 Lippe-8(haumburg, near the S, shore of Lake Steinhude. 
 Pop. 1143. 
 
 H.\OKXOW, h3'gheh-nov\ a town of North Germany, 
 
 grand duchy of Mecklenburg-.'^ohwerin, on the llamliuig 
 
 and Berlin Itailwav, 17 miles S.\V. of Scliwerin. Pop. 2667. 
 
 HA'GKX"S (iltoVK, a post-office of .«helbv co., Miss<iuri. 
 
 IIA'GKRMAN'S .MILLS, a post-village of Montgomery co.. 
 
 New York. :!H miles W.X.W. of Albanv. 
 
 HA'GElt.«;Ti)\VN, a village of Salem co.. New Jersey, 4 
 miles S. of Siileni. 
 
 U.^GERSTOWN, a thriving town, capital of Washington 
 00, Maryland, near the W. bank of Antietam Creek, 9 miles 
 
 HAG 
 
 from the Potomac River, 26 miles N.W. of Frederick,and 88 
 miles W. of Baltimore. It is the southern terminus of the 
 Cumberland Valley R.R„ and has considerable trade. The 
 town is well built, and contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, a number of churche.s, arademies, 1 bank, and several 
 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 3SS4. 
 
 HAGER.*T0WN, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, abont 
 12 miles S.W.of CarroUtown, has a church, an academy, and 
 several stores. 
 
 IIAGERSTOWN, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio, 103 miles 
 W. of Columbus. 
 
 IIAGERSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Wayne CO., In- 
 diana, on a branch of Whitewater River, 00 miles E. by N. 
 of Indianapolis, and at the head of navigation on the 
 Whitewater Canal. It is a place of active business. The 
 Richmond and Newcastle Raih-oad pas.ses through it. Pop 
 in 1S,00, 606: in 1Si;0, t-^S. 
 
 HA'GERSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 IIAGP;TMAU, hd'zh.vmo', a town of France, department 
 of Lande.s, 7 miles S. of St. Sever. Pop. in 1S52, S118. 
 
 IIAG'GERSTONE. a hisrh rocky island on tiio N.E. coast 
 of Australia. Lat. 12° 1' 40" S.. Ion. 14.3° 12' E. It is sepa- 
 rated from Sir Everard Home's group by a channel 3 miles 
 wide. 
 
 IIAGGLINGEN, (IlSgglingen.) h%'gling-en. a village of 
 Switzerland, cantonofAargau. about 5 miles' from Bremgar- 
 ten. The religious war, usually called the Kapeller-kreig, 
 was terminated by a peace made here in 1531, Pop. 1490, 
 
 HAGIA, hd'ghe-d, {i. e. in Greek, ^^ Saint") the name of 
 several small villages of Greece. 
 
 II.\(iIA. hd'ghe-d, a town of European Turkey, in Thes- 
 saly, 13 miles E. of LarLssa. It is inhabited by about 800 
 faniilie.s. 
 
 HAGIA DEKA, hd^ghe-J dil'kS. a town on the island of 
 Crete, near the ruins of ancient Gortynia, 20 miles S.S.W. 
 of Candia. 
 
 HAGIOSTRATI, hd'gheos-tril'tee, (anc. Ne'a;} an Island 
 in the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to Turkey, 20 miles 
 S.W. of Lemnos, with a village of the same name on its W. 
 coast. 
 
 HAG'LEY', a parish 'of England, co. of AVorcester, 
 
 IIAG'LEY', a post-office of Cass co., Illinois, 
 
 HAG'NABY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HAGNABY-wiTH-UANNY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 HAGUE, haig. The, (Butch, 'SGrdvenhaag. s'gra/vpn- 
 h;lG\ or' S Grarenhage. s'grS'vfn-hS'Gheh, den Hann. den- 
 hJo; Ger. Haug. hdc; Fr. La Haye. \l\k\ It. A^a, S'yl) a 
 town of the Netherlands, capita! of the province of South 
 Holland, and the usual residence of the court and of the 
 Stales-General, on a branch of the Leyden and Rotterdam 
 Canal, 4 miles from the North Sea. 14 liiiles N.W. of Rottei^ 
 d.im, and 33 miles S.W. of Amsterdam, with which cities it 
 also communicates bv railways. Lat. 52° 4' 20" N., Ion. 4° 
 18' 40" E. Pop. in 1844. 66,000 ; in 1 S63. 84,615. Mean tem- 
 perature of the year, 5'2°: winter. 3S°'2: summer, 65°-5 Fah- 
 renheit. It is enclosed by a moat, crossed by drawbridges, 
 and many streets are inter.sected by canals, bordered with 
 rows of trees. All the principal edifices are in the Vy verberg, 
 or great square of its X\ or fashionable quarter. The Na- 
 tional Museum comprises collections of Cbinese and Japanese 
 curiosities, and of Dutch national r. lies, with a rich gallery 
 of Dutch paintings, among which is Paul Potter's celebrated 
 '•bull." The palace of the Prince of Orange has also a good 
 collection of Dutch paintings; the king's pal;ice is a plain 
 edifice of Grecian architecture. The Binnenhof appro- 
 priated to the States Assembly and the chief government 
 offices, comprises a portion of the residence of the ancient 
 Counts of Holland. The town has 14 churches. 2 .synagogues, 
 an orphan asylum, prisons, numerous .schools, and a theatre. 
 The Royal Library is .said to contain 100.000 volumes; and 
 here are many learned associations and private galleries of 
 art. A cannon-foundry wasestabli.shed in 1668. Some print- 
 ing and manufactures are carried on. A fine road, called 
 the Voorhout, leads N. to the Bosch, a wooded park with a 
 suburban roy.il seat; and \\ miles S.K. of the Ilagne stood 
 the Castle of Ryswick. memorable for the treaty signed there 
 in 1697. A bronze statue of \> illiam. Prince of Orange, was 
 erected in 1848. 
 
 '.S Gravfnhaag signifies literally '• the count's hedge, grove, 
 or wood." and appears to have owed its origin to a hunting- 
 seat of the Counts of Holland, situated in a wood. This, 
 however, became a palace as early as 12.i0, and around it 
 many other houses were soon erected. But it has lisen into 
 importance chiefly since the beginning of the present cen- 
 tury, and mainly through being made the resi'l"nce of tho 
 court and the foreign ministers, and the .seat of the Slates- 
 (•eneral and the government. It is the hi 'thplace of 'Wil- 
 liam II.. Prince of Orange, and AVillism III., Prince of 
 Oranire and King of England: of Iluygrns, the mathe- 
 matician: Boerh.iave, the physician: Bilderiijk. the poetess; 
 and it was the residence of Barneveldt and the Di' V\'itts. 
 
 HAGUE, haig, a post/village and township of Warren co,, 
 New Y'ork, on Lake George, about 90 miles >. of Alljaiiy 
 Pop, 708. 
 
HAG 
 
 HAJ 
 
 HAGTJK, a post-Tillace in Westmoreland CO., Virginia. 
 
 HAGUE, a post-villase of Logan co., Kentucky, about 13 
 miles S.E. of Kussellville, 
 
 HAGUENAU. hS^^'no' or d^'no'. a fortified town of France, 
 department of Bas-lihiii, on the Moder, K) miles N. of Stras- 
 bourj;. Pop. in ISoJ, ll.ool. It was originally fortified by 
 the Kmperor Frederick Barbarossa in the twelfth century ; 
 and ha.s a church of that period, a synagogue, civil and mili- 
 tary hospital.s. a female penitentiary, hemp and cotton yarn, 
 madder, and oil mills, manufactories of woollen and cotton 
 fabrics, earthenware, and soap, breweries, and met;i] foun- 
 diies. The adjacent forest of Ilaguenau is one of the 
 largest in France. 
 
 UAGWORTII/IXQIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 HAID, IfAYD, hid, or IIAYDE, hl'dgh, a walled town of 
 Bohemia, circle, and 25 miles W. of I'il.ien. Pop. 1530. 
 
 IIAID, a village of Bohemia, circle, and 22 miles S. of Bud- 
 weis. I'.ip. 679. 
 
 IIAID, a market-town of Bohemia, circle of Budweis. 
 Pop. 639. 
 
 IIAIDA, IIEIDA, hi'di or IIAIDE, hi'dgh, a town of Bo- 
 hemia, cii cle of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1432. It has manufactures 
 of glass and crystal. 
 
 IIAIDHAUSKN, hid'hOw'zen, a village of Upper Bava- 
 ria, on the Isar, immediately opposite Munich, of which it 
 forms a suburb. Pop. 3700. 
 
 IIAIDUCKEN, IIAYDUCKEN or IIAJDUCKKN (hi'd«5k- 
 f n) DISTKICT. called also TuE IIaiduck (or IIeyduke) Towxs, 
 a. privileged district of Hungary, comprising the IIaiduck 
 Towns, and consisting of tliree detached portions, enclosed 
 by the counties of Szabolcs and Bihar. Area, 376 square 
 miles. It cou.sists of a plain, almost unbroken by a single 
 hill, and is of remarkable fertility. The Ilaiducks, of whom 
 five-si.\ths are Protestants, used to enjoy important privi- 
 leges, conferred on them by John Corvinus, as a reward for 
 military services. Pop. 61.032. 
 
 IIAI-FOOXG or IIAI-FU.NG, hpfoong', a town of China, 
 province of Shan-toong, near theconfinesof Pe-chee-lee. Lat. 
 37° 50' N., Ion. 1K° 41' E. It is thinly inhabited. 
 
 IIAI-FOONO or HAI-FUXG. a town of China, province of 
 Quangtong, 82 miles E. of Canton. Lat. 23° V N., lou. 115° 
 20' E. 
 
 IIAIGKll, hi'gher, a village of Germany, duchy, and 34 
 miles N.E. of Nassau, on the Dille. Pop. 1125. 
 
 HAIGEULOCII. hI'ghgr-loK\ a village of Germany, prin- 
 cipality of HohenzoUeru-Sigmaringeu, 8 miles W. of Ilech- 
 ingen. Pop. 1300. 
 
 HAIGII, hay, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 3 
 miles N.N.E. of Wigau. I'op. 1303. Here are pits of the 
 celebrated Cannel coal. 
 
 HAIGIIAM, hJ'ham, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HAl-KEOO-SO or IIAI-KIIKOUSO, hrke-oo"so,' a mari- 
 time town of the island of Hainan, in the China Sea, on 
 the N. coast of the island, and the chief mart of its trade, 
 on a peninsula, 3 miles N. of its capital city, Kiong-choo. 
 
 HAI-LAM, an island of China. See Hainan. 
 
 HAILES, hill?,, a parish of England, co. of G loucester. 
 
 HAILESBOROUGH. hAlz'bar-ruh, a village of St. Law- 
 rence CO.. New York, on the Oswegatchie, about 25 miles S. 
 of Ogdensburg. and 3 miles E.S.E. of Ooverneur. Within 
 the distance of half a mile, the river here descends 84 feet, 
 and about a mile above it has an equal descent, affording 
 an abundant and never-tailing water-power. A grist mill, 
 saw mill, clothing-works, wagon shop, &c. have been erected 
 here, and a mill with 2 run of saws has recently been built 
 at the upper falls. The village has a tavern, store, and 
 about 20 fami'ies. In the vicinity are extensive quarries of 
 white limestone. 
 
 HAI'LEY'S MILL, a postroflice of Sullivan co., Missouri. 
 
 IIAILSII.\M. halz'ham. a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Sussex. 11 miles E.S.E. of Lewes. Pop. 1586. 
 
 HAIMBURG, a town of Lower Austria. See Hainburg. 
 
 H.ilN, a town of Saxony. See Grossenhain. 
 
 HAINA. hi'ni, or JAIN'.l. Hi'ni, a river and bay of 
 Hayti; the river, after a southward course of 38 miles, en- 
 ters the bay 12 miles S.W. of San Domingo, and on the E. 
 side of the bay is a village of the same name. 
 
 H.\INA. hi'nj, a village of Hesse-Cas.sel, province of 
 Ober-IIessen, with a lunatic asylum in the rich abbey of Cis- 
 tercians. 
 
 HAINAN, hrniin/. (Chinese Hai-Lam, hnam', " South of 
 the Sea,") a large island belonging to China, province of 
 Quang-tong. between lat. 18° 10' and 20° X., and Ion. 108'' 
 25' and 111° E., and separating the Gulf of Tonquin from 
 the China Sea. Estimated ai'ea, 12,000 square miles. Pop. 
 probably comprises 1,000.000 Chinese, exclusive of wild 
 tribes in the interior. Some of the mountains in its centre 
 rise above the snow line. It has some pretty large rivers; 
 coasts generally rocky, but the W. is low, and the S. has 
 several good harlmrs. Soil not very fertile; timber is a 
 principal product, and is sent to Anam, Siam, and Singa- 
 jiore; other exports are rice, sugar, wax, pearls, coral, 
 salt, and a little gold and silver. It is subdivided into 
 13 districts. Kiong-choo, the capital, is a populous city 
 
 on its N. coast ; other principal towns are Hush-eon an4 
 Lok-hoi. 
 
 HAINAU, a town of Prussia. See Hatnau. 
 
 HAINAULT, hA^no', a forest of England, co. of E.ssex, Ij* 
 ing to the E. of Epping forest, and X.W. of Romford. 
 
 HAINAUT or HAINAULT, hA'nO/, (Dutch, Hennegowm, 
 hJn'neh-go'*en; Ger. Ileiinegau, hJn'Djh-g5w\) a frontier 
 province of Belgium, bounded W. and S. by France. Area, 
 14.30 square miles. Pop. 835,822. Surface generally level; 
 hilly in the S.E. It is traversed by the Sanibre, Si'heldt, 
 Dender, and Haine Rivers, and by several canals. It is sub- 
 divided into 3 arrondissements. Principal towns. Mens, 
 Tournay, and Charleroi. 
 
 HAIXAUT or HAIXAULT, hi'nO/, an ancient province, 
 now forming part of the N.E. of France, and S.W. of Belgium. 
 In the time of Ciesar, it was inhaliitwd by the Ne.rvii, a war- 
 like people of German origin; and did not, till the seventh 
 century take the name of Haiuaut, supposed to be derived 
 from the small river Haine, which waters it. It was ceded 
 to the French by the treaties of the Pyrenees in 1659, and 
 of N'^ymwegen in 1678; and now included in the department 
 of Xord. 
 
 HAINBURG, hinnjCdRO, or IIAI.MBURG, him'bCSRO, a 
 town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 27 miles E.S.E. of 
 Vienna. Pop. 3844. It has an important tobacco factory, 
 the largest in Austria, and the ruins of a noble residence 
 of the same name. The Magyars here gained a great victory 
 over the Germans in 907. 
 
 HAI.NDORF, hin'doRf, a village of Bohemia, circle ol 
 Buntzlau. about 8 miles from Friedland, at the foot of the 
 Isergeliirge. Pop. 1358. 
 
 HAINE, hAn, a river of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 
 after a W. cour.se of 40 miles, joins tlie Scheldt in France, 
 opposite Coude. whence it is navigable to Mons. From it 
 the province of Hainaut derived its name. 
 
 IIAIXES, hAnz, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1510. 
 
 HAINE-SAIXT-PIERRE, h.in-s^NO-pe-aii;', a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of Hainaut,12niile8VV. of I harleroi. P.1148. 
 
 HAIXESBUBG, hrlnz'btirg. a village of Warren CO., New 
 Jersey, about 12 miles N. of Belvidere. 
 
 HAINES CREEK, of Burlington co.. New Jersey, enters 
 the S. branch of Rancocus Creek, above Lumberton. 
 
 HAINESVILLE, hiuz'vill, a post-office of Su.ssex co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 HAINESVILLE, a post-offlee of Berkley co., W.Virginia. 
 
 HAIXE-SVILLE, a thriving post-village of Lake co.. Hit 
 nois, 15 miles from Waukegan, with which it is connected 
 by a plank-road. Pop. in I860, about 350. 
 
 HAINESVILLE, a post-office of Clinton co., Missouri. 
 
 HAINEWALDE, hi'nish-ftiPdfh, a village of Saxony, 
 near the Kibe. Pop. 2571, mostly weavers. 
 
 HAIXTORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HAINICHEN, hl'niK-gn, a town of Saxony, 40 miles S.E. 
 of Leipsic. Pop. 5580, employed in wooUen and cotton 
 weaving. Gelert was born here in 1715. 
 
 HAIXSPUCH, hin'spdOK, a town of Bohemia, circle, and 
 37 miles N. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2261. 
 
 HAIX'TOX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 
 HAIX-ZUR-PREIEICH, hine-tsooR-dri'iK. or DREIETCU- 
 EXH.4IX, drIiK'en-hIne\ a walled town of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, province of Starkenburg, near Olleubach; it was the 
 birthplace of the author Ewald. Pop. 946. 
 
 II Al It UMBO, a country of India. See Caciwr. 
 
 HAI-TAX, hftin', an island of the Strait of Formos.a, in 
 the China Sea. lat. 25° 35' X., Ion. 120° E. 
 
 HAITERBACH. hi'tei^baK', a town of WUrtemberg. circle 
 of Black Forest, 30 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1933. 
 
 HAITI, an island of the West Indies. See Hayti. 
 
 HAJDUCKEN-DISTKICT. See Haibi cken. 
 
 HA J All, a district ot Arabia. See Lahsa 
 
 HAJEE-ABBASSEE or HADJI-ABBASSI, hJd'jee-db- 
 b^s'see, a village of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, on the 
 Bartan. (anc. Parthe'niv^.) 50 miles W.S.W. of Kastamoonee, 
 and around which are some remarkalile caves. 
 
 HAJEE-HAMZAH or HAD.TI-HA.MZA, hdd'jee-hrini'zl a 
 neat country town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, 20 
 miles E. of Tosia. near which the Kizil Irmak is crossed by 
 a stone bridge of 15 arches. 
 
 HAJE1>0GL0(>-BAZARJEEK or HADJI-OGLOU BA- 
 Z.iRDJIK, had'jee-og'loo-b4 zdr-jeek', a town of European 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, 22 miles X. of A'arna. 
 
 1I.\J1.\BAD. hi-j3-bdd', a small town of Persia, province 
 of Kerman. 40 miles W. of Gombroon, near the centre of 
 the Persian Gulf Pop. from 600 to 700. 
 
 IlAJl ABAD, a village of Persia, province of Irak-Ajeaee, 
 near Teheran. 
 
 HAJILAR. hJ-je-laR/, HADJTLAR.avillageof Asia Minor, 
 pashalic of Karamania. 40 miles S.W. of Konieh. Ne.ir it 
 was the town of Isaura, founded in the first century, and of 
 which a massive wall, with lofty hexagonal towers, and a fine 
 arch erected to the Emperor Hadrian, are the chief remains. 
 
 HAJYGUXGE, hj^je-glinj', a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, 33 miles W.S.W of Dacca, on the W. bank 
 of the Ganges. 
 
 809 
 
HAJ 
 
 HAL 
 
 HA JYPOOR. See Hadjtpoor. 
 
 HAKARY, HAKKAUI, Mk-k^'reeN or HAKIARIA, hi- 
 keJrct/i, a mountain district of Turkish Koordistan, of 
 vhich Joolamerk. about 95 miles S. of Van. is tlie capital. 
 Estimated population 60,000 families, Nestorian Christians. 
 HAK'KRSAl". one of the smallest Hebrides, Scotland, 
 betw>j..n Barra and South Uist. 
 
 HAKIM-KHAN. hi^kim-Kdn.written also HAKIN-KHAN, 
 a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and t35 miles S.E. of See- 
 yas. Pop. 200. 
 
 HAKKARI. See HAK.\Rr. 
 
 UAL. hil. or HALLE, hllleh, a town of Bel^um, pro- 
 Tince of South Brabant, on the Senne, Charleroi Canal, and 
 Mons Railway, 9 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 6507. 
 
 H.A.LABLI.' a village of Turkey. See Alablee. 
 
 HALAI, hl-li'. a Tillage of Abyssina, state of Tigre, 120 
 miles N. of .\ntalo. on the route to Arlieeko, and 8625 feet 
 above the sea. It is a miserable place. Pop. 400. 
 
 HA'LA JI. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 HALA (hini) MOUNTAINS, an extensiveiind lofty range, 
 Beloochistan. stretching N. to S., and terminating, in the 
 latter direction, at Cape Monze, in the .\rabian Sea ; lat. 24° 
 48' N. ; Ion. 66° 50' E. One ascertained peak rises to 6000 feet. 
 Two main passes intersect this lofty range of mountains — 
 the Bolan and Moola passes; each the channel of a consi- 
 derable torrent, and each affording a tedious, hut not very 
 difficult access, from the plains on the E. to the W. high- 
 lands. The Bolan Pass is about 50 miles long, with an 
 ascent of 5793 feet; the Moola Pass, 100 miles long; ascent, 
 4600 feet 
 
 HAL.tS, hOh'ldsli', a market-town of Hungary, co. and 75 
 miles S.S.E. of Pesth, on the Lake llalasto. Pop. 10.330. 
 
 HALAWA'K.\, a post-oftice of Chambers co.. Alabama. 
 
 HALAZESTAT. a town of Austria. See IIallstadt. 
 
 HALBAU, hil'bdw, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 government, and 45 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, and on the rail- 
 Way from Berlin to Breslau. Pop. 959. 
 
 U ALBERSTADT, hll'ber-gtatt\ a town of Prussian S-nxony. 
 government, and 29 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, with which 
 it communicates by railway. Pop. 21.674. It is built in an 
 antique (lOthic style, enclosed by walls, outside of which are 
 several suburbs, and has a cathedral of the fifteenth century, 
 10 other Protestant and 2 Roman Catholic churches, a syna- 
 gogue, a handsome mansion-house, formerly a royal palace, 
 a theatre. cWlege, diocesan and normal schools, Gleim's In- 
 stitute, 2 large public libraries, various private museun:s 
 and picture galleries, manufactures of woollen stuffs, lea- 
 ther, carpets, linen fabrics, gloves, straw hats, starch, to- 
 bacco, soap. Ac. with large oil refineries, many breweries, 
 and an active trade in corn and wool. 
 
 HAiyBERT. a town.ship in Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 874. 
 
 HAL'BKKTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HALBTIIURN. halb'tooRn\ a"^ village of Hungary, co. of 
 Wiesi-lburg. 24 miles N.E. of Oedenburg. Pop. 1218. 
 
 HAL'COTTSVILLE. a post-village of Delaware co.. New 
 York, about 70 miles S.W. of .\lbany. 
 
 H.\L'CYON, a post-office, Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 HALCYO.N D.iLE. a post-office of Scriven co.. Georgia. 
 
 HALD. h^ld, a village of Denmark, in Jutland, 5 miles 
 E.S.W. of Viliorg. on a small l.ske of .same name. It has the 
 extensive ruins of a strong castle, and the remains of the works 
 which King Walderaar erected when besieging it in 1355. 
 
 UAiyOEN. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HALDENSLEBEN, (hai'dfns-lA'b^n,) New, a town of 
 Prussian Saxony, 15 miles N.W. of Magdeburg, on the Ohre. 
 Pop. 4700. 
 
 HALDENSLEBEN. Old. a village of Germanv. adjacent to 
 the former. Pop. 1749. It has a beet-root sugar manufactory. 
 
 H.XL/DIM AND. county of Canada West, bordering on Lake 
 Erie. Ai-ea, 459 square miles. Pop. 18,788. Capital, Cayuga. 
 
 H.\L'DON, a vilLige and mansion of England, co. of De- 
 von, parish of Kenne. 4i miles S.S.W. of Exeter. 
 
 HALDUBARY, hil'doo-baVee. a town of British India, 
 presidency and province of Bengal, 55 miles N.E. of Purneah. 
 
 HALE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 HALE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HALE, a parish of Englaad. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HALE, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 HALE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 6| miles 
 8. of I're.scot. .John Middleton, the giant, 9 feet 3 inches in 
 height was bom here in 1578. 
 
 HALE, a post township in the S.E. part of Hardin co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1133. 
 
 HALE, a post-office of Shiawa.ssee co., Michigan. 
 
 HALE, a post-office of Ogle co.. Illinois. 
 
 HALES. hAlz, a parish of England, co. of Norfollt, 
 
 ii . ,'1;?= V^i'*""'"? °^ '•■"gland. CO. of Stafford. 
 
 HALE S CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Ohio B 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 H.^LE'S EDDY, a post^village of Broome co.. New York. 
 OD the Coquago River, and on the Erie Railroad, 172 miles 
 from New York. 
 
 S'^l'So*,!'?"^' * PO"*^ffl<»of I'ranklin co., Virginia. 
 U. . e:5,.«.tt'*'LiPT','°"'=* o'^entress co., Tennessee. 
 UALb^DWtN, MlaV^n, a marketrtowa and parish of 
 
 I River, near 
 
 England, co. of Worcester, 7 miles W.S.W. of Birmingham. 
 Pop. of town. 2412. It lies in a l)eautiful viilley, has a hand- 
 some main street, a Norman church, with a remarkable el* 
 gant spire, in the cemetery is the tomb of the poet Sheu- 
 Btone; a chapel partly built in the Saxon era; some remains 
 of a large abbey, founded in the reign of John ; and a gram- 
 mar school, founded in 1052. In the vitinity is the Lea- 
 sowes, the paternal estate of the poet Shenstone, who wan 
 born iiere in 1714. 
 
 HALE'S POINT, a post-offlce of Andrew co., Mi.ssouri. 
 
 HALESWORTH. h.ilz'worth, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Suffolk, on the Blyth, 7 miles S. of Ips- 
 wich. Pop. 2625, chiefly employed in spinning and weav- 
 ing yam from hemp, which is largely grown in the vicinity. 
 
 H-XLE-WES/TON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 H.iLE'AVOOD. a township of England, co. of Lancaster, i 
 miles S. of Prescot Pop. 1100. 
 
 HA'LEYSBURG. a post-office of Lunenburg co., TirMnia. 
 
 HALFAY, HALFAl, hSXfV, IlALFAIA, or HALFAYEH, 
 h3l-fi-eh, a town of Nubia, on the E. bank of the Nile, 15 
 miles N. of Khartoom. 
 
 IIALFBREED CREEK, of Lee CO., Iowa, flows into the 
 Des Moines River. aViout 7 miles from its mouth 
 
 H.\LFDAY', a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 28 miles 
 N. of Chicago. 
 
 H.^LF'MOON, a post-town of Saratoga co.. New Y"ork, on 
 the Hudson River, 12 miles N. of Alljany. It is intersected 
 by the Champlain Canal, and by the Rensselaer and Sani- 
 toga Railroad, and contains the village of Mecuaxiosville, 
 which see. Pop. 3130. 
 
 H.\LF.MOON, a post-township of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 
 18 miles S.W. of Bellefonte. Pop. 703. 
 
 HALF MOON ISLANDS, a group in the MalavArcIjipelago. 
 Lat 9° N., Ion. 115° W E. 
 
 HALF MOON KEYS, some reefs and islands immediately 
 E. of Portland Point, tne S. extremity of Jamaica. 
 
 H.\LF-.M01v/T0N. a parish of Scotland, co. of Diunfries. 
 
 HAL'FORD, a parish of England, co.ef Warwick. 
 
 H.\LFW.\Y, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri. 
 
 HALFWAY HOUSE, a post-oflice of York co.. Virginia. 
 
 HALFWAY HOUSB, a post-office of Jay co., Georgia. 
 
 HALFWAY^ PR.\Ii\IE. a post-office of ."iionroe co.. Iowa. 
 
 HALFWEG, hilpwj<j, a small village and station on the 
 railway between Amsterdam and Haailem. 
 
 HALGAN. See Onea Halcax. 
 
 HALIBUT (hOlVbQt) or SANNAGH (sSn-nan' or sJn-nagO 
 ISL.\ND, in the North Pacific. ne;ir the S.W. extremity of 
 the Peninsula of Aliaska. L.nt 54° 27' N., Ion. 162^50' W. It 
 is 23 or 24 miles in circuit, low and Kirren. Named hj' Cap- 
 tain Cook, from the number of halibut found in the vicinity. 
 
 HALICZ. hd'litch, or GALITCH. ga/iitch, a town of Aus- 
 trian Galicia, on the Dniester, 63 miles S.S.E. of Lemberg. 
 Pop. 1830. 
 
 H.\LIF.\X, hal'f-fex, a parliamentary borough, large 
 manufacturing town, and township of England, co. of Y'ork, 
 West Riding, on the navigable Calder. and on the Manches- 
 ter and Leeds Railway, 14 miles W.S.W. of Leeds. Pop. of 
 parliamentary borough, in 1861, 37.015. It is picturesquely 
 situated on a declivity, surrounded by lofty heights, and 
 with the exception of a few ancient streets, is mo.slly built 
 of stone, well paved, and lighted. Chief buildings, the 
 Piece-hall, a vast and handsome stone-built quadraiigle, 
 contnining 315 rooms or warehouses, in which the manu- 
 facturers keep their cloths f .r sale: and the Parish Church, 
 a fine structure of the fifteenth century, and to which about 
 18 other churches -and chapels, scattered throughout the 
 parish, are sulx)rdiiiate. Here are also numerous Dissen- 
 ters' meeting-houses and schools, several of which, in the 
 rural parts if the parish, are well endowed; a blue-coat hos- 
 pital, founded in 1642: & handsome modern infirmary; a 
 jail belonging to the Duke of Leeds, as lord of the manor; a 
 theatre, assembly-rooms, public baths, library, literary socie- 
 ty's hall, with library and museum, mechanics' institute, 
 and several banks. The woollen manufacture was intro- 
 duced here early in the fifteenth century, the abundance ol 
 water-power being probably the great attraction. Since the 
 use of steam, these manufactures have immensely increased, 
 coal also being plentiful in the parish, and the river Calder 
 forming a means of communication with Hull on the one 
 side and Liverpool on the other. The principal stiples are 
 shalloons, camlets, figured vestings, moreens*, bomliazines, 
 crapes, russets, serges, baizes, coatings, bi-oad and narrow 
 cloths, kerseys, cottons, and silks. Jk)st of the goods are 
 sold in an unfinished state. Halifax comprises 19 town- 
 ships, and is governed by the county magistrates, who hold 
 petty sessions weekly. It sent two members to the House 
 of Commons during the Commonwealth, which privilege 
 was restored by the Reform Act. The manor was remark- 
 able in the Middle .4ges for its strict laws against thieves, 
 and for its exercising the power of jurisdiction in capital 
 cases so late as the middle of the seventeenth century. Out- 
 side of the town, on the W.. is Gibbet Hill, where those con 
 victed of theft to the amount if V.iiil. were executed by a 
 machine, which was the prototype of the French guillotine. 
 Archbishop Tillotsou was born iu this parish, a. d. 163") 
 
HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 IFALIFAX. a county in the S. part of Virginia, border- 
 ing on North Carolina, has an area of 900 square miles. The 
 Staunton or IJoanoke I!iver forms its entire boundary on 
 the X. and E. It is intersected by the Dan I{iver. and also 
 drained, by tlie Banister and Ilycootee Itivers. The soil is 
 good. Halifax is among the most populous and wealthy 
 counties of the state. By the census of 1.S50, it produced 
 6,485. '7 OJ pounds of tobacco and .365.182 bushels of oats, each 
 beins; more thai) was raised in any other county in Vir- 
 ginia; the quantity of the former wag not exceeded by any 
 county in the Union, excepting Prince George of Maryland. 
 A rich mine of plumbago has recently been discovered. The 
 county is intersected by the Richmond and Danville Rail- 
 roail. Organized in 1752. Capital, Banister. Pop. 26,520, 
 of whom 11,623 were free, and 14.897 slaves. 
 
 H.4.LIFA.X, a county in the N.N.E. part of North Caro- 
 lina. Area, estimated at 680 square miles. The Roanoke 
 River forms its entire boundary on the N.E., and Fishing 
 Creek tiows along the S.W. border. The AVeldon and Wil- 
 mington Railroad pas.ses through the county. Granite un- 
 derlies a portion of the soil. Formed in 1758. and named 
 in honor of the Earl of Halifax, then first Lord of the Board 
 of trade. Capital, Halifax. Pop. 19,442, of whom 9093 were 
 free, and 10,349 slaves. 
 
 HALIFAX, a post-village and township of Windham co., 
 Vermont, 120 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1126. 
 
 HALIFAX, a post-village and township of I 'ly mouth co., 
 Massachusetts, 30 miles S.S.E of Boston. Pop. 760. 
 
 HALIFAX, a post-village and township of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the E. bank of Susquehanna River, 18 
 miles N. of Harrisburg. The village contains (1860) 473 in- 
 habitiints. Pop. of townsliip, 1880. 
 
 HALIFAX, a post-town, capital of Halifax co.. North Ca- 
 rolina, is baautifuUy situated on the right bank of the 
 Roanoke River, 7 miles below the Falls, and on the rail- 
 road between AVeldon and Wilmington, 87 miles N.E. of 
 Raleigh. It has considerable trade, for which the river af- 
 fords facilities. Steamboats ascend to this town, and a ca- 
 nal has been cut around the F'alls. by which boats can 
 asceiid more than 100 miles farther. Halifax has the honor 
 of being the birthplace of the constitution of North Caro- 
 lina. It contains several churches, and 1 or 2 newspaper 
 offices. 
 
 1I.\LTF.\X, an extensive county of Nova Scotia, bordering 
 on the Atlantic Ocean. It is drained by the Shubenacadie, 
 Musquodolx)it. and other rivers, and over its surface are 
 scattered several considerable lakes. The indentations of 
 its coast furnish as many as 6 or 7 harbors capable of re- 
 ceiving ships of the line, besides numerous others visited 
 by merch.int vessels: its shores are thickly studded with 
 islands. A belt of high, broken land, varying from 20 to 60 
 miles in breadth, borders on the Atlantic throuu'hout the 
 entire extent of the county, beyond this the surface is mo- 
 derately level. Ores of lead are found near the Shuben.i- 
 cadie liiver. Slate aI.)ounds in the vicinity of Halifax. The 
 chief industry of the inhabitants is directed to commerce, 
 ship-building, and the fisheries. Halifax is the most popu- 
 lous county in Nova Scotia. Capital, Ilaliiax. Pop. in 
 1851, .39,112. 
 
 HALIFAX, a city and seaport, capital of the colony of 
 Nova Scotia, on the S. coast of that peninsula, nearly equi- 
 distant from its N.K. and S.W. extremities, in lat. (Dock- 
 yard tablet) 44° 39' 42" N., Ion. 63° 35' 30" W. It is situ- 
 at^id on a declivity on the W. side of a deep inlet of the sea, 
 called Halifax Harbor, and, including its suburbs, is 2J 
 miles long, and nearly 1 mile wide. The streets are spa- 
 cious, and cross each other at right angles. Many of the 
 houses are of wood, plastered and stuccoed, but many. also, 
 are handsomely built of stone. There are 3 or 4 Episcopal 
 churches, a large Roman Catholic cathedral, and places of 
 worship for various bodies of Dissenters. The other public 
 edifices are substantial structures, the principal of which is 
 Province Building, coutjuning the chief government offices, 
 the public library, &c. ; it is built of freeetone. and is a re- 
 marl<ably fine edifice. The others are Dalhousie College, a 
 military hospital, work-house, prison, exchange, assembly- 
 rooms, theatre, and several public scho<il8. The dock-yard, 
 covering 14 acres, is one of the finest in the British colonies. 
 The harbor of Halifax is one of the I)est in the world. It 
 extends 15 miles inland from the Atlantic, and is rarely ob- 
 structed with ii». In front of the town, where ships usu- 
 ally anchor, it is 1 mile broad ; farther up, the inlet expands 
 into a wide basin, called Bedford Basin, comprising an area 
 of 10 square miles, and capable of accommodating the whole 
 British navy. Along the water's edge, in front of the town, 
 Rie numerous wharves, close to which ships can I'd for the 
 discharge of their cargoes, and above these are the ware- 
 houses. On Sanibro Island, at the S.W. side of tbo entrance 
 to the harbor, is a light, elevated 132 feet alKive the sea. and 
 farther up. Sherbrook Tower, on Manger's Beach, exhibits a 
 light 58 feet above the le'-'il of the sea. Halifax is the prin- 
 cipal naval station tor tne North American colonies, and is 
 defended by strong forts and batteries. It has extensive 
 steam communicjition ^ith various parts of North America 
 and the West Indie j; and, as the port at which the Cunard 
 
 mail-steamers touch on their voyages to and f.-om Europe., 
 and as the terminus of the great railway in pro^'ess 'rom 
 Quebec to the Atlantic, it bids fair soon to become a place of 
 great commercial importance. The work on the Ilalilas 
 portion of the road was commenced on the 8th of June, 1854, 
 and a section of 25 miles to form a common trunk lor the 
 lines running to Amherst, Wind.sor, and Picton, is under 
 contract to be opened in 1855. Halifax has telegraphic com- 
 munication with the principal cities of the United States 
 and the British Provinces, excepting Newfoundland, to 
 which wires areaijout to be extended from I'rince Edward's 
 Island, this last having been connected with the continental 
 line in November, 1852, by means of a submarine cable, ex- 
 tending from Cape Travers to Cape Tormentina, a distance 
 of 9 miles. The commerce of Halifax in 1850 is exhibited in 
 the following table:— 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 $1,675,150 
 44,785 
 935.200 
 
 48.275 
 
 1,109.000 
 
 267,990 
 
 $72.7SO 
 790,150 
 124.7S0 
 18,»45 
 4K9,000 
 187,960 
 
 
 British Colonles-.-J British America 
 
 ( Other Colonies 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 84,080,400 
 
 $1,663,615 
 
 The total value of exports in 1852-3, amounted to $2.84fi,917. 
 In 1851, the value of foreign ijuports amounted to $4,295,400. 
 The number of foreign arrivals in 1850 was 1081 sailing ves- 
 .sels, (tons, 111,204.) and 113 steamers, (tons, t;5,400;) and 
 the clearances for foreign ports, 952 sailing vessels, (tons, 
 84.218.) and 110 steamers, (tons, 76.861.) The total number 
 of foreign arrivals for 1861 was llt)4 ve.ssels, witli an aggre- 
 gate burden of 176,802 tons. Among the exports of 1851 
 were included — dried fish, 191,802 quintals; mackerel. 96.650 
 barrels; herrings, 43.559 barrels; alewives, 4227 barrels; 
 salmon, 340 tierces and 6412 barrels; preserved fish, 238 
 boxes; smoked herrings, 3234 boxes: pickled cod. 78 bar- 
 rels; and oil, 3493 casks and 36,028 gallons. The following 
 is the value of a few of the leading imports from the United 
 States in 18.50, viz.: wheat flour. $224,050; wheat. $23,935; 
 rye flour, $77,440; corn meal. S03.6li0 ; corn. $21,406; beef 
 and pork, S;?6,170; bread and biscuit, $25,505; tobacco, 
 $76,785; cotton manufacture.s, $54,630; cordage, $17,085; 
 and hardware, $30,420. There are owned here alwut 100 
 larire square-rigged ves.sels, as many schooners, and a host of 
 small craft. There are some manufactures of snuff, leather, 
 paper, and soap ; also breweries, distilleries. Pop. in 1844, 
 22.000; in 1840, 23,500; and in 18,52, 26,000. 
 
 HALIF.A.X, a post-oftlce of Panola co.. Mississippi. 
 
 H.\LIFAX, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee. 
 
 H.\LIF.\X, a post-villase in Wilson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 HALIFAX B.\Y, of North-eiist Australia, in lat. 19° S., 
 Ion. 147° K., is between Rockingham and Cleveland Bays, 
 45 miles in width, and contains I'alm Islands. 
 
 HALIFAX COURT-HOUSE, Virginia. See Banister. 
 
 H.\iyKIN. a parish of Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 HAl/KIRK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness. 
 
 H.\LL, hdll, a town Germany, in WUrtemberg, on the 
 the Kocher, 35 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop., including 
 suburbs, 6489. It was formerly a free imperial city, en- 
 closed by walls, and has 7 churches, a fine town-liall, a 
 richly-endowed college, a mint, hospital, two public libra- 
 ries, and. next to Ulm, the greatest number of sugar refi- 
 neries in the kingdom. It has also some soap and other 
 factories, and a large trade in oxen. hogs, and salt from the 
 neighboring springs, which yield 90,000 hundreds-weight of 
 salt annually. On an adjacent liill is the old castle of Cone- 
 burg, now used as an invalid hospital. 
 
 H.\LL, NiEDER, nee'der hSll, a town of Germany, in WUr- 
 temberg, W.of Ingelfingen. on the Kocher, with salt .springs. 
 
 HALL, a town of Germany, in the Tyrol, on the Inn, 6 
 miles E. of Innspruck. Pop. 4969, chiefly employed in salt- 
 mines, whence 280,000 hundred.s-weight of salt are annually 
 produced. It has a mint, a gymnasium, and a ladies semi- 
 nary, with cotton and linen factories. 
 
 H.\LL. a market-town of Germany, in Upper Austria, 19 
 miles S. of Lintz. with a castle. Pop. 849. 
 
 H.\LL, a county in the N.E. part of Georgia, has an area 
 of 540 square miles. It is intersected by Chattahoochee 
 River, partly bounded on the W. by the Chestatee River, 
 and drained by the head .stre.ams of the Oconee River. The 
 county is remarkably rich in minerals. More than a mil- 
 lion dollars' worth of gold has been obtained from the 
 mines of tliis county. Several diamonds have been found 
 here, one of which was sold for $200. (White's SfAttUtics.) 
 Silver, lead, rubies, emeralds, and amethysts are also 
 found. Organized in 1818. Capital, Gainesville. Pop 
 9366, of whom 8105 were free, and 1261 slaves. 
 
 HALL, a Dost-offlce of York co., Penn.aylvania. 
 
 H.ALL, a post-office of Appling co., Georgia. 
 
 H.4LL, a post-office of Hopkins co.. Kentucky. 
 
 HALL, a township in Dubois oe , Indiana. Pop. 1703. 
 
 UALL, a post-office of Franklin co., Illinois. 
 
 811 
 
 J 
 
HAL 
 
 RAUj, a post-offlce of Lawrence eo., Missouri. 
 
 HAL LA. hdl'll. a cousideiaWe town of Sinde, in Hindos- 
 hin, 35 miles N.W. of Hyderabad, with extensive manufac- 
 tures of caps and superior earthenwares, and a Mohamme-' 
 dan shrine, greatly frequented. Pop. variously estimated 
 from 2000 to 10.000. 
 
 H.iL'L.ID.ALLK, a river of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, 
 after a rapid N. course of about 20 miles, falls into the North 
 Sea at the Bay of the Tor of Bii;house. 
 
 II.\iyLAM. KIKK. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HALLA.M, NKTH'I'Mt, a to wnship of England, co.of York, 
 West Kiding. Pop. 7275. 
 
 HAL'LA.MSIIIKE, a district of England, co.of York, West 
 Biding, composed of the two extensive parishes of Sheifield 
 ajid Ecclesfield. Though Sheffield and its vicinity are 
 den.sely populated, much of this district preserves its an- 
 cient forest and moorland character, and affords good 
 grouse-shootins. 
 
 HALLAM, UP'PER. a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. Pop. 1401. 
 
 n.\LL.\M, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 IIALLAXDS-WAEDEKO, hai'Idnds-ft-Vdeh-roo, a small 
 island of Sweden, iu the Cattegat, opposite the town of To- 
 reko. Lat. 60° W X., Ion. 12° 30' E. 
 
 II.\L'LATON', a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Leicester. 7 miles X.N.E.of Market-IIarborough. Pop. 700. 
 
 IIALLAU. hdl'Ww. (Oder, onyer, and Onter, CCn'ter.) two 
 nearly contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton, and 8 
 miles W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. Ober-IIallau, 762 ; Unter- 
 Hallau. 2itil. 
 
 nALLAW.A.KA, Alabama. See Halawaka. 
 
 II.4LLE, a town of Belgium. See Hal. 
 
 HALLE, hil'leh. a city of Prussian Saxony, on the Saale, 
 and at the junction of railways to Magdeburg, Leipsic, and 
 Weimar, 20 miles N.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 41,607. Mean tem- 
 perature of year, 47°.7 ; winter, 31°.o ; summer, 63°.5 Fah- 
 renheit. It is old, ill built, enclosed by walls, and divided 
 into several quarters, each with its own magistracy. The 
 principal buildings are the Gothic Church of St. Mary; the 
 Church of Maurice, an edifice of the twelfth century ; the •' Red 
 Tower" in the market'P'ace, 2.50 feet in height; the Univei^ 
 sity buildings; and outside of the walls, eastward, a monu- 
 ment to the Germans who fell in the battle of Leipsic. Its 
 University, founded in lfi94, and long famous for theology, 
 had united to it, in 1815, that of Wittenberg, and possesses 
 a library of 64,000 volumes, various museums, an anatomi- 
 cal theatre, chemical laboratory, botanic garden, and obser- 
 vatory ; it had, in 1844. 721 students. Franke's Institute, 
 in the suburb of Glaucha, is another educational establish- 
 ment of repute: and here are many private schools, three 
 hospitals, &c. The remaining portion of the castle of Mo- 
 ritzburg now serves for a Calvinistic church. The principal 
 manufactures are of hardwares and starch, but woollen 
 febrics, gloves. &c. are also made here; and near the city 
 are salt springs, yielding from 225,000 to 800,000 hundreds- 
 weight of salt annually, Halle is the seat of the mining 
 board for the provinces between the Elbe and M'eser, The 
 workmen eng.iged in the salt-works are called Hal-lS'rgn, 
 (sing, Hallor,) and are a peculiar race, distinguished by 
 their physiognomy, costume, and customs, supposed to lie 
 descended from the alwriginal inhabitants. They enjoy 
 many privileges and immunities. Hoffmann. Michaelis, 
 and Handel were born here. On the 18th of October, 1806. 
 the French gained signal advantages here over the 
 Prussians. 
 
 HALLE, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 29 miles S.W. of 
 Minden. Pop. 1460. 
 
 HALLEIN, h2l'llne, a town of Upper Austria. 9 miles 
 S.S.K. of Salzburg, on the Salza. Pop. in 1845, 5600, chiefly 
 employed in mines, yielding 300,000 hundreds-weight of salt 
 annually; also in pin making. 
 
 H.ilJ>;M?ERO. hdl1fn-bjR0\ a town of Prussia, West- 
 phalia. 32 miles S.E. of Arnsberg, on the frontier of Ilesse- 
 Cassel. Pop. 15tiO. 
 
 HALLENCOURT. hSriSNo'kooR/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Somme, 9 miles S.S,E. of Abbeville. I»op.l739. 
 
 HAL'LETT'S COVE, or ASTO'RIA, a village of Queen's 
 CO., New York, on the East River, 6 miles N.N.E. of New 
 York. It has several churches. 
 
 HArVLETTSVILLE. a post-village, capital of La Vacca co,. 
 Texas, on the left hank of La Vacca River, 95 miles S,E, of 
 Austin City. It is situated in a fertile, cotton-planting dis- 
 trict. whi?h is well supplied with water. In 1862, the seat 
 of justi-e was removed by popular vote from Petersburg to 
 this town, 
 
 H.\M,'OARTII, atownship of England, co, of Durham. 
 
 HALLIO EN. hdlle-ghen. The, an island group of Den- 
 mark, off the S.W. coast of Sleswick, The chief islands are 
 the Hooge, al)Out 3 miles long, and 2 miles broad; Umgenes 
 fi'ad Nordmarsch, f )rming one island about 6 miles long, by 
 1 mile broad: Griide, about 2 miles long, but very narrow; 
 and Oland or (Eland, Pop. 6.50. 
 
 H.^ryLINO, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 lIAyLLNODUKY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 
 KSMX. 
 
 812 
 
 UAL 
 
 IIALLINGBURY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. oi 
 Essex, 
 
 HALLINGDAL. hll'ling-dSr, a valley of Norway, about 
 80 miles N.W. of Christiania. In its upper parts it is formed, 
 on one side, by the Ilalling-skarven and Halling-jokalen 
 Hills, respectively 5900 feet and 6017 feet high. 
 
 HAL'LINGTON, a parish of England, eo, of Lincoln. 
 
 HAiyLlWELL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 3 miles W.N.W. of Bolton. In the vicinity is the nncient 
 mansion of Smithells. 
 
 HAL'LOCA, a district and post-office in Muscogee co^ 
 Georgia. 
 
 HAL'LOUGHTON, a parish of England, co, of Notts, 
 
 HAl/LOW. a parish of England, co. of Worcester, 
 
 H.'VL'LOWELL, a post-village and township of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, on the Kennebec River, and on the Kennebec 
 and Portland Railroad, 58 miles N. by E. of Portland, and 2 
 miles S. of Augusta. The village is beautifully situated on 
 the right bank of the river, on an acclivity, commanding a 
 fine prospect, and hsis several liandsome streets. It contains 
 a city hall, 7 churches, 3 banks, 1 newspaper otlice, about 
 50 stores, a large cotton factory propelled by steam, and 
 2 factories for making oil-cloth carpets, besides many other 
 estjiblishments. Vessels drawing 9 feet of water come to its 
 wharves. It has considerable shipping, chiefly engaged in 
 the coast trade, and shipbuilding is cari'ied on here. A fine 
 quality of granite, obtained iu the vicinity, is exported in 
 large (jnantities. I'op. of the village, 2435. 
 
 HALLOWELL CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO.. Maine. 
 
 H.'V.LL'SA'S CREEK, a post-offlce of Nodaway co., Missouri. 
 
 H.\LL'S BLUFF, a post-office of Housttm co., Texas. 
 
 IIALLS'BOROUGH, a village of Chesterfield co,, Virginia, 
 17 miles S.W, of Richmond. 
 
 IIALLS'BOROUGH, a post-office of Powhattan co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 HALL'S CORNERS, a post-office and station of Ontario 
 CO., New York, on the Canandaigua and Elniira Railroad, 
 14 miles S.E. of Canandaigua, and about ISO miles W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 HALL'S CORNERS, a post-offlce of Allen co,, Indiana, 
 
 HALL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Harford to.. Mar 
 ryland. 
 
 H A LL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-offlce of Franklin co,. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 H.\LL'S HILL, a po.st'Offlce of Rutherford co., Tennessee. 
 
 HALL'S ISLAND, one of the Gilbert group, in the North 
 Pacific Ocean, iu lat. 0° 63' N., Ion. 173° E,, about 9 miles 
 long from N.E. to S,W,. and 6 miles broad. 
 
 HALL'S ISLANDS. British North America, are at the W. 
 entrance of Frobisher Strait, in lat. 63° N,, Ion, t;5 W. 
 
 HALL'S LAN'DING. a .small village of Putnam co,. Hli- 
 noi,s, on the Illinois River, below llennepin. Grain and 
 other articles are shipped at this place, to the amount of 
 about $150,000 a year. 
 
 HALL'S MILLS, a village of Albany co., New York, 31 
 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 H.^LL'S MILLS, a small village of Jackson co., Illinois. 
 
 HALL'S PORT, a post-office of Alleghany co.. New York. 
 
 HALL'S STORE, a post-offlce of Sussex co.. Delaware. 
 
 HALL'S STREAM forms a part of the Imundary between 
 New Hampshire and Canada, and falls into the Connecticut 
 River. 
 
 HALLSTADT. HALLSTATT, hill'stitt, orllALAZESTAT, 
 hd'lit-s.i-stdtt\ a market-town of Upper Austria, on the W. 
 shore of the Lake of Hallstadt, 16 miles N.E. of Radstadt 
 Pop. 1030, 
 
 HALLSTADT, a village of Bavaria, on the Main, 3 miles 
 N.\V,of Bainl>erg. Pop. 1627. 
 
 HALLSTADT or HALLSTATT. hdll'stltt. a lake of Upper 
 Austria, is about 6 miles long, with an average breadth of 
 less than 2 miles, and is remarkable for the wild and gloomy 
 character of its scenery. 
 
 HALL'S VALLEY, a post-offlce of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 II.\LLS'VILLE. a post-village of Montgomery eo., New 
 York, about CO miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 HALLSVILLE, a post-village of Duplin co.. North Caro- 
 lina, on Go.shen Creek, 97 miles S,E, of Raleigh. 
 
 HALLSVILLE, a post-village iu Chester district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HALLSVILLE, a post-office of I'ike co., Alabama. 
 
 HALFiSVILLE. a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, 12 nillefl 
 N.E. of Chillicothe. 
 
 HALLSVILLE, a post-offlce of Boone co., Missouri. 
 
 HALL'TOWN. a post-village of .Tefferson co., VirgirJa. 
 
 II.\IjIjUIN, hiriU'^N'', a town of France, department of 
 Noi-d, on the risrht bank of the Lys, 10 miles N,N,E, of Lilla 
 Pop, in 18.V2, 6408, 
 
 HALLUM, hdl'iam, or IIALLUN, hdiniin, a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of Frieslaud, 7 miles N. of Leeuwap- 
 den. Pop, 2:!00. 
 
 HALLWYL. h.ill'«il, or HALLWEIL, hail'*Ile, LAKK 
 OF, in Switzerland, canton of Aargau.is an expansion of the 
 river Aa, 5 miles, in length, by 1 mile in breadth. The 
 castle and village of Ilallwyl are near its N. extremity 
 
HAL 
 
 HAM 
 
 HA1,.'LTST0NE, a parish of England, eo. of Northumber- 
 land. 6 miluR W.N.W. of Kothbury. According to Bede, 3000 
 persons were- baptised here on the introduction of Chiis- 
 tianity iiitc Northumberland. 
 
 HALMAIIKKA, an island. See Gilolo. 
 
 IIALMI. hdl'uiee, a market-town of Kast Hungary, co. of 
 Ugocs, lit miles S. of Nagy-Sz811os. l>np. 11(50. 
 
 IIALMST.\D, hdlm'stdd: a maritime Isen of Sweden, having 
 W. the Catte.;;at. Area. 1900 square miles. Pop. 105,726. 
 
 II.\LMST.\D, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of a laen, 
 on Laholm Hay, an arm of C'attegat, 70 miles S.S.E. of Go- 
 thenliurg. Pop. 1S53. 
 
 HALS, hdls, a market-town of Denmark, province of 
 Jutland, 15 miles E. of Aalborg, at the entrance of the Lym- 
 fiord. Pop. 000, mostly fishers. 
 
 IIAL'SALL. a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 IIALSliHUCKE, (Hal.sbrucke,) haisOyriik. a village of Ger- 
 many, in Saxony, 18 miles W.S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 1264. 
 
 II.KL.SDOHF, h3ls/doF.f, a village of Germany, in Ilesse- 
 Ca.ssel, 37 miles S.VV. of Cassel. Pop. 724. 
 
 HALSK, halts, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 IIAL'SELLVILLE, a post-office of Chester district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HAL'S EY, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. Pop. 588. 
 
 xIALSlOY VAL'LEY, a post-office of Tioga co., New York. 
 
 lL\LSfIAM, hilPsham, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East lli'ling. 
 
 n.\L'STK.\D. a markeWown and parish of England, co. of 
 Esse.x. on the Colne, 18 miles N.N.E. of Chelmsford. It has 
 a church, containing several ancient monuments; a hand- 
 some grammiu- scliool. founded by Lady Kamsay in 1594; 
 other charities, a house of correction, union work-house, 
 and some manufactures of silks, velvets, satins, and straw 
 plait. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 5058. 
 
 H.iLSTKAU, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IIALSTKAD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 IIALSTKKKN, hils'tA-ren, a village of Holland. North 
 Brabant, about 2 miles N. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Pop. 538. 
 
 ir.\L'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 IIAL'.STOW, a parish of Englapd, co. of Kent. 
 
 KALSTdW. LOW, a parish of l';ngland, co. of Kent. 
 
 IIALT'CIjIKFE, a township of England, eo. of Cumberland, 
 9J miles X.N'.K. of Keswick. Pop. 507. 
 
 H.\LTK. hdl'teh, a village of Germany, in Hanover, on 
 the left bank of the Ems, 10 miles S.S.W. of Leer, with a cus- 
 tom-house for the circle of Leer. 
 
 IIALTKKN, hJl'tgrn, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 25 
 miles S.W. of MUnster, on the Lippe. I'op. 1940. 
 
 H ALT'HA.M-ON-BAIN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HALTI.NGK.V, hdPting-en, a village of Jiaden, on t.be 
 confines of Switzerland, important as the S. terminus of the 
 Duke of liadeu's Hallway; distant from Baden, 96 miles. 
 
 H.\LTON, a chapelry and small market-town of England. 
 co.ofChester.3 miles N.N.E.ofFrodsham. Pop. 1397. It has 
 a court-house, and ruins of a castle, erected at the Conquest. 
 
 HAirrON. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 IIAL'TON, a parish of England, en. of Uiiicaster. 
 
 IIAL'TON, a county of Canada West, on Lake Ontario. 
 Area. 302 .«<)uare miles. P. 18.322. Capital, Well^Bgton Square. 
 
 H.-VLTOX, East, a parish of England, co. of liincoln. 
 
 IIAl/l'ON'. West, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HA 1/IOX noLE'GATE. parish of England, co. of Ivincoln. 
 
 HALT'WIIISTLE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of .Northumberland, with a station on the Newcastle and 
 Carlisle Uailway, 34 miles AV. of Newcastle. In the vicinity 
 i8 Feathersoneliaugh Castle, the seat of the Wallace family. 
 
 HAiyVEUGATE, a pari.sh of Engl.and, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IIAL'WELL. two parishes of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HALYS. Soe KiziL-mMAK. 
 
 HAM. h^N", (anc. Hamumf) a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Somme, in a marshy plain, near the left bank of 
 the Somme, 14 miles S.S.E. of P6ronne. Its old fijrtress 
 is used as a state prison. In 1830. the ministers of Charles 
 X.. and afterwards Prince Louis Bonaparte, were confined in 
 its citadel. Pop. in 1852. 2375. 
 
 HAM. hiim, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 7 
 miles S.S.W. of Charieroi. Pop. 1883. 
 
 HAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HAM, East, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HAM, Wkst, a parish of England, on the Lea, 4j mjles 
 E.N.E. of London. It has ruins of an abbey, founded 
 In 1135. 
 
 HAM. High, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HAM AD AN, hS-md-din', {i\x\c.Ei:lxitlana.)a. city of Persia, 
 province of Irik-Ajemee, capital of a district, 165 miles S.W. 
 Teheran. Lat. 34° 50' N., Ion. 48° 32' E. Pop. variously esti- 
 mated at from 25,000 to 40.000. It occupies a large surface 
 on sloping ground, and is interspersed with gardens, but is 
 meanly built, and partly in ruins. Near the great mosque 
 is an edifice containing the tomb of Avicenna, resorted to 
 by numerous pilgrims, besides several other mosques, ba- 
 raars, baths, ciiravanserals, an Armenian church, and a 
 synagogue. Some carpet and silk weaving and tanning are 
 liere carried On, and the city has a large trade in leather, 
 
 and is an entrepot for the commerce between Bagdad and 
 the modern capitals of I'ersia. 
 
 HAM All. hii/md. or IIAMM All, hjm'mi(anc. Kpiphani>a,_ 
 and the llamatli of Scripture, a city of Syria, pashilic antj 
 110 miles N.E. of Damascus, on the Orontos, here cnssed by 
 4 bridges. Pop. 44,000. It is enclosed by walls, pretty well 
 built, and defended. The principal structures are the gover- 
 nor's palace, mosques, baths, liazaars, and some curioua 
 hydraulic works. It has manufactures of .silk, cotton, and 
 woollen fabrics, gold and silver thread, in which it has an 
 active trade with Aleppo, and other towns on the great 
 route between Asia and Africa. 
 
 IIAM.\NLU, hd-mjn-loo', a village of Asia Jlinor, Anato 
 lia, near the S. shore of the Lake Aboolonia. 25 miles W.S.W 
 Muhalitch. and having the remains of an unascertained city 
 of antiquity. 
 
 HA.MBACH. hJm'bJK, a village of Khenish Bavaria, 3 
 miles S.W. of Neustadt. Pop. 20tj5. Here was the castle ot 
 Kastanienburg, built by the Emperor Henry II., but de- 
 stroyed in the •■ peasant's war;" on its .site a fruitless revo- 
 lutionary movement was made. May 27, 1S3"2. 
 
 HAMBACH, a village of Khenish Bavaria, circle of Uppei 
 Palatinate, on the Vils, 7 miles N. of Amberg. 
 
 n.4.MH.\CH. a village of Khenish Bavaria. Oldenburg, dis- 
 trict of Birkenfeld, with some mineral springs. 
 
 HAMBANTOTTE, hdm-bdn-toftA, a \K\y and small seaport 
 town on the S. coast of Ceylon, in lat. 6° 8' N., Ion. Sl° lo' E. 
 It has some trade in bay salt. 
 
 IIAM15AT0. AsiENTO d'. See Ambato. 
 
 HAMBAUGH'S. a post-office of Warren co., Virginia. 
 
 H.\MBERS, hSM'baiR/, a village of France, department, 
 and 9 miles S. of Mayenne. Poj). 1837. 
 
 HAMBIE or HA.MBYE. hdii^bee', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Manehe, 11 miles S.E. of Coutances. Pop. in 
 1852. 3362. 
 
 n.\M'BLE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HAMBLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HAMBLKD'DN, a parish of England, co. of Hants. . 
 
 H.\MBLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 HAM'BLETON. a parish of England, co. of Hutland. 
 
 HA.MBLETON. a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 4J miles W.S.W. of Selby. Pop. 607. 
 
 I1.\M'BLIN'. a township in Brown CO., Indiana. Pop. 1627. 
 
 HAMB0UR6. See Hamduro. 
 
 HAM'BItOOK, a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester, 9 
 miles N.N.E. of Bristol. Pop. 607. 
 
 HAMBURG, ham'barg, (Ger. pron. hdmliOORO; Fr. nam- 
 hnurg, hdsi'booR'; L. Hambiir'giim,} a famous city of Ger- 
 many, capital of a republic of the same name, and the 
 greatest commeicial port on the continent of Europe, is situ- 
 ated on the right bank of the Elbe, about 70 miles from its 
 mouth. Lat. 53° 32' 51" N., Ion. 9° 58' 33" E. Pop. in 1860, 
 175,683. Mean temperature of year, 48<^, winter, 3-;°7'; sum- 
 mer, 63°-7 Fahrenheit. It is about 4 miles in circumfer- 
 ence, enclosed by planted walks on the site of its former for- 
 tifications, and intersected by canals and branches of the 
 Alster River. Most of its old streets are narrow, dark, and 
 dirty, and the houses of brick, old-fashioned, and ill-built. 
 The banks of the Inner .\lster, a lake within the city, form 
 the favorite place of resort for the inhabitants, and at cer- 
 tain times the water here is covered with ple;isure-boats. 
 The principal edifices are the churches of the five parishes, 
 among which, especial notice is due to that of St. Michael, 
 with a steeple 456 feet in height, a fine altar-piece, large or- 
 gan, crypt. &c.. and capable of holding 6<100 per.sons; the Ex- 
 change. Town-hall, General Infirmary, for between 4000 and 
 5000 patients, new Orphan Asylum. Senate House, founded in 
 the thirteenth century. Bank, Eimbeck-house, AVork-house, 
 Prison, Arsen.al, and two theatres, (one of the latter among 
 the largest in Germany.) and the tJerman. French, and Eng. 
 lish chapels. The institutions include the.Iohanneunl and 
 another college, a public city library with 180,000 volumes, 
 numerous other libraries, museums, academies, an obser- 
 vatoiy, botanic garden, learned and other societies, &e. 
 The manufactories comprise 100 sugar refineries, tar. tobacco, 
 and sailcloth factories, breweries, distilleries, tanneries, cot- 
 ton printing and dyeing works, anchor and iron forges, and 
 many manufactures of less magnitude. 
 
 The commerce of Hamburg is greatly facilitiited by 
 extensive means of communication both with foreign coun- 
 tries and with the interior. By the Elbe, vessels drawing 
 18 feet can ascend at high w.ater, and eitlier deliver theif 
 cargoes directly in the warehouses, which line the bank, or 
 send them by lighters into the very heart of the town. By 
 the same means, also, a free and uninterrupted communica- 
 tion is given to the Interior, and greatly, extended by meang 
 of canals, which branch off to the Baltic, or penetrate into 
 the basin of the Oder, and through it into that of the Vis- 
 tula. Railways connect Hamburg with Rendsl>urg and Kiel, 
 Schwerin and Rostock, and with Berlin and all East and 
 South Germany. A great drawback to the trade is the want 
 of a sufficient harbor, or rather of any thing that can be 
 called a harbor, the vessels being obliged to lie in the river., 
 within a space railed off from the fair-way, and protected 
 from the current by means of piles. The commerce em^ 
 
 S13 
 
HAM 
 
 itacex every article bought or sold in Germany. The im- 
 mirts consist of sujar, coffee, tea, rice, tobacco, cotton, in- 
 di-o, dve-wooUs, wine, spirits, spices, hides, fish, coals, Bn- 
 tlsh mitnufactured goods, Ac; and the exports of grain, 
 gjeds butter, wool, salt provisions, cattle, bark, spelter, rag.'S, 
 German manufactures of all kinds, and Khenish wines. 
 The annexed table shows the commerce for 1852 and 1853: — 
 
 tJnlled Kingdom. 
 
 BjH«rlia,fe Ham- 
 burg Railway.. 
 
 AUoua 
 
 R.irlturg 
 
 t'l^pcr aud Lower 
 Elbe 
 
 Lubec 
 
 SleswicIcaDd Hol- 
 stcin 
 
 United States.... 
 
 West Coast of 
 America. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Other countries.. 
 
 Total. 
 
 •21,271 .017 
 14.8-'».B54 
 9,813,797 
 
 7,079,B21 
 
 1,8-28,675 
 
 92S.950 
 4.061,491 
 
 31,188,706 
 
 30,889,211 
 12,843,0:tl 
 8,397,858 
 
 3,928,414 
 2„t5:).700 
 33,407,524 
 
 27,474,968 
 15,247,568 
 10,011.000 
 
 8,542,1!)8 
 2,612,809 
 
 1,789,504 
 3,067,446 
 
 1,349,902 
 5,310, 
 81,053,593 
 
 37,210,011 8131,197.312 $156,355,856 $lKi,974.119 
 
 31.6.38,363 
 16,063,145 
 7,592,875 
 
 8,964,247 
 
 2,79!<.824 
 39,826,696 
 
 Hambun? is said to have been founded in the eighth cen- 
 tury, by Charlemagne; early in the thirteenth century it 
 joined Lubeck in the formation of the Hanse League. 
 Under the French, from 1810 to 1814, it was capital of the 
 department of Bouches de I'Elbe. The Church of St. Peter's, 
 founded in the 14th century, and many of the other pub- 
 lic buildings, were destroyed by the great conflagration 
 which commenced on the 5th of May, 1842, and burned 61 
 streets, and. 120 passages and courts, and left houseless 
 19,995 of the* population. Since that time, a great portion 
 of the town ha.s been rebuilt according to a regular plan. 
 
 The territory of Hamburg has an area of about 161 square 
 miles. It consists of several detached portions, but the 
 more important and central part, including, that on which 
 the town stands, is enclosed by Denmark on all sides except 
 the S. and S.W., where its boundary is the Elbe; it compre- 
 hends, likewise, the liailiwick of Bergedorf, and the little 
 territory of Yierlande, 16 miles from Hamburg, the sove- 
 reignty of both of which it enjoys, in common with Lubeck; 
 several islands, a small space on the left bank of the Kibe, 
 opposite the town ; and. at the mouth of the Elbe, the baili- 
 wick of ItitzeliUttel, in which is the harbor of Cuxhaven. 
 As a member of the Germanic Confederation, it has a full 
 vote in the plenum, and shares a vote, in the minor diet, 
 with the other free towns, Frankfort, Lubeck. and Hremen. 
 Its constitution is a curious, and not very intelligible com- 
 bination of the aristocratic and democratic principles. Very 
 Imptirtant modiiications were proposed in 1S48, and appa- 
 rently sanctioned, but do not seem to have been yet carried 
 into full effect. The fundamental principle of the constitu- 
 tion is. that the executive power is lodged in a senate or 
 Bath, and the legislative power, with a general control of 
 the administi-ation in the body of the burghers, represented 
 bv ttiiee colleges. The debt of Hamburg, in 1862, waf 
 $23.10.%104: the receipts, $2,953,973; and the expenditure. 
 S2.U30,018. Pop. of the town and suburbs in 1860, 175,683; 
 of the wliole territory. 229,941. ' 
 
 HA.M'liUKO, a post-village of New London co., Connecti- 
 cut. 14 miles W. by N. of New London. 
 
 II.\.MIiUKG, a post-township of Erie CO., New York, on 
 Lake Erie, 8 miles S. of Bulfalo. intersected by the Buffalo 
 and State Line Kailroad. It contains sevei-al villages. Pop. 
 in 1840. 2730: in 1850, 5219. in 18(0, 2991. 
 
 ir.\MBUHG. a manufacturing post-village of Su.ssex co., 
 New Jersey. 13 miles X.E. of Newton. It has 1 church, 1 
 academy. 3 stores, I tavern, 2 iron furnaces, and 2 grist-mills. 
 
 n.A.MBUHO. a post-borough of Windsor township. Berks 
 CO.. I'ennsjivania. on the left bank of Schuylkill Kiver. near 
 the foot of the Blue Mountain. 16 miles abovp Heading, and 
 on the Reading Hailroad and Schuylkill Canal. Pop. 1334. 
 
 HAMHUIltJ. a post-village of Mercer co.. Pennsylvania, on 
 Bhenango Creek, 10 miles X.W. of Mercer. 
 
 IIAMBUIfG, a small village of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 II.4MBUI{G, a post-oflRce of Shenandoah co., Virginia. 
 
 HAMBUHG, a thriving post-village of Edgefield district, 
 BouMi Carolina, on the left bank of the Savannah Uiver, op- 
 posite the city of Augusta, at the W. terminus of the South 
 Carolina liallroad, 136 miles \V. Ijy N. of Charle.ston. A 
 bridge coiniwts it with Augusta. It contains a bank and a 
 newsp.iper office. Free pop. 404. 
 
 IIAMHUIUJ. a post-village of Macon co., Georgia. 80 miles 
 B.« . of Millegeville. ' 
 
 IIAMllUltG. a iX)st-offlce of Madison co., Florida 
 Tn" n^'HHI'^'v^ post-viHage of IVrry co., Alabama, about 
 '.?,?,..,•„/ ^- °^ """tKomery, has al)Out 100 inhabitants. 
 
 HAMBUKG, a postoftice of Franklin co., Mississippi. 
 
 HA.MUUKG. a postufflre of Calcasieu parish. Louisiana 
 
 HAMBUKG. a post-ufflce of Van Zandt co., Texas 
 
 JIAMBURG. a post-village of Hardin co., Tennessee 
 
 HAM 
 
 IIAAIBURO, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-township in the S.E. part of Living- 
 ston CO., Michigan. Pop, 953. 
 
 HAMBUIiG, a village of Clarke co., Indiana, about 8 miles 
 N. by E. of New Albany. 
 
 HAMBUKG, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, on the 
 Mississippi Hiver, 88 miles S.W. of Springfield. It has a 
 steamboat landing and numerous stores. Population in 
 1860, 649. 
 
 II.i^MBURG. a post-office of St. Charles co., Missouri. 
 
 HAMBUKG ON THE LAKE, a post-vilkge of Erie CO., 
 New York, on Lake Erie, about 10 miles S. of Buffalo. 
 
 HAMBYE. a town of France. See Hameie. 
 
 HAM, DEN, d^n hitm, a village of Holland, province of 
 Overyssel, 22 miles N.E. of Deventer. Pop. 748. 
 
 HAM'DEN, a post-township in New Haven co., Connecti- 
 cut, 6 miles N. of New Haven, intersected by the New Haven 
 and Northampton Canal Kailroad. It has manufactures of 
 carriages, aistings, cotton goods, &c. Pop. 2725. 
 
 HAMDEN, a post-township in the central part of Dela- 
 ware CO., New York, 4 or 5 miles S. by W. of Delhi. Pop. 1861. 
 
 HAM, EAST. See Ham. 
 
 IIAJIELN, hd'mein, a town of Hanover, principality of 
 Kalenberg, 25 mile's S.W. of Hanover, on the Weser. Pop. 
 6191, mostly employed in navigation and the .salmon fishing. 
 It was formerly fortified, and is still defended by Fort 
 George, a citadel on the opposite or W. bank of the river. 
 A large sluice was constructed here by George II., in 17.34, 
 by which a good harbor was formed, and the town still has 
 an active trade. 
 
 HAMELN, a village of Hanover, 8 miles N.E. of Ilildes- 
 heim. Pop. 1030. 
 
 IIA'MEK, a township in Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 1012. 
 
 HAMER, a post-office of Washington co., Wisconsin. 
 
 HAM'ERINGHAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HAMER'S CORNERS, a village of Sandusky co., Ohio, 8 
 miles E. by S. of Fremont. 
 
 HAM'ERSVILLE, a pcst-village of Brown co., Ohio, 33 
 miles in a direct line E.S.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 HAM'ERTON, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 HAM'EKVILLE, a village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HAM HIGH. See H.AM. 
 
 HASH, a city and province of Toorkistan. See Khjmil. 
 
 HAM'ILTON, a parliamentary and municipal liurgh, 
 market-town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, on the 
 Clyde, here crossed by a fine bridge of 5 arches, and on the 
 great London road to Glasgow, lOJ miles S.E. of that city. 
 Pop. of town, in 1861, 9551. It is well built, has 2 churches, 
 a good grammar school, 2 poors' hospitals, a subscription 
 library, mechanics' institution, trades' hall, 3 liranch 
 banks, jail, and large cavalry barracks. But its chief object 
 of attraction is the magnificent Ducal Palace of the house 
 of Hamilton : this has a noble Grecian front, 264 feet in 
 length, and a superb interior, contjiining the largest and 
 choicest collection of paintings and marbles in Scotland. 
 The park is also considered, for scenery and extent, the 
 fine.et in North Britain. Within it are the castle of Chatel- 
 herault, another residence of the Hamiltons, named after 
 their ancient F'rench ducal title, and the picturesque ruina 
 of Cadzow Castle, their original fiiniily seat. It stands on a 
 lofty rock, washed by the Avon, and surrounded by a chase 
 covered with some of the largest oaks in Britain, among 
 which the famous aboriginal breed of wild cattle still feed. 
 Hamilton has been the principal seat of imitation cambric 
 weaving since the introduction of cotton manufactures into 
 Scotland. About 1200 looms are employed, and the finest 
 thread is woven. Manufactures of lace, black silk veils, 
 check shirts, aud hempen fabrics, are also flourishing. The 
 burgh unites with Airdrie, Falkirk, Lanark, and Linlith- 
 gow, in sending 1 member to the Hou.se of Commons. It 
 gives the title of duke to the premier peer of Scotland, re- 
 jiresentative both of the illustrious house of Hamilton, (ori- 
 ginally Euglish,) and of the male line of the Douglas. Owing 
 moreover, to the marriage of the first Lord Hamilton with 
 the daughter of James II.. A.c. 1474, in case of the failure 
 of the present line of Brunswick, the house of Hamilton will 
 succeed to the Scottish crown. 
 
 HAMMLTON, a county in the N.E. part of New York, hag 
 an area of about 1711 square miles. It is drained by the 
 head waters of Racket, Hudson, Sacond.aga, and Black 
 Rivers. A large portion of this county is still unsettled and 
 covered with wood. The surface is elevated, and in some 
 parts mountaii5ous. The soil is generally poor. This county 
 abounds in iron ore of excellent ciuality. Organized in 
 1838, having been formed from a part of Montgomery 
 county, and named (as well as most of those which follow) 
 in honor of Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the 
 Treasury. Capital, Lake Pleasjint. Pop. .^024. 
 
 HAMILTON, a county in the N. part of Florida, border- 
 ing on Georgia^ has an area of 703 wjuare mites. It is iur 
 tersected by the Alapaha River, bounded on the E. and S- 
 by the Suwane<i. and on the W. by the Witlilaroichef 
 River. Capital, Jasper. Pop. 4154, of whom 2757 wete fre« 
 and 1397 slaves. 
 
 HAMILTON, a county in the S.S.E. part of Tennessee 
 
HAM 
 
 bordering on Georgia : area estimated at 380 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Tennessee liiver, (niivigalile by 
 steamlioats.) The surface is diversified by high ridges con- 
 nected with the Cumberland Mountains. The soil is mostly 
 fertile. Stone coal and iron ore are aljundant. The Nash- 
 ville and Chattanooga r.ailroad terminates in this county, 
 and cfiiinects with the Western and Atlantic Hailruad of 
 Georgia. Capital, Harrison. Pop. lo,2i)S, of whom 11,839 
 were free. 
 
 HAMILTON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Ohio, bordering on In 'iana, and on the Ohio Kiver. which 
 separates it from Kentucky, contains 390 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Great and Little Sliami It Ivors, and 
 also drained by Whitewater Kiver and by Mill Creek. The 
 surface is generally rolling. The soil is excellent, and 
 highly cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1.S50 this county produced 
 the greatest quantity of potatoes raised in any county in the 
 state. The grape vine is extensively cultivated in the vici- 
 nity of the Ohio liiver. and a large portion of the county is 
 occiii)ied by gardens and orchards tor the supply of the Cin- 
 cinnati markets. It is intersected by the Miami Canal, and 
 by numerous railrcids. for a particular account of which, 
 see Cincinnati. Hamilton is the most populous county in 
 the state. Capital, Cincinnati. I'op. 216,410. 
 
 HAMILTON, a county iu the central part of Indiana, 
 contains 400 S(}uare miles. It is drained by the White 
 River, and by Cicero, Buck, and Eagle Creeks. The surface 
 is partly level and partly undulating, and the soil is uni- 
 formly fertile. The railroad from Indianapolis to Peru 
 passes through it. Organized in 1823. Capital, Noblesville. 
 Pop. 17,31(1. 
 
 HAMILTON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 395 ajuare miles. It is drained by the SUillett Fork 
 of Little Wabash River, and the North Fork of Saline Creek. 
 The county consists partly of prairie and partly of timbered 
 land. Capital, McLeansborough. Pop. 9916. 
 
 IIAMILT()N, a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts, 
 bordering on the Ipswich River, and intersected by the 
 Eastern Railroad, 22 miles N. by K. of Boston. Incorporated 
 in 1793. Pop. 789. 
 
 HAMILTON, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Madison co., i\ew York, about 28 miles S.W. of Utica. The 
 village contains 5 churches, a Union school-house, an acade- 
 my, a bank, 1 newspaper olfice, about 20 stores, and is the 
 seat of Madison University, an institution under the direc- 
 tion of the Baptists, founded in 1S20. In lSt53 it had 9 pro- 
 fessors, 80 students, and 9u00 volumes iu its library. Con- 
 nected with it is a grammar school. Population of the 
 township in 1860, 2296. 
 
 HAMILTON', a township in Atlantic co., New Jersey, in- 
 tersected by the Great Egg Harbor River, and containing 
 May's Landing, the county-seat, and a village on Great Egg 
 Harbor River, a quarter of a mile above May"s Lauding. 
 Pop. 1945. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Mercer co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 3773. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1435. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1529. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in McKean CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 103. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HA.MILTO.N, a township in Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2114. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, about 
 157 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 HAMILTON, a thriving post-village of Martin CO., North 
 Carolina, on the riglit bank of the Roanoke River, about 100 
 miles E. of Raleigh, and at the head of navigation for large 
 vessels. It has an active trade in cypress lumber. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village, capital of Harris co., GeorgLi, 
 22 miles N. of Columbus. It is situated in a hilly region. 
 It contains a court-house, 2 academies, 2 churches, and 
 about 500 inhabitjints. 
 
 H.\MILTON, a post-village of Monroe co., Mississippi, is 
 situated about 1 mile E. of the Tombigbee River, and 12 
 miles S. of Aberdeen. 
 
 H.\MILTON. a post-office of Washita parish. Louisiana. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village of Shelby co.. Texas, on the 
 Sabine liiver, about 20 miles S.E. of Shelbyville. Cotton is 
 shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 HAMILTON, a thriving post-village of Boone co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio River, 48 miles below Cincinnati, con- 
 tains about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 HAMILTON, a city, cjipital of Butler co., Ohio, on the 
 Miami Canal, and on both sides of the Miami River, 20 miles 
 N. of Cincinnati, and 90 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. It is 
 connected by railroads with Cincinnati and Dayton, and is 
 the terminus of another line, extending to Richmond, In 
 Indiana. It is surrounded by a rich and populous district, 
 and has many elements of pro.sperity, especially as a manu- 
 facturing town. A few years sinc«, a hydraulic canal was 
 completed here, by which a fall of 28 feet has been secured. 
 
 HAM 
 
 furnishing a water-power equal to 166 pair of "tones, la 
 18i>4, there were in operation here 4 flonring-niills, a muuii- 
 factory of reaping-machines, 1 woollen factory, 3 papeiv 
 mills, 2 iron foundries, and 1 i)laning-mill, besides other 
 machinery. The city contains, besides the county buildings, 
 11 churches, 1 national bank, and 1 other bank. Three news- 
 papers are issued here. Previous to 1853, when the city charter 
 was granted, Hamilton included only that portion on the 
 E. side of the Sliami, that on the W. containing a population 
 of about 2500, having a separate organization under the 
 name of Rossville. Pop. 7223. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Franklin co. Ohio. Pop. 1735. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 92.3. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in ^\■arren co., Ohio. Pop. 2.338. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-township in the S.part of Van Buren 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 785. 
 
 HAMILTON, a village of Clinton co., Indiana, on the 
 plank-road from Lafayette to Frankfort, 64 miles N.W. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Delaware co., Indiana. P. 851. 
 
 II AMI LTON, a township in Jackson co., Indiana. P. 1455. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village of Steuben co., Indiana, on 
 Fish Creek, about 36 miles N. by E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Sullivan co., Indiana. P. 2089. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township in Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 355. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village in Mahaska CO., Iowa, on the 
 Des -Moines liiver, 75 miles S.W. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 HA. MILTON", a small village of Ozaukee CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 HAMILTON, a postrtown, capital of Butte co., in the N. 
 part of California, is situated on Feather River, about 60 
 miles above its junction with the Sacramento, and on the 
 road from Sacramento City to Shasta, 140 miles N.N.E. of 
 San Francisco. Pop. 699. 
 
 H.A.MILTON, a city and port of entry of Canada West, 
 capital of the united counties of Wentworth and Halton. is 
 situated at the head of Burlington Bay, formed by the 
 western extremity of Lake Ontario, and on the Great 
 Western Railway, 228 miles E.N.E. of Detroit, alwut 375 
 miles (direct distance) W.S.W. of Jlontreal, and 70 mile? 
 N.W. of Buffalo. It is built on an acclivity extending back 
 from the bay to the base of a mountain, which rises in the 
 rear of the town to a considerable eminence, affording from 
 its summit a beautiful and varied prospect. The streets, 
 for the most part, cross each other at rigVit angles, those ex- 
 tending back from the bay having a direction nearly N. and 
 S. King street, the principal thoroughfare, runs E. and W. 
 throughout the entire breadth of the town. Near the centre 
 of the street is a large open space, and a little N. is Market 
 Square, on which stands a spacious building, occupied in 
 the lower part as a market, while its upper stories aie ap- 
 propriated to the various purposes of the city government. 
 Court House Square, an area containing the county build- 
 ings, lies between King street and the mountain. A re- 
 markable improvement has of late years been effected in 
 the character of the buildings of Hamilton, much of the 
 material used in their construction being freestone and 
 limestone supplied from the quarries in the rear of the 
 town, supjHJsed to be inexhaustible. The banks and many 
 of the churches and stores are handsome structures. The 
 Bank of British North America is particularly admired. A 
 new stone building has recently been erected for the post- 
 office, and on the rising ground apprcaching the mountain 
 are many elegant residences, most of them faced with cut 
 stone. In 1851 the city contained 13 churches, viz. 2 Epis- 
 copal, 1 Church of Scotland, 1 Free Church. 1 United Pres- 
 byterian, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, I Canadian We.sleyan, 1 
 Episcopal Methodist, 1 Primitive Methodist, 1 New Connec- 
 tion Methodist, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Roman Ca- 
 tholic, and a church for colored people; 2 banks, 3 branch 
 banks. 2 savings institutions, 5 life assurance companies and 
 agencies. 10 insurance agencies, a mercantile library associa- 
 tion, with 260 members, and 860 volumes 'in the library, a 
 mechanics" institute, a reading-room, and 8 academies and 
 seminaries. Hamilton is the seat of the Great ^^■estern 
 Railway Company, originally chartered in 1834. Its stock 
 is divided into '60,000 shares, at 251. each. In January, 1851, 
 the city was lighted with gas. Five newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. Hamilton has manufactures of various kinds, 
 the machinery for which is all moved by steam-power. The 
 princip.il of these, in 1851. were 4 foundries, machine shops, 
 a saw-mill and planing machine, an organ factory, grist- 
 mills and broom fjvctories. Large quantities of corn brooms 
 are made here for exportation; the material used is chiefly 
 obtained from Ohio. Hamilton pofisesses superior conmier- 
 cial advantages, being at the head of navigation on the lake, 
 and in the centre of the most populous and best cultivated re- 
 gions of the province. Its trade was greatly facilitated b^^' 
 the construction of the Burlington Bay Canal in 1S23-4 : but 
 the crowning triumph to the commercial prospeilty of the 
 city, was the completion of the Great Western Railway, 
 giving Hamilton ready access to the vast and fertile region 
 of the Mississippi Valley. Lines of railway are also in pro- 
 gress, which, when completed, will open eommu location 
 with Lake Huron, Montreal, and the northern interior of 
 the orovince. The value of imports in 1848 was 5341,380 
 
 815 
 
HAM 
 
 In 1849. $1,123,024; In 1850, $1.5R3,132; and !n 1851, 
 $2,198,300, of which $1,525,620 was from the United States. 
 Hamilton is an electoral district, returning 1 member to 
 the Provisional I'arliament. It was laid out in 1813. In 
 1836 the populiition was 2846; in 1846, 6822; in 1860, 10,248; 
 In 1852. 14.112; and in 1861, 19.iKi6 
 
 HAMILTON BAN, a township of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HAMILTON COLLEGE. See CUNToy, New York. 
 
 HAMILTON CKOSS KOADS, a post-office of McMlnn CO., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 HAMILTON LANDING, post-office, Jackson co., Tennessee. 
 
 HAMILTON'S CREKK. post-office. Davidson CO., Tennessee. 
 
 HAMILTON SQUAIIE, a postK)flice of Mercer co., New 
 
 HAMILTON VILLAGE, Pennsylvania, a suburb of West 
 Philadelphia, 1 mile VV. of the Market street Bridge. 
 
 H AMI LTUN VI LLE. See Newton Hamilton. 
 
 HAMINA, a town of Finland. See Frederikshamn. 
 IIAMIN'IOG, a township of Wales, co. of Cardigan, 14 
 miles N. of I^impeter. Pop. 886. 
 
 HAM'LKT. a villaice of Woonsocket township, Providence 
 CO.. Khode Island. 15 miles N. of Providence. 
 
 HAM'LET, Cliaiitanqua co.. New York. See Appendix. 
 
 HAMLIN, a township of McKean co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1*0. 
 
 HAMLIN, a post-office of Cabell co., W. Virginia. 
 
 HAMLIN GKOVE, a post-office of Audubon co., Iowa. 
 
 HAM'LINTON, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 H.\MM. hdmm, a town of Prussia, Westphalia. 22 miles 
 N.N.W. of Anisljerg, on the Lippe, here joined by the Ahse. 
 Pop. in 1846, 0850. It is enclosed by walls, defended by a 
 fort, and has a college, and manufactures of linen fabrics 
 and leather, bleaching-works, and an active trade in hams. 
 It communicates by railways with Paderborn and Cologne. 
 It was formerly one of the Hanse towns. 
 
 H.\MM. a village of Germany, territory, and 2 miles E. of 
 Hamburg. 
 
 HAMMAII, a city of Syria. See Hamah. 
 
 IIAMMAH DE CABKS, EL, Jl hjm'mdh di ki'bJs. (anc. 
 AqucB T'jctipitanie,) a town of North Africa, dominion of Tunis, 
 18 miles W. of Cabes. and famous for baths, whence its name. 
 
 HAMMAAf. hdm-ra^m', (" a bath,") the name of numerous 
 places in Afnca and Turkey. 
 
 HAMMAM-AIDA, hdm-milm'-i'da, a village of Anatolia, 4 
 miles W. of Yerma. 
 
 HAMMAMAT, hha-ml-mW, is a station of Egypt, on the 
 route between Kosseir and Keneh, with well-buildings 
 latelv repaired by an English companv. 
 
 II.\MMAM-EI^BERDAAH, ham-mam'-JlbJr'dl/, ("pack- 
 saddle-bath;'' anc. A<iuce Tibilitancrf a village of Algeria, 
 province, .and 45 miles E.N.E. of Constantine, on the route 
 from Bona, in a rocky region, with baths of a temperature 
 of from 84° to 86° Fahrenheit, and vestiges of Roman build- 
 ings, from which its fort has been constructed. 
 
 HAMMAMtI^L-ELMA. him-mim'-iUl'mi, a province of 
 Titteri. 63 miles S. of .\lgiers. 
 
 HAMMAM-EL-FAKAbUN.ham-mSm'-^l-fi-ra-oon'. ("Pha- 
 raoh's baths,") a seaport town of Arabia Petrea, on the Gulf 
 of Suez. 80 miles S.S.E. of Suez. 
 
 HAMMAMKT, hdm'ma-mJt', or HAMAMET. a seaport 
 town of North Africa, dominion, and 42 miles S.E. of Tunis, 
 on the Gulf of Hanim.Hmet. a bay of the Great Syrtis. Pop. 
 800O.(?) It has an active trade with Tunis in corn, wool, 
 and oil. Its rf>adstoad has a safe anchorage. 
 
 HAMMAM-LEF, hitm-mSm'-l^f (anc. Arjiue CctliVf^,) a town 
 and baths of the dominion, and 20 miles S.E. of Tunis. 
 
 HAMMAM-MESKUTIA,ham-mam'-mJs-koo'te-a. ('-the en- 
 chanted baths,") in Algeria, province, and 38 miles E. of 
 Constantine. near the Sebus Kiver, the hot springs here 
 having formed. some curious petrifactions, whence their 
 name. Traces of Roman edifices are here discoverable. 
 
 HAM ME, hjm'mfh, a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, on an affluent of the Scheldt. 19 miles E.N.E. 
 of Ghent. Pop. 8172, employed in navigation, rope-making, 
 and trading in hemp. 
 
 HAMMELBUKO, hlm'mel-bd«RG\ a town of Bavaria, 
 on the Saale, 23 miles N. of WUrzburg. Pop. 2630. 
 
 HAMMER, hSm'uifr, a village of Norway, stiff, and 7 
 miles N.E. of Bergen, with 2780 inhabitants. It was foi^ 
 merly a bishop's see. but was ruined by the Swedes in 1561. 
 
 HAMMER, a village of Denmarlt, in Jutland, N.E. of 
 Aalborg. 
 
 HAMMER, hJm'mfr, a village of PiTissian Silesia, with a 
 ■tation on the railway between Kosel and Ratibor. 
 
 IIAMMERFE.'<T, hilm'mfr-fjst\ the northernmost town 
 of Europe, in Norway, province of Finmark, on the Qual-oe, 
 r whale island.) of which it is the chief port, fO miles S.W, of 
 the North Cape. lAt. 70° 40' 7" N., Ion. 2:5° 35' 4.3" E. Pop. 
 800. The houses are of wood, and painted externally ; com- 
 munication between its quarters is kept up by boats; its 
 harbor is defended by a lort. In summer the heat is some- 
 times oppressive, and throughout the winter tlni tempera- 
 ture is miid euough for the fishery to be carried on. The 
 CKporls comprise stockfisb, whale, seal, and shark oil, skins. 
 81« ' 
 
 HAM 
 
 walrus hides and teeth, copper, and feathers. Its imdi Is 
 mostly with Russia and Great Britain. In 1842, 195 vessels, 
 aggregate burden 15.999 tons, entered the port, with cargoes 
 to the value of 68.729?. ; and 185 vessels, burden 15,514 tons, 
 denied, with cargoes valued at 72,4iiO?. 
 
 IIAMMEROE, (Ilammeriie.) h3m'merK5'eh, a peninsular 
 parish of Norway, bailiwick of Nordlaud, on the V>'est Fiord. 
 Lat. 68° 10' N. Pop. 1932. 
 
 HAM'MERSMITH. a town and parish of Engl.-ind, co. of 
 Middlesex, on the Thames, here cro.«sed by a magnificent 
 suspension bridge, (erected in 1827 at a cost of 80,000?.,) 4 
 miles W. of London. Pop. 13.453, many of whom are em- 
 ployed in market gardens. It is irregularly built, but is 
 clean, well paved and lighted. It has many handsome 
 houses, a church built in 1631, a school endowed by Bishop 
 Latimer, annual revenue about 800?., and a royal cathedral 
 chapel, with ladie.s' school and nunnery, established in the 
 reign of Charles II., and which has always maintained a 
 hiirh repute. 
 
 HAMMERSTEIN, ham'mer-stine\ a town of We.st Prussia, 
 circle of Schlochau. Pop, 1920. 
 
 HAM'MERWICK, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 HAM'MOCK. a postK)ffice of Jackson co., W. Virginia. 
 
 HA.MMOCK GROVE, a post-office of Crawford co., Georgia. 
 
 IIAMVMONAS'SET RIVER, in the S. part of Connecticut, 
 after forming the boundary between New Haven and Middle- 
 sex counties, falls into I>ong Island Sound. 
 
 IIAM'.MOND. a post-village and township forming the S.W. 
 extremity of St. Lawrence co.. New York, on the St. Law- 
 rence River, about 20 miles S.W. of Ogdensburg. It is in- 
 cluded within the collection district of Oswegatchie. and 
 contains the villages of Hammond Corners, Uak Point, and 
 Chippewa Bay. The latter, a small settlement at the head 
 of the bay of the same name, on the St. Lawrence Kiver, 
 forms an important port for the export of iron from Rossie, 
 and lumber and produce from the surrounding district A 
 steam saw mill was erected here in 1844. Oak Point (which 
 see) is situated on the river, 3 or 4 miles N. of Chippewa 
 Bav. Pop. 1968. 
 
 H.\M.MOND. a township of Spencer co., Indiana. P. 1823. 
 
 HAMMOND COR.'<EKS, a village near the centre of Ham- 
 mond township, St. Lawrence co., New York, about 20 mile* 
 S.W. of Ogdensburg. 
 
 HAMMOND ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, Solomon 
 group, are in lat. 8° 40' S.. Ion. 157° 20' E. 
 
 HAil'MONDSHURG, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa. 
 
 HAM'MONDSPORT, a post-village of Urbanna township, 
 Steuben co., New York, at the S. extremity of Crooked Lake, 
 6 miles N.t!. of Bath. It contains .several churches, and 12 
 or 15 stores and warehouses. During the season of naviga- 
 tion, a steamboat plies daily between Hammonsport ftnd 
 Penn Yan, at the N,N.E. extremity. Pop. estimated at 800. 
 
 HAMMOND'S STORE, a post-office of Anson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 HAM'MONDSVILLE. a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 HAMMONDVILLE, a post-office of Hart co.. Kentucky. 
 
 HAM'MONTON, a villaae of Atlantic co., New Jersey, 
 about 30 miles S.S.E. of Philadelphia. 
 
 HAM'MOON. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 H.\MONT, h2'm6n«', a small town of Belgian Limbourg, 7 
 miles N,W. of Br6e, Pop, 992, 
 
 HAMOON, hd^moon', (anc. Ahna I\i1)t.i.) a large mora.ss 
 or lake of East Persia, or AVest Afghanistan, between lat. 
 30°50'and31°5t'N.. andlon. 61°8'and 62° 10' E. Length 
 from N.E. to S.W., about 70 miles; breadth, from 15 to 20 
 miles. It receives the Helmund, Furr.ih-Kood. and other 
 rivers; and while the Caspian, Aral, and other inland seas 
 of Asia are decreasing in extent, this lake is said to be on 
 the increase. Its E. part is shallow, and covered with reeds. 
 Here is an island, on which is the i'ort Rustum. or Koh-i- 
 Kwajeh. The water is salt, and the banks are fringed by 
 forests of tamarisks. Lake Zurrah, or Zirreh, to the S.E., 
 is now nearly dry. 
 
 IHM'ORTON, a post-village of Chester co.. Penn!sylv.>inia. 
 HAMPDEN, a county in the S.W. central part of Jlassa- 
 chu.sett.s, has an area of about 670 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Connecticut River, and is drained chiefly by 
 Westfield and Cliicopee Rivers and their tritiutaries, which 
 furnish abundant water-power. The surface is uneven, anil 
 in some parts mountainous. The soil is generally fertile. 
 The Connecticut River is navigable for small steamboats to 
 Springfield. The Canal Railroad from Northampton to 
 Granby, and the railro.ads connecting Boston with Albany, 
 and Hartford with Bellows Falls, traverse this county, 
 which is also partly intersected by the railroad connecting 
 New London and P.ilmer. Organized in 1812, having pre- 
 viously formed part of Hampshire county, and named in 
 honor of John Hampden, tlie celebrated English patriot. 
 Capital, Springfield. I'op. 57,360. 
 
 IIA.MPDEN, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 5 
 miles S.W. of Bangor, on the W. side of Penobscot Kiver. 
 Pop. 3086. 
 
 HAMPDEN, a township of Cumberland co., Pennsylvaniu. 
 Pop. 12-i9. 
 
 HAMPDEN, a post-office of Marengo co., Alauama. 
 
IIAM 
 
 IIAN 
 
 HAMPDEN, a post-township in the N. part of Geauga cc, 
 Ohio. Pop. 902. 
 
 IIAMI'DEN or IIAMDEN, a post-village of Vinton Co., 
 Ohio, on the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 120 miles E. 
 of Cincinnati. It has several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 IIA'.\IPDKN, a post'township in the S.E. part of Columbia 
 00., Wisconsin. Pop. 938. 
 
 H A^r PDEN COIIN KH, a post-office of Penobscot CO., Slaine. 
 
 HAMPDEN, (ham'den.)GREAT, aparLsh of England, co. 
 of Bucks, 7 miles W.X.W. of Cheaham. The ancient manor 
 hall was the family seat and birthplace of the celebrated 
 John Hampden. 
 
 HAMPDION. LITTLE, a parish of England, co., of Bucks. 
 
 HAMPDEN SIDNEY COLLEGE, a seminary and post- 
 office of Prince Edward co., Virginia, about 08 miles W. by S. 
 of Richmond. The college was founded in 1783, and has 6 
 iustructor-s 25 .students, and 8000 volumes in its library. 
 
 HAMl''NF,TT, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HAMl'NETT. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 HAM'PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE, a county of England. See II.\.nts. 
 
 HAMP'SHIRE, a county in the W. central part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, lias an area of 624 square miles. It is Inter- 
 sected by the Connecticut River, and is drained by the 
 head branches of the Ohickopee and Westfield Rivers, and 
 other smaller streams, which afford valuable water-power. 
 The surface is uneven, and in the W. part mountainou.s. 
 The soil is generally good, and on the Connecticut River 
 very fei'tile. The Connecticut River is navigable for small 
 boats through this county. The railroad connecting Hart- 
 ford and Rellows Falls traver.ses the county, which is also 
 pirtly intersected by the New Haven and Northampton 
 Railroad. Organiz.ed in 1602, and named from Hampshire, 
 a loiiiity of England. Ciqiitiil, Northampton. Pop. 37,823. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE, a county in tlie .\. 10. of West Virginia, bor- 
 dering on Maryland, contains 850 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Cacapou River, and by the N. and S. 
 branches of the Potomac. The surface is occupied by the 
 valleys and ridges of the Alleghany chain. The county 
 contains extensive beds of coal and iron ore. which are 
 easily accessible by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The 
 streams afford excellent water-power. Capital, Romney. 
 Pop. l;i,9ly. .if whom 12,700 wore iree, and 1213 slaves. 
 
 II.\MPSHIRE. a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee. 
 
 H.YMPSHIKE, a post-village and township of Kane co., 
 Hlinois, on the road from Chicago to Galena, 58 miles 
 W.N.W. of the former. Pop. lOoO. 
 
 HAMP'SON, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. 
 
 HAMI'STEAD, a parish and village of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, ■! miles N.N.W. of Ix)ndon. The village, which 
 contains many elegant and fashionable mansions, is beauti- 
 fully situated on the slope of a hill, on the summit of 
 which is a heath of about 280 acres, commanding very fine 
 views, and much resorted to on holidays from the metro- 
 polis. E. of the town is a mineral spring, in high repute 
 during the last and preceding centuries, at which time 
 Ilampstead was a fashionable watering-place. 
 
 HAMI'STEAD, a post-township of Rockingham CO.. New 
 Hampshire, 30 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 930. 
 
 HA.MPSTEAD, a post- village of Carroll co., Maryland, 50 
 miles N.N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 HAMPSTEAD, a post-village of King George co., Virginia, 
 near the Potomac River, 56 miles N.N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 HAMPSTEAD, EAST. See East Hampstead. 
 
 HAMPSTEAD MARSHALL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Berks. 
 
 HAMPSTEAD NORRIS, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 HAMl'S'THWAITE, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 HAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Jliddlesex, on 
 the Thames, about 15 miles AV.S.AV. of London, and 2J miles 
 W. of Kingston. Pop. 4711. Here are many noble man- 
 sions, the chief of which is Hampton Court, a royal palace 
 on the N. bank of the Thames, about 1 mile from the vil- 
 lage. It was founded by Cardinal Wolsey, and two of the 
 magnificent quadrangles, in the Tudor style, though greatly 
 altered, still remain, containing Wolsey's great hall, the 
 chapel, and three large quadrangles, of Grecian architecture, 
 erected for William III., by Sir Christopher Wren. It con- 
 tains the state-rooms, in which are some rich furniture and 
 tapestry ; a superb collection of paintings, chiefly historical 
 portraits, by Holbein, Vandyke, Lely, Kneller, West, and 
 vith the seven celebrated cartoons of Raffaelle. The palace 
 * built of brick, with stone decorations; its celling painted 
 by Verrio. The garden is laid out in the Dutch taste; it 
 has a very fine terrace, some good sculpture, fountains, vases, 
 and a grape-house, containing a vine said to be the largest 
 and most productive in Europe. The park, 5 miles in cir- 
 cumference, is well stocked with deer. This palace was an 
 occasional royal residence between the reigns of Henry VIII. 
 and George II. 
 
 H.iMP'TON, a post-township of Rockingham co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Ea.stern Railroad, 50 miles S.E. of Con- 
 cord. This township is a favorite summer resort for its fine 
 Dathing and picturesque scenery. Pop. 1230, 
 3B 
 
 IIAIMPTON, a post-township of Windham co., Connecticut 
 on the route of the New York and Boston Airline Railroad, 
 35 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It has some manufacture« 
 of carriages, hardware, woollen goods, &c. Pop. 936. 
 
 HAMPTON, a village of Oneida co.. New York, about 110 
 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It has .about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 H.\MI'TON, a post-township of Washington co., New 
 York, 20 miles N.E. of Sandy Hill. Pop. 876. 
 
 HAMPTON, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, about 
 30 miles E.S.E. of Camden. 
 
 HAMPTON, a post-vill.age of Adams co., Pennsylvania, 29 
 miles S.S.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 HAMPTON, a borough, capital of Elizabeth City co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the left bank of James River, about 2 miles from 
 its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay, and 90 miles S.E. of 
 Richmond. The part of the estuary of James liiver situate! 
 between this town and Norfolk is called Hampton Roads. 
 Hampton is an old town pos.sessing much historic interest, 
 and has been the birthplace of several distiiiguishi-d navai 
 officers. Its present importance is derived principally from 
 its proximity to Forts Monroe and Calhoun. The former, in 
 addition to its other sources of expenditure, has lately be- 
 come one of the most fashionable jilaces of resort in the 
 South. The beach in the vicinity affords excellent bathing 
 ground, and is thronged during the summer months with 
 the wealthy and fashionable, and by some invalids, as- 
 semliled there from Virginia. Maryland, and the Southern 
 States. Fort Monroe is 2i miles from Hampton. The town 
 contains 4 churches, several hotels, and numerous stores. 
 Settled in 1705. Pop. 1848. 
 
 HAMPTON, a post-office of Platte co., Missouri. 
 H.VMPTON, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., Ar- 
 kansas. It was laid out about 1851. 
 
 HAMPTON, a post-township in the N.E. part of Saginaw 
 CO.. Michigan, on the E. side of Saginaw River. 
 
 HAMPTON, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana, 14 
 miles W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 H.\MPTON, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 10 miles above Rock Islaml. 
 
 HAMPTON-IN-AR/DEN, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick, having a station on the Midland Railway, at its juno 
 tion with the Derby. 9i miles E..S.E. of Birmingham. 
 
 HAMPrrONBISH'OPS, a parish of England, co. of Here- 
 ford. 
 
 HAIIPTONBURG. a post-township of Orange co.. New 
 York. 3 miles N.E. of Goshen. Pop. 1295. 
 
 HAMPTON FALLS, a post-township of Rockingham co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the Atlantic coast, and on the Eastern 
 Railroad. 5ii miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 621. 
 
 HAMPTON GAY. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 HAMI'TON,GREAT,aparishof England, CO. of Worcester. 
 HAMPTON, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 HAMPTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex, 
 on the English Channel, at the month of the Avon. It has 
 a small harbor, and is much frequented for sea-bathing. 
 
 HAMPTON LOV'ETT. a parish of England, co. of Wop. 
 cester. 1 mile N.N.W. of Droitwich, within the parliamentary 
 boundaries of which it is enclosed. 
 
 HAMPrrON-LU'CY, or BISHOP'S HAMPTON, a parish of 
 Enstland. co. of Warwick. 
 
 HAMPrrON MAI'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 HAMPTON, NETHER, a parish of Emiland, co. of Wilts. 
 HAMPTON POYLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 IIA.MPTON ROADS, a branch or arm of Chesapeake Bay, 
 at the mouth of James River, between Hampton and Nor- 
 folk, having a depth of 5, 6, and 7 fathoms. Fort Monroe, 
 on Old Point Comfort, and Fort Calhoun, on the opposite 
 side, about 1 mile distant, lat. 17° E., command the channel. 
 Light-houses have been erected at various points hi?re to as- 
 sist vessels in entering Hampton Roads and Norfolk Har- 
 bor, and a light vessel is stationed off Willoughby's Bank, 
 having a bell, which is rung in foggv weather. 
 
 HAMPTON'S MILLS, a small village of Laurens co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 HAMP'TONVILLE, a post-village of Yadkin co., North 
 Carolina. 130 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 HAMPTON WELCH, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 HAMPTON WICK, a hamlet of England, co. of Middle- 
 sex, on the Thames, i mile N. of Kingston. Pop. 1614. 
 IlAM'SEY. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 HAM'STALL-RID/WARE, a parish of England, co., of 
 Stafford. 
 
 HAM'STERLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 IIAM/TR.\.MC\ a township of Wayne co., Michigan. Pop. 
 1638. 
 
 HAMVA, ham'v6h\ or HANOWA, hJ'no'v6h\ a village of 
 Hungary, co. of Giimor, on the Sajo. Pop. 1390. 
 
 HAM-wiTH-W.\TCH, a hamlet of England, co. of Surrey, 
 on the Thames. 11 miles W.S.W.of St. Pauls, London. Pop. 
 1391. Here is Ham House, erected in 1610, for Henry, Princa 
 of Wales, and many other elegant seats. 
 HAM. WEST. See Ham. 
 
 HAM/WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 HAN, hin, a village of Belgium, province of Namur, in 
 
 81T 
 
HAN 
 
 HAN 
 
 8oatb R"X<u')fort, atid near which is a remarkable carem, 
 thiflugh which the Lesse flows. 
 
 HAN. a market-town of Dalmatia. circle of Spalatro, on 
 the left band of the Cettina, N.E. of Si?n. 
 
 HAN'ANKR'S STOKE, a post-office of Randolph CO., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 HAXAU, hI'nCw, a town of Germjiny, in Hes.se^as8el, 
 on the Kinzig, near it.i junction with the Slain, 86 miles 
 S.S.W. of Cassel. Pop. including suburbs, 15.2t')6. It con- 
 fists of an old and a new town, the latter well built, and 
 h.iving a good market-place, 4 Calvinistic parish churches, a 
 Komaii Catholic church, a Ciistle, now the seat of the Wettera- 
 Tian Society of Natural History, a large hospital, haudsome 
 theatre, council-house, college, academy of arts, &c.. manu- 
 fectures of silk stuffs, ribbons, cotton fabrics, camlets, car- 
 pets, leather, gloves, hosiery, gold and silver articles, porce- 
 lain, carriages, &c., and a considerable trade in timlier, 
 barrels, and wine. Near it are the mineral springs of Wil- 
 helmstadt. At Hanuu, the French, in their retreat from 
 Leipsic, totally defeated the Bavarians, October 30, 1813. 
 
 HANAU, (Hanau.) h.VnOw. a village and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and about 18 miles from St. Gall, on the 
 Thur. l^p. 1953. 
 
 HAN'BUKY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 H.ANBUKY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 HA.N'CHKTTSVILLE, a post-office of Dane Co., Wisconsin, 
 about 20 miles N.E. of Madison. 
 
 HAX'COCK, a county in the S.E. part of Maine, has an 
 area of about 1800 square miles. It is Iwunded on the S. 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, and the Penobscot Kiver and Bay 
 form part of its W. border. It contains numerous lakes, 
 and small streams, which afford motive-power to a large 
 number of gi'ist and sawmills. Union River flows nearly 
 through its centre. Hancock county comprises a great 
 number of islands, some of which are of considerable size, 
 and very fertile. It has a sea coast of above 60 miles, af- 
 fording many excellent harbors. The soil is fertile. Named 
 (as well as those following) in honor of John Hancock, one 
 of the lathers of American independence, and first President 
 of the American Congress. Capital, Ellsworth. Pop. 37,767. 
 
 HANCOCK, a new county, forming the N.N.W. extremity 
 of West Virginia, bordering on Pennsylvania and on the 
 Ohio River, contains about 100 square miles. Tlje Ohio 
 forms its boundary on the N. and W., separating it from 
 the State of Ohio. The soil is fertile. Stone coal and fire- 
 clay are among the most valuable minenils of the county. 
 Formed a few years ago out of the N. part of Brooke county. 
 Capital, New Cumberland. Pop. 4445, of whom 4443 were 
 free. 
 
 HANCOCK, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 440 square miles. The Oconee River forms 
 its boundary on the W., the North Fork of the Ogeechee on 
 the N.E.. and it is al.so driiined by Buffalo Creek. The sur- 
 face is diversified, the dividing ridge between the primary 
 and tertiary formations passing through the county. The 
 soil in the N. is cl.ayey ; in the S. it is sandy, and covered 
 with a growth of pine. The county cflnfains an abundance 
 of granite, and a great variety of rare minerals and precious 
 stones, including gold, agate, chalcedony, opal, kaolin, zir- 
 con, and galena. (White's SUitistics.) Formed in 1793. Ca- 
 pit.il, Sjiarta. Pop. 12,044, of whom 3907 were Iree, and 
 8137 slaves. 
 
 H AN'COCK, a former co., in the N. W. of Alabama. Ato!\, 
 600 scjuare miles. It is drained by Sipsey River, and by Its 
 affluents. Jones's and Clifty Creeks. Pop. 1542. of whom 
 1480 were free, and 62 slaves. Since the census of 1860, 
 this county has been retroceded to the counties from which 
 it was originally organized. 
 
 HAXCtXIK. a county forming the S. extremity of Missis- 
 sippi, is situated on the N. shore of Liike Borgne, and 
 bounded on the W. by Pearl River, which separates it from 
 Louisiana. Area. alx)ut 1000 square miles. It is drained 
 by Wolf Itiver. The soil is thin and sterile. Capital. Shields- 
 borough. Pop. 3139, of whom 2282 were free, and 857 
 slaves. 
 
 HANCOCK, a county In the N. part of East Tennessee, 
 bordering on Virginia. Area, estim.ated at 4S0 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Clinch River. Tlie surface is mountain- 
 ous. Mng traversed by Powell's Mount. Iron ore is thought 
 'o be abundant in the highlands. Formed aliout the year 
 1848. Capital, SueeUsville. Pop. 7020, of whom 0774 were 
 free, and 246 slaves. 
 
 HA.\C(M:k, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky, lies 
 on the Ohio River, which forms its entire N. boundary, sepa- 
 rating it from Indiana. Area, estimated at 500 sfiuare 
 miles. It is drained by Blackford and Panther Creeks 
 The river t)ottoms are several miles wide, and very rich • 
 the uplands are undulating, and moderatelv fertile. Capi- 
 tal, llawesville. Pop. ti213, of whom 6395 were Iree, liud 
 818 t la vet). ' 
 
 HANCOCK, a county in the N.W. central part of Ohio, 
 rontains alw.ut 6.56 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Blanchard Fork of the Auglaize River, and also drained by 
 the sources of Portage River, and by l->gle and Ottowa 
 
 tion. Liraestono is the most valuable mineral of the county 
 It is intersected by the Fremont Lima and Union Railroad, 
 Capital, Findlay. Pop. 22,886 
 
 HANCOCK, a county in the E. central part of Indi.ana, 
 contains 312 square miles, It is drained by Blue River and 
 Sugar Creek. The surface is generally level : the soil is pi-o- 
 ductive. It is traversed by the Central Railroad, and bv a 
 plank-road. Organized in 1828. Capital, Greenfield. Pop. 
 12.S02. 
 
 HANCOCK, a county in the extreme W. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on Missouri and Iowa, has an area of 720 squara 
 miles. The Missis.'iippi River forms its AV. boundary. It is 
 also drained by Crooked Creek, an affluent of the Illinois. 
 The surface is diversified by beautiful prairies and tracts of 
 timber. The soil is exceedingly rich, and much improved. 
 The county contains large quantities of stone coal and lime- 
 stone. Capital, Carthage. Pop. 29,061. 
 
 H.\NCOCK. a new county in the N. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of about 500 square miles. It is principally drained by 
 Boone River, a branch of the Des Moines. Boone Lake, in 
 the N. part of the county, is the source of the river of same 
 name. Pop. in I860, 179. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-township of Hancock co., Blaine, at the 
 head of Frenchman's Bay, 75 miles E. by N. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 923. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-township of Hillsborough co.. New 
 Hamp.shire. 30 miles S.S.W. of Concord. It is the seat of the 
 Hancock Literary and Scientific Institution.. Pop. 844. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post^township of Addison co., Vermont, 30 
 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 448. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-township of Berkshire CO., Massachu- 
 setts, bordering on New York, about 130 miles E. by N. of 
 Boston. It has some manutactures of woollens, satinets, 
 and cotton goods. Pop. 816. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-township forming the S. extremity of 
 Delaware co.. New York, contains the beautiful and flour- 
 ishing village of Hancock, formerly Chehocton. situated at 
 the junction of the East and West Brjinches of the Delaware 
 River, where the former is cros.sed by the New Y'ork and 
 Erie Railroad, 164 miles from New York City. Pop. of the 
 township, 2862. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-villago of Washington co., Maryland, 
 on the left bank of the Potomac River, and on the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio Canal. 124 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore. It 
 cont.ains several churches. 
 
 HANCOCK, a village of Union co.. South Carolina, 80 
 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 II.\NCOCK, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana. 
 
 HANCOCK'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Salem co.. New 
 Jersey, on AIloway"s Creek, 5 miles S. of Salem, has about 
 40 dwellings. 
 
 IIAN'D.\, an island of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, parish 
 of Edrachilis. separated from the mainland bj' a narrow but 
 navigable sound. Area, about 1 s(iuare mile. 
 
 HANDAII, hdn'ddh. or HANDAK, hiin'Mk', a town of 
 Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile. 40 miles S.E. of New 
 Dongola. Near it are the ruins of a large fortress. 
 
 HAND'BOKOUGII, a parish of England, co., of Oxford. 
 
 HAND'FORD. a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 HAND'KORTH. a town.ship of England, co. of Chester, 
 with a station on the Manchester Branch of the London 
 and North-western Raihviiy, 5 miles S.W. of Stockport. 
 
 H.WD'LEY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 IIANDLEY. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HANDSOIIUIISHEI.M. hant/shoos-hIme\ a village of GeiN 
 many, grand duchy of Baden, circle of Ix>wer Rhine, on tb« 
 Main. 10 miles S. of Slannheim. Pop. 2143. 
 
 HANDSOME VIEW, a post-office of Warren co.. Iowa. 
 
 HANDS'WORTU, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, on 
 the Birmingham and Liverpool Railway, 6 miles S.E. ol 
 Wednesbury. 
 
 HANDSWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork. West 
 Riding. 
 
 1IANT)Y, a post-township in the W. part of Livingston 
 CO., Michisran. Pop. 931. 
 
 HANDZAAME or HANDZAEME, hind'zi'meh. a village 
 of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 15s miles S.W. of 
 Bruges. Pop. 2646. 
 
 IIANERAU. hi'neh-r6w\ a village of Denmark, in the 
 N.W. part of Holstein. on the Eider, with the remains of an 
 old castle, which, in the twelfth century, was the strongest 
 bulwark of Holstein towards the Ditniarsclies. Population 
 2920. 
 
 IIA'NEYVILLE, a post-offlce of Lycoming co., Penngyl- 
 vania. 
 
 IIAN'FORD'S LANDING, a postoffice of Monroe co.. New 
 York. 
 
 HANG-CHOW-FOO. HANG-TCIIOW-FOO. hangVhCw'foo/, 
 or HANG-TCHEOU-FOO, hJngV'he-oo'-foo'. an important 
 city of China, capital of the province of Chekiang. on the 
 Tsien-tang-kiang. 20 miles from its mouth in Ilang-chow-foo 
 Bay, at the S. terminus of the Grand CanaV. It is said to 
 be very populous, well bui't, and clean, and to h.ive a large 
 citadel and garrison, extensive manufactmes of silk, and a 
 
HAN 
 
 IIAN 
 
 very active general trade. In the late war, the British 
 troops were prevented from advancing upon Ilanj^-chowfoo 
 by thp innavij:a>ile rapidity of its rivnr. 
 
 IIANOKST, h5N»'zh4', a village of France, department of 
 Sonime. with a .station on the railway to Boulogne, 7 miles 
 miles X. of .Montdidier. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 11.\NG1.\0 liOCK, a posl-village of Hampshire CO., West 
 Yir^iiiiia, 28 niilub W. of AViiichcster. It has 2 churches. 
 
 HANGING KOCK, a post-office of Kershaw district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 II.V.NGIXQ ROCK, a thriving post-village of Lawrence 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio Kiver, 140 miles above Cincinnati, 
 and 110 miles S. by K. of Columbus. It is the depot for the 
 product of several blast furnaces, and has a rolling mill and 
 otlier manufacturing establi.shments. I'op. about 1000. 
 IIANGLEXOX. a parish of England, eo. of Sussex. 
 IIANGOO or IIANGU, hjn-goo', a small town of Afghan- 
 istan, 15 miles W. of Kohat. I'op. about 1500. 
 
 IIANG-OUDDE, IIANGO CDUK, hdng'go ood'dfh, or 
 IIANGOUD. h>^ng-go-ood\ a promontory on the N. coast of 
 the Gulf of Finland, S.W. of Ekenas. with a harbor and a 
 custom-house. (.>ff this the Swedes were defeated by the 
 Russians. ,lulv 27, 1714. 
 
 II V.NtaVKl JA', hdug'wjnee, a village of Ceylon, 10 miles 
 E. of Colombo, 
 UA.N'llAM, a chapelry of England, co, of Gloucester. 
 II AN'ING FIELD, EAST, a parish of England, co, of Essex. 
 II A -N 1 .\G FIELD, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. E.ssex. 
 IIAN I NG Fl I;LD, west, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 IIANK'KKTOX. a pai ish of England, co, of Wilts. 
 IIAN-KEUO or IIA.NKEOU, han^kS-oo', (" Mouth of Com- 
 merce,") a large city of China, on the Yang-tse-kiang, at the 
 mouth of one of its tributaries neJir Ilan-yang. This city 
 forms, with Han-yang and Woo chang, (Ou-tchaiig or Oo- 
 tchang,) the capital of Iloo-pe, all in siglit of each other .and 
 separatLil only by the river, one of the greatest commercial 
 centres in the world, M, Hue estimates their united pop, at 
 8,01)0,000, Lat. about .S0°30' N., Ion. near 114° E, 
 
 HAN-K1.\NG, h^n^kedng', a river of China, provinces of 
 Shcn-see and Hoo-pe, after a tortuous E. course, estimated 
 at 600 miles, joins the Yang tse-kiang at Ilan-yang. 
 
 II.\.N-KIA.\G, a river of China, in Corea, enters the sea 
 on its S. coast, after a S. course, of about 200 miles. 
 
 IIAN K'1N"S, a. station in Sullivan co.. New York, on the 
 New York and Erie Kailioad, 153 miles from New York City, 
 HANKI.V, hjn'kin', a maritime town ofCorea, in Eastern 
 Asia, on its E. coast. Lat. 39° 35' X., Ion. 127° 35' E. 
 
 HAN L.\lt. h.'in-IaK', a town of European Turkey, in Room- 
 Elee. sanjak of Gallipuli, 6 miles S,E, of Ipsal.a. 
 
 IIAX'LliY,a township of England, CO. Stall'oid, on the JIan- 
 
 chesterand liiruiingliam Kailway, near Newcastle. Pop.86o9. 
 
 II.\NLEY CASTLE,a parish of England, co, of Worcester, 
 
 near Upton-on-Severn, The Malvern Wellsare in this parish, 
 
 HAN'MEI!, a parish of Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 HAX'XAirs CKEEK. of Xorth Carolina, flows into the 
 
 Neuse Uiver. near the S. border of .Tohnson county. 
 
 HAX'X AHSTOWX or HAXXAHSliUKG, a post-vill.ige of 
 Butler CO., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S.E. of Butler. 
 HAX'XAS, a post-ofRce of Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 HAXXA'S CKEEK, of Indiana, flows into the White- 
 water Kiver, in Union county, 
 HAXXA'S MILLS, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio. 
 H.\XXATCH'iE, a post-office of Stewart eo., Georgia. 
 H.VN'.VEG.VX, a post-office of Cherokee co.. Alabama, 
 HAXXEG.VX, a post-office of Rush co., Indiama. 
 HAXXEG.iX', a small village of Atchison co., Missouri. 
 HAXXEY, EAST, a township of England, co. of Berks. 
 Pop. ltJ5. 
 HAX'XEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 HAXXIAII. See Laxcha.ng. 
 
 HAX'XIBAL, a post-town.ship forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Oswego CO.. New York, 2>s miles N.W. of Syracuse. P. 3246. 
 IIAXXIB.VL. a flnnrisliing city of Marion co., Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi Kiver. 153 miles above St. Louis, and 15 
 miles below Quincy. Illinois. It is advantageously situated 
 for commerce, and is rapidly increasing in population and 
 business. Large quantities of hemp, tobacco, pork, &c., 
 wiiieh are raised in the vicinity, are shipped at this point. 
 The adjacent county is verj- productive, and rather popu- 
 lous. Coal and carboniferous limestone, an excellent ma- 
 terial for building, are abundant hei-e. A railroad has been 
 completed which extends from Hannibal to St. Joseph, on 
 the Missouri, a distance of above 2tX) milts. The city 
 contains 12 churches, 1 bank, 3 printing offices, from which 
 newspapers are issued, about 25 stores and warehouses, 
 and several extensive tobacco factories, flouring-mills, pack- 
 ing and other establishments. Pop. in 1840 was about 600 ; 
 in 1850 it amounted to 2557 ; in 1860, to 6505 ; in 1865, about 
 8000. 
 
 IIAN'NIBAL. three islands off the N.E. coast of Aus- 
 tralia, lat. 11° 35' S., Ion. 142° 51' 20'' E. 
 
 HANNIBAL CENTRE, a post-village of Oswego co,, New 
 York, about 30 miles N,W. of Syracuse, 
 
 IIAN'.\IBALYILLE, a village of Oswego co,, New York, 
 »boui 60 miles E.N,E, of Rochester 
 
 IIAN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co, of Northampton 
 
 HAXXIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HAXXIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 IIAX'.NO. a township in Lee eo., Illinois. 
 
 HANXOYEK. See Hanovkr. 
 
 HAXXUT, hcin'nutor hiln^iii', a market-town of Belgium, 
 province, and 21 miles W. of Liege. It was formerly forti- 
 fied. Pop. 1075. 
 
 H.\NOVEK, han'o-Vfr. (Ger. Ilunnnrer, hin-no'vgr; Fr 
 ILinmre, hdViov'r'; L. Hatwhera.) a city of Northern Ger- 
 many, capital of the kingdom of Hanover, on the Leine, au 
 affluent of the Weser. 83 miles S.W. of Hamburg. Lat. .')2<' 
 22' 10" N., Ion. 9° 44' 40" E. Pop. in 1845, 2.s,055; with 
 suburbs, in 1861,71,170. It is buiit in a sandy plain, en- 
 closed by planted walks, and divided by the river (liere 
 cros.sed by several bridges) into an old and a new town, the 
 former ill-built and dirty, the latter regularly laid out, 
 lighted with gas. and comprising a fine esplanade, on which 
 stand the monumental rotundaofLeibnitz, and a column, 156 
 feet in height, erected to the Hanoverians who fell at Watei^ 
 loo. The principal edifices aie the royal and vice-regal p.a- 
 laces, opera-house, house of assembly, mint, arsenal, school 
 of trades, barracks, royal stables, city-hall and record office, 
 with a rich liljrary of printed works, and valuable manu- 
 scripts, chiefly presented by Leibnitz,and the Sehlos.s-Kirche, 
 with the remains of Henry the Lion, and tombs of George I. 
 of England, and his mother; a Roman Catholic, 4 Lutheran, 
 and 3 Calvinistic churches. Its institutions comprise the 
 Qefirgianum. founded in 1776 for 40 young nobles, a gym- 
 nasium, normal school, and various asylums and hospitals. 
 It has manufactures of oil-cloth, gold and silver articles, 
 carpets, lacquered wares, chiccory, &c. The transit trade 
 with Bremen, &c., is considerable; and here is an exchange 
 for mining produce. About half a mile from the city is 
 -Mount Brilliant, a royal country residence, with a fine pic- 
 ture gallery; and 1 mile distant is the old palace of llerrn- 
 hausen, a favorite residence of Georges I. and II. Under the 
 French, Hanover was the capital of the department of Aller. 
 It communicates by railway with Harburg, Ilildesheim, 
 
 Brunswick, Berlin, Cologne, Bremen, and Emdea, Adj. 
 
 and inhab, Haxoveria.n, han-o-vee're-an. 
 
 IIAXOYER, or HAXXOVEK, Kixodo-M op, (Ger, Koti;g- 
 re.icli Hanniiver, kiVnio-rike^ hdn-no/ver; Fr. lloyaume de 
 Haiiavre, roi'Om' deh hin^iov'r';) a kingdom in the X.W 
 of Germany, holding tlie fifth rank in the Germanic Con- 
 federation, and bounded X. by the German Ocean, and th« 
 duiliies of Holstein and Lauenburg. from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Elbe; X.E. by Mecklenburg-Schweilu ; E. by 
 Prussia and Brunswick; S. by I'rus.sian Saxony, Hesse- 
 Cassel, .ind Rhenish Prussia; and W. by Holland. Ijat. 
 63° 52' to 57° IS' N„ Ion, 6° 40' to 11° 35' E. It is of very 
 irregular shape ; and, by the interjection of the duchy of 
 Oldenburg, in the N., and of a long irregular belt of Bruns- 
 wick, in the .S.. is divided into three distinct portions — the 
 first, and far largest, forming Hanover proper, situated on 
 the E., and tolerably compact: the second on the ^V., and 
 separated from the former by Oldenbui-g and Rhenish Prus- 
 .sia, except at one spot, where the continuity is maintained 
 by a narrow ti'act, not more than 6 miles v.ide; and the 
 third in the S., completely isolated from the other two. Be- 
 sides these three principal, there are three minor portions, 
 all in the S, ; and a range of sandy islands lining the coast. 
 The total area comprises 14,811 .square miles; capital, Han- 
 over. Within the territory are included part of Brunswick, 
 and the free town of Bremen. It is divided as follows : — 
 
 Landdrostei. 
 
 Area in sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in 1862. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Hildestielra 
 
 1--20 
 «:i6 
 2fi30 
 2411 
 1154 
 244 
 
 3tf).'.l53 
 
 sfi-.Bsa 
 
 3H8.7«4 
 
 279.s;m 
 
 'JS1.9K5 
 1(4j,1J9 
 Sa.T20 
 
 Hannver. 
 
 Hiidcsheiln. 
 
 Lilneburg. 
 
 St.ade. 
 
 Osnaburg. 
 
 Aurich. 
 
 Clausthal. 
 
 
 
 Osnabrick 
 
 Auiich 
 
 Mining district 
 
 Total 
 
 14,811 
 
 l,ftl9,253 
 
 
 Pliyncal Features. — The surface in the S. is covered by 
 the Ilarz Mountains, some of whose summits hei-e attain a 
 height of more than .3000 feet ; but all the rest of the country 
 belongs to the W. part of the great plain which stretches E. 
 across Pru.ssia and Russia, and only terminates at the foot 
 of the central plateau of Asia. In Hanover, this plain, after 
 free of the N. slopes of the Harz, subsides into an extensive, 
 and often dreary, monotonous flat, with a gentle slope to- 
 wards the North Sea, to the basin of which it wholly belongs. 
 The only exception to the geiKiral flatness is caused by 
 brandies of the Ilarz, of moderate height, one of which 
 stretches in a N,N.W. direction, and forms the water-shed be- 
 tween the Ems and the Weser. In addition to these two rivers 
 — the former of which traverses the W. portion of the king- 
 dom, from S. to X,, while the latter traverses the W, of the 
 E, portion, and drains the greater part of it, either directly 
 or by its combined tributaries, Leine and Aller ; the only 
 other river of consequence is the Elbe, rhich skirts tha 
 
 819 
 
Han 
 
 IIAN 
 
 N.E.. and Tjoiincls a considerable portion of the N., but is 
 not ausrmented within it by any importint tributary. The 
 Harz are rich in minerals, which hare long been worlied to 
 a frroat extent, partly in common with lirunswick: and 
 ftill form one of the chief sources both of wealth and em- 
 ployment. Tliey produce a little trold, a considerable amount 
 of silver, some zinc, from 100 to 150 tons of copper, and about 
 40.')0 tons of iron annually. A branch of the Harz, between 
 the lA'ine and Wosor, yields both coal and lignite : and. in 
 several quarters, rock salt is found in large quantities. The 
 other minerals are of no consequence. 
 
 Plimiile. — Considering the N. exposure of the country, the 
 climate is remarkably mild, except in the higher districts 
 of the 8. The mean annual temperature i.s 48°. The pcreatest 
 cold si>Idom exci^eds 32°, and the greatest heat, 95°. The 
 prevailing wind is the W.: the air, on the whole, healthy; 
 but its sudden changes of temperature, particularly near 
 the coast, are trying to weak constitutions ; and in the low 
 flats, when the rivers become sluggish, and numerous 
 stagnant pools are fnrmed. dysentery, ague, and other in- 
 termittent fevers, often prevail. 
 
 AriHcnlhire. — In the low alluvial flats the soil is remark- 
 ably rich ; hut usually .so overcharged with moisture, that 
 it cannot be safely brought under the plough, and is much 
 more profitably employed by being allowed to remain in 
 natural, or formed into artificial meadows, which yield 
 heavy crops of hay, or feed large numbers of cattle. When 
 the ground attains a higher elevation, the soii often con- 
 sists, either of a thin vegetable mould, on a sub-itratum of 
 sand, so poor, as often to be left in a state of nature, with 
 its covering of heath: or of deep beds of peat. But. after 
 deducting these two clas.ses of soil, there remain extensive 
 tracts of arable land, aniovtnting to one-fourth of the whole 
 surface, of good medium fertility, and so industriously cul- 
 tivated, as to produce more corn than reijuired for home 
 consumption. Flax also, for which much of the soil is ad- 
 mirably adapted, is extensively cultivated, and forms an 
 Important article of export. The domestic animals, gene- 
 rally of superior breeds, have been estimated at 250,000 
 horses. 900,000 horned cattle, 1.620,000 .sheep, 30,000 goats, 
 and 700,000 swine. Poultry also, particularly geese, are 
 re!«red in vast numbers in the marshes: and the rearing of 
 bees is so generally practised among the moors, as to form 
 no contemptible branch of national economy. Forests oc- 
 cupy nearly one-sixth of the whole surface. They consist 
 of hardwood and pine, in nearly equal quantities, and are 
 extensively used in smelting. 
 
 Mjniifadures and Trade. — Mining operations, next to 
 agriculture, unquestionably form the most important 
 branches of national industry. Other manufactures are of 
 comparatively limited extent. The most impoi-tant are 
 tissues of flax and hemp. The only other articles deserving 
 of notice are — hosiery, ribbons, leather, chiccory, tobacco, 
 oil, chemical products, beer, and brandy. The trade has 
 the advantage of three navigable rivers, and a considerable 
 extent of sea coast; and the government has been as for- 
 ward as any other in Germany in availing itself of railways, 
 which already communiciite, both E. and W., with the great 
 continental trunks, and are in course of being still farther 
 extended. Hanover, however, has not mucli of its own 
 produce to export, and is, consequently, very much restricted 
 as to imports on its own account. The greater part of its 
 trade, according!}', is transit; which, in recent times, has 
 made considerable progress. It possesses several ports, 
 among which the first is Emden. 
 
 People, Education, tt-c. — Taken as a whole, Hanover is very 
 thinly peopled; and. in proportion to its extent of surface, 
 has fewer towns of importance than any other country in 
 Germany. The inhabitants are generally of Saxon origin, 
 except in the W.. where they have a common origin with 
 the Dutch, and are of Frisian extraction. The educated 
 classes use the ordinary written language of the country, 
 but the lower orders generally speak Low German, Pub- 
 lic instruction is under the direction of a superior council ; 
 in ISiS, there were 35C1 primary schools, numerous indus- 
 trial, secondary, elementary, and polytechnic schools. IT 
 gymnasia and 13 progymnasia. There is a school of mines 
 and fiirestry at Clausthal :' military and veterinary schools, 
 schools of midwifery, and 5 normal schools. The seat of na- 
 tional learning is the University of Giittingen. The great 
 majority of the inhabitants are Protestants, of the Lutheran 
 persuasion. The Roman Catholics do not exceed one-eighth 
 tf the whole, and ore almo.st entirely confined to the di.s- 
 tricts of Hildeshelm and Osnabriick. Pop. in 1S61, 1,888,070. 
 Goiviiiment.— This is a hereditary monarchy, in which 
 the Salic law. excluding females from the crown, is still in 
 force. In form, the monarchy is constitutional, having 
 UH>n framed, in 1819. on the model of that of Kngland. but 
 «ith very consider.able modifications. An important infu- 
 sion of the popular principle took place In 1^3-3. during the 
 reiirn of William IV. of Kngland; but the late Ernest Au- 
 gustus. wJio had protested a-ainst it at the time, immedi- 
 ately on his succession replaced matters on the footing of 
 lf<19: but. since the Kuropean turmoils of 184S-9. more of 
 ILb popular element has been introduced into the govern- 
 
 ment. As a member of the Germanic Confederation, Han- 
 over has four votes in the plenum, and one full v^te in tho 
 minor diet. Its contingent of troops is 13,054. Its actual 
 army amounts to about 23.690 men. Though it possesses a 
 considerable extent of sea-coa.st. it has no navy. Debt ia 
 1854. $27,384,050; public income, $0,429,870; expenditure, 
 $6,3S0.Ofi0. 
 
 ITistor;/. — The countries of which the kingdom of Ilanovei 
 is now composed were, in early times, the theatre of pro- 
 tiacted contests between the Saxons and the Komans. The 
 N. parts were inhabited by Longobardi and Chauci; the 
 centre by Fu.si and Cherusci ; and the S. by Chatti, who, at 
 a later period, advanced as far as the Aller. After the Ho- 
 mans lost their footing in the country, and the Longobwrdl 
 were exjielled from it, the Saxons became .sole possessors, 
 and divided it into three principal parts — Ostphalen. Engern, 
 and Westphalen. The first great steps in civilization were 
 taken by Charlemagne: who. having subdued the Saxons, 
 introduced Christianity, and founded several bishoprics. 
 AVittekind, the Saxon leader, by becoming a Christian, lost 
 much of his influence with the great body of his country- 
 men, who still continued pagans, but was allowed to pos- 
 sess his hereditary states. In 961. the chief power was in 
 the hands of Herrmann Jlillung, from whom the fourth in 
 succession was Jlapmus. He succeeded in 1106. On the 
 death of his son, Henry the Lion, in 1195, the possessions 
 left to him were shared by his three sons, the issue of his 
 marriage with a daughter of Henry II. of England. Through 
 the heirs of one of these (William, the youngest) the lines 
 of Brun.swick-Wolfenbtlttel and of Bruiiswick-Liliieburg 
 were ultimately formed. Ernest Augustus, one of the 
 princes of the latter branch, after making several important 
 additions to bis ten-itories, was raised to the dignity of 
 Elector of Hanover, in 1692. and married the daughter of 
 the lilector Palatine, grand-daughter of James I., and nieca 
 of Charles I. of England. He was succeeded, in 1698, by his 
 son, George Tjowis: who. in accordance with the revolution 
 settlement of 16SS, became sovereign of England, under the 
 name of George I., on the demise of Queen Anne, in 1714. 
 The connection thus formed with the crown of England 
 continued during four succeeding reigns. In 1S14, the 
 Congress of Vienna raised Hanover to the rank of a king- 
 dom. Two indeptfndent crowns were thus worn both by 
 George IV. and William IV.; but on the accession of queen 
 Victoria, to the crown of England, the S.alic law, placed the 
 other crown on the head of the nearest male heir, Ernest 
 Augustus, better known as the Duke of Cumberland. He 
 died in November, 1851, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 George V., who is hopelessly blind. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 H.\xovEHiAN, han-o-vee're-an. 
 
 HANOVER, a county in the E. part of Virginia, contains 
 about 400 square miles. It is drained by the North Anna 
 and South Anna Rivers, which unite on the N.E. border of 
 the county, and form the Pamvmkey. The surface is hilly, 
 and pre.sents much diversity of soil. The dividing lino be- 
 tween the primitive and tertiary formations passes through 
 this county. It is intersected by flie Central Railroad, and 
 by the Richmond and Potomac Railroad. Organized in 
 1720. Cajiital, Hanover Court-llouse, Pop. 17,222, of whom 
 7739 were free, and 94>^3 slaves. 
 
 HANnVKR,a pi ist-townsliip in Oxford co.,'Maine. Pop. 257. 
 
 HANOVER, a po.st-village and township of Grafton eo., 
 New Hamp.*hire. about half a mile E. of the Connecticut 
 River, and 55 miles N.W. of Concord. It has a fine .situa- 
 tion on an elevated plain, 180 feet above the surface of the 
 river. In the centre is a square of about 12 acres, around 
 which stand the principal dwellings, and the buildings of 
 Dartmouth College. This old and highly respectable insti- 
 tution was founded in 1769, and received its name from 
 William, Earl of Dartmouth. Some of our most eminent 
 statesmen (among whom may be mentioned Daniel Wel>- 
 ster) here received their education. Connected with the 
 college is a flourishing medical school, instituted in 1797. 
 The village contains 2 or 3 churches, several stores, and a 
 newspaper office. It h.as some manufactures of hardware, 
 paper, furniture, &c. Pop. of the township, 2308. 
 
 HANOVER, a post-township of Plymouth co., Mas.sachu- 
 setts. 20 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It has manufactures of 
 of anchors, boots and shoes, Ac. Pop. 1565. 
 
 HANOVER, a manufiicturing village in Meriden town- 
 .ship. New Haven co.. Connecticut, on the Quinepiac River, 
 15 miles N. by E. of New Haven. It contains a Congrega- 
 tional church, a fine school, and flouri.shing manufactures 
 of cutlery and ivory combs. 
 
 HANOVER, apost^ownship forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Chautauqua co.. New York, bordering on Lake Erie, about 
 .30 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. It is intersected by the Buffalo 
 State Line Railroad, and by the New York and Erie Kail- 
 road. Pop. in 1840, 4000; and in 1860, 4055. 
 
 HANOVER, a village and township of Burlington co^ New 
 Jersey, about 24 miles S.S.K. of Trentim. Pop. 2529. 
 
 H .\ NOVER, a post-township of Morris co., New Jersey, on 
 the Passaic River, 5 miles N. of Morristown. Pop. 5476. 
 
 HANOVER, a towuaUip of Beaver co., Ptui^gylvanla 
 Pop. It)tj3. 
 
HAN 
 
 HAP 
 
 HANOVKR, a former township of Dauphin CO., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, now rlivided ii\to Ilast and West Hanover. 
 
 HANOVER, a township of Lehigli co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 8993. 
 
 IIANOVKK, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 162.3. 
 
 H A NO VER, a township of Northampton co.,Pennsj'lvania. 
 Pop. 517. 
 
 HANOVER, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2090. 
 
 HANOVER, a tliriving post-borongh of Heiflelborg town- 
 ship, Yorlv CO., Pennsylvania, 18 miles S.W. of York, and So 
 miles S. of Hiirrisburg. A branch railroad has been con- 
 structed, which connects this town with York and other 
 places in that direction, and it has been extended westward 
 to Oettysburg. Hanover is surrounded by a fertile, higlily 
 cultivated, .ind populous country, and is a place of active 
 business. It contains 6 churches, 2 banks, an academy, and 
 3 newsjjapcr offices. Pop. IfiSO. 
 
 HANOVER, a post-oflice of Coosa co., Alabama. 
 
 HAN0V1-:R, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1812. 
 
 HANOVER, a township in Butl('r co., Ohio. Pop. 1.564. 
 
 HANOVER,atownsliipofGolunibianaco., Ohio. Pop. 2445. 
 
 HANOVER or HAXOVEKTON, a thriving post-village 
 of Columbiana co., Ohio, on the Sandy and Reaver Canal, 10 
 miles W. of New Lisbon. It has 3 churches, and about 600 
 inhabitants. 
 
 HANOVER, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, 75 miles N. by 
 E. of .Mariettii. 
 
 HANOVEJi, a post-township in the E. part of Licking co., 
 Ohio, intersected by Muskingum River and the Ohio Canal. 
 Pop. 1383. 
 
 HANOVER, a post-township in the S.W. part of Jackson 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 968. 
 
 H.\NOVER,a township in. Jefferson CO. .Indinna. Pop.1042. 
 
 HA NOV KK, a township in Slielby co.. liidinn.n. Pop. l.'l-.'3. 
 
 HANOVER, a thriving post-village of Clinton co., Illinois, 
 on Shoiil Creeli, about 45 miles E. of St. Louis. Settled by 
 Gerniaas. 
 
 HANOVER, a township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 926. 
 
 H.'VNOVER, a post-village of Jo Daviess CO., Illinois, on 
 Apple Creek. 20 miles S.E. of Galena, has water-power and 
 mills. Pop. about 300. 
 
 HANOVER, a small village of Woodford CO., Illinois. 
 
 H.\N0V1CR,. a post-office of Rock co., W isconsin. 
 
 IIANO VKlt CKNTR K, a village of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 00 miles W. of Concord. 
 
 HANOVER COURT-HOUSE, capital of Hanover CO., Vir- 
 ginia, is situated 1 mile from the Pamunky River, and 20 
 miles N. of Riclimond. The railroad from Richmond to the 
 Potomac passes near it. This place is memorable as the 
 scene of Patrick Henry's early triumphs, and in more re- 
 cent times as the birthplace of Ilemy Clay. 
 
 HANOmiUAN. See Hanover. 
 
 HAN'OVER ISLAND, in South America, W. of Patago- 
 nia, is in lat. 51° S., Ion. 74° 30* W., separated from the 
 mainland and Chatham Island by the liast channel. 
 
 H.VNOVKR NECK, a post-otlice of Morris co.. New Jersey. 
 
 HANOVERTON, a villa:i;e of Ohio. See H.t.NOVER. 
 
 HANOVRE. See Hanover. 
 
 HA.N'SUEKE, hdns'bA-keh. a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, on the railway between Ostend and Ghent, 8 
 miles W.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2749. 
 
 UANSDORK,(hans'doRf) LOWER and UPPER, twocontig- 
 uous villages of Prussian Silesia, with a station on the 
 Berlin and Breslau Railw.ay, 47 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. 
 United pop. 2565. 
 
 HANSE (hinss) TOWNS, called also the IIANSA (han'- 
 sj) and HANSEATnC LEAGUE, a celebrated commercial 
 confederacy, which derives its name from the ancient (ierman 
 word //a«se,(hdn'seh.) signifying an '"association for mutual 
 support." In the Middle Ages. Hamburg, Lubeck, and after- 
 wards Brunswiok, Dantzic, Cologne, Bremen, and a great 
 number of other towns, entered into an alliance, in order 
 to defend their commerce against the numerous banditti and 
 pirates who then infested Germany and the neighboring seas. 
 This alliance was termed the Ilanseatic League. The con- 
 federated or Hanse Towns were e;ich bound to contribute 
 toward maintaining ships and soldiers for their mutual pro- 
 tection, not only against pirates and robbers, but also 
 against the encroachments, oppression, or rapacity of the 
 neighboring nobles and kings. The number of towns com- 
 posing the league fluctuated: at one time it is said to have 
 amounted to 85, among which were Bergen, in Norway, Ber- 
 lin, KSnigsberg, and Cracow. This powerful confederacy 
 formed the first systematic plan of commerce known in the 
 Middle .\ges. The cities enjoyed in England the privilege 
 of exporting goods duty free, and in Denmark, of importing 
 them duty free. Their alliance was coveted, and their hos- 
 tility feared, by the greatest powers. Sever.il kings were 
 defeated, and one (Magnus of Sweden) was deposed by them. 
 Luheik was the place of assemblage, and was regarded as 
 the capital of the league, and issued the summons for the 
 regular assemblies of the deputies from all the cities, which 
 were held on;<s in three years; and also for the extraor- 
 
 dinary assemblies generally held once in ten years. Tho 
 epoch of the dissolution of the confederacy may be stated 
 at 1630. However. Hamburg. I>ubeck, and Bremen still con 
 stitute an association of a similar character, and, with PranK- 
 fort-on-the-Main, are called the free Hanseatic cities of tlie 
 Germanic Confederation. Adj. Hanse and Haxseat'ic. 
 
 HANSI, hjn'see, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, district, and 87 miles W.N.W. of Delhi, on the Canal 
 of Firoze Shah. It is irregularly built, and enclosed by a 
 brick wall. Principal edifice, a fort, with some Moham- 
 medan bridges, and a good reservoir. Ilansi was formerly 
 of importance, and toward the close of the last century, an 
 adventurer, named George Thomas, made it the capital of a 
 temporary principality. 
 
 HANS'LOPE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HAN'SON, a post-township of Plymouth co., Mnssachu- 
 sett.s, on the Old Colony Railroad, 25 miles S. by E. (jf Bos- 
 ton. It has manufactures of boots and shoes, nails, &a. 
 Pop. 1245. 
 
 HANSON, a post-oflice of Marion co., Missouri. 
 
 HANSON, a town.ship in Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 HAN'SON VI IjLI;, a post-ofRce of Russell CO., Virginia. 
 
 HANSONVILLE, a post-oftice of Bracken co., Kentucky. 
 
 HAN'SOOT', a town of British India, presidency of Bora- 
 bay, district, and 12 miles W.S.W. of Barouche. Pop. about 
 4000. 
 
 HAN-TCHONG, h3n-ch6ng'. an inland city of China, pro- 
 vince of Shen-see, capital of the department, on the Hau-kiang 
 River. Lat. 32° 50' N., Ion. 107° 11' E. 
 
 HANTS, a county in the interior of Nova Scotia, border 
 ing on Mines and Cobequid Bays. The surface is much 
 diversified with mountains and valleys. The underlying 
 rock is the Permean sandstone of the coal measures, and 
 whole hills are filled with gypsum. Capital.Windsor. P. 14,330. 
 
 HANTS, IIA.MP'SHIRE, SOUTHA.MP'TON or SOUTH- 
 AMP/TONSHIRE, a maritime county of England, having 
 S. the English Channel, with its inlets of Spithead, the So- 
 lent, &c. Area, including the Isle of Wight. 1025 S(juare 
 miles, or 1,040,000 acres, of which 900,000 are estimated to 
 1)6 under culture. I'op. in 1851, 405,370. The ranges of tiw 
 North and South Downs traverse the county. In the S. 
 are the extensive b.ays of Southampton-water, and the har- 
 bors of Portsmouth and Langstou, with the islets of Portsea 
 and Hayling. In the N., N.E., and S.W., are extensive 
 heaths. South Hants is paiticularly noted for rural .ind 
 maritime beauty. Principal rivers, the .\nfon, Itchiii. 
 Avon, and Stour. The manufactures, except those con- 
 nected with the dock-yards and sliipping establishments at 
 Portsmouth, are of little importance. Emsworfh, on tho 
 border of Sussex, has some famous oyster-beds. The Basing- 
 stoke Canal is In the N.E., and the county is intersected by 
 the London and South-western Railway, and by the South 
 Coast Railway, terminating at Portsmouth. The county 
 is suMivided into 39 hundreds: besides which, it contains 
 the parliament'iry boroughs of Southampton, Portsmouth, 
 Christchnrch. Lymington, I'etersfield. and the m.arket-towns 
 of Gosport, Alresford. Alton, Basingstoke, Chiistchurch, Ford- 
 ingbridge, Lymington. Komsey, and Ringwixjd. The county 
 sends 4 members to the House of Commons. Winchester 
 is the capital. 
 
 HAN USE ALVA, heh'noos'fdl'v6h\ or HANZDORF. hinisJ- 
 doRf a market-town of North Hungary, co. of Saros, 12 miles 
 W.N.\V. of E])eries. Pop. 1300. 
 
 HANUSFALVA or HENSCIIAU, h^n'shCw, a village of 
 11 ungary, co. of Zips, about 30 miles fi-om Leutschau. P. 700. 
 
 HANVEC, h6N0\'Jk', a village of France, department o( 
 Finist&re. 16 miles E.S.E. of Brest. Pop. 2763. 
 
 HAN'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, hav- 
 ing a station on the Great Western Railway, 7 miles W. of 
 Paddington, (London,) Here is .situated the Count}- Lunatic 
 Asylum, a very handsome building, very extensive, and well 
 conducted ; average number of inmates, about 800. Here 
 are also a noble railway viaduct, and an Artesian well; 
 depth, 290 feet; temperature, 55° Fahrenheit. 
 
 HANWEIjL. a parish of Ensrland. co. of Oxford. 
 
 HAN'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HAN'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 HAN WORTH, a parLsh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HAN WORTH-COLD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HAN-YANQ or IIAN-YANG-FOO, hdn-ydng-foo, a city of 
 China, province of Iloo-pe, capital of a department, at the 
 junction of the Han-kiang and Yaiig-tse-kiang Rivers. Lat. 
 30° 34' N., Ion. 113° 45' E. 
 
 HA N-Y'ANG-FOO, the capital of Corea. See King-ki-tao. 
 
 HAOORAN, HAOURAN or HAURAN. hj-oo-rdn' or hOvv^ 
 rini, an extensive plain of Syria, pashalic of Damascus, E. 
 of the Jordan and Mount Gilead. stretching thence to the 
 Syrian desert, and inhabited mostly by a shifting populat ion. 
 
 HAOUSA, a town of Central Africa. See Houssa. 
 
 HAPAI, hd/pp, HAPEE. HAPAEE, ha-pee, or GALVEZ. 
 gdl'v^z, an island group of the South Paciilc Ocean, in the 
 Tonga Archipelago, consisting of four larger and numerous 
 smaller islands, connected by coral reets, so as to b*. con- 
 sidered by the inhabitants only one island. Lat. 2J° 3' S_ 
 Ion. 174° 41' W. 
 
 621 
 
HAP 
 
 HAPAKAXv .\.hi-pa-ran'aa, formeily CIIAULES-JOIIN'S 
 TOWN, a maniliud town of SweUen, Isen of I'itei, on the N. 
 shore Df the Gulf ol Bothnia, at the Vi'. side of the river, and 
 apposite tLe town o. TorueS. 
 
 IIAPKE. a group of islands. See IIapai. 
 
 IIAfl'ISUUKGH, haiypis-btir'rah. or HAIS/BOROUGII, a 
 parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the North Sea, 6i miles 
 K. of North Malsham. Ilei-e are two iuiportiint liiht-houses, 
 1 mile ^.E. of the villflge, in lat. 52° 49' N., Ion. 1° 32' K.; a 
 red lii-'ht. Ijxed. There is also a floatinft light at the N. end 
 i)f HaisUirou^'h Sand, in lat. 62° 58' N., Ion. 1° :;«' E. 
 
 1I.\1'1'Y VAiyLEY, a pnst-ofTlce of Carter CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 HAl'SAL, IIAPZAL. hitp'-sai, HABSAL, hab'sSl, or GAl'- 
 SAL. gdp'sdl. a seaport town of liussia. government of Es- 
 thouia. 5S miles S.W. of Jlevel. Pop. 15U0. 
 
 II.\l'sUlJKG, a village of Switzerland. See HabsburQ. 
 
 IIAf'TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 1I.\1>X(JX, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HAl'Z.\L, a town of P.ussia. See Hapsal. 
 
 lIAIvA. hd'ri. or KAKA. a lake in the Chinese Empire, In 
 the Desert of Gobi. 60 miles S. of the Lop-nor. Lat. 3U° 60' 
 K., lon.93°E. 
 
 II.^.1!A or KARA, a town of the Chinese Empire, in Mon- 
 golia, near the Great Wall. 15 miles N.W. of So-phin. 
 
 UAUAKAII. hdVd'kd. (anc. Lihy.<.'<af)n picturesque town 
 of Asia Jlinor, in Anatolia. 20 miles W. of Ismeed (Tsmid,) on 
 the .\. shore of its gulf, with some remains of antiquity. 
 
 HAK'ALSON, a post-otiico of Coweta co., Georgia, 82 miles 
 W. ofMilledgeville. 
 
 HAIIAMUK, hdVd-mak', or IIAimOK', a mountain of 
 Central A.sia, in the Himalaya, bounding Cashmere north- 
 ward. Lat. 34° 26' N., Ion. 74° 43' E. Elevation, 13,000 
 feet. 
 
 IIARAPA, hd/rd'pd, a village of the Punjab, on the E. 
 bank of the Ravee, (anc. llijdraoles,) 106 miles S.W. of I^a- 
 hore, with extensive ruins, and conjectured to be on the 
 site of the Sangala of .\rrian. 
 
 IIARASZTIIY. a small village of Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 
 II.\R'AY, two i.slets of Scotland, off the E. coast of Shet- 
 land mainland. 
 
 'I.\R'BKKTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HAU'BISON. a township in Dubois co., Indiana. 
 
 UAiyBLKDOWN, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile 
 W. of Canterbury. Here is one of the oldest hospitals in 
 England, fjundeil for lepers, by Archliishop Lanfranc. It is 
 now used as an .alms-house. Attached to it is the ancient 
 church of St. Nicholas, in which Hooker is buried. 
 
 IlAKBONNlfillES, halOlion'ne-aiR', a town of France, de- 
 pai-tment of Somme, 16 miles N.N.E. of Montdidier. Pop. 
 in 1.S52, 2165. 
 
 HAUBOll CREEK, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Lake Erie, 5 miles N.E. of Erie. Pop. 202.3. 
 
 H.\KBOR-OKACK, a market-town of Newfoundland, on 
 the W. side of Conception Bay, 20 miles N.W. of St. John's, 
 with a well-.sheltered harbor. 
 
 HA KBiJK ISLAND. West Indies. See Bahama Islands. 
 
 HAK/BOKNE. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 HAIl/BOROUGII-.MAG'NA, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 ■ HARBOROUGII. MARKET. See Market-IIarborough. 
 
 IIAK/BOTTLE. a small marketrtown of England, co. of 
 Northumberland, on the Coquet. 17 miles W.S.W. of Aln- 
 wick. Pop. 102. Here is a modern, and ruins of a very 
 strfing ancient castle. 
 
 HAlt'llHIDGE. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HAKBURG or HAAllLiURG. haR/lj«6K0, a town of Ger- 
 many, in Hanover, %i miles N.W. of LUneburg, on the S. 
 branch of the Elbe, and on the Hanover and Brunswick 
 Pi..way, 4i miles S. of Hamburg. Pop. 1 2,243. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has a citadel, gunpowder and lione milLs. a 
 sugar refinery, tjinneries, manufactures of woollens, linens, 
 hosiery, and an active transit trade. 
 
 HARBUltG, a market^town of Bavaria, on the Wernitz, 
 SO miles N.X.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1459. 
 
 HAU'BUKY. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 HARBUTUWITZ. haR'lxx)-to'wits, a village of Austri.in 
 Silesia, circle of Xeschen. on the Vistula. Pop. 2500. 
 
 HAll'BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 U.\i;CHIKS. haa'shee' or hiiRK'yJs. a village of Belgium, 
 province of Hainaut, on the canal of Pommeroeul, 12 miles 
 N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1444. 
 
 HAUCuURT, haa'kooK', a town of France, department of 
 Eure, 10 mil.is N.E. of Bernay. Pop. 1339. 
 
 HAKCUUKT-THURY. hairkooR'-tu'ree'. a town of France, 
 In Cavaldos. 15 miles N.W. of Falaise. Pop. 1008. 
 
 UARDANOKH-FIORD, haR'ddng'er-fe-oud'. an inlet on 
 the \\ . coast of Norway, alwut 33 mii.'S S.E. of Bergen. It 
 is approached through channels between numerous islands, 
 extends from S.W. to N.E. about 37 miles, and then from 
 N. to S. about .'54 miles. 
 
 UAUDAN0K1^F.JELD, haRManeVf«»-iM. a mountain 
 ridge of Norway, about lat. 60° lu' N.. uniting N. with the 
 Laun-Field, and S. with tlie Dovre-Field. Its highest point 
 Is o9uS f,-et, ^ 
 
 llARD'AWAY, a post office of Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 IIAR 
 
 IIARDECK, haR'dJk, a town of Lower .\uBcria, tm tht 
 Thaya. 9 miles W.S.W. of Zuaym. Pop. 600. 
 
 HARDEGSK.N', haR'd^g-sgn, a town of Hipover, 10 milea 
 N.N.W. of Gottingen. Pop. 1291. It has manafactures <rf 
 linens and leather. 
 
 HAK/DEMAN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee 
 bordering on the Missi.ssippi. Area estimatej at 550 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Hatchee IJiver, which Hows 
 into the Mississippi. The soil is fertile, and easily culti- 
 vated. Ilatchee River is navigable by steamboats from this 
 county to its mouth in high water. Capital. Bolivar. Pop. 
 17,760, of whom 10,533 were free, and 7236 slaves. 
 
 HARDENBERG, haR'dgn-b^uo', a town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Overyssel, on the Vecht, 23 miles E.N.E. 
 of Zwolle. Pop. 910. 
 
 HAR/DEN HUlSil. a parish of En^iMd, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HARDKRWICK, haii'dgr-wik', HAHDiiRWYK or HAP.- 
 DERWIJK, haii'dgr-wlk\ a seaport town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Gelderland, on the Zuyt'.er-zee, 31 miles E. ol 
 Amsterdam. Pop. 5538. It has a gymnasium, and an ex- 
 tensive establishment for curing herrings and other fish. It 
 was formerly a Haiiseatic town. 
 
 H-VRiyFORD, a town.«hipiu Blackford CO., Indiana. 
 
 II.\1!D'H.\M, a parish of England, co. of Su.«sex. 
 
 H.\RD1IE1M, haut'hime. a market-town of Germany, in 
 Baden. 44 miles E.N.E. of -Mannheim. Pop. 1891. 
 
 HAK'DIN. a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on Alabama and Mississippi. Area estimated at 650 
 square miles. The Tennessee River liows thi-ough the 
 county, dividing it into nearly equal parts. The surface \h 
 formed of two inclined planes, with a gradual descent to- 
 ward the river. Iron ore is atmndant on the E. side of the 
 river. The latter is n.avigable by steamboats through the 
 county. Capital, Savannah. Pop. 11,214, of wlom 9591 
 were free, and 1623 slaves. 
 
 HAIJDIN, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky, con- 
 tains about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. 
 by the S;ilt River and its Rolling Fork, and drained by 
 Noliu and Rough Creeks. The surface is undulating or 
 hilly, the soil fertile. The county is intersected by the 
 Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Organized in 1792. Ca- 
 ))ital, Elizabethtown. Pop. 15,189, of whom 12,659 were 
 free, and 2530 slaves. 
 
 HARDIN, a county in the N.W. central part of Ohio, con- 
 tains 476 square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto, and 
 watered by the head streams of the Miami and Blanchard's 
 Fork. The surface is nearly level; the soil is fertile. It is 
 intersected by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. Ca- 
 pital, Kenton. Pop. ^3,.^70. 
 
 IIAKUIN, a county in the S. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Kentucky, is one of the smallest counties in the state, 
 having an area of 260 square miles. The Ohio River forms 
 the S. boundary. The soil is productive. The Cave-ia 
 Rock, well known to the navigators of the Ohio, is situated 
 in this county. Formed recently out of part of Pope county. 
 Capital. Elizabethtown. Pop. 37.59. 
 
 HARDIN, a new county in the N. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Iowa 
 liiver. and also by Tipton Creek. The surfece slopes towards 
 the S.E. This county is not hiduded in the census of IS-JO. 
 Named in honor of Colonel John J. Hardin, of Illinois, who 
 fell at Buena Vistiu Capital. Eldora. Poi>. o4-iO. 
 
 HARDIN, a villngo of .Shelby co., Ohio, on the Bellefon- 
 taino Kallroad. 5 miles W. of .>ii(!ney. 
 
 HARDIN, a post-village, capit.al of Calhoun co., Illinois, 
 on the W. bank of the Illinois River, 85 miles S.W. ol 
 Springfield. Pop. 425. 
 
 HAKDIN. a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa. 
 
 HAK'DINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HARDINGHEN, haKMis"V6-^°'r a village of France, de- 
 partment of P;is-de-Calais, 10 miles N.E. of Boulogne. 
 Pop. 1334. 
 
 HAll/DlNGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 HAR/DINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HARDINGTON MAN'DEVILLE, a parish of England, co. 
 of .Somerset. 
 
 HAU'DINGVILLE, a post-office of Gloucester co.. New 
 Jersey. 
 
 HAR'DINSBURG. a post-village, «apit.Hl of Breckenridge 
 CO., Kentucky. 120 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It has a 
 court-house, a seminary, 2 or 3 churches, and about 1000 
 inhabitant.s. 
 
 HARDINSBURG, a village in Dearborn co., Indiana, 4 
 miles N. of Uiwrenceburg. 
 
 H.\1!DINSBUHG, a post-village in Washington co., In- 
 diana, 32 miles N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 II AKDINSBUHG, a post-office of .Montgomery co., Illinois. 
 
 HARDIN'S TAVERN, a pogtnjfflce of Albemarle co., Vii^ 
 ginia. 
 
 II ARTONSVILLE. a post-village of Shelby CO., Ke,ntucky, 
 on the tur^ipike from Louisville to Fi-auklort, 9 mi«ss S.W. 
 of the latter. 
 
 HAKDINSVILLE. a post-office of Crawford CO., Ill.nois. 
 
 UAKDIxNXVELD, hou'diux-vSlt/, a vUIage of the Nether 
 
HAR 
 
 lands, province of South Holland, on the Meuse (Maas,) 4 
 mik'.s W. of Oorkum. Pop. 3155. 
 
 lIAlt'DlSTON, a township in Sussex co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1712. 
 
 IIAUV LABOR CREEK, of South Carolina, is an affluent 
 or branch of .Stevens Creek, in Edgefield district. 
 IIAUD'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 IIAKD/.MKAD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 HARD MOX'EY, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia. 
 lIAItD'KES, LOWER, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 H ARDRES, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 HARD SCRAB'BLE, a small village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 HARD SCRAB'BLE, a post-office of Davis co., Kentucky. 
 IIAKDT, haRt, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government 
 at Dusseldorf, circle of Gladbach. Pop. 730. 
 
 IIARD'WARE RIVER rises in Albemarle co., near the 
 centre of Virginia, and falls into the James River in Flu- 
 vanna county. 
 
 IIARD/\VICK, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge, 4 
 miles E. of Caxton. It gives the title of earl to the Yorke 
 family. 
 1I.\RD\VTCK, a parish of England, co. of Glouce.ster. 
 ilAKDWICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 IIAItDWlCK, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 IIAHDVVICK, a post-village and township of Caledonia 
 CO , Vermont, on Lamoille River, 20 miles ^.N.E. of Mont- 
 pelier. Pop. 1309. 
 
 IIARDWICK. a post-village and township of M'orcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 6 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 1521. 
 
 HARDWICK, a township of Warren co., New Jersey 
 Pop. 792. 
 
 HARDWICK CENTRE, a village of Warren co., New Jer- 
 sey, 3 miles X.E. of Blaiistown. 
 
 IIARD'AVICKE, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Bucks. 
 II.\1!DWICKE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 UARDWICKE BAY, South Australia, is an inlet of Spen- 
 cer Gulf 
 
 HARDWICKE HALL, a noble seat of the Duke of Devon- 
 shire, in England, co. of Derby. 4^ miles N.W. of Mansfield. 
 It was built in the reign of Elizabeth, by the Countess of 
 Shrewsbury, daughter of J. Ilardwick. (owner of the estate.) 
 who was married four times, and became the founder of four 
 dukedoms. It contains a curious collection of antique fur- 
 niture, historical portraits, and fcipestry wrought by Mary, 
 Queen of Scots. Adjoining are the ruins of llardwicke 
 Castle. 
 
 HAIIDWICKE ISLAND, British North America, in Char- 
 lotte Sound. 
 
 IIARD'WICKE(or NUND.UVAS ntln-d.aw'was'?) MOUN- 
 TAINS, East Australia, are in lat. 30° S., and "ion. 150° E., 
 of granite formation. Estimated elevation, 3500 feet. 
 
 HARDWICK, PRIORS, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 
 HARD'WICKSVILLE, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia. 
 H AR'DY, a county in the N.E. part of West Virginia, bor- 
 dering on M.xrybnul: area, about 1400 sijuare miles. It is 
 Intersected by the S. branch of the Potom.ic, which, in its 
 pfissage through the county, receives two affluents, called 
 the North and South Forks; the county is also drained by 
 the N. branch of the Potomac, and by Caciipon and Lost 
 Rivers. Tlie surface is very mountainous and rocky. The 
 North Mountain forms its E. boundary ; the main Alleghany 
 and Blanch Mountains extends across it. The soil of the 
 valleys is fertile. The county has valuable mines of iron ore. 
 Named in honor of Samuel Hardy, a member of Congress 
 from Virginia in 1784. Capitiil, Moorefield. Pop. 9Sft4, of 
 whom 8791 were free, and 1073 slaves. 
 
 HARDY, a town.ship of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1543. 
 HAR/DY ISLANDS. British India, off the coast of Aracan, 
 E. of Cheduba, in lat. 18° 35' N.. Ion. 94° E. 
 
 HAR/DY'S ISLANDS, (SIR CHARLES.) a group of small 
 islets off the N.E. coast of Australia, between Temple Bay 
 and Shelburne Bay. in lat. 11° 54' 42" S.. Ion. 14;3° 3UM5" E. 
 HARDY'S ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 S.S.E. of New Ireland, in lat. 4° 30' S., Ion. 164° 16' E. 
 II.iRE'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 IIARK'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 IIAREID, hd'rJd. or HAREIDLAND. h3'rid-ldnt\ an island 
 of Norway, stiff of Trondhjem. in the Atlantic; lat. 62° 22' 
 N. Length, from N. to S.. 11 miles: breadth. H miles. 
 
 HARE ISLAND, an island of Camula East, in the St. 
 Lawrence, 96 miles N.E. of Quebec, 8 miles long by half a 
 mile broad. 
 
 H.4REN, h.i'ren. aparish and village of the Netherlands, 
 province, and 3^ miles S. of Groningen. Pop. 2475. 
 HAUES'COMBE, a p;irish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 HARE.S'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 HARES'TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 HAKE'WaOD. a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, on tlya Wh"yle, here crossed by a stone bridge. 7 
 miles N.N.I.. of Leeds. The village contains a venerable 
 church, the ruins of a castle built about the reign of Edward 
 I., an,i, ni u noble park, the superb mansion of the Earl of 
 Harewood. 
 
 HAR 
 
 HAREWOOD, a paristi of England, co. of Henrford, 
 HAREWOOD. a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland 
 HARFLEUR, haR'flUR', (L. Ilarjl-'vium or Jlaijio.'iciirn^ 
 a seaport town of France, department of Seine-lnferieura 
 on the Lezarde, 1 mile from its mouth in the Seine. 3 mile« 
 E.N.E. of Havre, and 105 miles N.W. of Paris, with which It 
 is connected by railway. Pop. 1611. It was formerly an 
 important fbrtres.s, but it declined with the rise of ILavre, 
 and its harbor is now nearly choked up. It was taken by 
 the English under Henry V., in 1415, after a memorable 
 siege of 40 d.ays. 
 HAR'FORD, aparish of England, co. of Devon. 
 HAR'FORD. a county in the N.N.E. part of JInryland, 
 bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of 4^0 siiuare miles. 
 The Su.si(uehanna Hows along the N.E. boundary to the 
 head of the Chesapeake Bay, which washes its S.E. border. 
 It is also drained by Deer Creek and Winter's Run. The soil 
 has been rendered fertile by the use of lime and gunno. 
 Limestone, granite, and other primary rocks underlie the 
 upper portion of the county. Iron ore is also found in it. 
 The Tidewater Canal terminates at Havre de Grace, in tliis 
 county, which is also intersected by the Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore Railrotid. Organized in 1773. Cipital. Del Air. 
 Pop. 23,415, of whom 21.615 were free, and 1800 slaves. 
 
 HARFORD, a post-township forming the S W. extremity 
 of Cortland co., New York, about 140 miles W. by S. of Al- 
 bany. I 'op. '.146. 
 
 II ARKORD, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 10 miles S E of Montrose. lV)p. 1141. 
 
 HARFORD, a village of Harford co., Marylancl, about 26 
 miles E.N.K. of Baltimore. 
 
 HARG, haRg, a village of Sweden, 60 miles N.N.E. of 
 Stockholm, on a lake of the same name, near the W. entrance 
 to the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 HARG'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 H.\R'GR.AVE, a parish of England, co. of .Northampton. 
 HARGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Sufflk. 
 HARGRAVE, a post-office of Copiah co., Mitfsissippi. 
 _ HAR'GROVE'S TAVERN, a post-office of Nansemond co., 
 Virginia. 
 IIAKIHARA, a town of India. See Hurkyhcr. 
 HARINGHE, hi'ring-Heh or hi'ri.vc', a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of West Flanders, on the Y'ser, 34 miles S.W. 
 of Bruges. Pop. 2106. 
 
 HARINGVLIET, hd'i ing-fleet\ a mouth of the Rhine or 
 Meijse, province of South Holland, continuous with Hol- 
 land.s-Diep. Breadth, 2^ miles. 
 
 HAR^IPOOR'. a .small town of Punjab, near the Rembeara, 
 in lat. 3.3° 37' N., Ion. 74° 37' E. 
 
 HARIPOOR, a fort and small town of Punjab, among 
 the lower offsets of the Himalayas, in lat. 31° 54' N., Ion. 
 75° 53' E. 
 
 HARIPOOR. a town of Punjab, on the Dor, about 10 
 miles from its junction with the Indus, in lat. 34° 4' N., lou. 
 72°63'E. 
 HARK'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 IlAR/LAN, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on Virginia, has an area estimated at t:00 .square 
 miles. The Cumberland River rises in the E. part of the 
 connty, and traverses nearly its whole length. Cumberland 
 Mountain forms its S.E. boundary. The surface is elevated 
 and rugged. The county contains extensive beds of stone 
 coal and iron oi-e, which have not yet been worked. A large 
 part of the surface is covered with forests. Formed in 1>19, 
 and named in honor of Major .Silas Harlan, who fell at the 
 battle of Blue Licks. Capital. Mount Pleasant or .'"purlock. 
 Pop. i>494. of whom 5.367 were free, and 127 slaves. 
 HARL.\N, a post-office of .\llen co., Indiana. 
 HARLAN COURT HOUSE, a post-office of Harlan co., 
 Kentucky. 
 HARL.VND. a township of McHenry co., Illinois. 
 HAR'LANSBURG, a post-village of Lawrence co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Slippery Creek, 226 miles W. by N. of Ilarris- 
 btirg. 
 
 H AR'LAW, a locality in Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, memo- 
 rable for a great battle fought between the Highlanders 
 under the Lord of the Isles, and the forces under the Earl 
 of Mar. in 1411. 
 HAR'LAXTON. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 HARLEBEKE. haR'leh-bA'keh. or HAHELBKKE. h^'rgl- 
 bA^keh, a town of Belgium, province of AVest Flanders, on 
 the Lys, and on the railway from Ghent to Courfrai, 3 miles 
 N.E. of Courtrai. It is said to be the oldest town in Flan- 
 ders. Pop. 4570. 
 
 H.\RLECH. haR'I^K, an ancient decayed municipal bo- 
 rough and market-town of North Wales, co. of .Merioneth, 
 on the Irish Sea, 6 miles S.S.E. of Tremadoc. It is famous 
 for its fine surrounding mountain scenery, and for its stately 
 ruined castle, built by Edward I., the last fortress in North 
 Wales which held out f jr King Charles. 
 
 HAR'LEESVILLl':. a post-village in Marion district. South 
 Carolina, on the Little Pedee, 100 miles E.N.E. from Colum 
 bia. 
 
 HARLE, KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Northumbw 
 land. 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 flARLEM, a city of Netherlands. See Haarlem. 
 
 ilAK'LEM or JIAKRLK.M, har'lem, a lx>autiful post-Til- 
 lage, or more proferly a suburb of New York City, in one of 
 the wards of whicli it is included, is situ.ited on the N. part 
 of Manhattan Island, and on the Harlem Uiverand Kailroad, 
 7 miles N. by K. of the City Ilall. It contains several 
 churches, extensive manufactories, and fine country seats. 
 Pop. above 5000. 
 
 HAULKM, a small village of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 H.AIU/KM, a post-village and township of Delaware oo., 
 Ohio, 16 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1289. 
 
 II.ARLKM, a township in Carroll co., Illinois. 
 
 HARLEM, a township of Stephenson co.. Illinois. 
 
 HARLEM, a post-township in the K. part of Winnebago 
 00,, lUinoi.s. I'op. 871. 
 
 HARLEM SPRING, a post-offlce of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 HAR'LEMVILLE, a post-office of Columbia co.. New York. 
 
 HARLKSTOX, a small market-town of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 7 miles S.W. of Rungay. Pop. 1509. 
 
 HARLE;<T(>.\, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 HARLESTON. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 H.Mi'LEY. a pari.'ih of Engl.ind, co. of Salop. 
 
 H.\I!'LEYVILLi<;, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 •ylvania. 
 
 HARUNO. East, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Norfolk, 22 miles S.W. of Norwich. Pop. 1062. 
 
 HAULING, West, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HARLINGEN. har/ling-gn, a fortified maritime town of 
 the Netherlands, province of West i'rieslaud, near the en- 
 trance of the Zuyder-Zee, 16 miles W. of Leeuwarden. It is 
 well built, and intersected by cjinals. The principal edifices 
 are the Admiralty, a large parish church, and the Town-hall. 
 The manufactures comprise Siiilcloth, salt, hollands, paper, 
 and bricks. It has greatly increased in inijjortance since 
 the opening of the ports in Britain. Kuglish stejimej-s leave 
 with cargoes of cattle, butter, cheese, wool, flax, fruit, and 
 vegetables. The number of ships wliich entered and left 
 the port in 1843, was 800; in 1840, upwards of 11,000. Pop. 
 In 1850. 8,591. 
 
 IIARI.1INGEN, a post-vill!ige of Somerset co.. New Jersey, 
 9 miles S.S.W. of Somerville. 
 
 HAR'LINGTON, a piirish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 HARI..INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 HAR'LOW. a parish of England, co. of Essex, with a sta- 
 tion on the Eastern Counties Itailway.f)^ miles S. of Bishop's 
 Stortford. It is well known for Harlo'w Bush Fair, hold on 
 the 0th of September. 
 
 HARLTON or HARLSTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 HAR'M.\R, a flourishing post-village of Washington co., 
 Ohio, is finely situated on the Muskingum River, at its 
 mouth, opposite Marietta. Steamboat building is carried on 
 here. It contains a Union school, large hotel, an iron foun- 
 dry, a steam mill, &c. Incorporated iu 1837. Pop. in 1850, 
 1010 : in 1860. 1206. 
 
 HAR'MARVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 lIARMELEN.haR'meh-lgn. a village of Holland, province, 
 and 7 miles W. of Utrecht, oil the Old Rhine. Pop. 668. 
 
 HARMKRSRACH, haR'mers-baK\ Oder (o'bfr) and Ux- 
 TER, dfin'ter. two nearly contiguous villages of Baden, on a 
 stream of the same name, 12 miles S.E. of Offenburg. Pop. 
 of Ober Ilarmershach. 28S: Unter Ilarmersbach. 1836. 
 
 HARMEItSBACII, a populous valley of Baden, near Zell, 
 extending about 17 miles in length. 
 
 HARMOK. a lofty mountain. See HarXmuk. 
 
 HA R'.MONDS WORTH, a parish of England, co. of 5Iid- 
 dlesex. 
 
 lIAIVMONSBURG.a postK)flfice. Crawford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HAR'MONY', a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, 
 about 45 miles N by E. of Augusta. Pop. lOSl. 
 
 H ARMON Y,a post-township oft hautanqua co., New York, 
 on Chautiiuqua Lake, 65 miles S.S E. of Buffalo. Pop. 3606. 
 
 II ARM(J.\ Y. a village of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, about 
 14 miles N.E. of Freehold. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-township of AVarren CO., New Jersey, 
 on the Delaware River, 7 miles S. of Belvidere. Pop. 13S2. 
 
 HARMONY, a thriving post-village of Butler co., Penn- 
 iylvania, on Conequenessing Creek, about 220 miles W. ])y 
 N. of Ilarrisburg. It was settled in 1804 by a community 
 of Germans, who afterwards sold this property, and esta- 
 blished themselves Jit Economy, in Beaver ctmnty. P. 441. 
 
 HAKMO.NY, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. I'np. 1072. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-office in Kent co., Maryland. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-village in Halifax co." Virginia, 110 
 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-village in York district, South Caro- 
 Jina. about 100 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 HAR.MON V. a post-office of Ell)ert CO., Georgia. 
 
 HARMONY, a village in Weakly co., Tennessee, 125 miles 
 W.N.M. of Nashville. 
 
 HARMONY, a iiost-offlceofOwen co., Kentucky. 
 
 HARMONY, a post township. Clarke Co.. Ohio. IV^ 
 
 UAKMONY, a township in Morrow co., Ohio. ' Pop. 1007. 
 8!U 
 
 op. 1929. 
 
 HARMONT, a post-office of Oay co.. Indiana. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-village of Mclleury co., Illlnol*, 55 
 miles N W. of Chicago. 
 
 HARMONY, a small village of Bates co., 3Iisso\iri. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-village of Washington co., Missouri, 
 80 miles S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-office of Jeffenson co., Iowa. 
 
 HARMONY, a township of Rock co., Wisconsin. P. 1128. 
 
 HARMONY COLLEGE, a post-office of Sumt«r district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 HARMONY GROA'E, a post-office of Taylor co., Virginia, 
 
 HARMONY GROVE, a post-village of Jackson co., Georgia, 
 99 miles N. of Milledgeville. It has 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 HARMONY VALE, a post-village of Sussex CO., New Je^ 
 sey, 80 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 HARMSI'ON, a parish of England, co., of Lincoln. 
 
 HAR/NADSVILLA, a post-ofKce of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 HAR'NAGEVILLE. a post-village of Cherokee co.. Georgia, 
 13.'> miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 H.\RNES. haRn, a village of France, department of Pas- 
 des-Calais. 12 miles E.S.E. of Bethune. Pop. 2150. 
 
 H ARN'HA.M, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 IIARN'HILL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 IIARO, d/ro, a town of Spain, province, and 21 miles 
 N.W. of Logroflo, near the left bank of the Ebro. Pop. 6928, 
 who manufacture hats, brandy, liqueurs, and leather, 
 
 lI.iROE, (llaroe,) hd'riiVh. a small island on the W. coast 
 of Norway, province of Ti-ondhjem. Lat. 62° 45' N.. Ion. 
 6° 30' E. 
 
 IIAR'OLD. a post-office of Montgomery co., Arkansas. 
 
 HAROLD'S CROSS, a village of Ireland, forming a suburb 
 of Dublin, about 1 mile S. of Dublin Castle. Pop. 2789. 
 
 HARONE, hdVo'na'. a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe, 15 miles S. of Nancy. Pop. 666. It lias a fine chA- 
 teau, birthplace of Bassompierre. 
 
 HARP. See Bow Island. 
 
 IIAR'PENDEN. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 HAR/PERIIAY, a village of Canada West, counties of Hu- 
 ron, Perth, and Bruce, 20 miles N.E. of Goderich, and 13 
 miles from ^TitcbiOl. 
 
 HARPER'S FERRY.apoBt-villageof Jeff'erson co.,W.Vip. 
 ginia, situated at the confluence of the Shenandoah vith 
 the Potomac River, where the united stream brejiks through 
 the Blue Ridge, 160 miles N. of Richmond, and 53 miles 
 N.W. of Washington City. The scenery in the vicinity is 
 in the highest degree beautiful and picturesque. Thomas 
 Jefferson considered the '' passiige of the Potomac through 
 tlie Blue Ridge one of the most stupendous scenes in nature, 
 and well worth a voj-age across the Atlantic to witness." 
 The place was originally called Shenandoah Falls. Its pre- 
 sent name is derived from a ferry long since established 
 across the Potomac, which is also spanned by a fine bridge, 
 about POO feet in length. The vill.ige is compactly, though 
 irregularly, built around the base of a hill, and is the centre 
 of considerable trade. It contains 4 or 5 churches, several 
 manufactories and mills. Here was a United States armory, 
 in which about 250 hands were employed, producing, among 
 other articles, some 10,000 muskets annually, and a national 
 arsenal. The arsenal was burned by the military in the 
 spring of 1861, just before the place was captured by the 
 rebels. This place was the scene of the exploit which ren- 
 dered John Brown of Ossawattomie famous. 1 1 arper's Ferry 
 is on the line of tlie Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and at 
 the N. terminus of a railroad connecting it with Winchester. 
 The Ohio and Chesapeake Canal also passes by it. Pop. 
 1339. 
 
 HARPER'S FERRY, a postroffice of Abbeville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 H AR'PERSFIELD, a post-village and town.ship of Delaware 
 CO., New York, about 60 miles W. by S. of .\lbany. The vil- 
 lage contains 2 or 3 churches, and several hundred iuha' 
 bitants. Pop. of the township. 14lJ8 
 
 HARPERSFIELD. a post-village .and township of Ashta- 
 bula CO., Ohio, on Grand River, about 45 miles E.N.E. of 
 Cleveland. Pop. 1140. 
 
 HARPER'S HOME, a post-offlee. Brunswick co., Virginia 
 
 HARPER'S MILLS, a post-office, Pendleton co., Virginia. 
 
 HAR'PERSVILLE. a post-village of Broome co.. New York, 
 on the Susqueh.inna, 16 miles E. by N. of Binghamton. 
 
 HARPERSVILLE, a post-vilKage of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 HARPERSVILLE. a post-village of Shelby co., Alabama, 
 80 miles N. by W. of Montgomery. 
 
 HAlt'PETH, a river in the central part of Tennessee, rises 
 near the S.E. extremity of Williamson co.. and flowing N.W. 
 througli Davidson and Dickson counties, enters Cumber- 
 land RiTer from the left hand, near the boundary between 
 the latter counties. The whole length is estiniiited at 100 
 miles. A small creek, called West Ilarpeth, fl( ws into the 
 river about 6 miles lielow Franklin. Another, "ailed Little 
 Harpeth, enters it on the right bank.aliout 12 iriUs S.W. of 
 Nashville. Harpeth River ifurnisbes valuable niotive-power. 
 
 H.\R/PETH, a pnst-vill.ige of Williamson co., TeonesM*, 
 25 miles S.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
EAR 
 
 HAKr'FORD, a parish of Ensjland, co. of Devon. 
 
 IIAUP'UAM, a parish of lingland, co. of Yorlc, East 
 Ridin-r. 
 
 IIAKP'LEY, a parish of Ensland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 II.A.I{'P()IiK. a parish of Kngland. co. of Northampton. 
 
 HAKn>ONKI.'LY or KUHPOXIIULLY, kar-pon-hfilloe, a 
 town of British ludia, presidency of Madras, 67 miles W.S.W. 
 of Bellary. 
 
 HAKl'S'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 IIAHPSTEDT. haKp'stMt, a market-town of Germany, in 
 Hanover. 2.5 miles M'.N.W. of Iloy.i. Pop. 986. 
 
 HAKPS'^VELL. a parish of Enrfand, co., of Lincoln. 
 
 IIAKPS'W'KIjri, a town.ship of Cumberland co., Maine, on 
 the N. side of Casco Bay, 45 miles S. by W. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 1603. 
 
 HAKPTREE, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Somer- 
 set, 6J^ miles X. of Wells. Near the village are the remains 
 of an ancient fortress, and a remarkable cavern. 
 
 H Alt PTK EE. \V K.<T. a parish of Enjrland, co. of Somerset. 
 
 H.\1!HA\, hiii-Rln', (anc. Carh-m or CliaHrce.) a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 83 miles S,W. of Diarbekir. 
 Near it Crassus was defeiited by the I'arthians, B. c. 53. 
 
 HAK'RAK' or IIUUltUR, hdrVftr', a town of East Africa, 
 dominions of Shoa. (Abyssinia,) lOO'railes E. of Ankober. and 
 capital of a district of the same name, on the East Branch 
 Of the Nile. 
 
 HAK'RATON, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 IIAK'lt ELLS' CROSS ROADS, a post-offtce of Cherokee 
 CO., Alabaiia. 
 
 HAR/RELLSVILLE. a post-village of Hertford co., North 
 Carolina, on Wiacon Creek, 12 miles S.E. of Winton. Corn, 
 pease, lumber, &c. are exported here in sloops. 
 
 IIAR^KICAN'A W. a river of British Nortli America, which 
 rises in a small lake about lat. 4'J° 55' N., Ion. 77° 30' W., 
 »nd after a N.W. course of about 270 miles, falls into James's 
 Bay at Hannah Tiay-hoase. 
 
 IIAKMtTKTSIL\>l. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HAIt'lil IVl'TSTOWN. a post-township of Franklin co., New 
 York, 40 miles S. of Malone. Pop. 340. 
 
 HAIi'RTETTSVILLE, a postoffice of Cumberland co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 IIAR'KINGTON, a small seaport and parish of England, 
 eo. of Cumberland, 5 miles N. of Wlytehaven, to which the 
 port is subordinate. Pop. 19.34. The hfvrbor has 8 feet water, 
 »nd a liirht at the pier-head. visil>le 10 miles distimt. 
 
 IIAHRINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HARRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 It gives the title of earl to the Stanhope family. 
 
 HAR'RINGTON, a post-township of Washington co., 
 Maine. 1*20 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1130. 
 
 HARRINGTON, a township of Bergen co., New Jersey, 
 on the Hudson River, 7 miles N.NJ;. of Hackensack. Pop. 
 1602. 
 
 HARRINGTON, a post-village of Cumberland co.. North 
 Carolina. 60 miles S. of RaleiLrh. 
 
 IIARMUNGTON-INLET, in East Australia, at the mouth 
 of Manning River. .34 miles S.S.W. of Port Macquarrie. 
 
 HAR'RINGWORTH, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 HARMUORPOOR.' a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, 120 miles S.W. of Calcutta. 
 
 IIAR'RIOTSVILLE, a village of Noble co., Ohio, about 
 TOO miles K. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 HAR'iaS or IIER'RIES. a district and parish of the He- 
 brides, in Scotland, forming a peninsula, comprising the 
 S. part of the island of Lewis, and small surrounding islands. 
 Area, alxiut 90.000 acres, mostly mountainous. Pop. 4429. 
 The Sound of Harris is a navigable strait. 9 miles in length, 
 and from 8 to 12miles in breadth, separating this peninsula 
 from North Xlist, and studded with rocks and islets. Seo 
 Hebrides. 
 
 HAR'RIS, a county in the W. part of Georgi.a, contains 
 about 500 square miles. The Chattahoochee River forms 
 Its W. boundary, and separates it from Alabama: it is also 
 drained by Flat Phoivl. Old House, Mount.iin, and Mulberry 
 Creeks. 'The E. or N.E. parts are traversed by ridges called 
 the Pine Mountains and Oak Mountains. The soil is gene- 
 rally productive. The rocks which underlie the county are 
 primitive. Organized in 1827, and named in honor of 
 Charles Harris, a lawyer of some eminence, and at one time 
 Mayor of Savannah. Capital, Hamilton. Pop. 13,736, of 
 whom 6000 were free, and 7736 slaves. 
 
 HARRIS, a county in the E. part of Texas, bordering on 
 Galveston Bay. contains about 1600 square miles. It is 
 drained by Buffalo Bayou and San Jacinto River. The sur- 
 6ce is an alluvial plain, which is mostly destitute .if forests, 
 excepting the margins of the streams. The soil is highly 
 prodvictive. A railroad is in progress of construction from 
 
 Harrisburg to the Brazos Fiver. Named in honor of 
 
 Harris, an early settler of the county. Capital, Houston, 
 fop. 9070, of whom 7017 were free. 
 
 HARRIS.a township of Centre co.,Pennsylvania. Pop.1949. 
 
 H.^RRIS, a post-<iffice of Louisa co., Virginia, 
 
 HARRIS, a district of Muscogee co., Georgia. 
 
 HARRIS, a township of OtUwa co., Ohio. Pop. 1143. 
 
 HAR 
 
 HARRIS, a township of St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 367. 
 
 HAR'RlJ^BURG, a post-township of Lewis co.. New York, 
 68 miles N.N.W. of Utica. Pop, 1388. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a city, cai)ital of Pennsylvania, and seat 
 of justice of Dauphin county, is delightfully situated on the 
 E. bank of the Susquehanna River, 108 miles W. by N. of 
 Philadelphia, and 110 miles N. of Washington. Lat. 40° 
 16' N., Ion. 76° 50' W. The Pennsylvania Railroad con- 
 nects here with the Lebanon Valley Branch of the Phila- 
 delphia and Reading, the Nortliern Central, the Cumber- 
 land Valley, and the Dauphin and Susquehanna Railroads, 
 with a brunch road to Columbia. These facilities for travel 
 !ind freight, together with the canal and river, and the 
 vicinity of this city to large beds of coal and iron ore, give it 
 an almost unequalled position for business enterprises of 
 every kind. Several extensive iron furnaces, rolling-mills, 
 a cotton factory, manufactory of railroad cars, and other 
 manufactories liave been established. The public buildings 
 consisting of the capitol and its adjacent state offices and 
 arsenal occupy an eminence in the heart of the city. There 
 is a large and valuable library in the capitol, A handsome 
 and commodious court-house has been recently built. It liaa 
 18 churches and 1 synagogue, 2 banks of issue and 2 deposit 
 banks; a male seminary, a female seminary; 9 public schools; 
 a market-house and county prison, both built of stone; 1 
 Masonic Lodge, 3 Odd Fellows Lodges ; 2 Odd Fellows En- 
 campments; 6 fire companies, two of them having steam- 
 engines ; 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. The city is sup- 
 plied with gas, and pure river water, it is very prosperous ; 
 about 200 houses were erected in 1864, and the population is 
 rapidly increa.sing, and it promises to be a largo inland city. 
 Harrisburg was founded by John Harris in 1785, and incor- 
 porated as a city in 1860. It became the capital of the State 
 in 1812. Pop. in 1840, 5980; in 1860, 7834; in 1860, 13,400; 
 in 1865. about 20.000. 
 
 llARRlSiiURG. a post-village of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina, about 160 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a postK){nce of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post-office of Pontotoc co., in the N.E. 
 part of Mississippi. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a considerable village of Ilairis CO., Texas, 
 on Bufl'ak) Bayou, and on the Houston and Texas Central 
 Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Houston. Free population in ISOO, 
 196:}. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post-village of Franklin eo., Ohio, 14 
 miles S.W. of Columbus, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, of 
 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 HARRISBURG. a village of I^fayette co., Missouri, 115 
 miles W. by N. of .lefferson City. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a village of Van Buren co., Iowa, 70 mile* 
 S. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 HAR'RISOX, a county in the N. part of W. A'irginia, has 
 an area of 440 square miles. It is intersected by the Wes» 
 Fork of the Monongahela River. The surface is biokec 
 with many high hills, and extensively covered with forests 
 The soil is generally fertile. Stone coal is abundant, ana 
 iron ore is found. It is intersected by the railroad which 
 extends from Parkersburg to the Baltimore and Ohio liali 
 road. Named in honor of Benjamin Harris. Governor ot 
 Virginia in 1782. Capital, Clarksburg. Pop. 13,790, of whom 
 13,208 were free, and 582 slaves. 
 
 HARRISON, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, bor- 
 dering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1150 
 square miles. It is drained by Biloxi and AVolf Rivers. 
 The soil is sandy, and mostly covered with pine woods. 
 Capital, Mississippi City. Pop. 4819, of whom 3804 were 
 free, and 1015 slaves. 
 
 HARRISON, a county in the E.N.E. part of Texas, bor- 
 dering on Louisiana, has an area of 975 square mile.s. The 
 Big Cypress Bayfiu and Caddo Lake form its boundary on 
 the N., the Sabine River tiows along its S. border, and it is 
 drained by the Little Cypress Bayou. The surface is diver- 
 sified with prairies and forests ; the soil is productive. In 
 18,50 this county produced more Indian corn and more 
 sweet potatoes than any other county in the state, and 
 more cotton than any other excepting Colorado : corn. .376.600 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 126,763 bushels : cotton, 4581 bales. 
 Capital, Marshall, Pop. 15,001, of whom 6217 were free, and 
 8784 slaves. 
 
 HARRISON, a county In the N.N.E. part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 367 square miles. The Licking 
 River washes its N.E. border, and the South Branch of th.-it 
 river flows through the middle of the count}-; about half 
 of the surface is undulating, and the other part hilly: 
 the .soil is generally good, that of the undulating portion 
 is especially rich. The rock which underlies a large part of 
 the surface is the blue limestone, a good material for build- 
 ing. Formed in 1793, and named in honor of Colonel Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, a member of the I^egi-slature of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Cynthiana. Pop, 13,779, of whom 10,490 were free, 
 anil 3289 slaves. 
 
 HARRISON, a county in the E. part of Ohio, has an area 
 1 of 400 squiil-e miles. It is drained by Stillwater, Couotten, 
 
 826 
 
IIAR 
 
 <ml Ortw Creeks. The (.arface is diversified by hills, which 
 ore -apslle of being cultivated to the summit. The soil is 
 partly of limestone formation, and extremely fertile. This 
 U) cue of the i^rentest wool-growing counties of the state. It 
 oontaius rl> h mines of bituminous coal. It is intersected 
 by the Pittsburg, Columbus aud Cincinnati Railroad. Capi- 
 tal. Cadi/. Pop. 19,110. 
 
 HARRISO.N, a county in the S. part of Indiana, border- 
 lug on Kentucky, contains 475 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Blue River and the Indian Creek, affluents of the 
 Ohio River, which washes the S. border. The surface is 
 diversified by the ■' Knobs" and river hills, which have an 
 altitude of 400 or 500 feet, and presents as beautiful scenery 
 as can bo found in the state. The county is based partly 
 on the carboniferous limestone, in which extensive caverns 
 are found. Pitman's Cave, in the W. part, extends more 
 than 2 miles under the ground, and contains apartments 
 of vast dimensions. In this vicinity is a remarkable spring. 
 It is 60 feet in diameter, and several hundred feet deep. 
 When General Harrison was governor of Indiana, he erected 
 a mill on its waters which are sufficient to drive 4 pair of 
 stones. Organized in 1808. Capital, Corydon. Pop. 18,521 
 
 HARRISON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Missouri, 
 borderinc on Iowa, has an area of 750 square miles. The 
 Crooked Fork of Grand River traverses the N.E. part ; Big 
 Creek, an affluent of Grand River, flows through the mid- 
 dle, from N. to S.; the county is also drained by Sugar, Cy- 
 press, and Samson's Creeks. A lar^e portion of the surface 
 consists of prairies. The soil on the margin of the streams 
 is fertile. Capital, Bethany. Pop. 10,626, of whom 10,601 
 ■were free, and 25 slaves. 
 
 HARRISON, a new county in the W. part of Iowa, bor- 
 dering on the Mississippi River, has an area of aiout 480 
 square miles. The Mi.ssouri River forms its W. boundary, 
 and it is intersected by the Boyer and Soldier Rivers. It is 
 not included in the census of 1850. Capital, Magnolia. Pop. 
 in 1860, 3621. 
 
 HARRISON, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 
 about 40 miles N.N.W. of Portland. Crooked River, and a 
 stream flowing into Long Pond, afford water-power. The 
 township contains the villages of Barton Mills and Harri- 
 son Flat. Pop. 1251. 
 
 HARRISON, a post-township of Westchester co.. New 
 York, bordering on Long Island Sound, and intersected by 
 the New York and New Haven Railroad, 25 miles N.E. of 
 New York. Pop. 1413. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Hudson co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2556. 
 
 H.\RRISON, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 716. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1096. 
 
 HARRISON, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama, 
 
 HARRISON, a post-village, capital of Hamilton co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the Tennessee River, 140 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 Iron ore and stone coal are abundant in the vicinity. The 
 River is navigated by steamboats above and Iwlow this 
 town. Pop. about .500. 
 
 HARRISON, a village of Pulaski co., Kentucky, 15 miles 
 W. of Somerset, the county seat. 
 
 HARRISON a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1033. 
 
 HARRISON,a township ofCliampaignco.,Ohio. Pop.lnTO. 
 
 HARKISON, a township of Uarke co., Ohio. Pop. 1813. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1 225. 
 
 HARRISON, a post-village of Crosby township, Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio, on the Whitewater Canal, and on the W. boundary 
 of the state, 20 miles W.X.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. 1343. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 781. 
 
 HARRISON', a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 777. 
 
 H.ARRISON, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1391. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Log-.in CO., Ohio. Pop. 912. 
 
 HARRISOX,atownsliipof Muskingum co.,Ohio. Pop.1358. 
 
 HA liRISON, a township of Paulding CO., Ohio. Pop. 217. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Perry co , Ohio. Pop. 1050. 
 
 IIARi;lSON,a township of Pickaway co.,Ohio. Pop. 1236. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 2217. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop, 1025. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1486. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 1415. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 780. 
 
 HARRI.SiJN, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, is 
 connected by a plank-road with Adrian. Pop. about 200. 
 
 H.iRKISON, a post-township of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 546. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1120. ' 
 
 HARRI80N,atown8hipofBlackfordco., Indiana. P. 1166. 
 
 HAMRISON. a township of Cuss co., Indiana. Pop. 1011. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Cbiy Co., Indiana. Pop. 1711. 
 
 H A HRISON, a township of Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 9.57. 
 
 HARRIS! IN, a township of Dearborn co., Indiana. P. 107ii. 
 
 HARRISON, a post-towuship of Delaware co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1143. 
 
 IIAI!RISON,atownshIpofEIkhartco.,Indiana. Pop.1528. 
 
 HARRISON,atowu«hipofFayelteco.,Indlana. Pou.1889. 
 
 82a *^ 
 
 HAR , 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 HA I! RIS( »N, a township of Hcnrj- co., Indiana. Pop. 1814. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 994. 
 
 1 1 AR i!lSON,a township of Kosciusko co.,Indiana. P.1325. 
 
 HA RRISON, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 847. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Morgan co., I udiana. Pop. 430. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Owen co., Indiiina. Pop. 658. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Pulaski Co.. Indiana. Pop. 571. 
 
 H A liRISON. a township of Sl)onccr co.,Indiana. Pop. 1678. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Union co., Indiana. Pop. 816. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Vigo co., Indiana, contains 
 Terre Haute, the county-seat. 
 
 HARRISON, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, on the Wabash 
 and Erie Canal, 4 miles N. of Terre Haute. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Wayne co , Indiana. Pop. 644. 
 
 H ARRIi^ON, a township of Wells Co., Indiana. Pop. 1548. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 IIAKKISON, a post-vill.age and township of Winnebago 
 CO., Illinois, about 100 miles N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 6S9. 
 
 H.\RR]SON, a township of Scotland co., Missouri. 
 
 H.\RRISON. a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa. 
 
 HARRISON' BAY, In Russian America, in the Arctic 
 Ocean, is between lat. 70° 20' and 70° 40' N., and Ion. 150° 
 and 152° 30' W., bounded E. and W. by Point Berens and 
 Cape Halkett. Not far inland rise the Pelly Mountains, 
 but the shores are low. 
 
 HAR'RISONBURG, a neat and thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Rockingham co., Virginia. 125 miles N.W. of Rich- 
 mond. It is surrounded by a fertile and beautiful country, 
 and has considerable business. There are 3 churches and 
 2 printing offices. Laid out iu 1780. Free populiitiou in 1860, 
 1023. 
 
 HARRISONBURG, a post-village, capital of Catahoula 
 parish, Louisiana, on the W. bank of the Washita River, 107 
 miles by water N.N.W. of Baton Rouge. It .stands at the 
 foot of the first pine hills which occur in a.scending Ine 
 river. It has a court-hou.se and jail built of stone, and 5 
 stores. The block furnished by Louisiana for the Washirig- 
 ton Monument was obtained from the sandstone quarri..* 
 near this place. 
 
 HARRISON CITY, a post-village of Westmoreland co. 
 Pennsylvania. 24 miles E. by S. of I'ittsbui-g. 
 
 HARRISON CREEK, a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 HARRISON FLAT, a post-village of Cumberland co., 
 Maine, on the outlet of a pond which affords water-power 
 about 45 miles N.N.W. of Portland. It contains a church^ 
 and 2 or 3 stores. Pop. about 250. 
 
 HARRISON'S MILLS, a post-office of Crawford co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 HARRISON SQUARE, a post-village of Dorchester town- 
 ship. Suffolk CO., Massachu.setts, on the Old Colony Railroad, 
 4 miles S. by E. of Boston. 
 
 HARRISON VALLEY, a post-office of Potter co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 HAR'RISONVILLE, formerly COLESTOWN, a village of 
 Gloucester co., New Jersey, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Camden. 
 
 HARRISON VILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 
 in Nitt.iny Valley, 4 miles S.E. of Rellefonte. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE, a village of Fulton co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the turnpike from Chambersburg to Bedford, 27 miles 
 W. of the former. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE, a village of Troup co.. Georgia. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE, formerly CON'NERSVILLE, a post- 
 village of Shelby co., Kentucky, 46 miles E.S.E. of Louis- 
 ville. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, 15 milea 
 N.E. of Portsmouth. Pop. about 250. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Martin co., 
 Indiana, is situated on Indian Creek. 4 miles N.E. of Dover 
 Hill. There are sulphur springs in the immediate vicinity, 
 which attract a large number of visitors. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE, a village of Knox co., Illinois, 12 
 miles S. of Knoxville. 
 
 IIARRISONA'ILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Illinois, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 28 miles below St. Louis. 
 
 HARRISONVILLE. a thriving post-village, capital of Cass 
 CO., Missouri, 115 miles in a direct line W. of Jefferson City. 
 It has some trade with Utah and the Indians who reside 
 W. of Missouri. Free pop. 1)75. 
 
 HARRIS'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Franklin co. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 HARRIS'S HILL, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 HARRIS'S LOT, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland. 
 
 HAR'RISTOWN, a village, and formerly a parliamentary 
 borough of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kildare, 2j miles NJB. 
 of Kilcullen Bridiie. 
 
 IIARRISTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., of 
 liildare. 
 
 IIARRISTOWN, a post-village of Washington co.. Indiana, 
 on the railroad from New Albany to Siilem, 4 miles E. of tbe 
 latter. 
 
 IIARRISVILLE, a post-office of Cheshire co.. New Hami>- 
 shire. 
 
 HARRISVILLE, a village In Burrillville township, Provi- 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 dence en , Rhode Island, about 15 miles N.W. of Providence. 
 It coutiiius a cotton-mill and a spindle-mill. Pop. about 400. 
 
 H A UKISVILLE,a post- village of Butler CO., Pennsylvania, 
 24 miles X.N.W. of Butler. Pop. 35". 
 
 HARKISVILL K, a post-village, capital of Ritchie co.,West 
 Virginia, on or near the Northwestern Kaihoad, 37 miles E. 
 of Parkersburg. It contains 2 churches. 
 
 HARRIS\^LLE, a post-village of Montgomery cc, North 
 Carolina, 126 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 HARRIS VILLE, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, 123 
 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 HARRISVILLE, a township ot Medina cc, Ohio. Pop. 
 1226. 
 
 HARRISVILLE. a post-office of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 
 IIARRISVILLB, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin. 
 
 IIAK/RODSBURG, a flourishing postrtown, capital of Mer- 
 cer CO., Kentucky, is situated on a commanding ominence, 
 
 I mile from Salt River, and 30 miles S. of Frankfort. It is 
 said to be the oldest village in Iventucky, the first cabin 
 having been built in 1774, by Captain James Ilarrod. The 
 town is beautiful, and well built, and is a place of great 
 resort in the summer on account of its mineral wat«rs. The 
 Ilarrodsburg Springs are among the most celebrated in the 
 stat<3, and perhaps the most fashionable in the Western 
 States ; $300,(X)0 have been expended in the buildings and 
 other improvements. This town lias lately been selected as 
 the site for the new military academy, and it is the seat of 
 Bacon College, founded in 1836. In 18t)2 it bad >> instruc- 
 tors, 156 students, and 16u0 volumes in its library. A large 
 quantity of fine dry-goods is sold in this place, which is also 
 an important market for cattle, horses, and other stock. It 
 contains a bank. Turnpikes extend from the town in seven 
 directions. A newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1860, 
 1668. 
 
 IIARROBSBURG, a village of Monroe co., Indiana, on 
 Clear Creek, 12 miles S. of Bloomington, and about 3 miles 
 W. of the New Albany and Chicago Railroad. It is a depot 
 for produce raised in the vicinity. 
 
 HARRODSHURG, a village of Johnson co., Missouri, about 
 90 miles W. of .Tefferson City. 
 
 IIAR'ROGATE. a township, and one of the principal 
 watering-places of England, co., and 27 miles W. of York, 
 West Riding, on the York and North Midland Railway. Pop. 
 in 1S51, 3678. It consists of two villages, High and Low 
 Harriiwgate. There are numerous hotels, and excellent 
 boarding-houses, several churches, a hospital, branch bank, 
 theatres, libraries, promenade and as.sembly rooms, and a 
 race-course, with springs of chalybeate, sulphur, and .sjiliiie 
 ■^attTS, drawing here a concourse of alK>ut 2000 visitors, in- 
 cluding a large circle of rank and fashion. The sulphur 
 well has been used as an alterative and purgative since the 
 end of the seventeenth century, chietly in cases of scrofula 
 and cutaneous eruptions. 
 
 H.iR'ROLD. a small market-town and parish of England, 
 CO., and 8 miles N.W. of Bedford. 
 
 II AR ISOLD'S CROSS, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. 
 3f Dublin, about 1 mile S. of Dublin Castle. Pop. 27S9. 
 
 HAR'ROLDSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 HARROLDSTON, WEST, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 HAK'KOWBY, a township of England, co. of Lincoln, 2 
 miles ^V'. Grantham. It gives the title of earl to the Ryder 
 family. 
 
 H ARROWDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ^ HARROWDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 IIAR'ROW-ON-TnE-IIILL,a parish and village of England, 
 CO. of Jliddlesex. finely situated on the summit of a high 
 hill, 10 miles N.W. of London, on the London and Birming- 
 liam Railway. It contains many good houses, ancient and 
 modern, has a picturesnue old church, and a celebrated 
 grammar school, at which some of the greatest diameters 
 of this century, including the late Lord Byron and Sir Ro- 
 bert i'eel, were educated. It was founded by John Lyon, a 
 ■wealthy yeoman, in 1571. 
 
 HARS.WY. haR^sSfi'. a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 
 on the White Koros. 9 miles from Grosswardein. Pop. IISO. 
 
 HARSANY, hOR'shdil', Kis. kish, and N\gy, nCdj, two 
 nearly contiguous vilUiges of Hungary, co. of Baranya, about 
 3 miles from Siklos. Pop. of Kis-Harsany, 430; of Nagy- 
 Harsany. SOO. 
 
 HARSEE.V or IIARSIN, haii-seen',a village of 300 houses 
 In Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, district, and about 25 
 miles S.K. of Kermanshah. 
 
 HARSEFELD, naa/seh-f Jlt\ a market-town of Hanover, 
 
 II miles S. E. of Stade, on the Aue. Pop. 989/ 
 IIARSEWINKKL. haR/seh-wln'kel, a village of Prussia, 
 
 province of Westphalia, 26 miles E. of M duster, with 1042 
 inhabitants. 
 
 H.\RSH'MANSVILLE, a postofflce of Montgomery co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 HARSLEBEN, hans'lA'ben, a village of Prussia, province 
 of Saxony, S.E. of Halberstadt. Pop. 1700. 
 
 HAR/SON ISLAND, in Canada West, is at the eni ranee 
 of the river into the Lake St. Clair. Lat. 42° 35' N., lou. 82* 
 25' W. Length, from N. to S., 10 miles. 
 
 II.\R'STON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 HARS/WELL, a parish of England, co. of York, Ease 
 Biding. 
 
 H.\RT, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 HART, a county in the W. central part of Kentui'ky, has 
 an area estimated at 425 sijuare miles. It is traversed from 
 E. to W. by Green lUver, navigable by steamboats, and also 
 drained by Nolin and Bacon Creeks. Tliis county forms 
 part of the region commonly called the " Barrens," the sur- 
 face of which is diversified by conical hills, a few hundred 
 feet hivih, and sparsely covered with small timlx-r, chiefly 
 oak. The soil is generally fertile. The rock which under- 
 lies the county is cavernous limestone, suitable for building; 
 numerous caves and .sinkholes are found in it. The county 
 is liberally supplied with water-power. It is inter.sected by 
 the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Formed in 1819, and 
 named in honor of Captain Nathaniel Hart, an officer in the 
 war of 1812. Capital. Mnnfordsville. Pop. 10,348, of whom 
 8953 were free, and 1395 slaves. 
 
 HART, a township in Warwick co., Indiana. Pop. 1576. 
 
 HARTA or HARTIIA, haR'tl, a town of Saxony, circle, 
 and 31 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1941. 
 
 HARTA, KIS, kish has/tdh, a village of Hungary, co., and 
 56 miles S. of Pesth, on the Danulje. Pop. 2055. 
 
 HART, ALT, dlt haBt, a village of Moravia, circle of 
 Znaim. Pop. 951. 
 
 UARTBKRG, haRt/b^M, a town of Styria, 30 miles N.E. 
 of Griitz. Pop. 1500. 
 
 HART'BURN, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 HARTENSTEIN, haR/tfn-stIne\ a town of Saxony, near 
 the Mulde. Pop. 1947. 
 
 HAR/THST, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 11 ART^FELL', a mountain in the S. of Scotland, co. of Pee- 
 bles and Dumfries. Elevation, 26;i5 feet. 
 
 H.\RT'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 HART'FIELD, a post-village of Chautauq/Uaco., New Yorlc, 
 about a mile N. of Chautauqua Lake. 
 
 HART'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Eiist Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 HARTFORD, a township of England, co. of Chester, with 
 a station on the London and North-Western Railway, llj 
 miles N.X.W. of Crewe. 
 
 HART'FORD, a county in the N. central part of Connec- 
 ticut, has an area of about 807 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Connecticut River, and drained by Farming- 
 ton River and other smaller streams, which afford valuable 
 water-power. The surface is uneven, and in some parts 
 mountainous. Talcott Mountain is the principal elevation. 
 The soil is fertile and well cultivated. Connecticut River is 
 navigable for sloops to Hartford, and for small steamboats 
 through the county. The railroads extending from New 
 Haven to Springfield, and from New Haven to Northamp- 
 ton, and that from Providence to Fishkill, traverse this 
 county, and several shorter lines of railroad partly intei-sect 
 it. Organized in 1066. Capital, Hartford. Pop. 89,962. 
 
 H.^RTFORD, a post-township of Windsor CO., Vermont, on 
 the W. side of Connecticut River, and on the Vermont Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 40 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. It has manu- 
 factures of iron castings, machinery. Ac. I'op. 239'). 
 
 H.^RTFORD, a city, seat of justice of Hartford co., and 
 semi-capital of Connecticut, is situated on the right bank of 
 the Connecticut River, at the head of sloop navigation, 50 
 miles from Long Island Sound, 36 miles by railroad N.N.E. 
 of New Haven. 124 miles W.S.W. of Boston, and 112 miles 
 N.E. of New York. Lat. 41° 45' 59" N., Ion. 72° 40' 45" W. It 
 is connected with East Hartford, on the opposite side of the 
 river, by a covered bridge 1000 feet long. The chartered 
 limits of the city extend along the W. bank of the river some 
 two miles, and about one and a half miles back, including 
 an areji of about 2000 acres. The site is considerably ele- 
 vated, and the surface somewhat broken. There are up- 
 wards of 70 streets and alleys, some of which run parallel 
 with the river, and are intersected at right angles by those 
 passing from E. to W. ; while others are very irregular. 
 Main street reaches from the N. to the S. extremity of the 
 city, dividing it into two neaily equal parts. On this street, 
 which is broad, and more than a mile in length, are many 
 of the public buildings and churches, and also a large num- 
 ber of the retail stores. State street extends from Main 
 street to the river; on it is done most of the wholesale busi- 
 ness: near its junction with Main street it divides into two 
 parts, enclosing the State-house and public S(iuare. A.sylum 
 street passes westward to the piincipal railroad station, and 
 is the seat of an important business, consisting chiefly of cot- 
 ton and woollen goods of home manufacture. The city is, 
 I for the most part, compactly built, principally of brick and 
 1 freestone, and exhibits much taste and elegance. Among 
 1 the public building.s. the State-house, erected in 1792. may 
 I be mentioned as the most remarkable. It is a fine struc- 
 ture, of the Doric order, 114 feet by 76, with walls 54 feet 
 i high. Besides the legislative halls, it contains apartmenta 
 
 827 
 
HAR 
 
 for the several courts of the state and county, and nume- 
 roas public officeB. The edifice is adorned with two porticos 
 and a dome, the top of which atTords a mairniticent view of 
 the city, the river, and the surrounding country. The letris- 
 latuiemeets alternately here and at New Haven — the odd 
 years at Hartford. The City Hall, froiitinf; on Market Square. 
 Is a handsome building of Grecian architecture, containini; 
 the police court-nxim, a large hall for public purposes, and 
 the city market. There are also 2 extensive railroad depots. 
 In 1S(U, the city contained 21 churches of the various deno- 
 mination!!, many of them large and elepaut edifices. 
 
 The literary and educatianal institutions of Hartford are 
 numerous, and of a hii;;hly respectable character. Among 
 the first in importance is trinity College, situated on a gen- 
 tle acclivity about a mile W. of the State-house. • It was 
 founded in 1823, and is under the direction of the Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church. The grounds, comprising about li 
 acres, are handsomely laid out and variously ornamented. 
 The buildings are of stone, S in number, named Seabury, 
 Jarvis. and Brownell Halls. The Wadsworth Athenasum. a 
 beautiful granite building in the castellated Gothic style, is 
 devoted to the promotion of literature, science, and the arts. 
 The southern compartment is occupied by the Connecticut 
 Historical Society, and contains, besides the library, com- 
 prising some 5<i00 printed volumes and a great number of 
 ancient documents and manuscripts, a large and valuaMe 
 collection of historical relics. The northern compartment is 
 appropriated to the use of the Young Men's Institute, which 
 maintiiins an able course of lectures, and has a library of 
 about 10,000 volumes. A gallery of paintings and other 
 rooms devoted to the fine arts occupy the central portion 
 of the building. The system of public instruction adopted 
 by the city is probably the best in the state. The schools 
 are free to all resident pupils, the expense being defrayed 
 partly by the income from the publip school fund, and partly 
 by a tax on property. The studies pursued in the high 
 school are similar to those usually embraced in a college 
 course. The newspa])er press consists of 7 publications, of 
 which 4 are issued daily. 
 
 Hartford has long been distinguished for its benevolent 
 Institutions. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 
 standing just without the city limits, was the first institu- 
 tion of the kind ever established in the United States. The 
 late Kev. T. H. Gallaudet, LL.D., having visited Eui-ope for 
 the purpose of ascertaining the best method of imparting 
 Instruction to the deaf and dumb, brouirht with him. on 
 bis return in 1816, M. Lament Clerc. a deaf mute, who had 
 been many years a succcessful teacher in Paris, under the 
 Abb6 Sieard. The American Asylum was organized in 1817, 
 under the direction of Mr. Gallaudet as principal, and M. 
 Laurent Clerc as associate teacher. The institution rose 
 rapidly into public favor, the seven deaf mutes with which 
 it first commenced having soon increased to 140. The ave- 
 rage number of pupils at present is about 220. The main 
 building was erected in 1820, and is 1.30 feet by ."iO, and 4 
 stories high. The Retreat for the Insane, founded in 1822, 
 is situated in the S.W. part of the city, on a gentle eleva- 
 tion, commanding an extensive, varied, and most beautiful 
 prospect. The buildings are surrounded with .some 17 acres 
 of ground, tastefully ornamented with walks, shade-trees, 
 and shrubbery. The number of patients during the year 
 ending April"], 1S64, was 374, of whom 72 had been dis- 
 charged entirely cured; 26 much improved; 13 not im- 
 proved, and 21 had died. 
 
 Hartford is advantageously situated for trade, manufac- 
 tures, and commerce. It is in the great line of railways 
 connecting the New England with the Middle, Southern. 
 and Western States, and also in the line of the Providence 
 Hartford and Fishkill liailroad. The Connecticut lUver, 
 which is navigable to Hartford for sea vessels and steam- 
 boats of 1000 tons burden, admits the passage of small 
 boats as far as Newbury in Vermont, a distance of 220 mile.s. 
 There are about 24 incorporated companies in Hartford, 
 having upwards of $8,0u0,(i00 capital, besides many that are 
 not Incorporated, engaged in commercial and manufactur- 
 ing enterprises. The value of the city manufiietures for the 
 year ending June 1, 1860, as given by the census returns, 
 amounted to $3,619.389 ; and at the present time. Au'zust. 
 1854, their value probably exceeds ^,5i>0,000. The more 
 important articles of manufacture are firearms and hard- 
 ware of tlje various kinds. Book publishing has always 
 been carried on here to a great extent. There are 12 banks 
 In Hartford, with an aggregate capital of about $8,000,000, 
 6 savings institutions, capital and deposits upwards of 
 $3,000,000, and 17 fire and life insurance companies, with 
 an aggregate capital of $14,400,000. The city is lighted 
 with giis, and is supplied with water from the Connecticut 
 Eiver. The city is divided into 6 wards. The nuinicipal 
 government is ve8te<i in a mayor, elected once in two years, 
 12 aldermen, 6 of whom are chosen annually, and the 
 common council, composed of 24 persous, also chosen an- 
 nually. 
 
 Hartford was permanently settled in 1635 by an English 
 colony from Massiichusetts. Its name was given in houor 
 •f one of the leading settlers, Mr. Stone, who was born in 
 
 HAR 
 
 Hartford, England. Previous to the settlement of the colony, 
 the Dutih had explored the Connecticnt, and erected a fort 
 on what is still called Dutch I'oint, in the S.E. part of the 
 city. The old " Charter 0;ik," formerly the object of much 
 interest to visitors, is dead. (See Connecticut.) The Indian 
 name of Hartford was Sackiaug. Incorporated as a city in 
 1784. Pop. in 1820,4726; in 1830,7076; in 1840,9468; in 
 1860, 13.656 ; and In 1860, 29,152. 
 
 HAKTKOUD. a post-village and township of Oxford co., 
 Maine, on the head waters of Twenty Mile River, a tilbu- 
 tary of the Androscoggin, and on the route of the Buckfield 
 Branch Railroad, about 30 miles W. of Augusta. The vil- 
 lage contains 2 stores, a grist mill, saw mill, and clapboard 
 mill. Pop. of the township, 1156. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-village and township of Washington 
 CO., New York, about 55 miles N.N.E. of Albany. The vil- 
 lage h.os 2 or 3 churches, several stores, and a bank. Pop. 
 of the township, 2046. 
 
 HARTKOKD, a small village of Evesham township, Bur- 
 lington CO., New .Jersey. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-borough of Crawford co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Erie Extension of the Pennsylvania Canal, 13 
 miles S.W. of Meadville. the county seat. Pop. 135. 
 
 HARTFORD, post-village of Forsyth co., Georgia. 
 
 HARTFORD, a village of Pulaski co.. Georgia, on the Oc- 
 mulgee River, opposite Hawkinsville, is nearly deserted on 
 account of its uuhealthiness. 
 
 HARTFORD, a thriving post-village of Chickasaw co., 
 Mississippi, on the Loosascoona Kiver, at the head of keel- 
 boat navigation, 20 miles N.W. of Houston. It has a dens* 
 population around it. and contains several stores. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-village, eipital of Ohio co., Kentucky, 
 on Rough Creek, an ailiuent of Green River, 160 miles S.W. 
 of Frankfort. It contains a court-house and 2 churches. It 
 was settled in 1808. Pop. about 500. 
 
 n.\RTFORD, a post-village and township of Licking co., 
 Ohio, about 25 miles N.E. of Columlms. Pop. 1183. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-township in the E. part of Trumbull 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1295. 
 
 HAKTFOKD, a township of Van Buren co., Jlichigan. 
 Pop. 1073. 
 
 HARTFORD, a towrnsliip in Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 618. 
 
 HARTFORD, a village, capital of Blackford co., Indiana, 
 76 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. It contains a brick court- 
 house, and about 300 inhabitants. Laid out in 1839. 
 
 HARTFORD, a thriving-post-village of Ohio co., Indiana, 
 on Laughery Creek, 5 miles from the Ohio .River, and 90 
 miles S.E. of Indianapolis, was first settled in 1814. It has 
 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-village of Putnam co., Missouri, about 
 110 miles N. of Booneville. 
 
 HARTFdKD. a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa, on 
 the plank-road from Burlington to Fairfield, about 12 miles 
 W by N. of the former. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-village of Polk co.. Iowa, on the 
 river Des Moines, 17 miles S.E. of Fort Des Moines, the county 
 seat. 
 
 HARTFORD, a th riving post-village and township of Wash- 
 ington CO., Wisconsin, on a branch of Rock Kiver. near its 
 source. 35 miles by railroad N.W. of Milwaukie. The village 
 has 5 churches, 12 stores, and 4 mills. Pop. about 1600; 
 of the township, 2510. 
 
 HARTHA. a town of Saxony. See Harta. 
 
 IIARTHAU, haii'tOw. a village of Saxony, 4 miles S. of 
 Chemnitz. Pop. 1256. 
 
 IIARTHAU. GROSS, groce haR/tflw, a village of Saxony, 
 circle of Dresden, N.E. of Stolpen. 
 
 H.\II/TIIEG1G, a small post-village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 HART'IIILL, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 HAHTHILL, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 HAR/TING, a parish of Enirland. co. of Sussex. 
 
 HAR'TINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HAHT'L.A.ND. a marke^town and parish of England, co. 
 of Devon, 13 miles W.S.W. of Bideford. Pop. in l.s61. 2183. 
 It has a large church, serving as a landmark for mariners, 
 and a quay, about 2 miles distant, on the Bristol Channel. 
 The town was made a port in the reign of Elizabeth, and it 
 is governed by a portreeve. Near it is Hartland Abbey, 
 now converted into a modern mansiion: and atmnt 2 miles 
 to the N.W. is Hartland Point, (anc. Ha-'cidis yromontj/- 
 rhivi.) a loftv promontory, forming the S. entrance of the 
 Bristol Channel, in lat. 51'2 1' N.. and Ion. 4° 31' W. 
 
 H.\RT'L.^,ND. a post-town.ship of Somerset co., Maine, 
 about 42 miles N.E. by N. of .\ugusta. It has some manu- 
 fiictures of leather and edged tools. Pop. 1050. 
 
 HARTL.\.NIX a post-township of Windsor co., Vermont 
 on the Vermont Central Railroad, 60 miles S. by E of Jlont- 
 pelier. Pop. 1748. 
 
 HARTI^A XD,a post-township of Hartford co.,Connecticut, 
 20 miles N.W. of Hartford, intersected by the east branch 
 of F.arniington River. Pop. 846. 
 
 HAHTLAND, a post-township of Niagara CO., New ^ork. 
 11 miles N.E. of Lockport. Pop. 3056. 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 nAllTr>A\D, a post-township in the E. part of Huron 
 CO., Ohki. Pop. 1112. 
 
 n.iUTL.^ND, a po.st-Tilla<?e and township of Livinjrston 
 CO., iliibijran, on Ore Creek, about 44 miles E. of Lansing, 
 ha.s a ftouiiii}; mill, and about 300 inhabitants. Pop. of the 
 township, 120.3. 
 
 IIAHTL.\ND. apost-villageofMcIIenry CO., Illinois, about 
 200 miUs .V.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 IIARTLAND, a post-village of Waukesha CO., 'VVi.scon.sin, 
 ah^ut 24 miles W. by N. of Milwaukee, with which it is 
 connected by a railroad. It luts a stores and 1 llouring- 
 mill. 
 
 HAKTLEBURY, har'tfl-bfr-e, a parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 HAKTIjEPOOL, har'tfl-poor, an ancient municipal bo- 
 tough, seaport, market-town, and parish of England, co., 
 and 19 miles E.S.E. of Durham, with which city and with 
 Stockton it is connected by railways. The pari.sh consists 
 of an almo.st insulated promontory, on the North Sea. curved 
 so as to form a natural harbor, and presenting, from its 
 lofty and singularly excavated elilfs, magnificent sea and 
 land views. Pop. oif .the borough, in 1861, 12,205. The town, 
 on the S. fide of this peninsula, has many handsome modern 
 houses, built for the use of the numerous sea-bathers who 
 now resort here; some fine remains of the feudal fortifii-a- 
 tions which once defended it, a large and curious church in 
 the early English style, an endowed school, and other chari- 
 ties, a town-hall, several branch banks, a chalybeate spring, 
 and a harlxir with one of the largest docks in England, with 
 depth of water of from 20 to 25 feet, and defended by 2 .-strong 
 batteries. The trade of Hartlepool has of late revived, owing 
 to the formation of railways eonnectetl with the new coal- 
 mines of Durham. In 1835 only 3 sloops belonged to the 
 port. The registered shipping now belonging to the port is 
 170, and the number is increasing; the tonnage of the ships 
 in many instances is 700 or 800 tons. In 1S50, the number 
 of ships that entered was 9625, tons 1.179,338. These .ships 
 took from the port upwards of 1,000,000 tons of coal to all 
 parts of the world. The town is governed by a mayor, 
 under an ancient charter. It belunged to the Norman 
 family of IJrus or liruce until the thirteenth century, 
 when, by their accession to the Scottish throne, they for- 
 feited their English possessions. 
 
 UART'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HARTLEY, a small seaport town of England, co. of Xorth- 
 umberLand, on the North Sea, 4i miles N. of North Shields. 
 Pop. 1911. It has an excellent harbor for ves.sels of from 
 200 to 300 ton*. 
 
 H.\RT'LEY, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1530. 
 
 HART'LEY MAU'DIT, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 UAUT'LEYTON, a post-village of Union co., Pennsylvania, 
 in Buffalo Valley, 70 miles N. by W. of Ilarrisburg. The 
 turnpike from Lewisburg to Centre county passes through it. 
 
 HAKT'LEYVILLE. a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 HART'LEY VVEST'PALL. a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 HART'LEY WINT'NEY, a parish of Ensland, co. of Hants. 
 
 HART'LtP, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HART LOT, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York. 
 
 HAKTMANITZ, haRfmi-nits\ a village of Germany, in 
 Bohemia 18 miles S.S.E. of Klattau. Pop. 705. 
 
 HARTMANNSDORF, haRfmins-doKr, a village of Ger- 
 many, in .Saxony, 36 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1583. 
 
 HART'l'URY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 H ARTS'ROROUGH. a post-v illage of Warwick co., 1 ndiana. 
 
 HARTS'GROVE, a post-village in the S.W. part of Ashta- 
 bula CO.. Ohio. Pop. 768. 
 
 HARTS'IIEAD, a district of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HARTS'HILL, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, 3i 
 miles N.W. of Nuneaton. Pop. 1001. 
 
 HARTS'IIORN, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HARTS'HORN, a post-village of Orange co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 HART'S LOCA'TION, a post-office of Coos co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 HART'S MILLS, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 II ARTS'TOWN, a post-office of Crawford co.. Penn.sylvania. 
 
 HART'S VILLAGE, or HARTSVILLE, a post-vill.age of 
 Dutchess CO., New York, 16 miles E.N.E. of Poughkeepsie. 
 
 H.iRTSVILLE, a post-village of Berkshire co., Massachu- 
 setts, 125 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 HARTSVILLE. a village of Onondaga co., New York, 130 
 miles N. by W. of Albany. 
 
 HARTSVILLE, a township of Steuben co.. New York. 
 Pop. 1154. 
 
 HARTSVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 108 miles E. of Ilarrisburg. • 
 
 HARTSVILLE, a post-office of Darlington district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HARTSVILLE, a post-village of Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 45 miles E.N.E. of Nashville, has a church and several 
 hundrt'd inhabitants. 
 
 H.\RTSV1LLE, a post-vlUage of Bartholomew co., Indiana, 
 50 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 HARTSVnXE, a village of Decatur co., Indiana, 10 mlled 
 S.W. of Greensburg. 
 
 HARTSVILLE or HARTVILLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Wright CO., Missouri, on a fork of Gasconade River, 106 
 miles S. bv W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HART'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Bucks, IJ miles 
 S.W. of Aylesbury. Louis XVIII. of France resided here 
 while in England. 
 
 H.4RTWELL. a parish of England, co. of Northamptcn. 
 
 HART'WELLVILLE, a post-village of Bennington co, 
 Vermont. 
 
 HARTWELLVILLE, a post-village in the S. part of Shlap 
 \7assee co.. Michigan. 
 
 HARTAVICK, a post-village and township in the centra 
 of Otsego CO., New York, on the Susquehanna River, and on 
 Otsego Creek, about 35 miles S. by E. of Utica. The village 
 has cliurehes of three denominations, and probably 500 in- 
 habitants. Pop. of the township, 2496. 
 
 If ARTWTCK. a post-cffice of Delaware co., Iowa. 
 
 HART'WICK SEM'INARY, a po.strvillage of Otsego co., 
 New York, on the Susquehanna River, 6 or 7 miles below 
 Cooperstown. It has a theological seminary of that name, 
 under the direction of the Lutheran church. 
 
 HART'WITH, a chapeli-y of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 81 miles W.N.AV. of Kiiaresl)orough. Here are the 
 Brimhani Crags, a stupendcjus group of rocks, piled in fan- 
 tastic forms, curiously perforated, among which are rocking- 
 stoiies 100 tons in weiirht. 
 
 HAirmVOOD, a post-office of Stafford co., A'irginia. 
 
 H.\ItTAVO0D. a post-office of Autauca co., Alabama. 
 
 HAR'TY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HARTZ. a range of mountains. See Harz. 
 
 H.\R'VARD, a post-village and township of Worcester CO., 
 Massachusetts, on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 25 
 miles N. by E. of Worcester. It has several paper mills. 
 Pop. 1.507. 
 
 HARVARD, a post^ifflce of Delaware co., New York. 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. See Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 II.\RVEY, a post office of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 HARVEY ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, are in lat 19° 
 17' S.. Ion. 158° 30' W. 
 
 HARVEY'S, a small post-village of Greene co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HAR'VEYSBURO, a village of Auglaize co., Ohio. 
 
 H.4RVEY.*BURG, a thriving post-village of Warren CO., 
 Ohio. 41 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It contains an academy, 
 and 4 or 5 places of worship. 
 
 HARVEY'S FIVE POINTS, a post-village of AVestmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, 32 miles E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 HARVEY'S POINT, a village of Polk co., Iowa, 115 milea 
 W. of Iowa City. 
 
 HARVEY'S STORE, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia, 
 108 miles S.AV. of Richmond. 
 
 H.\lt'VEYSA'ILLE, a post-village of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 108 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 HAR'VINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 IIAR'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 H.VRAVICH, hJr'rIdj. a parliamentary and mnnicip.il 
 borough, seaport, and market-town of England, co. of Essex, 
 on a point of land at the estuary of the Stour. 10 miles E. 
 of Manningtree. Lat. 51° 56' 6""N., Ion. 1° 17' 5" E. Pop. 
 of borough, in 1851, 4451. The town has 3 main streets. 
 The chief buildings are the town-hall, jail, customhouse, 
 theatre, assembly-rooms, baths, grammar s<hool, and a hand- 
 some modern church. The harbor is among the best on the 
 E. coast of England, affording shelter for the largest fleets, 
 and is defended by a strong garrisoned fort and battery;, 
 but the entrance, though well buoyed, and indicated by 2 
 light-'houses with fixed lights, is dangerous without a pilot. 
 Some ship-building is carried on, and the town has recently 
 become a resort for sea-bathing. The regular shipping in 
 1847 was 4015 tons. A'e.ssels entered, 43,8S2 tons: cleared, 
 38.514 tons. The number of vessels belonging to the port 
 in 1850 was 139, tonnage, 60.900; total vessels inward, 054, 
 tonnage, 49.402 : outward. 658. tonnage, .33,06;5— more than 
 three-fourths of the whole being coasters. It is of Saxon 
 origin. In 1318. it was incorporated by Edward II.: and in 
 1347 it supplied 14 ships to the fleet of Edward III. Har- 
 wich sends 2 members to the House of Commons. The 
 name Harwich is derived from two Saxon words: — here, 
 signifying "army," and wic, a " fortification;" whence it is 
 inferred that it was once the station of a Saxon army. 
 
 II.\R'AVICH, a post-township of Barnstable co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 90 miles S.E. of Boston. In 1851, 48 vessels, (tons, 
 3231,) owned here, and manned by 577 hands, were employed 
 in the mackerel fisheries. During the year 9148 barrels of 
 mackerel were inspected. Pop. 3423. 
 
 HARAVICH PORT, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 HAR'WINGTON. a post-village and township of Litch- 
 field CO.. Connecticut, on the Naugatuck River and Railroad, 
 about 23 miles AV. of Hartford. The village has grown up 
 within a few years, and contains a cotton mill. Pop. of the 
 township, 1044. 
 
 829 
 
HAR 
 
 HA'R'WOOD. a township of En<:latid, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 TIARWOOD. GRKAT, a chapelry and parish of England, 
 CO. of Lancaster. 
 
 HAR'WORTir. a parish of England, eo. of Notts. 
 
 IIARZ or HARTZ. haiits, (anc. Sijl'i'a Herc]inHa.) a moun- 
 tain system of North-west Germany, mostly between lat. 
 61° 3.5' and 51° 57' N.,jjnd Ion. 10° 10' and 11° 30' E. With 
 Its ramifications it is estimated to cover 1350 square miles, 
 between the Elbe and Weser. Its culminating point is the 
 Urocken. in lat. 51° 48' 11" N., Ion. 10° 35' 30" E.. 3740 feet 
 above the sea, N.W. of which are several other heights of 
 little less elevation. Its geological composition is granite, 
 overlaid by greywacke and clay slat«: and it is estimated to 
 yield annually 30.000 hundredweights of lead, besides a 
 large amount of iron, and con.siderable quantities of copper 
 and silver. Pee Brocket. 
 
 IIARZBUKG, haRts'WSCRQ. a village of Germany, the ter- 
 minus of the Brunswick and Ilarzburg Railway, 27 miles S. 
 of Brunswick. 
 
 HARZDORF, hantsMoRf, (Alt. ait, and Neu. noi.) two 
 nearly contiguous vill.iges of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, 
 about 3 miles from Rachenberg. Pop. 2021. 
 
 HARZGKRODK. haRts'ghfh-roMeh, a town of Germany, 
 18 miles S. of Ilalberstadt. Pop. 2517. It is enclosed with 
 walls, and has an old castle, the seat of the ducal mining- 
 baird for the Ilarz. Near it are the Victor Frederick Silver- 
 works, some vitriol-works, the JIagdesprung Iron-mines, 
 the b.iths of Alexisbad, and the ruined castle of Ileinrichs- 
 berg. the oridnal .seat of thi^ Dukes nf Anhalt Bernburg. 
 
 HASAX-DAGII. ha'sSn-dJ./. or IIASAX-TAG, a moun- 
 tain of .^sia Minor, 68 miles S.W. of Mount Argjeus, and 85 
 miles N.E. of Konieh. It is 8000 feet in elevation, and of 
 volcanic structure. 
 
 HASANEE, HASANT. or IIASSANEE, (HASSANL) hls'- 
 3''nee\ I1ASS.\N. h^s'sinV an island of the Red Sea. near 
 Its E. coast, about 100 miles N.W. of Yembo. Lat. 25° 4 N., 
 Ion. 37° 14' E. The population are Bedouins, who reside 
 during a part of the year in a straggling villaw on its S. side. 
 
 HASAN KALEH or HASSAN ICALEH, has'sin' kJlgh. 
 a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Aras, 20 miles E. by N. of 
 Erzroom. 
 
 IIAS'BROUCK, a pnst-ofiice of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 IIAS'COMB, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3 miles 
 S.E. of Oodalming. An enormous tree, known as the Has- 
 comb Beech, grows here on the site of a Roman camp. 
 
 II.\SK. a river of Hanover. See IIaase. 
 
 H.\SEK. hiVsJk, a small seaport town of Arabia, in Iladra- 
 maut, on its S.P'. coast, opposite the Curia Muria Isles. It 
 exports incense. 
 
 H AS'KLBKKni, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 irAS'EI.IUJRY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 II.XSE'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 HASKLEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 H.A.SEL^IE1!E. in England, co. of Surrey. See IIaslemere. 
 
 IIAS'KLOR, a parish of Kngland. co. of Warwick. 
 
 IIASKLUXNE, (IlaseUinne,) hj'/eh-liin^nfh. a town of 
 Hanover, on the Hase. 8 miles E. of Meppen. Pop. 1790. 
 
 TI.\SENrOTII. hJ'zen-pAtV a town of Russia, government 
 of Courland. 27 miles N.E. of Libau. Pop. 1020. 
 
 II.VS'K1EI,D. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HAS'GUAKD. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 IIASII'MY'S ISLANDS, a group of five low islands in the 
 North Pacific Ocean, in lat, 5° 47' N., Ion. 15.3° 6' E., con- 
 nected by coral reefs, and fomiinga lagoon inside. They are 
 about 15 miles in circumference, covered with cocoanut^trees. 
 
 HASIKKK. HASlKt. ha'se(vkee\ or HASKL h^s^kee, the 
 westernmost of the Curia JIuria Islands, off the S. coast of 
 Arabia, in lat. 17° 27' 16" N., Ion. 55° 40' 49" E., formerly 
 covered with gu.ano. 
 
 lL\,S/IvELL FLATS, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New 
 York. 
 
 IIAS'KELLVILLE. a post-office of Lawrence CO., Ohio. 
 
 HAS'KKXVILLK. a post-office of Steviben co.. New York. 
 
 HAS/KKTOX. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 II.VSIvI. one of the Curia >Iuria Islands. See Ha.sikee. 
 
 HAS'KIXSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Kentucky. 
 
 IIASKIXSVILr.K. a village of Noble co.. Ohio. 
 
 IIASLACII. hJs'lJK, a small town of Germany, grand 
 duchy of Baden, on the Kinzig, 16 miles S.E. of Offenburg. 
 Pop. 17-20. 
 
 HASLACII. a small town of Germany, in Upper Austria, 
 on the MUhl. 22 miles N.W. of Lintz. 
 
 HASLACII, a river of Germany, is an affluent of the Ro- 
 dach. In Franconia. 
 
 IlASLACli. hilsnas. (IIoitEN. ho'en; Mittei,, mit/tel, and 
 NiF.DER, nee'di-r.) are continuous villages, WUrtemberg, circle 
 of Nwkar. Lnited pop. l:5ix>. 
 
 IIAS'L.\xn. a township of Kngland. co. of Derhy. 
 
 HASLK. hils'li^h. a maritime town of Denmark, on theW. 
 coast of the Island of Bornholm. Pop. 700. 
 
 IIASLEHURY. (h'l'zel-bgr-e,) PLUCK'NETT, a parish 
 of hnirland. CO. of Somerset. 
 
 HAS/I.KMKRE, hVzvl-meer, a decayed borough, market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Surrey, 8 miles S.S.W. 
 of Oodalming. Pop. 850. 
 
 HAS 
 
 HA'SLEWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 IIASLI, hasnee, OBER-HASLI, d'her-hSs'lee, or IIASLL 
 IM-WEISSLAXD. h,^s'lee-im-<vlssiand. a bailiwick in Swit- 
 zerland, canton of Bern, comprehending all the upper part 
 of the Aar valley, resting on the Grimsel. and the glacier of 
 the Aar, from its sources to the Lake of Brienz. Surrounded 
 by the loftiest masses of the Bernese Alps, it is noted for ita 
 natural beauties ; among its cascades are tho.se of the lleieh- 
 enbach. Gentbach, Handeckfall, Gelmerbach, &c. The people 
 are supposed to be descendants of Scandinavian ancestorfi 
 who came hither in the fifth century. Pop. 6700. 
 
 lIASLINGDEN,h&s1ing-den, a maiket-town and chaj>elry 
 of England, co. of Lancaster, on the London and North- 
 western Railway, 8 miles N. of Bury. Pop. in 1851, 9".j0. It 
 stands in a wild alpine district, and has manufactures of 
 cotton, employing 4000 hands. 
 
 HAS'LIXG FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 HAS'LIXGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester, on 
 the Manchester and Nantwich Railway, 6 miles N.N.W. of 
 Beltey. 
 
 IIASPARREN, h^.s^aR^Rftx"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Basses-Pyr^nfies, 11 miles S. of Bayonne. Pop. in 
 1852. 5166. 
 
 IIASPRES. hSsp'r. a town of France, department of Nord, 
 8 miles S.W. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1S52, 3059. 
 
 HASSAN, has'sdn\ a town of Hindostan, Mysore do- 
 minion, 60 miles N.W. of Seriniiapatam. 
 
 HASSAN ABAD, hjs'siln* a-bdd', ("abode of Hassan,") 
 Russian Transcaucasiii. destroyed by the Russians in 1836; 
 and a village of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 10 miles S.E. 
 ofKasbin. 
 
 HASSAN AGA, has'sSn' i'gj, a town of Asia Minor, 
 Anatolia, near the Lake of Aboolonia, W. of Brusa. 
 
 HASSAN BATRIK, has'sin' batreek'. in Asia Minor, 24 
 miles N.W. of Malateeyah, Inhabited by about 50 Jlohammo- 
 dan families. 
 
 HASSANI or IIASSANEE. See IIasasee. 
 
 HASSAN KALEH. a town of Turkey. See Hasan Kaieh. 
 
 HASSAN OGIILAN, hds'san' og-1.4n', a town of Asia Minor, 
 Anatolia, 17 miles E. of Angora. 
 
 HASSAN PASHA PALANKA, has'.sdn' pl'shi' -pUK-afkl, 
 Turkish Armenia, in Servia, 27 miles S. of Semendria, with 
 some mineral baths. 
 
 H ASSELFELDE. ha.s'sel-f^lMeh. a town ofGermany. duchy 
 of Brunswick, 8 miles S.S.W. of Blankenburg. Pop. 1617. 
 
 IIASSELT, hSs'sJlt, a town of B-^lgium, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Limbourg, on the Oomer. and the terminus of the 
 Landenand Hasselt Railway, 16 miles W.N .W. of .Maestricht. 
 Pop. 8745. It is enclosed by walls, well built, and has manu- 
 factures of linen fabrics, lace, and tobacco, with extensive 
 gin distillerie.s. and a large salt refinery. 
 
 IIASSELT. has'sJlt, a fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Overj'ssel. capital of the district, on the Zwarte 
 Water, 5J miles N. of Zwolle. Pop. 1871. Near it is the 
 strong fort of Zwarte-Sluis. 
 
 H.^SSKLT. one of the Loffoden Islands in Norway. 
 
 HASSFURT, hass'foCRt, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower 
 Franconia, on the Main, and on the Bambe-rg and Schwein- 
 furt Railway, 20 miles N.W. of Bamberg. Pop. 1880. 
 
 HAS'SINGIIAM. a parish of Emrland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HASSLEBEN, ha.ss'l!\-ben, a village of Saxe-Weimar, 17 
 miles N.W. of Weimar, on the Gera. I'op. 12ti6. 
 
 IIASSLOCH, hass'loK, a village of Rhenish B.avaria, on 
 the railway from Mannheim to Homburg, 15 miles N.N.E. of 
 Landau, with a Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant churches, 
 coal-works, and several mills. Pop. 4772. 
 
 HASSMERSHEIJI. hass'mfrs-hlme\ a village of Baden, 
 on the Neckar, 20 miles E.S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1661. 
 
 HASTENBKCK, has'ten-bjk', a village of Hanover, 3 
 miles S.E. of Hameln. Pop. 400. Here the French, xtnder 
 Marshal d'Estrees, obtained an advantage over the troops 
 of the Duke of Cumberland. 31st July, 1757. 
 
 HASTIXGLEIGH. a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HASTIXGS, his'tings, a parliamentary and municip.il 
 borough and town of England, and one of its Cinque Ports, 
 CO. of Suiisex. on the English Channel, at the E. termination 
 of the South Coast Railway, 33 miles E.N.E. of Brighton, and 
 also connected by branches of the South-eastern Railway 
 with Dover, Tunbridge, &c. Pop. of parliamentary borough, 
 In 1861, 23,098. The town lies mostly in a hollow, surround- 
 ed, except on the S.. by cliffs, and consists of two principal 
 streets; many of the squ.ares and terraces are remarkably 
 elegant ; Pelham Cresent and the marine parade deserve 
 especial attention. Among the public buildings are 2 
 ancient parish churches, a fine modern church, a grammar 
 school, founded in 1019. a handsome town-hall, a jail, cus- 
 tom-house, union work-house, assembly-rooms, soiiie excel- 
 lent hotels, baths, and libraries, a fort, and remains of a 
 castle in which William the Conqueror lodged previous to 
 the battle of Hastings. The town formerly had an exten- 
 sive trade, but its harbor having been ruined by a storm in 
 the time of Elizabeth, its commercial importance has never 
 been restored, and it is now chiefly noted as a favorite 
 bathing-place. Fisheries and boat-building employ many 
 hands. It sends 2 members to the House of Coinmc'll& 
 
HAS 
 
 llAU 
 
 WilliiiTO fhe Conqueror landed here, and the decisive batile 
 of IIastii'.;;s was fought in lUtiC, 7 miles N.W. of the town. 
 Bee Battle. 
 
 HASTINGS, hAs'tingz, a post-township of Oswego CO., New 
 York, 20 miles >.'. by I'J. of .Syracuse. Pop. 3345. 
 
 HASTI.\G.S or IIASTINGS-upox-HUDSON, a post-viUaj^e 
 of Westchester co., jNew York, on the Hudson Kiver, and on 
 the railroad of that name. 20 miles N.N.E. of New York. It 
 has manuractuit'g of machinery, frlass, Ac, .and in the vi- 
 cinity are qiiarriis of marble extensively worked. 
 
 IlA8TIN(i.S a small post-villa{;e of Kichland co., Ohio. 
 
 HASTING.-J. a thiiviiiii; post-village and township, capital 
 cf I5arry co.. Michij;an, on Thoruapple Kiver, and on the K. 
 road from Battle Creek to Grand Kapids, 42 miles W. of 
 Lansing. It possesses excellent water-power, with several 
 mills. I'op. 554. 
 
 HASTINGS, Minnesota. See Api'ESDIx. 
 
 HASTINGS, hais'tingz, a co. in the central p.art of Canada 
 West, comprises an area of 1324 square miles, and is in- 
 terspersed with numerous small lakes and rivulets. Pop. 
 31,977. Chief town. Belleville. 
 
 IIASTINGS, h-is'tingz, a river of Australia, New Scnth 
 Wales, the entrance to which is the large harlwr of Port 
 Macquarrie, li»2 miles N.E. of Sidney; lat. 31° 26' 45" S.. 
 Ion. 152° 53' 54" E. 
 
 HASTINGS' CENTRE, po.st-village. Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 nASTINGSV]l>LE, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 HAT, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HAT'BOJiOUGlI, a post-vill.ige rf Montgomery CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, 16 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, 3 
 stores, a grist mill, an academy, a public library of about 
 6000 volumes, contained in a handsome and spacious build- 
 ing erected for this pui-pose. and from 40 to 50 dwellings. 
 
 UATCII-BEAIJCUA.MP, (be<ycham,) a parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset. 
 
 HATCII'KH'S, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 HATCU'IE. IIATCII'EE, or UATCH'Y, a river in the 
 S.W. part of Tennessee, rises in Tippah co., Mis.sissippi, and, 
 passing into Tennessee, enters the Mississippi Kiver near 
 Kandolph. It is stated to be navigable by steamboats to 
 Bolivar, about 150 miles from its mouth. 
 
 HATCH. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 IIATCII/Y TUKN'PIKE, a postoffice of Tippah co., Mis- 
 •jssippi. 
 
 HAT'CLIFFE. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HATCUUL. hit'kool', a town of British India, in Bengal, 
 on the Nepjiul frontier, 78 miles N. of Patna. 
 
 HAT CKEEK, a post-office of CampWl co., Virginia. 
 
 HAT'FIELI). a market-town aud parish of England, co.. 
 and 6i miles W.S.W. of Hertford. Pop. in ISiil, 0274. It 
 has a handsome church, the burial-place of the Salisbury 
 family, and a princely quadrangular uian.sion, the seat of 
 the Marquis of .Salisbury, erected iu the Elizaliethan style, 
 early in the seventeenth century. The original structure 
 belonged to the bishops of Ely. and was obtained from them 
 by Queen Elizabetli. who resided in it while princess. It 
 was given by James I. to the Earl of Salisliury. iu e.xchange 
 for Theob<ilds. In 18:15. a portion of this palace was de- 
 stroyed by fire, in the flames of which the Dowager Mar- 
 chioness of Salisbury peiished. 
 
 HATFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 HATFIELD, a parish of England, co, of Y'ork, West Riding, 
 8i miles S. S.W. of Thome. Pop. 1S51. William, second son 
 of Edward III., was born here. Hatfield Chace. containing 
 180,000 acres, partly mora.ss, was sold by Charles I., and it 
 is now cultivated. In it are vestiges of a Roman camp. 
 
 HAT'FIELD, a post-township of Hampshire co., JIa,«s.a- 
 chusetts, on the Connecticut Kiver Railroad. 100 miles W. 
 of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in 
 the manufacture of brooms. Pop. 13-37. 
 
 HATFIELD, a village of Alleghany co.. Pennsylvania, on 
 the .\lleghany Kiver. 3 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 HATFIELD, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1310. 
 
 HATFIELD-BROAD-OAK. a parish of England, co. of 
 Essex, 6 miles E.N.E. of Harlow. In the ancient church is 
 a curious effigy of Robert de Vere. third Earl of Oxford. 
 
 HATFIELD-PEV'EKELL. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HAT'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 H ATHAZ. hOt'hdz'. or H ADH AZ. h^d'haz'. a town of Hun- 
 gar>', CO. of Szalioli-s. 10 miles N. of Debreczin. Pop. 3700. 
 
 HATH'ERLKKHI. a market-town and parish of England, 
 00. of Devon, on a branch of the Torridge, 9i miles S.S.W. 
 of Torrington. Pop. 1822. 
 
 HATH'EKLEY DOWN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 HATHEKLEY UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 eester. 
 
 HATH'ERN. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 HATU'EROP. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HATH'ER-SAGE, a piirish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HATH'ERTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford, 2 
 miles W.S.W. of Wolverhampton. Pop. 378. It gives the 
 title of baron to the Littleton family. 
 
 UA-TIilN, a town in Anam. See C.\ncao, 
 
 HAT'LBY, a post-office of Canada East, co., of St.an stead. 
 
 HAT'LEY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 HATLEY ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. ol 
 Cambridge. 
 
 HATLOE, hSt/lo'fli, an island of Norway, stiff, and 68 
 miles N. of Bergen. Length and breadth about 4 miles. 
 
 HATO VIEJO, hMo ve-.VHO. a town of New Granada, do- 
 partment of Cundinamarca: lat. 6° 22' N., Ion. 75° 38' W. ; 
 lietween 4000 and 5000 feet above sea-level. Pop. UAH. 
 
 IIATRAS, hd'tris', a town and fort of Iliudostan. pro- 
 vince, and 90 mUes S.W. of Delhi ; lat. 27° .37' N_ Ion. 75° 58* 
 E. It is a busy, flourishing place. Its fort was destroved 
 in 1817, by the British. 
 
 HATRIA. See Adeia. 
 
 HATSCII VI E, a town of Austria. See Qottschee. 
 
 HATTEM, hSt'tfm. a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Gelderland. 3 miles S.S.W. of Zwolle. Pop. 2408. 
 
 HAT'f EN, hdt^tdso/, a village of France, de) artment ot 
 BasKhin, 8 miles S. of Wissemlxmrg. Pop. in 18.52. 2041. 
 
 HATTEN. a village of Germany. See Kiuchhattex. 
 
 HATTENHEl.M, hdften-hiuie\ a village of Nass.au, on 
 the Rhine. 9 miles M'.S.W. of Wiesi)aden. Pop. 905. 
 
 HATTERAS, CAPE. See Cave H.wteras. 
 
 HATTERSHEIM, hat'ts-rs-hlme*, a market-town of Ger- 
 many, duchy of Nassau, on the Khine, 2 miles W.S.W. of 
 Eltville. Pop. 9115. It has a station on the Taunus Kail- 
 way, between Wiesbaden and Frankfort. 
 
 H.\TT'ERSLKY. a town.sliip of iCngland. co. of Chester. 
 
 HATTIA, hdt'tee'd. an island of British India, presidency 
 and province of Bengal, district of Chittagong, at the mouths 
 of the Ganges and Megna, 15 miles in length, aud 10 miles 
 in breadth. Here are some salt works. 
 
 HATTINGEN, hat'ting-en. a town of Prussia, Westph.ilia, 
 38 miles W. of Arnsberg, on the Ruhr. Pop. 3090. 
 
 HAT'TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HATTON, a parish of England, co., ar,d 3 miles W.N.W 
 of Warwick. The celebrated Dr. Parr held the living here 
 at his death in 1825. 
 
 HATTON. a township of England, co. of Salop, 2J miles 
 S.W. of Shiffnal. Pop. 647. 
 
 HATTORF, hdftoRf. a village of Hanover, in Grubenha- 
 gen, N. of Harzburg. Pop. 1375. 
 
 HATT'S SHOP, a village of Tallx)t co., Georgia. 
 
 HATVAN, hOCvOn', a market-towu of Hungary, co. of 
 Heves. 30 miles E.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 3100. 
 
 IIATZEG, hOt'zJg', or HOTZING. hot'zing'. a market-town 
 of Transylvania, in the S.W.. lo miles S. of llunyad. P. 1100 
 
 HATZFELD, hdts/f^lt, a town of Germany. Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, on the Eder, 6 miles N.N.E. of Biedenkopf. I'op. 950. 
 
 llATZFELD, (Hun. Zfombi/h/, zhom'bol',) a market-town 
 of Hungary, co. of Torontal, 22 miles W.N.W. of Temesvar. 
 Pop 4786. 
 
 HAUBOURDIN, ho'hooR\lSN»'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, 4 miles S.W. of Lille, i'op. in 18.V2, 3210. 
 
 HAL'GHAM, haw'am,a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HAUGHLEY, haw'lee, a piirish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 The Haughley Koad station of the East Union Kailway, is 
 11 miles >;. of Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 HAUGHTON, haw'ton, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 HAUGUTON LE SKEKNE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 HAUGHTON-wiTH-SELBY. a pari.sh of England, co. Notts. 
 
 11.4UGSD0RF, GROSS, groce hSwgs'doRf. a market-town 
 of Lower Austriii, on the Pulkau, 30 miles N.N.^V. of Kor- 
 neuburg. Pop. 1935. 
 
 HAUKIVESI, hOw'ke-v.Vsee, a lake of Finland, ln?ns 
 of Kuopio and Viborg, 22 miles in length by 10 miles in 
 breadth, having the town of Nyslott at itsS. extremity. 
 
 HAUKIVORI, a village of Finland, 57 miles S.S.W. of 
 Kuopio. 
 
 HAUKSnVELL, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 HAULCHIN, horshJso', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, on the old Roman Road, called the Chausfee 
 Brunehault, 10 miles S.E. of .Mons. Pop. 1063. 
 
 HAUNSDORF. hdwns'doRf, OBEll, o^bpr, and NIEDER, 
 nee'der. two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province 
 of Silesia, government, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. P. 2087. 
 
 HAUNSTETTEN, hOwn'stJtHen. a village of Bavaria, circle 
 of Swabia. 4 miles S.S.E. of .\ugsburg. Pop. 729. 
 
 HAUPTWYL or HAUPTWEIL, hOwpt'wil, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, H miles S.E. of Bischofs- 
 zell. Pop. 1250. 
 
 HAUSACH, hOw'z^K. a town of Baden, on the Kinzig, 4 
 miles E. of Haslach. Pop. 877. 
 
 HAUSBERGEN, h6ws'bii!G-en. a town of Prussia, West- 
 phalia. 4 miles S. of Minden. on the Weser. Pop. 850. 
 
 HAUSBRUNN, hCws/brOCn. or HASZPRUNKA, a village 
 of Hungary, co. of and 26 miles from Presbura. Pop. 1256. 
 
 HAUSDORF, OBER, o/ber lidws'doRf a village of Prus- 
 sian Silesia, government of Bre>lau. Pop. 1079. 
 
 HAUSKN, hOw'MO, (i.e. '• hou.xes,") the nan.e, or part of 
 the name, of numerous villages in Germany and Switzeiland. 
 
 IIAUSEN, OBER. o'bfr hCw'zen, a village of Germany, in 
 Bavaria, 3 miles N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1861. 
 
 831 
 
HAU 
 
 HAV 
 
 HAUSEN, a Tillage of Baden, 22 miles S. of Freiburg. 
 Pop. 600. 
 
 HAUSEX. Ober. and TJxteh. Bdn'tfr, Tillages of Baden, on 
 the Rhine, W. of Ettenheim ; the former with ISOO, and the 
 latter with 1160 inhabUants. 
 
 1IAU'.SEKT0WN, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana. 
 
 IIAUSRUCK chdwss'rddk) MOUNTAINS, in Upper Aus- 
 tria, separate the basins of the Inn and Ager. 
 
 H.iUSSA, a town of Africa. See IIocssa. 
 
 IIAUSSY. hSs^see', a Tillage of France, department of 
 Nord, 10 miles E.N'.E. of Cambrai, on the Selles. Pop. in 
 1852, 2960. 
 
 IIAUTB0YS,(h6'boiz)QREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 IIAUTEFORT. hSt'foR/, a Tillage of France, department 
 of Dordogne. 21 miles E.N'.E. of Perigueu,x. Pop. 1777. 
 
 IIAUTE-GARONNE, hot-giVonn', ("Upper Garonne,") a 
 department of the South of France, on the frontiers of Spain. 
 Area 2529 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 484.081. Surface Tery 
 elevated in the S., where it borders on the highest part of 
 the Pyrenees, the contreforts of which cover a considerable 
 part of the department. Chief rivers, the Garonne and ita 
 affluents. The Canal du Midi traTerses the department for 
 26 miles, and a second, called the Lateral Canal, is in course 
 of construction. The principal mines are of lead, copper, 
 antimony, iron, and zinc ; excellent marble is produced, and 
 there are numerous mineral .springs and salt marshes. Corn 
 and wine are raised much beyond consumption, and form 
 chief articles of export. Lint, hemp, tobacco, and oranges 
 are grown. An active transit trade is carried on with Spain. 
 Capital, Toulouse. The department is divided into the 4 ar- 
 rondissements of St. Gaudens, Muret, Toulouse, and Ville- 
 franche-de-Lauragais. 
 
 HAUThMLE, hot-eel, or HARE ISLAND, a small island 
 of British America, in the Bay of Fundy, 8 miles S.W. of 
 Cape Chignecto. 
 
 HAUTE-LOIRE, hOtrlwjR, (" Upper Loire,") a department 
 in the S.E. part of France, formed of a portion of the old 
 province of Languedoc. Area, 1900 square miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 305,.521. Surface elevated and mountainous, traversed 
 on the E. by the Cevennes, and on the W. by the moun- 
 tains of Margerides, which unite the Cfevennes with the 
 mountains of Auvergne, and on the S. bj- the Foi-ez Moun- 
 tains. Many of these are volcanic ; culminating point, Mont 
 Meziu. in the Cevennes. 5794 feet. The department is en- 
 tirely situated in the basin of the Loire, by which, with its 
 affluents, it is watered. The soil is poor, and agriculture is 
 in a Tery backward state. Wine is raised in small quantity, 
 and of an inferior quality. Cattle-rearing is an important 
 branch of industry. Silk-worms are extensively reared. 
 Chief mineral products, coal, antimony, gypsum, building 
 • stone, and potter's clay. Capital, Le Puy. The department 
 is divided into the arrondissements of Brioude, Le Puy, and 
 Yssingeaux. 
 
 HAUTK-LUCE, hot-luss, a village of Savoy, 11 miles N.E. 
 of Contians. Pop. 15.S5. 
 
 HAUTE-MARNE, hot-maRn. ('-Upper Marxe,") a depart- 
 ment of Frarjce, in the N.E., formed of part of the old pro- 
 vince of Champagne. Area, 2i^S5 square miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 254,413. Chief river, the Marne, which, as well as 
 the Meuse and Aube, rises in the department. It is tra- 
 versed in the E. and S. by the mountains which separate 
 the Meuse and Rhone, united by the plateau of Langres in 
 the N.E. The department has some of the most important 
 iron-mines in France. Chief industry, mining and forging 
 of iron, cutlery, cotton-spinning, and weaving. Capital, 
 Chaumont. It is divided into the arrondissements of Chau- 
 mont, Langres, and Vassy. 
 
 IIAUTEKIVE. hot^reev', a village of France, department 
 of Drome, 22 miles N.N.E. of Valence. Pop. 2380. 
 
 IIAUT1>RIV0IRE. hSt-reevViR', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Rh5ne, 21 miles W.S.W. of Lyons. Pop. 1126. 
 
 IIAUTES-ALPES, hOtz-ilp or hOt-aip. ("Upper Alps,") 
 a department of France, forming part of the S.E. of Dauphine, 
 and a small part of Provence. Area, 2114 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1S61, 125,100. Like the department of the Basses- 
 Alpes, it is covered almost throughout by enormous masses 
 of mountains, several of which are among the loftiest of the 
 Alpine range. Mount Pelvaux, the highest mountain in 
 France, is in this department, and its culminating peak, 
 called the Pointes des Arsines, or Des Ecrines. is 13.442 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Capital. Gap. It is divided into 
 the Rrrondis.sements of Gap, Brian5on, and Embrun. 
 
 UAUTl^SAONE. (IIaute-Sa6ne.) hot-s6n. ("Upper SAfiXE.") 
 a department in the N.E. of France, formed of part of the 
 oH province of Franche-Comt6. Area, 2028 square miles. 
 Pop in 1861,317,183. Surface mountainous in the X.E., 
 where it is covered by ramifications of the Vosges Moun- 
 tains ; it Is watered by the Saone and its numerous affluents. 
 The soil is fertile; one-third of the department is covered 
 with forests, which supply excellent timber for the marine. 
 The minerals comprise Iron and coal, and it has many 
 mineral springs; those of Luxeuil are much frequented. 
 Chief industry, mining and manufectures of glass, china, 
 okiths, straw hats, and lilrcbenwauer. Capital. Vesout Ttie 
 843 
 
 department is divided into the arrondissements of Gray, 
 Lure, and Vesoul. 
 
 IIAUTES- PYRENEES, hot-peeV.Vn.V, ("Upper Ptrd 
 iTEEs.'") a frontier department of France, composed of part of 
 the old province of Gaseony. Area, 17o0 square miles. Pop. 
 in 1861, 240.179. Surface covered by the ramifications of 
 the Pyrenees, enclosing several fine valleys. The Adour 
 and its affluents, the Aitos. and Gave-de-l'au, rise »n the 
 department. The mineral springs of the Bagueres, Bar- 
 rages, and Cautertes are much freiiuented. The soil is fer- 
 tile in the valleys, but the grain is insufficient for the wautg 
 of the population. The chief manufactures are those of 
 woollen stulfs called Barreges. Capital, Tarbes. The de- 
 partment is divided into the arronditeemeuts of Argelds, 
 Bagnferes. and Tarbes. 
 
 ilAUTE-VIENNE, hot Te-?nn', ("Upper Tienne,") a de- 
 partment of France, in the N.W.. formed of parts of the old 
 province of Limousin. Area, 2118 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 
 319.595. Surface traversed by mountains, the principal 
 chain of which sepai-ates the basins of the Loire and Ga- 
 ronne; highest point, (Le Puy de \ieux.) 3200 feet in ele- 
 vation. The soil is infertile. Horse.s. cattle, and sheep are 
 extensively reared. The minerals comprise tin. lead, copper, 
 coal, and porcelain-clay. Chief manufactures, porcelain, 
 cutlei-y, and paper. Capital, Limoges. The dep;irtment is 
 divided into the arrondissements of Limoges, Bellac, Ro-- 
 chechouart. and St. Yrieix. 
 
 HAUTEVILLE, hotVeel', the name of several villages of 
 France, the principal lieing Ilaute-la-Guichard, 8 miles 
 E.X.E. of Coutances. and the original residence of Tancred, 
 the founder of the Norman dynasty in South Italy. 
 
 IIAUTEVILLEltS, hotVeerialR'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Marne. 12 miles S. of Reims. Pop. 1023. 
 
 IIAUTRAGE. ho'trizh', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Haiiiaut. 9 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 12S0. 
 
 II.\UT-RI11N, ho-r^jf*. or ("Upper Rhine.") a frontier de- 
 partment of France, in the N.E.. formed of the old province 
 of Upper Alsace, lx)unded on the E. by the Rhine, which 
 separates it from B;iden. Area, 1548 Sijuare miles. I'op. in 
 1861. 51.\802. One-third of the surface is covered with fo- 
 rests; it has rich mines of iron, lead, silver, asphaltum. gra- 
 nite, and coal, and numerous mineral springs; it is fertile 
 in grain, and produces excellent wine, lieet-ruot, tobacco, 
 madder, linseed, and hemp. It has numerous manufac- 
 tures, among which printed cottons and silks of Mulhausen 
 aie celebrated. Capital, Colmar. It is divided into the 
 ari-ondissments of Colmar, Altkirch. and Belfort. The de- 
 partment is traversed from N. to S. by the 111, the Canal of 
 the Rhine and Rhone, and the railway from Strasbourg to 
 Bale, (Bast^l.) 
 
 IIAUVILLE, hoVeel'. a town of France, department of 
 Eure, 11 miles E.N.E. of Pont-Audemer, Pop. 1800. 
 
 HAVANA, ha-van'a. or THE HAVAN/NAll. (Sp. La Ha- 
 bnna. li ^-sd/nd, formerly Oir»fna«. ki-nVnis ; Fr. i« Havane, 
 id hd'vSu'; It. Arana, d-vj/nd.) an important city, and the 
 greatest commercial port of the \\'est indies, capital of the 
 Spanish island of Cuba, is situated on its N.\V. coast, on a 
 fine l)ay setting up from the Gulf of Mexico, about 150 miles 
 S.S.AV. of Cape Sable, in Florida, and 650 miles S..S.E.of New 
 Orleans. Lat. of Jlorro Castle. 23° 9' 24" N.. Ion. 8-2° 22* W. 
 Its harbor, formed by this bay, which nowhere exceeds IJ 
 miles in width, is one of the best in the world, being deep 
 enough for vessels of the lai-gest class, sufficiently capacious 
 to receive 1000 ships of w^ar. and so safj that vessels ride se- 
 curely without cable or anchor. The entrance is by a chan- 
 nel half a mile in length, so narrow that only a single 
 vessel can pass at a time, and fortified thrcmghout the whole 
 distance with military works, and artillery. Its mouth, 
 about i of a mile wide, is defended by two strong castles^— 
 the Punta on the AV. side, connected with a castle in the 
 town,' and Morro Castle on the E. Upon this castle is a 
 fixed light. 144 feet high. There are four other forts, 
 mounted with heavy cannon, and garrisoned for the defence 
 of the harbor and town. La Cabai^.a. situated S.E. of Morro 
 Ca.stle, is the stronge.st fortress in Havana. The walls which 
 formerly encircled the city have been removed. It is built 
 on a tongue of land on the W. side of the harbor, and sepa- 
 rated by a fosse from its arsenal and the suburbs of Colon, 
 Guadalupe, Ac, immediately in the rear: and on the oppo- 
 site side of the bay is the suburb of Regla. AVhen viewed 
 from the sea, Havana has a very picturesque and beautiful 
 appearance, with its numerous spires and background of 
 bills: but on a nearer approach, it is found to possess but 
 few attractions. The street.s. though regularly laid out. are 
 narrow, ill paved, dirty, and lined with niassi\e stone struc- 
 tures, closely crowded together, and geiieially provided with 
 ponderous folding-doors and barred windows, giving the 
 whole town a heavy and even gloomy api)earance. Consider- 
 able improvement, however, has of late years I ei^n effected in 
 thecharacterof thestreets,andin some of the buildings. The 
 handsomest portion of the city is in the vicinity of the grrat 
 square, or Pluzu de Armas, a beautiful enclosure, intersected 
 by paved walks, and adorned with a statue, foun tain.s. flowers, 
 &c.; in the evening it is well lighted. Here are situated 
 the pfdaces of the ({overnor and the intendan'^ jind the r» 
 
HAV 
 
 dtdences of many of the nobility. Opposite the governor's 
 house is a chapel, erected in commemoration of the tirst 
 mass which was celebrated in Havana after the foundation 
 of the city. The churches in Havana are numerous, and 
 are .said to be richly ornamented with gold and silver 
 lamps, iniaiies. &c. The cathedral contains the ashes of 
 Columbus, which were brought hither from San Domingo 
 in 1790. Near the altar, abnre an opening called the •' tomb 
 of Columbus." is a tablet inlaid in the w.all. and sculptured 
 with a bust of the discoverer in ba.s-relief. The other public 
 buildings mo.st deserving of notice are the exchange, an ex- 
 tensive structure surmounted by a tower, the custom-house, 
 post-office, royal tobacco manufactory, opera-house, and two 
 theatres, one of them said to be larger than the Scala of 
 Milan. 
 
 Among the scientitic and educational institutions may be 
 mentioned the Uoyal University, including a medical col- 
 lege, law school, and chairs for the natural sciences, the 
 whole conducted by a rector and a corps of 30 professors ; 
 the Koyal College, for which a large building is now (1854) 
 in course of erection by the government, a theological col- 
 lege, a museum of natural history, an institution called the 
 Royal SncUdwl Econnmicd. also several otber institutions, 
 a botanic garden, and a .school of painting. The beneTolent 
 Institutions comprise the Cuna. or Foundling Hospital, the 
 San Lazaro, a hospital for persons affected with Icocuhea or 
 U'-zarino — a kind of leprosy peculiar to the West Indies, and 
 said to beincuralile; a large hospit.al occupying the Convent 
 of San Juan de Dios. the Cam lloal de Bemjicfnaa. an ex- 
 tensive and well-endowed in.stitution, combining an orphan 
 hospital, a lunatic asylum, and an infirmary; besides nume- 
 rous convents and other charitable establishments. The 
 prison is a large quadrangular building, so situated as to 
 secure a free circulation of the sea. breeze. Havana is the 
 seat of a bishop, and of all the colonial authorities of the 
 island, including the Supreme Court, (formerly at Puerto 
 Principe.) called La Audifncia Prelnrint de.la Ilihana. There 
 are 3 daily newspapers, 2 femimonthly periodicals, and 1 
 monthly, called the ■• Anales." published in the city : besides 
 which, some few literary and scientific works are Issued. 
 
 The manufactures of Ilavana are confined chiefly to cigars, 
 which are produced in immense quantities, and have a 
 world-wide celebrity. The other articles manufactured are 
 chocolate, woollen fabrics, and straw hats. Havana is not 
 a manufacturing, but a commercial city. It is to commerce 
 she owes her rise and present importance, and for this, it 
 has been seen, she possesses unrivalled natural advantages. 
 Art, too. has been broughf to the assistance of nature, and 
 a network of railways, having a general terminus in Ha- 
 vaTia, now almost completely envelops the island. (See 
 CuiiA, Intertuil Imprrivement^, page .524.) The total vjUue of 
 exports from Cub.i, in 1S51, amounted to $-31,341,083, about 
 half of which was shipped .at Havana. The principal articles 
 of export are sugar, coffee, molasses, honej', wax, and rum. 
 which for the years 1841, 184.5, 1S59, 1851, and 1862 were as 
 follows : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Sii^ar, 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 Molasses, 
 
 Honcv, 
 
 Wax, 
 
 Rum, 
 
 boxes. 
 
 arrobas. 
 
 hhds. 
 
 tierces. 
 
 Rrrobas, 
 
 pipes. 
 
 1841 
 
 StH.SHl 
 
 74.', 570 
 
 42,n09 
 
 1,'J74 
 
 •28,S.->1 
 
 8,752 
 
 18+5 
 
 VH7,.W5 
 
 170,4fi6 
 
 20,073 
 
 847 
 
 31,40<» 
 
 2,7 -'7 
 
 1850 
 
 704,777 
 
 I70,i)02 
 
 28.615 
 
 •2.1.56 
 
 43.894 
 
 7,o<n 
 
 1851 
 
 849,01* 
 
 150, .ai 
 
 44.5.)» 
 
 •2,108 
 
 45,666 
 
 5.792 
 
 1852 
 
 68S.747 
 
 15,S,49G 
 
 39,515 
 
 2,114 
 
 37.413 
 
 5.846 
 
 In addition to the exports of \^hi, may be mentioned 
 170,559 M. of cigars, and 3,182,577 pounds of tobacco. 
 The principal imports are linen and cotton manufactures, 
 graia and tlour. liiiuor, beef, lard. fish, and other provi- 
 sions, and wooden and iron manufactures. The countries, 
 in the order of their importance, to which the exports 
 were sent in ISuO. were the United States. Great Britain, 
 Spain, Germany, France, and Spanish America; and those 
 from whi,;h tbe imports came, Spain, United States, Great 
 Britain, Germany. France, and Spanish America. The num- 
 ber of forcigii arrivals in 1852 was 1758 vessels, of which 661 
 were Spanish ; and the number of clearances 1789, including 
 699. Spanish vessels. 
 
 Havana was formerly celebrated for its shiji-building. and 
 for a long time her yards supplied Spain with the chief part 
 of her fleet. Between the years 1724 and 1796, there were 
 constructed for the mother country, at these yards, 51 ships 
 of the line- and 22 frigates, besides smaller craft, amounting 
 in all to no vessels, carn'ing 5068 guns — 6 having 100 
 guns e.ach. This important branch of business is now nearly 
 extinct. The port is connected by daily lines of steamers 
 with Matanzas, Cardenas, Jucano. Ac, and it has also steam 
 communication with New Orleans and the other principal 
 ports on the Americin continent, and with Europe. 
 
 In consequence of the heat of the clim.nte, the inhabitants 
 of Havana remain in-doors during the day ; but in the evening 
 the delicious promenades {alamedas) of the city and its en- 
 virons present a most animated spectacle, being thronged with 
 the gay and fashionatde of both sexes. The elegant attire, 
 grace, and beauty of the Havanese ladies displayed on these 
 oocjifiions, and at the theatres, seldom fail to elicit admira- 
 3G 
 
 HAV 
 
 tion The people, ethnologically considered, are Caucasian, 
 African, and Mongolian, The Caucasian consist chieHy of 
 the natives of Spain, their descendants constituting aljout 
 fifteen-sixteenths of the white population. " Nearly all ths 
 shopkeepers of Havana," says the editor of the '• New York 
 Mirror," Hiram Fuller, Esq., who spent several weeks there 
 in 1S5"2, "are native Spaniards, a large proportion of whom 
 came to Cuba as adventurers, and l)egan life as clerks on 
 small salaries. After accumulating $.500, they would pur- 
 chase a share in a joint-stock sKave-trading company, and in 
 the course of a year or two receive a profit in the shape of a 
 dividend amounting to $10,OiiO, which sum. reinvested in 
 the s.'ime business, soon made them millionaires. These 
 nabobs then generally return to Spain to spend their ill- 
 gotton fortunes, leaving a crop of clerks to follow in the 
 footsteps of their inhuman predecessors." (See CuB.\, Slave 
 Tradi>, page 5"24.) The Africans constitute about one-third 
 of the entire population, of which nearly one-half are slaves. 
 The Mongormns comprise a few Chinese recently introduced 
 into the island. 
 
 In 1519, a pilot having discovered that the channel be- 
 tween Cuba and the continent of the N. was the most con- 
 venient passage for ships from Mexico to Europe. IjH Ha- 
 vana, ( ba Habana) wiw founded .as a port to receive them, 
 the name La Havana having previously l>een applied to the 
 present town of Batabano. In lo3S it was surprised and burned 
 by a French privateer, to prevent which occurrence the Castillo 
 d'ela Puerza. (kis-teel'yod.'lldfwjR'.s3.) still standing,was built 
 by Hernando de Soto, Governor of Culia. In 1554, the French 
 again attacked and destroyed Havana. About this time, a 
 great number of the inhabitants of the island flocked to 
 Havana, to avoid the depredations of the buccaneers. The 
 English failed in an assault upon it in 1655. About 1665 
 the walls of Havana were commenced. Towards the clo.se of 
 the 17th century, the two fortres.ses of Morro and Punta were 
 erected. In 1762. the town, after an obstinate resistance, 
 was taken by an English fleet and army under Lord Albe- 
 marle, the fleet numbering 200 vessels, and the army 14,041 
 men. The following year it was restored to Spain under 
 the treaty of A'ersailles, since which period the government 
 has been almost constantly employed in incre.-ising its 
 strength, and developing its resources. Pop. in 1827, 94.023, 
 of which 37.980 were within the walls, and 54.043 in the 
 suburbs. Of these, 46.621 were white; 23.5t!2 free colored; 
 and 23,840 slaves. Add to these the 18.000 sr^ldiers com- 
 prising the garrison, and we have a total population of 
 112,023. According to Don Jose M. de la Torre, member of 
 the i?C((I Sociedad Kcrmomica of Havana- the population of 
 the city and suburljs, in 185.3, was 134.'2]5, and of the juris- 
 diction, having an asea of 676 square miles, 147.3f>0. of which 
 87.916 were white: 3'2,594 free colored; and 26.850 slaves. 
 In the jurisdiction is included the island of Pines, with an 
 area of about 600 square miles, and 1400 inhabitants. See 
 
 CCB.\. Adj. and inhab. Hav.wese. hav'an-eez'. (Fr. Ha- 
 
 vAJfAis, hd*v|*-n.A ; feminine, Havanaise, h^'vi'niz'.) 
 
 H.W'ANA, bd-vah'na, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Schuyler co.. New York, on the northern division of the New 
 York and Erie Railroad, 19 miles N. of Elmira, and 3 miles 
 S. of the head of Seneca Lake, with which it is joined by a 
 canal. It ha.s 2 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 some manufactures. 
 
 HAVANA, a post-village of Greene co., Alabama, 25 miles 
 8. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 HAVANjV. a post-office of Dallas co., Texas. 
 
 HAVANA, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio. 
 
 H.\V.\NA. a thriving pos^village, capital of Mason co., 
 Illinois, is pleasantly situated on the E, bank of the Illinois 
 Kiver, opposite the mouth of the Sjioon I'.iver. 218 miles, 
 by water, fi-om Chicago. The site is elevated about 50 feet, 
 and the landing is convenient. The Illinois River Railroad 
 passes through this place. Population of Havana township, 
 2076. 
 
 HAVANNA. See Havana. 
 
 HAV'.^NT. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Hants, with a station on the Portsmouth and Chichester 
 Railway. 7 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. Pop. 2101. 
 
 HAVE, Le. leh. hiv, a harbor of Nova Scotia, on its S,E. 
 coast, at the mouth of the Have Itiver, 48 miles S.W, of Halifax. 
 
 HAVEEZA a town of Persia. See Hawkeza. 
 
 HAVEL, lid'vel, a river of North Germany, rises in the 
 small bake of Kabelick, (Mecklenburg-Strelitz,) and joins 
 the Elbe at Ilavelberg, Length, 180 miles, navigable for 
 larae vessels from Fiirstenberg. It is connected by canals 
 with the small lakes of Mecklenburg, and with the Elde 
 and the Oder. 
 
 H.WlvLBERG, hJVel-bSRo'. a town of Prussia, provinc« 
 of Brandenburg, on an island in the H.ivel. Pop 3100. 
 
 II.A.'VENSP01<T. a thriving viilaare of Fairfield co.. Ohio, 
 on the Ohio and Erie Canal. 24 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 H.\'VE.\"SVILLE, a small post-village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 HAV'ERFOKD. a post-township of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania, alxiut 10 miles W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1350. 
 Haverford School, a high school, (or more properly college,) 
 under the direction of the Society of Friends, is situated in 
 
 833 
 
HAV 
 
 HAW 
 
 this township, on the Central Railroad, 9 miles W. of 
 Philadelphia. The grounds are fcistofully laid out and orna- 
 mented with trees and shrubbei-}'. This institution is 
 richly endo^'.'ed; it possesses an excellent philosopljical and 
 chemical apparatus, aud a well-selected library of about 
 2000 volumes. 
 
 IIAV'I'IIIFOKD-WEST' or IIWLFOKDD. hool'f irxn. a par- 
 liamentary and municipal bnrouirh, river-poit, market-town, 
 and county of itself, of South Wales, capital of the county 
 of Pembrolce, on the Cleddy, 8 miles N.N.U. of Milibrd. Pop. 
 comprising several parishes, 5i)41. It is picturesquely situ- 
 ated on an eminence; a bridge across the Cleddy commu- 
 nicates with Prendertrast. It has 3 parish churches, a gram- 
 mar school, established in 1614, a handsome guildhall, 
 county jail, custom-house, hospital, county lunatic asylum, 
 union work-house, the remains of a castle, built by Gilbert 
 ' de Clare, first liarl of Pembroke, and a dock-yard, with quays 
 admitting vessels of 100 tons at spring-tides. Cattle, butler, 
 oats, and hard coal for malting, are largely exported. Im- 
 ports timber, coal, and groceries. The borough unites with 
 Fishguard and Narberth in sending 1 member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 HAVERHILL, hav'or-il. a market-town and parish of 
 England, cos. of Kssex and Suffolk, 6^ miles W. of Clare. 
 Pop. 2451. 
 
 HAVERHILL, usually pronounced h.Vver-il, a post-to wn- 
 ehip of Grafton co.. New Hampshire. 70 miles N.X.W. of Con- 
 cord. It has manufactures of furniture and paper. It con- 
 tains Haverhill Corner, one of the capitals of Essex county. 
 Pop. 2291. 
 
 HAVERHILL, hi'vgr-il, (?) a flourishing post-village and 
 township of Es.sex co., Massachu.setts, on the X. bank of the 
 Merrimack Kiver, at the head of navigation, about 15 miles 
 from the ocean, and on the iloston and Maine Railroad, 33 
 miles N. of lioston. It contains 19 cliurches, 3 newspaper 
 offices, 4 banks, a savings institution, 2 insurance offices, a 
 gas-light company, with a cai)ital of SIOO.OOO, and a very 
 fine new town-house. Among the churches are two beautiful 
 edifices, one a Gothic-Aral)ic structure — the other is modelled 
 from an Italian temple. The schools of Haverhill are among 
 the best in Massachusetts. The village contains manufac- 
 tories of boots and shoes, woollen goods, silver-ware, hats 
 and caps, lasts. &c.. There are in the township 130 manu- 
 factories of boots and shoes. The annual value of various 
 manufactures is estimated at $.%000,ii00. About 10,000,000 
 bricks are made here yearly. Settled in 1640. and incor- 
 porated in 1&45. Pop. of the township, 9995 ; of the village, 
 about 8000. 
 
 HAVERHILL, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 Jlver, 20 miles ab6ve Portsmouth. 
 
 HAVERHILL CKNTME, a post-village in Haverhill town- 
 ehip, Grafton co., New Hampshire. 
 
 HAVERHILL COKNEIl. a post^village and semi-capital of 
 Grafton co.. New Hampshire, on the left bank of the Con- 
 necticut River, ti5 miles N.W. of Concord. It has a beauti- 
 ful common in the centre, and contains the county build- 
 ings and a newspaper office. 
 
 HAV'ERHOLME, an extra-parochial district of England. 
 CO. of Lincoln, consisting of an island of SOU acres, formed 
 by the river Slea. 3^ miles N.E. of Sleaford. 
 
 HAVKRI NG-ATT K-ROVVER. parish of England, co, Essex. 
 
 HAVERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sutlblk, oj 
 miles S.W. of Halesworth. The hail, a fine seat of Lord 
 Huntiugtield, contains a valuable collection of paintings. 
 
 HAVERIXGLAND, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HAVERSH AM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HAV'ERSTRAW, a post-village and township of Rockland 
 CO., New York, on the \V. side of the Hudson, 115 miles S. 
 of Albany, and 37 miles X. of New York City. The village 
 is large, and pleasantly situated on the margin of the river. 
 During the season of navigation, a steamboat plies daily be- 
 tween it and New Y'ork, touching at Sing Sing, and other' 
 places on the Hudson. In the immediate vicinity was 
 fought the famous battle of Stony Point. Pop. 5400. 
 
 HAV'ILAM) HOLLOVV.post-offiee. Putnam CO., New York. 
 
 HAV'1L.\XDVILLE, a post-village of Harrison co., Ken- 
 tucky, contains a cotton factory, 
 
 HAVIZA, a town of Persia. See Haweeza. 
 
 HAVRE. hdSrV. a village of Belgium, province of Ilai- 
 naut. 5 miles E. of .Mens. Pop. 1960. 
 
 HAVRE. I,E. leh hivV, formerly LE HAVRE DE GRACE. 
 (Fr. pron. hi'v'r df h grSss or ^v'r dph griss/.; L. I'l/r'tus Gra'- 
 tia. " Haven of Grace;") a handsome city and seaport of 
 France, department of Seine-Inferieure. on the X. side of the 
 estuary of the Seine, at Its entrance into the English Chan- 
 nel. 108 miles X.W. cf Paris, with which it is connected by 
 railway. I.jit. 49° 29' 16" N.. Ion. 0° 6' 9" E. It is surrounded 
 by ramparts and lofty walls, crowned by a parapet, and 
 adorned by a finely plant«<l alley. Its citadel is enclosed 
 by a triple row of ramparts and lbs.«es, with water from the 
 tea. rendering it a fortress of the first class; the harlxir has 
 five vast basins, not including the outer ))ort. The most re- 
 markable buildings are the Church of Notre-Dame, the New 
 Hall of lixchange. tlie arsenal, customhouse, tobacco factory, 
 new theatre, barracks, sea-baths, aud two light-houses on 
 8a4 
 
 Cap de la Ilfeve. Elegant villas cover the slopes of Ingotb 
 ville, which may be considered as a suburb of the town 
 The principal institutions are a Roj-al School of Navigation, 
 a school of Geometry as applied to the Arts, and a public U. 
 brary. The manufactures consist of sulphuric acid, earthen 
 and stone ware, paper, starch, lace, oil, refined sugar, cables, 
 and other marine cordage. There are al.so breweries, aud 
 nvimerous brick and tile works. A government tobacco fao- 
 tory employs 300 workmen : and from the bvtilding-yards a 
 great number, both of sailing vessels and steamers, celo- 
 brated for the beauty of their construction and their .sailing 
 properties, are annually fitted out. The harbor of Havre, 
 one of the most accessible in Fiance, is entered by a narrow 
 channel, formed by two long jetties stretching from E. to W., 
 from which the current in a great measure serves to remove 
 obstructions, though dredging is occasionally necessary. 
 This channel leads to the outer harbor, (ovant port.) an ir- 
 regular expanse, which is left dry at ebb tide. This is occu- 
 pied by great numbers of coasters, and other small vessels. 
 Within the avant part, lined with fine quays and extensive 
 warehouses, are five capacious wet-docks, (one not yet com- 
 pleted.) capable of accommodating 500 large vessels. 
 
 Havre is the port of Paris, and its commerce is connected 
 with all parts of the woild, but especially with America and 
 the north of Europe. It imports vast quantities of colonial 
 and other produce, among which cotton holds a most im- 
 portant place; the amovmt received here comprising about 
 three-fourths of all that is imported into France. Its ex- 
 ports consist of numerous articles of French manufactures, 
 including silks, cottons, ironware, plate, mirrors, furniture, 
 stained paper, bricks and tiles, provisions, tools, philoso- 
 phical instruments, and agricultural implements ; also, wine, 
 liqueurs, flour, &e. In the extent of its foreign commerce, 
 Havre ranks next to Marseilles ; and its co.istwise trade is ex- 
 ceeded only by that of Marseilles and Bordeaux. The vessels 
 employed in this branch of commerce iu 1^52, made 1500 
 trips, "in 1846, 1908 vessels, (tons 422,909.) arrived hei-e fiom 
 foreign countries, and 1970 vessels, (tons 435,467,) employed 
 in foreign trade, cleared at the port of Havre, It is the seat of 
 a court of primary resort and of commerce, the residence 
 of foreign consuls, and possesses a chamber of commerce. 
 ReguLar lines of steamers communicate daily with Caen; 
 twice a week with Cherbourg, with Dunkirk, and with London 
 during the summer; and with London every five d.iys in the 
 winter; every .five diiys with Hotterdam, weekly with Ham- 
 burg and Liverpool, and in time of peace, twice a month 
 with St. Petersburg. Ocean steamers also ply between 
 Havre and New Y'ork. Havre wa^ founded by Louis XII. in 
 1509. It was held by the English iu 15G2. and bombarded 
 by them in 1678 and 1759. It was the birthplace of Ma- 
 dame de Lafayette. Bernardin de St. Pierre, and Casimir 
 Delavigne. Pop. in 1861, 74,336. 
 
 HAVRE DE GKACE, hav'er de grass, a thriving po.st-vil- 
 lage of Harford co.. Mainland, on. the W, shore of the Sus- 
 quehanna Kiver, and at the head of Chesapeake Bay, 36 
 miles X,E. of Baltimore, It is an old town, considerably 
 enlarged and improved since the construction of the Tide- 
 w.iter Canal, of which it is the southern terminus. The 
 Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad passes 
 through it, crossing the river by a steam ferry. It contains 
 4 churches, and has a large trade in coal. During the severe 
 frosts of the winter of 1851 and 1 852, the railway cars crossed 
 the river on the ice for several weeks. Havre de Grace was 
 burned by the British in the war of 1812. A bridge is in 
 course of construction across the river at this place. Pop. 
 in 1850, 1336: iu 1860. about 1800. 
 
 HAW, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 
 HAWAII. hd-wT'ee, or OWHYHEE, the largest and most 
 southerly of the Sandwich or Hawaiian I.«lands. Lat. of S. 
 point, 19° 5' N., Ion. 155° 49' W. It is somewhiit of triangular 
 shape, 100 miles long from N. to S., the X.E. side 84 miles, the 
 S.E. 64 miles ; area, 4040 scjuare miles. It is wholly vol- 
 canic, and appears to be less an upheaval than merely de- 
 posits from the numerous volcanoes of which it tbrms the 
 base. The S.W., S., aud S.E. coasts are composed ahno.st 
 wholly of lava or volcanic cinders, frequently exhibiting 
 deep caverns, the abode of iununieralile birds, and perpen- 
 dicular cliffs, against which the sea da.shes with fury. The 
 X.E. coast is likewise geuerally precipitous, often basaltic, 
 and cut into deep gullies, presenting almost innumerable 
 cascades. The mountains do not ascend in peaks, but rise 
 gradually, and are comparatively unbroken. The principal 
 summits are Mauna-Kea, iu the N.E., 13,953 feet, topped 
 with nine cones ; it consists aloiost wholly of scoriae, and 
 presents no apparent crater. Mauna-Loa, in the S., 13.760 
 ieet. a smooth dome, crowned by an immense crater called 
 Moku-a-weo-weo, upwards of 2 miles in diameter, and Mau- 
 na-Huahali or Iluarari, in the W., 7822 feet, with several cra- 
 ters. But the most remarkable of the volcanoes is tlittt of 
 Kilauea, 3970 feet high, E.S.E. of >Iauna-Loa, on an elevated 
 plain. It presents a huge black pit of irregular shape, with 
 almost perpendicular sides, 3} miles long by 2j miles broad, 
 and 1000 feet deep : the inside bordered by a black ledge of 
 cooled lava, from 000 to 2000 feet broad. During t)ie day the 
 bottom looks like aheap of smouldering riiius; but at nig lit 
 
HAW 
 
 HAW 
 
 It shows two Immense pools or lakes of cherry-red liquid, in 
 a state of violent ebullition, whirh illuminates the whole 
 vast expanse, and tiows in all directions like water: and 
 there are nunieraus conical craters continually throwing 
 out stones, ashes, lava, smoke, and tlame. Earthquakes 
 occur very frequently, hut are not often disastrous, be- 
 tween the three principal mountains above named is a prreat 
 central valley, almost unknown and uninhabited. Anion;i 
 the numerous indentations of the coast, the most important 
 are the Hay of Kealakeakua or Karakakora. on the W.. and 
 Byron's, Ililo, or VV.aiaka Bay, on the K. coast; the latter is 
 desciibeil as extensive, well-protected, and affordinjr good 
 anchorage and excellent facilities for watering. The climate 
 is in general mild and equable; in some parts rain seldom 
 falls except in occasional showers, while, in others, both in 
 in the interior and on the coast, as at Byron's Bay. showi'is 
 occur daily. The island is well-wooded, and cultivation is 
 carried on in many places which wouM he deemed almost 
 impracticable in any other country, arisin^r, in a gieat mea- 
 sure, from the desire of the natives to be near the sea, for 
 the sake of the fish which abound along the coasts. In ex- 
 cavations among the lava rocks, sweet potatoes, melons, and 
 pine-apples are planted, which, with upland taro. and j-ams. 
 constitute tlie staple commodities. The latter is raised 
 almost entirely for sbip.s. Sugar-cane, bananas, bread-fruit, 
 and cocoa-nuts are also cultivated. The inhabitants are 
 almost entirely confineii to the coasts, along which they live 
 in small villages. For the financial years of 1842 and ls:4'l 
 tl)e revenues of the kingdom of Hawaii were S-l^-''''t-, 
 During the years 18£0 and 1851, they reached $316,735. 
 In 1853. the revenue was S3'2t3 CO. During the year 1.S53, 119 
 foreigners were naturalized. 53 being Americans, and in the 
 same period 12.011 .acres of public lands were sold for $15,065. 
 There are 423 public free schools taught in the Hawaiian 
 tongue by native teachers'. 344 being I'rotestanf schools, and 
 79 Catholic. In these schools 12.205 children are taught. 
 The natives are anxious to learn the English language, and 
 those who do not will soon be sti'angers on their own soil. 
 14.6S9 gallons of liquor were drank during the ye.ar, and the 
 convictions for crime were 317.>, of which number 1059 were 
 for drunkenness: 1954 marriages were llcen.sed during the 
 year. The statistics of the births and deaths for the last 
 three years compare thus : — 
 
 Births. Denth.i. Decrease. 
 
 1851 2.42+ 6,792 3,3(iS 
 
 l»*o2 l.»M •i.tiTi !»72 
 
 lSo3 1,513 8,0;6 6,513 
 
 Top. in 1823, 85,000; in 1839. 39,364, and in December, 1853, 
 24.1S8. of which 259 were foreigners. The remarkable mor- 
 tality since 1850 is owing to the prevalence of the measles 
 and small-pox. which were very fatal : but there are other 
 causes producing a gradual and regular falling off in the 
 population of the whole group, estimated at about 8 per 
 cent, yearly. In Kealakeakufi Bay, on the W. coast of Ha- 
 waii, Captain Cook was killed by the natives. February 14, 
 
 1779. See Saxdwicu Inlands. .\dj. and inhab. Hawaiian', 
 
 h3-\vi'an. 
 
 IIaVvAU'DEN. or IIAR'DEX. a market-town and pari.sh 
 of North Wales, co. of Flint. 12 miles W.X.'W. of (^he.ster. 
 It has a grammar school, ruins of a fine castle, with large 
 manufactures of earthenware, and iron foundries. 
 
 H.VWASA. a town of Africa.. See Au.ssA. 
 
 HA\V.\8H. hd'wiish^ a river of South Abyssinia, is sup- 
 posed to rise by numerous heads near lat. 9*^ N., Ion. 38° E 
 It flows E., and afterwards N.E., bounding the dominions 
 of Shoa on the S. and E., and enters Lake Aussa near lat. 11° 
 30' \., Ion. 41° 20' E., after a total course of from 460 to 500 
 wiles. 
 
 IL\AVAZ, a town of Persia. See Ahwaz. 
 
 IlAWCtJAT, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HAW CKEKK, a post-office of Benton CO.. Mis.souri. 
 
 HAW CKEKIv. a post-office of Knox co.. Illinois. 
 
 HAW'DON. LAKE. South Australia, is near the S. coast, 
 15 miles S.S.E. of Cape Bernouilli. 
 
 HAWEEZA or IIAWIZA. hl-wee'za. written also IIA- 
 WISA, HAVKEZA, and HAVIZA, hl-vee'zl a town of 
 Persia, province of Khoozistan on the Kerah, (or Ilaweeza) 
 Kiver. 70 miles S.W.of Shooster. Pop. 12.000. 
 
 II.\W'EHBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HAWES. hawz. a market-town of England, co. of York, 
 North lading. '20 miles W. of Middleham. Pop. 1708. It has 
 ii grammar school, 2 branch banks, and an excellent library. 
 
 H.\WESV1LLE, hawz'vil, a po.st-village, capital of Han- 
 cock CO., Kentucky, on theOhio Kiver, 124 miles below Louis- 
 ville. There are iieds of coal here, which supply the village 
 and steamboats with fuel. It contains 2 or more churches. 
 Pop. in 1860. 11 '28. 
 
 HAWES-WATER, a lake of England, co. of Westmore- 
 land. 5 miles N. of Kendal. Length. 3 miles. 
 
 HAW'FIKLD. a post-village in Orange co.. North Carolina, 
 45 miles W. of Italeigh. 
 
 HAWICK, hA'wik, a borough of barony, manufacturing 
 town, .and parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, at the con- 
 fluence of the Teviot and Slitrig. 35 miles S.S.E. of Edin- 
 burgh,with which it is connected by railway. Pop. of the town, 
 
 inl851,6fi83. It is picturesquely situated, and well bulU It 
 contains some very curious ancient hou.ses. aiiinng which is 
 the principal inn, formerly a strong border fortress. There 
 are 2 bridges across the Teviot, and 2 over (he felitrig, one 
 of which is supposed to be a iloman structure; an elegant 
 new pro i.'::h church, erected by the Duke ( f Buccleuch, it 
 grarainar school, public library, 3 branch banks, agricul- 
 tural society, and school of ari.s. It bns important manu- 
 factures of v.oolien stfickii'.gs. tianne!.';, pl.-iiiis shawls, blan- 
 kets, carpets, druggets, and also of leatUor. In its vicinity, 
 which comprises the beavttif'ul scenerj' ctkbrated in the 
 '• Lay of the Jjist Minstrel," are the towers if Branksome, 
 Harden, and Qoldielands, ancient seats of the ditferent 
 branchesof the family of .Scott. Gavin D<;uglass, afterwards 
 liishop of Dunkeld, and the translator of the Jineid, wag 
 rector of Hawick in 1490, and Leydun the poet was born ia 
 its vicinity. 
 
 HAWIZA or IIAWISA. See Haweeza. 
 
 HAWK'CHUKCH. a parish of England. CO. of Dor.set. 
 
 HAWKE (hawk) iiAY, New Zealand, is on the coast of 
 North Island, between lat. 39° and 40° S., and Ion. 177° and 
 17S° E. 
 
 HAWKE BAY, Labrador, on the E. coast, in lat. 53° N, 
 Ion. .n5° 35' W. 
 
 HAWKE CAPE, East Australia.. in New South Wales, co. 
 of Gloucester, 43 miles N.E. of Port Stephens. 
 
 HAWKEDON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 H.AWKEK VILLE. a post-office of Fr<ankli;i CO., Tennessee. 
 
 HAWKE.SBUKY, hawks^bere.a parish of tn-land. co. of 
 Gloucester, 4 miles E.S.E. of Wicker. It gives the title of 
 baron to the Earl of Liverpool. 
 
 HAWKESBUKY, hawksTjer-e. a post-village of Canada 
 West, CO. of Prescott, on the OttawjwKiver, C(l miles E. of 
 Monti'eal, and 60 miles from Bytown. It contuius several 
 mills and hotels. Pop. about 7ou. 
 
 HAWKESBUKY ISLAM), British North America, In New 
 Caledonia, is formed by an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 
 53° 30' N.. Ion. 129° W. 
 
 HAWKESBUliY KIVEK, E.-.st Australia, in New South 
 Wales, is formed by the uuion of the Nepean and Grose 
 Rivers, and enters the Pacific at Rrokeu Bay. 20 miles N.N.E. 
 of Sidney, after a course of CO miles. It is navigable for 
 vessels of 150 tons to Wini'jSor. Another river, in the co. of 
 Bligh. is of less importance. 
 
 HAWKESHEAD. ha'.vks'hi'd. fi market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Lancaster, capital of the district of Fur- 
 ness, 11 miles N.W. of Kirby-Kendal. Pop. 23"J3, partly em- 
 ployed in iron forges. It has a very ancient church, a 
 grammar school, founded by Archldshop Sandys, a native of 
 this ))lace. and at which the pwt Wordsworth was educated. 
 
 H.\WK EY.''!. a small po.st-village of Des Moines co., Iowa. 
 
 HAWK'HURST, a parish of England, cos. of Kent and 
 Sussex. 
 
 HAWKING E, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HAWKINS, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessoe, 
 bordering on A'irginia, has an area estimated at t:'50 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Clinch and Ilolston Rivers. The 
 surface is traversed by Clinch .Mountain, and other higii 
 ridges; the soil is generally fertile. Steamlxiats navigate 
 the Ilolston Itiver through this county. Limestone under 
 lies part of the surface. Cajdtal, Rogersville. Pop. 16,162. 
 of whom 14,'2:!7 were free, and 1925 slaves. 
 
 HAWKINS'S LANDING, post-oihce, Ashley co., Arkansas. 
 
 HAWKINS'S MILLS, a village of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 HAWKI.NSVILLE, a post-office of Oneida co., New Y'ork. 
 
 HAWKINSVILLE. a small post-village, capital of Pulaski 
 CO., Georgia, on the W. bank of the Ocmulgee River, 61 miles 
 S. of Milledgeville, contains 2 churches, 6 stores, and about 
 300 inhabitant.s. 
 
 H.\WK'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 II.\WK POINT, a small village of Lincoln co.. Missouri. 
 
 HAWK'KIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HAWK'STON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 HAWKS'WORTH, a pari.sh.of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 HAWK'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HAWLBoWLINE, an island of Ireland, in Cork Harbor, 
 three-fourths of a. mile S. of tlie Cove, and formerly the place 
 of an important naval dep6t. 
 
 HAWLBOWLINE, a rock of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Down, off the entrance of Carlingford Harbor. 
 
 HAAV/LEY, a tything of England, co. of Hanta 
 
 IIAWLEY', a post-town.ship of Fianklin co., 5Iassachu- 
 setts, about 100 miles W.by N. of Boston, and about 20 miles 
 W. by S. of Gri^enfield. It has 3 post-othces, but no con- 
 siderable vilhage. Pop. 671. 
 
 H AW LEY. a flonrishing post-village of Wayne co.,Penns}-l- 
 vania, on tiie railroad of the Pennsylvania Coal Com)iany, 
 about 8 miles S E, of llonesdale The village hiis grown up 
 since 1848. and owes its rapid increase to tlie joint opera- 
 tions of the Coal Company and the Delawara and Hudson 
 Canal Company. It contains 5 churches and 1 newspaper 
 office. The Ilawley Branch Railroad connects it with the 
 Erie Railroad. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 IIAWLEY'S STORE, a post-office of Sampson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 835 
 
HAW 
 
 HAWLETSTTLLE, a post-office of Page co., Iowa. 
 
 II AWLKY V1LI.E, a post-village of Faiifiolil co., Connecti- 
 cut, on the Ilousatonio lliiilroad, 23 miles N .W. of Bridgeport. 
 
 HAW'LIXG, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 11 AW.\/BY. a pari.sli of Knsrland. co. of York. North Kiding. 
 
 IIAWXES. hawnz, or HAYXES, hAuz, a pari.sh of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Bedford. 
 
 II AWOKTII, hd'wQrth, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 
 AVest P.idinir. 
 
 II AW'l'A'rCn, a post-Tillage of La Grange CO., Indiana, 160 
 miles N'.X.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 IIAW/IUDGE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 IIA\V lUDGE, a pi'.'Jt-office of Dale co.. Alabama. 
 
 IIAW RIVER, of Xorth Carolina, one of the main braTiches 
 of the Cape Fear River, rises in the S.W. part of Kockjiig- 
 ham CO., and flows in a general S.E. course, until it unites 
 •with Deep River, at Haywood, near the centre of the state. 
 It passes through a hilly and fertile farming region, which 
 contains extensive mines of stone coal. 
 
 IIAWS/RUIIG, a post-village in Rappahannock co., A'ir- 
 gjnia. 100 miles N.X.W. of Richmond • 
 
 HAW'SKllTOWX, a post-office of Owen CO., Indiana. 
 
 II.\WS'KER, a township of England, co. of York. 
 
 IIAW.STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HAWTHORN, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 HAW/THORXDEX, a glen in Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 
 parish of L:isswade, on the North Esk, celebrated for having 
 been the residence of the poet Drummoud, the friend of 
 Shakspeare and Ben Jonson. Beneath the ancient mansion, 
 which stands on a cliff, are several remarkable caves, hol- 
 lowed out of the sandstone rock, reported to have been used 
 as hiding-places during the border wars. 
 
 HANV'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Xotts. 
 
 IIAX'BY', a pari.sh of England, co. of York. Xorth Riding, 
 4 miles X. of York, with a station on the railway thence to 
 Scarlx)rough. 
 
 HAX'EY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HAY, a market-town and parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Briecon. on the AYye, here cros.^ed by bridge, 15 miles W. of 
 Hereford. Pop. of town, in 1851, 123S. It has some remains 
 of a castle of the Bohuns. Earls of Hereford. It has a union 
 work-house, and 2 branch banks. 
 
 HAY, an inland county of West Australia, about 50 miles 
 square. It. is mountainous in the S. parts, and has a num- 
 ber of salt lakes. 
 
 HAYANGE, hi\v6xzh' or hrSxzh'. a vill.age of France, de- 
 partment of Moselle, 5 miles W.S.W. of Thionville. Pop. in 
 1S52, 2093. employed in extensive iron-works. 
 
 HAY'COCK, a township, Bucks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1357. 
 
 1I.\Y'C0CK ISLAXD. in the China Sea. off the W. side of 
 Busvagon, one of the Philippines, high and rocky ; lat. 12° 
 9' N., Ion. 119° 51' 15" E. 
 
 HAYCOCK ISLAXD. in the Celebes Sea, between the 
 islands ofCelebes and Mindanao; hit. 4° 18' N., Ion. 125° 23' E. 
 
 HAYCOCK ISLAXD, a small rocky islet in the Jlergui 
 Archipelago, S. of St. Matthew's Island; lat. 9° 40' N., Ion. 
 97° 50' E. 
 
 HAYCOCK ISLAXD, in the China Sea. 40 miles S.S.W. 
 of Great Xatunas ; lat. 3° 19' X., Ion. 107° 34' E. 
 
 HAYCOCK ISLAXD, in the China Sea, S.S.W. of South 
 Katunas ; lat. 2° 13' N., Ion. 108° 57' E. 
 
 HAYCOCK ISLAXD, in the Flores Sea, in Pantar Strait, 
 rises .upwards in the form of a cone or haycock; lat. 8° 18' S., 
 Ion. 124° E. 
 
 HAYD or HAYDE, a town of Bohemia. See Uaid. 
 
 HAYD, a town of Bohemia. See H.\ID.\. 
 
 HAYD, Ober, o'ber, and UxTEa. oOn'ter. two contiguous 
 villages of Germany, 22 miles S. of Budweis, on the raHway 
 to Lintz. 
 
 HAY'DEXSVILLE, a post^village of Hampshire CO., Mas- 
 Bachusetts, 4 miles X.W. of Xorthampton. It has manufac- 
 tures of gold pens. 
 
 HAYDEXSVILLE. a village of Todd co., Kentucky, 190 
 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 HAY'DEXTOWX, a villasfe of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, 
 190 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. 
 
 H.\YDOCK, a township of Enirland, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HAYDOCK'S FERRY, a smaU vUlage of Mai-shaU co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 HAY'DOX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HAYDOX, a parish of England, co. of l-:s3ex. 
 
 HAYDON BRIDGE, a chapelry of England, co. of North- 
 umberland, having a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle 
 Railway. 6 miles W.N.W. of Hexham. 
 
 HAY'D;)R, a pari.sh of England, co. of Ijncoln. 
 
 HA YDUCKEX DISTRICT, of Hungary. See IUibccken. 
 
 HA VE-DE.SCARTKS, La, li hA di'kauf , a town of France, 
 department of Indre-et-I^ire, on the right bank of the 
 Creuse, 29 miles S. of Tours. It contains the house in 
 which l)escart.es was born, A..D. 1596. Pop. in 1852, 1800. 
 
 HAYK m PUITS, h.4 dU pwee. a village of France, de- 
 partment of .Manche. 17 miles N. of Coutances. Pop. 1207. 
 
 HAYK, LA. Is the French name of the Hague. See H.\aCE. 
 
 HAYK MALHERBE, hA miralRb'. a village of France, 
 departmen t of Euro, i miies W.N .W. of Louviers. Pop. 1102 
 830 ' 
 
 HAY 
 
 HAYES, h'^z, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HAY^ES. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 HAYES RIVER, or HILL RIVER, in British North 
 America, rises near Lake Winnipeg, flows X.E. through 
 Holy. Knee, and Swampy Lakes, and, after a course esti- 
 mated at upwards of 300 miles, enters James's Bav at York. 
 Lat. 56° 45' X., Ion. 92° 30' W. Its banks are steep, and in 
 many places bordered by pine woods. Its affluents are Fox 
 Hiver and Shamatawa. Oxfjrd House and Rockhouse are 
 stations on the river, at its mouth between it and Xel.son 
 River : on the W. side is Hayes Island. 
 
 HAYES' STORE, a post-office of Gloucester co., 'N'irgiDia. 
 
 HAYESVILLE, hAz'vill. a post-village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 67 miles S.E. of Harrisbui'g. 
 
 HAYESVILLE, Ohio. See H.wsville. 
 
 HAY'FIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 Il.WFIELD, a post-township of Crawford CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 5 miles X.W. of Meadville. Pop. 1867. 
 
 HAY'IXGEX, hi'ing-eu, a town of Wurtemburg, 10 miles 
 S.S.W. of Miinsingen, with an old castle. Pop. 655. 
 
 IIAYLK, hAl, a locality in England, co. of Cornwall, at 
 the W. termination of a railway, 12 miles in length, con- 
 necting it with Redruth. 
 
 II.\Y'LE\'SBURG, a post-office of Lunenberg co., Virginia, 
 95 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 HAY'LIXG. an island off the S. coast of England, co. of 
 Hants, in Chichester Harbor, separated by a narrow strait 
 from thL> island of Portsea, and c mnected by a bridge with 
 the parish of Havant, about 1 mile S. of that town. Area, 
 3670 acres. It is divided into the two parishes of Xorth and 
 South Hayling. Off the S. coast is an extensive shoaU 
 the AVoolsner Sandbank, the relic of a tract of land sub- 
 merged in the reign of Edward III. 
 
 II.AY' M.\RKET, a post-village of Prince William co., A'ir- 
 ginia, 110 miles X. of Richmond. 
 . H.AY MEADOW, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina. 
 
 IIAYX or H.^IN, in S.axony. See Grosse>'H.\ix. 
 
 HAYXAU. HAIXAUorllEIXAU, hi'nSw, a town of Prus- 
 sia, 9 miles W.X.W. of Liegnitz, on the Diechsee, with a sta- 
 tion on the Berlin and Glogau Railway. Large quantities 
 of fullers'-earth are obtained in its vicinity. Pop. 36u0. 
 
 HAY''XERVILLE, a village of Brunswick township. Rens- 
 selaer CO., Xew Y'ork, on a macadamized roiid leading from 
 Troy to Bennington, about 8 miles E.X.E. of Troy. 
 
 IIAYX ES, hAnz, a po.st-offlce of Granger co., Tenne.ssee. 
 
 IIAYXESVILLE, hAnz'vil, a post-township of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine. Pop. 169. 
 
 II.\Y'NESV1LLE, a post-office of Rensselaer CO., New York. 
 
 IIAYXESVILLE, a post-office of Claiborne parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 HAYNEVILLE, a post-village of 'York district. South 
 Carolina, 60 miles S.S.W. of Columbia. 
 
 HAYNEVILLE. a district of Houston CO., Georgia. 
 
 HAYNEVILLE or II AINESVILLE, a po.st-viliage of Hous- 
 ton CO., Georgia, 9 or 10 miles S.E. of Perry, has 2 churches, 
 1 academy, and 3 stores. 
 
 HAY'XEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lowndes co., 
 .\labama, 23 miles S.W. of Montgomery. It contains, be- 
 sides the county buildings, 2 flourishing chartered ac.ide- 
 mies. one for each sex, and 1 manufactory of cotton-gins. 
 Laid out in 1828. Pop. in 1860, about 800. 
 
 IIAY'NICIIEN, a town of Germany. See H.UNlcnEN. 
 
 HAY' RIVER, of West .\ustralia, flows southward into 
 the Mairet Lagoon. 25 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 HAY RIVER, of Wisconsin, a small stream which enters 
 Red Cedar River from the right in Chippewa county. 
 
 HAY'S, a county in the AV. central part of Texas, h.is an 
 area of about 750 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Pedernales and San Marcos Rivers. The surface is hilly or 
 undulating. Named in honor of John C. Hays, a colonel 
 in the Texan service. Capital, San .Marcos. I'op. 2126, of 
 whom 1329 were free. 
 
 HAY'S CASTLE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 H.\Y'S' CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi. 
 
 HAY^S PEAK, a densely wooded, conical mountain of 
 East Australia, in lat. 27° 30' S.. and Ion. 152° S' E. 
 
 H.AYS' SPRING, a post-office of .Teffersnu co.. Kentucky. 
 
 HAYS' STORE, a post-office of Montgomery co.. Ohio. 
 
 H.W'STACK.apost-villaffe of Surrey co.. North Carolina, 
 
 HAY'S/VILLE, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Ohio River. 9 miles below Pittsburg. It is a station 
 on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 II.W'SVILLE, a small village of Lincoln CO.. Georgia. 
 
 H.W'SVILLE. a post-village of 5Iarion co., Kentucky, on 
 the road from Lexington to Nashville, In Tonnes.see. 
 
 II.W'SVILLE, a thriving post-village of Vermilion town- 
 ship. A.shland co. Ohio. 7S miles N.E. of Columbus. It has 
 a hiirh school, called the Haysville Literary Institute. IVp. 
 in 1860, about 600. 
 
 H.WS'VILLE, a post-villago of Dulxiis co., Indiana, on 
 the Patoka Creek, alwut 115 miles S.S.W. of Indian.apolis, 
 has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 HAYTEirS GAP, a postK)ffice of Washington co..Tiiv 
 ginia 
 
HAY 
 
 riAYTI or HAITI. h.Vfoe. (Haiti: Vr. prnn. h.^Ve'tpo' or 
 a'eeteiV.) or SAX nOMT.N'UO, (in Sp. Santn Domingo, sdn'to 
 do-meeng'go, origmaUy Espatiolo, Js-pdn-yo'll; h.Hi.ipaii- 
 ir/la.) a lii'ti and bi-autiful island, tlie second in 8ize of the 
 AVest Indies, Leewai-d si'Oi'P- S.E.of Cuba, and separated from 
 it I)y tlie Windward Passage, 50 miles broad. It extends from 
 Cape Kn-aHo, lat. 18° 35' N.. Inn. 08° 20' \V.. to Cape Tiburon, 
 lat. 1S° 20' N., ion. 74° 29' \V.; and from Cape Keata. lat. 
 17° 42' t2" N., Ion. 71° 20' W., t« Cape Isaliella, lat. 19° 59' N., 
 Ion. 71'-' 1' W.. extreme length from K. tf> W. about 400 miles, 
 greatest breadth, 150 miles. Area, including the islands of 
 ToVtuga. Gonaive, etc., aVmut 27.600 square miles, or nearly 
 as large as Scotland. The K. part of the island is occupied 
 by the Itepublic of San Domingo, and the W. part by the 
 Empire of Hayti. 
 
 The island of Hayti is of irregular form, being deeply in- 
 dimted by bays and inlets, and having corresponding pro- 
 jections, the greate.st of which being its S.W. portion, 
 forming a he.adland about 150 miles long, and from 18 
 miles to 40 miles broad. It is intersected from W. to E. by 
 three chains of mountains, all mutually connected by off- 
 sets, between which are extensive plains and savani^ahs. 
 The principal central chain, containing the culminating 
 peaks, of which Cibao, 7200 feet high, is the loftiest, com- 
 mences W. at Cape Nicholas, takes an K.S.K. direction, and 
 terminates at Cape Kngaiiio. Almost parallel with this chain, 
 another, commencing W. near Jlonte Christi, nearly skirts 
 the X. coast, till it terminates E. abruptly, on approaching 
 the peninsula of Samana; it is followed by low. marshy 
 grounds, interlaced by estuaries and channels, which sepa- 
 rate Samana from the mainland, and afford communication 
 from the bi;;ht of that name to the sea on the X. shore of 
 the. island ; the heights, however, reappear on the opposite 
 side of the low grounds, and tertninate in Cape Samana. 
 Between these two mountain ranges extends La Vega Heal, 
 or the Koyal Valley. loO miles long, watered by the Yacki 
 and Yuma, furnishing extensive pasture-lands. The third, 
 and S. mountain range commences W. at Cape Tiburon. ex- 
 tends E. along the whole of the S. headland, and terminates 
 at the Kiver Xeiva, about 80 miles W. of the town of San 
 Domingo. Besides La A'ega Heal, there are other extensive 
 plains and valleys; more particularly, on the coast E. of 
 San Domingo, log llanos, "the plains" or flats, 80 miles long, 
 — a rich pasture district. The plain of C.ayes, at the W. end 
 of tlie island, has been greatly increased in extent by the 
 formation of a kind of rock, consisting of minute fragments 
 of shells and coral, incrusted with calcareous ctmient, re- 
 sembling travertin. Fragments of va.ses. and other human 
 works, have been found in it at a depth of 20 feet. This 
 kind of rock is now in process of formation throughout the 
 whole of the West Indie's. All the streams of Hayti, of any 
 importance, originate in the great central mountain chiiin. 
 and, as may be inferred from the general direction of the 
 mountains, have either an E., W., or S. course, no stream 
 of any ci)nse<iuence flowing X. The principal are the Arti- 
 bonite. flowing W., and Monte Christi or Xorth Yacki. X.AV. ; 
 the Yuma, flowing S.E. ; and the Xeiva or South Y'acki. the 
 Nisao. and the Ozama. flowing S. They are all encumbered 
 at their mouth with sand-bars: and hence few of them are 
 navigable. The Ozama, however, admits vessels drawing 
 12 feet or 12^ feet. There are several lakes, mostly in the 
 S.W. of the island. The chief are the salt lakes of Enrliuillo 
 and .\zuey ; the fbrmer in the valley of the Xeiva. about 20 
 miles long by 8 miles broad, and abounding in caymans; 
 the latter 10 miles W. of Lake Enri((uillo, about 10 miles 
 long by 6 miles broad. S. of these lies the fresh lake of 
 Icotea or Limon, aliout the size of Lake Azuey. Mineral 
 springs exist in various parts. The most noted in the E. 
 portion of the island are those of Banica, (temperature. 
 112° to 125°.) Biahama, Yaya. and Pargatal: and in the W. 
 portion, those of St. Hose, containing iron, vitriol, and alum ; 
 the saline waters of Jaen RaVjel, and those of Dalmarie, 
 containing sulphur, potash, &c. The mineral products are 
 various and rich, including gold, platina, .silver, quicksilver, 
 copper, iron, (similar to that of Danemora, in Sweden,) 
 magnetic iron, tin, sulphur, manganese, antimony, rock- 
 salt, bitumen, jasper, marble, opal, l.azulite, chalcedony, &c. 
 The gold-mines are aliandoned; and gold-washing is only 
 carried on by the poorer classes, in the northern rivers. 
 Indeed, all of the minerals are neglected, from want of 
 capital. 
 
 Tliere are two seasons in Hayti — a wet season and a dry 
 season. During the former heavy rains are frequent. 3 and 
 even 5 inches at times falling in 24 hours: and in the latter, 
 little or no rain falls, and. in some localities, years have 
 pas.sed over without a single heavy sho^yer. At San Domingo 
 the mean temi>erature is 78° 5', and the extremes 00° and 
 95° ; while at I'ort-au-1'rince the range is from 63° 5' to 104°. 
 The minimum occurs in December, and the maximum in 
 August and September. Land-breezes moderate the .-summer 
 beats. Hurricanes are less seldom here than in the Wind- 
 ward or Caribbean Islands. Earthquakes, though not fre- 
 quent, have been very disastrous: the most notjtble recorded 
 are those of 1564. 1684. 1691. 1751, 1770. and 1842. By that 
 of 1751 Port-au-1'rince was destroyed, and 60 miles of coast 
 
 IIAY 
 
 submerged; and by that of 1842 towns were overturned 
 and thousands of lives lost. Nowhere is tropical vegetatioti 
 seen to greater advantage than in Hayti: contributing, 
 with the lofty, and. at times, rugged mountains and deep 
 valleys, to render the scenery oif this island unsurpassed 
 Majestic pines, noble mahogany-trees, fustic, satin-wood, 
 and lignumvitie. clothe the mountains, and form the prin- 
 cipal exports of the southern provinces. The roble or oak, 
 (Catalpa lonpuaima,) ^vhich yields hard, durable wood; tlu 
 wax-palm, dividivi, (Caivalpina ciirkiria.) numerous fine cab 
 inet-woods, and the richest flowering plants, abound; toge 
 ther with the usual tropical vegetables— plantains, bananas 
 yams, and batatas; also fruits, including oranges, pine 
 apples, cherimoyas. siipodillas. with melons and grapes. Thfc 
 staple cultivated products are coffee, sugar, indigo, cotton, 
 tobacco, and cocoa; the quantities of which raised have 
 fallen off. in consequence of the un.settled state of (he is- 
 land. The W. or French section has always been the best 
 cultivated. The native quadrupeds of Hayti ai-e small — the 
 largest not Toigger than a rabbit ; liut the animals introduced 
 from Europe, and now in a wild state, have thriven re- 
 mark.ably; large numbers of cattle, pigs, and dogs, now 
 roam freely in the savannahs and in the mountain forests. 
 Birds are neither numerous in species nor beautiful in 
 appearance; still, great numbers of pigeons (Columha Unm- 
 ceplmla) are annually taken and used as food; and ducks, 
 in large quantities, and other swimmers and waders, fre- 
 quent the marshy places. The l.-ikes and rivers contain 
 numbers of caymans and alligators : and in the surrounding 
 seas whales are common in spring, and green and hawks- 
 bill turtles, lobsters, and cralis. abound on the coasts. 
 
 Hayti was discovered by Columbus, December 5th, 1492, 
 in his first voyage, and from him received the name of His- 
 paflola or Espaiiola. («. e., "Little Spain.") It was called 
 aft*irwards San Domingo, from the town of this name, which 
 was one of the first settlements made on the isl.and. The 
 name of Hayti was given to it by Des.s:illnes, after he had 
 expelled the French in 1803. It is said to be the original 
 Indian name of the island, and to signify "mountainous." 
 -\t Isabella, on the X. shore of the island, the discoverer 
 founded the first Spanish colony in the Xew Morld. 
 
 The Spaniard!?, having by their o])pression exterminated 
 the aborigines, (the last of whom died out towards the end 
 of the last centui-y.) introduced African slaves to cultivate 
 the soil. The French colonists, driven from St. Christo- 
 pher's, established themselves on the W. end of the island ia 
 l(i.'30. These settlers captured the pigs and horned cattle, 
 .sold the skins to traders who touched on the coast, and 
 smoked the flesh, both for food and for sale, on a grating of 
 wood, called bouaai ; whence was given them the name of 
 " Buccaneers." Joining arms Mtli fieebo<iters, who, in 1632, 
 settled in Tortuga. and who were named "Flibustiers," from 
 the small fast fly-boats in which their expeditions were 
 carried on, they became marauders by sea and land; and 
 their successes rendered the name Buccaneer terrible over 
 all the West Indian seas. By a treaty with Spain, in 1773, 
 the W. part of the island was guaranteed to France. The 
 Spanish colony declined, and the French prospered, and iu 
 1789 was in its most flourishing state. In 1790 the popul.a- 
 tion of the island was estimated at 550,000, consisting of 
 whites, negroes, (nearly all slaves,) a'nd people of color, the 
 offspring of the intercourse of the two former races. Soon 
 after the breaking out of the great French iievolution, the 
 French government gave liberty to the slaves, in order to 
 obtain their aid in defending the island against the Eng- 
 lish ; under the First Consul, attempts were made to reduce 
 them again to slavery. A sanguinary war followed, which 
 resulted in the complete subjugation of the whites. In 
 1821, the Spanish portion declared itself independent of the 
 mother country, and assumed the name of Spanish Hayti; 
 but it was soon subjugated by Boyer, the President of the 
 Haytian Republic, or French Hayti. In 1S42. a revolution 
 broke out. and President Boyer was compelled to flee to Ja- 
 maica; and in 1844 the inhabitants of the Spanish jwrtiou 
 rose, overpowered their Haytian oppres.sors, and formed them- 
 selves into a republic, under the name of Santo Domingo. 
 After various individuals had. for a short period, occupied 
 the presidential chair of the Haytian Republic, the election 
 fell vtpon General Soulouque, who. in 1849, made an unsuc- 
 cessful attempt to subjugate the Dominican Republic. In 
 the latter part of tht. same year, however, he ascended (he 
 throne of the Haytian Republic, under the title of Emperor 
 Faustin I. The independence of the Dominican Republic 
 was virtually recognised by Great Britain, by the appoint- 
 ment of a consul to it. in 1849; and it was formally recog- 
 nised by a treaty of amity and commerce, i-atified September 
 10, 1850. It has also been recognised by France and Den- 
 mark; but the Emperor Faustin I. (Soulouque) still refuses 
 to recognise its independence. Pop. of the whole island esti- 
 mated at 913,000. Adj. and inhab. Haitian, hi'te-an. 
 
 HAYTI or HAITI, Empire (formerly Repiislic) of.' an in- 
 dependent state of the West Indies, occupying the W. end 
 of the island of Hayti or San Domingo, corresponding with 
 the portion of the island formerly belonging to the French, 
 and including the adjacent islainds of Tortuga, Gonaive, 
 
 837 
 
HAT 
 
 HEA 
 
 &c. The E. bovndaiy, towards the Dominican Eepublic, is 
 formed hj' an irregular line, drawn from S. to N, from the 
 river Aases-il-]'ltre or I'edernalt'S, on the S. coast, about Ion. 
 71*- 60', to the mouth of the river ilassacre, wliich Hows into 
 the Bay of Mazanilla, atiout 10 miles S.W. of Cape Uaytien. 
 Area, 10,081 square miles. It is divided into six depart- 
 luente. subdivided into arrondissemeuta and communes. 
 
 Uy the constitution of 1843, the sovereiiin power was 
 rtJco^lEed to b« in the people: the executive power was 
 placed in the hand) of a president, the legi.-^lative in a 
 chamber of commom iind a senate, and the judicial in a 
 court of cassation, bti 12 the high tribunal of appeal, with 
 various SHU«idiary acd initiatory courts. The laws are 
 hased on the ode civil of France. Princes of the blood, 
 dukes, counts, barous. and two orders of knighthood, — that 
 of St. Faustin, and a lejiion of honor. — were created by the 
 president, Soulouque, iu 1849. to adorn the court of this 
 new empire. The effective force of the army is stated to l)e 
 40,000 men. and that of the navy lo small vessels, and 1000 
 men. 
 
 The people are almost entirely of the negro race, speak the 
 , French liingutige, and profess the Koman Catholic religion. 
 Capital, l'ort-au-1'rince. Pop. estimated at 550,000. (See 
 preceding article.) 
 
 H.^VrON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 I1.\YT0\, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 II.WTOX, a parish of England, co. of York. East Riding. 
 
 liAY/WARD s HEATH, a locality of Eugliind, co. of 
 Sussex, having a station on the London and Brighton Kail- 
 way, at the divergence of the branch to Lewes, 12 miles N. 
 of Brighton. 
 
 HAY'WtX)D, a county in the W, part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Tennes.see. Area estimated at 750 square 
 miles, it is intersected by the Big Pigeon Kiver, an affluent 
 of the French Broad. The county is a mountainous tract, 
 between the Blue liidge on the S.E. and the Iron Mountain 
 on the X.AV. The soil near the streams is fertile. Capital, 
 Waynesville. Formed in ISOS, and named in honor of John 
 Haywood, State Treasurer of North Carolina. Pop.oSOl, of 
 ■whom 54SS were free, and 313 slaves. 
 
 H.\YWOOD, a county in the W. part of Tennessee. Area 
 estimated at 600 sqiuire miles. It is intersected by the 
 llatchee and the South Fork of the Forked Deer Biver, 
 affluents of the Mississippi. The, general surface is level; 
 the .soil is very productive, and much cultiv.ated. The 
 Hatchee Kiver is navigable by small steamboats through 
 this county during high water, i.e., in winter. Capital. 
 Brownsville. Pop. 19,j;32, of whom 8206 were free, and 
 11,026 slaves. 
 
 1I.\Y\V00D. a post-village of Chathain co.. North Carolina, 
 at the confluence of the Haw and Deep Rivers, which form 
 the Cape Fear. 31 miles W.N.W. of Kaleigh. 
 
 II.\Z'.\KD, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Kentucky, 
 on the North Fork of Kentucky Kiver, 94 miles in a direct 
 line S.E. of Lexinirton. 
 
 HAZARD FORGK, a post-oflRce of Hardv co , W.Virginia. 
 
 II.A Z'ARDVILLE. a post-village of Hartford co.. Connecti- 
 cut, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Hartford. In the vicinity are 
 the Hazard Powder Mills. 
 
 n.\ZAREH, a country of Central Asia. See Huz.^reh. 
 
 H AZARYBAUG H. hl'yl-reerhnv;>. a town of Briti.ih India, 
 presidency of Bengal, 214 miles ^V.N.^V. of Calcutta. It 
 has European cantonments; and near it are sulphur and 
 saline springs. 
 
 IIAZKBROUCK. h3z'brook' or az'brook', a town of France, 
 department of Nord. 24 miles W.N.W. of Lille, on the 
 Beurre. Pop. in 1N52, 79.53. It ha.s a church, with a lofty 
 spire, a communal college, and public library. It has 
 manufactures of linen yarn and cloth. 
 
 HAZKIiERiH. haiz/lee, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 H.\'ZEI,TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HAZEKSWOUDK, hd'zer.s-wOw'deh. a village of the Ne- 
 therlands, province of South Holland, 13 miles E. of the 
 Hague. Pop. 2739. 
 
 HAZLE. hd'zel. a township of Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania, 
 contains the well-known Hazelton coal-mines. Pop." 3831. 
 
 HAZLE BOTTO.M. a post-office of Barry co., Mi.ssouri. 
 
 HAZLE DELL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Illinois. 
 
 HAZLK GKEE.N", a villas of Madison co., Alabama, 
 almut 12 miles N. of Huntsville. 
 
 H.\ZLE GREEN, a post-village of Morgan CO., Kentucky, 
 liV>ut 100 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 HAZLE GREEN, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin, 
 18 Bituatcd in the middle of a large and fertile prairie, about 
 12 miles N. of Galena. It has 3 churches and about 10 stores. 
 Pop. about lOOit; of the township, 2543. 
 
 HAZLK GKOVE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Arkan.sasi. 
 
 H.\ZLK ORGVE, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, 
 it miles W.N.W. pf Jefferson City. 
 
 HA'ZLEPATCH, a small post-village of Laurel co.. Ken- 
 lucky. 
 
 HA'ZLETON, a post-village of Luzerne CO., Pennsylvania, 
 iiboul 15 miles W..N.\V. of Mauch Chunk, with which it is 
 ooniierted by a railroad. 
 
 UA'ZLEITVILLE, a postofllce of Kent co., Delaware. 
 
 IIA'ZLEWOOD, a post-office of Chester district, ,>outh Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 HAZLEWOOD. a post-ofliee of Ballard co_ Kentucky. 
 
 HAZLEWOOD, a post-village of Wright co., Missouri, 110 
 miles S. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HE.\C'H.\.M. hee'chani. a parish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 HEADBOURNE, hfd'bhrn. a parish of England, co. Hants. 
 
 HEAD'CORN, a parish of England, co. of Kent, with a sta- 
 tion on the South-eastern r..iil\vay. 11 miles W. of A.shford. 
 
 HE.\DE.\. hee'den. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 HEAD'FORD. a neatly built market-bjwn of Ireland, co. 
 of Galwav, 9 miles S.W. of Tuam. Pop. 1(547. * 
 
 HEAD'INGLY-wiTU-BUK'LEY, a chapelry and village «f 
 England, co. of Y'ork. West Hiding. 2 miles N.W. of Leeds. 
 In its vicinity are the Leeds Zoologiail and Botanical Gardens, 
 and numerous elegant mansions. A remarkable oak-ti-ee, 
 still standing here, is believed to have been the .same as that 
 under which the Saxons held their shire meetings; hence 
 the name ski/rack: or sdiire-ack. {■■ shire-oak,") which is given 
 to the whole wapentake. 
 
 HEAD'INGTO.N. a pari.sh of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 HEAD/LEY. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HK.\DLEY', a p;irish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 HE.^DLEY'S, New Jersey. See Millville. 
 
 IIE.\DLKY'S MILLS, jxist-village. Fountain co., Indiana. 
 
 HE.\D OF B.^RKEN. post-office. Claiborne co.. Tennessee. 
 
 HKAD OF CLINCH, a post-office of Tazewell CO.. Virginia. 
 
 HEAD OF HAR/BOR. a village of Suffolk co.. New York, 
 on the N. side of Long Island, 50 miles E. by N. of New York. 
 
 1IE.\D OF PAINT, a post-office of .Morgan co.. Kentucky. 
 
 HK.4.D OF SAS/S.\FRAS, a post-office. Kent co.. Marvland. 
 
 HEAD OF TENWESSEE', a post-office of Rabun co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 HEAD QUAK'TERS.a post-office of. Nicholas CO.. Kentucky. 
 
 HEAD WATERS, a pnst-oifice of Highland co.. Virginiji. 
 
 HE.\GE, heej. a township of England, co. of Derby. P. 2305. 
 
 1IE.\LAUGH, heel'aw, a parish of England, ca "of York. 
 
 HEALING, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HEALING SPRINGS, a post-office of Dtividson co., North 
 Carolina, 13«i miles from Kaleigh. 
 
 HEAN, h.Van', a large town of Tonquin. on the Sangkoi 
 River, at its divergence, 31 miles S.E. of Ketcho. 
 
 HE.V.NOR, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HEANT'ON. a parish of Engl.and. co. of Devon. 
 
 HE.\I>'H.\M, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HE,\RD. herd, a county iu the W. part of Georgia, bor- 
 dering on Alabama, has an area of 286 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Chattahoochee River, and also drained 
 by Whitewater and Sundalhatcbee Creeks. The surface is 
 very hilly. The soil is productive. Gold. iron, and lead 
 have been found in the county. Organized in 1830, and 
 named in honor of Stephen Hearil, an officer in the war of 
 the Revolution. Capital, Franklin. Pop. 7S05, of whom 
 4994 were free, and 2811 slaves. 
 
 HEARNVILLK. hern'vil. post-office, Putnam co., Georgia. 
 
 HEART PR.VIRIE. a post-village of Walworth co., Wis- 
 consin, about 40 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 HKARTS CONTENT. See Appendix. 
 
 HEART'WELLVILLE. a post-vUlage of Bennington co., 
 Vermont, 110 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 HEATH, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HE.\TH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 HE.Vni. a chnpelry of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 HEATH, a post-village and township of Franklin co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 100 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop.66l. 
 
 HEATH, a township of Forest co.. Pennsylvania. Pop. 203. 
 
 HEATH'ER. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 HE.\TH'F1ELD. a pari.sh of England, co. of Soiner.set. 
 
 HEATHFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 HEATH'LAND. a post-office of lleury co., Illinois. 
 
 HEATirS CREEK, a postofllce of Pettis co.. .Mis.'jouri. 
 
 HEATHS'VILLE, a handsome post-village, capital of 
 Northumberland co., Virginia, is situated on the Northern 
 Neck, 92 miles N.E. of Richmond, and 1 mile from the 
 head of Coan River, a navigable inlet opening into the Po 
 tomac. It has a large church, an academy, and a mill. 
 
 HEATHSVILLE, a post-village of Halifax c-o,, North Ca- 
 rolina, 82 miles N.E. of Kaleigh. 
 
 HEATHY-LEE. a township of England co.. of Stafford, 
 parish of Alstonetield. 2 miles ^V■.N.W. of Longnor. Pop. 633. 
 
 H EATON, hee'toni a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HEATON, a towu.ship of England, co. of Northumlierland, 
 li miles from Newcastle. Here are ruins called King John's 
 Palace, in which tliat monarch is said to have found refuge. 
 
 HEATON, atownshipof England, CO. ofYork, West Riding. 
 
 HEATON, GRE.\T,a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 4i miles N. of Manchester. Heaton Hou.se. the elegant seat 
 of the Earl of Wilton, stands in a fine park in this township. 
 
 HEATON, KIHK. See Kikk Hewo.v. 
 
 HEATON. LITTLE, a township of England, co. Lancaster 
 
 HEAaON-NOK'RlS. a chapelry of England. •^. oi Lan- 
 caster, on the Mersey, which separates it fwiii .-'tockport. 
 The Manchester and Birmingham Rijdway is here carried 
 across the Mersey on a viaduct, and ha i a statii u at Heaton- 
 N orris 
 
 =J 
 
HEA 
 
 IIED 
 
 HBAV1TREE, a parish of Enjrland. co. of Devon. 
 
 nEB/BARDrf VILLE, a post-village of Ilendersou CO., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 HKBBAKDSVILLE, a postvillage of Athens co., Ohio, 
 about 7il miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 HEB'HURX, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 lIEli'DKX liRIDGK, a populous village of Kngland. co. of 
 York. West Riding, in a romantic valley, 8 miles \V. of Hali- 
 fax, with a st.ation on the Leeds and Manchester Railway. 
 
 HIOBRIDES, hJb'rid-ez. or WESTERN ISLAND.S, (anc. 
 EhuJdi'S.) a series of islands, off the W. coast of Scotland, be- 
 tween lat. 6.5° 35' and 5S° 34' N., and Ion. 5° and 8° W., and 
 consisting of two principal groups; the Outer Hebrides — 
 Lewis, Harris. North and South Uist, Benbecula, Barra, and 
 numerous smaller islands in the counties of Ross and In- 
 verness; and the Inner Hebrides — Skye, Bum, Eig, Canna, 
 Coll, Tiree, Mull, lona. Colonsay, Jura, Arran, Bute, &c., 
 partjy .separated from the former by the channel termed the 
 Little Minch, and lying more immediately off the sliores 
 of Inverness and Argyle, in which counties, and in Bute- 
 shire, they are included. Total number, not including the 
 smaller islets, 1(J0, 70 of which are permanently inhaiiited. 
 The total area has been estimated at about oOiJO miuaro 
 miles. I'op.probalily 115.000. Of 1,592,000 acres of surface, 
 mountains, moras.sos, lakes, and unproductive soil have 
 been computed to occupy 600,000 acres, p.astures 700,000 
 acres, and arable land only 180,000. Geologiailly, the He- 
 brides are divided into several groups. The Gnei.ss Islands 
 comprehend the whole of the Outer Hebrides, Lewis, Har- 
 ri.s. North and South Uist, Tiree, Coll. lona. &c. The Trap 
 Islands are Skye. Rum, Kig. "Canna, Mull. Ulva, Staffa, and 
 St. Kilda. The Slate Islands are Islay, Jura, Oigha, Colon- 
 say, ifcc. The Clyde Islands, consisling of trap, sandstone, 
 and limestone, .are Bute, Arran, Cumbrays. and Ailsa. Cli- 
 mate moist and chill in Outer Hebrides: much rain in win- 
 ter, but little snow. Soil of the Gneiss Islands poor, and 
 often peat moss; the trap and .sandstone islands more fer- 
 tile, i'he herring fishery, formerly an imiK)rtant resource 
 of the people, hiis greatly declined, as has the manufacture 
 of kelp, of which, during the war, nearly 0000 tons were pro- 
 duced. The rearing of cattle and sheep is the most profitr 
 able branch of industry, and the stock of each is estimated 
 at 120,000. Live stock, including ponies, kelp, wool, cod, 
 ling, herrings, limestone, and slate, are the chief exports ; 
 imports are iron, groceries, salt, oatmeal, and in some of the 
 Islands pea(>fuel. A few years ago the Hebrides had 6 branch 
 banks, but no printing press or newspaper, and '-the 
 grejiter number of the islands are destitute of surgeons, or 
 even of inns." They are divided into 26 qunad cirilia pa- 
 rishes. In the Outer Hebrides, especially, most of the inha- 
 bitants are Roman Catholics. The principal villages are 
 Stornoway. in Lewis; Portree, in Skye; Torosay, iu Mull; 
 The population of the isUinds is for the most part Celtic. 
 The language is Gielic. The Hebrides, in remote times, 
 were subject to the Kings of Norway, but, in 1264. were an- 
 nexed to the crown of Scotland. They were now held by 
 various native chieftains in vasiwlage to the .Scottish mon- 
 arch; but subsequently all fell into the hands of one pow- 
 erful chief who thereupon, in 1346. assumed the title of 
 "Lord of the Isles," and began to affect an entire indepen- 
 dence of his sovereign. The abolition of hei-edit;iry juris- 
 dietions..in 1748, secured to these islands, fjr the first time, 
 the peace and safety afforded by a just and powerful govern- 
 ment. .Vdj. and inhab. Hebrid'ean. 
 
 HE'BRON, (anc. Kii-ljath-Ar'ha; Arab. EJ Khaled, l\ kS- 
 leel',) a town of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 16 miles 
 S.S.W. of Jerusalem. Lat. 31° 32' 30" N., Ion. 35° 8' 20" E. 
 Elevation, 2835 feet. Pop. from 5000 to 10.000. It stands 
 partly on the slopes of two hills, and in the deep, narrow 
 valley of Mamre. Around it are extensive vineyards, and 
 on its N. side is a suburb, separated from it by open fields. 
 It is unwalled, but has several gates, some reservoirs of 
 high antiquity, a large mo.eque. reputed to cover the tombs 
 of Abraham and other patriarchs, a citadel, well-supplied 
 bazaars, manufactures of glass-ware.s, leather, and other 
 gocLi, which it exports to Egypt, and a considerable retail 
 trade with the adjacent country. Hebron is one of the, most 
 ancient existing cities, and was called Kirjath-.\rba, " the 
 city of the Anakini." It was the early residence of Abraham 
 and the patriarchs, as also of D.avid. 
 
 HE'BRON, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on the 
 Bucktield Branch Railroad, 40 miles N.W. of Portland. In 
 tile centre is an academy, with a library and cabinet. Pop. 895. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-township of Grafton co.. New Uamp- 
 Bhiro. 30 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 475. 
 
 HEBRO.N', a post-village and township of Tolland co., Con- 
 r<sct£cut. on the New York and Boston Air-Line Railroad, 
 (ifjjected), 20 miles S.t:. of Hartford. It has 4 churches, 5 
 stores, 4 manufactories of cotton goods, and 1 of sewing 
 silk. Hebron has furnished 4 governors for different states, 
 'i members of Congress for Connecticut, and several for other 
 states. Pop. 1425. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-villag- »,A township on the E. border 
 of Washington co.. N»w "i'orll, about 54 miles N.N.E. of Al- 
 bany. The village conuins a bank. Pop. 2543. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-township of Potter co , Pennsylvania, 6 
 nilcs N. of Coudcrsport. Pop. 018. 
 
 HIvBRO.V. a post-oflice of Tyler co., W. Virginia. 
 
 II KBRON, a post-village of Washington co., Georgia, about 
 20 miles S.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HKBRON, a thriving post-village of Licking co.. Ohio, oi\ 
 the National Road, where it cro.sses the Ohio Canal, 27 milciH 
 E. of Columbus. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana. 
 
 HKIMION, a post-village and town.ship in the N. part of 
 McHenry co., Illinois, 60 miles N.U. of ( liicago. Pop. 900. 
 
 HKBilON.atownship of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. P. 1068. 
 
 IIi:i!RUS. SeeMARiTZA. 
 
 IIKCHIXGEN, kSK'ing-en, a town of South-we.st Ger- 
 many, capital of the principality of IIohenz"llern-Hech- 
 ingeu, on the Starzel, 31 miles S.S.W. of Stuttjiart. Pop 
 33S9, of whom 744 are Jews. It is agreeably builf. and has 
 a new palace, with fine grounds, a collegiate church, high 
 school, a bath establishment, .and some manufactures of 
 woollen cloths. A poplar avenue, 2 miles in length, le.adg 
 hence to the castle of ilohenzollern, on a height 2020 feet 
 in elevation. 
 
 H ECHO, i'cho, a market-town of Spain, province of Ilues- 
 ca, in a valley of the Pyrenees. Pop. 1500. In its vicinity 
 are iron, copper, and argentiferous lead mines. 
 
 HECHOSOA. A-cho-so'd, a town or village of the Mexican 
 Confederacy, state of Cinaloa. on the Yaqui, 25 miles from 
 its mouth, in the Gulf of California. 
 
 HKCIv'KR. a post-office of Monroe co., Illinois. 
 
 HKCK'KRT'S MILLS, a post-oflice of Gilmer co., A'irginia. 
 
 HKCK'KIKLD. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HKCK/IX(U1A.M. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. lOi 
 miles S.E. of Norwich. Here is the Loddon Endowed School 
 of Industry, and hospitit*. containing nearly 400 inmates. 
 
 HKCK'l.NGTON. a parish of limrland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HECKOIOXDWIKi:. a village and townshi*) of England, 
 CO. of York, West Riding, 7i miles W.X.W. of WaKekeld. 
 It has a branch bank, and important manufactures of 
 blankets and carpets. 
 
 HiiCK'SHERVILLE. a post-vilLage of Schuylkill CO., Penn- 
 sylvama. 6 miles W. of Pottsville. 
 
 HECK'TOW.X, a post-village of North.ampton CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, 55 miles N. of Pbiladelpbi.a. 
 
 IIKC'LA or HEK'LA, MOUNT, a famous volcano of Ice- 
 land, near its S.W. coast. Lat. 63° 59' X.. Ion. 19° 42' W. 
 Height above the sea, 5110 feet, it being surrounded by 
 many much higher mountains. It has three peak.s, little 
 elevated above its body, and along its sides are numerous 
 craters, the seats of former eruptions ; the crater of its prin- 
 cipal peak does not much exceed 100 feet in depth. It is 
 composed chiefly of basalt and lava, but slag-sand and loose 
 ashes cover a great part of its surf;u-e, and obsidian is among 
 its most remarkable products. Since .\. D. 900. 43 of its erup- 
 tions are on record, of which 5 have been simultaneous, or 
 nearly so, with tho.se of Vesivius, 4 with those of Etna, and 
 1 with tho.se of both. Its l;i,st eruption commenced Septem- 
 ber 2, 1845, and lasted till April 6, 1840; on the 2:;d of Xo- 
 vemljer, the torrent of lava, 2 miles from the crater, was 1 
 mile in width, and from 40 to 50 feet in depth. 
 
 HEC'L.\, a post-office of Carroll co., Tennes.see. 
 
 HECL.\, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana. 
 
 HEOLA (hikld) COVE, an inlet of Spit/.tergen, on the N. 
 coast of the large island, iu lat. 79° 55' N., Ion. 16° 49' E., 
 named from the Hecla, under Sir John Franklin, having 
 been stationed here for the 3 month.s. June to August, 1827, 
 during wliich period the mean temperature was 38°'15 
 i'ahrenheit. 
 
 HECLY WORKS, a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, 
 105 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 HECTOR, a post-township of Schuyler co.. New York, 
 on the E. side of Seneca Lake, 15 miles W. of Ithaca. It is 
 a large township, containing several villages. Pop. 5623. 
 
 H ECTOR, a lowushiii of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 707. 
 
 IIED'DEXHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HEUDERXHEIM, hMMern-hIme\ a market-town of Ger- 
 many, duchy of Nas.sau. on the right bank of the Nidda, 6 
 mile's X.!-;. of Ilochst. Pop. 1229. 
 
 HEDDESDORF, hM'des-doRf\ a village of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, 8 miles X'.W. of Coblentz, with tanneries, dyeing, bleach- 
 ing, anil iron-works. Pop. 1115. 
 
 HED'DIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 H ED'DOX-ox-THE-W.\LL. a parish of England, co. of North- 
 umberland, on the site of the Picts' ^Vall, 8 miles W.N.W. 
 of .N'l'Wcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Hf;DK. h.Vdil/, a town of France, department of Ille-et- 
 Vilaine. 13 miles N.N.W. of Rennes. Pop. 824. 
 
 HEDEL. hVdel. a village of Holland, province of Gelder- 
 land. on the Meu.^e. 12 miles S.W. of Tiel. Pop. 1395. 
 
 HEUELFIXGEX. bi'del-fing'en, a village of WLlrtemberg, 
 circle of Xeckar. Pop. 1236. 
 
 HEDEM.\RKEN, ha'de-maa'ken. an extensive district 
 of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, of which it fiirms all the 
 N.E. part, having E. Sweden, and X. the Dovrefield Moun- 
 tains. It is traversed by the Glommen, and other con- 
 
 83i) 
 
IIED 
 
 » 
 
 dderable rivers, and is one of the most fertile portions of 
 Norway. A n-a, 10.389 sciuare miles. Pop. ^",118. 
 
 U KDKMOKA, hi-d.i-mo'rd, a town of North Sweden. l»n, 
 and i3 miles S.E. of Kalun, on the Wester l>al. Pop. 1035. 
 
 IIKDK.MU.VDEN. (iledemUuden.) hA'deh-miinMfn, atown 
 of Germany, in Ilanorer, Vi miles S.W. of tiottiagea, on the 
 Werrfu Pop. 919. 
 
 HE'D EN or IIEyDDN, a borough, market-town, and pa- 
 rl-^h of En;?land. co. of York. Kast lUding, 6 miles E. of Hull. 
 Pop. 998. It formerly sent 2 memtwrs to the House of 
 Commons, and has still the form of a municipal corporation. 
 
 HEDK.NtVmS, h.Vdjn-foRs\ a village of Sweden, Isen of 
 Pitea. on tho Lule.-i. 
 
 UEDtlXSTED. h.Vdfn-stJ<r, a parish of Denmark, in Jut- 
 land. S.W. of Horseus. 
 
 Hfc;DEK.SL;-:HKN. h-Vders-l-Vben, a village of Prussian 
 Saxony, 9 miles S.E. of Ualberstadt. Pop. i4_'0. 
 
 HEDERSLKBEN. a village of Prussian Saxony, regency 
 of Mersehurg. E. of Eislebeu. 
 
 HEDERVAR, h i'deu'vaR', a market-town of Hungnry, co., 
 and IS miles N.W. of Raab. in the Kleine Schiitt Island, 
 formed by the Danube. Pop. 1240. It has a castle. 
 
 HEDIJ'EKLEY. a pai-ish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HEDli'ESVILLE. a post-office of Steuben Co.. New York. 
 
 HEDl>ESVIL,LE, a thriving post-vill.Hire of Berkley CO., 
 Virginia, 1 mile from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 187 
 miles N. by \V. of Richmond. Pop. about 300. 
 
 HEDG'.MANS KIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia, unites 
 with Thornton's River to form the North Kiver, or Kappa- 
 hannock. 
 
 IIEDIC or IICEDIC, hi'deek'. a small island of France, de- 
 partment of Morbihan. off the coast of Brittany, 14 miles 
 S.E. of the peninsula of Quiberon. 
 
 HED'INiaiAM CASTLE, a pari.=h of England, CO. of Essex, 
 19 miles X.N.E. of Chelmsford. Here are the st;it<ily ruins 
 of a'eistle, built b3' Aubrey de Vere, Earl of Oxford, in the 
 eleventh century. In the church is a splendid monument 
 of the earl and his countess. 
 
 IIEDINGUAM, SIBLE, siVfl, a parish of England, co. of 
 Pssex. 
 
 IIED.HZ. EL, a region of Arabi.a. See Hejaz. 
 
 HEDNESFOKD, henz'fprd, a township of England, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 IIEDSJ.AZ, a region of Arabi.i. See Hejaz. 
 
 HEIVSOR. a pjirish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HEEA or HIA. hee'4. a town of China, province of Shan- 
 see. 67 miles S. by W. of Ping-Y'ang. 
 
 HEE.A-KIA.VGor HIA-KIANG, hee'.i-ke-ilng'. a town of 
 China, proviace of Kiang-see, on the Kan-kiang, 78 miles 
 S.S.VV. of Nan-Chang. 
 
 HEEA-LODEE or itlA-LOUI, hee'3-loo-ee'. a town of China, 
 province of Quangsee, on an affluent of the Hong-kiang, 60 
 miles N. of Taiping. 
 
 UEEG. haio, a village of Holland, province of Friesland, 
 on a lake of the same name. 6 miles S.S.W. of Sneek. P. 795. 
 
 HEEG LAKE, a lake of Holland, united with the Fljue.s- 
 «en, extends from N'.E. to S.W. alx)ut 9 miles, with a breadth 
 of li miles. It communicates with several other lakes, and 
 with the North Sea. 
 
 HEE-HD or HI-HO, hee-ho. a river of Corea. falls into the 
 Yellow Sea in lat. 3S° 45' N.. after a course of about 75 miles. 
 
 HEEMSTEDE. haiin'stAMgh. a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of North Holland, 3 miles S. of Haarlem. Pop. 
 23.32. It has an old castle, many country residences, and 
 an active trade in flowei-s. ro<its. and seeds. 
 
 HEENK. heen, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 HEENVLIET, haiu'tieet, a town of Holland, province of 
 South Holland, on the estuary of the Jleuse, 4 miles E.S.E. 
 of Briel. Pop. 5t>9. 
 
 HE EOW-E E or H I AO- Y', he-i'o-ee'^ town of China, province 
 of Shan-sft!. on the Fuen-ho, 8 miles S.S.E. of Fuen-choo. 
 
 IIKEPKX, hi'pen, a village of Prussia, Westptiali;i, 23 
 miles S.W. of Minden. Pop. 2150. 
 
 HEER. haia. a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Limburg, li miles E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1270. 
 
 HEER ARENDSKEKKE. haip. d'rJnds-kWkfb. a village 
 of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, 9 miles E. of Mid- 
 delburg. I'op. U.3:J. 
 
 HBERDE. haia'deh. a vill.age of the Netherlands, province 
 of Gelderland. 30 miles .N.E. of .\rnhem. Pop. 12U0. It has 
 an extensive manufactory of paper. 
 
 HEERENHERG. hA'ren-biRO\ a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Gelderland. 16 miles E.S.E. of Arnheui, on the 
 Prussian frontier. It has an old castle and a diocesan semi- 
 nary. Pop. l(HK). 
 
 HEERENVEEN. hi'r?n-vain\ a town of the Netherlands, 
 In Mest FriL'sland, on the Ueeren-slot, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Leeuwarden. Pop. 4000. 
 
 HEERLKN. hainHf n.atown ofthe Netherlands, provineeof 
 Limburg. 13 mi'-s E.N.E.of Maestricht. Pop. 3304. employed 
 in needle-umking. linen-blejiching. and trading in cattle. 
 
 HEE.SCH. haish, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Bnibant. 11 miles E.N.E.of Bc>isle-Duc. Pop. 1759. 
 
 HEESTERT. hais't^st. a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 5 miles E. of Courtrai. Pop. 289!>. 
 840 
 
 HEI 
 
 HEEZE. h.Vzeh, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Brabant, 6 miles S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 1730. 
 
 HEGENHEl.M, ht'ghen-hime\ (Fr. pvon. hA'zh-u'Jm',) a 
 vlJlage of France, depirtment of Haut-Khin. near the Rhine, 
 14 miles E. of Altkirt-h. Pop. in 18.")2. 2i4i; 
 
 HEG Y A U A. hM^Ol'y Oh\ or I lEG Y A LL YA, hedV511'y 6h\ 
 a chain of hills in North Hungary, forming the extremity 
 of an offshoot of the Carp.athians. which extend S. l)etween 
 the BndVog and the Ileru.ad Rivers, and between lat. 4s° 
 and 49° N. This is the Cote d'or of Hungary, and produces 
 the celebrated wines called Tokay. The wine-growing dis- 
 trict extends to aljout 9U S(}uare miles. Estimated annual 
 produce, 420.000 eimer. Value, 1,420,000 gulden c. M. or florins, 
 ($716,320,000.) See Tokay. 
 
 IIEGYES, h5d\vfeh', or IGYUSCH. a village of Hungary, 
 CO.. and 30 miles N.E. of BacR. Pop. 3700. 
 
 IIEIBUiv, hA'litik', a thriving village of Independent 
 Toorkistan. in the Khooloom dominion, on the i-oute from 
 Afghanistan to Balkh. 80 miles N.W. of the Hindoo Koo.sh, 
 and 4u00 feet above the .sea, in a fertile tract, and having 
 houses of earth with domed roofs, with a castle of sun-dried 
 brick on an adjiicent height. 
 
 HEIDE or HEYDE. hi'dgh, a town of Denmark, duchy 
 of Holstein, near the North Sea, 31 miles N.N.W Oif Gltlck- 
 stadt. Pop. 54^10. 
 
 HEIDECK. hi'dJk, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 Franconia, 23 miles S, of Nuremberg. Pop. 858. 
 
 HEIDECK, a village of Switzerland. Ciuiton, and 13 miles 
 N.N.W. of Lucerne, on the E. side of the Lake of 15aldegg. 
 
 HEIDEKRUG, hi'dgh-krOOG^ is the name of several vil- 
 l^^:^»s of Pru-Ksia, &c. 
 
 HEIDELBERG, hi'del-WRo\ a city of West Germany, 
 grand duchy of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, on the left 
 bank ofthe Neckar. here crossed by a stone bridge, 750 feet 
 in length, and on the Baden and Main-Neckar Railway, 
 32 miles X.N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 16.289, mostly Pro- 
 testants. It is picturesquely situated, surrounded by 
 wooded hills and vineyards, and consists of a long main 
 street, into which many narrow and gloomy thoroughfares 
 open, and some good houses. Principiil edifices, the Church 
 of the Holy Ghost, with a lofty stet-ple, and subdivided to 
 accommodiite both Roman Catholics and Protestants. St, 
 Peter's, and some other churches, a synagogue, the Univer- 
 sity Buildings, a massive prison, tlie KaHstlior. and the 
 vast Castle, on a height, now a ruin. The University, 
 founded iu 1386, is, next to that of Prague, the oldest in 
 Germany, and has 45 profe.ssors, 78 teachers, a library of 
 150.000 volumes and many i-are manuscripts, and an income 
 of 4ii00?. a year, besides fees. It is at tended by from 700 to 800 
 students, chietiy in law and mediiine. Here is also a col- 
 lege for junior students, numerous government elementary 
 schools, three btjtauic gardens, and otlier appli;inces of seats 
 of learning, with a museum, sprucli-aAlejjium, and diiiing- 
 hall. In 1022, the ferocious Tilly, after bombarding Heidel- 
 berg, for a month, took it by storm, and gave it up to three 
 days' pillage. In 1088, a French general, >1 elac on the orders 
 of Louis XIV., took the town and burnt it, outrivalling even 
 'lilly in cruelty and brutality. In 1693. another French force 
 repeated, and exceeded all former atrocities. 
 
 HEIDELBERG, hi'dfl-berg, a township of BerliS CO.. Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 2089. 
 
 H KIliELBERG, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Po]!. 23J7. 
 
 HEIDELBERG, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsvlvania. 
 Pop. 1469. 
 
 HEIDELBURG, a township of Y'ork co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 3388. 
 
 HEIDELSHEIM. hi'dels-hImo\ a town of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine. 13 miles E.N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 2272. 
 
 HEIDENFELD. hi'den-f.Mt\ a village of Bavarii^ on the 
 .Main. IS miles N.E. of WUrzburg. Pop. 2o48. 
 
 HEIDENIIEIM. hi'den-hime\ atown of Germany, Wlir- 
 temberg. on the Brenz. immediately E. of the Hauhe Alp, 
 22 miles N.N.E. of Ulm. Pop. 2465. Near it is the moun- 
 tain fortress of Hellenstein. 
 
 HEIDENHEI.M, a town of Germany, in Bavari.a. circle of 
 Jliddle Franconia. 21 miles S.S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 1^29. 
 
 IIIOIDEHSDORF, hi'ders-doHf\ a village of Prussia, go- 
 vernment of Breslau. circle of Nimpt.sch. Pop. 1250. 
 
 HKIDERSDORF. a village of Prussia, government of 
 Liegnitz, circle of Lauban. Pop. 2132. 
 
 HEIDESHEIM, hl'des-hime\ a vilhage of Germany, in 
 D;»rmstadt. province of Rhein-Hessen, on the Rhine, 5 miles 
 W. ofMentz. Pop. 1402. Near it is the ca«tleof Wintereck, 
 with some remarkable vaults. 
 
 HEIDESHEI.M. a village of Germany, in Rhenish Ba- 
 varia. 6i miles N.W. of Fi-j\nkenthal, formerly residence of 
 the Counts of Leiningen-Heidesheim. Pop. 436, 
 
 HEIDINGSFELD. hI'dings-fiMt\ a town of iJavaria. circle 
 of Lower Franconia. on the .Main. 2 miles S. of Wiirzburg. 
 i'op. 3121. It bat! manufactures of woollen yarn. 
 
 HEl'DLERSBURG. a post-village of .Ad,^In3 co , Pennsyl- 
 vania. 26 miles S.S.W. of llarrisliurg. Pr)n. atiout l.W. 
 
 HEI'GHAM-POT/TER, a paiish of Eaglaud, co. of .Nor- 
 folk. 
 
HEI 
 
 HEIOIIINQTON, hi'ing-ton, a parish of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 IlKIOUTN'flTON. a township of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HKIGII'TON'. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 IIKIKK.NSZAND. See IIeinkenzand. 
 
 HEILUKOXN, hll-bronn', a fortified town of Wtlrtem- 
 berg, circle of Xeckar. 26 miles N. of Stuttgart, (with which 
 it is connected by railway.) on the Nockar. Pop. 14,333. It 
 Is irregularly laid out; principal edifices, the fine Church of 
 St. Kilian. town-hall, with many ancient record.s, house of 
 the Teutonic knights, now a barrack, a royal re.iidence, 
 formerly an orphan a.sylum, several Roman Catholic and 
 Protestant churches, a richly endowed hospital, house of 
 correction, and outside of the walls a remarkable square 
 tower, memorable in German history. It has a gymnasium 
 with a library of 12 OuO volumes, manufactures of woollen 
 cloths, silver articles, carpets, tobacco, white lead, and other 
 chemical products, paper, &c. The name, signifying "foun- 
 tain of liealth," is owing to the spring which supplies the 
 town with water. 1 ts waters were formerly used medicinally. 
 
 IIKILIGENBEIL, hi'le-ghgn-bne\ a town of Prussia, 29 
 miles S.W. nf Konigsbers, near the Frische-haff, Pop. 2S,'S0. 
 
 IIEILIGKNUEHfi. hi1e-ghgn-b^K(}\ or SWIENTA SIER- 
 RA, swe-^n'ta se-^ii/ki, (anc. J>rm Fktvimf) a market-town 
 of Raden, circle of Lake. 13 miles N.N.E. of Constance, with 
 a castle of the princes of Furstenberg. Pop. 504. 
 
 IIKILIOKNBLUT, hi'le-ghen-bl6dt\ a small village of 
 Illyria, in Carinthia. government of Laybach, on the S. de- 
 clivity of the Gross Glockner, 4672 feet above the sea, proba- 
 bly the highest villa'j:e in the .Austrian Empire. 
 
 IIEILIOKNIIAFKN, hi'le-ghen-hd'fen, a seaport town of 
 Denmark, duchy of Ilolstein, on the Baltic, 33 miles E. of 
 Kiel. Pop. 21)1)0. 
 
 IIEILIGKN-KREUTZ, hi'le-ghen-krolts, ("Holy-cross,") 
 (Hun. Xnni't-Kcreszlur, ni'mJt' k,iVSss'tooR',) a town of Aus- 
 tria in West Hungary, co., and 6 miles S. of Oedenhurg, with 
 2490 inhabitants, a castle, and mineral springs. 
 
 HEILIGE.V-KREUTZ. (Hun. &ent-Kere!iH.sint kiVJssf,) 
 a town of Austria in Hungary, co., and 28 miles N.N.K. 
 of Bars, on the Giuu, with a castle and Roman Catholic 
 church. 
 
 HEILIOKX-KREUTZ. orSANTA CROCE, sin'tA kro'chi, a 
 town of Austria, in Illyria, government, and 18 miles N.N.E. 
 ofTriest. I'op. 1037. 
 
 Hl'.ILIGEN-KRKUTZ, a village in Lower Austria, on the 
 Sattelbach, having a fine Cistercian abbey, with a library, 
 museum, ajid monuments of the Badenberg family. 
 
 HEILIGEN-KREUTZ, a village iu Lower Austi-ia, N E. of 
 St. Polten. 
 
 HEILIGEXSTADT, hlle-ghen-stilttN a town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 4S miles N.W. of Erfurt, on the Leine. Pop. 4770. 
 It is walled, and has a castle, several Roman Catholic 
 churches, a high school, prison, and manufactures of woollen 
 yarn. Under the French, it was the capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ilar/,. 
 
 HEILIGKKEUZ. hiaiG-kroits\ a village and bath esta- 
 blishment of Austria in Tyrol, circle of Schwatz. Birthplace 
 of Resch. the historian. 
 
 IIt;iLSHEI!a. hris/b^RO, a town of East Prus.sia. 41 miles 
 S.E. of Kiinigsberg, on the Alle. Pop. 4500, who trade in 
 woollen and linen <'loths, and yarn. It is the residence of 
 the Bishop of Ermeland. 
 
 HKILSBKOXN, hlls^bronn', a market-town of Bavari.a. 
 circle of Middle Franconia. on the Schwabach, 10 miles 
 E.N.E. of Anspach. Pop. S24. 
 
 HEILT8-LE-MAURUFT, hflts-leh-moViipt/. a market- 
 town of France, department of Marne, 28 miles E.S.E. of 
 Chalons. Pop. 87S. 
 
 HEI.MBACH. him1>aK, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 18 
 miles E.S.E. of Aix-l.vChapelle, with manufactures of cotton 
 yarn and wooden wares, and a lead factory. Pop. 1230. 
 
 HKIMBACH. a viliageof Rhenish Prussia, 26 miles S.S.E. 
 tf Coblentz. on the Khine. 
 
 HEIMEKLIXGEX. hi'mer-ling^en, a village of Bavaria, 
 Ircle of Swabia. 4 miles X.X.W. of Memmingen. 
 
 HEI.MEIiSDORF, hI'mer.s-doRr, is the name of villages in 
 Prussian Silesia, government of Oppeln, and in Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen. 
 
 HKIMERSHEIM. hl'mgrs-hrme\ a town of RhenLsh Prus- 
 ciia. 13 mill'.-! 8. of Cologne. Pop. 1075. 
 
 HEIMKKSUEIM. hi'mers-hTme\ a town of Germany, in 
 Hesse Darmstadt. Rheinhessen. circle of Alzey. with a Ro- 
 man Cathnlii' and a Protestant church. Pop. 741. 
 
 HEIMISWYL, hi'mis-*il\ a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, .and 13 miles X.E. of Bern. 
 
 HEl.MSHK.IM. hlms'hlme. a town of WUrtemberg. circle 
 of Xeckar. 14 miles VV. of Stuttcrart. It was burned in the 
 Thirty Years' War, and by the French in 1692 and 1693. 
 L'op. 1223. 
 
 HEIXAU, a town of Prussian Silesia. See H\T>rAtJ. 
 
 HEIXEXOORD. hi'neh-n6i(d\ a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of South Holland. 11 miles W. of Dordrecht. Pop. 599. 
 
 HEI.XEKSD )UF. hi'ners-doRf\ a market-village of Ger- 
 many, in Sax6->Ieiningeu, 4 miles E. of Sonnenberg, on the 
 Haeslach. Pop. 841. 
 
 HEL 
 
 HEINERSDORF, KLEIN, kllne hl'ner.s-donr, a village 
 of Prussia, province of Silesia, circle of Grtlnberg. Pop. 73>' 
 
 HEIXERSDORF. LANG. Mng hI'nfrs-doKf\ a village ol 
 Pruf-sia, province of Silesia, circle of Sprottau. Pep. 954. 
 
 HEIXIXGEX, hi'ning-gn, a market-town of WUrtemberg, 
 circle of Danube, 3 miles S. of Goppingen. Pop. 1120. 
 
 HEIXKENZAND, hin^ken-zant*, or HEIKENZAXD, hl'- 
 ken-z3nt\ a village of Holland, province of Zealand, island 
 of .South Beveland, 4 miles S.W. of Goes. Pop. 1389. 
 
 HEIXO, hi'no, a vill.age of the Netherlands, province o' 
 Overyssel. 8 miles S. W. of Zwolle. Pop. 1671. 
 
 HEIXRICHS, hin'riKs, a market-town of Pru.ssia» 
 Saxony, 7 miles N.W. of Schleusingen. Pop. 1225. 
 
 HEINRICHSBAD, in Switzerland. See IlERiSAtJ. 
 
 HEINIUCHSGRUN, (Heinriohsgriln,) hIu'riKs-grtin\ oi 
 HEYNESGRYN, hi'n?s-grin\ a market-town of Bohemia, 
 circle of Elboiren. Pop. 1580. 
 
 HEINRICHSWALDE, hin'riKs-«ai'dfh, a town of Prus- 
 sia, province of Silesia, 60 miles S.S.W. of Breslau, Pop 
 1615. 
 
 HEINRICHSWALDE, a village of Pm.ssia, province of 
 Ea.st Prussia. 39 miles N.W. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 578. 
 
 HEINSBERG, hIn.s'bjRg, a town of Rhenish Prus.sia, 
 20 miles W. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the AVorm. Pop. 1 780. 
 
 HEIS'KER ISLAND, Hebrides, in Scotland, 7 miles W. 
 of North Uist, Length, from E. to W., about 2 miles. 
 
 HEI/STERSBUKG. a po.st-otllce. Fayette co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 HEITERSHEIAl, hi'ters hlme\ a town of Baden, circle 
 of Upper Rhine. 12 miles S.W. of Freiliurg. Pop. 1394. 
 
 HEJAZ or HED.IAZ, EL, el hej-dz'. al.so written IIEDS- 
 JAZ, (•' the land of pilgrimage,") a region of Arabia, extend- 
 ing along the Red Sea, by some considered identical with 
 Arabia Petraea. It is almost everywhere a sandy, stony, or 
 otherwise unproductive country, hut comprises the sacred 
 cities of Mecca and Medina, with the seaports of Jidda and 
 Yembo. It now forms part of the Egyptian dominions. 
 
 IlEKLA. See Hecla. 
 
 IIELA, h.inj, a small maritime town of AVest Prussia, at 
 the extremity of the peninsula of Hela, in the Baltic, 19 
 miles N.E. of Dantzic. Pop. 382. 
 
 HELCHIN, hel'Kin, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, on the Scheldt, 30 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 
 1194. 
 
 HELDBURG, hJlt/WSORO, a walled town of Germany, in 
 Sa.xe-Meiningen, principality, and 10 miles S. of llildburg- 
 hausen, on the riirht bank of the Kreck. Pop. 1076. 
 
 IIELDER, hJl'der, (Dutch J)en Heldfr, dSn h^l'der.) a for- 
 tified maritime town of the Netherlands, province of North 
 Holland, capital of canton, at the N. extremity of that pro- 
 vince, 41 miles N.W. of Amsterdam, and separated by the 
 Mars-diep, 2 miles across, from the island of Texel. Pop. 
 in 1863, 16,669, It has some tra<Ie with Amsterdam, witn 
 which it communicates by the Helder Canal, 50 miles long, 
 125 feet broad at surface, and 21 feot deej), enabling ships 
 of large burden to avoid the navigation of the Zuyder Zee. 
 Near it Admiral Van Tromp was killed in an action in 
 1693. The British, under Sir Ralph Abercrombie and the 
 Duke of York, took possession of the Holder in 1799, but 
 were compelled to re-embark a few weeks therealt.er, having 
 fruitlessly endeavored to excite the Dutch to throw oflf the 
 French ynke. 
 
 HELDER, a village of the Netherlands, province of Lim- 
 burg, 9 miles N. of Roermond, with distilleries and brewe- 
 ries. Pop. 2561. 
 
 HEL'DERBERGS, of New York, are a range of hills in 
 Schoharie and Albany counties, connected with the Catskill 
 Mountains. Ileiirht between 400 and 500 feet. 
 
 HELDERGHEM, hJl'der-gh^m\ a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders. Pop. 1017. 
 
 HELDEVAD, hjl'deh-vild\ or HELLTGVAD. hJinig-vM\ 
 a village of Denmark, in Sleswick, 9 miles W.N.W. of Apen- 
 rade. 
 
 HELDRUNGEN, h5ld'rC0ng-en. a town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 34 miles W.S.W. of Mer.seburg. Pop. 1727. 
 
 HEL/EN, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 494. 
 
 HELE'NA. a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New York, 
 on St. Regis River. 33 miles N.E. of Canton. 
 
 HELENA, a village, capital of Phillips co.. Arkansas, on 
 the flississippi River, 80 miles below Memphis, It con- 
 tains a court'-house, jail, a lanil-office, and a number of 
 stores. In the summer of 1852 this village was almost en- 
 tirely destroyed by fire. 
 
 HELENA, a post-office of Goliad co., Texas. 
 
 HELENA, a post-office of Travis Co., Texas. 
 
 HELENA, a post-village of Mason co.. Kentucky, 11 milee 
 S.E. of M.aysville. It has al>out 150 inhabitants. 
 
 HELENA, a post-office of Peoria co.. Illinois. 
 
 HELENA, a thriving jiost-village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, 
 on tlie left bank of the Wisconsin River. 36 miles W.N.W. 
 of Madison. The route of the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 Railroad passes through this village. The principal busi- 
 ness is the manufacture of shot. Lead-mines have been 
 opened in the vicinity, and the produce of these is shipped 
 here by the river. 
 
 841 
 
HEL 
 
 HEL 
 
 HELENA SeeEL?fE. 
 
 ]I>'LBySBURGH. h^l'enz-btir'&h. a burgh of barony and 
 U'ateriug-iilaoe of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on the Frith of 
 ClydP, at the entrance of the Gareloch, 7 miles X.W. of Dum- 
 barton. Pop. 2900. It is beautifully situated, and neatly 
 bui't; "las commodious baths, a good library, a branch 
 bank, and excellent accommodation for Tisitors ; numerous 
 steamers ply to Greenock and Glasgow. 
 
 1IKI./ENVILLK. a post-village of Jefferson CO.. Wisconsin. 
 
 IIEIiETTE, heh-lJtt/. a village of France, department of 
 Basses-Pyrenees, 17 miles W.N.W. of Maulfeon. Pop. 1182. 
 It was the scene of combat between the British and French 
 on the 14th of February. 1814. 
 
 IIEL'FOKD. a small port of England, co. of Cornwall, near 
 the mouth of the river Hel, 5 miles S.S.W. of Falmouth. 
 Timljer and coals are imported here from Wales. 
 
 HELGE-A, (Ilelge-A.) hfl'ghe-o, or IIELGE-AN, hjl'ghe- 
 on, a river in the S. of Sweden, enters the Baltic at Ahus, 
 12 miles S.S.E. of Christianstad, after a S. course of 80 miles. 
 It expands into several lakes. 
 
 IIELGOLA.ND. hSl'go-ldnd, or HELIGOLAND, hjl'e-go- 
 iSnd, (•' holy land :" anc. Her'thm Sa'cra In'suia,) an island in 
 the North Sea. belonging to Great Britain, about 46 miles 
 N.W. of the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser. Lilt. 54° 10' 
 46" N., Ion. 7° 53' 7" E. Ai-ea. 5i square miles. Pop. 2300. It 
 consists of a rock, rising to about 200 feet in height, and on 
 which are a village and light-house. It is continually de- 
 creasing by encroachments of the sea, which have created 
 sandbanks all around it. The inhabitants, of Frisian de- 
 scent, are mostly occupied as pilots, or in haddock and lobster 
 fisheries, which yield an annual revenue of aliout 5000^ It 
 was held in high veneration in the Middle Ages, is of some 
 importance as a post in war-time, and has been retained by 
 the English since 1807, at a cost of ajjout SbOl. a year. It has 
 of late been much frequented as a wat«ring-place. 
 
 HELICON (hM'e-kon) MOUNT, or ZAGOUA. zi-giVra, a 
 famous mountain of Greece, government of Ba>otia. 6 miles 
 S. of Livadia. Height, 4963 feet. In modern times it has 
 been called alternately Paueovouni and Z.^goea, but it has 
 resumed its ancient name. 
 
 HELIGOLAND. See Helgoland. 
 
 IIELIOPOLIS, a town of Egypt. See M.waeeeteh. 
 
 II ELL AD A, h«-iavia, (anc. Sper'chius.) a river of North 
 Greece, government of Phthiotes, flows E., and enters the 
 Gulf of Zeitouu. N. of Thermopylas, after a course of 50 miles. 
 
 IIELLAH. See Hillah. 
 
 HEl/LAil, a post-township of York co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna. Pop. 3002. 
 
 HEiyL.WD. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 HELLANEEYAH or HELLANIVAH. See Cukia-Muma. 
 
 HELLAS, a country of Europe. See Greece. 
 
 HELLEBEK, hM'l^b?k\ a maritime village of Denmark, 
 on the island of Seeland, at the N. entrance of the Sound, 4 
 miles N.W. of Elsinore. Pop. 300. 
 
 HELLEFORS, hMleh-foRsV a village of Sweden, l»n, and 
 45 miles N.N.W. of Orebro, beautifully situated on the Svart- 
 elf, which here forms several falls. It has extensive iron- 
 works. 
 
 IIEL'LEN, a post^village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 170 
 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 IIELLENDi^ORN, h^I'len-dORn\ a village and parish of 
 the Netherlands, province of Overyssel. 17 miles S.E. of 
 Zwolle. Pop. 3571. 
 
 IIEiyLEN FURNACE, a postofflce of Clarion co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 
 
 HEL'LENSVILLI?, a post-village of Jefterson co.. M"iscon- 
 sin, f) miles E. of Jefferson, contains 1 church and 2 saw-mills. 
 
 HEt/LER'S CORNEltS, a post-office of Allen co.. Indiana. 
 
 HEI/LERTOWN, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 96 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 HEL'LESDEN. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HELLESPONT. (HELLESPONTUS.) See Dakdaneiles. 
 
 HELLEVOETSLOIS. a town of Holland. See Helvoetsluis. 
 
 HELL GATE or HURL GATE, a narrow and rocky pass 
 In the East River, 7 miles N.E. of New York. Formerly, at 
 particular times of tide, the eddies produced in this strait 
 rendered navigation difficult and dangerous. The rocks 
 causing the obstruction have recently been removed by a new 
 method of blasting. The powder, secured from the action of 
 the water, is sunk and simply placed upon the rock, and ex- 
 ploded by means of an electric spark. The superincumbent 
 mass of water operates effectually as a resisting medium, and 
 the rock is broken without the necessity of Ijoring into its 
 substance. Hell Gate is a corruption of the old Dutch 
 *"t'?ii ."m" '^"*' *• '• " whirl-passage," or '• whirlpool strait.'' 
 
 IJ,;! , .X, .■!'' " P"""'' "*' '■'hgland, co. of Northampton. 
 
 IIELLIN, «.yeeu' or hjl-yeen'. (anc. Jlu'vum.') a town of 
 Bpain, province, and 35 miles S.S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 9814. 
 It has remains of a Roman tbrtress, and various manulac- 
 tureg. Near it are the mineral baths of Azaraque. 
 
 HEl/LINGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 tlEL'LOUOHTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HELLOVO. hM-Wvo. MOUNT, (anc. 0'lhr>/s,) a mountain 
 «aiige. forming a part of the N. frontier of Greece, separating 
 East Hellas from Tbessaly, about lat. 39° N., Ion. Irom il° 
 g42 
 
 04' to 22° E. It is connected on the W. with the chain of 
 Pindus. of which it is a spur. Eastward its continu.ition 
 is called Mount Varibovo. Its princijial peak. Geraco A'ouni, 
 ri«is to 5570 feet in height: other summits vary from 3000 
 to 4400 feet in elevation. The river HtUada rises on its S., 
 and the Emicassosand Fanari, tributaries of the Salembria, 
 (anc. Pcnelus.) on its N. side. 
 
 HELL'S SKER/RIES. a cluster of the Hebridean Isles, 
 about 10 miles W. of Rum. The current which runs be- 
 tween them isi extremely rapid. 
 
 HELLUM. htM'lum. a village of Holland, province, and 
 9 miles E.N.E of Groningen. Pop. C39. 
 
 HELLWiffSDORF, LANGEN. ling'sn hJll/wiGs-dORf\ or 
 LANGEN HELMERSDORF. ling'en hei'mers-doRf\ a village 
 of Prussia, province of Silesia, in the government of Liegnitz 
 Pop. 916. 
 
 HELM.A.RSIIAUSEN, hfl'maRs-hfiw'zen. a small town of 
 Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, at its N. extremity, province 
 of Nieder-IIessen, on the Diemel, 22 miles N. of Cassel. 
 Pop. 1932. 
 
 IIELMBRECHTS, hMm/brJKts, a village of Bavaria, circle 
 of Upper Franconia, N.W. of Miinchberg. Pop. 1200. 
 
 HELM'DON. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 HELME, hJl-meh, a river of I'russian Saxony, joins the 
 Unstrut 3 miles S.E. of Artern. after a course of 45 miles. 
 
 HELMECZ-KIRALY, hel'mi^ts'-kee'roi'. a market-town 
 of Hungary, co. of Zemplin, about 15 miles from Ujhely. 
 Pop. 1231. 
 
 HELMEND, a river of A.sia. See TIelmund. 
 
 HELMERSHAUSEN, hM'mers-hOw'zen, a town of Ger- 
 many, in Saxe-Weimar. duchy of Eisenach, on the Bavarian 
 frontier. 9 miles W. of Meiningen. Pop. 694. It has two 
 castles and some stone quarries. 
 
 HEL'MINGHAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 8 
 miles N.N.W. of Woodbridge. The Hall, a moated quad- 
 rangular structure, erected by the Tollemache family, in 
 the reign of Henry Vlll.. and still their principal residence, 
 is situated in a beautiful park, containing ,«ome of the finest 
 oaks in England, and has a valuable collection of books, 
 paintings, and armor. Queen Elizabeth was a guest here 
 in 1561. 
 
 IIEL/MINGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 . HELMOND, hJl'mAnt. (Fr. pron. hlVmhy^l or Jl'mAs"^,) a 
 town of the Netherlands, province of North Bral'ant, capi- 
 tal of a canton, on the Aa, 21 miles S.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc 
 Pop. 1900. 
 
 HELMSa)ALE, a large villlage of Scotland, co. of Suther- 
 land, at the mouth of the river of the same name. It is a 
 great herring-fishing station. 
 
 HELMS'LEY, a small market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York, North Riding, on the Rye. 12 miles E.N.E. 
 ofThirsk. Pop. in 1851,3483. The town is one of the neat- 
 est and most picturesque in England. It has 2 branch 
 banks, an elegant church, and ruiiis of a castle dismantled 
 by Fairfax. In the vicinity are the beautiful ruins of Rivals 
 Abbey. 
 
 HELMSLEY GATE, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 HELMSLEY, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 HELMSTADT. hJlm'stitt. a town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Lower Franconia, 10 miles W. of Wiiizburg. Pop. 1168. 
 
 HELMSTADT. a village of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, 
 
 9 miles S.K. of Wertheim. Pop. 1075. 
 
 IIELMSTEDT, or HELMSTADT. (Helnistadt.) hJlm'stJtt, 
 a town of Germany, duchy of Brunswick. 21 miles E.N.E. of 
 Brunswick. Pop. 5300. It is an old-Cishioned town, en- 
 tered by 4 gates, and its fortifications turned into planted 
 walks. The principal buildings are the Lutheran church. 
 Town-hall, Court-house, formerly the place of its university, 
 several hospitals, &c. Its University, founded in 1576, was 
 suppressed by Jerome Bonaparte in 1809, and a part of 
 its library was transferred to GottiUgen. It has now a 
 gymnasium and normal school, with manufactures of soap 
 and tobacco-pipes, alum and vitriol-works, and an active 
 general trade; and in its vicinity are coal mines and mine- 
 ral baths. 
 
 HELMUND, hM'mtind'. written al.so HELMEND, (anc. 
 Etyman'drus or Etymanlder.) a river of Afghanistan, rises 35 
 miles W. of Cabool. at an elevation of 11.500 feet, flows 
 W.S.W., with a deep Viend to the S., through the Huzareh, 
 Eimauk, and Doorannee territories, and the -if^hanistan 
 De.sert, and near lat. 31° 30' N.. Ion. 62° E.. enters the lakes 
 of Hamoon and Tuk-i-Teer by several mouths, after a total 
 course estim.ited at 650 miles. At Girishk. 70 miles W.of 
 Candahar, it is, in spring, lOiO yards across, with a depth of 
 
 10 or 12 feet, and a powerful and rapid current, but in the 
 dry season two-thirds less. Its banks are veiy fertile, and 
 aliound almost everywhere with traces of former cultiva- 
 tion and wealth, but at a little distance, the country, on 
 either side, is a mere arid waste. 
 
 HEI/PERBY, a township of England, co. o" iTork, North 
 Bidinir. 
 
 HEiyPERTUOBPE, a parish of England, or |f Vork lost 
 Riding. 
 
HEL 
 
 nEL'PT?TNGIIAM, a parish of Ensland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 nELl''ST(».\, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 
 with a statio!! on the North Midland Railway, ti^ miles 
 N \V. of I'eterlioroiigh. 
 
 IlKLSA, h?l's4, a village of Germany, In Ilesse-Cassel, 
 provini-e of Nieder-llessen, 9 miles S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1186. 
 
 IIKLS'liY, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 UKL.SKK, hSi'ser, a village of Ilesse-Cassel, in Nieder 
 Hesseu, circle, and 7 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. llStj. 
 
 IIELSINtiHOHG, h^l'sing-boRg\ an ancient fortiiied se.i- 
 port town of South Sweden, laen, and 33 miles N.X.W. of 
 Malmo, on the sound, opposite Elsinore. Pod. 2854. It has 
 a good harbor, a fine council-house, and manufactures of 
 earthenwares and iron goods. 
 
 IIELSIXOFOKS, htM'sing-foRs\ a .seaport town of Hussia, 
 and since 1819, the capital of Finland, on the Gulf of Fin- 
 land, 100 miles E.S.E. of Abo. Lat. 60° 11' N., Ion. 24° 57' 
 E. Pop. 16,000. It has a fine town-hall, a harbor, suited 
 for liue-of-battle ships, and defended by the strong citadel 
 of Sveaborg. and is the seat of a university, removed from 
 Abo in 18'27. with a library of 40,000 volumes, and various 
 museums. It it is the see of the Lutheran Archbishop of 
 Finland, and has an active trade in Baltic produce. It was 
 nearly burnt down in the wars with the Swedes, but since 
 1815, h:is been rebuilt with great regularity. 
 
 IIKLSINOLAND, h4l'siiig-Unt\ a former division of Swe- 
 den, now composing the chief part of the Uen of Gefieborg. 
 
 IIELSINGOH, (Ilelsingor,) a town of Denmark. See Eir 
 
 8IN0RE. 
 
 IIEI/STONE or II EIVSTON, a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 in a picturesque locality near its W. extremity, on the Looe, 
 here crossed by a bridge, 10 miles W.S.W. of Falmouth. 
 Pop. of municipal borough, in 1S51, 3355. It Is neatly built, 
 and watered by streams running through its streets. It 
 has a grammar school, banking company, and an export 
 trade in tin, coppi-r, shoes, from port Leven, or Looe-pool, 
 about 3 miles distant. Iron, coal, and timljer are exten- 
 sively imported for the use of the surrounding mining dis- 
 trict. It sends 1 member to the IIou.se of Commons. The 
 May g.ames, or Floralia. once general throughout England, 
 are still kept up here; and on the Sth of .May, a general holi- 
 day. Moral processions, and dances are held. 
 
 ilELT. a township of Vermilion co., Indiana. Pop. 2.359. 
 
 lIiaTAU, hM'tdw, or NAGY DIZXOD, nOdj diz'nod', a 
 village of Austria, in Transylvania, 6 miles S. of llermann- 
 stadt. Pop. 250.3. 
 
 IIi;!/rON, a post-office of A.she co.. North Carolina. 
 
 II K lj'T(,1N'S\'lLLK, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana, 
 about 8 miles N.K. of Bedford. 
 
 IIKLVKL'LYN, one of the highest mountains of England, 
 CO. of Cumberland, forming part of the mountain chain be- 
 tween Keswick and Ambleside. Elevation. 3313 feet. It is 
 easy of ascent, and commands a magnificent view of the 
 lake district. 
 
 IIKLVETIA. See Switzerland. 
 
 HKLV]';'TIA, a village of Madison co., Illinois, about SO 
 miles K.S.K. of Alton. 
 
 HKLVKTIA, N K\V. See Nuev.\ Helvetia. 
 
 HELVETIC CDXFEDERATION. See Switzeriant). 
 
 HELVOETSLUIS. or IIELVOETSLOYS, hirvfiOt-slois', 
 written also HELLEVOKTSLUIS, h^Pleh-voot-slois'. a forti- 
 fied seaport town of the Netherlands, province of South llol- 
 l.ind. on the Ilaringvliet, the largest mouth of the Khine, 
 17 miles S.VV. of Uotterdam. Pop. 2843. It h.is a fine har- 
 bor, an arsenal, dock-yard, and a naval school: and until 
 the employment of steam navigation, mail-packets sailed be- 
 tween it and Harwich twice a week. The Prince of Orange 
 embarked here for England, in 1688. 
 
 IIELVOIKT, h&rvoiRf, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, 5 miles S.VV. of Bois-le-Buc. Pop. 
 1401. 
 
 HEM, hS.N", several villages of France, the principal in 
 the department of Xord,5 miles E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 2289. 
 
 IIE.M.\U. li.VniOw. a town and castle of Bavari.a, circle of 
 Upper Palatinate. 15 miles VV.X.VV. of Rati.sbon. Pop. 1350. 
 
 II E:\I'ltLl NGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HE.MHUUY. a parish of England. See Broadhf.mbiby. 
 
 HI-;M'EI^1IEMI"STEAD, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Herts. Ij miles from the Broxmore station 
 of the London and Birmingham Railway, 23 miles .\.\V. of 
 London. Pop. 7268. The town is pleasantly situated and 
 neatly built: it has a richly ornamented Norman church, 
 union work-house. West Herts Infirmary, consideralile ma- 
 nufactures of straw-plait, and some of the most perfect paper 
 Fiills ill the kingdom. 
 
 HEM'IXGBOROUGH, a parish of Engl.-ind, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 H EM'I NG BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HEM'l NGTON, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 HEMINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HEMIXHEIM, hA'mi.\-hIme\ or HEMIXEM, hA'meex^- 
 Jm', a village of Belgium, and 5 mi^es S. of Antwerp, near 
 the right bank of the Scheldt. Pop. 1600. It contains a 
 church, with the tomb of Antony of Brabant, natural sou 
 
 HEN 
 
 of Philip of Burgundy, and the ca.«tles of Calbeek and Ems- 
 dael. picturesquely situated in magnificent grounds, on the 
 banks of the Scheldt: and near it, at the confluence of the 
 Schelle-Vliet with the Scheldt, stands the old Abbey of St 
 Bernard, now occupied as a central house of correction, and 
 capable of receiving 2000 convicts. 
 
 HEM'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 IIEM'LO, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois. 
 
 HEM'L(X)K, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HEMLOCK, a township of Columbia co., Peun.sylvaaia. 
 Pop. 1037. 
 
 HEMLOCK GROVE, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 HEMLOCK L.A.KE, New York, between Ontario and Liv^ 
 ingston counties, is 7 miles long, and near 1 mile wide. Tlio 
 outlet joins Honeoye Creek. 
 
 HEMLOCK L.\KE, a post-village of Livingston co.. New 
 York, on a lake of the same name, about 26 miles S. of Ko- 
 Chester. 
 
 HEM.MERDEN, h^rn'mer-dgn, a market-town of Khenish 
 Prussia, 11 miles S.W. of iiisseldorf. Pop. 1295. 
 
 IIEMM ERICH, hem'meh-riK, a village of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia. 16 miles S. of Cologne. 
 
 HEMMINGFORD, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Beauharnois, 30 miles S. of Montreal. It contains 7 saw 
 mills, several stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 700. 
 
 HEM'MIXGFORD AB'BOTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 HEMMIXGFORD GREY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 HEM'MIXGSTED\ a village of Denmark* in Holstein, 
 South Ditmarsches. on a height, between Heide and Meldorf, 
 29 miles X.N.'W. of GUickstadt. It is memorable for the battle 
 fought in its vicinity in 1500, when a small number of the 
 inhabitants of the Ditmarshes defeated the King of Den- 
 maik and the Duke of Holstein at the head of from 20,000 
 to 30,(100 men, and secured their ancient freedoom for an- 
 other half century. 
 
 HEMP'FIELD, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvsi- 
 nia, 40 miles S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 HKMPFIELD, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 nia, contains Greensburg, the county seat. Pop. 7074. 
 
 HEMP'HILL'S STORE, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 HEMP'XALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HEMPSTEAD, hJmp'stM, a parish of Engl;md. co. of 
 Essex. 5 miles N.N.E. of Thaxted. In the churchyard is the 
 tomb of Dr. Harvey, the celebrated discoverer of the circu- 
 lation of the blix)d. 
 
 HlOMP.'^TKAD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HEMl'STEAD, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HEMP'.STEAD. a county in the S.W. part of Ark!in.sa8, 
 contains 12()0 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by 
 Little Missouri River, and on the S.W. by Red River, and 
 drained by Bois d'Arc Creek. The surface is diversified by 
 sandy hills; the .soil is fertile. Red River is navigjited by 
 steamboats on the border of this county. Capital. Washing- 
 ton. Pop, 13,989, of whom 8591 were free, and 5398 slaves. 
 
 HEMPSTEAD, a post-village and township of Queen's co.. 
 New York, on the Atlantic Ocean, near the Long Island 
 Railroad. 21 miles E. of New York. The village is pleasantly 
 situated about 4 miles from the ocean, at the terminus of a 
 branch railroad 2j miles long, communicating with the 
 Long Island Railroad. It contains churches of the Pre.sby- 
 terians, Episcopalians, and Methodists, several seminaries, 
 3 newspaper offices, and numerous stores. Rockaway Beach 
 is in this township. Pop. about 2000; of the township, 
 12.:i76. 
 
 HEMPSTEAD BAY, of Queen's co.. New York, situated on 
 the S. side of Long Island, is miles long by 2 miles broad. 
 
 HEMPSTEAD BRANCH, a post-village of Queen's co.. 
 New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 20 miles E. of 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, Queen's co., New York. Seo 
 
 EOSLYN. 
 
 HEMPSTON, BROAD See Broao Hempston. 
 
 HEMPSTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HE.MPTOX, a parish of Engl.-vnd. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HEMS, a town of Syria. See HoMS. 
 
 HEMSB.\CH, hJms'b^K, a market-town of Baden, circle 
 of Cower Rhine, on theBergstjasse, andon the Maiu-Neckar 
 Railway. 3 miles N. of Weinheim. Pop. 1716. 
 
 HEMS'BY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HEMSOEX. (llemsoen,) hjm'so'en. a Swedish island in the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, 5 miles N.N.E. of Heruosand. Length from 
 N. to S., 5 miles; breadth, 4 miles. 
 
 HEMS'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HEMS/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, on the North Midland Railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of 
 Barnsley. It has a grammar school, and hospital founded 
 in 1548. 
 
 HEM'YOCK. a pari.sh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HEX-AND-CHICK'EXS, a group of islands in the Malay 
 Archipelago, in the Strait of Macassar, in lat. 5° 28' S., Ion. 
 117° 54' E. 
 
 HENARES, k-niftls, a river ol Spain, in New Castile. 
 
 84.3 
 
HEN 
 
 IIEN 
 
 JoluB tne Jarama. an affluent of the Tagus, 10 miles E.S.E. 
 of Msidiid, after a S.W. course of 75 miles. 
 
 IIEN'liUKY. a parish of Kngland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 IIEX'BY. a post-office of Mont^oiaery co., Ohio. 
 
 HE.VDKKSlJN, a county in the W. part of North Caro- 
 lina, bordering oa South Carolina, has an area estimated at 
 600 square miles. It is intersected by French Broad Kiver. 
 The surface is mountainous, having the Blue Kidge on its 
 S. border. The soil is particularly adapted to grazing. Or- 
 ganized in T838. and named in honor of Leonard Ilendeiv 
 son, Lite Chief .Tustiee of the Supreme Court of North Caro- 
 lina. Capital, Hendersonville. Pop. 10,448, of whom 9066 
 were free. 
 
 IIEXDEUSON,a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, 
 contains 1200 square miles. The Xeches Kiver bounds it 
 on the K., and the Trinity on the S.W. The surface is un- 
 dulating, the .soil fertile. Trinity Kiver is navigable for 
 keel-boats along the Ixirder of this county. Organized dur- 
 ing or since the year 1846, and named in honor of J. Pinck- 
 ney Henderson, first governor of the state. Capital, Athens. 
 Pop. 4-')0.!), of whom »479 were free. 
 
 nKNDKItSON, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, has 
 an area of about 620 square miles. Beech and Big Sandy 
 Rivers rise in the county, and flow into Tennessee River. 
 The surface is nearlv level ; the soil is fertile. Capitil, Lex- 
 ington. Pop. U,491,ofwhom 11,20S were free.and 3283 slaves. 
 
 UEXDKKSOX. a county in the W.N.W. part of Kentucky, 
 bordering on Indiana, has an area estimated at 600 square 
 miles. The Ohio River bounds it on the N., and it is also 
 drained by Gr$ea River. ThesurCice is uneven; the soil is 
 generally productive. Stone coal is abundant. A railroad 
 h projected from Henderson to Nashville. Organized in 
 1798. Capital, Henderson. Pop. 14,262, of whom !i495 were 
 free, and ^'iil .slaves. 
 
 HENDERSON, a county in the W. part of Illinois, border- 
 ing on Iowa, h.is an area of 540 square miles. The Missis- 
 sippi River forms its W. boundary, and it is intersected by 
 Henderson River, and by Honey and Ellison Creeks. The 
 surface is diversified by prairies and woodlands; the soil is 
 fertile. The county contains beds of stone coal and lime- 
 stone. It is intersected by the Peoria and Oquawka Rail- 
 road. Formed in 1841. out of part of Warreu county. Capi- 
 tal Oqua wka. Pop. 9501 . 
 
 HENDERSON, a post-village and township of Jefferson 
 CO., New York, on the E. end of Lake Ontario, 6 miles S.W. 
 of Sacketfs Harbor, in the collection district of which it is 
 comprised. It has a landing on the lake for imported mer- 
 chandise, and for the shipment of the produce of the sur- 
 rounding districts. Pop. 2419. 
 
 HENDERSON, a township of Huntingdoa co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. Pop. 2464. 
 
 HENDEHSON, a post-oflice of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HENDEUSOX. a thriving post-village of Granville co.. 
 North Carolina, on the railroad between Raleigh and Gas- 
 ton, 45 miles X. of the former. Pop. 1961. 
 
 HENDERSON, a district in Hou.ston co., Georgia. P. 1429. 
 
 HENDERSON, a post-village of Houston co., Georgia, 68 
 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HENDERSON, a thriving post-village, capital of Rusk co.. 
 Texas, about 195 miles in a direct line N. by E. of Galves- 
 ton. It is situated in a fertile country, and contains a 
 court-house. 2 printing offices, and several seminaries. 
 
 HEXDKRSOX, a thriving post-village, capital of Hender- 
 son CO., Kentucky, on the Ohio River, about 200 miles below 
 Louisville, and 170 miles W. of Frankfort. It is situated in 
 a fertile country, the productions of which are received here 
 for exportation. Steamboats ply regularly between this port 
 and Louisville. It has 6 churches, a bank, 5 large tobacco 
 fiictories. and 12 stores. Two newspapers are published 
 here. .^ railroad is iu progress from this place to Nushville 
 Pop. in 1S50. 1765. 
 
 HEXDKRSOX, a thriving post-village of Knox co., Illi- 
 nois. 52 miles X.W. of I'eoria. 
 
 HEXDKRSOX, a post-village, capital of Sibley co., Minne- 
 sota, on the left bank of St. Peters River, 60 miles S W. of 
 St. Paul. It hiis 9 stores and 1 newspaper oflice. P. about 500 
 
 HEXDERSUX HAUBOK. a village of Jefferson co.. New 
 York, on Hungry Bay of Lake Ontario, about 60 miles N. 
 of Syracuse. See IIexdersox. Xew York. 
 
 HEXDERSON'S, a post-offlcp of Greene oo., Missotiri. • 
 _ HENDKRSON'S(or KLlZABETH)ISLAXD,PacificOcean, 
 m lat. 21° 2' S.. Ion. 129° 18' W.. 5 miles in length, by 1 mile 
 In breadth, of a peculiar coral formation, and thickly covered 
 with shrubs. 
 
 HEXDERSOX'S MILL, a post-office of Greene co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 HEXa)ERSONVILLE, a post-village of Mercer-co., Penn- 
 «ylvanl:i. aliout 12 miles E.X.E. of Mercer. 
 
 HENDKRSOXVILLE. a post-vill.tge, capital of Henderson 
 CO., North Carohna. on the Buncombe Turnpike, 250 miles 
 W. by .**. of Raleirh. Pop. 1740. 
 
 HEXDKRSDXVILLE, a post-vilUge of Sumner Co., Ten- 
 nessee. 16 miles X.E. of Nashville. 
 
 HENDERS )XYILLE. a village of lien rv Co., Kentucky, 
 32 miles X.W . oJ Frankfort, contains 1 church and 2 storMs 
 
 HENVDON. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 HEN'DRED, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 IIENDRED. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 IIENDREFIGILL, hen-dre-fee/ghK/W, a township of North 
 Wales. CO. of Flint. 
 
 IIEN'DRICKS, a county in the W, central part of In. 
 diana. containing 390 .scjuare miles. It is drained by the 
 Whitelick and Eel Rivers. The surface is nearly K'Vel, and 
 the soil mostly fertile. The Terre Haute and Indiinapolis 
 Railroad passes through this county. Organized in 1824. 
 Capital. Panville. Pop. 16.953. 
 
 HENDRICKS, a township in Shelbv CO.. Indiana. P. 1529 
 
 HENDRICKSBURG, a postoffice of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HENDRICKS HE.^D, a point of knd at the entrance of 
 Sheepscott River, Maine, containing a fixed light 30 feet 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 HENDRICKS'S STORE, post-office, Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 HEX'DRICKSVILLE, a post-office, De K.ilb co.. Alab.ima. ' 
 
 HEX'DRYSBURG. a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio 
 about 100 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 HEN-EGLWYS, hjn ^gaoo-is, a parish of Wales, co. Ang- 
 lesea. 
 
 HENEGOUWEN. See Haixaut. 
 
 HEN'ERY. a small fortified island of British India, presi- 
 dency, and 15 miles S. of Bombay. Lat. 18° 41' N., Ion. 72<' 
 57' E. It is about 600 yards in circumference, and covered 
 with buildings. Adjacent to it is another islet, also forti- 
 fied, and named Kenery. 
 
 HEN'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex. 
 
 HENFYNYW, hfen-fin'yoo, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Cardigan. 
 
 HENG-CHOO-FOO, hfngVhoo'foo', or IIENG-TCHEOU, 
 hJng-chA'oo, a city of China, province of ILxi-nan. capital 
 of a department, on the Heng-kiang, a considerable afflu- 
 ent of the Y'ang-tse-kiang. lilt. 20° 55' N., Ion. 11-2° 18' E. 
 It is reported to have a large manufactory of paper. 
 
 HENGELO, h^ng'Hgh-16', a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Overy.ssel, 34 mUes SJi. of Zwolle. Pop. with 
 parish, 3561. 
 
 HENGELO, a village of the Netherlands, province of Guel« 
 derland. 19 miles E.N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. with parish. 2867. 
 
 HENGERSBURG, hJng'frs-b^EG\ a market-town of Lower 
 Bavaria, on the right bank of the Danube, 23 miles N.W. of 
 Pas.sau. Pop. 900. 
 
 HENG-KIANG. hJng^ke-ing', a river of China, province 
 of Hoo-nan. after a X. course of nearly 300 miles traversen 
 Ii:ike Tong-ting. and enters the Yang-tse-Kiang. The cities 
 of Heng-choo and Chang-sha are on its banks. 
 
 HENGOED, h^ng'o-ed or hSn'gwSd, a hamlet of Soutli 
 Wales, CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 UEN'GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HEN'H.4M, a parish of England, co. of Ks.sex. 
 
 HENIN-LIETARD, hA'nJjio'-le-i'taR', a town of France, 
 department of Pas-de-Calais, 16 miles S. of Bethune. Pop. 
 iu 1852. 3142. 
 
 HEN'LEY'. a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk 
 
 HEX'LEY-ix-AR/DEN,_^a market-town of England, co. of 
 Warwick, at the confluence of the Arrow and Alue, in the 
 district tbrming the ancient forest of .■Vrden, 8i miles W. of 
 Warwick. Pop. in 1^51, 1143. It contains a church with a 
 beautiful interior, of the time of Edward 111., remains of an 
 ancient market-cross, an endowed school, and a branch bank. 
 
 HENLEY-COLD, a chapelry of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HEX'LEY HOUSE, a station of the Hudsons B."iy Com- 
 pany, 150 miles S.W. of Albany Fort, on the Albany, in lat 
 51° N.. lou.S5°0'W. 
 
 HEN'LHY'S STORE, a postofflce of Franklin co., Georgia. 
 
 HENLEY'-ON-THAMES, a municipal torough, and mar- 
 ket-town of England, co. of Oxford, 4i miles N.N.W. of Twy- 
 ford, on a branch of the Great \\estern Railway. Pop. in . 
 1851, 3733. The town is beautifully situated at 'the foot of 
 the Chiltern Hills, which are here richly wooded. It has 
 an elegant five-arched stone bridge across the Thames, a 
 Gothic church with a lofty spire, said to have been built by 
 Cardinal Wolsey, two united grammar schools, founded in 
 the reign of James I., numerous alms-houses, and c^mside^ 
 able trade in malt. corn, and timber, by the Thames, with 
 London and other towns. 
 
 HENLL.\.X, hen'/Afan. a pjirish of Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 HENLL.\X, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 HEN-LLAN-A.MGOED, hen-y//an-am'go-M(oraui'g\>M,) a 
 parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 HEX'LLYS, a piiri.«h of England, co. of Monmouth 
 
 HENLOl'EN, CAPE. See Cape Hexlopen. 
 
 HEN'LOW, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 HENNEBERU, hto'neh-b^BG\ a town of Germatr-, duchy 
 of Saxe-Meiningen, 6 miles S.M'. of Meiningen, with a c.ts- 
 tie of its ancient count.s, and 504 inhabitants. The county 
 of Henueberg, now subdivided among Prussian Saxony, 
 Hesse-Cas.sel, and the duchies of Saxe- Weimar, Colinrg. anj 
 Meiningen, contained the towns of Schmulkaldmi, Mein- 
 iuuen. Kalten-Nordheini. and Schleu.singen. 
 
 IIENNEBUN, h^nn'b<!>.\<i', a town of Franco, department 
 of Morbiliau, on the letl buik of the Ulavet, 26 mile* W.^' .W 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 of Vannes. This was a fortress famous in the wars of the 
 fourteenth century, having been successfully defended by 
 the Counless de Montfort against the French, in 1341. Pop. 
 in 1852. 4770. 
 
 IIENXEG AU, a province of Belgium. See II.usaut. 
 
 HEN'NKPIN, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, con- 
 tains about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the K. by the 
 Mississippi, on the N.W. by Crow Kiver, and on the S.E. by 
 the Minnesota or St. Peter's. The surface is undulating or 
 level, and partly covered with forests. Formed since 1850. 
 Capital, .Minneapolis. Named in honor of Louis Hennepin, 
 who first explored this territory. Pop. 12,849. 
 
 1IKNNEI>IN. a post-township of Putnam Co., Illinois, 
 contains tlie county-seat. 
 
 IIENNKPIN', a thriving post-village, capital of Putnam 
 CO., Illinois, on the left banlt of the Illinois Kiver, 115 miles 
 N. of Springfield. Steamboats navigate the river between 
 its mouth and Hennepin in all seasons except winter. It 
 has an active business in shipping produce. Pop. in 18C0, 
 1132. 
 
 HEXNERSDORF, hSn'ners-donr, or UNTER BRANNA, 
 Mn'ter brdn'ni. a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow. at 
 the confluence of the Sowinetz with the Kibe. Pop. 1228. 
 
 HEXNKKSDORF. hJn'ners-doRP, or IIEXRICIISDORP, 
 hJn'riKs-doKf\ a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. 
 Pop. 13!iri. 
 
 HEXNER8D0RF, Gross, groce hJn'ners-donf\ a village 
 of Ciprmany, in .*axony, 21 miles S.E. of Bautzen. Pop. 1272. 
 mostly of the Moravian (Herrnhut) sect, who have here a 
 seminary. 
 
 IIEXXKR?DORF-IN-SETFE\, hJn'ngrs-doRr-insi'ffn, a 
 town of Germany, in Saxony, 1 mile N.W. of Gross Hen- 
 nersdorf I'op. 5577, engaged in weaving. &c. 
 
 HEX'XIKER, a post-township of Merrimack co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers R.iil- 
 road. and on the Contoocook Valley Railroad. 10 miles W. 
 by S. of Concord. Pop. 1500. 
 
 HEN'.N'OCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HENX'KY'S-.M(MT. a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 HEXXUVKIIES, hJnViiVaiR', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Ilainaut. on the railway from Brussels to Braine-le- 
 Compte. I'op. 1541. 
 
 HKX'XY, (JKEAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HEX'NY, LITTLE, a parish of Ent'land, co. of Kssex. 
 
 HENOX, hfh-n(!>N°', a village of France, department of 
 C6tes-du-\ord, 9 miles S.S.E. of St. Brieuc. J'op. 3329. 
 
 nEX'FlOCK, a post-office of Shannon co., Missouri. . 
 
 HEXRI-CHAPELLE, hSxxVee'-sha'pJll', a village of Bel- 
 gium, province, and 17 miles E.N.E. of Liege, i'op. 1.3:i0. 
 
 IiE^'IUCHEMO^T. hflNo'reesh'mAN'o'. a town of France, 
 department of Cher, 14 miles W. of Sancerre. Pop. in 1852, 
 3500. 
 
 HENRICO, hJn-ri'co, a county towards the S.E. part of 
 A'irgini.i. has an area of 280 square miles. The James River 
 forms its boundary on the S.W., and the Chirkahominy on 
 the N.E. The surface is diversified by hills of moderate 
 height, presenting abrupt precipices along the banks of the 
 rivers. The soil, with small exceptions, is light and infe- 
 rior. The dividing line between the tertiary and primary 
 formations passes through the county. Large quantities 
 of bituminous coal are procured in the western part. The 
 falls of J.-imes River, at Richmond, afford extensive water- 
 power. The James River and Kanawha Canal has its K. 
 terminus in this county, and three lines of railways connect 
 with eacti other at Richmond. Henrico is the most popu- 
 lous county in the state. Capital, Richmond. Named in 
 honor of Prince Henry of England, son of James I. Pop. 
 61,616, of whom 41,575 were free, and 20.041 slaves. 
 
 HEX'I'.iK'S FOKIv, a post-office of Gilmer co., Virginia. 
 
 HENMII ETTA, a post-village and township of .Monroe co.. 
 New York, on the Genesee River, and on the Rochester and 
 Genesee Valley Railroad, 7 miles S. of Rochester. The vil- 
 lage contains 2 or 3 churches, and an academy. Pop. of the 
 township. Pop. 2249. 
 
 H KN KI ETTA, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 HICNliliiTTA, a post-township in the W. part of Lorain 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1143. 
 
 HEM'.IETTA, a post-township in the N.E. part of Jack- 
 son CO.. Mil higan. Pop. 897. 
 
 HEN'IJY. a county in the S. part of AMrginia, bordering 
 on North Carolina, has an area of about 325 square-miles. 
 Smith's liiver, an affluent of the Dan, flows through the 
 county. The surface is hilly. Formed in 177t), and named 
 (as well as those which follow,) in honor of the celebrated 
 orator, Patrick Henry. Capital, Martinsville. Pop. 12,105, 
 of whom 7087 were free, and 5018 slaves. 
 
 H EXRY. a county in the N.W. central part of Georgia, 
 las an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the X.E. by South River, a branch of the Ocmulgee, and 
 tlso drained by Cotton River, and Towaliga, Tussahaw, 
 Sandy, and Indian Creeks. The surface is partly covered 
 with forests ; the soil is moderately fertile. Gold, iron, and 
 quartz are enumerated among the mii:erals; the former, 
 however, is found only in small quantities. The county is 
 intersected by the Macon and Western Railroad. Organized 
 
 in 1821. Capital, IMcDonough. Pop. 10,702, of whom 6187 
 were tree, and 4515 slaves. 
 
 H EX RY, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Alabama, 
 bor leringon Georgia and Florida, has an area of lOSO square 
 miles. TheChatt.ahoochee forms the E. boundary. The sur- 
 face is uneven ; the soil is said to be poor. A large part q1 
 the county is covered with forests of pine. The river is na 
 vigable by steamboats along the E. border. Capital, Abbe- 
 ville. Pop. 19,133, of whom 13.603 were free. 
 
 HENRY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on Kentucky: area estimated at 550 .square mllea 
 The E. boundary is formed by the Tennes.see River, and its 
 affluent, the Big Sandy. Two forks of the Obion rise in the 
 countv and flow W. The .soil is productive. Capital, Paris. 
 Pop. 14,91 S, of whom 1 0,485 were free. an<l 44.33 slaves. 
 
 HENRY, a county in the N. p.art of Kentucky, has an 
 area estimated at 220 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.E. by the Kentucky River, navigable by steamlwiats, and 
 drained by Drennon's and other creeks. The surface is 
 generally undulating, and adorned with forests of o.ik, 
 beech, and sugar-maple. The soil is of limestone forma- 
 mation. and remarkably fertile. The county contains abun- 
 dance of fine limestone. Henry county is intersected by the 
 Ijouisville and Frankfort Railroad, and by the route of the 
 projected Louisville and Covington i'ailroad. Organized in 
 1798. Capital, Newcastle. Pop. 11,949, of whom 8638 were 
 free, and 3311 slaves. 
 
 HEXRY, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, has an area 
 estimated at 500 square miles. It is inter.«ccted by the 
 Slaumee Kiver, and also drained by Beaver and Turkey 
 Creeks. The surface is generally level, ani the soil fertile. 
 The county is traversed by the ^Vabash and Erie Canal, and 
 by the Toledo and Wabash Railroad. Capital, Napoleon. 
 I'op. 8001. 
 
 HEXRY, a county in the E. central part of Indi.ana, con- 
 tains .385 square miles. It is drained by Blue Kiver and 
 Fall Creek. The surface is mostly undulating, with several 
 tracts of level land : the soil is fertile. The county is intei^ 
 sected by the Central Railroad, and by the Richmond and 
 Newcastle Railroad. Organized in 1821. Capital, Newcas- 
 tle. Pop. 20,119. 
 
 HEXRY, a county in the N.W. part of Illinois, a few miles 
 from the Mississippi River, has an area of !*.jO square miles. 
 It is drained by Rock and Green Rivers and Edward's 
 Creek. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests; 
 the soil is fertile. The county contains extensive beds of 
 stone coal. It is intersected by the Chicago and Rock 
 Island Railroad. Organized in 1837. Capital, Cambridge. 
 Pop. 20.660. 
 
 HENRY, formerly RIVES, reevz, a county in the W. part 
 of M issouri, has an area of 750 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Grand River, an affluent of the Osage, and also drained 
 by Big, Deepwater. and Tebo (Thibaut) Creeks. The Osage 
 River crosses the S.E. corner of the county. The surface is 
 moderately diversified, consisting partly of prairies, inter- 
 spersed with forests of the oak, walnut, &c. The soil is 
 generally fertile. The prairies are stored with large bodies 
 of stono coal. Capital, Clinton, i'op. 9866, of whom 8621 
 were free. 
 
 HENRY, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an area 
 of about 430 square miles. It is intersected by the Skunk 
 Kiver, an affluent of the Mississippi, and .also drained by 
 Cedar Creek. The soil is highly productive, and easily cul- 
 tivated. The greater p.art of the county consists of prairies, 
 among which tracts of woodland are interspersed. Lime- 
 stone underlies a part of the county, and stone coal is 
 thought to be abundant. The county is intersected by the 
 Burlington and Jlissouri River Railroad. Named in honor 
 of General James D. Henry, of Illinois. Capital, Mount 
 Pleasant. Pop. 18,701. 
 
 HENRY, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia. 
 
 HENRY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 454. 
 
 HEXRY, a township of Fulton co., Indiana. Poj). 1373. 
 
 HE.NRY, a township of Henry co., Indiana. Population, 
 2421. 
 
 HENRY, a thriving post-village of Marshall co.. Illinois, 
 is situated on the right (W.) bank of Illinois River, 33 milew 
 by railroad N.N.E. of Peoria. A large quantity of grain is 
 bought and shipped at this town. Laid out about 1840. 
 I'op. of the township, 2238. 
 
 HENRY CLAY, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1077. 
 
 HENRY CLAY FACTORY, a post-office of Newcastle co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 HEXRY CREEK,atownshipofAd!imsco.. Illinois. P.891. 
 
 HEN'RYSBURG, asnianvilhtgeofRIairco.. I'ennsylvani.'u 
 
 IIEX/RYSBURG, a village of Can.ada East, in the parish 
 of Lacolle.'32 miles S.E. of Montreal. Pop. about 75. 
 
 HENRY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Sevier co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 HEX'RYSVILLE, a post-officeof Monroe co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 HEXRYSVILLE, a post-office of Marshall co.. Alabama. 
 
 HEXRYSVILLE, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky. 
 
 HEXRYSVILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tennesson 
 
 HEN'RYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Lawrence co, 
 
 845 
 
HEN 
 
 reiiii«gpee, oii Buff^^lo River, about 70 miles S.S.W. of Nash- 
 villt). has 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 IIENKYVILLE, a station of Indiana, on the Jefferson- 
 Tille Railroad. "29 miles N. of Jeffensonvillo. 
 
 HHNRYVILLK, a po.st-viUn-e of Canada East. co. of Rou- 
 ville. 37 miles S.E. of Montie,%l. It contains several stores 
 and hotels. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 HENSCIIAU, a village of Hungary. See Hanusfalva. 
 
 HEN'SHAW, a township of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 IIENSIES. h Jns'yfs or hSNO^see', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of llainaut, 11^ miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2067. 
 
 IIENSIXGIIAM, a townshipofEngland, CO. of Cumberland. 
 
 HENS'LEY, a township of Johnson co.. Indiana. P. 1413. 
 
 HEN'SONVILLE. a po.st-office of Greene co., New York. 
 
 HEX'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 nE.NST'KIDGE, a pari.-h of England, co. of Somerset, 5i 
 miles S. of Wincanton. In a house here, which is still an 
 inn. tobacco is said to have been first publicly smoked in 
 England, by Sir W. Raleigh. 
 
 HKNT'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 nEXZAD.^H. hjn-zd'd3, a town of the Burmese aoniinions, 
 province, and 66 miles W.N.AV. of Pegu, on the Irrawaddy. 
 
 H KOXG-SII AN, hf-ong'-shdn', a commercial town of China, 
 province of Quang-tong, on a branch of the Canton River, 
 22 miles N.W. of Macao. 
 
 Hi;P'BUKN. a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 862. 
 
 IIEPER.TES, a town of Hungary. See Eperies. 
 
 IIEPPENHIilM, hi^p'pe)!-hime\ a walled town of Ilesse- 
 Darm.-;tadt, on the Main-Neckar Railway, 16 miles S. of 
 Darmstadt. Pop. 4170. 
 
 IIi;PPENHi;iM AN-PER-WXESE, hfp'pen-hime'in-d?r- 
 l^ee'zfh, a villaire of Ilesse-Darmstadt, 33 miles S.S.E. of 
 Mentz, on the Kisbach. Pop. 1336. 
 
 HKPTONSTALL, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West liidins. 
 
 nKl''\V(>liTir, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 IIEPWORXII, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Kidin<r. 
 
 H ER ACLE A or HER ACLEIA. See Ereglee 
 
 HERACLEA or PERINTHUS. See Eregli. 
 
 IIERAKLIA or Hi'iRACLIA, hJr'd-klee'i, (anc. Dony'sa.) 
 a small island of the Grecian Archipelago, 6 miles S. of 
 Naxos. 4 miles lomr. and 3 wide. 
 
 HERAT. her4t'. HERAUT. he-r^t', or HERATH, her-^fh, 
 formerly HiiRI, hA'ree\ a strongly fortified city of West 
 Afghanistan, capital of an independent ehiefship, near the 
 Herri-Rood, or Uury River, 360 miles W. of Cabool, and 200 
 miles E.S.E. of Meshed, in Khorassan. Lat. 34° 50' N., Ion. 
 62° 30' E. Elevation, 2500 feet. Pop., before its unsuccessful 
 siege by the Persians in 1838, was estimated at 45.000, but 
 now probably much le.ss. A ditch, mound, and bastioned 
 wall enclose an oWong area, 1 mile in length, er.tered liy 5 
 gates, the interior di\ ided by four arched bazaars, meeting 
 in a domed quadrangle in the centre of the city. Herat has 
 been stated to contain 4000 dwelling-houses, 1200 shops, 17 
 caravanserais, 20 public baths, some fine reservoirs, and 
 numerous mosques, the principal of which is a large struc- 
 ture of the thirteenth century. On the N. side of the city is 
 a strong citadel, and without the walls are some magnificent 
 ruins of a religious edifice, and an enormous mound, raised 
 by Nadir Shah. The vicinity is very beautiful, and irrigated 
 by numerous canals, and highly productive, and Herat has 
 been visually one of the most flourishing places in the Ivast, 
 as a grand central mart for the products of India. China. 
 Tartary, Afghanistan, and Persia. It has manufactures of 
 carpets, sheep-skin, caps and cloaks, shoes. &c. Most of its 
 wealthy merchants are Hindoos. It was a long time capital 
 of the empire founded by Tamerl.ane. It was taken from the 
 Persians by the Alghans in 1715. retaken by Nadir Shah in 
 1731, and recovered by the Afghans in 1749. Its territory 
 now extends N. to the Moorghaub Mountains, and E. nearly 
 to Candahar; and it is still a post of great militiiry as well 
 as cornmercial importance. 
 
 HEKAULT, bi'rO' or iV6', (anc. Aranhh.) a river of 
 France, rises in the Cevennes, department of Gard, and en- 
 ters the Mediterranean, near Agde, department of H6rault. 
 It is riaviL'able for 7 miles.' 
 
 HEliAULT, a maritime department of the S. of France, 
 on the Mediterranean, formed of a portion of the old pro- 
 vince of Languedoc. Area, 2.3S2 wiu.ai-e miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 409,391. The surface is traversed by offsets of the Ce- 
 vennes. interspersed by fine valleys. Principal rivers, the 
 Hfirault. Orb. and I.ez: coasts low. formin:r vast etatigs, 
 (marshy lakes.) Soil fertile in grain, fruits, and wines. The 
 mineral products comprise coal. iron. lead, copper, fine build- 
 ing-stone, and marble. The marshes furnish a great quantity 
 of sjilt. C^ommerce ia facilitated by means of the Canal du 
 Midi, and by railways from Montpellier to Cett« and NImes. 
 Capital. Montpellier. The dep.artment is divided into the 
 four arroiidiseements of Montpellier, Beziers, Lodfeve, and 
 St. Pons. 
 
 nEKI$ER\..hJR/bfrn. a village of Rhenish Prussia, 16 
 miles S. of MUnster. Pop. 1000. 
 84t} 
 
 HER 
 
 HERTiERT, a post- village of Kemper co.. 5Iississippl. 
 
 HERBERTJNGEN. h^R'bgr-tingVn, a village of WurteiQ. 
 berg. 5 miles N.W. of Saulgen. Pop. 1272. 
 
 HERBERTSIIOFEN, hJn/bfrts-hoYen, a village of Bavaria, 
 circle of Sw.abia, 11 miles N. of Augsburg. 
 
 HERBESTHAL, hJR'l)es-t^r, a station on the Belgium 
 Railway, between Aix-la-Chapelle and Verviers. 
 
 HERBEUMONT. h^R^buh^mAs"'. a village of Belgium, in 
 Luxembourg, 9 miles W.S.W. of Neufbateau. Pop. 9>.t2. 
 
 HERBIERS. Les, lAz teHie-.V, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vendee, on the Maine 24 miles N.E. of Bourbon- 
 Vendee. Pop. 1300. 
 
 HERBIGNAC, hJR^been'yJk', a town of France, depait- 
 ment of Loire-Inferieure, 18 miles W.N.W. of Savenay. Pop. 
 in 1852, 3555. 
 
 HERBITZHEIM, h5R''iits-hIme\ (Fr. pron. h?R^beefsJm'.) 
 a villaoie of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 22 miles N.W. 
 of Saverne. Pop. 1900. 
 
 IIERBLAY, hte^blA', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-etrOise, on the Seine, and on the Railway from Paris 
 to Calais. 9 miles W.N.W. of Paris. Pop. 1564. 
 
 HERBOLZHEIM, h6R/bolts-hInie\ a town of Baden, 16 
 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 2057. 
 
 HERBOKN, hjR'boRn, a town of central Germany, duchy 
 and 32 miles N.E. of Nassau, on the Dille. Pop. 2207. It in 
 enclosed by walls, and has an old hill fortress, and a famous 
 Calvinist seminary, established in 1584. 
 
 IIERBRAND'STON, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 HERBRECIITINGEN, h^RHir5Kt'ing-en. a vilKage of Wiir- 
 temberg, on the Brenz, 10 miles N.N.E.'of Ulm. Pop. 1524. 
 
 HERBSLEBEN, hjRbslAMjen. a market-town of Germany, 
 duchy of Saxe-Gotha, on the Unstrut, 12 miles N.E. of Go- 
 tha. Pop. 1480. 
 
 HERBSTEIN. heRVstine. a town of IIes.se-Darmstadt, 14 
 miles W. of Fulda. Pop. 1616. 
 
 HERCK. hJRk, or HERKE, hSR'keh, a town of Belgium, 
 province of Limbourg, on the Ilerck, 9 miles W. of Ilasselt. 
 Pop. 1763. 
 
 HERCULA'NEUMor HERCULA'NUM, (It. Ermlano, ?r- 
 ko-li'no,) an ancient and buried city of South Italy, pro- 
 vince, and 7 miles E.S.E. of Naples, near the Bay of Naples 
 and at the W. declivity of Mount Ve.suvius, during the 
 ei'uption of which, a. d. 79, it was submerged by a flood of 
 lava and showers of ashes. Its site was discovered in 1713, 
 and although extensive excavations have been made, little 
 more than a pirt of the ancient theatre remains visible. 
 
 IIERCUL.VNEUM, a post-village of Jeffenson co., Mis- 
 .souri, on the Jlississippi River, 30 miles below St. Louis. 
 It was formerly the county seat, and a great mart for the 
 lead procured from the mines in the vicinity. The place 
 was almost entirely destroved by a flood in 1844. 
 
 HERCY.N'IA SYLVA. See Harz and Black Forest. 
 
 IIKKCYNIAN FOREST, Germany. See H.arz. 
 
 HERCY.NII MONTES. See Black Forest. 
 
 HKKDEKE, h}RM.iMieh, lIElirtEGGE, or HERDECKE, 
 h'RMJk'keb, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, on the Ruhr, 
 and on the railway between Dortmund and Elberfeld, 16 
 miles S. of Dortmund. Pop. 2'iOS. 
 
 HEREFORD, h?r/e-ford. or HEREFORDSHIRE, her'e-ford- 
 shir, an inland county of England, comprising an area of 
 552.320 acres, of which 470,400 are in grass and arable. Pop. 
 in 1851. 115.489. Surface beautifully undulating, .and the 
 soil unusually fertile. Principal hills, the Hatterel i-ange 
 of the Black Mountains in the S.W., and the Malvern on 
 the E. Chief rivers, the Wye. Lugg, Arrow, Frome, and 
 JIunnow. Chief agricultural produce, wheat and barley, 
 apples, pears, and hops, all of superior quality. The apple 
 crop is the largest in England, and estimated to yield not 
 less than 20.000 hogsheads of cider, mostly of superior quality. 
 About 13,000 acres are devoted to hops. Oak-bark is also an 
 important production. Hereford is divided into 11 hun- 
 dreds. Chief towns. Hereford, Leominster. Weobley. Ross, 
 and Bromyard. It sends 7 members to the House of Com- 
 mons, 3 of which are for the county. Hereford forme<l a 
 part of the ancient British Siluria. and was one of the last 
 provinces which submitted to the Saxons, under whom it 
 formed a part of Mercia. Numerous ruined castles testify 
 its former military importance as a border county. 
 
 HEREFORD, a city, episcopal see, and parjianientary 
 and municipal borough of England, capital of the above 
 county, on the Wye, here crossed bv a bridge of 6 aiohes, 19 
 miles N. of .Monmouth. Pop. of the city in 1861, 15,625. It 
 stands in a richly cultivated and beautiful valley. 'The 
 streets are generally broad : houses well-built, though in 
 great part ancient. Principal edifices, the Catliedral. built 
 in the early Norman style, in 1072; li^ngth, 325 feet : height 
 of central tower. ItO ieet. H contains many fine monu- 
 ments, and attached to it is a chapter-house, ladye-chapel, 
 valuable library, cloisters, Ac. but its general beauty is 
 much impaired by the incongruous W. front, reVuiilt in 
 1786. A triennial musical festival is held here. The Epis- 
 copal Palace is ancient, and surrounded by large gardens; 
 the College is a venerable pile, forming a quadrangle. Th« 
 Grammar School, partly supported by the dean and cliaptor, 
 has 20 exhibitions to the University, but it is not in uiu.b 
 
HER 
 
 HER 
 
 reptite. Amont; ttie charities, for the ntimber of which 
 HerefiT(t is fiimons. are 11 ancient hospitals, or alms-houses, 
 yieldin.' tnirether about ISO'/, per annum. The other pub- 
 lic stru"tnivs are the handsome County Hall, the County 
 Jail, and llmise nf Coi-rection. ancient Town-hall. City Jail, 
 Theatre, of whi'h the Ivenilile family long had the manage- 
 ment, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, a larfre infirmary, 
 supported tiy voluntary contributions, a lunatic hospital, 
 union work-house, market-hou.se. b.ink. and Nelson monu- 
 ment, ruins of a monastery of lilack Friars, and some re- 
 mains of the castle and city walls. Hereford has an in- 
 creasinj^ trade in cider, hnps, corn, wool, hark, and timber, 
 Which will be much facilitated by the Hereford and Glou- 
 cester Canal, the navijration of the rirer beins dependent 
 on season, &c. Coals are brought from Abergavenny by 
 railway ; and several railways connect the city with Shrews- 
 bury, Worcester, (Jlnucesfc-r. Ac. The October fair is the 
 largest in Kngland for cattle and cheese. The city is a 
 polling-place, and the chief place of election for the county; 
 it has sent 2 members to the House of Commons since the 
 time of Kd ward I. The diocese is one of the most ancient in 
 Kngl.-tnd. being of Uritish origin, and reestablished by the 
 Sa.\ons in (iSO. .\mong the celebrated bishops of this see 
 were — Thomas Cantilupe. who died in 1285. and wa.s canon- 
 ized. Fox the Reformer. Godwin, and Dr. Ileadley. Here- 
 ford suffered much from the Welsh, during the Saxon era, 
 from the liarons' wars, under the Plantagenets, and from 
 those of the seventeenth centurj', when it warmly espoused 
 the side of the king, and was one of the last places which 
 held out against the parliament. During the Middle Ages 
 it gave the title of earl to the great house of IJohun, and 
 now gives th.'it of viscount to the Devereux family. The 
 city is celebrated in historic records as having been the 
 birthplace of Nell flwynn and David Garrick. and the school 
 in which the genius of Clive, Siddons, and Kemble was fos- 
 tered and developed. 
 
 HER'KFURD. a post-township forming the E. extremity 
 of Berks CO.. I'ennsylvania. I'op. 1372. 
 
 IIERI-:Fi>1!D. a post-village of Baltimore co., JIaryland, 52 
 miles X. bv W. of .\nnapolis. 
 
 11 KR KF( )1! 0. LirrLK. a parish of RIngland, co.of Hereford. 
 
 HERKFOIiD'S. a post-otlice of Mason co., Virginia. 
 
 HERHKOIiOSdlliF. a county of England. SeellEREFORD. 
 
 HER KG 1 1. hVraig'. a village of Hungary, co., and 21 miles 
 E.S.K. of Ki.morn. Pop. iy.')l. 
 
 H1;RE.\CI.\, A-r^n'the-3. a town of Spain, province, and 
 36 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. l>op. 6400. 
 
 IIERENT. h.'i rent' or h;i'rflN'o'. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Sciuth i?rabant. 2 miles N.AV. of Louvain. Pop. 2120. 
 
 IIERKNTIIALS, hA'ren-tals\ a small town of Belgium, 
 province of Antwerp, 12 miles S.S.W. of Turnhout. Pop. 
 3162. 
 
 HERENTIIOUT. h.A'ren-tOwt\ a small town of Belgium, 
 province of .\ntweip. I.t miles .*.W. of Turnhout. Pop. 2157. 
 
 HEKFFKI.IXO KN. h^iif'n-h-lingVn, a village of Belgium, 
 province of Rrabant. Vi miles .*<.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1746. 
 
 HERFORD. hcR'foRt. or HEHVORDEN. hte'foR-den. a 
 town of Prussia. Westphalia,' on the Werra, and on the 
 Cologne and Minden Raihvay, 16 miles S.W. of Miuden. 
 Pop. 6550. It has manufactures of cotton cloth and yarn, 
 leather, tob.acco, and linens: a large prison, ar.senal. gymna- 
 sium, six churches, and the central museum of arts, anti- 
 quities, and manufactures, for the province. 
 
 HERGMKS. In^i.nVee'. a village of France, department of 
 Nord. on the Scheldt. 7 miles X. of Valenciennes. Pop. 1600. 
 H15rTC. h:i'reek'. a villaire of France, department of Loire- 
 Iriferieure. 14 miles X.X.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852. 4474. 
 
 Hl^RICOURT. hii'ree'kooR', a town of France, department 
 of Ilaute-Saone. 15 miles S.E. of Lure. Pop. in 1852, 3770. 
 It has extensive manufactures of linen yarn and cloth, 
 calico, printed goOd.'J. and hosiery. 
 
 HERIXGEX, h;t'ring-en. a town of Prussi.an Saxony, 50 
 miles W.X.W. of Merselmrg, on the Ilelme. Pop. 2120. 
 
 HERIXGEX, a market-town of Hesse-Cassel. province of 
 Fulda. on the Werra. 14 miles S. E. of Rothenburg. Pop. 1224. 
 
 HERIXX ES.hirrinn'or h:\'reen'. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of South Braliant. 17 miUs S.W. of Brussels. P'.p. 3720. 
 
 HERIXX ES, a village of Belgium, province of Iluinaut, 
 on the Scheldt, 7 miles N.W. of Tournay. Pop. 1700. 
 
 IIERIODR; ht^rVoor', a town of India, in Mysore, 26 
 miles N.W. of Sera, with a temple and granite obelisk. 
 
 HER'IOT. a parish of Scotland, co. of Kdinburgh. 
 
 HERI-RODI). a river of Asia. See Herri-Rood. 
 
 IIERIS.\II. hi\'re-s(5w\ a town of Switzerland, canton, and 
 7 miles N.W. of Appenzell, situated in the district of Outer 
 Rhodes. Pop. 2.'i0i). 
 
 HKRISSDX. hWeesVAxo'. a town of France, 19 miles 
 N.N.E, of MontluQon. Pop. 1407. 
 
 nERISTAl>. a village of Belirium. See Herstai,. 
 
 HERJEADALKX, (,Herjeadalen,) hjR'yfi-o-drien. a district 
 of Sweden, forming the S. part of the l^n of Ostersund, 
 and named from the IIerje-5n. which waters it. 
 
 HERJE-AX. (Herje-Sn.) hSR'yA-on\ a river of Sweden, 
 joins the Ijjusne above Sveg. after a course of 40 miles. 
 
 HEKKEN BOSCH, h§R'kfu-bosK\ a village of the Nether- 
 
 lands, province of Limburg. 5 miles S.E. of Koenaord 
 Pop. 1231. 
 
 HER'KIMER, a county in the N.E. central part of New 
 Vork, has an area of about 1300 square miles. It is partly 
 bounded on the E. by East Canada Creek, and is intersected 
 by the Mohawk River, being drained by these streams, 
 together with West Canada Creek. Black liiver. and iiH 
 tributaries. The surface is generally hilly and sometimes 
 mountainous. The .soil along the valleys of its streams is 
 of a superior quality, and in many of the hilly distri ts fer^ 
 tile. In IS.'iO this county produced 9.548,009 pounds of cheese, 
 the greatest qu.antity produced by any county in the United 
 States. Herkimer county abounds in iron ore, limestona, 
 and building-stone; sonre lead, plumbago, .and gypsum, are 
 found. Near Little Falls, beautiful specimens of qnarti 
 crystal are abundant. The Utica and Syracu.''e Railroad 
 and the Erie Canal traverse the southern part of this county. 
 Organized in 1791. and named and enlarged in 1817. Capi- 
 tal, Herkimer. Pop. 40,561. 
 
 HERKIMER, a post-village and township, capital of Her- 
 kimer CO., on the N. side of the Mohawk River, on the Erie 
 Canal, and on the New York Central Railroad, 78 miles 
 W.N.W. of .Albany. The village has a conrt-lumse.a churches, 
 a bank, an academy, a newsi)aper office, a paper-mill and 
 other mills. Pop. about 1400; of the township, 2Sol. 
 
 HKRKINGEX, h^R/king-Hen. an agricultural villatre of 
 Holland, province of South Holland, 15 miles S. of Briel, 
 Pop. 600. 
 
 HERLESHAUSEN, hjRif.s-hdw'zen, a village of Hesse- 
 Cassel. circle of Eschwege, with the handsome palace of 
 Augustenau, a residence of the Landgrave of Hesse-Philipps- 
 thal. Pop. 1042. 
 
 H ERM, one of the smaller Channel Islands, 2k miles from 
 the coast of Guernsey. Pop. 38. 
 
 IIERM.\X', a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 HERM.AN, a post-township in the E. part of Dodge co, 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 2008. 
 
 HER.MANMIESTETZ, hJR'mln-meesHi^ts. HKKMAN- 
 MIESTEC, h^R/man-meesH^ts, or HKRMAXSTaDT, h^R/ 
 .m3n-stdt\ a municipal town of Bohemia, 5 miles W. of Chru- 
 dim. Pop. 2665. 
 
 HER'.M.A.NN, (Ger. pron. h?R'm3nn.) a post-village, capital 
 of Gasconade co., Missouri, on the ri'zht bank of the Mis- 
 souri River, 44 miles E. of Jefferson City, was settled by 
 Germans in 1837. It is on the Pacilic Kailroad. Pop. in 
 1850.944; in 1860, 1103. 
 
 HERMAXNSTADT or HERMANSTADT, hf^R/man-stitt'. 
 (linn. Kcffy &eben. n6dj sA'bJn^; L. Cihinium.) a. town oi 
 .\ustria. in Transylvania, picturesquely situated on the 
 Zibin, near the Wallachian frontier. 73 miles S.S.E. of Klau- 
 senburg. Pop. 21,500. It is enclosed by walls, the upper 
 town, on an eminence, communicating with a lower town by 
 flights of step.s. It has several suburbs, and is pretty well 
 built in a Gothic style, though dull. The principal edifices 
 are the Bruckenthal Palace, with an extensive library and 
 museum, the theatre, numerous churches, the liarr.-uk.s. a 
 military hospital, and an orphan asylum. It is a Greek 
 bishop's see. the head-fjuarters of the military commandant 
 of Transylvania, the seat of Roman Catholic and Lutheran 
 prymnasia. and has many museums, and manufactures of 
 linen and woollen faVjrics, telt. hats, horn combs, earthen- 
 wares, leather. &c.. and a consideralile trade. 
 
 1IERM.\X0S. hJr-md'noce. a group of small islands in the 
 Malay .\rchipelago, E. of Mindoro. 
 
 HERMANOS. Los. loce h Jr-mA'noce. (" The Brothers,") a 
 group of islands in the Caribbean .Sea. 50 miles N.W. of the 
 island of Margarita, belong to Venezuela. 
 
 HERMANOS, TRES. tr?s h^r-md'noce, ('■ Three Brothers.") 
 a gTOup of islands in the Indian Ocean, between lat. 3° and 
 4°S.. Ion. 77° and 79° E. 
 
 HERMAX.^DORF, Bohemia. See IIebmsdorp. 
 
 HERMAXSEIFEN, h^R'niSn-sffen. HERZMAN7.EYF, 
 hJKts'mant-sIf\ or H EKM AXSTIFT, hjR'man-stift\ a village 
 of Bohemia, circle, and 25 miles N.E. of Bidschow. Pop.lS04. 
 
 nERM.\XST.\DT. Transvlvania. See IIermannstadt. 
 
 HERMAXSTADT, Boheiiiia. See IIermanmif..stetz. 
 
 HERMANSTIFT. of Bohemia. See Hermanseifen. 
 
 HERMAUNSBURG, a post-office of Washington co., Ar- 
 kan.sas. 
 
 HERME. heR'mA'. a small village of France. 68 miles S.E. 
 of I'aris, with a station on the railway from Troyes to Mon- 
 tereau. 
 
 HERMENT, hJR'mftN'^'. a town of France, department of 
 Puv-de-D6me. 24 miles W. of t^ermont. Pop. 533. 
 
 IIERMESKEIL. hjR'm6s-kIle\avill,'ige of Rhenish Prusisia, 
 government, and 12 miles S.E. of Treves. Pop. 965. 
 
 IIEItMIES, h^R'mee'. a village of France, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais. 17 miles S.E. of Arrm. I>op. 2&37. 
 
 HERMIGUA, VALLE DE. viVyk Ak hjR-mee'gwa. a village 
 of the Canaries, in the island of Gomera, beautifully situated 
 among lofty hills. Pop. 1827. 
 
 HER'.MITAGE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HERMITAGE, a castle In Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, an 
 ancient stronghold of the Douglas. 
 
 UER'MITAGE, a post-office of Wyoming co.. New York. 
 
 847 
 
HER 
 
 HER 
 
 HERMITAGE, a village and station of Sufftlk co., .New 
 Tork, on the Long Island Railroad, 6 miles W.S.AV. of Green- 
 port. 
 
 HERMITAGE, a small post-Tillage of Mercer co., Penn- 
 gylvania. 
 
 HKUMITAGE, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 
 HERJllTAGE. a pfist-village of Floyd co., Georgia, about 
 170 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HEK'MITAGi:, a post-offlce of Washington co., Mississippi. 
 
 IIER^IITAGE, apost-office, I'ointCoupee parish. Ix)uisiana. 
 
 HERMITAGE, a pfjEtH>ffice of Decatur co., Tennessee. 
 
 HERMITAGE, a post-village of Coles CO., Illinois, 70 miles 
 E. bv S. of Springfield. 
 
 HkliMlTAGE, a post-village, capital of Hickory co., Mis- 
 souri, near the right or E. bank of Pomme de Terre River, 
 80 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HERMITAGE, V, Up.'mee'tizh', a famous vineyard of 
 France, department of Crome, on the left bank of the Rhone, 
 10 miles N. of Valence, where the '-Hermitage" wine is 
 proilueed. Area, about 300 acres. 
 
 HER'MIT ISLAND, a remarkable island in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles N.W. of Cape Horn. Lilt. (W. 
 cape) 55° 50' S., Ion, 67° 55' W. It is of irregular form, sur- 
 mounted by conical peaks, the highest of which is 1742 feet 
 above sealevel. It is about 12 miles long. 
 
 HEK'MON, a post-township of Penobscot CO., Maine, 8 
 miles W. by N. of Bangor. Pop. 1433. 
 
 HERMO.V, a post-township of St. Lawrence CO., New York, 
 about 10 miles S.S.W. of Canton. Pop. ItiOO. 
 
 HERMON, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois. 
 
 IIERMO-V, a post-office and township of St. Lawrence co., 
 New York, alx)Ut 20 miles S.E. of Ogdensburg. The village 
 Is a thriving place, situated near the line of the Potsdam 
 and Watertowu Railroad, on a plank-road communicating 
 with C)gdeu8bure, Canton, &c. Pop. of the township, 1690. 
 
 HER'MOX, MOUNT. (Arab. Jebd-esli-Slieah, jiyil-i^b- 
 shaik.) a mountain of Palestine, forming a part of the chain 
 of Anti-Libanus. Its height is stated to be above 11,000 
 feet, and its summit is covered with snow the most part 
 of the vear, 
 
 • HERMON, MOUNT, (Little,) is a much lower range, 25 
 miles S.E. of Acre, bounding the Plain of EsdrjElon on the 
 E.. and to which the name of Hermou was first applied in 
 the Middle Ages. 
 
 HEUMONT. a village of Eg\-pt, See Armejtt. 
 
 HERMONTHIS. See Arment. 
 
 HERMOXVILLE, h^R^mteoVeel', a village of France, de- 
 partment of JIarne. 7 miles N.W. of Reims. Pop, 1500. 
 
 HERMOPOLIS MAGNA. See Oshmoonetn. 
 
 HKRM.SD )RF, h^Rms'doRf, a village of Saxony, circle, and 
 20 miles S. W. of Dresden. Pop, 940. 
 
 HEKMSDORF, a village of Saxe-Altenburg, 33 miles S.W, 
 of Leipsic. Pop. 1046. 
 
 HERMSDORF, or HERMANSDORF, hjR'mins-d< Rr, a 
 Tillage of Bohemia, 36 miles N,E, of Koniggriitz, Near it 
 is the old castle of Kienast, one of the finest ruins in the 
 Kie.sengebirge. Pop. 1519. 
 
 HERMSDORF-GltUSSANISCH, (GrUssanisch,) hJRms'- 
 doRf-grus'sJn-ish*, a village of Prussia, government of Lieg- 
 nitz, circle of Landshut, Pop, 1754. 
 
 HERMSDORFSTADriSCn.(Stadtisch.)hjRmsMoRf-st?'it'- 
 ish, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, government of Liegnitz, 
 circle of Lindshat. Pop. 1363, 
 
 . HERMSDORF-UNTERM-KNYAST, hSRms'doRf-Mn't?Rm- 
 knee/ist, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, 30 miles S.W. of 
 Liegnitz. Pop. 1606. 
 
 HERMUS. See S.vkabat. 
 
 HERNAD, hjR^nOd', a river of North Hungary, after an 
 E. and S, course of 120 miles, joins the Theiss 18 miles S,W, 
 of Tokay. Its principal afiiuents are the Tarcza and Sajo, 
 In its lower part it separates into two arms, which enclose 
 an island 30 miles in length. 
 
 HERNAKOVA-CZELLA, Hungary. See Herntokova. 
 
 IIERNAN'DX a post-office of Macon co,, Aliibama. 
 
 HERNANDO, a post-village, capital of De Soto co,, Mis- 
 Bissippi. about 200 miles N. of Jackson. It contains, be- 
 Eides the county buildings, 4 large seminaries, and 2 news- 
 paper oflices. Pop. about 600. 
 
 HERN.\NI, ^R-nd'nee, a town of Spain, province of Gui- 
 pozcoa, 8 miles S.E, of St. Sebastian, on the Urumea river. 
 Pop. 2257, 
 
 II ERNE, h?m, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 
 HERNE BAY, a newly erected watering-place in the 
 abovp parish, on the estuary of the Thames, about 8i miles 
 N.N.E. of Canterbury. Pop. 1572. li h.as a pier 3000 feet in 
 length, and good hotels and baths. Steamers communicate 
 with Ijondun daily during the summer. 
 
 HERNE HILL, a parish of England, co, of Kent. 
 
 HERNE HILL, in England, co. of Surrey, about 4 miles 
 trom St, Paul's, London, is covered with elegant villas. 
 
 JIERNO, (HernB,) h*R'n(}\ an island of Sweden, in the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, hen of HernSsand, opposite the mouth of 
 the Angennann-elf, 
 
 HERNUSAND, (HernSsand,) h^R'no-sind', or WESTER- 
 NOURLAND, wis't^r-noit/Uud, a laeu or province of North 
 
 Sweden, mostly between lat, 62° and 64° N., and Ion. 15^^ and 
 10° E., having E. the Gulf of Bothnia. Area. 9501 square 
 miles. Pop. 99,558. It comprises the old district of Anger- 
 manland. The principal rivers are the Angerman and ludal ; 
 the principal towns, Hernosand and Sundsvall. 
 
 HERNOSAND, (Hernosand.) or HERNtESAND, hjR'nB- 
 s3ud\ a maritime town of Sweden, capital of a l<-en of 
 of the same name, on the W, side of the island of HernS. 
 immediately off the mainland, Lat. 62° 38' N., Ion. 17° 
 59' E, Pop, 2114. It is a bishops see, and has a cathe- 
 dral school and library, public baths, a printing establish- 
 ment with I^flppish type, and building-docks. The exports 
 comprise Baltic produce and linen fabrics; the imports, 
 salt, corn, wine, and miinufactured goods. 
 
 HERNST.\DT, a town of Prussia. See Herrnstadt. 
 
 HERNYOKOVA, hSRnHo'ko'v6h\ or HERNAKOVA- 
 CZELLA, hSR'ndh'ko'vSh-tsSl'10h\ a village of Hungarj-, ca 
 of Temesvar, 4 miles from Rekas. Pop. 1078. 
 
 HERON, hA'rANo', a village of Belgium, province, and 21 
 miles W.S.W, of Liege, on the Forseille. Pop, 1047. 
 
 HERON. herVon', a town of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 
 49 myes E.S.E. of Ardabeel. 
 
 HER'ON ISLES, a small group of islands in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, S. of the entrance of Mobile Bay, in lat, 30° 12' N., 
 Ion, 88° W, 
 
 HERRENBAUMGARTEN, h?R'Ren bOwm'gaRHfn. a mar- 
 ket-town of Lower Austria, 4 miles from Poysdorp, P. 1590. 
 
 HERRENBERG, h^R'Ren-bJRG\ a town of WUrtemberg, 
 18 miles S.W\ X)t Stuttgart. Pop. 2147. 
 
 HERRENBREITUNGEN, h^R'Rpn-bri'tCOng-en, or BURG- 
 ER EITUNGEN, b66rg'bri't6ong-gn, a niarket^town of Ger 
 maiiv, in Hesse^Iassel, 5 miles W,N.W. of Schmalkalden, on 
 the Werra. Pop. 939, 
 
 HERRENGRUND, hjR'Ren-gro6nt\ (Hun. TTrrolgy, 00R^- 
 viidj',) a village of North Hungary, co, of Sohl, 15 miles 
 N.E, of Kremnitz. Pop. 1550. 
 
 HERRENKAIRO, hjr/rgn-ki'ro, a considerable town of 
 British India, presidency of Beng.il, 19 miles S-S-W. of 
 Hnsungabad, 
 
 HERRENTHOUT, Belgium. See IIerexthout. 
 
 HERRERA. hjR-RA'r^. a village of Spain, province, and 54 
 miles E. of Seville. Pop. 2388. 
 
 HERRERA-DE-ALCANTARA, h?R-R.Vri-d;l-ai-k3n'ta-ra, 
 a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 60 miles W. of Caceres 
 Pop. 986. 
 
 HERRERA-DEI>-DUQUE, hJR-R.VradJl-dooni.'V, (anc.iw- 
 ciana f) a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 70 miks E. by N. 
 of Badajos. Pop. 2499. 
 
 HERRERA-DE-RIO-PISUERGA. hlR-R.Vra-d.Wee'o-pe- 
 swfR'gJ. a town of Spain, in Old Castile, on a height above 
 the Pisuerga, here crossed by a handsome bridge of 13 arches, 
 31 miles N.W, of Burgos. Near it is a msignificent ruin, 
 suppcsed to be of Moorish construction. Pop. 744. 
 
 HERRERA-DE-VALDECANAS, h^R-Ri'ra-di-vai-d.i-kan'- 
 y3s, a town of Spain. Old Castile, province, and 17 miles 
 E.N,E, of Palencia, Pop. 601. 
 
 HER'RIARD, a parish of England, co, of Hants. 
 
 HER'RICK, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 10 miles E. of Towand;i, Pop. 1050. 
 
 H?:RRICK, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 904. 
 
 HERRICK CENTRE, a post-office of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 HERRICKVILLE, a post-offlce of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HERRIEDEN, hJR'ReeMgn, a town of Bavari,a, on the A^ 
 miihl, 6 miles S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1389, 
 
 HERRIES, a district of the Hebrides. See Harris, 
 
 HERRINES, h^R'neeu', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant. 18 miles S.W, of Brussels, Pop. 4248, 
 
 HERRINES, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 
 on the Scheldt, 32 miles W.N.W. of Jlons, Pop. 2U98. 
 
 HER/RING, a post-office of Allen co.. Ohio. 
 
 HERR'INGFLEET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HER'RINGTON. a post-office of Angelina co.. Texas. 
 
 HEIVRIOTSVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 "HERRI-ROOD, HERIROOD, hJr'reeVcod'. or HURT 
 RIVER, a considerable river rises, in the northern part of 
 Afghanistan, and after a AV.N.W, course of about 200 miles, 
 is supposed to be lost in the sand. 
 
 HERRLEBERG, hjRlfh-hfnG', a village of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 7 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the N. coast of the 
 Lake of Zurich, Pop. 10,')7, 
 
 HERRLISHEIM, hjRlis-hIme\ a village of France, de- 
 partment of Bas-Rhin. 13 miles N.E. of Strasbourg. P. 2200. 
 
 HERRLSHEIM, hJRls'hinie, (Fr. pron. h^Rrsfm',) a village 
 of France, department of Haut-Rhin, with a station on the 
 Strasbourg and Bale (Basel) Railway, 4^ miles S.of Colmar 
 Pop, 1230. 
 
 HERRNALS, hJR'nils, a village of Au.stria. and one of 
 the N. suburbs of Vienna. Pop. 3950. It has an imperial 
 institution for the daughters o<"arm}' officers. 
 
 HERRNHUT or HERRNHVTH. hfiRn'hoot. a small town 
 of Saxony, 18 miles S.E, of Bautzen, en the railway frt>ni 
 
HER 
 
 HES 
 
 Dresden to ZUtau. inhabited by about 850 Moravians, (a reli- 
 gious sect, so named from liaTing been founded by two Mo- 
 ravian cutlers in 1722 :) and from its havint! been always the 
 head-quarters of that sect, the latter are called in Germany, 
 llernhutters. 
 
 IIKKHXSIIEIM, h^RnsTiTme, a villaee of Ilesse-Darm- 
 stadt. province of Ilhein-Ilessen. Pop. 1335. 
 
 IIKRKNSTADT or IIJiRNSTADT. hjRn'stdtt, a town of 
 Prussian Silesiiu 35 miles N.N.W. of Breslau Pop. 2331. 
 
 UKRRY. hSa^Ree' a village of France, department of Cher, 
 9 miles S.S.K. of Sancerre. Pop. in 1852. 2540. 
 
 HERSBKDCK. heKs'brMk, a walled town of Bavaria, 17 
 miles K.N.K. of Xuremberg. Pop. 2316. 
 
 IIEKSE.\UX, IiSkVo', a village of Belgium, province of 
 West i'landers, on the Tournay and Courtrai Railway, 30 
 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 2179. 
 
 IIKRSFKLD. h^Rs'folt, or HIRSCHFKLD, hgSBsh'felt, a 
 town of Iles.se-Cassel, province of Kulda, 32 miles S.S.JS. of 
 Cassel, on the Fuldii. Pop. 65C5. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has an abbey church, Calvinist gymnasium, school of 
 manufactures, manufactures of woollen cloth, and transit 
 trade by the river. 
 
 IlhiRSHKY'S .MILL, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Illinois. 
 
 IIEliSSKLT, h^Rs'silt, a village of Beli^ium, ou the Great 
 Nethe, 24 miles K.S.K. of Antwerp. Pop. 414S. 
 
 IIKRSTAl,, hSRs/tlP, or IIERISTAL. h^R'is-tai', a village 
 of Belgium, province, and 3j miles X.E. of Liege, on the 
 Meuse. Pop. 6032. Here, in the Jliddle Ages, stood a cita- 
 del named Herididium, whence Pepiu d'lieristal, great 
 grandfather of Charlemagne, had his title. 
 
 IIERSTHXLE. hi^Rs-t^l'lgh, a village of Rheni.sh Prussia, 
 39 miles S.S.K. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 911. 
 
 IIKRTE.N', h^R'ten, a village of Rhenish Pru.ssia, govern- 
 ment of Milnster, circle of Reclvlinghausen. Pop^972. 
 
 HERTFORD, har'fprd, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough and market-town of England, capital of the county 
 of Herts, on the n.avigable Lea, and on a branch of the 
 North-eastern Railway, 20 miles N. of London. Pop. of 
 borough, in 1861, 6769. .It has 2 Jiandsome churches, a 
 small grammar school, a green-coat schc)ol. a branch school 
 of Christ's Hospital, London, being a preparatory school for 
 500 of its children; a castle, used by the East India Com- 
 pany as a sch(X)l preparatory to instruction at its civil c-ol- 
 iege; numerous alms-houses and other charities, a general 
 infirmary, county-hall, town-hall, and market-house; also 
 considerable trade in malt. The borough sends 2 members 
 to the Hfiuse of Commons. The castle was founded in 909, 
 and some portions of the existing edifice are very ancient. 
 It was tiiken by the French Daupliin in the reign of John: 
 in that of Edward III., the Kings of Scotland and France 
 were prisoners in it. 
 
 H ERTFnKD. hert'ford. a county in the N.E. part of North 
 Carolina, contains about 320 square miles. It is bounded 
 ou the E. and X.E. by Chowan River, and watered by PoIIa- 
 «asty Creek. The surface is nearly level. Sloops ascend 
 Chowan River from its mouth to the upper part of the 
 county. F'ormed in 1759. and named in honor of the Mar- 
 quis of Hertford, an English statesman of liberal principles. 
 Capital, Winton. Pop. 9504, of whom 5059 were Itee, and 
 4445 slaves. 
 
 HERTFORD, a post-village, capital of Perquimans co.. 
 North Carolina, on the left bank of Perquimans Itiver, al)Out 
 12 miles from its entrance into Albemarle Sound, and 154 
 miles E. of Raleigh. The largest boats which ply on the 
 sound can ascend the river to this place. 
 
 HERTFORDSHIRE, a county of England. See Herts. 
 
 HERTI.X. h^R-teen', or RTINA, R'tee/nd, a village of Bo- 
 hemia, circle of Koniggratz, on the Rtinka. Pop. 1558. 
 
 HEIirriNGFORUBURY, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 lIEltTOGENBOSCH, Netherlands. See Bois-le-Duc. 
 
 HERTS or HERTFORDSHIRE, har'fprd-shir, an inland 
 county of England, N. of Middlesex. Acres. 403.200. of 
 which about 350,000 are arable and in grass. Pop. in 1851, 
 167,298. Surface in the N. hilly, elsewhere diversified with 
 gentle . elevations. Principal rivers, the Lea and Colue. 
 Principal crops, wheat and barley, turnips, hay for the Lon- 
 don market, apple and cherry-orchards. The county is tra- 
 versed by the Loudon and Birmingham and North-eastern 
 Railw.ays. and the Grand Junction Canal. It is divided into 
 8 hundreds. Principal towns. Hertford. St. Albans, Barnet, 
 Baldock, Hitchin, Hatfield, and Ware. It sends 7 members 
 to the House of Commons. 3 of whom are for the county. 
 
 IIERTSEK. See Herzeqovina. 
 
 HERTSMONCEAUX. See HuRSTMONrEAUX. 
 
 HKRTWIGSDORF, hJRt/*iGs-doRf\ (OaEB, o^bgr. Mittel, 
 inlf tel. and Xiedeb. nee'der,) three contiguous villages of 
 Prussia, in Silesia. 50 miles X.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1320. 
 
 HERTWIGSWALDAU, hjRt/wir.s-«ard6w, a village of 
 Prussia, in Silesia, government of Breslau. Pop. 1263. 
 
 HERTWIGSVVALD.4^U, two nearly contiguous villages of 
 Prussia, in f^ilesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1020. 
 
 HERTZ0.(Hertz8.) htet'so. an island of Sweden, Lien Pited, 
 in the Gulf of Bothnisi, E. of LuleA. Length, about 10 miles. 
 
 HERVAS, jR'vis, a town of Spain, province, and 63 
 miles N.N.K. of Caceres. Pop. 2600. 
 2D 
 
 IIERTE, h8R/vfh, a town of Belgium, province, and 10 
 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 3408. It has manufactures of cloths 
 and leather, and trade in cheese, butter, and cattle. 
 
 H1-;RVELD, heR/vilt, a village of Holland, province of 
 Gelderland. 6 miles W. of Xymwegen. Pup. 8U0. 
 
 HER/VIvY, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 HER'VEY BAY, East Australia, is between la t. 24° and 
 25° S.. and Ion. 152° and 153° E., bounded seaward by the 
 island terminating in Sandy Capo. 
 
 HIORVoRDEN. a town of Pru,«sia. See Herford. 
 
 HERWIO.N, hiit/wen. or HERWERD, hen/w^Rd, a village 
 of Holland, province of Gelderland, 12 miles S.E. of Arnhem. 
 Pop. 654. 
 
 HERWYNEN or HERWIJNEN. h^R-fti'ngn, a village of 
 the N'ethe.rlands, province of Gelderland, on the ^Vaal, 5 
 miles W. of Bomniel. Pop. 1834. 
 
 HERXHEIM, h^Rx'hime, a village of Rhenisli Bavaria, 5 
 miles S.E. of Landau. Pop. 3557. Here an action took place 
 between the Austrians and French, in June, 1793. 
 
 HERZBERG, h^Rts'b^RO. a town of Germany, in Hanover, 
 39 miles S.S.E. of Hildesheim, on the S. declivity of the 
 Harz, and with the chief corn-magazine for that district. 
 Pop. 3706. It communicates with Brunswick by a railway. 
 Xear it is a castle, the former seat of the Princes of Gruben- 
 hagen. 
 
 ilERZBERG, a town of Germany, in Prussi.an Saxony, 13 
 miles X.E. of Torgau, on an island formed by the Black 
 Elster, and on the railway between Berlin and Dresden, 62 
 miles S. of Berlin. — Ou) (Alt. 3lt,) Heuzuerg is a village, E. 
 of the last-named, with 200 inhabitants. 
 
 HKRZEBURG, a town of Austriii. See HERZOOKNBUito. 
 
 11 EKZEELE, h^R-z.Vleh, a village of ISelgium, province of 
 East Flanders, on the Molenbeek, 13 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 1928. 
 
 HERZEGOVINA or HERZEGOWINA, hjRfseh-go-vee'nJ, 
 or IIERTSEK. hjBfsek\ the westernmost province of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, bounded X.E. by Croatia and Bosnia. S. by 
 Montenegro and Albania, W. by Dalmatia and Cattaro. 
 iVrea. 7000 square miles. Pop. about 200,000. It is di- 
 vided into 13 departments. Chief towns, Mostar. the capital, 
 Stolatz, Ti-ebigne, Nikish, and Poscitel. Chief rivers, the 
 Xarenta, Bregava, and Trebi.sat. Surlace mountainous. 
 Velleg, the highest mountain, rises above the snow-line. 
 
 HERZHOllX, h^Rts'hoRn, a village of Denmark, in Hol- 
 stein, 3 miles E.N.E. of Gliickstadt, on the railway thence 
 to Elmshorn. 
 
 HERZMAXZEYF. See Hermanseifen. 
 
 HERZOOEXAURACH. hSRfso'ghtn-Ow/raK\ a town of 
 Bavaria, 12 miles X.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1827. 
 
 IIERZ(KiEXBOSCH. iu the Netherlands. See Bois-le-Duc. 
 
 HERZi )GEXBURG. hjRt/so-ghfn-ljOOKo\ or HERZEBURG, 
 h jRt'seh-b60uo\ ( L.Z'tt'cunt /i«r'(/«»i,)a market-tovvnof Lower 
 Austria, on the Trazen, 6 miles X.X.E. of St Polt«>n. P. 12.S0. 
 
 IIERZ(X1EXBUSCHSEE, hSRt's6-ghen-b«>sli\A'. a parish 
 and village of Switzerland, canton, and 21 milos; N.E. of 
 Bern. Pop. €000. 
 
 HERZOGENRATH. hJRt/s6-ghen-r|t,' a frontier village of 
 Rhenish Pru.ssia. 7 miles N. of Aix-lj^Chapelle. Pop. 466. 
 
 HERZOGSWALDAU, hiRfsoGs-wilMow, a village of 
 Prussian Silesia. 48 miles X.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 848. 
 
 HERZOGSWALDAU, Nieder, nee'der h^RfsoGs-wdrddw 
 a village of Prussian Silesia, 3 miles N.W. of Freystadt. 
 Pop. 636. 
 
 HERZOGSWALDE, htefsofls-ftaiMeh, is the name of 
 villages in the kingdom of Saxony, S.W. of Dresden ; and 
 East Prussia, government of Konigsb^rg. 
 
 HESARAB, hA'sdVaiy, HEZAR-ASP. bA'zaR'-^sp', written 
 also ASARYS. a town of Central Asia, dominions, and 50 
 miles E.S.E. of Khiva, on the Can.al of Hesarab, near the 
 Oxus. It consists of alx)ut 600 houses. 
 
 HESDIX. hiM^No', a fortified town of France, department 
 of Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, 14 miles S.E. of MontreuiL 
 Pop. in 18.52. 3380. It is beautifully .situated, well built of 
 brick, and has a good town-hall, manufactures of cotton 
 thread and hosiery, oil. earthenware, and leather. 
 
 HESH'BON', a village, and in antiquity, a famous town 
 of Syria. pa.shalic, and 118 miles S.S.W. of Damascus. 
 
 HES'KET, Xeth'er and Up'per, two townships of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Cumberland. 
 
 HES'KET, Xew'market, a small market-town of England, 
 CO. of Cumberland, 7 miles S.S.E. of Carlisle. 
 
 HES'KET-IN-THE-FOR'EST. a parish of England, co. of 
 Cumlierlaud. The court for Inglewood Forest is held yearly 
 on BarnaVws dav, under an old thorn-tree in this parish. 
 
 HES'LERTOX. a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, on the Yorlt 
 and Scarborough Railway, 13 miles E.X.E. of New-Malton. 
 
 HESLERTOX. MONK, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 HES/LIXGTOX, a pari.sh of England, ce. of York. 
 
 HESX, hJsn. several places of Asiatic Turkey, the princi- 
 pal, Hesx-Keifa, ht'sn k.Vfi. is a fortified town on the Tigris, 
 pashalic, and 65 miles S.E. of Diarbekir. 
 
 HESSE. SeellESSEN. 
 
 HESSE-CASSEL. (hfes-kas'sel.) Electorate op, or ELEC- 
 TOR.\L HESSE, (Ger. Kurhes'sen. kooR'h^s'sen. or Hegten- 
 Kassel, h^s/s^n kds/s;!,) a principality, consisting of five dis- 
 
 849 
 
HES 
 
 HEU 
 
 tlnct portiotis. of wblch four, forming the county of Sohaum- 
 burg, the lordship < ' Schmalkalden with Bari-lifeld. the old 
 district of Katzenberg. and the bailiwick of Dorheira, are com- 
 pletely isolated. The far larger portion, forming the prin- 
 cipality proper, though of a very irregular and straggling 
 ?hape. lies contiguous, and is bounded N. by Rhenish 
 Prussia and Hanover. Area, including the detached por- 
 tions, 4439 square miles. The greater part of this .princi- 
 pality belongs to the central German pl&teau, and has a 
 very rugged surface, partly covered by branches of the 
 Iliirz; culminating point, 3000 feet. The far greater part 
 of the drainage is carried into the Werra : but a small por- 
 tion, chiefly in the S., is carried to the Uhine by the Lahn, 
 Ohm. and the Main. The climate is severe: in the higher 
 districts corn ceases to ripen ; but on the Main, some wine 
 of indifferent quality is grown. Cultivation is chiefly con- 
 fined to the narrow valleys and lower hill slopes: amount- 
 ing, however, to about two-fifths of the whole surface. The 
 system ^f agriculture is very imperfect, and the soil poor, 
 with the exception of a rich tract in the province of llauau ; 
 but still the amount of grain raised is fully equal to the 
 home consumption. The principal crops are rye, barley, 
 oats, and potatoes. Fruit is tolerably abundant, and a 
 great part of the loftier districts is covered with extensive 
 forest,s. which furnish one of the most valuable sources of 
 revenue. The minerals include gold, silver, in connection 
 with copper, lead, iron, cobalt, salt, alum, porcelain-ejirth, 
 common coal, and lignite: only iron yields a profitable re- 
 turn; coitl is very partially worked. The manufactures 
 consist chiefly of woollens, cottons, and linens: the la.st w.is 
 long famous, but English competition h.is almost driven it 
 from the foreign market. The central position of the prin- 
 cipality, and its navigable rivers, secure it a considerable 
 transit trade. To these have recently been added the bene- 
 fit of railways; lines which centre at Ciissel. and lead X. to 
 Hanover, W. to Cologne, S. to Frankfort, and E. to Lelpsic, 
 being either completed or in course of construction. Hesse- 
 Cassel ranks as the eighth state of the Germanic Confede- 
 ration, and has three votes in the plenum. Its constitution 
 is monarchical, suliject to certain modifications. Kevenue, 
 $3,1.34.075; debt, $1,182,551. The principality is divided 
 into the four provinces of Niederhessen, Oberhessen. Fulda, 
 and Hanau, subdivided into bailiwiclcs. Capital, Ca.ssel. 
 About four-fifths of the inhabitants are Protestants. Pop. 
 in 1861, 738,476. 
 
 ESS.SE-DAKMSTADT. (h^s-s-daRm'stitt.) Grand-Ducftt of, 
 (Ger. JSessen or Hesscn- Darmstadt, hJs'sgn-daRm'stitt,) an 
 indej'rAident state, consisting of five distinct portions. 
 Three of these, forming the districts of V5hl. Wimpfen. and 
 Kurnbach. all of limited extent, are wholly isolated and en- 
 closed by other states. The other two portions, forming 
 about nine-tenths of the whole, are separatt5d from each other 
 by a belt of land stretching from E. to W.. and including 
 part of Hesse-Cassel, and the whole territory of Frankfort. 
 The more S, of these portions forms the two provinces of 
 Bheinhessen and Starkenburg. and is bounded S. by Biiden, 
 and E. by Lower Bavaria, Th« N. portion, forming the 
 single province of Oberhessen, is Iraunded W, by Khenish 
 Prussia and Nassau, and enclosed on its other three sides 
 by Hesse-Cassel. Area of the whole grand-duchy. 3761 
 square miles. Oberhessen is generally mountainous, being 
 covered in the W. by the Taunus, which in Haustmrg ri.ses 
 to 1755 feet: in the X. by the Itodhaargebirge. which in 
 Hatzfeld attains 2730 feet: and in the E. by the Vogelsberg. 
 whose culminating point here is 3104 feet. The provinces 
 of Starkenburg and Kheinhessen are also mountainous to- 
 wards their frontier ; hut in the interior, are extensive 
 plains belonging to the valleys of the Main and the Khine. 
 The minerals include iron, co.h1. lignite, and salt; and' 
 there are good quarries of sandstone, limestone, whetstones, 
 basalt, and roofing-slate. The climate is greatly diversified, 
 being cold and bleak in the mountainous districts, and mild 
 and plea.saut in the valleys; the only unhealthy di.^tricts 
 are found among the extensive marshes formed by the 
 Khine. The soil, particularly in the provinces of Starken- 
 burg and llheinhessen, is remarkably fertile, and hiAly 
 cultivated ; corn of all kinds is raised in quantities suflicient 
 to leave a large surplus for export, Uenip. flax, potatoes. 
 and rapeseed. are also extensively grown: and in particular 
 districts, tobacco and hops. The vine forms a most im- 
 port.int object of culture, and fruit is very abundant.- Tlie 
 extent of ground occupied by forest is nearlv equal to the 
 arable land, yet very little timber is exported. Horses, 
 cattle, sheep, and swine, are very numerous. Agriculture 
 and the rearing of cattle form the principal employ- 
 ments. In some districts manufactures have made considei^ 
 able progress; the most important article is linen. The 
 transit trade is very considerable, and has lately received 
 the benefit of a railway, which traverses the grand-duchy 
 iwntrally from S. to N., passing through Frankfort, Hesse^ 
 Darmstadt ranks .-us the ninth state of the Germanic Con- 
 federation, and hii,s one full vote in the minor diet, and 
 three votes In the plenum. Its constitution is a hereditary 
 monarchy, modified in 1820 by the introduction of two 
 chainljers-au upper, compowjd chiefly of nobility and citi- 
 
 8dO 
 
 Eens, appointed for life by the grand-duke; and a lower, 
 consisting principally of deputies from the chief towns. 
 Revenue. $3,282.749 ;" debt, $7,009,290, Capital, Darmstadt 
 Pop, in 1861, 856,907, about two-thirds of whom are Protest, 
 ants. 
 
 HESSE-HOMBURG, hjss-hom'bilrg, (Ger, Hessen-ITnfn- 
 burg, h^s'sen-hom'ljOORG,) a landgraviate of West Germany, 
 forming a memlHjr of the Germanic Confederation, and in- 
 sisting of two separate territories situated at a considerable 
 distance from each other — Homburg proper, about lu mile6 
 N.X.W. of Frankfort, bounded X., Vi., and S. by Na.ssau, 
 and X,E. and E. by Ilesse- Darmstadt; and Meissenheim, 
 about 30 miles S.AV. of Meuz, bounded X. by liheuish 
 Prussia, from which it is separated by the Xahe. Total 
 areji. 106 square miles, of which 3222 square miles belong 
 to Iloraliurg, and 73"8 square miles to Meissenheim. Both 
 territories are mountainous — llomburg lying on the E. 
 slope of the Taunus. and Meissenheim being partly covered 
 by hills of considerable height. Both are well cultivated, 
 and the agricultural produce exceeds the home consumption. 
 In Meissenheim the vine culture is extensively carried on. 
 The forests alx)und with excellent timber, and the minerala 
 include both iron and cojil. Hesse-IIombuig, as a member 
 of the Germanic Confederation, shares the sixteenth vote in 
 the minor diet with Liechteustt>in. Waldeck, Reuss. i^both 
 branches.) Lippe-Schaumburg, and Lippe. Its constitution 
 is monarchical, with few constitutional checks. Revenue, 
 (a considerable portion of which is derived from the 
 gaming-table,) $.381,810 ; debt, $606,747. Capital, Uomburg. 
 Pop. in 1852, 24.it21. 
 
 HESSELOE, (IlesselBe,) h^sfl-oVh, a small island of Den- 
 mark, in the Cattegat, about 16 miles X, of Seeland, On it 
 is a light, 85 feet above sea-level, 
 
 HESSKX, h^s'sfn, or HESSK, hJss, (L. Hrssia. hes'she-a,) 
 a country in the X.\V. part of Germany, originally inhabited 
 by the K.\ttejj, (0.itti,) a powerful and warlike German 
 nation. It now comprises three independent .sovereiitnties, 
 situated contiguously, and in some measure iuterminsled 
 with each other, between lat. 49° 24' and 51° 38' X., and ion. 
 7° 53' and 10° 11' E.:*viz. Hesse-Cassel. IlESSE-D.vnMSTADl, 
 and HE8.sE-IIpMiiuR0. Aclj.and inhab.i Hessian, hish'yan 
 
 IIESSEX, LOWER or XIEDIUJ. . See Xieder-Hesse.\. 
 
 HKSSEX, RHEXISH. Germany. See Rhein-Hessen. 
 
 IIESSEX, UPPER or OBER. See Oheu-Hessen. 
 
 HES'SET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HESSIGHEIM, hJs'sio-hime\ a village of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Xeckar, on the Xeckar. Pop. 954. 
 
 HESSLE, hjs'sel, a parish of England, co, of York, East 
 Riding, having a station on the I-eeds and Hull Railway, 4 
 miles W. of Hull. 
 
 HESS RO.iD. a post-office of Niagara co.. New York. 
 
 HESS'VILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Xew Y'ork, 
 about 50 miles W. bj' S. of Albanj-. 
 
 HE.STER, a post-oflice of Marion co., Missouri. 
 
 HESTOX, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, near 
 the Southall stition of the Great Western Railway, In 
 this parish is Osterley Park and mansion, the seat of the 
 Earl of Jersey. 
 
 HESTONVILLE, a village of Pennsylvania, within the 
 chartered limits of Philadelphia, on the" Central Railroad. 
 
 HESUDRUS or HESYDRUS. See Sctlej. 
 
 HETENY-HOSZU, h.VtjH' hos'soo', written also IIOSS- 
 ZUI1ETIX\ a village of Hungary, co. of Baranya, 7 miles 
 from Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 2091. 
 
 HETEREX. h.Vtfh-ren. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Gelderland. 7 miles W.S.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 2426. 
 
 HETIUBY. (IIethaby,)a village of Denmark. SeellADDEBT. 
 
 HErHAU'RA, a village of North Iliudostan, in Xepaul, 
 18 miles W.S.W. of Khatmandoo, and a principal mart for 
 the commerce between the Nepaulese and the British do- 
 minions. 
 
 HETH'EL, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 HETH'ERSET. a pari.«h of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 HETH'ERSGILL, a townsliip of England, co. Cumlierland. 
 
 HET'RICKS, a post-office of York co.. Penu.iyhania. 
 
 HETTEXEM, a village of France. See Huttexheim. 
 
 II ETTIXGEX, hi't'ting-f n, a village of Germany, in Baden, 
 circle of Lower Rhine, Pop, 1058, 
 
 H ETTIXGEX, a village of Germany, in HohenzoUem' 
 Sigmaringen, 8 miles X. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 5 44. 
 
 HET'TOX-LE-HOLE, a township of England, co. of Dur- 
 ham. 5i miles E.X.E. of Durham, with which, and with 
 Sunderland, &c., it is connected by railway. 
 
 HETTSTADT, hfitfstitt, a town of Prus.'ji.Hn Saxony, 30 
 miles X.W. of Merseburg, on the Wipper. Pop. 40iM.i. 
 
 II EUBACII. hoi'bdK, a town of South Germany, in Will" 
 temberg, 7 miles E.S.E. of Gmtlnd. Pop. 11S9. 
 
 HEUBACII. GROSS, groce hoi'bdK, a town of Bavaria, on 
 the Main, 32 miles W.S.W. of WUrzburg, Pop. 1S5C. 
 
 HEUBACH, KLEIX, kline hoiOiiK, a town of Bavaria. 
 Pop. 1571. 
 
 HECCHELHEIM, hoi'Kfl-hime\ a vill.ige of Ilessf^ Dana 
 stadt, in Oberhessen, circle of Giessen, Pop. 1142. 
 
 HEUDICOIIRT. huhMee'kooR/, a village of Franco, -lepart 
 meut of Somme, 9 miles M K, of Porouue. Pop. I£l4 
 
IIEU 
 
 BKUKELOM, ha'kph-lom'. or nEUKELtnr,h3'keh-min\ 
 a email town of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, 
 on the Lincre, 5 miles N.E. of Gnrcum. Pop. 600. 
 
 IIKULK, hul or ho'leli, a villaiie of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 2 miles N.W. of Courtrai, on the Ileule. 
 Pop. 3491. 
 
 HKU.MEN', ho'men. a vilLiEre of Holland, province of Qel- 
 derland, 6 miles S. of .\ymwe':ren. Pop. COl. 
 
 IIKURK-LE-UOMAIN, huu-leh-ro'mllx"', a village of Bel- 
 gium. 7 miles N. of Lie,c;e. Pop. 1I0<J. 
 
 IIKUSDK.X, hu.s'(len or hos'den, a small fortified town of 
 the Netherlands, province of North Brnbaiit, on the Old 
 Mnaa, 8 miles N.W. of 15ois-le-Duc. with a strong citadel. 
 Pop. 1889. 
 
 IIEUSDEN, a villaje of Belirium. province of East Flan- 
 ders, 4 miles S.E. of Ghent, I'op. 1700. 
 
 IIKUSDEN, a vill.'tfte of Belgium, province of Limhourg, 
 
 8 miles N.N.W. of Hasselt. 
 
 IIKUSTRKU, hois'troi, a Tilla2;8 ot Bavaria, on the Saale, 
 45 miles N.N.E. of VViirzburg. Pop. 9()0. 
 
 HKU'VELTON, a thriving post-village In Oswegatchie 
 township, St. Lawrence co., New York, on the right bank 
 of the Oswegatchie I'iver, here crossed by a bridge, 5 or 6 
 miles S.E. of Ogdensburg, with which it communicates by 
 a plank-road. A fall in the river at this place affords an 
 aliuiidant water-power, used for various purposes. 
 
 IIKV/ENER'S STOKK, a post-office, Highland CO., A'irginia. 
 
 HE'VER. a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the Med- 
 way. 7i miles W.S.W. of Tunhridge. The castle, built in 
 the fourteenth century, is defended by a moat and port- 
 cullis, and has an inner court. It was purchased from the 
 Uever family by a mercer of London, the great-grandfather 
 of Anne Boleyn, who w.as here visited by Henry VIII. be- 
 fore her marriage. The estate was afterwards given to Anne 
 of Cleves. who died here in 1557. 
 
 HEVER. hifver, a village of Belgium, province of Bra- 
 bant, on the railway from Mechlin to Louvain, and on the 
 Dyle, 13 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1520. 
 
 IlKVERLl^, h,iV?R-lA', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, on the Dvle, 12 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1814. 
 
 HEV'ERLEYVILLE, a post-offlce of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 H E V'KRSHAAI. a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 HKVES, h.VvJsh', a market-town of Hungary, 55 miles 
 E.X.E. ofl'esth. Pop. 56'J9. 
 
 IfEV'I.\(;iIAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 II.KW'KLSFIELI), a |wrish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HEW'ISII. a piirish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HE'\V')|;T1I, a chap.lry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 IIKX'HAM. a market-ti>wn and parish of England, co. of 
 Nnrthumlierland. on the Tyne. here crossed by a bridge of 
 
 9 arches, and on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 201 
 miles W. of Newcastle. Pop. of town, in 1851,4*101. It stands 
 on an eminence, in a vale noted for beauty and richness; 
 has narrow streets, and antique houses; a parish church, 
 formerly an ahliey, finished in 1114, a handsome Itomaii 
 Catholic chapel, a small grammar school, an ancient town- 
 hall and jail, a house of correction, union work-house, 
 scientific institution, and 2 branch banks. The town is 
 supposed to have been a Roman station on the w.all of Ha- 
 drian. St, Wilfrid made it a bishop's see in 673. The bishop- 
 ric was afterwards annexed to York. The Yorkists here 
 defeated the Lancastrians: and it was in flying hence that 
 Queen Margaret threw herself on the protection of a robber. 
 The cave in which he concealed her is still shown. 
 
 HEX'TON. a parish of England, co. of Herts, 5 miles 
 W.N. W. of Hitchiu. The Saxons defeated the Danes here 
 in 914. Near the village is an ancient camp called Kavens- 
 boroujrh Castle. 
 
 HEY'BllIDGS, a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 HEYDE. a town of Denmark. See Heide. 
 
 HEY'DOX, a parish of England, co. of NorMk. 
 
 HE YDi >N, a town of England. See Heden. 
 
 HEYDUKE TOWNS, of Hungary. See Haiducken. 
 
 HEY'B'DltD. a parish of Endand. co. of Northampton. 
 
 H EY'EOitD I>UK'OELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 HEYFOUD WARREN, a p.arish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 HEYL. hile, a small river of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 flowing N. into the Bay of St, Ives. 
 
 HEYNESGRYN. See Hei.nrichsobuv. 
 
 HEYOP, hVop. a parish of South Wales, co. of I?.Hdnor. 
 
 HEYRIEUX, hAVe-uh'. a village of France, department 
 of Is6re. 11 miles N.E. ol Vienne. Pop. 1424. 
 
 HEYSH.iM, ha/.'ham. a parish of England, co. of Lancas- 
 ter, on a peninsula between the Bay of .Moorecombe and the 
 mouth of the Loyne. 4J miles W. of Lancaster. It has an 
 ancient church, and remains of an Anglo-Norman chf.pel, 
 and is a favorite resort for seabathing. 
 
 HEYSHOT. ha'shot. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 HE VST, hist, a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders. 9 miles N. of Bruges, near the sea. Pop 855. 
 
 HKYST-OI'-DEN-BEKG. hist-op-den-b^RO. a market-town 
 of Belgium, province, and 17 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the 
 3reat Nethe. Pop. 6902. 
 
 IIEYTESBUKY, haits'bfr-e, an ancient borough, (formerly 
 
 HIC 
 
 parliamentary,) and parish of England, co. of Wilts, 51 m'ltw 
 E.S.E. of Warminster. Pop. loll. The town has a church 
 formerly collegiate, and an hospital, with a chapel, foundeii 
 about 1470. It gives the title of baron to the A'Court Cimily, 
 whose mansion is in the viiinity. 
 
 HEYTHORPE, h.Vthorp, a parish of England, co. Oxford. 
 
 IIEYTHUISEN, hi'toiV.en, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Limburg, 6 miles N.W. of Roermond. Pop. 1279. 
 
 IIEYWOOD, h.Vwood, a village and chapi'lry of England, 
 CO. of Lancaster, with a station on the Manchester and Leads 
 Railway, 8 miles N.N.W. of JIanchester. 
 
 HEZAK-AS1>, a town of Asia. See IlES.iRAB. 
 
 IIIA, a town of China, See Heea. 
 
 IIIA-KIANG, a town of China. See IIeea-Kiano. 
 
 IIIA-LOUI, a town of China. See Heea-Looee. 
 
 HIANG-HO. he-4ng'ho, a town of China, province of Pe» 
 chee-lee. 30 miles f;.S.E. of Peking, on the Pei-ho. 
 
 HIANG-IIO-A'OU or HIANG-HOVOO, he-ang'hovoo/, a 
 city of China, province of Quangsee, 30 miles S.S.E. of Tchin- 
 Ngan. 
 
 HIAO-Y, a town of China. See IIeeow-ee. 
 
 HIAKNOE. (HiarnBe.) an island, Denmark. See HjarxSe. 
 
 HIAWAS'SKE, a small river which rises in the N.E. part 
 of Georgia. Hows through a small part of North Carolina 
 into Tennessee, and enters the Tennessee Kiver near the 
 S.W. extremit" of Meigs county. 
 
 HIAWASSEE COLLEGE, a post-office of Monroe co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Iin?'AL.STOW, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 IIIBAR. SeelBAR. 
 
 HIB'BARDSVILLE, a village of Henderson co., Kentucky, 
 14 miles E. of Henderson. 
 
 HIBBK. a town of Hungary. See Geib. 
 
 HIBBIAPPABA, of Brazil. See Idiapab.a. 
 
 HIBEUNIA. See Ireland. 
 
 HIBER'NIA, a postoffice of Dutchess co., New York. 
 
 lUBERXIA, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HIBERNIA, a post-office of Franklin co.. Ohio. 
 
 HIRERNIA, a post'OPicoof Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 IIIBERXIA, a post-village In Callaway co., Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, opposite .lefferson City. 
 
 HIBIAPPABA See Ibiapaha. 
 
 HICARON, islands of New Granada. See QuiCARA. 
 
 HICESIA. SeePAXAUiA. 
 
 HIC'KKKSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Morgan 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 HIC K'LETON, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding. 
 
 HICK'LIXG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HICK LING, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 IIICK'MAN, a county in the W. central part of Tennes- 
 see, has an area estimated at 840 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Duck Itivtr, dividing it into nearly equal parts; 
 and also drained by Cane and Piney Creeks, which furnish 
 extensive motive-power. The surlace is hill}'; the soil 
 mostly fertile. The hills cont.ain extensive beds of iron ore. 
 A company has been formed to improve Duck River bj' dams 
 and locks. Capital, Centreville. Pop. 9312, of whom 7559 
 were free, and 17.53 sl.aves. 
 
 HICKMAN, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on the Mississippi River, which separates it from 
 Missouri, has an area estimated at 240 square miles. It is 
 drained by Bayou de Chien and other small streams. Tlie 
 surface is level, and the soil good. Formed in 1821. and 
 named in honor of C<ilonel Paschal Hickman, killed at the 
 battle of Kiver Raisin. C.ipital, Clinton. Pop. 7008, of 
 whom ii7-'i9 were free. 
 
 HICKMAN, formerly MILLS POINT, a thriving po.st-vil- 
 lage, capital of Fulton co., Kentucky, on the Mississippi 
 Kiver. 35 miles below the mouth of the Ohio, and 320 miles 
 W.S.W. of of Frankfort. It has an active business in ship- 
 ping produce. It conUiius 5 ohuroheii, a tin factory, and an 
 iron fonudrv. Pop. 1006. 
 
 HICKM.\N CREEK, of Kentucky, rises in Fayette CO., 
 and flows through Jessamine county into the Kentucky 
 River. 
 
 HICKMAN'S BEND, a post-vill.age of Mississippi co., Ar- 
 kansas, on the Mississippi, at the E.N.E. extremity of the 
 state. 
 
 HICK'ORY, a new county in the S.W. central part of Jlis- 
 souri, has an area of 410 wjuare miles. It is intersected by 
 the Pomme de Terre River, an affluent of the Osage, and 
 drained by Little Niangua River, and Lindley's and War- 
 blow Creeks. The surface is uneven. Capital, Hermitage. 
 Pop. 4705, of whom 4510 were free, and 195 slaveg. 
 
 HICKORY, a township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania. P. .3009. 
 
 HICKORY, a small post-village of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 HICKORY, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, 120 miles 
 E.N.E. of Coiiimbus. 
 
 HICKORY, a township in Fulton Co., Illinois. 
 
 HICKORY, a post-village in Lake Co., Illinois, 50 miles 
 N.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 HICKORY, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. Pop. 598. 
 
 HICK'ORY BAR'REN, a post-village of Green co., Mis- 
 souri, 120 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 851 
 
HIC 
 
 HIG 
 
 ETCK.'ORy COTVXERS, a post-office of Niagara co., New 
 York. 
 
 HICKORY CORNERS, a post-offlee of Rarrv co., Michisan 
 
 HICKORY CREEK, of Gillespie co,Te.x.i8, Hows N.E. into 
 the Rio lilano. 
 
 HICKORY CREEK, a small village of Warren co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 HICKORY CREEK, a post-office of Coffee co., Tennessee. 
 
 HICKORY CREEK, a post-villajre of Fayette co, lUinois, 
 about 80 miles S.S.E. of Spriii.sfield. 
 
 HICKORY CREEK, a ptW-vilUge of Audrain co., Mis- 
 souri. 60 miles N.E. of Jeltersim City. 
 
 HICKORY FLAT, a post-village of Cherokee co., Georgia, 
 125 miles X.W. of Milleiljreville. 
 
 HICKORY FLAT, a post-office of Tippah CO., Blississippi, 
 about 200 miles N. of Jackson. 
 
 HICKORY FLAT.a post-village of Simp.son co., Kentucky. 
 
 HICKORY FOKK, a post-office of Gloucester co., Virginia. 
 
 HICKORY GROU.VD, a post-office of Norfolk co, A'irginia. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a pjst-office of York district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a post-village of Crawford co., Georgia, 
 37 miles W. of Macon. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a post-office of Montgomery co, Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a post-village of Jackson co., Michi- 
 gan, 96 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a pos^office of Warren co.. Missouri. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a post-village in Jackson co., Iowa, 70 
 miles N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 HICKORY HEAD, a postofflee of Lancaster district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HICKORY HILL, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HICKORY HILL, a postrvillage of Beaufort co., South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HICKORY HILL, a post-office of Cass co.. Tex.v. 
 
 HICKORY HILL, a post-village of JIarion co., Illinois, 44 
 miles S.E. by S. of Vandalia. 
 
 HICKORY HILL, a post-vUlage of Cole co., Missouri, 17 
 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 IIICKOHY LEVKL. a post-village of Carroll co., Georgia, 
 abiiut 150 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HICKORY PL.ilN, a post-village of Prairie co., Arkansas. 
 
 HICKORY PLAINS, a postoffice of Tishemingo co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 HICKORY POINT, a post-office of Lake co.. Indiana. 
 
 HICKORY POINT, a village of McDouough co., Illinois, 
 10 miles S.E. of Macomb. 
 
 HICKORY RUN, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 IIICK'ORY TAVERN, a post-office of Harford co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 HICK'ORYTOWN, a village of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 3- miles E. of Norrist«wn. 
 
 IIICKORYTOWN, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on ,\llei;hany River. 
 
 HICKORY WITHE, a postoffice of Fayette co., Tennes.see. 
 
 HICKS'BURG, a post-village in Doi-chester co., Maryland. 
 
 HICK'S CORNERS, a postrvillage of Canada West, co. of 
 Grenville, 8 miles S. of Keniptville. 
 
 HIGJvS'FORD, a post-village, capital of Greenville co.. Viiv 
 ginia, on the Meherrin liiver. and on the great Southern 
 line of railraid, 02 miles S. of Richmond. The Greenville 
 and Roanoke Rrailroad extends from this point to Gaston. 
 
 HICKS MILLS, a pfjst-office of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 HICKS' RUN, a post-offlce of Elk co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HICKS/VILLE, a post-village of Queen"s co., New York, on 
 the Long Island Railro.Hd, 20 miles E. of Rrooklyn. 
 
 HICKSVILLE, a post-offlce of Rutherford co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 HICKSA'TLLE, a postrvillage and township of Defiance 
 CO., Ohio. 172 miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 910. 
 
 HICKVILLE, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, 29 
 miles N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 HTCO, a postmffice of Carroll co.. Tennessee. 
 
 HIDAS, hee'dt5sh\ a vill.ige of Hungary, co. of Baranya, 
 about 10 miles fi-om Szexard. Pop. 1661. 
 
 HIDDA, hiiVdl. a village of Afghanistan, 5 miles S. of Jela- 
 labad. It contains numerous mounds, caves, and topes — 
 the last being large cylindriciil structures of masonry, some 
 found to contain sepulchral relics, vessels, ornaments. Sas- 
 saiiian and Byzantine coins, and supposed to liave been of 
 Boodhic origin, constructed between the fifth and eighth 
 Centuries. 
 
 T„'JV*,Px?ii?^' "IOI>K>«'SO, (Hiddenso.) hidMensK)\ or 
 UlDUl-.NSLL, hid'di?n-sA\ an island of Prussia. Pomcrania, 
 In the Baltic, immediately W. of RUgen. Length from N. to 
 !>., 9 miles: greatest bi-e.-ulth, 1 mile. Pop. 600, in 4 villaues. 
 the chief of which is Kloster. «- > — » > 
 
 HIDEGKUT, heeMtVkoot', or KALTENBRUNN, kjl'ten- 
 brOdnn , a village of Hungary, 4 miles from FUrstenfeld. 
 Pop. 14(0, chiefly Gernmns. 
 
 IIIDJELLEE, hidjil'lee, (native nuijala, hid-jd/li,) a mari- 
 
 time town of British India, presidency of Benpral, district 
 of Iloogly, at the mouth of Hoogly River, 57 miles S.S.W 
 of Calcutta. 
 
 IIIDVEG, hid'vjg', a village of Hungary, co of Zemplin, 
 on the Hemad. about 8 from Miskolcz. Pop. 1,'?22. 
 
 HIDVEG, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, 
 on the Ranb, 11 miles S.S.E. of Steinamanger. Pep. 970. 
 
 HI ELM, heelm, an islet of Denmark, off the E. coast of 
 Jutland. 6 miles S.E. of Ebeltoft. 
 
 HI ELilAR. LAKK. of Sweden. See IIjelmar. 
 
 HIKKAP'OLIS. (Turk. Pjmb<x>k or I\imbul- Kalch. pJmV 
 book'kileh. "cotton castle.") an ancient ruined . city of 
 Asiatic Turkey, situated near the Lycus, 121 miles E. by S. 
 of Smyrna. Its interesting ruins, amoiig which are those 
 of 3 churches, a theatre, gjmnagium, and many sepulchral 
 monunient.s. attest itsformermagniticeuco. Near it are seve- 
 ral celebrated hot springs of mineral water, overhung by 
 cliffs incrusted by their deposits, presenting a singularly 
 beautiful appearance. The pl.-ice takes its modern name, 
 Pambook-Kaleh, I'lom the white appeiirance of the cliffs 
 which support the terrace on which its ruins stand. 
 
 HIi;RL»i;N, heefl'd^n, an agnv.'ult ural villiige of Holland," 
 province of Gelderland, 2 miles E. by N. of Harderwyk. 
 Pop. ii57. 
 
 Hl&UES ISLANDS, France. .See HviRES. 
 
 HI EROSOLYMA. See Jerusalem. 
 
 HI ERi;0. one of the Canary Islands. See Ferro. 
 
 IIIETZING. heet/sing. or MARIA HIETZING. mS-ree'J 
 heefsing, a village of Lower Austria, 3 miles S.W. of Vienna. 
 Pop. 2000, (in suuiiuer, 4*)0.) It is finely situated tehind 
 the p;tlace gardens of Schonbrunn, and contains many ele- 
 gant summer villas of the Viennese. 
 
 HIG'G.ANU.M, a post-village in Middlesex co., Connecticut, 
 on Connecticut River, 23 miles S.S.E. of Hartford. 
 
 HIG'GINS, n iK)st-office of Fayette co., Illinois. 
 
 HIGGINS. a station of Ohio, on the raihxxid from Dayton 
 to Indianspolis. I) miles fi-oin Davtou. 
 
 HIGGINS' FERRY, a postoffice of Edgefield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 UIGGIN'S POINT, a cape of Russian America, forming the 
 N.W. point of the N. entrance into the channel of Rerilla- 
 Gi.'edo. in lat. 55° 27' N., Ion. 131° 34' W. 
 
 illG'GINSPORT, a thriving ))ost-village of Lewis town- 
 ship, Brown co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 47 miles above 
 Cincinnati. It has a steamboat landing, and contains 3 
 churches. Pop. 507. 
 
 HIQGINSPOHT. a post-office of Jackson CO., Iowa. 
 
 HUi'CiINSVlLLE, a post-village of Oneida CO., New York, 
 110 miles W.N.W. of Albiiny. 
 
 HIiailNSVILLE, a post-offlce, HnnipshireccW. Virginia. 
 
 HUitilNSVlLLE, a post-offlce of Vermilfon co., Illinois. 
 
 HIG1I.\M, hi'.am, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, 
 parish of Shirlaud. Pop. 500. 
 
 IIIGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HIGH.VM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 UIGH'AM FER/R EHS.a borough, market-town, and parish 
 of England, co., and 14^ miles E.N.E. of Northampton, with 
 a station on the Peterborough Branch of the London and 
 Xorth-west Railway, 6 miles S.W. of Thrapston. Pop. 1030. 
 The town h.is a fiiie, richly-ornamented chui'ch. with chapel, 
 &c.. which are the remains of a monastic college founded 
 by Archbishop Chicheley. in the reign of Henry V. 
 
 HIGll'AM-GO'BION. a piirish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 UlGIIAM-ox-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 cester. 
 
 HIGH'B.^NKS, a village of Pike co., Indiana, on the 
 White River. loO miles S.S.W. of ludi.anapulis, is situated 
 on a bluff about 100 feet high. 
 
 HIGII'HRAY. a parish ofEngland. co. of Devon. 
 
 HIGH'BKIDGE, a locality in England, co. of Somerset, 
 with a station on the Bristol and Exeter Railway, 7 miles 
 N. of Bridgewater. 
 
 HIGH'CLERE. a parish ofEngland. co. of Hants. 7} miles 
 N.N.W. of Whitchurch. The Earl of Carnarvon has a flue 
 seat here. 
 
 HIGH-CROSS, in England, co. of Leicester, at the meet- 
 ing of the ancient Roman Foss-way and AVatling street. 5^ 
 miles W.N.W. of Lutterworth. It is one of many localities 
 s;iid to be the highest in EngUnd. A handsome modern 
 house stands here. 
 
 HIGH F.^LLS. a post-vill.ige of Ulster co.. New York, on 
 Rondout Cri'ek, and on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 
 alx)ut 70 miles S.W. by W. ol Albany. It has several fii>ur- 
 ing and saw mills. 
 
 HIGH'G.VTE. a village and chapelry of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, 4i miles N.N.W. of St. Paul's, London. It stands 
 on a fine eminence. al>out 450 feet above the metropolis, has 
 a handsome church. sp,HCious cemetery, grammar school, 
 founded in 1505; Hospital of the Mercer's Company, and 
 an almshouse. In the vicinity aie numerous elegant 
 villas, including Caen-wood, the seat of the Earl of MauSi 
 field. 
 
 HIGH'GATE. a post-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Verinmit, on Missisque Bay, formed by I^ake Chaniplain. f>0 
 miles N.W. of Montpelier. A railroad is prqjecl-id to pod 
 
IIIG 
 
 IIIL 
 
 nect Ilighgate with the Atlantic and St. lifiwrcnce Railroad 
 at Isl.ind vond. Pop. 2526. 
 
 lIHilt GKOVE, a post-office of Nelson cc. Kentucky. 
 
 KKJU HILL, a post-office of Shelby co.. Tennessee. 
 
 Hlcill HTLL, a post-office of Muskingum CO., Ohio. 
 
 IIKJII HFLL, a postrvillage of .Montiromery co., Missouri. 
 
 IIKHI Iv.VillJ. Pennsylvania. See Pokoxo Mocntain. 
 
 IlKUl'l^.'VND. a county in the central part of A'irginia, 
 contains about 4(J0 square miles. The head streams of the 
 Potomac and .James Rivers rise within its limits, and flow 
 in opposite directions. The surface is diversified with valleys 
 and mountains, having the main Alleghany on the N.W. 
 bonier, and .lackson's Itiver Jlountain in the middle. The 
 highlands contain iron ore. Formed in 1848, of parts of 
 Bath and Pendleton counties. Capital, Monterey. Pop. 
 4310, of whom 3917 were free, and 402 slaves. 
 
 HIOHLAXD, a county in the S.S.W. part of Ohio, ha.s an 
 area of 46() square miles. Paint River forms part of its 
 eastern boundary. Rattlesnake Creek flows through the 
 county, which is also drained by Brush and White Oak 
 Creeks, aud by the Rocky Fork of Paint River, rising within 
 Its limits. This county occupies a table land between the 
 Scioto and Little Miami Rivers, from which circumstance 
 the n.ame is derived. The soil is productive, and well cul- 
 tivated. The Cincinnati and Marietta Railroad pai5se8 
 through the county. Capital, Hillsborough. Population 
 27,773. 
 
 IIIOHLAND, a post-office of Bradford co., Penn.«ylvania. 
 
 inGHL.A.ND, a thriving village of Filk co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the XVarren and Ridirway Turnpike. 
 
 lIKitlLAND. a post-office of Ritchie co., W. Virginia. 
 
 IIliillLAND. a post-office of Shelby co., Alallama. 
 
 IlKillLAXD, a post-office of .Jackson co., Tennessee. 
 
 Hh!IlL.\N'D, a post>office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi. 
 
 IIKi HLA.ND, a township of Defiance co.. Ohio. Pop. 798. 
 
 IlI(ilILA\D, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, about 
 60 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 IIKillLAND, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. P.9.51. 
 
 II1GIIL.\.ND, a post-township in the \V. part of Oakland 
 CO.. Mi<-higan. Pop. 1135. 
 
 IlKillL.WD. a villaire of Clay co., Indiana, on the Terre 
 Haute and Indianapolis Railroad, 12 miles E.N.E. of Terre 
 Haut*>. 
 
 HIGIIL.\ND, a townsliip in Delaware co., Indiana. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a township in Green co., Indiana. Pop. 
 llo'.l. 
 
 IIIftllLAND, a post-village of Vermilion co., Indiana, 1 
 mile Vi'. of tlie \Viib.ash, and 70 miles \V. of Indianapolis. 
 Pop. of township, loUS. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a post-township in Madison co., Indiana. 
 
 HKHILAND, a township of Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 382. 
 
 IIIGHL.WD. a village of Jackson co., Missouri, 10 miles 
 S. by W. of Independence. 
 
 HIGIIL.iND, a post-village and townsliip of Towa co., 
 Wisconsin, about 55 miles W. of Madi.son. The villfige has 
 1 church, 6 stores. 2 smelting furnaces, and about 400 inha- 
 bitants. Pop. of township. 2400. 
 
 HIGHLAND CRK1-;K. in the W. part of Kentucky, forms 
 the boundary Ijetween Union and Henderson counties, and 
 enters the Ohio. 
 
 HIGHLAND GROVE, a post-office of Greenville district. 
 South Camlina. 
 
 HIGHLAND GROVK, a post-office of .Jones co., Iowa. 
 
 HIGHLAND MILLS, a post-village of Orange co.. New 
 York, about 95 miles S.W. of .\lbanv. 
 
 HIGHLAND PRATRTR. a postrvillage of McIIenry CO., 
 Illinois. 68 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 HIGIIL.\NDS, hilandz. (commonly pronounced in Scot- 
 land, hee/landz.) a natural division of Scotland, compre- 
 hending the country to the N. and N.W., in contradistinc- 
 tion to the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and S.E. districts. 
 Tlie division is formed by ttie Grampians, which extend 
 across the island from Argyleshire on the Atlantic, to Aber- 
 deenshire or the German Ocean. The appellation of High- 
 lands extends also to the Hebrides or Western Isles. In- 
 
 hab. HioH'LwnER. See Scoti.am). 
 
 HIGHLANDS, a mountainous region of New York, lying 
 on both sides of the Hudson, and included principally 
 within the counties of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, re- 
 markable for its picturesque and romantic scenery. The 
 highest summit. New Beacon, has an elevation of 1085 leet 
 above the sea. 
 
 HIGrtLAXDS or NEVERSINK HILLS, in New Jersey, 
 ratend N.W. and S.E. from Sandy Hook to Raritan Bay. 
 Mount Mitchell, the hirhest elev.afion, is 282 feet above the 
 lovel of the sea. The Highland Lights are two in number, 
 Bnd about 100 feet apart. The southern one revolves, and 
 is 24S feet above the level of the sea. It is on the Fresnel 
 plan, and without doubt the best on the coast of the United 
 States. IM. 40° 23' 7" N., Ion. 73° 59' 8" W. 
 
 HIGHLKY. hlHee. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HIGH .M.\R'KKT. a )x>st-village of Lewis co.. New York, 
 130 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 HIGH PINE, a post-office of Randolph co.. Alabama. 
 
 HIGH POINT, a postoffice of Mercer co., lUinois. 
 
 IITGH POINT, a postvvillage of Cole co.. Mirsgouri. 
 
 HKill RIIMJE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL, a post-office of Jackson co., Mississippi. 
 
 HUiH SHOAL, a district in Clarke co.. Georgia. 
 
 HIGH SHOALS, a pos^village of Rutherford CO., Nortj 
 Carolina. 
 
 HKJH SHOALS, a post-office of Morgan co., Georgia, or 
 Appalachee River, (;0 miles N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HIGH SHOALS, a village of Walton co., Georgia. 
 
 IIIGH'SPIRK, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the left bank of the Susquehanna, and on the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, (i miles S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 HIGHTAE, hi'tA, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 2* 
 miles S. of Lochmaben. Pop., with 3 other small contigu- 
 ous villages. Gt54. The whole ai-e called Four Towns, the 
 land of which has l«en held by the inliabitants by mere 
 riglit of pos.^^ession. since the days of Bruce, who is said to 
 have ori'-'inally granted it to his domestic retainers. 
 
 HIGH'TOWER, a post-village of Forsyth co., Gi-oruia. on 
 the Etowah River, at)out 120 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HIGHTOWER. See Etowah. 
 
 lUGH'ToWERS, a post-office. Caswell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 HKillTSTOWN, hits/town, a pfist-village of East Windsor 
 township, Mercer co.. New .Jersey, on the Camden and Am- 
 boy Railroad, 14 miles E. by N. of TrenU^n. It contains 3 
 churches, an academy, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 about Inn dwellings. 
 
 IIIGII'VI low, a post-office of Frederick co., Virginia. 
 
 HKJH'Vl LLK. a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsvlvanla. 
 
 HIGH'WAY. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HIGH'WAY, a post-office of Greenville district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 HIGHWAY, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas. 
 
 HIGH'WEEK, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HIGH'WORTH. a borough, market-town, and parish of 
 England, co. of Wills. 3^ miles N.W. of the Shrivenham' 
 station of the Great Western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 4026. 
 The town, on an eminence, near the Vale of White Horse, is 
 irregularly built of stone, and has an ancient church, with 
 2 ciu-ious chapels attached. Blunsdon Hill, in its vicinity, 
 is a circular Roman entrenchment. 
 
 HIGUERA-DE-ARGONA. e-g.VrS-dA-aR-go'na, a town of 
 Spain. In Andalusia. 13 miles N.N.W. of Jaen. Pop. I>S5. 
 
 HIGUERA-DE-BARGAS, e-gA'ri-d.'\-bai!Vas, a town of 
 Spain, in FOstremadura. 27 miles S. of Bad.iios. Pop. I(i08. 
 
 HIGUERA-DE-CALATRAVA, e-g\'ri<\A-ki-U-tri'\L a 
 town of Spain, in Andalusia, 19 miles W.N.W. of Jaeu. 
 
 Pop. ms. 
 
 H1GUGRA-DF:-LA-SERENA, e-gii'ra-dA-ia-ssl-rA'nl atowu 
 of Spain, in Estremadura. SO miles from Badajos. Po]i. 9C'.;. 
 
 HIGUERA, ISL.\-DE-LA. ees'M-d'i-ia e-gA'rS, or ISLV- 
 CRISTINA, ees'ld-kris-tee'nj. a village of Spain, provinn", 
 and 22 miles W.S.W. of Huelva. with a natural harbor, b* 
 tween the rivers Guadiana and Odiel, on the Mediterraneaiv 
 Pop. 1S19. 
 
 HIGUERA JUNTA A'ARACENA. e-gA'rd hoon'tj l-a-r5- 
 thA'nd. a town of Spain, 49 miles N.N.E. of Huelva, in the 
 Sierra Jlorena. Pop. 1195. 
 
 H1GUERA-L.\-REAL, e-gA/rM-rA-^l', a town of Spain, 
 province, and 41 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4992. It has 
 a ho.sjpital aud a Jesuits' college. 
 
 III(iUERUEL.\. e-gA-roo-.V12. a village of Spain, province, 
 and 2ti miles. E. of Albacete. Pop. 2372. 
 
 HIGUEY. hee'g-V- a village of the island of Hayti, 78 milea 
 E. of San Domingo, about 10 miles inland. 
 
 HIGUEY, a bay of the island of Hayti, protected by the 
 island of Saona, in lat. 18° 20' N.. Ion. 68° 40' W'. 
 
 HI-HO. a river of Corea. See Hee-IIo. 
 
 HIJAR or HIX.4R. e-naa/. a town of Spain, province, and 
 62 miles N.N.E. of Teruel. on the Martin. Pop. 3060. 
 
 IIIKLAR, hee'klar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of 
 Karamania, district, and 6 mile»N. of Kaisareeyeh. 
 
 H1L.\, heeflL a village of the Malay Archipelago, island 
 of .\mboyna. peninsula of Hitoe. with a governor's house, a 
 Christian church, and a Mohammedan temple. Here the 
 Dutch first landed on the island. 
 
 HlLWBEE'orHIL'LABEE', a post-village, Talladega co, 
 Alabama. 
 
 HILABEE CREEK, of Tallapoosa co., Alabama, flows S. 
 into the Tallapoosa River. 
 
 HIL'BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HILCHENBACH, hilK'en-baK\ a town of Prussia, West- 
 phalia, 9 miles N.N. F;. of Siegen. Pop. 1279. 
 
 HILDBURGIIAUSEN, hilt1j«SRG-hdwVen, a town of Ger- 
 many, in Saxe Jleiningen, on the Werra, 17 miles S.E. of 
 Meiningen. Pop. 4181. It has a gymnasium, a burgher 
 and a Jews' school, orphan and lunatic asjlums, manu- 
 factures of cloth and papier mache. It was formerly the 
 capital of the duchy of Saxe Ilildburghausen, now united 
 to Saxe Meiningen. In the neighboring village of Veilsdorf 
 Is a porcelain factory. 
 
 HILDER. hil'der. a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment, and 9 miles E.S.E. of Dusseldoi-f. Pop. 920. 
 
 HILDERS, hil'dgrs. a market-town of Bavaria, on the 
 Ulster, 57 miles N.N.E. of Wtlrxburg. Pop. 1006. 
 
 8o3 
 
HIL 
 
 HIL 
 
 BIL'nER?[IAM. a parish of England, co. of Cambridfte. 
 
 UII.'DKKSTOX, or UlN'DOLVESTOX, a parish of Eng- 
 /and. CO of Norfolk. 
 
 liIiyUEliSTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 IlILDESHEIM. hil'des-hime\ a town of Hanover, cap. 
 of a principnli y of its own name, on the railway from 
 Hanover to Harburg, 18 miles S.E. of Hanover. Pop. 17,134. 
 of whom one-third are Roman Catholics. It is a large, old- 
 fiLshioned town, enclosed by ramparts, now used as public 
 vralU."!: and has a cathedral of the ninth century, 3 churches, 
 a consistory, and a college, belonging to the Kouian Catho- 
 lics; a Lutheran college, de.'if, mute, and lunatic asylums, 
 uume;-ous public schools, a council-hall, treasury, consi- 
 derable trade in coarse linen cloths and yarn, and the largest 
 cattle fair.s iu the kingdom. 
 
 HTL'DESLEY, a tvthiiig of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HILfKATH, hil'frdt. a village of Khenish Prussia, 20 
 miles X.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 900. 
 
 HILG. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HIL'GAY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HILC.EKSDOKF, hil'ghers-doRr. a village of Bohemia, on 
 the Ho'-h wald, near the frbntiens^ of Saxony. Pop. 1936. 
 
 HIL'HAM. a post-village of Overton co., Teunessee, 90 
 miles E. by N. of Nashville. 
 
 HILL, a new county in the E. central part of Texas, con- 
 tains alMUt 900 S(iuare miles. It is boiunled on tlie S.W. 
 by the Brazos Kiver, and drained by AguUa and Kichland 
 Creeks. The surface i,s undulating. It is uot included in 
 the ceu.sus of ISoO. Pop. in 1860,3653. 
 
 HILL, a post-town.ship of Grafton co., New Hampshire, 
 25 miles N.X.W. of Concord. Pop. 918. 
 
 Ill LLABKE. a village of .ilabuma. See Hilabee. 
 
 HILLAII or inLL.V hil'lah, written aLso HICLLAH. hel'- 
 lah. a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 60 miles S. of 
 Bagdad, the modern representative of Babylon, and near the 
 x;entre of its i-uins, on both sides of the Euphrates, here 450 
 feet in width, and crossed by a floating bridge. Lat. 32° 28' 
 30" N., loo. 44° 28' E. Pop. about 10.000. It is enclosed by 
 earth ramparts, and a dit.ch. entered by 4 gates, and has a 
 citadel, a mosque, several convents, some pretty well-sup- 
 plied bazaars, and manufactures of silks; it has dye-houses, 
 and tanneries, but its populaticjn is chiefly agricultural. 
 
 HILLAYA, hil-ll'l or HILLIYA, hil-lee/a, a small town 
 of Sinde, 39 miles S. of Hyderabad, on the route from Tat- 
 tah. Supplies of forage and water are here plentiful. 
 
 HILL-DliV'EUILL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HILLE. hiVleh. a villase of Prussia, Westphalia, 8 miles 
 N.W. of Mindeii. Pop. 2486. 
 
 HILLE, hilli, a village of Sweden, laen, and 4 miJes NJ5. 
 of Getle. 
 
 IIIL'LEGASS/. a post-otfice, Jlontgomery co^ Pennsylvania. 
 
 HILLEGU.M, hil'leh-Hom\ and HILLEGEKSBERG, hil'- 
 ]eh-Ghers-b^RG\ two villages of the Netherlands, province of 
 South Holland, on the Haarlem Lake, 6 miles S.\V. of Haar- 
 lem. Pop. 1538. 
 
 HILLEGOM, a village of the Netherlands, capital of the 
 district. 2i miles N, of Rotterdam. Pop. 1991. 
 
 HIL'LERMAX, a small village of Massac co., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio Kiver. 
 
 HILLEROD, hil'leh-rod\ a town of Denmark, island of 
 Seeland. 20 miles N.N W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 1800. It 
 has a Latin school. Near it is a royal stud, with 700 horses, 
 and the rojal castle of Fredericksborg. 
 
 HIL'LERSDON, a parish of England, co. of Buckingham. 
 
 HILLERSDORF, hil'ler.s-dont% (Nieder, nee'der, and 
 Ober, f>'ber.) a village of Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau, 
 on the Oppa. Pop. 1500. 
 
 HI LLKSHEl >I. hil1es-hime\ a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 36 miles X. of Treves. Pop. 750. 
 
 HILLESTED. hil1es-tJd\ a parish of Denmark, island of 
 Laaland. 2 miles S.W. of Jlarieboe. Pop. 500. 
 
 HILL-FAR'lUXCE. a pad.«h of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HILL GROVE, a post-office of Pittsvlvania co., Virginiii. 
 
 HILL GROVE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, on the 
 Greenville and Miami Railroad, near the former. 
 
 UlLiyilOVSE, a postofficeof Lake co., Ohio, 11 miles S.E. 
 3f Painesville. 
 
 HILL1.\'R.\, Ohio, a station on the Columbus and Plqua 
 Railroad. 10 miles from Columbus. 
 
 HIKLIARD.S. a post-office of Shelby co., Texas. 
 
 HIiyLIAHDSTOWX, a p<jst^viUage of Nash co., North Ca- 
 rolina, 50 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 HIl.'LIAKDSVILLE, a post-office of Henry co., Alaliama. 
 
 HILIJAR'S (hll'y^rz; STORE, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Alalnnia. 
 
 Hll.'LIER, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1086. 
 
 HUyLINGDOX. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 soniprising the town of Uxbridge. 
 
 HIiyi^lNGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 lUL/LIXGTOX, a parUh of England, oo. of Norfolk, 5| 
 miles S.E. of Norwich. 
 
 HILLIOX, heeryAs"'. a village of France, department of 
 C6tes-du-Xord, 4 miles E. of St. Etienne. Pop. 2518. 
 
 H1LL-.MART0N. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 UlLL-MOKTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 8M 
 
 HILL RIVER, of British America. See Hayks RrrsK. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, hilz'iar Qh. a market-town and pa- 
 rish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 3 miles, S.S.W. of 
 Lisburn. Pop. of the town, in 1851.3551. It has a remark- 
 ably fine church, with 3 towers, erected by the Earl of 
 Hillsborough, in 1774. ruins of a castle, the seat of the Mar- 
 quis of Downshire. and a hospital. 
 
 IIILLS'BOROUGH. a county in the S. part of New Hamp- 
 shire, has an area of alxiut 960 .s<(uare miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Merrimack, and drained by the Contoocook, 
 Souhegan. and other smaller rivers, which alTord valuable 
 water-power. The surface is uneven, with a few mountain 
 ridges. Soil generally fertile. The county is traversed by 
 the Boston. Concord, and Montreal Railroad, and by the JIei> 
 rimack and Connecticut Rivers Railroad. By means of ca- 
 nals around the falls, boats are enabled to navigate the Mer- 
 rimack through the county. Organized in 1771. Capital, 
 Amherst. Pop. 62,1-10. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a county of Florida, in the W. part of 
 the peninsula, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area 
 estimated at 1000 square miles. It is drained by the rivel 
 of its own n.ime, and penetrated by Tampa Bay, which is 
 near 40 miles long. The surface is low, and in some parts 
 marshy. Capital, Tamp^. Pop. 2981, of whom 2417 were 
 free, and 5ti4 slnves. • 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-town.ship of Hillsborough co., 
 New Hampshire, 20 miles W. by S. of Concord, intersected by 
 the Contoocook River, which affords excellent water-privi- 
 leges. It has an insurance office, and manufactures of bob- 
 bins, furniture. &c. Pop. 1023. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post^)fflce of Oneida co., New York. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a township of Somerset co.. New Jer- 
 sey. Pop. 3488. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-borough of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the National Road, 11 miles S.E. of Wash- 
 ington, the county town. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Caroline co., Maryland, 
 59 miles E. of Annapoli-s. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Loudon co.. Virginiii. 
 165 miles N. of Richmond, It contains 1 or 2 churches, 1 
 academy, and 2 flour-mills. Pop. alout 300. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a village of Tyler co., W. Virginia, on 
 Middle Island Creek, 6 miles from the Ohio River, h;is about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Orange co., 
 North Carolina, on the Eno River, an affluent of the Nevise, 
 44 miles N.W. of Raleigh. It contains a new court-house, 
 and 2 or 3 newspaper offices. The Central Railroad passes 
 through the village. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of .lasper co.. Georgia, 
 26 miles AV. by N. of Milledgeville. It has 1 church and 2 
 academies. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ala- 
 bama, about 120 miles N. of Tuscaloo.sa. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Scott co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 50 miles X.E. of Jackson. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a po.st-offlce of Union CO., Arkanssas. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post>viIlage of Coffee co., Tennessee, 
 75 miles S.E. of Na.shville. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Fleming co., Ken- 
 tucky, 85 miles E. by N. from Frankfort, has 3 stores. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a flourishing pos^village of Liberty 
 township, capital of Highland co., Oliio, 60 miles E. by N. 
 of Cincinnati, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. It is the 
 east terminus of a brancli railroad 21 miles long, wliicli con- 
 nects with the Cincinnati and Marietta Riiilroad. Hills- 
 borough is surroiinded by a beautiful and fertile country, 
 and is a place of active and increasing business. It contains 
 a union school, a female seminary, 2 newspaper otBces, 1 
 national bank, and 7 churches of various denominations. 
 It Wivs first settled about 1802. Population in 1850, 1392 ; in 
 1860, 2171. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Fountain co., Icdifina, 
 on Coal Creek, 14 miles E. of Covington. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a thriving post-village, capital of Mont- 
 gomery CO.. Illinois on a fork of Shoal Creek, and on the 
 route of the Alton and Terre Haute Railraad, 64 miles S. of 
 Springfield. Pop. 853. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., 
 Jlissouri, 40 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis, was commenced in 
 1840. 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa. 
 
 inLI,SBOROU(iH. apost/officeof Washin<rtonco.,Pregon. 
 
 IIILL.«'BOROUGH, a township in the S.E. part of New 
 Brunswick, Albert co.. iHjrderlng on the Pfttico/iiac River. 
 It contains the Albert Coal-mines. The bea is includinl in 
 shales, with an underlying mass of soft slate, and the coal 
 is directly overlaid Viy astratum of hijrhly bitumii/ jus shales, 
 filled with the embalmed remains of beauti-ul .species of the 
 genus f\iln'imisciis fisht-s of the ganoid order. 
 
 HILLS/BOROUGH, the principal town of tho islanl of 
 Carriacou. one of the Grenadines, in the West Inrtins. 
 
 HlLLSBOltOUGH BI!lD(iE. a po.st-vill.'»geof Ilillsbor -ugh 
 CO.. New Hampshire, at the terminus of the Coutot cook Val- 
 ley Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Concord. 
 
 -J 
 
IIIL 
 
 IIIN 
 
 inLT.SBOROTIGIl CENTRE, a post-village of Ilillsbo- 
 rouuh CO., New Hampshire, 25 miles S.W. of Concord. 
 
 lilLL"S COKNiiiiS, a postroffice of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 II[Lrs/D.A.LK, a county in the S. part of Michi^ian, bor- 
 derintc on Indiana, contains 57(3 square miles. The hills 
 and valleys of this county give rise to the principal rivers 
 of the state, viz. the Grand. St. Joseph's of Lake ilichigan, 
 the St. Joseph's of the .Maumee, and the Kalamazoo. The 
 gouthi-rn half of the county is heavily timlxjred. The soil 
 Is a rich, black, sandy loom. Quarries of fine sandstone 
 have been opened iu the county. It is intersected by the 
 Southern Railroad, and by a plank-road leading to Toledo. 
 Capital, Hillsdale. Pop. 26,675. 
 
 HIIjf/SDALK, a post-villase and township on the E. bor- 
 der of Columbia co.. New York, and on the Harlem Rail- 
 road. 11'2 miles N. by E. of the City Hall, and about 45 miles 
 S.S.K. of Albany. Pop.2f).52. 
 
 HIIJ.SDAIJ;, a post-village of Guilford co., North Caro- 
 lina. 95 miles from lialei^h. 
 
 HILLSDALE, a thiiving post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Hillsdale co., Michigan, on the St. .Tosepli's River, a 
 few miles from its source, and on the Southern Railroad, 71 
 miles 8. of Lansing, and 69 miles W. of Monroe. The vil- 
 lage contains a stone court-house48everal churches, 2 news- 
 paper oHices, 1 furnace, and 3 steam mills. Laid out in 
 IFay. Pop. in 1805, about 1500; of the township in 1860, 
 2177. 
 
 IIILLSGROVE. a post-village of Sullivan co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Loyalsock Creek, 23 miles W. of Laporte, the 
 county seat. 
 
 HI LLSGROVE, a post-village of McDonough co., Illinois, 
 J2 miles S.W. of .Macomb. 
 
 HILLSIDE, of Pennsylvania, a station on the Pennsylva- 
 nia K.iilri'ad, 4'.» miles E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 HI LLSIDE. a post-offlee of Oneida co., New York. 
 
 HILLS LANDING, a village of Carroll co., Mis.souri, on 
 the Mi.ssouri River, 92 miles in a straight line N.W. by W. 
 of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 HILL'S STOKE, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 HILL'S VALLEY, a post-ofBce of Williamson co., Ten- 
 noKS'je.' 
 
 HILLS^VIEAV, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 gylvania. 
 
 HILLS'VILLE. a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HILLSVILLE, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 245 
 miles W.N.V. of Harrisliurg. 
 
 HILLSVII LE. a post-village, capital of Carroll co., Vir- 
 g'nia, 260 miles W. by S. of Richmond. It contains a court- 
 Jjjuse. a church, and an academy. Pop. about 200. 
 
 HILL'TOP, a post-office of Wayne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 HlLI/rOWN. a post-town.ship of Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, 
 6 miles W. by S. of Doylestown. Pop. 2726. 
 
 IIIL'OCHEE\ a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas. 
 
 HILONGOS, he-lon'goce, a town of the Philippines, on the 
 W. side of the island of I^evte, with Point llilougos N.W., in 
 Jat. 10^ 24' N.. Ion. 124° 35' E. 
 
 IIIL/PERTON or HIL/PRINGTON, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Wilts. 
 
 IIILPOLTSTEIN, hil'poH>strne\ a town of Bavaria, 19 
 miles S.S.K. of Nurenibej-g. Pop. 1495. 
 
 IIILSBACH, hils'bdK.'a town of Baden, 17 miles S.S.E. 
 of Heidelberg. Pop. 1306. 
 
 HILSENHEIM. hil'sen-hime\ (Fr. pron. heel'sJu'Sm',) a 
 villasre of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 6 miles N.E. of 
 Schelestadt. Pop. 1841. 
 
 HIL'.STi)N, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, East Riding. 
 
 IIIL'l'ENFINGKN, hil'ten-fing*en. a village of Bavaria, 17 
 miles S.S.W. of Augsburg.' Pop. 089. 
 
 HI I^TON, a township of England, co. of Derby. Pop. 723. 
 
 HILTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HILTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HILTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 HILTON, a town.ship of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 IIIL/rON, a post-village of Monroe co.. Kentucky. 
 
 HILTON, MIDDLE, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. Pop. 902. 
 
 HILTON, OVER, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 2 miles W.N.W. of Pec^l-Hilton. Pop. 445. The park has 
 been the seat of the Hilton family since the Concjuest. 
 
 IIILT()N. PEKL. a township oif England, co. of Lanaister, 
 5 miles N.E. of Leigh. Pop. 3052. Here is the ancient seat 
 of the Peel family. 
 
 HILTON'S, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 HILVARENBEKK. hil'vi-ren-bAk', a village of Holland, 
 provinceof North Brabant. 17 miles E.S.K. of Breda. P. 2494. 
 
 HILVERSUM, hil'ver-8fim\ a market-town of North Hol- 
 land. 15 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 5160. 
 
 HILZINGE.V, hilt'sing-gn. a village of Baden, in Lake 
 circle. 8 miles N.E. of SchafThausen. Pop. 1009. 
 
 HIMALAYA, (bim-a-la'ya or him-i'la-va) HIMMALEH 
 (him-mil'la') MOUNTAINS. '<>' THE HIMALAYAS, ("the 
 at)C(\e of snow." the fniaus oi the ancients.) a chain of 
 snowy mountains, the most elevated on the globe, ex- 
 
 tending along the N. boundary of Ilindostan. (separating 
 it from Thibet,) between lat. 27° and 35° N., and Ion. 
 73° and 98° E. The Hindoo Koosh range is continuous 
 with the Himal,Hyas on the W., and on the E. they extend 
 into Assam. The length of the range is estimated at 2000 
 miles: the breadth, as far as ascertained, varies from 100 to 
 350 miles, averaging about 180 miles. Its direction, begin- 
 ning at the Indus, is from N.W. to S.E. for about one-third 
 of its whole length ; it then curves gradually to the E., which 
 direction it retains throughout the last third of its extent. 
 The range lies between two plains — a low alluvial plain on 
 the S. drained by the Ganges and the Brahmapootra, and 
 the elevated table-laud of Thibet on the N. and N.E. The 
 mountains terminate on the S., towards the plain of the 
 Ganges, in a wall-like range, flll»m 4U00 to 5000 feet high, 
 broken up, at Intervals, by deep, precipitous chasms, through 
 which the springs and rivers, formed from the melted snows 
 in the interior, flow down with great impetuosity. Between 
 the.se and the higher ranges lie the fertile and well-culti- 
 vated valleys of Nepaul, Bootan. and As.sam. To the N., 
 the enormous masses are separated from one another by the 
 valleys of Cashmere, the Indu.s, and the Sutlej. The mean 
 elevation of the range is about double that of the Alps, and 
 has been estimated at from 16,000 to 2O.U0O feet. Fiaty of 
 the peaks have an elevation exceeding 20.000 feet. Several 
 reach a height of 25.000 feet, and Kunchainjunga has an 
 elevation of 28,178 feet, Dhawalaghiri about 28.000 feet. Ju- 
 wahir 25.670 feet, Jumnootri 25.500 feet, and Shuuialari 
 23,929 feet. The high table-land of Thibet, forming the N. 
 portion of the range, has a more gradual and extensive sloije 
 than the .steep* and abrupt mountiiin declivities of the S. 
 The Ilim.ilayas maintain a considerable height and breadth 
 along the N. of Assam, but lieyond this point nothing certain 
 is known of the ramre. The passes across the Himalayas are 
 at great elevations, many of t hem exceeding 2ii,U00 feet. The 
 altitude of Mont Blanc, the highe.st point in Europe, is 15,732 
 feet : Karakorum Pass is 18,6ij0 feet high : Parangla. 18,600 feet ; 
 Kronbrung, 18,313 feet; DooraOhaut, 17,750 feet; Khoonawur 
 20,000 feet. The difficulty of these ascents is extreme, espe- 
 cially that of the Niti Pass, which leads to Mansa, the sacred 
 lake of Thibet. The base and summits, and probably the 
 great mass of this range, consists oi granite and crystalline- 
 stratified rocks. A zone of Silurian strata prevails at eleva- 
 tions of from 15.000 to 18.000 feet, and tertiary strata, soma 
 of very modern date, with many organic remains, occur at 
 various elevations along the ridge. Recent investigations 
 show the limit of perpetual snow in the middle divisiun of 
 the Himalayas (Ion. 78° E.) to be at the height of about 
 15.500 feet on the S. side, and 18,500 feet on the N. side of 
 the ridge; but towards the E., in SikUim, the snow-line de- 
 scends on the S. lace of the S. raugi^s to 14.500 feet, while 
 farther N., in the interior, it rises to a level of 19,li00 feet. 
 Vegetation also extends much higher on the N. than on tlje 
 S. side. This arises from the serenity and dryness of the air 
 and the radiated heat from the exten.sive sloping table-land 
 towards the N., while on its S. there are more frequent gales 
 and moisture, and an abrupt, precipitous termination of the 
 mountains. Some of the |)eaks in the interior are free of 
 snow, and the contrast of this, with the other snow-covered 
 summits, and the deep azure of the sky, renders the scenery 
 most nuignificent. It is now fully estjiblished that gl.aciers 
 of smooth ice, the existence of which, in the Himalayas, 
 was long doubted, are numerous, and descend fnjm the 
 limits of perpetual snow to a height, iu some places, of 
 about 11.500 feet. In Ion. 7S° E., at an elevation of 2000 
 feet, the thermometer varies throughout the year from 100° 
 to 37°; at the height of 7000 feet its range is from !-0° to 26°, 
 and at 12.000 feet the nocturnal temperature begins, in Sep- 
 temlier, to fall below zero. The base of the mountains to the 
 S. is covered with a dense, impenetrable jungle, .separating 
 them from the plains of India. This belt diminishes to the 
 W. and N. of the Jumna. Cultivation is carried to the fuot 
 of the mountains. At the level of the base the vegetation 
 is of a tropical character; at an elevation of 5000 feet Euro- 
 pean plants succeed. Here rice, and other grains, are culti- 
 vated ; as also a species of arum, the routs of which form 
 the food of the Hill-people, and wheat grows at an elevatiiui 
 of 13.000 tiset. The cultivation of the tea-plant has been in- 
 troduced successfully in the Kumaon and Gurhwal dis- 
 tricts. .Mines of iron, le.id, and copper exist, but have been 
 little wrought or explored, 
 
 HIMBKKG, him'ber.G, n market-town of Lower Austria, 8 
 miles S.S.K. of Vienna. Pop. 1319. 
 
 HIM'liLKTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 HIMKRA. .SeeSALSO. 
 
 HI.M'LEY'. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 HIMMELKliON, him'mel-krOn\ a market-town of Bava- 
 ria, circle of Ujiper Franconia. with a royal castle, and the 
 tombs of .several princes of Baireuth. Pop. 682. 
 
 HIM.MELPFORTEN, him'mel-pfoR'tgn. a village of North- 
 west Of rmany. in Hanover, 8 miles W. of Stade. Pop. 610, 
 
 HIM RODS, New York, a station on the Elmira and Can- 
 andaigua R;iilroad, 8 miles S,E. of Peun Yan. 
 
 IIINCHE, h^xsh, a town of Hayti, 46 miles S.E. of Cape 
 Haytian, ou the Iliuche, an affluent of the Artibonite. 
 
 855 
 
HIN 
 
 nm 
 
 aiStVSTSRUOOK'E. a Tillage of Canada East, co. of Beau- 
 barno:?. ftO ipUes S. ofMontreal. 
 
 HIN'CK'LEY. a lx)rough, market-town and parish of 
 England, co.. and 13 miles S.W. of Liecester. Pop. of the 
 town, in 1851, 6111. The town, situated on elevated table- 
 land, is well built, though old. with remains of .incient 
 walls, castle, and a Roman temple and baths, a fine Gothic 
 church, an ancient town-hall, endowed free schixjl. 2 branch 
 banks, and the largest manufiicture of coarse hosiery in 
 the kingdom. 
 
 HIN'CK'LEY, a post-township forming the S.W. extre- 
 mity of Medina co.. Ohio. Pop. 1239. 
 
 IIINDEL.\.\tT. hinMeh-ldns\ a market/-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of .Swatiiii. 15 mik* S. of Kempten. Pop. 1288. 
 
 IILVDEfiOOPEN. hin'd<fc-16'pen. a seaport town of the 
 Netherlands, on the Zuyder Zee.' 24 miles S.W. of Leeuwar- 
 den. Pop. 1207. employed in ship-building and navigation. 
 
 IIIX'DKRCLAY. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 iriN'DEUWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Hiding. 
 
 niXDI.\. hin'de-d. a town of Ilindostan, on the Nei^ 
 budda. 94 miles S.K. of Oojein. 
 
 lilNDl.\.\. hin'de-4n. a town of Persia, province of Khoo- 
 Llftan, 75 miles N.N.AV. of Bu.shire. Pop. 35li0. mostly Ambs. 
 
 HIND'LEY. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 KIND'LIP. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 HIND'M.iUSII. a county of South Australia, comprising 
 tlie peninsula of which Cape Jervis forms the S.W. ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 III.VDMARSII, an island of South Australia, in the 
 entrance to Lake Alexandrina. 
 
 III.NDMARSH, a village of South Australia, 2 miles from 
 Adelaide. 
 
 IirXD^lARSH. a lake of Victoria. Australia, 30 miles in 
 circumference. Lat. 30° S.. Ion. 141° 30' E. 
 
 lilNDOliN, (Ilindiien,) hin'doVn, the largest of the Loffo- 
 den Islands, Norway, in the Arctic Ocean, divided between 
 the provinces of Nordlandand Finmark. Length, 45 miles; 
 bre.idth, 40 miles. 
 
 IlIXDOLVESTON. a parish of Engl.ind. See IIilderstox. 
 
 IIIX'DOX. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 8 miles S.S.E. of Warminster. In the vicinity are 
 the modern ruins of Fonthill Abbey, and some vestiges of a 
 British town. 
 
 IIXX'DOO-KOOSII. (-COOSn, or-KOO.) or GHOOR MOUN- 
 TAINS, (written also HIXDDO-KUSCH. (or-KUSII.) or IX- 
 DUX CAUCASOS, in'de-an kaw'ka-gftf<, (anc. Pampamisus 
 U<m,) a great mauntiin chain of Central Asia, between lat. 
 34° and 36° X., and Ion. 68° and 75° E., extending from the 
 Upper Indus westward to the iSamian Pass, separatinsr Af- 
 ghanistan from Toorkistan, and ccmected E. with the Hima- 
 layas, W. wnh the Iluzareh Mountains, and X. with the 
 table land of Pameer. It rises in many parts to upwards of 
 20.000 feet in elevation, but has. especially, one vast summit, 
 the Hindoo Koh. in lat. 35° 40' N.. Ion. ftS" 50' K.. 80 miles 
 N. of Cabool. more lofty than the rest, though no actual 
 measurement of it has been made. This chain is generally 
 barren, and remarkably destitute of timber: in most other 
 respects it resembles the Himalayas. The principal passes 
 over the Hindoo Koosh are the Khawak Pass, 13,2(X) feet 
 high: the Akrobat Pass, 10.200 feet: the Kara Kotul, 10.500 
 feet; and the Dundun Skikun. 9000 feet. A'arious large 
 streams have their sources in these mountains; the princi- 
 pal are the ()xusor .lilioon. and the Helmund. 
 
 niN'D(X>X' or HIX'DOXE/. a town of Uindostan. domi- 
 nion, and 74 miles E.S.E. of Jeypjor. It is well built, and 
 has some Hindoo temples, constructed in a Mohammedan 
 •tvle. 
 
 HIXDOSTAN, hinMo-stJn' or IX'DO.STAN'. written also 
 HINDUSTAN, HIXDOOSTAX, and IXDUSTHAN, HIX- 
 DUSTHAX, (i. e. in Persian, •' the country of the Hindoos," or 
 "Negro-land.") an extensive region, comprising the great 
 central peninsula of Southern Asia, between lat. 8° 6' and 
 35° X., and Ion. (Cape Moi.ze) 66° 37' and 94° 30' E. ; bounded 
 N. by the Himalaya Mountains. W. by the river Indus and 
 Lukkee Mountains which separate it from Beloochistan and 
 Cabool. and W.S.W. by the Aral)ian Sea and Indian Ocean, 
 E. and S.E. by the Brahmapootra, the Bav of Bengal. Indian 
 Ocean, and Palk's Strait, which, with tfcie Gvilf of Manaar. 
 separates its S. part from the Island of Ceylon. Its extreme 
 length, from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, is about 1870 
 miles ; greatest breadth, from W. to E., 1675 miles. Its area 
 has been estimated at 1.280,000 square mile.s. or more than 
 one-third of the entire extent of Europe: and its population 
 has been supposed to amount to upwards of ISO.lKXI.tKM), or 
 considerably more than half of the number occupying the 
 European continent and islands. 
 
 Ph;/gictil ae<if/rnpl(t/.—1'he great mountain svstems of Ilin- 
 dostan are the Him.alayas. the l':ast and West Ghauts, and 
 the Vindhya range. The Himalayas, forming the X. bound- 
 ary, are the loftiest and most stupendous chain of mountains 
 In the world. Their averasre heiiiht is aliout 15.71X1 feet; but 
 their loftiest sumniits. Dhawalaghiri and Kunchainjunga, 
 attain to an elevation of aliout 2M.iX)0 feet. (Sto Him.\- 
 LATA.) The East Ghauts commence in the south, about lat. 
 866 
 
 11° 20' N.. and. pursuing a N.E. direction across the country 
 extend to the hanks of the Ki.stnah. in lat. 16° N.. separating 
 the Carnatic from the table-land of the Deccan. The utmost 
 height of this range does not exceed 30(X) feet. The West 
 Ghauts reach from Cape Comorin to the river Taptee, about 
 lat. 21° N., extending through about 13 degrees of latitude, 
 and running parallel to the AV. coast, from whi.-h they ar« 
 seldom more than 70 miles, and generally only about 40 
 miles, distant. Their highest elevations vary from bODO to 
 6000 feet above sea-level : but an offset of this ranire. stretch- 
 ing N.E„ was found by Colonel Lambton to have an eleva- 
 tion of 7364 feet. The Vindhya Mountains run E. and W. 
 across the central part of India, constituting a base to the 
 triangle of which the East and West Ghauts form the other 
 two sides, and complete the boundary of what is called the 
 table-land of the peninsula. Their greatest height is not 
 supposed to exceed 3000 feet. The surface of the Deccan is 
 between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea. and is a collection 
 of plains, interspersed with ridges of rock and insulated 
 flat-topped hills. These last are solitary and almost inac- 
 cessible height.*, rising abruptly from the plains, with all 
 but perpendicular sides, which can only be scaled by steps 
 cut in the rock, or bj- dangerous and winding paths. Many 
 are fortified, and have b^en stronghold.^ tV( m remote anti- 
 quity. S. of the Deccan is the table-land of ily.sore. 7(K)0 
 feet above the sea. surrounded l>y the Xeilgherry or Blue 
 .Mountains, and their branches, which ri.<e to about 10.000 
 feet. Thebaseof thispl.ateau, asof all the Deccan. is granite; 
 there are al.«o many sienitic and trap rocks, with an abun- 
 dance of primary and .secondary fossiliferous strat.a. The 
 sea-coasts on the two sides of this part of the peninsula are 
 essentially different. That of Malabar, on the W. side, is 
 rocky, but in many parts well cultivated : and its mountains, 
 covered with forests, form a continuous wall of very simple 
 structure, 510 miles long, and rather more than 5000 feet 
 high. On the coast of Coromandel the mountains are bare, 
 less elevated, and frequently interrupted, and the wide 
 maritime plains are. for the most p;irt. parched. The Gan- 
 getic plain comprehends the vast tract of level country 
 drained by the Ganges and its affluents. The lower por- 
 tion (Bengal. &c.1 is annually submer^red for several months 
 by the inundation of the Ganges. This plain is tlie most 
 fertile, best cultivated, and most thickly inhabited portion 
 of Ilindostan, containing more than one-half of its entire 
 population. The desert of the Indus, or Great Sandy Desert, 
 extends from the S.E. confines of the Punjab to the Itunn — 
 a distance of about 500 miles, and is connected on the X.E. 
 with the high country which separates the plain of the 
 Ganges from that of the Indus. It contains several large 
 oases, of which considerable portions are under »ultiv.ation. 
 The S. part embraces ne;irly the whole of the delta of the 
 Indus. Across this river it is continuous with the de.«ert of 
 Beloochistan, and with that wide band of sandy and sterile 
 region stretching from Central Africa N.E. over the whole 
 centre of the Asiatic continent. 
 
 Minerals. — The Himalayan Mountains abound in iron, 
 coi>per, and lead. Graphite has been found in the province 
 of Kumaon, and traces of lignite in the tertiary formation, 
 where immense deposits of fossil bones have also been dis- 
 covered. Coal formations stretch across India from E. to 
 W. ; in the N.E. deposits extend from Assam and Sylhet 
 into Burdwan. where coal-mines are wrought for the supply 
 of Calcutta : de))osits of coal exist along the course of the 
 Nerbudda. as well as in the W. district of Cutch. Ag.Hteg 
 and carnelians alMund throughout Central India, and at 
 Sui-at and other places on the W. side of the peninsula. 
 Xitre and nitrate of soda efflore.sce in great quantities on 
 the soil in different parts of Ilindostan. Gold is procured 
 by washing the sand of some rivers, and iron is in many 
 parts abundant. Diamonds are found in Bundelcund and 
 in the Deccan. A species of carbonate of lime, termed 
 hauliar. and porcelain-clays, are plentiful, as are niiirbles of 
 various colors. 
 
 Jiivers. — The rivers of Ilindostan. like its mountains, are on 
 the most magnificent scale. The principal are the Indus. Gan- 
 ges, and Brahmapootra. The Indus, having passed the Hima- 
 layas, flows in a S.W. direction, traverses the I'un.iab and 
 Sinde. and. after a course of aliout 1( 50 miles, falls, by .several 
 mouths, into the Indian Ocean, in about lat. 24° N.. Ion. 68° 
 E. Its stream is foul and muddy, and so full of shoals and 
 shifting sands that it can only l)e navigated with safety by 
 fiat-bottomed boats; with these it is navigable fur about 
 1200 miles from the sea. It is estir.\ated to discharge 80.000 
 cubic feet per second — not quite half so much as theCianges, 
 which averages for the year about 200.000 cubic feet per 
 second. (SeeGANGF-s.) This la.st is the most important nf the 
 Indian rivers, both from the fertility it diffu.«esarou..i it. and 
 the facilities it affords forinternal communication. It enters 
 the B,iy of Bengal by numerous months, after a S.E. course of 
 about 1960 miles. The Brahmapootra exceeds the Ganges in 
 size, and probably in length, although its sfmives are very 
 imperfectly known. It fells into the Bay of Beniral in about 
 lat. 22° 50' N.. Ion. 90° 45' K.. in conjunction with the largest 
 ItranchoftheGanges, For the last 30 miles ofifs course it hasa 
 breadth of from 4 to 5 miles, increased to 10 miles at it:^ mouth. 
 
HIN 
 
 niN 
 
 Among the other rivers of note In Hindostan are the Jumna, 
 Chumlju), Sone, Gunduck, Gogi^ra, Teesta, <fec., tributary to 
 the Ganjres: the five rivers of the Punjab— the Sutlej, lieas, 
 Ravee,Cheuaub, and Jhylum. affluents of the Indus; and in 
 Peninsular India the Nerbudda and Taptee, flowing westr 
 ward, and the Kistnah (or Krishna,) Godavery, and Maha- 
 nuddy, enteriiiii the sea on its E. side. 
 
 Lakes, tC-c. — The lakes of Hindostan are few in number, 
 shallow, and comparatively small in size. Among the largest 
 are the Chilka and Colair Lakes, both on the K. shore of the 
 peninsula. The former, is a salt-water lake, about 35 miles in 
 length, and 8 miles in average breadth. IJut to make up 
 for the want of natural reservoirs, the whole surfiice of India 
 is more or less interspersed with tanks, or artificial collections 
 of water, made for the purpose of irrigation. Jeels. or large 
 ponds, formed by some of the great rivers during their 
 inundations, are also numerous. On the W. side of the 
 peninsula is a remarkable tract of morass, called the Kunn, 
 about 150 miles in length and 60 in greatest breadth, com- 
 municating with the (iulf of Cutch. The coast-line of Hin- 
 dostan has an extent of nearly 3100 miles. It is particularly 
 deficient in islands; and the only inlets of inuch size are 
 the Gulfs of f'utch and Cambay, both on the W. .side. On 
 the E. coast, from Cape Comorin to Bengal, there is not a 
 single good harbor. 
 
 dimaU. — Generally speaking, Hindostan has three seasons : 
 the hot, wet, and cold. The first commences about the 
 middle of March, and continues for three months, during 
 which the thermometer ranges, in the sun, from 100° to 
 110°, and even rises as high as 120° Fahrenheit. The heat 
 on the Coromandel coast is often so excessive as to destroy 
 Tegetation. The wet season also occurs, in most parts of Hin- 
 dostan. during the S.W. monsoon; thou;j:h, in the country 
 E. of the Ghauts, the rains take place when the wind blows 
 from the opposite quarter. They are ushered in with a 
 dreadful commotion of the elements — lifthtning, thunder, 
 and tempest. The N.K. monsoon blows during the wint+'r 
 months, and the S.W. during the re.st of the year; but both 
 are subject to various modifications, according to local cir- 
 cumstances. In C.ilcutta, the thermometer falls as low as 
 50° in December, and sometimes in the N. Provinces to the 
 freezinjr jioint. From November to March, the climate N. of 
 lat. 27° is similar to that of Italy ; and in the low plains, as 
 far X. as lat. 18°. winter is hardly perceptible. At Bombay, 
 the mean annual temperature is stated to be about 82°; at 
 Madras, 84°; and at Calcutta, 79°, Fahrenheit. 
 
 AniniaU. — The elephant, tiger, leopard, panther, hyena, 
 wild boar and ass. deer, bears, jackals, foxes, marmots, the 
 ourang-outang. and numerous other kinds of apes, are natives 
 of Hindostan. Lions are f luud in the N., but they are not 
 of the same species with the lion of Africa. The elephant, 
 buffalo, dromedary, hor.se, and ass have been domesticated ; 
 the first-named has. from time immemorial, formed an im- 
 portiint appendage to the retinue of Indian princes. Alli- 
 gators and gavials are abundant in the tiinks and rivers : 
 and some of the most formidable serpents known inhabit 
 this region. 
 
 Vegetation. — The forests of Hindostan contain an im- 
 mense variety of large trees, little known in Kurope, but 
 capable of yielding valuaVile timber, and distinguished by 
 their fragrance, luxuriant growth, or adaptation for manu- 
 factures. Teak of the first quality grows on the West 
 Ghauts. Other forest trees characteristic of Indian scenery 
 are the banian, sappan. saul, {Shnrea robusta,) sissoo, {Dalr 
 bergia sissoo,) <fec. ; with which are seen the oak, cypress, 
 poplar, &c. Large and be.autiful flowering shrubs are in 
 great variety. Forests of bamboo are numerous; and so 
 rapidly does their growth proceed, that some of these reeds 
 have l>een reported to attain a height of 60 feet in the course 
 of five months ! Extensive tracts of the country are covered 
 with dense jungles, the resorts of formidable wild animals; 
 mangroves cover the swamps at the mouths of the rivers; 
 and the whole of that wide tract, termed the Sunderbunds, 
 at the united delta of the Ganges and Brahmapootra, is a 
 rank fore.st. inhabited by tigers, deer, and elephants; and 
 the rivers traversing it are in many parts rendered impass- 
 able to ships, by the obstacles to which its thick vegetation 
 gives rise. 
 
 The principal vegetable productions of Hindostan are 
 rice, maize, wheat, barley, cotton, indijjo, sugar-cane, opium, 
 tobacco, cinjrer, saffron, eirdamoms, pepper, cocoa, areca. and 
 other palms yielding nuts, which are extensively consumed 
 by the n.ative population; also anise, variousdyes. flax, hemp, 
 &c. The principal indigenous fruits are the mango, the finest 
 of all the Indian fruits, pisang or plantain, pomeeranate. cit- 
 ron, date, almond, grape, pine-apple, and tamarind. In theN. 
 provinces, apples, pears, plums, apricots, and other European 
 fruits, abound. Oranges and lemons are also to be met with, 
 butareof an inferior quality. Kiceformsan important article 
 of export: but, contrary to the generally received notions 
 both in Europe and America, neither this grain nor wheat 
 form the chief nutriment of the natives of Hindostan. The 
 former Ik raised only on alluvial soils, and is often twice as 
 dear as wheat. Except in Bengal, the number of those who 
 seldom taste rice &r exceeds those who subsist upon it ; but 
 
 the hulk of the food of from 70 to 80 millions of the popti 
 lation consists of jowary. or common millet, {Holcuss'>rffltKm,y 
 bajree or bajury, {Jhlcus spicatus,) sesamum, and sever*; 
 grains peculiar to the country. Out of Bengal, rice i« 
 chiefly produced on the plains of Tanjore, South Arcot, itc. 
 in the Sladras presidency, and in Concan and the lower part* 
 of Bombay. In the delta of the Ganges it yields ♦wo crops 
 a year. Barley is extensively cultivated for food, and maize 
 is grown in small quantities. 
 
 After cereals, the five great staples of Indi.an produce ar* 
 cotton. Indigo, opium, sugar, and silk. The indiirenous 
 cotton ((Unssypium herbaceuin) of Hindostan succeeds only 
 on what is called the •' black cotton soil.'" which is estimated 
 to extend over about 200.000 square miles; but. in addition, 
 there is a "red cotton soil." formed of the debris of silicious 
 rocks, comprising from 200.000 to 300.000 square miles, on 
 which alone the cotton of America succeeds. In Hindost^m 
 nearly every article of clothing is made of cotton: and the 
 yearly consumption has been variously estimated at fi-om 
 376.000.000 to 3.000.000,000 pounds. Indigo is one of the 
 most profitable of Indian crops. By far the greater propor- 
 tion of this article consumed in Euro|)e is raised in Hin- 
 dostan. Its culture extends over upwards of l.OOO.WO acreg 
 in the Gangetic region; and it is also grown extensively in 
 other parts of the peninsula. Opium, it is said, is raised 
 only in two of the British provinces, Bahar and Benares; 
 but in the Indore territories, in Central India, and other 
 regions, it is also grown, and is purchased or sold on com- 
 mission by the British government, for exportation to China, 
 the Malay Archipelago, and other parts of South east Asiiu 
 •In 1849, the sale of opium raised in the British ferritorie* 
 realized to the Bombay government more than 3.000.0001. 
 The cultivation of suirar-cane in Hindostan has of late years 
 been greatly extended; besides its manufacture into sugar, 
 molasses, Ac. for export, it is consumed in large quantities 
 by the natives as food. The principal seat of the silk cul- 
 ture is in Bengal and As.sam; but the mulberry thrives 
 well throughout the greater part of the peninsula. 
 
 Jnhaldlants. — The first inhabitants were at an early period 
 dispossessed by the Hindoos, who, entering the country from 
 the N.W., first occupied that portion to the N. of the Ner- 
 budda. Subsequently they overran the entire peninsula, 
 giving their name to the country. The native tribes, how- 
 ever, were by no means exterminated by these invaders, but, 
 under the various denominations of Bheels. Coolies. Cattie.s, 
 Coles, Gonds, Ac, still exist in Hindostan to the number, it 
 is computed, of from two to three millions. They are mostly 
 of small, active frame, dark-colored, and with a peculiarly 
 quick and restless eye. Their ordinary food consists of wild 
 berries and game; and they bury their dead, instead of 
 burning them. 
 
 The Hindoos, although commonly darker in color than 
 the rest of the nations composing the Caucasian rare, are 
 nevertheless held to belong to this great division of m.in- 
 kind. They are well formed, and, in some parts of India, 
 robust, energetic, and hardy ; but their chief bodily charac- 
 teristic is extreme suppleness, rendering them the best 
 runners, climbers, leapers. and wrestlers in Asia. The 
 fac« of the Hindoo is oval ; the eyes are uniformly of a dark 
 brown, with a tinge of yellow in the white, and'the hair 
 long, black, and straight. The upper clas.ses in the N.AV. 
 are nearly as liiiht in color as the natives in the S. of Europe ; 
 but in proportion as we proceed S., the hue of the skin is 
 observed to darken, until, in the lower castes, it assumes 
 almost the blackness of the negro. Subtlety and shrewd- 
 ness are the most conspicuous mental characteristics of the 
 Hindoos; and they have been properly de.scribed as "the 
 acutest buyers and sellers in the world." But with a few 
 rare exceptions, they have evinced no grasp of intellect, 
 enabling them to become versed, beyond a very limited 
 extent, in the higher branches of learning. In arithmetic, 
 algebra, geometry, and astronomy, they have made some 
 rudimentary progress, and their genius is somewhat adapted 
 to metaphysical speculations and the intricacies of grammar 
 and jurisprudence; but their geography, medicine, and other 
 practical sciences are a chaos, and their agriculture is of the 
 rudest kind. The state of education among them is exceed- 
 ingly backward, there being scarcely one man in a hundred 
 whio can read a common letter. The females are in general 
 utterly ignorant of both reading and writing, a Brabminieal 
 prejudice existing against female education. The languages 
 spoken by the Hindoos are dialects of the Sanscrit. 
 
 AHs, <fc. — In a few manufactures the Hindoos have 
 excelled. Their cotton, muslin, and silk fabrics, their carpets 
 and shawls, have a de.served celebrity. In the production 
 of embroidered shawls the province of Cashmere is without 
 a rival in the world. Numerous mannt'actures. calculated 
 to give a high idea of Indian ingenuity and taste, apjieared 
 at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. Among these 
 were various articles in agate from Bombay, mirrors from 
 Lahore, marble chairs from Ajmeer, kincobs from Benares, 
 embroidered silk shawls and scarfs, carpets from Bangalore, 
 and a variety of articles in iron inlaid with silver. 
 
 India abounds with stupendous and highly elaborate 
 architecture; not, indeed, possessing the elegant proportions 
 
 857 
 
. HIN 
 
 of the edifices of andent Greece, but rather exhihitin.^ the 
 ponder lus 8uhtiraity which characterizes those still extant 
 In Egjpt, with the addition of a irreat deal of ornamental 
 and minute s<"ulpture, representations of the deities of tlie 
 Hindoo pantheon and their reputed acts. &c. Among the 
 most remarkable are the excavated temples of Elora. Eie- 
 phniita. Carlee. and Bau^, on the W. side of the peninsula: 
 the pyramids of Pooree (.luegernaut) in the E. ; and the 
 temples of Tanjcire. Trichiuopoly. &c. in the S. Most of 
 these are Brahminical, othei-s of Boodhist, and some of 
 Jain origin ; all have been constructed at epochs long 
 passed, and some are of a hiirh antiquity. 
 
 Rdiginn. Qistes. ct-c. — The Brahminical religion dates from 
 a Tery remote epoch. It acknowledges a self-existent Su- 
 preme Being, who. however, is held by it to take no concern 
 In the government of the universe: this is delegated to his 
 triune manifestations. Brahma. A'ishnu, and Siva, who are 
 respectively emblematical of the creating, preserving, and 
 destroying powers. Except among a sect termed the Jau- 
 gams, (here is but one temple in India dedicated to Brahma. 
 The great bulk of the Hindoo population are either followers 
 of Vishnu or votaries of Siva ; besides which divinities a v.a,st 
 multitude of inferior deities are woi-shipped. — their nnml>er 
 amounting, according to the Brahmins, to 33.S.(H1O,00O. 
 Figures of a great many of these deities and their attributes 
 are sculptured in the temples, and retained as household 
 g»ds in the dwellings of the people, to receive daily adora- 
 tion. The temples and worshippers of Siva, the destroyer, 
 are &.r more numerous than those of any other Hindoo 
 Idol ; and his worship is, at certain periods, marked by acts 
 and sacrifices of the most brutal and revolting kind. The 
 worship of Vishnu, the preserver, and that of Krishna, the 
 representative of the sun. are unjxjlluted by any such Kir- 
 barities. The supremacy of the Brahmins, and the doctrine 
 of the transmigration of the soul after death into the bodies 
 of animals or human beings, for a long series of ages, .accord- 
 ing to the purity or impurity of previous life, are leading 
 dogmas of the Brahminical faith. Its votaries mostly burn 
 their dead: but some, like the aborisinal tribes, practise 
 burial, or consign the bodies of their dead to the waters of 
 the GangesJ or other rivers. Indian theology, professedly, is 
 founded on the revelations contained in the books of the 
 Veda.s. four in number, believed by the Hindoos to have 
 been delivered by Brahma himself: but. practically, the 
 Puranas and the Institutes of Menu, compositions of later 
 dates, which insist more strongly on the supremacy of the 
 priesthood, are the basis of the existing Brahniinicil system. 
 About one-fifteenth of the entire population are Moham- 
 medans of Afghan, Persian, Toork. Beloochee. and Arabic 
 origin. A heretical form of the Brahminical religion, called 
 the Seik or Sikh religion, prevails extensively in the Punjab 
 and adjacent territories. Boodhism had its origin in Hin- 
 Jostan, but is now mostly superseded here by other reli- 
 jrions. A numerous sect, supposed to be an offset of the 
 Boodhists. called the .Tains, inhiibit the N. part of the penin- 
 Bula. At Bomliay, Surat &c.. Parsees are numerous; and 
 In South Hindostan are a great number of native Christians, 
 consisting partly of Roman Catholics, and partly of Nesto- 
 rlans. the doctrines of whom appear to have been introduced 
 into India in the ejirlier ages of Christianitv. 
 
 pne of the most remarkable of the institutions among the 
 Hindoos is the distinction of caste* The Hindoo writers recog- 
 nise four pure and original ca-stes. viz.: the bfah'mins. s!>- 
 cerdotal clasii or priests: the kshatriyas (sh3t'ree-^s.) sol- 
 diers or warriors, including the princes and sovereigns: the 
 vaisyas (vl'se-ds) consisting of capitalists, asrriculturists and 
 shepherds: and the sudras (scnydr^s.) or laborers, artisans. 
 4c. Besides these four oriirinal classes, there are a great 
 number of impure races which have sprung from the mix- 
 ture of the pure ca.stes: and some are so utterly alominable 
 that a Brahmin Is defiled by coming within their shadow. 
 One of the best known is that of the pariahs (pd/re-is.) who 
 form a very numerous class. They are among the most alv 
 ject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected 
 to the most cru^-l and degrading servitude. The different 
 races are kept distinct from each other bv the most ricrorous 
 laws. No person, whatever be his merit or genius, can, in 
 any case, rise above the caste in which he is bom. though 
 he may forfeit his birth right by certain misdemeanors and 
 crimes. It is not. however, true, as has been frequently as- 
 serted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own 
 caste. A man is allowed to choose his wife out of anv of the 
 castes beneath him. but not from those above him.' Thus 
 a Brahmin may lawfully marry the daughter of a Sudra, 
 thou-'h the offsprini of such a marriage does not inherit the 
 fethers rank, but belonirs to one of the mixed races. But a 
 feudra cannot form a lei^al marriaie with the dauehter of a 
 Brahmin: and children sprung from such a union are con- 
 sidered far inferior in rank to those of a Brahmin and a Su- 
 dra woman. 
 
 Divirumn. Pnpulatinn. cf-e.— Hindostan natnrallv fells into 
 two grand divisions, viz.: Hindostan Proper, between the 
 Himalaya and the Vindhyan Mountains, (including also 
 
 • From tha Fortngnese, caata, a " race."' 
 868 
 
 HIN 
 
 the Punjab and Sinde.> and what is more strictly termed 
 Peninsular India, iwunded W. and E. by the Indian Ocean, 
 and which is again subdivided into the Deccan. (Dfiks^ldna, 
 "the south,") and India-south-of-the-Ivistnah. extending 
 from that river, in about lat. 1C° X., to Cape Comorin. Ooa, 
 Damauu. and Diu. all in AVest India, belong to the Portu- 
 guese ; Pondicherry, Chandemagore. and a few smaller .settle- 
 ments on the Coromandel coast, to the French ; and Tran- 
 quebar, on the same coast, to the Danes: but. with these 
 exceptions, and Nepaul and Bootan, still independent, the 
 whole of India is substantially under British dominion. 
 The inhabitants ofHindostan have been estimated to amount 
 to upwards of 150,000,000, by tar the greater number of 
 whom are Hindoos: the Mohammedan.s— of Arab. I'ersian, 
 or other descent — being vaguely e.stimated at lO.OOO.OOO, 
 and the Europeans at not more than tJO.OOO. . Throughout 
 the most part of India a peculiar village-svstem is'^ esta- 
 blished. The villages are so many little republics, each 
 providing for its own wants, and independent, in general, 
 of any relations with other villages, having its own school- 
 master, accountant, washerman, larber, blacksmith, and 
 electing its own potail or head-man. who a.sses.<es the vil- 
 lagers for the land-tiix. The village being taxed with a 
 certain sum, should any of the inhabitants fall in ability to 
 pay their portion, the re.«t make up the sum wanting. 
 Under this system the land-revenue is collected, not only 
 in the native governments, where it composes more than 
 nine-tenths of the totil revenue, but also thi-oughout most 
 parts of the presidencies of Bombay and Agra. In Malabar, 
 Travancore, &c.. a singular prat'tice is in force, bv which 
 property descends in the female and not in the male line, 
 (The political divisions, government, commerce, Ac, will be 
 found described under I.voiA. Britlsh.) 
 
 Hisloiy.-^Vrom the earliest rei-ords of history, the nations 
 of the western world derived their merchandise from India. 
 The country was entered and partly subdued by Alexander 
 the Great, About 126 b. c. it was also invaded by the 
 Tartars, or Sci/tliiaTts of the Greeks and Sdas of the Hin- 
 doos. From the tenth to the twelfth centuries of the 
 Christian era. the Mohammedans overran and conquered 
 considerable portions of Hindostan; and sulisequently the 
 Mogul Empire was established. In 149S the I'ortuguese 
 were the first European nation who invaded and established 
 themselves in India at Goa, and alomr the Malabar coast; 
 and in the beginning of the seventeenth century, the 
 Dutch and English commenced their settlements. Further 
 information will be found under India. (British.') Bengal, 
 
 BoMBAT. Calcitta, and Madras. ,\dj. Hln-'doo. and HiN- 
 
 bosTANEE. hinMo-std'nee: inhab. Hindoo. 
 
 HINDOSTANV. an almost deserted village of Martin CO., 
 Indiana, on the East Fork of 'White Kiver." It was once the 
 county seat. 
 
 HIX'DRIXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HINDS, hindz, a county in the S.W. central part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of aliout 930 square miles. The 
 Pearl Kiver forms the Iwundary on the E., and the Big 
 Black Kiver on tlie N.W. The surface is nearly level ; the 
 .soil is fertile. In 1850 this county produced 79.001 bushels 
 of pease and beans, the greatest quantity produced by any 
 county in the United States. It is intersected by the Vicks- 
 burg and Brandon Railroad. It contains Jackson, the capi- 
 tal of the state. Raymond is the seat of jnstice. Named 
 in honor of Colonel Thomas Hinds, a meml>er of Congress 
 from Mississippi. Pop. 31,339, of whom 8976 were free, 
 and 22,363 slaves. 
 
 HINDS, a post-village of Brazoria co., Texas, 53 miles 'W, 
 of Galveston. 
 
 HINDS'RURG. a post-village of Orleans co.. New York, on 
 the Erie Canal, about 2S miles W. of Rochester. 
 
 HINDU-KUSCH or HINDU-KUSH. See Hindoo-Koosh. 
 
 HINDUSTAN, a country of Asia. See Hindostan. 
 
 HINESBUK6. hinzOitlrg, a post-village and township of 
 Chittenden co.. Vermont. 25 miles W. by N. of Jlontpelier. 
 It has an academy, and manufactures of furniture, iron 
 castings, machinery, starch, woollen sroods. &c. Pop. 1702. 
 
 HINES'S MILLS, a postoffice of Ohio co., Kentuckv. 
 
 HINESTON, hlns't^n, a post-office of Rapides district, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 HINESVILLE, hinz'vill. a post-village, capital of Liberty 
 CO., Georgia, 40 miles S.W. of Savannah. It has a court- 
 house, an academy, a church, and a few stores. 
 
 HINGENE. hing'Heh-neh. (Fr. pron. hSNO^zhain'.) a vi'lage 
 of IMgiura. province, and 12 miles S.S.W. of Antwerp, on 
 the Scheldt near the confluence of the Rupel and Vliet, 
 protected from inundation by embankments. Pop. 3709. 
 
 HING'H.^M. a market-town and parish of England, ca 
 of Norfolk. 5i miles 'ff.N.W. of Wyniondham. It has 
 large church, built in l.'?16. and a grammar school. 
 
 HING'H.\M. a post-village and township of I'lymouth co , 
 Massachusetts, on the S. side of Massnchusetts Bay, and on 
 the South Shore Railroad. 17 miles S.S.M'.of Boston. It con- 
 tains 7 churches, a bank, a 8a\ing8 institution, an insuraice 
 company, and a newspuper office. It is a favorite siimi ler 
 resort. The township is noted for ita woodenwai » .-nd 
 fisheries. la 1861, 10 Teasels owned here, were emj V>yed 
 
HIN 
 
 HIS 
 
 In the mackorel fisheries. Ilingham has 1 large manufac- 
 tory of wo(_iilenwaro, several lesser ones, 2 of edge tools, 2 
 iron foundries, I cordage factory, &c. The woodenware made 
 here is said to be the best in America. Pop. -tiSl. 
 
 HINOtlAM, a popt-village of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 
 HIN(jIIH;.\'GHAUT, a town of Ilindostan. See Inxycotta. 
 
 IIING-IIOA, hing-ho'4, a maiitime city of China, proyince 
 of Fi>kien, 9U miles N.E. of Amoy. 
 
 HIN'GLAJ, hing'lij', a place of Hindoo pilgrimage, in Be- 
 loochistan, on the Aghor, 20 miles from its mouth in the In- 
 dian Ocean, with a miserable pagoda, dedicated to the god- 
 dess Kali. 
 
 IIlNCr-ME, hing^m.V, a town of China, proyince of Quang- 
 Fee, 50 mile."! S.S.W. of Siu-Tchoo. 
 
 IIING-XGIX, hing^Ngin', or hing^Ngheen. atown of China, 
 province of Quangtong, 175 miles N.E. of Canton. 
 
 IIINGUNGUAUT, Ilindostan. See Inxvcott.v. 
 
 HINIKSTA, INIESTA, or YNIESTA, e-rie-5s'ta, (anc. 
 Segcsticaf) a town of Spain, province, and 48 miles S.S.K. of 
 Cuenca. Pop. 4116. Mear it are some ja.sper quarries. 
 
 HINKLETON, hink'el-ton, a post-village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Conestoga Creek, about 40 miles U.S.E. of 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 HINK'SEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 HIXKSEY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 HINLOPEN, or HINI.OOPE.V, hin'lo'pgii, the strait sepa- 
 rating the principal island of Spitzber:j;en from East Island. 
 
 IIIN'MAXSVILlE. a post-office of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 HINOJARES or IIINXARES, e-no-iii'r^s, (anc. Traxi- 
 mum?) a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 3S miles S.E. of Jaen. 
 Pop. 9:!5. 
 
 IIINOJOS, e-no-Hoce', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 30 
 miles K.S.E. of Iluelva. Pop. 1061. 
 
 UINO.rOSA DE UUERO, e-no-Ho/sl di doo-i/ro, a town of 
 Spain, in Leon, 50 miles W. of Salamanca. Pop. 1626. 
 
 HINO.IOSA DEL DUQUE, e-no-H(Vsi djl doo'kA.a town of 
 Spain, province, and 40 miles N.W. of Cordova. Pop. in 
 1845, 7748. It has several convents and hospitals, and ma- 
 nufictures of linen and woollen fabrics, and counterpanes. 
 
 HI.N'OJOSA DE SAN VICENTE. e-uo-Ho'sd di .sin ve- 
 thjn'ti, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 3S miles W. by N. 
 of Toledo. Pop. 1154. 
 
 HINOJOSOS, LOS, loce e-no-no'soce, a village of Spain, in 
 New Castile, tiO miles S.W. of Cuenca. It consists of the two 
 contiguous places of HiNOjoso DEL Obden and Ulnojoso del 
 MAH^^UKSADO. Pop. 2088. 
 
 HINS'UALE, a post-township of Chesliire co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 60 miles W.S.W. 
 of Concord, intersected by Ashuelot Itiver and Railroad. It 
 has manufactures of paper, castings, bobbins, sash and 
 blinds. &c. Pop. 1312. 
 
 HIXSDALE, a post-village and township of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 143 miles W. by 
 N. of Boston. Pop. 1511. 
 
 HINSD.\LE, a post-village and township of Catfciraugns 
 CO., New York, situated on the Genesee Valley Canal, at the 
 junction of Oil and Ischua Creeks, where the latter is crossed 
 by the New York and Erie Railroad, 390 miles from New 
 York City. The state has constructed a basin at Hinsdale, 
 which has considerably facilitated the business of the place. 
 Pop. of the township, 1708. 
 
 HINSDALE DEPOT, a postrofflce of Berkshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 lUNS'DTLLVILLE, a manufacturing vilLige of Benning- 
 ton township, Bennington co., Vermont, about 3 miles W. 
 by N. of Bennington Centre. 
 
 HIN'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HIN'TLESHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HIN'TON A.\n>'NER. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HINTON BLEW'ETT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HINTON CHERRY. See Cherry 1Ii\tox. 
 
 IIINTON-ON-iHE-GREEN, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 
 HlXTON-iN-THE-HED'QES, a township of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 HINTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HINTON MAR'TEL. a parish of Kudand. co. of Dorset. 
 
 HINTON'S GROVE, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama. 
 
 HINTON STAN'BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Dor- 
 get. The manor-house is supposed to have been a residence 
 of .John of Gaunt. 
 
 HINTON ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 HINTON ST. MARY, a pari.'ih of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HINT(JN ST. WAI/ERY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 HIN'TONSVILLE, a postoffice of Pasquotank co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 HINTON TAR/RANT, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HINTS, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 UINWEIL. hin'wil«. « village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 15 miles S.S.E. of Zuncn. Near it are the Qyren baths. 
 Pop. 2729. 
 
 IIINX'HILL. a parisn of England, co. of Kenc. 
 
 HINX'TON. a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 HINX'WOKTH, a carish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 HIORING, (Hioring,) a town of Jutland. See HjaRn?-}. 
 
 HIP'PA, a .small island of the North Pacific Ocean, W. of 
 Queen Charlotte Island, British North America. 
 
 HI l"l'EU HOLME, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding, on the Leeds and Manchester Railway, 2 miles 
 E. of Halifa.x. 
 
 HI I'PONI UM. See Bivona. 
 
 HIPl'O REGIUS. See Bo.\A. 
 
 HIl'PO ZARITUS, (or ZARYTUS.) See Bizerta. 
 
 HI'RAM, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 60 milee 
 S.^V. of Augusta. It has an academy, and a manufactoiy 
 of edged tools. Pop. 1283. 
 
 HIll.^M, a post-township in the N. part of Portage co, 
 Ohio. Pop. 1.306. 
 
 HI'RAMSBURO, a small post^viUage of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 HIRCHOVA. See Hirschova. 
 
 IIIREl'OLI, he-rJp'o-le, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Room-Elee, 45 miles S.E. of Adrianople. 
 
 HIRIAL. he-re-dl. a populous village of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, 12 miles S.W. of Bellary. 
 
 HIRRLINGEN, h66n'ling-fn, a village of Wurtemberg, 
 15 miles W.S.W. of Reutlingen. Pop. 1517. 
 
 HIRSCIIAID. h66R/shIte, a village of Bavaria, on the rail- 
 way between Nuremberg and Bamberg. 
 
 IIIRSCHAU, hS6R/show, a small town of Bavaria, 8 miles 
 N.E. of Arnberg. Pop. 1406. Here Jerome of Prague was 
 arrested in 1415. 
 
 IIIRSCHAU, a village of WUrtemberg, circle of Black 
 Forest, on the Nagold. 2 miles N.W. of Calw. 
 
 HIRSCHBERG, hfifiRsh'bjRO. a fortified town of Prussian 
 Silesi.^. 27 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober, near the 
 Bohemian frontier. Pop. 7327. It has a Lutheran and 4 
 Roman Catholic churches, a Protestant gymnasium, and 
 various charitable establishments, and is a considerable 
 emporium for linen fabrics and hosiery, hfiving also bleach- 
 ing and cotton-printing works, paper mills, sugar refineries, 
 and potteries. Near it is the watering-place of Warnibrunn, 
 
 HIRSCHBERG, a town of Prussian Silesia, principality 
 of Reuss, on the Saale, 8 miles E.S.E. of Lobenstein, with a 
 mountain fortress. Pop. 1700. 
 
 HIRSCHBERG, (Bohem. Dokzi/, dok'zee,) a town of Bo- 
 hemia, circle of Bunzlau, 36 miles N.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 
 194«. 
 
 IIIRSCHFELDAU, h66Rsh'fel-d5w\ Mittel, miftel, Nib- 
 DBR, nee'dgr, and Ober, o/ber. three nearly contiguous vil- 
 lases of Prussia, province of Silesia, goveriuneut of Liegnitz. 
 Pop. 1551. 
 
 HIRSCHFELDE, h66Rsh'fftl-dgh, a town of Saxony, on 
 the Neis.se, 5 miles N.E. of Zittau. Pop. 1551. 
 
 HIRSCHFELDE, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Fran- 
 con ia, on the Main. Pop. 456. 
 
 HIRSCHHORN. hgfiRsh'hoRn, or HIRSCHORN, a village 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Neckar, 32 miles S.S.K of Darm- 
 stadt. Pop. 1694. 
 
 HIRSCHOLM, hSSRsh'olm, or HIRSHOLM, hfeSR.s'holm, a 
 village of Denmark, island of Seeland, near its E. coast, 14 
 miles N. of Copenhagen, with a castle. Pop. 3il0. 
 
 HIRSCHOVA or HIRSOVA, hk-sho'vl, sometimes written 
 HIHCHOVA, a fortified town of European Turkey, province 
 of Bulgaria, on the Danube, 65 miles N.E. of Silistria. Pop. 
 4000. 
 
 HIRSHOLM, a village of Denmark. See IIirscholm. 
 
 HIRSHOLMEN, heSRs^hoPmen, a group of small islands 
 of Denmark, in the Cattegat, off the N.E. coast of Jutland, 
 4 miles N.E. of Fredericksbavn, completely covered with 
 large boulders. The largest, Ilirsholm, has a lofty light- 
 house. Pop. 200. 
 
 HIRSINGUE, heeB^s^No', a village of France, department 
 of Haut-Rhin, 2^ miles S.S.E. of Altkirch. Pop. 1261. 
 
 IIIRSON, heoB^sdiN"', a town of France, department of 
 Aisne, on the Oise, 11 miles N Ji. of Vervins. Pop. 3212. 
 
 HIR.SOVA, a town of European Turkey. See Hirscuova. 
 
 IIIRZEL, h66Rt/sgI, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 12 miles S.S.E. of Zurich. In 1443 a bloody battle was 
 fought here between the Confederates and the Zurichers. 
 
 HISAR or MISSAK, his'sar', a Turkish word, signifying 
 " castle.'' forming the name or part of the name of numerous 
 towns in Western Asia. 
 
 HISAR or IIISSAR, a village and fort of Persia, province 
 of Azerbaijan, 32 miles W.S.W. of Tukhti-Suleiman. Near 
 it are the caves of Kereftee. de.scribed by Sir R. K. Porter, 
 and anciently devoted to Mithraic worship. 
 
 HISINGEN, hee'zing-^n. an oval-shaped island of Sweden, 
 formed by the two arms of the Got.i-Elt'. on the S.AV. coast 
 of thelsen of Gothenburg; greatest length 15 miles. Gothen- 
 burg was originally built upon it. 
 
 lilS'NANT, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery. 
 
 HISPALIS. See Seville. 
 
 HISPANIA. See Spai.n. 
 
 HISI'ANIOLA. or SAN DOMINGO. See IIatti. 
 
 HISPELLUM. See SpELLO. 
 
 HIS'SAR', a mountainous region of Central Asia, included 
 in the dominions either of Khoondooz or Bokhara. 
 
 IIISS.\R, the chief town of the above country, on an afflu- 
 ent of the Oius, 130 miles N.E. of Balkh. 
 
 859 
 
HIS 
 
 noB 
 
 iTTSSAR, a river of Asia. See KAFEEMHAtr. 
 IIISTON, a parish of England, co.. and 3i miles N.N.W. 
 Of Cambridge, with a station on the Huntingdon Branch of 
 the Kastern Counties Railway. 
 HISTKIA. See Ist^a. 
 
 HIT, hit, (anc. 7s or ^inpidis.) a town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 pash.nlic of Baijdad. on the Kuphrates, 140 miles N.AV. of 
 Hillah. Lat, 3;J° 53' N.. Ion. 42° 40' K. It consists of about 
 1500 houses, enclosed by a high mud wall, with semicircu- 
 lar towers. A graceful minaret and some handsome tombs 
 are its only structures worthy of notice. The celebrated 
 canal, Pallacopas, extending to the Persian Gulf, is sup- 
 posed to have commenced here. The Inhabitants are em- 
 ployed in preparing wool, boat-building, lime-burning, mar 
 nu&cturing salt, and exporting bitumen and naphtha from 
 the fiiraous pits here, which were abuiidantly productive in 
 the earliest ages of antiquity, and seem to be "as perma- 
 nent as a source of water." 
 
 HITA, ee'ta, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 12 miles 
 from Guadalajara. Pop. 9S7. 
 
 HITCH'AM, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HTTCIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HITCll'COCK'S, Connecticut, a station on the New Haven 
 and Northampton Kail road, 55 miles N. of New Haven. 
 
 IIITCH'C(JCKVILLE, a post-village in Barkhamstead 
 township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the AVest Branch 
 of Farmington Biver, al)Out 25 miles N.W. of Hartford. It 
 contains print-works, a chair factory, and a scythe factory. 
 
 HITCH'ENDEX or HUGHENDON, hu'en-dpn, a parish of 
 England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HITCH'IN. a market-town and parish of England, co., and 
 \ii miles N.W. of Hertford. The town is beautifully situ- 
 ated .it the foot of a steep hill. It is well built, has a richly- 
 ornamented and spacious church, erected in the reign of 
 Henry VI., containing numerous monuments, and a fine 
 altar-piece by Kubens ; a grammar school founded in 1639. a 
 girls' school, a union work-house, and an extensive meal and 
 malt trade. Pop. 
 
 HITESVILLE, hits^vill, a township in Coles co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 909. 
 
 UITESVILLE, a post-village in Coles co., Illinois, 100 miles 
 E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 HITHER INDIA, a country of AsLa. See India. 
 
 HITTEREN, hit'ter-en, an island of Norway, stift, and 40 
 miles W. of Trondhjem, in the Atlantic. Length from W. 
 to E.. 30 miles; greatest breadth. 10 miles. Pop., including 
 several small adjacent islands. 3700. 
 
 HITTEKOE, hit/ter-oVh. an island off the S. coast of Nor- 
 way, province of Christiansand, nearly opposite Handal. 
 Pop. 1158. 
 
 HITTISLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HITTORF, hit/toRf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Dusseldorf. on the Rhine. Pop. 1428. 
 
 HITZKIRCH, hits'kfegRK, a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 12 miles N. of Lucerne, near the N. extremity of Lake 
 Baldegg. i'op. 565. 
 
 HIVAOA, e-vj-o'i, an island in the- South Pacific Ocean, 
 the largest of the S.W. group of the Marquesas. Lat. of the 
 N. point, 9° 34' S., Ion. 139° 4' W. It is 22 miles long ; greatest 
 breadth, alwiut 10 miles. Pop. 6500. 
 
 HIWASSEE. See Hiawassee. 
 
 IIIXAR. a town of Spain. See HlJAR. 
 
 HIX'S i-'HRRY, a post-office of Randolph co., Arkansas. 
 
 HI'ZERVILLE. a pnst-villaL'e of Oneida co.. New York, 
 about 110 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 IIJARNOK,{Hjarn(Je,)orHIARXOE.hyaR/n8'eh.an island 
 of Denjnark, off the E. coast of Jutland, at the'eutrance of 
 the bay. and 8 miles E. by S. of the town of Ilorsens. Area, 
 5 square miles. Pop. 170. 
 
 H.TELMAR, HIELMAR, hyM'maR, or JELMAR, yJl'maR, 
 a lake of Sweden, bordering on the three liens of Orebro, 
 Nykoping. and Westerns. Greatest length, about 40 miles: 
 extreme breadth, about 15 miles. It receives the Svart at 
 at its W. extremity, and discharges itself by the Thorshalla 
 into Lake Mselar. 
 
 HJI'MtTING. hyja'ting. a village of Denmark, in Jutland, 
 on the E. shore oif Hjerting-Reveer. Pop. 400. 
 
 H.IOKlXG,(IIjoring.)or HIORIXG. (Hioring.) he-o/rfng or 
 hyb'ring. a town of Denmark, in Jutland, 29 miles N. of Aal- 
 borg. I'op. 1800. 
 
 II.rORTOK. (Hjortoe.) hyoR/ta'eh, a small island of Den- 
 mark. S. of the island of Funen. " 
 
 H' L A SS A. the capital city of Thibet. See Lassa. 
 
 HLIXSKO, h'liu'sko, a town of Bohemia, 15 miles S. of 
 Chrudim. on the Chrudimka. Pop. 3264. 
 
 HLUK, hlook, a market-town of Moravia. 5 miles S.E. of 
 Hradisch. Pop. 1980. 
 
 HOAU'LAND, Oliio, a station on the Hillsborough and 
 Clncinnuti Kailroud, in Highland co., about 8 miles W. of 
 milsborough. 
 
 UOAG'LIN, a township in Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 
 878. 
 
 IIOAGS CORNER, a post-ofBce of Rensselaer co., New 
 lork. 
 
 liOAI-HO, ho-rho', a river of China, traver.ses the Lalte 
 
 seo 
 
 Hong-tse, and joins the Hoang-ho, after an E. course of 400 
 miU'S. 
 
 II(.)AT-KHING, ho-rKing', a city of China, province of Ho- 
 nan. c;ipital of a department. Lat. 35° 6' N.. Ion. 113° E 
 IIOANG-CIIOO or IIOAXG-TCHOU, ho-dngVhoo/, a city 
 of China, province of Hoo-pe, capital of a department, on 
 the Yang-tse-kiang, 33 miles E. of Han-yang. Two towns 
 of Corea have this name. 
 
 • HOANG-HO, (ho-ang'ho', pronounced almost whaug'ho/,) 
 (i. e. the '• Yellow River," so named from the color which 
 the yellow clay along its banks gives to its waters.) one of 
 the principal rivers of the Chinese Empire, appears to rise 
 in the Koko-nor territory, in Thibet, near lat. 34° N.. and 
 Ion. 98° E., flows northeastward into Mongolia, to about lat. 
 41° N., Ion. 108° E.. re-enters China proper! and after abrupt 
 bends southward and eastward, enters the Yellow Sea. in 
 the province of Ki.ang-soo. lat. 34° N., Ion. 120° E., 150 miles 
 N. of the mouth of the Yang-tse-kiang, after a total course 
 estimated at about 2000 miles. Chief affluents, the Iloai-ho 
 and Hoei-ho. At about 60 miles from the sea it is crossed 
 by the Imperial Canal; and on its banks are many cities of 
 first and second rank, the principal being Lan'-choo and 
 Kai-fung, respectively the capitals of the provinces of Kan- 
 soo and Ho-nan. 
 
 HOAXG-KIANG. a river of China. See HoNQ-KtiNG. 
 HO.\TIIE. horn a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 IIO'BART, a post-vill,\Gre of Delaware CO., New York, on 
 the Delaware River, near its source, 65 miles AV.S.W. of 
 Albany. It has 1 or 2 churches, a bank, and several hun- 
 dred inhabitants. 
 
 HOBART, a post-village and township of Lake cc. In- 
 diana, 11 miles N.E. of Crownpoint. Pop. 679. 
 
 HOBART TOWN or IIOBARTON, (usually pronounced 
 hob'er-t9n,) capital of Van Diemen's Land, or T.-ismani.i, 
 on the S.E. side of the island, near the mouth of the Der- 
 went. Lat. of Fort Mulgrave. 42° 53' 5" S.. Ion. 147° 21' 5" 
 E. Average temperature of the year, 52°-3 ; winter, 42°-l ; 
 summer, 63°-l. It occupies a commanding and extremely 
 picturesque position at the head of a sheltered bight, called 
 Sullivan's Cove, about 20 miles from the sea, and covers 
 from 1 to li square miles of gently rising ground, hacked 
 by an amphitheatre of lofty and well-wooded hills. The 
 streets cross eiich other at right angles, aie airy, pretty 
 wide, and some of them macadamized. The more modern 
 buildings are chiefly of brick, or a dark -colored freestone; 
 the older principally of wood. The public edifices are nu- 
 merous, and some of them handsome: particularly the 5 
 churches belonging to the church of England: "besides 
 which, there are Presbyterian churches, various chapels and 
 meeting-houses owned by different denominations, a Roman 
 Catholic chapel, and a Jewish synagogue. The other public 
 buildings are — the government-house, female house of cor- 
 rection, or factory, the military and prisoners' barracks, 
 customhouse, commissjiriat stores, police-office, colonial hos- 
 pital, college, &c. The manufactories comprise tanneries, 
 foundries, timber mills, flour mills,and ship-building: the la.st 
 has now become an extensive occupation. The harbor is ex- 
 cellent, but the tide is irregular, rising at times 7 or S feet, 
 but usually only 4 or 5 feet. A spacious wliarf. at which 
 ve.s.sels of the largest burdeii may lade or unlade, has l>een 
 constructed here. On either bank of the Derwent. both 
 aViove and below the town, are numerous bejiutiful villas. 
 Hobart Town was founded in 1804. Ste-imers from Mel- 
 bourne touch here. Pop. estimated at 25.000. 
 
 HOBART FREE COLLEGE, (GENEVA COLLEGE.) See 
 Gkneva. 
 
 HOB'lUE, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 HOBBIE. a pnst-oflfice of Sumter co.. Alabama. 
 HOIi'UTEVILLE. a post-office of Greene co.. Indiana. 
 HOBBYVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HOB'l'IY. a parish of Eneland. co. of Leicester. 
 IIOli/KIRK or II01»K.'KII!K. a p.arish of Scotland, co. of 
 Roxburgh. 6 miles K.S.E. of Hawick. Elliott. Lord Ileath- 
 fieW. the gallant defender of Gibraltar, w.as born here. 
 
 HO'BO'KEN. a village of Belgium, province, and 3 mile* 
 S.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 2288. 
 
 HOBOKEN, lio'W)"ken, a city and port of entry of Hudson 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Hudson River, opposite New York, 
 and aViout 2 miles above Jersey City. It is chiefly remark- 
 able as a place of resort and recreation for the citizens of 
 New York, and for the delightful scenery in its vicinity, 
 called the "Elysian Fields." It contains 11 churches, 3 batiks, 
 2 newspaper olfices, 20 hotels, and a costly club-house. Eu- 
 ropean steamers (2 lines) depart from this pt)rt. Several 
 steam-ferries connect it with New Y'ork. Pop. in 1S53, 
 5527; in 1860, 9662; in 1865, about 12,500. 
 
 HOBOKKN, a town of Sacramento co.. California, is situ 
 ated on the left bank of the American River, (which is navi 
 gable for small steamers.) about 6 miles, by wa«er, from 
 Sacramento City. It is chiefly remarkable for Xh*? rapidity 
 of its early growth. Before the town was ten days old, an 
 election took place for mayor and harbor-master, the wholf 
 number of votes polled being 1757. 
 HOBUOE, (UobrOe,) ho'bitJ'fh, almost ho'br&^ytih, a tuwc 
 
HOC 
 
 HOF 
 
 £.f Denmark, province of Jutland, at the head of the Mari- 
 ngor-fiord. 8 miles W. of Mariapier. Pop. 1000. 
 
 HOClIIJERtr, hoK'bSRQ, a village of Bavaria, in Lower 
 Franconi.i. Pop. 1148. 
 
 noCIIDAIIfj, hoK'dAl. a station on the Dusseldorf and 
 ElherfeW Railway, 7 miles E. by N. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 IIOC'IUOLUK, a town of Bohemia. See IIonENKLnE. 
 
 HOC [[KX. 411, a market-town of Austria. See lIoHENAn. 
 
 HOCltFELDKN, hosh^fJlMfiN"'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of lias-Rhln. 1.3 miles N.N.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. 2^i2i. 
 
 HOCIIIIEIM, ho'hune or hos'hime, a villaije of Nassau, 
 near the Main, with a station on the Taunus Railway, 7 
 mile!! 8.K. of Wiesliaden. Pop. 1971. 
 
 IIOCIIKIRCII, hoK'kiRK\ a village of Saxony, 7 mile.s 
 B.S.E of Bautzen. Here the Prussians, under Frederick the 
 Great, defeated the Austrians under Daun, October, 1758. 
 
 IIOCU KIRCH, a village of Prussian Siloeia, S.E. of 
 Glosrau. 
 
 UOCIISPEYER or IIOCHSPEIER, hoK'spfer, a vill.age of 
 Rhenish Ravaria, 6i miles E. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1332. 
 
 lIiiCIIST, (Hochst.) hoKst, a town of West Germany, 
 duchv of Nassau, on the Main, and on the Taunus Railwav, 
 6 miles W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1800. 
 
 II0CII3T, (Hochst,) a market-town of Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 province of Starkenburg. Pop. 1320. 
 
 HOCII.'^T, (Hochst,) a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 
 Oberhessen, circle of Friedberg. It contains a library of 
 neiu-ly 50.000 volumes. Pop. 539. 
 
 HOCHSTADT, hoK'stdtt, or WTSOWKA, fte-sov'kd, a 
 town of Bohemia, 29 miles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1604. 
 
 HOCHSTADT, hoK'stitt, a town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Swabia, on the left bank of the Danube, and on the Nurem- 
 berg and Neumarkt Railwav. 23 miles N.W. of Augsburg. 
 Pop. 24ti0. The battle of Blenheim. (Bllndheim.) fought in 
 its immediate neighborhood, is called by the French and 
 Germaijs the battle of llochstadt. 
 
 HOCHSTADT, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Franco- 
 nia. 15 miles S.S.W. of Bamberg, on the Aisch. Pop. 1713. 
 
 HOOHSTETTIN, GROSS, groce hoK/st^tHen, a parish and 
 Tillage of Switzerland, canton, and 10 miles S.E. of Bern. 
 Pop. 4ie.:^. 
 
 HOCH-WESELY, h5K-*.Vzeh-le. or AVESELY, a market- 
 town of Bohemia. 7 miles N.W. of Bidschow. Pop. 992. 
 
 HOCK'ANUM, a post- village of Halt turd CO., Connecticut, 
 about 3 miles S.E. of Hartford. 
 
 HOC KAN UM RIVER, rises in Tolland co., Connecticut, 
 and enters the Connecticut River, 3 miles below Hartford. 
 
 HiJCKENDORF, hok'gn-donr, a village of Saxony, 15 miles 
 N.X.E. of Dre.sden. Pop. 780. 
 
 IIOCKENHEIM, ho'Ken-hIme\ a village of Baden, circle 
 of Lower Rhine, 10 miles S.W. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2555. 
 
 IIOCK'ERING. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOCK'liRSVlLLE, a post-office of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HOCK'ERTON, a pai-ish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 IIOCK'HAM, a parish of Ensiland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOCK'ING, or HOCIOHOCK'ING, a river of Ohio, ri.ses 
 i»i the S.E. central part of the state, and Howing in a 
 south-easterly direction, enters the Ohio River in Athens 
 count}', 25 miles below Marietta. Some portions are navi- 
 gable by boats. A canal extends along the Hocking Valley, 
 and connects with the Ohio Cau.il. 
 
 HOCKING, a county in the S.E. central part of Ohio, has 
 an area of 420 square miles. It is intersected by the Hock- 
 hocking River, and also drained by the sources of Salt and 
 Racoon Creeks. The surface is generally hilly. Iron-mines 
 have been opened in the county, which are thought to be 
 very extensive. It is intersected by the Hocking Canal. 
 Organized in 1818. Capital, Logan. Pop. 17,057. 
 
 HOCKING, a township in the S.W. central part of Fair- 
 field CO., Ohio. Pop. 1842. 
 
 HOCKINGPORT. Ohio. See Troy. 
 
 HOCIC'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HOCK'LIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 HOCK'WOLD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOCK'WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HODCIIOD'KEE CREEK, of Georgi.a, rises in Stewart co., 
 «ud flows into Patawla Creek, in Randolph county. 
 
 HOD'DAM. a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 HODl)ESDON,hodzMen, market-town of England, co. of 
 Herts. 4 miles S.E. of Hertford. Pop. in ISol, 1854. 
 
 HODEN, ho-d^n'. or WADAN, wa-ddn', a town and oasis 
 of West Africa, situated near lat. 19° 30' N., Ion. 13° 30' W. 
 The Portuguese formeily had a factory here. 
 
 IIODKIDA, ho-dii/dilor ho-di'di, written also IIODIDA, a 
 seaport town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the Red Sea, lOO miles 
 N.N.W. of Mocha. Its bazaars are supplied with Indian 
 Bilks, cloths, and grains, besides the produce of Arabia. 
 
 HODGUON, hSj'don, a post-township of Aroostook CO., 
 Maine, on the boundary line, 1(50 miles N.E. of Augusta. It 
 contains 4 meeting-houses, a flouring-mill, 2 saw-mills, 2 
 Bhingle machines, a carding machine, Ac. Pop. 963. 
 
 HODG DON'S MILLS, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Maine. 
 
 IIODGENSVILLE, a post-office of La Rue co., Kentucky. 
 
 HODGE'S BEND, a post-office of Fort Bend co» Texas. 
 
 HODGE'S PBAIRIE, a post-offics of Sebastian co., Ar 
 kansas. 
 
 HODGESTON, hoj'fz-tgn, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 HDDGESVILLE, hoj'fz-vill, a small village of Itawamba 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 HDD'GINVILLE, a neat postrvillage, capital of La Rue 
 CO., Kentucky, 75 miles S.W. of Frankfort, is pleasantly 
 situated in a fertile valley. 
 
 HODIC or HOKDIC, an island of France. See Hewc. 
 
 IIODIDA. a seaport town of Arabia. See Hodkida. 
 ■ HODIMONT, hoMee^m(\-\»', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince, and 13 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 2000. 
 
 HOD'NET, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HODONY, ho''dnii', a village of Hungary^ co. of Temesvar, 
 4 miles from Kis-Becskerek. Pop. 1309. 
 
 HODSAK, hodVhdk', or ODSAK, od'shak', a market-town 
 of Hungary, co. of Bacs, 14 miles from Zombor. Pop. 3110. 
 
 HOE, a parish of England. See Hoo. 
 
 IIi)EGAERDEN, a village of Belgium. See Hougaerde. 
 
 HOEI-AN, a town of China. See Hoei-Noax. 
 
 HOEI-CHOO, ho-A^choo', HOEl-CHEOO, or HOEI-TCHE- 
 OU. ho-il'-che-oo, a town of China, capital of a department 
 of its own name, province of Quang-tong, 85 miles E. of 
 Canton, on a tributary of the Canton River. 
 
 HOEI-HO, ho-A'-ho.' a river of China, the chief affluent of 
 the Iloang-ho, which it enters in lat. 34° 45' N., Ion. 110° SV 
 E. Total estimated course. 400 miles. 
 
 HOEI-NGAN, ho-A^-Ngdn', or HOEI-AN, ho-AVin.'a city of 
 the Chinese Empire, province of Kiang-soo, 100 miles N.N.E. 
 of Nankin, on the Imperial Canal, and near the lb lang-ho. 
 It is surrounded by a triple wall, and is a place of great 
 bustle and activitv. 
 
 HOEI-NING-TCHINO, ho-A'ningVhing', (Mongol. Bainda, 
 bAn'dd.) a town of Chinese Toorkislan, 15 miles N.E. of 
 Eelee. and having a Chinese garrison. 
 
 IIOEl TONG, ho-AMong', a city of the Chinese Empire, 
 province of Quang-tong, on the E. coast of the island of Hai- 
 nan, 50 miles S. of Kiong-choo. The walls of the town 
 are high, the streets paved and narrow, and the houses 
 built of red brick. Pop. about 44.000. 
 
 HOEl-YUAN-TCHING. See Eklee. 
 
 HOEKSCHE-WAARD. DE, deh hoOk'sKph-ft^nd', an island 
 of Holland, province of South Holland, bounded N. by the 
 Old Meuse, E. by the Dortsche-kil, S. by the Hollands<liep, 
 and W. by the Spui. Pop. 22,000. 
 
 HOELLALIOE, hooria-le-oo', a village of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, on the S. coast of the island of Ceram. Pop. 400, all 
 Christians. 
 
 HOEN-HO. ho-Jn'-ho', a river of China, province Pe-chee- 
 lee. joins the Pei-ho at Tien-sing, 60 miles S.E. of Peking, after 
 a S.E. course of 300 miles. 
 
 IIOERDT, hJRt or hiiRt, a village of France, department 
 ment of Bas-Rhin, S miles N. of Strasbourg. Pop. 1539. 
 
 II(M':VL.\KEN, hoov'ld'ken, a village of Holland, province 
 of Gelderland, 14 miles S.W. of Itarderwyk. Pop. 742. 
 
 IIOEYLAERT, ho-I'ldRt\ a village of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, 7 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2181. 
 
 IIOEYTIiEINEN, ho-fte-A/nen, a lake of Finland, near 
 the centre of the circle of Kuopio. Greatest length, 30 
 miles ; greatest breadth, 12 miles. It communicates, at the 
 S.W., point with Lake Winijajrvi. 
 
 HOF, a parish of Norway, 33 miles N.W. of Christiania. 
 Pop. 6000. 
 
 HOF, hof. a market-town of Lower Austria, circle of Man- 
 hartsberg, on the Leitha. Pop. 1285. 
 
 HOF or DWOREC, dwVr^ts, a town of Austria, in Mora- 
 via. 30 miles N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2457. ' 
 
 IIOF, hof, a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, and on the 
 Saxon- Bavarian Railway, .30 miles N.E of Bayreuth. Pop, 
 12,018. Since ravaged by fire in 1823, it has been regularly 
 built. It has a gj-mnasium with a large library, and exten- 
 sive manufactufts of muslins, yarns, woollen stulls, leather, 
 and colors ; and iron-mines and marble quarries in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 IIOF, a market-town of Austria, 8 miles E. of Salzburg. 
 
 IIOFFEMIEIM, hof'fen-hime\ a village of Baden, circle 
 of Lower Rhine, 21 miles S,S,E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1494. 
 
 HOFFLEIN, (Hofflein,) hof'tline, or HOFFLKIN-BEI- 
 BllUCK, hof'liine-bi-brook', a village of Lower Austria, oa 
 the Leitha. near Bruck. Pop. 1110. 
 
 1I0FF'MANN"S, New York, a station. on the New York 
 Central Railroad, 26 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 HOFFMAN 'S FERRY, a post-office of Schenectady co., New 
 York. 
 
 HOF-GASTEIN, a town of Austria. See Oasteis. 
 
 HOFGEISMAR, hof'ghis'maR, a town of Hesse-Cassel, on 
 an affluent of the Weser. and on the railway from llisenach 
 to Carlshafen. 15 miles N.W. of Cassel- Pop.3503. It is en- 
 closed by walls, and an avenue conducts from it to some 
 baths and an electoral palace about 1 mile distant. 
 
 HOFHEIM, hof'hime, a village of Bavaria, 36 miles N.B. 
 of Wiirzburg. Pop. 850. 
 
 HOFHEIM, a walled town of Bavhria, duchy of Nassau, 9 
 miles E. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1471. 
 
 861 
 
HOF 
 
 HOVHEDf , a THlage of Hesse-Darmstadt, 19 miles S-W. 
 of I>armstadt. Pop. 1270. 
 
 HOFLKIN, (HoHeln.) hofllne, (Gross, groce. or N.\gt, 
 n5dj,) a market-town of Hungary, co., and 10 miles N.W. of 
 (Edenburg. Pop. 1321. 
 
 Hi )FSTADK, hof stiMeh. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Ea?t Flanders, on the Dendre, IS miles K. of Ghent. Pop. 
 1910. 
 
 HOFTEREX, hof'tA-rfn, an island of Xorway. off the coa.st 
 of South Beri;enhuus, 20 miles S.S.W. of Bergen. Length, 
 12 miles; breadth, about 4 miles. 
 
 HDFVA, hof'vi. a Tillage of Sweden, Isen of Skaraborg, 
 18 miles S.K. of Mariestad. in the forest of Tived. 
 
 IIOKWYL, hof'wil, or HiJFWEIL, hof'«Il, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 6 miles N. of Bern, with a cele- 
 brated educational and agricultural institution, established 
 by M. FeDenberg in 1799, having a model and experimental 
 &rm. a uorm.il school, and gratuitous schools for the poor. 
 It is attended by pupils from all parts of Kurope. Fellen- 
 berg, its founder, died in IhH. 
 
 HOUANAS, (Hogauiis,) ho'gd-n4s\ a Tillage of Sweden, 
 l»n of Malmobuus, near the N.E. entrance of the Sound, 
 37 miles X. of Oopenha^ren. It depends chieHy on the coal- 
 mines which are worked in its vicinity. 
 
 Uiy(ji.\NSBURG. a post-village of Franklin co., New York, 
 on the St. Itegis, about 5 miles from its entrance into the 
 St. Lawrence, and 40 miles X.E. of Ogdensburg. The river 
 here affords water-power, which is used for mills of various 
 kinds. The village is accessible by steamers. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 400. 
 
 HO'GAXSVILLE or HO/QANVILLE, a post-village of 
 Troup CO., Georgia, on the La Grange Railroad, 13 miles 
 N.E. of I>a Grange, the county seat. 
 
 H0G.\XSV1LLE, a post-village in Duhuijue co., Iowa, 15 
 miles AV.S.W. of Dubu(iue. 
 
 HOG'BACK VALLEY, a post-office of Jackson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 HOG CREEK, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 HOGE, ho'Qheh. a small island of DeTimark, off the W. 
 coast of Sleswick, 16 miles W.S.W. of Bredstedt. Pop. 480. 
 
 IKKJELAXD, ho/gheldnd.'* HOGHLAND. or IKXiLAXD, 
 hog'Ilnd, a small island of Russia, in the Gulf of Finland. 
 110 miles W. of St. Petersburg. It is celebrated f >r a naval 
 victory gained by the Russians over the Swedes in 1788, 
 *nd for the measure of an arc of the meridian between it 
 and Jakobstadt. 
 
 HOGESTOWX, ho^es-tOwn. a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 9 uiiies S.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 IIOG'HK.\D, Ireland, a promontory on the Atlantic, at 
 the point forming the N.W. entrance of Kenmare River. 
 
 UlKJHTO.N, hS'ton, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, with a station on the E;ist Lancashire Railway, 6 
 miles S.E. of Preston. 
 
 HlHi ISL.\XD, an i.sland of the Mal,^y .\rchipelago, off the 
 N.E. extremity of Java, iu lat. 7° 5' S., Ion. 114° ob> E., and 
 ibqut 20 miles in circuit. 
 
 HcKj ISLAXD, off the W. coast of Sumatra:, about 40 miles 
 in length, by 3 miles in breadth. 
 
 inxi ISLAXD, British India, an islet in the harbor of 
 Bombay. 
 
 HOG ISLAXD, one of the Bahama.s, N.E. of New Pro- 
 vidence. 
 
 HOG ISLAXD, an island in the Flores Sea, off the S. 
 extremity of Celebes, in lat. 6° 10' S., Ion. 120° 22' E. 
 
 HOG ISLAXDS, a cluster of islets off the coast of Ire- 
 land, en. of Kerry, near the month of Kenmape liiver. 
 
 HOijiLE'S (bo'i'fXz) CREEK, a post-village of St. Clair co., 
 Mis.souri. 55 W.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HOG MOUXTAIX, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia, about 
 96 miles X. of Milledseville. 
 
 HOG'XASTOX, a parish of England, co. of Derbv. 
 
 HiXJOLEX (ho'go-l^n) or HlXJOLTX (ho/go-lin) ISLAXDS, 
 a group in the centre of the Carolines, PacfHc Ocean, in lat. 
 7° X., Ion. 15-2° E. 
 
 Hog HIVER,asmall stream of Michigan, enters theCold- 
 water River in Branch county. 
 
 HOti'SllAW, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 H OG.-yrilORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HiKl'STlES, a group of dangeroifs rocky islets of the Ba- 
 hamas. West Indies. 38 miles N.W. of the Great Inagua. 
 
 irXJJJ/^roN, a pariah of En^'land. co. of Bucks. 
 
 HiXJUE, LA. France. See C.^pb la Hogoe. 
 
 HOGYKSZ. (Ho,.:ye«z,) hod'y^ss', a town of Hungary, co. 
 Cf Tolna, 32 miles X.X.K. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 3070. 
 
 HOHKNAU, ho'^sii-Ow, or IIOCHENAU, hOKVh-n5w\ a 
 villa-'e of Lower Austria, with a station on the Emperor 
 Ferdinands Northern Railway, 45 miles N.E. of Aienna 
 Pop. 1567. 
 
 HOHKSBRUCK, ho'fn-br66k>, or TRZEBOCHOWTCE, 
 tihe-l)0-K0-*eet'R.4, a town of Bohemia, 7 miles E. of Konig- 
 
 (rriit« IV»n 9*>fl1 ° 
 
 gratz. Pop. 22:31. 
 
 HOIIEN" KCK. ho'?h-nJk\ a Tillage of Germany, in Stvria, 
 5 miles X. of Cilly. Xear it are the mineral baths of I>oka. 
 
 HOHKNECK, a viU.npe of Germany, in WUrtembere cir- 
 cle of Xeckar, N.K of Ludwlgsbcrg. 
 
 HOK 
 
 I HOHEXELBE, ho'?n-frbfh. or HOCHELBE, hoK'^l-bjai, 
 a town of Bohemia, ou the Elbe,' 16 miles X.E. of Gftschin 
 Pop. 3257. 
 
 HOHEX-EMS, ho*? n-Jms\ a market-town of the Tvrol. near 
 I the Swiss frontier, 10 miles N.E. of Feldkirch. Pop. 1900. 
 I HOHEXFELS, ho'gn-f^ls^ a market-town of Bavarw, 17 
 I miles X.W. of RatLsbon. Pop. 740. 
 
 HOHEXFURT. ho'gn-f»OKt\ or WYSSEBROD, •fil.s'sfh- 
 I brot\avillageof Bohemia. 26miles S.ofBudweis. Pop.1042. 
 
 HOUEXIIAMELN, ho'en-hd^meln, a village oi Hanover, 
 9 miles X.X.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1031. 
 
 HOHEXUASLACH, ho/fn-his'llK. a vill.igA of WUrtem- 
 berg. IS miles X.X.W. of Stuttgart. I'op. 1348. 
 
 HOHEXHEIM, ho'en-hime\"a hamlet of WUrtem>«rg. 4 
 miles S.S.E. of Stuttgart, with a celebrated school of agri- 
 culture. 
 
 HOHEXLECBEX, ho'fn-loi'bgn, a market-town of Central 
 Germany, 7 miles X.W. of Greitz. Pop. 2200. 
 
 HOHENLIXDEX. ho'pn-lind'en, a village of Upper tinxa^ 
 ria, 20 miles E. of Munich, celebrateti for the victory of the 
 French and Bav.irians under Moreau. over the Austrians 
 under the Archduke John. December 3, 1800. 
 
 HOUEXLIX'DEX, a post-oiliceof Chickasaw co., Missouri. 
 
 HOIIEXLOHE, ho'en-lo^fh, an ancient principality of Ger- 
 many, in Franconia. now mediatized, and mostly comprised 
 in the circle of Jaxt, (Wiirtemberg,) and partly in Bavaria. 
 
 HOIIEXMAUTH. ho/^n-mowt". or WYSOKE-MEYTO, «■©'. 
 Bo'keh-mi'to. a town of liohemia. 16 miles E. of Chrudim, 
 with a station on the North States Railway. Pop. with 
 suburbs, 4623. 
 
 IIOHEXSAX, ho'en-e3x\ a village of East Switzerland, 
 canton of St. Gall, 5 miles X. of Werdenbei^. Pop. 1153. 
 
 HOHEX SOLMS. See Solms Lich. 
 
 HOIIEXSTADT. ho/fn-stdtO. (Moravian. Hahrzfh.hlh'zhk.) 
 a town of Moravia, circle, and 25 miles X.W. of Olnuitz. on 
 the Sazawa. and on the North States Railway. Pop. 1494 
 
 HOHEXSTAUFEX, ho'en-st6w*fen. a village of Wiirtem- 
 berg, circle of Danube. 24 miles N.X.W. of Llm. Pop. 11U6, 
 with a ruined castle of the house of Iloben.staufen. 
 
 HOHEXSTEIX, ho'j'n-stineN orllOHNSTElN, hAn'stlne. 
 a town of Germjiny, in Saxonj-, 12 miles X.E. of Zwickau. 
 Pop. 467C. engaged in cotton, woollen, and linen weaving, 
 and the manufacture of machinery. 
 
 HOHEXSTEIX, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 17 miles 
 E.S.E. of Dresden. Pop. 994. Near it is the castle of llohen- 
 stein. 
 
 HOHEXSTEIX, ho'en-stlne', or OLSTYXEB, ol'ste-nJb\ • 
 town of Prussia, province of East Flanders, 78 miles S.S.AV. 
 of Konigsberg. on the Amelang. Pop. 1270. 
 
 HOHEXTHIXGEX, ho'en-tingVn, a village of WUrtem- 
 berg. circle of Danube, 40 miles S.W. of Ulm. In 1799 it vhm 
 more than once tjikcn bv the French, and burned. Pop. 410. 
 
 HOHEXWESTEDT. ho'en-«fe^t^tt. a village of Denmark, 
 in Ilolstein. 15 miles S.S.W. of RenJsburg. Pop. llijO. 
 
 IIOIIEXZOLLERX-HECHlXGEX.lioVn-tsol'lern-h,^K/ing- 
 en. a principalit)- of Germany, enclosed between Wiirtem- 
 berg on the W.. X., and E., and the two portions of the 
 principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen on the S. Area, 
 117 square miles. Pop. 20.143. Capital, Heohingen. It has 
 recently been purchased by the King of Prussia. 
 
 nOIIKXZOLLERX-.SIGMARIXGEX, hoVitsollern-sig'- 
 mi-ringVn, a principality of Germany, consisting of two 
 large, and several smaller portions, surrounded by Wur^ 
 temberg, Hohenzollern-llechingen. and Baden. Area. 335 
 square miles. Pop. 45.*jl. Capital. Sigmaringen. This 
 principality was likewise included with the above in the 
 purchase of the King of Prussia. 
 
 HOIIO/KUS. a manufacturing village and township of Ber 
 gen CO.. New Jersey, on Hohokus Creek, and on the New 
 York and Erie Railroad, 24 miles X.N.W. of New York. I» 
 has several cotton manufactories, and 2 or S for making 
 combs. Pop. 2352. 
 
 HOUR, (IlOhr,) hBa, a village of Germany, duchy of Nas- 
 sau. Pop. 1171. 
 
 H0H5<:HE1D-Mrr-MERSHEID, h6'shit^mit-m?R/shTte, a 
 to^vnship of Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles E. of Dusseldorf, with 
 extensive lead-works. Pop. 11.395. 
 
 HOaWACHT. ho'^^^Kta village of Denmark, on the N.B. 
 coast of Holstein, with a harlwr and fine roadste.Hd; the 
 latter liaving from 15 feet to^iO feet of water. 
 
 HOIEIt, (Hijier.) hiVyer, origiimlly IIOTHER.hS'ter. a vil- 
 lage of Denmark, in Sieswick, 8 miles W.X.W. of Tondern. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 HOJ A-JAMOTF^K A-GOTE. hoOJ-ja-mofka-got/, (?) a village 
 or encampment of Ik'l'xx-histan. province of Loos, near which 
 some rich ores of copjvr liave lately l>een discovered. 
 
 HO'KAH (or ROOT) RIVER, in the S.E. part of Slinnesota 
 falls into the Mississippi River a little below La Cro.sse, in 
 Wisconsin. Length, about 130 miles 
 
 HOKIAXGA, ko-ke-iln'gi. a river of New Zealand, in the 
 North Island, enters the sea on its W. coast, near the N. 
 extremity, in lat. 35° .'iO' S.. lou. 173° 26' E. On it are • 
 British settlement, and a Weslevan mission. 
 
 HO-KIKN, ho'ke-^n'. or HO-KIAN. ho-kl^3n^ a town of 
 China, province Pe-chee-lee, capital of a department iu • 
 
HOL 
 
 IIOL 
 
 plain between the Tai-ho, and the Hoo-toho, 100 miles 
 S.S.W. of Pekin;?. 
 
 IKJLABRUNX, OBKR, o^bgr ho'ia-br65n\ or HOLEILS- 
 DOK t\ ho'Iils-donf\ a mjirket-ttiwn of Lower Austria, on the 
 Gottersbtch. Pop. 2688. 
 
 IIO'LAli, (Dan. ITdlitm. ho'loom.) a village of Iceland, on 
 Its N. coa.'it, having a cathedral, printing establishment, and 
 school. It became a bishop's see in 1106. 
 
 nOL'lJKACII. a m.arket-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln, 7^ miles Ji.N.E. of Spalding. It is very ancient, 
 has a flue Gothic church, a free school, founded about 1351. 
 a union work-house, and 2 branch banks. Dr. Stukeley, 
 the antiquary, was born here in 1087. Pop. 2245. 
 
 IIOiyiilCCK. a township and chapelry of England, co. of 
 York, ^est Hiding. 
 
 II0LI5KK or HOLBECK. hol'bJk, a seaport town of Den- 
 mark, island and stift of Seeland, on an arm of the Ise-fiord, 
 35 miles \V. of Copenhagen. Pop. 2300. 
 
 IIOLMJERXS PRE'CINCT, a small village of Limestone 
 CO.. Alabama. 
 
 IIOL'BKTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 IIOLMSROOK, a chapi'lrv of Engl.^nd. co. of Derby. 
 
 IIOLBROOK. a parish of Enirland, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HOUCOMB. a post-otlice of Burke co., Georgia. 
 
 IIOL'COMBK, a parish nf England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 IIOL/CO.MBJi-BUl{/XELL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Uevon. 
 
 IIDL'COtBE-RO'CfUS. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HOLCOMBS ROCK, a post^iffice of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 IIOL'CUTT, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 HOLCOTT, a parish of Kngland, co. of Northampton. 
 
 IIOLD'iCN, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, in- 
 corporated April 13, 1S52. 
 
 IIOLDKN', a post-township of Worcester co., Massachu- 
 Betts, 50 ffiiles W. of Boston. It has manufactures of cotton 
 goods. I'op. 1945. 
 
 IIOLD'EXBY, a parish of England, co.. and 5J miles N.N.W. 
 of Northampton. It has ruins of a princely mansion, built 
 by Sir C. Hatton, lord-chancellor in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 Charles I. was for a short time kept a prisoner in it. 
 
 IIOLD'EN'HUR.ST. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HOLD'HRMAN'S GROVE, a postoffice of Kendall co., Il- 
 linois. 
 
 IIOLD'ERN ESS, a district of England, co. of York. East 
 Riding, consisting mostly of the large tongue of land stretch- 
 ing between the North .Sea and the estuary of the rivei' 
 Ilunilier. Area, 160.470 acres. Pop. 23,766. 
 
 IIOLD'ERNESS, a pnst-township of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Boston Concord iind >IontreaI Railroad. 
 45 miles N. by W. of Concord, has many fine mill seats, 
 and manufactures of paper. I'op. 1765. 
 
 IIOLD'UATK, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 IIOLK IX THE WALL, a light-house at the S. extremity 
 of .\baeo Island, one of the Little Bahamas. It stands one 
 third of a mile X. of the Hole in the Wall, and shows a re- 
 volving liiht, SO feet from its base, and 160 feet al)ove the 
 level of the sea. in lat. 26° 51' 30" N.. Ion. 77° 10' 45" W. 
 
 HOLE.SCIDWITZ or HULLESOWICE, hdl'leh-sho'wits, a 
 village of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz, on the Moldau, 2 
 miles from Prague. Pop. 1001. 
 
 IIOL'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 IIOLGUIX, hol-gheen' or ol-gheen'. a town of Cuba, 63 
 miles N.X.W. of Santiago. Pop. In 1853, 3754. 
 
 IIOLICS or FIOLITSCH, ho1ich\ a town of Hungary, cir- 
 cle of Neutra, 46 miles N. of Presburg, near the March. Pop. 
 43-33. It has an imperial castle and stud. Roman Catholic 
 and Lutheran churches, a synagogue, a Capuchin convent 
 and manufactures of pottery. Ac. 
 
 HOLITZ. holits, or XEU" HOLITZ, noi holits. a town of 
 Bohemia. 11 miles N.E. of Chrudim. A battle was fijught 
 here in 1758, between the Prussians and the Imperialists. 
 Pop. .3424. 
 
 IIOLKAR'S DOMINIONS, India. See Indore. 
 
 HOLKER. LOWKR, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, 2 miles S. of Upptr Holker. 
 
 HOL'KER, UPPER, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 HOLKHAM. hoincam. a parish of Ensland, co. of Norfolk, 
 on the North Sea. 2^ miles W. of Wells. The church is a 
 noted sea-mark. Holkham House, the splendid residence of 
 the late Earl of Leicesttir. is built after a design by Palladjo. 
 The library, statue gallery, and picture-saloon, at)ound in the 
 rarest works of literature and art. 
 
 HOL'L.\COMBB. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HOLLAND, (Dutch pron. hollint: orirfnally OJIant, i. e. 
 "muddy" or "marshy land;"' Vr. HoUande. horid.Nd'; L. 
 Batii'via and BfoU'in'iiia ;) the name usually given to the 
 kingdom of the Netherlands, though, strictly speaking, is 
 now only applied to the provinces of North and South Hol- 
 land. This name was associated with that kinsdom for four 
 vears. (1806-1810.) under the rule of Louis Bonaparte. The 
 kingdom of Holland, during that time, included nearly all 
 the territories comprising the present kingdom of the 
 Netherlands, together with p.art of Hanovei and the duchy 
 of Oldenburg. See Netherlands. 
 
 HOLLAND, holland, North and South, two 'ontlgnowj 
 provinces, and the most important of the k'ngdom of th« 
 .Netherlands, composed of the peninsulas and islands 
 between lat. 51° 40' and 53° 30' N.. and Ion. 4° and 5" 
 20' E., having S., IIolland".s-Diep and a mouth of the 
 Rhine. W., the North Sea, and on other sides the Zuyder- 
 zee. and the provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland, and North 
 Brabant. Area of North Holland, 966 square miles 
 Pop. in 1S&3, 562,504. Of South Holland. 1180 square miles. 
 Pop. 661,SS5. Surface unifoFmly flat, intersected by nume- 
 rous canals, and much of it below the Ittel of high sea- 
 tides, but protected against these by a line of natural downn 
 all along the W. coast, and artificial dykes elsewhere. 
 The Leek and Meuse travei-se the S. province ; a large ex- 
 tent in the centre is occupied by the Y inlet, Haarlem Lake, 
 and extensive marshes. Cattle-rearing is the chief branch of 
 rural industry. Manufactures of every description are very 
 actively carried on. Principal cities. Amsterdam. Haarlem, 
 Saardam. Alkmaar, and Hoorn, in North Holland, and the 
 Hague, Rotterdam, Leyden, and Dort, in South Holland. 
 
 HOL'LAXD, Preussich, prois'.sish hol'ldnt, a town of Ejist 
 Prussia. 58 miles S.W. of KBnigslierg. Pop. 3360. 
 
 HOI/LAND, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, 55 
 miles X.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 748. 
 
 HOLLAND, a station on the railroad from Philadelphia 
 to Easton, 30 miles S. of Easton. 
 
 HOLLAND, a post-township of Hampden co., Massachu- 
 setts. 70 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 449. ■ 
 
 HOLLAND, a po.st-village and township in the S.E. part 
 of Erie co., Xew Y'ork, about 25 miles S.E. of Buflalo. 
 Pop. 1538. 
 
 HOLLAND, a post-office of A'enango co., Pennsylvani.a. 
 
 HOLLAND, a thriving post-villuge and township in the 
 S.\V. part of Ottawa co., Michigan, at the mouth of Black 
 River, 50 miles N.W. of Kalamazoo. Pep. of the village, 
 about 600: of the township. 1991. 
 
 HOLL.\^ND, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HOLLAND LANDING, a post-village of Canada ^Vest, 
 townships of East and West Gwillimbury, on the Ontario 
 Simcoe and Huron Kailroad. 35 miles .\. of Toronto. It 
 contains 3 saw mills, several stores, and a foundry. Pop. 
 al)out 350. 
 
 HOLLAND, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HOLLAND, NEW.. See Au8trau.\. 
 
 HOLLAND, PARTS OF, a district of England, forming a 
 division of the county of Lincoln on the S.E.. and having E. 
 the .North Sea. Area, 256,320 acres. Pop. 72;o61. Holland 
 Fen, in this district, is a tract now enclosed and dnained, 
 comprising 22,000 acres. Pop. upwards of 10,000. 
 
 HOL'LAXD P.iT'EXT, a past-village of Oneida co.. New 
 York, 11 miles N.N.E. of Utica, has 2 churches and an aca- 
 demy. Pop. iibout 500. 
 
 HOLLAN DS-DIEP, hollints-deep', (Fr. Difjipi', de-Jpp.') the 
 principjtl arm of the Waal, between South Holland and North 
 Brabant, Netherlands, divides, after u course of 14 niUe-s, 
 into the Haringvliet and Volke-rak, the two largest mouths 
 of the Rhine, and which encircle the island of Over-Hakke. 
 
 HOLLAND, UPPER, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, on the Liverpool and Wigau Railway, 4 miles W.S.W. 
 of Wigan. 
 
 IIOL'LENBACK, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 977. 
 
 HOLLESCHAU or IIOLLESCHOW. hoinph-sh6w\ a town 
 of Moravia, circle, and 18 miles N. of Hradisch, on the Rus- 
 sawa, with a deanery church, a fine castle, a town-house, 
 3 chapels, and a synagogue. Pop. 4589. 
 
 HOI/LESLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HOULKY. a post-village of .Murray township, Orleans co., 
 New Y'ork, on the Roc^hester. Lockport. and Niagara Falls 
 Railroad, and on the Erie Canal, 22 miles W. of Rochester. 
 It contains 6 churches, 2 stores, and 1 academy. Pop. 
 about 1100. 
 
 HOLLEY GROVE, a small village of Edgecomb co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 HOLLFELD, hoU'fMt, a town of Bavaria, circle of Uppei 
 Frauconia, 13 miles W. of Baireutb and East Bamberg, 
 Pop. 1048. It has large markets for sheep. 
 
 HOl/LIDAYSBURG, a flourishing post-borough, capital 
 of Blair co., Pennsylvatiia, is situated on the Juniata River 
 and Pennsylvania Canal, near the E. base of the Alleghany 
 Mountain. A branch railroad, 8 miles long, connects with 
 the Central Railroad at Altooua. Distance from Harrisbiu-g 
 by turnpike, 120 miles W., and by railroad, 137 miles. Since 
 the construction of the canal and railroad, tliis town has 
 improved rapidly, and has become the centre of trade for 
 an extensive country, which is rich in agncultural and 
 mineral resources. The business of the town is estimated 
 to be more extensive than that of any place between Pitts- 
 burg and Harrisburg. Through HoU'idaysburg, the iron of 
 the celebrated Juniata region seeks a market. Stone coal 
 anil grain are also exported in large quantities. It contains 
 8 churches, 1 national bank, 1 other bank, 1 town-hali, 3 
 large school-houses, 2 foundries with machine-shops, 2 blast 
 furnaces for sni siting iron, 2 rolling-mills, 1 shuck factory, 
 and I steam grut-mill. There is a rich deposit of iron ore 
 
HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 within a mile of this place. A small branch of the Juniata 
 separates the town from the borough of Gaysport. Holli- 
 daysburg was incori>orated in 1836, and became tlie county 
 seat in 1S46. It is ligiited with gas. Three newspapers are 
 pul)lished here. Population 24t)9, or, including Gaysport, 
 8070. 
 
 irOLLIDAYS COVE, a post-office of Hancock cc, W. 
 Virgini.a. 
 
 IIOL'I.TDAYSVILLE, a post-office of Dooly co.. Georgia. 
 
 nOLLIXG BOURN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HOLLIXG.STEDT, hol'ling-st6tt\ a Tillage of Denmark, 
 duchv, and 12 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick. 
 
 IIOL'LIXGSWORTH, a post-office of Habersham co., 
 Georgia. 115 miles N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 IIOL'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 IIOLaJNGWOOD. a village of England, co. of Lanca-^ter. 
 1} miles W.8.W. of Oldham. 
 
 tlOL'LINGWORTII. a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 HOL'LIS, a post-township of York co., Maine, 60 miles 
 S.AV. of .\ugusta. The inhabit;ints are extensively engaged 
 in the lumber business. Pop. 1683. 
 
 II0LLI8, a post-township of Hillsborough co., New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 7 miles S. of 
 Nashua, and 35 miles S. of Concord. Pop. 1317. 
 
 KOLLIS, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, 11 miles 
 N.^V. of Peoria. 
 
 HOLLIS CENTRE, a post-office of York co.. Maine. 
 
 HOL'LISTOX, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachu.«etts, on the Mllford Branch Railroad, alxiut 25 miles 
 W.S.W. of Boston, and the same distance E. of Worcester. 
 The innabitants are extensively engaged in man^factu^es, 
 there being about 25 establishments in the township for the 
 production of boots, shoes, cotton goods, and straw hats and 
 bonnets, employing about 600 hands. The village contains 
 4 churches, 12 stores, a bank, and Mount Uollis Seminary, 
 also a machine shop, a steam mill, and a pump factory. 
 There are also 3 other villages in the township, viz.,- East 
 HoUiston, Braggville, and Metcalf Station. Pop. in 1850, 
 2428; in 1860,3339. 
 
 HOL'LOWAYVIELE. a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 
 HOLLOW CREEK, a post-office of Lexington district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 HOLLOW SQUARE, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama. 
 
 IIi)LLU M, hol'lum, a village of Holland, province of fries- 
 land, on the S.W. end of the island of Ameland. Pop. 1075. 
 
 HOLLY, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, on the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. See Appendix. 
 
 HOLLY CREEK, a post-village of Murray co., Georgia, 
 10 miles S. of Spring Place, the county-town. 
 
 HOLLY GROVE, a postK)ffice of Walker co., Alabama. 
 
 HOLLY HILL, a post-office of Charleston district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HOLLY LEAF, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee. 
 
 HOL'LYM. a parish of England, co. of York. East Riding. 
 
 HOLLY JIILLS. a post-office of Oakland co.. Michiiran. 
 
 HOL'LYMOUNT. a petty town of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 • CO. of Mayo, 4 miles E.N.E. of Ballinrobe. Pop. 454. 
 
 HOLLY POINT, a post-office of Drew co.. Ark.ansas. 
 
 HOLLY RETREAT, a post-office of Wilkinson co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 HOLLY RIVER, a post-office of Braxton co., W. Virginia. 
 
 HOLLY SPRING, a post-village of Wake co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 HOLLY SPRING, a post-office of AVood co.. Texas. 
 
 HOLLY SPRI.V6. a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas. 
 
 HOLLY SPRINGS, a flourishing and beautiful post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Marshall co., Mississippi, 210 miles N. of 
 Jackson. The situation is healthful and remarkably beauti- 
 ful. The place is distinguished for the excellence of its 
 schools and the intelligence of its inhabitants. It contains 
 4 educational institutions, which arejustlv celebr,<»ted : the 
 Chalmers' Institute and St. Thomas' Hall for bovs; and the 
 Holly Springs Female Institute and the Franislin Female 
 College. The whole number of pupils attending them is 
 •bout 390. The village contains several churches, 4 news- 
 . paper offices, and 1 bank. The Mississippi Central Railroad, 
 connects it with Jaekson and New Orleans. Population 
 
 HOL'LYWOOD, a village and partsh of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Down, on Belfast Lough, 41 miles N.E. of Beltast. 
 Pop. of the village, 1632. In its vicinity, which is very 
 beautiful, are many handsome mansions and villas, the 
 residences of Bolfa.st merchants, whose families also resort 
 here for sea-bathing. 
 
 tJ^F,t>'^^^**^' * P'"^"'* of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 iJ^K.,V.^\*^'^''' * P^"^^ of Ireland, co. of Wicklow. 
 
 Hr>T »,P^' * PostKifflce of Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 
 il ^r«„' '®' * P'"''''^! of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 tJJIr vJ^' * *<^'''"«*>'P "f Kntrland, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 HOLME, a parish of Orkney, in Pomona, on Holme 
 Sound, a fxvititiful frith on the S. coast of Pomona. Se- 
 veral small islets of the Orknevs bear this prefix 
 
 wm M p CUI^'TR AM, aparish of England, co. Cumberland. 
 
 SRHJi',i':\''J' » P"'"'' of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HOLME HALE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 So* 
 
 HOLME LA'CY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 HOLME, MOSS, a mountain "bf England, co. of Derby, 
 where it meets the counties of York and Chester. Highest 
 point, 1859 feet. 
 
 HOLME-PIERREPONT, (peer'pont.) a parish of England, 
 CO. of Nottingham. 
 
 HOiyMER. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 HOLME-NEXT-RUNCTON, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 HOLMES. hAmz, a new county in the N. part of Florida, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of 490 square miles. It 
 is intei'-sected by the Choctawhatchee River. The surface is 
 level or undulating. Formed recently by a division of 
 Walton and Jackspn counties. Capital, Cerro Gordo. Pop. 
 13S6, of whom 1274 were free. 
 
 HOLMES, a county in the N.W. central part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 940 square miles. The Yazoo 
 River forms its boundary on the W., and the Big Black 
 River on the S.E. The surface is generally level, and the 
 soil is very rich. The Yazoo is naviirable for steamboats on 
 the border of the county through the whole year. Named 
 in honor of Governor David Holmes of Mississippi. Capital, 
 Lexington. Pop. 17,791, of whom 5816 were free, and 11,975 
 slaves. 
 
 HOLMES, a county in the N.E. central part of Ohio, has 
 an area of about 400 .square miles. It is traversed from N. 
 to S. by Kilbuck Creek, intersected in the W. part by the 
 Walhonding River, an-d also drained by Doughty's Fork 
 of the first-named stream. The surface is moderately hilly, 
 and the soil generally good. Stone coal is found along Kil- 
 buck Creek. Gas springs have recently been discovered. 
 A railroad has been completed from Cleveland to the county- 
 seat. Formed in 1824. Capital, Millersburg. Population 
 20,5S9. 
 
 HOLMES, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 1611. 
 
 HOLMES. Boone co., Indiana, a station on the Lafayette 
 and Indianapolis Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Lebanon. 
 
 HOLMESBURG, homznnu-g,'a pleasant post-village in- 
 cluded within the chartered limits of Philadelphia, in Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 miles N.E. of the State-house, it contains 4 
 churches. 1 boarding-school, and 1 spade factory. 
 
 HOLME-NEAR-THE-SEA, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IIOLMKS' (homz'ez) HOLE, a post-village in Tisbury 
 township. Duke's co., Massachusetts, about 60 miles S.E. 
 of Boston. Is has a fine harbor, much frequented by vessels 
 in bad weather. At the entrance to the harbor, on the 
 West Chop, stands Holmes' Hole Light-hou.se, exhibiting a 
 fixed light 60 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 29* 
 N., Ion. 70° 36' 40" W. One whaler arrived here in 1S53, 
 bringing 320 barrels of sperm-oil, 1720 of whale-oil, and lOOC 
 pounds of whalebone. 
 
 HOLME-ON-SPALDING (.spjl'ding) MOOR, a parish of 
 Encland. co. of York, East Riding, 
 
 HOLMESTRAND, hol'meh-strlndS a seaport town of Nor- 
 way. stift of Aggershuus, on the Drammen Fiord, 34 milea 
 S.S.W. of Christiania. Pop. 174(i. 
 
 HOLMES' VALLEY, a post-office of Washington co., Flo- 
 rida. 
 
 HOLMESVILLE, hdmz'vill. a po.st-village. capital of Ap- 
 pling CO., Georgia, 115 miles S.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HOLMESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Pike CO., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Bogue Chitto River, 90 miles S. of Jackson. 
 
 HOLMESVILLE, a post-village of Avoyelles parish, in 
 Louisiana, about 20 miles S.W. of Marksville. 
 
 HOLMESVILLE, a post-village of Holmes co., Ohio, near 
 Killbuck Creek, So miles N.E. of Columbus. Together with 
 the contiguous village of Lafayette, it has about 250 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 HOLMESA'ILLE, Laporte co.. Indiana, a station on the 
 Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad. 8 miles 
 N.W. of Laporte. 
 
 HOLM E-ox-THB-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 HOLM/FIRTH, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 HOLMON, hol'mon, or G0L5tA, eoVma, an island of 
 Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 20 miles K. (.>t UmeS. Lat. 
 63° 40' N., Ion. 21° E. It belongs to the Quarken group. 
 
 HOLMPrrON, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 . HOLMS, h6ms, two islets of England and South Wales 
 in the estuary of the river Severn, S.E. of Lavernock. 
 
 HOLMS'FIELD. a chapelrv of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HOLMSLAND. holmsnind. an island of Denmark, in Jut- 
 land, in the N. of the Ringkiobing fiord, about 1 mile N.N.W. 
 of the town of Ringkiobing. Pop. 1800. 
 
 HOLNE, hon, a parish of England, co. of Devon, Si miles 
 W. of Ashimrton. Holne Park is a be;iutiful hunting-seat 
 in this pari.sh. 
 
 HOL/N EST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 HOLOUAN. See Holwan. 
 
 HOLSTEBROE, ( HolstebrSe.) hol'stfh-brbVh, or HOTr 
 STEBRO, hol'stfh-brB\ a town of Denmark, province of Jut- 
 land, 24 miles N.E. of Ringkiobing, on the Stor^aa. Pop 
 1200, mostly agricultural. 
 
HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 nOI^TEIN, 'hol'stine, Ducht of. (L. ITnlm'tia,) a de- 
 pendent of Denmark. wMch, till 1848, formed part of the 
 Germanic Confederation, situated S. of Sleswiok in Den- 
 mark, and N. of Hanover and Mecklenburg in Germany, and 
 between lat. 54° 2t!' 10" and 53° 29' N., and Ion. 9° and ll"^' 
 E., bounded K. by the Baltic, and W. by the North Sea. 
 Aiea, 3230 square miles. l>op. in 1850, 4S2.304. Surfiice 
 mostly level, with low hills in the E.; in the S. and W. the 
 extensive pasture lands are secured against inundations of 
 the sea by dykes. It contains numerous lakes, the chief 
 of which is the PlSnsee, and is watered by the Eider, Elbe, 
 and their affluents. It is celebrated lor its cattle and horses, 
 which with grain, butter, and cheese, form the chief exports. 
 Principal towns. Gliickstadt. the capital, Altona, the chief 
 port. Kiel, Rendsburg, and Elnishorn, which are connected 
 by railways. This province became a dependency of Den- 
 mark in 1459. It is held by the King of Denmark as Duke 
 of Ilolstein. under certain limitations. In 1848, Ilolstein, 
 along with the Duchy of Sleswick, revolted from Denmark 
 in order to join the new German Empire; the population 
 are mostly German in their language as well as in their 
 predilections. 
 
 IIOLSTEINTIIOR. hol'stlne-ton/, a village forming a su- 
 burb of Lubeck. Pop. 1200. 
 
 IIOLSTGN, hol'ston. a river, the largest branch of the Ten- 
 nessee, is formed by the junction of the North .and South 
 Forks, which rise among the Alleghany Mountains of A'ir- 
 plnia, and unite at Kingsport, in Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 Flowing thence S.W., and passing Knoxville, it unites with 
 the Clinch River at Kingston. The length of the main 
 strearo is estimated at 200 miles. Though the current is 
 rather rapid, it has no considerable falls. It is navigable by 
 small steamboats to Knoxville at all seasons, and during the 
 winter they ciin ascend to Kingsport. Branches. — The North 
 Fork rises near the N. border of Smyth co., Virginia, and its 
 general course Is W.S.W. The South Fork rises near the 
 opposite side of that county, and flows nearly parallel with 
 the other branch. ' The length of each is about 100 miles. 
 
 IIOIvSTON, a post-ofRce of Washington co., Airginia. 
 
 irOLSTON VAL'LEY, a post-office of SuUivau co., Ten- 
 hessee. 
 
 iri)LS'WORTIIY, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Devon, on the Tamar, 7j miles W.S.W. of Stratton. 
 
 ID)LT. holt, a parliamentary and municipal borough and 
 parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, on the Dee, crossed by 
 a stone bridge of 10 arches, 5J miles N.E. of Wrexham. Pop. 
 of borough, in 1851, 1029. It is governed by a mayor, and 
 unites with DenViigh, Kuthin, and Wrexham in sending 1 
 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 HOLT, a market-town and parLsh of Engl.and, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 17 miles N. N.E. of Dereham. It has an ancient church, 
 a shire-hall, a work-house, and a grammar school, founded 
 by Sir J. Gresham in 1654, an excellent library, and a scho- 
 lajsbip and fellowship at Sidney College, Cambridge. 
 
 HOLT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 HOLT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 HOLT, a tything of England, co. of Dor.set. 
 
 HOLT, a chapelry of Kngland. co. of Wilts. 
 
 HOLT, holt, or YERMALOFF, yJr'ma-lofr\ an inland in 
 the Pacific Ocean, in the Low Archipelago. Lat. 16° 20' S., 
 Ion. 143° 6' W. 
 
 HOLT, a new county near the N.W. extremity of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on the Ml.ssouri River, which separates it 
 from Kansas and Nebraska: area 470 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Nodaway River, and intersected 
 by Tarkeo and Little Tarkeo Rivers. Capital, Oregon. Pop. 
 6650, of whom 0241 were free, and 309 slaves. Named in 
 honor of Dr. Holt, a popular member of the Missouri Legis- 
 lature. 
 
 HOLT'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 IIOLTEX, hAl'ten, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Overyssel, 21 m'iles S.S.E. of ZwoUe. Pop. 2619. 
 
 IIOLTEX. a town of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles N. of Dus- 
 seldorf. Pup. 840. 
 
 HOLTEN. a village of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, 25 
 miles N.W. of Tonsberg. 
 
 HOI/TEX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HOLTON. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 HOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HOLTON'. a parish of England, co. of SufTolk. 
 
 HOLTOX-LE-CLAY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HOLTON ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HOLT'S CROSS ROADS, a small village of Chatham co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 HOLTS SHOP, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, 40 
 miles S.W. of Macon. 
 
 HOLT'S STORE, a post-village of Orange co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 HOL/VERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOL'W AX, HOLOU AX or HOLUAN, horwdn', a city of an- 
 tiquity, the Calah of Asshur, (Gen.x. 11.) and the Hallah of 
 the Israelitish captivity, is now represented by the village 
 Sar-Puli. in Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, district of Ker- 
 manshah. 8 miles S. of Zohab. Here are some sculptured 
 tablets, BU excavated royal sepulchre, various Sassanian 
 3U 
 
 ruins, and numerous mounds. Lat. 34° SO' N., Ion. 4.'5° US' 
 E. It remained large and populous long after the Arab in- 
 vasion of Persia, but wa."! finally ruined by the Huns in 
 1258. The Holwan River, here crossed by a bridge, rises 2f 
 miles E. of Zohab. and after a tortuous course joins the Ghi 
 Ian. an affluent of the Diala. In the plain it is fordable ii* 
 autumn. 
 
 HOL'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Dedford. 
 
 HOLWELL. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HOLWEKD, hoFweiit. a villjige of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Friesland. on the North Sea. oppo.site Ameland, and 
 6 miles N.W. of Dokkum. Pop. 1700. 
 
 HOL'W ICK, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding, 12 miles N.W. of Rarnard Castle. The fall Of the 
 river Tees here is one of the finest cataracts in England. 
 
 HO'LYROURN, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HOLY-CKOSS, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, 3J 
 miles E.S.E. of Stourbridge. 
 
 IIO'LYCROSS/, a parish and village of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Tipperary, 3 miles S.S.W. of Thurles. Heie is an 
 abbey founded in 1182, and now one of the finest monastic 
 ruins in Ireland. 15- 
 
 HOLVHEAD, hoPe-hJd. (Welsh,*br*'r Gj/hi. kd'erghib/ee.) 
 an island, parliamentary borough, .seaport town, and parish 
 of North Wales, co. of Anglesea, off its AV. side, and con- 
 nected with that Island by a long causeway over a channel 
 fordable at low water, 23 miles W. of IJangor. with which it 
 is connected by railway. The island is mostly a barren rock, 
 and ending on the N. in a huge headland of serpentine 
 rock, hollowed into many caves, which are the resort of 
 flocks of sea-fowl. I'op. of borough, in 1861, 6190. The town 
 has many handsome houses, hotels, assembly- rooms, a church 
 formerly collegiate, and a good market-place. The harbor ig 
 formed by a pier 900 feet in length, 14 feet water at low tide, 
 on which there is a l|ght-house. in lat. 53° 20' N., Ion. 4° 37' 
 W. Two other light-iiouses, with powerful revolving liglits, 
 visible 20 miles distant, stand on the North and &5uth 
 Stacks, two rocks N.W. of the Head : lat. 53° 18' N., Ion. 
 4° 42' W. The South Stack is connected with Holyhead by 
 a suspension bridge. Holyhead owes its importance to its 
 being the nearest British port to Dublin. 
 
 HOLY ISLAND, formerly LIX'DISFARNE'. a peninsula, 
 insulated at high-water, on the N.E. coast of lOngland, adjoin 
 ing CO. of Northumberland, but belonging to the co. of Dur- 
 ham. 9 miles S.S.E. of Berwiek-on-Tweed. The N. part of the 
 island consists ofjiand hills, forming a large rabbit warren; 
 the remainder is fertile. Ithas a small harboron the E.. de- 
 fended by a battery ; a village, now mueh fre(|uented for sea- 
 bathing, very fine ancient castle, and remarkable remains 
 of a celebrated Saxon abbey, founded in 635 as a bishop's 
 see, over which the famous St. Cuthbert presided as bishop. 
 It wag destroyed by the Danes in 900, when the bishopric 
 was removed to Durham, and was afterwards rebuilt as a 
 cell to the priory in that city. Lindisfarue is described in 
 the second canto of Scott's Marmlon. 
 
 HOLY LAND, THE. See Palestine. 
 
 HOLY NECK, apostotflee of Nansemond co., Virginia. 
 
 HOLYOKE, pronounced hOl'yOk, a post-village and town- 
 ship of Hampden co., Massachusetts, on the right (W.) bank 
 of the Connecticut River, and on the Connecticut River Rail- 
 road, 8 miles N. of Springfield, and lOH miles by railroad W. 
 by S. of Boston. The liadley Falls Company, now the Holyoke 
 Water-Power Company, chartered in 1848, with a cai)ital of 
 $4,000,000. has here constructed a dam across the Connecti- 
 cut, 1018 feet in length between the abutments, and 30 feet 
 in height. The entire fall in three-quarters of a mile is 60 
 feet. Such is the n.ature of the ground and the greatness 
 of the entire fall, that the water admitted to the canals 
 can be used more than once; and the hydraulic power 
 thus rendere<l available is capable of being employed to an 
 almost unlimited extent. Holyoke contains 1 bank, 1 news- 
 paper office, 5 churches, 2 hotels, 3 paijer-mills, 3 woollen- 
 mills, 2 cotton-mills, 1 machine-shop. 1 thread-mill, 1 cotton- 
 warp-mill. 1 gingham-mill, 2 wire-mills, and several smaller 
 manufacturing establishments. The town, for the most 
 part, is laid out at right angles; owing to its immense 
 water-power, it seems destined to become one of the most 
 important manufacturing towns in New England. The 
 churches, dwellings, &(?., are situated on a fine elevation 
 west of the canals. It is amply supplied with water from 
 the Connecticut River by fbrcing-punips, operated by hy- 
 draulic-power. Population of the township in 1850, 3245; 
 in 1860, 4997 : and in 1865, not tar from 7500. 
 
 HO'LYTOWN, a village of Scotland, county of Lanark, 
 parish of BothwelL Population 900, chiefly engaged in 
 mining. 
 
 HOLYWELL, hol'e-wfl, a parliamentary borough, market 
 and manufacturing town, and parish, in North Wales, co. 
 of Flint, on the line of the Holyhead and Chester Railway, 
 15 miles N.W. of Chester. Pop. of borough, in 1851, 5740. It 
 lies in a romantic glen near the estuary of tlie Dee; has a 
 chureh partly ancient, a beautiful Gothic chapel, now used 
 as a school, and court-house built over the celebrated well 
 of St. Winifred by the Countess of Richmond, mother of 
 Henry VII. ; remains of an abbey and of a British fortifica- 
 
 866 
 
HOL 
 
 HON 
 
 tioD. thriving manufactures of cottons, galloons, large 
 8meltinu--houses and foundries, and in its close vicinity ex- 
 tensive lead, copper, and zinc mines. Holywell, which is now 
 the largest town in the county, unites with Flint, ic. in send- 
 ing 1 member to the IIou.se oi" Common.s. Its ancient well, 
 the most copious spring in Britain, sends up 21 tons of the 
 purest water every minute. 
 
 HOLYWELL, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 HOLYWELL, a township of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 HOLYWOOD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 H0LZ.\P1'EL, h61t/sap'pel, a town of Germany, duchy of 
 Nassau. 8 miles W. of Limburg, on the Lahn. at the foot of 
 a height, crowned by the remains of the former residence 
 of the Nas.eau princes. Pop. 921. 
 
 HOLZEMME, hAlt/sJm'mjh, a river of Prussian Saxony, 
 joins the Bode, a little below Groningen, after a course of 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 HOLZEXOE. (Holzenoe.) hAlt'sgn-o'eh, an island of Nor- 
 way; lat. 60° 34' X., and loa. 5° 10' E.. 8 miles N.N.W. of 
 Bergen. It is 15 miles long, and about 3 miles wide. 
 
 HOLZGERLIXGEX, h6lts'ghei--lingVn, a viUage of WUr- 
 temberg, circle of Neckar, 12 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 
 1638. 
 
 HOLZMIXDEX, hAlts'min-den. a frontier town of Ger- 
 many, duchy of Brunswick, capital of a circle on the We.ser, 
 66 miles S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 3409. It is well built, 
 and has several churches, a synagogue, public library, and 
 manufactures of iron and steel wares, files, pins, &c. It is 
 also an entrepot for linen fabrics. 
 
 nOLZTHALLEBEX, h6lts'tdl-lA'ben. a village of Ger- 
 many, priuci}«ility of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 12 miles 
 \y. of Sondershaiisen. Pop. 1147. 
 
 HOMASAS'SA, a post-office of Benton CO., Florida. 
 
 HOMBEECK, homa)Ak, a village of Belgium. 15 miles S. 
 of Antwerp, on the Senue, and on the railway from Mechlin 
 to Dendermoude. Pop. 1825. 
 
 HOMBEKG, hom'bjRG, a town of Germany, in Hes.se- 
 Cassel, province of Nieder-Uessen, on the Kfze, 20 miles 
 S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 3815. 
 
 HOMBKRG, a walled town of Hesse-Darmstadt, province 
 of Ober-Hessen, 18 miles X.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1692. 
 
 HOMBEKG, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles 
 N. of Dusseldorf, on the lihine. Pop. 921. 
 
 HOMBEKG, a village of West Prussia, at the terminus 
 of a railway communicating with Aix-la-CJiapelle, 25 miles 
 from Gladbach. 
 
 UOMBOURO, hAM^booR/, two contiguous villages of 
 France, department of Moselle, oh the Paris and Strasbourg 
 Bailway. 27 miles E.X.E. of .Metz. United pop. 3075. 
 
 HOSIBOURG, hAjt'booR', a village of Belgium, 19 miles 
 £.N.E. of Liege, on the Gulpe. Pop. 1795. 
 
 HOMBRECHTIKOX, hom-br^K'te-kon, a village of Swit- 
 zerland, cantou of Zurich, district of .Meilen. Pop. 2800. 
 
 HOMBRESSEN, hom'brJs-sgn, a village of Hesse-Cassel, 
 N.W. from Cassel. Pop. 1357. 
 
 . HOMBURG, hom'bCoRG, a fortified town of Central Ger- 
 many, in Rhenish Bavaria, 6 miles N. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 
 3107, employed in manuiactures. 
 
 HOMBURG. a town of Central Germany, in Bavaria, on 
 the Main, 13 miles W. of WUrzburg. Pop. 700. 
 
 HOMBURG. a royal chateau of Central Germany, in 
 Bhenish Prussia, 26 miles E.S.E. of Cologne. 
 
 HOMBURG-^OR-DER-HOiiE. (Vor-der-Hcihe.) homOjdORQ voR- 
 djR-ho'eh. a town of Central Germany, capital of the land- 
 graviate of Hesse-Hombu rg. 9 miles N.X.W. of Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main. Pop. 4500. It has a castle, built in 1680, and 
 a stocking manufactory : but it is best known for its well- 
 frequented mineral springs. It has elegant bath establish- 
 ments, and is one of the most noted gambliug-places in Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 HOME, a parish of Scotland. See Hume. 
 
 HOMK. a post-villaae of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, about 
 170 miles W.X.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 HOME, a post-oftice of Walker co., Texas. 
 
 HO.ME, a post-village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 10 miles 
 E. by X. of Madi.son. 
 
 HOME, a village of Adair co., Missouri, on the North 
 Fork of Salt River, 120 miles N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HOME, a post-oiiice of Van Buren co.. Iowa. 
 
 HOMK BAY, in British North .\merica, N. of Cumberland 
 Island, is in lat. 68° 30' X.. Ion. 6S° W. 
 
 HOME CITY, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, 10 miles below Cincinnati, was laid out a few 
 years ago by the Ciucinn.iti Building A.s.sociation. 
 
 H(yMER, a post-vilhwe and township of Cortland CO.. 
 New York, pleasantly situated on the Svracuse and Bing- 
 hamton Railroad, and on the Tioughnioga Creek, 34 miles 
 8. of Syracuse. The village contains churches for the Biip- 
 tists. Episcopalians. Methodists, and Univers;ilists. a news- 
 paper office, an academy, and about a dozen stores; also 
 several mills and tactories. Pop. of the iyownship, 4356; of 
 the village about 1800. 
 
 HO.MEK, a postrtownship of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 6 
 mUebS. ofCoudorsport. Pop. 210. 
 
 HOMER, a post-village, capital of Claiborne parish, Louisi- 
 ana, about 200 miles X.W. of Baton Rouge. It is sltuateil 
 in a fertile cotton-growing region. Pop. 1451. 
 
 HOMER, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, on the North 
 Fork of Licking River, 46 miles N.E. of Columlus, has seve- 
 nil churches and mills. Pop. about 350. 
 
 HOMER, a township in Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 99.3. 
 
 HOMER, a township in Morgan co., Oliio. Pop. 200S. 
 
 HOMER, a small village of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 HOMER, a post-township, forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Calhoun co., Michigan. Pop. 1158. 
 
 HOMER, a small village of Jackson CO., Indiana, about 
 56 miles S. of Indi.inapolis. 
 
 HOMER, a post-office of Champaign co., Illinois. 
 
 HOMER, a township in Will co.,Illinois. Pop. 1208. 
 
 HOMER, Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central Kail- 
 road, 8 or 9 miles N. of Lasalle. 
 
 HOMER, a post-office of Hamilton co., Iowa. 
 
 IIO'MERSFIELD. a parish of England, eo. of Suffolk. 
 
 HOMERTOX, a village of England. See H.\ckney. 
 
 HO'MERYILLE, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio. 
 
 HOME SPRIXG, a post-office of Holmes co., Florida. 
 
 HOME'STEAD, a post-office of Iowa co., Iowa. 
 
 nOME/WARD. a post-office of Scott CO.. Mississippi. 
 
 HOM'IXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 3J miles 
 S.S.W. of Salisbury. In the church is a monument to G. 
 Stanley, gent., who died in 1719, aged 151. 
 
 HOMME, hom'meh, a river of Belgium, in Luxemhourg, 
 joins the Lesse. after a course of 25 miles. 
 
 IIOM'MENY CHEEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 HOMOCHITrrO, a small river of Mississippi, rises in Co- 
 piah CO., and flowing south-westerly, enters the Mississippi 
 at the S. extremity of Adams county. 
 
 HOMOCHITTO. a post-office of Franklin co.. Mississippi. 
 
 HOMOLITZ, ho'mo-lits\ a village of Hungary, co. of To- 
 rontal, on the Danube, 6 miles S.S.E. of Paucsova. Pop. 1740. 
 
 IIOMOXNA, ho'mon'nOh, or HUJIEXE, hoo-mi'neh, a 
 market-town of Hungary, co. of Zemplin, 30 miles E. of 
 Eperies. Pop. 2956. 
 
 HOMOROD, ho^mo^rod', the name of several villages of 
 Transylvania, in Szekler-land, the principal being Homorod- 
 Almas, 9 miles S.E. of Udvarhely. Near it is the grotto of 
 Almas, (5rmo.«h') or Amas, famous in local history as a place 
 of retreat against invaders from the E. and S. 
 
 HOMOROD, GREAT, a river of Transylvania, joins the 
 Ak.ota. (Aluta.) after a S.S.W. course of 30 miles. 
 
 IIO'MOWACK', a post-office of Ulster co.. New York. 
 
 HOMS. hims. HUMS. hUms. orllEMS. hems, (anc. JPw'e.w,) 
 a town of Syria, pashalic, and 80 miles X.X.E. of Damascus. 
 Pop. estimated at 30.000. It is built of dark basalt, and 
 has numerous mosques, some churches, a large khan, well- 
 supplied bazaars, manufactures of gold and silver thread, 
 cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics, and an active trade with 
 Hamah, Aleppo, and Damascus. Its vicinity is irrigated 
 by canals from the Orcntes, which river traverses the Lake 
 of Iloms, 3 miles southward, and about 13 miles in length, 
 by 2 miles in breadth. 
 
 IIO-NAN, ho'nSn'. an inland province of China, mostly 
 between lat. 32° and 37° N., and Ion. 110° and 116° E. Pop. 
 23.037.171. Its N. part is intersected by the Hoang-ho. The 
 soil is highly fertile: chief city. Kai-fuug. 
 
 HO-NAN, a city of China, capital of a department, in the 
 a1x)ve province, on an affiuent of the Hoang-ho, in lat. 34" 
 40' N., Ion. 112° 28' E. 
 
 HO-XAN, a famous Boodhist temple of China, on an 
 island near Canton. 
 
 HOX'CUT CI5EEK, a small stream of California, forms 
 part of the toundary between Butte and Y'uba counties for 
 its whole length, and fiills into Feather River about 10 
 miles above Marysville. 
 
 HOX'DA. (Sp. pron. An'dl,) a town of South America, in 
 New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, on the Mag- 
 dalena. 55 miles X.W. of Bogota. Pop. 5000. It is regu- 
 larly built, and has some religious edifices, a college, and 
 two bridges, and is a depSt for the commercial produce of 
 the southern provinces of New Granada. 
 
 HOND.\, the name of a bay on the N. coast of New Gra- 
 nada, lat. 12° 20' N., Ion. 71° 60' W. 
 
 HONDA, a bay on the N. coast of Cuba, 60 miles W. of 
 Havana. 
 
 HONDO, hon'do, or on'do, or RIO HONDO, ree^o onMo, 
 (t. e. " deep river.") called also RIO GRANDE, ree'o griln'di, 
 a river of Y'ucatan and British Honduras, enters a b.iy of 
 the Caribbean Sea, 25 miles S.E. of Biicalar. 
 
 HOX'DO CREEK, of Texas, flows S. through Medina co, 
 and enters the Rio Frio in Bexar county. 
 
 HOXDSCHOOTE. hAs^'shOt', (Dutch pron. hont'.shiVtgh,) 
 a frontier viUage of France, department of Nord, 10 miles 
 S.E. of Dunkerque. Pop. 2250. 
 
 HONDURAS, hon-doo/ris, a republican state of the Con- 
 federation of Central America, extending from lat. 13° to 
 16° X.. from Cape Gracias a Dios, (Ion. 83° W) to Ion. 88° 46* 
 W., being bouu<«ed X. by the Cnribbean Sea and the Bay of 
 Honduras, S.£ «y the Mosquito Territory and Nicaragua, S. 
 
HON 
 
 HON 
 
 hy San Salvadorand the T!ay of Coiicha<xua. on the Paciflc, and 
 W. by IJuateinala. Area estimated at Si.OOO siiuare miles. Its 
 guifaoe is irrejrular. beins; traversed by numerous mountain 
 ranges in all directions, but iienerally of moderate elevation. 
 The valley* betvieen are numerous and fertile, and there is 
 one lake about 1 8 miles Innsr by 10 miles broad, near the centre 
 of the state. Its mineral wealth is very considerable, but was 
 turned to much better account formerly than now: it com- 
 prises gold, silver, lead, and copper; the two latter found in 
 a variety of combinations, and the two former frequently 
 combined with each other; also opals, emeralds, asbestos, 
 and cinnabar. There are some considerable rivers in the 
 state, the largest of whiih are the Chamelicon, Ulua, and 
 Aguan. all flowing to the Caribbean Sea, and the Choluteca, 
 ^(hich falls into the Pacific. There are .some extensive 
 f)rests, abounding.in fine timber, sucli as maho;rany, cedar, 
 mora, (a species of fustic.) &.c. The principal cultivated pro- 
 ductions are maize, beans, some wheat, rice, and plantains; 
 but being almost exclusively a mining district, it is doubt- 
 ful if the quantity raised is sufficient for the whole popula- 
 tion. Some tobacco also is grown. The country aViounds in 
 cattle of a fine breed; and the price of the animals slaugh- 
 tered for consumption is extremely low. The state is divided 
 into the 7 departments of Comayagua, Santa Barbara, Gra- 
 cias, Yoro, Choluteca, Segovia, and Tegucigalpa, all named 
 after their principal towns, of wliich Comayagua is capital 
 also of the country. Its principal ports are Tru.jino, (Trux- 
 illo.) on the Caribbean Sea, and Port San Lorenzo, in the 
 Bav of Conchagua. in the I'acitic. Pop. about 3.50,000. 
 
 HONDURAS, (hon-doo'ras,) BAY OF, a wide inlet of the 
 Caribbean Sea, mostly between lat. 16° and "^0° N,, and Ion. 
 84° and 88° W,, having S,, Jlosquito and the State of Hon- 
 duras, and W., British Honduras and Yucatan. It receives 
 tlie Belize, Slotagua, and numerous other rivers, and con- 
 tains the islands of Kuatan, TuretTe, Bonacca, &c., with a 
 multitude of islets and reefs, termed keys 
 
 IIO.NDUKAS, BRITISH, Central America. See Balize. 
 
 H(.)XEOYK, ho-ne-oy', a post-village of Ontario co.. New 
 York, at the foot of Honeoye Lake, 2b miles S. of Rochester. 
 
 HONKOYK FALLS, a post-village of Mendon township, 
 Monroe Co., New York, on Honeoye Cr<'ek, and on the Can- 
 andaigua and Niagara Falls Kailroad, about 16 miles S. by 
 E. of Rochester. It contains churches of 4 or 5 denomin- 
 ations, and manufactories of wool and of axes. Pop. in 
 1860, estimated at 1500. 
 
 HONKOYK LAKK, New York, in the S.W. part of Ontario 
 CO.. is about 5 miles long, and near 1 mile wide. Its outlet, 
 Honeoye Creek, flows into Genesee River. 
 
 HONKS'DALB, a flourishing post-iiorough. capital of 
 Wayne co., Pennsylvania, at the confluence of Dyberry 
 Creek with the Lackawaxen, and at the K. terminus of the 
 Delavfare and Hudson Itailroad, 160 miles N.E. of Harris- 
 burg, and 12 miles E. of Carbondale, It is a place of much 
 activity in business, and is rapidly increasing. The pro.s- 
 peritj' of tile place has been developed by manufactures of 
 various kinds, and by the operations of the Delaware and 
 Hudson Canal Company. This company have extensive 
 coalmines near Carbondale, from which about 900,000 tons 
 are taken annually, and conveyed by railroad to Honesdale, 
 andtlience by canal to the Hudson River. A plank-road 
 has been constructed from thiii town to the New York and 
 Erie Railroad, The houses are mostly built of wood, and 
 present a neat appearance, Honesdale contains 6 churches 
 1 or 2 national banks, and 2 new.spaper offices. It was laid 
 out in 1826, incorporated in 1831, and became the county- 
 seat in 1842. The town lias extended itself beyond the 
 limits of the corporate borough, and has a population of 
 about 30(10, while the borough projier had inlSOO, only 2544, 
 
 IKJNEYBROOK, h&n'e-brook, a township in Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1988. 
 
 IIONEYCIIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 H')NEV CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Sandusky River 
 in Seneoa county. 
 
 HONKY CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Vigo county 
 into the AV abash, 9 miles below Terre Haute. 
 
 HONEY CREEK, of Sauk co., Wisconsin, falls into the 
 Wisconsin River. 
 
 HON i;Y creek, a township, Clinton co„ Indiana, 
 
 HONEY CREEK, a township, Tiw co,. Indiana. Pop. 1149. 
 
 HONEY CREEK, a post-oflice of McDonald co.. Missouri. 
 
 HONKY CREEK, a villageand township in the S.W. part 
 of Sauk CO., Wisconsin. I'op. 1050. 
 
 HONEY CREEK, a post-village of Walworth CO., Wiscon- 
 sin. 30 miles S.W. of Milwaukee, 
 
 IK )N EY CUT, a small post-village of Baldwin co,, Alabama. 
 
 HONEY GROVE, a post-office of Fannin co.. Texas. 
 
 HONEY I'ATII. a post-village of Anderson district. South 
 Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 34 miles 
 from Greenville. 
 
 HONKY POINT, a post-office of Macoupin CO., Illinois. 
 
 TiONEYVILLK, a post-village of Page co., Virginia, on 
 ■Ucney Creek, 137 miles N.W. of Richmond. It contains 1 
 church and several mills. 
 
 HONFLEUR, hAK^'ttuR' or <\v°'auR'. (L. Sonjlorium.) a sea- 
 pfirt town of France, departmeni: of Calvados, on the S. or left 
 
 hank of the estuary of the Pj'ine. 8 miles S.E. of Ilavre. It is 
 ill built, dirty, and dull, having de.'"v;-d Tlth th», .jse of 
 Ilavre. On a wooded height above :t is a church, a goua <ieai 
 resorted to by seafaring devoteeti. Its poi't, sheltered by a 
 pier, is adapted only for small vessels: but 2.320,000 francs 
 were some years ago voted by the French Chambers for its 
 improvement. Honfleur has ship-building docks and rope- 
 walks; exports to England about 7000 dozen eggs weekly, 
 with butter, fruits, <tc,; and has an active trade with Ame- 
 rica, F'ine melons, and a good deal of other fruit, are grown 
 in its vicinity. This was the last town in Normandy whiili 
 submitted to Henry IV. Pop. in 1852, 9301. 
 
 HONGti. (Hongg.) hiing, (almost hJng,) a village of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 4 miles N,W, of Zurich. Pop, 1531. 
 
 HONG-HAl. hong'hi', an islet in the China Sea, off the 
 coast of Quang-tong, in lat. 22° 45' N.. Ion. 116° 12' E. 
 
 HONG-KIANG or HON-KIANG, hong'-keilng'. written 
 also IIOANG-KIANG, a navigable river in the S. part of 
 China, rises in the province of Yunnan, flows E. and S.E., 
 and. after receiving the PeKiang from the N.. enters the 
 China Sea by many mouths, near Canton. It is sometimes 
 called See-Kiano. (Si-Kiang.) . The arm on which Canton is 
 situated is called Canton River or Choo-Kiang, ('• Pearl 
 River,") the latter name (CnodKiANO) is sometimes applied 
 to the whole stream. Length, estimated at 800 miles. 
 
 HONG-KONG, ('• Red Harbor,") or IIIANG-KIANG.(" the 
 Fragrant or Flowing Streams.") an island belonging to the 
 Briti.sh, oft' the S.E. coast of China, province of Quang-tong, 
 situated at the mouth of the estuary that leads to Canton, 
 from which it is distant S.E. 75 miles. Lat. of Victoria 
 Church. 22° 16' 30" N.. Ion. 114° 14' 45" E. It is about 10 
 miles in extreme length from N.W, to S,E„ and 7i miles in 
 extreme breadth, separated from the mainland bj- a strait, 
 which, at Lymoon Pass, is only about a quarter of a mile 
 wide. The general appearance of the island is exceedingly 
 unprepos.sessing, being composed mostly of lofty barren rocks 
 that rise from the sea, to heights of from lOlfo to 2000 feet, 
 and so abruptly as to leave hardly any sf>ace to build upon. 
 Some rank vegetation here and there, with a little herbage 
 and brush-wood growing in the intervals between the masses 
 of granite, and a few plants on the margins of the streams, 
 form almost its only vegetable productions. Victoria, the 
 capital, is situated on a magnificent bay of the same name, 
 setting up into the N. side of the island. Excellent anchor- 
 age is afforded here in deep water close in shore, and the bay 
 is usually crowded with shipping of every nation, and with 
 dense masses of Tanka boats and other Chinese craft. The 
 total number of vessels that arrived at IIong-Kong in 1852 
 was 1097, with an aggregate burden of 433,383 tons ; an in- 
 crease of 56.299 tons over the previous year. The number of 
 Chinese coasting vessels vLsiliug the island was 492, and of 
 salt junks 310, importing 173.000 piculs. The salt imported 
 in 1850 amounted to 345.050 piculs. During the year above 
 specified, specie to the amount of 6,074.845 w^as remitted to 
 Indi.1 by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation 
 Company alone. This was chiefly in return for the opium 
 brought thence, and sold to the Chinese along the coast.- 
 In 1849, the total nuniber of native boats fre<iuenting the 
 harbors of Hong-Kong, was 1242, including 200 fishing .sam- 
 pans, importing sugar, alum, sulphur, rice, nut-oil. dye- 
 barks, provisions, <^c. ; taking, in exchange, opium, manu- 
 factured goods, saltpetre, and stones, which are quarried in 
 the island. A promising trade in Chinese sugar has aiisen 
 at Victoria, It is shipped for New South Wales, England, 
 India, and Shanghai, An extensive and increasing trade 
 is carried on between Hong-Kong and California. Thirty 
 thousand Chinese embarked for San I'rancisco in 1852. 
 
 IIong-Kong was ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of 
 Canton, in 1841, and again by the treaty of Nanking, in 
 1842, Since then, many wealthy Chinese merchants have 
 estalilished branch houses here, and have begun to charter 
 British ships to carry British goods to the N, ports. The 
 government of .the colony is vested in a governor, lieuten- 
 ant-governor, (who is likewise a commandant.) chief-justice, 
 attorney-general, legislative council of five, assisted by vari- 
 ous subordinate officers and secretaries. The governor has 
 also the office of superintendent of British trade at the five 
 Chinese ports, and exercises a gener.il control over all Bri- 
 tish ships and subjects resorting to China. Picvenue for 
 1852. 21.33U.; expenditures, 34.705i. Pop., on the first occu- 
 pation of the island by the British, only 5000: in 1852 it 
 was .37,058, of whom 526 were Europeans and Americans. 
 
 IIONGRIE, a country of Europe. See Hungary. 
 
 HON'ILY, a parish of England, co, of Warwick, 
 
 HO/MNG. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IION'INGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 H0N1NGT0N. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HONINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. The 
 poet Bloomfield was born here in 1766. 
 
 HONINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 IIONITON, hfin'e-ton, a parliamentary boi'ough. market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Otter, 16i 
 miles E,N.E. of Exeter. Pop. of the borough, 3427, It is 
 situated in a vale celebrated for beauty and fertility, and 
 consists chiefly of one long spacious street, well built, paved, 
 
HON 
 
 mtd lighted ; throw^tiout its whole length runs a fine stream 
 pf water It has an ancient diiirch, containing a curious 
 »-Teeii, and many old monuments, and a superb modern 
 Gothic church, a small grammar school, a union work-house, 
 and a hosjiital iloniton has long been celebrated for its 
 manufactures of serges and of lace. The boi-ough is governed 
 by a port-reeve, elected in a manor-court of its ancient lord.s, 
 the Courtenays, Earls of Devon. It sends 2 members to 
 the House of Commons, and is also a polling-place for the 
 county. 
 
 HON'LEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 JlOXXECODRT. honn'kooR', a market-town of France, de- 
 triment of Nord, on the Canal of St. Quentin, near the 
 Scheldt. 8 miles S. of Cambrai. Pop. 1417. 
 
 tlON'XEF, hon'nJf. a village of Khenish Prussia, gorern- 
 inent of Cologne, circle of Sieg. on the Rhine. Pop. 2750. 
 
 HDNNIXGKN, hon'ning-en, a market-town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 17 miles X.W. of Co'bleutz, on the right bank of the 
 Rhine. Pop. 1230. 
 
 HOXXINCrEN. a vilLage of Rhenish Prussia, 30 miles 
 W.X.W. of Coblentz. 
 
 IIONO. (Ilonij,) ho'no\ a small triangular island of Sweden, 
 in the Catte^at, andW. of Gothenburg. 
 
 IIOXOLULU, honVlooloo. written also IIOXORURC, the 
 principal town and seaport of the Sandwich Islands, on the S. 
 side of the island of Oahu. Lat. of the fort, 21° l.S' 12" X., Ion. 
 157° 55' W. It is about half a mile long, and about one-fourth 
 of a mile broad, and consists of one good street, with a number 
 of narrow, irregular alleys. Most of the hou.ses are built in 
 the native fa.«hion; but there are also many substantial 
 wooden edifices in the Kuropean style, enclosed with small 
 gardens of exotic and indigenous ornamental plants. Sun- 
 day is ushered in with great decorum and quietness. There 
 are several congregations of natives, some of which consist 
 of 2i)00 persons, all decently clad and well conducted. There 
 are several schools, under the superintendence of the mis- 
 sionaries. The mouth of the harbor is formed by an inlet 
 through a coral reef; it has a bar, with only 20 feet water 
 upon it at ebb. The bar is about 50 fathoms in breadth, 
 and consists of smooth coral rock, having 10 fathoms close 
 to its outer edge, and 7 fathoms on the inner. The basin or 
 anchorage inside, which is of a semicircular form, is capable 
 of containing between 70 and 80 ships, well protected in all 
 ■we.athers. During the first quart^jr of 1850, the arrivals at 
 the port of Honolulu were 90 ves.«eI.o, aggregate tonnage 
 2-3,610; and on the 24th of June, in the same year, above 40 
 vessels, of various dimensions, were lying in the harbor. The 
 total number of merchant vessels that visited the islands in 
 1853. was 211, of which 154 entered the port of Honolulu. 
 During the same year, there are arrived 538 whalers; 246 
 were entered at the custom-house of Honolulu. Of the 
 $155,640 duties collected in the kingdom, $^46,964 were re- 
 ceived at this port. The total value of imports at Honolulu 
 for the years 1850, 1851, and 1852, was $1,035,058, $1,751,671, 
 and $715,295, respectively, and the exports $46,529, $82,273, 
 and $63,661. The extraordinary excess of the imports over 
 the exports is owing to the great quantities of goods fui-- 
 nished by vessels calling here for supplies. Pop. 6000. Sec 
 Sandwich Islands. 
 
 HOXOR DK COS, t', lo'noR' dgh kos, a village of France, 
 dep.-u-tment of Tarn-et-6aronne, on the right Kank of the 
 Aveyron, 7 miles N.X.E. of Montauban. Pop. 1535. 
 
 HOXRUBI.A., on-roo'Be-3, a town of Spain, province, and 
 30 miles S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1S20. 
 
 HONTH, hont, a county of Hungary, in Hither Danube. 
 Area, 975 square miles. Capital, Ipoly-Sagh. Pop. 103,326. 
 
 HOXTH, a village of Hungary, in the above county, 4 
 miles E.S.E. of Ipoiy-Sagh, on the Ipoly. Pop. 683. 
 
 HOXTUR, on-tooR/, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 24 miles 
 from Alb.acete. Pop. 1204. 
 
 HOO, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOO, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 H'>0, a chapelry of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HOO'BLY, (formerly Havili, hd've-lee.) a town of BHti.sh 
 India, presidency of Bombay. 13 miles S.E. of Darwar. 
 Population is estimated at 15,000. It has 2 forts, some >Io- 
 hammedan edifices, and a good trade. 
 
 HOO-CHOO. HuU-TOHon. hooVhoo.' or HOU-TCIIEOU- 
 FOU, boo'-chS<ioYoo. a town of China, province of Che- 
 klang, capital of a department, 70 miles N.W. of Xingpo. 
 
 HOOD CHAX'XEL, Nortli America, in AVa.-<hinston Ter- 
 ritory, is an iidet of the Georgian Gulf. See Ai'fk.ndix. 
 
 HUUUS ISLiAXD, one of the Galapagos group. 
 
 HOOD'S ISLAND, (the Fttfin>!,a or Fi-iniign of the natives.) 
 one of the Marquesas Islands, in lat. 9° 25' S., Ion. 138° 67' 
 « ., said to 1)6 uninhabited. 
 
 HOOD'S IShASD. See Lord Hood's Ishnd. 
 
 IIOODS MILLS, a post-offlce of Carroll co., Maryland. 
 
 H )01)S RIVKR. British North America, flows Into Coro- 
 nation (iulr, Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Hi HtDS/VILLK. a post-offlce of Marion co., W. Virginia. 
 
 HOOK, hoo. a parish of En-jland, co. of Sussex 
 
 HOOK, hOf. a village of H.sse^ass»"l. in X ieder-IIegsen, 
 p'^ar Ca.ssel. The working of a lignitt-mine here employs 
 the greaterpart of the inhabitants. Pop. 909 
 
 HOO 
 
 )FDPLA AT. hof'piat'. a village of Holland, in Zealand, 
 : West Scheldt. 6 miles E.S.E. of Flushing. Pop. 1031. 
 
 HOOFDPL. 
 
 on the West Scheldt. 6 miles E.S.E. of Flushing. Pop. 103t 
 
 HOOGE. ho'iieh, or ho'r.heh. a village of the Xetherlancte, 
 
 province of North Brabant. 7i miles X. of Breda. Pop. 1314. 
 
 HOOGE Vr.EN, hMiheh-vaiii', a town of the Netherlands, 
 
 province of Drent he, 19 miles S. of A.ssen. I'op. 4000. 
 
 HOOGEZAND, ho'ttheh-zdnt', a village of the Netherlands, 
 province, and 8 miles X.E. of Groniniren. Pop. 1680. 
 HOOGHLY. a river of India. See IIoooLY. 
 IIOOGKAKSl'KL. hoG-kaR/spfl, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Xorth Holland, X.E. of Hoorn. Pop. 974. 
 HiK)GKEKK, hog'ktek, a parish of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince, and W. of Groningen. 
 
 HOOGLEDE, h5g'l!l-<leh. a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 17 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 4033. 
 
 IIOOGLY orllOlXJHLY. hooglee. (River) the westernmost 
 branch of the Ganges, at its de]t.a, formed by the union of 
 the Cossinibazar and .Tellinsrhy about 55 miles N. of Calcutta. 
 Total length. al)Out 200 miles; its mouth is nearly 10 miles 
 .icross. It is the only branch of the Ganges navigated by 
 large vessels, and the only one in the delta which is cott- 
 sidered .sacred bv the Hindoos. 
 
 IIOOGLY or ilOOGHLY. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, on the right bank of the Hoogly River, 
 25 miles N. of Calcutta. It is large, prosperous, and pictu- 
 resque, occupying an elevated site, its buildings being inter- 
 spersed with trees and bamlKK) plantations. The princip.il 
 structures are a hand.some church, various Hindoo temples 
 and ghauts, (flights of stairs,) and a government college for 
 English, Persian, Arabic, and other languages. The first 
 serious outbreak between the Moguls and Europeans took 
 place at Iloogly. in 1632 ; the first factory established by the 
 East India Company in Bengal was erected here in lt>44; 
 and here, in 16S0, occurred the first engagement between 
 the British and the Moguls, when the fleet of the former bom- 
 iMirded the town. 
 
 HOOGLY, a district of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, has an areii of 2260 square miles. Pop. 1.239,1.tO. 
 
 HOOGSTRAETEN or HOOGSTKAATEN. hog'stri'ten, a 
 small town of Belgium, province, and 20 miles N.E. of "Ant- 
 werp. Pop. 1550. 
 
 IIOOGVLIET. hOgVleet/, a village of Holland, province 
 of South Holland, 6 miles S.W. of Rotterdam, on the Old 
 Meu.se. Pop. 702. 
 
 HOOK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 HOOK, a chiipelry of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 HOOK, a parish of Ireland, in Leiiister, co. of Wexford, 
 forming the S. part of the peninsula which screens Water- 
 ford Harbor on the E. At its extremity is an ancient and 
 very curious tower, now used as a light-house. 
 IIOOK'ER. a post-office of Hunt co., Texas. 
 HOOK'ERSVILLE, a small, village of Cumberland co, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 HOOK'ERTON. or IIOOK'ER STOAVN. a small post-village 
 of Greene co., North Carolina, on Mocca.siu River, 82 miles 
 S.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 IIOOK'ERY, a decayed town of Ilindostan, province of 
 Bejapoor, 55 miles S.S.W. of Merritch, in lat. 10° 13' N., Ion. 
 74° 47' E. It still has some vestiges of its foi-mer prosperity. 
 HOOK'SET. a post-township of Merrimack co., New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Merrimack River, and on the Concord Rail- 
 road, 9 miles S. by E. of Concord. A fall in the Merrimack 
 at this place affords abundant water-power, employed in ma- 
 nuCicturing — chiefly delaines. Pop. 1257. 
 
 HOOKSTOWN, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, 
 242 miles AV. by N. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 296. 
 HOOK.STOWN, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 HOOLE, hool. a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 HOOLY-OXORE. hoo1eeK>nor', a town and fort of Ilindos- 
 tan. Mv.sore dominions. 1.30 miles X.AS". of Seringapatiun. 
 
 HOO^XAN or HOU-XAN. hoo'n.-ln'. ("south of the lake,") 
 a province of China, between lat. 25° and .30° N.. and Ion. 
 109° and 114° E., bounded southward by the Quang pro- 
 vinces. Pop. 18,652.607. Surface elevated, but fertile: all 
 the rivers are tributaries to the Lake Tong-ting, on its N. 
 border, and whence its name. Chief city. Chang-sha. 
 
 HOOPE or IIOU-PE. hooY>V,(-' north "of the lake.'") a pro- 
 vince of China, between lat. 29° and 33°. and Ion. 10S° and 
 11 6° E., and in the centre of China proper. Pop. 37 370.098. 
 It is traversed by the Yang-ts.^kiang. Chief citv Woo-chang, 
 HOOPEK. a pnsf-offlce of Bro<mie co.. New York. 
 HOOP'ER'S FEURY, a small village of Lealie co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 HOOP'ER'S ISLAND, an island in the Sea of Corea. off the 
 S. coa.stofQuelp.aert Island, in lat. 3.3° 10' N.. Ion. 126° 30' E. 
 IIOO-QUANG, HOU-QU.iNG, HOL'-KOUANG or HUK- 
 W.\XG, hoo^kwang', a firmer province of China, now firm- 
 ing the provinces of Iloo-nan and Hoo-pe, and having in its 
 centre the large lake of Tong-ting. 
 
 HOORM.iH.'V. hooR-md'rI. a seaport town of Reloochi.sfan, 
 province of Mekran. on the Indian Ocean, in lat. 25°2o'N., 
 Ion. 65° 6' E. Pop. about 20<X). 
 
 IIOORX, hORn, a fortifi(Hl seaport town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Holland, on the Zuyder-Zee. 20 
 miles N.N.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 8668 It has a naval co!- 
 
HOO 
 
 teg-e, and an active trade in ship-building; also in cheese, 
 butter, herrings, cattle, and the products of its manufac- 
 tures, which comprise carpets, woollen cloths. Ac. It is the 
 birthplace of the navigator Schouten, who discovered Cape 
 Iloorn, (Horn.) and named it after his native town ; and of 
 Tasnian. the discoverer of Van Diemen's Land, &c. 
 
 IKJOI'N, hor.n. a villafje of the Netherlands, at the S. end 
 of the island of Texel. Pop. 5(^9. 
 
 IIOORX, (generally called De Uonrn. d,l-h8rn,)a villageof 
 the Netherlands in the island of Schelling. I'op. 12'2. 
 
 HODKX, an island of the Malay .Archipelago, in the Roads 
 of Halavi.i. almut 2 miles N.K. of Onrust. 
 
 IlOOSHKOOSIl.A.X or HOU-CIIKOU-OIIAN, hooVh.'l-oo'- 
 ehia'. a mountain of Cliina. province of Shan-See, lat. 39° 20' 
 N., Ion. 111° 54' K.. covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 UOO'.SIC, a post-office of Greene co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 IIOO'SICK, a post-township forming the N.K. extremity 
 of Uensselaer co., New York. 20 miles N.K. of Troy. It is 
 intei-.sected by the Troy and Boston Railroad, witli which 
 several other lines here firm a junction. The famous IIoo- 
 sick tunnel is in this township. Pop. 4-M6. 
 
 IIOOSICK FAM.S, a post-village in the above township, 
 on both sides of Ilooslck River, o5 miles N.K. of Albany. It 
 has a fine water-power, with a fall of 40 feet. Pop. in 1860, 
 estimated at 700. Here is Hall Seminary. 
 
 HODSICK FALLS JUNCTION. See IIoosiCK. 
 
 IIOOSICK (or HOO'SACK) RIVKR, rises in Jlassachusetts, 
 and running a N.W. course through Rensselaer co.. New 
 York, turns W. in Washington county, and enters the Hud- 
 son River about 15 miles N. of Troy. 
 
 ni)OSIKR (hoo'zher) GROVE, a "post-village of Linn oo., 
 Iowa. Ifi miles N. of Iowa City. 
 
 HOOSTKR GROVK, a post-ofliee of Oreen Co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 lino ST. MARY'S, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 lIDii ST. WKK'IiUIJGH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IKXyTKNSVILLK. a post-village of Up.sou co., Georgia, 12 
 miles S.E. of Thoma.ston. 
 
 HOO'TON PAG'NELL. a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 HOO'TON ROB'ERTS, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West IMling. 
 
 IliXVVKR HILL, apost-office, Randolph co., North Carolina. 
 
 II'OVKR |>(JINT, a post-ollice of Macoupin co., Illinois. 
 
 1I01>AII'KA, a post-village of Leake co., Mi.ssissippi, 65 
 miles N.K. of .lackson. 
 
 IIOI>']JOTT.)M, a post-village of Su.squeh.anna co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad, 7 miles 
 from Montrose. 
 
 II'M'E, or E.\S'TYN, a small parliamentary borough and 
 parish of Nortli Wales, co. of Flint, on the Alen, here crossed 
 by an ancient bridge. 6 miles S.E. of Mole. Pop. 429. The 
 town has an ancient church, and ruins of a ca.stle built prior 
 to the conquest of Wales by Edward I. It is governed by a 
 mayor, and joins with Flint, &c. in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 HOI'I'l, a small market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Derby, 5 miles N.N.K. of Tideswell. Pop. 4434. 
 
 HOPE, a post-township of Knox co., Maine, 30 miles 
 E.S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1064. 
 
 IIOPK. a pi>st-village and township of Hamilton co., New 
 York, about 55 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 745. 
 
 IIOPK, a neat post-village and township of Warren co.. 
 New .Ter.sey, 10 miles N.E. of IJelvidere. The village con- 
 tains 3 stone churches, one of which is a fine Gothic build- 
 ing. Pop. about 350; of the township, 1789. 
 
 HOPE, a post-village of Pickens co., Alabama, 50 miles 
 from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 HOPE, a post-office of Rapides parish, Louisiana. 
 
 HOPE^ a post-office of Stewart Co., Tennessee. 
 
 HOPE, a post-oftice of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 HOP I'], a township in Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 689. 
 
 HOPE, a pleasant post-village of Bartholomew co., Indi- 
 ana, 12 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 IIOPU ALL-SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 HOPE BAO'OT, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HOPE BOW'DLEU, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HOP K C ENTR E. a post-village of Hamilton co.. New York, 
 60 miles N.W. of . Albany. 
 
 HOPK CHURCH, a 'post-office of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 eylvania. 
 
 IIOPEDALE,orIIOPEDALE COMMUNTTY,a post-village 
 in Milford township, Worcester co.. Massachu.setts, about li 
 miles W. of the village of Milford. and 35 miles S.W. of Bos- 
 ton. The community here owns about 600 acres of land, and 
 appears to be in a very prosperous condition. One or two 
 newspapers are published in tlie village. Pop. about 200. 
 
 HOPE'DALE, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, 124 
 miles E. by N. of Columbus, contains a seminary and a 
 team flouring mill. 
 
 HOPEDALE. a post-offlce of Tazewell co.. Illlno!'. 
 
 HOPK-UNDER-BIN'MORE. parish of England, co. Hereford. 
 . HOI'K F.\LLS, a post-village of Hamilton CO., New York, 
 64 miles N.W. of Albany, has 1 bank. 
 
 HOPE FARM, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa, 9 miles W. 
 of Wapello. 
 
 HOP 
 
 HOPE FURNACE, a village of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania 
 HOPE HILL, a post-village of Pike co., Mississippi. 
 HOPE HILL, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee. 
 HOPE ISLAND, off the S.E. coast of Spitzbergen. In thtf 
 Arctic Ocean, in laf. 76° 20' N., Ion. 19° 54' E. It is mouti, 
 tainous, and has a harbor on its N. side. It was discovered 
 in 1613. 
 
 HOPE ISLANDS, a group off the B. coa.st of Australia- 
 
 HOPE MAN'SELL,a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 HOPE MILL, a post-oftice of Maury co., Tennes.see. 
 
 HOPE MlLLS,a post-office of Page co., A'irginia, 140 miles 
 N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 HOPE NOSE, England, on the E. coast of Devonshire, 
 bounds Torbay on the N. 
 
 HOPE RH'ER, .Jamaica, co. of Stirrcy, enters the Carib- 
 bean Sea, 5 miles E.S.E. of Kingston. Length, 10 miles. 
 
 HOPE'S ADVANCE BAY, on the N. coast of L;ibrador, 
 is in lat. (0° N., Ion. 70° W. 
 
 HOPK SAY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HOPE SOL'LERS, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 HOPE STATION, a post-village of Lexington district, 
 South Carolina, with a station on the Greenville and Co- 
 lumbia Railroad, 29 miles from Columbia. 
 
 IIOPiyroWN, a village of British Guiana, about 1 mile 
 from Fort Wellington, well laid out. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 HOPK'TOWN, JIa.s.sachusetts, a station on the Amherst 
 and lielrhertown Railroad, 14 miles N. of Palmer. 
 
 HOPK'VILLE, a post-office of Clark co., Iowa. 
 
 IIOPE'AVELL, a post-vill.age and town.ship of Ontario co., 
 New York, on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad, 
 12 miles W. of Geneva. Pop. 1950. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a townsliip of Cumberland co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1757. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-townsliip of Mercer co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Delaware River, about 10 miles N.W. of Trenton. 
 Pop. 3900. 
 
 HOPEWELL, townsliip, Beaver co., Pennsylvania. P. 995. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-township in the N.E. part of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1011. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township of Cumberland co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1326. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a townsliip of Washington co., Penus,ylva- 
 nia. Pop. 2291. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township, York co., Penusylv.ania. P. 3177. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina. 160 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-village of York district, South Ca- 
 rolina, about 90 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-village of Crawford co., Georgia, 24 
 miles W. of Macon. 
 
 IKJl'EAVELL, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-office of Upshur co.. Texas. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township of Licking co:,(ihio. Pop. 1113. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township of Morccr co., Ohio. Pop. 6-38. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-village and township in the W. part 
 of ;Mnskingum co., Ohio, 46 miles E. of Columbus. Pop. 2027. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township of Perry co.. Ohio. Pop. 1247. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1488. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-office of Jennings co„ Indiana. 
 
 HOPKWELL, a post-offlce of Macon co.. Illinois. 
 
 IDPEWELL, a postofflce of Mississippi co., Missouri. 
 
 1I(>PEWELL. a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-offlce of Mahaska co., Iowa. 
 
 HOPEAVELL, a town of New Brunswick, capital of Al- 
 bert county. 
 
 HOPEWELL CENTRE, a postoffice of York co.. Penn.syl- 
 vania. 
 
 HOPEWELL CHURCH, a post-offlce of Wilkinson co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 HOPEWELL COTTON WORKS, a post-office of Chester 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 HOPEAVELL CROSS ROADS, a post-offlce of Harford co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 IlbPEAVELL FURNACE, a small village of AVashington 
 CO.. Alissouri. 
 
 HOPITAL, L'. See ALBERTVIT.LE 
 
 HOP'KINS. a county in the N.E. part of Texas, has an 
 area of 960 square miles. It is drained by the AVhite Oak 
 Bayou, and by Lake Fork of Sabine River. The surface Is 
 diversified by prairies and woodlands. Capital, Tarrant. 
 Pop. 7745, of whom 6755 were free. 
 
 HOPKINS, a county in the AA'. part of Kentucky, has an 
 area estimated at 750 square miles. Green River washes its 
 N.E. V)order; Pond River forms its entire boundary on the 
 E., and Tradewater Creek on the S.AA'. The surface is di- 
 versified, and in some parts hilly ; the soil is mostly fertile. 
 Stone coal is abundant, and some iron ore is found in the 
 hills of this county. Organized in 1836, and named in 
 honor of General Samuel Hopkins, an officer in the war of 
 the Revolution. Capital, Madisonville. Pop. 11,875, of 
 whom 9866 were free, and "2009 slaves. 
 
 HOPKINS' GROVE, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on 
 Des Moines River, about IS miles N.N.AA'. of Des Moines. 
 
 nOP'KINS' TURN'OUT, a post-office and station of Rich- 
 
 869 
 
HOP 
 
 land district. South Arolina, on the South Carolina Rail- 
 r jad, 12 iiiilfs *'roni Columbia. 
 
 IIOP'KIXSViLLK. a bindsome town, capital of Christian 
 CO., Kentucky, i.s finely situated on Little River, on the 
 Henderson and NashTiUe Railroad. 20-1 miles S.W. of Frank- 
 fort. The town is regularly laid out, and many of the 
 streets are paved and bordered with shade-trees. The prin- 
 cipal public buildings are a court-hou.se. a bank. 6 Protest- 
 ant churches, and the Second Kentucky Lunatic Asylum, 
 an elegant structure, presenting a front of StiS feet, and 
 containing 300 rooms for patients. The court-house and a 
 seminary for boy.s were burned by the rebels, who also rifled 
 the stores. The' town contains 2 seminaries for girls, 12 dry- 
 goods stores, 2 drug stores, 3 tobacco factories, 2 silver- 
 smiths, and -i carriage factories. In the vicinity of the 
 town was a fine botanic giU-den, with a fountain, which has 
 been destroyed. Hopkiusville was laid out in 1799, and 
 incorporated in 1S06. Pop. 22'>9. 
 
 II01'RIX?VILLE. a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, near 
 the Little Miami Riuh-oad. 85 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 IIOPKTXSVILLE. a post-office of Gonzales co., Texas. 
 
 IIOP'KIXTOX, a post-township of Merrimack co., Xew 
 Hampshire, on the Contoocook Railroad, 6 miles W. by S. 
 of Concord. Pop. 2178. 
 
 HOPKIXTOX, a post-township of Middlesex co., MaK,sa- 
 chusetts. on the Baston and Worcester Railroad, 25 miles 
 W.S.W. of Boston. This township contains a mineral spring, 
 which is a fashionable summer resort. The inhabitants 
 are extensivelv engaged in the manufacture of boots and 
 shoes. Pop. 43i0. 
 
 HOPKIXTOX. a post-township of WashiiTgton co., Rhode 
 Island, intersected by Wood River, about 35 miles S.W. of 
 Providence. It has manufactures of m: chinery, printed 
 calicoes. &c. Pop. 2738. 
 
 HOPKIXTOX. a post-village and township of St. Law- 
 rence CO.. Xew York, on the East Branch of St. Regis River, 
 about 38 miles E. of Ogdensburg. The township contains 
 a valuable quarry of Potsdam sandstone. Pop. 1990. 
 
 HOPKIXTOX, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa. 
 
 HOPPER ISLAXD. Pacific Ocean. See Apamama. 
 
 IIOP'PER'S MILLS, a post-office of Henderson co., Illinois. 
 
 HOP RIVER, a small stream of Tolland co., Connecticut, 
 falls into the Willimantic River. 
 
 HOPT'OX, a liberty of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 HOPTOX, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HOPTOX CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HOPTOX-lx-THE-HOLE. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HOPTOX. MOXKS. a parish of Endand. co. of Siilop. 
 
 HOPTOX WAFERS, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 JIOP'WOOD. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HOR AZDIOWITZ. ho-rSz-deo'wits. or HORAWITZ. ho>r?i- 
 ftits. a town of Bohemw. 63 miles S.S.W. of Prague. P. 1997. 
 
 IIORB, hoRb, a town of Wiirtemberg. circle of Black 
 Forest, on the Xeckar, 31 miles S.AV. of Stuttgart. Pop. 
 ^100. It has a castle and a rich hospital. 
 
 HOR'BLING, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HOU/BURY, a chajjelry of England, co. of York. West 
 Riding, with a station on the Manchester and Leeds Rail- 
 way. 3 miles S.W. of Wakefield. 
 
 HORCAJADA, or HORCAXADA, oR-ka-iii'Di. a town of 
 Spain, province of Cuenca. 50 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 806. 
 
 HORCAJO DE SAXTIAGO. oR-kd/no dA s^n-te-a/go, a 
 town of Spain. 43 miles S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2^20. 
 
 HORCASIT.iS. oR-kd-see't.ls. a town of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, department, and 70 miles S. of Xuevo Santander. 
 
 HORCAJADA. a town of Spain. See IIorcajaba. 
 
 HORCERA. oR-thi'ra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia. 60 
 miles from Jaen, on the W. side of the Sierra de Peiiolta. 
 Pop. la39. 
 
 HORCIIE. hoR'ch.'i. a town of Spain, in Xew Castile, about 
 7 miles from Guadaliijara. Pop. 1884. 
 
 HORDE, (Horde. 1 lioR'deh. a town of Prussia, Westpha- 
 lia, 2 miles S.E. of Dortmund, Xear it are productive coal 
 mine."!. 
 
 HORD'LEY. a parirh of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 HORDT, (Hiirdt.) hoRtt. (almost hJRt,) a village of Rhe- 
 nish Bavaria, on the Rhine. Pop. 1500. 
 
 HORDTEX. (Hbrdten,) hoRVten, a vUlage of Baden, 12 
 miles .*, of Carlsruhe. 
 
 HORD'WELL or HOR/DLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 H.ints. 
 
 HORF>-AB'BEY. a p,irish of Ireland, in JIunster. co. of 
 Tipperary, adjoining Ca.ehel. Here are beautiful and well- 
 preserved remains of an abbey, foundet-l in 1272, by an arch- 
 bishop of Cashel. 
 
 HORKB, ho'rJb, MOUXT. a famous mountain of Arabia- 
 Petra;a. in the peninsula of Sinai, forming the N. end of the 
 ridge. See Sixai. 
 
 IKVREB. a ptist-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 IIORE'IIAM. a parish of Enirland. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HO'REM. a village of Brown co.. Ohio, on the plank-road 
 from Batavia to Fincastle. about 40 miles E. of Cincinnati. 
 U has an active business in lumber. 
 
 HOIt'FIELD, a parish of Engliind, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 UORGEX, hoR/ghen, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 870 
 
 HOR 
 
 Zurich, on the W. shore of its lake, 8 miles- S.S.E. of Zurich, 
 Pop. of parish. 3336. It has manufactures of silks and cotl jn 
 stuffs, and a har))or on the lake. 
 
 Ht)RlCE, a town of Bohemia, See Horitz. 
 
 HOR'ICOX, a post-village and township in the X. part cf 
 Warren co., Xew York, on Schroon River, about 18 mUea 
 N. of Caldwell. Pop. 1542. 
 
 HORICON, a thriving post-village of Hubbard township. 
 Dodge CO., Wisconsin, on Kock River, and on the Milw aukee 
 and Ijv Crosse Railroad, 46 miles N.E. of Madison. It has 
 an excellent water-power. See Appendix. 
 
 H( IRICOX, LAKE. See George, Lake, 
 
 HOKITZ or HORICE, ho'ritsa town of Bohemia, 10 miles 
 from Biiischow. on the Bistritz, Pop. 3205. 
 
 HORKESLEY, (horks'lee,) GREAT, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Essex. 
 
 HORKESLEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Essex, 
 
 HORK'STOW, a pari.sh of England, co, of Lincoln. 
 
 HOU'LEY, a parish of England, co, of Oxford, 
 
 HORLEY, a parish of England, co., of Surrey, with a sta- 
 tion on the London and Brighton Railway, 5^ miles S, of 
 Ryegate, It h.-»s a fine church, and some traces of a castle 
 which covered nearly 2 acres. At the station on the Lon- 
 don and Brighton Railway, a branch here diverges to Xor- 
 sham, 
 
 HOR'MEAD, GREAT, a pjirish of England, co, of Herts, 
 
 IIORMEAD. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 HORMOOZ or HORMOUZ. See Ormls. 
 
 HOR, MOUXT. a mountain of Arabia Petrwa, on the E. 
 side of the Wady-Arakih. nearly intermediate between the 
 Dead Sea and the head of the Gulf of Akabah, and forming 
 pivrt of Mount Seir, or Edom, It is a steep and irregular 
 truncated cone, having three peaks on the X., in the loftiest 
 of which is a grotto, the reputed tomb of Aaron. 
 
 IIORX or HORX'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Rut- 
 land. 
 
 HORX, hoRn. or HORXE, hoR/neh, (Fr, Homes:. hoRn,) a 
 village of Holland, province of Limburg, 2 miles W, by N. 
 of Roermond, Pop. 844. 
 
 HORX'^, hoRn, a town of Germany, in Lower Austria, 46 
 miles X.W, of Vienna, with a famous brewen'. Pop. tJSO. 
 
 IIORX. a town of Germany, principality of Lippe-Detmold, 
 lOmiles S. of Lenigo. Pop. 1607. 
 
 IIORX, hoRn. a village of Germany, about 3 miles £. of 
 Hamburg. Pop. 950. 
 
 HOIiXACHOS, oR-n3'choce, formeriy HORXOS. oR'noce, a 
 town of Spain, in Estremadura, 46 miles S.E, of Badajos. 
 Pop. 2«)00. 
 
 HORXACHUELOS. OR-nJ-chwAaoce, a town of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, 27 miles S.W. of Cordova, on the Guadalquiver. 
 Pop. 1040. 
 
 HORX-AFVAX, hoRn-df'v3n.an extensivelake in Swedish 
 Lappmark. about lat. 06° X'.. and lietween Ion. 16° and 1?-° E. 
 Length, from X.X.W. to S.S.E.. 50 miles; bre.Hdth. 10 miles. 
 It discharges itself into the Gulf of Bothnia by the river 
 Skellefted 
 
 HOPvXB.iCH, hoRnniaK. (Alt, dlt, and Xeu. noi.) two con- 
 tiguous villages of Hhenish Bavaria, on the Hornbach River, 
 5 miles S. of Deux Ponts. United pop. 1905. 
 
 HORXBERO. hoRnlijRG. a town of West Germany, in Ba- 
 den, circle of Upper Rhine, in the Black Forest, 23 miles 
 N.E. of Freiburir. with an old castle. Pop. 1156. 
 
 HORX'BLOTTOX. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HORX'BROOK. a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HORXBURG, hoRn'booRG, a town of Prus,sian Saxonv, 
 45 miles W.S.W. of Magdeburg, Pop. 2454. 
 
 HOIiX'BY, a small town and chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, on the Wenning. at its junction with the Lune, 
 9 miles K.X.E. of Lancaster. Pop. 318. It is i^^urrounded 
 by the finest scenery, has a stone bridge across the Lune. a 
 Gothic cbureh, a noble castle, erected soon after the Con- 
 quest, and now converteti into a modern residence, and a 
 cotton factorj-. In the vicinity are the ruins of a Saxon 
 fortifieition and a priory. 
 
 HORXBY. a parish of England, co. of York. Xorth Riding. 
 
 HORX'BY, a post-village and town.ship of Steuben co., Xew 
 York. 17 miles S.E. of Rath. Pop. 1291. 
 
 HORX'BY, a post-villiige of Canada West, co, of Halton, 
 ,30 miles S.W. of Toronto, and -30 miles from Hamiltou. It 
 contains 2 saw mill.*:. Pop. about 125. 
 
 HORX. (or HOORX) CAPE. See Cape Horx. 
 
 HORX'CASTLE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 co„ and 18 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851, 4921, It 
 is on the river Uane, which is navigable to it.<S junction with 
 the Witham. The town h.is some remains of Roman fortifi- 
 cations, a church, a gnimmar school, founded by I»rd Clin- 
 ton in 1652, a library and literary society, a union work- 
 house, branch bank. Ac. with extensive tanneries, aud con- 
 siderjible trade by the river in corn and wool. The August 
 tair lasts ab.->ut 10 days, and is one ik' the i^igest liorse 
 fairs in the kingdom. 
 
 HORX'CHUHCH. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HORX C1{i;EK. a post-office of Gilmer CO., Virginia. 
 
 HOUXa)OX, EAST, a pari.-ih of Engia ^d, oo. of Esses. 
 
IIOR 
 
 IIOR 
 
 HORNDON-ON-THE-IIILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Sssex. 
 
 IIOR NDON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 The niiMe seiit of Ilorndonhill is in this parish. 
 
 HORN E, a parish of hlngland. co. of Surrey. 
 
 IIOR-VEBCJKG, h0R'neh;b6«R0\ a village of North Ger- 
 many, in Hanover, S miles S.S.K. of Stade. Pop. 13U0. 
 
 HOR'.VELLSVILLE, a post-village and township of Steu- 
 ben CO., New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 342 
 mile.s from New Y'ork City. The village is situated on the 
 Canisteo River, about a mile W. of the railroad station. 
 It contains a national bank and several churches. The 
 Hornellsville branch of the Erie Railroad connects it with 
 Bufl'alo, 90 miles distant. Pop. of the township, 4230 ; of 
 the village, about 1500. 
 
 IIOR'NERSTOWX, a post-village of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey, .about Ifi miles S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 HOK'NET'S NEST, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 HORN FIELD, a parish of England. See IIORX. 
 
 IIOR\II.A.USEN, honn'hOwVen. a vlU.ige of Prussian 
 Saxony. 21 miles AV.S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1757. 
 
 HOKN'IIEAD, a bold, rocky promontory on the N. coast 
 of Ireland, co. of Donegal, between Dunfanaghy Il.irbour 
 and the .\tlantic. 
 
 H< IRMIUIZEN', hoRn'hoi'zen, a parish of the Netherland.s, 
 province, and 14 miles N.W. of Uroningen, near the North Sea. 
 
 IIOR'NING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the 
 Bure, here crossed by a ferry, 3 miles S.E. of North Wal- 
 shain. Here are .some remains of the celebrated Abbey of 
 St. lienediot. founded by Canute In 1020, and so strongly 
 fortified that it held oui against the attacks of William the 
 Conqueror, till lietr.iyed by one of the monks. At the Re- 
 formation, the abbey was annexed to the bishopric of Nor- 
 wich, and its liishops have, since that time, been the only 
 abbots in England. 
 
 HOItN'IXOHDl.D, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Leiee.ster. 
 
 HiH'N'INGSIOA. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 HOIiN'IXGSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HORX'INC.^JIEATH. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HORN'lXUTi)FT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IIORX LAKE, a postoffice of De Soto CO., Mississippi. 
 
 HORNOS (hoR'noce or oR'noce) ISL.\ND3, a group of 8 
 small islands of South America, in the lUo-de-la-Plata, 31 
 miles X'.E. of Buenos Ayres. 
 
 IIORXOY, hna'nwd', a market-town of France, department 
 of Somme. 17 miles W.S.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1070. 
 
 HORXS'BOROUGH, a postK)tfice of Chesterfield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 HORN'S E.\, a market^own and parish of England, co. of 
 York. East Riding, on the North .Sea. about 14 miles N.N.E. 
 of Hull. The town is much frequented as a watering-place. 
 
 IIOHX'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on the 
 New River, 5^ miles X.N.W. of St. Paul's. London. The Til- 
 lage is beautifully situated, and has many handsome man- 
 sions, an interesting church, built in the sixteenth century, 
 and a grammar school at Highgate. 
 
 HORX'TON, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 HORN'TOWX, a post-village of Accomac co.. Virginia, is 
 on a nayigable creek, which communicates with the At- 
 lantic, 26 miles X.E. of Accomac Court-House. 
 
 HORXU. hoR^nii'. a village of Belgium, province of Ilai- 
 naut. 6 miles W. of Mnns. Pop. 3022, forming an interest- 
 ing colony of miners, founded in 1823. 
 
 HOR'.VYO\ a village of Hungary, co. of Trentschin. 
 
 HORODLO, ho-rod'lo, a town of Poland, government of 
 Lublin, on the Bug. 38 miles E.N.E. of Zamosz. Pop. 1200. 
 
 HOROTEX. See New Zevlan-d. 
 
 HOROWITZ, a town of Bohemia. See Horzowitz. 
 
 IIORRA, La. Id OR'nil, a town of Spain, ia Old Castile, 45 
 miles S. of Burgos. Pop. 825. 
 
 IIORREA CELIA. See Zamora. 
 
 IIOR/IIELSTOWX. a village of .MilBln co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 14 miles W.S.W. of Lewistown. 
 
 IIOR REM, hoR/Rfim. a village of West Prus.sia. on the rail- 
 way from Ai.\-la-Chapelle toC';!ogne. 25 miles W. of the latter. 
 
 IIORR'S RAXCH. a post-office of Tuolumne co.. California. 
 
 HORRSTEIN. (Horrst<nn.) or HORSTEIN, haii/stine. a 
 market-town of Bavaria, circle of Lower I'ranconia, 8 miles 
 N.N.W. of Asch-affenburg. Pop. 1210. 
 
 IIOURUES, hoR^RU', a village of Belgium, province of Hal- 
 naut. U miles N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 2000. 
 
 HORRY, o-vee', a district forming theE. extremity of South 
 Carolina, bordering on North Carolina and on the Atlantic, 
 has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Waccamaw River, and bounded on the W. by the 
 Little Pedee, which unites with the Great Pedee on the 
 6.W. border. The surface is partly occupied by marshes. 
 The soil is generally sandy, and not very fertile. It is tra- 
 versed by the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Conwayborough. Pop. 7962, of whom 5003 were free, 
 and 235il slaves. 
 
 IIORSUIIITZ, a town of Bohemia. See IIorzitz. 
 
 IIOB'^B The, an islet of Scotland, co. of Ayr, in the Firth 
 of Clyde, opposite Ardroasau Uai'bor. 
 
 HORSE CREEK, of Wiike co.. North Carclina, flow* into 
 the Xeuse River. 
 
 HORSE CREEK, of Alabama, flows through Marengo 
 county, into Tombigbee River. 
 
 HORSE CREEK, of Cedar co, Mis.souri, flows N.E. into 
 Sac River. 
 
 HORSE CREEK, a post-office of Polk co.. North Carolina 
 
 HORSE CREEK, a post-office of Greene co.. Tennessee. 
 
 HORSE CREEK, a post-office of Will co., Illinois. 
 
 HORSE CREEK, a post-village of Dade co.. Missouri, on 
 a stre.am of its own name, 150 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HORSE GALL, a post-office of Beaufort district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HORSI-ynEAD, post-office. Prince George's co., Maryland. 
 
 IIORSEHEAD. a post-village of Macon co., Georgia, about 
 45 miles S.S.W. of JIacon. 
 
 IIORSEHEAD, a post-village of Johnson co., Arkansas, 
 about 9 miles W. of Clarksville. 
 
 HORSEHEADS, formeriy FAIRPORT, a post-village and 
 township, Chemung CO., New Y^ork, on the Chemung Canal, 
 and on the Northern division of the Erie Railroad, 6 miles 
 N. of Elmira. Here General Sullivan, in his expedition 
 against the Indians, killed his pack-horses, the heads of 
 which were piled up; hence the name. Pop. 2-77. 
 
 HORSE'IIEATH. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 HORSE ISLAND, an islet of Ireland, in .Munster, co. of 
 Cork, at the W. side of the entrance of Castle-Townsend 
 Haven, with a landmark tower. 
 
 HORSE ISLAND, a small island, but the largest and 
 most fertile in Lake Ooroomeeyah. in Persia. 
 
 HOR'SEA ISLAXD. a small island in Port.smouth Harbor, 
 England, 1 mile E. of Porchester. and composing a farm. 
 • HORSEL. (Hiiriiel,) hoR/sgl. or HERSEL. hi^u/sel. a river 
 of Central Germany, rises in the principality of Gotha. and 
 after a X. and W. course of 25 miles, joins the AVerra. 4^milea 
 S. of Kreutzburg. Eisenach is the only town on its banks. 
 
 HOKSELBERG. (Horselberg.) hBR'sel-b^Ro', a mountain 
 range of Central Germany, between Eisenach and Kreuz- 
 burg. Height. 1540 feet. 
 
 HOlt/SELLY. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HORSE'.MOXDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IIOR'SEX or IIORSEX.S, hoR'sfns. an ancient seaport town 
 of Denmark, province of Jutland. 25 miles S.W. of Aarhuus, 
 on the Horsens-Fiord. Pop. In 1851, 5827. It is well built, 
 and has several churches, 2 market places, with a good har- 
 bor, and an export trade in corn and tallow. 
 
 HOR'SEXDOX. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 HORSE PASTURE, a post-office of Henry co.. Virginia. 
 
 IIDRSE'PATH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 IlilRSE-SHOE, a post-village of Pickens district. South 
 Carolinii. 
 
 HORSE-SHOE BEND, a small post-village of Tallapoosa 
 CO.. .\labama. 
 
 Hi)RSE-.>5H0E B0TT05I. post-office, Russell co.. Kentucky. 
 
 HORSE-TOWX. a post-office of Sh.istji co., California. 
 
 HORSK-WELL. a sm.ill village of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 HOIl'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 HORSEY ISL.\XD. on the E. coast of Essex, formed by an 
 inlet of the sea, 4i miles S.S.W. of Harwich. It is 6 miles 
 in circumference, and abounds in game. 
 
 IIOR'SEY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Sussex co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 HOR.^'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HORS'FORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 HOl!SH.\M, hors'am. a parliamentary borough, market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the Adur, 26 
 nnles N.E. of Chichester, 37 miles S.S.W. of London, by a 
 branch of the London and Brighton Railway. Pop. in 
 1851, 5947. It hits a venerable parish church, in the 
 early English style, a grammar school, endowed in 1632, a 
 handsome castellated town-hall and court-house, a large 
 county jail, union work-house, market-house, and bank. 
 The borouirh sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 HORS'HAM. or HORS^IAMVILLE. a post-village and 
 township of Jlontgomery co., Pennsylvania. 10 miles E. by 
 N. of Norristown. and 16 miles X'. of Philadelphia. It coa- 
 tains a Friends' meetinir-house. and 2 stores. I'op. 1323. 
 
 HORSHAM ST. FAITH, a p.arish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 IIORSH'ES. of Pennsylvania, a station on the Columbia 
 branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 12 miles from Co. 
 lumbia. 
 
 IIOKS'IIILL. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 HORS'IXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 IIORSIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 IIORS/LEY. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 HORS'LEY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 HORSLEY, LONG, parish of England, co. Xorthumberland 
 
 HORS'LEY, WEST, a pari.sh of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 HORSSEX. hoRs'sen. a villaire of Holland, province of 
 Gelderland. 10 miles W. by S. of Xymwegen. Pop. 813. 
 
 HORST. hoRst. a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Limburg. 18 miles X. of Roermond. Pop. 3100. 
 
 HORST, a village of Denmark, in Ilolstein. 8 miles K. of 
 Gluckstadt, with a station on the Kiel and Altrina Railway 
 
 871 
 
HOR 
 
 HOR'PTKAD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOR'STKD. a parish of HnL'lnnd. Co. of Sussex. 
 
 nOK'SXKD KKYXKS, (kAnz.) a parish of England, CO. of 
 Sussex. 
 
 IIOURTEI\,(TIorstein,)a town of Rararia. See TTorrstein. 
 
 IIORSTMAR, hoRsf maR, a town of I'russia. in ^Vestphalia, 
 16 miles X.W. of Miinster. Pop. 1100. 
 
 IIORT, hoRt, a villaie of Hungary, co. of Ileve.s, 2 miles 
 from Hatvan. Pop. l"9l). 
 
 IIOUTA, oR'td, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. 50 miles 
 S.W. of Tarragona, on an affluent of the Kbro. Pop. 1747. 
 
 IIOKTA, OR'ti. or SA.\ GtXKS DE AC.UDELLS DE 
 HORTA, s3n nee/n^s da 3-<roo-nMs dA OR'til. a village of 
 Spain, in Catalonia. 4 miles from Barcelonii. Pop. 1855. 
 
 HORTA, hoK'tS. or OR/td, a seaport town of the .A.zores, 
 capital of the Island of Fayal. on its S.E. coast. Pop. 3600. 
 It is pretty well built, though very irregularly Ijiid out. 
 
 HORTKN, hoR'ten, a town of Norw.ay. stiftof Aggershuus. 
 on the Gulf of Christiania. opposite Moss. 32 miles S. of 
 Christiania. It is the chief military port of the kingdom and 
 station of the Heet, and has an arsenal and e.\teusive build- 
 ing-vards. 
 
 IIOKTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 IIORTOX, a^arish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 IIORTOX, a parish of England, co. of Gloui-estei. 
 
 HORTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton 
 
 HORTOX. a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 HOHTON. a parish of England, co. of Stiifford. 
 
 IIOK'TON, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Kings, situated 
 on an arm of Mines Ray, opposite Cornwallis, and almut 45 
 miles X.X.W. of IIalifa.x. It is rapidly becoming a place of 
 commercial importjince in consequence of the mines of coal, 
 plaster, and other valuable minerals, found in its vicinity. 
 
 HORTO'XA. a township in Brown co., AVi.sconsin. 
 
 IIORTOX, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co.of York, Wehi, 
 Biding, 2 miles S.W. of Bradford. It has a mechanics' insti- 
 tution, and a free school, founded in the reign of Charles I. 
 
 IIORTOX KIRBY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IIORTOX MOXKS, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IIOR'TOX-IX-RIB'BLESDALE, a parish of England, co.of 
 York, West Riding. 
 
 HORTON RIVER, in East Australia, flows N. and joins 
 Gwydir River, L.at. 29° 45' S„ Ion. 150° 50' E. 
 
 H0RT0NSV1I>LE, a post-nffice of Barnes co„ Texas. 
 
 HORTO.WILLE, a post-ofiice of Brown Co.. Wisconsin, 
 
 IIORVATII. BAX, llJn-hoR^■dt^ a village of Hungary, co, 
 of Borsod, about 20 miles from >nsko]cz. Pop, 770, 
 
 HORVATIIl-KKDl), hoRVd'tee'jK'do', a village of Hun- 
 gary, CO, of Ahaujvar. 6 miles from Tolesva. Pop. 1448, 
 
 IIORVATII ORSZAG, See Croatia. 
 
 IIOR'WICK. n chap.lry of England, co. of Lancaster, with 
 8 station on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 6i miles 
 S.E, of Chorlev, Pop. 3773, 
 
 HOR'WOOD, a parish of England, co, of Devon, 
 
 HOR WOOD, GRKAT, a parish of EngUand. co. of Bucks. 
 
 HORWOOD, LITTLE, a parish of Endand, co. of Buck.s. 
 
 HORZITZ. boR'zits. HORSCIUTZ, hoR/shits. or IIOR- 
 ZICZE, hoR-zee'cliA, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 
 68 miles E.X.E, of Praiue, Pop. 2760, 
 
 IIORZOWITZ. hoR'zo-ftitz\ or HOROWITZ, ho'ro-ftits\ a 
 town of Bohemia, 12 miles S.W. of Beraun, Pop, 22(35, en- 
 gaged in mines of iron, coal, silver, and mercury, and in 
 manufactures. Here is the magnificent seat of Count Wrbna. 
 
 HOSK or HOWES, a parish of Ensland, co. of Leicester. 
 
 HOSEINGAUAD or HdSHIXGABAD. See Hosuxoab.^d. 
 
 HO'SKXSACK, a post-office of Lehi>;h co,, Pennsylvania. 
 
 HOS'KIXSVILLE. a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, 90 
 miles E. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 IIO.S'PIT.^L. a village and parish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO, of Limerick. 11 miles W. of Tipperary, 
 
 IIOSl'lTALET, os-pi-ti-l^t'. (formerly SAXTA EULALIA 
 DE PROVEXSANA. .sin'ta JMo-iaie-a" dA pro-v^n-saW. ) a 
 townofSpain. province, and 4 miles S.W, of Barcelona. P. 2500. 
 
 IIOSSZUIIKTIN, Hungary. See Heteny-Hoszu. 
 
 IIOST.\LRICII. os-tSl-reek', a town of Spain, province, and 
 18 miles S.S.W. of Gerona. Pop, 950. It is a bishop's see, 
 and was formerly an important fortress, taken by the French 
 in lti94 and 1809, 
 
 HOSTAU, ho.»'t6w, or IIOSTOW, (U Hnftm-mm.) a town 
 of Bohemia. IS iiflles W.X.W, of Klattau. Pop. lir.6. 
 
 IIOSTA UN. hos'tOwn, a town of Bohemia, circle of Klattau, 
 27 miles S.W. of I'ilsen. Pop. 13S1. 
 
 HOSTK (os't-V) ISLAXD, Terra del Fuego. is between lat, 
 55° and 55° 40' S.. and Ion, 68° and 70° W., 90 miles in 
 length, from E. to W.. by 50 miles in greatest breadth, sepa- 
 rated eastward from Xavarin Island liy Ponsonbv Sound. 
 
 HOSTERLITZ. hos'tfr-lits\ a market-town of Moravia, 
 circle of Znaym, 24 miles S,M'. of Briinn, Pop, 14'i0. 
 
 IIOSTOMITZ. hos'to-mits\ or HOSTOXITZ. hos/to-nits,' a 
 town of Bohemia, 25 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1700. 
 
 IIOSUN(JAI!AD. ho-sftn-ga-bid'. HUSSIXG.UJAD, htis- 
 6in-gil-bM'. or HDSIH.NGABAD. hosh-iii-gS-bad'. a consider- 
 ablM town and important military post of British India, pre- 
 fcidency of Bengal, on the Xerbudda. 4.'$ miles E.S.E. of Bho- 
 pauL Lat. 22^ 40' N., Ion. 77° 51' E. 
 872 
 
 HOT 
 
 IIOSZSZUMEZO, hosVoo'mi'zo\ a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Marmaros, 7 miles X.W. of Szigeth. Pop. ]6.i9. 
 
 HOSZSZU-SZIiR, hos'soo'salR/. a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Abaujvar. on the Ilernad, 3 miles from Kaschau. P. 1222. 
 
 HOTCH'KISSVILLE, a manufacturing post-village of 
 Litchfield co., Connecticut. 42 miles W. by S. of Hartford 
 
 HOTEL', a post-office of Bertie co., Xorth Carolina. 
 
 HOTEL, of Maine, a station on the .Vtlantic and St. Law- 
 rence Railroad, 29 miles X.W. of Portl.and. 
 
 HOTENSLEBEX, (Ilotensleben,) ho'tens-lA'ben, a village 
 of Prussia Saxony, 26 miles W. of Magdeburg. Pop. IISI. 
 
 HOTH'AM, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 HOTH A M PTON. a village of Enirland. See Coc.nor. 
 
 HOTH'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HOT HOUSE, a post-office of (iilmer co., Georgia. 
 
 HOT SPRING, a county in the S.W. central part of Ar- 
 kansas. Area, 9C4 square miles. It is drained by the Washita 
 River and its several forks. The surface is hilly or moun- 
 tainous. The Washita River is navigable for small boats ng 
 far up as Rockport. The county is liberally supplied with 
 water-power and mineral springs, among which are the 
 famous Hot Springs, fi miles from the Washita River, Mag- 
 netic Iron abounds in the " Magnet Cove," a valley which 
 occupies an area of 2 square miles, enclosed by large piue 
 forests. The magnetic influence is such that the land can- 
 not be surveyed with a compass, (De Bow's Review, vol, v,) 
 Large quarries of excellent oilstone have been opened in 
 the county, and the article is exported to all parts of the 
 Union, Capital, Rockport, Pop. ot)3o, of whom 5022 were 
 free, and 613 slaves, 
 
 HOT SPRIXGS, a post-village of Bath co., Virginia, 175 
 miles W,.N,W, of Richmond. This place is situated in a 
 narrow valley, and surrounded by*a mountainous region, 
 which is remarkable for the salulirity of its climate, and for 
 the charming character of its scenery. There are several 
 springs here, which vary in temperature from 98° to 106°, 
 and are considered efflaicious in the cure of dyspepsia, rheu- 
 matism, affections of the liver, etc. The water contains the 
 sulphates of lime and of magnesia, the carbonates of lime 
 and of magnesia, and sulphate of soda, A spring of ex- 
 tremely cold water ri.se8 in close proximity to one at 98°. 
 Several bathing-houses and other buildings have been 
 erected here, 
 
 HOT SPRIXGS, a post-village of Hot Springs co., Ar- 
 kan.sas, 6 miles X. of the Washita River, and 55 miles S.AV. 
 of Little Rock. It is situated in a valley about 700 yards 
 long, and 70 j'ards wide, having a high mountain on each 
 side. The temperature of the springs, which are about ,35 
 in number, varies from 135° to 160°. (See Arkansas, p. 107.) 
 The main st.age-route from Little Rock passes through this 
 place, which was formerly the capital of the county. Xovfv- 
 Lulite, or oilstone, of fine quality, is abundant in the vi- 
 cinity. 
 
 UOTTBUS. a town of Russia. See Cottbcs. 
 
 lIOTrrEXTOTS, a peculiar African race, the aboriginal 
 occupants of the S. end of that continent, at and near tho 
 Cape of Good Hope. Their limits may be said, in gener.al 
 terms, to have been the river Orange, on the N. and N.E., 
 and the Kei, on the E.; but the E. boundary appears to 
 have been fluctuating, and, owing to their mixture with 
 theKaffremce.not definable. On the N.W. they passed the 
 Orange, and advanced X. and X.E. far into the interior. 
 The name now given to the whole race was that of the tribe 
 in the immediate vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, with 
 which tho Dutch settlers first became acquainted. The 
 Hottentots are generally tall and meagre, of a pale olive 
 complexion ; their cheek-bones project much, and their 
 chins are narrow and pointed. They have thick li|)s, a flat 
 no.se with wide nostril.s, woolly hair, and little beard. The 
 women are often elegantly formed in early life, but their 
 bloom is transient: they are marriageable at 12 or 13, and 
 become hideous in a few years. Both sexes are distinguished 
 by excessive incurvation of the spine. When the Dutch 
 first settled at the Cape, the Hottentots were a nmnerous 
 nation, of p.astoral and partially nomadic habits, occupying 
 a territory of 100,000 square miles; and it is supposed that 
 the seven trllies, into which tiny were dlvi(ied, made up 
 together a population of at least 200,000. At the present 
 day this race is nearly extinct within tho wide territory 
 which formerly belonged to it; and of the 50.(100 Hottentots, 
 as they are called, now reckoned in the population of the 
 colony, there are not 200, exclusive of tiie Xamaqnas, added 
 to the colony by a recent change of boundary, who under- 
 stand the Hottentot language. Tlie langu.age of the popula- 
 tion at present inhabiting the country, is the Capi-Dutch 
 jargon. Hottentot lif-. with its numerous whimsiial pecu- 
 liarities, belongs therefore to hi.story. It exists no longer in 
 what m.ay bo properly called the land of the Hottentotv 
 
 But, connected with this great, utterly decayed trunk, are 
 a number of offshoots and collateral stems, some of which 
 retain many of the customs of their suicestors, while others 
 have made considerable advances towards civilization, 
 chiefly through the efforts of mi.s.sionaries. Ofthe.se. a large 
 body, recognised In tho colony as the Bastards, a few 3'.'ariS 
 since, assumed the name of the Griauas, an ancieut extinct 
 
HOT 
 
 HOU 
 
 tribe, and settled down in a carefully-organized community 
 at Klaarwater, on the river Orange. Tlie Koras or Koran- 
 nas, (shoe-wearers.) higher up the river Orange, or Gariep, 
 as they call it, still remain a favorable specijnen of the pure 
 Hottentot race. On the K. frontier of the colony are some 
 remnants of the Gona or Gonaqua tribe. The Xamaquas 
 dwell towards tlie mouth of the river Orange. These are 
 much attached to their country; and their huts are erected 
 In the old Hottentot fashion. The Bushmen, or, in colonial 
 language, lioschjesmanns, are also of Hott«ntot race, and 
 call themselves i<aqua. Their proper country is between the 
 Roggenveld Mountains and the liver Orange; but they are 
 to be found wherever the absence of a stronger population 
 permits their increase. Their general heiirht is about 4 feet 
 6 inches ; they are. at the same time, slender, but well-made, 
 and very active. Their oul^' covering, if they have any, is a 
 skin round the loins. Tliey live on game, principally ante- 
 lopes, which they kill with poisoned arrows. They havegreat 
 feasts, particularly after violent thunder-storms, in which 
 many antelopes are struck by lightning. On such occi- 
 eions, these little men eat till they resemble barrels. Their 
 life is always fluctuating lietween a feast and a famine. As 
 to the number of these singular and degraded people, it is 
 impossible to form any trustworthy estimate. There are 
 ftLso numerous other tribes scattered over the country, ge- 
 nerally supposed to he of Hottentot descent, 
 
 HOTTING. (Hotting.) hot'ting, a village of Austria, in the 
 Tyrol, on the Inn, near Innspruck. Pop. 2524. 
 
 HOTZEXI'LDTZ, hofsen-plots\ (Moravian, Osoblaha, o- 
 8o-bli'hi,)a small town of Austrian Silesia, 26 miles N.N.W. 
 of Troppau, on the Prussian frontier, and capital of the 
 county of Hennersdorf. Pop. 2579. 
 
 HOTZING, a town of Austria. See Hatzeo. 
 
 HOUAT, hoo'il', a small island off the W. coast of France, 
 department of Morbihan, 6 miles S.E. of the peninsula 
 Quiberon, lat. 47° 25' X., Ion. 2° 56' W. It has a fort, a smaU 
 harbor, and 250 inhabitants. 
 
 HOUCIv S STOKK, a post-ofBce of Carroll cc, Maryland. 
 
 HOUDAIN, hooMSl.N"'. a village of France, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, 6 miles S.W. of Bethune. l'op.9:J0. 
 
 UOUDAN, hooM6.No', a town of France, department of 
 8eine-et-0i.so, 15 miles S.S.W. of Mantes. Pop. 2131. 
 
 HOUDK.NG-AIMKKIES, hooM6x»'-A'mfh-ree', a village of 
 Belgium, province of Hainaut, on theTiriau, 10 miles W. of 
 Mons. It has several forges and tanneries, and a colliery 
 which employs 900 persons. Pop. 2556. 
 
 HOUDli.VG-GOKG.MIsS, hooM<iN«'-ghJn'yee', a village of 
 Belgium, province of Hainaut, near the alwve. The inha- 
 bitants are chiefly employed as miners, or in connection 
 with coal-works in the vicinity. Pop. 2775. 
 
 IIOUFFALIZIi, hoorfS'leez', a town of Belgian Luxem- 
 bourg, on the <^urthe, 9 miles N.K. of Bastogne, with a 
 ruined fortress, and 9;)U inhabitants. 
 
 HOUGA. Le, Igh hoo*gJ', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of (iers. 30 miles W.S.AV. of Condom. Pop. 1593. 
 
 HOUGAFIUDK. hooV'and', or HOKCMEKDEN, hoo/gia'- 
 dgn, a village of Belgium, province of South Brabant,"2i 
 miles S.W. of Tirlemont. Pop. 3000, with extensive breweries 
 and distilleries. 
 
 HOUGHAM. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HOUGH (hQf ) FElUtY. a station of Wayne co., Mississippi, 
 on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 6 miles from Winchester. 
 
 HOUGH-ON-THE-HILL, a pjirish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HOUGHTON, ho't^n, two parishes of England, co. Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 HOUGHTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HOUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOUGHTON, ho'ton, a newly formed county of Michigan, 
 in the N.W. part of the upper peninsula, bordering on Lake 
 Superior. Area, estimated at 1600 square miles. Its out- 
 line is deeply indented t)y Keweenaw Bay. anc} it is drained 
 by Sturgeon River. The surface is uneven. The county is 
 remarkably rich in minerals, including copper, silver, and 
 iron. Mines of copper are worked in several places. Named 
 in honor of Professor Douglas Houghton, formerly State 
 Geologist of Michigan. Capital, Houghton. Pop. 9234. 
 
 HOUGHTON, Michigan. See Appendix. 
 
 H0U(5HT0N CON 'QUEST, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bedford. 
 
 HOUGHTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 HOUGHTON-on-the-IIILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 HOUGHTON-in-theIIOLE, a pari.eh of England, co. of 
 Norfolk, IJ- miles S.W. of New Walsingham. Here is an an- 
 ient chapel, formerly attached to Walsingham Abbey, but 
 no IV used as a barn. 
 
 HOUGUTON-LE-SPRING. a market-town and parish of 
 England, co., and 6 miles N.E. of Durham, on the Great 
 North of England Railway, i'op. in 1S51, 3224. It has a 
 Mrge cruciform church. co«taining the monument of the 
 pious Bernard Gilpin, the "Apostle of th.. North," a gram- 
 nar school, a girls' scliool, and other charities, a mechanics' 
 mstitute, and a large trade in coal by railways connecting 
 ffith Sunderland and Hajtlepool. 
 
 HOUGHTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of North 
 ampton. 
 
 HOUGHTON, LONG, a parish .-f England, co. of Northum 
 berland. It has coal and lead mines. 
 
 HOUGHTON, NEW, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk 
 6 miles N. of Rougham. Sir K. Walpole died here in 1745. 
 The famous collection of paintings he placed here are nov 
 in the imperial pjilace at St. Petersburg. 
 
 HOUGHTON RE'GIS, a imri.'^h of England, co.of Bedford 
 
 HOUGHTONVILLE, h&'ton-vil, a post->illageof Windham 
 CO.. A'ermont. 
 
 HOUGHTON WIN'TERBOURNE, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Dorset. 
 
 IIOUGUE. a headland of France. See Cape La IIougue. 
 
 HOU-KOUANG, a province of China. See Hoo-Quano. 
 
 HOUiyKA, a post-ofBce of Chickasaw Co., Miss's.sippi. 
 
 HOULME, hoolm, an old division of France, in Lower 
 Normandy, capitiil of Argentan, now comprised in the de- 
 partment of Orne. 
 
 IIOULME, Le, Ifh hoolm, a village of France, department 
 of Seine-lnferieure, 5 miles N.N.AV. of Rouen. Pop. ^O.Ti. 
 
 HOULTON, hOl'ton, a nourishing post-village and toVm- 
 ship, capital of Aroostook co., .Maine, 190 miles NMil. of Au- 
 gusta, and 12 miles N.W. of AVoodstock, in Netv' Brunswick. 
 It has a court-house, jail, 3 chun-hes, an academy, aliout 15 
 stores, an iron foundry and machine shop, a grist mill, and 
 
 2 saw mills. A military post was established in 1829,.about 
 a mile N. of the village. Pop. cf tlie township, 2035. 
 
 HOUMA, hoo'mil, a small post-village, capital of TeiTe 
 Bonne parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Terre Bonne, 108 miles 
 S.S.E. of Baton Rouge. The bayou is navigable for small 
 boats. The village has a courtrhou.se, jail, 5 stores, 2 churches, 
 and 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 IIOUN AM, hoo/nam, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 
 10 miles S.S.E. of Kel.so. The Ilili of Hounam-Law, iu this 
 parish, is 1464 feet iu height. 
 
 HOU-NAN, a province of China. See Hoo-Nan. 
 
 HOUND, a pari.sh of England, co., and 3J miles S.E. of 
 Southampton. The beautiful remains of Netley Abbey, 
 founded by Henry III. in 1239, sJand on the slope of a hill, 
 near Southampton Water, in this parish. 
 
 HOUNDS'FIELD, a township in Jefl'erson co.. New York, 
 lies at the E. end of L;ike Ontario, and contains Sacketfs 
 Harbor. Pop. 3330. 
 
 HOUNSLOW. hCunz'lo, a town and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Middlesex, parishes of Heston and Islewortli. 2J miles 
 S.W. of Brentford. Pop. in 1851, 3514. It consists of one" long, 
 well-paved street, has a chapel built on the sit« of a priory 
 founded by the Wind.sor family, and a great number of inns, 
 formerly supported by the traffic of the Great AVest of ICnglaud 
 Road, but almost deserted since the opening of the Great 
 AVestern Railway. Ilounslow Heath, noted in ancient times 
 for tournaments and military encampments, and in modern 
 for the depredations of highwaymen, is now iu great part 
 enclosed. Here are barracks and powder mills. 
 
 HOU-PE, a provice of China. See Hoo-l'E. 
 
 HOUPLINES, hoo'pleen', a village of France, depai-tment 
 of Nord. 7 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 1015. 
 
 HOU-QUANG. See Hoo-Quaxo. 
 
 HOURN, LOCH, loKhoorn, an inlet of Scotland, co. of 
 Inverness, stretching inland from the Sound of Skye for 13 
 miles. At its mouth it is 5 miles across. 
 
 HOUROUR or HOURROUR, Africa. See Hurrur. 
 
 HOURTIN, hooRUJ.N<^', a village of France, department 
 of Gironde. 10 miles S.S.W. of Lesparre. Pop. 1412. 
 
 HOUSATONIC, or HOUSATONICA'ILLE, a post-village 
 recently sprung up in Stockbridge township, in Berk.shire 
 CO., Massachusetts!, on the Housatonic Railroad, about 120 
 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 HOUSATONIC (hoo'sa-ton'ik) RIVER, a fine stream which 
 has its sources in Berkshire co.. Mas.saohusetts. and flowing 
 S.. enters the state of Connecticut. After winding through 
 Litchfield county, and forming the boundary between New 
 Haven and Fairfield counties, it meets the tide-water at 
 Derby, about 14 miles from Ixjng Island Sound. Tlie sources 
 of this stream are more than 1000 feet above tlie le\ el of the 
 ocean, and in its course of 150 miles, it affords many excel- 
 lent mill-seats. The railroad from Bridgepf^rt to Albany 
 follows the course of this river for nearly 40 miles, present- 
 ing the tiaveller with a view of its charming scenery. The 
 cataract at Canaan, in Connecticut, well deserves the atten 
 tion of the lovers of the picturesque. 
 
 HOUSE, one of the Shetland Island.'!, parish of Bressa, 
 connected by a bridge with the island of Barra. Length, 
 
 3 miles; breadth, about half a mile. 
 
 HOUSE CREEK, a village of Polk co.. North Carolina. 
 
 HOUSE CREEK, a post-village of Irwin co., Georgia. 
 
 HOUSE SPRINGS, a post-village of Jefferson co., Mis- 
 souri. 28 miles S.AV. of St. Louis. 
 
 HOUSEA'ILLE, a post-village of Lewis co.. New York, 
 about 120 miles N.AV. of Albany. 
 
 HOUSEVILLE, a post-office of Harris co.. Texas. 
 
 HOUSSA, how'si. written al.so HOAVSA. HAUSSA and 
 HAOUSA.or HAOU.SSAli, an independent state of Central 
 Africa, between lat 12° and 13° N., aud ion. 5'''and 10° E., hav- 
 
 873 
 
HOU 
 
 Ing N. the Desert, E., Borneo, and elsewhere countries unex- 
 plored iind unknown to Europeans. Denham and Clapper- 
 ton VK-ited this country, and to their work the reader is re- 
 ferred fi.r further intormatiou. The cuuntry is pijrtly moun- 
 tainous, but watered apparently by affluents of the Quorra. 
 Cotton, tJ^>bacco. indii;o. dates, and cattle are among its pro- 
 ducts. Chief towns, Kano, the capital, Saccatoo, Kashna, 
 and Katagooui. 
 
 HOUSTON, hoo'ston, (t. «. "Hugh's town,") a parish of 
 S otland. co. of Renfrew. 5 miles N.W. of Paisley. Among 
 the antiquities of this parish are the old church of Killallan, 
 tki mansion and the old cross of Barochan, and remains of 
 tbo e&stle of the knlirhts of Houston. 
 
 ilOUSTON, hu'sto'n, a county in the S.W. central part 
 of Georgia, contains about 550 square miles. The Ocmulgee 
 River, navigable by steamboats, bounds it on the E., the 
 Echaconnee Creek Hows along the northern border, and it 
 Is drained by Mossy, Big Indian, Sandy Run, and Lump- 
 kin's Creeks. The surface is nearly level; the soil is of lime- 
 st'me formation, very fertile, and extensively cultivated. 
 The South-western Raihoad passes through the county, 
 and tlie Muscogee Railroad has its eiistern terminus in it. 
 Named in hcjnor of Jolin Houston, Governor of Georgia in 
 1778. Capital, Perry. Pop. 15,611, of whom ^56 were free, 
 and 10,765 slave. 
 
 HOUSTON', a county in the E. part of Texas, contains 
 about 1295 square miles. The Tnnity River bounds it on 
 the W., and the N'eches on tl^e N.E. The soil is highly pro- 
 ductive, especially in the valley of Trinity River, which is 
 navigated by steamboats as far up as this county. Elkhart 
 Creek affords iine water-power. Named in honor of General 
 Sam Houston. United States Senator from Texas. Capital, 
 Crockett. Pop. 8058, of whom 5239 were free. 
 
 HOUSTON, a postHOflice of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Bee Fafrview. 
 
 HOUSTON, a township in Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 422. 
 
 HOUSTON, a thriving post-village of Heard co., Georgia, 
 9 miles S.W. of Franklin. 
 
 HOUSTON', a post-office of Hancock co., Alabama. 
 IIOUSTO.N'. a thriving post-village, capital of Chickasaw 
 CO., ilississippi. is situat<«i near a branch of the Oktibtieha 
 Creek, 150 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. It is surrounded by a 
 rich cotton-planting region, and has an active trade. Thi-ee 
 newspapers are published here. 
 
 HOUSTON, a city, capital of Harris co., Texas, situated on 
 Buffalo Bayou, 45 miles by water fiwm its entrance into 
 Galveston Bay, 82 miles N.W. of Galveston City, and 200 
 miles E. S.E. of Austin City. Lat. 29° 45' N., Ion. 95° 30' W. 
 This flouri.shing town, the second of the state in commercial 
 Importance, is advantageously situated for trade, at the 
 head of steamboat navigation. Several steamboats ply re- 
 gularly between this place and Galveston. Houston is tlie 
 principal shipping port for several adjacent counties, in 
 which cotton, sugar, and maize are produced, and towards 
 which a copious tide of emigration is flowing. A large por- 
 tion of the county is occupied by savannas or treeless plains, 
 which produce excellent pasturage, and large numbers of 
 cattle and horses are kept here with little labor. A railroad 
 has been commenced, which is to be extended westward to 
 the Brazos River, and probably to Austin. Several news- 
 papers are published here. It contains 1 iron foundry, with 
 a machine-sliop, and 1 liat factory. It was st^ttled in 1836, 
 and was at one time tlie capital of Texas. Population in 1800, 
 4845. 
 
 HOUSTON, a post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee, 110 
 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 HOUSTi)N, a postrvillage of Bourbon co.. Kentucky. 
 H«JUSrO.\, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 HOUSTO.V, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 15 miles 
 N.W. of Brownstown, confcuns a few tradesmen's shops. 
 HOUSTON, a po.st-township in Adams co, Illinois. P. 1008. 
 HOUSTON, a village of Bind co., Illinois, on the Terre 
 Haute and Alton Kailrcwd. 70 miles S. of Springfield. 
 IlOUSTON, a post-village of .Marlon CO., Missouri. 
 HOUSTON, a post-villasre. capital of Texas co.. Mi.«souri, 3 
 miles fmm Piney Hiver. and TOO miles S. of Jefferson City. 
 HOUSTON, a post-office of Houston co., Minnesota. 
 HOUSTON, the former name of a town in Riley co., Kansas, 
 on the Kansas River, at the mouth of the Big Blue, about 20 
 miles below Fort Riley. It contains 6 churches, 2 flour- 
 niills, &c. Pop. about 750. The name has been changed to 
 Miinbiittan. See Appfndix. 
 
 HOUSTON FACTORY, a post-offlce of Houston co., Georgia. 
 « .V^?'''*^^^"^ ""'^''^- tu'ston-vil. a post-village of Iredell co.. 
 North Carolina, ah.iut 145 miles W. of I!alei"h, 
 
 T^.!^y.I';I'?,\;; .'"f.^''?"- « P^i-'sli of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 iJR.V. J J "^^'^ parish, England, co. York. North Riding 
 
 HOWAKEL. ho-wa'kJl', an island in the Red Sea, off the 
 Ooast of Abyssinia. Ijit. 1.5<= 9' N.. Ion. 40° 19' E. 
 HUW'AifD, a new county in the central part of Marv- 
 
 874 r J 
 
 HOW 
 
 land, containing about 280 square miles. It Is bounded on 
 the N.E. by the Patapsco, and ou the S.W. by the Patuxent 
 River. The surface is uneven or hilly. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Baltimore and Washington Railroad. 
 Formed since 1850, out of the N.W. part of Auue Arundel 
 county. Capital, Ellicotts Mills. Pop. 13,.338. 
 
 HOWARD, a county in the N. central part of Indiana, 
 contains 293 square miles. It is drained by the Wildcat 
 Creek, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is nearly 
 level, and the soil uniformly fertile. It is intersected by 
 railroads, which communicate with Lake Michigan and the 
 Ohio River. Organized in 1844, and named in honor of Ge- 
 neral T.__A. Howard, member of Congress from Indiana. 
 Capital. rv.okomo. Pop. 12,524. 
 
 HOWARD, a county in the N.W. central part of Missouri, 
 has an area of 432 square miles. The Mis.souri River forms 
 part of its western, and the whole of its southern boundary. 
 It is intersected by Bonne Femme and Jloniteau Creeks, 
 affluents of the Missouri River. The general surface is un- 
 dulating; the soil is remarkably fertile, and extensively 
 cultivated. In 1850 this county produced 5401 tons of hay, 
 and 3,188,122 pounds cf tobacco — the greatest qujintities 
 raised in any county of the state. A'aluable quarries of 
 limestone and sandstone have been opened, and stone coal 
 is abundant. Capital, Fayette. Named in honor of General 
 Benjamin Howard, of Kentucky. Pop. 15,916, of wlioin 
 10,0t)() were free, and 5886 slaves. 
 
 UOW.A.RD, a new county in the N.N.E. part of Iowa, lior- 
 dering on Slinnesota, has an aroii of about 4;!0 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head-streams of Turkey River, and the 
 northern part is intersected by the Ujiper Iowa. The slope 
 of the county is southeastward. It contains extensive 
 tracts of timber, interspersed with prairies. Capital, New 
 Oregon. Tliis county is not included in tlie census of 1850. 
 Pop. in 1S60, 3168. 
 
 HOWARD, a jiost-village and townsliip of Steuben co., 
 New York, about 60 miles S. of Rochester. Pop. 2746. 
 
 HOW.\RD, a post-office of Warren co.. New Jersey. 
 
 HOW.\RD, a post-township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1106. 
 
 HOWARD, of Georgia, a station on the Muscogee Rail- 
 road, 40 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 HOWARD, a post-office of Bell CO.. Texas. 
 
 HOWARD, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 868. 
 
 HOWARD, a township in Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 1139. 
 
 HOWARD, a township in Howard co., IniUana. Pop. 1085. 
 
 HOWARD, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, near the 
 Wabash River, 13 miles N.W.of Rockville 
 
 HOWARD,post-town3hip,Winnebagoco., Elinois. P. 1541. 
 
 HOWARD, a township in lirown co., AVisconsin. Pop. 591. 
 
 HOWARD COLLEGE. See Marion. Alabama. 
 
 HOWARD'S, a post-office of Waukesha co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 HOWARD'S. Georgia, a station on the Maeon'and Western 
 Railroad, 6 miles from Macon. 
 
 HOWARD'S GROVE, a post-offlce of Sheboygan co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 HOWARD'S MILLS, a post-village of Montgomery c-o., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 HOWARD'S POINT, a post office of Fayette co., Illinois. 
 
 HOW'ARDSA'ILLE, a post-office of AlU^marle co., Virginia. 
 
 HOWARDSVILLE, a postrvill.age of Centre co., Pennsyl- 
 v,ania, on the Bald Eagle Creek and Can.al, 11 miles N.E. of 
 Bellefmte. Near this are the Howard Iron-works. 
 
 HOWARDSVILLE, a post-village of Stephenson co., lUt 
 nois, about 208 miles N. of Springfield. 
 
 HOWCAPLE, how'kap^el. parish of England, co. Hereford. 
 
 HOW'DEN, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 York, East Riding, on the Ouse, hei-e crossed by a ferry, and 
 with a station on the Hull and Selliy Railway, 22 miles W. 
 of Hull. Pop of town, 23.S2. It has a magnificent church, 
 and extensive remains of a favorite palace of the Bishops of 
 Durham, to whom the site still belongs, and in which died 
 the celebrated bishops, Pudsey. A. r>. 1195. and Skirlaw, 
 1405. Howden is the hesid of a poor-law union, and has 3 
 branch banks, and some of the largest horse-feirs in 
 England. 
 
 HOW'DEN-PANS, a townsship of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland, on the Tyne, 2J miles W.S.W. of North Shields. 
 Pop. 1296. Numerous vessels are built, and much coal ia 
 .shipped here. 
 
 HOWE, hOw, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HOWE, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HOWELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HOWELL, a township in Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2574. 
 
 HOWELL, a thriving post-village, capital of Liviugsttn 
 CO., Michigan, 33 miles JS.S.E. of Lansing. A plank-road ex- 
 tends from Howell to Detroit. X new.spaper is published 
 here. Pop. of Howell township, 1766. 
 
 HOWELL FURNACE, a post-village of Jlonmouth co., 
 New Jersey. 12 miles S.E. of Freehold. It has a. church, 
 and a large Iron furnace. 
 
 HOWELL'S CROSS ROADS, a postofgee of Cherokee co, 
 Alabama. 
 
 HOWELL'S DEPOT, a post-village of Orange co., New 
 
now 
 
 HUA 
 
 York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 71 miles from 
 New York City. 
 
 HOWELL'S PPRTXO. a post-Tillaffo of Hardin co., Ken- 
 tucKy. about 40 miles S.W. of Louisville. 
 
 HOWliLLSVlLLE, a post-office of Robeson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 HOWELL VILLK. a post-villaze of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 4 or 5 miles W.N.W. of Media. 
 
 IIOWELLVILLE, a station on tho Cheater Yallcy Rail- 
 road. 2.T miles from Philadolphia. 
 
 HOWELL WORKS, a post-office of Monmouth co., New 
 Jeniov. 
 
 HOWES, a parish of England. See Hosn. 
 
 HOWE'S VALLEY, a post-office of Hardin CO., Kentucky. 
 
 HOWICK. a parish of England, co. of Northumberland, 
 on the Lea, 4i miles E.N.E. of Alnwick. Earl Grey, to whom 
 the village gives the title of vi.scount. has a seat here. 
 
 HOW'tCK, an inland county of West Australia, of a tri- 
 angular form, about 52 miles long, and 46 miles in breadth. 
 
 ilOWICK. an island group on the S.K. coast of Australia. 
 In lat. 14° 30' S., Ion. 14.5° E.. nearly midway between Cape 
 Flattery and Cape Melville, about lo in number, all low, and 
 coveri^d. for the most part, with mangroves. 
 
 HMWICZY, ho-vee'chee. a village of Austria, in Moravia, 
 about 40 miles from Weisskirchen. Pop. 3407. 
 
 H(»Wr-HOWE, hOw'ee'hOw'ee, a considerable town of 
 Cbin.i. province of Quang-tong, on the S. coast of the island 
 of Hainan, about 3 miles from Hush-Eon, on a narrow 
 peninsula, with a deep bay to the N.E. It is the residence 
 of the Viceroy of Hai-nan, and the principal commercial 
 town of the i.sland. 
 
 Hi >W'LAND. a township in Penobscot co.. Maine, inter- 
 sected by the Piscataquis River, about 90 miles N.E. of Au- 
 gustn. Pop. 174. 
 
 HOWLAND, a post-township in Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 870. 
 
 HOWL.WD'S, Massachusetts, a stAtlon on the railroad 
 from Mansfield to New Bedford, about 10 miles from the 
 latter. 
 
 HOW'LET HILL, a post-office of Onondaga co.,New York. 
 
 HOWTH. hfiwTn, The Hiix op. a peninsula and parish of 
 Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dublin, forming the N.E. screen 
 of Dublin Bay. It is mostly a rocky and remarkably pictu- 
 resque ridge, rising 603 feet above the sea. The village is S 
 mil<'S by railway E.N. E. of Dublin. Pop. 692. It has a large 
 harbor of refuge, with extensive piers, light-house, Ac, con- 
 strui'ted by Telford, at a cost of nearly 500.000/.. .an old cas- 
 tle. tliR seat of the St. F^wronce family for nearly 7 centu- 
 ries, ruins of a church erected in 122S, and in the centre of 
 the town, the remains of an abbey said to have l)een founded 
 by the Danes in 103S. The romantic beauty of the peninsula 
 attra^'ts numerous visitors. On a lofty rock, at its extre- 
 mity, is a handsome light-house, with a fixed red light. 
 Howth gives the title of earl to the descendants of its .\nglo- 
 Norman conqiierors. and still its chief proprietors, the St. 
 Lawrence or Tristram family. 
 
 H'lX'.VE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 3i miles 
 N.E. of Eye. Edmund. King of the East Angle.s, was killed 
 here bv the Danes. A. D. 870. 
 
 IIOXTER. (Iloxter.) hiix'ter, a town of Prussia, West- 
 phalia, 42 miles E.S.E. of ^linden, on the left bank of the 
 West-r. Pop. .36.57. Two miles distant is Corvey, an ancient 
 Benedictine abbey. 
 
 HOX'TON, a parochial district, forming a suburb of Lon- 
 don, 2 miles N.E. of St. Paul's. Here is the H.aberdashers' 
 Almshouse, founded in 1692 by R. Aske, with a revenue of 
 3550?. 
 
 HOY. an island and parish of Orkney. 2i miles S. of Strom- 
 ness. Length. 14 miles : extreme breadth. 6 miles. Pop. of 
 the island, 14S6. It has fine cliff scenery, and a harbor at 
 Longhope. Weekly communication by steam is maintained 
 with Leith. 
 
 IIOY.V, hoi'd, a county of Hanover, enclosed by the Weser 
 and Ilunte Rivers. Area, 1145 squiire miles. Pop.223,000. 
 Chii-f town, Nienburg. 
 
 nOY.\. a market-town in the above county, on the Weser, 
 23 miles S.S.E. of Bremen. Pop. 200. 
 
 HOYA-OONZALO. o'yi-gon-zjlo. a town of Spain, in Mur- 
 cia. 15 miles from Albacete.. Pop. 1125. 
 
 HOYER. hoi'er, a petty seaport town of Denmark, diichy 
 of Sleswick, with a harbor on the North Sea, 26 miles S.W. 
 of liibe. 
 
 Hi >YERSWERDA. hoy'ers-frjR'di or W.\JRREZY, -fti'-vA- 
 r.Vzee. a town of Prussian Silesia. 84 miles W.N.W. of Lieg- 
 nitz. on the Black Kister. Pop. 2050. 
 
 HOY'LaXD, high, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 HOYLAND, NETH'ER, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 HOYLAND SWAIN, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 nOYLE (boil) LAKE, or HOY'LAKE. a village of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Cliester, on the Dee. at its mouth. 11 miles N.N.W. 
 of Great Neston. Pop. 444. It has buildings for the ac- 
 commcdation of sea-bathers, and two light-houses with fixed 
 
 lights, in lat. 5.3° 24' N.. Ion. 3= U' W. 'When brought to 
 range in the same line, these lights, one of which is iijgher 
 than the other, lead into Iloylake Roads, which afford satb 
 anchorage. 
 
 HOYM. hoim, a town of Germany, duchv of Anlj.ilt-Born- 
 burg, 14 miles N.E. of Halberstadt. Pop. 2300, with a castle, 
 the ori'jinal seat of the Dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg. 
 
 HOYO DE PINARES, ho'yo dA pe-nd'rJs.atown of Spaiu, ' 
 in Old Ca.stile, 35 miles W. of Madrid. Pop. 917 
 
 IIOYOS. htyyoce. a village of Spain, in Estremadura, 48 
 miles N.N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 2136. 
 
 HOY.S'VILLE. a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, 165 
 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 IIRADEK, h'rd/dSk, a market-town of Bohemia, 18 miles 
 N.N.W. of Pisek. 
 
 IIR.\DEK. a village of Bohemia, circle of Kiiniggratz, near 
 the frontier of Prussian Silesia. 
 
 IIRADEK, or WUNSCIIELBERG, (Wiinschelberg.) *iin'- 
 shel-b^Ro\ a town of Prussian Silesia, in Breslau, 11 miles 
 W.N.W. of Gl.at!!. Pop. 1150. 
 
 HRADISCII.h'ra'dish,orHRADISCn-UNGARI.SCIl,hra'- 
 dish-COng'gaR-ish, a town of Moravia, on an island in tha 
 March. 42 miles E.S.E. of Briinn. Pop. 2100., 
 
 HRADISCH, a famous old convent of Moravia, near 01- 
 mut7,. now used for a military ^hospital. 
 
 HRADISKO, a town of Bohemia. See Gr.adlitz. 
 
 HHOCIIOW-TEINITZ. b'ro/Ki vti'nits. a village of East 
 Bohemia. 5 miles E. of Chrudim. Pop. 9C4. 
 
 HROZINKAU, Alt, Alt h'ro'zin-kOw\ a large village of 
 Austria, in Moravia, circle of Ilradisch. Pop. 2240. 
 
 HROZINKAU. Neu, noi h'ro'zin-kdw\ a large village of 
 Austria, in Moravia, on the Betschwa, 48 miles from Weiss- 
 kirchen. Pop. 3050. 
 
 HRUBIESZOW, h'roo^es-kofr. a town of Russian Poland, 
 64 miles S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 1700. 
 
 IIRUSOWANY. a town of Anstri.a. See Grusbach. 
 
 HUACHAPURE, wJ-chS-poo/rA or hwd-chd-poo/ri,* a head- 
 land of Chili, in lat. 34° 58' S.. Ion. 72° 17' W. 
 
 IIU.\CHO. wd'eho or hwd'cho.* a small bay of Peru, 63 
 miles N.N.W. of Callao, with good anchorage in 5 fathoms. 
 About 1 mile from the coast is a small town of the same name. 
 
 HU.WO, an island in the Pacific. See Ouafo. 
 
 HUAHKINE or HUAHINE. hoo-d-hee/nA. one of the So- 
 ciety Islands, Pacific, N.W. of T;ihiti. Estimated population, 
 2000. The surface is mountainous and fertile: on it Cook 
 planted the only shaddock-tree existing in the Lsland. 
 
 HUAHINi;. SeellUAHElNE. 
 
 IIUAILAS, a province of Peru. See Hc.ATLas. 
 
 IIUALLAGA, wdl-yd'gd or hwdl-yd'gd.* a river of Peru, 
 rises in the .\ndes. near l.it. 11° S.. and at 1,3,200 feet above 
 the sea, flows mostly northward, and joins the .\mazon near 
 lat. 5° S.. and Ion. 75° 40' W.. after a total course estimated 
 at 500 miles. The town of Iluanca and station of Las La- 
 gunas are on its banks, and near lat. 7° S. it runs through 
 a narrow gorse. forming there and elsewhere several falls. 
 
 HUAMACHUCO.wd-ma•choo'ko.*orGUAMACIIUCO.gwd^ 
 md-choo'ko,* a town of Peru, department of Trujillo, capital 
 of a province, 55 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo. Pop. of the pro- 
 vince in 1850. 60.854. 
 
 HUA.MALIES, wd-md-le-fs', or GUAMALIES, gwd-md- 
 \e-hs>. a piovince of Peru, department of Junin. on the W. 
 side of the central ridge of the Andes, on the Tunguragua. 
 Ijength. 129 miles; breadth, about 30 miles. It has mer- 
 cury and silver mines, and the ruins of ancient Peruvian 
 fortresses, temples, and palaces. Pop. in 1S50, 32.027. 
 
 IIUAMANGA. wd-mdng'gd. orGUAMAXG A, gwd-mdng'gd, 
 a city of Peru, capital of a province of its own name, and of 
 the department of Ayacucho,onanaffluentof the Apurimac, 
 140 miles W.N.W. of Cuzco, on the route thence to Lima, 
 It is finely situated, handsomely built, and has a cathedral, 
 numerous other religious edifices, and a college with the pri- 
 vileges of a university. It was founded by Piznrro in 1539. 
 Near it the troops of Sucre defeated the Spaniards, and ter- 
 minated the Spanish dominion in South America in 1824. 
 Pop. 20.0(X); of the province, in 1860, 29,617. 
 
 HUAMANTLA, wd-mdntld. a town of Mexico, about two 
 days' march N. by E. of Puebla. A battle was fought here, 
 October 9th, 1847, between a detachment of the -American 
 army and the Mexicans commanded by Santa Anna, result- 
 ing in the defeat of the latter. The former had 13 killed, 
 (including Captain Walker.) and 11 wounded. 
 
 HUAMBLIN, wdm-bleen'. or SOCORRO. so-koR'Ro, an 
 isl.and on the W. coast of Patagonia, in lat. 44° 49' S., Ion. 
 75°15'W. 
 
 HU.\NCANE, wdn-kd'n.A. a province of Peru, in the de- 
 partment of Puno. Pop. in 18.^0. 56.765. 
 
 HUANCAVELICA,wdn-kd-vd-leenid, or GUANCABELICA, 
 
 *The names of places in Spain, Mexico, &c., beginning with /m, 
 likJ those beginning witli gu, sonnd very nearly as if they com- 
 menced with an English if; hence llunmanicho and Gnama- 
 cucho, are to be pronounced nearly alike, almost wah-mal.-koo'- 
 cho. It may be observed th.it the Mexicans generally sound a 
 and z preci.sely alike, although a triie Spaniard will make a 
 marked ditforence in their pronouuciation. 
 
 875 
 
HUA 
 
 HUD 
 
 gwin-ti-n^-lee'ki, a town of Peru, capital of a province and 
 of a department of its own name, in the Andes. SO miles 
 W.N.W. of Guanianga. Elevation, 11.000 feet. Most of the 
 Inhabitints are enii;a,<red in mining, and smeUini; the ores 
 of gold, silver, and mercury raised in its viciiuty. Pop. 
 8000; of the province in ISoO, 17,318; and of the depart- 
 ment, 80.117. 
 
 IIUA.NTA, win'ta. or GUAXTA, gwjnta, called also 
 irCANCAYO. w4n-ki'o, a town of I'eru. capital of a province 
 of its own name, in the department of Juuin, 25 miles S.E. 
 of Jauj;u Pop. of the province, in 1S50, 2(i,35S. 
 
 HUANUCO, wl'noo-ko. or GUANUCO. gwi'nooko, a town 
 of I'eru. capital of a province of its own name, of the de- 
 partment of Juuin, among the Andes, 180 miles X.N.E. of 
 Lima. It was formerly important, but is now much decayed. 
 Pop. of the province, in 1850, 26,799. 
 
 lIUAQUr. a river of Mexico. See Yaqct. 
 
 HCTAKAZ. -wSt-rSaJ, a town of Peru, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ancach. 130 miles S.E. of Trujillo. Pop. 5000; of 
 the department, in 1850, 219,li5. 
 
 HUARI, wj-ree/, a town of Peru, capital of a province 
 of its own name, E. of the Andes, about 1(50 miles E.S.E. of 
 Trujillo. Pop. of the province, in 1850, 48.579. 
 
 nUAROCUIRI, wj-ro-che-ree', or GUAJ50CniRI, gwj- 
 ro-che-ree'. a town of Peru, department of Lima, capital of a 
 province of its own name, afr the foot of the .\nde8, 00 miles 
 E. of Lima, Pop. of the province, in ISS*], 14.400. 
 
 nU.\l{TE, wiR'ti. a market-town of Spain, in Xavarre. 
 province, and 4 miles E.X.E. of Pamplona, near the left bank 
 of the Arga. 
 
 IIUAKTE SANTA ARAQUIL, wjR'tA sSn'ti i-ri-keeV, a 
 walled market-town of Spain, in Navarre, 15 miles W. of 
 Pamplona, near the right bank of the Araquil. 
 
 UUASACUALCO or GUAZACUALCX), gwis-a-kwaiOco, a 
 small river of Mexico, forming a part of the boundary be- 
 tween the states of Vera Cruz and Tobasco. At its mouth, 
 in the Gulf of Me.xico, there is a tolerable harbor. 
 
 IIUASCO, wis'ko. or GUASCO, gwi^^ko, a town of South 
 America, in Chili, department, and 110 miles N. of Coquim- 
 bo, at the mouth of the river Iluasco, in which it has a small 
 harbor. 
 
 HUATTLCO, a free port of Mexico. See GcAirLCO. 
 
 HUAURA, wow'rd, or GUAURA, gwow'rl, a seaport town 
 of Peru, department of Lima, province, and 50 miles N.W. 
 of Chaneay. near the mouth of the river Guanra. with some 
 Bait-works and remains of ancient X'eruvian edifices. 
 
 UUAYLAS. IIUAILAS. wi'ljs. or GUAILAS, gwilis, a 
 province of Peru, on the W. side of the Andes, .about lat. 9° 
 30' S. Length, 129 miles : breadth, 36 miles. It is watered 
 by the Salta and other rivers. The rich gold and copper 
 mines are wrought, but those of gold and silver appear to be 
 exhausted. Pop. in 1850, 84,676. 
 
 IIURH, htib. a river of Beloochistan, after a total course 
 of 100 miles falls into the .Arabian Sea on the N.TV. side of 
 Cape Monze, in lat. 24° 50' N.. Ion. 6C°36'E. 
 
 IIUBB.a small stream of Beloochistan, falls into the Poo- 
 rally in lat. 26° 40' N., Ion. 66° 26' E. 
 
 UUB'B.VRD, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1301. 
 
 IIUIiB.\RD. a post-office of Clark CO., Indiana. 
 
 HUBBARD, a township of Dodge co., Wisconsin. P. 2810. 
 
 HUBBARD'S CORNERS, a postoffice of Madison co-New 
 York. 
 
 nUBTJARDSTON, a post-village and township of Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 
 1621. 
 
 HUB'BARDTON, a post-township of Rutland eo^ Vermont, 
 about 46 miles S.S.W. of MOntpelier. Pop. 600. 
 
 HUBBAKDTON KIVER. a fine mill stream of Addison 
 CO., Vermont falls info the head of East Bay. 
 
 HUB'BERTSTOX. a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 nUBERTSBURG, hoo/ljjrts-b«5RG\ a, village and royal 
 caiitle of Saxony, 24 miles E. of Leipsic. In the castle wtis 
 signed the peace of 1763, which terminated the Seven Y'ears' 
 War. 
 
 HUB'LERSBURG, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, in Xittany Valley, 88 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 HU'BY. a township, Engl.ind. co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 HUCKESW.\GEN, (HUckeswagen,) hiik'ks's-wi'ghen. a 
 town of Rhenish Prussu, 25 miles E.S.E. of Dusseidorfl 
 Pop. 2ii:il. 
 
 IICCK'ING. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 UCCKLKCOT, huk'el-kot, a hamlet of England, co., and 
 3 miles V.. of Gloucester. 
 
 HUCK'NALL, a parish of England, co., and 7 miles N.W. 
 of Nottinghim. The church contains a monument to the 
 poet, Byron, who was interred here in 1824. 
 
 UUCK'NALL-LNDER-llUTII'WAITE,a hamlet of England, 
 CO. of Nottingham. 
 
 nUD'D K KS Fl KLD.a parliamentary lx)rough. market-town, 
 and parish of England, c-o. of York. West Riding, on the 
 Colne. and on the Lanciister and Yorkshire Railway, 14 
 miles S.S.W. of Leeds. Pop.of borough, 34,874. It is mostly 
 built of Kfona, ou a hill-slope, and has an elegant modern 
 pttrish ch urch, several handsome subordinate churches, many 
 
 dissenting chapels, including one belonging to the Jlethod- 
 ists. said to be the lar>rest in England, a national proprietary 
 college, a church collegiate school, several endowed free 
 .schools, and otlier charities, a large, handsome infirmary, 
 a mechanics' institute and philosophical liall. subscription 
 library, news-room, banking company, several branch banks, 
 and a spacious circular piece-hall, containing warehou.se room 
 for about GOO manufacturers, who expose their goods here for 
 sale on market days. The principal manufactures of the 
 town and vicinity, are broad and narrow cloths, kerseymeres, 
 flushings, serges, cords, and espeiially '• fancy goods."' In 
 1839. there were 106 mills here, employing 342S hands, but it 
 is estimated that the entire manufacturing population, in- 
 cluding weavers at present more than doubles this number. 
 The trade is greatly facilitated by theabund.anceof cfial in the 
 vicinity, and by canals connecting with both the Mersey and 
 Humljer; that connecting with the former is cariied at the 
 highest canal level in England, through the chain of the 
 '•English .\pennines." by a stupendous tunnel Sj miles in 
 length. The Leeds and JIanchester Railway p.'jsses within 
 4 miles of the town, and the.-? is another railway direct to 
 Manchester, and one to ShefReld. Iluddersfield sends one 
 member to the House of Commons. The Roman station, 
 Oxnib'idiilnum, is said to have been in this parish. 
 
 IIUD'DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 HUD'DLESTON, a. post-ofHce of Rapides parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 HUDDLESTON, a past-ofJice of Pike co., Arkansas. 
 
 11 UDD LESION'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of WUsob 
 CO., Tennes.see. 
 
 IIUDIKSVALL. hoo/diks-vair, orllUDDlKSVALL, hood'- 
 diks-vdir, a seaport town of Sweden, laen. and 70 miles N.of 
 GeHe. on an inlet of the Gulf of Bothnia. Lat 64°43'45"N, 
 Ion. 17° 15' E. Pop. 1877. 
 
 lUDLlTZ, hafidOits, or UUDLICE, h(56d leel'^i, a village 
 of Bohemia, 4 miles from Bcraun. Pop. 1181. 
 
 UUIfSON, or NORTH RIVER, one of the finest and most 
 important in the United States, is formed by two small 
 streams, which rise in the Adirondack Mount.tjns. one in 
 Hamilton, and the other in E.ssex countj-, New York, and 
 unite in Warren county, about -W miles from the source of 
 each. To Sandy Hill the course of the river is irregular, 
 being first S. by E.. then E., after which it flows almost in a 
 straight line, nearly due S., entering New York Bay in lat 
 4u° 42' N., Ion. 74° 1' 30" W. lU entire length is rather 
 more than 300 miles : its breadth below Albany varies from 
 300 to yOO yards. Between Haver«traw and Pierniont. how- 
 ever, for a distance of 10 or 12 miles, it expands into a broad 
 basin, 4 or 5 miles wide. It has but few tributaries : the 
 Mohawk, flowing into it near Troy, and the Walkill. entei^ 
 jng it at Kingston, are the principal. The scenery of the 
 Hudson is in the highest degree picturesque, and in some 
 places sublime. The banks are generally elevated, and not 
 unfrequently rise to lofty eminences, many of which are 
 rocky and precipitous. At the Pa.ssage of the Highlands. 52 
 miles above New York, the view is eminently grand and im- 
 posing. A chain was suspended aerosii the river at this 
 place in the Revolution, to prevent the enemy's vessels as- 
 cending. On the W. shore, about 30 miles below, com- 
 mences what is called the " Palisades." f» remarkable range 
 of trap rock, which ri-ses perpendicularly from the margin 
 of the river, nearly 500 feet, and extends 18 or 20 miles 
 down the stream. The largest ships ascend to Hudson, 
 about 117 miles, and sihooners to Troy, at the head of tide- 
 water, a distance of 160 miles. As a commercial channel, 
 prolMjbly no river in the United States of equal extent is .so 
 important as the Hudson. Upwards of 70 s;»i!-vessels. all 
 moving at the same time, have been counted from a single 
 point of observation on its h'lnks. A great nnml>erof steiun- 
 i>oats, many of them of immense size, jilso ply between New 
 Y'ork, Albany, and the intermediate pla<v.s. Some of these 
 are among the most splendid water-craft in the world. 
 Thirty-two years ago there were only 22 sailing-vessels n.ivi- 
 gating the Hudson. In 1852. this numl>er had increased to 
 569, and the total number of vessels plying on its waters 
 was 807. The first successful attempt at propelling vessels 
 by steam was made upon the waters of this river, by Roljert 
 Fulton, in 1808. The Hudson Riveb derived its n.-iuie from 
 Henry Hudson, who ascended it in 1607. It was at first 
 called North River, in contradistinction to the Delaware, 
 which was originally called by the Dutch Solth, (.Zuyd) 
 River. 
 
 HUDSON, a county in the N.E. part of New Jersey, has 
 an area of about 180 square miles. It is bounded on the S. 
 by the Passaic liiver. Newark Biiy. and the Kills: on 
 the E. by New York Bay and the Hudson River, and on the 
 W. by the Passaic River, and is interse<'ted by the Ilacken- 
 sack and Saddle Rivers. The surface is elevated in the Ji, 
 and W. portions, while the valley of the Ilackensack li^-s ia 
 the centre. Slagnetic iron ore and limestone are found, and 
 there are extensive deposits of copper in the W. part, near 
 the I'assaic River. Tiie county is intersected by tlie New 
 Jersey Railroad, by the Erie Railroad, and by the MorrU 
 Camil. Niimed from the river which form.s its E. bounOarr 
 Capital, Jersey City, or Hudson. Pop. 62,717. 
 
HUD 
 
 HUE 
 
 HUDSON, a post-Tillage and township of Ilillsborouiih oo., 
 New iranipshii-e, on the Merrimack Itivt^, which is here 
 cr(»<se<l by a bridge, about 36 miles S. by K. of Concord. 
 Pop. 1222. 
 
 IIUOHOX, a city and seat of justice of Columbia CO., New 
 York, is situated on the the left bank of the Hudson River, at 
 the head of ship navigation, and on tlie Hudson Kiver Unil- 
 road, at the terminus of the Hudson and Herkshire Kailroad, 
 110 milf-s N. of New York City. Lat. 42<= U'N.. Ion. 73° 4«' W. 
 It is built upon an elevation, which rises in th« background 
 to a heljrht of 200 feet, called Prospect Hill. In front, the 
 bank, which is here 60 feet hifih, projects into the river, 
 termiiiatinft in a bold promontory, on the brow of which is 
 a delifihtful promenade, and on either side a fine bay, 
 having a depth of water sufficient for the largest ships. 
 Along the margin of these Imys, and at the foot of the pro- 
 montory, are the wharves, which are carried out on a line 
 with the base of the hill. The city is for the most part regu- 
 larly laid out, with sti-eets usually intersecting each other 
 at rigHit angles. Near the river are extensive warehouses, 
 stores, &c. Warren street is the principal thoroughfare and 
 seat of bu8ine.ss. It extends in a S.K. direction, about a 
 mile, terminating near a fine public square. The principal 
 public buildings are the Court-house, a handsome edifice, 
 constructed of marble and limestone, and surmounted by a 
 dome, and 8 or 10 churches. The city conbtins, 1 national 
 bank, 2 other banks, and several seminaries of learning. 
 One daily and three weekly newsi)apers are published here. 
 Hudson is both a commercial and n)an>ifacturing city. 
 Formerly it was extensively engaged in the West India trade, 
 but of late this business has mostly given place to the river 
 trade. Great quantities of produce are also brought to its 
 markets from the interior. It enjoys superior advantages 
 for manufacturing, as the streams in the vicinity afford good 
 water-power. Here are 2 extensive iron furnaces, and about 
 70 manufactories of various kinds. Hudson is well supplied 
 with pure water from springs at the foot of Becraft iMoun- 
 tain, about 2 miles distant. Steamboats plying between 
 New York and Albany touch here, and a steam ferry crosses 
 to Athens, on the opposite side of the river. Settled in 1784, 
 and incorporated a city in 1785. Pop. in 1850, 6289; in 1S60, 
 7187 ; in 1S65, 10,500. 
 
 HUD.SON, a post-village of Hudson co., New Jersey, about 
 3 miles W. of New York. Pop. 722!). See Appendix. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-oftico of Caswell co., North Carolina. 
 
 HUDSO.V, a post-villaire of Franklin CO., Georgia, about 
 100 miles N. by K. of Milledgeville. 
 
 HUDSON, a flourishing post-village and township of Sum- 
 mit CO.. Ohio, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, at 
 thejunction ofthe Clinton Line Kailroad, in progress. 24 miles 
 S.K. of the former, and 123 miles N.K. of Columbus. The 
 village Is handsomely situated and neatly built. It con- 
 tains^ churches of 3 denominations, and several stores. The 
 Western Reserve College, at this place, was founded in 1826, 
 and is a flourishing institution, with 6 instriictors, and a 
 library of 10,000 volumes. Population of township in 1850, 
 14,57: in 1S60, 869. 
 
 HUDSON, a thriving post-village and township of Lena- 
 wee CO., Michigan, on the Michigan .Southern Kailroad, and 
 on Tiffin's Creek. 16 miles W. of Adrian. Pop. about 600; 
 of the township, 1489. 
 
 HUDSON', a postvillage of Washtenaw co., Michigan, on 
 Huron Kiver, alx)ut 50 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-village and township of La Porte Co., In- 
 diana, on the Michigan Southern Kailroad. Pop. 504. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-vill.ige of Mcljean co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois Central Kailroad. 8 or 9 miles N. of Bloomington. 
 
 HUDSON, a village of Muscatine co., Iowa, 20 miles E.S.E. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 HUDSON, formerly WILLOW RIVER, a post-village and 
 capita! of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, on the E. shore of Lake 
 St. Croix, at the mouth of Willow Kiver. 18 miles E. of St.Paul, 
 Minnesota. It contains 6 churches, 2 banks, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 17 stores. Pop. in 1860,1560; in 1S65, about 2000. 
 
 HUDSON, a township of Walworth co.,Wi8consin. P. 1338. 
 
 HUD'SON'S BAY, sometimes called HUDSON'S SEA, an 
 Inland sea of North America, between lat. 51° and 64° N.. and 
 Ion. 77° and 95° W.. enclosed by British territory on all sides, 
 except the N.E., where it communicates with Davis's Strait 
 by Hudson's Strait. Length, from N. to S., 850 miles: 
 breadth, 600 miles. Its S. part is named James's Bay, and 
 receives the Albany, Moose, and other rivers. Hudson's Bay 
 ftas bold shores, numerous islands, reefs, and sandbanks, 
 tnd on its coasts severjil settlements of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company: it is free from ice and navigable for only a few 
 months in the year. The htltiga. or white whale, is occa- 
 sionally found in Its waters, but fish, and a.\ao Crustacea, are 
 scarce. 
 
 HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. See next article. 
 
 HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY; or. the Territory of IIotv 
 son's Bat Company, a vast tract of country, comprising 
 nearly the whole of British North America, w'ith the excep- 
 tion of the Canadas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, New- 
 foundland, and the other British settlements on this part 
 Of the E. joast, which, with the United States territory, 
 
 form its limit on the S. ; the Atlantle bounding it on the 
 E., the Pacific on the 'W., and the Ai-ctic Ocean on tlie 
 N. In this space is comprehended the great inland sea 
 known as Hudson's B,ay, and an immense number of 1. ><;e 
 lakes and rivers W. of it, many of the former upwards ■ f 
 100 miles in length. It also comprises a portion of tl;a 
 Kocky Mountains, and several islands on the W. coast, iu 
 eluding that of Vancouver, about 300 miles long, and up- 
 wards of 50 broad. The peninsula of I..iibrador forms its 
 most eastern limit. The whole country is divided into four 
 large departments or regions: — The N. department, whict 
 includes all the establishments in the far N. and frozen re 
 gions, comprising the valley ofthe Mackenzie River, and the 
 country between the sterile region and the Rocky Jloun- 
 tains N. of I^ake Athabasca: — The S. department extending 
 on both shores of James's Bay. and along the S. shore* 
 of Hudson's l!ay, as far W. as Cape Churchill, and inland to 
 the ridge which forms the N. boundary of Canada, and to 
 the Ijikes Superior, Winnipeg. Deer, and Wollaston : — The 
 Montreal department, including the country in the neigh- 
 borhood of .Montreal, up the Ottiwa lUver. and along the 
 N. .shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and E.sijuimaux Bay; 
 and the Columbia department. whi<'h comprehends an im- 
 mense extent of country to the W. of the Rocky Mountains. 
 The cimntry on the E. side of Hudson's Bay, forming part 
 of the peninsula of Ijibrador, is called East Main ; that on 
 the S.W., New South Wale.s. The Hudson's Bay Territory 
 is in possession of the Hudson's B.iy Company, wtio 'merely 
 use it as hunting grounds, from which to obtain supplies of 
 furs for the markets of the world. These are i)robalily up- 
 wards of 20 different kinds, the most valuable of which is 
 that of the black fox. The other articles of commerce are 
 oils, dried and salted fish, fe.athens, quills, and walrus ivory. 
 The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered by Charles II., 
 in 1670. See British America. 
 
 HUDSON'S .STRAIT, In British North America, between 
 lat. 00° and 64° N., and Ion. 65° and 77° W., is about 450 
 miles iu length, with an average breadth of 100 niilep, 
 though in its narrowest part but about CO miles, and con- 
 nects Hudson's Bay with the oce.an and Davis's Strait. 
 
 HUIVSONVILLE, a post-village of Marshall co., Jlissia 
 sippi. "200 miles N.N.E. of Jack.son. 
 
 HUDSONVILLE, a post-village of Breckenridge co., Ken 
 tucky. about r20 miles AV.S.'W. of Frankfort. 
 
 HUDSONVILLE, a post-village of Crawfi)rd co.. Illinois, on 
 the ri;.;ht bank ofWabash River, about 8 miles N.of P.ilestine 
 
 llUl^, hwA or hoo-A'. a river of Anam, after an E.N.E 
 course of about 100 miles, falls into the iiiad of Hue. 05 
 miles N.W. of Turon Harlwr. Lat. 16° N. It is hro.ad. sbal 
 low. and only navigable for sm.all craft; the road forms an 
 excellent harlior, where vessels of 200 tons can ride in .safety 
 during the S.W. monsoon. 
 
 HU£, HU£-FO, THUA-THIEN, t'hwlHe-Jn'. or PIIUX- 
 UAN, fooxVin', the capital city of the empire of Anam, in 
 Cochin-China, on the IIu6 River, alwut 10 miles from Its 
 mouth, in the China Sea. Lat. 16° 30' N., Ion. 107° 12' E. It 
 has probably no parallel in the East, having been early in 
 the present century regularly fortified in the European style. 
 Its walls, mounting numerous cannon, and upwards of 6 
 miles in circumference, enclose an inner citadel, with the 
 palace, and spacious barracks, large public granaries, an 
 arsenal, and various magazines, which, with other public 
 buildings, are supplied with water by a broad canal from 
 the river, faced with masonry, and cro?.sed by some fine 
 bridges; a large garrison, and fleet of galleys, are usually 
 stationed here. 
 
 IIUKBKO. wAOaro, a village of Spain, in Andalu.sia, about 
 20 miles from Almeria. Pop. 1010. 
 
 HUECIJA or HUECIXA. w.Uhee/nl a village of Spain, 
 in .\ndalusia, 13 miles N. of .\lmeria. Pop. 10'27. 
 
 HUEHUETOCA, w.A-w.i-to'ka, or 6UEGUET0CA, gwi- 
 gw.A-to'kd, a village of Mexico, state, and 30 miles N. of 
 Jlexico. 
 
 HUEJOCINGO or IIUEXOCINGO, wA-Ho-seeng'go, a Til- 
 lage of Mexico. 18 miles N.AV. of the city of La Puebla. 
 
 HUELOOAT, hwjl'go-^, a village of France, department 
 of Finlstere, 20 miles N.E. of Chateaulin. Pop. 1170. 
 
 HUELM.\, wJl'md, a town of Spain, province, and 27 
 miles S.E. of Jaen. Pop. 2973. 
 
 HUELVA, vfkVyi or hwjl'vl, or IIUELBA. w^'bd; fane. 
 Onoba.) a maritime town of Spain, capital of the province 
 of .same name, on an inlet ofthe Atlantic, 49 miles W.S.W. 
 of .Seville. Pop. 7173. 
 
 HUELVA. a provinceof Spain, occupying the W. extremity 
 of Andalusia. Area. 33''7 square miles. Pop. 153,462. 
 
 HUENEJA, wA-nA/iii, a town of Spain, province, and 37 
 miles E. of Granada. Pop. 2350. 
 
 HUERCAL. wjR-kil', a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 3 
 miles from Almeria. Pop. 1600. 
 
 HUEKCAL-OVERA, wja-kdl' o-T^/r^, or HUERCAL-OBE- 
 RiV. w^R-kdl'o-Ba'rd, a town of Spain, province, and 40 miles 
 N.E. Almeria, near the Almanzor. Pop., includimr the sur- 
 rounding villages, 12,912. Its Inhaliltants. with those ofthe 
 vicinity, are employed in manufactures of lace, table linena, 
 and soap. 
 
 877 
 
HUE 
 
 HUL 
 
 HTJERTA, wjR'tJ. numerous yillapres of Spain, the most 
 ^ )rthy of notice beinjj; Huerta de A'aldecarabaBos. province, 
 aid 17 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 UUKKTA-DEL-KEY. w4R'td-<i6l-r4/, a town of Spain, in 
 Old Castile. 4S miles S.S.E. of Burgos. Pop. oti3. 
 
 IIUK^A, wd'si, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 45 miles S.of 
 Sarajras.sa. Pop. 636. 
 
 IIUESCA. wJstvi or hwjs'kl, (anc. Os>ca.) a city of Spain, 
 in Aragon, capital of a province, on the riurht bank of the 
 Isuela, 36 miles N.E. of Saragossa. Pop. 9200. It is _" a fine 
 specimen of an old Araironese city, being solidly built and 
 picturesque," but decaying. Principal edifices, the fine Go- 
 thic Cathedral, with numerous statues, and a magnificent 
 altar-piece, about 15 convents, a foundling hospital, cavalry 
 barracks, and the ancient palace of the Kings of Aragon, 
 memorable for the "msssju-re of the bell." Its university 
 was founded in 1.354: and it has 2 other colleges, and some 
 schools. Near it are two remarkable monasteries, contain- 
 ing striking works of art. Huesca has some tanneiies, 
 Unen manufactures, and a large annual lair. 
 
 HUE.SCA. a province of Spain, in Aragon, bounded on the 
 N. by France, and E. bv the province of Lerida. Area, 
 6262 square miles. Pop. 247,105. 
 
 HUESC.^K, w^kaR or hwfe'kaR, a town of Spain, pro- 
 Tince. and 68 miles N.E. of Granada. Pop. 5640. 
 
 IIUICTE, wi'tA, a town of Spain, province, and 34 miles 
 N.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2620. It has a fort. 
 
 IIUETOU-SAXTII.,LAN, w4-toR'-s3n-teel-yin', a town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, 7 miles E.N.E. of Granada. Pop. 813. 
 
 HUETOK-TAJOK, wA-toR'-ti-uoR/, a town of Spain, in An- 
 dalusia. 26 miles W. of Granada, on the Genii. Pop. 1317. 
 
 HUKFTON, a po.st-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 HUFINGEN. (HUfingen.) hU'flng-?n. a town of Baden, 
 circle of Lake, 9 miles S. of Villingen. Pop. 1600. 
 
 IIUGELIIEIM, (Iliigelheim.) hU'ghel-hime\ a village of 
 Baden. 5^ miles S.W. of Kastadt. Pop. 766. 
 
 HUG'G ATE. a p.irish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 HUG'GLESCOTE, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 IIUG'GINS' CREEK, a post-office of JIcNairy co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 HUGHESBURQ, huz/bUrg, a postrofflce of Harersham, co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 HUGHES' (hu'zfz) MILLS, a small village of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 HUGHES RIVER, of Western Virgini.i, ri.ses in Lewis 
 and Doddridge counties, flows W, and ent«rs the Little Ka- 
 nawha Kiver, near tlie N, border of Wirt county. 
 
 IIUGHESVILLE. huz'vil, a flourishing village of Warren 
 CO., New Jersey, on the .Muscouetcong Creek, about 18 miles 
 S. bv W, of Belvidere. 
 
 HUG H ES VI LLE, a flourishing post-village of Wolfe town- 
 ship. Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, 19 miles E. of Williams- 
 port, it derives its support chiefly from the lumber busi- 
 ness. Pop, 363. 
 
 IIUGHESVILLE. a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, 
 154 miles X. of Kiihmond. 
 
 IIUGHLEY. hu'lee. a parish of England, co. of Salop, 
 
 HUGH'SONVILLE, a post-village in the S,W. part of 
 Dutchess CO,, New York, about 60 miles N. of New York 
 Citv. 
 
 HU'GUENOT, a post-office of Orange co„ New York. 
 
 HUIINEUWASSEll. (Hiihnerwasser.) HUNEHWASSER, 
 hU'ner-wis'ser. HUNN EKWASSER. orKUliZlWODY. kooR'- 
 jse-fto^dee. a town of Bohemia, 12 miles N,W,of Buntzlau, 
 on a height, surrounded by forests. Pop. 1102. 
 
 IIUl.'^Il, hwish. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HUISH CAMP'FLUWER, a parish of EngUnd, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 IIUI.^H EPIS/COPI, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 
 HUISH, NORTH, a parish of England, co, of Devon. 
 
 HUISH, SOUTH, a p:irish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 IIUISNE, ween or hween, a river of Fi-ance, joins the 
 Sarthe 1 mile below Le Mans, after a S.W. course of 65 miles. 
 
 HUISSEAU, hwees'sC'. several villages of France: the 
 principal, Hulsskau-sir-Maive. hweesWstlR-niov. in the de- 
 partment of Ix)iret. 9 miles W. of Orleans. Pop. 1.383. 
 
 IIUIS.SEN. hois'sen. a town of the Netherlands. Gelderland, 
 on the Old Rhine, 3 miles S.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 287. 
 
 HUIZE.X. hoi'zgn. a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Holland. 16 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdiim. Pop. 2342. 
 
 HUIZU.M, hni//,tim. or HUSUM. hU'sQm. a vilhige of the 
 Netherlnuds, Frieshind, 1 mile S.E. of Leeuwardeu. Pop. 
 WO. ^ 
 
 IIUJAMREE, hoo'jim'ree, a mouth of the Great F-ast 
 rhannel of the Indus, in lat. 24° 10' X.. Ion. 67°28'E,, and 
 170 yards across at Vikkur, 20 miles from the sea. 
 
 HUKOXO, hoo^koiig'. or PAYEX-DWEN. pWnMwJn'. a 
 trnUe; In the N.of Burm,ah, on the A.ssam frontier, bounded 
 an all sides by hills of the .^huedouuggvi range. The prin- 
 di>Hl river of the valley is the Khven-dweni, The inhalit- 
 fflti are chiefly Singphofw, and their Assamese slaves, 
 
 1IUKW.\XG, an old province of China. See Hoo-QuANO. 
 
 HUi/BURTON. a post-village of Orleans co.. New York, 
 •>n the Erie ("anal, alnjut 25 miles W. of Rochester. 
 
 HUL'COTT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 »78 
 
 HULDENBERGTI, htil'den-bJRG\ a village of Belgium, 
 province of Brahnnt. Pop. 1520. 
 
 HULEIN, hooaiue. or HOULIX, hoo'lin, a market-town 
 of Moravia, on the railway from Aienna to Olmutz, 10 milee 
 S. of Prerau. Pop. 1968. 
 
 HULL. hQll. or KINGS'TON-UPOS-HULL, a large river port, 
 municipal and parliamentary borough of England.and county 
 of itself, CO. of York. East Riding, situated on the N. shore of 
 the estujiry of the Humber, where it is joined bv the Hull, 
 about 20 miles from its motith. and at the junction rf the 
 Hull and Selby and the Hull and Bridlington Railwavs, 34 
 miles E,S,E, of York, Lat, (citiidel) 53° 44' 36" N,, Vm. 0° 
 20' W. The old town, about three-fourths of a mile in 
 length, stands on the W, side of the river Hull, at its en- 
 trance into the Humber, and is enclosed from N. to W. by 
 three noble docks, cros.sed by movable bridges. Beyond 
 these are Myton on the W., Sculcoates on the N.. both con- 
 taining populous quarters of the modern town ; and beyond 
 the Hull, on the E., are Sutton and Drypool, with a large 
 citadel occupying the E, angle, formed "by the Hull and 
 Humlier. The town ha.s a respectable, but not a striking 
 appearance: it is generally well built, pretty well drained, 
 and amply supplied with water. A line of streets runs 
 from the Humber northward through the middle of the old 
 town, and is crossed by several others leading to still broader 
 thoroughfares beyond the docks, all which present good 
 shops, and commonly a very busy scene of traffic. In Scul- 
 coates are many broad and handsome streets of priv.ate 
 residences: and there are others on the W. part of the town, 
 though here the streets and dwellings are generally inferior. 
 The streets are generally well paved and well lighted. Ex- 
 tensive warehouses, backed by narrow lanes. Ixirder the 
 muddy river Hull, along which the town and suburbs of 
 Trippet and Sculcoates extend for nearly 2 miles from the 
 Humber. In the centre of the old town is the market- 
 place, containing the fine church of the Holy Trinity, a 
 good market-house, and a gilt equestrian statue of William 
 III. Holy Trinity Church is a cruciform building. 272 feet 
 in length, and one of the finest specimens of Gothic archi- 
 tecture in England, with a pinnacled tower 140 feet in 
 height, rich internal decorations, and numerous monu- 
 ments. There are 11 other churches, two of them quite 
 new, many dissenting chapels, a synagogue, and a floating 
 chapel for mariners. Among the other public buildings are 
 the Custom-IIouse, Exchange, pilot, dock, excise, and stamp 
 offices, the Infirmary, two theatres, concert-hall, collegi-i, 
 work-house, jail, mansion-house, new baths and wash- 
 houses, and a magnificent hotel at the terminus of the HuJ'. 
 and Selby Railway. 
 
 Among the institutions may be mentioned the Trinity 
 Guild, founded in 1.369. for superannuated seamen and ths 
 widowsof seamen, with an annual revenue of about 13.0001.; 
 it has an elegant edifice in the Tuscan order, containing a 
 council-room with good portraits, a museum, a school tor 
 boys destined for the merchant service, and dwellings for 
 pensioners. There are also numerous hospitals and other 
 charities, a charter-house founded by the De la Poles in 1380 
 the Hull and Kingston Colleges, wliich give instruction 
 similar to King's and University Colleges, London, a medical 
 school, a grammar school founded in i4-86, having two exhf 
 bitions to Cambridge, the Vicars and Cogan's schools, a great 
 number of charitable schools, refuges for the insane and the 
 destitute, a dispensary, penitentiary, and lying-in charity. 
 A public subscription library posses.ses 25,000 volumes; and 
 in the town are a mechanics' institute, lyceum, and athe- 
 naeum, all having libraries, and a sailors' institute, a savings' 
 bank, and masonic lodges. Outside of the N.W, suburb is a 
 zoological garden, comprising six acres, with handsome build- 
 ings for the various animals ; and alxmt a mile from the town 
 is a botanical garden, covering ten acres, 
 
 Hull now ranks as the third p<irt in the kingdom. It is 
 connected tiy railways with ScarbDrough. Whitl>y, York, and 
 all the manufacturing towns of the West Riding, and forms 
 the great outlet for the manufijctures of this region. It hag 
 lately lieen put in more ready conimunictition with London 
 and the centre of England, by a continuation of the Eastern 
 Counties Railwaj- to New Holland, on the opposite bank of 
 the Humber, 2^ mi!es distant. The Trent. Ouse, Don. &c., 
 tributaries of the Humber. and navigable canals, connect it 
 also with a large inland territory. Its docks, constructed 
 successively since 1775, on the site previously occupii'd by 
 fortifications, have an aggregate lencth of 1087 3'ards, breadth 
 varying from 250 to 400 feet, and a total area of 24 acres, 
 liesides a basin between two of the piei-s on the Hunil>er. 
 They are surrounded by bi-oad quays and large wareliouseg, 
 have a depth varjing at high tides from about 20 to 27 feet, 
 and are crowded with shipping of all nations. At the head 
 of one of the quays is a fine column with a colossal statue 
 of Wilberforce, 
 
 The principal exports are cotton and woollen stulTs and 
 yarn, earthenwares, hardwares, metals, rape-seed, and corn, 
 the latter chiefly imported pivviously, with wor.l, bones. 
 timber, hemp. flax, madder, skins, and other produce fiom 
 Germany, Denmark, and the Baltic, with which, and witli 
 North America, its foreign trade is the most active, lt« 
 
 IL. 
 
HUL 
 
 HUM 
 
 coasting trade is highly important, and it receives large 
 qnautitifs of coal. Its merchants were the first in Knglaud 
 who emiiarked in the northern whale fishery; but its fish- 
 eries have greatly declined. It communicates by steam- 
 packets with London, Yarmouth, Leith, Berwick, Aberdeen, 
 Hamburg, Uotterdam, and Copenhiigen. many times weekly, 
 and also continually with t^elby, Ooole. Gainsl>orough, York, 
 and flrimsby. lu 1850, the total value of Uritish and Irish 
 produce exported from Hull amounted to 10.336,610?.; in 
 1S61, to 10,1^6,4:;i«.; in 1852, to 9,894,253/.; and in 1853 to 
 10.790,253/. The number and tonnage of the vessels regis- 
 tered at the port. December 31st, 1850, were — sailing vessels, 
 45.3, tons. 62.472; steamers, 34, tons, 7143. 
 
 Hull has not been renowned as a manufacturing town, 
 but of late years a joint-stock company has been established, 
 which possesses three large cotton and fiax mills, employing 
 In all 3000 hands, and there are 4 or 6 large iron foundries. 
 Ship-building and its auxiliary manufactures, including 
 boilers and steam-engines, are extensively carried on. There 
 are also numerous tanneries and potteries, some large 
 breweiies, sugar refineries, soap and gas works, and various 
 corn and oil mills. In the K. suburbs are many mills im- 
 pelled by wind, giving a Dutch appearance to the scenery 
 along the Humber. The town has a branch of the Kank of 
 England, many other banks, and several weekly newspapers. 
 The borough is divided into 6 wards, and governed by a 
 mayor, 13 aldermen, and 42 councillors. It has quarter- 
 sessions and a court of requests. 
 
 This town, under the name of Myton-wyk, appe.irs to 
 have been of importance in the time of Athelstan; but its 
 consequence as a port dates from the time of Edward I., 
 who conferred on it theroyal designation of Kingston. In 
 the civil war of Charle.s 1., it was the first town to close its 
 gates against the king; and It successfully sustained two 
 sieges by the royal troops, in 1642 and 1643. AVilliam 
 ^Vilberforce and Andrew Marvel were born here. I'op. in 
 1841. 65,670; in 1851, 82,520 ; in 1861, 98,994. 
 
 HULL, a post-village and township of Plymouth co,, Mas- 
 sachusetts, y miles by water S.E. of Boston. Pop. 285. 
 
 HULL, a post-village of Canada Kast. co. of Ottawa, on 
 the Ottawa Kiver. The village is opposite Upper Bytown, 
 with which it is connected bv a suspension bridge. 
 
 HULLAV'INGTON. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 HULL, BISHOP'S, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 IIUIiLELM, hfldl'lime, a village of Austria, on the railway 
 from Vienna to Olmutz, 23 miles S. of the latter. 
 
 HULL KIVER, of England, co. of York, East Riding, 
 rises near Great Driffield, flows S.. passing near Beverley, 
 with which it conimunirates by a short canal, and after a 
 total course of 30 miles, enters the Humber on the E. side 
 of Kingston-upon-IluU, of which it forms the harbor. It 
 separates the district of Holderness on the E. from the 
 Yorkshire Wolds on the W. 
 
 HULL'S, a post-ofiice of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 HULL'S COllNEKS, a post-oftice of Oswego co.. New 
 York. 
 
 HULL'S MILL, a post_-office of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 HULME, hume or home, a township of England, co. of 
 I«ancaster, 1^ miles S.W. of Manchester. Here are cavalry 
 barracks, and the Manchester Botanic Garden, occupying 17 
 acres. 
 
 HULMESVILLE, horn/Ail, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Neshaminy Creek, 20 miles N.E. of Phlla- 
 deli)hia. It contains several stores. 
 
 HULPJ]. h&l'peh. a village of Belgium, province of South 
 Brabant, 4 miles E.N.E. of Waterloo. Pop. 1040. 
 
 HULS. hoOls. a village of Rhenish Prussia, government, 
 »nd 17 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2144. 
 
 HULST, hillst, a town of the Netherlands, province of 
 Zealand, on an affluent of the Scheldt, 15 miles W,N.W, of 
 Antwerp, Pop. 2369. It was firmerly fortified, and an im- 
 portant military post in the wars of the sixteenth, seven- 
 teenth, and eighteenth centuries. 
 
 HULTON. a township of England. See Hilton. 
 
 HUL'TON AB'BEY, a lordship of England, co. of Staf- 
 ford, 2 miles E. of Burslem. A farm-house, surrounded 
 by a dry moat, bears the name of the abbey, founded here 
 In 1223. 
 
 HULTSCHIN, h061t-sheen,r a town of Prussian Silesia, on 
 the Oppa. 13 miles E. of Troppau. Pop. 2538. 
 
 HULWUD. harwud', a town of Ilindostan. In Guicowar's 
 dominion, in the peninsula of Guzerat, 25 miles E.S.E. of 
 Mallia. Lat. 22° 51' N., Ion. 7 1° 16' E. 
 
 HU'MA.N'SVILLE, a post-village of Polk co., Missouri, 
 about 110 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HU.MBKEK, hQm'bilk, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant. 9 miles N. of Brussels. Pop. 2053. 
 
 HUM'BEH. an estuary of the E. coast of England, between 
 Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, formed by the junction of the 
 Ouse and Trent Rivers, 8 miles E. of Goole, whence it pro- 
 ceeds for about IS miles eastward, and then for about 22 
 miles S.E. to the North Sea, in lat. 53° 38' N.. Ion. 0° 10' E. 
 Average breadth, between 2 and 3 miles; but near its mf>uth 
 It widens to 6 or 7 miles. It receives from the N. the Koul- 
 ne8<> aud Hull, and from the S. the Ancholme and Ludd 
 
 Rivers. It is navigable to Hull for the largest ressoJ*, and 
 for vessels of considerable burden in all the rest of its extent; 
 and it is connected by canals with all the other principal 
 rivers of England. Its tributarii'S drain nearly the wlioia 
 of Yorkshire, Notts, Leiceslersliiie, and parts of Lincoln- 
 shire; in all. an extent of about 10,000 square miles, or 
 nearly one-fifth of England. 
 
 HUMBER, a river of Newfoundland, enters the Gulf of 
 St. I.awrence, through the Bay of Islands, after a S. courao 
 of 150 miles. 
 
 HUMBER, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 HUM'BERSTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicectar. 
 
 MU.MBEKSTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HUM'BIE, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Haddington aud 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 HU.M'BLETON, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, East 
 Riding. 
 
 HUM'BOLDT, a new county towards the N.W. part of 
 Iow4i, has an area of 576 square miles. It is dr.iincd by the 
 Des Moines River and by its two branches, the East Fork 
 and We.st Fork, which unite in the S. part of the county. 
 It is not included in the census of 1850. Named in honor 
 of tlie celebrated traveller and savant, Baron Von Humboldt. 
 Capital. Dakota. Pop. 332. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a new county in the N.W. part of California, 
 bordering on the Pacific Ocean, hius an area of about 2500 
 square miles. Formed since 1852, from tlie W. paj"t of 
 Trinity county. Capital, Eureka. See Appkndix, . 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a post-village of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee Kiver, 5 miles N. of .Milwaukee City. It 
 has a fine water-power, contains 1 paper mill and severM 
 flouring mills. 
 
 HU.MBOLDT BAY, of Humboldt CO., California, is alx)U6 
 270 miles N. of San Francisco. It is 16 miles In length, 
 and from J of a mile to 4 or 5 miles wide. It forms one of 
 the Ijest harbors on the coast, and has 21 feet of water on 
 the bar. The entrance is scarcely 300 vards wide. 
 
 HUMBOLDT CITY, a town of Humbo"idt Co., in the N.N.W. 
 part of California, Is situated on lluinlioUlt Harbor. It 
 never contained more than 3 or 4 hou.ses, and they have 
 been removed or abandoned. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a distiict of Nevada. See AppRNmx. 
 
 HUMBOLDT LAKE, of Humboldt co., in the W. central 
 part of Nevada, near 40° 10' N. lat., and 118° 40' W. Ion. 
 Length, near 20 miles ; greatest breadth, from 8 to 10 miles. 
 It receives HnmboMt River, but has no outlet. 
 
 HUMBOLDT RIVER, or MARY S RIVER, in the N.E. 
 part of Nevada, rises near the northeast extremity of the 
 state, and flowing first In a southerly and then iji a west- 
 ward course, with a very winding channel, again turns 
 towards the S. and falls into Humboldt Lake. Its whole 
 length is estimated at 350 miles. The ordinary route 
 for emigrants from the Great Salt Lake to California 
 passes along the valley of this stream for upwards of 250 
 miles. 
 
 HUMBOLDT RIVER MOUNTAINS, a chain of moun- 
 tains in the N.E. part of Nt^vada, which run in a nearly N. 
 aud S. direction, crossing Lander county. Humboldt River 
 risi s m the western slope of this range. 
 
 HU.ME or HOME, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, 2 
 miles N. of Stitchel. to which it is now united. It gives the 
 title of eai-1 to the once powerful baronial family of Home, 
 remains of whose castle still exist here. 
 
 HUME, a post-village and township of Alleghany co., New 
 York. 12 miles N.W. of Angelica. Pop. 2142. 
 
 HU.MEXE. a town of Hungaiy. See HoMONU.t. 
 
 HU.ME RIVER, In South-east Au.stralia, flows N,W. from 
 the Australian Alps, to near lat. 34° 45' S., ion. 143° E., 
 where it joins the MurrumI idgee. 
 
 HU.M JIE. hfiOm'meh, a village of Germany, on the railway 
 from Eisenach to Carleshafen. 
 
 HU.MMELO, htim*meh-lo,' a village of Holland, pi-ovince of 
 Gelderland, 14 miles E. by N. of Arnhem. Pop. 1293. 
 
 HUM'MELSTOWN, a post-borougb of Dauphin co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the turnpike from Lebanon to Harrisburg, 9 
 miles E. of the latter. Pop. 807. 
 
 HUMMiX-K ISLAND. See Hui!7ter Islands. 
 
 HUJIPHREY, a post-township of Cattaraugus CO.. New 
 York. 50 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. F'op. 063. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, &m'frte, a county In the N.W. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 450 square miles. Ihe 
 Tennessee River forms its entire \V'. boundar.v, and Duck 
 River flows through the county into the former stream. 
 The .surface is undulating; the soil moderately fertile. Oa^ 
 pital, Waverly. Pop. 9096, of whom 7633 wore free, and 
 
 HU.MPh'rEYSVILLE, a post-village of New Haven co., 
 Connecticut, on the right bank of the Naugatuck River, 
 in Seymour township, and on the Naugatuck Railroad, 
 12 njiles N.W. of New Haven. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 and several stores. The inhabitants are largely erigage<i 
 in manufactures, including bits, augers, paper, printed 
 goods, Ac. Pop. 1203. 
 
 HU.MPHREYSVILLE. a post-office of Holmes co.. Ohio. 
 
 HU.MP ISLE, in the Malay Archipelago, is In the Great 
 
HUM 
 
 Bay, on the N. coast of Papiia ; lat. 1° 30' N., Ion. 135° 
 30' E. 
 
 nu:\rPOLETZ, hSom'po-lJts', a town of Bohemia. 25 miles 
 g. ofCz:).slau. Pop. 4139. 
 
 IJU.M.?. a town of Syria. See Homs. 
 
 HUN'DERSFIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 nUXmLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 HUX'DOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 IIUN'DRED AND TWO, a river of Missouri, which rises 
 near the N. border of the state, and flowing southward, falls 
 Into the Platte Hiver in Buchanan county, about 10 miles 
 B.E. ofSt. Joseph. 
 
 IIUXDSDOKF, hOSnts/doRf, or IIUXSDORF, hCdns'doJif, 
 a village of Hungary, co. of Zipps, near Kesmark. Pop. 
 2148. 
 
 IIUXDSFELD, hWints'felt, a town of Prussian Silesia, 3 
 miles X.K. of Breslau. Pop. 868. 
 
 HUXDSIIDBEL, (Hundshubel.) hSnfshU-bgl, a village 
 Of Saxony, circle of Zwickau. Pop. 1238. 
 
 HUXDSUUCK. (Ilundsruck,) hOOnt«'rUk, a mountainous 
 region of Germany, covering the S. part of Rhenish Prussia, 
 between the rivers Moselle and Xahe, extending also S. into 
 Rhenish Bavaria, where it is connected with the Vosges 
 ch.'iin. It rises in some places to 3000 feet above the sea. 
 
 IIUXERWASSKR. See IIuhnerw.^sser. 
 
 IIUXFELD. (IlUnfeld.) hiiu'f^lt. a town of Germany, in 
 HeK.se-Cassel. 9 miles X.X.E. of Fulda. Pop. 2118. 
 
 nUXG.-iKY, hung'g.H-re, (Ilun. Magyar Orszdg. mOd'yOR' 
 OE'sdg'; L. Hungarvx and Ungria; Ger. Ungarn. Mng'garn ; 
 Dutch, ITungariJe. hfing'ul-rrgh, Fr. Hnngrie. hixo'gree'; It. 
 Ungheria. oon-ga-ree'l; Sp. Hungriti or C»//ni(.oong-gree'3:) 
 a country in the S.E. of Europe, forming a large portion of the 
 .Austrian Empire: it formerly included Transylvania on the 
 E., and the Banat, Slavonia, and Austrian Croatia on its S. 
 and S.W. sides, comprising also a strip of coast on the .Adriatic 
 Sea, termed the Hungarian Littorale; but since the new or- 
 ganization of the kingdom in 1849, Hungary proper is limited 
 to the territory between lat. 45° 30' and 49° 40' X., and Ion. 
 10° and 2.1° E.. encircled on the E., X., and X.W. by the Car- 
 pathian Mountains, which separate it from Bukowina, Gali- 
 da, and Moravia ; W. by the river March, and some offsets 
 of the Xorie Alps, bounding it on the side of Austria and 
 Styria ; S.W. by the Drave, which divides it from Croatia and 
 Slavonia; S. and S.E. by the Banat, or Xew Servian Way- 
 wode (VoivmHiia.) and by Transylvania. Estimated area, a.s 
 formerly constituted. 103,958 square miles ; according to the 
 new organization, 09,170 square miles. 
 
 Pti/sical G ofrraphy. — Hungary, considered as a whole, is 
 a large basin surrounded by mountains on every side, ex- 
 cept the S. ; but even here the natural boundaries are com- 
 pleted at no great distance from the frontier, by the hi.'h 
 lands of Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia, that meet those of Wal- 
 lachia and Transylvania at the "iron gate," — a pass formed 
 by the abrupt divi.sion of the mountains for the passage 
 of the Danube. From this point the Carpathians proceed 
 at first E., but afterwards successively X.W. and S.W., form- 
 ingalmost a complete semicircle, and receiving in their course 
 different names in 33 counties, among which are the Cjierkat. 
 Karpfeu, Freistadt, Tatra. Neutra. and Jablunka ranges. 
 Many of their summits rise to between SOOO and 9(i0<.i feet 
 above the sea. A third part of the whole extent of Hun- 
 gary is covered with their ramifications: among these are 
 the Matra and Hegyallya ranges, on the sides of which lat- 
 ter are the vineyards yielding the far-famed Tokay wine. 
 The Carpathians are richly wooded in many parts; their 
 branches are interspersed with numerous romantic and 
 fertile valleys, and contain many productive mines. A 
 rugged and precipitous range of mountains, separating 
 Hungary from Tran.sylvania, rises in some places to 36(X) 
 feet in height, and is traversed by rich metallic veins. Mica 
 and quartz appear in the cHffs constituting the "iron gate.'" 
 On the AV'., the Leitha Mountains, a spur of the Alps sepa- 
 rating Hungary from Styria and Austria, progressively de- 
 cline towards the Danube. The Bukonywald. (Bakony Fo- 
 rest Mountain.) another Alpine spur, upw.ards of 20(X) feet 
 In height, and clothed with dense forests of oak, beech, and 
 other trees, intersect the S.W. quarter of Hungary in a 
 N.E. direction, to near Waitzen, where the Danube bends 
 S„ and with the Matra Mountains, bevond that river, 
 divides Central Hungary into a greateV and a smaller 
 pldjn of about 21,000 and 4000 square miles in extent 
 respectively. 
 
 hiveri. Lakes, rfc.— The Danube and Theiss Rivers tra- 
 verse the country, and through the S. half flow in nearly 
 parallel streams about 60 miles apart, almost due S. Near 
 Eszek. m Slavonia, the Danube, met by the Drave, turns 
 suddenly to the E., and forms all the rest of the S, frontier 
 of Hungary, receiving, in this part of its course, the ITieiss, 
 and several minor affluents. The March, Waag, Neutra. 
 Gran, and Ipoly, in Upper Hungary, flow to the Danube 
 f<X)m the N.; the B.xlrog, Sajo. Hernad. and Zagyva, flow- 
 ing from the same direction, unite with the Theiss ; and the 
 Siamos. Kdros, Marcs. Ac. join that river from the E. The 
 Poprad, in the X., a tributary to the Yistala, flows into 0»- 
 
 HUN 
 
 licia, it being the only Hungarian river not belonging to 
 the basin of the Danube. The Drave forms the S.W. frontier 
 on the side of Croatia and Slavonia, and is joined in Hun- 
 gai-y by the Mur from Styria. The two princip.Hl lakes of 
 Hungary are on either side of the Bakony-wald — Balatony 
 Lake, in the great plain, .and the Xeusiedler-See, (Hun. 
 Faio Tava,') near to the border of Austria, and on the 
 banks of which are the palaces and chief pos.'vssions of the 
 Esterhazy family. The former is nearly 50 miles in length, 
 by 10 miles in breadth : the Xeusiedler-See is equally broitd, 
 but only about half as long. There are several smaller lakea 
 in the Carpathians, between 4000 and 5000 feet above the 
 sea. Between Presburg and Raab. the Danube divides into 
 branches enclosing the Great and Little SchUtt. two islands 
 of considerable size and high fertility. Xumerous other 
 islands are formed by it and by the Theiss, in the great 
 plain; and along both of these rivers, in the lower part of 
 their course, are extensive marshes and swamps. The total 
 area of the mora.sses in Ilungarj' has t>een estimated at 
 1,500,000 arces, or upwards of 2SU0 square miles; within the 
 present century, enough marsh-land has been drained to 
 furnish subsistence for 500.000 inhabitants. Mineral springs 
 are numerous; the most celebrated are those which form 
 the baths of Jlehadia, in the Banat. 
 
 MinernU. — Hungary, with Transylvania, (where the metal 
 is still more plentiful.) yields half of the entire qii.intity of 
 gold produced in Europe: of silver, nearly one-third; and, 
 after England, it is the richest in copper of any European 
 country. Iron, lead, cobalt, cinnabar, and other ores of mer- 
 cury ; antimony, arsenic, sulphur, and alum. are. among the 
 other minerals, obtained in considerable quantities. The 
 metallic ores exist chiefly in the trachyte region on the de- 
 clivity of the Cai-pathians. and the mines are das.sed into the 
 four districts of Schemnitz. Schmolnitz, Xatiy-Banya, and 
 the Banat, of which the first-named is by far the most im- 
 portant. As many as 20.000 miners are .sjiid to he employed 
 in this district. Most of the gold and silver rai.sed in Hun- 
 gary is .sent to Kremnitz to be coined : and. according to Mr, 
 P.aget, the quantity of bullion annually converted into money 
 there, was. a few years since, equal to about $1,210,000; bo- 
 sides which, nearlj' 270 marks of gold, and 18,000 marks of 
 silver, find their way j-early to Vienna as ingots. At Szla- 
 tina and elsewhere, in the county of Maimaros, are large 
 mines of rock-salt. Soda lakes are scattered in great num- 
 ber over both of the Hungarian plains. Nitre exists in vast 
 qu.intitie8; sulphate of soda and pota.sh also are natives; 
 caal is procurable, in the sandstone formation.s, in various 
 places; and opal of the finest qualitj- is found in some 
 famous mines in the Hegyallyii, near Eperies. 
 
 Climate. — In the Carpathians, the winter is long and cold; 
 snow begins to fall in September, and remains on the moun- 
 tain summits till May or June. At Buda. near the centre of 
 the kingdom, the average temperature of the year is 64° 30' 
 Fahrenheit, and the average range, 23°; in the great plain, 
 the climate resembles that of Xorth Italy. The rain which 
 falls at Buda is estimated at 16 inches, and the number of 
 rainy days at 112 annually. The marshy tnu-ts have the 
 reputation of insalubrity; yet, on the whole. Hungary is a 
 healthy country; and among its natives noted for longevity, 
 one is cited who attained the age of 145, and another that 
 of 172 years. 
 
 AgricuUural Prnductions. — Hungary posse.sses. in a fertile 
 soil, the first element of prosperity; in no other portion of 
 Europe can be found an alluvium superior to that which 
 covei-s the Banat. Of the entire surface of the country, Cro- 
 atia and Slavonia include about 55.300 .s(]ii.are miles esti- 
 mated to be under culture, or capable of cultivation; 33,800 
 square miles mountainous ; and 14,800 occupied by sandy 
 deserts. Of the productive portion of the iiurface, about 
 7,140.000 acres are arable; 932,900 acres in gardens; 1,330,400 
 .acres in vineyards: 11.264.200 acres in meadow and pasture- 
 land ; and 13.057 ,0(X) .acres in forests. Wheat is raised in large 
 quantities in the S., chiefly in the rich lands of the Banat, 
 and the contiguous c-ounties between the Theiss and the Dan- 
 ube, and the Miiroa and Kiiros Rivers. Barley and oats are 
 cultivated, but not for exportation: and the maize which is 
 grown is used chiefly for feeding cattle. In th;; Upper Car- 
 pathians, rye, oats, and buckwheat are almost the only 
 grains produced; potatoes, which are here planted, are 
 eaten by the Slovacks and the German colonists, but littie, 
 if at all. by the Slagyars. Millet, turnips, rape, cabbages, 
 pulses, hemp, and flax, are raised in different parts. To 
 l«cco is an important product ; the annual yieM is esti- 
 mated at 400.000 Cfntners or hundredweights, of which 
 somewhat less than one-fourth is consumed at home. Xext 
 to France. Hungary is the greatest wine-producing country 
 in Europe, and the quality of several of its vintages is unri- 
 valled; about 96.000 gallons of wine are made .annually ; the 
 most famous growth is that of Tokay, raise<l on the Kegy- 
 allya Mountains, near the Upper Theiss. Wine is a uni- 
 versal beverage among rich and poor in most parts of Hun- 
 gary. The fruits of the country are of various descriptions, 
 from the cherry, apple, and pear in the X., to the fig. almond, 
 and olive in the S.; apricots, walnuts, and chestnuts, are 
 very generally raised ; but the most abundant orchard-tree 
 
HUN 
 
 HUN 
 
 is the damson, from the fruit of which 'brandv, and the na- 
 tional liquor divnvitza. are made. In thy military frontier 
 are a great many mulberry plantations, introduced in the 
 time .of >Iana Theresa, and considerahle (juantities of silk 
 are obtained. Cotton in the S., woad, sumach, and other 
 (Jye-plants. are other articles of culture. 
 
 Animals. — The rearini; of sheep has been greatly extended 
 of late; and, in the census of 1840. their number is given 
 at 17,000.000, exclusive of Transylvania. They have he- 
 come much improved by ci-ossinps with the merino breed, 
 and both sheep and wool are largely exported. The native 
 horned cjittle, said to number 4.2(;0,000, are a fine and large 
 race of a gray color, except in the N., where they are of a 
 Fmaller breed, and black or brown. At Jlezohegyes, in the 
 county of Csanad, is the largest stud in Kurope, founded by 
 the Emperor .Joseph, and where from Snoo to 10.000 horses 
 are kept, including many of the best stallions. The number 
 of hor.ses. in 1846, is given at 1,000.000. Vast numbers of 
 swine feed on acorns in the tbrests, and bread and bacon 
 form a chief part of the laborer's diet. Bees are extensively 
 reared, and honey and wax form important articles of 
 export. On the sandy heaths around Debreczin, millions of 
 geese are kept: poultry are almost everywhere plentiful. 
 The wild animals Include the Carpathian bear, chamoi.s, 
 and marmot: the wolf, lynx, wild Ixiar, stag, roebuck, wild 
 cat, fox, and hare; among the fowl are two species of eagles, 
 many other birds of prey, with black grouse, and other 
 kinds of game, in great quantities. Fi.sh are especially 
 plentiful in the rivers and lakes; the Theiss is said to be 
 the richest in fish of any river on the continent ; the insect 
 tribes are also more numerous in Hungary than in any 
 other part of Europe. The Hansag. and other large bogs, 
 supply leeches in great abundance, whii^h are a valuable 
 export to foreign Ciiuiitries. 
 
 M.'.mi/actiirfs. — Hungary has scarcely any manufactures 
 but su -h as are domestic. In all parts the rural families 
 weave their own household fabrics, and construct most of 
 the articles necessary for the pursuit of their ordinary 
 occupations : even at Szegedin, where soap is made to some 
 extent in about 20 fiictories, the manufacture is conducted 
 at home, and by the hands of the women. Linen cloths in 
 the N., and woollens in the S., are indeed made for sale, but 
 they scarcely pass beyond the frontiers : the fine woollens 
 used are imported from Austria. Bohemia, and West Ger- 
 many, and for all articles of luxury, Hungary is dependent 
 on foreign countries. Leather is one of the most important 
 manufactures, and felt hats, earthenware, iron goods, some 
 glass, rope, paper of inferior quality, and beat-root sugar, 
 are .among the other principal articles produced. At Pesth 
 silks are manufactured, and a few cotton factories are here 
 and there established. Karthen jars of a peculiar kind, 
 narrow-necked, and v.arnished all over, are made in all parts 
 of Hungary. About 300 breweries exist, chiefly in the N. 
 counties, and brandy distilleries are pretty numerous. At 
 Szesedin, the best and cheapest boats are built. 
 
 Commerce. — Hungary formerly possessed a strip of sea- 
 coast extending 123 miles on the Adriatic, but by the new 
 organization this h.as been annexed to Dalmatia, so that 
 the country has now no navigable communication with the 
 ocean except through the Danube. But as this river flows 
 through several hundnid miles of foreign territory, the 
 greater part of Hungarian commerce is necessarally con- 
 fined to the neighboring countries of Austria, Moravia, and 
 Galicia. carried up the Danube and down the Poprad. The 
 former is navigated by steamboats, first Introduced in 1S30 ; 
 but goods are chiefly conveyed on the large rivers in barges, 
 some of which are from 100 to 150 feet in length, and are 
 capable of carrying fr-om 1500 to 2000 quarters of wheat. 
 From the great plain merchandise is taken into Croatia, Ac, 
 up the Save to Sissek. or ly the Kulpa to Carlstadt, and 
 thence sent by Land to Laybach or Triest and to Fiurae, on 
 the Adriatic. The exports of the country are chiefly con- 
 fined to its natural productions, and a few years since 
 amounted in value to S3.98S.000: the imports being esti- 
 mated at $4,564,000. Thechief seats of the shipping interests 
 are Szegedin and Comorn. 
 
 Interned Cbmm.unication. — The Lotiisenstra.tse, a noble 
 road carried over the Alps by the spirited contributions of 
 the Hungarian Magnates, is the finest work of its kind 
 throughout Hungary or its former dependencies. The other 
 roads are gener.ally very inferior, except in Arva, and in 
 parts of Banat. The Franzen Canal, between the Danube 
 and Theiss, is the most extensive navigable channel in Hun- 
 gary formed by art. There are also other canals, among 
 which m.ay bo mentioned the Bega, between the Fieset and 
 Becskerek. But perhaps the most remarkable of the public 
 works is the Adit of Joseph II., a stupendous subterranean 
 
 Eassage connected with the mines of Schemnitz. Railways 
 ave been carried from Vienna, on the S. side of the Danube, 
 around both shores of the Neusiedler-See to Raab, and, on 
 the N. side of the river, through Presburg to Pesth; thence 
 to Szolnok, on the Theiss, and to be continued to Debreczin, 
 4.rad, Temesvar, and to Herraannstadt, in Transylvania, 
 with a branch to the coal district of Oravicza, near Weiss- 
 kirchen, in the Banat. 
 
 3F 
 
 Stihdivisinn and Thpiilah'nn. — Previous to the lata revolu- 
 tionary war, Hungary was divided as Ibllows : — 
 
 Cities and Counties. 
 
 I. Hither D.inubc.— " On this siCe," (or N 
 
 of the Danube.) 
 
 Count; of Pesth 
 
 B.ics , 
 
 " Neograd 
 
 " Sohl 
 
 " Month 
 
 " Grau 
 
 " Bars 
 
 " Neu tra 
 
 " Presburg 
 
 " Trenlschiu 
 
 " Thuiocz 
 
 " Ar\'a 
 
 " Liptau 
 
 II. Thither Danube.— "On the farther side," 
 
 for S.W. of the Danube.) 
 County of Wieselburg 
 
 ** Oedeuburg 
 
 " Ha:ib 
 
 Comorn 
 
 " Veszprfm 
 
 " Stuhlweissenburg 
 
 " Kiseuburg. , 
 
 " Szalad 
 
 Somoghy, or Schumeg 
 
 Tolii 
 Baruuya. 
 
 DI.'!tricts :— 
 
 Ja7.ygia JTV. andN. of the 
 
 Great Cumaaia.,.. J Theis.H 
 
 Little Cumania, N. of the Danube 
 
 Haiducit Towns, S. of the Theiss 
 
 Hungarian Littorals 
 
 IIL Hither Theiss " On this side," (or 
 
 W, and N. of the Theiss.) 
 County of Zips } 
 
 " 1« Zips, (German towns) 5 
 
 _** Gomor 
 
 ■ ■< Heres 
 
 '* Borsod 
 
 " Toms 
 
 " AbaUj Var 
 
 " Sarov 
 
 '* Zcmplin 
 
 Unghvar 
 
 " Beregh 
 
 IV. Thither Theiss.— " On the farther side,' 
 (or E. and S. of the Theiss.) 
 
 County of Marmaros 
 
 '* Ugocs 
 
 " * Szathniar , 
 
 " Szabolcs , 
 
 " Bihar 
 
 " Belles 
 
 '* Csongrad 
 
 '* Csanad 
 
 " Arad , 
 
 '* Krasso , 
 
 " Torontal 
 
 Counties Incorporated from Transylvania 
 in 1836:- 
 
 Middle Szolnok 
 
 Zarand 
 
 Krast2na 
 
 District of Koar 
 
 Area, In 
 sq miles. 
 
 Po;rala.tion. 
 
 4.049 
 
 ;,n,?.m 
 
 8,6il 
 
 4.'.8,6i2 
 
 1,647 
 
 181,841 
 
 1,072 
 
 95,928 
 
 975 
 
 10.'i,323 
 
 40:t 
 1,039 
 2.586 
 1,753 
 l.SBl 
 
 452 
 
 890 
 
 2,1:0 
 2,42<J 
 
 l,:i»8 
 
 1,930 
 
 1,410 
 1,B15 
 
 229 
 1,117 
 1,:<80 
 2.300 
 1.2(11 
 1,431 
 
 14,789 
 
 8,795 
 479 
 2,258 
 2,454 
 4,246 
 1,3S« 
 1,335 
 615 
 2,297 
 2,310 
 2,470 
 
 61,346 
 122,748 
 345.546 
 269,1,53 
 27.1.561 
 45.715 
 91,049 
 7»,7J3, 
 
 !,641,8i8 
 
 61.032 
 42,762 
 
 i 152,723 
 I .33,223 
 170,962 
 272,5:)0 
 183.184 
 27.562 
 166.193 
 197,285 
 277.4S4 
 110,003 
 119,151 
 
 166.503 
 48.170 
 285,821 
 208.281 
 435.098 
 153,018 
 i;i0,051 
 «»,I62 
 226.408 
 2!ft.6.'!2 
 
 :wi,iS7 
 
 322,246 
 
 88,595 
 34..'»0 
 40,.')K3 
 45,345 
 
 Total of Hungary proper 
 
 " Croatia and military frontier.... 
 ** Slavonia and military frontier., 
 " Military frontier of the Banat... 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 «,3S9,164 
 
 582,735 
 580,233 
 250,485 
 
 11,182,617 
 
 The Almanack de Gotha. for 1849, estimates the ai>ove ter- 
 ritory at 100,742 square miles!, and the population in 1842 
 at 11,5.j8,530 ; of which there belonged to Hungarv proper, 
 with its military frontier, 84.305 square miles, and approsi- 
 matively, 9,900,000 inhabitants. In 1849, however, by an 
 imperial decree, not only were Croatia and Slavonia officially 
 disconnected from Hungary, but the Banat — the ooupties 
 of Temesvar, Torontal, Krasso, and part of Arad — together 
 with the county of Bacs, between the Danube and Theiss, wsg 
 severed from It, and erected into a Servian Waywodo, (Voi- 
 vodina ;) and Hungary proper, divested also of the previously 
 annexed Transylvanian counties and the Littorale, was 
 
 881 
 
HUN 
 
 BUN 
 
 divided into *he following provinces, the former subdirision 
 of circles and couuties bein^ abolished: — 
 
 Orgawization op 1849. 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 1. Icsth 
 
 2. Presburg 
 
 j 3. Kasobaa., 
 
 5. Oedenburg. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Centre ; chletiy between 
 the Danube and Theiss- 
 X.M'., embracing most 
 of the circle " on this 
 side," or X. of the Da- 
 nube 
 
 N. and N.K., embracing 
 most of the circle " on 
 this side," or N. of the 
 
 Theiss 
 
 E. . consisting of part of 
 the cinile '-on tlie far- 
 ther side," or S. and 
 
 E. of the Theiss 
 
 S.W., conterminous 
 with the old circle " on 
 the farther side," or S. 
 and W. of the Danube. 
 
 OfBoiftl Languages. 
 
 I Magyar and German. 
 Isiovaok. 
 
 ^Rnsnlak and German. 
 
 I Magyar. 
 
 The area of Hungary Proper hap thus been reduced from 
 83,724 square miles to 69,170 square miles, haying, accord- 
 ing to the census of 1S57, a poimlation of 0,'JOO,7S6. 
 
 Hungary is peopled by a great number of distinct races, 
 speaking different languages. Ffinyes. a statistician of the 
 highest authority, estimates the relative numbers of the 
 races inhabiting Ilungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Sla- 
 vonia, as follows : — 
 
 Magyars 4,812,759 
 
 Slovacks (Slowak' 1,687,256 
 
 Germans 1,273,677 
 
 Wallacks 2,20»..i42 
 
 Croats 686.079 
 
 Servians (Raitzen) 8-'8,.W5 
 
 lilvrians (SchokU;en) . . . 429,868 
 
 Wends 40,864 
 
 Carried forward 12,161,312 
 
 Brought forward. . . .12,161,312 
 Rusniuks (Ruthen) 442,903 
 
 Bulgarians. 
 
 Freuch 
 
 Greeks and Zinzars. 
 
 Armenians ;... 
 
 Montenegrins &ClimeDtl 
 
 12,000 
 6,150 
 5,680 
 8,798 
 4,430 
 
 Jews 244,035 
 
 Total 12,880,406 
 
 The Magyars, the dominant race, occupy, for the most 
 part, the centre of the kingdom, and are surrounded on 
 , nearly all sides by the Slavonian tribes, whose ancestors 
 they dispossessed at their irruption into Europe in the 
 ninth century; on the W. they come into contact with the 
 German race; and on the E. with the Wallacks. 3"he 
 Magyars also people a large part of Transylvania; many are 
 settled in .Moldavia: about 7000 in the Bukowina; and 
 others are to be found in Bosnia, and in scattered localities 
 in the l?ussian dominions. In Hungary, nearly 2.500,000 
 Magj-ars are Roman Catholics; about 1.740,000 Protestants 
 — chiefly C.-tlvinists; and lO.i.OOQ Catholics of the Greek 
 Church. They are a high-spirited race, brave, and warlike, 
 generous to profusion, and. according to travellers, more 
 sincere than their Servian and Wallack neighbors; impa- 
 tience of control, pride, indolence, and ignorance are their 
 besetting faults: their general deportment is serious ; and in 
 many respects they resemble the Turks, who followed them 
 out of Asia, and belong to the same great family 6f man- 
 kind. The Slagyar costume is remarkable for its picturesque 
 elegance. The Magyar language is analogous in its con- 
 struction to the Turkish; and one peculiarity of it is, th.tt 
 it has no separate dialect.s — rich and poor alike use the same 
 language. Most of the Hungarian nobles are Magj'ars; and 
 it is by this section of the population that the constitutional 
 form of government and municip-al in.stitutions have been 
 mainly, if not wholly, upheld. The Slovacks inhabit the 
 N.W.. or Upper Hungary; the Rusniaks the .V.E.; the Ser- 
 vians the S. ; and the Croats and Illyrians the S.AV. parts 
 of the country. The Slovacks are apparently the earliest 
 people settled in Hungary. They are mostly Roman Ca- 
 tholics; but number also iipwards of 600,000 "Protestants — 
 chiefly Lutherans. The AVallacks appear to be descendants 
 of Italian colonists, who settled here in the time of the Ro- 
 mans. The Germans, who for eight centuries have been 
 spread over the country, have in many places lost their lan- 
 guage and nationality. 
 
 The greatest number of the inhabitants of Hungary are 
 Roman Catholics, and next to these communicants of the 
 Greek Church. Calvinists. Lutherans, and Jews; the pro- 
 portions for Hungary and Transylvania beinir. according to 
 Ffiny^s, in 1S42:— Roman Catholics. 6,130,188: Greek Ca- 
 tholics, l,:!2-2.344: Protestants, (Augsburg Confession.) 
 1.00f,.210; Protestants, (Helvetian Confession.) 1.846.844; 
 Unitarians, 47.2.S0; Greek, (not united,) 2.283,505: Jews, 
 244,035. The chief educational establishments are the Uni- 
 versity at Pesth. a lyceum at Erlau. 7 schools of philosophy, 
 65 _'ymnasia, 66 Latin, and numerous parish schools. 
 Education is. for the most part, in a very Ijackward state, 
 although the higher nobility are generally persons of culti- 
 •att^d minds, and are mostly Cimiliar with foreign lan- 
 guages. 
 
 Iluttry. Government, rfc— Iluncary, S. and W. of the 
 Danube, and S. and E. of the TheLss, was included in the 
 Roman Empire; the former region being termed Pannonia. 
 and the latter known as a part of Dacia ; while the portions 
 
 I of the country north of the rivers were inhabited by the 
 independent Quadi, J.^zyges, Ac. In the deolino .tnd fill cf 
 that empire, the territory was successively occupied by the 
 Goths, the Huns under Attila, and the Avars: from which 
 last two tribes its present name is supposed to have boen 
 derived. Towards the end of the 9th century, the Magyars, 
 a people fi-om the steppes of Western Asia, under their 
 duke, Arpad. broke into the country, and in ten years had 
 established their dominion there, having shattered the 
 Slovack kingdom of Moravia at the battle of Presburg. in 
 907. The sovereignty was made hereditary in the family of 
 Arpad, whose grandson, Geysa, embraced Christianity. 
 Stephen I., in 907, assumed the title of king, and added 
 Transylvania to his realm; Slavonia, Croatia, and Dalni-itia 
 were afterwards subdued, and the sway of ilungary subse- 
 quently extended also over Bosni.%, Servia, and Galfcia. In 
 1301 the line of Arp;id became extinct, and socn afterwards 
 Charles of Anjou was called to the throne. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Louis the Great, who, becoming king of Poland, 
 ruled from the Adriatic to the Baltic. Mathias Coninus, 
 unanimously elected king in 14-58, governed an empire as 
 extensive as that of Austria in the present day; but about 
 this time the Turks began to trouble Hungary, and, after 
 the total defeat and death of Louis II.. at the lattls of 
 Mohacs, in 1526, they overran the greater part of the conn- 
 try, which they retained for the next 160 years. In 1526, 
 Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, was elected by the Diet 
 king of Hungary, and the sovereignty has ever since been 
 vested in the House of Ilapsburg; but the despotism of the 
 Austrian sovereigns became so intolerable to the Hungarian 
 nobles, that, after repeated insurrections, in 1G8S, they 
 rose under Teleki, called the Turks to their aid. and besieged 
 Vienna, which was only saved by the timely assistance of 
 Sobieski. ICing of Poland. The Turks were soon afterwards 
 expelled from the whole of their Hungarian possessions, by 
 the troops under Prince Eugene and Duke Charles of 
 Lorraine. 
 
 The succession to the crown of Hungary was declared 
 hereditary in the Austrian line by the Pragmatic Sanc- 
 tion, concluded in 1687. Although the two countries were 
 thus united under the same crown, Ilungary has been con- 
 stitutionally as integral and distinct from Austria as Ha- 
 nover from England; and its separate rights were re- 
 peatedly guaranteed by dietal enactments, ratified by the 
 sovereign. One of the.se expres.5ly st;ites, that, " Hungary, 
 in her entire system of legislation and government, is a free 
 and independent kingdom, and is, therefore, to be ruled 
 and governed by her legally-crowned hereditary kings, 
 according to her national laws and customs." But for ages 
 the Austrian government has endeavored to encroach on 
 the constitutional rights and privileges of the Hunsari.ins, 
 and to bring their country under the same centralizing 
 system pursued with regard to the other portions of the 
 Austrian Empire. The frequent remonstrances m.ide by the 
 Diet, and the reforms which it continually voted, were re- 
 jected by the Austrian court; until, in the session of 184S, 
 (after the French Revolution.) the Diet passed acts fur the 
 emancipation of the Hungarian peasantry from feudal bur- 
 dens, for a fair representation of the whole people in the 
 Diet, for the abolition of all exemptions from taxation, for 
 the freedom of the press, and for tiial by jury. The emperor 
 gave his assent to these enactments, April 11 th, of the same 
 year. But immediately afterwards the Austii.in govern- 
 ment proceeded to excite insurrections among the Servians 
 and Wallacks, who were in open revolt early in June, On 
 the 9th of September, Jellacliich. who had taken possession 
 of the Littorale, crossed the Drave with an army of 48.000 
 men, invested with full authority to act against the Diet, 
 but was defeated on the 29th in a pitched battle, near Stuhl- 
 weissenburg; and, taking advantage of a truce, he sud- 
 denly withdrew, with a part of his forces, to Vienna, A 
 Hungarian army now crossed the Austrian frontier, but 
 soon retreated to Presburg. In December, Hungary was 
 again invaded by the Imperialists, under Prince AVindisch- 
 gratz, fVom whom the Hungarians sa:^t.-iiiipd sevei-il re- 
 verses. At length, after the successes of liadetzky in Italy, 
 the Austrian govcrn."aent, March 4, 1849. promulgated an 
 edict, by which Ilungary and its dependencies were divided 
 into provinces or " crown-lands" of the Austrian Empire, 
 and the Hungarian constitution was abrogated. On the 9fh 
 of March, the Diet declared these measures illegal ; and. on 
 April 14th, decreed the deposition cf -hhe House of Hnpsbnrg 
 from the sovereignty. The Hungarians now prosecuted 
 the war with great "vigor and spirit. Their armies were 
 everywhere succe.s.sful ; and, after five great deie<its, the 
 Au.strians, Croatians, and the Rus.sian allies had lo.':t in 
 April nearly every military position they had gained. Buda 
 was stormed and taken by the Hungarians on May 21st; 
 but by the lOthof June, large Ru^si.in armies were collected 
 on the frontiers, and in .Tuly they simultaneor-sly pivired 
 into Ilungary from the N.and E., while the Crual?. under 
 Jellachich, advanced from the S., and the Au?f.-i.i>ia from 
 the W. The struggle was soon terminated Gorgey, with 
 an army of between 30,000 and 40,tK'/0 men, <!urr-nH'.f red to 
 the Russians at Vilagos, August loth, two lays after the 
 
IIUN 
 
 HUN 
 
 governorship of the country had hefin resigned to him hy 
 Kossufh. I'eterwardein next capitulated to the Austrlans; 
 and finally Comorn. on September 27th, which event put an 
 end to the war. The forces brou'rht into the field liy the 
 IIun<rarians at any one time never exceeded 135,000 men, 
 with 400 oieces of artillery: against whom were opposed, in 
 the last canipaiu'n, loO.OCiO Russian, and 110,000 Austrian 
 troops, besides insurcent Servians. ^Vallacks. &c.. m.iking a 
 total of upwards of 300,000 men. Many of the chiefs of the re- 
 volution tl(^ into Turkey ; others suffered military execution. 
 
 The Palatine has been replaced by an officer named the 
 Statt/ialler, viho resides in I'esth : the old Hungarian code 
 of laws is substituted by a new legal system, closely re- 
 sembling that of the other Austrian provinces ; every mu- 
 nicipal functionary is appointed by the Court of Vienna; 
 all communications with the Austrian government are con- 
 ducted in the German language; Hungary is to bear its 
 proportionate share of the taxation of the whole empire; 
 und the prohibition duties on the trade between it and the 
 
 other parts of the monarchy have been abandoned. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. HuNGARlAy, hQng-g,Vre-.in. (Hun.M.voy.tR. mdd'- 
 j6n': Kr. IInNOROis.hte''Vr"'^; Oer.UNQARiscH,00nfi'gS-rish.) 
 
 IIUN'G'AKY, of Virginia, a station on the Kichmond Fre- 
 derick and Potomac Railroad, 8 miles N. of Kichmond. 
 
 IIUXflK.X, hfiong'en. a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, 10 miles 
 e.E. of Giessen, on the Horloff. Pop. 1033. 
 
 HUNGKKFORD, httng'gher-fprd, a market- town and 
 parish of England, co. of \Viits. on the Keiinet, and on the 
 Kennet .and Avon C.inal. nt the terminus of a branch of the 
 Great Western Hallway, 2tii miles W.S.W. of Ueadiug. Pop. 
 2724. It has a branch bank, and a town-hall. 
 
 nUNG'EI{T()N, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 nUN'GKY HILL, a mountain of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Cork, 15 rtiles W.X.W. of Bantry; elevation, 2249 feet. 
 From a lake on its summit descends a toirent in broken 
 cascades, one of which is 700 feet in height. 
 
 IIUN'INGHAM, or IIONVINGHAM, a parish of EngUnd, 
 CO. of Warwick. 
 
 IIUNINGUE, hU'nSNo', (Ger. ITUningen. hU'ningen.) a 
 small frontier town of France, department of Haut-iihin, 
 Dn the left bank of the Rhine. 2 miles N.W. of B&le,(I!a.sel.) 
 Pop. 1422. It was formerly an important stronghold, but 
 Its fortifications were demolished in isiti. 
 
 HL'NKIX, hoon-keen'?, a maritime town of Corea, on its 
 E. coast. Lat. 39° 63' N.. Ion. 127° 30' E. 
 
 IIU.N'LEY'S CUEKK. of Indiana, flows through Dubois 
 county, into the Patoka Kiver. 
 
 HUN'LOCK'S CREEK, a post-ofBce of Luzerne cO., Ponn- 
 fvlvania. 
 
 'lIU.VMAXBY, a parish of England, eo. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 HUNXEKWASSER. Pee IIuhnerwasser. . 
 
 II I'NS'DOX, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 IIUXSE. htin'seh. (anc. TTnsin'rps.) a river of the Nether- 
 lands, provinces of Drenthe and Groningen, enters the 
 Lanwer-Zce after a X.W. course of 50 miles. 
 
 IIOX'SUICLF, a township of England, co. of Y^ork, West 
 Riding. 
 
 IIUNSHOVEN, (Hiinshoven,) hilns'ho-ven, a town of 
 Rhenish Prussia. 15 miles X. of .\ix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 6.17. 
 
 HU.N'rilXGORE, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Ridinu:. 
 
 IIUX'SLET, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, connected with Leeds by bridges across the Aire. 
 Pup. in 1S51. 19,466, It has important woollen m.anufac- 
 tures, chemical works, potteries, and glass-works. The Leeds 
 branch of the Xorth Midland Railway terminates here. 
 
 HUX'STAXTOX, a parish of Enuland. co. of Xorfolk. on 
 the Lee, 9 miles W. of Burnham-Westgate. Here is a light- 
 housp. on a lofty cliff, in lat. 62° 56' 54'' X., Ion. 0° 29' 30" E. 
 
 HL'NS'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 IlljNSTON, a parish of Eniiland, co. of Sussex. 
 
 HUXS'WORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 HUNT, a county in the X.E. part of Texas, has an area 
 of about 960 square miles. It is drained by the sources of 
 S.tbino Kiver. The surface is somewhat uneven. The county 
 contains fertile prairies, and has some timlier. Named in 
 honor of Memucan Hunt, minister from the Republic of 
 Texas to the United States. Capital, Greenville. Pop.6(»0, 
 of \vliiiin till:"?, were free. 
 
 HUXTK, hiWn'teh, a river of Germany, in Hanover and 
 Oldenburg, rises in the marshes of Osnabriick, flows tortu- 
 ously northward, and after a course of 90 miles, joins the 
 Weser at Elsfleth, 17 miles N.AV. of Bi-emen. ' Principal 
 altiuent, the Aire, 
 
 HUN'TER, a county of New South Wales. Area, 2056 
 Biiuare miles. Capital. .Terry's Town. Pop. 1190. 
 
 HUXTER, a post-township of Greene CO.. New York, 52 
 ailes S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 169S, 
 
 HUXTER, a post-office of Belmont CO., Ohio. 
 
 IlUNTEll, a post-office of A'an Buren co., Michigan. 
 
 HITNTER. a post-village of Boone CO., Illinois, about 90 
 mil -s X.W. of Chicago. 
 
 HV:-;iEKPC:\ ' county in the N.W. centr,al part of Xew 
 
 .Jersey, has an area of about viO square miles. It Is hoviniaa 
 on the 8.W. b)* the Delaware, N.W. by the Musconetcong, 
 and jmrtiy on the E. by Lamington river, and is drained by 
 Smith's Branch and South Branch of Raritan Kiver, and by 
 Stony Brook, The surface in the northern and southern 
 parts is mountainous, Tlie soil in the valleys is generally 
 very fertile. Limestone and freestone are abundant. The 
 Xew Jersey Central Railroad traverses the county, which is 
 also partly intersected Ijy the canal extending from Trenton 
 to Saxtonville. Organized in 1714, and named in honor of 
 Governor Hunter. Capital, Flemington. Pop. 3.3.654. 
 
 HUXTER ISLAXD, an island of the P.acific Ocean, E. ot 
 New Caledonia. Lat. 22° 30' S.. Ion. 171° 45' E. 
 
 IIUXTKR ISLAXD, one of the Carolines, Radick group; 
 lat. 6° 42' N., Ion. 169° 0' E. 
 
 IIUXTKR ISLAXDS, a group in Hunter Channel, con- 
 necting the Eastern Ocean with Bass Strait, between South 
 Australia and Van Diemens Land, comprising Barren, 
 Three Hummocks, Albatross, and some smaller islands. 
 
 HUXTER KIVKR, in Eastern Australia, New South 
 AVnles, flows tortuously S. and K,, and enters the ocean at 
 Port Hunter, See Port Hunter. 
 
 HUNTER'S CAVE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HUNTER'S ISLAND, or ONACUSA, o-na-koo'si an is- 
 land of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. of the Feejee group. Liit. 
 15°31'.S., Ion. 1760 11' E, 
 
 HUXTEirS LAXI). a post-office, Schoharie co,. New York. 
 
 HUNTER'S POINT, a station of Kings co.. New York, on 
 the Flushing Railroad, near \\ illianisburg. Long Island, 
 
 HUXT'EliSTOWX, a' postrvillage of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 35 miles S.S.W, of Harrisburg, 
 
 IIUXT'ERSVILLE, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 HUXTERSVILLE, a small post-village, capital of Poca- 
 hontas CO., West Virginia, is situated near the Alleghany 
 Mountains, about It.O miles S.S.E. of Wlieeling. 
 
 HUXTERSVILLE. a post-village of Hardm co., Ohio, 82 
 miles X.W. of Columbus. 
 
 HUXTERSVILLE, a village of Miami co., Ohio, on the E. 
 bank of .Miami River, opposite Piqua. 
 
 HUNTERSVILLE, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 513. 
 
 HUXTINGBURG. a post-office of Du Bois co., Indian.i, 
 
 HUNTING CRKEK. a post-fifflce of Accomac CO., Virginia. 
 
 HUXT'IXGDDX or HUXTIXGDOXSHIRE, htint/ingdou- 
 shir, a small inland county of Lngland, having W, and N, 
 the count}' of .Northampton. Area. 211,090 .acres, of which 
 about 220.000 are said to be arable and gra.ss. Pop. in 1851, 
 64,183. Stirface in the W., S., and central parts, gently 
 varied: in the E. and N.E., flat, forming part of the great 
 level of the Fens, and containing 3 meres, or lakes — Whit- 
 tlesea. Ramsey, and Ugg. Chief rivers, the Ou.se and Nene. 
 Agriculture in the Fens Is in an advanced state. Horses 
 are extensively bred. The county comprises 4 hundreds. 
 Chief towns, Huntingdon, Kimbolton, St. Ives, and St. 
 Xeots. The county returns 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. Huntingdonshire formed a part of the British 
 kin'.;dom of the Ic«ni, and of the Saxon Mercia. It was 
 entirely under forest law till the reign of Henry II. David, 
 Prince of Scotland, having married the heiress of the 
 Saxon Earls of Huntingdon, was created Earl in 1108, the 
 title continuing till 1219 in his family, one of whom is said 
 to have been the famous outlaw, Robin Hood. Henry VIII, 
 gave the earldom to the Hastings family, with whom it still 
 continues. 
 
 HU.\TMXGDOX\ a parliamentary and municipal borough 
 and market-town of England, capital of the above county, 
 on the N. bank of the Ouse, here cnissed by 3 bridges, con- 
 necting it with the suburbs of Godmanchester, 17 miles N.W. 
 of Cambridge, on the Gre.at Northern Hallway. Pop, of par- 
 liamentary borough, in 1S51, 6219, The town has 2 ancient 
 churches, a free grammar school, at which Oliver Cromwell 
 was partly educated, a green-coat school, a town-hall, with 
 assembly-room; a hospital, county jail, small theatre, baths, 
 some traces of a castle built by Edward the Elder, in 917 ; 
 several breweries, and considerable trade by the Ouse, in 
 corn, wool, coals, and timber. It sends 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. In the vicinity are Brampton Park and 
 Ilinchinbrooke House, the ancient residence of the Crom- 
 well family. The protector Oliver was born in Huntingdon, 
 April 25th, 1599. 
 
 HUNTIXGDOX, a county in the S. central p.art of Penn- 
 sylvania, has an area of 7.30 square miles. The Little Ju- 
 niata and the Frankstone Branch unite in the X. p.art of 
 the county, which is also drained by the Raystown Branch, 
 and by the Great .\ughwick and Standingstone Creeks. The 
 surface is diversified by mountainous ranges and fertile 
 valleys, and is remarkable for the grandeur of its scenery. 
 Rich iron-mines are worked in the highlands; stone eoal ig 
 abundant on Broadtop Mountain ; the surface rock of the 
 valleys is blue limestone. The county is intersected by the 
 Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad, Organized in 
 1787, and n.amed from Huntingdon county, England, Capt 
 tal, Huntingdon, Pop. 28,100, 
 
 883 
 
HUir 
 
 IIUXTIXGDON. a townsh'p of Adams co., Pennsylrania, 
 i-j miles N.i:. of Gettysburg. I'op. 1833. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, a pleasant-post-bOrou!.'h in Henderson 
 township, capital of Huntingdon co., I'ennsylvania, is de- 
 lislhtfuUy situ.ited on the left bank of the J uniata Kiver, 
 and on the Central Kaili-oad. 90 miles by turnpike, or 96 
 miles by railroad. W.N.W. of Ilarrisbui-sr. The banks of the 
 Junialn are distinguished for bold and beautiful scenery. 
 Jjiirse quantities of srraiu, iron, &c. are shipped at this point 
 by ihe Penn.sylvania Canal. A railroad 20 miles long ex- 
 tends from the borough to the coal-mines of Broadtop Moun- 
 tain. The tow-n has 3 bridges across the Juniata, and con- 
 tains S churches, 1 aciidemy, 1 national bank, and 7 public 
 schools. Two or three newspapers are published here. In- 
 corporated in 1796. Population in 1S50, 1470; in 1860, 
 1S90. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, a township of Luzerne co.. PennP7lTanla 
 Pop. 17S8. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, a post-Tillage of Moreland township, 
 Montgomery co.. Penn.sylvania, on Pennypack Creek, 13 
 miles N. by E. of Philadelphia. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, a post-village, aipital of Carroll co., Ten- 
 nessee, 105 miles AV. of Nashville. It has 2 academies, sup- 
 parted by a revenue from public lands, and 9 stores. Pop. 
 about .i!)0. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, a county of Canada East, bordering upon 
 the St. Lawrence on the N.W.. and bounded on the E. by 
 the Sorel River, and on the S. by New York. It comprises 
 an area of 488 square miles, and is traversed by two rail- 
 ways, having their N. terminus at Montreal. Chief town, 
 Laprairie. Pop. 40,645. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Beauharnois, 60 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains several 
 stores and hotels. Pop. about 650. 
 
 HUNTINGDONSHIRE, a county of England. See Hunt- 
 
 INGDOX. 
 
 HUNTINGDON VALLEY, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 HUNT'INGFIELD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 HUNT'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a county towards the N.E. part of In- 
 dianfi, contains 3S4 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Wabash and Salamonie lilvers. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is deep and highly productive. Capital, Huntington. 
 Pop. 14,867. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a post-village and township of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, on the Huntington River, about 20 miles W. 
 of Montpelier. Pop. 862. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a post4ownship of Fairfield co., Con- 
 necticut, on the W. side of the Housatonic River, about 12 
 miles AV. of New Haven. Pop. 1477. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a post-village and township of Suffolk co.. 
 New York, about 40 miles E.N.E. of New York. The town- 
 ship extends across Long Island, from the Sound to Great 
 South Bay. It is intersected by the Long Lsland Railroad. The 
 village is situated on Huntington Bay, on the N. side of the 
 island. It has churches of 5 or 6 denominations, an aca- 
 demy, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. 8924. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a post^village of Laurens district. South 
 Canillna, 82 miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 2854. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a township of Gallia CO., Ohio. Pop. 1648. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a township of Lorain CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1109. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 2251. 
 
 IIUNTIN(iTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Hunt- 
 ington CO., Indiana, on Little River, on the Toledo and M'a- 
 lash Railroad, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 100 miles 
 N E. of Indianapolis. The fertility of the surrotmding coun- 
 ti-y and the facilities for trade render this a place of active 
 business. It has a fine court-hotise, 7 churches, 1 national 
 bank, 1 woollen-factory, and several mills. Two news^ 
 papers are published here. Population in 1860, 1664; in 
 1865 about 2200. 
 
 HUNTINGTON B.A.Y. a small arm of Long Island Sound, 
 *bout 20 miles E.N.E. of New York City. 
 ^ HUNTINGTOWN, a post-village of Calvert co., Maryland, 
 o4 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 HUNT'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 HUNTLEY'S GROVE, a village of McHenry co., Illinois, 
 on the railroad between Chicago and Galena, 55 miles 
 W.N.W. of the former. 
 
 HUNT'LY, a burgh of barony, market-town, and parish 
 of Scotland, at the confluence of the Bogle and Deveron. co., 
 and 34 miles N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 
 3131. It has 2 bridges, a large mai ket-place, several churches, 
 3 bran-.h banks, some linen bleat h-works. and considerable 
 exports of agricultural produce. Huntly gives title to the 
 premier Marquis of Scotland, the chief of the Gordons, now 
 Duke of Itichmond. 
 
 HUNI'ON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HUNXON, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Biding. 
 
 8M 
 
 HUR 
 
 IIUNTS'BURG. a post-vill.age and township in the.E. part 
 of Geauira co.. Ohio, 170 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 885. 
 
 HUNT.S'FELL. a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 HUNTS'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HUNT'SHAW, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HUNT'S HOLLOW, a post-village of Livingston co.. New 
 Y'ork. «bout 240 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 HUNT'S JIILL, of Ohio, a station on the Sandusky, 
 Mansfield, and New.ark Railroad, IS miles from Newark. 
 
 HUNTS' STORE, a post-offtce of G uilford co.. North Carolina. 
 
 HUNTS/VILLE, a po.st-Tillage of Litchfield co., CoU' 
 necticut, about 38 miles AV.N.W. of Iliirttonl. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 115 miles N.E. of llarrisburg. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a village in Surrey co.. North Carolina, 
 on Yadkin River, 125 miles W.N.W. of Kaleigh. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, North Carolina, a stjitiou on the Raleigh 
 and Gaston Railroad. 10 miles N. of Raleigh. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE. a po.st-offiee of Yadkin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE. a village of Laurens district, South Caro- 
 lina, 56 miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 HUNTSVI LLE, a post-village of Paulding co., Georgia, 11 
 miles E. of Van Wert, the county seat. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a beautiful town, capital of Madison co., 
 Alabama, on the ilemphis and Charleston Railroad, 15C 
 miles N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa, and 116 miles S. by E. of Nash- 
 ville. It contains many handsome brick buildings, among 
 which is the court-house, erected at a cost of $45,CO0. The 
 bank, a stone edifice, with an Ionic portico, cost about 
 $80,000. There are 5 or 6 churches, a United States laud- 
 ofiice, 3 newspaper offices, and 2 female seminaries, one of 
 which is estimated to cost at least ^20,000. Pojiulation iu 
 1860, 3634. 
 
 HUNTSA'ILLE, a post-village of Choctaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-office of Jlontgomerv co., Texas. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Walker 
 CO.. Texas, on the road from Houston to Eastern Texas. 20C 
 miles E. by N. of Austin City. It is situated in a rich cot- 
 ton-planting region, and has an active business. The state 
 penitentiarv is located here. Two new.spapers are published. 
 Pop. in 1860. 939. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Madi.son co., Ar- 
 kansas. 2 miles W. of War Eagle River, and 175 miles N.W. 
 of Little Rock. Free population, 251. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-office of Scott co.. Tennessee. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE. a village of Butler co., Ohio, 22 miles N. 
 by E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post^village of Logan co., Ohio, on the 
 railroad from Cincinnati to Sandusky, 61 miles N.AV. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, 7 
 miles S.S.W. of Anderson. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE. a village of Randolph co., Indiana. 9 miles 
 S.W. of Winchester. 
 
 HUNTSA'ILLE. a post-village of Pchxiyler co., Illinois, on 
 the stage-route from Springfiedd to AA'ai'saw, 80 miles AA'.N.AY. 
 of the foi-mer. ' 
 
 HUNTSA'ILLE, a p.3st-village. capital of Randolph CO., 
 Missouri, 78 miles N. by AA'. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HUN'AVORTH. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 HUNYAD, hoon'y^d', ( Hun. Hunyath, hoon^Sf.) a county 
 in the S.AA'. part of Transylvania. Area, 2446 square miles. 
 Pop. 96.800. 
 
 HUON. hoo/on, a river of Tasmania, which bounds the 
 district of Hobarton, in A'an Diemen's Land, on the S.AA'., and 
 joins D'Entrecasteaux Channel bv an estuary 3 miles across. 
 
 HUON ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean, are a group N.AV.of New 
 Caledonia. 
 
 HURBE>f. (Hiirben.) hilR'bfn, a village of Bavaria, circle 
 of Swabia, district of Krumbach. Pop. 1171. 
 
 IIUHDA. hooR'di. a p<ipulr,us fortified town of Ilindostan, 
 40 miles S.S.E. of Mysore, with a temple of Sceva. 
 
 IIURDS'FIELD, a township of England, co. of Chester, 
 forming a suburb of Macclesfield. 
 
 HURDTOAA'N, a post-office of MoiTis co.. New Jersey. 
 
 HURDWAR, hCrdVar', (originally Hari-dwar, " gate of 
 Vishnu." or Gaiigi-divar, ••' gate of the Ganges,") a town and 
 famous place of pilgrimage of North Ilindostan, presidency 
 of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, district, and 30 miles E. of 
 Scharunpoor. on the Gange.s, where it issues from the moun- 
 tains. The town is small, but at the spring equinox the 
 largest fair In India is held heie. attended annually by from 
 200,000 to 300,000 persons, and every twelfth year by from 
 1,000,000 to 1,500.000, and, accoiding to some authorities, 
 even 2.000,000 pilgrims and dealers. Large numbers of 
 horses, cattle, and camels, with Persian dried fruits, drugs, 
 and shawls, are brought hither from Nepaul, the Punjab, 
 Afghanistan, and Bokhara, 
 
 ilUREEKEE. ho(>ree'kee\ a village of the Punjab, on the 
 Sutlej, just below the influx of the Beas, 33 miles S. of Am- 
 ritseer. Though small, it has an active trade, being on the 
 route of nearly the whole trafSc between the Punjab .lud 
 the rest of Uindostan. 
 
 HURIEL, hiPre-JP, a village of France, department O) il 
 Her, 7 miles N.AV. of Montluson. Pop. in 1852, 2842. 
 
HUR 
 
 HUS 
 
 HVRIN. hooreen'. (?) a town of Persia, proTinee of Irak- 
 Ajemee, difed-ict of tCermanshah, 30 miles N.W. of Zohab. 
 Here aro massive romains of stono buildings of very high 
 antiquity, and near it some rock sculptures. 
 
 nUltr/BUUT'S mills, postoffice, Clinton co., New York. 
 
 IIUKL'ISURTVTLLi;, a post-office of Oneida Co., New York. 
 
 IIUU'LICY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 IIUIt'LICY, a post-village and township in the N. central 
 part of Ulster co., New York, about 65 miles S.S.W of Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2364. 
 
 HURLGATK. See Hell Gate. 
 
 nU'KON, L.^KE, formerly pronounced hu-ron', the third 
 in size of the five great lakes of North America, communi- 
 cating with the St. Lawrence Kiver, lies between 43° and 
 40° 15' N. lat., and between 80° and 84° 40' W. Ion., btung 
 bounded on the S.S.W. by the State of Michigan, and in 
 all other directions by Canada West, except where it re- 
 ceives its supplies frnm Lakes Michigan and Superior, by 
 the Straits of Mackinaw and Saut St. .Alarie, and at its out- 
 let by St. Clair River. It is divided into two unequal por- 
 tions liy a long peninsula named Calmt's Head, and the Mani- 
 touline chain of island.s. The parts to the N. and E. are 
 called Manitou (('. «. the Great Spirit) Biiy, or the North 
 Channel, and Manitouline L:jke, or Georgian Bay. With 
 the exception of these bodies of water and Saginaw Bay, the 
 outline of Lake Huron approaches in f )rm very nearly to a 
 crescent. Its position, lengthwise, is about S.S.E. and 
 N.N.W., and the distiince from one extremity to the other, 
 following the curve, does not vary much from 280 miles. 
 The greatest breadth, exclusive of Georgian Bay, is 105 
 miles; average breadth, 70 miles; estimated area, 20,400 
 square miles. The surface of the water Is elevated 19 feet 
 above Lake Erie, 352 feet above Ontario, and 6iJ0 feet above 
 the level of the sea. The depth of Lake Huron is greater 
 than that of any other in the chain, averaging, probably, not 
 less than 1000 feet. Off Saginaw Bay. it is said that'leads 
 Lave been sunk isno feet, or 1200 feet below the level of the 
 Atlantic Ocean, without reaching bfittom. The waters are 
 remarkably clear, especially towards the Straits of .Mackinaw, 
 and very pure and sweet. It is to their peculiar trans- 
 parency that Dr. Drake attributes the fact, which he ascer- 
 tained by actual experiment, that the temperature of the 
 waters at the surface and 200 feet below the Siime spot 
 was precisely the same — r)6 degrees. The sun's rays pass 
 through them as thr(3ugh a cloudless atmosphere, without 
 meeting with sufficient solid matter in suspension to elicit 
 heat. This lake is said to contain upwards of 3000 con.sidor- 
 able islands. It is the reservoir of numerous streams, and 
 Its coast affords many line harbors. Like most of the other 
 lakes in the chain, it is subject to fearful storms, but its 
 navigation is not generally considered dangerous. 
 
 HURON, a county in the N. part of Ohio, has an area of 
 464 square miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by Huron and 
 Vermilion Rivers, and also drained by Pipe and other creeks. 
 The surface is nearly level; the soil ia excellent, and highly 
 cultivated. The county is intersected by three railway lines, 
 viz., the Sandusky, Mau.slield and Newark, the Cleveland 
 and Coltiinbus, anil the Cleveland and Toloiio. It was formed 
 in 1815. and nametl from Huron River. Capital, Norwalk. 
 Population, 20.616. 
 
 HURON, a new county in the E. part of Michigan, bor- 
 dering on Lake Huron, contains about 750 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N.W. by Saginaw Bay. The surface has 
 but little elevation, and is mostly covered with forests. 
 Pop. 1038. 
 
 HURON, a post-Tillage and township of Wayne co., Nesv 
 York, on Lake Ontario and Sod us Bay about 40 miles E. by 
 N. of Rochester. Pop. 1966. 
 
 HURON, a post-village, lake-port, and township of Erie 
 CO., Ohio, on Huron River, at its entrance into Lake Erie, 
 111 miles N. by E. of Columbus. The village, about 10 miles 
 E. of Sandusky, contains 3 or 4 churches, and several ware- 
 bouses, and is the centre of an important trade. The ex- 
 ports in 1851 amounted in value to$581,676, and the imports 
 to S'^77,155. Huron has a good harbor, except that in some 
 seasons sand accumulations take place at its mouth, which 
 require removal in order to i-ender access easy. A ship- 
 canal has been constructed from the port to Milan, a dis- 
 tance of 8 miles, and a branch railroad connects it with the 
 Sandusky and Mansfield Railroad. Population of the town- 
 ship in l"8.-0, 1397 ; in 1860, 1744. 
 
 HURON, a post-township in the S. part of Wayne co., 
 Michigan, is intersected by Huron River. Pop. 829. 
 
 HURON, a village in Des Moines co., Iowa, on the Missis- 
 sippi River, 55 miles S.E. of Iowa City. Pop. 732. 
 
 HURON, a county of Canada West, bordering upon Lake 
 Huron, comprises an area of 1392 square miles. Chief town, 
 Goderich. Pop. 19,198. 
 
 HURON RIVER, of Ohio, rises in the N. part of the state, 
 and. flowing through Huron and Erie counties, enters Lake 
 Erie at the village of Huron. A ship-canal has been opened 
 from the mouth of the river to Milan. 8 miles above. 
 
 HURON RIVER, of Michigan, rises among thesm.ill lakes 
 if Oakland and Livingston counties, flows .couth-westerly to 
 Vortage Lake, and, turning thence towards the S.E., enters 
 
 Lake Erie, about 20 miles S. of Detroit. It is about PC miles 
 long. In the upper part of its course, it is called WoodruDf '9 
 Creek. 
 
 HUIOREEPORK', a town of Ilindostiin, in the Punjab, 73 
 miles N.E. of .\mritseer, in lat. 31° 57' N., Ion. 75° 55' E., 
 consisting of from lOOO to 1500 hou.ses. 
 
 HURRIAL, hur-re-dl'. a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal. 78 miles N.W. of Dacca. 
 
 HURRIANA, hilr-re-Sn'd. an extensive district of Nrth- 
 west Ilindostan, mostly comprised in the British presidency 
 of Bengal, Upper Provinces, but is partly the trilmtary of 
 Rajpoot U-rritory. Lat. 26° 40' N., Ion. 76° E. It derives its 
 name from hunja, ("green,") it being a comparitively fertile 
 tract, enclosed by a desert. 
 
 IIUR'RICANE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 HURRICANE, a post-village of Franklin parish, Louisiana. 
 
 HURRICANE, a post-office of Conway co., Arkan.sas. 
 
 IIURRIC.A.NE, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee. 
 
 HURRICANE, a township in Cumberland co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 3165. 
 
 HURRICANE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Illinois. 
 
 HURRICANE BRIDGE,a post-office, Putnam co.,Virginia. 
 
 HURRICANE CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Saufllla 
 River in Ware county. It is al.so called Tellfair Creek. Lit- 
 tle Hurricane Creek enters it in the N. part of the same 
 county. 
 
 HURRICANE CREEK, of Saline co., Arkansa.s, flows into 
 Saline River. 
 
 HURRICANE CREEK, in the AV. central part of Tennes- 
 see, rises in Dickson county, and, flowing S.W., enters Duck 
 River in Humphrevs countv. 
 
 HUltRICANE CREEK,a post-office, Choctaw CO.. Alabama. 
 
 HURRICANE CREEK,a post-office of Salineco., Arkansas. 
 
 HURRICANE CREEK, a post-office of Henderson CO., Ten- 
 
 iiuRRICANE GROVE, a post^sfflce of Grant co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 HUICRIPAUL', (originally Haripala.) a town, or large 
 collection of hamlets of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 district, and i53 miles S.W. of Hoogly. 
 
 HURRUR or HOUROUR, hooh-ooR', a walled town of 
 East Africa, capital of a small state of the same name, in lau 
 9° 37' N., lon.-41°35' E., 150 miles S.S.W. Zeyla, in a verdant 
 valley, almost encircled by hills. It carries on an extensive 
 trade in slaves, c iffee. ivory, ghee, ostrich-feathers, gums, <tc. 
 The people are rigid Mohammedans; their language bears 
 an affinity to the Amharle. and they use the Arabic charac- 
 ter. No Christians are admitted within the walls. 
 
 IIUIVRYHUR', a frontier town of South Ilindostan, My- 
 sore dominions, on the Toombuddra, 45 miles N.W. of Chit- 
 teldroog. in lat. 14° 31' N., Ion. 75° 59' E. 
 
 HURS'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HURST, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Wilts. 
 
 HURST, or FAW'KENHURST, a parish of England, co. 
 of Kent 
 
 HURST'BOURNE PRI/ORS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 HURSTBOUUNE TAU'RANT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 HURST CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 2J 
 miles S.E. of Milford, on a remarkable natural causew.ay 
 about 200 yards in breadth, running 2 miles into the sea, 
 and approaching within 1 mile of the Isle of Wight. The 
 castle, built by Henry VIII., became, in December, 1648. the 
 prison of Charles I. On Hur.Kt Beach are two light-houses, 
 ia lat. 50° 42' 23" N., Ion. 1° 32' 60" W. 
 
 HURST MONCEAUX. (monVsiV,) a parish of England, co. 
 of Sussex. 3 miles E. of Hailsham. Hurst Monceaux Castle, 
 now a magnificent ruin, M'as formerly one of the finest and 
 most perfectly castellated mansions in the kingdom. 
 
 HURST, OLD. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 HURST PIER'PONT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 HURTS CROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Maury co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 HURUP, CESTER, os'ter hoo/roop. a fishing village of Den- 
 m.ark, in Jutland, Cattegat, 21 miles S.E. of Aalborg. It 
 has 12 feet of water at its quaj', and the roads afford the 
 best anchorage on the whole coast between the Lymfiord 
 and Grenaae. 
 
 HUR'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Durham, on 
 the Tees, 3^ miles S.S.E. of Darlington. 
 
 HUSAVIK, hoo'sA-vik, a vilkge of Iceland, on the E. 
 side of Skjalfandi B;iy, on the N. coast, which is here lined 
 by bold cliffs. It has manufactures of sulphur. 
 
 IIUSBY, hoos'bU, a parish of Sweden, on the E. side of 
 Lake Wener, having sulphurous baths. 
 
 IIUSBV, a village of Denmark, duchy of Sleswlck, 6^ miles 
 S.E. of Flensburg. 
 
 HUSCH, hoosh, a town of Moldavia, 47 miles S.E.of Yassy. 
 Hero the treaty of the I'ruth, between the Russians arid 
 Turks, was signed, in 1711. 
 
 HUSH-EON, hfish-.i-on', a town of China, province of 
 Q^uang-tong, on the S. side of the island of Hai-nan. about 3 
 miles from Howi-Howe. It is surrounded with walls of 
 
HUS 
 
 HYD 
 
 l.iick unl >tc ne, 40 feet hifrh by 30 feet thick, witli a parapet 
 4 it-et ui'ib. Po- of the town and suhurls. about 200,000. 
 
 IIUS0W.4. a ti wn of Moravia. See Dect«h-ii.\ise. 
 
 HUJ«SE1XI'00I{, hils-sin-poor', a town of British Indi.-i, 
 presidency of IJengal. Upper Provinces, 62 miles E. of Delhi, 
 
 HUSSIXETZ. hoos'se-nks, or GUSSXITZ. goos'nits. a mar- 
 ket-town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin. 75 miles S.S.W. of 
 Praiue. Pop. 1173. It is the birthplace of John IIuss. 
 
 HUSSJNETZ, a villaire of Prussian Silesia, 18 miles N.E. 
 of P.eicb.)nbHch. Pop. 998. 
 
 nrSSlXGABAD, British India. See IIosraGAB.lB. 
 
 IIUSTIIWAITE, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Fading. 
 
 IIU'STISFORD, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Dodge CO., Wisconsin, on Rock River, alwut 50 miles X.E. 
 of Madison. The village has 2 stores, and 2 mills. Popu- 
 lation of the towhship. 1519. 
 
 IIU'S rox, a township of Blair co.,PeDnsylvania. Pop.1214. 
 
 lUISTOX. a township of Centre co.,Pennsyivania. Pop.633. 
 
 IIU'STOXVILUE. a thriving post-village of Lincoln co., 
 Kentucky, on Hanging Fork Creek. 53 miles S. of Frankfort, 
 It contains 5 stores. 2 churches, and 2 seminaries. 
 
 HUSUM, hoo'sMm, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy, 
 and 22 miles W. by S. of Sleswick. at the mouth of a small 
 stream. It contains a tine modern Gothic church, an an- 
 cient castle, a normal school, and hospital, and has manu- 
 factures of tobacco, cotton prints, and woiUen stuffs. It is 
 the seat of considerable trade, though the harbor -admits 
 vessels drawing only 7 feet water. Pop. 4000. 
 
 nUSUM. a village of Holland. See IIuizuM. 
 
 HUSZTII. boost, or KUUSZT. Koost, a village of East Hun- 
 gary, circle of Marmaros, at the junction of the Theiss with 
 the Nagy-Ag. 28 miles W.X.W. of Sziseth. Pop. 459li. 
 
 HUTISKO, hoo-tis'ko, a village of Moravia, 40 miles from 
 Weisskirchen. Pop. 940. 
 
 IIUTXEE. a town of Hindost.in. See IIittaxt. 
 
 HUTOFT, or HIGH-TOFT, a parish, England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 IIUT'SOXVILLE. a post-village of Crawfoi-d co.. Illinois, on 
 the AVabash River. 130 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 UUTTAXY, h&t/ta-nee\ or HUT'XEE, a town of Hindos- 
 Utn. province, and 44 miles W. by S. of Bejapoor. in lat. 16° 
 45' X., Ion. 75° 7' E. It carries on an extensive trade, chiefly 
 in grain, with Bombav, Surat, and other emporiums. 
 
 HUTTELDaRF.(HUtteldorf)hut'tel-doRf.orUTELDORF, 
 oo'tel-doBr. .a village of Lower Austria, on the Wien, 5 miles 
 W. of Vienna. Pop. 1 100. 
 
 HUTTEXBERQ, (Hi.ttenlierg.l hiit'ten-bjKG\ a market- 
 town of Illvria. in Carinthia. 25 miles X.X.K. of Klairenfurth. 
 
 HUTTEXllEIM, hiit/ten-hime\ (Fr. pron. hiit'tJn-to',) 
 01 HETTEXEM, a village of France, department of Bas- 
 Rhin. arrondissement of Schflestadt. Pop. 21S6. 
 
 HUTTEXRODE. (Hiittenrode.) hut'teu-roMeh, a village of 
 Brunswick. S.W. of Blarikenburg. 
 
 HUTTEX-STEIX ACH. (Hiitten-Steinach.) hut/tf n-stl'niK, 
 a Tillage of Saxe-Meiningen. with iron-works. 
 
 HUT'TOX. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 HUTTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. It has a 
 beautiful church and a tine old manor hall. 
 
 HUTTOX, a town.ship of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 HUTTOX, a township of England, co. York, Xorth Riding. 
 
 HUTTOX. a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on the 
 Tweed, here cros.sed by a suspension bridge, 7 miles W.X'.AV. 
 of Berwick. Hntton Hall is an intercepting specimen of a 
 border fortress, still entire. 
 
 HUTrrOX BUSH'ELL, a pari.sh of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 HUTTOX-wiTH-CORntlE. parish of Scotland, co. Dumfries. 
 
 HUT'TOX CKAXS'WICK, a parish of England, co. of 
 Y^ork. East Riding. 
 
 HUTTOX-I.N-THB-FOREST, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 HUTTOX MAG'XA, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 HUTI'OX'S-AM'BO, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 HUT'TOXSVILLE. a post-village of Randolph CO., W.Vir- 
 ginia, about 12 miles S.W. of Beverly. 
 
 HUTTWEIL. HUTWEIL. hoof wile, or HUTTWYL. h oot- 
 *il. a walled town of Switzerland, canton, and 22 miles X.E. 
 of Bern. Pop. 3092. 
 
 HUX'HA.M, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 HUY, hoi, a fortified town of Belgium, province, and 17 
 miles S.W. of Liege, with which it communicates by rail- 
 "vay, and. on the Meuse. here crossed by a stone bridge. 
 Pop. S211. It is enclosed by heights, and has a citadel. 
 coll(>ge. numerous iron-works and breweries, with tile, paper, 
 leather, glue, and other factories, and an active trade in corn. 
 
 HUVLER.S, New York, a station on the Erie Railroad, 13 
 miles from New York. 
 
 HUYSSE. hois'seh. a vill.Hjre of Belcrium. province of East 
 Flanders. 11 miled S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 422S. 
 
 HUYTON. hi'ton. a parish of England, co. of lAncaster. 
 on the Slanchester and Liverpool Railway, 5i miles E. of 
 Livei-pool. 
 
 H U Z A U A , h&ss'-a-ra, UUZRAH, httz/rih, or HUZROO, htlz'- 
 
 roo, a commercial town of the Punjab, 28 miles E. '-f Attock, 
 on the route from Lahore. Lat. 33° 50' X.. Ion. 72° 45' E. 
 
 HUZAKEH. hQz'a-reh. and EIMAUK (.Vm.iwk'— also 
 written EIM.-VK. A'*mJk',) COUXTRY. a mountainous region 
 of Central Asia, in theX.partof .\fi;hanistan. mostly between 
 lat. 31° 30' and 37° X.. and Ion. 62° and 68° E.. and estimated 
 to comprise SO.lXK) square miles, with a population of from 
 300.000 to 3.50,0tX). Surface wholly mountainous, and in some 
 parts 14.000 feet in elevation. The Moorghaub. Helmund, 
 Urghundaub, and other streams rise in this region. The 
 inhabitants are of Mongol descent, very poor, and subject 
 to their more powerful neighlxirs. They receive turban.1, 
 cotton cloths, tobacco, dyes, and carpets, from the rest of 
 Afghanistan, and rice, cotton, and salt, from Toorkistan, in 
 e:(change for slaves, cattle, sheep, butter, .strong woollens, 
 felt, sacks, gi'ain. lead, and sulphur. Silver and copper ores 
 are met with, but no mines are wrought. Principal vil- 
 lages. Ghore. Siri Pool, and Andkhoo. .\dj. and iuhab. 
 
 EiMAUK. A^mawk'. or Eimak. A'niik', and Hus'.^reh. 
 
 HVALOE, hvgns'eh. or HVALOKX. hv3noVn. an island 
 of Xorway. stift of Xordlau'l, in the Arctic Ocean, imme- 
 di.itely W. of Fromsoe. Lat. 69° 35' X.. Ion. 18° 30' E. Length, 
 from X. to S., 27 miles; breadth. 14 miles. 
 
 HYALOEU or HVALOERXE, hvd'ii-^R-nJh. the name of an 
 island group in the Skagerrack, at the entrance of the Chris- 
 tiania Fiord. 
 
 HVEX or HVEEX. hvain. a Dani.sh island, in the Sound, 
 8 milesS.ofElsinore. and long the residence of the astronomer, 
 Tycho Bnihe. the reniainsof whoseobserv.itorv still exist here. 
 
 HVIDDIXG. hvid'ding, or HVITYXG, hvee'tUng. a vil- 
 lage of Denmark. 6 miles S.S.W. of Ribe. It is memorable 
 as the place where, in 1137. King Erick Edmund was slain, 
 while holding; a judicial meeting or thing in the open air. 
 
 HVIDDIXGSOE. bvid'dingSKiVh, a small island of Xor- 
 way, in the Bukkefiord. 13 miles \.W. of Stavanger. A 
 light-house has been erected on its S. extremity. 
 
 HVITYXG. a villaje of Denmark. See Hviddino. 
 
 HWLFORDD, South Wales. See Havekforp. West. 
 
 HY.\B.\RY, a river of South America. See Jabart. 
 
 HY.\X'XIS. a post-village, and an important seaport of 
 Barnstable township. Barn.st.able co., Massachu.setts. on 
 Hyannis Bay. at the terminus of the Cape Cod Railroad, 8 
 miles S. of Barnstable, and 70 miles S.E. of Boston. A break- 
 water constructed at the mouth of the harbor protects it from 
 the sea. 
 
 HYAX'XIS LIGHT, on Point Gammon, at the entrance 
 of Hyannis Harbor. S. side of Cape Cod. JIass;uhusetts. It 
 is a fixed light, with an elevation of 70 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Lat. 41° aS' 20" X.. Ion. 70° 15' W. 
 
 IIYAPUR.\, a river of South .Americ.i. See .Iapir.\. 
 
 HY'ATTSTOWX, a post-village of Montgomery co.. Mary- 
 land, on Bennett's Creek. 36 miles X.W. of Washington. 
 
 HY'ATTSVILLE, a post-office of Jliami co., Ohio, 7 miles 
 S. of Trov, is in or near the village of Tippecanoe, which see. 
 
 HYBLA M.UOR. See P.\terso. 
 
 HYBY. a town of Hungarv. SeeGErn. 
 
 IIYCATU. a town of Brazil. See Icatu. 
 
 HYCK'HAM, XORTH. a parish of Ensland, co. of Lincoln 
 
 HYCKHA.M. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln 
 
 HV'CO, a post-office of Halifax co.. Virgini:i. 
 
 IIYCO FALLS, a postK)ffice of Halifax co.. Virginia. 
 
 HYCOOTEE, a small river, ri.ses in Caswell co.. Xorth Ca- 
 rolina, and enters the Dan River in Halifax co., Virginia. 
 
 HYD.^SPES. See Juvlum. 
 
 HYDE, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 HYDE, a county in the E. part of Xorth Carolina; are.l, 
 estimated at 830 square miles. Pamlico Sound waslies its 
 E. and S. lioi-ders. and it is intei-sected by Pango River. The 
 surface islevel and extensively covered by lakes and swamps. 
 This county w.as one of the origin.il precincts of Xoith Caro- 
 lina, formed about 1729. and named in honor of Edward 
 Hyde, governor of- the colony. Capital. Swan Quarter 
 Pop. 7732, of whom 4941 were free, and -2791 slaves. 
 
 HYDE, a post-ofRce of M'arren co.. New York. 
 
 IIYDE/PARK. a post-village and township, capital of La- 
 moille CO., Vermont, on the road from Troy to 'Waterbury, 
 2S miles X. of Montpelier. The village contains a court- 
 house, a jail. 1 church. 3 stores. 2 taverns, 1 .saw mill, and 
 various manufacturing establishments. Pop. about 250; of 
 the township. 1409. 
 
 HYDKP.\KK. Xew York, a station on the Long Island 
 Railroad. 17 miles K. of Xew York. 
 
 HYDE'PAKK. a thriving post-village and township of 
 Dutchess CO.. Xew York, on the E. bank of the Hudson 
 River, and on the Hud.son River Railroad. 6 miles X. of 
 Poughkeepsie. and 6ii miles S. of .\Ibany. The village con- 
 tains Episcopal, Methodist, .and Dutch Reformed chuifhes, 
 several a(-adeniies or seminaries, and many fine country 
 seats. It has a steamboat landing. Pop. of the township. 2740. 
 
 HYDF;PAP>K.a thriving post-village of Luzerne co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Lackawanna River, and on the Ijckawanna 
 and Western Railrojid. 1 mile X. of Scranton. and 126 miles 
 X.E. of Harrigburg. It is situated about half a mile from 
 the river, in a rich farming di.strict. and ha.s extensive mines 
 of coai in the vicinity. "Tbe Pennsylvania Coal Comp-uiy's 
 
HYD 
 
 IBE 
 
 wilroad extends from this place to the Lackawaxen Canal. 
 Many persons are employed here lu the irou business. I'op. 
 3358. 
 
 IIYDKRABAD. See Nizam's Dominions. 
 
 1IVDERAI5AD, hrder-^-bSd', written also IIYDRABAD, 
 a fortified city of India, capital of the Nizam's dominions, on 
 the ."ilu^ah or Mussey, a tributary of the Kistnah, here 
 crossed by a larjre stone bridge. I^iit. 17" 20' N. Ion. 78° 33' 
 E. Pop., includini; suburbs, estimated at 200,000, compris- 
 ing K'>hillas. Arabs. Afjihans, I'atans, and mostly Jloslems, 
 this having long been the stronghold of ilohauimedanism 
 in the Deccan. The city, about i miles in length by 3 miles 
 in breadth, is enclosed by a stone wall, and irregularly laid 
 out. The streets are narrow, crooked, and ill-paved. The 
 houses are mostly of wood, and of only one story, but there 
 are some rich, noble residences, containing collections of \ 
 pictures, natural curiositit^s, and European porcelain, and 
 one handsomely fitted up in tlie European fiishion. The 
 principal public buildings are the Xizam'g Palace, the " Four 
 Minarets." and numerous other mosques. Outside of the 
 city, on the road to the liritish station of Secunderabad, 3 miles 
 N., is the royal cannon foundry; also a magnificont resi- 
 dence, formerly that of the British representative, and some 
 other fine country seats. Among the curiosities of Ilydera- j 
 bad. is the Nizam's regiment of women, who perform all | 
 military duties the .same as men. The territory, of which 
 this is thecjipital, will be de.scribed under Niz.\m's Domi.vio.N'S. 
 
 HYDERABAD or IIYDRABAD, a town and fortress of 
 ITindostan. capit.il of t>iiide. on a rocky eminence between the 
 Indu.s, 4 miles VV., and the Fulailee Branch, three quarters 
 of a mile to the E. Lat. 25° 22' N., Ion. 6S<^ 22' E. Pop. es- 
 timated at 20.000. The fortress, having brick walls flanked 
 by large round towers, comprises the Ameer's Palace, a mas- 
 sive keep, some mosques, and together with the open town, 
 about 5U00 mud houses. On the N. part of the eminence is 
 a large cemetery, in which is tlie fine in.iusoleum of tjholam 
 Shall. The maufacture of arms of superior quality, embroi- 
 dered silk and cotton fabrics, and leather, is stated to oc- 
 cupy one-firth of its inhabitants. 
 
 HYDK.--'BURU, a post-village of Ralls co., Missouri, 90 
 miles N.K. of .Jefferson City. 
 
 IIYDlJ SKT/TLKMENT, a po.st-village of Broome co., New 
 York, about 130 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 IIYDK'VILLE. a post-village of Rutland co., Yermont. on 
 theSaratogaandWasbiuirtonKailroad. 5 miles S. of Rutland. 
 
 HYDRA, hee'drd. or IDRA, ee'drd, an island of Greece, off 
 the E. coast of the Moiea. and forming, with the Island of 
 Poros, a government comprising 56 square miles, and al)Out 
 23,000 inhabitants. Area of tlie island, 38 square miles. 
 Pop. about 20.000. It is a mere barren rock, but on its N. 
 side is a handsome and clean city, with a population of 
 12,600 persons, o small harbors, and anactiye general trade. 
 
 HYDIiABAD. See Htdehadad. 
 
 IIYDRAOTKS. See Raveb. 
 
 IIYDRAU'LIG MILLS, a post-village of Albemarle co., 
 Virginia, 100 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 IIYDRON, hee'dron. an island between Hydra and the 
 mainland, 4 miles in length, by 2 milea across. 
 
 IIYDRUNTUM. See Otranto. 
 
 IIYERKS or IIIERES. he-aia', (.inc. Jrcoef ana JTierosf) a 
 town of South France, depju'tment of Var, capit.tl of a can- 
 ton, 10 miles K. of Toulon. It is beautifully situated on a 
 declivity facing the Jlediterianoan, and has many good 
 houses and hotels. The town-hall has a column. «^itli a 
 bust of .MasslUou, a native of Hy6re.s. It has niaiiuiactures 
 of silk twist, essences, and oil, an active trade in fruits and 
 salt, and the ruins of an old castle. Pop. in 1852. 9'J9y. 
 
 HYfcllBS, ISLES OF, (anc. Stce/charks Mujnires,) a. group 
 of small, arid, and uncultivated islands of France, depart 
 mentof Yar, in the Mediterranean, in front of the B.ay of 
 Ilyfires. They are defended by several forts. The chief is- 
 lands are PorqueroUes, (poRkVoll',) PortCros, Bagueau, (bdn^ 
 yo',) and Titan. 
 
 HYKULZIK or IIYKULZYE, hl-kfil-zee', a large walled 
 town of Afghanistan, 35 miles N. c*" Shawl, on the route to 
 Candahar. Here, on April "28, 1842, the troops umler Gene- 
 ral England, routed the Afghans, and forced a passage to 
 Candahar. 
 
 IIY.METTUS, (hl-m?t^tas.) MOUNT, a famous mountain 
 of Greece, government of Atti<'a, 4i miles K.S.IO. of Athens. 
 Height, 2080 feet. The honey collected here lias been far 
 mous from remote antiquity to tlie present time. 
 
 HYNDS'YILLK. a post-village of Schoharie co.. New York, 
 44 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 HYON, hee'oN'=' or hi'pn, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, 2 miles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 1103. 
 
 HYPANIS. See Bug. 
 
 HYPHASIS. SeeGu.tRA and Beas. 
 
 HYP8AS or HYPSA, a river of Sicily. See Belici. 
 
 HYRC.\NIA, hjr-kA/ue-a, an ancient country or province 
 of Central Asia, lying S.E. of the Caspian Sea. Here the 
 
 Parthian kings often resided iu summer. Adj. Hykcanian, 
 
 hir-k.Vne-an. 
 
 HYS/SINGTON. a parish of England and North Wales, 
 COS. of .*alop and Montgomery. 
 
 HYTHK, hiru, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 market-town and parish of England, and one of its cinque 
 ports, CO. of Kent, near the English Channel, and having a 
 station on the South-eastern Railway, 11 miles W.S.W. of 
 Dover. Pop. 2265. The town, in a pleasant valley, near the 
 E. end of Romney Marsh, about J mile from the sea. has 
 many curious ancient houses, an elegant cruciform church, 
 a hospital, founded in 1S36, another ancient hospital, a 
 county-hall, borough jail, a theatre, library, and branch 
 bank; on the beach, which is higher than the town, a line 
 of strong martello towers. Ilythe was anciently a port of 
 great importance, but its harbor has been entirely destroyed 
 by the immense mass of shingle here thrown up, and it has 
 now only one open beach, from whence, however, vessels 
 often Siiil for France, tlie passage to Boulogne being neaier 
 than from Dover. It is also a fashionable resort for s€ar 
 bathing. The borough sends 1 member to the House of 
 Commims. 
 
 HYTHK. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 HY URUIIA, a river of Brazil. See Jubua. 
 
 UYUTAUY, a river of BraziL See Jutay. 
 
 KS" Names in Eastern Europe and Asia, beginning with 
 I, followed immediately by a vowel, will generally be found 
 under Y, thus, for Iakoutsk, see Yakootsk ; Ialpoukii, see 
 Yalpookh; Iampol, see Yampol; Iana, see Yasa, &c. &c 
 
 IADKRA'orlADKR. See Zara. 
 lA(iATII. See Tf.tu.\.\. 
 
 lATINUM. See Meau.x. 
 
 IBA. ee'bd. a village of Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder 
 Hessen, circle of Rottenburg. Pop. 1282. 
 
 IBA, ee'bd.a town of the I'hilippine Islands, in Luzon, capi- 
 tal of the province of Zanibales.SO miles N .W. of Manila. P.4130. 
 
 IBABA, e-bi'bd. a town of Abyssinia, in Anihara. 70 miles 
 S. by ^V. of Gondar, on the S. shore of Lake Dembea. In 
 extent and riches it nearlv equals Gondar. 
 
 IBAGUK, e-bd'gA. or IBAyUK. e-bd'k.i. a town of South 
 America, in New Granada, department ot Cundiuamarca, 70 
 miles W. of Bogota. Pop. 5000. (?) 
 
 IBAR. ee'bar', or HTB.\R, hee^bar'. a river of European 
 Turkey, falls into the Morava. Lat. 43° 25' N., Ion. 20° 45' E. 
 
 IBARRA, e-baR'Rd. a town of South America, in Ecuador, 
 50 miles N.N.E. of Quito, at the N. foot of the volcano of 
 Inibaburu. It is in a fertile region, well built, and many 
 years ago was estimati'd to have 12.000 inhabitants. 
 
 IB.'iRR.V, a village»of the Mexican Confederacy, in Jalisco, 
 40 milts N. of Airuas-Callentes. 
 
 IBABltA ZAiiGO, e-baR/Rd thdl'go, a town of Spain, pro- 
 rince of AUva. Pop. 796. 
 
 IBEENBUREN. (Ibbenhiiren.) iVben-hiiVen. a town of 
 ■>russi,i, Westphalia, 21 miles N.N.E. of Miinster. P. 2020. 
 
 IB'BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Dor.set. 
 
 I BEIT. See Obeid. 
 
 IBIOR.A or YBKRA, e-bA'rd, a marshy lake, or rather series 
 of lakes, in the Argentine Republic, (Iji Plata.) province of 
 Corrientes, between the rivers I'aranil and Uraguay, ex- 
 tendinir from near lat. 29° 30' to near 30" S., and from Ion. 
 60° 30' to near 69° W. 
 
 1BKRI.\, I-bee're-.a. the ancient name of Spain. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Ibei'.iax, i-bee're-an. 
 
 IBERIA, a country of .\sia. See Georoia. 
 
 IBE'Rl.A, a post-village of Jlorrow co.. Ohio. 48 miles N. 
 of Columbu.s, and 1 mile from the Cleveland and Columbus 
 Railroad. 
 
 IBKRIA, a po.st-village of Miller co., Mis.souri, 40 miles S. 
 by W. of .Tefferson Citv. 
 
 IBK'RI.^N MOUNTAINS, a general appellatiim sometimes 
 applied to the mountains in the central and 1). parts of Spain. 
 
 IBlOlilAN PENINSULA, the S.W. portion of Europe, 
 compi'ising Spain and Portugal. 
 
 IBKRUS. See Euro. 
 
 IHKR VILLE. I'ber-vil, a parish in the S.E. central part of 
 lyouisiana. contains 450 stinare miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by .\tchafalaya Biiyou. and the MissLssipjii washes the 
 S.K. border. The surface is fiat, and subject to inundation. 
 Cultivation is confined to the banks of the streams, which 
 are the highest parts of the parish. In 185n this parish 
 produced 23.208 hogsheads of sugar and 1.310.750 gallons 
 of molas.ses. The quantity of molasses was greater than 
 was produced in any otiier parish or county of the United 
 States, and that of sugar greater than in any except St. 
 Mary's parish, Louisiana. Capital, Iberville. Population, 
 14,661, of whom 3981 were free. 
 
 ,887 
 
IBE 
 
 TBKHTILLE. a post-rillage. capital of Iberville parish, 
 louisiaiia. on the E. bank of the Mississippi Kiver, about 
 to miles al)0ve Nuwr Orleans. 
 
 IBl. e^-Bee'. a town of Spain, province, and 23 miles N.W. 
 Of A'.icH.ite. Pop. 29S8. 
 
 IBI .\1'.\15A. e-be-i-piT)! IIIBBUPP-^B A. IIIBIAPPABA, 
 hib-e-dp-p4'b5, nr BI.VPINA. be-3-pee'ud, a mountain chain 
 of braril. .stretching from K. to W.. in the province of Ceara. 
 It is diviied into the mountains of Biapiua, Boavista, Bort 
 tana, Bfk-os, &c. 
 
 TBrcUI, e-be-kwee', a river of South .\merica, rises in the 
 8.W. of the province of Sao-Pedro-do-Kio-tirande, in Brazil, 
 enters Uruj^uay. and joins the Uruguay at Yapeyu, in lat. 
 29° 2<J' 8.. after a course of about 400 miles. 
 
 IBITUKU.VA. a village of Bi-azil. See BOM-SUCCESSO. 
 
 IBIZA. one of the Balearic Islands. See IVI5A. 
 
 IBO, a town of Guinea. See Aboh. 
 
 IBO. ee'bo, one of the Querimba Islands, in Mozambique 
 Channel. Lat. (N.W. part) 1-2° 20' S., Ion. 40° 38' K. 
 
 IBO. a town on the above island. See OlBO. 
 
 IHOS, ee^bos'. a market-town of France, department of 
 Hautes-I'yren^es, 4 miles W. of Tarlies. Pop. in ISol, 204^ 
 
 1BR.\H. ee'brd or Wri, an old town of Arabi.a, in Oman, 
 dominions of. and 60 miles S.S.W. of Muscat. It has many 
 good houses, which ai-e fortified and hiirhly adorned. 
 
 IBKAHKKM or IBKAHIM. ibVd-heem'. (anc. AdoTnis.) a 
 rivulet of Syria, pashalic of Tripoli, enters the Mediterranean 
 abovt midway between that city and Beyroot. It is con- 
 nected in ancient mythology with the death of Adonis, or 
 Thammuz. 
 
 IBRAIIEEM or IBRAHIM, a river of Pensia, province of 
 Herman, enters the Persian Gulf at its mouth. 20 miles E. 
 of Ormus '^or Drmua.) after a N. course of 75 miles. 
 
 IBRAIL, IBRAILA or IBRAIIIL. See Bbauilov. 
 
 IBRIM. ibVeem', (anc. Premnisf) a decayed town of NuMa, 
 upon a rocky heiirht. on the Nile, 12 miles S.W. of Derr. 
 
 IBROS, or IBROS DEL REY, ee.b)-oce dM rA. a town of 
 Spain, province, and 19 miles N.N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 3t)60, 
 
 IBSrrZ. ip'sits. a market-town of Lower .\ustria. near the 
 PrBlling. which here forms a large waterfall. It has exten- 
 sive manutactures of iron and steel, and a marble quarry. 
 Pop. 30*1. 
 
 IIV.SLEY, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 IiysTilCK, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 IBORG, ee'WSuRO, a market-town of Hanover, 8 miles 8. 
 ofOsnabriick. Pop. 976. 
 
 \(^.\. or IZ.\, ee'sS, a town of Peru, capital of a province of 
 its own name, in the department of Lima, 168 miles S.S.E. of 
 Lima, near the Pacific Ocean. Pop. 6000 ;(?) of the province, 
 In 1850, 41,500. 
 
 IC.^. o tributary of the Amazon. See PuTUltwo. 
 
 ICARIA or ICARUS. See Nicaria. 
 
 ICATU or HYCATU. e-kd-too/, a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 52 miles S.E. of Maranhao. on the Monim. 
 
 ICCO. a town of Brazil. See Ico. 
 
 ICCOMBE. ik'kftm, a parish of England, co. of WorceBter. 
 
 ICELAND, issl-and. (called Inland, ees/llnd, by the na- 
 tives; Ger. IdjmL hl\hii: Dutch, IJal^.nd or Ydan'd, LsOdnt; 
 Sp. Islandii. ees-lin'di; Fr. Mande, eesUisd'; L. /rfan/t/ta,) 
 an island belonging to Denmark, situat-sd between the North 
 Atlantic and the .\rctie Oceans, distant 130 mile.<! fi-om the 
 S.E. coa.st of Greenland, and about 850 irilos W. of Norway, 
 extending between lat. 63<^ 24' and 66^ So' N.. and Ion. 13° 
 31' and 24° 17' W. Greatest length, from E. to W. 300 
 miles: centi-al breadth. alx>ut 20.> miles; area, 38,400 square 
 miles. Tile coa.^tline. for a considerable extent on the S.E., 
 Is almost unbroken; but in all other directions it presents 
 a continued succession of deep bays or fiords, and jutting 
 proraontori.j^. One of the most remarkable of the latter is 
 a lapge peninsula in the N.W.. which stretches out between 
 two bays "<0 miles into the ocean, expanding, in its greatest 
 breadth, to about 80 miles, though the iathimus connecting 
 it with the main pjirt of the i.«land is scarcely five miles 
 wide. The water along the coiist is generally very deep, 
 and the h.iys furnish a great number of natural harbors, 
 ^th good anchorage and complete shelter; but the naviga- 
 tion is rendered dangerous by vast numljers of rocky islets 
 which lino the shores. The interior of the island has, for 
 the most part, a very wild and do.solate appearance, being 
 covered by lofly mountain masses, of volcanic origin, many 
 of them crowned with pt>rpetual snow and ice, which, stretch- 
 ing down their sides into the intervening valley.s, form im- 
 mense !.'l:tci(?n-. These icy mountains, which take thecommon 
 name of .lokiiil or Jiikul, have their culminating point in 
 Oerafa.iBk nil. near the S.E. coast; lat. tU° 0' 4.S" N.. Ion. 16° 
 46' 31" W : heiL'ht. «U09 feet. The SnSfell, near the W. 
 coast, is 6Wm ffet in height: and Evjafjalla Jaknll. in the 
 8.. 6'i79 fe.-t in heisrht. Hecla. (or Hekla.) the noted volcano. 
 Is 5110 feet in elevation. The .«kaptar.)Okull occupies an im- 
 mense tract In the S.E. part of the island. The glaciers cover 
 a suriice of vpwards of 4000 square miles; thev exist In all 
 the mountains above 4000 feet in elevation, and extend down 
 to the sea. The greatest mass of ice is in the S.E. of the 
 island; and this re<jion has for centuries been the scene of 
 the most violent volcanic eruptions. There ar« 30 known 
 
 mi 
 
 ICH 
 
 volcanoes in Iceland. 8 of which hare been active within a 
 century. The most destructive volcanic eruptions on record 
 were those of 1294, 1341, 16:36. 1693, 1783. and the eruption 
 of Ilecl.a. from September 2. 1845. to April 6, 1846. on which 
 occasion the a.shes reached the (irkney Islands. The island 
 also contains numerous small mud-volcanoes and intermit- 
 tent thermal springs, in therhief of which, the Great Gevser 
 (phi'z-r.) the water, at a depth of 72 feet, is .30° above" "the 
 lx)iling point. Jets of water and stones are thrown at inter- 
 vals from this Gt-yser to hei.'hts varying from 90 to 100 feet 
 The immense reservoirs of snow and ice furnish inexhaustible 
 supplies to numerous lakes and rivers; but the latter, owin" 
 to the rug.'ed nature of the surf ice, are more remarkable for 
 their number than their length. The most de-erving of 
 notice are the Hvita. or White River, the Thiorsa."the 
 Jokuls^. and the .SkilCandafljot. The last two have each a 
 course of aViout 100 miles. The Hvita and the Thiorsil are 
 each about 150 miles in length. Both these rivers are as 
 large 60 miles from the sea as the Hudson at Pousrhkeepsie. 
 The most valuable minenil product is sulphur: s mi iir brand' 
 or lignite, is also worked to .some extent. The other niinernlg 
 deserving of notice are chalcedonies, rock-crvsfals. and the 
 well-known double refracting spar, for which the island hag 
 long been famous. On many parts of the coast, particularly 
 the W.. basaltic caves occur; that of Stappen is not unworthy 
 to be compai-ed with Fingal's Cave, in Staffa. 
 
 The climate is very variable; storms of extreme violence 
 are frequent; the summer is moist; in winter the sky is 
 dark and gloomy, but lighted up by brilliant displavs of the 
 aurora borealis. The temperature is more elevated than in 
 any other country in the same latitude: mean of year at 
 Reikiavik. 40° Fahrenheit; of the summer. 56°. and" of the 
 winter. 29°-.30. The S. coasts, washed by a prolongation of 
 the Gulf Stream, are much milder than the N.. and L'enerally 
 free from ice. Forests formerly abounded, but the island is 
 now destitute of trees. The want of fuel is .severely felt, 
 although theGuIf Stream and the polar currents occasionally 
 float drift-wood to its shores, and a fine white turf is used. 
 Nograinof any kind can be raised; but potatoes and garden 
 vegetables are cultivated. The Mora of Iceland is nearly 
 .lUied to that of Scandinavia, comprising mos.ses and a few 
 shrubs. The most important domestic animal is the sheep, 
 which, with the hoi-se. ox. pig, and dos. was introduced 
 fp-om Norway during the la.st centurv. The number of the 
 first is estimated at 606.000. of horses. 20.0(t0. and of homed 
 cattle, 24.0<X). Reindeer, introduced in 1770. now exi.st it 
 large herds, but are not domesticated. The polar i>ear it 
 sometimes cast on the shores from the northern ice-llelds. 
 Fish are very abundant on all the coast.s. and form the chief 
 support of the inhabitants. Birds are very numerous, the 
 most valuable of which is the eider-duck. No reptiles of any 
 kind exist in the island. There are few manufactures; and 
 the only commerce consists in the exchange of wool, butter, 
 skins, fish. oil. sulphur, and Iceland mos.s. The tr.ade has 
 hitherto been restricted to Icelandic and Danish vessels; 
 but. by a law of 1854. the ports of Reikiavik. Stvkkisholmj 
 Westman Islands. Akreyri. Isafiord, (Isafiorth,) and Seydis- 
 fiord. are now open to the commerce of the world. 
 
 The inhabitants belong to the .Scandinavian race. Their 
 language is peculiar to the island; it is moi-e nearly allied 
 to the old Norse than any other now spoken. They are 
 strongly attached to their country, and ho.spitable to 
 strangei-s. Iceland College, with 8 profe.=.5ors and al>out 80 
 students, is the only educational institution, except a few 
 schools; but domestic education is universal, and the people 
 are intelliirent. Their intellectual capacity is of a superior 
 order. Many of the most valual)le works of European 
 literature have bt>en translated into the native tongue; 
 and even the poems of Milfon are read and appreciated 
 at m.-\ny of the cottage firesides. The liefiirmation was 
 early introduced into Iceland, and has nowhere produced 
 nobler fruits. Almost all the inhabitants hold its doctrines 
 in their primitive purity and simplicity. In external pi-o- 
 fession they are Lutherans, the whole island forming a singly 
 bishopric. The civil division is into 20 fi/ylur or counties. 
 The governor, called Stiftamtman. is appointed by the king 
 of Denmark. The Althing, or legislative body, piimposixl of 
 26 members, foiie from each syslur. and six appointed by 
 the crown.) meet once in two'years at Reiki.HVik. Ail its 
 acts must be ratified by the king. 
 
 Iceland was first discovere<i by a Norwegian pirate in 870, 
 but was not permanently settled till a century after. Tlie 
 settlement continued to increa.se rapidly by the arrival of 
 new settlers; and in the beffinning of the tenth century 
 the inhabitants formed themselves into a republic, which 
 existed for nearly 400 years. In the thirteenth centuiv it 
 be<ame subject to Norw"ay. and. through it. in 1:!.^0. to lien- 
 mark, with which it stillremains. Pop. in 1703. 5'>.t44: in 
 
 1804. 46.349; in 1843.57.180; and in 1851, 60,000. Adj. 
 
 Icelan'dic; inhab. Icf.'la.vder. « 
 
 ICK'S FERRY, a post-office of ^lononcalia co..W.Virginia 
 
 ICH'AWAY-NOCH'AWAY CREEK, a fine mill-stream of 
 Georgia, enters Flint River in Baker county. 
 
 ICn.VWUR. p-chaw'er. a town of Hindastan. dominion, 
 and 32 miles S.W. of Bhopaul, comprising about lOOo houoes 
 
ICH 
 
 IGL 
 
 ICHKNIIAUSEN, iK'en-hSw^zfn, a market-town of Ba- 
 variii, on the (iilnz. 6 miles S.K. of GUn/.burg. Pop. 2573. 
 
 ICUENIIKIM, lK'en-hime\ a village of Baden, circle of 
 MHUle Uhine. near the Rhine. Pop. 1254. 
 
 ICIlKPUCiv.KSAS'tiA, a post-ofRce of Ilillsborough co., 
 Florida. 
 
 ICUTER01IR5I, iK'tfr-GhJm\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders. 12 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 5659. 
 
 ICIITERSIIAUSE\,iK'ters-hdwV?n, a market-town of Ger- 
 many, duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 12 miles E.S.E. of Qotha, 
 on the Gei-a. Pop. 789. 
 
 ICH-IIJ. a pashallc of Asia :Minor. See Itchelee. 
 
 ICIILIM A N. a town of European Turkey. See iTcnuMAN. 
 
 ICK'BOKaUlill, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ICK'ENIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 ICKESBUKG. iks'burg, a post-village of Perry co., Penn- 
 gylvani.a. 40 miles W.X.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 ICK'KOKD. a parish of England, cos. of Bucks and Oxford. 
 
 ICK'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ICIvLEFOItD. ik'el-fiird, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 ICKLESII.V.M, ili'elii-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Sussex. 
 
 ICKLETOX. ik'el-ton, a parish, England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 ICK'LINGIIA-M', a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ICK'WOKTH. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ICO or ICCO, ee'ko. a town of Brazil, the most mercantile 
 and populous of the province of Ceara, on the Salgado, 
 near its junction with the JaguarilHj. 32 miles N.N.E. of 
 Crato. Pop., including the district, 7000. 
 
 ICOD, ee-kod', or FED DE LOS VINOS, fJd d.^ loce veen'- 
 yoce, a town on the W. coast of the island of Xenerlffe, in 
 the Canaries. Pop. 5479. 
 
 I-COli-M-KILL, in the Hebrides, Scotland. See Iona. 
 
 ICOXIUM. See KoNiErr. 
 
 ICO'N I CM. apost-otlice of Appanoose co., Indiana. 
 
 ICULISJIA. See Anooulesme. 
 
 I'CY C.\PE, Russian .America, in the Arctic Ocean, about 
 midway between Capes North and Lisburne. and the north- 
 erly point reached by Cook, in 1778. Lat. 70° 20' N., Ion. 
 i«i° 4t)' W. 
 
 l'l)\. a new county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of about 400 sqtiare miles. It is traversed by the 
 Inyan Yankey, or Tjittle Sinux River, an affluent of the 
 Missouri. Poimlation in l^TO, 43. 
 
 ID.4., a post-tciwnsliip of Monroe Co., Michigan. 
 
 IDA. (t'da) .MOUNT, (Turk. Kaz-Tagh, kdztdg,) a famous 
 mountain of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, near the head of the 
 Gulf of Adraniyti, and 30 miles S.E. of the plain of Troy. 
 Lat. 36" 12' N., Ion. 26° 54' E. 
 
 IDA. MOUNT, of Crete. See Psilorah. 
 
 IDA, NAOY, n5ilj-ee'<!fih\ a market-town of North Hun- 
 gary. CO. of Aba-ujvar, 9 miles S.S.W. of Ka.shau. Pop. 1732. 
 
 I'DANH.\-N0V.\, e-ddn'y3-no'vd, a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of IJeira, 13 miles E. of C.astello-Braneo. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ID.\R. ee'dar, a village of Germany, duchy of Oldenburg, 
 near Oberstein. I'op. 1312. 
 
 ID'BUKY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 IDDAIL a town of Guinea. See Attafi. 
 
 ID'DESLEIGH. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 IDE. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ID'EKi)I!D. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 IDEGE^I. eeMe-ghSra\avil!ageof Belgium, East Flanders, 
 25 miles S.S.E. of Ghent, on the Dender. Pop. 1217. 
 
 I'DHN, a parish'of England, co, of Su.ssex. 
 
 IDIAZAB.^L, e-De-d-tliJ-bil', a town of Spain, province of 
 Guipuzcoa. 27 miles S. of San Sebastian. Pop. 1087. 
 
 IDI.VSK, e-dinsk', a village or town of Siberia, government, 
 and SO miles N.W. of Irkootsk. on the Angara. 
 
 IDJENG. id-jJng'. an active volcano at the E. end of the 
 Island of .Tava, province of Bezoeki, 10,170 feet high. A 
 fearful eruption of the mountaintook pl.ace in January, 1817. 
 
 I'DLE, a river of Englaisd. co. of Nottingham, after a 
 N.E. course, joins the Trent at West Stockwith. 
 
 IDLE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 IDLESTREE, a parish of England. See El^STiiEE. 
 
 ID'LICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 ID'MISTON, a parish of England.- co. of Wilts. 
 
 IDR.V. an island of Greece. See IItdra. 
 
 IDRI.\., id're-a or ee'dre-d, a river of .\ustria, in Carnlola, 
 joins the Isonzo after a course of about 45 mile.s. 
 
 IDltl.A.. a mining town of Illyrt.a. in Carniola. in an Al- 
 pine valley. 23 miU's W.S.W. of Laybach. Pop. 4439. It has 
 2 large churches and an old castle. Its celebrated quiek- 
 6llver-mine employs upwards of 600 workmen, and, next 
 to those of Almaden, in Sp.ain, it is the richest in Europe. 
 From 3200 to 3500 hundredweights of quicksilver are pro- 
 .iuced annually. 
 
 IDRO, ee'dro. or IDRO-ALTO, ee'dro dl'to, (anc, E'drum,) a 
 sc'hU town of Northern Italy, province, and IS miles N.N.E. 
 of b: -^st'ia. pleasantly situated on a declivity on the S.E. shore 
 *f the lake of the same name. Pop, 1811. 
 
 IDR(). LAKE. (anc. Edri'niix La'cuf,) in Northlt.aly, 17 
 miles N. of Brescia, is intermediate between the lakes of 
 G.irda and Iseo. Length from N. to S., 7 miles: greatest 
 breadth, IJ miles ; depth, about 400 feet. It is traversed by 
 
 the Chiese, an affluent of the Po ; and ft has on its W. side 
 the fortre.ss of Rocca d'Anfo. 
 
 ID-STEDT. id'st^tt, a village of Denmark, duchy, and 5 
 miles N.N,W. of Sleswiek. A battle was fought here In 
 1850, between the Danes and Sleswiok-IIolsteiners. 
 
 IDSTEI.X, id'stine. a town of Germany, duchy of Nassau, 
 15 miles N. of Jlentz. Pop. 1987. 
 
 IDU.M/E-\, id-u-mee'a. or IDUOIE, an ancient coi->.try 
 of Western Asia, comprising the mountainous tract on the 
 E. side of the great valleys of El-Ghor and El-Arabah, ^nd 
 AV. and S.W. of the Dead Sea, with a portion of Arabia. It 
 is divided into the two districts of Jebal and Esh-i^herah, 
 
 both occupied by various tribes of Bedouin Arabs. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Ibumjeax. id-u-mee'an. 
 
 IDUM.\NI.\, a river of England. See Black Water. 
 
 IDVOIi, idVor', a village of Hungary, in Banat, on the 
 Temes, 51 miles S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 2300. 
 
 I EDO. a city of .Tapan. See Yebdo. 
 
 lEKATERINBURG, in Russia. See Yek.werinbooRQ. 
 
 lEKATERINODAR. See Yekaterinodar. 
 
 lEKATERINOGRAD. See Ykkateuinograd. 
 
 lEKATERINOSLAV. in Russia. See YekaterinoslAV, 
 
 lELETZ, a city of Itussia. See Yelet.s. 
 
 lELISAVETGRAD. See Yeu.savetgrad. 
 
 lELSI, e-fl'see, a town of South Italy, in Naples, provin"* 
 of .Molise. 9 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2200. 
 
 lENIDJE. SeeYExrojE. lENIKALI. Se.' Yesikau. 
 
 lERN'E. See Ireland. lENlSEI. See Yenisei. 
 
 lESI or JESI, e-A/see, (anc. JE'H.'>.) a walled town of Italy 
 in the ^larches, about 15 miles S.W. of Ancona, on the left 
 bank of the Esino. Pop. 9000. It is a bishop's see. 
 
 I ESO. See Yesso. I ETZE. See Jetze. IE VST. See Yetst. 
 
 IF, eef an islet oft the S. coast of France, department of 
 Bouches-du-Rh6ne, opposite Marseille •, and wholly occupied 
 with a fortress. It owes its name to the yews (t/s) with 
 which it was originally covered. 
 
 IFFENDIC, eefYftxoMeek', a market town of France, de- 
 partment of Ille-et-Vilaine. 4 miles W. of Mnntfort. P. 4464. 
 
 IFFE7.IIEIM, if'fjts-h:me\ or IFFESHEIM, ir'fe,s-hime\ 
 a vill.age of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Rhine, the 
 steamboats on which have a station here. Pop. 1366. 
 
 I'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Su.ssex. 
 
 IFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IFL.\NEE or IFLA.NI, e-flil'nee. an upland region of Asia 
 Minor, In .\natolia, S.E. of Amaserah, with a mean elevation 
 to 2500 feet, and in which are the two villages of Iflanee of 
 Kastamoonee, and Tflanee of Zafaran Boli. 
 
 IF'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 IF'ORD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 IF'TON, a parish of England, co. of Monmoxith. 
 
 IFTON-RHEY'N, (ri'n.) a township of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 IGA, ee'gi, a seaport town of Japan, island of Niphon, 
 capital of a district of its own name, on the W. coast of th« 
 Bay of Owari, 100 miles E.S.E. of Miako. 
 
 IG.\L. ee'gfil'. a market-town in Huncarv, co. of Sumegh, 
 
 34 miles N.N.W. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 1560. 
 IG.\TTMI, e-gi-te-mee', a river of South America, joins 
 
 the right bank of the Parana, in lat. 24° 40' S., after » 
 winding course of about 200 miles. Its navigation is much 
 obstructed by cataracts, no fewer than 20 occurring within 
 a space of 20 miles. 
 
 IGEA or IXEA, e-nh'L or-IQEA DE CORNAGO,e-H:\'.^d.i. 
 koR-n3/..,-o, a town of Spain, on the Alhama, province, and 
 
 35 miles S.E. of Logrofio. Pop. 1910. 
 
 IGEL, ee'ghel, at town of Rhenish Prussia, government, 
 and 5 miles S.W. of Treves, near the left bank of the Moselle. 
 Pop. 411. 
 
 IGELHEIM, ee'gel-hlme\ or TGGELHEIM,ig/gbel-hime\ 
 a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 7 miles N.W^. of Speyer. Pop. 
 1156. 
 
 IGHTERMURROCH, InHgr-mllR'roH, a parish of Ireland, 
 Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 IGHTFIELD. ikt'feeld. a p.arish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 IGHTHAM, ikt/am a parish of England, co. of Kent. In 
 the vicinity is an old moated mansion, and extensive Roman 
 fortifications. 
 
 IGILIUM. See Giglio. 
 
 IGLAU, iglOw, written also IGLAW and GIIIAWLA, 
 ghe-hdv'ld, (h. Igldh'ia.) a town of Moravia, on thelglawa, 49 
 miles W.N.W. of Brtlnn. Pop. 16,553. It has three sub- 
 urbs, several churches, a gymnasium, and a high school, 
 with extensive manufactures of woollen cloth, paper, vine- 
 gar, colors, potash, and glass-wares, and a flourishing com 
 and transit trade. Silver and lead are raised from neigh- 
 boring mines. 
 
 IGLAWA, ig-ia'*a, IGLAVA, ig-li'vi or IGLA, igld, a 
 river of Moravia, joins the Schwarza, 19 miles S. of Briinn; 
 cour.se. 70 miles south-eastwardly. 
 
 IGLESI.\S, e-glA'se-ds, a town of Sardinia, division, and 
 32 miles W^.N.W. of Cagliari. near the W. coast of the island. 
 Pop. 12.455. It is enclo.sed by ruined fortifications, and hag 
 a cathedral, a handsome episcopal palace, several convents, 
 a Jesuits' college, and a trade in wine. 
 
 IGLESUELA. e-glA-sw.'^ni, a town of Spain, New Castile, 
 52 miles W.N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 748. 
 
IGL 
 
 IGLESUELA-DKL-CTD, e-gli-swi1il-aJl-theeD, a town of 
 Spain, in Arajion, province of Terufl. Pop. Cy.S. 
 
 I3L0, ig'W, (Gut. Aeialorf, noi'doKf.) a market-town of 
 North H uugary. co. of Zips, on the Ifernad, 7 miles S. of 
 Leuts'-lu a. l*op. 5900. It lias a large Roman Catholic 
 church, ft town-hall, in which the business of many sur- 
 rounding privileged towns i.s conducted, a board of miues, 
 smelting works for copper and iron, and some trade in flax 
 and liueu fabrics. 
 
 l(iLOCi'LIK\ a small island of British Xorth America, in 
 Fury and Ilecla Strait, lut. 69=^ 21' N.. Ion. Sl° 53' W. It.s 
 mean annual temperature in 1S23 was, by 8700 observa- 
 tions, found to be 5°.71 Fahrenheit, the highest tempera- 
 ture in J uly, 1823. being 59°. and the lowest in January of 
 the same j'ear. minus 45° Fahrenheit. 
 
 KIN AGIO, (ig-ni'seo,) ISLAND, a group in the Gulf of 
 California, off the coast of the Mexican State of Cinaloa. 
 
 ItiK.WDE, a town of France. See Yorande. 
 
 lOUAPIUXA, e-gri-pe-oo/ni, a town of Brazil, province 
 of IJahia. near the town of Sao Jorge-dos-Ilheos. Pop. 1000. 
 
 IGUA^U, IGUAZU, e-gwj-soo', a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 21 miles A.W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 4000. It has a 
 oon.sidenible trade by the river Igua^ to Kio Janeiro. 
 
 IGL'AgU, IGUAZU or CUKIXIBA, koo-re-tet^bi, a river 
 of Brazil, forms the boundary between the provinces of Sao 
 Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. and joins the Parana, in lat. 
 26° S., Ion. 64° 45' W., after a W. course of 250 miles. It is 
 navigable only by canoes, owing to its numerous falls. See 
 
 CURITIBA. 
 
 IGUALADA, e-gwi-Wni, (anc. Aquce Lata f) a town of 
 Spain, province, and 33 miles N.AV. of Barcelona, on the 
 Koya. Pop. 10,095. It stands on an eminence, and has a 
 fine new suburb, with airy, well-planted walks. Chief pub- 
 lic buildings, the parish church, college, hospit.nl, aud 
 cavalry liarracks. It has manuCtctures of cotton gooils, 
 cotton and woollen thread, hats, and tire-arms, with brandy 
 distilleries ; and in its neighl)orhood are sever.-jl paper-mills. 
 
 IGUALAP.A.. e-^wi-ld'pi. a small town of Mexico, depart- 
 ment, and 180 miles S.S.W. of La Puebla. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 IQUALEJA, e-gwd-li/nl, a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, aud 42 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1431. 
 
 IGUAPE. e-gwS'p.i, a river of Brazil, outers the Atlantic 
 about 85 miles S.W. of Santos, after a tortuous E. course 
 of 150 miles, in much of which extent it is navigable. 
 
 IGUAPK, a town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, on the 
 S. bank of Iguape River, near its mouth. It h.os a good har- 
 bor, and exports rice and timber. Pop. with district. 8000. 
 
 IGL'ARAgU. e-gwi-rd-soo', IGUAKASSU, e-gwd-ris-soo', 
 a town of Brazil, and the earliest founded in the province 
 of Peruambueo, from which city it is distant 20 miles N.N'.W. 
 It stands on a height, besides the IguaraQU. (Iguaiassu.) 
 a tribuUry of the Upper Parnabil)a. Pop. 5000. 
 
 IGli.MKX, e-goo-men'. a town of Ru.ssia, government, and 
 38 miks E.S.E. of Minsk, on the Beresiua. Pop. 1100. 
 
 IGUVIUM. SeeGuBBio. 
 
 IHA, ee'i, a village of the Malay Archipelogo, island of 
 Saparooaor Iloni-moa. 
 
 IIIAllOS-BEKKXy, ee'hShVosh'-bi'rJS', a market-town 
 of Hungary, co. of Sumegh, 20 miles N.E. of Kopreiuitz. 
 Pop. 1240. 
 
 IHN.\, ee'nj, a river of Prussia, province of Pomerania. 
 enter.s theDammsche-see, an arm of the Stettiner-IIalf, 9 mile." 
 K. uf Stettin. Length 55 miles. 
 
 lUIU.NGEN'. ee'ring-fn, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Khine, bailiwick, and near Breisach. Pop. 220. 
 
 IJ. a river of Holland. See Y. 
 
 1J'.\MSVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., Slaryland, 
 70 miles N',VV. of Annapolis. 
 
 IJIGHINSK, a river or gulf of Siberia. See JuiaiNSK. 
 
 IJMA. a river of Russia. See Izhma. 
 
 IJO. ee'yo. a small river of Finland, flows into the Gulf 
 of Bothnia, near its N. extremity. 
 
 IJSLA.VD. Sea Iceland. 
 
 IK. ik. two rivers of Russia, government of Orenboorg. 
 the principal of which joins the Kama. 20 miles N.W. of 
 Menselinsk. after a N.W. course of about 200 miles. 
 
 IKARMA, e-kaWmd, one of the Koorile Islands, Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 IKAZN'I. e-k.^z'nee. a market-town of Russia, government 
 of Minsk. 44 miles W.X.W. of Disna. Pop. 1200. 
 
 IKE-AUAL-.\t)R. ee-kA-aVil'-nor', or IKE-AR.\L-XOOR. 
 a lake of the Chinese Empire, in Mongolia, Kbrilkas Terri- 
 tory, near the E. frontier of SoongaHa. between lat. 47° and 
 48° X.. and intersected by the meridian of 90° E. longitude. 
 Length. 40 miles: average breadth, 20 miles. It receives 
 several considerable streams, but has no known outlet. 
 
 I'KKX. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 IK ERV.\K, ee'k^iiVda'. a market-town of Hungary, co, of 
 Elsonburg, 73 mileg S.S.E. of Vienna. It has two elegant 
 castles, with an extensive park, and fine gaixlens, formerly 
 belonging to Count Rjitthyany. Pop. 1000. 
 
 IKLOD.A^. ik'liAiah\ a village of Hungary, co., and 23 
 miles S. I :. of Tenii'svar. on the Bogania. Pop. 1782. 
 
 IKoltKTS or IKORETZ, e-ko-rks', a river of Ru-ssia, joins 
 the left bank of the Don, after a course of about 60 miles. 
 890 
 
 ILH 
 
 IKUOPA, e-kro'pi, or IKIOPA, e-ke-o'pj, a river of Mada- 
 gascar, rises in the province of Ankova, and fells into 
 Bombetoc Bay, N.W. coast cf Madagascar, being known 
 during the latter part of its course by the name of the 
 Bombetoc. It is navigable to Maro.a-be, ab<iut 25 miles 
 from the sea. Entire length, alx)ut 270 miles. 
 
 I'L.iM. a village and parish of England, oo. of Stafford, 9 
 miles E.X.E. of Cheadle. 
 
 I'L.\XMORE\ an island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. 
 of Inverness, i a mile X. of Coll. and abjut 1 mile in circuit. 
 rL.\NKO.\.N, rian-ron', a small island of Hebrides, in 
 Scotland, co. of Inverness, S. of Oransay. 
 
 ILANXERACH, Man'ter-dK, a small island of Hebrides, 
 in Scotl.and, co. of Inverness, E. of Oransay. 
 
 ILAXZ. ee'Unts. a small town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Grison.s. and the capital of the "Grev League," on the Upper 
 Rhine, 17 miles W.S.W.of Chur. Pop. 57'4. 
 
 ILBOXO. il-lxyno. a village of Sardinia^ division, and 
 about 30 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1100. 
 
 IiyCHESTER or IV/ELCilESTER. (anc. /vc/iaZw.) a mar- 
 ket-town and pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset, on the 
 ancient Foss-way and the Ivel. here crossed by a stone 
 bridge, 4i miles S.S.E. of Somerton. J'op. in 1S.51, 889. It 
 was a Romau station, and a considerable town of the ancient 
 Belgas. Roger Bacon was born at the Friary, in the year 
 1214. 
 
 IL/CHESTER MILLS, a post-ofSce of Howard co., Mary- 
 land. 
 IIXHI, a town of Toorkistan, See Khote\, 
 IiyDEKTON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 ILE AUX MOIXE,S, See Sept Isles, 
 ILE DE FEB, Canary Islands. See Ferro. 
 ILE DE FRANCE, an island in the Indian Ocean. See 
 Mauritius. 
 
 ILE DE FRANCE, eel deh frSxss, ("Isle of France,") an 
 old province of France, of which the capital was Paris, now 
 forming the five department of Siineet-^ >ise. Seine-et-Marne, 
 Aiane, Oise. and parts of Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, and Y^onne, 
 ILE DES FAISAXS, See Faisans. 
 
 ILE DES ROCII ES, eel dA rosh, (i. e. " Isle of rocks,") one 
 of the Seychelles Islands, in the Indian Ocean. 
 
 ILE D'YEU or ILE DIEU, a fortified island of France, in 
 the Atlantic. See Isle Dieu. 
 
 ILEK, e-Uk', a river of Siberia, rises in the government of 
 Irkoot-sk, flows X.N.W., aud after a course of about 200 miles 
 joins the Angara. 
 
 ILEKSKOI-GORODEK, e-ljk-skoi' go-ro-dSk'. or ILETSKT, 
 e-lAt'skee. a fortified town of Russia, government, and 78 
 miles S.W. of Orenboorg, at the conUuouce of the llek and 
 Ural Rivers. Pop. 2000. 
 ILERDA. See LemdA. 
 . ILES'BOROUGH. a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 
 ILES DINSXrrUT. eel dLN°'steeHii'. a group of islands 
 off the N.W. coast of Australia, opposite the entrance of 
 Admiralty Gulf, respectively named after the distinguished 
 French authors, Fenelon, Moutesnuieu, Pascal, Descartes, 
 Corneille, and Condillac. 
 
 Il/FORD, GREAT, is a ward and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Essex, in the parish of Barking, with a village on the 
 Roding. and on the Eastern Counties Railway. 7 miles E.NE. 
 of London. Pop. 3742. It has a modern Gothic chur<;h. a 
 hospital, founded in the time of Henry II., and house of 
 correction for the S. part of the county of E.ssex. 
 IiyFORD. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 ILFRACOMBE. il'fra-koom, a seap)rt town and p.arish of 
 England, co, of Devon! on its N. coast, 9^ miles N.X.H;. of 
 Barnstaple. Pop. of town, 2855. It consists mostly of a 
 long street, and a good terrace facing the sea. Its harbor is 
 enclo.sed by a bold, rocky coast and a pier 850 feet in length ; 
 it affords secure anchorage to vessels of 230 tons, and \f 
 defended by a battery, adjacent to which is a liiht-house 
 The town has an active fishery and co.asting trade. It is 
 also frequented as a t)athing-place. Steam-packets run con- 
 tinually between it aud Bristol, Swaniva. and Milford. 
 
 ILtJELDI. il-ghJl'dee, a village of West Asia. 46 miles 
 N.X.W. of Khiva. It is surrounded by a good wall, and is 
 Inhabited by Oozheks. 
 
 ILGUUN or ILGUX, eeVgoon'. a Large .and wretched vil- 
 lage of A.sla Minor, pa.sh.alic of Karamania. 43 miles X.W. 
 of Konieh. lat. 38° 9' X.. Ion. .•52° E.. with some Alohara- 
 medan edifices, classic remains, and two lakes in its vicinity. 
 ILH A, eel'yj. a Portuguese word, signifying "island," 
 forming a part of many names in Brazil. &c. 
 
 ILHA DUGOVERXADOR. eel'yj do gov-*R-n3-doR'. ("Go- 
 vernor's Island,") an island of Brazil, province of Rto de 
 .Taneiro. in the bay. 7 miles N.of Rio .Janeiro. Its length is 
 6 miles; breadth, i mile. It is populous, and well cult! 
 vated. 
 
 ILHA GRANDE, eel'yl grin'd^, ('Great Island,") an i» 
 land of Brazil, province, and 68 miles W.S.W. of Rfci de Ja- 
 neiro, in the Bay of .\ngra. Length from E. to W., 15 miles; 
 greatest breadth. 8 miles. It produces sugaranl coffee, and 
 has several good anchorages, resorted to by whale-ships ; on 
 its W. side is the village of Santa .\na. Pop. 20 )0. 
 ILHA GRANDE,a town of Brazil. SeeANORA bos lUts 
 
ILII 
 
 ILL 
 
 IlillATO. eel-y3/vo, a town of Portugal, prcvince of Beira, 
 4 miles S. of Aveiro, near the Atlantic. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ILIIKOS. eel-yi'oce. four small i.slauds of Brazil, close to 
 the coast of the province of Babta, formerly calletj the Capi- 
 tani:i of ,Tor};e-de-Fi-;ueire-do-Correa, and now comprising one 
 of the comarcas of Bahia. 
 
 ILL a town of Central Asia. See Eelek. 
 
 ILICI. See Ei,cue. 
 
 ILIDJAII. See li.UAH. 
 
 ILLTAII or ILIDJAIL e-lid'ja. a village of Asiatic Turkey, 
 (anc. Eliyifa.) pashalic, and 8 miles W. of Krzroom, and near 
 whi'-h Pompey defeat^'d Slithridates. 
 
 ILIJAII or ILlDJAII.avilla^eof Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, 
 and 70 miles W.N.W. of Diarljekir, on the Euphrates. 
 
 ILIM, e-lim' or e-leem', a river of Siberia, government of 
 Irkootsk, tributary to the Angara. Total course, 180 miles. 
 On it is Ilimsk, a fortified post, 300 miles N. of Irkootsk. 
 
 ILINigA, ILINIZA, e-le-nee'sd, or ILIXISSA, e-le-nis'sj, 
 (improperly written ILINCA,) a mountain peak of the 
 Andes, in Kcuador. Lat. 30° S. Height, 17,380 feet. 
 
 IL'ION, Herkimer co.. New York. See Appendix. 
 
 ILISKII, e-lis'eh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 
 53 miles N.E. of Diurbekir, with 750 Mohammedan, and 
 upwards of 200 Armenian families. It is named after the 
 adjacent warm springs. 
 
 ILISSUS, e-lis'sda, a little rivulet of Greece, in Attica, rises 
 near the village of Aleti, flows S.W.. skirting Athens on the 
 S., and enters the Porto Phanari, E. of the Piraeus, after a 
 total course of 10 miles. It is said to have been once a much 
 more considerable stream. 
 
 ILITSI. a town of Toorkistan. See Khoten 
 
 ILIVATS, Uje name of the Nomad tribes of Persia. See 
 Eels. 
 
 lUKESTON, a market'town and parish of England, co. of 
 Derby, with a station on the Erwash Valley Hallway, 8 miles 
 E.N.E. of Derby. The town, situated on a lofty hill, is 
 moderately well built of brick, plentifully supplied with 
 ■water, well lighted with gas, and rapidly increasing in 
 population. The church is a fine ancient edifice, having 
 been partly built in the time of Stephen, with a lofty tower, 
 erected in 1737; and there are several Dissenting chapels, a 
 mixed British, and two national schools; together with a 
 mei-hanics' institution and library. The principal manu- 
 factures carried on here are those of hosiery in all its 
 branches, together with silk edgings, lace, silk mittens, and 
 a very superior silk fabric, which is afterwards dressed in 
 Yorkshire, and made into gloves in London. A considerable 
 number of the inhabitants are also employed in mining 
 co.il atid ironstone. The Erwash and Nutbrook Canals 
 intersect the town. Pop. in 1851, (3122. 
 
 ILK'LKY. (anc. OVcaimt) a parish and township of Eng- 
 land, CO. of York, West Biding. 
 
 ILL, eel, a river of France, rises near Altkirch. department 
 of Ilaut-Bhin, flows N.of Strasbourg, and joins the Uhine 
 on the left. Length 100 miles. Navigable for 62 miles. 
 
 ILL, eel, a river of Austria, falls Into the Hhine l-t miles 
 S. of Laks Constance. Total course, alwut 50 miles. 
 
 ILLAH.\.SCO, a lake of Central America. See CojutepeQue. 
 
 ILLAN'A, eel-yl/nd. a town of Spain, New Castile, province 
 of (luadalajara, 40 miles E.S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1407. 
 
 ILLANCSA, iriOn'chOh\ a village of Hungary, in the 
 Banat, 42 miles S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 3110. 
 
 ILL ANON, ll-ld nOu', or ILL AN A. il-ld'na. a bay of the Ma- 
 lay Archipelago, forming a wide inlet of the Celebes Sea, ex- 
 tending into the Island of Mindanao, on its S.W. side. 
 Length and breadth, 70 miles each. It is infested by pirates. 
 
 ILLAIIY, an island of Scotland. SeelLLERAT. 
 
 ILLA3I, 11 ll'see, a village of Austrian Italy, 9 miles 
 E.N.E. of Verona. Pop. 1550. 
 
 ILLATS, ee^ySts', a village of France, department of Gi- 
 ronde, 19 miles S.S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1030. 
 
 ILL AU, il'15w, (Hun. lUava, il'Wh'vOh'.) a market-town of 
 North Hungary, co., and 10 miles N.E.of Trentschin, on the 
 Waair. Pop. 1223. 
 
 IL'LAWAlfKA, a maritime district of New South Wales, 
 CO. of Camden, about 50 miles from Sydney. Area, about 
 150,000 acres. It contains a fine lake of the same name. 
 
 ILLE, eel, a town of France, department of Pyr6ii6es- 
 Orientiiles, on the Tet, 10 miles E.N.E. of Prndes. Pop. 32(52. 
 
 ILLE, a river of France, department of llle-et-Vilaine, 
 rises in the itang Boulet, flows S. 18 miles, and joins the 
 Vilaine at Kennes, It communicates with the Canal of the 
 lUe and Uance. 
 
 ILLE-ET-V^IL.\INE, eel-i-veo'lJn', a maritime depart- 
 ment in the N.W. of France, on the English Channel, form- 
 tnL' part of the old province of Normandy. Area. 2554 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1861, 584,930. The sui-face is flat, and covered 
 on the N. with forests, dunes, and marshes. The chief rivers 
 are the Vilaine. Hie, Couesnon, and Kanee. A portion of the 
 department is traversed by the Canal of Hie and Bance on 
 the N., and that of Nantes and Brest on the S. Corn, to- 
 bacco, hemp, and flax are important crops, and cider is 
 extensively made. The minerals comprise iron, lead, build- 
 Btoues, and potters'-clay. Manufactures of hempen and 
 Uneu thread, and sailcloth are extensively carried on; 
 
 the other branches of industry are iron forging, glas? 
 making, and tanning. Oysters are largely exported from 
 Cancale. The department is divided into the arrondisse- 
 ments of Bennes — the capital, V'ougeres, Montfort, Ittaou 
 St. Malo, and Vitre. 
 
 ILLEK. il'lgr, a river of South ciermany, rises in the Tyrol 
 flows mostly northward through Bavaria, and along tnc 
 frontier of WUrtemberg, and joins the Danulje about 2 mileg 
 above Ulm; course, 85 miles. The principal affluent is the 
 Aurach; on it are the towns of Imnierstadt and Kempten. 
 Its banks were, in ISOO, the scene of many engagements b«v 
 tween the French and Austrians. 
 
 IL'LEHAY^ or IL'LARY,on the Hebrides, Scotlan d, co. of 
 Inverness. Length. alx)ut 4 miles; breadth, IJ miles. P. 80. 
 
 ILLEUTISSEN, iller-tis^sfu, a market-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Swabia, on the lUer, 38 miles W.S.W. of Augsburg. 
 Pop. 1145. 
 
 ILLESC.AS, il-lJs'kiis, (anc. lllacuris.f) a town of Spain, 
 province of Toledo, 22 miles S.W. of Madrid. Pop. 20UU 
 
 ILLIBERIS. See Tech. 
 
 ILLTCI or ILLICE. See Elche. 
 
 ILLIEUS, ee'yA' or eel\vi\', a town of France, dep. of Eure- 
 et-Loir, on the Loir, 15 miles S.W. of Chartres. Pop. 3130. 
 
 ILLIM.4NI, eePyi-mi'ne, one of the loftiest mountains of 
 the Bolivian Andes, East Cordillera, about 25 miles E.S.E. 
 of La Paz. from which its appearance is singularly maje.'^tio 
 and imposing. It is a serrated ridge, with four principiU 
 peaks, the northernmost of which is in lat. 16° 37' 50" S., 
 Ion. 67° 49' 39" W. Three of the loftiest summits are of the 
 following elevations, respectively — S. peak, 21,149 feet above 
 sea-level, middle peak, 21.094 feet, and N. peak, 21.000. The 
 snowy part of the East Cordillera begins with the gi'.:antic 
 mass of the llliniani, and proceeds in a continuous line of 
 snow-clad peaks to the group of Vilcanota. where it unites 
 with the Cordillera of the Coast. It dei'ives its name from 
 being perpetu.^Uy covered with snow. On its N. side it has 
 glaciers above the height of 16,350 feet. On it also is the 
 Lake of Illimani, 15,950 feet above the sea. 
 
 ILLINCZE, il-linfsA. a village of Austriii, in Slavoni.i, 39 
 miles W.S.W. of Peterwardein, on the Bossut. Pop. 1174. 
 
 ILLINGEN, il'ling-gn, a village of South Germany, in 
 Wiirtemburg, 17 miles N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ILLINGEN, a village of South Germany, in Baden, near 
 the Rhine, 5 miles N. of Bastadt. Pop. 375. 
 
 IL'LINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ILLINOIS, iriin-oi'; the largest river in the state of Illi- 
 nois, is formed by the union of the river Des Plaines and 
 the Kankakee River, which unite at Dresden, in (irundy 
 county. It flows in a general south-westerly direction 
 nearly through the centre of the state, and falls into the 
 Mississippi about 20 miles above Alton. It is navigable in 
 high water (and is being improved so as to be iiaviijaMe at 
 all seasons) for steamboats to Ottjiwa, at the nmuth of Fo< 
 River, about 286 miles from its mouth. Length, exclusive 
 of branches, about 320 miles. Slore than 5(J steamboats are 
 plying upon this river. The most important town on the 
 bank of the Illinois Elver is Peoria, situated about 200 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 ILLINOIS, irUn-oi', one of the Western United States, is 
 bounded on the N. by Wisconsin, E. by Lake Michigan and 
 Indiana, from the last of which it is partly separated by the 
 Wabash River, S. by the Oliio River, which separates it from 
 Kentucky, and S.W. and W. by Missouri and Iowa, from 
 which it is separated by the Mississippi River. It lies be- 
 tween 37° and 42° 30' N. lat., and between 87° 30' and 91° 40-' 
 W. Ion., being a'xiut 380 miles in extreme length from N. to 
 S., and about 200 in its greatest, and 140 miles in its average 
 breadth, including 55,409 square miles, or 35,459.200 acres, 
 of which only! 3,096,374 acres were improved in 1S(J0, show- 
 ing an immense capacity for increase ot population In thi* 
 exuberantly fertile state, which has scarcely any soil uncul- 
 tivable. 
 
 JFlicf, of the Country. — Illinois is generally a table-land, ele- 
 vated from 350 to 800 feet above the level of the Gulf of 
 Mexico, with a general inclination from N. to S.. as indicate 
 by the course of the rivers. This state, generally speaking, 
 may be characterized as level, though there are elevated bluffs 
 on the Illinois River, and still higher ones on the Missis.sippl. 
 There is a small tract of hilly country in the S., and in the 
 N.W. is a good deal of broken land. Many of the prairieg 
 are quite small, but others are very large ; among the latter 
 is Grand Prairie, extending from Jackson county. In a N.E. 
 direction, to Iroquois county, and varying in width from 1 
 to more than 12 miles. This is probably the highest land 
 between the Mississippi and the Wabash. The prairie in 
 everywhere skirted with wood, and on its border is a cir- 
 cle of settlements, which have been here located on account 
 j of the timber. The prairies are intersper.sed with groups 
 I of trees, but the timber is generally sparse on them, which, 
 I however seems not to arise from any thing unfavoiable in 
 ' the soil, but from the annual burning of the prairie grass; 
 for, where this is prevented, a forest of young treys speedily 
 springs up, and farmers are thus enabled to proceed inward 
 j with settlements, as it were, tier after tier. "The prairies are 
 I not generally flat, but gracefully undulating, and profusely 
 ' 891 
 
ILL 
 
 ILL 
 
 decked with the s^reatest variety of beautiful wild flowers ol 
 every hue. which ravish the bpholder with delljjht. 
 
 Minerals. — Illinois has within her limits a larjre portion 
 of the crreat li'ad re^on. which she shares with Iowa and 
 Wisconsin. Galena, in the N.W. part of the state, is almost 
 wholly supported by trade in this mineral. More than 
 13,000,000 pounds (including that of Wisconsin) have been 
 smelted In one year Bituminous coal occurs in almost every 
 county, and may be often obtained without excavation. Vast 
 beds are found in the bluffs adjacent to the American Bottom. 
 A bed of anthracite coal is reported to have been discovered 
 in Jackson county. According to Taylor, the coiU-tields of Il- 
 linois occupy an area of 44.000 square miles. Copper abounds 
 In the N. part, on Plum Creek, and on the feckatonica 
 River. It has also been found in Jackson and Jlonroe coun- 
 ties. Iron exists in the S. part, and is said to be abundant 
 In the X. Lime, zinc, some silver, (rrporkd in St. Clair 
 county.) marble of a tine quality, freestone, gypsum, and 
 quartz crystals are the other minerals. There are .salt- 
 springs in Gallatin, Jackson, .and Vermilion counties. lea.«ed 
 by the state. Medicinal springs, chietly sulphur and chaly- 
 beate, are found in various parts, and one especially. In Jef- 
 ferson county, is much resorted to. In the .southern part 
 of the state is one strongly impregnated with Kpsom salts. 
 Others of medicinal properties are found between Ottawa 
 and Peru. 
 
 Jiivers. — The rivers of Illinois have generally cut chan- 
 nels through the table-land or plain which they drain, pre- 
 senting precipitous bluffs, sometimes close to the river's 
 brink, and at other times leaving an alluvion bottom be- 
 tween the river and the bluffs. The Mis.sissippi forms the 
 entire western, and the Ohio River the entire southern boun- 
 dary, giving the state commercial access to the great valleys 
 bearing the names of their re.spective rivers. The Illinois 
 Kivoris formed by the Kankakee from Indiana, and the Des 
 Plalnes from Wisconsin, in the N.E. of the stiite, and cross- 
 ing the middle of the state, after a course of 500 miles from 
 Its remotest source, empties itself into the Mississippi. The 
 Rock Kiver rises in Wisconsin, and the Kaskaskia in the 
 middle of Illinois; both fiow S.W. into the Mississippi. The 
 Sangamon empties itself into the Illinois SO miles above 
 Its mouth, after a westerly course of about 200 miles. 
 Besides the Kankakee, Des Plaines, and Fox Rivers, which 
 are its principal sources, the Illinois has a number of 
 smaller tributaries. The Wjibash, which receives the waters 
 that drain the E. part of the state, forms the E. boundary 
 for more than 100 miles. Lake Michigan bounds the st;ite 
 on the X.E. for (W miles, and adds greatly to its commercial 
 importance. Lake Peoria, an expansion of the Illinois River, 
 near the middle of the state, and Lake Pishtaka, in the N.E., 
 are the only other lakes of any importance. The Illinois 
 has a sluggish current, and in time of freshets the waters 
 of the Mississippi back up into it for 70 miles. It is n.^vi- 
 gable for steamboats 286 miles, and at high water boats pro- 
 ceed beyond the rapids above Vermilion River. Rock River 
 has obstructions near its mouth, but, notwithstanding, both 
 it and the Kaskaski.i, as well as the Sangamon and Spoon, 
 are navigable for a considerable distance at high water by 
 steamboats, and still higher for small boats. The Wabash 
 is navigable f>r steamboats beyond the point where it first 
 touches the Illinois bound;iry. The rivers tlowing into the 
 Wabash from Illinois are the A'ermilion, Kmliarras, and 
 Little Wabash, having courses of from 100 to 150 miles. The 
 Embarras is navigable for keel-boats. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Though Illinois presents 
 but few bold or very striking features to the view of the tra- 
 veller, she is not without her objects of interest to the lover 
 of nature. Her wide-spread prairies, decked with flowers of 
 every hue that can gratify the eye, and covered with waving 
 grass, convey, besides their quiet landscape beauty, a feeling 
 6f sublimity from their vastness, similar to that cre;ited by 
 viewing the ocean: and perhaps no natural objects in our 
 country would more strike the European than our prairies — 
 especially the Grand Prairie, wlilch has already been re- 
 ferred to. The river bluffs inspire the same sense of rugged 
 grandeur as mountains, though in a less degree. The most 
 remarkaMe of these are on the Mississippi, and are from 100 
 to 400 fe.it high. Fountain Hiuff, on the Mississippi River, 
 In Jiwkson county, is of an oval shape, C miles in circuit, 
 and 300 feet high. The top is full of sink-holes. Starved 
 Rock and Lover's Leap are each eminences on Illinois River. 
 The former is a perpendicular m.'iss of limestone and sand- 
 stone, 8 miles below Ottawa, and 150 feet above the river. 
 It received its name from a band of Illinois Indians having 
 taken refuge here, who, being s\irrounded by the Pottawa- 
 tomius, all died, not of starvation, but of thirst. Lover's 
 Leap i.» a ledge of precipitous ro<rks, some distance above 
 Starved Hock. On the opposite side of the river, and nearly 
 opposite to the Lover's Leap, is RufTalo Rock, 100 feet high, 
 precipitous next the river, but sloping inland. Hither the 
 Indians formerly drove the VmlTalo, and frighteninj; them 
 by shouts, caused them to crowd each other over the pre- 
 cipice. I'he Cave in the l{0(;k, in Hardin county, on the 
 banks of the Ohio, presents, as you approach it, the aptjear- 
 auce of a v;uit ui;ikii of riwks, some resembling castellated 
 
 ruins, and others jutting out irregularly, in a variety pf 
 forms. The entrance of the cave, which is tut little above 
 the bed of the river, is a semicircle, 80 feet wide and 25 feet 
 high. The cave ascends gradually from its entrance to the 
 extreme limit, 180 feet back from the mouth. A small open- 
 ing leads into the second cave, whose dimensions are not 
 known. This cave was, in 1797, the abode of a band of rob- 
 bers, who sallied out to rob the unfortunate boatmen and 
 emigrants. It has since been the abode of other bands of 
 robbers. The miners, in sinking their shafts in the lead re- 
 gion, often come upon caverns at the depth of 40, 70, and 
 even 100 feet, which present brilliant specimens of stalac- 
 tites, stalagmites, and other varieties of calcareous spar, and 
 resemblances of leaves, birds, animals. &c. In some caves, 
 sulphate of lime, in different crystalized forms, is found. 
 Near Cahokia is a mound 2000 feet in circumference, and W 
 feet high. There is great inducement for the sportsman to 
 visit Illinois, to shoot the prairie-hen, a species of pheasant 
 or grouse, and to fish for trout in the clear streams in the 
 northern part of the state. 
 
 Climate. Soil, and Productim)s. — Hlinois, extending through 
 more than 5° of latitude, has considerable variety of cli- 
 mate. Though somewhat milder than the Atlantic States 
 in the same parallels, there is great irregularity in the sea- 
 sons. Generally, there will not fall six inches of snow at 
 one time, which does not lie more than a few days, but at 
 distant intervals the rivers are frozen for two or thi-ee 
 months, and the snow lies for as long a period. The sum- 
 mers are hot, but mitigated by the fresh breezes from the 
 prairies. During 16 years, peach-trees blos.sonied from 
 .March 25th to April 20th. and apple-trees from April 1st to 
 May 3d. In the same period, the earliest frost was Septem- 
 ber 17th, but sometimes there is none till tiear the end of 
 October. Cattle often are unhoused during the whole winter. 
 The meteorological table kept at Muscatine, Iowa, (.see Iowa,) 
 will perhaps be a fair average representation of the tem- 
 perature of Illinois. 
 
 In agricultural capabilities Illinois is unsurpassed, if 
 equalled, by any state in the American Confederacy. In 
 some of her river-bottoms the soil is 25 feet deep, and the 
 upland prairies are but little inferior in fertility. The Great 
 American Bottom, lying on the Mi.ssis.sippi, between the 
 mouths of the Kaskaskia and Missouri liivers, is of exceed- 
 ing fertility, and has been cultivated for 100 years without 
 apparent deterioration. This bottom is about SO miles in 
 length, covering an area of 2S8,000 acres. On the river side 
 is a strip of heavy timber, with dense underwood, which 
 extends for 2 or 3 miles. The rest is mostly prairie to tho 
 E. limit, which is terminated by a chain of sandy or rocky 
 bluffs from 50 to '200 feet high. This fine region is, however, 
 not healthy, though probably capable of being made .«o by 
 dr.ainage. The Rock IMver country is another highly fertile 
 district, on the Rock River and its branches. Of the same cha- 
 racter are the regions about the Sangamon, Kaskaskia. and 
 other rivers. Other regions of Illinois are fertile; but tho.sa 
 mentioned pre-eminently so, producing not unfrequently 40 
 bushels of wheat and 100 of Indian corn to the acre. This 
 is especially true of the narrow river-bottoms immediately 
 adjacent to their banks. The prairies of this state are pecu- 
 liarly favorable to the raising of stock and the productions 
 of tlie dairy. Illinois stands first in the absolute aniuunt 
 of Indian corn and wheat, raised in tlio states of the Union- 
 according to the census of 1860. The other agriculturid 
 staples of Illinois are oats, Irish potatoes, hay, butter, 
 and cheese. Besides those, large quantities of rye, wool, 
 beans, jjeiis, barley, buckwheat, fruits, garde.n vegetables, 
 and some tobacco, sweet potatoes, wine, grass-seeds, hops, 
 hemp, flax, silk, maple-sugar, and molasses, beeswax and 
 honey, and the castor-bean are i)roduced. Of indige- 
 nous fruits, there are a variety of berries, plums, grapes, 
 crab-apples, wild cherries, persimmons, and the paw-paw 
 (a sweet, pulpy fruit, somewhat like the banana). Of 
 orchard fruits, the apple and peach flourish host, but 
 pears and quinces are cultivated with facility. Of nuts, tho 
 shellbiirk or hickory, walnut, butternut, a white walnut 
 and pecan abound. According to the census reports of 
 1S60, there were in Illinois 13,096,374 acres of inqiroved 
 land (7,815,615 being unimproved), producing 23,837,023 
 bushels of wheat. 961,-281 of rye; 115,174,777 of Indian 
 corn ; 15.220,029 of oats ; 108,028 of peas and beans ; 5,540,390 
 of Irish potatoes; 306,154 of sweet potatoes; 1,036,338 of 
 barley; 324,117 of buckwheat; 210,104 of grass seeds; 
 806,5S9 gallons of sorghum molasses ; 6,885,262 pounds of 
 toljacco; 1,989,567 of wool; 28,052,551 of butter; 1.848,557 
 of cheese; 66,730 of beeswax ; 1,346,803 of honey ; 1,774,554 
 tons of hay; live stock, valued at $72,501,'2'25; or- 
 cliard products at $1,126,3*23, and slaughtered animals, at 
 $15,032,4.'?3. 
 
 F'lrcst Trees. — Illlnoiscontainsabundanceoftimber, which, 
 however, is not equally diffused. The occupation of tlie coun- 
 try will, however, remedy tliis deficiency (even in parts w here 
 there is now a scarcity) by protecting the young ti-ees from 
 tho ravages of the prairie fires. The bottom lanHs have a 
 rich growth of bl.ick and white walnut, ash, hack berry, elm. 
 sugat^maple, honey-locust, buckeye, catalpa, sycamore, (of a 
 
ILL 
 
 ILL 
 
 dze unKnown in the Atlantic States.) cottonwood. pecan, 
 hickory, and oak of various species; and of underwood, 
 edbud. papaw, grape-vine, eglantine, dogwood, spicebush, 
 hazel, greon-lirier, &c. On the uplund.s are po.st-OHk (very 
 ▼aluable for fencing) and other species of oak. blackjacli, 
 (useless except for fuel,) hickory, black and white walnut, 
 linn or basswood. cherry, &c. The white and yellow poplar 
 are found in the .southern part of the state, and the cypress 
 on the Dhio bottoms. 
 
 ManufiKturts. — Illinois is not largely engaged in manu- 
 fecturiug, though the facilities for carrying on these branches 
 of industry are not wanting, when circumstances sh.ill aiTive 
 to make it pi'ofitable or neces.sary. According to the census 
 of 18P0 there were in the state 426S niannl'acturing estab- 
 lislnnents, employing 2J,96S person!?, consuming raw mate- 
 rial Worth S.>'i,5.VS,7Ji2, producing goods to the value of 
 $57,5S0.SS,7 annually; total capital invested S27 ,548,563. Of 
 these 2 uere cotton factories, capital invested $3200. value of 
 annual (iroducts $15,987; 21 wool factories, capital invested 
 $207,000. annual products SlS7,613; 2fl wool carding facto- 
 ries, capital invested $56,750, annual products $114,516; 550 
 flour and meal establishments, capital invested $5,600,100, 
 aniiu.-^l products $20,001,519; 27 provision stores, capital in- 
 vested i-l,880,0:!8, annual products §3,942,915; 445 saw-mills, 
 capital invested $1,371,338, annual products $2,543,985; 73 
 coal-yards, capital invested $3,109,290, annual products 
 $1,285,501; value of home-made manufactures .f923,220. 
 
 Internal Imprnvements. — In 1836, when the spirit of specu- 
 lation was rife throughout our entirb nation, Illinois pro- 
 jected an extravagant system of railroads and canals, which 
 shortly resulted (^in the monetary revulsions between 1837 
 and 1S40) in a general suspension, \otwithstinding, that 
 spirit of enterprise which seems to grow from our free sys- 
 tem, and to be as boundless as our extended territory, has 
 again, with more rational views, stimulated the citizens of 
 this state to eater upon a still more magnificent .scheme of 
 railroads than that projected in 1836. Besides these, she 
 has completed her great canal, 100 miles long, from Chicago 
 to Peru, uniting the waters of Lake Michigan with the Mis- 
 sissippi Iliver. 
 
 In 1860, there were in Illinois, 2867 miles of railroads 
 completed (more than any other state of the Union, except 
 Ohioi. Chicago is connected by direct railroads with 
 hew York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Haint Louis, Detroit, 
 Milwaukee, and Green Bay, and is the terminus of other 
 gieat liuts extending to the Mis.-.i.s.-iippi Uiver at the follow- 
 ing points: Fulton, Davenjiort, Burlington, Quincj', Alton, 
 and Cairo. It is stated that 140 trains arrive at and depart 
 from Chicago daily. The main line of the Illinois Central 
 Kailroud, e.\teu<ling from Cairo to Dunleitli, is about 450 
 miles long, and the Chicago branch of the same (which 
 meets the main line at Centralia), is 253 miles long. The 
 state is also traversed from K. to W. by the Galena and 
 Chicago, the Great Western, the Terre Haute Alton and 
 Saint Louis, the Ohio and ML^sissippi Buihoad, and the 
 Logansport Peoria and Burlington Kailroad. The Illinois 
 Ki> er Itailroad extends from Peoria southward to Jackson- 
 ville, and northward to the Chicago and Rock Ishmd Rail- 
 road. Peoria is Ihe eastern terminus of a railroad which 
 extends to Oquawka. 
 
 Commerce.. — Illinois Is most favorably situated for inter- 
 nal trade, being able to communicate with the western, 
 southern, and central parts of the Mississippi Valley, by 
 means of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio lUvers, and 
 with the Northern and Eastern States by way of the great 
 lakes. Chicago is a greater grain market than any inland 
 city in the United States, or perhaps in the world. In 1862 
 this city exported grain and flour equal to 56,484,110 bushels 
 The tonnage of Chicago, in June, 1803, was 126,684. In the 
 same year, 86 vetssels, including canal boats, were built, 
 whose burden wore 9845 tons. Chicago hiis an immense 
 trade in lumber. In 1864, 501,592,406 feet of lumber, and 
 t90.169,750 shingles were received at this city. The tonnage 
 nf the vessels engaged wholly in the Chicago trade, in IStU, 
 hraounted to 198.000 .tons. Curing the same year, S939 ves- 
 S'^ls and propellers arrived, and 8824 cleared. The foreign 
 export.^ lor tlie year ending June 30, 1803, were 3,544,085. 
 The number of hogs packed at Chicago in 1862-3 Wiis 
 970,264, and in 1864-5 it was 760,514. The number of hogs 
 received in 1864 was 1,410,320. A large quantity of lead is 
 exported from Galemi. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in Illinois, 18 colleges,with 2901 students,and $97,412 income, 
 of which $.37,424 was frotn endowments; 8489 public schools, 
 with 43;J,018 pupils, $2,186,872 income, of which $1,271,851 
 ■was from taxes, $779,065 from public funds, and $53,888 by 
 endowments; 211 academies and otlier schools, with 13,205 
 pupils, $233,262 income, of which $107,761 was endowments, 
 and $2114 from public funds. There are also 854 libraries, of 
 which, 246 are public, 243 school, 339 Sunday-school, 7 college, 
 and 19 church libraries, with a total of 244,394 volumes. 
 
 The i>ch(x>l fund In 1853, derived from the public lands, 
 the surplus revenue of the United States, and from the 
 county and township funds, yielded an income of $299,047. 
 On the formation of the stiite constitution, one section in 
 
 each township was appropriated to the support of common 
 schools, and afterwards an additional income of 3 per cent, 
 on the actual proceeds from the sale of the public land> 
 within the state. One-sixth of these proceeds is appropri 
 ated to colleges. In 1850 there were 41.283 adults in thii 
 state who could not read and write, of whom 5947 were OJ 
 forelj'u birth. 
 
 lieligious Dennminations. — Of the 2424 churches in Illinota 
 in 1800, tile Baptists own 437 ; Christian.-s, 148 ; Congrega 
 tionalists, 140; Dutch Reformefl, 13; Episcopalians, 67 
 Friends, 8 ; Universalists, 30 ; Unitarians, 11 ; Unionists, 19, 
 Lutherans, 115; Methodists, 881; Koman Catholics, 156; 
 Presbyterians, 272; Cumberland Presbyterians, 43; Re- 
 formed Presbyterians, 18; and minor sects, 66; giving 1 
 church to 706 persons. A'alue of church property, $6,890,810. 
 
 Periodicals. — There were published in Illinois, in 1860, 
 23 daily, 6 tri-weekly, 1 hi-weeklj', and 238 weekly news- 
 papers, and 17 monthly nagazines. The number of copies 
 issued annuallj' was 27,464,764. 
 
 Pulilic Institutions. — Illinois has a state lunatic asylum at 
 Jacksonville, a state penitentiary at Joliet, and a deaf and 
 dumb asylum at Jacksonville, w hich had l(i9 pupils in 1853, 
 94 of whom belonged to the state ; expenses $19,000 per 
 annum. According to the census of 18.'>ii. there were 33 
 public libraries in Illinois, with 35,982 volumes ; 115 school.^ 
 and Sunday-schools, with 18,704 volumes; and 4 college 
 libraries, with 7800 volumes. 
 
 P'pvtition. — The original settlers of Illinois were French, 
 but like the other states of the Union, it now contains a mix- 
 ture of varions nations. Those of English extraction con- 
 stitute the greater portion of the pojiulalion. No state in 
 the Union h:is increased more rapidly than Illinois. There 
 were in this state 12,282 inhabitants 'in IHIO, .55,211 in 1820, 
 157,445 in 1830, 476,183 in 1840, !s51,470 in 18.50, and 1,711,951 
 in 1860, of whom 1,704,291 were whites, 762S' coloretl, and 32 
 Indians. Pop. to the square mile 30, representative popu- 
 lation 1,711,951: of the population 706,925 were born in 
 the state, 680,383 in other states, 324,tU3 in foreign coun- 
 tries, of whom 41,745 were born in England, 87,573 in Ire- 
 land, 10,.540 in Scotland, 1528 in Wales, 20,132 in British 
 America, 130,804 in Germany. 94U:i in France, 301,815 in 
 other foreign coinitries. Of the population in the leading 
 pursuits 153,646 were farmers: 52,409 laborers: 47,216 farm 
 laborers; 25,(346 servants: 6404 blacksmiths; 5776 clerks; 
 5352 merchants: 4838 teachers: 3947 shoemakers; 3098 
 wheelwrights ; 2856 jihysicians ; 2803 coopers, Ac. In the 
 year ending June 1st, 1860,. there occnrred 19,300 deaths, 
 or 11 -4 in evei^' thousiind. The number of deaf and dumb 
 was 743 (see Introduction to the volume on Population 
 of the Eighth Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, Ac), blind 476, insane 
 683, and idiotic 588. 
 
 Counlifs. — Illinois has 102 counties, viz. Adams, Alexan- 
 der, Bond, Boone, Brown, Bnrean, Calhoun, Carroll, Cass, 
 Champaign, Christian, Clarke, Clay, Clint.m. Coles, Cook, 
 Crawford. Cumberland. De Kalb, De Witt. Douglas, Du Page, 
 Edgar. Edwards, Effingham, Fayette. Kord. Franklin, Fulton, 
 Gallatin, tjrecne, Grundy, Hamilton, Ilamock. llanlin, Hen- 
 derson, Henry, Iroquois, .Tackson. Jasi)er,Jeffer.*on, Jersey, 
 Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane. Kankakee, Kendall. Knox, Lake, 
 La S.ille, Lawrence, Lee, Livingston. Logan. McDonouch, 
 McHeniy, McLean, Macon, Macoupin, Madison. Marion, 
 Alarshall, Massac, Mason, Menard, fiercer. Monroe. Jlontgo- 
 mery, Morgan, Moultrie. Ogle. Peoria. Perry. Piatt, Pike, 
 Pope, Pulaski. Putnam. Randolph. Richland. Hock Island, 
 St. Clair, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler. Scott. Shelby. Stark, 
 Stephenson, Tazewell, Union, Vermilion, Waljash. Warren, 
 Washington, Wayne. White, AVhitesides. Will. AVilliamson, 
 Winnebivgo, and Woodfird. Capital, Springfield. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Illinois has a number of thriving 
 towns, and so rapidly do they incre.%se, that the census of 
 1860 will be in some cases far below the truth : but, for 
 want of other reliable information on which to base a com- 
 parison of the increase of all the towns, it will be best to ad- 
 here to the ofticial statistics. Chicago is the largest town in 
 Illinois— population in 1860, 109.260 (29,963 in 1850); Peo- 
 ria, 14,045 (estimated at 5095 in 1850); Quincy, 13,718; 
 Springfield, 9320; Galena, 8190; Bellville, 7520; Alton, 
 7338; Rockford, 6979; Bloomington, 7075: Ottawa, 6541; 
 Aurora. (5011 ; Lincoln, 5700 ; Rock Island, 5130; and Gales- 
 burg. 4953. 
 
 Government. — The executive power in Illinois is lodged in 
 a governor and lieutenant-governor, elected by the people 
 for 4 years ; the former receiving $1500 per annum, and the 
 latter, who is ex-ofBcio president of the senate. $3 per day 
 during the session of the legislature. The governor is ex- 
 officio fund commissioner, and is only eligible for 4 years 
 out of any 8 years. The Senate consists of 25. and the House 
 of Representatives of 75 members, both elected by the 
 people, the former fir 4, and the latter for 2 years. The 
 judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, of three divisions, 
 presided over by as many judges, receiving each $1200 per 
 annum, and 15 circuit courts, presided over by as many 
 judges, each receiving $1000 per annum. .All white male 
 citizens, of 21 years of age, who have resided in the stnta 
 six months next preceding an election, are qualified votera 
 
 Sd3 
 
ILL 
 
 ILS 
 
 Tllliiuig is entitled to 14 memhers in the national Honse of 
 Representatives, and to 16 electoral votes for President of 
 the United States. The public debt of this state, on the 1st 
 of December, 1862, wiw $12,337,381. The balance in the 
 treaenry at the same date, wjis abont J1,000.000. The 
 amount expended for the support of schools in 18*'2, was 
 f2,(107.yi2, and the total school fund was $4,9T3,S42. The 
 as8e.-«ed value of real and personal propertj- in 1861, was 
 $ooO,.s23,4"9, and the net amount of tii.>ies for that year 
 f2,200,-t00. . Illinois has a free-banking law, which requires 
 that no company shall go into operation until it has depo- 
 sited stocks to the amount of $.50,000 with the auditor. In 
 Novenilur, 1SG;3, there were 25 banks, with §984,600 capital 
 IKiid in, and ^'^liSjHC in circulation. 
 
 HisUyry. — Thou^^h Illinois did not become a member of the 
 American Confederacy till 181S. It was colonized about the 
 same period as Philadelphia. Marquette, a French traveller, 
 Tisiteil it a.s early as 1673. and settlements were made at 
 Cahokia and K.iska.skia. at the close of the seventeenth 
 rentury. These, however, like other French colonies, did 
 not increase rapidly. At the treaty of Paris, in 176.3, Illinois 
 fell into the hands of the English, and came, with all the 
 territory E. of the Missi<sippi. into the possession of the po- 
 vernment of the United States, at the Revolution, in 1775. 
 Soon after sonio settlers from Virginia located themselves in 
 the territory, and in 17S7 it became a part of the Xorth-west 
 Territory, then createil, a;id which included all the country 
 N.AV. of the Ohio Kiver. In 1800 it formed part of a .sepa- 
 rate temtory, under the name of Indiana, in conjunction 
 with the state now bearirrj; that name. A second division 
 took place in irOO. when the present state was organired as 
 the Territory of Illinois, and in 1818 admitted as an inde- 
 pendent member of the confederacy, since which it has 
 gone on with an average decennial increase of more than 
 200 per cent. 
 
 ILLINOIS, atown.ship, Wasnington co.. Arkansas. 
 
 ILLINOIS, a township of Calhoun co.. Illinois. 
 
 ILLINOIS BAYOU, of Pope CO., Arkansas, flows south- 
 westward into .Arkansas Uiver. 
 
 ILLINOIS CITY, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois, 
 on the Mississippi River. 
 
 ILLINOIS CoLLEUB. See J.\cksoj[vili,e, Illinois. 
 
 ILLINOIS FURNACE, a post-village of Ilardfn co., Illinois, 
 about 5 miles N. of the Oliio Uiver. 
 
 ILLINOIS'TOWN, a post-villaije of St. Clair co., Illinois. 
 on the Mississippi River, opposite St Louis. A railroad 
 connects this place with Sandoval. 
 
 ILLINOISTOWN, a post-ofilce of Placer co , California. 
 
 ILLISKR.\. il'le-se-rl. (?) a sm.ill town of Asia Minor, pa- 
 Bh.aiic of Kararaania, 57 miles S.E. of Konieh. 
 
 ILLITUROIS. See AxDL'J.\R. 
 
 ILL KIRCH. eel'keeRsh', or ELKIRCH. a village of France, 
 department of Bas-Rhin. on the 111, 3 miles S. of Strasl)ourg. 
 
 ILLXAU, ill'ntiw. (U.nter, Odn'ter. and OiiKR. o'ber.) two 
 Dearlj- contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton," an4 9 
 miles E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Kempt. Pop. 2766. 
 
 ILIAJGAN, a parish of EngUnd, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 ILLOK. iriok', or UJLAK'. oo'ee-ldk', a town of Slavonia, 
 CO. of Syrmia. with a port and steam-packet station on the 
 Danube. 26 miles W. of Peterwardein. Pop. 3550. 
 
 ILLMRA. eel-yo'ri, a town of .Spain, province, and 22 miles 
 W.N.W. of Granada, on the Charcon. Pop. (including 6 
 ad.iacent hamlets) 6900. 
 
 ILLORAI. il-lo/rl, or LOR.\I. lo'rT, a village in the island 
 of Sanlinia. 42 miles S.E. of Siissari. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ILLOVA. il-lo'v.4, a river of Austria, joins the Save after 
 a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 ILLUEC.X.. eel-voo-.A'kd. a town of Spain, province, and 42 
 miles W.S.W. of Saragos.sa. I'op. 2559. 
 
 ILLUXT. il-lookstA or ILL{JUKST. a market-town of 
 Russia, government of Courland, 103 miles E.S.E. of Mitau. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 ILLYE. eel'yA\ a m.irket-town of Transylvania, on the 
 Maros. 17 miles N.^V. of Vajda-llunrad. Pop. 742. 
 
 ILLYEFALVA, iryA'fBl'vOh', or ELIENDORF, i/le-?n- 
 donr. a market-town of Transvlvanla. on the Aluta (Aloota.) 
 14 niil.'s N.E. of Kronstadt. Pup. 1417. 
 
 ILI.YKIA. 11-iir'i >. {trnc. JUyr>icum OT IJlyrtia; Ger. 7%- 
 rir J7. il-lee're-en : Fr. /Hyne. eel'lee'i-ee';) Kingdom op. a ter- 
 ritory or kingdom forming the S.W. portion of the Austrian 
 df minions, and bounded N. by S;ilv!burg and Styria; E. by 
 Styri.i and Croatia: S. by the Adriatic: and W.by Venice and 
 the Tyrol. Area. 10,996 Knglish square miles. The king- 
 dom was formed in islo. It is composed of the ancient 
 du -hies of Camiola and Carinthia. the margraviate of Istria, 
 the duchies of G8ritz and Oradi.ska, and the town and terri- 
 tory of Triest— the last threes Incorporated in 1849: prior to 
 which they composed the Littorale or c<Mist lands. It is 
 very irre_'ul o- in shape, and terminates gharpiv in the S. In 
 • triangular peninsula. The surface is very mountainous. 
 In the N. a branch of the Noric Alps, commencing at the 
 Gross-Glooki-.er. stretches E.. forming the boundary between 
 Tllyria on the S.. .and Si'.lzbnrg and Styria on the N. An- 
 otiier branch, forming the t^arnic or Julian .Mps. stretches 
 a4T06S the kingdom in a S.\V. diroctiou. These branches 
 W4 
 
 h.ave also numerous ramifications. Tlie surface Is divMod 
 into two great basins — that of the Danube, on the .N.. the 
 far larger of the two: and that of the Adriatic, on the S. 
 The former basin receives its waters ch'eHy by the Drave. 
 which, entering the kingdom below Lienz. traverses if from 
 yf. to E. ; and partly also by the Save, which rises within 
 and forms part of the boundary between it and Styria. Tha 
 basin of the .\driatic receives its waters by a great number 
 of small streams, of which the most important ie the Isonzcx 
 The bays into which the streams discharge themselves aro 
 of great magnitude, and form excellent roadsteads. Thi; 
 climate in the \., among the mountains, is bleak and coM; 
 but in the S.. particularly in the valley of the I.eonzo. It is 
 warm and pleasant. One of the greatest scourges of the 
 country is the hora, which often blows from the N.E. and 
 N.N.E. with the furj' of a tempest, and commits great ra- 
 vages. In harvest the sirocco becomes equally tempestuous, 
 and is not unfi-equently accompanied with deluges of rain. 
 Notwithstanding the unfavorai)le nature of the surface, a 
 very considerable proportion of it is under the plough, and, 
 being Industriously cultivated, yields good crops of rye and 
 oats, but more sparingly of wheat. Flax, also, is extensively 
 cultivated. A considerable extent of ground is in vine- 
 yards. The pastures are very extensive, and rear great 
 numbers of horses, cattle, and sheep. Bears and wolves are 
 not uncommon in the forests, which cover a large extent of 
 surface, and form one of the chief sources of revenue. In 
 no other part of Europe, with the exception of Almaden in 
 Spain, is quicksilver found in such abund.ance as in the 
 mines of Idri.o. The other minerals deserving of notice are 
 gold and silver, still obtained in small quantities, iron, 
 alum. zinc, sulphur, coal, and salt. The trade is important, 
 hut was long greatly impeded by the imperfect means of 
 transit; a railway, however, now leads nearly throuirh the 
 centre of the kingdom, from Vienna to Triest. the lar_'est 
 seiiport in the Austrian dominions. For administrative 
 purposes, Illyria is divided into the governments of I/ty- 
 bacli and Tiiest. The former, subdivided into Carinthia 
 (ICSmthen.) and Carniola (Krain.) contains the five circles 
 of Laybach, Adelsberg. Neustadtl. Villach.and Klagenfurth; 
 the latter contains the three circles of Triest. GOrz. and 
 Istria. Pop. in 1840. 1.284.947, of whom about three-fourths 
 are Slaves, one-sixth Germans, and one-twentieth Italians, 
 and the large majority Roman Catholics. 
 
 ILLYR'TA, a post-township of Fayette co., Iowa. Pop. 800. 
 
 ILM. ilm, a river of Germany, in Saxony, rises in the 
 Thuringian Forest flows N.E. past Ilmenau. Ilm. Kr.an- 
 nichfeld. and AVeimar. and joins the Saale, 13 miles N. of 
 Jena. Totil course. 55 miles. 
 
 ILM. a river of Germany, in B.avaria. joins the Danube 
 nair Neustadt. Pfaffen-hofen is the chief town on its banks. 
 
 ILM. ILMSTADT. ilm'statt or STADT-ILM. statt-ilm. a 
 town of Germany, duchv of Schwarzburg-Rudolstidt. on the 
 Ilm. 12 miles W.N.W. of Rudulst.adt Pop. 2000. 
 
 ILMEN, il-mjn'. a lake of Russia, government of Nov- 
 gorod. 30 miles in length from E. to W.. by 24 miles in 
 greatest breadth. It receives the Lovat. Msta. and Cheson 
 Rivers, and discharges its surplus waters by the Volkhov, 
 northward into Uake Ladoga. 
 
 ILMENAU, il'meh-nflw\ a town of Germany, duchy of 
 Saxe- Weimar, on the Ilm. 27 miles S.W. of Weimar. Pop. 
 2364. It has manufactures of metal buttons, woollens, and 
 porcelain: iron and coal mines, and a brisk trade in tiuilHT. 
 
 ILMENAU, a small river of Hanover, joins the Elbe 
 from the S.. 15 miles S.E. of H.amburg. I^ength. 60 miles. 
 
 IL'MINGTON, a parLsh of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 IL'.MINSTER, a market-town and parLsh of England, co. 
 of Somerset, on the He. lOi miles S.E. of Taunton. Pop. in 
 1851. 3299. It has a well-endowed grammar school, a free 
 school, and a seminary for young ladies. It has 1 w(Hillen 
 factory, and many of the females are employed in glove- 
 making. The town was formerly noted for its mjinuCictures. 
 
 IL'MIRE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 ILOC< >S. e-Wkoce. North and South, two provinces on the 
 W. side of Luzon, extending from its N. extremity S. atxiut 
 120 miles, with a breadth of aliout 3:3 miles. Capital of the 
 former. Vigan : and of the latter, I.Kavag. Pop. 358.783. 
 
 ILOE. SeeYi-OB. 
 
 ILOILO, e-lono. the largest of the three provinces of 
 Panay, one of the Philippines. Capital, Hollo. Pop. 3S70 ; 
 of the province. 259.7^0. 
 
 ILONCZA, e'lon'tsOh\ or ILNITZA. eePnifzah", a vill.age 
 of Hungary, co. of Beregh. Pop. 1008. 
 
 ILOVLA", e-lo'via. or ILAVLA. e-li'vH, a river of South 
 Russia, government of S:iratov and Don-Cossack country, 
 joins the Don ac Ilovlin.skaia, after a S.W. course of 150 
 miles. A canal unites if with the Volsra at Kamislux. 
 
 ILOVLIXSKAIA or ILOWLINSKAJA. e-lo-vlin-ski'i. a 
 market-town of Russia, in the Don-C«s.sack coiijitry. on the 
 Ilovla. near its confluence with the Don. 50 miles N.W. ol 
 Tsaritsin. Pop. 3948. 
 
 ILPENDAM, ip't"n-<lJm\ a village of Holland, on th..-Noi-»b 
 Holland Canal. 6 miles N. by E. of Am.sferiiam. Pop. .jlS. 
 
 ILSENBERG. il'sfn-b?Rr.\ a market-town of Pni'siiip 
 Saxony, 16 miles W. of Halberstadt Pop. 2112. 
 
ILS 
 
 IND 
 
 ILSFETiD. iip'f(5lt a village of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 
 9 miles S. of llt-ilbrmn. Pop. 2000. 
 
 IL'.SINGTOX. a parl-h of Kuftland, co. of Devon. 
 
 IL'SLKY, KAST, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Berks. 15 miles W.N.W. of Keadinu. Pop. 733. 
 
 ILSTiKY, WKS'l', a parish of Englandrco. of Berks. 
 
 liySTOX, a parish of South Wales, eo. of (Jlaraorgan. 
 
 IL/T(»N, a parish of Knglaud, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ILURO. See Oi.fiBON. 
 
 ILVA. See Elka.. 
 
 ILVESIIETJl, ii'ves-hlme', a village of Baden, on the 
 Neckar, 4 miles E. of Mannheim. Pop. lOSl. 
 
 I LZ or I (/rz. ilts. a small river of Ix)wer Bavaria, joins the 
 Danube at llxsiadt. a suburb of Passau. 
 
 ILZA, il'zd. a town of Poland, province of Sandomier, on 
 the Ilza, 25 miles N.N.W. of Opatow. Pop. 2000. 
 
 I.MALAGUAN. e-m.a-ld-gwan'. a small island of the Phi- 
 lippines, in the Sliudoro Sea; lat. (S. extremity) 10° 42' N., 
 Ion. 121° 13' K. 
 
 IMAM-Da(-)K, i:MAM-DUR.or IMAM-DOUR, e-mimMooR', 
 (anc. Dura,) a large village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 
 70 miles N.W. of Bagdad, on the Tigris, nearly opposite 
 Tekreet. 
 
 IM.\NDKA. e-mdn'drd. a lake of Russia, government of 
 Archangel, 35 miles S. of Kola. Length from N. to S., 60 
 miles. 
 
 IMATACA, e-mi-td'kil, a river of Venezuela; aftera course 
 of about 75 miles, joins the right bank of the Orinoco, about 
 60 miles alove its mouth. 
 
 I.M.\US. See I1im.\lav.\ Mountains. 
 
 I.M'BKU. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 I.MBERS.\.GO, im-bjR-sj'go, a village of Northern Italy, 
 on a rugged precipice overlooking the course of the Adda. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 IM'BROS or IJI'BRO, an island of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago, but belonging to Turkey, off the E. enti-ance of the 
 Hellespont: its highest summit in l.at. 40° 10' N.. Ion. 25° 
 61' E., and 1959 feet above the sea. Length from E. to W., 
 19 miles : breadth, 10 mile.s. Pop. about 4(X)0. 
 
 IMELY. a village of Hungary. See Imol. 
 
 IMERITIA. e-mer-ish'e-a. or IMERETHT, im-e-r.Vtee. a 
 province of Russia, in Transcaucasia, forming a part of the 
 ancient Colchis, having N. the Caucasus Mountains, E., 
 Georgia. W.. Mingrelia and Gooriel, and S.. the old pashalic 
 of .\khalzikh. Surface mountainous, well wooded, and 
 wholly comprised in the basin of the Rion, (.anc. IViasis.) 
 The climate is moist ami unhealthy ; the soil is very fertile. 
 The products conjjirise wheat, barley, sorgho, maize, to- 
 bacco, hemp, madder, and a great variety of fruits common 
 In Europe, which articles, with wine, cotton stuffs, taffetis, 
 ■wool and woolleu hosiery, honey, wax, and skins, constitute 
 the chief exports. The imports consist in .salt, woollen, silk, 
 and linen fabrics, copper wares, Turkish s.abres, coin, jewelry, 
 and colonial produce. The slave trade, formerly consider- 
 able, has mostly ceased since the Russian occupation of the 
 country, whi -h dates from 1804. The inhabitants are of 
 Georgian descent, and the majority are of the Greek Church. 
 The province is divided into 4 districts. Chief towns. Koo- 
 tais. (Kutais,! the cjipifal. Bagdat, Vartzik, and Vakb.Hni. 
 Coal was discovered in 184(5 N.E. of Kootals; it is of e.Kcel- 
 lent quality, and extensively used for steam-ves.sels on the 
 Black Sea. Pop. Sl.OOO. 
 
 IM'L.W. a township in Lapeer CO., Michigan. Pop. 654. 
 
 IM'LAVSTOW.V. a post-village of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey. 14 miles E.S E. of Trenton. 
 
 I.MMENTIAUSEN, im'nien-how'zen. a town of Germany, 
 In llesse-Cassel. province of Xieder-Hessen, 9 miles N.N.W. 
 of Cas.sel. Pop. 1569. 
 
 IM.^IiONSTADT, im'mgn-stitt\ a town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Swabia. 13 mil'<s S.W. of Kempten. Pop. 1200. 
 
 IM'.MINGHAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 IMOQEKLY, im-o-jee'lee. a parish of Ireland, in Munstor, 
 CO. of Cork, comprising a part of the town of Castlemartyr. 
 
 IMtJfi. ee'mol', or l.MELY. ee^mM', a village of Hungary, 
 CO.. and 10 miles .V. by E. of Comoru. Pop. 1079. 
 
 IMOLA, ee'mo-ld. (an<;. Fi' rum Come'lii,) & town of Central 
 Italy, in tlieState of iEmilia, province, and 25 miles W.S.AV. 
 of Ravenna, on the Santerno. Pop. 10,916. It is enclosed by 
 old walls, defended by a castle, and well built. It has a 
 cathedral, several other churches and convents, a hospital, 
 theatre, college, literary academy, and small public library. 
 
 IMOSCIII, emos'Kee. a town of Austria, in Dalmatia. 72 
 miles E. by S. of Sebeuico; lat. 43° 30' N., Ion. 17° 15' E. 
 Pop. 950. 
 
 I.MPKRADOR. VILLA DO. veellil do eem-pA-rJ-doR. a town 
 of Brazil, province of Parahiba, has some trade in provisions 
 ■nd cotton. 
 
 IMPKRATRIZ, VILLA D.^. veellj di eera-pi rS'trees', a 
 town of Brazil, province of Ceara, on the Serra Uruburelama, 
 W. of Fortaleza. 
 
 IMPERIAL, a river of ChiH. See C.^ctev. 
 
 IMPEI{I.\L, eempi-re-Sl'. a town of Chili, in Araucanla, 
 on the Cauten or Imperial River, 82 miles N, of Valdivia. 
 
 IJII'lIAN TOORAL. or I.MPAN TURAL, imp-h^n', (or 
 Imp-du',) too-rdl', or MUTU'NEE. the principal river of Cas- 
 
 say, in Further India; after a generally southward course of 
 about 200 miles, joins the Ningthee or Khyen-dwem River, 
 130 miles N,W. of Ava. Munnipoor is the chief town on 
 its banks. 
 
 IMPHY, IjiYee', a village of France, department of 
 Nidvre, on an affluent of the Loire. 7 miles S.E. of Nevers. 
 Pop. 1489. occupied in large iron and copper mills. 
 
 IMP/INGTON, a parish of England, co, of Cambridge. 
 
 IMREGII. ImVJg', a vill.age of Ilungai-y, co., of Zemplin, 
 on the Bodrog. Pop. S04. 
 
 IMST, imst. IMLIST, imOist, or UMBIETA, oom-be-;\'tl, 
 a market-town of the Tyrol, capital of the circle of Upper 
 Innthal, on the Inn. 31 miles W. of Innspruck. Pop. 2194. 
 
 INAB.\. e-nd'bi, (Chinese. Yn-fun.) a coast province of 
 Japan, in the W. part of the island of Niphon. It is moun- 
 tainous, but fertile, and produces abundance of silk. 
 
 INACCES^SIBLE ISLAND, the westernmo.st of the Trig- 
 tan da Cunha group, in the .Atlantic: lat. 37° 6' S. 
 
 INADA, e-nj'd3, or AI.NADA. fnd'dS. a town of European 
 Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Black Sea, 75 miles E.N.E. of 
 Adrianople. 
 
 I'.NAGII, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 INAGUA, e-n^'gwd, or HENEAGUA, Great, one of the 
 Bahama Islands, the largest and most southerly of the 
 croup. .50 miles in length, .and 25 miles in greatest breadth. 
 Lat. of N.E. point. 21° 18' N.. Ion. 73° 40' W. 
 
 INAGUA or HEXEAGUA, Little, one of the Bsihama 
 Islands, 12 miles northward, is about 8 miles in length, by 
 6 miles across. 
 
 IXARIME. SeelscHiA. 
 
 INC.\, ingOiS, a town of the island ofMajorea, 17 miles N.E. 
 of Palma. Pop. 3300. 
 
 INCE, inss, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 INCE, BLUN'DELL, a township of Endand. CO. Lancaster. 
 
 IXCE-IN-MA'KERFIELD, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 IXC'hT. Intch, a Celtic word, signifyir^ "island," forms 
 the name or a part of the name of numerous places and 
 islands in Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 INCH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton, 2 miles E. of 
 Stranraer. Its antii|uities comprise several old baronial 
 castles. About 2^ miles N.W. of Stranraer, on Loch Ryan, 
 in this parish, stood the ancient l^eriijnniiim ; and in more 
 modern times, the town and castle of Invcrmessan. 
 
 INCH, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 2i 
 miles N. of Down-Patrick. Here are remains of an abbey 
 of the twelfth century. 
 
 INCH, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, ces. of Wicklow 
 and Wexford. 
 
 INCH, a parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 INCH, a pari.^ih of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 INCH, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wexford. 
 
 INCH-BKAYOCK, intch-brA'ok, or ROS'SIE ISLAND, a 
 low, tiat island in the channel of the South Esk, in Scotl.'ind, 
 CO. of Forfar, between Montrose Basin and the German 
 Ocean. Pop. 152. 
 
 INCH-CAILLI ACH.inch-kai-yiiK.(" island of old women,") 
 an island of Scotland, co. of Stirling, about 1 mile long. 
 
 INCIPCOLM, an i.sland of Scotland, co. of Fife, in the 
 Frith of'Eorth, 2 miles S. of Aberdour. On it are the ruins 
 of a monastery, founded by Alex.ander I. in 1123. 
 
 INCHKGEEL.AGH, in-che-jeeliih. or EVELEA'RY, a 
 parish of Irel.and. in Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 IXCH-GAR'VIE, a rocky islet of Scotland, in the Frith of 
 Forth, opposite Queensferry. 
 
 INCHICRONANE.in-che-kro-nain'.orlN'NISCRONANE/, 
 a parish of Ireland, in Jlunster, co. of Clare. 
 
 INCHIX'NAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew. 
 
 IN'CIIIQUIN, a barony and i.sland of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Clare : the island is in Lake Corrib. 
 
 INCIIKP;iTH, inch-keeth', a small rocky island of Scot- 
 Land, in the Frith of Forth, 3 miles S. of Kinghorn. co. of 
 Fife, opposite Leith. with light-house in its centre. Light 
 revolving. Lat. 56° 2/ N., Ion. 3° 8' W. 
 
 INCH-KEN'NETH, an island of the Hebrides, off the W. 
 coast of ■\Iull. Length. 1 mile: breadth, half a mile. 
 
 1NCII-:MARN0CII, intch-mar'noK. an islet of Scotland, in 
 the Frith of Clyde, co., and 2 miles W. of Bute. 
 
 INCH-MUR'RIN. an islet of Scotland, in the S.W. part of 
 Loch Lomond, li miles in length, by nearly h.alf a mile across. 
 
 INCH-TAVANACH, intch-tavVn^K. (-'monk's island,") 
 of Scotland, nearly 1 mile long, by 3 furlongs broad, of a 
 beautiful pyiamidal form, mostly covered with wood. 
 
 INCllTURE and ROSSIE, a parish of Scotland, co. Perth. 
 
 INCHY-BEAUMONT. iy'sheti'-Wmdyo', a village of 
 France, department of Nord, 11 miles E.S.E. cf Cambrai. 
 Pop. 1580. 
 
 INCllY'RA, a village of Scotland. CO.. and 4J miles E.S.E. 
 of Perth, with a port on the Tay. and a ferry to Fingask. 
 
 INCINO. in-cheo'no, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Como. 3 miles from Erba. Pop. 1852. 
 
 IXCIS.\. in-cbee'zi or in-chee'sd. a town ol Piedmont, 14 
 miles S.W. of Alessandria, on the Belbo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 INCORON ATA, an island of Dalmati.a. See Coronata. 
 
 INDALS-ELF, in/diU-5lf', or IN'DAL, a navigable river 
 
 89o 
 
IND 
 
 of Sweden, l»ns of Ostersund and Ilernbsand, formed a 
 »hort distance Mow I'.aguuda. flows S.E., and enters the 
 Ouif of Bothnia, 10 miles .N.of Sundsvall. Leneth. 60 miles. 
 
 IKDEN, in'den, a village of Prussia, province of Aix-la 
 Ctiapelle. circle" of Jiilich. Pop. 98.3. 
 
 I.NDEXT'ED IIKAD, a peninsula of Australia, in Vic- 
 toria, bounding the entrance to Port Philip on its V. side. 
 Area, about 100.000 acres, watered by the Barwurn Kiver, 
 and consisting; chietly of grassy plains. 
 
 IXDEPEX'DKXCE, a county in the N.E. central part of 
 Arkansas, contains about lOOi) square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by \>hite Uiver. and bounded on the E. by Black 
 River. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys. The 
 Boil is fertile. In 1850 there were raised 388,395 bushels of 
 Indian corn, the greatest quantity produced in any one 
 county of the state, except Ashley. Black marble, slightly 
 Tariegated, is found in the county. An active emigration 
 is directed to this part of the state. Capital, Batesville. 
 Population 14,3o7. of whom 12,970 were free. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-township forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity uf Alleghany co., New York, about 56 miles W. by 
 S. of Elmini. Population, 1199. 
 
 IN DEPENDENCE, a post-township of Warren co., New- 
 Jersey. 14 miles E.N.E. of Belvidere. Pop. 1871. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a village and township of Beaver co., 
 Pennsylvania 10 miles S. of Boaver. Pop. 775. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-village of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania, alout 200 miles W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1078. 
 " INDEPENDENCE, a post-villiige, capital of Grayson co, 
 Virginia, 288 miles W S.W. of Richmond. It is situated in 
 a wild, mountainous region. 
 
 "NDEPENDENCE, a village of Preston co., W. Virginia, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-office,Caswell co., North Carolina. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a po.st-village of Autauga co., Alabama, 
 about 90 miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 IN DEPE.VDENCE, a post-village of Washington co., Texas, 
 8S miles E. of Austin City. It is the seat of Baylor I'niver- 
 sitv, a flourisliini; institution, under the direction of the 
 Baptists. Pop. liOO. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-office of Dickson co., Tennessee. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-village, capital of Kenton co., 
 Kentucky, 11 miles S. of Cincinnati, was incorporated in 
 1840. It contains 1 chuich and several stores. 
 
 INDEPENDK.VCE, a post-township in the centra! part of 
 Cuyahoga co., (Ihio. intersected by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 1663. 
 
 INDEl'ENDENCE. a village of Defianco co., Ohio, en the 
 Maumee River and WalMish and Erie Canal, 53 miles above 
 Toledo. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a township of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1644. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a thriving post-village of Warren co.. 
 Indiana, on the Wabash Kiver, 9 miles above Williamsport. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a township of Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a small village of Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-village of Fulton co„ Illinois, 9 
 miles N.E. of Lewistown. The post-oilico Is called Jackson 
 
 GllOVE. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-oflRce of 5IcT^an co.. Illinois. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, township, Dunklin CO.. Mi.ssourl. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a thriving city, capital of Jack.son co., 
 Missouri, is situated 4 miles S. of .Missouri River, and 165 
 miles W. by N. of Jelfei-son City. It is important as one of 
 the starting points in the trade with New .Mexico and Utah, 
 and a place where many of the emigrants to Oregon and 
 California procure their outfit. It is the centre of trade for 
 a considerable extent of the surrounding country, wliich is 
 extremely fertile. The prodigious tide of emigration which 
 has passed through this place lor many years, lias created 
 a demand for horses, provisions, and merchandise, at high 
 prices. It contains 6 churches, 3 hotels, and 1 newspaper 
 office. The Pacific Railroad of Missouri Is opened from this 
 point to Kansas City. This city has been much injured by 
 the war. Pojuilation in 1860, 3164. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-village, capital of Buchanan co., 
 Iowa, on the Wapsipiuiuon. about 75 miles N.N.W. of Iowa 
 City. Pop.l3',i,i. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE lULL, a post-oflSce of Prince William 
 00.. Virginia. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE RIVER, rises in Hamilton co.. in the 
 N.E. central part of New York, and fells into Black River, in 
 Lewis county. 
 
 INDERABTA.in-de-ra'b^a, or HINDER ABI.hin-de-ra/bee. 
 (anc. hiikundrf}!?) an island in the Persijin Gulf, off the S. 
 creist of Persia, province of Laristan, midway between the 
 Islands of Busheab and Kenn, 5 miles from the mainland. 
 Length. 4 miles. 
 
 INDERGHUR or INDEROURH, InMer-gtir', a town of 
 India, dominion, and 85 miles S.S.E. of Jeypoor. Lat 26° 
 45' N.. Ion. "15° 18' E. 
 
 INDEUGIIUIt. a town of India, in Bundelcund. 30 miles 
 W. by \\ . of Ihansi. Lat. 25° 53' N., Ion. 78° 30' E. 
 
 INDERHAEL. inMi^r-hawl', a town of India, in Nizam's 
 dominions. 40 miles N.W. of Beeder. 
 
 IND 
 
 INDERKUSH, in-djr-koo.ih'. a village of North PeniU, 
 province of Azerbaijan, S. of Lake Ooroomee3'ah, 25 mUes £■ 
 of Nakhodoh. 
 
 IN'DESVILLE, a post-village of Surry co.. North Carolina. 
 
 ]NDI.\, in-de-a, (Fr. Itid. J>d; Ger. and Dutch, Imlien. 
 in'de-fn; \,.Iulilia; Gr. \v6ia.) often called IND by the 
 poets; an extensive country or region of Southern .\sia, com- 
 prising in its largest acceptation not only Ilindortan and 
 the whole of Farther Indi.\. (liidi.s beyond the Ganges.) but 
 also at least the northernmost islands of the Indian (Malaj-) 
 Archipelajio. thus nearly corresponding, in application, to the 
 popular but vague appellation E.\ST 1>'dies. In this exten- 
 sive sense it was employed by the ancient Greeks and Ro- 
 mans. The name is now, however, more commonly restricted 
 to the two peninsulas of IIindost.^ji and Im>i.\ betoxd thb 
 G.tNGES, which will be found noticed under their respective 
 heads, Adj. Indian, In'de-an. and I-vdia; iiihab. Indux. 
 
 INDIA-betond-the-Ganqes; FAUTIIEH INDIA, CHIN 
 INDIA, or INDO-CIIINA, a region of South .\sia, con.sisting 
 of the most E. of its three great peninsulas, and extending, 
 exclusive of the Mal.ay Peninsula, between lat. 1° 20' and 28° 
 N., and Ion. 90° and 109° E.; .-ind bounded N. by the East 
 Ilimalay.is. separating it from Bootan and Thibet, also by the 
 Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Quangsee, W. by Iliudos- 
 tan, from which it is properly separted by the river Brahma 
 pootra. also by the B.iy of Bengal and Indian Ocean; E. by 
 the China Sea; and S. by the Gulf of Siam and Straits of 
 Malacca. Length, from N. to S., at least 2000 miles : greatest 
 bre4«dth, from E. to M"., about 1200 miles. Four great pa- 
 rallel mountain chains traverse this region fiom N. to S., 
 boundingthegreatbasinsof thelrrawaddy. Jlenara. the Me- 
 kong, and Tonquin Rivers, respectively compo.'^ing the cen- 
 tral portions of the dominions of Burmah, .-):im, the East 
 \jaoa. and Cambodia and Tonquin, in the empire of Anam, 
 which last comprises the E. quarter of this peninsula. Be- 
 sides the alx)ve-mentloned states, India-lieyoiid-the-Ganges 
 includes As.sam, .Tyntiah, Cachar, the districts of Sylhet, Ti- 
 perah, and Chittagong, Aracan, and the Tenasserim Pro- 
 vinces, all of which belong to the British presidency of Ben- 
 gal. (_.see l.vmA. BRlTisn,) and the semi-independent state of 
 Cassay or Munnipoor. The whole region abounds with 
 rich valleys, and yields many of the most valuable, and 
 some unique mineral, vegetable, and animal prf>ducts. Ex- 
 cept on the W. frontiers — included in Bengal — the inhaldt- 
 ants are of races quite dilferent from those located In Ilin- 
 dostan or India-withiu-the Gauges, and they resemble much 
 more those inhabiting China and the great table-land of 
 East Asia. Their architecture, customs, and religion — 
 which last is Boodbism in various and somewhat debased' 
 forms — are also analogous to those prevalent throughout 
 the re.st of East Asia; and excepting Burmah, Ca.ss.iy, and 
 the British territories above indicated, all the states of 
 this peninsula acknowledge themselves more or less tribu- 
 tary to the Chinese Kmpire. See Anam, Burmah, Laos, 
 Sum, i-c. 
 
 INDI.i, in'de-a. BRiTisn, an extensive empire, consisting 
 of the most pjirt of the great central peninsula of Southern 
 Asia, viz. llindostan, together with Ceylon, various dis- 
 tricts of the Bengal Presidency, the Tenasserim Provinces, 
 and adjacent islands in " India-beyond-the-Ganges;" and 
 Singapore, Penang, -Malacca, and Province-Wellesley — col- 
 lectively called the Straits-Settlement — in or contiguous to 
 the Malay Peninsula. Ceylon, however. Is a colony belong- 
 ing to the British crown, and unconnected with any of the 
 Indian presidencies. F^xclusive of It and the detached ter- 
 rito)ies enumerated alxive, British India e.xtends between 
 lat. 8° 5' and 35° N., and Ion. 66° 37' and 97° E.: bounded 
 N. by the Himalayas, which separate It from Thibet and 
 the territories of the Maharajah Gholab Sing, also by the 
 states of Nepaul and Bootan; N.W. by the Indus and the 
 mountain chains (to Cape Monze.) which sep;irate the terri- 
 tory watered by th.it river from Afghanistan and Beloo- 
 chistan; W. and S.W. by the Indian Ocean, which, with 
 the Gulf of Manaar and the Bay of Bengal, bounds it also 
 on the S.E. ; and, on its E. frontier, it extends in Upper .\8- 
 sam as tar as East Thibet, and is elsewhere separated by 
 mountiiin ranges from the Burmese dominioijs. The Wide 
 region circumscribed by these limlt.s, stretching through 
 nearly 27° of lat. and more than 30° of Ion., is nearly 1900 
 miles in length, from N. to S., and 1700 miles In Its greatest 
 breadth, from W. to E. It comprises numerous st.ites be- 
 sides the territory directly subject to the Brjti.-ih rule; but 
 those states are all more or less tributary ; and, since the au- 
 nexation of the Punjab, in 1839 — if we except .Nepaul. Boo- 
 tan, and some compjiratively insignificant Portuguese and 
 French settlements — the whole of India, from its most N. 
 frontier to Cape Comorin, may be considered as substan- 
 ttiilly British dominion. 
 
 The physical geography of India, its productions, and the 
 manners, customs, religions. Ac, of its various races of in- 
 habitants, have l)een already treated of under llindostan. 
 See UiNDOSTAN. The area and p<ipul:ition. and its subsidiary 
 states — exclusive of territories under the Bengal Presideu'^ 
 In the peninsula E. of the Gauges and Bralmiapootra — »r» 
 shown In the annexed table ; — 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 Area and Population of British India, with its Dependent States. 
 
 Old Mohammedan Prorinoei, Ae. 
 
 Pfoaidcncy of Bengal 
 
 Agra, ("or tho North-west Provincea,) 
 
 Punjab 
 
 E. Straits Settlements in Further India :— Sin- f 
 gapore, Malacca, Penang, and Province- Wei- > 
 lesley, under Bengal ) 
 
 Cinder Bengal 
 
 Presidency of Madras 
 
 " Bombay, with Sinde and Sattara 
 
 Total under direct British rule 
 
 325,990 
 85,571 
 78,447 
 
 1,575 
 
 56.'i8.1.8ftl 
 ^3,S(I(I„549 
 4,100,983 
 
 491,245 
 144,889 
 1!I3,065 
 
 22,301,697 
 10,485,017 
 
 Bengal, Bahar, Benares, Orissa, QuudwEDab. Assam. 
 Albihabad, Oude, Agra, Delhi. 
 Lahore, Mooltan. 
 
 Farther India. 
 
 ( Carnatic, Circars, Balaghant, Malabar, Canara, Coimba- 
 f toor, Salcni, Sanjore. 
 Concan, Aurungabad, Bejapoor, Candeisb, Ouzerat. 
 
 756,199 
 
 Dependent States. 
 
 I. Subordinate to the Bengal Presidency : — 
 Hyderabad (the Nizam) 
 
 Oude 
 
 Xagpoor or Berar 
 
 Gwalior (Sindia) 
 
 Bundelcund States, and Saugor and Ncrbudda 
 
 chicfships 
 
 ludore, (Holkar,) Burwaunee Dhar, Dewass, 
 
 Jabooa, &c j.... 
 
 Bhopatil, Rajghur, &e 
 
 Rajpoot States — Joudpoor, Jcypoor, Odeypoor, 
 
 Bhurtpoor, Blkaneer, Alwur, &c 
 
 Rnmpoor. Delhi Tributaries, and Hill States, 
 
 ( Himalaya, ) 
 
 Sikh protected States 
 
 S.W. frontier States 
 
 Sikkim 
 
 Bhnwlpoor 
 
 Cashmere, (Gholab Singh,) 
 
 N.F,. frontier States 
 
 Muunipoor '. 
 
 Cuttack Mehals 
 
 Total dependent on Bengal 
 
 II. Subordinate to the .Madras Presidency : — 
 
 Jf ysore 
 
 Travaucore 
 
 Cochin 
 
 Jcypoor and Hill Zemindars 
 
 Total dependent on Madras 
 
 III. Subordinate to the Bombay Presidency : — 
 
 G uicowar's Dominion- . ,. , 
 
 Kalty war chiefships , 
 
 Pahlun poor chiefships 
 
 Cauihay, Daung rajahs, &c , 
 
 Kolapoor 
 
 Sawunt Warree aud Myhee, &o 
 
 Cutch 
 
 Soutb Mahratta Jaghiredara, &o , 
 
 Total dependent on Bombay , 
 
 Total of dependent States , 
 
 Grand total of British India and dependent States, 
 
 23,738 
 76,432 
 33.119 
 66,311 
 
 15,680 
 
 8,312 
 
 119,859 
 
 13,572 
 
 6,746 
 25,431 
 
 2,.i04 
 20.003 
 25.123 
 
 7,711 
 
 7,584 
 16,9J9 
 
 10,666,080 
 2,970,000 
 4,650,000 
 3,2-28,512 
 6,871,112 
 
 1,415,200 
 
 815,360 
 
 11,745,098 
 
 1,211,407 
 1,005.1. -.4 
 1,245,(m5 
 92,648 
 600.000 
 750,000 
 231,605 
 75,840 
 761,805 
 
 554,391 
 
 44,.335.476 
 
 30.886 
 4,722 
 1,988 
 
 13,041 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 1,011,824 
 
 288,176 
 
 391, '230 
 
 4,691,230 
 
 5,'250 
 3,308 
 3,445 
 9,5i9 
 6,764 
 3,775 
 
 325.526 
 1,468.000 
 388,,ifl0 
 244,791 
 500,000 
 765,946 
 500..536 
 419,025 
 
 68,320 
 
 4,612,325 
 
 1,427,547 
 
 ■ Hyderabad, Boeder, Aurunga- > 
 
 bad, Bejapoor J 
 
 Oude 
 
 Gundwanah, Berar 
 
 Malwab, Agra 
 
 Malwah, Allahabad 
 
 Malwab, Candeista 
 
 Malwab. 
 
 Eajpootana, Malwah 
 
 Delhi, Kumaon 
 
 Delhi 
 
 Malw.ah, Allahabad, Gundwanah, 
 
 N. frontier 
 
 Mooltan 
 
 Cashmere 
 
 Assam, &c 
 
 Orissa 
 
 Mysore 
 
 Travancore 
 
 Malabar 
 
 Balaghaut, Bejapoor 
 
 Guierat 
 
 Guzerat 
 
 Bejapoor 
 
 Cutch...."'.!!."!..*.!.'."!!!'.'.!!!. 
 
 Bejapoor 
 
 Mohammedan. 
 Hindoo, (Mahratta.) 
 
 " (R.ijpoot.) 
 
 " (Mahratta, £c.) 
 Mohammedan. 
 Hindoo, (Rajpoot.) 
 
 " and Sikh. 
 Sikh. 
 Hindoo. 
 BoodhW. 
 Hindoo. 
 Sikh. 
 Boodbist. 
 
 Hindoo. 
 
 (Mahratta.) 
 
 The above " dependent stjites" have all relinquished po- 
 litical relation.s with each other, or with any hut the para- 
 mount Briti-sh state, t<5 which they are houod by alliances 
 of various kind.s. 
 
 Government. — By an act of Parliament, pas.sed in 1833, 
 the government of British India was vested in the East 
 India Company as trustees for the crown, subordinate to the 
 Board of Control established in 1784, by Mr. Pitfs India Bill. 
 The Supreme Government, which has generally its seat in 
 Bengal, consists of the Governor-General, and a council 
 of five members, one of whom is the commander-in-chief 
 The Governor-General is nomi»ated by the Court of Di- 
 rectors, his appointment being sulyect to the approval of 
 the sovereign ; salary, 24,000/. The Governor-General has 
 the power to declare war, conclude peace, and make treaties 
 of commerce and alliance. In conjunction with his council, 
 he makes laws and regulations which have fijrce through- 
 out the whole of the territories of British India. The other 
 members of the Supreme Council, except the commander-in- 
 chiBf, are appointed by the Court of Directors, and must 
 have resided in India for ten years ; salary, 9600/. The Su- 
 preme Council is also the council for the presidency of Ben- 
 gal. The presidencies of Madras and Bombay have each 
 their governor and council of three memters, similarly ap- 
 pointed ; the governor receiving a salary of 12,000/. annually. 
 The presidency Agra remained distinct from that of Bengal 
 for a short period only, under the title of the North-western 
 Provinces ; that territoiy has been again united to the Ben- 
 gal Presidency, and is administered by a Lieutenant-Go- 
 Ternor. 
 
 The Board of Control, as originally founded, consisted of 
 six members ; but the chief authority exercised was vested in 
 its president, who is a cabinet minister, and, under another 
 name. Secretary of State fjr India. The Court of Directors 
 of the East India Company nominates the governors and 
 members of council of the different presidencies, and retains 
 most of the patronage throughout Biitish India. Members 
 
 sa 
 
 are elected to it by a certain number among the holders of 
 the capital stock of the company, which con.sists of 6.000,000/., 
 shared, in different proportions, among 3600 individuals. 
 Proprietors of 1000/. stock have each one vote; of 3000/., two 
 votes; of 6000/., three votes; and of 10,000/., or upwards, 
 four votes in the election of directors, and of committees to 
 form by-laws, and for the control of pensions beyond a cer- 
 tain amount, and the bestowal of rewards. Persons holding 
 less than 1000/. stock have no vote, although they may take 
 a part in the discussions of the court. The court consists 
 of twenty-four directors, who must be born or naturalized 
 subjects of Great Britain, and possessed of at least 2000/. 
 stock. From this court proceed, on all ordinary occasions, 
 instructions relative to the management of the Indian Em- 
 pire ; but a draft of every despatch sent thither must be 
 first submitted to the approval of the Board of Control. It 
 is bound to lay annually before Parliament an account of its 
 revenue and expenditure for the preceding year. 
 
 Justice. — In each of the capital cities of the presidencies 
 of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, is a superior, civil, and cri- 
 minal court, over which neither the Court of Directors nor 
 the Board of Control hjive any authority, the judges in them 
 being appointed directly by the .sovereign. Within these 
 cities, English law is held to be equally binding upon the 
 European and native inhabitants: but beyond their limits 
 Europeans only are subject to British jurisprudence. Zillah 
 courts, both European and native, are established through- 
 out British India, in each district or coUectorate. as well as 
 in the cities and towns. In each village and community are 
 also native police courts, the head officer of which receives 
 criminal charges and holds inquests; and in the N.W. pro- 
 vinces are established punchayets. or native juries of five per- 
 sons, who arbitrate in minor causes. In all the superior 
 courts, trial by jury takes place in criminal ca.ses; and na- 
 tives are eligible, both as petty and grand jurors. The pro- 
 ceedings in the superior courts are conducted in English, 
 but in provincial courts always in the vernacular languages. 
 
 897 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 A small-ca ise court, on the plan of the county courts in I 
 Englsnd. was instituted at Calcutta in 1S50 : and it is ex- 
 pected tljat similar courts will be established in the capitals 
 of the othei presidencies. Except at these c.ipitals, the Mo- 
 hammedan laws are commonlj- administered to the Moham- 
 medan, and the Hindoo laws to the Hindoo population. 
 
 Educaliftn, iC-c. — A few years ago six superior colleges ex- 
 isted in the Bengal presidency, under the superintendence 
 of the council of education established at Calcutta. There 
 were also .51 district and other schools, attended by 8203 
 pupils, of whom lil40 were Hindoos, and 1621 Mohamme- 
 dans: and. in 1S45, arran<rements had been made for the 
 establishment of 100 additional schools. In the Bombay 
 presidency there were 120 schools, attended by "V60 pupils. 
 At Madras is an institution termed a university: but for a 
 long period fewer attempts were made to extend education 
 in this than in the other presidencies. In a portion of the 
 Lahore teiritories, with a population of 2,470.000, are 1835 
 native public schools, in which 11,500 boys receive instruc- 
 tion. Kelij^ious bigotry in India appears to be giving phice 
 to more liberal sentiments. In the Jlohammedan college at 
 Hoogly, both Christians and Hindoos are admitted; in 
 medical studies at Calcutta and elsewhere, Hindoo students 
 have made distinguished progress, and at Amritseer. in the 
 Punjab, a public seminary has lately been endowed by the 
 government to the amount of 500Z. annually. Female edu- 
 cation is generally discouraged by the Hindoos : in the Sikh 
 territories, however, at the city of Lahore, are 16 schools at 
 which female children are instructed : and in all the three 
 presidencies are tlouri.shing female schools under the super- 
 intendence of the missionaries of various denominations of 
 Christians. In 1848, there were published in Calcutta five 
 newspapers in the Persian or Hindostanee languages, and 
 nine in Bengali ; besides numerous editions of Hindoo and 
 Mohammedan works. At Delhi, many scientific works and 
 translations of English historical works were publishetl, and 
 printing was actively going on at Barelly. The transactions 
 of the learned societies, and reviewsat Calcutta and Bombay, 
 are periodiails of high merit: and English newspapers are 
 published in the cipitals of all the presidencies, (seven in 
 Calcutta.) and at Delhi and Lahore. Literary works pub- 
 lished in India are protected by a copyright act, passed.in 
 1847, similar to that in force in Great Britain. 
 
 The Ecclesuistical Establisliment in India is under the 
 superintendence of the Bishops of Calcutt.a, Madi-as, and 
 Bombay, who are appointed by the sovereign, and are paid 
 by the East India Company. There is also an archdeacon in 
 each diocese. Chaplains at the different stations are appointed 
 by the court of directors, subject to the approval of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, or the Bishop of London. An 
 allowance is made by the company to a certain numl)er of 
 the Koman Catholic clergymen, and clergymen of the Scotch 
 Established Church. Other Christian sects in India sup- 
 port their own ministers. 
 
 A)-mfAi three. — The total armed force of the East India 
 Company, in 1845, amounted to 13,715 European, and 235,684 
 native troops, in all 249.399, officers and rank, and file. Be- 
 sides these, there were 963 officers, and 27,149 rank and file 
 belonging to her Majesty's service. The Punjab military 
 force consisted, in 1850, of five corps of infantry, five of ca- 
 valry, and three batteries of artillery, besides four local regi- 
 ments of infantry and one corps of cavalry, rai.sed in that 
 territory. The Indian navy. In 1848, comprised 39 steam ves- 
 sels, with an aggregate of 18,300 tons burden, and 5044 horse- 
 power, and 14 sailing vessels, aggregate burden, 2826 tons. 
 
 Seitntte. — The land tax is the principal source of Indian 
 revenue. (See Hindost.^n, p. 858.) It is collected, in the first 
 instance, by the village collector!* teksiklan or accountants : 
 from them it is sent to the provincial native trea.surer.s. who 
 are bound in heavy securities to the government, and act 
 directly under the European collector of the district or col- 
 lectorate. In addition to the laud tax. revenue is derived 
 from the sales of opium, salt, and tobacco : and. in the Bom- 
 bay territories, opium-pa.sses, and dock dues: mint, stamp, 
 and excise duties : postofflce collection. s;»yer and abkarry, 
 or spirit, and other licenses ; marine and pilotage receipts, 
 gubsidies. and tribute from the protected states, Ac. The 
 Indian revenue, for some years prior to 1850 presented a de- 
 ficiency as compared with the expenditure, in consequence 
 of expensive wars. The following table exhibits the reve- 
 nues and charges of the several presidencies of British India, 
 for the year 1848-9 :— 
 
 Presidencies. 
 
 Bengal . . . 
 
 Agra 
 
 Madras... 
 Bumbaf .. 
 
 £7..S08.7oO 
 
 4,6tia,;ioo 
 
 3,7*«,(iDO 
 2,476.048 
 
 £9,6J7..3.i4 
 
 951, OiK) 
 
 S,r>l.fi96 
 
 2,i»-'9.7:«) 
 
 £16,7:3,»70 
 
 Add to this last the 3.012.000?. disbursed in England, and 
 the tcUl expenditure for the yesir amounts to 19.741,870i. 
 The public debt of the East India Company, in 1849, was 
 
 Intfrnal Chmmunication. — Previous to the commencttment 
 of the present century, the public ways In India were little 
 else than mere tracks; but since then great pains have been 
 taken to open good roads between important points, and to 
 provide means of internal communication. Fur this purpose 
 the East India Conip;niy alone expended, during the ten 
 ye-.irs preceding 1846. no less than 1.446.400?. Several ex- 
 tensive roads have been opened to the public since l.'oO. In 
 1856 there were being construrted oloOmiles of railway, tc 
 connect Calcutta with Peshawurand Bombay, and the latter 
 3ity with Agra: 4000 miles of teleirraph were also in operation. 
 But the most extensive work hitherto undertaken by the 
 British government in India is the Ganges Canal, now ia 
 course of construction. It commences at Ilui-dwar. and is 
 to extend for a distance of 180 miles to near Alighur, where 
 it will diverge into two channels — one, 170 miles in length, 
 running to the Ganges at Cawnpoor. and the other, 165 
 miles long, to the Jumna, near llumeerpoor, 40 miles W. 
 by N. of Suttehpoor. Branches, with an aggregate extent 
 of 250 miles, are to communicate with the latter town and 
 with Coel, making the total length of the canal 750 miles. 
 It is to be navigable throughout, and is intended to irrigate 
 8400 square miles of territory. The results of the canal, in 
 preventing the recurrence of the famines that have inva- 
 riably followed the fallui-e of the monsoons in the districts 
 It traverses, and in creating numerous lines of easy and 
 economical transit connected with the great rivers of the 
 Doab, are incalculable. The cost of the work is estimated 
 at 1.500,000^ of which 634.000?. had been expended on its 
 construction at the close of 1850. April 4. 1854. the main 
 trunk of the canal was openeii with ceremonies peculiar to 
 the country — English clergymen reading a form of prayers 
 for the occasion. Brahmins throwing flowers into the stream, 
 an imposing displ.ay of troops, a gener.il distribution of 
 sweetmeats, missionaries preaching to the crowd, men racing 
 in sacks, &c. Ac. The principal engineering work is an aque- 
 duct over the Solani River, having a water-way of 750 feet, 
 and costing 300,000?. A canal has also been commenced in 
 the Punjab, the cost of which, when completed, is estimated 
 at half a million sterling. 
 
 Cnmmerce. — The great staples of Indian exports are in- 
 digo, opium, cotton, sugar, silk, wool, salt, coffee, pepper, 
 saltpetre, and rice. The greater part of the indigo consumed 
 in Europe is raised in India. It is estimated that there are 
 upwards of 470 indigo factories in the Bengal and .\gra presi- 
 dencies, conducted by English capiialists. The total exports 
 of indigo in 1842 amounted in value to 2.730,560?.. and in 1849 
 75.982 hundredweights were imported into Great Britain and 
 Ireland. Opium is a government monopoly. In 1849, the 
 sale of opium raised in the British territory realized to the 
 Bengal government the sum of 3.015.000?., exclusive of the 
 receipts from the sale of Malwah opium and (ijv'um-passes 
 in Bombay, araountin'.; to 898,093?. Cotton is considered the 
 most important Indian product. In 1845-6. the total ex- 
 ports comprised 14.3.252.9(0 pounds, (value, 1.531.7.34?..) sent 
 chiefly to China and the United Kingdom. In 1849. the im- 
 port of cotton from British India into the United Kingdom 
 .amounted to 70,838.515 pounds, being rather more than 
 one-tenth of the entire quantity of this article imported for 
 iipme consumption. In 1850. the total import into the same 
 country amounted to 118.665,380 pounds. The whole Im- 
 port of sugar from India into the United Kingdom, in 1833, 
 was only 111,731 hundredweights; in 1848 it amounted to 
 1.360.417 hundredweights; besides which there were .also re- 
 ceived 19,853 hundredweights of molasses, and 908.876 gallons 
 of rum. Of raw silk, Great Britain receives nearly as mnch 
 from India as from China, the amount for 1849 being set 
 down at 1.804.327 pounds, besides upwards of ,500.000 pieces 
 of India silk manufactures. The import of wool from India 
 into the United Kingdom had increased from 371 pounds in 
 183.3. to 3.975.866 pounds in*1845; and in 1849 it amounted 
 to 4.182,853 pounds. Salt is a government monopnly, and, 
 in 1844-5. 3.405.288 hundredweights were disposed of at 
 the government sales. In 1848-9. the s.ale of this article 
 amounted to 2.488.567?. The import of coffee Into the United 
 Kingdom from British India, in 1849, amounted to 3.845,357 
 pounds; of pepper, to 3.913.611 pounds ; of saltpetre. 286.746 
 hundredweights; and of rice, to 875.510 hundredweights. 
 Among the other articles of Indian export are tobacco, teak- 
 timber, cardamoms, cocoa-nuts, cbank and pearl shells, 
 drugs, dyes, gum-lac. linseed, sesamum. safBower. turmeric, 
 ginger, skins and hides, bfirax. ivory, cassia and other spices, 
 and diamonds. The following table exhibits the total value of 
 Indian exports and imports during four succes.'^ive years : — 
 Date. Exports. Imports. I Date. Exports. Import). 
 
 lS44-5...£16,59rt,-.ill... £10,754, 145 ll*»6-7....£15.3.i5,4;!6 ..£8.811,259 
 1845-6... 17,286,720... 9,087,478 1 1847-8.... 13.505,949.. 8,408,100 
 
 In 1842-3. the total exports of the three presidencies of 
 Bengal. Madras, and Bcnnbay amounted to 14.071.819?., and 
 the imports to 8.784.90:}?. Of this commerce. 6,30S.365i. ex- 
 ports, and 5.016.679?. imports, w.as with Gi-eut Britain; 
 4.102.878?. exports, and 536.590?. imports, with China ; 764,2141. 
 exports, and 307.187?. imports, with Penang and eastward; 
 S1L805?. exports, and 410.(504?. imports, with the .\rabiaa 
 and Persian Gulfs; 509,884?. exporte, and iiZ,':21i. import* 
 
IND 
 
 vrirti Franoe; 168,322L exports, and 54,975?. imports, with 
 Mauritius ; aud 141,120J. exports, and 72.074Z. impoits, with 
 the Uuitud States. The total exports of the United King- 
 dom to Uritisli India, including Ceylon, in 1849, amounted 
 to t).803,2742. The commerce of the United States with In- 
 lli,^. in 1801!, included exports to the value of l:i,13o/.. and im- 
 ports to 740,0262. (i'or a notice of steam communication, see 
 Calcutta.) 
 
 Hkt/>rii. — The famous East India Companj', under the 
 title of the '-London Company," headed \>y Georgje Earl, of 
 Cumberland, was organized in 16(J0 ; in the following year 
 it numbered 215 sliareholders. Its original cajiital was 
 70,0002. The company traded successfully at Surat and 
 other places on the coast of India, and in 1612 increased its 
 capital to 429,000J. About this time permission was granted 
 to the British to erect factories at Surat, Ahmedabad, Cam- 
 bay, and Gogo. The company's ships first sailed up the 
 Ganges to trade at I'ipley, in Hengal. in 1634. In 163'J, the 
 British procured the cession of a strip of land about 5 miles 
 in length on the Coromandel coast, where Madras now 
 stands ; this was their first territori.al acquisition on the In- 
 dian mainland. In 1644, permis.sion was obtained to erect 
 Cictories at Balasore and Iloogly. in Bengal; In 1662, the 
 Island of Bombay was ceded by Portugal to Charles II, of 
 England, It was made over in perpetuity to the East India 
 Company, in 1068; and in 1687, it Iwcame the capital of the 
 British settlements in the East. By this time factories had 
 been established in various parts of Bengal. Baliar, and 
 South India. The first grant of land in liengal, a small 
 zemindary on the Iloogly, comprising the towns of Chut- 
 tanuttee, Oovindpore, and Kalleeghatta, (see Calcutta, Ilis- 
 tory,) was made to the company in loy."). From tliis small 
 acquisition have sprung the vast possessions of the Bengal 
 presidency, forming the third, and by far the most import- 
 ant of the three great presidencies into which British India 
 Is now divided. In extending their sway over India, the 
 British iiecame involved in many long and expensive wars, 
 both with the native princes and with the French, who had 
 early made settlements o* the Coromandel coast, A war 
 with the latter broke out in 1756; the great battle of Plas- 
 sey, fought in 1757, effectually opejied Bengal to the British, 
 and checked the rising power of the I'rench in India, which 
 was completely overthrown in 1703, Among the wars 
 carried on with the n.ative princes, m.ny be mentioned 
 that commenced in 1775, with llyder-Ali, King of Mysore, 
 and terminated in 1799; and the war with the Maiiratta 
 powers, in the early part of the present century, in which 
 the Uuke of AVelliugtnn first distinguished himself, lirltish 
 a"qnisiiions in tlie peninsula beyond the Ganges commenced 
 Avith the ces.sion of Aracan, in 1824, and of Assam and the 
 Tenasserim Provinces, in 1826; Malacca was purcliased in 
 ]>:24-r). Sinde was acquired liy conquest in 1S43-4; and the 
 Biinjab in 1>49, In the beginning of 18.57 there occurred 
 among the Sepoys a formidable and wide-spread nnitiny, 
 wliioh seemed for a time to thro.aten tlie total overthrow of 
 the British power in India, At length, 14th of September, 
 Delhi was taken bystorm. Other important places.ns lau'k- 
 now, &c., fell successively before the British forces, and the 
 mntinj' was finally quelled in thesunnnerof 1858. By an act 
 of Parliament, July 1858, tlie government of India was taken 
 from tlic K:ist India Company and transferred to the crown. 
 
 INDIANA, one of the Western States, and a portion of 
 the Great .Mississippi Valley, is bounded on the N. by Lake 
 Michigan and the State of .Slichigan, E, liy (Ihio, S, by Ken- 
 tucky, from which it is separated by the Ohio liiver, and W. 
 by Illinois, from which it is partly separated by the Wabash 
 River, It lies between 37° 50' and 41° 50' N, lat., being 
 278 miles In its greatest length from N. to S., and about 
 144 miles in width, forming nearly a parallelogram, and 
 including 33,809 square miles, or '21 637,760 acres, only 
 ^,242,183, of which are improved, leaving a large part of 
 this fertile state uncultivated. When we take into con- 
 sideration that the million of inhabitants wlio possess the 
 cultivated portion are far from densely settled, we arrive at 
 c<inclusions foreshadowing the immense population that 
 must one day occupy the Great Mississippi Valley, 
 
 jR(c« ({f the. Oiiinlrii. — Indiana has no mountains or great 
 elevations; but portions S. of the White Itiver are somewhat 
 hilly and rugged, A low ridge from Iventucky extends in 
 a X.W, direction across the (Jhio. White, and Wabash liivers, 
 causing rapids in each, N, of the White and Watiash Bivers, 
 (fcirming much tlie larser part of the state.) the country is 
 generally level, or slightly undulating. Most of the rivers 
 have rich alluvi.al bottoms of a few miles in width. A range 
 (if hills runs along the Ohio, sometimes approaching, and at 
 others receding from the river, forming in the 'southern 
 counties a broken and often rocky surface. The most of 
 'ne nortnrrn portion of the state is level, the m<ist western 
 being chiefly prairie, the most eastern lieavily timbered. 
 In the northwestern counties are several thousand acres 
 of " Swamp Lands " donated by Congress. The public 
 lands have all been sold except a few inferior tracts. The 
 most of the streams empty into the Ohio, showing a gen- 
 eral inchnation of the surface in that direction. 
 
 Minerals. — Indiana has beds of coal within her limits 
 
 IND 
 
 estimated to be capable of yielding 50,000,000 bushels to 
 the square mile. The great "coal tl^posit lies in the gonth- 
 west portion of the stiite, west cr a line connecting Perry 
 and Fountain counties, embraciog an area of about 7,700 
 miles, and including 22 counties. Coal is (at date, 186«) 
 profitably worked in several of these counties, among 
 which are Perry, Spencer, Vanderburg, Daviess, Clay, and 
 Fountain. Besides coal, Indiana contains iron, zinc, gvp- 
 snm, marble, grindstimes; also lime- aud sandstone of the 
 best quality for building material. 
 
 Hirers, Lakes, die. — i^ake Michigan borders on the N.W. 
 portior. of In<liana for about 40 miles, and opens to it the 
 trade of the great lakes. There are a number of small lakes 
 in the N. part of the state. The Ohio forms the entire 
 southern boundary of Indiana, and gives it access to the 
 commerce of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. The Wabsish 
 is tlio largest river that has its course mainly within the 
 state, of wliose surface, with its branches, it drains three- 
 fourths. It rises in the W. of Ohio, and flowing N.W., and 
 then S.W. across the state, meets the boundiuy of Illiiwiis, 
 which it follows for more than 100 miles, till it discharges 
 its waters into the Ohio, after a total couree of about 500 
 iniies, and is navigable by steamboats, at high water, as far 
 as Covington, Fountain Conniy, At low w.ater, its clianiiel 
 is obstructed by bars and ledges of rocks just above the 
 month of the White Biver, its principal triliutary. The 
 latter rises in two branches in the E, part of the state, which 
 flow S,W, .and unite aliont 30 miles from the Wabash, The 
 length of the largest branch (the West Fork) is about 200 
 miles. The Maumee is formed by the St. Joseph's and St. 
 Mary's, in the N.E part of Indiana, and passes otf into the 
 Ohio. The Kankakee, one of the sources of the Illinois, 
 drains the N.W. portion of the state. The Upper St. Jo- 
 seph's makes a bend into Indiana from Michigan, to which, 
 after a course of about 30 miles, it returns. The Tippe- 
 canoe, Mississinewa, White Water, Flat Kock, and Bine 
 Jiivers are tlie next largest streams after those named 
 above. 
 
 Objects nf Tntf.rest In Tourists. — Chief among these are the 
 Falls of Eel River in Owen County ; Lost River in Orange 
 County, a stream 50 feet in width, which sinks many feet 
 under the surface of the ground, and afterward rises at a 
 distance of about 11 miles; and Wyandot Cave in Crawford 
 County, 5 miles from Leavenworth, the county seat. "This 
 cave, near Blue River, 400 feet above the water, consists 
 of Old and New Caves, the former being known as Epsom- 
 Salts Cave. The dimensions of this cave, so far as explored 
 at ilate (1866). are, length 22 miles, greatest width 300 feet, 
 gieatest height 215 feet. The thermometer ranges from 54° 
 to 57° Fahrenheit, This cave rivals in magnificence and 
 beauty the great Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, presenting 
 its wonders in the form of '-Bandits' Hall," "JJluto's Ra- 
 vine," "Monument Mountain," "Lucifer's Gorge," and 
 " Calypso's Island," — ,all fluted and sparred with pendent 
 stalactites, and reflecting an ever varying brilliancy. 
 
 CUmatt, Sail, and Productions. — The climate of Indiana 
 partakes of the general character of the Western States N. 
 of the Ohio; that is to say, somewhat milder than on the 
 Atlantic coasts, but subject to suilden changes. The cold 
 of winter is severe, but of comparatively short diu-ation; 
 the snow does not generally fall to a great depth, or lie very 
 long, though there is considerable difference in this respect 
 between the northern and southern parts of the state. The 
 earlier fruits blossom in March, but are liable to be injured 
 by frosts. The soil is generally good, aud much of it highly 
 fertile. The richest lands are found in the river-bottoms, 
 where the soil is very deep. This is especially the case in 
 the valleys of the Wabash and its tributaries above lerre 
 Haute, and in parts of the Ohio Valley. The country be- 
 tween the rivers is .somewhat elevated, and not so luxu- 
 riantly fertile as on the river-bottoms, but amply repays the 
 labors of the husbandman. Indeed, there is very little of 
 this state uncultivable; even its wet and marshy lands will, 
 no doubt, at some future day, when the density of p.ipula- 
 tion and cheapness of labor may warrant it, become as pro- 
 ductive as most of the other hands in the state, Indiana 
 ranks fourth of the states of the Union in the absolute 
 amount of Indian corn raised, and sixth as respects popula- 
 tion. It also produces large quantities of wheat, oats, with 
 Irish potatoes, fruit, butter, and live stock, besides con- 
 ,siderable rye, barley, buckwheat, sweet potatoes, tobacco, 
 wool, peas, beans, cheese, grass-seeds, flax, hops, maple- 
 SH^ar, molasses, beeswax and honey, and some wine, henio, 
 and silk. In 1800 there were in Indiana 8,242,1^3 acres of 
 improved land, (8,146,109 being unimproved,) producing 
 16,848,267 bushels of wheat, 463,495 of rye, 71,588,919 of 
 Indian corn, 5,.'>17,631 of oats, 3,866,647 of Irish potatoes, 
 299,516 of sweet potatoes, 382,'245 of barley, 396,989 of buck- 
 wheat, 34,914 of grass seeds, 119,420 of flaxseed, 2,552,318 
 pounds of wool, 7,993,-378 of tobacco, 18,306,651 of butter, 
 605,795 of cheese, 27,884 of hops, 1,541,761 of maple sugar, 
 34,525 of beeswax, 1,224,489 of honey, 292,908 gallons of 
 maple molasses, 881,049 gallons of sorghum molasses, 
 102,895 gallons of wine, 622,426 tons of hay ; total value 
 of live stock, $41,855,539- of orchard products, §1,258,942; 
 
 899 
 
IXD 
 
 of market products, $5i0,153; of slaughtered animala, 
 $9,824,204. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Indigenous to Indiana are various species 
 of oaks, poplar, ash, walnut, hickory, elm, cherry, sugar- 
 maple, buckeye, bet-ch, and some sassafras, lime, locust, 
 sycamore, Cottonwood, hackberry, and mulberry in the 
 bottom-lands. The fruits common to the latitude sue cul- 
 tivated in Indiana. 
 
 Manufactures. — Though not yet largely engaged in manu- 
 fecturing Industry, Indiana has every facility, in the abund- 
 ance of her water-power and the cheapness of her coal, to 
 become a manufacturing state when it may become advan- 
 tageous for her so to do. According to tiie census of 1S60, 
 there were in the state 5110 nianuf icturing establishments, 
 employing 20,755 X'ersons, consuming raw material worth 
 $26,613,038, producing goods to the value of $11,840,434 
 annually, total amount of capital invested $17,881^586. Of 
 these, 1277 were saw-mills, capital invested $2,483,923, 
 annual products $4,271,605; 719 flour and meal establish- 
 ments, capital invested $5,205,275, annual products 
 $17,337,950; 378 hoot and shoe manufactories, capital in- 
 vested $368,730, annual products $1,087,494; 328 black- 
 smith shops, capital invested $194,609. annual products 
 $505,655 ; 236 cooper shops, capital invested $2^8,733, annual 
 products $832,806 ; 183 carriage factories, capital invested 
 $416,285, annual products $824,550 ; 202 saddlery establish- 
 ments, capital invested $232,391, annual products $586,670 ; 
 153 tin, copper, and sheet-iron works, capital invested 
 $347,104, annual products $560,903; 79 woollen factoi'ies, 
 capital invested $464,311, annual products $6-19,771; 31 pro- 
 vision, pork, &c. establisliKients, cajiital invested $2,003,550, 
 annual products $3,360,754; value of home-made manufac- 
 tures $886,393. 
 
 Internal Imprmemmls. — Indiana is among the leading 
 states of the Ureat Mississippi Valley in works of internal 
 improvement. So rapid is her jjrogress in this i-esjiect, that 
 any correct account of her railroads one year would be de- 
 fective the next. Railways, centering in Indianapolis, branch 
 off in all directions, uniting the capital, more or less directly, 
 with Chicago, Cleveland, JJetroit, Columbus (Ohio), I'itts- 
 burg, and Cincinnati, beyond the state, and with Madison, 
 New Albany, Evansville, Terre Haute. Lalayette, Peru, Mi- 
 chigan City, and various minor points within tlie state. 
 The Centi'al Michigan has 40, and the Southern Michigan 
 and North Indiana Railroad, 185 miles of tlieir tracks in 
 this state. According to the census of ISi'.O, there were in 
 this state 2125 miles of railroad completed, tlie construc- 
 tion and equipment of which cost $70,295,148. Besides the 
 railroads which centre at Indianapolis, tlie state is traversed 
 by tlie Ohio and Mississippi, the Pittsburg I'ort Wayne and 
 Chicago, the Louisville New Albany and Cliicago, and the To- 
 ledo Wabash and Western Railio.id. According to tlie Pre- 
 liminary Report on the Eighth Census, Indiana had 453 miles 
 of canal included in her limits, viz.: the Wabash and Erie 
 Canal, connecting Evansville with Toledo (379 miles of 
 which is in this state), and the Wliitew^ater Canal, 74 miles 
 long, connecting Cambridge City with Lawrenceburg, on 
 the Ohio. There is scarcely a place of any considerable im- 
 portance in Indiana that is not, directly or indirectly, con- 
 nected with the large cities of the Eastern, Middle, and 
 Western States; and the railroads in course of construction 
 are daily shortening these distances, and making them more 
 direct. 
 
 Commerce. — Indiana has no foreign commerce, but an 
 active lake and river trade with New Orleans and the various 
 points of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, liy the rivers of 
 the same name, and with New York by tlie lakes, tliough for 
 the most part in vessels owned in other states. A want of 
 statistics does not enable us to do justice to tlie trade of 
 Indiana. Tonnage of Evansville in 1863, 2495 ; vessels built 
 in tne state, 4, of 287 tons burden. Tlie great objects of ex- 
 port are cattle, hogs, and other live stoclv ; pork, lieef, lard, 
 Indian corn, wheat, and wool. More than 000,000 hogs have 
 been packed in this state within a year. 
 
 Education. — Indian^ has (at date, 1866) a school fund of 
 $7,613,490. Tills fund is divided into the three following 
 cliusses, namely: Common, $1,496,778; Congressional, Town- 
 sliip, $2,263,406; and sinking, $3,853,305. The first two of 
 these funds, save $135,179, the value of unsold lands, are 
 bearing 7 per cent, interest, hence yielding an annual reve- 
 nue for tuition of $Ja3,750. The third item of this fiinil is 
 still unproductive, but by statute of ]8l).> becomes produc- 
 tive in 1^67. In 1865, $993,u00 were expended for tuition, 
 $551,397 of which were derived from taxes, the remainder 
 from interest on fund, from liquor license, and from un- 
 claimed fees. The rate of state t.ix for schools in I860 was 
 16 cents on the $100. In 1865, the scliools were kept open 
 Z]4 months. The number of children in the state between 
 the ages of 6 and 21 years, in 1865, was 552.241; number of 
 children attending the public schools in 1864, :j90,768. Value 
 of public school property in 1S04,$:3,472,612. Ea<h township 
 in the state (978 in number) Ims a public scliool lilifary. 
 The State University, organized in 1828, and located at 
 Bloomingtcn, Monroe county, is a part of the state system 
 »f education, and furnishes tuition free. The State Normal 
 »00 
 
 IND 
 
 Scliool located at Terre Haute does the same, $19,000 being 
 annually appropriated for its support. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of tlie 2933 churches in Indi- 
 ana, in 1860, the Baptists owned 475; Tunker Baptists, 27 ; 
 Christians. 347 ; Congregationalists, 11 ; Episcopalians, 29; 
 Friends, 93; German Reformed, 9 ; Lutherans, 150; Metho- 
 dists, 1256; Presbyterians, 275; Cumberland Presbyterians, 
 27 ; Reformed Presbyterians, 8 ; United Presliyterians, 18 ; 
 Roman Catholics, 127; Unionists, 44; Universalists, 28- 
 minor sects, 9 ; giving 1 church to 460 persons. Value of 
 church property, $4,065,274. 
 
 Periodicals. — In 1860 there were published in Indiana, of 
 Political papers, 13 dailies, 6 bi-weeklies, 154 weeklies, total 
 172; of Religious papers, 3 weeklies, 3 monthlies, 5 literary, 
 and 1 educational. Whole number of copies issued within 
 the year, 10,190,310. 
 
 Public Instiliitions. — Indiana stands among the first of the 
 Western States in provision for the unfortunate. Tticre are 
 at Indianapolis asylums for the deaf and dumb, blind, and 
 insane; and the constitution directs the erection of houses 
 of refuge for tlie reformation of juvenile criminals. The 
 number of pupils in the asylum for the blind, in November, 
 1862, was 95. The hospitnl for the insane received 200 pa- 
 tients in 1862, and had 298 remaining at the close of the 
 year. The number of patients who recovered during ihe 
 year was 114. Total number adiiiitted since the institution 
 was opened in 1848, 2388. All the deiif and dumb between 
 the ages of 10 and 21, and all blind children of the state 
 between 8 and 21, receive a gratuitous education. , The 
 different benevolent institutions received from the state in 
 1862 and 1 863 appropriations amounting to $175,070. The 
 State Prison at Jeffersonville confines on an average about 
 275 convicts. According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in Indiana 247 Sunday-school libraries containing 65,456 
 volumes; also 11 College libraries containing 28,745 vols. 
 The statute provides for a county library in each county. 
 
 P(rpulntion. — There were in Indiana, 4875 inhabitants In 
 1800; 24,520 in 1810; 147,178 in 1820; 343,031 in 1830; 
 685,866 in 1840; 988,393 in 1850, and in 1860, 1,350,428, of 
 whom 1,338,710 were whites, 11,428 colored,.and 290 Indians. 
 Population to the square mile 40. Representative population 
 1,350,428. Of the population 774,721 were born in the state, 
 455,719 in other states, 118,184 in foreign countries, of 
 whom 9304 were born in England, 24,495 in Ireland, 2093 
 in Scotland, 226 in Whiles, 3166 in Biitisli America, 66,705 
 in Germany, 6176 in Erance, and 6019 in other foreign 
 countries. Of the population in the leading pursuita 
 158,714 were farmers, 40,827 farm laborers, 33,928 laborers, 
 14,394 servants, 10,584 carpenters, 4883 blacksmiths, 4570 
 merchants, 3850 clerks, 3804 shoemakers, 3604 teachers, 
 3536 coopers, 2524 physicians, 2367 seamstresses, 506 gar- 
 deners and nurserymen, 1419 cabinet makers, 1211 law- 
 yers, 1806 railroad men, &c. In the year ending June 1st, 
 1860, there occurred 15,325 deaths, or ll-a in every thou- 
 sand. The number of deaf and dumb was 600, (see In- 
 troduction to the volume on Population of the Eighth 
 Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &c.), blind 530, insane 1035, and 
 idiotic 907. 
 
 Cbunties. — Indiana Is divided into92countieR, viz. Adams, 
 Allen. Bartholomew, Benton, Blackford, Boone, Brown, 
 Carroll. Cass, Clark, Clay. Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dear- 
 born. Decatur, De Kalb, Delaware, Du Bois, Elkhart, 
 Fayette, Flnyd. Fountain, Franklin, Fulton, Gibson, Grant, 
 Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Ilairisnn, Hendricks, Henry, 
 Howard, Huntington, .lackson, Jasper, Jay, Jefferson, Jen- 
 nings, Johnson. Knox. Kosciusco. La Grange, Luke, I^aporte, 
 Lawrence. Madison. ■Marion, Marshall, Martin. Miami. Mon- 
 roe, Montgoinery, Morgan, Newton, Noble, Ohio, Orange, 
 Owen, Parlie, Perry, Pike, Porter, Posey, Pulaski, Putnam, 
 Randolph, Ripley, Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencer, Stark,Steu- 
 bcn, St. Joseph, Sullivan, Switzerland, Tippecanoe, Tipton, 
 Union, Vandoiberg, Vermilion, Vigo, Wabash, Warren, 
 Warrick, Washington, Wayne, Wells, White, and Whitely. 
 Capital, Iiidiaiiiipolis. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Indianapolis is the largest town in 
 Indiana, population in 1860,18,611; New Albany, 12,647; 
 Evansville, 11,4S4; Fort Wayne, 10,388; Lafayette, 9387; 
 Terre Haute, 8594; Madison, 8130 ; Richmond, 6603 ; Laporte, 
 6028; Jefl'ersonville, 4020; Logansport, about 3000: Craw- 
 fordsville (population of the township), 4863; Columbus, 
 1840; Aurora, 2990; Newcastle, about 1500; Vincenues, 
 3960; South Bend, 3S32: Lawrenceburg, 3599; Micliigan 
 City, 3320; W.ishiugton, 3183 ; and Charlestown, population 
 3161. 
 
 Owemment. — The governor and lieutenant-governor ara 
 both elected by the people for 4 years. Tlie former, who 
 receives $3000 per annum, can be elected only onco in a 
 period of eight years. The latter is ex-officio president of 
 the Senate, and receives $5 per day during the sessions of the 
 legislature. The Senate consists of 50, and the House of Re- 
 presentatives of 100 members, both elected by the jieople; the 
 former for four, the latti-r for two years. The secret^iry of 
 state, auditor,su|)erintendent of public schooIs,and treasurer, 
 are each choseil by the people for two years. The judiciary 
 consists of a supreme court, composed of not less tiiau thre" 
 
IND 
 
 or more thau Ave judgw*, elected by the people for six yoars : 
 and of fil'tepn cireuit courts, presided over by judsjfs 
 elected by the people of each district, for six years. The 
 judires of the supreme court receive $3000 per annum. 
 Justices of the peace are chosen by the people of each town- 
 ship for four years. Any voter of good moral character may 
 practice law, and any white male of 21 years of apre, born in 
 the United Stiites, or any. forei;;ner, resident of the United 
 States one year, and who has declared his intention, accord- 
 ing to law. of becoming a citizen, may vote, after sit months' 
 residence in the state. Indiana is entitled to 11 members 
 in the national house of representatives, and to 13 electoral 
 Totes for president of the United .States. 
 
 Banks. Finances. — The state debt, principal and interest, 
 in 1847, was $14,374.610 ; but by an act of the legislature of 
 that year, the bondholders took the state's interest In the 
 Wabash and Krie Canal, which they were to finish for half 
 this debt, while the slate should issue new certificates for 
 the other half. In 1853, the state liabiUties were $6,805,435. 
 The pulilic debt of Indiana, in 181-2, was reported to be 
 $8,755,453. The assessed value of real estate tor 1865, was 
 $;jll,L';3,724, and that of personal property $197,067,333; 
 total, $508,201,057. In 1850 it was only $152,870,339, 
 showing an increase in fifteen years of more than four to 
 one. The Conunon School Fund in June, 1862, amounted to 
 $1,991,202. Ill Sejitember, 1865. there were in this state 68 
 national banks. Total school fund in 1866. $7,613,490.36; 
 total revenue for tuition for ls65, $993,254.13. 
 
 nistary. — Indiana was settled in the early part of the 
 eighteenth century by the French, who remained here, 
 without much accession to their numbers, till lone; after the 
 close of the American Uevolution. Like other French settle- 
 ments, tliey were nearly stationary, as far as resrarded in- 
 crease from without, until the arrival of the Americans 
 among them; enjoying life with the char.icteristic cheerful- 
 ness of their nation, and mingling with the neighboring 
 savages, not only on terms of amity, but sometimes forming 
 matrimonial alliances with them. In 1800, Indiana became, 
 in conjunction with Illinois, a territorial government, and 
 in lS](i. au independent member of the confederacy. In 
 1811, tlie .savages of the Shawnee tribe, led on by their 
 prophet, and incited, it is said, by the British, who put 
 arms into their hands, attiicked the American settlements, 
 and committed great depredations. Gener.il Harrison being 
 sent agiiinst them, routed them completely at Tippecanoe, 
 but with the loss of 200 of his own troops. 
 
 INDIAN' .A, in'de-an'.a or in-de-ah'n.a. a county in the S.W. 
 central part of Pennsylvania, h.as an area of about 770 
 square miles. The Conemaugh liiver forms its boundary on 
 the S. It is also drained by Little Mahoning. Crooked, 
 Black Lick, and Two Lick Creeks. The surface is hilly. 
 The soil, where not too rough for cultivation, is moderately 
 fertile. The highlands cont.ain large ([uantities of bitumin- 
 ous coal and iron ore: and valuable .salt-springs occur in 
 the S. part of the county. The Pennsylvania Canal and 
 Central Railroad pass along the S. border. Organized in 
 1803, and named from the general appellation of the abori- 
 ginal tribes. Capital. Indiana. Pop. 33,687. 
 
 INDIANA, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2505. 
 
 I.NDI.WA, a thriving post-borough, capital of Indiana co.. 
 Pennsylvania, is handsomely situated 50 miles E.N.K. of 
 Pittsburg. K plank-road, about 16 miles long, extends .south- 
 ward to the Central liailroad. The village contains the usual 
 county linildings, 5 or 6 churches, and an acjidemy. P. 1-331. 
 
 IN'OIAN'.'l, a post-village of Canada West. co. of llaldi- 
 mand, on the rand Itiver, 28 miles S.S.K.of Brantford, and 
 22 miles from Dunnville. Pop. about 200. 
 
 INDIANA ASBUKY UNIVERSITY. See Gre£NC.\stle, 
 Indiana. 
 
 INDIANA CENTRAL MEDICAL COLLEGE. See Ix- 
 
 DI.^N'APOIIS. 
 
 INDIANA MEDICAL COLLEGE. See L.^porte. Indiana. 
 
 INDI.\N.\POLIS. in de-an-ap'o-li.s. a city, capital of Indi- 
 ana, and seat of justice of Marion county, on tlie West Fork 
 of White River, at the cros.sing of the National Road, and 
 ■ Immediately below the mouth of Fall Creek, 109 miles N.W. 
 of Cincinnati, .and 86 miles N.N.W. of Madison. Lat. 39° 46' 
 N., Ion. 86° 5' W. It is situated in a fertile and exten- 
 sive plain, very nearly equidistant from the several bound- 
 aries of the state. When this place was selected for the 
 capital of Indiana, in 1820, the whole country for 40 miU« 
 In every direction was covered with a dense forest. On the 
 loth of January, 1825, the public offices of state were re- 
 noved from Corydon, and the seat of government was per- 
 manently established here. The streets generally cross each 
 Jther at right angles, excepting 4 di.igonal streets, wliicli 
 converge to a circular area in the centre of the town. The 
 principal businciss houses are on Washington street, which 
 is 120 feet wide. Several other streets are 90 feet wide. 
 The State House, erected at a cost of $60,000, is an elegant 
 building, surmounted by a dome, and liavinglO Doric col- 
 umns on each front. Its dimensions are 180 feet long by 80 
 ■wide. Among the principal buildings are Odd Fellows Hall, 
 Metropolitau Uall, Masonic Hall, the N. W. C. University, 
 
 IND 
 
 Baptist Female College, Indiana Female College, soveral 
 large hotels and depot^-, the Union Depot being 400 feet long 
 and 80 wide. Indianapolis contains 33 churches, 4 national 
 banks, 4 other banks, a State Asylum for the Blind, a f^tiite 
 Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and a Mercantile Liliniry 
 As.sociation. Four daily and four weekly new.<papers are 
 issued here. The tot.al capital of the banks is about $3,000,- 
 000. A State Lunatic Ilo.'spital was founded here in 1848, and, 
 in 1862, h:>.d 298 patients. Indi.anapolis ha,s an extensive 
 trade,which is greatly facilitated by its numerous railroails. 
 Great attention is paid to education, and the schools 
 are in a very flourishing condition. Tlie city contains several 
 iron foundries, 3 large paper-mills, a very extensive pork- 
 house, several flonring-mills, and manufactories of stean>- 
 eiiglnes, window-sashes, and other articles. Indianapolis is 
 the terminus of 8 milroads, viz.. tlie Indian.apolis and Madi- 
 son, the Indianapolis Peru and Cliicago, the Indiana Central, 
 the Indiaiiapolis and Cincinnati, the Jeffersonville Railroad, 
 the Bellefontaine Line, the Tcrre Haute and Richmond, and 
 the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad. Pop. in 1840, 
 2692; in 1850, 8090; in ISOO, 18.011, and in 1865, estimated 
 at 35,000. 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, 
 about 14 miles N.E. of Osk.aloo.sa. the county seat. 
 INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. See M.4L.\Y Archipel.^go. 
 INDIANA STATE UNIVER.SITY. See Bi.oo.minoto.n, Tnd. 
 INDIAN (in'dtwjn)CREi':K, Georgia, flows into Little 
 River, in Putnam county, about 8 miles N.W. of Eatonton. 
 I.N'DIAN CREliK, of Tishemingo co., Mississippi, enters 
 Tennessee River near Eastport. 
 
 IND1.\N CliEKK, a small stream of Yuba co., towards 
 the N. part of California, fills into Dry Creek about 22 miles 
 from its junction with Yuba liiver. Gold is found along 
 this stream in considerable quantities. The banks are well 
 wooded with excellent timlier. 
 
 INDIAN CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Fk^d co., and 
 flowing S.W., piisses Corydon, and falls into the Ohio. The 
 Little Indiiin Creek enters it at Corydon. 
 
 INDIAN CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Monroe co.. and 
 enters the East Fork of White River, at the Sulphur 
 Springs, in Martin county. 
 
 INDIAN CRKEK. of Morgan co.. Indiana, falls into the 
 West Fork of White River, a few miles below Martinsville. 
 INDIAN CREEK, of Switzerland co., Indi.ana, flows into 
 the Ohio near Vevay. 
 
 INDIAN CREEI\, of Missouri, enters the Maramec from 
 the right, in Franklin county. 
 
 1 N 1)1 A N CRE E K. a post-village in Monroe co.,W. Virginia, 
 190 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 INDIAN CREEK, a post-oflSce of Newbury district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 I.NDI.VN CREEK, a post-ofRce of .Taekson co.. Oeorsia. 
 INDIAN CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama. 
 INDI.iN CREEK, a post-office. Washington co.. Tennessee. 
 INDIAN CREEK, a post-oflice of Kent co., Michigan. 
 INDIAN CREEK, a township of L.awrenco Co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1167. 
 
 IN DIAN CR EEK, a post-township of Monroe co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1093. 
 
 INDIAN Ci;EEK, a township of Pulaski co., Indian.a. 
 Popiil.ation. 754. 
 IND1.\.N CREKK, apost-tcTvn.shipof Morgan Co.. Illinois. 
 INDI.\N CREEK, a post-villa:;e of Monroe co., Missouri, 
 80 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 INDI.^N CREEK, a small village of Pike CO., Missouri. 
 INDIAN DESERT. See Thutir. " 
 
 INDIAN DIGGINGS, a po.stofiice. El Dorado ccCalifornia. 
 INDIAN FIELDS, a post-oflice of Albany co.. New York 
 INDIAN FIELDS, a post-oflRce of Fulton co., Indiant 
 INDIAN GROVE, a post-oflice of Gravson co.. Texas. 
 INDIAN GROVE, a post-village of Livingston co., Illi- 
 nois. 94 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 IN DIAN illLL, a post-office. Abbevilledi.strict, S. Carolina. 
 INDIAN HI LL. a post-office of Klbert co., Georgia. 
 INDIAN KENTUCKY CRKEk, of Indiana, ri.'^es in Rip- 
 ley CO., and flows into the Ohio 8 miles above Madison City, 
 INDIAN KKY. a post-villa'.:e of Dade co.. Florida, is situ- 
 ated on a small island of coral formation, in the Atlantic, 
 75 miles E.N.E. of Key We.st. This village coiitJiins ueaily 
 the whole population of the county, which in 18f0 was only 
 83. It is a desirable winter residence for invalids. 
 
 INDIAN LAKE, New York, in tiie E. part of Hamilton 
 county, is 8 or 9 miles long, and near 2 miles wide. The 
 outlet, called Indian River, falls into the Hudson. 
 
 IND1.A..N MOU.ND, a po.st-office of Stewart co., Tennessee. 
 INDIAN ocean; (anc. J/a're InhUcum or Inldicuss Oaf- 
 anus; Ger. Indixches Meer, in'dish-fs mala; Fr. Mer-dti- 
 Indes, maiR <liz S.Nd, i. e. " Sea of the Indies,") a vas-t sea, 
 separated from the Pacific on the E. by the Malay Ar- 
 chipelago and Australia, bounded on the S. by a line 
 drawn from the Cape of Good Hope to Bass's Strait, divided 
 from the Atlantic by .\fricaon the W., and enclo.sed hy the 
 countries of Asia ou the N., extending from about lat. 2b^ 
 N., in the Gulf of .\rabia,a little beyond the Tropic of Can- 
 cer, to the Antarctic Circle; and from Ion. 19^ 56' 30" E., to 
 
 901 
 
IND 
 
 \%<^ 33' E lit, Dxtent, from N. to S.. somewhat exceeds | 
 3500 iiiilea , and Hs breadth varies from 6000 miles, between | 
 the Cape ot Gonl Hope, and Soutli Cape in A'an Diemen's j 
 Land, to 4000 miles tietween the coast of Arabia and that of | 
 Malacca and Sumatra. Its X. shores are rendered sinjru- | 
 larly irregular by the projection of three vast peninsulas — | 
 Arabia. Ilindostan. and Imiia-beyond-the-Ganges. which are 
 respectively separated by the Per.^ian Gulf, Aral:)ian Sea, and j 
 Buy of Bengal. It communicates with the China Sea by the j 
 Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait, and the Strait of Flores. i 
 The other principal inlets are the Mozambiijue Channel, 
 Bed Sea. Gulfs of Cutch aud Cambay, the Gulf of Manaar, 
 Palk's Strait, Bali, Lombok, and Ombay. the Sea of Timor, 
 and Bass's Strait. ' The most important islands are Mada- 
 gascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, the Comoro Islands, the Sey- 
 chelles, and Socotra, belonging to Africa; the Laccadivea, 
 Maldives. Cevlon. the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, to 
 Asia. Its principal .affluents are — in Asia, the Salwin, Irra- 
 waddy, Brahmapootra,Ganges.Godavery, Kistnah. Xerbudda, 
 Indus, aud the Shat-el-Arab, termed by the junction of the 
 Tigris aud Euphrates; and in Africa, the Zambeze. The 
 monsoons, or periodical winds, prevail in the N. part of the 
 ocean, blowing from the S.\y. between April and October, 
 and S.E. from October to April. Tempests are general at 
 the periods of change; and between lat. 5° aud 40° S. vio- 
 . lent hurricanes frequently occur. 
 
 In the S. part of the Indian Ocean the equatorial current, 
 connecting the Pacitic and Atlantic, flows from E. to W., at 
 a rate varying with the seasons ; but N. of ^Madagascar, 
 where its breadth gre;itly diminishes, it runs from 45 miles 
 to 60 miles in 24 hours. A S.W. current also flows along 
 the African coast, towards the Mozambique Channel; its 
 velocity ranging between IS miles and 28 miles a day, but 
 attaining more than double that rate near Delagoa Bay and 
 Cape Corrientes. It finally joins the Cape current near 
 Cape Padron. Op the S.W. coast of Australia, the current 
 divides near Cape Leeuwin, in lat. .34° 22' S., into two 
 streams — one of which flows X., and the other E., with an 
 average spee<l of about 20 miles each day, thus embracing 
 the whole coast of Australia. The maximum heat of the 
 water occurs in the Arabian Sea. in lat. 9° 55' N., and Ion. 
 59° 52' E.. where it reaches 87° 40' Fahrenheit. 
 
 IXDIAXObA, in-de-a-nola. a post-village of Calhoun co., 
 Texas, on the W. shore of Matagorda Bay, about 35 miles 
 W.S.W. of JIatagorda. A newspaper is published here; 
 steamboats ply between this place and Galveston, l'op.1150. 
 
 INDIANOL.\, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois. 
 
 IXDIAXOLA, a post-village, capital of Warren co., Iowa, 
 about 18 miles S. of Des Moines. See Appendix. 
 
 IXDIAXOLA, a town of Shawnee co., Kansa.s,on the Fort 
 Riley Koad, where it crosses Soldier Creek, about 70 miles 
 W. by S. of Leavenworth. 
 
 INDIAX ORCIIAHD, post-office, Wayne co., Pennsj-lvania. 
 
 INDIAN PR.\IK1E, a post-ol5ice of Van Buren co.. Iowa. 
 
 INDIAX RIVER, of Xew Hampshire. See Isman Stream. 
 
 IXDIAX RIVER, of Xew York, passes through Black 
 Lake, and enters Oswegatcbie River in St. I^awrence county. 
 
 INDIAX RIVER, a post-office of Lewis co., Xew York. 
 
 INDI.A.N RIVER, of Sussex co., Delaware, flows eastward 
 into the Atlantic. 
 
 INDIAX RIVKR, of Florida, on the K. side of the penin- 
 sula, flows nearly parallel with the coast. Length, about 
 100 miles. The depth varies greatly in different seasons. 
 The breadth also is very unequal; in some parts it expands 
 Into extensive lakes or lagoons. 
 
 IXDIAX RIVER, a post-office of Washington co.. Maine. 
 
 IXDIAX RIVER, a hundred of Sussex CO., Delaware. Pop. 
 1809. 
 
 INDIAX RIVER, a post-office of St. Lucie co.. Florida. 
 
 JNDIAN SPRINGS, a post-village of Rutts co., Georgia. 50 
 miles X.W. of Milledgeville; is a fashionable place of resort. 
 
 IXDIAX ST15EAM. of Coos county, in the X. part of 
 New Hampshire, unites with the E. branch to form the 
 Connecticut. 
 
 INDIAN STRKA:\r. a township of Coos CO., New Hamp- 
 shire, bordering on Canada East. 
 
 INDI.\N TA VEUN. a village of Morgan co., Tennessee. 
 
 IXDIAX TKRRITORY. a tract of country set apart by 
 the government of the United States, as a permanent home 
 for the alioriginal tribes removed thither from E. of the 
 Mississippi River, as well as tho.se indigenous to the terri- 
 tory. It is bounded on the N. principally by Kansas, S. 
 '■•"" ■ "'- '■'■■'-''- ■" ■" •,) 
 
 by Texas, (from which it ispartly separated by" Red River,' 
 E. by Arkansas, and W. by IVxas and Niw Mexico. IndiaE 
 Territory lies between 3.3° iiO' and 37° N. lat., and between 
 94° 30' and 103° W. Ion., being ab<«it 450 miles long, and 
 from 35 to 240 miles in width, including an area of about 
 71,000 Hq\iare miles. The Ibrmer territory of Kansas, and 
 a portion of the S. of Nebraska, were cou8tilut<'d from tlie 
 territory originally included within the so-called Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 ffice n/lhe Onintry.— There is a general inclination of the 
 country from the liase of the Rocky Mountains, on the 
 wfi<tem border of Indian Territorv. towards the Mississippi 
 River, witli a slight incliuation to the S.E. A Tast barren 
 
 and sandy tract., generally known as the Gre.it American 
 Desert, occupies the X.W. portion of the territory. The 
 rest of the territory spreads out, for the most part, into 
 undulating plains of great extent, with the exception of the 
 Ozark or Washita Mountains, which enter the E. portion 
 of Indian Territory from Arkansas. This territory, how- 
 ever, has been too imperfectly explored to enable us to speak 
 with great precision of its surface. 
 
 JUvers. — Indian Territory is drained by the Arkansas and 
 Red Rivers, with their tributaries: these all have their 
 sources among or near the Rocky Jlountains. and flowing 
 in an E. or S.E. direction, across or on the borders of the 
 territory, discharge their waters into the Mississippi. Xone 
 of these rivers have their course within the territory. The 
 Red River forms part of the S. ixiundary. while the Ar- 
 kansas pas.ses through Indian Territory into the state of the 
 same name. The tributaries of the Arkansas are the 
 CimaiTon. Xeosha, Verdigris, and the Xorth and South 
 Forks of the Canadian; those of the Red River are the 
 Washitti, False Washita, and little Red River; all having 
 nearly an E. cour.se, except the Neo.sha, which runs S, 
 These rivers have generally broad and shallow channels, 
 and in the dry season are little more than a series of sandy 
 pools; in the winter and spring only are they navigable by 
 flat-boats and canoes, or for steamboats (if at all) near their 
 mouths. The Arkansas and Red Rivers arq both navigable 
 for steamboats, but to wliat distance we are not accurately 
 informed. The Arkan.sas has a course of about 2000. and 
 Red River, of 1200 miles. 
 
 Climate. — Of the climate we have little definite informa- 
 tion, but th.at of the E. portion is probably similar to the 
 climates of Arkan.sas and Slissouri. on which it borders. 
 Tiie summers are long and extremely dry, the days twing 
 very hot, with cool nights. 
 
 Snil and Prndnctimrs. — On this point our infopmation is 
 limited. The E. portion, occupied by the partly-civil- 
 ized Indians, is repre,sented as fertile prairie land, inter- 
 spersed " with mountain and flat bills." for an extent of 200 
 miles westw.ird from the boundary of Arkan.sas. On the 
 borders of the streams are strips of woodland, mostly cotton- 
 wood and willows; the country is, however, generally des- 
 titute of timber. The Cross "Timlx-rs. thus described by 
 Captain Marcy, are partly in this territory ; — " k narrow 
 strip of woodland, called the Cross Timbers, from 5 to .30 
 miles wide, extending from the Arkansas River sonie 500 
 miles in a S.W. direction to tlie Brazos, divides the arable 
 land from the great prairies, for the most part arid and 
 sterile." The N.AV. portion of the teiritory is mostly a 
 barren, dreary waste '-of V)are rocks, gravel, and .sand." des- 
 titute of all vegetation, except perhaps a few stunted shrubs, 
 '•yuccas, cactuses, grape-vines, and cucurbit.aceous jilants." 
 The water is brackish, and the surface in many places- co- 
 vered with saline efflorescences. The eastern prairies are 
 well adapted to gr.izing, and the products of the adjoining 
 states flourish there. 
 
 AnimaU. — Vast herds of buffaloes and wild hor.ses roam 
 over its prairies, and antelope, deer, prairie-dog. and some 
 other animals are. found; wild turkeys, grouse. Ac are 
 among the birds. Upon the other points generally treated 
 of in our articles on the states and territories, we have too 
 little reliable information to speak in a work meant to be 
 one of facts, and not of conjectures. Iiidian Territory forms 
 a part of the great Ijouisiana tract purchased by President 
 Jefferson from France, in 1803. The United St;ites govern- 
 ment have military stations at Fort Gibson, on the Ar- 
 kansas; Fort Towson, on the l!ed; and Fort Wa.shifa. on 
 the Washita. The territory of Kansas, with a portion of 
 Nebraska, was formed from what was formerly called In- 
 dian Territory, in 1854. 
 
 I'lijmlalion. — We have no census returns of the popula- 
 tion of this territorv, but the K. portion is mainly in 
 po.ssession of tribes removed thither by the United States 
 government, including, among otliers, the Choctaws. Chi<'ka- 
 saws. Creeks, Cherokees. Senecas, Shawnees. and Seminoles. 
 The central and AV. portions are roamed over by the 
 Osages. Camanches, Kioways, Pawnees. Arrapahoes. and 
 some other nomad tribes. Some of the removed tribes have 
 made considerable advances in agriculture and the indus- 
 trial arts, and have e.stabli.shed .schools and churches, while 
 others are relapsing into indolence and vagrancy, and. fol- 
 lowinir the common fate of the savage when in contact with 
 the civilized man. are fast diminishing under the influence 
 of intemperance and vicious connection with abandoned 
 whites. 
 
 INDIAX TOWN, a small village of Camden co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 IXDIAX TOWX, a post-village in Currituck co.. North 
 Carolina. 165 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 INDIAN TOW.N, a post-village in Williamsburg district, 
 South Carolina. 85 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. 
 
 INDIAN TOWN, a small post-village of bureau w., lUI- 
 nois. 
 
 INDIAX A-AT/T>EY. a post-office of Floi-» co., Virginia. 
 
 INDIAX VIL/L-iGK, a post-village of Washita parish 
 Louisiana. 
 
TND 
 
 INDIAN WHKE'LTNG CRKEK, of Ohio, flows through 
 Belmont county, and enters the Ohio opposite Wheeling. 
 IXDICUS OCEANUS or IXDICCJI JIARE. See Indian 
 
 OCBA.V. 
 
 IXDIF;, in'dee. a village of Austria, in SlaTonia, near 
 Vukovar. Pop. 2130. 
 
 IXDIKS, EAST. See Ea.st Indies, and I.ndia. 
 
 INDIKS, WBST. See West Indies. 
 
 INDIGIIIRKA or INDIGIRKA, iiiMe-ghk/kS or InMe- 
 ghir'ka. or ZAI'ADNAIA-KOLIMA, z3-pad-nI'a-ko-lee'ma, a 
 river of East Siljeria, government of Yakootsk, rises in tlie 
 Yablonoi Mountains, and after a N, course estimated at T.W 
 miles, enters the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 71° N.. Ion. 150° E., by 
 an estuary containing numei-ous islands. It receives many 
 aflluents, but the region it traverses is almost wholly a 
 frozen desert, with a few villages. 
 
 IX'DIGO HEAD, a post-office of Coffee co., Alabama. 
 
 INDIO, een'de-o, a river of the Isthmus of Panama, in New 
 Granada, unites with the Tacora to form a considerable 
 Btreiim, which enters the Pacitic E. of Panama. Its shores 
 abound with fine timber. 
 
 IND.TE-KARA-SOO, in'jee-kd/rd-soo, (anc. Ilalinc'mon,) a 
 river of European Turkey, in Macedonia, enters the Gulf of 
 Salonica. 18 miles S.W. of Salonica. Lenerth, 110 miles. 
 
 IND.JIGmZ, INGIGIIIZ, or INMIGIIIS, in-je-ghiz' or 
 Inje-gheez', a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 3.3 
 miles W.X.W. of Constantinople. It has some mineral liaths,. 
 and remains of ancient structures. 
 
 INDOCHINA. See I.VDiA beyond the Oances. 
 
 INDOIIE, inMor', or INDOOR, in Moor', a state of Central 
 Ilindostan, under British protection, enclosed by the Gwalior 
 dominion, and territory of the Itombay presidency, and 
 Intersected. E. to W., by the Nerbudda River. Area, nearly 
 42.50 s(iuare miles. Capital, Indoor. It furnishes to the 
 British Indian forces 3000 men. 
 
 INDORE, a town of Ilindostan, the capital of the a1x)ve 
 state, is situated on a wooded table-land; elevation nearly 
 2000 feet, and .33 miles S. of Oojein. Lat. 22° 22' N., Ion. 75° 
 60' E. It has been wholly built within the present century, 
 and has some spacious streets. The massive granite palace 
 of the R.ijah is its only edifice of importance. 
 
 INDO.STAN. See IIixdostan. 
 
 IXDllAGIRI, in-drd-ghJr'ree. or ANDRAGERY, dn-drd- 
 gh.Vree, a navigalile river of Sumatra, enters the ocean on 
 its E. coast, in lat. 0° 32' S., Ion. 103° E. On it is a town of 
 the same name. 
 
 INDHAGIRI, or ANDRAGERY, a native sfata in the 
 island of Sumatra, S.E. coast, between the rivers ICampar 
 and Jumbi, which enter the sea respectively, 0° 30' N., and 
 1° S. It is traversed by the river Indragiri, which forms 
 the commercial road of the country; and is in general flat, 
 especially towards the coast. Indragiri is governed by a 
 sultan, but is under the supremacy of the Dutch. 
 
 INDItAMAYO or INDRAMAIJO, een-dra-mi'o, a capo, 
 river, and town of Java: the town near the mouth of the 
 river, which enters the sea on its N. coast, near the cape, 90 
 miles E. of Batavia. 
 
 IX'DRAPOOK' or INDRAPURA, In-drJ-pooVa, a town, 
 river, state, and volcano of Sumatra ; the town near the S.W. 
 coast. 150 miles N.W. of Bencooleu. 
 
 IXDRAPOOll or INDRAPURA POINT is in lat. 2° 5' S., 
 Ion. 105° 27' E. ; and X. of it is a bay in which are the In- 
 drapoor Islands. 
 
 INDUE, J.vd'r, a river of France, departments of Indre 
 and Indre-et-Loire, joins the Loire 18 miles W'.S.W. of Tours, 
 after a N.W. course of 115 miles. It is navigable from 
 Loches to the Loire, 15 miles. 
 
 INDP.E, a department of North-west France, formed of 
 part of the old province of Herri. Are.a. 262-1 S(iuare miles. 
 Pop. in 1801, 270,054. The surface is uniformly level. The 
 principal rivers are the Indre and Creu.«e. More corn and 
 wine are raised than are reriuired for home consumption, 
 though much of the soil is barren and swampy. The cli- 
 mate is generally mild and temperate. This department 
 furnishes the best lithographic stones in France, gun-Hints, 
 iron and iron goods, earthenwares, and cutlery at Cli&teau- 
 roux. Woollen and cotton cloths and yarn, leather, tiles, 
 and parchment, are among the chief products. Capital, 
 Chateiiuroux. Indre is divided into the 4 arrondissements 
 of Chateauroux, Issoudun, Ija ChS,tre, and Le Blanc. 
 
 IXDI!,l-;.anisl.itvl ofFrance. See Ixdret. 
 
 INDKK-KTLOIRE, ANdV-jV-lwia, a department in the 
 N.W. of France, formed cliiefly of the fild province of Tou- 
 raine, comprising a region on both sides of the Loire. Area, 
 2332 square miles. Pop. in IStii, 323,572. The surface is 
 level, and near the Loire very fertile, elsewhere poor, and 
 often mai-shy. The Cher. Indre. and Vienne Rivers water 
 Its S. poition. Agriculture has latterly improved, and the 
 produce in corn is now more than adequate to home con- 
 sumption. The department furnishes excellent lithographic 
 stones, pipe and potters'-clay, and contains an immense 
 mound of petrified shells, which are used as manure. Hemp, 
 liquorice, anniseed, truffles, fruits, Ac, are raised in con- 
 siderable quantities. The culture of silk is increasing, as 
 are the silk, woollen, and leather manufactures of Tours. 
 
 IND 
 
 The other principal manufactures are files and raspd at 
 Amboiso. iron wares, red lead, and pottery; and near >Iont 
 bazon is a national gunpowder factory and nitre refinery. 
 Capital. Tours. The department is divided into the 3 arron- 
 dissements of Tours. Chinon, and Loches. 
 
 INDItKT or INDRE, ix^MnV, a small island of France, 
 department of Loire-lnft-rieure, formed by the Loire, 5 
 miles W. of Nantes. The French government lately founded 
 an extensive estaljli.shment here for the manufacture of the 
 m.achinery of steamboats, &c. 
 
 INDUXO, in-doo'no, a village of Northern Italy, provinca 
 of Como, near Olona. Near it is, in a deep gorge, a remark- 
 able fountain. Pop. 1801. 
 
 INDUS, in'dtis, or SINDII, slnd. (Sanscrit, Sindhm or 
 Sindhu, '' the sea;" Persian Alj-Si'nd. ilb-slnd.) a great river of 
 South Asia, forming a portion of the W.lxjundary of Ilindos- 
 tan, rises in Thibet, on the N. side of the Kailas. (of the Hima- 
 layas,) in I.at.31° 20' N., Ion. 81° 15' E.. near the sources of the 
 Sutlej. It flows N.W. for about 120 miles, where it is joined >iy 
 the Gartope. The conjoint stream now breaks throuirh the 
 Himalayas ; and thenceforth has a S."W. course, separating the 
 Punjab dominions from Afghanistan, and traversing Sinde 
 throughout to its mouths in flio Indian Ocean, between lat. 
 23° and 25° N., and ion. 07° 30' and 69° E. Tolal course esti- 
 mated at 1050 miles. Its affluents, thovigh not numerous, are 
 important. N.of the Himalaj'as it receives the Gartope. Sinh- 
 kha-bab. Z.anskar, and Shv-yok Rivers. S. of the mountains 
 the Cabool River enters if. and in lat. 28° 55' N., Ion 70° 28' 
 E.. 470 miles from the ocean, it is joined from the N.E. by 
 the Punjnud, which brings to it the united streams of the 
 Punjab, or '-five rivers," the Sutlej, (anc. Hfsn'tlriia.) with 
 the Beas, (anc. //!/;)/i'a.<?>,)theChenaub, (anc, .4ce.<!'t">'.«.) tlie 
 Ravee, fane. Ili/dran'tes.) and the.Thylum, (anc. !f;/das>p'>s.) 
 Below this it has no tributary of much size, but repeatedly 
 subdivides, giving off lateral streams, the principal being 
 tlie Fulailee and Xarra branches; and at Triecal. lat. 25° 9' 
 N.. Ion. 68° 21' E., the Delta commences, the chief arms of 
 which are the Buggaur. S.ata, and I'inyaree. The Indus 
 enters the sea by a great number of motiths. the principal 
 of which are the Pittee. Hujareme, Khediwaree. Kubiw.aree, 
 Sir, and Koree. The latter is 7 miles wide and 20 feet deep, 
 and is properly an arm of the sea. The Delta extends from 
 the ocean to Hyderabad, and from Kurachee to Luckput- 
 Bunder, being about 130 miles in extreme length and breadth. 
 On the b.anks of the Indus are the towns of Moor. lA'h, Is- 
 kardo, Attock, Kala-Bagh. Dera-Ismaeel-Khan. Dera-Ghazee- 
 Khan, Bukkur, Leia, Mittun-Kote, Roree-I$ukkur. Sukkur, 
 Sepwan, Hyderabad, Meanee. Tattah, Ghara, Bundor-A'ik- 
 kur, and. at its N. entrance, Kurachee. Its source is sup- 
 posed to he 18,000 feet above the sea, its bed at Leh 10.000 
 feet, and at Attock, 940 miles from its mouth, it is 1000 feet 
 almve tiie ocean level, 800 feet across, 60 feet in depth, and 
 has a current of 6 miles an hour. Here it is crossed by two 
 i)ridges of boats. Below this point it runs with great ve- 
 locity, mostly between higli cliffs, (in one place 700 feet in 
 elevation,) as far as Kala-Bagh. after which its course is 
 through a level country, with a breadth u.sually varying 
 from one-fourth of a mile to upwards of 1 mile, and an 
 aveiage velocity of from 2 to 3 miles an hour. During thft 
 season when it is lowest, tides are perceptible upward to 
 about 25 miles below Tattah, or 75 miles from tlie ocean. 
 The mean annual discharge of water is supposed to be 
 150.212.079.642 tons, a large proportion of its waters being 
 consumed in irri.ration and evaponition. The Indus is 
 navigable from the sea as high as the influx of the Cabool 
 River, near Attock. 942 miles, and its tributaries are mostly 
 navigable to the footof the mountains; but the channel is so 
 encumbered by shifting banks as to be only adapted for 
 steamers and vessels of comparatively small draught. The 
 (laviid, or long-snouted alligator, is numerous in the river, and 
 the common alligator is found in its lagoons. 'J'he buliin. a 
 cetacean, is also abundant. Fi.sh. especially thepidla. a species 
 of carp, are very abundant, and form a cliief article of food for 
 the natives. The country immediately adjacent to its banks, 
 in its Delta especially, is of high fertility, but. at no great dis- 
 tance on either side, this region is flanked by a bare desert; 
 and wood fuel is everywhere so scarce, that there is little 
 immediate prospect of making the Indus a high route for 
 steam navigation, unless the coal recently discovered near it 
 in the Punjab and Afghanistan should prove to be suitable 
 in quality and in adequate quantity for the undertaking. 
 
 INDUSTAN or INDUSTHAN. See Hixdostan. 
 
 IN'BUSTRY, a post^township of Franklin co.. Maine, on 
 both sides of Sandy River, 28 miles N.N.W. of A ugusta. 
 
 IXM)USrRV, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the right bank of the Ohio River,38 miles below Pittsburg. 
 I'opubition. 702. 
 
 INDUSTRY, a post-office of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 INDUSTRY, a post-village of Hamilton co.. Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, 4 miles below Cincinnati, contains a stove 
 foundry. 
 
 INDU.'^TIiY, a post-township of McDonough Co., Illinois. 
 
 INDUSTRY, a post-villaire of Canada liast, co. of Berthior, 
 42 mill's N.N.E. of MontreaL It contains several stores and 
 a foundry. 
 
 303 
 
INE 
 
 INN 
 
 ISEBOLI.ee'tifh-bonoe, or AIXABOL, (ATnahol.) I'liJ-bor, 
 
 gtac. f'^nop'iilis?) a lUiiritime town of Asia Minor, on the 
 lacl< Sea. 72 miles W.S.'NV. of Sinope. Pop. from 20U0 to 3000. 
 
 INFKKUM MAIIE. See Tyrrhexe Sea. 
 
 lNFICI<1X.\DiJ, een-fe-se-o-nd/do, a village of Brazil, pro- 
 vinee of MinasGeraes, 12 miles X. of Mariana. Pop. 4500. 
 
 IXGATESTONK, ing'gAt-stone, a parish of England, co.of 
 Essex, on the Eastern Counties Railway, 6 miles S.W. of 
 Chelmsford. 
 
 INGELKINOEN, ing'el-fing'en. a town of 'Wiirtemburg, 
 on the Kocher, 43 miles 'N.N.k! of Stuttgart. Pop. 1500. 
 
 IXGELIIHIM, ing'fMnme\ (Xieder, nee'der, and O'uer,') 
 two contiguous market-towns of Germany, in Ilesse-Darm- 
 stadt. province of Khein-Hessen. on the Selz, near its intiu.x 
 into the Rhine, 9 miles W.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. of the former, 
 2000: of the latter. 2212. 
 
 XXGELMUNSTER, iug'Hel-mtinVtgr. a town of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, 7 i miles X . of Courtrai. Pop. 59()5. 
 
 IXGEX, ing'Hfn, a village of Holland, province of Qelder- 
 land, 6 liiiles X. of Tiel. Pop. 1000. 
 
 IXGENDOIIL, ing'en-d61\ a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 2 miles S.W. of Schwytz, on the Muotta. 
 Pop. 1592. 
 
 IXGEXIIEIM, lng'en-hime\ a village of Bavaria, near 
 Bergzabern. I'op. loal. 
 
 IXGEXIO, een-H;l'ne-o, a town of the Canary Island.i, on 
 the E. side of the island of Gran Cannria, at the junction of 
 two small streams which form the Guadadeque. Pop. 2887. 
 
 IXGEXOK, iug'en-o'eh, an Island of Xorway, province of 
 Finmark. in the -\rctic Ocean, 30 miles S.W. of North Cape. 
 
 IXGERSIIEIM, ing'ers-hime\ (Fr. pron. ^N'^^zhjR^zSm'.) a 
 market-town of France, department of Uaut-Rhin, 3 miles 
 N.AV. ofColmar. Pop. 2268. 
 
 IXGERSOLL. ing'gher-sol, a village of Canada West, co. 
 of Oxford, 15 miles N.X.E. of LiOndon. It contains several 
 stores and hotels. 
 
 IN'GESTRIE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 IXGESU, a town of Asia Minor. See Ixjeh-soo. 
 
 IXG1I.A..M, ing'am, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 IXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IXGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 INGII.\M, ing'am, a county in the S. central part of Michi- 
 gan, contains 600 square miles. It is intersected by Grand 
 River, and also drained by Red Cedar and Sycamore Creeks. 
 The surface is mostly level, and heavily timbered. The soil is 
 productive. Mines of iron and coal have been found in the 
 county. This county contains Lansing, the capital of the 
 State. Named in honor of Samuel D. Ingham, secretary of 
 the treasury under President Jackson. Capital, Masou. 
 Population, 17,435. 
 
 IXGHAM, a post-township in the S.E. part of Ingham co., 
 Michigan. I'op. lltil. 
 
 ING'HAM CEX'TRE, a post-village of Ingham co., Michi- 
 gan, in the above township. It has a steam saw mill. 
 
 IXGIIK-NOK, in\'h^h-noR', or I.NGIIE-XOOH, in'ghJh- 
 noor', a lake of the Chinese Empire, 90 miles W.N.W. of the 
 Lake of Koko-Xor. It is 18 miles long by 10 miles broad, 
 and flows into Lake Koko-Xor by the Poocapira, (Poucapira.) 
 • INGIIILT1-;RRA, IXGLATEJCRA. See England. 
 
 IXGIGHIS or IXGIGHIZ. See Indjighiz. 
 
 IXGLKBY ARXCLIFFE, ing'ghgl-be arn'klifT, a parish of 
 England, co. of York. North Riding. 
 
 INGLEBY GREEX'HOW, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 Several townships of England are named Inoiebt. 
 
 INGLES. INGLESE. See England. 
 
 INGLESHA.M, ing'ghflz-am, a parish of England, cos. of 
 ■Wilts and Berks. 
 
 IX'GLESIDE, a post-offlce of Hardin co.. Tennessee. 
 
 IXOLESIDE, a post-office of Warren co.. Kentucky. 
 
 IXGLETuX, ing'ghfl-tfln, a village and chapelry of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York. West Riding. 9i miles X.W. of Settle, on the 
 Leeds and East Lancashire Railway. In the chapelry are 
 some curious caves, and Ingleton (or Ingleborough) Hill, 
 2361 feet in height. 
 
 IXGODA, in-go'd3, a river of Siberia, government of Ir- 
 kootsk, after a N.E. course of about 300 miles, joins the 
 Onon to form the Shilka River, an affluent of the Amoor. 
 
 IXGOLDKSTIIORPE, ing'gglz-thorp, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Norfolk. 
 
 IXGOLDMELLS. ing'g9ld-mJlz, a maritime parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Lincoln. 
 
 IXGOT^DSBY.ing'gplz-be, a parishof England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 INGOLSTADT, ing'ol-T?t.att\ or ing/g9l-8tatt\ a fortified 
 town of Upper Bavaria, on the left bank of the Danube. 35 
 miles S.>\ . ol Iliitisbon. Pop. 19,398, of whom about 2000 are 
 military. It is well built, and stponglv fortified by new works, 
 since destroyed by the French, in 1800. It has" 7 churches, 
 In one of which the famous General Tillv is buHed : a roval 
 palace, several hospitals, and manv charitable institutions 
 Its university, founded in 1472. (and at which, in the six- 
 leentb century, the celebrated Urban Regius stu<lied, under 
 the nmne of Faustus.) was transferred in ISOO to Landshut 
 and afterwanls to .Munich. The trade of Ingolstadt has de- 
 cayed, and it has now only a few manufactures of cloth, 
 playlug-c.-irds. and leather. I 
 
 MM 
 
 INGOOL. IXOnUL, or IXGUL. in-gool', a river of Russifl, 
 government of Kherson, rises N. of Yelisavetgrad. and flows 
 S. into the Bug near Xikolaiev, after a course of 150 miles. 
 
 IXGOOLETS. INOOULETS, or IXGULETZ, in-goo-lfts', 
 a river of Russia, government of Kherson, rises X. of Yelisa.- 
 vetgrad, and fiows S., into the Dnieper, 8 miles N.E. of 
 Kherson, length 220 miles. 
 
 INGOOR, IXGOUR, or IXGUR, in gooR/, written also 
 IXGURI and INGOURI, in-goo'fee. a riverof Russia, ri.ses on 
 the S. slope of the Caucasus, fiows W.S.W., and fall? into the 
 Black Sea. Total course, 70 miles. 
 
 INGOUVILLE. ftNo'gooVeel', a market-town of France, 
 department of Seine-Inferieure, 1 mile N. of Havre. Pop. 
 in 1852, 14,378. It stands on a slope, commanding a fine 
 view of the Seine, and has numerous villas of the inhabit- 
 ants of Havre, chemicjil works and sutrar refineries. 
 
 IXGOYGE.M, ing'iioi-iiJm\ or IXGOYGHEM. a village of 
 Belgium, province of West Flanders, 8 miles E. of Courtrai. 
 Pop. 2205. 
 
 IXG'R AIIAil, a postoffice of Columbia co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 IXGRAHA.M PRAIRIE, a posfcoffice of Clay co., Tenr 
 nessee. 
 
 IN'GRAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 IN'GRAM'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 INGRAMSDORF, ing'rams-doRf\ a village of Prussian 
 Silesia, with a station on the Breslau and Freiburg Rail- 
 road, 22 miles from Breslau. 
 
 INGRANDE, ^N^^rfiNd', a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 17 miles W.S.W. of Angers. 
 Pop. 1452. 
 
 IX'GRAVE. a parish of England, co. of Essex. . 
 
 IXGRf;, jN^'gra', a village of F'rance, department of Loiret, 
 4 miles W.X.AV. of Orleans. Pop. in 1852. 2265. 
 
 JNGRIA, in'gre-i. {Ger.Ingermunntand, ing'fr-m3nn-l3nt,') 
 an old province of Russia, now forms part of the govern- 
 ment of St. Pefersliurg. 
 
 INGROWITZ. in'gro-ftits', a markettown of Moravia, 32 
 miles N.E. of Iglau. Pop. 1390. 
 
 INGUINIEL, SN°^ghee'ne-^l', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan. 15 miles N.N.E. of Lorient. Pop. 2204. 
 
 INGUL, and IXGULETZ. See Ingool, and Ingoolets. 
 
 INGUR or IXGURI. See Ingoor. 
 
 IXGWILLER, i.N«\een.aia'. or HEXGWILLER, hSN"'- 
 veeriaiR/, a town of France, department of Bas-Rhin. on the 
 Moder. 11 miles N.N.E. of Saverne. Pop. 2000. 
 
 IXG'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 IXHAMBAXorlNHAMBANE, een-dm-bdn'. a Portuguese 
 maritime town of East Africa, near the mouth of the In- 
 hamban River, N. of Cape Corrientes, and 200 miles N.E. 
 of Delagoa Bay. It has a harbor, a fort, and 1000 liouses. 
 Its trade is mostly in ivory and beeswax. The Inhamban 
 River lias a S.E. course of 150 miles. 
 
 INHAMBUPE, een-ydm-boo'pA. a market-town of Brazil, 
 province, and 90 miles N.N.E. of Bahia, on the river Inham- 
 bupe. Pop. of the district, 300(1. 
 
 INIIAUJI.\, een-jdw'ml, a villaze of Brazil, province, and 
 8 miles N.E. of Rio de .Janeiro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 IXIA, ee'ne-d, a river of Siberia, government of Tomsk, 
 rises in lat. 64° X., Ion. 87° E., and joins the Obi near Kolyvan. 
 
 INIESTA. See Hiniesta. 
 
 INISHEERjINISIIMAIN, and INISUMORE. SeeARRAN 
 Islands. 
 
 IXJEH-SOO, IX.TEH-SU or IXGE-SU. in/jeh-soo/, a town 
 of Asia Minor, pa.shalic of Karamani.i. in a i-avine. 13 miles 
 S.W. of Kaisareeyoh. It has about 750 tireek and the same 
 number of Mohammedan residences, 2 churches, numerous 
 grottoes, and a handsome khan. It is governed by a special 
 officer sent from Constantinople. 
 
 IXJERAM, in-jeh-r^m', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, 35 miles S.E. of Rajahmundry, on the N. 
 branch of the Godavery, at its delta. 
 
 IXKBER'HOW. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 IXKEKMAN. ink-er-m3n', (anc. Diiros,'t) a village and sea- 
 port of South Russia, in the Crimea, 35 miles S.W. of Sim- 
 feropol. It was once a celebrated city, and has numerous 
 caverns cut in the rock, supposed to be the work of the 
 monks in the Middle Ages. Near this place. November 5th, 
 1854, was fought the battle of Inkerman. between the allied 
 English and French forces on the one side, and the Russians 
 on the other. The former amounting to 26,000 or 30.000, 
 the latter (as is estimated.) to above 60.000. The Russians 
 began the attack at dawn of day, upon the entrenched lines 
 of the English, but after a fierce and sanguinary contest of 
 many houi's, inflicting great loss on both sides, they wer« 
 compelled at length to retire. 
 
 INK'I'EX, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 IX'LAND, a post-ofHce of Summit co., Ohio. 
 
 INLAND, a post-office of Cedar co., Iowa 
 
 INLAND, a post-office of Greenwood co,, Kansas. 
 
 IN'MANVILLE, a village of IVovidence co., Rhode Island, 
 about 25 miles N.W. by W. of I'iovidenc» It contains a, 
 scythe factory. 
 
 INN, inn, (anc. (E'nus.) a river of Central Europe, and 
 one of the principal iiffluents of the Danube, rises in tho 
 
•INN 
 
 INV 
 
 Engadinft, Switzerland, in the canton of Orisons, flows 
 moRtly N.E., through the Tyrol and Havana, and joins the 
 Danube at Passau. Totiil course estimated at 250 miles. In 
 a part of its course it forms the W. frontier of Upper A ustria. 
 On its hanks are the towns of Imst, Innspruck, Kut'st^in, 
 VVasserhurg, JlUhldorf, and Scharstein. It is navigable 
 from Hall, near Innspruck. 
 
 IXNACONDA, in-na-kon'd.a, a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, district, and .52 miles S.W. of Guntoor. 
 
 INNERBKllG, a town of Austria. See Eisenerz. 
 
 IX'N'ERKl)', a maritime pari.sh and burgh of barony of 
 Scotland, co. of Kenfrew, on the Frith of Clyde, 4? miles 
 S.W. of Greenock. Pop. of burgh, 431. Near it are ruins of 
 Beveral old baronial aistles; and at Cloch I'oint stands a 
 light-house, SO feet in elevation. 
 
 INNEKLElTlIEN.in'nfr-lee'THen.orlX'VERLEI'TIIEN, 
 a parish and watering-place of Scotland, co., and bi miles. 
 E.S.E. of Peebles. Pop. about 1000. It is the " St. Honan's 
 Well" of Sir Walter Scott. Traquair House, the seat of the 
 noble fiimily of Traquair, stands in its immediate vicinity. 
 
 INNERSTE, in'n^^r-steh, a river of Germany, rises in the 
 Harz Mountains, in Hanover, and joins the Leine after a 
 course of nearly 60 miles. 
 
 IN'NERAVICK or IN'VERWICK, a maritime parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Haddington. 
 
 INNICHKN. in'niK-en, (unc. AgunHum,) a village of the 
 Tyrol, on the Drave, 24 miles S.W. of Lientz. Pop. 950. 
 
 IN'NINGEN, a village of Germany, near Augsburg, with 
 a station on the railway from Augsburg to ICaufbeuren. 
 
 IN^IS. a Celtic word signifying '-island," forming the 
 part of many names in Ireland. 
 
 IN'NISUEG^, numerous small islands 1)elonging to Ireland, 
 near Dunmore Head and other headlands. 
 
 IN\\ISin;'GlL or IN'NIS151G'(}LE, an island of Achil 
 Sound. Irilaiid, co. of Mayo, about Ij miles long. 
 
 IX'NISl!v)l'''FIN, or BOF'FIX, a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Mayo, comprising the island of the same name, 
 3 miles N.N.W. of Claggan Point. On its S. coast is an 
 excellent harlwr. — Innisbuffin is the name of several islands 
 of Ireland, cos. of Donegal and Longford. 
 
 IN'XISCAI/riIRA, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Clare and 
 Qalway. Holy Island (in Lough Derg) is in this parish. 
 
 IX'NISCAll'R A, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 IXXISCARRA, a small island of Ireland, in Ulster, 1} 
 miles S. of Arran. 
 
 INXISCATTKRY. io-nis-kat/te-re or SCATTERY, an is- 
 land of Ireland, in the estuary of the Shannon, co. of Clare, 
 2 miles S.S.W. of Kilrush. Area, 100 acres. It was formerly 
 a stronghold of the Danes, during their descents upon Ire- 
 land : and it is in a great part covered with the ruins of 
 eccle.siastical and other edifices. 
 
 IX^XISFAl/LEN, a .small island of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 
 m the Lower Lake of Killarney, beautifully wooded. 
 
 IN^XISHAX'XOX, a decayed inland town and parish of 
 Ireland, in Munster, co., and 12 miles S.S.W. of Cork, on 
 the Bandon, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. of the 
 town, 625. 
 
 IX'NISHAR'GIE, a parish of Ireland, la Ulster, co. of 
 iKjwn. 
 
 IX^XISHARK'. an island of Ireland, co. of Slayo, imme- 
 diately S.W. of Innisbnflin. Circuit, about 4 miles. 
 
 IX^XtSHERE', an island and parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Galway. .soparatod by the South Sound from 
 the county of Clare, distant 6 miles. 
 
 IX'XISilERK'lX. or SHER'KIX, an island of Ireland, at 
 the entrance of Baltimore Bay, in Munster, co. of Cork. 
 Pop. 102(i 
 
 IXNISHGRIL. in^nish-gheel', an island of Ireland, co. of 
 Oalway. in Lough Corrib, 4 miles S. of Cong. 
 
 IXXISKEA. in^iis-kil', two islands off the W. coast of 
 Ireland, co. of Mayo, Id miles X.X.E. of Achil Head. 
 
 IXWISKEEL' or IX'ISHKEEl/, a maritime parish of 
 Ireland, in Ulstor, co. of Donegal. 
 
 IXXISKKEL. a sm.all island of Ireland, in the above 
 pari^ili. in (Juibarrv Bay. • 
 
 IXWISMACSAIXT' or EX^XISMACSATXT', a parish of 
 Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Fermanagh and Donegal. 
 
 IX^XISMAGRATII', a parLsh of Ireland, in Connaught, co. 
 of Leitrim. 
 
 IX'XIS.MUR'RAY. a small island of Ireland, co. of Sligo, 
 Hear the S. side of the entrance to Donegal Bay, about 13 
 miles X.W. of Sligo. 
 
 IXXISTOGUK. inMiis-t<5g', a disfranchised parliamentary 
 borough. maiki!t>town. and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Kilkenny, on the Xore. here crossed by a handsome 
 bridge of ten arches, 8 miles N.X.W. of New Koss. Pop. of 
 the town. 956. 
 
 IX'XISTURK'. an island of Ireland, co. of Mayo, in the 
 Atlantic Ocean. 4^ miles S.S.W. of Clare Island, and 6 miles 
 W^. of the mainland. It is 2 miles long, by about ly broad. 
 Pop. 500. 
 
 IXXSPRUCK. ins'prCfik, or IXXSBRUCK, (InnsbrUck.) 
 ami/priik, (i. e. the " Bridge of the Inr ,") (anc. jE'rtipiins.) the 
 •apital city of the Tyrol, at the entrance of the Sill, into the 
 luii, here crossed by a long wooden bridge, 84 miles N.N.E. 
 
 of Trent. Pop. 12,800. It consists of an old and new tow» 
 and five suburbs, the latter better built and more exten.=!iv« 
 than the city proper. The houses are mostly 4 or 5 storlet 
 in height, and in the Italian style. The principal edificea 
 are the Franciscan church, containing tombs of the Em 
 peror Maximilian, (who, however, was not buried there.) )f 
 the Archduke Ferdinand of the Tyrol, and his wile, of Holer, 
 &c. ; several other fine churches, the palace with public gar- 
 dens stretching along the Inn, and an old palace, now used 
 for public offices. The University, founded in 1672. has 24 
 professors, and about 400 students, a library of 40.000 vo- 
 lumes, various museums, a botanic garden, a gymnasium, 
 and normal school; the Ferdinandeum. a museum rich in 
 all the productions of art and nature within the limits of 
 Tyrol, a seminary for noble ladies, provincial house of cor- 
 rection, council chambers, town-hall, theatre, and a hand- 
 some ball-room. A statue of Joseph II.. and a triumphal 
 arch raised by Maria Theresa, are among the most con- 
 spicuous ornaments of the city. Innspruck lias manufactures 
 of silk, woollen, and cotton goods, leather, glass, cutlery, and 
 sealing-wax, and a considerable trade with Italy, and coun- 
 tries N. of the Alps. It is also the seat of the state assem- 
 bly, and other superior departments of the public service for 
 the Tyrol and A'orarlberg. I n 1848. the Emperor of Austria 
 took refuge here, after his first flight from Vienna. 
 
 IX'XY, a river of Ireland, ia Lehister, rises in Lough 
 Sheeland, flows S.W., and falls into Lough I'ee. 
 
 IXXYCOTTA, in'ne-kofta, HIXGHEXGHAUT or HIN- 
 GUXGH.^UT, hinVtin-gawt/, a laige comimercial town of 
 Central India, 47 miles S.S.W. of Xagpoor. 
 
 IX-OGIII, in-o'ghee. a large villase of Asia Minor, in Ana- 
 tolia. 26 miles X. of Kutaieh, with remarkable caverns. 
 
 IXOKA, ee^no'k(5h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Heves, 12 
 miles from Szolnok. Pop. 1198. 
 
 IXOWRAZLAW or IXOWRA'CLAW, e-nov-ritsiav, (Ger. 
 Jung Breslau, yCOng br^s'ldw.) a town of Prussia, province 
 of Posen, 26 miles E.S.E. of Bromberg. Pop. 5660, among 
 whom are 2000 Jews. It has several churches, a convent, a 
 synagogue, a hospital, and distilleries. 
 
 INtJUISIVI, een-ke-se-vee', a town of Bolivia, province of 
 La Paz. on a plateau, in the mountains of Cocasuyo. 
 
 IXSAL.\II, a town of Algeria. See Ainsal.\H. 
 
 INSARA, in-sd'ra, or INSAR, in-saR/, a town of Hussia, 
 government, and 57 miles X.X.W. of Penza. Pop. 4730. 
 
 IXSCH, inch, a pari.sh and burgh of barony of Scotland 
 CO., and 26 miles X.W. of .\berdeen. Pop. in 1851, 1519. 
 
 IXSELX DES GRUNEN VORGKBIRGES, ("Islands of 
 the Green Promontory.") See Cape Verb Islands. 
 
 IX'SKIP, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 IXSTER, in'stgr. a river of East Prussia, unites with the 
 Angerap forming the Pregel after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 IXSTERBURG, ins'ter-bdORG', H town of E.ast Prussia, 18 
 miles W.X.W. of Gumbinnen, at the confluence of the An- 
 gerap and Inster, which here receives the name of Pregel. 
 Pop. 9700. It has a castle, a high school, Lutheran and Cal- 
 vinist churches, a normal school, and several breeding studs, 
 with manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, stockings, 
 leather, and earthenwares. 
 
 IN'STOW, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 IXSUA, een'soo-S, a mountain rauge of Brazil, province 
 of Matto-G rosso, near the W. bank of the Paraguay. A 
 ravine at the bottom of this range separates it from the 
 Serra dos Dourados. and furnishes an outlet for lakes Man- 
 diore. Gahiba, and Uberaba. 
 
 INTEMKLIUM ALBIUM. See ViNTijhGLlA. 
 
 IXTHRAMXA. SeeTERNi. 
 
 IX'TERCOURSE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 12 miles E. of Lancaster City. 
 
 IXTERCOURSE, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama. 
 
 IXTERL.\CIIEX, in'tfr-HKVn, or IXTERLAKEX, a vil- 
 lage of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the Aar. between the 
 lakes Thun and Brienz, (whence its name.) The village Is 
 a collection of white-washed lodging-houses, but is much re- 
 sorted to in summer, and has a subscription reading-room 
 and library. The rich abbey of Int4?rlachen was suppressed 
 in the sixteenth century. 
 
 IXTEKXUM MARE. See Meoiterranean Sea. 
 
 IXTRA, in'tri, a town of Piedmont, division of Novara, 
 province, and 1 j miles N.E. of Pallanza, on the W. side of 
 Lago Maggiore. Pop. 3743 
 
 IXTRAGXA., in-tran'ya.(L./Mfra'nta.) a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, about 36 miles N. of Xovara. Pop. 1242. 
 
 IXTROBBIO. in-trobTje-o, a village of Northern Italy, 20 
 miles X.F;. of Como. Pop. 744. 
 
 IXTRODACQUA, in-tro-ddk'kwl.a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 4 mUes S.S.W. of Sulmona 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 IXT'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IX'VER, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 IXVER, a village of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo, 
 55 miles N.E. of Belmullet. 
 
 INVERALLOCHY, in-vfr-al-loK'ee. a village of Scotland 
 CO. of Aberdeen, S.W. of Fraserburgh. Pop. about 500. 
 
 IXVERAR'ITY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 INVEKARY, in-vgr-i'ree, a royal parliamentary and muni- 
 
 905 
 
""=11 
 
 INV 
 
 «iple burgh and seaport town of Scotland, capital of the co. 
 of Acgyle. on a bay on the W. shore of Loch Fyne, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in 
 1851, .064; of the royal burgh. 1164. The borough unites 
 with Carapbelton, Oban, and Irvine in sending one member 
 to th-3 House of Commons. AV. of the town is Inverary Cas- 
 tle, the chief seat of the Duke of Argyle. 
 
 i;\YERAVEN, in'ver-i'ven, a parish of Scotland, cos. of 
 Bacff and Elgin, 2i miles S.S.W. of Knockando. Here are 
 numerous antiquities, including three Druidical temples, 
 and a ca.stle of the sixteenth century. 
 
 IXVEKBEKA'IE, a town of Scotland. See BERvrE. 
 
 INVERCHAOLAIN, JuVgr-ka-olAn', a parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Argvle. 
 
 IX'VERESK', a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Edin- 
 burgh, comprising the village of Inveresk, where is a station 
 of the North British Railway. 
 
 IN^VERGOK'DON, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of 
 Ross, on the N. side of the Frith of Cromarty, 12 miles N.E. 
 of Dingwall. Pop. 1000. 
 
 INn'EROOW'RIE, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, on 
 the Frith of Tay, 2^ miles W. of Dundee. 
 
 INVliRKEILOR, inVer-keelor, a maritime parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 INVERKEITIIIN'G, in-ver-kee'THing, a royal parliamen- 
 tary and municipal burgh, and seaport town of Scotland, 
 CO. of Fife, on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 10 miles 
 W.X.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of parliamentary burgh, 1852. 
 It has a tolerable harbor, adapted for vessels of 200 tons, 
 several schools and public libraries; and near it are some 
 foundries, mills, tanneries, brickworks, and a ship-building 
 yard. The burgh unites with South Queensferry, Dun- 
 fermline, Culross, and Stirling in sending one member to 
 the House of Commons. One mile W. is the ruined castle of 
 Kosyth. 
 
 INVERKEITHNIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff. 
 
 INVERLOCHY, a castle of Scotland. See Maryborough. 
 
 INVERNESS, inVer-nJss', (formerly INNERNESS,) a 
 royal parliamentary and municipal burgh, seaport town, 
 and parish of Scotland, capital of a county, and of the North 
 Highlands, on both sides of the Ness, within 9 miles of its 
 Influx into the Moray Frith, and here crossed by two bridges. 
 82 miles W.N.AV. of Aberdeen. Pop. of parliamentary 
 burgh, in 1851, 12,793; of the royal burgh, 9969. Mean 
 annual temperature, 46°; summer, 67°; winter, 35° Fahren- 
 heit. It stands in a beautiful plain, near the Caledonian 
 Canal, on which are wharves for loading and unloading 
 goods. The prieipal edifices are the High Church, county 
 buildings on Castle Hill, the "lins of a citadel built by 
 Cromwell in 1652-7, 2 endowed academies, other schools, au 
 Infirmary, dispensary, town-hall, jail, mechanics' institute, 
 various libraries, public reading-rooms, the Custom-house, 
 and Exchange. Three newspapers are published in Inver- 
 ness. It has manufactures of linens, plaidings, woollen 
 stuffs, and hemp, with ship-building docks, breweries, dis- 
 tilleries, and tanneries. The principal exports are oats, wool, 
 and sheep; imports, coal, hemp, tar, and miscellaneous 
 goods. Regular traders ply to Aberdeen, Leith, and Lon- 
 don, on the E. coast; and on the W. coast, by means of the 
 canal, to Glasgow, Liverpool, and Ireland. The burgh 
 unites with Forres, Fortrose, and Nairn in sending one 
 member to the House of Commons. Inverness is very an- 
 cient, and was the capital of the Picti.<!h kingdom in the 
 sixth century. Itisuffered severely from an inundation of 
 the Ness, in 1848. 
 
 INn^ERNESS' or INVERNESS-SHIRE, inVer-nJss'shir, 
 a large maritime and Highland county of Scotland, extend- 
 ing across the island from sea to sea. having N.Moray Frith 
 and Ros.s-shire, and W. the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 
 also some of the Western Islands, of which Skye is the prin- 
 cipal. Area, 4054 square miles, of which about one-half is 
 susceptible of cultivation. Pop. in 1851, 96,600. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, rugged, and well wooded. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the Spey, Ne.«s, Beauly, Lochy, Garry, and 
 Glass. Lakes are numerous. In some parts good wheat, and 
 considerable quantities of oats are raised ; but it is chiefly 
 a pastoral county, black cattle, sheep, and wool being its 
 principal exports. The county is traversed the whole of its 
 length from S.AV. to N.E. by the Caledonian Canal. The 
 principal town is Inverne.«s. the capital. The county sends 
 one member to the House of Commons. The Highland char- 
 acter and the Gaelic language predominate in the county. 
 
 INVERNESS, a post-ofRce of Livingston co., New York. 
 
 INVKRNESS, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 INVERNESS, a village of Mackinac co., Michigan, on She- 
 boygan River, 18 miles S. of Mackinac. Large quantities of 
 pine lumber are sawn here. 
 
 INVERNKSS, a county of Nova Scotia, occupying the 
 W.N.W. portion of the island of Cape Breton. Capital, Port 
 Hood. Pop. in 1851, 16,917. 
 
 INVERNIA. See Ireland. 
 
 INVERSNAID. inVer-snild', a hamlet of Scotland, co. of 
 Stirling, on the E. shore of Loch Lomond, where there is an 
 inn, ruins of a fort, and a picturesque cascade. 
 INVERUGIE, inVyr-oo'ghee, an ancient castle of Scotland, 
 906 
 
 ION 
 
 cos. of Aberdeen and Banff, parish of St. Fergus, 2| miles 
 N.AV. of Peterhead. 
 
 INVERUNO, in-vA-roo'no, or INVRUNO, in-vroo^no, a 
 village of Northern Italy, 17 miles W. by N. of Milan. Pop. 
 1761. 
 
 I WERU'RY or INVERURIE, a royal pnriiamentarj' and 
 municipal burgh and pari.sh of Scotland, co., and 16"N.'Vr. 
 of Aberdeen, at the confluence of the Dee and Ury, here 
 crossed by two substantial bridges. Pop. of parliamentary 
 burgh, in 1851. 2264; of the royal burgh, 2084. The 
 burgh unites with Banff, Cullen. Kintore, and Peterhead in 
 sending one member to the House of Commons. It gives 
 the title of baron to the Earl of Kintore. whose seat, Keith 
 Hall, stands near the town. The Aberdeen Canal terminates 
 at Port Fjiphinstone, near Inverury. S.W. of the town 
 stands a handsome building, formerly the Roman Catholic 
 college of Aquhorties. 
 
 INVES/TIGATOR ISLANDS, a group off the S. coast of 
 Australia, in lat.33° 45' S.. Ion. 134° 30' E., comprising Flin- 
 ders Island, and several islets. 
 
 INVESTIGATOR STRAIT, of South Australia, between 
 Kangaroo Island and York Peninsula, about 25 miles across, 
 connects Spencer Gulf with the Indian Ocean. 
 
 INVORIO INFERIORS, in-vo're-o in-tS-re-o'ri, or INVO- 
 RIO MAGGIORE. (rndd-jo/rA.) a village of the Sardinian 
 States, about 3 miles from Arona. Pop. 23.33. 
 
 INVORIO SUPERIORS, (soo-p.'\-re-o'rd.) or MINORE, (me- 
 no'r.i.) a village of the Sardinian States, about 3 miles from 
 Arona. Pop. 543. 
 
 INnVARDLEIGH. a parish of England.' co. of Devon. 
 
 INWORTH, a parish of England, co. of F^ssex. 
 
 INYAN REAKAH. in'ydn reH'kL ("River of the Rock,") 
 a river which rises in the Minnesota Territory, and flowing 
 through the N.W. part of Iowa, falls into the Sioux River. 
 
 INYAN YAN'KEY RIVEH, of Iowa, rises towards the 
 N.W. part of the state, and flowing S.W.. enters the Mis- 
 souri in Harrison county. It is sometimes called the Littus 
 Sioux. 
 
 INZAGO, in-z2'go, (L. ^n<i'ci'ae!«n.) a village of Northern 
 Italy, province of Milan, about 4 miles W. by N. of Qorgon- 
 zola. Pop. 3108. 
 
 INZER, in'zfr(?), a river of Russia, government of Oren- 
 boorg, rises in the Ural Mountains, and after a course of 
 about 150 miles, joins the Belaia about 50 miles S.E. of Oofa. 
 
 INZERSDORF, int/sers-dorvt\ a village of Lower Austria, 4 
 miles S. of Vienna, on the Liesingbach, and on the railway 
 to Gratz. Pop. 1360. 
 
 INZIXZAC, iN'V.iNo'zSk', a villiige of France, department 
 of Morbihan, 7 miles N.N.E. of Lorient. Pop. 2400. 
 
 INZLINGI;N. ints1ing-gn, a village of Baden, near Lor- 
 rach. Pop. 1015. 
 
 I'ON, a post-office of Morehouse parish, Louisiana. 
 
 lONA, e-o'na, ICOLMKILL. ik'om-kill'. (i. e. I-mitmh-lill, 
 "the Isle of Columba's retreat" or " cell.") a small but fa- 
 mous island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 off the S.W. extremity of the island of Mull. Area, about 
 2000 acres. Pop. 1084. The surface is rocky, much less 
 than half of it being arable, and it has only one village. 
 A church and manse h.ive been erected by government 
 grant. In the Middle Ages, it was highly celebrated as the 
 seat of an abbey, founded by St. Columb. a native of Ire- 
 land, in the sixth century, and which long remained the 
 chief seat of learning in the N.. and the centre of missionary 
 ent^'rprise undertaken by the Culdees. Its ruined cathe- 
 dral or abbey, on its E. side, is 160 feet in length by 60 in 
 its greatest breadth, and like most of its other ediiices. is of 
 a date long subsequent to the introduction of Romanism, 
 though some scattered relics are suppo.sed to be of a previous 
 era. St. Oran's Chapel is in the Saxon style ; St. Mary's and 
 other parts are of a later architecture. 
 
 lO'NE, a post-office of Effingham co.. Illinois. 
 
 lO'NI, a post-office of Anderson co.. Texas. 
 
 IONIA, i-o'ne-a. a county in the W. central part of 5Iichi- 
 gan, contains 576 square miles. It is intersected by Grand 
 and Flat Rivers, and also drained by Maple and Look- 
 ing-glass Rivers, and by Prairie Creek. The surface is 
 gently undulating, and the soil uniformly fertile. More 
 than half of the county is occupied by tinibered openings, 
 which have a sparse growth of oak and hickory ; tiie other 
 portion is covered with dense forests. The streams furnish 
 sufficient water-power for mills. Capital, lunm. Pop. 10.682. 
 
 IONIA, a post-village and township, capital of Ionia oo., 
 Michigan, on Grand River, about 90 miles from its mouth, 
 and 38 miles N.W. of Lansing. The river is navigivble as 
 high as tlie village In all stages of water, and a small steamer 
 plies regularly between it and thecity of Grand ]{apids. Tho 
 Detroit and Mihvaukie Railroad pa8.se8 througli this place. 
 Ionia contains 6 churches, 1 national bank, and 1 ue vspaper 
 office. The water-i)ower of the river is employed n mills 
 of various kinds. Population. 1926. 
 
 IONIA, a post-ofRce of Warren co., Illinois. 
 
 IONIA, a village in Morgan co., Missouri, 40 niilijs W. by 
 S. of Jefferson City. 
 
 IONIAN (I-o'ne-an) ISLANDS. (Fr. lies loninines, eel e«^ 
 o'ne-6nn'; Ger. lotiisclte Inseln, e-cynish-ji insjhi; It. l.-Ue 
 
ION 
 
 /onte^e, t.e'so-li e-c/ne-ki. Sp. J.tos J^wicas, eeslJs Ho'De-kSs;) 
 an insular frroup situated in the Mediterranean, off the 
 W. coast of Greece and Epirus, a former republic depen- 
 dent on Great Britain, tetween lat. 36° and 40° N., and 
 Ion. li>°and 23° E., and consisting of Corfu, Cephalonia, 
 Zante, Santa Maura. Ithaca, Paxo, and Cerit;o, with Fano, 
 Merlera, Meganisi, Kalamo, Servi, Cerigotto, and many 
 gmaller island!?. United area, 1092 square miles. Pop. 
 229,190, nearly all of Greek descent. Tiie surface is moun- 
 tainous, and generally covered with heath ; hut in some of 
 the larger islands are fertile plains. About half their sur- 
 face is under cultivation, yielding wheat, barley, and other 
 grains ; wine, chiefly grown in the four largest islands ; olive- 
 oil, mostly procured from Corfu and Zante ; currants in 
 Zante and Cephalonia, and some cotton, flax, and pulse. 
 The manufactures consist of wcx)llen fabrics for home con- 
 sumption, soap in Corfu and Zante, salt in Zante and Santa 
 Maura, silk tabrics in Zante. eartlienwares, goats'-hair car- 
 pets, linens and sacking. Ship-building is an important 
 branch of industry, and many of the population are occu- 
 pied in maritime trade and navigation. The exports, consist- 
 ing chiefiy of the natural produce of the islands, amounted 
 In value, in 1S49, to $1,641,531; the imports in the same 
 year comprised corn, live-stock from Greece and Albania, 
 woven fabrics, cured fish, colonial produce, Ac. to the value 
 0f.S3,2.33.373. 
 
 The government is vested in a lord liigh commissioner 
 appointed by Great Britain, and a parliament consisting 
 of a senate and legislative assembly. The assembly, 
 elected for five years, is composed of 40 members, 7 elected 
 by each of the three larger islands, 4 by Santa Maura, and 
 4 by the remaining islands; the rest being nominated by 
 the lord high commissioner. The senate, consistifig of five 
 members, electi'd by the legislative liody, with a president 
 appointed by the commissioner, has the executive power, 
 and the press is under the immediate control of it and the 
 commissioner. Each island is governed by a regent, and a 
 council of from 2 to 10 members, pai'tly elected by the inha- 
 bitants, and partly nominated by the commissioner and 
 Benate ; and in these are 21 judicial courts, subordinate to a 
 supreme court in Corfu, in which city is the seat of parlia- 
 ment and chief authorities. The estjiblished religion is that 
 of the Greek Church. The armed force consists of about 
 3000 British troops, and 4 regiments of native militia; ma- 
 rine, 1 frigate and 1 steam-packet, (English,) stationed at 
 Corfu ; and 2 steamboat-s, be;iring tlie Ionian flag, for com- 
 municating i)etween the seven islands. Kevenue in 1849, 
 $558,032 ; expenditures, $(504,600. The principal towns are 
 Corfu, Zant«, Argostoli. and Vathl. These islands are often 
 mentioned in ancient history, but are only spoken of singly, 
 not collectively. They remained subject to Venice from 138C 
 to 1797. In 1814 they were placed under British protection. 
 They were annexed to the kingdom of Greece in 1863. The 
 lo.M.w I.sL.\.\DS are supposed to derive their name from 
 the lonians, (descendants of Ion,) who planted colonies 
 in Cephalonia, (CepluiUenia,) and some other of these 
 islands. 
 
 I0.\ IAN REPUBLIC. See Ionian Islands. 
 
 IONIAN SKA, (Vr. Afi-r lonienne. uiaiR eeVne-?nn'; Sp. 
 Har Jonieo, man iio'ne-ko ; anc. Ma're Ii/niuni,) that part of 
 the Mediterranean between Greece and European Turkey 
 on the K.. and Italy and Sicily on the W. The principal 
 inlets are the Gulf cf Taranto. Squillace, Arta, and I'atra«. 
 It communicates with the Adriatic Sea i)y the Strait of 
 Otranto. and contains all the Ionian Islands except Cerigo. 
 
 roS'CO. a new county in the E. part of Michigan, border- 
 ing on Lake Huron, contains about 900 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Au Sable Kiver. This county is not 
 named in tlie census of 1850. It liad, in 1800, only 175 in- 
 habitants. It was originally called Kanotin. 
 
 IC-'CO, a post-township in the W. part of Livingston CO., 
 Michiu'an. Pop. 770. 
 
 lOUG, a river of Russi!\. See Yooo. 
 
 IOWA, I'o-wa. a river in the state of the same name, rises 
 In Hancock county, and flowing in a general S.E. direction, 
 passes by the .seat of government, and enters the Mississippi 
 35 miles above Burlington. The whole length is estimated 
 at over 300 n\iles. Small steamboats can ascend as far as 
 Iowa City, about 80 miles, for three months in the year. 
 
 IOW.\, a newly-formed state of the United States of North 
 America. W. of the Mississippi, is bounded N. by Minnesota 
 Territory. E. by the Mississippi, which separates it from the 
 states of Wisconsin and Illinois, S. by Missouri, and W. by 
 Indian Territory and Minnesota, from the former of which 
 It is f 'iparated by the Missouri, and from the latter by the 
 Great Sioux Kiver. It lies (with the exception of a small 
 projection in tlie S.K., between the Ues Moines nnd the 
 Jlississipp' Kiveie, between 40° 30' and 43° 30' N. lat., 
 arv" lietwi-en 90° and 97° W. Ion., being about 300 miles 
 ia extreme length from East to West, and about 208 miles 
 in breadth, including an area estimated at 80,914 square 
 miles, or 3J,584,960 acres, of wliich only 3,792,792 were im- 
 proved in I860.. 
 
 Face of the Cnunlry. — The surface of Iowa is generally 
 composed of rolling prairies, having nothing within its 
 
 lOW 
 
 limits which approaches a mountain in elevation. Th« 
 higiiest ground in the state is a plateau in the N.W.. called 
 '• Cbteau des Prairies," which enters the state from Minne- 
 sota. A small portion in the N.E., on the Mississippi, is 
 rugged and rocky, and Table Mound, a conical elevation 
 with a flat summit, 3 or 4 miles from Dubuque, is, perhaps, 
 500 fieet high. The state, however, may be generally de- 
 scribed as a rolling prairie, crossed by rivers whose banks 
 are skirted with wood. There are said to >)e some swamps 
 in the N.W. poi'tion of the state. The prairies, though soiao- 
 times 20 miles across, are rarely more than 5 or 10. 
 
 Geolnc/)/. — The great coal-field of Missouri and Iowa, cccn 
 pying the centre and S. parts of the latter state, and extend- 
 ing out in the form of a semicircle, is surrounded on every 
 side but tlie S. by a belt of upper carboniferous limestone. 
 The Mississippi, on the S.E. of the state, lias its channel 
 in a bed of the lower carboniferous limestone. The great 
 drift deposits from Minnesota enter the N. of Iowa. A nar- 
 row strip of the lead-iiearing magnesian limestone lies on 
 the Mississippi to the N.E., and is succeeded on the S.W. first 
 by a broad belt of upper magnesian, and then by a second 
 of limestone of the Devonian period. The co.hI veins of Iowa 
 are not nearly so thick as those of Illinois, being seldom 
 more than four or five feet. The prairies of this state are 
 sprinkled over with boulders, some of them of immense 
 size. One measured by Professor Owen was 600 feet in cir- 
 cumference, 12 feet high, and probably as many beneath 
 the soil. 
 
 Minerah. — Iowa is rich in mineral resources, and but one- 
 tenth of the great lead region of the upper Mississippi lies 
 in this state. The ore is abundant, but lies deeper than on 
 the E. side of the river. Lead-mines have been opened in 
 Dubuque and Clayton counties. Zinc and copper are also 
 found in the same localities, and in connection with the 
 lead. In 185-3, there were shipped from Dubuiiueand Buena 
 Vista 3.256,970 pounds of lead. The great bituminous co.il- 
 field of Iowa and Mis.souri has an extent of near 200 miles 
 from E. to W., and 140 from N. to S., within the former 
 state, and occupying most of the central and S. portions. 
 Copper has been recently discovered in Cedar county in con- 
 siderable quantities. 
 
 h'irers. — The rolling prairies of Iowa are furrowed by 
 several important rivers, which cross it in a S.E. direction, 
 and help to swell the volume of waters in the groat Missis- 
 sippi, into which they discharge themselves. The Des 
 Moines, the most important of these, has its sources in Min- 
 nesota, and traversing the entire state, forms near its 
 mouth a small portion of the S.E. boundary. Its length is 
 aViout 450 miles, 250 of which are navigable for light steam- 
 boats at high water. The otlier rivers which flow into the 
 Mississippi, proceeding in order northward, are the Skunk, 
 Iowa, (the lied Cedar, a branch of the Iowa.) Wapsipinicon, 
 Makoqueta, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. The Skunk is about 
 2iX), the Iowa .300, and the rivers last named from 100 to 200 
 miles in length. The Iowa is navigable for steamboats 110, 
 and the Cedar Kiver 60 miles. The Blakoqueta and the 
 Wapsipinicon have rapid currents, and furnish abundant 
 water-power. The Missouri, and its tributary, the Great 
 Sioux, form the W. Ijoundarv. The Little Sioux, the next 
 important tributary of the Mi.ssouri from Iowa, has a course 
 of little more than 100 miles. There are a few small lakes 
 in the N. and W. parts of the state. 
 
 Ohjecln nf Inte.reM to Toui~'ii^ —The principal claim of this 
 new, and as yet scarcely ex^,.<>red state, on the attention of 
 travellers, must chiefly rest upon the beauty of its undu- 
 lating prairies or its picture.sque landscapes. There are, 
 however, a few objects which may be classed among natural 
 curiosities, of which the following are the most prominent. 
 Numerous sinks, or circular depressions in the surface of 
 the ground, from 10 to 20 feet across, are found in different 
 places, and particularly on Turkey River, in the N. part of 
 the state. Small mounds, from 3 to 6 feet high, and some- 
 times 10 or 12 in a row. are found on the same stream, with- 
 in 10 or 15 miles of its mouth. A cave, several rods in ex- 
 tent, exists in Jackson county, from which flows a stream 
 large enough to turn a mill. The upper Iowa and Mako- 
 queta Rivers have worn their channels through magnesian 
 limestone rocks, leaving, on the southern banks, clilfs, worn 
 by the rain, frost, and winds into resemblances of castles, 
 forts. &c. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — According to meteorolo- 
 gical tables kept at Muscatine, in 1861. by T. S. Parvin, 
 Esq.. the maximum of .January was 40°. the minimum. 16^; 
 for February, maximum 52°, minimum 0°: ilarch, maximum 
 78°. minimum 12°; April, maximum 70°, minimum 24°; 
 May, maximum 82°, minimum 23°: June, nfnximum 85. mini- 
 mum 44°; July, maximum 92°, minimum 44°; August, 
 maximum 85°, minimum 52°; September, maximum 91°, 
 minimum 30°; October, maximum 79° minimum 18°; No^ 
 vember, maximum 51°. minimum 14°; December, maximum 
 56°, minimum 18°. Greatest heat. July 27th, 92°; greatest 
 cold, December 16th. 18°; range,110°. The Mississippi closed 
 January 30th; opened February 21st. Last frost. May 
 24th ; first in autumn, September 28th. Rainy davs, 101 ; 58 
 of which were in May, June, and July; SO snowV days, 55 
 
 907 
 
IRA 
 
 IRE 
 
 inAK-VJEM EE or IRAK-AJEMI, eeV3k'-3j'6h-mee\ (anc. 
 Q reat MJ Ua oi ikdin Proper.) a large proTince. ocoupving the 
 rentral jKirtiou of Persia, between lat. 31° 50' and o7° X.. and 
 l.-ri. 4iP and 53° K. Within these limits, it comprises Persi.-in 
 KvHJrdistan. and the iminediate provinces of Ardelan. Ijir- 
 istan, Isiwhaii, and Kashau. Surface an elevated tahle- 
 iand. traverse<l by .several mouutaiu ranges. I'rincipal 
 rivers, the Ki/.ll Oozen, fiirmlng a part of its N. boundary, 
 and the Kerah. with its affluents in the S.AV. : besides which, 
 there are several large streams, that lose themselves in the 
 gjindy de.=erts which occupy a large proportion of the pro- 
 vince. The watered valleys are fertile. Ispahan is the 
 great emporium of trade, and is the rendezvous of large 
 caravans from Bagdad, Herat, and even Surat. The other 
 prlncip.il cities are Teheran, Ilamadan, Kasbin, Senua, Ker- 
 mansliah. and Koom. 
 
 IKAK-AUABKE or IKAK-AKABI, eeVlk'-dr'a-bee', (anc. 
 Babylo>nia.) in Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, is mostly 
 between the lower cour.ses of the Euphrates and Tigris, and 
 comprises the city of Bagdad, and the ruins of Babylon, Se- 
 leucia. and Ctesiphon. 
 
 IR.\N', the Persian name of Persia. 
 
 I'RASllUHG, a post-village and semi-capital of Orleans 
 CO., Vermont, on Black River, 40 miles N.N.W. of Montpe- 
 lier. It contains, besides the county buildings, several 
 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and 1 or 2 iron foun- 
 diies. Pop. of the township, 1131. 
 
 lUASU. e-rS-soo', a volcano of Central America, state of 
 Costa-Kica, near the city of Cartago. riei.!ht 11,478. 
 
 IRAW.\DI. a river of Asia, See Irrawaddy. 
 
 IREN. e-rJn'. or e-rain.' a river of Russia, rises in the 
 government of Perm, flows circultou.sly, and after a N.W. 
 course of alx)ut 160 miles, joins the Silva. 
 
 IRBIT. 1r bit/ or 6€R-l)eet'. a town of Siberia, government 
 of Perm. 100 miles E.N.E. of Yekaterinboorg. on the Neiva, 
 und on a route from Tobolsk into Europe. It is enclosed by 
 a palisade, and is chietly noted for a large annual f;iir. which 
 lasts for a month, in February and March, and is attended 
 by a great concourse of European and Asiatic merchants. 
 
 IR'RY-ox-IIUM'liER, a pansh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 IRCV-IN-THE-MARSII. a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 IR'CIIKSTKR, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 IRKRY. Ir'Viee. a market-town and parish of Enirland, co. 
 of Cunil.erland. 8 miles W:S.W. of AVigton. Pop. 472. 
 
 IRIORY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 IR1:DKLI,. ii-'dell. a county toward the W. part of North 
 Carolina, has an area estimated at 000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W . by the Great Catawba, and intersected 
 by the several creeks which tiow into the Yadkin. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; the soil fertile. Gold has been found near the 
 S. boixler of the county. This county gave birth to Judge 
 Hugh L. White, late United States Senator from Tennessee. 
 It was formed in 17>^S. and named in honor of .7ami!S Ire- 
 dell, late assoinate justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States. Capital, Statesville. Pop. 16,347, of whom 
 11,170 were free, and 4177 slaves. 
 
 IRKGH, ee^'?g'. a market-town of Hungary, co. of Tolna, 
 24 miles S.S.E. of Veszprim. Pop. 2525. It has a castle. 
 
 IREGH or UREGH, ii'rSg',(?) a market-town of Hungary, 
 In Slavonia, co. of Syrmia, 12 miles S. of Peterwardeln, with 
 1000 houses, a ca.stle. and a breeding stud. 
 
 IREL.WD. ir'land. (Erse. Erin. A'rin, usually pronounced 
 ee'rin: Fr. Trhiiide. eeiiMSxd'; Sp. /r7«nd«, eeit-lln'di; Ger. 
 Irlunil. eS 'Idnt : L. Hihr'nia, Inr'na, or Tnv/r'nia; Gr. 
 Itpc I), Terni. ) the more western of the two priiicipijl islands of 
 winch the United Kingdmi of Great Britain and Ireland is 
 compo.sed. between lat. 51° 25' and 55° 2:!' N.. aird Ion. 6° 20' 
 and 10° 20' W. : separated from Great Britain on the E. by the 
 Irish Sea. which, near its centre, has a width of 130 miles, but 
 narrows between Holyhead and Howth Heath to tX) miles; 
 and between the Mull of Kintire, in Scotland, and the oppo- 
 site coast at Fairhead. to about 12 miles: and surrounded 
 on all other sides by the North Atlantic Ocean. Its shape 
 has been compared to a rhomlxiid, with two of its opposite 
 Bides nearly due N. and S.. and the other two slanting be- 
 tween W.S.W. and E.N.E. Measured diagonally, the greatest 
 length from Jlizen Head, in the S.W., to Faiihead. in the 
 N.E.. is 300 miles; and the greatest breadth, from Carnsore 
 Point in the S.E.. to Benwee Head, in the N.W.. is 212 miles; 
 measured on a meridian, and on a parallel of latitude, the 
 greatest length and breadth, respectively, are only 230 
 miles, and ISO miles: the central breadth, nearly between 
 the Bays r.f Dublin and Galway. is 110 miles; area, 82,513 
 square miles, or 20.808.271 acres. 
 
 Gemriil fiat)irt.''.—'r\\e const, forming a line of about 750 
 miles, is. in general, very bold and rugged. The most con- 
 tinuous portion is the E.. where the only remarkable inden- 
 tations are the Loughs of Belfast and "strangford. and the 
 Bays of Dundrum. Dundalk. and Dublin. In all other di- 
 rections, but more especially in the N.W., W.. and S.AV.. the 
 Indent.iti'ins follow each other in almost uninterrupted suc- 
 cession, giving the coast a very bn^ken and ru'.'ged appearance. 
 The piiiicipal of these are the l^iughs of Fovle and Swilly, 
 the Bays of Donegal. Kill.nla, Clew, and Galwav: Shannon 
 Mouth, the Bays of Dingle, Bautrj', and Duninanus; and 
 fllO 
 
 the harbors of Cork, Thingannon, and Waterford. In point 
 of extent, depth of water, and shelter, piany of these furnish 
 natural havens which cannot be surpassed. The rooky 
 shores, which line most of these bays, are foi-med by th« 
 abrupt terminations of mountain ridges, which, instead of 
 stretching in continuous chains across the interior, rise 
 rather in vast isolated masses, at a short distance from the 
 coast, and usually subside rapidly as they recede from it. 
 Almost the only inland range is that of the Devil's Bit. and 
 the Slielihbloom Mountains, which stretch in an irregular 
 curve of about 30 miles from S.W. to N.E., through the 
 N.E. of Munster, and W. of I-einster, and. in the Keeper, 
 attain the height of 2265 feet; most of the other masses at- 
 t.'tin their greatest elevation towards the exterior of the 
 island, and thus give the interior the form of a vast plain, 
 enclosed on all sides by lofty mountain barriers. The most 
 important ofthe.se in proceeding from the N.. westward, are 
 the mountains of Donegal; culminating point. Erigal. 2462 
 feet ; Sligo— culminating point, Truskmore, 2113 feel ; Mayo- 
 culminating points, Nephin, 2039 feet, and Jluilrea. 2733 
 feet: Galway — culminating point, Twelve Pins. 2396 feet; 
 Kerry — culuiin.ating point.s, Brandon, 3120 feet, and Cam 
 Tuab the loftie.st oi^ all Ireland, 34tl4 feet; Waterford— cul- 
 minating point, Mona Vallagb,259S feet: Wicklow — culmi- 
 nating point, Lungaquilla. 3o39 feet; Dublin — culminating 
 point, Kippare. 2473 feet; Down — culminating point, Siiebli- 
 donard, 2796 feet; and Antrim, the mountains of which 
 are less remarkable for their height than the magnificence 
 with which they terminate in the Uianfs Causeway. Though 
 the barrier thus formed presents numerous openings, and 
 the plain enclosed by it is by no means a monotonous flat, 
 it is not difficult to understand how a surface so formed is 
 ill-adapted for giving a fiee course to the water whirh col- 
 lects upon it, and accordingly contains extensive tracts of 
 bog. 
 
 Geology and ^finerah. — Granite, flanked by Silurian strata, 
 forms the Wicklow range of mountains on the E. coast. The 
 same primary strata prevail in the Mourne Mountains, and 
 an extensive trap form in Antrim of 800 square miles, is 
 succeed by clay slate on the W. Granite again appears in 
 the Galway Mountains, and the old red sandstone prevails 
 extensively in Slunster. The great pKiin in the centre is 
 formed of mountain limestone, and contains six coal dis- 
 tricts, the Leinster, or Castlecomer. the Sleeve Arda in Tip- 
 perary, the Munster, Loch .\Ilen. Monaghan. and T\ rone, 
 besides a small coal-field in the county of Antrim. The coal 
 rai.sed S. of Dublin is anthracite, that in the N. is bitumi- 
 nous, but the whole quantity raised does not exceed 55.000 
 tons annually. Copper and lead are found in the Silurian 
 and mountain limestone. The ore obtained from the cop- 
 per-mines is mostly sent to Wales to be smelted. In 1836 
 the output exci-eded in value 150,000?. : at present it amounta 
 to scarcely half that sum. The lower chalk and greensand 
 tiirmations partially prevail, but no tertiary beds. Slarble 
 of an excellent quality exists in vaiious parts. Among the 
 other minerals are antimony, manganese, fullers'-earth, 
 and slate. Peat forms the principal fuel, and is of great 
 importance, owing to the general deficiency of timber. 
 
 7i'urr.« and LaJ.es. — Few countries of the same extent are 
 so liberally supplied with rivers. The Shannon, the largest 
 river of Irel.ind. if not of the United Kingdom, is navigalile 
 to its source, in Lough Allen. 214 miles. The other i-ivera 
 of most importance are the Brandon. Lee. and Blackwater, 
 the Suir. and the Barron, which form the broad e.<tu;iry of 
 Waterford Harbor, the Slaney, the Liffey. the Boyne, thu 
 largest river which discharges itself on the E. coast, and 
 the IJann and the Foyle. Ireland possesses a vast number 
 of inl.'ind lakes, which, in some parts, lie so near each other 
 as to form a continued series, easily available for purposes of 
 navigation. Lough Neagh. a vast quadrangular exi>anse, 
 17 miles long, by 10 miles broad, chiefly in Antrim, is not 
 only the largest lake in the United Kingdom, but ranks 
 high among the secondary lakes of Europe. The other more 
 important lakes are Lough Erne, nearly 30 miles in lenirth; 
 Ijough Corrilp. about 24 miles long, and connected with it 
 by a subterranean channel; Lough Mask: 1/Ouglis .Allen, 
 Ree. and Derg. the latter wide expansions of the Shannon; 
 and I-oughs Conn and CuUen. In the county of Mayo. Be- 
 sides these, many others, of smaller dimensions, are distri- 
 buted over the island. The lakes of Killarney ai'e pr-emi- 
 nent, and attract visitors from all parts of Europe by the 
 beauty and magnificence of their scenery. 
 
 Climate. — Owing to the deep indent;itions on its coasts, 
 no portion, of Ireland is more than 5o miles from the sea. a 
 circumstance that conduces to the general mildness cf its 
 climate. Its winter, though long, is seldom aicfimpanied 
 with prolonged frosts, while the average heat of its summer 
 falls considerably short of that of England. Mean viiiitei 
 temperature. 39° 9; mean summer. Co°-5; mean of tbe year, 
 49°-6. West winds, which prevail nine months in the year, 
 charged with accumulated vapors from the ocean, on first 
 reaching the Irish coast, precipitate them in deludes of rain 
 or dense fogs. Annual fall, from .30 to 40 inches. Hence 
 the air is seldom clear, even in summer: and in autumn 
 the supeifluity of moisture becomes a serious impediment 
 
IRE 
 
 IRE 
 
 to the operations of harvest. But ^he verdure of the pas- 
 tures is peculiarly rich, and preserves its luxuriance to a 
 lat« period of the year. The broad-leaved myrtle grows 
 luxuriantly in some S. counties, and the arbutus uuedo, 
 menziesia. and other plants of South Europe, flourish; 
 while Alpine plants, of the extreme N. of Europe, are also 
 found on some of the mountains. 
 
 Aijriculliirc. — Of the 'iiVlOO,! iOO acres of land in Ireland, it 
 has been estimated that 5.250,000 are arable, 6.750,000 pastures 
 and marshes, and 5,000,000 are improvable, and the remainder 
 waste ; .>50.000 acres are in plantations. Ireland is more fitted 
 for cattle-reaiin^ than an agricultural country ; yet it has 
 been estimated that Piur-tifths of the population directly de- 
 pend for subsistence and employment on the soil. Farms 
 are generally very siniill. lew extend to 40 acres, and in the 
 N. and E. they mostly vary from 5 to 15 acres. In 1841, out 
 of SSO.OaT holders of land, 124.487 holdings were le.ss than 1 
 acre. In 1851, the total number of holders had diminished 
 to G0S.060. and the number of holdings not exceeding an 
 acre, to 37,728. A few estates are in larger farms, and these 
 are the portions of country in which there is the least 
 amount of national pauperism. Oats, wheat, and bailey are 
 the principal crops, next to potatoes, which have long formed 
 the sta pie crop and food of the I rish peasantry, till the fiiilures 
 of these crops in 1845-6-7. when a government grant of 
 10.3511,000?. was found necessary to prevent starvation. The 
 culture of flax has of late years been rapidly extending, 
 having occupied t!0,314 acres in 1849, 91.040 "in 1S50, aiid 
 158.619 in 1851. The total live-stock in 1851 Avas as follows: 
 —Tlor-iesandmules, 543.312: asses, 136,981 ; cattle, 2,907.461 ; 
 sheep, 2.122.128: pij;s. 1.084,867 : goats, 235.313; and poultry, 
 7,470,604: total value. 27,737.393/. About nine-tenths of 
 the lands of Ireland were confiscated ^y the government 
 of Cromwell and William III., and bestowed on Engli.sh 
 proprietors, by whose descendants the bulk of Irish pro- 
 perty is still possessed. In 1845, 19.883 vessels, manned by 
 93,673 persons, were employed in the fisheries around the 
 coasts, where herrings, pilcliards, cod, ling, and hake are 
 among the more plentiful kinds taken, and in the estuarie.s, 
 where salmon and eels are abundant: but the salt fish con- 
 sumed in the country is still imported, chiefly from Scot- 
 land and other places. 
 
 Manufactures. — The most important m.anufoctureis linen, 
 the chief seat of which is Ulster; in this province, linens 
 to the estimated value of 4.000.000/. annually are made, 
 chietiy in the dwellings of the rural population, and dis- 
 posed of to the merchants of Belfast and other large towns. 
 The total amount of linens .annually produced in Ireland is 
 estimated at 70.000,000 yards. The mult trade and distilling 
 of whiskey are extensively carried on. In 1839, 10.815,709 
 
 fallons of spirits were produced: in 1842. 5.290,658 gallons; in 
 S47, 5.737.687 gallons, ami 178.o6'.t ([uarters of malt. The 
 wool produced in Ireland has been estimated to amount in 
 annual value to 300.0UO<., and coarse woollen stuffs are made 
 In the centre of the country, besides mixed stuffs and silks 
 in Dublin. W.aterlbrd, and other principal cities. In 1850, 
 the total number of mills in Ireland was 91. of which 11 
 were cotton. U woollen, and 69 linen, employing 24.725 per- 
 sons. About 300,000 females are employed in working pat- 
 terns on muslin with the needle, chiefly for Belfist and 
 Glasgow houses. The value of g(X>ds of this description an- 
 nually produced is estimated at 1.400.000/. I'aiwr, glass, 
 and tobacco are largely manufactured, and the conversion 
 of grain into flour and meal has latterly become an exten- 
 sive bu.siness. 
 
 Coinincrce. — The princip.al exports from Ireland are its raw 
 produce, wheat, oats, flimr, butter, bacon, beef, eggs, wixil, 
 flax, ore, and spirit.s, chiefly to Great Britain. The export 
 trade of the c<mhtry is rapidly declining, as will be seen by 
 following table: — 
 
 Exports of Bfeachtnjfs in Great Brifam. 
 
 from Liverpool, Bristol, 'Glasgow, and some other British 
 ports. The trade with foreign countries is comparatively 
 inconsiderable. The whole exports from Ireland to foivign 
 parts in 1850 amounted in value to only 276,088/.; and the 
 imports to 6,031,569/. The total revenue collected at the 
 various custom-houses in 1853, amounted to 4.()21.*6'.ti. 
 The annexed table exhibits the principal ports through which 
 the foreign commerce of Ireland passed in 1!-51 • — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Wheat. 
 Qrs. 
 
 Oats. 
 Qrs. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Qrs: 
 
 Beans 
 
 & Pea.se 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 Oatraeal. 
 C«t. 
 
 Wheat 
 Flour. 
 Cwt. 
 
 1«30... 
 
 3:t7,S41 
 
 l,:;2il,486 
 
 189,715 
 
 21,573 
 
 
 612,265 
 
 18:ij... 
 
 .340, 5;« 
 
 l,4f)',5Sl 
 
 156,242 
 
 27,682 
 
 566,006 
 
 1,124,343 
 
 1840. . . 
 
 9-'.!)!)0 
 
 1,;W7,500 
 
 9,5,954 
 
 15,976 
 
 989„500 
 
 280,700 
 
 1815... 
 
 371,0011 
 
 l,(i78,OO0 
 
 92,000 
 
 14,300 
 
 1,038,000 
 
 1,421,000 
 
 1«47... 
 
 l-r),7il'.) 
 
 493,1X10 
 
 47.,t00 
 
 27,000 
 
 330,.tOO 
 
 211.000 
 
 . 1848... 
 
 14(),0(W 
 
 1,0.M,000 
 
 79.700 
 
 14,700 
 
 936,000 
 
 561.000 
 
 1849... 
 
 91„'>00 
 
 632,000 
 
 43,500 
 
 •24,600 
 
 672,000 
 
 393.500 
 
 1850... 
 
 76,0(10 
 
 642,400 
 
 51,000 
 
 20,400 
 
 786,000 
 
 397,300 
 
 1851... 
 
 45,8«7 
 
 72S,6,i6 
 
 44,085 
 
 28,774 
 
 649,502 
 
 172,372 
 
 1852... 
 
 •i0,700 
 
 1,047,800 
 
 108,900 
 
 80,100 
 
 971,000 
 
 118,900 
 
 1853... 
 
 19.600 
 
 1,000.000 
 
 124.100 
 
 24,100 
 
 843,000 
 
 192,400 
 
 The live-stock exported from Ireland in 1849, amounted in 
 number to 520.756; in 1850, to 475.193; and in 1851, to 
 474.203. Among the articles retained in Ireland for home 
 consumption, in 1853. were 5S6.809 gallons of wine: 8,348.047 
 gallons of spirits: 4.624.141 pounds of tobacco; 7.832.235 
 pounds of tea; 880,516 pounds of coffee; and 487,705 cwts. 
 of sugar. 
 
 The imports comprise coal and culm, fish, salt, woollen 
 and cotton yarn and fabrics, with colonial produce, mostly 
 
 
 Ve.ssel8. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tonnage entered 
 and cle;u-od. 
 
 
 426 
 422 
 444 
 101 
 148 
 190 
 482 
 
 74,770 
 51,702 
 39,353 
 12,291 
 9,568 
 22,7,50 
 51,0UO 
 
 1,0SM.0!I6 
 681,152 
 
 1,3:!3„«22 
 154.5'Jl 
 171,2IJ8 
 859,563 
 
 l,146,.S8'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2213 
 
 2,261,434 
 
 4,996,378 
 
 
 In 1850, the number of vessels entered from all parts of 
 the world was 20.186, (2,691,786 tons;) and cK-ared. 10.471, 
 (1.883,692 tons.) The number of ve.ssels built in Ireland in 
 1850 was 25. (1929 tons:) and registered. 2249,(201,4.32 tons.) 
 During the last few years there has arisen an extraordinary 
 demand for shipping to transport the thousands and tens 
 of thousands of voluntary exiles, hastening to other lands 
 in search of the employment they have failed to obtain at 
 home. The unexampled extent which this emigration has 
 reached, is shown by the fact that more than half of the cor- 
 respondence carried on lietween the United Kingdom and 
 America is connected with it. 
 
 InUrnal Cninmutncatioii. — Two millions sterling, granted 
 by I'arliament for public works in Ireland, have been ex- 
 pended, chiefly in the construction of canals. By means of 
 the Grand and Royal Canals, commtinication has been 
 opened across the very centre of the island, between the 
 coast of Leinster and the Shannon, while a branch, which 
 connects with the Barrow, continues Ihe conimunication, 
 without interruption, to theS. coast. Similar benefits have 
 been conferred on the province of Ulster, by the Newry Ca- 
 nal, which connects Lough Neagh with the B.ay of Catling- 
 ford; the Belfast Canal connecting the .same lough with the 
 Bay of Belfast, and the Ulster Canal, recently completed, be- 
 tween Loughs Neagh and Krne. This last canal, though only 
 40 miles long, renders available a continuous navigation of 
 130 miles, through populous and fertifc districts ; which, from 
 the want of proper roads, were previously obliged to convey 
 their produce to market on the backs of hor.ses. .The rail- 
 way system has not yet re<eived much development in Ire- 
 land. Numerous Acts have been obtained, which, if carried 
 into elTect. would give a network of railways traversing the 
 country in all directions, for about 1500 miles. The length 
 .actually completed in December, 1851, was 614 miles; and 
 189 miles were then in course of construction. 
 
 Goivrnmtiit. — Ireland h.is. since 1800, been represented 
 in the British House of Lords by 28 temporal peers, elected 
 for life, and 4 spiritual peers, who take oftice in rotation; 
 and since the Reform Act. in the House of Commons by 105 
 meml)ers, 2 elected by each county. 2 by each of the cities 
 Dublin, Cork, Limerick, and Waterford. the towns of Bel- 
 fast and Gsilway, and Trinity College, Dublin; and 1 by each 
 of 27 other boroughs. Total regular electors in 1849. 72.216, 
 viz. .34,107 in counties, and 38.109 in cities and boroughs. 
 The electoral franchise rests with much the same clas.«es as 
 in England ; in boroughs, both the parliamentary and mu- 
 nicipal right of voting is in 10/. householders, resident 
 within 7 miles. The local government is vested in a Lord- 
 Lieutenant, assisted by the secretary for Ireland, and a 
 privy council nominated by the crown. The judicial power 
 is with the Lord Chancellor, the master of the rolls, and 12 
 circuit judges. Each county has a Lord-Lieutenant, aided 
 by an indefinite number of deput3--lieuteuaiits, and a police 
 force appointed by the crown. 
 
 Ildigion, Education, d-c. — Of every 100 inhabitants in Ire- 
 land, it is estimated that about 81 are Bom.an Catholics. 11 
 Episcopalian Protestants, and 8 Protestant dissenters, chiefly 
 Presbyterians, Methodists, and Friends. The I'rotestantg 
 are aimost confined to Ulster, and parts of Leinster; but 
 the Pi-ote.stant church, which has 2 archbishoprii'S (Ar- 
 magh and Dublin) and 10 bishoprics, absorbs a revenue of 
 at least 1,000,000/. annually. The Roman Catholic church 
 (unendowed by law) has 4 archbi.shoprics and 23 bishoiirics. 
 The national schools, aided by annual parliamentary grants 
 of 50.000/., amounted, in 184^^, to 3^25. attended by 402.632 
 children. There is a university in Dublin, and colleges 
 have been endowed by government in Cork. Galwaj-. and 
 Belfast. The greater part of th« Irish are descendants of 
 the aboriginal Celts, with an admi.\ture towards the X. of 
 Saxons, probably the Scoti of the filth century, and in later 
 times of English and Scottish immigrants. The Jirse, a dia- 
 lect of the Celtic, is still the prevailing language. Their 
 dark complexion, and smaller and more slender form of 
 body, distinguish the Celtic Irish from the Saxon, as well as 
 their more volatilo temperament, their improvidence, theii 
 
 911 
 
IRE 
 
 IRK 
 
 defldencyin persona] enterprise and perseverance, and their 
 oonstijUi'nt poverty. Though both indolent and fickle, they 
 ore w.-irm-hearted, hospitable, generous, brave, and intel- 
 lectual. ^Vhere their natural feelings have not been poi- 
 soned, deeds, even of heroic virtue, are as common among 
 them as among any people in the world ; and in the contest 
 for fame, what race can boast of having produced a nobler 
 band of militarj- heroes, statesmen, orators, and poets t 
 
 According to the annual report of the poor law com- 
 m!.ssioners for the years 1S52-3. the numl)er of persons in 
 Ireland then requiring out-door relief did not exceed 4000 
 weekly. Formerly this class of the Iri.«h population num- 
 bered many hundred thousands. The number of able-bodied 
 poor iu the work-houses had decreased from 60.759 in Mav. 
 1852, to 43,626 in April 25. 185.3. and the total number of 
 persons in the work houses had decreased during the same 
 time, from 186.879 to 146.141, or almut 22 per cent The 
 following exhibits the total number of persons relieved in- 
 doors and out-doors, and the expenditures for the same 
 during the year 1851-2: — 
 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Number Relikvkd. 
 
 
 In-door, 
 
 Out-door. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1851 
 
 lS5-.> 
 
 £l,I41.fi>7 
 883.L67 
 
 707,443 
 50S.864 
 
 47.914 
 14,911 
 
 755.357 
 5i3,775 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 238,380 
 
 1»8,579 
 
 33,003 
 
 231,582 
 
 According to this report, 1 person for every 12.4 of the 
 entire population of Ireland in 1852, received aid from the 
 public treasury. The chief cause of the depletion of tlie 
 work houses, is the increasing demand for labor, consequent 
 upon the enormous emi2;ration that has been going on, for 
 the la,st few years, to .\merica, England. Scotland, and Aus- 
 tralia. The number of criminal convictions in Ireland in 
 1S43 was 8620: 1846. S639 ; and in 1849, 21.202. 
 
 The principal division of IreUnd. for administrative pur- 
 pases, is into the four provinces of Leinster, Ulster. Mun- 
 ster, and Connaught. comprehending 32 counties. These, 
 with their areas, populations, &c., are given In the follow- 
 ing table : — 
 
 Area, Populatinn, <6c., of Ireland. 
 
 Leikster : — 
 
 Oarlow 
 
 Dublin.* 
 
 Kildare 
 
 Kilkenny 
 
 Kings 
 
 Longford 
 
 Louth 
 
 Meath 
 
 Queen's 
 
 Vestmeath 
 
 Wexford 
 
 Wicklon- 
 
 MuNSTEB : — 
 
 Clare 
 
 Cork 
 
 Kerry 
 
 Limerick 
 
 Tipperary 
 
 Walerford 
 
 Ulster :— 
 
 Antrim 
 
 Armagh 
 
 Cavau 
 
 Donegal 
 
 Do 
 
 Fermat\agh,.. 
 Ijondouderry. 
 Mona^han ... 
 
 Tyrone 
 
 Conxacght: — 
 Galway 
 
 Leitrim 
 
 Mayo 
 
 Roscommon.. 
 Sligo 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 
 781 
 
 1,294 
 2,8,'!5 
 1,853 
 l.Ofvt 
 
 721 
 
 1,164 
 512 
 746 
 
 810 
 
 500 
 
 1,260 
 
 2,447 
 613 
 
 No. of 
 Baro- 
 nies. 
 
 Total 32,513 316 2,532! 6,553,163 
 
 251 j 
 
 68.075 
 404.992 
 
 95,7:;4 
 158,746 
 112,080 
 
 82.:150 
 107.657 
 140.750 
 111,623 
 111.409 
 179,790 
 
 98,978 
 
 212,428 
 648,902 
 238,^39 
 262,136 
 331,487 
 164,051 
 
 332.264 
 196,085 
 174,071 
 255,160 
 328,754 
 116,007 
 191,868 
 141,758 
 255,819 
 
 322,212 
 111,915 
 274,S)0 
 174,492 
 128.510 
 
 Carlow, 
 Dublin. 
 Naas. 
 Kilkenny. 
 Birr. 
 
 " Longford, 
 Drogbeda. 
 Navan. 
 
 Maryborough. 
 Mullingar. 
 Wexford. 
 Wicklow. 
 
 Ennis. 
 
 Cork, 
 
 Tralee. 
 
 Limerick. 
 
 Tipi->erary. 
 
 Waterford. 
 
 Belfast. 
 
 .Armagh. 
 
 Cavan. 
 
 Donegal. 
 
 Dow II Patrick, 
 
 KnniskilleD. 
 
 Londonderry, 
 
 Monagban. 
 
 DungannoD, 
 
 Gal way. 
 ■ Carrick-on- 
 Shannon. 
 Castlebar. 
 Roscommon. 
 SUgo. 
 
 The population of Ireland in 1784 was estimated at 
 2,3.2,000; in 1812 it was 6,801.827; in 1831, 7,767,401; in 
 Ib-tl, 8,170,124; and in 1861, 5,798,967. The number of in- 
 habitants to a square mile, in 1841, was 251. and in 1851, 200. 
 
 History.— The early accounts of Ireland do not cease to be 
 febulous till the fifth century, (432.) when Christiivnitv is 
 supposed to have been Introduced by St. Patrick, a native 
 of Scotland, From the eighth to the twelfth century, 
 the country was the scene of perpetual warfere be- 
 tween the petty kings and their chiefs. In 1174. Henry 
 11. of I-.ugland conquered the country, and portioned 
 It out among his Anglo-Xorman followers. In the reign 
 ?r ,'."^ ''°^°' "'8 division into counties took pliice. and 
 inglish laws and customs were partially introduced. 
 But the powerful barons continued to resist the govern- 
 ment of Henry VII., James I., and Elizabeth, with repeated 
 
 outbreaks and rebellions. The most memorable of tbese 
 were In 1641, 1689, and 1798, In 1800 the union of 
 Ireland with England took place. In 1829 the Roman 
 Catholic Emancipation Act was passed; in 1832. the Irish 
 Keform Bill; and in 1838, the Poor Law Bill. In 1844. tbu 
 Irish Repeal agitation w.is at its height; in 1S47, in con- 
 sequence of the failure of the pobitoe crop, a fearful faming 
 occurred by which multitudes perished ; this was followetl 
 in 1848, by .tn insurrection of the populace which, however, 
 
 was speedily quelled. .\dj. 1'ri.-;h and II1BERNI.4.N, hl-bfr'- 
 
 ne-an : inhab. I'rishm.an and IIinERxiA.v. 
 
 IRELAND, ir^and, a post-office of Hampden co., Massa- 
 chu.setts. 
 
 IRELAND, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia. 
 
 IRELAND, a post-office of Du Bois co.. Iowa. 
 
 IRELAND CORNERS, post-office of Alb.any co.. New York. 
 
 IRELAND'S EYE, a rocky islet, in the Irish Sea, 1 mile 
 N. of Howth Harbor. It is about IJ miles in circuit, and 
 contains the ruins of an abbey, a martello-tower, and light- 
 hou.se. 
 
 I'RETON-KIRK. a parish of England, co. of Derby, 
 
 IRGHEEZ, IRGHIZ. jR'gheez'. orOOLOO (ULD)-IRGHIZ, 
 ooMoo'lR'gheez', a river of Toorkistan. risesin Lake Chjilkar ; 
 lat. 51° 20' N., Ion. 61° 25' E„ flows S. and S.E., joins the 
 Kara-Targhai, and fiills into Lake Aksakal or Aksukul, 
 (white water.) Total course, about 300 miles. 
 
 IRGIIEEZ (or IRGHlZ)-BOLCnoi. iR-gheez' borchoi'. a 
 river of Russia, government of Saratov, is formed bv the 
 junction of the Karalyts, (Karalitz.) and Kamelik, andafter 
 a circuitous course of alx>ut 130 miles, joins the Volga. 
 
 IRGHBEZ (or 1RGHIZ)-.MAL0I. iR-gheez'md'loy', rises 
 in the government pf Sar.atov.N.of theIrgbeez-Bolchoi,and 
 flowing nearly parallel to it. joins the left hank of the Volga, 
 between the towns of Kvalinsk and Volsk. 
 
 IRIGNY, ee'reen'yee'. a village of France, department of 
 Rhone, on the railway to St, Etienne. Pop. 1124. 
 
 IRIS. See Yeshil Irmak. 
 
 I'RISBURG, a post-office of Henry co.. Virginia. 
 
 IfUSHnnd IBISHMAN. See Ireland. 
 
 I'RISII COR'NER, a village of Bennington township. Ben- 
 nington CO.. A'ermont. 3 miles AV. of Bennington Centre, 
 
 IRISH CREEK, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas. 
 
 IRISH GROVE, a post-office of Atchison co.. Missouri. 
 
 IRISH RIP'PLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 I'RISII SEA, is that part of the Atlantic Ocean extend- 
 ing between lat. 51° 40' and 54° .30' N., and Ion. 3° and e" 
 \V., h.aving W. Ireland, N. Scotland. E. England, and S. 
 Wales. On the S.W. it is continuous with St. George's Cha7> 
 nel. and communicates with the German Ocean N. of tho 
 North Channel. It contains the Isle of Man and Anglesey, 
 with Holyhead, and some smaller islands. Principal inlets, 
 Carnarvon and Morecamt>e Bays, and the estuaries of the Dee, 
 Mersey, and Ribble. on the side of England ; Solway Frith, 
 and Wigtown and Luce B.ays. in .Scotland ; and Dundrum, 
 Carlin.iiford. Dundalk. and Dublin Bavs in Irel.tnd. 
 
 I'KISHTOWN. a vilLige of Ireland, co. of Dublin, on 
 Dublin Bay. J mile S.E. of Ringsend. Pop. 1100. 
 
 I'RISHTOWN, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 . IRKI. ir'kee or eer'kee. a town of North Ilindostan, In 
 Gurhwal. 15 miles S.E. of Belaspoor. 
 
 I R FvOOT, I RKOUT or IRKUT. ir'koot/, or iR^kootA a river 
 of Siberia, government of Irkootsk. rises near the frontiers 
 of China, and after a N.E. course of about 2*20 miles, joins 
 the Angar.a at the town of Irkootsk. 
 
 IRKOOTSK, IRKOUTSK, or IRKUTSK, ir'kootsk', 01 
 iR'kootsk', a city of Silieria. capit-al of the government of 
 Irkootsk, and residence of the governor of East Siberia, on 
 thg Angara, at the influx of the Irkoot. .30 miles from the 
 N.W. shore of Lake Baikal. Lat. 52° 17' 2" N.. Ion. 104° 16' 
 21" E. Pop., including garrison, 120.000. It is fortified; 
 and divided into two nearly e^iual parts by the Angara, 
 here cros.sed by a long wooden bridge. Viewed from the E., 
 it has a fine appearance " with its 15 churches and their 
 spires, its convents, hospitals," Ac, and many of its public' 
 edifices are said to be worthy of a provincial capital ; but of 
 1900 private dwellings, only" 50 are built of stone, the rest 
 being of wood, or faced with painted planks. It has a 
 citadel, several suburlw, a good bazaar, an exchange, tho 
 Baikal admiralty-house, and some building docks on the 
 river, a dep6t of the Ru.ssian-American Oimpany : governor'^ 
 house, theatre, prison. &c. ; numerous public schools. arnoL^ 
 which are a medical college, a gymnasium, with a library 
 of 5000 volumes, a seminary, a high school of naviga- 
 tion, and a female orphan school : an imperial woollen 
 factory, and m.tnufactures of linens, leather, glass, and 
 .soap. It is the great entrepot for the commerce of North- 
 east Asia, and sends tea. rhubarb, fruits, paper, silks, 
 porcelain, and other Chinese produce, with furs and ivory, 
 to Ru.ssia, in exch.ange for European goods. It has also 
 some trade with Khokan and Bokhara, and a large fair in 
 •Tune. The total amount of its trade has been estimated at 
 4.000.000 paper rouliles (800,0007.;i a year. Irkootsk is ths 
 see of an archbishop, whose authority over all East Siberia 
 and Russian-America extends throujjh 120° (>f longituda. 
 
IRK 
 
 IRV 
 
 IRKOOTSK. GOVERNMENT OF, a part of the old govern- 
 ment of the same name, which, previous to 1S23, comprised 
 the present frovernrnent and the provinces of Okliotsk, Ya- 
 kootsk, Ivanitcliatka, and the country of the Tchooktchees 
 (Tchuktchis.) It comprises Lake Baikal, and is rich in mines 
 of gold, silver, copper, and iron. Extensive forests cover a 
 great portion of tlie government. Barley and rye are the 
 chief crops; the climate is too cold for fruiNtrees. Pop. in 
 1838, 507,31)0, comprising Russians, exiles, Cossacks, and dif- 
 ferent tribes of Toongooses, and Mon^rolians. 
 
 IRL.\ND, IKLANDA, or IRLANDE. See Ireland. 
 
 IR'MINGLAXD, a parish of Kngland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IKN'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of I^incoln. 
 
 IRN'SUM, iRn'sum, a village of Holland, province of 
 Friesland, 9 milos S. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 52.5. 
 
 IRODOUKR, eeVoMwaia', a village of France, department 
 of Ille-et-Vilaine, ari-ondissement of Montfort. Pop. 1856. 
 
 I'RON, a large county in tho S. part of Utah Territory, 
 has an area of about 11,000 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the state of Colorado, and on the W. by Nevada, 
 extending entirely across the territory, and is drained by 
 Green and Grand Rivers, which unite near its S. border to 
 form the Rio Colorado, and by several smaller streams. 
 The suriace in the E. and central parts is mountainous. 
 Pop. 1010. 
 
 I'RON-ACrrON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 IRON CRKEIC. a post-oflfice of Washtenaw co., Michisan. 
 
 IRON/DEQUOIT, a post-township of Monroe co.. New 
 York, on Irondequoit Ray. and on L,ske Ontario, at the mouth 
 of the Gene-we River, 5 miles N.N.E. of Rochester. P. 3547. 
 
 IRONUEQUOIT BAY, New York, extends S. from Lake 
 Ontario into Monroe county. Length. 5 or 6 miles. A small 
 ereek of the same name flows into the hay. 
 
 IltON FUR'NACE, a post-office of Scioto CO., Ohio. 
 
 IRON III LL. a post-ofHce, Northampton co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 IRON HILLS, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa. 
 
 IRON, LdUGH, 16H I'ern. a lake of Ireland, in Leinster 
 00. of Westmoath. 7 miles N.W. of .Mullingar. 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN, in the S.^V. part of Virginia, between 
 Grayson and Smyth counties, near the border of North Ca- 
 rolina. Its highest summit, termed Whitetop Mountain, is 
 said to be 42il0 feet alove the level of the sea. 
 
 IRON MOU.V'TAIN, a post-office. St. Francis co., Missouri. 
 
 IRON RinGE, a postrvillage of Dodge co., Wisconsin. 
 
 IRON SPRING, a small village of Butts co., Georgia. 
 
 I'RONTON, a post-village, capital of I^wrence co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio River, 145 miles above Cincinnati. It was laid 
 out by the Ohio Iron and Coal Company, in June, 1849. It 
 is handsomely situated on the river bottom, above the high- 
 est floods, with high hills in the rear. These hills contiiin 
 stores of iron and stone coal, which are thought to be inex- 
 haustible. The town contains many large brick buildings, 
 3 banks, and several churches. Liberal donations of ground 
 have been made for schools and churches. It has 2 large 
 iron foundries, one of which is 102 feet in length, 1 rolling 
 mill, 1 machine shop, and several steam mills, and 1 or 2 
 newspaper offices. The Iron Railroad, which terminates 
 here, is to be extended to Jackson. Pop. 3091. 
 
 I'RONVILLE, a small postrvillage of Blair co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 I'RONWOOD BLUFF, a postoffice of Itawamba co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 IRON WORKS, a post-village of Cass co., Georgia, on 
 Etowah River, 142 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 IROQUOIS, 1r-o-quoy', a river of Indiana and Illinois, 
 rises in Jasper county, of the former stat«, and enters the 
 Kankakee m Kankakee co., Illinois. Its length is estimated 
 at 100 miles. It is sometimes called the Pickamink. 
 
 IROQUOIS, a county in the E. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Indiana, contains about 1100 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Iroquois River, which flows nearly northward. 
 The surface is principally prairie ; the soil is fertile. The 
 Chicago Branch of the Central Railroad, and the Toledo, 
 Peoria and Warsaw Railroad pass through this county. 
 Capital, Middleport. Pop. 12,325. 
 
 IROQUOIS, a post-village in Iroquois co., Illinois, on Iro- 
 quois River, 85 miles S. by W. of Chicago. Pop. 400. 
 
 IROQUOIS, or SIX NATIONS, the name given by the 
 French to the Indian confederacy of the Mohawks, Oneidas. 
 Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, afterwards joined by the 
 Tuscaroras, on the latter being driven from thtir hunting- 
 grounds in North Carolina. This once formidable confede- 
 racy is now nearly extinguished, but the remains of it are 
 still scattered through the state of New York, subdued in 
 spirit, and debased by the use of intoxicating liquors. 
 
 I R PEN, ir-pSn', a river of Russia, rises in the government 
 of Kiev, flows E., then N., and after a course of 100 miles, 
 joins the Dnieper 20 miles above the town of Kiev. 
 
 IR'RAWAD'DY, (written also, IRRAWADI or IRA- 
 WADI, origin.ally Erivati. the "great river,") one of the 
 freat rivers of South-east Asia, is supposed to rise in Thiliet, 
 near lat. 28° N.. Ion. 97° 30' E., flows generally S., traversing 
 the Burmese Empire throughout, and enters the Indian 
 Ocean. (Bay of Bengal,) by numerous movith.s. E. of Cape 
 Negrais, in lat. 16° 1^ N., Ion. 94° E. Its length is estimated 
 3H 
 
 at 1200 miles. Its principal affluents are the Khyen-Dweni 
 Mogouny, Bhamo, and Lung-tchuen Rivers. In lat. 17° N. 
 it sepaiates into numerous arms, which cover the whole 
 kingdom of Pegu with a network of ramifications, and the 
 Rangoon and Bassain branches form the E.and W. bounda- 
 ries of its delta, a region compii.^ing upwards of 10,000 
 square miles, covered with teak-forests and grass-junglea, 
 interspersed with some rice grounds. The main stream, 
 fioni the head of the delta to Yedan atove Ava, varies from 
 1 to 4 miles in breadth, and may always bo ascended to Ava 
 from the sea by vessels of 200 tons, which, during the rains, 
 can reach the influx of the Mogouny River, 800 miles from 
 the ocean. 
 
 IRRLICH, SSrIIk, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Coblentz. at the confluence of the Wield with the 
 Rhine. Pop. 1216. 
 
 IRSA, 86R/sSh\ a village of Hungary, eo. of Pesth, 9 milea 
 from Czegled. Pop. 1875. 
 
 IR'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 IRTHING, ir'thing, a river of England, joins the Eden 
 near Newby. after a S. course of 26 miles. 
 
 lit/THlNGBOROUGU, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 IR^'HINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 IRTISH, IR/TYSH or IRTISCH, (Kus. pron. eeR-tisli/,) a 
 principal river of North Asia, rises in the Altai Mountains, 
 near lat. 47° N., Ion. 89° J)., and flows N.W. through Soongariii, 
 (in Chinese Toorkistan,) and West Sil)eria, It traverses the 
 Lake Zai.san, and joins the Obi. 180 miles N. of Tobolsk, after 
 a total course estimated at upwards of 1700 miles, about 
 two-fifths of which are in theChine.se dominions, and the 
 rest in the Rus.sian governments of Tomsk and Tobolsk. Its 
 principal affluents are, on the right, the Om. Tara, bhish, 
 Tui, and Deniianka, and on the left the Tunduk, Osha, 
 Ishim, Vagal, Tolxil, and Konda or Mulina. A great part of 
 its course is through low plains and steppes, and its navi;/ar 
 tion is rendered dangerous by shifting sands. The country 
 around its upper portion is one of the best agricultural dis- 
 triits in Siberia. 
 
 IRTON, a parish of England, co, of Cumberland. 
 
 IRTYSH. See Irtish. 
 
 IRUELA. e-roo-,i1d, a town of Spain, in Andalu.sia, pro- 
 vince, and 40 miles E.N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 1140. 
 
 IRUN, e-roon', a frontier town of Spain, province of Gui- 
 pU7.coa. near the Bidass'>a and the frontier of France, 10 
 miles E. of Saint Selastain. Pop. 2471. 
 
 IKUPANA, e-roo-p3'n3. a town of Bolivia, department of 
 Iji Paz, capital of the province of Vauyos. In its vicinity 
 are extensive gardens of fine orange-trees. 
 
 IRVILLAC. eeR^veeVdk', a village of France, department 
 of Finistdre, 13 miles E. of Brest. Pop. 2523. 
 
 IR'VILLK, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, 55 miles 
 E. Tiy N. of Columbus. 
 
 IR'YI.V, a township in Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 1478. 
 
 IRVINE, jr'vin. a river of Scotland, co. of Ayr, rises on 
 the borders of I^anarkshlre, flows W., and, after a course of 
 20 miles, joins the Frith of Clyde by an estuary. 
 
 IRVINE, a parliamentary and municipal borough, sea- 
 port town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on an eminence 
 near the Irvine, here crossed by a handsome bridge, 21 miles 
 S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1851, 
 75.34; of municipal borough, 4790. The town is lighted 
 with gas, and well supplied with water. It has endowed 
 and various other schools, several libraries, a news-room, 3 
 branch banks, and the custflm-house. Its harbor is pro- 
 vided with a good quay, admitting ves.sels of about 100 tons 
 burden. The wciving of book-muslins, jaconets, and checks, 
 employ many hands; and here are rope-walks, tanneries, 
 anchor-foundries, and distilleries. Coal forms the principal 
 article of export. The borough unites with Ayr, Ciimpbelton, 
 Olian. and Inverary, in sending 1 member to the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 IR/VINE, a post-village of Warren co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Alleghany River, at the mouth of Brokenstraw Creek, 
 212 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It has a woollen factory and 
 a foundry. 
 
 IRVINE, a post-village, capital of Estill co., Kentucky, is 
 handsomely situated on the rit;ht bank of the Kentucky 
 River, 70 miles S.E. of Frankfort. Irvine Village has a brick 
 coxirt-hou.se and a seminary. 
 
 IRVINE'S STORE, a post-village of Weakly co., Tennes- 
 see, 114 miles W. of Na.shville. 
 
 IR/VINESTOWN, or LOW'THERSTOWN, a town of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, co. of Fermanagh, 9 miles N. of Knniskillen. 
 Pop. 1.300. 
 
 IRVINESVILLE. a post-office of Nicholas co., Kentucky. 
 
 IRVING, a post-village of Chautauqua co.. New York, on 
 Lake Erie, at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, about 30 
 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo, with which it is connected by rail- 
 road. Pop. 510. 
 
 IRVING, a village of Westchester co.. New York, on the 
 Hudson River, 26 miles N. of New York. It has a steamboat 
 landing. 
 
 IRVING, a post-township in the N. part of Barry co, 
 Michigan. Pop. 816. 
 
 SI 3 
 
IRV 
 
 IRVTN'J « jiost'Offlce of Noble co., Indiana. 
 
 IRVING Crtl/LEGE, a post-office, AVarren CO., Tennessee. 
 
 IIUVINGSVILLE. a village in Franklin co., Massachu- 
 setts, 80 miles W.N.W. of Boston. 
 
 IK'VIXGTON, a stiition on the Hudson River Railroad, 
 26 miles N. of New York, connecting with the Erie Railroad 
 by a ferry. 
 
 UVWELL. a river of England, co. of Lancaster, after a 
 ▼ery tortuous S. course of 40 miles, joins the Mersey at 
 Flixton. 1 1 affords water-power to the towns of Rochdale, 
 Bury, and Manchester, at which last city it receives the 
 Irk and Medloch. 
 
 IR'WIN. a county in the S. part ol Georgia, contains 
 Rliout 700 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. bj- the 
 Ocmulgee. intersected by the Alapaha. and also drained by 
 the sources of Little and Santilla Rivers. The surface is 
 level, and covered with forests of pine. The soil is sandy, 
 and generally poor. Named in honor of General .Tared Irwin, 
 Governor of Georgia in 1807. Capital, Irwinville. Pop. 
 1699. of whom 1453 were free, and 246 slaves. 
 
 IRWIN, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 12 
 miles ?.W. of Franklin. Pop. 1563. 
 
 IRAVIN, a small village of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 IRWIN'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-village of Washington 
 CO.. Georcria. about :30 miles S.E. of Milledireville. 
 
 IRWlis'S STATION, a post-office of Westmoreland co.. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 IR'WINTO.V, a pleasant post-village, capital of Wilkinson 
 CO., Georgia. 20 miles S. of Milledgeville, and 3 miles from 
 the Central Railroad. It has a court-house, 2 churches, and 
 several stores. 
 
 IR'WIN VI LLE or IRHVIXSVILLE, a post-village, capital 
 of Irwin co., Georgia, 112 miles S. of Milledgeville. It has 
 a court-house, tavern, and 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 IS.\, ee'sd. ItVSA, a river of Russia, rises in the govern- 
 ment of I'enza. flows N.W. and after a course of about 70 
 miles joins the Moksha, 9 miles below Troitsk. 
 
 IS.4, a river of Russia, issues from a lake in the govern- 
 ment of Vitebsk, and joins the Velikaia; course, 65 miles. 
 
 ISAB.\. e-si'B^ a village of Spain, in Navarre, province, 
 and 29 miles N.E. of Pamplona. Pop. 1000. 
 
 IS.4.B.\L. a village of Central America. See Izabal. 
 
 IS'ABEiy. a township in Fulton CO., Illinois. Pop. 736. 
 
 ISAB ELLA. e-sd-bJl'yd. an island on the W. coast of .Mexi- 
 co; lat. 21° 45' N., Ion. 106° W. It is of moderate height, 
 and nearly barren. 
 
 IS.^BELLA. a port on the N. coast of Il.ayti. 36 miles 
 W.N.W. of Santiago. Here Columbus, in 1493, established 
 the first European settlement in the New World, of which 
 the traces are sjiid to be still visible. 
 
 IS.\.BEL'L.\. a new county in the central part of 5Iichi- 
 gan, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is int<!r- 
 (lected by the Cliippewa Kiver. and also drained by Pine and 
 Salt Rivers. tribuUiries of the Tittiliawassee. Pop. 1443. 
 
 ISAC. ee'siik'. a river of France, is formed by several small 
 streams in the department of Loii-e-Inferieure. flows W.. and 
 after a course of 45 miles, joins the Vilaine opposite llieux. 
 
 ISACA. See ExE. 
 
 IS.\K LI. e-sdk'lee. a town of Asia Minor, pasbalic of Kara- 
 mania. 40 miles E.S.E. of Afioom-Kara-liissar. 
 
 IS.iKTCUI. e-sdk'chee, a frontier town of European 
 Turkey, in Uulgai-ia, on the right bank of the Danube, 100 
 miles N.E. of Silistria. 
 
 IS.^.LA. See Y.-SSEL. 
 
 ISALCO, a village and volcano of .America. See Iz.^Lco. 
 
 IS'ALL. a p;irish of England, co. of Cum>>erland. 
 
 ISAMAL, e-.sd-mdl', or IZ.OIAL. a town of Yucatan, 50 
 miles E.S.E. of Merida. on the road to Valladolid. 
 
 ISAXOTZKOI. e-si-not/skoi. one of the straits uniting 
 Behrina's Sea and the Arctic Ocean. It separates the island 
 of Oonimak (Ounimak), in the Aleutian Arcbipehigo, from 
 the peninsula of Aliaska, lat. 55° X.. and is about 24 miles 
 lOng, by 9 miles broad. 
 
 IS.VK. ee'ziir. or ISER, ee'zer. (anc. Isnra.) a river of Ger- 
 many, rises in the Tyrol, N.of Innspruck, traverses Bavaria 
 N.W., and joins the Danube on the right, opposite Deggen- 
 dorf. Length, 165 miles. 
 
 ISARA. See IsfiRE. 
 
 IS.tU'R.A. or ISAU'RIA. a famous ancient city of A.sia 
 Minor, the ruins of which are near the town of llajilar. 45 
 miles W. of Karaman. and consist of a fine massive wall with 
 hex.igonal bowers, a triumphal arch, and tombs. 
 
 ISB.A.11TA, is-bar'ti, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 
 64 miles N. of Artalia. 
 
 ISBOKSK. is-boRsk', a small town of Russia, government, 
 and 22 miles W.S.W. of Pskov. The town, founded about 
 862. ha,s several churches, and a ruined castle. 
 
 ISC.V. See Exeter. 
 
 ISCA SI LURU.M. See Caeklbox. 
 
 ISCiI.\LlS. See Ilchester. 
 
 ISCHAX. a Tillage of Central Ari.a. See ISH.IS. 
 
 ISCHEL. ish'fl. or ISCHL, ish'l. a market-town of Upper 
 Austria, on tlie Traun. over which there is a suspension- 
 bridge, at the junction of the IsehL 44 -miles S.W. of 
 8ceyer. Pop 1903. It bao saline spriugg, with elegant bath 
 914 
 
 ISH 
 
 establishments, which, with the beauty of its situation, 
 have, within a few years, rendered it a fashionable water- 
 ing-place. 
 
 ISCIII.Y, is'ke-J, a village of the Papal States, 21 miles 
 W.N.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 12.50. 
 
 ISCIII A. (anc. Ar'ime. Inai-fime. JEn^'ria. or Piiheciiho.') an 
 island in the Medit<?rranean, belonging to .Vaples, 8 milee 
 S.W. of Cape Miseno. from which it is sepaiuttjd by a chan- 
 nel 6 miles across. Lat. (E. point) 40° 43' 54" N., Ion. 13° 57' 
 45' E. It is 7 miles long, and 4 miles broad. Area, 26 square 
 miles. Near its centre is Mount .San Nicolo, or Epomeo. an 
 extinct Volcano, rising about 2600 feet, from which the sur* 
 face gradually slopes, in all directions, towards the sea. 
 The soil is very fertile, producing great quantities of supe- 
 rior wine, with figs, corn, and game. Sulphur is abundant, 
 and the mineral springs at Casamaccia are annually re- 
 sorted to by summer visitors. Pop. 24,000. Principal town, 
 Ischia. on its N.E. coast. 
 
 ISCIIIM, a town of Siberia. See Ishim. 
 
 ISCIIITELL.i. is-ke-t&ni, a town of Naples, province of 
 Capifanata, 25 miles E.N.E. of San Severo, near the Ad- 
 riatic, at the N. foot of Mount G.arg.ano. Pop. 3500. 
 
 ISCHL. a town of .\ustri.a. See Ischel. 
 
 ISCIIUA (is'chu-.a?) CREEK, of Cattaraugus co.,in the S.W. 
 part of New York, falls into the Alleghanv River. 
 
 ISCOYD', a chapelry of Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 ISE-FlOiiD, ee'sA-fe-oRd', an inlet of Denm.ark, on the N. 
 side of the island of Seeland. Length from N. to S., 20 
 miles; breadth. 10 miles. Roeskilde and Lamme Fiords are 
 its chief branches, and it contjiins the i.ilaud of (Eroe. 
 
 ISEGIIEM, ee'seh-GhJm\ a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, on the railroad from Bruges to Y'pres, 24 
 miles from Bruges. Pop. 8868. 
 
 ISENBURG, (ee'zen-lifl<5RG\) NEW, a vill.age of Germany, 
 grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. 13 miles N. of Darmstadt. 
 Pop. 1S3S. It was f >unded by F'rench colonists in 1700. 
 
 ISENBURG. a village of Germany, in Rhenish Prussia, 8 
 miles N. of Coblentz. Pop. 535. 
 
 ISEO, e-.sA'o, or SABINO, sd-l)e©'no, a town of Northern 
 Italy, province of Bresci.a, on the S.E. extremitv of Lake 
 Iseo. Pop. 2002. 
 
 ISEO, L.A.KE, (ancSevflnusLd'ciis,) in North Italy, between 
 the delegations of Brescia and Bergamo, is 15 miles E. of 
 Bergamo, and traversed by the Oglio, a river tributary to 
 the Po. Length from N. to S., 15 miles; average breadth, 
 2^ miles; greatest depth, 984 feet. 
 
 ISER, a river of Germany. See Isar. 
 
 ISER, ee'zer, a river of Austria, ri.ses in the N. part of 
 Bohemia, and after a S.S.W. course of nearly 60 miles, joins 
 the Elbe above Braudeis. 
 
 ISERD, a town of Asi.atic Turkey. See Sert. 
 
 ISERE. eeV.aiR'. (anc. Lara.) a river of Sardinia and France, 
 rises in Mount Iseran, (in Savoy.) flows tortuuusly W. and 
 S.W. past Grenoble and Romans?, and joins the Rhone on the 
 left, 4 miles N.N.W. of Valence, after a tot.il course of 150 
 miles; for the latter 90 miles of which, fi-om Montmeillan, 
 (in the department of Is6re,) it is navigable, though im- 
 peded^ by many islands and shoals. 
 
 I SERE, a department of the S.E. of France, on the 
 frontiers of Savoy, formed of part of the old province of 
 Dauphine. Area, 316;? square miles. Pop. in 1861, 577.748. 
 Tile surface is mountainous. Chief rivers, the Rhone. Is^re, 
 Drac, and Romanche. Agricultural pursuits form the chief 
 branch of indu.stry. The minerals comprise lignite, anthra- 
 cite, lithographic-stones, white marble, iron, lead. zinc, cop- 
 per, <tc. The gold-mine of La Gai-dette, disanered in 1781, 
 was abandoned at the first revolution. Grenoble gloves, 
 made here, are in high repute; and the cheese of Sassenaga 
 is celebrated. Capital. Grenoble. The department is divided 
 into the arrondissemeuts of Grenoble, La-Tour-du-Pin, St. 
 Marcellin, and Vienne. 
 
 ISERLOHN, eeVer-lone', a walled town of Prussia, in 
 Westphalia, 6 miles W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 10.752. It has 
 Calvinist. Lutheran, and Roman Catholic churches, a Latin 
 school; important manufactures of cutlery, brass wares, 
 steam-engines, and other machinery, wire, needles, pins, 
 buttons, velvets, silk, woollen stuffs, and leather, and a 
 large general trade. Near it is much picturesque scenery, 
 among which forges, paper mills, bleaching-grounds, &c. 
 are thickly interspersed, 
 
 ISERNIA, e-s^R'nei. (anc. Jiser'nia.T) a town of Naplei, 
 province of Molise, 23 miles W. of C.ampobasso, on the W. 
 slope of the Apennines. Pop. 5200. It was nearly destroyed 
 by an earthquake in 1805, which threw down its cathedral 
 and several convents. 
 
 ISET, e-sJt/, a river of Siberia, rises in Lake Isetskoe, in 
 the government of Perm, and after an E. course of more 
 than 250 miles, joins the Tobol on the left. Its gold-wagh- 
 iugs are very productive. 
 
 iSETSKOE, a lake of Siberia. See Iset. 
 
 ISETSKOE. a village of Siberia, on the Iset, government 
 of Tobolsk. 
 
 ISFAHAN, a city of Persia. See Ispaeax. 
 
 IS'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ISIl/AM, a parish of England, co. of Nv>i-thampton. 
 
ISII 
 
 ISL 
 
 TSIIAN or TSCITAN, ee-sh3n', a village of Central Asia, 24 
 iciles E. of Khiva. 
 
 ISHI.M or ISCIIIM. ish'im' or ish-eem'. a river of Siberia, 
 government of Tobolsk, rises S. of lat. 50° N., and aft«r a tor- 
 tuous N. course of 700 miles, throuiih a sterile tract, termed 
 the Steppe of Ishim, joins the Irtish 120 miles S.K. of To- 
 bolsk. On its banks are the towns of Petropaulovsli and 
 Ishim, the latter of which lielon<rs to a chain of fortresses, 
 termed the "line of Ishim," extending from Sianovoi to 
 Om.sk, continuous, westward, with the Orenboorg forts. 
 
 1.SII1M or ISClllM, a town of Siberia, government, and 
 ICO miles E.S.K. of Tobolsk, on the above river. Pop. 1200. 
 
 1 SlI LAWKCOKD, ish-lowr'kwSd\ a hamlet of England, co. 
 of Monmouth, parish of lledwelty. I'op. 2484. 
 
 IS1.\. See HJSA. 
 
 ISIGXY, ee'seenVee^, a market-town of France, departr 
 ment of Calvados, on .an inlet of the Knglish Channel, near 
 its confluence with the Vire, 18 miles W.N.W. of Ba3'eux. 
 Pop. 22(8. It has a small river port. 
 
 ISILI, e-see'lee. a town of the island of Sardinia, 37 miles 
 N. of Casrliari. Pop. 2195. It has a gunpowder factory. 
 
 I'SINGLASS lUVEIl. in tl^.e S.K. part of New IIamp.shire. 
 fells into the Cocheco lUver. 
 
 I'SIS. a river of England, principal branch of the Thames, 
 which it joins at Dorchester, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ISIUM, a town of Russia. See IztooM. 
 
 ISKANDEREEYEII or ISKANDEKIYEII, a town of 
 Egvpt. See Alexandria. 
 
 ISKANUEKOOX. ISKAXDERUX or I.SCAXDEKOUN, is- 
 kdn-df-roon', written also ISKENDERU.W SCANDKROON', 
 and .\ LEXAN DKETTA, or " Little ALi^XANnniA," (anc. Jhr- 
 andreiki.) a seaport town of N. Syria, on the E. coast of the 
 Bay of Iskanderoon, 23 miles N. of Antiocli. Lat. 30° 35' 
 3" N., Ion. 36° E. It w.as until lately unhealthy and depop- 
 ulated, but has recently improved In appearance, and also 
 in salubrity by the drainage of an adjacent marsh. It is 
 the port of Aleppo, and has the best harlwur on the Syri.an 
 coast, with an import trade in corn, rice, salt, and European 
 goods, and exports of galls, silk, cotton, and syrup. Iskan- 
 deroon is derived from Alexaxdbr (in Turkish IskamUr) 
 the Great, in honor of whom the ancient Alexandria was 
 named. 
 
 ISKANDEROON, BAY OR GULF OF, (anc. Si'nua 7s',sn««.t,) 
 extends inland for 45 miles at the angle between Syria and 
 Asia Minor, and on its shores are the Amanian gates of the 
 ancients, the ruins of Baue and A''ff{e, and the plain of Issus, 
 where Darius was defeated by Alexander the Great. 
 
 ISK.'VRDOII. a state ot Asia. See IJuLri, 
 
 ISKARDDU, is-kar-do/, a valley of Little Thibet, 19 miles 
 In length, 7 miles across, traversed by the Upper Indus, and 
 T7ith a strong castle, the residence of the chief of Rultistan, 
 
 ISKARDOII or ISKARDO, a town of Central Asia, capital 
 of Bulti. on the Upper Indu«, lat. .35° 10' N.. Ion. 75° 27' E.. 
 overlooked by a large irregular fortress, built on a precipi- 
 tous rock, 7100 feet above the sea. 
 
 ISKiaiH, is'keh-leeb, or ESKILUP. es'ke-lOp. a town of 
 Asia Minor, in Anatolia, near the Kizll-Irmak, 2t> miles 
 miles W.N.W. of Tchorum. Estimated pop. 9000. It has an 
 old castle and several Byzantine remains. 
 
 ISKEXDERIYAII of ISKENDEREEYAII, Egypt. See 
 Alexandria. 
 
 ISKEXDIORUN or ISKEXDKROON. See Iskanderoov. 
 
 ISKER. is'kfr. sometimes written ES'KEU, (anc. (Es'cun.) 
 a river of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, rises in the Bal- 
 kan, flows X.X.E.. and joins the Danube, 22 miles W. of 
 Nicopolis. Total course, 150 miles. 
 
 ISKIL, is'kil or is-keel',a town of Asia Minor, pashali" of 
 Karamaniii, 60 miles N.E. of Konieh, and comprising about 
 400 hfiuses. 
 
 ISLA. eesll, a Spanish word signifying "island," and 
 forming a part of many names as Isla del Rey, "King's 
 Island." Isla de Pinos. -Isle of Pines." <fee. 
 
 ISL.\, i'k. or 1SL.\Y, V\K. a river of ScotUnd, cos. of For- 
 far and Perth, enters the Tay aftera S.W. course of 41 miles. 
 
 ISLA. a small river of Scotland, of Bantl'shire, near Keith. 
 
 ISLA-CRISTIXA. Se" IliorExA.Isi.A de la. 
 
 ISLA DK LEOX, ees'li AS. lA-Sn', a long, narrow island 
 In the S. of Sp.ain, province of Cadiz, in the Atlantic, sepa- 
 rated from the mainland by the channel of Santi Petri. 
 Length, 10 miles; breadth, about 2 miles. On it are the 
 cities of Cadiz. Isla de Leon, and Oorda. 
 
 ISLA DE LEON, or SAX FKRXAXDO. a city of Spain, 
 province, and 7 miles S.K. of Cadiz, on the E. sidetif the 
 Isla rle Leon. Pop. (inclnditig Puarto Reiil) 9729. It is very 
 ancient, is strongly fortified, and its arsenal is noted for its 
 great extent. It has two hospitals, several convents, and an 
 excellent marine observatory, the only one of its kind in 
 Spain. The town served as an asylum for refugees during 
 the war of independence in 1823. 
 
 ISLA DEL REY. ees'll d4l rA. the largest of the Pearl 
 Islands, in the Gulf of Panama, South .\^merica. Length, 
 20 miles. 
 
 ISLA DE NEGROS. ees'lj d.^ n.Vgroce. one of the Philip- 
 pine lalandi^, !z *t.e Malay Archipelago, between Panay and 
 ZtfOU. Estimated area, 3780 square miles. Pop. 35,622. 
 
 ISLA DE NEGROS, an island of the Pacific Ocean, near 
 the X. coa.st of Admiralty Island. 
 ISLA DE PIXOS. See Isle ou Pines. 
 ISL.-VDl, is'ld'dee, a town ot European Turkey, in Bul- 
 garia, sanjak, and 40 miles E. of Sophia, on the Vid 
 
 ISL.\MABAD. i.s-l4m-,a-bid', a town of British l.iuia, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, in Ch'ittagong, on the Chittagong River, 
 8 miles from its mouth, in the Bay of Bengal. Pop. 12,000 (?j 
 of whom about 2000 are of Portugue.se descent. It is pretty 
 well built in the Bengalese style, and has two Portuguese 
 churches, an English school, well-supplied markets, manu- 
 fiictures of canvas and marine fittings, ship-building yards, 
 and an .active maritime and inland trade. About 300 vessels 
 are owned in the port, wliich is frequented by many Jlal 
 dive and other vessels, bringing cowries, cocoa-nuts, tor- 
 toise-shell, and coin, which they exchange for rice, salt, and 
 manufactured goods. 
 
 ISLAMABAD, a town of Cashmere, oti the Jhylum, here 
 crossed by a wooden bridge. 27 miles S.E. of Serlnagur It 
 has considerable manufactures of shawls, chintzes, coars<3 
 cottons, and woollens. 
 
 ISL.\ M.\YOR, ee.s'ld mT-onA a large island of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Seville, embraced by two arms of the Ouivdalqulvir, 
 between Seville and the sea. Length, 17 miles. 
 
 ISLAMGUKil, is-ldm-gar', a fort of West Ilindostan, do- 
 minions, and 120 miles W.S.W. of Bhawlpoor. 
 
 ISLAMKOTE, isldm-kOf, a fort of Hiudostan, in Sinde, 
 near the Cutch frontier. 
 
 ISLAMXAGUR, is-iam-nS'gar, or ISLAMXUGGUR. i.s. 
 lim-nfig'gtlr, a town of Ilindostan, on the Betwah. a tri- 
 butary of the Jumna, 5 miles N. of Bhopaul ; lat. 23° 24' X., 
 Ion. 77° 30' E. 
 
 ISLAMPOOR. is-l3m-poor', a town of Ilindostan. in Aj- 
 meer. 105 miles W.S.W. of Delhi : lat. 28° 0' X.. Ion. 75° 40' E. 
 1SL.\MI'0()R, a town of Ilindostan, presidency of Bengal, 
 20 miles W. by S. of Bahar, on an affluent of the Ganges. 
 ISLAXD, TSLAXDA. or ISLAXDIA. .See Iceland. 
 ISLAXDIJRIDGE, Iland-brij'. a village of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, co. of Dublin, on the Liffey. 1| miles W. of Dublin 
 Castle. Pop. 700. 
 
 ISLAND COUNTY, a new county of Washington Terri- 
 tory, comprising Whiduy's Island, which see. 
 
 ISL.\XD CREEK, a post-village of Hancock co., Georgia, 
 a few miles X.W. of Milledgeville, has a church, an academy, 
 .and a m.asonic hall. 
 
 ISL.\.XD CREEK, a post-township in the E. part of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Ohio, on the Ohio River. Pop. 16.32. 
 
 ISLAXD CREEK, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 155 
 miles E. by X. of Columbus. 
 ISLAXDE. See Iceland. 
 
 ISLAXD KADY. fland-ee'de, or ISLANDINE, !1,an-deen, 
 a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mavo. 
 
 ISLAXD FORD, a post-office of Rutherford co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 ISLAXD GROVE, Illinois, a station on the Great Western 
 Railroad, 19 miles from Springfield. 
 ISL.\XD MAGEE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 ISIiAXD No. 66, a post-office of Coahoma co., Mississippi. 
 ISI-AXD .No. 10. Is situated in the Mississippi River, at the 
 W. extremity of Kentucky, and on the border of Tennessee, 
 about 40 miles below Columbus. It was taken by the Union 
 army in April, 1862. 
 
 ISLAXD POND, a thriving post-village of Essex co.. Ver- 
 mont, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 149 miles 
 N.W. of Portland, and 143 miles S.E. of Montreal. The road 
 was built, and is owned to this place, 16 miles within the 
 States, by the peojde of Canada. Depots, engine-houses, 
 Ac. of both portions of the road, Congregivtional and Method- 
 ist churches, and several steam flouring and saw-mills have 
 been built.. The duties on produce and merchandise passing 
 from Canada to the United States are collected here, and in 
 1854 amounted to $152,573. The total value of exports wa-s 
 $2,219,576. 
 
 ISLANDS, (i1and.s.) BAY OF. a large bay of British Ame- 
 rica, formed by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the E. coast of 
 Newfoundland, N. of St. George's Bay ; lat. 49° 20' N., Ion. 
 58° 15' VV. It receives on the S.E. the Ilumber, and enclosos 
 a great number of small islands. 
 
 ISL.\XDSHIRE, i'l.and-shjr, a detached portion of tha 
 CO. of Durham, in England, comprises Holy Island. Area, 
 26.820 acres. Pop. 8830. 
 ISL.\NDS OF THE BLEST. See Canaries. 
 ISLA PLANA. See Taharca. 
 
 I8L.\Y. I'l.i, or ISLA, i'la, one of the larger islands of the 
 Inner Hebrides, in S-otland. co. of Argyle, immediately S,W. 
 of the island of Jura, and 14 miles W. of the peninsula of 
 Kintyre; 25 miles long, and 17 miles broad. Pop. in 1851, 
 15,901. Surface mountainous in the K., with an elevation 
 of 1400 feet; elsewhere generally level. About 22,000 acres 
 are arable. The island is formed of quartz rock, clay schi.'.ts, 
 with limestone, marl, bog-iron ore, and lead and copper 
 mines. Principal exports, cattle, limestone, and spirit."-, of 
 which last 250,000 gallons are distilled annually. At Loch- 
 ind,'uil is a harbor for ships, 
 ISLAY, eea-li, a maritime town of Peru, the port of Ara- 
 
 916 
 
ISL 
 
 ISM 
 
 (jnilia, on the Pacific, with a custom-house, in lat. 17° S. 
 If.n. 7 zo 10' 5" W. 
 
 ISLAY SOUND, between the island of Islay and Jura, has 
 juj avei'age breadtli of 1 mile. 
 
 ISLE, eel, (auc. Iii'sula. ?) a river of France, rises in the de- 
 partment of Haute-Vienne. and joins the Dordogne at Li- 
 bi/urne, aftor a S.W. course of lUO miles. It is uavigable 
 from Perijfueux to the Gironde. 
 
 ISLE-(ne,) AB'BOTS, a parish of Endand, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ISLE-ADAM, L'. leerd'ddm'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the Oise, 7 miles N.E. of Pontoise. 
 Pop. 1015. 
 
 ISLE AU BOIS, eel o bwd, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 ISLE AU H.^UT. eel o ho, at the entrance of Penobscot 
 Bay, Maine, is composed of hiirh, steep cliffs, aud contains a 
 fi.xed light. 40 feet above the level of the sea. Liit. -13° 59' 
 N., Ion. 6S° 3-i' W. 
 
 ISLE-AUX-COUDRES, eel-o-kood'r, an island of Canada 
 Etist, 2 miles from the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, and 
 57 miles X.E. of Quebec. 
 
 ISLE-BAISE, eel-bi'iz, a town of France, department of 
 Gers, N. of Mirande, on the Baise. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ISLEBOROUGII, ilOjar-ruh, a po.st-township ot Waldo 
 CO., Maine, comprising a long, narrow island in Penobscot 
 Bay, about fiO miles E.S.E. of Augustii. The inhjibitants 
 are extensively engaged in the coasting trade. Pop. 1270. 
 
 ISLE-BOUCHAKD. eel-boo'shaR', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire, 10 miles E.S.E. of Chinon, on an 
 island of the A'ieuDB. Pop. 1716. 
 
 ISLE-BOUIN. SeeBoLix. 
 
 ISLE-BR EWER'S, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 ISLE-D'AIX, L', a town of France. See Aix. 
 
 ISLE-D'ALIJI, L', a city of France. See Albi. 
 
 ISLE DE FRANCE. See ILE db France. 
 
 ISLE-DIEU, ISLE-D'YEU or ILE-DYEU. eel de-oh', a 
 fortified island of Fiani^e. department of Vendee, in the 
 Atlantic, about 10 miles from the coast, and 28 miles N.W. 
 Of Les Stibles. Pop. in 18.52. 2640. 
 
 ISLE-EN-DODOX, L', leel-SNO-doM6y<^. a town of France, 
 depaitment of Ilaute-Garonne, on a small island of the Save, 
 20 miles X.X.E. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 2075. 
 
 ISLE-EX-JOURDAIX, eel-SNO-zhooRMix"/, a town of 
 France, dep.%rtment of Gers, 14 miles X.N.E. of Lombez, on 
 the Save. Pop. 4921. It has manufactures of leather. 
 
 ISLEII.\.M, ilam. a parish of Kngland. co. of Cambridge. 
 
 ISLE-JOURD.\IX, eel-zhooRMiN"', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Vienne, 10 miles S.W. of Montmorillon on the 
 Vienne. Pop. 700. 
 
 ISLE, li', leel. a town of France, department of A'aucluse, 
 12 miles E. of Avignon, on an island formed by the Sorgue, 
 Pop. in 1852. 6.303. 
 
 ISLE LA .AIOTTE, in L.ake Champlain. See La 5Iotte. 
 
 ISLE LA MOTTE. a post-oflnce of Grand Isle. Vermont. 
 
 ISLE OF FRANCE, Indian Ocean. See M.\URiiius. 
 
 ISLE OF MAX. England. See Man. Isle of. 
 
 ISLE OF PIXES. an island of the Pacific Ocean. S.E. of 
 New Caledonia. Lat. of peak, 22=' 38' S., Ion. 167° 25' E. It 
 is 42 miles in circumference. The scenery is beautiful, 
 and vegetation luxuriant. It is resorted to for catching 
 turtle. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ISLE OF PIXES, (Sp. Ma * Finns, eesld dA pee'noce.) an 
 Island in the West Indian Archipelago. 50 miles -S. of Cu 1 la. to 
 ■which it belongs, being included in the jurisdiction of Ila- 
 van.o. It lies between 21° 27' and 21° 5S' X. lat.. and l>etween 
 76° 11' and 76° 52' W. Ion. Length from E. to W., abont 60 
 miles ; greatest breadth, 55 miles. Area, 600 .square miles. 
 Its coasts are indented with numerous bays. The general 
 aspect of the island is exceedingly picturesque, presenting 
 lofty mountains, extensive plains, multitudes of beautiful 
 rivulets, and a marsh, extending across it from E. to W., 
 dividing it into two unequal parts. The most remarkable 
 lonuntains are the Sierra de la Cafiada. rising alx>ut 1600 
 feet above the level of the sea, and with precipices 150 
 feet in height; the Daguilla, elevated 1500 feet, affording 
 from its summit a beautiful panoramic view of the whole 
 i.sland; the Sierra de la Cabellos, 1074 feet in height: and 
 Mount Casas, half a league from it, are composed of beau- 
 tiful marble of all qualities and colors ; and the Cristales, 
 though of little height, is remarkable for the green rook- 
 crystal abounding on its sides. Several of the rivers have 
 a depth of from 5 to 10 feet, and are navigaVjle 4 or 5 
 miles. The climate of the island is mild and remarkably 
 salubrious. The soil is very fertile. The principal products 
 are cattle, tobacco, pine, mahogany, cedar, and other woods. 
 Bulphur, spirits of turpentine, pitch, tar, marble of all 
 quantities and colors, rock crystals, and tortoi.se*heIls. 
 There are also mines of silver, quicksilver, and iron. The 
 Isie of Pines is a dependency of Havana, and is governed 
 by a politjeo-military commandante. It was discovered by 
 (Jolnmbus in 1494. Capital. Nueva Gerona. For many years 
 it was notorious as a resort of pirates. Pop. in 1854^ about 
 ] 400. of whom 100 are colored. 
 
 LSLE OF SKiyPEXTS. alofty islet in the Black Sea, 23 
 milos E. of the delta of the Danube. It is reputed to have 
 916 
 
 possessed in antiquity a temple in honor of Achilles, (afl«r 
 whom the island was also named.) but of which no traces 
 remain. 
 
 ISLES OF SHOALS. '\ miles S.S.E. of Portsmouth Lit'ht- 
 house, Xew Hampshire. They consist of 8 small islands 
 which are inhabited chiefly by fishermen. On White Island, 
 the westernmost, is a revolving light. 87 feetatiove the level 
 of the sea. Lat. 42'^ 58' X., Ion. 70° 37' 20" W. 
 
 ISLE OF AVHIT'HORX, a marithne vilUge of Scotland, 
 CO. of Wigton, at the head of a small bay, 3 miles S.E. of 
 WhitJiorn. with a .safe hai'bor. Pop. COtl. 
 
 ISLE OF WIGHT, il ov wifc'. (anc. VecOvi,) an island in 
 the Engli.sh Channel, off the S. coast of England, separated 
 by the Solent and Spithead from the mainland of Hamp- 
 shire, in which county it is included. Length from E. to 
 W., 22| miles; greatest breadth at its centre, log miles. 
 Area, 136 square miles, or 86.810 acres. Pop. 50,324. It is 
 one of the most beautiful parts of the kingdom, presenting 
 almost every variety of landscape in miniature. It rises in 
 elevation towanls the centre, where a range of chalk-hills 
 traverses it from E. to W. ; the highest point TSt Catherine's 
 Hill) is 830 feet above the sea; and the S. (espjcially the 
 S.K.) coast, popularly termed the "back of the island,'' ifl 
 characterized by precipitous cliffs, ravines, or "chines." and 
 scenery of a most romantic kind. On this side ara the Culver 
 Cliff, Dunnose Point. Shanklin, Luccombe, aud ISlackgang 
 Chines, &c. Off its W. extremity are the Needle Rocks. 
 The Jledina River partly separates it into two nearly equal 
 portions. A surplus of agricuUund produce over home 
 con.sumption is raised ; this, and malt, wool, salt, and fine 
 sand for the manufacture of gla.ss, form the chief exports. 
 In the W. are some wide downs, and about 40,000 fine- 
 fleeced sheep are reared on the uplands. Principal towns, 
 Newport, the capital, Yarmouth. Cowes, Ryde, and Vent- 
 nor; the three last are greatly fre<iuented in summer as 
 bathing-places; and near Cowes is Osborne House, a fa- 
 vorite residence of the pi-esent sovereign. Charles I. was 
 impri.soned in the castle here a short time before he was de- 
 livered up to Cromwell. The i.sland has continual commu- 
 nication by steamboats with Portsmouth and Southampton. 
 Since the Reform Act, it has, exclu.sive of the borough of 
 Xewport, sent 1 member to the House of Commons. Regis- 
 t«i-ed electors in 1839^0, 1167. 
 
 ISLE OF WIGHT, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, 
 with an area of aix)ut 230 square milef it the mouth of 
 James River, which washas the N.E. border. The Black- 
 water River forms the W. boundary. The soil is generally 
 thin and sandy. A portion is occupied by swamps and pine 
 forests. The Isle of Wight was one of the eight origin.al 
 shires into which Virginia was divided in 1634. Capital, 
 Smithfield. Pop. 9977, nl Whom 6407 were free, and 3570 slaves. 
 
 ISLfMiOUSSE, L', leel-rooss, a town of the island of Cor- 
 sica. 10 miles E. of Calvi. with a small port. Pop. 1756. ' 
 
 ISLE ROYALE, il roy'al, (Fr. pron. eel roVdl',) an island 
 in Lake Superior, forming a portion of Houghton co.. Michi- 
 gan, and 50 miles N.W. of Keweenaw Point. The island is 
 about 42 miles long, and from 5 to 8 miles wide. The soil is 
 s;ud to be generally good, the timber abundant, the har- 
 bors, of which there are several, deep and secure. Copper 
 ore abounds, and mining operations have been carried on to 
 some extent; but owing to the long and severe winters, and 
 the uncertain communication with the settled parts of the 
 state, ]>ermanent settlements have not yet been made. 
 
 ISLES DE LOS. See Los, Isles de. 
 
 ISLE-SUR-LE-DOUBS. L', leel-sUR-leh-doobz, a town of 
 France, department of Doute, 12 miles N.E. of Baumes-les- 
 Dames. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ISLET, ilet, or ISLE'TA, capital of El Paso co., Texas, on 
 an island in tlie Rio Grande. Free popnlaton, 709. 
 
 ISLEWORTH, Il'worth. a pari.sh and village of England, 
 00. of Middlesex, on the Thames, 2 miles S.W. of Brentford. 
 Between it and Brentford is Sion House, the seat of the 
 Duke of Northumberland. 
 
 ISTJNGTOX. a pjirish of England, oo. of Middlesex, bo- 
 rough of Fiusbury, and one of the X. suburbs of the mo- 
 trnpolis. Pop. in 1851, 96,329. It is the seat of numerous 
 schools and charity foundations, and oontiuus also Highbury 
 College for Independent ministers, a Church of England 
 missionary institution, a new literary institution, and Sad- 
 lers WeUs Theatre. On Lslington Green, the parliamentary 
 elections for the borough of Finsbury take place. 
 
 IS/LIP, a parish of Kngland, oo. of Xorthampton. 
 
 IS'LH", a parish of Kngland, co. of Oxford. Here are 
 vestiges of a palace of King Ethelred. 
 
 IS/IJP, a post-village and township of Suffolk co., Xew 
 Y'ork, on Great South Bay, which sets up into the S. side of 
 Long Island from the Atlantic, about 45 miles X.E. of Xew 
 York. I'op, 3845. 
 
 ISJIAELBAD, is-mll-bdd' a town of Xorth-west Hindo- 
 stan. 20 miles S. of Umballah. 
 
 ISMAIL. is-mi-c<el/. a town of Russia, in Be-s-sarabia. on the 
 Kilia. or N. arm of the Danube, at its deltji, 42 miles E. of 
 Galatz, and 120 milts S.W. of Odessa. It is strongly forti- 
 fied, and, being near the Turkish frontier, forms an import- 
 ant military station. It contains a magnificent palace, a 
 
ISM 
 
 ISS 
 
 Greek and Armenian church, ami a cloister. Its harbor is 
 good, but its commerce is very limited. It was long in 
 possession of the Turks. The Russians, under Suwarrow, 
 tooli it liy assault in 1790, gave it up to pillaf^e, and made it 
 a heap of ashes. It has never recovered. Pop. '21,908. 
 
 ISM AILOVO, is-mi-lo'vo, a village of Russia, government, 
 and adjoinins Moscow, with an imperial palace and park. 
 
 ISM.\l,EKY.\H or I8M.\LIYAlI,is-mi-Iee'yia small town 
 of Persia, province of Khoozistan, on the Karoon, '28 miles 
 S.W. of Ahwaz. 
 
 ISMKKD, T8MID or TZMIl). iz'meed', written also IZMK- 
 MID. {nae. Nicnme.'dia.) a market-town of .\sia Minor, in 
 Anatolia, capifalof asanjak.attheheadof theGulfoflsmeed, 
 55 miles I':.8.E. of Constantinople. Lat. 40° 47' 40" N., Ion. 
 29° 6o' :iO" K. It is finely situated, comprises 1000 houses, is 
 the residence of a i)aslia and of Greek and Armenian arch- 
 liishops, and is reported to have a considerable trade. It 
 was anciently the seat of the King of Bithynia. also the 
 the liirthpla^'e of Anian. and residence of ILannibal, the 
 younger Pliny, and Diocletian. It has few remaining 
 ancient buildinirs. 
 
 ISMKICD or I'SMTD. GULF OF. {&ne. Astacmm Simis,) is 
 an inlet forming the K. extremity of the Sea of Marmora, 
 4.3 milfs in length, and 21 miles in breadth at its entrance. 
 
 ISMIIj, is-meel'. a large village of Asia Miaor, pashalic of 
 Karamania. :S2 miles E.S.E. of Konleh. 
 
 ISMIK. See Smyrna. 
 
 IS\ALr/)Z. a town of Spain. See IrsAUOZ. 
 
 ISX KI.LO, is-uM'lo, a town of Sicily, 6 miles S.W. of Cefalu. 
 Pop. 16(10. 
 
 IS'XKY, a post^ffice of Choctaw co., Alabiima. 
 
 IS.MK, a town and lake of Asia Minor. See Izneek. 
 
 ISNY or I.8SXY. iss'nee. a town, of WUrtemberg. on the 
 D.inube, 48 miles S. of Dim. Pop. 18fi3. It is enclosed by 
 walls, was formerly a free town of the empire, and has a 
 castle and a college. 
 
 ISlJtiLOO or ISlXJLOU, isVgloo', a town of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, pashalic, and 80 miles N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Ku- 
 phrates. 
 
 ISO LA. ee'so-li, an Italian word signifying " island," form- 
 ing the names or a portion of the names of many places in 
 Italy. Illyria, &c. 
 
 ISOIi.\, ee'so-ld, a town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro. 5 miles S.^V. of Sora, on an island formed by the 
 river Liri. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ISOLA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 8 
 miles S. of Cu#rone. near the Mediterranean. .Pop. 2000. 
 
 ISOLA. a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 
 and Hi miles S. of Teramo. Pop. 1100. 
 
 ISOLA, ee'so-l3, a large market-town of Illyria, govern; 
 uieut. and 9 miles S.W. of Triest, on the S.E. shore of the 
 Gulf of Triest. Pop. 3430. 
 
 ISOLA, a village of Piedmont, 25 miles S.W. of AIes.san- 
 dria. 
 
 ISOL.A BELLA, North Italy. See Borromean Islands. 
 
 ]80L.\-DKIA>10L10. See GiGUO. 
 
 ISOLA-DEL-GIGLIO, ee'so-lj del gheel'yo, a town of 
 Tuscany, situated on the S. side of the island of Gidio. 
 
 ISOLA DELLA SCALA, ee'sola diVli skS'la, a town of 
 North Italy, 11 miles S. of Verona, on the Tartaro. Pop. 
 3400. 
 
 IS >L \ DOVARESE.ee'so-ia-do-va-r.'i'sA, h village of North- 
 ern Italv, 4 miles N.W. of Canneto, on the Oglio. Pop. 212t). 
 
 ISOLA GROSSA, ee/so-la gros'sl. or LUNGA. loon'gj, (t. e. 
 "Great or Long Island,") (anc. Scardo'na.) an island in tlie 
 Adriatic Sea, olf the coast of Dalmatia, 10 miles S.W. of Zara. 
 Length from S.E. to N.W., 27 miles; extreme breadth, about 
 3 miles. Pop. 12.000. 
 
 LSOLA MADRK, Italy. See Borromean Islands. 
 
 ISOLA SAN GIOVANNI. See Boruomean Lslands. 
 
 ISOLA SUl'ERIORE. See Borromean Islands. 
 
 I'SOM'S STORE, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee. 
 
 ISONZO, e-son'zo, or LISONZO, le-son'zo. (anc. .Sdiitiiia,) a 
 river of lilyiia, forming the boundary between Nortli Italy 
 and Illyria. rises in Mount Terglou, at the junction of the Ju- 
 lian and Carnic Alps, flows tortuouslj' southward, and under 
 the name of Sdobba, enters the Gulf of Triest. 
 
 ISOKELL.A, e-so-rSlId, a village ofNorthern It.ily, 8 miles 
 S.E. of Leno. Pop. 1.322. 
 
 ISI'AllAX. is-pa-hdn', written also ISFAHAN or SPA- 
 II.\W\, sp3-hawu', ("ouimonly pronounci<l spd-hoon' by the 
 inhabitants.) (.anc. ^i75((rfana,)afamouscity. formerly the me- 
 tropolis of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee. on the Zendarood, 
 210 mikis S. of Teh.>ran ; lat. 32° 39' 34" N., and Ion. 51° 44' 
 45" E.. in the midst of an extensive plain, watered by a broad 
 river. It is surrounded by groves and orchards, and was for- 
 merly enclosed by a mud wall 24 miles in circuit, which 
 was entirely destroyed by the Afghans. The streets are for 
 •he most part narrow, dirty, and extremely dull. There are 
 >xtensive remains of magnificent palaces, large private 
 Douses, spacious caravanserais, and hand.sonie bazaars: most 
 of which, however, are in a state of melancholy decay. 
 Three liandsome bridges communicate with the suburbs of 
 4ulfa and Abb.as-abad: that of Julfa is especially remark- 
 able. It has 33 arches ; and on either side, instead of a 
 
 parapet, a gallery extends from end to end, composed of 70 
 arcades, between which is the pathway. On either side of 
 the river is a spacious park, called the Chaliar-Bar/li or 
 '• Four Gardens." a superb avenue .3000 paces long, and 70 
 paces in breadth, planted with double rows of the lofty 
 cliinars, and flanked by several picturesque gardens and 
 private palaces. The chief square of Ispahan is the Maidiin 
 Shah, which was formerly surrounded by busj' shops, and 
 regarded as one of its greatest ornaments; it is about 2fc;00 
 feet long, and 700 feet broad. Of the seven palaces in Ispa- 
 han, that of the CliChfJrSitaon or "I'alace of Forty Pillars," 
 built by Abbas the Great, is the finest. It stands in a very 
 large square, which is intersected hy various canals, and 
 copiously planted with chinar-trees. The front roof is sus- 
 tained by a double range of columns, exceeding 40 feet in 
 height, and each .shooting up frojn the united back of four 
 lions of white marble. In the time of Chardin, Ispahan 
 comprised 162 mosques and 48 colleges, most of which are 
 still standing, though more or less in decay. Of these, by 
 far the largest and most magnifirent is the Mesjid Sliah, 
 situated in the Maidan Shah. The entrance to it is by a 
 lofty portico, flanked on each side by a tall minaret, crowned 
 by an open gallery at the top: the body of the edifice is sur- 
 mounted by a vast dome, accounted one of the liest speci- 
 mens of Persian architecture, the whole building being con- 
 structed of mas.sive blocks of stone, covei-ed with tiles richly 
 lackered!, On the Chahar-Bagh is the mosque of Sultan 
 Hussein, its dome .and minarets blending Ijeautifully with 
 lofty trees. The building is now converted into a medressa 
 or college; the most remarkable college is that of the .3/«- 
 dressa Jeddah. It is entered by a lofty portico, enriched with 
 pillars fantastically twisted, leading through a pair of im- 
 mense folding gates, of solid brass, ridily ornamented with 
 pure silver; these open into a vestibule with a domed roof, 
 which conducts into the spacious court of thecollege. plant- 
 ed with flowers, and overshadowed by lofty trees. The ba- 
 zaars alone still show some signs of activity. They are 
 allotted, in separate divisions, to oljects of foreign or homo 
 commerce, with a large space for the products of Europe 
 and India, cottons, silks, velvets, glass, pottery, Ac. The 
 suburbs of Julfa, already referred to, situated S. of the 
 Zendarood. were originally founded for some Armenians 
 whom Shah Abbas transplantiKl hither from Julf'a-on-the- 
 Araxes. and endowed with numerous commercial privileges. 
 It is at present the principal seat of the manufacturing 
 industry. Theartisans of Ispahan are esteemed the best in 
 Persia; and its manufacturescompri.se all kinds of woven 
 fabrics, gold and silver wares, paper articles, firearms, 
 sword-blades, glass, earthenware, articles of luxury, which 
 are sent by caravans to Bagdad. Herat, India, and most 
 parts of We.st Asia. Under the caliphs of Bagdad, Ispahan 
 became the capital of the province of Irak. It soon became 
 a place of great popul.ation, wealth, and trade. In loS7, it 
 was taken by Timoor Bee, and the citizens were given up to 
 indi.sciiminate massacre; 70.000 are said to have perished. 
 Shah Abbas made it the seat of his empire, and spared no 
 cost in emljellishing it with the most splendid edifices. In 
 1722.it was taken by the Afghans; but, in 1729, it was 
 retaken by Nadir Shah, since wliich it has not been a roy.il 
 residence. Pop. formerly estimated at 1.100.000. Chardin, 
 in 1686. stated it at 600.000. Morier stated it in 1808, from 
 Persian authorities, at 400,000; but, in his second journey, 
 
 at 60,000. Colonel Chesney states it at about 150,000. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. IsrAHANEE. is-pS-liS'nee. 
 
 ISPINGLIOE, is-pimr-iee'. a town of Beloochistan, in the 
 Bolan Pass. 65 miles N. of Kelat. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ISPUNGLEE, is-pfing lee', a village of Beloochistan, in tho 
 Bolan Pass, 4 miles W. of Quetta. 
 
 IS'RAEL. a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1631. 
 
 ISRAEL'S RIVER, of Coos co.. New Hamphire, rises 
 near the foot of Mount Washington, and falls iuto the Con- 
 necticut River. 
 
 ISSA. a river of Russia. See TsA. 
 
 ISSACH.AR, i.s'sa-kar. a tribe of Israelites settled upon a 
 fertile tract of country, on the .Tordan between Zebulun and 
 Ephraim. 
 
 IS'S.AQUE'NA. a county in the W. part of .Mississippi, has 
 an area of about 1030 square miles. The Mississippi forms 
 its Vioundary on the W.. the Yazoo River (navigable by 
 steamboats) washes the S.E. border, and it is intersected by 
 tlie Sunflower River. The surface is partly subject to in- 
 undiition; the soil is fertile. Formed quite recently from 
 the S. part of Washington county. Capital, Taliula. Pop. 
 7831, of whom 5S7 were free, and 7244 slaves. 
 
 LS'S.AY, an island of Scotland, in Loch Follart, on the W. 
 coast of Skye, 12 miles W. by N. of Snizort. 
 
 ISSE, eess, a village of France, department of Loire- 
 Inferieure, 7 miles S.W. of Chateaubi'iant, on the Don. 
 
 ISSELBURG, is'sel-bO(5Rg\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 government of. and 44 miles N.N.W. of Dusseldorf. P. 958. 
 
 ISSELHORST. is'sel-hoR.st\ a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 government of Minden. Pop. 1170. 
 
 ISSIGEAC. eesV'eV,h.ik'. a town of France, department of 
 Dordogne. 11 miles S.S.E. of Bergerac. Pop. 977. 
 
 ISSINQEAUX, a town of France. Sot- Ysbingeaux. 
 
 917 
 
ISS 
 
 ISS /J 4 n 'n imoi WUrtemberg. See Istt. 
 
 ISSOIiiE e^f^wipy, {nnc. IsfimMrum f) a town of France, 
 department OT I'liy deDome, capital of the arrondissement, 
 on the CroilZB, 19 miles S.S.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 185J, 
 58S9. 
 
 ISSOUDUN, ees'sooMti.vo', a town of France, department 
 of Indre. capitil of an arrondissement, on the Theols, here 
 crossed by three bridges, and on the railroad from A'ierzon 
 to Chateauroux. 17 miles N.E. of Chateauroux. Pop. in 
 1852, 13,346. It is well built, and cle;in : it has a communal 
 college, a town-hall, 4 churches, 2 hospitals: manufactures 
 of woollen and linen cloths, bleiiching-grounds, paper mills, 
 and tanneries: a brisk trade in wool, wine, corn, and cattle. 
 
 ISSUM, is's66m, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles 
 S.S.E. of Cleves. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ISSUS, is'siis.a river .and town of antiquity in North Syria, 
 the former supposed to be identical with the river of Baias, 
 and neiir which are remain.* of an ancient city. 
 
 ISSY, ees^see'. a vill.ijre of Fnance, department of Seine, in 
 a plain near the Seine, 5 miles S.W. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 
 4312. It comprises many handsome villas, and the seminary 
 of St. Sulpice, once the mansion of Margaret of Valois, with 
 several chemical-works. 
 
 ISSY L'liTEQUE, ees^see'lA'vik', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Sa3ne-et-I^ire, on the Somme, 22 miles S.W. 
 of Autun. Pop. 19'>0. 
 
 1STA150L.A.T. is-t3-bo-lSy, the modem name of a ruined 
 city of .\siatic Turkey, pashalic, and 57 miles X.W. of Bagdad, 
 on the W. bank of the Tigris. 
 
 ISTACCIIIUATL. See IzTACCiHn.vTl. 
 
 IST.\KII.\K, i.s-ta-Kai-', a village of Persia, province of 
 Fars. on a part of the site of Ftrsf.pc/h. 
 
 ISTALIF, i.s-ta-leeP, a town of Afghanistan, 22 miles 
 N.W. of Cabool. Pop., before its partial destruction by the 
 British in 1842. 15.000, many employed- in cotton-spinning, 
 weaving, and dyeing. 
 
 ISTAMBOUL, ISTAMBOOL or STAMBOUL. See Co.v- 
 
 STANTIXOl'LE. 
 
 IST.W, ees-t3n'. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and 32 miles W.S.M'. of .Malaga. Pop. 1221. 
 
 ISTAXOS. isi'til-nos\ a town of Asia Minor, 20 miles W. of 
 Angora, with about 800 houses. 
 
 ISTAP.i. ees-td/p.i. a small town of Mexico, near the 
 Pacific' Ocean. 85 miles E.S.E. of Zacatula. 
 
 TSTER. See Danuiie. 
 
 fSTIIMUS, a department of Xew Granada. See Istmo. 
 
 ISTHMUS, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin, about 11 
 miles E. of Madison. 
 
 ISTHMUS OF PANWMA OR DARIAN. See Pan.uma. 
 
 ISTHMUS OF SUEZ. See Scez. 
 
 ISTHMUS OF TEIIUANTEPEC. See Tehuantepec. 
 
 I.STIP, is/tip\ or ISTIB, is'tib\ (anc. SUiInf) a walled town 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Elee. sanjak, and 60 miles 
 S.W. of Ghiustendil. on theBagranitza. Pop. 8000. It has 
 the remains of an old castle, and some steel-works. 
 
 ISTMO, eest'mo. (t. e. the Isthmus,"') a department of New 
 Granada, consisting chiefly of the isthmus uniting South 
 and Central America. Area, 25,000 square miles. Estimated 
 population, 144.000. Chief towns, Panama, Chagres, Puerto 
 Bello. and Yeragu.a. 
 
 ISTRES, eesfr. a town of France, department of Bouches- 
 du-Khone. near the W. side of the Et.ang de Berre, 25 miles 
 N.W. of Marseilles.' Pop. in 1852,3389. It is enclosed by 
 ruined ramparts, and hxs narrow, crooked streets, and an old 
 castle. 
 
 ISTRIA. is'tre-a or is'tre-3, (Ger. Istrien. is'tre-en ; Fr. Is- 
 trie, eesHree',) a peninsula in the X. of the Adriatic Sea, 
 forming a circle of the Austrian government of Triest, in 
 the kingdom of Illyria. between lat. 40° 35' and 45° 50' N., 
 and Ion. 13° 23' and 14° 40' E. Area, 1810 square miles. 
 Pop. 250,000. The surface is mountainous, especially in the 
 N., being traversed by offsets of the Julian Alps. The highest 
 point is Mount M.iggiore. on the E. coast. Principal rivers, 
 the Dragogna, Arsa. Quieto. and Risano. It is divided into 
 Austrian and Venetian Istria; the former, in the N., formed 
 p.Hrt of the Germanic Confederation. Venetian Tstria, com- 
 prises the S.W. part of the peninsula, with the Islands of 
 Veglia, Cherso, and Lo.ssini. The inhabitants of the towns 
 are mostly Italian : those of the ruril districts are of Sla- 
 Tonic origin, and use the Illyrian dialect ; nearly all are Ro- 
 man Catholics. The population of th" coasts is employed in 
 navigation, fishing, and the preparation of salt, and that of 
 the interior in the rearing of sheep, and the cultivation of 
 the olive and the vine. There is a regular steam commu- 
 nication between Triest, Istria, and Fiume. Adj. and in- 
 
 hjib. IsTKiAX. is'tre-an. 
 
 I.STUUO.\TEH, i.kur-ga'tgh, (?) a town of Afghanistan, 36 
 miles N.W. of Cabot-l. 
 
 ISTV.\NDI. ist'v.in'dee\ a markeMown of Ilungary. co. of 
 Sumegh. 16 miles W. by S. of Fiinf kirchen. Pop. 1149. 
 
 ISU.\TE, e-swj't.'l. a town of Spain, province, and 12 
 miles E.X.E. of Malaga. Pop. 914. 
 
 ISVORXIK. a town of European Turkey. See Zvorxik. 
 
 ISZEP, is\sV, or ZII'OW, ze-pov', a viilage of Hungary, 
 00. of Buranya. Pop. 1609. 
 918 
 
 ITA 
 
 TTA, ee't J, (anc. Casaida f) a mjirket-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 11 miles N. of Guadalajara. Po|). 9';7. 
 
 ITABAIANNA. e-t4-bl-an'nd, or ITABAHIANXA. e-t.<-bj. 
 e-3n'n3, a town of Brazil, province, and 50 miles W.X.W. 
 of Sergipe del Rey. It has a school of mutual instruction. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 ITABAIANNA or ITABAIIIANX.A., SERRA.sJr/rI, e-tl- 
 bi-in'nd. a mountain of Brazil, is the loftiest and most ex- 
 tensive in the province of Sergiptvdel-Rey. and is supposed to 
 contain mines of gold, though they never have been worked. 
 
 IT.IBIRA. e-ti-bee'ri a town of Brazil, province of Minas- 
 Gei-aes, on the Velhas, 18 miles W.X.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 
 4000. Ten miles W. of the town is the high conical moun- 
 tain of ILibira. which coufciins auriferous soil. 
 
 ITABIRA-D1>MAT.\.-DEXTR0, e-a-bee'rl-d.-V md't-id^n'- 
 tro, a gold-mining town of Brazil, 60 miles X.E. of Ouro 
 Preto. established in 1720. 
 
 ITABORAUI, e-ti-bo-ri-e©', a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 26 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 ITACOLUMI, e-tl-ko-loo-mee/, (the " giant,") a mountain 
 of Brazil, province, and 50 miles X.N.W. of JIaranhao. Lat 
 2° 8' 38" S.. Ion. 44° 27' W. It has a conical and very con- 
 spicuous summit, and near it is a light-house erected in 
 1839. which is a principal marti in making the port of Ma- 
 ranhao. 
 
 iTACOLUMI, a mountain of Brazil, province of Minaa 
 Geraes. immediately S. of Ouro Preto, alxiut 5800 feet high. 
 
 ITACOLUMI, a pe.-ik of BrazU, in the Serra dos Orgaos, 
 province of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 ITAGUAHI. e-td-gwd-eo', a town of Brazil, province, and 40 
 miles W. of Rio de Janeiro, connected with the river of its 
 own name by a canal 2 miles long. Pop. of district, 4000. 
 
 IT.\IPU. e-ti-poiy, a maritime village of Brazil, province, 
 and 12 miles E.S.E. of Itio de Janeiro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ITALIAX, ITALIASO, ITALIEN. ITALIEyER, ITA- 
 LIEXrsrn. See Italy. 
 
 ITALIAN REPUBLIC. See Italy. Kingdom of. 
 
 ITALY, (anc. Tlalia or Am<Jnia ; It., Sp. and Port. Italia, 
 e-td'le-d; Fr. Italit, ee'td^lee': Ger. Ilalien. e-tdle-en.) a cele- 
 brated country in the S. of Europe, subdivided intoanumlier 
 of independent kingdoms, ducliivs, and dependencies, but 
 distinctly marked as one great whole, both l>y nattinil boun- 
 daries and a common langu.age. It consists partly of is- 
 lands, viz.: Sicily, with its Lipari and Egades groups; 
 JIalta. Gazzo, Elba. .Sardinia, and Corsica: and partly of 
 mainland. Geographically considered, it extends from the 
 S.E. extremity of Sicily, lat. 36° 41' 30" N., t^ the llh,T?fian 
 Alps, lat, 47° N., and j'rom the W. point of the Cottian Alps, 
 Ion. 6° 35' E.. to the E. extremity of Terra di Otninto. Ion. 
 1S°35^E. Political Italy differs from geographical Italy in 
 *hat it does not include Corsica and Tyr-d. It is bounded 
 E. by the Adriatic and the Ionian Seii, S. by the Mediteri-a- 
 nean, W. by France and the Jlediterranean, and X. by 
 Switzerland and .\ustria. Its natural confines are the Alps 
 and the sea. the W. boundary being determined by the river 
 Varo. and the E. by a pass in the Alp.s, near Buccari. in the 
 Gulf of Qnarnero.* Within these limits, Italj- comprises 13 
 separate divisions, including Italian Switzerland: the can ton 
 of Ticino. and part of the GrLsons. (Grigione.) and Valais; 
 Austrian Italy ; the Italian Tyrol, the kingdom of Lombardy 
 and A'enice, Istria. Triest, itc. ; French Italy, island of Cor- 
 sica; and English Italy, the Maltese Isl.ands : the entire area 
 of which is estimated at 118.356 square miles, and the popu- 
 lation at upw.ards of 24,733,385. 
 
 Pbysicnl Pnitures. — The continental portion of Itily is 
 separated from the rest of Europe by the chain of the Alp.s. 
 In its general contour the country bears a striking K-.-iem- 
 blance to a boot, the central and X.W. portion representing 
 the upper part, and Calabria in the extreme S., the foot; 
 even the spur of the boot is represented by the projection 
 occupied chiefly by Mount Angelo, while the heel is .seen in 
 the peninsula interposed between the Adriatic and the 
 Gulf of Taranto. Its greatest length, measured from Cape 
 Leuca, in a X.W. direction, nearly through the centre of the 
 peninsula, is about 775 miles: itsbreadth in theX.. where it 
 is the widest, is about 400 miles, but it diminishes r.npidly in 
 proceeding S. ; in the centre of the peninsula its breadth is 
 only ]50miles. and, at its narrowest part it does not exceed 
 15 miles. The coast has a development e.stimated at 2174 
 miles. In the Adriatic it presents a comparatively smooth 
 and continuous line, interrupted only by the spur already 
 referred to. which, by its S. side, contribut^'s to form the Gulf 
 of Manfredonia. The deepest inlet is the Gulf of Taranto 
 in the S.E., formed by the Ionian Sea. The W. coast though 
 much more indented than the E., is more remarkable for Iho 
 number, and occasionally for the beauty of its bays, than 
 
 * Scarcely any two authorities agree as to the Austrian boun- 
 dary of Italy on the E. The boundary laid down on the m.-ips 
 published by the " Society for the Diffusion of X'seful Know- 
 ledge." and which is perhaps the one more penerally recoj^ised 
 is an imaginary line extending from the N. extremity of the 
 Adriatic, about lat. 450 4>' N., Ion. 13° lo' E., in a zigia(r N. 
 direction (partly determined by the upper portion of the river 
 Judri.) to a point in the CarnaCic'AipsN.W.of Ponteba, iu about 
 lat. 460 38/ N., Ion. 130 w. 
 
ITA 
 
 for their ma^itude. Among the most important are Santa 
 Eufemiit, Pollcastro. Salerno, Naples, Gaota, and Genoa. 
 Skily is separated from Calabria, the S. extremity of Conti- 
 nental Italy, by the Strait of Messina. The E. shore is 
 generally tlat and uninteresting; presenting, p.articularly 
 alon^ its N. part, a long .series of sandy islands and l.Hgoons, 
 ■which retard the progress of the rivers, dam up their 
 mouths, and, depriving them of a proper outlet, occasion 
 the formation of pestilential marshes. On the W. coast, the 
 game thing is occasionally seen, but occurs on a large scale 
 only in the Pontifical States, where the Pontine Marslies. not- 
 withstanding the proved practicability of draining them, 
 are permitted to spread their poisonous malaria, and convert 
 extensive tracts, of great natural fertility, into almost un- 
 inhabitable deserts. Hut. with this very prominent excep- 
 tion. theAV^.coast is considerably elevated; the ramifications 
 of the mountains often terminating in lofty difls, with a 
 magnifieent background of alpine heiirhts. Few countries 
 can boast of scenery equal to that exhibited by the Gulfs of 
 Genoa and N.iples. The most prominent capes are I'iombino, 
 Argentaro, Circello, and Campanella on the Mediterranean 
 coast, and Spartivento, and Leuca, forming the two S. points 
 in the Ionian Sea. 
 
 The great mountain ranges of Italy are the Alps, and 
 .the Apennines. The former commences near the mouth of 
 the river Var, in the division of Nice, and, after stretch- 
 ing far to the X., and still farther to the E., terminate near 
 the river Arsa, in Istri.a, forming a vast semicircular bar- 
 rier to Italy on the side of France, Switzerland, and (Jer- 
 many. The Apennines mjiy be con.sidered a continua- 
 tion of the Soutiivvestern or Maritime Alps, and although 
 not so elevated as these, are entitled to rank among the 
 great mountain chains of Europe, lieginning in the terri- 
 tory of Genoa, they first extend eastward to the Adriatic, 
 then turn S., and traverse the peninsula centrally, through 
 its entire length, to the Straits of Messina; while numerous 
 branches are thrown off laterally, and form an endless 
 succession either of loftier hills, clothed with forests, or 
 gentler slopes, covered with olives and vines. In tlie 
 Bp.ices between the mountains and hills lie valleys, remark- 
 able either for their wild romantic beauties or the extreme 
 fertility' of their soil. In the N., enclosed Ijetween the 
 ranges of the Alps and Apennines, is a plain of v.ast extent, 
 stretching from the W. frontiers of I'iedmont, across Lom- 
 bardy. to the shores of the Adri.atic. This plain, though not 
 the largest, is unquestiona))ly the most fertile in Europe, 
 and is capable of furnishing subsistence to a larger population 
 than any other of equal extent on the Continent. Other 
 plains, of great fertility, and still more attractive by their 
 beauty, occur in various parts of the Italian peninsula, in 
 the duchies of Parma and Tuscany, the Poutifical States, 
 and the kingdom of Naples. 
 
 Gc'ilnr/i/. — Except in the ranges of the Alps, and the ter- 
 minating branches of the Apennines, in the S., granite 
 and the primitive schists occupy a very limited extent of 
 surface. Volcanic formations occupy considerable tracts, 
 particularly on the AV. coasts of Naples and of the Pontifi- 
 cal States, where, by their decomposing lavas, soils of almost 
 exhauhitless fertility have been formed. At the bottom 
 of the series of sedimentary rocks is the Jura limestone, 
 largely developed in the Apennines. Commencing on the 
 E frontiers of Tuscany, it is continued, in a broad zone, 
 through the Pontifical States, far S. into the kingdom of 
 Naples : where, after a partial interruption, it reappears 
 in the S.W., chiefly in the province of Principato-Citra. It 
 also occupies a considerable space on the N. side of the 
 Gulf of Gaeta. and on the W. slope of Mount Gargano. It 
 is likewise the prevailing rock in the N. of Lombai-dy, 
 stretching from the E. shore of Lago Maggiore to the king- 
 dom of Illyria. Above the Jura limestone, and occupying 
 almost an equal extent of surface, is the chalk formation. 
 It extends E.. along the Gulf of Genoa, and N., into the 
 duchy of Parma, cros.ses the duchy of .Modena. continues S., 
 through Tuscany and the Pontifical States, forms a long, nar- 
 row belt along the E. side of the main body of the Jura lime- 
 Stone, and, tliough partially interrupted, finally reaches the 
 extremity of the peniiisul.a, where, in Cape St. JIaria di 
 Leuca, its white cliifs form the E. entrance of the Gulf of 
 Taraiito, In the N. of Naples, a large tract, of a somewhat 
 oval form, lies completely enclosed by the .Jura limestone. 
 The next strata, in the ascending series, belong to the ter- 
 tiary formation, and consist of sandstone, travertin, and 
 marl. This formation receives its chief development on the 
 E. coast; where, without attaining much width, it stretches 
 without iuterruption from the neighborhood of Rimini to 
 the N.W. extremity of the spur. Here the main l)Ody, 
 spreading out. is continued S.S.E.. and forms the greater 
 part of the shore of the Gulf of Taranto. Above all the 
 strata now mentioned, are immen.se diluvial and alluvial 
 deposits. Of these, partial tracts are found lioth on the 
 coast of Tusciiny and the Pontifical States, particularly the 
 Pontine Marshes: but they are insignificant in comparison 
 with the space which they occupy in the luxuiiant plains 
 of Lijmbardy, not only forming extensive flats along the 
 N. shores of the Adi-iatic, from the Gulf of Triest to the 
 
 ITA 
 
 Gulf of Venice, but filling the greater part ot the basin of 
 the Po. 
 
 Hirers and Lales. — The rivers ot Italy are more remark 
 able for their number than their size. By far tlie largest is 
 the I'o, which ri.ses in Mount Pi.so, on the confines of France 
 in its course to the Adriatic receives most of the streams 
 flowing southward from the Alps, and northward from the 
 upper portion of the Apenniue range. Of the firmer the 
 principal are the Dora Baltea, the Ticino. discharging the 
 waters of Liigo Magsjiore. tlie Adda, funning the outlet of 
 Lake Como, the Oglio, and the Mincio. flowing from Lake 
 Garda; and of the latter, the Strua, Tanaro. Trebbia, Sec- 
 chia, and the Panaro. The Adige. a considerable stream, the 
 Brenta, Piave, Tagliamento, and several others, flow from 
 the Alps into the Adriatic almve the Po. The rivers in the 
 S. of Italy owing to the narrowness of the peniiisnla, and 
 its peculiar conformation, it being divided by the Apennines 
 into two water-sheds, are. with but few exceptions, mere 
 mount.iin torrents, often rising suddenly in their beds and 
 as suddenly retiring. The Arno and the Tiber, however, 
 which flow through longitudinal valleys, have each a course 
 of about 180 miles. In Naples the only streams which de- 
 serve the name of rivers, are the Volturno, the Oarigliano, 
 (anc. Liris.) and the Ofanto, formerly the Aufidus. The 
 Ivhone forms part of the frontier of Savoy. Italy has 
 .some of the largest mountain lakes in Europe: many of 
 these are celebrated for their picturesque beauty ; the cliief 
 are the Lake of Garda. .Maggiore, and Lugano, the greater 
 portions of which belong to the territory; Como and Iseo, 
 which are entirely Italian. The Lake of Geneva, on its N.AV. 
 Ixirder.is principally included in Switzerland. On the S. slope 
 of tlie .Apennines are the small lakes of Trasimene, Bolseua, 
 Bracciano, Fucino, and Celano. mostly of classic interest. 
 
 Climate, d-c. — From its position, form, and. configuration, 
 Italy enjoys a varied and excellent climate, which permits the 
 productions of the temperate and some of those of the torrid 
 zone to mingle on its surface. The atmosphere especially is 
 remarkable for its clearness, which gives to every object a 
 brightness of coloring and distinctness of outline, unknown 
 to the inhabitants of Northern Europe. Snow lies during 
 the year only in the Alps, at an elevation of 9500 feet; the 
 valley of the Po has a temperate climate, resembling that 
 of the centre of France; its lakes and portions of the lagoons 
 of Venice are frozen in winter; and the orange and lemon 
 do not ripen in the open air. In the region Ix^tween lat. 
 38° 30' and 40° 30' N., snow falls only on the slopes of the 
 mountains, and the olive, orange, and citron ripen in the 
 open air ; between lat. 39° and 41° 30', snow is very rare, and 
 in the S. of Calabria. Sicily, and the neighboring islands, the 
 climate permits of the cultivation of tropical plants. Mean 
 annual temperature: — Milan, (lat. bh° 28'.) 5o'^'2; Venice, 
 (lat. 45° 2.5'.) 55°-o ; Florence, (lat. 43° 40',) 59°-2 ; Home, (lat. 
 41° 54'.) 60°-4; Naples, (lat. 40° 50',) 59°-6; Palermo, (lat. 38° 
 6',) fi:5°l Fahrenheit. The chief exceptions to the general 
 salubrity are the pestilental marshes, especially the Murein- 
 ma ill Tuscany, tlie theatre of a prolonged struggle between 
 human industry and the malignity of the cliiiiate. but is now 
 nearly deserted. The prevailing winds of Italy are Vi . and 
 S.W., during which the air is pure and healthy, but the S. 
 portion of the country is frequently visited by the pesti- 
 lential winds of Africa.the Sii-rnccnsa\A Liheccin. during which 
 vegetation is arrested, and the human frame becomes lan- 
 guid and feeble. The fauna resemlilos that of the rest of 
 Europe in similar latitudes, except that it embraces the 
 buffalo: among reptiles and insects the asp, scorpion, and 
 tarantula are found. 
 
 MineraU. — Italy is rich in mineral products, but has few 
 met.als. except iron and lead. The Apennines supply the 
 beautiful marble of Carrara. Sulphur, bf)rax, salt, nitre, 
 alum, alabaster, lava, and other volcanic productions are 
 .abundant. There is one active volcano (Vesuvius) in the 
 peninsula, and 4 in the islands, (I';tna, Stromboli. Vulcano, 
 and Vulcanello;) there are many minerals and gaseous 
 springs. 
 
 Ver/datinn, Agriculture, d-c. — The vegetable productions 
 of Italy are extremely varied; the Alps afford excellent 
 pasture, and forests, with a great variety of timber. The 
 oak flourishes at the height of 3500 fee't ; and the walnut 
 and chestnut at that of 2500 feet. At lower elevations, the 
 hills and sunny slopes become clothed with vineyards and 
 olive-yards; while the mulberry, growing with unwonted 
 luxuriance, furnishes the means of obtainirg almost un- 
 limited supplies of the finest silk. Fruits, in endless variety, 
 and of the most exquisite quality, are abundant in every 
 quarter; and even the sugar-cane and cotton-plant are culti- 
 vated with success. Among the agricultural crops are in- 
 cluded all the ordinary cereals. Corn is extensively culti- 
 vated in Sicily and in the plains of the Po, which last also 
 possesses the only extensive rice-fields in Europe. The chest- 
 nut forms an important article of food in the .\pennines. 
 The meadows and pastures, more especially in the plain of 
 the Po.have. from almost time immemorial, tl-d vast herds 
 of cows, from whose milk a cheese, possessed of peculiar 
 excellencies, which the d;uries of other countries have not 
 yet succeeded in equalling, is made, and exported to every 
 
 919 
 
ITA 
 
 ITA 
 
 qnarter of Europe. The horses of Piedmont are much 
 esteemed, and in the S. their place is supplied by e.xcellent 
 mules. Fi.sh are abundant in the rivers, and the coasts of 
 Sicily furni.'sh sponges and corals. 
 
 Manufactures:, 0)mmerce, (C-c. — The manufactures, except 
 in the S'., are unimportant. They comprise silk, chiefiy in 
 Lombardy and Piedmont, woollens, gauze, porcelain, arti- 
 ficial flowers, hats, paper, parchment, and musical instru- 
 ments. The principal imports are colonical poods, linen, 
 woollen and cotton fabrics, jewelry, and dried tish. Chief 
 exports, silk, wool. oil. honey, straw hats, and I'armesan 
 cheese; but commerce has greatly declined. The arts and 
 sciences are still cultivated with considerable success. 
 Throughout the whole of Italy, except Savoy and Corsica. 
 Italian, in very different dialects, is the language of the 
 country, but it is spoken in its purity only iu Tuscany. 
 Italy h.is long been the stronghold of Komanism; no 
 changes elsewhere have been able to shake its influence. 
 There are a few Protestant communities in Piedmont, and 
 Jews are .scattered here, as in every other part of the world. 
 
 Fknple. — The great majority of the inhabitants of Italy are 
 descendants of the ancient conquerors of the world; and 
 speak a dialect bearing, in most respects, a closer resemblance 
 to the Latin than is to be found in any other modern tongue. 
 This common language, and the recollection of the illustrious 
 deedsof their ancostor.s, form the groat bond of union among 
 the Italians. Not only were they once irresistible in arms, 
 but even in more modern times, when their military gre.at- 
 ness had pas.sed away, the revival of letters commenced 
 with this people, who long continued to furnish the first 
 names in literature, science, and art. It is impossible, 
 therefore, to imagine that their race lalwrs under any essen- 
 tial defects, in regard either to physii'al or mentjil qualities. 
 To what cause, then, .shall be attriliuted the degeneracy 
 that has undermined the character of a nation once so illus- 
 trious? Tor degeneracy, to a lamentable extent, has certainly 
 taken place; and the heroic virtues which distinguished 
 the ancient Romans are not characteristic of the modern 
 Italians. A superficial polish toooften supplies the place of 
 more substantial qualities; and the magnanimity which, in 
 ancient times, would have either pa.ssed over a fault or 
 resented it openly, frequently finds a miserable substitute 
 in the vindictive spirit which scruples not to effect its re- 
 venge by the hand of a hired assa.ssin. The value of hu- 
 man life here is nearly the lowest in the scale of European 
 nations, the proportion of deaths to the inhabitants being. 
 In Italy generally, 1 in 30 ; in Naples 1 in '29; while in Kng- 
 hind the proportion is 1 in 4.5, and in Norway 1 in 50. Not- 
 withstanding the immen.^e natural advantages of the coun- 
 try, the general population is in a state of the most abject 
 poverty. Unquestionably, the great cause which, of all 
 others, has tended most to produce this deplorable result, is 
 misgovernraent — misgoverument in its woi-stform, from the 
 evils of which no civilized people of modern times have suf- 
 fered so much as the Italians. 
 
 Divisimm. Pipidation. (6c. — The name, area, population, 
 &c. of the political divisions of Italy previous to the war of 
 1859 are-exhibited in the following Table : — 
 
 Austrian Italy (or Lom- ) 
 bardo- Venetian king- > 
 dom) V 
 
 Kingdom of Sardinia 
 
 Kingdom of Naples (in- ) 
 eluding Sicily) J 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 
 Population, 
 
 Capital city. 
 
 17,511 
 28,229 
 41,906 
 IT.ilO 
 
 8,586 
 
 2,766 
 
 •i.o-s 
 it 
 
 5S 
 
 (1850-1) 5,007 ,47i 
 
 (1852) 6,090,245 
 (1851) 8,-M,472 
 (1850) 3,006,771 
 
 (1854) 1,815,686 
 
 (1853) 507.881 
 (1850) 586,45K 
 
 • 7.600 
 6,800 
 
 Milan. 
 Turin, 
 Naplet 
 
 Grand Duchy of Tusciinyi 
 (including* hucca, an- t 
 nexed to Tu.wany, Oc- ( 
 tobei- 11, 18»"J J 
 
 Florence. 
 
 
 
 RepuWic of Shu Marino. . . . 
 Principality of Monaco 
 
 San Marino, 
 .Monaco, 
 
 Totiil 
 
 118,,<!56 
 
 24,73.-<,385 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Under the Romans, It.aly was divided into the provinces of 
 Cisjilpine-Oaul. and Venetia in the N.; Italy ppjper in the 
 centre; and Magn.a-Grrocia in the S. 
 
 Histnr;/. — The early history of Italy is involved in the ob- 
 scurity of fable. Greek colonies were first estallished in the 
 S,. where they eventually occupied a large tract of country 
 called Magn.iGnecia. Roman annals extend back 752 years 
 before the Christian era. but little is authenticated during the 
 first two centuries. Of the tribes in the vicinity of Rome, 
 the least backward were the Etrurians, who appear to have 
 colonized Sardinia, Corsica, and several districts in the 
 interior of I taiy. About two centuries before Christ, the 
 Romans carried their arms into Sicily. Italv continued sub- 
 ject to the Roman power for more than 800 vears, till over- 
 run by the Gotlis, who first crossed the barrier of the Alps 
 towards the dcse of the fitth centnrv. About the year 
 570. the Lombards entered the N. of Italy, and founded a 
 monarcliial state, which continued til! overthrown by the 
 formidable power of Charlemagne, After the death of this 
 020 
 
 sovereign, the history of Italy presents little else than a 
 succession of military struggles till about 960, when tran- 
 quillity was for a time restored by Otlio tlie Great. During 
 the long .series of tumults that ensued, the well-known 
 names of Ouelph and Ghibeline denote the parlies attached 
 respectively to the pope and the emperor. The contest be- 
 tween the ecclesiastical and civil powers began eaily. but 
 was most active in the twelfth century ; about which time 
 also Sicily fell into the hands of adventurers from Normandy, 
 and soon after Naples, which for several centuries had con- 
 stituted a small republic, became incorporated into their king- 
 dom. About the year 1470, the Jledici family establishod 
 their sway over Florence, and in 150S was formed the cele- 
 brated alliance against Venice, called the Leiigue of Cam- 
 bray. About this period the N, of Italy became the theatre 
 of the great military contests between Charles V. and 
 Francis I,, and, the former having, in 15.30, overrun the 
 entire country, Italy from that time became successively a 
 prey to the rapacity of different foreign powers, Austria 
 obtained possession in Lombardy, early in the 18th century. 
 During the continuance of the first I'rench Empire, all 
 Italy was brought under the sway of Napoleon, and wag 
 repeatedly the theatre of some of his most brilliant military 
 exploits. Savoy and Piedmont were united to France 
 in 1801; the duchy of Milan formed the Cisalpine Re- 
 public, to which, in 1805, the duchy of Venice and its con- 
 tinental possessions were added, forming together the king- 
 dom of Italy, Genoa w.is incorporated with France: and 
 Naples was first given to Joseph Bonaparte, and afterwai-ds 
 to Murat, The papal authority was overturned in 1808, 
 and the Ecclesiastical States were subsequently declared a 
 part of the French Empire, After the dismemlierment of 
 the French Empire in 1814, the states were restored to their 
 f)rmer rulers, except the duchies of Milan and Venice, 
 which were given to Austria, and formed the Lonibardo- 
 A'enetian kingdom. The revolution of IS.'iO-tM resulted in 
 the liberation of Lombardy, Ac. from Austrian rule, and th« 
 union of all Italy (except Venetia and part of the Papal 
 States) into one kingdom. See Napli s. Pontifical States, 
 Sicily, Tuscany, &c. Adj. and inhab., Italian, e-tal'yan. 
 
 ITALY, Ki.NGDOM OF. a former state, created by Napo- 
 leon in 1797, out of various provinces in the N. of Italy, wag 
 first known by the name of Cisalpine liepublic. In' 1802, 
 its name was changed to that of Italian Itepublic: and in 
 1805, it was erected into a kingdom, the sovereign being Na- 
 poleon, the viceroy his step son, Eugene Boauharnois, This 
 state comprised Lombardy, the duchy of Modena. the Vene- 
 tian territory, tlie papal legations of Ferrara. BoUigna, and 
 Rom.agna: the districts of Chiaveniia. Rorniio, and the A'aJ 
 telline; also the E. part of Piedmont lying between the Tt 
 cino and the Sesia. Its boundries were, on the N. the Alps; 
 W. the river Sesia : S. the Po. and part of the Appenines; and 
 E. Carniola and the lily rian provinces. Its final organization 
 took place in 1813, when it contained a population of 0.4€0,000. 
 The capital was Milan, in which Napoleon was crowned 
 May 26, 1805. The kingdom was overthrown in 1814, and 
 all the provinces were restored to their former masters, with 
 exception of the Venetian Republic, and the Swiss districts 
 of Bormio, Chiavenna, and the Valtelliue, vihich have been 
 annexed to Austria, 
 
 IT'.\LY, a township in Yates co,, New York. Pop. 1005. 
 
 ITALY, AUSTR1.\.\. See Lowbardo-Venetian Kingdom. 
 
 IT.\LY HILL, a post-oflice of Yates co.. New York, 
 
 ITALY HOLLOW, a post-oflice of Yates co.. New York. 
 
 ITAMARACA, ee-ta-ma-r.a-ka'. wiitten also ITAMARCA, 
 and .simply M.\RAC.\. mar"d-kd', an island of Brazil, in the 
 Atlantic, province, and "20 miles N. of Pernambuco, sepa- 
 rated from the continent by a narrow strait. Length from 
 N. to S,, 9 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 8000. It 
 contains the town of Coneeigao, and several villages, 
 
 ITAMARANDIBA, ee-t3-ma-riin-dee'bd, a river of Brazil, 
 province of Mina.s-Geraes, which joins the right bank of the 
 Aracuahl, '24 miles W, of Minas-Novas, 
 
 ITANHAEN, ee-tan-yi'^.N", formerly CONCEigAO, kon- 
 S.A-SOWN"', a maritime town of Brazil, province, and 40 mileg 
 S, of SiiO Paulo, on a bay of the Atlantic. Pop. 1200. 
 
 IT.\PACOROYA, a bav and hejidland of Brazil, province 
 of Santa Catharina; lat."26° 47' 18" S., Ion. 48° 20' W. 
 
 1T.\ PA RICA, ee-tS-p.'l-ree'kd, an island of Ih-azil, belonging 
 to the province of. and in the Bay of Bahia. immediately 
 opposite Bahia. the harlxjr of which it shelters. Length, 18 
 miles; greatest breadth. 6 miles. 
 
 ITAPK.MIRIM. ee-tS-p.l-me-reeN"', a vill.age of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 65 miles S.\\'. of Espirito Santo, on the river ol 
 its own name, near its mouth, in the Atlantic. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ITAPETENINGA. ee-ta-p.-\-t.vneeng'gd. a town of Brazil, 
 province, and 120 miles W. of Sao Paulo, in a fertile valley. 
 Near it great numljers of cattle are reared, whiih are ex- 
 ported to Rio Janeiro. Pop. of the district, 6u00. 
 
 IT.\PEVA. ee-td p.Vv3, a market-town of Brazil, profinee, 
 and 160 miles W. of S.ao Paulo. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ITAPICU. ee-td-pe-koo', a river of Brazil, after a course of 
 90 miles, falls into the sea, between Point Itapat^oroyaand 
 the mouth of the Aracari. 
 
 ITAPICUKU, ee-til-pe-koo-roo', a river of Brazil, provli>3e 
 
ITA 
 
 ITZ 
 
 of Bahia, enters the Atlantic, 90 miles NJ!. of Bahia, after 
 au E. course of ;!5(i miles. 
 
 ITAI>ICUi;U-DE-CIMA, e-ta-pe-koo-roo/-d;\-see'ml. a town 
 of Eri/.il. province, and 110 miles N.N.E. of Balxia, near tile 
 river Itapicuru. 
 
 ITA I'lC U RU- '! A ND K, e ti-pe-ltoo-roo'-grdnMA. a town of 
 Brazil, province of Baliia, on tlie Itapicuru. about 45 miles 
 from its mouth, with a parish church, and some trade in 
 cotton and onttle. 
 
 ITAI'ICUIIU-GRANDE, a river of Brazil, province of 
 JIaranhao, after a northward cour.se of upwards of 410 
 miles, joins the river Silo Joze, S. of .Maranhao Island. 
 
 ITAPUA or YTAPUA, ee-td-poo'l, improperly written ITA- 
 PtlllA, a town of l\arai;u.ay, iu South America, on the Pa- 
 rana. 175 miles E.N.h). of Corrientes. 
 
 ITAQUEIllA, ee-td-k.Ve-rd, a mountain range of Brazil, 
 In the S.E. part of the province of Matto-Qrosso, stretches 
 for a (Treat distance aloni; the riglit bank of the I'araua. 
 
 ITAS'CA, a newly formed count}', in the N. E. part of 
 Minnesota, bordering on the British possessions, contains 
 abont .^700 square miles. It is intersected by the Missis- 
 8il)pi River, and drained by the Willow, Swan, Deer and 
 other rivers. 'I'ho surface is uneven, and diversified by 
 numerous lakes. Pop. 51. 
 
 ITASCA, a post-village of Benton co., Minnesota, on the 
 Mississippi Kiver, about 20 miles above St, Paul. 
 
 ITASCA LAKE, into which flow the liead-waters of the 
 Mississippi, is situated near the summit of the Hauteurs de 
 Terre, (the dividing ridge Vwtween the sources of the Ked 
 River of the north, and the streams wliidi flow into the 
 Gulf of Mexico.) in lat. 47° 10' N.. Ion. 95° 51' W.. and at an 
 elevation of 1575 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexi- 
 co. It is a i)eantiful sheet of water, lying among the hills, 
 surrounded with pine.s. The outlet is 10 or 12 feet wide, 
 and from 12 to IS inches deep. Discovered by Schoolcraft, 
 July 13, 1832. 
 
 ITATA, e-td'ta, or CIIILLAN, cheel-yJn', a river of Chili, 
 department of Concepcion, enters the Pacific, 60 miles N.N.E. 
 of Concepcion. after a westward course estimated at 150 
 miles. The name Chili,.\x, is more properly applied to the 
 N. and principal branch of the Itata. Tlie small town of 
 It.\t.\ is near the river, 20 miles S,E. of its mouth. 
 
 ITATI or ITATY, e-tS-tee/, a market-town of the Argen- 
 tine Republic (I.,a I'lat.i.) in South America, 35 miles N.E. of 
 Corrientes, on the Parana. 
 
 ITAU'AM'B.\, a county in the E.N.E. part of Mississippi, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of alxiut 1000 sfjujire 
 miles, it i.s intersected by the Tombigbee Kirer, and by 
 Oldtown and Bullmouth Creeks. The surface is generally 
 a level plain, almost destitute of trees. The soil is a lieavy 
 loam, of a very dark color, strongly impregnated with lime, 
 and highly productive. The route of the Mobile and Ohio 
 l!aili-oad passi's tlirou'.:h the county. Named from the 
 daughter of an Indian chief. Capital, Fulton. Pop. IT.'JOo, 
 of whom 14,167 were free, and 3528. 
 
 ITCil'APOOK'. a town of British India, presidency of Ma- 
 dras. 25 miles S.W. of Ganjam Lat. 19° 4' N., Ion. 84° 52' E. 
 
 ITCII-ELEE, ITCH-TLI or ITSII-ILI, itch'eeMee', written 
 also ITCIIIL or ITSHTL. a pashalic of Asia Minor, com- 
 piising all its S. coast between Anatolia and North Syria, 
 having N. Mount Taurus, and watered by tlieOhiuk-sovyoo, 
 and some smaller rivers. It is subdivided into five sanjaks. 
 
 ITCII'EN, or AINE, a river of England, after a course of 
 22 miles, enters the sea at Itchenferry, 1 mile E. of South- 
 ampton. 
 
 ITCII'ENOll, EAST, a hamlet of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ITCIIENOR. WEST, a maritime parish and villaire of 
 Emrland. co. of Sussex, with a quav on Chichester Harbor, 
 5 miles W. S. W. of Chichester. Population 232. It was 
 formerly called Ichenor or Ikeuor, and is probably the old 
 Keyenor. 
 
 ITCII-TL or TTCIMLI. See Itch-ei-ee. 
 
 ITCII'IN AliliOTS. a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 ITCH'I.VGKTELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ITCH'INGTON, BISHOP'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 ITCIIINGTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. Wa> 
 wick. 
 
 ITCHTN STOICE, a parish of England, co. of Il.ants. 
 
 ITCUIJMAN or leilLI.MAN, ieh-le-min', a town of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, in Bulgaria, 35 miles ?,E, of Sophia, 
 
 ITENEZ, ariver of South America. See GuA pore. 
 
 ITEKI-CANNEDU, e-ta'ree-kdu-nA-doo', a town in the 
 IsLind of Sariiinia. It is a large but ill-built place, has 
 several cliurches. a monastery, and the extensive ruins of 
 iu old alibey. Pop. 4446. 
 
 irElil-FUSTIALBU, e-tA'ree-foo.s-te-dl-boo'. or ITEUED- 
 DU, e t.i-r&ddofV, a town of Sardinia, province of Oziei-i, 
 yith the remains of an old ca.stle picturesquely .situated on 
 .in almost inaccepsil)le heii;ht. I'op, 1840. 
 
 ITHACA, ith'a-ka. T1IEAK:I or THIAKT, the-d'kee. one 
 of the Ionian Itjlands, among which it holds the fifth rank, 
 to the Jlediterranean, 2 miles E. of Cephalonia, between it 
 md Albania, Length from N, to S., 14 miles : greatest 
 breadth. 4 miiog. Area, 44 square miles. Pop. 9744. It is 
 
 nearly divided Into two halves by a deep bay on its E. side. 
 Surface wholly mountainous. Some olive-oil, currants, supe 
 rior wine, and honey, with corn, are raised ; but the soil is 
 poor, and the population live chiefly by maritime trade. 
 Chief town, Vathi, on a l)ay, ia whicli are some good har- 
 bors. On this island are some Cyclopean walls, and other 
 
 remains of antiquity. Adj. and inhab. Ith'ac.^n. 
 
 ITH'AC.V, a post-to wn.ship of Tompkins co.. New York, at 
 the southern extremity of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 6909. 
 
 ITHACA, a post-borough, ca|)ital of Tompkins CO., New 
 York, on both sides of Cayuga Inlet, a mile S. of the head of 
 Cayuga Lake, and 162 miles W . by S. of Albany. It is situ- 
 ated on a plain, and on the lower declivity of a hill, enclus- 
 ing it on the E., S., and W., rising grailnally 500 feet, and 
 commanding an extensive view of the picturesque scenery 
 for which Cayuga Lake is remarkable. The towu is regu- 
 larly laid out and handsomely built. It contains 9 churches, 
 3 banks, and an academy. Cornell University, endoweil by 
 Hon. E. Cornell with $500,000, and with an income from a 
 million acres of land, is incorporated, and will be ready for 
 opening at an early day. Two weekly newspapers are pnl)- 
 li.shed here. Steamboats ply daily from this town to the 
 foot of the lake, and connect witli the main lines of travel 
 and tran.sportation. The Cayuga and Su.squehanna Kailroaa 
 connects it with Owego. Fall Creek, which enters the lake, 
 furnishes abundant water-power. Among the manufactories 
 of Ithaca are 1 woollen factory, 5 flouring-mills, 1 oil-mill, 
 1 saw and planing-mill, 3 tanneries, 3 tobacco factories, 1 
 paper-mill, and 3 iron-foundries, with machine-shops. Pop. 
 of the township in 1860, 6843. 
 
 ITHACA, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, about 100 
 miles W. of Columbus. 
 
 ITII'ACA, a large village of British Guiana, near the Bep- 
 bice River. Pop. 2000. 
 
 JTHO.ME, e-tho'mee. a mountain of Greece, in the Morea, 
 
 government of Messenia, 25 miles N.VV. of Kalaniata. 3865 
 
 feel iu elevation, at its S. slope, in a village of the .same name. 
 
 ITH'O.V, a river of South Wales, co. of Radnor, after a S. 
 
 course, joins the Wye, 2 miles N.N.W. of Builth. 
 
 ITINIVINI, e-te-ne-vee'nee, a branch of the Cassiquiare 
 River, South America, in Venezuela, separates from that 
 river about 45 miles l)elow the point where it leaves the 
 Orinoco, and unites with the Rio Negro 40 miles N.W. of 
 the IrtHux' of the Ca-ssUjuiare. 
 
 ITIU.M PROMONTOltlU.M. See C.\pe Gris-Nez. 
 ITON or YTO.N', eeHA.N"', a river of I'rance, rising 5 miles 
 N. of Mortagne. department of Orne, joins the Eure after a 
 X. course of 58 miles, for the last 25 of which it is navigable 
 for rafts. Above Evreux it runs nndiT ground lor :> miles. 
 ITOOROOP, ITOUROUP or ITURUP. e-too-roop'. ATOR. 
 KOO or ATORKOU, il-tor-koo', GORTI'OO. gort-poo', or 
 ■^TAT'EN ISLAND, the largest of the Koorile Islands, in 
 the North Pacific Ocean, belonging to Russia, separated 
 northward by Vries Strait from the island of Ooroop, and 
 southward by St. .\nthony Strait from the Japane.se i.sland 
 of Koonasheer. Lat. of N. peak. 45° .38' N., ion.. 149° 15' E. 
 Length. 140 miles; average breadth, 20 miles. It is moun- 
 tainous, and contains an active volcano. Principal products, 
 fish and timber, with furs. 
 
 ITRABO, ee-trd'BO, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- 
 vince, and 30 miles from Granada. Pop. 1903. 
 
 ITRI, ee'tree, a town of Naples, province of Terra di La- 
 voro, 7 miles N.W, of Gaeta. Pop. 4100. 
 
 ITS.^TSOU, eet'sdtVsoo', a village of France, department of 
 Basses-Pyrenees. 12 miles S. of Bayonno, Pop. 1550. 
 ITSII-iLI or ITSH-IL. See Itcii-elee. 
 ITSKHlNI-ITSK.\^Ll.it-skee'nee-it-ska/lee,(" horse river.") 
 a river of Asiatic Russia, in Transcaucasia, tributary to the 
 lUon, (anc. r/iaUis.) which it joins 30 miles E. of Poti. 
 
 ITTER, Neer, naiR. ifter, a village of Holland, province 
 of Liml)urg. 9 miles S.W. of Roermonde. Pop. 700. 
 
 ITTERINGIIAM, a parish of Englaml, county of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ITTLINGEN, lttning-?n, a village of Baden, on the El- 
 senz. 3 miles S. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1821. 
 
 ITTON, a parish of England, co. of .Monmouth. 
 ITU. HITU. or YTU, e-too'. a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 70 miles W.N.W. of Siio Paulo, on the Tiete. It has 
 numerous religious edifices, a hospital, prison, and schools. 
 Pop. 10.000. 
 
 ITUCAMBIR.\^, e-too-k3m-bee'rR, a river of Brazil, jcins 
 the .Tequitinhonha after a course of about 120 miles. 
 
 ITUNAMA, e-too-nd-mj', or TDNAMA. too-nd-md', a rivet 
 of Brazil, rises in the province of Matto-Grosso, and joins 
 Guapore in lat. 12° 20' S. It.-i principal atllnent is the Machapo. 
 ITUREA, I-too're-3, a district of Palestine, between Lak« 
 Tiberias and Damascus, 
 ITURUP. See Itooroop. 
 ITZ.\C,alakeof Central America. See Petex. 
 ITZ EHOE, it'seh-ho'eh, a town of Denmark, duchy of IIol- 
 stein. on the St6r. .31 niiles N.W. of Alton.a. Pop. I'iOOO. It 
 con.sists of an old and a new town, connected by a lonjj 
 bridge, and hiui several churches, an institution for noble 
 ladies, manufactures of tobacco, chiccory. and pl.iy lug- cards, 
 sugar-refineries, and a flourishing general trade. 
 
 921 
 
lua 
 
 izz 
 
 ItOAX or IUG.A.N BOLCnOI. SeeToooAN Bolshoi. 
 
 T\ .\HI, e-vl-hee'. or UBAIII, oo-bd-hee', a river of Brazil, 
 pn Tlnce of Sao Paulo, joins tlie Parana, in lat. 23° 20' S., 
 foD •A'^ W., after a W. course, estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 IVAKI-SIMA, ee-vi'kee-see'mi. an island of Japan, in the 
 Sea of Japan, 21 miles from the W. coast of Niphon. It is 
 15 miles long, by 6 miles broad. 
 
 lA'AXDA. ee-vdn'd^ a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal, 
 about 10 miles from TemeSvar. Pop. 1240. 
 
 IVAX.O0R0D, ee-vjn'-go-rod', a market-town of Rus.oia, 
 fovernment, and 52 miles S.E. oif Tchernigov, on the Oster. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 IVAX-GOROD. a market'town of Russia, government, 
 and V8 miles S.W. of St Petersburg, on the Narova, opposite 
 Narva. Pop. 1000. 
 
 I' VAN HOE, a post> village of Linn co., Iowa, on Red Cedar 
 River, 18 miles N. of Iowa City. 
 
 IVANICH-FESTUNG, iv'^n-iK-f^s'tOdng. a town of Aus- 
 trian Croatia, in an island formed by the Lonya, 18 mUes 
 E.S.E. of Acram. Pop. 780. 
 
 IVANICH-KIiOSTKR. iv'Jn-iK-klos'ter. a town of Austrian 
 Croatia, about 3 miles N.E. of Ivanich-Festung. Pop. 750. 
 
 IVANOVO or IWANOWNO. ee-vd-no'vo. a market-town 
 of Russia, government, and 66 miles N.N.E. of Vladimeer. 
 
 IVANY, eeVdn'. a market-town of West Hungary, co., and 
 2;< miles S.E. of Oedenburg. Pop. 1449. 
 
 I'VEL. a river of England, co. of Bedford, joins the Ouse 
 at Teaipsfbrd. after a north-eastward course of 20 miles. 
 
 IV KL, or YEO, yo. a river of England, co. of Somerset, haj? 
 a N.>V. course of 27 miles, and joins the Parret at Lang- 
 port. 
 
 I VELCHESTER. a town of England. See Tlchestek. 
 
 I'VEK. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 I'VEHSON. a post-office of Bienville parish. Louisi.ina. 
 
 IVE'RUS. or IVEROS'SA, a parish of Ireland, iu Mun- 
 ster. CO. of Limerick. 
 
 IVES (ivz) GKOVE, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin, 
 about 90 miles E.S.E. of Madison. 
 
 IVES' STORE, a postoffice of Princess Anne co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 IVIQA, IVIZA. e-vee'sl. or IBISA, e-Bee'sS. (anc. Ehtisun.) 
 the smallest and westernmost of the three principal Balearic 
 Isl.inds, b(>longing to Spain, in the Mediterraneaij, 54 miles 
 S.W. of Majorca. Length, 22 miles; average breadth, 12 
 miles. Pop. 11,000. The coast is indented by numerous 
 small bays, the principal being those of San Antonio and 
 Ivi^a. The surface is hilly and well wooded. The valley 
 is fertile, producing olives, corn, fiax. hemp, figs, and 
 almonds. Timber, and salt from large salt-works along the 
 coasts, are almost the sole exports. Principal towns. Iviga. 
 the capital, on the S.E. coast, (pop. 5970.) San Antonio, and 
 San Miguel. The two islands of IviQa and Formentera 
 were anciently called Pityulsfp, a name supposed to be de- 
 rived from the numlser of pine trees growing on them; 
 
 irjri'i (pitiis) in Greek signifying a "pine." Adj. and in- 
 
 hab. IvigAN or Ivizan. e-vee'Stan. 
 
 IVIE. eev'yi, or lA'^lJR, ee've-ya\ a market-town of Rus- 
 sian Poland, government, and 55 miles S.E. of Vilna. Pop. 
 1440. 
 
 IV1NGH0E, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks, .3 miles N.N.W. of the Tring station of the London 
 and North-western Railway. I'op. in 1851, 2024. It has an 
 ancient Gothic church, in which are monuments of the 
 Buncombe family, and the tomb of Henrj* of Blois, Bishop 
 of Winchester, and brother of King Stephen. 
 
 IVIZ.\. an island of the Mediterranean. See Ivi^.^. 
 
 lA'ORY COAST, a region of Africa. See Guinea. 
 
 IVOY LE-PK£, eeVwd'-leh-pri', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Cher, arrondissenient, Sancerre. Pop. 2770. 
 
 IVREA, e-vrA/d. (anc. Epiirt'dia.) a town of I'iedmont, 
 division, and 29 miles N.N.K. of Turin, capital of a province 
 of its own name, on the left bank of the Dora Baltea. a little 
 below the opening of the Val d'Aosta. Pop. 7000. It is en- 
 closed by old walls, commanded by a citadel and a neighbor- 
 ing fort, and has an old cathedral. 5 other churches, 7 con- 
 Vents, a seminary, hospital, and manufiictures of silk goods. 
 Under the French it was the capital of the department of 
 Doire. 
 
 IVRY-LA-B ATAILLE. eeVree/ li-baHJl'. a town of France, 
 department of Kure, 17 miles S.E. of Evreux. Pop. 870. It 
 Is celebrated for the decisive victory gained by Henry IV. 
 OTer Mayenne in 1590. 
 
 IVUY-SUR-SEINE, eeVree/-sllR-sAn, a village of France, 
 d<ipartment of Seine, on a slope near the Seine. 4j miles 
 8.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 8549. It has a pretty church, a fine 
 country mansion, formerly belonging to the Dukes of Or- 
 leans, some agreeable villas, manufactures of steam ma- 
 chinery, glass, earthenwares, and chemical products, with a 
 Bugar-refiuery, and stone quarries. 
 
 I^'Y, a post-offlee of Yancey co.. North Carolina. 
 
 IVY. a post-office of Miami CO.. Indiana. 
 
 tVY BKND. a post-office of .Madison co.. North Carolina. 
 
 I • Y BLUFF, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama. 
 
 I'V Y BKIDUE, a chapolry and village of England, co. of 
 Devon, on the Erme, 6 miles E. of Plympton-EarL 
 922 
 
 IVY CHTJRCn, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IVY CREEK MILLS, a post-office of Bedford co., Wf 
 glnia. 
 
 IVY ISLAND, a post-office of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 IVY LOG, a post-offlce of Union co., GeorgLi. 
 
 IVY MILLS, a post-village of Delaware CO., Pennsylvania, 
 88 miles E. by S. of Harrisburg. 
 
 I'WADE. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 IWANOWNO. a town of Russia. Pee Ivanovo. 
 
 I'WERNE COURTENAY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 IWERNE MIN'STER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 IWUY. eeVwee'. a market-town of France, department of 
 Nord, 6 miles N.E. of Cambrai. Pop. in 1852. 3(J63. 
 
 IXELLES, eex'MV. (Flemish. Blm-.m, el'seh-neh,) a village 
 of Belgium, province of South Brabant, 1 mile S. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 2720. 
 
 IXONIA, ix-o^ne-a, a post-township in Jefferson co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 1809. 
 
 IXWORTH. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk, 6i miles N.E. of Bury-St. Edmund's.' It Is well 
 built, and situated on the banks of a small river. 
 
 IXWORTH, THORPE, (thorp,) a parish of England, co. ol 
 Suffolk. 
 
 IZA, a town of Peru. See Tc.i. 
 
 IZA, ee'zoh\ a village of Hungary, about 25 miles from 
 Szigeth. on the Nagv-Ag. Pop. 1240. 
 
 IZABAL or ISABAL, e-sS-Bai'. a village of Central Ame- 
 rica, state, and 90 miles N.E. of Guatemala, on the S.E. 
 shore of the Golfo Dulce. Pop. 15( 0. 
 
 IZALCO. ISALCO or YSALCO. eesjl'ko, a volcano of Cen- 
 tral America, state of San Salvador, 10 miles N. of Son- 
 sonate. 
 
 IZALCO, ISALCO or YSALCO, a town of Central America 
 state, and 40 miles W. by S. of San Salvador. I'op. 4000. 
 
 IZAMAL, e-sd-m3l'. a city of Yucatan, 45 miles E. of Me- 
 rida. with a convent founded in 1553. 
 
 IZ'.^KD, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, has an area 
 of 880 square miles. It is inter.sected by White I'iver. The 
 surface is diversified ; the soil is fertile. Capital, Mount 
 Olive. Pop. 7215. of whom <S^^ were free, and 3S2 slaves. 
 
 IZE. ee'zJ/. a market-town of France, department of lUe-et- 
 Vil.iine. 5 miles N.W. of Vitre. Pop. 2040 ? 
 
 IZEAUX. eeVo'. a village of France, department of Is6re, 
 14 miles N.N.E. of St Mai-cellin. Pop. lotiO. 
 
 IZEL. ee'zel, a villaireof Belgium, province of Luxembourg, 
 on the Semois, 21 miles W. of Arlon. Pop. 1788. 
 
 IZERNORE, ee'zJn'noR'. a village of France, department 
 of Ain. 6 miles N.N.W. of Nantua. Pop. 1114. 
 
 IZIIMA or IJMA Izh'mS. a river of North Russia, govern- 
 ments of Vologda and Arch.angel. joins the Petchora. after a 
 northward course of 190 miles through a desert region. 
 
 IZIEUX, ee^ze-Ch'. a village of France, department of 
 Loire, on the Ban. 1 mile E.N.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. 2798. 
 
 IZIOOM. IZIOUM. IZIUM. ISTUM. iz-e-oom', or ISJUM, 
 a town of Russia, government, and 70 miles S.E. of Kharkov, 
 on the Donetz. Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by ramparts, and 
 has a citadel on an adj.acent height. 
 
 IZMEN. or IZ5IENY, iz^mffi'. a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Tolna. about 10 miles from Szexard. Pop. 1103. 
 
 IZMIR or IZMYR. See Smyiixa. 
 
 IZNAJAR or IZXAXAR, eeth-ni-haR', (anc. AngeJla.^.) a 
 town of Spain, province of Cordova, near the Genii, 14 miles 
 S.E. of Lucena. Pop. -3808. 
 
 IZN.AXLOZ or ISN A LLOZ. eeth-nSl-yoth', a town of Spain, 
 province, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Granada. Pop. 3082. 
 
 IZNATORAF, eeth-nJ-to-r3f', (imc.. Anntnrffi.t.f) a walled 
 town of Spain, province, and 45 miles N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 
 2101. 
 
 IZNEEK. IZNIK, ISNIK. iz'neek', or NICE, neess. (anc. 
 N'iccB'a.) a village and ruined city on the E. extremity of 
 Lake Isneek, 32 miles S.S.W. of Ismeed. and 40 miles K.N.E. of 
 Brusa. The village comprises abont 150 houses enclosed by 
 ancient double walls, with gates and towers still ne;irly per- 
 fect. The first general ecclesiastical council met at Niciea, 
 in .325. on which occasion the " Nicene creed" was framed ; 
 another council was held here in 787. This city was the 
 first conquest of the Crusaders in the East, being taken in 
 1097. 
 
 IZNEEK, IZNIK or ISNTK. LAKE OF. (anc. Axca'niia 
 Laciis.) a beautiful lake of .\sia Minor, in Anatolia, 17 miles 
 E. of the Gulf of Moodania. into which it discharges itself 
 by a small river. Length from E. to W., 14 miles ; breadth, 
 
 4 miles. 
 
 IZON, ee^z^N"', a village of France, department of Gironde, 
 
 5 miles W. Libourne. Pop. 1470. 
 
 IZS,\K, is*s4k'. a village of Hungary, in Hither Danube, 
 CO.. and 40 miles from Pesth. Pop. 5069. 
 
 IZTACCIHUATL or IST.^CCIHUATL. ees-tiik-se-hwjt'l', 
 a volcano of the Mexican Confederation, department and 30 
 miles W.N.W. of La Puebla. Elevation. 15.705 leet- 
 
 IZVORNIK. a town of European Turkey. See Zvornik. 
 
 IZZAXO. lt-s3'no. or ISjVNO. ee-s3'no, a village of Northern 
 Italy. 4 miles E. of Crema. Pop. 1200. 
 
JAA 
 
 JAO 
 
 Ji^ Names beginning with J, in Eastern Europe and 
 Asia, will, in this work, generally be found under Y, thus : 
 fcr Jablonoi, see Yaulonoi; Jassy', see Yassy, &c. 
 
 JAAK, ydk, a villafre of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, 12 
 miles from Steinamanner. Pop. 1115. 
 J.\AL().\8, zhA'lAW, a villajre of France, department of 
 Marne. 9 miles N.K. of Chalons-sur-Marne. Pop. 575. 
 
 JA.\M, yim, a villasre of Hungary, co. of Krasna, 10 miles 
 from Oravitza, on the Kra.sso. Pop. 1142. ■* 
 
 JAAH, ydR,or GKKR, (?) iiaiR, a river of Belgium, after a 
 N.E. course of 30 miles, joins the Meuse at Maestricht. 
 
 J.\AnSVELD, yias'viMt, a village of Holland, province, 
 and 1 mile S.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 1079. 
 
 JABADII INSUr.A. See Sumatra. 
 
 JABAHY, XABAHY, id-na-ree'. YAVARY, yj-vlree'. or 
 HYABAKY, he-i'l>A-ree', a river of South America, forming 
 a part of the boundary between Brazil and Peru, rises in lat. 
 8°S.. Ion, 72° W.. and. after a N.E. course of at least 450 miles, 
 joins the Marafiou at Tabatinga. It is navigable 200 miles. 
 
 JABBALI'OOK. .iai>bal-poor', or JUBBULI'OOR. jiib-biil- 
 poor', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal. 48 miles 
 N.W. of Mundlah. It has a manufacture of carpets, and 
 transit trade In cotton and silk fabrics, iron. salt, and sugar. 
 
 J.^BBEKK. yiVliA'kgh. a village of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders. 6 miles W.S.W. of Bruges, on the railway 
 from Ostend to Bruges. Pop. 1260. 
 
 J.\BBOK. a river of Syriji. See Jabok. 
 
 •lA BK.\ or X.\BI*;A. iid-n,Vd, a town of .''pain, province, and 
 45 miles X.E. of Alicante, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 3664. 
 
 JA'BKSH GliyKAI). a town of Palestine. 
 
 JABKAN DJABKA. a river of Asia. See Tchabkan. 
 
 J A BLON EV, a town of Russia. See Yabloxev. 
 
 JABLONKA, yi-blon'kOh, a village of North Hungary, co. 
 of Arva, near the Galiciaa frontier, 60 miles N.E. of Neu- 
 sohl. Pop. 3039. 
 
 J ABLOXOr MOUNTAINS, of .Siberia. See Yablonoi. 
 
 J.\]5L0X0W, yi-blo'nov, a market-town of Austrian Po- 
 land, iij Oalici.a. lO miles S.W. of Kolomea, on the Ijuczka. 
 
 J.A.BHJXIv.\U, yd-bloon'kdw, a town of Austrian Silesia, 
 14 miles S.S,E. of Teschen, on the Olsa. Pop, 2100. Five 
 miles S. of the town is the Pass of Jabluuka, leading into 
 Hungary, and defended by a fort. 
 
 J. \ BO AH, .jJ-bo'l or JABOiyAII. a town of Hindostan. 
 presidency of Bengal, province of Malwah, 2S0 miles S.S.W. 
 of Oojein. in lat, 22° 46' N„ Ion. 74° 39' E. 
 
 JA'BOK, JABBOK or ZES'KA, a river of Asiatic Turkey, 
 pashalic of Damascus, rises in the Ilaooran Mountains, Hows 
 W., passing N. of Mount Gilead. and after a course of about 
 45 miles, falls into the Jordan about 30 miles N. of the Dead 
 Sea. It is mentioned in Scripture as the lx)undary which 
 separated the kingdom of Sihon, King of the Amorites, from 
 that of (Jg. King of Bashan. 
 
 JABUGO or X:.\BUGO, lia-boo'go, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 47 mijes X.E. of Huelva. Pop. 2101. 
 
 JABUKA, yi^boo'k6h\ a village of Hungary, in Banat, 
 CO.. and 62 miles S. of Temeayar, on the Temes. Pop. 2148. 
 
 J.\BUKA. a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, co. of Te- 
 mesvar, 4 miles from Yersecz. Pop. 1235. 
 
 .TACA, JACCA, or XACA, HiTvl a frontier town of Spain, 
 province, and 30 miles X.N.W. of Iluesca. Pop. 3012. It is 
 enclosed by walls, and has a strong citadel, a cathedral, a 
 bishop's palace, and b.arracks. 
 
 .I.\C All Kill. zhi-kd-rA-hee', a town of Brazil, province, and 
 60 miles E.N.E. of Sao Paulo, on the Parahiba. Pop. 7000. 
 
 JACATRA, Java. See Jak.atra. 
 
 JACIX'TO, a post-village, capital of TLshemingo co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 250 miles N. N.E. of Jackson. It has 1 or 2 news- 
 paper offices. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad will here inter- 
 sect the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. 
 
 JACK'MAX'S SOUXD, a harbor in Frobi.sher Strait, Arc- 
 tic Ocean. British North -America, opposite Susse.x Island. 
 
 J.iCKRKE, jik'ree, a village of the Punjab, on the Jhy- 
 lum. 27 miles S.W. of Pind-Dadun-Khan. 
 
 JACKS/BOROUGILorJACKSOXBOROUGII, a small post- 
 Tillage, capital of Campbell co., Tenne.'see, 152 miles E. by 
 N. of Nashville. It stands near the S.E. base of Cumber- 
 land Mountain. 
 
 JACKSBOROUGII, a small village of Warren co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 JACK S CREEK, a post-offtee of Yancey co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 JA CK S CREEK, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 JACK'S FORKS, a post-office of Te.xas co„ Mis.souri. 
 
 JACK'SOX, a county in the W. part of W. Virginia, bor- 
 dering on the state of Ohio, contains 405 square miles. The 
 Ohio lUver washes its W. border, and it is drained by the 
 Sandy and Big Mill Creeks. The surface is hilly; the soil 
 Is generally adapted to grazing. The county contains lime- 
 Btone of good quality. Capital, Ripley. Pop. 8306, of whom 
 8251 ware free, and 55 glave? 
 
 JACKSON, a county of North Carolina, bordering on Teiv- 
 nessee and South Carolina, lias an area estimated at lOOlJ 
 square miles. It is drained by the TucUaseegee River, nn 
 affluent of the Tenne.ssee. The county is a m.-untainous 
 tract, between the Blue Ridge on the S.E.. and the Iron 
 Mountain on the N.W. The soil produces good pasture, and 
 some gi-ain. The county was formed in 1850, from Haywood 
 and Macon counties. Pop. in I860, 5.515. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 37^! square miles. It is traversed by tlie prin- 
 cipal branches of Oconee River. The surface is uneven; 
 much of the soil is unproductive. Granite and quartz are 
 abundant in the county; iron, soapstone. and asbestos are 
 found. Named in honor of General James Jackson. United 
 States senator from Georgia. Capital, Jeft'erson. Pop. 10,605, 
 of whom 7270 were free, and 3329 slaves. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the N.W. part of Florida, border- 
 ing on Alabama, contains 1060 square miles. The Chatta- 
 hoochee and Appalachicola Rivers, iiavigalile by steamboats, 
 form its boundary on the E., and it is intersected by the 
 Chipola River. The surface is nearly level, and partly 
 covered with pine forests. Capital, Marianna. Pop. 10,209, 
 of whom :'306 were free, and 4903 slaves. 
 
 JACKSON, a county of Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, 
 and on Pascagoula Bay, has an area of alx)ut 1230 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Pascagoula River. The soil is 
 sandy and sterile, mostly covered )>v pine wnotis. Capital, 
 Jacksonborough. Pop. 4122, of whom 3035 were free, and 
 1087 slaves. 
 
 JACKSON, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, contains 
 7F0 square nnles. It is drained liy small affluents of the 
 Washita River. The surface is undulaHng. the soil mostly 
 fertile. A strong current of emigration from the older ait- 
 ton states has recently been directed to this section of Loui- 
 siana. Capital. Vernon. Pop. 9465, of whom 5307 were free, 
 and 4098 slaves. 
 
 .TACKSON, a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on 
 Lavacca Bay, has an area of 884 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Lavacca River, navigable by small boat.s, and al.so 
 drained by the Navidad River. The surface consists partly 
 of prairies : the soil near the streams is fertile. Capital, 
 Te.xana. Pop. 2612, of whom 1418 were free. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the N.E. part of Arkansa.s. has an 
 area of about 1040 square miles. The Black and White 
 Rivers form the W. boundary. It is also dr.iined by the 
 Cache River. The surface Is level ; the soil fertile. The 
 county contains large fore.sts of cypress and a.sh, which sup- 
 ply the chief article of export. Capital, Elizabeth. Pop. 10,493, 
 of whom 7958 were free. 
 
 JACKSON, a county of Alabama, bordering on Tennessee 
 and Georgia, has an area of 1150 square miles. It is inter- 
 sAted by Tennessee River and numerous creeks. The sur- 
 face is traversed by mountain ridges. Capital, Bellefonte. 
 Pop. 18.283, of whoin 14,878 were free, and :«05 
 
 JACKSON, a county of Tennessee, bordering on Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 630 square miles. It is in- 
 sected by Cumberland Iliver. • The surface is diversitiod 
 by hills and valleys. Capital, Gainesborough. Pop. 11,722 
 of whom 10,513 were free. 
 
 J.\CKSON, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area 
 of about 378 g<iuare miles. It is drained by the Little Scioto 
 River, and by Salt and Symmes's Creeks. The surface is 
 moderately hilly, and the soil generally fertile. Stone coal, 
 iron, marble, and salt can lie procured in any desii-ahle quan- 
 tity. The county is intersect(^d liy the Scioto and Hocking 
 Valley Railroad. The Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad 
 also passes along its N. border. Capital, Jackson. Popular 
 tion, 17.941. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the S. central part of Michigan, 
 contains about 720 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of the Grand, Kalamazoo, and Raisin River.s. The 
 .soil is a rich, sandy loam. Limestone and sandstone are 
 abundant, and stone coal and iron are found in the county. 
 The Central Railroad connects the county with Detroit and 
 Lake Michigan. Capital, Jackson. Pop. 26,671. 
 
 J.\CK.SON. a county in the S. part of Indiana, contains 
 544 square miles. It is drained by the Driftwood Foik of 
 White River. The surface is mostly undulating, and pre- 
 sents a variety of soils, some of which are very fertile. It 
 contains beds of iron ore, the extent of which has not been 
 explored. The railroad from JefTersonville to Columbus 
 passes through the county. Organized in 1815. Capital, 
 Brownstown. Pop. 16,286. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Missouri, has an area of about 645 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S.W. by the Mississippi River, intei-sected 
 by Big Muddy River, and also drained by Beancoup and 
 other creeks. An eminence called Fountain Bluff, remai-k- 
 able for its ovoid form, rises in the S.W, part, to the height 
 of about 300 feet. Extensive mines of stone coal have been 
 opened ou the banks of Big Muddy River. Salt is pro- 
 
 923 
 
JAC 
 
 JAG 
 
 L 
 
 cnred from sprinsrs near the same stream. The county is 
 traverspd by the Central Kaih-oad. Capital, Mnrpliysborough. 
 Pop. 9oS0. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in theW.N.W.p.wt of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Kansas, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 The Mi.'souri River (navifrable by steamboats) forms its N". 
 boundary; the Kansas Kiver enters the Missouri at the 
 \.W. extremity of the county; it is also drained by Bit; 
 Blue and Little Blue Hirers, and by Snylar Creek. The 
 surface is uudulatiup;; the soil is remarkably fertile, and 
 well vratered. Limestone is the principal rock. Capital. In- 
 liependence. Pop. 22,913, of whom 18,969 were free, and 3944 
 slaves. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the E. part of Iowa. lx>rderinp on 
 Illinois, has an area of 636 square miles. The .Mississippi 
 River washes its N.li. border; the county is traversed by Ma- 
 quoketa liiver, and drained also by Fall Kiver, and by 
 Beveral creeks. The surface is uneven; the soil is fertile. 
 The county contains valuable mines of iron, and lead. Capi- 
 tal, Bellevue or Andrew. Pop. 1^,493. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village and township of Waldo co,, 
 Maine, about 44 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 827. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-township of Coos co.,New Hampshire, 
 on the head-waters of Ellis River, about 70 miles N. by E. 
 of Concord. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-township of Washington co^ New York, 
 40 miles N.N.E. of Albany. Pop. 1863. 
 
 JACKSON, New Jersey, a station on the Cimden iind At- 
 lantic ilailroad, 19 miles E. of Camden. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Cambria Co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 854. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Coljjmbla co^ Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 5.'^9. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 112.3. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1018. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1742. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 3.335. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 690. 
 
 JACKSON, a township In Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 531. 
 
 JACK SON, a townsliip of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. P.812. 
 
 JACICSON, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Perrj- CO., Pennsylvania. P. 1058. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of I'otter Co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 13 miles K. of Montrose, Pop. 1121. 
 
 JACKSON, a village and township of Tioga co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1525. 
 
 JACKSON, a village and township of Venango co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. SJti. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village of Louisa co., Virginia, 37 miles 
 N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 JACK.^ON. a post-villaqre, capital of Northampton co.. 
 North Carolina. 95 miles N.E. of Kalei'zh. It contains, be- 
 sides the county buildings, 2 churches, 3 stores, and 2 
 schools. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-villa!:e, capital of Butts co., Georgia, 55 
 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It is pleasantly situated in 
 the midst of a fertile country. It contains a court-house, 2 
 churches, and 2 academies. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village in Clark co.. Alabama, near Tom- 
 bigbee liiver. 125 miles S.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 JACKSON, a thriving town of Hinds county, and capit.il 
 of the state of Mississippi, is situated on the right bank of 
 Pearl Hiver. at tlie terminus of the Vicksburg and Jackson 
 Railroad, and on the .Southern Mississippi Uailroad. 45 miles 
 E. of Vicksburg. and 1010 miles from Washington. Lat. .32° 
 23' N., ion. 90° 8' W. The site of the town is level, and the 
 plan is regular. It contains a handsome state-house, erected 
 at a cost of over half a million of dollars, the Kxecutivo Man- 
 sion, the State Lunatic Asylum, the Penitentiary, a United 
 States land-office, several churches, and 4 newspaper offices. 
 About 30.000 iMiles of cotton are annually shipped here. 
 Jackson is one of the principal points on the .New Orleans, 
 Jackson, and Northern Railroad, now in progress. Pon. in 
 1860, .3199. 
 
 J.VCKSON. a thriving pofit-villase of East Feliciana parish. 
 I^ouisiana. on Thompson's Creek. 20 miles N. of Baton Bouse. 
 It is the seat of tlie state asylum for the insane, founded in 
 1848. The buildings are spacious and comfortable. The 
 number of patients in 1S51 was 81. Centenarv Colleee of 
 this place is a flourishing institution, under tlie direction 
 of the .Methodists. The village also contains several female 
 geminaries of respectable character, and 4 churches. Pop. 
 about liHIO. 
 
 JACKSON, a post village in I^wrence co., Arkansas, near 
 Spring Itiver, 135 miles N.N.F). of Little Rock. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Monroe co., Arkans.ig. 
 
 JACKSON, a township ia Sevier co~ Arkansas. 
 924 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Union co., Arkansas. 
 
 J.\CKSOX, a thriving post-village, capital of Madison co^ 
 Tennessee, on the Forked Deer Kiver, 150 miles W.S.W. of 
 Nashville. It is surrounded by a fertile region, and is a 
 place of considerable trade. The Mobile and Ohio Uailroad 
 is to pass through tliis village. It contains a bank, 2 or 3 
 cliurchps. and a flourishing college. Pop. 2407, 
 
 JACKSON, a pnst-vilbige, capital of Breathitt co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Kentticky River, about 70 miles in a straight 
 line S.E. of Lexington. It contains 2 churches and several 
 stores. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Allen CO., Ohio. Pop. 16.32. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of Ashland co.. Ohio. Pop. 1485. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1081. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of Champaign co., Oliio. Pop. 1771. 
 
 J.A.CKSON, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pep. 1576. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1296. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Crawford co., i »hio. Pop. 3290. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1346. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Franklin CO., Ohio. Pop. 2W1. 
 
 JAClvSON, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 959. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 1272. 
 
 JACKS iN, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 914. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 942. 
 
 JACIV.SON, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village and capital of Jackson co.,Ohio, 
 7? miles S.S.E. of Columbn.s. The Scioto and Hocking Val- 
 ley Railroad connects it with Portsmouth, on the Ohio River. 
 It contains 7 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a Union school, 
 and 2 iron furnaces. I'op. in 1860, 1067. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 953. 
 
 JACKSON or JACKSONTOWN, a post-village of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, on the National Hoad, 31 miles K. of Columbus. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1018. 
 
 JAClvSON, a township of Montgomery co., Oliio. P. 1813. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Noble co., Ohio. Pop. 1297. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Muskingum co.. Ohio. P. 1125. 
 
 JACK -ON, a township of Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 287. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Perry Co., Ohio. Pop. 1592. 
 
 JAi KSON, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. I'op. 1104. 
 
 JAClvSON, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 1395. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. IMS. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Putnam Co., Ohio. Pop. 495. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1025. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 1478. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 125S. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 1204. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Starke co., Ohio. T'op. I,=i59. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 720. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Vinton co.. Ohio. Pop. 122S. 
 
 JACivSON, a village of Wayne co., Ohio, on tlie road from 
 Wooster to Cleveland, 96 miles N.E. of Columbus, has about 
 300 inhaliitants. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 144.' 
 
 J.1CK80N, a township of Wyandot co.. Ohio. Pop. 603. 
 
 J.\CKS0N, a flourishing town, capital of Jackson co., 
 Michigan, is sitnated on Grand Kiver, near its source, and 
 on the Central Railroad, 76 miles W. of I>etroit, and 38 
 miles S. by K. of Lansing. A branch of the Michigan South- 
 ern Railroad also terminates here. The river affords an exten 
 sive water-power, which is employed in factories and mills 
 of various kinds. Jackson contains, besides the county- 
 buildings. 5 churches, 1 seminary for young ladies, 2 print- 
 ing offices, and the state penitentiary, in which about 450 
 convicts are employed in mechauical labor. Pop. in 1860, 
 479V1. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 640. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Blackford co., Indiana. P. 749. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Brown co., Indiana. Pop. 1361. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliii) of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 1183. 
 
 JACKSON, a townshij) of Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 1262. 
 
 JACKS »N, a township in Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 1280. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Clinton co.. Indiana. Pop. 2582. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Dearborn co.. Indiana. P. 1491. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 940. 
 
 J ACKSON.a post-township of Elkhart co.,Indiana. P. 13('0. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Fayette co., Indiana, Pop. 960. 
 
 JACICSON, a township in Fountain co., Indiana. P. 1254, 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Greene CO., Indiana. Pop. 1566, 
 
 JACKS'lN, a township of Hamilton CO., Indiana. P. 2560. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Hancock co., Indiana. P. 1(580. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Howard CO., Indiana. Pop. 490. 
 
 JACKSON,a township of Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 1162. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Jasper co., Iiidiana. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of .lay co., Indiana. Pop. 730. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Ko.sciusko co., ImUana. P. 85.5. 
 
 JACKS iN,a township of Madison CO., Indiana. Pop. 1007. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 10C4. 
 JACKSQN.atownshipof Morgitn co., Indiana. Pop. 1434. 
 J.\CKSON, a township of Orange CO., Indiana. Pop. 900. 
 .1 ACKS >N, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 775. 
 JACKSON, a township of Parke co., Indi.ana. Poj). 1090. 
 JACKSO.N, a township of Putnam CO., Indiana. Pop. 1.3:*4 
 JACKSON, a township of Randolph CO., ludiana. P. 1204. 
 
JAC 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 1349. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Rush co., Indjnna. Pop. 8B0. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip in Slielby co., Indiiina. Pop. 1265. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Stcnljen co., Indiana. Pop. 929. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Sullivan co, Indiana. P. 1251. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village in Switzerland CO., Indi.ana, 100 
 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Tippecanoe CO., Indiana. P. 1195. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Washington co., Indiana. Pop. 
 813. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 1722. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 926. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village in Stephenson co., Illinois, 140 
 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in Will co., Illinois. Pop. 983. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-vilhige, cajutal of Cape Girardeau co., 
 Missouri, 2('0 miles E.S.K. of Jefferson City, about 110 miles 
 S. by E. of St. Louis, and 10 miles from the Mississippi 
 River. It contains a court-house, a new.spaper office, and 
 numerous stores. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in the S. part of Washington co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 1891. 
 
 ."ACKSON, a post-town of Calaveras co., California, is 
 situated in the N. part of the counlv, about 3 miles N.of 
 the Moquelumne River. It is principally supported by 
 miners. Pop. in 1860, about 1200. 
 
 JACKSON, a Tillage of New Lrunswiek. county of Carle- 
 ton, near the right bank of the river St. John, about 50 
 miles N.W. of Fredericton. 
 
 JACK'SO.N BOKUIJG II, a post-vill.igeof Scriven co., Georgia, 
 on Reaverdam Creek. 55 miles S.S.E. of Augusta, was for- 
 meily the county seat. 
 
 JACKSON BOROUGH, Mississippi. See Jackson Couet- 
 
 IIOUSE. 
 
 JACKSONROROUGir, a post-village of BuUer co., Ohio, 
 about 100 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 JACK'SON BROOK, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 JACK'SOXBURG, a post-village of Herkimer co., New 
 York, about 75 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 JACKSONBURG, a post-village in Wayne CO., Indiana, 60 
 miles E. bv N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 J.iCKSON COLLKGE. See Columbu. Tennes.see. 
 
 JACKSON CORNERS, a post-office of Dut<;hess co.. New 
 York. 
 
 JACKSON COURT-HOUSE. W. Virginia. See Ripi.et. 
 
 JACKSON COURT-HOUSi?!, (formerly JACKSONBO- 
 ROUOH.) a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Mississippi, 
 ou Pascagoula River, about 150 miles S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 JACK.SON CREEK, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 48 
 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 JACKSON FURNACE, a post-village of Jackson co., Ohio, 
 about 90 miles S. by E. of Columbus. 
 
 JACKSON GROVE, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 See Independence. 
 
 JACKSON HALL, a post-village of Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 5 miles S.E. of Chauibersburg, contains near 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 J ACK'SONIIAM, a post-vill.age in Lancaster district, South 
 Carolina, 80 miles N.N.E. of Columbia. 
 
 JACKSON HILL, a post-village of Davidson co.. North 
 Carolina. 132 miles W. of It.oleigh. 
 
 JACKSON HILL, a post-otiice of Spartanburg district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 JACKSON POINT, a post-office of Ilolt co., Missouri. 
 
 JACKSON, PORT, Austnilia. See Port Jackson. 
 
 JACKSON PORT, it post-village of Jackson co., Arkansas, 
 at the confluence of White and Black Rivers. 
 
 JACKSON'S CAMP, a small post-village of Tallapoosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 JACKSON'S CREEK, a postoffice of Fairfield di-strict. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 JACKSON'S FERRY, a post-office of Wythe co., A'irginia. 
 
 JACKSON'S GLASS-WORKS, a post-village of Camden 
 eo., New Jersey, about 18 miles S.E. of Camden. 
 
 JACKSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Ocean co.. New 
 Jersey. 
 
 JACKSON'S RIVER, of Virginia, the principal constituent 
 of James River, is formed by two branches, the North and 
 South Forks, which rLse in Hi-rhland county, in the N. cen- 
 tral part of the state, and tlowiug S.W., unite in Bath 
 county. The river then pursues a S. course to the mouth 
 of Potts' Creek, in Alleghany county, where it turns towards 
 the N.E., and flowing through rugged mountain passes, 
 unites with the Cowpasture River, (the other branch of the 
 ■'ames River.) near the boundary between Alleghany and 
 Botetourt counties, about 15 miles below Covington. The 
 passage of this river through Waite's Mountain is remark- 
 able for its sublime scenery. The length of the main stream 
 is estimated at above 50 miles, and each of the branches has 
 about the same extent. 
 
 JACKSONTOWN, Ohio. See Jackson. 
 
 JACKSON VALLEY, a postoffice of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 JACK'SONVILLE, a post-village in Windham co., Ver- 
 mont, 115 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 JAC 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New 
 York, 8 or 10 miles N.N.W. of Ithaca. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a po.'j^village of Burlington co., Ne%9 
 Jersey, 17 miles S. of Trenton, has a Methodist church, and 
 2 stores. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, (formerly IMLA^Y'S MILLS.) a small 
 village of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, about 10 miles W. ot 
 Freehold. 
 
 JACKSONA'ILLE. a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey 
 at the head of Cheesequake Creek, contains 2 churches. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 
 in Nittany Valley. 9 miles N.E. of Bellefonte. The nameoj 
 the post-office is Walker. 
 
 JACKSONA'ILLE. a thriving village of Greene co.. Penn 
 sylvanis, 16 miles W. of AVaynesburg. The village hAi 
 several hotels, and about 40 dwellings. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania^ 
 40 miles E. of I'ittsburg, contains 1 or 2 churches, an acet 
 demy, .and about 60 houses. 
 
 J.'VCKSONVILLE, a post-vill.nge of Lehigh co., Pennsj-1 
 vania. on Maiden Creek, about S2 miles K..N.K. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 JACKSONVILLK, a post-village, capital of Floyd co., Vir 
 ginia, 230 miles W. by S. of Richmond. It contains the 
 county buildings, a church, and an academy. Pop. 372. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-office of Madison co.. Virginia. 
 
 JACKSONA'ILLE. a post-village, capital of Telfair co., 
 Georgi.i. is 1 mile from the Ocmulgee River, and l;j4 miles 
 S. of .Milledgeville. It has the usual county buildings, and 
 4 stores. 
 
 J.\CKSONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Duval co., 
 Florida, on the left bank of St. John's River, 252 miles E. 
 of Tallahassee. It contains a court-house, church, several 
 stores, and 2118 inhabitants. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a flourishing postrvillage, capital of 
 Ciilhoun CO., Alabama, is situated oji a beautiful eminence 
 in Tallasahatchee Valley, 125 miles N.by E. of Montgomery. 
 The situation is healthy, and commands a fine view of an 
 adjacent mountain range. A newspaper is jml lish -d here. 
 The Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad will pass tin-oiigh 
 or near this place. Free population, 703. 
 
 JACK.SONVILLE, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas. 
 
 J.\CKSONVILLE. a village of Obion co., Tennessee, about 
 150 miles W. of Nashville. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Bourbon, co., Ken- 
 tucky. 9 miles N.W. of Paris. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a village of Ad.ams co., Ohio, on the 
 Sfaysville and Zanetiville Turnpike, about 100 miles S.S.W. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Darko co., Ohio, 100 
 miles W. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a village of Fountain co., Indiana, 
 about 18 miles S.E. of Covington. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Switzerland co., In- 
 dian.!. 100 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a flourishing town, capital of Morgan 
 county, Illinois, on the Great Western Railroad, 32 miles 
 W. of Springfield. It is situated on iin undulating and 
 fertile prairie, in the vicinity of a small affluent of the 
 Illinois River, called Movestar Creek, a corruption of 
 '• Mauvai.se Terre." This town is distinguished for the ele- 
 gance of its pxiblic buildings, and for the number of its 
 educational and charitable institutions, among which are 
 Illinois College, the state a.sylums for the blind, the insane, 
 and the deaf and dumb, a female academy, under the direc- 
 tion of the Methodists, .and 2 other academies. The asylums 
 above named occupy relatively three sides of a quadrangle 
 around the town, each about a mile from its centre. Illinois 
 College occupies a beautiful and commanding position, and 
 is one of the most flourishing and respectable institutions 
 in the state. It was founded in 1830, and has a library of 
 4000 volumes. An intelligent traveller, who recently visited 
 this place, remarks, "It looks like a village made to order 
 at the East, with neat houses — some wood, some brick; with 
 gardens tilled with flowers and shrubbery, with v.ide and 
 cleanly streets adorned with shade-trees, with academies, 
 churches, and a college, clustering about the village centre, 
 while well-tilled farms stretch along the borders on every 
 side." It has a national bank. Pop. 5528. 
 
 J ACKSON VILLE, Tuolumne co.,Calitornia. See Appendix. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Jackson co , 
 Oregon. Pop. 892. 
 
 J.\CK'S REEF, a post-office of Onondaga co.. New York. 
 
 JACKS'TOWN, a post-office of Iluutingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 JACKS^'ILLE, a post-office of Butler co.. Pennsylvania 
 
 JACMEL or JACQUEMEL, iM\CmiV, a town of Hayti, 
 on its S. coast, 30 miles S.AV. of Port au Prince. Lat. of 
 wharf, 18° 13' N.. Ion. 72° 33' W. Pop. 6000. . 
 
 JACOBI (jS-ko'bee) ISLAND, one of the Sitka Islands, of 
 George III. Archipelago, Russian America. 
 
 JACOBINA, zha-ko-bee'ni, a town of Brazil, province, and 
 210 miles W.N.AV. of Bahia, capital of a comarca. on the Itapi- 
 curft. here joined by the Oura. Pop. of the di.striet 10,000. 
 
 JA'COBSBURG, a post-village of Northampton co., Peun- 
 sylvania, about 11 miles N.W. of Easton. 
 
 926 
 
JAC 
 
 JACOBSBTTRO. a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 
 10 miles S. of St. Clairsville. 
 
 JACOB'S CIIUllCII, a postoffiee of Shenandoah co., Vir^ 
 ginia. 
 
 JACOB'S CREEK, of Westmoreland co., Pennsylrania, 
 flaws into the Youghiogheny. 
 
 JACOB'S FORK, a p-.st-office. Catawba CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 JACOHSHAGEX, ya/kobs-hiVrhen, a town of Pnissia. 
 Pomerania, 36 miles E.S. E. of Stettin. Pop. 1635. 
 
 JA'COHSPORT. a thriving village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 
 about SO miles E.X.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 300. 
 
 JAC015STAD, ydltob-staf, or JACOBSSTADT, yil'kobs- 
 stjtt\ a town of Russia, government of Courland, on the 
 Diina, 78 miles E.S.E. of .Vlitau. Pop. 'XMS. 
 
 JACOBSTAD, yi'kob-stad\ a town of Russia, in Finland, 
 .•n the Gulf of Bothnia, 50 miles N.N.E. of Vasa. Pop. 1600. 
 
 JA'COBSTOW. a parish of En-?land, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 JA'COBST.)WE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 JA'COBST()\VX, a post-village of Burlington co., New 
 Jersey. 12 miles IB.N.E. of Mount Holly. It has 1 oi 2 
 churches. 
 
 JA'OJRSVILLE, a postofflce of Carroll co., TlHnois. 
 
 JACOBSWALDE, yd'kobs-^ilrdeh, or KOTLARNIA, kot- 
 laR'ne-d, a villaire of Prussia. In Silesia, govei-nment, and 31 
 miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 911. 
 
 JACOT'TA, a maritime town of South India, dominion, 
 and 15 miles N. of Cochin. 
 
 JACOVA. a town of European Turkey. See Yakova. 
 
 JAOQUE.MEL, a town of ilavti. See Jacmel. 
 
 JACQUES-CAKTIER, zhdk-kaR'te-.V, a river of Canada 
 East, after a S.S.W. coarse of 50 miles joins the St. Law- 
 rence on the left, 22 miles W.S.W. of Quebec, to which city 
 and its environs it is important as a defensive barrier. It 
 Is so rapid as to be whoUv unnavig-able. 
 
 JACQUINOT (zhrkee-nOO ISLAXD, off the N. coast of 
 Papua, in lat. 3° 24' S., Ion. 144° 24' E. 
 
 JACUIIY, zhi koo-ee', a river of Brazil, province of Sao 
 Pedro do Rio Grande, enters the Lake of Patos (which i.s 
 rather its expansion) at itw N. extremity, after a S. and E. 
 course of upwards of 250 miles. 
 
 JAD'DEX, a post-offlce of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 JADERA. or JADER. See Zara, Oi.d. 
 
 JADRAtJUE or XADRAQUE, nj-dra'ki. a market-town of 
 Spain, province, and 18 miles N.E. of Guadalajara. Pop. 1428. 
 
 JADRIX, a town of Russia. See Zhabrin. 
 
 JAEN or XAEN, ni-Jn', a city of Spain, capital of a pro- 
 vince of the same name, in a hilly district, about 2500 feet 
 above the sea, 37 miles N. of Granada. Pop. 17,327. It is 
 enclosed by turreted walls, and commanded by a fortress on 
 a neighborin<r hill. It has two cathedrals, several hospitals, 
 public fountains, and a fine promenade, a brisk trade in the 
 agricultural produce of the neighborhood, and manufactures 
 of coarse woollens and linens: but the extensive manu&c- 
 tures of silk fabrics which existed under the Moors has 
 wholly disappeared. It was an important city under the 
 Romans. Under the Moors it was the capital of the small 
 kingdom of Jaen, and was taken by Ferdinand II., King of 
 Castile, in 1246. 
 
 JAEN, a province of Spain, in the v.alley of the Guadal- 
 quivir, about 80 miles in length, by about 70 in breadth. 
 Capital. Jaen. Pop. 246.039. 
 
 JAEX DE BRACAMOROS, ni-Sn' di brJ-ka-moAroce, a 
 town of South America, in Ecuador, department of Asuay, 
 and the capit;vl of its southernmost province, on the Chin- 
 chipe. near its junction with the Amazon. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 J A EN, RIO DE, ree'o dA nd-^n', a river of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, joins the Guadalquivir after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 JAFFA, jaffi or j-affd, YAFA, or YAFFA, ylffS, (anc. 
 Jnp'p'i,) a small maritime town of Palestine, on a tongue of 
 land projecting into the Mediterranean, 45 miles X.N.E. of 
 Gaza, and 31 miles N.W. of Jerus,alem. I>at. 32° 3' N., Ion. 
 34° 45' E. It is built on a declivity, crowned by a fortress. 
 Its harbor, now choked with sand, is protected by two other 
 forts. It has several mosques, Roman Catholic..\rmenian, and 
 Greek churches, some convents, and trade in cotton, corn, 
 fruits, and coral, the produce of its vicinity. It was the port 
 of .lerusalem, and the luuding-place of the cedars with which 
 the Temple in that city was built. In 1799 it was taken, 
 after a sanguinary siege, by Napoleon, when 1200 Turkish 
 prisoners, who (as was alleged) had broken their parole, were 
 put to death. Pop, 5000, 
 
 JAFFA, YAFA. or YAFFA, (anc, JupJia ; Script. Japhia.) 
 a village of Palestine. 2 miles S.W. of Nazareth, with about 
 30 houses, and probalily the same place as was fortified by 
 Josepbus. and subsequently taken by the troops of Titus. 
 
 JAFK.^TEEN or JAFFATINE (jff-fi-teeu') ISLANDS, a 
 group in the Red Sea, near the entrance of the Gulf of Suez. 
 
 JAFKERABAD. jdrfyri-bM', a town of India, in the Dec- 
 can, Nizam's dominion, on an affluent of the Godavery, 23 
 iniles N.E. (if Jaulnah. 
 
 JAFFERABAD, a town of India, In Guzerat, on the Gulf 
 Ot Oamb.ay, 37 miles E.N,E. of Diu Head. 
 
 .TAFFIERGUNOE, j,irfeer-g&nj', a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 32 miles N.N.W. of 
 Dacca. 
 
 926 
 
 JAK 
 
 JAFFNAPATAM, jlrna-pj-tim', or JAFF'NA, a saip-irt 
 town of Ceylon, near its N. extremity, on a navigable inlet 
 Pop. 8000. It has a pretty strong fort, and some trade in 
 tobacco, palmyra timber, and chank shells, it being the 
 principal commercial port in Ceylon after ' Colombo and 
 Point de Galle. 
 
 JAF'FREY, a postrvillage and township of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, on the head-waters of Contoocook River, 
 about 44 miles S.W. of Concord. It has several manufacto- 
 ries of wooden ware. Pop. 1453. 
 
 J.\GAN, jj-gin'. a small town and fort of the Punjab, in 
 its N. part. Lat. 32° 43' N., ion. 75° 5' E. 
 
 JAGARAGA, a town of Java. See Djagaraga. 
 
 JAGEPOOR, jd'gheh-poor', a town or large village of Brit- 
 ish India, presidency of Bengal, 35 miles N.N.E. oi Cuttack, 
 on the Byturnee. It has some remarkable Hindoo temples, 
 and manufactures of cotton cloth. 
 
 JAGERNDORF, (JSgerndorf) y.i'ghern-donf\ or KAR- 
 NOW, kaR/nov, a town of Austrian Silesia. 14 miles N.W. ot 
 Troppau, between the Great and Little Oppa, Pop. 4800. It 
 is enclosed by high walls, and has a handsome church, with 
 a spire 230 feet high, an old ducal castle, high school, hospital, 
 and theatre, and is the capital of a principality belonging to 
 Prince Liechtenstein. 
 
 JAGHATOO or JAGHATU, jj-gd-too', a river of North 
 Persia, province of Azerbaijan, rises in Mount Zagros, 40 
 miles S.W. of Tukhti-Suleiuian, flows northw.ard. and 
 enters Lake Oorofnneeyah 10 miles W.S.W. of Binab. Total 
 course, probablv 130 miles. 
 
 JAGODIN, yd-goKleen', or JAGODINA. yd-go-dee'nd. a 
 town of Servia. near the Slorava, 63 miles S.S.E. of Seniendria. 
 
 J.\GOTIN, a town of Russia. See Y.vqotin. 
 
 JAGU.\ or X.A.GU.A, nd'gwd, a river of Central America, 
 state of Honduras, enters the Caribbean Sea 40 miles AV.S.W 
 of Trujillo, after a N. course of 120 miles. 
 
 JAGUA. (or XAGUA.) BAIIIA DE, bd-ee'd drl nd'gwd, a 
 fine bay on the S, coast of Cuba, 45 miles N,W, of Trinidad, 
 and defended by a strong castle on Cape de los Angelas, 
 
 JAGUARI, zhd-gwd-ree', a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas-Geraes, on the AY slope of Serra de M.antiqueira, and 
 on the ro.ad from Rio Janeiro to the towns of Sao Paulo 
 and Campanha. 
 
 JAGUARIB+1, zhd-gwd-ree'bi, a river of Brazil, rises la 
 the mountains of Boa Vista, province of Ceara, and falls 
 into the Atlantic about lat, 4° 8' S,, Ion, 37° 50' W. Total 
 length about 460 miles. 
 
 JAGUARIPE, zhd-gwd-ree'pd, a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 45 miles W.S.W. of Bahia, on a river of its own name. 
 
 JAIIDE, yd'deh, a river of North Germany, in Oldenburg, 
 after a northward course of 13 miles, enters a wide estuary 
 of the North Sea, 20 miles in length by 12 miles in greatest 
 breadth, immediately W, of the mouth of the Weser, 
 
 JAHICOS, zhd-ee'koce, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Piauhi, 70 miles E.S.E, of Oeiras, near the Itahim. Pop. 2000. 
 
 JAHIL, jd-heel', a town of Northwest India, 58 miles 
 N,W. of Ajmeer, 
 
 JAH-JERM, jd-j5rm, a town of Persia, province of Kho- 
 rassan, in its N, part, 25 miles N, of Abbasabad, 
 
 JAIIJOU or JAHJOW, jd-jOw', a town of Hindostan. prp- 
 sidency of Bengal, province, and 15 miles S.W. of Agra. 
 Here, in 105S, during the Mogul dynasty, Dara Shecoh w.i» 
 defeated by his brother, Aurungzebe; and in 1707 Shah 
 Allum defeated Azim Ushaun. 
 
 J.\HLORE, a town of Hindostan. See Jallore. 
 
 JAHNEVI. jd'n.'i-vee\ a river of HiiKJostan, presidency ol 
 Bengal, province of Gurhwal, one of the early affluents of the 
 Ganges, which it joins near Gangootri. 
 
 JAHNSDORF. ydns'doRf, a village of Saxony, circle ot 
 Zwickau, near Chemnitz. IMp. 14'I0. 
 
 JAICZA. yit'sd, or JAITZE, or JAICZE. yit'sph. a fortified 
 town of Turkish Croatia, on the Verbas, 30 miles S. of Ba- 
 nialuka. Pop. 2000. 
 
 JAIHAN. a river of Asia Minor. See Jthoon. 
 
 J AIM POOR, jim-poor', a small town of Aghanistan, 40 
 miles S, ol Dera Ghazee Khan. 
 • JAIN A. a river and bay of Hayti. See HuxA. 
 
 JAISPTTZ. yls'pits. or ALT JAISCHWITZ. dlt yIsh'«-itR, 
 a town of Moravia, 10 miles N.N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1040. 
 
 JAITPOOR, jlt^poor'. a town of India, Baroila dominions, 
 in the Guzerat Peninsula. 20 miles N.E. of Joonaghur. 
 
 JAJAKCOTE. jdjar-k5t', a town of India, in Oude, c:<pital 
 of a district, 135 miles W.N.W. of Lucknow. 
 
 JAKATRA or JACATRA, ydkdt'rd. a former kingdom in 
 the island of Java, now divided into the Dutch provinces of 
 Batavia, Buitenzorg. Krawang, and Preanser. 
 
 J.VKATR.V or JACATIiA. a former town in the island of 
 Jav.a. capital of the kingdom of the same name. Its tite is 
 now occupied by Batavia, 
 
 JAKATRA or J.\C.\TR.\. one of the present divisions of 
 Batavia. in the island of .Tava. 
 
 JAKATRA or JACATRA. a bay on the N. coast of .Tuva, 
 into which falls a river of the same name, also called TJlUfr 
 
 WONG. 
 
 J AK AU, ft town of Hindostan. See Jockow. 
 
 JAKE'S PRAIK'IE, a oost-office of Gasconade co. Missot d 
 
JAK 
 
 JAM 
 
 JAKE'S KUN, a postoffice of Monongalia co.. Virginia. 
 
 JAKO, yd'ko\ a villafre of Hungary, co. of Veszprim, 11 
 Diiles S.K. of fa pa. Pop. 1342. 
 
 JAKOUSIfAVN, yi'kob.s-hdwn\ a village or Danish settle- 
 ment in Greenland, opposite Disco Island, with a seminary 
 for educating native catechists, under the direction of the 
 missionaries. Pop. of thu district, 300. 
 
 JAK()H.\LMA. ydh^WOl'moh', a village of Ilungt-vry, on 
 the Tarn;v, aliout 4 miles from Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 1433. 
 
 JAKUliJAX, yi'kooVyin', or JAKOBSAU, yaifob-sdwN 
 a village of Hungary, co. of Zips, 16 miles N.N.E. of Leut- 
 Bchau. Cop. iiSOO. 
 
 JAKUTSK, a town of Siberia. See Y.^kootsk. 
 
 JALACIIO or XALACIIO. ni-ld'cho, a village of Yucatan, 
 on the main road between Jlerida and Campeachy. 
 
 JALAME or XAl.AMK, Hi-Wm\, a town of Spain, In 
 Valencia, province, and aliout 60 miles from Valencia, at the 
 confluence of the La IIoz with the Jucar. Pop. 1237. 
 
 JALAP.A or XAbAPA, Hd-l3'pJ, a city of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state, and (iO miles W.N.W. of Vera Cruz, on 
 the route to Mexico. Pop. about 10,000. It is beautifully 
 situated at an elevation of 4340 feet, he.althy. and well built. 
 The principal edifices are the cathedral and several other 
 churches, and the vast convent of St. Francisco. Its trade 
 has diminished, but it is a good deal resorted to by invalids 
 from Vera Cruz. The drug julap grows here wild, and de- 
 rives its name from this city. 
 
 JAlj.il'A, jalah'pa, a pust-oflice, McMinn co., Tennessee. 
 
 JAL.A.PA, a new post-village of Grant co., Indiana, 80 
 miles N. by E.of Indianapolis. 
 
 JAL.\PA, a thriving post^village of Greene co., Illinois, on 
 Macoupin Creek, 12 miles S.E. of Carrollton. The water- 
 power of the creek gives motion to several mills. 
 
 .TALII.\Y, zhd'lA', a village of Belgium, province, and 19 
 miles E.S.E. of Liege, near the frontiers of Prussia. Pop. 
 2542. 
 
 JALISCO or XALISCO. nj-lees'ko or nJ-lis'ko, or GUADA- 
 LAJAR.\., gwd-Dj-lJ nj'rd. a maritime state of M«xico, bor- 
 dering on the Pacitic, between lat. 18° 45' and 24° N., and 
 Ion. 101° 15' and 106° 15' VV. It is one of the tinest pro- 
 vinces of Mexico. Tlio E. portion, although traver.sed by 
 the Cordillera of Anahuac, is extremely fertile, and the 
 districts near the coast are covered with luxuriant forests; 
 but the climate is unhealthy. Jalisco is intersected by the 
 Tolototlan and its numerous affluents, and on its S. side has 
 the large lake of Chapala. Capital, Guadalajara. Pop. in 
 1854, 
 
 JALK, jilk, a town in the sandy desert of North Beloo- 
 chistan. Lat. 28° 20' X., Ion. 60° E. 
 
 JALL.4I.S, zhdlHi', a market-town of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Ijoire, 5 miles E. of Beaupreau. Pop. in 1S52, 
 3420. 
 
 JALLTEU. zhdrie-uh', a village of France, department of 
 Is^re, arrondissement of La Tour-du-Pin. Pop. in 1852. 3153. 
 
 JALLORE, jill-lOr', or JAIILOKE, jil-16r', a town of West 
 Hindostan, dominions, and 65 miles S.S.W. of Joodpoor. 
 Pop. 15,000. Its fortress is the strongest in this part of 
 India. 
 
 JALOMNITZA, yj-lom-nit/si, a river of Wallachia, flows 
 generally E. past Tergovist, and joins the Danul>e on the 
 left, opposite llirscliova. Length, 140 miles. 
 
 JALON or X.iljON', H3-lon', a river of Spain, joins th^ 
 Ebro 13 miles above Saragossa, after a course of 120 miles. 
 
 JALON or XALOX. a village of Spain, in Valencia, pro- 
 vince, and aijout 45 miles from Alicante. Pop. 2276. 
 
 JAL'OOFS' or JAL'OFFS', a people of West Africa, dwelling 
 between the Gambia and the Senegal. 
 
 JALOU.N, ji-loon', a largo town of Hindostan, in Bundel- 
 cund, capital of a rajahship, 25 miles W. of Kalpee. It was 
 formerly a tltriving mart for superior cotton, raised in its 
 vicinity. The Jalouu rajahship has an area of 1480 snuare 
 miles. Pop. 180.000. In 1S32 it maintained 2000 infiintry 
 and 1500 cavalry. It is now under the immediate rule of 
 the British agent at Bandah. having been acquired in 1841. 
 
 JALOUTIIOVOSK. a town of .Siberia. See Yalootrovosk. 
 
 JALOVK.i, yi-lov'kj. a market^town of Russian Poland, , 
 government, and 40 miles S. of Grodno. Pop. 1000. 
 
 JALPUCII, a river and lake'of Russia. See YaLPOOKH. 
 
 J.\LPUS1IK.0V, ydl-poosh-kov', a market-town of Russian 
 Poland, government of Podolia, 40 miles E.N.E. of Kamie- 
 niec. Pop. 1500. 
 
 JALT.\. a town of Russi.a. See Yalta. 
 
 J.^LUT ROVO.sk. See Yalootrovosk. 
 
 JAM.VIC.\., ja-mi'ka. (Sp. pron. Hj-mi'k3; Yr. JamaKqut, 
 zhi^mJiV'i'k'.) one of the Great Antilles, and the principal of 
 the British West India Islands, in the Caribbean Sea, be- 
 tween lat. 17° 40' and 18° 30' N., and Ion. 76° 15' and 78° 25' 
 W., about 90 miles S. of Cuba, The general appearance is ex- 
 tremely beautiful. On the N. it rises into hills of gentle as- 
 cent, covered with pimento groves, and a brilliant verdure, 
 and intersected by vales, which exhibit the most romantic 
 scenery ; while on the S. it presents abrupt precipices and 
 inaccessible cliffs, the general effect being heightened by the 
 prolusion of stream"- whicii pour from every valley, and 
 frequently precipitate themselves^iVom the overhanging 
 
 rocks into the ocean. The coast-line is 500 miles long, and 
 is indented with a great number of excellent harbors, of 
 which Port Royal, or the harbor of Kiiigston, is the most 
 considerable. The island is traversed by lofty mountains 
 in all directions; the principal chain, called the Blue .Monn- 
 tiiins, occupying the centre, and stietching from E. to W., 
 with a .sharp crest in some places only four yards across, 
 varying from 7000 to 8000 feet in elevation. The declivities 
 are covered with stately forests. The valleys are all very 
 narrow, not more than a twentieth part of the island being 
 level ground. The principal rivers are the Miuho, Black 
 River, and Cobre, all emptying tbem.selves on the S. coast. 
 The mountains are of Ciilcareous formation. The N. .side of 
 the island is reputed to be the more hi'althy, though all in- 
 salubrity ceases at an elevation of 1400 feet. The mean an- 
 nual temperature at Kingston is 78°-S: in summer, 81°; in 
 winter, 76°'2, The rainy seasons are from May to August, 
 and from October to November. Earthquakes are frequent; 
 hurricanes less so than in the other West India Islands. 
 The soil is naturally less productive than in many of the 
 West India Islands; but most of the staple products of tro- 
 pical climates are raised, sugar being the chief. Indigo, 
 cotton, and cocoa were formerly more important staples than 
 at present. Maize, GuineJl corn, and rice are the chief grains 
 raised. T\)e plantain, banana, sweet potato, &c. compose the 
 principal food of the black.s. Fine fruits are plentiful. Sun- 
 flower-seeds are raised for the manufacture of oil. The other 
 products are cinnamon, fine woods, and artificial grasses. 
 Live stock in general good, as well as numerous. About 
 seven-eighths of the land belongs to private individuals: 
 estates seldom exceed 1200 acres, and have become more sulh 
 divided since the epoch of slave emancipation. 
 
 The commerce of Jamaica is not in a very flourishing 
 condition, the exports having iitllen off considerably during 
 the last few years. In 185.3 they comprised .'9,199 hog.s- 
 heads of sugar, 10,484 puncheons of rum, 2966 pounds of 
 cotton, 5,017,689 of coffee, 4,679.105 of pimento, 578.415 of 
 ginger, (1,176.628 pounds in 1851,) 146,718 of arrow-root, 
 3757 tons of logwood, 537 of fustic, 3456 spars of lance- wood, 
 1164 tons of m.ahogany and other woods. 15 tons of lignum- 
 vitie and ebony, (in 1851, 285 tons,) 2727 gallons of honey, 
 301 hundredweights of lieeswax, and 287,275 cocoanuts. 
 Tliere has been a slight increase in the quantities of coffee, 
 pimento, mahogany, honey, and beeswa.x exported since 
 1851 ; but in most of the other articles there has Ix-en a 
 marked falling off. The total value of exports in 1841 was 
 1,912,815?., and the imports. 1..339.904Z. In 1848, the former 
 is stated at 1.296,259'. The imports during the ye.ar 1853, 
 according to the government report, fell off 25 per cent. The 
 principal ports are Kingston, Montego Bay. and Falmonth. 
 
 Jamaica is divided into three counties. .Middlesex, Surrey, 
 and Cornwall, and subdivided into 21 parishes. The govern- 
 ment is vested in a governor, and a council of 12 members, 
 nominated by the crown, and a legislative asssembly of 45 
 members, two elected by every parish, and one by each of 
 the chief towns. All male inliabitants having freeholds of 
 10/. a year m.ay vote for representatives, which latter must 
 have an estate of 300/. a yejir, or personal property worth 
 1000/. A supreme court in Spanish Town, and courts of 
 assize in each county, sit three times yeai-ly. The island is 
 the see of a liishop, whose diocese extends over the Bahamas 
 and Honduras. There are 22 rectories in the island, and 50 
 inland curates; 8 stipendiary curates, and 10 curates paid 
 by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. The 
 Scotch Presbyterian Church has4 clergymen ; theAVesleyans, 
 24 ministers; the Biiptists, 16. and the Moravians, 8. Edu- 
 cation is rapidly extending, there being 8 free schools con- 
 nected with the Estjiblished Church. 82 public schools. 9 
 free, 46 Wesleyan mission, 21 Moravian, 1 Itoman Catholic, 
 2 Jews, and 33 miscellaneous. So far as returned, the at- 
 tendance in 1853 was as follows : — Church of England, 6709 
 pupils; Moravians, 3054; Wesleyans, 1874; Hebrews. 53; 
 free schools and others, 1102: total, 12.792. The military 
 force consists usually of about 3000 reiular ti'oops. and a 
 militia of from 16,000 to 18,000 men. The revenue in 1848 
 was 187.892i. ; the expenditure, 206.86SJ. 
 
 Besides Spanish Town, the capital, and Kingston, the 
 chief port, (between which a railway has been lately com- 
 pleted,) the island contains the town of Port Royal, on its 
 S. side, and the maritime villages of Mount Lucea. Montego, 
 Falmouth, and St. .\nn's on its N. coast. Jamaica was dis- 
 covered by Columbus in 1494. colonized by Spaniards in 
 1510, and taken by the English in 1655. The Maroons, ori- 
 ginally runaway slaves, obtained a tract of land on the N. 
 side of the island in 1738, on which they built two small 
 towns, and, with the exception of a rebellion in 1795, have 
 remained peaceable. Pop. 377,4.33. 
 
 JAMAICA, j.>-m,Vka, a post-village and township of Wind- 
 ham CO.. Vermont, on West River, about 90 m'les S. of 
 Montpelier. It has considerable manufactures of boots, 
 shoes, and leather. Pop. 1541. 
 
 J.\MAIC.\, a thriving post-village and township of Queen's 
 CO.. New York, on Jamaica Bay. and on the Long Island 
 Railroad. 12 miles E. of Brooklyn. The village contains 5 
 or 6 churches, 2 academies or seminaries, 2 newspaper offices, 
 
 «27 
 
JAM 
 
 JAM 
 
 and Many fine residences, some of which are occupied hy 
 persons doini; business in New York City. Carriages and 
 other artifles are manufactured here to a considerable ex- 
 tont. In the W. j.art of the township is the Union Bace 
 Course. Pop. 651 5. 
 
 JAMAICA, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia. 
 
 JAMAICA PLAIN, a post-villajre in West Roxbury town- 
 ■ghip, Norfolk co., Jiassachusetts, pleasantly situated on the 
 Dedham Branch Itailroad, 3i miles S.W, of Boston. 5Iany 
 persons doing business in Boston reside here. In the 
 Ticinitv of the village is a pond from which Boston was 
 formerly .supplied with water. 
 
 JAMAIQUK. an island of the West Indies. See Jamaica. 
 
 JAMAJA. an island in the Eastern Sea. See Djimaja. 
 
 JAMARI. zhS-mii're. or CANDEAS, a river of Brazil, fiills 
 Into the Madeira about lat. 8° 40' S., Ion. 63° 20' W., after a 
 N.W. course of about 300 miles. 
 
 JAMBK. ySm'bf-h. a village of Belgium, on the Meuse, op- 
 posite Xamur. Pop. 1778. 
 
 JAMB! or JAMBKK, yjm'be, a town of Sumatra, 130 
 miles N.N.W. of Palembang. extends for | mile on both 
 sides of the Jamhi River. Pop. 3000. It exports benzoin, 
 dragon's-blood, and rattans to Singapore, and has manu- 
 factures of opium and .salt. In and around it many Ilindoo 
 sculptures have been discovered. • 
 
 JAM BO. St-e Yemro. 
 
 JAIMBOLI or lAMBOLI. See Yamboli. 
 
 JAMBdilTBE. jam-boo'tee. a fortified town of British In- 
 dia. presidt»ncy of Bombay, in the district of Darwar. 
 
 JAMBUUG. a town of Russia. See Yambooko. 
 
 JAMKS/BUIIG, a post-oflfice of Ulster CO., New York. 
 
 JAMESBURO, a post-village of Middlesex co.. New Jer- 
 sey, at the junction of the Freehold and Jamesburg .Agri- 
 cultural Railroad with the Camden and Amboy Railroad, 
 47 miles from Camden. It has a national bank. 
 
 JAMES CITY, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, con- 
 tains 184 square miles. The Y'ork River bounds it on the 
 N.E.. the James River on the S., and the Chickahominy on 
 the W. The surface is undulating This is one of eight 
 original shirks into which Virtrinia was divided in IftU. 
 Capital. Will' imsburg. Pop. 5798, of whom 3212 were free, 
 and S.'Sfi slaves. 
 
 JAMES CREEK, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 gylvsnia, about KX) miles W. of ILarrisburg. 
 
 JAMKS CROSS-ROADS, a small post-village of Wa.shing- 
 ton CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 JAMES' FORK, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas. 
 
 JAMES. FORT, two British stations in West Africa: one 
 on an island in the Gambia River, 20 miles S.E. of Bathurst; 
 the other on the Guinea coast, in AccRA.(which see.) 
 
 JAMES ISLAND, one of the Galapagos Islands, in the 
 Pacific Oce!in. 12 miles N.E. of Albemarle Island, 50 miles 
 in length by 20 miles across, mountainous, and having the 
 «nlet of James Bay at its W. extremity. 
 
 JAMES ISLAND, of New South Shetland, in the South 
 Pacitic Oce;in. 
 
 JAMKS' MILL, a post-office of Monroe co., Illinois. 
 
 JAMESON, an island of New South Shetland, in the South 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 JAMES/PORT. a po.st-village of Suffolk co.. New York, on 
 the Long Island Railroad. 80 miles E. of New York City. 
 
 JAMES RIVER, the largest of the rivers which have 
 their course wholly within the state of Virginia, is formed 
 by the Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers, which unite 15 
 miles below Covington, on the border between Alleghany 
 and Botetourt counties. Flowing first S.E. through the 
 mountains of Central Virginia, it is joined by the Calfpas- 
 ture River from the left at the base of the Blue Ridge, 
 through which it forces a pass.age about 15 miles N.E. of 
 the Peaks of Otter. It then flows S.E.. passes by Lynch- 
 burg, and at the S. extremity of Amherst coujity changes 
 Its course to the N.E. Below Scottsville its general direc- 
 tion is E.S.E. After passing by Richmond, where the chan- 
 nel is divided by numeroiis islands, and the river descends 
 over rocky rapids about 6 miles in extent, it gradually ex- 
 pands into an estuary of several miles in width, and flows 
 into the S. extremity of Chesapeake Bav. between Wil- 
 loughby Point and Old Point Comfirt. The whole length, 
 exclusive of the branches, is about 460 miles. The tide as- 
 cends to Richmond, about 150 miles from the sea. It is 
 navigable for vessels of 130 tons to the port of Richmond, 
 from which point the James River and Kanawha Canal has 
 lieen onstructed along the upper part of the river. This 
 Canal is completed to Buchanan, beyond the Blue Ridge, 
 and is to be extended to Covington, on Jackson's River. 
 Here it will connect with the E. terminus of the Covington 
 and Ohio Railroad, now in course of construction. James 
 River passes through a fertile and populous country, and 
 Is an important channel of trade. The chief towns'on its 
 banks are Richmond, Lynchburgh. Scottsville. Manchester, 
 and Buchanan. That part of the estuary which lies be- 
 tween IL-impton and Xorfolk, is called Hampton Roads. 
 
 J.IMES RIVER. ofMissouri. flows through Green county, 
 and enters the White River in Taney county. 
 
 JAMES'S (jAmz'gz, always pronounced in two syllables,) 
 
 BAY, a wide gulf on the S. side of Hudson's Bay. in British 
 America, between lat. 51° and 55° N.. and Ion. 79° and 8?^ 
 30' W.. suiTOunded by the Rupert, Abbitibbe. Moose, and .Al- 
 bany districts, and receiving the rivers of the same tiames. 
 I>en"gth, from N. to S.. 280 miles ; averaire breadth. 150 miles. 
 Agomisca and Charlton are the principal of its numerous 
 islands. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a vill.age, and flirmerly a walled town of 
 Ireland, co. of I^icitrim, on the Shannon, here crossed by a 
 .seven-arched bridge, 2^ miles S.E. of Carrick. Pop. 315. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, 9 
 miles N.W. of T./angholm. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a small town on the W. side of the island 
 of Barbadoes. 
 
 JAMES TOWN, the capital town and seaport of St. He- 
 lena, is in a narrow ravine on the N.W. coast of the island. 
 It has a well-protected harbor, and is enclosed by an arched 
 gateway, within which is a spacious parade, lined with offi- 
 ci.il residences, and a handrsome church. Several streets 
 branch from this area, and, on the helght.s. around the 
 town, are the country-houses of the principal inhaliitants, 
 among which is Plantation House, occupied by the governor. 
 The town is well supplied with Euroijean and .Asiatic pro- 
 ducts ; but all articles boar a high price. See St. Helena. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-township of Newport co., lihode 
 Island, consists of Canonicut, a beautiful island in Narra- 
 gansett Buy, opposite Newjiort. Pop. 400. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Ellicott township, Chau- 
 tanijua Co., New York, on the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, 21 
 miles S.K. of Maysvillo, and on the Atlantic and Great West- 
 ern R.R. It contains 6 or 7 churches, an academy, a bank, 
 and 2 newspaper oflices. A steamboat plies daily to Mays- 
 ville. The outlet furnishes water-power, which is used'in 
 the manufacture of wool, iron, flour, &c. Pop. 3155. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Sangamon co.. Illinois, on the 
 Great Western Railroad, 7 miles W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 22 miles N.W. of Mercer. 
 
 J.\MESTOWN, a former village of James City co.. Vir- 
 ginia, on the N. bank of J.ames River. 50 miles E.S.E. of 
 Richmond. The first Engli.sh settlement in the United 
 States was made at this place in 1608 : nothing now remainf) 
 but a few ruins. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Guilford CO., North Caro- 
 lina, on Deep River, 94 miles W. by N. of Raleich. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a small village of Rutherford oo., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 J.AMESTOWN, a post-office of Mu.scosree co., Georgia. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-villau'C of Sumter co.. Alabama, 
 near Tombigbee River, 130 miles W.N.W. of >Iontcomery. 
 
 JAJIESTOWN. a post-village, capital of Fentre.ss co.. Ten- 
 nessee. r20 miles E. by N. of Nashville. It is situated on 
 the Cumberland Mountain. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Campbell co.. Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River. 2 miles aliove Cincinnati, is beautifully situ- 
 ated and rapidly improving. It has several steam mills, and 
 a steam ferry to Cincinnati. Laid out in 1847. Pop. in 
 18b0, al»ut 1000. 
 
 JAilESTOWN, a small village of Jfonroe co., Kentxicky. 
 
 J.AMESTOWN, a post-village, capital of Russell co., Ken- 
 tucivv, on the Cumberland River, 80 miles in a straight line 
 S.S.W. of Lexington. It contains the usuiil public build- 
 ines. 6 stores, and about 200 inh.abitants. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Greene co.. Ohio, on th« 
 Xenia and Washington Turnpike, 64 miles W.S.W. of Co- 
 lumbus. It contains 3 churches and sevei-al mills. P. 569. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a towoship of Ottawa co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 517. 
 
 J.AMESTOWN. a post-village of Boone co., Indiana. 29 
 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis, contains about *40 dwellings. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Elkhart co., Indiana, 12 miles 
 W.N.W. of Goshen. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Clinton co., Illinois, 15 
 miles N.W. ofCarlvle. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Stephenson co., Illinois, 115 
 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Andrew co., SIi?.souri, ISO 
 miles N.W. of .Tefferson City. 
 
 J.AMESTOWN, a po.^t-offioe of Jloniteau co.. Missouri. 
 
 J.AMESTOWN, a post-village and township in the S. part 
 of Grant co., Wisconsin, on the E. side of the Missjs.sippl 
 River. 86 miles W.S.W. of Madison. Pop. 1403. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a postK)ffice of Tuolumne co.. California. 
 
 JAMES'VILLE. a post-village of De Witt township. Onon- 
 daga CO., New York, on the Syracuse and Blughamton 
 Railroad 7 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. 
 
 J.AMGHAUT, jdmVawt/. "in Hindostan. is a remarkable 
 pass across the Vindhyan Mountains, 30 miles S. of Indore, 
 with an elevation of 2.S2S feet. 
 
 JAMILEXA or XAMILENA. nime-Wna. atown of Spam, 
 in Andalusia, 7 miles from Jaen. Pop. 1427. 
 
 J. AM NAY, yam'ni. a village of Bohemia, 35 miles from 
 Leitomischel. Pop. 1152. 
 
 J.AMNITZ. yam'nits. a town of Moravia, with silver ind 
 lead mines, 25 miles N.\V. of Znaym. Pop. 1440. 
 
JAM 
 
 JAP 
 
 JAMOTGNT!, zhl'mw3H,' a Tillage of Belgium, on the 
 Semois, 18 miles W. of Arlon. Pop. 1217. 
 
 JAMOO or JAMU, jil-moo', a town of the Punjab, on an 
 affluent of the Chenaub Kiver, 65 miles X. of Amritseer. Pop. 
 8000. It has a spacious palace, a fort, a large bazaar, and 
 pleasure-grounds belonging to its rajah. 
 J AMPUL or I Ai\I I'Oii. See Y ami-ol. 
 JAMROOD, jSm'rood', a small town of Afghanistan, 10 
 miles W. of Peshawur, at the entrance of the Khyber Pass. 
 J.\lIS-?3, ySm'sA, a market-town of Finland, ten, and 04 
 miles N.N.E. of Tarastehuus. Pop. 1000. 
 JAMU. See Jamoo. 
 
 JAMUSIILI, jd-moosh1ee,(?) a Lirge village of Turkish Ar- 
 menia, on the river Kars. 
 
 JANA, LA, or XANA, LA. li nS'nS, a town of Spain, in 
 Valencia, 40 miles from Castellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 1244. 
 
 JANAT. a town of West Africa. See Ganat. 
 
 JANATXS', a post-office of Sussex eo., Tirsinia. 
 
 JANEIRO, RIO DE, a city of Prazil. See Piio de Jat^eiro. 
 
 JANE ISLAND, one of the Carolinas, in the North Pa- 
 cific Ocean. Lat. 7° 33' N., Ion. l,5o° 3' E. 
 
 JAN'ELEW, a post-village of Lewis co., Virginia, about 
 280 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 JANESVILLE, j.inz'vill, a city, capital of Rock co., Wis- 
 consin, is finely situated on both sides of Rock River. 4.5 
 miles S.B. of Madison, and 6.5 m. W.S W.of Milwankie, with 
 which it is connected by railroad. It is built principally 
 on a level space about 200 yards in width, between tlie river 
 and the blufls, whicli rise nearly to the height of 100 feet. 
 The court-house occupies a conspicuous position on the 
 smnmit of the bluff. The town contains 9 chui'chos of 
 brick or stone, 2 national banks, a high school, a female 
 seminary, and the state institution for the blind, which 
 had 50 pupils in 1862. The Chicago and Northwestern 
 R.K. passes through Janesvillo, and a branch of tlie Mil- 
 waukie and Prairie du Chien R.R. extends from it to Mon- 
 roe. Rock River affords extensive watei--power, which is 
 employed in factories and mills of various kinds. Janesville 
 is the centre of an active and increasing trade. It has 6 
 flouring-mills, 2 woollen factories, several macliine-shoiis, 
 foundries. Sec. One daily and one weekly newspaper are 
 published here. It was settled about 18S6, made the 
 county-seat in 1839, and incorporated as a city in 1853. 
 Population, in 1800, 7703. 
 
 JANE/TOWN, a village on the W. coast of Scotland, co. of 
 Ross, 1 mile S.W. of Lochcarron. Pop. 573. 
 
 JAXIKj jd^neek' or jA^nik', a town of Asia Minor, pashalic 
 of Seevas, on the Yeshil-Irmak. 
 
 JANINA, a town -of European Turkey. See Yaxin.4. 
 
 JANJEIIO, jin-je-ro', a country of North-east Africa, S. 
 of Abysshiia. Principal town, Janjero. 
 
 JANJOWLA, jin-jSw'ia, or UAN.JOOLY, gdn-joolee, a 
 town of India, in the Deccau, 57 miles AV. of Reeder. 
 
 JAX-.AIAYEN. vdn-mi'en, written .also JEAN-MAYKN.an 
 island of the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 70° 29' N., Ion. 7° 31' W. 
 On its N. extremity is the Beerenberg Mountain ; elevation 
 6S7 feet, and the Esk, a volcano occasionally active. 
 
 JANOPOL, a town of Poland. See Yanopol. 
 
 JANOSDA, y^noshM5h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 
 6 miles from Szalonta. Pop. 16(i0. 
 
 JANOSIIAZA, ya'nosh^hd'z8h\ a market-town of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Eisenburg, 12 miles N.W. of Sumegh. Pop. 
 2200. 
 
 JANOV, a town of Russia. See Yanov. 
 
 JAXOW, yd'nov, a town of Austrian Galicia, on a lake, 
 11 miles N.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 1000. 
 
 JANOW, a town of Austrian Galicia, 24 miles S.S.E. of 
 Tarnopol, on an island in the Sered. Pop. 1000. 
 
 JANOWITZ, y3'no-vits\ a village of Prussia, in Sile.sia, 
 24 miles S.S.W. of Liegnitz. on the Bober. Pop. 1146. 
 , JANOWITZ, ALT, dlt yi'no-<vits, a town of Bohemia, cir- 
 cle, .and 7 miles S.W. of Klattau. on the Angel. Pop. 1210. 
 
 JAN-REBELLEN (ydn r.Vb^Plen) ISLAND, of The 
 WAARD, w|Rd, an island of the Netherlands, province of 
 North Holland, in the Y. 
 
 JANSDOKF, ydnsMoRf, or JOHNSDORF, (.Tiihnsdorf.) 
 yons'doRf, a village of Bohemia, 8 miles from Leitomischl. 
 Pop. 1289. 
 
 JAN'SEN'S CREEK, of Columbia co.. New Y'ork, forms 
 part of the boundary between Columbia and Dutchess 
 counties, and tails into the Hudson River about 4 miles S. 
 ofCatskill. 
 
 JANST. a town of Ilindostan. See Jhansi. 
 
 JANTRA or lANTRA, ydn'trS, a river of European Tur- 
 key, in Bulgaria, after a N. course of 75 miles joins the 
 Danube. 13 miles E. of Sistova. 
 
 JANTSE-KIANG or JANG-TSE-KIANG. See Yakto-tse- 
 
 KlANG. 
 
 JANUARIA, zhJ-noo-A're-3, a town of Brazil, Minas Ge- 
 raes. 150 miles N. of Minas Novas. Pop. of district. 600. 
 
 JANUCHPOLor JANUSCHPOL. See Y.\nooshpoi. 
 
 JAN'VILLE, zh6.\i^veel', a town of France, department of 
 Enre-et-L"lr, 25 miles S.E. of Chartres. Pop. 955. 
 
 JANZE. zhSxo'z.V, a vill.age of France, department of Ille- 
 »^Vilainf. 13 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. In 1852, 4722, em- 
 31 
 
 ployed chiefly in manufacturing sail-cloth, and fattening 
 poultry for the Paris markets. 
 
 J.4IJA\,ja-pan'.calledMl'nON,nip'hon',bythe.TapaneS!= 
 (Ti.Jiip'i'nia: Fr.Jipon. zhi^Ay.': Sp.Ja7y*«,H4-pon'; Dutch, 
 Japan, yd-pdn': Ger. Jiipun. yd'pSn,) an insular empire in 
 the Niirtli Pa'ific. composed of three large islands. Niphou, 
 Kiiio-Sioo.and SikoUf or Sikoke.and a great ninnber of smaller 
 ones of very various dimensions. With its dependencies, 
 including the Loo-Choo group, it extends from 24° 16' to 
 near 50° N. lat., and from about 128° to 151° K. Ion. The 
 Japanese Archipelago is separated fi-om the E. ciiast of Asia 
 by the Japan Sea, from 600 to 700 miles wide in its broadest 
 part. It is washed on the E. by the Great Pacific, which 
 stretches for perhaps 7000 miles, to the territories of the 
 United States, to whose commerce Japan is now for the first 
 time about opening her ports. Kioo-Sioo. the most W. of th(9 
 Japjxn Islands, may be about 200 miles long, by an average 
 breadth of SO miles, covering an area of near 16,000 square 
 miles. Sikokf is about 150 miles long, having an average 
 breadth of 70 miles, and an area of about lO.OoO .square 
 miles. Niphon, (meaning, "fountain or source of light.") mea- 
 sured through the middle, exceeds 900 miles in length: it 
 is above 110 niile.s in average breadth, including an area of 
 more than 100.000 square miles. The dependent countries 
 are. the large island of Y'esfio, with some of the Koorile 
 Islands, and the S. portion of Tarakai or Saghalien. Y'esso 
 is very irregular in form, extending about 250 miles from 
 S.W. to N.E., with an average width of 100 miles, and a 
 surface of near 25,000 scjuare miks. The whole collection 
 of islands includes an area of perhaps 160.000 squai'e miles. 
 The above estimates are from MacFarlane's recent work on 
 Japan, but accordingto the Imperial Gazetteer. Japan proper, 
 with its adjacent islands, numbering in all 3511. includes an 
 area of 116.405 square miles; and its dependencies. 3.50 in all, 
 47,2 H square miles, of which 27,630 are contained in Yes.so, 
 and 15,8S5 in Tarakai or Saghalien : total area, 163.646 scjuara 
 miles. The most important of the smaller isl.inds belong- 
 ing to Japan proper, are Sadda. Tsoosinta, Acoadsi, Taue- 
 gasima. Y'ki, Yaksima, and Oosima, >vith the groups of 
 Okisima, Ootusima. and Kosikisima. Kioo-.Sioo is separated 
 from Sikokf by the Bungo Channel, and from Niphon by 
 Suwo Sound, and the Strsiit of Simoimseki. Sikokf, in 
 turn, is separated from Niphon by a long, narrow channel, 
 in some places not more than a mile wide, but swelling out 
 towards the N. into the Bay of Osaka. The island of 
 Yesso is separated from Niphon on the S. by the Straits of 
 Sangar, and from Saghalien or Tarakai, on the N., by Po- 
 rouse Straits. These, with the Straits of Corea. betweeu 
 Kioo-.Sioo and the mainland of Corea, are the principal chan- 
 nels opening from the Japan Sea Into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Physiad Fiatuns. — The coasts of the larger islands are 
 extremely irregular, being deeply indented with bays, gulfs, 
 and inlets. The surface is also generally uneven, and, in 
 many instances, rises into mountains of great elevation. A 
 regular chain traverses Niphon throughout its whole lenglh, 
 of which, Foosiyama, the highest peak — a dormant vol- 
 cano—is from 11,000 to 12,000 feet high, and perpetually 
 covered with snow; the general elevation, however, is such 
 as to admit of cultivation to the summits. There are 
 pl.ains of considerable extent. Krempfer mentions one be- 
 tween Miako and 0.saka, 70 miles across ; a similar one W. 
 of Yeddo; and a third on the shores of the Bay of Mia. be- 
 sides numerous smaller ones; but. In general, the hills 
 run down to the sea, or leave but a narrow strip of level 
 ground between them and the shore. Nearly all the coasts 
 are very difficult of access, being surrounded by numerous 
 rocks and a very shallow sea; which contains, be.sides, some 
 dangerous whirlpools, one at the entrance of the Bay of Si- 
 mabara, and another S. of Niphon, between the bays of 
 Osaka and Mia. The Japanese islands form a part of the 
 line of volcanic action which commences with the Aleutian 
 Islands in the N., passes through the Philippines. Sumbawa, 
 and Java, to Sumatra, and thence in a N.W. direction to the 
 Bay of Bengal. The volcanic vents, which indicate the 
 direction of the line, are numerous in Ye.s.so, Niphon, and 
 Kioo-Sioo; earthquakes are of frequent occurrence, often 
 causing great devastation. In Yesso there occurred, in 1783, 
 a dreadful eruption, which destroyed 23 villages. Wunzendake 
 or Oonzewgada, one of the 5 active volcanoes in Kioo-Sioo. is 
 the terror of the natives. An eruption of this mountain, in 
 1792, destroyed 50.000 people. In 285 B. c, Lake Mitsoo was 
 formed in a single night by a land-lapse, and at the same 
 time Foosivama, was thrown up. Violent eruptions of 
 this volcano" took place in 800. 86;i, 864, 86", and 1707. In 
 the last, the ashes fell several inches thick at Yeddo, being 
 accompanied with violent earthquakes and discharges of im- 
 mense mas.ses of rock. Two remarkable eruptions took 
 place in the volcano called Sirayama in 12.39 and 1554. A.«a- 
 ma, near the centre of Niphon, burning from midway to the 
 crest, throws out dense smoke, flames, and ashes. 
 
 Minerals. — The prevailing formations in these islands are 
 trachyte and basalt; plastic clay, marl, and feldspar occur 
 in various localities; and there are whole mountains of por- 
 celain-earth. The metallic wealth is said to be great, in- 
 cluding gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and iron. Sado is 
 
 929 
 
JAP 
 
 JAP 
 
 Rfated to be particularly rich in f»ld. Both the tin and cop- 
 per of Japan are considered to be of very superior quality. 
 Sulphur abounds, and naptha is among the exports. Ther- 
 mal and mineral springs are of frequent occurrence, and 
 amltergris is met with on some of the shores. The richest 
 gold ore is mined in tiiA X. portion of Niphon. Silyer-mines 
 are said to be as numenius and as abundant in supply as 
 thoseof gold. Twoislar.d.^ K.of Japan arecalled,/xjrea;C'//eHC»', 
 the gold and silver Islands. In the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century, when the trade was open, the ex- 
 port of gold and silver amounted to alx>ut $1,200,000 per an- 
 num: and in one year we find the Portuguese exporting 
 $2,930,000 of silver alone. Both lead and quicksilver are 
 abundant. Coal exists in various places: and Jap.-in will 
 doubtless become an important coaling-station for Americ;vn 
 steamers. Pearls are fished up on nejirly all parts of these 
 coasts; agates, of great beauty, cornelians, jaspers, and 
 finely-variegated marbles are among the mineral treasures. 
 
 Bat/s. Jiivers. &c. — The streams of J.ipan have generally 
 short and rapid courses. l)eing rather torrents than rivers. 
 The most considerable of those which are known is the river 
 Yedogawa. in Niphon, which rises in Lake Oits, a sheet of 
 water 70 miles long, but of inconsiderable width. It dis- 
 charges itself into the B.iy of Osaka, and is navigable 
 throughout its course by IjargeS. Some of the rivers are re- 
 presented as having been made navigable by artificial means. 
 They are also said to have several canals, connecting their 
 lakes and rivers. As before remarked, Japan is much in- 
 dented with bays, the principal .of which are Osaka, Mia, 
 and Yeddo Baj- in the S. and S.E. of Niphon, and Simabara 
 and Omoora in the AV. of Kioo-Sioo, and Kangosima in the 
 S. The harbor of Yeddo has been represented as so shallow 
 that even small boats could not approach the beach, and the 
 harbor of Osaka as not much better: the United States 
 steam-frigate Mississippi, however, found no difficulty, in 
 185:1. in ascending within 3 'or 4 miles of Yeddo, with still 
 sutlicient depth of water to have proceeded nearer the ca- 
 pital. The harbor of Nagasaki, in the Bay of Omoora, is 
 deep and capacious. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Japan, though extremely various, 
 being intensely Ciild in the X,, and about the temperature 
 of Southern France in the S.. is, on the whole, much milder 
 than its latitude would indicate, attributable chiefly to the 
 influence of the surrounding ocean. In rigorous seasons, 
 the cold is much more severe on the W. than on the E. 
 shores, owing, no doubt, to its proximity to the Asiatic con- 
 tinent, while these coasts are protected by the lofty central 
 ridge of mountains. In Kioo-Sioo and the S, parts of Ni- 
 phon. the thermometer ranges between 29^ and 1(14° of Fahr- 
 enheit: 80° l)eing the average in midsummer, and 35° in 
 niidwiufer. In lat. 32° N., ice is fonned of several inches in 
 thickness: in lat. 30° the lakes are covered with a .'^heet of 
 ice. and in 3s°40', it becomes so thick that rivers may be 
 crossed upon it : while in Yesso, near Cape Saga, lat. 45° 21' 
 N.. wheat yields but a poor return, and winter is so severe 
 as to drive the savage Ainos to the protection of caverns. 
 R:iin is very frdiuent: hurricanes and storms also occur, 
 and are sometimes extremely violent. Near the town of Jlats- 
 mai. in 42° X, lat., the snow lies from November to April ; iu 
 the valleys and plains the summers are wet. Taken as a 
 whole, the climate of Japan is more severe than in the fKime 
 latitudes in Europe; yet the products Ixith of the tropical 
 and temperate climates, are produced within its limits, and 
 it is a very healthy country to live in. 
 
 Productions — Partaking of the climate of both the torrid 
 and temperate zones, the vegetatiou is exceedingly various. 
 The palm, biinana, bamboo, bignouia. and myrtle flourish 
 in the S., while in the N., more especially iu Yesso and Sa- 
 ghalien. oaks and pines abound: but sweet oranges, pome- 
 granates, pears, cherries, apricots, peaches, many plants 
 known in botany asjaponiea, and above 50U of the principal 
 ornamenbil and useful plants, are of foreign origin, having 
 probably been introduced from Corea and China." Camphor 
 and varnish trees are indigenous. The soil of Japan is not 
 naturally rich : but patient industry, favored by a genial 
 climate, htis covered every spot capable of culture with ve- 
 getatiou. In the S., the sugai--caije is cultivated with suc- 
 cess: rice yields two harvest.s. and constitutes the chief arti- 
 cle of food. According to situation, whejit and barley are 
 also grown to a limited extent, and buckwhe.it. soy. pota- 
 toes, melon.s, pumpkins, and cucumbers in great abundance. 
 Ginger, pepper, cotton, and tobacco are also cultivated in 
 consideraiile quantities ; and there are extensive plantations 
 of the tea-plant, yielding, however, a,protiuce inferior to that 
 of China. Besides the forest-trees mentioned above, the fir, 
 cypress, cedars, (of great size,) mulberry, wtduut, and a 
 nut-tree called the Jcaja, are all found in Japan. 
 
 Zo<A«7i/.— Buffaloes and zebus are common, but being for- 
 bidden by the Japanese religion for food, are use<l for agri- 
 cultural purposes. Horses of various breeds— and. though 
 email, said to be excellent— are numerous, but are oiilv 
 used for the saddle, and tliat by the nubility. There are 
 neither asses, mules, camels, nor elephants; and pigs and 
 sheep are few Small bears, hyenas, wild boars, deer, hares. 
 monkeys, and immeose numbers of toxes, are among the 
 
 ' principal wild animals. Bogs are common, and held sacred. 
 Though cats exist in thousands, the country is overrun with 
 rats and mice. There is !i great variety "of birds, among 
 which are falcons — much esteemed — pheasants, woodcocks, 
 te;il, wild ducks and geese in abundance, storks, wild 
 pigeons, ravens, hawks, larks, pelicans, cranes, herons. 4e. 
 Snakes are not infrequent, one species of which, the ouror 
 barni. attains an enormous size. There are also tortoises 
 and lizards: scorpions, centipedes, and the inse<'t tribes are 
 innumerable: among them liees, and the destructive white 
 ant and winged grasshopper. The seas abound in fish, 
 which are taken in great quantities, and form the chief sub- 
 sistence of the inhal>itants. Salmon, soles, turbot, cod, 
 smelt, and other delicious sea-fish, together with oysters, 
 mu.scles, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, and enormous turtles. 
 They enumerate six varieties of whale, all parts of which 
 they use. The Japanese are great fish-eaters, and all parts 
 of their coasts are dotted with fishermen's villages. 
 
 Mamif'ictures. — In manufacturing industry and ingenuity 
 the Japanese are at least equ.al to the Chinese. Their works 
 iu iron, copper, and steel l)ear a high character. Telescopes, 
 thermometers, watches, and clocks of good quality are fabri- 
 cated at Nagasaki. Glass is made, but not very sticcessfully. 
 Silk and cotton cloths are manufactured ; and porcelain, 
 said to be superior to that of China. The art of japanning, 
 as it is called with us. or more properly lackering, is prac- 
 tised with great success ; and specimens are produced sur- 
 passing in splendor any ever seen in Europe. Good paper 
 is made from the bark of mulberry and other trees, and 
 coixlage from the fibres; but neither shi])-buiiding nor 
 house-building are well understood. The hou.<ses are almost 
 univeisally construct-ed of timber, plastered on the outside, 
 and consist of two stories, divided into rooms by slight 
 paper pjirtitions. They are skilful in manufactures of steel, 
 and their sabres and d.aggers surpa.ss all others except those 
 of Damascus; they make fine metal mirrors. In cotton 
 fabrics they are not skilful: but with Chinese silk they 
 manufivcture rich and beautiful articles. In carving and 
 die-sinking they display much skill; they cast metal statues, 
 manufacture toljacco, shoes, hats, Xc, and brew and distil. 
 
 O/mmerce. — The foreign commerce of Japan has hitherto 
 been very .exclusive, and her poits only opt?ned to the Chi- 
 nese and Dutch. Even the trade of the latter was limited 
 to two ships at any one time iu the port of Xaga.saki. ex- 
 porting only $3.50,000 per annum. The imports of the Dutch 
 consist chiefly of wax, spices, ivory, lead, quiclisih er. gl.-iss 
 wai'es, cotton, linen, and woollen goods, which they ex- 
 change for copper. Japan ware, porcelain, and camphor. The 
 Chinese import chiefly tea. silk, and dried fish: exporting 
 the s;»me articles as the Dutch. But a new era has arrived 
 in Jap.tnese commerce, through the instrnmintaiity of the 
 government of tiie United States, which, by a treaty made 
 in 1854. secured admission into two ports of the kingdom, 
 viz. Simoda, in Niphon, near Cape Idz.a, and Ilakodadi, on 
 the island of Yesso. A third port is to be opened a year 
 after the ratification of the treaty; this has not yet been 
 selei'ted. Two ports have also been opened in the depen- 
 dencies, viz. Napa, on the Great Loo Choo Island, and Lloyd's 
 Ihirbor, on Bonin Island. Though the efforts made by Com- 
 modore Perry to extend the privilege to all Christian na- 
 tions was unsucces.sful. the entering-wedge has been mad«f 
 and. .sooner or later, will doubtless lead to a general inter- 
 course with all commercial nations. Both the coasting and 
 the internal trade of the empire are very extensive. 
 
 Population. Manners, and Customs. — In a country with 
 which the civilized world has had so little intercourse as 
 with Japtiu, all estimates of the number of its inhabitants 
 must be exceedingl3- vague and conjectural : and accordingly, 
 we find the estimates varying in different authorities from 
 15.000,000 to 50,000,000. Alfaccounts, however, agree that 
 Japan is densely peopled, its cities being ntimerous, large, 
 and populous, its villages frequent, and its highways crowds 
 with travellers. The Japanese lielong to the gre.at Mongol 
 Tartar fiimily, .and have, like that race, broad skulls, high 
 cheek-bones, small black eyes, obliquely set, long black hair, 
 and a yellow or sallow complexion. Some are good-looking, 
 and many are well made, active, and nimble. They are 
 divided into eight clas.ses, viz. : princes, nobles, priests, sol- 
 diers, civil officers, merchants, artisans, and laborers; these 
 are kept distinct with all the strictness of caste, each person 
 always following the profession of his fathers. The Japanese 
 exhibit perseverance, courage, frankness, good-humor, polite- 
 ness, and courtesy. The latter qualities are parti -ularly ob- 
 servable among the rural population, who are, besides, tem- 
 perate, industrious, and hospitalile. The Japanese dress con- 
 sists of loose garments of silk or '•otton. the men of rank 
 wefiriug a kind of petticoat-trowsers, and those of the highest 
 grade, two swords. They wear no hats, except in rainy 
 weather, and shave the front and crown of the bead, the 
 rest being formed into a ttjft on the bald skull. The women 
 wear their hair very long, with numerous costly ornaments 
 of tortoise-shell. They destroy their natural complexions 
 with paint, color their lips purpU\ and, when m.irrieil, 
 blacken their teeth, and pluck out their eyebrows. Poly- 
 gamy is not practised, but variou* laxities are uidulged 
 
JAP 
 
 JAR 
 
 without scanelal. All are slaves to custom and ridiculous 
 and often oppres-ilve etiquette. The established ivliginu is 
 that of Hoodha. aithoucrh an older form exists, palled Sinto. 
 or Sin-siu. (•• faif h in irods." or "way to the <:ods.") The priests 
 of this sect are allowed to marry. Their alphabet has 47 let- 
 ters, which are written in four forms, oneof which is used ex- 
 clusively by the men. and another by tlie women. The Chi- 
 nese and Japanese have Imen usually compared, but with 
 great injustice, to the latter. According to the celebrated tra- 
 veller, >Ir. Bayard Taylor, who accompanied the ex)>edilion of 
 Commodore Perry, they are a very intelli;rent people, exceed- 
 inL'ly inquisitive, and desirous to be informed of ftreign na- 
 tions. In personal appearance they more resemble the Por- 
 tuguese than the Chinese. Mucli to the surprise of the 
 gentlemen of Commodore l'erry"s expedition, the officers who 
 visited the ship were well informed on the leading points of 
 contemporary history in Europe and America, which they 
 had received throuu'h the Dutch, by special provision in the 
 treaty with that nation, and also of the prominent features 
 of the seography of tliose countries. The jealousy of foreign- 
 ers appears to be wholly on the part of the government, and 
 not of the people, whose cviriosity is only repressed when 
 overawed liy the presence of the agents of that stern despot- 
 ism. As far as the exjierience of the expedition went, it con- 
 firmed in the main the statementsof Ka>mpfer and Sey)x)ld. 
 
 Divif^wnx. — Japan is divided into eight great circles or 
 dno. which are subdivided into 68 provinces, and 622 dis- 
 tricts, governed by officers appointed by the Siogun. 
 
 Cities. — The principal cities are Yeddo, (the capital.) Miako 
 or Keeo. and Osaka or Ohosaka, on the island of Niphon, 
 and Xag.isaki. Sanga. and Kokoora. On Ki'XvSioo. Simoda, 
 reci'ntlv opened to the commerce of the United States, is a 
 town of about tiOOO inhabitants, situated in 31° 39' 49" N. 
 lat.. and 1"8° 57' .30" E. Ion. Its harlK>r is small and not 
 well prote -ted. The population of Yeddo has been given by 
 an old Portuguese writer at 2.000.000; while some of the 
 Dutch writers set it down at 1.500,000. That of Miako was 
 given by K.'empfi'r at .500.000. by a census; but it has since 
 declined. ^lacFarlane e.stimates the present population of 
 Xa'jasaki at from 40,000 to .50,000. 
 
 Gfivn-vmcnl. — The government is an absolute hereditary 
 monarchy, shared by two sovereigns, the one ecclesiastical, 
 called the >Iikado or Dairi-8ania, who resides at Miako, the 
 other milit.-iry, called the Siogun or Kubo; who resides at 
 Yeddo. The latter is the true sovereign, as 'regards the 
 civil rule: tiiough the former has the entire supeHntend- 
 ence of religion and education, and is ti-eated with almost 
 divine honors. The Piogun is assi.sted by a council of five 
 hereditary princes, and by a senate, which forms the legis- 
 lative body, and decides in all civil and criminal cases. 
 Tlie laws are severe, and even sanguinary; torture, and 
 death by decapitation, or impaling on a cross, are ordinary 
 punishmejits. The public revenues are derived wholly from 
 faxes on land and houses. The army, in time of pe.ace, is rated 
 at 1 00.000 ill fan try and 20.000 cavalry. Tliere is no armed navy. 
 Pi< -ililine and the art of fortification are little understood. 
 
 Ifistnri/. — Marco Paulo is the first Europe.an traveller who 
 speaks of Japan, called by hira Cipango or Zipangou. In 
 1542 it was reached by Mendez Pinto; and shortly after- 
 wards the Portuguese obtained permission to settle Naga- 
 saki, and established a lucrative trade. In 1549, Francis 
 Xavier. the Jesuit missionary, arrivetl, and. with his fol- 
 lowers, made many converts; but the government, becoming 
 jealous of tlie Portuguese, and irritated at the success of the 
 missionaries, banished botli in 15S5, and compelled the con- 
 verts to return to their ancient faith. In 1000. the Dutch 
 with difficulty acquired liberty to trade, on condition of not 
 interfering with their religion. They are subjected, how- 
 ever, to numerous vexatious regulations. .\n Englishman, 
 named William Adams, wrecked on the coast in the reign 
 of Elizalieth, was kept prisoner during life: but, gaining 
 favor with the sovereign, succeeded in opening the com- 
 merce of Japan to his countrymen, which flourished vigor- 
 ously fir some years; but in the reign of James I. the 
 privilege of trade was withdrawn. In 1853, an American 
 squadron, under Commodore Perry, entered the harbor of 
 Yeddo. <-harged by his government to endeavor to open com- 
 mercial negotiations with the government of Japan. 01)- 
 sfacles were ingeniously raised to prevent his attaining his 
 purpose; but. by firmness and address, the Commodore 
 finally succeeded in concluding a treaty in 1S54, which 
 opened the ports already named to the commerce of the 
 United States. On the second visit of the Americans to 
 Simoda. the intercourse with the inhalntants was very 
 little restrained, and they roamed about the neighboring 
 
 country unmolested. Adj. and inhab. Jap.\Nese. jap-a- 
 
 lieez'. ("Fr. Japoxais. zhd'po'nA'.) 
 
 J.^PAN or DJ.\P.\N-. jd-p3n', a populous town in the 
 island of .Tava. about 25 miles W.S.W. of Soerabaya. (Soora- 
 baya.) It is the residence of the provincial governor of the 
 Interior, and has several mosques. Near it are the ruins of 
 the old town of Medand Kamalan. 
 
 JAP.*.v Sl'n. Or. if *bat portion of the Pacific Ocean, 
 s«tr.nred between lat. 35° and .52° N.. and Ion. 128° and 142° 
 E., bounded by the islands of Japan on the E., the countries 
 
 of Mantchooria and the peninsula of Corea on the W. It 
 communicates with the Pacific by the Straits of Perouse 
 and Snngar on the K.. and with the Sea of Okhotsk, by the 
 Channel of Tartary, on the X. It forms the Gulf of Corea, 
 and receives the river Amoor. 
 
 JAP.ARA or DJAPAH A. jd-p3'i\f, a Dutch residency on the 
 N. coast of the island of Java, between lat. 7° and 7° 35' X., 
 and Ion. 110° 35' and 111° 10' E. The soil is fertile. Top. 
 400.000. Capital, Japara, a fortified town on the W. coast, 
 30 miles X.N.E. of Samarang. 
 
 JAPIIA. SeeS.\FED. 
 
 JAPHO. St>eJ.\FFA. 
 
 JAPON or JAPONIA and JAPOXAIS. See Japan, 
 
 JAPUltA, ndpoo'rd, or YUPURA. yoo-poc/ri, written 
 also HYAPUHA. (sometimes called, in the upper part of 
 its course, the C.\QUKT.\, ki-kA'td,) a large river of Houth 
 America, has its .sources in the Andes of Ecuador, about 
 50 miles X.E.of Paste, in lat. 1° 20' N., Ion. 70° 50' \V., whence 
 it fiows E. by S., and then S.E.. forming the boundary lie- 
 tween Ecuador and Xew dranada fi-om about lat. 1° 5' X., 
 Ion. 75° 15' W., to lat. 0° 35' S.. Ion. 72° 20' M'., when it be- 
 comes the line of demarcation between Ecuador and P.razil, 
 finally entering the latter at lat, 1° 20' S., Ion. 72° 20' W., 
 from which its course, with a few deviations, is nearly due 
 E.. to lat. 1° 60' S.. Ion. (-.5° 15' AV., when it suddenly 'takes 
 a S. direction, and falls into the Amazon at lat. .3° S., Ion. 
 65° W.. having been, for upwards of ,350 miles of its course, 
 wholly a IJrazilian river. Its entire length is upwards of 
 1000 miles. The navigation of the .Tapura i:< interrupted by a 
 great cataract, which occurs in lat. 1° 10' S., Ion. 72° 20' W. 
 
 JAQUI-nnj.. See Jacmki.. 
 
 J.\QUESUiA. a river of California. See Yaquf.sila. 
 
 JAI!AFUi;l. or XAKAFUEL. nirS fwjl'. a town of Spain, 
 province, and 52 miles S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2102. 
 
 J.\K.\GUA. zlui-r.^'gw.'i, a town of Brazil, province and 
 comarca of Gnyaz. situated on a small river of the same name, 
 which in 1731 yielded rich gold-washings. It was erected 
 into a town in 1833. Pop. 2500. 
 
 J.\1!.\GUA, oneof the i)est frequented seaports in thepro- 
 Tince of Alagoas, in Brazil, near Mngayo. 
 
 JAHATCKJO or XAKAICEJO, nl-ri-thA/no. a town of 
 Spain, in Estremiidura, 40 miles E.N.E. of Caceres. V. 1096. 
 
 JAKAIZ or XAKAI7, lii-rlth', a small town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Caceres, 10 mile^f E. of I'lasencia. 
 
 JAB AM A or X ARAM A, iil-ri'ml. a river of Spain, unites 
 with tlie llenares about 10 miles E.S.E. of Madrid, and after- 
 wards falls into the Tagus a little below .\ranjuez. 
 
 JAKANDILLA or XARAXDILLA. na-ran-deel'y*. a small 
 town of .<pain. province of Caceres. 14 miles E. of Plaseucia. 
 
 JAKAXSK.a town of Hussiii. See Yat(.\nsk. 
 
 JAKCY. JABSY, zhjm'see', or JAKGY'. zhasi'ahee'. a vil- 
 lageofthe Sardinian States, 10 milts from Chambery. P. 1215. 
 
 J.\1!1)IXES. iiaR-dee'n^s, (•■the gardens.") two groups ol 
 islets and rocks off the X. and S. coasts of Cuba. 
 
 JAIiKNSK. a town of Russia. See Y'arensk. 
 
 J.\1U!I';.\C zhaR^zho'. (anc. (7fnY/o5i7(Mni.')atown of France, 
 department of I..oiret, on the Loire, here crossed by a bridge, i 
 10 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. Pop. 1452. 
 
 J.\l!KOVACZ. vap.Mio'v^ts', a village of Hungary, co., and 
 30 miles S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 24o5. 
 
 JAKLSBERCi-LAURWIO.yaRls'b^RO-lSwR'ftig. an amt or 
 bailiwick of Norway. S.W. of Christiania. Area, 896 square 
 miles. Pop. 63,070. ' 
 
 J.\I!MKLLO, zhaR-mMlo, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira. 18 miles S. of Guarda. Pop. 2750. 
 
 J.\liMKN, yaR'meu, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 61 
 miles X.W. of Stettin. Pop. 998. 
 
 J.\KNAC, zhaR^nfc'. a town of France, department of 
 Charente. 7 miles E. of Cognac, on the right bank of the 
 Charente. Pop. in 18,52. 3358. It is the great mart for the 
 wine and brandy of the district, and is celebrated for the 
 victory of the Duke of Anjou over the Prince of Coude, who 
 perished in the battle. 1569. 
 
 JARXAC CHAMPAGNE. zhaR'nRk' shSM^pafS', a village 
 of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, 6 miles X. of 
 Jonzac. Pop. 1140. 
 
 JAKX.\GES, zhaR'nJzh', a town of France, department of 
 Creuse, 14 miles S.S.W. of Bou.ssac. Pop. 8.50. 
 
 JAKOCZYX or JAROTSCIIIX,y<^-rotseen' or ya-rotch'in, 
 written also JAROCIX. a town of Prussian Poland, 40 milea 
 S.E. of Po.sen. I'op. 1.500. 
 
 J.\RO-DSANOBO. See Y.\R0O Dza>t,bo-Tsoo. 
 
 JABOMIERZITZ. yd'i-o-meeR'zits(?). a village of Austrian 
 Moravia, about 10 mileS from Goldenbrlinn. Pop. 1K30. 
 
 JAROM 1 RZ, yA'ro-nieeRts\ a town of Bohemia, at the con- 
 fluence of the Aupe with the Elbe, 68 miles E.X.E. of Prague. 
 Pop. .3490. 
 
 JAROSLAV or JABOSTiAVL. See Y.\R0,snv. 
 
 JAROSLAW. yd/ix>sliv\ a town of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galicia, 17 miles X.X.W. of Przemysl. Pop. 3380, comprising 
 many Jews. It has a castle, a cathedral, a convent, and a 
 normal school. 
 
 JAROSI.OAVICE. a village of Austria. See Joslowitz. 
 
 JAR'RETT'S, a post-village of Sussex co.. Virginia, on 
 the Petersburg Railroad, 31 miles S. of Petersburg. 
 
 931 
 
JAB 
 
 JAV 
 
 JARKy.TTS rORD, a post-office of Kanawha co.. Vii-irinia. 
 
 JAKKETl'SVILLE, a post-office of llarl'oicl co.. Maryland. 
 
 JAR'KOW, a parish and village of Knglaad, co. of Dur- 
 ham. E. of Chester-ward; the Tillage on the Tvne. 2} miles 
 VV.S.W. of South Shields. Pop. in 18.51, 4±448, mostly en- 
 gaged in collieries. In Jarrow Church is an oaken chair, 
 reputed to have belonged to the venerable Bede, who was 
 born at Moukton, in the parish, A. D. 673, and buried in the 
 church in Too. 
 
 JAilUN, jd'roon', or JAROM, jS^rom', a walled town of 
 Persia, province of Fars, 100 miles S.S.K. of theeraz. Pop. 
 4000. It has some trade in white and printed cottons, 
 tobacco, and iron from neighboring mines. 
 
 JAR'VIS. a small coral island in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 in lat. 0° 22' 33" S., Ion. 159"^ 54' 11" W. It is If miles long. 
 
 JAR/VIS ClIAN'NEL, on inlet of the Gulf of Georgia, in 
 Oregon Territory. British North Ameiiea. 
 
 JARZ/;, zhaK^za/, a market-town of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Loire, 6i miles W. of B&uge. Pop. in 1852, 3300. 
 It has a noble chateau, and 3 annual cloth fairs. 
 
 JASCII, a town of European Turkey. See Y.^SST. 
 
 J ASEXA, y^-sa'nS, or J ASSAU, yds'sOw, a scattered village 
 of Bohemia, circle of Koniggratz. Pop. 1062. 
 
 JASK, jdsk, a maritime town of Persm. province of Her- 
 man, on the Arab Sea, N. of Cape Jask, in lat. 25° 38' N., 
 Ion. 57° 48' E. 
 
 JASLISKA, y2s-lis'k3, a town of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galicia, 20 miles S.W. of Sanok. Pop. 2000. 
 
 JASLO, ySsHo, a royal free town of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galicia, 30 miles S.E. of Tarnow. Pop. 1950. 
 
 JAS'PER, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has 
 an area of 305 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Ocmulgee River, and drained by Rix?ky. Falling, Murder, 
 and Cedar Creeks. The surface is undulating and hilly; 
 the soil is moderately fertile. Gold, iron, granite, jasper, 
 and garnet are among the minerals of the county. Orga- 
 nized in 1807, and named in honor of Sergeant Jasper, who 
 fell at the siege of S;tvaiinah, in 1779. Capital. Monticello. 
 Pop. 10,743, of whom 3789 were free, and C954 slaves. 
 
 JASPER, a county' in the S.E. central part of Slississippi, 
 contains about 700 square miles. It is drained by the Tal- 
 lahoma River. The surf ice is moderately uneven. Capital, 
 Paulding. Pop. 11,007, of whom 6458 were free, and 4549 
 slaves. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the E. part of Texas, contains 
 about 1000 square miles. The Xeches River bounds it on 
 the ^^'.. and it is drained by the Angelina River. The soil 
 near the margin of tlie stream is very fertile. Capital, 
 Jasper. Pop. 4037, of whom 2426 were free. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, contains 
 about 550 square miles. It is drained by Kankakee and 
 Iroquois River. A large part of the surface is occui)ied by 
 the Grand Prairie and the Kankakee Marahes, or wet 
 prairies, among which small groves, or oak-openings, are 
 dispersed. The soil is better adapted to pasturage than 
 tillage. It is crossed by the Toledo, Logansport and Bur- 
 lington R.R. Capital, Rensselaer. Pop. 4291. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 440 squiu-e miles. It is intersected by Embarras 
 River, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is nearly 
 level, and consists in part of fertile prairies. Capital, New- 
 ton. Pop. 8364. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Kansas, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Spring River, and also di-ained by Muddy, 
 Centre, Drywood, and Horse Creeks. 'The surface is some- 
 what diversified; the soil is fertile. Cai)ital, Carthage. 
 Pop. 6883, of whom 6548 were free, and a3o slaves. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the central part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 720 square miles. It is traversed by Skunk River 
 and its North Fork. The prairies of this county are large; 
 the soil is productive. Stone coal is abundant. Capital, 
 Newton. Pop. 9883. 
 
 JASPER, a postrtownship of Steuben co- Xew York, 21 
 miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. 1850. 
 
 JASPER, a post-village, capital of Hamilton co.. Florida, 
 about 100 miles E. of Tallahassee. It has several stores, 
 and about 300 inh.abitants. 
 
 JASPKR. a" post-village, capital of Walker CO., Alabama, 
 aboutoO miles in a direct line N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 JASi'ER, a post-village, capital of Ja.sper co.. Texas. 6 
 miles E. of the Neches River, and 55 miles S. of San Augus- 
 tine. Jasper contains a court-house, a jail, 3 stores, and 
 about 200 inhabitj»nts. 
 
 J.\SPKR, a post-village, capital of Xewton co., Arkansas, 
 125 miles X.N.W. of Little Rwk. Its origin is very recent. 
 
 J.\SPKR, a post-village, capital of JIarion co., Tennessee, 
 on the Sequatehy River, an affluent of the Tennessee, about 
 6 miles from the latter, and 114 miles S.E. of Nashville 
 Pop. from 200 to 300. 
 
 JA.SPER. a post-village of Pike co., Ohio, on the Scioto 
 River and Ohio Canal. 65 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 JASPKR, a post-village, capital of Dubois co..'lndiana, on 
 the Patoka Creek, 120 mUes S.S.W. of Indianapolis. First 
 settled in 1830. 
 932 
 
 JASPER, a village of Jasper co., Missouri, 165 miles S.W. 
 of Jefferson City. 
 
 J.iSSY. the capital town of Moldavia. See Yasst. 
 
 JASTROW, y^s'trov. a town of West Prussia, 90 mileB 
 M'.S.AV. of JIarienwerder. Pop. 3750, of whom many are 
 Jews. It has a Lvitheran church, a synagogue, and manu- 
 factures of woollen cloths and firearms. 
 
 JASZ-Al'ATIII. yass' oh"poh'tee\ a market-town of Central 
 Hungary, in Jazygia, 11 miles E. of .Jasz-1'ereiiy. Pop. 8S00, 
 employed in agriculture and the cultivation of the vine. 
 
 JASZ-BERENY, ydss' b;i-raifi'. a market-town of West 
 Hungary, in Jazygia, on both sides of the Zagyva. hert' 
 crossed by a stone bridge, 38 miles E. of Pesth. I'op. 17,582 
 The principal edifices are a large and hand.some Roman 
 Catholic and several other churches, a Franciscan convent, 
 a Roman Catholic gj mnasium, a liigh school, and the town- 
 hall, containing the archives of Jazygia and Cuniania, on 
 an island. In the centre of the river stands a marlile olie 
 lisk. erected in 1797, in honor of the Archduke Joseph ; and 
 in the middle of the town is shown the reputed tomb of 
 Attila. Its principjil tr.ide is in corn, horses, and cattle. 
 
 JASZENICZA, yii.s'sAh'neet/sOh\ a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Arva. 24 miles from Kubin. Pop. 1039. 
 
 JASZENOVA, y2s^s.-i'no/vdh\ a village of Hungary, about 
 3 miles from Lagerdorf. Pop. 1890. 
 
 JASZEN0VACZ.yii.s'sA-no-v3ts'. a market-town of Austrian 
 Croatia, 9 miles X.X.E. of Dubitza, at the confluence of the 
 Unna with the Save. Pop. 2653. 
 
 JASZ-FKNSZARU. yass-feiis\soh'roo', a village of Hun- 
 gai-y, CO. of Jazvgia. on the river Zjigyva, 18 miles N.W. of 
 Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 3489. 
 
 JASZIvA, y3ss'koh\ a market-town of Austrian Croatia, 
 CO., and 20 niilas S.W. of Agram. Pop. 1212. 
 
 JASZ-LADANY, ySss' lOhMdB', a village of Hungary, in 
 Jazygia, on an arm of the Theiss, 9 miles from Jasz-Bereny. 
 Pop". 3820. 
 
 JASZLOWIEC,atown of Austrian Poland. See Jazlowicb. 
 
 JASZO. yds'so'or JOSZ, yoss.a market-town of Hungary, 
 CO. of Abavyvar, in a beautiful valley, on the Bodva. 30 miles 
 S.E. of Leutschau. It contains a magnificient old Pivmon- 
 strateusian abbey, the church of which is one of the finest 
 in Hungarv. There is also an excellent library. Pop. 1799. 
 
 JATINUM. SeeJlEAUX. 
 
 JATI VA, a city of Spain. See San Feupe de Jativa. 
 
 JAUER. yow'er, a town of Prussian Sile.sia, on the right 
 bank of the Xeisse. 10 miles S.E. of Liegnitz. Pop. 6d00. It 
 i.-i enclo.sed by double walls and a fosse, and has a Lutheran 
 and numerous Roman Catholic churches, a free school. 2 
 hospitals, houses of correction and industry, a lunatic .isy- 
 lum, nianuliictures of linen and woollen fabrics, stockings, 
 and leather, and an active trade in corn and flax. 
 
 JAUERXICIv. y6w/er-nik\ or JAUERMG. yow'er-niG\ a 
 town of Austrian Silesia, 52 miles X.W. of Troppau. Pop. 
 1900. Above the town is the castle of the priuee-blshc.ps of 
 Johannisberg. 
 
 JAUJA. HOw'ud. or ATANJAUJA, a-tan-ii6w'iia. a river 
 of Peru, joins the .4purimac 145 miles X.E. of Huancavelica, 
 after a very tortuous S.E. and E. course of at least 400 miles. 
 In its lower part it is called the Maxtaro. 
 
 JAUJ.A, or ATAXJAUJA, a town of Peru, department of 
 Judin, capital of a province of its own name, 125 miles E. of 
 Lima, on the E. bank of the above river. It is stated to 
 have considerable trade in rural produce and cattle. Silver 
 mines exist in the province, which in 1850 had a population 
 of 93.712. 
 
 ■ JAUJAC, zho'zhdk', a market-town of France, department 
 of Ardeche, 8 miles X. of Argentiere, Pop. 2510. 
 
 JAULDA, jawi'da, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, 36 miles S,k. of Ramghur, 
 
 JAULXAH, jawl'ui}, a town of India, in Deccan, Xizam's 
 dominions, 34 miles E.S.E. of Aurungabad. It has a fort, and 
 a cantonment for British troops. 
 
 J.-VULXAY, zhorui'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vienne, arrondissement of Poitiers. Pop. 15S0. 
 
 JAUMXIER, jawm-neer', a town of Hindostan. Gwalior 
 dominions, on the Taptee, 40 miles X.E. of Boorbanpoor. 
 
 JAUItU, zh(5w-roo', a river of Brazil, rises in the serra of 
 its own name, a branch of the Cordillera of Parecis, in thv 
 province of Matto-Grosso. ilows S.E., and joins the Paragua* 
 after a course of about 220 miles. Its principal affluents ar« 
 the Aguapehi and Bahia. 
 
 J.\UZIERS, zhO'ze-.V, a Tillage of France, department o/ 
 Basses- .\lpes. 5 miles X.E. of Barcelonnette, Pop. 1880. 
 
 J.WA. ji'vaor jah'va, (native,^«iou,rice; It, (rmi-ff. j^'vj' 
 Dutch and Ger. Java, yj'vl; Fr. pron. zhi'vi': Sp. pron. hS 
 vd.) an island in the Malaj- Archipelago, the principal seat of 
 the Dutch power in the ICast. and after Sumatra and Borneo, 
 the largest in the Sumki Group, is bounded X. by the .lavn 
 Sea, and S. by the Indian Ocean, separated W. by the Strait 
 of Sunda from Sumatra, and E. by that of Bali from lit\V,; 
 lat. 5° 52' to 8° 51' S., and Ion, 105° 15' to 114° 30' E. Its 
 shape somewhat resembles a pjirallelogram, the greater axil 
 lying E, and W., with a slight inclination X. at the W. wl. 
 "The island is 630 miles long, by 35 to 120 miles broad; area. 
 49,730 square miles. 
 
JAV 
 
 JAV 
 
 Physical Features. — ^The S. coast of Java presents a con- 
 tinuous 'front of eracs and rocks. forniin<; the outer edjre of 
 an extremely mountainous country ; the X. is flat and low, 
 and covered iu many places with manfrrove swamps: the 
 tbrnier is generally unsafe for shipijinir.while the latter affords 
 excellent anchorage at almost all times and places. The prin- 
 cipal capes, bays, and harbors formed along its coast are 
 Java Head, a cape iit the entrance of the Strait of Sunda 
 from the Indian Ocean; Cape St. Nicholas, where that strait 
 opens into the Java 8eA; Cape Panita at the W.. and Cape 
 Sendano at the E. entrance of the Strait of Madura; Capes 
 Kast and South, at the S.K. extremity of Java; Wyncoop's. 
 Welcome, and Pepper Bays, at the W. end of the island ; and 
 along the S. coast, from AV. to ?].. Penanjong, Pachitan. I'an- 
 pol, Sambreng, Segara-Wedi, Danipar, and Giadjagan Rays. 
 The chief harbors are tliose of Hatavia and Soerabaya, on 
 the N.; and that of Culi Pujang, formed by the small island 
 of Kembangan on the S. 
 
 The island is traversed throughout its whole length by 
 two chains of mountain,*, which in some places unite and 
 again separate, forming ramifications sloping gently down 
 to the shore. lioth chains are thickly set with volcanot>s, 
 active and extinct, varying from (JOOO to 9000 feet in 
 heijiht; some of them, rising even to 12.000 feet, are seen 
 at sea from a great distance, and form landmarks to the 
 navigator. In the following list, the active volcanoes are 
 in italics: — 
 
 Provinces, where situated. 
 
 Buitenzorg 
 
 Preftiiger Regencies , 
 
 Ctieribon 
 
 Tagnl 
 
 Peivjilongan 
 
 Kadoe 
 
 " aud Bagclen 
 
 Sncrakarta and Madiocn. . . 
 
 Pnssoeroean 
 
 ** and Soerabaya 
 Rezoeki .*, , 
 
 Name of Volcano. 
 
 Pangerango. .. 
 
 Gedeh 
 
 Papandaj/ang 
 
 Tjermei 
 
 Slamat 
 
 Praauw 
 
 Mcntpi 
 
 Sindoro 
 
 Soombing .... 
 
 Lauoo 
 
 Seniiroo 
 
 Artfjooiio 
 
 Idje'ng 
 
 These mountains are intersected by large and beautiful 
 valleys, watered by rivers and torrents, and covered, for 
 the most part, with thick forests. Though alluvium is 
 everywhere finind, yet the formation of the island is essen- 
 tially trachytic, while diorite, limestone, sandstone, and 
 other stones of mixed formation, are di^pereed in masses of 
 small extent, or limited to certain localities. Porphyries, 
 with large cry.stals, are met with in the limestone; and in 
 the rolled river-stones, jasper and quartz of various kinds ; 
 the shores and bottom of the sea are sown with zoolites. 
 Java has no metallic veins fit for being wrought ; the Han- 
 tam coid-mines yield only lignite; naphtha and asphalt 
 abound in various localities; and the salines of Koewoe, 
 S.K. of Samarang, yield a tolerably large supply of salt. 
 Warm medicinal waters are very f lentiful. Tlie volcanoes, 
 when in an a-tive state, are remarlable for the quantity of 
 sulphur and sulphurous vapors they discharge. The crater 
 of Tascheni, at the E. end of the island, contains a lake 
 about one-fourth of a mile long, strongly impregnated with 
 sulphuric acid, from which there issues a stream of acid 
 water so destructive to life, that ev/.n fish cannot live in the 
 pe.i near its mouth. An extinct vJcano near liatar, called 
 Guevo Upas, or the Vale of Poison, fkb<3ut half a mile round, 
 is held in horror by the natives. Eferv living creature that 
 enters it drops down dead, and the soil is covered with the 
 carcasses of deer, birds, and even the bones of men, killed 
 by the carbonic acid gas which lies at the bottom of the 
 valley. "In another crater in this land of wonders," says 
 Sir Charles Lyell, '• the sulpherous exhalations h:ive killed 
 tigers, birds, and innumerable in.sects: and the soft parts 
 of these animals, such a.<- the fibres, muscles, hair. &c., are 
 very well preserved, while the bones are corroded and en- 
 tirely destroyed." 
 
 Ji'ivers. — A multitude of rivers How from the \. and S. sides 
 of the mountains of Java, affording supplies to innumerable 
 aititicial watercourses used in irrigation. These streams 
 are generally rapid, shallow, and encumbered with sand- 
 banks. The only rivers navigable for vessels to any distance 
 Inland are the Solo. Kediri. Tjimanoek, and Tjitiroem : the 
 others are only si.<it-ible for proas or canoes of the lightest 
 draught, or for floating down timber from the mountains. 
 
 Climate. — Jsva was formerly considered very unhealthy ; 
 but it is now ascertjiined that, with the exceplion of a few 
 marshy districts on the N. coast, and some parts on the S., 
 the climate is as salubrious as that of any othej- intertropi- 
 cal country; and the more elevated regions are even remark- 
 ably healthy. In the plains, the temperature during the 
 day is from 85° to 94° Fahrenheit, and during the night 
 from 73° to SO''. At an elevation of 6000 feet, the thcrmo- 
 mc^tsr descends to 60°, while the tops of the lofty peaks are 
 often covered with ice. Earthquakes and thunder-storms 
 ai'e common, but hurri^ar^es are rare. 
 
 ZoUogy. — Including domestic and marine animals, 100 
 
 kinds of mammalia inhabit Java. Though so close to Su- 
 matra .ind the Malay Peninsula, neither the elephant nor 
 the tapir are found in the island; but, in the W . part. th« 
 one-homed rhinoceros is not uncommon : and in numerous 
 districts, the royal tiger, panther, and tiger-cat keep the in- 
 habitants in constant alarm by their depredations. Th» 
 lialiyrouss.T. with two kinds of wild bog. [Siis verrucosus anf 
 viltiitti.1.) form the large game. Ifi/lnbute-t Uucisain. two s|)e 
 cies of SrmnopWtfCiis. and the cosmopolite Caxopithpcuf cyno 
 mnlgus, are the only representatives of the ape kind: bnl 
 they people the forests in countless numbers. Two kii ds 
 of lemurs (Stenups Juraniciis and tardi firadiis) inspire the 
 inhabitants with superstitious tear by their mysterious noc- 
 turnal h.abits: and this island may be esteemed the native 
 seat of the laigest bats, (I'trrnpiia edulis or Juvanicua.) some 
 of which measure 5 feet across the wings ; they may be seeu 
 suspended from the branches in hundreds during the day, 
 and at night they devastate the orchards and gardens. Two 
 civets (Vitrrra nnisaiifiix and ra^e,) are common, and supply 
 a perfume of which the Javanese are passifmately fond; the 
 wild ox, (/?.),« snmiarcii.^.) a beautiful and graceful animal, 
 which has hitherto been found untamable, abounds in the 
 woods: and the buffalo. (Iio.i hulmlus: ami.) said to have been 
 brought from continental A.sia in the twelfth century, by 
 the same prince to whom tradition assigns the introduction 
 of the rice-plant, is the only animal used in agricultural 
 labor. They are much more numerous than the oxen and 
 horses united. Goats are common, but sheep and hogs ara 
 rare. 
 
 The ornithology of Java is rich and varied, both in genera 
 and in species ; almost all the known generic groups of rap>i- 
 cious birds aie found here, and in great numlicrs. The j>ea- 
 cock (I'iivn fpicif'r) spreads his brilliant plumage in the 
 haunts of the tiger, of which it forms the favorite prey. 
 'I'hrushes of vaiions kinds «e common ; and near the prin- 
 cipal craters may be seCn a kind of blackbird. {Turdus fu- 
 midas.) which never departs from the localities exposed to 
 eruptions and igneous m.itters. Gallinaceous fowls are 
 plentiful. The 'Uers and the surrounding seas supply a 
 great variety 'if fish. In.sects cover the grounds and plants 
 in countless numbers; but few are distinguished for bril- 
 liancy or variety of color, or are remarkable in form. 
 
 Vcgdalinii. — Java possesses a soil of astoni.shing fertility, 
 and a vegetation unrivalled in its luxuriance, ranging from 
 the palms of the tropics to the mosses of the temperate zone. 
 The coast is fringed with cocoanut-trees : behind them the 
 ground rises gently to the foot of the mountain chain, and 
 is completely cultivated. Javanese villages of liamVujo 
 houses, surrounded with hedges of fruit-trees of sombre 
 hues, and bamboo tope.s, contrast agreeably with the vast 
 fields of rice, artificially watered, distributed amphitheatre- 
 wise, on the flanks of the hills, and yielding often three har- 
 vests annually. Higher up than the rice field.s. the bases 
 of the mountains are covered with vast forests of different 
 species of the fig-tree, remarkable lor tlieir great height and 
 vigorous growth. The Ficua li'le.rphi/lh' is met with at very 
 considerable elevations. At the same height grow the family 
 of the MeliaeeiP, with Aglaias. V.\ni-\\av\»e». ArUiairpiis ptipi- 
 lora and eladica, Sterculias, Sapinduses, Ac, whose trunks 
 are covered with Aralias, Polyscias. Uvarias. Ac. with such 
 climbers and parasites as pepper. Pothos, Loranthu.s. Wistl&- 
 toe, Ac; these are followed, still higher up, by the piano 
 like Liquidambars. with theirerict.«tems covered with parar 
 sites; also ratans and rubiaceas, the latter of numerous spe- 
 cies. About .0(100 teet above the sea may be seen Pixiocorpii* 
 ciiprexsua. with its lofty, straight stem, a tree allied to tha 
 vew, and furnishing tlie best timber in Java; the Dammar 
 pine, Rhod<Hiendrons. and the Dipteris or two-leaved fern, 
 which exists only in this region. Laurels of numerous spe- 
 cies, chestnuts, oaks, {Quercus mnlucca and cnncentrica.) me- 
 lastomas, eugenias, magnolias, myrtles, numerous orchises, 
 Ac, grow still higher up the mountains. At an elevation of 
 about 7000 f -et. the vegetation changes its aspects, and mosseg 
 appear, which, with heaths, more especially Vaccinieo', are 
 the principal plants found on the loftier heights. Some 
 plants, as Vacciniiim. varinrjrrfttUiim. M;/rica Javuin'ca. Ac, 
 grow vigorously on the biink of craters emitting sulphurous 
 vapors; and ferns, such an JUfclmum pyrophilum and rteria 
 aurita, cover with their fronds the edges of gulfs filled with 
 boiling mud, as is the case on Mount Kiamis, and form a 
 border to sulpherous marshes, their roots growing in the 
 .acid waters. Before leaving the natural vegetation, the 
 famed poison-tree, the chettik or Upas, {Antiaris toxicaria.) 
 may be named as a noted Javanese plant. The vast forests 
 likewise claim notice ; they are 791 in number, and cover a 
 very extensive surface in thirteen of the provinces, and con- 
 sist mainly of teak. Java is said to be the only island in 
 the Malay Archipelago of which the teak-tree is a native. 
 
 Jr/ricuUure. — Itice forms the staple food of the natives, 
 and is raised in a.stonishing and increasing quantities. 
 Coffee raised from Mocha seed is extensively cultivated, 
 and, with sugar, forms one of the staples of the island, its 
 export in recent years greatly exceeding even that of rice. 
 Cotton of two kinds, Burnhax prntandrum and Gnsni/pium 
 lierbaceum, are grown, and considerable quantities likewise 
 
 933 
 
JAB 
 
 JARKy.TTS FORD, a post-offioe of Kanawha co.. Tirpinia. 
 
 JARKETI'SVILLK. a post-office of llarfoicl co.. Maryl.-ind. 
 
 JAR'KOW, a p.iri^ih ami villaire of England, co. of Dur- 
 ham. E. of Chester-ward; the village on the Tvne. if miles 
 W.S.W. of i^outh Shields. I'op. in 18.51, 42,44S, mostly en- 
 gaged in collieries. In Jarrow Church is an oaken chair, 
 reputed to have belonged to the venerable Bede, who was 
 born at Monkton, in the parish, .». D. 673, and buried in the 
 church in 735. 
 
 JARUX, jJ'roon', or JAROM, jj'rom', a walled town of 
 Persia, province of Fars, 100 miles S.S.E. of Sheeraz. Pop. 
 4000. It has some trade in white and printed cottons, 
 tobacco, and ii-on from neighboring mines. 
 
 JAR'VIS. a small coral island in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 In lat. 0° 2-J' 33" S.. Ion. 159^ 54' 11" W. It is If miles long. 
 
 JAR'VIS ClIAX'NEL, an inlet of the Gulf of Georgia, in 
 Oregon Territory. British \orth America. 
 
 JARZ£, zhaR^za/, a market-town of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Loire. 6| miles W. of Gauge. Pop. in 1852, 3300. 
 It has a noble chateau, and 3 annual cloth fairs. 
 
 J ASCII, a town of Euroix-an Turkey. See Y.WST. 
 
 J ASEX A, y3-sVn3, or JASSAU, yis'sSw. a scattered village 
 of Bohemia, circle of Koniggi-Stz. Pop. 1062. 
 
 JASK, jdsk, a maritime town of Persia, province of Ker- 
 man, on the Arab Sea, X. of Cape Jask, in lat. 25° 38' X., 
 Ion. 57° 48' E. 
 
 JASLISKA, y3s-lis'k3, a town of AiLstrian Poland, in 
 Galicia, 20 miles S.W. of Sanok. Pop. 2000. 
 
 JASLO, ySslo, a rojal free town of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galicia, 30 miles S.E. of Tarnow. Pop. 1950. 
 
 JAS'PER, a county in the X. central part of Georgia, has 
 an area of 365 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Ocmulgee River, and drained by Rocky. Falling, JIurder, 
 and Cedar Creeks. The surface is undulating and hilly ; 
 the soil is moderately fertile. Gold, iron, granite, jasper, 
 and garnet are among the miner.ils of the county. Orga- 
 nized in 1807, and named in honor of Se'rgeant Jasper, who 
 fell at the siege of Sjivannah, in 1779. Capital. Monticello. 
 Pop. 10,743, of whom 37S9 were free, and 6954 slavea. 
 
 JASPER, a countj' iu the S.E. central part of Jlississippi, 
 contains about 700 square miles. It is diained by the Tal- 
 lahoma River. The surf ice is moderately uneven. Capital, 
 Paulding. Pop. 11,007, of whom 6458 were free, and 4549 
 slaves. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the E. part of Texas, contains 
 about 1000 square miles. The Xeches River Ixiunds it oh 
 the W.. and it is drained by the Angelina River. The .soil 
 near the margin of the stream is very fertile. Capital, 
 Jasper. Pop. 4037, of whom 2426 were free. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the X.W. part of Indiana, contains 
 about 550 square miles. It is drained by Kankakee and 
 Iroquois River. A large part of the surface is occupied by 
 the Grand Prairie and the Katikakee Marshes, or wet 
 prairies, among which small groves, or oak-openings, are 
 dispersed. The soil is better adapted to pasturage than 
 tillage. It is crossed by the Toledo, l-ogansport and Bur- 
 lington B.R. Capital, Rensselaer. Pop. 4291. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, has on 
 area of 440 square miles. It is intci-sected by Enibarras 
 River, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is nearly 
 level, and consists in part of fertile prairies. Capital, New- 
 ton. Pop. 8364. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the "W.S.W. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Kansas, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Spring River, and also drained by Muddy, 
 Centre, Drywood, and Horse Creeks. Tlie surface is some- 
 what diversified; the soil is fertile. Capital, Ciirthage. 
 Pop. 68S3, of w horn 654S were free, and 3.35 slaves. 
 
 J.\SPER, a county in the central part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 720 square miles. It is traversed by Skunk River 
 and its Xorth Fork. The prairies of this county are large; 
 the soil is productive. Stone coal is abundant Capital, 
 Newton. Pop. 9883, 
 
 JASPER, a post-township of Steuben co_ New Tork, 21 
 miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. 1850. 
 
 JASPER, a post-village, capital of Hamilton CO.. Florida, 
 about 100 miles E. of Tallahassee. It has several stores, 
 and alx.ut 300 inh.ibitants. 
 
 JASPER, a" post-village, capital of Walker co., Alabama, 
 about 50 miles iu a direct line X.X.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 JASPER, a post-village, capital of Ja.sper co.. Texas. 6 
 miles E. of the Neches River, and 65 miles S. of San Augus- 
 tine. Jasper contains a court-house, a jail, 3 stores, and 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 JASPER, a post-village, capital of Xewton co., Arkan.-sas, 
 
 T I'S'i'*'? ^'•^'•"^^'- o'' *'»"!« Kock. Its origin is very recent. 
 
 JASPER, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Tennes.see, 
 on the Sequatchy River, an afUuent of the Tennessee, about 
 6 miles from the latter, and 114 miles S.E. of Xashville 
 Pop. from 200 to 300. 
 
 JASPER, a post-vill.-ige of Pike co.. Ohio, on the Scioto 
 Klver and Ohio Canal, 05 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 JASPER, a post-village, capital of Dubois co„' Indiana, on 
 the Patoka Creek, 120 mUes S.S.W. of Indianapolis, first 
 settled iu 1830. 
 932 
 
 JAY 
 
 JASPER, a village of Jasper co., Missouri, 165 miles S.W. 
 of Jefferson City. 
 
 J.\SSY. the capital town of Moldavia. See Tasst. 
 
 JASTROAV. yis'trov. a town of West Prussia, 90 miles 
 W.S.W. of Marienwerder. Pop. 3750, of whom many are 
 Jews. It has a Lutheian church, a synagogue, and manu- 
 factures of woollen cloths and firearms. 
 
 JASZ-APATIII. ydss'oh"j>Ch'tee\a market-town of Central 
 Hungary, in Jazygia, 11 miles E. of Jasz-liereny. Pop. 8S00. 
 employed in agriculture and the cultivation of the vine. 
 
 JA.SZ-BEREXY, ydss^ ba -raia'. a market-town of M'est 
 Ilungarv, in Jazygia, on both sides of the Zagyva. her?' 
 crossed by a stone bridge. 38 miles E. of Pesth. Pop. 17.582 
 The principal edifices are a large and hand.some Roman 
 Catholic and several other churches, a Franciscan convent, 
 a Itoman Catholic gymnasium, a high school, and the town- 
 hall, containing the archives of Jazygia and Cumania. on 
 an island. In the centre of the river stands a marlile obe 
 lisk. erected iu 1797. in honor of the Archduke .loseph : and 
 iu the middle of the town is shown the reputed tomb of 
 Attila. Its principal trade is in corn, horses, and cattle. 
 
 JASZEXICZA. yds'sdh'neefsCh'. a village of Ilungiuy, co. 
 of Arva. 24 miles from Kubin. Pop. 1039. 
 
 JASZEXOV.i, yjs's.a^no'voh^, a village of Hungary, about 
 3 miles from Lagerdorf. Pop. 1890. 
 
 JASZEX V ACZ.yd.s'sA-no-vdts'. a market-town of Austrian 
 Croatia, 9 miles X.X.E. of Duliitza, at the confluence of the 
 Unna with the Save. Pop. 2653. 
 
 JAS7.-FEXSZARU, yass-fens'soh'roo/, a village of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Jazvgia, on the river Zagyva, 18 miles X.W. of 
 Ja.sz-Bereny. Pop. 3489. 
 
 JASZKA. y3ss'koh\ a market-town of Austrian Croatia, 
 CO.. and 20 miles S.W. of Agram. Pop. 1212. 
 
 JASZ-LADAXY. ydss' lohMafS', a village of Hungary, in 
 Jazvgia. ou an arm of the Theiss, 9 miles from Jasz-Bereny. 
 Pop", 3820. 
 
 JASZLOWIEC,atown of Austrian Poland. See Jazlowicb. 
 
 JASZO, yis'so' or JOSZ, yoss,_a markettowu of Hungary, 
 CO. of Abaiyvar, in a beautiful valley, on the Bodva. 30 miles 
 S.E. of Leufschau. It contains a magnificient old Pivmon- 
 strateusian abliej', the church of whiih is one of the finest 
 in Ilungarv. There is also au excellent library. Pop. 1799. 
 
 JATIXUM. See .AIE.4UX. 
 
 JATIVA, a city of Spain, See Sax Feupe be Jativa. 
 
 J.\IIER, yow'er, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the right 
 bank of the Xeis.se. 10 miles S.E. of Liegnitz. Pop. 6AiKJ. It 
 is enclosed by double walls and a fosse, and has a Lutheran 
 and numerous Rowan Catholic chuixhes. a free school, 2 
 hospitals, houses of correction and industry, a lunatic asy- 
 lum, manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, stockings, 
 aud leather, and an active trade iu corn and flax. 
 
 JAUERXICK, y6w'er-nik\ or JAUERXIG, yow'er-nJG', a 
 town of Austrian Silesia, 52 miles X.AV. of Tixipp.Vu. Pop. 
 1900. Above the town is the castle of the prince-bishops of 
 Johannisberg. 
 
 JAUJA. hOw'hI or ATAXJAUJA. S.-tin-H6v,'uL a river 
 of Peru, joins the Apuriuiac 145 miles X.E. of Huancivelica, 
 after a very tortuous S.E. and E. course of at least 400 miles. 
 In its lower part it is called the Mastaro. 
 
 J.\L'J.\, or ATAXJAUJA, a town of Peru, department of 
 Judin, capital of a province of its own name, 125 miles E, of 
 Lima, on the E. b.auk of the above river. It is stated to 
 have considerable trade in rural produce and cattle. Silver- 
 mines exist in the province, which in 1S50 had a population 
 of 93,712. 
 
 ■ JAUJAC, zho^hdk', a market -town of France, department 
 of Ardeche, 8 miles X, of Argentiere, Pop, 2510, 
 
 JAl}LD.\, jawl'da. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 36 miles S.E. of Ramghur. 
 
 JAULX.\II, jawl'n.-j, a town of India, in Deccan, Xizam's 
 dominions, 34 miles E'.S.E.of Aurungabad. It has a fort, and 
 a cantonment fur British troops. 
 
 J.A.ULXAY, zhorni/. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vienne, arrondissement of Poitiers. Pop. 1580. 
 
 JAUMXIER. jawm-neer', a town of Ilindostan. Gwalior 
 dominions, on the Taptee. 40 miltjs X.E. of Boorhanpoor. 
 
 JAL'RU, zhCw-roo', a river of Brazil, rises in the .serra of 
 its own name, a branch of the Cordillera of Parecis, in th» 
 province of Matto-Grosso. flows S.E.. and joins the Paragua* 
 after a course of alout 220 miles. Its principal affluents ar« 
 the Aiuapehl and Bahia, 
 
 J.\UZIERS, zhd'ze-.V, a vilkage of France, department oJ 
 Bas.se.s-Alpes, 5 miles X.E. of Bareelonnette. Pop. 1880. 
 
 J.\VA. jd'va or jah'va. (native. J(!U)u, rice: It. GiVn-a. jd'vl' 
 Dutch and Ger. Juva. yi'vS ; Fr. pron. zhdVd': Sp. pron. hS 
 vd.) an island in the Malay Archipelago, the principiU seat of 
 the Dutch power in the East, and after Sumatra and Borneo, 
 the largest in the Siuide Group, is bounded X. by the Jav» 
 Sea. and S. by the Indian Ocean, separated W. by the Strait 
 of Sunda from Sumatra, and E. by that of Bali from Bali; 
 lat. 5° 52' to 8° 51' S.. and Ion. 105° 16' to 114° SC E. IU 
 shape somewhat resembles a parallelogram, the greater axii 
 lying E. and W., with a slight inclination N. at the W. er>l. 
 The island is 630 miles long, by 35 to 120 miles broad ; area. 
 49,730 square miles. 
 
JAV 
 
 JAV 
 
 Physical Features. — The S. coast of Java presents a con- 
 tinuous front of crairs and rocks, foruiin;; the outer edjre of 
 an extremely mountainous country ; the X. is flat and low, 
 and covered iu many places with man!.'rove swamps: the 
 former is penerally unsafe for shippintr. while the latter affords 
 excellent anchorage at almost all times and places. The prin- 
 cipal capes, hays, and harbors formed aloni; its coast are 
 Java Head, a c&pe at the entrance of the Strait of Sunda 
 from the Indian Ocean; Cape St. Nir^hnlas, where that strait 
 opens into the Java Sea ; Cape I'anka at the AV.. and Cape 
 Sendano at the K. entrance of the Strait of .Madura; Capes 
 East and South, at the S.K. extremity of Java; Wyncoop's, 
 Welcome, and Pepper Bays, at the W. end of the island ; and 
 along the S. coast, from W. to K.. Penanjong. Pachitan. I'an- 
 ftol, Sambreng, Segara-Wedi, Danipar, and Gradjagan Bays. 
 The chief harbors are those of liatavia and Soerabaya, on 
 the N.; and that of Culi Pujang, formed by the small island 
 of Kemhangan on the S. 
 
 The island is traversed throughout its whole length by 
 two chains of mountain.s. which in some places unite and 
 again separate, forming ramiticatinns sloping gently down 
 to the shore. Both chains are thickly set with volcanws, 
 active and extinct, varying from (KiOO to 8000 feet in 
 height; some of them, rising even to 12.000 feet, are .seen 
 at sea from a great distance, and form landmarks to the 
 navigator. In the following list, the active volcanoes are 
 in italics: — 
 
 Provl 
 
 s, where situated. 
 
 Buitenzorg 
 
 Prenuger Uegcncies 
 
 Clieribon 
 
 T.agnl 
 
 Pekiilongan 
 
 Kartoc 
 
 " and Bagelen 
 
 Snerakarta and Madiocn. . . 
 
 Passoeruean 
 
 •* and Soerabava 
 
 Name of Volcano. 
 
 Pnni;erango. .. 
 
 Gedeh 
 
 Papaitdayang . 
 
 Tjcrmei 
 
 Slanuit 
 
 Praauw , 
 
 Merapi 
 
 Sindorii 
 
 SooDibing ...., 
 
 Lau-oo 
 
 Semiroo 
 
 Ardjoono 
 
 Idjeng 
 
 These mountains are intersected by large and lieautiful 
 valleys, watered tiy rivers and torrents, and covered, for 
 the most part, with thick forests. Though alluvium is 
 everywhere fiund, yet the formation of the island is essen- 
 tially trachytic, while diorite, limestone, sandstone, and 
 other stones of mixed formation, are dLspereed in masses of 
 small extent, or limited to certain localities. Porphyries, 
 with large crystals, are met with in the limestone; and in 
 the rolled river-stones, jasper and quartz of various kinds; 
 the shores and bottom of the sea are sown with zooliti'S. 
 Java has no metallic veins fit for being wrought ; the Ban- 
 tam coal-mines yield only lignite; naphtha and asphalt 
 abound iu various localities; and the sjilines of Koewoe, 
 S.E. of Samarang, yield a tolerably large supply of salt. 
 Warm meilieinal waters are very f lentiful. The volcanoes, 
 wlien in an a -tive state, are remarl:at>Ie for the quantity of 
 sulphur and sulphurous vapors thty discharge. The crater 
 of Taschem, at the E. end of the island, contains a lake 
 about one-fourth of a mile long, strongly impregnated with 
 sulphuric acid, fi-om which there i.ssues a stream of mid 
 water so destructive to life, that evrn fish cannot live in the 
 sea near its mouth. An extinct vvb-ano near Batar, called 
 Guevo Upa.s, or the Vale of Poison, .tbout half a mile round. 
 Is held in horror by the natives. Erery living creature that 
 enters it drops down dead, and the soil is covered with the 
 carcasses of deer, birds, and even the bones of men, killed 
 by the carbonic acid gas which lies at the bottom of the 
 valley. " In another crater in this land of wonders," says 
 Sir Charles Lyell, "the sulphei-ous exhalations have killed 
 tigers, birds, and innumetable insects: and the .soft parts 
 of these animals, such as the fibres, muscles, hair, Ac, are 
 very well preserved, while the bones are corroded and en- 
 tirely destroyed." 
 
 Rivers. — .K multitu Je of rivers How fmm the X. and S. sides 
 of the mountains of Java, affording supplies to innumerable 
 artificial watercourses used in irrigation. The.se streams 
 are generally rapid, shallow, and encumbered with sand- 
 banks. The only rivers navigable for vessels to any distance 
 Inland are the Solo. Kediri, Tjimanoek, and Tjitai-oem : the 
 others are only suitiible for proas or canoes of the lightest 
 draught, or for floating down timber from the mountains. 
 
 Climate. — Java was formerly considered very nnhcjilthy ; 
 but it is now ascertained that, with the exception of a few 
 marshy districts on the N. coast, aud some parts on the S., 
 the climate is as salubrious as that of any othar intertropi- 
 cal country ; and the more elevated regions are even remark- 
 ably healthy. In the plains, the temperature during the 
 day is from 85° to 94° Fahrenheit, and during the night 
 from 73° to 80°. At an elevation of 6000 feet, the thermo- 
 meter descends to 60°, while the tops of the lofty peaks are 
 often covered with ice. Earthquakes and thunder-storms 
 are common, but hurrioar.es are rare. 
 
 ZooiM/jj. — Including domestic and marine animals, 100 
 
 kinds of mammalia inhabit Java. Though so close to Su- 
 matra and the Malay Peninsula, neither the elephant nor 
 the tapir are found in the island; but, in the W. part. th«< 
 one-hni-ned rhinoceros is not uncommon : and in numerous 
 districts, the royal tiger, panther, and tiger-cat keep the in- 
 habitants in constatit alarm by their depredation.s. Thf 
 Habyroussa. with two kinds of wii,l hog. (Siis vf.rrucoms nn(- 
 viltotus.) form the large game. ITi/tributex leitcisnis. two spe 
 cies of Stmnf>piihecu.<. and the cosmopolite Cercojnihrcuf cyiio 
 mnlgus, are the only representatives of the ape kind: bul 
 they people the forests iu countless numbers. Two kii ds 
 of lemurs {Stenrrps Jaraniciis and lardifiraihia) inspire the 
 inhabitants with superstitious tear by their mysterious noc- 
 turnal habits: and this island may Ije esteemed the native 
 seat of the largest bats, (I'tfrnpii,': uiulis or Juvaniviin.} some 
 of which measure 5 feet across the wings ; they may be seen 
 sn.cpended fiom the branches in hundreds during the day, 
 and at night they devastate the orchards and gardens. Two 
 civets (Viirrra musanpa and ra»e„) are common, and su|iply 
 a perfume of which the Javanese are passionately fond: the 
 wild o\. (Bns foixtaicus.) a leantiful and graceful animal, 
 which has hitherto been found untamable, abounds in the 
 woods ; and the buffalo. (Bus Uilmlun ami.) said to have been 
 brought from continental A.sia in the twelfth century, by 
 the same prince to whom tradition assigns the introduction 
 of the rice-plant, is the only animal ivsed in agricultural 
 labor. They are much more numerous than the oxen and 
 horses united. Goats are common, but sheep and hogs are 
 rare. 
 
 The ornithology of Java is rich and varied, both in genera 
 and in species : almost all the known generic groups of rapa- 
 cious birds are found here, and in great numbcis. The pe.i- 
 coek (Pavo spicifr) spreads his brilliant plumage in the 
 haunts of the tiger, of which it forms the favorite prey. 
 Thrushes of various kinds ir.e common ; and near the prin- 
 cipal craters may be seen a kind of blackbird. {Turdiis fu- 
 midii.'i.) which never departs fmm the localities exposed to 
 eruptions and ign»K>us matters. Gallinaceous fowls are 
 plentiful. The •'l»ers and the surrounding seas supply a 
 great variety iit fish. Insects cover the grotiuds and plants 
 in countless numbers; but few are distinguished for bril- 
 liancy or variety of color, or are remarkable in form. 
 
 Vigdati'iii . — .fava possesses a soil of astonishing fertility, 
 and a vegetation unrivalled in its luxuriance, ranging from 
 the palms of the tropics to the mosses of the temperate zone. 
 The coast is fringed with co(»anut-trees: behind them the 
 ground rises gently to the foot of the mountain chain, and 
 is completely cultivated. Javanese villages of bainl>oo 
 houses, surrounded with hedges of fruit-trees of sombre 
 hues, and bamboo topes, contrast agreeably with the vast 
 fields of rice, artificially watered, distribut«>d amphitheatre- 
 wise, on the flanks of the hills, and yielding often three har- 
 vesls annually. Higher up than the rice fields, the bases 
 of the mountains are covered with vast forests of different 
 species of the fig-tree, remarkable for their great height and 
 vigorous growth. The PIcus hfierpltylli' is met with at very 
 considerable elevations. At the same height grow the family 
 of the Meliaceii3, with Aglaias. Epicharise.s. yirfr,a(»7«/.'!^)();>i- 
 Ima and elastica. Sterculias, Sapinduses, Ac, whose trunks 
 are covered with Aralias, Polyscia.s. Uvari.as, &c., with such 
 climbers and parasites as pepper. Pothos. Loranthus. mistle- 
 toe, Ac. ; these are followed, still higher up, by the plan& 
 like Liquidambars. with their erect stems covered with parar 
 sites; also ratans and rubiacea;, the latter of ninnerous spe- 
 cies. About 5000 ti'et above the sea may be seen Piidoairpiia 
 ciipresnu-f. with its lofty, straight stem, a tree allied to the 
 yew, and furnishing tlie best timber in Java ; the Dammar 
 pine. Rhododendrons, and the Dipteris or two-leaved fern, 
 which exists only in this region. Laurels of numerous spe- 
 cies, chestnuts, oaks, (Quercus molucca and cnncentrica.) me- 
 lastomas, engenias, magnolias, myrtles, numerous orchises, 
 Ac, grow stiil higher up the mountains. At an elevation of 
 about 7000 feet, tile vegetation changes its aspects, and mosses 
 appear, which, witli heaths, more especially Vacciniece, are 
 the principal plants found on the loftier heights. Some 
 plants, as Vaccinium varinocrfnlinm. Miiricn Javuvica. Ac, 
 grow vigorously on the brink of craters emitting sulplmroug 
 vapors; and ferns, such a.f, Bhchnum pi/ropii il inn and Pterin 
 aurita, cover with their fronds the edges of gulfs filled with 
 boiling mud. as is the case on Mount Kiamis, and form a 
 border to sulpherous marshes, their roots growing in the 
 acid waters. Before leaving the natural vegetation, the 
 famed poison-tree, the chettik or Upa.s, (Antiaris Uixiraria .) 
 may be named as a noted Javanese plant. The vast forests 
 likewise claim notice ; they are 791 in number, and cover » 
 very extensive surface in thirteen of the provinces, and con- 
 sist mainly of teak. Java is said to be the only island in 
 the Malay Archipelago of which the teak-tree is a native. 
 
 Agriculture. — Uice forms the staple food of the natives, 
 and is raised in a.stonishing and increasing quantities. 
 Coffee r.aised from Mocha seed is extensively cultivated, 
 and, with sugar, forms one of the staples of the island, its 
 export in recent years greatly exceeding even that of rice. 
 Cotton of two kinds, Btmihax pntandrum and Gfiss>/pium 
 herhaceum, are grown, and considerable quantities likewise 
 
 933 
 
JAV 
 
 JAY 
 
 exported; and the cri.tivat\jn of indipo. nutmegs, cloves, 
 dnnamon. cochineal, pepper, pimento, tobacco, tea. and co- 
 coannts is carried on more or Jess Tiirorously, and with 
 greater or less success. The population is almost- wholly 
 agricultural; beyond a few large towns, it is distributed 
 over the island in Tllla-ies. each soverned by a native chief 
 of its own election. Each familj' has its own portion of 
 land varyino; from half an acre to six acres. About a third 
 of the cultivated ground is supiKwed to l>e thus occupied. 
 
 Commerce. — The great bulk of the foreign trade is carried 
 on thiough the ports of Batavia. Samarang, and Soeraliaya. 
 and is chiefly in the hands of the Dutch and Chinese. The 
 following table exhibits the principal articles, with their 
 value, exported ftx>m Java and Madura in 184S and 1849 : — 
 Value and quantity in Picids, nf t/it TYincipal Exports from, 
 Java and Madura in 1848 and 1849. 
 
 Rice 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Sugar.... 
 Nutmegs . 
 
 M.ace 
 
 Cloves ... 
 
 Tin 
 
 ludigo ... 
 Cinnamon 
 Cochineal. 
 Pepper... 
 
 Tea 
 
 Tobacco.. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Piculs. 
 
 716,031 
 
 781,170 
 
 l,42S,.=i97 
 
 6,7.1S 
 
 1,-.'81 
 
 8.196 
 
 86,768 
 
 lbs, 3,ltt.^»i 
 
 1346 
 
 149.311 
 
 18.161 
 
 9,444 
 
 17.476 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 1,404.882 
 
 5,015,777 
 
 7,080,71-2 
 
 460,L>94 
 
 80.702 
 
 67,»,i3 
 
 2,166,978 
 
 1,122,000 
 
 70.010 
 
 124.688 
 
 69.560 
 
 336.206 
 
 281.170 
 
 1849. 
 
 Picula. 
 
 680,067 
 
 919,212 
 
 1,663,217 
 
 «,I58 
 
 696 
 
 9,46S 
 
 63.673 
 
 lbs. 2,337.165 
 
 l.!t53 
 
 193.017 
 
 20.631 
 
 6.419 
 
 16.369 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Dollars. 
 1 288.074 
 6,212,652 
 8,731,389 
 
 <1«.482 
 41,315 
 
 247,590 
 
 2,128, OKj 
 
 1,115,840 
 
 80.615 
 
 149,6.87 
 
 The subjoined table exhibits the total value of the exports 
 and imports for the years specified : — 
 Tears. 'Exports. Imports. I Years, Kxporti. Imports. 
 
 1846 S24.263.476 $14,568,675 1848.... $21, 402,664 S12,658,9OT 
 
 18J7,... 24,315,652,... 11,872,278 | 1849.... 24,682.664 12,913,758 
 
 Of the commerce in 1849. $14.216.6.34 exports, and S.'i,.344,075 
 imports, was with the Netherlands; §515.648 export.?, and 
 $2,045,147 imports, with Great Britain: $454,529 exports, 
 and $143.43S imports, with France; $2,730,70)7 exports, and 
 $'2(t.456 imports, with .\ustralia; and $151,Sf4 exports, and 
 ^.700.962 imports, with the Mal.iy .Archipelago. The trade 
 with the United States in 1852 comprL^eil imports to the 
 value of $1,015,994. and exports to $.324,182. 
 
 Public Improvements In Java have lately l>een much ex- 
 tended. A good road tr.nverses the island in its entire 
 length; many forts have been constructed iu (he intericir. 
 and commercial stations planted in the S. part of the island. 
 Itegnlar steam communication is kept tip with Singapore. 
 Perfect religious toleration exists, and Europeans are not 
 prevented from going to .Tava. (as formerly to British India.) 
 though the permission of the governor-general is neces-sary 
 to their settling here. 
 
 Government and RgriTitte. — A governor-general or vice- 
 roy is supreme ruler, with ommand both of the army and 
 navy in all the Dutch provinces in the Malay .\rchipelago. 
 ^le is assisted by the council of the Intlies. composed of a 
 vice-president and four members named by the king; and is 
 in correspondence with the governors of the different de- 
 pendencies of Java, namely. Amboina. Borneo. Celelx'S. and 
 Sumatra, all of whom are under his orders. The island is 
 divided into 22 residences, in each of which are a European 
 governor and secretary, and various sub-residents. The 
 provinces are subdivided into arrondis.soments and com- 
 munes, each having a justice of the peace. Three superior 
 tribun,als and courts-martial are seated at Batavia. Sama- 
 rang. and Soerab.HV.1. the whole .sul>ordinate to a supreme 
 court at Batavia. Several native states exist in the interior, 
 under Dutch protection, the'principal capitals of which are 
 Soerakarta (Surnkarta.') and Djokjokarta (Yugyakarta.1 In 
 1845. the government expenditure amountinl to $30.449.3.59. 
 ■whifh was considerably exceeded by the revenue, of which 
 about $3,872,000 were derived fwm the monopoly in opium 
 alone. Java remained under Hindoo sovereignties till 1478, 
 when it was conquered by the .\i-abs. and its possession has 
 since been chiefly Mohammedan. It cont.tins the ruins of 
 several considerable cities and temples, the principal being 
 Mojopahit and Roro-Budor; and various large structures of 
 substantial architecture are sc:tttered over Its surface. 
 
 Inlta'iiUints. h'eligion, <tc. — The .Javanese belong to the 
 M>alay family. They are small in size, of a yellow hue; supei^ 
 stitious. careless of the future, inclined io laziness, solier. 
 compassionate, joyful, without being boisterous; patient, 
 enduring, and easily led when convinced that the orders 
 given are not contrary to the ancii-nt laws and customs of 
 the country, which are held in reliiious reverence. They 
 are resiJectfulto parents, and venerate the toml>s of their 
 ancestors. They are. however, very susceptible of affronts, 
 which they are not slow to avenge with the kris. which is 
 invariibly worn, and they are fi-e.|«ently armed with the 
 sabre or pike. The Javanese are good "tanners, and have 
 made some progress in metallunry. in carp'ntry. and cabi- 
 net-making. They weave and dye well; make paper from 
 the mulberry, (Jfortu papyr^fei-a,) and many are engaged 
 
 with poisoned arrows in obtaining fish, which, being salted 
 and drieil. constitute a great dainty. But the great mass of 
 the people, as before observed, are devoted to agriculture. 
 In religion, the Japanese are Mohammedan, a faith intro- 
 duced in the fourteenth century by the Arabians, and 
 which has since almost entirely displaced both Hindooism 
 and Boodhism, of both of which numerous imposing relica 
 are to be met with in various parts of the island. The mass 
 of the Javanese take only one wife, who is treated with re- 
 spect and consideration; but people of quality and wealth 
 practise polygamy. Three dialects of the Malay language 
 are spoken by the Javanese, who have also an ancient sacred 
 language, cont.-iining a number of Sanscrit words. They 
 have a national literature, and translations from the Arabic 
 and Sanscrit. The Javane.se are generally considered sup«. 
 rior in civilization to other natives of the JIal.'iy Archi- 
 pelago. The population of the island in 1845, was 9.5t>0,3S0, 
 comprising 9,401.712 natives; 106,033 Chinese ; 31,216 .4rabs 
 Bughis. Ac; 16,308 Europeans and their descendants, and 
 5111 slaves. 
 
 History. — Ancient Jav.anese history is written in the ("still 
 existing) magnificent remains of temples and other public 
 building.s, which are plentifully scattered over the island. 
 The Portuguese formed a settlement on it in 1511, and the 
 Dutch in 1575. The Briti.sh held the island from ISll 
 to 1816. Adj. and inhab. Jav\\nese'. 
 
 J.\'V.\. a post-village and township on Seneca Creek, Wyo- 
 ming CO., New York, about 28 miles S.E. of Buffalo. The 
 village has 1 or 2 churches, and several mills. Pop. of the 
 township, 2358. 
 
 JAVA, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 JAVA CENTRE, a post-village iu J.ava township, Wyo- 
 ming CO.. New York. 18 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw. 
 
 JAVALI (or XAVALl) NUEVO, nd-va-lee' nw.-\'vo, a vil- 
 lage of Spain, about 4 miles from Slurcia, on the Segura. 
 Pop. 1563. 
 
 JAVALQUINTO or XAVALQUINTO. BJi-Tai-keen'to. a 
 town of Sp.ain, in Andalusia, 14 miles N. of Jaen, on the 
 Guadalimar. Pop. 1081. 
 
 J.\V.\N.\, jd-vd'nd, a town on the N. coast of .Java, resi- 
 dency, and 28 miles E.S.E. of Japai-a. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 J-\V.\1!Y. a river of South America. See Jabart. 
 
 J.\V.\. SE.\ OF. is th.at part of the Pacific Oi-ean between 
 lat. 3°and 7° S.. and Ion. 106° and 116° E.. having E. the 
 Strait of Macassar and Sea of Flores. S. Java and Bali. \. 
 Borneo, .ind M'. Sumatra. It communicates southward with 
 the Indian Ocean bv the Straits of Sunda. Bali, and Lorn- 
 bok, and on the'N.fe. with the China Sea by the Carimata 
 Pas.sage and Strait of Gaspar, E. and W. of I'illiton. 
 
 J.\VA VILL.\GE, a post-village of Wjoming co., New 
 York, about 58 miles S.W. of Itoche.sfer. 
 
 JAYRON, zh.'iSiViss', a village of France, department, 
 and 15 miles N.E. of Mavenne. Pop. in 1.S52. 2682. 
 
 JAWAHIU or DJAWAIIIR. ja'wa-heer\ written also 
 .TOW.MIIR. in Ilindostan. one ot the highest i>eaks of the 
 llimiilava Mountains, is situated in the province ot Kumaon. 
 Lat. 30° -20' N.. Ion. 80° E. Elevation. 25,670 feet. 
 
 JAWANA. DJAWANA. ji-wa'nd. or J0.4NA. jo-.Vna. one 
 of the I.HTgest rivers on the N. cojist of Java, rises in an in- 
 land lake, whence it Hows generally N.E. to the Javan Sea. 
 Its mouth is encumbered by a bank, but yet prahoos ("pra- 
 husl navigate the stream to its sotirce in the inland lake. 
 
 J.\WORNITZ, yi-woR'nits, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles 
 from Reichenau. Pop. 1C03. 
 
 JAW0150W. yd-\*o'i-ov, a town of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galicia. 30 miles E.N.E. of Prxemysl. Pop. 3985. Near it 
 are the largest paper mills in Galicia. 
 
 J.\WUD. j^-wtid'. a large walled town of Ilindostan. in 
 Rajpootana. 78 miles E. of Odeypoor. It has belonged alter- 
 natelv to variou.< Indian principalities. 
 
 JAXARTK.S. jax-ar'tez, SIHON. see'hon', or SIR DARIA, 
 slr(orseer)dd'te-3. a lai-ge river of Independent Toorkistan, 
 rises by numen>tis sources on the borders of the Pamere 
 table-land, and in the Mooz.-tagh. on the frontiei-s of Chinese 
 Toorkistan, fiows through the Khokan and Kirgheez dr>- 
 minions, parallel to the Oxus. but much mor«> tortuously, 
 ■and enters the Sea of Aral by two principal mouths, in Ion. 
 61" E.. lat. between 45° and 46° N. Total course estimate-J 
 at 900 miles. It is bro.ad and deep, and its banks are usuall< 
 overflowed by it in summer. 
 
 J.\XT. ydxt. a small river of M'iirtemberg. joins th* 
 Neckar near M'impfen, after a course of about 80 miles. II 
 gives the name to a circle of WUrteml>erg, and to many vil- 
 lages. Jaxtberg. Jaxtfield. &c., the principal being .Jaxt- 
 hausen, with 3 castles, and 1107 inhabitants, on its right 
 bank, IS miles N.K. of lleilbronn. 
 
 .T.\XT. one of the four circles of Wiirtem berg, forming the 
 N.E. pjirt of the kingdom. .\iva. 160<1 square miles. It «,ti- 
 fains tHe towns of Krailsheim, Ellwangen, GmUud, i.'. 
 Pop. 365.697. 
 
 JAXTIIAUSEN. vSxtTiaw'zen. a village of Wilrfeml^rg, 
 on the Jaxt. 40 miles N.v E. of StuttL'art. Pop. 1107. 
 
 J.\Y, a munty in the E. part of Indiana, bordering on 
 Ohio, contains 370 square miles. It is drained by the he-td- 
 waters of the Salaiuonie and Wabash Itivers. The »url>ce 
 
 ^ 
 
JAY 
 
 JEF 
 
 is Rently undulating, and presents some diversity of soil, 
 Idirt of which requires draining. Capital, Portland. Pop. 
 11,399. 
 
 JAY, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, on the An- 
 droscnijgin River, about 28 miles X.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1680. 
 
 JAY, a post'township of Orleans co., Vermont, bordering 
 on Canada, about 66 miles X. of Montpelier. Pop. 474. 
 
 JAY. a post-villajfe and township in the N. part of Essex 
 CO.. New York, on the E^Lst Branch of Au Sable River, about 
 145 miles N. of Albany. The village has 2 or 3 churches, 
 and perhaps .500 inhabitants. Pop. of the township. 2514. 
 
 JA Y, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Riiiiway. Pop. 392. 
 
 JAY RItlDGK, a post-office of Franklin co.. Maine. 
 
 JAY COUKT-IIOUSE. See Portla.vd. Indiana. 
 
 JAVGUUR or JAIGIIUR, a town of British India. Se« 
 Ztgiu'R. 
 
 JAYXESVILLE, jainz'vill. a post-villa'^e of Pennsylvania, 
 on the line between Carbon and Luzerne counties, 15 miles 
 N.W. of Maueh Chunk. 
 
 JAYXESVILLE, a post-village of Covington co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 JAYPOOR. SeeJETPOOR. 
 
 JA YSULM KV.R or JAYSULMIR. See Jesshlmeer. 
 
 JA/.bOWICK, yas-Io-*eef«.i or JAEZLOWIEC, yaz-lo- 
 ve-its. a town of Austria, in Oalicla, on the Strypa, 86 miles 
 S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 2100. 
 
 JAZ V01A,yi-zee'ghe-dh, a district ofllungary, watered by 
 the Krasna. Zaijyva, and Tarna. Area, 13S9, geographical 
 stjuaiv miles. Capital, Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 124,l'.i3. 
 
 JEAX, or JEAN B.A.B1';L, zhdNO bd'b^l', a maritime town 
 of Hayti. near its X.W. extremity, with a hartior, X.E. of 
 Capi- St. Nicholas. 
 
 J K A \^ K II KTTS', a post-office of .St.Mary's parish.I^uisiana. 
 
 JEAN-MAYi'lN. an island, Arctic Ocean. See Jax-.Mavbx. 
 
 JKANS'VILLK. a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JKHA or tiH;U,\.. jA'bd, a river of W. Africa, SenegBUibia. 
 S. of tlie Gambia. At its mouth, (lat. 11° 40' N., Ion. 15° 14' 
 W.) it is 15 miles across. It is navigable only for small 
 vessels. See Kio GRA^DE. 
 
 JKBA, ja'bi. or GKBA, (Script. Gibeah,) a village of Pa- 
 lestine. 6 miles N.X.E. of Jerusalem. 
 
 JKBAIL, je-hAl' or je-bil', written also OEBAIL,* or 
 JUBKIL, (anc. BvW(«?) a maritime town of Asiatic Turkev, 
 in Syria, 20 miles S.W. of Tripoli; lat, 34° 12' X.. Ion. 35° 31' E. 
 It is enclosed by a wall, H miles in circumference, with 
 square towers at intervals, apparently of the times of the 
 Crusades. It contains a castle, and numerous relics of 
 anti'iuity. 
 
 JKBEK, JKBI or DJKBI, jJb'ee, a sm-all town of Arabia, 
 in Yemen, 55 miles S.W. of Sana. It is walled, and has a 
 citadel. 
 
 JEP.EL, jWel. or DJEBEL or DEJEBEL. a province of 
 Arabia, in Xedjed, nearly in its centre, and in which is the 
 lake of Ittra. which furnishes salt to many of the adjacent 
 provinces. Ostrich feathers form its other principal article 
 of traffic. In it is tlie town of Jeb-el-Shammay. 
 
 JEI.EL. jjb'el. or OEBEL.* is the Arabic name of numer- 
 ous mountiiins. Ac. in the Ejist. some of the principal being — 
 
 JEBEL-AIvIIDAR. j^h/el-SkMar'. a mountain of Arabia, 
 in Oman, dominion, and S.W. of Muscat. Lat. '23° X., Ion. 
 56° .30' E. Elevation, 6000 feet. Surface generally bare and 
 rocky, but interspersed with well-cultivated valleys of high 
 fertiiitv. 
 
 JEBEL-AKRAB. jib'el-Jk'rIb'. a mount.ain of Xorth Sy- 
 ria, immediately S.W. of Antioch, bounding the valley of the 
 Orontes on the S.E. Elevation, 5318 feet. 
 
 JEBKr.<-ARAB. j^iyel-dVib', a moufttain of .\rabi,a. near 
 )ts S.W. extremity, with a continued range of peaks, (the 
 "Chimney Peaks" of Ilorsburgh,) extending for 18 miles 
 from X.W. to S.E. 
 
 JEBEf^EL-KAM.^R. See Mouvtains of the Moox. 
 
 JEBELEEVAH or JEBELIYAH.jJb'el-ee'yiih. the eastern- 
 most of the Curia .Muria Islands, off the S.E. coastof .\rabia. 
 It is a barren granite rock, rising in the centre to 560 feet 
 in heiixht. 
 
 JEBEL-IIABAitID, jJb'el-hrbiVeed', a mountiiin on the 
 S.E. coast of .\rabia. near Ras Hasek. Elevation. 4000 feet. 
 
 JEBKIv-KlIARAY. jJl/el-KiVP. a mountain in the S.E. 
 of Arabia, its S. peak in lat. 12° 41' N., Ion. 44° 76' E. Ele- 
 vation. 2085 feet. 
 
 JEBEL-MAXIIALT.jJWel-mSn'ha'lee. a mountain in the 
 SW. of Arabia, the highest peak of the headland, at the 
 entrance of the He'l SeA. Elevation. 865 feet. 
 
 JEBEli-MOKATTEB, jJWel-mo-kAt/t^b. a mountain of 
 Arabia-Petr!i>a. 40 miles X.W. of Mount Sinai, on the road 
 to Suez. Here are some ancient sepulchres, and a rock 
 covered with hieroirlvphics. 
 
 JEBEL-ilOK.VrTliM.jJVel-mo-kJt'tim. a hilly range in 
 Egyvt. extending for 25 miles eastward from the Nile, im- 
 mediately S.E. of Cairo, the citadel of which city stands on 
 its W. extremity. 
 
 JEBEL-XIMROOD or JEBEL-XIMRUD, j^W?l-nimVood', 
 
 • See Note on page 7^. 
 
 (the ancient Nipha/ifn ?) a mountain of Turkish Aniienia. la 
 a prolongation of Mount Taurus, 20 miles S. of .Mu.sh, Sepa 
 rating the pashalic of Erzrootli from Koordistan. 
 
 JEBEL-XOOR or JEBEL-XOUR, jeyfl-noor, a mountain 
 of Arabia, in Ilejaz, near Mecca, is where the Moham- 
 medans believe the Angel Gabriel to have delivered to their 
 prophet the first portions of the Koran. 
 
 JEBEL-SERBAL. j^l/el-s^rHi^l', a mountain of Arabia- 
 Petra>a, near Mount Iloreb. Elevation, tJ760 fuel. 
 
 JEBEL-SiXJlIAlR, j^b'gl-so'ghlr', an i.sland in the Red 
 Sea, 35 miles X.W. of .Mocha. Jjit. 14° X., Ion. 42° SO' £. 
 Length and breadth, alxiut 14 miles each. 
 
 JEBEI^SOOBH or JEBEL-SUBII. jSb/yl-soobh. a moun- 
 tain in the W. of Arabia, between Yeinbo and Jiddah. It is 
 a stronghold of a warlike tribe of Beuouins, and tanious for 
 producing the "balm of Mecca." 
 
 JEBEL-T.VR, jJl/fl-tar, (sine. Comhustn,) a volcanic Lsland 
 in the Red Sea, 65 miles ^V.S.W. of Loheia. 
 
 JEBEL-TOOR or JEBEL-TUR, jjb'el-toor, a village of 
 Palestine, on the Mount of Olives, half a mile E. of Jeru.sa- 
 lem. Here is the Church of the Ascension. See .Ieklsalem. 
 
 JEBEL-TYH. jSl/fl-tee. a long mountain chain of .\rabia- 
 Petnea. stretching across the peninsula of Sinai, from the 
 Gulf of Suez to that of Akabah, lat. 20° X., and bounding 
 southward the desert of El-Tvh, or "the wandering." 
 
 JEBEXIIAUSEX, yA'bjn-hdw'zen, a village of Wiirtem- 
 berg, circle of the Danube, S. of Goppingen. Pop. 1153. 
 
 JEBI. a town of Arabia. See Jebee. 
 
 JED, a river of Scotland, rises in the Cheviots, and after 
 a course of 17 miles, joins the Teviot. 3 miles X. of Jedburgh. 
 
 JED'BURO, a post-office of Charleston district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 JI'IDBIJRGII, j6d'bar-rtih. a royal parliamentary and mu- 
 nicipal burgh, town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the 
 CO. of Roxburgh, on the Jed. here crossed by 2 biidges, near 
 the Cheviot Hills, 40 miles S.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the 
 parliamentary burgh. 3277; of the town. 2697. Its build- 
 ings present a curious mixture of the modern and antifiue; 
 and in the qu.arter toi-dering the river, the inhabitants pre- 
 serve many local peculiarities. The chief editices are the re- 
 mains of a fine abbey of the twelftli century, the castle, 
 now u.sed as a bridewell and prison, the county and town- 
 halls, United Presbyterian churches, a handsome Episcopal 
 chapel, and Relief Dissenters, which sect had its origin at 
 Jedburgh. .\t its grammar school Thomson, the poet, was 
 educated. It has extensive manufactures of biankets» cai^ 
 pets, flannels, and other woollens, an iron foundry, and a 
 manufactory of printing-presses. Circuit courts for the 
 county are held here twice yearly. The burgh unites with 
 Xorth Berwick. Haddington, I.Jiuder, and Uunliar. in .send- 
 ing 1 member to the House of Commons. It gives the title 
 of Iwiron to the Man|uis of Lothian. 
 
 J EDI)0 or JEDO. a city of Japan. See Yeddo. 
 
 JKD'DO. a post-office of Orleans co., New York. 
 
 JEDDi). a post-office of Jelferson co., Ohio. 
 
 JEDLERSEE. ySd'lfr-.s.V, a village of Austria, on the 
 railway from Vienna to Stockerau, 6? miles from the former. 
 
 J EEXD. a town of Ilindostan. See J hee.nd. 
 
 JEEND.\.N.\. See SaxhaltWood Island. 
 
 JEE'VU.N"'. a town of Ilindostan, E. of Odevpoor. 
 
 J EF'EERSOX. a county in the X.X.E. part of Xew York, 
 has an aiva of about 1140 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by I^fike Ontario, and on the X'.W. by the St. Law- 
 rence, and is drained by Black and Indian Rivers, and other 
 smaller streams, which supply motive-power to numerous 
 mills. The surface is uneven, and generally hea\ ily wooded. 
 Tlie soil is usually a rich sandy loam. In 1850 this county 
 produced 131.949 tons of h.iy — the greatest quantity raised 
 in any county of the state, except Oneida. It abounds in 
 iron ore, and some lead and copper are found. The rail- 
 roa<l connecting Rome with Ogdensburg )ntersi>(t.-i the 
 ctmnty. Named in honor of Thomas Jetferson. the third 
 President of the United States. Capital, Wutertown. Pop. 
 69,825. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the W. central part of Penn- 
 sylvania, contains aliont 500 square miles. It is trMversed 
 from E. to W. by Mahoning and Redbank Creeks. The sur- 
 face is hilly and broken; the soil of tbepreek bottoms is ex- 
 cellent, and the level uplands are moderately fertile. The 
 hills contain extensive beds of iron ore and stone coal. 
 Capital. Brookville. Pop. 18,270. 
 
 JEKFER.-'OX, a county in tlif^ X.E. part of W. Virginia, 
 bordering on the Potomac, which separates it from Alary- 
 land, has an ai'ea of 2'X) square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Shenandoah, and bounded on the X.W. by Opefjuan 
 Creek. The county occupies part of the Gre;it Valley of Vir- 
 ginia, having the Blue Rid^re on its S.E. border. The sur- 
 face is roUinir. and the soil remarkably fertile. The rock 
 which underlies the county is fine limestj>ne. The pa.ssage 
 of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, at Harper's Ferry, 
 .so much admired for its picturesque .scenery, is in this 
 county. JelTei-son county is intersected by the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad, and by the Winchester and Potomac 
 Railroad. Organized in ISlil. Capital. Cbarlestown. Po^). 
 14,535, of whom 10,575 were free, and 3960 slaves. 
 
 935 
 
JEF 
 
 JEF 
 
 JEFFKRSOyr. a county in the E. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of 634 siia:ire miles. It is intersected liv the (to^eechee 
 River, .ind also drained hy the Itocky Comfort. Biir. and 
 Brier Cieek.s. The freneral "surface is level : a larjre portion 
 of the soil was oriirinally very fei-tile. Burrstone. asate. 
 chal(«dony. and carnelian are found. The Central Railroad 
 passe.s throiiph the county. Cai>ital. Louisville. Pop. 10,219, 
 of whom 417+ were free, and 604.5 slaves. . 
 
 JKFFKKSON, acovmty of Florida, borderinij on Geortria, 
 and on Appalachee Hay of the Gulf of Mexico, contains 
 abo-at 1000 square mileri. The Ocilla River forms its 
 boundary on the S.K. Mic-osukee Lake lies in the N.W. 
 part. Tlie surface is rolling: the soil is productive. In 
 1850 this county produced 94fi8 bales of cotton— more than 
 any other countv in the state, exceptin-r Leon. Capital, 
 Monticello. Pop". 9876, of wUoui obi)i wero free, and Hiili 
 slaves. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the N. central part 6f Alabama, 
 has an area of 980 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Locust Fork of Black Warrior IHver. The surface is diver- 
 sified bv hills, and by fertile valleys. Four coiil-mines were 
 worked'in the county in 18&0. Ironoreisa>iundant. Capital, 
 Elyton. Pop 11.746, of whom 9007 were free, ami 2649 slaves. 
 JEFFEK>ON, a county in the W.S.W. iiart of Mississippi, 
 bordering on Louisiana, has an area of about 630 square 
 miles. The Mississippi forms its W. boumlary. The soil is 
 fertile. Cajtital. Fayette. Pop. 15,349, of wiiom 2953 were 
 free, and 12.:Wi were slaves. 
 
 JEFFERSOX, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, 
 forms p.art of the delta of the Mississippi, and extends from 
 that river, opposite New Orleans, to the G ulf of Mexico. 
 Area, 384 square miles. Barafaria Bay wastes its S.E. bor- 
 der. The surface near the gulf is partly occupied by exten- 
 sive raarslios or lakes. The soil is remarkably fertile. Capi- 
 tal, Lafayette. Pop. 15,372, of whom 10,252 were free, and 
 6120 slaves. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county of Texas, occupying the S.E. cor- 
 ner of the state, bordering on Louisiana and the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Area, aliout 800 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the K. by tlie .Neches River and Sabine Lake. The surface 
 is occupied by a gi-assy pl:iin or savanna, containing a 
 sparse population, whose princii)al business is tlie raising 
 of cattle and horses, which range in immense herds over 
 these natural meadows. Cai)ital, Beaumont. Pop. 1995, 
 of whom 16S6 were free. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the S.E. central part of Arkan- 
 sas, Contains about 1290 square miles. It is intersecteil by 
 Arkansivs River. The surface is nearlv level. Capital, Pine 
 Bluff. l>op. 14,971, of whom 7825 were free. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the R. part of Tennessee. Area 
 estimated at 600 square miles. The Ilolston liiver forms 
 its N.W. boundary, and it is intersected by the French 
 Broad Kiver. The county is traversed hy hiirh ridges and 
 fertile valleys, belonging to the Alleghany chain. Iron ore 
 is found in the highlands. The East Tennes.see and Vir- 
 ginia Railroad passes through the county. Capibil, Dan- 
 bridge. Pop. 16,043, of whom 13,947 were free, and 2096 
 slaves. 
 
 JEFFERSON, the most populous county of Kentucky, 
 situated in the N.W. part of the stat*!, has an area esti- 
 mated at ("lOO square miles. The Ohio River forms its entire 
 N.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Floyd's Fork of 
 Salt River, and l)y Beargrass Creek. The surface is diversi- 
 fied from the level river-lx)ttoms to the rolling uplands. 
 The soil is highly produrtive, and extensively cultivated. 
 The public improvements are the Louisville and Portland 
 Canal, the Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, and another 
 railroad extending from Louihville to Nashville and Mem- 
 phis. Jefferson was one of tlio original counties of Ken- 
 tucky. Formed in 1780. Cipital. Louisville. Pop. 89,404, 
 of whom 79,100 were free, and 10,304 slaves. 
 
 J|;FFF:RS0N. a county in the E. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on tlie Ohio River, which separates it from Virginia, con- 
 tains ab mt 350 square miles. It is watered by Yellow and 
 Cross Creeks, which flow into the Ohio. The surface is 
 pleas.intly diversified by hills of moderate height. The soil 
 is very fertile, and well cultivated. Stone coal is abundant. 
 This county is ii\terseeted by the Pittslmrg, Columbus and 
 Ciiicii.nati Railroad. Capital, Steubenville. Population. 
 26,115. ' 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, bor- 
 dering on Kentucky, contains about 362 square miles. The 
 Ohio Itiver washes its southern border. The surface ne;ir 
 the river is diversified bv a range of steep hills, which are 
 about 4<K) feet hiih. The northern and centi-al portions 
 are neaily level. The soil of the rivei^bottoms and hills is 
 calearemis and very fertile. The county is intersected by 
 the .Madison and Indianapolis Railroad. Capitol, Madison. 
 Pop. 25.0.?0. 
 
 JEFFiCRSOy. a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 5^.0 square miles, It is drained bv the head-streams 
 of Dig Mu,l<ly River. The surface is partlv coven-d with 
 forests, and contiins a considerable proportion of prairie. 
 The soil is moderatel/ fortlle. Capital, Mount Vernon. 
 Top. 12,0ro , 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the E. part of 'Missouri, tlO^ 
 dering on the Mississippi River, which separates it from 
 Illinois, has an area of i*54 square niiies. Big River flows 
 through the county, and falls into the Maramec, which 
 forms part of the northern boundary. The county is also 
 di-ained by Plattin. Joachim, and Sandy (Veeks. The 
 northern and eastern parts are generally level and fertile; 
 the western portion is hilly and sterile. The liills confciin 
 rich mines of lead; copper and cobalt aie found in sir.s.ller 
 quantities. Capital. Hillsborough. Pop. 10,344, of wtoni 
 9780 were free, and 564 slaves. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 4,32 square miles. It is intersected by Big Cedar 
 Creek, and the N.E. part is drained also by Skuuk River 
 and by Warrior Creek. The surface is diversified by rolling 
 prairies, and by forests of oak, hickory. &c. The soil is 
 good, weir watered, and easily cultiv.ated. Stone coal is 
 abundant. The Burlington and Mi.<souri River R.R. passes 
 through this county.'which is among the best improved in 
 the state. Capital, Fairfield. Pop. 15,0U8. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the S.E. part of Wisconsin, has 
 an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Rock River, and also dnained by Crawfish and Bark Rivera, 
 affluents of the former. Koshkonong Lake, an expansion 
 of Rock River, in the S.W. part of tlie county. Is about 8 
 miles long, and several miles wide. The surfaca is undu- 
 lating. The soil is generally pood, and the valley of Rock 
 River is noted for fertility. The underlying rock is blue- 
 limestone. The county is intersected by the Milwaukee 
 and Mississippi Riiilroad. Capital, Jelferson. Population 
 30.43S. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a new county in the N.W. part of W.".shing- 
 ton Territory, on Admiralty Bay. This is one of the best 
 parts of the territory. County town. Port Townsend. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, at 
 the head of Damariscotta River, about 20 miles S.E. of Au- 
 gusta. Pop. 2121. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-township of Coos co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, situated on both sides of Israel's River, about 90 miles 
 N. of Concord. Pojj. 700. 
 
 JEFFERSON, also called WAT'KINS,a thriving post-vil- 
 lage in Dix township, Schuyler co.. New York, at the head 
 of Seneca Lake, and on the Canandaigna and Elmira Rail- 
 road, 21 miles N.of I'Hmira. It contains 5 chxirchcs, 2 banks, 
 and 2 ncwspaiier olhces. Steamboats ply between this place 
 anil Geneva. See Watkiss. in Appendix. 
 
 JE FFERSON, a post-township of Sclioliarie co.. New Yorlc, 
 56 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1716. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Morris Co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1471. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsvlvania. 
 Pop. 1 9:5. 
 
 JliFFERSON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsvlvania. 
 Pop. 8(3. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1510. 
 JEFFERSON, a small village of Forest CO., Penn.«ylvania. 
 JEFFERSON, a post-township, forming the N.E. ex- 
 tremity of Greene CO.. Pennsylvania, 8 miles E. by N. of 
 Waynesburg. Pop. 1277. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-village of Greene co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Ton Mile Creek, atiout 37 miles S. by W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Lucerne co., Penu.svlvania. 
 Pop. 726. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Somerset co., Penn.sylvania. 
 Pop. 779. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a village of York co.. Pennsylvania, 12 
 miles S.W. of York. Pop. 204. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-villase of Frederick eo.. Maryland, 
 83 miles W.N.W, of Annapolis, contains several stores, and 
 about 350 inhabitants. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-village of Powhattan co., Virginia, 
 on the S. hank of James River, 35 miles aliove Richmond.. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-village, capital of Ashe co.. North 
 Carolina, is situateil near the .source of the New River, be- 
 tween the Blue Ri'lge and Stone Mountain, about 2o0 miles 
 W.N.W. of Raleigh. It was settled about ISOO, and bag 
 about 100 inhabitant.'). 
 
 JEFFERSON, a postoffice of Chestxjvfield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 JEFFERSON, or JEJFFERSONTON. a post-village. capital 
 of Camden co. Georgia, on Santiila River. 110 miles S.W. of 
 Savannah. It contains a couit-hou.se .and 3 stores. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-village, capital of Jack.=on CO., 
 Georgia, on a branch of the Oconee River. 90 miles N. of 
 Millmlceville. It contains a brick court-house, a church, 
 an academy, and 6 stores. 
 
 JEFFEltSON.a post-village, capital of Cherokee co., Ala- 
 bama, on Coo.sa River. 145 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery. 
 
 J EFFERSO.V. a pleasant post-village of ^larengo co., Ala- 
 bama, a few njiles N.W. of Linden, the c<iunty seat. It con- 
 tains 1 or 2 churches, and several ttauri.shini.' seminaries 
 JEFFEltSON. a post-office of Cari-riU co.. Mississippi. 
 JEFFERSON, a thriving post-village, <apjtal of Cass co- 
 Texas, on Big Cypress Bayou, 4 miles atwve its oDtrause 
 
JEP 
 
 JEK 
 
 into Soda I^ake, 350 miles N.K. of Austin City. Soda lAke 
 discharges itself into Red Kicer, just below the "Raft." 
 Jefferson is at the head of naviuratiou for large steamboats, 
 and is the principal shipping point for a large extent of fer- 
 tile country. Cotton, wheat, cattle, and horses are the 
 chief articles of export. The value of goods sold here in 
 1851, was estimated at $400,000. It was first settled in 
 1843. In 1848 it contained 250 inhabitants; in 1800, about 
 1500. 
 
 JI':FFERPO\,a townshipofSevicrco., Arkansas. 
 
 JKFFKR80N', a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennessee, 
 on Stone's River, 20 miles S.K. of Nashville, was the county 
 town aljout 40 years ago. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1845. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a pleasant post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 56 miles E. of Cleveland. The 
 village contains 3 churches, 1 academy, and about 500 in- 
 habitants. Settled in 1S05, by natives of New England. 
 Pop. of the township, S02. 
 
 • JKFFKRSdN, a township of Clinton Co., Ohio. Pop. 1080 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. V. loro. 
 Jl'.FKERSON. a township of Fayette co.. Ohio. Pop. 2229. 
 JEKFERSi 'N,ii township of Franklin Co., Ohio. Pop. 1391. 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Guernsey co.,Ohio. Pop. 908. 
 JEFFEi:SON.a township of Jackson co.,Ohio. Pop. 2058. 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1458. 
 JEFFERSON, a townsliii) of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1829. 
 JEFFKRSON,a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop.1432. 
 JEFFERSON, a townshij) of Mercer co., < Jluo. Pop.1003. 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Montgomei-y CO., Ohio. P.1991. 
 JEFFERSitN, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 JEFFKRSON, a township of I'reblo CO., Ohio. Pop. 1842. 
 JEFFERSON, a.township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 2388. 
 JEFFERSON, a townsjiip of Russ CO., Ohio. Pop. 909. 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Scioto Co., (Jhio. Pop. 1227. 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Tu-scarawas co, Ohio. P. lOoG. 
 JEFFEl'.Si )N, a township of ^yiiliams co., Ohio. Pop. 1586. 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Cass co.. Michigan. Pop. 1071. 
 JI'FFERSON, a townsliip of Adams CO., Indiana. Pop. 440. 
 JEFFERSON, a townsliip of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 804. 
 JEFFERSi IN, a township of Cass Co., Indiana. Pop. 95.3. 
 JEFFERSON, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 
 Clinton co., Indiana, 46 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. The 
 village is situated in a level and fertile track at the termi- 
 nus ofa plank-road extending to Lafayette. Pop. about 600. 
 
 JEFFKi;<ON, a township of Elkhart co.,Indiana. Pop.1072. 
 
 JEIFERS tN, a township olGrant CO., Indiana. Pop.1207. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Greene co.. Indiana. Pop.Sl.3. 
 
 JEFFERSON.a township ofllenry CO., Indiana. Pop. 1043. 
 
 JEFFERSi 'N, a townsliip of Jay Co., Indiana. Pop. 1216. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Kosciusko CO.. Indiana. P.508. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a town-hip of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 1317. 
 
 JEFFERS' iN,a township of Morgan co.,Iudiana. Pop. 915. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township ofNoble CO., Indiana. Pop. 1087. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 1632. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 1882, 
 
 JEFFERSON, a townr.hip of Putnam co., Indiana. P. 936. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Switzerland co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 19C9. 
 
 J i:FFEr.SON, a township of Tipton co., Indiana. Pop. 1306. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Wayne CO., Indiana. Pop. 1114. 
 
 JEFFERSON,'a townsliip of Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 1440. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a i)ost-village and township of Cook CO., Il- 
 linois, on the Illinois and Wisconsin Railroad, 9 miles W. 
 of Chicago. Pop. 1395. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a village In Henry co., Iowa, 40 miles S. by 
 W. of Iowa City. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a thriving post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Jefferson co.. Wisconsin, on Ro<:k River, at the mouth 
 of the Crawfish River, 40 miles E. by S. of .Madison. The 
 valley of Rock River has a high reputation for fertility, and 
 the l)anks of the river are remarkable for picturesque 
 beauty. .Felferson has a fine water-power, and is a place of 
 active Inisiness. It contains 6 churches, 20 stores, 4 mills, 
 and a chair factory The Chicago and Northwestern Rail- 
 road passes through this village. Pop. of the township, in 
 1860. --'006; of the village, 1370. 
 
 JEFFERSON BAR'RACKS, a post-village and United 
 States military statiim in St. Louis co., INIlsgouri, on the W. 
 bank of the Mississippi River, 12 miles S. by.W. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 JEFFERSON CITY, capital of the state of Missouri, and 
 seat of justice of Cole co., on the right bank of the Miss(^uri 
 River, and on the Pacific R.iih'oad. 128 miles by land, and 
 155 miles by water W. of St. Louis, and 9S0 miles from 
 Washington. Lat. 38° 36' N., Ion. 92° 8' W. The situation 
 Is elevated and picturesque, commanding a fine view of the 
 river and of the cedar-crowned cliffs on the opposite shore. 
 It contains the state house, the governor's residence, a 
 handsome building, and the state penitentiary, also 5 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and a state armory. Pop. in 
 1860. 3082 : in 1S65. about 3500. 
 
 • JEFFERSON C iLLKfiE. SeeCANOxsncRG.Pennsvlvania. 
 JEFFERSON CORNERS, a post-offlce of Whitesides co., 
 
 llxinois. 
 
 JEFFERSON FURNACE, a post-office of Clarion CO.. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE. See Philadelphia. 
 
 J EFFERSON MILLS, a post-office of Coos co., New llamp 
 shire. 
 
 JEFFERSON MILLS, a post-office of Jefferson co., Mis 
 souri. 
 
 JEFFERSON'S RIVER, the most westerly of the thret 
 branches which form the Missouri River, rises in the RocKj 
 Jlount^iins in about 44° N. lat., and 111° 30' W. loa. It 
 flows alKiut N.N.i;. to join Gallatin's River. 
 
 JEF'FERSONTON, a post-village of Culpepper co., Vir 
 ginia, on the Rappahannock River, 109 miles N.N.W. ot 
 Richmond. It contains 1 church. Pop. 300. 
 
 JEFFERSONTON, a post-village, capital of Camden co., 
 Georgia, on the SantUla Kiver, 185 miles S.SJil. of Milledge- 
 villu. 
 
 JEFFERSONTOWN, a post-village In JefTerson co., Ken- 
 tucky, 45 miles W. of Frankfort. Free population. 315. 
 
 JEFFERSON A' ALLEY, a post-office of Westchester co. 
 New York. 
 
 JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-offlce in Lamoille co.. Ver- 
 mont, 45 miles N. of Moutpelier. It contains several starcb 
 mills. 
 
 JEFFERSONATiLLE, a post-village of Sullivan co.. New 
 York. 95 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the turnpike between Norristown and 
 Reading. 3 miles N.W. of the former. 
 
 JIvFFERSONA'ILLE, a post-village, capital of Tazewell 
 CO., Airgiuiii, 1 miles S. of Clinch River, and 300 miles W. by 
 S. of Richmond. It is situated near the biise of Rich Moun- 
 tain, and contains a Ivtnk and several stores. 
 
 JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-village of Twiggs co.. Georgia^ 
 22 miles S.E. of Macon, contains 2 churches, a high school, 
 and 150 inh.abitants. 
 
 JEFFERSONVILLE, a village of Montgomery oo., Ken- 
 tucky, 8 miles E. of Mount Sterling. 
 
 JEFFEl;SONVILLE, a post-village of Fayetta co., Ohio, 
 on Sugar Creek, 4 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has Ichurch, 
 and about 300 inhabitants. Liiidout in 1831. 
 
 JEFFERSONVILLE, a flourishing town of Clarke CO., 
 Indiana, is situated. on the Ohio, nearly opposite Louisville, 
 Kentucky, immediately above the falls, and 40 miles Ix^low 
 Madison. The situation is elevated, and presents a delight- 
 ful view of the city of Louisville, of the broad and winding 
 river with its verdant islands, and ofa range of hills a few 
 miles distant. The Ohio is about a mile wide opposite this 
 town, and descends 22 feet in 2 miles, producing a riipid 
 current. Jelfersonville is the S. terminus of a railroad 
 whicli connects it Avith Indianapolis. It contains 8 churchea, 
 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, 2 machine-Bhops. a largo manu- 
 factory of hicomotives and cars, several mills. 3 U.S. hos- 
 pitals, and the state prison of Indiana. Po]>. 4020. 
 
 JEF'FRESTON, a parish of South Wales, oo. of Pembroke. 
 
 JEF'FREY'S CREEK, of South Cirolina, flows into Pedes 
 River from the right, in Marion. district. 
 
 JEFFREY'S CREEK, a post-offlce of Marion district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 JEFFREY'S STORE, apost-offlceof Nottoway co., Virginia. 
 
 JEF'FRIES. a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JEFREMOV, a town of Russia. See Yefbf.mov. 
 
 Ji;(ilIEDERP0OR, jjg'id-er-poor', or JAGIIEDERPOOR, 
 jd'gh?d-ei--poor', a town of Ilindostan, presidency of BengaL 
 247 miles S.W. of Cuttack. 
 
 J Eti 1 SDOR F, yi'ghis-donr, or JEGISTORF, y.Vghi.s-tonP, 
 ''n village of Switzerland, canton, and 8 miles N.N.E. of Bern. 
 Pop. 27-23. 
 
 JKGOR JEVSIC, a town of Russia. See Yegortevsk. 
 
 JEGUN. zh.i*giix< a town of France, department of Gers, 
 10 miles N.W. of Auch. Pop, in 1852, 2039. 
 
 JEHANARAD, jA-hSi-nlL-hW, a town of Riitish India, 
 presidency of Hengal, province of Bahar, 38 miles S.S.W. of 
 Patna. Pop. 5000. who manufacture superior cotton stuffs. 
 
 JEIIO or JEIIOL, a townof China. See Zhehol. 
 
 JEIIOON. SeeOxus. 
 
 JEIIOS'HAPIIAT, VALLEY OF, Palestine, is a mountain 
 gorge, immediately N.E. of the city of Jerusalem, its lower 
 part forming the bed of the brook Kedron. It is covered with 
 sepulchres, some groups of which have been named the 
 '■tombs of the Kings" and -'of the Judges." lu the valley 
 are also the reputed site of the garden of Geth.semane. the 
 village of Silnam, and the fountain of the Virgin, supposed 
 to be the ancient pool of Bethesda. 
 
 JEITPORE, jit'pOr', or JEITPUR, jlfpoor', a town of 
 Ilindostim, in Rundelcund, 22 miles N. of Chatterpoor. 
 
 JEJA or JAMA. jA'ji. writen also JAYA, a town of Af- 
 ghanistan, 48 miles N.N.W. of Furrah. on the route to Herat, 
 JEJUR'RY. a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, 
 37 miles S.E. of Poonah. 
 
 JP:JUY or- XEXUY, nA-Hwe©', a river of Paragu.av, flows 
 W. 120 miles, and joins the Paraguay, N. of A.suncion. 
 JEKATERINBURG. Russia. See Yek.ateri.nboorg. 
 JEKATERINENSTADT or JEKATERINSTADT. Sef 
 Yekaterisstadt. 
 
 837 
 
JEK 
 
 JEKATERtNPKA.rA. See Yekaterhipkaia. 
 
 JEKATERINIXSKOI. Seo Yekatebinixskoi. 
 
 JKKATERIXODAll, Russia. See Yekaterixobar. 
 
 JEKATERIXOPOL. Russia. See Yekatekinopol. 
 
 JEKATERIXOSLAV, Russia. See Yekaterinosl-AV. 
 
 JEKELFALVA, yi'kSrfai'TOh', or JAKLOWCZE, ySk^W- 
 veet'eA\ a village of Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Giillnitz, 
 30 miles from Leutschau. I'op. 982. 
 
 JEKIL-IRMAK. a river of Asia Minor. See YESHn/-lKMAK. 
 
 JELABUGA, a town of Russia. See Yelabooga. 
 
 JELALABAD, j^l-d-ia-bM', a town of Afghanistan, in a 
 fertile plain, near the Cabool River, 78 miles E.X.E. of Ca- 
 bool, on the route to Peshawer. Stationary population pi-o- 
 bably 3000; but the number is greatly augmented in winter. 
 It is femous for the heroic and successful resistance made 
 here by the British troops, under Sir R. Sale, in 1841-2. 
 
 JELALAB.4D, (formerly J9oosftaA-,)acityof Seistan, South- 
 west Afghanistan, near the river Helmund. lat. 31° 20' X., 
 Ion. 61° 40' E. Estimated pop., 10,000. It is neatly built 
 of sun-dried bricks, and has around it extensive ruins. 
 
 Jelalabad is also the name of several towns of British 
 India, presidency of Agra, districts of Bareilj-, Etaweh, and 
 Seharunpoor. 
 
 JELALAPOOR,je-ia-ia-poor', or JELALAPOOR, a town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal, on the Betwah, 20 
 miles S. of Kalpee. 
 
 JELHLl'OOR/ or JELALAPOOR, a village of British India, 
 11 miles S.S.E. of Juanpoor. 
 
 JEL.A.LPOOB. a town of the Punjab. See Julalpoor. 
 
 JELAXIA, yA-ia'ne-l or JELAXII NOS. yA-Mn'yee noes, a 
 cape of European Russia, government of Archangel, forming 
 the X.E. <!Xtremity of Nova Zembla. 
 
 JELATO.M, a town of Russia. See Yelatom. 
 
 JELENKA. yA-lfin'kd(?) a market-town of Kus.sia, govern- 
 ment of Tchernigov, 10 miles S.S.AV. of Starodoob. P. 1000. 
 
 JELETZ or ELETZ, a city of Ru.a.^iia. See Yeletz. 
 
 JELGAVA or JELGAWA. See Mitau. 
 
 JELISABETGRAD. See Yelisavetgrad. 
 
 JELL, j JU. a town of Beloochistan, capital of the Magghasis, 
 and 70 miles S.W. of Kelat. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 JELLASORE, jeWi-sor', a town of British Indk, presi- 
 dency of Bengal. 44 miles S. of Midnapoor. 
 
 JELLIXG, yll'ling, a village of Denmark, in North Jut- 
 land, 5 miles N.W. of Veile. It was formerly a royal resi- 
 dence, and remarkable for Runic inscriptions, and Banish 
 royal tombs of the tenth century. 
 
 JEL'LIXGIIY, a town of Hindostan, province of Bengal, 
 district of Rajshahy, 30 miles E. by S. of Moorshedabad, on 
 the JellingUv. a branch of the Ganges. 
 
 JEL'LOWAY, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 JELJUR, a lake of Sweden. See IIjelm.ar. 
 
 JELXIA, a town of Russi.a. See Yelxla. 
 
 JKLOLO. a town in the island of Gilolo. Seo Jitoio. 
 
 JEliPESH, jePpJsh', a town of British India, presidency 
 and provmce of Bengal, in Rungpoor, with a noted temple 
 of Seeva, 60 miles N.X.W. of Rungpoor. 
 
 JELPIGORY, jjl-pe-go'ree, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, 65 miles X.X.W. of Rungpoor. 
 
 JELPY-AUMNAIR, jM'pee-awm'nair', a town of India, in 
 the Deccan, 35 miles E.X.E. of Boorhanpoor. 
 
 JHLST, yM'see, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 10 
 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. 
 
 JELSUil, yjl'siim, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Friesland. 
 
 JELUM, a river of the Punjab. See JnvxuM. 
 
 JEM or JEMM, a town of Tunis. See El Jemm 
 
 JEMALABAD or JAMALLABAD, jeh-mai-d-bM', a town 
 of Hindostan, presidency of Madras, 110 miles X. by W. of 
 Calicut. Lat. 13° 3' N., Ion. 75° 25' E., with an almost in- 
 accessible fort, built by Tippoo, on an immense rock. 
 
 JEMARROO or JEMARRU, j^m-mar-roo', a territory of 
 West .\frica. in Senegambia, S. of the Gambia River, between 
 lat. 13° and 14° 30' N. 
 
 JEMEPPE, zh.i-mjpp', a village of Belgium, province, and 
 9 miles W. of Xaniur, on the Sambro. 
 
 JEMGUM, yJm'gOCm. a market-town and river port of 
 Hanover, 15 miles S.S.W. of Aurich. on the Ems. Pop. 1230. 
 
 JEMILAII or DJEMILAII. j4mWld\ an ancient city of 
 Algeria, province, and 50 miles W. of Onstantine. It con- 
 tains numerous interesting monuments of antiquity. 
 
 JEMMAPES or GEMAPPE, zh-Vmap/, a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of Ilainaut. on the Ilaine River, and on the 
 canal from Mons to Conde, 3 miles W. of Jlons. I'op. 4070, 
 engaged in brewing, tunning, and raising coal. Here the 
 French, under Duraouriez, defeated the Austrian forces in 
 1792, an event which mainly led to the anne.xation of Bel- 
 gium to the French Empire, during which Jeniappes gave 
 name to a department nearly coextensive with the pi-oviuce 
 of liainaut. 
 
 JE.MMEPES, zhJm'mJpp', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Liege, on the Meuse, and on the railway from Brussels to 
 Paris. 4i miles S.W. of Liege. Pop. 1700. 
 
 JEMTLAXD, ySmflint, a former political division of 
 Sweden, which now, with Herjeadalen, the most barren 
 portion of the kingdom, forms the county or ten of Ostersund. 
 938 
 
 JEN 
 
 JENA, jJn'a, (Ger. pron. yA'nS.) a town of Central Gei^ 
 many, duchy of Saxe- Weimar, on the Saale, here crossed by 
 a handsome stone bridge, 12 miles E.S.E, of Weimar. Pop. 
 6267. It stands in a fine valley, 500 feet above the sea. and 
 is enclosed by walls, beyond which are several gool sub- 
 urbs. It is regularly laid out. and well built. The princi- 
 pal edifices are the ducal palace, Roman Catholic and 3 
 Lutheran churches, several hospitals, a lunatic asylum, and 
 the university buildings. The university, opened in 1558, has 
 60 professors and teachers, a library of 100,000 volumes, a 
 botanic garden, and ob.servatory ; and it had, in the last 
 century, a high reputation, and was attended by upwards 
 of 1000 students, among whom were Schiller, Humboldt, 
 and Fichte ; in 1847, the number was only 425, Jena has 
 numerous scientific associations, manufactures of coarse 
 lineus, hats, tobacco, &c., and three large annual fairs. It 
 is the seat of tbe high court of appeal for the Saxon duchies 
 and Reuss principalities. Here, on October 14. 1806, the 
 grand French army under Napoleon totally defeated the 
 Prussians under their king and the Duke of Brunswick. 
 The latter fell in the action. 
 
 JE'XA, a post-ofRce of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama. 
 
 JEX'ATZ, y.i-n;\ts', a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Orisons, on the Lanquart, 12 miles S,E. of Mayenfeld. It 
 has some sulphur baths, and two !ar.ie .annual fairs. 
 
 JENCKS'VILLE, a vill.ige of Smithfield town.ship, Provi- 
 dence CO., Rhode Island, about 15 miles X. by W. of Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 JEXDIALEH or JINDIALEII. jSn-de-llfh, a town of the 
 Punjab, 11 miles S,E. of Amritseer. 
 
 JEXDOUL, jjn-dool', a town of Afgh.anistan, near its N.E. 
 fmntier. 20 miles N'.E. of Bajour. 
 
 JEXDOVICHTSKA.a town of Russia. See Yexdovicht.ska. 
 
 JEXEEX. JEXIX or JEXXIX. j^n-neen'. (anc. Ginw'a,) a 
 town of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 17 miles X.X,E. 
 of Xabloos, on the route from Jerusalem to Xazareth. Pop. 
 about 2000. 
 
 JEXIDGE-KARASU. See Yenidje K,ara-soo. 
 
 JENIDGE-KIZILAGADJ. See Yemdje-Kizilagadj. 
 
 JEXIDGE-VARDAR. See Yenidje-Vardar. 
 
 JEXTKAU, yJn'ne-kOw\ a market-town of Bohemia, 8 
 miles S.S.E. of Czaslau. Here the Swedes gained a victory 
 over tlw Imperialists, in 1643. 
 
 JEXIL, a river of Spain. See Genu, 
 
 JEXIX or JEXXIX. See Jeneen. 
 
 J EXISEI, a river of Siberia. See Yexlsei. 
 
 JEX'KIXS' BRIDGE, a post-village of St. Clair co., Mis- 
 souri, 95 miles S.W. bv AV. of Jefferson City. 
 
 JEXKIXS' STORE."a post-office of Union co., North Caro- 
 lina, about 150 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 JEXK1XT0WX, a pleasant post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Philadelphia to 
 Doylestown, 10 miles N, from the former. It contains from 
 40 to 50 stone houses. 
 
 JENKS, a township of Forest co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 149. 
 
 JEX'XE or JEXXEH, jen'nJh\ written also JIX'XE, a 
 walled town of West Africa, in Soodan.onan island of its own 
 name, formed by the Joliba or Nicer. 285 miles S. bv W. of 
 Timbuctoo. I^t. 13° 22' N., Ion. 3° 10' M". It is a place of 
 great commercial activity, and is resorted to for trade by 
 the people of the surrounding country. The inhabitants 
 are all Mohammedans, and do not permit infidels to enter 
 the town. Pop. 9000. 
 
 JEX'XER. a post-township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania, 
 12 miles X. of Somerset. Pop. 1762. 
 
 JEX'XERVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 69 miles E. by S. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 JEX'XERVILLE, a post-village of Somerset co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the turnpike from Pittsburg to Bedford, 62 
 miles E. by S. of the former. The post-ojfice is named Jes- 
 
 ner's CR0SS-Ro.U)S. 
 
 JEX'XIXGS, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains .375 square miles. It is drained by the A'ernon Fork 
 and Graham's Fork of Muscatatuck River, and by Sand 
 Creek. A portion of the surface is hilly. The soil is mode- 
 rately fertile. It is intersected by the .Madison and Indian- 
 apolis Railroad. A quarry of millstones bat twen opened in 
 the county. Organized in 1817, and named in honor of 
 Jonathan Jennings, the first governor of tLo state. Capi- 
 tal, Vernon. Pop. 14,749. 
 
 JENNINGS, a post-office of Hamilton co, llorida. 
 
 JENNING.*, a town.-iliip of Putnam co., Ohio. Pj)>. 815. 
 
 JENNINGS, a townsbiji of Van Wert co.,'Ohio. Vo\\ 609. 
 
 JEXNIXGS, a township of Crawford CO., Indiana. P. 14.31. 
 
 JENNINGS, a tovvnsliip of Fayette co., Indiana. Pop. '90. 
 
 JENNINGS, a jiost-oftice of Franklin co., Indiana. 
 
 JENNINGS, a township of Scott Co., Indiana Pop. 2584. 
 
 JENX'INGS, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 812. 
 
 JENNIXOS' CREEK, a village of Jackson co., Tennessee. 
 
 JEXXIXGS" GAP, a post-village of Augusta co , Virginia, 
 133 miles W,X,W, of Itichmoud. There is a pas? through 
 North Mountain at this place, 
 
 JEX'NINGS'OR'DlNARY.apost-villageof XoUoway «o,, 
 Virginia, on the Richmond and Danville Railnovli 50uj)l*>s 
 W. of Richmond. 
 
JEN 
 
 JER 
 
 JEXXY LTN'D. a post-Tillas;* of Sebastian co„ Arkansas. 
 
 JKXNVtiPOLlS, R post-offlcrf of Benton co., Oeion. 
 
 JKN'O, (Jeno,; ykfnb, BOROZ, bo'ioz' or KIS, kish, a 
 fortified market-town of South-east Hunijary, co. of Arad, 
 on the Wtiite Ivorcis, 2S miles N.E. of Aran. I'op. 1739. 
 
 JF.SO (Jeno) DIOS, yA'nS' deeVsh', a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Neojrad. I'op. 1336. 
 
 JKXO (Jeiiij) KI.S, a town of Hunftary. See JenS Boros. 
 
 JKl'EK, yVpee. or SHKBSIIE, shjh'sheh,a town of Kuro- 
 pean Turkey, in Bosnia, on the Bosna, 37 miles N.N.W. of 
 Bosna-Ser.ii. 
 
 J Kt'l FAN' or .TKPITAX. See Yepifax. 
 
 JKQUITINIIONIIA. zhi-kee-teen-you'yl, or RIO-GRAX- 
 DKD>BEIjMON'TE, ree'ogriln'di-do-b^l-mon'tjl. a river of 
 Brazil, rises in the serra I'edra Kedonda. flows, first N. through 
 the province of Minas-Geraes, then N.E.. enters the province 
 of llahia, and shortly after, passinj; the town of Helmonte, 
 falls into the Atlantic. Its principal affluents are the Ara- 
 cuahi on the right, and the Vacaria on the left. It was for- 
 merly celebrated for the diamonds found in its bed. In 1843 
 the Brazilian Government voted a considerable sum for the 
 improvement of the navi^^ation. 
 
 JERAIIT, ji-rd'hee\ (ani;. Jf'di/phon ?,) a river of Persia, 
 province of l^hoozistan. is formed by the confluence of the 
 Kam Ilormooz and Koordistan Rivei'S, and after a \V. course, 
 joins the Karoon River, (anc. I'am'ti'i/iis,) near Moiiiimmerah. 
 The town of Fellaueeyah. and numerous remains of Sassa- 
 niau edifices are on its banks. 
 
 ■lERA.SH, a city of Svria. See Oeras\. 
 
 JERBA orGERBA, j'Jr/ba, an island of North Africa, be- 
 lon:;in<; to Tunis, in the Gulf of Cabes, 15 miles N.W.of Zar- 
 7.iss. Length from E. to W., 22 miles; breadth. 14 miles. 
 Surface, level and fertile. On this island isatriumphal arch 
 in honor of Antoninus and Verus ; also a pyramid, from 25 to 
 30 feet in heiirht, composed of the skulls of the Spanisli sol- 
 diers who. under tha conduct of .Medinac<li and .4ndre 
 Doria. perished here in an .action against the Turks, in 1558. 
 
 .TEKEMIE. zh,i^-4^mee' or zh^r'^h-mee', a seaport town of 
 Hayti, on its S.W. peninsula, 125 miles W. of Port-au-Prince. 
 Pop. 500O.(?) 
 
 .TEREZ DE L\ Frontera, HiV-rfth'd.4 l.i fron-t^'rj. or simply 
 JEREZ or XEREZ. H.i-r^th', (Port. Aeren, shA-r^s'.) a town 
 of Spain, in Andalusia, 16 miles N.X.E. of Cadiz. It con- 
 sists ofenerally of well-built houses of two or three stories, 
 nrran^ed in retrular squares, or in spacious, paved, clean, 
 and well-lifchted streets. The principal buildines are, the 
 Collegiate church, (Iglesia Colegial.) a large structure, but 
 heavy and tasteless, consisting of three naves, and sur- 
 mounted by a large dome; the church of San Miguel, with 
 some fine sculptures and reliefs, several otlier churches, not 
 much deserving of notice; 7 nunneries and 12 suppressed 
 Jionasteries; the Alcazar, an old .Moorish castle, in ruins; 
 the town-house, an ancient and elegant structure, with a fa- 
 cade of Corinthian pillars; a college or gymnasium, and 
 several public schools; a general hospital, a foundling hos- 
 pital, besides two other hospitals. The quantity of corn an- 
 nually exported, averages 16,000 quarters. The annual 
 e.Kport of wine, well-known under the name of sherry, was, 
 on an average of the ten years ending 1846, 1,982,388 gallons. 
 Pop. 33.104. 
 
 JEliEZ, a town of Central America. See Xeres. 
 
 JEREZ. XIORES. Hi-rJth',or JEREZ DEL MARQUESADO, 
 H.-1-r^th' d^l maR-k.i-sJ'Do, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 province of. and 35 miles from Granada. Pop. 1726. 
 
 JEREZ-(or XEREZ)-DE-L(>S-CABALLEROS, h.i-rJth'-dA- 
 loce-kd-udl-li'roce, a city of Spain, in Estremadura, 40 miles 
 S. of Badajos, at the foot of a hill, crowned by a castle, near 
 the Ardilla. It is partly surrounded by an old Arab wall, 
 entered by six gates. It has wide and well-paved streets, 
 8 squares, 4 parish churches, 9 chapels, 4 convents ; a col- 
 lege, several schools, 2 hospitals, a theatre, storehouse, and 
 cavalrv barrack. Pop. 6120. 
 
 JElilCA or XERICA, ni-ree'ki, a town of Sp.ain. in Valen- 
 cia. 27 miles W.S.W. of Castellon-de-la-Plana, on the I'alancia. 
 It is au ancient town, and pos.sessed consiilerable importance 
 both in Roman and Saracen times. I'op. 2979. 
 
 JERICIIG. jJr'eko. an ancient city of Palestine, famed in 
 Scripture history, but now represented by the miserable 
 village of Euiha, (.■4-ree'hS.) or Riha, (ree'lii.) near the N. 
 extremity of the Dead Sea, 18 miles E.N. E. of Jerusalem. 
 Some few remains of antiquity exist in and around it, but 
 none that can be identified with buildings of any special 
 era. except a few traces of a Roman road. 
 
 JERICHO, j?r'e-ko, a post-village and township of Chitten- 
 den CO., Vermont, on the right bank of Onion River, about 
 30 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has several starch mills, 
 and other establishments. Pop. 1669. 
 
 JERICIIl), a post-village of Queen's co., New York, on 
 Lcv.g Island, about 30 miles E. of New York City. 
 
 JERICHO, a post-village of Wayne co., North Carolina, 
 71 miles E.S.B of Raleigh. 
 
 JERICIIG. a small post-village of Perry co., Alabama, on 
 the Cahawba River, 13 miles N. of Marion, the county 
 town. 
 
 JERICUO, a post-cffl"« of Henry co., Kentucky. 
 
 JERICHO, a postroffice of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 JERICHO, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois 
 
 JEHICHO, a small village in Shelby co., Illinois. 
 
 JERICHO CENTRE, a post^village of Chittenden CO., 
 Vermont. 32 miles N.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 JERTCHOW, y,Vre-Kov\ a town of Prussian Saxony. 80 
 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 1020. 
 
 JERIM, a town of Arabia. See Ykrim. 
 
 JERM or DJERM. j^rm, a town of Central Asia, in Bn- 
 dukhshan, on the Koksha, lat. 36° 50' N., Ion. 70° 47' E. Pop. 
 about 1.500. 
 
 JERMILLO, zh^R-meello. a town of Portugal, province 
 of Beira-.\lta, near the Serra de Estrella, 8 miles from G uarda. 
 Pop. 1086. 
 
 JER/.NIGAN, a post-ofilce of Orange co., Florida. 
 
 JERNIGAN, a post-oflice of Barbour co., Alabama. 
 
 JERNOT. a village of Austria. See Radnoth. 
 
 JEROME, je-rom', a postrtownship forming the S.E. ex 
 tremity of Union co.. Ohio. Pop. 1426. 
 
 .IER()ME, a post-village of Howard co., Indiana, on the 
 Wildcat River. 55 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 J E ROM EVILLE, je-r6m'vil, or J ERO.MES/ VILLE, a thriv- 
 ing post-village of Mohiccan township, Ashland co., Ohio, 
 on a branch of the Mohiccan River, 85 miles N.N.E. of Colum- 
 bus. There are several large flouring mills in the vicinity. 
 Pop. about 500. 
 
 JERSCHMANITZ, yjRsh'ma-nits\ a village of Bohemia, 
 circle of Buntzlau, aliout 7 miles from Aicha. Pop. 11540. 
 
 JERSEY, jer'zee, (anc. Cke-iarefa.) the largest and most S.E. 
 of the islands belonging to Great Britain, in the S. part of 
 the English Channel, 13 miles W. of the coast of France. (Co- 
 tentin.) and 35 miles S. of Portland Isle. Ijit. of St. Helier's, 
 49° 11' 3" N., Ion. 2° 7' W. Length, from E. to W., 12 miles; 
 average breadth, 5 miles. Area, 39,000 acres. Pop. in 1851, 
 57.155. The coasts are rocky and abrupt ; the only consider- 
 able inlet is St. Aubin's Bay, on the E. side, skirted by a 
 sandy shore. The surface is undulating; the hill ranges, 
 consisting of granite and schist, run mostly N. and S., en- 
 closing several fertile valleys. The climate is very mild. 
 Mean annual temperature, 51°9; mean summer, 62°2: me.an 
 winter, 42°6. Property is gre.atly subdivided, and little corn 
 is raised, the chief produce Iteing apples; the whole island 
 appears like a continuous orchard, dotted with picturesque 
 vill.iges. About 2000 hogshe.'ids of cider are exported. 
 Cows of a small and good breed are numerous, and butter is 
 exported to England. Off the S.E. coast are extensive 
 oyster-l)eds, resorted to by a large fishing fleet belonging 
 to the island. The trade is active and increasing, owing to 
 the absence of import duties, and the privilege that the 
 Channel Islands possess of exporting their own produce to 
 England, subject only to the same duties imposed on the 
 produce of Great Britain, In 1845, .lersey had oil re'.;istere'l 
 vessels, of 27,651 t<ms burden; in 1852 the number h.ad 
 increased to 370 ve8.sels. of 34.000 tons ; exclusive of a con- 
 siderable number of large bf«ts. mostly engaged in the 
 oyster-flshery. Great numbers of vessels are annually 
 built in Jersey. In 1851, 31 new vessels, measuring 2500 
 tons, were added to the shipping of the island. Besides 
 these, several large vessels were built for merchants in Li- 
 verpool. Steamers commilnicate frequently with South- 
 ampton, Weymouth. St. Malo. and Granville; the island is 
 the residence of numerous English families of limit-jd in- 
 come. Jersey has its own legislature, the '' states" rr in 
 sular parliament consisting of 3<i members, chosen by the . 
 inhabitants, their acts being'confirmed or annulled, in spe- 
 cial c.ises, by the Viscount or English governor. From the 
 decisions of its royal court. ap|X'al lies only to the sovereiirn 
 in council. The military governor has under him usually 
 about BOO regular troops, besides which Jersey has a militia 
 of 2.500 men. with an artillery battalion. The island is di- 
 vided into 12 parishes in the diocese of Winchester. Its 
 native inhabitants speak a French patms, and preserve 
 many Norman feudal customs, the Channel Island.? having 
 formed a part of the Norman dominion, and remained at- 
 tached to England since tlie Conquest. Principal towns, 
 St. Helier. the capitfil, and St. Aubin. 
 
 JEi{'SEY, a county in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, border- 
 ing on Missouri, has an area of al)out ,350 .square miles. It 
 is situated at the confluence of the Illinois and Mis.sissippi 
 Rivers, the former of which firms the boundary on the Sv., 
 and tije latter on the S. ; Macoupin Creek washes the N. 
 border. The county consists partly of prairie and partly of 
 woodland; the soil is good. Capital. Jerseyville. P. 12,051. 
 
 JERSEY, a post-village of Bradford township, Steuben 
 CO., New York, on Mud Creek, about 12 miles E. by N. of 
 Bath. It has several mills. 
 
 JERSEY, a post-township in the W. part of Licking co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1371. 
 
 JERSEY, a post-office of Oakland co., 5Iichigan. 
 
 JERSEY CITY, capital of Hudson co.. New Jersey, on the 
 right or W. bank of the Hudson River, at its entrance into 
 New York Bay, and opposite New York City, ii-om which it 
 is 1 mile distant. It is the ¥.. terminus of the New Jersey 
 Railroad leading to Philadelphia, and the S. terminus of 
 the Hudson and Paterson Railroad. The Morris CaniU con- 
 
 939 
 
JER 
 
 JER 
 
 aocts It with Easton, in Pennsylvania. Five large ferry- 
 boate ply continually between New York and this city, and 
 the Cuuard line of ocean steamships run fi-om this port. 
 Jersey City is probably the greatest thoroufrhfaie in the 
 Uiiit<j<l States; it is well built, with wide stivets, crossing 
 each other at right anales, and lighted with gas. There are 
 churches for Methodists, Reformed Dutch, Presbyterian.s, 
 baptists, Kpiscopaliaus, and Catholics. The city contains 2 
 baulvs. a large manufactory of glass, 1 of black-lead, 1 of 
 porcelain or delft/ware, several iron foundries, and 2 new.s- 
 paper offices. It has several seminaries and a high school, 
 which enjoys a distinguished reputation. Arrangements 
 have recently been made to supply this city with water 
 from the I'as.saic Kiver. 7 or 8 miles distant. The reservoir 
 is on Kergen Hill. 2 miles W. of the town. The cost of the 
 water-works is estimated at $600,000. Steamers can alwiiys 
 leave Jersey City for Europe, without obstruction from ice, 
 which they cannot do from New York. Pop. iu ISoO, 11,437 ; 
 in 1853. 1H.45G : and in 1860, 29,226. 
 
 JKK'SEY LAN'DING, a post-village of Jersey co.. Illinois. 
 
 JEKSEY I'RAIHIE, (prA'ree.) a postrvillage of Cass co., 
 lUiuois, 45 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 JEll/SEY SET/TLEMENX, a postrofflce of Daridson co., 
 Nortli Carolina. 
 
 JERSEY SHORE, a thriving post-borough of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvani;i, is pleasantly situated on the West branch 
 of the Susquehanna River, 105 miles N.N.W.of HaiTisburg. 
 A bridge crosses the river at this place. It contains 3 
 churche-s, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices and 1 iron foundry. It 
 is a dc'ii'it for flour, pine lumber and tobacco. Pop. 1365. 
 
 JEIi/SEYTOWN, a post-village of Slontour co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, 75 miles N.N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 JKR'SEYVILLE, a post>village and township, capital of 
 Jersey CO., Illinois, is situated on a prairie, 71 miles S.AV. 
 of Springfield, and about 12 miles from the Mississippi 
 River. The village contains a court-house, and a newspaper 
 office. Pop. 2610. 
 
 JE1{TK or XERTE, nJn/tA, a river of Spain, in Estrema- 
 dura, rises on the frontiers of Old Castile; flows S^ and 
 Joins the Alagon, after a course of alcut 50 miles. 
 
 JERTE, or XERTE, a town of Spain, in Kstremodura, 
 province, and 66 miles N.N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1096. 
 
 JEIIUMENIIA, zhi-roo-mju'yd, a town of Brazil, province 
 of I'iauhi, on the right bank of the Gurguea. a tj-ibutary of 
 the Paruabiba, 95 miles ^V. of Oeiras. Pop. 3000. 
 
 JEUUS.\IiEM,je-ru'.s.j-lJm, {also KadusJiah in Hebrew; Or. 
 KaSvTti. KadiUis. and ' lepoaoXv/ia. Hierd-^dluma ; L. Cadtjl- 
 tis and H!erns(ilyma; Arab. i7-A'a<fc, ^l-kdds, "thellolv:" 
 It. Cf-/"w.sa/<mHie, ji-roo-si-lJm'mi; Fr. Jiriisalem, zhS'rii'sil'- 
 lim'; Ger. Jerusalem, yh-roo'sli-lim^ ;) a fiimous city of Pa- 
 lestine, interesting as the seat of the most important events 
 described in Holy Writ, is now comprised in the Turkish 
 pasbalic of Damascus, and near the centre of the mountain 
 region, between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, 33 
 miles S.E. of its port, JafEi, and 26150 feet above the sea. 
 Lat. 31° 46' 43" N., and Ion. 35° 13' E. Mean annual tem- 
 perature, 6-2°- 6: summer, 73°-S ; winter, 19°-6. Stationary 
 population variously estimated from 10,000 to 20,000, but 
 about Easter the numl)er is annually augmented by a great 
 crowd of Christian, Jlohammedau, and Jewish pilgrims. 
 The modern city is situated on a tongue of land, between 
 the valley of the Kedron (valley of Jchoshaphat) on the N. 
 and E., and that of Gfhon, (valley of Ilinuom.) whi<'h joins 
 the former immediately on the S.E., and occupies the four 
 hills of Zion and Acra on the W., and Moriah and Bezetha 
 on the E.; these hills being separated by a deep longitudinal 
 valley, extending from N. to S., and the two former again 
 by a transverse valley, the ancient Ti/ropaon. The hills 
 arc of limestone, and the surrounding country is not very 
 fertile. The city is about 2i miles in circumference, sur- 
 rounded by stately walls of hewn stone, built in the six- 
 teenth century, and probalily enclosing the same area that 
 Jerusalem has had since the days of Hadrian ; but the city, 
 previous to its destruction by 'Titus, is conjectured to have 
 been nearly twice as extensive, and a part even of Mount 
 Zion, the site of the citadel of David, is_ not comprised 
 within the modern walls. 
 
 Jerusalem is at present entered by four gates facing to- 
 wards the cardinal points. The public ways are narrow, ill- 
 paved, and dull; but the houses are in general l>etter built, 
 and the streets cleaner than those of Alexandria, Smyrna, 
 or even Constantinople. The dwellings are of hewn stone, 
 many of them large, and furnished with small domes, which 
 are apparently peculiar to the towns of Judea. All the edi- 
 fices possessing any interest are of a religious character. On 
 Blount .Mori.ih. is an oblong area, 510 yards in length from 
 N. to S., with a breailth varviug from 318 to 350 yards, 
 which anciently fni-med the site of the famous temple, and 
 probalily. also, of the fortre.ss of Antonia. This area is still 
 enclosed by walls, which on the E. side form a part of the 
 outer wall of the city, and both here, and at the S.W. cor- 
 ner, are portions composed of stones of va.st size, considered 
 to have formed parts of the identical walls raised by Solo- 
 mon or his successors. Dr. Robinson confidently supposes 
 that he dijtcoversd the traces of an ancient brid;ie connecting 
 
 the temple with Mount Zion, acro-ss the valley of the Tyro- 
 poeon, and mentioned by Josephus in his account of the 
 capture of the city by Titus. The tower of Ilippicus. on the 
 W side of the city, (mentioned by ancient authorities as the 
 stai ting point of the three lines of walls which at different 
 periods enclosed it,) is still to be identified, as are the pools 
 of Hezekiah, Gihon. and .Siloani, the vaults and cisterns of 
 the temple, and some of the ancient gates now walled up; 
 but few other sites of antiquity are now trace.able. and the 
 localities pointed out by the Monks as those of the actual 
 Via Dolorosa, of the Holy Sepulchre, &c., have, at best, but 
 an apocryphal claim to their titles. 
 
 Among the most conspicuous modem buildings, are the 
 mosque of Omar, (KuhM'^.s-Sukkra, " dome of the rock,"') an 
 elegant octagonal edifice erected between A. D. 080 and 693, 
 in the centre of the temple area ; the mosque of El .\kpa. afc 
 tlie i^.W. extremity of the same area ; the gorgeous church 
 of the Holy Sepulchre, a Byzantine edifice, erected by 
 Helena, the mother of Cousfantine the Great, on Mount 
 Acra, over the reputed site of the .sepulchre of the Saviour; 
 the Greek, Coptic, and Latin convents, and the ruined palace 
 of the Hospitallers, on the same mount: the Armenian and 
 Syrian convents, and the church of St. James on Mount 
 Zion; the church of St, Anna, and the reputed birthplace 
 of the A'irgiu on Mount Bezetha: and the modern citadel 
 close to the Jaffa gate. Between Mounts Moriah and Be- 
 zetha is a deep reservoir, which the monks have named 
 Bethesda; Robinson, however, conjectures that the true 
 Pool of Bethesda was what is now called the Fountain of 
 the Yirgin, in the valley of Jehosbaphat, without the walls, 
 and which communicates with the Pool of Siloam by an 
 artificial subteiTaneous conduit beneath Jtount Ophel. 
 Outside of the walls are also the (so-called) House of Caia- 
 phas. now an Armenian convent, the Moslem tomi). and 
 mosque of David, the Armenian, Greek, and I>atin cemeteries, 
 all on Mount Zion; the Pools of Gihon, and the remains of 
 an ancient aqueduct; on the N., the Jlohammedan cemete- 
 ries, the edifices designated the tombs ''of the kings and of 
 the judges." On the E., in the Valley of Jehosaphaf, are 
 numerous other tombs and the garden of Gefh-semane. lie- 
 yond which rises the Mount of Olives, having on its S. and 
 S W. the Mount of Offence and village of Siloam. On the S. 
 the Valley of Ilinnom (Gihon) is bounded by the Hill of 
 Evil Counsel. 
 
 Jeru.salem has some manufactures of soap, but its j)rin- 
 cipal trade is in rosaries and similar products made iu the 
 city; in the Middle .\ges vast quantities of earth were re- 
 moved from holy localities within the walls, and shipped to 
 form the famous eampn santn at Pisa. 
 
 Tlie city was originally taken from the Jebusites by the 
 Hebrews under Joshua about b. c. 1400 ; was taken and de- 
 stroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, B. C. 598 ; rebuilt by comnmnd 
 of Cyrus, B.C. 586; again taken by Ptoknny Soter. B.C. 324, 
 and subjugated to Egypt; afterwards held by the Jlacca- 
 bees; taken by Pompey, B.C. 6«; and held as a Roman city 
 under Herod, (who rebuilt the temple,) until its almost total 
 destruction by the troops of Titus. A. D. 70. At this period, 
 in the words of Pliny, it was the most famous city, not I'uly 
 of Palestine, but of the whole East. In a. d. 135, the .lewg 
 were finally dis|)ersed, and the city was again rebuilt by 
 Adrian. It wjis captured by the Persians in 614. by the 
 Saracens under Omar in 637, in 1099 by the Crusaders, 
 under Godfrey of Bouillon, and held by the Christians for 
 88 years, when it was again captured by the forces of Sala- 
 din, in 1187 ; it has remained under Turkish government 
 ever since, except for a short interval during 1S32, when it 
 was taken by the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha. It h.is 
 since become the see of a I'rotestant liishop, appointed alter- 
 nately by the governments of Great Britain and Prussi.i. 
 The population, consistiug of Mohammedans, Jews, aud 
 Christians, are genei-ally very poor. The language spoken 
 is the Arabic. 
 
 JEKUSALEM, y.A-roo'sJ-lJm, a town of Poland, govern- 
 ment, and 38 miles E.S.E. of Warsaw. Some villages of the 
 same name are in East Prussia and Styria. 
 
 JliliU'SALEM, a po,st-village and town.ship of Yates co., 
 New York, on Crooked Lake, 20 miles S.S.W. of Geneva. Pop. 
 2873. 
 
 JERUSALEM, a post-village, capital of Southamptoi. co., 
 Virginia, on the Nottoway River, 75 miles S.S.E. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 JEHUSALEM, a post-office of Davie CO., North Carolina. 
 
 JERUSALEM, a ])ost-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 JERUSALEM MILLS, a post-office of Harford co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 JERUSALEM SOUTH, a posl^village of Queen's co.. New 
 York. 176 miles S.S.K. of Allwny. 
 
 JERVIS, a small island in Torres Strait; lat. 9° 65 S., 
 Ion. 142° 10' E. 
 
 JEU'VIS BAY, New South Wales, 85 miles .S.S.W. of 
 Sydney. 9 miles in length and breadth, aud affords good 
 anchorage. 
 
 JERVIS CAPE, South Australia, bounds Spencer Glili on 
 the W. side of its entrance. 
 
 JERVIS (or BUNK'ER'S) ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, is ia 
 
JES 
 
 JIIY 
 
 lat. O'^ 23' S, Ion. 169° 52' W., 5 miles in circumference, and 
 covered with low shrubs. 
 
 JESALMIll. See Jessulmeer. 
 
 JESAN, a port of Arabia. St^e Ghees.vs. 
 
 J K?Ii KI!0, yes'b^Rr,. a village of Germany, in Ile.sse-Cassel, 
 province of Xieder-llessen, 26 miles S.W. of Cas.sel. V. 1280. 
 
 JKSr. a town of Italy. See Iksi. 
 
 JKS'.MON'l). a township of Entrland, co. Northumberland. 
 
 Ji:SROD,j^.s'r(Hl' JE.SK()UT..)4sVoof, or JUSIlOUTAjas- 
 roo'td. a town of the Punjab, (i" miles N'. of Amritseer. 
 
 JK.S'SAMINE, a county in the central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 250 square miles. It is Ixjunded 
 on the S. and S.E. by tlie Kentucky Kiver, and drained by 
 HicUiiian and Jessamine Creeks. The surface is undulatinj; ; 
 the S'jil is remarkably fertile. The Lexington and Danville 
 Railroad passes through the county. Capital, Nicholasville. 
 Pop. 'jitO;'), of whom 6767 were free, and 3698 slaves. 
 
 JES.».\!MINE, a post-ofBce of Jessamine co., Kentucky. 
 
 JKS.SAMIXE CKKEK, of Jessamine co., Kentucky, flows 
 S.W. into the Kentucky Kiver. 
 
 J KSS AV A. yjs-sd'vi, a river of European Turkey, in Servia, 
 joins the Danube at Semendria. Length, 80 miles. 
 
 J1>.-^ELMEKE. See Jessulmeer. 
 
 Jhl^.SEN, ySs'sen a town of Prussian Saxony, .50 miles 
 N.E. (.f Mersebur'g, on the Black Elster. Pop. 2425. 
 
 JE>.SEN. a village of Siixony, N.W. of Dresden. 
 
 JE.S'SE"S ST01!E. a post-office of Shelby Co., Kentucky. 
 
 JESSNITZ, yjss'nits, a town of Germany, in Anhalt- 
 Dessau. on the JIulde, 10 miles S. of Dessau. Pop. 2200. 
 
 JKS80, an island of Japan. See Yesso. 
 
 JE.SSOOL, .)4.s'sool', or JESVK)!/, a town of the Punjab, 
 near the Indus. 10 miles S. of Leia. on the route to IMooltan. 
 
 JESSOllE, jJs'sOr', a district of British India, presidency, 
 and province of Bengal, occupying the centre of the Ganges 
 delt:i. Area, 51S0 square miles. I'op. 903,0<K). 
 
 JE.SSOIIE. a town of British India. See Moorlet. 
 
 JESSULMEER. JESSELMEKE, JESALMIU,jiVsel-meer', 
 written also JAVSULMEER or JAYSULMIR, jii-sdl-meer', 
 one of the live principal Rajpoot stat<?s of West Ilindostan, 
 comprising a large part of the Indian Desert, between lat. 
 26° and 28° N.. and Ion. 69° and 72° E. Area, 9779 square 
 miles. Pop. ;i00.0J0.(?) 
 
 JKSSULMEER or JESSELMERE, a town of Ilindostan, 
 capital of the above state, 138 miles W.X.W. of Joodpoor. 
 •Lat. 26° 55' N'., Ion. 71° 28' E. Pop. estimated at 20.000. It 
 is about 2 miles in circumference, enclosed by a loose stone 
 rampart, and has a strong fort on a scarped rock. The town 
 IS regularly laid out, well built, and the residence of many 
 opulent merchants, l)eing on the high commercial route bo- 
 tween Malwah and the port of liurrachee. 
 
 JKS'SUP, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop, 867. 
 
 JESSUP'S LANDING, a village of Saratoga co.. New York, 
 on the Ilud.son River, about 42 miles N, of Albany, 
 
 JESSUP'S RIVER, rises in the E.N,E.partof Hamilton CO., 
 New Y(rrk, and enters the Hudson River in Essex countv, 
 
 JESTETXKN, yiVtJften, a village of Baden, circle "of 
 Upper Ithine, on the Swiss frontiers. Pop. 890. 
 
 JESL'ICO. See Port IIooD. 
 
 JE'SUS ISLAND, Canada East, 8 miles N.W. of Mon- 
 treal, is bounded by the St. John and Prairie Rivers, the 
 branches of the Ottawa, liefore it joins the St. Lawrence. 
 Length. 23 miles: greatest breadth, 6 miles. 
 
 Ji:'srs MARl'A, an island of the South Pacific, E. of 
 Adniir.ilty Island. 
 
 JESU.S MARIA, CAPE, in Uruguay, N. of the estuary 
 of the I'lata, 40 miles N.W. of Montevideo. 
 
 JET'KRSVILLE, a post-village of Amelia co., Virginia, 54 
 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 JETIIOU, zhA^too', one of the smaller Channel Islands, 
 belou;;ing to Great Britain, 2i miles E. of Guernsey. 
 
 JETTING K\, yjfting-eu, a village of Bavai-ia, circle of 
 Swabia. on the Mindel, 21 miles W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1631. 
 
 JETZE, y^t'seh, or JEETZE, yAt/s^h, a small river of 
 North Germany, falls into the Elbe at Ilitsacker, near the 
 N.E. extremity of the Hanover. 
 
 JEV, ji5v, or GIIEVE, gi'veh, a market-town of Russia, 
 government of Esthonia. on the road from Revel to St. Peters- 
 burg. 27 miles W. of Narva. Pop. 1500. 
 
 JEVE. jd/vfh. a market-town of Russia, government, and 
 18 miles W.N.W. of Viina. 
 
 JEVER, yi'ver, a walled town of North Germany, grand 
 duchv, and 33 miles N.N.W. of Oldenburg, on the Sieltief 
 Canal. Pop. 3361. 
 
 JEA''INGTON, a p,<irish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 JE\\'.\LA-MUKI, je-wi'ld-moo/kee, (" mouth of flame,") a 
 town and famous place of Hindoo pilgrimage, in the Punjab, 
 10 miles N.W. of Nadaun. Pop. atxmt 3000. It has several 
 temples, a large bazaar, and mineral springs. 
 
 JEW'l'iLL HILL, a post-ofRce, Madison co., North Carolina. 
 
 JEA\''ETT, a post-township of Greene co., New York, 40 
 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. 1145. 
 
 JEWI;tT CENTRE, a post-village of Greene co., New 
 Yoi-k. in the above township. 
 
 JEWETX CITY, J, post-nllage of Griswold township, New 
 
 London co., Connecticut, on the Norwich and Worcestfir 
 Railroad, where it crosses the IJuinebaug IJiver, 9 miles 
 N.E. bj' N. of Norwich. It contains several churches, a cct- 
 ton factory, and a bank. 
 
 JEYPOOR, JYEPOOR, or JYPOOR, jl-poor'. one of the 
 live principal Rajpoot states of Ilindostan, tril)utary to the 
 British, contains some of the strongest fortresses in Ilindos- 
 tan, and numerous Jain temples. Capital, Jevpoor. 
 
 JEYPOOR, JYEPOOR, or J YPOOR, a city and capit.al of the 
 above state, in a barren valley, 148 miles S.W. of Delhi. 
 Estimated pop. 6O.O1X). It is, altogether, the hand.sfjmest and 
 most regularly built city in Ilindostan. It is enclosed by 
 a battlemented stone wall, flanked by towers, commanded 
 by a cit.adel and a line of forts on adjacent heights, and has 
 some spacious market-places, good S(iuares of hcuses of many 
 stories in height, nnmerovis temples in the purest Hindoo 
 style, and a magnificent palace, constructed iiy an Italian 
 architect in the fifteenth century, for a riijah, luider whom 
 Jeypoor was a chief seat of Hindoo learning. 
 
 Jl':\'i'OOR-GHAUT, 4 miles W. of the alwve, is a dreary 
 defile, in which various palaces, pavilions, and temples were 
 built by a former rajah. 
 
 JEZ'AR-ERKENE, (^r/kA-nSh\) or DJES'R-ERKENEH, 
 a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the JIaritza, 
 at its confluence with the Erkene, 18 miles S.E. of Adrianople. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 J EZD. a city of Persia. See Y'ezp. 
 
 JEZEEJl, JKZIIL jez-eer', or JEZEERET, (JEZTRET,) 
 jiz-ee'ret, an Arabian woi'd, signifying island, forming a part 
 of various name.s, 
 
 JEZEEREII-(or JRZ1REII)-IBN-0MAR, jfe'ee'rjh-lb'n-o^ 
 mar', a town of Asiatic Turkey, pa.'«halic, .and 130 miles E.S.E. 
 of Diarbekir, on an island in the Tigris, here crossed by a 
 bridge, which, like the castle and the rest of the town, ig 
 now mostly in ruins. 
 
 JEZEEUET, JEZIRET, IIELLANIYAH or HULLA- 
 NIYAH. See Curia Muri.\. 
 
 JEZEERET or JEZIRET-FAROON, j?z-ee'ret-faVoon', a 
 small island of Arabia-Petrrea, on the W. side of the 
 Gulf of Akabah, about 10 miles S.W. of Akabah. Some ex- 
 tensive remains of antiquity here have given rise to the 
 supposition that thi.s was tire ancient Math. 
 
 J EZ K KRET-f.l I ;Z1 RET)-H A.SSAN, jfe-ee/ret-has/sSnN and 
 JEZKKRET-KS-SABA. (^s-s^'bd,) (i.e. "the brothers,") are 
 rocks in the Strait of Bab-el-Maudeb. 
 
 JEZIHET. See Jezeer. 
 
 JEZOW or JEZOV, y.i'zov, a town of Poland, government, 
 and 5 miles S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 3036, chiefly employed In 
 manufacturing woollen cloths. Its fortifications, once for- 
 midable, have been destroyed. 
 
 JEZ/REEL, a village of Palestine, identified with the 
 modern Zereen. See Zekeen. 
 
 JIIALAWAN, jd-ld-wdn', a province of East Beloochistan, 
 between lat. 26° and 2<t° N., and Ion. 65° and 67° 30' E. 
 Area, 20,000 square miles. Pop. 30,000. It has only a few 
 productive tracts. 
 
 JHALLCJDE, jJriSd', a town of India, dominions, and 
 79 miles N.N.E. of Barotla. 
 
 JH.\LI^;)RE, jiil'IOr', a town of India, dominions, and 75 
 miles S.S.W. of Joodpoor. 
 
 JHANSIor JANSI, jSn'see. a town and fort of Ilindostan, 
 in Bundelcund, capital of a r-aj-nhsbip. 63 miles S.W. of Gwa- 
 lior. It has some manufactures of arms and carpets, and a 
 considerable share of the trade between the Deccan and the 
 Bengal Upper Provinces. Its rajahship has an area of 2922 
 square miles. Pop. 2S9,tX)0, 
 
 JHAN.S0OJEAX0 or JHANSU-JEANG, jan-soo'-j.'\-ang./ 
 a fortified rock, in Thibet, 37 miles S.E. of Teshoo-Lombo, 
 
 JH.\RRAII, jdr/rd, a town of Ilindostan, iu Cutch, 20 
 miles S.E. of Luckput-Bunder. 
 
 JHEEND or JEEND. jeend, a walled town of North-west 
 Ilindostan, 75 miles N.W. of Delhi, capital of a rajahship. 
 
 JHONKUK, jfmg^kfir', a town of India, in tlie Gwalior 
 dominions. 34 miles E. of Oojein. 
 
 JIIOONJOON.'V. joon-joo'nd, a town of India, in Rajpoo- 
 tana, 24 miles S,E, of Chooroo, in an aa.sisof the desert, and 
 handsomely built. 
 
 JHOONJOONA. a town of Ilindostan, in Ajmeer, 125 
 miles S.W. of Delhi. Lat. 28° 2' N., ion. 75° 22' E. 
 
 J HOW, j(5w, a town of Beioochistiin, province of Mekran, 
 40 miles N.W. of Bela. Around it many remains of anti- 
 quitv have been discovered. 
 
 JIIYLUM, JA1LUM,JYLUM. JILUM, jilUm. written also 
 JELUM or BEIIUT, be-hut/, (unc. Hi/elan'pes.) the western- 
 most of the " five rivers'' of the Punjab, rises in Cashmere, the 
 whole of which valley It drains, and after a S.W. course esti- 
 mated at 350 miles, joins the Chenaulj, 80 miles N.N.E. of 
 Mooltan, from which junction it is navigable upwards nearly 
 to its emergence from the mountains. It is also navigable 
 for 70 miles in Cashmere. Chief affluents, the Kishengunga. 
 and Pir-Panjal. On it are the towns of Islamabad, Shaha- 
 bad. Serinagur, Jhvlum. Julalpoor, and Pind Daduu Khan. 
 
 JHYLUMor J.AILUM. ji'lQm, a town of the Punjab, on 
 the E. bank of the above river, Is in lat. 33° 2' N., Ion. 75" 
 36' E. It is large and clean, though its streets are narrow 
 
 941 
 
JIA 
 
 JOH 
 
 and Intricate. The river is here q:enerally fordable, and, on 
 that account. Sir A. Burnes considered Jhylum to have i)een 
 the place of contlict between Alexander the Orejit and Torus. 
 Jl AHAK, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Giap.ar. 
 
 JIDDAII. JIDDA or DJIDD.VH. jid'dil, a seaport town, and 
 one of the principal trading entrepots of Arabia, in Htigaz, 66 
 miles W. of ilecca, of which it is the port, Lat. 21° 28' 3" 
 v.. ion. .39° 13' E. Stationary population estimated by KUiv 
 pell at 22,000 (?) The town proper is built of madrepore and 
 stone, and is cleaner thiin most places in the Kast ; the sub- 
 urbs are mean. The public buildings comprise numerous 
 lihans, several mosques, the goveruor"fS residence, custom- 
 house, small castle, and the reputed tomb of Kve! The 
 vicinity is a bare desert. Itain-water lias to be carefully 
 preserved in cisterns, and provisions to be brought from a 
 long distance; yet .Tiddah has a large transit trade with 
 all the surrounding countries. Imports from Abyssinia and 
 Egypt consist of provisions, tobacco, clothing, musk, civet, 
 and incense; muslins and other fabrics, teak, cocoa-nuts, 
 epices. and shawls are received from India; spice and slaves 
 from the Malay Archipelago; and slaves also from Jlozam- 
 bique. Exports to Abyssinia consist of coral, Egyptian cot-- 
 ton goods, sword-blades, matchlocks, cutlery, hardwares, 
 mirrors, and leather; and goods of all thealjove kinds, with 
 dates, coffee, and Mecca balm, are sent by sea. to Suez, 
 nhenee they are distributed over the whole Levant. In 
 ISo'.l. the value of imports from India and China was esti- 
 mated at $1,006,140, and of the total imports at $2,334,144, 
 whi 'h sum vnia nearly balanced by the exports. In 1843, 
 the imports amounted to $2,395,800. Many thousand pil- 
 grims arrive here annually on the route to Jlecca. 'The 
 sheriff of th.at city has ruled in Jiddah from the time of 
 Mohammed to the present century, during which period the 
 town has substantially formed a part of the dominions of 
 the Egyptian pasha. 
 
 JIGA-rtOU-NGGAR, jee'gd^ong^gar' (?) a town of Thibet, 
 45milesS.W.of Lassa. Lsit. 29° 58' N., Ion. 91° 28' E. Popu- 
 lation said to comprise 20.000 families. 
 
 JIGAN'SK orGIGAN'SK,je-gdnsk, a town of Siberia, on 
 the Lena. Lat. 66° 30' N., Ion. 125° E. 
 
 JIHOOX, a riverof Asia. See Oxus. 
 
 JIJKLI, GIGELLI. or DJIGELLI, je-jJllee. a fortified 
 m.^ritime town of Algeria, province, and 54 miles N.W. of 
 Constantine. at the entrance of the Gulf of Bougiah. Pop. 
 106:1 It has communication by French steamers with Algiers. 
 
 .TI.TIGIXSK. GI.IIGIIINSK or GIJIGIXSK, je-je-ghinsk', 
 written also IJIGIIINSK, a fortified town of East Siberia, 
 provinceof Okhotsk, at the head of its gulf, 70 miles W.S.W. 
 of Penjinsk. 
 
 JIJIGINSK or IJIGIIINSK, GULF OF, an arm of the 
 Gulf of Penjinsk. from the Sea of Okhotsk, between lat. 60° 
 and 60° 30' X.. and Ion. 155° and 160° E. 
 
 JI.IOXA or XIXOXA. He-Ho'ni. a town of Spain, province, 
 and 18 miles X.W. of Alicante. Pop. 4796. Chief industry, 
 linen-weaving and manufacture of .shoes, 
 
 JIKADZE, je-kdd'z't, JIKADAZK, jekil'da-zA, or SIII- 
 K.A.TZE, she-kJt'si, a town of Thibet, near the Yaroo Dzangbo 
 160 miles W.S.AV. of I^ssa. Pop. estimated at 100,0UO. 
 
 JILLIFKEY, jil'le-frA', a town of West Africa, on the N. 
 shore of the river Gambia, opposite Fort James. 
 
 J 1 LOCO or XI LOCO, ne-lo'ko, and JILOX or XILOX, He- 
 Ion', two rivers of Spain, in Aragon, unite at Calatiiyud to 
 form a tributary of the Ebro, which it jpins, 12 miles X.W. 
 of Saragossa, after a X.E. course of alwut lOi) miles. 
 
 JILOX. See-JiLoco. 
 
 JI LUM. a river of the Punjab. See JnnxM. 
 
 J1MAMAIL.\X, ne-md-mi-lin' or jee-mi-ml-ljn'. a town 
 of the Pliilippines, on the W. side of the island of Xegros, 
 near the conlluence of the river Talaban and Vignit. Pop. 1685. 
 
 JIMEN'.V or XIMEN.\, ue-mA'ui, a town of Spain, in An- 
 dalusia, 14 miles from Jaen, Pop. 1507, 
 
 JIMEXA (or XIMEXA) DE LA FKOXTERA, ne-m.'\'nJl 
 d.-V \i fron-tVri, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 46 miles E. 
 of Ca<liz, on the E. declivity of the Siorrsi de Gazules, 
 crowned by an old Roman fort. Pop. 5878. 
 
 JIMERA (or XIMERA) DE LIVAR, He-mri/r.* dA le-vaR', 
 a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 45 miles 'W.S.W. of Malaga. 
 Pop. 1068. 
 
 JIXDI.\LEII, a town of the Punjab. See Jenduleh. 
 
 JIRGEU, a town of Egypt. See Giroeh. 
 
 JITOMIll, a town of Poland. See Ziutomeer. 
 
 JIZEII. See Ghekzeh. 
 
 JOA. jo'i. a moutli of the Indus during Inundations, but 
 In the dry season merely a salt-water creek. Lat, 25° 15' N., 
 Ion. 67° 19' E. 
 
 JOA, a large, flourishing town of the Punjab, on the Salt 
 Range, about 110 miles N.W. of Lahore. 
 
 JOACHIM (jo'a-kim) CREEK, of Missouri, enters the 
 Mississippi .at Uerculaneum. 
 
 JOAClllMSTIlAL, yo'd-KimsHil, a free mining-town of 
 Bohemia. 14 miles N. X.E. ofEltjogen. Pop. 4386. 
 
 JOACniM.STIIAL, a town of Prussia, provinceof Bran- 
 denburg. .35 miles X.E. of Berlin. Pop. 1660. 
 
 JOAO, jo-ig', a walled town of West Afriai, in Senegambia; 
 Ut.U°30'N,,lon 10P50'. Pop, 2000, 
 M2 
 
 JOAXKO, jo-Jn'ko, a lake of Siberia, In the Arctic Circle, 
 in lat, 175° i;., in the territory of the Tchooktchees. It iB 
 about 24 miles long, by 12 miles broad, and dischargriS 
 itself through the Anadeer, (.4midir,) which issues from ita 
 W. extremity. 
 
 JOAXXA i'URXACE.apost-office,Berksco., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JOAXXES. a large island of Brazil. See Marajo. 
 
 JO.\XXIXA, a town of Turkey." See Yaxina. 
 
 JO.iZEIRAS, zho-d-zi'rSs, a small town of Biazil. pro- 
 vince of Bahia, on the San Francisco, 65 miles X,X.W, ot 
 Jacobin.a. 
 
 JOB, zhob, a village of France, department of Puy-de- 
 Dome, 4 miles X. of .\mbert. Pop. 3120. 
 
 Jt)BE. job. a post-office of Oregon co., Mis-souri. 
 
 JOBIE, jo'bee, an island in the Mal.iy Archipelago, adja- 
 cent to Papua, on the X. side of its irreat l«y. Lat. 1° ;ib> 
 S.. Ion. between 135° 30' and 137° -SO' E. Length, from W. 
 to E., 100 miles; greatest breadth, 25 miles. The Strait of 
 Jobie separates it on the X. from the island of 5Ivsory. 
 
 JOBLA or DJOBLA, jobld, a considerable town of Ar* 
 bia, in Yemen, on a river, 103 miles S.S.W. of Siina. 
 
 JOBSTOWN, a post-village of Burlington eo., New Jersey, 
 6 miles E.X.E. of Jlount Holly. 
 
 JOBS'VILLE. a village of Gloucester co,. New Jersey, on 
 the Delaware River. 3 or 4 miles W. of Woodbury. 
 
 JOCJOOARTA. Java, See D.;okjokaria. 
 
 JiXlKMOCK. )ok'mok, a market-town of North Sweden, 
 leen. and 95 miles N.W. of PiteS. Pop. 1400. 
 
 JOD.^R or XODAR, no-daR/, a town of Spain, 26 miles 
 E. of ,Taen, near the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3614. 
 
 JO D.VVIESS, jo dA'viss. a county forming the N.W. ex- 
 tremity of Illinois, bordering on Iowa and Wisconsin, has 
 an area of 650 square miles. The Mississippi River forni.i 
 its S.W, boundary. The Fevre and Apple Rivers How 
 through the county. It is also drained by Plum River and 
 Rush Creek. The surface is uneven ; the soil is generally 
 good. The county is chiefly remarkable for its rich mines 
 of lead and copper, which are exten.slvely worked. It is in- 
 tersected liy the Central Railroad (main line). Named in 
 honor of Colonel Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who fell in the 
 buttle of 'I'ippecanoe. Capital, Galena, Pop. 27,325, 
 
 .TODOIO.N'E, zho^dwaB', a town of Belgium, province of 
 South Brabant. 6 miles S.S.W of Tirlemont. Pop. .3328. 
 
 JOE BAYOU, j8 bi'oo, a post-office of Carroll parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 JOEL.STOR or JOLSTOR. (Jolstor.) j-ol'stor, a parish of 
 X'orway, stiff, and 80 miles X.X.E. of Bergen. Pop. 1811. 
 
 JOE"S LICK, a post-office of Madison co.. Kentucky. 
 
 JOHAX'XA. called also AXJOUAX. an'zhoo-dn'. or AN- 
 ZOOAX (AXZUAX.)iln'zoo-an'. and IIIXZUAX, hin^zoo-ln', 
 the central and most frequented, though not largest of the 
 Comoro Islands, in Mozambi((ue Channel. It is 26 miles in 
 lenirth, by IS miles in breadth, and has a central peak 3S0C 
 fe.'f above the sea. in Int. 12° 13" S.. Ion. 44° 29' E. P. 20.000 (?). 
 It is well Avoodi'd. well watered, fertile, and picturesque. 
 
 JOHAXNESBKRG, yo-hin'oes-bfinr.', a village of Bohemia, 
 on the Neisse. 9 miles from Reichenherg. Pop. 1162. 
 
 JOIIAXXI'.STIIAL, yo-baii'nes-tar. a town of Austria, In 
 Silesia. 29 miles X.W. of Troppau. Pop 2000. 
 
 JOIIAXX-GEOKGEXSTADT. yo-h^nn'g.A-oR'ghfn-.statt'. a 
 frontier town of Saxony, on the Schw.arzwasser, 29 miles 
 .S.^V. of Chemnitz. Pop. 3895. mostly employed in iron-mines, 
 and in the manufacture of lace. "The town was founded ia 
 1654, by Protestant refugees from l?ohemia. 
 
 JOII.^NXISBERG. jo-han'nis-berg, (Ger. pron, yo-hln'nis- 
 hjRu\) a village of \Vest Germany, duchy of Xa.ssau. on a hill 
 near the Rhine, 13 miles W. of Mentz with a castle, which 
 was given to Prince Metternich by the allies, in 1816, and 
 famous fur its vinevard. yielding the finest li/xik wine. 
 
 JOlIAXXISBUliG, yo^han'nis-b«>Rn\ a town of East Prus- 
 sia. 70 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 2100. 
 
 JOIIX O'GROAT'S (o-grawts) HOUSE, Scotland, co. of 
 Caithness, 1^ miles W. of Duncansbsiy Ile^d, is the name 
 of a site once occupied by a cottage, .ind is nearly the most 
 X, point of Britain. 
 
 JOIIX QUIXCY ADAMS, a township of Warren co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 856. 
 
 JOHN RIVER, a sm.all stream of Coos co.. New Hnmi^ 
 shire, falls into the Connecticut in the X. part of the state. 
 
 JOHNS, a post-office of Liberty co.. Texas. 
 
 J0HXS'BUR(5, a post-vill.age and township at the N.AV. 
 extremity of Warren co.. New York, on the Hudson River, 
 about 85 miles X. of Albany. Pop. 2188. 
 
 JOHN'S IIA'VEN, a se.-iport village of Scotland. CO. of 
 Kincardine, on the Xorth Sea, 3 miles S.S.W. of Bervle. 
 Pop. 1172. 
 
 JOIIN'SOX, a county in the E. central part of North Ca- 
 rolina; area, estimated at 670 square miles. It if inter- 
 secti-d by Neuse and Little Rivers. The sur&ce is uneven. 
 The dividing line Iwtween the tertiary and the primary 
 formations passes through the county. Granite and iron- 
 ore are found. Formed in 1746, from Craven county, and 
 named in honor of Gabriel Johnson, then governor of Jie 
 colony. Caiiital, Smitlifield. Pop. 1.5,666, of \yhoni 10,740 
 were free, and 4916 slaves. 
 
JOII 
 
 JOHNSON, a county in the N.W. central part of Ar- 
 kansas, contains 870 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Arkansas lUver, navigable by steamboats. The surface is 
 geoerally umlulating ; the soil in some parts is fertile. Ca- 
 pital. Cliirksville. I'op. 7012, of whom t)639 were free, and 
 973 slaves. 
 
 JOU.N'SO.V, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Virginia and North Carolina; area, 
 estimated at 210 square miles. It is drained by an affluent 
 of Watauga Kiver. The surface is m<>untainou.s, and co- 
 vered with vast forests. Iron-ore is abundant. Capital. 
 Taylorsville. Pop. 5018, of whom 47S0 were tree, and 233 
 alaves. 
 
 JOIIXSON, a county situated in the E. part of Kcntucicy 
 has an area estimated at 300 scjuare miles. It is traversed 
 by the West Fork of the Big .Sandy Kiver, and drained by 
 Paint Creek. The surface is diver»iti(«l by hills and fertile 
 valleys. Kxtensive mines of stone coal are found in many 
 parts of the county. Formed in 1842, an<l named in honor 
 of the late Riiliard M. Johnson, foi-merly Vice-President of 
 the United Stiites. Capital, Paiutville. Poj). 6300, of whom 
 5279 were free, and 27 slaves. 
 
 JOUXSON, a county in the S. central part of Indiana, 
 contains 320 square miles. It is draine<l by the White 
 Kiver and Sugar Creek. The surfiwe is .undulating; the 
 soil is mostly a rich blaok loam, mi.\ed with sand. The 
 Madison and luditnapolis Railroad passes through the 
 county; another nrilroad extends from the county seiit W. 
 to AVhite Kiver. Organized in 1823, and named iiihonor of 
 John Johnson, a judge of the Supreme Court of Indiana. 
 Capital. Kr.tnklia. Pop. 14.854. 
 
 JOII-VSON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area 
 estimated at 300 square miles. It is drained by Cash lUver, 
 and by Big Hay Creek. The general surface is level ; the 
 soil is modenitely fertile. Capital, Vienna. Pop. 9342. 
 
 J01IX.S(jX, a county in the W. p.art of Mi.ssouri, has an 
 area of 790 square miles. It is drained by the head-streams 
 of lilaekwater River, an affluent of the I.flmine, and by the 
 Postoak Fork and Clear Fork of the first-named river. liig 
 Creek also flows through the S.W. part of the county. The 
 gurftice consists of prairies and woodlands. The soil is gene- 
 rally good. Extensive beds of stone coal are found in the 
 count}'. The streams furnish motive-power for numerous 
 mills. Capital, Warreusburg. Pop. 14,644, of whom 12,748 
 were free. 
 
 JOHXSOX, a county in the E.S.E. part of low.a. has an 
 area of 616 square miles. It is intersect«d by the Iowa 
 Kiver, which divides it into nearly equal portions; Cedar 
 Kiver flows through the N.E. part; it is also drained by 
 Oldman's and Clear Forks. The surface is diversified, and 
 the Hoi! is said to be unsurpassed in fertility. A consider- 
 alile portion of the county consists of prairies. Quarries of 
 gof)d building-stone have been opened near the Iowa Kiver. 
 The cflunty is intersected by the Mississippi and Mipsonri 
 River Railrojul, which connects it with Daveniwirt. Iowa 
 City is the seat of justice. Formed alwut 1839. Pop. in 
 ISeib, 17,573. 
 
 j!)IIXSi)X, a post'Village of Lamoille co.. Vermont, on the 
 rittht bank of the Lamoille Kiver, about 32 miles X. by W. 
 of Montp.'lier. contains 2 churches, a town-house, 1 woollen 
 fiictory, 1 grist .and saw mill, and various other manufac- 
 turing establishments. Pop. of the township, 1520. 
 
 JOHNSON, a post-village of Floyd co., Georgia, on the 
 West ■■'Ti .itid .^tlanti^; Railroad, 18 miles from Chattanooga. 
 
 JOII X SOX, a township olChampaigu co., Ohio. I'op. 2021. 
 
 JOIIXS iX. a town^liip of Brown co., Indiana. Pup. 555. 
 
 JOllXSO.N, ii lown.ship of Clinton co., Indiana. Top. 1521. 
 
 JoilNSnX. a towiishiii of Gibson co., Imliana. Pop. 2215. 
 
 JOHN -OX. a township of La Grange CO., Indiana. P. 1141. 
 
 JOHXSthV. a towiisliip of Porter co,, Indiana. 
 
 JOHNSON, a township of Kipley co., Indiana. Pop. 2275. 
 
 JOII.^SUN, a village of Carroll Co., Illinois, abo\it 38 
 miles S.E. ol ilalcna, 
 
 JOUNSOX, a township of Clarke co,, Illinois, Pop. 820. 
 
 JOHXSOX. a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois. 
 
 Ji)HNSOX. a small village of Washington co., Missouri. 
 
 JOHX.SiiN. a post-offlce of Jackson co„ Iowa. 
 
 JOIIN'SONBURG or JOIIX'SOXSBUIiO. a post-village of 
 Wyomin<i co„ New York, about 260 miles W, of .\lbany, 
 
 JOHXSOX BURG, a post-village of Warren co., Xew Jer- 
 sey, 05 miies N. of Trenton. It contains 2 churches, a mill, 
 and several stores. 
 
 JOIIX'SOX'S. a village of Essex CO., New York, 20 miles 
 S.S.W. of Elizabethtown, 
 
 JOHNSOX'S, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 Jo 1 1 N S' )X'S CORN ERS, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio. 
 
 JolIXS;^X'S CltEEK. of Orleans co.. Xew York, falls into 
 Lake Ontaiio. in the W.N.W. part of the state. 
 
 JOHNSON'S CRKKK, a post-village of Niagara co., New 
 York, about T'.o miles N,N,E, of Buffalo, 
 
 JOHNSON'S CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson co., Wis- 
 consin. . 
 
 JOHNSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 W. Virginia. 
 
 JOH 
 
 JOHNSON'S FERRY, a village of St. Charles co , Ml» 
 souri, .34 miles W. of St, Louis, 
 
 JOHNSON'S FORKS, a post-office of Morgjin co., Kentu,-ky. 
 
 JOHNSON'S GROVE, a village of De Kalb co,, Illinois, 08 
 miles W. by S. of Chicago. 
 
 JOHNSON'S LANDING, a small village of Calhoun co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 JOHNSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Pitt co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 JOHNSON'S MILLS, a post-village of Clarke co., lllinoig, 
 on the North Fork of Embarras River, 115 miles E.S.E. of 
 Springfield, 
 
 JOHNSON'S RANCH, a post-office of Sutter co., California, 
 
 JOHNSON'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Goochland co,, 
 Viririnia, 28 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 JOHNSON'S ST.\TION. a post-office of Tarrant co.. Texas. 
 
 JOHX'SOXTOWN, a post-office, Northampton co., Virsrinia. 
 
 JOHN'.SONVILLE, a post-village of Rensselaer co.. New: 
 York, on the Boston and Trov Railroad, 16 miles from Troyi 
 
 JOHNSONVILLE, a post-v'ill.age of Cumberland co.. North 
 Carolina, 05 miles S. of Raleigh. 
 
 JOHNSONVILLE, a post-ofllce of Williamsburg district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 JOHNSONVILLE, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 
 JOHN'S RIVER, of North Carolina, rises in the N. part of 
 Buike county, and flowing S., falls into the Catawba near 
 the centre of the county. 
 
 JOHNSTON, jon.s't^n, a large m,anufacturing village of 
 Scotland, co, of Renfrew, 3 miles S,S,W. of Paisley, It has 
 wholly ri.sen since 1780, is built on a reguKar plan, has seve- 
 ral squares, a church, various chapels, schools, public libra- 
 ries, printing-presses, and .a.ssembly rooms. It is governed 
 by a committee elected annually by the inhabitants. It 
 has 15 cotton mills, employing tojether upwards of 1400 
 hands, besides brass and iron foundries, and machine facto- 
 ries. It communicates with Glasgow by a canal, and al.so 
 with it and with Paisley, Greenock, and Ayr, by the Qla.s- 
 gow and Ayr railway. Near it are several thriving collieries. 
 l'0|). in 1S51, 5872, 
 
 .JOHNSTON, a parish of South Wales, co, of Pembroke, 
 
 JOIIN.-^TON (or CORNWALLIS) ISLANDS, a group in the 
 Noith I'acific Ocean, Lat, 10° 53' 20" N., Ion,. 169° 31' .30" W. 
 They form a lagoon, surrounded by a reef, stretching N.E. 
 and S.W. 10 miles, and 5 miles broad, 
 
 JOHN.Sn."O.X. a town.ship of Providence co,, Rhode Island, 
 5 miles W, of Providence. It contains 5 or 6 print-works, 
 besides other establishments. Pop. 3440. 
 
 JOHNSTON, a township of Trumbull co,, Ohio. Pop, 1009. 
 
 .lOIIXSTOX. a postK)fflce of Poinsett co., Arkansas. 
 
 .lolIN'STONE, a parish of Scotland, co., and 12 miles N,E. 
 of Dumfries, in .\n»andale. Here are the remains of Loch- 
 woml <'astle. built ia the fourteenth century, 
 
 JOIINSTOX ISLKS. a rocky group, in the Pacific Ocean, 
 S.W. "f the Sjtndwii/h Islands. 
 
 JOH.X'STON .STRAIT, of British North America, in the 
 North I'acific. .separates Vancouver's Island from the main- 
 land on its N, side, 
 
 JOHX'STONVILLE. a post-office of Monroe oo., Georgi-a, 
 aliout 'X) miles W. of Mille<lgeville. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a post-village and township, capital of 
 Fulton CO., New York, 46 miles W,N,W. of Albany, and 4 
 miles N. of the Erie Canal. The villaj'e contains, besides 
 the coiinty bnildhigs, a bank, an academy, 3 newsjiaper 
 offices. 8 ciiurclies,and about 25 stores. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 8S11 : of the village about 2500. 
 
 JOIINSTOAVN, a post-town, the largest of Cambria co., 
 Pennsylvania, is situated at the confluence of Concmangh 
 River with Stony Creek, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 85 
 miles E, of Pittsburg. The Western Division of the Penn- 
 sylvania Canal extends from this town to Pittsburg. .Tohns- 
 town has an active business in shipping produce. It con- 
 tains a national bank and sevei-al newspaper offices. Pop. 
 4185. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, 65 
 miles N.W. of Harrisburg, and 6 miles S.W. of Mifflintown. 
 
 JOII.XSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 
 about 21 miles N.E. of Columbus. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a post-township in the S. part of Barry 
 CO., Michigan, Pop. 931. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a post-village of Rock Co., Wisconsin, 53 
 miles S.\V. of Slilwaukie, contains 2 churches. Pop. of 
 Johnstown township, 1402. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a district of Canada West, having S.E. 
 the I'iver St. Lawrence, and traversed by the Rideati River 
 and Canal. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a vilLage of the above district, in the S.E., 
 on the St. Lawrence. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kil- 
 kenny, Ij miles N,E, of Urlingford. Pop, 949. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a village of Ireland, co. of Wexford, near 
 the confluence of the Derry and Slaney Rivers, j mile S, of 
 Clonegall. Pop, 311, 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a villfige of Ireland, co. of Kildare, 2 miles 
 N. E.ofNaas. Pop. 192. 
 
 913 
 
JOH 
 
 JON 
 
 JOIINSrrO\VN centre, a post-vilUpre of Kock co. ■Wis- 
 consin. 10 miles E. of Janesville, contains 40 dwellings, and 
 aliout 200 iiihiiWtants. 
 
 JOHNSTOAVN-AyB-CREGGAN, a bog of Ireland, co. of 
 Koscommon. Area, 10,181 acres. 
 
 JOHNS'VILLE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York. 
 
 JOIIN'SVILLK, a village of Somerset co., Xew Jersey, on 
 the Delaware and Raritan Oanal. 
 
 JOIINSVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland, 
 74 miles N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 JOIINSVILIiE, a village of Dyer Co., Tennessee, on Obion 
 Eiver. 150 miles W. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 JOIIXSVI LLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 JOHNSVILLE, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 J01IX8VILLE. a post-office of Ripley co.. Iowa. 
 
 JOlIOREorDJOIlOR, jo'hor', a state occupying the S. 
 part of tlie Malay peninsiJla, formerly flourishing, but now 
 of little importance. The town of Johore, on the river of 
 the same name, is 20 miles N.N.W. of Point Romania. 
 
 JOUST ADT, ycystatt, or JOSEPIISTADT. yo's^f-stdttN a 
 frontier town of Saxony, 45 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 
 1942. chiefly employed in mining. 
 
 JOTGNY, zliwin'yee', (anc. Jovtniacum?) a town of France, 
 department of Yonne. here crossed bj* a good stone bridge, 
 and on the Paris and Lyons ]?ailway. 15 miles N.N.W. of 
 Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 6455. It is enclosed l^y an old w.all, 
 entered by six gates, and has narrow, crooked, and steep 
 streets, with two suburbs, a handsome castle, a cathedial of 
 the fifteenth century, two hospitals, a communal college. 
 barracks, a large market-place, and manufiicturei« of brandy 
 and leather, and an active trade. 
 
 JOINVII/LK, zhwi\<=Veel'. a town of France, dopahiment 
 of Ilaute-Marne, on tlie Marne. 23 miles X. of Cliaumont. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 3.505. It is situated at the foot of a castle- 
 crowned height, and h.as a communal college. It gave the 
 title r,f prince to the son of the ex-king Louis Philippe. 
 
 JOIXVILLE ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean. (Dangerous 
 Archipelago.) are in lat. 15° 48' S., Ion. 130° 40' W. 
 
 JOIXViLLI>LE-POXT, zhw^No'veel' leh p6.N0, a village 
 of Franco, department of Seine, 6 miles E. of Paris. Pop. Old. 
 
 JOLIBA or DJOLIIJA, jol'e-ba. a large river of West 
 Africa, considered identical with the Niger in the upper part 
 of its cour.se. is supposed to rise in Senegambia, near lat. 'J° 
 N., Ion. 9° W., at from 15,000 to 16,000 feet al>ove the sea. 
 It thence has generally a N.E. course, through Soodan to 
 Kabra, the port of Timbuctoo. after which it Hows mostly 
 E.S.E., till it receives the name of the QuoiTa. (See Xiuer.) 
 Besides Kabra, the towns of Rammakoo, Yamina, Sego, and 
 Jenne are on its banks. 
 
 JOLIET, jo^e-et, a thriving town, capital of Will co., Illi- 
 nois, on both sides of the Des Plaines IJiver, on the Illinois 
 and Michigan Canal, and on the Cliicago and Rock Island 
 Railroad, where it is crossed by the St. Lonis, Alton and 
 Chicago R.R., 37 miles S.W. of Chicago. The town is haud- 
 Bomely built, and contains, besides tlie county buildings, 9 
 chnrclies, 2 banlcs, and 2 newspaper oilices. The canal and 
 river afford motive-power for mills. Joliet is surrounded by 
 fertile and cultivated prairies, the produce of which is shipped 
 here by tlie canal. The state penitentiai-y located here is a 
 magnificent edifice, built of a fine gray limestone, qnarried 
 in the vicinity. It is stated that it costmore than §1,000,000. 
 Joliet has also a largo manufactory of reapei-s and 2 floiiring- 
 mills. Pop. in 1850, 2659; in 1860, 7104. 
 
 JOL'LYTOWN, a post-offlce of Greene co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JOLSTOR, (Jolstor.) a parish of Norway. See Joeustor. 
 
 JOLSVA. yolsii'v6h\ ALNOVIA,0rno've-6h\ or ELTSCII, 
 Jltch. a market-town of Ilungarv. co. of Gomor. in the v.alley 
 of the Eltsch, 14 miles W.S.W. of Rosenau. Pop. 4045. 
 
 JOMALIC, Ho-mi-leek', and JOMONJOL, Ho-mon-uOl', two 
 Islets of the Philippines. E. of Luzon. 
 
 JOMANES. See Jumn'a. 
 
 JO'XAS, an island in the Sea of Okhotsk, In liit. 56° 25' 
 30" X.. Ion. 143° 16' E., about 2 miles in circumference, and 
 1200 feet high. A crowd of detached rocks lie off its W. side, 
 on wliich the waves beat with great violence. 
 
 JOX'ATIIAX'S CREEK, Ohio, rises in Licking co., and 
 flows into the Muskingum River a few miles below Zanes- 
 Tille. 
 
 JOX ATIIAN'S CREEK, a post-offlce of Haywood co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 JOXEN, yo^ngn, a village and p.arish of Switzerl.ind. can- 
 ton of St. Gall, about 1 mile from Rapp^rschwyl. Pop. 21 11. 
 
 JOXES, j6nz, a county in the S.E. part of Xorth Carolina, 
 lordering on Xeuse River, has an area estimated at 4><0 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Trent lUver. The 
 surface is level, and mostly covered by mar.shes and forests 
 of pitth-pine and cypress. OTie soil is generally sandy. The 
 S.E. part is occupied by Catfish Swamp. Formed in 1779, 
 and named in honor of 'Willie Jones, of Xorth Carolina. 
 Capita, Trenton. Pop. 5730, of whom 2317 were free, and 
 3413 slaves. 
 
 JOXKS. a county in the central part of Georgia, has an 
 
 area of .378 R<iuare miles. The Ocmulgee lUver forms its 
 
 entire boundary on the S.W.: it is also drained by Falling. 
 
 Cedar, AValnut, and Commissioner's Creeks. The surface is 
 
 944 
 
 generally hilly and broken ; the soil has been much worn, 
 but is still productive. Iron, granite, and quartz are found. 
 The county is intersected by the Central Railroad. Orga- 
 nized in 1807, and named in honor of James Jones, formerly 
 member of Conjrres.s from Gi'ordi. Capital. Clinton. Pop 
 9107, of whom 3118 were free, and 5989 .slaves. 
 
 JONliS, a county in the S.E. part of Jli.isissippi. has an 
 area of about t)00 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Leaf and T.allahoma Rivers. The surface is moderately un- 
 even; the soil is sandy, and not uniformly fertile. Named 
 in honor of Commodore Paul Jones. Capital, Ellisville. 
 Pop. 3323, of whom 2916 were free, and 407 slaves. 
 
 JONES, a county in the E. pari of Iowa, bas an area of 
 576 sqiiare miles. The Wapsipinicon and Mako,-;ueta Rivers, 
 affluents of the Mi.<i.sissippi I!iver. How through the county 
 in a S.E. direction; it is also drained by Fall liiver and Rear 
 Creek. The surface is diversified by prairies and wootllacds; 
 the soil is higiily productive. Limestone is one cT the prin- 
 cipal rocks of the count}-. It is intersected by the Duliuqne 
 Southwestern Railroad. Named in lioiior of George W. 
 Jones, United States senator from Iowa. Capital, Anamosa. 
 Population, 13,80^. 
 
 JONES, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 383. 
 
 JOXES, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 JOX'ES. a village of Morgan co., Illinois, on the Sangamon 
 and Morgan Railroad, 40 miles W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 JONES' RLUFF. a post-office of Sumter co.. Alabama. 
 
 J0NESI!0ROUGIF,.ionz'!.ilr-uh, a post-township of Wash- 
 ington CO.. Maine, at the head of Englishman's Ray, about 
 128 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 518. 
 
 JOXESBOROUGIL a post-village of Brunswick CO., Tir- 
 cinia, about 90 miles S. bv \V. of l^ichmond. 
 " JOXESItOROUGIL a thriving post-village of Fayette CO., 
 Georgia, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 79 miles N.W. 
 of Macon. It is a denot for cotton. 
 
 JOXESBOROUGIL a iwst-village of Jefferson co., Ala- 
 bama, 30 miles E.X.E. of Tuscaloo.^a, contains a male and 
 female semin.irv. 
 
 JllXESBOROUGII, a post-offlce of Tippah co.. Mississippi. 
 
 JOXESBOKOUGII, a flourishing post-village, capital of 
 W.Tshington co., Tennes.see, is ple.asantly situated on th» 
 East Tennessi^ and Virginia Railroad. 80 miles E. of Nash- 
 ville. It is situated in a highly productive and beautiful 
 valley, which is abundantly supplied with water-power. It 
 contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 academies and a good court- 
 house. 
 
 JONESBOROUGH, a thriving post->illage of Gr.int co., 
 Indianii. on the Mississinewa River. 6 miles S.S.E. of Marion. 
 A plank-road passes through this village from Lagro to 
 Andei-son. Pop. in 185.3, aliout 500. 
 
 .TONESBOROUG II, a thriving vilUgeofGreeneco., Indiana, 
 about 85 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 .TOXESBOROUGII, a post.vill.<ige, capital of Union co., 
 Illinois, on tlie Central Railroad. 150 miles 8. of Springfield, 
 and 10 miles from the Jlississippi, contains several churclien 
 and stores. The county has extensive l)eds of coal, iron ore, 
 lead, and porcelain-clay. Pop. 842. 
 
 JONESBOROUGH, a post-village of Saline co.. Missouri, 
 on the Salt Fork of Lamine River, about 80 miles N.W. of 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 JONES/BURG, a village of Camden co.. North Carolina, 
 155 miles E.X.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 JOXES' (jOnz'ez) CREEK, of Kent co., Delaware, passes 
 by Dover, and falls into Delaware Bav. 
 
 JONES' CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Yadkin 
 River at the E. border of Anson county. 
 
 JOXES' CREEK, of Walker co., Alabama, flows into Sipsey 
 River. 
 
 JOXES' CREEK, in the N.W. central part of Tennessee, 
 flows into Harpeth River, in Dickson county. 
 
 JONES' CREEK, a post-office of ,\nson co.. North Carolina. 
 
 JONES' CREEK, a post-office of Libertv co.. Georgia. 
 
 JOXE.S' CREEIC, a post-office of Randolph co., Illinois. 
 
 JONES' FERRY, a post-office of Morehouse parish, Loni 
 siana. 
 
 JONES' HILL, a postoflfice of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama. 
 
 JONES' MILL, a small town of Oconto county, Wiscon- 
 sin, on tlie Oconto River, 8 or 10 miles from its entrance into 
 Green Bay. 
 
 JONES' MILLS, a post^fflce of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 JONES' MILLS, a post-office of Wa.shington co., Virginia. 
 
 JOXES' MILLS, a post-office of Meriwether co.. Georgia. 
 
 JONES' MI I.iLS. a post-office of Yallobusha co.. Mississippi. 
 
 JONES' MILLS, a post-office of McXairy co.. Tennes.'-ee. 
 
 JONES' MINES, a post-office of Randolph co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 JOXES' NURSERY, a post-office of Clarke co., Kentucky. 
 
 JONES/PORT, a township of W.asliington co., Maine, on 
 the Atlantic coast. 127 miles E.by N. of Augu.sta. Pop. 1148. 
 
 JOXES' SPRING, a post-office of Berkeley co., W.Virgini.u 
 
 JONES' TAXYARD, a po.st-village of Callaway co., Mis- 
 souri. 35 miles N.E. of .Tefferson Citv. 
 
 JONESTON, a township of Unioii co., Hlinois. 
 
 JONES'TOWN, a thriving post-village of Swatara tovru- 
 
 --■i 
 
JON 
 
 JOR 
 
 ship, Lebanon eo., Pennsylvania, on the Swatara Creek, 29 
 
 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. It is one of the largest places in 
 
 the county, and contains 3 churclies and several stores. 
 
 JOXKS VALLl'iY, a post-office of Calaveras co., California. 
 
 JOXES'VILLE, a postoffice of Chittenden co., Vermont. 
 
 JONKSVILLK, a post-vilLifre of Saratofra Co., New York, 
 
 21 miles N. of Albany. It contains an academy. 
 
 JOXKSVILLK, a village of'JIercer co., Pennsylvania, 5 
 miles W.S.W. of Mercer. 
 
 ■JONESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Ijee CO., Virginia, 
 on Powell's lliver, 392 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It is 
 situated on a beautiful eminence near the foot of Cumber- 
 laud .Mountain. Pop. about 301). 
 
 JOXKSVILLK, a post-village of Yadkin eo.. North Caro- 
 lina, on Y'adkin River, 145 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 JONESA'ILLE, a post-village of Union district, South 
 Oarolina, SO miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 TO.VE.SVILLE, a post-office of Jackson CO., Alabama. 
 JONE-SVlLbE, a post-office of Harrison co., Texiis. 
 JONESVILLK, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, 40 miles 
 N.E. of Marietta. 
 
 JONESVILLE, a post-village in Fayette township, Hills- 
 dale county, Michigan, on St. Joseph's River, and on the 
 Michigan Southern Railroad, 74 miles W. of Monroe. The 
 village contains 4 churches, and a large brick Union school- 
 house, in which about 250 pupils receive instruction. Tliis 
 school is considered one of the best of its class in the state. 
 Jonesville has 10 stores, 1 woollen factory, I foundry, and 2 
 newspaitr office. Settled about 1S30. It is the oldest vil- 
 lage of tlie county, and was the first seat of justice. Popu- 
 lation. 1008. 
 
 JONESVILLE, a post-offlce of Bartholomew county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 JONKOPING, (Jonkoping,) or JONKJOPING, (Jonkjtt- 
 ping.) yon'chij-ping, (almost yon'chSp-ing,) a la!n of South 
 Sweden. Area, 4202 square miles. Pop. 163,426. The prin- 
 cipal towns are Jonkoping, Grenna, and Eskejo. 
 
 JOXIvOPING, (J5nkoping,) atown of Sweden, capital of the 
 Isen of the same name, at the S. extremity of Lake Wetter, 
 SO miles E. of Gothenburg. Pop. 8658. It has an arsenal, 
 and is separated from its suburbs by a trench. It has 
 manufictures of woollen and linen fabrics, and leather, 
 whicli are exported by its harbor on the lake. 
 
 Ji)\QUlfil{KS, zhANo'ke-aiR/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Vaucluse. on an island formed by the Uuv6zb. here 
 crossed by a bridge of eight arches, 12 miles N.N.E. of 
 Avignon. Pop. 1140. It has manufactures of silk fabrics. 
 
 JOX.SWEIL, yons'wlle, or .JONSCIIWEIL, yonsh'wile. a 
 villace Hii'.l parish of Switzerland, canton, and about 20 miles 
 from St. Gall. Pop. 1024. 
 
 JO-WKLLE, zhON-oHSll', a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaute-Saoiie. 24 miles N.N.W. of Vesoul. Pop. 900. 
 JOXZAC, zh^No^zJk', a tx)wn of France, dephrtment of 
 Charente-Inferieure, capital of an arroudissemeut, on the 
 Seugne. 22 miles S.S.E. of Saintes. Pop. in 1852, 2718. 
 
 JUOliUL, joo^bO.1', a small town and rajahship of North- 
 west Ilitidostan, between the rivers Sutlej and Jumna, 
 the rajalishjp comprising 3.30 smiare miles. Pop. 15,000. 
 
 JOOBUL-KIIAltIB, j<x/bal-Ka'rib,a bay of East Africa, in 
 the Danakil country, at the head of the Ray of Tajoorah, 
 with which it is connected by two nari-ow channels. Lat. 
 11° 29' N., Ion. 42° 64' E., about 85 miles W.S.W. of the 
 Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. 
 
 JOODIIUX, jood'htin', a strong military fort of British 
 India, presidency, and 62 miles E.N.E. of Bomliay, district 
 of Poon:th. It was taken by the British in 1818. 
 
 JOODPOOR, JOUDPOUR,■jood'poor^ or MARWAR, mar'- 
 war\ a .state of X^orthwest Iliudostan, subsidiary to the 
 British, and the most extensive and powerful in Rajpootana, 
 between lat. 24° and 28° N., and Ion. 70° and 75° K. Area 
 estimated at 34,132 square miles. The government is a 
 feiiid of feudal monarchy, the chiefs holding their lands on 
 the tenure of military service ; and it is said that the ngah 
 can bring into the field 60,000 men. Within the limits of 
 Marwar there are said to be no less than 5000 towns and 
 villages, the chief being Joodpoor and Pallee. 
 
 JOODPOOR or JOUDPOUR, the capital of the above state, 
 is 100 miles W.S.W. of Ajmeer. Pop. 60.000.(?) The prin- 
 cipal edifice is a large and magnificent citadel. 
 
 JOODPOOR or JOUDPOUR, a small town of British India, 
 presidency of Bens:al, 50 miles S.W. of Lohargong. 
 
 JOO'DY, (or JU'Dl.) MOUNT, in Turkish Koordlstan, is 
 between the 'Tigris and its tributary the Khabooi-, immedi- 
 ately E. of .lezeerehibn-Omar. By the Mohammedans, it, and 
 not the Armenian Mount Ararat, is considered to be the 
 mounbiin on which the ark of X'oah rested after the Deluire. 
 JOOGDANPOOR, a town of Hindostan, in the Bengal pre- 
 •idency, 16 miles N.W. of Kishenghur. 
 
 JOOGDE'A, (Ilind. Yugadeva, yoo-gd-dA'va.) a town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Bengal, district of Tiperah. 83 miles 
 8.E. of Dacca. It has manufactures of cotton fabrics and salt. 
 JOO'GOOGOO', a town of Bootan, 40 miles N. of Cooch- 
 Bahar. 
 
 JOOLAMERK or JULAMERK, joo-ld-mJrk', written also 
 GIULAMEKK, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 95 
 3K 
 
 miles S. of Van, near the Greater Zab. It stands in a ravine 
 enclosed by rocky mountains, and consists of about 200 mvid 
 huts around a massive citadel. 
 
 JOOLFA, JOULFA, or JULFA, jool'fi (written also 
 DJilULFA,) a town of Russian Transcaucasia, province, 
 and 21 miles S.E. of Nakhchivan, on the Aras. 
 
 JOOXAGIIUR, JUNAGHUR. joo'na-gtji', written also JU- 
 NAG.\RII. a town of West Hindostan, in tlie Baroda domi- 
 nions, peninsula of Guzer.at, 58 miles N.X.W. of Diu Head. 
 
 JOOXE.\GIIUR, joo^ne-a-gQr', a fortified post in North 
 Hindostan. 36 miles X.W. of Almora. 
 
 JOOWEElt'. or SOO'NUlt/, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, district, and 52 miles -N.X.E. of I'oon.ih. 
 Its fort, on a scarped rock, contains fine Mohammedan and 
 other structures; and about 1 mile S. are numerous exca^ 
 vated Jain temples. 
 
 JOORHATII, joor'hifh', atown of British India, province, 
 and formerly capital of Assam, now capital of its upper 
 division, on the Dikho, an affluent of the Brahmapootra. 
 
 JOO'JtIA. a seaport town of West Hindostan, in the B.v 
 roda dominions, on the Guzerat peninsula, beside the Gulf 
 of Cutch, 78 miles N.W. of .Toonaghur. It has a brisk 
 traffic by sea with Mandavie and Bombay. 
 JOPPA. a town of Palestine. See Jaffa. 
 JORAIRATAR or JORAYRATAR, Ho-rl-ra-taR', a village 
 of SiiaiTi, in Andalusia, 38 miles S.E. of Granada, on the 
 side of a hill crowned by the ruins of a Moorish castle. 
 Pop. 1372. 
 
 Jurat, zhoVd' or zho^-Sf, or JURTEN, yooR/ten. a chain 
 of low mountains in Switzerland, forming the watershed be- 
 tween the Lakes of Xeufchatel and Geneva, and couuectiug 
 the Berne.se Alps with Mount Jxira. 
 
 JOR'DAX, (Arab. Shereeiih-tl-Kehfir or SJieriah-el-Kehir, 
 sha-ree'i-el-ke-beer', "the great watering-place,") a famous 
 river of Asiatic Turkey, forming the E. boundary of Pales- 
 tine, rises in Anti-Libanu.s, and by two sources on the E., 
 near Banias, and W. near Laish, or Dan. flows S. through 
 the Lakes of Ei-Hu!eh, (anc. Me/rom.) Tiberias, or Taba- 
 reeyah. (anc. Gimesiarclh.) and enters the Dead Sea at its N. 
 extremity, after a total course of 120 miles. Its breadth 
 and depth vary greatly ; in spring, wlien highest, it has been 
 Ibuiid at Beisan, 140 feet across, wholly unfordable, and very 
 rapid, with many cataracts, (Lynch enumerates 25.) Its 
 valley is about 6 miles wide, hemmed in by precipices; the 
 .soil is sandy and barren, though the banks of the river are 
 covered by a dense vegetation. Its principal affluents are 
 the Zurka .and Shereeah-el-JIandoor. 
 
 J(JR'DAX, a post-village of ElbriJge township, Onondaga 
 CO.. Xew York, on the Erie Canal, and on the Syracuse and 
 Rochester Railroad, about 150 miles W. by N. of Albany. It 
 contains 5 cluuches, an academy, 1 bank, 1 newspaper 
 office, 20 stores, 1 paper-mill, several flounng-mills,»and a 
 manufactory of skates. 
 
 JORDAN, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 581. 
 .JORDAN, a post-township of Greene co.,Wisconsin. P. 869. 
 JORD.\N, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Lincoln, 27 
 miles S.E. of Hamilton. 
 
 JORDAN CREEK, of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, tails into 
 the Lehi'jh River near Allentown. 
 
 J(JUDAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Orangeburg district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 JORDAN'S SALINE, a post-village, capifctl of Van Zandt 
 
 CO., Texas, on the right bank of Sabine River, about 260 
 
 miles N.E. of Austin. 
 
 JORDAN'S STORE, post-offlce, Williamson CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 JORD'ANSTOX, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemlfroke. 
 
 JORDAN'S VALLEY, post-office, Rutherford co.,Tennessee. 
 
 .TORDANVILLE, a post-office of Herkimer co., Xew Y'orlc. 
 
 JORDOX'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 JORHAUT, jor^hawt/, a town of Upper As.sam, on both 
 
 sides of the Dikho, an affluent of the Brahmapootra, in lat. 
 
 26° 48' N., lon.94° 6' E. Itwasoncethecapitalof aprovince. 
 
 JOltJAN, a town of North-east Persia. See Goorqaun. 
 
 JORKAU, (J8rkau,) y8R/k6w, orGORKAU. (GSrkau,) goaf- 
 
 k6w, a small town of Bohemia. 13 miles N.N.W. of Saatz. 
 
 JORQUERA or XORQUERA, HOR-kA'ra, a town of Spain, 
 province of Albacete, 19 miles N.E. of Chinchilla, on a steep 
 acclivity, near the river Jucar. Pop. 2876. 
 JORUK, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See Tchoruk. 
 JORULLO, XURULLO, or XORULLO, no-rool/yo. <often 
 pronounced ao-roofyo.) sometimes written J UltUYO, a vol- 
 cano of the Mexican Confederation, 75 miles S.S.W. of A'al- 
 ladolid, 80 miles from the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 19° 10' N., 
 ion. 101° 1' 45" W., and which has presented the most re- 
 markable phenomenon in the memory of man, it having 
 been wholly thrown up from a fertile plain, having an elev.a- 
 tion of 2890 feet, to the height of 4265 feet above the se.a, by 
 a violent eruption, September 2Sth and 29th. 1759. The up 
 heaved tract is bounded, at a distance of from 1 j to 2 miles 
 from the chief crater, by a precipitous wall of basalt, e.spe- 
 eially abrupt on the W. side, and accessible at only a few 
 places. Since its great eruption, many of the subordinate 
 cones have disappeared, others have changed their form, and 
 
 945 
 
 J 
 
JOS 
 
 JUD 
 
 few now continue to evolve vapor. The temperature of the 
 soil has materially declined, and much of the volcano is par- 
 tially covered with forest-trees. 
 
 JOSEPillNE. jo^zeh-feeu', a post-village of Woodford co., 
 Illinois. 8-1 miles N.X.E. of Springfield. 
 
 JOSEPIISDOHF, yo'z&fs-doRf\ (formerly SCIIABLIA, 
 sh^b'le-d,) a village of Austria, in Slavonia, 11 miles S.E. of 
 Peterwardein. Pop. 3042. 
 
 JOSEf IISTADT. yo'zJfs-st^tf, a fortified town of Bohemia, 
 11 miles N. of Kiiniggratz, on the E. bank of the Elbe. 
 Pop. 1800, besides military. It wa.s founded in 1780, is well 
 built, and has an establishment for the children of soldiers, 
 and manufactures of needles and cotton iiibrics. 
 
 J0SEP1IST.\DT, a town of Saxony. See JonsT.t^DT. 
 
 JOSEPHSTADT, a town of Galicia. See Podoorze. 
 
 JOSEPlISTnAL,yo'zJfs-tai\a village of Austria, in Croatia, 
 24 miles S.W. of Carlstadt. "Pop. 1102. 
 
 JOSII'U.A, a township of J?ulton co., Illinois. Pop. 1170. 
 
 .TOSI.VIATH, jo'se-mlfh'. a village of North Hiudostan, 
 among the sources of the Ganges. Lat. .30° 33' N., Ion. 79° 
 40' E. It consists of houses of gray stone, with several 
 temples interspersed, one of which is connected with the 
 famous shrine of Bhadrinath. 
 
 JOSLOWITZ, yos'lo-*its\ or JAROSLOWICE, yd-ros-lo- 
 ■freefsA. a marketrtown of Moravia, 11 miles S.E. of Znaym. 
 Pop. 16S8. 
 
 JOSS KLIN, zhosVseh-la.vo', a town of France, department 
 of Morbihan, 22 miles N.N.E. of Vannes. It has a com- 
 munal college. Pop. in 1852, 2808. 
 
 JOSSE-TEN-NOODE, yoss-tSn-no'deh, a village of Belgium, 
 Jrovinee of South Brabant, immediately E. of Brussels. 
 
 JOUARRE, zhoo^aRR/, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seiue-et-Marne. 12 miles E. of Jleaux. Pop. 1343. 
 
 .TOUARUE PONTCIIAKTRAIN, zhoo'aRii/ pA.S'o'shaR^- 
 tr^No', a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 11 
 miles N.X.E. of Rambouillet. Pop. 1450. 
 
 JOUDOMA, a river of Sib(»i-ia. See YooDOM.i. 
 
 JOUDFOUR, Hindostan. See Joodpoor. 
 
 J0U6. zhoo^i', a village of France, department of Indre- 
 et>Loire.' 3 miles S.S.W. of Tours. Pop. 1770. 
 
 JOUfi. a village of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 
 on the Krdre, 15 miles N.W. of Anoenis. Pop. in 1852, 2580. 
 
 JOUfi DU BOIS, zhooW dil bwi, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Orne, 17 miles N.W. of Alengon. Pop. 1540. 
 
 JOUfi, a river of Russia. See Yoog. 
 
 JOUGNE. zhooH, a market-town of France, department of 
 Doubs, 9 miles S. of Pontarlier. Pop. 1114. 
 
 JOU[j.\.MERK, a town of .Asiatic Turkey. See Joolamerk. 
 
 JOULFA, a town of Russian Transcaucasia. See Joolfa. 
 
 JOUN.A, j'X)'n?i. (written also KVIGII-P.AK,) a large river 
 of Russian Amerie.% supposed to rise about lat. 65° 15' N., 
 Ion. 1«0° W. It flows S.S.W. as far as lat. 61° 40' N., 
 whence, taking a N.W. course, it enters Behrings' Sea by 
 two channels, after receiving numerous affluents. It is per- 
 fectly navigable to Noulato, about 300 miles from its mouth. 
 On both banks are several villages, whose inhabitants are 
 chietiy employed in trapping animals for their fur, in fish- 
 ing, and in trading. 
 
 JOU'NK-A-KA, a river of Russi.an America, an affluent 
 of the Jouna, which it joins in lat. 64° 50' N. 
 
 JUU-NING, a city of China. See Yu-Nhwo. 
 
 Ji>UQUES, zhook. a village of France, department of 
 Bouches-duRhoue, 14 miles N.E. of Aix. Pop. 1830. 
 
 JOURBOURG. a town of Russian Poland. See Yoorbooug. 
 
 JOURE, zhooR, a market-town of Holland, province of 
 Friesland. 6 miles N.W. of Ileerenveen. Pop. 2454. 
 
 JOC/RIEV POLSKl, a town, Russia. See YooRiEV POLSKOi. 
 
 JUUX, zhoo, a lake of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, near 
 the Jura and the French frontier. Length, 7 miles: breadth, 
 1 mile. It is 350 feet above the sea. The valley is remark- 
 able for its three lakes, for the famorfs '• perte de I'Orbe," 
 for its romantic scenery, and for the industry of its inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 JOUX, CIIaTEAXJ de, shilHo' deh zhoo, in France, de- 
 partment of Doubs. is a fortress on a precipice, commanding 
 the route to Xeufchfttel ; it was the prison of Fouquet, Mira- 
 beau. aud Toussaint L'Ouverture. 
 
 JOUY, zhwee, a village of France, on the railway from 
 Paris to Chartres, 6 miles from the latter. 
 
 JOUY-SUR-MORIN, zhwee"-siiR-mo'rSN:«', a village of 
 Franc*, department of Seine-et-Marne, arrondissement of 
 Coulommiors. on the Morin. Pop. 1680. Jour (zhoo^ee') is 
 the name of many communes in the departments of Eure- 
 et-l/iir, iloselle, &c. 
 
 JOVNTN, zhov-neen'(?) a town of Russia, government, and 
 83 milos W. of Poltava. Pop. 1000. 
 
 J^J^VAII[R, a mountain of Hindostan. See Jawahir. 
 
 JOW.AUR. jo\vir'. a town of Hindostan, 44 miles S.E. 
 of Damauii, in lat. 19° 55' N., Ion. 73° 23' E. 
 
 JOWAUR, a maritime district of Hindostan, bounded W. 
 by the sea. and E. by the West Ghauts, from which latter 
 numerous sti'Citms flow to the ocean. 
 
 JOWRAII, jOw'ra. a town of Hindostan, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. 50 miles X.W of Oojeiu, in lat. 23° 38' N., Ion. 75° 11' E. 
 Pop. 3-351. 
 
 946 
 
 JOY, a post-office of Wayne co.. New York. 
 
 JOYEUSE, zhwd'oz', a town of France, department of Ap- 
 ddche. on the liaume, at the foot of the Covennes, 7 miles 
 S.S.W. of Largentiere. Pop. in 1852, 2688. 
 
 JOYN'ERS DEPOT, a post-village of Edgecombe CO.. North 
 Carolina, on the Wilmington and ^Veldon Railroad, 32 milee 
 X. of Goldsborough. 
 
 JOY'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Burke co., Georgia. 
 
 JOZEFOW or JOZEFOV, yo'zeh-iliv', a town of Poland, 
 sovernment of Lublin, on the Vistula, 32 miles S.W. of 
 Lublin. Pop. 1240. 
 
 JOZEFOW or JOZEFOV, a town of Poland, government 
 of Lublin, 17 miles S.W. of Zamosc. Pop. 1100. 
 
 JUAX, Hoo-dn' or Hwdn, a town of Spain, island of Majorca. 
 Pop. 1575. 
 
 JU'.AN, a small village of Potawatamie co., Iowa. 
 
 JUAX DE ALICAXTE, hoo-W dA d-le-kdn'ti, a village of 
 Spain, in Valencia, province, and 4 miles N.E. of Alicante, 
 in a plain, near the Castella or Jlonnegre. Pop. 3773. 
 
 JU AX DE LA XAVA, Hoo-du' d.-i Id nd'vd, a town of Spain, 
 in Old Castile, province, and 16 miles from Avila. Pop. 692. 
 
 JUAXES, Hwd-n&s', a river of Spain, flows S.E., and joins 
 the Jucar after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 JUAX FERXAXDEZ, ju'an fer-nan'diSz, (Sp. pron. nco-dn'- 
 fjR-ndn'dJth,) or MAS-A-TIeRRA, nids-d-te-jR'Hi, a rocky 
 island in the Pacific Ocean, about 400 miles off the coast of 
 Chili, of which it is a dependency. Lat. 33° 37' S.. lon.78'^ 
 53' W. It is 18 miles long, and 6 miles broad, rises to 3000 
 feet above the ocean, has steep shores, and a desolate appear- 
 ance from the sea; but in its N. half, in which is Cumber- 
 land Bay, are some fertile valleys, producing figs, giapes, 
 sandal-w jod, cork, and other timber-trees. It is leased from 
 the Chilian government by settlers from the United States 
 and Tahiti. The solitary residence here for four years, 
 of a Scotchman, named Alexander Selkirk, is supposed to 
 have formed the basis of De Foe's well-known tale of " Robin- 
 son Crusoe." M.vs-.v-ru£R.i is anotlier rocky and precipitous 
 island, lying to the W. Liit. 33° 49' S., Ion. 80° 27' AV. 
 
 JU'AXPOOR' or JU'AXPORE', a district of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal. Area, 1820 square miles. Capital, 
 Juanpoor. 
 
 JUAXPOOR, a town of British India, capital of the abovo 
 district, on the Goomty, here crossed by a fine bridge at the 
 convergence of several roads, 40 miles X.W. of Benares. It 
 has several good public buildings, and was formerly the capi- 
 tal of an independent sovereignty. 
 
 JU.\N REJO.V, Hoo-dn' ri-Hon', an islet of the Canaries. 
 It is ona of the four islands which form the port of Arecife. 
 
 JUAN, SAX. See San Juan. 
 
 JUBA. zhoo'bd. or GOVIXD, go-vind', (called also FUMBO, 
 foom'bo, and ROGUE'S RIVER.) a river of Ivist Africa, after 
 a S.K. course, imperfectly known, falls into the Indian Ocean 
 in lat. 0° 14' S., Ion, 42° 39' E. It is said to rise in .-Vbyssinia 
 
 JUBA or GOVIXD, a walled town of East Africa, situated 
 on the summit of a lofty hill, 1 mile from the mouth .of the 
 river Juba. 
 
 JUBBULPOOR, a town of India. See Jacbalpook. 
 
 JUBERA or XUBERA, Hoo-bi'rd, a town of Spain, in Old 
 Castile, 20 miles S.S.W. of Logrofio, on the Jubera. P. 1301. 
 
 JUBER.AUA, joo-be-rd/rd, a town of British India, in Ben- 
 gal. Upper Provinces. 17 miles S.E. of Saharunpoor. 
 
 JUBLAIXS, zhu'Wiso', (anc. N(vx/diJnumf) a village of 
 France, department, and 7 miles S.E. of Mayenne, remark- 
 able for its interesting Roman remains. Pop. 1840. 
 
 JUBRIQUE (or XUBKIQUE) LA XUEVA, noo-breeTiA ll 
 nwa'vd. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 55 miles 
 from Malaga. Pop. 2030. 
 
 JUCAR or XUCAR, Hoo'kaR, (anc. Siihro.) a river of Spain, 
 in New Castile and Valencia, rises in the Sierra Albarracin, 
 flows successively W., S., and E., and enters the Mediter- 
 ranean at Cullera, 26 miles S. of Valencia, after a total 
 conr.se of about 200 miles. 
 
 JUCIIITAX or XUCIIITAN, noo-che-tdn', a town of the 
 Mexican Confederation, state of Oajaca, on the river Juchi- 
 tan. 20 miles X.E. of Tehuantepec. Pop. 4600. 
 
 JUCIIXOV or JUCHXOW. See Yookunov. 
 
 JUCHXOVK or JUCHXOWKA. See Yookhnovka. 
 
 JUCKOW or JUCIIOW, joo'kow, sometimes written JA- 
 KAU. jd'kow. a seaport town of some iuiportaiice in Indl.a, 
 Cutch. 60 miles X.W. of Mandavee, and near the Korea 
 mouth of the Indus. 
 
 JU'DA, Greene co., Wisconsin. See Appen-dix. 
 
 JUD.I'^A or JUDE.\. ju-dee'a, the ancient country or king- 
 dom of Judah, forming the S.'part of Palestine r the Holy 
 Land, having N. Samaria, W. the country of the Philistines, 
 (Phoenicians,) S. Arabia, and E. the Dead Sea and the i-lver 
 Jordan. It now compo.ses the S.W. extremity of the Syrian 
 pashalic of Damascus, and Is mostly comprised between lat. 
 31° aud 32° N., and Ion. 34° 30' and 35° 30' E. In it are the 
 towns of Jerusalem, Hebron. Bethlehem, and Jericho. (See 
 
 P.ALESTINE.) 
 
 JUDENBURG, yoo'den-b85RG\ (anc. Idnrimf) a town of 
 Styi-ia. on the Mur. 40 'miles AV N.W. of GrJitz. to which city 
 it was next in provincial importance previous to its de- 
 struction by fire, in 1807. Pop. 20S8. It has been rebuilt In a 
 
JUD 
 
 JUN 
 
 modern style, and ha? sereral churches, an old .Tesnit college 
 and castle — both now wsed for barracks, a new ttymnasium, 
 transferred from Admont in 1820. and a printing establish- 
 ment. Near it is the new castle of Liechtenstein. In the 
 Middle Ages it carried on aa important trade with the 
 Levant. An armistice with Napoleon was signed here in 
 1797. 
 
 JUDOE-ANn-His-CLKHK, two islets of the JIacquarrie 
 group, in the South I'acific, S.W. of New Zealand. 
 
 .TU'DY'S (or JU'BAHS) GAP, a Tillage of Hickory CO., 
 Missouri, 90 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 JIIO, a river of Hussia. See Yooo. 
 
 JU'GADKKK', a town of British India, in Bengal, Upper 
 Provinces. 18 miles N.W. of Saharunpoor. 
 
 JUG^UISl'OOK', a town of Iliudostan, in Oude, 53 miles 
 S.K. of Luoknow. 
 
 JUODULUK, jtig\m-lQk'.(?) a village of Afgh.anistan, in 
 the defiles between Jelalabad and Oabool, was the scene of 
 the principal massacre of the British troops on their retreat 
 from Cabool in 1842. and of the total defeat of the Afghans 
 by the British in 1843. 
 
 JlIG(}KRNAUT,JUaaKRNAUTir.,iligVher-nawt/.orPOO'- 
 'REE>.(ime. J<if/ganmil!ia. jig-gjlnd'thd, "lord of the world," 
 one of the names of the Vishnu,) a town and famous temple 
 of fndi.a. presidency of Bengal, district, and 42 miles S. of Cut- 
 tick, on the coast of the Bay of lieng-al. Pop. of the town, 
 30 000: but at the great annual festival in March, the popu- 
 lation is increased by many thousands from all parts of India. 
 The main street is wholly compo.sed of religious edifices, at 
 the S. eKtremity of which is the great temple, a vast struc- 
 ture within an "area of about 670 fret square, and completed 
 in the twelfth century at a cost of from 400.000/. to 500.000/. 
 Twelve festivals are held here annually; and all the land 
 ■williiu 20 miles from the temple is stated to be held rent free, 
 on condition of the tenants performing certain services in 
 and abcmt the shrine. 
 
 JOGGiVrKK, jtig'go-tee'. a town of India, Gwalior domi- 
 nions. 13 miles S.K. of Maheidpoor. 
 
 JUGON, zhuVi\xo/, a town of France, department of C6tes- 
 du-Nord, on the Arguenon, 13 miles W.S.VV. of Dinan. P. 508. 
 
 .TIJG'Ti)\VN. a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 12 
 miles N.W. of Klemington. 
 
 JUT or JUlII,joo'ee, a walled town of Sinde, 15 miles N.AV. 
 of Lake Slanchar. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 JUILL.VC. TihweeVik', a market-tnwn of Francs, depart^ 
 ment of Correne. 14 miles N.W. of Brives-la-Gaillarde. P. 2637. 
 
 JUILLAN, zhwee^ydx"', a village of France, department 
 of Ilautes-Pyronees. arroudissement of Tarbes. Pop. I(i90. 
 
 JUJUUIKU.X, zhiiV,hii*re-uU. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ain, 11 miles S.W. of Nantua. Pop. K'OO. 
 
 JUJUY. Hoo-llwee'. a town of the .\rgentine Republic. (La 
 Plata.) province, and 40 miles E.N.K. of Salta. on the river 
 Jujuy. on the main route from Salta across the mountains 
 into Bolivia. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 JUJUY or RIO GRANDK DE JUJUY, ree/o grdn'di d;l 
 Hoo-iiwee'. a river of the .\rgentine Republic, (La Plata,) 
 rises on the frontiers of Bolivia, and after a course of about 
 300 miles, first S. and then H.. joins the Vermejo. L;it. 23° 
 6'S.. Ion.fi2°40' W. 
 
 JUI/ALPODIV or JEI/ALPOOR'. a town of the Punjab, on 
 the right bank of the Jhylum, 90 miles N.AV. of Lahore. It 
 has been generally supposed that here was the field of the 
 batUe between Alexander the (jireat and Porus. but Burney 
 considers the contest to have fciken place at Jhylum, 25 miles 
 higher up the river. 
 
 JUL.\JII';rK, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Joolameuk. 
 
 JULF.\. a town of Russian Transcaucasia. See JOOLF.V. 
 
 J U LF.\. jool'Ci. a village of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 
 immediately S. of Ispahan. 
 
 JULI. noo'lee, a town of South Peru, department, and 46 
 miles S.K. of Puno, on the S.W. shore of Lake Titioaca Ele- 
 vation, 13,100 feet. 
 
 JULIA, a town of Transylvania. See Gvalu. 
 
 JU'LI.\N, a village of Moultrie co., Illinois, 06 miles E. by 
 S. of Springfield. 
 
 JU'LIA.N FURNACE, a post--fillage of Centre co., Penn- 
 sylvania, in Bald Jlagle Valley, about 95 miles W.N.W. of 
 Ilarrisburg. 
 
 JULI.V.V'S 0.\P, a post-oflRce of Hamilton co.. Tennessee. 
 
 JUL1.\NSIIA.\B. yfK)'le^.'lnshdb'. a maritime station in 
 Greenland, on its W. coast, 110 miles X.W. of Cape Farewell, 
 and the principal place of an extensive district. 
 
 JULICH, fJiilich.) yii'llK. (Fr..7'«/iVra,zhu'le-i'.)a fortified 
 town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles N.E. of Aix-!a-Chapelle, 
 on the Ruhr. Pop. 4201. It has a strong citadel, and was 
 the capital of the department of Koer (Ruhr) under the 
 French Umpire. 
 
 JULIKR. COL DU, kol dii zhii'le-,V, one of the principal 
 passes in the chain of the Swiss Alps, canton of Grisons, 
 near the sources of the Tnn. 7558 feet alxive the level of the 
 sea. It was known to the Romans, and was long the chief 
 route l)etween Venice. Switzerland. Germany, and France. 
 
 .TUMKI!!;, a town of ithenish Pru.ssia. See Julich. 
 
 .TU'LIKT, a new village of Lawrence co.. Indiana, on the 
 New Albany and Salem Rajh'oad, 5 or 6 miles S. of Bedford. 
 
 JULTET, Illinois. See Joltei. 
 
 JULII FORUM. See Frkjus. 
 
 JULIOBONA. See Lili.ebonxe. 
 
 JULIOMAGUS. See Angers. 
 
 JULTUSBURG, yoo/le-C(5s-bf)oRr,\ a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Silesia, 18 miles N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 977. 
 
 JU'LIUSTOVVN, a post-vill.ige of Burlington co.. New Jer. 
 sey, 6 or 7 miles E. by N. of Mount Holly. It has a church, 
 and about .30 dwellings. 
 
 JULL, jtill, a town of Beloochistan, province of Cutch- 
 Gundava, 20 miles S. of Guiidava. 
 
 J ULLALKOTE, jai-la-kot', a small town of Siude, 35 miles 
 S.AV. of TatUi. 
 
 JULLAND, (Jillland.) See Jutiaxd. 
 
 JULLINBKR, jUl'lin-der, a large town of the Punjab, in 
 the Doab. or tract between the Sutlej and Beas, 75 miles K. 
 of Lahore. Estimated population, 40.000. It is in a fertile 
 tract, surrounded by handsome mausoleums, and other 
 edifices; and it was formerly the residence ef an Afghan 
 dynasty. The Juli.inder Doah was ceded to the British at 
 the termination of the late war in the Punjab. 
 
 JULItAlZ, jtil-riz' (?) a town of Alghani<tan. on the Cabool 
 River, with numerous forts, 35 miles E. of Cabool. 
 
 JUMBOSEER. jam^bo-.seer', a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bomb.ay. 22 miles N.N.W. of Baroach, near an 
 extensive lake, on the banks of which are many Hindoo 
 temples. Pop. 10.400. 
 
 JUMEAUX. zhii^mo', a village of France, department of 
 Puv-de-I)ome, 9 miles S.S.E. of Issoire. Pop. in 1852, 1820. 
 
 JUMELLES, zhu'mMl', a village of France, department of 
 Jlaine-et-Loire. 8 miles S. of Bauge. Pop. lt'93. 
 
 JUMELLlfcRE. LA, Id zhu'm(^ine-aiR',a village of France, 
 department of Maine-et-Loire, 13 miles E.N.E. of Beaupreau 
 Pop. 1222. 
 
 JUMET or JUMETZ, zhirm?f, a town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of llainaut, 3 miles N. of Charleroi. It has glass- 
 works, distilleries, and extensive coal-mines. Pop. 8027. 
 
 JU.MIEU/OS. zbU^me-.izh', a village of France, department 
 of Seine-Inferieure, on the Seine. 12 miles W. of Rouen. Pop. 
 in 1S52. I'i70. It has remains of a Benedictine abliey. 
 
 JUMILLA or XUMILL.V, Hoo-raeel'yd. a town of Spain, 
 province, and 37 miles N.N.W\ of Murcia, at the foot of a 
 hill crowned by an old fortress. Pop. 7362. It is pretty well 
 built, is a bishop's see. and has a public granary, manufac- 
 tures of fire-arms, tiles, earthenware, and refined salt. 
 
 JUMILLAC, zhii'meeVdk', or JUMILLAC-LE-GRAND, 
 zhii*inee\vdU'-leh-gr6N"'', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Dordogne. on the left bank of the Isle River, 29 
 miles E.N.E. of Perigueux. Pop. in 1852. 3277. 
 
 JUMNA, juin'nd. (anc. yumuna, yd-moo'nd. the Jmnancs 
 of Pliny.) a river of India, rises among^ the loftiest peaks of 
 the Himalayas,about an elevation of 11.000 feet, flows mostly 
 S., and afterw.ards S.E.. and joins the Ganges at Allahabad, 
 after having enclosed with that river the territory called the 
 Doab. Total course, estimated at 080 miles; its breadth varies 
 at dilTereut seasons from 100 to 1000 yards. It is generally 
 shallow, and unfit for navigation. Its affluents are the 
 Touse. Chumbul. Sind Betwah, Cane, and Rinde. On it are 
 the cities of Delhi and .\gra. Soon after leaving the moun- 
 tains it supplies water W. to All .Merdan's Canal, and E. to 
 Zalieta Khan's or the Dnab Canal. 
 
 JU.MNOOTRI. JU.MNOUTKI, jfim-noo'tree, written also 
 JUMXOTRI, a peak of the Himalayas, in Ilindostan. Lat. 
 about 30° N.. lon.7S°20'E. Height. 25.500 feet. 
 
 JUMNOOTRI or JU.MNOUTlil, jftm-noo'tree. (Hind. la- 
 muniivatari. yd-moo-nd-vd-td'ree.) a famous place of Hindoo 
 pilgrimage in North India, near the source of the Jumna. 
 Lat. 30° 52' N.. Ion. 78° 20' E.. and 10,819 f ^et above the sea. 
 
 JUMOO. a town of the Punjab. See J AMU. 
 
 JUMP'INt} BRANCH, a post-oflice of Mercer co., Virginia. 
 
 JU.MUD. joo-mtid', a walled town of Central Asia, 70 miles 
 N.N.W. of Khiva. Its inhabitants are Toorkomans, who have 
 about 350 houses. 
 
 JUNAGHUIl or JUNAGARH. See Joo>f,vGnuu. 
 
 JU.N'CTION, Connecticut, a station at the junction of 
 the Naugatuck with the New Yoik and New Haven Rail- 
 road. 9 mile*E. by N. of Bridgeport. 
 
 JUNCTION, a post-office of Rensselaer co.. New York. 
 
 JUNCTION, a post-office of Hanover co.. Virginia. 
 
 JUNCTION, a post-village of Paulding co..\)hio, at the 
 union of the Miami Canal with the Wabash and Erie Ca- 
 nal. 5 miles N. of Charloe. 
 
 JUNCTION, a post-village of Du Page co., lUinois. on the 
 Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, at its junction with 
 railroads extending to Fulton and Quincy, 30 miles W. of 
 Chicago. 
 
 JUNCTION, a postK)ffice of Yuba co.. California. 
 
 JUNCTION STORE, a post-office of Botetfjurt CO.. Virginia. 
 
 JUNDIAHI, zhoon-de-4'ee, a town of Brazil, province, and 
 23 miles N.W. of Sao Paulo, on the Jundiahi. Pop. 5000. 
 
 JUNEAU, joohio'. formerly DODGE CENTRE, a post-vil- 
 lage, capita! of Dodge co.. Wisconsin, is pleasantly situated 
 in the centre of the the county, on the Chicago and North- 
 western Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. of MadLson. It was laid 
 out and selected as the county-seat about the year lS50,aud 
 
 947 
 
JUN 
 
 JUS 
 
 named in memory of the first white settler of Wisconsin. 
 The surrounding country is fertile, and rapidly improving. 
 A newsjiaper is published here. It has 4 stores and 2 hotels. 
 Pojuilatiou in 1865, about 700. 
 
 JUiNKDA or XUXEDA. Hoo-nA'oJ. a town of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, province, and 16 miles S.E. of Lerida, at a hill- 
 foot. Pop. 1600. 
 .Taxa-BUXZLATJ, Bohemia. See Buntzl\u. 
 JUX(iEYPOOR, jangVhi-poor', a town of British India, 
 presidency and province of Bentral, 17 miles N.W. of Moor- 
 shedabad, and formerly the seat of a flourishing silk manu- 
 facture. 
 
 .TUXGFR AU, yCOng'frflw.* (the " Maiden," or the " Virgin 
 Mountain."t) a mountain of the Swiss .A.lps. on the bound- 
 arv line between the cantons of Bern and Valais, 7 miles W. 
 of' the "Finster-aar-horn. Ilei'jht, 13.071 feet. It is sur- 
 rounded on all sides by roclis and precipices, and capped 
 with perpetual snow ; but its summit was attained, in 1S12, 
 by the brothers Meyer of Aarau, and in 1841 by Agassiz and 
 l'rofes,sor Forbes. 
 
 JUNGLEBARRY, jtlngVhel-bar'ree, a town of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Bengal, 58 miles N.K. of D.acca. 
 
 JUXGN.-VU, yOOng'now. a village of South Germany, prin- 
 cipality of Ilohenzollern-Sigraaringen, 3 miles N. of Sigma- 
 rincren. Pop. 703. 
 
 JUXG-WOZICZ, y6ang-«-ot/sitch (?) a town of Bohemia, 12 
 miles from Tabor. Pop. 1812. 
 
 JUNIATA, joo-ne-ah'ta. a river of Pennsylvania, formed by 
 the union of the Little Juniat.a and Frankstown Branch, 
 commences in the S. central part of the state, and flowing in 
 a gener.al E. direction, falls into the Susrinohanna 14 miles 
 above Harrisburg. The region through whi.h it passesis di- 
 versified by fertile limestone valleys and mountain ridges, in 
 which iron ore is abundant. The .scenery along the banks 
 of this river is in the highest degree beautiful and pictn- 
 r-'.sijue. The whole length of the .luniata (including the 
 Frankstown Branch) is estimated at near 150 miles. It is 
 not navigable, but the Pennsylvania Canal passes along it 
 to Ilollidaysburg. Branches. — The Little Juniata, a very 
 small stream, rises in the N.W. part of Blair county, and 
 after a course of perhaps not more than 30 miles, joins the 
 Frankstown Branch. The latter rises in the N. part of Bed- 
 ford county, and passes by Frankstown, from which it de- 
 rives its name. The Raygtown Branch, more properly an 
 affluent of the Juniata, is the principal tributary of that 
 river. It has its sources in the S.W. part of Bedford county, 
 and joins the Juni.ata near Huntingdon. 
 
 JUNIATA, a county of Pennsylvania, in the S.E. central 
 part of the state, contains 350 square miles. It is inter- 
 sect-ed by the .luniata River, and also drained by the Tusc.a- 
 rora and Lost Creeks. The surface is mostly occupied with 
 valleys and mountains, which abound in beautiful and 
 romantic scenery. The valleys are fertile and well culti- 
 vated. Limestone, sandstone, and slate are the principal 
 rocks. The Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad pass 
 throush it. Capibil, Mifflintown. Pop. 16,986. 
 
 JUNIATA, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 .IUNI.\TA. a post-township of I'ei-ry co.. Pennsylv.ania. on 
 the Juniata River, 25 miles N.W. of TLarrisburi. Pop. Iul7. 
 
 JUNIATA CROSS/INGS, a post-office of Bedford co., Penn- 
 Bvlvania. 
 
 " JUNIN or XUNIN, Hoo-neen'. or REYES. r.Vy?s, a town of 
 Peru, department of Junin, 108 miles K.N.E. of Lima, on the 
 E. side of Lake Chinchacoeha. Near it is the Pampa of .lunin, 
 where, on August 24. 1824, the Spanish troops under Gene- 
 ral Canterao were lieaten by Bolivar. 
 
 JUNIN, XUNIN. or REYES, formerly TARMA. taR'mlii 
 department of Peru, stretches quite across the Andes, and 
 includes the vallevs of Jau.ia and Huanuco. Capital, Ilua- 
 nuco. Pop. in 18"50, 247,748. 
 
 JUNIOR, a post-oflRce of Scioto co.. Ohio. 
 
 JU'XIPEU. Georgia, a station on the Muscogee R.ailroad, 
 between Cnlumbus and Macon. 26 miles from the former. 
 
 JU'XIPER CRKKli, of Chesterfield district. South Caro- 
 lina, flows into Thompson's Creek, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 JU'XIUS. a post-township forming the X.W. extremity of 
 Seneca Co.. New York, 8 miles N. of Waterbio." I'op. 1316. 
 
 JUXIVILLK, zhu'neeVeeV. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ardennes, 30 miles S.S.E. of Mezi6res. Pop. in 
 1S52. 1460. 
 
 JUX K-CEYLON. or .lUNKSEYLON. j&nk-seelon or jftnk'- 
 se-15n'. or S.\LANO, s3-ling', an island in the Indian Ocean, 
 beloninng to Siam. off the N.W. extremity of the Malay 
 Peninsula. Lat, 7° 46' N., Ion. 98° IS' K. Length, 20 miles': 
 average breadth, 10 miles. The surface is level and wooded. 
 It contains extensive tin-mines, the produce of which, with 
 edible birds'-nests, ivory, and Japan-wood, are exported 
 chiefly to the British settlements In the Strait of Malacca. 
 
 JU'XO, a post-office of Lumpkin co.. Georgia. 
 
 JUXO, a post'Office of Henderson co., Tennesse. 
 
 * " But I have seen the soaring Ju-vofrau rear 
 
 Her never-trodden snow."— CAt/tfe Harold, Canto iv. 
 
 ♦ "The Virgin Mor.vTAi.v wearing like aqneen 
 
 A hrilliiiut orown of everlasting snow."— Wordsworth. 
 948 
 
 JTINONIS PROMONTORIUM. See Trafalgar. 
 
 JUNQUERA.(orXUNQUERA.)LA,ianoon-kA'riat«wnof 
 Spain, province, and 28 miles N.N.E. of Gerona. in a gorge ot 
 the Pvrenees. Pop. 1098. emploved in manufacturing corks. 
 
 JUi'AXOWA-SOPKA. yoo-pS-no'va-sop'ka (?) a volcanic 
 mountain of Kamtchatka, in l.at. b'i° 55' N., Ion. 156° SO' K. 
 
 JUI'lLLE. zhti^peel', a village of Belgium, province, and 3 
 miles E. of Lieie, on the Meuse. Pop. 1900. It was the 
 ancient Jobii Villa, a residence of Pepin I'lIeristiU, and the 
 place of his decease. 
 
 JUl'ILLES. zhU'peel'. a village of France, department of 
 Sarthe, W.S.W. of St. Calai.s. 
 
 JURA, yoo'r^. a river of Russia, government of Wilna, 
 joins the Niemen or Memel above Tilsit, after a course of 
 about 75 miles. 
 
 JU'R.\, (anc. Diuraf) an island, one of the Inner He- 
 brides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle. immediately N.E. of Islay. 
 Length from N.E. to S.AV. 24" miles: breadth varies from'2 
 to 8 miles. Estimated area, .alxmt 84 square miles, or 58.400 
 Scotch acres, only 500 of which are arable. It is the most 
 rugged of the Hebrides; near its S. extremity are 3 lofty 
 peaks, te.-med the " Paps of Jura." On the E. and most 
 populous caa.st is the harbor of Small Islands; on the W. is 
 the deep inlet. Loch Tarbet. Slate, and iron ore are found. 
 Principal village. Jura, on the E. coast. 
 
 JUR.4. joo'ra. (Fr. pron. zhiiVJ'.) a department of France, 
 formed of part of the old province of Francho-Comtfi. bounded 
 E. and S. by Switzerland. Area. 1894 squ.are miles. Pop. in 
 1861. 298,053. Situated almost entirely in the basin of the 
 Rhone. Surface mostly covered with ramifications of the 
 Jura Mountains. Principal rivers, the Oignon. Poubs, Seisse, 
 andAin. Soil rich and fertile in the valleys. Suflfici."nt corn 
 (chiefly maize) is raised for home consumption : and potatoes 
 are a large and important crop. Annual produce of wine is 
 commonly upwards of 400.000 hectolitres, some of very good 
 quality. Butter, cheese, &c.. are principal products. Chief 
 niinenil products, iron, marble, and gypsum. Jura is di- 
 vided into the 4 arrondissements of Lons-le-Sauluier, Dole, 
 Poliirny, and St. Claude. 
 
 JUR.AjjcHyra, (called also Z«6cr&CT7,l.i'b?r-bjRo\in German? 
 Fr. pron. zhii^rd'; &nc. Ju!ra; It. Giura. joo'rl.) a chain of 
 mountains, which separate France from Switzerland, extend- 
 ing in France from the department of Ain to that of Ilaut- 
 Rhin. and in Switzerland, along the cantons of Vaud. Neuf 
 chatel, and Bern. It is composed of a series of parallel ranges, 
 extending for ISO miles in the form of a curve, from S. to N.E.,' 
 with a mean breadth of .30 miles ; these are separated by long 
 valle.vs, which are traversed by streams flowing N. and 8. The 
 culminating points, situated mostly in the S. part of the chain, 
 are Mount Molesson. 6588 feet; Reculet-de-Toiry, 5643 feet; 
 Mont Tendre, 5538 feet; D5Ie, 5-509 feet; Cha'sserfin. 5280 
 feet ; and Chasseral, 5280 feet. The chief geolo.irical feature 
 is a peculiar form.ation called Jura limestone and cretaceous 
 gypsums, alabaster, beds of asphalt and oolite:", coral, 
 marble, abundance of iron, and mineral springs. There ara 
 numerous cascades and stalactite grottos in the mountains, 
 and their summits are covered with fine forests. Wolves 
 are plenty, and the brown bear is occasionally met with. 
 The vine is cultivated in the valle.vs; cattle are extensively 
 reared; and cheese, called GruySre, is manufactured foi 
 exportation. 
 
 JUR.\N50N. zhiiVi^No'sis'''. a village of France, depart- 
 meat of Basses-Pyrenees, 1} miles W. of Pau. Pop. 1329. 
 
 JURBISE. zhUR'beez', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on 
 the raihv.'iy from Brussels to I'aris, 30 miles from the former. 
 JUKBUKG, a town of Russia. See Yoordoorq. 
 J U l{ I K VETZ-PO VOLSKOI or JUR JE VETZ-POWOLSKOL 
 See Yoorievets-Povolskoi. 
 JURJEV-POLSKIJ or JURIEV-POLSKOI. See Yooriev- 
 
 I'OUSKOI. 
 
 .IUH.IUR.\, jftr^oo-rJ, (anc. fkrraHus. Sfons.) a mountain 
 chain of Algeria, forming a division of the Little Atlas, 50 
 miles S.E. of Algiers, in which is the Biban or iron .irate. 
 
 JURRUK. jfirVftk', a town cf Sinde, on the main branch 
 of the Indus, 24 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. Pop. from 1500 
 to 2000. 
 
 JUiiUA, JURUHA, Hoo-roo'l, (Port. pron. zhoo-rix>'i.) 
 or HYURUH.\, a river of Brazil, rises' in the mountains 
 of Peru, flows N.N.E.. and joins the Amazon on the S., be- 
 tween the confluent of the Teffe and Jutay. 
 
 JUHUEXA, zhoo-roo-;Vn3. a large river of Brazil, province 
 of Matto Grosso, rises 50 miles N.E.of Matto-Grosso, and flows 
 N. to the Tapajos, of which it is a source. 
 
 JURUHA. SeeJuRUA. 
 
 JURUMENHA, zhoo-roo-m?n'yd, a small fortifi'xj town 
 of Portugal, province of Alemtejo. on a steep height, on the 
 left bank of the Guadiana, 31 miles E.N.E. of Evora. Pop. 
 630. 
 
 JURZEN. yooR-zJn' C?) a river of Russia, joins the Oot» 
 aft<>r a N.W. course of about 140 miles. 
 
 JUSHl'OOR. jtish-poor' a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, S.W. Territory, 73 miles E.N.E. of SumbhnI 
 poor. 
 
 JUSS.AC. zhiis'sJk', a village of France, department ?* 
 Cantal, 3 miles S. of Aurillac. Pop. 15.50 
 
JUS 
 
 KAF 
 
 JtrSSEY, ihiis'sJ/, a town of France, deparfntient of 
 IIaute-Sa6ne, 20 miles X.W. of Vesoul. Pop. in 1852, 2V73. 
 
 JUS'TUS' MILLS, a post-office of Hempstead co., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 JUT AY. or XUTAY, iioo-ti'. (Port. pron. zhoo-tl'.) written 
 also, JIITAIII or IIYUTAIIY. a river of South America, 
 has its sources in tlie N.M. of Peru. alx)ut lat. 11° 40' 8., Ion. 
 68=' lo' W.. and falls into the Amazon at lat. 2° 40' S., Ion. 66° 
 40' W., after a course of nearly 700 miles. 
 
 JUTlCKBOr.K. (JiiterbO'.'k.) yu'ter-bok\ a walled town of 
 Prussia, province of Brandenburg. 27 miles S. of Potsdam, 
 with a station on the Berlin and Anhalt Railway. Pop. 5200, 
 who carry on a bi-isk trade in woollen cloths, linens, and fiax. 
 Near it. in 181;!. was fouiiht the battle of Baunewitz, in 
 which the Prussians defeited the French. 
 
 JUTLAND, jafliind. (D:in. Ji/lland, yiilland; Ger. Jut- 
 land, yiit'ldnt, h.Jutlan'dia; anc. CItersfmffsiis Cim/brica.) a 
 low, flat peninsula of Denmark, comprised between the 
 North Sea. the Skasjer-Kack. the Cattegat, the Little Belt, 
 and the Baltic. Lat. 52° 45' to 57° 43' N., and Ion. 8° 5' to 
 10° 57' E. On the S. it is attached to Germany : on the N.K. 
 it terminates in Cape Skagen or The Skaw. Its coasts are 
 indented by numerous gulfs, the chief of which is the 
 Lymfiord on the N.. and numerous lakes. The peninsula 
 is divided into North Jutland, or Jutland-proper, and .*outli 
 Jutland or Sleswick. See Sleswick. The name of Jutland 
 is derived from the Jutes, a nation who anciently inhabited 
 
 this country. Adj. Jutlandish, jut/land-ish; inhab. JuT- 
 
 LAXDER, jQt'land-er. 
 
 Jutland! (Jylland,) north, the largest and most im- 
 portant province of Denmark, forming the N. portion of the 
 peninsula of the same name, separated from Sleswick by the 
 Kolding River on the K., and the Kongo on the VV.. lat. .55° 
 2:" N. Area. 9607 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 604,525. The 
 E. coast has numerous fine harbors; on the W. it is shallow. 
 Surface quite level, except on the E., where it is traversed 
 by a range of low hills; highest point, the lliuimelbjerg, 550 
 
 fact. Principal river, is the Guden, which is navigahle fo: 
 50 miles, and joined by the Silkeborg Canal. It is dividet 
 into 10 cantons. 
 
 JUTPIIAAS, yat'f|s, a village of the Netherlands, pro 
 vince, and 3 miles S.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 1464. 
 
 JUTKOSZYX or JUTROSCIIIN, y60f-ro-sheen', a town 
 of Prussia. 54 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1726. 
 
 JUTTEEt/ MOUNTAINS, a mountain range in Rindo. 
 stretching about 70 miles, from lat. 25° 2ry to 20° 20' X.. Ion! 
 67° 45' to 67° 55' E. They are steep, and above 2000 feet 
 high. 
 
 JUVAVUM, or JUVAVIA. See S\tznuRa. 
 
 JUVIGNE, zhUVeeB' a town of France, department of 
 Mavenne, 16 miles N.W. of L.aval. Pop. 2S30. 
 
 JUVIGNY-SOUS-ANDAINE, zhU'veen>ee'-sooz-ft.N''M,'\n', 
 a marketrtown of France, department of Orne, 7 miles E.S.E, 
 of Domfront. Pop. 1612. 
 
 JUV'ISY, zhiiVee^zee', a villjise of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, with stations on the Orleans and Corbeil Rail- 
 ways. 12 miles S.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 400. 
 
 JYKl'OOK. a town and sfcite of Uindostan. See Jeypoor. 
 
 JYHOON, ji-hoon'. or J AIU.VN. ji-hiln'. (anc. ZVi-'a/juM.) a 
 river of Asia Minor, rises in Mount Taurus, and after a S. 
 course of about 160 miles, enters the Gulf of Iskanderoon on 
 its \V. side. Ain-Zarba is the chis-f town on its banks. 
 
 JYIIOON, a river of Asia. See O-XUS. 
 
 JYLL.^ND, a peninsula of Denmark. See Jutland. 
 
 JYNTIAII or JYNT1':AIL jin't.-e'a, a district of British 
 India, beyond the Brahmapootra, between lat. 25° and 26° 
 N., Ion. 92° E., having N. Assam. It was taken under 
 British protection during the war with the Burmese, and 
 has been since incorporated with the district of .Sylhet. 
 
 JYNTIAII POOR, jin-te-d-poor', or JYNTKAIIPORE, jin- 
 te-3-por', the capit;»l of the above district, 10 miles N. of 
 Sylhet. is a pretty town, built of mats and mud, with a few 
 mosques, many of its population being Mohammedans. 
 
 JYPOOR, a town and state of Kiudostan. See Jeypoor. 
 
 K 
 
 KAADEN, ka/dfu, or KADANIE, kl-din'yiN a town of 
 Bohemia, T3 miles N.W. of Saaz, on the Eger. Pop. 3229. 
 
 K.A.AFIORD, ko'fe-ORd\ a village of Norway, stift of Fin- 
 mark, at the mouth of the river, and on the Gulf of Alten, 
 near lat. '(P N. It ha« a rich copper-mine. 
 
 KAAGOE, (Kaagoe,) ko'goV.!h. an island of Norway, be- 
 longing to Finmark, in the' Arctic Ocean. Lat. 70° N. 
 Length, 11 miles; breadth, 7 miles. 
 
 KAAL. kdl. a village of Hungary, co. of Ileyes, on the 
 Tama, 12 miles from Erlau. Pop. 2221. 
 
 KAARTA, kdr'ta, a kingdom of West Africa, in the N.E. of 
 Senegambia. Surface mountainous, and said to be populous 
 and well cultivated. 
 
 KAAT'I'^RSICILL, New York, a small strejim rising in the 
 Catskill .Mountains, and falling into Catskill Creek, near its 
 mouth. About 2 miles from the Mountain House, it has a 
 perpendicular fall of 175 feet. 
 
 K A ATSB i;RG. See Catskili Mol'N'Tains. 
 
 KAAT8IIEUVEL, DE, d.i kats'hoVfl, a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 12 miles W.S.W. of 
 Herto'j:enbosch.(Bois le Due.) Pop. 358. 
 
 IvABAII. kd/bd^ a ruined city of Yucatan, about 20 miles 
 S.E. of Uxm.al. 
 
 K.\BA-NAGY, koh1)5h'-n5dj, a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Bihar, 6 miles fiom S/.oboszIo. Pop. 6179. 
 
 KABAN MAADEN,of Asiatic Turkey. See ICenvN Mabex. 
 
 KABARDAH, kd-baa/dd. a district of Russia, in Europe, 
 In the N. of Circiissia, sepiirated N. by the Terek from the 
 government of Caucasus. 
 
 KABENDA, W. coast of Africa. See Cabenda. 
 
 KABES. a town of Tunis. See Cabes. 
 
 KABLETOWN, a post-office of .Jefferson CO., Yirgiuia. 
 
 KABDELOESOE. See Kauooloosoo. 
 
 KABOK, kd'bok', a Mandingo state of West Africa, in 
 Senegambia, between the Geba and the upper course of the 
 Gambia. Interior almost unknown. 
 
 KABOO. KABOU or IvABU, kd'boo', a country of Africa, 
 Id Upper Guinea, between the Gambia and Cacheo rivers. 
 
 K \BOOL, a river and city of Afghanistan. See Cabool. 
 
 KABOOLOOSOO, KABOULOUSOU or KABOELOESOE, 
 kd-booMoo-soo', an uninhabited island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, on the N.E. coast of the island of Sangir. 
 
 KABOUL, a citv of Aftrhanistin. See Caiioou 
 
 KABRA or CAIJIIA. kd^brd, a town of Central Africa, do- 
 minion, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Timbuctoo, on the left bank 
 ot the Ni'jrer or .Joliba. 
 
 KABRERA, or CABRERA, kd-br.Vrd. one of the Ionian 
 Islands, dependant on Zante, off the S. extremity of the 
 Morea, 7 miles W. of Cape Gallo, with a good harbor. Lat. 
 S6° 40' N., Ion. 21° 47' E. 
 
 KABR IBRAIIEEM, (or IBRAHIM), kdb'r ibVd-heem', a 
 town of Palestine, the modem name of Hebrox. 
 
 KABROOANO, KABROUANQ, or KABRUAN6, kd-broo- 
 dng', an island of the Malay Archipelago, between the 
 Pliilip|)ines and Gilolo, 20 miles in circumference. Lat, 3° 
 47' N.. Ion. 127° E. 
 
 K.\BSiI.'VRY, kdb'sh.l'ree, a town of Central Africa, in 
 Bornoo, on the Yeoo, 90 miles W.N.W. of Kooka. Lat. 13° 
 N., Ion. 13° 10' E. 
 
 ivABU, a country of We.st Africa. See Kaboo. 
 
 KABUL, a city of Afghanistan. See Cabool. 
 
 KACIIAO, a city of Anam. See Ketcho. 
 
 K ACHAR, a district of Uindostan. See Cachar. 
 
 K.\CIIEE, k.'lVhee', a town of Siude, on a large branch 
 of the Indus, 30 miles N. of Hyderabad. 
 
 KACHG.\R. a city of Central Asia. See Kashoar. 
 
 KACHNAI-SERAI, kdch'ni'-.sj-ri', or KUCHNAI-SERAT, 
 ktitch'ni'-se-ri', a considerable town of Hiudostan, domi- 
 nions, and 130 miles S.S.W. of Gwalior. 
 
 K.A.C1II»0UR, a town of Russi.a. See K.vshpoor. 
 
 KACUNDA, or BUDDUA, a town of Africa. See Kakuxdy. 
 
 KADANIE, a town of Bohemia. See Kaadex. 
 
 KADAPHA, kdVld'fd. a village of A.siatic Turkey, pashalic 
 of Trebizond. on the Tchoruk River, S. of Batoom. 
 
 K ADDO. kdd'do, one of the Dhalak islands of the Red Sea, 
 about 2 miles long, with a rocky islet off its W. end. 
 
 KADEEN or KADIN, kd-deen', or KADINO, kd-dee/no, a 
 town of Russia, government of Moheelev, 19 miles N.W. of 
 M.stislavl. 
 
 K ADERO, k.dMJhVo', a village of Nubia, on the Blue Nile, 
 3 miles S. of Sennaar. with a mosque and remains of a palace. 
 
 KADIAK, one of the Aleutian Island.s. See Kodiak. 
 
 K.\.D1N or KADINO a town of Russia. See Kadeex. 
 
 KADIRGUNGE, kd-dir-ganj', a town of Briti.sh India, 
 presidency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, on the left 
 bank of the Ganges. 36 miles N.W. of Furruckabad. 
 
 KADJANG, kdd-jdng', a sm.all native st.ate, island of 
 Celebes, on the W. coast of the gulf of that name. 
 
 KADJ.iNG, is the capittil of the above state, on the small 
 river Kadjang. in about lat. 5° 20' S. 
 
 KADNIKOV or KADNIKOW, kdd-ne-kov', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 28 miles N.N.E. of Vologda. Lat. 
 59° 24' N., Ion. 40° .50' E. It has 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 KADOE, KADOU, kdMoo/, or KEDOE. ki-doo', a central 
 province in the island ot .Tava. Pop. 323.119. 
 
 KADOLZBURG. kd/dolts-lMBGN a market-town of Bavar 
 ria. 9 miles W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1350. 
 
 KADOM, kd-dom,' a town of Russia, government, and 128 
 miles N.N.E. of Tambov, on the Moksha. with C.OOO inh* 
 bitants. and a brisk trade, especially in annual fairs. 
 
 KAFERNIHAU, k.d-fi^r-ne-haw', or HIS'SAR, a river of 
 Central Asia, in Toorkistan. rises about lat ri9°30' N., Ion. 70° 
 20' E., flows S., and falls into the Oxus, 6U miles N.E. of 
 Balkh, after a course of about 210 miles 
 
 919 
 
KAF 
 
 KAF 
 
 K APEKTHAL, (Rflferthal.) kd'fer-tar, a Tilla<re of Baden, 
 di-cle of Ldwer Rhine, 3 miles N.E. of Mannheim. P. 1543. 
 
 KAFFA, CAFFA, HPfH, or FKODOSIA, fa-o-di^/se-i (anc. 
 Thcmlr-Jsia,) a town of I'ussia. at the W. ansle of a magnifi- 
 cent bay in the S.l-:. of the Crimea; lat. 45° 6' N., Ion. 35° 
 20' E. It is wal'.ed and well fortified, and contains 3 churches 
 — Greek, ilorain Catholic, and Armenian; 2 mo.sques, a spa- 
 cious and commodious quarantine, a college, founded by 
 the Emperor Alexander, chiefly for gratuitous instruction 
 in the modern languages, a botanical garden, and a museum. 
 It is a place of great antiquity, having l)een founded l>y a 
 colony of Greeks from Ionia. It received its name of Theo- 
 dosiafrom the wife of Leucon, King of the Bosporus, who 
 took it after a long siege, and soon made it a place of great 
 importance. In the iliddle Ages it passed into the hands 
 of the Genoese, by purchase from the Khans of the Crimea, 
 and became the seat of an extensive commerce with the 
 East, by the way of the Caspian and Astrakhan. At this 
 time it is said to have had a population of 80,000; but, 
 having been taken by the Turks in 1474, its prosperity ra- 
 pidly declined. Mui'h has been done for it since it came 
 into the possession of Russia, and it is still one of the most 
 important towns in the Crimea. Pop. 7250. 
 
 KAFFA, a country of East Africa, S. of Abys.sinia, be- 
 tween two heads of the Gojeb Kiver, near lat. 7° X., Ion. .36° 
 30' E. It has beeu hitlierto erroneously described as a 
 country of lofty mountains ; it proves to be an elevated 
 plain, bearing palms, and ch.aracterized by the production, 
 nut of cereal grains, but of the ensrte, a plant resemhling 
 the musa or banana. The appellation of "grain-eater" is 
 used by the inhaVatants as a term of contempt; the ensete 
 furnishing the principal article of food. Kaffa is the native 
 country of the coffee-plant, (the kalivah of the Arabs;)' and 
 a very large propmtion of the coffee now exported from 
 Mocha, arrives in that market from the N. frontierof Kaffa, 
 and the S. part of Enarea. The people are of the Abyssinian 
 type ; their language belongs to what M. D"Abbadie calls the 
 Ilamitic group, and is related to that of the Oongas, who 
 dwell on the Abbai* or Blue Nile, at its S.W. bend. The 
 king or tata, as lie is called, rules by absolute authority, 
 and has at his command 10,000 horsemen. Capital. Bonga. 
 
 KAFFIiAKIA, CAFFKAKIA, kdf-ni're-a. or KAFIR- 
 LAND, kd'fir-ldnd, a populous and fertile region of South- 
 east Africa, Ordering on Cape Colony and the Indian Ocean, 
 and represented in old maps as extending N. to Abyssinia. 
 The native inhabitants, called Kaffres or Caffres, in 17)>5, 
 extended their dominion to Great Fish River, in lat. (mouth) 
 33° 27' S.. Ion. 27° E. ; seizing upon the territory which had 
 belonged to the Gonaque Hottentots, who appear to have be- 
 come mingled with their conquerors. But, .soon ufter, they 
 came into collision with the Dutch Boers, who, having ad- 
 vanced liOO miles E.from Cape Town, were indignant at find- 
 ing that the Kaffres had advanced 40 miles in the opposite 
 direction. The Latter were repulsed, and driven, for the 
 most part, beyond the Keiskamma : but the Kaffres never re- 
 nounced their claim to, nor wholly withdrew their cattle 
 fi'om the country between the rivers, which bore the title 
 of the Neutral Territory, till 1836, when the Keiskamma 
 and Kat Rivers were fixed definitively as their W. boundary. 
 From the Keiskaniuia to the Uinzimkdln, (or Gmzimkolo,) 
 (lat. 30° 26' S..) the N.E. boundary of Kaffraria, is a dis- 
 tance of 250 miles. The breadth of the territory, from the 
 mountains to the sea. is from 80 to 90 miles. Within the 
 limits thus described, Kaffraria has an area of about 20,000 
 square miles. 
 
 The mountains which run parallel to the sea-coast, bound- 
 ing Kaffraria on the N.AV. rarely exceed the height of 3000 
 feet. Their most elevated summits are composed of trap- 
 rocks ; clay-slate and sandstone appear lower down, and 
 limestone has been found in small quantity near the coast. 
 Valuable minerals are rare. The level plains terminate 
 about 20 miles from the sea; then follows a land of hill and 
 dale, extremely varied STid picturesque. Numerous rivers 
 cross this country to the sea. On its W. side, indeed, or be- 
 tween the Keiskamma and the Great Kei, though the brooks 
 are numen)us in the hills, the lower tracts still resemble 
 the colonial districts in deficiency of water; but this defect 
 rapidly disappears as we advance to the N.E., where the 
 country grows at every step more fresh and irrizuous. The 
 :hief rivers beyond the lieiare,tbeBfisbep,Umt4ta, Urazim- 
 ydbu, Unitavtima. and Umziuikdlu. 'rhe.<o rivers all run 
 in deep beds, with steep banks, and, in the rainy season, 
 swelled by the countless mountain-streams that join them, 
 they become immense torrents. None of the rivers of 
 Kaffaria are accessible even by small ves.sels, except, per- 
 haps, the Buffalo, between the Keiskamma and the Kei. 
 The river banks are shaded by large trees; in the small 
 thickets, scattered over the elevated grounds, the aloe and 
 euphorbia are conspicuous. The grasses of the country are 
 all very rank and tough, and grateful to cattle only when 
 throwing out new shoots, after the old crop has been de- 
 stroyed with fire. The chief vegetable products are maize, 
 millet, and water-melons. The dimat* of Kaffaria differs 
 widely from that of the Cape Colony. In the former country 
 wlnwr is the dry season. From May to August it seldom 
 dfto 
 
 rains. In summer the rainy season sets in with terrific 
 thunder-stoi-ms. In .spring the temperature of the pkains 
 seldom^ xceeds 50° Fahrenheit ; in summer it is between 70° 
 and 90°. and before storms it frequently rises to upwards 
 of 100° Fahrenheit. 
 
 The inhabitants are composed of thri>e nations, namely : — 
 the Amak&sa. or Amaxosa: the Amat6mbu, called by the 
 Boers. Tambooger or Tambookies; and the Amapcnda or 
 JIambookies. The .■\mak5sa (plural of M'J.osa) occupy the 
 country from the Keiskamma ti>tlieBa.«hce,(about90miles,) 
 and from the foot of the mountains to the sea. The Ama- 
 ponda extend along the coast, from the Bashi towards the 
 Umzimkfllu. The Amatembu possess the elevated land at 
 the sources of the rivers, and the valleys between the 
 mountains N. of the Amak6sa. and nowhere approach the 
 sea-side. The common ancestor of these three nations was 
 Zwide, who lived fourteen generations (at least 300 years) 
 anterior to Ilintza, who fell in the Kaffre warof 1835. K6sa 
 or Xo.sa, the great warrior who gave his own name to hit 
 tribe, (the Amak6sa.) lived five generations Liter than Zwide. 
 The original affinity of the.se three nations is still kept in 
 view by some remarkable customs. 
 
 The Kaffres are tall and beautifully formed, with fine eyes 
 and an open countenance; their every movement, look, and 
 carriage show vigor and animation. Their color is a dark 
 iron-gray: except thick lips, they have no Negro feature; 
 their heads are well formed; their hair is woollj-, and in 
 little tufts. The men. the chiefs particularly, exceed the 
 sfciture of Europeans: the women, on the other hand, are 
 small, but elegantly formed. Vivacity and good temper 
 characterize both sexes. They are hospitable, intelligent, 
 and brave, but dishonest and superstitious. They 
 practise the rite of circumcision. They have no writ- 
 ten characters; but their language is sonorous, resem- 
 bling the Italian. The men take as many wives as 
 they can buy. The wife provides fir herself a cottage and 
 cows. The former is a spherical hut, framed of branches 
 of trees, plastered with mud. and covered with rushes or 
 palm-leaves. Besides attending to household duties, tlie 
 women do the work in the fields, and also prepai-e the skins 
 used for clothing. The men are occupied with war and 
 their cattle. These last constitute the Kaffre's wealth ; they 
 are the constant object of his thoughts and admiration : he 
 is always happy when Io<iking on his cows. He teaches the 
 bullocks to race, and constantly rides them. Instances are 
 not wanting of great chiefs who classed their horned cattle 
 in regiments, according to color, and trained them to join 
 in the dance. Milk is the Kaffre's chief sustenance, and 
 always in the curdled state. It is kept in baskets made of 
 rushes, and so closely plaited as to be water-tight. These, 
 when frequently used, imbibe the lactic acid, so that the 
 new milk poured into them very soon curdles. Venison, 
 beef, miumalade of the water-melon, and various fruits, 
 season the l\affre's repast, but in small (luantity. He may 
 be said to live on milk and a little millet or Kaffre corn. 
 He will not taste .small game: and fish, with which the rivers 
 abounds, he holds in abhorrence. Both sexes are passion- 
 ately fond of smoking. The Kaffre's dre.ss is simple; the 
 men are always bareheaded, and wear a cloak (hn-nss) of 
 skin, which they wrap close round them in winter, with 
 the hair inside; the exposed side being reddened with 
 ochre. They are often tattooed on the shoulders, and wear 
 copper, iron, or ivory rings and strung shells on their arms 
 and legs. The kaross of the chief is generally of leopard's 
 skin. The chief distinction of the female dress is the c.ip 
 of lynx skin, which is made of a conical shape, hut the cone 
 laps forward, and, being fringed with beadw. rings, or shells, 
 hangs over the brows. The Kaffres are di I'ided into hordes, 
 and governed by hereditary chiefs, who exercise absolute 
 rule. 
 
 The Amak8sa at present (1852) obey ueveral chiefs, three 
 of whom are nearly e<iual in power: naniAly, Sandili, Kreili, 
 and Tslambie; whose followers probablv amount respec- 
 tively to 50,000, 45.000, and 40.000. The interior chiefs 
 could add, perhaps, another 40,0iX). The Amatemba, under 
 one chief, probalily do not exceed 70.000. The Amaponda 
 may be taken nt 100.000. making the totid population 345.000. 
 
 British Kaffraria is divided into the counties of Xorthum- 
 IxM-land. York, Sussex, Middlesex. Cambridge, hincolii. and 
 Bedford. Capital, King William Town, on the Buffalo, co. 
 of Middlesex. The principal forts are Wellington and Cox. 
 Adj. and inhab. Kaffre or Caffre. kiffer or k^f'fer. 
 
 KAFIRISTAN. kdYe-ris-tdn', CAFFRLSTAN, CAUFI- 
 RISTAN, or KAUFIRISTAN. kaw^fe-ris t^n', ("land of the 
 Kafirs." Infidels.) a country of Central Asia, between lat. So* 
 and 3i;° N., and Ion. 09° 20' .Hnd 71° 20' E., enclosed by Af- 
 ghanistan, Khoondooz, Budukhshan. and Chitrxl. Esti- 
 mated area, 7000 square miles, it crnnprises a part of the S. 
 declivity of tlie Hindoo Koosh, and is traversed by afllueufs 
 of the Cabool Kiver. Its narrow but fertile valleys prodjice 
 an abundance of fruits, with some wheat and millet. ai:d fwd 
 large lierds of cattle, sheep, and goats, 't'he inhabitants, 
 called Stall Posli, or Kafirs, ("infidels.") by their r.i^i^htiors, 
 are a remarkable race, resembling Europeans in their per- 
 sons and many of their habits ; they live in a very rude 
 
KAP 
 
 KAL 
 
 and priinitire state, and exhiliit perpetual enmity towards 
 Mohammedans, by whom their country has been repeatedly 
 Invaded, but never conquered. They are very skilful as 
 workers in metals and wood, and are distinguished from 
 surroundinsc tribes bv drinking wine, sitting on raised 
 seats, exposing their dead without burial, and by using a 
 language wholly unlike the dialects of the Afghan. Hindoo, 
 or other adjacent Asiatic nations. They have Caucasian 
 features and complexion, and claim to be brothers of the 
 Feringi. (Europeans.) Principal village is stated to be 
 Caundaish. with about 600 houses. 
 
 KAFR-KOT, kdfr kot. (the '• Infidel's fort.") an extensive 
 ruin in the Punjab, on the right bank of the Indus. Lat. 32° 
 80' N., Ion. 71° 21' K. 
 
 KAGALNIK, k3-gil-nik' or k3-gjl-neek', a river of Russia, 
 in Bessarabia, enters the Black Sea. a little N. of the Danube, 
 after a S.E. course of 100 miles: On its banks, many Ger- 
 man and other colonies have been established. 
 
 KAGIIUZVVARA, H-^x-wH'iL a large vi.iage of India, 
 in the Deccan, .ibout 10 miles N.AV. of Aurungabad. It was 
 formerly noted for a manufactory of paper. 
 
 KA(rOOL, KAGOUL, or KAGUL, kS-gool/, a lake of Kus- 
 sia, i^AV. of the province of Bessarabia. Oieatest length, 24 
 miles: breadth, about 9 miles. 
 
 K.VHAN,kS-hdn', a village of Farther India, on the Tenas- 
 serim coast, province of, and near Jlergui, on the Tenasserim 
 River, close to it are some tin-mines. 
 
 KAIlElvEE, kS'h:i-ree\ a town of Afghanistan, in Dn- 
 maun, 321 miles S. of Dera-Ismaeel-Khan, lat. 31° 25' N., Ion. 
 70° 57' E. It has a principal ferry across the Indus, here 
 1000 vnrds wide. 
 
 K.\mUA or KL KAHTRA, a city of Egypt. See Cairo. 
 
 K.'VlILA,kd'ld, a walled town of Central Germany, duchy of 
 Saxe-Altenburg, on the Saale. 17 miles S.E. of Weimar. Pop. 
 2463. .\bove it is a fortress, and the ruined castle of Dolerstein. 
 
 KAIILE.NBERG, kd'lgn-bSRG^ a hill in Austria, on the 
 Danulie, a little N.W. of Vienna, with many handsome 
 subvirban villas. On its side the army of Sobieski arrived 
 to the rescue of Vienna, when besieged by the Turks, in 
 1683. — The Kahlexgeiurge, kdli^n^g.a-beSR'oa. are the moun- 
 tains occupied by the Wienerwald, wee'ngr-^Slt\ or Vienna- 
 forest. 
 
 KAirOOLAWE, kd-hoo-M'wee. or TAIIOU-RAWE, one of 
 the Sandwich Islands, olf the S.W. point of Jtaui. 14 miles 
 long, and 5 miles wide. It is used as a place of exile. 
 
 K.\IIUN, kd^hoon', a fortified town of Afghanistan, near 
 the Xuffoosk Pass; lat. 29° 20' N., Ion. 09° 25' E. A garri- 
 fcon was placed in it by the British in May, and evacuated 
 in September, 1840. 
 
 K.\I. kl. a town of China, province of Se-chuen, 65 miles 
 'W.X.\V. of Kweitchoo. 
 
 K-VT. a town of Russia, government, and 140 miles N.E. 
 ofViatka. 
 
 KA I AXA, a town of Finland. See Kajaxa. 
 
 KAI-CIIOO or KAI-TCIIOU, kfchoo'. a city of China, in 
 Mantchooria, 8 miles from the Gulf of Leaotong. Lat. 40° 
 35' N., Ion. 121° 47' E. 
 
 KAIFFA or CATFPA, klffd. {s.nc. Hppliaf) a small sea- 
 port town of Palestine, pashalic, and 6 miles S.W. of Acre, 
 on its bay, at the foot of Mount Carmel ; lat. 32° 50' N., Ion. 
 34° 5S' E. 
 
 KAI-FONG, CAI-F0N6. kffong', or KAI-FUNG, Ufffing', 
 a city of China, capital of Ilonan. on the right bank of the 
 Iloang-ho; lat. 39° 55' N., Ion. 114° 20' E. 
 
 K.ULAS or CATLAS, kflds', ("paradise,") the Olympus 
 of the Hindoos, a mountain region of Thibet, about hit. 31° 
 N., Ion. S0° E.. and com prising the lakes of Manasarowar and 
 Kavaria-Hrada. 
 
 KAIN, KAYN, or KHAIN. a town of Por.sia. See Grayx. 
 
 KAIN, kin, a villaL'-e of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, on 
 the Scheldt, 28 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2062. 
 
 KAIXOORA-JIKOOL or KAIXOURA-DJIKOUL. kl-noo'- 
 rS-jee-kool', a small village of West Africa, on the Faleme; 
 lat. 14° 22' X., Ion. 12° 19' W. 
 
 K.A.IXSK, kinsk, a town and fortress of Asiatic Russia, 
 government of Tomsk, capital of the district, on the Cm, 
 260 miles W.S.W. of Tomsk, and on the great route thence 
 to Omsk and Tobolsk. Lat. about 55° .30' X., and Ion. 78° 
 40' E. Pop. 3400. It has a tr.ade in furs and skins. 
 
 KAIPARA. ki-pi'ra. a fine harbor of Xew Zealand. X". of 
 the island, on its W. coast, in lat 36° 30' S., Ion. 174° 75' E. 
 iverage breadth, from 5 to 6 miles. It receives several 
 considerable rivers, including the Wairoa at the N., and the 
 Kaipara at the S. extremity. 
 
 K.A.IRA, kl'rl, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay, 110 miles W.X.AV. of Surat. Lat. 22° 47' X., Ion. 
 72° 48' E. It is large, neat, enclosed by a >)astioned wall, 
 and has a handsome court-house, a large prison, a church, 
 an English school, and a .Jain temple. The British can- 
 tonments, li miles distant, are commodious, but the site is 
 unheal th v. 
 
 KAIKWAX or CAIRWAX, kirSvdn', a city of Xorth 
 Africa, dominions, and 80 miles S.S.E. of Tunis. Lat. 3-5° 37' 
 N., Ion. 10° 15' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. It stands on a 
 Baudy plain, and ha.s a large citadel, magnificent mosques, 
 
 numerous remains of antiquity, and manufactures of mo- 
 rocco, leather boots and slippers. In the 8th and 9th cen- 
 turies it was the capital of the Arab dominions in .'Vfiii-a. 
 
 KAISAREEYEH, KAISARIYEH, or IvAlSEKlYAH, kl- 
 zar-ee'eh, (anc. CcemreJa or Mazaca,) one of the most im- 
 portant cities of Asia Minor, in its E. portion, at the X. foot 
 of Mount Argseus or Erjish, 160 miles E.X.E. of Konieh. 
 Lat. 38° 42' X., Ion. .35° 20' E. It is enclosed by a dilapi- 
 dated wall; comprises about 50lX) Turkish. 2500 Armenian, 
 and 500 Greek houses; has a castle, several mosques, 
 churches, extensive and well-supplied bazaars; and near it 
 are remains of both the ancient and a subsequent Moham- 
 medan city. Thovigh its trade has been latterly declining, 
 its inhabitants are still noted for commercial enterprise, 
 and it is the entrepot for a large extent of country. It im- 
 ports many articles of British and colonial produce, Swiss 
 fabrics. Gei-man steel and hardwares. Italian paptr. Russian 
 bar-iron, French and Belgian woollens and silks, indiuo, and 
 dye-woods, stuffs from Diarbekir, Mosul, Aleppo, and Damas- 
 cus; which goods it re-exports to the principal cities of 
 Asiatic Turkey, with yellow-berries, wool. goats"-bair, furs, 
 skins, raw cotton, madder, gums, gall-nuts, leeches, nitre, 
 fruit, and wine, the produce of its own territory. 
 
 K AIS AREEYEII, of Palestine. See Cjisarea. 
 
 KAISER^W/.^T, a German word sisrnifying "emperor," 
 derived from the Latin Cwsar, (Gr. Kai<rap, Koisu7\) and 
 forming a part of a number of names In Germany. Switzer- 
 land. Ac, as Kaiskrsbero, "emperor's hill, (or hill fortress.") 
 
 KAISERBERG, kT'zer-b«RG\ or KAYSERSBEKG. ki'zers- 
 b?RG\ (L. (irrJsaris Mon.i.) a town of France, department of 
 Haut-Khin. on the Wei.ss. 8 miles W.X.W. of Colm.ir. Pop 
 in 1852, 346.5, mostly engaged in cotton manufactures. It 
 was formerly a fortified imperial city, taken by lloJulph of 
 Hapslmrgin 1632. 
 
 KAISERIYAH. See Kaisaref.yeii. 
 
 KAISERSLAUTERX, ki'zer.s-lOw'tern, a town of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, on the Lauter, and on the railway from I'orlinch to 
 Mentz, 25 miles N.W. of Landau. Pop. 12,029. It was for- 
 merly a strong military post; and has iron forges and ma- 
 nufactures of cotton stuffs. Its castle, built by Frederick 
 Barbarossa, was destroyed by the French duiing the war 
 of sucession. 
 
 KAISERSMARKT. a town of Ilungarv. See Kesmvrk. 
 
 KAISERSTUIIL, ki'zer-stool\ a small town of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Aargau, on the left bank of the Rhine, 20 
 miles X.E. of .\argau. The name KAlsERSTunL, (" C;T?sar's seat 
 or throne,") probably, has reference to the supposed ancient 
 name Purum Tiberii, (i. e. " the court or judgment-seat of 
 Tiberius.") 
 
 KAISERSWALD, krzers-'fi-ait\ a village of Bohemia, 35 
 miles X.X.E. of Tx>itmeritz. Pop. 1707. 
 
 KAISERWERTH. ki'zer-«'4Rt\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 6 miles X.N.W. of Dusseldorf. on the right liank of the 
 Rhine. Pop 1740. It has manufactures of cotton and silk. 
 
 K.-ilSTEX, kis'ten, (Orer, o/ber. and Unter, oon'ter.) two 
 contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, about 
 2 miles from Ijaufenburg. Pop. 1126. 
 
 KAITA, ki't.i, or KEEI'All, a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bensal. in Bundelcuud. 50 miles AV. of Banda. 
 
 KjVl-TCII0U,a city of China. See Kai-Ciioo. 
 
 KAITS. kits, a seaport and village at the X. end of the 
 island of Ceylon. Its harbor affords safe anchorage at .all 
 seasons, and is much frefiuented. 
 
 KAJAXA, kd-yd/na, or KAIANA. kl-^'nl. a town of Fin- 
 land, 1,'en, atid 75 miles S.W. of UleAborg. Pop. 700. 
 
 K.\lvABIK'IC.4, a remarkable cat.aract of British North 
 America, in the course of the Kamanatekwoya, a river, 
 which before entering Lake Superior at its W. end, falls 
 over a mica-slate rock. 130 feet high. 
 
 KAKAVA. kd-ka'vd, a sm.all island off the S. coast of Asia 
 Minor. 12 miles S.W. of .Myr.a, lat. 30° 9' X.. Ion. 29° o' E., 
 with a small port and roadstead, and remains of the an- 
 cient Ci/dna. 
 
 KAKISSA or KAKISTA. atown of Turkev. See Karkissa. 
 
 KAKUXDY, kd-knn'dee, or KACUX'DA, written also 
 BUDDUA, a town of West Africa, in Senegambia, on the 
 Nunez, or Kakundv, 100 miles N.E. of its mouth. 
 
 KAL.\-BAGII. atown of the Punjab. See Cailabagh. 
 
 K.\L.\BRYTA. a town of (ireoce. See Kalavrita. 
 
 KALABSHEH or KALABSIIE, EL. el kS-ldb'shSh. (una. 
 TdVinh.) a villaae of Xubia. on the left bank of the Nile. 40 
 miles S. of Asswan: lat. 23° 30' N.. Ion. 32° 55' E. It had 
 a temple, considered by Burckhardt the finest remnant of 
 antiquity in Xubia. 
 
 KAL.\FAT. kdMd-fdt/. a walled town of European Turkey, 
 on the Danube, nearly opposite Widin. It has a quarantine, a 
 town-ha1l. a custom-house. 3 churches, and cavalry barrack s. 
 It is the chief place of a sub-administrator's district. The 
 redoubts are of great extent and very strong. They are par- 
 tially raised on two high hills on the plain of Kalafat, about 
 a mile distant from each other. All the neighboring coun- 
 try is commanded by these hills in such a way, that no ap- 
 .proach to the Danube can be made. In 1828 the.se hills 
 were occupied and fortified by the Russians. The town 
 contains about 2000 Louses. 
 
 951 
 
KAL 
 
 KAL 
 
 RAZAH, ki/li, C'a castle,") a prefix of numerous ril- 
 lag»', fortresses, &c. in West Asia, the principal beins; — 
 
 KALAII-JIK, ki'ia-jik or kS'ld-jeek, a town of Asia Minor, 
 In A natolia. 35 miles X.E. of Angora, at the hase of a conical 
 bill crowned by a castle, and stated to have SOO Mohammedan 
 and 00 Armenian houses, 14 mosques, a khan, and a public 
 bath. It was taken by Ibrahim Pasha in his invasion of Asia 
 Minor, and subsequently sacked by the Turkish troops. 
 
 KALAII-SEFKKD or KALAH-SEFID. ka'iaseeYeed',afor- 
 tified town of Persia, province of Fars, 55 miles W.N.W. of 
 Sheeraz. 
 
 KALAII-SIIERKAT, kJld-sh^r^kat', an ancient ruined 
 tcwn of Turkish Koordistau, on the right bank of the Tigris, 
 30 miles £. of Al-Hadhr. 
 
 KALAICIII, ki-li'chee, a town of Afghanistan, near the 
 Indus, 30 miles S. of Dera Ismaeel Khan. 
 
 KALAMAKI. kS-U-md'kee, a bay of Asia Minor, lat. 36° 
 10' N., Ion. 29° 28' E., near the head of which are the ruins 
 of the aqueduct of ancient Patara. 
 
 KALAMATA or CALAM.A.TA, kaij-mi'ti. a seaport town 
 of Greece, capital of the government of Messenia. near the 
 head of the Gulf of Koron. Pop. 2000. It has a brisk trade 
 in oil, silk, and figs, raised in its vicinity. 
 
 K.A.L\\5I.4Z()0', a river of Michigan, rises in Hill.sdale oo., 
 in the S. part of the state, and flowing in a W.N W. direc- 
 tion, enters Lake Michigan in Allegan co., 29 miles S. of 
 Grand River. The whole length is nearly 200 miles, and 
 the width near its mouth is between 300 and 400 feet. It 
 is navigable for boats of 50 tons, in all stages, to Allegan, a 
 distance of 38 miles. The region through which it flows is 
 nearly level, and the soil is generally fertile. 
 
 K.\LAM.\ZOO, a county in the S.W. part of Michigan, 
 contains 5Tti square miles. It is intersected by the Kala- 
 mazoo, and drained by the Portage Itjver of the Kalamazoo, 
 and the Portage Kiver of the St. Joseph, and by Bear and 
 Gull Creeks. The surface is diversified by prairies. tr.acts 
 of heavy timber, and plains, which are covered with scat- 
 tered oak-trees. The soil is extremely fertile. The county 
 is intersected by the Qentral Railroad. Organized in 1830. 
 Capital, Kalamazoo. Pop. 24.646. 
 
 KAL.\M.\ZOO, a thriving town, capital of Kaliimazoo co., 
 Michigan, on the left bank of the river of its own name, 
 and on the Central Railroad, 140 miles W. of Detroit, and 
 140 miles E.N.E. of Chicago. It contains a United States 
 land-office, 9 churches, Shanks, 1 or more newspaper offices, 
 and 27 stores. It is the seat of the Kalamazoo College, 
 (IJiiptist,) which had, in 1^63, 12 instructors, and 204 
 students. Manufactories of various kinds have recently 
 been established ; plank-roads have been made, and every 
 element of prosperity which nature has given, has been 
 developed with surprising rapidity. The suri-ounding coun- 
 try is well timbered, and the soil is uniformly productive. 
 The Michigan Asylum for the Insane is located here. Pop. 
 of the township in 1800, GOTO. 
 
 K ALAMO, an island of Greece. See Kalimn'O. 
 
 KAL'AMO, a post-township in the S.W. part of Eaton co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1018. 
 
 KALANI, kl-li'nee, or KALLANIA, kai-H'ne-.i, a village 
 of the island of Ceylon, situated on the banks of a river of 
 the same name, about 10 miles N.E. of Colombo. 
 
 KjVL.4lNN.\, kd-ldu'nd, a town of Soodan, capital of the 
 kingdom of its own name, about 250 miles S.S.W. of Tim- 
 buctoo. 
 
 KALANTAN or CALANTAX, ki-l.fe-tln', a state of the 
 Malay Peninsula, extending along its E. coast, having N., 
 Siam, to which it is now partially tributary. Estimated 
 pop. 50,000. The produce comprises 3000 piculs of tin, and 
 12,000 piculs of pepper, with some gold and lead. Principal 
 town. Kalantan. 
 
 KALAXY-GUNGA, ki-li'nee-glin'ga, a river of Ceylon, 
 enters the ocean, 3 miles N. of Colombo, after a W. course of 
 60 miles, for three-fourths of which it is navigable for boats. 
 
 K.\LA-SKFID, a town of Persia. See Kalah-Sefeed. 
 
 KAL.\SIN, a town of Russia. See Kou.izix. 
 
 K.\L.\T, a town of Beloochist.in. See Kelat. 
 
 KALAT-EL-MDDIK, ki-ldt'-^l-miid-ik'. written also KU- 
 LAT-EL-Mli;DYK, a town of North Syria, 70 miles S.S.W. of 
 Aleppo, near the ancient Apamea, with an old castle and 
 other ruins. 
 
 K.\LATOA, kS-lJ-to'J, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 In the Sea of Flores, between Floies and Celebes; lat. 7° 12' 
 S., Ion. 121° 4.3' E. 
 
 K.\LAU or CAL.\U. knOw. a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg. 55 miles 8.5.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 2177. 
 Near it is the village of Ivabel. with minei-al baths. 
 
 KALAVRITA or KALABRYTA, kd-U-vree'td, (anc. Cyncgl- 
 (ha.) a town of Greece, in the Morea, capital of the govern- 
 ment of Kyllenia. near the foot of -Mount Khelmos, 28 miles 
 S.E. of Patras. Pop. 21C0. 
 
 KALBE. kdVbeh, a town of Prussian Saxony. In Magde- 
 burg, on the Saale, 18 miles S. of Magdeburg. ' Pop. 5573. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has a royal fortress. 
 
 KALBE, a town of Prussian Saxony, in Magdebur". 17 
 Wiles S..S.E. of Salzwedel. Pop. 1400. 
 
 KALCAS'C.\, a new aud unorganized county towards the 
 952 
 
 N. part of Michigan, drained by the Manistee River. Area, 
 576 square miles. 
 
 K.4LEFAT, a town of European Turkey. See Kalafat. 
 
 KALDENKIRCIIEX, kdl'den-keguKVn, a village of Rhen- 
 ish Prussia. 10 miles AV.S.W. of Kempen. Pop. 1700. 
 
 KALE.NBERG or CALENBERG, k5len-bjKG\ a princi- 
 pality of Ifanover. comprising the capitiil of the kingdom 
 Area. 1050 square miles. Pop. 192,526. It owes its name to 
 a village and ruined cistle on the Leine, 12 mUeii S.S.E. of 
 Hanover. 
 
 K.\LESURA, kd-li-soo'ra, a village and caravanserai of 
 Ilindostan, in the Punjab, 32 miles S.E. of Attock. Lat. 38" 
 44' X.. Ion. 72° 49' E. 
 
 K.\LGAN'. kJPgdn', (""a gate,") a town of China. pi-ovinc« 
 of Pe-chee-lee, 125 miles N. AV. of Peking, lat. 40° 50' N., Ion. 
 115° 3' E.. and iieai- the Great Wall of China, on the route 
 from Peking to Kiakhta. It Ls very populous, and is divided 
 by a river into a Mongol and a Chinese town, both of which 
 are fortified. The streets are narrow and ill paved, but the 
 shops are well supplied, the town being an important depot 
 of the overland trade between China and Russia. 
 
 KAF/JUEV, KALGOUEV. kdl-goo-Sv' or kdl-gwSv', KOL- 
 GUEV, kol-goo-ev', written also KALGUJEW, an island of 
 Russia, government of Archangel, in the Arctic Ocean. 
 Length and breadth. 45 miles each. The surface is moun- 
 tainous or marshy, clothed with moss, and peopled only by 
 a few Sanioied families; but resorted to by traders from 
 the mainland, who here procure large quantities of skins, 
 eggs, and feathers. 
 
 K.\LII.\T, kdl-hdtA a seaport town of Arabia, dominions, 
 and 70 miles S.E. of Muscat, on tlie Sea of Bab-el-Maudeb. 
 
 KALI, a river of Ilindostan. See Sind. 
 
 K.\L1'D.\, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., Oliio, on 
 the Ottawa River. 112 miles N.W. of Columbus. Laid out 
 in 1834. It contains a court-house, 2 or 3 chiuxhes, and 
 several stores. 
 
 KALIMNO, KALYMNO, kd-lim'no, CALAMO, k.dia'mo, 
 or CALYNDA, kd-lfn'da. an island off the S.AV. coa.st of Asia 
 Minor. 16 miles N.W. of Stanchio, (anc. Cog.) Lat. 37° N., 
 Ion. 27° E. The surface is mountainous and bare: it wag 
 anciently famous for its honey, which is still one of its prin- 
 cipal products. Kalimno, or Calamo, its chief town, is on 
 its W. coast. 
 
 KALISZ, KALISn, or KALISCH, kllish, written also 
 K.\L1CE, a city of Poland, and the westernmost in the 
 Ru.ssian dominions, capital of a province of the same 
 name, on an island in the Prosna, 130 miles W.S.W. of Wai- 
 saw. Pop. 12,585, comprising 2500 Jews. It is enclosed by 
 old bastioned walls, entered by 5 gates, and is one of the 
 best built cities in the kingdom. Chief edifices, the citadel, 
 the farmer palace of the Waywode (vamjde.) now occupied by 
 the judicial courts, the cathedral, many other chui-ches, a 
 synagogue, theatre, and Several hospitals. It has superior 
 schools; and woollen and linen fabrics, leather, ke. are 
 made in the city and vicinity. Near it, in 1700, the Poles 
 defeated the Swedes; and in September, 1835, a grand mili- 
 tary muster took place here, attended by the Emperore of 
 Russia and Austria, the King of Prussia, aud othei 
 potentates. 
 
 KALKAS, a country of Mongolia. See Khalkas. 
 
 KALKOON, kdl-koon', or TUR/KEY ISLES, a group of 
 islets in the Java Sea, N.E. of Kangelung ; lat. 6° 31' S., 
 Ion. 115° 29' E. 
 
 K.\LL.\BAGn. a town of the Punjab. See Caulaeagh. 
 
 KALLAKANDI, kdl-ld-kdu'dee, a town of West Africa 
 N. of Dahomey, about 70 miles S. by W. of Adafoodia; lat. 
 12° 2' N., Ion. 1° 1.8' E. 
 
 KALLANIA, a village of Ceylon. See Kalanl 
 
 KALLAVESI, kil-ld-vA'see, a lake of Russia, in Finland, 
 circle of Kuopio. Greatest length from N.W. to S.E., about 
 24 n\iles : mean breadth, about miles. 
 
 KALLTNGER, a town of British India. See Caluncer. 
 
 KALLMUNZ. (Kallmunz.) kdU'miints a market-town of 
 Bavaria, in the Upper Palatinate, 12 miles N.N.W. of Ratis- 
 bon. Pop. 1128. 
 
 KALLO, KIS, kish kdrW, a village of Hungary, in the 
 vicinity of Debreczin. 
 
 KALLO, NAGY,nOdjkdrio'.(t.«.GRE.\TKALLO.)a market- 
 town of East Hungary, capital of the co. of Szabolcs, 23 miles 
 N.N.E. of Dobreczin. Pop. 5342, mostly Protestants. It has 
 Greek and Protestant churches, and a factory of saltfietre. 
 
 KALLSIOEN, (Kallsibcn.) kdll'.se-oVn, a lake of Sweden, 
 in the N.W. part of the Iron of O.stersund, about 15 raileg 
 long, by aliout 9 miles broad. It is enclosed by lofty moun- 
 t;iins. one of which is 4800 feet high. It communicates by 
 the Ilelgesund with Lake Storsiiin on the S.E. 
 
 KALLUNDBORG or CALLUNDBORG, kdl1oond-boi;r.\ a 
 maritime town of Denmark, on the W. coast of the island 
 of Seeland. 58 miles W. of Copenhagen, with a good harbor, 
 and an active trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 2400. 
 
 K .\ LM ACS, a tribe of .Asia. See Calmucks. 
 
 KALMAK. kdi'mar, a la^n of Sweden, extending .ilonft 
 the coa.st of the Baltic, between lat. 50° 20' and ob° 20' N« 
 and Ion. 1.5° 30' and 17° E. Area, including the island of 
 Oland, 4258 squai-e miles. Capital, Kalmar. I'op. 202,178. 
 
KAL 
 
 KAM 
 
 KALMAR or CALMAU, a fortified seaport dty of East 
 Sweden, capital of the above laen, on Kalmar Sound, oppo- 
 site the ishmd of Oland. 190 miles S.S.W. of Stockholm. 
 Pop. 8634. It stands on the island of Quarnholm, and com- 
 municates with a suburb on the mainland by a bridge of 
 boats. It has a fine ciitheiiral, a town-hall, a prefecture, a 
 strong castle, now a house of correction, an academy, a dock- 
 yard, a small but seture harbor, and manufactures of wool- 
 len stulfs, tobacco, and potash. Much of its commerce has 
 latterly been transferred to Stockholm. The treaty of Kal- 
 mar, by which the kinirdoms of Denmark, Norway, and 
 Sweden were united, was signed here in 1397. 
 
 KALMAi; SOUND, a strait of the Baltic Sea, separating 
 the island of Oland from the mainland. 
 
 K.\1,MINA, a town of West Africa. See Calmina. 
 
 K.iliMIUS, kdl-me-oos' (?) a river of Russia, government 
 Yekaterinoslav. after a S.S.W. course of nearly 90 miles, 
 falls into the .Sea of .\zof at Mariopol. 
 
 KALMUCKS, a tribe of Asia. See Calmucks. 
 
 KALXA, kdl'n^. a village of Bohemia, 20 miles N.E. of 
 Bidschow. Pop. 1489. 
 
 KALOCSA, k8h'loch'6h\ or COLOCZA, konot/sah\ a town 
 of West Hungary, co.. and tiS miles S. of Pesth, with a steam- 
 
 facket station on the left bank of the Danube. Pop. 6000. 
 t is the see of an archbishop, and has a cathedral, a Piarist 
 college, and Roman Catholic gymnasium. It was formerly 
 a fortified t<iwn, of much more importance, and had a cele- 
 brateil printing estabii.shment. 
 
 KALOCSA, a village of West Hungary, co. of Marmaros. 
 Pop. 2323. 
 
 KALO-GU.VGA. See Kalany-Gdnoa. 
 
 KALOLI.MNO, ki-lo-lim'no. a small island in the Sea of 
 Marmora, 40 miles S.S.W. of Constantinople. 
 
 KAL')OaA, KAL'tUtiA or KALUGA, kd-loo'ga, a govern- 
 ment of European Russia, near its centre, forming the west- 
 ernmost of tiie great mauutacturing provinces, bounded S. by 
 Toola, W. by SnK>lonsk, and N. by Moscow. Area, 12.176 
 Sfiuare miles. Pop. in 1851, 941,402. The surface is flat. 
 The chief crops are rve, oats, wheat, barley, lint, and hemp. 
 The horses are excellent. The manufactures comprise me- 
 tallic goods and cutlery, cloth, cotton, leather, beet-root sugar, 
 and .soap. Distilling is carried on to a vast extent. The 
 commerce is principally with Archangel. Exports oil and 
 spirits. 
 
 KALOOGA, KALOUGA or KALUGA, a town of Russia, 
 capital of the government and district of the same name, 
 95 miles S.AV. of .Moscow, on the Oka. Pop. 32,.335. It is the 
 see of the Bishop of Kalooga and Borovsk, and has above 20 
 churches, a gymnasium, a seminary for the children of poor 
 nobles, a foundling hos|iital. and house of correction. Ka- 
 looga is one of the most important manufacturing towns of 
 the empire. The principal articles produced are muskets, 
 sail-cloth for the navy. oil. paper, cotton, pottery, soap, and 
 vitriol. It has numc^rous tanneries and sugar-refineries, 
 and a commerce in sheep-skins, Russia leather, and wax. 
 
 KALOO (k.i'loo') PASS, in Central Asia, 10 miles S.S.E. of 
 Bamian. on the route from Cabool. Elevation, 12,480 feet. 
 
 K.\L0YK1!I, kd-lo-yiVree. a small desert island in the 
 Grecian Archipelago, midway between Andros and Scio. 
 
 KALl'KE or CALIr'EE, kdl'pee, a large and populous 
 town of British India, presidency of Bengal, in the Upper Pro- 
 vinces, district, and 45 miles S.W. of Cawnpoor, on the 
 Jumna, the navigation of which is commanded by its fort. 
 It is an entrepot for cotton from the S.W. of India, and has 
 manufactures of paper and sugar-candy. 
 
 K.\L1'KN1, kdl-p<Vuee. two of the Laccadive Islands, in 
 the Indian Ocean, off the W. coast of Hindostan, joined to- 
 gether by a reef above water. Lat. (S. point) 10° 3' N., Ion. 
 73° 35' E. 
 
 KALSCIIBUREX, kSl'shoi'ren, a village of Prussia, on 
 the railway from Cologne to Bonn, 4 miles from the former. 
 
 KALSEE, kdl'see. a town of North Hindostan, in Gurh- 
 wal. on the Upper .lunina. 43 miles N.W. of Ilurdwar, lat. 
 30° 32' N., Ion. 77° 50' E. It is a principal mart for the coun- 
 trv between the Sutlej and Touse Rivers. v 
 
 KALTBRUNXEN. kdlt/brofin'nen, (•' Cold Springs,") a vil- 
 lage and parish of Switzerland, canton, and 23 miles S.W. of 
 fit. Gall. Pop. 14.5.3. 
 
 KALTEXBi<UN'\. a town of Hungary. See Hidegkut. 
 
 KALTKN-XORDIIKIM, kdl'ten-noRd'hime, a town of 
 Germany, in S;ixe- Weimar, 25 miles S.S.W. of Eisenach. 
 Pop. 1606. 
 
 KALTEX-SUXDIIEIM, kSl'ten-sWlnfhime, a village of 
 Germany, in Saxe-Weimar. 3 miies S. of the above. Pop. 798. 
 
 KALTEXWESTKX. kJl'ten-VvfeHen. a village of WUrtem- 
 herg. 19 miles N. of Stuttaart. Pop. 1371. 
 
 KALTERIIKRBERO. kjl'ter-hfe^bjun, a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia. IS miles S.S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1372. 
 
 K.VLTERX, a town of -Austria. See Caldaro. 
 
 K.\LUGA, government and town. Russia. See Kaloooa. 
 
 KAI>UMULLf;, kiloo-mul'li, a small town of Ceylon, 
 about 4 miles S. of Caltura. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 KALU.SZ, kd'loosh. a town of Austrian Galicia, 28 miles 
 B.E. of Str". Pop. 2000. 
 
 KALVOiiDE, (Kalvorde.) kil'vBKMgh, a viUage of Ger- 
 
 many, capital of a detached territory, 34 miles E.X.E. of 
 Brunswick. Pop. 1400. 
 
 KALWARIA. kai-ftd're-d, a town of Austrian Galicia, 8 
 miles E.S.E. of Wadowice, with a convent of Benedictine* 
 much fi-equented in pilgrimage. 
 
 KALWARYA, kll-^i're-a, or KALWARY. \iS.\-f)i/ree, S 
 town of Poland, province of Augustowo, 24niile8X.E. of SU' 
 walki. Pop. 6000, comprising many Jews. lthasmanu&<» 
 tures of leather. 
 
 KALYBEA, a village of Greece. See Kaitvia. 
 
 KALYAI.XO, an island of .\sia Minor. See Kalimno. 
 
 KALYVIA or KALYBEA, kd-le-vee'^, a village of Greece, 
 in Hellas, government of Boeotia, 4 miles X.W. of Arachova. 
 
 K.\MA, kii/mi. a river ef European Russia, rises in tha 
 government of Viatka, N.E. of Glazov, flows through tha 
 government of Perm, and S.W. between Viatka and Oren- 
 boorg, joining the Volga 40 miles S. of Kasan, after a course 
 estimated at 1400 miles. All the rivers of the governments 
 of Viatka, Perm, and North Orenboorg, are its tributaries; 
 and at its junction with the Volga it is nearly as broad as 
 that river. One of its affluents is connected with an afH uent 
 of the Dwina by the Canal of Catherine II., 12 miles in 
 length; and it forms an important line of traffic between 
 the countries of the South Volga and tho.se around the 
 White Sea. It is now navigated by steam-vessels. It is 
 navigable for ordinary barges from the- Volga to Perm, and 
 for flat-bottomed boats to a much greater distance. 
 
 KA'MA, or KOO'XER, a river of Central AsLi. joins the 
 Cabool River, in Afghanistan, 10 miles E. of Jelalabad, after 
 a S.^V. course of 220 miles through Chitral and Kafiristan. 
 
 KAMAK, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Kf.makh. 
 
 KAMAKOORA, KAMAKOURA,or KAMAKURA. kd-ma- 
 koo'rd, a small island of Japan, on the S.E. coast of the 
 island of Xiphon. used as a place of banishment for grandee* 
 who have fallen into disgrace. 
 
 KAMAL, kdmdl', a town of the Malay Archipelago, on 
 the S.W. coast of the island of Madura, with a good haven. 
 
 KAMALIA, kd-mdiee'a. a small town and fort of the Pun- 
 jab, near the Ravee, 115 miles S.W. of Lahore. Lat. 30° 44" 
 N., Ion. 72° 38' E. It is built of brick, and has an appear- 
 ance of antiquity. 
 
 KAMALIA, kd-mdiee'd, a town of Senegambia, in the 
 Mandingo country. Lat. 12° 47' N. 
 
 KAMARAN or CAMARAN, kd-md-rdn', an i.sland off the 
 W. coast of Arabia, 20 tniles S. of Loheia, in a bay of the 
 Red Sea. Length, 13 miles. It is fertile, and has a harbor. 
 
 KAM.\R. EL, Mountains of the Moon. See Africa. 
 
 K.4.MB.\XGAN. Malay Archipelago. See Kembaxgax. 
 
 KAMBARA, kdm'bd/rd, one of the Fet>jee Islands, in the 
 South Pacific Ocean. Lat. (S. point) 18° 60' S., Ion. 178° 62' W. 
 
 K.A.MBERG. kdm'bSno. a town of Germany, duchy, .and 
 22 miles E. of Nassau, with a castle, and 1260 inhabitants. 
 
 KAMBERG, a village of Bohemia, 15 miles N.N.E. of 
 Tabor. 
 
 KAMBIXG or KAMBOXQ. See Cammno. 
 
 K AMBURG or CAMBURG. kdm'bSORO, a town of Germany, 
 in Saxe-Meiningen, on the Saale, 17 miles E.N.E. of Weimar. 
 Pop. 1650. 
 
 KAMBURI, a town of Siam. See Camboorie. 
 
 KAMEl'R. KAMIR, kd'meer', CAM^MEEK or KIIAMTR, 
 a town of Persia, on the Persian Gulf, opposite the island of 
 Kishm. Lat. 27° 0' N., Ion. 55° 40' E. 
 
 K AMEL. kd-mJl', a village of West .Africa, in Foota-Dam'.ra, 
 on the left I ank of the Senegal. Lat. 15° .'J2' N., Ion. 12° 55' W. 
 
 KAM EX h TZ or KAM EXEZ. See Kamienieo. 
 
 KAMEXITZ. kd'mJn-its\ orKAMEXICZE, kd'mineet'sA, 
 a town of B( hernia, 20 miles E.S. K. of Tator. Pop. 2281. 
 
 KA.MEXPrZ or KAMEXICZE, a tDwn of Austria, in 
 Bohemi.i, 12 miles S. of Chrudim. 
 
 K.4..MEN1TZ or KAMENICZE, a town of Austria, in 
 Moravia. 11 miles E. of Iglau. Pop. 1569. 
 
 KAMENITZ or KAMEXICZE, a town of Austria, in Sla- 
 vonia, 2 miles S.W. of Peterwardein. Pop. 1844. 
 
 KAMENITZA, ka-m.4-nit/sd. a village of Greece, in the 
 Morea. government of Achaia, on the Kamenitza River, 10 
 miles S.W. of I <ftras. 
 
 KAMEXOI-OSTROV, kd-mi-noi'-os-trov', an island of Rus- 
 sia, at the mouth of the Neva, in the Guif of Finland, with 
 an imperial summer palace. 
 
 KAMEXOI-OSTROV, an island of Russia, in the Caspian 
 Sea. nearGooriev, in the government of Orenboorg. 
 
 KAMEXSKOE. kd-mJn'sko-d\ a village of Asiatic Russia, 
 province of Okhotsk, near the Kamtchatka frontier, with 
 an important market 
 
 KA.MEXSKOI. kd-mJn-skoi', a village of Asiatic Russia, 
 government of Perm, 40 miles S. of KamisUlov, with im- 
 perial iron-works and a cannon foundry. 
 
 KjVMEXZ. a town of Saxony. See Camenz. 
 
 KAMIEXIEC. kdm-v*n'ygts\ written also KAMINIETZ. 
 KAMEXETZ and KAMENEZ. a town of Rus.sian Poland, 
 near its S.W. frontier, capital of the government of Podolia, 
 on the Smotrisch. 235 miles X.W. of Odessa. Pop. 15,600. 
 It is the capital of the Greek eparchy of Podolia, and of Ro 
 man Catholic bishops, and has a Russian theological semi- 
 nary, a gymnasium, and 2 public schools. The chief edifice 
 
 953 
 
KAN 
 
 KAN 
 
 ^i^ers. — These, following the declination of the country, 
 •U have an E. or S.K. coui-se, with the exception of some of 
 the smaller tributaries. The MissOTiri runs along the north- 
 ern half of the eastern boundary through nearly a degree of 
 latitude, with but little variation in its gi-neral course to the 
 W., though with many windings. Tlie Kaw or Kansas, the 
 largest stream running through the state,.ioins the Missouri 
 at Its great bend, where it turns E. to go through the State 
 of Missouri. Including its main branches, the Hepubliciin 
 and Smoky Hill Forks, it has a course of trom 800 to lOnO 
 miles. The latter, rising in Colorado Territory, runs nearly 
 E. through the middle of the state to Fort Ililey, wl>ere it 
 unites with the Republican and forms the Kansas. Tlie Re- 
 publican also rises in Colorado, but passes into Nebraska, 
 which it traverses for from 200 to 300 miles, then runs iii a 
 southeasterly course to its junction with the Smoky Hill 
 Fork. The principal tributaries of the Kansas below the 
 junction are from the N., the Big Blue, rising in Nebraska, 
 and by far the largest. Soldier's Creek, the Grasshopper, and 
 Stranger's, and from the S. the Waukarusa. 'i'he chief afflu- 
 ents of the Smoky Hill Fork are the Great Saline and Solo- 
 mon's Forks, both from the N. The Osage rises near 97° W. 
 Ion. from Greenwich, S. of the Kansas, and jiasses E. into 
 Missouri. The Arkansas passes through the S.W. portion of 
 the state for a short distance. Tlie Walnut, Neosho,Terdigris 
 and Little Arkansas are its principal tributaries from Kansas. 
 The Little Osage and Marmaton have their sources in this 
 state, 8. of the Kansas, and run E. into Missouri. 
 
 Minerals. — White and blue limestone abound, also a cream- 
 colored sandstone, a very beautiful building material. Lead 
 is fovmd in small quantities in the S.I<;. portion of the state. 
 Coal and salt exist in great abundance throughout the state. 
 It is thought petroleum will also be found. 
 
 Forest Trcsi. — Tire principal trees of Kansas are cotton- 
 wood, several varieties of oak, ash, sycamore, hickory, wal- 
 nut, hackberry, sugar maple, sumiu-h, and willow. The 
 timber is getierally found skirting the rivers and creeks, 
 and is amply sufficient in all parts of the state. 
 
 Zoning I/. — The buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, prairie dog, 
 Kiota wolf, rabbit and squirrel are among the quadrupeds; 
 and of the feathered tribes there are the wild turkey and 
 goose, prairie-hen, partridge, golden oriole, blue-jay, red- 
 bird, crow, and a great variety of smaller birds. Among the 
 reptiles is the horned frog. 
 
 Climate, Soil and Pradtictir^ns. — The climate is mild. The 
 winters are short, with but little snow. Stock pasture is found 
 through the entire winter on the river-bottoms. Tlie sum- 
 mers, though warm, are not oppressive, for the nights are 
 always cool and pleasant. The hottest day will always be 
 succeeded by a cool evening. The soil is not surpassed, if 
 equalled in fertility by any on the continent ; that in the 
 valleys of the Missouri and Kaw is especially rich. The 
 principal productions are corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, 
 potatoes, buckwheat, hemp and cotton. A good deal of at- 
 tention has been paid lately to the raising of cotton, and 
 with uniform success. It is one of the finest grazing states 
 in the West, and immense amounts of stock are being gath- 
 ered on its farms. The value of the live stock, in 1800, was 
 $3,205,522. 
 
 Population. — This, in 1860, was, whites, 106,579; colored, 
 6'27; total, 107,206. This population is principally within 
 the eastern third of the state. The present population 
 is estinuited at lo.'ijOOO whites, 15,000 colored. The great 
 increase in the colored population is due to the emigration 
 from Missouri, owing to the rebellion. Besides these, there 
 were, in ISilO, 8189 Indians, still retaining thetr tribal char- 
 acter. There are two classes of these, one partly domesti- 
 cated and civilized, having settled habitations, and the other 
 wandering tribes; the former have definite portions of ter- 
 ritory assigned to them by government, called Pexprves. 
 Some of these reserves are in the settled portions of the 
 state, and embrace its finest lands. Among the tribes thus 
 holding resri-ves are the Sacs and Foxes, Kickapoos, Potta- 
 wattomies, Delawares, Shawnees, Kaws or Kansas, Ottawas 
 and Osages ; most of these were removed from E. of the 
 Mississippi to their present homes. These reserves are one 
 by one |>assing, by treaty with their Indian owners, into the 
 hands of the whites, and the tribes removed further west, or 
 Incorporated among the whites. The principal nomad 
 tribes in Kansas are the Kiowas and Pawnees; their num- 
 bers are rapidly diminishing. 
 
 Oinntiex. — There are 45 counties, to wit, Allen, Anderson, 
 Atchison, Bourbon, Brown, Butler, Chiise, Cherokee, Clay, 
 Cfjft'ee, Davis, Dickinson, Doniphan, Douglas, Franklin, 
 Greenwood, Irving, .lackson, .Teffeison, .Tohnson, Leaven- 
 worth, Linn, Lyon, Marion, Marshall, Miami, Morris, Ne- 
 maha, Neosho, Osage, Ottawa, Otoe, Peketon, I'ottawattoniie, 
 lU'public, Riley, Saline, Shawnee, Shirley, Seward, A\abaun- 
 see, Washington, Wilson, Woodson, \\'yandot. 
 
 Cilii-s, Mirti, and Stittions.—'rUc chief places are Leaven- 
 worth, situated on the Missouri River, about 30 miles above 
 the junction of the Kaw, with 17,00. i inhabitants: Atchison. 
 25 miles further up the Mis^ouri, with 3500 inhabitants; 
 Lawrence, on the Kaw, 30 miles from its junction with the 
 Missouri, with 3500 inhabitants ; Topeka, the capital, 30 miles 
 95S 
 
 further up the Kaw; Manhattan, at the junction of the 
 Big Blue and Kan.sas Rivers; Wyandot, at the mouth of the 
 Kaw ; Fort Scott, in the S.E., and Emporia, in the S.W. of 
 the state. Among the forts is Fort Leaven\vorth, on the 
 Mi>souri, adjacent to Leavenworth, and the most inii>ortant 
 of ail the government stations in the West ; from this point 
 all supplies, <tc., are forwarded to the forts and stations in 
 the Indian 'I'erritory, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nebraska 
 and Idaho; Fort Riley is situated <m the Smoky Hill, about 15 
 miles W. of Manhattan; Fort Scott adjoins the city of that 
 name ; Fort Lamed is on the Arkansas, at the mouth of Wal- 
 nut Creek. Among the Indian tril)es are several missionarj 
 stations, under the charge of the difterent religious denomi- 
 nations. 
 
 Govrrnvte.nt. — During the territorial organization the gov- 
 ernment was similar to that of the other territories (see Nb- 
 BRAsK\). The state officers are a governor, lieutenant gov- 
 ernor, secretary of state, auditor, trea.<urer, attorney-general 
 and superintendent of public instruction, liolding oftice two 
 years, a senate of 25 members, holding fur the same term, a 
 house of representatives, of 75 members, holding one year, 
 a supreme court, of three judges, holding six years, and five 
 district courts, with a single judge each, holding four years; 
 all officers are elected by the people. Kansas has one repre- 
 sentative in the federal house of representatives, and three 
 votes in the electoral college. The legislature holds annual 
 sessions, and by the constitution can receive pay for only 50 
 days' sessions. The salaries of judicial officers cannot be in- 
 creased during their term of office. The capital is I'opeka, 
 a place of 2500 inhabitants, on the banks of the Kansas, 60 
 miles fiom its mouth; it is memorable as being the place 
 where the first free-state constitution was framed. 
 
 Banks. — The banking capital has hitherto bex-n held ex- 
 clusively by private bankers, though since thep.xssageofthe 
 national bank act two national banks have been organized 
 and are now in operation. 
 
 i>f6<.— The state debt of Kansas amounts to $150,875.24^ 
 December 31st, 1864, nearly all of which is funded at 7 per 
 cent, interest; for a portiop of this debt the state exjjectg 
 reimbursement from the United States.' 
 
 Internal Imprnvemenls. — A railroad is in oi>eration from 
 Wyandot to Lawrence,and is being rapidly pushed forward up 
 the Kaw Valley to Manhattan; another is being constructed 
 from Wyandot to Leavenworth; one from Leavenworth to 
 Lawrence, and one from Atchison directly west. Besides 
 this, amjjle donations of land have Irccn made by Congress 
 for a complete system of railroad, extending in every direo- 
 tion through the state. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Five miles from Leavenworth a state 
 penitentiary is being built, when completed it will be one 
 of the finest structures of the kind in the West. A deaf and 
 dumb asylum is in successful operation, tliough, as yet. its 
 accommodations are limited. An asylum for the insane haa 
 been located at Ossawattomie. 
 
 Manufactures. — But little attention has hitherto been paid 
 to manufactures in Kansas, though the 8th census return.? 
 82,800,000, as the value of the manufactured prodiicts of the 
 state for 1860. That amount hiis been greatly increiised since. 
 
 Religious Denomination!:. — The principal are the Catholic, 
 Methodist, Congregational, Baptist, Presbyterian, and Ejiis- 
 copal. The first has 1 bishop, 18 priests, and embraces from 
 10,000 to 15,000 of the population ; the Methodists have 68 
 ministers, 4184 members, 33 churches, costing $40,775, 100 
 Sabbath-schools, witlf 3(174 scholars; the Congregationali.sts 
 have 32 societies, 25 ministers, 800 members, 15 churches, 
 worth547,000; the Baptists have 48 churches and 1231 mem- 
 bers; the Presbyterians, 14 churches and (iOO members; the 
 Episcopalians, 7 churches and 200 members. 
 
 [For continuaticm of Kaxs.^s, see Ai'Pfxwx.] 
 
 KANSAS or KANSAS CITY, a city of Jackson co., Mis- 
 souri, situat(!d on the right (S.) bank of the Missouri River, 
 just below the mouth of the Kansas, about 160 miles W. liy 
 N. of JelTerson City. It is the W. terminus of the Missouri 
 Pacific Railroad ; the E. terminus of the Union Pacific Kail- 
 road, and the S. terminus of tlie Platte County Railroad, all 
 in operation. A few miles of the first named road are lack- 
 ing to complete the whole route to St. Louis. It contains 
 a court-house. 7 churches, 3 banks. 3 newspaper offices, 4 
 hotels, 2 iron-foundries, 3 wagon-factories, and several map 
 chine-shops of the railroad companies. Tlie Union Pacific 
 Railroad was opened from Kansas to Lawrence in December, 
 IStU. Pop. in 1855. about 600; in 1860.4418: in May,18< 4, 5433. 
 
 KANSAS. KANZAS or KONZAS INDI.\NS, a tribe of 
 Kansas, dwelling in the vicinity of Kansas River. 
 
 KAN.sK, kdiisk, a fortified town of Asiatic Ru.ssia.proviuce 
 of Yeniseisk, on the Kana, 120 miles E. of Krasnoyarsk. 
 
 KAN-SOO, KAN-SuU, KAN-SU, or KANSUII, kinVio', 
 the most N.'W. province of China, between lat. 32° 30' and 
 40° N.. and Ion. 98° and 10>°, having E. the pixivinces of 
 Shen-see and Se-cliuen,and other sides Mongolia, into whii h 
 a long tongue of it stretches between the territory of the 
 Koko-Nor and the desert of Gobi. Pop. in 1812, l.\193 12.i. 
 Surface mountainous. Principal river, the Iloang-ho. T) e 
 products comjirise dyes, gold, mercury, silks, musk, and to- 
 bacco, which last is of a very superior quality. K.au-Cho'> 
 
KAN 
 
 is the capital, besides which tliere are 6 cities of tlie firs( 
 rank. 
 
 KANTA kdn'ti, or KANT, kliit, a yillage of Austria, in 
 Transylvania, co. of Ober-Weisseiiburg, about 44 miles from 
 Kroiistadt. Pop. 1109. 
 
 KANTALICOONDA. idn-ta-le-koon'da, a village of West 
 Africa, on the Gambia. Lat. 13° 32' N., Lon. 13° 51' W. 
 
 KANT.WU, an island of the Feejees. See K.a>'D.\boo. 
 
 KANrTCIIKOU, a town of Cliina. See K.a.n-Chow. 
 
 KAN-TritEOU-FOU. a city of Cliina. Hea K.VN-Cuoo. 
 
 KAX-TCIIOU, a city of China. See Kan-Choo. 
 
 KANTII, kdnt, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, on the Wei.s- 
 tritz, and on the railway from Breslan to Waldenburg, 13 
 miles S.W. of Urcslau. Pop. 1710. A sanjininary action 
 between the French and Prussians took place near it in 
 1813. 
 
 K ANTURK', a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Cork. 11 miles W.S.W. of Buttevant. Pop. 4388. It has a 
 cajitellatcd Elizabethan mansicm, a fever hospital, di.strict 
 bridewell, market-hou.se, branch bank, and manufactures 
 of serges. It gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Eg- 
 mont, whose residence is in tlie vicinity. 
 
 KANUM, kS-noom', (?) a large city of Little Thibet, on 
 the Upper Sntlej. Lat. 31°37' N., Lon. 7^° Uh' E , on a table- 
 land, nearly 9000 feet above the sea. It was long the re«- 
 idence of the traveller, Cosma do Koros. 
 
 KAO, kl'o, one of the Tonga Islands — a vast oonioal rock. 
 N.E. of Tofona, 500 feet high. Lat. 19° 42' S., lon. 17.5° W.— 
 Kao is also the name of numerous cities and towns in China. 
 
 KAO-CIIINQ or KAO-TCHl.XG. kaV-ohing', a town of 
 China, province of Ilonan. Ljit. 34° 42' N.. lon. 11.5° R. 
 
 KA(VCIIO(> or KAD-TCIIOU. k.^Vchoo/. ^almost k^w^■ 
 chno/.) or KAO-CIIKOO-FOO, (KAO-TCIIE(IU-FOU.) k^VchS- 
 oo'fiX)'. a walled city of China, 168 miles i^.Vi'. of Canton, in 
 Iflt. 21° 48' \.. lon. 111° 8' E. It has manufaeturesof nankeens. 
 
 KAO-NIXG. a town of China, province of Quaug-tong, 40 
 miles W. by S. of Canton. 
 
 KAOOCIIAM, KAOUCIIANY or KAUCIIAXY. kr)W-shl^. 
 nee, written also KAAVSCIIANI. a decayed town of Hussla, 
 province of Bessarabia, about 12 miles S. of Bender. It was 
 once a large and flourishing town. 
 
 KAO-TCHOU. a city of China. See K.\o-Cnoo. 
 
 li AOr( IIAXY. a town of Ru.ssia. See I^aoochaxi. 
 
 KAii-YWW) or K.'VO-YEOU. kil'o yS-oo/. a town of China, 
 province of Kiiing-soo, on the right bank of the Imperial 
 Canal. So miles N.E. of N-anking. 
 
 IvAl'ELLA, kd-pJl'l3, a mountain range of Austria, in 
 Croatia, consists of two distinct parts, the Great and Little 
 Kapella. having a general direction from N.W. to S.E., nearly 
 parallel to the Wellebitsch Mountains, which skirt the 
 Adriatic 
 
 KAPKLLR, ki-pSlleh. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Zealand, in the island of South Bcveland, 4 miles 
 E. of Goes. Pop. 1342. 
 
 KAI'ELLE, WEST, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Zealand, 7 miles W.N.W. of IMiddelburg. Pop. 1 892. 
 
 KAHELNA, ki-pM'nS. a vill.age of Austria, in Slavonia, 
 about 24 miles from Siklos. Pop. 920. 
 
 KAl'FENBEKG, kap'fgn-bSRG\ a market-town of Styria, 
 3 miles N.N.E. of Briick. and having a station on the rail- 
 way hetween Murzzuschlag and Gi-Ht-K. Pop. (500. 
 
 K.VI'IM, an island, s^outh Pacific. See Clap's Lsland. 
 
 K.VI'TTI. an island of New Zeal.and. See Entry Island. 
 
 KAI'LITZ. kd'plits. GAI'PLITZ. gVpl'ts. or WOLANKA, 
 *o-ldn'kd. a market-town of Bohemia; 17 miles S. of Bud- 
 weis. on the Mulsche. Pop. 1892. 
 
 K.^PXIK-B.^NYA, k3p"neek'-b3n'y6h. a mining and mar- 
 ket-town of Hungary, co. of Szathmar, 8 miles E. of Nagy- 
 Banya. Pop. .3000. 
 
 KAPNINO, kdp-nee'no, a town of Russia, government of 
 Vladiineer, 18 miles W.N.W. of Peresl.avl-Zalieski. 
 
 KAPO.SI.\. a post-oflice of Da Kota co., Minnesota. 
 
 KAPOSVAR, kiip'osaVJit', ato.vn of central Hungary, co.of 
 Sziiraech, on the Kapos, 97 miles south-west of Pesth. 
 Population, 3900. 
 
 KAPPA, Illiuoi.s, a station on the Illinois Centrail Rail- 
 road, in \Voodtbrd co., 46 miles S. of La Salle. 
 
 K.^PPA. a post-office of Woodford co.. Illinois. 
 
 KAPPEL, kSp'pel. a market-town of Austria, duchy of 
 Carinthia. 16 miles S.E. of Klaarenfurth. Pop. 988. 
 
 KAPPELN, kdp'peln, or KAPPELLENORT. k;lp-pMlen- 
 ORt\ a maritime town of Denmark, duchy, and 15 miles N.E. 
 of.Sleswick. Pop. 2100. 
 
 KAIM'KI^RODECK, kfip'pel-nydJk, a vill.age of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Ithine. bailiwick of Aehern. Pop. 1876. 
 
 KAPPEI^WINDECK. k-Vpel-*in'dAk. a village of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Buhl. Pop. 1278. 
 
 KAPRONCZA, a town of Austria. See Koprhmtz. 
 
 K.VPSALI, a town of the Ionian Islands. See Capsali. 
 
 K APTOL or CAPTOL. k.ip'tol. a market-town of Austria, 
 tn Slavonia. co.. and 6 miles from Posega. Pop. 990. 
 
 IvA PUN'DA. a village of Australia, 45 miles N. of Adelaide. 
 close to some copper-mines, whence 480 tons of ore were 
 ;ent to Great Britain in 1847. 
 
 KAPU VAR, kOh^pooVlR/, a m-arket-town of West Hun- 
 
 KAR 
 
 gary. co. of Oedenhiirg. 40 miles S. of Preshurg, with 317S 
 Inhabitants, and a residence of the Esterhazy family. 
 
 KARA, kd'rd. a river forming a part of the boundary be- 
 tween Europe.an and Asiatic Hussia. rises in the I'ral 
 Mountains. Hows N. and enters the Sea of Kara after a 
 cour.se of 125 miles. 
 
 KARA, kd'rd'. a Turkish word .eignifying "black." form- 
 ing prefix to the names of numi-mus places in the East, ol 
 which the principal are the following: — 
 
 KAUA. a town of China. See IIara. 
 
 K.\l! A. kdVd', a gulf or bay on the N.W. coa.st of the govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk, formed by the sea of the same name. 
 
 KARA-AGIIADJ. kaVd'-l-gadj' a bay of Asia Minor, in lat. 
 36° 41' 50" N.. lon. 28° 30' E. 
 
 KARA-AGIIAD.!, a town of European Turkey, in Bul- 
 garia. 40 miles S.E. of Silistria. 
 
 KAll.\B.\GII. kdN-d'bSg, ("black garden,") a province of 
 Asiatic Russia, in Transcaucasia, between the Koor and 
 Arras Rivers. Its central part consists of a hare tible-land, 
 interspersed with fertile valleys. Chief town. Shoosha. 
 
 KARA-BAGH kdV^^bjIg, a "town and large fort of Afirhan- 
 istan. 20 miles S.W. of Ghuznee, and 7426 feet above the sta, 
 in lat. 33° 10' N.. lon. 67° 59' E. 
 
 K.\1{A-B.\GII, a town of Punjab. See CAO-AnAon. 
 
 KAHA-BOOXAR, (BOUNAR, or BUNAR.) kd'id'-boo'nar', 
 (anc. Bariitef or Bandhrat) a town of Asia Minor, pashalic 
 of KaramanLa. 68 miles E.S.E. of Konieh. It has a good 
 khan, a mosque, and some nitre works. 
 
 KAK.\C1IEE. a seaport of Sinde. See Kurrachee. 
 
 KAKA-CHUDSCIIA. kd-rd-chtid'shii. a town of Centr.al 
 Asia, khanat. and 120 miles N.N.E. of Khiva. 
 
 KAK.AD. kOhVdd'. a village of Hungary, co. of Sumegh 
 46 miles N.W. of FUnfkirchen. Pop. 2440. 
 
 K AHA DAG II. kd^ra'ddg, or KARA TAOII, kiVd' tSg. seve- 
 ral mountains of .\sia Minor, and a chain in Persia, between 
 Khoozistan and Larist.an. 
 
 KAKA DAGII or KARA TAGII, a mountain r.ange of 
 European Turkey, in Uoom-Elee, near Philippopolis. 
 
 KAI'.\DAGH. kdVd'ddg', an adjacent district of the Per- 
 sian province of Azerbaijan. 
 
 K.\KAD.\G1I. a country of Turkey. See Monteneoro. 
 
 KAUADI VE. kS-rd-deev'. an i.«land on the coast of Ceylon, 
 in theGnlfof.Manaar, 12 miles N.W. of Calpeutyn. Length, 
 about 9 miles. 
 
 KARADIVE. an island on the coast of Ceylon, in lat. 9° 
 61' N.. lon. 80° r E. I^nrtth. 5 miles. Pop. 5222. 
 
 KAI!A(iIIINSKY, kd-r.tghin'skee, an island about 20 
 miles off the E. coast of Kamtcbatka. Lat. of the N. point, 
 59° 13' N., lon. ir4°35' E. It is 55 miles long. 
 
 KARAGHINSKY, a bay on the S. side of the above i.sland, 
 penetrates 9 miles inland, with a breadth of from 4 to 8 miles. 
 It i-eceives the river Karaga, the mouth of which is in lat. 
 59° 8' N.. lon. 126° 59' E. 
 
 KAUA HISSAK, kd'rd his-sar'. (Turk. "Black Caslk,") a 
 town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Karamania. 30 miles S.W 
 of KairvHiveyeh. on the slope of a hill crowned by a ruined 
 castle, and supposed to be the sit« of the ancient Ci/lirdra. 
 
 K.\RA IIISS.\R,a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Adana, 
 25 miles W. of Tarsoos. 
 
 KAK.\.I.\ TAGH.kd-rd'jdtdg, (anc. Mons Ma'sin.t,) a moun- 
 tain of .\siatic Turkey, pashalic of Diarbekir, separates the 
 ha.sins of the Euphrates and Tigris. 
 
 K.\U.4-.nLEK. kd'rd-jeeler. a large village of Asia Minor, 
 in Anatolia, 50 miles S.E. of Angora, near the Kizil Irmak, 
 where it is crossed by a remarkable bridge. 
 
 KARAK. kd'rdW, KIIAREK, kdVJk', CHARED.!, KA- 
 RED.I. kdVJj'. or KAICEDSK', an island of the Persian 
 Gulf in lat. 29° 12' N.. lon. 50° 13' E. It is about 15 miles in 
 circumference, of coral formation, and has on its N. side an 
 old Dutch fort, with a village inhabited by about 1000 Arabs. 
 Ships bear up hither from Bushire during strong S.W. winds 
 in the gulf, and anchor near it in safety. 
 
 KAR.\K.\KOO.\. a bay of Hawaii. See Kealakeakua. 
 
 KARAKAL, kd-rd-kdl'. ft town of Wallachia, capital of a 
 district. 30 miles S. E. of Krajova. 
 
 KARAKALPAK, kd-rd-kdl'pdk, a tribe of Toorkomans in- 
 habiting a steppe along the E. shore of Lake Aral, and along 
 the Syr-Daria. They are divided into two sections, and are 
 said to number 25.000 warriors. 
 
 KAliAKASH, kd-rd-kd.sh', a city of Chinese Toorkistan, 
 on an affluent of the Khoton River, 240 miles E.S.E. of Yark- 
 and. reported to comprise 3000 bouses. It is governed by 
 two oflicers sent from China. 
 
 KAR.\KIT.\. a group of islands. See Passage Islands. 
 
 KAP.AKOOL or KARAKOUL, kd-rd-kool'. a town of Bok- 
 hara, on the Zer-Afshan, 38 miles S.S.W. of Bokhara, in lat. 
 29° 30' N .. lon. 63° 45' E._ Pop. 30,000. 
 
 KAR.\KOHUM, kd'ra-ko'rQm, a mountain p.ass of the 
 Chinese Empire, separating Chinese Toorkistan from Little 
 Thibet, near the valley of Shayook. Elevation, 18,600 feet. 
 
 KARAKORUM, or HOLIN, ho-leen', a ruined city of 
 Mongolia, which was the capital of Jenghis Khan. Its posi- 
 tion is uncertain. 
 
 KARAKOUL. a town of Bokhara. See Karakool. 
 
 KARAMAKOTAN or KARAMACOTAN, kd-rd-md-ko-tiin', 
 
 957 
 
KAR 
 
 KAR 
 
 OHO of the Koorile Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, sub- 
 ject to lliissia. and separated from the island of Onekotan 
 by a channel S miles wide. Lat. 49° N., Ion. 154° 39' E. 
 
 "KAKAMAX, kd-rl-mdn', (anc. Laranda,) a town of Asia 
 Minor, near the N. foot of Mount Taurus, 63 miles S.S.K. of 
 Koiiifh. Pop. estiuiat<.'d at 12,000. It hasJvseveral mosiiues, 
 rulus of a castle, manufactures of coarse cotton and woollen 
 BtulTs, and trade with Smyrna, &c. From alx)Ut the year 
 laOiJ to 1486 it was the capital of a flourishing kingdom. 
 
 KAKAMAXIA, CAKA.MAXIA, ka-rd-md'ne-a, or KARA- 
 MAX-IvIIAKlDJ, ka-rd-mdnZ-Kd^-ij', a pashalic of A.sia. Minor, 
 comprising most of the E. portion of its central table-land, 
 between lat. 37° and 40° N., and Ion. 31° and 37° K.. having 
 S. M'lunt Taurus, The principal riTers are the Kizil-Irmak 
 (ir.di/s) and the Sihou ; in the AV. part are numerous small 
 lakes. The principal towns are Konieh, Kaisareeyeh, Ak- 
 shehr. Heg-shehr, Nigdeh, and Karaman. 
 
 KAU.\.MASY. kd-rl-mi/aee, a walled town of Central Asia, 
 20 miles E. of Khiva. 
 
 K.A.KAMYCII, kd-r3-mich', a river of Russi.a. pursues a 
 Tery circuitous courge of al)out 70 mile.s, and joins the left 
 bank of the Medvieditsa. at the village of Karamych. 
 
 Iv.A.U.\NKKZ or K.^RAXIZ, ki-rl-neez', a considerable 
 village of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, near Tukhti Sulei- 
 mau, on the Sanik River, in which, near the village, is a 
 curious floating island. 
 
 KAUAX(J-.\SS.\M,kJ-rSng'-d.s-slm',a native state of the 
 Malay .\rchipelago. on the Ji.E. coast of the i.sland of Bali. 
 Pop. 2.JO.OO0. Capital, Karang-Asam. Lat. S°23' N.,lon.ll5° 
 34' K. It is the mo.st important town on the island, and has 
 a good haven. 
 
 KAIIAXG 150LLOXG, kS-ring' bol-long'. a district of Java, 
 near its centre, on the S. coast. The population export great 
 numbers of birds'-nests to China. 
 
 KAK.WIZ, a village of Persia. See K.\raneez. 
 
 K.\RAXSEBKS.kd!Vriu^shA^bSsh', a market-town of South 
 Hungary, on the Teraes, 50 miles S.E. of Temesvar. P. 3400. 
 
 KAKAXTS, kOh^rlntch', a village of Hungary, co. of Ba- 
 ranya, 46 miles S.E. of Filnf kirchen. Pop. 2501. 
 
 k.\RA, SKA OF, a portion of the Arctic Ocean, between 
 the Russian governments of Archangel and Tobolsk on the 
 S., and the island of Nova-Zembla on the N., and extend- 
 ing between lat. 70° and 73° N., and Ion. 57° and 68° E. 
 On its S.W. side it is entered by the Strait of Kar.i. between 
 the islands of Vaigatz and Xova-Zembla. and 30 miles across. 
 On the S.E. side is the Gulf of Kara, and on the S. it is en- 
 tered by the river Kara. 
 
 KARA SIIEBBKIIAXEII, k^'r^ shJb kiZneh, a town of 
 Asia Minor, pashalic, and 110 miles E.X.E. of Seevas, on the 
 route to Erzroom. It stands on a high hill crowned by a 
 ruined fortress, and comprises 2500 mud-built houses, with 
 well-stocked bazatirs. Xear it are extensive alum work.s. 
 
 K \ K .\ SIOZ.\. kOVrroh'sheetAsoh\ a river of II ungary. joins 
 the Danube on the right, at the S. extremity of the island 
 of M.irgitta, after a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 KAKASlCZ.i, a river of Slavonia, joins the Drave on the 
 right it miles W. of Eszek, after a course of about 55 miles. 
 
 KARA SOO. KARA SOU, or KARA.SU, \ii\-&' soo. (•' Black 
 River.") called alsoKUREMAS,orTOKMAU.the W. branch 
 of the Huphrates, joins the Kenmer Soo 14 miles S.W. of Er- 
 zengan. 
 
 KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU. a river of Asia 
 Minor, tributary to the Kizil-Irmak, near Kaisareeyeh. It 
 Is the Melas of Strabo. 
 
 KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Persia, 
 joins the Aras S.E. of .Mount Ararat. 
 
 KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Asi.itic 
 Turkey, pashalic of Aleppo, falls into the X. shoi'e of Lake 
 Dengis. 
 
 KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Asi.itic 
 Turkey, pashalic of Itcheleo, sanjak of Tarsus, falls into the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 KAItASOO, KARA SOU, or K.A-RA 8V, (&nc. Nes'tm,) a 
 river of European Turkey, bet^reen Room-Klee and Jlace- 
 donia, enters the ^Egean Sea, opposite Thasos, after a S. 
 course of 130 miles. 
 
 KARA SOO, KARA SOU, KARA SU, or STRUJIA, stru'- 
 icd. (aric. atry'iaim.) a river of European Turkey, in Room- 
 Elee. falls into the Gulf of Contessa, in the -Archipelago, 
 near Orphano. 
 
 KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, rises on the E. frontier of Allwnia, flows 
 S.S.K.. and joins the Tzerna, an affluent of the Vardar. 
 
 KARA-SJO-BAZARor KARA-SOO-BASAH. kd'ril'-soo-ba- 
 zaR', a Tartar town of South Russia, government of Taurida. 
 in the Crimea. 24 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. 15.000. 
 comprising Tartars, Greeks, Russians, Jews, and Armenians. 
 It has 24 minarets, a Greek church, and 2 Roman Catholic 
 churches, a synagogue, and a remarkable fortified khan near 
 Its centre. It is the great mart of the Crimea, and has a 
 weekly market, and a large annual fair. Its inhabitants 
 manufacture superior morocco leather, candles, soap, pot- 
 tery, and tiles. 
 
 KARA SU. See Kara Soo. 
 
 K ARASZX A, a town of Transvlvania. See Kbaszxa. 
 958 
 
 KARA TAGn. a mountain of Turkey. See Kajia Daoh. 
 
 KAltATAL, kH-Ti-tAV. a village of Central Asia, khanat. 
 and 66 miles N.E. of Khiva, ou the left bank of the Ox us. 
 (Amoo-Daria.) 
 
 KARATCHEV or KAR.ATSCIIEW, U-ritfhh-r. a walled 
 town of Russia, government, and 47 miles W.X.W. of iVel, 
 in lat. 53° 8' N., Ion. 34° 60' E. It is mentioned in records as 
 early as the twelfth centurv. 
 
 KARATEGIIEEN or KARATEGIIIX or KARATKGIN, 
 k3-ri-tA-gheen', a river of Central Asia, an affluent of the 
 Upper Oxus. in the Pameer t.able-land. 
 
 K AR AT EG IlEEX or K A R AT KG 1 X , a town of Central A sia, 
 on the banks of the above river, 90 miles X.E. of lUssar, 
 in lat. 37° 40' X., Ion. 68° 55' E. 
 
 KARATOVA or CARATOYA, ki-ri-to/va. a market-town 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Brauni.sta. 22 
 miles S.S.W. of Ghiu.stendil. Pop. 4000. 
 
 KAR.A.TSCUEW, a town of Russia. See KAR.ATcnF.v. 
 
 KAR-AULA. a river of Australia. See Gwtdih R[vkr. 
 
 KARAVARIA or KARAVEUIA, European Turkey. See 
 Yebia. 
 
 K.\i:.\ZORAXE, ka-ra-zo-rJ/nA, an island or peninsula of 
 Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on its S.AV. coast. 12 miles S.W. of 
 Makree, and covered with remnants of buildings of the Mid- 
 dle Ages. 
 
 K.'VRn.\CII, kaR/biK, a vilLage of Bavaria, circle of Lower 
 Franconia, near Rothenfels. Pop. 1190. 
 
 KARBITZ, kaR/bits, or KARWICZE. kaR-fteet'sA, a town 
 of Bohemia. 12 miles X.W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1343. 
 
 KARDASCII-RZKTSCHITZ, kaR-ddsh'-zhgtch'its, a tcwn 
 of Bohemia, 18 miles S.S.E. of Tabor, on Lake Kardasch. 
 Pop. 20.35. 
 
 KARDZ.4^0, KARDSZAO. kdRd'sSg', or KARBZAGUJ- 
 SZ.4.LLAS, kflRd'z6g'-oo-ee-s4l'lish', a market-town of JCast 
 Hungary, capital of the distiict of Great Cumania, 35 miles 
 S.AV. of Debreczin. Pop. 11.424. It covers a wide surface, 
 and has Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinistic churches. 
 
 KAREDJ. an i.sl.and of the Persian Gulf. SeelvARAK. 
 
 KAREN'S, ka'rjnz\ a race inhabiting the mountain re- 
 gions of the S. and E. portions of ISurmah proper, parts ot 
 the Tenasserim provinces, and extending into the \Y. por- 
 tions of Siam. Their number is estimated at 33,000. 
 
 KARGE. a town of Poland. See Uxruhstadt. 
 
 KARGOPOL, kaR-goZpol. a town of Russia, government, 
 and 185 miles E.X.E. of Olonets, on the Onega. Pop. 2040. 
 
 K.\I!IK.\L, kd-re-kSl', a maritime town of India, ceded to 
 the French by the rajah of Tanjore. in 1759, on the Coronian 
 del coast, 8 miles S. of Ti-anquebar. Pop. 15.000. Its district 
 has an area of 23 square miles, and a population of 44,386 
 persons. Its exports rice, betel, indigo, saffron, and toliacco. 
 
 KARIXJ.\n. kdrin'ja. a town of India, in the Deccan, 
 Xiz.am's dominions, 60 miles S. of Ellichpoor. 
 
 K.\RIS.S[JI. a country of Central Asia. See KnARASM. 
 
 KAIUTEXA, kd-re-t,i'na. a villa'.'e of Greece, capital of 
 the government of Gortynia, near the centre of the Morea, 
 17 miles W.of Tripolitza. Pop. 1000. It has a strong castle, 
 long the residence of the chief Colcotroni. 
 
 KARKEL.\XG, kar'keh-ldng'. an island in the Malay Ar- 
 chipelago. Lat. of the X. point. 4° 22' X.. Ion. 127° E. P. 2970. 
 
 KARKEXAH ISLAXDS, Medit^-rranean. See Kerkixi. 
 
 KARKISS.4^, kar-kis'si. KAKISSA, KAKIS'IA, orKKR- 
 KISZYAH, (anc. CirceHum.) a town cf Asiatic Turkey, pa- 
 shalic of Bagdad, capitiil of a s.anjak. on the Euphrates, at 
 the influx of the Khaboor. in lat. 35° 8' N., Ion. 40° 30* K. 
 Under Diocletian it was a strongly-fortified frontier town of 
 the Roman dominions. 
 
 KARLBURG. kaRl'bOSRG, a market-town of West Hun- 
 gary, near the Danube. 10 miles S. of Presburg. Pop. 20i).'t. 
 
 K .VULEBY. Oi.i) and Xkw. a town of Finland. See Gamla 
 
 KARLE.\B.\.C1I, k.aR'l(m-bdK\ (Gros.s, groce, and Klei.n 
 kllne.) two nearly contiguous villages of the Bavarian Palati 
 nate. canton of Griinstadt. Pop. 1680. 
 
 KARLO or CARLO, kaa'lo, an island in the Gulf of Both- 
 nia. Lat. of the W. point, 65° 2' X., Ion. 24° 33' E. Length, 
 11 miles. 
 
 KAR].iOVISICH, kaRlo-vee'sis. a village of Austrian Sla- 
 vonia. about 9 miles from Golhimbincze Pop. 9S4. 
 
 K.VRLOYITZ, UJ, rKVee kaR'lo-vits\ a village of Austilan 
 Slavonia, about 5 miles from Becska. Pop. 1200. 
 
 KARLOWITZ, a town of Austria. See Cari.owitz. 
 
 KARLOWITZ. kaR'lo-<»its\ a town of Austrian Moravia, 
 37 miles E.S.E. of Prerau. Pop. 3437. 
 
 KA1<LSB.\D, a town of Bohemia. See CARl.snAli. 
 
 KARLSBRUX'X,kaRls'brd<in, a village and well-frequented 
 watering-place of Austrian .Silesia, circle of Troppau. 
 
 KARLSBKUXX, a watering-place of Bohemia, circle of 
 Chrudim, near Zwittau. 
 
 KARLSBURG or CARLSBURO, kaRls'baoRn, (Hun. Ka- 
 rolt/'Fcjervur. kOh^rol'-fil^yfeaVaR',) a fortified town of Tran- 
 sylvania, capital of a county, on the Maros, 48 miles S. of 
 Klausenburg. Pop. 12.300, comprising many Jews, who 
 here enjoy peculiar rights, under protection of the bishops 
 Its consists of a citadel on a height, and a lower tow^. The 
 principal edifices are a fine Roman Catholic catheilral. with 
 the tombs of Joiin Uuniades, &c., the Bathory church, thn 
 
KAR 
 
 KAS 
 
 pa!»re of the Wshops of Transylvania, a Koman Catholic 
 jrymnapium, with the provincial arrhives. a mint, observu- 
 torv, and arsenal, banacks. hospitals, public libraries, &c. 
 
 KAi!LSII.\FE\, CAULSIIAFKN, or KAKL8IIAVEN, 
 kaRls'bdYen. a town of Central Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, on 
 the AVeser, 21 miles N. of Cassel. It is the terminus of a 
 railway connecting; it with Kisenach. Pop. 1703. 
 
 K.VIiLjiKlvOX.V, a town of Sweden. See C.tnLSCRONA. 
 
 KAKLSMAl'.KT, l^auls'maRltt. a villaaie of Prussian Sile- 
 sia, 34 miles .*. E. of IJreslau. on the right bank of the Stober. 
 
 k.\l{LSIiUIIE. a town of Prussia. See Carlsruhe. 
 
 KARhSTADT or CAIUjSTADT, kanl'stdtt, a royal free 
 town of Austrian Croatia, capital of a county between Kulpa 
 and Corona, 33 miles S.W. of Agram. Pop. in 1845, 44iS4. 
 It consists of a fortress, outer town,, and suburb. It is the 
 see of a Greek bishop, and has an active transit trade. 
 
 KAIILSTADT. kaRl'stdtt, a town of Bavaria, on the -Main, 
 14 miles N.W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 2160. It haa a trade in 
 wine. 
 
 K.AULSTAD, a town of Sweden. See Ciristad. 
 
 KAKLSTHAL, kar.ls't.^l. a village of Austrian Siliesia, 
 about 32 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 1144. 
 
 KAK.MKL, kar'mel'. a village of the Punjab, fi miles N.W. 
 of Kamnu;j:gur, in lat. 32° 2ti' N., Ion. 73° 34' K., on the 
 Chenaub. 
 
 KAIl.N'AC RUINS. See Thebes, (Egypt.) 
 
 K.\HXTIIKX. (KSmthen.) Austria. See Carinthia. 
 
 KAliOLY. Naqv, Hungary. See Nagy-Karoiv. 
 
 KAROON. KAROUN or KARUN, kd-roon', (mo. Eula-'us. 
 the (/lai of the Scriptures,') a river of Persia, having its 
 sources in the mountains of Ahwaz. in lat. 32° 15' N.. Ion. 
 50°40'E., falls, by two outlets, into the I'ersian Gulf, ahout 
 lat. 29° 55' .\. It is navigalile at all seasons for vessels draw- 
 ing 4 feet water, and well adaptetl to steam communication 
 to witliin 6 miles of Shooster. 150 miles from the sea. 
 
 K.\liOTCIIA. a town of Russia, See Korotcua. 
 
 KARPATilEX. .See Carpathians. 
 
 KARPFEX, kaBp'fen, a free town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, 
 60 miles N. of Pesth.' Pop. 3800. 
 
 KARPOOT or KIIARPUT. kar-poof. a town of Turkish 
 Armenia, pashalic, and 00 miles M'.N.W. of Diarliekir. and 
 stands dn an eminence in a fertile plain. It is said to have 
 1400 Turkish and 300 Armenian families. 
 
 KARQUEXAS or CARQUlXlOZ.kar-kee'nes.of California, 
 the .strait joining San Pablo and Suisun Rays. 
 
 KARROOS, kiirVoos', extensive plains of South Africa, 
 Capo Colony, occupying most part of the terraces between 
 the mountain ranges. They are annually covered widi a 
 ricli vegetation, and pastured by numerous herds; but 
 when the dry season sets in they l!)ecome arid deserts. 
 
 K.\RS or KHARS, k.ars, (anc. Chr/rlm.) a city of Asiatic 
 Turkey, capital of a pashalic, on the Arpa chain, 105 miles 
 N.E. jof Er7a-(X)m. Pop. 12.000. It is partly walled, and 
 has a ruined citadel. 8 mosiiues. minarets, several small Ar- 
 menian churches and convents, many in ruins. 
 
 K.^^ltSOOX or KAI!SU.\,kaR-.soon', a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 65 miles W.S.W. of Simbeersk (Simbirsk.) 
 Pop. 4403. It was formerly fortified, and has a cathedral, 
 and leather factories. 
 
 K.\RTAL, kaR-til', a maritime village of .\siatic Turkey, 
 in Anatolia, ou the Gulf of Xicomedia, 14 miles S.E. of Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 KAKTALINIA, kaR-tJ-lin^e^a, or KARTIILT, kaRt'lee. a 
 region comprising the N. part of Georgia, in Asiatic Rus- 
 sia, watered by the Koor and its affluents, contjilns the 
 towns of Gori, Ananoor. and Sooram. 
 
 K.\RTAS.iX.\, kaa-tdsJ'nd, a market-town of the island 
 of Java, province of Kediri, on the Kediri, 40 miles W.S.W. 
 of Soerabaya. Pop. 4000. 
 
 K.-VRTIIAUS. kaRfhdws, a town of Prussia, province of 
 East Prus.sia. government of Dantzic. Pop. 510. 
 
 K.\RT/II.VUS, a post-village and township of Clearfield 
 30.. Pininsvlvania. on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 
 20 miles lO.X.i:. of Clearfield. Pop. of the township. 440. 
 
 K.VRTIIM. a town of .Asiatic Russia. See Kartalima. 
 
 KAIITOOM orKARTUM,atownof Xubia. See Kh.artoom. 
 
 K.\^RUX. a river of Persia. See Karoon. 
 
 K.\RWICZG. a town of Bohemia. See Karbitz. 
 
 KAKYES or CIIARIES. ki're-^s' or kar'yfe\ a small town 
 of European Turkey, iu JIacfdonia, in the centre of the pe- 
 ninsula of .Mount Athos. Pop. 200. It is the residence of 
 a Turkish aga. 
 
 KARYSTO, kd-ris'to, or CASTEL ROSSO. kSs'tel ros'so. a 
 seaport town of Greece, near the S. extremity of the island 
 of Eubaea. Pop. 3000. * 
 
 K.4S.\AB. a bav of Arabia. See Khasad. 
 KASABAII or'KASSABA, kSs-sd'hi. a stone-built town 
 of Asia Minor, in Karauiania, 54 miles S.E. of Konieh. 
 KAS.iX. a citv and government of Russia. See Kazvn. 
 KASAXLIK. "kdz'dn-lik' or kdz-dn-leek', or KEZAXLIK. 
 kez'In-leek', a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee. 88 
 miles N.W. of .'Vdi-ianople. Pop. 10,000.(?) It has an exten- 
 sive manufacture of attar of roses. 
 
 KASAXSK. ki-zinsk'. a town of Russia, Don Cossack 
 country, on the left bank of the Don, 20 miles E.S.E. of Bo- 
 
 gutshar, in the government of Voronezh. Tt has an activ* 
 trade. 
 
 KASAWAT. kd-sd-wdf, a town of Asia, khanat, and 2'.i 
 miles N. of Khiv.*. 
 
 K.^SBEK, kds-bt'k', a village of Russia, in the Caucasus 
 Jlountains, on both sides of the Terek, in lat. 42° X., 
 Ion. 40° E. 
 
 KASBIX. or CASBIN, kdz'bin or kds-been'. written also 
 CASBEEN and KAZBIX, a large fortified town of Persia, 
 province of Irak-.\jemee, 90 miles X.W. of Teheran. It la 
 enclosed b^ brick walls. Principal edifices, a royal palace, 
 a fine mosque, schools, bazaars, and baths. It is a dep9t 
 for the silks of Ghilan and Shirvan. destined for Bagdad 
 and India, and rice from the (Caspian provinces. It pro- 
 duces fine melons and wnie. 
 
 KASCIIAU, kd'shiiw, or KOSITZE.ko-sit'si. rilun. AV/.wa, 
 kOsh'shfih^ ; L. Kns.vi'ida.) a royal free city of Hungary, ciipjtal 
 of the CO. of Aba-Ujvi»r. on the right bank of the Hernad, 
 finely situated in a valley, surrounded by vine-dad hills, 1.30 
 milesX.E. of Pesth. Pop i5,t500. Initsgreat square an affluent 
 of the river forms an island, which is decorated by a statue 
 of .John Xepomak. It has a Gothic cathedral of the four- 
 teenth century, numerous other churches and convents, a 
 fine episcopal palace, barrack.s, an arsenal, a theatre, a 
 royal academy, with a library of 10,000 volumes, and a fine 
 collection of natural history, a collegiate episcopal ?emi- 
 nai-y. school f)r nobles, and a military asylum. It forms a 
 kind of provincial capital, resorted to by the upper classes 
 in winter, when it is said to be as bustling as Pesth itself. 
 KA.SCHEMIR or KASCIIMIR. .^ee CAsriMKRE. 
 K.\'SEYS. a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 KASHAX. or CASIIAX. kd'shdn', a town of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Irak-.'Vjemee, capital of a district, 92 miles X. of Is- 
 pahan, on the route to Teheran. Lat. 34° X\, Ion. 51° 30' E. 
 I'op. 30.000. It is large, and said to be one of the most flour- 
 ishing towns in the kingdom. It has a roy.al palace, nnmer 
 ous mosques, colleges, bazaar.s, and baths, and manufactures 
 of shawls, brocade, silk stuffs, cottons, and gold and silvei 
 articles, with an active trade in agricultural produce. 
 KASHEliN. SeeK.ASHiy. 
 
 K.^SHIN, kii'shin, a town of Russia, government, and 
 73 miles N.E. of Tver, on an affluent of the Volga. Lat. 
 57° 25' N., Ion. 37° 25' E, Pop. 3400. 
 
 KASIIGAR, KACIKJAR or CASIIGAR. kdshVar', a con- 
 siderable city of Chinese Toorkistan, 140 miles X.'NV. of Y'ar- 
 kand. Lat. 39° 25' X., Ion. 73° 57' E. Pop. estimated at 
 Ki.OOO, exclusive of a large Chinese garrison, who. with the 
 governor, occupy the citadel. It is enclosed by an t»irthen 
 rampart, entered by four gates, and divided into Mohamme- 
 dan, or Turkish, and Chinese towns. It is the residence of 
 an Oozbek chief, and has manufactures of cotton g<x>ds. and 
 articles of gold and jasper. It exports brick, tea. Chinese 
 raw and manufactured silks, porcelain, and rhubarb to 
 liokhara. whence it receives Russian. Indian, and other 
 prcKluce. Its district comprises 8 other tnwns. and furniyhes 
 yearly tribute, which is .sent to the Chinese governor at 
 Eelee. Kashgar was a commercial city of importance before 
 the Christian era. It has belonged to the Chinese for nearly 
 a century; and was the capital of Toorki.stan, until a rebel- 
 lion there atiout 15 years ago. since which time that di.stino- 
 tion has been transferred to Y^arkand. 
 
 KASHIRA or KACIIIRA. kd-shee'rl. a town of Russia, 
 government, and 40 miles X.X.E.of Toola, on the Oka. P. 2500. 
 KASH.MIR, a country of Asia. S<>e Cashmere. 
 KASIIPOOR or KACIIPOUR. kdsh-poor', a town of Rus- 
 sia, government of Simbeersk, 6 miles S. of Syzran, ou the 
 right bank of the Volga. Pop. 1 200. 
 
 K.ISIMIERZ. kd-seem'e-ain«h\ a town of Poland, govern- 
 ment, and 2S miles W.X.W, of Lublin, on the Vistula. Pop. 
 2509. mostly .Tews. An action between the Poles and Rus- 
 sians took place here. April 10, 1831. 
 
 K.'VSIMOV, K.'V.SIMOW. kd-se mov'. or KASIXOV, kd-se- 
 nov'. a town of Russia, goverunieut, and 67 miles E.X.E. of 
 Riazan. at the junction oft^ie rivers Babinka and Oka. Pop. 
 7333. chiefly employed in the fur trade. It is mostly built 
 of wood; and has many Tartar antiquities. 
 
 KASKAS'Kl A. a river which rises in Champaign county, 
 in the E. central partof lllinoi.s, and flowing south-westerly, 
 passes Shelbyville, Vandalm, Carlyle. and the town of 
 Ka.skaskia, falling into the JIi.ssi.ssippi 7 or 8 miles below 
 the last-mentioned place. Length estimated at near 3t0 miles. 
 The Kaskaskia River is a fine navigable stream. 
 
 K.'S.SKASKIA, a handsome post-village of Randolph co., 
 Illinois, is finely situated oa the ri;;ht or W. bank of the 
 above river, about 2 miles E. of the Mississippi River, and 
 142 mile-s S. of Springfield. It has the distinction of being 
 the oldest town in Illinois, or perhaps in the whole Mestei n 
 States, having been settled by the French about the j-ear 
 1673. It was the first capital of the territory, and ri^tair.ed 
 that rank until 1818. The village contains a United States 
 land-office and a Catholic chapel. 
 
 K.\SM.\RK, a town of Hungary. See Kesmark. 
 K.\.S\iAG', a post-village of Oswego co.. Xew York, on the 
 Watertown and Rome Railroad, 31 miles from Rf.me. and 
 about 100 miles W.X.W. of Albany. 
 
 959 
 
KAS 
 
 KAU 
 
 KASO'TA, a post-office of Le Sueur co., Minnesota. 
 
 KASOWITZ, a town of Bohemia. See Kassegowitz. 
 
 KASPLIA. kJs'ple-d. a river of Russia, joins the Dwina 
 on the left, after a W.X.W. course of about SO miles, the greater 
 part of which is navigable. 
 
 KAS.SABA, a townof Asia Minor. See Kasvbah. 
 
 KASSAHA, kds-si'bd, a walled town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 pashalic of Karamania, 20 miles N. of Konieh. 
 
 KASSACA, kds-sd'ka, and KAXAYAWA. ka-ni-J/wa, two 
 Japanese cities, visited by the Rev. E. C. Bittens^er, chap- 
 Iain of one of Perry's ships, during the sojourn of the 
 Americans there. Kanayawa is said to contain 200,000 in- 
 habitants. Mr. Bittenger describes the hou.ses as primitive 
 In furniture and arrangements, but neat, clean, and com- 
 fortable, some containing Japanese clocks. Kach of these 
 cities is six miles long, with wide, well-formed streets. 
 
 KASSATOTCIIY, kds-sa-to. h'ee, one of the Aleutian Is- 
 lands, is a mountain ri.iinir at once out of the sea; on its 
 summit is a crater, said to be full of water. 
 
 KASSEGOWITZ. kas'sA-go'*its, or KASOWITZ, kl'so- 
 *its\ a market-town of Bohemia, 21 miles N.W. of Pisek. 
 Pop. 12.51. 
 
 KASSEL, kis'sel. a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, 
 distj-ict of Orb. l''op. 1036. 
 
 K ASSKL. a fortified town of Hesse-Darmstadt. See Cassel. 
 
 KASSIMOV. a town of Russia. See Kasimov. 
 
 KASSOX, kas-son/, a state of West Africa, N.E. of Sene- 
 gambi.a. spjjarated from Bambook on the S. and W. by the 
 Seneuial liiver. The French have a station here at Medira. 
 
 KASSOVO. a town of Turkey. See Kossovo. 
 
 KASSYE-GOPANG, kas'sigo-pSng',a town of Sinde, on 
 the right bank of the Indus. 28 miles N. of Hyderabad. 
 
 KASTAMOOXEE, KASTAMOUNI or KASTAMUNI, 
 kas'ta-moo'nee\ written also CASTAMBOOL, CASTAMBUL, 
 and COST .^M BONE, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 
 on the Kara-soo, 114 miles N.X.E. of Angora, at an eleva- 
 tion of 2350 feet. Pop. estimated by Ainswnrth at 48.000. 
 It has upwards of .30 mosques, 24 public baths, with some 
 copper-forges, cotton printing-works, and trade in wool. 
 
 KASTELL.\UX, k3s'teM0wn\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 21 mile? S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 1220. 
 
 KASTELORIZO, kas-td-lo-ree'zo, a large and lofty island 
 of Asiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, S. coast, pa.shalic 
 of Anatolia; lat. 36° 8' N., Ion. 29° 45' E. On the N.E side it 
 has a harbor and town of the same name, the former a 
 fevorite resort of trading vessels, both going to and return- 
 ing from Syria and Cyprus. 
 
 K.VSTELRUTT. a town of Tyrol. See Casteirotto. 
 
 KASTEIl, kSs'ter, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment, and N.W. of Cologne. Pop. 470. 
 
 KASTORIA, KASTOREA, kas-to-ree'a, or KESRIE, kSs'- 
 ree, (anc. Cddhrum or Cdetrum,) a town of European Tur- 
 key, in Macedonia, 2.5 miles S. of Monastir, on a peninsula 
 in the lake of Kastoria. Pop. 1800. 
 
 KASTORIA or KASTOREA. LAKE OF, a lake of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, Macedonia, about 6 miles in length and 
 breadth. Lat. 38° N., loni 21° 25' E. 
 
 KASTRI. a village of Greece. See Castri. 
 
 KASTRIKUM or CASTRICUM, kas'tre-kiim\ a village 
 of the Netherlands, province of North Holland, 16 miles 
 S.W. of Amsterdam. Near this village the British and 
 Russians were defeated by the Dutch and French troops, 
 October 6, 1799. 
 
 KATABA, kd-ta'ba, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen, 
 60 miles N,N.W. of Aden. 
 
 KATACOLO, ki-ta-kolo, a cape and bay of Greece, govern- 
 ment of Elis, on the W. coast of the Morea, 15 miles S. of 
 Gastouni. 
 
 KATAFAXGA, ka-ta-fang'gj, one of the smaller Feejee Is- 
 lands. Lat. 17° 30' S„ Ion. 179° 2' W. 
 
 KATAGOOM or KATAGUM, ka-td-goom', a town of Cen- 
 tral Africa, Soodan, in Houssa, on an affluent of the Yeoo, 
 135 miles E,N.E. of Kano. It is said to be strongly fortified. 
 Pop. SOOO. 
 
 KATAH/DIN, sometimes written KATAIIDEX and KA- 
 TADX, a mountain of Piscataquis co., Maine, about 130 miles 
 N.N.E. of Augusta. It is the most elevated land in the 
 Btate. being 5385 feet in heiiht. 
 
 KATAIIDIX (or K.A.TAHDEN) IRON-WORKS, a post- 
 township of Piscataquis co., Maine, about 135 miles N.X.E. 
 of Augusta. Pop. 168. 
 
 K.Vta, NAGY', nOdj kSh'tOh^, a market-town of Hungary, 
 CO.. and 31 miles E.S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2510. 
 
 KATANSKA, a river of Siberia. See Khatanga. 
 
 K.ATCH.\, ka/cha, a river of Russia, aftera N.X.W. course 
 of about 45 miles, falls into the Black Sea, 18 miles N. of 
 Sevastopol. 
 
 KATCH.\LL, katcVail', or KATSCHULL, katch'iill', one 
 of the Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal. Lat. (N. 
 point) 8° 1' N., Ion. 93° 26/ E. l! is about 12 miles long and 
 9 miles in the greatest breadth. 
 
 KATCHOOGA, KATCHOUGA, or KATSCHUGA, kd- 
 choo/gd, a thriving entrepQt of trade in Siberia, government 
 of Irkootsk, N.W. of Irkootsk. 
 
 KATERDORF, a town of Bohemia. See Kath.uiin.ibebg. 
 »S0 
 
 KATESVILLE. kAts/vill, a small post-village of Canada 
 West. eo. of Middlesex, 25 miles E.S.E. of London. 
 
 KATHARINARERG, ka-ta-ree'na-bSRff\ a village of Bo- 
 hemia, circle of Buntzlau, at the foot of the Drachenberg. 
 Pop. 620. 
 
 K.\THARTXABERG or KATERDORF. ka'ter-doBr. a mi- 
 ning town of Bohemia, 16 miles W. of Toplitz! Pop. 1250. 
 
 KATHEE. a country of Further India. See Cass.at. 
 
 KATHERIX, a lake of Scfitland. See Katrine Loch. 
 
 KATIILAMB.\. mountains nf Africa. SeeQuATHL.<.MBA. 
 
 K.4TIIU, kd't'hoo^ a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy 
 1.54 miles N. of Ava. 
 
 KATIF. KATYF. or KATIFF. EL. Jl ka-teef/, a fortified 
 maiitime town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf. Lat. 20° 25' 
 X., Ion. .50° E. It is stated to have an active trade, especially 
 in pearls from the adjacent fishery. 
 
 K.ATL.'VBUGA, kat-ia-IxMyga. a lake of Russia, province of 
 Bes.sarabi.a. 12 miles E.N. E. of Ismail; greate.st length, 18 
 miles: gieatest breadth. 6 miles. 
 
 KATMAXDOO or KATMAXDIITJ. See Khatmanboo. 
 
 KATtyXAH. a post-village of Westchester co.. New York, 
 on the Xew Y'ork and Harlem Railro.ad. 44 miles above Xew 
 York City. In 1S47 there was not a single building here. 
 The village now contaims 3 stores, an Episcopal ctnuch, and 
 several hundred inhabitants. Named from an Indian chief 
 \vho once owned the land in the vicinity. 
 
 K.\T0R. kd-tor'. a town of Sinde. on the Narra branch of 
 the Indus; 108 miles N.N.E. of Hyderabad. 
 
 KATI5AGAM, ka^tra-gam'. or KADDIRKA^MAM, kadMir- 
 ka-mani', a celebrated place of Hindoo pilgrimage in Ceylon, 
 lis miles E.S.E. of Colombo. 
 
 KATRINE, k.Vtrin or kafnn. written also CATERAN, 
 KATIIEKIX, or KETURIX. LOCH, a lake of Scotland, in 
 the S.W. part of the county of Perth, 9^ miles W. of Callander, 
 and 5 miles E. of Loch Lomond. Length, 10 miles; breadth, 
 2 miles. It is of a serpentine form, and very deep: sur- 
 rounded by lofty mountains, and rocky, wooded ravines. 
 Its waters, fed by nvimerous mountain torrents, are dis- 
 charged at its E. end (where is the celebrated pass of theTi-os- 
 sachs) by a stream which fioxrs into Loch Achray. The 
 glowing descriptions of Sir Walter Scott, in The Lady nf the 
 ImIc, first drew public attention to this romantic i-ecion. 
 
 KAT.SCHALINSK, kat-.sha-linsk/, a town of Ru.^sia, go- 
 vernment of Don Cossacks, on the left bank of the Don, 3fc 
 miles N.W. of Tsaritsin. Lat. 49° 5' X., Ion, 40° E. 
 
 KAT,SCnER, katch'er, or KETRZ, a frontier town of 
 Prussian Silesia, 42 miies S,S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 2640. 
 
 KATSCHUGA. See Katchooga. 
 
 KATSCHULL, one of the Nicobar Islands. See Katchall. 
 
 K.\TT, k?tt, a town of Central Asia, 27 miles N, of Khiva, 
 on the canal of Jarmysch. 
 
 KATTEGAT, a strait of North Europe. See Catteoat. 
 
 K.\T'TELA'ILLE, a post-village of Broome co., New York, 
 135 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 KATTYMAR, kaf tee'maR/, a village of Hungary, co., and 
 45 miles N. of Bacs. Pop. .3440. 
 
 KATTYWAR, kat-te-wtlr/, a district of West Hindo.st.an, 
 comprising a portion of Guzerat. 
 
 K.iTUXGA. ka-tGng'ga, or EYEO. t'y5. a town of Centi-al 
 Africa, the capital of Yarriba, 81 miles S. of Boosa. Lat 
 8° 59' X., Ion. 4° 25' E, 
 
 KATUXGWA, ka-ttiug'wil, a town of Central Africa, in 
 Houssa. on the route between Kano and Katasroom. 
 
 KATWYK-AAX-DEX-RYN. katAvIk-in-dftn-rin, a village 
 of the Xetherlands, 4 miles X.W, of Levden. Pop, 1005. 
 
 KATWYK-AAN-ZEE, kat'wik-dn-zA. a village of the Neth- 
 erlands, 8 miles N.W. of Levden, on the sea-coast at the 
 mouth of the Rhine. Pop. 3254. 
 
 KATYF. a town of Arabia. SeeKATip. 
 
 K.\TZB.iCH, kats/baK, a river of Prussian Silesia, joins 
 the Oder on the left, 29 miles N.W. of Breslau. after a total 
 course oi 35 miles. On its hanks the Prussians gained a 
 victory over the French in ISlo. 
 
 KATZEXBUCKEL, kats^en-bMlOkel. in Baden, is the 
 hiirhest point of the Odenwald. Heiu'ht. 2300 feet. 
 
 KATZENELLENBOGEX, kafBeu-Jl'len-boVhen, ('' Cat's 
 elbow,") a village of West Germany. 9 miles E.S.K. of Na.ssau, 
 with a ruined castle, the .seat of its former counts. Pop. 902. 
 
 KATZHUTTE. (Katzhiitte.) kats'hiUHeh. a village of 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the Schwartz, S. of Kbnigsee. 
 Pop. 1188. 
 
 K.\UAT. one of the Sandwich Islands. See Atac.U. 
 
 KAUCHANY, a town of Rus.=ia. See K aoochani. 
 
 KAUEX, a town of Ru.ssia. See Kovxo. 
 
 K.\UFBEUREX, kawfljoiVen. a town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Swabia. on the Wertach, and on the railway from Augs- 
 burg to Lindau, 36 miles S. by W. of Augsburg. Pop. 4050. 
 
 K AUFIRISTAX, a cou7itry of Asi.a. .St« Kafiristax. 
 
 K.4UFMAX, kawf'm.an. a county of Texas, situ.ated in 
 the N.E. central part of the state, contains 1030 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Trinity River and its affluents, 
 and contains extensive prairies. The population is in- 
 crea.sing rapidly. Named in honor of David S. Kaufni.in, 
 former representative of Texas. Capital, Kaiifmarr. PopL 
 3936, of whom 3403 were free. 
 
KAU 
 
 KED 
 
 KAUFMAN, a post-village, capital of Kaufman co., Texas, 
 210 miles N.N.E. of Austin. 
 
 KAUI<'U.\GKX, Obkr, o'bgr kdw'fiMng'en, a town of Ilesse- 
 Cassel. in Meder Unssen •> miles E. of Cassel. Pop. 2300. 
 
 KAUKAUNA, kaw-kaw'na, a post-vilUiKe an<i township 
 of Outagamie Co.. AVisconsin, on the Neenah or Kox River, 
 and on the Chicago and North AVestern Kailroad, 21 miles 
 S.S.W. of Green Bay. The rapids in the river hero afford 
 abundant water-power, which is employed in sawing pine 
 lumber, &c. It contains 2 churches and several stores. 
 Population, 1001. 
 
 KAUNITZ, kOw'nits, or KONICZ, ko'nit.s\ a village of 
 Bohemia, S miles N.W. of Kaurzira. Pop. 1148. 
 
 KAUKZIM, kOwR'zim, a tovn of Bohemia, 25 miles E.S.E. 
 of Prague, fop. 2170. 
 
 KAUTII. kOwt, GAUTII, gowt, or KAUTY, k«w/tee, a vil- 
 lage of Bohemia, 20 miles W. of Klattau. Pop. 1083. 
 
 KAUTi >lvElNO, k6w'to-ki'uo, a village of Norway, in Fin- 
 mark, on the Alten, about 130 miles S.S.W. of llammerfest. 
 KAUTY, a village of Bohemia. See K.MTn. 
 KAVALA, kd-va/ll or CAVALLO, kd-vdno, a seaport 
 town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, on the .lEgean 
 Sea, opposite the island of Thasos. Pop. 4000. It is walled, 
 has a citadel, and an export trade in cotton and toljacco. It 
 was the birthplace of the late Mohammed Alee, (.Mehemet 
 Ali.) pasha of Kgypt. Nine miles S.W. is Eskee (or Old) 
 K.vVALA. (anc. NuapoUs,) where St. Paul landed from Troas. 
 KAVAYA, KAVA.JA, kd-vl'd. or KOVA.JA. ko-v.i'yd, a 
 town of European Turkey, in Albania, sanjak of El-Bassan, 
 on a river about 3 miles from its mouth in the -Adriatic, 
 where it has a port, S miles S.S.W. of Durazzo. Pop. 10,OOU,(?) 
 mostly Mohammedans. 
 KAVKX or KAWKN ISLANDS. See Caivert Islands. 
 K.\WAN, kd-wdn/, a rocky island of New Zealand, in the 
 Gulf of llouraki. about 30 miles from .Auckland, 25 miles iu 
 circumfi-rence. and yielding a rich copper ore. 
 
 K.\WSCU.\NI, a town of Kussia. See Kaoochani. 
 KAYADKItOS'SERAS MOUNTAINS, in the E. part of 
 New Yoik, are situated in Warren county, between Lake 
 George and Schroon River. 
 
 Iv.AYKS. kaiz. an island of the North Pacific Ocean, Rus- 
 sian America, in lat. 59° 48' N., Ion. 144° 28' W. 
 KAYIvSIKANG RIVER, Wisconsin. See Shell River. 
 KA YOU. a st;ite of Africa. See CaXOR. 
 K.\YSHi;SBEl!G, a town of France. See Kaiserbero. 
 K.AYSVILLE, a post-offlce of Davis co.. Utah Territory. 
 K.AYTS. kits, a village and seaport in the island of .Man- 
 detivoe or Leydt>u, off the N. coast of the island of Ceylon, 
 iu Palk's Strait. 
 
 IC.A.Y V.V. kl'vi, a market-town of Russia, near the S.W. 
 frontiers of the government of Orenboorg. Pop. 18C0. 
 
 KAZ.A, koh'/.Oh, or SA.JO, sOh'yo. a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Borsod. about 30 miles from Miskolcz, on the Sajo. 1'. 4652. 
 KAZAMIOKX or KAZAMIN, kd-zi-meon', a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 8 miles N.W. of Bagdad, on 
 the Tigris. Pop. mostly Persians, who have here a famous 
 mosque. 
 
 KAZAN. KASAN or CASAN, kd-zin', a government in 
 the E. part of European Russia, bounded E. by Orenboorg. S. 
 by Simbeersk, (.Simbirsk.) AV. by Novgorod, and N.by Vlatka. 
 Ar;a, 23,970 square miles. I'op. in 1S51 ,1,347,352, nearly 
 all of the Greek Church, or Mohammedans. The surface is 
 flat, traversed by the Volga and Kama, which here unite. 
 A great portion is covered with forests. The minerals com- 
 prise copper, gypsum, potters'-clay, and lime. The chief 
 crops are rye. wheat, lint, and hemp. 
 
 KAZ.A.N or IC.AS.AN, a fortified city of Russia, capital of the 
 above government, and formerly of the kingdom of Ka/.an, 
 near its centre, on the K,azauska, 4 miles from its mouth in 
 the Volga. 430 miles E. of Moscow. Pop. 58,129. It is com- 
 posed of three parts — the citadel, the town, and suburbs. It 
 Is the capital of a Greek eparchy, and see of a bishop, and 
 has a magnetic observatory, an arsenal, and an Imperial 
 powder magazine. Kazan has long been celebrated for its 
 educational establishments. Its university, founded in 1804, 
 had. in lSt6, 96 professors and 418 students, with a library 
 of 29.000 volumes, an observatory, botanic garden, and 
 several museums, 2 gymnasia, in one of which the Eastern 
 languages are taught, a primary normal school, a Greek 
 theological seminary, with a library of 4000 volumes, a mili- 
 tary school, and 14 public schools. It has extensive manu- 
 factures of cloths, cottons, cutlery, jewelry, with soap, and 
 morocco leather, tanneries, and distilleries. It is the entre- 
 p3t of the commerce between Siberia, Bokhara, and European 
 Russia! and has extensive trade on the Volga. Kazan was 
 three times nearly ruined by fire — 1st, in 1774; 2d. in 1815, 
 by the ex]ilosiou of its powder magazine; and, 3d, on the 
 5th of September. 1842, on which last occasion more than 
 half the city was destroyed. 
 
 The kingilom of Kazan or Casan comprehended the Rus- 
 sian governments of Kazan proper. Viatka, Perm, Simbeersk, 
 (Simbirsk.) and Penza. It was originally peopled by Finns, 
 who were vanquished and driven out by the Tartars. In 
 1552. Ivan Vassilievitch II., by the taking of Kazan, de- 
 Uroyed the Tartar power, and annexed the territory to 
 3L 
 
 Russia as a kingdom. Subsequently, Peter the Great divided 
 the kingdom into the five governments mentioned above. 
 
 K.AZANSK.AI.\. kd-zdn-sUi'd. a town of Kussia. govern 
 ment of the Don Cossacks, on the left bank of the Don, 15t 
 miles S.S.H. of Voronezh. 
 
 K.AZBEK, a mountain of Asia. See Caucasus. 
 
 K.AZBIN. a town of Persia. See KAsnix. 
 
 K.AZ-DAGII, a mountain of Asia Elinor. See Garo.aKu.S. 
 
 K.VZKMBB. a cnuntrv of .Africa. See Cazkmiie. 
 
 KAZEHOON, KAZEROUN or KAZEHUN, kd-z:\-roon', a 
 deca}'ed town of I'ersia. province of Fars. in a fine valley, 55 
 miles W. of Sheeraz. It is said to have several thousand 
 inhabitants, with cotton manufactures and some trade. 
 Near it are the ruins of Sbahpoor. 
 
 KAZIMIERZ or KAZIMIKZ. kJ-zhe-meeRzh', a town of 
 Russian Poland, province of Kalisz, 37 miles n! of Konin. 
 Pop. 1126. 
 
 KAZIMIERZ or KAZTMIRZ, a town of Russian Poland, 
 25 miles W.N.W. of Lublin, between rocky heights, near the 
 right bank of the Vistula. It was the scene of an action 
 between the Poles and Russians. -April 10, 1831. Pop. 2189. 
 
 K.AZVIN, a town of Per.sia. See Kasbi\. 
 
 KEADY, ka'dee a village and parish of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO., and 7 miles S.S.W. of Armagh. I'op. of the vilhage, 1120. 
 It has flourishing manufiictuns of linen. 
 
 KKALAKEiVKUA. kd-ld-kd-d-koo'd, or KARAKAKOOA, 
 kd-rdkd-koo'd. (" path of the gods.") a bay on the W. coast of 
 the island of Hawaii, in which the famous circumnavigator 
 Captain Cook was killed. It is about 2 miles broad, pene- 
 trates 1 mile inland, and the shore all round is covered with 
 black coral rock, rendering landing very dangerous in iiiugh 
 weather, except at the village of Kakooa, where there is a 
 fine sandy beach. 
 
 KE.AL, (keel,) EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KEAL, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KE-ANG-YIN, kd-dng-yeen', a con.siderable town of China, 
 province of Kiang-soo, near the mouth of the Yang-tse^ 
 kiang, 86 miles E. of Nanking, and with a remarkable 
 pagoda. 
 
 KEARNEYSVILLE, kar'nAz-vil, a post-village of West 
 Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Ru.hoad, 11 miles 
 W.N.W. of Harper's Ferry. 
 
 KEAKSARGE (keer'.«arj) MOUNTAIN, in Merrimack co., 
 New Hampshire, rises 2408 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Its summits consist of bare granite. 
 
 KI''.A1{S'LEY, a township of En^rland. co. of Lancaster. 
 
 KEAKS'LEY. a post-office of Genesee co.. Michigan. 
 
 KEARSLEY CREEK, of Michigan, fells into Flint River, 
 in Genesee county. 
 
 KEAS BRIDGE, a post-office of Chicka.saw co., Mississippi.. 
 
 KE.ASBUKG, kees^btirg, a village of Logan co., Kentucky, 
 196 miles S.W. of Frankfort, contains 1 or 2 churches and 4 
 stores. 
 
 KEATCniE, keech'ee, a post-office of De Soto parish, Ixjui- 
 siana. 
 
 KEATING, kee'ting, a township of McKean co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1374. 
 
 KEATING, a township of Clinton county, Pennsylvania. 
 Poimlution, 271. 
 
 K EATON'S LANDING, or VINrrON, a small village of 
 Lowndes co., Mississippi. 
 
 KEBAN-MADEN, kd-bdn'm.d'den. KEBBAN-MADEN, 
 kJb'bdn'-md'dfn, or KABAN-MA-ADEN, kd^han-ma'dgn. a 
 mining town of Turki.sh -Armenia, pashalic. and 88 miles 
 N.N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Moorad-Chai, (Upper Euphrates,) 
 with from 4o0 to500fauiilies. mostly Greeks and Armenijins. 
 
 K ECU AN, kjch'dn', a town of Turkey in Europe, in 
 Room-Elee, N. of Gallipoli. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KECHO, a city of Tonquin. See Ketcho. 
 
 KECK'S CHURCH, a post-office of Martin co., Indiana. 
 
 KECKS' VI LLE, a village of Martin co., Indiana, 9 miles 
 N.W. of Dover Hill. 
 
 KECSKEMET or KETSKEMF^T, k?ch'k5m'aif. written 
 also KECZKEMET, the' largest market-town of Hungary, be- 
 tween the Danute and Theiss. co., and 50 miles S.E. of 
 Pesth. Pop. 39,434, mostly employed in breeding live-stock, 
 tanning, goap-making, and growing wine. It has various 
 churches, a Piarist and 2 Reformed gymnasia, a normal 
 school, school of design, orphan asylum, and military hos- 
 pital. It has 5 yearly markets ; that for cattle is the largest 
 in Hungary. 
 
 KECZEL, kJts'jr, a village of Hungary, co., and 35 miles 
 W. of Pesth, with a church, and a trade in corn, wine, and 
 cattle. Pop. 3039. 
 
 KECZKE.MET. a town of Hungary. See Kecskemet. 
 KEDDA or KEDAH, Mal.iy PeuinsuKi. See Queda. 
 KED'DINGTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 KEDDINGTON, a parish of England, counties of Suffolk 
 and Essex. 
 
 KEDEL, kd'dM'. a village of West Africa, in Foota-Damga, 
 
 on the left bank of the Senegal. Lat.l5°46'N.,lon.l3°2'W. 
 
 K EDESH (kee'desh) OF N A PHT A LI, written also KEDES, 
 
 a village of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 9 miles S.W. 
 
 of Bauias. 
 
 KED'GEREE^ or KIJARI, kij'd-ree\ a village of British 
 
 961 
 
KED 
 
 KEI 
 
 India, presidency and province of Bencal, on the Hooprly 
 Kiver, near its mouth. It has » harljor adapted for large 
 ships, a li:iht-hnuse. and a pilot-station. 
 
 KEDIRI, lcA-dee'ree\ a province in the island of Java, on 
 its ?. coast. Pop. 460.000. 
 
 KEDIRI, a town in the island of Java, capital of the 
 above province, (iO miles S.W. of Soerabaya. on the Kediri, 
 heie crossed by one of the most beautiful bridges in Java. It 
 is t he residence of the governor, has a small bazaar, and a 
 mnsque built from the ruins of a temple. Pop. 6000. 
 
 KEDIRI, or RR.-VXTAS. bran'tas\ a river of Java, formed 
 of two streams about20 miles S. of Kediri, flows N.and N.K., 
 and falls into the Strait of Madura: one arm at Soerabaya, 
 the other 25 miles further S., at Banjil. Total course, about 
 100 miles. 
 
 KEDJE, k?d'jeh or kfj, (ane. Ohnhda or Chnclda f) a. town 
 of Beloochistan. capital of the province of Mekran. on the 
 Doostee River, in lat. 26° 30' N., Ion. 62° 30' E. It stands 
 at the foot of a rock, crowned by a strong fort, and had for- 
 merly 3000 houses, and extensive trade, but has fellen into 
 decay. 
 
 KEDLESTON, kM'gl-ston, a parish of England, co. Derby. 
 
 KKDOE. a province of Java. See Kaixie. 
 
 KEDRON. kee/drpn, or KIDRON, kid'ron, a brook of 
 Palestine, proceeds throucrh the Valley of Jehoshaphat, 
 N.W. of Jerusalem, pjist which city it continues on the E., 
 separating it from the Mount of Olives, and thence 20 miles 
 E.S.E. to the Dead Sea. It is a mere torrent, flowing only 
 during and after rains. 
 
 KEDYVVAREE, kM-e-w^/ree, an offset from the W. side 
 of the Sata. the great eastern mouth of the Indus, in lat. 
 24° 7' N., Ion. 67° 28' E. Excepting the Hujamree branch, 
 it is the only navi;rable channel by which access can be 
 gained to the main stream. 
 
 KEEA-IIING-FOO, kA'd-hing-foo.awalled and fortified city 
 of China, province of Chekiang, 50 miles N.W. of Xingpo, 
 on the Imperial Canal. Pop. about 270.0!X). Its walls and 
 ramparts are in a very dilapidated condition. 
 
 KEECIII. kee'chee, or UPPER KEECIII CREEK, of Texas, 
 rises in Freestone county, and flows south-eastward through 
 Leon county into Trinity River. Lower Keechi enters the 
 river in the S. part of the same county. 
 
 KEE'CUIL. a post-office of Freestone co.. Texas. 
 
 KEE'DYSVILljE. a post-office. AVashington co., Maryland. 
 
 KEE'FERS COIVNERS, a post-office of Albany co.. New 
 York. 
 
 KEEPER'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 KKELAXO. an island. Malay Archipelago. See Kehnq. 
 ■ KEEL'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincola. 
 
 KEELE, a parish of Kngland. co. of Stafford. 
 
 KEEL'ER. a tnwn.shipof Van Rurenco., Michigan. P. 485. 
 
 KEEl/ERSliUltG. postroflice. Wyoming co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 KEEI/ERSVILLR, a post-village of Van liuren co", Michi- 
 gan. 180 miles \V. of Detroit. 
 
 KEEL'ING (or CO'COS) ISLANDS, a group in the Indian 
 Ocean, in lat. 12° 6' S., Ion. 96° 53' E., consisting of llors- 
 burg and Keeling, with some smaller islands, on which a 
 few English inhabitants and Malays are settled. These is- 
 lands abound with cocoa-palms, and have good water. It 
 was discovered by Keeling in 1609. 
 
 KEELS, a seaport and tishing station of Newfoundland, 
 on Bonavista Bay. in the E. part of the island, in lat. 48° 
 as' N.. Ion. 58° 26' W. 
 
 KEELWA or KILWAII. in East Africa. See Quit.oa, 
 
 KEEXE, keen, a beautiful post-village, township, and 
 seat of justice of Cheshire co.. New Hampshire, is situated 
 on the left bank of the Ashuelot River, and at the junction 
 of the Ashuelot Railroad with the Cheshire Railroad, 92 
 miles N.W. of Boston. The village is remarkable for the 
 extent, widtli, and uniform level of its streets. .Main street, 
 extending a mile in a straight line, is almost a perfect level, 
 and handsomely ornamented with shade-trees. Besides the 
 county buildings the village contains 6 churches, 3 banks 
 of issue, several fine scliools, and a town-hall. Two news- 
 papers are i.ssued here. The inhabitants are noted for their en- 
 terprise, and are extensively engaged in the various branches 
 of trade and manufactures. I'op. of the township in 1840, 
 2610; in ISoO, 3392; in 1860, 4320. 
 
 KEENE, a post-township in the W. part of Dssex co., New 
 York. Population, 784. 
 
 KEENE, a flourishing post-village of Jessamine co., JCen- 
 tucky, 11 miles S.W. of Lexington. It is surrounded bv a 
 rich farming district, and has 5 or 6 drj--goods stores. Popu- 
 lation. 2.32. *^ 
 
 KEENE, a post-village and township of Coshocton co., 
 Ohio, R2 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 901. 
 
 KRENWVILLE, a postK)fflce of Wayne co., Illinois. 
 
 KEE'XEY'S SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Cortland CO., 
 New York. 
 
 KRENS'VILLE, a small post-village of Union co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 KEEP TRISTE. a post-office of Washington co.. Marvland. 
 
 KEEK, 0. o kaiu, or ALT-KEER, dlt-kaiR, a village of 
 llungarv. co. of Bacs. Pop. 3447 
 '962 
 
 KEERBERGEN, kaiR'bSR'ohen, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant, on the Dyle, 16 miles N.E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 2087. 
 
 KEER'NOOR', considerable village of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras. 18 miles E.S.E. of Triohinopnly. 
 
 KEEirPOY' or KUH'POY', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, 52 miles W. of Calcutta. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 KEESEVILLE. keez'vill, a post-Vill.age of New York, on 
 both sides of Au Sable Kiver, and on the line between Clin- 
 ton and Essex counties, 4 miles from Lake Champlain, and 
 150 miles N. of Albany It contiiiiis 6 churches, an acade- 
 my, 1 newspaper office, a bakery and a large manufactories 
 of iron and nails, in which water-power is employed. Pop. 
 in 1865, estimated at 2500. 
 
 KEETAII. a town of India. See K.uta. 
 
 KEE'VIL. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 KEEZLETOWN, kee'z.el-t8wn, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham CO., Virginia. 
 
 KEFFING. (kJPflng\) or KESSING, (k?s'sing\) GREAT 
 and LITTLE, two islands of the Malay Archipelago, in the 
 Moluccas. S.E. coast of the island of Ceram. Lat. (E. point 
 of Great Keffing) 3° 50' S., Ion. 130^^ 40' E. Great Keffing is 
 united to Ceram by a coral reef Both are well peojiled. 
 
 KEFIL, kA-feel', a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of 
 Bagdad, on a canal of the Euphrater, a little S. of the i-uins 
 of Babylon, with a tomb reputed to be that of Ezekiel, and 
 frequented by numerous pilgrims, 
 
 KEG CREEK, of Iowa, flows into Missouri River, in Fre- 
 mont county. 
 
 KEGIIAM-SEA, See Goktscue-Denohis, 
 
 KEG'WORTH, a parish and large village of England, co. 
 of Leicester, on the Soar, and with a station on the Midland 
 Railway, 5^ miles N.N.W. of Loughborough. Pop. in 1851, 
 1854. 
 
 KEIIL, kail, a town of Baden, circle of Sliddle Rhine, on 
 the Rhine, here crossed by a bridge of boats, near the moufh 
 of the Kinzig, and immediately opposite Strasbourg. Pop. 
 1304. It was fortified by Vanban, and was formerly a bul- 
 wark of Germany, on the side of France, but its fortifica- 
 tions are now dismantled. It communicates, by a short 
 branch railway, with the BSle (Basel) and Baden Railway. 
 
 KEIILEN, kA'lfn, a village of the Netherland.s, province, 
 and 6 miles N,W, of Luxemburg. Pop. 2400. 
 
 KEIDANI, kl-d^'nee, or KEID.\UX, kl-dCwn', a m.irket- 
 town of Russia, government, and 70 miles N.W. of Vilna. 
 It has a college of nobles. 
 
 KEIGII, keeth, a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 KEIGHLEY keeth'lee, or KEITIILEY, a market-town 
 and parish of England, co. of York. West Riding, on the 
 Aire, and on the Nortli Jlidland Railway, 9 miles N.W. of 
 Bradford. I'op. in 1851, 13,050. The town is situated in a val- 
 ley beside Blakstone Edge, is neat, and Imilt almost wholly 
 of stone, with its streets well paved, and lighted with gas. 
 In its church is a curious clock, and a monument Iwaring 
 the date of 1023. Keighley contains a grammar school, a 
 court-house, mechanics' institution, and thriving manufac- 
 tures of woollen and worsted good.s, with cotton.s. which are 
 mostly sold in the cloth-halls of Bradford and Halifax. A 
 few years since, 38 worsted, and 5 cotton mills, here em- 
 ployed upwards of 2300 hands; and there were estimated to 
 be in Keighley and Hainworth. 1800 hand-looms. Keighley 
 is head of a poor-law union, and polling-place for the West 
 Riding. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal conveys goods from 
 it to Hull and Liverpool. 
 
 KEIXTOX (keen'ton) MANSTIELD, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset. 
 
 KEIR. keer. a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 KEISH. an island of the Persian Gulf. See Kexs. . 
 
 KKISKAMMA, kis-kam'ml. a river of South Africa, in 
 Cape Colony, enters the ocean 30 miles E.N.E. of the Great 
 Fish River, after a S.E. course of 80 miles. 
 
 KEITH, keeth. a market-town and pari.sh of Scotland. 
 COS. of Banff and Elgin, on the Isla, 20 miles W.S.W, of 
 Banff. Pop. in 1851. 4986. It is surrounded by hills, and con- 
 tiiins a parish church, an Episcopal chapel, a Roman Catholic 
 chapel, a court-house, a subscription library, several schools. 
 3 branch banks, a tobacco and snufT mill, and coiisiderablo 
 linen manufactures. In this parish, the celebrated natural 
 philosopher. James Ferguson, was boru in 1710. 
 
 KEITH, FIFE, a handsomely built town of .Scotland; 
 cos. of B;»nff and Elgin, on the' Isla, opposite Kt-ith. The 
 '• Summer Eve Fair," held here in September, is the largest 
 in the N. of Scotland, for cattle aud horses. 
 
 KEITH HALL-AND-KINKELL, a parish of Scotland, ». 
 of Aberdeen. 
 
 KEITH'S, keeths, a district in Lumpkin co., Georgi*. Pop. 
 369. 
 
 KEITH'S, a post-office of Slorgan co.. Ohio. 
 
 KEITHS'BXJRG, a post-village, and former capit.il of Mer- 
 cer CO., Illinois, on tlie Missi8sii)pi, 150 miles N.W. of Sjmng- 
 field. A large quantity of produce is bought and shipped 
 at this village, which has a good landing. Pop. 1017. 
 
 KEITH'S FURN.\CE. a niilroad station in Bridgew.ater 
 township, Plymouth co., Mass».,'husetts, 4 miles N -if Bridge- 
 water, aud 24 miles S.S.E. ot'l>i/StoD. 
 
KEL 
 
 KEM 
 
 KETiANG or KEELANG, kA'Iaticr', an island of the Malay 
 Archipelajio, off the W. extremity of Cerain. Lat. (W. point) 
 i° 12' S . Ion. 127° 40' K. ; 20 miles in cirrumferenee. 
 
 KKLAT or KIIELAT, ke-IJit', KALAT/ a walled town, 
 capital of Beloochistan. province of Kelat. on a hill I'OOO feet 
 iilwve the sea, in lat. 28° 52' N., Ion. 66° 33' E. Pop. with 
 suburbs. 12.000. It is fortified, and commanded by a large 
 citadel. It is ill built, but is well supplied Avith provisions 
 and water, and has some ti-ansit trade, with a few manu- 
 factories of arms. In March. 1839, it wa.s stormed and 
 taken by the troops under Major-General Willshire. and re- 
 taken in 1840 by those of General Nott. The British linally 
 withdrew from its occupation in 1841. 
 
 KKLAT-I-GIIILZIK. kel-dt^-e-ghil'z e,(<'Fortof the Ghil- 
 jies,") a hill-fort of Affrhanistan, S4 miles N.W. of Candahar, 
 on the route to Ghuznee. 6773 feet in elevation, and suc- 
 cessfully retained by the British till their evacuation of the 
 country in 1842. 
 
 KKLAT-KADIKI. kel-it'-kd-dee'ree. a fortress of Persia. 
 In Khorassan, 58 miles N.E. of Jleshed, and the principal 
 strontrhold of Nadir Shah. 
 
 KKWUIA, kM'brd, a town of Pru.ssian Saxony, govern- 
 ment of Merseburg, 12 miles E.S.E. of Xordhausen. P. lOSU. 
 
 KELCZE, a town of Austri.a. See Keltsch. 
 
 KEL'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Notts, on the 
 Trent.' 2 miles N.W. of Newark. Kelham Ilall. the seat of 
 the Sutton family, was the first prison of Charles I. 
 
 KKLIIEIM. kjl'hime. (ane. Oleii)fumf) a fortified town 
 of Bavaria, circle of Upper Palatinate^ at the junction of 
 the Ludwig Canal with the Danube, 12 miles S.W. of Ka- 
 tisbon, having potiish factories. Pop. 2029. 
 
 KKLIOOB or KELIOUB, ki-le-oob/. a town of Lower 
 Egypt, capital of the province, in the Delta of the Nile, 9 
 miles N. of Cairo, with a large government cotton factory 
 and iron foundry. 
 
 KKLKOil, kjrkom', a village of \yest Africa, in Sene- 
 gauibia. 10 miles E. by S. of St. Louis. 
 
 KEL'[>.\N, a parish of South AVales. co. of Cardigan. 
 
 KEL'LAWAYS, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 KKLL'BACK. a post-office of Cattaraugus co.. New York. 
 
 KiOLiyKRSA'ILLE, a post-office, Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 KKLl/ERTOWN, a post-village of Wilkinson co., Missis- 
 Bippi. 110 miles S.S.W. of Jackson. 
 
 KKLiyi;T, Upper and Nethek, two adjoining townships 
 of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 KELL'EY'S MILLS, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio. 
 
 KELL'INO. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, '1\ miles 
 N.N.E. of Holt. The village is situated in a ravine about 2 
 miles from the sea. 
 
 KELLINGIIAUSEN, kMling-hCwVi. a village of Den- 
 mark, duchy of Ilolstein, 24 miles S. of Kendsburg. on the 
 Stor. Pop. 1500. 
 
 KIOLL'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Kiding. 
 
 KEL/LOE. a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 KELL'OGSVILLE. a post-village of Cayuga CO., New 
 York, about 16 miles S.E. of Auburn. It contains 2 
 churches. 2 stores, a tavern, and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 KELLOGSVILLE. a post-village of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 
 220 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 KELLS, kJlz, a municipal borough, m.irket-town, and 
 parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Meath. on the Black- 
 water, and on the projected Dublin and Enniskillen Hail- 
 way, 36 miles N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of town, in 1851, 
 89'.t7. It is pleasantly .situated, and has a substantial pa- 
 rish church, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, a session.s- 
 house, a district bridewell, a union work-house, a fever hos- 
 pital, an ancient round-tower, a richly carved ancient cross, 
 a small antique chapel, and some nniuufaotories of lace. 
 
 KELLS, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co.. and 8 miles 
 S. of Kilkenny. It contains the ruins of an abbey, founded 
 In 1193 by Fltz-Robert de Marisco. 
 
 K ELLS, a coast-guard and fishing station of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Kerry, on Dingle Bay. 
 
 KELLS, kjlz, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcud- 
 bright. 
 
 KEL'LY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KEL'LY, a village and township of Union co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Susquehanna River, immediately above 
 Lewishurg. 
 
 KELLY, a township of Ottawa CO.. Ohio. It comprises 
 Cunningham's or Kelly's Island, in Lake Erie, 12 miles N. 
 of Sandusky City. It contains quarries of fine limestone, 
 «nd has a good harbor, which is much resorted to by 
 steamers for wood and water. See CnNNi;NOHAM's Island. 
 
 KEL'LYSBURG, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, 
 54 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 KELLY'S CUEEK, a post-office of St. Clair co.. Alabama. 
 
 KELLY'S FERRY, a post-office of Meiirs co.. Tennessee. 
 
 KELLY'S LAND'ING, a post-office of Oldham co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 KELLY'S SPRING, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 KEL'LYSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Delaw.are co., 
 'ennsylvania. on Darby Creek and the West Chester Rail- 
 rcid, 6 or 7 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia. The inhabitants 
 
 are mostly employed in manufactures, for which the creob 
 furnishes motive-power. Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 KELLYSVTLLE, a post-office of Culpepper co , Yirtrinia. 
 
 KEL':\IA1!SII. a parish of Encland. co. of Northamnton. 
 
 K EiySALE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. • 
 
 KEL'SALL, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 KEI/SEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KELSEY, SOUTH, a parish of Eneland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KEl^SHALL. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 KEL'SO, a burgh of barony, market-town, and parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, on the Tweed, neir its confluence 
 with the Teviot. 23 miles S.W. of Berwick, with which it 
 communicates by railway, and i\ miles from the English 
 border. Pop. of town, in 1851, 4783. It is beautifully 
 situated, with a fine bridge of 5 arches across the Tweed, 
 a town-hall, several churches, chapels, schools, and libra- 
 ries, 2 newspapers. 4 branch banks, an antiquarian .society's 
 museum, and noble remains of one of the largest of the 
 Scottish abbeys, built in the early Norman style, by DaA id 
 I., about A. D. 1128, and reduced to its pre.sent ruinous state 
 by the English in 1545. The town carries on a brisk retail 
 trade, being the residence of many opulent families. Its 
 cattle market, on the 5th of August, is the largest in the S. 
 of Scotland. Kelso in ancient times suffered much in the 
 wars with England. In its vicinity are Fleurs Castle, the 
 ruins of Roxburgh and of Holme Castles, and the Eildou 
 Hills. 
 
 KELSO, a town of New South Wales, co. of Roxburgh, on 
 the river Macquarrie, near Bathurst. Pop. 464. 
 
 KEL'SO. Dearborn co . Indiana. See Appenwx. 
 
 KEI/SOES, a small village of Monroe co., Tennessee. 
 
 KEL.STERBACH, kiM'ster-bSK', a village of Germany, 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, on the left biink of the Main, 8 miles 
 W.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 962. 
 
 KEL'STERNE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KEiySTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KELTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 KELTON, a parish of Scotland. Kirkcudbrightshire. 
 
 KELT.SCII, kflch, or KELCZE, kJl'chA. a town of Jlora- 
 via, circle, and 18 miles E. of Prerau. with an old castle. 
 Pop. 2176. 
 
 KEL'A'EDON. a village and pari.sh of England, co. of Es- 
 sex, with a station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 12i 
 miles N.E. of Chelmsford. 
 
 KELVEDON HATCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 KEiyviN, a small river of Scotland, enters the Clyde 
 2 miles Iwlow Glasgow. 
 
 KELVIN GROVE, a post-village of Wake co., Xorth 
 Carolina. 
 
 KEM. kfm. or KEMI, kfm'ee, a river of Russia, formed by 
 the outlets of Lakes Kootno, (Kutno.) Niook, and others, in 
 the W. part of the government of Archangel. fl(jws E., and 
 falls into the White Sea, at the above town, after a course of 
 about 100 miles. Immediately opposite to its mouth is a 
 group of Islands, thechief of which is Kemskoe-Ostrov. 
 
 KEM or KKMI. a town of Ru.'jsia, government, and 180 
 miles W. by N. of Archangel, at the entrance of a river of its 
 own name into the White Sea. 
 
 KEMAKH. keh-mak'. or KAMAK. kJ-mJk'.a small town 
 of .\siatie Turkey, pashalic, and 86 miles S.W. of Erzroom, 
 on the Upper Euphrates, partly enclosed by a very ancient 
 wall, emlwsomed in gardens, and inhabited by about 400 
 Turks, and 30 Armenian familie.s. 
 
 KEM.\ON. a province of British India. See KuMAoy. 
 
 KEM BACH. kSm'bdK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 KEMBANGAN, k^m-bdn-gan', or NOESSA KAMBAN- 
 GAN, noos'sd kdm-bin-gSn', an island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, off the S. coast of Java, Ion. 109° E, about 15 milea 
 long, by 7 miles broad. 
 
 KEMBERG, kJm'b^KO, a town of Prussian Saxony, go- 
 vernment. 40 miles N.E. of Merseburg. Pop. 2940. 
 
 K EM'BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 KEM'BliE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 KE.M'BLESVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 KEM'ERTON. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 KEM'EYS COMilAN'DEK, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 K E:\1 EY'S INFfVRTOR, pari.«h of England, co. Monmouth. 
 
 KEMI, a river of Russia. See K em. 
 
 KEMIJOKI, k.Vme-yo'kee, KEMI.k.Vmee, or KIMI, kee*- 
 mee, a river of l?us.«ia. in Lapland, rises in lat. 68° N., flows 
 first S., forming several lakes, then N.N.W., afterwards S.W., 
 falling into the Gulf of Bothnia, about 11 miles E. of Tor- 
 neS, after a course of nearly 300 miles. 
 
 KEMMEL, kJm'mel, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 6 miles S.S.W. of Ypres, on the Kemmel- 
 beke. Pop. 1537. 
 
 KEMNATH, kfm'n|t, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 Franconia. 15 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1593. 
 
 KEM'NAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 KEMNITZ, kJm'nits, a village of Saxony, circle (f Baut- 
 zen, bailiwick of Labau. Pop. 1096. 
 
 KEMNITZ, ALT, &U kfm'nits, (•' Old Kemnitz,") a town of 
 Prussian Silesia, 33 miles S.W. of Licgnitz. Pop 1193. 
 
 9C3 
 
KEM 
 
 KEMOCLDJINA, a town of Turkey. See Gumookjeena. 
 
 KEMP, a post-oflice of Kaufman co.. Texas. 
 
 KEMPEN.or KEMPEX LAND, Netherlands. See Campi.ve. 
 
 If EMPEN, kJmp'en. a town of Pru.s.siau Poltind, 33 miles 
 S. oi' Kalisz. Pop. 6200, more than half Jews. 
 
 KEMPEX, a town of Kheui.sh Prussia, 20 miles N.W. of 
 Dusseldorf, with a citadel, and manufactures of woollens 
 and linens. Pop. 3970. Thomas-a-Kempis (Ilamraerken) 
 was born here in 1380. 
 
 KEMP'ER, a county in the E. part of Mi.ssissippi, border- 
 ing on Aliibama, has an area of about 800 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Tugaloo or Suckernochee Creek. The 
 soil is productive. The route of the Mobile and Ohio Kail- 
 road passes along or near the W. border of the county. Ca- 
 pital, De Kalb. Pop. 11,682, of whom 5941 were free, and 
 57-H slaves. 
 
 KEMPER, a post-office of Bladen co., North Carolina. 
 
 KEMPER SPRINGS, a post-oifice of Kemper co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 KEMP'LEY, a parish of England. CO., of Gloucester. 
 
 KEMP'S CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. 
 
 KE.XIP'SEY. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 KEMPS'FOKD, a jSirish of Ensjland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 K::MP'ST0N, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 KEMPSTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KEMPS/VILLE, a post-village of Princess Anne CO., Vir- 
 ginia, on the East Branch of Elizabeth River, at the head 
 of tide-water, 124 miles S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 KEMl'TEN, kfmp'ten. (anc. Camhodunum, t or Campodu- 
 num?) a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, on the Tiler, 
 where it becomes navigable, and on the railway from Augs- 
 burg to Linihui, 51 miles S.S.W. of Augsburg. Poj). 10,370. 
 It consists of an old town, walled, and nearly encircled by 
 the new town, and has a fine collegiate church, a public 
 library, a gymnasium, ii Latin school, and an ancient abbey, 
 where the independent abbot formerly held the court of 
 his territory. Mear it are the ruins of a fortress, supposed 
 to be Roman, and the Spa of Aich. 
 
 KEMPTEN. a village of Ilesse-Darmstadt, province of 
 Khein-llesscm, E. of Bingen. 
 
 KEMPTOWN, a post-office of Frederick co.. Maryland. 
 
 KE.MPTVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, oo. of 
 Greenville, on a branch of the Rideau Canal, about 72 
 miles N.E. of Kingston. It contains 5 churches, .-ilxjut 15 
 stores, 2 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 2 carding and fulling mills, 
 a third fulling mill, a foundry, tannery, pearl-iish liictory, 
 and 2 distilleries. Pop. about 121X1. 
 
 KEMPTVILLE, a village of Can.ada West, on the Bytown 
 and Prescott Railroad. 
 
 KEJISCKE, kSms'keh. a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, on the Canal of Stekene, 22 miles N.E. of 
 Ghent. Pop. 1552. 
 
 KKM'SING, a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Kent. 
 
 KEN, a river of Ilindo.stan. See Cane. 
 
 KEN, or KENT, a river of England, co. of Westmoreland, 
 rises in the mountains, near the Brow, and flows S. through 
 the small lake of Kentmere, and past Kendal into Jlore- 
 conibe Bay. 
 
 KEN, a river of Scotland, rises on the borders of the co. 
 of -Ayr, flows S., and joins the Dee, above its confluence with 
 which it expands into the beautiful Loch Ken, haviug at 
 its head Kenmore Castle. 
 
 KEN'ANSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Duplin co., 
 North Carolina, about 5 miles E. of the Wilmington and 
 Weldon Railroad, and 86 miles S.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 KEN'ARDINGTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 K EN AWIIA or K EN HAWA. See Kanawha. 
 
 KEN'CIIKSTER. a parish of Engl.and, Co.. and 5i miles 
 W.N.W. of Hereford. Here w.as the site of a Roman station, 
 supposed to be the Magna Cadra. The remains of a temple 
 and an aqueduct have been discovered. 
 
 KEN'CHURCH, or KENT-CHURCH, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Hereford. 
 
 KEN'COTT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 KEN'D.\L,(Kia'BT.) a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, market-town, and pari.*h of England, co. of West- 
 moreland, on n branch of the Preston and Carlisle Railway, 
 3S miles S.S.E. of Carlisle. Pop. of the town in 1851, 10.377. 
 It stands among lofty hills in the vale of the Ken ; the river 
 is here crossed by 3 bridges. The houses are built of whitened 
 stone, and intersper.sed with numerous poplai^trees. Chief 
 building.s. a large ancient and a handsome modern church, 
 a fine Roman Catholic chapel, a grammar school, with three 
 exhibitions .it Oxford, a blue-coat school, and several smaller 
 endowed schools, a town-hall, a court-house, a house of cor- 
 rection, a union work-house, a theatre, assembly and news- 
 rooms, libraries, a natural history society, and excellent mu- 
 seum, trades'-halls, and on the opposite side of the river 
 picturesque ruins of a Ciistle, in which Queen Catharine Parr 
 was liorn. Kendal is one of the oldest manufacturing towns 
 In the kingdom, some Flemish woollen weavers having set- 
 tled here in the reign of Edward III. A few years since, 12 
 mills employed aljout 3000 we.avers and other operatives. 
 The principal manufactures are fancy waistcoatings, coarse 
 kerseys, linens, baizes, serges, carpets, knit-worsted caps, 
 964 
 
 KEN 
 
 jackets, stockings, and leather, with dye, marble, and pa]X!r- 
 works.' A canal to Lancaster provides it with water convey- 
 ance to all parts of the kingdom. The borough sends 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. Jlore rain falls here than 
 perhaps in any other p.art of England, (mean annual fall, 01 
 inches.),)-et Kendal is reputed to be remarkably healthy. 
 
 KEN'DALL, a county in the N. E. part of Illinois, has a.n 
 area of 325 square miles. It is intersected by Fox Rivet, 
 and also drained by the sources of .Au Sable River. Tho 
 surface is undulating prairie, diversified with fine groves of 
 timber. The soil is highly productive. The county is ii>- 
 tersected by the Chicago Burlington and Qniucy Railroad. 
 Capital. Oswego or Vorkville. Pop. 13,074. 
 
 KEND.ALL, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Orleans co.. New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. in 1840 
 17«i); in 1800, 1920. 
 
 KENDALL, a small post-village of Beaver co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 KENDALL, a post- township of Kendall co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1435. 
 
 KENDALL, a vilbige of Clay co., Missouri, 25 miles N. by 
 E. of Independence. 
 
 KEND.ALL, a township of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 1131. 
 
 KEND.ALL CREEK, a post-office of McKean co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 KEND.ALL MILLS, a post-office of Orleans co., New York. 
 
 KENDALL'S MILLS, a flourishing post-village of Fair- 
 field township, Somerset CO., Maine, on the Kennebec River, 
 and on thePortlamland Kennebec Railroad, 21 miles N.N.K. 
 of An.'ustii. It has numerous Siiw-milfe. 
 
 KENDALL'S STORE, a postHjfflce of Stanley co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 KEN'DALVILLE or KENDALLSTILLE, a post-village 
 of Noble CO., Indiana, on the Elkhart River, and on the 
 railroad connecting Chicago with Toledo, 91 miles W.S.W. 
 of Toledo. It has a bank. 
 
 KEN'DERCHUKCH'. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 KENDERES, kftn'dA'rfsh', a village of Hungary, co. of, 
 and 10 miles from TSriik-S/.ent-iliklos. Pop. 4711. 
 
 KEN'DBICK'S SPUR, a post-office. Patrick co., Virginia. 
 
 KENDUSKEAO, kJnMQs-kig', a fine mill-stream of Pe- 
 nobscot CO., near the centre of JIaine, falls into the Penob- 
 scot River at Ban'gor. 
 
 KENDUSKE.AO, a flourishing post-village and town- 
 ship of Penobscot co.. Maine, on the KenduskeJig River, 10 
 or 12 miles above it.s junction with the Penobscot at Bangor. 
 The village contains 4 churches, about 20 stores, flouring 
 and saw mills, a carding machine, and mechanics' shops of 
 various kinds. The township was incorpor.ited from Levant 
 in 1851. Pop. 816. 
 
 KENEII or KENE.k?n'Jh\ written also QENE. GITENEII 
 or GHENNEII, (anc. Cirni-p'olis* or Xrap'olis.) a city of Upper 
 Egypt, capital of a province, on the right bank of the Nile, 
 34 miles N.N.E. of the ruins of Thebes. It is an important 
 m.art for agricultural produce, and for the trade with .\rabia 
 and Central Africa. It has extensive manufactures of 
 earthen-wai es, a government cotton factory, and a superior 
 government school. 
 
 KEN'ES.AW', a post-office of Cobb co., Gcorg'ia. 
 
 KEN'FIG. a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 KENIEB.A, kA-ne-.Vbd. a village of Bambook, in West 
 Africa, not far from the gold-mines of Dambagnagney. T>at. 
 13° 56' N., Ion. 1'2° 6' W. It is inhabited by Fo<ilahs, who 
 are miserably poor, and subject to a frightful leprosy. 
 
 KEX'ILWbRTH, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO., and 4J miles N. of Warwick. Pop. in 1851, 3532. part'y 
 engaged in manufactures of ribbons, gauzes, horn-coml'S. and 
 chemiral products. The town, beautifully situated, has 
 an ancient church, a grammar school, and some remains of 
 an abbey founded about 1122, and the massive keep and 
 some other portions of a castle, which has obtained Eui-o- 
 pean celebrity since Sir Walter Scott made it the scene of one 
 of his most striking fictions. The ca.stle remained entire 
 until sacked by the soldiers of Cromwell. Kenilworth Cas- 
 tle, now a magnificent ivy-covered ruin, was founded in the 
 reign of Henry I., and in 1286 was the scene of a grand chi- 
 vairic meeting, at which, it is alleged, silks were worn for 
 the first time in England. The gorgeous entertainment given 
 here, in 1575, to Queen Elizabeth, by the Earl of Leicester, 
 is familiar to all, from Scott's romance of Ki-nilwrnrth. Ken- 
 ilworth is said to have been named after the Mercian king 
 Kenulph. 
 
 KENMUA or KIN'ZUA, a township of Warren co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 391. 
 
 KENJUA or KINZU.A, a post-village of Warren co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Alleghany River, nefir the mouth of 
 kenjua Creek. ai)out 12 miles above Warren. 
 
 KENJUA CREEK, in the X.N.W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 rises in McKean county, flows N.W., and enters the Alle- 
 ghany River in Warreu county. 
 
 * Or. KaiyiyoXi; This, as well as NeapolU. signifies "new 
 city." Keneh appears to be ft -«r-aptloa of Kuivn. Kid*? 
 " new". 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 KEN^KA, a post-offlce of Steuben co., New York. 
 
 KENKRIS, KKXKKTES or KENKKES. k^n'kiees. (anc. 
 Ctnldire/e.) a village of Greece, government, and 7 miles 
 E.8.E. of Corinth, on the isthmus and shore of the Gulf of 
 ^jrina. 
 
 KEN'LEV, a parish of Enpjland. co. of Salop. 
 
 KENM.\KE, kM'mair', a market-town of Ireland, ini S[un- 
 gter, CO. of Kerry, on the road from Cork to Cahirciveen, 13 
 miles S.S.W. of Killarney. Pop. of town, 1300. It is sur- 
 rounded by picturesque mountain scenery, which attracts 
 many visitors. It has an ele;jcant suspension hridj;e across 
 the estuary of the Hou'rhty. and a convenient harbor pier, 
 approached by vessels of large burden. It gives the title 
 of earl to the lirowne family, but the Marquis of Lansdowne 
 is chief proprietor of the district. 
 
 KKNMAKK, KIVER or BAY is a deep inlet of the At- 
 lantic, between the counties of Cork and Kerry, N.W. of 
 Bantry Bay. Breadth of entrance, 5 miles. It is easily na- 
 vigated, and screened by lofty heights. On its N.W. side it 
 is studded with numerous islets. 
 
 KKNMORE. kJn-mor', a pai'ish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 at the head of Loch Tay. 6 uiiles W.S.W. of Aberfeldy. The 
 village, which has a bridge across the Tay. is one of the most 
 picturesque in Scotland, and in its vicinity is Taymouth Cas- 
 tle, the seat of the JIarquis of Breadalbane, who owns the 
 pari.sh. Here Queen Victoria was enlertained in great mag- 
 nificence in 18i'2. In the park, besides the nsu.al species of 
 deer, moose and liufTaloes are kept. In a large islet here 
 are the ruins of a priory, where Sibillii. daughter of Henry I., 
 and queen of Alexander T. of Scotland, is buried. The moun- 
 tain of Ben Lawers is also ill this parish. 
 
 KENN,kJnn or KElSll, kAsh, written GUASE. an island 
 of Persi.i, in the Persian Gulf province of Laristan, 85 miles 
 W. of Kishm. It is low, surrounded by coral reefs, and has 
 a village and harbor. 
 
 KENN, an Island of Persia, in the Persian Gulf, 70 miles 
 W. of Cape Kenn, province of Fars. 
 
 KENN, a reef in the Pacific, off North-east Australia. 
 
 KKN.V. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KENN, a priiish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KHN'N AltTII, a parish of .<outh Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 KKN'XEBKC or KEN'NEBKCK', an important river of 
 New England, has its principal source in Moos(*head Lake, So- 
 merset county, Maine, and flowing in a general southerly 
 course, unitoti its waters with the Atlantic in Sngadahoc co. 
 Its whole descent is more than 1000 feet m a length of about 
 150 miles, affording an immense and very valuable water- 
 power. It U navigable for large ships 12 miles, to Bath, and 
 for sloops of 150 tons to IIallowell,40 mile.s. The mean time 
 of the closing of the river by ice for 4ri successive years has 
 been December 12th. and of the opening, April 3d : and since 
 the ye.'ir 1786 the river has not been closed by ice later than 
 the 20th of April. The principal towns upon the banks of 
 this stream a^e Bath, Uallowell, Augusta, Waterville, and 
 Norrid'jfewock. 
 
 KENNEBEC or KENNEBECK, a county in the S.W. cen- 
 tral part of Maine; area estimated at 900 square miles. It 
 eontjiins numerous small lakes and ponds. The Kennebec 
 Kiver traverses the county from N. to S., dividing it into two 
 nearly equal portions. The Andiosco-gin ipmssps nenr the 
 W. l>oundary. The surface is undulating, and the soil very 
 fertile. In 1S50 this county yielded a greater quantity of 
 Indian corn, hay, and butter, and a greater value of oi chard 
 fruits, than any one county of the state: the products were 
 296.108 bushels of corn; 97,496 tons of hay: and 1.124.721 
 pounds of butter. This county is intersected by the Maine 
 Central Riiilroad, connecting Portland and iiangor. and by 
 the Portland and Kennebec Kailroad. Its area was con- 
 sidenibly reduced in 1854 by the organization of Andros- 
 coggin CO. Ca]>ital, Augusta. Pop. 5o,665. 
 
 KKNNEBilC, a mining settlement ot^ Yuba co., California, 
 is situated on the Yuba River. 15 miles from its junction 
 with Feather Kiver, and about 110 miles N.N.E. of Benicia. 
 Miners' wages. 5 dollars per day. 
 
 KENNEBEC, a township of Kennebec co.j Maine. In- 
 corporated August 12. 1850. 
 
 KKN^NEBUNK'. a small river of York co., Maine, flows 
 into the Atlantic at Kennebunk. 
 
 KENXEBUNK, a post-village and township, and port of 
 entry of York co., Maine. 25 miles S.W. of Portland. The 
 principal village is situated 3 miles from the ocean, on the 
 right liank of the Kennebunk, and on both sides of tlie Mon- 
 sam River, navigable for fishing-vessels. It contains 4 
 churclies, a bank, an iron-foundry, and a machine-shop; 
 there are several shii>yards on Kennebunk River. The ship- 
 ping of the district, December 30, 1864, amounted to an ag- 
 gregate of 8565 tons registered, and 4146 enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the latter, 1349 tons were employed in the cod 
 fisheries. During the year, 14 vessels, with an aggregate 
 burden of 5929 tons, were built in the district. Pop. of the 
 township. 2679. 
 
 KENNEBUNK DEPOT, a post-village of York co.. Maine, 
 on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of I'ortland. 
 
 KENNEBUNK PORT, a post-village, seaport, and town- 
 ship of York CO., Maine, at the mouth of Kennebunk River, 
 
 which here fornin a good harbor, about 75 miles S.S W ot 
 .\ugusta. The inh.ibitants are largely engaged in n-tviga 
 tion. and in ship building. Pop, of the township, 2r>(W. 
 
 KE.N'XEDY'S, a small village of Greenwich township 
 Warren co.. New Jersey. 
 
 KENNEDY'S, a post-offiee of Brilnswick CO., Virginia, 66 
 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 KEN'NEDYSVILLE. a post-village of Steuben co.. New 
 York, on the Buffalo and Corning Railroad, about 220 aWtv 
 W. by S. of Albany. It has 2 or 3 churches, and seveiiil 
 stores. 
 
 KEN'NEMER. a post-office of Marshall co.. Alabama. 
 
 KEN'XF;RLEY. a parish of Encland. co. of Devon. 
 
 KEX'NERY CAVK TKMPLES.British India, presidency 
 and a little N. of Bombay, on Sal.sette Island, are among 
 the remarkable Boodhic excavations of AVest India. They 
 are situated in the sides of a hill range, a id contain numer- 
 ous sculptured figures. 
 
 KEN'NET. a river of England, co of Berks, rises near 
 East Kennet, flows mostly E., and joins the Thames at 
 ReadiniT. It is navigatile from the Thames to Newbury, 
 from which town the Kennet and Avon Canal acconiiiauies 
 it upward to Ilungerford, thence crossing the county of 
 Wilts, and joining the Avon near Trowbridge. 
 
 KEN'NET, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 KENNET, a township of Chester CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1905. 
 
 KENNET, formerly BUTTjER, a small post-village, capital 
 of Dunklin co.. Missouri, .3:30 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 KENNET. EAST, a pari.sh of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 KENWETIIMONT'-AND-CIIRIST-KIKK, a parish of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Aberdeen. 
 
 KEN'NET SQUARE, a thriving post-village of Kennet 
 township, Chester co., Pennsvlvania, is pleasantly situated 
 about 35 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. The "village is 
 neatly built, and the greater part of the houses are of brick. 
 It has a large boarding-school. Pop. about 550. 
 
 KEN'NEY'S. a poHt-olIice of Shiawas.see co.. Michigan. 
 
 KEN'NINGIIALfy. a small market-town and parish of 
 Emrland, co. of Norfolk, 2j miles E.S.E. of Ilarling. Pop. 
 in 1851. 164S. 
 
 KEN'NIXGTON, an extensive southern suburb of London, 
 CO. of Surrey, parish of Lambeth, li miles S.S.W. of St. 
 Paul's. Pop. in 1851,4.'j,109. It is mostly laid out in street.^, 
 with the exception of an open common, on which public 
 meetings have lieen often held. 
 
 KENNINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 KEX'XON. a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 KEN'NONSBURG. a .small post-village of Noble co.. Ohio. 
 
 KEN'NONSVILLE, a village of Lewis co., Missouri, 110 
 miles N.N.E. of .Tefferson City. 
 
 KEN'NOWAY, a parish of .«cotland. co. of Fife. 
 
 KENO'SII.\, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Wis- 
 consin, bordering on Lake Michigan and Illinois, contains 
 276 .square miles. It i.« drained by the Pishtaka and Des 
 ♦I'laines Rivers. The soil is calcareous and fertile. The un- 
 derlying rock is limestone. A railroad extends through 
 the county from the lake to Pishtaka River. Formed in 
 1S50. from the S. part of Racine. Capital, Kenosha. Pep 
 13,900. 
 
 KENOSHA, formeriy SOUTHPORT, a flcrarisbing to-rni 
 and the capital of Kemslia county, AVisconsin. situated 
 on a bluff on the Western shore of Lake Michigan, 55 
 miles N. of Chicago, and .35 miles S. of Milwaukee. It is the 
 most S. lake port in Wisconsin, and has a good har1)or, with 
 piers extending into Lake Michiiran. The town was com- 
 menced in 18.'?6; in 1840 it had 337 inhabitants; since which 
 date it has increased very rapidly. The adjacent counti-y 
 is a beautiful, fertile prairie, in which extensive improve- 
 ments have been made. The Chicago and Mihvankie Rail- 
 road passes through Kenosha, which is also the terminus 
 of the Kenosha, Rbckford and Rock Island Railroad. The 
 chief articles of export are wheat, flour, oats, pork, and 
 wool. Among the exports of lSiJ3 were 122,470 bushels of 
 wheat, and 13,790 of barley. The town contains 1 bink, 
 several churches and newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 3455; 
 in 1860, .3990. 
 
 KEN'SICO. a post-village of Westchester co., New York, 
 on the New York and Harlem Railroad, 29 miles N. of New 
 York City. 
 
 KEN'SINGTON, a town and parish of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, forming a western suburb of the metropolis. 4 
 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's. Pop. in 1851. 44.053. I' has 
 numerous places of worship and schools, including 2 pro- 
 prietary schools, (one of which is in connection with King's 
 College, London.) and a nation.al endowed school, an obsi-r- 
 vatoiy, established by Sir J. South, and containing a tele- 
 scope of extraordinary power, a cemetery, occupying nearly 
 50 acres, at Kensal Green, and many elegant detached man- 
 sions of the nobility and gentry, including Holland House. 
 The parish comprises Netting Hill, and mo.st part of Bronip- 
 ton. The Royal Palace of Kensington adjoins the town, but 
 is in the parish of St. Slargaret's. Westminster. 
 
 KEN'SINGTON, a post-township of Rockingh'im co.. New 
 Hampshire, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Concor-J. Pop, 6V2. 
 
 906 
 
KEN 
 
 K KXSIN'GTON, a post-villnse of Hartford co., Connecticut, 
 about 15 miles S.W. of Hartford. 
 
 KKNSINGTON, formerly a district of Philadelphia co., 
 renu.>i.vlvania, bordering on the Delaware Kiver, but now in- 
 clud'sii within the chartered limits of the consolidated city 
 of Philadelphia. It contains a widow's asylum, water- 
 works, numerous ship-yards, and manufactories of glass, 
 iron, cotton, wool, and other materials. Population in 1850, 
 40,77^:. See Philadelphia. 
 
 KKNSIXGTON. a post-villasie of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 on Woodruff Creek, and on the Detroit and Lansing Plank- 
 road, 36 miles N.W. of Detroit. It has several mills. 
 
 KEX'SIXGTON FUKN ACE, a small village of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 KKNS'WOKTH, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 KENT, kJnt. a maritime county of England, forming the 
 S.E. extremity of Great Britain, nearer to the Continent 
 than any other part of the island, and having N. the Thames 
 and North Sea, S.E. the Straits of Dover, S. Sussex and the 
 English Channel. Area, 1627 square miles, or 1,041,200 acres, 
 of which above 900,000 are said to be meadow and arable 
 )and. Pop. in ISol, 615,766. Two principal ranges of hills, 
 contiguous with the North Downs of Surrey and Hants, ex- 
 tend through the county from W. to E., which is elsewhere 
 diver.iitied with many minor ranges. In the S. are Romney 
 Marshes, and the tract termed the "AVeald," formerly a 
 part of extensive forest, and still interspersed with nume- 
 rous oak woods. In the N. are the islands of Sheppey and 
 Thanet, and the mouths of the Medway, Stour, and Darent 
 Kivers. The products are more varied than in any other 
 "ounty, and, owing to the dryer climate, generally superior 
 In quality. 'Wheat, barley, and other grains, turnips, clo- 
 ver, &c., are of the finest growth. Upwards of 20,000 acres 
 are appropriated to hops, supplying about one-fourth of the 
 whole crop of England, Cherrj', plum, and filbert orchards 
 are extensive, and much cider is made. Garden-seeds are 
 important products. Stock of sheep large; and the Romney 
 breed is noted for its long wool. Agriculture is in an ad- 
 vanced state. Estates small, owing to the Saxon custom 
 of gavel-kind, here still maintained, by which the lands of a 
 fether, dying intestate, are divided among all the sons 
 alike. Paper-making and ship-building are important. The 
 South-east Railway and its branches traverse the county. 
 Kent is divided into 5 lathes and 63 hundreds ; besides 
 which it contains Maidstone, (the county town,) Dover, Deal, 
 Greenwich, Chatham, Woolwich, Sandwich, Ramsgate, Mar- 
 g."ite, and Graveseud. It sends 18 members to the House of 
 Commons, 2 of whom ane for the E., and 2 for the W. divi- 
 sions of the county. Kent was the country of the Cantii, and 
 was the first established kingdom of the Saxon Heptarchy. 
 Julius Cresar first landed here to commence the subjugation 
 of the i.sland, as did also St. Augustine to introduce Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 KENT, kjnt. a county in the W. central part of Rhode 
 Island, has an areaof about ISO square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by Narraganset Bay, and partly by the Pawtuxet' 
 Kiver on the N. It is principally drained by Flat Kiver, and 
 by the head-waters of Moo.sup and Wood Rivers. The surface 
 is uneven, and in the W. part hilly; soil generally fertile. 
 The railroad connecting Providence and Stonington tra- 
 verses this county. Named from Kent, a county in Eng- 
 land. Capital, East Greenwich. Pop. 17,303. 
 
 KENT, tlie middle county of Delaware, extends from the 
 Delaware Bay on the E., to Maryland on the W., and con- 
 tains about 240 square miles. Duck Creek flows along its 
 N. border, .ind Mispillion Creek along its S.E. It is also 
 drained by the Boui-ces of Choptank and Marshy Hope 
 Kivers, and by Jones and Motherkill Creeks. Soil mode- 
 rately fertile. Dover is the county seat, and capital of 
 the state. Pop. 27,804, of whom 27,601 were free, and 203 
 slaves. 
 
 KENT, a county in the N.E. part of Maryland, bordering 
 on tlie State of Delaware, and Che.siipeake Bay, has an area of 
 about 240 square miles. The Sassafras River forms its 
 boundary on the N., and Chester Kiver on the S.E. The 
 surface is rolling ; the soil is of medium quality. Organized 
 in 1650. Capital, Chestertowii. Population 13,267, of whom 
 10,758 were free, and 2503 slaves. 
 
 KENT, a county in the W. central part of Michigan, con- 
 tains 760 square miles. It is intersected by the Grand 
 River, and also drained by Rouge and Thornapple Rivers. 
 The surface is rolling or hilly, and the soil is a rich vege- 
 table loam, with a substratum of clay. The county contains 
 eood limestone, gypsum, and salt. Capital, Grand Rapids. 
 Pop. 30.716. 
 
 KENT, a post-township in theW. part of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, intei-sected by the Housatonic River, and by 
 the II<jusatonic Railroad, about 45 miles W. of Hartford. 
 It contains 3 blast furnaces. Pop. 1853. 
 
 KENT, a post-township of Putnam co.. New York, 16 
 miles E. of Newlmrg. Pop. 1479. 
 
 K ENT, a post-ofRce of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KENT, \ township in the W. part of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 KENT. ^ post-village of Jefferson co., Indiana. 10 miles 
 vV'. of .Madison, has about 200 inh.ibitants. 
 
 KEN 
 
 KENT, a post-office of Stephenson co., TlUnols. 
 
 KENT, a post-office of Newton co., Jlissouri. 
 
 KENT, a county of Canada West, bordering upon Lakes 
 St. Clair and Erie, comprises an area of 870 .square miles 
 Capital, Chatham. Pop. 17.469. It is intersected by the 
 Thames Kiver and the Great Western Railway. 
 
 KENT, a maritime county of New Brunswick, bordering 
 on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strait. 
 It is drained by the Richibucto, Cocigne or Cocayne, and 
 other navigable streams. On its coasts are Coeagne, Buo- 
 touche. and Richibucto harbors, which afford excellent fa- 
 cilities for ship-building, and from which much timber and 
 deals are annually shipped to England. Capital, Liverpool. 
 Pop. in 1851, 11.410. 
 
 KENT, a maritime county of West Australia, mostly be- 
 tween lat. 34'^ and 35° S., and Ion. 118° and 119° W 
 
 KENT, a county of Van Diemen's Land. S.W. of the river 
 Huon, and having S.E. and S. D'Entrecasteaux Channel and 
 the ocean. County town, Ramsgate, on Recherche Bay. 
 
 KENT'EOKD, a pari,»h of Endand, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KENT'ISBERE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KENT'ISBURY. a parish of En-rland, co. of Devon. 
 
 KENT'ISH-TOWN. a chapelry of England, co. of Middle- 
 .sex, forming a X. suburb of the metropolis. 2 miles N.N.W. 
 of St. Paul's. It contains many well-built streets and 
 handsome villas, a college of civil engineers, and many 
 public schools. 
 
 KENT ISLANDS, a group at the E. end of Bass's Strait, 
 between Van Diemen's Land and the colony of Victoria. 
 
 KEN'TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KENTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KENTON, a township of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 KEN'TON. a county in the N. part of Keiitucky. border- 
 ing on the Ohio River, opposite Cincinnati, has an area esti- 
 mated at 1.50 square miles. Licking River forms its entire 
 E. boundary. The surface is undulating or hilly: the Soil 
 is very productive. The surface rock is the blue limestone. 
 The county is intersected by the Covington and Lexington 
 Railroad. Formed in 1840. and named in honor of General 
 Simon Kenton, a distinguished pioneer of Kentucky. Capi- 
 tal, Independence. Pop. 25,467, of whom 24,900 were free, 
 and 567 slaves. 
 
 KENTON, a post^village. capital of Hardin co., Ohio, on 
 the Scioto River, where it is crossed by the Mad River and 
 Lake Erie Railroad, 71 miles N.AV. of Columbus. The sur- 
 rounding country is level and productive. Since the com- 
 pletion of the railroad, Kenton has improved rapidly. It 
 has 7 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, a tine school- 
 house, 1 woollen-factory, 2 mills, and 1 foundry. Pnn. 1'i1.2. 
 
 KENTON, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 308. 
 
 KENTONTOWN, a post-village in Harrison co., Ken- 
 tucky. 50 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 KENT PL.\INS, a beautiful and growing po.st-village of 
 Litchfield co,, Connecticut, on the Housatonic Raili-oad, 
 about 50 miles N.N.W. of New Haven. It contains a blast- 
 furnace. 
 
 KENT'S HILL, a post-village in Readfield township, Ken- 
 nebec CO., Maine, about 14 miles N.W. of Augusta. It is 
 the seat of a flourishing academy, called the Maine 
 Wesleyan Seminary. It is proposed to change the name of 
 the institution to the Female Collegiate Institute. 
 
 KENT STATION, a post-village of Newton CO., Indiana, 
 on the Toledo and Peoria Railroad, 116 miles E. of Peoria. 
 
 KENTUCKY, kfn-tilk'ee, a beautiful river of Kentucky, 
 formed by the North. Middle, and South Forks, which unite 
 at Proctor, in Owsley county. It flows N.W., forming the 
 boundary between Fayette, .Tes.samine. and Woodlbrd coun- 
 ties, on the right, and Madison. Garrard. Mercer, and .An- 
 derson, on the left. Then passing through Franklin county 
 and Frankfort City, and separating Owen from Henry county, 
 it falls into the Ohio at Carrollton. The length of the main 
 stream is about 200 miles. By means of dams and locks, 
 steamboats ascend to Frankfort at all times: and flat-boats 
 ascend 90 or 100 miles farther. In many parts of its course 
 it flows through a deep channel formed by perpendii'ular 
 walls of limestone, and is remarkable for picture.sque 
 scenery. Branchfs. — The North Fork I'ises in Letcher 
 county, among the Cumberland Mountains, and flows N,W. 
 The Middle Fork rises in Perry county, and flows in a N.N.W. 
 direction. The South Fork rises in Clay county, and flows 
 nearly N. Large beds of stone coal and iron-ore are found 
 on these branches. 
 
 KENTUCKY, one of the Western States, and the second 
 admitted into the confederacy after the Revolution, is 
 bounded on the N.W and N. by Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, 
 (from which it is separated by the Ohio Kiver.) E. by th» 
 Big Sandy River and Cumberland Mountains, which dividn 
 it from Virginia; S. by Tennessee, and W. by the Missis- 
 sippi Hiver, which runs between it and Missouri. Kentucky 
 lies Iietween 36° 30' and 39° 10' N. lat.. and between 81° 50' 
 and 89° 26' W. Ion., being about .300 miles in length, from 
 E. to W., about ISO in its greatest, and 150 in average 
 width, and including an area of nearly 37.680 square miles, 
 or 24,115,200 acres, of which 7,644,20ij wre iiuprovud in 
 1860. 
 
 :=^=>* 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 Facf of tJic Cbuntr;/. — The Cumberland Mountains form 
 the S.E. boundary of the state, and several outlying ridg;e.s 
 traverse the S.E. counties, hut no-je of them are of great 
 elevation, being prohnbly under 2000 feet. I'assins ^y.. the 
 central and Is', counties .ire hilly, or undulating, but those 
 W. of the Cumberland River are mostly level. A range of 
 hills runs nearly parallel with the Ohio River, with ]nt«T- 
 vals of bottom-land between it and the river, sometimes 
 havin;; a lireadth of 10 or even 20 miles. 
 
 Gi'iilos)/. — This .otato partakes of the carboniferous rocks 
 characteristic of the Mississippi Valley. The strata, which 
 are composed of sedimentary rocks, lie all nearly horizontal, 
 or with very little dip, veraring from Cincinnati as a centre. 
 The blue limestone is the lowest rock in Kentucky exposed 
 to the surface, mostly mixed with clay and magnesia; the 
 latter is found sometimes in large quantities. It forms the 
 surface rock in a large part of Kentucky adjacent to the 
 state cf Ohio, extending S.P^ from Dayton to Danville, and 
 U. from Madison to 3iaysville. These strata extend to a 
 probable depth of 1000 feet, and, where the rivers have cut 
 down through them, present perpendicular clifTs, which, in 
 the Kentvicky River near Frankfort, are about .500 feet high. 
 These yield an inferior marlile. suitable for building; but, 
 thou'.'li capable of a hi'jfh polish, it is liable to fracture. The 
 clifT limi'Stone overlii>s the blue limestone in a belt of from 
 20 to ."0 miles in width, between Louisville (where it forms 
 the rapids in the Ohio) and Madison, extending N.E. by N. 
 to Niagara Falls, and N.W. into Illinois and Iowa. The 
 slate rests upon the cliff limestone, and passes in a semicir- 
 cular direction, (as a surface rock.) in a belt of only about 
 20 niilis in width, just outside the cliff limestone .above de- 
 scribed, forming part of a large curve extending from the 
 N.E. of Illinois to the centre of New York; and abounding 
 in pyrites, iron-ores, and mineral springs. Overlying the 
 elate, but outside of the lielt mentioned, is the sand or free- 
 stone, which forms a line of hills from Louisville round by 
 Danville, and back to the Ohio, near Portsmouth, where it is 
 about 3-50 feet thick. One striking feature of this state is 
 Its limestone caverns, of which the celebrated Mammoth 
 Cave is an example : but Ix^sides which there are numberless 
 smaller ones. This formation, occupying about a fourth 
 of the state, is located S.W. from the centre, and thence to 
 the S. lorder between Monroe county and Cumberland 
 River, and is bounded on the N.E. by the Rolling Fork of 
 Salt River. This limestone furni.shes a valuable building 
 materiiil. which is sent down the Mississippi in considersible 
 quantities. Throughout this region occur "sinks," where 
 the streams sink below the surface, and run. for great dis- 
 tances, in subterraneous channels. In parts of this lime- 
 stone region there is a scarcity of spring-water, resulting 
 from tile cavernous nature of the ground. Resting on the 
 cavernous limestone is the conglomerate, or pudding-stone, 
 which underlies the coal .series, and occupies two regions in 
 Kentucl<y. the one in the E. and S.E. of the stat<f, ,and the 
 other in the Green River counties, extending to the Ohio 
 and beyond the mouth of the Green River. Roth districts 
 may cover 10.000 or 12.000 square mile.s. Great quantities 
 of organic remains are found in all the strata of Kentucky. 
 
 MiniraU. — Kentucky abounds In bituminous co.al. which, 
 though not yet extensively mined, crops out of the river 
 banks and hill-sides, indicating its localities, when the 
 scarcity of wood or the increase of manufactures may call 
 for its use. The Breckenridge Cannel Coal Company has 
 about 7.300 acres of coal-lands on the Ohio, within 55 miles 
 of Louisville, by the Memphis Air-Line Railro.ad. or within 
 110 miles by the river. The amount of iron manufactured 
 in ISoO was about .3.J.001 tons, a small quantity, in propor- 
 tion to the abundiince of tVie raw material which exists in 
 the state. Lead, iron-pyrites, marble, (on the clifTs of the 
 Kentuiky River,) freestone, gypsum, conglomerate, and 
 clilT limestone are the other minerals. Salt and medicinal 
 springs are particularly numerous in this st.ate. The salt 
 licks, so famous in the hunter's vocabulary, are names 
 given to the vicinity of the s.-ilt springs, where the buffalo 
 and other wild animals have licked the ground, and almost 
 eaten it, so as to present a bare space for some distance 
 around. — See OJijects of Interest tn Touridf. Salt is extent- 
 sivoly manuf^ictured from these springs, and large quanti- 
 ties of saltpetre were procured from the Mammoth Cave 
 during the war of 1812. 
 
 liiivrs. — Kentucky is washed along the entire extent of 
 her N. boundary by the Ohio River, which gives her a 
 steamboat naviu'ation of more than 600 miles, and opens to 
 her the inland commerce of the Ohio Valley. The great 
 Mississippi in like manner coasts her AV. limits, and gives 
 Kentucky access to the trade of the immense valley which 
 bears its name. The Cumberland River rises in the S.E. 
 part of the .^tate, makes a bend into Tennessee, and. return- 
 ing, crosses the W. part of Kentucky, and Hows into the 
 Ohio. It is about 6O0 miles long, and is navigable for steam- 
 boats to Nashvillt, and sometimes to Carth.isie. while keel- 
 boi"*" ■^"""nii still hi'.:h?r. The Tennessee has its mouth 
 ana about 70 miles of its course in that part of the state W. 
 of the Cumberland Rivwr. It is navigable for steamboats 
 &t beyond the limitis of Kentucky. The other rivers, com- 
 
 mencing at the K., are the Licking, Kentucky. Salt, and 
 Green Rivers. These have N.W. courses, varying from 1(X) 
 to 350 miles, and in the order they are name<l, (except the 
 Licking.) are respectively navigable for steamboats 02, 35, 
 and 200 miles, wliile keel-boats may ascend them to a stiU 
 greater distance. The Big Sandy, a tributary of the Oliio, 
 (as are all the important stre.ams of Kentucky.) forms the 
 E. boundary for about 100 miles, of which .50 are riavigablo- 
 Ohjeds of Interest to Tourids. — No Western State probably 
 presents so great a variety of objects to interest the lover-of 
 nature, as Kentucky: whether we regard mere picturesque- 
 ness, or the wild and more striking deviiitions from the 
 ordinary course of creation. Prominent among the.ae, and 
 perhaps first among the subterranean carerns of the globe, 
 stands the JIammoth Cave, in Edmondsf n county, S. of the 
 midille of the state. In the extent and number of its 
 chambers, in the length of its gallerie.s. and its variety of 
 interesting objects, such as streams, mounds, stalactites, 
 stalagmites, Ac, it has no equal. It is said to have been 
 explored for te.n miles (part of that distance in a boat, on a 
 deep river, inhabited by white, eyeless fish) without giving 
 any indications of coming to a tot-mination. If its lateral 
 branches are included, you have an extent of probably 40 
 miles of cavernous windings. Stalactites of ponderous size 
 hang from the vaults, formed by the droppinss from the 
 limestone roofs, .and gigantic stalagmites bristle the floors 
 of these immense chamtiers; one of which, called the Tem- 
 ple, is statwl to occupy an area of 2 .icres. and to be covered 
 by a single dome of solid rock, 120 fiset high. There are a 
 number of other caves th.at would attract attention in any 
 other vicinity. These caves occur in the limestone forma- 
 tions, in a rough but not mountainous district. Goodrich 
 thus describes the sinks: — "In this state are also many 
 singular cavities or depressions in the surface of the ground, 
 called sink-holes. They are commonly in the shape of in- 
 verted cones. 60 or 70 feet in depth, and from 00 to 300 feet 
 in circuit at the top. The ear can often distinguish the 
 sound of waters flowing under them, and sometimes the 
 ground has been opened, and disclosed a subterraneous 
 stream of water. Considerable stre.inis di.sappe:ir in several 
 places, and afterwards rise again to the surface, at some 
 distance below." The most remarkiible cf these is Sinking 
 Creek, in Breckenridge county, where a stream, a few mih^s 
 from its .source, sinks beneath the earth, and doi's not reap- 
 pear for 5 or 6 miles. We condense from Collins" Kentucky, 
 the f!)llowing description : — N^ar Muntbrdsville, in Hart 
 county, is a remarkable spring, which is connected with a 
 mill-pond, the waters of which, at about 12 o'clock each day, 
 rise 12 or 15 inches, overflow the dam! and recede to their 
 ordinary level, with all the regularity of the (ides. Six 
 miles E.of the same village is a hole, shaped like an invert- 
 ed cone, 70 feet in diameter at the top. liut diminished to 
 10 or 12 at the depth of 25 or 30 fe(^t. A stone thrown into 
 this rumbles down the sides without returning any sound 
 indicating its having touched the bottom. In the same 
 vicinity, near the top of an elevation called Frenchman's 
 Knob, commences a hole or sink, which has been descended 
 275 feet by me.ans of a rope, without finding bottom. The 
 Devil's Pulpit, in Jessamine cnuntv. on the Kentucky 
 River, is a rocky eminence. 300 feet high. A natural bridge, 
 30 feet high, and 60 feet in span, in Christian county, is 
 located in the midst of romantic scenery. Dismal Rock, in 
 Edmon.son county, on Dismal Creek, has a perpendicular 
 elevation of lft3 feet. Cumberland Gap, in Knox county, 
 is the passage of the river of (hat name, between clifTs of 
 1300 feet elevation, through the Cumberland Mountains. 
 There are also in Kentucky a variety of mineral and medi- 
 cinal springs. Of the latter, Ilarrodsburg .'Springs, in Mer- 
 cer county. .35 miles S. of Frankfort, is the most fashionable 
 watering-place in the West. The Blue Lick Springs, scarcely 
 inferior to these in reput.'ition. are situated in Nicholas 
 county, 70 miles N.E. from the capital. There are other 
 sprinss in Floyd. Grayson, Hancock, and Union countie.s. 
 In Clinton county, on the top of Poplar Mountain, whose 
 elevation i.^ from 1000 to 1500 feet above the valleys, are 
 three chalylieate springs. A fine waterfall of 00 feet per 
 pendicular pitch, on Indian Creek, is in this neirhl)orliood. 
 Our limits will permit us merely to name the falls of Ken- 
 tick's Creek, and Rock House, in Cumberland county: Pilot 
 Rock, in Christi.^n county: Indian Rock, in Edmonson 
 county: Flat Itock and Anvil Rock, in Union county; an J 
 the cJifTs of the Kentucky and Dick Rivers, in Mercer 
 couniy. Both the antiquarian .and ceolosrist may gratify 
 their taste within the domains of Kentucky. For the 
 former are numerous mounds and fortifications, erected, it 
 is supposed, at a period an(<'cedent to the race who pos- 
 sessed the country before the Europeans arrived. The most 
 remarkalile of these is a fortification in Allen county, 17 
 miles from Bowling Green, where a w.tll of solid limestone, 
 200 yards in length. 40 feet high, 30 feet thick at the base, 
 and fi feet wide at the top. crosses a neck formed by a bend 
 in Drake's Creek, and encloses a peninsula of 200 acres, ele- 
 vated 100 feet above the river. On the top of this natural 
 mound is an area of 3 acres, enclosed by a wall and a ditch, 
 forming one of the strongest fortresses in the world. Similai 
 
 967 
 
 =Ji 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 works, vflfh mounds of different sizes within and around 
 Ibem, are found in Barren. Bourbon, La Hue. Montgomery, 
 Spencer, Boone, and Warren countie-s. For the geologist, 
 liesides the examinations of its different strata of roclcs, 
 there are at Bigbone Licl<s, in Boone county, deposits of im- 
 mense bones of extinct mastodons, some of which hare 
 found their way into tlie cabinets of the savans of this 
 country and Kurope. Other fossil remains are found in 
 Bourbon county ; and in Union county are impressions of 
 the feet of human beings and dogs, imbedded in a rock 
 near Morganfield. Human bones have been found in caves 
 in many parts of the state. 
 
 dimatc. — Kentucky enjoys in her climate a happy me- 
 dium between the severity of the Northern States and the 
 enervating heats of the South, having but two or three 
 months' winter, with mild springs and .autumns. It is 
 milder than the same latitude on the Atlantic side of the 
 AUeghanies. but subject to sudden changes. 
 
 Syil and Productions. — In the fertility of its soil. Ken- 
 tucky rivals the mo.st favored parts of the great Mississippi 
 Valley. Perhaps no district in the United States surpasses 
 that around Lexington, both for the richness of the soil and 
 the pietui-esqueness of " its la3'," if we may be allowed the 
 use of the term. " View the country," says Tilson, " round 
 from the heads of the Licking, the Ohio, the Kentucky, 
 Dicks, and down the Green River, and you have 100 miles 
 Rc^uare of the most extraordinary country on which the sun 
 has ever shone." The soil is mostly a black mould, without 
 sand, and often two or three feet deep. Kentucky is gen- 
 erally well timbered, and in parts the cane grows to a height 
 of 12 feet, firming extensive canebrakes, so dense that it is 
 often difficult to pass through them. In short, there is but 
 little of this st.ate that is not capable of cultivation. The 
 Barrens, .so called, in the S. part of the state, and .about the 
 head-waters of the Green Itivcr. are very unjustly named, 
 as, with the exception of a few sterile elevations, they are, 
 when in a state of nature, covered with pa.sture. But for 
 an injudicious system of culture, Kentucky must have 
 been, in proportion to its area, one of the leading agricul- 
 tural states of the Union, Its staple products are Indi.an 
 corn, tobacco, flax, and hemp, besides which large quanti- 
 ties of wheat, rj'e, oats, wool, pease, beans, Irish and sweet 
 potatoes, barley, fruits, market products, butter, cheese, hay, 
 grass-seeds, maple-sugar, beeswax, and honey, and some 
 buckwheat, rice, wine, hops, cotton, silk, and sugar-cane are 
 prodiiced. Of these articles, Kentucky raised in IStJO more 
 hemp than any other state; is second only to Virginia in 
 the amount of tobacco produced; and, if we legiud i)opii- 
 lation and area, relatively, greater even than that state. It 
 is the filth in the yield of Indian corn, Illinois being first. 
 
 According to the census of 1860, there were in Kentucky 
 7,644,208 acres of improved land (11,519,053 being unim- 
 proved). There were produced 7,394,809 bushels of wheat; 
 l,055,2t;0 of rye; 64,043,633 of Indian corn; 4,617,029 of 
 cats; 288 346 of peas and beans; 1,756,531 of Irish pota- 
 toes; 1,057.557 of sweet potatoes; 270,685 of barley; 18,928 
 of buckwheat; 64,K69 of grass seeds; 28.875 of flaxseed; 
 108,126,840 pounds of tobacco ; 2,329,105 of wool ; 11,716,609 
 of butter; 190,400 of cheese; 728,234 of flax; 68,339 of 
 beeswax; 1,768,692 of honey; 380,941 of maiile sugar; 
 158,476 tons of hay; 39,409 of hemp; 179,948 gallons of 
 ■wine ; 356,705 of sorghum molasses ; 140,076 of maple mo- 
 lasses; live stock valued at $el,S6'<,237 ; orchard products 
 at S004,849 : market products at $458,245 ; and slaughtered 
 animals at $11,640 738. 
 
 PDreat Trees. — Kentucky, at its first settlement, was one 
 of the best wooded of the Western States. The natural 
 growth of the state includes the black walnut, oak. chestnut, 
 buckeye, sugar-tree, elm. papaw, honey-locust, mullierry, 
 ash, yellow poplar. cofTe<!-tree, cottonwood. and whitethorn. 
 The fruit-trees are the apple, pear, plum, and peach. White 
 grapes are abundant. 
 
 Manufactures. — Kentucky is not yet largely engaged in 
 manufactures, though the amount of capital invested in this 
 branch of industry is considerable. In 18G0, there were in 
 this state 3450 manufacturing e.stablishment8, employing 
 21,258 persons, consuming raw material worth $22,295,759, 
 producing goods to the value of $37,931,240 annually; total 
 amount of capital invested, $20,256,579. Of these, 475 were 
 |a^-"»'lls, capital invested $1,.390,235, annual products, 
 $:.,463,0S5; 4;{o flour and meal establishments, capital in- 
 vested $1,984,150. annual products $6,791,164; 353 black.smith 
 shops, capital invested $228,055, annual products $515,326 ; 
 It 1 boot and shoe manufactories, capital invested $198,085. 
 annual products $6a3,657 ; 216 distilleries, (liquor,) capital 
 invested .$6Sv9,212, annual product8$l,583,-il9; 182 saddlery 
 and harness manufactories, capital invested .$264,9f:o, annual 
 products St., 03,1 01; 172 tanneries, capital invested $798,264, 
 annual products $1,175,491; 81 wool-carding establish- 
 menfa, capital myested $104,095, annual proauc-ts $319,535 ; 
 dnctr^!'^?>« ofl?"''"' invested .$408,500, annual pro- 
 ftiuv,!^- ' '^^ ^} ^"^T"'' '"'inufactories, capital invested 
 fl,9oi,46,, annual products $2,979,234; 80 tin, copper and 
 
 H^rtI''IiT«s-^''''-i'';'PA*:'' '"^''«*<"' $181,875, annual pro- 
 ducts $^lfi|o5 ; 1 9 clothing establishments, capital invested 
 
 $595,490, annual products $1,093,975; 78 furniture, cabinet, 
 &c.. manufactories, capital invested S20:!,itlo, annual pro- 
 ducts $431,086; value of home manufactures $2,095,578, 
 
 Internal Jmprwemertts. — .\lthough Kentucky has not kept 
 pace with her sister .states N. of the Ohio liiver in construct- 
 ing works of intercommunication, yet she has not been 
 inattentive to the imp<irtance of cheap and expeditious 
 means of transport for her valuable products Accuivling 
 to the census of 1860 there were in this state 570 miles of 
 railroad completed, the construction and equipment of which 
 cost $19,068,477. The most extensive lines are the Louis- 
 ville and Nashville, 253 miles long (including branches); 
 the Covington and Lexington, 80 miles long, and the Louis- 
 ville and Frankfort, 65 miles long. By the^-e and other 
 railroads Lexington is connected with Louisville, Cincinnati 
 and Frankfort, and Louisville with Nashville, Memphis, kc. 
 The western part of the state is traversed by the Mobile and 
 Ohio Railroad (Northern Division). A railroad is in progress 
 which, when finished, will connect Henderson on the Oliio 
 River with Nashville via Hopkinsville. A railroad is pro- 
 jected or in course of construction from Lexington to the 
 Ohio River at the mouth of the Big Sandy, and another 
 from Danville to Knoxville, Tennes.see. According to the 
 census of 1860, Kentucky had 7ti6 miles of slackwater n.avi- 
 gation, viz.: 260 on the Kentucky River, 231 on the Lick- 
 ing River, 175 on the Green River, and 100 on the Barren 
 River. The United States goverinnent has constiucted a 
 canal round the rapids of the Ohio at Louisville, through 
 which small boats pass at low water. Though only a 
 mile and a half long, its construction cost $750,000. It is 
 200 feet wide at the top, 50 at the bottom, and has 22 
 feet of lockage. This canal is now being enlarged so 
 as to admit the mammoth steamers that \Ay on the Mis- 
 si.ssippi River. 
 
 O/mmerce. — Kentucky carries on an active trade with New 
 Orleans and other towns on the Mississippi and Ohi,> Rivers. 
 Most of her rivers are navigable to a considerable distance 
 for steamboats, and still farther for flatboats. The exports 
 are hemp, s.alt beef. pork, bacon, butter, cheese, hogs, horses, 
 and mules. Large numbers of the last two are annually 
 driven E. to the Atlantic States for sale. Cotton bagging 
 and hemp cordage are also extensive articles of export. 
 Number of hogs packed in 1853-4, 595,225. The building 
 of steamboats. &c., appears to have been altogether suspend- 
 ed in this state during the civil war. The tonnage owned 
 in the state in 1853, w.as 12,166, and the foreign imports 
 amounted to $175,358. There were sold in the years 1852-3 
 and 4, respectively, 23,185, 16,543, and 10,200 hogsheads of 
 tob.acco, showing a great decline, but owing only to a failure 
 in the crop, 
 
 Education. — In December, 1854, the state school-fund 
 amounted to $1,400,270, yielding an annual income of about 
 $76,000. According to the census of 1860. there were in 
 Kentucky, 20 colleges, with 2486 students. $138,244 income, 
 of which $28,350 was endowments; 4507 public schools, 
 with 156,158 pupils. $499,644 income, of which $205,900 was 
 from public fiinds, $167,218 from taxes, and $3956 from en 
 dowments; 223 academies and other schools, with 17,597 
 pupils, $442,912 income, of which $34,265 was endowments, 
 $32,S54 from public funds, and $2172 from taxation ; there 
 are also 196 libraries, of which 95 are ]iublic, 4 school, 91 
 Sunday-school, 4 college, and 2 church libritries, with a total 
 of 148,012 volumes. The National Almanac for 1864 re- 
 ports 8 colleges, 1 of which wa.s closed on account of the 
 war, 3 theological seminaries with 70 students, and 2 med- 
 ical colleges. The following statistics relating to the state 
 of education some years previous to tlie war, may not be 
 without interest : The number of children rei)orted, in 1852, 
 was 194,963; but the average attendance at school is only 
 69,825. In 1853, the number of children in the state be- 
 tween 6 and 18 years, was 219.239 ; and the total amount 
 raised for schools by tax and state appropriations, was 
 $111,868. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 2179 churches in 
 Kentucky, in 1860, the Baptists owned 788 ; Christians, 
 304; Episcopalians, 25; Lutherans, 10; Methodists, 606; 
 I^resbyteiians, 164 ; Cumberland Presbyterians, 84 ; Roman 
 Catholics, 83 ; Unionists, 47 ; minor sects, 8; this will give 
 1 church to every 530 persons. Total value of church pro- 
 perty, $3,928,620. 
 
 Periodicals. — In 18f:0, there were published in Kentucky, 
 4 daily, 3 tri-weekly, 1 bi-weekly, 64 weekly, and 5 monthly 
 periodicals, of which 65 were political, 5 religious, and 4 
 literary. The number of copies issued annually was 
 13.504,044. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There are 2 lunatic asylums in the 
 state, the Eastern, at Lexington, and the Western, at Hop- 
 kinsville. The former had in October, 1862. 231 inmates. 
 I'he Western Asylum had 135 patients in 1863, and had 
 accommodations for 325. At Danville is an asylum for the 
 deaf and dumb, supported by the state. The State Peni- 
 tentiary at Frankford confined 166 prisoners in 1852. This 
 is conducted on a plan somewhat peculiar, being farmed 
 out to keepers, who pay to the state two-thinls of the 
 profits, guaranteeing that they shall not fall short of $6000 
 
KEN 
 
 annually. Each prisoner is fuv-nished with a suit of clothes 
 and $5 at his dismissal. There were in 1850, in the state, 
 47 put.lic lihraries with 40,424 volumes; 18 Sunday school, 
 with 4017 volumes : 11 cnllefre, with 33.225 volumes, and 4 
 church IiV)rarieSj,with 1200 volumes. 
 
 P-jpulidinn. — The population of Kentucky was originally 
 derived from A'ilKinia and North Carolina, and has always 
 heen noted .for its stalwart forms, frank and manly hearing, 
 for gallantry in the tield, and fondness for humor. The 
 number of inhabitants in 1790 was 73,077 ; 220,955 in 1800 ; 
 40fi.511 in 1810; 5(U,317 in 1820; 687,917 in 1830: 779,828 
 in 1840; in 1850, 982,405; and in 1860, l,l.'i5,684— of whom 
 919,484 were whites, 10,684 free colored, 225,483 slaves, and 
 33 Indians. Population to the square mile, 30; Representa- 
 tive population, 1,(I65,490. , Of the free population, 721,570 
 were bwn in the state, 148.832 in other states of the Union, 
 and 59,799 in foreign countries ; of whom 4503 were born in 
 England, 22,249 in Ireland, 1111 in Scotland, 420 in Wales, 
 61S in liritish America, 2T,227 in Germany, 2096 in France, 
 and 1;>75 in other foreign countries. Of the population in 
 the leading pursuits, 110,937 were farmers, 36,627 farm la- 
 borers, 26,770 laborei-s, 5858 carpenters, 4489 servants, 4234 
 clerks, 4095 seamstresses, 3758 merchants, 3369 blacksmiths, 
 2617 teachers, 2380 shoemakers, 2195 physicians, 1782 do- 
 mestics, 1615 housekeepers, 1557 tailors, 1411 students, 
 1327 grocers, 1190 lawj'ers, 1150 clergymen, 1148 coopers, 
 Ac. 
 
 In the year ending June 1st, 1860, there occurred 16,467 
 deaths, or 14-5 in every thousand. The number of deaf 
 and dumb for the same year was 652, of whom 75 were 
 slaves (see Introduction to the volume on Population of 
 theEiL'hth Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &c.); of 674 blind, 144 
 were slaves; of 625 insane, 33 were slaves; and of 1058 
 idiotic, 155 were slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Kentucky is divided into 109 counties, viz., 
 Adair. Allen, Anderson, Hallard, Barren, liath, lioone, Bour- 
 bon, Boyd, Boyle, Bracken, Breathitt. Breckenridge, Bullitt, 
 Butler, Caldwell, Calloway, Campbell, Carroll, Carter, 
 Casey. Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crittenden, Cumber- 
 land, Daviess, Edniontlson, Estill, Fayette, Fleming, Floyd, 
 Franklin, Fulton, Gallatin, (iarrard. Grant, Graves.Grayson, 
 Green, Greenup, Hancock, Hardin, Harlan, Harrison, Hart, 
 Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Hojikins, Jackson, Jefferson, 
 Jessamine. Johnson, Ken ton. Knox, La Rue,Laurel,Lawrcnce, 
 Letcher, Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston, Logan. Lyon, Madison, 
 Magoffin, Marion, Marshall, Mason. McCracken, .McLean. 
 Meade, Mercer, Metcalfe, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, 
 Muhlenbnrg. Nelson, Nicholas, Ohio, Oldliam, Owen, Owsley, 
 Pendleton, I'erry, Pike, Powell, Pulaski, Kock Castle,Rowuii, 
 Rus.'is.-ll, Scott, Shelby, Simpson, Spencer. Ta.ylor, Todd. 
 Trigg, Trimble, Union, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Web- 
 ster, Whitely, Woodford. Capital Frankfort. 
 
 Cities and jT'imdis.— Louisville is the largest and most 
 commercial town in Kentucky, population in 1860, 68,033, 
 (in 1850, 43,194.) The other most imjiortant towns are Cov- 
 ington, population 10,471, Newport 10,04H, Lexington 9521, 
 Danville 4962, Padncali 4590. Maysville 4106. Frankfort 3702 
 Owensboro" 230S, Hopkinsville 2289, Dalliisbuiv 2217. ' 
 
 Giivernment, FiiKinces, die. — The Governor of Kentucky is 
 elected by the people for four years, and receives ,'|2500 per 
 annum. The Senate consists of 38 members, elected for 4. 
 and the House of Representatives of 100 members, elected 
 for 2 years. The legislature meets on the fji-st Monday in 
 December. The juiiiciary consists — 1. Of a court of appeals, 
 composed of one chief and 3 associate judges. 2. Of a court 
 of chancery, presided over by a single chancellor; and, 3. 
 Of 12 circuit courts. Tlie judges of the court of appeals 
 and the chancellor each receive $1500 per annum, and the 
 circuit judges, $1400. All these ofticers are elected by the 
 people. The judges of appeals for 8 years, (one every second 
 year,) and .of the circuit courts, for 6 years. Kentucky is 
 entitled to 9 members in the National House of Representa- 
 tives, and to 11 eleor.a-al votes for Pn-.'^idcnt of the U?iited 
 States. The assessed value of real estate in 1860, was $277,- 
 925.054, and that of personal estate, $-50,2S7,KJ9. The pub- 
 lic debt in October, 1862, was $6,205,234. The state holds 
 stock in various road and navigation improvements, to the 
 amount of $t,>30,475. In 1862-3 the receipts Irom taxes 
 were $1,133,753, on account of school fund $J20,578. and on 
 account of sinking fund $806,433. Balance iu the tieasury, 
 October 10, 1863, |S08,3»7. There were in this state, in 1S60, 
 26 banks, with an aggregate capital of $7,536,927 ; a circu- 
 lation of 17,643,075, and $2,794,351 in specie. 
 
 Histnnj. — The name of Kentucky (" the dark and bloody 
 eround") is an epitome of her e.trly history, of her dark and 
 Woody conflicts with the wily and savage foe. This state 
 was formerly included in thi, territory of Virginia, to which 
 it belonged till 1792. It wai originally explored by the flir- 
 famed Daniel Boone (of many of who.se daring exploits it 
 was the scene) and his CJimpeers, about the year 1769, at or 
 near wliich date Boonsburough was settled. Ilarrodsburg 
 was fiunded in 1774. and Lexington a year or two after, 
 probably while the news of the battle of that name was 
 fresh in the minds and hearts of its founders. The first 
 court was held at Ilarrodsburg in 1777. The first settlers 
 
 KEO 
 
 were much annoyed by the incursions and attacks of the In 
 di.tns. The state owes its name not merely to the Indiar 
 forays upon the whites, but to its being the grand battle 
 ground between the northern and southern Indians. There 
 was a period of discontent subsequent to the Kevolution, 
 and previous to the admission of Kentvicky into the federal 
 union in 1792, caused partly by the inefficiency of the pro- 
 tection afforded by Virginia and the old fedeial Congress 
 against the inroads of the sa%'ages, and partly by a distru.sf; 
 lest the central government should surrender the right to 
 navigate the Mississippi to its mouth. The most important 
 battle ever fought on the soil of Kentucky since it has been 
 in the possession of the white race, was that fought between 
 the Indians and the Kentuckian.s, on the 19tli of August, 
 1782, near the Blue Lick Springs. The celebrated Colonel 
 Boone bore a prominent part in this eng.agement. in which 
 he lost a son. The whites numbered only 182, while the 
 savages were twice or thrice that number. The coml)at re- 
 sulted in the rout of the Kentuckians, and a loss of 60 killed 
 and wounded. Thus ended the most disastrous conflict in 
 which the whites had lieen engaged with the aboiigines 
 since the defeat of Braddock. Kentucky was the central 
 scene of the imputed intrigues of Aaron Burr and his 
 coadjutors to form a western republic. The Kentuckians, 
 however, frank and brave in character, were not the ma- 
 terial from which to manufacture rebels ; nor the state that 
 gave Henry Clay to the national councils. One to foster dis- 
 unionists. Kentucky was largely and effectively represented 
 in the war with Great Britain in 1812, and in the more recent 
 
 conflicts with Mexico In 1846 and 1847. Inhab. Ken- 
 
 TUCKi.\N, k(^n-ttik'e-an. 
 
 KENTUCK'YVILLE, a post-village of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania, 174 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 KENT'VJLLE, a town of Nova Scotia, capital of King's 
 coiinty. 
 
 KENTY, kJn'tee, a town of Austrian Poland, circle of 
 Wadowice, on the Sola. 35 miles W.S.W. of Cracow. P. 3621. 
 
 KEN'WOOU, a post-office of Albany co.. New York. 
 
 KEN'WYN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 KEN'YON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, with a 
 station on the Warrington and Manchester Railway, 2 
 miles E. of Newton-in-Makerfield. 
 
 KEN'YON, a small po.st-village of Jackson co., Arkansas, 
 
 KENYON COLLEGE, in Ohio. See G.\miiier. 
 
 KliNZINGEN. kJnt/siug-gn, a walled town of Baden, 
 circle of Upper Rhine, on the Eltz, and on the railway from 
 Mannheim to Freiburg, 15 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 
 2515. Near it are the baths of Kirnhalden. 
 
 KEOCLOCH, kee'o-kloK, a mountiiin on the W. coast of 
 Scotland, co. of Ross, between the inlets of Loch Gruinard 
 and Little Loch Broom. 
 
 KE'OKUK\ a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is traversed by Skunk River, 
 and its North and South Forks; the South Fork of Engli.sh 
 River also intersects the N. part. The county contains 
 numerous prairies, alternating with groves of hai-d timber. 
 The soil is productive. A railroad is nearly completed 
 through the county from Muscatine to Oskaloosa. Settled 
 about 1843. Named in memory of a noted Indian chief. 
 Capital. Sigoufney. Pop. 13,271. 
 
 KEOKUK, a flourishing town of Iowa, and semi-capital 
 of Leo county, is situated at the foot of the " Lowei' Rapids" 
 of the Mississippi River, 205 miles aliove St, Louis, and lo6 
 miles below Davenport. It is at tlie head of navigation for 
 the larger class of steamers, and the natural outlet of the 
 fertile valley of the Des Moines, which is the most populous 
 part of the state. Two lines of splendid steam-i)ackets com- 
 municate daily between Keokuk and St. Louis. Th« number 
 of steamboat arrivals in 1852 was stated to he 795. The 
 Lower Ra])ids are 11 miles in extent, in the course of which 
 tlie river lias a fall of 24 feet. The cargoes of vessels navi- 
 gating the river are transiiipped over the rapida by a rail- 
 way, and then reshipped on board of steamboats for their 
 destination. Keokuk stands on a basis of fine limestone, 
 affording an excellent material for building. It contains 
 the mecUcal department of the State University, 10 churches, 
 3 academies, a graded system of public schools, 4 banks, and 
 a hospital. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lislied here. The town contains also between 80 and 90 
 stores, 2 steam-flouring-mills, and 2 iron-foundries. The re- 
 ported number of hogs pticked here, in 1863, was 112,000. 
 Keokuk is tlie S E. terminus of the Des Moines Valley Rail- 
 road, which extends to Des Moines City. It is thought to be 
 one of the most eligible points for bridging the M issis.sippi, 
 which is here about 1 mile wide. The river flows over a 
 bed of limestone, and is bordered by bluffs which rise ab- 
 ruptly nearly 150 feet high. Between these bluffs is an is- 
 land 1700 feet wide. Population in 1845, 460; in 1852 it 
 amounted to 3963; in 1860, to 8130; iu Ls64, 10,735. 
 
 KEOSAUQUA. kee'o-saw^kwa, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Van Buren co , Iowa, on the loft bank of the Des 
 Moines River, 4 miles from the Des Moines Valley Railroad, 
 and 48 miles N.W. of Keokuk. It is surrounded by a rich 
 farming district, and has an active trade. A dam has been 
 built across the river, which is here about 800 feet wide. 
 
 969 
 
KEP 
 
 'Jeosawrjna has 3 churches, and mills of various kinds, 
 noved by water and by steam-power. Two newspapers are 
 mblished liere. Pop. about lUOO. 
 
 KEP'NKR'S, a postofflce of Schuylkill eo.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 KEPPRLX, k^p'peln, a villaffe of Khenish Prussia, go- 
 Ternment of Diisseldorf. circle of Cleves. Pon. 1459. 
 
 KKP'PEL'S ISLE, Australia, 6 miles off the N.E. coast, 
 at the entrance to Keppel Bay. Lat. 2VP 11' S., Ion. 151° 8' E. 
 
 KEKAII, kii'rd. KHKKKIIAII, kSrHid, KARA SOO, kS'rd 
 800 or HAWEE'ZA, (anc. C/ina.t'pes.) a river of Persia, rises 
 in hit. 35° 38' N., Ion. 46° 40' E.; 35 miles below Kerman- 
 «hah it is joined by two large branches — the Mori and 
 GomasSi, where it is known as the Kerah. It falls into the 
 Shat-el-Arab, at lat. 31° N.. after a course of about 350 miles. 
 
 KEKASUV. a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Keresoox. 
 
 KERASUNT, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Keresoon. 
 
 KERBELA, k4r-bii'll\ or JIESHED-IIOSSEIN, mesh'ed'- 
 hos'sin', a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, 28 
 miles N.W. of the ruins of Babylon, on an ancient canal 
 fi-om the Euphrates. It is large, and appears to be flourish- 
 ing; principal buildings, the mosque ami tomb of Hossein, 
 a son of Ali. which is much venerated by the Persians. 
 
 KERCKIIOVE, kSRk'ho-vfh. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, on the Scheldt, 28 miles S.S.E. of 
 Bruges. Pop. 1454. 
 
 KER'DISTOX. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KEREK.'kAVSk'. a town of Syria, pashalic of Damascus, 
 E. of the Dead Sea. and 50 miles S.E. of Jerusalem. 
 
 KERENSK. kA-r?nsk', a town of Russia, government, and 
 91 miles W.N.W. of Penza, on the Vad. Pop. 6fi84. 
 
 KEREXZEN, k.^Vlnt'sen. a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 6 miles N.N.E. of Glarus. Pop. 1535. 
 
 KERE'll.\, an island of the W. coast of Scotland, co. of 
 'Argyle. in the Sound of Mull, forming the W. screen of the 
 beautiful bay of Oban, about 7 miles E. of the island of 
 Mull, to which there is a ferry. Length, 5 miles; breadth, 
 2 miles. .Alexander II. died here in 1249, when on his ex- 
 pedition for the invasion of the Western Isles, then under 
 the dominion of Norway; and a few years later, Haco of 
 Norway was met here by the island chiefs, who crowded to 
 assist him in his descent on the coasts of Scotland. 
 
 KERESljEY, keerz'lee, a hamlet of England, co. of War- 
 wick, 2^ miles N.N.W. of Coventry. Pop. 450. 
 
 KERBS' WN.KERESOUX. KERASUN,KUER.ASOON,ki- 
 ra-sixin', or KERASUNT, ki-rd-soonf, (anc. Oirlasnis.) a sea- 
 port town of .\siatic Turkey, pashalic, and 70 miles W. of Tre- 
 bi/.ond. on the Black Sea. Lat. 40° 67' 10" N., Ion. 3S° 22' E. 
 Pop. 3000. (?) It stands on a rocky promontory, with a spa- 
 cious bay on its E. side. It h.as a little ship-building, and 
 some trade in corn. Near it are extensive mines of rock- 
 alum. 
 
 K ERESZTUR, a village of Hungary. See Bodrooh-Ke- 
 
 RES7.TUR. 
 
 KERESZTUT, kiVVJs'toot', a village of Hungary, co. of 
 SzabolcR. 46 miles N. of Debreczin. 
 
 KERET, k;i-r^t/. a lake of Russia, in the W. of the govern- 
 ment of Archangel, Lat. 66° N., Ion. 32° 30' E. It is about 
 20 miles long by about 9 miles broad, and contains a large 
 island. 
 
 KERGUELEN(kerg'e-len; Fr. pron. k^RVa-I^No',) LAND, 
 or ISLAND OP Dli.SOLATION, an island "of the Indi.in 
 Ocean, its S. point, Cape St. George, being in lat. 49° 54' S.. 
 Ion. 70° 10' K. Length, about 100 miles ; greatest breadth. 
 50 miles. It is of primary formation, sterile, or covered 
 with moss, and inhabited only by seals and numerous wild 
 fowl. Discovered by Kerguelen, a French navigator, about 
 the year 1772. 
 
 KEKIIONK'SON, a post-village of Ul.ster co.. New York. 
 
 KERlS'or KIRIS/,a village of Bulti, or Little Thibet, just 
 above the junction of the Shayook and Indus, 89 miles 
 N.N.W. of Serinau'ur. 
 
 KEKKA, kjR'ka, TIZIO, teed'ze-o, (anc, Titiw?) a river of 
 Dalmjitia, enters the Adriatic, a little below Sebenico, after 
 a S, course of 60 miles. Below its foils, it is navigable for 
 large coasting vessels. 
 
 KERKESIAII. kJr-ke-see'ah, or KALNEII, kSl'neh. an 
 ancient town of Mesopotamia, at the junction of the Kha- 
 boor with the Euphrates, lat, 35° 25' N, 
 
 KERKllAII, a river of i'ersia. See Kerah. 
 
 KEli'KINIirKAIl'KENAH.(anc.ttrCTna,) an island group 
 of the Mediterranean, belonging'to Tunis, in the Gulf of 
 Cabes, the principal island being 150 miles S S.E. of Tunis. 
 Though rocky and sterile, some are inhabited, and on the 
 largest are several villages, and a castle. 
 
 KERKIMT, ker-ke-nit/, or KEKKINET (kJr-ke-nJf,) 
 ■9ULF OF, (anc. Onrcinetis Sinusf) an inlet of the Black 
 Sea, on the N.W. side of the Crimea, 
 
 KI-MtKlT-Cnil-TLlK. ki^r^keef-chift'Ieek', a market-town 
 of Turkhh Armenia p-(sh,ili'-. and S6 miles W. of Erzroom, 
 
 KERKODK. KKKKUK kSr'kook',or KIR'KOOK', a town 
 of Turkish Koordistan. pashalic, and 155 miles N. of Bagdad. 
 
 KKKKRADE. ki^uk'rj-deh. a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of himburg. 16 miles E.of Mjvastricht. Pop. 560, 
 
 KEKK.XKEN. kjuks'kgn, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 16 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1327. 
 870 
 
 KER 
 
 KERLOTT.AN, kSR'loo-S.N"', a town of France, department 
 of Finistdre, 18 miles N.N.E. of Brest. Pop. 3362. 
 
 KEUMADLe'ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, consist of 
 Macaiilay Island, (lat, 36° 16' S., Ion. 178° 32' W.,) Curtis 
 Island, and some rocks. * 
 
 KERMAN or KIRM.^N, kir-min', (.inc. Otramahiia or 
 Karama'nia,) a province of Persi.^, mostly between lat. 26° 
 and 31° N., and Ion. 55° and m° E.. having S. the Persian 
 Gulf, and landward the provinces of Laristan, Ears, and Yezd, 
 with M'est Afghanistan and Beloochistan . Estimated area, 
 about 65,000 square miles. Pop. stated to lie under 600.000. 
 Surface mostly mountainous and barren, the irrigation beinz 
 almost wholly artificial; climate unhealthy. The E. coast 
 line, called Moghistan, or Maghistan, lielongs to the Muscat 
 dominion, and comprises the ttiwns Gombroon atvi Jask, 
 elsewhere the principal towns are Kerman, Krook, and 
 Nuheemabad, 
 
 KERMAN, GHIRD.TAN or SER.TAN, (anc, Cmnava.) a 
 fortified city, cipital of the province of Kerman, lat. 2i»° 48' N., 
 Ion, 56° 30' E, Pop. estimated at 30.000. It stands in a 
 plain, commanded by two hill-forts, and has a citadel, and 
 various fine buildings. It was formerly very flourishing, 
 and its inhabitants still manufacture a good many common 
 shawls, carpets, and matchlocks. 
 
 KERM.4NIA, a town of Asiatic Turkev. See Marash. 
 
 KERMANSHAH, KIRMANSIIAII ke"r'min'sha',orKER- 
 JIISIN, kSr'me^een', a town of Persia, province of Irak- 
 Ajemee, occupying two or three small hills at the W. ex- 
 tremity of a broad plain, near the right l)ank of the Kerah, 
 280 miles W.S.AV. of Teheran. Lat." 34° 30' N., Ion, 46° 37' 
 E, It is surrounded by an earthen wall nearly 3 miles in 
 circumference, and has five gates. The routes from Bag- 
 dad. Shooster in the de.sert, Ispahan, by w.ay of Ilamadan, 
 and Sulelmaneeyeh, all meeting here, make it the entrepot 
 of considerable traflRc. Numerous funerals, consisting of 
 the fiiends bearing the embalmed bodies of relatives to be 
 entombed In the sacred district of Kerbela, pass through the 
 town. Pop. In 1834, 35,000, 
 
 KER'NERSVILLE, a post-village of Forsyth co., North 
 Ctirolina, 110 miles W,N.W, of Raleigh. 
 
 KER'NEYSVILLE, a post-office of .Jefferson co. Virginia. 
 
 KERN LAKE, (sometimes called UPPER TULE LAKE,) 
 of Tvilare CO., California, is situated in about 35° 10' N, lat,, 
 and 119° 20' W. Ion, Its length is said to be about 15 miles, 
 by 8 miles wide. It receives the waters of Kern River, and 
 its outlet communicates with Tule Lake. 
 
 KERN RIVER, a small stream of Jt ula re co.. California, \,v\ 
 rises in the Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a S.W, course, 
 falls into Kern Lake. 
 
 KERNS, ktans, a village and parish of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Unterwalden, 1 mile N.E. of Sarnen. Pop. 2292. 
 
 KERNS'PORT, a post-village of Lehigh co„ Pennsylvania, 
 68 miles N.N,W. of Philadelphia. Slate-quarries have been 
 opened in this vicinity. Pop. about 200. 
 
 KERNS'VILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 105 miles E.N.E. of Ilarrislmrg. 
 
 KERNUK, kte''nook'(?) a town of Centr.al Africa, capital 
 of the territory of Loggun, on the S. side of Lake Tchad. 
 Pop., according to Clapperton, 15.000. 
 
 KEROON or KEROUN. See MffiRis. Lake, 
 
 KERPEN, k^R'pen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles 
 S.W. of Cologne. Pop. 2540. 
 
 KERR'S CREEK,a pos^office of Rockbridge co.. A'irginia. 
 
 KERR'S STORE, a post-otiice of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KER'RY, a maritime county in the S.W. part of Ireland, 
 in Munster, having N. the estuary of the Sh.annon, Area, 
 1,186.126 acres, of which upwards of 400,000 are arable, 
 13,000 wood, and 700.000 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851, 238,239, 
 a large proportion of whom speak only the Irish tongue. Sur- 
 face extremely wild, rugged, and mountainous. Macgilli- 
 cuddy Reeks, the loftiest mountains in Ireland, are in this 
 county. Co!v.«t line deeply indented with bays, of which Tra- 
 lee, Diniile. and Kenmare are the chief. Dunmore Head, be- 
 tween the two former, is the most westerly land in Ireland. 
 Principal rivers, the Feale, Maine, Laune or Lane, and 
 Roughty, Lakes comprise tho.se of Killarney. Carra. and 
 Currane. Soil mostly inferior, except in the central low- 
 lands, where it is a rich loam, resting on limestone. The 
 arbutus and other plants, commonly considered exotic, are 
 here indigenous, .\griculture is very backward. Chief 
 crops, potatoes, wheat, and barley, the former of which is 
 alone consumed by the producers, who are in general mise- 
 rably poor and wretchedly hou.-*ed. Numerous gosts and 
 small Irish cattle are pastured in the uiountaini, and a 
 larger English cross-breed in tlie v.ales. Kerry is divided 
 into 8 baronies, and 83 parishes, in the diocese of Ardfert. 
 Chief towns, Tralee, (the capital.) Killarney, Dingle, hnd 
 Kenmare. The county sends 2 memlnMS to the Iloust of 
 Commons, and the borough of Tralee. 1 member, it was 
 made a shire by King .John, in 1210, and gives the title of 
 earl to the Mai-quis of Lansdown, one of its principal 
 land-owners, 
 
 KER'UY or CERI, a parish of North Wales, co. of Sfont 
 gomery, 2i miles E.S.E. of Newton. Pop. 2104. The v> LljU 
 is situated in the beautiful Tale of Kerry. 
 
 ^ 
 
KER 
 
 KEY 
 
 KEIVRT-UEAD, a lofty promontory of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, "O. of Kerry, S. of the entrance to the Shannon. 
 
 KERS A II, a Tillage of Arabia. See Fartash. 
 
 KER/SEY, a p.-vrish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 KEK'SEY'S. a post-office of Elk co., I'ennsylTania, 165 
 miles X.VV. of llarrisburg. 
 
 KKU'SIIAW, a district in the N.E. central part of South 
 Carolina, has an area of 7oG square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Wateree River, bounded on the E. by Lynche's 
 Creek, and also drained by Little Lynche's, Rice, and Pine- 
 tree Creeks. The surface is moderately hilly: the soil in 
 some parts productive. A railmad has lately been opened 
 from Camden to the Columbia Hranch Railroiid. Named in 
 honor of Colonel Joseph Kershaw, of South Carolina. Capi- 
 tiil, Camden. Pop. l3,0Sb, of whom 524d were free, and 
 7841 slaves. 
 KERSKO, a town of Austria. See Gubkfeid. 
 
 KERS/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KKRTCII, k^Rch. (anc. Panticapm'um.) a town of Russia, 
 in the Crimea, on a tonsjUB of land forming a peninsula of 
 the same name, in the Strait of Yenikale, connecting the Sea 
 of .\znf with the lilack Sea, 130 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. 
 L:it. 45° 20' N., Ion. 30° 28' E. In 1827, it was declared a free 
 port, and an extensive lazaretto w.as built, at which all ves- 
 sels coming by the Rlack Sea, perform quarantine. The 
 number of vessels which touch at it in passing out of the 
 Sea of Azo£ averages 800 annually; and the number of 
 coasting vessels is from 500 to tiOO. Its site is that of the 
 ancient Panticapseum, the residence and burial-place of 
 Mithridates. The modern town is of very recent existence, 
 and has risen up as if by magic. I'op. in 1834, 3000 ; in 
 1853, about 10,000. 
 
 KERVEN. kSn/ven. a vill.age of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Cologne, circle of Bergheim. Pop. 1920. 
 
 KEKVENIIKIiM, k^i!/ven-hlme\ a town of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, on the Niers, about 13 miles S.S.E. of Cleves. Pop. (iOO. 
 
 KKKVKiXAC, kJR*veen*ySk', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of '\Iorbihan, IS miles E. of L'Orieut. Pop. 2564. 
 
 K K I! ZEII. See G iierzrh. 
 
 KKRZERS. kftRt/sers. (Fr. CliMren. shee-AtV.) a village of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 11 miles N. of Freyburg. It is a 
 very anciont place, and is supposed to have derived its 
 name from the Latin word Caroriis, (" pri-sons.") Pop. 1003. 
 
 KES.\KIAII. a city of AsiJi Minor. See Kaisareeteh. 
 
 KHS'GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KESHAN. k.Vshan'. KISIIAN. kish'^n'. or RUSKOI, rftsV 
 Koi'. a walled town of European Turkey, in Room-Eleo, 26 
 miles N. of Gallipoli, has about 000 houses, and a thriving 
 trade. 
 
 KESIIIN, kJsh'een', or KESIIEIN, keh'shin', a maritime 
 Tillage of Arabia, on its S.K. coast, 35 miles S.W.of Cape Far- 
 tak. Though the eipital of tho Mahrah chief, it is a mise- 
 rable place, with only a few stone houses. Pop. 400. 
 
 K-'-^SlIO. a city of Tonquin. See Ketcho. 
 
 KESJIARK or KASMARK, (KSsmark,) k^^maRk, (Ger. 
 Kaisersniarht, kI'zers-maBkt\) a free town of North Hungary, 
 circle of Zips, on the Poprad, 125 miles N.H of Pesth. Pop. 
 42oi>. of whom 2600 are Protestants. It is enclosed by old 
 walls, entered by three gates, and has a large tower, built by 
 the Emperor Sigismund in 14:J3; a town-hall, a Roman Ca- 
 tholic church, and high school, Protestant gymnasium, and 
 a ruined castle. 
 
 KKSSEL, kjs'sel, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Liniburg. 8 miles N.N.E. of Roermonde. Pop. 1091. 
 
 Ki:SSKL-BASlII-XOR, kfe'sel-bi(/shee-nor. a lake of Chi- 
 nese Toorkistan, near the sources of the Irtish Kiver, in lat. 
 40° 30' N., Ion. 87° E. Length, nearly 80 miles : greatest 
 breadth, 25 miles. It receives a considerable river, but 
 has no efflux for its watei-s. 
 
 KKSSKL-LOO, kJs'sel 16. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant,. on an affluent of the Dyle, 15 miles E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1801. 
 
 KESSELSDORF, kJs'sels-donr, (Oder, onser, and Nieder, 
 nee'der.) two nearly contiguous villages of Prussi.t, govern- 
 ment of Liegnitz. Here the Prussians conquered the Aus- 
 trians in 1745. Pop. 832. 
 
 KESSELSTADT. kfe'sel-8tiltt\ a vill.aae of Ilesse-Cassel. 1 
 mile W. of llanau, on the right bank of the Main. Pop. 615. 
 
 KESSKNICH, k^s'seh-nlK*. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 Tince of Limbourg, on the Meuse, 24 miles N.E. of Ilasselt. 
 Pop. 1057. 
 
 KESSIXG, Maliiy Archipel.ago. SeeKEPFiNO. 
 
 KES'.SINGLAXI), a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KESS'LER'S, a post-office of Northampton co., Pennsyl- 
 vanii. 
 
 Ki:.«TEREX, kJs'tA-ren, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 Tince of Gelderland, 14 miles W.N.W. of Nymwegen. P. 552. 
 
 KESTEVEX. Parts of. a sulnlivision.of the English co. 
 ot Lincoln, forming its S.W. part. Area, 445,560 acres. Pop. 
 02.359. 
 
 KKSTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 4i miles S.S.E. 
 of Bromley. Holwood Hill, the seat of the late Mr. Pitt, 
 occuiiies the site of a strong Roman station, supposed to 
 havt' been JViviomagus. 
 
 KESWICK, ksz/wik or kiz/ik, a market-town of Eugland, 
 
 CO. of Cumberland, on the Greta, between the foot of Pkiddaw 
 Mountain and the N. end of Lake Derwentwater. 24 miles 
 S.SAV. of Carlisle. Pop. in 1S51, 2618. It is well built of 
 stone, has an elegant modern church, a town-hall.^ree school 
 work-house, 2 museums, chieHy of minerals, several good 
 hotels, manufactures of linsoy-woolseys. and black-lead pen- 
 cils. The potting of char, taken in the lakes, is also a con 
 siderable business; but the chief dependence of this capital 
 of the lake district is on the crowd of tourists who make it 
 their head-quarters. The scenery around is scarcely equalled 
 elsewhere in England. 
 
 KESWICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KESWICK, EAST, a township of England, co. of York, 
 AVest Riding. 
 
 KESZXITZ, kSss'nits. or KESZINTZ. k?ss'ints', a village 
 of Hungary, in Banat, 23 miles N.E. of Temesvar. P. 2875. 
 
 KESZTliELY, kfefhSI', a market-town of West Hungary, 
 CO. of Szalad, near the W. extremity of I..ake Balatony, 96 
 miles S. of Presburg. Pop. 7410. It has manufactures of 
 woollen cloths, fisherie.s. a trade in wine, and a noble resi- 
 dence Iwlonging to Count George Festetics. who has founded 
 here an extensive school of agriculture and domestic hus- 
 bandry, termed the Genrgiccm, with a gymnasium. 
 
 KET, kSt, a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the govern- 
 ment of Yeniseisk, about lat. 58° N.. flows W.N. W., and joins 
 the right bank of the Obi about 18 miles above Narym. after 
 a course of above 500 miles. 
 
 K ETA, k.i't3, a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the govern- 
 ment of Yeniseisk, in lat. 68° N., and Ion. 95° E., flows 
 N.X.E., and joins the left bank of the Khatanga after a 
 course of nearly 300 miles. 
 
 KETCH'AM'S CORNERS, a postK)ffice of Saratoga co., 
 New York. 
 
 KETCHO. kfch'5\ KESHW or CACHAO, katch^^'o, writ- 
 ten also KECHO, CACIIEO, and BAKTHIAX, lidk-te-dn', 
 the largest city of Anam. in South-east Asia, capital of the 
 province of Tonquin, on the Tonquin River, about 95 miles 
 from its mouth. Pop. 100,000. (?) It isof great extent, defend- 
 ed by a bamboo stockade. The streets are wide, and paved; 
 the hou.ses mostly of mud and timber. The public edifices 
 comprise one royal palace, and the ruins of another, which 
 appears to have been of vast extent. Though its river is navi- 
 gable only for small vessels, it has a considerable trade. The 
 chief exports are bullion, fine silks, and lacquered wares; 
 the imports, long-cloths, chintzes, pepper, arms, and Indian 
 and European manufactures. It was formerly the seat of 
 Engli.sh and Dutch factories. 
 
 K ETCH'UM, of Illinois, a station on the Great Western 
 Railroad. 13 miles from Springfield. 
 
 KETCIl'UJIVILLE, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsyl 
 vania. 
 
 KETEGYHAZA, k.VtJj'hS'zflV, a village of Hungary, co 
 of Bekes, 12 miles S.E. of Csaba. Pop. 3163. 
 
 KETEMBER, one of the Key Isl.\nds. 
 
 KETIIELY, a town of Hungary. See Mannersdorp. 
 
 KKT'LEY, a township of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 KETOY, kil-toy'. one of the Koorile Islands. Lat. of the 
 S. extremity, 47° 17' 30" N., Ion. 152° 24' E. It is mountain- 
 ous, and about 8 miles in circumference. 
 
 KETRZ, a tflwn of Russia. See Katscher. 
 
 KETS.\, kJfshOh\ a village of Hungary, in Banat, co. of 
 Torontal. about 20 miles N.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 2482. 
 
 KETSKEMET, a town of Hungary. See Kecskemet. 
 
 KKT'TERIXG, a market^own and p.arish of Ensrland, co., 
 and 14 miles N.N.E. of Northampton. Pop. in 1851, 5198, 
 employed in weaving silk, plush, and wool combing. 
 
 KET'TEKIXGHAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KET'TIXS. a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 KET'TLE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 KETTLEBAS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KETTLEBURGII, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KETTLE CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the West 
 Bmnch of the Susquehanita in Clinton county. 
 
 KETTLE CREEK, a post-office of Potter co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 KETTLE CREEK, a post-office of Ware co., Georgi.i. 
 
 KETTLESTON. a parish of Engl.-md. co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 KETTLETHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KE'TTLEWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 KET/TON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 KETTWIG. kStt/#io, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles 
 N.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2700. 
 
 KKTURIN LOCH, a lake of Scotland. See Katrixe Loch. 
 
 KETZELSDORF. kJts'els-donr, a village of Bohemia, 30 
 miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1521. 
 
 KETZELSDORF. a village of Bohemia, 27 miles N. of 
 Kiiniggratz. Pop. 1236. 
 
 KEULA. koild. or GROSS KEULA. groce koill. a market- 
 town of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, about 18 miles E. of 
 Heiligenstadt. Pop. 910. 
 
 KEVASHIXSK', a village of Siberia, government, and 
 about 220 miles N. of Tobolsk, on the E. side of a large 
 island firmed by the Obi. It is inhabited by Ostiaks, who 
 live by fishing and the chase. 
 
 KEVELAER or KE VELAR, (Keveliir,) ki/veh-MR\ a town 
 
 971 
 
KEV 
 
 KHA 
 
 irf' Kheiiish Prussia, 31 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf, on tlie 
 Niers. Pop. 1320. 
 
 KKVEXI,LEECE or CEFYNLLYS, kh-huUhleece, a. parisli 
 of South Wales, co. of Kadnor. 
 
 KEW. ku. a village and parish of England, co of Surrey, 
 on the Thames, here crossed by a stone bridge connecting it 
 with Brentford, 7 miles W.of London. Thp village is mostly 
 built around a green, and has many handsome mansions, 
 including a royal palace, once the favorite residence of 
 George III., and moie recently of the King of Hanover. It 
 is surrounded by ornamental grounds, covering 120 acres, 
 and containing a pagoda 16.3 feet in height. The botanical 
 garden. pos.sesBing one of the most celebrated collections of 
 plants in Europe, is kept up at. the national cost, and is 
 open to the public. The palm-house is unrivalled, being 300 
 feet by 90. 
 
 KEWAUXA, ke-WiVna, a post-office of Fulton CO., Indiana. 
 
 KEWAU.VEE, ke-w4'nee, a small river of Wisconsin, flows 
 through Kewaunee co. into Lake Michigan. 
 
 KEWAUNEE, a new county in the E. part of Wisconsin, 
 bordering on Lake Michigan, contains atiout 4(30 siiuare 
 miles. It is drained by Kewaunee and lied Rivers, and by 
 Benton's Creek Vormed in 1852, out of the S. part of Door 
 county. Ciipit:il. Kewannee. Pop. 55^0. 
 
 KKWAU.NEE. Wisconsin. See Appendix. 
 
 KEWEKXAW (ke-wee/n.aw) BAY, Lake Superior, is situ- 
 ated S.E. of ICeweenaw Point. Length, about 30 miles; great- 
 est breadth, 10 or 12 miles. 
 
 KEWEENAW BAY, a postK)ffice, Houghton co., Michigan. 
 
 KKWEENAW POINT, a peninsula in the N. part of .Michi- 
 gan, intersected by the 4:7th parallel of N. latitude, and the 
 meridian of 88° 30' W. longitude. Length, near 70 miles; 
 breadth, varying from 5 to 30 miles. .\rea. estimated at 1000 
 square miles. This peninsula is well w.itered, and is gene- 
 rally very fertile. It abounds in copper, iron, and other 
 minerals. The copper is mostly found native, and some- 
 times in masses weighing several hundred pounds. 
 
 KEW'STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on 
 the Bristol Channel, 8 miles N.W. of .\xbridge. It has 
 the remains of a priorv, founded by William de Courtenay 
 in 1210. 
 
 KEX'BOROUGII, a township of England, co. of Y'ork, 
 West Riding. 
 
 KEXIIOLM, kSx'holm, a town of Finland, Isen, and 50 
 miles N.E. of Viborg, on the W. shore of Lake Ladoga. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 KEY or KI, ki, a group of islands in the Malay Archipe- 
 lago, about 50 miles W. of the Arroo Islands, in lat. 5° 30' 
 S., Ion. 128° E. Great Key is covered with mountains, which 
 attain the height of 3000 feet. Little Key is comparatively 
 low, and surrounded by extensive shoals. The inhabitants 
 of the former profess Mohammedanism ; those of the latter 
 are composed of a mixture of races — emigrants from Ceram, 
 fU'-'itives from Banda. JIalay.s, &e. 
 
 KKY. a river of S. Africa, enters the sea, near 28° E. Ion. 
 
 KEYINOIIAM or KAYINGIIAM, kd/ing-am, a parish of 
 England, co. of York. East liiding. 
 
 KEYKRA. kl'kra, a town of North-west Ilindostan, Bri- 
 tish dnminions. district, and 40 miles S.E. of Ajmeer. 
 
 KEYMKR, ki'mer. a parish of England, co. of Su.«sex. 2J 
 miles E.S.E. of Ilurst-Pier-point. The branch of the South 
 Coast Railway to Lewes, here leaves the London and Brighton 
 line. 
 
 KEYNSII.\M, kin'sham, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Somerset, on the Avon, here crossed by a 
 bridge of 15 arches, and on the Great Wentern Railway, 
 where it emerges from a tunnel 101 2 yards in length, 5 miles 
 S.E. of Bristol. Pop. in 1851. 2318. 
 
 KEYNSn'ON-TAR/RANT, a parish of England, co. Dorset. 
 
 KEY'PORT, a flourishing post>village of Monmouth co.. 
 New Jersey, on Raritan Bay, 22 miles S.S.W. of New York. 
 It has 2 i-hii)-yards. and carries on an active freighting trade 
 with New York. It contains) 5 cliurches, and an academy, 
 and is largely engagtHl in the ovster business. 
 
 KEYS, (keez.) or CAYS. The, "(from the Spanish Cayo. ki'o, 
 a " rocky islet,") are the islets and reefs along the shores of 
 Honduras. Central America, and in otlier parts of the West 
 Indies ; the principal being the Great Kfey. Bahama, in lat. 
 • 21° 45' N., Ion. 71° 40' W. See ICe? We.st, Florida Reefs, and 
 the several names with the prefix Cays. 
 
 KEYS'BUKG. a post-village in Logan co., Kentucky, 1(50 
 miles .\.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Ki-;YSBURG, a post-village in Pike co., Illinois. 77 miles 
 W. by S. of Springtield. 
 
 KEY'SOE. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 ICEYS'PORT, a post-village of Clinton CO., Illinois, on the 
 Kaskaskia River, 12 miles above Carlyle. 
 
 K KY.S'TON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 KEYi^TONK. a post-office of Perry co., I'ennsvlvania. 
 
 KEY.STONK FUKXACK. Ohio, a station on the Scioto and 
 Hocking Valley Railroad, 5 miles from .Jackson, 
 
 K i: Y.-'V I LLE, of Virginiii. a station on the Richmond and 
 Danville Railroad. 75 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 K K YS7.D or K Kl'^ZD, kissd, a market-town in Transylva- 
 nia, J 7 m lies \ . W . of K ronstadt. Pop. 4900 
 »72 
 
 KEYTESVILLE, keets'vill, a post-village and township 
 capital of Chariton co., Missouri, on Wolf Creek, a few miles 
 from its entrance into Chariton River. 91 miles N.W. of Jef- 
 fer.son City. It has a court-house and several stores. Total 
 population, 1752. 
 
 KEYTON, kfton', a town of North-west Hiudostan, do- 
 minions, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Kotah. 
 
 KEY WEST, the most western of the Pine Islands, about 
 60 miles S.W. of Cape Sable. Florida. It is 4 miles long, by 
 1 mile wide, and elevated not more than 20 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is of coral formation, with little avail- 
 able soil. The name is a corruption of •' Cayo Hucso,'' (kl'o 
 ■wi'so.) or " Bone Key," and has no relation to the position 
 of the island, which is not the most western of the reef. On 
 W'hitehead's Point, the S.W. extremity of the island, is a 
 fixed light, 83i feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 24° 32' 
 6S".\.. Ion. 81°4S'7'W. 
 
 KEY WEST CITY, a port of entry and capital of Moni-oe 
 CO., Florida, on the above island, in lat. 24°33'N. Ion., 81° 40' 
 W. It Is the most populous town of the state, and occu- 
 pies an important position as the key to the Florida I'ass .and 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The town is laid out with streets 50 
 feet wide, crossing each other at right angles. It contains 
 Episcopal, Jlelhodist. Baptist, and Roman Catholic churches, 
 5 schools, 26 stores, and 10 warehouses The marine hr.spital 
 is a fine building. 100 feet long by 45 feet wide. The princi- 
 pal business of Key West is derivtd from the salvages and 
 other perquisites of wrecked vessels, which amount to about 
 S200.000 annually. This business is not, as some suppose, a 
 species of piracy, but is conducted under equitalile rules, for 
 the mutual benefit of the parties. From .30 to 60 vessels are 
 usually wrecked every ye.ar in this vicinity. The harbor is 
 capacious, safe, and easily accessible for ships of 22 feet 
 draught. Its entrance is defended by Fort Taylor, a large 
 and very costly structure. Key West is a military station 
 of the United States. The shipping of the port, .Tune 30, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 4081 tons registered, and 
 2157 tons enrolled and licensed. The foreign arrivals for 
 the year were lol, (tons, 25.617,) of which 81 (tons, 24,171) 
 were by American vessels. The clearances for foreign ports 
 were 80. (tons, 7361.) of which 6884 were in American bot- 
 toms. The Charleston and Havana steamer touches at this 
 port once a week, which is the only regular communication 
 with the mainland. About .30,000 bushels of salt are made 
 annually in the island by solar evaporation, and sponges are 
 procured and exported in large qu.intities. First settled in 
 1822. It has 650 houses. Pop. 2832. 
 KEY'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 KEZ.\NLlk, a town of Turkey. See Ivasaxlik. 
 KE'ZAR'S FALLS, a post-offlce of York co.. Maine. 
 KEZDI-VASARHELY, k^z'deeV^-shaR'hSI'. a market- 
 town of Tran.sylvania, 35 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. P. 2739. 
 KEZD-SZA.\Z, k^zd-slz. a market-town of Transylvania, 
 4 miles S.E. of Segesvar." Pop. 4900. 
 
 KHABOOH.KHABOUR. KHABURorCHABUR.K.^'boor', 
 (anc. GliaWras and Almr'rlias.) a river of Asiatic Turkey, 
 flows S. througlj Mesopotamia, and joins the IJuphrates at 
 Kerkesiah. after a course estimated at 190 miles. 
 
 KHABOrni, KUABOUR or KHAKUR, a river of Asiatic 
 Turkey, flows S.. and joins the Tigris 65 miles N.W. of .Mo- 
 sul. Length. 50 miles. 
 
 KH.\BS. a town.of Tunis. See Cahes. 
 KHADARAH or lUIADRAH. Kt, U Kad'a r^ or KSd/rJ, a 
 town of .\lgiers. near the river Shelliff. 96 miles E. of Gran. 
 KHAFALOON. IvHAFALOUN. kd-fd-loon'. or KHAPALU, 
 kipS-loo', a town of West Thibet, at the junction of the 
 Shayook and I^eh liivers. 90 miles N.W. of lieh. It is the 
 capital of a rajah.ship, having about 12.000 inhabitants, be- 
 tween the uominions of Ladakh and Little Thiliet. 
 
 KH.\IBAR, krbaR/. a town of Arabia, province of Hejaz, 
 100 miles N.N.E. of Medina, and capital of an independent 
 .Tewish territory. It was captured in 628 by Mohammed, 
 who here, it is said, received from a Jewess the poisoned egg 
 which ultimatt'lv cost him his life. 
 KHAI-FUNG, a citv of China. See Kai-funo. 
 KHAI-HOA or CAI-HOA. kl-ho'S, a city of Chin.a. province 
 of Yun-nan, capital of a dep-irtment, near the Tonquin fron- 
 tier, in lat. 23° 24' 30" N.. Ion. 104° 21' E. 
 
 KlIAIRABAD, krri-bjd'. a village of the Punj.ab, on the 
 Indus, opposite Attock, with which it is connected by a 
 bridge of lx)ats, 35 miles E.S.E. of Peshawer. It has a mud 
 fort, and an aqueduct for irrigation. 
 
 KIlALETSE.'a villace of Central Asia. See Kui.iiTzi. 
 KlIALKAS or KALK AS, (kirkd-s/) COUNTRY, the N. part 
 of Mongolia, Chinese Empire, extending from the .\ltai. in 
 Ion. 90° to 112° E.. and between lat. 47° and 53° N., h.iving N. 
 Siberia, and W. Chine.se Toorkistan. The surface is in jireat 
 part mountainous : elsewhere consisting of vast plains and 
 steppes, over which the Tartar tribes wander with their 
 herds; in the S. it comprises a part of the great de.se rt ot 
 Gobi. The Yenisei. Selenga. Orkhon, and other large tlvers 
 rise in this region, which also contains many large lakes, the 
 principal lieing theOolisa Nor. It is divided into 4 khana*.s, 
 governed by native chiefs, tributary to the Chinese since 
 the eighteenth century, when the aid of the latter was called 
 
KHA 
 
 KHE 
 
 In to repel the invasions of the Eleuthl. Capital city, Oorja. 
 The inhabitants are Mongol Tartars, and ot the Boodhic 
 faith. This was the native country of Jen^rhis Klian. 
 
 KH.VLKI, kil'kee. or COi''PKIl ISLAND, one of the 
 Princes Islands in the Sea of Marmora. 12 miles S.E. of Con- 
 stantinople, with an ancient copper-mine and a Greek 
 colU'^'e. It is resorted to by visitors from the adjacent 
 coasts. 
 
 KIIAMIL or CIIAMIL, Ki'meeU, written also IIAMI, h.^'- 
 mee', a city of Chinese Toorkistan, lat. 42" 30' N., Ion. 93° 
 40' E.. ill a fertile and well-cultivated ret;i(m, with a garrison 
 of 1(1110 men. It is the centre of a large trade. 
 
 KlIAMlIt, a town of Persia. See Kameeb. 
 
 K11ANA-1-I!AD, kd^nd-ee-bSd', a town of Central Asia, 12 
 miles S.IO. of Khoondooz. Lat. 3«° 20' N., Ion. 69° 38' E. 
 
 KICANDKISII. a province of Ilindostan. See Candeisfi. 
 
 KUAXDUTCIIA, kdn.-doo'cha, or KA.N'DUGA (?) a river 
 of Asiatic llussia, government of Okhotsk, joins the Aldau 
 after a S.W. course of above 100 miles. 
 
 KIIAXGUIt, kin-gdr', two villages of the Punjab, between 
 the Chenaub and Indus Rivers, respectively 20 and 70 miles 
 S.S.W. of Mooltan. 
 
 KH.AXGURII, kiln-gilr', a village in the Indian Desert, 
 dominion, and <)6 miles S. of liha wl poor. 
 
 KIIANIIAIIjA, kdn-hi'li, a considerable town of North- 
 west lliiulostan, dominion, and 55 miles S.W. of Bhawlpoor. 
 
 KII.VN 1 A, Kd-nee'a. or CANE'A. (anc. C//t/</«ta, .sometimes 
 Ciidofnu.) a fortified seaport, and the principal commercial 
 town of Crete, cipital of a province, on the N. coast of the 
 island. 64 miles W.N.W. of Candia. Pop. 8000, of whom 
 about oOut) are Mohammedans, and 1000 fireign Greeks. Its 
 fortifications, built by the Venetians, are inferior to tho.»e 
 of C'aiidi.u but its port is the best in Crete, and capable of 
 holding many vessels of 300 tons; it is formed by a mole 1200 
 feet long, with a light-house at its extremity, opposite a fort 
 defending the harlx)r. It has an arsenal, docks, Venetian 
 galley-vaults, a small lazaretto, and soap factories. It is the 
 seat of a ])rovincial council and governor, a Greek bishop's 
 see. HuJ the residence of several European consuls. 
 
 KlIAMvA, kdn'kd, a town of Central Asia, in Indepen- 
 dent Toorkistan, 30 miles E.N.E. of Khiva, on the Jyhoon. 
 It consists of about 350 houses, enclosed within a poor 
 wall. 
 
 KIIANOS. ki'nos\ or KIIINIS, kin'iss\ an ancient town 
 ol Turki'V in Asia, pashalic, and 65 miles S.S.W. of Erz- 
 room. 5686 feet alx)ve the sea. Pop. atxiut 100:). 
 
 KUAN POOH, Kdn'poor', or KUAUN'POOlt/, a town of 
 North-west Ilindostan, dominion, and 78 miles S.W. of 
 Bhawlpoor. Pop. 20,000. It was formerly of more import- 
 ance, but it Is still a flourishing commercial town, with a 
 good liazaar, and a navigable canal from the Indus. 
 
 KlI A \ POOH or KII AUNPOOK, a town of North-west Ilin- 
 dost.'in. in the Punjab, near the Chenaub, about 100 miles 
 AV. bv S. of Lahore. 
 
 KliAN POOU or KIIAUNPOOR. a town of North-west Ilin- 
 dostan. in the Punjab, 40 miles E. of .\ttock. 
 
 KH.\NSA, kdn'sa, a town of Nepaul, on ^he tributary of 
 the Ganges. 56 miles E.N.E. of Khatmandoo. 
 
 KHAPALU, a town of Thibet. See Khafaloov. 
 
 KH.AKAMOUKOTAN, an island. See Karamakotas 
 
 KIIAUAN. kd'rdn', a town of Beloochistan, 40 miles S.W. 
 of Sara wan, in the midst of a desert region. 
 
 KIIAKASM, kd'rilzm', or KAKIS'SDI. (anc. Chnras'min.) 
 a country of Independent Tartary. In the twelfth century 
 it was the seat of a powerful empire; but it is now greatly 
 redui?eil. Its present limits appear to be the same as those 
 of Khiva. 
 
 KHAREK. an island of the Persian Gulf. See Karak. 
 
 KH.\IU}l';iI, EL. a town of Upper Egypt. See El Kharoeh. 
 
 KIIAKIJ.^.11, kd'ree'jd, an inland town of Arabia. W. of 
 Makallah. and reputed to have 3000 inhabitants, who trade 
 in irliee and cattle. 
 
 KIIAKKOV, KIL-V^RKOW, CHARKOV. CHARKOW,KaR- 
 kov'. UKRAINE, or SLOBODISCII UKKAINE, slo/bo-dLsh 
 u'krAn, a government in the S. part of liuropean Russia. 
 Lat. 48° 30' to 51° 12' N., Ion. 34° 20' to 38° 20' E., bounded 
 E. by Voronezh, S. by Yekaterinoslav, W. by Poltava, N. by 
 Koorsk. Area, 20,931 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,366,188, 
 ehiefly Russians and Cossacks. It is watered by the Donets 
 and the Oskol. Surf.ice fiat and little wooded. Soil fertile, 
 entirely agricultural, producing grain of all sorts, and wine 
 in great abundance. It has numerous distilleries, tanneries, 
 and tallow and .salt-petre factories. (See Ukuain'E.) 
 
 KH AUKOV orClIARKOW, written also KIIARKOW and 
 KII.\ltIvOF, a city of European Rusiisia, capital of the go- 
 yerunient of Kharkov, on the Kharkova, affluent of the 
 Don. 420 miles S.S.W. of Moscow. Pop. 45,156. It is the 
 lapital of a Greek eparchy, and see of the bishops of the 
 Ukraine and Kharkov. It has a university, founded in 
 1803, with 83 professors, and 486 students in 1846, a library 
 of 25,000 volumes, a theological seminary, a gymnasium, 
 an 1 a female academy, with 25 profes.sois. Its manufactures 
 eomprise leather and fine carpets, and its trade is extensive. 
 Its fairs for cattle and wool, are among the most important 
 in South Russia. 
 
 KHARKOVA or KHARKOWA, kaR-ko'v3, a river of Rus- 
 sia, government of Kharkov, flows S.S.W., and aftei a course 
 of about 50 miles, joins the left bank of the Udj. 
 
 KH.\RPUT, a town of Turkish Armenia. See Karpoot. 
 
 K1I.\KS. a city of Turkey. See liARS. 
 
 KlIARTOOM, KIIAUTOUM, KARTOOM or KHARTUM, 
 Kar^toom', a modern capital town of Nubia, at the inuctiou 
 of the Rlup and White Nile, 95 miles S.W. of Shend'y 1'<'P. 
 20.000, including garrison. It is regularly built, and very 
 flourishing. It has considerable trade, and is the great 
 depot of slaves sent from Soodan and Abyssinia into Egypt. 
 
 KIIASAB or KASA.\I5, kd'sdb', a bay of Arabia, province 
 of Oman, at tlie entrance to the i'er.sian Gulf On it is a 
 large and strongly built fort. Lat. 2ti° 13' N.. Ion. 66° 20' E. 
 
 KII.i.SGUNGE, kds-gilnj'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, in the Doab, 60 miles N.E. of Agra. 
 
 KlIASII, kdsh, or KIIAUSII, kawsh. a town and fort 
 of West Afghanistan, on the Khash-rood. Lat. 31° 36' N., 
 Ion. 62° 45' K. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 KUASII-ROOD. KIIASII-UUD, or KACII-ROUD, kdsh- 
 rood', a river of West Afghanistan, enters the llamoon Lake, 
 after a S.W. course of 180 miles through a barren country. 
 It partly separates the Candahar and l£^;rat dominions. 
 
 KHATANGA, Kd-tdng'ga, or KATANSKA, kil-tan'.ska. a 
 river of Asiatic Russia, issues from a lake in thegovernniont 
 of Yeniseisk, near lat. 68° N., and Ion. 96° E.. flows X.N.E. 
 and falls into the gulf of Khantangskee, or Katangskii in 
 the .\rctic Ocean, after a course of nearly 700 miles. Its chief 
 affluents are the .Moniaga, Popigai, and the Keta. 
 
 K1I.\TKL, a town of Palestine. See Kabr-Ibrahim 
 
 KHATMANDOO. CAT.MANDOO. kithndnMoo'. or KATH- 
 MA150, kifh'mdYiy. the capital town of Nepaul, in a moun- 
 tainous i-egion. about 145 miles N.N.W. of Patna. J.,at. 27° 
 42' N., Ion. 85° 15' E. Estimated pf)p. 20,000. It extends for 
 aliout 1 mile along a river, is built mostly of brick, and has 
 many Boodhic temples, with a palace of the Nepaul rajah. 
 
 KIIAUSII. a town of Afghanistan. See Khash. 
 
 KIIAUNPOOU, a town of Ilindostan. See Khanpoor. 
 
 KH.WA, kd'vd, a river of Russia, joins the left bank of 
 the Oosman. about 20 miles S.E. of Voronezh, after a course 
 of nearly 45 miles. 
 
 KH.\WAK. kd-wdk'. the most E. pass across the Hindoo 
 Koosh, in Kafiristan, 100 miles N.E. of Cabool. Lat. 35° 38' 
 N., Ion. 70° E. Elevation of summit, 13,200 feet. By it 
 Timur (Tamerlane) entered Ilindostan. E. by S. from the 
 top of the jja.ss is the fort Khawak, 9300 feet above the sea. 
 Lat. 36° 37' 36" N. 
 
 KHEDIW.'VRI, kJd-e-w3/ree. one of the navig.abie mouths 
 of the Indus, at its delta, entering the sea in lat. 24° 9' N., 
 Ion. 67° 29' E., where it is 650 yards across. 
 
 KHEIBER or KHKIUERS. See Khvber. 
 
 KHKIH. kir, a town of British India, presidency of Bom- 
 bay, district of South Concan, 93 miles S.S.E. of Bombay. 
 
 KHEIR, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay^ 
 district of Candeish, 104 miles E.S.E. of Surat. 
 
 KHhlLlDONIA, kjl-e-divnee'a, a cape and group of inlets 
 (anc. <'heUd(i>nia:) of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on its S. coast, 
 
 KHELMOS. kJl'mos,amonntainof Greece, iutheMorea, 6 
 miles S.E. of Kalavrita. Elevation 76.54 feet. 
 
 KHKMLAS8A, k§ni-lds'sa, a considerable walled town of 
 India, dominion, and 140 miles S. of Gwalior. 
 
 KHEN6UNP00R, kfen-gun-poor', a village of the Punj.ab, 
 near the Ghara. 32 miles S.W. of Ferozepoor. 
 
 KUKOKAH, ke-o'-rd, a village of the Punjab, 26 miles 
 N.W. of Julalpoor. 
 
 KlIERASOON or K HER ASOUN, Turkey. See Keresoo.n 
 
 KHKRKIIAH. a river of Persia. See Kerah. 
 
 K H ERSON or CHERSON, kSr-sou', a government of South 
 Russia, mostly between lat. 46° and 49' N.. and Ion. 29° and 
 34° E.. having S. the Black Sea. Area, 28.502 .square miles. 
 Pop. in 1851, 889,205. Surface in the N. undulating, and 
 covered with forests; elsewhere a wide steppe or prairie. 
 Principal rivers, the Dnieper, on the N. and S.E.; the 
 Dniester, forming the W. frontier; and the Bug, traversing 
 its centre. Its W. half is very fertile; cattle and Sueep- 
 breeding is, however, the chief branch of industry. Pro- 
 ducts comprise oak hark, tobacco, mustard, saffron, and 
 liquorice, besides corn, hemp, flax, nitre, salt, and sand- 
 stone. Some manufactures of cloth, tallow, leather, butter, . 
 cheese, and caviar, are ciirried on, partly by Swedish. Ger- 
 man, and other colonists, the population consisting of a 
 great intermixture of races. Principal towns, Kherson, 
 Nikolaev. Yelizabetgrad, and Odessa. 
 
 KHERSON or CHERSON, a fortified town of South Rus- 
 sia, capital of a government of Kherson, on the right bank 
 of the Dnieper, 92 miles E.N.E. of Odessa. Pop. 40,402. It . 
 was founded by Potemkin in 1778, is well built, and divided 
 into four quarters, the citadel, in which are the arsenal, bar- 
 racks, other government buildings, and the cathedral in 
 whicii Potemkin, its founder, is buried; the admiralty quar- 
 ter, with excavated docks for the construction of ships of 
 war, is now disused. It hiis various schools, and 3 miles 
 distant are the tomb and cenotaph of Howard the philan- 
 thropist, who died at Kherson, January 20, 1790. 
 
 KUESTERNIA, kes-tSB^ne-^ a town of Russia, govem- 
 
 978 
 
KEY 
 
 KHA 
 
 01' 'Khfeiiish Prussia, 31 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. on the 
 Xiers. Pop. 1320. 
 
 KEVEXI.LEKCE or CEFYNLLYS,k5v-SnWi?eece,a parish 
 01 .South Wales, co. of Kadnor. 
 
 KEW. ku. a village and parish of England, co of Surrey, 
 on the Thames, here crosseid by a stone hridire connecting it 
 with Brentford. 7 miles W.of London. The Tillage is mostly 
 built around a green, and has many handsome mansions. 
 Includinii a royal palace, once the favorite residence of 
 George III., and moie recently of the King of Hanover. It 
 is surrounded by ornamental grounds, covering 120 acres, 
 and containing a pagoda 16.3 feet iu height. The botanical 
 garden, possessing one of the most celebrated collections of 
 plants in Europe, is kept up at the nafioniil cost, and Is 
 open to the public. The palm-house is unrivalled, being 300 
 feet by 90. 
 
 KEWAUNA, ke-w:l'na, a post'Office of Fulton co., Indiana. 
 
 KEWAU.V'KE, ke-wi'iiee, a small river of Wisconsin, flows 
 throufxh Kewaunee co. into Lake Michijjan. 
 
 KEWAUNEE, a new county in the E. p.irt of Wi.sconsin, 
 bordering on Lake Michigan, contains alout 4C0 si(uare 
 miles. It is drained by Kewaunee and Ked Rivers, and by 
 Benton's Creelf Formed in 1852, out of the S. part of Door 
 county. Capitnl, Kewaunee. Pop. 5530. 
 
 KEWAUNEE. Wisconsin. See Appendix. 
 
 KEWEENAW (ke-wee'naw) BAY. Lake Superior, is situ- 
 ated S.E. of ICeweenaw Point Length, about 30 miles; great- 
 est breadth. 10 or 12 miles. 
 
 KEAVEENAW BAY. a post-oiBce, Houghton co., Michigan. 
 
 KEWEENAW POINT.a peninsula in the X. part of Michi- 
 gan, intersected by the 47th parallel of N. latitude, and the 
 meridian of 88° 30' VY. longitude. Length, near 70 miles; 
 breadth, varying from 5 to 30 miles. Area, estimated at 1000 
 square miles. This peninsula is well watered, and is gene- 
 rail}' very fertile. It abounds in copper, iran, and other 
 minerals. The copper i« mostly found native, and some- 
 times in masses weighing several hundred pounds. 
 
 KEW'STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on 
 the Bristol Channel, 8 miles N.W. of .A.xbridge. It has 
 the remains of a priorv, founded by William de Courteuay 
 in 1210. 
 
 KEX'nOKOUGH, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Hiding. 
 
 KKXIIiJLM, kfx'holm, a town of Finland, lasn, and 50 
 miles N.E. of Viborg, on the W. shore of Lake Ladoga. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 KEY or KI, ki, a group of islands in the Malay Archipe- 
 lago, about 50 miles W. of the Arroo Islands, in lat. 5° 30' 
 8.. Ion. 128° E. Gre;it Key is covered with mountains, which 
 attain the height of 3000 feet. Little Key is comparatively 
 low, and surrounded by extensive shoals. The inhabitintis 
 of the former profess Mohammedanism; those of the latter 
 are composed of a mixture of races — emigrants from Ceram, 
 fUL'itives from B:tnda. Malays. Ac. 
 
 K KY. a river "f S. Africa, enters the sea, near 28° E. Ion. 
 
 KEYINGHAM or KAY'INGHAM, ki/ing-am, a parish of 
 England, co. of York, Ejist Biding. 
 
 KEYKRA. kl'kra. a town of North-west Ilindostan, Bri- 
 tish dominions, district, and 40 miles S.E. of Ajmeer, 
 
 KEYMER, ki'mer. a p.^rish of England, co. of Sussex. 25 
 miles E.S.E. of Hurst-l'ier-point. The branch of the South 
 Const Railway to Lewes, here leaves the London and Brighton 
 line. 
 
 KEYNSII.AM, kin'sham, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Somerset, on the Avon, here crossed by a 
 bridge of 15 arches, and on the Great Western Railway, 
 where it emerges from a tunnel 1012 yards in length. 5 miles 
 S.E. of Bristol. I'op. in 1851. 2318. 
 
 KEYNSTON-TAR/RANT. a parish of England, co. Dorset 
 
 KEY'PORT, a flourishing postrvillage of Monmouth co.. 
 New Jersey, on Raritan Bay, 22 miles S.S.W. of New York. 
 It has 2 f-hli)-yiir(ls. and carries on an active freighting trade 
 with New Y'ork. It contains 5 churches, and an academy, 
 and is largely engajjoi in the ovster business. 
 
 KEYS, (keez.) or CAYS. THE,\from the .Spanish Cai/o. ki'o. 
 a "rocky islet.") are the islets and reefs along the siiores of 
 Honduras. Central America, and in other parts of the West 
 Indies; the principal heins the Great Kfev. B:ihama. in lat. 
 • 21° 45' N.. Ion. 71°40' W. See IfEr West, Florida ItEEFS, and 
 the several names with tlie prefix Cavs. 
 
 KEYS'BUKt}. a posOvillage iu Logan co., Kentucky, 160 
 miles N.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 KEYSBURG, a pos^viUage in Pike co., Illinois. 77 miles 
 W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 KEY'SOE. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 KEYS'PORT. a p<jst-village of Clinton co., Illinois, on the 
 Kaskaskia River, 12 miles alxiveCarlyle. 
 
 KEY.S'T(>N, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 KEY.--TONE. a post-olfice of Perry co.. I'enuBvlvania. 
 
 KEY.ST()NE KUKNACK, Ohio, a station on the Scioto and 
 Hocking Valley Railroad, 5 miles from .Jackson. 
 
 Iv I:Y.<VI LLE, of Virginiii. a station on the Richmond and 
 Danville Railroad. 75 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 KEVSZD or KEISZD. kis.sd. a marketrtown in Transylva- 
 nia, •<7 milws \.W. of Kronstadt. Pop. 4900 
 972 
 
 KEYTESVTLLE. keets'vill, a post-village and township 
 capital of Chariton co.. Missouri, on Wolf Creek, a few miles 
 from its entrance into Chariton River. 91 miles N.W. of Jef- 
 ferson Cit}-. It has a court-house and several stores. Total 
 population, 1752. 
 
 KEYTON. krton'. a town of North-west Hiudo.stau, do- 
 minions, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Kof»h. 
 
 KEY WEST, the most western of the Pine Isl.inds. about 
 60 miles S.W. of Cape Sable. Florida. It is 4 miles long, by 
 1 mile wide, and elevated not more than 20 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is of coral formation, with little avail- 
 able soil. The name is a corruption of " Cai/o IJuef.o.'" (ki'o 
 wi'so.) or '• Bone Key," and has no relation to the position 
 of the island, which is not the most western of the reef. On 
 Whitehead's Point the S.W. extremity of the island, is a 
 fixed linht, 83i feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 24° 32' 
 58" N.. Ion. 81° 48' 7' W. 
 
 KEY WEST CITY, a port of entry and capital of Moni-oe 
 CO., Florida, on the above island, iu lat. 24°33'iN. Ion., 81° 40' 
 W. It is the most populous town of the state, and occu- 
 pies an important position as the kej' to the Florida Pass .and 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The town is laid out with streets 60 
 feet wide, crossing each other at right angles. It contains 
 Episcopal, Methodist. Baptist, and Roman Catholic churches, 
 5 schools. 26 stores, and 10 warehouses The marine hospital 
 is a fine building, 100 feet long by 45 feet wide. The princi- 
 pal business of Key West is derived from the salvages and 
 other perquisites of wrecked vessels, which amount to about 
 S'200.000 annually. This business is not as some suppose, a 
 species of piracy, but is conducted under equitable rules, for 
 the mutual benefit of the parties. From .30 to 50 ve.ssels are 
 usually wrecked every year in this vicinity. The harbor is 
 rapacious, safe, and easily accessible for ships of 22 feet 
 draught. Its entrance is defended by Fort Taylor, a large 
 and very costly structure. Key West is a military station 
 of the United States. The shipping of the port. June 30, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 4081 tons registered, and 
 2157 tons enrolled and licensed. The foreign arrivals for 
 the year were 101, (tons. 25.617,) of which 81 (tons. "24,171) 
 were by American vessels. The clearances for foreign ports 
 were 80. (tons, 7361.) of which 6884 were in American bot- 
 toms. The Charleston and Havana steamer touches at this 
 port once a week, which is the only regular communication 
 with the mainland. About 30,000 bushels of salt are made 
 annually in the island by solar evaporation, and sponge? are 
 procured and exported in large quantities. First settled in 
 1822. It has 650 houses. Pop. 2832. 
 KEY'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 KEZ.W'LIK, a town of Turkey. See Kasaxlik. 
 KE/ZAR'S FALLS, a post-offlce of York co.. Maine. 
 KEZDI-VASARHELY, k^z/deeV^-shAn^hM', a marketr 
 town of Transylvania. 35 miles N.E. of Kronstadt P. 2736. 
 KEZD-SZAAZ. k^zd-siz. a market-town of Transylvanhi, 
 4 miles S.E. of Seiiesvar." Pop. 4900. 
 
 KHA BOOR. KHABOUR. KHABURor CHABUR. ^l-hoorl, 
 (anc. CliaMras and Al/rir>r!ias.) a river of Asiatic Turkey, 
 flows S. througlj Mesopotamia, and joins the Euphrates at 
 Kerkesiah. after a course estimated at 190 miles. 
 
 KHABOIR, KHABOUR or KHABUR, a river of Asiatic 
 Turkey, flows S.. and joins the Tigris 65 miles N.W. of Mo- 
 sul. Length. 50 miles. 
 KH.VBS. a town of Tunis. See Cades. 
 KHADARAH or ICHADRAH. El, il Kad'a fi or K^d'rl, a 
 town of .\lffiers. near the river Shellilf. 96 miles E. of Gran. 
 KHAFALOON. KHAFALOUN. kd-fd-loon'. or KIIAPALU, 
 kS-p3-loo', a town of West Thibet, at the junction of the 
 Shayook and Ix^h Rivers. 90 miles N.W. of Ijeh. It is the 
 capital of a rajahship, having about 12.000 inhabitants, be- 
 tween the uominions of Ladakh and Little Thiliet 
 
 KIIAIBAR, krbaR'. a town of Arabia, province of Ilejaz, 
 100 miles N.N.E. of Medina, and capital of an independent 
 .Jewish territory. It Wits captured in 628 by Mohammed, 
 who here, it is said, received from a Jewess the poisoned egg 
 which ultimately cost him his life. 
 
 KIIAI-FUNG,' a citv of Chin.i. See Km-fi'NO. 
 KH AI-HOA or C AI-IIOA. kl-ho'^. a city of China, province 
 of \'un-nan. capital of a depjirtment. near the Tonquin fron- 
 tier, in lat. '23° 24' 30" N.. Ion. 104° 21' E. 
 
 KHAIRABAD. kfra-bgd'. a village of the Punjab, on the 
 Indus, opposit* Attook, with which it is connected by a 
 bridge of boats. 35 miles E.S.E. of Peshawer. It has a mud 
 fort, and an aqueduct for irrigation. 
 KllALETSE.'a villacre of Central Asia. See Ktn.uTzi. 
 KHALKASorKALKAS.(karka.V) COUNTRY, the N.part 
 of Mongolia. Chinese Empire, extending from the Altai, in 
 Ion. 90° to 112° E.. and between lat 47°and 53° N., having .V. 
 Siberia, and W. Chinese Toorkist;in. The surface is in great 
 part mountainous : elsewhere consisting of vast plains and 
 steppes, over which the Tartar tribes wander with their 
 herds; in the S. it comprises apart of the great de.sert ot 
 Gobi. The Yenisei. Seleng.i. Orkhon, and other large rivers 
 rise in this reiiion. which also contains many lar;;e lakes, the 
 principal Iieing the Oobsa Nor. It is divided into 4 kbana's, 
 governed by native chiefs, tributary to the Chinestj since 
 the eighteenth century, when the aid of the latter was called 
 
KHA 
 
 KIIE 
 
 Ja to repel the Invasions of the Eleuthi. Capital city, Oorsra. 
 The inhaliitants are Monj^ol Tartars, and of the Boodhic 
 faith. This was the native country of Jenphis Khan. 
 
 KilALIvr, liil'kee. or COP'l'Kli IgI..\.\D, one of the 
 Princes Islands in the Sea of Marmora. 12 miles S.E. of Con- 
 stantinople, with an ancient copper-mine and a Greek 
 colle^re. It is resorted to by visitors fi-om the adjacent 
 coasts. 
 
 KII.A^MTT, or CIIAMIL, Ki'meel', written al.so HAMI, hi^ 
 mee', a city of Chinese Toorkistan, lat. 42" 30' N., Ion. 93° 
 40' ]•!.. in a fertile and well-cultivated ref;ion, with a garrison 
 of ludO men. It is the centre of a larj^e trade. 
 
 K HAM III, a town of Persia. See Kameeu. 
 
 KlIANA-I-liAD, kd'na-ee-bdd'. a town of Central Asia, 12 
 miles .S.l'I. of Khoondooz. Lat. 3tj° 20' N., Ion. 69° 38' K. 
 
 KHANDKISU. a province of Ilindo.stan. See Candeish. 
 
 KHAXDUTCIIA, kda-doo'chd, or KA.N'DUtJA (?) a river 
 of Asiatic Russia, government of Okhotsk, joins the Aldan 
 after a S.W. course of above 100 miles. 
 
 KH.WOUK, kdn-gilr', two villattes of the Punjab, between 
 the Clieiiaub and Indus Rivers, respectively 2(5 and 76 miles 
 S.S.W. of Mooltan. 
 
 Kll.WtiUlUI, kdn-gilr/, a village in the Indian Desert, 
 domiiiicjn. and 66 miles S. of Bhawlpoor. 
 
 KllAXllAILA, kdn-hl'li, a considerable town of North- 
 west Iliiidostan, dominion, and 65 miles S.W. of Bhawlpoor. 
 
 KUAN I A, Kd-nee'a. or CANE'A. (buc. Cydi/nta, .sometiuies 
 0;/do'nis.) a fortified seaport, and the principal commercial 
 town of Crete, capital of a province, on the N. coast of the 
 island. 64 miles W.N.W. of Candia. Pop. 8000, of whom 
 about 5000 are Mohammedans, and lOOO f)reign Greeks. Its 
 fortifications, built by the Venetians, are interior to those 
 of Caiuli.i. but its port is the best in Crete, and cap.able of 
 holditii; many vessels of 300 tons ; it is formed by a mole 1200 
 feet lon?r. with a light-house at its extremity, opposite a fort 
 defending the harlwr. It has an arsenal, docks, Venetian 
 galley-vaults, a small lazaretto, and soap factories. It is the 
 6e.it of a provincial council and governor, a Oieek bishop's 
 see. KuJ the residence of several European consuls. 
 
 KII.\N'K.\, kin'kd, a town of Central Asia, in Indepen- 
 dent Toorkistan, 30 miles E.N.E. of Khiva, on the Jyhoon. 
 It consists of about 350 houses, enclosed within a poor 
 wall. 
 
 KlIANOS. k3/nos\ orKHINIS. kin'iss\ an ancient town 
 ot Turlicy in Asia, pashalic, and 55 miles S.S.W. of Erz- 
 room. 5686 feet above the sea. Pop. about lOOU. 
 
 KlIAM'OOH, Kdn'poor', or KHAUN'POOlt/, a town of 
 North-west Ilindostan, dominion, and 78 miles S.W. ot 
 Bhanlpnor. Pop. 20,000. It was formerly of more import- 
 ance, but it is still a flourishing commercial town, with a 
 good liazaar, and a navigable canal from the Indus. 
 
 KUAN POOR or KIIAUXPOOIl, a town of North-west Ilin- 
 dostan. in the Punjab, near the Chenaub, about 100 miles 
 A\'. hv S. of Lahore. 
 
 Kit AN POOH or KIIAUXPOOR, a town of North-west Ilin- 
 dostiin. i:i the Punjab, 40 miles E. of Attock. 
 
 KIIANS.4, kin'sa. a town of Nepaul, on ^he tributary of 
 the (Ganges, 56 miles E.N.E. of Khatmandoo. 
 
 KiI.\PALU, a town of Thibet. See Khafaloos. 
 
 KII.A.KAMOUKOTAN, an island. See KaramaKOTax 
 
 KIIAltAN, kdVin', a town of Beloochistan, 40 miles S.W. 
 of Sarawan, in the midst of a desert region. 
 
 KIIAHASM, kdViizm', or KARIS'SDI. (anc. Chnrashnia.) 
 a country of Independent Tartary. In the twelfth century 
 it was the seat of a powerful empire; but it is now greatly 
 reduced. Its present limits appear to be the same as those 
 of Khiva. 
 
 KHAH EK. an island of the Persian Gulf. See Karak. 
 
 KH.^IIOKII, EL. a town of Upper Egypt. See El, Kharoeh. 
 
 KUAKIJAII, ki'ree'jJ, an inland town of .Arabia. \f. of 
 Makaliah. and reputed to have 3000 inhabitants, who trade 
 in irliee and cattle. 
 
 KUAKKOV, KII.\.RKOW, CHARKOV. CIIARKOW, KaR- 
 kov'. UKRAINE, or SLOBODISCII UKRAINE, slo'bo-dish 
 u'krAn. a government in the S. part of Kuropean Russia. 
 Lat. 4S° 30' to 51° 12' N., Ion. 34° 20' to 3S° 20' E., bounded 
 E. by Voronezh. S. by Yekaterinoslav, W. by Poltava, N. by 
 Koorsk. Area, 20,931 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,366,188, 
 ehiefly I'ussians and Cossacks. It is watered by the Donets 
 and tiie Oskol. Surf.ice flat and little wooded. Soil fertile, 
 entirely agricultural, producing grain of all sorts, and wine 
 in great abundance. It has numerous distilleries, tanneries, 
 and tnUow and salt-petre factories. (See Ukuaixe.) 
 
 KHARKOV orCHARKOW, written also KIIAKKOW and 
 KlIAKIvOF. a city of European Ru.s.sia. capital of the go- 
 rernment of Kharkov, on the Kharkova, affluent of the 
 Oon. 420 miles S.S.W. of Moscow. Pop. 45,156. It is the 
 lapitiil of a Greek eparchy, and see of the bishops of the 
 Ukraine and Kharkov. It has a university, founded in 
 1803. with 83 professors, and 486 students in 1846, a library 
 of 25,0110 volumes, a theological seminary, a gymnasium, 
 an 1 a female academy, with 25 profes.sors. Its manufactures 
 eompiise leather and fine carpets, and its trade is extensive. 
 Its fairs for cattle and wool, are among the most important 
 in South Russia. 
 
 KIIARKOTA or KHAHKOWA, kaR-ko'vJ, a river of Rus- 
 sia, government of Kharkov, flows S.S.W.. and aftej ri course 
 of about 50 miles, joins the left bank of the Udj. 
 
 KIIARPUT, a town of Turkish Armenia. See Kahpoot. 
 
 KII.\R.S. a city of Turkey. See Kars. 
 
 KUARTOOM, KHARTOUM, KARTOOM or KHARTUM, 
 Kar'toom', a modern capital town of Nubia, at the junction 
 of the Blue and White Nile, 95 miles S.W. of Shend'y. Pop. 
 20.000, including garrison. It is regularly built, and very 
 flourishing. It has considerable trade, and is the great 
 depot of slaves sent from Soodan and Abyssinia into Egypt. 
 
 KlIASAB or K.VSA.\B, ki'sdb', a bay of Arabia, province 
 of Oman, at the entrance to the Persian Gulf On it is a 
 large and strongly built fort. Lat. 26° 13' N.. Ion. 56° 20' E. 
 
 KII.\.SGUNGE, kds-gilnj'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, in the Doab, t>0 miles N.E. of Agra. 
 
 KlIASIi, kash, or KHAUSII, kawsh. a town and fort 
 of West Afghanistan, on the Khash-rood. Lat. 31° 36' N., 
 Ion. 62° 45' E. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 KlIASII-ROOD. KIIASII-RUD, or KACII-ROUD. kSsh- 
 rood', a river of West Afghanistan, enters the Hamoon Lake, 
 after a S.W. course of 180 miles through a barren country. 
 It partly separates the Candahar and Herat dominions. 
 
 KHATANGA, Kd-tdng'gd, or KATANSKA, kd-tan'ski a 
 river of Asiatic Russia, issues from a lake in the government 
 of Yeniseisk, near lat. 68° N., and Ion. 96° E.. flows N.N.E. 
 and falls into the gulf of Khantangskee, or Katangskii in 
 the .\rctic Ocean, after a eoui'se of nearly 700 miles. Its chief 
 affluents are the .Moniaga, Popigai, and the Keta. 
 
 KH.^THL, a town of Palestine. See Kahr-Ibrahim 
 
 KH.\.TMAND()0. CAT.MAXDOO. kdemanMoo'. or KATII- 
 MARO, kdt'Vmd'rO'. the capital town of Nepaul, in a moun- 
 tainous region, about 145 miles N.N.W. of Patuii. Lat. 27° 
 42' N., Ion. 85° 15' E. Estimated pop. 20,000. It extends for 
 about 1 mile along a river, is built mostly of brick, and has 
 many Boodhic temples, with a palace of the Nepaul rajah. 
 
 KII.^USH. a town of Afghanistan. See KiiASn. 
 
 KHAUNPOOR, a town of Ilindostan. See Khaxpoor. 
 
 KII.\\'.\, kd'vd, a river of Russia, joins the left bank of 
 the Oosman, about 20 miles S.E. of Voronezh, after a course 
 of nearly 45 miles. 
 
 K1I.\W.\K, kd-wdk'. the most E. pass across the Hindoo 
 Koosh. in Kaflristan, 100 miles N.E. of Cabool. Lat. 35° 38' 
 N., Ion. 70° E. Elevation of summit, 13,200 feet. By it 
 Timur (Tamerlane) entered Ilindostan. E. by S. from the 
 top of the piiss is the fort Khawnk, 9300 feet above the sea. 
 Lat. 35° 37' 36" N. 
 
 KHKDIWARl, kJd-e-wd/ree, one of the navigabie mouths 
 of tlie Indus, at its delta, entering the sea in lat. 24° 9' N., 
 Ion. 67° 29' E., where it is 650 yards across. 
 
 KIIEIBER or KHKIBERS. See Khyber. 
 
 KHEIR. kir, a town of British India, presidency of Bora- 
 bay, district of South Concan, 93 miles S..S.E. of Bombay. 
 
 KIIKIR, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, 
 district of Candeish, 104 miles E.S.E. of Surat. 
 
 KIIKLIDONIA, k6!-e-divnee'.a, a cape and group of inlets 
 (anc. ('/ididfMiir.) of Asi.a Minor, in Anatolia, on its S. coa.st. 
 
 KHELMOS. kJl'mos.amonntainof Greece, intheMorea, 6 
 miles S.E. of Kalavrita. Elevation 76.54 feet. 
 
 KIIE.MLASSA, kJm-lds'sa, a considerable walled town of 
 India, dominion, and 140 miles S. of Gw.alior. 
 
 KHKNGUXPOOR, kfen-gan-poor', a village of the Punj.ab, 
 near the Ghara, 32 miles S.W. of Ferozepoor. 
 
 KHE(JRAII. ke-o'-rd, a village of the Punjab, 26 miles 
 N.W. of Julalpoor. 
 
 KIIERASOON or KIIERASOUN, Turkey. See Keresoos 
 
 KHKRKIIAH. a river of Persia. See Kerah. 
 
 K H KRSON or CIIERSON, kJr-sou', a government of South 
 Russia, mostly between lat. 46° and 49' N.. and Ion. 29° and 
 34° E.. having S. the Black Sea. Area, 28,502 .squ.are miles. 
 Pop. in 1851, 889,205. Surface in the N. undulating, and 
 covered with forests; elsewhere a wide steppe or prairie. 
 Principal rivers, the Dnieper, on the N. and S.E.; the 
 Dniester, forming the W. frontier; and the Bug, traversing 
 its centre. Its W. half is very fertile ; cattle and Sneep- 
 breeding is, however, the chief branch of industry. Pro- 
 ducts comprise oak bark, tobacco, mustard, saffron, and 
 liquorice, besides corn, hemp, flax, nitre, salt, and sand- 
 stone. Some manufactures of cloth, tallow, leather, butter, 
 cheese, and caviar, are carried on, partly by Swedish, Ger- 
 man, and other colonists, the population consisting of a 
 great intermixture of races. Principal towns, Kherson, 
 Nikolaev. Yelizabetgrad. and Odessa. 
 
 KHERSON or CIIERSON, a fortified town of South Rus- 
 sia, capital of a government of Kherson, on the riiht bank 
 of the Dnieper, 92 miles E.N.E. of Odessa. Pop. 40,402. It . 
 was founded by Potemkin in 1778, is well built, and divided 
 into four quarters, the citadel, in which are the arsenal, bar- 
 racks, other government buildings, and the cathedral in 
 whicii Potemkin, its founder, is buried; the admiralty quar- 
 ter, with excavated docks for the construction of ships of 
 war, is now disused. It h.as various schools, and 3 miles 
 distant are the tomb and cenotaph of Howard the philan- 
 thropist, who died at Kherson, January 20, 1790. 
 
 KUESTERNIA, kes-t^ue-a, a town of Russia, govern- 
 
 97S 
 
KHE 
 
 KHO 
 
 meiit, and 70 miles N.E. of Kherson, on the Ingoolets, (In- 
 guletz.) Pop. 1200. 
 
 KHKYHKK and KHEYBKRS. SeeKnTBER. 
 
 KUKYR-AHAD, a town of Ilindost.in. See Khtrabad. 
 
 KUILOK. Ke-Iok', a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the 
 povernment of Irkootsk. and after a course of about 430 
 miles, joins the right bank of the Selengii, about 20 miles 
 below Selenghinsk. 
 
 KHlMitU. an island of Greece. See Aroestiera. 
 
 KHIX-GAX (kin-gAn) MOUNTAINS, is a n.ame applied to 
 two extensive mountain chains of East Asia, one lietween 
 the Russian and Chinese dominions, the other separating 
 .Mantchooria and Mongoliii. (see next article.) 
 
 KUING-OAX-OOLA or KIIING-GAN-OULA, King>gdn- 
 oo/li. is a portion of the great mountain chain of Asia. 
 s<;parating the Russian and Chinese Empires, about 160 
 Biles E.^.E. of Kiakhta. 
 
 KHIXG-Y ANG, KH IX-YAXG. or KIN-YANG, kingV^ng', 
 ft city of China, capital of a department in the province of 
 Kansoo, near Lit. 36° N., Ion. 107° 30' E^ and elaborately 
 Ibrtified. 
 
 KlIIXG-YUAN, kingVoo'dn', KlIIN-YCAN, or KIN- 
 YUEX. kin\voo- Jn', a city of China, province of Quang-see, 
 SUO miles W.'X.W. of Canton, and having a large drug trade. 
 
 KlIIXI. Kee'nee. a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 
 43 miles X.E. of Diarbekir. with 300 Mohammedan and 
 150 Armenian femilies, the latter engaged ina tradeof fruit, 
 and in spinning and weaving cotton cloths, 30.000 pieces of 
 which are said to be produced annually from 120 looms. 
 
 KIIINIS. a town of Turkey. See K'hanos. 
 
 Kino or KIIIOS, an island of Asiatic Turkey. See Sao. 
 
 KIIIONG-TCHOU. a city of China. See KloxG-CHon. 
 
 KIIIOO-CHOO or KIIIU-TCHOU, ke-ooVhoo', a city of 
 Cliina. province of Che-kiang, capital of a department, 100 
 miles S.^V. of Ilang-i-how-foo. 
 
 KIIITAI. See China. 
 
 KIIIVA.KIIIKWA. KHEEVA.Kee'TlorKHARESM.ka- 
 rJsm', (anc. CImraahnia.) a country of Independent Toorkis- 
 tan, mostly between lat. 30° and 44° N.. and Ion. 52° and 64° 
 E.. having X. the Kirgheez steppe and the .Sea of Aral, E. tlie 
 Bokhara and tlie Kara-kalpack t<^rritory, S. Khorassan (in the 
 Persi.in dominions.) and \V. theCaspian Sea. Estimated pop. 
 200.000. mostly wandering triljes. Surface almost wholly a 
 s.andy desert, with some scattered hill-ranges in the N. and 
 W.. the Oxus flows thi-ough its E.part: and along its banks, 
 and the canals connected with it, there are many fertile 
 tracts. In tlie.se places, wheat, millet, barley, fruits, lin- 
 seed, cotton, tiax, and some rice, are grown. The vine also 
 thrives. Sliet'p and goats, and a good breed of horses, are 
 pretty numerous. Camels are the ordinary beasts of burden. 
 Some cotton and silk stuffs and shawls are made by the 
 females, and exportci: agriculture is, however, the princi- 
 pal occupation of the settlitl population. About 2000 camels 
 go annually to Orenbonrg. .\strakhan, and Cabool, with 
 agricultural produce, silk, and cotton fabrics and yarn, to 
 be exchanged for the products of Ru.ssia and the West, 
 which are also brought in boats across the Caspian. The 
 population is very mixed, the dominant race being Oozbeks, 
 as in Itokhara. .\dj. and inhab. KmvAN. Kee'van. 
 
 Kill V A. the capital of the above country, is in an irrigat- 
 ed plain near the Oxus. I..Ht.41°40'X., lon.59°13'E. Pop. 
 10.0011. llelmerson reports that it comprises 1500 houses, 
 which, like the palace of the khan, are built of earth, the 
 only stone buildings being three mosques, a school, and a 
 caravanserai. It is surrounded by numerous gardens, and 
 ia the chief seat of trade. 
 
 KIIMIKLXIK. a town of Poland. See Chmiixxik. 
 
 KIIODAB.iD. ko-di-h3d'. a ruined town of Sinde. on the 
 left bank of the Indus. 25 miles X. of Hyderabad. Ijit. 25° 
 4S' X.. Ion. 6S° ,32' E. Its remains cover 2 srjuare miles. 
 
 KllO-DAIIMAX. Afghanist.in. See K0Hl-DAMAU>t. 
 
 KlIOrUJiXD. a town of Central Asia. See Khojend. 
 
 KU IDJRKDV or KUOU >RKO\V, Ko-doR-kov'. a town of 
 Russia, government, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Kiev, on the 
 Irpen. Pop. 2800. 
 
 K HOT. Koy. a town of X'orth Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 
 on a tiiiiutary of the Koor. 20 miles N. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. 
 Pop. 30.0(X), It is well built, the streets are shaded by ave- 
 nues of trees, and it has a g.)od bazaar. In its plain. Shah 
 Isniai'l totally defeated the Turks under Selim I, in 1514, 
 L.Ht. 3S° 37' X„ Ion. 45° 15' E. 
 
 KIIO.TEXD or KOD.TEXD. Ko'jend', a populous town of 
 Central Asia, in Independent Toorkistan, 50 miles W. of 
 Khokan. on the Jaxartes. Lat. 41° 23' N., Ion. 68° 42' E. It 
 titandson rising ground, enclosed by decayed walls, and wet 
 .ditches, and intersected by canals. • It has manufactures of 
 (xwrse cotton fabrics, in which, and in Russian goods, it has 
 u large trade, and it is the station at which toll is paid for all 
 merchandise entering the khanat from Bokhara. 
 
 KHOJUOIJAN. ko-joo-o-bdn'. an ancient city now in ruins, 
 25 miles X.W. of Bokhara, on the verge of the desert. 
 
 KIIOKAX. KOIvAN. Ko'kdn'. KHOKAXD. Ko'kind', or 
 FEltGlIANA, fJi^gi'na. a khanat of Central Asia, in Inde- 
 pendent Toorkistan. between lat. 40° and 45° N,. and Ion, 67° 
 and 75° E.. having K. Chiuese Toorkistan, and S. Bokhara 
 974 
 
 and the table-land of Pameer. It comprises a part of the 
 lofty region AV. of the great plateau of East Asia. The Jax- 
 artes has its upper course in this region. The products com- 
 prise corn, cotton, silk, and fine fruits, with coal, copper, 
 iron, and lapis-lazuli. Pasturage plentiful, live stock nu- 
 merous, and wool is an important article of export. The 
 khan maintains an army of about 10.000 men. The piiuci- 
 pal towns are Khokan. Khojend, and Tashkend. 
 
 KIlt*K.\.N, capital of the above khanat, on the Jaxarfes, 
 about 280 miles X.W. of Kashgar. and N.E. of Samarcand. 
 It is reported to be of about half the size of Bokhara. Prin- 
 cipal buildings, the khan's residence, some stone bazaars, 
 many mosques and public schools, and several caravan- 
 serais. 
 
 KIIOLM, Kolm. a town of Russia, government of PskoT, 
 on the Lovat, 110 miles S.E. of Pskov. Pop. 2000. 
 
 KIIOLM. a village of Russia, go.vernment of Smolensk, 
 N.W. of A'iazma. 
 
 KIIOLMITCH or KHOLMICZ, Kol'mitch. or kol-niitch', a 
 market-town of Russian Poland, government of Minsk, on 
 the Dnieper. 21 miles S.S.E. of Rezhitsa, 
 
 KlIOLMOGORY, Kol-mo-go'ree. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 32 miles S.E. of Archangel, capital of a district 
 of the s;»me name, on an island in the Dwina. Pop. 1600. 
 
 KIIONI. Ko'nee. a town of Kus.si.a, beyond the Caucasus, 
 15 miles W.X.AV. of Kootais. Pop. 1200. 
 
 KIIOXS.\R. Kon'sar', a town of Persia, province of Irak- 
 Ajemee. 83 miles W.X.AV. of Ispahan, on the route to Hamao 
 dan. Pop. from 12.000 to 13.000, engaged in raising and dry- 
 ing fruits, and weaving chintz. 
 
 KIIOOCHAX, a town of Persia, See Koochax, 
 
 KlIOOLOOM, KHOULLOUM, Koo'loom', KIICLM, 
 KIIOULM. koolm, GHOLAM, go-lJm'. or TASHKCKGAN, 
 t<ish-koorVjn'(?) a town of Afghanistan, near the borders 
 of Bokhara, on the left bank of the river Khooloom. 40 miles 
 W. of Balkh:lat. 36°40'X., ion. 68°o' E. It is surroundet. 
 by hills on three sides, and defended by two castles. Pop. 
 10.000. 
 
 KHOONAWUR, (koo-ni-w&r', or KOONAWAR) PASS, 
 one of the loftiest across the llimalavas. Lat, 31° 40' N,, lou 
 18° 30' E. Elevation 20.000 feet. 
 
 KIIOOXDCXIZ, KOUXDOUZ, or KUNDUZ. koon-dooz', a 
 khanat of Independent Tartary: lat. 35'' to 38° X., and Ion, 
 6S° to 72° E., having S. Afghanistan, W. Bokhara, and E 
 the Bolor Mountains. The greater part of the surface i« 
 mountainous, but there are many fertile tracts which yield 
 abundant crops of grain, principally wheat and barley : while 
 the marshy grounds, which are very extensive, produce 
 good crops of rice. 
 
 K1I00XD(X)Z or KOUXDOUZ, a town of Independent 
 Tartary, capital of the alx>ve khanat, near the junction of 
 the Bunghee with the Goree. which here unite to form the 
 Oxus. Lat. 36° 4S' X., Ion, 69° 21' E. Pop. aljout 15ilO . 
 
 KllOOXnS. a trilw of Indians. See Goaxds. 
 
 KHOOZISTAX, KHOUZISTAN. or KIIUZI.STAN. Koo- 
 zis-tin', originally KIIORISTAN, K0*ris-tdn. the '-country of 
 estuaries, (or K/iors.)" (anc. Suxia'na.) a province of I'ersia, 
 mostly between lat. 30° and a3° X., and Ion. 46° and 51° E., 
 having X'. the Bakhtiyari .Mountains, separating it from Irak- 
 .\jemee, E. Ears, W. the p<ashalic of Bagdad, (in Asiatic Tur- 
 key,) and S. the Persian Gulf. The surftce is mostly moun- 
 tainous; but in the S. are some plains. Tho Tigris and 
 Euphrates (Shat-el-Arab) form a part of its W. Ixmndary. 
 In that part which borders on the I'ersian Gulf, there are 
 numerous river mouths, or estuaries. whence the province de- 
 rives its name. The products are rice, maize, iarley. cotton, 
 sugar-cane, dates, indigo, .and silk. Tlie pasturages are ex- 
 tensive, and live stock numerous. The trade is mostly wKh 
 Bassorah and Bagdad. The principal towns are Shooster, 
 Dezfool, Bebhak. and Mohammerah. 
 
 KHOPER, ko'per. a river of Russia, ri.ses in the eovem- 
 ment of Penza, flows tortuously S.S.W.. and joins the Don 
 after a course of 250 miles, for the last 100 of which it is 
 navisable. 
 
 KHOPERSK or CIIOPERSK, NOVO, no'vo Ko-painsk' (?) 
 a small fortified town of Russiti. government, and H~i miles 
 E.S.E. of Voronezh, on the Khoper. 
 
 KlfOIi or KHOKE, Kor, (a "month" or "estuary.") is 
 the prefixed name of various lays in the Ea.»t. the principal 
 being Khore .Ahdailah. (kor 3twldl'l3.> on the Persian Gulf, 
 W. of the mouth of the Euphrates. See Khoozistan. 
 
 KHORASSAX or KH0RA8AX. Ko'rds-sdn'. (•• t. .. region 
 of the sun,"*) » province of Persia, between lat. 34° and 38° 
 N.. and Ion. 53° and 61° H; its limits*, however, have often 
 varied considerably. It has X. Khiva, and E. Af.'hanistao. 
 Its S. part is a sandy waste, the rest of its surface consists 
 of mountain ranges and fertile valleys. Wheat, rice, tob;\cco, 
 cotton, hemp, and assafietida are grown. Goats'-hair and 
 turquoises are important articles of produce. Principal 
 towns. Meshed and Xishapoor, 
 
 * The origin of the name is prettily sngsested by MooKl, itt 
 the commencement of the first poem of Lnlla Rookh— 
 " In the deliRhtfiil province of the sun, 
 Xh« first of Persian- lands be sliiaes upon." 
 
KHO 
 
 KIA 
 
 KHORTSTA'JT, a proTinoe of Persia. See Khoozistan. 
 
 KfiOROf,, Ko-ri'l'. a river of Kussia. rises in the jtovem- 
 in«nt of KbirkoT, and after a southward course of about 140 
 milfs joins the Ps-iol. 
 
 KllOltOli. 1 town of Russia, povernment, and 60 miles 
 W.N'.W. of i'r.ltara. on tiie Khoml. 
 
 Krii)nRAMABAD, kor-ram4-bad'. or KHORUM-ABAD, 
 Ico-rQm-rl-bJd'. a town and fiirt of Persia, province of Irali- 
 Ajemce, district of l^ooristan. on the left banlv of the Koon, 
 98 miles S. by W. of Ilamadan. It consists of about 1000 
 houses, and h.as many curious antiquities, comprisinc; a 
 remarkable inscribed pillar. The Fort, which overlooks 
 the town, occupies a steep rock about 1000 yards in circum- 
 ference, and is surrounded by a double wall at the base. A 
 masnificent resnrvoir has been formed within it. 
 
 (CHORSABAU, KOR'sd bid', KOHSABAD, (probably a cor- 
 ruption of Ar/(o.s?-oo-a/>nrf. the '-alKJde of Khosroes or Chos- 
 roes." a ftmous Persian king.) or KIIOKTABAD, kor't3-l)dd', 
 a villa<?e of Turkey in Asia, pashalic, and about l^i miles in 
 a direct line ^.K. of Mosul. Here, Botta, in 18-4:3. discovered 
 the ruins of a larjre buildins containing Assyrian sculp- 
 tures and inscriptions, liut nearly buried up. This was the 
 first discovery of the antiquities of Nineveh, to which the 
 labours of Layard and others have lately given so much 
 Interest. 
 
 KIMSKOO-STIAH.KosVoo'sha. written also KHOSRAU- 
 SII AH. a viila'je and valley of I'ersia. province of Azerbaijan, 
 the former'S.W. of TabreeiS. and formerly of importance. The 
 valley is a tract of groves and gardens, and one of the 
 " paradises'' celebrated in old I'ersian poetrj', (the others 
 being at Samarcand. at Ilamadan, the plain of Damascus, 
 and Kaleh Sofid, in the province of Fars.) 
 
 KIIOTKX, Ko'tSn', I^HaTAX, koHdn', EELCIIEE. EEL- 
 CIII or II.CIII, eel-chee', written also ELECIIEE. and 
 ILITSI, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, on the route between 
 Yarkaiid .and Lapa. Lat. 37° N., Ion. 80° .'50' E. It is en- 
 closed by earthen ramp:»rts. and is the station of a Chinese 
 governor and garrison, but mostly peopled by Oozbeks. who 
 manufacture leather, silk fabrics, and paper, and have a 
 brisk trade in these goods, and in jasper and other natural 
 produce. 
 
 KlIOTTN or KIIOTTNE. in Bessarabia. See CuoTvy. 
 
 KIIOTM Y.ISK. kot-mee.sk', a town of Russia, government, 
 and To mil 'S S.S.W. of Koorsk, on the Vorskla. Pop. 2100. 
 
 KIIOTMYN.sk, kot-minsk', a walled town of Russia, 
 government of Kharkov. I'op. 1678. 
 
 KII!)-TSI.\-SIIAN or KIIO-TSTX-CIIA\, KoHseen'shdu', 
 a mountain of China, province of Shan-see, in lat. 40° 7' N., 
 Ion. ll-!° 20' Vj. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 KIIOUM. a town of Persia. See KooM. 
 
 KIIOUZISTAX. a province of I'ersia. See Khoozistan. 
 
 KIIOZDAR, kozMar', a decayed town of Belooihistan. 
 capital of the province of .Ihalawan, in a fertile valley, 80 
 miles S.S.W. of K.'lat. Lat. 27° 50' .\., Ion. 6«° 23' E. 
 
 KlIULKAL. KQl-k^l'. a town of Persia, province of Azer- 
 baijan. 45 miles S.S.K. of .\rdabeel. 
 
 KHCLM. a town of Central Asia. See Khooloom. 
 
 KIIUM.\ULE.\., koo-maw-li'a, a populous town of llin- 
 dostan. Guicowar's dominion, in Guzerat, 75 miles X.W. of 
 Joonaijhur. 
 
 KTIUNGTAGIIAUT. a town of Ilindostan. See Bi,t\ee. 
 
 KHUItD-KABOOL. Koord-ka-bool', or LITTLE CABOOL, 
 B village of Afghanistan. 16 miles S.E. of Cabool. Eleva- 
 tion, 7466 feet. Here the British troops, retreating to Ca- 
 bool from Jelalabad, were butchered by the Afghans, in 
 1841. 
 
 KHURRUMABAD, Koor-roo-mJ-i)ad', or KOOMABAD, 
 koom^d-bdd', a large village of North Persia, province of 
 Miizanderan. near the Caspian 'Sea. SO miles W. of Amol. 
 
 KilUSltEV PASHA. Koos-r^v' pi>»hli\ov VEZIR KHAN, 
 v.A-zeer' kin, ii town of Asiatic Turkey, pa.shalic of Anatolia, 
 52 miles N. by W. of Kutaieh, at the summit of a beautiful 
 mountain pass. Pop. about 700. 
 
 KHUTTLR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, near musjid. Ali, 
 
 KIU'ZISTAN, a province of Persia, See Khiwzistav. 
 
 KHVALYNSK or KHVALINSK, K'vi-leensk', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 115 miles N.E. of Saratov, on the 
 ri'.'lit Knnk of the Volira. Pop. 3000. 
 
 KHYliKR or KHKYBER (ki'bgr) PASS, in Afghanistan, 
 is the principal N. pass into that country from Hindostan, 
 corampniMng about 10 miles W. of Peshawer, and extending 
 for .30 miles X.W. to the plain of Jelalabad. It lies through 
 cliffs of slate, rising from 6iX) to 1000 feet on eUher side, and, 
 thouirh narrow and dangerous, is the only route forartillery 
 across the Khyber Mountains. It was forced by the British 
 troops on the iirst occupation of Cabool. and in 1842. The 
 Khybers are a formidable tribe of robbers occupying the 
 adjacent territory. (Balbi.) 
 
 KHYEN (kl-Jn/) COUNTRY, a region of Farther India, 
 between lat. 19° and 24° N.. and Ion. 93° and 95° E., having 
 \V. the British provinces of Aracan and Chittagong. 
 
 KHYEN-DWtlM or KYEN-DWEM, ki.^nMwSm'. or NING- 
 THEE. ningHhee'. a liver of Fartlier India, rises in the pro- 
 vince of Pong, in lat. 27° N., and Ion, 96° 30' E., flows mostly 
 £. between the Cassay and Burmese domiuions, and joins 
 
 the Irrawaddy opposite Yandabo in Bunnah, after a conr«e 
 loosely estimated at 4O0 miles. It is navigable for tbb largest 
 boats to King-nao. in lat. 23° 45' N. All its afiiuents from 
 the K. are said to be auriferous. 
 
 KHYERPOOR, krer-poor'. or KIIYRPOOR. kir'poor', a 
 town of Sinde, 15 miles E. of the Indus. Lat. 27'' 31' N., Ion. 
 6S°45'E. Pop. 15,000, Thouirh the residence of the ametfr? 
 of North Sinde, it is a mere collection of mud hovels, witlx 
 a fiirt. a mosque, and some bazaars. 
 
 KHYRABAD or KHEYll-ABAD. klr-J-bM'. several towns 
 of India and Afghanistan, the principal iieing in the domi- 
 nions, and 100 miles W.N.W. of Oude. Lat. 27° 3' N., Ion. 
 80° 40' E. 
 
 KIIYR6.4.0N. kIr-gS-on', a town of Sinde. on an arm of 
 the Indus, in lat. 20° 55' N., Ion. 67° 50' E. Pop. between 
 2000 and 3000. 
 
 KIIYRPOOR, a town of Sinde. See Khterpoor. 
 
 KHYRPOOR-DAHR, klr'poorMaR', a considerable town 
 of Sinde, 50 miles N.E. of Roree, in a tract well irrigated by 
 canals from the Indu.s. 
 
 KHYTUL, ki-tHP. a town of Ilindostan, capital of an 
 indeiiendent Sikh chiefship, 97 miles N.W. of Dellii. 
 
 KI, islands of the Malay Arciiipelago. See Ket. 
 
 KIAKHTA or KIACHTA, ke-dK'ta. a town of Siberia, 
 government, and 180 miles S.E. of Irkootsk. on an affluent 
 of the Selenga. close to the Chinese frontier, and the great 
 emporium of the trade between Russia and China. Lat, 
 50° 20' N., Ion. 106° .35' E. Pop. about 5000. It consists of 
 an upper fortified town, with a stone cliurch, and some 
 brick government offices, &c.. but otherwise built of wood; 
 and the lower town, opposite the Chinese village of Jlaimai- 
 tchin. is inhabited by merchants. The Russians here ex- 
 change lamli-skins, furs, fcroadcloths. coarse linens, cattle, 
 and bullion, for tea. raw and manufactured silks, nankeens, 
 porcelain, rhubarb, and other Chinese produce, especially at 
 a large fair in December. A gi-eat temporary increase of its 
 trade took place during the late British war with China; 
 and in 1843, as many as 102.7(10 chests of superfine tea are 
 stated to have been received here by tlie Russians, tlie re- 
 turns to China comprising 660,090 yards of Russian broad- 
 cloth, worth 228,000/., other Russian woollens to 107.400/., 
 cotton goods to 26,000/., leather to 45,000/.. and furs to 
 21O.S80/. in value. 
 
 KIAMA, ke-i/mJ, a town of Central Africa, in a dis- 
 trict of the same name, state of Borgoo, 70 miles S.W. of 
 Boossa. 
 
 KIAMITIA, ki-a-mish'e-a, a post-village of Red River 
 CO., Texas, on Red River, opposite the mouth of Kianiitia 
 Hiver,about35 miles N.N.W. of Clarksville. Cotton is shipped 
 here in the steamboats. 
 
 KIA\-CH.\XG, a city of China See Kikn-chvn''.-foo. 
 
 KJANG. ke-dng' or ke-Ang'. a Chinese word signilying 
 "river." forming a Tiart of numerous names: as Mix-Kiano, 
 the "Min River;" Ta-Kiang, the 'Great River," (one of the 
 names of the Yang-tse-kiang.) kc. 
 
 KIANG-HUNG, ke-Jng' hoong(?) an important town of 
 Laos, on the right bank of the Me-kong or Cambodia River, 
 about lat. 21° 58' N.. Ion. 100° 39' E. It is the capital of a 
 large province extending along both ban^s of the river. It 
 has about 500 houses. 
 
 KIAXG-KU. a river of China. See Yaxo-tse-kiano. 
 
 KIANG-XING or KI AXG-X ING-FOO. See Nanking. 
 
 KIAXG-SEE or KIANG-SI. ke-ingVee'. a province of 
 China, between lat. 24° and 30° N., and Ion. 11.3° 20' and 
 118° 30' ¥.., enclosed by the provinces of Hoo-nan, Iloo-pe, 
 Xgan-hoei, Che-kiang, Fo-kien. and Quang-tong. Pop. 
 30,426,299. The surface is mostly mountainous: but its 
 centre is traversed by the Kau-kiang. The products com- 
 prise gold, iron, tin. lead, excellent hemp, grass-cloths of the 
 best kind, and the finest porcelain. Capital, Nan-chang, 
 
 KIAXGSOO, KIANG-SOU or KIAXG-SU, ke'Sng'soo, a 
 maritime province of China, between lat. 31° and 35° N., 
 and Ion. 116° and 122° E., having E. the Yellow Sea. and 
 landward the provinces of Shan-tung, Ilo-nan, Ngan-hoei, 
 and Che-kiang. Pop. 37,843.501. The surface is mostly 
 level, except in the S., and this is one of the most fertile 
 and valuable provinces of the empire, exporting more 
 silk than any other part of China. The great rivers Iloang- 
 ho and Yang-tse-kiang here enter the sea. Principal city, 
 Nankins. 
 
 KIAXO-TUNG, ke-lnirHoong' or ke-dng'tting' a walled 
 town of Laos, about 5 miles from the rijrht bank ef the Xam 
 Lue, an affluent of the Me-kong. Lat. 21° 47' N., Ion. alioul 
 99° 39' E. It is one of the principal towns in Laos, capital 
 of a petty state of the same name, and exercises rule over 
 several neighboring petty states. 
 
 KIANKARY. a town of .\,sia Minor. See Kankaree. 
 
 KIAN-KOO-SHAN or KIAN-KOU-CHAX, ke-Su'-koo'- 
 sh3n', a mountain of China, province Of Iloo-pe, in lat. 
 31° 40' N. Ion. 110° 27' E. It is covered with perpetual 
 snow. 
 
 KIAN-NING, ke-Jn'ning'. a city of China, in the province 
 of Fo-kien. 95 miles N W. of Foo-choo. 
 
 KI AN-TCH ANG, a city of China. See KiEX-cnAXG-yoo. 
 
 KIATKUTA, a town of Siberia. See Kukuta. 
 
 975 
 
KIB 
 
 KIE 
 
 KIBAU. kee'lhan/. a Tillajce of West Thibet, 13,800 feet above 
 tbe Fe:\. in a narrow valley surrounded on all sides by lofty 
 mountains. Lat. 32° 25' N.. Ion. 78° E. 
 
 KIIJBLKSTOXE, kiMiels-ton, a liberty of Encland, co. of 
 Stafford. 2 miles N. of Stowe. Earl St. Vincent was born 
 here. a.d. 1734. 
 
 KIB'WdKTH. a parish of Enjrland. co. of Leicester. 
 
 KICIIENEV or KICHINEV, a town of Russia. See Kishe- 
 
 NEV. 
 
 KICK. \ POO, a post-office of Anderson co., Texa.s. 
 KICIvAPOO, a post-township of Peoria CO., Illinois, on the 
 Peoria and Oqnawl<a Kailroud, 12 miles N.W. of Peoria. 
 Population 1265. 
 
 KICK'A POC CKEEK, of Henderson co., Texas, flows into 
 Keches River, near its source. 
 
 IvlClvAI'OO CREEK, in the central part of Illinois, is an 
 affluent of Salt Creek. 
 
 KICK'APOO' INDIANS, a tribe in Kansas, for whom a 
 mission has been esfciblished at Kickapoo Village. They 
 have msule considerable progress in agriculture ; many of 
 them have comfortable bouses, around •which may be seen 
 gardens, domestic animals, &e. These, with other indica- 
 tions of civilization, form a pleasing contrast with the con- 
 dition of the other triljes within the Great Nemahaw Agency. 
 KICKAPOO RIVhMJ, of Wisconsin, flows into the Wis- 
 consin Kiver. about IS miles from its mouth. 
 
 KICKAPOO, a post-village of Leavenworth co., Kansas, 
 «ituated on the Missouri River, 5 or 6 miles above Leaven- 
 worth. The convention which made the arrangements for the 
 election of a delegate to Washington to ur^e upon Congress 
 the organization of the new territories of Nebraska and 
 Kansas was held here, September 20, 1853. In contains 2 
 churches, and about 100 dwellings. It has an active trade 
 in lunil'er. 
 
 KICKIONERRI, kik'ke-o-nJr'ree. writt«n also KTKT- 
 WIIIUKI and KIKIWIIARY, a town of Africa, in the Ash- 
 •intee country, in lat. 6° 2' N.. Ion. 1° 29' W. Pop. 12.000. 
 K IP'D KR. a township of Carbon co.. Pennsylvania. P. 1249. 
 KIDDKRMI.VSTER, kld'der-min^ster, a parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, manuficturing town, and parish ol Eng- 
 land, CO. of Worcester, on both sides of the Stour, near its 
 confluence with the Severn, 15 miles N. of Worcester. Pop. 
 in 1851, 23.S45. It is principally constructed of small, 
 humble dwellings, is paved, lighted with gas. and has an 
 ample supply of good water. It has a town-hall and a prison, 
 three churches, numerous Dissenting places of worship, a 
 Unitarian and a Roman Catholic chapel, a free grammar and 
 other schools, bank, union work-house, and, adjoining the 
 town, the remains of an ancient castle of the Cokeseys. 
 Kidderminster was noted for its woollen manufactures "in 
 the reign of Henry VIII. The fabrics now made are carpets 
 and finger rugs, with some bombazines, button-coverings, 
 and waistcoat-pieces. The carpets are unrivalled for excel- 
 lence of workmanship. A few years since, upwards of 2000 
 looms and 4000 hands were employed in this manufacture. 
 The Stafford and ^Vorcester Canal passes the town, and 
 opens a communication with Liverpool, Hull, and Hristol. 
 The borough sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 KIDDKR'S KKIUtY. a post-offlce of Seneca co.. New York. 
 KID'DINGTON, NETII'ER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 ivIDD'VILLE. a post-village of Clarke co.. Kentucky, So 
 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 KIDIHA-TATA, ke-dee/rd-tMi, a village of AVest Africa, 
 in Bondoo. on the Faleme. L:tt. 14° 27' N., Ion. 12° 16' W. 
 It is the supposed site of the old French fort of St. Pierre. 
 
 KIDIKA-TIOOBALO0orKIDIRA-TI0UBALOU,ke-dee'ra- 
 te-oo'bd'loo', a village of West Africa, in Bondoo. on the 
 Faleme. I^at. 14° 28' N., Ion. 12° 16' W. Pop. about 1000. 
 KID'fJNOTOM. a parish of Enzland. co. of Oxford. 
 KrD,)NIi:il, a village of Asia Minor, S. of Adramyti. 
 KIDltON. a stream of Palestine. See Kedrox. 
 KID'RijN. a post-village of Coweta Co., Georgli, about 110 
 miles W. by N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 KIDROX, a post-village and missionary station in the 
 Cherokee Nation, in the Indian Territory. 
 
 KlDWEiVLY or CYDWELI, kid-wSl'ee, a municipal bo- 
 rough, small port, market-town, and parish of Wales, co., and 
 9 miles S. of Carmarthen, on both sides of the Gwendraeth, 
 near its mouth in Carmarthen Bay. Pop. in 1851, 1648. It 
 has some iron and tin-smelting works, the products of which, 
 W'.th coal, f >rm the chief exports. 
 
 KIKBLIXGSWALDK. kee'blings-^irdeh, a village of 
 1 rustia. province of Silesia, government of Breslau. P. 957. 
 
 KIKCni-IXGSIJKRGKN, keeKlings-bSRoVn. a village of 
 Baden, circle of Upper Rhine, near Breisach. Pop. 931. 
 
 KIEDRICH. kee/driK, a village of Germany in Nassau, 3 
 miles A\ . of KltviUe. Pop. 1375. 
 
 KIEF, a government and citv of Russia. Pee Kiev 
 vT'^l!'ii',?,'3;t^^'^'^''' (KleferstSdtl.) kee/ffrs-tJttT, or COS- 
 MCZO\\ ICL, kos-necyso-*eet's.\. a town of Prussia, province 
 of SUesla, 36 miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 827. 
 
 970 
 
 KIEL, keel, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy of Hol- 
 stein, on a fine bay of the Baltic, 53 miles N.N.E. of Ham 
 burg, at the terminus of the railway from Altona. Popu- 
 lation in ISOO, including its suburb Brunsw ick, 17^541. It 
 is well built and thriving. The principal edifices are the 
 Church of St. Nicholas, the royal palace, and the public 
 baths. Its university, founded in 1665, liad. in 1840. 191 
 students. Attached to it is an observatory ; also a botania 
 garden, a lying-in hospital, and a public library with 100.000 
 volumes. It contains also a seminary for teachers. Kiel 
 has manufactures of iron goods and machines, tobacco, 
 starch, and refined sugar; a good harbor, with 16 feet of 
 waber. considerable ship-building, and an annual fair in 
 January, at which extensive exchanges are transacted. 
 Upwards of 2000 vessels, with a burden of 250,000 tons, 
 arrive and depart annually, and its commerce is rapidly 
 increasing. The Ilolstein Canal joins the Baltic 2 miles N. 
 of the town. Steam and other packet-boats place it in con- 
 stant communication with Copenhagen, and also with Aal- 
 borg, R.^nders, and Kolding, 
 
 KIELCE, ke-^lf sA or kyflt's-i, a city of Poland, (U miles 
 N,N.E. of Cracow. Pop. 5100. It is a bishops see. and has 
 numerous religious edifices, with a gymnasium and diocesan 
 school. There are copper and lead mines in its vicinity. 
 
 KIP:LDRECHT, keel'drJKt, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders. 18 miles N. of Dendermonde. Pop. 2532. 
 KIKN-CIIANG-FOO, KIEN-TCHA.\G-FOU, ke-Jn'-chang- 
 foo. KIAN-CHANG or KIAN-TCIIAXG, ke'3n'-chang, a city 
 of China, province of Kiang-see. Lat. 27° 35' N., Ion. 116° 
 27' E. 
 KIENDAR. a river of Australia. See Qwtdir River. 
 KIEX-LUNG. ke-Jn'-lting, or ClIIN-LUXG. a town of 
 Thibet, on the Upper Sutlej, 42 miles S. of Gardoo, with hot 
 sulphm- sprinss. 
 
 KIEOO-KIANG or KIEOU-KIANG, kee\voo' ke-Sng', a city 
 of China, province of Kiang-see. with a fort on the Yang-tse- 
 ki.<ing, in lat. 29° 54' N., Ion. 116° 8' E. 
 
 KIEOU-TING-SHAN (or CHAN,) a mountain of China. 
 See Min-Shan. 
 
 KI1;RTEMIXDE. keeR'tfh-minMeh, a seaport town of 
 Denmark. isLand of Funen. on its E. coast, at the entrance 
 of an inlet of the Great Belt. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 KI E V. KI EW. ke4v', or KIEF, ke-?f', a government in the 
 S.W. of European Russia, bounded E. bv the Dnieper, from 
 lat. 48° 20' to 51° .30' N.. and from Inn. 28°' 25' to 33° E. Area, 
 1942 square miles. Pop. in 18.51, 1,636.339. The surface is 
 flat and undulating, watered liy the Dnieper and by the 
 Teterev. The soil is very fertile, and entirely occupied in 
 agriculture, except a small portion in the N., which is 
 covered with excellent timber. The chief crops are wheat, 
 reputed the best in Europe, rye, oats, maize, lint, hemp, 
 tobacco, hops, and vines. Cattle are extensively reared. 
 The manufactures are limited to candles and soap. 
 
 KIEV, KIEW. or KIEF, a fortified city of European Rus- 
 sia, capital of the government of Kiev, on the right bank of 
 the Dnieper, (over which a suspension bridge half a mile long 
 has recently been erected.) 670 miles S. of St. Petersburg, 
 and 490 miles S.W. of Moscow. Lat. (of the palace) 50° 26* 
 5.3" N., Ion. 30° 33' 44" E. It is picturesquely situated, crown- 
 ing .several heights of undulating ground, and con.sists pro- 
 perly of three towns, each of which has its separate fortifi- 
 cations and suburbs. The first is Petchersk. or, as it is 
 called, the New Fort, crowning a rugged steep to the S., 
 and is a place of strength, it has a rampart with nine 
 bastions, and regular outworks. Besides the barrack.s, 
 magazines, and official residences connected with the gar- 
 rison, it contains several churches, of which the most re- 
 markable is that of St. Nicholas Thaumaturgus. which stands 
 near the tomb of Oskold, a celebrated prince and saint. In 
 tbe same neighborhood stands the famous monastery of 
 Petchtrskoi. (so called from the Russian word petcliera, "a 
 cavern,") surrounded by a wall 1100 yards long. "This 
 cavern, said to have been hollowed out by St. Antony, con- 
 fciins a number of catacombs, forming a kind of labyrinth, 
 filled with the bodies of .saints and martyrs. The second 
 town, Kiev proper, occupies a height towards the N., less 
 elevated than that on which Petchersk stands, and lesS 
 regularly fortified. It contains the venerable Cathedral of 
 St. Sophia, founded in 10.37 by the Grand Duke .Taroslaw 
 Vladimirovitch to commemorate a victory. The chief obje<t 
 of interest in it is a marble tomb of its founder. Most of 
 the houses in Kiev Proper Mong to this church and the 
 Convent of St. Michael, The thirtl town, called Podol, 
 occupies the lower ground, and is inhabited chiefly by th« 
 middle and lower class. Kiev has in all .30 churches: it 
 contains an archbishop's palace, prison, and a town and 
 military hospital. Its university, founded in ■'?o4, is en- 
 dowed with a million rubles; it has a library of 35,000 vo- 
 lumes, cabinets of medals, mineralogy, zoology, and botanv, 
 and most of the collections transfem>d from the old Univf i^ 
 sity of Vilna. In 1846 it had 85 professors and 1549 students. 
 Connected with it is a Russian theoloirical seminary, with s 
 large library, 2 gymnasia, and an establishment for the edu- 
 cation of the "laughters of noliles. Kiev is the residence 
 of the governor-general of Little Russia, capital of a Qreek 
 
 J 
 
KIE 
 
 KIL 
 
 ejiarchy, and has a criminal and civil court. It has a bell- 
 founilry, some manufactories of leather and pottery, and is 
 celebrated for its confectionary. Its trade, since tlie rise of 
 Odessa, has become extensive; and it has a lartje annual 
 fair in .January. The town is very ancient, and possesses 
 fCreat historical interest as the spot on which Christianity 
 was first planted araonK the barbarous hordes of the steppes 
 of I?ussia. and as having been, for a long time, the recog- 
 nised capital of all Russia. Pop. in 1858, 60,682. 
 
 RIEVO. kei'vo, a village of Dalmatia, circle of Zara, 14 
 miles from Knin. Pop. IHO. 
 
 KIF'FICK. a parish of South M'ales. co. of Carmarthen- 
 
 KIFFM, kee'free, a town or villafre of Asiatic Turkey, 108 
 miles N.K. of Bafrdad, on the Koordistan frontier. 
 
 KlGirT-^GIIOdlC qr KIGIIT.VGIIOUK, kik-td-gook', a vil- 
 lage of Russian .\meriea. on the Oonalaklik, (Ounalaklik.) 
 having direct communication by two small streams with the 
 river Joona. (.Touna.) It has become the centre of the local 
 commerce. 
 
 KII (ki?) ISLANDS, a group of islands situated N. of Port 
 Essinirton. in North .\nstralia. 
 
 ICI.TorKlDGK. atowaofPersia. See Kedge. 
 
 RIKEU. ke-kew'. a town of Anam, province of Tonquin, 
 on a river, SO miles E. of Kotcho. It is fortitied in the 
 European style, regularly built, intersected by canals, and 
 has a palace and larire rice magazines. 
 
 KTlvIAY;ke-ke-i'. a group of small islands in the North 
 Pacific Ocean, S. of .Japan and N. of the Loo-choo Islands. 
 
 KIKTNDA, NAGY. nOJj kee'kin'dOh, a maiket-town of 
 East Hungary, co. of Torontal, 31) miles W.N.W. of Temes- 
 var. Pop. with 10 villages, 12,.'?44. 
 
 KTKINEIS, ke-ke-nice', a large Tartar vilhage of Russia, 
 government of Taurida. near the Black Sea. Pop. 1000. (?) 
 
 KTK1WII.\RV, a town of Ashantee. See Kickionf.iiui. 
 
 KIL iind KTLL. (]<;rse. '-a church,") prefixes to numerous 
 parishes and towns of Ireland. 
 
 KIL.\ and KIIJi.\, kil'hi, the names of many forts and 
 villages of Af^rhanistan. The principal was KliXA Muroha, 
 or NOWA MuRGitA. a fort 100 miles S.S.W. of Ghuznee, and 
 destroyed by the Rritish in 1839. 
 
 KltiBAIIA, kil'bS-hii', a fishing village of Ireland, co. of 
 Clare, on a small baj' of the .same name. Pop. 5-31. 
 
 KirjR.VL'LYIIONE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Clare. 
 
 KIIiBARCIIAN, kil-bar'Kan, a town and parish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Renfrew. 5^ miles W.N.^V. of Paisley. Pop. in 
 1S51. 5474, mostly silk and cotton weavers. The town has 2 
 public libraries, an agricultural ajid various other societies. 
 Near it are the ruins of Klliston Tower, and of Ranfurly Cas- 
 tle, a seat of the Knox family, of which the reformer, John 
 Knox, was a member. 
 
 KILBAR'RO.N, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Do- 
 negal. 
 
 KILBE.iGII, kil-bi', a parish of Ireland, inConnaught, co. 
 of Mayo. 
 
 KTLBEO'GAN, a parish and market-town erf Ireland, in 
 Leinster, co. of Westmeath, on the Upper Bi-osna, and on a 
 branch of the Grand Canal, 6^ miles N. of TuUamore. Pop. 
 1900. It has a parish church, once the chapel of a monas- 
 tei-y, founded by the Anglo-Normans in 1200, and a large 
 Roman Catholic chapel. 
 
 KILBEG'NOT, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of 
 Galwav. 
 
 KII/BEIIEN'NY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 KILBIR'NIE or KILBUR'NIE. a village and parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Ayr, 17 miles W.S.AV. of Glasgow. The vil- 
 lage is pleasantly situated on the Garnock, and on the Glas- 
 gow and Ayr Railway. It is well built of freestone, and has 
 an Established, a Free, and a Reformed church, 4 schools, 
 and several benevolent societies. I'op. in 1851, 3399. 
 
 KILBOL.A.NE, kirbo-lain', a piirish of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Cork. 
 
 KIL'BOURXE. a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 KILBRAN'DON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argvle. 
 
 KILBRAVXAN SOUND, a strait of Scotland, estuary of 
 the Clyde, between the N.W. part of the island of Arran and 
 the coast of Kintyre. It is about 14 miles long, by 4 miles 
 broad. 
 
 KIL'BRIDE', a parish of Ireland, in Ulster and Leinster, 
 oos. of Cavan and Meath. 
 
 KILBR1D1\ a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 KILBRIDE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co. 
 In it are the ruins of six castles. 
 
 KILBRIDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Bute. 
 
 KILBRIDE, a parish of Scotland, united with Kilmore. 
 
 KILBRIDE. EAST, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. It 
 was the birthplace of the famous Doctors John and William 
 riunter. 
 
 KILBRIDE. WEST, a parish of Scotl.and, co. of Ayr. 
 
 KIL'BRIN', a pai-ish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 KILBRO'GAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 KIVBURN, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 KIL'BY. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 KII.'CALMON/ELL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 ;i M 
 
 forming the X. extremity of the peninsula of Kintyre. It 
 has several sm.ill fishing villages and ancient forts, and Tar- 
 bert Castle. 
 
 KT r/C.\R'. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 KILC.A,S'K1N, a parish of Ireland, in Munster. cos. of 
 Cork and Kerry. 
 
 KlFiCAT'ERN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 KILCI[BI*;RG, kilKlii^RO, a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Bern, on the Emmeu 
 Pop. 44S9. 
 
 KILCIIBERG, a village and parish of Switzerland, cantov, 
 and 3 miles S. of Zurich. Pop. 958. 
 
 KILCIIOMAN, kil-Ko'man, a parish of Scotland, co. oT 
 Argyle. 
 
 KILCIIRENAN, kil-KrSn'an, a parish of Scotland, co. o 
 Argyle. 
 
 K I LCI>00'NEY, a p,arish of Ireland, co. of Armagh. 
 
 KlI/COCK'. a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, co. or 
 Kildare. on the Grand Canal, 3 miles W.N.W. of Maynooth, 
 and having a station on the Midland Great Western Rail- 
 way, 17 miles W.N.W. of Dublin. 
 
 Ivtl/COL'M.iX, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Kerry, including the town of Milltown. In tins parish are 
 Kilcolman Abbey, and the fine ruins of Killagh Abbey, 
 founded by Geoffrey de Mariscls in the reign of llenry III., 
 and rebuilt of dark marble at a later period. 
 
 KILCOLM.iN, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of 
 Slayo. 
 
 KILCOLMAN, a mined castle of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO. of Cork, 2 miles N. of Doneraile, was tho domain of the 
 poet Spenser, and the place where he composed a great part 
 of the " Faery Queen." 
 
 KILCOMMON. a parish of Ireland, in Connaught. co. of 
 Mayo, forming the principal part of the wild mountain dis- 
 trict of Erris. 
 
 KILCOM'MON. a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 KlI/CONDUFF', a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 KILCON'NK.L. a parish of Ireland, co. of Galw.ay. 
 
 KILCONQUIIAR, kil-konk'fr, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Fife. 
 
 KII/COO', a p<arish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 KILCOO'LEY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster and Lein- 
 ster, COS. of Tipperary and Kilkenny. Otiiers of the same 
 name are in tlie counties of Jleath. Roscommon, and Galwiiy. 
 
 KIL*CREG'G.\N. a watering-place of Scotland, co. of Ar- 
 gyle, 24 miles AV.N.W. of Glasgow, situated along the N. 
 bank of the estuary of the Clyde, on the peninsula formed 
 between Loch Long and Loch Gare. 
 
 KILTRiyilANE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry. 
 
 KILCROIIANK, a ixirish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 K JI/CRON A'GII AN. a parish of Irel.and. co. Londonderry. 
 
 KILH!)UL'LEN, a village and parish of Ireland, co., and 7 
 miles S.E. of Kildare. Here are the remains of a monastery 
 founded in the fifth century, some curiously-sculptui-ed 
 stones, and the ruins of a round-tower. Pop. 1050. 
 
 KILCULLEN BltlDGE, a small town of Ireland, in the 
 above parish, on the Lifley, here crossed by a bridge, 5 miles 
 S.S.W. of Naas. 
 
 KTLCUM'MIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway. 
 
 KILCU.MMIN, a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Kerry. 
 
 KIT/DALE, a parish of Englsind. co. of York. North Riding. 
 
 KILDAL'LON, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Cavan. 
 
 KILDALTON, kil-dai't9n, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Argvle. 
 
 KILD.iRE, kil-dair'. an inland county of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, h.aving E. the counties of Dublin and Wlcklow. 
 Area, 654 square miles, or 419,076 acres, of which about 
 50,000 are comprised in the Bog of Allen. Pop. in 1S51, 
 95,724. The surface is mostly flat. The chief rivers are 
 the Boyne, Barrow, and Lifley. The soil is mostly a deep 
 and fertile loam; and the Currngh of Kildare. a tract in 
 its centre, is scarcely to be matched for the excellence of 
 its turf and rich verdure. The chief crops are wheat, oats, 
 and barley. The best English breeds of cattle have been 
 introduced. The principal trade is in corn and flour, the 
 export of which is facilitated by the river Barrow, and Royal 
 and Grand Canals and their br.anches, which connect the 
 county with Dublin, Waterford, and the Sh.mnon. A good 
 de.al of peat is sent from the county to Dublin. The Great 
 South and West Railway intersects the county of Kildare. 
 The principal towns are Athy, Kildare, and Naa.s. It sends 
 2 members to the House of Commons. Kildare has. since 
 1316. given title to the Fitzgeralds, now Dukes of Leinster. 
 
 KTLD.4RE, a market-town, episcopal see. and parish In 
 the above county, on the Great South and West Railway, 30 
 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. of parish, 2C54; of the town, 
 1629. It stands on an elevated plain, and consists mostly 
 of cabins, intermixed with ancient edifices. It has a very 
 ancient cathedral, containing the burial-vault of the Fitz- 
 geralds, a part of a chapel reputed to date from the fifth cen- 
 tury, a round-tower 132 feet in height, remains of an abbey 
 and of a castle, a county infirmary, a Roman Catholic chapel, 
 nunnery, friary, jockey-club, and numerous inns, greatly 
 frequented during the celebrated Curragh races in April, 
 June, September, and October. It is the see of a Roman 
 
 977 
 
KIL 
 
 Catliolii; tishop. The bishopric, now united ■with that of 
 Puplib, tvmptisies 81 parishes, in King's, Queeu"s, and 
 Ki'd.ire counties. 
 
 KILDiyXAN, a purish of Scotland, CO. of Sutherland, abont 
 20 mill's X.N W. of Oornoch. It contain,* several Pictish towers. 
 KILDOWiOKY, a town and parish of Ireland, cc, and 25 
 miles .\. of Cork. Pop. 1994. 
 
 KIL'DHK.*.S', a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 KILDKUM'FEKTON, a parish of Ireland, co, of Cavan, 
 
 KILDKUM'.MIE, a parish of Scotland, co, of Aberdeen, on 
 the Don, 15 miles S,S,W, of Iluntly, It contains the re- 
 mains of Kildrummie Castle, famous' for its siege by Edward 
 I. in 1306, 
 
 KILD'WTCK. a parish of England, co, York, West Riding, 
 
 KILDY'SEKT, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co, of Clare, 
 12 miles S,S.\V, of Ennis, consisting p,artly of islands iu the 
 estuary of the Fergus and Shannon. 
 
 KIL'FAHBOY', k parish of Ireland, co,of Clare. 
 
 KIL'FEDANE', a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 KIL'FKNO'RA, a parish of Ireland, co, of Clare, 
 
 KlL'FER'fiUS. a parish of Ireland, co, of Limerick. 
 
 Kir.FlEUAGII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 KILFIN'.W, a parish of Scotland, eo,of Argyle, 
 
 KIL'FIXAXE'. a village and parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, CO, of Limerick, 5 miles S,E, of Kilmallock, Pop. of vil- 
 lage, 1782, Xear it are the remains of Castle Oliver, an an- 
 cient se.at of the Oliver family, 
 
 KTI,F1 X ICII i;X, kilfin'iK-en, and KILVICK'EOX', a parish 
 of Scotland, co, of Argyle, at the S. extremity of the island 
 of Mull. 
 
 KIL'FHFIE. a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Sligo. 
 
 KILFY'.VX. a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co.of JKiyo. 
 
 KIL(i.\UKIFFE, kil-gar'riff, a parish of Ireland, iu JIuu- 
 ster. CO. of Cork. 
 
 KILGAK'KOW or KILOER'RAW, a town and pari.sh of 
 South Wales, co, of Pembroke, on the Teifj', i miles S.E, of 
 Cardigan. Pop, 
 
 KILG.\1{'VAX^, a parish of Ireland, co, of Kerry. 
 
 KILGAIJ'VEY, a parisli of Ireland, co, of Mayo. 
 
 KILGEE'VER, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo, 
 
 KILXiL.VSS', a parish of Ireland, co, of KoscommoA. 
 
 KILGL.\SS, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Sligo. 
 
 KILGL.-VS.S. a parish of Ireland, co, of Longford. 
 
 KIIXT01<p;,a post-oflfice of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 KlIArWlUtWG, kil-goor'roog, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth, 
 
 KIl/lIAM, a Tillase and parish of Enzland, co, of York, 
 East Hiding. 5^ miles X,X.E. of Great Driffield, 
 
 KILI or KILIA, a fortress on a bay of the Black Sea, in 
 Anatoli.a. 34 miles N,E, of Constantinople. 
 
 KILIA. kee'le-d or kil'e-a, the name of the north arm of 
 the Danulje, 
 
 KILIA. kee'le-i, or KILTANOVA, keele-a-noVJ. a fortified 
 <«\vn of the Hussiau dominions, government of Bessarabia, 
 on the Kilia. or north arm of the Danube, at its delta, 12 
 miles from its mouth. Pop. 7000. It is ill built, and Its 
 harbor is shallow : it has, however, some trade, and several 
 churches and mosques, .\dj, KiLUX, kil'e-an, 
 
 K1LIAX8TEDTKX, keele-in-stdtHen, a village of Ilesse- 
 Catsel. province, and near Ilanau. Pop, 951, 
 
 KILIM.^XD.I.MJO, kilVmdn^jd-r5', a suowy mountain of 
 East Africa, discovered in 1847, supposed to be one of the 
 " .Mountains of the Moon," in lat. 3° 40' S., Ion. 36° E. Ele- 
 vation, 2iJ.iX)0 feet. (?) 
 
 KILISEII-KOI, kille-seh-koy, a village of Asia Minor, in 
 Anatolia, on a lake, 68 miles S. of Bru.sji. and with many re- 
 mains, supposed to he those of the ancient Anct/ra. 
 
 KTL'KEE', a sniall town of Ireland, co. of Clare, on the 
 beautiful bay of the same name. 8 miles W.X'.W. of Kilrush. 
 
 KILKEE'DY. a parish of Ireland, in .Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 KILKEEDY. a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 KIL'KEEiy. a town and parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Down, on the Kilkeel, I mile above its mouth in the Irish 
 Sea, and '\ miles E,S,E, of Rostrevor, Pop, of town, 1146. 
 
 KIL'KEryVEX, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co, of 
 Roscommon, 
 
 KILKKX'XY, an inland county of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 having S, and S.W. Waterford. and W, Tippei-ary. Area, 
 about 796 square miles, or 509.440 acres, of which about 
 21.000 are uncultivated and 18.000 in woods. Pop. in 1S51, 
 168,746, nearly all Koman Catholics. The surface is 
 ullghtly undulating; several summits, however, rise to 
 upwards of 1(KH) feet in elevation. The chief rivers 
 are the Nore. Harrow, and Suir. The soils are for the 
 most part light, fertile ?oams. resting on limestone, gravel. 
 Ac, and presenting a much less proportion of bog than in 
 roost parts of Ireland, The usual corn crops form the chief 
 Chji-ci of the fanner, but dairy and sheep farms are al.so nu- 
 merous. .\nthracite coal abounds: fine black marble is also 
 (bund. The manufivetures of woollens and linens, which 
 long flourished here, have now materially declined. The 
 principal export is grain. Two crossing lines of railway in- 
 tersect this county: and navigable rivers and the Grand 
 C*nal furnish facilities for transport to all parts of Ireland. 
 It seudii 3 members to the Uouse of Commons — 2 for the 
 9TS 
 
 KIL 
 
 county, and 1 for its chief town. It gives the title of e.irl 
 to the Butler famil3-. 
 
 KILKENNY, a city and parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, capit.il of the aliove county, and a county, of itself, 
 on the N'ore. here crossed by two handsome bridges, and on 
 the Irish South-east Kailway, 62 miles S,E, of Dublin, It also 
 communicates by a branch with the Great South and ^\■est 
 Railway, Pop, of the city, in 1*61, 14,081 ; of the county, 
 about 24.000, It is divitied by the river into the Iri.sh and 
 English towns, and is, with the exception of suburbs, well 
 built of stone: the streets are paved with black marble 
 quarried in the vicinity. The principal thoroughfares run 
 parallel to the river along which, and a canal, is a public 
 walk termed the Mall. The chief buildings are the cathe- 
 dral of St. Canice or ICenny. and of the diocese of Ossory, a 
 cruciform structure of the fourteenth century, the bishop's 
 palace, chapter-house, deanery, a fine round tower, the 
 churches of St. John and St. Mary, sevei-al Roman Catholic 
 churches, one of which is the cathedral of a Roman Catholic 
 bishop, fine ruins of a Franciscan friary, county court-house, 
 county and city prisons, infirmary, fever hospital, union 
 work-house, barracks, and a Ciistle built by Strongbow, and 
 now the residence of the Marquis of Ormonde. There are 
 several schools, the most important of which are Kilkenny 
 College, a grammar school, in which Swift. Congreve, Far- 
 quhar, Bi.shop Berkeley, and other distinguished characters, 
 received the early part of their education ; the college of St. 
 Kyran, a Roman Catholic seminary, for the education of 
 young men intended for the priesthood, and numerous 
 other public and private sch(X)ls. The literary and scientific 
 institutions comprise an archaelngical society, and the Kil- 
 kenny literary society. There is also a diocesan liljrary 
 adjoining the cathedral, and containing alwut 4000 volumes. 
 The woollen mauufii'tnre, early introduced by the Butler 
 family, is very mui'h depressed, and the condition of the 
 lower classes is wretched, though the city is the residence 
 of many of the provincial gentrj*. It has some distilleries, 
 tanneries, breweries, and flour mills, but the princ'ipal de- 
 pendence is on the retail trade. Kilkenny sends 1 member 
 to the House of Commons. The town figures conspicuously 
 in Irish history as the seat of parliaments, and the scene of 
 many stirring events. 
 
 KILKEX'.X Y, a sterile and mountiiinous township of Coos 
 CO.. New Hampshire, about 98 miles N. of Concord. 
 
 KILKER/RAN BAY, a large inlet of the Atlantic, on the 
 W. coast of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway, district 
 of Connemara. Its coast line N.W. of Galway Bay, is intri- 
 cately varied with small baj'S and headlands, and the bay 
 is studded with islands, mostly inhabited by fishermen. 
 
 KIIjKIIAMI'/TON. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 Z\ miles N.N.E. of Stratton. The church, built by the Gren- 
 villes soon after the Conquest, and remarkable for the rich- 
 ness of ils architecture, contains several monuments to that 
 family. The churchyard was the scene of Harvey's '• Jledi- 
 tations among the Tombs."' 
 
 KlLKI.'^II'j'iN. a village of Ireland, co. of Clare. 4j miles 
 N. of Si.K-mile Bridge. Near it are the remains of Kilkishen 
 Castle. Pop. 500. 
 
 KILKYRE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of ileath. 
 
 KILLACONNEAGII, kirii-kon-n.^', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 KILLAGHTEE, kil-lin'tee, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Doneiral. 
 
 KILLAGHY, killi-Hee, a fiarish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 King's countv. 
 
 KILLA-I-IiUKSIIEE, kil'ia-e-bak'shee, a collection, of 
 walled villages in .\fghanistan, about 36 miles S.W. of Ghui- 
 nee, in a large and fertile ViUley, bounded by lofty moun- 
 tains on the N. 
 
 KILL.\LA, or KTLLALL.\, kiPla-li', a small seaport town 
 and bishop's see of Ireland, in Connaught, co, of M:i.vo, on •* 
 large inlet of the Atlantic bearing the same name, '\ miles 
 N,N,W. of B.illina. Pop. 1450. It has a small, plain, but 
 venerable cathedral, a round-tower, and a harbor, whence 
 corn and provisions are exported. The ancient bishopric \t 
 now united to Tuam, In 179S, a French force landed at 
 Killalla Bay. and took the town. 
 
 KILL,4L0E, kiri.'j-loo', a thriving market-town and episco- 
 pal see of Ireland, in Munster, co, of Clare, beautifully situ- 
 ated on the Shannon, crossed by a bridge of 19 ai-ches, 11 
 miles X.N.E, of Limerick, Pop. 2783, including the suburb 
 of Ballina. It has a plain, massive cathedral, in a very eiuiy 
 style of architecture. 2 very old stone-roofed churches, the re- 
 mains of 2 forts, which formed the ancient defences of the 
 only ford on the Shannon below Athlone, a barrack, large 
 slate and marlile works, valuable salmon fi.sheries, a consider- 
 able wool market, with quays, docks, and warehou,«es of the 
 Irish Steam Navigation Company, whose boats, by aid of 
 canals, ply to Limerick, and also up the river to Dublin, The 
 episcopal palace of Killaloe is in the vicinity. The diocese, 
 which was founded very early, extends over 109 parishes in 
 Clare and 5 adjoining counties. Killaloe is also a Koman 
 Catholic bishopric, Al'out 1 mile >'.N.W, is KlXKO'n.t, fa- 
 mous for the residence of the celebrated Brian Borouih, the 
 only remuaut of which is a large earthen fort. 
 
KIL 
 
 KIL 
 
 KIVLAMARSn'. a parish of Enpland. co. of Derlw. 
 
 KILLANEY, kil-13/uee, a small bay and fishing villafje of 
 Ireland, in Connau;;ht, co. of Galway, near the E. end of the 
 island oT Arraninoie. Pop. of the village, 600. It has a har- 
 bor and coast-Kuard station. 
 
 KfLLANEY. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, eo. of Louth. 
 
 KlLLAK'>'i;Y, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Minister, co. of Kerry, 44 miles W.N.W. of Cork. Pop. of the 
 town, 6i)(J0. The parish includes only a part of the far-famed 
 lake scenery. Killarney has two or three pood streets, and 
 many miserable alleys, a parish church, with a family vault 
 of the Earl of Kenmare, a Koman Catholic cathedral for the 
 diocese of Kerry, a nunnery with female scho<jl attached, a 
 court-house, an assembly-room, a union work-house, a hos- 
 pital, and readinir-rooms. There are several good hotels, 
 and the town is mainly supported by touiists. 
 
 KILEAItNEY, LAKES Ui', three connected lakes in the 
 S.W. of Ireland, co. of Kerry, the lowest or southernmost of 
 which approaches within H miles W. of the above town. 
 It is :ii miles in lenjrth. by 2 miles in breadth, and is di- 
 vided from the middle lake by a projecting peninsula, on 
 which stand the picturesque remains of Muckruss Abbey. 
 On the W.. S., and S.E. sides of these lakes rise the loftiest 
 mountains, (still haunted by red deer,) the wildest ravines, 
 the finest woods, and some of the boldest cascades lu 
 Ireland. 
 
 KILLAR'UOW. or BOAVMORE', a parish of Scotland, eo. 
 of Arurvle. Isleof Islay. 
 
 Kl I/LA:?lIA.\a)li A or Kir/LESIIAN'BRA.a market-town 
 of Ireland, co. of Cavan, 9 miles AV. by N. of Cavan, and sur- 
 rounded by a succession of romantic lakes. Pop. lOOO. 
 
 KIb'l,A^IIEE\ a pari.sh of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of 
 Loni^ford, containing the villages of Killashee and Cloon- 
 dai-.i. the former on the Royal Canal, 4^ miles S.S.E. of Tar- 
 mo n bar ry. 
 
 K1I,lA.<\'ET', a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim. 
 
 KIbbAS'SEK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 KIL'l>.\\\'<Ki\ a post-oflice of Rroome co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 KILL'lSiiUliX. a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 KIL1/1!L('K, a po.stroftice of Cattaraugus co.. New York. 
 
 KlLLIiUCK. a post-township in the S. part of Holmes co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1226. 
 
 KTLLIiUCK. a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, 85 miles 
 W.N.U. ofChica,go. 
 
 KILl.nCCK CliEEK. of Ohio, rises in Medina co.. and 
 falls into the Walholding River, about 6 miles N.W. of 
 Coshncton. 
 
 _ KILbHUCK CREEK, of Tndian.t, flows into the West 
 Fork of \\ hite Iliver. near Anderson. 
 
 KILLE.W, kil-lain'. a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle. 
 
 KIJ>LEAKN, kilbiirn', a parish of Scotland, co.. aiid 18 
 miles W.S.W. of Stirling. Here are the remains of tlie re- 
 sidence of Napier, the celebrated inventor of logarithms, 
 and a monument to the memory of George Ruchanan, born 
 in this |>aii-.li in loOti. The scenery is highly picturesque. 
 
 Kllibi;.\l!'NAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross. 
 
 KIE'LKSRY, or KIES'BY. a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 64 miles^'.N.W. of Daventry. The London 
 and liiiiningham Railway here passes through a tunnel H 
 miles long. 
 
 KILLESIIANDRA. See Killashaxdra. 
 
 KlbLl'ANS MILLS, a post-office of Lincoln co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 KILMJECRAN'KIE. a famous pass through the Gram- 
 pian Mountains, in Scotland, co. of Perth, 15 miles N.W. of 
 Dunkeld. The river Garry here flows for about 2 miles 
 through a narrow, rocky, and thickly-wooded ravine •of 
 ;;reat depth, along the side of which the road has been cut. 
 overhanging a terrific precipice. At the N.W. extremity of 
 the pass, the battle was fought. Iii89, in which John C. 
 Graham of Claverhouse. Vi.seount Dundee, fell. 
 
 KI li'LIN. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, between Loch 
 Tay and the co. of Argyle, about 10 miles .N.N.W. of Callan- 
 der. It contains some of the grandest scenery in Scotland. 
 
 KILLIN'EY, kil-le-ni', a maritime parish "and village of 
 Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Dublin, on Killinev Bay, between 
 Dalkey and Bray Head. 24 miles S.S.E. of Kingston. A 
 royal residence was in course of construction here in 1S49. 
 
 KlLM-INGUALiy, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Hiding. 
 
 KILLINGIIOLME, killing-holm, a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 KIL'LINGLY, a post-township of Windham co.. Connec- 
 ticut, bordering on Rhode Island, and intersected by the 
 railroad connecting Norwich and Worcester, about 46 miles 
 E. of Hartford. The inhabitants are extensively engaged 
 In manufi'.ctnrcs. (See AVest Killinoly.) Pop. 4926. 
 
 Kl LTJXGAVORTH. a township of England, co. of North- 
 umberland, on the Great North of England Railway, 5 
 miles N.E. of Newcastle. 
 
 K 1 b'L! NG WORTH, a po.st-Tillage and township of Middle- 
 sex CO.. Connecticut, 22 miles E. by N. of New Haven. This 
 township is situated on the Hammonasset River. Pop. 1126. 
 
 KILLIS. kirieece', or KILIS. ke-leece/, (anc. (Vt><(.) a town 
 of Syria, pashalic. and 38 miles N. of Aleppo. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 KnXOUGII. kiWoh, or ST. ANN'S PORT, a small seaport 
 town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, on a bsiy of the samei 
 name, forming a good harbor, li miles AV.S.AA'. of Ardglass. 
 Pop. 1100. Lat. 54" 15" N., Ion. 5° 37' 30" AV. It exports 
 corn and salt, imports coal, and has considerable fisheries 
 
 KILLUCAN, kil loo'kan, a large parish or Ireland, m 
 Leinster. co. of Westme.ith, 84 miles E. of Mullingar, and 
 near the Middle Great AVestern Railway. The village is 
 neatly built, and is the rendezvous of one of the oldest fox- 
 hunts in Ireland. 
 
 KILLYAR/ON, a parish of South ATales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 K1L'LY15EGS\ a small seaport town and parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, on a narrow inlet of the 
 Atlantic, forming an excellent harbor, 14 miles AA'. of Done- 
 gal. Pop. of the town. 700. 
 
 KILLA'LE.4GH, kirie-la',"a seaport town and parish of 
 Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, on Lough Strangford, 16 
 miles S.S.E. of Belfast. Pop. of the town. 1000. It has a 
 fine castle, built in 1666. and barracks. Haus Sloane, the 
 celebrated naturalist, was born here in 1660. 
 
 KIL^LYMAN', a parish of Ireland, cos. of Tyrone and 
 Armagh. 
 
 KII/LYMARD/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Donegal. 
 
 KILMACABE.i, kiPma-ka-bi/, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster, CO. of Cork. 
 
 KIL.MACALLANE, kiPma-kal'lan, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Connaught, CO. of Sligo. 
 
 KILMACDUAGH.kil-mak-doo'.a. a parish of Ireland, in 
 Connaught. co. of Galwaj-', 3 miles S.S.AV. of Gort. It 
 has the ruins of a cathedral and abbi^y, and of a round- 
 tower, which leans even more than the tower of Pisa. Its 
 ancient episcopal see is now united with that of Killaloe. 
 
 KIL'.AIACDUANE/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 KILAIACOMOGUE, kirma-ko-mOg', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 KILMACREHY. kiPm.vkra-hee', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. CO. of Clare. 
 
 KIL'MACUEN'AN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Donegal. 
 
 KILMACTEIGUE, kiPmak-taig' a parish of Ireland, co- 
 of Sligo. 
 
 KILMACTUOAIAS, kiPmak-tom'as. a town of Ireland, In 
 Munster, co.. and 12 miles W.S.AV. of AA'aterford. Pop. 1100. 
 
 KILMACTHA'NEY. kiPmak-tra/nee, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Connaught, co. of Sligo. 
 
 KILMAD'AN, a parish of Scotland, co. of .\rgyle. 
 
 KILMAD'OCK. a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 KILM.\IN.AI(JHE, kiPmAn-mCr,' a parish of Ireland, in 
 Coniumu'ht, co. of Mayo. 
 
 KlLMAiycOEM. a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on 
 the Clyde, 4 miles S.E. of Port Gla.sgow. The ruined castle 
 of Duchal. and Einlayston House, formerly the residence of 
 the Glencairn family, are in this parish. 
 
 KI LAI A LIE, kil-niA'lee, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Ar- 
 gyle and Inverness, about 28 miles S.AA'. of Fort Augustus. 
 .\rea estimated at upwards of 400,000 acres. It comprises 
 Ben Nevi.s, has several veins of argentiferous lead ore, quar- 
 ries of beautiful marble, and ruins of an ancient fort. Fort 
 AViUiam is in this parish. 
 
 KILAIALLOCH or KILLMALLOCII, kil malloK, a muni- 
 cipal borough and market-town of Ireland, in Munster, co., 
 and 19 miles S. of Limerick. Pop. 1400. It has fine remains of 
 ancient walls, towers, and gateways, and ruins of two ancient 
 abbeys, and a street consisting of antique stone-built 
 hou.sos. mostly of the date of .James I. 
 
 KIL'MA'LY. a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 KIL\MANAHEEN', a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 KIL^MANIV.ATG', a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, 
 on the I/^cby. 7 miles N.N.E. of Fort AViUiam. It contains 
 Inverlcchy Castle. 
 
 Kll/MAN'NAN. a parish of Ireland, Queen's county. 
 
 KILAIA'NY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 KILAIAR'NOCK, a parliamentary and municipal burgh, 
 manufacturing town, and parish of Scotland, co., and 12 
 miles N.N.E. of Ayr, (with which town, and with Glasgow, 
 it is connected by railways.) and on the Irvine, at the In- 
 flux of the Kilmarnock A\ater, both here crossed by several 
 bridges. Pop. of the burgh, in 1851, 21.447. It is long and 
 straggling, but well built. The principal edifices aie a 
 collegiate and two other churches, a neat town-hall, the Ex- 
 change, a spacious inn, erected by the merchants' society, 
 the Ayrshiie Bank, an academy, a free school, a work-house, 
 &c. Near the cro.ss is a line marble statue of Sir James 
 Shaw. In the parish are numerous schools, benevolent, 
 scientific, and literary associations, several public libraries, 
 and Kilmarnock House, the seat of the former Earls of Kil- 
 marnock. Is has important manufactures of carpets of su- 
 perior quality, shawls, boots and shoes, woollen yarn, Scotch 
 bonnets, and leather, with others of linen and cotton goods, 
 silks, hose, telescopes, machinery, saddlery, hats, and to- 
 bacco, the annual produce of which is estimated at above 
 CoO.OdO/., employing about 1500 hands. The value of the 
 shawls made is estimated at near 300.000?., and of carpets, 
 at above 150,000/. These, and other goods, are extensively 
 exported at Ti-oon, which is connected with the town by a 
 railway 94 miles in length. Kilmarnock, in conjunction 
 
 979 
 
KIL 
 
 •with Renfrew. Port Glasgow. Dumbarton, and Rutherglen, 
 sends 1 raember to (he ITouse of Commons. 
 
 K1I.M.\RN0CK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton. 
 
 KILMAR'XOCK, a post-township of Pi.scataquis CO., 
 Maine, on the Piscataquis River, about 90 miles N.N.E. of 
 Auijusta. 
 
 KILMARNOCK, a poi^t-Tillase of L.incaster CO., \innnia, 
 on a small creek of Chesjipeake Bay. aliout 90 miles E. by N. 
 of Richmond. It contains 4 churches and several stores. 
 
 KILMAR'TIX, a villai,'e and parish of Scotland, co. of Ar- 
 gyle. between its W. coast and Loch Awe. The village stands 
 iu one of the most pictnresque of the Highland glens. 
 
 KIL'MAURS', a burgh of barony, and parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Ayr, 2 miles X.X.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. in 1851, 
 3144: of burgh, 10S3. 
 
 KILMEET)!'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 KIL'MEEN'. a parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Cork. 
 
 KILMEEN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork, 5 miles AV.X.W. 
 of Olonakilty. Here are the ruins of Bally ward Castle. 
 
 KILMKEX. a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway. 
 
 KIL\MEG'.\X, a parish of Ireland in Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 KILMEN'Y, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on the 
 I.>;laud and Sound of Islay. 
 
 KIL'.MKRSDON, a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Somerset, 
 
 KIL/MESTOX, a parish of Endaud, co. of Hants. 
 
 KILMIClIAEL,kJl-mi'kel,a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 KILMICHAEL, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 KILMI'CHAEL, a post-oUlce of Choctaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 KILMIX A, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught. co. of Mayo. 
 
 KIL'MIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KILMIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 KILMOE. kirmo', a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 KILMOI'LY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry. 
 
 KlLMcyilACK. a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Inverness, in- 
 cluding the village of Beauly. Here are the falls of the river 
 Beauly, and a picturesque island, the ancient seat of the 
 Lovats. 
 
 KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and 2i 
 miles W.S.W. of Cavan. It is an episcopal see. and has an 
 ancient cathedral, a church, and a modern episcop.il man- 
 sion. The diocese, comprising 39 parishes, chiefly in the 
 province of Ulster, was founded in the thirteenth century, 
 and is now united to that of Elphin. 
 
 KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh, 
 containing the town of Richhill. A desperate affray which 
 took place here between the Roman Catholics and Pro- 
 testants, in 1795, is said to hare given rise to the " Orange" 
 institutions. 
 
 KIL:*I0RE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan. 
 
 KILMORE, a pari.«h of Ireland, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 KILMORE, a prirish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tippe- 
 rary, 4 miles S. of Nenagh. It has several ruined churches 
 and castles. 
 
 KILMORE, a post-office of Clinton co.. Georgia. 
 
 KILMORE, ER/RIS, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 CO. of Mayo. Several smaller pari.shes have this name. 
 
 KIL^MORE'-WITH-KIL'BRIDE', a parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Argyle. 
 
 KIL'MOREMOY', a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo. 
 
 KILMOOIY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Bute, at the S. 
 extremity of the island of Arran. 
 
 KIL^MOA'EE', a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 KILMUIR, kirniur'. a parish of Scotland, co. of Inver- 
 ness, at the X. end of the Isle of Skye. Here is a singularly 
 secluded valley, conttining lem.ains of Duntulm Castle, a 
 residence of the MacDouald.s. The heroic Flora MacBonald 
 is buried in the churchyard. 
 
 KILMUIR EASTER, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Ross and 
 Cromarty. 
 
 KILMUIR WESTER and SUD/DY, a parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Ross. 
 
 KILMUX, kirmftn', a sea-bathing village of Scotland, co. 
 of Argyle, at the head of Holy Lochj an inlet of the Frith of 
 Clyde, 8 miles X.\V. of Gi-eenock. It has ruins of a col- 
 legiate church, founded by one of the Dukes of Argyle, 
 whose burialplace is here. 
 
 KILMUR/RY', a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Clare, on Clonderalaw Bay. 
 
 KILMUR/RY, IB^RICKAXE/, a p.%rish of Ireland, in Ul- 
 ster, CO. of Clare. There are other parishes of the same 
 name in the cos. of Cork. Limerick, Tipperary, &c. 
 
 KILNAMAXAGII, kirna-man'ih, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 KILXAUGHTEX, kil-naw'tfsn, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Maa«^er, co. of Kerry. 
 
 KILXCOTE. a parish of England. See Kimcote. 
 
 KIL'XEBOY'. or KIL'LIXABOY'. a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. of Clare. It has the ruins of three churches, 
 three or four castles, a round-tower, and several Celtic 
 antiquities. 
 
 KlIiXIXIAX-AXD-KIVMORE', aparlsh of Scotland, co. of 
 Argyle. 
 
 Kl LX IN'VER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle. 
 KILXSEA, kil'see, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 
 East 
 
 KIL 
 
 Riding, 24 miles E.S.E. of Hull. In this parish h the pro- 
 montory of Spurn Head. The port of Ravenspur formerly 
 stood here, but has, with other towns on the same coast, been 
 engulfed by the sea. 
 
 KILXWICK, kil'wik, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Kidins. 
 
 KILXWICK PERCY, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Ridin-jc. 
 
 KIL'PAT'RICK, NEW, a parish of Scotland, cos of Dum- 
 barton and Stirling. SJ miles X.X.W. of Glasgow. Portions 
 of Antoninus' wall intersect this parish. 
 
 KILPATRICK, OLD. a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbar- 
 ton, on the Clyde, adjoining the above parish on the W. 
 Pop. 7020. extensively engaged in manufactures, <tc. 
 
 KIiyPECK, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 KILRE.\, kil-rA'. a market-town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster. CO. of Londonderry, on the Baun, 13 miles W.N.W. 
 of Ballymena. Pop. of the town. 1100. 
 
 KlLRfc;.\. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Kil- 
 kenny, 3 miles X.W. of Knocktopher. Here is one of the 
 finest round-towers in Ireland, and a ruined abbey, founded 
 in 1170, by De Marisco. brother-in-law of Earl Strongbow. 
 
 KILREX'NY, a parliamentary and municipal burgh, sea- 
 port, and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife on the N.E. shore of 
 the Frith of Forth, 85 miles S.S.E. of St. Andrew's. Pop. in 
 1S51, 2194. It has a small harbor, and unites with Cupar, 
 St. Andrew's, Crail. Anstruther, and Pittenweem, in send- 
 iu2 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 KltrRHEDDYN, kil-R^Tu'ln, a parish of South Wales, cos. 
 of Carmarthen and Pembroke. 
 
 KILRO'XAX, a parish of IreLand, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 KILROXAN, two p-irishes of Ireland, co. of Waterford. 
 
 KIL'ROY', a village of Ckiyton co.. Iowa, on the W. bank 
 of the Mis.sissippi, 95 miles X.X.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 KILUIUSH', a seaport, market-town, and parish of Ire- 
 land, in Munster, co. of Clan;, on an inlet in the e-stuary of 
 the Shannon, 27 miles S.W. of Enuis. Pop. of the town, 
 in 1S51, 4471. It is finely situated, and mostly well built. 
 It has manufactures of flannel, frieze, linen sheetings, ic. 
 It exports turf to Limerick, and has a considerable corn 
 ti-ade, and herring fisheries. 
 
 KILSl^lILY. kil-see'lee, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 KILSHAX'IG, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 KILSKEE'RY, a parish of Ireljvnd, Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 KTLSPIX'DIE. a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 KILSYTH. kirslTH'. a burgh of barony, market-town, and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling. 12^ miles N.E. of Glas- 
 gow. Pop. of the town in ISol. 3949, employed in cotton 
 TTeaving, and in coal and iron-mines. The liurgh, in a val- 
 ley on the Forth and Clyde Canal, is singularly built, and 
 has a ^locaiy aspect. In the parish are several Pictish and 
 Roman .antiquities, and ruins of Ivilsyth Castle. Montr'^se 
 gained n victory here over the Covenanters. 
 
 KIL"f AR'LITY, a large parish of Scotland, co. of Inver- 
 ness. 
 
 KILTEARN. kirtaim', a parish of Scotland, co. of Boss, 
 on the Frith of Cromarty, 7 miles N.N.E. of Dingwall. Ben- 
 Wyvis and Loch Glass are iu this parish. 
 
 KII/TEE.U, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kild.ire. 
 
 KlLTEE'VOCIv, a parish of Ireland, co.of Doneg.il. 
 
 KILTOGHAUT, kil-tfta'art, a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught. CO. of I^itrim. 
 
 KILTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KILTOXAXLE.i, kil-to'nan-lee, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 KII/TOOM. a p.arish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 KILTU'BRID, a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim. 
 
 KILTUL'LAGH. a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 KILVE, a pari.;h of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KIL^VEM'XOX, a p.irish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 KliyVERSTOXE. a parish of Endand. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KIl/VlXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 KILVIXGTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of I'orki 
 North Riding. 
 
 KILVOL.VXE, kil'vo-lain', a parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster. CO. of Tipperary. containing the town of Newport-Tip. 
 
 KILWAII or KEELWA. East Africa. See Quii.o\. 
 
 KILWIN'NING. a burgti of barony, market-town, and p-v 
 rish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. ou the Glasgow. and Ayr Rail- 
 way, 3 miles X.X.W. of Irvine. Pop. of the town in ihbl, 
 32i55. The town has a branch bank, remains of a rich and 
 celebrated abbey, founded in 1140: an ancient fountain, 
 dedicated to St. Winning; a masonic lodge, the oldest in 
 Scotland: an archery society, which existed before 14SS; 
 and numerous looms, employed in the cotton and silk ma- 
 nufactories of Paisley and Glasgow. The noble domain of 
 Eglinton Castle is in this pari.«h. 
 
 KIL'WORTU'. a market^town of Ireland, in Munster, CJ 
 of Cork, on the Funcheon, here cros.«ed by a bridge of six 
 arches. 2} miles N.X.K. of Fermoy. Pop. 1772. It has Moore 
 Park, and ruins of Cloughleash Castle. 
 
 KILWORTH, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Mid- 
 dlesex, 144 miles S. of Toronto, and 8 miles from London. 
 It contains a ffrist. a saw. and 2 fulling mills. Pop. alviut 200, 
 
 KIL/WOUTH, NORTH, a parish of England, 00. lieicest^r. 
 
KIL 
 
 KIN 
 
 KILWORTIT. SOUTH, a parish of Ensland, co. Leicester. 
 
 KTL-Y-BEinLr., kil-e-bjb'itt«, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of filiimoriran. 
 
 KTM'HKUr.KY, a parish of Enfrland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KIMUERLKY. a hamlet of England, co. of Notts, 6 miles 
 W.X.AV. of NottinKham. Pop. 1800. 
 
 KIM'BEULIX,a post-offiie of Giles co., Viridnia. 
 
 KTM'BERTOX. a post-villacre of Chester co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, near French Creek. 75 miles E. by S. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 KIM'BKKWOimi, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West liMinK. 
 
 KIM'IUJ:, GRE.\T. a parish of England, co. of Rucks. 
 
 KIMRLK. LITTLE, a parish of Enurland, co. of Bucks. 
 
 KIM'HOLTON. a market-town and pari.sh of Emrland. co., 
 and 10 miles W.S.W. of Ifuntingdon. Pop. in fS51, lfi.53. 
 The churf'h contains monuments of the Manchester family. 
 Kimbolton Castle, the noble seat of the Duke of Manchester, 
 is in a spacious park. Here Queen Catharine, of Aragon, 
 lived after her divorce from Henry VIII. The remaius of 
 Stonelv Priory are in the vicinity. 
 
 KTM BOLTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 KI.M'BOLTON, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, 88 
 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 KIM'COTE or KILN'COTE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leii'ester. 
 
 KIM'ERIDGE or KOM'EUIDGE, a parish of England, co. 
 of Dorr^et. 
 
 KIMT, a river of Russia. See Kemijoki. 
 
 KIMITO, ke-mee'to, a village of Finland, Iren, and 26 
 miles .'i.S.E. of Alio, on an island of the same name. The 
 Island is '2.') miles long and 18 miles broad. 
 
 KIM OLOS. See Arc. f.mier a. 
 
 KIMPI.\.\, kim-pee'nrl, a town of 'W.all.achia. 47 miles 
 N.N.AV. of Bucharest, with several churches, and a custom- 
 house. It has commerce in salt from adj.icent mine.s. 
 
 KIMPOLUXG. kim'po-loong\ or KI.MPELUNG, kim'peh- 
 loong\ a town of Wallachia, near a pass into Transylvania, 
 80 miles N.W. of Bucharest. Pop. 4000. It covers a large 
 surface, has several Greek churches and convents, with some 
 Roman Catholic convents, and a considerable trade. 
 
 KIMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 KIMl'TON. a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 Ki:»I'SEY'S STORE, a post-office of Polk co.. Tennessee. 
 
 KIMUL'GA. a post.-offlce of Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 KIX. a small island of Russia, in the Gulf of Livonia. 22 
 miles S.W. of Pernau. Kin is also the name of several towns 
 of China. 
 
 KIXAMEE or KIN A:\il, kin^J-mee', a village of West 
 Africa, on the right bank of the Niger. 2o miles S. by E. of 
 Egga. Lat. 8° 2.5' X.. Ion. 6° 22' E. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KTN'.\RD"S, South Carolina, a station on the Newberry 
 and Laurens Railroad, l.'i miles from Newberry. 
 
 KINBOORN, KINBOUItN or KTXP.URX, kin'boorn/, a 
 fortress of Russia, government ofTaurida. on a narrow tongue 
 of land at the mouth of the Ihiieper. It has a picturesque 
 situation, with excellent natural defences, being surrounded 
 on three sides by the waters of the Black Sea and the estuary 
 of the Dnieper. In the vicinity, in 1787. the Turks were 
 signallv defeated bv the Russians under Suwarrow. 
 
 KINCAX'NOX'SFERRY.apost-oflioe. Meigs CO., Tennessee. 
 
 KIXCARDIXE or KIXCARDINKSHIRK. king-kar'diu- 
 shir, or The MKARNS. (mairnz.) a maritime county of 
 Scotland, having N. the county of Aberdeen, and E. the 
 Nortli Sea. Area. 3M square mili>s. or 243.444 acres, of which 
 about 120.000 are prodnitive. Pop. in 1851, 34,598. A great 
 part of the county is occupied by the Grampian Mountains, 
 of which Mount IJattock rises to nearly .3500 feet, but along 
 their foot, in the S. and E.. lies the rich, low, arable 'tract 
 called the "How of the Mearns," comprising about 50.000 
 acres. Principal Rivers, the Dee. North Esk, and Bervie. 
 Cattle, chiefly of the short-horned breed, are fed on most 
 farms, and the mountains yield extensive pasture for sheep. 
 Principal mineral products, granite and .sandstone. Kincar- 
 dine compri.«es 18 parishes, and parts of 3 others. Chief 
 towns. Stonehaven, (the capital.) and Inverbervie. The 
 county sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 KTXC.\RDIXE. king-kar'din. a burgh of barony, and sea- 
 port town of Scotland, co.. and 25 miles S.S.W. of Perth, on 
 the Frith of Forth. Pop. in 1851, 2697. It has a good pier, 
 a convenient roadstead for large ves.^els. a steam ferry, two 
 branch banks, rope and sail-works, yards for ship-biiilding, 
 large exports of coal, and considerable imports of Baltic 
 produce. 
 
 KIXCARDTNE. a parish of Scotland, cos. of Ross and Co- 
 marty. 14 miles W.N.W. of Tain. The Marquis of Montrose 
 was defeated in this parish, in his last battle. A. i). 1650. 
 
 KINCARDINE, a parish of .Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 KIXCARDINE O'NEIL, king-kar'din o-neel', a parish of 
 Siotland. co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 KIXCARDINESHIRE. Scotland. See Kincardine. 
 
 KIXCHAFOVNA CREFK, of Georgia, rises near the N. 
 line of Stewart county, and flowing S.E., empties itself into 
 Flint River, at .\lbanv, after a course of about 80 miles. 
 
 KTX-CHA-KIANG. SeeKiN-suA-KiA>GandYANG-TSE-Kl.ANO. 
 
 KIN-CHAN, an island of China. See Kix-jhan. 
 
 KTN-CHOO, a city of China. See King-Choo-Foo. 
 KIN-CHOO, KIX-TCHOO. or KIN-TCHOU, kin-choo/. a 
 town of Mautchooriii, near the frontiers of China and Corea, 
 nearlv 8 miles from the N. shore of the Gulf of Leao-tong. 
 Lat. 40° 10' N.. Ion. 121° 10' E. It is a place of considerable 
 trade in the produce of the adjacent territory. 
 
 KINCLAVEN, king-kl.\'ven, a parish of Scotland, co., an-i 
 10 miles N.N.E. of Perth, with a ruined castle on the Tay. 
 
 KINDBERG, kInt'bAuG. or KIMBKRG. kim'bjna, a m.ir- 
 ket-town of Au.stri.a, in Styria, on the Miirz, 11 miles N.E. 
 ■of Briick. Pop. 710. 
 
 KIXDELBRUCK. (KindclbrUck.) kin'del-bruk\ a town 
 of Prussia, in Sji.xony, government, and 20 miles N. of Er- 
 fiirt, on the Wipper. Pop. 2020, who manufacture leather 
 and paper. 
 
 KIX'DER, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 KIX'DERIIOOK'. a post village and township of Columbia 
 CO., New York, on the Western Railroad. 16 miles S. liy E. 
 of Albany. The village is 5 miles E. of the Hudson Kiver. 
 It contains 4 churches, an academy, 2 banks, a newspaper 
 office, and a manufactory of cotton moved by steam-power. 
 Two miles S. is the residence ot Ex-president Miutin Vau 
 Buren. Pop. 4-331. 
 
 KINDERHOOK, a post-office of W.ashington co., Virginia. 
 KINDERHOOK, a small post-viIl.-vge of Vau Buren co., 
 Arkan.sas. 
 KINDKRHOOK, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 KINDERHOOK, a post-township in the S. part of Branch 
 CO.. Michigjin. Pop. 652. 
 
 KIXDERHOOK. a post-office of Pike co., Indi.an.i. 
 KIXDERHOOK or WEST KIXDKIillOOK, a post-village 
 of Tipton CO.. Indiana, 35 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 KINDKRHOOK. a post-village of Pike CO., llUnoi.s, GO 
 miles W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 KINDERHOOK CREEK, of Columbia co.. New York, 
 flows S.W., and enters the Hudson Kiver about 5 miles 
 above Hud.son. 
 
 KIN'DERTON-wiTH-HULME, (hume.) a township of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Chester. 
 
 KINDXIQ, kinfnio, a market>town of Bavaria, near Kip- 
 fenberg. Pop. 729. 
 
 KIX EL, ke-nM', a river of Russia, joins the Samara after 
 a W. course of nearly 170 miles. 
 
 KIXKiyL.\R. a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 KIXESHMA, KIXISCH.MA, or KIXESCHM.l, ke-nf.sh'- 
 md. a town of Russia, government, and 55 miles E.S.E. of 
 Kostroma, on the Volga. Pop. 2000. 
 
 KIXETOX. kin'e-t^n. or KINGI'ON. a market-town and 
 pari.sh of England, co., and 9 miles S.S.E. of Warwick. Pop. 
 in 1851. 1270. The fimous battle of Edgehill was fought in 
 the vicinity A. D. 1C42. 
 
 KIX'FARE. or KIX'VER. a parish of Engl.and. co. of 
 Stafford, 4i miles N.N.E. of Kidderminster. J'op. 2207. The 
 village was formerly a tiorough and market-town. 
 
 KIX^F.\UNS'. a parish of Scotland, co.. and IJ miles E. of 
 Perth. Its fine ca.stle, the seat of the Earl of Gray, is beau- 
 tifully situated on the Tay. 
 
 ■ KING, a county of New South Wale«. Capital, Gunning. 
 KI.XG, sever.al towns of China: one in the province of 
 Pivchee-leo. 150 miles S. of Peking, is stated to have 3 
 triumplial arches, and a tower 11 stories in height. 
 
 KING, a county of Washington Territory, bounded W. by 
 Puget Sound. Area.-iliont l-'ioOfsquarc miles. Capital, Seattle. 
 KING, a village of Can.ada West, on the Ontario Simcoe 
 and Huron Railroad, 24 miles from Toronto. 
 
 KINGAN-FOO. or KINGAN-FOU. king'giln^foo'. a con- 
 siderable city of China, province of Kiang-see. on the left 
 bank of the Kan-Kiang. Lat. 27° 7' N.. Ion. 115° E. 
 
 KINGARTH. king-garih'. a parishof Scotland, co. of Bute, 
 at the S. extremity of the i.sland. 
 
 KINGAVAR. king-gd-var', or KUNGAVAR. kilng\giji-var', 
 a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee. 32 miles S.W. of 
 Ilamadan. In its vicinity are ruins supposed to be those 
 of an ancient temple of Diana. Pop. alxuit 1200. 
 
 KING B.\Y. a beautiful bay in Van Diemen's I>and. at 
 the N. end of Oyster Bav. The Great Swan Port Kiver 
 flows into it. Lat. 42° 10'"S., Ion. 148° T E. 
 
 KING CHARLES' SOUTH LAND, a name of the largest 
 island of Terra del Fuego. Surface mostly low and level, 
 but mountainous in the S., where Mount Sarmiento rises 
 to 7000 feet. 
 
 KING'CHOO'-FOO' or KTNG'-CHOW^-FOO'. written also 
 KING-TCHEOU-FOU, (chlnxMool.) and KIN-TCHOU-FOUor 
 KIN-CHOO. a city of China, province of Hoo-pe. on the left 
 bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang. Lat. 30° 28' N.. Ion. 111° 37' E. 
 It is large and populous, and well fortified with a numerous 
 Tartar garrison, and is considered, from its situation, one of 
 the kevs of the empire. 
 
 KIXG CREEK, a post-office of Barnwell district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 KING-EDWARD or KEN-ED'AR, a parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Alierdeen. 4 miles S.S.E. of Banff. It has 2 ruined castles. 
 KIXG'ERBY. a pari.sh of Endand, co. of Lincoln. 
 KINCFIELD. a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, 
 about 52 miles N. by W. of Augusta. Pop. 670. 
 
 981 
 
KIN 
 
 KIXG GEORGE, a county in the E. part of Tirginia, eon- 
 tiina ITtisijUiue miles. The I'otomac bounds it on the X. 
 and E., and tlio Kappabannock ou the S. The sui face is 
 hily ar i the soil diversified. Capital, Kiiic Georjte Court- 
 lit use. Pop. 6o71, of whom 2898 were free, and 3673 slaves. 
 
 KING GKORGE (or SITKA) AltClIIl'ELAGO. in Russian 
 America, is mostlj- between latitude 56° and 5S° N., and 
 about loD. 135" \V. Principal islands. Sitka and Baranov. 
 
 KIXG GKOKGE COUUT-liaUSE, a postvilhvj^e, ciipital 
 of the above coujity. 70 miles X.N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 KING GKOIUJE ISLA.ND.S, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 
 15<= S.. Ion. 14i° 40' W. They were discovered by Byron, 
 In 176.5. 
 
 KING GEORGE RIVER, of East Africa. See Manice. 
 
 KING GEORGE SOUND, of West Australia. Lat. of its 
 entiance, 35° 0' 20" S., Ion. 11S° 1' E. It is a fine road- 
 stead, and contains Princess Royal and Oyster Harbors, the 
 latter of which receives the Kalagan and King Rivers; and 
 on the former is the town of Albany. 
 
 KINGII.m, king'am, a pari.sh of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 KING'HORN'.aroyalparliamentiiryandmunicipaHiurgh, 
 seaport, and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Erith of 
 Forth, 3 miles S.S.W. of Kirkcaldy. Pop. of the ixirliamen- 
 tary bur!,'h, in 1851, 1568. It has an active linen manufac- 
 ture, and an indifferent harbor. It unites with Kirkcaldy, 
 Dysart, and Burntisland in sending 1 member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 KING ISLAND, a lofty and rugged islet of the North 
 Pacific, near the Andreanov Group. 
 
 KING ISLAND, in the Mergui Archipelago. 18 miles off 
 the Tenasserim coast. Lat. (S. end) 12° 15' N., Ion. 98° 26' E. 
 It is 23 miles long, by 10 miles broad. 
 
 KlNG-KI-TAi),' king-ke-ta/o, IIAN-TCIIING, hdn'-ching', 
 or IIAN-YANG, hdn^-ySnc', the capitjtl city of Corea. about 
 the middle of which it is situated. Lat. 37° 40' N., Ion. 127° 
 20' E. It is the residence of the sovereign, but is very little 
 known to Europeans. 
 
 KINGLAS'SIE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 KING OF PRUS.SIA, a post-office of Montgomery CO., 
 Pennsylvania, with a station on the Philadelphia German- 
 town and Norristown Railroad, 3 miles from Norristown. 
 
 KING'OLDRDM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 KING-AM>-QUEEN, a county in the S.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of o30 .sijuare miles. The .Mattapony and 
 York rtivers form its boundary on the S.W., and the Pian- 
 Katank on the N.E. The surfiice is undulating. The county 
 contains large beds of marl, which is used in fertilizing the 
 soil. Capital, King-and-Queen Conrt-Houso. I'op. 10,328, 
 of whom 4189 were free, and 0139 slaves. 
 
 KING-andQUEEN COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of the above county, on the Mattapony River, 49 miles 
 E. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 KING ROAD, in the British Channel, at the mouth of the 
 river .4. von. Vessels too large to proceed up the Avon to Bris- 
 tol, lie at anchor hei'e, 
 
 KIX^GS. — For English parishes with this pi-efix, not un- 
 der-mentioned, refer to their additional names. 
 
 KINGS, a county in the S.E. part of New York, forming 
 the W. extremity of Long Island, has an area of about 70 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Hudson and 
 East Rivers, and S. by the Atlantic Ocean. The surface is 
 level, with the exception of a range of hills running nearly 
 through the centre. The soil is generally very fertile. It 
 is intersected bv the Long Island Railroad. Organized in 
 1683. Capital, Brooklyn. Pop. 279,122. 
 
 KING'S, a post-office of Barbour co., Alabama, 
 
 KINGS, a county in the S. central part of New Bruns- 
 wick, intersected by the river St. John. The soil is fertile, 
 and considei-able advance has been made in agi'iculture; 
 the surface, however, is mostly occupied by dense forests. 
 Capital, Kingston. Pop. in 1851, 18.842, 
 
 KINGS, a county occupying the E, p.art of Prince Edward 
 Island, Capital, Georgetown. Pop, in 1848. 15,425. 
 
 KINGS, a county of Nova Scotia, bordering on the Bay 
 of Fundy and on Mines Basin. It is watered by Annapolis 
 River. The coasts are remarkably pictures(iue, being IxJi-- 
 dered with a ridge of mural precipices, covered, on the land 
 side, with forests of fir and spruce. The county contains 
 quarries of slate, and rich deposits of iron ore; copper and 
 silver are also found. Capital, Kentville. Pop, in 1851, 
 16,3.15, 
 
 KINGS'BARXS, a parish of Scotland, co, of Fife, 
 
 Kf NGSBOROUGH, a post-vill,age of Fulton co.. New York, 
 M tjiilm N,W. of Albany. It has an academy. 
 
 KINGSBOROUGH, a thriving post-villag(^ of Kaufman 
 county, Texas. 13 miles E. of the Trinity River, and 225 miles 
 N.N.L. of Austin City. Laid out in 1851. 
 
 KING.S'HKIDGE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Devon, on an inlet of the English Channel, -navigable 
 for vessels of 70 tons, :« miles S.S.W. of Exeter. Pop. in 
 1851, 1679. It has a grammar school, a union work-house, 
 3 brancli banks, and some trade in malt and leather. 
 
 KING'S BItlDGE, a post-village of New York co.. New 
 York, near the N. end of Manhattan Island, 13 miles N. of 
 the City H.nll, 
 983 
 
 KIN 
 
 KINOS'BURY. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 8 J 
 miles W.N.W. of London, has the Sudbury station of the 
 Loiidon and Birmingh.am Railway, 
 
 KING.-^BUKY, a parish of England, co.of Warwick. 
 
 KINGS'BURY, a post-tnwnship of Piscataq\ns CO., Maine, 
 about 60 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 191. 
 
 KINGSBUIlY, a post-village and township of W. part of 
 Washington co.. New York, about 65 miles N. of Albany. 
 It has manufactures of various kinds, the most important 
 of which are carriages and iron. Pop. 3471. 
 
 KI NGSBU RY. a post-office.Cumberland co., North Carolina. 
 
 KINGSBURY, a pos^vill.age of La Porte co.. Indiana, 17 
 miles from Lake Michigan, and 5 miles S. of La Porte, the 
 county town. 
 
 KINGSBURY, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois. 
 
 KINGSBURY, EA.ST. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KING'S GAPLE, a parish of England, co. of Herefird 
 
 KINGS'CLERE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO., and 31 miles N.N.E. of Southampton. Pop. 2885. The 
 Saxon kings had a palace here, and at Freemantle Park 
 there was a roval abode in the time of King John. 
 
 KING'S CLIFFE. a parish of England. See Cuffb P.egis. 
 
 KING'S CORNERS. Ohio. See New Loxi>o>'. 
 
 KINGS/COTE, a parish of England, co. of G loucester. 
 
 KING'S COUNTY, Ireland, province of Lein.ster has N. 
 the county of Westmeath. Ai'ea, 772 square miles, or 493,984 
 acres, of which about 330,000 are cultivated, 11,000 wood- 
 land, and 145,000 uncultivated, a large portion of which in 
 the N, forms a part of the Bog of Allen. Pop. in 1841.146,857; 
 in 1851, 112,080. The principal rivers are the Shannon, 
 Brosna. Barrow, and Boyne. The (xrand Canal also inter- 
 sects the county. The soil is of average fertility. Agricul- 
 ture and crops are much the same as in the county of Kil- 
 dare. The small ten.ants and laborers are in a wretched 
 condition. The county is divided into 11 baronies and -52 
 I)arishes. in five different dioceses. The prin.'ipal towns are 
 Birr and TuIIamore. It sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 KIXGS'COURT, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Cavan. 5 miles S.VV. of Carrickmacross. Pop. 1614. In 
 the vicinity is the fine demesne of Cabra Cictle. 
 
 KING'S'CREEK. of South Carolina, flOnS S.W. through 
 York district into Broad River. 
 
 KING'S CREEK, of Champaign co., Ohio, is an affluent 
 of Mad River. 
 
 KING'S CREEK, a post-office of Caldwell co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 KINGS'DON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KINGS/DOWN, two pari.«hes of Englanl. co. of Kent. 
 
 KING^SES'SING. formerly a post-townsbip of Philadelphia 
 00.. Pennsylvania, but is now included within the city limits 
 of Philadelphia, being on the Delaware River, 5 miles S.W. 
 of the State House. 
 
 KING'SEY. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 KING'S FERRY, a post-office of Cayuga co.. New Y'ork, 20 
 miles S. of Auburn, and 2 miles E, of Cayuga Lake, Here 
 is a village named Northville, 
 
 KING'S GAP, a post-office of Harris co., Georgia, 32 miles 
 N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 KING'S HILL, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama, 
 
 KING'S ISLAND, an island of Austr.alasi&, Bass's Strait, 
 between Australia Felix and Tasmania, (Van Diemen's 
 Land,) in lat. 35° 50' S., Ion. 144° E., 60 mifes S. of Caiw Ofc- 
 way. Length, 35 miles; breadth, about 15 mile.s. It is 
 uninhabited, and very dangerous to shipping. Here, from 
 1835 to 1845, the Neva, Isabella, Rebecca, and Cataraqui 
 were wrecked and lost. 
 
 KING'S ISLAND, one of the Maldive Islands, In lat. 4" 
 10' N.. Ion. 73° 40' E. 
 
 KING'S ISLAND, an island N.AV. of America, in the P.v 
 cific Ocean, in lat. 52<il0' N., Ion. 128° W. 
 
 KING'S ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean. 20 miles N.E. of 
 Raraka, in lat. 15° 4' 25" S., loti. 144° 36' 4.)" W. 
 
 KINGS^LAND, a parish of England, co. of Herefml, 3i 
 miles W.N,W, of Leomin.ster, On Kingsland field was 
 fought, in 1461, the battle of Mortimer's Cross, which esta- 
 blished Edward IV. on the English throne. 
 
 KINGSLAND, a hamlet of England, 2i miles N.N.E. of 
 St. Paul's, London. It has extensive nurserv gardtns. 
 
 KING'S LANG'LEY. or LANGLEY KING'S, a parish of 
 England, co. of Herts, with a station on the London and 
 Birmingham Railway, 4 J miles N.W. of Watford. Here 
 was a palace, In which Henry III. resiiied. and a celebrated 
 priory, in which Piers Gaveston, a favorite of Edward II„ 
 was buried. In the church, the bodies of Richard II. and 
 Edmund of Langley. fifth son of Edward III., were interred. 
 
 KINGS/LEY, a township of England, co. of Chester 
 
 KINGLEY. a parish of England, co, of Hants, 
 
 KlNfJSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 ^vINGS'LEY'S, a post-ofSce of Cr.awford co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 KING'SJA'NN, a town of England. .See Lynx-Rec.is. 
 
 KING'S MILLS, a posfc-otlice of Kane co.. Illinois. 
 
 KING'S MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co., Missouri. 
 
 KING'S MOUN'TAIN. a post-village of Gaston co.. North 
 Casolina, 200 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. In the vicinity ia 
 
KIN 
 
 KIN 
 
 King's Mountain, the scene of an important victory won by 
 American militia over tiie Urilish troops. Octoiier, 1780. 
 
 KING'S NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 KING'S NOK'TON or NOItTON KING'S, a village and 
 parish of Kniriand, co. of Worcester, on tlie Birminpchani 
 and Gloucester liaiiway, 4^ miles S.S.W. of Birmingliam. 
 Pop. in lS.il, 77.59. The Birmingham and Worcester Canal 
 here passes through a funnel nearly 2 miles in length. 
 
 KING'S POINT, a small post-village of Dade co., Missouri. 
 
 KING.S'POKT. a post-village of Sullivan co.. Tennessee, 
 near Ilolston I'>iver, "270 miles E. by N. of Nashville. 
 
 KING'S PY'ON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 KING'S RIVEK, Ireland, is an aftiuent of the Nore. 
 
 KING'S KIVEll, flows N. into White River in Barry co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 KING'S RIVER, Californi.% falls into Tule Lake. 
 
 KING'S RIVKR. a post-office of Carrol co.. Arkansas. 
 
 KIN(;'S SKT'TtKMKNT, a post-office of Chenango co., 
 New York. 
 
 KING'S SOM'BOURN. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 KINGSTEIGNTON, a parisli of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KINdS' rilOKPE.a parish of England. co.of Northampton. 
 
 KINGS'TON, a parish of lOngland. co. of Cambridge. 
 
 KINGS TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 KINGSTON, a chapelrv of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 KINiiSrON. two parishes of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KINGSTON, a parish of En-.'Iand. Isle of Wight. 
 
 KINtJS't'ON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 KIN(;STO\', a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 KIN<;STO.\, a parish of En'j:Iand. co. of Hereford. 
 
 KINGSTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-fownship of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire, about 3-5 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1216. 
 
 KINGSTO.V, a post-village and townsliip of Plymouth co.. 
 Mass.ichusotts, on Jones's River, and on the Old Colony 
 Railroad, 33 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It has manufactures 
 of hardware, edged tools, &e. Pop. of the township, 1655. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post^village and seat of justice of Washing- 
 ton CO., l^.hode Island, on the Stonington and Providence 
 Rajlroad. 27 miles S. by W. of I'rovidence. 
 
 KI.N'GSTON, a flourishing post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Ulster co.. New York, on the riiht bank of the Ilud.son 
 River. 90 miles N. of .New York City, and 55 miles S. of .\ll)any. 
 The township is the terminus of the Hudson and Delaware 
 Canal; it is also intersected by Esopus Creek, across which is 
 a ferry. There is a dally line of steamlx)ats to New Y'ork, 
 and one every other day to Albany. A steam ferry also 
 connects it with the Hud,son River Railroad at Rhinebeck. 
 The commerce of Kingston is more extensive than that of 
 an}' other place on the river between New York and Albany, 
 emf bying 10 or 12 steamers permanently, and at least KiO 
 sail-ves.iels. 1 ts expoi-ts compri.se agricultural produce, water 
 cement of the finest fiuiility. extensively manufactured here, 
 and large quantities of very superior flagging-stone, quarried 
 in the vicinity, and much of it near navigable water. Kings- 
 ton village is situated on an elevated sandy plain, near 
 Esopus Creek, and ."? miles W. of the Hudson. A plank- 
 road connects it with Itondout, (in the same township.) 
 from which nearly all tlie vessels and steamboats sail. It 
 contains, besides tlie cotinty buildings, 7 churches, an acar 
 demy — one of the oldest and most prominent in tlie state 
 — i banks, and four printing ofllces. from whioii weekly 
 newspapers are issued. It enjoys a valuable trade with 
 Delaware co., on the AV., with whidi it is connected by a 
 plank-road. It has flourishing manufactures of various 
 kinds, including carriages. ste.im boilers, leather, castings, &c, 
 Kingston was settled by tlie Dutch shortly after Settleinents 
 were made at New Y'ork and .\lbany. In 1777, it was burned 
 by the British. The house is still standing in Kingston vil- 
 lage in which the first constitutiim of New Y^ork was framed 
 and adopted. Population of the township in 1840, 5824; 
 in 1850, 10,232 ; in 1860, 16,640 ; of the village, from 5000 to 
 7000. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-village of New Jersey, on the line be- 
 tween Sonierset and Middlesex counties, on the Millstone 
 River, and on the New York and I'liil.adelphia Railroad, 13 
 miles N.E. of Trenton. It contains an a^'ademy. 
 
 KINGSTON, a small village of Cumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 6 miles E.N.E. of Carlisle. 
 
 KINGSTON, a thriving post-village and township of Lu- 
 lerne co., i'ennsylvania, on the North Branch of the Susque- 
 hanna, opposite Wilkesbarre, and on the Lackawanna and 
 Bloomsburg Railroad. Pop. 27"20. 
 
 KINGSTi »N, a post-village of Somerset co., Maryland, near 
 Pocomoke Bav, and 118 miles S.S.E. of Annapoli.s. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-office. Cumberland co.. North Carolina. 
 KINGSTON, North Carolina. See Kin.ston. 
 KINGSTON, a post-village of Cass co., Georgia, is situated 
 on the Western and .Atlantic Railroad, at its junction with 
 the Rome Brancli Railrood. i 2 miles N.W. of Atlanta. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Autauga co., Ala- 
 bama, on Autauga Creek, 25 miles N.W. of Montgomery. 
 Pop, 1960. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-village of .\dams co.. Mls.sissippi, near 
 Homochitto River, 100 miles S.W. of Jackson. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Roane co.. TennesseA. 
 at the junction of tlie Ilolston and Clinch Iiiver.s, 145 miles 
 E. by S. of Nasliville. It is a shipping-point for the produce 
 of the county. 
 
 KINGSTON, a sm.all post-village of Madison co., Kentucky, 
 
 KINGSTON, a townsliip of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 675. 
 
 KINGSTON, a thriving post-village of Ross co., Ohio, 10 
 miles N.E. of Chillicotho. It has a brick church, and several 
 stores. 
 
 KINGSTON, a postroffice of Decatur co,, Indiana. 
 
 KING.'^TON, a small village of Adams co., Illinois. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-village and township of De Kaib co., 
 Illinois, on Syracuse River, 200 miles N.N.E. of Springfield 
 Po)). 1053'. 
 
 IvINGSTON, a thriving village of Peoria co., Illinois, on the 
 right bank of the Illinois River. 20 miles iiejow Peorja City. 
 Large quantities of stone coal are procured in the vicinity 
 The post-office is called Kingston Mines. 
 
 Kl NGSTON. a post-village, capital of Caldwell co..5Iissouri, 
 near Shoal Creek, 120 miles in a direct line N.W. of Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 KING STON, a post-township and village of Green Lake co., 
 Wisconsin.on Grand River. It has 4 stores, and 2 mills. P. 813. 
 
 KINtiSTON, a township of Sauk co.,Wisconsin. Pop. 953. 
 
 KINGSTON, a city of Canada West, capit.il of the united 
 counties of Fronfenac. Lennox, and Addington, and for 
 merly capital of Canada, is situated in the county of Fron 
 tenac, on the St. I^awrence River, at the head of Lake On 
 tario. about 200 miles S.W. of Montreal. Lat. 44° 12' N. 
 ion. 75° 41' W. The city occupies the site of old Fort Fron- 
 tenac, on the N.E. shore of the river, opposite Wolfe Island, 
 having tlie harbor and shipping in front. The harbor is 
 formecl at the mouth of Cataraqui River, whicli here enters 
 the lake. The W. shore is bold, and shipping of any size 
 may lie here in perfect safety. E. of the bay the land pro- 
 jects southward, terminating in Point Frederick or Navy 
 Point, beyond whicli is Haldimand Cove, a deep ba.sin of 
 water, protected by this point on the W. and Point Ilenry on 
 the E., and guarded fnmi S. winds by Wolfe Island in front. 
 In this cove are tlie royal dock-yard, naval sliipping.' &c. 
 Kingston is the military and naval headquarters of the 
 province, and. after Queliec and Halifax, is the strongest 
 post ill British America. There is a fort on Mes.sessaga 
 I'oiiit, and all other accessilile points are secured by bat- 
 teries. There are extensive military works on Navy Point, 
 and on I'oint Henry is a fortress which completely com- 
 mands the harlxir and town. A long Ijridge has been con- 
 structed across Cataraqui Bay, connecting Kingston with 
 Pitfsiiurg, liesides which there are tlie suburbs of Barrie- 
 tield. French A'illage, and Williamsville. The city is regu- 
 larly laid out with stret^ts crossing each other at right an- 
 gles. It is diietiy built of blue limestone, which under- 
 lies the town. 'The streets are lighted with gas, and the 
 houses are partly supplied with water from the bay. and 
 partly from wells. Wells of mineral water, composed chiefly 
 of chloride of sodium and calcium, have been obtained in 
 three instances by boring to the depth of 145, 85, .and 75 
 fet>t, respectively. Among the public buildings may be 
 named the City Hail and Market Builiiings, said to be the 
 most mas.sive structure in Canada West. It is built of 
 hewn stone, and contains the market, city offices, p^st-offico, 
 news and reading-rooms, council-room. &c. The other prin- 
 cipal public edifices are the court-house and jail, the build- 
 ings occupied liy the several literary and benevolent insti- 
 tutions, and the churches, of which there were, in 1851, 3 
 or 4 f(>r the Episcopalians, 2 for the i'reshyferians. 2 for the 
 Methodists. 2 for the Roman Catholics, including the Cathe- 
 dral, 1 Established Churcli of Scotland, 1 Congregational 
 church, 1 Baptist, and 1 Apostolic. Among the institutions 
 may be mentioned Queen's College, (Presliyterian.) and Re- 
 giopolis College, (Roman Catholic.) each of which receives a 
 government allowance of 5002. annually ; Queen's College 
 schc^i. Mechanics' Institute, the Hotel Dieii. comprising a 
 nunnery and hospital, the Kingston General Hospital, the 
 House of Industry, and the Provincial Penitentiary; the 
 latter is situated about Ij miles W, of the niaiket. Its cur- 
 rent expenses for the year 1849 amounted to l.S.S-iO?. Four 
 new.spapers are pulilished in the city. Kingston is the head- 
 quarters of the Commercial Biiiik of the Jlidland District, 
 and of the Marine and Fire Insurance Company, It has also 
 3 branch banks, 7 assurance agencies, and the agencies of 9 
 insurance companies. The principal manufacturing esta- 
 blishments in 1^51 were 5 foundries. 3 tanneries, 4 breweries 
 and distilleries, 5 soap and candle factories, and a broom fac- 
 tory. The government establishments, naval and military, 
 together with the shipping interests of Kingston, are its prin- 
 cipal supports. The construction of the Rideau Canal, con- 
 necting this port with the Ottawa River, added considerably 
 to its commercial prosperity, but it was generally thought 
 that the opening of the St, Lawrence Canals would greatly 
 impair it. The registered tonnage of the port, Iiowever, 
 appears to be sliihtlv on the increase, it being 6621 tons in 
 1845. and 6910 tons in 1851. The total value of imports in 
 1848 amounted to :3:.W3.788; in 1849. toS3'<4,044: in 18.50, to 
 $499,040- ind in 1851, to $1,025,492, of which $915,912 was 
 
 9S3 
 
the ralu? of goods imported from the United States. The 
 total value of exports ia ISol was $421,016. all of which 
 weut to the United Stites. The commercial affairs nf Kings- 
 ton are regulated by a board of trade. Ship-building is an 
 Important interest here, and a marine railway has been 
 constructed, on which to haul out vessels that are to be re- 
 paired. A railway is projected from Montrejil. throufrh 
 Kingston and alon.; the \. shore of Lake Ontario, to Toronto 
 and Hamilton, forming a part of the Great Western Grand 
 Trunk llailway. The Indian name of the site on which 
 Kort Frontenac was built, was GiUiramii. The name King.s- 
 ton was given it by the English, who first settled here in 
 1783. It was incorporated a city in 18;JS. In 1841. Kings- 
 ton became the capital of the province, and so continued till 
 about the year 1845, when the seat of government w;is re- 
 moved to Miintre,al. The city is divided into 7 ward.s, and 
 governed by a mayor, board of aldermen, and common coun- 
 cil. It returns 1 member to the Provincial Parliament. 
 Pop. in 1844, (5840; in 1852, 11,585; and in 1861, iy,74a, in- 
 cluding the suburbs. 
 
 KIXG'STON, the principal commercial city and seaport 
 of Jamaica, co. of Surrey, on its S. coast, on the N side of a 
 fine harbor. 10 miles \V. of Spanish Town, with which it is 
 connected bv a railroad, opened in 1846. Lat. 17° 5S' N., 
 Ion. 76° 47' 30" W. Pop. estimated at 35.000. It stands on a 
 gentle slope, and is regularly laid out. its houses being mostly 
 of two stories, and furnished with verandahs. The principal 
 buildings are the English and Scotch churches, several cha- 
 pels. 2 synagogues, ii hospital, and various other charitable 
 institutions, a free school, endowed with 1500J. a year, tlie 
 work-house, new penitentiary, commei-cial subscription 
 rooms, and theatre; here are also an athenaeum, a society 
 of arts, and a sjivings' bank. Kingston harbor, a land- 
 locked basin, available for the largest ships, is enclosed on the 
 S. by a long tongue of land, at the extremity of which is Port 
 Koy'al. The annual value of imports is .about §2,000,000, 
 and of exports !ilx)ut .53.-500.000. The entrance to the har- 
 bor, and the harbor itself, is defended by sevei-al f )rmidable 
 forts. The ini-lined plain on which Kingston stands is en- 
 closed on the X. by the loftiest ridge of the Blue Mountain 
 chain, and the intermediate space agreeably diversified with 
 country residences, and, neiir the mountains, with sugar 
 estates. Upper Park Camp, with the barracks, &c. is about 
 x\ miles N. of the city. See J.\M.\ic.\. 
 
 KING.STO\ or KINGSTOWN, a town of the British West 
 Indies, capital of the island of .St. A'incent. on its S.W. coast. 
 Pop. 4769. It is regularly built, and has several substan- 
 tial public edifices, comprising a larire church, Wesleyan, 
 Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic ch.apels, an old govern- 
 ment house, new government house in the botanic garden, 
 and the court-house, the last being constructed of stone, 
 the rest mostly of brick. 
 
 KINGSTON, a town of New Brunswick, capital of King's 
 county, on the left bank of the St. John's Itiver, at the en- 
 trance of the Belleisle. about 25 miles X. of St. John's. 
 KINGSTON B.\G'PUZii. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 KINGSTON CENTltE a pnst-office of Delaware co.. Ohio. 
 KING'STON DEV'ERIIJ., a parish of England. CO. of Wilts. 
 KINGSTON-upON-IIULli. a town of England. See Hull. 
 KINGS'TOX-BT-LEW'ES, a parish of England, co. of 
 Sussex. 
 KINGSTON MINES. See KiNOSTO^f, Illinois. 
 KING.STON. NEW. or KTXGSTO.X-ON-IIAILWAY, is a 
 hamlet which has within a few years sprung up around the 
 station on the South-western Railway: and it has now many 
 handsome terraces, detached villas, with a good inn, and 
 public libraries. 
 
 KIXG.STi)N-i)T-SEA. a parish of Encrland. co. of Sussex. 
 KING'STOX SKY'.MOUK, a ptirish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 KINGSTON-Upox-SOAR, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 KINGSTON-upax-TIIAME.S. a municipal borough, town, 
 and parish of iCngiand. co. of Surrey, on the E. bank of the 
 Thames, at the influx of the Ewell. and 10 miles W.S.W. of 
 London. Pop. of borou^A in 1851. 12.144. The town, ex- 
 elusive of suburbs, extends about half a mile along the 
 river, here cros.sed by an eleirant stone bridge of 5 arches. 
 It is irregulirly built, and has a spacious church, a hand 
 some new tnwn-hali. a market-house, a house of correction, 
 ft jail and union work-hou.se. a grammar school, several 
 other well-endowed schools, and almshouses. It has some 
 flax and oil mills, a brisk malting-trade, and a large corn- 
 market. The I>ent county assizes are held here, and it has 
 petty and quarter sessions. A Roman town or station ex- 
 isted here, ami numerous coins and other Uom.m antiqui- 
 ties have been from time to time discovered. Egbert held a 
 gener.il ecclesiastical council hero in 838 ; and most of the 
 Saxon raonarchs. from I'M ward the Elder to Ethelred the 
 Unready, were crowned at Kingston. The first armed force 
 In the l>arliamentary War assembled in the town, and the 
 last effort in fivor of Charles I. was m.'tde here. 
 
 KiNG.-^'TOWN. (f)rmeriy DUXLEAKY.) a se.iport town 
 and wnteri;!gplace of Ireland, co.. and on the Bav of Dublin, 
 ou the railway, 7 miles S.E. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 10,453. 
 S84 
 
 KIN 
 
 It is finely situated, and has a short atmo.spheric railway to 
 Dalkey. said to be the first ever laid down; an obelisk, com 
 memorating the visit of George IV. in 1821; and a fine 
 granite pier, enclosing a harbor of 251 acres, finished at a 
 cost of about 75O.000i., and at the head of which is a re- 
 volving light, in lat. 53° IS' N.. Ion. 6° 8' W. Upwards of 
 2000 vessels, with an aggregate of more than 200,000 tons 
 burden, enter and leave tlie harbor annually. It is the 
 mail packet station for communication with Liverpool and 
 Ilolyliead, and a favorite resort of the Dublin citizens. 
 KIXGSTOWX, a town of the West Indies. See Kingston. 
 KIXOSTREE, a post-village, capital of Williamsburg dis- 
 tri 't. South Carolina, on the left bank of Black River, 76 
 miles in a direct line, or about 100 miles by post-i-oute, E.S.E. 
 of Columbia. 
 
 KI.N'GS'VILLE, a post-oflRce of Clarion co.. Pennsvlv.inia. 
 KIXGSA'lIiLK. a vill.age of Baltimore Co., Maryland, IC 
 miles N.E. of Baltimore. 
 
 KINGSVILLE. a village of South Carolina, on the South 
 Carolina Railraad. at the junction of the Columbia branch, 
 25 miles from Columbia. 
 
 KINGSVILLE, a postrtownship in the N.E. part of Ash- 
 tabula CO.. Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland aud Erie Rail- 
 road. Pop. 1730. 
 
 KINGSVILLE, a pleasant post-village of Ashtabula co., 
 Ohio, on Conneaut Creek, and on theCleveland and Erie 
 liailroad, about 60 miles X.E. of Cleveland. It contains 3 
 churches, a flourishing academy, and several mills. 
 KIXGSVILLK. a post office of Talladega co.. Alabama. 
 KIXGS-WAiyOEN, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 KINa.S'WE.\R, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 KIXGSWIX'FORD.a parish of England. See Winterbodrn. 
 KIXGS'WOOD. a village of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 KIXGSWOOD. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 KIXGSWOHTIIY. a parish of England, co. of Hants, on 
 the South-western Railway, 2 miles N.X.E. of Winchester. 
 
 KING-TCIIOU. KIN-CliOO, or KIXG-TCUOU-FOU, a city 
 of China. See Kixo-Choo-Foo. 
 
 KIXG-T1'>TC1IIAXG, king-ti-che-lng', or KTNG-TE- 
 CIIING, kingHA-ching', a town of China, province of Kiang- 
 see. 95 miles N.E. of Xan-chang. It is the principal feat 
 of the manufacture of porcelain in China, for which it is 
 said 500 furnaces are employed. Lat. 29° 15' N., Ion. 116*^ 
 52' E. Pop. 1,000.000. 
 
 KINGTON, a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 18 miles N.^V. of Hereford. Pop. 3131. It h.as a church 
 erected about the twelfth century, a free schixjl. a union 
 work-house, 2 or 3 branch banks, and manufactures of glove* 
 and nails. 
 
 KINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 KINGTON, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 KINGTON, a parisli of England, co. of Worcester. 
 KING-TONG, king'tong', a city of China, province, and 
 125 miles S.W. of Yun-nan, cjipital of a department, in a 
 mountainous country, near a source of the Ton(iuin River. 
 KING-TONG. an island of China. See Kin-Ta.no. 
 KIXGTOX MAG'NA. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 KIXGTOX ST. MICIIAEL,aparishof Kngland. co.ofWUtg. 
 KIXGTON. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 KIXGUS'SIE, king-gtts'.see. a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Inverness, 23 miles E.S.E. of Fort Augustus. It was the 
 birthplace of Macpherson, the translator of Ossian's poems. 
 KIXG'WESTOX, a mrish of England, co. of Somerset, 3 
 miles N.E. of .Somerton. In the church is an oak chair 
 bearing the initials of the last ab'oot, who was hanged by 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 KIXG WII/LTA5I. a county in the E. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of 260 square miles. Its N.E. and S.W. borders 
 are respectively washed by the Mattapony and Pamunkey 
 Itivers, which unite at the S.E. extremity of the county, 
 and form the York River. The surface is undulating, the 
 soil of the river-bottoms is fertile. Formed in 1701, and 
 named in honor of William III.. King of England. Capital, 
 King William Court-IIouse. Pop. 8530, of whom 3005 were 
 free, and 5525 slaves. 
 
 KING WILLIAM COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital 
 of the above county, is situated between the Matt.i|>ony and 
 Pamunkey Rivers, 2 miles from the former, and 27 miles 
 X'.K. of Richmond. 
 
 KING WILLIAM'S CAT'ARACT, a fine fall of the Esse- 
 quibo River, in Briti.sh Guiana, in lat. 3° 14' Hr," N.. Ion. 
 57° 44' W. It was reached and named by Sir R. Schom- 
 burgh, in 1836. 
 
 KING WILLIAM'S ISLAND is in Dampier Strait, in tte 
 Eastern .\rchipelago. S. of \Vaigeao. 
 
 KING WILLIAM'S TOWN, a town of Cape Colony, in 
 British Kaffraiia. 62 miles N.X.E. of Graham's Town. lAt. 
 33° 10' S., Ion. 27° '20' E. 
 
 KING'WOOD, a post-township of Hunterdon .«/, New 
 Jersey, 7 miles W. of Flemington Pop. 2148. 
 
 KIXGWOOD, a po.st-village, capital of Preston co.,W. Vir- 
 ginia, on the Client River, about 80 miles E.S.E. of Wheel- 
 ing. The river affords excellent water-joower. 
 
 KIN-HOA, kin-lio'3. a city of Cliina, province of Che-kiacg. 
 72 miles S.S.W. of Haug-chow-foo. 
 
KIN 
 
 KIO 
 
 KINTBALOO, a mountain and lake of nonNEO, (which see.) 
 
 KIN'ISAW. a post^otfice of Tama Co., Iowa. 
 
 KINJOKK, kin-jor'. a lake or dund of Uritish India, in 
 Sinde. Lat. 24° 51' N.. Ion. 68° 8' K. It consists of an ex- 
 tensive expanse of stagnant water, covered by the Indus 
 durin;; the wet season. 
 
 KIX'KERSVILLK. a po-st-village of Licking co., Ohio, on 
 the National Iload. See Kikkersville. 
 
 KINK'1IK.\D, a small post-village of St. Francis co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 KIN-KUI-.TIN, a seaport town on the W. side of Great 
 Loo-Choo I.-<land. 
 
 KTN'LKT. a parish of Enfrl.and. co. of Salop. 
 
 KIXLOCII. kiuMoK', a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, now 
 united to Lkthendt. 
 
 KIX'IjOCK. a post-ofRce of Lawrence co., Alabama. 
 
 KIN LOCK, a post-office of Panola co., Texa.s. 
 
 KIN'IvOSS. a parish of Scotland, co. of Moray, including 
 the town of Fiiidhorn. It has the ruins of a celebrated 
 abbey, founded by David I. in 1150. 
 
 KIN\N'AI!!D'. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 KINNAIKD'S IIEAO, a promontory of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen, projecting into the North Sea, about three-fourths 
 of a mile N. of Fraserburgh. On its summit is a castle, now 
 used as a li:,'ht-house. Lat. .57° .12' N., Ion. 2° AV. 
 
 KIN^XAKD', a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry. 
 
 KIXVNEKKMviTn-KAT'ERLIXE, a pari.sh of Scotland, co. 
 of Kincardine. 6 miles S. of Stonehaven. The Regalia of 
 Scotland was. during the invasion of Cromwell, long safely 
 concealed under the pulpit in the church of Kinneff. 
 
 KIN'NEGAD'. a market-town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, co. of VVi'stmeath, near the Slidland Great Western 
 Railway. 12 miles E.S.E. of MuUingar. Pop. of the town. "00. 
 
 KIX'.\l<]l(jiI, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 KIX/M:LL. a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 KIN'XKI.TY. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co. 
 
 KIX'XKItLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 KIX/\KI!SLKY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 KIXXEKSI.KV. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 KIXWKSS'WOOD, a vill.age of Scotland, co., and 5 miles 
 E. of Kinross. Pop. 479. 
 
 KINXETIIMONT. in Scotland. See Kex:jethmont. 
 
 KIXXETTLES, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 KIX'XEY. a new cmnty in the S.W. p.art of Texa.s, bor- 
 dering on the Rio Grande liiver, which separates it from 
 Mexico. Area, ai)out 1500 square miles. It is drained by 
 Las Moras and other creeks. The county contains exten- 
 eive prairies, which produce pasture. Formed since the 
 census of 1850, and named in honor of II. L. Kinney, mem- 
 ber of Congi-ess of the republic of Texas. Pop. 61. 
 
 KTX'XEYS FOUR COll/XERS, a post-village of Oswego 
 CO., Now York, 6 or 7 miles S.S.W. of Oswego. 
 
 KINXICO'XICK. a post-office of Louis co., Kentucky. 
 
 KIN'XIE'S CREEK, a post-office of Cumberland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 KIXNIT'TY, a town of Ireland, King's co., 13 miles S.W. 
 of Tullamore. Pop. 2000. 
 
 KIXNOUL. kin-nool'. a parish of Scotl.ind. co., and oppo- 
 site the town of Perth, on the left bank of the Tay, here 
 crossed by a handsome bridge. It has e.xtensive nursery 
 grounds, numerous elegant villas, an ancient church, the 
 ruins of a castle «f the Knights Templars, and a hill from 
 whence is obtained one of the finest views in Rritaia. It 
 gives the title of eail to a branch of the Hay family. 
 
 KIXOUl/TDN. a parish of England, co. of Xottingham. 
 
 KIXM508S'. or KINKOSS-SIIIRE, kin-ro.s.sZ-shir, the small- 
 est CO. of Scotland, having E. and S. the county of Fife, and 
 W. and N. the county of Perth. Area, alx)ut 72 sqaare 
 miles, or 45.000 acres, of which about 30,000 are arable, 3000 
 wood, and 4500 water, consisting principally of Loch Leven. 
 Pop. in 1851, 8924. The surface is varied and well culti- 
 vated. Chief town, Kinross. The county unites with Clack- 
 mannan and portions of Perth county iu sending 1 member 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 KI^'RO.•^S, a town and parish of Scotland, capital of the 
 county of Kinross, on Loch Leven, at its W. end, 14 miles 
 S.S.E. of Perth. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2590. It has a 
 fine county liall and jail, a town-hall, an elegant parish 
 church, 2 libraries, a branch bank, and manufactures of 
 cottons, tartan shawls, and damasks. 
 
 KINROSS-SHIRE, a county of Scotland. See Kixboss. 
 
 KINSALE, kin\sail', a parliamentary and niunicip.'il bo- 
 rough and seaport town of Ireland, in Munster, co.. and 13 
 miles S.S.W. of Cork, on the estuary of the Bandon River. 
 Iiere about 800 yards in breadth, 2 miles from the Atlantic. 
 Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 5.i06. It is built 
 at the base and on the sides of acclivities almost rising from 
 the water. The srreets are steep and narrow, the houses an- 
 tique. The chief buildings are a parish church of the four- 
 teenth century, a larire Roman Catholic chapel, a convent, 
 town-hall. jail, assembly-rooms, baths, a fever hospital, union 
 work-house, fort, and barraclcs. The harbor, which was 
 formerly a naval depot, is e.xcellent; but the trade is now 
 mostly transf Tred to Cork. Extensive and valuable fisher- 
 «es form the chief resources of the people. In summer many 
 
 visitors resort here for sea-bathing. Kinsale sends 1 monihei 
 to the House of Commons. It gives the title of premier 
 baron of Ireland to the De Courcey family, descendants of 
 the Dukes of Normandy, and whose representative has the 
 singular privilege of wearing his hat in the royal presence 
 In 1601. Kinsale was taken by the Spaniards. In lOSy, 
 James II. landed here. 
 
 KINSALE. The Old Head of, England, a promontory pro- 
 jecting about 3 miles into the Atlantic. 4^ miles S.S.W. cf the 
 entrance of Kinsale Harbor. On it is a lixod light, in lat. 
 51° 36' 46" N.. Ion. 8° 32' 16" W., at an elevation of 241 feet. 
 
 KINSALE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., A'irginia. 
 
 KIX'SEY'S STORE, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee. 
 
 KIX'SEYVILLE, a post-village of Salem co., New .ler.sey, 
 on the Delaware River, 58 miles S.W. of Trenton. Here is a 
 ferrv leading to Newcastle, in Delaware. 
 
 KIN-SHA-KIANG. See Yano-tse-kianu. 
 
 KIN'SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 KIN-SHAN. KIX-SCHAN or KTN-THAN. kin-phSn. (lite- 
 rally the "Golden Jlountain,") an island of China, province 
 of Kiang-soo, in the Yang-tse-kiang River, nearly opposite 
 the mouth of the Grand Canal, and covered with pagodas, 
 temples, pavilions, and gardens, now mostly in decay. 
 
 KINS/MAN, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop 976. 
 
 KIN'STON, (improperly KINGSTON,) a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Lenoir co.. North Carolina, 80 m. S.E of Raleigh. P.1333. 
 
 KIN'TAIL', a parish of Scotland, co. of Kos.s. 
 
 KIXTANG. kin-t.^ng'. orKTXGTOXG, (»>.'• .^ilverT.sland,") 
 an island of China, near Cbu.san. about lat. 30° N., and Ion. 
 121° 40' E. Greatest leUL'th. 7 miles. 
 
 KINT'RUR Y. (KENT'P.Ul! Y.) a parish. Endand. co. Berks. 
 
 KIX-TCHOO or KIN-TCHOU. See K iNO-ciioo-FOO. 
 
 KIXTORE. kin-t5r'. a royal and parliamentary burgh and 
 parish of Scotland, co.. and 12 miles W.X.W. of Aberdeen, 
 on the Aberdeen Canal. Pop. in 1851, 1.342. It claims to 
 be the most ancient royal burgh in Scotland. It unites 
 with RanfT. Elgin. CuUen. and Invernry in sending one 
 member to the House of Commons. It gives the title Of 
 earl to a brancli of the Keith family. 
 
 KINTYRE. kin-tir'. CANTYRE or CANTIRR. kan-tTr'. a 
 peninsula of Scotland, between the I'rith of Clyde and the 
 Atlantic Ocean, forming the S. end of the county of Argylo. 
 Length. 40 miles: average breadth. 6J miles. Pop. 19.318. 
 
 KINTYRE, The Mull of, the S.W. point of the above pe- 
 ninsula, has a light-house, with fixed lights 297 feet above 
 high water, in lat. 55° 19' N., Ion. 5° 49' W. 
 
 KINVAIt'RA. a small seaport town of Irel.and. in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Galway, 11 miles S.S.E. of O.ahvay. Pop. 959. 
 It has a Roman Catholic cjithedral and bishop's residence. 
 
 KINWAR'TON, a parish of En-land, co. of Warwick. 
 
 KIN-YANG, kin^y.ing'. acity of China, province of Kan-soo, 
 capital of a department, in lat. 36° 42' N.. Ion. 10,5° 42' E. 
 
 K1N-YU?;N, kin'-yoo-Jn', a city of China, province of 
 Quang-see, capital of a department, in lat. 24° 26' N., Ion. 105° 
 50' E. 
 
 KIN'ZER'S, a post-office and station of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Raih-oad, 
 14 miles from Lancaster. 
 
 KINZTG, kint'sio, a river of Germany, in WUrtemberg 
 and Baden, after a N.W. course of 45 miles, joins the Rhine 
 by several branches at Kehl. 
 
 KINZIO, a river of Germany, in Ilesse-Cassel, joins the 
 Main near Hanau. 
 
 KINZIGTHAL. kint/siG-t3l\ a villace of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine, bailiwick of, and near AVolfach. Pop. 1307 
 
 KINZUA, Pennsylvania. See Kenjua. 
 
 KIO. a town of .Japan. See Miako. 
 
 KIOGE, (KiBge,) a town of Denmark. ' See Kj8ge. 
 
 KTOKEE, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia. 
 
 KIO'IvEE CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Savannah River, 
 about 9 miles N.E. of Appling. 
 
 KIOLEN. K.JOLEN, (Kjiilen,) kyMen or chSlen, KIOEL, 
 (KiSel.) or KOELEN. a mountain chain of Scandinavia, ex- 
 tends from about lat. 63° northward, between Sweden and 
 Russian Lapl.aud on the E. and S.. and Norway and Finniark 
 on the W. and N. Mount Sulitelma, its highest point, in 
 lat. 67° 5' N.. ion. 16" 20' E.. is 5956 feet in elevation. 
 
 KTOMITIA, a village of Texas. See Kiamitia. 
 
 KIOXG-CHOOor KiONG-TCHOU.ke onaVhoo'.or KTONG- 
 TCIIOO-FOO, written also KIANG-CHAU-FU. KHIONG- 
 TCHOU and KIUNG-CHU-FU. a maritime city of China, 
 capital of the island of Ilai-nan. on its N. coast. Lat. 20° 
 N.. Ion. 110° 22' E. Estimated pop. above 100.000. It is 
 enclosed bv strong walls, is well built, and has two colleges, 
 a large public library, and an extensive trade with Macao, 
 Assam. Slam, and Sing.apore. 
 
 KIOO-SIOO, KTOU-SIOU or KIU-SIU, ki^ooZ-sf^oo'. or 
 XIMO. zee'mo. the southernmost of the three principal is- 
 lands of .Japan, in the I'acific Ocean, separated from Corea 
 bv the Strait of Corea. and from Niphon Island by the 
 Strait of .«ikokf Lat. from 31° to 34° T N., Ion. from 129° 
 30' to 132° E. The surface is mountainou.s. and here are 
 several volcanoes, that of Illiirigama having been the seat 
 of a most destructive eruption on the 1st of April, 182ft 
 
 9S6 
 
KIO 
 
 Naga^api, the principal commercial port of Japan, is on this 
 ifilaiul. 
 
 KIOTSIXG. lieoMsing', or KU-TSIXG, kyoo^-tsing', a city 
 of China, province of Yun-nan, capital of a department. 70 
 miles E.X.E. of Yun-nan. Lat. 25° 34' N.. Ion. 103° 55' E. 
 
 KIO[T-SIOU, an i.-^land of Japan. See Kioo-Sioo. 
 
 KI()WI':E RIVEK, South Carolina. See Savan\ah. 
 
 KIl'FENBF.KG, liip'fen-bJuG\ a niarliet-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Jliddle Franco'nia, 30 miles W. of Ratisbon, on the 
 right banli of the Altmiihl. Pop. 729. 
 
 KIP'PAX, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 KIP'i'EN. a parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Stirling. 
 
 KlPPEXilElM. kip'pen-h)me\ a market-town of Baden, 
 circle of Upper Rhine, 11 miles E.N.E. of Zell. Pop. 1917. 
 
 KIP'l'URE, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster, 11 miles 
 B.S.W. of Dublin. Elevation, 2473 feet. 
 
 K1PTCII.\K or KIPCII.iK, kipVhSk', a town of Inde- 
 pendent Tartury, khanat, and 68 miles N-N.^V. of Khiva, 
 near the Oxus. 
 
 KIU'BY, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 KIR'BY, a township of Caledonia CO., Vermont, about 38 
 miles N.E. of :Montpelier. Pop. 473. 
 
 KIRBY. a small post-village of Greene co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KIRBY-BE'DON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KIKBY-CANE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KTUBY,COl.D.aparishofEngland,co.York. North Riding. 
 
 KIRBY-i'XBER-D.VLE, a parish of J^ngland, co. of York, 
 East Riding. For other places in England, sometimes spelt 
 
 KiRBY. see KiRKBY. 
 
 KIRBY-GRIX'DALYTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. E.nst Riding. 
 
 KIRBY KENDALL. See Kendall. 
 
 KIRIiY-KNOWLE, (nol,) a paiish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 KlRliY-MOXKS, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 KlliCff. k66p.K, a German word, signifying "church," 
 forming a part of various names in contr."il Europe, as Kirch- 
 DORF, '• church village :" Fuxfkirohen. the " five churehes." 
 
 KIRC1I.4lRT, k66R'KaBt, a village of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Khine, near Sinsheim. Pop. 1123. 
 
 KIRCIIBEliG, k66BK'bJRa,a town of Germany, in Saxony, 
 circle of Zwickau, 23 miles S.AV. of Chemnitz. Pop. 4149. 
 It ha-s manufactures of woollen cloths and paper. 
 
 KIRCHBERG. a town of Germany, in Kbenish Prussia, 
 SO miles S.S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 1523. 
 
 KlItCIIBERG-AM-WAGRA.M, k6«RK'b5RG-am--»aG/ram, a 
 market-town of Lower Austria. Pop. CC9. 
 
 KIRCIIRIIOMBACII. kggRK'bromMjaK, a market-town of 
 llesse-Darmstadt. province of Starkenlmrg. Pop. 069. 
 
 KlItCIIBOIIEL. (Kirchbuhel.) k66nK'bU-Jr a village of 
 Austria, in Tyrol, near Kufstein. Pop. 1071. 
 
 KIKCHDOilF, ke§UKMoRf, or KIRCIIDRAUF, kSgRK'- 
 dr(5wf\ (II un. Se.pes VaraJh/a, shi'pJsh' v6hV01'y0h\) a town 
 of Xorth Hungary, co. of Zips, 23 miles W. of Epories. 
 Pop. 3500. 
 
 KIUCHDORF, kgfiRK'doRf, a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 11 miles S.S.E. of Bern, near Gergen Lake. Pop. 1922. 
 
 KIRCHDORF, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ai^au, 
 capital of a circle of its own name, beautifully situated on 
 the Limmat. E.X.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1900. 
 
 KIRCIIDRAUF. a town of Hungary. See Kirchdobf. 
 
 KIRCH KH. a village of Nubia. See Ghyrch£. 
 
 KIltCIIKN, kfefiuK'^n. a village of Baden, circle of Upper 
 Rhine, near I>orrach, Pop. 903. 
 
 KIRCHEN-KIRN BERG, k66RK'en-k66Rna)SRa. a village of 
 WiirtemburL'. circle of Jaxt, near Welzheim. Pop. 1051. 
 
 KIRCHK.NLAMITZ, k66RK'en-ia'mits, a m.arket-town of 
 Bavaria, on the L-imitz. 24 miles X.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1400. 
 
 KI RCIl KNT ELLIXGSFURT. kegRK^n-tJining-fOont". a vil- 
 lage of \V'iirtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald. Pop. 1447. 
 
 KIltCHKNTHUMBACII. k6eRK'fn-toom>baK. a market- 
 town of Bavaria, on the Thumbach, 15 miles S.E. of Bai- 
 reuth. Pop. 739. 
 
 KiaCHKT, kSgRK'Jt, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, near Meiriniren. 
 
 KIRCHHATTEX, keeRK'hJt'ten, or IIAITEX, hSften, a 
 Tillage of Germany, Oldenburg, near the town of Oldenburg. 
 Pop. 814. 
 
 KIRCHHAYX or KTRCHIIAIX, kSSRsOiIne, a town of 
 Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on the railroad from 
 Frankfort to Cassel, 66 miles S.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. 
 Pop. 2135. 
 
 K1!!(:;HH.A.YX, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, on the 
 Ohm. 8 miles E. of Marburg. Pop."l819. 
 
 KIltCHHKni. k66HK'hime, a town of South Germany, 
 In \\ Urtemberg, circle of Danube. Ifi miles S.E. of Stutt- 
 gart. Pop. 5256. It is enclosed by planted walks, and has 
 a royal jwilace, and manufactures of cotton and woollen 
 goods, ami toys. 
 
 KIKCII If KIM.avillageofBaden.near Heidelberg. P.I311. 
 
 KliiCIIHKIM. a village of Bavaria, on the Flogsach, 62 
 miles W.N.W. of Munich. Pop. 792. 
 
 KlRCHHiOIM-AM-NliCKAK. kWRK'hIm-ilm-nJk'kar, a 
 village of WUrtemberg, ou the Xeckar, 8 miles S.W. of 
 Heilbronn. Pop. 1614. 
 fiS6 
 
 KIR 
 
 KTRCIIHEIM-AX DER-ECK. kg6RKlum-an-dk ?k, a vil- 
 lage of Bavaria, district of WUrzburg. Pop. 1(141. 
 
 KIRCHHKIM-AX-DER-EGER, kfgRK'hrm-dn-d^R-.Vghgr, 
 a village of WUrtemberg. cii'cle of Kocher, on the Eger. 
 Pop. 1011. 
 
 KIRCHHEIM-BOLAXDEX, k6eRK'hIm-l)onanMen, a town 
 of South Germany, in Rhenisli Bavaria, at the foot of the 
 Donnersberg. IS miles X.X.E. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 3120. 
 It has a castle and a church, witli the family vault of the 
 Dukes of Nassau ; and in its vicinity are mines of iron, cop- 
 per, and mercury. 
 
 KIRCHSCHLAG, kegRK'shiao. a market-town of Lower 
 Austria. 47 miles S. of Vienna. Pop. 1059. 
 
 KIRCHSPIELWALDXIEL, kSeRK'speel^ilt/neel. a vil- 
 lage of Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf. P. 1497. 
 
 KIRCH-STEIXBECK, k66RK-stin'bJk, a village of Den- 
 mark, duchy of Ilolstein, aliout 4 miles S.E. of Hamburg. 
 
 KIRCHWARDER, (Kirchwarder.) keer.K'wiR-dsT, a vil- 
 lage of Hamburg, on tlie South branch of the Elbe, 9 miles 
 S.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 3029. 
 
 KIRCHWORBIS. k66RK'woR'bis. a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Saxony, government of Erfurt. Pop. 895. 
 
 KIRCirZELL, kSgRKHs^ll'. a market-town of Bavaria, in 
 Lower Franconia, district of Amorbiich. Pop. 890. 
 
 KUiD'FORD, a pari.sh of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 KIREXGHA, ke-rjn'g4, a river of Siberia, rises in the go- 
 vernment of Irkootsk, flows X., and joins the right bank 
 of the Lena, a little below Kirensk, after a course of nearly 
 300 miles. 
 
 KIREXSK, ke-r?nsk', a town of Siberia, government, and 
 410 miles N.N.E. of Irkootsk, on the Lena, at the influx of 
 the Kireiigha, and 780 feet above the sea. Pop. lAOO. 
 
 KIltGIIEEZ, KIP.GHIZ. KIRGUIS or KIRGUIZ. k!r* 
 gheez', a people of Central Asia, occupying a territory in the 
 X. part of Toorkistan, between lat. 44° and 55° X.. and Ion. 
 5.3° and 82° E.. partly independent, and partly under the Rus- 
 sian governments of Orenboorg and Tomsk, liaving E. tho 
 Chinese Empire. W. the Caspian Sea, and S. the kbanats of 
 Khokand, a country X. of Bokhara, and Khiva. Estimated 
 area, 300.000 square miles. Pop. 2,260.000. The surface is ' 
 traversed by many mountain chains, but it chiefly consists 
 of barren plains, abounding in salt lakes, some of wliich 
 are above 100 miles long. Tlie climate is remarkable for va- 
 riability, and destructive hurricanes are frequent. The 
 population is almost wholly nomadic, and rude in the ex- 
 treme, their principal occupation being the rearing of sheep, 
 goats, horses, and camels. Some land on river-lxinks, how- 
 ever, is roughly tilled, for millet, rye, and barley ; and seals, 
 sturgeons, &c., are taken in the Lakes. Some domestic 
 weaving, and manufactures of hiiir-cordage, soap, leather, 
 and iron wares are carried on ; but this region may be 
 considered as pre-eminently the head-quarters of barbarism 
 in Asia, nearly all manufactured goods and necessaries 
 being derived from the adjacent countries in exchange for 
 cattle, hides, horns, and wool. The Kirgheez are of the 
 Jlongol race, and .separated into the so-named Great, Little, 
 and Middle hordes, who are again sulidiyided into numerous 
 tribes, each having its own khan or chief. They are in gene- 
 ral below the standard of European stature. In filatures, 
 they hold a middle ])lace between the Turkish and Mongo- 
 lian races. Tliey have the prominent cheek-tones, and small 
 obli<jue eyes of the latter, without, however, being so broad 
 or so flat in the face as the Kalniuks. They are obviously 
 a mixed race; the progeny of outcasts from all the surround- 
 ing countries. They are remarkably healthy and vigorous, 
 the result of a life without care, in the open air. and on horse- 
 back. The Kirgheez knows nothing of bread. His food is 
 chiefly mutton and horse-flesh. wRh I.umys. or sour mare's- 
 milk. From the ktimys he al.so extracts an intoxicating 
 spirit. The use of tea is extended among the hordes. The 
 dress of the Kirgheez consists of one or more loose frocks, 
 called chapan, wide pantaloons, girdle, a white-felt conical 
 hat in summer, a furred cap in winter, and pointed boots. 
 The female costume differs little from that of the male. 
 The Kirgheez are extremely indolent and pusillanimous. 
 Their hospitality often ends in treachery; and they are, 
 moreover, frightfully vindictive. To all the labors of the 
 house, the women add at least half of the out-door toil. 
 To them, therefore, belong three-fourths of all the industry 
 of the nation, while the men give themselves up in the same 
 proportion to sensual enjoyment and fierce I>rntality. Their 
 religion is a compound of Islamism and idolatry. Xo towns 
 exi.st in their territory, and the appaient remains of any 
 such, or of temples, are certainly the vestiges of a previous 
 race of inhabitants, much more advanced in civilization 
 than the present occupants. 
 
 The sulijection of the Kirgheez-Kazaks (Cossacks) to the 
 empire of Ru;*sia, as far as roving ban iits in the desert can 
 be said to lie subjected, has been effected within little more 
 th.an a century. The title of Khan of the Little Horde 
 ceased, in 1812. to be connected with political power; that 
 of Khan of the Middle Horde became extinct in 1816. 
 
 KIKIA. KIRREA. klr'ree'i or KKR'RIiU, a town of Chi- 
 nese Toorkistan, 130 miles E,S.E. of Khoten. Lat. 37=^ N., 
 82° 50' E. It has an actire trade with Yaikand, to which it 
 
KIR 
 
 KIR 
 
 Bends silk. goM-dust. and. raisins; and caravans from the 
 Kui-«i:iii frontier bring to it broad-cloths, brocades, steel, 
 and furs, in eXLhange for tea, rhubarb, and sal-ammoniac. 
 Near it are gold-mines wrought by the Chinese government. 
 
 KIKILOV or KIKILOW, ke-re-lov', a town of Kussia. go- 
 vernment, and 21)5 miles E.X.E. of Novgorod. Pop. 2l(i3. It 
 is surrounded by lakes, and owes Its name to a remarkable 
 convent founded by St. Kiril in 1.398 ; it h.as a cjithedral, 
 several cliurchefi. and a valuable library. A canal recently 
 cut near it unites the basins of the Volga and North Dwina, 
 through the t'heksna and Sfxikhona Kivers. 
 
 KlitlLOVSK or KIXLOWSK, ke-re-lovsk', a town of 
 Russiii, capital of circle, government, and W. of Yekateri- 
 noslav. 
 
 KIIUX-OOL.A. or KIKIN-OULA. klr/in-oo'l^ or ke-reenfocy- 
 li, a town of Mantchooria. capital of its S. divi.sion on the 
 Soongaree. It is enclosed by an earth rampart, and is the 
 residence of a MantcUoo viceroy. Its inhabitants are stated 
 to be chiefly exiles. 
 
 KTI!.I.\TC!H, a town of Russia. See KrazHATCH. 
 
 KIKK, (i. fi. " church ;" see Kirch.) a prefix of the names 
 of nximerous towns and parishes in Great Bi'itain. For 
 those not under-mentioned, see additional names. 
 
 KTRKAGATCH. keer-kd-gatch', or KIKK-AGIIADJ, keer- 
 kd-gA.j,' a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 52 miles N.K. of 
 Smyrna. It is large, populous, and stated to have some 
 trade in cotton. 
 
 KIKK-AN'DREWS-o.vE/DEN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 KII!K-A.\'DREWS-ON-ESK, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 KIKK-AK'BORG, a parish of England, in the Isle *>Ian, 
 
 KII{K'UE.\N, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcud- 
 bright, on Solway B'rith, 12 miles S. of Dumfiies. It has 
 the remains of two castles, and comprises Mount Criffel, 
 18it5 feet above the sea. Paul Jones was born here, about 
 1745. 
 
 KIRK'BRIDE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 KIHK-BURN, a pari-^h of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 KIKK-nUUTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, 5 miles S.E. of lluddersfield. Pop. in 1851, 2K.371, 
 extensively engaged in woollen manufactures, for which 
 there are about 17 mills in operation. The church was 
 built in the reign of Edward III. 
 
 KTKKHY, kir'hee. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 KI I! K I! Y-IN-ASH'FIELU, a parish of England, CO. of Notts. 
 
 KlHf\l?Y-0N-UAIX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KIliKHV-HKL'LAKS. a parish of England, co. Leicester. 
 
 KIltKHY w-CLEVELAND, (kleev'land,) a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York, North Hiding. 
 
 KIKKHY-EAST, a p,arish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 Kl KlvUY-FLEETIIA.M, (fleet/am,) a parish of England, co. 
 of Yrirk. North Hiding. 
 
 KIliKBY-GHEEN. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 K1KKI5Y-IRELETII, (ir'ljth), a parish of England, co. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 KIRKBY-KEN'DAL. See KE}n)Ai-. 
 
 KIKKBY LK THORPE, a parish of England, co. o' Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 KIRK'BY-LONS'DALE, a maiket-town and parish of 
 EnKlan<l. co. of Westmoreland, on the Lune, here crossed 
 by an ancient and beautiful stone bridge, 11 miles S.S.E. of 
 Kendal. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 1300. It stands in a 
 picturesque valley, and has a fine old church, a grammar 
 Bcliool founded in 1591, a curious antique marketKii-oss, 
 witli some manufactures of carpets, blankets, &c. It gives 
 the title of earl to the Lowther family. 
 
 KIKKBY-IN-MAL'IIAM-DALE, a parish of England, co. 
 of York, West Riding. 
 
 KIRKBY-.MAiyLOHY, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 
 KIRKBY MALZEARD, (mAl'zerd,') a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Y'ork, West Riding, ti miles W.N.W. 
 of Ripon. In this parish is the ruin of Fountains-Abbey. 
 
 KlRKBY MIS'PERTON. a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 KIRKBY-oN-THE-MOOR, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 KIRKBY-.MOOR'STDE, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York. North Riding, 24 miles N.N.E. of York. 
 Pop. in 1S51, 2611. In an old house, in the market-place, 
 the profligate Duke of Buckingham died in misery and 
 poverty, in 1687. Malting is actively carried on; and in 
 the vicinity are stone-quarries and coal-mines. 
 
 KIRK'BY-O'VERBLOW, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 KniKBY-RAr\^ENSWORTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. North Riding. 
 
 KlRKBY. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Hiding. 
 
 K I RKBY-STEPIIEN, kir'bee-stee'ven. a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 22 miles S.K. of 
 Penrith. Pop. in 1851. 27 ^3. It is pleasantly situated on the 
 Eden, and has a spacious old church, a grammar school, 
 
 Bevenal other endowed schools, with woollen and silk manu- 
 iactures. stocking-knitting, and lead and coal-mini-x 
 
 Kli'.KBY'-TIlORE, a parish of England, co. of Westmott,- 
 land. 
 
 KIRKBY-UX'DERWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 KIRKBY-M'HARFE, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Hiding. 
 
 KIRKBY-WISK, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 KIRKCALDY, kirk-kawl'dee or kirk-kaw'dee, a royal 
 parliamentary burgh, seaport, manufacturing town, and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the X. shore of the Frith 
 of Forth, and on the Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth liailway, 
 fi miles X.E. of Burntisl.and. and 11 miles X. of Kdinburg 
 Pop. of parliamentary burgh, in 1851. 10.475. The town con- 
 sists principally of one irregularly-bpilt street of nearly 2 
 miles, or as continued through the suburbs, about 8 miles 
 in length: hence Kirkcaldy is called the '-liang town." It 
 is well lighted, and has many elegant shops, a handsome 
 town-hall and jail, several places of worship. 2 well-endowed 
 schools, a library, a shipping company, chamber of com- 
 merce, custom-house, and 4 branch banks. In Kirkcaldy, 
 and the district around it, there are 13 tiax-spinning mills 
 Bed-ticking, canvas, and other linen fabrics are the staple 
 manufacture of the place, amounting to the annual value 
 of about 200,000?. There are 7 bleachfields. connected with 
 the linen manufacture; and there are flour mills, breweries, 
 vitriol-works, a distillery, and m.icliine-lactory. The trade 
 of the port is extensive. The harbor is foimed of stone 
 piers, and has a light-house; it is completely dry at low 
 water, but, at full tide, is capable of admitting vessels of 
 very considerable burden. The imports are principally from 
 the Baltic, Germany, and Egypt: and consist of flax, timber, 
 corn, and other articles: the exports are linen, yarn, cured 
 herrings, and coal, to the annual amount of about 50,000 
 tons. The North whale fishery is also carried on to some ex- 
 tent. The number of ships belonging to Kirkcaldy, on De- 
 cember 31, 1849, was 74; tonnage, 9976. The borough joins 
 with Dysart. Kinghom, and Burntisland in sending 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. Adam Smith, author of the 
 '•Wealth of Nations," was born here in 1723. 
 
 KIRK-CIIHIST. a parish of England, in the Isle of Man. 
 
 KIHK'COLM, a pari.sh of England, co. of Wigton. 
 
 KIRKCOX'NEL. a parish of England, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 KIRKCOW'AN or KIRKOW'AN, a parish of England, co. 
 of Wi-ton. 
 
 KIRKCUDBRIGHT. kir-ko</bree. KIRKCUDBRIGHT 
 SHIRK, kir-koo'bre-shir. or the STEWARTRY OF KIRK- 
 CUDBRIGHT, a maritime county in the S.W. of Scotland, 
 forming the E. half of the district of Galloway. Solway 
 Frith separates it from Cumberland. Area estimated at 
 821 square miles, or 547,200 acres, of which nearly one-third 
 is arable. Pop. in 1851, 43.121. The surface is generally 
 hilly, and in the N.W. mountainous. The chief mountains 
 are Blacklarg, in the N., 2890 feet ; CrifTel. in the S.E., 1895 
 feet; and Cairnsmoor, on Wigton Bay, 2329 feet in elevation. 
 The principal rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Ken. and Urr. Lakes 
 are numerous. The soil, where manured, is often very pro- 
 ductive. Cattle of the polled Galloway breed are exten- 
 sively reared and fattened for export. Southdown and 
 Cheviot sheep are numerous in the mountains. Some re- 
 mains of the pure and much-esteemed Galloway breed of 
 horses still exist. The county is noted for its superior 
 honey. Chief towns, Kirkcudbright, New Galloway, and 
 Castle Douglas. It sends 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 KIRKCUDBRIGHT, a royal and parliamentary burgh, 
 seaport town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the county 
 of its own name, on the estuary of the Dee. 6 miles above 
 its junction with the Solway Frith, .and 28 miles S.W. of 
 Dumfries. Pop. of parliamentary burgh in 1861. 2C87. It is 
 finely situated; has a large parish church, a county-hall, a 
 jail, ancient market-cross, handsome academy- library, a 
 custom house, some vestiges of a castle in which Henry VI. 
 of Engl.and found refuge after the battle of Towton. and 
 imposing ruins of another, built in 1582 by the MacLellans, 
 whose title of Baron Kirkcudbright recently became extinct. 
 The harbor is the best in the S. of Scotland, yet the town 
 has but little business beyond the employment of a few cot- 
 ton-looms, some ship-building, small export of agricultural 
 produce, and imports of coals, Ac. A steamer communicates 
 with Liverpool. It unites with Dumfries, Annan. Loch- 
 maben, and Sanquhar, in sending 1 member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE. See KiRKCunBRionT. 
 
 KIHK'D.A^LE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 KIRKD-iLE, a parish of England, co. of York. North 
 Riding, Ij miles W.S.W. of Kirkby-Moorside. A cave was 
 discovered here in 1820, containing an extraordinary assem- 
 blage of the bones of hyenas, tigers, elephants, &c., with 
 those of animals still natives of the climate. 
 
 KIRK-DELEEM or KIHK-DELIM, kIrk'-dA-leem', a 
 mountain range of Asia Minor, about lat. 41° 30' N., and 
 Ion. 35° E., extending S.E. from the KizU-lrmak. 
 
 987 
 
KIR 
 
 KIR 
 
 KTRK'DEX. a parish of Scotland, co.. and 5 miles E.S.E. 
 of Forfar. Here is Gardyne Castle, built in 1668, and a very 
 ancieiit and ourinusly-carved obelisk. 
 
 KIR'KK'ISVII.LE. a pnst-villa^e of Lifkins: co., Ohio, on 
 the Central dhio Railroad. 22 miles E. by N.of Colnmbus. 
 
 KIl!K-(i KK'-M.\X. a parish of England, in the Isle of Man. 
 
 KIRKGUN'ZEON, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of 
 Kirkcudbrifrht. 
 
 KIHK'I! AM, a parliamentary borough and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of toncaster. on the Preston and Wyre Hallway, 
 Si mfles W.X.W. of Preston. Pop. of borough, 2777. It is 
 handsomely built, and has a large modern church, with an 
 ancient tower, a chapel for Roman Catholics, a grammar 
 school, endowed in 1670, a richly-endowed establishment at 
 Goosnaigh for decayed persons of the higher orders of so- 
 ciety, several other well-endowed charities and schools. Im- 
 ports of Baltic produce, via Fleetwood, are extensive. 
 
 KIRKIIAM. an extra-parochial liberty of England, eo. of 
 York, East Riding, on the York and Xorth Midland Rail- 
 way. 1,'ii miles N.E. of York. . 
 
 KIRKIIAJI'MERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 KIRK'UaUGH, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 KIRK-HEATON, a pari-sh of England, co. of York, West 
 Kiding. 
 
 KIRK'IITLL. a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness. 
 
 KIRKIIILL.a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 KIR/KIBOST, a small island of Scotland, belonging to 
 the Hebrides, ind about 1 mile off the S.W. coast of North 
 Cist. 
 
 KIRKIN'NER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton. 
 
 KIRKINRIOLA, kirk-in-re-o'ld, a parish of Ireland, co. 
 of Antrim. 
 
 KIRKINTILLOCn. kirkMn-tilloK. a hurgh of barony, 
 market-town, and parish of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, on 
 the Forth and Clyde Canal, and the Edinburgh and Gla.sgow 
 Railway. 6^ miles N.N.E. of Glasgow. Pop. of the town in 
 1851, 6342. It is very irregularly built ; has a court>house 
 and jail, a library, manufactures of hats. Iron-foundry, gas- 
 works, distilleries, and about 2000 cotton-looms. The parish, 
 among other antiquities, contains vestiges of the wall of 
 Antoninus. 
 
 KIRK-KILISSEir, k6SRk-ke-lis'seh, KIRKLISEII, kfiSrk- 
 lis'eh, written also KIRK-KILISSIA. a large and ruinous 
 town of Kuropean Tunkey, in Room-Elee, on the route from 
 Constantinople to Shoomla, 32 miles E.N.E. of Adrianople. 
 Pop. variously estimated at from 16,000 to 2S,000. It is 
 enclosed by walls, and has many mosques and baths. 
 
 KIRK'L.WD, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 KIRKLAN'D, a township of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 KIRKLAND, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife. 1 mile W. 
 of Leven. Pop. 534. eniplnyed in a large fl.ax spinninir-mill. 
 
 KIRKLAND or KIRK'FIELD, a village of Scotland, co. 
 of Lanark, on the Clyde, 1 mile W. of Lanark. Pop. 1023, 
 chietly weavers. 
 
 KIRK'LAND, a post township of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 about 70 miles N.E. of Augu.sta. 
 
 KlllKLAND, a post-township of Oneida co.. New York, 
 intersected by the Chenango Canal, 10 miles W.S.W. of 
 Utica. Pop. 4185. 
 
 KIRKL.\ND, a post-village of Cabarras co., North Caro- 
 lina, 147 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 KIliKLEATHAM, kirk-lee'than. a parish of England, co. 
 of York, North Riding. 4i miles N.N.AV.of Guisborou:.rh. It 
 has a free grammar school, and a hospital founded in the 
 seventeenth century, by Sir W. Turner, Lord Mayor of 
 London, who is buried in its chapel. 
 
 KIRK-LKKS, a hamlet of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding, on the JIanchester and Leeds Railway, 4 miles W. 
 of Dewsbury. In Kirklees Park, the beautiful domain of 
 the Armitage family, is a tombstone, supposed to mark the 
 grave of Robin Ilootl. Pop. 1779. 
 
 KII'.KLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 KIRK'LIX, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. 
 
 KIRK LIN, a village of Clinton co., Indiana, on the Mi- 
 chigan plank-road. 31 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 KIltK'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 KIRKLINOrON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 KIRK-LIN'TON. a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 KIRKLISKII. European Turkey. See Kirkkilisseh. 
 'KIKK'LISTOX, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Linlithgow 
 and Edinburgh, 9 miles W. of Edinburgh. It has a very 
 ancient church, formerlv beloniring to the Knights-Tem- 
 plars, fine remains of Niddry and Elision Castles, and the 
 mansiou-hnuso of Newliston. The Glasgow and Edinburgh 
 Railway is here carried across the vale of the Almond on a 
 ?iadurt of .".0 arches. 
 
 KIISK'MABHECK, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of 
 Klrkcudbiiglit. 
 
 IvlRKMAII(JE, klrk'ma-hO', a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries. 
 
 KIRKMAID'EN. a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton, 
 forming a peninsula ending in the Mull of Galloway. It 
 
 has several ruined castles, bays, hamlets, and a light-house 
 on the Mull, in lat. 54° 38'1"N.. lon.4"r)l'2" W. 
 
 KIKirMALEW/. a p.arish of England in the Isle of Man 
 
 KIl'vKMlCIIAKL, kirk-mntel, a purUh of Scotland 
 county, and 8 miles S. of Ayr, with the villages of Kirk- 
 inichael. on theGirvan, and Crossbill. Here, among other 
 fine mansions, are Cloncaird and Ca.ssillis' Castles, the latter 
 picturesquely situated on the Doon. 
 
 KIRKMICHAKL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 K1RK:MTCIIAEL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 KIRKMTCHAEL, a parish of Scotland, co.of Ranff. 
 
 KlRIvMICHAEL, or RKSO'LIS. a parish of Scotland, cos. 
 of Ross and Cromarty, on the S. shore of Cromarty Frith. 
 It has several old castles, and numerous traces of Danish 
 camps. 
 
 lilRKMICHAEL. a parish of England, in the Isle of 
 JIan, on the Irish Sea, 8 miles N.E. of Peel-town. The vil- 
 l.ige. pleasantly situated, has a new church, and an ancient 
 Runic pillar, curiou.»ly inscribed. In its vicinity i.s Bi- 
 shop's Court, the palace of the Bishops of Sodor and Man, a 
 Gothic edifice, surrounded by fine grounds. 
 
 KIRKNEWTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 KIRKNEWTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 KIRKOOK. a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Kerkook. 
 
 KIRK-OS/WALD, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Cumberland, 8 miles N.N.E. of Penrith. Pop. in,1851, 
 925. The town, in the Vale of the Eden, is mostly built of 
 stone, and has an old church, the ruins of a castle, paper 
 and corn-mills. Three miles distant is the famous Druidi- 
 cal circle called " Long Meg and her daughters." 
 
 KIliKOSnVALD. a parish of Scotland," co. of Ayr, on the 
 Frith of Clyde, 4 miles S.W. of Slaybole. Colzean Castle, 
 with ruins of Bruee's Castle, Turnbury. and of Crossraguel 
 Abbey, founded in 1244, are in this parish. 
 
 KIRKOW.\N. a pari.sh of England. See Kirkcowax. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK. a parish of England, in the T.sle of Mao. 
 
 KIRKPAT'RICK-DUR'UAM, a parish of Scotland, stew- 
 artry of Kirkcudbriaht. 
 
 KIRKPAT'RICK^FLEMING, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK-IRONGRAY, a parish of Scotland, stew- 
 artrv of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 KTRICPAT'RICK-JUXTA, a parish of Scotland, co., and 
 16 miles N.N.I>. of Dumfries. Queensberry Mountain rises 
 to 2140 feet afcjove the sea ; and hei-e also is Auchincasa 
 Castle. 
 
 KIRK'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-oiflce of Clinton co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 KIRK'SEY'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-ofBce of Edgefield dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 KIRK'S FERRY, a postoflRce of Tensas parish, Louisiana. 
 
 KIRK'S MILLS, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 KIRK'STALL, a village of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, on the Aire, 2} miles W. of Ijeeds. 
 
 KIliK ST. ANNE, a pari.sh of England, in the Isle of Man. 
 
 KIRK'.STKAD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KIRKS/VILLE, a post-village in Butler co., Alabama, 140 
 miles S.S.E. of Tuscaloo.sji. 
 
 KIRKSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Adair co.. Mia- 
 soini. about 120 miles N. by W. of JefTerson City. P. O.'JS. 
 
 ICIRK'TON or KIR'TON. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 KIRKTORF, keSRk'toRf. a town of Ilesse-Darmstadt, in 
 Ober-IIes.sen. 25 miles N.E. of Gies.sen. Pop. 1270. 
 
 KIRIv'TOU.N, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 KlitK'URD. a parish of .Scotland, co. of Peeble.s. 
 
 KIRK'VILLE, a post-village of Onondaga co.. New York, 
 on the Erie Canal and Central Railroad, 13 miles E. of 
 Syracuse. 
 
 "KIRKVILLE, a small post-village of Madison co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 KIRKVILLE, a post-office of Wapello co.. Iowa. 
 
 KIRKWALL, kirk-wawl', a royal and parliamentary 
 burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, caintal of the 
 CO. of Orkney, on a bay on the N.E. side of Mainland, 26 
 miles N.N.E. of John o' Groat's. Lat, 58° 59' 2" N.. Ion. 2= 
 57' 2" W. I'op. of the burgh, in 1851, 3451. Its houses sre 
 antique, and built of stone. The most conspicuous edifice 
 is the cathedral of St. JIagnuS, a fine Gothic pile, founded 
 in the twelfth century, with a modern t(jwer and spire 140 
 feet in height. Its choir is used as the j'arish church, and 
 cont-ains many monuments of Scandinavian worthies. On 
 either side of it are the ruins of the castle of the Ijirls of 
 Orkney, and of l»he bishop's palace, in which latter Ilnco, 
 King of Norway, died in 12fi-3 ; and opposite it are the re- 
 mains of the king's e.i.stle. The principal modern buildingg 
 are the town-hall, jail, and assembly-rormj; and the town 
 has a museum, grammar school, libraries, and a custom- 
 bou.se. It has some manufactures of lini^n and straw-plait, 
 and a consiilerable export trade. Regi.-stered .shipping in 
 1847, 13,336 tons. It communicates by stea\ners with I*ith, 
 Aberdeen, Wick, and Lerwick. At the tair in Augu.st, the 
 principal mercantile business of Orkney is trausaited It 
 isthe seat of the superior courts of law lor Orkney, and its 
 
KIR 
 
 KIT 
 
 iociety equals that of the best provincial towns in Pcotland. 
 Kirkwall joins Cromarty, Wick, Dinf!\TalI. Dornoch, and 
 Tain, in sevding 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 KIRK-\VUI<:r/PINGTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northumlierland. 
 
 KTIUC'WOOD, a po.st-villasre of Broome co., New York, 
 on (he New York and Erie Railroad. 21() miles from New 
 y^ork City. Tb-^ house in which Joseph Smitli. the founder 
 of the sect of Mormons, was bora, is still standing in this 
 place. 
 
 KinKWOOD, a township of Belmont co.. Ohio. Pop. 2002. 
 
 KIHICWOOU, Missouri, a station on the Pacific Kailroad, 
 13 mili-s t'lom St. Louis. 
 
 KIRK-YKTHOLM. a village of Scotland. See Yetholji. 
 
 Kl UMAX, a province and citv of Persia. See Kerman. 
 
 KIRM.VNSIIAH or KIRMAXSHAW. See Kermansuah. 
 
 KIR'MINGTO.N. a parish of Kngland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KIR'MOND-LI«IIRE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KIRN. kJrn, a beautiful waterinir-place of Scotland, in 
 ArijYleshire. on the W. shore of the Frith of Clyde, '2b miles 
 W. by X. of Glasgow. 
 
 KIRN^, kMini, a town of Rheni.sh Prussia, 40 miles S. of 
 Coblentz. on the N.ahe. Pop. 1712. 
 
 KIRPELKE or KlItPILI, kesa'pe-lee, written also KIR- 
 PELEI, a river of Russia, rises in the government of Cau- 
 ca.sns. flows W.X.W.. and loses itself in a marshy lake, on the 
 bordei-s of the Sea of Azof. Total course, about 120 miles. 
 
 KIRRDORK, k6SR/d0Bf. a village of Ilesse-IIomburg, lord- 
 ahi]) of IIomburg-vor-der-Hohe. Pop. 1244. 
 
 KIRRIEMaiR, kir're-miir, or KILLAMUIR. kilO.-i-mlir, 
 a burgh of barony, town, and pari.sh of Scotland, Co.. and 5 
 miles X.W. of Forfar. Pop. of the town, in 1851. .S.^IS. The 
 town, finely situated between the Grampians and the Vale of 
 Strathmore. has a handsome church and Episcopal chapel, 
 a trades"-haU. numerous schools, 2 libraries, a branch hank, 
 and about 2U00 looms employed in weaving linen, sheeting, 
 and dowlas, chiefly for export. In the vicinity is Inver- 
 quharity Castle. 
 
 KIRPvLaCII, kfigR/liK. a village of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine, bailiwick of Philipsburg. Pop. 1500. 
 
 KlRKWi:iLKR, keea'wrigr. a villiige of Ravaria, in the 
 Palatinate. 12 miles W.S.W. of .Speyer. Pop. 1509. 
 
 KIRSAXOV or KIRSANOW, kefiR-sd-nov', a town of Rus- 
 sia, government, and 44 miles E.N.E. of Tambov. P. 3000. 
 
 KIR-SFIEIIR. keer-shJh'hV, (anc. Andrapn.') a town of 
 Asia Jlinor. near its centre, on an affluent of the Kizil- 
 Irmak. 60 miles N.W. of Kaisareeveh. Pop. from .35(X) to 4000. 
 
 KIR'STKAD. a parish of England, co.of Norf ilk. 
 
 KIR'TARPCXIR'. a town of Ilindostan, in the Punjab, E. 
 of the Be.-is River, near the Himalaya Mountains. 
 
 KIIOTHIPOOR', a town of Ilindostan, in Nepaul, C miles 
 W.S.W. of Khatmandoo. 
 
 KIRT'L.\ND, a post-village and township of Lake co., 
 Ohio, on a branch of Chagrin River, 1€0 miles N.E. of Co- 
 lumbus. The Western Reserve Teacher.s' Seminary here 
 has 120 pupils. The village was formerly the head-<niarters 
 of the Mormons, and contained at one time near .'lOOO per- 
 sons. Since their removal, many of the houses have gone 
 to decay. The temple which they built here in 1835 is said 
 to have cost $40,000. Pop. 1229. 
 
 KIRT'LIN'G. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 KIRT'LIXGTON. a parish of England, co.of Oxford. 
 
 Kllin'ON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KIRTOX, a p.arish of England, co. of SufTolk. 
 
 KIRTOX-ix-LIND'SEY, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO.. and 17 miles N. of Lincoln. Pop. in 18.51. 1948. 
 
 KTRTOKl-'? kg6R'toRf, a small town of Ilesse-Darmstadt, 
 province of Oi)er-Hessen. 25 miles N.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1276. 
 
 KTRZIIATCH, KIR.JATCII, kgen-zhatch', or KIR- 
 SCIIATSCII. a town of Russia, government, and 60 miles 
 W. of Vladimeer, on a river of the same name, which flows 
 S., and joins the Kliasraa, after a course of nearly CO miles. 
 Pop. 800. 
 
 KIS. kish, a Hungarian word signifying "little," joined 
 to various names; as Kis-Kaxisa. Kis .Teno, &e., whicli 
 will be found noticed under the additional name, as Kani- 
 8A, Kis: .IenO, Kis. &c. 
 
 KISA:M:)5!, kis'a-mos\ a b.av on tho N.W. coast of the 
 Island of Crete, lat. 35>' 38' N.,"lon. 23° .38' E., having Cape 
 Spada on tho E.. and Cape Buso on the W. 
 
 KISA^IOS. a fortified maritime town of Crete, on its N. 
 coast, on the Bay of Kisamos, 18 miles W. of Khania. E. of 
 it are the ruins of ancieut Ct/sarmis. 
 
 KISAI;1.\H, a town of Palestine. See Cssare.a. 
 
 KIS-BER, kish-balR, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 
 22 miles S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 2200. 
 
 KISCHXEW, a town of Russia. See Kishenev. 
 
 KIS-G Y( )R, kish-dyoR, a village of Hungary, co. of Borsod, 
 1 miles from Harsanv. Pop. 1615. 
 
 KISHEXAGUR. kishVna-giir', a town of British India, 
 presidencv of Bengal, 57 miles N.N.E. of Calcutta. It has 
 a new i^ndish college. Lat. 23° 26' N.. Ion. 88° 35' E. 
 
 KISIIKXEV, KICHENEV, KISCHENEW, kishVnIv', or 
 KICHIXEF, a town of Russia, capital of the government of 
 Bessarabia, on the Bulk, 85 miles N.W. of Odessa. Pop. 85,547. 
 
 It stands on three hills, has 14 churches, a gyr!;iasinm 
 founded in 1831, 10 other public school.s. a gov.rmneut 
 library, and extensive woollen cloth and other factories. 
 
 KISHEXGHUR, kish'en-gfir'. a town of Ilindostan, in 
 Bundelcund. 100 miles S.E. of Jh.nnsi. 
 
 KISHEXGHUR, a town of Ilimlostan, in Kajpootjina, 
 capital of a dominion of about 724 square miles, 60 miles 
 S.W. of .Teypoor. and enclosed by substantial walls. 
 
 K1SHEXGUXG.4, ki.sh-Jn-gim'ga, a river of Asia, rises 
 near lat. 34° 20' N., and Ion. 76° E.. Hows S.W., and joins 
 the Jhvlum after a course of about 120 miles. 
 
 KlSiriCt>QUIiyLAS. post-office. Mifflin co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 KISHICOQUILLAS CREEK, of Pennsylvania, flows into 
 the Juniatii River near Lewistown. 
 
 KISHM. kishm, or KISH'MA, (anc. Oarnc'ta.) the Largest 
 island in the Persian Gulf near its entrance. 15 miles S.W, 
 of C>rmus, and surrounded by many smaller islands. 
 Length. 70 miles; average breadth. 12 miles. Estimated 
 pop. 5000, chiefly Arabs; the island belongs to the Imam of 
 Muscat. 
 
 KISHM or KTSHMA, the capital of the above island, on 
 its E. side, is rudely fortified, and the residence of a sheikh ; 
 its markets are well supplied, and it has some shijhbuiUiing, 
 and a brisk coasting trade. 
 
 KISH'ON, a river of Pfilestine. pashalic of .\cre, rises in 
 Anti-Libanus. flows X'.AV. through the plain of Esdradon, 
 and enters the Mediterranean. 6 miles S.S.W. of Acre. 
 
 KISirr.VWAR'. a town of Ilindostan. in the Punjab, near 
 the Chenaub ; lat. 33° 15' N.. Ion. 75° 40' E. 
 
 KISllWAU'KEE, a post-village of Winnebago co., Illinois, 
 on Rock River, 90 miles W.X.W. of Chicago. 
 
 KISKA. kis'k^. an island of the Aleutian Archipelaso: 
 lat. 5-2° 22' N., Ion. 177° 50' W. Length from N. to S.. 25 miles 
 
 KISKATUM, apost-offlceof Greene co.. New York. 
 
 KIS'KIMIX'ETAS, a river, rises in the W. central part of 
 Pennsylvania, and falls into the Alleghany River, 30 milt>3 
 above Pittsburg. See CoNr.MAl'GH River. 
 
 K1SKIMINET.\S, a post-township of .4rm.strong CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the river of the same name. Pop. 2080. 
 
 KISLIAR. a town o'f .Asiatic Russia. See Kizliar. 
 
 KIS'LIXGBURY, a parish of England. CO. of Northampton 
 
 KISLOVODOSK, Kl.sLdWODOSK. kis-lo-vo-dosk'. or KIS- 
 LOA'ODSK. ki.s-lo-vodsk', a celebrated Russian watering-place, 
 in the N. of the government of Caucasus, on an affluent of 
 the Kooma. .30 miles S.S.W. of Georgievsk. 
 
 K1SM.A.RT0NY, a town of Hungary. See Eise\st.\t>t. 
 
 KISMAYOO, kis'md-yoo'. an island of East Africa, off the 
 coast of Zanzibar, lat. 0° 44' S., with a village on its N.X.W. 
 side. 
 
 K tSSfIR or KISS A. See Gisser. 
 
 KIS'SIXEE', a river of Florida, issues from a lake of the 
 same name, flows through St. Lucie co., and enters Lake 
 Okechobee. Its general course is S. by E. 
 
 KISSINGEN, kls'sing-en, a town and watering-place of 
 Bavari.a, on the Saale, 30 miles N.N.E. of Wlirzbnrg. Pop. 
 1600. It has three principal springs of saline-chalybeate 
 water, of which 500,000 bottles are annually e.xported: ad- 
 jacent to these are a pump-room, baths, and a colonnade. 
 Near it are salt-mines, from which 30,000 centners or hun- 
 dredweights of salt are rai.sed yearly. 
 
 KISTXA. a liver of India. See Kistxah. 
 
 KISrXAGIIER/RY, a town and formerly a strong fort of 
 British India, presidency of Madra.s. GO miles N. of Salem. 
 
 Kl.ST'NAH, KIST'NA. or KRISH'XA, a river of India, in 
 the Deccan. rises in the W. Ghauts, near lat. 18° N.. Ion. 74° E., 
 flows E. through the territories of Sattarih, the Nizam, and 
 the British presidencies of Bomb.ay and Madras, and enters 
 the ocean by several mouths, in lat. 15° 50' X.. Ion. 81° E. 
 Length. 600 miles. It receives some large tributaries, as 
 the Beemah, Toombuddry. and Mussy; but as it traverses 
 mostly a mountainous region, it is ill adapted to navigation. 
 
 KISZUCZ A. kisVoot's5h\ a river of Hungary, after a course 
 of about 40 miles, joins the Waag nearly opposite Zolna. 
 
 KIT AT. keeHI', a town of Independent Tartary, khanat, 
 and 46 miles N. of Khiva, on a canal. 
 
 KITCH'ING'S MILLS, a post-office of Orangeburg dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 KITRELL'S. North Carolina, a station on the Raleigh 
 and Gaston Railroad. 37 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 KIT'S-COTY-HOUSE, England. See Aylesfori). 
 
 KITSEE or KITTSEE, kit/s.V. a frontier market-towB of 
 West Hungary, in Wieselburg, 5 miles S.S.W. of Presburg. 
 Pop. 3100. 
 
 KITT.AN'XING. a post-township of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Alleghany River. 
 
 KITTANNING. a thriving post-borough in the above 
 township, and capital of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the left bank of the Alleghany River, 45 miles above Pitts- 
 burg, with which it is connected by railroad. It is about 
 200 miles West by North from Ilarrisburg. It is plear 
 santly situated on the river-flats, with high hills in the 
 roar, and occupies the site of an Indian town of the same 
 name. The vicinity abounds in coal and iron ore. Here 
 are 2 manufactories of woollen goods, and some iron-works. 
 Kittanning contains a court-house, jail, academy, 7 churches, 
 
KIT 
 
 2 banc's, and 2 newspaper offices. Incorported in 1821. Pop. 
 in 18o(', 1561 ; in 1800, 1696. 
 
 Kirr .vn.\'.\ V. or blue mountains, a chain which, 
 eommeucing in Shawangunk, in Ulster co., Xew York, 
 pa-sses throuiih the X.W. part of New Jersey, and crossing 
 the Delaware at the M"attr Gap, becomes, through the 
 greater part of Pennsylvania, one of the principal mountain 
 ridges in tliat state. "Although its course, as it approaches 
 the Potomac, is less clearly marked, it may be traced 
 through Vit^iuia, Xorth Carolina, and Tenne.ssee, into 
 Alabama. The areraste elevation and bulk of this range is 
 greater than of the Blue Kidge; yet the latter, on account 
 of its having a narrow base, and being better defined, as well 
 BR on account of its loftier mountain summits, occupies a 
 more conspicuous pl.^ce on all our maps of the United States. 
 As a distinct and nearly continuous range, the Kittatinny 
 extends more than 800 miles. Its elevation above the sea 
 varies from about 800 to 2500 feet. 
 
 KITTERY, a post-township of York CO., Maine, bordering 
 on the Atlantic, and on the PiseafctqualUver opposite Ports- 
 mouth, with which it is connected by a bridge, 60 miles 
 S.W. of Portland. The I'ortland Saco and I'ortsmouth Kail- 
 road passes through it. The l>ortsniouth United States 
 Navv-vard is situated in this towu.ship. Pop. 2974. 
 
 KITTKSFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 KITTOCTA.V CKEKK, in the X.K part of Virginia, flows 
 through Loudon co., and falls into the Pot^imac above the 
 Point of Uocks. after a course of about 30 miles. 
 
 KITTiJOIl/. a town of British India, presidency of Bom- 
 bay. 22 miles N.W. of Danvar. 
 
 kiTT'S. ST.. a West India island. See St. Christopher. 
 
 KITUL. ke-tal', a town of Uindostan, province, and about 
 45 miles X.W. of Delhi. 
 
 KITZBUHBL, (Kitzbuhel.) kitsO)!!'?!, or KITZBJIIEL, 
 kits'bee^l, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, on the Grossach, 
 47 miles'E.X.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 1730. 
 
 KITZINGEX, kit'sing^gn, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 
 11 miles E.S.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 5170. It has manufac- 
 tures of vinegar, colors, gunpowder, leather, and printers'-ink. 
 
 KIUXG-CUU-FU, a town of China." See Kioxg-Choo. 
 
 KIU-SIU, an island of Japan. See Kioo-Sioo 
 
 KIUTAJA, a town of Asia Minor. See Kirr.uEH. 
 
 KIV VZA. a town of Turkey. See Geuseh. 
 
 KIZ-UISSAR, kiz-(or keez-) his'sar', KII.IS-HISSAR, ke- 
 lees'-hisVu^or KlLIS.\-inSSAK. ki^le<ysS-his's:ir',(,anc. Ty'- 
 ana,) a village of Asia Minor, in Kai-amania, 38 miles X.E. of 
 Ereglee. It has the ruins of an aqueduct, and ma&sive Ro- 
 man foundations. Great quantities of nitre are manufac- 
 tured here ; and 2 miles distant is a .small sulphureous lake, 
 supposed to answer to the ancient .4sm((/)ce!M.s.icred to .lupiter. 
 
 KIZII^AGHAJ, kiz'ira-g^', a village of Turkish Arme- 
 nia, pashalic. and 10 miles W. of Moosh, 
 
 KIZII^AGHAJ, a maritime village of A.siatic Russia, on 
 a bay of the W. coast of the Caspian. 30 miles N. of Ijankeran. 
 
 KiZII^IKMAK,kiz'il-ir'mdk.|Turk.pron.kiz'ir^6iOmik'; 
 «nc. Ha'li/.t.) or the '• Red Kivkr ;"' tUe principal river of Asia 
 3Iinor, rises by many heads in the centre of that peninsula, 
 flows X., and enters the Black Sea, S.E. of Sinope. length, 
 520 miles. In antiquity it separated the Lydian and Persian 
 dominions; it now separates the Turkish pashalics of Ana- 
 tolia and Seeva.s. Principal affluent, the Kara-soo or Kasta- 
 moonee River. 
 
 KIZIL-KOOM, KIZIL-KOUM or KIZIL-KUM, kiz'il- 
 koom, an extensive sandy desert of Asia. K. of Lake Aral, 
 occupving nearly the centre of Independent Tartary. be- 
 tween lat. 41° knd 44° N.. and Ion. 61° and 67° E. 
 
 KIZIL-OOZEX, KIZILrOUZKN or KIZIL-UZEN, kiz'il'- 
 oo*z^n'. (Rnc. Aniai-'dux or ilur'dus,) a river of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Irak-Ajeeraee. after a N.E. course of 300 miles, enters 
 the Caspian Sea. 35 miles E. of Reshd. In its latter part it 
 is called the Sefeed-rood. 
 
 KIZLIAR or K1ZL.JAR, kizHe-ar', written also KISLTAR. 
 a fortified town of Russia, government of Caucasus, capital of 
 the district, on the Terek, 50 miles W. of its mouth, in 
 the Caspian. Pop. 12,0 JO. It has m.anufactures of silk and 
 cotton fabrics, and an active trade in wine raised in its vi- 
 cinity. 
 
 KJERTEMIXDE, ke-^RHeh-min'd?h or kyeR'tfh-min'dgh, 
 a seaport town of Denmark, on a small and shallow bay. on 
 the .\.E. side of the island of Funen. 12 mile.s E,X."E. of 
 Odense. I'op. 1800. 
 
 .KJUBENII.WN, a city of Denmark. See Copenhages. 
 
 liJOtiE. (Kjoge,) or KIOGE. (Kioge.) ke-o'gheh. a seaport 
 town of Denmark, on the E. shore of the island of Seeland. 
 at the mouth of a small stream, 20 miles SJ-;. of Copenhagen. 
 The bay of Kjiige has good anchorage, and is sometimes 
 u.«ed as a station by ship.9 of war. Within it, in 1677, a 
 Signal victory was gained by the Danish over the Swedish 
 fleet. In the vicinity of the town, in 1S07, some Danish 
 militia were defeated by a Ixidy of English, under the com- 
 mand of the Duke of Wellington, then Sir .\rthur Welleslev. 
 P.)p. 2;iO0. 
 
 KI.AARWAAL. kMr'ft.Jl, a village of the Netherlands, 
 
 province of .South Holland, 11 milea S. of Rotterdam. P. 651. 
 
 ICLAAItWATER, klar'wi't^, or OKIQUA (greeOtwi) 
 
 KLA 
 
 I TOWN, the chief town of the Griqua tribes, in Soutn .\frica. 
 I 600 miles N.E. of Cape Town. 
 
 ! KLABAT. kli-bdf, an active volcano, 4000 feet high, in 
 the island of Celebes, near Menado. Near it is a village of 
 the same n.ame. 
 
 I KLADEK, kli'dJk. or ROM. rom. a village of Austria, in 
 ' Moravia. 24 miles X. of Olmutz. Pop. 818. 
 I KL.ADNO, kldd'no, a town of Bohemia, circle of Kakoniti, 
 ; 15 miles W.X.W. of Prague. Pop. 1395. 
 
 KLADR.^^U, kld'di-ow, a town of Bohemia, circle, and Vl 
 miles W.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1248. 
 
 KLAOENFUUTII or CLAGENFURTH, kl^'ghen-fooEt', 
 sometimes called ZEL.\NZ. ts.Vldnts. a town of lUyria, capital 
 of the duchy of Carinthia. and of acin'le on the Glan. 41 miles 
 X.of Laybach. Pop. 14.200. It is well built, and its fortifica- 
 tions, destroyed by the French in 1809. have been replaced 
 by a handsome promenade. Principal edifices, a fine resi- 
 dence of the I'rince-bishop of Gurk, with rich galleries of 
 art, a cathedral and other churches, an old ca.stle. the hall 
 of the Carinthian a,ssemhly, an edifice of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, a new market-place, and numerous charitable in.stitu- 
 tlons. In one of its squares is a leaden statue of Maria 
 Theresa. It is the seat of the court of appeal for the govern- 
 ment, and has a gymnasium and a normal scliool. several 
 extensive woollen cloth and white-lead factories, manufao 
 tures of silk fabrics, and a large transit trade. 
 
 KLAMATH, kldm^at or kli'mafh, written also TLA'- 
 MATII, a river which has its source in Klamath Lake, 
 in the S.W. p.irt of the state of Oregon. It flows in a 
 general southerly course, (crossing the boundary line 
 between Oregon and California.) till it receives the waters 
 of Rhett Lake; it then runs north-westward into Oregon; 
 and turning again, takes a S.W. direction to its junction 
 with Trinity River; and reassuming. lastly, a X.W. 
 course, falls into the Pacific in alxtut 41° 30' X'. lat. Its 
 whole length is estimated at 250 miles. There is a l:ar at 
 the mouth of the Klamath, which at high water will ailmit 
 a ship of the line, but more fre<jueutly nothing larger than 
 a whale-boat. It niisht be navigated by a small .ste.'tmhoat 
 40 miles beyond this point. Its waters abound in fish, 
 particularly .salmon. Gold is found in abundance on thL" 
 river, miners averaging $7 per day. 
 
 KLAMATH, a county near the N.W. extremity of Cali- 
 fornia, has an area of about 2200 square miles. It U bounded 
 on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, on the N. by Del Xorte 
 county, and partly K. by the county of Siskiyou. It is 
 intersected by the Klamath, and also dr&ined by Trinity 
 and Salmon Rivers. The surfece is uneven and mountain- 
 ous, and often lieavily wooded. The redwood in some case? 
 measures 21 feet in diameter. Salmon Mountain, between 
 Salmon and Klamath Rivers, is covered with snow nine 
 months in the year: and Mount Prospect, on Klamath 
 River, 5000 feet at)Ove the level of the sea. is covered wifli 
 snow eight months in the year. The soil of a strip of land 
 on the coast, about 20 miles long and 5 miles wide, is un- 
 surpassed for agricultural purposes, and is finely watei-ed. 
 In the valley of Trinity River, a portion of whicli has been 
 set apart as an Indian reservation, it is also of excellent 
 quality. A large portion of tlie inhaMtants are engaged in 
 (inartz and placer-mining. Klamath. Trinity, .and Salmon 
 Rivers, all abound in gold. Capital, Orleans Bar. Pop. 1803. 
 
 KT.AM.^TH.a town of Klamath co.. in the X.X.W.part of 
 California, is situated on the Klamath River, about 10 miles 
 from its mnuth, and .300 miles X.X.W. of San Francisco. 
 
 KLAR. klaa. a river of Norway, rises in the province of 
 South Trondhjem. forms Lake Fwmund. flows S.S.E. through 
 the lien Hedemark. under the name of TtrsiiS). enters the 
 lien Carlstad, where it takes the name of Klar. and falls by 
 three mouths into the X. part of Lake Wener, after a course 
 of about 200 miles. 
 
 KLARENTZA. kli-rhntfsL CHIAREXTZA, ke-a-rJnt'sJ, 
 or CHI.^REN'Z.^, (anc. Cyttefne.) a seaport, village, and 
 mountain forti-ess of fireece, at the W. extremity of i\iii 
 Morea. near Cape Klarentza, 17 miles X.E. of Zante. In 
 the Middle Ages it formed a principality, which mtis inhe- 
 rited by a son of Edward III., and from this, junior branches 
 of the royal (;imily of England have since repeatedly borne 
 the title of Duke of Clarence. 
 
 KLASTERETZ. a village of Bohemia. See Klostet.le. 
 
 KL.\TT.\U, kldt'tOw. a town of Ik hernia, on an affluent 
 of the Beraun, 68 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 6564. It has 
 manufactures of woollen cloth and stockings, a gymna.<;ium, 
 a high school, and 2 hospitiils. 
 
 KI^.\rSEX, klflw'zen. a small town of the Tyrol, on the 
 Eisach 1712 feet above the sea, 7 miles S,W. of Brixen. 
 
 KI>AUSENBURG, klow'zen-1 6Ckg\ or KOLOSVAR, ko^ 
 losh^dn'. one of the two royal free capital cities of Transyl- 
 vania, on the Szamos. in a romantic valiey. 72 miles N.N.W 
 of Ilermannstadt. Pop. 25.5IX). It consists of the old and 
 new towns, surrounded by walls, and entered by 6 gates 
 It has a citadel and several suburbs, a cathedial. Roman 
 Catholic, Calvini.st, Unitarian, .and Lutheran churches, the 
 town-hall, military and other hospitals, and some pri- 
 vate palaces. It is the seat of the Transylvania Di-'t*-.. of 
 the Unitarian Superintendence for lYansylv-ania, and of a 
 
KLA 
 
 Protesfant consistory; and has Roman Catholic. Reformed, 
 and Unitarian college.s. l^iarist and other monasteries, an 
 institute for nobles, unimportant manufactures of woollen 
 cloths, cliina-ware, and paper. It is the birthplace of the 
 Cimous Ivitij of Transylvania, Mathias Corvinus. 
 
 Kf-AUSi'IIAL, a town of Hanover. See Clausthal. 
 
 KLKCIv'NERVILLK, a thrivins post-village of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, 9 miles N. of Meadville, 
 the county seat, has an active trade, aud about 300 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 KbKCKXERVTI,r,K, a post-vill.aire of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania. 03 miles N. of Pliiladelphia. 
 
 KliKCIvO, IclJk'ko. or KLOSK. kiosk, a town of Prussia, 
 province, and 20 miles N'.E. of Posen, between two lakes. 
 Pop. 1079. 
 
 KLKCZEVVO, kl.i-ch.i'vo, a walled town of Russian Po- 
 land, government of Kalis?,, 3S miles N.V7. of Kolo. P. 221)0. 
 
 KLKIN-ROTTW.\R, kUne-Ijott/war\ a village of WUrtem- 
 berg, circle of Neckar. Pop. 951. 
 
 KLKIXhlN, kll'nen. a town of Denmark, on the railro.ad 
 from Si'hwerin to Itostork. 11 miles from Schwerin. 
 
 KLKIN F.NHKIiG, kli'nen-bt^RQ\ a village of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, government, and -10 miles S. of Minden. I'op. 102S. 
 
 KLEINK.\i:)ORJ'. kli'nen-doRr, a vill.ige of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, government of Minden. Pop. 1243. 
 
 KLKIXd.-VRTACII, kliiie-gaR'taK, a town of WUrtemherg. 
 circle of Neckar. near Bracki^nheim. on the Leinbach. P. 900. 
 
 KLFUNIT/. kll'nits. a village of Prussian Silesia, 56 miles 
 N. bv "W. of l.icgnitz. !'op. 1412. 
 
 KLEXTSCII or KLENCZ. kl^ntch. a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia, circle, and 21 miles W. of Klattau. Pop. 1123. 
 
 KLK.SZEFj. klJsh'el. a town of Russian Poland, province, 
 and 42 miles S. of I'.ialystok. Pop. 1088. 
 
 KLEV'AX, klA-vda'. a river of Russia, government of Orel, 
 joins the Sem. aft«r a S.W. coui-se of about 90 miles. 
 
 KLEVE. a town of Rhenish Prussia. See Cleves. 
 
 KLIASMA or KLIAZMA. Ue-ii'mA. a river of Russia, 
 governments of Mosc iw and Vladimeer. rises near Kliu, flows 
 £. .3.50 miles, and joins the Oka at florbatov. 
 
 KLIMDVlTCm or KLIMOWITSCIII, kle-mo-vitch'ee, a 
 town of Russia, government, and 70 miles E.S.E.of Moheelev, 
 on the Ostra. Pop. 955. 
 
 KLIN, Uleen, a town of Russia, government, and 40 miles 
 N.N.W. of Moscow, on the Sestra, with a palace. Pop. 2400. 
 
 KLIXH8V1LLE, klluz'vill, a post-village of Hunterdon 
 CO., New .Tersey. 
 
 KLIXESVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KLINESVILLE, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 KLINGENBERG, kling'fn-b?RG\ a town of Bar.aria, on 
 the Main. 15 miles S. of A'^schalTenburg. Pop. 1007. 
 
 KLIXGEXTIIAL, kling'en-t^r, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Uiis-Khin. 15 miles X.N.W. of Schelestadt. 
 
 KlilNGENTIIAlj. a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 
 13 miles E.S. E. of I'lauen. I'op. 1691. 
 
 KLIXG'ERSTOWN, a post-office of SchuylkiU co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 KLINONAU, kling'nSw. a town of Switzerland, canton 
 Aargau. on the .\ar. 10 miles N.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1.300. 
 
 KLINTSY or KIJXTZY, klint'see. a market-town of Ru.s- 
 sta. government of Tchernigov, 17 milesS.of So razh. Pop. 
 8300. 
 
 KLL'SURA klis-soo'ri, or KLEISSOURA. a town of Tur- 
 key, Alliania. on the Voyussa, 40 miles E. of Avloua, with a 
 mountain f irt. Pop. 1500. 
 
 KLIUTCH or KIJUCII. kle-ooch', a town of Turkish 
 Croatia, 30 miles S.W. of Banialuka. Population mostly 
 Turks. It has a strong fortress, and a mart for horses. 
 
 KI.OBAUK, klo'Wwk, a town of Moravia, 21 miles E.N.E. 
 of llradisch. Pop. 2*!90. 
 
 KLOBUCKO, klo'book'ko, a small t<iwn of Poland, pro- 
 vince, and 70 miles S.E. of Kalisz, with 1800 inhabitants, 
 and a tine palace and park. 
 
 KLODAVA or KI.01)AH"A. klo-d5'vl a town of Poland, 
 province, and 90 miles \V. of Warsaw. Pop. 2300. 
 
 KliODZKO. a town of Prussia. See Glatz. 
 
 KLOETIXGE, kloo'ting-Heh. a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Zealand, in Soutli Beveland. S.E. of Goes. P. 096. 
 
 KLOEVEX or KI.UVEX, kloo'ven. a village of Xorway. 
 province of Xordland. in thi^ island of Senjen. P. about300. 
 
 KLOOSTERBUKEX. klos'ter-hiiVen, a village of the Ne- 
 therlands, in Groningen, 21 miles W.N.W. of Appingedam. 
 Pop. 974. 
 
 KLOPPEXBURG, klop'pen-b55Ro\ a town of North Ger 
 many, duchv. and 19 miles S.S.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 883. 
 
 KLOSTEli-BRUCK. klos'ter-broOk. a village of Moravia. 1 
 mil>^ E.S.E. of Znaym, on the Taja, with a fine castle, for- 
 merly an abbev. 
 
 KLOSTERLE. (Kliisterle.) klo^'ter-leh. a .small town of 
 Bohemia. lOmiles W.N.W. of Saatz.'on" the Eger. Pop. 1600. 
 KLOSTERLE. klos'ter-Ieh. or KLASTERETZ. kias'ter-Jts\ 
 a village of Bohemia, on the Wild Adler. Pop '793. 
 
 KlidSTERXEllRURG. klos'ter-noiHiiWiio. a town of Lowei 
 Austria, on the Danube. 8 miles N.AV. of Vienna. I'op. 3S00. 
 It i ; remarkable for a large Augustine monastery, one of 
 
 KNI 
 
 the oldest and richest in Austria, with a library of 30.000 
 volumes. 
 
 KLOSTERS, klos'tfrs, a village and parish of Switzerland 
 canton of Grisons, on the Landquavt. 16 miles E.N.E. of 
 Chur, fColre.) Pop. 1286. 
 
 KIjOTEN, klo'ten. a vill.age of Switzerland, canton, and 
 6 miles E.N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1400. 
 
 KLUXDERT, klfin'dert, a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Brabaut, 12 miles N.W. of Breda. 
 Pop. 2444. 
 
 KLUS, kloos, (Inner, in'ner, and Aeusser, ois's^r,) a 
 market-town of Switzerland, canton, and 10 miles E. of 
 Soleure, at the N. extremity of the celebrated defile of the 
 same name, with ruins of a castle. 
 
 KLUVEN, a villaire of Norway. See Kloeven. 
 
 KLYTSCII-NIAS-BAI.klitch'ne'asHii', or KIA'TSCII-BAI, 
 klitch'bi'. a town of Independent Tart.ary, khanat, and 50 
 miles N.N.W. of Khiva. It contains a castle of the khan 
 and 3 mosques. 
 
 KMIELXIK. a town of Russia. See Chmielntk. 
 
 KXAITII. ndth. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 KX AI'OALE. nap/dale, NOliTII and SOUTH, two cnntigu- 
 ous parishes of Scotland, co. of Argyle. between Lock Fyne 
 and th(t Sound of Jura, aud connected S. with the penin- 
 sula ofCantire. 
 
 KNAl'-OF-REEDS, a post-office of Granville co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 KXAPS. a post-office of Cart<>r co., Kentucky. 
 
 KX APTOFT, nap'toft, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 KXAPTON, nap'ton. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 KNAPTON, a township of England, co. of Y'ork. 
 
 KNAPTt^X, a chapelry of England, co. of Yoi'k, on the 
 York and North Midland Railway 15^^ miles N.E. of York. 
 
 KX.\PWELL, nap/well, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 KXARESBOROUGII, nairsliGr-rtih, a parliamentai-y bo- 
 rough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 3 miles E. of Ilnrrogate. and 16 miles W.N.W. 
 of York. Pop. in 1S51, 10.170: of parliamentary borough, 
 5526. It is picturesquely situated in the n.arn <v valley ot 
 Nidd. here crossed by 2 stone bridges. It has a:x anciant 
 parish church, and numerous other places of worship, a 
 small grammar school, another endowed school, and massive 
 remains of a castle erected soon after the Conquest. It 
 afforded shelter to the murderers of Thomas i-Uecket, and 
 formed a temporary prison for Richard I. A part of it is 
 now used as a prison for the forest of Knaresborough. The 
 town has also a court-hovise in the castle area, a market- 
 house, public library, banking company, and long-esta- 
 lilished manufictures of linens, wliich have, however, 
 greatly declined. Along the river is a jileasant promenade, 
 on which is the famous •' dropping well." of strongly petri- 
 fying quality. Not far from the town are the remains of a 
 priory of the thirteenth (Century, and ancient chapels, hewn 
 out of solid rock, and now tenanted as dwellings, with St. 
 Robert's Cave, the scene of the murder committed in 1745 
 by Eugene .4.ram. The borough sends 2 members to the 
 liouse of Commons. 
 
 KXARESBOROUGII FOREST, a district of England, ex- 
 tending W. of the al>ove town for 20 miles, and in .some 
 places 8 miles in breadth. It lias belonged to the duchy of 
 Lancaster since the time of Edward III. 
 
 KXARESDALE, nairs'ddl. a parish of England, co. of 
 Xorthumberland, 16 miles W.S.W. of Hexham. The an- 
 cient forest of Knaresdale formerly abounded with red-deer, 
 a few of which still remain. 
 
 KXEBWORTH, njb/w9rth, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hertford. 
 
 KXEESALL, nee'zal, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 KNEETOX, a parish of England. See Knevetox. 
 
 KXEISLEY, neezMee, a post-office of Greene co.. Ohio 
 
 KXELSTON. nJls'tgn. a parish of Wales, co. Glamorgan. 
 
 KNESSELAERE,knJs's^'h-lJ'reh. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flandeis. 15 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 4157. 
 
 KXETTISIIALL, n^ftishall, a parish of England, co. of 
 SutTolk. 
 
 KXETZGAU, knJts'gdw, a village of Bavaria, in Lower 
 Franconia. on the Main. Pop. 1363. 
 
 KNEVETON, nev'e-ton, or KXEETON, nee'tgn, a parish 
 of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 KXTAGIXIX or KXIAGIIIXIN. kne-i-ghe-neen', a town 
 of Russix government, and 50 miles S.E. of Nizhnee Novgo- 
 ro'l I'op. 1600. 
 
 KNI.\Z. kne-iz', sometimes written ZID, zid. a lake of 
 Russia, government, and 100 miles S.S.E. of Minsk. Length 
 16 miles: breadth, about 4 miles. 
 
 KXIELINGEN, k'neel'ing-en or kneel'ing-en. a village of 
 Baden, on the Rhine, 3 miles W.N.W. of Carlsruhe. There 
 is a gold washery here. Pop. ];' 25. 
 
 KXIESEN, k'nee'zen or knee'zen. (Ilnn. Gneziln. gnJz'- 
 dSk^ ) <i town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 15 miles N.E.of 
 Kesma/K. Pop. 1480. 
 
 KXIGIIT, a township of Vanderburi co.. Indiana. 
 KXIGHTOX, nl'ton, or TREF-Y-CLAWDD, trov-i-klCwTH 
 (i. e. " Town on the Dyke,") a parliamentary boronnh, town, 
 
 991 
 
KXl 
 
 KNO 
 
 And parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor, on the Teme. 10 
 miles N.N.E. of New Radnor. Pop. 1404. The borough is 
 governed by a bailiff, under the queen, lady of the manor, 
 and unites with Radnor, ic, in sending one member to the 
 House of Commons. The great dyke thrown up by OfTa in 
 the eifihth century, as a defence against the Britons, passes 
 through the town. 
 
 KMOHTON'ox-TEAME, (teem,) a chapelry of England, 
 CO. of 'Worcester. 
 
 KXIGHTOX, WEST, a pari.«h of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 KNIGIITSBRTDG E, nits'brij. a W. suburb of the English 
 metropolis!, co. of Middlesex, continuous with Piccadilly, 3i 
 miles W. of St. Paul's, London. A beautiful new church, 
 the Albert Gat«, at the entrance to Hyde Park, cavalry bar- 
 racks, and many superior residences, here adjoin or ap- 
 proach the line of one of the great W. roads from London. 
 
 KNIGHT'S FERRY, a post-office of San Joaquin co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 KNIGHT'S ISL.iND. an i.«land of Russian America, in 
 Prince William's Sound, about lat. 60° 13' N., Ion. 148° E. 
 It is alxiut 00 miles long. 
 
 KNIGHT'S ISL-WD, in British America, near the W. 
 coast of Hudson's Bay. 
 
 KNIGHT'S ISL.\.ND. one of the Snares Islands, Si of New 
 Zealand. Lat. 62° N., Ion. 93° W. 
 
 KNIGHTS'TOWN, a thriving post-village of Henry co., 
 Indiana, on Blue River, where it is crossed by the National 
 Koad and Central Railroad, 32 miles E. of Indianapolis, and 
 35 miles W. of Riclimond. It contains 2 churches, 1 bank, 
 an academy and 2 machine-shops. The surrounding coun- 
 try is firtiie and much improved, and the town is a place 
 of active business The Blue River is an excellent niill- 
 streani. Pop. in IRCO. aliout 1600. 
 
 KNIGHTSVILLE, a post-village of Providence eo., Rhode 
 Island. 5 miles S.W. of Providence. 
 
 KNItiHT'WICK. a parish of En'jtland, co. of Worcester. 
 
 KNIJl'E, (or K.VYPE.) DE. dA kni'peh. a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of Friesland, 2 miles E. of Heeren- 
 veen. Pop. 1214. 
 
 KNILL, nill. a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Hereford. 
 
 KNIN, k'ueeii'. a small town and fort of D.ilmatia. circle 
 of Zara, on an iiffluent of the Kerk,"i, 900 feet above the se.-*, 
 35 miles N.N.W. of Spalato. 
 
 KNII'H.^USEN, knip'hfiw'zen, a lordship and castle of 
 Gei-uuny. at the mouth of the .T,'\hde, 30 miles N. of Olden- 
 burg, with uhich it is incorporated. Pop. 3000. 
 
 KXIP'rON, a narish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 KNITTELFELD. knif tel-f Jlt\ a town of Styria, on the 
 left bank of the Mur, 32' miles N,W. of Gritz. Pop. 2000. 
 It has important iron-works. 
 
 KNITTUNG EN, knitt/ling-en, a frontier town of WUrtem- 
 berg, 26 miles N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2.3'J2. 
 
 KNIVETON. niv'ton. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 KNOB, nob, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia. 
 
 KN'Oli CREEK, a post-office of Harrison co.. Indiana. 
 
 KNOB FORK, a post-office of Wetzel co., Viririnia. 
 
 KNOB MOUX'TAIN, Pennsylvania, in the E.N.E. part of 
 Columbia co.. extends a short distance into Luzerne. 
 
 KNOB'NOSTER, a post-village of Johnson co., Missouri, 
 on the Piicific Railroad, '.'OS miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 KNOCK, nok, a mount.iin of Scotland, co.. and 11 miles 
 W.S.W. of Banff. Height, 2500 feet above the sea. It is a 
 noted landmark in navigating Morav Frith. 
 
 KNOCK AN'DO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Moray. 
 
 KNOCKANE, nok'kain', a parish of Ireland, in Munster. 
 CO. of Kerry. 6 miles W.N.W. of Killarney, comprising part 
 of the magnificent scenery of Killarney. 
 
 KN{X;iC.iNURE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Kerry. 
 
 KNOCK'S AIN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross. 
 
 KNOCK'QRErDA, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Down. 
 
 KNOCK'BRIDE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Cavnn. 
 
 KNOCK'GRALTON, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Tipperary. 
 
 KNOCKIN, nok'in, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 KNOCK'LADE, a mountain of Ireland, in Lister, co. of 
 Antrim. 2| miles S. of Ballycastle. Height. 1695 foei. 
 
 KNlX-K'M.VHON. a village of Ireland, in Munster, co.of 
 Waterford, near the Atlantic. Ij miles E.N.E. of Bonmahon. 
 Pop. 200. It has copper-mines, which, a few years since, 
 employed upwards of 1000 persons, and yielded nearly 4000 
 tons of ore annually. 
 
 KXOCK'MliL'EDOWN MOUNTAINS. Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, are between the counties of Waterford and Tipperary. 
 and extend E. and W. for about 18 miles. Their highest 
 point, Knockmeledown, is 4i miles N.X.W. of Lismore, and 
 2Ci)0 feet in elevation. 
 
 KXOCK'TtVPHER, a small marketrtown of Ireland, eo. of 
 of Kilkenny. 2 miles E.N.E. of Newmarket. Pop. 450. 
 
 K.\0D'1,SH.\LL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 
 KXOf)K. nook, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 KXOSSIXQTON, nos'sing-tf n, a parish of EugUnd, oo. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 992 
 
 KNOTTING, not/ting, parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 KNOTTINGLEY, not'tingle, a village of Eu'iland. co. of 
 York, West Riding, on a .slight declivity, on the right bank 
 of the Aire, at its junction with the Knottingley and Goole 
 Ciinal. 3J miles E.N.E. of Pontefract. on the railway to Goole. 
 It has two est.aWi3hed churches, various dissenting chapels, 
 a national. British, and several private schools, and a me- 
 chanics' institute. The manufacture of lime, for which 
 Knnttingley has been long famed, is carried on to a great ex- 
 tent. A good many river and small coasting vessels art 
 built here, and the trade on the river and canal is vt ry con- 
 siderable. The king's mill.', erected here shortly after the 
 Conquest, are still in existence, although deprived of their 
 former privileges. Pop. in 1851. 4540. 
 
 KNOTTS^AILLE. a post-village of Daviess co., Kentucky 
 
 KXOW'ERSVILLE, a post-viUage of Albany co., New 
 York. 19 miles W. of .Albany. 
 
 KNOWLE. nOI. a chapelrv of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 KNOWLE PARK, England, co. of Kent, is the fine resi- 
 dence of the Countess of Plvmouth. 
 
 KNOWLE ST. GILES, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 KXOWLESTILLE, nSlz'vil. a post-village of Ridgeway 
 township, Orleans co.. New Y'ork, on the Erie Canal, and on 
 the Rcxhester and Xiagara Falls Railroad, about 40 miles 
 N.E. by N. of BufTalo. It contains 2 churches and 3 stores. 
 Pop. about 600. 
 
 KXOWLTON, nolton, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 KXOWI/TON, a township of Warren co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1557. 
 
 KNOWLTON 5IILLS. a village of Warren co., New Jer- 
 sey, on PauIinskiU Creek, 10 miles N. of Belvidere. 
 
 KNOWIyTONVILLE, a post-village of Canada East co.of 
 ShefTord. 2S miles S.E. of ptaustead, and 60 miles from Mon- 
 tre-il. The post-office is called Knowlton. 
 
 KNOWSLEY, nozlee, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, 3 miles W.N.W. of Prescot. Here is the magnificent 
 seat of the Earl of Derby, in a fine old park enclosing a 
 large sheet of water. 
 
 KNOW'STONE, a parish of England, oo. of Devon. 
 
 KNOX, nox, a county in the central part of East Tennes- 
 see: area estimated at^lO square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Ilolston River, nounded on the N.W. by the Clinch, 
 and al.so drained by the Fi-ench Broad River. The surface 
 is traversed by several high ridges between the Cumber- 
 land Mountains and the main Alleghany chain. These are 
 locally denominated Copper Ridge, Chestnut Ridge, and 
 Bay's Mountain. The valleys and river-bottoms are fertile 
 and well watered with excellent springs. The county con- 
 tains extensive beds of limestone, fine marble, and iron ore. 
 It is intersected by the Great Railroad of Ea.st Tennessee. 
 Organized in 1794, and n.imed in honor of General Henry 
 Knox, then secretary of war of the United States. Capital, 
 Knoxville. Pop. 22,813, of whom 20,443 were free, and 2370 
 sl.ives. 
 
 KNOX, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 on Tennessee, contains an area estimated at 'iOO square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Cumberland River. The 
 surface is occupied by valleys and mountains. Iron ore, 
 stone coal, and limestone are abundant. Knox county was 
 formed in 1799. Capital, Barboursville. Pop. 7707, of whom 
 7218 were free, and 489 slaves. 
 
 KNOX, a county in the N. central part of Ohio, has an 
 area of 52S square miles. It is intersected by the Vernon 
 and W.ilhonding Rivers, and also di-iiine<l by the North 
 Fork of the Licking. The surface is undulating, and in 
 some parts hilly. The soil is renarkably fertile. The 
 county is inter.sected by the line of railroads which connect 
 Sandiisky City with Newark. Organized in 1808. Capital, 
 Mount Vernon. Pop. 27,735. 
 
 KNOX, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, bordering 
 on Illinois, contains 516 square miles. The Walia.oh bonnffa 
 it on the W.. the White River on the S.. and the West Fork 
 of White River on the E. The surface is mostly level or 
 rolling. There are .several prairies near the Waba.sh. very 
 fertile. Coal is found in many parts of the county. Or- 
 ganized in 1802. The first settlement of the .-itate was made 
 in this vicinity, by tlio French in 1750. The Ohio and Mi.'j- 
 sissippi Railroad jiasses through tliis county. Capital, Viu- 
 cennes. Pop. lt>,()56. 
 
 KNOX, a county in the W.N.W. i art of Illinois, has aa 
 area of 840 square miles. It is inteisected by Spoon River, 
 and also drained by Pope and other creeks. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil is very productive. A large portion 
 of the surface consists of prairies, alternating with timber 
 The county contains extensive beds of stone coal. It is in- 
 tersected by the Peoria and Oquawka R.K. and by that which 
 connects Chicago with Quincy. Capital, Knoxville. P.28,6«>. 
 
 KXOX, a county in the "X.E. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 504 square miles. It is Intfrsected by the Xortb, 
 South, and Middle Fabius, and by the North Fork of Salt 
 River. The surface is undulating, und :y>nsists partly ot 
 prairies and partly of forests. The soil is very productive 
 Capital, Edina. Pop. 8727, of whom 84 1 '. were tree, and 284 
 slaves. 
 
 J 
 
KNO 
 
 KXOX, a township of Waldo co., Maine, aTxiut 35 miles 
 E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1074. 
 
 KNOX, a post-village and township of Albany co., New 
 York, 22 miles W. of Albany. I'op. 2025. 
 
 KNOX, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KNOX, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 2180. 
 
 KNOX, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 793. 
 
 KNOX, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1168. 
 
 KNOX, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop. liST. 
 
 KNOX, a post-ofRee of Knox co.. Ohio. 
 
 KNOX, a township of Jay co., Indiana. 
 
 KNOX, a post-village, capital of Stark co., Indiana, on Yel- 
 low River, about 30 miles from its mouth, and 100 miles N. 
 by W. of Indi.inapolis. 
 
 KNOX CENTRE, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, about 
 35 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 KNOX COLLEGE. See GALEsnuRO, Illinois. 
 
 KNOX CORNERS, a post-office of Oneida co., New York. 
 
 KNOX HILL, a post-office of Walton co., Georgia. 
 
 KNOX'VTLLE, a post-village, Steuben co., NewYork. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Cowanesrjue Creek, 16.5 miles N. by W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-village, capital of Crawford co., 
 Georgia, 25 miles W.S.W. of Macon. Incorporated in 1S25. 
 It has a court-house, 2 hotels, 2 churches, 14 stores, and 1 
 academy. !'■■]). 1811. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post'Office of Greene co., Alabama. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Mississippi. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a flourishing city, capital of Knox co., 
 Tennessee, and formerly the seat of the state government. 
 Is beautifully situated on the right b.ink of the Ilolston 
 Kiver, 4 miles below its confluence with the French Broad 
 River, 185 miles E. of Nashville, and 204 miles S.E. of Lex- 
 ington, Kentucky. The situation is elevated and healthy, 
 comm.anding a beautiful view of the river, aud the Blue 
 Mountains of Chilhowee, some 30 miles distant. The river 
 is navigable for steamboats at all seasons from this point 
 downward ; and during winter and spring they extend their 
 trips up the river as far as Kingsport. The region, how- 
 ever, in future will not be dependent on the river for the 
 means of transportation. The East Tennessee and Georgia 
 Raihoa<l, whiih extends from Knoxville to Dalton, in Georgia, 
 connecting with the railways in that state, was opened in 
 1852, and has given a new impetus to every department of 
 business. Another railroad has been completed, which 
 extends from Knoxville to the Virginia line, and connects 
 with the Virginia and Tennessee Ballroad. East Tennessee 
 is thus intersected by a chain of railways extending from 
 Boston to Memphis, forming the great thoroughfare of the 
 Union, and traversing a country remarkable for the fertility 
 of its soil and the salubrity of its climate. This will be 
 the most central and direct line from New Yoi-k to New Or- 
 leans. Knoxville, from its midway position, may be ex- 
 pected to derive much benefit from the immense amount 
 of trade and travel which must pass along this route. The 
 completion of the railroad from Dalton to Knoxville appears 
 to have produced a greiit sensation among the inhabitants 
 of E.ast Tennessee, a region heretofore almost isolated from 
 the busy worM. In the poetical language of a gentleman 
 residing in that region, to whom the editors are indebted 
 for much valuable information, " the neigh of the iron 
 horse mingles with the roar of her innumerable water-falls, 
 and awakens the echoes of her vast and silent forests." The 
 city already exhiVjits an aspect of incre.ased prosperity, and 
 manufactures of various kinds are springing up in its vi- 
 cinity. The manufactory of window-glass in this place is 
 said to be the largest in the Southern States. Knoxville 
 contains the .state asylum for the deaf and dumb, and is 
 the Seat of the University of East Tennessee, founded in 
 1807. It has 5 churches, 3 banks, several academies, and 
 printing otlices issuing several newspapers. It was laid out 
 in 1794, in which j'ear it became the capital of the state, 
 and so continued until 1817. Pop. in 1850, 3690; in 1860, 
 about COOrt. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a village of Pendleton co., Kentucky, on 
 the road from Warsaw to Falmouth, the county se.at. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 141 
 miles E. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a neat and thriving post-village, capital of 
 Knox CO., Illinois, on the Peoria and Burlington Railroad, 
 41 miles W. by N. of Peoria. It has a high and beautiful 
 situation in the midst of an extensive prairie. Knoxville 
 has 6 churches, 1 bank, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. in 
 1860, 1567; in 1865, about 2400. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-village of Ray co., Missouri, 140 
 miles N.W. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Marion 
 CO., Towa, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Dea Moines. It contains 
 a court-house, and 7 churches. One newspaper is issued 
 here. Pop. in 1860, 2371. 
 
 KNOYLE, (noil.) EAST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 2i miles S.W. of Ilindon. The famous architect. Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, was born here in 1632. 
 
 KNOYLE. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 KNUTSFORD, nuts'ford, {Cnui's Ibrd, Canute's Ford,) 
 3N 
 
 KOB 
 
 a market-town and parish of England, co., and 24 miles 
 E.N.E. of Chester. Pop. in 1851. 4.375. The Birkin Rivula 
 divides It into the townships of Over and Nether Knutsford 
 The town has a handsome parish church, free school, and 
 active manufactures of cotton velvets and yarn, worsted and 
 leather. 
 
 KNUTWEIL, knoot'-sn. a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 9 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1302. 
 
 KNYPE. DE, avillage of the Netherlands. SeeKNlJPE,DB. 
 
 KO.A.UOMA. a county of .Mississippi. See Coahoma. 
 
 KOANG-SIN or KOUANG-SIN-FOU, kwang-sin-foo, a city 
 of China, province of Kiang-see, capital of a government, 130 
 miles E. of Nan-Chang. 
 
 K<:)B.\SS. ko^bSss. a village of Austria, in Slavonia, on 
 the Save, about 9 miles from Oriovacz. Pop. 1760. 
 
 KOBBE or COBBE, koVbee. sometimes written KOBBI, a 
 town of Central Africa, capital of Darfoor. about lat. 14° ll' 
 N., Ion. 28° 8' E. Pop. 6000. It is inhabited chiefly by mer- 
 chants and strangers. 
 
 KORDO, a city and territory of Mongolia. See Cobdo. 
 
 KOBEN, (Ktiben,) ko'ben. a town of Prussian Silesia, 38 
 miles N.W. of Breslau, on the left bank of the Oder. Pop. 
 12i;l. 
 
 KOBT, koTjee, a Russian fort and village, government of 
 Georgia, among tho mount,iins of the Caucasus, in lat. 42° 
 32' N.. Ion. 44° 35' E. 
 
 KOBILJ.\KI, a town of Russia. See KonTJ,iAKl. 
 
 KOBLENZ, a city of Rhenish Prussia. See Coblextz. 
 
 KOBRIN or KOBRYN, ko'brin, a town of Russian Poland, 
 100 miles S.E. of Grodno, with a Greek monastery. It waa 
 almost wholly destroyed by fire in 1812. Pop. 4300. 
 
 KOBURG. a town and duchy of Germany. See ContiRO. 
 
 KOBYLANKA, ko-be-lin'ka. a village of Galicia, circle of 
 Jaslo, on the Rappa. It has a castle, and in its vicinity a 
 chapel, annually visited by 50,000 pilgrims from Galicia, 
 Hungary, and Poland. 
 
 KOBYLIAKI, KOBIL-IAKI. ko-beel-y^'kee, or KOBUI/- 
 JAKI, ko-btil-yiOcee, a town of Russia, government, and 37 
 miles S.AV. of Poltava. Pop. 7000. 
 
 KOBYLIN, ko-he-leen', a town of Prussian Poland, 50 
 miles S.S.E. of Posen, on the Orla. Pop. 2270. 
 
 KO-CHANG, ko'chang', an island in the Gulf of Siam, 
 about 2 miles S. of Koh-Kud. 6 miles long by 2 miles broad. 
 
 KOCHE.^I, a town of Prussia. See Cochem. 
 
 KOCHER. ko'Ker, a river of Wtirtemberg, joins the Neckar, 
 6 miles N. of Ileiibronn. Length, 70 miles. 
 
 KOCH-HISSAR, koK-his/sar', a town of Asia SliBor, in Ka- 
 ramania. on the E. bank of a large salt lake, the ancient 
 Tattfea Piihix. in lat. 38° 50' N., ion. 33° 29' E. 
 
 KOCHSTEDT, koK'stStt, a town of Prussia, in Saxony, 21 
 miles S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1537. 
 
 KOCK, kok, a town of Russian Poland, about 40 miles 3. 
 of Siedlec. on the AVisprz. Pop. 1.300. 
 
 KODA. ko'da, a town of Sinde, 23 miles S.W. of Khyerpoor, 
 in lat. 27° 55' N., Ion. 68° 52' E. Pop. 2200. 
 
 KODEN. ko'den. a town of Poland, province of Siedlec, on 
 the Bug, 23 miles E.S.E. of Biala. Pop. 2506. 
 
 KODIAK, kcVde-dk, written also KADIAK, an island of 
 Russian America, S.E. of the peninsula of Allaska. Its 
 shape is very irregular. Length, 75 miles: breadth. 50 miles. 
 The surface is mountainous. On its N. side is the harbor 
 and station of St. Paul. 
 
 KODJ-HISSAR, Asiatic Turkey. See KocH-IIrssAR. 
 
 KOEDANG, kooMdng', a prefix to several rivers of Java, 
 province of Passoeroean. They are, Koedang Galos, Koedanq 
 Jbwah, Koedano Rowo, Koedang Segero-Aloen, and Kob. 
 DANG Segero-Soerang, all flowing into the Indian Ocean. 
 
 KOEDJIK or KOEDYK, koo/dik, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, 3 miles N. of Alkmaar, on the Great North Holland 
 Canal. Pop. 631. 
 
 KOEI-CHOO, QUEI-CHOO, KOUEI-TCIIOU, kwA-choo/, of 
 KAVI-CHOO, kwl choo/, a province in the S.W. of China. Lat 
 24° 30* to 29' N., Ion. 104° to 110° E. Pop. 5.288,219. Sur- 
 face mountainous. It has mines of gold, silver, vermilion, 
 and iron. Chief city, Koei-yang. 
 
 KOEI-IIO, a river in the N.W. of China joins the Hoang-IIo. 
 
 KOEI-LING. a city of China. See KwEi-ujt. 
 
 KOEI-TE, acity of China. See Kwei-te. 
 
 KOEI-YANG, KWEI-YANG or K0UEI-YAN6,kwi>lng', 
 a town of China, capital of the province of Koei-choo. Lat, 
 about 22° N., Ion. 107° E. 
 
 KOEKELBERG, kofVkel-bjRa^ a village of Belgium, pro 
 vince of Brabant, about 2 miles N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 2282. 
 
 KOELEN, a mountain of Scandinavia. See Kiolen. 
 
 KOENIGINORAETZ. See K5.mgingr.atz. 
 
 KOENIGSBERG, Prussia. See Konigsbero. 
 
 KOEPANG, a town of the island of Timor. See CoEPANa. 
 
 KOERMOEND, a town of Hungary. See Kormonh. 
 
 KOESFELD, a town of Prussia. See KBsfeld. 
 
 KOESLIN. a town of Prussia. See CSSLIN. 
 
 KOEVORDE or KOEVORDEN. See Coevorden. 
 
 KOEWACHT, koo'wdKt. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Zealand, 6 miles S. of Axel. Pop. 1342. 
 
 KOEWALA-D.\Y, koo-wiOj-dA, a populous town of the 
 Mal.ay Archipelago, ou the S. coast of the island of Lingen, 
 
 993 
 
KOG 
 
 about 6 miles Trom the mouth of a consideraTile river. It is 
 the capital of the island, and the residence of a sultan. 
 
 KOGENHEIM. ko'!rhen-hime\ (Fr. pron. ko'gh^nVm',) a 
 villase of F.-ance, department of Bas-Rhin. on the Stras- 
 bourg and Rfile (Ba.sel) Railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of Schelo- 
 itadt. Pop. 1324. 
 
 KOUA I/OM. ( Kohalom,) a town of Austria. See Reps. 
 
 KOIIAT. ko'hSt'. a town of Afjihanistan, 25 miles S. of 
 Peshawer. lat. 33° 31' N.. Ion. 69" 40' E. It has a fine masque. 
 Near it are sprinirs of naphtha, and beds of sulphur. 
 
 KOH-CII AM-N'UNG. koVhim^nting', an island in the Gulf 
 of Siam. about 1 mile S.K. of Koh-Kong. 
 
 KOH-IITSSAR. KOIMirSAR, ko'hisVar', or KOH-RASAR, 
 koVi'sar'. (the " hill castle.") a ruined city of Asiatic Turkey. 
 pa.shalicof Diarbekir. 12 miles S.W. of.Mardeen, with remains 
 of walls, arches, and tombs. 
 
 KOII-I-RABA. ko-e-bin)i a mountain ranse of Afghanis- 
 tan, off the S.W. extremity of the Hindoo Koosh, between 
 which mountains is the principal pass intoToorkistan. Lat. 
 34° 30' N., Ion. 67° 30' to 68° 30' E. Height, 1 7,640 feet. 
 
 KOn-l-DAMAUN, koVda-raawn'. or KOIM-DAHMAN. 
 ko'e-di-mdn'. (the " mountain skirt.") a district of Afgha- 
 nistan, N.of Cabool, comprising a portion of the S. declivity 
 of the Hindoo Koosh. 
 
 KOHIST.A.X, ko'his-tjn', (the "land of mountains,") is a 
 name applied to the N. part of Afghanistan, and to several 
 portions of Beloochistan and Persia. 
 
 KOH-KAI-TAI, ko'krti'. a group of small islets in the 
 Gulf of Siam. in lat. 11° 57' N., Ion. 99° 38' E. 
 
 KOH-KAUIXJ. ko'kSVinj', a lofty summit of the Hindoo 
 Koosh. in Afghanistan, atx>ut 20 miles N.X.W. of Jelalabad, 
 about iat. .34° 45' N.. Ion. 99° 3S' E. 
 
 Ki)H-KOHG. kn*kog', an island in the Gulf of Siam, 30 
 miles S.E. of Koh-Kud, having a number of small islets on 
 the X.E. and S.E. sides. 
 
 KOH-KONG, ko'konL''. an island in the Gulf of Siam, in 
 lat. 9° 30' X.. Ion. 104° 30' E. 
 
 KOH-KUAH. ko'krJ', or CARA. kS-rd', an island in the 
 Gulf of Siam. in lat. 8° 30' N., Ion. 101° E. 
 
 KOH-KRAM, ko'krim', an island in the Gulf of Siam. 16 
 miles S.E. of Koh-Xok. It is about 5 miles long, and 2 broad. 
 
 KOH-KUD, ko'kQd', an island in the Gulf of Siam, in lat. 
 11° 3.5' X., Ion. 102° 37' E. 
 
 KOHLEX-.TAXOWITZ. kolfn-y^'no-^its', a town of Bohe- 
 mia, circle of Kaurzim, 33 miles S.E. of Prague. Pop. 1450. 
 
 KOHLFOKT, a village of Prussia, on the railway from 
 Berlin to Breslau, 87 miles S.E. of Frankfort-on-the-6der. 
 
 KOH-XOK, ko^nok',an island in the Gulf of Siam, 15 miles 
 S.W. of the Koh-See<'hang (Koh-Si-Chang.) 
 
 KOH-PHAI. ko^fl'. three small islands in the Gulf of 
 Siam. about 2 miles S.W. of Koh-Kram. 
 
 KOH-PHAI, a cluster of small islands in the Gulf of 
 Siam. grouped around Cape Liant, tiie larger of which are 
 called Koh-San, Koh-S.\m-me-San, and Koh-K\h. 
 
 KOH-PIfAXG. ko-Yang'. or SAXCORI, sJng'ko-reeS an 
 island in the Gulf of Siam, 30 miles N.E. of Knh-Sama. 
 
 KOHRKX. ko'ren, a town of Saxony, 24 miles S.S.E. of 
 Leipsic, on the Sprottau. Pop. 10.33. 
 
 KOH-SAMA. koh'sa/md, or CARXAM, kar'ndm', an island 
 in the Gulf of Siam. in lat. 9° 55' X.. Ion. 100° E. 
 
 KOH-S.AilET, ko's^'mef. an island in the Gulf of Siam. 
 in lat. 12° :W X., Ion. 101° 37' E., surrounded by a number of 
 emaller islands. 
 
 KOH-SEE-CHAXG or KOH SI-OTIAXG, koVeeVhSng', a 
 large and lesser island, near the head of the Gulf of Siam. 
 Laf. of the largest, 1.3° 10' N., Ion. 100° 59' E. It is 7 miles 
 Ions, and 3 miles broad. 
 
 KOH-SEE-CHAXG. a harbor in the Gulf of Siam, formed 
 by an island of the same name. 
 
 KOISDO or K<iISOU. koi-soo/, a river of RussLo. rise? on 
 the X. slope of the Caucasus, and forms two branches, which 
 foil into the Caspian ; the more northern under its own 
 mime, and the other under that of Soolak (Sulak.) Total 
 course, a1x>ut 12iX) miles. , 
 
 KOJETEIX, ko'vi4-tine\ a town of Austria, in Moravia, 10 
 miles S.W. of Preriiu. Pop. 2S36. 
 
 KO.TUK (ko'jukO PASS, Afghanistan, traverses the Am- 
 ran Mountains, between the valley of I'isheen and Candahar. 
 The British troops pas.sed it in 1S39. and forced it in 1842. 
 
 KOKA, ko'kOh\ a village of Hungary, co., and 23 miles 
 E.X.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2109. 
 
 KOKABOXI. ko'ki-bo'nee, or KUKABOXEE. kfik'S-bo/- 
 nee. a town of Borneo, on the right bank of the Yeoo, in lat 
 12° 52' X .. Ion. 13° E. Pop. 5000. 
 
 KOKAX or KOKAXD. Central Asia. See Khokan. 
 
 KOKCHAOA. BOLCHAIA. bol-chl/a kok-ch^'gd. a river 
 of Russia. ris<^s in the government of Viatka, and joins the 
 left bank of the Volga. Leneth. 100 miles. 
 
 KOKCHAOA, MALAIA. mj-ll'a' kok-chj/ga, a river of Rus- 
 »ia. rises in the government of Viatka. and joins the left bank 
 of the Volga. Length, abont 90 miles. 
 
 KOKEL, koOifl. or koTc^P, Great and Little, two rivers 
 of Transylvania, which, after a W. course of upwards of 100 
 niile« each, unite at Balasfalva. and the united stream joins 
 the Maros 10 miles N. of Karlsburg. The rivers give name 
 
 KOM 
 
 to a county, the capital of which is Kokelburg or Ktiktll- 
 lovar. on the Little Kokel. 14 miles E.X.E. of Balasfalva. 
 
 KOKEL.W, ko-keh-li'. a maritime town of Ceylon, on Itg 
 E. coast. 35 X.X.W. of Trincomalee. 
 
 KOKENO. ko-k.Vno. a hamlet of Japan, island of Kioo- 
 Sioo. province of Fizen. 
 
 Kl>KIX(J, ko'king', a city of China, province of Yun-nan, 
 capital of the department, on the Yang-tse-kiang. 
 
 KO/KOMO, a thriving post-village, capital of Howard co,. 
 Indiana, on the Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad, and 50 
 miles N. of Indianapolis. See Appendix. 
 
 KOKO-XuR, ko'ko-noK. KOKO-XOOR. ko'ko-noor'. KO- 
 KE-XOR, ko'kjh-nor, (t. e. " Blue Sea.") or TSl XG-HAI. tslng^ 
 hl/,alake of the Chinese Empire, having W. the desert of Go- 
 bi, about lat. from .32° to 38° X., Ion. from 94° to 104° E. 
 Length, about 70 miles; breadth. 40 miles. 
 
 KOKOORA. KOKOURA or KOKURA. ko-koo/ri a mari- 
 time toAvn of Japan, in the i.sland of Kioo-Sioo. capital of 
 the province of Fizen. about 100 miles N.N.E. of Nagasaki, 
 on the strait of Van-der Capi'Uan. Lat. (castle) 33° 53' SO" 
 X.. Ion. 130° 60' E. Pop. 16.000. 
 
 KOKUXDI. a town of Africa. See Kakunht. 
 
 KOLA. koia. a town of Russian Lapland. SS.") miles N.W. 
 of Archangel, near the mouth of the Kola River, in the 
 Arctic Ocean. Lat. 68° 52' X.. Ion. 33° E. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KOLADYXG, koMA-ding'. or KULLADIXE, ktina-din', n 
 river of Asia, falls into the Bay of Bengal, in Aracan, by 
 several mouths. Total course, about 200 miles. 
 
 KOLDIXO or COLBTXG, kol'ding, a maritime town of 
 Denmark, in X'orth Jutland. 30 miles E.X.E. of Ribe, on an 
 inlet of the Little Belt, enclosed by Walls. Pop. 2600. 
 
 KOLEAII. ko/le-d. a town of Algeria, about 18 miles 
 W.S.W. of Alciers. It is the seat of a garrison. Pop. 2500. 
 
 KOLE^IOKEE CREEK. Georaia. See Coi,.\moka. 
 
 KOLIIAM or COLHAM, kol'hdm, a village of liolland, 
 province, and 7 miles E. of Groningen. Pop. 500. 
 
 KOLnORX\ kol'hoRn, a village of Holland, province of 
 Xorth Holland, 13 miles N.E. of Alkmaar. Pop. 5.51. 
 
 KOLIAZIX. KOLIASIX, ko-le-d-zeen', or KALASIN, 
 (Kalasin.) a town of Russia, government, and 80 miles 
 E.X.E. of Tver, on the Volga. Pop. 4,590. 
 
 KOLIMA. a river of Asia. See Kolyma. 
 
 KOLIX, or NEU KOLIN. noi ko-leen', a town of Bohemia, 
 circle of Kaurzim, on the Elbe, on the railway to Brflnn, 35 
 miles E. of Prague. Pop. 5*^00. 5Iarshal Daun here de- 
 feated Frederick the Great. 18th June. 1757. 
 
 KOLINGSOO or KOLIXGSOU. koMing'soo', a .small island 
 of Chin.^. in the harbor of Amov. opposite that city. 
 
 KOLLEDA. fKoIIeda.) kol-lA'dJ. a town ot Pru.ssia, In 
 Saxony, 34 miles W.S.W. of Jlorseburg. Pop. 4100. 
 
 KOLLUM. kollQm. a villaL'e of the Xetherlands, province 
 of Fri.'sland. 8 miles S.E. of Dokknm. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KOLX, (Kciln,) a town of Rhenish Prussia. See CoiooNE. 
 
 KOLO. kolo, a town of Poland, province, and 40 miles 
 X.E. of Kalisz. on an island in the Wart.T. Pop. 3400. 
 
 KOLOKYTHIA or COLOKYTHIA, ko-lo-ki-fhee'd, (anc. 
 L^cn>nicns Silniia,) called also the Gulf of MAnATHornsi, a 
 gulf of Greece, in the S. part of the Morea. 
 
 KOLOMEA, ko-lo-mA'J. sometimes written KOL05IYTA, a 
 town of Austrian Galicia, on the Pruth, 112 miles S.E. of 
 Lemberg. Pop. 6980. 
 
 KOLOMX^A. ko-lom'nd, a town of Russia, goveinment, 
 and 58 miles S.S.E. of Moscow, on the Moskva, near its con- 
 fluence with the Oka. Pop. 13.000. It is enclosed by old 
 walls, and has manufactures of silks and woollens. 
 
 KOLOS, koMosh'. or SALZGRUB. sdlt^'groob. (W.illachian, 
 Knshdkea, ko-shl-kA'l?) a market-town of Transylvania, 12 
 miles E. of Klau.senburg. Pop. 3180. 
 
 KOLOSA'AR, a city of Transylvania. See KlArsEXBrnfJ. 
 
 KOLV'A or KOLWA, kol'vA, a river of Russia, rises in tho 
 government of Term, and joins the Vishera. Length, 170 
 miles. 
 
 KOLYMA or KOLIMA. ko-le-mS'orko-lee'ma. a large river 
 of North-east Asia, in Siberia, ffovemment of Yakootsk. rises 
 by several heads, near lat. 61° 30' X.. and after a N'. course 
 of 700 miles, enters the Arctic Ocean by a wide estuary, near 
 lat. 69° ,30' N., and Ion. 161° 30' E. 
 
 KOLYVAN. ko-le-vSn'. or TASHEKA. ta'sh.ik^. a small 
 town of Asiatic Russia, government, and 110 miles S.W. of 
 Tomsk, on the Obi. with valuable lead and gold mines. 
 
 KOLYVAX JIOUXTAIXS. a spur of the Lesser Altai. 
 
 KOLZIG. kol'tsio. a villasre of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 government of Liegnitz. bailiwick of Griinberg. Pop. 974. 
 
 KOMAROM. a town of Hungary. See Comorn. 
 
 KOM BRIDGE. England. See Kimeridoe. 
 
 KOMLOS, komMosh'. a market-town of Hungary, co. of 
 Torontal. 30 miles W.X.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 49.50". 
 
 KOitMA. kom'ma. or KOMXIA, kom'ne-d, a village of 
 Austria, in Moravia, near Swietlau. It is the birthplace cf 
 the famous .Tohn Amos Comenius. 
 
 KOMMOTAU. kom'mo-t«w\ a town of Bohemk, 10 mll«» 
 N.X.W. of Saaz. Pop. .3725 
 
 KOMORX. a town of Hungary. See Comorn. 
 
 KOMOTAPOOR, ko-mo-td-poor', a ruined town of British 
 India, presidency and proyince of Bengal, once capital of 
 
KOM 
 
 KON 
 
 the Hindoo kingdom of Camroop. on the Bhurlah, hy which, 
 »nd bv a moat 14 miles iu extent, the town was enclosed. 
 
 KOMULDSINA, a town of Turkey. See Gcmoorjeena. 
 
 KOX'BO. a lake of Russia, government of Archanirel, in 
 Lapland, discharges itself into the Gulf of Kandalaska by 
 two outlets, one at its S.E., and one at its N.W. extremity. 
 It is about 2.") miles long, by 7 miles broad. 
 
 KO\DIN.SK, kon-dinsk', a village of Asiatic Hussia, go- 
 vernment, and "21)0 miles N. of Tob :>lsk, on the Obi. 
 
 K(J\0. a town of Central Africa, 500 miles S. of Timbuctoo. 
 
 K0XG-CI1.\XG. kong'chdng'. a city of China, province of 
 Kan-soo. capital of a department; lat. 35° N., Ion. 104° W E. 
 
 IviJNUEX, (Kongen,) kiiug'i'n, a market-town of Wiirtem- 
 herg. on the .Veekar, 5 miles S.E. of Esslingen. Pop. 203'J. 
 
 KONG MOUNTAINS, a mountain range of Africa, com- 
 mencing 200 miles S.E. of Sierra Leone: lat. 9° X., Ion. 9° 
 20' \V., and stretching E. through the Mandingo country, 
 along the N. frontier of Ashantee, and across Dahomey. 
 Height probably not above 2500 feet. Tbey consist of granite, 
 marble.and ironstone: but little is yet known regarding them. 
 
 KONGfJBEKG, kongs'b^Rg, (King's Mountiiin,"') a town 
 of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, 43 miles W.S.W. of Chris- 
 tiania, on the Lauwen-Elv. Pop. 3935. It has a school of 
 mines, and a royal manufactory of arms and powder. The 
 silver-mine of Kongsberg. di.wovered in 1623. is the most 
 important in the kingdom. It was nearly abandoned in 
 1805, was again worked in 1S16, and has continued flour- 
 ishing since 1830. 
 
 KONGSVINGER, kongs'ving-er, a mountain fortre.ss of 
 Norway, stift of Aggershuus, anit of lledemarken, beside 
 the Glommen, 45 miles K.N.E. of Christiania. 
 
 J\OMCZ, a village of Bohemia. See Kaumtz. 
 
 KONIEII. ko^ne-eh. KONIA, KONI AH or KONIYEH, ko'- 
 ne-.H or ko'ne-vfh. (anc. Icfilnium.) a city of Asia Minor, capi- 
 tal of the pashalic of Karamania. or Konieh. Lat. 37° 51' 
 N., Ion. .32° 40' E. Pop. 4t),000. Its walls, which are from 
 2 to 3 miles in circumference, were built with materials of 
 ancient edifices, by the Seljook sultans, who.'ie capital it 
 was from the twelfth century till the time of .lenghis 
 Khan. The most remarkable building is tlie Injemi Minareh 
 Djiuni.( " the mosque with the minaret reaching to the f^tars,") 
 with ijxquisite delicacy of tracery, fretwork, and mouldings. 
 It has numerous other mosques, some colleges, Armenian 
 churches, public baths, khans, extensive sul)Urbs, a fortified 
 palace, with some massive Arabic architecture, a famous 
 Wiihammedan tomb, and some manufactures of carpets and 
 colored leather. 
 
 KOXIO. ( Konig.) a German word signifying " king." forms 
 a part of numerous names iu Central Europe, as K8NiasBER0, 
 '■King's Mountain," KiiMOSiuCH, " King's Brook," Ac 
 
 KONIG, (Konig,) ko'nia, a market-town of llesse-Darm- 
 Rtadt, on the Miimliug. IS miles S.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 
 1478. 
 
 KONIGGRATZ. (KSniggrHtz.) ko'nio-grfts\ a royal forti- 
 fied town of Austria, in Bohemia, capital of the circle. t)4 
 miles E.N.E. of Prague, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop. 
 8454. Chief edifices, a cathedral. Jesuits' church, and epis- 
 copal palace. It is the see of a bishop-suffragan of Prague, 
 and has a seminary, a gymnasium, and a royal stud. 
 
 KONIG HELM, (Kiiniaheim.) ko'nif)-hrme\ a town of Ba- 
 den. 3 miles W.S.W. of Biscliofsheim. Pop. 2105. 
 
 KOXIGILUTTE. (KonighUtte.) kiS'nia-hiiOtfh, a village 
 of il.uiover, 15 miles S.S.E. of Klausthal. It has important 
 iron-works, which employ 500 persons. 
 
 KO.NIGI.X HOF. (Koniginhof.) ko'nioin-hof\ a town of Bo- 
 hemia, Iti miles N. of Koniggratz. on the Elbe. Pop. 4010. 
 It has manufactures of printed cotton stuffs, linen fabrics, 
 and leather. 
 
 KONIGSA.\L, (Konigsaal,") ko'niG-sSr, or ZBRASLAU(?) 
 a village of Bohemia, circle of Beraun. at the confluence of 
 the Beiaun and Moldau. 7 miles S. of Prague. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KONIGSBACIL ko'nios-bdK'. a market-town of Baden. 
 10 miles S.E. of Carlsruhe. with a castle. Pop. 1700. 
 
 KOXIGSBKRG. (Kiinigsberg.) or KOENIGSBERG, k?n' 
 Igz-berg. (Oer. pron. ko'nios-bfRo': L. Mims-He'gim: Polish. 
 Kraleiviecz, kro-lA've-t-tch\) a fortified city of I'russia. and 
 second capital of the kingdom, capital of the govern- 
 ment and circle of the same name, at the N.E. terminus 
 of a railway from Berlin, (distance. 338 miles.) and on the 
 Pregel. 5 miles from its mouth, in the Frische-IIaff. Lat. 
 of observatory, 54° 42' 8" N., Ion. 20° 30' 2" E. Pop. 87,0'J2. 
 Mean temperature of the year, 43°'2; winter, 37°8: sum- 
 mer, 60°'5 Fahrenheit. It was once the capital of Prussia 
 Proper, including the provinces of both East and West Prus- 
 sia, and the residence of the Electors of Brandenburg, and 
 still ranks as the third city in the Prussian dominions. It 
 is surrounded by walls and ramparts, and has recently re- 
 ceived important additions to its fortifications on the plan of 
 detached forts. It consists of the town proper, and of four 
 suburbs. The former is divided into three parts: the ^IW- 
 i<idt. or Old Town, situated on theW.; LSbevicM on the E.; 
 and Kneiphof. situated on an island formed by the Pregel. 
 which, before en tt-ring the town from the E.. divides into two 
 ams. The communication between the i.sland and the op- 
 fissiUj banks lE kept up by seven wooden bridges. The 
 
 island on which Kneiphof stands is so low and swampy, that 
 the houses are built upon piles. The principal edifices are 
 the royal castle, built in 1257 ; the former fortress of Fried- 
 richsburg. now used as a store; the exchange, built in 1024; 
 the town-hou.se: the cathedral, built in 13.'32, with tombs of 
 the grand-masters of the Teutonic order, and of the Dukea 
 of Prussia : citadel, exchange, and the.atre. The university, 
 founded in 1554 by the Margrave Albert, and hence called 
 the Albertine, is attended by above 300 students, and has a 
 library of more than 50.000 volumes, a zoological museum 
 and other valuable collections, an observatory, which file la- 
 bors of Bessel has rendered famous, and a botanic garden. 
 There are, besides, 2 theological seminaries, 3 gymnasia, 
 schools of art and architecture, and deaf, dumb, and blind 
 asylums. The manufactures comprise woollens, cottons, 
 linens, silks, soap, tobacco, leather, starch, sealing-wax, and 
 refined sugar, it has ship-building yards, in which a con- 
 siderable number of vessels of a small size are annually C(m 
 structed. The Pregel has a bar across its mouth, witii not 
 more than from 5 to 6 feet water : large vessels bound for 
 Konigsl)ergland at Pilau, which is its port. The trade, not- 
 withstanding a considerable decline from what it was in 
 earlier times, is still important. In 1852 the principal ex- 
 ports were 89,500 quarters of wheat; 51,180 of barley; 3980 
 of rye; and 20,480 of pease and beans; flax, hemp, rap((-seed, 
 oil-cakes, bones, timber, wool. mats, and feathers. The prin- 
 cipal imports are colonial produce, iron in pi(is and bars, co;il, 
 cottonwool, cotton-twist, wine, spirits, and unrefined sugar. 
 In 1848 the number of vessels entered at I'ilau w.as 604, 
 (S4.304 tons;) and cleared. 676, (94,857 tons.) Of these, 278 
 entered, and 276 cleared, were British. 
 
 Kiinigsberg long numbered among its residents the cele- 
 brated philosopher Kant, and the geographer Gaspaii. Its 
 most distinguished natives are the naturalist Klein, the 
 painter Willman, and the anatomist Walther. It was 
 founded in 1255. In 1305, Konigsberg became a member of 
 the Ilanseatic League; in 1C20, was surrounded with walls; 
 and in 16.57, received a strong additional defence in the 
 cit.adel of Friedrichsburg. It suffered much during the 
 Seven Years' War, by the occupation of the Russians from 
 1768 to 1764; and also from the French who entered it in 
 1^07, after the battle of Friedland. Frederick I., the first 
 King of Pru.ssia. was crowned here in 1701. 
 
 KONIGSBERG, a government of Prussia, bounded N. by 
 the Baltic. Area, 8708 square miles. Pop. 847,5.33. 
 
 KONIGSBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 41 miles N. of Frankfort, on the Oder. It is walled, 
 has several courts and public offices, 2 cliurches, a court- 
 house, gvmnasium. and hospital. Pop. 6110. 
 
 KONIGSBERG, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles W.S.W. oi 
 Elbogen, on the Eger. Pop. 3890. 
 
 KONIGSBERG, a town of Silesia, 22 miles W.S.W. of Te9- 
 chen. Pop. 9(K1. 
 
 KONIGSBERG. (Konigsberg.) kiVnios-b^Ro', or U.T-BAN- 
 YA. oo'ee-!'3n'-yfih\ a town of Hungary, co. of Bacs, on the 
 Gran. 24 miles E.N.E. of Neutra. P(ip.'39r-5. 
 
 KONIGSBRONN, (Kijnigsbronn.) ko'nias-bronn\ a village 
 of Wiirtemberg. 4 miles N.W. of TIeidenheim. Pop. 1192. 
 
 KONIGSBRUCK. (KSnigsbriick.) ko/nias-briikNor KUNS- 
 BERG. a town of Saxony, 17 miles N.N.E. of Dresden. P. 1740. 
 
 KONIGSECKWALD, (Konigseckwald.) ko'nio-st^k-«ait\ a 
 village and castle of Wiirti'mburg. S.W. of .Saulgan. 
 
 KONIGSEE. (Konigsee.) kc)'nia-sA\ a town of Germany, in 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the Rhine, 17 miles W.S.W. of 
 Rudolstadt. Pop. 2050. 
 
 KONIGSEE, (Konigsee.) or BARTHOLOilAUSSEE. baR- 
 tol'o-miiws^sA, a lake on the S.E. extremity of Bavaria, about 
 5 miles long, by 1 mile broad. 
 
 KONIGSEGG, (Konigsegg.) kS'niG-s%g\ or KUMZAK. 
 koom'z3k, a town of Bohemia, with a fine church and 
 school. 31 miles S.E. of TalKir. Pop. 2859. 
 
 KONIGSFELD, (KBnigsfeld.) k8'ni(is-fjlt\ or NEUDORP, 
 noi'doRf a village of Moravia. 2 miles N. of BrUnn. Pop. 1407. 
 
 KONIGSHAIN. (Konigsh.ain.) kii'niGs-hin', a village of 
 Prussian Silesia. 51 miles W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1232. 
 
 KONIGSHAIN, a village of Saxony, 60 miles E. of Dresden. 
 Pop. 1457. 
 
 KONIGSHAIN, a village of Saxony, circle of Leipsic. 
 Pop. 1066. 
 
 KONIGSHOFEN, (KSnigshofen.) ko'nios-ho'fen, a town 
 of Baden. 17 miles S.E. of Wertheim. Pop. 1306." 
 
 KONIGSHOFEN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 20 miles 
 W.N .W. of Cologne. Pop. 1235. 
 
 KONIGSHOFEN -IM -GRABFELDE, k8'niGs-hoYen-im- 
 grSb'fJl-deh. a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 44 miles N.E. 
 ofWiirzb'urg. Pop. 1702. 
 
 KONIGSHTJTE, (Konigshiite,) ko'niGs-hUHeh. a village of 
 Prussia, in Silesia. 54 miles E.S.E. of Oppeln, with a station 
 on the Silesian Railway, and rovsl iron-works. Pop. 1560. 
 
 KONIGSHUTTE, (Kbnigshiitte.) ko'nios-hiitHeh, a village 
 of Prussian Poland, on the railway from Breslau to Cracow, 
 111 miles S.E. of Breslau. 
 
 KONIGSLUTTER. (Konigslutter,)ko'niGs-lo(5tHfr, a town 
 of Germany, duchy of Brunswick, 9 miles AV.N.W. of Helm- 
 stadt, on the Lutter. Pop. 2520. It ha.» an ancient Btne- 
 
 995 
 
RON 
 
 KOO 
 
 (lictiiio church, wItt monuments to the Kmperor Lothaire 
 ii., t< bin empress, .•mil tc Henry of Bavarin, &c. 
 
 KOXIOS-SEE. (Koni:,'s-.See.) k5'nifJ8-8A. a picturesque lake 
 of Kavaria. (35 miles S.E. of Slunich. Lenath. 6 miles. 
 
 KOMUSTADTKN, (Koniirstadten,) ko'nia-stjt'ten, a 
 market-town of Lower Austria, 12 miles from Sleghards- 
 kirchen. Pop. 973. 
 
 KOMGSTADTL, (Konisstadtl.) ko'nia-stfittT, or WIES- 
 TETZ-K1!.\L0WY, fte-Vtlts kr^-Io've. a town of Bohemia, 
 cin>Ie of BidSfhow. 40 mil&s K.N.E. of Pra«:ue. Pop. 1747. 
 
 KOMGSTKIN, (Koiiif,'stein,) ko'nia-stine!, (i.e. "king's 
 rock,") a town of Germany, in Saxony. 17 miles S.E. of 
 Dresden, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop. 2000. It has 
 a fortress situated on a rock, 450 feet high, and one of the 
 few in Europe never yet taken The royal treasures haye 
 usually been deposited here during war. 
 
 KONIGSTEIN, a town of Germany, in Nassau. 12 miles 
 N.E. of ^Viesbaden. Pop. 1-300. Near it is the castle of the 
 same name, ruined by the French in 1796. 
 
 KOXIGSWALD, (Koniv'swald.) ko'niGs-ftalt\ a TillaRe of 
 Bohemia, on the Erlau. 10 miles from Tetschen. Pop. 1282. 
 
 KONKiSWALD, (Konigswald.) a village of Bohemia, on 
 the Koschel. 7 miles from Humburg. Pop. 21 r5. 
 
 KONIGSWALDE, (KonissAvalde.) ko'niG.s-^lfdeh. a town 
 of Prus.sia, fioyernmeiit of Frankfort, circle of Sternberg, be- 
 tween two lakes. Pop. ISf^O. 
 
 KONIGSAVALDE. a yillage of Saxony, 4 miles N.W. of 
 Zwickau. Pop. 1978. 
 
 KONJGSWAHTII, (Konlgswarth.) kiynios-wERt^ a town 
 of Bohemia, 15 miles S.S.W. of Elbogen. Avith mineral 
 springs. Pop. 1540. Its noble castle, the property of Prince 
 Bletternich, contiilns a splendid collection of works of art, 
 and an elaborate ch.ipel. built in 1834. 
 
 KONIOSWAKTIIA. ko'nics-wdaHd, a village of Saxony, 
 33 miles N.E. of Dresden. Barclay de Tolly defeated the 
 French here in 1813. Pop. 831. 
 
 KONIGSWINTER. (Kiinigswinter.) k5'niGS--ftin'ter, a 
 town of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, on the 
 Khine. Pop. 2100. 
 
 KONIGSZELT, fKonigszelt.) kiVnios-tsJltV a village of 
 Prussia, on the railway from Breslau to Freiburg, 31 miles 
 S.W. of the former. 
 
 KONIX. ko'nin. a town of Ru.ssian Poland, province, and 
 33 miles N.X.E. of Kalisz, on the Warta. Pop. 460;>. 
 
 KONINGSHOYCKT, ko'ninGs-hoikt\ a village of Belgium, 
 province, and 13 miles S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 20Ci2. 
 
 KOXIN'SKA-WOLA, ko-nin'skj-wond. or KONS-KOWO- 
 L.\, kons-ko-wo'ld, a town of Russian Poland. 27 miles N.W. 
 of Lublin. Pop. 1100. 
 
 KONITZ, ko'nits. a market-town of Austria, in Moravia. 
 18 miles W.S.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 1773. 
 
 KOXITZ, or CHOYNICA, Koy-neet'.'<a, a town of Prus.M.H, 
 58 mites W.S.W. of Marienwerder. In 1445, the Teutonic 
 knights here gained a victory over the Poles. Pop. 3954. 
 
 KONIYEII, Asi;itic Turkey. See Konieh. 
 
 KOXIZ, (Koiiiz.) ko'nits, a village and parish of Switzer- 
 lavid, in i valley of its own name, canton of Bern, 2 miles 
 S.W. of Hern. In its vicinity are the ruins of the old castles 
 of Aegerten and Bubenberg. Pop. 5488. 
 
 KONXEKX. (Kiinnern,) kon'nern, a town of Pru.ssia, pro- 
 vince of Saxony, government of Jlerseburg. Pop. 2714. 
 
 KOXXI AGA, one of the Aleutian islands. See Kan'AGA. 
 
 KOXNON CONDOKE. kon'non' kou-dOr'. an island in the 
 China Sea, oft the S.E. coast of Anam; lat. 8° 40' N., Ion. 
 105° 55' E. In the beginning of last century the English 
 founded a colony and built a fort here, but soon abandoned it. 
 
 KOXOTOP, ko-no-top', a walled town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 9li miles W. of Tchernigov. Pop. 3000. 
 
 KOXOVITS or KONOWITZ, ko'no-vits\ an i.sland of Rus- 
 sia, in Finland, near the W. shore of Lake Ladoga. 
 
 KONKADSREUTII or CONRADSREUTII. kon'ridsroir, 
 a village of Bavaria, 27 miles N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1078. 
 
 KOXRADSWALDAU, kou'rads-^^lMow, a village of Prus- 
 sia, in Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 858. 
 
 KONRADSWALDAU, MITTEL. miftel kon'rMs-^ardow, 
 a village of Prussia, in Silesia, circle of Landshut. Pop. 675. 
 
 KOXSItAIA, kon-skI'd,a rivorof Russi.a, flows W., and en- 
 ters the Dniester at Nikopol, after a W. course of 130 miles. 
 
 KOXSKI E, konsk'yi. or KONSKI. kon'skee, a town of Po- 
 land, province of Sandoraier, 35 miles S.W. of liadom. Pop. 
 MOO. It has iron forges, and manufactures of cutlery, &c. 
 
 KOXSTADT, kon'statt, or WOTCZIN. votch-een'. a town 
 of Prussi.t, in Silesia. 25 miles N.N.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1524. 
 
 KOXSTANTINOGORSK, kon-stln-tee'no-gorsk', a fort of 
 Kussi.a, government of Caucasus. 21 miles S.W. of Georgievsk. 
 
 KOXSTANTIXOGRAD, kon-stau-tee^no-grid', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 40 miles E.S.E.of Poltava. P. 1673. 
 
 KOXSTANTIXOV or KONSTAXTIXOW.kon-stdn-te-nov', 
 a town of Russia, government of Volhyuia, on the Slootcha, 
 80 miles S.S.W. of Zhitomeer, (.Titomir.) Pop. 3930. 
 
 KUNPTAXZ, a lake and city of Baden. See Constance. 
 
 KOXTWIO or COXTWIG. kont'wio. a village of Bavaria, 
 ahfjut 3 miles E. of Douxponts. (ZweibrUeken.) Pop. 1378. 
 
 KOXUDEL, ko-noo^l.1', a village of Senegambia. in Foota- 
 Damga, on the Seueaal, lo lat. 15° 64' N., Ion. 13° r W 
 896 
 
 KONZAS. See K.axzas. 
 
 KOOBA, KOUBA, or KUBA. kooM. a fortified town of 
 Russia, in the Caucasus, province of Daghistan. on the 8. 
 side of a river of its own name, 55 miles S.S.E. of Derbend, 
 It was formerly the residence of a khan. Pop. 42CO. It 
 is new. has a bazaar with rich Persian carpets, and 3 
 mosques. On the opposite side of the river is Kum.at, a 
 Jews' village. Pop. 4000. 
 
 KOOBAN. KOUBAN or KUBAN, koo-h3n', (anc.Hyp'anisf) 
 a river of South Russia, rises near 5Iount Elbrooz, receives 
 numerous affluents from the Caucasian mountain chain, 
 and, after a generally W. course estimated at 380 miles, en- 
 ters the Bay of Kooban. on the Black Sea, 20 miles N. of 
 Anap.a. It is rapid, and difficult of navigation. Along its 
 banks .ire numerous Russian forts. 
 
 KOOBETCIII, KOUBETCHI, or KUBETSCHI, koo-bJtch'- 
 ee, a town of Russia, in the N. part of Daghistan, in a nar- 
 row valley. 33 miles W.N.W. of Derbend. It looks more 
 like a fortification than a town, all the houses being loop- 
 holed, and entered by an outer stair, to which the only ap- 
 proach is by a narrow path. Pop. 6000. 
 
 KOOBINA, KOUBINA or KUBIXA, koo-bee'ni. a river 
 of Rus.sia, rises in a small lake, in the W. part of the govern- 
 ment of Vologda, and falls, by two mouths, into Lake Koo- 
 binskoe. Total course, about 170 miles. 
 
 K(X)BIXSKOE, KOUBINSICOE or KUBINSKOE, koo- 
 bin'sko-i\ a lake of Russia, in the S.W. of the government 
 of Vologda. Length, 45 miles; mean breadth, 4 or 5 miles. 
 
 KOOCHAN orKOUTCHAX. kooVhSu', a .strongly fortified 
 town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 85 miles N.W. of 
 Meshed. It was, a few years ago, taken by the Persians 
 from the Koords. It has a garri.son. 
 
 KOOCHE, KOVTCIlf:. or KUTSCIIE. koo/ch.V, a town of 
 Chinese Toorkistan. 200 miles E.N.E. of Aksoo, in lat. 41° 
 40' N., Ion. 83° E. It is fortified, garrisoned by Chinese, and 
 deemed the key of Toorkistan. Its territory is fertile. 
 
 KOOCHLAK, koochndk', a mud-built town of Afghanis- 
 tan, in the Pisheen vnllev. on the route to Candahar. 
 
 KWCHVIXSK. KOUTOIIVIXSK or KUTSCHVINSK, 
 kooch-vinsk', written also KUCIIVINSIv, a village of Russia, 
 government of Perm, 57 miles S. of Verkhotoori^, on the 
 Toora. Pop. 1600. 
 
 KOOFA, KOUFA or KUFA. koo'fd, a ruined city of Asiatic 
 Turkey, pashalic, and 88 miles S. of Bagdad, on an afflu- 
 ent of the Euphrates. It was founded by the Caliph Omar, 
 was large, populous, and flourishing, and became the abode 
 of the caliphs till Almaiizor removed the imperial residence 
 to Bagdad, about A. D. 700. Its decay and final ruin dates 
 from this period. The ancient Arabic characters, called 
 Ciific. take their name from this town. 
 
 &iX)FO, koo'fo, a town of West Africa, in Iloussa. 52 miles 
 S. by W. of Kano, surrounded by a double wall. Pop. 20,000. 
 
 KOOG-AAX-DK-ZAAN. kOf, |n-d.i-zan . or DE KOOG, di- 
 k6o, a village of the Netherlands, province of North Hol- 
 land. 7 miles N.W. of Amsterdam, on the Zaan. Pop. 2096. 
 
 KOOIALXIK. KOUIALXIK. or KU.7ALXIK, koo-y^l- 
 neek', or koo yai-nik', (The Great.) a river of Russia, tails 
 into a lake of its own name, after a S.S.E. cour.se of 66 miles. 
 
 KOOIALNIK, KOUIALXIK, or KUJALMK, Middle, 
 a river of Russia, after a S.S.E. course of 50 miles, falls into 
 a lake, which discharges itself into the Black Sea. 
 
 KOOKA, KOUKA or KUKA, koo/kS, a town of Central 
 Africa, in Bornoo, on the W. bank of Lake Tchad. 
 
 KOOKOO-KOTA. KOUKOU-KOTA, koo'koo-ko/td, or KIIO- 
 TON, ko-ton', a town of Mongolia, 50 miles N.W. of the Great 
 Wall of China. Lat.40°40'N.,lon.lll°15'E. It has a Chi- 
 nese garrison, and manufactures of skins. 
 
 KOOK'SEE\ a considerable fortified town of India, domi- 
 nions, and 70 miles S.W. of Indoor. 
 
 KOOKUR.MUXDA. koo-ktirmtin'da. a town of British In- 
 dia, on theTaptee. SO miles E.X.E. of Sur.at. 
 
 KOOLFO, KOULFO or KULFO. kool'f5\ an important 
 commercial town of West Africa, in Nyffe. 220 miles S.W. 
 of Kano. on the Mayarrow. about lat. 10° 10' N.. ion. 6° 45' 
 E. It is surrounded by a hisrh w.nll. Pop. about 16.000. 
 
 KOOLKOON MOUNTAINS. South Asia. See Kckn?.ux. 
 
 KOOLOI, KOULOI or KULOI, koo-loi', a river of Russia, 
 government of Arch.ingel. falls into the Bay of Mezen, in 
 the White Sea. Total course. 150 miles. 
 
 KOOLON, KOULOX or KULOX, koo'lon', written also 
 KOO'LOOX'. a small lake of Chinese Tartary. Lat. 49° N., 
 Ion. 11 6° 30' E. 
 
 KOOM, KIIOOM. KIIOUM or KUM, a decayed city of 
 Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, capital of a district, 80 
 miles S.W. of Teheran. Pop. 8000. It is surrounded by ex- 
 tensive ruing, and has a college and a mosque. 
 
 KOOM A, KOUMA or KUM A, koo/uui a river of South 
 Russia, government of Caucasus, enters the Caspian about 
 135 miles S.W. of Astrakhan, after a N.E. course of 300 miles. 
 
 KOOME-SHAII, KOUMI-CIIAII, koo'mee-shd'. or KOOM- 
 SII.\II, koom-shd, a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 
 50 miles S.S.E. of Ispahan, enclosed by walls. Pop. 4000, 
 who weave and dye cotton goods. 
 
 KOONASHEER, KOUNASHIR or KUNASIIIR, koo-pj. 
 sheei-', one of the South Koorile Islands, close on the N %. 
 
KOO 
 
 KOP 
 
 coast of YosRO, Japan ; lat. of the y.E. point. 44° 29* \., Ion. 
 146° 8' E. It is about 70 miles lonj;, and 25 miles broad. 
 ] t is mountainous in the centre, but contains many valleys 
 capable of cultivation. It is thinly inhabited. 
 
 KUDNCII. koonch, a town of British India, presidency 
 Df IJe-niral. capital of a rajahsiiip. 6" miles HS.E. of Gwalior. 
 
 KO ).NDAH, koon'dd. a town of British ln4ia, district of 
 Delhi. 9 miles N.E. of Kurnaul. 
 
 KOOXDAII, a town of British India, district of Ramghiir, 
 10.5 miles S.S.W. of Patna. 
 
 KuOXDOOZ, Toorkistan. See K tioo.Nmoz. 
 
 KOO.NGOOK, KOUNGOUR or KUNGUR, koong^oor', a 
 town of Russia, government of Perm, near the confluence 
 Df the Iren and Sylva. 50 miles S.S.E . of J'erm. It has fine 
 Aurches. a convent, soap-works, and tanneries, and a con- 
 siderable trade in corn. It is the seat of a mining directory 
 forthegoverumentsofl'ermand Viatka. Near it are fine quar- 
 ries of alabaster, and some reraai-kablo grottoes. Pop. 6000. 
 
 KOO.XGTOON, KOU.NGTDUN or KCN({TU.\. koong'toon', 
 a village of Burmah. on the Irrawaddv. IW miles N. of Ava. 
 
 KOOXGUKI>. KOU.N'GUEL or KUNGUl'.L. koong-goo-*l', 
 a village of West Africa, in Lower Galam, on the Senegal, in 
 lat. 14° 51' X.. Ion. V2P 22' W. 
 
 KOOXIA, KOUXIA, or KUXIA. koon'vJ, a river of Rus- 
 sia, joins the Lovat after a N. course of nearly 100 miles. 
 
 KOOl'IAXSK, KOUPIAX8K or KUI'IANSK. koo-pe- 
 insk'. written also KUPEXSK, koo-pi^nsk'. a town of Russia, 
 government, and 01 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov. Pop. 700. 
 
 KOOR. KOUR or KDR. koor, (anc. 0/'c«.s-,) the principal 
 river of Georgia, (the whole of whi.h province it drains.) 
 rises in the pashalic of Akhalzikh, flows mostly E.S.E., and 
 enters tlie Caspian 100 miles S.W.of Bakoo, after a course 
 estimated at 620 miles. Tiie chief affluents are the Aras 
 (Araxi'S.) Alazan. and Yora or Yoree. 
 
 KODRAXKO, a territory of Africa. See Koranko. 
 
 KOORDISTAX, KDUItDISTAX or KURDISTAN, i. e. the 
 ♦'countrj' of the Koords;" (anc. OrrdiwJne or GorihifMe ; the 
 country of the C(irdii/chi.) an extensive region of West Asia, 
 mostly between lat. .34° and .38° N.. and Ion. 42° and 47° E., 
 and shared between Turkey and Persia: Turkish Koordis- 
 fcm t)eing mostly comprised in the pashalic of Bagdad, and 
 Persian Knordistan in the province of Irak-Ajemee. Area, 
 estimated at 500.000 square miles, but its limits are ill-de- 
 fined. Pop. 3.000,000(?)of which four-fifths are Koords. The 
 surface is mountainous, especially in the N., where Mount 
 Bisutoon (liisuttin') rises to 12.000 teet. The principal rivers 
 are the Tigris, and the Zab Aid. Zab Asfel. and Dialah, its 
 affluents. Cattle rearing is the chief occupation of the popu- 
 lation, and large numliers of sheep and goats are annually 
 transported hence to Constantinople. Aleppo, etc. The Turk- 
 ish are more settled in their h.'\bits than the Persian Koords; 
 but a large proportion of the population wander in hordes 
 over the country, wliich is very imperfectly subjected to 
 either the Turkish or I'ersian sovereigns. They are a stout, 
 dark race, well formed, with dark hair, small eyes, wide 
 mouth, and a fierce look. Almost every man is mounted, 
 and is provided either with javelins about 3 feet 9 inches 
 long, or a bow of horn nearly ti teet long, and a well-supplied 
 leathern quiver. The sling, which Xenophon .saw when he 
 pas.sed through the country with the 10,000 Greeks, is still 
 in use. The language is of the same stock as the modern 
 Persian. The great body of the Koords are Mohammed.ans. 
 The women, unlike those of most other Asiatic nations, are 
 eaid to te treated with miich respect, while marriage is re- 
 garded as a sacred and indissoluble tie. The Koords were 
 known to the ancients under the name of Carduchi. Under 
 the ancient Persian monarchy they were included partly in 
 the province of Assyria, and partly in that of Media. The 
 famous Sultan Saladin was a Koord. The population of the 
 Turkish portion of Koordistan is supposed by Chesney to 
 exceed 2,500.000. The princip.al towns are Arbil, Altoon 
 Kupri. and Kerkook. KA]. Koor'dish: inhab. Koord. 
 
 KOORDMUIIULEII, koord-moo-hoo'lJh, a village of Per- 
 sia, in Mazanderan. 23 miles W. by N. of .\strabad. I'op. 1000. 
 
 KOORGin-NOR, koor'ghee-nor. or ALAKT-UGUL-XUR, 
 4-l4kt'-oo-^ool-noor. a lake of Asiatic Rnssia, government of 
 Omsk. n..<ar lat. 45° 30' N., and Ion. lO0° E. It contains 
 islands, receives several rivers, but has no outlet. 
 
 KOOHILE, KOURII.E or KURILK (koo'ril) ISLANDS.* a 
 ?roup or about 25 islands in the Xorth Pacific, extending 
 from Kamtchatka to Japiin, of which latter dominions the 
 three southernmost form a part, the rest belonging to Rus- 
 sia, l)etween lat. 43° 40' and 57° X.. and Ion. 145° and 150° E. 
 Ihey fextend in length more than 700 miles. Total esti- 
 mate-J area, 3070 square miles. The population is uncertain, 
 tut small. The surface is very irregular. There are many 
 Volcanic mountain!?, some rising to ROOO feot in elevation. 
 The inhabitants are partly Kamtchadales. and partly Ainoa, 
 i'I'noce.)a tribe which appears to belong to the same race as 
 he Japanese. They live mostly by hunting and fishing, i 
 ; — j 
 
 * KoORiLE i3 supposed to be derived from Kooroo Mit.ti, t. «. I 
 lie " road of sea-weeds," (h)oroo signifying a •' sea-weed,") the , 
 name bestowed by the intiabitauts of Yesso upon this insular chaiu. 
 ..Malce Brun.) j 
 
 the products of which they barter to Russian, .American 
 Japanese, and Dutch traders. The chief islands are Itooroop. 
 Koonasheer, Paranioosheer, Ooroop, and Amakootaii. The 
 two islands ne>arest to the continent of Asia were discovered 
 by the Russians in 1713, who took them from Kamtchatka; 
 in 1720. five were known. Since that time, the remainder 
 
 have all been visited liy different navigators. Inhab 
 
 KooRiuAN (KuRiLiAV.) koo-riKean. 
 
 KOORJAH, koor'j^, a considerable town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, district, and 30 miles N.X.W. of All 
 ghur. in lat. 2S° 18' N.. Ion. 77° 51' E. 
 
 KOORX AG ALLEE. a town of Ceylon. See Korxeqal. 
 
 KOORSK, KOURSK or KURSK, koowsk, a government in 
 the S. of European Russia, bounded E. by Voronezh, S. by 
 Kharkov,' W. by Tchernlgov. and X. by .Orel. Area, 17,SS2 
 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1.665,215. The surface is flat, 
 or undulating; the soil is very fertile, and nearly all occu- 
 pied in agriculture. The manufactures comprise coarse 
 woollens, leather, tallow, soap, saltpetre, and pottery. It is 
 the most denselv populated of anv uovernment in Ru.ssia. 
 
 KOORSK. KtiURSK or KURSK, a city of Russia, capital 
 of the above government, situated on the Seim. 290 miles 
 S.S.W. of Moscow, in lat. 51° 40' N.. Ion. 3t;° 28' E. Pop. 
 27,056. It is the scat of a Greek eparchy, and of the bishops 
 of Koorsk and Bielgorod, and has a gymnasium and a theo- 
 logical seminary. It has manufactures of leather, wax, and 
 tallow, and an active commerce. 
 
 KOOR^^■YE or KOORWEY. koor-wf. a town of Ilindos- 
 tan, dominions, and 140 miles S. of Gwalior, on the Befwah. 
 
 KOOS, KOUS or KUS, koos. (anc. Ai>niniinpl„bx J'<ir'va.) a 
 town of Upper Egypt, 16 miles S. of Keneh, on the right 
 bank of the Xile. 
 
 KOOSHAN, KOUSIIAX or KUSHAN, koo'shiin'. one of 
 the most frequented passes across the Hindoo Konsli. from 
 Afghanistan into Toorkistan. Lat. 35° 37' N., Ion. 68° 55' E. 
 Its summit is estimated to be 15.(M)0 feet in height. 
 
 K(X)SHAX or K( »UCII AN. koo'shdn', a mountain of China, 
 about 40 miles N.VV. of Koo-Choo. 
 
 KOOSIIK. kcoshk. a river of Afghanistan, joins the Moor- 
 ghaub or Awb-i-Moor in lat. 36° 16' N., and Ion. C2° 32' E., 
 after a course of aliout 130 miles. 
 
 KOOSHK, a village and fort of AfL'hanistan, on a river of 
 the same name, .about 40 miles N. by E. of Herat. 
 
 KOOSKOVIME. KOUSKOVI.ME or KUSKOVIME, koos- 
 ko-veem'. orKOlISKOGUIM. koos-ko-gweem'(?)a riverof Rus- 
 sian America, falls into Behring's Sea abiiut 150 mile' ^'. 
 of Bristol Bay. It is rapid and encumbered with shoais. 
 Its course is above 300 miles. 
 
 KOOSXETSK. KOUZNETSK, KUSNETSK or KUZ- 
 NETZK. koos-njtsk', a town of .\siatic Russia, government 
 of Tomsk, on the Tom, 150 miles E.N.E. of Barnaul. P. 21 20. 
 
 KOUTA, KOUTA. or KUTA, kno'tL a river of Siberia, 
 government of Irkootsk. joins the Lena. Length. 220 miles. 
 
 KlX)TAIAII, a town of Asia Minor. See Kutaikh. 
 
 KOOTAIS. KOUT.'VIS. KUTAIS. koo-tis'. or KOTAIS, ko- 
 tls', (anc. Oitutisf) the capital town of_ Imeretia. jtussian 
 Transcaucasia, and anciently the citpital of Colchis. 63 miles 
 E.S.K. of Redoot-Kale. on the Kion (Phasis.) Pop. 3000, 
 nearly h.alf Jews. 
 
 KOOTANIK. See MacGti.iivrat's River. 
 
 KOOTKX, k6't?n. a village of Holland, province of Fries- 
 land. 11 miles E. of Leenwarden. Pop. 027. 
 
 KOOTUBDEA, koo'tflt.Mee'a. an island in the Bav of Ben- 
 gal, on the W. coast of Chittagong, in lat. 21° 56' 30" N., Ion. 
 93° 45' E. Length. 12 miles. 
 
 KOOZ^NETS, KOUZXETS or KUSNETZK, koos-nJtsk', 
 a town of the Russian dominions, government, and 110 
 miles N.N.E. of Sar.atov. Pop. 10,626, employed in tanning, 
 iron-works, and tradinir in timber. 
 
 KOPCSENY. kopVhifi'. KITSEE. kit/s.V, a market-town 
 of lluntrarv. oo. of Wieselburg. 4 miles from Presburg. 
 
 KOI>EXIIAGEX. See CopENnAOEX. 
 
 KOPEXICK, (Kopenick.) kiVpeh-nik', a town of Bianden- 
 burg. on an island formed by the Spree and Dahme. and on 
 the railw.ny from Berlin to Frankfort. 8 miles S.E. of Berlin. 
 It has an old royal palace, now used as a military depot. 
 Pop. 2300. 
 
 KOPIDIX'O, ko-pe-dee'no. a town of Bohemia, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Bidschow. Pop. 1010. 
 
 KOPINO. (Koping.) chii'ping. a town of Sweden. l!T?n, and 
 20 miles S.W. of Westerag, at the W. extremity of the Maa- 
 lar Lake. Pop. 1300. who export iron. 
 
 KOPNITZ. (Kopnitz,) kSp'nits. a small town of Prus-i-ian 
 Poland. 45mile,s S.W.of Posen. on the right bank of the Obra. 
 
 KOPREIXICZ A, a town of Austria. See Kopreixitz. 
 
 KOPREINITZ, ko'prr-nits\ or KOPREIXICZA, kopri- 
 nifsd, (Ilun. Knproncza, k5h'pront's0h\) a town of .\ustri.a, 
 Croatia, 27 miles E.S.E. of Warasdin, with a strong castle. 
 Pop. 3650. 
 
 KOPRILI, ko-pree'lee. a town of European Turkey,' in 
 Macedonia. 23 miles S. of Uskup, stated to have 1 000 houses. 
 
 KOPRZYWMCA. kop-zhiv-neet'sd. a town of Russian Po- 
 land. 10 miles S.Vl'. of .Sandomier. Pop. 1075. 
 
 KOPTOS. a town ot Upoer Egypt. See KcFT. 
 
 KOPUL, ko-pttl', or COPADL, Uo-pa-,?!', a fortified towu of 
 
 997 
 
KOP 
 
 KOS 
 
 Hlndos.'f %, 1" esi(]en(?7 of Bombay, 130 miles 'W.S.'W. of Kur- 
 nool. In 1790 it capitulated to the Nizam's army, after a six 
 months' siege, and in 1819, when in possession of a rebel- 
 lious governor, was stormed by the British. 
 
 KOI'UltTIIKfXA or XiOI'URTELLA, ko-pfir-tglla, or 
 KUP'PURTUI/^A. a town of Hindnsten. in the Punjab, be- 
 tween L>j>diiina and Lahore. Lat. 31'=' 21' N., Ion. 7-1° 21' E. 
 
 KOPYL, ko-pil'. a town of Russia, government, and 55 
 m.les S.S.W. of Minsk. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KOPYH, ko-pis', a town of liussia, Rovernment, and .10 
 miles y. nf Moheelev, on tUe Dnieper. Pop. of the town, 1100. 
 
 KORAH, ko^ra. a town of British InJi.i. presidency of 
 Bengal. Upper pro-vinces. 25 miles S. of Cawnpoor. 
 
 KOUAMAS. c river of .\Kia Minor. See Kara Soo. 
 
 KORAMDERl-;!!, ko-rdm'd;?h-reh, a town of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Irak-Ajemee. 
 
 KORAN A, ko-i'd'ud, a river of Austria, issues from I>ake 
 Plittvicza, and, after a circuitous N. course of about 60 
 miles, joins the Kulpa near Carlstadt. 
 
 KORAN KG, ko-rdu'ko. or KOORANKO,koo-rJn'ko. a terri- 
 tory of West Africa, E. of Sierra Leone, may be said to be 
 between lat. 8° 20' and 9° 20' N., Ion. 9° 40' and 11° 30' W. 
 Of this redon very little is known. 
 
 KORASSAN, a province of Persia. See Khorassan. 
 
 KORB, koRb, a village of Wurtemberg, bailiwick of Waib- 
 liniri-n. Pop. 1226. 
 
 kORBACII. a town of (5erm.-iny. See Corbach. 
 
 KORDOFAN, kor-do-fin'. a country of Central Africa, 
 mostly between lat. 11° and 15° N., and ion. 28° and 32° E., 
 having on the E. Sennaar, and on the W. Darfoor. and now 
 comprised in the Egyptian dominions. The Bahr-el-.\biad 
 (White Nile) traverses its S.E. part. Formerly many slaves 
 were sent from it into Egypt; but this trade appears to 
 have been checked. The inhabitants consist of three dis- 
 tinct races: — the negroes or aborigines, the Arabs or free 
 people, and those who have emigrated from Dongola. The 
 Dongolawee (Dongolavi) are the most opulent, and nearly 
 the whole of the export trade is in their hands; they are 
 represented as being notorious liars, ungrateful, and di.s- 
 honesl. Kordofan was subdued by Mohammed Alee in 
 1820. Pop. estimated at 400,000. Principal town. El Obeid. 
 
 KOREE, koVee', the easternmost arm of the Indus River, 
 at its Delta, dividing Siude from Cutch. Lat. 23° 30' N., 
 Ion. 68° 25' E. Its mouth, 7 miles in width, is navigable 16 
 miles to Cotasir. 
 
 KOREMOZ. a branch of the Euphrates. See Kara-Soo. 
 
 KORENICSA or KORENITSA, ko-rA-nee'cha. (Ober. o'ber, 
 and U>'TER. odn'ter,) two nearly contiguous villages of Aus- 
 trian Croatia, 60' miles S.S.E. of Carlstadt. Pop. of Ober- 
 Korenicsa, 1854; of Unter-Korenicsa. 1870. 
 
 KOItENN.ilA, ko-rJn-nI'd, a village of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 18 miles N.N.W. of Koorsk, with a convent fro. 
 quented by pilgrims, and one of the largest fairs in liussia. 
 
 KORETS or KORETZ, ko-rJts', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Volhynia, circle of Ostrog. Pop. 1500. 
 
 KORGO, kor'go. a small island in" the Persian Gulf. 2 
 miles N. of the island of Karak. Lat. 29° 23' N., Ion. 50° 17' E. 
 
 KORIAKOV or KORIAKOW, kor-yd-kov'. a village and 
 fort of A.siatie liussia, government, and 250 miles S.E. of 
 Omsk, on the Irtish, near a salt lake of its own name. 
 
 KORITSCHAU, ko're-cliawS a market-town of Austria, 
 in Moravia, 30 miles E.S.E. of Briinn. Pop. 1450. 
 
 KOKK. koRk, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, 
 on the Kinzig, and on the railway to Appenweier, 8 miles 
 N.N.W. of Offenburg. Pop. 1100. 
 
 KORLIN, koR-leen', a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 17 
 miles S.W. of Koslin. Pop. 2361. 
 
 KORMOND, (Kormond.)orK0ERM0END,koR'm5nd', a 
 town of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, at the confluence of the 
 Pinka with the Raib, 15 miles S. of Steinamanger. It has 
 a magnificent old ca^tle, formerly belonging to Prince Bathy- 
 Hny. Pop. 3400. 
 
 KORNA, kor'nl, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of 
 Bagdad at the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, 38 
 miles N.W. of Bassorah. 
 
 KORNEGAL. kor-n-'l-gSK KORNEGALLE or KOORNA- 
 GALLEE, koor-na gdl'lee, a town of Ceylon, 48 miles N.E. of 
 Colombo. I^'it. 7"^ 27' N.. Ion. 8° 27' E. 
 
 KORNELMUNSTER. (Kornelmunster.) koR/nel-mtin'ster, 
 a village of Rhenish Prussia, government, and 4 miles S.E. 
 of Aix-Ia-Chapelle. Pop. 800. 
 
 KORNEUBURG. koR'noi'booRO, a town of Lower Au.stria. 
 capital of a circle, on the left bank of the Danulie. 9 miles 
 N.N.W. of Vienna, and on the railway to Stockerau. I'op. 
 2470. ^ 
 
 KORNIIAUS, koRnliOwsR. a market-town of Rohemia, 
 circle of Rakonitz, 24 miles W.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 1045. 
 
 KORNWESTIIEIM, koRn'*Jst'hIme. a village of Wtirtem- 
 berg. circle of Neckar. with mineral baths, on the railway 
 betaveen Stuttgart and Bietigheim, S. of Ludwigsburg. 
 KORO, one of the Feejee Islands. See Goro. 
 KO'RO, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. 
 KOROLOVKTZ. a town of liussia. See Krolevets. 
 KO'liON. a fortified seaport town of Greece, on the Gulf of 
 Koron, 7 mi'es N.W. of Cape Gallo. 
 998 
 
 KORONOWO, a town of Prussia. See Krove. 
 
 KOROP', a town of Rus.sia. government, and 80 miles E. 
 of Tchernigov. on a stream of its own name. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KORORARIKA or KOliORAREKA. ko-ro-rS-reeHid. a setr 
 tlement of New Zealand, on the Bay of Islands, on the N.E. 
 coast of the island, and flourishing until destroyed by the 
 native chief Ileki in 1845. It is the seat of a. Jesuit mission. 
 
 KOROS, koMcish'. a river of East Hungary, rises by several 
 heads in Transylvania, flows W., and, after a course of 200 
 miles, joins the Theiss at Csongrad. 
 
 KOllOS. Kis, kish kij'rosh', or Little Kohos, a market- 
 town of Hungary, co., and 45 miles .S.K. of Pesth. Pop. 54.33. 
 
 KOIiOS, Nagy, niidj kb^ash', or Great KoRiis, a market- 
 town of Hungary, in Hither Danube, co.. and 49 miles E. of 
 Pesth, in a fertile but somewhat marshy district. It con- 
 tains Protestant, Greek, and Roman Catholic churches, a 
 synagogue, and a Protestant gymnasium, with a libjary, and 
 has a considerable trade in wool and cattle. Pop. 18.500. 
 
 KOROS-BANYA, koVosh' b,in'y(ih\ or ALLENBURG. iV- 
 len-lxJoUQ^, a town of Hungary, co. of Zarand, on the KbrOs, 
 with gold-mines. Pop. 2200. 
 
 KoROS. LADANY, lohMdB' kii'nish', a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Bfkes, 25 miles N.W. ofGyula. Pop. 3358. 
 
 KOUOTAYAK, KOROTAIAK, KOKOTAJAK, ko-ro-tii- 
 ydU', or KOKOTi )I AK. a town of Russia, government, and 48 
 miles S. of Voronezh, on the right bank of the Don. P. 7000. 
 
 KOROTCIIA. ko-ro/chd. or K AROTCHA. kd-ro'chi. a town 
 of Russia, government, and 68 miles S.E. of Koorsk. Pop. 
 10,000. It is well built, and has several churches. 
 
 KORPO, koR'po. an island of Finland, l.-en. and 35 miles 
 S.W. of Abo. in the Baltic. Circuit about 18 miles. 
 
 KORS.VBAD. a village of Asiatic Turkev. See Khors.^bab. 
 
 KORSOR, (Korsor,) or KORSOER. kor'.soR\ a .seaport town 
 of Denmark, island of Seeland. on the Great Belt. 04 miles 
 W.S.W. of Copenhagen. It has good docks, and a harbor 
 which admits vessels drawing from 17 to 18 feet, and is de- 
 fended by a fort. Steamboats and other vessels ply regularly 
 between Korsor and Nvborg. Pop. 1600. 
 
 KORTGENE, koRtni.Vneh. or KORTGEEN, koTifHAn', a 
 village of the Netherlands, province of Zealand. Lsland of 
 North Beveland, 5 miles N.W. of (ioes. Pop. 921. 
 
 KOIiTI. koR'tee. a town of Nubia, on the left bank of the 
 Nile, 48 miles E. of Old Dongola. 
 
 KORT'RIGIIT, a post-village and township in the \. part 
 of Delaware Co., New York, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 Pop. 2023. 
 
 KORTRYK. a town of Beldum. See Coprteai. 
 
 KORTSHEVA or KORTSCHEWA, koRt-shA'vd. a town of 
 Rus.sia. government, and 40 miles E. of Tver, on the Volga, 
 with 1207 inhabitants, and an active export trade. 
 
 KORWESTHEIM, koR'*esthIme\ a village of WUrtem- 
 berg, circle of Neckar. Pop. 1341. 
 
 KOS. an isl.ind and culf of Asiatic Turkey. See Cos. 
 
 KOSCHENTIN, koshVnteen', a village of Prus.sia, pro- 
 vince of Silesia, government of Oppeln. Pop. 1454. 
 
 KOSCHING, kosh'ing, a market-town of Upper Bavaria, on 
 an old Roman road. 30 miles W.S.W. of Ratisbon. P. 1140. 
 
 KOSCHLAN. kosh'ldn. a market-town of Itohemia, circle 
 of Rakonitz. with a parish church. Pop. 1320. 
 
 KOSCinilN. a town of Prussia. See KozMix. 
 
 KO.SCIUSKO. (kos-se-as1<o.) MOUNT, of Australia, in Tio 
 toria, is the most lofty of the Australian Alps, at the head 
 of tile river Murray. Elevation, 6500 feet. 
 
 KOSCIUS'KO, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 558 square miles. It is drained by the Tippecanoe 
 River and Turkey Creek: and contains a few .small lakes. 
 The surface is mostly undulating, and the soil fertile. It 
 is intersected by tlie Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago 
 Railroad. Organized in 1836. Capital, War.saw. Pop. 17.41S. 
 
 KOSCIUSKO, a post-village, capital of Attala co.. Missis- 
 sippi, on a branch of Pearl River, about 70 miles N.N.E. of 
 Jackson. It contains 3 churches. 3 academies, and 2 or 3 
 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853. 602 
 
 KOSE or EL KOSE. .See Kl Kos. 
 
 KOSEL. ko'zel. a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, 26 
 miles S.S.E. of t')ppfln. on the Oder, and at the junction of 
 the railway fiom Breslau to Cracow. Pop. 3559. 
 
 KOSEL, ALT, dlt ko/zfl, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, S. 
 of Kosel. 
 
 KOSELETS or KOSELETZ. ko-sA-lMs', a town of Russia, 
 government, and 40 miles S.S.W. of Tchernigov, on the Oster, 
 Pop. 3749. It has a cathedral and a fort. 
 
 KOSFELD. (Kiisfeld.) or KOESFELD. kiis'fMt, a walled 
 town of Prussia, in Westphalia. 20 miles W. of Mlinst(«r. It 
 has 2 castles. 3 churches and ch.ipels. a synagogue, a gym- 
 nasium, and an hospital. Pop. 3510. 
 
 KOSHAKEA. a town of Transylvania. See KoLOS. 
 
 KOSIPKONONG', a post-village and township in the S. 
 part of Jefferson co., Wisconsin, near the lake of the same 
 name. Pop. 2023. 
 
 KOSIIKONONG CREEK, of Wisconsin, rises in Dane 
 county, and empties itself into the lake of its own n..me. 
 
 KOSIIKONONG L.\KE, in Wisconsin, an e.\p!vnsion of 
 Rock River, in the S.W. part of Jefferson co.,is near 8 nn'lea 
 long and 3 or 4 miles wide. It is from 3 to 12 foot deep. 
 
 zJi 
 
KOS 
 
 KOU 
 
 KOSTKI (ko-see'kee) ISLANDS, of Japan, In lat. 31° 40' N., 
 Ion. 12!)° 42' K., suirounded by rocks on all sides. 
 
 KOSl MA, ko-see'md, an island of Japan, in lat. 41° 21' 
 80" N.. Ion. 139° 46' E., of volcanic origin. 10 miles in circuit. 
 
 KOSITZE, a town of Iluntrary. See K.vsciiAU. 
 
 KOSLIX, (Koslin.) a town of Prussia. See CcisLlN. 
 
 KOSLOV or KOSLOW. kos-lov', a town of Kussia. gorern- 
 ment. and 52 miles W.S.W. of Tam1x)v, on the Lesnoi Vo- 
 ronezh. It contains 8 churches and a monastery, and has a 
 considerahle trade in cattle and tallow. Pop. 8000. 
 
 KOSLOV or KOSLOW, a town of Kussia. See Kcpatoru. 
 
 KOSMODEMIA.NSKor KOSMODKMJAXSK, kos-mo-d6m- 
 ySnsk', a town of Russia, government, and 103 miles W.N.W. 
 of Kazan, on the right bank of the Volga. Pop. 6000. 
 
 KOSMODEMIAXSK or KOSMODEMJAXSK, a town of 
 Russia. 60 miles X.X.E. of Tambov. 
 
 KOS.MOXOS, a village of Bohemia. See Kossmannos. 
 
 KOSSEIR or COSSEIR, kos'sAr', a seaport town of Upper 
 Egypt, on the W. coast of the Ked Sea, 95 miles E. of Keneh. 
 Lat. 2(i° 8' X., Ion. 34° 15' E. Pop. from 1500 to 2000. It is 
 an entrepot for the trade between Egypt and Arabia, and is 
 defended by a citadel. Old Kosseir "is 6 miles X.W. of the 
 above. 
 
 KOSSMAXXOS, koss'mdn-nos, or KOSMOXOS, kos/mo-nos, 
 a village of Bohemia, 3 miles X.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1310. 
 
 KOSSOVO, kos-so'vo, or KASSOVO, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Room-Elee, 7 miles X.E. of Pristina. Near it 
 was fought the battle in which the Turks annihilated the 
 independence of Servia, June 15. 1389. 
 
 KoSSUTII, (Ilun. pron. ko'shoof.) a new county in the 
 N.X.W. part of Iowa, has an area of 570 si|uare miles. It is 
 intersected by a large branch of the Des Moines River, which 
 itself traverses the S.W. part of the county. Capital, Algona. 
 Named in honor of the renowned Hungarian patriot, Louis 
 Kossuth. I>op. in 1*^60, 416. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-office of VV.^shington co., Maine. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-office of Clarion co.. Pennsylv.ania. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-oftice of Tishemingo co., SlississippL 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-office of Washington co., Indiana. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a po.st-village of Boone co., Illinois, 90 miles 
 N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-office of Clarke co., Missouri. 
 
 KOSSUTH, Impost-office of Des Moines co.. Iowa. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a township of Columbia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-village of Racine co., Wisconsin. 
 
 KO.STAIXICZA, kos-tl-neet'sa, or KOSTANITZ. kos'ta- 
 nits\ a town of Austriun Croatia, on the military frontier, 
 20 miles S.E. of Petiinia. Pop. 3150. 
 
 KOSTAMBUL, in Asia Minor. See Kastamoonee. 
 
 KOSTAXITZ. kos'ti-ueets\ a town of European Turkey, in 
 Room-i;iee, S. of the Balkan, 130 miles W.N.W. of Adrianople. 
 
 KOSTEL, kos'tel, a town of Austria, in Moravia, on the 
 Thaya. 28 miles S'.S.E. of lirlinn. Pop. 1700. 
 • KOSTEL, a town of Austria, in Carniola, with a castle 
 near the Kulpa, 45 miles S.E. of Laybach. 
 
 KOSTELETZ. kos'teh-l4ts\ or KOSTELETZ-AM-ADLEIl- 
 FLUSSE, kos'teh-Uts'-.^m-d'dler-tloos'sfh, a town of Bohe- 
 mia, on the Adler, 17 miles E.S.E. of Koniggriitz. Pop. 
 2565. 
 
 KOSTELETZ or KOSTELETZ-AX-DER-ELBE, kos'tgh- 
 lhts'^ Hn dJr Jl'bfh. a town of Bohemia, 23 miles N.W. of 
 Kaurzim. on the Elbe. I'op. 1495. 
 
 KOSTELETZ. kos'teh-lets\ a town of Austria, in Moravia, 
 12 miles S.W. of Olmiitz. Pop. 1356. 
 
 KOSTELKTZ, SCHWARZ, (shwMs) a small town of Bo- 
 hemia. N.W. of Kaurzim. Pop. 1800. 
 
 KOSTEN, kos'ten, a town of Prus.sian Poland, 20 miles 
 S.AV. of Posen, on "the Obra. Pop. 2210. 
 
 KOSTEN BLUT, kos't5>n-bl«)t\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 
 19 miles W. of Breslau. Pop. S18. 
 
 KOSTEXDIL, in European Turkey. See Ohiustenbil. 
 
 KOSTIAXSK or COSTIAXSK. kos-te-dnsk'. a town of 
 Russia, on the Don, government, and 22 miles S.S.W. ol 
 Voronezh. Near it, on the banks of the Don. in 1768. Gmelin 
 found manv elephants' bones, but little decomposed. 
 
 KO.STRltZ. ^Kostritz.) kos'trits, a village of Germany, 
 principality of Reuss-Gera, on the Elster, 4 miles N.W. of 
 Gera. Pop. 1300. 
 
 KOSTROMA, kos-tro'mS, a river of Russia, joins the Volga 
 at Kostroma, after a S. course of 130 miles, for the most 
 part of which it is navigable. 
 
 KOSTROMA, a government of European Russia, near its 
 centre. Area, 31,790 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,020,628. 
 Nearly the entire surface is pasture-land and forests, ex- 
 cept a small part in the S.W.. which belongs to the manu- 
 taeturiiig district of Central Russia. 
 
 KOSTROMA, a city of European Russia, capital of the 
 government of Kostroma, 200 miles X.E. of Moscow, at the 
 confluence of the Kostroma and the Volga. Pop. 14.000. 
 It is the capital of a Greek eparchy, and the see of the bishops 
 Of Kostroma and Galiteh, and has a gymnasium, and msi- 
 liufactures of leather, cloth, I'russian blue, soap, and candles. 
 It has a fine cathedral, and a foundry of bells. 
 
 KOSVA or KOSWA, kos'vd, a river of Russia, rises in the 
 
 government of Perm, flows first S.W, then V.'.. ind.joiiii* 
 the Kama, on the left, after a coursi. of nearly 180 niiled. 
 
 KOSAVIGK, a town of Central Germany. See CoswiG. 
 
 KOSZKGH, (Ko.'Zegh.) a town of Hungary. See GCNH. 
 
 KOSZTA, a post-office of Iowa co.. Iowa. 
 
 KOT or KOTE is the initial name of numerous small 
 towns of Xorthwest Ilindostan. 
 
 KOTAII, ko'td, a populous and strongly fortified town of 
 Ilindostan, on the Chumbul, KtO miles S.W. of Agra, in l.at 
 25° 9' N., Ion. 75° 5' E., is entered l)y double gateways, and 
 has some good baz;iars, numerous temples, and substantial 
 dwellings, a palace, and manufactures of cloths, Ac. 
 
 KOTAH. a Rajpoot state of Ilindostan, sul)sidiary to the 
 British. It is enclosed by the Gwalior. Odeypoor, and 
 Kishenagur dominions, has an area of 4400 square nules, 
 and is among the most flourishing native states of India. 
 
 KOTEGHUR, koHeh-gtlr', (Hindoo. KaC.'i/hani. ka-td-gd'- 
 ri.) a fortified town of North Ilindostan, in (iurliwal. capital 
 of a chiefship near the Sutlej. 43 miles E. of lielaspnor. . 
 
 KOTE-KAXGRA or KOT-KANORA, kOt-kdn-'grd, a large 
 and strong hill-fortress and town of the Punjab, in the 
 Himalayas. 127 miles E.N.E. of L.ihore. Lat. 31° 57' X., Ion. 
 76° 4' E. It surrendered to the British in 1S46. 
 
 KOTELNITCH or KOTELXITSCH, ko-t5l-neetch' or ko- 
 t?l-nitch', a town of Russia, government, and 50 miles S.W. 
 of Viatka. near the Viatka River. Pop. 3962. 
 
 KOTELNOI, ko-tSl-noi', an island of Siberia, the principal 
 of an extensive group N. of Sviatoi-Nos. Jn the Arctic 
 Ocean, beyond the mouth of the Lena, between lat. 74° 30* 
 and 76° 10' N., Ion. 140° E. It is a desolate mass of rocky 
 mountains, 130 miles long and 70 miles liroad. 
 
 KOTEKAII or KOaElJEEN two towns of Central Ilindos- 
 tan, dominion, and W. of Bhopaul. 
 
 KOTG .41111. koOgar', a village in the N. of Ilindostan, 23 
 miles N.W. of Simla. 
 
 KOTHEN, (KSthen,) KOETHEX. or COTHEX. (Ciithen.^ 
 ko'ten, a town of Germany, formerly capital of the duohy of 
 Anhalt-Kijthen.and at the junction of thi» Anhalt and Rerlin, 
 and Leipsic and Magdeburg Iftiihvays, 19 miles X. of Halle. 
 Pop. 6136. It has two ducal palaces, a nonnal school, an in- 
 stitution for noble ladies, a theatre, and manufactures of 
 woollen cloths and linens. 
 
 KoTI or COTI. ko'tee. KOETL koo'tee. or KOTI LAMA, 
 ko'tee Id'nid. a little-known district or state on the E. coast 
 of the island of Borneo, on the Strait of Maca.ssar. 
 
 KOTI. the capital of the above district, on an island in 
 the chief arm of the river Koti, 6 miles from its mouth, in 
 lat. 0° 58' S., Ion. 117° 10' E. It contains the rajah's palace. 
 
 KOTI. a river in the island of Borneo, falls into Koti Bay, 
 on the Strait of Macassar. Total course, about 300 miles. 
 
 KOTIEBOR, a town of Bohemia. See Chotieborz. 
 
 KOTIEXITZ or CHOTKXIC. ko'tee-nit.s'. a town of Bo- 
 hernia, 17 miles E. by X. of Chnulim. Pop. 1091. 
 
 KOTIESCHAU. a town of Bohemia. See CrioTiESCHAC. 
 
 KOT-KAXGRA. a hill fortress. See Kote-Kanora. 
 
 KOTOROST, ko-to-rostA a river of Russia, issues from 
 Lake Nero, in the government of Yaroslav. and joins the 
 Volga, at the town of Yaroslav. after a coui-se of 90 miles. 
 
 KOTR.\, kot'rd. a large town of Central Ilindostan, near 
 the Gwalior Territorv, 20 miles E.S.E. of Ilindia. 
 
 KOTRAH. a townof Hundelcund, 80 miles S.E. of Gwalior. 
 
 KCTREE', a village of Sinde. on the Koree estuary, .and the 
 place of embark.ation between Hyderab.-jd and Cutch. 
 
 KOTREE, a village of Sinde. on the Indus, nearly opposite 
 Hyderabad, and an important military post. 
 
 KOTREE, a village of Sinde. on the route to Roree. 90 
 miles N.N.E. of Hyderab.ad. Lat. 26° 30' N.. Ion. 68° 48' E. 
 
 KOTREE. a village of Beloochistan, province of Cutch- 
 Gundava, 8 miles S.W. of Gundava. Lat. 28° 24' N., Ion. 
 67° 27' E., with a fort and a good bazaar. 
 
 KOTS. kotsh. a vjllage of Hungary, co., and 12 miles 
 S.S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 2552. 
 
 KOTTA-WARINGIN. kotM wd-rin-ghin', written also CO- 
 TARINGIN, a town on the S. coast of the island of Borneo, 
 on a river of its own name. Lat. 2° 47' S.. Ion. 111° 21' E. 
 
 KOTTA-W^\RIXGIX or COTARIXGIX. a river in the 
 island of Borneo, rises in a lake in the interior, and after a 
 S. by \Y. course of 85 miles, falls into the .lava .'ea. 
 
 KOTUSITZ, ko'too-zits\ a market-town of Bohemia. 4 miles 
 from Czaslau. In 1742 a battle was fought here between the 
 Austrians and Prussians, and the town was burnt. P. 1158. 
 
 KOTZKBUK (koVse-biO SOUND, Russian America, is an 
 inlet of the Behring Strait, between Capes Krusenstern and 
 Espenberg. Lat. 66° to e8° N., and Ion. 162° to 167° W. 
 
 KOTZSCHEXBRODA, kot'shen-broMd, a village of Saxony, 
 near Dresden. Pop. 1002. 
 
 KOTZTIXG. kiJts/ting, a town of Lower Bavaria, 36 miles 
 E.N.W. of itatisljon. Pop. 1436. 
 
 Ki>U AN(J-TOUNO and KOUAXG-PINQ. See QuASO-roxa 
 and QUANG-PlXG. 
 
 KOUARA and KOUARRL See Ni.iER. 
 
 KOUBA. See Kooba. KOUBAX. See Kooban. 
 
 KOUBETCin. a town. Russian Caucasus. See Koobetchi. 
 
 K0UIUX.\. a river of Russia. See Kooiiina. 
 
 KOUBINSKOE, a lake of Russia. See Koobin'skok. 
 
 999 
 
KOU 
 
 KOUCIIl?, 8 towT of Toorkistan. See Koochk. 
 
 KOUDKKEKK. b:iw'doh-k^Rk\ a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, 5 miles E.S.E. of Leyden, 
 on the Rhine. Pop. 1250. 
 
 KOUDKKERKK, kow'dfh-k^R'keh, a village of the Ne- 
 therldnd.s. province of Zealand, in the island of 'Walcheren, 
 8 miles S.W. of Middelburf:. Pop. 1211. 
 
 KOUDIJM, knw'dQm. a villaire of the Netherlands, province 
 of Friesland. 25 miles S.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 925. 
 
 KOUEI-HO. a river of China. See Kom-IIo. 
 
 KOUEI-LIXG. a cif v of China. See KwEiLiXG. 
 
 KOUEI-TE. a city of China. See Kw£i-te. 
 
 KOUKNLU\. See KUE.NLUN. 
 
 KOUt'A, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Koofa. 
 
 KODGHSTOWX, kilfs't6wn. a village of New Jersey, on 
 the line between Somei-set and Hunterdon coi!., 4 miles S.E. 
 of Flemington. 
 
 KOUIALXIK. two rivers of Rus.«i.i. See KooIAI.^'IK. 
 
 KOUK.-V. a town of Africa. See Kooka. 
 
 KOUKOU-KOTA or KHOTON. See Kookoo-Kota. 
 
 KOULKO, a town of AVest Africa. See KooLFO. 
 
 KOULKOUN. See Kue.nlu.v. 
 
 K(JUL0I, a river of Kussia. See Kooloi. 
 
 KOUM. See Koom. 
 
 KOU.M A. a vill.ige of Russia. See Kooma. 
 
 KOU.VASHIK, one oftheKoorile Islands. SeeKooxAsnEER. 
 
 KOUNDOUZ, a khanat and town of Asia. See Khoondooz. 
 
 KOUNGOUR, a town of Ku.ssia. See Koongoou. 
 
 KOUXGTOUN, a village of Burmah. See Kooxgtoox. 
 
 KOUXGUEL, a village of West Africa. See Koonguel. 
 
 KOUXIA. a river of Russia. See Koonia. 
 
 KOUPI.A.XSK, a town of Russia. See Koopiassk. 
 
 KOUR, a river of West Asia. See Kook. 
 
 KOURA.MAS, a river of Asia Minor. See Kara Soo. 
 
 KOURDISTAX. a country of West Asia. See KooRDlSTAN. 
 
 KOURILE ISLAXDS. See Koop.ile Islands. 
 
 KOURSK, a government of Russia. See KooRSK. 
 
 KOUS, a town of Upper Egypt. See Koos. 
 
 KOUSilAX, a pa.ss of the Hiudoo-Koosh. See Kooshan. 
 
 KOUSKOVIME. Russian America. See Kooskovime. 
 
 KOUSSIE, kuw'see, KOW/SIE RIVER, or SAND RIVER, 
 forms the N.W. boundary of the Cape Colony, in South 
 Africa, entei-s the Atlantic, in lat. 29° 40' S., Ion. 17° E. 
 
 KOUT.A.. a river of Asiatic Russia. See KooT.\.. 
 
 KOUTAIEH, a town of Aifia Minor. See Kitaieh. 
 
 KOUTAIS. a town of Asiatic Russia. See Kootais. 
 
 KOUTCHAX, a town of Persia. See Koochan. 
 
 KOUTCHE. a town of Chinese Toorkistan. See KoocHE. 
 
 KOUTCH VIXSK. a village of Russia. See KoocHVlNSK. 
 
 KOUZXETS or KOUZXETZ. See Kooznets. 
 
 KOVAJA. a town of Turkey. See Kavava. 
 
 KOVDO, KOWDO, kov'do, or KOVDUZERO, kor-do-zi'ro, 
 a lake of Russia, in the W. part of the government of Arch- 
 angel, about 30 miles long, by 24 miles broad, contains nu- 
 merous islands, and discharges itself by the river Kovda into 
 the Gulf of Kandalaska. 
 
 KOVKL or KOWKTj, ko-vfl', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Volhynia, 97 miles X.W. of Ostrog. Pop. 3200. 
 
 KOVESD, MEZO. See Mezo Kovezsd. 
 
 KOVXO or KOWXO, kov'no, (Ger. Kamn, kow'en; L. 
 Coima,) a town of Rus.sian Poland, government, and 58 miles 
 W.X.W. of Vilna, capital of a district, on the right bsnk of 
 the Xiemen, at the influx of the Svieta-Xiemen. Pop. 7006. 
 It has many religious establishments, including an old 
 Jesuit college. Large quantities of mead are brewed here, 
 and the town has an active trade in corn, kc. 
 
 KOWAIi or KOVAL, ko'vdl, a town of Poland, govern- 
 ment, province, and 80 miles W.X.W. of Warsaw: lat. 62° 
 32' X., Ion. 21° 30' E. Pop. 2350. 
 
 KOWAL.\'Q.\., a post-offlce of T.illapoosa co., Alabama. 
 
 KOWARA (or QUORRA) RIVER. See XlGEK. 
 
 KOWNO, a town of Russia. See Kovxo. 
 
 KOWRAII. kow'rd, a town of AVest Ilindostan, in Cutch, 
 In an oasis of the Runn, 36 miles N. of Ijhooj. 
 
 KOWHEEXAGUR, kow-ree-ndgQr'. a town of West Ilin- 
 dostan, in Guicowar's dominion, in the Guzerat peninsula, 
 10 miles X.X.W. of Diu-head. 
 
 KOWSIE. a river of South Africa. See Koussie. 
 
 KOZELSK. ko-zJlsk', a town of Russia, government, and 
 36 miles S.S.W. of Kalooga, on the Jizdra. Pop. 4800. It 
 was burned in 1777, and has since been regularly built. 
 
 KOZEP-AJTA, ko'zV T'ti5h\ a village of Transylvania, on 
 a stream of the same name, about 40 miles from Kronstadt. 
 Pop. 1185. 
 
 KOZIEGLOW, ko-z6-.Vglov'. a town of Russian Poland, 50 
 miles X.W. of Cracow. I'op. 1350. 
 
 KOZIENICE, koz-yA-neet/sA. a town of Poland. 65 miles 
 N.W. of Siindomier, on the left biink of the Vistula Pop. 
 2600. It was the birthplace of Sigismund I., King of 
 Poland. 
 
 K(^ZI.OV. a town of Russia. See KosLOV. 
 
 KOZLiOV. a town of Russia. See Eupatoria. 
 
 KOZLOWITZ, kol.s'luwii.s\ or K0Z1.0WICE, kozno-veet/- 
 aA. a village of Austria, iu Moravia, about 10 miles from 
 Freyburg. Pop. 1326. 
 1000 
 
 KRA 
 
 KOZMTN, koz-meen', or KOSCIDIIN, a town of Prussian 
 Poland, 47 miles S.S.E. of Posen, on the Obra. Pop. 3270. 
 
 KRA. (Island and Isthmus.) See Kkaw. 
 
 KRABBEXDIJKE or KRABBEXDYKE, krabOjen-dlke', 
 a village of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, in the 
 island of South Beveland, 11 miles S.E. of Goes. Pop. 726. 
 
 KRAFT, krdft, a village of Rhenish Prussia, goverment 
 of Coblentz, circle of Mayen, on a stream of its own name. 
 Pop. 1243. 
 
 KR AGEROE. (Krageroe.) krd'gher-5'f h, a town of Norway, 
 stift of Aggershuus. on an inlet of the "Skager-rack. 70 miles 
 N.E. of Christiansand. Pop. 1819. 
 
 KRAIBURG, kri'l (56rg. a market-town of Bavaria, on the 
 Inn, 45 miles E. of Munich. Pop. 900. 
 
 KKAILSHEIMorCRAILSIIEIM, krilsTiime, a town of 
 Wiirtemberg. on the Jaxt, 13 miles N. of Elhvangen, with 
 an ancient ctistle. Pop. 704. 
 
 KK.\IN. a province of Austria. See Carxiola. 
 
 KRAINBUUG. krin1<»Rg, or KRAIX, kriu, a town of II- 
 lyria. 15 miles X.W. of Lavbaeh. on the Save. Pop. 1712. 
 
 KRAJOVA or KRAIO'VA, krj-yo/vl the capital town of 
 Little Wallachia, near the left bank of the Schyl, 120 miles 
 W. of Bucharest. Pop. 8000. It has numerous churches, 
 and an active trade in salt, from neighboring mines. 
 
 KRAKATOA. krd-ki-to'd. or CROCKATOA, kro-kd-to'l an 
 island of the Malay Archipelago, Strait of Suuda. Lat. 6° 9' S., 
 Ion. 105° 29' E.. about 6 or 7 miles long, and 4 or 5 miles broad. 
 
 KRAKAU, a town of Poland. See Cp.acow. 
 
 KRAKOW, kriOiOv. a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin. on a lake. 33 miles S. of Schwerin. Pop. 1516. 
 
 KRAKOW, a town of Poland. See Cracow. 
 
 KRALIEVICZA, a town of Austria. See Porto Re. 
 
 KRALIXGEX. krdling-en. a parish and village of the 
 Netherlands, 3 miles X.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 3348. 
 
 KRALITZ. krd'lits, a market-town of Moravia, circle of 
 Olmutz, about 4 miles from Prossnitz. Pop. 900. 
 
 KRALOWITZ, kra/lo-«its\ or CYXADllUWY, tsin-l-dro'- 
 vee, a municipal town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.N.E. of Pilsen. 
 Pop. 1C36. 
 
 KRAMSACII, krlm's3K, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 
 circle of Schwatz, nejir Kattenberg. Pop. 881. 
 
 KRANENBURG or CRAXEXBCRG, ki-an'fn-bo<5Rg\ a 
 small town of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles W. of Cleves, with 
 a custom-hou.se, near the Xetherlands frontier, fop. IIOO. 
 
 KR.\XII0LM. krSn'holm, a small island of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Esthonia, in the Narow.i, (Xarova.) near Xarva. 
 
 KRAXICIIBERG, kr^'niK-b^Ro', or KRANABERG, krif- 
 ni-bSRG\ a village of Lower Austria, on the railway, neai 
 Glocknitz. Pop. 1090. 
 
 KRAXICHEELD, kri'niK-fJlt:, or KERAX'ICIIFELD', a 
 town of Sasony, jointly possessed by Saxe- Weimar and Saxe- 
 Meiningen. on the Ilm, 11 miles 8.W. of AVeimar. P. 1411. 
 
 K15AXIDI, krd'neeMee. a small town of Greece, govern- 
 ment of Argolis, 23 miles S.E. of Xauplia. The sittings of tlw 
 Greek senate were temporarily transferred here in 1823. Its 
 inhabitants are expert divers, and sponge-fishers. Pop. 3500. 
 
 KRANOWITZ. kra'no-«its\ or KRAXOWICE, a town of 
 Prussia, in Silesia, 50 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 2130. 
 
 KRAPIC, krd'pik, a village of Austrain Croatia, on the 
 Save, about 10 miles from .laszenov.icz. Pop. 1180. 
 
 KRAPIVXA or KRAPIWXA, kra-piv'na. a town of Rus- 
 sia, government, and 25 miles S.W. of Toola, on the Oopa. 
 
 KRAPPITZ, krdp'pits, a town of Prussia, in Silnsiii, 15 
 miles S. of Oppeln. on the left bank of the Oder. Pop. 1942. 
 
 KRASXIK, krds'nik. a town of Poland, government, and 
 28 miles S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 4120. 
 
 KRASXISTAW. krds-nis'tdv, a town of Poland, 34 miles 
 S.E. of Lublin, on the Wieprz. and a small lake. Archduke 
 Max, of Austria, was kept prisoner here iu 15S8, after being 
 defeated by Zamacsky. Pop. 2tH)0. 
 
 KRASXOE, krds'no-4, a town of Russia, government of 
 Podolsk, about 50 miles N. of Yampol. Pop. 1950. 
 
 KRASNOE-SZELO, (or SELO,) kris/no-A si^lo, a village 
 of Russia, government, and 18 miles S.S.E. of St. Peters- 
 burg, with distilleries, various manufactories, several schools, 
 an hospital for crown-peasiints, and a royal palace. 
 
 KRASNOI. krds-noi', a town of Russia, government, and 
 18 miles W.S.W. of Smolensk, on the Svinaia. Pop. 1732. 
 Here, on the 6th and 6th of November, 1812. the French, 
 retreating from Moscow, were defeated by the Russians. 
 
 KRAS.XOI, a town of llus.sia, government of Pskov, 36 
 miles S. of Ostrov. 
 
 KRASXOIARSK. See Krasnoyarsk 
 
 KKASNOI-KIIOLM. kris-noi' Kolm, a town of Russia, 
 government, and 95 miles N.E. of Tver. Pop. alwut 2000. 
 
 KRASXOI-YAR. krJs-noi'yaR. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 35 miles E.X.E. of Astrakhan, on an island iu the 
 Volga. Pop. 3000. 
 
 KRASX01-YAR,aTillage of Russia, government, and S.E. 
 
 KRASNokoOTSK, KRASNOKOUTSK or KRASNO 
 KUTSK, krds-no-kootsk', a town of Russia, gov.rnment, 
 and 41 miles W. of Kharkov, on the Merla. Pop. 48.5? 
 
 KRASXO-OOFIMSK, KRASXO-OUFl.MSK or KRASN(V 
 UFIMSK, kris^uo oo-feemsk', a town of Russia, ^ortrumesti 
 
KRA 
 
 KRI 
 
 and 110 miles from Perm, on the Oofa. Lat. 56° 42' N., Ion. 
 57° 40' E. It is surrounded by a wooden wall. Pop. 6000. 
 
 KKASXOI'OL, krd.s-no'pol, a town of Russian Poland, 12 
 miles E. of Puwalki. Pop. 533. 
 
 KRASNOI'OL, a town of Kussia, gOTernment of Volhynla, 
 42 miles S.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 KKASNOSLOBODSK. kr3s-no-slo-bodsk', a town of Rus- 
 sia, povernment, and 105 miles N.X.W. of Penza, on the 
 Moksha. Pop. 7762, who have an .ictive trade in corn. 
 
 KRASNO-U KI MSK. a town of Kussia. See Krasno-Oofimsk. 
 
 KRASNOYARSK, KRASXOIARSK. or KRASN'OJARSK, 
 krSs-no-yarsk', a town of Siberia, capital of the government 
 of Yeniseisk, in a fertile plain, on the Y'enisei, and on the 
 hi^h route between Tobolsk and Irkootsk. L;it. 6° N.. Ion. 
 92° 57' 10" E. Pop in 1850, 7000. It is the emporium of a 
 wide region, and has several churches, government offices, 
 a literary cliiVi. and manufactures of Russian leather. 
 
 KRASNYSTAV or KRASXYSTAW, kra.s-nis'tiv, written 
 also KRASXOSTOV. a town of Poland, government, and 
 30 miles S.K. of Lublin. Pop. 3016. 
 
 KRAST, krlst,atown of Bohemia, 11 miles from Chrudim. 
 Pop. 1648. 
 
 KRASZXA. kr3ss'noh\ or KARASZ'XA, a river, county, 
 and village of Transylvania; the river flows northward for 
 80 miles, and joins the Theiss near Nameny. On it, near 
 its course, is the villa,;:e,44 miles X.W. of Klausenburg, with 
 1670 inhabitants, and warm baths. 
 
 KRATZAU, krdt/zOw, or KRASA, kra'sl, a town of Bo- 
 hemia, 29 miles X. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1889. 
 
 KRATZ'KKSVILLE. a post-offlce.Snyderco,Pennsylvania. 
 
 KRAUCUTUAL, krdwK'tdl, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 9 miles X.E. of Bern. Pop. 1910. 
 
 KRAUXA. krow'nd, a town of Bohemia, 29 miles from 
 Chrudim. Pop. 1353. 
 
 KRAUTIIKIM, krOwfhlme, a town of Baden, circle of 
 Lower Rhine, not fur from the Jaxt. Pop. 1S21. 
 
 KRAW. KKA, KKAIi, krd, or POOLO KRA, poo^o kri, 
 two small islands, called the Xorth and South Kra, in the 
 channel I)etweeu the \V. side of Malacca, and the Island of 
 Poolo I'enang. 
 
 KRAW. kraw, (ISTU.MUS OF,) or LOWER SIAM, Sia- 
 mese dominion, connects the Malay Peninsula with the rest 
 of Further India, extending between lat. 9° and 12°X., with 
 a bre!*Llth of about 70 miles. Xear its centre is the town of 
 Kraw or Krah. 
 
 KRAWAXO, krJ-wJng', a Dutch residency of Java, on 
 the X. coast. Pop. 95,000. Capital, Poerwakarta. 
 
 KRAWARN, kra'waru, Deutsch. doitsh, a village of Prus- 
 sian SUesia. 36 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1038. 
 
 KREFELD, a town of Prussia. See Crefeld. 
 
 KREIBITZ. a town of Bohemia. See Kre¥I!ITZ. , 
 
 KKKIDERSVILLE, kri'ders-vill, a post-village of North- 
 ampton CO., Pennsylvania, 103 miles E.X'.E. of Ilarrjsburg. 
 
 KREISCIIA, kri'slid. a market-town of Saxony, cirele of, 
 and 10 miles from Bie.'iden. Pop. 1043. 
 
 KREMEXETS, krA-mSn-«s', or KREMMEXETZ, a town 
 of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, 36 miles 
 W,S.W.of Ostrog. Pop. 5700. It has several churches, and 
 a ruined citadel. 
 
 KREJIEXTCirOOG. KREMEXTCIIOUG. KREMEXT- 
 CIIUG or KREMEXTSCIIUG, kr6m-Jnt-shoog', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 64 miles S.W. of Poltava, on the 
 Dnieper, here crossed by a bridge of boats. Pop. 17,087. 
 It is enclosed by an earth-rampart, and has manufactures 
 of hats, retined sugar, nitre, and soap. 
 
 KUEMLIX. See Moscow. 
 
 KRKMMEX, kr^m'nign, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg. 25 miles X.of Potsdam. Pop. 24i58. 
 
 KUEMXITZ or CKKMXITZ, krSm'nits, (Ilun, A'ffmiw 
 Banya, kou'mcits/ bAn'y5h\) a mining town of Hungary, in 
 Bacs, 8 miles W. of Xeusohl. Pop. 0339. It stands in a 
 leep valley, surrounded by 7 hills, and has several suburb.s, 
 4 castle, mint, and a miners' infirmary. Its mines have 
 ibout a dozen principal shafts, and lately yielded 15.000 
 marks of silver, and 250 marks of gold annually, and coin to 
 $1,250,000 yearly, issue from its mint. Attached to the tiines 
 Ve nearly 20 smelting and washing works, the machinery 
 used in whiih is the best in Hungary. Kremnitz has a 
 royal vitiiol factory, 2 paper-mills, manufactures of earthen- 
 ware and vermilion ; and it is supplied with water by an 
 aqueduct 50 miles in length. 
 
 KRKMPE. krJm'peh. a town of Denmark, duchy of IIol- 
 stein. 4 miles X.X.E.'of GUickstadt. Pop. 1300. 
 
 KREMS. krcms. a town of Lower Austria, on a height, 
 on the left bank of the Danube, at the influx of the Krems, 
 68 miles X.W^. of Vienna. Pop. 6537. It is enclosed by old 
 walls, and has a Piarist college, military and high-schools, 
 large infantry barracks, alum, nitre, metal buttons, soda, 
 mustard, and vinegar factories. 
 
 KRE.MS, a village of Austria, in Styria, circle of Gratz, 
 with a castle, and manufactures of block-tin. 
 
 KREMSIR, KREMSIKR, krJm'seer, or KREMTEKITZ. 
 kr?m'yA-kits\ a town of Moravia, circle, and 12 miles S.W. of 
 Vrerau, on the March. Pop. 4000. It has a Piarist college, a 
 gymnasium and high school, and a fine summer residence of 
 
 the Archbishop of Olmutz. During a part of 1849, It wa. 
 the Beat of the Austrian government and imperial councils. 
 
 KREMS.MUNSTEK. (Kremsmiinstcr.) krJms/mtin'ster, a 
 villageof Upper Austria, on the Krems, 13 miles W. of Steyer 
 It has 609 inhabitants, and several superior schools. On a 
 height above the town is a celebrated Benedictine abbey, 
 founded in the eighth century, and having a library of 50,000 
 volumes and 400 manuscripts, an observatory, and vaiioua 
 museums of art and science, with about 300 students. 
 
 KRE.MUSCH, krA'moosh, a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Leitmeritz. Pop. 1279. 
 
 KREXITZIX (krA-n it-seen^ ISLAXDS, Aleutian Archi- 
 pelago, so called from Krenitzin, the navigator who first saw 
 them. They are five in number. 
 
 K K ES'GE VILLE. a post-office of Mon roe co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 KRKSLAV or KRESLAW, krJs-Mv', a town^of Russia, 
 government of Vitebsk, 27 miles E. of DUnaburg, on the 
 South Dwina. Pop. 1200 
 
 KRESTOVSKOI, kres-tov'skoi, a group of islands of Asia- 
 tic Russia, in the Arctic Ocean, government of Yakootsk, in 
 the estuary of the Kolyma. 
 
 KRKSTZY, krJst/zee, a town of Rnssi.a, government, and 
 50 miles E.S.E. of Novgorod. Pop. 1874. 
 
 KREUTII, kroit. a bathing-place and village of Upper 
 Bavaria, on the Tegern-see, 34 miles S.E. of Munich, and 
 greatly resorted to by the inhabitants of that city. 
 
 KREUTiC or KREUZ, kroits, a German word signifying 
 "cross," forming a prefix to many names in Central Eurojie. 
 
 KRjiUTZ, kroits, a town of Austrian Croatia, 24 miles 
 S.S.E. of Warasdin. Pop. 3066. 
 
 KREUTZX ACII, KRECZX ACK or KREUZNACn, kroits'- 
 ndK, a town and watering-place of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Coblentz. on the Xahe, 8 miles S. of iSingen. Pop. 9383. 
 It stands in a fertile and picturesque tract, at the foot of 
 a castle-crowned hill, and is separated liy the river into two 
 parts, connected by a stone bridge. It has Roman Catholic, 
 Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, a synagogue, gymnasijim, 
 and manufactures of leather, snuff, and woollens, and im- 
 portant salt-work.s. 
 
 KREUZBKltG, kroits'bSRg, or K.REUZBURCK, kroits'- 
 booKk, a town of Bohemia, 26 miles S.E. of Czaslau. P. 1312. 
 
 KREUZBURG. See Creuzbueo. 
 
 KREUZBURG, kroilsljCdRo.a town of East Prussia, 15 
 miles S.W. of Konigsberg, with a castle. Pop. 1678. 
 
 KREUZBURG, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Wel- 
 mar, on the Werra, 16 miles X.W. of Eisenach. Pop. 2150. 
 
 KREUZBURG or KREUTZBURG. a strongly-fortified 
 town of Russia, government of Vitebsk, on the Duua, 52 
 miles W. of Itezhitsa. I'op. 2000. It has a palace. 
 
 KREUZUXG. a village of Germany, on the railway from 
 Nuremberg to Bamberg, near the former. 
 
 KREYBITZ or KRKIBlTZ.kri'bits. a town of Bohemia, 28 
 miles X.E. of Leitmeritz, on the borders of Saxony. P. 2000. 
 
 KRIEGSIIABER. kree«s'h3-ber, a villageof Bavaria, circle 
 of Swabia, near Augsburg. Pop. 1082. 
 
 KRI EXZ or KRIEXS, kre-^nts',a pari.sh and vilKage of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 2 miles S.W. of. Lucerne. Pop. 2603. 
 
 IvRlESDORF, kree.s'doRf, or GRIESDOKF, grees'doRf, a 
 Tillage of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1907. 
 
 KRILOV, KRYLOV or KRILOW, kre-lov'. a town of Ru»- 
 sia. government, and 170 miles N.N.E. of Kherson, on the 
 Dnieper. Pop. 2600. 
 
 KKIM. See Crimea 
 
 KRIMMITSCIIAU. a town of Saxony. See Crimmitzschau. 
 
 KUIMPEX-AAX-DE-LEK, krim'pen-an-di-lJk, a village 
 of the Xetherlands, province of South Holland, 6i miles K. 
 by S. of Rotterdam, on the Lek, where its falls into the 
 Meuse, (Maas.) I'op. 732. 
 
 KUIMPEX-OP-DEX-YSSEL, krim'pen-op-dJn-is'sel, a vil- 
 lage of the Xetherlands. province of South Holland, 6 miles 
 E. of ISotterdam. Pop. 1018. 
 
 KRIXETZ or KRIXEC, kree'nJts, a town of Bohemia, cir- 
 cle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KRIOUKOW or KRIUKOW, kre-oo^ov-ji town of Russia, 
 government of Kherson, on the Dnieper, 72 miles X.W. of 
 Yekaterinoslav. Pop. 1200. 
 
 KRIP/PEX, a village of Germany, on the Dresden and 
 Prague Railway, 25 miles from Dresden, 
 
 KKIPPLEBUSH, a postofflee of Ulster co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 KRISHXA. a river of South India. See Ivistnah. 
 
 KRISSO, kri.s'so, or CHRYSO. (anc. CHsm?) a small town 
 of Greece, government of Phocis, 5 miles S.E. of Salona. 
 
 KRISTIXKSTAD. kri.s-tee/ne-stdd', a seaport town of Fin- 
 land, 65 miles S.W.of A'asa, on'a bay of the Gulf of Finland, 
 has a harbor and building dofdts. Pop. 700. 
 
 KRITSCHEW, krit'shJv, or KRICZEW. krit'.sJv, a mar- 
 ket-town of Russia, government, and 67 miles E.S.E. of Mo 
 heelev. Pop. 1200. 
 
 KRITSKOI (krit/skol) ISLAXD, Behring's Str.ait: lat. of 
 the K. point, 56° 0' 7" X., Ion. 160° 41' W. Length, 9 miles. 
 
 KRITZAX'AU, kriysd-n6w\ a market-town of Austria, in 
 Moravia, near Iglau. Pop. 14S4. 
 
 KKIUKOW, a town of RussLa. See Krioukow. 
 
 KRI V.\X, kre-vdn', a mountain belonging to the chain of 
 the Carpathians, on the frontiers of Galicia. Height, 8U00 feet 
 
 1001 
 
KRI 
 
 KRIVTZ or CRIVITZ, kree'vits, a town of ilecklenburg- 
 Bchwerin. 10 miles E.S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 2000. 
 
 KROBKX, kro'bfn, a town of Prussian Poland, govern- 
 ment of Posen. S.E. of Kosten. Pop. 1360. 
 
 KKOH'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryl.ind. 
 
 KRO./ANKE, kro-ydu'kA, written also KRAIENKE, a 
 \ nwn of Prussia, 86 miles W.S.W. of Marienwei-der. P. 2620. 
 
 KROLEVETS, KKOLEWETZ. kro-li-vSts', or KOKOLE- 
 VETZ. ko-ro-li-v?ts', a town of Russia, government, and 
 100 miles E.S.E. of Teherni<,'OV. Pop. 6188. It was formerly 
 t/ie residence of the governor of Little Russia. 
 
 KRO.^IBACII, krom'bJk, a village of Bavaria, in Lower 
 Franconia. 42 miles X.W. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1099. 
 
 KKO.MBACH or KUUMBACII, krOom'tdK, a village of 
 Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 972. 
 
 KROMMEXY, krorn'm-inf, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province. North Holland, 12 m'lles N.E. of Uaarlem. P. 22.30. 
 
 KROMY, kro'mee, a town of Russia, government, and 20 
 Jiiles S.W. of Orel, on the Kroma. Pop. 4518. 
 
 KROXACII, ki-o'ndK, sometimes written KRANACII, a 
 walled town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, at the 
 f-)ot of a mountain crowned by the Castle of Rosenberg, on 
 the Kronach, 22 miles N.W. of Baireuth. Pop. 3100. It 
 has a mineral spring. The painter, Lucas Kranach, (ori- 
 ginally named Sunder,) was born here in 1472. 
 
 KRONE, kro'neh. or XiORONOWO, ko-ro-no'*o, a town of 
 Prussia. 13 miles N.N.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 2359. 
 
 KRONE, DEUTSCII, Prussia. See Deutsch-Kronb. 
 
 KRONENBERG, kro'ngn-b^Ko\ a town of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, government, and 15 miles E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 625. 
 
 KR0NPRINZENKOG,kron'p^n^sen-kog,a village of Den- 
 mark, in Ilolsteln, in the South Di! marshes. Pop. 1076. 
 
 KRONSTADT, kron'stdtt, or KRUNEN, (Krunen, krU'- 
 nen,) (Hun. Brasso, brosh^sho'; anc. Brassovium ;) a town 
 of Austria, in Transylvania, capital of the district of Bur- 
 zenlaud, romantically situated in a narrow valley, formed by 
 a triangular opening in the mountains which separate Tran- 
 sylvania from VVallachia. 70 miles E.S.E. of Ilermannstadt, 
 2000 feet above the level of the sea. Lat.45°36'30"N.. lon.250 
 33' 53" E. The environs are occupied partly by old, frowning 
 castles, seated on lofty and rugged heights, partly by pretty 
 villas, surrounded by well-kept gardens; and immediately in 
 front of the principal entrance is a large esplanade, orna- 
 mented with avenues of trees, and a Turkish kiosk, forming 
 the principal place of public resort. The town is well and re- 
 gularly built. It consists of the inner town, surrounded by 
 walls, and inhabited by Saxons; the suburb of .\ltstadt, inha- 
 bited by Szeklers; and that of Bulgarey, by Wallachs. The 
 chief edifices are a large Gothic Lutheran church, 2 other Pro- 
 testnnt, 2 Roman Catholic, and 2 Greek churches, town-hall, 
 and barracks. It has a Protestant gymnasium, and a Roman 
 Catholic primary school. It was formerly the first commer- 
 cial place in Transylvania, but its trade has greatly decline^l. 
 Its mauufiictures comprise coarse woollens and linens. 
 Kronstadt has the best paper mill and book-printing esta- 
 blishment in Transylvania. The first books printed here 
 were the Confession of 'Augsburg, and Luther's works. Al- 
 though in nearly the same latitude as Venice and Lyons, its 
 climate is very cold, and snow often falls on the mountains 
 In June. It is much re.sorted to by travellers, on their way 
 to Bucharest and Yassy. Pop. 28,286. 
 
 KROPELIN, (Kropelin.) kiij'peh-leen', a town of North 
 Germiiny, duchy of .Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 15 miles W. of 
 Rostock. Pop. 1976. 
 
 KR0PPE\ST.4.DT. a town of Saxony. See Croppenstadt. 
 
 KROPPSTADT. kropp'stdtt, a village of Prussian Saxony, 8 
 miles N.E. of Wittenberg. Pop. 752. 
 
 KROSNO, a town of Poland. See Krossso. 
 
 KROSSEN, a town of Prussia. See Crossex. 
 
 KROSSXO or KROSNO, kross'no, a town of Austrian Po- 
 land, in Qalicia. 13 miles E.S.E. of Jaslo, on the "VVisloka. 
 Pop. 4900. It has a castle, and some convents, and is an 
 entrepot for the sale of Hungarian wines. 
 
 KROTOSZYN or KROTOSCHIN, kro-to-shin', a town of 
 Prussian Poland. 54 miles S.S.K. of Posen. Pop. 6750, who 
 manufacture woollen and linen fabrics, tobacco, leather, 
 and chiccory.and have a large trade in wool. The duchy of 
 which it is the capital belongs to the Prince of Tour and Taxis. 
 
 KROrriiNDORl!', krot/tgn-donr, a village of Saxony, 18 
 miles S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 2660. 
 
 KROTZINGKN, krofsing-^n, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Rhine, on the railway between Basel and Freiburg, 9 
 miles S.W. of Freiburtt. Pop. 1311. 
 
 x,w.!l'''''f''*^^' ^'o*-<^^> GROTZKA, grotsn«a, or STOI. 
 NAIZ. stol'iidts, a town of Kliropean Turkey, In Servla, 10 
 miles W. of Semendria, on the Danube. In its vicinity, the 
 Imperialists were defeated by the Turks, in 1739. 
 
 KItOYA or CROYA, kroy'I (Turk. Ak-Hissar. ak-his'sar'.) 
 a town of Albania, sanjak, and 45 miles S.S.E. of Scutari. 
 Pop 16.000. (?) It has some manufactures of arms, and was 
 the birthplace of George Castriotto or Scanderbe". 
 
 KRUKT, kroott, a village of }{henish Prassia, government 
 of Coblent?:, near Mayen. Pop. 1243. 
 
 KRUIXINGEN', kroi'ning-^n.a village of the Netherlands, 
 Inland of South Beveland, 8 mUes S.E. of Goes. Pop. 1150. 
 
 KUF 
 
 KRU.TEVACZ, a town of Servla. See Kruschotatz. 
 
 KRU.MAU, kroo'mSw, a town of Bohemia. 14 miles S.S.W 
 of Budwels, on an island in the MolJau. Pop. 5195. It baa 
 manufactures of cottons, woollens, and paper, and a fine 
 palace of Prince Schwa rzenberg. 
 
 KRUMBACH, krOrim'b^K, a town of Bavaria, on a river of 
 its own name, 27 miles W.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1200. 
 
 KRUMHERMERSDORF. kroom-hiR'mfrs-doRf\ a villago 
 of Saxony, 7 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1013. 
 
 KRUMMEN AU, krtlm'meh-nSw\ a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of St. Gall. 12 miles S.W. of Appenzell. Pop. 1406. 
 
 KRUMMENOLS, krttm'mgn-ols, or WASSEROLS. (Was- 
 serols.) ■ftis'sgr-ols', a village of Prussia, in Silesia, govern- 
 ment of Liegnitz. Pop. 1308. 
 
 KRUN'EN, Transylvania. See Kronstadt 
 
 KRUSCHOVATZ. kroo/sho-vats\ or KRUJEVACZ. kroo/- 
 zh.'l-vit.s\ a town of Servia, ne;ir the Morava. 34 miles W. of 
 Niss.a. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, has an old castle, and 
 was the capital of Servia before conquered bv the Turks. 
 
 KRUSCHWITZ, kroosh'ftits, a market-town of Prussian 
 Poland, 34 miles S.S.E. of Bromberg. Pop. 390. It was once 
 important, and the native place of the Polish King Piast. 
 
 KRUSEXSTERN, kroo/zen-stern\ or AILU (T'loo) IS- 
 LANDS, a group in the North Pacific Ocean, Marshall's 
 Archipelago. Lat. of the northernmost. 10° 27' N., Ion. 170'' 
 E. The group is 15 miles long, and o miles broad. 
 
 KRUSENSTERN ISLAND, one of the Diomede Islands, 
 Behring Striiit, in lat. 65° 46' X., Ion. 16S° 55' W. 
 
 KRYCI ISLANDS. See Rat or Kryci Islands. 
 
 KRYLOA', a town of Ru.ssia. See Krilov. 
 
 KRZEPICE. k'zhpeet/sA, (Xowe, no/viV. and Stara, stiH) 
 two places of Russian Poland, on the opposite sides of the 
 Liswarta. 60 miles S.S.E. of K.alisz. Pop. 1404. 
 
 KltZIZAXOWITZ, kzheez-^-no'wits. a village of Prussia, 
 province of Silesia, 50 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1023. 
 
 KUB.\. a town of Russia. See KooiiA. 
 
 KUBAN, a river of Russia. See Kooban. 
 
 KUBBES, k&iybes, or KHUBBUS, kuVbtis, written also 
 KHEBIS and KEBIS, a populous town of Persia, province 
 of Khoras.san, 135 miles E.S.E. of Y'ezd. It stands at the 
 junction of the caravan routes from Y'ezd to Herat, 
 
 KUBETSCHI, a t«wn of Russia. See Koobetchi. 
 
 KUBIX, kooM)een', a village of Hungary, in Banat, 65 
 miles S.S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 4700. 
 
 KUBIXA, a river of Russia. See Kooeina. 
 
 KUBIN, ALSO, a village of Hungary. See Atso-Kirenf. 
 
 KUBIXSKOE. a lake of Ru.ssia. See Koobi.nskoe. 
 
 KUCHXAI-SERAI, Hindostan. See Kachnai Serai. 
 
 KUCHVINSK, a villaire of Russia. See KoocnviNSK. 
 
 KUCZURA, koot*soo'rOh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Baca, 
 Pop. 3749. 
 
 KUDA, koo'dl, a village of Indiii. in Conckan. (Mahratta 
 country.) 42 miles from Bombay. Many cave temples have 
 recently been discovered here. 
 
 KUEICHU, a province of China. See KoEicnoo. 
 
 K U EI-LINO, a city of China. See Kwei-li.n. 
 
 KUEIT. EL, a town of Arabia. See Grane. 
 
 KUEXLUN, KOUEXLUN. KWEXLUX, kwJnMoon', or 
 kwgn'lQn', called also KOOL'KOOX', (KOULKOUX,) a moun- 
 tain range of Central AsiaJ forming the N. lioundary of 
 Thibet, separating it from Y'arkand and Khoten. and stretch- 
 ing eastward into regions which are almost unknown; 
 but it is understood, about Ion. 92° E., to divide into two 
 ranges, one of which, under the name of Banyan-Kai-a, di- 
 verges S.E. ; the other trends N., ne.ir the source of the Y'ellow 
 River, and, under various names, passes through the Chinese 
 provinces of Kan-soo and Shen-.^ee. Its W. part, frequently 
 distinguished by the name of the Karakorum and Mustjjgh 
 Mountains, commences not far from the point where the 
 Hindoo Koosh becomes linked with the Himalayas, near lat. 
 35° N., and Ion. 75° E., and pursues a course nearly parallel 
 to the Indus, apparently forming its N. watershed. It rises 
 far above the limits of perpetual .snow, attaining a height 
 of 21.000 or 22,000 feet, .and .«ends off numerous elevated 
 ramifications tnwards the Indus, forming valleys, down 
 which descend immens« glaciers. AV. of Shayook River, the 
 glaciers appear to be on a still more gigantic scale than 
 tho.se of the Himalayas. The glaciers of Sassjir terminate 
 at al)Out 15,000 feet, but the level diminishes rapidly in pro- 
 ceeding W. One overhanging the valley of Xubra. termi- 
 nates at 14,700 feet; th.at of Xubra itself, at 1.3.000 feet ; and 
 still farther W., they descend at least to 10.000 feet. The 
 greater part of the rocks are plutonic and metamorphic. 
 There are four known passes across the Kuenlun ; the only 
 one now frequented is the Karakorum; though very ele- 
 vated, it is extremely e.asv. See Karakorum. 
 
 KUFA, a city of Asiatic Turkey. See Koofa. 
 
 KUFSTETX or KUFFSTEIX. koof'stlne. a town and fort- 
 ress of the Tyrol, circle of Innthal. on the Inn. and on the 
 Bavarian frontier. 4:} miles X.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 1400. 
 
 KUFT, koft, KOBT. kobt, or KOFT. knft. (auc. CbptoJ,) 
 an ancient city of Upper Egypt, in l;it. 26° X.. on the Nile, 
 15 miles N.N.E. of Thebes. Parts of its ancient walls, and 
 the towers of its east gate remain, which, with the vestiges 
 of its canals, leading to the ports of Berenice an i Mj-os Uo» 
 
nl 
 
 KUH 
 
 mog, attest its Tormer opulence. It continued to be the mart 
 of Inrlian commerce till destroyed by Diocletian, for having 
 taken an active pjirt in a rebellion against him. 
 
 KUIIXII.\IDi;, (Kuhnhaide,) kiin'hiM^'h, a village of 
 Saxony, 10 miles K.S.K. of Wolkenstein. Pop. 10H9. 
 
 KUiLKNBUKG, koi'lgn-b^BO, KULEMBDRGII, koo^fm- 
 boRa, or CULKNBOUO, koo'len-boRO, a fortified town of the 
 Netherlands, province of Gelderlfind, on the Leek, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Thiel. Pop. 4697. It has manufactures of arms, 
 
 KL'INRE,koin'r?h.orKUI\DErv,koinMer,a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 23 miles N.W. of Zwolle. 
 Pop. s-20. 
 
 KU.IAKTAM, koo-jlk'-tim, a town of Independent Tar- 
 tarv, khanat, and 5 miles N.X.K. of Khiva. 
 
 KU.IALNIK, a river of llussia. See KooiALNlK. 
 
 KUKA, a town of Africa. See Kooka. 
 
 KllKABONEE, a town of Bornoo. See Kokabom. 
 
 KUKAN, koo'kin, a vilhige of Bohemia, circle of Buntz- 
 lau, U miles from Liebenau. Pop. 1092. 
 
 KUKKly. a river of Hungary. See Kokel. 
 
 KUKKWARI, koo-ke-wi'ree, the grand embouchure of the 
 Indus, through which the Wanyanee, or main river, dis- 
 charges itself into the sea. Greatest breadth. Ij miles. 
 
 KUKIjENA, kCOk-l.Vud, a village of Bohemia, so near K5- 
 niggratz as properly to form one of its suburbs. Pop. 991. 
 
 KULA, koo'lrih\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs, with 
 Roman Catholic and Greek churches. Pop. 6:i04. 
 
 KULAII, koo'li, a frontier village of Asiatic Turkey, pa- 
 shalic. and 40 miles N.W. of Cars. 
 
 KL'L AlA. koori'lee(?) an island. Caspian Sea, 120 miles 
 S.K. of Astrakhan. Lat.4.5^ N..4)n.50° E. Length, 15 miles. 
 
 KU LBUHG A, a town of India. See Calburoa. 
 
 KULDSCIIA. SeeEEi.KE. 
 
 KULEI-IIISSAR. koo-l.V-his-sar', a town of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, pashalic. and 75 miles N.E. of Seevas, on the Kelki. 
 
 KULEMBORGII. a town. Netherlands. See Kuile.nburo. 
 
 KULFO. a town of West Africa. See Koolfo. 
 
 KULIXJEHA. koo-liu-ji'ra,a large fortitied village of West 
 Hindostan. dominions, and 10 miles S.VV. of Banswara. 
 
 KULLUGAN, kurioo^gin', a town of Belooohistan, on the 
 road fi'om Sarawan to Bunpoor, in lat. 28° 16' N., ion. 62° E. 
 
 KULLUGAU.M. kariooVawm', or KULIGAM'. a frontier 
 town of Beloochistan, province of Mekran, 120 miles N.E. of 
 Bunpoor, in lat. 34° 30' N., Ion. 74° 23' E. 
 
 KUI/LUSPELM', a lake, or rather expansion of Clark's 
 River, towards the N. part of Washington Territory. Length, 
 neai- 40 miles ; greatest breadth, about 10 miles. 
 
 K (J LM. koolm. a walled town of West Prussia, 34 miles S.W. 
 of Marienwerder, near the Vistula. Pop. 0200. It has manu- 
 factures of woollen cloth, a military school, and Roman Ca- 
 tholic and Ivufheran churches. 
 
 KULM or ClIULM, koolm. a village of Bohemia, 16 miles 
 N.N.W. of Leitmeritz, at the foot of the Erzgebirge Moun- 
 tains. Pop. 620. Here, on the 29th and 30th of August, 1813, 
 the French army under Vandamme wiis totally defeated by 
 the confederated army, under the personal command of the 
 Emperors of Russia and Austria, and the King of Prussia. 
 
 KULM, a marketrtowu of Rohemia, 9 miles W.S.W. of El- 
 bogen. on the Eger. 
 
 KULMB.VOH or CULMBACH. kddlm/baK, a walled town of 
 Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, on a railway, 48 miles 
 N.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 4000. Principal edifice, the an- 
 cient fortress, now a house of correction. 
 
 KUIjM SEE. kOOlm' zA, a small town of West Prussia, go- 
 Terninent of Murionwei-der, 15 miles S.E. of Kulm. Pop. 
 1640. 
 
 KULNA, a village of British India. See Culna. 
 
 KU[.i01, a river of Russia. See KooLOl. 
 
 KULPA. kool-pj, (ane. (Jil/ipia,) a river of Austrian Croa- 
 tia, rises 25 miles N.N.E. of Fiume, tlows E., and. after a 
 course of 120 miles, joins the Save a little beyond Petrinia. 
 
 KULPI (ktil'poe) SALT MINES, Armenia, 40 miles N.W. 
 of Mount Ararat, are on the Persian side of the Aras, but 
 belong to the Russ-ians. in a hill range, composed of salt. 
 
 KuLp.S'VILLE. post-offlce, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KULSHEl.M, kools'hime, a town of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine, 6 miles S. of Wertheim. i>op. 2180. 
 
 KULU, kooUoo', a rajahship of the Punjab, con.sisting of a 
 few valleys on the S. slope of the Himalayas, between lat. 
 31° 30' and 32° 30' N., and in about Ion. 77° 30' E. 
 
 KULUTZL kod-mt'see, or KHALETSE, kd-l^t/sA, a large 
 vilLige of Central Asia, in Ladakh, iu lat. 34° 20' N., Ion. 76° 
 44' E.. near the Indus. 
 
 KUM, a city of Persia. See Koom. 
 
 KUMA, a river of Russia. See Kooma. 
 
 K L'M ANIA, two districts of Hungary. See CnMASl.i. 
 
 KUM.iOX, ktim-d-ou', or KEMAON, kA-md-on', a pro- 
 vince of North Hindostan, forming a part of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, comprised with a part of Gurhwal, 
 mostly between lat. 29° and 31° N., and Ion. 78° and 81° E., 
 and including a portion of the S. slope of the Himalayas. 
 Estimated area, nearly 11,000 square miles. Some of its 
 mountains rise to 25,000 feet in elevation. Capital, Almora. 
 
 KUMLAH QURH, kUm'ld gur, (the "Fool's Fortress,") a 
 
 KUO 
 
 range of hill-forts in the Punjab, rajahship of Mundi, near 
 the Beas, in lilt. 31° 41' N., Ion. 70° 37' E.. the principal 
 rising on an isolated rock to 1500 feet above that river, and 
 3000 feet above the sea. They were considered impregiw- 
 bio until taken by the Sikhs under Genera' Vea+ura. 
 
 K UMO, koo'mo, a river of Russia, issues irom a lake In 
 the S. of Finland, tlows N.W. past the town of Kuino, and 
 Ellis into the Gulf of Bothnia, after a cour.se of 100 miles. 
 
 KUNASHIR, one of the Koorile Islands. See Koo.nasheek. 
 
 KUNAWUR, koo'nd-wtir', or KUNAWER, koo^ni-wj..'' 
 a district of India, forming a part of the upper valley of the 
 Sutlej, on the twrders of Little Thibet. 
 
 KUXCHAIN-.1UNG A, kan-chin-jang'gl KUXCHTN-GIN 
 GA, koon-chin'-jing'gior KIXCHIX-.71XGA. kin-chin'-jing'- 
 gd, one of the loftiest summits of the Himalaya Mountains, 
 about lat. 27° 4.3' N., Ion. 88° 12' E. It has two peaks, th« 
 W. of which is 28.177, the other, or E., 27.826 feet high. 
 
 KUXD.\, koon'dd,a small .seaport town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Esthonia, on the Gulf of Finland, 10 miles N.E. ol 
 Wesenlierg. 
 
 KUXDAILAII, kfin-diaa, a town of Hindostan, 50 miles 
 N.W. of .ley poor. 
 
 KUXDAL. kiin-dil', a town of Hindostan, presidency of 
 Bengal, district of Tipperah, 24 miles S.S.E. of Coniilla. 
 
 KUXD.\POOR, a seaport of Hindostan. See Coondapoor. 
 
 KUXDUZ. country, Independent Tartary. SeeKuoo.VDOOZ. 
 
 KU.XERSDORF, a village of liohemia. See Kunnersdorf, 
 
 KUXEWALD, koo'nv'h-wdlt\ a village of Austria, in Mo- 
 ravia, 18 miles N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 1787. 
 
 KUXG, koong, a small town of i'ersia. province of Larls- 
 tan, opposite the island of Kishm. in the Persian Gulf. Here 
 the Portuguese formerly wrought copper-mines. 
 
 KUXGRAD, kftnVriid', IiUX(JRAT, kanVrM or CON/- 
 R.\U(f) a town of Independent Tartary, and 90 miles N. of 
 Khiva, on the Amixi. 
 
 KUXGTUX, a village of Burmah. See Koonotoos. 
 
 KCXGUEL, a town of West Afriia. See Koonouel. 
 
 KUXGUL. ktlng'gtil', a sm.iU walled town of Hindostan, 
 presidency of Bengal, 82 miles S. by W. of B<ijapoor. 
 
 KUXGUR. a town of Russi.a. See Koo.nooor. 
 
 KUN-HEGYES. koon'hJdV'sh', a town of Hungary, Great 
 Cumania, on the Theiss, 72 miles E. of Pesth. Fop. 6183. 
 
 KUXIA, a river of Russia. See Kooma. 
 
 KIIN.JPOORA, ktinj-poo'rd. a walled town of British In- 
 dia, presidencv of Bengal, district, and 73 miles N. of Delhi. 
 
 KUNKA. khn/ki. or KUNKAGHUR, kankVgQi-', a town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal. 80 mile's N.E. of Cut- 
 tack, and capital of a rajahship, comprising about 380 squaro 
 miles. 
 
 KUX'KLETOWN, a postofflce, Monroe co.. Penn.sylvania. 
 
 KU.NKUL, ktink&l', a town and place of pilgrim.age in 
 Hindostan, presidency of Bengal, on the Upjier Ganges, 4 
 miles S.W. of Hurdwar, with which it communicates by s 
 new government road. It is a residence of rich natives. 
 
 KIJ.VXARUE, a village of India. See Kanarak. 
 
 KUXXERSDORF, KUNERSDORF, koo/ners-doKf\ or CU 
 NERSDORF. a village of Bohemia. 12 miles N.N.W. of 
 Buntzlau.on theZwittebach. Pop. 1795. 
 
 KU.NSBERG. a town of Saxony. See Koniosbruck. 
 
 KUN-SZENT-MARTOXY, koon-s^nt-mdRHoiV, a village 
 and market-town of Hungary, in Cumaula, on the Koros, 
 70 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 6280. 
 
 KUX-SZEXT-MIKLOS, koon-sSnt^mee'klo.sh'. a market- 
 town of Hungary, in Cumnia, 32 miles S.E. of Pesth, on an 
 arm of the Danube. Pop. 5200. 
 
 KUXTCOTE. kantVOf, a town of West Hindostan, in 
 Cutch. 52 miles E.X.E. of Bhooj. 
 
 KU.NTSCIIITZ, ka«5nfshit.s, (Gross, groce, and Kleiit, 
 kline.) two nearly contiguous villages in Moravia, circle of 
 Prerau. I'op. 1653. 
 
 KUXT.SCIIITZ, kMn'chits, a village of Bohemia, circle 
 of KiiniiT-^ratz, about 2 miles from Geiersberg. Pop. 818. 
 
 KUX WALD, k(5<5n'wdlt\ (Oder, o'ber. and U.nter. don'tfr,) 
 a village of Bohemia, about 17 miles from KouiggrStz. 
 Pop. 1773. 
 
 KUNZELSAU. (Kilnzelsau.) kUn'zeIs5w\ a town of Wtir- 
 temberg, circle of Jaxt, on the Kocher, 24 miles N.E. of Heil- 
 bronn. Pop. 2600. 
 
 KUNZEXDORF, koont/s?n-doRr, a village of Prussia, in 
 Silesia, 27 miles S.S.W. of IJreslau. Pop. 1247. 
 
 KUXZENDORF, krxmfsen-doRr, a village of Austria, in 
 Moravia, circle of Olmutz, about 6 miles from Grilnau. 
 Pop. 1542. 
 
 KUNZEXDORF, kMnt/sfn-doRf\ (Landeckisch, Wn'dJk- 
 kish, or Gross, groce.) a village of I'russia, government of 
 Breslau. circle of Hal)elschwerdt. Pop. 1336. 
 
 KUXZENDORi', koOnt'sen-doRr, (Oiser, o/bgr, and Nieder, 
 nee'der.) a village of Prussia, government of Oppeln, circle 
 ofKreuzburg. Pop. 1614. 
 
 KUNZENUORF, DURR, (Diirr,) duR k66nfsgn-doRr, a 
 village of Prussia, circle of Xeisse. Pop. 1266. 
 
 KUXZENDORF, WACHTEL, *lK'tel kOCnt'.sen-doRf\ a 
 village of Prussia, government of Oppeln, circle of Neustadt. 
 Pop. 1049. 
 
 KUOPIO, koo-o/pe-o, a town of Finland, capital of a laeii, 
 
 1003 
 
KUP 
 
 KYT 
 
 on a peninsuala in Lake Kalavesi, ISO miles E. of Vasa. 
 Pop. 2«)0 
 
 KUFKNSK, a town of Russia. See Koopiansk. 
 
 KUPFEKBKRG, koop'ffr-beBoN a town of Bararia, in Up- 
 per Fi-anconia. 13 miles N. of Baireuth. Pop. 920. 
 
 KUPFKItBEKG, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 government, and 23 miles S.S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 674. 
 
 KUPFKl'iZELL. koop'ffr-ts^ll\ a village of AVurtemberg, 
 on the Kupfer, 27 miles N.W. of iillwangen. Pop. 1287. 
 
 KUPIANSK, a town of Russia. See Koopiansk. 
 
 KUPINOVA, koo-pee-no'vd. a village of Austria, in Sla- 
 vonia, alx)ut Iti miles from Gollumbiucze. Pop. 1(535. 
 
 KUPPJiR, (KUpper.) kUp'pgr, (Oder, o'der, and Nieder, 
 nee/d^r.) a village of Prussian Silesia, government of Lieg- 
 nitz. Pop. 11344. 
 
 KUPPERWUXJE or KUPPERWUXGE, kiip-per-wtinj'. a 
 town of British India, presidency of Bombay, in lat. 23° 3' 
 N., Ion. 73° 9' E.. 25 miles E. of AhmedJibad, enclosed by 
 walls, and estimated to comprise 3000 houses. 
 
 KUPPUltTULLA, town of Ilindostan. See Kopurtheila. 
 
 KOPS. (Ivfjps.) kUps. a town of Bavaria, in Upper Fran- 
 oonia, 26 miles X.E. of Bamberg. Pop. 1053. 
 
 KUR. a river of West Asia.. See Koor. 
 
 KURAMAS, a river of Asia Minor. See Kara Soo. 
 
 KURDIST.4X. a country of M'est Asiji. See Koordistan. 
 
 KUREX, a town of Mongolia. See Oorga. 
 
 KURGAOX, kOr-gd-on', a town of Ilindostan, 62 miles 
 S.W. of Indoor, still large, and once flourishing. 
 
 KURGOMMAH, kUr-gotn'mi, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal. Lat. 23° 9' N., Ion. 82° 33' E. 
 
 KURIA MURIA. ISLAXDS OF, Arabia. See Curia Muria. 
 
 KURILE ISLANDS. See Koorile Isla.vds. 
 
 KURL.\XD, a province of Russia. See Covrlaxb. 
 
 KURMILLA, kUr-minJ, a considerable fortified town of 
 British India, presidency of Bombay, 68 miles S.E. of Ahmed- 
 nuggur. 
 
 KURXAUL, kQr-nawl', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, 70 miles N.W. of Delhi, on Ali Merdan's 
 Canal. 
 
 KURXIK, kooR'nik. a town of Prussian Poland, 13 miles 
 g.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2730. 
 
 KURXOOL or CURXODL, kiir-nool', written also CAR- 
 NOUL. a strongly fortified town of India, at the S. part of 
 Kizam's dominions, on the Toombuddra, 110 miles S.W. of 
 Hyderabad. It was taken by the British. December 14. 1815. 
 
 KURRACHEE, kHrVa-chee/, or KARACUEE. the princi- 
 pal seaport town of Sinde. on an inlet of the Indian Ocean. 
 18 miles from the West Branch of the Indus. Lat. 24° 47' 
 8" N., Ion. 66° 56' 2" E. Pop. 15,000. It stands on a low, 
 sandy shore, and a few years ago consisted, with its exten- 
 sive suburbs, mostly of straggling huts: but the latest ac- 
 counts state that it has bwn almost rebuilt, and greatly 
 Improved. Its old fortifications were levelled by Sir Charles 
 Napier, and its trade is now rapidly augmenting. The har^ 
 bor is the only port along this coast for vessels drawing 
 more than 10 feet water, and is sheltered by Cape Munorah, 
 i miles to the S.W., on wtuch is a fort, and beyond it a good 
 roadstead. A few years since, 60 well-manned fishiug-lioats 
 belonged to the port. The town was taken by the British 
 in 1839. and was subsequently retained as a military post. 
 
 KURREA. kar're-a.or KIRIA. kee'ree-d, a town of Chi- 
 nese Toorkistan. 180 miles S.E. of Khoten. Pop. 20.000. (?) 
 
 KU15REE, kQr'ree, a town of West Hindo.stan, in Guico- 
 war's dominions. 25 miles N.W. of Ahmedalwd. 
 
 KURREK, an oasis in the Runnof Cutch, in Ilindostan, 
 65 miles X.E. of Bhooj. 
 
 KURRICIIAXE. kftr-re-kifni. a large town of South 
 Africa, in Bechuana Territory, estimated to be near lat. 25° 
 40' S., Ion. 27° 10' E., and 6000 feet above the sea. Pop. 
 16,000. (?) It ,i8 partly stone-built, and appears fitted for 
 people above a savage state. 
 
 KURSIIEE, kiir'shee or kMr'shee, one of the principal 
 towns of the Bokhara dominions, in Central Asia, 100 miles 
 S.E. of Bokhara, in a fertile oasis. Pop. 10.000. 
 
 KURSK, a government, and city of Russia. See Koorsk. 
 
 KURTZVIUjE, a post-ofilce of Monroe co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 KURZl WODY, a town of Bohemia. See IIunxEiiWASSER. 
 
 KUHZOLARI (koor-zo-ld'ree) ISLAXDS. {&nc. Er/miades.) 
 a small group of the Ionian Islands. Lat. 38° 20' X., Ion. 
 21° E.. comprising Oxia. Makri, and Vroman, inhabited by 
 fishermen. 
 
 KUSKL. koo'zel. a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Glan, 
 17 miles X.W. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 2200. 
 
 KUSIIAX, a pa-ss of the llindoo-Koosh. See Kooshax. 
 
 KUSIIVINSK, kooRh-vinsk'J|f) a mining town of Russia, 
 government, and 70 miles E.N.E. of Perm. Pop. 6000. 
 
 KU.^KOVIME. a river, Russian America. See Kooskovime. 
 
 KUSXKTSK. a town of Russia. See Kooznetsk. 
 
 KUSX ETZ or KUZXETZ. See Kooznets. 
 
 KUSSXACIlT.kooss/iiaKt, a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 4 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the Lake of Zurich. Pop lf*0. 
 
 KUSSXACIIT. a village of Switzerland, canton, and 11 
 iniles W .X.W. of S<-hwytz. at the N. extremity of the Lake 
 of Lucerne; famous in the history of William Tell, as the 
 place whore he escaped from Qessler. 
 1004 
 
 KUSSOOR, kQs-soor', a large Mohammedan town of the 
 Punjab, 27 miles S.S.E. of Lahore. It is ancient, enclosed 
 by bastioned walks, subdivided into numerous fortified 
 quarters, and ha.s several mosques and palaces. 
 KUSSUR KUXD. See KoosS(X>r Kooxd. 
 KUSTEXDJI, k&s-tSnd'jee, written also KISTEXDJEH; 
 (anc. Om^hmtia'na.) a fortified seaport town of European 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Black Sea. 40 miles E. of Ras- 
 sova, at the termination of Trajan's ^Vall. of which soma 
 traces exist. It has some trade in corn, but its harbor is ex- 
 posed, and ill adapted for large ships. 
 
 KU.STEXLAXD, (Kiistenland.) See Littorale. 
 
 KUSTRIX, (Kiistrin.) kils-treen', a fortified town of Prus- 
 sia, province of Brandenburg, 17 miles X.E. of Frankfort, 
 at the confluence of the Wartha with the Oder, on a uiarsh 
 crossed by 36 bridges. Pop. 6556. It h.as extensive grain 
 and powder magazines, and a strong castle. It was bom- 
 bai-ded by the Russians in 1788, and taken by the French 
 in 1806. 
 
 KUTA, a river of .\statie Russia. See Koota. 
 
 KUTAIKII, KUTAYA or KUTAIAII, ku-ti'yeh. written 
 also KOUTAIEIL (anc. Ottt/<v>utn.) a populous town of Asia 
 Minor, in Anatolia, and the usual residence of its pasha, in 
 lat. 39° 24' N.. and Ion. 30° 19' E. It stands in a mountain- 
 ous region, about 4000 feet above the sea, has numerous 
 mosques, public baths, and khans, some Greek and Arme- 
 nian churches, a mountain fortress, and many handsome 
 private buildings, interspersed with gardens. Its trade is 
 cliiefly in corn, cotton, fruits, gall-nuts, goats' hair, and wool. 
 Kutaieh is the usual residence of the vizier of Anatolia, and 
 was the prison of the refugees from Hungary, after the war 
 of 1849. About 17 miles E^.E. of Kutaieh are the interest- 
 ing Phrygian remains, with inscriptions, and the Troglodytb 
 habitations of Doganlu, supposed to bo the ancient Niculelia. 
 
 KUTAIS, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Kootais. 
 
 KUTCII, a province of West Ilindostan. See Cutch. 
 
 KUTXO. koofno. a town of Poland, government, and 70 
 miles AV. of Warsaw. Pop. 4000. 
 
 KUTSCHE, a town of Toorkistan. See Koocfte. 
 
 KUTSULEE, kQfsoo-Iee*, a considerable walled town of 
 British India, Upper Provinces, and 25 miles X. of Meerut. 
 
 KUTTEXBERG, ktit/ten-bSRo\ a town of Bohemia. 6 miles 
 N.W. of Czaslau. on the railway from Prague to Vienna 
 Pop. 8('03. mostly employed in mines of copper, lead. &o. 
 
 KUTY. koo'tee\ a town of Austriii, in Galicia, 20 miles 
 S.E. of Kolomea. Pop. 3670. 
 
 KUTZTOWX. a post-lwrough of Maxafciwny township, 
 Berks CO.. Pennsylvania, 69 miles E.X.E. of Harrisburg. and 
 18 miles N.E. of Reading, contains 2 cluirches and 1 acade- 
 my. Pop. 915. 
 
 KUZ1ST.\X', a province of Persia. See Khoozistax. 
 
 KWALUSCII, a village of Bohemia. See Quauscht. 
 
 KWAXG-PIXG, a city of China. See Quaxg-pix8. 
 
 KW.-VNG-SI. a province of China. See Quaxg-see. 
 
 KW.\X0-S1X-F00, a town of China. See QcAXG-six-roO, 
 
 KW.-VXG-TU.\G, a province of China. See Quaxg-toxo. 
 
 KWEI-LIX or QUEI-LIXG, kwAHing' or kwfling', China, 
 capital of the prnvince of Quangsee, 2.35 miles X.W. of 
 Canton, stated to be fortified in the Europ«jn stvle. 
 
 KWEI-TE, KOUEl-TK, kw.iH.V or kwi'ta'. written also 
 KWl-TE. a city of China, province of Ho-nan, capital of a 
 department. 70' miles S.K. of Kai-fung. 
 
 KWEI-YANG, a town of China. See KoEl-TAXG. 
 
 KY'DOXI.\. See KiDONiEH. 
 
 KYEXDWEM. a river of Burmah. See Khtek-Dwem. 
 
 KY'GER. a pnstKiflice of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 KY'IIOLM, kii'holm, a small island of Denm.irk, near the 
 island of Samsoe. 
 
 KYL, kill, or KIL. a town of Sweden, near Orebro 
 
 KYLE, kil. a district of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 
 KYLE'S (Unz) LAN'DING, a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 KYLES-OF-BUTE. a narrow arm of the Frith of Clyde, 
 Scotland, between the X.W. part of the Isle of Bute and the 
 mainland of the county of Argyle. Its shores are in the 
 hiirhest degree picturesque. 
 
 KY'LOE, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 KYME. kim. a parish of Enizland, co, of Lincoln. 
 
 KYPARISSIA. kfvpd-ris-see'd. (lately AHKADIA,) a sea 
 port town of Greece, in the Morea. on the Gulf of Arkadia, 
 24 miles N'. of Xavarino. Pop. 2500. See Arcama. 
 
 KYR AGHUR, ki rd-g&r', a town of India, Berar dominions. 
 113 miles E.X.E. of Xagpoor. 
 
 KYRE. kir. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 KYREE. kfree'. (Der'a and Gur'ree.) two villages of 
 Sinde. respectively 12 and 37 miles X. of Larkhana. 
 
 KYREEGIIUR.' ki-ree-g&r', a town of North Ilindostan, 
 dominions, and 136 miles N.W. of Oude. on the Kali. 
 
 KYRITZ. kee'rits. a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burs. 53 miles N.AV. of Berlin. Pop. 3600. 
 
 KY'SEKVILLE. a post-office of Livingston co., New \''ork. 
 
 KYSKAL. kis-kdl'. a decayed town of Siberia, governmenl 
 of Tobolsk, near the Obi. ruined by fire in 1841 
 
 KYTE (kit) RIVER, a post-village of Ogle co. Ulioois. PC 
 miles W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 J 
 
IAA. 11 or LAIIA, 123, a fortified town of I/iwer Austria, 
 ji (in tli« Thaya, 36 miles N. of Vienna. I'op. 1378. 
 
 LAAB or LAB," lap. avillageof Iluntjary, Hither Danube, 
 12 niili'< from Presburj;. Pop. 1277. 
 
 LAACU, IdK, a small lake of Prussia. 17 miles W.X.W. of 
 Cobleutz. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano. 
 
 LAAK. I3k, (L. L()cop>iiUs.) a small town of Illyria. Carniola, 
 12 miles X.W. of Laybach, with a castle. Pop. 1100. 
 
 LA ALAND, IiVland, or LOLLAND, loPlind, (i. «, "Low- 
 land",) an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, between lat. 
 54° .08' and 5-1° 58' N., and Ion. 11° and 11° 52' E. Area 402 
 square miles. Pop. (1851) oo,708. Surface low and level ; it 
 is one of the most fertile of the Danish i.-^lands, producing 
 fine crops of corn, hemp, hops, ajiplcs, and timber. 
 
 LAAltAT, l4-rlf, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off 
 the X. extremity of Timor Laut. Length and breadth about 
 30 miles each. 
 
 LAAS. l^s, a small town of Austria, Illyria, Carniola, 29 
 miles S. of Laybach. Pop. 520. 
 
 LAAS, Ids, a village of Xyrol, circle of Botzen, near Sehlan- 
 ders. Pop" 1200. 
 
 LA.\SPIIE, Ids'ffh, a town of Pru.ssian Westphalia, 36 
 miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg, on the Lahn. Pop. engaged in 
 •roollen cloth factories and iron works. 
 
 LAAZ, Idz, or LAZI, ld/zee\ a village of HungaRy, Hither 
 Danube, about 38 miles from Trentscbin. Pop. 1833. 
 
 LA1!.\, Id'bd, a river of Western Circassia, rises on the 
 N. side of the Caucasus, and, after a course of about 170 
 miles, joins the Kooban, a little above Oost Labinsk. 
 
 LA BACA. See Lwacca. 
 
 LA BAIK DU PKBORE, Id bi du feh-boR', or ST. AX- 
 TOI.NE DE LA BAIE, s^Nt ftN«Hwdi/dfh Id bA, a village 
 of Canada East, co. of Yaniaska, situatotl on the S. shore of 
 Lake St. Peter, 70 miles N.N. E. of Montreal. Pop. about 90}). 
 
 LA'BANSVILLE, a village of 'Wa.shington township, 
 Lehi<,'h c(junty, Pennsylvania, on Lion Creek, about 68 miles 
 N.N.W. from Philadelphia. It contains an extensive slate 
 manufactory, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 LAlVASIlKpyOA, a villngeof Ireland, CO. of Clare, 10 miles 
 E. by S. of Kilrush, on a bay of the same name in the 
 Shannon. Pop. 606. 
 
 LABASINCZ, loh'bfih-shints', a village of Hungary, 
 Tliitber Theisg. about 18 miles from Lippa. Pop. 1118. 
 
 LABASTIDA, Id-bds-tee'od, a town of Spain, Biscay, pro- 
 vince of Alava, about 30 miles from Vittoria, Pop. 1639. 
 
 LA BATHIE, Id'bd'tee/, (L. Baslikt,) a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, Savoy, 10 miles N.\V', of Moutiers. Pop. 
 1097. 
 
 LAB.VTLA'N, 10h'b<5tMdn', a village of Hungary, Hither 
 Danube. 2 miles from Neudorf. I'op. 996. 
 
 LA BATTAOLIA. See Battaglu, La. 
 
 LA BAUCHE, Id bosh, (L. iktu'ca,) a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, Savoy, on the Ouiers, about 4 miles from 
 Cbambery. Pop. 1470. 
 
 LAl!BKO,ldb'bro,aviIliige of Central Italy. State of Utn- 
 bria, 9 miles N.AV. of Eieti, with 9U0 inhabitants, a colle- 
 giate church, and a hospital. 
 
 LABE, a river of Germany. See EusE. 
 
 LABEE, LABE, or LABY, ld/bee\ a town of Africa, Sene- 
 gambia, ill Foota .1 alien, about 230 miles N.E. of Sierra Leone ; 
 lat. 11° 10' N. ; Ion. 8° 30' W. It is said to be 3 miles in cir- 
 cuit. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 LA EELGIQUE. See Belgium. 
 
 LA BELLE RIVlilRE. See Ohio. 
 
 LABKK, Id/bor, the name of several small rivers of Ba- 
 yaria, tributaries to the Danube. A village on one of these, 
 circle of Upper Palatine, 10 miles N.W. of Kati.^^bon, has 854 
 iJihabitauts, 2 churches, a castle, and iron manufactories. 
 
 L.\BES, Id'bes, a town of Prussian Pomerauia, 42 miles 
 E.N.E. of Stettin, Pop. 3207. 
 
 LABIAU, Id/be-ow^ a town of East Prussia, 25 miles 
 N.E. of Kiinigsberg, on the Deine. Pop. 3595. 
 
 LA BIOLLE, Id-be-oU', (L. JMulletum,) a village of the 
 Sardinian States, Savoy, on the Deisse, at the foot of Mont- 
 falcon, about 9 miles N. of Chambery. Pop. 1469. 
 
 LABISZIN or LABISCHIN, Id'he-.-heen', a town of Prus- 
 'dan Poland, 13 miles S.S.W. of Bromberg. I'op. 2520. 
 
 LABOBER, Id-bo'bjR, a small rocky, well-wooded island, 
 In the Malay Archipelago, about 18 miles off the N,W. coast 
 of Timor Laut. 
 
 LABOOAN or LABUAN, Id'boo-dn', (POOLO,) an island of 
 the Malay Archipelago, off the N.W. coast of Borneo, 30 miles 
 N. of Borneo. Lat. of its centre 5° 22' N., Ion. 115° 10' E. 
 Length 10 miles, breadth 5 miles. It has a pretty good 
 harbor, some workable beds of coal, and an abundance of 
 good water. It was taken pos.<ession of by the British in 1846. 
 
 LABOON, LABOUN or LABUN, Id/boon, a town of Russian 
 Poland, government of Yolhynia, on the Khorim, 50 miles 
 W.S.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 3:W0. 
 
 LA'BOR CREEK, Georgia, flows through Morgan county 
 into the Appalachee River, about 8 miles N.E. from Madison 
 
 LABRADOR, laVr,j-dor/, an extensive peninsula, E. coas! 
 of British North America; lat. from 50° to 6o°N., and Ion. 56' 
 to78° W.; bounded N. by Hudson's Strait, E. by the Atlantic 
 S.E. by the Strait of Belle I.xle, .separating it from Newfound 
 land ; S. by the gulf and river St. Lawrence and C^anada 
 and AV. by James' Bay and Hudson's Bay; area estimated at 
 about 450,000 square miles. The interior is very imperfectlj 
 known, and the coast is almost throughout rugged, bleak 
 and desolate in the extreme. Towards the centre the surface 
 rises, till a mountain range, partly known by the name of 
 the Wotchish Mountains, appears to form the principal water 
 shed, sending the waters which gather on its sides A\'., N., and 
 E. The principal rivers are the East Main or Sttide, which 
 flows nearly due \V. into the S.E. extremity of .James' Bay: 
 the Great and Little Whale Rivers, which flow in the same 
 direction, and fall into the S.E. extremity of Hudson's Bay; 
 the Keeuoganissee and Koksoak. whiih, flowing respectively 
 N.E. and N.W., unite their streams and fall into Ungava or 
 South Bify, off the S.E. of Hudson's Strait ; and the .'Nleschie- 
 kemau or North West River, which flows E. into the Strait 
 of Belie Isle. The lakes are very numerous, almost every 
 river forming several by expanding during its course. The 
 largest are Clear Water, in the W., which discharges itself 
 by a stream of the same name into Hudson's Bay ; Mistas- 
 sinnie, in the S., and Meschickemau, an expansion of the 
 river of the same name. The prevailing rocks on the 
 coast are granite, gneiss, and mica slate. Above these, in 
 some parts, is a bed of old red sandstone, alnjut 200 feet 
 thick, fldlowed by secondary limestone. Towards the inte- 
 rior the secondary formations disappear, and the primary 
 become predominant. The surface, when seen at a distance 
 from the sea, has a green and alluvial appearance, but is 
 found, on examination, to be covered with moss and stunted 
 shrubs. In the valleys, where the soil is sandy, and the 
 temperature cou.sidei ably above the average. juni,per, birch, 
 and poplar trees are found growing in a kind of forests, 
 which are haunted, during summer, by deer, bears, wolves, 
 foxes, martin.s, otters, &c., till the approach of winter drives 
 them to the coast. The climate is too severe to ripen any 
 of the ordinary cereals, but barley, sown and cut green, 
 makes excellent fodder, and both potatoes and .several 
 species of culinary vegetables are said to do well. The 
 inhabitants, con.sisting chiefly of Esquimaux, subsist prin- 
 cipally by hunting and fishing: bvit every year great num' 
 hers of fishing vessels arrive both from the British dominions 
 and the United States, and profit by the valuable fisheries 
 along the coast. It is supposed that the British sulgecta 
 engaged in these fisheries, chiefly from Newfoundland, Nova 
 Scotia, and Canada, amount to at least 20,000. Much of 
 the produce is sent to Newfoundland before being exported 
 to Europe ; but here are several English and Jersey estab- 
 lishments, and one-third of the resident inhabitants con- 
 sists of English, Irish, and Jersey servants left in charge, 
 who take annually from 16.000 to 18,000 seals. The 
 total value in fish and oil is estimated at from £000,000 to 
 £800.000. The European settlements, all on the E. coast, 
 consist of Forteau and Bradore Bays, Anse, Le BInnc, and 
 the Moravian stations Nain, Okhak, Hopedale, and Hebron. 
 The Hudson's Bay Company have several settlements in 
 Labrador, and re<'eive many valuable furs from it. The 
 total population is supposed to be about 5000. Labrador 
 was discovered by Cabot in 1496; and rediscovered by Had- 
 sou in 1610, It was named by the Spaniards Tierra Laura- 
 dor or " cultivable land," to distinguish it from Greenland. 
 
 LA BRANCH LANDING, a post-oflice of St. Charles parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 LABREDE, Id^braid', a village of France, department of 
 Gironde, 11 miles S. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 1550. Ita 
 castle was the birth-place of Montesquieu. 
 
 LABRIT, Id'bree/, a village of France, department of 
 Landes, 16 miles N. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. in 1852, 1100. 
 It was formerly a town called Albert, (dPhaiR',) and haa 
 ruins of a castl^e of Henry IV. 
 
 LABRUGUIERE, Id^bfu^ghe-aiR/, a village of France, 
 department of Tarn, 4 miles S.S.E. of Castres. Pop. in 
 1852, 3518. 
 
 LABUAN',an island of the Malay Archipelago. See Labooan. 
 
 LABU-HADJI, Id'boo-hd/jee, a seaport town of the Malay 
 Archipelago, on the E. coast of the island of Lombok. 
 
 LABUN, a town of Russia, See Laboon. 
 
 LABY, a town of Western Africa. See Labee. 
 
 L'ACADIE, Id'kdMee', a post-village of Canada East, co 
 of Huntingdon, 21 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains 
 several stores and hotels. Pop. about 200. 
 
 LA CANADA, Id-kdn-yd/dd, a post-ofiSce of Rio Arriba co.. 
 New Mexico. 
 
 LACAMUN, Id-kdn-toon', a river of Central America. 
 
 1005 
 
LAC 
 
 It rise? in Guatemala ; lat. 15° 25' X.. and nbovit Ion. 92° 
 W ; flows first K. for about 60 miles, when it is joined by a 
 braneh coming from the Ticinity of Snlama. It now turns 
 N. for about 24 miles; then VV.N.W. for 60 miles; receives 
 La I'assion, and about 75 miles below joins the Usumasiuta. 
 The united stream, after a course of 210 miles, falls into 
 the Gulf of Mexico at Lake Tcrminos. The whole course is 
 thus about 430 miies, but its upper part is little known. 
 
 LACARAGOOND.\, lakV-ra-koonM^, a town of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Bengaljdi'strict of Beerbhoom, 116 miles 
 N.E. of Calcutta. 
 
 LACAUNE, la^kOn', a village of France, department of 
 Tarn, 23 miles E.N.E. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 4078. 
 
 LACAZE, Id'kJz', a town of France, department of Tarn, 
 16 miles X.H:. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 2427. 
 
 LACCADIVE (Idk'ka-div') ISLES, (called by the natives 
 Lalaradeevh, deevh signifying "island"^) a group of low 
 islands in the Indian Ocean, extending between lat. 10° and 
 12° N.. and Ion. 72° and 74° E., alwut 150 miles W. of the Mala- 
 bar coast. They consist of 17 principal isles of coral formation. 
 Andcrot. or Underoot, the largest, is 3 miles long. They 
 have an agiiregate population of about 10.000 Mohammedans. 
 Several of them are uninhabited. The principal products 
 are coir, jaggery, cocoa, and betel nuts, with some rice, sweet 
 potatoes, and small cattle. The best cables of Malabar, are 
 made from the Laccadive coir. The islands were discovered 
 by Vasco de Gama in 1499. 
 
 LACCHIARELIiA, iJk-ke-a-rSlia, (L. LactareUla,) a village 
 of .Northern Italy, 2 miles E.S.E. of Binasco, on the Olona, 
 with the remains of an old castle of some celebrity in the 
 Italian civil wars. Pop. 2638. 
 
 LACCO, Idk'ko, a village of Naples, in the N.W. part of 
 the island of Ischia. Pop. 1965. 
 
 LAC DE COME. See CoMO. L.^KE OF. 
 
 LAC DE LA PLUIE. See R.\IXT L.\KE. 
 
 LAC DE L'ESCLAVE. See Gre.it Sl.we Lake. 
 
 LAC DES BOIS. See Lake of the Woods. 
 
 LAC DES MILLE ISLES, l2k di mill eel, ("Lake of the 
 Thousand Islands,") an expansion in the upper part of St. 
 Lawrence River, which see. 
 
 LAC DES MOXTAGNES. See Athabasca. 
 
 LAC DES RENNES (" Rein Deer Lake"). See Deer Lake. 
 
 LAC DU BUFFLE. See Buffalo Lake. 
 
 LAC DU GRAND OURS. See Bear Lake (Gre.^t). 
 
 LACE'BY. a parish of England, county of Lincoln. 
 
 LACED..EMON, las-e-dee'mon, (Gr. KaKtiaipiWV, Lal-edai- 
 mi'/n,} an ancient Grecian state, of which Sparta was the 
 capital. See Lacoma. Adj. ai^d inhab. Laced.emo'xiax. 
 
 LACEDOGXA, Id-chi-dAn'yd, a small town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of I'rincipato Ultra, 19 miles E.S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 
 600. It is a bishop's see. 
 
 LACEPEDE (lls'se-peed^) BAY. South Australia, is that 
 part of Encounter Bay immediately N. of Cape Bernouilli. 
 
 LACEPEDE ISL.ANDS, a group of low sandy islands, N. 
 W. of Australia, off Dampier Land. 
 
 LA'CEY, a post-village in De Kalb co., Illinois, 70 miles 
 W.N.W. from Chicago. 
 
 LA'CEY SPRING, a post-office of Rockingham co.,Virginia. 
 
 LA'CEY'S SPRING, a post-office of Morgan CO., Alabama. 
 
 LA'CEYVILLE, a post-village of Wyoming co., I'ennsyl- 
 vania, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River. 18 
 miles above Tunkhannock. The North Branch Canal is in 
 progress of construction to this place. 
 
 L.\CEYV1LLE, a post-office of Harrison CO., Ohio. 
 
 LACIIEN. lA'Ken, a town of Switzerland, canton of and 
 13 miles N.N.E. of Schwytz, on the S. shore of the Lake of 
 Zurich. Pop. 1510. 
 
 LACII'FORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 LACIIINK, lA^sheen', a post-village of Canada East, on 
 the island of and 9 miles S. of Montreal. It is the centre of 
 all the commerce between Upper and Lower Canada, and 
 here the boats of the North-West Company commence their 
 voyage for the interior. A railroad connects Lachine with 
 Montreal. There is a canal from this point to 5Iontreal, to 
 avoid the rapids of St. Louis. 
 
 LACIILAN. iSkliln, a river of East Australia, rises by seve- 
 ral heads in the counties of King and Bathurst, New South 
 Wales, flows W., and joins the Murrumbidgee to form the 
 Murray River, near lat. .34° 30' S., Ion. 144° 10' E. In the 
 last part of its course it expands into extensive marshes. 
 Its total course may be estimated at 400 miles. It gives 
 name to a diKtrict having an area of about 15.000 square 
 miles, and a population of 2198, between the rivers Laehlan 
 and Murrumbidgee. 
 
 LACIIOWICZi:. IJ-Ko-vee'chA, or LIACIIOWITZE, le-d- 
 ko-veefs4, a town of Russia, government and 54 miles S.W. 
 of Minsk. It was onco fortified, and the capital of a county. 
 The Russians and Cossacks were defeated here in 1660 by the 
 
 LA ClIROJIA. li kro'mi. an islet of the Adriatic, on the 
 ooast of Dnlmatia. 1 mile S. of Ragusa, at which Richard 
 Creur de Lion landed on his return from Palestine. 
 
 LACn.-<A. KiK'sd. a town of Arabia. See Laiisa. 
 
 LACIIUTE. Ii'>shUte', a post-village of Canada East, co. 
 lOtW 
 
 LAC 
 
 of TwoMoantains. 45 miles E. of Monlreal and 6 miles fronj 
 St. Andrew's. It contains several stores, and 3 mills. 
 
 LACINIUM PROilONTORIUM. See Cape Nao. 
 
 LACK, a township of Juniata co., Penn.sylvania. P. 1340. 
 
 LACK'AMUTE, a post-office of Polk Co., Oregon. 
 
 LACK'AWAC\ a post-village of Ulster co., N. Y.. about 
 80 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 LACKUWAN'NA or LACK^AWAN/NOCK, a river of 
 Pennsylvania, rises in the N.E. part of the state, and falls 
 into the N. branch of the Susquehanna River, about 10 
 miles above Wilkesbarre. The valley of this river is noted 
 for rich coal-mines. 
 
 LACKAWANNA, a po.st-township of Luzerne co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, 16 miles S.S.W. from Carbondale. Pop. 1663. 
 
 LACKUWAN'NOCK MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, extends 
 from the Susquehanna north-eastward along the N.W. side 
 of Lackawanna River, for 25 or 30 miles. The average 
 height may be about 800 feet. This mountain, togethei 
 with the Nanticoke and Shawnee Mountains, of which it 
 may be regarded as the continuation, constitutes the N.'^l' 
 boundary of the Lackawaxina or Wyoming coal valley, the 
 Wyoming and Moosic Mountains forming the S.E. boiindarj 
 This valley is near 70 miles long, and from 5 to miles 
 wide. 
 
 LACK'AWAX'EN, a river in the N. part of Pennsylvania, 
 rises in Wayne co., and enters the Delaware in I'ike ( o. 
 
 LACKAWAXEN, a township of Pike co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Delaware River. Pop. 1241. 
 
 L.iCKAWAXEN, a thriving post-village at the mouth of 
 the Lackawaxen, which is here crossed by the New Y^ork 
 and Erie Railroad, 121 miles from New York City. The 
 Hudson and Delaware Canal crosses the Delaware River by 
 an aqueduct in the immediate vicinity of this place. 
 
 LACKENBACH, Idk/ken-bilKS a village of Hungary, co. 
 and 15 miles S. of (Edenburg. Pop. 1333. 
 
 LACK'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 L.ACK'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LA CLAIR, a post-village in De Kalb co., Illinois, 7U miles 
 W.S.W. fromChicago. 
 
 LA CLEDE, Id klaid, or lah kleed, formerly KIN'DER- 
 HOOK', a county in the S. central part of Mi.«souri, has an 
 area of 750 square miles. It is intersected in the E. part by 
 Gasconade River and its Osage fork, and also drained by the 
 Niangua and Auglaize Rivers. The surface is uneven, and 
 consists partly of prairies and partly of forests of hai-d tim- 
 ber. La Clede was formed a few years ago out of the W 
 part of Pulaski co., and named in honor of La Clede. the 
 founder of St. Louis. Capital, Lebanon. Pop. 51S2, of 
 whom 4877 were free, and 305 slaves. 
 
 LAC MASKINONGE, Idk mds'kee'nAN«Vhd/, a small vil- 
 lage of Canada East, co. of JJcrthier, 66 miles N. of Mon- 
 treal. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 LACOBRIGA. See Lagos. 
 
 LA'COCK or LAY'COCK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 3 miles S. of Chippenham. Here are interesting remains 
 of a large nunnery, founded in 1232. in one of the rooms of 
 which is preserved a copy of the Magna Charta, sent by Henry 
 III. to the Countess of Salisbury. 
 
 LACOLLE, Id^koll', a post-village of Canada Earf, co. of 
 Huntingdon, 38 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains seve- 
 ral stores, hotels, and 3 mills. Pop. about 500. 
 
 LA'CON, an incorporated city, capital of Marshall co., 
 Illinois, on the left (E.) bank of Illinois River, 99 m. N. from 
 Springfield. Steamboats can ascend to this place in nearly 
 all stages of water. Lacon has a court-house, 2 newspaper 
 ofldces, 5 churches, and 1 bank. The value of grain, &c. 
 shipped here in 1864, was estimated at $2,900,000. l oji. 1944. 
 
 LACO'NA, a post-office of .lefferson oo.. Kentucky. 
 
 LACONI, Id-ko'nee, a village of the island of Sardinia, 45 
 miles N. of Cagliari, on a hill. Pop. 1768. 
 
 LACONIA. Id-ko/ne-d, a government of Greece, comprising 
 the southmost sub-peninsula of the Morea. Principal river, 
 the Eurotas. Chief town. Zimova (anc. Arinp'oUst t) on its AT. 
 coast. Laco'nia or Lacon'ica, (Gr. AaKwvtKri, Lakovik':.) waa 
 in ancient times one of the most oeleljrated of the Grec'an 
 states. Sparta was the capital. Adj. and inhab. Lacoxian, 
 li-ko'ne-an. 
 
 LACONIA, a post-office of Desha co., Arkan.«a.s. 
 
 LACONIA. a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, 2 miles 
 from the Ohio River and 13 miles S. of Corydon. 
 
 L.VCONICUS SINUS. See Kolokythia. Gulf op. 
 
 LA COTE ST. MARIE. Id kot s^mt m.Vree, a post<.ff:ce of 
 Marquette co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 LAC QUI PARLE, l:ik kee paRl, a post-village of Minr.o- 
 sotn, situated on Lac Qui Parle, an expansion of St. Peter's 
 River. 140 miles W. of St, Pauls. 
 
 LACROMA. See La Chroma. 
 
 LA CROSSE, Id kro.ss'. a small river of Wisconsin, rises io 
 La Crosse co. and flows into the Missis.sippi. 
 
 LA CROSSE, a countv in the W. part of AVisconsin. h-.r- 
 dering on Minnesota, from which it is seiiaratcd by th* 
 Mississippi River, contains about 450 square miles. It ib 
 intersected by La Crosse River, and bounded on the N.W 
 by Black River. Capital. La Crosse. Pop. 12,l8t 
 
LAC 
 
 LAF 
 
 IjA CROSSE, a city, capital of La Crosse co.. Wisconsin. 
 Is beautifully situated on tlie left hank of the Mississippi 
 River, at the month of La Crosse River, ami on the Milwau- 
 kee and St. Paul Railroad, al>out 12;') miles N.AV. of Madison. 
 It contains a court-house, S churches, 3 banks, 4 newspaper 
 offices, a normal institute, a United States land office, 4 
 manufactories of farming implements, 2 of threshing ma- 
 chines, 3 foundries, and m;inv other factories and mills. 
 Pop. in tseo, .SS60; in 18fi.\ about 7000. 
 
 LACTACUNGA. See Taccnga. 
 
 LACTOlJUKUM. See TowcESTER. 
 
 LACUNZA, Idkoon'thi, a town of Spain, province of 
 Navarre, on the Araquil, 24 miles from Pampeluna, Pop. 
 
 LACUS ASPIIALTITES. See Dead Sea. 
 
 LACUS VKKBANUS. See Lago Magoiore. 
 
 LA'CY, a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas. 
 
 L.iCY, a small post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 LACY'S HILL, a po.st-office of Pickens co., Alabama. 
 
 LADA (UMi) ISLES, a cluster of high rugged islands, off 
 the N.W. coast of the Malay peninsula. Lat. 6° VI' N., 
 Ion. 99° 40' K. 
 
 LADAKIL IdMSk', an independent country of Central 
 Asia, between lat. 32° and 30° N., and Ion. 76° and 79° K., hav- 
 ing S. and S.W. the Himalaya Slountains separating it from 
 Cashmere and other de()endencie8 of the Punjab. X. the Kara- 
 korum Mountains separating it from Chinese 'f oorkistan, K. 
 Great Thibet, and N.W. Baltee or Little Thiliet. Area loosely 
 estimated at 30,000 square miles, and population at from 
 150.000 to 500.000, mostly Thibetans. Surface wholly moun- 
 tainous, iuters|)erseil with narrow valleys, the prineii^al 
 being those of the Upper Indus and its affluents. Soil sterile, 
 and climate severe; yet the mountain sides being carefully 
 embanked with stone dykes, and industriously cultivated, 
 pretty gornl crops of wheat, barley, and buckwheat, are 
 raised, with apples and apricots. Prangos, a peculiar kind 
 of fodder, is at)undant, as is rhubarb. Sulphur, iron, lead, 
 and copper might be mined profitably. This country is 
 the great depot for the wool used for the nuinufacture of 
 iashmere shawls. The transit trade with all the neigh- 
 Ooring regions is extensive, and conducted mostly by means 
 of mules and sheep. The government is despotic, but the 
 rajah is controlled by the jiriests, who swarm in this country 
 as in Thibet. The armed force consists of a peasant-militia. 
 Lo/lakh has been repeateilly under the rule of more power- 
 ful neighbors ; during the life of Runjeet Singh it formed 
 a part of liis dominion. Primipal city, Leh. 
 
 LAD.\NY, JASZ, a town of Hungary. See .Ta.sz-Ladant. 
 
 LADIiEllGEN, lild'hCR'ahen, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 government and 13 miles X.N.E. of Miinster. Pop. 1345. 
 
 LAD'KKOKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 LADDS/UUKUH. a post-office of Bradford co.. Pa. 
 
 LADBIXOE-POLE, Id-di'no-.Vpo-lA/, a small town of Russia, 
 government of Olonets, on the Sveer, (or Svir,) 30 miles from 
 its mouth, in Lake Ladoga, and where, under Peter the 
 Great, the first Russian ships were built for the navigation 
 of the Baltic. 
 
 LADENHURO, Id/den-biioRG*, a town of Baden, circle 
 Lower Rhine, on the Neckar, with a station on the Main 
 Neckar Railway, 6 miles E.S.E. of Mannheim. l*op. 2431. 
 
 LADEXUORF or LAADENDORP, lrfd^n-dftRf\ a village 
 of Lower Austria, on the Zaya, about 9 miles from Gauners- 
 dorf Pop. 1490. 
 
 LADEXZE. Id-dfn'zeh, IdMftxz', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince nf llainaut, 13 miles X.W. of Mons. Pop. 1149. 
 
 L.\DIESI>UKG, l.Vdiz-biirg. a post^village in Frederick co., 
 Maryland. 80 miles X.W. from Annapolis. 
 
 LADI'GA, a post-village of Calhoun CO., Alabama, 140 
 miies N. b}' E. from Montgomery. 
 
 LADIGNAC, IdMeeuVdk'. a village of France, department 
 of Haute- Vieune. arrondissement of St. Yrieix. Pop. in 1852, 
 2596. 
 
 LADIK, ia'deek\ or YORGAN LADIK, yoR'gan'ia'deek\ 
 (anc. Laixlice'a Coiiibiis'ta^) a town of Turkey in Asia. 24 miles 
 N..\.W. of Konia. It is built of mud, in the midst of a 
 mound of ruins, and has many antiquities, consisting of 
 altars, columns, friezes. &c. I'op. about 500. 
 
 LADI KIA or LADIKIYEH. See Latakeea. 
 
 LADl.MIRitVEZE, Id'de-me-ro-vd'zil, a village of Austria, 
 Slavonia. about 12 miles from Eszek. Pop. 908. 
 
 L.\'DOClv, a pari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LADiVG.V, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, 11 miles 
 8.S.E. from Crawfordsville. 
 
 LADiKJ.A., a. post-office of Fond-du-Lac co., Wisconsin. 
 
 LADOGA, l3'do-gJ, the largest lake of Europe, is situated 
 In Russia, mostly between lat. 69° 58' and 61° 46' X., and 
 Ion. 30° and 33° E., enclosed by the governments of St. 
 Petersburg, Olonets, and Viborg. Area 6190 square miles. 
 Depth very unequal. The shores are generally low ; it con- 
 tams several i-lands, and numerous rocks and quicksands. 
 It receives about 60 rivers, and di.scharges its surplus 
 waters by the Xeva into the Gulf of Finland. The Ladoga 
 Canal, 70 miles in lensrth. and 74 feet in breadth, and the 
 tsuiSkoiandSveerCanalsjform a navigable chain all uround 
 bs e. auU S.-b. sides. ! 
 
 LADOGA, NEW, a town on the S. shore of Lake Ladoga, 
 government and 70 miles K. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 3000. 
 Old Ladoga is a village luljacent. 
 
 LADROXES, Hd-rinz', (S|i. pron. ladri'n^s,) or 31ART 
 AXXE (mA're-ann/) or .MAUIAXA (maVe-d/nd) ISLANDS, a 
 group in the Xorth Pacific, belonging to Spain, mostly be- 
 tween lat. 13° and 21°X., and Ion. 144° and 146° E.. and con- 
 sisting of 20 islands, of which only 5 are inhabited. Pop. 
 10,000. They are of volcanic origin, densely wootled, and 
 very fertile. Principal islands, Gugnan, (goo-gwdn',) Rota. 
 (ro'ti,) and Tinian, (tee-ne-dn',) on the first of which is the 
 capital town St. Ignazio de Agaila. The Ladrones were disco- 
 vered by Magellan, in 1521. and called Las Islas de los La 
 DRONES, i. e. the '-islands of the thieves," from the thievish 
 disposition of the natives. They were also named the Mar 
 ana Islands, in honor of the queen of Philip IV. of Spain. 
 
 L.\DROXES, a small group of islands in the China Sea, 
 opposite the entrance to the Canton River, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Macao. 
 
 L.\DWA. Idd'w3, a town of North Ilindostan, capital of a 
 small chiefship, 22 miles E.N.E. of Kurnaul. 
 
 LA'DY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney, in the N.E. 
 part of the isle of Sanda. 
 
 L.\DY, Id/dee, or LIADI, le-J'dee, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Moheelev, 30 miles E.N.E. of Orsza. 
 
 LADY' (l.Vdee) ISLE, an uninhabited rocky islet, off the 
 AV. coast of Scotland, co. and Uj miles N.X.W. of Ajr. It 
 is important, as affording the only sheltered anchorage along 
 a great extent of coast. 
 
 LA'DYBAXK, a station of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the 
 Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth Railway, at its divergence to 
 Perth. 
 
 LA'DY JUrLIA PER/CY ISLAXD, an islet, off the S. coast 
 of Australia, in Portland Bay. Lat. 38° 35' S., Ion. 141 °50' E. 
 
 LADYKIRK, lA/de-kirk', a parish of Scotland, co. of Ber- 
 wick-on-Tweed. 
 
 LAEKEN. Id'ken, a village of Belgium, province of South 
 Brabant, 2 miles X. of Brussels, with which it communicates 
 by a planted avenue. It has a royal jiark and residence. 
 
 L.\ER or LAR, (Liir.) I;Ir. a village of I'russia, government 
 of Dantzic, circle of Marienburg. Pop. 1025. 
 
 LAER, a village of Rhenish Prussia, near Miinster. 
 Pop. 896. 
 
 L.\ERNE, lla'nfh, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, 6 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 3770. 
 
 LA FARGKVILLE, li farj'vil, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Xew York, 16 miles X. of Watertown. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, lafd-yett/, a county in the N. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is inter- 
 .sected by the TuUahatchie, and its affluent the Yockuapa- 
 talfa River. Tlie surface is diversified by gentle undulatic ^ns, 
 and adorned by open groves of oak, hickory. &c. The soil 
 has a substratumof sand, and is very productive, especially 
 in the VMlleys. It is intersected by the Mississippi Central 
 Railroad. 'J'he Chickiisaw Indians were removed from 
 this part of the state in 1S3S. Capital, Oxford. Popu- 
 lation in 1860, 16,125, of whom 8996 were free, and 7129 
 slaves. 
 
 LAFAYETTE parish, in the S. part of Louisiana, contains 
 about a.'iO square miles. It is intersected by Vermilion 
 River, ^navigable by steamboats.) The surface is nearly 
 level ; the soil is alluvial and fertile. Pop. 9003, of whom 
 4.') to wore free, and 4463 slaves. 
 
 LAF.\YETTE, a county in the S.W. part of Arkan.sas, 
 bordering on Louisiana and Texas, contains about 1500 
 square miles. It is intersected by Red River, and also 
 drained by Bayous Bodcan and Dauchite and the Sulphur 
 fork of Red River. The surface is level, and is interspersed 
 with prairies; the soil is fertile. Capital, Lewisville. Pop. 
 846t, of whom 4153 were free, and 4311 slaves. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, (formerly LILLARD,) a county in the W. 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 612 square miles. . The Mis- 
 souri River, which here flows towards the E., forms the 
 northern boundary; the county is also drained by Big 
 Snybar and Terre Beau Creeks, and by the Salt Fork of 
 Blackwatcr River. The surface is agreeably diversiiii^d : the 
 soil is remarkably and almost uniformly fertile. Limestone 
 and sandstone underlie a large part of the county. The 
 bluffs of the Missouri alon^ the northern border consist 
 almost entirely of beds of stone-coal. Lafayette is among 
 the most populous and highly cultivated counties in the 
 state. Capital, Lexin-ton. Pop. 20,098, of whom 13,724 
 were free, and 6374 slaves. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a county in the S.S.W. part of Wisconsin, 
 bordering on Illinois, has an area of about 660 square miles. 
 It is drained by Fevre River, and the two branches of the 
 Pekatonica, which cross the northern border of the county, 
 and unite in the S.E. part. The surface is broki;n by ridges, 
 which are in some parts entirely bare of timber, and in 
 others covered with a spar.se growth of oaks. The soil is 
 generally productive. The cliff limestone which underlies 
 the county alxiunds in rii'h veins of lead and copper, from 
 which large quantities of these ores are taken. The famous 
 Platte mounds, in the X.AV. part, are remarkable for their 
 regular form, and are surrounded by a larse expanse of 
 
 1007 
 
LAF 
 
 pralri? ITiis conntv is intersected Tiy a branch of the Ga- 
 
 lu Dii and Chicago Kailroad. Capital. Darlington. Pop. 18.134. 
 
 LAFAVETTii, a post-office of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 
 LAFAYETTli, a post-village and township of Onondaga 
 CO.. ^ew York, on the Syracuse and Binghamton Kailroad, 
 about VZ miles' S. by E. of Syracuse. In this township is an 
 Indian reservation. Pop. 2537. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village and township of Sussex CO.. 
 New Jersey, about 70 miles N. of Trenton. It has 2 or S 
 churches, and 2 iron foundries. Pop. of the township 919. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village and township of McKean co., 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles W. of Smithport, and 208 miles N.W. 
 of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 214. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Virginia, 
 on the Roanoke lUver, about 190 miles W. by S. of Kich- 
 mond. Pop. from 200 to 300. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village, capital of Walker co., Georgia, 
 210 miles N.W. of Milledgeville, is beautifully situated in 
 a mountainous region. The village has a court-house, 2 
 churches, I academy, and 10 stores. It was formerly called 
 Chattooga. 
 
 LAFAYFITTE, a village of Chambers co., Alabama. See 
 Chambers Court-IIouse. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, Louisiana. See New Orleans. 
 
 LAF.\YETTE, a post-village, capital of Macon co., Ten- 
 nessee. 55 miles N.E. of Nashville. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a thriving post-village of Christian CO., 
 Kentucky, 218 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, and 1 mile from 
 the Tennessee line. It contains 4 churches, and 6 dry 
 goods stores. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. P. 124.5. 
 
 LAFAY'ETTE, a post-village of Madison CO., Ohio, on the 
 National Koad, 22 miles W. of Columbus, has about 200 
 iuhabiumts. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township in the central part of Medina 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1325. 
 
 LAF.\YETTE, a small village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township of Van Buren co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 892. 
 
 LAKAYETTE,atownshipin Allen CO., Indiana. Pop.1.320. 
 
 LA FAYETTE, a township in Flovd CO., Indiana. Pop. 1534. 
 
 LAF A YKTTE, a township in Madison Co., Indiana. P. 1002. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township in Owen co., Indiana, Pop. 1181. 
 
 LAFAY^ETTE, a flourishing town, capital of Tippecanoe 
 CO.., Indiana, on the left bank of the Wabash River, and on 
 tlie \V abash and Erie Canal, 66 miles N.W. of Indiana- 
 polis, and 123 miles S.E. from Chicago, lat. 40° 25' N., Ion. 
 86° 49' W. It is pleasantly situated on gradually rising 
 ground, which affords a delightful view of the river and the 
 neighboring hills. It is one of the largest towns on the 
 canal above named, which connects it with Lake Erie and 
 the Ohio River. The Toledo and AVabash Railroad inter- 
 sects the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago Railroad at 
 this point, which is also the terminus of the Lafayette and 
 Indianapolis Railroaxl. These advantages, together with the 
 fertility of the surrounding country, render it a place of 
 active trade, and the principal grain market in the state. It 
 contains a court-house which cost $20,000, 4 banks, 2 of which 
 are national, 2 academies, 4 public schools, and 13 churches, 
 some of which are large and handsome buildings. It has also 
 2 paper-mills,several iron foundries,and large establishments 
 for packing pork. Four weekly, 2 tri-weekly, and 2 daily 
 newspapers are published here. The surrounding country 
 consists of fertile prairies, interspersed with oak openings. 
 Settled in 1825. Pop. in 18-16, 1700; inl850,6r29; inl860,9387. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township in the S. part of Ogle co., 
 Illinois. Pop. 568. 
 
 L.A.FAYETTE, a post-village of Stark co., Illinois, on a 
 branch of Spoon River, 100 miles N. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village in Linn co., Iowa, 35 miles N. 
 by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 LAFAY'ETTE, a pretty village of Polk co., Iowa, on the 
 River Des Moines, 13 miles below Fort Des Moines, is situated 
 on the border of a prairie. 
 
 L.^FAVETTE, a post-township in the central part of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1122. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village, capital of Yam Hill co., 
 Oregon, situated at the falls on the Yam Hill River, which 
 is navigable for boats nearly to this place, about 28 miles 
 N.N.W. of Salem. Pop. 417. 
 
 LAFAY'ETTE COLLEGE. See Easton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 LAF.\Y'ETTE HILL, a post-office, Fluvanna co., Virginia. 
 
 LAFAYETTE SPRINGS, a postofflce of Lafayette co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 LAF.\YETTEVILLE, a postofflce, Dutchess co., New York. 
 
 LAF'FING GALL, a post-office of CheroKee co., Georgia. 
 
 LA FOM'BA, a postKjfflce of Lafayette co., Mississippi. 
 
 LA FONTAINE, lah f6n-tdn', a postofflce of Harlan co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 LA FONTAINE, a post-office of Wabash co., Indiana. 
 
 LA FOUKCHE, lah-foorsh', a bayou in the S.E. part of 
 Loui.siaua, an outlet of the Mississippi, commencing at 
 Donaldsouville, on the right bank. It Hows south-easterly 
 
 LAG 
 
 through the parish of La Fourche Interior, and enters the 
 Gulf of Mexico, after a course of about 150 miles. It is one 
 of the most important channels of communication between 
 the Gulf and the interior, being navigable for steamboatj 
 about 100 miles from its mouth. 'The land along its banks 
 is generally arable, and produces abundant crops of sugar 
 and cotton. 
 
 LA FOURCHE INTE'RIOR, a parish in the S.E. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, contains aliout 
 1200 square miles. It is intersected by Bayou La Fourche, 
 navigable by steamboats. It is in some parts miirshv: the 
 soil along the bayou is productive. .Capital, Thibodeaux. 
 Pop. 14.014, of whom 7649 were tree, and G.jU5 sUives. 
 LA FRANCE. See France. 
 
 L.\GA-AN. (Laga-^n.) M'gS on, a river of Sweden, issues 
 from a small lake about 15 miles S. of .Tonkoping, flows S., 
 expands into Lake Vidostern, passes Laholm, and. aboxit 4 
 miles below, falls into the Bay of Laholm in the Cattegat, 
 after a course of about 110 miles. 
 LAGA'D.\, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennes.see. 
 LAGAETE, Id-gi-A'tA, a village on the W. side of the 
 Grand Canary I.sland. Pop. 2002. 
 
 LAGAN, Wgan, a river of Ireland, Ulster, rises in the 
 Slieve-Croob Mountains, and, after a N.E. covirsc of 35 miles, 
 enters Belfast Harbor. It has been made navigable beyond 
 Lisburn, whence a canal connects it with Lough Neagh. 
 
 LAGARTERA, Id-gaR-td/rii, a town of Spain, New Castile, 
 70 miles S.W. of Avila. Pop. 1581. 
 
 LAGARTO. Id-gaR'to, a town of Brazil, province of Sergipe, 
 70 miles W.S.W. of Sao Christovao. Pop. of district, 2000. 
 
 LAGE, Id/gheh, a town of North Germany, in the grand- 
 duchy of Mecklenberg-Schwerin, on the Recknitz, 12 miles 
 N.E. ofGuetrow. Pop. 1624. 
 
 LAGE, a town of Germany, in the principality of Lippe- 
 Detmold, on the Werra, 7 miles S.W. of Lemgo. Pop. 1500. 
 LAGES, Wzhis, a town of Brazil, province of Santa 
 Catharina, 140 miles W. of Desterro. Pop. of district, 5000. 
 LAG'GAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, about 
 17 miles S.K. of F'ort Augustus. Loch Laggan, in this 
 palish, is about 7 miles long. 
 LA'GLE, a post-offlce of Bradley co., Arkansas. 
 LA GLEIZi;, Id gl§z or lit^glAz', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince and 19 miles S.E. of Liege, on the Ambleve. Pop. 1464. 
 LAGNASEO, ldn-yS-s.Vo, a town of Piedmont, province 
 and 4 miles S.E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 1921. 
 
 LAGNIEU, (anc. Lagniacus?) lan^ye-uh', a town of France, 
 department of Ain, 18 miles N. of BeUey, near the Rhone, 
 here crossed by a chain bridge. Pop. in 1852. 2900. 
 
 LAGNI-REGl, Idn'ye-r.-i'jee, LAGNO, Wn'yo, or LANIO, 
 Id/ne-o, a river of Naples, falls into the Mediterranean aftei 
 a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 LAGNY, Idn'yee', (anc. Laniacum ?) a town of France, 
 department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 miles S.W. of Meaux, on 
 the left bank of the Marne. Pop. in 1852, 2527. 
 
 LAGO, Id'go, a village of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 10 miles S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2600. 
 
 LAGOA, Id-go'd. a town of Brazil, on the E. coast of the 
 island of Santa Catharina. Pop. .3000. See Santa Cath.\wn.\. 
 LAGO DI AMSANCTO, Id'go de dm-sdnk'to. (anc. Amsancf- 
 tus La>cus.) a small lake at the entrance of a mountain-valley, 
 about 50 miles E.N.E. of Naples. It is remarkable for the in- 
 cessant motion of its water, which keeps continually bubbling 
 up over a large portion of the surface, and with an explosion 
 resembllna: distant thunder. 
 
 LAGO DI COMO. See CoMO, Lake of. 
 LAGO MAGOIORE. Id'.go mdd-jo'r.i or LAKE OF LOCAR- 
 NO, lo-kaR'no, (anc. VcrMnus La/cus.) a lake of North Italy, 
 enclosed by Piedmont. Lombardy, and the Swiss canton of 
 Ticino, being the westernmost of the great lakes in this 
 region. Length, 40 miles; aver.age breadth, 2 miles ; depth 
 in some places. 300 fathoms. It is traversed by the Ticino 
 River, of which it is properly but an expiinsion. On its 
 highly picturesque banks are the towns of Arona, Canobbio, 
 Locarno, Luvino, and Laveno; and it contains the Borro- 
 mean I.sles. Steam-packets were established on it in 1820. 
 
 LAGON'DA or BUCK CREEK, Ohio, flows into the Mad 
 River at Springfield. 
 
 LAGONEGRO. IdVo-ni'gro. a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, 76 miles S.S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 4000. It has an 
 old castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth and caps. 
 
 L.\GOR, Id'goR'. a village of France, department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees, 15 miles N.W. of Pau. Pop. 1738. 
 
 LAGORCF;, ld\goRss', a village of F'rance, department of 
 Ard^che, 8 miles S.E. of Largentifere. Pop. 1500. 
 
 LAGOS, Id/goce, (anc. Lacoh'riga,) a fortified seaport town 
 of Portugal, province of Algarve, capital of a coniarca, 110 
 miles S. of Lisbon. Pop. 7000. It stands on a large bay, 
 and has a military asylum, town hospital, and two parish 
 churches. 
 
 LAGOS, Id/goce, a town of the Mexican confederation, 
 state and 100 miles E.N.E. of Guadalajara, having near it 
 some rich silver mines. 
 
 LAGOS, Id/goce, a town of Guinea, and formerly one 
 of the most notorious .slave stations on the coast of Africa, 
 on an inlet of the bight of Benin, 160 miles W. of Benin, 
 
LAG 
 
 LAII 
 
 and S.E. of Abomey. The British consul baring been 
 fired upon when attempting to negotiate a treaty for the 
 ab-jlishing of tlie slave trade, with the reigning chief in 
 1851, though at the time under a flag of truce, Lagos was 
 attacked and talien after a desperate engagement, 57 guns 
 being destroyed. A treaty was signed prohibiting the 
 slave-trade, putting down human sacrifices, and securing 
 not only the freedom of commerce but the liberty to diffuse 
 Christianity. Pop. 5000(?). 
 
 LAGOS, UULF OF, a gulf and town of European Turkey, 
 Koom-Elee, 88 miles S.W. of Adrianople. 
 
 LAGOSTA, Id-gds'tl, (line. Lastobon or Ladestris f) the most 
 S. island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic. Length 6 miles, by 
 4 miles in breadth. On its N. coast is a village with a small 
 port 
 
 LAGOV, Id/g3v, a town of Poland, province and 35 miles 
 W.N.W. of Sandomier. Pop. 1500. 
 
 LA GRANGE, lah grAnj', a county in the N.E. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Michigan, contains 384 square miles. 
 It is drained by Pigeon River. The surface is mostly level. 
 About two-thirds of it is occupied by oali openings, which 
 have a sandy soil adapted to wheat, and nearly one-fourth 
 of the country is thickly timbered. The Northern Indiana 
 Railroad passes through the county. Capital, La Grange. 
 Pop. 11,3C6. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on 
 the Penobscot and Piscataquis Rivers, about 85 miles N.E. 
 of Augusta. Pop. 690. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a township of Dutchesgco., New York. Pop. 
 1850. 
 
 LA GR.A.NGE, a post-oflRce of Wyoming co., New York. 
 
 L.A. GRANGE, a po.st-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 L.V GRANGE, a post-village in Randolph co., North Caro- 
 lina, 90 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-office, Chester district, South Carolina. 
 
 Ilk ORANGE, a flouri.'-hing post-village, capital of Troup 
 CO., Georgia, on the La Grange Railroad, 42 miles N. from 
 Columbus. The La Grange Kailroad connects, at Atlanta, 
 with the principal lines of the state, and at West Point, with 
 a railroad leading to Montgomery, in Alabama. The village 
 has 4 schools, wliich stand high in the public estimation ; 
 namely, the La Grange High School, the Ifrownwood Uni- 
 versity, the La Grange Female Seminary, and the La Grange 
 •I'emale Institution. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-village of Franklin co., Alabama, 
 180 miles N.N.W. of -Montgomery. It has an elevated situa- 
 tion, and is the seat of La Grange College, a thriving insti- 
 tution founded in 1830. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a thriving post-village, capital of Fayette 
 CO., Texas, on the left bank of the Colorado River, 65 miles 
 E.S.E. of Au.stin City. It is surrounded by a fertile cot- 
 ton-planting district, and has an active business. Steam- 
 boats ply between this village and Galveston, and sometimes 
 ascend as high as Austin City. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas. 
 
 L.\ GRANGE, a thriving post-village of Fayette co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the railroad leading from Memphis to Charleston, 
 about 50 miles E. from the former. It contains 3 churches 
 and 1 female seminary. 
 
 L.\ GRANGE, a post-village, capital of Oldham co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, 46 miles 
 N.W. of Frankfurt. It contains 1 church and an institu- 
 tion named the Masonic College. 
 
 LA GR.\NGE, a po.st-township in the S. part of Lorain co., 
 Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland Columbus and Cincin- 
 nati Railroad. Pop. 1490. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-village and township of Cass co., 
 Michigan, about 130 miles S.W. of Lansing, and 4 miles 
 S.E. from the Central Railroad. Pop. about 500 ; *of the 
 township, 1702. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a thriving post-village, capital of La Grange 
 CO., Indiana, 170 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. It became 
 the county-seat in 1842. Pop. 650. 
 
 LA QKANGE, a village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River, 11 miles S.W. of l>afayette. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-village of Lewis co., Missouri, on the 
 Mississippi River, 184 miles above St. Louis. It contains 6 
 churches, 1 bank, 1 newspaper ofTice, 12 stores, a ship-yard, 2 
 planing-mills, a tobacco factory, 1 or 2 flouring-mills, &c. It 
 hiis an active business in shipping produce. Pop. in 1860, 1281. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-office of .Monroe co., Iowa. 
 
 LA GR.\NGE, a post-township in the N. part of Walworth 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1255. 
 
 LA GRANGE RLUFF, a pos1>village of Brown co., Illinois, 
 on the Illinois River, 65 mile? W. by N. of Springfield. 
 
 LA GRANGE IRON-WORKS, a small village of Stewart 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 L.V GRANGETILLE, lah griwjNil, a post-office, Dutchess 
 "50., New York. 
 
 LA GRASSE, ll'grdss', a town of France, department of 
 Aude, 22 miles S.E. of Carcassonne, on the left bank of the 
 Orbieu. Pop. 1400. 
 
 LA GREW SPRINGS, a postoffice of Arkansas co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 LA'GRO, a thriving post-village and township of Wabash 
 30 
 
 CO., Indiana, on the Wabash River and Canal, opposite tho 
 mouth of the Salamonie, 6 miles above Wabash, the county 
 scat. Pop. of the township, 2987. 
 
 LAGKUNE-SL'R-MKK, IJVriin'siiRhnaiR', a small seaport 
 town of France, department of Calvados, on the English 
 Channel, 11 miles N. of Caen. Pop. 1207. 
 
 L.\GUAN. l3-gw3n', a small island of the Philippino group, 
 off the N. coast of the island of Samar. 
 
 LAGUARDI.X, \A-g\\h\)ae-L a walled town of Spain, Bis- 
 cay, province of Alava, 24 miles from Yitoria. Pop. 1742. 
 
 LA GU.iYRA, la-gwl'r3, (Fr. La Goaxjr?, lit gwaiR,) a town 
 and seaport of Yenezucla. on the Caribbean Sea; hit. 10" 
 36' 42" N., Ion. 66° 56' 30" W. (r.); 10 miles N. of Caracas, 
 closely surrounded by high mountains. The streets are 
 narrow, tortuous, and ill-paved, and the houses ill-built. 
 For nine months in the year the heat is excessive, giving 
 rise to malignant and putrid fevers, which render a re.ei- 
 dcnce here eminently dangerous to strangers. Being the 
 principal port of the republic, its trade is extensive. Its 
 chief exports are coffee, cacao, indigo, and hides; imports 
 British manufactured goods, provision.s, wines, Ac. The 
 number and tonnage of vessels that entered the port in 
 1847, was 163, tonn. 28,378; cleared, 164, tonn. 29,488. 
 Value of imports, £656,743; of exports, £590,753. 
 
 The following table shows the quantities of the principal 
 articles exported from LaGuayra, for the years 1843-1847 : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 Cacao. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Inrtigo. 
 
 Hi.les. 
 
 .Suniher. 
 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 1843 
 
 l:W.191 
 
 6018 
 
 4.i9 
 
 3Hi5 
 
 Ii:i9 
 
 3. 6 is 
 
 1844 
 
 12,2:'5 
 
 7ti95 
 
 211 
 
 ^lla\ 
 
 7i4 
 
 hi 61 
 
 1815 
 
 111,747 
 
 6250 
 
 691 
 
 4616 
 
 4C0 
 
 4.-. .109 
 
 1M6 
 
 15-2,747 
 
 70:;6 
 
 476 
 
 6:i78 
 
 WiA 
 
 5:i,6-".! 
 
 1847 
 
 lU.ofil 
 
 8534 
 
 10,171 
 
 6471 
 
 561 
 
 53,913 
 
 The port is not a very good one, being unsheltered from 
 N. to E. and W. winds, and the continued E. breeze keeping 
 the sea in a state of constant agitation. The holding ground, 
 however, is good ; anchorage, from 6 to 30 fathoms, accord- 
 ing to distance from the land. The town is defended by a 
 fort, and several batteries judiciously planted along the 
 shore. La Guayra was nearly destroyed, in 1812, by an 
 earthquake. Pop. 8000. 
 
 L.\GUEMBA, Id-gh^m'ba, or LAKEJIBA, Id-kJm'ba, one 
 of the Feejee Island.s, the largest of the E. group; lat. 18" 
 14' S., Ion. 178° 51' W. It is of volcanic formation; about 
 5 miles long by 3 broad. 
 
 LAGUNA, la-goo/nd, a province in the S.E. part of Luzon, 
 one of the Philippine Lsland.s. 
 
 L.AGUNA, lii-goo/ni, a town of Brazil, province of Santa 
 Catharina, 00 miles S.W. of Nossa Senhora do Desterro, at 
 the mouth of a lagune, whence its name. Pop. lOOO. 
 
 L.A.GUN-\. ld-go«ynd, a town of Peru, department of As- 
 uay, capital of the province of Maynas, on the Iluallaga, 
 iu lat. 5° 10' N., Ion. 75° 40' W. 
 
 L.\GUN.\. a town of Yucatan, on the island of Carmen, 
 across the mouth of Lake Terminos. It has trade in logwood. 
 
 LAGUNA DKL MADKE, li-goo'nl dJi mln/rA, a large la- 
 goon or shallow bayou in the S.E. part of Texas. It extends 
 from Corpus Christi Bay neai-ly to the mouth of the Rio 
 Grande. Length above 110 miles; greatest breadth 14 miles. 
 
 LAGUNA-I)E-NEGRILLOS, li-goo/nd-d.-V-nA-greel'yoce, a 
 town of Spain, 25 miles from Leon. Pop. 1458. 
 
 LAG UN A SEC A, M-goo/nl sd/kd, a post-office of Santa Claia 
 CO., California. 
 
 L.\GUNILL.\. Id-goo-neel'yd, a town of Spain in Old Cas- 
 tile, about 12 miles from Logrofio. Pop. 1129. 
 
 LAH, Id, a military post in Sinde, held by the late Ameeis 
 for levying the customs between Cutch and Hyderabad. 
 Lat. 2:3° 68' N., Ion. 68° 40' E., 
 
 LAIIA, a town of .\ustria. See L.iA. 
 
 LA IIACHA. See Rio IIach.^. 
 
 LAHADJ or LAH.\J, Id-hdj', a town of Arabia, Yemen, 18 
 miles N.W. of Aden. It stands in a wide and cultivated 
 plain, enclosed by gardens, and has a bazaar, and a sultan's 
 residence. Pop. 6000. 
 
 LAHAJAN, Id-hd-jdn', a town of Persia, province of Ghilan, 
 near the Caspian, 30 miles E. of Reshd. It has a medressa or 
 college, several caravanserais, and extensive, well-stocked 
 bazaars. Pop. 15,000. 
 
 LAHAMAIDE, Id'd'mJd', iS'd'mild', a village of Belgium, 
 province of Ilainaut, on the Gard, 20 miles N.N.W. of Mons. 
 Count Egmont, who was beheaded at Brussels by the Duke 
 of Alva, was born in the castle of L.ihnmaide. Pop. 1421. 
 
 LA*H.\R', a town of Hindostan, 55 miles E. of Gwalior. 
 
 LAHAR, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, in 
 the Upper Provinces, 63 miles E.S.K. of Agra. 
 
 L.V II.\RPE, lah hai-p. a post-village of Hancock co., Illi- 
 nois, 110 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 L.\HAS'KA, a post-office of Bucks co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 LA HAT, Id-hdf, a populous village of the island of Suma- 
 tra, as miles S.W. of Palembang, lat. 3° 45' S., Ion. 103° 40' E 
 
 LA HAVANA. See Hava.na. 
 
 LA HAVE. See Hague, The. 
 
 1009 
 
LAH 
 
 LAHESTRB, H^hfst'r', a Tillage of Belgium, province of 
 Itiinaut, 9 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 300. 
 
 LAin.TANMd-heejiiu', a plain of Persia, province of Azer- 
 baijan. S.W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. 
 
 LAIII.TAN. a town of Persia. See Lahajan. 
 
 LAIITSSA, Arabia. See Larsa. 
 
 LAHN, Ihi, a river of Central Germany, after a W. course 
 of 100 mifes, through Prussia, Uesse, and Nassau, joins 
 the Rhine 4 miles S.E. of Coblentz. 
 
 LAHN, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S.W. of Lieg- 
 nitz. Pop. 939. 
 
 LAUXSTKIX,. lan'stlne. Upper, (Ger. Ohcr Lahnstein. 
 dher lin'stine,") a market-town of Germany, duchy, and 
 8 niiles'W. of Nassau, on the Rhine. It has an old castle, 
 and 1530 inhabitants, mostly employed in cultivating wine 
 and fruit. 
 
 LAIIXSTKIN. Lower, (Ger. XTnter Lahnstein, COnter Idn'- 
 stlne.) a market-town of Germany, contiguous to the above, 
 on the r^hn. Pop. 1S60. 
 
 LAIIOLM, iJ/hftlm, a seaport town of Sweden, laen and 15 
 miles S..s;.E. of Halmstad. on the L8ga-.4n. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LAHOOL. LAHOUL, LAHUL, ld'hool',orLA\VUR, laVuW, 
 a territory in the N.E. part of the Punjab. 
 
 LAHORE, M-hOr', the capital city of the Punjab, British 
 India, on an affluent of the Ravee, in lat. 31° 36' N., Ion. 
 74° 18' E. Pop. estimated at from 100,000 to 12Q,000. It is 
 enclosed by a double line of defences, the outer being about 
 7 miles in circuit. The streets are narrow, filthy, and exces- 
 sively crowded : the houses are of brick, and lofty. It has 
 many large and handsome mosques, and around it for many 
 miles are extensive Slohammedap ruins, with the fine tomb of 
 the Emperor Jehangire, and the garden of Shah Jehan. Here 
 are also many Hindoo temples, well supplied markets, and 
 a citadel, containing the palace of the Sikh sovereigns. 
 Under the Jlogul Emperors, the city was of much greater 
 extent. In 1748, it fell into the hands of Ahmed Shah; in 
 1798 Runjeet Singh was made governor and rajah. After 
 the final defeat of the Sikhs, in 1849, Lahore was taken 
 possession of by the British. 
 
 LAHOUL. See Lahool. 
 
 LA HOYA, 14 ho>yL a village of Mexico, at the mouth of 
 a pass of the same name, through which the National road 
 conducts from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, about 100 
 miles N.W. of the former. A skirmish took place here be- 
 tween the ilexicans and the U. S. troops, June 19th, 1847. 
 
 LAHR. Ito, a town of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on 
 the Schuttcr, 63 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 6110. 
 It has manufactures of linens, woollens, and cottons. 
 
 LAHSA, Mn'sii\ or EL-AHSA. el-aH/.si\ written also LACH- 
 SA, iaK'.sl LAIIISSA. iaH/is-.4\ and LASSA. a fertile dis- 
 trict of Eastern Arabia, about 90 miles S.W. of Katif. or 
 El-Katif, about lat. 25° 25' N., Ion. 49° 45' E. In former 
 times, it was also called Hajar. The word Ahsa, which fre- 
 quently occurs in Arabiim geography, is said to signify a 
 place where water sinking through the surface of the ground 
 is retained beneath. The date gardens of Lahsa are very 
 extensive and productive, being well watered from wells and 
 lakes, but the inhabitants deny the existence of any con- 
 stant river running through the district and connecting the 
 lakes. The lands adjoining the date gardens produce wheat, 
 barley, millet, and rice. The tamarisk here attains a large 
 pize, and serves for roofing-timber. The domestic industry 
 of Lahsa consists wholly in weaving camelots, and making 
 abas or overcoats; but the inhabitants derive large sums 
 annually from the sale of camels and of dates ; and all the 
 trade between the coast of the Persian Gulf and the Be- 
 douins of Xejd passes through this oasis. The Turks at the 
 conclusion of their war with the WahSbee (1819). occupied 
 Lahsa. but soon after restored it to its original possessors, 
 the Beni Khalid, who consented to pay a small tribute to the 
 Porte. The population of the whole oasis is estimated at 
 50.000. 
 
 LAHSA or LACIIS.\. a town in the above district, on a 
 bay of the Persian Gulf, opposite the island of Bahrein. 
 
 LAIIUL. See Lahool. 
 
 L.MBACII. a town of Austria. See Latbach. 
 
 LAICIIKV, a town of Russia. See Laishev. 
 
 L A ICHINGEN, lI'King-en. a market town of Wtirtemberg, 
 circle of Danulie, 16 miles' N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LAI-CHOO or LAI-CIIOW-FOO. li-chr.w-foo. or LAT- 
 TCHKOU-FOU. li'che-ooYoo', called also simply LAI CIIOW 
 or LAI TOIIOO, a seaport town of China, province of Shan- 
 toong. on the S. shore of the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee; lat. 37° 13' 
 N., Ion. 110° 50' E; 2S0 miles S.E. of Peking. 
 
 LAIGHI'OOR, ITr.'pooR,'. a town of Sinde.'CO miles S.S.W. 
 of Hyderabad. Lat. 24° 34' X.. Ion. 08° 22' E. 
 
 LAIGLK or L'ATGLE, lAg'l. (L. A'ffuila,} a town of France, 
 department of Qrne, on the Rille, 17 miles N.E. of Mortagne. 
 Pop. 4720. It is walled, and was formerly a military post. 
 It i« now the chief manufacturing town of its department, 
 having man uliKt Hies of needles, pins, and steel goods. 
 
 LAIOLE, (Cape) France, between Marseilles and Toulon. 
 
 LAIGLIO, Ugl. an island of Canada East, formed by the 
 confluence of the Prairie and St. Lawrence Rivers. 
 
 LAIOXKS. lia, a town of France, department of C6t&<i'0r, 
 
 LAK 
 
 10 miles W. of Chatillon-sur-Seinc. Pop. 15C3. Tt has 
 manufactures of hats and linens. 
 
 LAIGUEGLIA, li-gw.^l'yd, (L. Lingula.) a market town of 
 the Sardinian States. Genoa, province and 6 miles S.S.W. of 
 Albenga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 1421. 
 
 LAILLY, lAhVee', a village of France, department of 
 Loiret, 15 miles S.W. of Orleans. Pop. 1579. 
 
 LAIN ATE, ll-ni't.i, a market town of Lombardy, 11 miles 
 N.W. of Milan, noted for the magnificent palace of the house 
 of Litta. Pop. 2436. 
 
 LAIX'DON WITH BAS'ILDON, a parish of England, eo. cr 
 Essex. 
 
 LAINIO-ELF, ll'ne-oo-^lf, a river of Sweden, which issues 
 from Lake Rosto in Torned Lappmark, flows S.E., and joins 
 the TorneS at TorneS-tbrs. after a course of about 140 miles. 
 
 LAING'S, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 LAINGS'BURG, a post-village of Shiawassee co.. Michigan 
 
 LAIXO or LAJNO, li'no, a market town of Naples, pn 
 vince of Calabria Citra, 23 miles N.W. of Cassano. Pop. 2600. 
 
 LAINO or LAO, Wo, (anc. Lalus.) a river of Naples, fulls 
 into the Mediterranean in 39° 42' N. la^.. 
 
 LAI'RA, a village of England, co. of Devon, with a station, 
 forming the terminus of the Exeter and Plymouth railway, 
 2 miles E. of Plymouth. 
 
 LAIRDS/A'ILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, 
 about ItX) miles W. by N. froniAlbany. 
 
 LAIRDS'VILLE, Pennsylvania. See FuNSTO>Tn-l.E. 
 
 LAIRG, l.^rg, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland. 
 
 LAISHEV, lT-.»hSv', a town of Russia, government and 30 
 miles S.E. of Kazan. Pop. about 2100, chiefly engaged in 
 the tmnsit trade of iron and salt by the river. 
 - LAISSAC, l.^sWk', a town of France, department of 
 Aveyron, 23 miles N.W. of Millau. Pop. 1702. It has manu- 
 factures of pottery and paper. 
 
 LAI-TCIIOO, LAI-TCIIOEU or LAI-TCIIOU. See Lai-choo. 
 
 LAJELLA, Id-yMli, a village of Naples, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, on the sea. 
 
 LA.TNO. See Laixo. 
 
 LAK, lok, a village of Hungary, co. of Baranya, 6 miles 
 from FUnfkirchen. Pop. 897. 
 
 LAK, a village of Hungary, co. of Ei.senburg, on the Arobo 
 and Reptse, 18 miles from Stein-am-Anger. Pop. 743. 
 
 LAK. a village of Hungary, Hither Theiss, co. of Borsod, 
 Pop. 750. 
 
 LAICAHUR/RAH, a village of the Punjab, 60 miles N.E. 
 of Mooltan, on the route thence to Lahore. 
 
 LAKE, lik, a county in the N.X.E, part of Ohio, border- 
 ing on Lake Erie, contains about 220 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Grand and Chagrin Rivers, The surface is 
 rolling rather than level ; the soil is mostly a fertile clayej 
 loam, with occasional ridges of sand or gravel. From the 
 influence of the lake the climate is favorable to fine fruits 
 Iron ore is found in this county. The Cleveland and Erib 
 Railroad passes through it, and a plank-road has been made 
 from Painesville to Trumbull county. Formed in 1840, by 
 a division of Geauga and Cuyahoga counties. Capital, 
 Painesville. Pop, 15,576. 
 
 LAKE, a new county in the W. part of Michigan, has an 
 area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected in the N.E. 
 by an affluent of the Manistee River, and principally drained 
 by another tributary of that river, and by the Notipeskago 
 
 L.AKK, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Indiana, 
 bordering on Lake Michigan and Illinois,^las an area ol 
 480 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Kankakee 
 River, and traversed by Calumiek and Deep Rivers. The 
 surface is nearly level, consisting partly of prairie and partly 
 of timbered land. Extensive marshes occupy the southern 
 part. A portion of the soil is adapted to grazing. It is 
 traversed by two or three railroads leading from Chicago Xr 
 Michigan and Ohio. Capital, Crown Point. Pop. 9145. 
 
 LAKE, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Illinois, 
 bordering on Misconsin, has an area of 390 square miles. 
 Lake Jlichigan forms its entire boundary on the E. The 
 Des Plaines and Fox Rivers flow through the county from 
 N. to S, It contains about 50 small lakes,, the average 
 extent of which is nearly 1 square mile, and some of them 
 are said to be very deep. They are supplied with springs 
 of clear water, and stocked with a variety of fish. The 
 soil is remarkable for fertility and durability. The counf/y 
 is traversed by the Chicago and Milwaukee Bailroa/f; 
 anotlier railroad crosses the S,W, corner. Organized in 
 1839. Capital, Waukegan, Pop. 18,2.")7. . 
 
 LAKK, a post-office of Washington co,, New York. 
 
 LAKE, a jKist-township of Luzerne co,, Pennsylvania, 14 
 miles N,W, of Wilkesbarro. Pop, 497. 
 
 LAKE, a post-oflice of Trinity co., Texas. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Ashland co„ Ohio, Pop, 912. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Logan co.. Ohio. Pop, 3139. 
 
 LAKE, a post-township in the N. part of Stark co., Ohi«. 
 Pop. 2.321. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Wood co.. Ohio. Pop. 551. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 951. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 1755. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Buchanan co., Missouri, 
 
 LAKE, a township ofMilwankee CO., Wisconsin, Poi, "183. 
 
LAK 
 
 LAM 
 
 LAKE BLUFF, a post-office of Prairie co., Arkansas. 
 
 LAKU CKN'f KK, a post-office of Milwaukee CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 LAKK CIIAltliliS, a postoffice, Calcasieu parisli, Louisianiu 
 
 LAIv K CiJMFOllT, a post-office of II) de CO., North Carolina. 
 
 LAKK CKEKK, a post-office of Polk co., Georgia. 
 
 LAKE CIiEKK, of Te-xas, enters the San Jacinto near the 
 middle of Montgomery co. 
 
 L.VKE CRi-^EK, a post-offic* of Lamar co., Texas. 
 
 LAKK CREKK, a post-office of Milliam.son co., Tennessee. 
 
 LAKK CliEKK, a post-office of Petis co., Missouri. 
 
 LAKEK. See Lakki. 
 
 LAKK GEOllGK. See George, Lake. 
 
 LAKE GRIFFIN, a post-office of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 L.'VKK HILL, a post-office of Ulster co„ New York. 
 
 LAKE KAT'TAKITM'EKO.V, (Fr. Lac Vieux Desert, Idk 
 vo^uh' d.Vzaia/,) a lake at the head of Wisconsin Kiver, on 
 the border between the states of Wisconsin and Michigan. 
 Length about 7 miles ; breadth 4 or o miles. The French 
 name, Vieux Dkskrt, signifying " old deserted," is derived 
 from the circumstance that on an island in this lake there 
 was an old deserted planting ground of the Indians. 
 
 LAKE'LAND, a postviHage and station on the Long 
 Island liailroad, in Suffolk co., New York, 49 miles E. of 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 LAKE L.\.ND'ING, a pcst-rilLige of Iljdeco., North Caro- 
 lina, about 170 miles E. of lialcigh. 
 
 LAKE M.MII'.V, a village of Green Lake CO., Wisconsin, 65 
 miles N.X.K. of Madison, and 10 milts from Marquette. It 
 has some 20 or 30 dwellings. 
 
 LAKK MILLS, a thriving post-villiige and township of 
 Jelferson CO., Wisconsin, on Itock Lake, 25 miles E. of Miuli- 
 son. It has water-power which gives motion to several 
 mills, and contained in tSfiO, 1 church, 3 stores, and about 
 400 in!i:iliit;ints. Pop. of township, 1.529. 
 
 LAK'i^XlI.VM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, If 
 milris S.S.W. of Norwich, of which citv it forms a suburb. 
 
 LAK'EMIEATII, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 
 with a station on the E. Counties Railway, 6j miles W.S.W. 
 of Brandon. 
 LAKE OF TUE THOUSAND ISLANDS. See St. Law- 
 
 BESCE KlVER. 
 
 LAKK OF THE WOODS, a small village of Slississippi co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 LAKK OF THE WOODS, (Fr. Lac de.s Bois, llk-d-i-bwl,) a 
 lake of British North .\merica, lat. 49° N., Ion. 95° W., cir- 
 cumference oOO miles. It is studded with wooded i.'ilands. 
 The shores are much indented with bays; they produce a, 
 good deal of wild rire. The lake receives the llainy Kiver 
 from the S., and Northward gives origin to the river Win- 
 nipeg. 
 
 LAKE PLEASANT, a small lake in the S.E. central part 
 of Hamilton co., New York, 4 miles long, and li miles wide. 
 Its outlet falls into Sacoudaga lliver. 
 
 LAKK PLE.VS.ANT, a post-village and township, capital 
 of Hamilton CO., Now York, on a small lake of the same 
 name, about 70 miles N.N.W. of .\lbany. Pop. 356. 
 
 LAKK'PORT, a post-village of Madison co., New York, 120 
 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 L.AKE PR.VIRIE, pra'reo, a village in .Marion co., Iowa, 
 on Des iloines River, 80 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 LAKE PROV'IDl;NCE, a post-village of Carroll parish, 
 Louisiana. See Providence. 
 
 L.VKE RIDGE, a post-village of Tompkins co.. New York, 
 16 miles N. by W. of Ithaca. 
 
 LAKE lUDGE, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan, 
 
 LAKE RIVER, a post-otlice of Clark CO., AVasbington. 
 
 LAKK ST.ATION, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana. 
 
 LAKKS'VILLE, a small post- village of Dorchester co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 LAKE SWAMP, a po.?t-office of Horry district, South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 LAKETON, a post-village in Wabash co., Indiana, 95 miles 
 N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LAKK VIKAV, a postoffice of Dane co., Wisconsin, 8 miles 
 S. of Madison. 
 
 L.iKK VlLL.'iGE, a thriving post-village in Gifford town- 
 ship, Belknap co.. New Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord, 
 and Montreal Railroad, about 35 miles N. by E. of Concord. 
 It is situated on the Winnipi.seogee River, which is navigable 
 to this point for steamboats plying on Lake AVinnipiseogee, 
 and very near the village of Meredith Bridge. Extensive 
 hydraj^lic works have here been constructed, furnishing 
 motive power for many mills of different kinds. The village 
 contains 3 churches and 5 stores. 
 
 LAKK'VILLE, a post-village in Salisbury townssbip. Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut, about 50 miles N.W. by AV. of Hart- 
 ford. 
 
 L.\KEA'ILLE, a post-village of Livingston co., New Y'ork, 
 at the N. end of Conesus Lake, 24 miles S. by AV. of 
 Rochester. 
 
 LAKEA'ILLE, a village -f Queen's co., New York, about 
 20 miles E. of New Y'ork. 
 
 L.VKEA'ILLE, a station of Holmes co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 and Pennsylvania Railroad, 16 miles AV. of AVooster. 
 
 LAKEVILLE, a. post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 ab'..;.; 3v milee a. cf Detroit. 
 
 LAKEVTLLE, a post-office of St. .losepii co . Indiana. 
 LAKK ZURICIL zu'rik, a post-village of Like co, Uli 
 nois, 35 miles N.N.AV. of Chicago. Pop. atiout 200. 
 
 L.\K GEDES-UJ, lok ghiiM^sh'-oo'ee, a village of Hungary^ 
 county of and about 50 miles from Pesth. Pg;>. 978. 
 
 LAKiCI. IJlOkee/, or L.^KKIC, la'kee', a town of Punjab, 
 on the Khuram, an affluent of the Indus. 98 miles S.S.AA'. 
 01 .-Vttock. Lat. S2° 55' N., Ion. 71° 10' K. ' 
 
 L.\K-N.\GY% WK-nodyg or nudj, a market-town of Hun- 
 gary, Thither Theiss. co. of Csanad. on the .Maros, 35 miles 
 N. of Temesvar. It has two Greek churches, niimoroup 
 mills, and a trade in cattle, sheep, and swine. Pop. 9047. 
 
 LAKOO'RA, a village of Beloochistan, province of Jhala- 
 wan, CO miles S.AV^. of Kelat. 
 
 L.\KOR, Id^koR/, a small island in the Malav .Archipelago, 
 E. of Timor. Lat. 8° 12' S., Ion. 127° 10' E. It is about 12 
 miles long by 4 broad. 
 L.VL.\.\D. an island of Denmark. See Laaland. 
 LAL'ANT-U'XY'. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 L.ALBKNQUK, iSPbSNk'. a town of France, department ot 
 Lot, 8 miles S.S.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1984. 
 LALKH.V.M. I:t1,;im, a parish of Kngland, co. of Middlesex. 
 L.VL'i^STON, a parish of Soutli AVales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 LALIT.V-PATAN. linee'td-pl tdn', a town of Northern Hin- 
 dostan. Nepaid, 2 miles S. of Khatniaiidoo. It was formerly 
 the capital of a small indei)endent state. It has a neat 
 ajipcarance, and some handsome public etlifices; manufao 
 tur^^s of cotton, copper, and brass. Pop. 24.000 (?) 
 
 LALITY, luh'leetye/, (almost lohMeetch',) a village of 
 Hungary, Hither Danube, county of llacs 12 Diiles from 
 Uj-A'erbacs. Pop. 1873. 
 
 LAVl.KVJ, a town of the'Punjab, between the Chenaub 
 and Jhylum Rivers, 95 miles W.N.W. of Lahore. Pop. 5000. 
 LALH.OO', a village of Sinde, 60 miles S. of Roree Bukkur, 
 on the road to Hyderabad. 
 
 LALM'OUlt/. a town of .\fu;hanistan, plainof Jelalabad, on 
 Cabool liiver, 38 miles AV.N.W. of Peshawer. 
 
 LALSK, Idlsk, a town of Ru.s.«ia. government and 270 miles 
 E.N.E. of A'ologda, on the Loona, (Luza.) Pop. .3000. 
 
 L.\L'SOO.NT', a town of Hindnstan, province of Rajpoo- 
 tana, dominions and 38 miles S.E. of .Teypoor. 
 
 L.\M, lorn. (.Vlso Lam, dP-sluVlOm, (" Lower Lam,") and 
 FEL.S0 Lam, (felsii lam.) fiil^-shiVlOm, (•• Upper Lam,").) two 
 contiguous villages of Hungary, are both in the county c" 
 Honth. about 20 miles from Bala.ssa-Gyarinath. Pop. lOlh. 
 L.VM.\, l.^'mA, a village of Naples, province of -Abruzzo 
 Citra. capital of a canton, 20 miles S. of Chieti. Pop. 24011. 
 LAM.\, a village of Central Italy, 6 miles E.N.E. of AscolL 
 Pop. iL'tjO. 
 
 L A.MA, a village of Northern Italy, government of A'eniee, 
 8 miles E.S.E. of Rovigo. 
 
 L.VM.'V, a river of Russia, government of Moscow, joins 
 the A'olga 25 miles N. of Klin. 
 L A M A or T A L E L A M A . See Thibet. 
 LA >IANCHA. a province of Spain. See Maxcha, La, 
 LA MANCUE. See Exousii Chan\ei.. 
 LAM.\R'. a county in the N.N.E. part of Tex.is. bordering 
 on Red River, which separatee it from the Indi.nn Territory, 
 contains al>out 1080 .square miles. It is drained by the Sul- 
 phur Fork of Red River. The soil is excellent. In 18.50 the 
 county produced 101.976 pounds of butter, more than any 
 other in the state. Named in honor of General Mirabeau 
 B. Lamar, third president of Texas. Capital, Paris. Pop. 
 10,l."(i, of whom 7303 were free, iind 2833 slaves. 
 
 LAM.\R, a post-township of Clinton co., I'ennsylvania, 4 
 or 5 miles S. of Lock-Haven. Pop. 1245. 
 
 LAAI.-VR, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama. 
 L.WIAR, a flourishing post-villiige of Marshall co., Mis- 
 sissipjij, on tlie stitge-road from Holly Springs to La Grange, 
 in Tennessee, about 220 miles N. of Jackson. 
 
 L.AMAR, a small post-village of Refugio Co., Texas, on 
 the E. shore of Aransjis Bay. 
 LAAtAR, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois. 
 L.\MAR, a post-village capital of Carton CO.; Missouri, 
 alxmt 150 miles S.AV. of Jeff'erson City. Pop. 673. 
 L.\.M.\R, a town of Bolivia. See Cobija. 
 LAMARCHE, (L. Marcliia?) a village of France, depart- 
 ment of A'osges, 20 miles S. Neufchfiteau. Pop. 1623. 
 
 LAM.\RTINE, iJm^ar-teen', a post-office of Clarion co., 
 I'enn.sylvania. 
 L.\AiARTINE, a post-office of Benton co., Alabiima. 
 LAAI.\RTINK, a post-office of AVashita co., Arliansas. 
 L,AM,\RT1NE, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee. 
 LA.M.VRTIXE, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 L.\.MARTINE, a postrvillage and township of Fond-du- 
 L.ac CO., AVisconsin, 7 miles S.AV. of Fond-du-Lac; contains 
 1 church and 2 stores. Pop. of township, 1151. 
 
 LA.MAS'CO, a town.ship of Vanderburg co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1444. 
 
 LAMASCO CITY, a former village of Vanderberg co., 
 Indiana, situated on the Ohio Kiver, at the terminus of the 
 AVabash and Erie Canal, is now incorporated with Evans- 
 ville. 
 
 L,\MATO, Id-mi'to, (anc. Lamffuxf) a river of Naples, in 
 Calabria Ultra, falls into the Gulf of Santa Euphemia; 
 whole course about 30 miles, 
 
 ion 
 
LAM 
 
 LAMATO, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 
 8 miles X.W. of Catanzaro, on a lofty eminence. Pop. 1306. 
 
 L.\ML.\CH. Idm'b.-iK, (L. Lambac'um.) a market-town of 
 Upper Au.stria, on the Traun. and on the railway between 
 GmlindoQ and Lintz, 18 miles S.W. of Lintz. Pop., including 
 the villajre Elien.see, on the opposite bank of the river, 2300, 
 chiefly employed in salt-works It has a Henedictine Abbey. 
 
 LAMBALLE. iSM^bdll', (anc AmhiUatesr) a town of 
 Krano.-, department of Cotes-du-Nord, on the Gouessant, 12 
 miles E.S.E. of St. Briuuc. Pop. in 1852, 4337. It stands on 
 the slope of. -I hill, cmwned bv a fine (iothic church. 
 
 LA.MBAH£. lim-bd iA'. a villace of l>ara:-'uay, 6 miles from 
 Asuncion, on the left bank of the Parajruay. 
 
 LAMKATH. l^mTiSt. (Ober. o'ber. and Unter, (^Sn'ter.) a 
 villace, or two contiiruous villages of Upper Austria, circle 
 of Traun. district of Ebensee. on the Traun. Pop. 1500. 
 
 LAM'BAY, a small fishing island of Ireland, co. of DubUn, 
 
 3 miles S.E. of- Itusb Point. Pop. about 100. 
 L.\MB.\YEQUE, IJmbi-A'k.A, a town of Peru, capital of a 
 
 province of its own name in the depaftment of Libertad on 
 the I^mbayeque liiver, near its mouth in the Pacific. 120 
 miles N.W. of Tr^iillo. Pop. 8000; of the province in 
 1S50, 24.6S2. It has a good church, several chapels, and 
 manufactures of cotton fabrics. The roadstead is atiout 1^ 
 miles off the river ; its anchorage is said to be the worst on 
 the coast of I'eru. 
 
 LAM'BERIIUKST. a parish of England, co. of Kent, 14 
 miles S.S.W. of Maidstone, and 10 miles S.E. of the Tun- 
 bridge station of the S.E. Railway. Here are the ancient 
 castle and modern house of Scotney. 
 
 LAilBERMONT, iamn>er-m6nt\ or iSM'bjR'mAxg', a vil- 
 lage of Brussels, province and ^6 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 
 1192. 
 
 LAMTJEHTOX, a former village of Mercer co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware River, now forms part of the 
 borough of South Trenton. 
 
 L.\M'BERTVILLE, a flourishing post-town of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Delaware River, 15 miles above 
 Trenton. It is the largest town in the county, containing 
 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, 5 churches, 3 hotels, 3 flour-mills. 
 
 4 !^w-mills, 1 paper-mill, 1 India-rubber factory, 2 sash and 
 blind factories, gas works, 2 public halls, 1 manufactory of 
 locomotives, 2 of railroad cars, a machine-shop, in whicli 
 stationary engines are made, and 1 iron and brass foundry. 
 A covered wooden bridge connects this place with New Hope. 
 Lambertville po.^sesses excellent water-power from the 
 feeder of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. The Belvidere 
 Delaware Raili-oad passes tlu-ough the town. Population 
 2699. 
 
 LAMBERTVILLE, a post-village in Monroe CO., Michigan. 
 
 LAMBESC, IJM'bJsk', a town of South France, depart- 
 ment of Bouches-du-Rhone. 12 miles W.N.W. of Aix. From 
 1664, the assemblies of the states held their ordinary 
 meetings in Lambesc. Pop. iu 1852, 3747. 
 
 L.VM'BETII, a parliamentarj- borough and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Surrey, comprising most part of the S.W. quarter 
 of the metropolis, S. of the Thames; here crossed by Water- 
 loo, Ilungerford, Westminster, and Vauxhall bridges, and 
 having E. the borough of Southwark. Pop. of parliament- 
 ary borough in 1851. 251,345. Lambeth Palace, beside the 
 river, opposite the horse-ferry to Westminster, is an ancient 
 castellat«id structure of various dates, which has been the 
 residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury since the 12th 
 oenturv. Lambeth Church, atljacent. was founded in 1377. 
 
 LAMBEZELLEC, IdM^beh-zJriJk', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Finistere, 3 miles N. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 
 11.031. 
 
 L.^ilHiLEY, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 LAMBLEY, TYNE, a parish of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 L.\.M'BOURN, (Cmp'piNG,) a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Berks, on a small affluent of the Kennet, 
 6i miles N.N.W. of Ilungerford, and 6 miles S.E. of the 
 Shrivenham Station of the Great Western Railway. Area 
 of parish 14,880 acres. Pop. in 1851, 2577. The town, old, 
 but neat, has a cruciform church, in the early English 
 style, and an antique pillar in the marketrplace. In the 
 vicinity is the celebrated figure of a white horse, said to 
 ha%e been cut in the chalk-down in memory of Alfred's 
 great victory over the Danes in 871. 
 
 L.\MB(JURXE, a parish of England, county of Essex. 
 
 LAMBRATE, lam-brd/tA, a village of Northern Italy, 3 
 miles E.N.E. of Milan, on the Lambro. Near it is a royal 
 manufactory of gunpowder. Pop. 1444. 
 
 LAMBRO, Idm'bro, (anc. Lam/brtis,) a river of Northern 
 Italy, which rises between the two arms of the Lake of 
 Como, flows S.S.E. and joins the Po, 15 miles S. of Lodi ; 
 total course, about 70 mile.s. 
 LAMBRrs. See Lambro. 
 
 LA.MBSIIEIM, lims'hime. a market-town of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, canton and S.E. of Frankentbal. Pop. 2631. 
 LAMBS POINT, a poftK)fRce of Madison co., Illinois. 
 LAMBSri'ON or LAM'.MERTON, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Pembroke. 
 L-VMIVTO.N, a township of England, co. of Durham, 61 
 1012 
 
 LAM 
 
 miles N.N.E. of Durham. Lambton castle is th? seat of tha 
 Lambton family, Earl? of Durham. 
 
 L.\MB'TON, a county in the W. part of Canada West 
 bordering upon the S. portion of Lake Huron. The Sc. Clair 
 River forms its western boundary. Area 1093 square milos 
 Pop. lO.Sl 5. 
 
 LAMBTON, a village of Canada West, co. of York, 8 miles 
 from Toronto. 
 
 L-VMOJURG, a post-office of Iroquois co., Illinois. 
 
 L.4MEG0, Id-m.A'go, (anc. Lame'ca, or Lahna.) a city of 
 Portugal, province of Beira, capital of a comarca. near the 
 Douro, 46 miles E. of Oporjo. Pop. 8870. It has many 
 interesting Moorish, and some Roman remains. Principal 
 edifices, a large Gothic cathedral, a castle, and bishop's 
 palace. 
 
 LAM'ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 L.^MES'LEY, a township, of England, co. of Durham, 
 parish of Chester-le-Street, on the Great North of England 
 Railway, 4 miles S. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1S51. 1914, era 
 ployed in large coal-mines and quarries of grindstones. 
 
 LAMIA, la-mee'i, lately ZEITOUN or ZEITCN, zA'toon', 
 (Gr. Zfirotif,) a town of Greece, capital of a government of 
 Phthiotis, near the Turkish frontier, and the head of the 
 Gulf of Yolo. It has been described as a miniature model 
 of .\thens. with an acropolis, a citadel, and an arsenal, 
 formerly the residence of the Pasha. 
 
 LAMi.4. or ZEIT()UX. Gulf of. (anc. 3faU'hc!is Si'nw.^&n 
 inlet on the E. coa.st of Greece, joining on the S.E. the Chan- 
 nel of Talanta. and N.E. the Channel of Trikerl. It receives 
 the river Ilellada. (anc. SpeHdiiiis.) and on its S. shore are 
 the plain and pa.ss of Thennopylw. 
 
 L.V MINE, lah meen, a river of Missouri, rises near the 3. 
 border of Pettis CO., and falls into the Missouri, about 6 
 miles above Booneville. after a verj' tortuous course, the 
 general direction of which is N.E. Its whole length pro- 
 bably exceetls 150 miles. It is navigable for keel-boats for 
 a large part of the distance. 
 
 LA MINE, a post-villatre of Cooper co.. Missouri, on La 
 Mine River. -50 miles N.\V. bv W. of Jefferson City. P. 830. 
 
 LAM'INGTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. Tha 
 manor has been held by the Baillie family since the reign of 
 David IL 
 
 L.\MnNGTON, a small river of New Jersey, rises in Jlorris 
 CO.. and flowing southwani along the boundary of Somerset 
 and Hunterdon counties, enters the N. branch of the Raritan 
 about 6 miles N.W. of Somerville. 
 
 L.\M1NGT0N, a village of Somerset co.. New Jersey, on 
 Lamington River, 10 miles N.W. of Somerville. 
 
 LAMINGTON, a post-office of Rus.sell co., Alabama. 
 
 L.\ MI'R.\. a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 LAM'LASH, a small village and harbor of Scotland, on 
 the S.E. siile of the isle of Arran, 15 miles S.S.E. of Ayr. 
 The harbor is ctipable of sheltering the largest navy, 
 
 LAMLUM or LAMLOOM. See Lemloo.m. 
 
 LAM*MERMOOR/ HILLS. Scotland, a range of mountains 
 extending from the S.E. extremity of the co. of Edinburgh, 
 through the cos. of Haddington and Berwick, to the North 
 Sea in the parish of Coklingham: The principal summits 
 have an elevation of from 1500 to 1600 feet. 
 
 LAMO. See Lamoo. 
 
 LAMOILLE, iJ-moil', a river in the N. part of Vermont, 
 rises in Orleans co., and after flowing south-westerly into 
 Caledoniit county, turns and flows in a '\V,N.W. direction, 
 through Lamoille and Franklin counties, and falls into 
 Lake Champlain, in Chittenden county, in the N.W. part of 
 the state. 
 
 L.\MOILLE, a county in the N. part of A'ermont. has an 
 area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Lamoille River, and is principally watered by it and its 
 numerous tributaries, which afford valuable water-power. 
 The Green Mountain range p.isses through the county, on 
 which account the soil is more adapted to grazing than 
 tillage, although along the Lamoille Itiver, especially in the 
 eastern portion, there are some excellent tracts of rich 
 meadow land. Organized in 1836. Capital, Hyde Park. 
 Pop. 12,311. 
 
 L.VMOILLE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, on 
 Bureau Creek, 154 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 LAMONE, Id-mo'nA, a river of Italy which rises in Tus- 
 cany, and enters the Adriatic, 10 miles N. of Ravenna, after 
 a N.N.E. course of .iO miles. 
 
 LAMOO, li'moo/, or LAMO, Ij'mo', a bay of .Africa formed 
 by the Lamo and Manda Islands, and is secure for small 
 ves.sels, but the entrance is intricate. 
 
 L.VMOO, li'mCKy, a seaport town of East Africa, on tho 
 Indian Ocean, near lat. 2" 14' S., Ion. 41° E. Pop. 5000,(?) 
 who carry on an active trade. 
 
 LAMOR'RAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 L.AjrORSECK', one of the Caroline Islands, which see. 
 
 L.\ MOTTE. lil-mStf , commonly called Isle La Motte or 
 Vineyard, an island alx)Ut 6 miles long, near the N. cud of 
 Lake Champlain. It belongs to Grand Isle countj', and 
 constitutes the town.ship of l.«le La Motte. Pov. ftU. 
 
 L.\ MOTTE, a post-village in Jackson oo., Iowa, 70 ialli» 
 N.E. from Iowa City. 
 
LAM 
 
 LAN 
 
 LAJIOV or L05I0V, two towns of Russia, goTemment of 
 Penza, on the Lnmov Rivur. 
 
 Lamov. Nizhnee or Nuxi, nizh'nee' li-mov', New or Lower, 
 65 miles W.X.W. of Penza. Pop. 6985. 
 
 Lamov, Verkxee or Verkxii, vJRli^-ne©' li-mov', Old or 
 Upper, 6S miles W.N.W. of Penza. 
 
 LAilPA, Idm'pi, a town of Peru, capital of a province 
 of its own name in the department of Puno, on a tributary 
 of Lake Titicaca, 155 miles S. of Cuzco. Pop. of the province 
 In 1850. 76.408. 
 
 L.A.MPASAS, lam-pah'sas, a small stream of Texas, rises 
 in the central part of the state, and flowing eastward, unites 
 with Leon River, in IJell county. 
 
 LAMPAUL, IftM'pol', a village of France, department of 
 Finistore, 11 miles W.S.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 2455. 
 
 LAMPKDUSA, Idm^pi-doo'ei, LOPEDU'SA, an Island of 
 the Mediterranean, about midway between Malta and the 
 Tunis coa.«t. . It was taken possession of as a place of banish- 
 ment by the Kini; of Naples, in 1843. Circuit 13 miles. 
 The small islands of Lampion and Linosa are its depend- 
 encies. 
 
 L.A.MPKRTIIEIM, lim'peRt-hrme\ a town of Germany, 
 Ilesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, on the Rhine, 
 21 miles S.S.W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 3987. 
 
 LAMPETER, a town of Wales. See Llanbedr. 
 
 LAM'PETER, or LAM'PETER SQUAKK, a post^village of 
 Lancaster eo., Pennsylvania, about 5 miles S.K. of Lancaster. 
 
 LAJiPIOX. lim-pe-An', asmall island in the Mediterranean, 
 forming a dependency of Sicily, one of the Isole Pelagle, 
 about 8 miles W. by N. of Lampedusa. 
 
 LAM'PLUGII, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 L.\MPONG, lim^pSng', a district and bay at the S. extre- 
 mity of Sumatra, with a town and Dutch .settlement. 
 
 LAMPORECCIIIO, ldm-po-r6k'ke-o, a town of Tuscany, 
 'province of Florence, S. of Pistoja. Pop. 2800. Formerly 
 fortified. 
 
 L.IM'PORT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 LAM'PREY RIVKR rises in the N.W. part of Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, aud fulls into the Piscataqua River, 
 about 10 miles W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 LA.MPS'VILLE, a post-village of Belmont CO., Ohio, 112 
 miles E. of Columbia. 
 
 LAMSAKI, Idm'si^kee, (anc. Lamplsacus,) a maritime 
 village of Asia Minor, on the Hellespont, nearly opposite 
 Gallipoli, and embosomed in gardens. It was given by 
 Xerxes to Themistocles. 
 
 LAM'SON'S, a post-village of Oswego co., near Onondaga 
 county line. New York, on the Oswego and Syracuse Rail- 
 road. 17 miles N.W. of Syracuse. 
 
 LAMSPRINGE, Idm'spring-eh, a village of Hanover, 14 
 miles S. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1200, who trade in hops. 
 
 L.\M'YATT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 L.\NA, 14'ud, a village of Austria. Tyrol, circle of Botzen. 
 Pop. 2095. 
 
 LANAl. one of the Sandwich Islands. See Ranai. 
 
 LANAKEN, Id-nd'k^n, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limlwurg. on the Meuse,1.3 miles E. of Hasselt. Pop. 1537. 
 
 LAN'ARK, LANARKSHIRE, lan'ark-shir, or CLYDES'- 
 DALE, an inland county of Scotland, having N. the counties 
 of Dumbarton and Stirling, E. Linlithgow, Edinburghshire, 
 and P(!ebles, S. Dumfries, and W. the counties of Ayr and 
 Renfrew. Estimated area 942 square miles, or 004.880 acres, 
 more than one third part of which is arable. Pop. in 1851, 
 530,169. It consists of the whole upper basin of the Clyde, 
 and its affluents, along which, and in the level or N. parts, 
 are some fine agricultural tracts. The S. part is mountain- 
 ous and sterile, one summit rising to 3100 feet above the sea. 
 The chief crops are oats, barley, wheat, turnips, aad pota- 
 toes. The breed of draught horses is among the best in 
 Scotland. The coal, iron, and lead mines of this county 
 have rendered it one of the most wealthy in Britain. In 
 Old Monkland, especially, there are extensive iron works, 
 aud all kinds of manufactures carried on in and around 
 Glasgow in the lower ward ; besides which city, the county 
 comprises the towns of Lanark, Hamilton, Airdrie, Kilbride, 
 Carluke, Douglas, and Biggar. It sends 1 member to the 
 (louse of Commons, besides 2 for Glasgow, and 1 for other 
 boroughs. 
 
 LAN'ARK, an ancient royal and parliamentary borough, 
 town and parish of Scotland, capital of a county, 30 miles 
 8.VV\ of Edinburgh, and 23 miles S.E. of Glasgow, on the 
 Edinburgh and Carlisle Railway. Pop. of parliamentary 
 borough, in 1851, 5305. It stands on elevated ground near 
 the Clyde, with houses partly old and thatched. Chii^f 
 buildings, the church, in a niche of which is a colossal sta- 
 tue of the patriot Wallace; the grammar-school, library, 
 Clydesdale hotel, elegant county buildings and jail, and a 
 branch bank. The borough unites with Falkirk, Linlith- 
 gow, Airdrie, and Hamilton, in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. Near it are the celebrated Falls of the 
 Clyde, several Roman and feudal remains, and ancient 
 mansions, and at Bennington, various relics of Wallace. It 
 gives the title of Earl to the Duke of Hamilton. Gavin 
 Hamilton the painter was born here. 
 
 LANAltK, NEW, is a vUla^je of Scotland, on the Clyde, , 
 
 here crossed by a briilge, 1 mile S. of Lanark. Pop. 1^42, 
 employed in extensive cotton works, founded by the phi 
 lanthropic David Dale in 1784. Robert Owen's fir.st attempts 
 to found a new system of social organization were made liori 
 
 L.\N'ARK, a post-village of Bradley county, Arkansas 
 75 miles S.E. of Little Rock. 
 
 LANARK, a county in the eastern part of Canada West, 
 comprising an area of 1180 sq. miles, is drained by hume 
 rous small rivers, among which are the Clyde, the Missis- 
 sippi, and the Rideau. Mississippi Lake and Murphy FalU 
 are in this county. Pop. 27,317. 
 
 L.\NARK, a post-vill,ige of Canada West, co. of Lanark, 
 11 miles N.W. of Perth. Pop. about 300. 
 
 LANARK, a co. of West Australia, between lat. 35° and 
 36° S., aud about Ion. 116° E., bounded S. and W. by ths 
 ocean. 
 
 LANARKSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See Lanark. 
 
 LANBA'BO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 3 
 miles N.W. of Llaner(*-y-medd. Pop. 155. 
 
 LANCASHIRE, a co. of England. See Lancaster. 
 
 LANCASTER or LANCASHIRE, lank'a-Rhir. a maritime 
 and palatine co. of England, having N. Cumberland and 
 M'estmoreland E. Yorkshire, S. Cheshire, and W. the Irish 
 Sea. Area 1905 square miles, or 1,1.30,240 acres, of 
 which about 850,000 are under cultivsvtion. Pop. in 1S31, 
 1,336,854; in 1851, 2,031,2.36, about 200,000 of whom are of 
 Irish descent. The surface is rugged and mountainous in 
 the N., where Coniston Fell rises to 2.!i77 feet above the 
 sea, and on the E. border, where the long ridge, popularly 
 called "The Backbone of England," separates the county 
 from York; elsewhere generally level. Principal rivers, 
 the Duddon, Lune, AVyre, Ribble, Mersey, and Irwell. Be- 
 sides Coniston Lake, Windermere is partly \fi this county. 
 Carboniferous sandstone and new red sandstone, with lime- 
 ftone, form the strata of the county. Soil, among the hills, 
 moorish or peaty, in the lower district, mostly a tolerably 
 fertile sandy loam. Potatoes are more extensively grou n 
 than in any other English county. Dairy and hay farms are 
 numerous. The most important mineral is coal, to the 
 abundance of which the county mainly owes its manufac- 
 turing emiuf nee. The Lancashire coal-field is estimated to 
 extend over nearly 400 square miles. Copper is also raised 
 in the N. of the county. Lancaster owes its celebrity and 
 wealth to its manufactories and commerce, and not to agri- 
 culture. It is the great seat of the British cotton manufac- 
 ture, which has increa.sed since 1770 with a rapidity alto- 
 gether unparalleled in the history of mechanical industry. 
 The following table exhibits the number and extent of the 
 cotton, woollen, and other factories iu 1850. 
 
 
 Factories. 
 
 Spindles. 
 
 Power Looms. 
 
 Cotton 
 Woollen 
 Worsted 
 Flax 
 
 Silk 
 
 1^35 
 '.16 
 11 
 
 a 
 
 29 
 
 13,9.).i,4H7 
 238,192 
 •27. UK) 
 
 117.:«6 
 
 Ifi2,9s8 
 
 176.947 
 4,839 
 1,112 
 
 1,9T7 
 
 Total 
 
 1810 
 
 14,501,523 
 
 184,875 
 
 Manchester is the principal seat of the cotton manufacture 
 in the county, and Liverpool of the shipping trade. The 
 former, however, is carried on to a great extent in numerous 
 other towns in the county, including Preston, Bolton, Old- 
 ham, Ashton, Blackburn, Bury, Chorley, Wigan, &c.- 
 Woollen goods are also largely produceil at Rochdale and 
 Manchester ; as are also silks, hats, paper, and a vast vari- 
 ety of other articles; and a third part of the soap made in 
 Great Britain is manufactured in Liverpool and its vicinity. 
 A complete net-work of railways aud several important 
 canals afford means of rapid conveyance between Lanca- 
 shire and all parts of the kingdom. Within the last cen- 
 tury, the population has augmented at a rate of 800 per 
 cent., the increase in the agricultural counties having been 
 but 84 per cent. It sends 26 members to the Hou.se of Com- 
 mons, 4 for the county and 22 for its cities and towns. 
 
 L.\NCASTER, (L. LancasHria,) a parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, seaport town and parish of England, 
 capital of the above county, on the Lune, 20 miles N.N.W. 
 of Preston. Pop. of lx)rough in 1851, 16,168. It is pictur- 
 esquely situated on an eminence, crowned by the church 
 and castle. The houses are built of stone, and handsome, 
 but many of the streets are narrow. Chief structures, a 
 bridge of five arches, and a superb aqueduct by Reunie, 
 carrying the Lancaster Canal across the river: the castle, 
 a noble pile, founded at the conquest, on the site of a 
 Roman station, renovated by John of Gaunt, and now 
 embracing, within its vast area, the county court-house, jail, 
 and penitentiary ; an ancient parish church ; an excellent 
 grammar school, national and other schools ; some ancient 
 almshou.scs; a county lunatic a.sylum: town-hall, theatre, 
 assembly rooms, baths, cu.stoin-house, and marke(>house. It 
 has also a mech,ani«!' institute, and an establishment for 
 promoting fine arts, with thriviug manufactures of furni- 
 
 1013 
 
LAN 
 
 ture. cotton. sVM. Hn n, sail-cloth, exported coastwise, and 
 to XoriL A neric > .md ..Russia. The ooa,«tiag trade increases, 
 but the foreign bus been chiefiy tran.sferred to Liverpool. 
 The river, obstructed bv sands, is being deepened and im- 
 proved. Itosistered shipping in 1847, 5989 tons. The con- 
 tinuation of the Preston Railway to Carlisle and Scotland, 
 j)laces Lancaster in ready communication with both North 
 and South Britain. Lancaster sends 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. Lanc;i.^ter and shire were erected into 
 a duchy and county palatine, or separate soverei^tnty, in 
 the reign cf Edward III., in favor of his son, John of Gaunt, 
 the progenitor of the Lancastrian sovereigns. In the time 
 of Edward IV. it was re-annexed to the crown. The duchy 
 has many estates in other parts of Engl.ind, and a Court of 
 Chancery. Adj. Laxcasteian, lang-kas'tre-an. 
 
 LAXOASTER, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on Maryland, has an area of 950 square miles. 
 Susquehanna River forms its boundary on the S.W., and the 
 Octorara Creek on the S.E, It is intersected by Conestoga 
 Creek and its branches. The ridge qalled South Slountain 
 orConewago Hill, extends along the N.W. border; and Mine 
 Ridge traverses the S.E. part. Between these is a broad 
 and fertile limestone valley, the surface of which is undu- 
 lating, and the soil a rich calcareous loam. 'Xhe county is 
 well watered, highly cultivated, and densely peopled. In 
 respect to population, it is only inferior to Philadelphia and 
 Alleghany counties: in the value of agricultural productions 
 it is not equalled by any county in the state. In 1850 it 
 produced 1,803.312 bushels of Indian corn; 1,365.111 of 
 wheat ; 1,578.321 of oats ; 215,277 of potatoes ; 96,13-1 tons 
 of hay, and 1,907,843 pounds of butter. The quantity of 
 oats was the greatest raised in any county of the United 
 States ; that of wheat the greatest in any except Monroe 
 county. New York ; and that of corn greater than in any 
 other county of the state. The county contains quarries of 
 blue limestone, suitable for building, and of roofing slate. 
 Slarble, chrome, and magnesia, are also found. The creeks 
 furnish abundant motive power. It is intersected by the 
 Pennsylvania Central Railroad, and by the Reading and 
 Golumbi.a Railroad. Organized in 1720, and named from 
 Lancaster, a county of England. Capital, Lancaster. Pop. 
 110,314. 
 
 LAXC.VPTER, a county in the E. part of Virginia, border- 
 ing on Chesapeake Ray. at the mouth of Rappahannock 
 River, which forms its S.W. boundary. Area, 108 square 
 miles. The surface is moderately uneven; the soil is sandy 
 ind light. Organized in 1652. Capital, Lancaster Court- 
 House. Pop. 5151, of whom 2282 were free, iind 2>-6'.> slaves. 
 
 LANCASTER, a district in the N. part of South Carolina, 
 bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 690 .square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Catawba, or Wateree 
 River, on the N.E. by Lynche's Creek, and drained by Sugar, 
 Waxsaw, and other creeks. The surface is uneven, or hilly ; 
 the soil, in some parts, is productive. Capital, Lanca-ster 
 Conrt-IIouse. Pop. 11,797, of whom 6147 were free, and 
 6650 slaves. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village and township, capital of Coos 
 CO., New Manipshire, on Israel's River, near its.jiinction with 
 the Connecticut, about 100 miles N'. of Concord. It contains 
 a court-house. 5 churches, 1 bank, an aca<lemy, a newsjiaper 
 office, and a paper-mill. 'I'he Connecticut River is crossed 
 by a bridge near this place. Pop. of the township 2020. 
 
 L.WCASTER. a post-village and township of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 
 and on the West Branch River, near its junction with the 
 Na.shua, 19 miles N.N.E. of Worcester. It contaiiis a bank. 
 a savings institution, an academy incorporated in 1847, and 
 an industrial school for girls, and it has manufactures of 
 sheetings, combs, boots and shoes, &c. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 1932. 
 
 L.\NC.A.STER, a thriving post-vill.age and township of 
 Erie co.. New York, on Caynga Creek, and on the Buffalo 
 and Albany Railroad. 10 miles E. of Buffalo. It contains 1 
 Catholic and 2 Protestant churches, a bank, and several 
 flouring and saw mills. Pop. of the township, 2953; of the 
 Tillage, about 900. 
 
 LANCASTER, a city, capital of Lnncastor co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, is pleasantly situated on the Pennsylvania Central 
 Railroad. 1 mile W. of Conestoga Creek. 70 miles bv railroad 
 W. of Philadelphia, and 37 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. It 
 was for many years the largest inland town of the United 
 States, and wa.< the seat of the state government from 1799 
 to 1812. At present it is the fourth city of Pennsylvania 
 In respect to population. It is situatt>d in the most populous 
 and wealthy agricultural district of the state, and carries 
 on a considerable trade by means of the railroad and the 
 Black-water navigation of the Conestoga. The oldest turn- 
 pike in the United States has its western terminus at this 
 p a«e, and connects it with Philadelphia, which is 62 miles 
 distant by this route. The streets are generally straight, 
 orossing each other at right angles, and well paved. The 
 t,-ireater part of the town is substantially built of brick, and 
 JJe more modern houses are commodious and elegant. 
 During the last 20 years, great improvement has been made 
 in the appearance and business of the city. Gas-li-ht has 
 
 LAN 
 
 been introduced by a company with a capital of $100,000. 
 Three large steam cotton facturies have been put in opera- 
 tion, giving employment to SOO persons. A new county 
 prison, of sandstone, has been erected at a cost of $110,000. 
 The new court-house, lately finished, is a magnificent edifice, 
 in the Grecian style, which is reported to have cost $125,000. 
 Franklin College, of this place, was founded in 1787, but 
 subsequently declined. Recently a charter was obtained 
 for the union of this institution with Marshall College, on 
 the condition that $25,000 should be raised by the citizens 
 of Lancaster county. .This sum having been collected, the 
 buildings were erected in 1853, and the institution has 
 since gune into operation. Lancaster contains (1804) 15 
 churches, among which .are 3 Lutheran, 2 German Reformed, 
 3' Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 1 Moravian, 2 
 Roman Catholic, and 1 Wiiiebrennerian. The First Lutheran 
 has a steeple 200 feet in height. Among the remarkable 
 buildings niiiy be mentioned Fulton Ilall, recently erected 
 for the accommodation of public assemblies. Two daily and 
 seven weekly newspapers are published here. The city also 
 contains a classical academy, 2 public libraries, and 4 banks. 
 It is noted for the manufacture of rifles, axes, carriages, 
 threshing-machines, and locomotives. It is supplied with 
 water brought in pipes from Conestoga Creek. 'Ihe in- 
 habitants are mostly of German descent. Lancaster was 
 laid out in 1730, and incorporated as a city in 1818. Pop. in 
 1800, 4292; in 1840, 8417; in 1850, 12,369; and in 1860, 
 17,603. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village in Smith co., Tennessee, 60 
 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village, capital of Garrard co., Ken- 
 tucky, 67 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort. It contains a fine 
 court-house, 4 churches. 1 academy, 1 seminary, and 1 
 newspaper office. Pop. 721. 
 
 L.\NC.\STER, a flourishing post-town of Hocking town- 
 ship, capital of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Hocking River, 30 ' 
 miles S.E. of Columbus, and 139 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 It is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley. The Hock- 
 ing Canal connects it with the Oliio Can.al, aKd attracts 
 considerable trade. The growth of Lanciu^ter has received 
 an imi^etus from the railroad connecting it with Cincinnati 
 and ZanesvUle. The town is well built, and has several 
 wide and handsome streets. It contains churches of 7 
 denominations, 2 banks, a flourishing union school, and 
 two newspaper offices. On the border of a plain near Lan- 
 caster stands a sandstone rock of pyramid.il form, and 
 about 200 feet in height. Population in 1850, 3480; in 
 1860, 43U3. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-township in Jefferson co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1460. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village in Jefferson co.. Indiana, on 
 the railroad connecting Indianapolis and Madison, 85 miles 
 S.S.E. of the former. 
 
 LANCA.STER. a town.ship in Wells CO., Indiana. P. 1225. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-office of Ca-ss co., Illinois. 
 
 LANCASTER, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 835. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village, capital of Schuyler co., Mis- 
 souri. 140 miles N. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LANC.\STEll, a jiost-village, tlie former capital of Keo- 
 kuk CO., Iowa, on Skunk River, 50 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 It is surrounded by a healthy and fertile farming region. 
 Pop. 1058. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village, capital of Grant co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 14 miles N. of the Mis,«is.«ippi River, and 85 miles 
 W.S.W. of Madison. It is surrounded by an excellent tract 
 of land, and has productive lead-mines in its vicinity. The 
 village has a brick court-house, 3 churches, and a news- 
 paper office. Pop. 'f tt.'v'i-ilu|). 1006. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Glen- 
 garry, on the St. Lawrence River. 66 miles E. of Montreal, 
 and 16 miles from Cc>rnwall. It contains several stores, 
 a hotel, and a saw-mill. Pop. 220. 
 
 LANCASTER OUltT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of 
 Lancaster co., Virginia, 80 miles N.E. from Richmond; con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, several stores. 
 
 LjVNCASTER court HOUSE, a pos^village. capital of 
 Lancaster District, .South Carolina, alwut 10 miles E. of 
 Catawba River, and 72 miles N.N.E. of Columbia. It con- 
 tains a court-house, a few stores, and about .'00 inhabitant.s. 
 
 LANCASTER SOUND, a passage leading from the N.W. 
 of Baftin's Bay, W. to Barrow's Strait, about lat. 74° N., 
 Ion. 80° W. Its E. extremity is bounded by Cape Horsburg 
 on the N., and Cape Walter on the S. ; and its central 
 breadth is about 65 miles. 
 
 LANCAVA, Idn-ki'vl or LANGKAVT, lang-kd'vee, aa 
 island off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, forming i 
 portion of a group dependent on the kingdom of Quedal. 
 Lat. 6° 15' N., Ion. 99° 50' E. 
 
 LANCEROTA, Canary Islands. See Lanzarote. 
 
 LANCHANG, LANT!<IlANGor LANTCHANG, idnVhlng', 
 called also HANNIAH, h3n'nee'd, the capital town or city 
 of the Laos country, in the S.E. part of .Vsia, on the Mmam 
 kong River, lat. 15° 40' N.. Ion. 104° 30' E. It is said to bt 
 enclosed by a high wall, and well built. P jji unknown 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN'CTIESTKU, a parish of Enjrlanrl, co. of Durham. 
 
 LAX-CUOO, iSnVhoo', or LAN-TCIIEOU-FOU. lilnVhS-oo- 
 fotV a city nf China, capital of the province of Ktinsoo, ami 
 of a (li'iiartment of its own name, on the Hoang-IIo or Yel- 
 low liiver. Lat. 30° 5' N., Ion. 103° 40' E. 
 
 LAM T AXO, ldn-olii>3/no or Idn-chd'no, (ancAnxanum ?) a 
 town of Niiples, province of Abruzzo Citra, miles from the 
 Adriiitic. and 13 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 13,000. It stanJa 
 affreealily on three hills, has a cathedral, an archlii.xhop's 
 palace, 10 parish churches, several convents, diocesan and 
 oth(!r schools. In the middle ages its trade and manufac- 
 tures were important. 
 
 LAN'CINO, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LANCSAK, hin'chdk', a village of Hungary, co. of Ba- 
 ranva. 4 miles W. of Mohacs. I'np. 1467. 
 
 LANCUT, Idnfsoot. or LAXDSIIUT, l^ntsOioot, a town of 
 Austrian tJaliiia, 12 miles E. of Rzeszow. Pop. 1802, em- 
 ployed in linen-bleachinsr. It has a handsome palace. 
 
 Ij.WDAKF. a town of Wale.s. See Llandaff. 
 
 L.\ND.M''F', a postrtownship of Grafton co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Animonoosuck Kiver, about 75 miles N.X.AV. 
 of Concord. It contains several starch manufactories. 
 Pop. IU12. 
 
 LANIJAIv, IJnMJk'. a Chinese settlement on the island 
 of Borneo, near its W. coast, N. E. of Pontianak. Lat. 20° 
 N.. Ion. 109° 53' E, In its district a great deal of gold, dia- 
 monds, and excellent iron are obtained. 
 
 L^NTIAS, 16n<=MSs', a village of France, department of 
 Nonl, 17 miles N.E. of Douai! Pop. in 1852, 2.346. 
 
 LANDAU, iSn'diiw, written also LAXDAW, a stronsly 
 fortified town of Uheuish Bavaria, on the Queich, 18 miles 
 N.W. of Carlsruho. Pop. 12,244, among wliuni are many 
 Jews. Its fortress was constructed by Vauban in 1680. 
 Since desti'oyed by fire In 1686, the town has been regu- 
 larly laid out. The trade is chiefly retail, but extensive 
 vinegar factories have been established. It was held by the 
 Frem-li from 1814 to 1815. 
 
 LANDAU, a town of Germany, Lower Bavaria, on the 
 Iser, here crossed by a bridge, 36 miles S. E. of Ratisbon. 
 It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient ApiJnia. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 LAXD.\U, a fortified town of Germany, principality of 
 Waldeck, on a lofty height above the Wetter, 19 miles W. 
 of Cassid. It contains the remains of an old castle, in 
 which the princes of Waldeck often resided till the begin- 
 ning of the ISth centurv. Pop. 1214. 
 
 LAXD'BKACII, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 L.\XD'CKOSS, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 2 miles 
 S.E. of Bideford. Gen. Monk was born here in 1608. 
 
 LANDEAN. l6N«'diV^No', a village of France, department 
 of Tllc-et-VilHine, 5 miles N.E. of Poug^res. Pop. 1845. 
 
 LAXDKCK. Idu'df^k. a town of Prussian Silesia, govern- 
 ment of Breslau. on the Biala. Pop. 1530. In its vicinity 
 are sulphur baths. 
 
 LAXDKCK, a village of the Tyrol, on the Inn, 40 miles 
 W.S.W. of Innspruck. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LANDKGEM, ldnMeh-nem\ a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 6 niili.-s W. of Ghent. Pop. 2019. 
 
 LAXDKL, Idn'del, a village of Austria, Styria, on the 
 Enns, 2 miles from' P.eifling, with a church, and a trade in 
 cattle and wood. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LAXDKLEAU. l6N»Vleh-10', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistere, 17 miles E. of Chateaulin. Pop. 1203. 
 
 LAXDKLLKS, liSNoM^l', a village of France, department 
 of Calvados, 6 miles N.W. of A'ire. Pop. 1641. 
 
 LANDEX, lan'den, a town of Belgium, province and 19 
 miles X.X.W. of Iluy, on the railway from Mechlin to Liege. 
 It was the ordinary residence of Pepin the Old, mayor of 
 the palace of Clotaire II. Pop. 742. 
 
 LAXDERXEAU, lSN«MJR-niV, a seaport town of France, 
 department of Finistere, on the Landerneau, 12 miles E.X.E. 
 of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 511.3. It has a communal college, a 
 port with good quays, a town-hall, hospital, and marine 
 asylum, man ufactures of white and printed linens, and 
 bleach-grounds. 
 
 LAXDERXEAU or ELORN, AMoRn', a river of France, 
 which rises in the mountains of Arrec. near the centre of 
 the department of Finistere, and falls into Brest Harbor 
 after a course of 40 miles, of which 10 miles are navigable. 
 
 LANDEROX, IfixoMeh-rAx"', a town of Switzerland, canton 
 and 8 miles N.E.of Neufchatel, at the entrance of the Thiele 
 Into Lake Bienne. Pop. 1000. 
 
 L.VX'DERSVILLE, a post-offlce of Lawrence co., Alabama. 
 
 LAXDE.S, IflxD, a maritime department in the S.W. of 
 France, formed of part of the old province of Giuscony, 
 bounded N. by Gironde. E. by Garonne and Gers, S. by 
 Basses-Pvrenees, and W. by the Mediterranean. Area 3490 
 square miles. Pop. in ISGl, 300,839. The surface in the S. 
 part is covered by offsets of the Pyrenees; X. of the Adour 
 it is occupied by heaths (Landes) whence its name. On the 
 coast are numerous lagoons, communicating with the sea, 
 anO between those are extensive downs, the sands of which 
 a^e partially fixed liy plantations of pines. Chief rivers, 
 th(! Leyre. .\dour, and Gave-il<»-Pau. Soil fertile in the S. and 
 on the river banks. Chief riches, mines of iron, coa!, and 
 
 LAN 
 
 bitumen, timber, and mineral waters. It is divided into 
 three arrondissements. Dax, JIont-de-Marsan, and St. Sever, 
 
 LAXDESBERGEX, Idu'dSs-b^R-'Shen. a village of Hanovei 
 principality of Oberhoya, bailiwiik of Stolzimau. Pop. 1109. 
 
 LAXDETE, liSn-di'tA, a village of Spain, New Oastile, 
 about 28 miles from Cnenca. Pop. 791. 
 
 LAXDEVAXT, lS.No\leh-vftN"', a village of Vrance, ae- 
 partment of Morbihan, 11 miles E. of Lorient. Pop. 1500. 
 
 LAXDEAVED'XACK. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 10 miles S.S.E. of Ilelstone. Lizard Poijit, the southern- 
 most land in Great Britain, is in this parish. 
 
 LAXD'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 L.A.XD'GROVE, a post-township of Bennington Co.. Ver 
 mont, about 78 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Poi>. 320. 
 
 L.\NDI11AS, l6N"MeeVd/, a village of France, dopartmen* 
 of Gironde, 21 miles S.S.E. of Bordeaux. Top. 2321. It has 
 large cattle fairs. 
 
 LAX'DISBUKG, a post-borough of Tyrone township. Perry 
 CO., Pennsylvania, op Sherman's Creek, about 25 miles W. 
 by X. of Harrisburg. It contains 1 or 2 chvirches, and 
 several stores. Pop. 363. 
 
 LAX'DIS' STORE, a post-offlce of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LAX'/DISVILLE, a postoffice of Lancaster co., I'ennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 L.4XDIVISIAU, ]3N»MeeVee'ze-o', a town of France, de- 
 partment of FiuistSre, 12 miles W.S.W. of Morlaix. Pop. 
 1810. 
 
 LAXDIVy, l3N"VlceVee', a town of France, department 
 and 22 miles N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. in 1852, 2085. It has 
 5 largo fairs. 
 
 LAXD'KEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LAXDL. Idnd'l, a village of Austria, in Styria, circle of 
 Bruck. Pop. 1309. 
 
 LAXD OF PROMISE, a postofBce of Princess Anne co,, 
 Virginia. 
 
 LAXDOURA, Idn-doo^rS, a town of British India, presi 
 dency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district of Sebarunpoor. 
 
 L.\XD'PORT, (formerly Half-way Housks.) a large sulmrb 
 of Portsmouth, England, co. of Hants, compri.-ing all the 
 buidingg beyond the fortifications of Portsea town, and 
 between the suburbs of Southsea ami Mile-end Xewtown. 
 It has been greatly improved and extended of late years. 
 At its S. extremity is the t«rminus of the London and 
 Southern Railway. 
 
 LAXDQUART,"lSN«'kaR', a river of Switzerland, rising in 
 the Silvrettaberg in the N.E. part of the canton of Grisons, 
 joins the Rhine after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 LAXD'RAKE. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LAXDRE, Iflxd'r, a lagoon of F'rance, department of 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, 16 miles S.E. of Aries, is about 9 miles 
 long and 1 mile broaU. It receives the waters of two 
 
 LAX'DRECIES or LANDRECY, lftN"Mreh-see', Cane. Lan- 
 deriacum ?) a fortified town of F'rance, department of Xord, 
 and 11 miles W. of Avesnes, on the Sambre. I'op. in 1852, 
 3984. 
 
 LAXDRIANO, Idn-dre-I/no, a town of I,rfimbardy, is 10 
 miles N.N.E. of Pavia. on .the Lambro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LANDSBERG, Mnts/bJao, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, capital of a circle, on the Warta, 40 miles X\ 
 E. of Frankfort on the Oder. Pop. 15,747, many of whom 
 are .Tews. It Is enclosed by walls, and consists of an old 
 and new town, with 5 suburbs, 3 churches, a gymnasium, 
 a house of correction, an hospital, and orphan asylum. It 
 has manufactures of woollens, leather, and paper; also, 
 distilleries and breweries. 
 
 LANDSBERG, a small town of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 Bavaria, on the Lech, 22 miles S. of Augsburg. Pop. 3245. 
 
 LANDSBERG, a small town of East Prussia, 28 miles S. 
 of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 1967. 
 
 LANDSBERG, a small town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Brandenburg, government of Pot.edam. Pop. 1507. 
 
 LANDSBERG, a small town of Prussian Saxony, govern- 
 ment of Merseburg. 9 miles X.E. of Halle. I'op. 1002. 
 
 LANDSBURG, a small town of Prussian Silesia, 33 miles 
 N.E, of Oppeln, on the Polish frontier. Pop. 1026. 
 
 LANDS'DOWN, a post-ofUce of Prince William CO., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 LAND'S END, (anc. Bnlelrium Prmnrmtnlrium.) a celebra- 
 ted headland, forming the westernmo,st land of England, 
 projects into the Atlantic, at the W. extremity of the county 
 of Cornwall. It is formed of granite dilTs, about 60 feet 
 in height. About 1 mile W. are the dangerous rocks called 
 the Long.ships, with a lighthouse and fixed liirbts. 88 feet 
 above high water. Lat. 50° 4' 4" N.. Ion. 5° 44' 44" W. 
 
 LANDS/FORD, a post-office of Chester District, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LAXDSIIUT, linds'hoot, (Ger. pron., Hnts/hoot.) a town 
 of Lower Bavaria, on the Iser, 39 miles N.E. of Munich. 
 Pop. 12,135. It is highly picturesque, enclosed by old fortifi- 
 cations, and consists of an old and a new town, with a 
 suburb on an island in the Iser. Principal edifices, an old 
 castle, a celebrated church, the steeple of which is 454 feet 
 in height, one of the loftiest in Germany; a Cistercian 
 abbey, royal palace, old town-hall, several hospitals, some 
 
 1015 
 
LAN 
 
 convenfs, r l,v,.euTn, gymnasium, and other schools. In 
 1800 the Lnheisity of IngolstatU was removed thither, but 
 iu 18'^6 was transferred to Munich. Principal manufac- 
 tures, wool'en cloths, hosiery, tobacco, paper, cards, and 
 leather; it has numerous distilleries and breweries, and 
 trade in corn, cattle, and wool. 
 
 L.\M)S1IUT, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, 29 miles 
 S.S.W. of Lie.srnitz, on the Sober. Pop. 3998, chiefly em- 
 ployed in wooilen and linen weavinfr and bleaching. 
 
 LANDSIIUT, a market-town of Moravia, 37 milei S.S.E. 
 of Briinn, near the March. Pop. 19,37. 
 
 LAXD.SIIUT, a town of Galicia. See LwcuT. 
 
 L.\ND.SlvKOX. Idnds/krAn, a town of Bohemia, 37 miles 
 E.S.K. of Chrudira. on the Sazawa, with a station on the 
 Austrian North States Railway. Pop. 4816, chiefly employed 
 in extensive woollen cloth, linen, cotton, stuff, and needle 
 factories, and in the largest bleaching establishment in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 LANUSKROX, a town of Galicia, circle of Wadowice, 18 
 miles S.W. of Cracow. I'op. 1500. 
 
 LAXDSKllO.N'A, Idnds'kroo'^ni, a fortified sejiport town of 
 South Sweden, l;en of Malmii, on the Sound, 16 miles N.K. 
 of Copenhagen. Pop. 3975. It has a citadel, a good harbor, 
 and manufactures of leather and tobacco. 
 
 LAND.SOKT, lind'soRt, a small island oC Sweden, in the 
 Baltic, off the S. coast latn of Stockholm, lat, 58° 44' 30" X., 
 Ion. 17° 52' 42" E., with a revolving light 145 feet above the 
 sea. 
 
 LAXDSTUrrii, Unt/stool, a town of Rlvmi.sh Bavaria, 
 district and 16 miles N.E. of Deux-Ponts. In early times 
 the Counts of Sickingen, whose castle in ruins still over- 
 hangs the town, resided here. The chivalrous Count of 
 that name, the friend of Luther, was killed here during a 
 siege, and is buried in the church. Pop. 1907. 
 
 LAX'DULPII, a parish of England, eo. of Cornwall. 
 
 LAXD'WADE, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 LAXDWUUDEX, (LandwUrden.) ldnt/*uBMen, a village 
 of Germany, duchy of Oldenburg, on the left bank of the 
 AVeser, S. of Bremerhafen. Pop. 1461. 
 
 LAXE. a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 
 LAX EAST, l.i-neest/, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LAXE EXD, a market-town of England, co. of Stafford, 
 in the district of the potteries, and about 3 miles S.E. of 
 Stoke. Pop. 12,345. It has a handsome chiirch, large 
 schools and chapels, a subscription library, spacious market- 
 hall and branch bank, with extensive manufactures of 
 porcelain and earthenware. 
 
 LAXE'FIELD, a post-office of Haywood co., Tennessee, 
 185 miles W. of Xashville. 
 
 LAXE'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 LAX'EKCOST-ABBEY, a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland, 12 miles E.X.E. of Carlisle. Pop. 1582. Here are 
 the remains of a large abbey, founded in 1169, the nave of 
 which forms the parish church ; also traces of the wall of 
 Severus. 
 
 LAXES'BOROUGII, a small market-town of Ireland, 
 Leinster, co. of Longford, on the Shannon. Pop. 300. 
 
 LAXE.S'BOROUGII, a thriving post-village and township 
 of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the X. branch of the 
 Housatonic. 5 miles X. of Pittsfield. It contains 3 churches, 
 (Episcopal, Congregational, and Baptist,) an academy, a 
 higli school recently erected, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 Among the establishments in the township may be men- 
 tioned an iron furnace which turns out 10 tons of pig iron 
 per day, 2 factories for making wheel fdloes, a glass factory, 
 a planing-mill, and one patent limekiln. A bed of supe- 
 rior glass sand has recently been discovered here, and there 
 are also several quarries of white marble. The manufiio- 
 tures employ about 600 hands, and it is estimated that 
 business in the township has increased 50 per cent, since 
 1850. Pop. 1308. 
 
 LAXESB.)KOUGII, a handsome and thriving post-village 
 of Susquehanna co., Penn.sylvania. on the Su.squehanna 
 Kiver, and on the Erie Railroad, 185 miles X.E. of Uarris- 
 burg. It contains several mills and tanneries, and from 
 300 to 400 inhabitants. 
 
 LAXESB^UOUGII, a post-village in Anson co., North 
 Carolina, 125 miles S.W. by \V. of Raleigh. 
 
 LANE'S CREEK, of An.son co.. North Carolina, flows 
 Into the Yadkin, alx>ut 12 miles N.W. of Wadesborough. 
 
 LAXE'SCllKEK, a post-office of Union co.,North Carolina. 
 
 LAX E'S CItOSS r.OADS. a post-office. Hamilton eo., Illinois. 
 
 LANK SEMINARY. See Cincinnati. 
 
 LANE'S PRAIRIE, a pos^village of Osage CO., Missouri, 
 40 miles S.E. of .Jefferson City. 
 
 LAXE.S'VILLE, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 LANESVILLE, a post-village of King William co., Virgi- 
 nia, about 28 miles N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 LANESVILLE, a post-office of Floyd Co., Kentucky. 
 
 L.\NESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Harrison co., 
 Indiana, on the plank-road from Corydon to New Albany, 
 10 miles from each. 
 
 LANESVILLE, a village of Marion co., Indiana, on the 
 Indianapolis and Bellefontaiue Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of 
 ludianap(-lis. 
 
 10 la 
 
 XAN 
 
 LANFATN?, iSxo'f^x"', a villase of Trance, department of 
 Cote.«-du-Xord, 12 miles S.S.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2226. 
 
 L.\X'GAR, a parish of Englaml. co. of Nottinghiim. 
 
 LAXGAZA. lin-g.^'za. or LEXGAZA. (call.-d also Yenyn 
 or lenidja. y?n'-ee-jd\) a lake of Turkey in Europe. Room 
 Elee. 12 niiles.W. of Salonica; length 9 mile«. breadth about 
 4 miles. 
 
 L.AXGAZA, a town of Turkey in Europe, situated on an 
 alluvial plain 3 miles N. of the abfire lake. 
 
 LAXGBROEK, iSngnirook, (OBEK, o'ber, and XEDER, 
 n.i'der,) two villages of Holland, province of Utrecht, th« 
 former 12 miles S. hy E., and the latter 12 miles S. by W. of 
 Amersfoort. Pop. of Ober Langbroek, 2C3 ; of Neder Lang- 
 broek, 833. 
 
 LAXG'CLIFFE, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 LANCDALE (GREAT and LITTLE), a chapelry of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Westmoreland, 5 miles W.X.W. of Ambleside. 
 Here are several fine lakes and waterfalls, and the Langdale 
 Pikes Mountains. 
 
 LAXGDON, a post-township of Sullivan co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Connecticut River, about 46 miles W. of Con- 
 cord. Pof 478. 
 
 LANG'DOX, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LAXGDOX HILLS, a parish of England, co. of E^sex, 2 
 miles N. of Hordon-on-the-Hill. 
 
 LAXGDOX, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LAXGDORP, Idng'cloRp, a village of Belirium, province of 
 Brabant, on the Demer, 24 miles N.E. of Brussels. P. 1983. 
 
 L.\XOEAC, IflNo'zhiSk', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-Loire, on the Allier. 14 miles S.S.E. of Brioude. Pop. 
 in 1852, 3024. It has manufactories of lace. 
 
 LAXGE.IIS, lfix"'zh4. (anc. Alingavia?) a town of France, 
 department of Indre-ct-Loire, 13 miles W.S.W. of Tours, on 
 the right bank of the Loire. Pop. 1981, mostly engaged in 
 manufactures of bricks and earthenware. 
 
 LANGELAND, Idng'e-HndS (j. n. "long land,") an island 
 of Denmark, in the Great Belt, between Funen and Laa- 
 land. It is, as its name implies, long, extending .33 miles 
 from N. to S.. by about 3 miles in average breadth. Area 
 106 square miles. Pop. 17,368. Surface level, but slightlv 
 more elevated than the neighboring islands. Corn, apples, 
 flax, timber, and cattle are produced for exportation, and 
 the fishery is important. Principal town, Rudkiiibing, on 
 the W'. coast. 
 
 LANGELSHEIM, ljng'el.«-hime\ a market-town of Gei> 
 many, Brunswick, in the Ilarz, 5 miles N.W. of Goslar. Pop. 
 1461. chiefly engaged in silver and lead-mines. 
 
 LAXGEM.AHCH. Hn'm.i-ni.'iRK\ a village of Belgium, pro 
 Tinee of West Flanders, 5 miles N.N.E. of Ypres. P. 5796. 
 
 L.ANGEX, Idng'en, a town of HessivDarmstadt, province 
 of Starkenburg, 9 miles N.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2.m2, 
 
 LAXGEN.ARGEN, Idng'en-arVen, a village of WUrtem- 
 berg, circle of Danube, 17 miles E. of Constance. P. 1100. 
 
 L.ANGEXAU, ldng'en-dw\ a small toyn of Germany, 
 Wurtemberg, circle of Danube, 10 miles N.E. of Ulm. Pop. 
 3418. 
 
 LANGEN AU, a small town of Germany, Bohemia, 28 miles 
 N,E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2147. 
 
 LANG EN BACH. ldng'en-bdK\ a village of Germany, prin- 
 cipality of Reuss-Gera, bailiwick of and near Gera. Pop. 
 1042. 
 
 LANGENBERG, Idng'en-bjRO^, a government of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 38 miles S.W. of -Minden. Pop. 2290. 
 
 LAXGEXBERG. a town of Rhenish l>russia, 6 miles N. of 
 Elberfeld. I'op. 2350. 
 
 L.\XGENBIEL.\U. Idng'en-bee'low, several villages of 
 Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Breslau, and circle 
 of Reichenbach. They are Gross and Klein, .Mittel. Nieder, 
 and Ober Laxgenbielau, and form a long line of straggling 
 villages, nearly contiguous to each other. United popula- 
 tion 9105. 
 
 LANGENBRUCK, ldng'en-brtick\ a village of Bohemia, 
 circle of Buntzlau, about Smiles from Liebennu, Pop. 1366. 
 
 L.VXGENBRUCk, a village of Pru.ssia, province of Silesia, 
 government of Oppeln, circle of Xenstndt. Pop. 1568. 
 
 LAXGEXBKUCKEX. Idng'en-bruk'ken a village of Gcr- 
 many, in Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, with a station on 
 the ISaden Railway, between Carlsruhe and Heidellierg, 7 
 miles X.E. of Bruchsal, with 1240 inhabitants, and some 
 mineral baths. 
 
 LANGENBURG, Idng'en-biMlig', a village of Wurtemberg, 
 near the .laxt, 46 miles X.E. of Stuttgart, with t>ie resi- 
 dence of the princes Hohenlohi'-Lancrenburg. 
 
 LAXGEXDIEBACH. Idng'enKlee'bdK. a village of He.s.s6- 
 Cassel, province of Hanau, on the Fallbacb. Pop. 1329. 
 
 LANGENDORF, Idnir'en-doRfV or WIEWALITZ. *e-A-*a; 
 lits. a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of 
 Oppeln, circle of Tost. Pop. 1135. 
 
 L.\XGENDORF, — Ober Lanoexdorp, o'ber Wng'en-doRf, 
 and NiEDER Laxgexporf, nee'der ldng'en-dorf\ (i". e. " Upper 
 and Ix)wer Langendorf,") a village, or two c ■ntiguous vil- 
 lages of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Oppebi; 
 circle of Neisse. Pop. 1 843. 
 
 LAXaENDOKF,— O'ber and Umter (OOn'ter) Laxge.ndow. 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 (t. e. " Upper and l/ower Langendorf,") — two nearly conti- 
 guous villa^^es of Austria, Moravia, IG miles N.N.W. of 
 Olmutz. Top. 210?. 
 
 LANGEXKRllINGKN, llng'en-jR'King-fn, a village of Bar 
 Taria, circle of Swabia. Pop. 11V9. 
 
 LANOENKS, Idn^'en-Js^ an island of Denmark, Sleswick, 
 off its VV. coast, 2 miles S. of Kiihr. Length, 6 miles 
 
 LANGENFKLD (Lan:.'enfeld) or LENGENFELD, Ijng'gn- 
 feU\ a markctrtown of Lower Austria, 6 miles N. of Krems. 
 Pop. 1355. 
 
 LAXGEXTIAGRX, ldng'en-hd*ghen, a village of Hanover, 
 principality of Kaletiber;:, 6 miles N. of Hanover. Pop. 1410. 
 
 LANGENIIESSEN', ling'enhJsVen, a village of Saxony, 
 circle of Zwickau, bailiwick of Werdau. Pop. 1064. 
 
 LANG'ENUOE, a parish of P^ngland, co. of Esse.f. 
 
 LANGEN'UORX, lr(ng'en-hoiui\ a village of Denmark, 
 duchy and 30 miles W.N.VV. of Sleswick. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LANGENKANDEL, lang'en-kinMel, a village of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, 9 miles S.S.E. of Landau. Pop. 3542. 
 
 LANGENL1<;UB.\, llng'eti-loi'bd, a village of Saxony, 
 duchy and 9 miles S.K of Altonberg, Pop. 1636. 
 
 LANGENLEUr.A OBKRHAIN, Idng'gn-loi'bd o/ber-hIne\ 
 a village of Saxony, about 20 miles S. of Leipsic. Pop. 1154. 
 
 LANGENLGIS, ling'en-lois\ a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, 6 miles N.E. of Krems. Pop. 3549. 
 
 LAXGENLOIS, a village of Prussian Saxony,- E.N.E. of 
 Erfurt. Pop. 1049. 
 
 LANGENOLS, (Langenols,) ling'gn-ols^, 2 contiguous vil- 
 lages of Prussian Silesia, gov't of Liegnitz. Pop. 2675. ' 
 
 L.ANGENSALZA, ling'en-siltsVd, a town of Prussian Sax- 
 ony, 19 miles N.W. of Erfurt, on the Salza. Pop. 7610. It 
 is enclosed by walls, and defended by a castle, and has 
 manufactures of woven fabrics, paper, and saltpetre. 
 
 LAXGENSGIIWALBACII, ling'^'n-schwdl'bdK, a town of 
 Nassau, 8 miles N.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 2000. It is fre- 
 quented as a watering-place, and about 250,000 bottles of its 
 mineral waters are annually exported. 
 
 LANGEXSCIIWAUZ, Idng't'n-sbwaRts', a village of Ilesse- 
 Cassel, province and 16 miles N, of Fulda. Pop. 1026. 
 
 LANGEXSELI50LD, Idng'en-sJPbolt, a village of Central 
 Germany, Ilesse-Cassel, province and 6 miles E.N.E. of Ila- 
 nau. Pop. 2549. 
 
 LANGENSTEINBACII. llng'en-stlnc/baK, a vUlage of 
 Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Bocksbach, 6 miles 
 S.E. of Car'sruhc. Avith mineral spring.s. Pop. 1120. 
 
 LANGEXTIIAL, ling'entSl, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton and 24 miles N.E.'of Bern. Pop. 2700. 
 
 LAXGEXWEDDTNGEX, Idng'en-ftSfdlng-en, a village of 
 Prussia, province of Saxony, government and 9 miles S.S.W. 
 of Magdeburg. Pop. 1206. 
 
 LANGEXWELTZKXDORF, Idng'en-'ftMts'en-doKr, a vil- 
 lage of Centra! Germany, principality of Reuss-Schlcitz, on 
 the Leube, 5 miles W.X.W. of Greitz. Pop. 1704. 
 
 LAXGEXZEXX, ldng'en-tsJnn\ a walle4 town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Jliddle Kranconia, on the Zenn, 17 miles N.E. of 
 Anspach. Pop. 1900. It has manufactures of silks, ribbons, 
 and hosiery. 
 
 LANGERAK, ldng'ne-r.ik\ a village of Holland, province 
 of South Holland, 11 'miles N.N.W. of Gorinchem, on the 
 Lek, here crossed by a ferry. Pop. 657. 
 
 LANOIiR-OOG, lan;r'er-r(g\ three islets of Hanover, pro- 
 vince of East Friesliind, in the North Sea, opposite Esens, 
 which formed one island previous to an inundation in 1S25. 
 
 LANGERWEHE, Idng'er-A.Veh or liing'er-*i\ a market- 
 town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles E. of Aix-larChapelle, 
 with a station on the railway thence to Duren. Pop. 1296. 
 
 L.WGESUND, ling'eh-soond\ a seaport town of Norway, 
 Btift of Aggershuus, Ijailiwick of Bradsberg, on a small bay 
 of the Skager-rack, 10 miles W.S.W. of Laurvig, with 600 
 inhabitants, a harbor, and trade in timber. 
 
 LANGETRIIiBE, lang/fh-tree'beh, or DHLAUHA TRE- 
 BOWA, dlow'hd trd-bo/^d, a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Chrudim, on the railway from Vienna to Prague, about 12 
 miles from Landskrnn. Pop. 1252. 
 
 LANGEZWAAG, Idng'neh-zwdg', a market-town of the 
 Netherlands, province of Friesland, 18 miles S.E. of Leeu- 
 warden. Pop. 1160. 
 
 LANG'FIELD. township of England, co. York, AVest Riding. 
 
 LAXG'FIELD, (UPPER and LOAVER,) two adjoining pa- 
 rishes of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 L.^NG'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 LANGFORD, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Oxford. 
 
 LANGI'ORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LAXGFORD, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 LANGFORD. a parish of Emjiand, co. of Notts. 
 
 LANGFORD BUD'VILLE, a" parish of England, co. of 
 lOmerset. 
 
 LANGFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LANGFORD STEE'PLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LANG'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LANGII.\M, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 LANGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 LANG U AM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 [iAXGIIElM. — Gross Laxohkim, groce lang'hime, and 
 Keei» LANGHJiiM, kllne IdngTiIme, (i. e. " Great and Little 
 
 Langheim,") — two nearly contiguous villages of Bavarist 
 Lower Franconia, 16 miles from Wiirzburg. Poj). 24.33. 
 
 LAXGUIRAXO, Idn-ghe-rd/no, a village of Italy, duchy 
 and 13 miles S. of Parma, on the Parma. Pop. 486.5 
 
 LANGHOLM, lang'iim, a borough and market-town of 
 Scotland, co. and 25 miles E.N.E. of Dumfries, on th(5 Esk 
 and Ewes Rivers, each here crossed by a bridge. Pop. in 
 1851, 2990. It is pleasantly situated and well built, having 
 near its centre a market-place, in wliich are the town-hall 
 and jail, and a monument to Sir Pulteney Malcolm, a native 
 of Langholm, It has a cotton factory, looms for woollen 
 plaid and other fabrics, some dye-houses, 2 branch banks, 
 several libraries and public associations. In the parish are 
 the ruins of Wauchope Castle and of Langholm Tower, once 
 a castle of the Armstrongs. Meikle, the translator of the 
 Lusiad, and the engineer Telford, were born here. 
 
 LANGHOLM, one of the islands in the Swedish lake 
 Ma!ler, on which Stockholm is partly built. 
 
 LANG'IIORNE'S TAVERN, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 LANGKAVI. See Lancjiva. 
 
 LAXG-KEE-TSOOXG or LANG-KT-TSOUNQ, ldng^kee>- 
 tsoong', a village of Thibet, about 210 miles E.N.E. of Lassa, 
 in a fertile, well-cultivated plain, surrounded by low wooded 
 mountains. 
 
 LANGLEY, langlee, a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LAXGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LANGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 
 
 LANGLEY, a tything of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LANGLEY, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia, 
 
 LANG'LEY BUR/RELL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LANGLEY DALE, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 LANGLEY KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 LANGLEY MARSH or LANGLEY ST. MARY'S, a parish, 
 of England, co. of Bucks, with a station on the Great 
 Western Railway, 2 miles E. of Slough, In this parish is 
 Langley Hall, built by the Duke of Marlborough, in 1740, 
 
 LANGLEY-POINT, on the S. coast of England, co. of 
 Sussex, extends between Pevensey Bay and Beiichy Head. 
 
 LANGL<)AN, lang glon', a village of Scotland, co. of La- 
 nark, 8 miles E. of Glasgow. Pop. 1111. 
 
 LANGNAU, Idng'now, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and 16 miles E. of Bern, in the Emmenthal, for the cheese 
 and linen thread of which valley it is the principal mart, 
 
 L.\NGNAU, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton 
 and 6 miles S. of Zurich, on the Sihl, here crossed by a 
 covered bridge. Pop. 1108. 
 
 L.^XGXAU, a village of Switzerland, canton and 20 miles 
 N.W. of Lucerne, on the Wigger. Pop. 1574. 
 
 LANOOAT, 16s"'gwd/, a village of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Nor<i, 6 miles AV. of Lanniou. Pop. 2140. 
 
 LANGOBRIGA. See Feira, 
 
 LANGOEN, Idng'ii^en, the most N. of the Loffoden Islands, 
 off the N.AV. coast of Norway, Length 35 miles. 
 
 L.iNGOGNE, Ifixo^gofl', (anc. Langnlnia f) a town of France, 
 department of Lozere, on the AUier, 23 miles N.E, of 
 Mende. Pop. 2387. 
 
 LANGOIRAN, Wjro'gwdVfls", a village of France, depart 
 ment of Gironde, 14 miles S.E, of Bordeaux. Pop. 1542. 
 
 ]>ANG07.LEN. See LLANOOl.r.RN. 
 
 LANGON, IftNo^gAN"', (anc. Alinfgo,) a town and river port 
 of France, department of Gironde, 25 miles S.S.E. of Bor- 
 deaux, on the Garonne, here crossed by a suspension bridge. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3953. Its neighborhood is famed for the 
 growth of the Vin-de-Grave, (vdN»^-deh-grdv',) in which it 
 has a large trade with Bordeaux. 
 
 L.'VNGONNET, IdiyoVon'n.V, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, arrondissement and 25 miles A\'. of 
 Poutivy. Pop. in 1852, 3442. 
 
 LANGOSCO, Idn-gos'ko, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of and near Lomellina. Pop. 1453. 
 
 L.ANG'PORT, an ancient market-town, river port, and 
 parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the navigable Par- 
 ret, 32 miles S.S.W. of Bath. Pop. in 1S51, 1117. It has an 
 old church and a grammar school. 
 
 L.A,NORES. ISxg'r. (anc. Andematu/num, afterwards Lin/- 
 gnw.s.) a fortified town of Franco, department of Haute- 
 -Marne, capital of an arrondissement, near the source of 
 the Marne, 18 miles S.S.E. of Chaumont. Pop. in 1852, 
 11,298. It stands on a scarped mountain, 1460 feet in 
 elevation; and is among the highest towns in France. It 
 has a cathedral of great antitjuity, a Roman arch, a new 
 town-hall, public library, several hospitals, and a fine pub- 
 lic promenade and fountain; a tribunal of connnerce, school 
 of geometry, &c. It is th^ chief seat of the French manu- 
 factures of fine cutlery. It was the birth-place of Diderot. 
 
 LANG'RICK-VILLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln, with a station on a branch of the Great Northern 
 Railway, between Boston and Lincoln, 
 
 LANG'RIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 3^ 
 miles N, of Bath, A battle was fought in this parish be- 
 tween tlie royalist and parliamentarv armies in 1643. 
 
 LANGRUNE-SUR-MER, ia.N«VrUn'sUR-main, (L. Longrol- 
 ni(t.) a seaport town of France, department of Calvados, 10 
 miles N. of Caen, on the English Channel. Pop. 1207. 
 
 1017 
 
LAN 
 
 1AX03 BP.W, ft pmBll post-Tillage of Camden co., Georgia, 
 170 niila^ <.K by S. of SliiledgeviUe. 
 
 LAXG'SIDE, a small Tillage of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 
 parish of Cathcart, 2 miles S. of Glasgow. Pop. 125. The 
 troops of 'Juee'i Marj' were, in 1568, totally defeated here 
 by the hVgeut Wurrav. 
 
 L.VNGu/TOX, a towiiship of England, oo. of Hants, at the 
 head of Langston Harbor, an inlet of the sea, between 
 Portsea and Haj-ling Islands. See Portse.^. 
 
 Ii.\XGSTON, a post-office of Jackson co., .Alabama. 
 
 LAXGSTO.NE, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LAXGS'VILLE, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 LANGI'DFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LAXGTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 LAXGTON, a parish of Ensland. co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 LAXGTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 LAXGTOX HERRIXG, a pjirish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 LAXGTOX NEAE HORNCASTLE, a parish of England, 
 eo. of Lincoln. 
 
 LAXGTOX LOXG BLAXDFORD, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Dorset. 
 
 LAXGTOX MAT'RAVER, a parish of England, co. Dorset. 
 
 LAXGTOX BT SPILS/BY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln, 3 miles X.W. of Spilsby. Langtan, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, afterwards made Cardinal by Innocent III., 
 was born here. 
 
 LAXGTOX NEAR WRAGBY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 LAXCTREE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Deron. 
 
 L.\XGTREE, a township of Eniland, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LAXGUEDOC, Ift.v^heh-dok', (anc. Karbone)i/sis PrUma,) 
 an extensive and beautiful province of France, now forming 
 the departments of Aude, Tarn. Herault, Lozere, Ard^che, 
 and Gard. as well as the arrondissements of Toulouse and 
 Villcfranche, in the department of Haute-Garonne, and 
 Rrrondissement of Puy and Yssingeaux, in the department 
 of Ilaute-Loire. Under the Romans, it was one of the seTen 
 provinces of Gaul which had the freedom of Italy. The 
 Goths obtained a grant of it from the Emperor Ilonorius, 
 and retained possession for nearly two centuries. The 
 Saracens afterwards became its masters, but were expelled 
 by Charles Martel in 725. From the Counts of Toulouse it 
 passed to Philip the Bold, and was finally united to the 
 French crown in 1361. The Canal of I^anguedoc, or du Midi, 
 (dii mee'dc^',) commences in the Garonne, near Toulouse, 
 and terminates in the Lake of Thau, in the Mediterra- 
 nean. Length 153 miles. 
 
 L.\XGUELLE, lang^ghJU', a post-office of St. Francis co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 LAXGUIDIC, l3s«'gheeMeek', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, 10 miles X.E. of Lorient. Pop. in 1852, 
 6358. 
 
 LAXCnviTH. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 LAXIIO, Idn'ho', a riTer of China, rises in the Mountains 
 of In-Shan, in Mongolia, and falls into the Gulf of Pecheelee 
 near its X.E. entrance, after a course of about 300 miles. 
 In the upper part it bears the name of Sha>too. 
 
 LAX'HYDROCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 2| 
 miles S.S.E. of Bodmin. Lanhydrock Fort, built early in the 
 17th century, is an embattled granite structure, and was 
 garrisoned for the parliament in 1644. 
 
 LANKIER/, a post-Tillage, capital of Macon co., Georgia, on 
 the Vi. side of Flint RiTer, 6 miles W. of the South West- 
 ern Railroad, and 80 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. It has 
 2 churchf g, 2 hotels, and 3 stores. 
 
 LAXIER. a town-Jiip of Preble CO., Ohio. Pop. 1738. 
 
 L.iNISC.\T, li'nees^kl/, a village of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Xord, 17 miles W.X.W. of Loud^ac. Pop. 3200. 
 
 LAX'IVET. a pari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 L.\.X.rAUOX, 14n-ni-ron', a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 26 miles S.E. of Granada, on the S. declivity of 
 the Sierra Xevada. Pop. 2960. It stands on the brow of a 
 spur of the Pic de Beleta, (peek dd bA-lA/td,) and is much 
 frequented in summer on account of its coolness and its 
 laineral waters. A Moorish castle stands on a neighboring 
 hill, and the whole district is beautiful. 
 
 L.A.XKEKAX, iJn-kA-rdn'. the most S. town of Russian 
 Transcaucasia, district of Talish, on the Caspian Sea, 40 
 miles S. of the mouth of the Koor, and since its conquest by 
 the Russians, of commercial importance. 
 
 LA.N LIVERY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 1| 
 miles W. of Ix)stwithiel. A railway, 7 miles in length, is 
 here carried on a viaduct across a valley, at an elevation 
 of 95 feet 
 
 LAXMEUR. IftNo'mcn/, a town of France, department of 
 Knistere, 40 miles E.N.E. of Brest Pop. 2775. 
 ,„^\^'^^"-^^'^''"'''- ^ post-village of Stewart co., Georgia, 
 18 miles E. of Lumpkin. 
 
 LAN.VEMEZAX, Idnn'meh-zJx"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilnutt'.'i-Pvrenees, 17 miles S.E. of Tarbes. P. 1243. 
 
 LA.N'XEPA.X. Idii'nv'h-pd'. a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Gers. 13 miles S.S.W. of Condom. Pop. 1513. 
 
 LAXXILE.S. l,in'neel', a town of France, department of 
 Flnistire, 13 mUes N. of Brest Pop. in 1852, 3430. 
 1018 
 
 LAN 
 
 T LAXXION, I3n'ne-JN0', (anc. LalnhiniT) a town and river 
 I port of France, department of Cotes-du-Xord, on the right 
 bank of the Guer, 6 miles from the English Channel, and 35 
 miles fl'.X Vf. of St. Brieuc, Pop. in 1852, 6272. It has n 
 harbor accessible to Tessels under 200 tons, bordered by a 
 spacious quay; a pari.sh church of the 12th century, a com- 
 munal college, barracks, hospitals, and manufactures ot 
 linen fabrics. 
 
 L.iXXOY. Iiln'nw2/, a town of France, department of Xord, 
 7 miles E.X.E. of Lille. Pop. 1392. 
 
 LAXORAIE, Idno-rA/, a Tillage of Canada East, co. of 
 Berthier. on the St. Lawrence Kiver. 36 miles X. of Montreal. 
 
 LAX'KEATII, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LAXRIA'AIX, l6xeVeeV5xo', a commune and village of 
 France, department of Cotes-du-Xord, 14 miles S. of Guln- 
 gamp. 
 
 L.iXRODEC.lSNO^ro'dJk'.acommune and villasre of France, 
 department of Cotes-du-Xord, 6 miles S.E. cf Guimramp. 
 
 L.^XS.-VL'LOES, a parish of En;;land. co. of Cornwall. 
 
 L.\XS'DOWX, an elevated tract of table-land in England, 
 CO. of Somerset, 2^ miles X.W. of Bath. It is noted for its 
 breed of sheep, has a fair, August 10, and gives title of 
 Marquis to the family of Pettv. 
 
 LAXS'DOWXE, a county of West Australia, at the X.E. 
 extremity pf the colrtny, between lat 31° 10' and 31° 40' S., 
 and Ion. 118° and 119° E.. haTing X.W. and S. the districts 
 Carnarvon. Durham, and Beaufort 
 
 LAN'SIXG, a township, Tompkins co.. New York. P. 3222. 
 
 LANSIXG, a city, capitiil of the state of Michigan, is 
 situated in Ingham co., on the Grand River, 110 niilos X.W. 
 of Detroit. Lat. 42° 42' 30" N., Ion. 84° 28' W. This pl.ice 
 was selected for the seat of government in 1847. being at 
 that time surrounded by an almost unbroken wilderness. 
 It now contains 12 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, 
 a female college, an academy, and a reform school. The 
 Lansing and Owasso Riiilroad connects it with the Detroit 
 and Milwaukee Railroad. The river affords an excellent 
 water-power, which is employed in flonring-mills and fac- 
 tories. The State-house is a large and handsome building, 
 situated on an eminence 50 feet above the level of Grand 
 River. Topulation in 1860, 3074. 
 
 LAXSIXG, a post-townsliip, forming the X.W. extremity 
 of Ingham co., Michigan. 
 
 LAXSIXG, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana. 
 
 LAXSIXG, a post-village, capital of Allomakee CO., Iowa, 
 on the W. bank of the Mississippi. It has a national bank. 
 Pop. 1197. See AppF.xmx. 
 
 L.^XSIXG, a post-village of Outagamie co., Wisconsin, 125 
 miles X.X.E. of Madison. 
 
 LAX'SIXGBURG, a post-village and township of Ren.istv 
 laer co„ Xew York, on the E. bank of the Ilud.«on River, 
 across which there is here a bridge communicating with 
 Waterford, and on the Troy and' Boston Railroad, 10 miles 
 above Albany. It is a place of active business, and carries 
 oh considerable river trade, the Hud.son beinir made navi- 
 pable for tow-boats by means of a lock at the state dam. 
 There are churches of Presbyterians, Methodists, Biiptists, 
 Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics, 2 newspaper offices, 2 
 banks, and an academy. Lansingburg h.is extensive and 
 impijrtant manufactures, comprising brushes, oilcloth, and 
 a great variety of articles. Ptip. of township in 1860, 5577; 
 of the village in 1S65, about 6uu0. 
 
 L.AX'SIXGVILLE, a post- village of Tompkins co., New 
 York, about 12 miles N. of Ithaca. 
 
 LAXSITZ. Idn'sit-s, a m.arket-town of Ilungarj', Hither 
 Danube, 7 miles fiom Presburg, on the Schwarzwasser. 
 Pop. 2050. 
 
 LAXS-LE-BOURG, iSso'leh-boon/, a market-town of Savoy, 
 3 miles X.W. of Mont Cenis. Pop. 1550. 
 
 LAXTADILLA, Idn-ta-deel'yl a town of Sp.iin, Leon, 24 
 miles X.X.E. of Palencia, on ihe Pisuerga, here crossed by 
 a magnificent bridge of nine arches. Pop. 1040. 
 
 LAXTAO. l.dn-td'o or iJn-tow', or LINTAO, leen-t3'o, (Chi- 
 nese T.UHo, trho',) an island of China, at the mouth of the 
 Canton River, 17 miles E. of Macjio, and 1 mile from the 
 mainland. It is long, narrow, and mountainous, with 
 numerous bays and headlands. Ti-ho or T.uuo villiige is 
 on its X.W. coast 
 
 LAXT.\R. See Pooio Lont.vr. 
 
 LAXTCUAXG. a citv of South Asia. See L\xch.vx<i. 
 
 LAX-TCIIOU or LAX-TCIIEOU-FOO. See Laxchoo. 
 
 LAXTEGLOS, two parishes of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 L.iXTERXE, lflx"'t?Rn', a river of France, which risea 
 near the frontier of the department of Vosges, and after a 
 S.AV. course of 38 miles, of which al>out 18 mile.s are exten- 
 sively used for flotation, joins the left bank of the Saone. 
 
 LAXTOSC.\, Hn-to.s/kd, a market-town of Sardinia, divi- 
 sion of and 20 miles X. of Xice. Pop. 2240. 
 
 LAXTHSAXG-KIAXG. See Me-Kokg. 
 
 LAXTSHAXG. See Laxchano. 
 
 LAXT'WIT or LLAXT'WIT, a parish of South Wales, ca 
 of Glamorgan. 
 
 LAXTWIT or LLAXTWIT MAYOR, a market-town and 
 parbh of South AVales, oo. of Glamorgan. 4 miles S.W_. of 
 Cowbridge. In the churchyard are 2 crosses, with a curious 
 
LAN 
 
 LAP 
 
 ancient inscription to the memory of Sampson, afterwards 
 Arclibishop of Uol. 
 
 LAXXVVITKAYllDRE, lanf wit-fd-ux'dre, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of (ilamorgan. 
 
 liAiV'USEI, Id-noo-s.Vee, a marlcet town of the island of 
 Sardinia, division and 57 miles N.N.E. of Cagliafi. 
 
 LANVOLLOX, ISn^VoIMAno', a town of France, depart- 
 mtat of Cotes-du-Nord, 13 miles N.W. of St. Bricuc. 1'. 1462. 
 
 LANXAROX, a town of Spain. See Lanmaron. 
 
 LAXZAHOTE, lan-sd-ro/tii, or LAXCEIKyrA, the most 
 K.E. of the Canary Islands. Area about 300 square miles. 
 Pop. 17,600. In its centre it rises to 2000 feet in elevation, 
 and at its W. end is a high volcano. It is scantily watered, 
 but yields the finest wiue and grapes in the Canaries; other 
 products are barilla and orchil. On its S.E. coast is the 
 town of Arecife, S. of Teguise, the capital of the island. 
 
 LAXZO, Un'zo, (L. Lan/cium.) a town of Piedmont, 18 
 miles N.X.W. of Turin, on the Stura. Pop. 23:?5. It con- 
 tains smelting works, and manufactures of nails and coarse 
 iron goods. In its district are mines of iron and copper. 
 
 LAODICEA. See Eskee Hissar. 
 
 LAODICEA AD MAKE. See Latakeea. 
 
 LAODICEA COMBUSTA. See Ladik. 
 
 LAON, li^6No', (anc. BVbrax Suessio'num t LandiJnum, f) a 
 city of France, capital of the department of Aisne, 14 miles 
 N.E. of Paris. Top. in 1852, 10,008. It is enclosed by old 
 massive walls, and placed on an isolated hill, crowned by a 
 fine Gothic cathedral. Other principal edifioes are the pre- 
 fecture, containing a library of 17,000 volumes; a remark- 
 able leaning tower, the town-hall, new citadel, 2 hospitals, 
 large barracks, a theatre, communal college, work-house, 
 and tower of Queen Urunhilda. Under the French kings of 
 the 1st and 2d races, Laon was a place of importance, and it 
 remained the last po.«sessioa of the Carlovingian dynasty 
 under FiOuis V., the foundations of whose massive castle 
 still remain. It has manufactures of nails, coarse cloth, 
 leather, earthenwares, &c. ; and in its vicinity are nume- 
 rous vineyards. It is an episcopal see, and possesses a 
 court of first resort and an ecclesiastical seminary. The 
 most distinguished natives are Lothaire, King of France in 
 the 10th century, St. Kemy, Archbishop of Rheims, and 
 Mechain, the celebrated coadjutor of Delambre in the trigo- 
 nometrical survey. In 1411 it was taken by the Duke of 
 Burgundy, after a three days' siege, and in 1419 it was taktm 
 by the English, who were expelled from it in 1429. In 
 1594 it was taken by siege by Henry IV. Bonaparte sus- 
 tained a defeat here in 1814. 
 
 LAO'XA, a thriving post-village of Chautauqua co., New 
 York, on Canadaway Creek, 300 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 LAi")NA, a post-village in Winnebago co., Illinois, 110 
 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 LAOOR, LAOUR, or LAUR. Id-ooR/, a town of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal, district of Sylhet, 110 miles 
 N.N.E. of Dacca. It has an active export trade in salt and 
 limestone. 
 
 LAOS, li'oce, a country of South-Eastorn Asia, occupying 
 the centre of the peninsula of Further India, surrounded 
 by the Burmese and Siamese dominion3.Cambodia,Tonquin, 
 and the Chinese province Yunnan. Its boundaries and area 
 are wholly unknown to Europeans; its population has been 
 loosely estimated at a million. It is traversed by the Menam 
 and the Me-koug Rivers, and is reported to have a fertile 
 soil, and to be thinly peopled, its inhabitants living mostly 
 in migratory hordes. Its products comprise a species of rice, 
 tobacco, sugar cane, indigo, benzoin, lac, and other gums, 
 betel, numerous fruits, teak, eapan and sandal woods, ele- 
 phants, and draught cattle : with iron, lead, copper, gold, 
 and silver. Silk and cotton fabrics, paper from bark, leather, 
 sugar, and gunpowder are manufactunMl, and the natives 
 are ingenious as workers in metals, mat-makers, embroi- 
 derers, and potters. The trade with Tonquin appears to be 
 extensive ; of late there has been a growing trade with 
 Martaban and the Tenasserim provinces, whence British 
 cotton and woollen goods are introduced into Laos. An 
 Independent kingdom is said to exist here, the capital of 
 which is Lanchang; but the outlying tribes are supposed to 
 be tributary to their more powerful neighbors. In habits, 
 customs, religion, and language, the Laos most resemble 
 the Burmese. 
 
 LAOUR. SeeLAOOE. 
 
 LA'PAK, one of the Sooloo islands; lat. 5° 35' N., Ion. 
 121=^ E. 
 
 LA PAZ, 14 pdz, a town of Bolivia, capital of a department 
 of its own name, is situated in lat. 16° 30' N.. Ion. 68° 10' 
 W., at an elevation of 12.226 feet. Pop. 76,372. It is a 
 bishop's see, and has religious establishments with consid- 
 erable revenues, and ranks as a place of wealth and import- 
 ance, being an entreiJot for Paraguay tea, gold, bark, and 
 European goods. 
 
 LA PAZ, a department of Bolivia, mostly between lat. 14° 
 and 18° S., and Ion. 6''° and 70° W.; having \V., South 
 Peru and Lake Titioaca. Estimated area nearly 40.000 
 square miles, and population 300,000. It is traversed by 
 the Cordillera of the Andes, containing Illimani and Sorata. 
 
 LA PAZ, a town of Mexico, capital of Lower California, at 
 
 the head of a bay on the E. shore of the peninsula, near its S. 
 extremity, in about 24° N. lat., and 110 W. Ion. Pop. 500 
 
 LAPEER', a county in the E. part of Michigan, contains 
 about 700 square miles. It is drained by the sources -A 
 Flint and Belle P.ivers, and by Kearsley, Farmer's, and Mill 
 Creeks. The surface is gently undulating, and partly tuvered 
 with forests of oak, maple, pine. &c. ; the soil in some ports 
 is fertile. Capital, Lapeer. Pop. 14,754. 
 
 LAPEER, a township of Cortland co., New York. Pop. 803 
 LAPEER, a post-village and township, capital of Lapet 
 CO., Michigan, on Flint River, at the mouth of Farmer^s 
 Creek, 57 miles N. by W. of Detroit. It contains a court- 
 house, 4 churches, a bank, and an academy. WatcT-power 
 is abundant in the vicinity. Population of the township, 
 2731. 
 LA PRROUSE, (Islands and Strait.) See Peroosb. 
 LAP'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 LAP'IIAMSYILLE, a postvillage of Kent CO., Michigan, 
 60 miles W. by N. of Lansing. 
 
 LAPID.El CAMPI. See ^RAn, La. 
 
 LAPIO, iJ'pe-o, a town of Naples, pr.-vinco of Principato 
 Ultra, 13 miles W.N.W. of St. Angelo dei Lombardi. ■ P. 2500. 
 LAPLAND, lap'land, (native, iSumeamla, sd-me-dnMil : Sw., 
 La2Jpinark,\i.pp>Taa.K'i; Russ.. Laplandiia, lAp-ldu'-de-yd^; Fr. 
 Laptinie, Id^po'ifee'; L., Ixippr^nia,) an extensive territory in 
 the N. of Europe, between lat. 64° and 71° N., reaching from 
 the shores of Norway E. to the White Sea; area, about 
 130,000 square miles; of whieli more than a half, situated 
 E. of the Tornei and its tributary, Muonio, belfmgs to 
 Russia; and the remainder is shared, in nearly equal 
 proportions, between Sweden and Norway. As Lapland is 
 not the name of any great political division, a particular 
 description of its different portions must be looked for 
 under the names of the states to wliich they belong; and 
 it may therefore be sufficient here to observe, in general, 
 that, both from geographical position and physical con- 
 formation, Lapland is one of the most forbidding regions 
 of the globe, consisting either of rugged mountains, some 
 of them covered with perpetual, and many of them only 
 for a short period free from snow, or of vast monotonous 
 tracts of moorland wastes. This extensive territory appears 
 to have been at one time wholly occiupied by the people to 
 whom it owes its name ; but its S. and better portions have 
 lx;en gradually encroached upon by Norwegians, Swedes, 
 and Finlanders, till the Laplanders proper have, in a great 
 measure, been cooped up within the Arctic Circle. There 
 they retaiti their <]jatinctive features and ancient customs, 
 and find ample scope to follow their favourite modes of life, 
 either as Fjelde-F'inner, 5Iountain Laplanders, leading a 
 nomadic life, and pasturing large reindeer herds ; or Siie- 
 Finner, Sea or Shore Laplanders, who, too poor to possess 
 such herds, have been obliged to fix their residence upon 
 the coast, and subsist chiefly by fishing. The origin of the 
 Laplanders, as a race, has greatly puzzled ethnographers, 
 in consequence of their presenting a combination of ))hysical 
 properties not jyossessed exclusively either by the Mongolian 
 or the CaUKtsian stock, but belonging partly to the one and 
 partly to the other. The prevailing opinion, however, is, 
 that they are ^.nly a variety of Tschude, or Finns. Their 
 chief characteristics are — low stature, selilom exceeding 4 
 feet 9 inches in height; great muscular power, exhibited 
 I both in their agility and in a strength of arm, enabling them 
 ]to bend a bow which an ordinary Norwegian could n6t 
 I touch; a large head; dark, long, and glossy hair; small 
 brown eyes, obliquely placed, and without eyelids ; high 
 cheek bones; wide mouth, with ill-defined lips; a scanty 
 1 beard ; and a skin of a yellow dingy hue. The Laplanders 
 are not deficient either in intellectual or moral capacity. 
 They are simple-hearted, hospitable, and apparently inclined, 
 as far as their knowledge goes, to practise the duties of 
 Christianity, which they all profess, under the form of 
 iLutheranLsm in Norway and Sweden, and that of the 
 j Greek Church in Russia. The greatest exception to this 
 practice, is an excessive fondness for ardent spirits. A more 
 harmless vice is the excessive use of tobacco. The number 
 of Laplanders of all descriptions is not suppostnl to exceed 
 1 20.000. Probably one-third of them are nomadic. Adj., 
 Lap'i'ish, Lap'lajsdish. and Lapponian, lap-po/ne-an, (poeti- 
 cal;) inhab. LaPi-axder, and Lapp. 
 
 LAPLAND, a village of Bun'combe CO., North Carolina, 
 275 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 LAPLAND, a post-office of Madison co., North Carolina. 
 LA PL.VfA. See Plata. 
 
 LAP/LEYor LAPP'ELE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 LA I'OINXE, Id point, a county furniingthe N. extremity 
 of Wisconsin, bordering on Lake Superior, has an area of 
 about 1000 square miles. Lake Superior washes its nor- 
 thern border. This county has no large or important 
 streams. The surface is extensively covered by forests 
 of pine timber. Capital, Bayfield. Population in 1860, 
 353. 
 
 LA POINTE, a post-village of La Pointe county,' Wis- 
 consin, on Madeleine Island of Lake Suiierior, a few miles 
 from the main land. It is said to be the oldest settlement 
 iu Wisconsin. 
 
 1019 
 
LAP 
 
 LAPOil'BA, a po't-offlce of Lafayette co.. Mis?isrfppi. 
 
 LA.POUTK. lap-orf, a county in the X. part of Indiana, 
 borderin-' on Lake Jlicliisan. contains 450 square miles. 
 It is watered by tlie Kankakee River. The s\irface is mostly 
 level or undulating, excepting the hills of sand near the 
 lake; the soil is fertile, especially in the prairies, some of 
 which are extensive. Wheat, corn, oats, vines, and fruits 
 flourish. In 1S50 this county produced 206,016 bushels of 
 wheat, and 21,322 tons of hay. The quantity of wheat and 
 hay was each greater than that produced by any other 
 county in the state. It is traversed by the railroad from 
 Chicago to Detroit, and by 1 or 2 other railroads. Organ- 
 ized in 18.32. Capital, Laporte. Pop. 22,919. 
 
 LVl'ORTE, a jiost-villagc. capital of Sullivan co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 107 miles N. by E. of Ilarrisburg. This place was 
 Belected as the county seat in 1850. the site being then a 
 complete wilderness. The public buildings are in ProgF^ss 
 of erection, and the place is rapidly improving. Pop. 590. 
 
 L.A.l*OHTE, a post-village of Lorain oo., Ohio, 3 miles S.E. 
 of Elyria, has 3 churches and several stores. 
 
 LAPORTK, a thriving post-village, capital of Laporte 
 CO., Indiana, on the railroad connecting Chicago witn 
 Toledo, 58 miles E.S.E. of Chicago, and 12 miles from Lake 
 Micliigan. It is situated on the border of a beautiful 
 pr.iirie of the same name, the soil of which is extremely 
 rich and well cultivated. The village is a place of active 
 traiie, which is facilitated by a railroad extending south- 
 eastward to Plymouth. Laporte contains the Indiana 
 Medical College, an academy, and a bank. Pop. in 1854, 
 about 2500; in 1800,5028. 
 
 LAPOS, ld'posh\ or LAPUS, Id/poosh, a river of Austria, 
 in the N. part of Transylvania, joins the Szamos after a 
 course of 4o miles. 
 
 LAPOS-BAXYA, li'posh-ban'yoh\ or STEIXBRUCH, 
 gtine'brooK, a village of Austria, Tran.sylvania, 20 miles 
 E.S.E. of Xagy-Banya. Pop. 1019. 
 
 LAP'PON'S CKOSS ROADS, a post-office of Washington 
 eo., Maryland. 
 
 LA PRAIRIE, li pri/ree, a township of Kock co., Wiscon- 
 ein. Pop. 849. 
 
 LAPR AIRI E, a post- village of Canada East, co. of Hunting- 
 don, on the S. shore of the river St. Lawrence, and on the 
 railroad communicating with Kowse's Point in New York, 
 about S.S.K. of Montreal. It contains churches of the Episco- 
 palians and Roman Catholics, and 9 or 10 stores. Pop. 1084. 
 
 LAPS, FELSO, fMVhcV Idpsh, a village of Hungary, 
 Hither Thei-sg, about 45 miles from Lcut.schau. Pop. 1015. 
 
 LAPTE. lipt, a village of France, department of Haute- 
 toire. 6 miles N.W. of Brioude. Pop. 2616. 
 
 LA PUEBLA, Mexico. See Pcebla, La. 
 
 LA PUG LI A. SeeAptiUA. . 
 
 LAl'UKDUM. See B.4Y0NXE. 
 
 LA PUKISSIMA, li poo-rees'se-mJ, a village of Santa Bar- 
 bara CO., California, is situated on the main road from San 
 Jos6 to Ix)s Angeles, 247 miles in a direct line S.E. by S. 
 of San Francisco. 
 
 L.4PUT.\, a post-village of Franklin co., Kentucky, 10 
 miles N.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 LAPnVORTII, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 LAR or LAAR. laR, a river of Persia, province of Mazan- 
 deran, flows into the Caspian Sea. 
 
 LAK or LAAR, a town of Persia, capital of the province 
 of Laristan. and formerly of an Arabian kingdom, 180 miles 
 S.E. of Sheeraz. Pop. 12,000(?). It stands in an extensive 
 plain, has a fortified residence of the governor, and a large 
 and fine bazaar; it is the seat of some manufactures of 
 arms, gunpowder, and cotton fabrics. 
 
 LARACIIE, a town of Marocco. See El-Araish. 
 
 L.AK'ACi)R, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath, 
 2 miles S.K. of Trim. The Duke of Wellington was born 
 in this parish. 1769; the living was long held by Dean Swift 
 
 LARAOII. li'rdh, a parish of l.-eland, Ulster, co. of Cavan. 
 
 LARAX.IEIRAS. U-nin-zh.Vr.1s, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 Tince of Sergipe, on the left bank of the Cotindiba, 20 miles 
 from its mouth, in the Atlantic. Pop. 3000. 
 
 LAR AXTOOK A, LARAXTOEK A or LARAXTUKA, ll-r^n- 
 too'kd. a trading town of the Malay Archipelago. E. end of 
 the island of Flores, on the Flores Strait, inhabited by native 
 Roman Catlinlics. 
 
 LAR.VT or LAARAT, li-rit/, an island in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, one of the Tenemljcr group, off the X.E. coast of 
 Timor l.aut, with which it is connected by a reef. It is about 
 25 miles loui: l\v 10 miles broad. 
 
 LA RAX, liVd'. a river of France, department of Gers, 
 
 joins tlie left V)ank of the Garonne. Total course 70 miles. 
 
 LAR'BKRT. a parish of Scotland' co. of Stirling. 2 miles 
 
 N.W. of Falkirk. It was the birth-place of the celebrated 
 
 IravelliT, Bruce. 
 
 LARDA, laR'di, a river of Northern Italy, falls into the 
 Po, 7 nliI<^^ S. of Cremona; totjil course 35 miles. 
 
 l,AI!UKIiO. laR-d.Vro, a town of Spain, Old Castile, about 
 S miles from Ix>groflo, on the Iregua. Pop. 1935. 
 
 LAUTD;), Id-ri/no, a seaport town of Spain, province of 
 Santanler. 34 miles W.X.W. of Bilbao. Pop. 2980. Its 
 harbor, 5)rmerly deep, Is now choked with sand. 
 
 LAR 
 
 LAREDO. Iah-r.A'do. capital of Webb co., Tesa.«, on tbe 
 left bank of the Rio del Xortc, at the cros.'ing of the Sau 
 Antonio and Saltillo rosul, about 500 miles S.Sv. of Austin 
 City. It was once a flourishing town, with over 1000 in- 
 habitants, but was since in a declining 8t<ite,in consequence 
 of the relocated innsads of tlie Indians. Pop. in 1860, 1256. 
 
 LAREE or LARI, lil/ree, a town of Central Africa, on the 
 N.W. shore of Lake I'chad. 100 miles X.AV. of Koolia. 
 
 LAREK. Id'rik', written also LARRACK or LAREDSH, 
 an island in the Persian Gulf. 5 miles S.E. of the E. end of 
 Kishm ; greatest length Oj miles ; breadth nearly 4 miles. 
 
 L.\REX, Id'ren, a village of the Xctherlands. province of 
 Gelderland, 8 miles X.E. of Zutphen. Pop. 2955. 
 
 LAREX, a village of Korth Holland, S.E. of Xaarden. 
 Pop. 1929. 
 
 LARGEXTIERE, laR'zh5xoHe-aiR', (anc. Arg'nlalriaf) a 
 town of France, department of Ardeche, on the Ligne, 21 
 miles S.W. of Privaa. Pop. 2700. It has manufactures of 
 silk fabrics. 
 
 LARGEXTIERE, a village of France, Hautes-Alpes. See 
 Argextikre. 
 
 L.\.R/GO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on an inlet of 
 the Frith of Forth, 2^ miles E.X.E. of Leveu. The village 
 is frequented for sea-bathing, and has a harbor, whence a 
 steamboat plies to Xewhaven. Alexander Selkirk, the )>roto- 
 type of Dufoe"s " Rol)inson Cru.soe," wa.s born here in 1676. 
 
 LARGS, a seaport and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on 
 a bay of same name, surrounded by beautiful hills, 22 miles 
 W.S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. of town in 1851, 2824. It is 
 irregular, but well built, has elegant baths, a good library, 
 branch banks, a steamboat pier, numerous handsome vUlas, 
 small manufactories of cotton, but is chiefly supported by 
 visitors from Glasgow, &.C. A great victory was obtained 
 here in 1263 by .\lexander III., over Haco, King of Norway, 
 and numerous tumuli mark the field of battle. 
 
 L.\RI, Id/ree, a market-town of Central Italy, Tuscany, 
 province, and 14 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 1570. 
 
 L.\RI. See Laree. 
 
 LARIMER'S STATION, a post-office of Westmoreland co., 
 Pcun.sylvania. 
 
 LARIXO, Id-ree'no, (anc. Lari'num,) a town of Naples, 
 province of Molise, 22 miles N.E. of Campoba«so. Pop. 3700. 
 
 LARISS.A, U-ris/sd, (Turk. Veni Sheh'r, yJn'ee sbjh'r, i. «., 
 " New-town.") a town of European Turkey, capital of the 
 province of Thessaly. on rising ground beside the Salembria, 
 (anc. PeneJus,) here crossed by a stone bridge, 20 miles from 
 the Gulf of Salonica. Lat. 39° 37' N., Ion. 21° 28' E. Esti 
 mated population, 20.000, of whom three-fourths are Turks. 
 " It stands in an oasis of trees and verdure in the midst of a 
 plain of sand," and is enclosed by walls. 
 
 LARIS^SA, a postrvillage of Cherokee co., Texas, about 
 230 miles X.E. of Austin. 
 
 LARISTAN, Idr-is-tJn', a maritime province of Persia, 
 having S. the Persian Gulf, and landward the provinces of 
 Fars and Kerman. Estimated area 10,0<X) square miles. It 
 is an arid and sandy waste, interspersed with salt steppes. 
 Principal town, Lar. 
 
 LA'RIUS LA'CUS. See Como, Lake op. 
 
 LAltKE. lark, a river of England, rises in the ^.W. part 
 of the county of Suffolk, and flows into the Ouse, near Ely. 
 It is navigable to Bury. 
 
 LARK'lIALL. a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 9 
 miles W.X.W. of Lanark. Pop. iai9. 
 
 LARKHAXA, laR'kd'nd, or LARKIIAXU, laR'ka-noo', a 
 fortified town of Sinde, 145 miles N.AV. of HydcraK'id, and 
 7 miles W. of the Indus, with which it communicates by 
 the Larkhana canal. Pop. from 10.000 to 12.0<X). It has a 
 citadel, formerly the artillery <lcpfit of the Sinde ameers, a 
 good bazaar, manufactures of silk and cotton goods, and 
 one of the chief corn markets of the country. 
 
 LARK'iySBURG. a ^K>st-office of Clay co., Illinois. 
 
 LARK'IX'S FORK, a post-office of .Jackson CO., Alabama. 
 
 L.^RK'INSVILLE, & post-village ot j-vckson CO., -Alabama, 
 about 15 miles W. by S. of Bellefonte. 
 
 LAR/LINGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Nortblk. 
 
 LARXE, lam. a market and seaport town of Ireland, co. 
 of Antrim, on Ix)ugh Larne. an inlet of the sea, 17? miles 
 X'.N.E. of Belfast. I'op. 3345. It has manufactures of cot- 
 ton, sail-cloth, and ropes, with bleaching grounds and lime 
 works. 
 
 LAR'XED'S CORNERS, apost-office, Ontario CO.. New York. 
 
 LARXICA or LARXECA, laR'ne-kd. (anc dthium.) a town 
 of Cyprus, near its S. coast, 23 miles S.E. of Lefkosia. I'op. 
 3000. It has a citadel, large cisterns, and numerous other 
 vestiges of antiquity ; it« port is the most fre.|uented in the 
 island, and it is the residence of many European consuls 
 and merchants. 
 
 LA ROCHE, ld*rosh', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Luxembourg, on the Ourthe, 14 miles N W. of Bastogne 
 Pop. 1334. 
 
 LA ROD A, Id ro'nd. a town of Spain, pi^vincc of and 24 
 miles X.W. of Albacete. Pop. 4572. Celebrated for it," de- 
 fence against the Carlists In 1840. 
 
 LAROLES, Id-n/lJs, a village of Spain Andalusin ..bout 
 50 miles from Granada. Pop. 1249. 
 
LAR 
 
 LAT 
 
 LARONE, lirOn', a post-offloe of Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 LAlVKAliEK'S POINT, a post-villa'.'e of AcUlison co., Ver- 
 mont, on Lake Chaniplain, 50 niile.s S.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 JjA11*KACK', an Inland at the entrance of the Persian 
 Gulf. 15 miles S. of Ormuz. 
 
 L.VIIUAGA, laR-R.<l/s;d, a town of Spain, province of Na- 
 varre, 20 miles S.S.W. of I'lunplona, witli 1512 inliabitants. 
 
 LAKIUNGE, Ida^R^Nzh', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Suvuy, 3 miles from Evian. Pop. 1141. 
 
 LAi;/KY'S CKEEK, a post-oflioe of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LA Its, a strong fort and village of South Russia, govern- 
 ment of Caucasu.^?, on the road to Georgia. 
 
 LAIWINGTON., a town.ship of England, co. of Yorlc, 
 Nortli I'.iiUng. 
 
 LA RUE, lah roo, a post-ofBce of Marion co., Ohio. 
 
 L.\ IIL'E, a county near the centre of Kentucky, contains 
 an area estimated at 400 square miles. The Kolling fork 
 of Salt river Iwunds it on the N.E., and it is drained hy 
 Noliu Creek. The surface is mostly undulating and the soil 
 fertile. Organized Iti 1843, and named in honor of John 
 La Uue, an early .settler in this region. Capital, Hodginville. 
 Po)). I1S91, of whom 5991 were free, and 900 slaves. 
 
 LAUUNS, Id'rriijo', a town of B'rance, department of Basses- 
 PyreiiL-BK, 2-2 miles S. of Pau. Pop. in 1852, 2004. 
 
 LAIIVEGO, laR-vA/go, a village of Sardinia, province of 
 Genoa. I'op. of commune, 3840. 
 
 LARVIGEN, a t«wn of Norway. See Laurvio. 
 
 LAS.VLLE, Id^sill', a village of France, department of 
 Gard. an-ondissement of Vigan, with manufactures of bon- 
 nets and flowers. Pop. in 1852, 2487. 
 
 L.V S.-VLIjK, of Aveyron. See Decazeviile. 
 
 Ui SALLE, lah sSil, a county in the N. central part of 
 niinnis, has an area of 1050 square miles. It is intersected 
 hy t!ie Illinois River, flowing from E. to W., and also drained 
 by Fo.K and Vermilion Rivers, and by Indian Creek. The 
 BUrt'ace is undulating, diversified by prairies and woodlands, 
 ■■.he former being the most extensive ; the soil is exceedingly 
 fertile and extensively cultivated. Stone coivl is abundant, 
 and extensive quarries of sandstone have been opened near 
 Ottawa. The county is intersected by the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal, by the Central Railroad, and by the Chicago 
 and Rock Island Railroad. Named in honor of M. La Salle, 
 one of the first explorers of Illinois. Capital, Ottawa. Pop. 
 48,332. 
 
 La SALLE, a postoflBce of Niagara co.. New York. 
 
 LA SALLE, a post-village and port of entry of Calhoun 
 CO., Texas, on the S.W. side nf Matagorda Bay, 165 miles 
 S.S.E. of Austin City. I'^se shipping of the port, June 30, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 5GI tons enrolled and 
 lioensed, of which 100 were employed in steam navigation. 
 
 LA SALLE, a post-township in the S.E. part of Monroe 
 CO.. Michigan, on the W. shore of Lake Erie. Population 
 1327. 
 
 LA SALLE, a flourishing city of La Salle county, Illi- 
 nois, on the Illinois River, one mile above Peru, and at the 
 terminus of the Illinois Canal, 100 miles long, which con- 
 nects it with Chicago. This city has excellent facilities for 
 trade and manufactures. The Chicago and Rock Island 
 Railroad liere intersects the Central Railroad; and the 
 river is navigable by steamboats in all stages of water. The 
 surrounding country is highly productive, and contains 
 extensive beds of bituminous coal. La Salle contains 4 
 churches, 1 national bank, 1 newspaper ofl[ice, and exten- 
 sive zinc works. The trade of La Salle in 1864 was esti- 
 mated at $3,000,000. Coal is among the chief articles of 
 export. Pop. in 1851, 1500; in 1860, 3993. 
 
 LAS CASAS, a post-office of Rutherford CO., Tennes.see. 
 ^ LAS CRUCES, Ids kroo/sjs, a post-office of Donna Ana 
 CO., New Mexico. 
 
 LASCUARRE, ias-kwaR'R.i, a town of Spain, 42 mUes E. 
 of Huesca, with a fair in November. Pop. 978. 
 
 LASGIRD', a fortified village of Persia, province of Kho 
 rassan. 15 miles S.W. of Simnan. 
 
 LA.-^U'AM, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LASK' or LASK'O, a town of Poland, province and 48 
 miles E.S.E. of Kalisz. on the Grabowka. Pop. 2020. 
 
 LASKAFALU, lish/koh'fohMoo/, or LASKAFELD, lis/kd- 
 {i\t\ a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, 5 miles S.W. 
 of Darda. Pop. 1019. 
 
 LAS ICO, IdshHio, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, 
 9 miles ;V.E. of Eszek. Pop. 1268. 
 
 LASOE (Lasoe), Li/soVh, an island of Denmark, in the 
 Cattegatt, off the N.E. coast of Jutland, lat. 57° 18' N., and 
 Ion. 11° E. ; length 13 miles, breadth 4 miles. 
 
 LAS PALM AS, Us piil'mis, a city on the N.E. coast of the 
 Island of Gran Canaria, and capital of the Canary Islands 
 until 1^33, when Santa Cruz de Teneriffe was raised to that 
 dignity. It is overlooked by two lofty hills, and traversed 
 from !■;. to W. by the small river Guiniguada, here crossed 
 by n handsome bridge of three colossal arches. Las Palmas 
 Is the largest, most beautiful, and most populous town in 
 the Canaries. The houses are large, with terraced roofs and 
 balconies; and the .streets are remarkably neat and clean, 
 and beautifully paved There is a fine, alameda in the centre 
 
 of the city, and three outside the walU. The moat remarkable 
 public edifices are, the town-house, theatre, the iiudiatcia. in 
 the buildings formerly occupied by the Inquisition ; a cathe^ 
 dral, a gigantic mole, 834 feet long by 84 feet broiul, berun 
 in 1811; 3 parish churches and a chapel of ea^c, 6 convents., 
 10 hermitages, a magnificent general hospital, an hospital 
 for elephantiasis, an orphan asylum, a foundling hospitiU 
 a JIagdalcne asylum, an academy of design, 10 schools fiT 
 primary education; an institute for tlie higher branches 
 of education, with a rector and 20 professors and ma.slers ; 
 a senninario oonciliar, where the cla.ssics, theology, and other 
 sciences are taught, and which is resorted to from all the 
 islands; a literary and .musical society, boards of commerc>i 
 and agriculture, and 2 libraries. It has manufactures ol 
 hats, equal to those imported from England and France, 
 delft, woollens, glass, leather, linens, flour, and sailing- 
 tackle; but the principal branches of industry are ship 
 building, fishing, and navigation ; and some trade with th,' 
 neighboring islands, the West Indies, and Europe. It wa.* 
 declared a free port in 1852. Pop. 17,382. 
 
 LASSA or H'LASSA, h'ia.s/si, (i. e. Land of the Divino 
 Intelligence.) the capital city of Thibet, and residtnioe of the 
 Dalai or Grand I^ama, on the Mourau River, an aflluent ol 
 the San-poo. Lat. 29° 30' N., Ion. 91'^ 40' E. Pop. eoigcctured 
 to be about 50,000, besides a garrison of 3000 Chinese cavalry . 
 It has handsome streets, numerous towers, bazaars, and 
 temples. The great temple of Boodha, also the resilience 
 of the Grand Lama, the pontifical sovereign of Thibet and 
 East Asia, is a vast square itlifice, covering, with its pro 
 cincts, many acres, its centre being surmounted by a gilded 
 dome; contiguous to it. on its four sides, are four celebratrai 
 monasteries, said to be inhabited by 4000 recluses, i\.\\A 
 greatly resorted to by the Chinese and Mongols a.s schools 
 of the Boodhic religion and philosopher. The interior of the 
 temple is said to be full of idols, treasure, and works of art. 
 Gutzlaff remarks — There is perhaps no spot on the giolw 
 where so much gold is accumulated for superstition.* pur- 
 poses. The offerings are enormous; the treasury unlike 
 that of western nations increa.ses every year, and tlie 'I'nlfi 
 (Dalai) Lama is said to be the most opulent individual in 
 existence. La.ssa is a place of large trade in silk, wool, 
 goats' hair, woollen, ca.shmere, and linen falirics. velvets, 
 assafiietida, bezoar, fruits, bullion, and precious stones ; its 
 commerce extends to Ilindostan, China, and many parts of 
 Central Asia, and its lapidaries, workers in metals, and 
 engravers, are said to equal the Chinese. 
 
 LASS.iN, Ids'sin, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 40 miles 
 S.E of Stralsund. on the Pecne. Pop. 19S5. 
 
 LASSAY, IdsV-V, a town of France, department and 10 
 miles N.N.E. of Mayenne. Pop. in 1852, 2055. 
 
 L.\S'SELLVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co., New York, 
 58 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 LAS'SEXS, a post-office of Butte co., California. 
 
 LASSEUBE, IdsVuV, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Basses-Pyrenees. 6 miles E.N.E. of Olfirou. P. 3040. 
 
 LAS/glNGTON, a parish of England, co. of Glostcr. 
 
 LAS/SITER'S 5IILLS, a postroJlice of Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 L'ASSOMPTION, Ids^sANo'se-Ax"', a post-village of Canada 
 East, district of Montreal, 24 miles N. of MontrejU. It con- 
 tains several stores. Pop. about 450. 
 
 LAS^SOOR', a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, 
 district of Candeish, 7 miles N.W. of Choprah. 
 
 LASSAVADE, a parish of Scotland, county, and 6 miles 
 S.E. of Edinburgh, on the North Esk. Pop. 5025, principally 
 employed in a carpet manufactory, in gunpowder, paper, 
 and oatmeal mills, an iron and brass foundry, coiU mines, 
 Ac. The situation is beautiful. Here is Melville Castle, 
 Dryden. and many elegant villas. 
 
 LAST CHANCE, a po.stoffice of Carroll co., Missis.»ippi. 
 
 L.ASrriNGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 LASTOCZ, Idsh'tots', a village of Hungary, co. of Zemplln, 
 Pop. 1030. 
 
 LASTOMER, IdsHo'maiR/, or LASZTOMIR, Id.s'to'meeR/, 
 village of Hungary, Hither Theiss, on the Laborcz, here 
 crossed by a bridge, 3 miles from Nagy-Mihaly. Pop. 1030. 
 
 LASTRA, Ids'trd, or GANGALANDI, gdn-gd-ldn'dee, a vU- 
 lage of TU.scany, 5 miles AV. of Florence, on the .4rno. Pop. 
 of parish 4388. It hag important manufactures of straw hats. 
 
 LASTRES, Ids/trJs, a seaport town of Spain, Asturias, 32 
 miles E.N.E. of Oviedo, on the Bay of Biscay. The mole is 
 good and the bay capiicious. Pop. 950. 
 
 LAS VEGAS, Ids v.Vgds, a post-village of San Jliguel CO., 
 New Mexico, on a branch of the Pecos River, abont 50 miles 
 E. by S. of Santa F6. It is a place of some trade, and has 
 about 1200 inhabitants. 
 
 LAS^WAR/EE, a village of Hindostan, province of Delhi, 
 on a stream of the same name, 66 miles N.AV. of Agra, 
 memorable for a battle fought in its vicinity in 1803, when 
 the British under Lord Lake signally defeated the troops of 
 Dowlet Row Sindia. 
 
 L.\TA, ld/td\ a town of Turkish Armenia, pashallc and 46 
 miles N.W. of Van. It is garrisoned by 10(X) men. 
 
 LATACUNGA, a town of South America. See Tacuuqa. 
 
 ]<)21 
 
LAT 
 
 LATAKEEA or LATAKIEU, li'ta-kee/a, written also 
 IJIDIKIA and LADIKIYEII, IrtMe-kw'yeh,' (anc. LandMa 
 ad Malre.) a seaport town of Syria, pashalic and 70 miles N. 
 of Tripoli, on the Mediterranean, in lat. 35° 30' N., Ion. 36° 
 |)J' K. t'op. variously estimated from 6000 to 10.000. It 
 oonsists of an upper and a lower town, separated by gardens. 
 The lower town, which is the principal resort of the seafaring 
 popul;tlion, borders on a well-sheltered, but shallow harbor, 
 having on its X. side a ruined castle. Here are the custom- 
 house and several large warehouses. The upper town, dilapi- 
 dated by the effects of repeated earthquakes, hafi narrow 
 and irregular streets, flat-roofed stone houses, several Greek 
 churches and mosques, a Roman triumphal arch, and many 
 remains of the ancient city. Principal exports, tobacco of the 
 finest quality, cotton, wax, .scammony. and sponge. Imports 
 sugar, coffee, spices, cotton twist, printed gooils, and woollens. 
 
 LATCHA or LATsCIIA. li'chd. a lake of Kussia, in the S. 
 E. part of the government of Olonets, oval shaped, 22 miles 
 long from N. to S., and 12 miles broad. 
 
 L.\TC1I'IN0D0X, a parish of England, oo. of Essex. 
 
 LATi:i{,\, ia-t.Vrl. a town of the Papal States, delegation 
 of Viterbo, 14 miles S. of Acquapendente. Pop. 1060. 
 
 L.\Ti:KIXA, Id-tA-ree'ni. a village of Tuscany, prOTince 
 of Arezzo. on the Arno, with mineral springs. 
 
 L.VTERZ.\, ld-tjR'd7J. a village of Naples, province of 
 Otranto. 25 miles X.AV. of TarAnto. Pop. 3100. 
 
 LA'TIIA.M ISLAND, near E. coaj^t of Africa, lat. 6° 54' S., 
 Ion. 40° E.; is about 1000 feet in length, and a few years 
 ago wa-s covered with guano. 
 
 LATH'IJURY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 LATH'ERON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness, on 
 the North Sea, 14 miles S.W. of Wick. William Sutherland, 
 whose stature was 9 feet 6 inches, was born here about the 
 end of the 14th century. 
 
 L.\T1£0M, a chapelry of England, co. of Lanca.ster, parish 
 and 3 miles E. of Ormskirk, on the Douglas. Lathom House, 
 a fine (irecian structure, the seat of Lord Skelmerdale. occu- 
 pies the site of the ancient fortified mansion so heroically 
 defended, during the civil wars in 1644, by Charlotte de 
 Tremouille, Countess of Derby. 
 
 LA'THROP, a township of Susquehanna co^ Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 876. 
 
 LATIARAK, li'te-a-r^k', or LEDIARAK, U'de-J-rlkN a 
 Tillage of .\ustria, Slavonia. It has 3 or 4 churches. P. 4000. 
 
 LATIKER'RY, a town of Uindostan, dominions and 140 
 miles ,\.E. of Kotah. 
 
 L.XTILIjfi. liJHee^yA'. a town of France, department of 
 Vienne. 12 miles W.N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1181. 
 
 LAT'niORE, a township of Adams oo., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop.llu7. 
 
 LATIMORE CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Cone- 
 wago in Adams co. 
 
 LATISANA. la-te-s.i'n.'l. a market-town of Northern Italy, 
 government of Venice. 23 miles S.S.W. of Udiue. Pop. 2800. 
 
 LATIU.M. See Campagna w Roma. 
 
 LAToPOLIS. See EsxEH. 
 
 L.^VTORCZA, luhHoRt'8(3h\ a river of Hungary, joins the 
 Bodrogh a little al)ove Zeraplin. Total course 90 miles. 
 
 LA TORTUE, Id toRHii'. a village of Canada East, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 15 miles S. of Montreal. Pop. about 600. 
 
 L.OTK015E', a post-village of Westmoreland CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Lovalhiuma Creek, 41 miles E. by S. of 
 Pittsburg. Pop. 768. 
 
 LATltONICO, 13-tron-'e-ko, a town of Naples, province of 
 Ba^^ilicata. 40 miles S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3500. 
 
 LATTAI. lAt/ti, LATTE. Mt/tee, or LETTE. IJftee, one of 
 the Fei'jee Islands, lat. 18° 49' S., Ion. 174° 35' W. 
 
 LATTAKOO or LATAKOO, written also LITAKOU, a 
 populous town of South Africa, Bechuana country, lat. 27° 
 10' S.. Ion. 24° 30' E. Old Lattakoo is about S3 mUes north- 
 eastward. See MASnow. 
 
 LAT'TA-L ATTA ISLES, a group in the Malay Archipelago, 
 off the W. coast of Gilolo, lat. 0° 15' S., Ion. 1° 27' E. The 
 Iarg(-<t is 25 miles in circumference. 
 
 LATTAS. a post-office of Ross co., Ohio. 
 
 L.VT'TON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LAlTiJN, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LATZFONS, Idts/fons, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle 
 of Itotzen. Pop. 1200. 
 
 LATZII AZA or LACZHAS A, IdtsOiohVohV a village of Hun- 
 gary. Little Cumania, 22 miles S.S.W. of Pcsth. Pop. 2539. 
 
 LATZUXAS. ldt/zoo^iifeh\ a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Teuu-s. aljout 18 miles from Versecz. Pop. 1265. 
 
 LALBACU, luw'bdK. a town of Central Germany, Hesse- 
 Darnivtadt. 15 miles E.S.E. of Giessen. Pop. 2032. It has 
 a noble residence, with ^ lil>rary of 50,000 volumes, iron 
 foundries, and several annual fairs. 
 
 I.AUB.VCU, a station on the railway between Lintz and 
 Gmunden. in Upper Austria. 
 
 LA U BACH, law'bak, a postofflce of Northampton oo., 
 Pennsylviinia. 
 
 L.\ IJ 1{.\ X . low'b,1n. or LUBEN. loo/ben. a town of Prussian 
 Hleaia. 40 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz. capital of a circle, on 
 the y ueiss. Pop. oSoti. employed iu manufactures of woollen, 
 cloth, cotton, liuen, and fybacco. • 
 
 1022 
 
 LAU 
 
 ' LAUBENDORF. low'ben-doRf', or LIMBERG, limOi^Ru, 3 
 village of Bohemia. al>out 8 miles from Bistrau. I'op. 1413 
 
 L.A^UCH, losh, a river of France, department of Ilaut 
 Rbin. joins the 111 after a course of about 3:3 miles. 
 
 L.\UCHA. 1ow'k3, a town of Prussian Saxony, 17 miles 
 S.W. of Mer.seburg, on the Unstrut. Pop. 1670. 
 
 L.\UCUST.A.DT, (Lauchstadt.) lowK'st^tt, a town of Pru.s- 
 sian Saxony, 8 miles S.S.W. of Halle, with 1430 inhabitants, 
 a castle and sulphur baths. 
 
 LAUCUHEIM, lOwK'hime, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle 
 of Jaxt, on the Jaxt River. Pop. 873. 
 
 LAUDA, low'dd, a walled town of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine, on the Tauber. Pop. 1077. 
 
 LAUDENBACH, low'den-l)dK\ a village of Germany, in 
 Baden, circle of Lower Rhine. Pop. 1512. 
 
 L.\UDENBACU, a village of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, 
 on the Main. Pop. 868. 
 
 LAUDENB.\CH, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, 
 circle of Witzenliausen. Pop. 862. 
 
 LAUDENBACH, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jaxt, 
 bailiwick of Mergentheim. Pop. 1130. 
 
 LAU'DER or LEA'DER, a river of Scotland, Berwickshire, 
 falls into the Tweed near Melrose. 
 
 L-\UDER, a royal and parliamentary burgh, town, and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on the Leader, 23 miles 
 S.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of burgh in 1851, 1105. It haa 
 a town-house, several libraries, and a branch bank. It 
 unites with HiuJdington, &c., in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 LAUDERDALE, (i.e. the "dale or v.alley of the Lauder,") 
 anciently the western district of Berwick.«hire, gives the 
 title of Earl to the Maitlaud family, whose spacious and 
 stately castle of Thirlestjine adjoins the borough of Lauder 
 
 LAU'DERD.\LE, a county forming the N.W. extremit> 
 of Alabama, bordering ou Tennessee, has an area of 630 
 square miles. The Tennes.see River forms the entire S. 
 boundary of the county, which is intersected by four large 
 creeks, namely, Cypru.s, Little Cyprus, Shoal,, and Black- 
 water Creek. The surface is hilly. The soil is genenilly 
 fertile. Iron ore and limestone are found exti^nsively 
 Water-power is abundant on the creeks, and at the rapida 
 of Tennessee River, calleil the JIuscle Shoals. Steamboats 
 navigate the river from these rapids to its mouth. Pop. 
 17,420, of whom 10,683 were free, and 6737 slaves. 
 
 LAUDERD.\LE. a county in the E. part of Mi.s.sis.Mppi, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of alxjut 760 square 
 miles. It is drained by the head streams of the Chicka^ 
 sawha. The county is intersecccil by the Mobile and Ohio 
 Railroad. Named in honor of Col. Lauderdale, who fell at 
 the battle of New Orleans. Capital, Marion. Pop. 13,313; 
 of whom 8225 were free, and C0S8 slaves. 
 
 LAUDERD.\LE, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, 
 Iwrdering on the Mississippi ; area estimated at 350 square 
 miles. The navigable river llKtchie forms its entire Itound- 
 ary on ■ the S. The surface is nearly level, and the soil 
 fertile. Capititl, Ripley. Pup. 7i.5i), of whom 4705 were 
 free, and 2854 slaves. 
 
 LAUDERDALE'S FACTORY, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 LAUDERDALE SPRINGS, a postroffice of Lauderdale co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 L.\UENBURG, 16w'fn-booRg\ a duchy of Denmark, situa- 
 ted between lat. 5-2° 21' and 63° 48' N., and Ion. 10° 13' and 
 11° 3' E., bounded N. by Lubeck, E. by Mecklenburg 
 Schwerin. S. by the Elbe, and W. by Holstein. Area 400 
 square miles. Pop. 39,560. It is divided into three amti. or 
 bailiwicks, Retzeburg. Lauenburg, and Schwarzenbek. 
 
 L.\UKNBURG. the capital of the above duchy, is situated 
 on the right bank of the Ellje, at the mouth of the Delve- .. 
 naue and on the Stecknitz Canal. 27 miles S.E. of Hamburg. 
 Pop. of town proper, 1200; with suburbs, 3S0O. It ha* 
 ruins of a castle, formerly the residence of the Dukes of 
 Saxe-Lauenburg, a custom-house for the Elbe dues, and an 
 extensive transit trade. 
 
 LAUENBURG, low'en-bodRG\ a town of Pru.ssia, province 
 of Pomerania, 68 miles E.N.E. of Ciislin, on the right bank of 
 the Leba. Pop. 3S10. It has manufiictures of woollens ami 
 linens. 
 
 LAUDDN. loMus"', a town of France, department ot 
 Gard, 13 miles N.E. of Uzes, on the Tave. Pop. 1980. 
 
 LAUENSTEIN, low'en-stine\ a market-town of Germany, 
 in Saxony, 20 miles S.S.E. of Dresden. Pop. 663. 
 
 LAUE.NSTEI.V, a market-town of Germany, in Hanover, 
 E.S.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1012. 
 
 L.\UF, lijwf. a town of Bavaria, circle of Middle Franco 
 nia, 10 miles E.N,E. of Nuremberg, on the Pegnitz. Pop. 
 3008, with manufactures of wire, brass, needles, and plat« 
 gla-ss. 
 
 LAUFACH, low/f^K. a village of Bavaria, 8 miles E.N.E. 
 of Aschattenburg. Pop. 1077. 
 
 L.\UFEN, k'lw'fen. a frontier town of Upper Bavaria, on 
 the Salzach. 10 miles X.N.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 1800, em- 
 ployed in ship-building and navigation. 
 
 LAUFEN, a town of Wilrteml>erc. circle of Neckar, on 
 the Neckar, 6 miles S.S.W. of lleilbrona. Pop. 30OJ. It 
 
LAU 
 
 LAU 
 
 has 3 churches, a conrent, and a palace, and Is mentioned 
 in records of the 9lh cento ly. 
 
 LAUFKNliUl'iG, low'tVu-ht>ORa\ a.village in the S.K. part 
 of Baden, circle of Lake. 
 
 LAUKKN15UHG. a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Aargau, connected across the Rhine hy a wooden bridge just 
 above the cataract of Laufex. 
 
 LAUFFKX, I5wf'fen, (Fr. Lauffrm, lOf YAn"',) a walled town 
 of Switzerland, canton and 33 miles N.N.W. of liern, on the 
 Dirs, wliicli is here crosstnl by a bridge. I'op. 1097. 
 
 LAUFt KX AM XECKAR, lowPfen-dm-nJk/ar, a town of 
 W'iirtemlH'rg, circle of Xeckar, 6 mile.s S.S.W. of Ilcilbronn 
 on the Neckiir, here crossed by one of the finest bridj;es in 
 the kingdom, communicating with a suburb. Pop. 4tK)0. 
 
 L.\.U<jllI.\RNli. law'harn, an ancient municipal borough, 
 seaport town, and parish of South Wales, co. and 9 miles 
 S.S.W. of Carmarthen, on the estuary of the Taff and 
 Towy. I'op. of parish in 1851, 2011. The town, remarkably 
 w<dl built, has the ruins of a castle, and is much resorted 
 to in sumuK^r by visitors. 
 
 L.\UG1IKIIV', Ifih'her-e, a township in Dearborn co., 
 Indiana. I'op. 1092. 
 
 LAUGIIKi; Y, a township in Ripley co., Indiana. P. 1480. 
 
 LAUGIIKRY CREKK, of Indiana, rises in Decatur co., 
 and enters the Ohio 2 miles below Aurora, in Dearborn co. 
 It is a valuable stream for mills. 
 
 LAUGlIhAX (Wn'lan) ISLANDS, a group of nine low 
 islets in the South Pacific, E. point in lat. 9° 19' 3" S., Ion. 
 l-i3° 4S' 4l»" !•:. 
 
 LAUGH'LINTOWN, iSnlin-town, a post-village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, 5o miles E.S.K. of Pittsburg. 
 
 LAUGIITON, law'ton, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 LAL'GIITOX, two parisjies of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LAUGIITON, a parish of F^nglaud, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LAUGIl'TON EX LE MOR/TIIEN, a parish of England, 
 CO. of York, West Riding. 
 
 LAUIIEIJI, low'hime, a market-town of Wtirtemberg, 
 circle of Danube. 13 miles S.S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 3100. 
 
 LAUIXGEN, low'iug-en, a town of Bavaria, circle of Swa- 
 hia, on the Danube, 26 miles N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 3816. 
 It has a castle, .a church with remarkable sculptures ; and 
 manufactures of woollen and cotton fabrics. 
 
 LAU.IAR, LAUXAR, low-Han/, or LAUJAR-DE-ANDA- 
 RA.X, low-HaR'-dA-in-dd-rdn/, a town of Spain, province and 
 18 miles X.W. of Almeira, on the S. slope of the Sierra Nevada. 
 Pop. 2980. 
 
 LAUMELLUM. See Lomello. 
 
 L.\UN, liiwn, or LAUNY, lOw'nee, a town of Bohemia, 10 
 miles X.E.ofSaatz, with a fine bridge on the Eger. P. 2100. 
 
 LAUXCKLI^S, Idn's^lz, a parish of England, co. Cornwall. 
 
 L.'VU^CE^TON, Idns'tpn, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, of 
 which it is joint capital with Bodmin, on the Kensey, a tri- 
 butary of the Taniar, 12 miles N.\V. of Tavistock, and about 
 22 miles N.N.W. of I'lymouth, to which a railway is pro- 
 jected. Area of parish, 2180 acres. Pop. of borough in 
 1851, 6005. It is built on a steep hill, crowned by the ma- 
 jestic ruins of its castle. The chief buildings, are the castle, 
 founded by the ancient Cornish princes, and formerly known 
 under the name of Castle Terrible; the old town gates, the 
 ancient churck built of granite, elaborately carved; the 
 email grammar school of Queen Elizabeth, a national .school, 
 guild-hall, jaU, and union workhouse. It has also a library, 
 and a philoso|)hical society. It sends 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. In the vicinity is Werrington House, 
 a fine seat of the Duke of Northumberland. 
 
 LAUNCESTOX. laws'ton or Uns'ton, the most N.E. district 
 of Tasmania, A'an Diemen's Land. The chief towns are 
 Launceston, George Town, and Y'ork Town. 
 
 LAUNCESTOX, capital of the co. of Cornwall, and second 
 town of Van Diemen's Land, is situated at the confluence 
 of North and South Esk Rivers with the Tamar, 32 miles 
 S.E. of Port Dalrymple. Pop. 6000. It is thriving, and has 
 Important traffic with South Australia and Victoria; ships 
 of considerable burden anchor at its quay. The principal 
 buildings are a spacious stone church, government-house, 
 court-house, jail, barracks, public schools, post-office, and 
 bank. It is the residence of a civil commandant, 
 
 LAUN/CESTON-TAl't/RANT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 LAUNTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, 
 
 LAUPEN, iriw'pen, a small town of Switzerland, canton 
 »nd 11 miles W.S.W. of Bern, on the Sarine, Near this 
 the Swiss, under Rodolph of Erlach, totally defeated the 
 Austrian forces, June 21, 1.339, 
 
 L.AUPEHSWEIL. lriw'pers-"wne\ a village of Switzerland, 
 canton and 14 miles from Bern, on an elevated site above 
 the Enmien. i'o;i. 2494, 
 
 LAUR. See P,aoor, 
 
 LAU'RA, a post-office of Miami co,, Ohio. 
 
 T/AUR AGUAIS. lO'r^^gi', a small ancient district of France, 
 formerly dependent on Languedoc, and now included in the 
 department of Tarn. 
 
 LAUK.A..M1E. law/ra-me, a post-township in Tippecanoe 
 sc>., Indiana, 70 miles N.W, of Indianapolis. Pop. 2006. 
 
 LAU'RATTLLE, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 LAUKEANA, low-r.-l-d/nd, (anc. Bfirdlo?) a town of Na. 
 pies, proviuce of Calabria Ultra, capital of a canon, 10 
 miles E.S.E, of Nicotera, Pop. 2050. 
 
 LAU'REL. a county in the S.S.E. part of Kentucky, has 
 an area estimated at 430 square miles, Rockcastle River 
 forms its N.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Laure' 
 Creek, from which the name is derived. The surface is 
 hilly, and mostly covered with forests. Capital, Loudon. 
 Pop. 54S8, of whom 5302 were free, and 18fi slaves. 
 
 LAUREL, a thriving post-village of Sussex county, Dela- 
 ware, on Broad Creek, an affluent of the Nanticoke River, 
 62 miles S. of Dover. It contains 4 churches, 2 hotels, and 
 1 newspaper ofifice. There are numerous saw-mills in the 
 vicinity. The creek is navigable for sloops, by which an 
 active trade is carried on in pine lumber and produce. 
 Pop. estimated at 1200. 
 
 LAUKEL, a post-office of Wa.s)iington co., Virginia. 
 
 LAUREL, a post-village of Clermont CO., Ohio, on the 
 road from Batavia to the Ohio River. 
 
 LAUREL or LAUREL CITY, a flourishing post-village 
 of Franklin co., Indiana, on the Whitewater Kivcr and 
 Canal, 15 miles W.X.W, of Brookville. It has several stores 
 and mills. Pop, of township, 1748. 
 
 LAUKEL, a township of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1322 
 
 L.4UREL BLUFF, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 LAUREL CREER, a post-office of Floyd eo., A'irginia 
 
 LAUREL CREEK, a post-office of Favette co., Tennessee. 
 
 LAUREL FACTORY, a post-village of Prince George's co., 
 Maryland, on the S, branch of the Patuxent, half a mile 
 from the Baltimore and Washington Railroad, and IS miles 
 S.W. of Baltimore. The manufactiire of cotton constitutes 
 the chief business of the village. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 LAUREL FORK, a post-office of Carroll co., A'irginia. 
 
 LAUREL FORK, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 LAUREL GAP, a post-office of Greene co,, Tennessee, 
 
 LAUREL GROVE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., y'vc- 
 ginia. 
 
 LAUREL GROVE, a post-office of Greene co., Kentucky. 
 
 LAUREL HILL, a beautiful cemetery, situated within 
 the chartered limits of the city of Philadelphia, on the left 
 bank of the Schuylkill, 34 miles N,W. of the State Hou-se 
 It comprises above 20 acres, with an undulating surface, 
 elevated from SO to 100 feet above the river, which greatly 
 contributes to the appropriate beauty of the surrounding 
 scenery. The grounds are tastefully ornamented with 
 .winding paths, groups of trees, shrubbery, and flowers. 
 The chapel is a fine Gothic building, near the centre of the 
 enclosure. See Philadelphia. 
 
 LAUKEL HILL, called also LAUREL MOUNTAIN and 
 LAUKEL RIDGE, a range in the S.AV, part of Pennsylvania, 
 beginning in Cambria county, and running between Somer- 
 set on the east, and Fayette and 'Westmoreland counties on 
 the west. The name is often loosely applied to different 
 mountain ridges. About 10 miles west of the range jusi 
 described there is another, named Chesnut Ridge; after 
 passing the boundary of Virginia, the names of the ti'': 
 ranges are reversed, the former taking the appellation of 
 Chesnut Ridge, the latter that of Laurel Hill. 
 
 LAUKEL HILL, a post-offic/; of Lunenburg c^., Virginia, 
 
 LAUREL HILL, a post-office of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina, 
 
 LAUREL HILL, a post-village of Carroll co., Georgia, 
 about 15 miles S.AV. of Carrollton. 
 
 LAUKEL HILL, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama. 
 
 LAUKEL HILL, a post-office of Neshoba co., Mi.ssis.sippi. 
 
 LAUREL HILL, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, 70 
 miles N.W. of Springfield. The name of the post-office is 
 Taule Grove, 
 
 LAUKEL HILL CREEK, of Somerset co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into Castleman's River, 
 
 LAUREL MILLS, a post-oSioe of Rappahannock co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 LAUREL MOUNTAIN. See Lautiel Hill, 
 
 LAUREL POI.XT, apost-office,>Ionongiiliaco.,W. A'irginia. 
 
 LAUREL SPRINGS, a post>office of Ashe co.. North Caro- 
 lina, 200 miles AV. by N, of Raleigh, 
 
 LAURF;L A' alley, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LAURELVILLE, a small village of Blair co,, Pennsyl- 
 vania, 
 
 LAURELA'ILLE, a post-office of AVestmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LAU'RENCE-KIRK, a burgh of barony and parish o» 
 Scotland, co. of Kincardine, 10 miles Ni of Montrose. Pop. 
 of town 1365, chiefly employed in linen weaving, jind in the 
 manufacture of snuff-boxes. It was the birth-place of Dr 
 James Beattie. 
 
 LAU'KEXS, a district in the N.W. part of South Carolina, 
 has an area of 812 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. 
 by Ennoree River, on the S,AV, by the .Saluda, and drained 
 by Keedy and Little Rivers, and by Reaburn's and Duo- 
 can's Creeks, The surface is finely diversified; the soil is 
 productive, well-watered, and extensively cultivated. Tho 
 
 1023 
 
LATJ 
 
 distncc produced in 1850, 129,694 bushels of wheat, m'ore 
 than any other in the state. Capital, Laurensville. Pop. 
 23,858; of whom 10,(558 were free, and 13,200 shives. 
 
 L.iUllEiN S, a county in the S. central part of (Jeorgia, has 
 an area of 700 square miles. It is intersected by the Oco- 
 nee Hirer, and also drained by the Ohoopee River, and by 
 Palmetto and Okewalkee Creeks. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and extensively covered with forests of pine, oak, 
 and hickory. The soil is composed of lime, .sand, and 
 mould, with a substratum of clay. Soft limestone is abun- 
 dant in the county. Named in honor of Col. John Lau- 
 rens of South Carolina. Capital, Dublin. Pop. 6998, of 
 whom 3729 were free, and 3269 slaves. 
 
 LAUKENS, a post-township in the S. part of Otsego cc, 
 New York, 76 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 1936. 
 
 LAURENS COURT HOUSE or LAU'RRNSVILLE, a post- 
 village, capital of Laurens district. South Carolina, 75 miles 
 N.W. of Columbia. It is situated on the dividing ridge 
 between Saluda and Ennoree liivers. It ha.s 3 churches, i 
 
 132 miles W. by N. of Savannah 
 
 LAU'llEXSVILLE, a postrvillage of Otsego co., New York, 
 on Otsego Creek, about 75 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 LAURENZ.VNA, low-rSn-zil/nd, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Basilicata. 15 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 5000. 
 
 LAURIA, 16w're-i, a town of Naples, province of Basili- 
 cata, 7 miles S.S.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 6700. It consists 
 of an upper and lower town, and' has manufactures of 
 coarse linen fabrics. 
 
 LAURICOCIIA, lOwVe-ko'chJ, a lake of Peru, on the E. 
 slope of the Andes, lat. 10° 15' 3., Ion. 76° 10' W.; length, 
 from N.N.E. to S.S.W., about 12 miles; breadth not more 
 than 3 miles. It is the source of the Tunguragua or Mara- 
 Eon. 
 
 LAURIERE, loVe-aiu/, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilauto-Vienne, 23 miles \.N.E. of Limoges. Pop. 
 in 1852. 1299. 
 
 LAU'RIESTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Kirkcudbright, 
 6 miles VV.N.W. of Castle Douglass. Pop. 275. 
 
 LAURINO, low-ree/no, a small town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, on the Galore, 11 miles W.S.W. of Diano, 
 with 2000 inhabitants. 
 
 LAU'RISTOX or LAWERSTON, a village of Scotland, co. 
 of Stirling, li miles E. of Falkirk. Pop. 1198, partly em- 
 ployed in nail-making and weaving. 
 
 LAURITO, low-ree'to. a small town of Naples, province- 
 of Principato Citra, 9 miles S.E. of 11 Vallo. Pop. 1300. 
 
 LAURO, low'ro, a village of Naples, province of Terra di 
 I«avoro, 16 miles E. of Gaeta. 
 
 LAURO, a village of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 
 <S miles S.E. of Nola. 
 
 LAL^ROT/ or LITTLE POOLO LAUT ISLANDS, a group 
 of islands in the Malay Archipelago, off the S.E. coast of 
 Borneo, lat. (N. point) 4° 42' S., Ion. 115° 55' E. 
 
 LAURVIG, lowR'vig\ or L.\RVIGEN, laR/vig-en. a seaport 
 town of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, on an inlet of the Ska- 
 gerrack, 65 miles S.S.W. of Christinnia. Pop. 3400. It has a 
 cannon foundry, snuff-factories, and distilleries. 
 
 LAUSANNE, lo'zjnn', (It. Losanna, lo-s3n'ni. L. Lausa'- 
 nium, Lausolnium, Laiisdlnius or Lausan/na.) a city of Swit- 
 zerland, capital of the canton of Vaud, half a mile from 
 Ouchy, its port, on the N. shore of the Lake of Geneva, and 
 on the S. slope of the Jura Mountains, 450 feet above the 
 lake, 32 miles N.E. of Geneva. M^an temperature of vear, 
 49°.4; winter, 32°.l; summer, 64°.7, Fahr. Pop. in 'i860, 
 20,515. It stands on elevated ground, and has narrow and 
 ill-paved streets, but some good edifices, including the finest 
 cathedral in Switzerland, a massive castle, a cantonal hos- 
 pital, lunatic asylum, penitentiary, barracks, and theatre. 
 Its educational institutions comprise an academy with 14 
 professors, a cantonal college, military, drawing, and other 
 schools, numerous literary societies, and collections of art 
 and science; manufactures of woollen cloths, paper, leather, 
 and jewellery, are also carried on. It has good inns, several 
 public baths, libraries, an English chapel, &c., and is uistin- 
 guished for its good society. Voltaire, Ilaller, Tissot, and 
 Byron, resided here; and at Lausanne, Gibbon wrote the 
 latter half of his " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." 
 In the cemetery of St. Pierre, near it, John Kemble was 
 bur;ed. Under the French it was the capital of the depart- 
 ment of Leman. 
 
 LAUSANNE, law-sann', a post-village and township of 
 Carbon co., Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River, 2 or 3 
 miles aljove Mauch Chunk. It is surrounded by rich coal- 
 mines. Pop. 1942. 
 
 LAUSIGK, low'zik, a town of Saxony, 18 miles S.S.E. of 
 Leipsic. Pop. 2261. It has manufactures of woollens and 
 linens, and mineral baths. 
 
 LAUSITZ. See Lusatia. 
 
 LAUSONIUM or LAUSOMUS. See Lacbanxb. 
 
 LAUS I'OMl'EIA. See Loci Vlcchio. 
 
 LAUSSONNE. lOs'sonn', a village of France, department 
 of Haiite-Loiro, 10 miles S.E. of lie Puy. Pod. 1900. 
 1024 ^ 
 
 LAV 
 
 LAUT, an island of the East Indies. See Poolo Lattt. 
 LAUTENBACII, low'ten-biK\ a village of R.i.Ien, circle of 
 Midttle Rhine, bailiwick of Oberkirch. Pop. 844. 
 
 LAUTENBURG, 16w/tfn-b0oiw\ LIDZBuRG, lits^IwRG, or 
 LAC/BORG. a town of West Prussia, 60 miles S.E. of Marien- 
 werder. Pop. 2050. 
 
 L.^UTENTIIAL, low'ten-tdl\ a town of Hanover, 5 miles 
 N.N.W. of Clausthal, in thellarz. Pop. 2174. 
 
 LAUTER, lOw'tgr, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, forming in 
 part of its course the boundary between Bavaria and 
 France, joins the Rhine at Neul>org. Lenijth 44 miles. 
 
 LAUTER, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau. Pop 
 2388. 
 
 LAUTERBACII, lCw'ter-biK\ a town of Germany, Hesso- 
 Darmstadt, 14 miles AV.N.W. of Fulda, with 2 castles, 2 
 churches, and paper-mills. Pop. 3380. 
 
 LAUTERBACII, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 
 bailiwick of Lauterstein, Pop. 1284. 
 
 LAUTERBACII, LYDKRBACII. lee'der-baK^ a village of 
 Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, on the Lauczka, 6 miles from 
 Leitomischel. Pop. 1427. 
 
 LAUTERBACII, a free mining town of Bohemia, 6 miles 
 S. of Klboiren. Pop. 1750. 
 
 L.\UTERBERG, low'teR-bjRG\ a town of Hanover, 14 
 miles S.E. of Clausthal, with mines of iron and coal. Pop. 
 3216. 
 
 LAUTERBOURG, lOHJR'booR/, (Ger. Laritfrbi(rg, low/tgr- 
 bdoRO^ anc. Lev/trm Casflrum?) a fortified frontier town Of 
 France, department of Bas-Rhin, on the Lauter, near its con- 
 fluence with the Rhine. 34 miles N.E. of Strasbourg. Pop. 
 2280. It has iron works and potash actories. In 1793 the 
 French took it by forcing the famous lines of Lauterbourg. 
 
 LAUTEUBRUNNEN, low/ter-br(5on'nen, or LAUTER- 
 BRUNN, 10w'tfr-brOon\ a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and 33 miles S.E. of Bern, in the Obcrland. Pop. 1350, 
 inhabiting scattered residences, in a valley watered by the 
 White Lutschine, celebrated for its picturesque grandeur, 
 and so confined, that in summer the sun does not appear 
 before 7 o'clock, a. m., nor in winter before noon, and which 
 coutiiius the Staubbtich. and numerous other cascades. 
 
 LAUTERECKEN, luw'ter-^k'ken. a town of Rhenish Bar 
 varia, at the junction of the Lauter with the Glan, 17 miles 
 N.W. of Kaisersrfautern. Pop. 1155. 
 
 LAUTREC, loHrfik'. a town of France, department of Tarn, 
 8 miles N.W. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 3466. 
 
 LAUTSCHITZ, low'chits, or BLUCZINA, bloCt-chfee'nl, a 
 market-town of Austria, Moravia, 10 miles S. of BrUnn, on 
 the Sazawa, Pop. 1040. 
 
 LAUVEN, ISw'ven, a river of Norway, which rises in 
 Mount Harteigen, passing the town of Kongsberg, (atiout 1 
 mile above which it forms a magnificent fall,) afterwards 
 turns almost due S., and falls into the fiord at the town of 
 Laurvig after a direct course of 120 miles, and an indirect 
 of at least 200 miles. Its mouth forms one of the finest 
 natural harbors of Norway. In its course it expands into 
 numerous lakes, but none of its affluents are large. 
 
 LAUWER ZEK, low'wer zA. a gulf of the North Sea, 
 between the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, stretch- 
 ing inland N. to S. alK)ut 8 miles ; and about 6 miles broad. 
 
 LAUZERTE, lO^zaiRf, a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, 10 miles N.N.E. of Moissae. Pop. in 1855^ 
 3428. 
 
 LAUZET, LE, l?h lO'sA', a village of France, department 
 of Bas.ses-Alpes. 25 miles N.N.E. of Digne. 
 
 LAUZUN, lO^zuNo', a fortified town of Frs""*, department 
 of Lot-et-Garonne, 16 miles N.E. of Marmanuc. ir^f 1^90. 
 
 LAVACCA, formerly written LA BACA, a river of Texxj, 
 rises near the N.W. border of Lavacca co.. and flows through 
 Jackson co. into the bay of its own name. Steamboats 
 ascend from its mouth to Texana, nearly 20 miles. 
 
 LAVACCA, a county in the S. central part of Texas, con- 
 tains about 900 square miles. It is drained iiy the Lavacca 
 and Navidad Rivers. The surface is undulatiTig. The upper 
 part of the county is mostly occupied by fertile prairies; the 
 middle is well timbered and also protiuctive ; the soli of the 
 lower part is inferior, and covered with the post-oak. Organ- 
 ized about the year 1845. Capital, IlallettsviP.e. Pop. 5945; 
 of whom 4238 were free. 
 
 LAVACCA BAY of Texas, is principally included in Cal- 
 houn CO. It may be regarded as an arm of Matagorda Bay. 
 
 LAVADORES, li-v4-»o'res. a village of Spain, about 14 
 miles from Pontevedra, on the Cambeses; here crossed by a 
 handsome bridge. Pop. 2715. 
 
 LAVAGNA, M-vdn'yd, a maritime town of Sardinia. IJ 
 miles S.E. of Chiavari, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 6232. 
 
 LAVAGNO, iS-vdn'yo, a village of Austrian Italy, 6 mile» 
 E. of Verona. Pop. 28tX>. 
 
 LAVAL, IdVal', (L. LavaVhim, VaVlis Giikhhiis f) a town 
 of France, capital of the department of Mayenne, on the 
 Mayenne, 41 miles E. of Rennes. and 150 miles W.S.W. of 
 Paris. Pop. in 1862, 19,218. It is on a steep declivity, en- 
 closed by old walls, and comprises an old quarter, with 
 narrow tortuous streets, and black overhanging wooden 
 houses, and a new quarter, with wide, regular, well-built 
 streets. Principal buildings, a vast castle, now a prisOQi a 
 
LAV 
 
 LAW 
 
 CUiious gothic eathedral, 2 hospitals, prefecture, town-hall, 
 fine new linen hall, theatre, communal collese, and pulilic. 
 library. It has important manufactures of linen thread 
 and fabrics, cotton handiierchiefs. and calico, bleach and 
 dye works, tanneries, m,arble works, and a brisk trade in 
 linen and cotton fabrics. It was taken by the English in 
 1466, but retaken by the B'rench in the following year. It 
 suffered greatly in the Vendean war at the end of the last 
 century. 
 
 L.VVALTRIE, laVrirtree/, a post-village of Canada East, 
 CO. of Bcrthier. 30 miles N. of Montreal. Pop. about 1100. 
 
 L.WAMUXD, l3/va-m<5ont\ a market-town of Austria, in 
 Carinthia. on the Drave. 31 miles E. of Klagenfurt. 
 
 L.WANCIIKor LAVANGK. See Alps, pnu'e ('«. 
 
 LAVANSAIil, li-vdn-sa/ree'. an island of Russia, Gulf of 
 Finland, 70 miles AV. of Cronstadt, 4 miles long by about 1 
 mile broad. Pop. 400. 
 
 L.^'V.\NSA'ILLE, a post-village of Somerset co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, 144 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. about 100. 
 
 L.iVANT, li-vdnf, a river of Austria, in Carinthia, joins 
 the Drave at Lavaraund. after a S. course of 40 miles. 
 
 L.iV'AXT, a river of England, co. of Sussex, enters Chi- 
 chester harbor after a S.W. course of 10 miles. 
 
 'iAVAXT (East and West), a parish of England, co. of 
 Sussex. 2i miles N. of Chichester. Near it is Goodwood, the 
 Beat of the Duke of Richmond. See Mid-Lavant. 
 
 LAVARDAC, li'vauMik', a town in the S.W. partof France, 
 department of Lot-et-Cfaronne, on the Baise, IG miles W. of 
 Agen. Pop. 1442. 
 
 LAVARDKXS, IdVaRMflNO, a town of the S.W. part of 
 France, di'partment of Qers, 8 miles N.X.W. of Auch, with 
 warm baths. 
 
 L.W.'VUR. I^Vor', (ane. Vafriumf) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Tarn, capital of an arrondissement, on the 
 Agout, 23 miles S.W. of Albi. Pop. in 1852, 7331. It has a 
 communal college, and manufactures of thick silk damasks, 
 and is the entrepot for the silk goods of Upper Languedoe. 
 In the 13th century it was the stronghold of the AUiUjevtet, 
 from whom it was taken in 1211 by Simon de Montfort, with 
 much barbarity. 
 
 L.WKLANKT, IdvMJ^ni/, a town of Franco, department 
 of Ariege, 12 miles E. of Foix. Pop. in 1852, 3062, mostly 
 employeil in the manufacture of fine woollens. 
 
 L.VVELLO, li-vM'lo, (anc. LaheMumf) a town of Naples, 
 province of Basilicata, 8 miles N.E. of llelfl. Pop. 3000. 
 
 LAV'KXD()X% a parish of England, co. of Buck.s. 
 
 L.A.V'EMI.\AI, or LAX'II.VM, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Suffolk, 10^ miles W.N.W. of Ipswich. 
 
 liAVK.NU. lil-vA/no, a market-town of Northern Italy, in 
 Lombardy, on Lago Maggiore, 23 miles W.N.W. of Como. 
 
 LAVEXTIK, ld.V6.\"Hee', a town of France, department 
 Of Pas-de-Calais, 12 miles N.E. of Bethune. Pop. 1330. 
 
 LAVEXZA. See Avenza. 
 
 LA'VER, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 6 miles 
 N.N.E. of Epping. The philosopher Locke lived, and in 
 1704 wa.1 buried, here. 
 
 L.WER. LITTIjK, a p!iri.<h of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LAVER; MAGDALKX, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 L.\ VERONE, lah v8rn, a postofflce of Rutherford co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 LAV'KR.^TOKE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LAVFIilSTOKE and FORD, a parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 LAV'KRTKX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 L.'V'VKY. a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Cavan. 
 
 LAV'IXGTOX, EAST, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Wilts, on the N. border of Salisbury Plain, 5 
 miles S. of Devizes. Pop. 1000. Bishop Tanner was born 
 here in 1673. 
 
 L.VVINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LAVINGTON, WIOST, a pari.sh of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LAVING, li-vee'no, (anc. Labin/ius,) a river of the Papal 
 States(?), joins the Samoggia, after a course of about 30 miles. 
 
 LAVIS. 15'vis, a market-town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 
 5 miles X. of Trent. Pop. 2207. 
 
 LAVIT, hlH'ee/, a town of France, department of Tarn-et- 
 Garonne, 11 miles S.W. of Castelsarrasin. Pop. 1466. 
 
 LAVO'NA, a iiost-ofRce of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 LAVORO. TERRA DI, Naples. See Tebra di Lavoro. 
 
 LAVOS, li'voce, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 
 at the mouth of the Mondego, 24 miles S.W. of Coimbra. 
 Pop. 3188. 
 
 LAVRAS-DE-FUNIL, iJ/vris-di-foo-neeP. a town of Brazil, 
 province of .Minas-Geraes. 105 miles W.S.W. of Ouro-Preto. 
 The mines of gold in the district, which were at one time 
 very productive, are now all but exhausted. Pop. (includ- 
 ■ng district) 12,000. 
 
 LAVRI.VNO, Idv-re-^no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 4 miles from Casalborgone, on the Po. Pop. 1066. 
 
 Ii.\WE. li'vfh, a village of Belgium, province of West 
 llanders. on the Lys, 27 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 2350. 
 
 LAW/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LAWFORD, CIIURCII, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 
 
 LAWFORD, LONG, a township of England, co. of War- 
 ikick. 
 
 3P 
 
 LAW-IIADEN, low hS/den. a parish of South Wales, co. o 
 Pembroke. 3 miles X.W. of Xarlierth, with ruins of a castle. 
 
 LAAVIITT'TON, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LAWIXK. See Alps, page 63. 
 
 LAWN RIDGK, a post-oflice of M.arshall co., Illinois. 
 
 L.VWXSVILLE. See IjOCjax Court-IIouse. 
 
 L.-VWUEXCE. a county in the W. part of Pennsylvaniai 
 bordering on Ohio, has an area of alwut 400 square miles. 
 The Mahoning and Shenango Rivers unite near the centre 
 of the county to form the Reaver Rivc^r; it is also drained 
 by Slippery Rock and Xeshannock Crix'ks. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil is fertile and durable. Valuable mines 
 of coal and iron, and quarries of limestone, have been opened 
 in the county. Water-power is abundant. The county is 
 intersected by the canal and railroad, which extend from 
 Beaver to Erie. It was fanned out of parts of Mercer and 
 Beaver counties. Capital, New Castle. I'op. 22,9i>9. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a county in the N.W. part of Alabama, has 
 an area of 825 square miles. The Tennessee River forms 
 the entire boundary on the N. The channel of the river, 
 opposite this county, is obstructed by rocks for a distance 
 of 20 miles, firming the Muscle Shoals. The surface is tra- 
 versed by high ridges, connected with the Appalachian range. 
 The soil is fertile, especially in the valleys. It is intersected 
 by the railroad from Decatur to Tuscumbia. Capital, .^loul- 
 ton. Pop. 1:(.975, of whom 7187 were free, and 6788 slaves. 
 
 L.\WREXCE, a county towards the S.AV. part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 900 square miles. The I'earl 
 River flows through the central part. The soil in some 
 sections is fertile, pi-oducing cotton and Indian corn. Pine 
 timlior is abundant. Small boats can naviirate the Pearl 
 River through the county. Capital, Mcinticello. Pop.9213, 
 of whom 5.')17 were free, and 3696 slaves. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a county in the N.N.E. part of Arkansas, 
 bordering on Missouri, contains 1330 .square miles. It is 
 drained by Black, Spring, and Cache Itiver. The surface is 
 diversified; the soil of the river bottoms is fertile. Black 
 River is navigable by steamboats through the county. 
 Capital, Smithville. Pop. 9372, of whom 8878 were free, and 
 491 slaves. 
 
 L.\WREXCE, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on Alabama; area estimated at 060 square miles. 
 Shoal Creek rises by several branches in the county, and 
 flows into Tennessee River; it is also drained by Sugar 
 Creek. ITie county occupies a table-land; the soil is fertile. 
 Several productive mines of iron are worked in the county. 
 The abundant motive power furnished by the streams is 
 employed in the manufacture of cotton. It is intersected 
 by the Nashville and New Orleans Railroad, (not yet 
 finished,) and by several turnpike-roails. Capital, Law- 
 renceburg. Pop. 9320, of whom 8160 were free, and 1160 
 slaves. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a county in the E. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 640 square 
 miles. Its E. boundary is formed by Big Sandy River; it 
 is also drained by the W. fork of that river, and by Little 
 Sandy River. The surface is hilly and broken ; the soil is 
 said to be fertile, well watered, and well timbered. Rich 
 mines of stomMX)al have been opened near Big Sandy River, 
 and the coal is extensively exported by means of the river 
 to Cincinnati. Iron ore is also abundant. Formed in 1821, 
 and named in honor of Captain .James Lawrence, of the 
 United States navy. Cajjital, Louisa. Pop. 7601, of whom 
 7465 were free, and 146 slaves. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a county forming the southcsm extremity 
 of Ohio, has an area of 400 square miles. The Ohio River 
 forms its southern boundary, and separates it from Virginia 
 and Kentucky. It is intersected by Symmes' Creek, and 
 also drained by Hale's and other creeks. The surface con- 
 sists mostly of high abrupt hills of sandstone formation ; 
 the land in the vicinity of the streams is productive. The 
 county contains abundance of iron ore and stone-coal, and 
 has more extensive manufactories of iron than any other 
 county in the state. Clay suitable for stoneware is found 
 under the iron. Lawrence county is intersected by the Iron 
 Railroad. Capital, Burlington, or Ironton. Pop. 23,249. 
 
 L.iWllENCE, a county towards the S. part of Indiana, 
 contains 440 square miles. It is drained by the E. fork of 
 White River. The surface is mostly rolling or hilly, and 
 the soil fertile. It contains an abundance of timber and 
 limestone. It is connected by railroad with the Ohio River 
 at New Albany. Organized in 1818. Capital, Bedford. Pop. 
 13,692. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, bor- 
 dering on Indiana, has an area of 325 square miles. It is 
 situated on the Wabash River, opposite Vincennes, and 
 intersected by the Embarras River, which enters the Wa- 
 bash. The surface is uneven, and presents some fertile 
 prairies, and tracts of swamp which are unproductive. In- 
 tersected by the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. Capital, 
 Lawrenceville. Pop. 9,214. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a new county in the S.W. part of Missouri, 
 has an area of 600 square miles. It is drained by tln! head 
 streams of Spring River, which flows towards the W., by 
 the Sac River, (an affluent of the Osage,) and bv '^entii 
 
 1026 
 
LAW 
 
 Creek. The surface Li somewhat diversified, the soil gene- 
 rallv fertile. Stoue^-oal is fnund iu the .\.W. part. The 
 ouiity is copiou.sly supplied with wattT-power. Capital, 
 Mou u\ V eriion. Vop. Sbiti, of whom S502 were free, and 284 
 f laves. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a city, and one of the capitals of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, on both sides of the Merrimack Kiver, 26 
 miles X. of Boston, and 10 miles by road and 13 by railroad, 
 N.K. by E. of Lowell. It also has railroad communiaition 
 with Salem (26 miles), and w-ith Manchester and Concord, 
 New Hampshire (the former 26 and the latter 40 miles), and 
 with Haverhill (10 miles), E,x:eter and Dover (in New Uamp- 
 ghire\ and Portland (in Maine). This is one of those wonder- 
 f\il creations of manufacturing enterprise, under the influ- 
 ence of which a tract, almost withoui uiiiabitants, is sud- 
 denly converted into a populous city. In IS i."j tiio E.^sex Com- 
 pany constructed a dam across the Merrimack River at tliis 
 place, by which a fall of 28 feet iu the entire volume of the 
 river has been obtained. The work cost about §250,000. A 
 canal, more than a mile long, and 100 feet wide at the head, 
 60 feet at the foot, and 14 feet deep in the centre, conducts 
 the water from the dam to the different mills. The town is 
 laid out on both sides of the Spicket River, but chiefly W. of 
 the Spicket, and N. of the Merrimack, the streets running 
 mostly at right angles with each other, dividing the city into 
 squares. Near the centre is a handsome common, comprising 
 17 J^ acres The principal public buildings are a city hall, 120 
 by 62 feet, containing city offices in the lower story, and in 
 the second a large hall for public meetings, a court-house, a 
 jail, and 13 churches; the two Congregiitional churclu* cost 
 $32,000. The church orgivnizatious are as follows : Congre- 
 gational, 2; Episcopal, 1; Freewill Bai>tist, 1; Bapti.-it, 2; 
 Methodist, 2 ; Unitarian, 1 ; Uuiversalist, 1 ; Second Advent,l ; 
 Roman Catholic, 2. Total. 13. Among the literary and edu- 
 cational institutions of l^awrence may be mentioned tho 
 Franklin LiHerary Association, incorporated April 26, 1847. 
 Besides other donations, one of $1000 was received from the 
 Hon. Abbott Lawrence, for the purchase of scientific works. 
 There is also a library of 2500 volumes, established by Gen. 
 Henry K. Oliver, in 1850, for the use of the operatives of the 
 Atlantic Cotton Mills. The Atlantic Company gave material 
 aid to this institution. The Pacific Mills havea library of :;300 
 volumes,which, with arejiding room, is sustained by a weekly 
 contribution from each operative. By a donation of land, 
 from which a fund of $25,000 has been realized, the gift of 
 the late .Tudje D. A. White, there has been inaugurated a 
 series of public lectures, to be continued annually, and " for- 
 ever free." The same donation is to provide a free public 
 library. Lawrence has an excellent system of puldic schools, 
 the principal of which are the Oliver Schools, consisting of 
 a high and a grammar .school, attended by about 750 pupils. 
 This est^iblishment. one of the largest ;ind most complete of 
 its kind in New England, was named in honor ol'Gen. Oliver, 
 who endowed it with a complete philosophical apparatus, 
 valued at Si 800. This school is in most successful operation. 
 The school building is pleasantly situated on the N. side of 
 the common, directly opposite the City Hall. There are also 
 one other grammar, ten intermediate, and sixteen primary 
 schools in different parts of the city. Two newspapei-s, the 
 Lawrence American and the Lawrence Sentinel, are pub- 
 lished in the city. The financial institutions are the Bay 
 State Bank, with a capital of $."00,000. the Pemberton Bank, 
 with a capital of $100,000, and the Essex Stivings Bank. 
 
 Th e Essex Company con i m enced their operations upon the 
 dam Augu-st 1, 1845. During the session of the legislature 
 of 1846, charters were granted to the following corporations, 
 to be located at Lawrence, viz., February 2, the Bay State 
 Mills (now AV'a.shington). for the manufacture of woollen and 
 other goods, with a capital of $2,000,000: February 3, the 
 Atlantic Cotton Mills, with a capital of $1,800,000.' Other 
 companies with heavy capitals have since been incorporated; 
 the Pacific Mills, with a capital of $2,500,000 ; the Duck Mill, 
 with a capital of $300,000, for the manufacture of cotton 
 canvas for sails; the Pemberton Mill, capital. $.500,000: the 
 Everett Mills, capital, $-800,000 ; and the Lawrence Woollen 
 Mills. Thnre are also the Arlington Mills, manufacturing 
 felting and sub-carpeting, 5 large paper-mills, 2 foundries, 4 
 machine-shops, 2 card clothing factories. SIcKay's sewing- 
 machine factory, Hoodly's steam-engine works! a carriage 
 Cictory, 3 hat manufactories, a \>ox factory, and several other 
 small manufactories. Pacific Mills, capital s'.ock $2,500,000; 
 principal building 800 feet long, with 6 stories in front and 
 7 in the rear; river building 950 feet long, with wings 230 
 and end 310 feet long, 3 stories high. S'umber of looms, 
 3W0 — 115,000 spindles — with print-works and dve-house com- 
 plete for [irinting or dyeing all their goods, wliich are prin- 
 cipally mousseline delaines, with a small quantity of cali- 
 coes : employing 3000 to 3500 operatives, and the number is 
 still on the increase. They consume about 3.000,000 pounds 
 of wool, and 2.000,000 pounds of cotton. The product is 
 now aliout 575.000 yards weekly, and additional machinerv 
 now starting will increase it to 750,000 vards. 3:500 vol- 
 umes in the library, which is sustained bv a weekly con- 
 tribution from each operative. They have 60 brick dwellin-'- 
 bousys. A new mill has recently beeu erected, 330 feet 
 1026 
 
 LAW 
 
 long, 142 feet wide, principally three stories high. Tlie 
 Masliington (formerly Bay State) Mills, have 6 principal 
 buildings ; two 200 feet by 49, and 9 stories high : one 700 feet 
 by 49, and 9 stories high, having wings 6J tVet by 49, and 2 
 stories high; one atljoining the river, 1000 feet by 40 feet, 
 and varying from 3 to 5 stories in height, with two rectan- 
 gular wings each 240 feet long by 48 feet and 40 ieet wide 
 re.spectively. and 3 stories high; two acyoiuing the canal, 
 each 400 feet by 40 feet. These are ajipropriated to the 
 various purposes of woollen manufacturing, and run 100 
 sets of cards and 700 looms, mostly broad ones. One build- 
 ing, 200 feet by 49, and 9 stories high, is appropriated for 
 the manufacture of cotton worsted; runs 98 cards and 400 
 looms. They have 55 dwelling-houses foremployees; employ 
 about 2400 hands ; consume 12,000 pounds of fleece wool per 
 day; value of their manufactured goods, comprising shawls, 
 plaids, cassimeres. coa tings. fl.iunels,fel ts, worsted and cotton 
 goods, amounts to $4,000,000 per annum. The Everett Mills 
 occupy what was formerly the Lawrence Machine-shop. 
 Theprincijial building iS of stone. 400 by CO feet, and 5 stories 
 high. They have three other buildings of stone, one 300 and 
 the others 225 feet long, in which are 'situated the dyt 
 and dry-houses, a portion of the machinery, cloth-rooms, 
 machine-shop, Ac. Capital, $>00,000; of cotton machinery, 
 27 ,000 spindles; 700 looms. Eight sets of woollen machinery 
 manufacture cotton pantjiloonery, wool pautalooneiy, sheet- 
 ing flannels, ticks, stripes, and l\ne worsted. A new brick 
 mill has just been erected, 225 feet long, 10 stoiies high, 
 for the manufacture of fine worsted yarns; employing 1000 
 hands ; it has 40 brick houses for employees. The Essex 
 Company, with a capital of $1,500,000, still own the nuim- 
 juoved w ater-power and land, and the work of building the 
 mills is performed under their direction. The Lawrence 
 Gas Company, which supplies the city with gas, has a capital 
 of $100,000, with extensive works about a mile from the 
 city. All the mills, the stores, and private houses are lighted 
 with gas. 'J here is a reservoir of water on Prospect Hill, 
 E. of the city, by which the several mills and their boarding- 
 houses are sujjplied with water, and which is used in all 
 cases of fire, but for household supply of water the inhabi- 
 tants depend on wells and cisterns. The city haa a fire de- 
 partment, comprising 4 steam-engines, 2 hose and l,hook 
 and ladder company. The pay-rolls of the five largest 
 corjjoratioiis exceed $280 000 per month. The town of 
 Lawrence was incorponvted in 1845, and it continued a 
 town about eight years, when the amount of its population 
 having reached that prescribed by the laws of Massachu- 
 setts for a city organization (12,000), a city chwter was 
 granted and accepted in 1853, and the Hon. Charles S. Stor- 
 row wa.s chosen the first mayor. The city was named in 
 honor of the I,awrence family of Boston, and has now (1805) 
 a population of about 22,000. 
 
 LA\\ R KNCE, a township of St. Lawrence county, New 
 York. Population, 2828. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a township of Mercer county. New Jersey. 
 Population, 1824. 
 
 L.\WRENCE, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsvlvania, 
 Pop. 1402. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1549. 
 
 LAW IfENCE, a post-office of Monroe co., Mississippi. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 851. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a township of Starke co., Ohio. Pop. 2175. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. P.1489. 
 
 L.A.WRENCE, a post-township in the K. part of Washing- 
 ton CO., Ohio, UK) miles E.S.E. of ( olumbus. Pop. 1627. 
 
 LA\V'KENCE, a thriving post-village and township of Van 
 Buren co., Jlicliigan, 79 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 1347. 
 
 LAWRENCE, post-township. Marion Co., Indiana. P.2216. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a township of Brown co.,Wisconsin. P. 613. 
 
 LAWKENCE, a thriving city of Douglas co., Kansas, bean- 
 fully situated on the S. bank of Kausiis River. 45 miles from 
 its mouth. It was founded in 1854. The Union Pacific R.R. 
 is completed from Kansas City to this point. It luis 12 
 churches, 2 banks, 11 dry-goods stores. 3 hardware stores, 
 2 drug-stores, 4 flour-mills, and 1 machine-shop. One daily 
 and 2 weekly newspapers iire issued here. Pop. 1645. 
 
 LAW'RENCKBURG. a post-village of .Armstrong co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on Alleirhan v River. W miles N. bv E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 L.VWRENCEBURG", » thriving post/village, cai.itnl of 
 Lawrence co.. Tennessee, on Shoal Creek. 75 nli!^s .-^.S-W. of 
 Na.shville. Shoal Creek affords abundant waUr-powcr. 
 Within a few miles of the village there are 4 mamifact rieg 
 of cotton y.arn. It contains 1 or 2 academies, 3 newspaper 
 offices, and a bank. 
 
 L.\WRENCEBURG. a po.st-village. capital of Ander.son Co., 
 Kentucky, 12 miles S.W. of Frankfort. The proposed rail- 
 road from Frankfort to Harrodsburg will pafs through it 
 It h».« 3 churches, and 1 seminary. 
 
 LAWRENCEBUKG. a thrivingtown, capital of De«rbom 
 CO.. Indiana, on the Ohio Kiver, 22 miles below Cincinnati, 
 and 88 miles S.E of Indianapolis. It is o". the Ohio and Mis- 
 sissippi Railroad and on the Indianapolis K ad Cincinnati Riiil- 
 road. The AVhitewater Canal also terniuiates at this place, 
 furnislung extensive water-power and drawing a large 
 
LxiW 
 
 LEA 
 
 amonnt of business. The newer part of the town is built 
 on the second bottom, and is rapidly Improving. Lawrence- 
 burg contains a court-house. 7 churches. 2 newspaper offi- 
 ces, 2 banks, 1 foundry, 2 flour-mills, and 2 furniture-fac- 
 tories. Incorporated in 1846. Population In 1850, 3487 ; in 
 1860, 3.599. 
 
 LAWKEXCK CREEK, of Middle.sex co., New Jersey, falls 
 Into the Karitan, 3 miles below New Brunswick. 
 
 L.^.\V'RK.\CKI'ORT, a post-village of Ijiwrence co., Indi- 
 ana, 86 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. Pop. estimated at 
 400. 
 
 LAW'RENCEVILLE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., 
 New York, on both .sides of Deer River, which affords water- 
 power, and near the Northern Railroad, 40 miles K. of 
 O^densburg. It forms the centre of an active trade for a 
 rapidly growing disti'ict, and has 3 churches, a starch fac- 
 tory, and several mills and .stores. 
 
 • L-WVKENCEVILLE, a post-village of Mercer co.. New 
 Jersey. 5 j miles N.E. of Trenton. It has a high school for 
 boys, and a seminary for girls. 
 
 L.VWRENCEVIIiLE, a village of Warren co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Paulinskill. 15 miles N.E. of Belvidere. 
 
 LAWItENCKVILLE, a Viorongh of Peebles township, Alle- 
 ghany CO., Pennsylvania, on the left, bank of the Alleghany 
 River, 2^ miles above Pittsburg. Here is an arsenal of the 
 United .States, comprehending several large stone buildings. 
 The hi.;her portions of the town are occupied with handsome 
 countrv seats, aud there are seveial churches in the place. 
 Pop. 3262. 
 
 L.WVRI'JNCEVILLE, a village of Chester CO., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Schuylkill River, 35 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 L.A.\VRENCEV1LLE, a post-borough of Tioga co.. l\'nn- 
 sylvania, on the Tioga River, on the Corning and Blossburg 
 Railroad, 158 miles N. by W. of Ilavrisburg, and very near 
 the N. boundary of the state. I'op. in 1850, 494. 
 
 LAWRKNCEVILLi;, a pleasant post-village, capital of 
 Brunswick co., Virginia, on (Jreat Creek, aiiout 70 miles 
 S.S.W. of P.ichmond. It contains a court-house and 2 hand- 
 some churches. Pop. from 300 to 400. 
 
 LAWRE.XCEVILLB, a village of .Montgomery co.. North 
 Carolina, near Yadkin River, 90 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 LAWRENCEVIbLE. a post-village, capital of Gwinnett 
 »., Georgia, 90 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. The site is 
 elevated and healthy. It has a handsome court-house, 2 
 academie.s, and 2 churches. 
 
 LAWKENCEVlIiLE. a post-village of Henry co., Alabama, 
 7 or 8 miles N. of Abbeville. It contains 1 church, an acar 
 demy, and 2 stores. 
 
 LAWRENCEVILLEjapost-villacre of Monroe CO., Arkansas, 
 on a lake, 3 or 4 miles N.E. of White River, and 80 miles 
 E.S. R. of Little Rock. 
 
 L.VWRENCEVILLE, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indi- 
 ana, about 90 miles S.E. of Indian.<ipoli.s. 
 
 L.\WRENCEVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Lawrence co., Illinois, on the right bank of Embarras River, 
 abotit 10 miles W. of Vinccnnes. It contains a court-house 
 3 churches, and a newspMper office. Tlie Uliio and Missis- 
 sippi Railroad j)iisses through it. Pop. 474. 
 
 LAWRKNCEVILLE. a village of Canada East. co. of Shef- 
 ford. 21 miles S. of Melbourne, and 25 miles from Sherbrooka 
 
 L.\WRKN'NY, a pari.sh of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LAW'SllALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 [j.\W'SON, a post-office of Pulaski CO., Georgia. 
 
 LAW'SOWILLE. a post-village of Rockingham CO., North 
 Carolina. 13 miles from Wentworth, the county seat. Pop. 
 about 100. 
 
 LAWS'VILLE CENTRE, a postoffice of Susquehanna co., 
 Penn.sylvania. 
 
 L.WV'TOX. a post-office of A'an Buren co., Michigan. 
 
 LAWTON VILLE. a post-village in Beaufort district, South 
 Carolina. 120 miles S. of Columbia. 
 
 LAWUR. See Lahool. 
 
 LAW'YERSVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New 
 York, 44 miles W.'of Albany. 
 
 LAXA or L.\J-^., Id'riii, a river of Chili, joins the Biobio 
 after a course of nearly 150 miles, during which it forms 
 some lofty cascades. 
 
 LAXAS or LAJAS, Wnis, a river of Central America, 
 enters the Lake of Nicaragua from the country between 
 't and the Pacific, 16 miles S.E. of Njcaragua. 
 
 L.\XE.\BURG, ld.x'i^n-booRQ\ a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, with a station on the railway between Vienna and 
 Slocknitz, 9 miles S.of Vienna. It is well built, and has an 
 imperial summer palace. Pop. 790. 
 
 LA-X'tTELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 LAX'TO.N, a parish of Englaiid, co. of Northampton. 
 
 LA.\TON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 LAY, \L a river of I'rance, formed below St. Vincent by 
 two small streams called the Great and Little I^y. It be- 
 gins to be navigable at Mareuil, and falls into the creek of 
 Arguillon, in the Bay of Biscay, after a course of about 50 
 miles. 
 
 LAYB.ACII or LAIB.A.OII, lI^bSK, (Illyrian. Luhlana. loo- 
 bl.Vnd. anc. ACinnnn.) a town of Austria. Illyria. duchy of 
 Carniola, caj/i^il of a government and circle, in an extensive 
 
 plain, on both sides of the river of the wime came, liti'e 
 crossed by five bridges, 35 miles N.E. of Trieste, .n the mil 
 way to Vienna; lat. (castle tower), 46° 2' 27" N.. Ion. 14" 30' 
 49" E. It consists of the town proper, grouped round th?> 
 castle hill, and of six suburbs; and is, for tlie most pari, 
 very indifferently built, with irregular, narrow, and ill-paved 
 streets, but has two rather spacious squares. Its principal 
 buildings are the Cathedral of St. Nicholas, with tine pictures, 
 frescoes, and carvings; St. James' Church, the church of the 
 Ursuline Nunnery, a very handsome structure: St. Peter's 
 Church, the Protestant Church, built since the revolution 
 of 184S; the old Gothic town-house, the old castle, crowning 
 a height in the centre of the town, and now converted into 
 a state prison and house of correction; the bishop's palace, 
 theatre, barracks, and palace of Count Auersberg. It is the 
 see of a bishop, the seat of government of Carinthia and 
 Carniola; of a military governor, and of several important 
 courts and public offices; and pos.ses.ses a museum, a bota- 
 nical garden, an infirmary, with lunatic asylum attached; 
 a deaf and dumb institute, a casino, agricultural and musi- 
 cal societies, a library, lyceum, in whicli theology, philosojihy, 
 and medicine are taught; a gymna-sium, normal, military, 
 and agricultural schools; a school of design, industrial 
 .s(!hool, and various benevolent endowments. The manufao- 
 tures consist chietiy of woollen and silk gootls; and there 
 are oil. paiier, and cotton mills; a large sugar retinory. and 
 a consitierable transit trade. Laybach is a place of great 
 antiquity, and is understood to occupy the site of the Roman 
 ^Jmona. It makes a considerable figure during the Turkish 
 wars, and is well known to modern times by the Congress 
 which was held in it in 1820-21. Its site was at one time 
 very unhealthy, from the extensive morasses which sur- 
 rounded it ; but these have been almost completely drainetl, 
 and the environs now furnish many fine rides and walks. 
 Pop. in 1H46, 17,367. 
 
 LAYBACH, a river of Austria, rises S. Adelsberg, undor 
 the name of thePoik; is lost in the Grotto of Adelsberg, 
 and reappears in the Unz ; it is again lost below the surface, 
 and appears at Upper Laybach. where it becomes naviL'able. 
 
 LAYBACH, Ul'PER, is a village of Austria, in Illyria, 12 
 miles W.S.W. of Laybach. Pop. 1400. 
 
 L.\YI)E, laid, a parish of Ireland, Lister, co. of Antrim. 
 
 LAY'ER DE LA IHYE, a pari.sh of Enirland, co. of Essex. 
 
 LAY'ER, MAR/NEY, a pari.sh of England, co. of lissex. 
 
 LAV'ER-BRE''ri>N, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 L.\Y'H.4.M, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 LA YON, Id'yAxo', a river of France, which joins the I,oire 
 a, little above Chalonne, after a course of nbout 55 miles. 
 
 LAYRAC. liVik'. (anc. Lauracumf) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 5 miles S. of Agen, on the 
 Gers, near its confluence with the Garonne. Pop. 1253. 
 
 L.iY'STERS, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LAY'STON, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 LAY/TONSVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., JIa- 
 ryland. 
 
 LAY'TON WITH WAR/BRICK, a township of England, co. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 LAZAROFF, IdzVrSff', a small island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 on the track to Tahiti, lat. of E. end, 14° 53' 30" S., Ion. 148° 
 39' 30" W. 
 
 LA'ZER CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Flint River in 
 Talbot county, a few miles N.E. of Talboton. 
 
 LAZI, a village of Hungary. See Laaz. 
 
 LAZISE, lid-zee'sA, a small fortified town of Austrian 
 Italy, 13 miles W.N.W. of Verona, on the E. shore of Lake 
 Garda. Pop. 2540. 
 
 LA'ZONBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 LE or L.\DAKH, a city of Central Asia. See Leu. 
 
 LE.\. lee, a river of England, rises in the co. of Bedford, 
 near Luton, and joins the Thames at Blackwall, after a 
 course of 40 mile.s. 
 
 LE.\, a parish of England, cos. of Gloucester and Hereford. 
 
 LEA, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LE.\, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, on the 
 Wvre and Preston Railway, 4 miles W.N.W. of Preston. 
 Pop. 710. 
 
 LEA, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co. 
 
 LEA BltlDGE STATION, a station of the Ea.stem Com- 
 pany's Railway, of miles E.N.E. of Shoreditch, London. 
 
 LEACH'.MAN, a village of Buchanan co., Missouri, on the 
 Mis.souri River, 50 miles N.W. of Independence. 
 
 LEA, CLI-yVERTON. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LE.\'COCK, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 LEAD'ENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LE.\D HILL, a post-village of Davidson co.. North Caro 
 lina, about 100 miles W. from Raleigh, has valuable mines 
 of le.ad and silver. 
 
 LEAD HILL, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky. 
 
 LEAD'HILLS, a mining village of Scotland, county and 
 18 miles S. of Lanark, in a bleak di^'frict. ElevatiMii. 1300 
 feet. Pop. 950. employed in some of the richest lead-minea 
 of Scotland, yielding from 700 to 800 tons yearly. Allan 
 Ramsay, the poet, was born here in 1685. 
 
 LE.\D'1NG CREEK, a post-village of Lewis co., Virginia, 
 18 miles W. of Weston. 
 
 1027 
 
LEA 
 
 LEAD'IXG CREEK, of Meigs co., Ohio, flows luto the 
 Ohio Kiver about 4 miles below Ponieroj'. 
 
 liKADS'VlLLE, a post-oflioe of Knndolph co., A'ivginia. 
 
 l.KAD'VALK, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 I.KA'i'IKLD, a eliapelry of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 LKAF RTVER, of -Missisfippi, rises in the S. central part 
 of the state, and flowing southward, and afterwards south- 
 eastward, unites with the Chickasawha. near the S. border 
 of Greene county. The river thus formed is the Pascagoula. 
 
 LEAF RIVER, a post-office of Perry county, Slississippi. 
 
 LEAF RIVER, a post-township in the X. part of Ogle co., 
 niinois. Pop. 899. 
 
 LEA-GREKX, a station on the Liverpool and Manchester 
 Railway, England, 10^ miles E. of Liverpool. 
 
 LEAKE, leek, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LEAKE, a county in the central part of Mississippi, has 
 an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 J'earl River. The soil is less fertile than in some other parts 
 rf the state. Named in honor of Governor Waller Leake, 
 of Mississippi. Capital, CiU-tli^ige. Pop. 9324, of whom 62ti8 
 were free, and .3050 slaves. 
 
 LE.\KJi;, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 LEAKE'S STORE, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas. 
 
 LEAKES'VILLE, a post-village of Rockingham co.. North 
 Carolina, on the Dan River, 110 miles N.W. of Raleigh, has 
 a cotton factory and flouring-mills. 
 
 LEAKESVILLE, a post-village in Newton co., Georgia, 49 
 miles X.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 LEAKESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Chickasawha Kiver, 50 miles N.W. of Mobile. 
 
 LEAKE, WEST, a parish of Enirland. co. of Nottingham. 
 
 LEAL, a town of Russia, pnyernment of Esthouia, capital 
 of a circle, 20 miles S.S.E. of Ilapsal. 
 
 tiKX, M.\R'STON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 LEAAIINGTON. l^m'ing-ton, a uiarket4own, parish, and 
 fashionable watering-place of England, co., and 2i miles E. 
 of Warwick, with which it is connected by a branch of the 
 London and lUrmingham Railwaj'. Pop. in 1S51, 15,692. It 
 is yjleasantly Situated on the Learn, an affluent of the Avon; 
 and It is one of the handsomest towns in England. It 
 has a mu-eum, picture gallery, beautiful public gai'dens, 
 3 banks, 2 newspapers, and .several splendid hot<?ls. The 
 waters from the springs are saline, sulphurous, and chaly- 
 
 LEAMINGTON, HASTINGS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 LEANTDER, a post-oflice of Graves co., Kentucky. 
 
 LEA^'G. See Liang-Tciiou. 
 
 LEAO-TONG, U4'o (lA-Ow/) tong, MOOKDEN or MOUK- 
 DEX, mook'dJn, or SIIING-KING, a province of the Chinese 
 Empire. N. of the Great Wall. Principal citv. Mookden. 
 
 LEAaTONG. GULF OF, an inlet of the Yellow Sea, is 150 
 miles long, and from 70 to 120 miles broad. 
 
 LEAS/BURG, a post-village of Caswell co.. North Carolina, 
 about 70 miles N.AV. of Raleigh, has a flourishing female 
 school. 
 
 LEA-SINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LtJASVILLE, a post-oflice of Lauderdale co., Tennessee. 
 
 LEATII'ERIIEAD, a small town of England, co. of Surrey, 
 on the Mole, here crossed by a bridge of 14 arches. 4 miles W. 
 of Epsom, and ou the London and Portsmouth Railway. 
 
 LEATIKERSFORD, a village of Lumpkin co., Georgia, on 
 the Chestatee River, il miles below Dahlonega. 
 
 LEATII'ERSVILLE, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Georgia. 
 
 LEATII'ERWOOD, a post-office. Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LEATIIEKWOOD, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 
 LEATIIERWOOD'S STORE, a postoffice of Henry co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 LEATH'LEY, a parish of England, co. York. West Riding. 
 
 LE.4.tI, 16, (Fl. Lieuw or Zonl-Leeuto, zont lA'Qv,) a village 
 of Belgium, province of Brabant, on the Little Geete. 33 
 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1549. 
 
 L'EAU CLAIRE, lo clir, a small river of Wisconsin, flows 
 into Chippewa River from the left, in Chippewa county. 
 
 LEAVENSWORTII, l5v'fnz-worth, a post-office of Dailing- 
 ton district, South Carolina. 
 
 LEAVENWOKTII, Indiana. See Levenworth. 
 
 LEAVENWORTH, the largest and most flourishing city 
 ofthe state of Kansas,is beautifully situated on the right (W.) 
 • bank of Missouri River, about 1 mile S. of Fort Leavenworth. 
 It occupies a highly advantageous geographical position, and 
 is surrounded by one of the richest agricultural regions in 
 the Valley of the Missouri. The river flows here with a 
 swift, deep current, and is bordered on the Kanzas side bv a 
 natural levee of rock, affording excellent landings, the 
 city contains 16 churches, 7 banks, 4 academies, 7 public 
 Bcliools,! medical college, a mercantile library, 1 tlieatre,13 
 hotels, 1 public hall, 8 lumber-yards, and 4 steam saw-mills. 
 One weekly and 3 daily newspapers are issued here. Steam- 
 boats navigate the river from this place to St. Louis. Popu- 
 lation in 1855, about 1000; in 1860,7429; in 1865, about 
 18,0(»0. See Appendix. 
 
 LEAVaXGTON, parish. England, co.York. North Riding. 
 
 LEA V'lSH AM, parish of Ensland. co. York, North Riding. 
 
 LEAV'ITT, a postofflce of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 1028 
 
 LEB 
 
 LEBA, lA'bl, a river, lake, and town of Prussia. jrroTincfl 
 of Pomt'rania, the river entering the lake, and the town on 
 the channel connecting this witli the Baltic, oO miles N.E. 
 of Stolpe. Pop. 948. 
 
 LEKADEA. See Livadia. 
 
 LEBANON, Ifl/a-non. (L. Lih'anus. Ger. Liliannn, Fr. Li- 
 ban, lee^bSxo', Heb. Ldmncn, '-the White Mount.'iin,") a 
 famous mountain chain of Syria, extending from the vici- 
 nity of Antioch, 24 miles di.^tant from the Mediterranean, 
 S. to near Sidon ; and with the chain of Anti-Libanus. from 
 10 to 20 miles further E.; its S. part encloses the valley of 
 Coele-Syria. Its culminating point. Jebel-Makmel, rises to 
 near 12,000 feet; and near this is a grove of several hundred 
 cedars. 8 of which are very large and old. The whole range 
 is composed of a whitish limestone (whence its name), and 
 abounds with cultivated grounds and villages, inhabited by 
 a race of hardy mountaineers. East of it is another range 
 nearly parallel to it, named Anti-Libasus or Anti-Lebasox, 
 which see. 
 
 LEB'ANON, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 has an area of 300 square miles. The Swat.ara River flowa 
 through the county towards the S.AV. ; it is drained also by 
 Little Swatara, Quitapahilla, Tulpehocken, and Indian 
 Creeks. This county forms part of the Kittatinny Valley, 
 bounded on the N.W. by Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, and 
 on the S.E. by the South Mountain or Conewago Iliil. The 
 soil of the valley is remarkal)ly fertile, and in a good state of 
 cultivation. Mines of excellent iron ore are worked in tho 
 S. part of the county ; the Cornwall mine yields 70 per cent, 
 of metal; rich veins of copper occur in connexion with the 
 iron. A quarry of gray marble, susceptible of fine polish, 
 has recently been openeil on the Swatara River, 6 miles from 
 Lebanon. The county is intersected by the Union Canal, 
 and by the Lebanon Valley Railroad. Organized in 1813, 
 and named ft-om one of the principal townships included in 
 it. Capital, Lebanon. Pop. 31,831. 
 
 LEB.\NON, a post^township of York co., Maine, on the 
 Salmon Falls River, about 88 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 
 2040. 
 
 LEBANON, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Grafton co., New Hampshire, is situated in a plain at tho 
 head of the falls in theMascomy River, near its confluence 
 with the Connecticut, and on the Nortliern IJailroad, 4 miles 
 from its junction with the Vermont Central R.ailroad, 65 
 miles N.W. of Concord. At Olcotfs Falls in the Connecticut 
 at this pl.aee, there is a descent of about 40 feet in a mile, 
 around which is a canal with locks, affording extensive 
 water-power. The villiige is an important centre of trade, 
 aud the seat of considerable manufactui-ing. It has a bank, 
 a newspaper office, and 4 churches. Total pop. 2322. 
 
 LEBANON, a post-village and township of New London 
 CO., Connecticut, 27 miles E.S.E. of Hartford. It/conpists 
 principally of one fine street, 30 rods in breadth, and a mile 
 in length. It has some manufactures of satinet, flannels, 
 and other articles. Pop. of the township, 2174. 
 
 LEB.iNON, a post-township in the S. part of JIadison co., 
 New York, on the Chenango Canal, 100 mUes W. by N. of 
 Albany. Pop. 1678. 
 
 LEBANON, a post-villageof Clinton township, Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, about 12 miles N. of Flemington. It is 
 situated in a fine, fertile country, and near the New Jersey 
 Central Railroad. Pop. about SOO. 
 
 LEBANON,a township,lInnterdon co.,New Jersey. P.2495. 
 
 LEBANON, a well-built town of South Lebanon township, 
 and capital of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, is beautifully 
 situated in a fertile limestone valley, 25 miles E. of Ilarri.s- 
 burg, with which it is connected by turnpike. The streets 
 are regularly laid out, and the houses mostly built of brick 
 or stone. It contains an acailemy, a bank, and several 
 churche-s. Lebanon is the centre of an active trade, for 
 which the Union Canal affords facilities. The Lebanon Val- 
 Jay Railroad connects this town with Harrisburg and Read- 
 ing. In the vicinity are several very large anthracite fur- 
 naces, each of which can produce more than 100 tons of iron 
 per week. Several newspapers are published here. Pop. 
 4449. 
 
 LEBANON, a township of W.ayne co., Pennsylvania, 11 
 miles N. of Ilonesdale. Pop. 069. 
 
 LEB.iNON, a post-village, capital of Rvissell co.. Virginia, 
 is finely situiited on an affluent of Clinch River, 325 miles 
 W. by S. of Richmond.- Pop. 264. 
 
 LEBANON, a post-village in Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LEBANON, a post-village of Cobb co., Georgi.i, 100 miles 
 X.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 LEB.VXOX, a post-village, capital of Be Kalb co., Alabama, 
 on Big Wills Creek, 100 miles N. of 31ontgomery. It ia 
 situated iu a long and very narrow valley, and contains » 
 court-house, a United States land-office, and 4 stores. 
 
 LEB-VNt^N, a post-villaiie. capit.al of Searcy co., Arkansas, 
 about 100 miles N.X.W. of Little Rock. 
 
 LEBANON, a flourishing town, capital of Wilson co., 
 Tennes.see, 30 miles E. of Nashville, with which it is con- 
 nected by a turnpike. It is distinguished as a seat of learn- 
 ing. Cumberland University is a fiourishin;j institution. 
 
LEB 
 
 LEE 
 
 under tlic direction of the Cumberland Presbyterians. A 
 law school, which is attached to the university, is exten- 
 sively jpatroni/.ed. Tliere are also 2 academies, 3 churches 
 and i newspaper offices. Lebanon contains a larije steam 
 manufactory of cotton. and wool, which employs from l.iO to 
 200 operatives, with a capital of about $200,000. The build- 
 ing is reuarded a.s an ornament to the town and country. 
 Pop. in 1860, about 20001 
 
 LUli.V.NO.V. a hauilsome post-village, capital of Marion co., 
 Kentucky, liO miles S. by AV. of Frankfort. It contains a 
 court-house. 3 cliurches. 2 seminaries, 14 stores, and 1 steam 
 Baw-mill. Incorporated in IS1.5. Pop. 953. 
 
 LEB.\NON, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1305. 
 LK I! AXON, a post-village of Turtle Creek township.capital 
 of Warren co., Ohio, 30 miles N.N.K. of Cincinnati. It is 
 surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. Lebanon 
 contains 9 churches, a Union school, 1 newspaper office, 3 
 hotels, and the South-Western Normal Institute attended 
 by about 200 jmpils. Six miles E. of tire village, on the Lit- 
 tle Jliami River, is an ancient fortification enclo.sing over 
 one hundred acres. Four miles \V. is Union village, a com- 
 munity of Shakers. Population in 1850, 2088; in 1860, 
 24sy. 
 LKIJAXON, a township of Clinton co., Michigan. P. 661. 
 LK1!.\NU.\, a post-village, capitjil of Boone co.. Indiana, 
 on the railroad from Lafayette to Indianaiiolis, 26 miles 
 N.W. of the latter. It contains a court-house, a county 
 geminary and 2 churches. Pop. 892. 
 
 LK15AN0N, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, on the 
 railroad from St. Louis to Vincennes, 20 miles E. of St. Louia. 
 It has a high and beautifid situation, and is surrounded by 
 a rich farming district. McKendree College, of this pbico, 
 under the direction of the Methodists, was founiledin 1835. 
 It hiia a library of 7tK)0 volun'"'?. Lebanon luu< 4 churches, 
 and a newspajier office. Pop. 1661. 
 
 LEBANON, a village in Boone CO., Missouri, 42 miles N. 
 by W. of Jetferson City. 
 
 LEBANON, a post-village, capital of Laclede Co., ]\[i3S0uri. 
 LEB.WON, a postoftice of Van Buren co., Iowa. 
 LKB.VXON, a township of Dodge co., Wisconsin. P. 1673. 
 LI01!.\XO\, a post-office of Marion co.. Oregon. 
 LEBANON WHITE SULPUUK SPKINGS, a post-office of 
 Aujjusta CO., Virgini.a. 
 
 LEBBEKE, 15b-b,'l'keh, a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, IS miles E. by S.of Ghent. I'op. 4376. 
 
 LE15ED1AX, li^l>A-de-iin', town of Russia, government and 
 110 miles W.N.W. of Tambov, capital of a circle. Pop. 3000. 
 LEBEDIN or LEBEDINE, 14b-a-deen^ a town of Rus-^ia, 
 government and 77 miles W.N.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 3971. 
 LEltEXY, lA^-bairT, or LEIDEN, li'den, a village of Hun- 
 gary, nexr the Rapcza, 3 miles from Eiittveny. Pop. 2098. 
 
 L]<;B1DA, It^We-di, or LEIVDA, (anc. Lep'tis Mag'na,) a 
 ruined town of Africa, 64 miles E. of Tripoli, on the .Mediter- 
 ranean. Septimus Severus was born in its vicinity. A. n. 146. 
 LE BTOT, leh be-o'. a town of the Sardinian States. Savoy, 
 on the D'-anse. about 9 miles from Thonor. Pop. 1443. 
 LEB1T.\ or LEHIXTIIOS. an island of Greece. See Lf.vita. 
 LE B(i;UF, Ifh bJf, a township of Erie Co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. US7. 
 
 LEBRIJA or LEBRIXA, l.'l-bree'Hj, (anc. Keljris'sa,) a 
 town of Spain, province and 29 miles S.S.W. of Seville, near 
 the left bank of the Guadalquivir. Pop. 7741. it is in a 
 marshy tract; the streets are narrow, and houses mean. 
 Chief public buildings, a church formerly a mosque, a col- 
 lege, and a ruined castle. It has manufactures of cloth, 
 pottery, and soap, and is famous for its oil. 
 
 LEBKl.IA or LEBUIXA, li-bree'Hii, a river of South Ame- 
 rica, New Granada, joins the Magdalena 120 miles N.W. of 
 Pamplona. 
 
 LEBUS, lA/boos, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 5 miles N. of F'rankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 1750. 
 
 LECCE, iSfchi, (anc. Lujria? or Aldium?) a city of Na- 
 ples, province and 23 miles N.W. of Otranto. Pop. 17,836. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a large cathedral, 
 and 30 other churches, several convents, a royal college, 
 foundling hospital, and a theatre, with a noble government- 
 house and new town-hall. It has a royal manufactory of 
 BnulT, and manufactures of woollen, cotton, and silk goods, 
 lace, and linen thread. 
 LEGCO, a village of Italy. See Lbquio. 
 LEGCO, iJk'ko, (anc. Fiilrum Licinlii?) a market-town of 
 Lombardy, 16 miles E.N.E. of Como. at the mouth of the 
 Adda, in the Ijake of Lecco. Pop. 4330. It has manufac- 
 tures of silks, cotton, and woollen stuffs. 
 
 LECELLES, leh-cjll', a villaire of France, department of 
 Nord, 8 miles N.N.W. of Valenciennes. Pop. 2230, who 
 manufacture nails and agricultural implements. 
 
 LECERA, lA-thA/rd, a town of Spain, Aragon, 36 miles 
 S.S.E. of Saragos.sa, near the Aguas. Pop. 1191. 
 
 LECH, IJk, a river of Southern Germany, Tyrol and Ba- 
 varia, rises in the Vorarlberg. and, after a N. course of 140 
 aiile.'^. joins the Danube 26 miles N. of Augsburg. 
 
 LECH::N1CH, UK'en-iK, or LECHXICH, l^K'niK, a forti- 
 fied town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles S.W. of Cologne. 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 I LECHHAUSEN, l?K'how'zen, a village of Bavaria, circle 
 of Upper Danube, on the Lech, \\ miles N,N,E, of -Vugsburg. 
 Pop. 2100. It has manufactures of linen, silk stuffs, and 
 oil-cloth. 
 
 LECHL.A^DE, Igtch'lJd, a market-town and parish of JIng 
 land, CO. of Gloucester, at the confluence of the small riv(( 
 Leach with the navigable Isis, and on the Thames and Sever.: 
 Canal. 4 miles E.S.E. of H'airford. I'op. 1:300. 
 
 LECK, lik, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donesal. 
 
 LECK, IJk, a river of the Netherlands, forming an arm of 
 the Old Rhine, at its delta. X. of the Waal. It iforms the S. 
 boundary rtf the province of Utre-ht. and joius the Meuso 7 
 miles E. of Rotterdam. See NETiiERLA.vns. 
 
 LECK'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LECKH AMP'STEAD. parish of England, co. Buckingham. 
 
 LECKIIA:MI''T0X. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 LECK'OXFIELD. parish. England, co. York, East Ridiuf. 
 
 LECKI'AT'RICK. a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tvrone. 
 
 LE CLAIRE, leh klair, a thriving post-village of Scott co., 
 Iowa, on the Mississipni Kiver, about 15 miles above Daven- 
 port at the head of the Upper Rapids. Population, about 
 900. 
 
 LECOMPTON, a town of Douglas co., Kansas, on the right 
 bank of Kansas River, alxuit 12 miles above Lawrence. It 
 is said to be almost deserted. Pop. in ISKO, 917. 
 
 LECROPT'. a parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Stirling. 
 
 LECTOURE, IJkHooR/, (anc. Lacti/ra or CivHtas Lacturat- 
 tium,) a town of France, department of Gers, capital of an 
 arrondi.«sement, 20 miles N. of Audi. I'op. in 1852. et'25. 
 It stands on a steep rock, enclosed by ruined walls, and has 
 an old epi.scopal palace, now the prefecture, a tine Gothic 
 church, communal college, town-hall, and hospital. Its 
 manufactures consist of serge and coarse woollen cloths, 
 and it has a brisk trade in cattle, wines, brandy, and grain. 
 
 LECZNA. IJch'nd, a royal town of Poland, province and 
 15 miles E.N.E. of Lublin, on the Wieprz. Pop. 2266. 
 
 LED.\, li/dd, a river of Germany, formed by the union 
 of the Ohe and Marka, on the frontiers of Oldenburg and 
 Hanover, and joins the Ems. after a course of about 24 
 miles, part of which is navigable. 
 
 LEDANO, lA-dd/no, a town of Spain, New Castile, 50 milea 
 W.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1100. 
 
 LED'BURY, a market-town and parish of England, county 
 and 13 miles E. of Hereford, on the Hereford and Gloucester 
 Canal. Pop. in 1851, 4624. The town, on a declivity, at 
 the S. extremity of the Malvern Hills, has many ancient, 
 intei-mixed with hand.some modern hou.ees ; a church, partly 
 of Norman architecture, with a detached tower and fine 
 altar-piece; a decaj'ed grammar school; an hospital, with 
 chapel, for 24 brethren and sister.*, founded 1232, annua' 
 revenue, 1720^; several other charities; a union workhouse, 
 ancient market-house, 2 branch banks, and some manufac- 
 tures of rope and sacking. In Its vicinity are valuable cider 
 orchards, hop grounds, and marble quarries. 
 
 LEDE, l.Vdeh, a village of Belgium, province of East Flan- 
 ders, 6i miles S.W. of I)endermond. 
 
 LEDEBERG, lA'dfh-bt'RG\ a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, at the junction of the railways from Ghent 
 to Termonde and Ghent to Courtrai, 2 miles S.E. of Ghent, 
 with two castles and cotton-mills, i'op. 2119. 
 
 LEDKGHEM, I;\/deh-<hC'n)\ a village of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, 6'miles AV.N.W. of Courtrai. Pop. 2637. 
 
 LEDENITZ or LEDENtCZ. lA'deh-neets\ Uxter df.m 
 Landstkix, a market-town of Bohemia, circle of and 9 milef 
 E.S.E. of Budweis. Pop. 985. 
 
 LEDEROCKSVILLE, a village of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 10 miles Nrby W. of Xorristown. 
 
 LEDESM A, lA-dS.s'mii, (anc. Bletialama,) a fortified town of 
 Spain, province and 20 miles N.W. of Salamanca, on the 
 Tormes, cros.sed here by a fine old Roman bridge. Pop. 
 2000. It has warm mineral baths, much frequented. 
 
 LEDETSCH, lA/detch, (L. LeAecmm,) a town of Bohemia, 
 17 miles S.S.W. of Czaslau, on the Sasawa. Pop. 1948. 
 
 LED'GER, a post-office of Yancey co.. North Carolina. 
 
 LEDIARAK, a village of Austria. See LatiaraK. 
 
 LED'LIES, a postofiice of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 LED'SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, West 
 Riding. 
 
 LED'YARD, a post-village and township of New Londoi? 
 CO., Connecticut, on the E. side of the Thames River, about 
 45 miles S.E. of Hartford. It has manufactures of cotton 
 and woollen fiannel.s, leather. &c. The Norwich and Wor- 
 cester Railroad terminates at .MIyn's Point, in this town- 
 ship, and a ferry communicates with Monteville. on the 
 opposite side of the Connecticut. Pop. of the township, 
 1615. 
 
 LEDYARD, a post-township of Cayuga co., N^w Yoik. on 
 the E. shore of Cayuga Lake, about 160 miles W. of Albany. 
 Pop. 2219. 
 
 LEE, a river of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, rises in 
 Lake Gougane-Barra, flows E., and enters Cork Harbor, 
 after a course of 35 miles. 
 
 LEFj, a small river of Ireland, co. of Kerry, flows into 
 Tralee Bay. 
 
 LEE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 1029 • 
 
LEE 
 
 LEE 
 
 LEE, a village and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the 
 S. edge f lilackheath, 6 miles E.S.E. of London. Area, 
 1470 acre,.. Pop. 2360. It has many handsome residences, 
 R beautifal new church, (in the hurying-ground of which, 
 Ualley the aBtronomer was buried,) and an endowed schooL 
 LKE, a Kiunty forming the S.W. extremity of Virginia, 
 bordering on Tennessee and Kentucky, ha.s an area of 550 
 square miles. It is intersected by Powell's Itiver, an afflu- 
 ent of the Clinch. Cumberland Mountain forms the X.W. 
 boundary, and Poweil's Mountain extends along or near 
 the E. bord ;r ; the soil of the valleys is fertile. Maple sugar 
 is made for domestic consumption. Iron ore, saltpetre, and 
 limestone are abundant in the county. The streams fur- 
 nish valuable water-power. Organized in 1792, and named 
 in honor of Uenry Lee. at that time governor of the state. 
 Capital, Jonesville. Pop. 11,032, of whom 10,208 were free, 
 and 824 slaves. 
 
 LEE, a cjunty in the S.W. part of Georgia, contains about 
 S80 square miles. The Flint lliver forms its eastern boun- 
 dary, and it is also drained by Muckalee Creek. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and the soil is of various qualities. 
 Burr-stones and fossils of the tertiary formation are found. 
 Kamed iu honor of Kichard Henry Lee, a celebrated orator 
 and member of Congress from Virginia, in 1776. Orga- 
 nized in 1826. Capital, Starkville. I'op. 7190, of whom 
 2249 were free, and 4947 slaves 
 
 LEE, a county in the N. part of Illinois, has an area of 
 700 square miles. It is inter.<ected by Kock Kiver, and also 
 drained by Green River and Bureau Creek. The surface is 
 nearly level, and the soil excellent. The county is princi- 
 pally prairie, but portions of it are covered with timber. 
 It is intersected by the Galena Branch of the Central Kail- 
 road. Named in honor of General Lee of the Revolutionary 
 war. Capital, Dixon. Pop. 17,651. 
 
 LEE, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Iowa, bor- 
 dering on Missouri and Illinois, has an area of 486 square 
 miles. It is situated at the confluence of the Mississippi 
 and Des Moines Rivers, which respectively form the boun- 
 iaries of the county on the S.E. and S.W. ; the Skunk 
 River forms its X.E. boundary; it is also drained by 
 Sugar and Ilalfbreed Creeks. The surface is undulating, 
 and presents an alternation of prairies and woodlands in 
 convenient proportions. The soil is uniformly and highly 
 productive. In 1850, Lee county produced 754.138 bushels 
 of corn, 149,414 of wheat, and 232,225 pounds of butter; the 
 quantity of each being greater than that yielded by any 
 other county in the state. It contains extensive beds of 
 Btone-coal and quarries of limestone. The streams afford 
 permanent water-power. The state has undertaken to open 
 steamboat navigation on the Ues Moines River. Lee county 
 is intersected by the Des Moines Valley Railroad. This 
 couiily is the most populous in the stiite, except Dubuque 
 county. The Sacs and Foxes were removed from the soil 
 about 1835. Keokuk and Fort Madison are the capitiils. 
 Pop. 29,232. 
 
 LEE, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, about 112 
 miles N.E. oi Angusta. Pop. 9.39. 
 
 LEE, a post-township of Strafford co.. New Hampshire, on 
 both sides of the Lamprey River, about 30 miles E. by S. of 
 Concord. Pop. 871. 
 
 LEE, a post-village in Lee township, Berksliire co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Housatonic River and Railroad, 11 miles 
 S. of Pittsfield. This is one of the most flourishing town- 
 ships in the count}' ; its prosperity is owing to its extensive 
 woollen-factories and paper-mills. The village contains 1 
 or 2 banks, 6 churches, and 1 newspaper office. Fine mar- 
 ble is quarried here. Pop. of the township, 4420. 
 
 LEE, a post-township of Oneida co.. New York, with a 
 village of the same name, about 20 miles N.W. of Utica. 
 Pop. 2796. 
 
 liEE, a post-township, forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Athens CO.. Ohio, 68 miles S.E. of Columbvis. Pop. 1301. 
 LEE, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1225. 
 LEE, a township of Calhoun co,, Michigan. Pop. 876. 
 LEE, a post-office of Warwick co., Indiana. 
 LEE, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 1141. 
 LEE, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 LEE, a township of Platte co., Missouri. Pop. 2128. 
 LEE BOT'WOOD. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 LEE BROCK'HUKST. a parL-ih of England, co. of Salop. 
 LEE CE.NTRE, a post-o%e of Oneida co., New York. 
 LEE CENTRE, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Lee CO., Illinois, 100 miles W. of Chicago. l>op. 763. 
 
 LEECIl'BUKG, a thriving post-village of Armstrong co., 
 1 ennsylvania, on the Kiskiminetas River and Penn.>iylvania 
 Canal, 3o miles N.E. of Pittsburg. A dam across the river 
 Here creates extensive water-power. Pop. 359. 
 
 LEECH' VILLE, a post-village in Beaufort co.. North Caro- 
 hna. 120 miles E. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 LEED.S, a municipal and parliamentary borough of Ensr- 
 and, CO. of \ork, West Riding. 22 miles S.S.W. of York, on 
 botli sides of the Aire, which is here crossed by six brid.'es 
 two of stone, one a single ar.h of cast iron, and two susp'en- 
 gion bridges on what lias l>een called the Ijow and stnno 
 pniiciple, first introduced by a Leeds engineer. The part 
 
 of the town on the right or S. bank of the river, consists 
 chiefly of the populous suburbs of Hunslot and liolbeek; 
 the much more important part on the N. bank furms the 
 town proper, and occupies the summit and sides of a hill 
 sloping E., W., and N. The town extends alung the .\ire 
 about Ij miles, and nearly 1 mile back. In the older quarters, 
 the streets are generally narrow and crooked. The only 
 exception is the Briggate, which is at once spacious and 
 handsome, gradually ascending from the old bridge in a 
 direct line of about 600 yards, f<>rming the main thorough- 
 fare. In the more modern quarters, particularly on ihe W. 
 slope, are several good streets and squares; but, on the 
 whole, the appearance of Leeds is by no means prepossessing. 
 ■ Its atmosphere, owing to the number of factories, is always 
 hazy with smoke ; and at least in the narrower streets, the 
 cleansing process is very imperfect. In both these respects, 
 I however, important improvements have recently taken 
 place. The hou,«es are in general neatly and substantially 
 . built of brick, and roofed with gray slate; and many elegant 
 mansions, possessed of all mixlern embelli.'ihments, have 
 I recently risen up. These are situatetl for the most part in 
 . Park Place, Park, Hanover, and Woodhouse Squares, in all 
 of which the unoccupied ground is well laid out in pastures 
 and shrubberies. In regard to paving, lighting, and the 
 supply of water, Leeds is already in a tolerably satisfactory 
 [ state ; and a .system of sewerage has been commenced on a 
 scale which, when completwl, will leave it uusurpa-ssed by 
 , any provincial town in the kingdom. 
 
 ' The ecclesiastical edifices within the townships of Leeds, 
 I Ilolbeck, and Ilunslet, include 24 Established churches and 
 chapels, 9 belonging to Wesleyan, and 13 to Methodists 
 i of other denominations, 5 Independent, o Baptist, 2 
 I Roman Catholic, a Unitarian, a Friends' meeting-houi^e, &c. 
 Among the parish churches, the greater part of which are 
 modern, the most deserving of notice are St. Peter"s, a deco- 
 , rated cruciform structure; St. John's, in the later English 
 style, with an embattled tower, terminated by crocheted 
 pinnacles; Holy Trinity, a Doric structure, with a tower, 
 I one stage of which is Corinthian and the other Ionic; St, 
 PauVs, entered by a handsome Ionic portico; Christ Church, 
 ' in the decorated English style, with a lofty buttressed tower ; 
 : St. Jlary's, in a similar style; and St. !<aviour"s, completed 
 j in 1845, at an expense of £20,000. Two of the Wesleyan 
 chapels are conspicuous both for their elegance and their 
 , dimensions, each containing 3000 sittings. The new Irde- 
 ' pendent chapel, Ea.st Parade, is a handsome Grecian Build- 
 ing; and one belonging to the Roman Catholics, has a spire 
 150 feet high. 
 
 The other public edifices of Leeds are neither numerous 
 nor very remarkable. The more conspicuous are the Com- 
 mercial buildings, a large and massive Grecian structure, so 
 situateil as to have three fronts, one of which, containing 
 the main entrance, has an imposing appearance, and .so 
 arranged as to combine a news-room, concert-rooms, and 
 various public oftices; the Stock Exchange, of the composite 
 order, recently completed, and justly regarded as the most 
 ornamental structure of which the town can boast; the 
 Court-llouse, a plain building, with a neat Corinthian portico, 
 and a line bronze statue of the late Sir Robert Peel placed 
 in front of it ; the Industrial School, and the new House of 
 Itecovery, beautiful Elizabethan structures, with highly 
 decorated fronts and octagonal turrets; the borough jail, a 
 recent erection on improved principles, at an expense of 
 £43.000 ; the Philosophical Hall, a hand.some building, partly 
 occupied as a museum ; and the Central Market, a spacious 
 covered building, with a Grecian front, spacious shops, and 
 avenues of stalls. A town-hall suited to this important 
 borough is (1852), about to he erected by the corporation, 
 for which a spacious site has been purchased. 
 
 The principal educational establishment iu which classical 
 instruction is given, is the free grammar school, originally 
 founded in 1552, and subsequently enriched by bequests, so 
 as to have an income of about £2000, and the privileges of 
 an exhibition at Oxford, and four scholarships at Cambridge ; 
 the average attendance is about 170. For a humbler »:du- 
 cation, the first place belongs to the industrial school, already 
 mentioned; the buildings and grounds of which cover 6 
 acres, and provide accommodation for 400 children ; teachers' 
 apartments, dining-hall, dormitories, and all other requisites 
 on the most complete scale. There are also a mechanics' 
 institute school, a model infant school, and numerous other 
 schools in connexion with the Establishment, or the various 
 bodies of Dissenters. Among literary and scientific institu- 
 tions, are the Literary and Philosophical Society, and the 
 Mechanics' Institute, the latter one of the most fioui vhing 
 of its kind in the kingdom ; and there are several good 
 libraries, especially the Lcjus Library, originally founded by 
 Dr. Priestley in 1768, and the New Subscription Library, of 
 much more recent origin. Tne leading charitable establish- 
 ments are the infirmary, in tb« benefit of which in-door or 
 out-door patients, to the uunr./er of above 30lX), annually 
 participate ; the house of recovery, intended for fever and 
 other infectious diseases ; the dispen.>!«.'y ; the eye and eti 
 infirmary ; several hospitals and alms ! ouses; and a v».i'ijtj 
 of philanthropic associations, as >he "^rades uian's Eeuevo- 
 
 J 
 
LEE 
 
 LEE 
 
 lent Society, the Strangers' Friend Society, the Church Visit- 
 inji; Socio'ty, kc. Tliere are 3 public cemeteries; tliat on 
 ^^'oolihou.«e Jloor was opened in 1S35. the otlier two more 
 recently. Leeds has a branch of the Bank of linglaud, seve- 
 ral (jther banks, and a savings institution. 
 
 Few towns are more favorably situated, both for manu- 
 factures and trade. It stands near the centre of one of the 
 most important coal-fields of England, is accessible from the 
 Bea bj' the river Aire, for vessels of 120 tons ; communicates 
 by canals both with the Mersey at Liverpool, and the num- 
 ber at Goole, and many manufacturing towns; and has 
 recently become the centre of a network of railwajs, leaving 
 it almost nothiug to desire in respect to facility of transport. 
 Thc-ie gn-at advantages have been turned to good account, 
 and the prosperity of tlie town, already raj 'id almost beyond 
 example, continues to increase. In woollens, one of the 
 great staple manufactures of the kingdom, it takes a decided 
 load. For a long time, only the coarser kinds of woollens 
 were n;an\ifactured, and the greater part of the weaving 
 was performed by domestic looms. A great number of these 
 are still employed, but the valuable improvements in ma- 
 chinery and other processes, in the invention and perfecting 
 of which Mr. William Hirst, a native of the place, greatly 
 distinguished himself, have led to the general introduction 
 of the factory system; which, under whatever defects it may 
 otherwise labor, has certainly tended both to an immen.se 
 hicrease of the quantity, and improvement iu the quality 
 of the goods. Cloths which, for tineness and color, cannot 
 be surpassed, are now regularly produced; and, in many 
 instances, from the first step in the process to its completion, 
 by tlie agency of steam. The most important woollens made 
 here are superfine broadcloths, coarse narrows, pelisse cloth, 
 shawls, Scotch camlets, blankets, &<:. The greater part of 
 the cloth made, at least by the (tC•r.i.^stic manufai'turers, is 
 disposed of in the Cloth Halls. These are two immense and 
 most ungainly brick buildings, in each of which two weekly 
 markets are held, anrt the goods ready for sale are brought 
 forwai'd and arranged for inspection in avenues of stalls. 
 The one, called the AVhite Cloth Ilall, is for undyed goods; 
 the otlier is for dyed goods, on which all the processes of 
 manufacture have been performed except shearing or 
 finish. Flax spinning and weaving are likewise extensively 
 carried on. and employ alijiost as many hands as the wool- 
 len manufactures, as will be seen from the following table, 
 obligingly supplied by the Government Local Inspector of 
 factories : — 
 
 Statistical Tablk 0/ the Factories situated in the Borough 0/ 
 
 I 
 
 Nature of Work. 
 
 
 ^4 
 lit 
 
 2 1 
 
 ■?xS 
 
 Si's. 
 
 1 
 
 -<:a4 
 
 Woollen Mauufacturiug . . 
 WooUeu Dreisiug .... 
 
 Aggregate Woollen 1 
 
 Manufactures. .) 
 
 Worsted SpiuuiugaiidWea- ) 
 
 viug > 
 
 Flax Spinning and Weaving 
 
 'Silk .Spinning 
 
 Worsted Printing .... 
 
 54 
 
 48 
 
 640« 
 3944 
 
 15«4 
 824 
 
 118,637 
 
 S«3 
 
 102 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 10.350 
 1077 
 9458 
 
 X3S8 
 186 
 1831 
 
 118,637 
 
 9716 
 
 198,076 
 
 883 
 655 
 140 
 
 
 •20,885 
 
 4405 
 
 3:'6,4;;9 
 
 1678 
 
 The manufacture of locomotives employs about 2000 liands ; 
 there are 3 tool-making estiiblishments, and machine-making 
 is extensively carried on. Other manufactures, of a greater 
 or less extent, are cotton and silk goods, leather, Spanish 
 morocco leather, glass, earthenware, mustard, chiccory, and 
 tobacco. There are also several extensive oil-mills in the 
 town and neighborhood. 
 
 Leeds received its first charter of incorporation in the 2d 
 of Charles I. ; and a second, the former having been forfeited, 
 iu the 13th of Charles II. The parliamentary borough is co- 
 extensive with the parish, and 30 miles in circuit. It returns 
 2 members to Tarliament. Theviciuity of the town is crowded 
 with villages, most of the inhabitants of which are employed in 
 manufacturing for the Leeds market ; and adorned with many 
 handsome villas, but the only object possessed of much in- 
 terest is the fine ruin of Kirkstall Abbey, about 2 miles 
 distant. The most eminent natives of Leeds or its vicinity, 
 are Smeaton, the engineer of Eddystone Lighthouse; Dr. 
 rnestiey, Dr. Kichard Bentley, and the two Jliiners, Joseph 
 and Isaac, both distinguished as theologians, and the former 
 author of a well-known church history. Leeds sends 2 
 memliers to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1841, 151,850, 
 and in 1 S51 , IT 1 .805 ; in 1>S61, 207,153. 
 
 LEEDS, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 4J miles E.S.E. 
 of Maidstone. The village is ancient and picturesque. Leeds 
 Castle Isafineild quadrangular pile, surrounded by a moat. 
 
 LEEDS, a post-townshiij of .\ndroscoggin co., Maine, on 
 the E side of the Androscoggin Iliver, about 18 miles W. 
 
 by S. of Aagusta. The .\ndroscnggin Railroad joins the 
 Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad in this township. 
 Pop. 1390. 
 
 LKKDS, a post-ofRce of Hampshire cc, Slassachusetts. 
 IjKEDS, a post-village of Greene co.. New York, on Cat.<kill 
 Creek, aliout 33 miles S. by W. of Albany. 
 
 LEEDS, apoBt-towiisiiip,C\ilumbia CO., Wisconsin. P. 1111, 
 LKED,S, a county in the E. part of Canada West, near the 
 commencement of the St. Lawrence Itivi^r, whicli forms its S 
 boundary. Within its limits are several small lakes whict 
 form the sources of the Cataraqui and Kideau Ilivers. Area 
 805 .square miles. Pop. 30,280. 
 
 LEEDS CENTRE, a village of Andro.sooggiu co., Maine, 
 on the Androscoggin Railroad, 7 miles W. of its juuctioa 
 with the Maine Central Itaih'oad. 
 
 LEEDS M.^VNOl!, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia. 
 LEEDS POINT, a small post-village of Atlantic co.. New 
 Jersey, about 15 miles nearly E. of May's Landing. 
 
 LEEDS ST.\TION, a post-vilhige of Andro.scoggin co., 
 Maine, at the junction of the Androscoggin Raihxiad with 
 the Maine Central Railroad. 
 
 LEEDS/VILLE. a thriving post-village of Dutchess co., 
 New York, about 60 miles S. by E. of Albany. It contains 
 a bank and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 LKEDSVILLE, a post-village of Atlantic co.. Now Jersey, 
 on the seashore, 11 miles S.E. of May's Landing. 
 
 LEEDSVILLE, a village in Randolph co., W. Virginia, 
 about 112 miles S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 LEEFDA AL or LEEFDAEL, laifdftl', a village of Relginm, 
 province of Brabant, on the Voer, 13 miles E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1723, 
 
 LEKK, a manufacturing market-town, and parish of 
 England, co. of Stafford, on the Churnet, 12 miles S.H of 
 MiUJcIesfield. Area of parish, 34,370 acres. Pop. in 1851, 
 13,292. The town, in a vale in the hilly district, called the 
 Jloorlands, has many old and some good modern houses, an 
 ancient Gothic church, a pyramidal cross, supposed to be 
 Danish, a small town-hall, union workhouse, and a mechan- 
 ics' institution, with extensive m«nut"actures of silks and 
 ribbons. A canal, connecting it with the Trent and Mersey, 
 and an abundance of coal iu the vicinity, facilitate its trade. 
 LEEK, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 LEEK. FRITH, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 LEEK, WOOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 LEEK, DE, Ak laik, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 and 9 miles W.S.W. of tlroningen. I'op. 4451. 
 
 LEE'LEN-^W, a recently organized county of Michigan, 
 in the N.W. part of the lower peninsula, bordering on Lake 
 Michigan; area estini.ated at 1000 square miles. It is drained 
 by Carp and Platte Rivers. Pop. 2158. 
 
 LEE'MING, a chapelry of England, co. of Y'ork, North 
 Riding. 
 
 LEENDE, lain'deh, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Bra>iant,'7 miles S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 1528. 
 
 LEENS, lains, a village of Holland, province of Gronin- 
 gen, 21 miles W. by N. of Appingedam. Pop. 828. 
 LEE'PEiiTOWN, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 LEER, laiR, a town of Hanover, 17 miles S. of Aurich, 
 on the Leda, near its junction with the Em.s. It has 
 manufiictures of linen.s. ho.^iery, soap, vinegar, and candles. 
 In 1845, 8S0 vessels (mostly Hanoverian) entered aud 933 
 left the port. 
 
 LEERD.^M. laiRVldm'. a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of South Holland. 19 miles E.N.E. of Dort. Pop. 2605 
 LEERSUM, hiiR'siim, a village of Holland, province and 
 15 miles S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 684. 
 
 LEES, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 LEES/BURG, a village of Cumberland co., New Jersicy, on 
 Maurice River. 11 miles S. of Millville. 
 
 LEESBURG, a post-ofBce of Cumberland co.. New Jersey. 
 LEESBURG, a village of Lancaster co., Penn.sylvania, 10 
 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster. 
 
 LEESBURG, a postrofRce of fiercer CO., Pennsylvania. 
 LEESBURG, a handsome post-borough, capital of Loudon 
 CO., Virginia, is .situated near the Kittoctan Mountain. 3 miles 
 from the Potomac River, and 150 miles N. of Richmond. 
 The streets are well paviKl, and the town is built in a neat 
 and substantial manner. It contains a court-house, S 
 churches, a bank, an academy, and a new.spaper office. It 
 is surrounded by a fertile, well-cultivated country, which 
 presents a beautiful variety of landscapes. Pop. in 1850, 
 1691. Free popul.ition in 1860, 11-30. 
 
 LEESBURG, a post-village in Cherokee co., Alabama, 150 
 miles N. of Montgomery. 
 
 LEESBURG, a post-village in Washington eo., Tennessee, 
 270 miles E. by N. of Na.'hville. 
 
 LEESBURG. a post-village of Harrison co.. Kentucky. 27 
 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort, contains 3 churches, 1 manufac- 
 tory of wool, and 1 of bagging. 
 
 LEESBURG, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, on the 
 Conotten Creek, 12 miles S.W. of Carrollton. It contains 2 
 churches, and several stores. 
 
 LEESBURG, a thriving post-village of Highland co., Ohir\ 
 on the railroad from Cincinnati to Marietta, 11 miles N. of 
 Hillsborough. Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 1031 
 
LEE 
 
 LEKPBIIRG, a township in the E. part of Union co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1242. 
 
 LEES15URG, a post^Tillaire of Kosciusko CO.. Indiana, on the 
 railroad from Elkhart to Peru, and on the bonier of Turkey 
 Creek Prairie, 116 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LEE'S COVE, a post-vilLige of Shelby co., Alabama, 60 
 miles X.N.'VV. of Montgomciy. 
 LEE'S CREEK, a po.st-office of Clinton CO., Ohio. 
 LEE'S CROSS RO.\DS, a post-villaire of Cumberland co., 
 Penn.sjlvania, about 16 miles S.W. of Carlisle. 
 LEE'S MILLS, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky. 
 
 LEES'PORT, a thriving post-Tillajre of Berks CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Schuylkill River ami Canal, and near the 
 Pottsville and Reading Railroad. 8 mile.s X. of Reading. It 
 contains a large mill, and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 LEEST, laist, a village of Belgium, province and 16 miles 
 S. of Antwerp, on the Sonne. Pop. 1430. 
 
 LEE ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Xorthum- 
 berland. 
 
 LEES'VTLLE, a post-office of Middlesex co., Connecticut. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New York, 
 about 50 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a postvillage in Campbell co., Virginia, 110 
 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a post-village of Robeson co., North Carolina, 
 100 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a post-village of Lexington district. South 
 Carolina. 30 miles W. by S. of Columbia. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a village in Choctaw co., MissLssippi, 100 
 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a post-office of Lauderdale co.. Tennessee. 
 
 LEKSVILLE, a |X)st-village in Hart co., Kentucky, about 
 90 miles S.W. of Fraukfort. 
 
 LEESVILLE, Ohio. See Leesbcto. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a post-village of Crawford CO., Ohio, 10 miles 
 E. of Bucyrus. It contains 2 churches, and perhaps 400 
 inhabitants. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence CO., Indiana, 12 
 miles E. of Bedford. 
 
 LEESVILLE, a small post-village of Boone co., Illinois. 
 
 LEESVILLE CROSS ROADS, a postrvUlage of Crawford 
 CO., Ohio, 70 miles N. by E. of Columbus. 
 
 LEETOWN. a post-village of Jeflfersonco.,W.Virginia, 165 
 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 LEEUW.\RDE\, lo'waRMen, or iS'il-ftiuMen, (Frisian, 
 LieuiveH, Iyo'*Jrt; L. Leuva'r'dia,) a town of Holland, tlie 
 largest in the province of Frie.«land. 70 miles N.E. of Amster- 
 dam; lat. 53° 12' 14" N., Ion. 5° 47' 41" E., in a fertile plain 
 on the Ee, 10 miles from the sea, thougli once it lay on the 
 shores of a deep bay. It is surrounded by a deep broad 
 ditch, with an exterior talus planted with trees; and the 
 site of the walls has likewise been formed into a planted 
 promenade. The town is well built, adorned with numerous 
 elegant edifices, both public and private ; is intersected by 
 numerous canals, and is rapidly increasincr. The principal 
 buildings are the former Court of the Stadtholdcrs of Frijs- j 
 land, a plain-looking structure, now converted into a royal 
 palace; the Government-house, a large fine edifice; the "old | 
 liandhuis, now used for the courts of first resort; the House 
 of Correction, tlie civil and military prison, a large, hand^^ome 
 town-house; the Wcighhouse. Corn-exchange. new barracks, ' 
 and the churches, of which there are 3 Cilvinistic, 1 Evan- ■. 
 gelical Lutheran, a Baptist, a Roman Catholic, and a syna- I 
 gogue. The lienevolent institutions include 2 general, and 3 
 orphan, hospitals; 2 poor-hou.«es, and several schools for the 
 poor. Of other schools there are 3 Latin, a town's commer- 
 cial, and numerous elementary and intermediate; and there 
 are likewise several learned societies, as the Society of Fri- 
 sian History, Antiquities, and Language; a natural history 
 society. Ac; and al.so various associations for the jistribu- 
 tion of tracts, Bibles, and other religious books. Leeuwar- 
 den carries on a considerable trade in the produce of the 
 province. It has 2 breweries, 8 distilleries, 5 potteries. 7 
 tan-yards, 8 boat-building yards, as many rope-walks; ma- 
 nufactures of chiccory, tobacco, soap, and linen; and saw, 
 oil. cement, walk, and corn mills. Pop. in 1863, 24,697. 
 
 LEEUWEN, lii/wen, or ]C'u-*en, a vill.age of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Gelderland. 14 miles W. of Nymwefren. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 LEKfWIN. CAPE. See Cape Leeuwix. 
 
 LEEUWIN (l.Vu-win or lew'in) LAND comprises most 
 part(>f the colony of West Australia. S. of lat. 30° S. 
 
 LEE VAI/LKY, a postrvillage of Hawkins co., Tennessee, 
 256 miles E. of N.i.;hville. 
 
 LEE'WAUD ISLANDS, a name applieil to the We-st India 
 Islands, N. of lat. 15° N.. and comprising the British islands 
 Dominiciu Montierrat, Anligua, St. Christopher, Anguilla, 
 and the A irgin group, the French islands tiuadelouix; and 
 Mane Galante. with all the Danish, Swedish, and most of the 
 Dutch possessions in this archipelago. S. of this group are 
 the WINDWARD Islands. 
 
 LEFFE. \(Pf\. a villnire of Northernltaly, province and 12 
 miles l!,.N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1300. 
 
 I. »-''^f '^'"'" '•^'^'''■1>- " * il'a.'e of Asm Minor, Anatolia, 45 miles 
 fc.N.1,. of BriKa, neatlj' built of sun-baked brick. 
 1032 
 
 LEG 
 
 LEFKE, iJfkee, a village of Ithaca, Ionian Islands, IJ 
 miles N.W. of Vathi. 
 
 LEFKOSIA, Ii^f-ko-zee/a, more commonly NICOSIA, ne-ko- 
 zee'd. the capital city of the Island of Cyprus, near its centre. 
 Pop. 18,000 (?). about two-thirds Turks. It is "a Venetian, 
 converted into a Turkish city;" h.iving ba.«tionrd walls, 
 mosques which have all been cliurclies, one a fine Gothic 
 edifice; several Greek and Roman Catholic churches and 
 convents, a large caravanserai, and some baths. The houses 
 are furnished with balconies, and enclosed by gardens, &c., 
 but its streets are narrow and dirty, and it is mostly in 
 decay. It has manufactures of carpets, printed cottons, and 
 red leather, and some trade in cotton and wine. 
 
 LEFLORE', a post-village of Carroll co., Mississippi, on the 
 Yazoo River, at the confluence of its brunches, IS miles Vf. 
 of Carrollton. Much cotton is shipped b^re bv stcamlwats. 
 
 LEFOOGA, LEFOUGA, LEFUGA. le-foo'gl writt.^n al.so 
 LEFOUKA. le-foon<.l and LEEFO'GA. one of the T<.nga 
 Isl.inds. in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 10° 48' 12" S., ion 
 174° 20' W. It is about 7 miles long, and 3 miles broad. 
 LEFTRO. See Lelctra. 
 
 LEFT'WICH, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 LEFUGA ISLAND. See Lefooga. 
 
 LEGAN. li/gdn, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Swa 
 bia. 13 miles N.W. of Kempten. Pop. 1827. 
 
 LEG.\NES, lA-g.i'nfs. a small town of Spain, province and 
 7 miles S.W. of Madrid, by the inhabitants of which it is 
 much frequented as a rural retreat. Pop. 1905. 
 
 LEGANIEL. l.A-gi-ne-tM', a village of Spain, New Castile, 
 38 miles from Cuenca, Pop. 1106. 
 
 LEGAZPIA, l.'i-gds'pe-a or li-gSth'pe-a, a town of Spain, 
 Biscay, on the Urola. 27 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. P. 1136. 
 LEGBOURNE, leg'burn, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln, 3 miles S.E. of Louth. It has a station on the Great 
 Northern Railway. 
 
 LEGf;, leh-zh.V, a market-town of France, department of 
 Loire-Inferieure, 23 miles S.S.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 
 3703. 
 
 LE6ELSIIURST, l.VghJls-hoonsf. a village of Baden, cii^ 
 cle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Kork. Pop. 1408. 
 
 LEGEND, liVh^nd', a village of Hungary, Ilither Danube, 
 Pop. 1121. 
 LEG'ERWOOD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 LEG'ESBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 LEGHORN, Ifg'horn or l^g-hoin'. (It. Lirnrim. le-voR'no; 
 Fr. Liroume. leeSooRn'; Sp. Linriia. le-on'nd: anc. LVntH- 
 ntim, LUiurIni Piir>tus, and Her'culU Lihro>nis Porftitx.) a 
 seaport town of Tuscany, province of Pisa, on a tongue ot 
 land extending into the 5rediterranean'r~Lat. (liirht-house) 
 43° 32' 42" N., Ion. 10^ 27' 45" E.; 50 miles W.S.W. of Flo- 
 rence, with wBich. and with Pisa, it is connected by milw.iy. 
 It is ne;irly in the form of a square, and surrounded by 
 modern walls, with five gates; it is well built, consisting 
 generally of spacious, regular, and well-paved streets. It 
 is of comparatively recent origin, having been a mere fish- 
 ing village up to the middle of the IGth century, aud hence 
 jwssesses few objects of interest iu architecture and art. 
 The most remarkable buildings and establishments are 
 the Duomo, originally only a parish church, and of such 
 limited dimensions, that a new cathedral on a larger scale 
 has been begun; the church of the Madonna, wiili good 
 pictures by Roselli and 11 Volleranno; two Greek churches, 
 a synagogue, richly ornamented with marbles; a mosque, 
 a ducal palace, a marble statue of Ferdinand L, by Pietra 
 Tacca; the lazarettos of San Rocco. San Jacopo, aud San 
 liCopoldo, all well-managed institutions and remarkable 
 structures, particularly the last which is one of the most 
 magnificent works of the kind in Europe ; the Torre de 
 Marzocco, built of red marble, and so called from the Mar- 
 zocco or Lion by which it is surmounted; a theatre, public 
 library, and aqueduct. The manufactures consist chiefly of 
 articles in coral, of which there is a valuable fishery; wool- 
 len and silk goods, straw bonnets, glass, paper, soap, cordage, 
 leather, starch, &c. 
 
 Possessing the privileges of a free port. Leghorn has an 
 extensive trade, both general and transit, furnishing the 
 chief source of its prosperity. The harbor is of large extent, 
 but somewhat difficult of entrance, from the numerous 
 slioals which surround it. It is also much silted up. parti- 
 cularly in the inner harbor, which is now chiefly useil as 
 repairing and building docks. The outer harbor is protected 
 by a fine mole, which extends about half a mile into the 
 sea. The depth of water at its extremity, however, is not 
 more than 18 feet, aud diminishes rapidly towards the inte- 
 rior, making it inaccessible by vessels of large burdi'n. The 
 roadstead, lying W.N.W. of the harlwir, is protectr^d by a 
 long sandbank, which breaks the violence of the waves; 
 and. though exposetl at times to a heavy swell, has gootl 
 anchorage in ample depth. The principal exports are silk, 
 raw and manufactured; straw, raw and plaited; straw bon- 
 nets, borax and boracic acid, fruit, wine, oil, coral, marble, 
 paper, timber, corn, hemp, anchovies, Ac; the principal 
 imjiorts, colonial pnnluce. raw cotton, cotton twist, cotum 
 and woollen coods. dye-stuffs, metals, hunlwari. earthen- 
 ware, salted fish, 4c. In 1845, 3945 vessels, of which 36,294 
 
LEG 
 
 LEI 
 
 tons vrere in British bottoms, entered the port; and 207 
 Britisli vessels, tonnage 34.415, cleared. 
 
 Leirhorn is the see of a bishop, the residence of a civil and 
 a miiittiry governor, the seat of a court of primary resort, 
 a chamber of commerce, foreign consulates, sanitary direc- 
 tory, several important public offices, and literary, scientific, 
 artistic, and benevolent institutions. Though originally a 
 Roman port, it ha.s not a vestige of anticjuity, and had 
 dwindled down into a fishing village, when its great capa- 
 bilities for commerce were discerned by the gran(l-<lukes of 
 the Medici family, who surrounded it with fortifications, 
 constructed its harbor, and bestowed upon it valuable pri- 
 vileges, of which not the least important was full toleration 
 to all nations and creeds. It suffered much during the 
 ascendancy of Xapoleon, from his continental blockade. It 
 has more than doubled its population since 1833. Pop. 
 1862, 83,543. 
 
 LEGIKl', lA-Gheep', or COUNT IIEIDKN (hi'den) ISI^ 
 AND.S, a group in the North Pacific Ocean, Marshall Archi- 
 pelago, Carolines, the centre island, in lat. 9° 51' 30" N., Ion. 
 169° 13' 30" K. 
 
 LKGTO SKPTTMA GEMINA. See Lfon. 
 
 LEGNAGO, l5n-yi'go, a fortified town of North Italy, 
 Veuotiii, 22 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Olona and Adige. 
 Pop. 5900. It has a royal gymnasium, a theatre, hospital, 
 and manufactures of leather, and extensive corn markets. 
 The French were defeated here in 1701. 
 
 LKGN'A.JA, BOKGO DI, boR'go dee Un-yl'd, a village of 
 Tuscany, forming a suburb of Florence, on the W. P. 2104. 
 
 IjKGNANO, li'^n-yd/no, a town of Northern Italy, province 
 and 16 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Olona, here crossed by 
 two stone bridges, connecting the two portions of the town. 
 In 1776 the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was defeated 
 here by the Milanese. Pop. 4790. 
 
 LEGNI, lAii'yee. or LEYNI, Id'nee', a village of Piedmont, 
 province and 9 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 3090. 
 
 LEGKAD. I.'l-grdd', a market-town of Hungary, co. of Szar 
 lad, on the Drave, 10 miles N. of Kopreinitz. Pop. 2337. 
 
 LE GRAND, a post-office of Mar.shall co., Iowa. 
 
 LEGS, a post-office of Watagua co.. North Carolina. 
 
 liEII or Lfi, l.i, or LEI, l.Vee, a city of Central Asia, capi- 
 tal of the district of Ladakh, (Little Thibet,) in the valley 
 of the Indus, N. of the Himalayas. Lat. 34" 10' N., Ion. 77° 
 45' E. It is enclosed by a wall and towers, and very irre- 
 gularly laid out. It has several Boodhic temples, and the 
 rajah's palace; an active trade in shawl wool, and a mint. 
 Pop. variouslv estimated at from 4000 to 12,000. 
 
 LE HAVRE. See Havre. 
 
 LEIIE. lA'h.'i, a village of Hanover, principality of Stude, 
 on the AVeser and Oeeste, near Bremerhafen. Pop. 1545. 
 
 LEHESTEN. lA'Js-ten, a town of Central Germany, duchy 
 of Sax(i-Meiningen, 7 miles S.E. of Grafenthal. Pop. 997. 
 
 LEIII, a postoffice of Jefferson co., Arkansa.s. 
 
 LEHI CITY, a post-village of Utah CO., Utah territory, at 
 the egress of Jordan River from Utah Lake, about 110 miles 
 N.E. of Fillmore City. The inhabitants are Mormons. 
 
 LEHIGH, leelii, {Lechay of the Indians,) a river of Penn- 
 sylvania, has its sources in the pine swamps and forests of 
 Luzerne, Pike, and Monroe counties. It is a beautiful and 
 rapid stream, and the scenery along its banks is highly pic- 
 turesque. After flowing through tiie rich coal region of 
 Carbon county, it breaks through the Blue Ridge, 12 miles 
 below Mauch Chunk, and falls into the Delaware at Eastern. 
 The improved navigation which has been openetl on this 
 river from its mouth to White Haven, a distance of 70 miles 
 by water, is the channel of an immense trade in coal and 
 lumber. Its whole length is about 90 miles. 
 
 LEHIGH, a county in the E.S.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 has an area of 350 square miles. The Leliigh River, from 
 which the name is derived, flows along the N.E. border, and 
 intersects the eastern part of the county, which is also 
 drained by the Little Lehigh, Jordan, Saucon, and Copley 
 Creeks. The greater part of it lies in the Kittatinny Valley, 
 bounded on the N.W. by Blue Mountain, and on the S.E. 
 by a ridge called South Mountain, or Lehigh Hills. This 
 valley has an undulating surface, and is remarkable for its 
 beauty and fisrtility. Limestone and clay slate are abundant 
 in the county, and quarries of the latter have been opened. 
 Great quantities of iron ore are found, and several furnaces 
 are kept in constant operation. The canal which has been 
 constructed along the Lehigh River to the coal region has 
 contributed materially to the wealth of this county. It 
 was mostly settled by Germans, and the German language 
 Is chiefly spoken. Organized in 1812. Capital, Allentown. 
 Pop. 43,753. 
 
 LEHIGH, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2913. 
 
 LEHIGH GAP. a post-village of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Lehigh River, where it breaks through the Blue 
 Mountains, about 80 miles E.X.E. of Harrisburg. The 
 scenery here is wild, and in the highest degrc^e picturesque. 
 
 LElilGHTON, le-hT'ton, a post-village of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Lehigh River, 36 
 miles W.N.M'. of Easton. A bridge extends across the river 
 here. In the vicinity are extensive iron works. 
 
 LEHMAN, lee'man, a post-townsliip of Luzerne co., Pentt 
 sylvania, 120 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 695. 
 
 LEHMAN, a town.ship of Pike co., Pennsylvania. P. 906 
 
 LEHMEN. See Lemhent. 
 
 LEHNIN, l.i-neen', a town of Prussia, province of Branden 
 burg, government and 14 miles W.S.W. of Potsdam. P. 988 
 
 LEHOT.\, li'ho'toh\ the name of several small village* 
 of Hungary. 
 
 Also Lehota, ftlVsho/ LA^ho'tiih', (i. e. " Lower Lahota,") a 
 village of Hungary, Hither Danube, county of Sohl, 10 
 miles from Neusohl. Pop. 901. 
 
 Feketk Lehota, f'Ok,Vta* ld*ho'toh\ a village of Hungary, 
 Hither Theiss, 22 miles from Rosenau. Pop. 931. 
 
 FELSii Lehota, fJlVhii/ lA'ho't<"ih\ (i. e. •' Upper Lehota," s 
 village of Hungary. Hither Danube. 
 
 Jano Lehota, yi'no^ l.Vho'ti"ih\ a village of Hungary, 
 Hither Danube, 30 miles from Schemnitz. Pop. 961. 
 
 KiRALT Lehota, keVdl' l4'ho'toh\ a village of Hungary, 
 Hitlier Danube, in the county of Liptau, near the AVaag. 
 Pop. 900. 
 
 LEHRBERO, lalR/b^RO. orLERCIlENBERG, iaR'Kex-b?RG\ 
 a market-town of Bavaria, Middle Franconia, on the Rezat, 
 here crossed by a stone bridge, 25 miles W.S.W. of Nurem- 
 berg; with a castle. Pop. 1091. 
 
 LEHREE or LEHRI, lA/ree, the most considerable town 
 of Cutch-Gundava, Belooehistan, 35 miles N.E. of Bhag. 
 Pop. estimated at 6000. It is enclosed by walls, and has a 
 well-supplied bazaar. 
 
 LEHUA, U-hoo/a, or OREEHINA (o-ree-hee'na) ISLAND, 
 one of the smaller Sandwich Islands, off the N. end of Nihau. 
 
 LEI, a city of Central Asia. See Leh. 
 
 LEIA, l.VyJ or li'e-yj, a town of the Punjab, near the 
 Indus, 57 miles S. of Dera-Ismaeel-Khan. Pop. IS.OiW. It 
 has an active trade in indigo, madder, sugar, sUk, cotton, 
 wools, metals, and grain. 
 
 LEIBITZ, li'bits, (\l\xn. Lajhicz, llliits', SUy. Liln'criiim, 
 le-bit/se-oom,) a market-town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 
 on a small river, near Kesmark. Pop. 24i3. It has sul- 
 phur baths, and manufactures of woollen cloths. 
 
 LEIBNITZ, ITWnits, or LINDENSTADT, lin'den-statt\ a 
 town of Austria, Styria, 20 miles S. by E. of Gratz. Pop. 
 1100. 
 
 LEICESTER, iSs'ter, or LEICESTERSHIRE, iJs/ter-shir, 
 an inland county of England, nearly in its centre, having 
 N. the counties of Derby and Notts. E. Lincoln and Rutland, 
 S. Northampton and Warwick, and W. Warwick and Der- 
 by. Area, 803 square miles, or 515,840 acres, of which about 
 480.000 acres are estimated to be grass or arable. Pop. in 
 1851,2.30,308. Surface undulating. Chief rivers, the Trent, 
 (on the N. bortlor,) and Soar. The breeds of cattle and 
 long-woollcd sheep are much celebrated. Coal and some 
 iron and lead are wrought. The county is the principal 
 seat of the woollen hosiery manufacture. Leicestershire is 
 traversed by the Midland Counties Railway, and is con- 
 nected by canals with all parts of the kingdom. Chief 
 towns, Leicester, Loughborough, and Hinckley. It sends 6 
 members to the House of Commons, 4 being for the county. 
 The ancient earldom of Leicester is now in thi? Coke family, 
 
 LEICESTER, a parliamentary and nuinicipal borough 
 and manufacturing town of England, capital of a county, 
 on the Soar, and on the Midland Railway, 20 miles E.N E, 
 of Itugby, and 26^ miles S.S.E. of Derby. Pop. of the town 
 in 1851, 60,584. It is plea.santly situated near the centre 
 of the county, is generally well built and clean. Chief 
 structures, 4 bridges across the Soar. 8 churches, a news- 
 room, concert-hall, mechanics' institute, and museum of the 
 philosophical society; assembly rooms, theatre, exchange, 
 infirmary, county lunatic asylum, county jail, guildhall, 
 county bridewell, some remains of a castle, the great hall 
 of which is the county court-house, union work-house, and 
 a handsome railway station. Some traces of the ancient 
 walls exist, and several fine Roman pavements have been 
 discovered. The Ijorough has many valuable charities. 
 Leicester is the principal seat in England for manufactures 
 of woollen and other hosiery, supposed to employ upwards 
 of 25.000 hands. Manufactures of liice are also extensive. 
 Coal is obtained by the Swannington Railway. The trade is 
 greatly facilitated by a canal, communicating with various 
 lines of navigation. Leicester is a place of considerable 
 antiquity, and was known to the Romans under the name 
 of Ifa'tft. A variety of Roman remains have been found In 
 it at various times, and some so recently as 18.51. Undei 
 the Heptarchy, it formed part of the kingdom of Mercia; 
 and in 874 was seized by the Danes, who made it one of 
 their five chief cities, and retained possession of it till 
 Ethelfleda. daughter of Alfred the Great, and widow of the 
 Duke of Mercia. expelled them, with great slaughter. It 
 was afterwards surrounded by walls, and defended by a 
 strong castle, both of which were denioli.shed in the reign 
 of Henry II. It suffered severely during the wars of Lan- 
 caster and York, and also during the Parliamentary war" 
 having, in the latter, been fir.st taken >iv storm by tlie Roy. 
 alists. and then rettiken by the Republicans. Ilichard III, 
 after his death at Bosworth, was interred in this town. In 
 the vicinity are remains of an abbey, founded in 1143, and 
 
 1033 
 
LEI 
 
 in wliicli Cirdinal Wolgey expired in 1530. It sends 2 mem- 
 bers tc I'arliunient. 
 
 LKlCKSTiiH, a post-towuship of Addison county, \er- 
 mont -iU milt s S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 737. 
 
 LKICriSTKR. a post-Tillai;e and township of Worcester 
 00., Massacliusetts, on the Western Railroad. 54 miles W. 
 by S. of Boston. The Quinnehaug and branches of the 
 Blackstone River t»ike their rise in this township, affordin;; 
 excellent water-power, wiiich is extensively employed in the 
 mauufacture of cotton and woollen cards, for which there 
 arc here about 12 establishments. The village is situated 
 on a hill, commanding a beautiful prospect. It contains 
 (1865) 6 churches, a bank, and one of the oldest academies 
 in the state, fonnded in 1784. Pop. of the township, 274S. 
 
 LEICESTER, township, Livingston co., NewYork. P. 2008. 
 
 LEICHSTERSUIRK. See Leicestsr. 
 
 LKICIILINGEX, liKling-en, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 13 miles S.E. of Dusseldorf,"on the Wupper. Pop. 480. 
 
 LKIDEX. See Lkydex. 
 
 LEIDY, ll'dee, a postrtownship of Clinton co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. Pop. 496. 
 
 LEIGH, lee, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Lanciister, on the Bolton and Liverpool Railway, 7^ miles 
 S.W. of Bolton. Pop. of town in 1S51, 5206. It has a 
 grammar school and other charities, with extensive manu- 
 factures of cambrics, muslins, and fustians. In 1764, Tho- 
 mas Ilighs, reed-maker, of this place, constructed the first 
 spinning jenny, which he named after his daughter. Coal 
 is abundant, and a canal communicates with the Leeds and 
 Liverpool Canal. 
 
 LEIGH, a tything of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, with a sta- 
 tion on the Crewe and Derby Railway, 4j miles W.i<.W. of 
 Uttoxeter. 
 
 LEIGH, a parish of England, co of Surrey. 
 
 LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Worcester, 
 
 LEIGH, a township of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LEIGH, ABBOT'S. See Abbot's Leigh. 
 
 LEIGH DE L.\ MERE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LEIGH WITH EVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 LEIGH. HIGH, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 LEIGHLIN BRIDGE, a inarket-town of Ireland, Leinster 
 CO., and li miles S.W. of Carlow, on the Barrow, here 
 crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. Pop. 1748. 
 
 LEItjIILIX, OLD, lee'lin, a decayed village and episcopal 
 gee of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Carlow, 2^ miles W. of Leigh- 
 lin Bridge. It has a venerable catbedr^, built about 1185. 
 The diocese, founded in 6;i2, in now united to Ossory. 
 
 LEIGH ON MENDIP, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LEIGH, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LEIGH, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 LEIGHS, GREAT, leez, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LKKillS, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LEIGH, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LEKHI, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of O.xford. 
 
 LEIGHTON, lee/ton, a parish of England, co. of Hunting- 
 don. 
 
 LEIGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 LEKHITOX, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama. 
 
 LEIGHTOX. a township of .411egan co., Michigan. P. 676. 
 
 LKIGH'TOX-BUZ'ZAKD, a market-town and pari.sh of 
 England, co. of Beds, near the Ouse, on the Grand Junction 
 Canal, and with a station on the London and Birmingham 
 Railway, 38 miles N.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 6874. It 
 bas a venerable and spacaous cruciform church, a Ix\autiful 
 pentagonal cross, said to have been erecteil early in the 14th 
 century, a large Lancasterian School, almshouses, a union 
 workhouse, and market-house. 
 
 LEIGHTOX'S CORNERS, a postoffice of Carroll co., New 
 Hampsliire. 
 
 LEUill, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LEIGH. WEST, a parish of England, oo. of Devon. 
 
 LEIGH WOOLEY, a tything of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LEILAN or LELAN, hVldn', a village of Persia; province 
 of Azerbaijan, 25 miles S,E. of Lake Ooroomeeyah, with 
 exten.sive ruins. 
 
 LEIMBACH, llm'blK, a town of Prussian Saxony, 29 
 miles X.W. of Merseburg. on the Wipper. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LEIMEX. li'men, a walled town of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine. 4 miles S. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1498. 
 
 LEIMEKSHEIM, li'mers-hiuie\ a town of RhenLih Bava- 
 ria, nil l\u- Rhine, 7 miles S. of Germersheira. Pop. 2050. 
 
 LEINACH. II'uJk. (Ober. o'bj r, and Untkr, OOn'ter.) two 
 nearly contiguous villages of Bavaria. I,ower Franconia, 12 
 miles X.W . of Wiirzburg. United pop. 2332. 
 
 LEIXE. L'neh, a river of X.W. Germany, rises in the 
 Harz. and after a X. course of 130 miles through the Prus- 
 
 iv. v^'lfc'iVn; ?,"'! '>n°^'«'-ian dominions, joins the Aller. 
 
 LEI X LUSH EI M, li'ner8-hime\ a village of Bavaria, Pala- 
 tinate, near Germersheim. Pop. 1698. 
 
 LEIXlNGEX,H'ning-im. a principality of Germany, which 
 was ntuated between the lower Palatinate and the bi.shop- 
 rus of Speyer and Worms. Area 140 English square 
 
 LEI 
 
 miles. It is now shared between Baden and Rhenish 
 Bavaria. 
 
 LEIXIXGKX. ll'ning-en. (.^LT, 3lt, and Xeu, noi.) two 
 nearly contiguous villages of 1 avaria, I'aiatiuate, district 
 of Griinstadt. Pop. of Alt Leiuiugeu, S07; cf ^eu Lei- 
 ningen, 993. 
 
 LEIXSTER, lin'stcr or leen'ster, one of the four large pro- 
 vinces of Ireland, on its E. side, comprising the counties of 
 Dublin, Kildare, Carlow, Kilkenny. King's and Queen's, 
 Longford, Louth, Meath, Westmeath, \\icklow, and Wex- 
 ford. Area 7619 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,072,174 
 square miles. The S. part only of this province formed the 
 ancient Irish kingdom of same name, and the X. part the 
 kingdom of Meath. Leinster gives the title of Duke to the 
 Fitzgei-ald family, whose head is sole duke and premier 
 peer of Ireland. 
 
 LEIXSTER, MOUNT, a mount,iin of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 between counties Carlow and W e.xford, 5} miles S. W. of 
 Newtonbarry. Elevation 261u feet. 
 
 LEIXSTER, leen'ster. a county in the western part of 
 Canada East, comprising an area of 0090 square miles. The 
 St, Lawrence forms its boundary on the .'^.W. Pop. 29,690. 
 
 LEIXTWARDINE, linVwar-din, a parish of England, ca 
 of Hereford. 
 
 LEI PA BOIIMISCII. SeeLEiPPA. 
 
 LEI'PER'S (lee/perz) FORK, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 LEI'PERVILLE, lee/per-vil, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Ridley Creek, 12 miles SJi. of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 LEIPHEIM, lip^hime, a town of Bavaria, on the Danube, 
 11 miles E. of Ulm. Pop. 1426. 
 
 LEIPNIK, lip/nik, or LIPNIK, lip'nik, a town of MorSr 
 via, circle cfPrerau, 52 miles X.E. of Briinn. Pop. 3900. Ita 
 cemetery is one of the finest in Germany. 
 
 LEIPPA, or LEIPA BOHMISCU, (Biihmisch,) ll'pl biV- 
 mish, a frontier town of Bohemia, 24 miles E.X.E. of Leit- 
 meritz, on the I'olzen. Pop. 6761. It has manufactures 
 of woollen and cotton stuffs, glass, and earthenwares. 
 
 LEIPSIC, lip'sik (L. and It. Lip'sta : Ger. Leipzig. Up'tsia; 
 Fr. Leipsick; V p'seek'.) the second city of Saxony, and one 
 of the chief seats of commerce in Germany, 64 miles E.N.E. 
 of Dresden; lat (observatory) 51" 20' 19"" X., Ion. 12° 22* 
 15" E. It is situated in an extensive and fertile plain, on 
 the Elster, here joined by the Pleis.se and I'arde, and consists 
 of an old central town, formerly surrounded by fortificatioiis, 
 which have been converted into beautiful w alks and shrub- 
 beries, called the Promenade, and extensive and rapidly in- 
 creasing suburbs. In the central town the houses are mostly 
 lofty, some of them quaint looking; the sti-eets are narrow, 
 but generally straight, and clean, and well lighted with Kas ; 
 the principal ones open into the market-place, or square, 
 which has a very picturesque appearance; the town-hall 
 (Ratbaus.) built in 1556. being on the one side, and the 
 others being partly occui)ied by buildings in ihe renaissance 
 stylo. . The other principal buildiuj;s. w iihin the old bound- 
 aries, but none of which are architect urally reuiarkakle, are 
 the churches of St. Nicholas, St. Thomas. St. I aul, and St. 
 Peter; the Augusteum, an elegant modern edifice, contain- 
 ing the university, founded 1409. with a library of 110,000 
 volumes, 45 ordinary, and 30 extiaordinarii- professors, and 
 about 24 private teachers and language masters, and attend- 
 ed by above 900 students ; the booksellers' exchange, used, 
 during the fairs, for the arrangement of accounts between 
 the country houses and their agents and correspondents in 
 Leipsic, and, at other times, for exhibitions of paintings, 
 &c. ; the cloth-hall (Gewandhaus) ; the town school. (Biir- 
 ger-Sch^e.) with a collection of antiijuities; the theatre, 
 and the Pleissenburg, or castle, now partly u.sed as bar- 
 racks, and containing the observatory : it formed part of the 
 old fortifications, withstood the attacks of 'iilly, and is 
 memorable as the scene of the famous Leip.sic disputation 
 between Luther and Dr. Eck. though the portion of the 
 building in which that interesting event took pl.tce, is un- 
 derstood no longer to exist. Not fUr from the Pleissenburg, 
 opposite the Peter.sthor, the only remaining one of the old 
 gates, and in the centre of the Kiiuigsplatz, (King's Place.; 
 is a colossal statue of King Frederick .August, who died in 
 1827. The suburbs, which have doubled the number of 
 houses in Leipsic, since 1S40, are composed of lofty, eleg.anl, 
 and sometimes rather ambition.s-looking buildings. Isid oft 
 in regular streets, interspersed with gardeu.s, possessing 
 altogether, in like manner with the central town, an nir 
 of substantiality and comfort. They contain the slegant 
 post-office buildings, the church of St. .Ichn. and the Roman 
 Catholic church in modern Gothic, by Heideloli'. in some 
 respects the finest building in the city; the Ro.senthal. (Val- 
 ley of Roses.) a favorite summer's evening resort, composed 
 of pleasant wooded walks; and numerous gardens and 
 such-like places of recrwition. Besides the university '«ibr,i- 
 ry. Leipsic possesses a town library of 60,000 volumes, ciiu- 
 taining some valuable MSS. Schools of various kindr mm 
 numerous and good, including 2 gyniniisia, an academy o- 
 designing, painting, architecture, ice: a music sch'jol *,t'ij 
 a commercial school, both, but especially the former, of coii. 
 
=Tl 
 
 LEI 
 
 sideraUe cele>irity; 4 charity schools, kc. There are 8 
 learned societies, a botimic garden, several hospitals, includ- 
 ing one for deaf unites; and numerous baths. Leipt^ic pos- 
 sesses considerable manufactures, as of cotton stockings, 
 leather, hats, silken and half-silken goods, soap, sealing-wax, 
 tol)acco. and numerous minor articles; it has likewise an 
 extensive wool spinning establishment; but the great fea- 
 ture of the manufactures is books. There are 130 book- 
 gellers, 31 priuting-oftices, with 2U0 hand-presses, and 40 
 printing-machines; producing, it is estimated, 50 millions 
 of printed sheets annually; and there are several typo- 
 foundiies. Though iraportiint for its manufactures, Leipsic 
 Is still more important tor its commerce, carried on especially 
 through its noted fairs, particularly those at Easter and 
 5Iich;U!lmas, the one at the New Year being comparatively 
 unimporta,nt. To these fairs are congregated people from 
 all quarters of Europe, from Asia, aud from America, in 
 numbers often equalling that of the entire population of 
 the town. Turks, Greeks, Persians, Armenians, I'olish 
 Jews, and Hungarians, may be seen walking about in their 
 native co.^tume. Every house and yard is converted into a 
 place of business: and the central market-place, the main 
 streets, and a large portion of the promenade, are covered 
 with booths of dealers in porcelain, Bohemian glass, lace, 
 linens, domestic and heavy cloths of all kinds, tobacco, 
 pipes, leather, shoes, jewellery, hardware, furs, and other 
 articles ; but the more important portion of the business is 
 transa,cted in the premises of the many agents of manufac- 
 turing houses, both German and foreign, who, either per- 
 manently or temporarily, are located here. Goods, to the 
 value of 60 millions of thalers,(.'?, 12,000,000,) change hands 
 at these fairs, of which 8 millions of thalers ($5,600,000) are 
 for books. Though for a time on the wane, the fairs, in 
 recent years, have been rapidly increasing. Leipsic is the 
 capital of one of the four circles of Saxony, and the seat of 
 several courts of justice. It is of Wendish origin; was de- 
 stroyed by the Bohemian duke Wrati.s'av, in 1082; and after 
 being wailed, it was again destroyed by Otto IV., in 1212; 
 and 400 houses were burned down in 1420. It early received 
 the Heformation. and has maintiiined its steadfastness so 
 far, that its population is almost exclusively Lutheran. In 
 1680-81, the plague carried olT 3000 people. After this, its 
 commerce increased, its fairs became more important, and the 
 seat of the book-trade was transferred to it from Krankfnrt- 
 on-the-Main. It suifered much from the Seven Years" War, 
 but soon recovered. Oct. 1(>-19, 1813, the great battle of 
 the nations (Viilkersehlacht) was fought around and in 
 Leipsic, by which Germany was freed from the French 
 yoke, and Napoleon received his first decisive defeat at 
 the hands of the .\llies. The B'rench, on this occasion, lost 
 25,000 men, as prisoners, besides a larger number slain in 
 battle; and in the retreat, I'rince Poniatowskl lost his life 
 In attempting to cross the Elstor; an insignificant-looking 
 monument to commemorate the event has been erected near 
 the spot. Kxcepting some political outbreaks in 1830. 1831, 
 1848. and 1849, the most important events in recent times 
 are the founding and opening of the dilTerent railways, of 
 which there are three. One connecting with Dresden and 
 Austria; a second with Berlin, Halle. Magdeburg. Hanover, 
 and Hamburg, and also with Kisenach and Frankfort-on- 
 the-lMain : and a third with Bavaria. Pop. in 1834, 44,802; 
 In 1844}, 54.619; in 1849, 62,374; in 1861, 78.495. 
 
 LEIPSIC ov LEIPZIG, a circle, forming the N.W. part of 
 the kingdom of Saxony, being one of the four great divi- 
 sions of the country, it is bounded on the N. by Prussia, 
 W. Viy Prussia and Saxe-Altenburg, S. by the circle of 
 Zwickau, and on the E. by the circle of Dresden. Area, 
 1317 English square miles. It belongs to the basin nf 
 the Elbe, lies lower, and is likewise more level and fertile, 
 than any other part of Saxony. Pop. in 1852. 446,826. 
 
 LEIPSIC, leep'sik, a post-village in Kent co., Delaware, 
 8 miles N.N.E. of Dover. 
 
 LEIPSIC, a post-office of Putnam CO., Ohio. 
 
 LEIPSIC. a post-office of Orange co., Indiana. 
 
 LEIRE. lair, a parish of Eniiland, co. of Ijeicester. 
 
 LE1UI.\ or LEYRIA. ll-ree'd. a city of Portugal, province 
 of Estremadura, capital of a comarca, on the Liz, 75 miles 
 N.E. of Lisbon. It has a cathedral, 2 colleges, and a hos- 
 pital. The surrounding district is highly fruitful, and the 
 advance of sands from the coast over it has been effectually 
 arrested by a pine forest. 
 
 LKISN'liGl. ITs'nio, a town of Saxony, 25 miles S.E. of Leip- 
 sic. capital of a district, on the Mulde. Pop. In 1849, 5183. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has a tine castle on the opposite 
 gide of the river, gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen 
 cloths, linen, and tobacco pipes ; birth-place of Schwartz, 
 the reputed inventor of gunpowder. 
 
 LEISSNITS, lis'nits. a village of Prussia, province of Si- 
 lesia, circle of Leobschtltz, on the Stroduna. Pop. 1497. 
 
 I^EISTOX, lees'ton. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 31 
 m''-e E.N.E. of SaxmundhaiK. Here are extensive ruins 
 C/f an abbey. 
 
 LEl'TEliSBURG. a post-village of Washington CO., Mary- 
 land, 107 mile"? >.W of Annapolis. Pop. 300. 
 
 1jKL'£V, ioeth, at ancient seaport town and parliamentary 
 
 LEI 
 
 hurgh of Scotland, 2 miles N.N.E. of the cross of Edinburgh, 
 of which city it is the port, and almost a subuib, S. shore 
 of Frith of Forth, on both sides of the Water of l.eith, and 
 near its confluence with the .«ea; lat. 6a" 58' 54" N., lou 
 3° 10' 30" W. The portion of the town situated on the 
 N.W. side of the river, is known as North Leith. that on 
 the opposite, as South Leith; the former, although pretty 
 extensive, being little more than a suburb of the latter, 
 where all the chief bu.siness of the town is transacted, aud 
 where the counting-hou,ses and residences of the merchants 
 principally are. The site of the city, on both sides of the 
 river, is nearly a perfect level. Communication across the 
 Water of Leith is effected by means of 3 bridges, 2 of which 
 are drawbridges, and the other is of stone. The streets 
 and lanes in the more ancient parts, particularly in 
 the vicinity of the harbor, are narrow, tortuous, and 
 filthy, and the hou.ses old, dilapidated, and mean ; but the 
 more modern quarters are sufficiently sijacioiis, airy, and 
 well built. Here, also, handsome houses line two sides of 
 what is called the " links' or downs, a fine large open space 
 on the S,E, side of the town. The principal public build 
 ings are the custom-house, a Gre<;lan structure, with ])edi- 
 ment and columns; exchange building?, Uiw court-house, 
 Leith Bank, now a branch of the National; and the Trinity 
 House. An elegant bathing establi.shmpnt, at Sejifield, 
 within about half a mile of the centre of the town, may 
 also be included. The parish churchns of North aud South 
 Leith are also both respectable edifices; the former modern, 
 with a spire 158 feet high ; the latter an old Gothic struc- 
 ture, with a turret and spire, recently rebuilt. Tlie other 
 places of worship are St. Thomas' church, erected and en- 
 dowed by Sir John Gladstone; St. John's church or chapel 
 of ease; 5 Free churches, 4 United Presbyterians, 1 Original 
 Seceder, 1 Methodist. 2 Congregationalist, 1 Episcopalian, 
 and 1 Roman Catholic. The chief educp.tional establish- 
 ments are the Leith High School, and Dr. Bell's school ; the 
 latter on the Madras system of mutual instruction. This 
 school, in 1852, was attended by about 700 children. There 
 are two principal libraries in the town — the Leith Ihiblic 
 Library, and the Leith Jlechauics' Subscription Library. 
 The -iftharitable and benevolent Institutions com-,>r:.?e the 
 I^ith Hospital, and Edinburgh and Leith HumSine Society; 
 the Shipwrecked Fishermen and Mariners' Society, Glad- 
 stone's Female A.syluni, the Leith Boy.s' Charity School, a 
 society for the relief of the sick, and several societies of a 
 religious character. The chief manufactures are ropes, cord- 
 age, sail-cloth, bottles, soap, candies, paints, and co'.ors. 
 There are one or two breweries, a distilUry, i^veiai ship- 
 building yards, a sugar-refinery, a large establishment for 
 jireserving meat, several extensive saw-mill3, coopjrdg^s, 
 and iron foundries. The foreign trade of the port Is cv.iefly 
 with the N. countries of Europe, particularly thoje o\x the 
 Baltic: there is also some colonial, and an im )ortant coast- 
 ing trade. The principal imports are gra'n, wine, to'Ji.cco, 
 timber, hemp, hides, and tallow. The following Table 
 shows the declared amount of the exports for ti"* jears 
 specified : 
 
 £ ITean. 
 JS-i.-ioa isi;j . 
 
 Il.l,fi4,i 1850 . 
 
 S.s,:H9 i«jl . 
 
 112,02.') I8jJ 
 
 --- - I — 
 
 £ 
 254,700 
 :-'.i;6,552 
 8S8,2;,'3 
 4i)\,i9A 
 17^5()8ll.<!63 575,067 
 
 Ycirs, 
 
 ISW 
 
 IS43 
 
 1845 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 The custom duties collected in 1850 iimc-ar.tsi U .... 331,220 
 
 In 1849, the number of vessels regirfcerel at the port waB 
 206, tonnage 22,475: and, in ISSvi, the numb'ii- v.'as 187 sail- 
 ing, tonnage 19,490 ; 23 steam, tonnage 3790. The mimher 
 of vessels, with their tonnage, that entered and clc^irsd, la 
 1850, was as follows : — 
 
 Sailing Vessels. 
 
 Tom. 
 
 Stesmcri!. 
 
 Tonn. 
 
 Entered . . 2349 . . 
 
 If.!. 1)00 
 
 . B07 . . 
 
 in-i.O&J 
 
 Cleared . . 1203 . . 
 
 SSi.oCJ 
 
 . 8J0 . . 
 
 1£>0,687 
 
 Of these above a half In tonnage, and ar ahove a half In 
 numbers, consisted of coasting ve.ssels. The harbor has 
 been greatly improved of late years by the exten=-ou of the 
 pier. A west pier or breakwater advances towards the east 
 pier, making the entrance but 250 feet in width. By this 
 breakwater, the harbor is sheltered from N. winds, and. In 
 consequence of the improvements, it has gained considerably 
 In depth, which averages, at high water, spring-tides, 17 feet ; 
 and at neap-tides, 13 feet, in the fair way. There are two 
 wet-docks, each 250 yards in length, and 100 yards in breadth, 
 with a ba.sin of 10 acres in extent, cajiableof containing 150 
 ve.ssels; and, adjoining to these, 3 dry-docks, each 136 feel 
 long. On the West side of North Leith there are artillery 
 barracks and a battery, while the entrance to the harbor is 
 protected by a martello tower. Leith is mentioned, for the 
 first time, under the name of Inverleith. in a charter of 
 David I.: and, in 1329. a charter of Robert I. made a grant 
 of the port and mills of I.rtjith to the city of Edinburgh. It 
 early acquired a considerable trade, but suffered repeatedly 
 by war. In 1541, an Engli.sh fleet took pos.5ession of it; In 
 1549, It was occupied by the French troops sent to the assist- 
 ance of Mary of Guise; and, in 15C0, It was bi'sieged by a 
 
 1035 
 
LEI 
 
 bojy of English, sent by Elizabeth to assist the Keforniers. 
 It first obtained a sepai-ate and independent niajristracy in 
 1832. and, in 1838. itx docks and harbor were put under 
 commissioners. I^ieith communicates with Edinburgh by a 
 branch of the Edinburgli and Grauton Railway. Along 
 with I'ortobeilo and Musselburgh, it sends 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. Pop. in 1851, 30,676. 
 
 LEITIIA or LEYTA. See Lettha. 
 
 LUITil (leeth) IIILli, an elevated tract of England, co. of 
 Surrey. 4 miles S.W. of Dorking. On it is a tower 993 feet 
 ikbovo the s«a. 
 
 LEITUSVILLE, leetlis'vil, a post-oflBce of Xorthampton 
 to., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LEIT.MEIIITZ, lite'merits\ or LEUTMERITZ, loifmer- 
 its\ a fortified town of Bohemia, capital of a circle, on the 
 right bank of the Elbe. 34 miles N.X.W. of Prague. Pop. 
 4300. It hiis S suburbs, a cathedral, several convents, a 
 gymnasium, and an active trade in corn, fish, and wine. 
 
 LEITO.MISCIIKL. n'tomlsh'el, or LEUTOMISCilEL, loi'- 
 to-mishVl. a town of Bohemia. 24 miles S.E. of Chrudim. 
 Pop. 6395. It has several churches, a palace, a piarist col- 
 lege, a gymnasium, and a philosophical academy. 
 
 LEITllI.M, lee'trim, a maritime county of Ireland, pro- 
 Tince of Connaught, having X, Donegal Bay and county. 
 Area 613 square miles, or 392,320 acres, of which about 
 250,000 are cultivated, 116,000 mountain and bog, and 
 nearly 24,000 water. Pop. in 1851, 111,915. Surface mostly 
 wild and rugged. Chief rivers, the Shannon, Bonnet, and 
 Blackwater. Principal lakes, Allen, Melvin. and Gill. Lei- 
 trim contains 5 baronies and 17 parishes in the dioceses 
 of Kilmore and Ardagh. Assize town, Carrick-on-Shannon. 
 It sends 2 members to the Uou.«e of Commons, and gives 
 the title of iiarl to the Clements family. 
 
 LEITIUM, a village of Ireland, capital of the co. of Lei- 
 trim, on the Shannon, here crossed by a six-arched bridge, 
 8 miles N.E. of Carrick. Pop. 406. 
 
 LEITZK.\U, lifskOw, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Saxony, 9 miles S.E. of Miigdeburg. Pop. 1407. 
 
 LEI.VHP, licelip, a market-town and parish of Ireland. 
 Leinster, co. of Kildare, at the confluence of the Lifiey and 
 Rye, with a station on the Midland Great Western Railway, 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town, 1086. It is 
 beautifully situated, and has a castle, the seat of the Hon. 
 G. Cavendi.sh. 
 
 LEIZ.A., l:i'e-thi. a town of Spain. Navarre, province and 
 17 miles N.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1900. 
 
 LE.roOX or LEJJUX, led'joou', (L. LeJginT; perhaps the 
 Megiddn of Scripture,) a village of Palestine, 22 miles S.E. 
 of Acre. 
 
 LEK. See Leck. 
 
 LEKA, li/koh\ or LECKEXHAUS, l5k'k?n-hawce\ a mar- 
 ket-town of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on the GyiJngyos, 
 7 miles W.X.W. of GUns. Pop. 1169. 
 
 LEKEXTZE, Li-k^nt/seh, or LECII^^TZ. llK'nits, a vil- 
 lage of Transylvania, about 20 miles from Bistritz. P. 1121. 
 
 LEKKERK, iJk'kSak, a village of the Netherlands, South 
 Holland, on the Leck, 9 miles E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1882. 
 
 LEKXO. l^k'no, a town of Prussian Poland, 35 miles S.W. 
 of Bromberg. Pop. 460. 
 
 LEKSIIA. LEKCIIA, iJk'shi, or LEKTA, lek'ti, a lake 
 of Russia, in the X.W. of the government of Olonets, form- 
 ing a loug and narrow crescent stretching about 24 miles 
 with a breadtlt of about 3 miles. 
 
 LEK.SMDXD, iJks'mAnt/, a village of the Netherlands, 
 South Holland, on the Leck, 10 miles N.X.E. of Gorcum, with 
 a large horse fair. Pop. 1287. 
 
 LEL.VX, a town of Persia. See Leil.ax. 
 
 LE/LAXD'S MILLS, a post-office of Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 
 LELEf<Z. l.^MJs', a town of Hungary, co. and 11 miles 
 E.X.E. of Zemplin. Pop. 1609. It has a ca,stle. 
 
 LELUN'D.\. li-loon'di, a river of Africa, Congo, rises in 
 a mountainous district, E. of San Salvador, flows W., and 
 after a course of above 200 miles, falls into the South Atlantic, 
 about 40 miles S.S.E. of the mouth of the Congo or Zaire. 
 
 LEMA (iVma) I.-^LAXDS. the outermost group of the 
 ^eat archipiilago (Chine.se Se.i) that fronts the entrance to 
 Canton River, consists of three large and one small island. 
 The larirest. called Great Lema by Europeans, but Tam-quoon- 
 tow by the Chinese, is 6 miles long and li miles broad. 
 Lat. of X.E. end. 22° 4' 45" X.. Ion. 114° 18' 30" E. 
 
 LE MAIRK, leh mk. a strait of South America, the chan- 
 nel whl'h sjpanit^js Staten Island from Terra del Fuego, 
 about 2) miles wide. It is free from obstacles, and has 
 regular tides which materially assist ve.ssols in their pas.sage 
 when taken at the ri,-ht time. The tide ri.ses perpendicu- 
 larly from 6 to 8 feet, according to the wind. It was dis- 
 covered in 1016 by a Dutch navigator named Le Maire. 
 
 LEMAX. LAKE, .Switzerland. See Geneva. Lake of. 
 
 LEM AN AGHAX, le-uianVhan', a parish of Ireland, Lein- 
 ster. Kiuw CO. 
 
 LEM.VXS. See Mans, Le 
 
 LEMBAt^H. IJm'biK, or l^m'bJk', a village of France, de- 
 partment of IJas-Khin, .30 miles X. of StrastKturg. Pop. 1961. 
 
 LEMItlCCK. I?m1)%. a villaire of Bel-ium, province of 
 Boutb Urabant, 11 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. Pop. UOO. 
 1030 " 
 
 LEM 
 
 LEM/BERG, (Ger. pron. l^m'bfRa, Polish, Ltooiv, Iwof, L, 
 Lenp'olis,) sometimes called LE'OPOLD, a town of -Austria, 
 capital of the kingdom of Gnlicia, in a beautiful and ro^ 
 mantic district, 3tj5 miles E.X.E. of Vienna ; lat. 49° 51' 
 52" X.. ion. 24° 3' 11" E. It was originally surrounded 
 by walls and dit<-hes, which have been levelled, and con- 
 verted into walks; and, though founded in the 13th 
 century, has all the appearance of a modern town, having 
 increased so rapidly as to treble its population since 1773. 
 This rapid increase has taken plivce since Austria made it 
 a capital. Besides being the seat of the government, and of 
 the important courts and public offices neces.sarily connected 
 with it, it possesses three metropolitan see.s — Greek, Arme- 
 nian, and Roman Catholic. The buildings most deserving 
 of notice are the Greek metropolitan church, with the arch- 
 bishop's palace, magnificent structures in the Italian style; 
 the Latin cathedral, built by Casimir the Great, in 1.370; tho 
 Dominican church, after the model of St. Peter's at Rome; 
 the Protestant church; three synagogues, one of them a 
 recent erection, of large dimensions, ar. j! i-em.irka.bly hand- 
 some; the new town-hou.se, built on a uiignificent scale, at 
 an expense of about £60,(X)0; the university, pofee!;.<:ed of a 
 library of 48,000 volumes and i:umero-as collections, and 
 attended by about 1400 Ktuden'.e; the Osiwlinsk institute, 
 with a library of 58,000 volumes, relating mostly to .'Slavonic 
 history and literature, 1200 MSS., and 15.000 coins and 
 medals, and numerous coMi^tions of paintings, engru rings, 
 antiquities, Ac; the new theatie, built at the sole cxTJcnse 
 of a count, who bequeathed all h's p'operty for its mainte- 
 nance ; the theological and philoEophical In.^titute, for the 
 regular clergy; two seDiiuariss, iwo gjTanasia, an acaiemy 
 of arts, a normal and numerous other schools, superior and 
 elementary; a deaf and dui.ib institute, a cenerjl initrmnry 
 and lunatic asylum, a large mUitary hospital, an hospital 
 of the sisters of charity, a worktouse. penitentiary, and 
 large new house of correction, cxieajlve barracks, a military 
 swimming-school, and bathing establis'iment. The manu- 
 factures consist chiefly of woollen \nd cotton tiscuss; an^ 
 in the vicinity, about 1 mile from the tojrn, t'lere u a very 
 extensive tobacco-factory, belonging to go-'ernmsnt. L<?m- 
 berg depends far less on manufactures than ;n cojaueice. 
 Thi.s, which is very much in the hanas of tLe .Tews, who 
 here number more than 20,000, is very important, '.nd con- 
 centrates a great part of the trade of the kingdom. i)Iuch 
 of it is merely transit, and extends over the wliole year; 
 but a consider.ible portion of the whole is confined 'jj tha 
 large fairs, which take place at stated periods. The tijoijiit 
 of business then transjicted is very great. In 1656, Lembexg 
 succes.sfully resisted the Russians; in 1671, it was Laid onder 
 contribution by the Turks; unA, in 1704, was stormed by 
 the Swedes under Charles XII. Pop. in 1773, 25.000, in 
 1846. 70.970 ; in 1857, 70,384. 
 
 LEMBERG. Um^b^RO, a village of Bavaria, 3 m':}ez E. of 
 Pirmasens. Pop. 1240. 
 
 LEMBERG, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 15 miles E.S.E. 
 of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1240. 
 
 LEMBERG, a town of Prussian Silesia. Sec LiiWEXBEr.y. 
 
 LEMPERG, iSM^baiK', a vill.ige of France, department 
 of Moselle, 14 miles S.E. of Sarregiiemines, with 1900 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 LEMBEYE, ISM^b.V, a town of France, dopsrtment of 
 Basses-Pyrenees, 16 miles X.E. of Pau. Pop. in 18;"i2. 1405. 
 
 LEMEX'E. li-m.Vn.A, a river of Austrir.n lt;.!y, falls into 
 the Adriatic by several mouths, one of which enters Port 
 Falconera: total course about -35 miies. 
 
 LEMFORDE (Ijcmforde,) l^m'fiiBMeh, a marliet-town of 
 Hanover, county and 10 miles S. of Diephoiz. Pop. 912. 
 
 LE.MGO, Ifm'go. a town of tho principality of Lippe-Det- 
 mold. Central Germany, on the Begn, 6 miles X. of Detmold. 
 Pop. 2022, mostly Lutherans. It is enclosed by w!.lls; has 
 several churches, a convent, a palace of the prince, a gymnar 
 slum, seminarv for noble ladies, tnd orphan a-sylum. 
 
 LEMHEXY.'li^m'hto'. written also LEIIMEX, a vill.age of 
 Transylvaniji, about 50 miles from Kronstadt. Pop. T42. 
 
 LESiIE, l.Vme-A. or lilni'y.-\, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of and S. from Turin, on the Chiara. P. 2050. 
 
 LEM'IXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 LE.MIXGTOX. a village of England, co. of Xorthumher- 
 land, parish of Nejrburn on the Tyne. containing the 
 extensive works of the Tyne Iron Company, and also large 
 crown-glass works. 
 
 LEiilXGTOX. a post-township of Essex co.. Vermont, on 
 the Connecticut River, al)out 37 miles X.E. of .\U!rusta P, 207. 
 
 LEMLfWM. LEMLOU.M, or LE:\ILUM. IJm^oom'. or LAM- 
 LTJM. IdmUoom', a village of .Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of 
 Bagdad, on the Euphrates. 62 miles S.E. of the ruins of 
 Babylon. S.E. from it are the marshes of I.«inloom, a wide 
 and inundated tract, partly cultivated for rice. 
 
 LEMMER. li^m'mer. a town of the Xetherlands, pDvliice 
 of Frieslaiul. on the Zuvder Zee. 14 miles S. of Sneek. P. 2327. 
 
 LEMMOXGAX. bW-mon-gdn', or LA>IMt>XGAX, Hm- 
 mon-gJn'. a volcano in .Tava. alwut 60 miles E..S E. of Soera 
 bava.VSoorabava'): heiirht 6561 feet 
 
 LEM'NOS,an island of the Greek Archipelago, gee St.\- 
 
 LIMXI. 
 
LEM 
 
 LEN 
 
 LEM'ON, a township of 'Wyoming co.,Ponnsylvania. P.404. 
 
 LKMON, a townsliip in the N.E. jwrt of Butler co., Ohio, 
 intersected by the Miami Canal. Pop. 4144. 
 
 LKMuN ClvEKK, a post-oilice of Richmond co., New York. 
 
 LUM'ONKAIK HlViJK, a mill stream of Addison co., Ver- 
 mont, falls into Otter Creek. 
 
 LK.MO.N I'L.VCIi), a village of Lancaster co., I'enusylvania, 
 on the I'iiiladelphia and Columbia Itailroad, 12 miles K. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 LE.MU-N'T', a postrtownship. forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Cook CO., Illinois. Pop. 1389. 
 
 LKMDVICKS. See Limoges. 
 
 LEMON VVIKR, lemVn-weer', a small river of Juneau co., 
 Wiscousiu, flows into Wisconsin Uiver. 
 
 Lli.Ml'A, lom'pi, a river of Central America, state of Pan 
 Salv.ador, enters the I'.'H'iflc Ocean ■ib miles S.K. of that city. 
 
 LK.\U'l)i;.S, 18.\d (?) a market-towu of France, department 
 of I'uy de-Dome, 5 miles S.E. of Clermont. I'op. 11)35. 
 
 LKMl'S. LE UKA.N0, lo.\o li-h grAs", a town of France, 
 department of Isjre, 20 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1703. 
 
 Lh^MP'STEH, a post-township of Sullivan co., New Hamp- 
 shire, 35 miles W. of Concord. I'op. 820. 
 
 Li:M.SAL,lcm-sil', LIMBASIIA or LIMBASCIIA, lim-bit/- 
 shd, a town of Russia, government of I^ivonia, near the 
 Gulf of Kiga, 30 miles W. of Volmar. Pop. 1U5U. 
 
 LKMVIG, iSm'vig, a town of Denmark, Jutland, on theS. 
 shore of the Lymtiord, 32 miles N.E. of itingkiiibing. P. SOO. 
 
 LK'NA, (Kus. pron. lA-nlA) one of the principal rivers of 
 Asia, and the most easterly and largest of the great streams 
 of Siberia, its basin, lying between those of the Yenisei on 
 the W., and the Yana and Indigirka on the E. It rises near 
 Irkootsk, W. of Lake Baikal, and enters the Arctic Ocean by 
 numerous mouths, between lat. 72^ and 73^ N., and Ion. 
 126° and 130° E. Total course 2400 miles, the whole of 
 which is within the Russian dominions. Chief tributaries, 
 the Vitim, Aldan, and Viliooi, both of which last it receives 
 N. of lat. t>3°. At a distance of 800 miles from the ocean is 
 a noble river, 5 or 6 miles in width, and it is generally 
 navigalile with safety; but in a great part of ifs course it 
 flows through a frozen desert. 
 
 Ll'^NA, a postroffice of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 LENA, a post office of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 LENAPE. See Lensi-Lenxappk. 
 
 LEXARK FALLS, a post-office of Clierokeo county, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 LKN'AWKE, a county in the S.E. part of Michigan, bor- 
 dering on Oliio, contains 730 square miles. It is traversed 
 by the Raisin River, and its North and South branches, and 
 .ilso drained by Macon River, Little Raisin, and by Tiffin's, 
 Evans', Bear, and Beaver Creeks. The surface is undulating. 
 The soil is a black, sandy loam, mostly free from stone, and 
 very fertile. The railroad leading from Monroe to Chicago 
 passes through the county. Ii-on ore has been found. Capi- 
 tJil, Adrian. Pop. 38,112. Lenawee is among the most popu- 
 lous counties of the state. 
 
 LENCU, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 LENCLOlTKK, lii.N"^klwat'r', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Vienne, 16 miles N. of Poitiers. P. in 1852, 1422. 
 
 LENCZV, I'nfchee, LENCZYC, l^n'chits. or LKNCZYCA, 
 iJn-chit'si. written also LEN'TSCHEK' and LHX'CIIEK', a 
 town of I'olaud, government and 80 miles W.S.AV. of War- 
 saw. Pop. 3370, one-half of whom are Jews. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has several convents. 
 
 I^iKNDKLlDE, 15.\oMeh-leed', a town of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, about 19 miles S. of Bruges, Pop. 4190. 
 
 LENDINARA, lin-de-nii'ri, a fortified town of Austrian 
 Ital)\ government of Venice, capitjil of a district, delegation 
 und 9 miles ^V. of Rovigo. Pop. 5500, mostly employed in 
 agriculture. 
 
 LKNDZl.V, lint-seen', a town of Prussia, province of Sile- 
 bia, government of Oppeln, circle of I'less. Pop. 1440. 
 
 LEXGAZA, a lake of Turkey. See Lanoaza. 
 
 LKXGEFELD, lSng'eh-filt\ a town of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, 14 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 3995, mostly 
 employed in manufactures of woollen and linen stuffs, and 
 in steam cotton-mills. 
 
 LKXu HXFELD, ling'fn-fMt\ a town of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, 20 miles S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2425. 
 
 LEX(iEXFELD, a town of Lower Austria. See Lanoenfeld. 
 
 LEXGEXF'FiLD, a village of Germany, Tyrol, circle of 
 Imst, near Selz. Pop. 1544. 
 
 LEXGENFELD, a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, 
 circle of lleiligenstadt, on the Friede. Pop. 1290. 
 
 LEXGERICIL llng'eh-riK\ or MARGARETIIEN-LENGE- 
 RICII. uiaR^gijrA'tfin-lJng'eh-riK', a town of Prussian 'West- 
 phalia, 19 miles N.N.E. of MUnster, at the foot of a mountain. 
 Pop. 1430. It has ipanufivctures of silk, woollen, and linen 
 stuffs. 
 
 LENG ERICH, a village of Hanover, 29 miles N.W. of 
 Osnabriick. 
 
 LEXtJXAU, lSng'n('5w, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern. 3 miles N. of Biiren. Pop. 600. 
 
 LEXGX.* U, (Oder, c/ber, and Unter, oon'ter,) two vill.ages 
 if Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 4 miles S.S.E. of Zurzach. 
 United fjpulation, 1330. 
 
 LENOSFELD. Ijngs'f'lt, a town of Central Germany, 
 grand-duchy of Saxe-Weimar, principality and IC miles 
 S.S.W. of Eisenach. Pop. 2239. It is enclosed Vy walls, and 
 has 2 castles. 
 
 LEX(;SFELD or SCIIENK-LENGSFELD, shJnk-lSngs'f-lt, 
 a market-town of Central Germany, grand-duchy of Hesse- 
 IJarmstadt, province of Starkeuburg, 5 miles S.S.E. of Die* 
 burg. I'op. 1160. 
 
 LEN'HAM, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Kent. 
 
 LENK, link, a parish and village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, in the Simmeuthal, 22 miles S.S W. of 'I'hun. P. 2240. 
 
 LEXKERAN, a town of Russia. See IjANKEkan. 
 
 LENXE, Ijn'neh, a river of Kheiiish Prussia, joins the 
 Ruhr 18 miles N.E. of Elberfeld. after a course of 6u miles. 
 
 LKNNEP. len'nJp, a town of Rhjnish Prussia, capital of 
 a circle, 21 miles F^.S.E, of DusseWorf, en the Lennep. Pop. 
 4910. It has manufactures of woollen? and cottons. 
 
 LEN'NIK ST. QUEN/TIN, (Fr. prou K-n'neek' siV:;" k'soV 
 t^N"',) a market-town of Belg'um, pwvince of South Br* 
 bant, 9 miles S.W. of IJrusselt-. Pop 2000. 
 
 LENN1-LENNAPPJ5, len'n j-len'imp'pA, usually eallp<J LE- 
 NAPE, a tribe of Indians cf North America, tbrmerly nu- 
 merous. Thej' are the same as the Delawares. 
 
 LENNO, iJn'no, a village in the N.W. of Lombiirdy, prov- 
 ince of Como, 6 miles from Memiggio. It is celebrated for 
 the niiiiiber of its antiquities. 
 
 LEX'XOX, the ancient name of the county of DuKjbarton, 
 Scotland, comprising also parts of the counties ol Stirling, 
 i'erth. and Renfk-ew. It gives the title of Duke, in the 
 Scotch peerage, to the Duke of Richmond, See Dumbaktos. 
 
 liEXNOX, a village of Massachusetts, See Lenox. 
 
 LENNOX HILLS are a range extending between the 
 counties of Bumbarton and Stirling, The highest summit 
 rises about 1500 feet above the sea. 
 
 LENNOX TOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of ptirline, 
 parish of Campsie, 9 miles N. of Glasgow. I'op. 2S21, em- 
 ployed in large calico print-works and collieries. It is the 
 seat of a sheriffs' court. Adjacent is Lennox Castle. 
 
 LENN'S CREEK, a post-offlce of Kanawha co., Virginia. 
 
 LENO, lA'no, a marketrtown of Lombardy, 12 miles S. of 
 Brescia, near the JlelJa. Pop. 3805. Manufactures linen, 
 silk, and cotton. 
 
 LENOIR, le-nore', a county in the S.E. part of North 
 Carolina. Area estimated at 450 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Neuse River. The surface is nearly level, 'llis 
 soil is generally sandy. The Neuse River is navigable by 
 large boats in this county. Formed in 1791, and named in 
 honor of General William Lenoir, an officer in the war of 
 the Revolution. Capital, Kingston. Pop. 10,220, of whom 
 5080 were fiee, and 5140 slaves 
 
 LENOIR, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co.. North 
 Carolina, is situated on the Yadkin liiver. near its source, 
 180 miles W. from Raleigh. Pop. about 300. 
 
 LENOIR'S, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee. 
 
 LENOL.\. lA-nold, a village of Naples, province of Terra 
 di I>avoro. 16 miles N.N.W. of Gaeta. I'op. 2160. 
 
 LE.N'OX, a post-village and township, countv-seat of 
 Berkshire CO., Massachuseits, on the Iluusatonie River and 
 Railroad, 6 miles S. of Pittsfield. The village has an ele- 
 vated situation, and contains many fine residences, 3 church- 
 es, an academy, founded in 1803, and about llOO inliabitauts. 
 Pop. of township, 1711. 
 
 LENOX, a post-township in the N. part of Madison co.. 
 New York, intersected by the Central Railroad and Erie 
 Cauiil, and by a branch of the Oswego Elver, 115 miles W. 
 by N, of Albany. Pop. 8021. 
 
 LENOX, a posirtownship of Susquehanna CO., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 16 miles S.E. of Jlontrose. Pop. 1791. 
 
 LENOX, a post-township in the central part of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio, 170 miles N. E. of Columbus. Pop. 873. 
 
 LENOX, a postrtownship in the E. part of Macomb co, 
 Michigan. 90 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. 1453. 
 
 LEN'OX, a county of Canada West, situated on the N 
 coast of Lake Ontario, near the commencement of the river 
 St. Lawrence. Area 170 square miles. Pop. 7955. 
 
 LENOX BASIN, a village of Madison co.. New York, on 
 the Erie Canal, about 120 miles AV. by N. of Albany. 
 
 LENOX CASTLE, a postoffice of Kockingham co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LENOX FURNACE, a post^jflttce of Berkshire co., Massar 
 chusetts. 
 
 LEN'OXVILLE, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LEN'OXVILLE, a post-village of Canada East. co. of 
 Sherbrooke, near the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 
 98 miles S.E. of Slontreal. It contains a church, 4 or 5 
 stores, a ladies' school, collegiate school, and Bi.'^hop's Col- 
 lege with 4 professors. 
 
 LENS, l6x">, (ane. Elenat or Lenensef), a town of France, 
 department of Pas-de-Calai.s, 9 miles N.E. of Arras. Pop. in 
 1852, 9796. It has coal-mines, distilleries, tanneries, and 
 soap-works. Here, in 1648, the Prince of Conde gained a 
 sigiual victory over the Spanish forces. 
 
 LENS, 16x0, a village of Belgium, province of Ila'.naut, 
 on the Dender, 7 miles N.N.W. of Mous. Pop, 1800. 
 
 1037 
 
 J 
 
LEiq- 
 
 LEO 
 
 Li;>J5, A parish and village of Switzerland, canton of 
 ? ilais, 5 u)ile.s -N.K. of Sion. Pop. 1622. 
 
 LKXT, lent, a village of Holland, province of Gelderland, 
 on the Waal, opposite to Nymwegeu, with which it is con- 
 nected by a fijing bridge. Fop. 1171. 
 
 LKNTA, ljn't;i, a village of the Sardinian States, province 
 »nd 12 miles N. of Vercelli, on the Sesia. Pop. 1200.. 
 
 LENTCilEK, a town of Poland. See Lenuzt. 
 
 LK.'sT'II.\LL, a parish of England, co. of llereford. 
 
 LKNTIA. Set Li.ntz. 
 
 LENTIM, LAKE OF, Sicily. See Biveri. 
 
 LEM'I.VI, 14n-tee'ne, or LEOM'IM, lA-on-tee'nee, (anc. 
 LeimUhii and Lenn'tiuni,) a town of Sicil}-, iiitendanoy of 
 Syracuse, on a hill near Lake Biveri, 15 miles S.S.W. of 
 Catania. Pop. 5100. It has a gunpowder-mill, and an ac- 
 tive fishery on the adjoining lake. 
 
 LE.N'XiJ.V, a parish of l..ngland, county and If miles 
 W.S.W. of Nottingham, on the Nottingham Branch of the 
 Midland i{ailway. Pop. 4407. It has a court-room and jail. 
 
 LE.S UDr^'S FEKRV, a post-office of Williamsburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 LE.V'Y', a romanticmountain pass of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 2 miles W". of Callander. Loch Lubnaig here discharges its 
 waters by a stream which joins the Teith near Callander. 
 
 LENZBL'KG. lents'buwRO, a town of Switzerland, canton 
 •.f Aargau, 7 miles E. of Aarau. Pop. 1700. 
 
 LENZ/BUlit;, a post-office of St. Clair CO., Illinois. 
 
 LENZEN or LENTZEN, lent'sen, a town of IVussian 
 Pa.xony, province of Brandenburg, 83 miles N.W. of Pots- 
 dam. Pop. 3000. 
 
 LE.VZl.NttllAUSKX, 15nt'sing-how'zen, a village of Rhe- 
 nish Prussia, government of Minden, circle of llerford. 
 Pop. low. 
 
 LENZKIRCII. UntsTcCeRK, (Oder, o'bfr, and Uxter, oon'- 
 tfr,) two villages of Germany, in Baden, 3j miles S. of 
 Keustadt. 
 
 Ltyo, a post-office of Il.abersham co., Georgia. 
 
 LEO. a post-office of .\llen co., Indiana. 
 
 LEVBAD'DA. a town of W. Africa, on the right bank of 
 the Niger, lat. 9° 20' N., Ion. 5° 45' K., surrounded by an 
 immensely thick wall. I'op. 6000. 
 
 LEOBEN, lA-o'ben, a town of .\ustria, in Styria, 9 miles 
 W.S.W. of Briick, on the Mur. Pop. 2000, mostly employed 
 In mining and forging iron. The peace oif Leoben. between 
 i'rance and Austria, was concluded here. April 18, 1797. 
 
 LEOBEKSD )i{F, lA-o'bfrs-doRf\ or LOIBHaSDORF, loi'- 
 bersdoRf \ a village of Lower Austria, on the Triesting, on the 
 South Railway, aix)ut 21 miles S.S.W.iof Vienna. Pop. 1200. 
 
 LEOBSCIIUTZ. (Leobschiitz,) or LUBCZYCE, l4'op-shiits\ 
 (Slavonic. llUtlizien. h"l(Hjb'ze-?n,) a town of Prussian Silesia, 
 83 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 6230. 
 
 LEiJG.\NE, PiVg.ln', a town of ILiyti, capital of an 
 arrondissement on its W. coast, 20 miles W. of Port-au- 
 Prince, at the S.E. angle of the Gulf of Leogane, an inlet 
 of the Caribbean Sea, about 120 miles in length. 
 
 LEiJ.MIL, lA-o-meel'. a town of Portugal, province of Beir.a- 
 Alta, near the Tavora, about 15 miles S.E. of Lamego. 
 Top. 1187. 
 
 LEOMINSTER, lJm'in-st«r. a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough, market-town", and parish of England, county 
 and 12 uiiles N.N.W. of Hereford, on the Lugg. Pop. in 
 1851. 4195. It has an ancient church, a grammar school, 
 founded by Queen Slary ; a grotesquely built town-hall, or 
 "butter cros.s" erected in 1033; a jail, hou.se of industrj', 
 l-arke*>house, and branch bank ; with manufactures of lea- 
 ther, gloves, and hats. Leominster sends 2 memls^rs to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 LIvJMIXSTEK. a p.arish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LE»11XSTER. llm'in-sti.T, a thriving post-village and 
 township of Worcester co., MassachusettsT on the Fitchburg 
 Railroad, and on the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad. 26 
 miles .\. by i:. of Worcester, and 46 miles W.N.W. of Boston. 
 The Nashua River flows through it, furnishing good water- 
 power, whii'h is extensively eniployed in the manufacture 
 of horn and other combs, this being the principal seat of 
 that business in the state. In lS.i3 there were here 28 esta- 
 blishments, employing 314 operatives, and producing combs 
 to the value of $270,ti00. Paper and piano-fortes are also 
 made in Leominster. Pop. of the township in ISflO, 3522. 
 
 LEON, lee'on. (Sp. pron.. l:\-r)n'.) an old province and for- 
 merly a kingdom, in the N.W. of Spain, now divided into 
 the provinces of Leon. Salamanca, and Zamora. It was ori- 
 ginally c.'illed the kingdom of the Asturias. and w.as united 
 to Castile in 1-230. The new province of Leon in the north- 
 ern portion, has an area of 7176 square miles; and a popu- 
 lation of 288.R33. ^ ^ 
 
 The KiNOiWM OP Leon was founded in 915. by Ordono II. : 
 and in the 1 1th century was annexed to the crown of Cas- 
 tile. by Ferdinand the Great. It made attempts to resume 
 Its independence in the 12th century, but. though still re- 
 taining the name of a kingdom, wiig finallr incorporated 
 with tlie monarchy in the 13th century, by Ferdinand III. 
 As a territory, still recognised by geographers, and fre- 
 quent', y meif'.ioned by historical and other writers, it is 
 bounded X. by Asturias, E. by Old Castile, S. by New Cas- 
 1038 ' 
 
 tile and Estremadura, W. by Portugal, and N'.W. by Galiciai 
 and comprises the five modern provinces of Leon,"p!ilencia, 
 Valladolid. Zamora. and Salamanca. 
 
 LEON, (anc. Le'gio SeptHma O'cm'ina.) a city of Spain, 
 capital of a province, on the Bernesga. at its conliuence 
 with the Torio, 60 miles S.E. of Oviedo, and 174 riiles 
 N.N.W. of .Madrid. Pop. 7074. It is built in the form of 
 an octagon, surrounded by ancient walls in a somewhat 
 dilapidated state, and entered i)y 11 gates. The streets are 
 generally narrow, irregular,111 paved and dirty, and many 
 of the houses aie untenanted, and in a state of decay. The 
 streets, called .Nueva and Plegaria. or liajada de San ".Martin, 
 however, having Ijeen recently widened and improved, are 
 decidedly handsome; and there are four principal s.iuareg, 
 ail of them lined by handSLime edifices, while that called 
 the Plaza Mayor, or I'laza de la Constitucion, is remarkable 
 for the regularity of its form, and a fine front of balconies. 
 The fountains, also, some of them composed of marble and 
 jasper, with allegorical figures, are elegant structures; and 
 a finely planted space, called the Espolon de Puerta Cas- 
 tillo, affords a beautiful and much frequented promenade. 
 The print ipal public edifices are the Cathedral, a beatitiful 
 specimen of the purest Gothic, with facade composed of five 
 richly sculptured pointed arches, and flanked by two re- 
 markably elegant and lofty towers; the church of San 
 Isidore, an ancient and massive structure. alsoG(thic: and 
 13 other churches, and 4 hospitals. Adj. and iuhab. Leo- 
 nese. leeVneez'. 
 
 LEON, a town of Central America, capital of Nicaragua, 
 occupying the site of a Large Indian town, called Sulitiaba, 
 on a large and fertile plain, nearly equidistant from Lake 
 Ijcon or Managua and the Pacific ; lat. 12° 25' N., Ion. 86° 
 57' W. It stands between deep ravines, the numerous 
 springs in which furnish it with copious supplies of pure 
 water, and covers a large area, laid out on a regular plan, 
 in spacious streets, with intervening squares. The houses, 
 built of adobes, are seldom of more than one story ; but 
 each encloses a spacious court, planted with trees, and en- 
 tered by a portal, which is often lofty, in the style of the 
 Moresque arches, common in Spain, and profusely and 
 tastefully ornamented. In the disturbances and revolutions 
 which have long agitated the country, Leon has had its full 
 share. Slany of its houses have, in consequence, bc-ome 
 dilapidated, and even considerable portions are mere heaps 
 of ruin. On one occasion above a lhou.=and hou.ses, in its 
 richest and best built quarter, were burned down in a single 
 night. The public edifices are considered among the finest 
 in Central .\mcrica. and include a large and mas.sive cathe- 
 dral, crowned by a lofty, central dome ; the Episcojial I'alace, 
 surrounded by fine gardens; the churches of La Merced, 
 Recoleccion. and Calvario, remarkable for their size and fine 
 facades, and various other churches ; the Tridentine college 
 of St. Ramon, once a flourisliing establishment, with pro- 
 fessorships of law and medicine, and numerous students; 
 but now possessed only of a nominal existence; the govern- 
 ment-house, Cuartel General, or head barracks; and the 
 hospital, occupying the old convent of San Juan de Bios. 
 The manufactures of Leon are confined chiefly to articles in 
 dressed leather and cutle.ry; and tlie traile, owing to its 
 inland situation, does little more than supply its local wants. 
 Pop. in 1847, 30,000. 
 
 IjEOX, la^Ax"', a viilaso of France, department of Landes, 
 on a lagoon, 17 miles N.W. of Dax. I'op. 14o2. 
 
 LE/OX, a county in the northern part of F'lorida, bordering 
 on Georgia, has an area of 800 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the N.VV. by the Ocklockonnee River. The surface is 
 undulating ; the soil fertile. This is the most populous 
 county in the state, and contains Tallahassee, the capital of 
 Florida. A railroad extends from Tallahassee to St. Mark's 
 Pop. 12,;i43. of whom 3254 were free, and 9089 slaves. 
 
 LEON, a county in the N'.E. central part of Texas, has an 
 area of about 800 square miles. The Trinity River forms 
 its boundary on the E. and the N'avasoto on the \\. It is 
 drained by Upper and Lower Keedii Creeks. The surface 
 is diversified by prairies and woodlands. Capital, i.eona. 
 Pop. 6781. of whom 4161 were free. 
 
 LEON, a post-village and township of Cattaraugus county, 
 New York, about 40 miles S. of BufTalo. Pop. iy99. 
 
 LEON, a i)ost-village in Madison co., Virginia, li'O miles 
 N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 LF;0N, a post-office of Mason co.. W Virginia 
 
 LEON, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio, '208 miles N.E. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 LEON, a post-office of Monroe co., Wisconsin. 
 
 LEON, U-6ne'. a town of the Mexican Confederation, state 
 and 30 miles W.N.W. of Guanajuato; about 6000 fei^t above 
 the sea. It has several handsome chttrehes. and is one of 
 the most industrious pLaces in the Confederation. I'np. (000. 
 
 LEON, a river of Central America, enters the Ctiriljbean 
 Sea 75 miles W. of Trujillo. Length 30 miles. 
 
 LEON, a river of New Grenada. See Gcacuba. 
 
 LEON, lA-on', MANAGUA, m.^-n^'gwd, or MATIARES, 
 mJ-te-^rfs, L.AKE OF. a lake of Central America, state of 
 Nicaragua, lat. 12° 15' N.. Ion. 86° 15' W.. is ?.,> miles in 
 length, by 15 miles in greatest breath. Its surface it '28 feet 
 
LEO 
 
 LER 
 
 above that of the Lake of Nicaragua, with which it commu- 
 nicates at lis K. end by the river Tipitapa: 
 
 l,li."N S., a post-villau'e, capital of licou co., Texas, about 
 120 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of Austin City. 
 
 LKJ-NA-RDSliUKU, Uu'ards bCirg, a postoiiice of Delaware 
 CO., Ohio 
 
 LKO.\Ai?DSTOWN, IJn'ards-town, a post- village, capital 
 of .St. Mary's co.. ifarylaud, ou Britton's Kiver, u5 miles 8. 
 by \V. of Aunapolis, contiiius a newspaper office aud au 
 academy. Pup. 568, 
 
 LliONAKUSVlLLE, l.^n'ard.'^vin, a posirvillage of Madi- 
 Bon CO., New York, on Unadilla liiver, about 88 miles W. of 
 Albany. It has a national bank. Pop. in 1855, 331. 
 
 LEON A VICARIA. See Saltillo. 
 
 LKOXBERG, ll/on-bSRo\ a town of Wiirtemberg, 8 miles 
 W.N.^V. of Stuttgart. l>op. 2200. It is the birth place of 
 the philosopher .Schelling. 
 
 Lli(J.\lJ.\.. a post-oliice of Miami co., Indiana. 
 
 LKOXDAIU, li'on-diVee, LKONTAKI, li/on-taVee, or 
 LOXDAIII, lon-di'ree, (anc. Leuc'lra?) a town of Greece, 
 Morea, government of (Jortyuia. near the head of the llou- 
 phia. (anc. Alpke'a.f.) 18 miles S.W. of Tripolitza. 
 
 LK'.).\Di.N(ji. li'onding\ a village of Upper Austria, circle 
 of Jllihl. about 4 miles from Lintz. Pop. 2220. 
 
 LKO.NESS.\, lAo-iiiVsl, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo-Ultra, 12^ miles N. of Civitii-Ducale, on the Corno. 
 P. 05U0. It has a college. 3 parish churches, and 7 convents. 
 
 LKONFliLDE.V, ll/on-f. rdyn, an ancient and once fortified 
 market-town of Unper Austria. 15 miles N. of Lintz. P. fiOU. 
 
 LEaNFOKXE, lion-foK'td, or LIONFOHTK, le-on-foit/tA, a 
 town of Sicily, 37 miles W.N.W". of Catania. It is situated 
 in a mouiifciinous district, enclosed by walls. It consists 
 chiefly of an exteii.sive scjuare, opened into by two spacious, 
 well-built streets. It carries on a considerable trade in 
 corn, wine, and silk, lioth asphaltum and sulphur are 
 found in the uei,:ihborhc)Od. Pup. 10,C78. 
 
 LEi )NIIAIIT, li'oa-hatit. a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle 
 of Botzen. in a valley of the same name. Pop. 1560. 
 
 LIOOXI, Ho'nee, a town of Naples, province of Priucipato 
 Ultra, 4 miles S. of Sant' .\ngelo. Pop. 4000. 
 
 LK;)'NI, a post-towuship in the S.K. part of Jackson co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1396 
 
 LEON I, a thriving past -village in Grass Lake township, 
 Jackson co., Michigan, on tlie (Central liailroad, C8 miles \V. 
 of Detroit. It contains several churches, flouring-mills, Ac. 
 Pop. in 1860, about SOO. 
 
 LKOX'l DAS. a post-village and township of St. Joseph co., 
 Michigan, on the St. Joseph's Kiver, about 125 miles \V. by 
 S. from Detroit. Pop. of the village, about 300 ; of town- 
 ship, 1256. 
 
 LEONJL, lA-o-neel', a village of Brazil, province of Ma tto- 
 Grosso, on the Ouapore, about 30 miles above Fort Principe 
 iS. Beira. I'op. lOOO. 
 
 LE'ON HPVCR, of Texas, rises in the N.W. central part 
 of the state, and flowing S.li. unites with Lampasas River, 
 In Bell county. 
 
 LKONTAHI, a town of Greece. See Leoxc^ri. 
 
 LEONTIUM or LEONTINI. See Lemi.vi. 
 
 LE'H'OLD, a town of Galici.a. See Lbmberg. 
 
 LE'0P>L1), a post-village and township of Perry CO., In- 
 diana, 14 miles N. of Home. Settled by Belgians. French, 
 aud Irish. It contains 1 Catholic chapel. Pop. of town- 
 ship. 758. 
 
 LEOPOLD, lee'o-pi'ld or IJp'oW, a port of North America, 
 near the N.W. entraii<e of Prince Regent's Inlet from Bar- 
 row's Strait, in bit. 73° 60' N.. Ion. 90° 10' W. Sir James 
 Ross, in his sennh for Sir John Franklin, was frozen up 
 here from September. 1848, to August, 1849. 
 
 LEJPOLD. a capo on the W. coast of Baffin's Bay, lat. 75° 
 47' N., Ion. 78° 10' W. 
 
 LEOPOLDAU. Iii-ii'pol-dijw, a village of Lower Austria, 5 
 miles N.N.E. of Vienna. 
 
 LK'OPOLD ISLAND, in Barrow's Strait, North America, 
 lat. 74° 3' N., Ion. 89° 53' V.\ 
 
 LEOPOLDOVA, lA-o^oI-dov'tih, a village of the Austrian 
 Empire, in Hunirarv. Bsuat. near the Danube. Pop. 2257. 
 
 LEOP'.)LDS'lADr, Pi-o'|)ol(Jst:itt\ (Ilun. LenpMvar, Ii\'- 
 op^old'van'.) a strongly ftirtified town of Central Ilunsrary, 
 00 miles N.W. of Pesth, on the Waag. Pop. 1700. It has 2 
 arsenals, built by Leopold I., Roman Catholic and Protest- 
 ant churches, and a synagogue. . 
 
 LE')Vi). lUyvo. a town oi South Ru-ssia. government of 
 Bessarabia, on the Pruth, 50 mileR S.W. of Kishenev. P. 2000. 
 
 LEI'ANTO, le-pan'to, or I.Vpin'to, called also EPACl'O, 
 A-pi^k'to. (anc. Nnu.pac'lus,) a seaport town of Greece, 
 government 6f /F.tolia, on the N. coast of the Gulf of 
 Lepanto. 12 miles N.E. of Patras. It was anciently of 
 considerable importance; stood a siege, in 1475, from the 
 Turks, who. after four months, were obliged to retire, with 
 a loss of 30.000 men ; and is memorable for the naval battle 
 fought within the Gulf in 1571. between the Ottoman fleet 
 and the combined fleets of the Chri.stian States of the 
 Mediterranean, under Don .lohn (Juan) of Austria, when 
 the former, consisting of 200 galleys and 60 other vessels, 
 was destroyed. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LEPANTO, GULF OF. See Corimr, Qmr o? 
 
 LEI'ANTO, STRAIT OF, the entrance to the Gulf of .'V 
 rinth, Greece, at its narrowest part about 1 mile across, 
 and defended by a castle on either side. Here, on 8th 
 October, 1571, the fleet under Don John of Austria totally 
 defeated that of the 'I'urks. 
 
 LEPE, W\)\, a seaport town of Spain, province and 11 
 miles W. of Iluelva, near the Atlantic. Pop. 3024. 
 
 LEPEL. N£\V. l.iVl: or l.-l-pJl', a town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Vitebsk, on Lake Bereshta, t2 miles W.S.W. 
 of Vitebsk, has 2700 inhabitants. 
 
 LEPEL, OLD, a town of Russian Poland, government of 
 Vitebsk, about 3 miles N.W. of New Lepel. 
 
 LEI''E1!S' ISLE, one of the New Hebrides, Pacific, between 
 Espiritu Santo and .\urora. L.at. 15° 22' S., Ion. 167° 54' E. 
 
 LEPONTINE ALPS. See Alps, page 62. 
 
 LKI'SENY. Ifp'shAfl', or LEPSTN. Ijp'sheen'. a village of 
 Ilungarv. 17 miles E.S.E. of Veszprira. Pop. 1233. 
 
 LEPf IS MAGNA. See LEiiinA. 
 
 LEP'TON, a township of England, co. of York. West 
 Riding. 
 
 LE PUY, leh pwee. See Put. 
 
 LEQUEITIO, lAki'te-o, a maritime town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Biscay, 17 miles E.N.E. of Bilbao, on the Bay of 
 Biscay. Pop. 2335. Its harbor is defended liv several tbrts. 
 
 LEQUIO, l;l/kwe-o, or LECCO, iJk'ko. a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, Piedmont, province of Slondovi. I'op. 1520. 
 
 LE R.\Y, a township of .Jefferson co.. New York. P. 3159. 
 
 LE RAYS'VILLE, a thriving post-village of Jefferson co., 
 New York, near Black River. 12 miles E.N.E. of Watertown. 
 
 LE HAYSVILLE, a post-village of Bradford co., Peuug3ri- 
 vania, 16 miles E. by N. of Towanda. 
 
 LKItCIIENFELD, ljRK'en-frlt\ or NEU-LEKCHENFELD, 
 noi-IjRK'vn-f 'lO, a village of Lower Austria, near Vienna, 
 or rather one of its suburbs. It is well and regularly 
 built, and consists chiefly of wine and beer shops, much 
 frequented by the citizens of the capital. Pop. 7<<S0. 
 
 LEREZ. lA'rJth, a m.irket-town of Spain, province and 5 
 miles E. of Pontevedra. on the river l^erez. I'op. 2088. 
 
 LERICI, Ifr'e-che, (anc. tyrt/r. or Par'tus E'rych.) a marl- 
 time town of Italy. Sardinia, division of Genoa, on the Gulf of 
 Spezzia, 5 miles E.S.E. of Spezzia. Pop. .5217. It is defended 
 by a pentagonal castle, has a Capuchin monastery, with 
 one of the largest churches which that order possesses, the 
 buildings of iin old Augustine monastery, several palaces, 
 an hospital, and a harbor, which is much freqtiented by 
 coasting vessels. The fishery on the coast em.ploys a great 
 number of the inhabitants. 
 
 LERIDA. I'r'e-da. (Catalan, TJcyda, IrlA^dl ,■ anc. Bci-^rJa.) a 
 town of Spain. Catalonia, capital of the province of Lerida, 
 partly on a hill, on which it rises in (he form of an amphi- 
 theatre, and partly in a plain, on the right bank of the 
 Segre, here cros.sed by a handsome stone bridge of.seveu 
 arches. 84 miles W.N.W. of Barcelona. Being regarded ag 
 the key of Aragon and Catalonia, it is one of the most im- 
 portant military points in Spain; and possesses great 
 strength, being both surifiunded by walls flanked with bas- 
 tions, and by a wet fos.se. and defended by a castle and 
 several batteries. The principal edifices are the old cathe- 
 dral, ))resenting a curious and rather incongruous mixture 
 of styles — Byzantine. Gothic, and Moorish : the new cathe- 
 dral, an imposing structure of the Corinthian order; the 
 church of San Lorenzo, a very ancient building: the church 
 of San .Tuan. attributed to the time of Constantine tlie 
 Groat: the Episcopal Palace, the Town-house, Court-house, 
 and Prison: the Gymnasium or hiftitutn, the Diocesan 
 Seminary, the Normal and other schools, the Theatre, 
 baths, and civil and military hospitals 
 
 Lerida. originallv the capital of the TJerrjefpn. in the wars 
 1;,etween the Cart harfnians and Romans, adhered to the 
 former, and suffered much from I'oth. In its vifinity. Scipio 
 gained a siirnal victory over the Carthaginian genera) llanno; 
 and. at a much later period, .Tulius Caesar defeated Afranius 
 and Petreius. Pompey's lieutenants. After the departure 
 of the Romans it fell into the hands of the Goths, during 
 whose domination a celebrated council, known by its name, 
 was held here. It was long in the pos.«efsion cf the Jloors, 
 from whom it was taken by Raymond Berenger. King of 
 Ar.igon, and continued for several centuries after to be the 
 capital of his kingdom. Lerida was stormed by the French 
 durin" the War of Succession in 1707. and ai'ain taken by 
 them under Suchet in 1810. Pop. in 1849, 12,236. 
 
 LERID.\. a mountainous province of Spain. Catalonia, 
 bounded N. by France. Area 4919 S(|uare miles. 
 
 LERIN. iWeen'. a town of Spain. ])rovince of Navarre. 34 
 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 2398. It stands on a plain 
 near an affluent of the Ebro. 
 
 LERTNS (leh-rSN'on ISLES. (anc.Z€)-^'nce/n's^«7ff>.)a group 
 of islands in the >?cditerranean. beloiiging to France, depart- 
 ment of Var. near the coast, consisting of thc> fortified islandj 
 of St. Marguerite and St. Ilonorat. the first of which w»» 
 the prison of the "man with the iron mask." 
 
 LE10r.\. l?R/mS. a town of Spain, province and 23 milee 
 S. of Burgos. Pop. 1305. It has a palace, built by the Car 
 dinal Duke de Lerma, minister of Philip III. 
 
 1039 
 
LER 
 
 IjERO lA/ro, (anc. Mros,) a small island of the Grecian 
 Arrhipelago, off the coast of Asia Minor, oo miles S. of f^amos. 
 Length, from X. to S., 6 miles, greatest breadth 4 miles. I'op. 
 about 2tK)0. On its X. side is a tolerable port; and on its K. 
 tha town of Lero. with a ruined castle. 
 
 LK 1!(>Y', a post-villaRe and township of Genesee co., New 
 York, on Allen s Creek, and on ii biancli of the Centnd Rail- 
 road, 46 miles K. by N of ButTalo. It is the second village of 
 the county in population and wealth, and contains 25 stores, 
 1 bank, l' newspaper office, 7 churches, and an academy. 
 Pop. about ioOO; of the township, 4J47. 
 
 LE Rt)V, a village of Otsego co., New York, at the outlet 
 of Canaderaga Lake. 
 
 LE KOY. a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 140 miles N. of llan isburg. Pop. lUlO. 
 LE ROY, a small village of Bradford co.,Pennsylvania. 
 LE i;i lY, a township of Lake co., Oliio. Pop. 884. 
 LE ROY, a post-office of Medina co., Oliio. 
 LE ROY, a township of Calhoun co., Michigan. Pop. 1174. 
 LE ROY, a village of Genesee co.. Michigan, on Thread 
 Creek, 1^ miles S.E. of Flint, has several mills. 
 
 LK UoY, a post-village of Ingham co., Michigan, on the 
 plank-road from Lansing to Detroit, 17 miles E. of the for- 
 mer, was settled in 18uO. 
 
 LK l{( )Y, a post-office of 5IcLean co., Illinois. 
 LE KOY, a post-village and township in the N.E. part of 
 Dodge CO.. Wisconsin, CO miles X.E. of Madison. Pop. 1107. 
 LE RiJY SPRINGS, a village of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LKKS. IJr, a river of France, which, after a course of above 
 70 miles, joins the Arifige a little above Cintegabelle. 
 
 LKKWICK, l^r'rik, a burgh of barony and parish Of 
 Scotland, and the chief town of the Slietland Islands, Main- 
 land, on Bressay Sound, 21 miles N.X.E. of Sumburgh Head. 
 Pop. of town 2287, employed in the whale and herring lish- 
 eries. and in manufactures of straw plait. Registered ship- 
 ping in 1847, 21.34 tons. It is defended by a fort, and is the 
 seat of the Shetland (wurts of law. In the vicinity are the 
 ruins of 2 Danish castles. 
 
 LESA. M/s5, (L. Msia,) a town of the Sardinian States, 
 province and 7 miles S. of Pallanza. Pop. 1554. 
 
 LESAC.\, l.-l-sdnii, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, 
 28 mile,s N^. of Pamplona. Pop. 2180. It has iron works. 
 
 LKS ALLUES. liz iVW, (L. Allodia,) a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States. Savoy, province of Tarantaise. Pop. 1463. 
 LES AXDELYS. See Andelts, Les. 
 LESBDS, an island of the Grecian Archipelago. See Ml- 
 
 TTI.ENE. 
 
 LES'RTJRY, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland, 
 on the .\lne, 3^ miles E.S.E. of Alnwick, with a station on 
 the Newcastle Railway. 
 
 LESC.\R, iVkaR/. (anc. Bencarlnum f) a town of France, 
 department of Basses- Pyrenees. 4 miles N.W. of Pan. P. 2099. 
 
 LES CHAl'ELLE.S. lA sha'p^ll', a village of the Sardinian 
 States, province of Tarantaise, 2 miles from Bourg San Mau- 
 rice, i'op. 10C3. 
 
 LESCIIENAULT, (iJshVn-o' or H'sheh-nolt/.) PORT, a 
 maritime settlement and inlet of West Australia, immedi- 
 ately opposite Australjnd. about lat. 33° 18' S., Ion. 115° 37' 
 W., in a fertile district, with a harbor adapted only for boats. 
 
 LESCIIIE, lA/shee, a village of Croatia, generalship of 
 llarlstadt. on the Gaczka. Pop. 1432. 
 
 LESCIIXITZ, iJsh'nits, asmall town of Prus.sian Silesia. 
 21 miles S.S.E. of ( )ppeln. Pop. 1290. Near it is a hill con- 
 vent greatly resort<'d to in pilgrimage. 
 
 LKSCUKE, iJs'kuR/, a village of France, department of 
 Tarn. 2 miles N.E. of Albl. Pop. 2070. 
 
 LESCUKK, a village of France, department of AriSge, 6 
 miles E.X.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 776. 
 
 LESEOXO, li-sAn'yo, or LEZEONO. iJd-zin'yo, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, about 8 miles from Moiidovi. P. 1370. 
 
 LES GETS. lA zh\. (L. Ja&tus.) a village of the Sardinian 
 States. Savov. 6 miles N.E. of Taninge. Pop. 1545. 
 
 LES GOXAIVES. See Gonaives. 
 
 LESIGXANO DI B.4QXI, l,Vseen-yJ/no dee hSn^yee, a vil- 
 laae of Northern Italy, 14 miles S.W. of Parma, celelsrated 
 for its mineral springs, i'op. 2S42. 
 
 LESIONANO DI PALMIA, l.i-seen-v3/no dee pil'mfr-l a 
 Tillage of Italy, on the Baganza, 18 miles S.S.AV. of Parma. 
 Pop. 2786. 
 
 LKSIXA. l^s'e-n J, (anc. PAo/roj, or Phafnis In'sida.) an 
 Island of Dalmatia, circle and 23 miles S.E. of Spalatro, in 
 the Adiiatic. between the islands of Brazza and Curzola. 
 Len.'th 4il miles, breadth from 2 to 6 miles. Pop. 12.539. 
 Principal products, figs, wine, marble, anchovies, and rose- 
 mary oil. Chief town, Lesina. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LESIN A, lA-see'nJ, a town of South Italy, N.iples, province 
 of Ciipitanata. 29 miles N.W. of Foggia, on the S. shore of the 
 Lake of I>esina. 
 
 LESINA. LAKE OP. (anc. Ftmtanwi.) called also SALSO, 
 sJl'so. or SALPE. sll'pA, in Naple.s. forms a kind of lagoon 
 •long the Adriatic, into which it discharges itself. Length 
 from E. to W. 13 miles, breadth 3 miles. 
 
 LESK AH. I'^sTc^w, a market-town of Bohemia, circle and 
 W.N.W. of i'ilsen. Pop. 907. I 
 
 1040 
 
 LET 
 
 LESKEARD. a town of Endand. Pee Liskeard. 
 LESLIE, lez'lee. a burgh of barony and parish of Scotland 
 CO. of Fife. 10 miles S.W. of Cupar. " Here is the ancient seat 
 of the I>eslies. Earls of Rothes. 
 
 LESLIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 LES'LIE, a post-village and township of Ingham co., 
 Michigan, on Mill Creekj 22 miles E.S.E. of Lansing. P. 1248. 
 LESM.\IIAGOW, iJs-ma-hA'go, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 and 6 miles W.S.W. of Lanark, on the (. lyde. the celebrated 
 falls of which are in this piirish. Cruignethan lastle, in 
 this parish, has been identified with the liUietudlem of 
 Scotts ■• Old .Mortality." 
 LES MARTIGUES. See Maktigues. 
 LESMO, Its'mo, a village of Northern Italy, province and 
 15 miles N.N.E. of Milan, near the Lambro. Pop. 1760. 
 
 LESNEVEN, LVneh-v6x"/ (anc. Evenop'olist) a town of 
 France, department of Finistere, 16 miles N.N.E. of Brest. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2847. It has a large naval hospital, and near 
 it is the church of Folgoat, one of the finest Gothic struc- 
 tures of the department. 
 LESNEWTU, l^s'nuth, a parish of England, co. CornwalL 
 LESNO, l^Vno, a town of Lombardy, situated 11 miles 
 S. of Bre-scia. Pop. 34(J0. 
 
 LE SOUKDESVILLE, 1? soordz'vil, a post-office of Butler 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 LESPARRE, l?s*p!iR/, a town of France, department of 
 Oironde, 37 miles N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 14u4. 
 
 LESS.\, li^s'si, a seaport village of Portugal, province of 
 Minho. 4 miles N. of Oporto. 
 
 LESSAY, l^s's.V, a town of Prance, department of Manche, 
 13 miles N.W. of Coutances. I'op. 1750. 
 
 LESSE. li'ss or IcVseh. a river of Belgium, joins the Meuse 
 a little above Dinant. whole cour.se under 60 miles. 
 
 LESSE, l^s'seh, a village of Brunswick, district of Wolf- 
 enbiittel. 12 miles W.S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 1062. 
 
 LESSEN, Ifs'sen or L.\S7A'N, Id'shin, a town of West 
 I'russia, 17 miles S.S.E. of Marienwerder. Pop. 1070. 
 
 LESSEN, a village of Prussian Silesia, 31 miles N.W. of 
 Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 576. 
 
 Lj^SSEN, a village of the duchy of Brunswick, district of 
 WolfenbUttel. Pop. 4062. 
 
 LES'SER CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Somerset co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 LESSINES, Unseen', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut. on the Dender, 19 miles N.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 
 4971. It has a literary society, distilleries, chiccory and salt 
 factories. 
 LES^SINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 LESS'LEY, a post-village of Benton co., Missouri, 70 milet 
 W.S.W. of Jeffer-son Citv. 
 
 LESSNOI-KAHAMUSH, iJssnoiTva-ra-moosh', a village of 
 Ru-i^sia. government and 50 miles S.S.W. of .*aratov. P. 2760. 
 LESSOE (Lessiie) or L.\SOE (IJisiJe"), l^s'iiVh, an island of 
 Denmark, in the Cattegat, 12 mUes E. of the N. part of Jut- 
 land. Area 42 square miles. 
 
 LESSOLO, l.Vsolo, or LEZZOLO, l?t/so-lo. a town of the 
 Sardinian States, cTivision of Turin, on the Dora Baltea. 
 Pop. 1745. 
 
 LEtVSON ISLANDS, the most E. of the Schouten Islands, 
 N. coast of Papua. Lat. 3° 35' S.. Ion. 144° 48' E. 
 
 LESSONW, los-so/nd, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin. 5 miles from Biella. Pop. ]1H4. 
 
 LESTEKPS, l^sHaiup', a village of France, department of 
 Charente. 5 miles E.N.E. of Confoleus. Pop. 1426. 
 
 LES/TER'S DISTRICT, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia. 
 LESTERYILLE. a post-office of Reynolds" co., Missouri. 
 LE SUEUR, le-soc/er, (Fr. pron. Ich swuR,) a county in 
 the S.E. part of Minnesota, contains about 450 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by St. Peters Hiver, and drained by 
 Le Sueur River. The surface is undulating, and the soil ia 
 said to be fertile. There are several small lakes in the 
 county. It is not included in the census of 1850. Capital, 
 Le Sueur. Pop. in 1860, 5318. 
 
 LE SU EUR , a post-village, capital of Le Sueur co., Minne- 
 uota, on the riglit bank of the St. Peter's River, about 60 
 miles S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. about 500. See A ppendix. 
 
 LESYE. iJs'veh or laiv? a village of Bekium, province 
 and 7 miles S.s!w. of Namur. Pop. 1561. 
 
 LES^VALT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton, 4 mile* 
 N.W. of Stranraer. The coast is here defended by bold, 
 rocky cliffs.* The ancient castle of Lochnaw stands on 4 
 beautiful lech in this parish. 
 
 LESZA, l.Vsoh\ or LISZA, lee'suh\ a village of .\ustna, 
 Transylvania. 37 miles S.S.E. of Hermann.'itadt. The inha- 
 bitants are Wallachians. and are all soldiers. Pop. 1220. 
 
 LETA, KIS, kish lA/ti(h\ a village of Hungary. <o. of 
 Szabolcz, 6 miles from Bathor. Pop. 1497. 
 
 LETA, NAGY. niidj l.Vtoh\ a village of Hungary, Thither 
 
 TheisiS. co. of Bihar, on the road to Klausenburg. P. .3980. 
 
 LETART. le-tart/. a township forming the S. extremitv o( 
 
 Meigs CO., Ohio, on the N. side of the Oliio River. Pop.1213. 
 
 LETART FALLS, a post-villacre of Jleigs co., Ohio, on tJUe 
 
 Ohio River, 110 miles S.E. of Columbu.s. 
 
 LET'COMBE BA.'VSET. a parish of Endand. i:o. of Berks 
 LET'COMBE lUi/GIS, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
LET 
 
 LEV 
 
 LETCTI'ER, a county in the S. E. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on Virginia, contains an area estimated at 300 square 
 miles. It is drained by the bead waters of the Kentucky 
 IJiver, and has the Cumberland .Mountains on the S.K. lx)r- 
 der. The surface is occupied by valleys and mountains, 
 whicli produce good pasture, and contain large bodies of 
 coal. Organized in 1S42, and named iu honor of Kobert I'. 
 Letcher, at that time Governor of Kentucky. Capitiil, 
 Whitesburg. Pop. 3904, of wliom 3796 were free, and 108 
 slaves. 
 
 LETCII'ER, a post-office of Harlan co., Kentucky. 
 
 LETCH'KKVIIihK, a post-office of Green co.. Illinois. 
 
 LETCII'WOllTII, a parish of ICngland. co. of Herts. 
 
 LE'THAM, a village of ScoUand, co. of fife, 4 miles W. of 
 Cupar. I'op. 383. 
 
 LE'TIIE.M, a vilLage of Scotland, county and 5 miles E. 
 of Forfar. Pop. 74.5. 
 
 LETII'ENDY and KIXLOCH, (kiuMSK,") a united parish of 
 Scotland, county and 1"2 miles N. of I'erth, near the Tay. 
 It has several lochs, and numerous ancient remains. 
 
 L1:TH'I;K1NGII.VM, a parish of Endand, co. of tJuffolk. 
 
 LET1I'1;I!1.\G.s::T, a parish of i;ngiand, co. of Norf.ilk. 
 
 LKTIIM.VTK, l6t'mlVh, a village of lihenish Prassia, 
 government and 22 miles W. of Arusberg, on the Lenne. 
 Pop. 1052. 
 
 LETII'XOT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 LET! , li'tee, a marshy island of Bulgaria, formed by the 
 Danube at its Delta, between the Kilia and Soolina mouths. 
 Length 42 miles, breadth 20 miles. 
 
 LETI or LETT KB. See Lf.tti. 
 
 LE TI.MIiKEVILLE, leh tira'ber-vil, a post-village of Ma- 
 rlon CO.. Oliio, 55 miles X. of Columbus. 
 
 L15TIT.S1IKV. lA-te^hSv', (Polish, Letyczew, lA-tich'iv, or 
 TMli/czew, lA-tich'Sv,) a town of Russia, government of 
 Podolia, on tlie Derazuia. a tributary of the Bug, 69 miles 
 N.X.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LE-TO, an island belonging to China, in the Yellow Sea, 
 off the peninsula Shan-toong, with a good harbor, and a 
 small town. 
 
 LETOKATCWEE CREEK, of Alabama, flows through 
 Lowndes co., and enters the Alabama from the S.E. 
 
 LETT 10, Ijt'teh, a village of Kheni.sh Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Minister, circle of Ko.«feld. Pop. 1350. 
 
 Lirr'TEll 15, a po.'it-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 LETTER V,, iM-t.Vri, a town of Xaples, province of Naples, 
 3i miles E. of Castel-a-mare. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Lhrrrni'.IIAUTKX. iJfter-howHen, a village of Belgium, 
 province of Ea.=!t Flanders, about 10 miles E. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 1085. 
 
 Lirm'ERKEX'NY, a market^town of Ireland, Ulster, co. 
 of Donegal, on the Swilly, 6i miles X.AV. of Raphoe. Pop. 
 2161. It has a harbor at the head of Lough Swilly, admitr 
 ting vessels of 150 tons. 
 
 LKin'ERKKNVNY, a township of Franklin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2087. 
 
 LKT'TERSTOX, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke 
 
 LETTI, LETTER, or LETI, Jt'tee. an island in the Malay 
 Archipelago, Timor Group. Lat 8° 20' S., Ion. 127° 50' E. 
 
 LET'TOX, a parish of Endand, eo. of Hereford. 
 
 LETTOX. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 LETTOWITZ. li^'f to-*its\ a town of Austria in >Ioravia, 
 27 miles X. of Briinn, on the Zwittau. Pop. 1660. 
 
 LETUR, lA-tooR', a town of Spaiu, province of Albacete, 
 30 miles X. of Caravaca. Pop. 2970. 
 
 LETZLIXOK.V, li'tsling'fn, a villivge of Prussian Saxony, 
 government of Jlagdeburg. Pop. 1073. 
 
 LEUB!!^D()RF, loibs'doRf, a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau. Pop. 1439. 
 
 LEU BUS, loi'boos. a town of Prussian Silesia, 28 miles 
 ^V.X.W. of Breslau, on the Oder. Pop. 600. 
 
 LEUBUS, a village of Prussian Silesia, contiguous to the 
 above, with a magnificent Cistercian Abbey. Pop. 1309. 
 
 LEUCA. CAP( • t)T. See Capk Leuca. 
 
 LEUCADIA or LEUCAS. See Sa\ta Maura. 
 
 LEUCATE, luliMdf , a village of South France, department 
 of Avtde, near the Mediterranean, 1 8 miles S. of Narbonne. 
 Pop. in 18.52, 1245. The Lake of Leucate, partly in Aude, 
 Is a lagoon. 10 miles in length. 
 
 LEUCE. an island in the Black Sea. See Isle of Serpents. 
 
 LKUCHAHS, iu'K.arz, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 
 4 miles X.W. of St. Andrews. It has a station on the Edin- 
 burgh and Dundee Railway. 
 
 LEUCHTfcNBERG.loiK'ten-b?RG\ a market^town of Bava- 
 ria, 21 miles X.E. of Amberg, with a castle on a steep hill. 
 Pop. 563. In 1814 it gave the title of Duke to Eugene Beau- 
 harnais, in whose family it still remains. 
 
 LEUCTIIA, luk'tra. a maritime village of Morea, govern- 
 ment of Laconia, on" the Gulf of Koron, llj miles N.W. of 
 Tzimovn. and now called Leftro. 
 
 LEUGAST, loi'gSst, or .MARKT LEUGAST, maRkt lol'- 
 gSst, a market-town of Bavaria, Upper Franconia, district 
 of Stadtsteinach. Pop. 1021. 
 
 LEUK or LKUCK, loik, (Fr. Lmmsclte, loo-Jsh', L. Leucia.) 
 a village and ciOebrated bathing-place of Switzerland, canton 
 9f Valais, on the Rhone, at its confluence with the Dala, 15 
 SQ 
 
 miles E.X.E. of Sion, and 5000 feet above the sea. The St 
 Lawrence Spring h.is a temperature of 144° Falirenheit. 
 
 LEUKA, loi'kd, or LOKEXHAUS, lo'ken-Iiuws', a market 
 town of Hungai-y, on the Gyiingyiis, 5 miles from Giins 
 Pop. 1109. 
 
 LKUKERSDORF. loi'ker.s-doRf\ a village of Saxony, circle 
 of Zwickau, near Chemnitz. I'op. 1302. 
 
 LEU.M, loim, a town of Rhenisli Prussia, governraeut and 
 38 miles E.X.E. of Coblentz, on the Lahn. Pop. 890. 
 
 LEUPEGIIEM, Ini'pfh-ohem, a vill.age of Belgium, prd 
 vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 15 miles S.S.W. ot 
 Glient. Pop. 1034. 
 
 LEUU, lUR or liiR, a village of Holland, province of North 
 Brabant. 6 miles W. of Breda. Pop. 1101. 
 
 LEUTEXBERG, loi't^'n-bCRQ', a town of Central Germany, 
 principality of Schwar/.burg RudolstatU, 12 miles S.S.E. of 
 RudolsLadt, with the castle of Friedensberg. 
 
 LEUTEXSDORF, OBER, o'ber loi't^ns-doRf', a town of 
 Bohemia, 24 miles W.X.W. of Lcitmeritz. Pop. 2150. 
 
 LEUTERSDOUF, loi'ti>rs-doRf\ a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, government of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 1271. 
 
 LEUTERSHAUSEX, loi'ters-hOw'zen, a town of Central 
 Germany, in Bavaria, on the Altmiihl, 7 miles W.N.W. of 
 Anspach, with 1422 inhabitants. 
 
 LEUTERSII.XUSEX, loi'tfrs-howVfU, a town of Baden, 
 circle of Ivower Rhine. Pop. 1429. 
 
 LEUTIIEX, loi'tgn. several villages of Germany, one in 
 Prussian Silesia, government of Breslau, where, December 
 5, 1757, Frederick the Great totally defeated the .Vustiians. 
 Pop. 8tK). 
 
 LEUTKIRCH, loif kiRK, a town of WUrtemhurg, 40 milei 
 S. of i:im. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LEUT.MEKITZ. Bohemia. See Leitmeritz. 
 
 LEUTOML^CIIEL, Bohemia. See Leitomischei. 
 
 LEUTSCH.4U, loif.^liow, (Hun. Xtfoce, lii'ch.V,) a royal freo 
 town of North Hungary, circle of Zips, on a hill, 123 miles 
 N.K. of Pesth. Pop. 5500. It was once a place of great 
 strength, but its fortifications are now in a very dilapidated 
 state. It has the oldest Lutheran college in Hungary, a 
 Roman Catholic gynniasium, seminary for noble females, 
 and an asylum for the children of soldiers. 
 
 LEUVEX. a town of Belgium. See LouvAi:*. 
 
 LEUZE, luz, a town of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, 
 on the Dender, 17 miles X.W. of Mons. Pop. 5880, engaged 
 in dyeing, bleaching, brewing, &c. 
 
 LEVA, l;Vvuh\ or LEWENZ, li/wjnts, a market-town of 
 Hungary, on the Porecz, a tributary of the Gran, 54 milea 
 X.X.W. of Pestli. It was once fortified, and was reiieatedly 
 beleaguered by the Turks, who were here defeated by the 
 Austrians in 1664. Pop. 4299. 
 
 LEVAL-TRAHEGXIES, leli-vai'traMifnVee', a village of 
 Belgium, province of Haiuaut, 13 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 
 1405. 
 
 LEVANE, ld-va/n.i. formeriy CASTEL DI LEOXA, kSs-tJl'. 
 dee li-o'nd, a town of Tuscany, province and 26 miles S.E. 
 of Florence, on tlie Arnf). Pop. 2000. 
 
 LEV.\NOER, lA-vdng'glier, a town of Norway, 35 miles 
 N.E. of Trondhjem, on the N.E. shore of the I'rondlijem- 
 fiord. The harbor is well sheltered, and forms a kind of 
 commercial outpost for Trondhjem. Pop. 745. 
 
 LEVAX'NA, a postrvillage of Cayuga co., New York, on 
 the E. shore of Cayuga Lake, 14 or 15 miles S.W. of Auburn. 
 Here is a steamboat landing. Pop. about 300. 
 
 LEVAXSO. See Levanzo. 
 
 LEVAXX.\, a village of Brown co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, 52 miles above Cincinnati. 
 
 LEV.\XT, le-vAnf . (from the French verb leve.r, to " rise," 
 and signifying literally tlie " rising," but, like the liatin 
 Oriena, signifying the '• East.") a name of Frencli derivation, 
 usually applied to the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, 
 extending from the western part of Greece round to the 
 western border of Egypt. — .\dj. and inhab. Levantine, lev'- 
 an-teen'. (It. Levanting, lA-vln-tee'no.) 
 
 LEVANT, le-vAnt, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Penobscot co., Maine, on tlie South Branch of the Kendus- 
 keag, 10 miles N.W. of Bangor, and about 75 miles N.E. of 
 Augusta. The village is situated on a fall in the stream, which 
 affords good water-power, whicli is extensively employed iu 
 the manufacture of shingles, clapboards, and other lumber. 
 There is also a chair factory here. In 1851 a portion of Levant 
 township was taken off to form the township of Ivenduskeag. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1841 ; of the township, in 1860, 1301. 
 
 LEVANT, a post-village of Chautauqua Co., New York, on 
 Conewango Creek, about 18 miles E.S.E. from May.sville. 
 
 LEVAXTE, l.-l-vdii'tA, a province of Sardinia, division of 
 Genoa, bordering the Mediterranean for about 45 miles. 
 Area 261 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 79,080. Principal towns, 
 Spezzia. (the capital,) Lerici, Levanto, and Sarzaiia. 
 
 LEVAXTIXE, LVvan-teen', VAL, (It. Levcmtlna, lA-vdn- 
 tee/nd,) a valley of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, extends 
 from St. Gothard to the confluence of the Ticino with the 
 Blegno. Length 16 miles, breadth 1 mile. 
 
 LEVAXTO, lA-v3n'to, a maritime town of Sardinia, divi- 
 sion of Genoa, province of Levante. on a small bay of the 
 Mediterranean, 18 miles N.N.W. of Spezzia. Pop. 4596. 
 
LEV 
 
 LEVAXZO, Avin'zo, or LEVAXSO, (anc. Buccinaf or 
 Pliorlxmtia f) cue of thd .Bgades Islands, off the W. coast 
 of Sicily, a njiles W. of Trapani; length 4 miles, breadth 3 
 
 "lEVAu'i)," N^AtJY. nodj lAVaRd', or GnOSS-SCIIUTZEX, 
 (GiNSs-Schiitzen.) groce-shuVsen, a market-town of Ilun- 
 garj, 26 miles X.N.W, of I'resburg. I'op. 2702. 
 
 LiiVEE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Kentucky. 
 
 LEVEL, 14V41'. or K.4LTEXSTKIN,kiil'tt'n-stiiie\aTillage 
 of Hungary, 4 miles from Wie.selburg. i'op. 1184. 
 
 LET'EL. a post-office of Rithland district. South Carolina. 
 
 LEVEL, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio. 
 
 LEV'ELAND. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LEVEL (JKEEX, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia. 
 
 LE'VEX, a small river of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 formed by the junction of the Black and White Leven, or 
 Line, near Stapleton, flows S.W. for 16 miles, and joins the 
 Esk 3 miles S. of Longtown. 
 
 LEVEN, a small river of England, co. of Lancaster, forms 
 the channel by which Windermere communicates with 
 Jlorecamlje Bav. 
 
 LEVEX, a small river of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, 
 rises at the S. extremity of Loch Lomond, and discharges 
 its surplus waters into the Clyde, at Dumbarton Castle, 
 after a S. course of V miles. 
 
 LEVEX, a small river of Scotland, co. of Fife, issues from 
 the S.E. extremity of Loch Leven. and after an E. course 
 of 14 miles, enters the Frith of Forth at Leven. 
 
 LEVEX. a seaport and bathlug-place of Scotland, co. of 
 Fife, at the mouth of the Leven, 9 miles N.N.E. of Kirk- 
 caldy. Pop. 1827, employed in linen manufactures, and in 
 tile and iron works. 
 
 LEVEX, a small stream of Scotland, Argyleshire, flowing 
 into Loch Leven. 
 
 LEVEX, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 LEVEX, LOCH, 16k l^v'en, of Scotland, is in the county of 
 Kinross. Circuit about 11 miles. It contain.' several islands. 
 on one of which, near Kinross, are the remains of a femous 
 castle, in which Mary Queen of Scotts was confined in 15<i7-8, 
 and signed her abtlication on July 4th, 1567. and from which, 
 on May 2d, 1568, she miide her memorable escape, shortly 
 before the battle of Langside. 
 
 LEVEX, LOCH, a narrow arm of Loch Linnhe, from which 
 it stretches E. for 12 miles, between the counties of Argyle 
 and Inverness. Scenes highly picturesque, and on its S. side 
 is the wild vale of Ulencoe. 
 
 LE/VEXS. a chapelry of England, co. of Westmoreland, 
 parishes of Haversham and Kendal. 
 
 LiyVEXSHULME. a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 3 miles S.E. of Manchester, with a station on the railway 
 from Manchester to Crewe. 
 
 LEVEXrO. l.i-v?n'to, or LEVEXZO, li-vjn'zo. a village 
 of France, situated 11 miles N. of Xice, with ]50(;) inhnbi- 
 tants. Massena, one of Bonaparte's marshals, though born 
 in Nice, was brought up in this town and is claimed by the 
 inhabitants as their townsman. 
 
 LEVEX WOKTH or LEAVEXWORTH, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Crawf ird co., Indiana, on the Ohio River, 125 miles S. 
 of Indianapolis. It is situated at the Horseshoe Bend, and 
 is the principal .shipping point for an extensive region. The 
 county seat was located liere in 184;5. since which a good 
 court-house and other public buildings have been erected. 
 Pop. estimated at 800. 
 
 LEVKI{.\X(J. U-v.WS'no, a town of Xaples, province of 
 Otranto. 10 miles W.S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 1670. 
 
 LEVER. DAK/CY. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LEVER CTT, a post-Tillage and township of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts. 28 miles X^. by E. of Springfield. Pop. 9CA. 
 
 LEVER. GREAT, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LKV'EIUXG, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, about 60 
 miles X.X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 LEV'ERIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 LEVEKIXGTOX, a postoflice of Philadelphia co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LEVER, LITTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 at the junction of the Bolton. Bury, and Manchester Canals. 
 
 LEVER.X. l.i/vfrn. a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Minden, circle of LUbbecke. Pop. 1230. 
 
 LEVERTOX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LEVERTOX. XORTH, a parish of Ensrland. co. of Notts. 
 
 LEVERTOX. SOUTH, a parish of EngK^nd, co. of Notts. 
 
 LE'Vl. a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio. 
 
 LEVICE. U-vee'chA, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province and 10 miles from Alba, on the East Bormida. here 
 crossi-d by a bridge. Pop. 1124. 
 
 LEVICO, l*v'e-ko. a market-town of the Tvrol, 10 miles 
 S.E. of Trient, near a small lake. Pop. 3517. " 
 
 LKVIER. leh-ve-.V. a market-town of France, department 
 of Doubs. 11 miles W.N.W. of Pontarlier. Pop. in 1852. lOOO. 
 
 LE\ IGN AC. If h-veen'y^k'. a village of France, dep.^rtment 
 Of Lot-ot-(iarfmne, 9 miles X. of Marmande. Pop. 15S6. 
 
 LEV'IXGTDX. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 LEV'ISH.^M, a parish of England. See LE.^\^SH.^M. 
 
 LEVITA or LEBITA. l^v'e-t4 or l:\-vee'tl (anc. UhinUfMS.) 
 »n Island in the Grecian Archipelago, 20 miles E.N.E. of 
 1042 
 
 LEW 
 
 Amorgos, lat. 37° N., Ion. 26° 32' E. It is 4 miles long by 4 
 miles broad. 
 
 LEVIZZAXO. lA-vit-s3'no, a market-town of Italy, situa- 
 ted 17 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop. 2200. 
 
 LEVONE, li-vo'nd, a village of the Sardinian States, dis- 
 trict and about 4 miles S. of Tui-iu. Pop. 1026. 
 
 LEV0R.4X0, lil-vo-r.^'no, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Otranto, 11 miles S.W. of l<eoce. I'op. 1800. 
 
 LE VliOUX, leh-vroo/, (anc. GaUitum ? or Leprosum fja. town 
 of France, department of Indi-e, 13 miles N. of Chuteaur'mx. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3576. It ha.s manufactories of fine woollen 
 cloths and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, wine, and 
 wooL It was formerly tbrtified. 
 
 LE/VY, a county in the N.W. part of the peninsula of 
 Florida, bordering on the Gulf of .Mexico, has an area of 
 1000 square miles. The i>uwanee Hiver forms its iKjundary 
 on the X.W., and the Withlacoochee on the S. The surface 
 is nearly level, consisting mostly of pine w^ood, marshes, and 
 savannahs. The soil is sandy. I'op. 17S1, of whom 1331 
 were free. 
 
 LEWAN'XICK, a parish of England, co. of CornwalL 
 
 LEWEXZ. See Ltv.\. 
 
 LEWES, lu'is, a parliamentary borough and town of Eng. 
 land, CO. of Sussex, on the navigable Ouse, 44 miles S.E. of 
 London, and 8 j miles X.E. of Brighton. Pop. in 1 851. 9533 
 It is finely situated on a declivity of the South Downs, and 
 has a grammar school, almshouses, believed to have I'een 
 founded by Gundrada, 4th daughter of ^Villiam the Con- 
 queror, an elegant county-hjiU, a county jail, and house of cor- 
 rection, barracks, and theatre. A ccm.siderable trade is canied 
 on with London by the port of X'ewhaven. at the mouth of 
 the Ouse. The town is lighted with gas, and amply supplied 
 with water. Lewes is stiid to have been the Roman station 
 Mittiiantonis. Simon de ilontford and the bai-ons, in 1264, 
 defeated Henry III. here, and in\prisoued hiui in the castle. 
 
 LEM''ES, a post-village of Sussex co., Delaware, (m Dela- 
 ware Bay, opposite the Breakwater, 45 miles S.S.E. of Dover. 
 It has 3 large hotels. 3 chui-ches, a telegraph station, and 
 several stores. Pop. 970. 
 
 LEW'ES AXD REHO'BETH, a hundred in the E. part of 
 Sussex CO., Delaware, with a post-office of the same name. 
 Pop. 2086. 
 
 LEWIX. li-*een'. a small frontier town of Prussian Silesia, 
 14 miles W. of Glatz. Pop. 1330. 
 
 LE WIN. a village of Bohemia, 10 miles N.E. of Leitmerita. 
 Pop. 599. 
 
 LEWIS, (with HARmiS.) the most X^orthern and largest 
 island of the Outer Hebrides, off the W. coast of ."Scotland, 
 betwtien lat. 57° 40' and 58° 32' X., and Ion. 6° and 7° \V.. 
 separated from the Mainland by the Mineh Channel. 30 miles 
 across. Length from N. to S.. 60 miles, greatest breadth 30 
 miles. Pop. in 1851, 22,918. On the E. side are Loch Erisort 
 and Broad Bay, and on the W. Loch Roag. Its N. headland, 
 the Butt of Lewis, lat. 58° 31' N., Ion. 6° 14' W., rises to SO 
 feet above the sea. Sunneval Mountain is estimated to ba 
 2700 feet in height, and a great part of the island is rugged ; 
 but it is not generally so lofty and bare as Harris, and it has 
 many low swampy tracts. Gneiss is the prevailing rock, and 
 much of the surface is covered with peat, and with remains 
 of ancient forests. The island abounds w ith Drui Jic edifices 
 and ruined fortresses. The people are almost entirely of 
 Celtic descent; but in the N. (Butt of Lewis) are a race of 
 purely Scandinavian origin, although speaking the Gaelic 
 langu.ige. Stornoway. the only town, is on the E. coast. 
 
 LEWIS, a county in the X.E. central part of Xew York, 
 has an area of about 1290 square miles. It is drained by 
 Black River (by which it is intersected) and its tributaries, 
 and by Oswegatchie River. These streams afford valuable 
 water-power. The surface is generally hilly or uneven. 
 The soil is usually fertile, and, along Black liiver and some 
 other streams, of excellent quality. Iron and lead ores are 
 mined to some extent. Black River is navigably for small 
 boats through this county. Organized in ISOo. Capital, 
 Martinsburg", Pop. 28,580. 
 
 LEWIS, a county In the N^. part of W. Virginia, has an 
 area of 530 square miles. It is intersected by the W. fork 
 of Monongahela River. The surface is rocky, hilly, and in 
 some parts mountainous. Stone-coal Is found in tho county. 
 A turnpike has been constructed from Weston to Fairmont, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Foi-med in 1816, and 
 named in honor of Colonel Charles Lewis, Capital. Weston. 
 Pop. 7999, of whom 7769 were fiee, and 2,30 slaves! 
 
 LEWIS, a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee; area 
 estimated at 450 square miles. It is drained by Buffalo 
 River, an affluent of Duck River. The surface is uneven; 
 the soil is mostly fertile. Formed a few years ago. and named 
 in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis, the explorer of the 
 Northwestern Territory. Capital, Newburg. Pop. 2241, of 
 whom 1994 were free, and 247 slaves. 
 
 LEWIS, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 on Ohio, has an area estimated at 400 square milas. The 
 Ohio River forms its entire boundary on the X., and it 
 is also drained by Cabin Creek. The surface is generally 
 hilly; the soil of the W. part is fertile, and that of the river 
 bottoms excellent. Valuable quarries of .slate and limestone 
 
LEW 
 
 LEW 
 
 have lieen opened in this couu^f, near the river. It con- 
 tains tlie I'sculapia Spring, a fasliionable watering-place. 
 Foriiicd in 1806. Caiiital, Clarlisburg. Pup. 8361, of whom 
 8131 were free, and 'JSO slaves. 
 
 LEWIS, a county in the E.X.E. part of Jlissouri, h,i.s an 
 area of 620 sq\iare miles. The Mis.sissippi River forms its 
 eastern boundary, and separates it from Illinois. The county 
 is intersected by the Wyaconda, the North Kablus, the fouth 
 Fahius, and the Middle Fabius, which enters the North 
 Fabiiis near tlie county seat. The surface is diversifieil; 
 about half of the county is well timliered with forests, dis- 
 tributed alons the rivers, and separated by beautiful upland 
 meadows or prairies, the soil of which is deep, remarkably 
 fertile, and easily cultivated. Coal has been discoveied in 
 several places. Limestone underli'-s a \>ii^t of the countv. 
 Capital, Monticello. Pop. 12,286, of whom 11,007 were free, 
 and 1279 slaves. 
 
 LEWIS, a large county in tlie W. part of 'Washington 
 Tenitory, has an area estimated at 2000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Chehalis co., on the N. by Thurston 
 CO., on the E. iiy the Ca.seade Kange, and is drained by Cow- 
 litz River and Chehalis River, and several smaller streams. 
 The surface in the E. part is uneven and sometimes moun- 
 tainous. The soil i.s generally fertile. Capital, Claquato. 
 Pop. 3S4. 
 
 LEWIS, a post-township of Essex co., New York, intor- 
 eected by Boquet River, about 125 miles N. of Albany. It 
 contains valuable beds of iron ore. Pop. 1807. 
 
 LEWIS, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 16:i0. 
 
 LEWIS, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Brown co., Ohio, on the N. side of the Ohio River, 95 miles 
 S.W. by 8. of Columbus. Pop. 2748. 
 
 LKWIS, a towiLship in Clay CO., Indiana. Pop. 903. 
 
 LEW IS, a [lost-office of Vi^ro co., Indiana. 
 
 LEW'ISBER'RY, a post-village of York county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, 10 miles in a direct line S. of Ilarrisburg. Popula- 
 tion 292. 
 
 LEWISBOROUOII, lu'is-biir'ruh, a post-township on the 
 E. border of Westchester CO., New York, luO miles S. by K. 
 of Alliaiiy. Pop. 160M. 
 
 LEW'l'SBUIKi, or DERRS'TOWN, a flourishing town of 
 Buffalo township, capital of Union co., Pennsylvania, is de- 
 lightfully situated on the West Hranch of the Susquehanna, 
 at the mouth of Buffalo Creek, 69 miles N.of Ibirrlsliurg. It 
 is the centre of trade for the fertile valley of Bufl'alo Creek, 
 and is the most populous town in the county. A large 
 quantity of grain and other produce is shijiped at this place. 
 Lewisliurg is connected l)y a bridge with the E. bank of the 
 river, and is on the Sunbury and Erie Railroad. It contains 
 the university of Lewisliurg, foundeil in 1849, 8 cliurches, a 
 town-hall, 2 banks, 1 newspa))er offlee, an aca<lemy, and 2 
 iron-foundries. Pop. in ISoO. 2012; in 1860, 2666. 
 
 LEW'ISBURQ. a thriving post-village, cai)ital of Green- 
 brier CO., W.Virginia, 214 miles W. of Richmond, and 9 miles 
 W. of th(! White Sulphur Springs. It is surrounded by a 
 beautiful and healthy region among the mountains, and is 
 a place of active business. The Court of Appeals for the 
 western counties is held at Lewisburg. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 academy, and one printing-office. Poj). 969. 
 
 LEWISB-URG, a post-village of Conway co., Arkansas, 
 on the Arkansas River, 60 miles above Little Rock, was 
 formerly the county seat. Pop. 350. 
 
 LEWlSBURi!, a post-village, capital of Marshall county, 
 Tennessee. 5.5 miles S. of Nashville. Pop. from 400 to 500. 
 
 LEWISBDRG, a village of Mason CO., Kentucky, 7 miles 
 S. of Maysville. 
 
 LEWISliUllH, avillageof Mnhlenbnrgco., Kentucky, on 
 Green liiver, WO miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 LEWISBURG, a post-village of Rush township. Cham- 
 paign CO., Ohio, 14 miles N.E. of Urbana. It has several 
 mills Pop. 379. 
 
 LEWIS15UKG, a small village of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 LEWISBURG, a thriving post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 
 on the Eaton and Piqua Railroad, 56 miles N. of Cincinnati. 
 . LHIWISRURG, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, on the 
 Waliash River and Canal, 8 miles E. of Logansport. Pop. 
 about 300. 
 
 L1<:WISBURG, a village of Hancock co., Indiana, 10 miles 
 N. of Greenfield. 
 
 LEWIS CEVTRE, a post-offlce of Delaware CO., Ohio. 
 
 LEWIS CREEK, a fine mill-stream of Addison and Chit- 
 tenden counties, in the W. part of Vermont, falls into Lake 
 Champlain. 
 
 LEWIS' FORK, a post-offlce of Wilkes co.. North Carolina. 
 
 LEWISII.\M. lu'ish-am. a village and parish of England, 
 CO. of Kent, on the Rjivensbourne, 5 miles S.E. of London. 
 Pop. in 1851, 15.054. The village, about 1 mile in length, has 
 many handsome residences, anil a scljool, founded in 1047. 
 It gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Dartmouth. 
 
 LEWIS ISLAND, Dampier Archipelago, off the N.W. 
 coast of .Australia, is in lat. 20<^ 35' S., Ion. 110° 33' E. 
 
 LKW'ISPORT, a po.st-village of Hancock Co., Kentucky, 
 on the Ohio River, 11 miles W. of Ilawesville, has about 
 2oC inhabitants. 
 
 1 LEWIS RIVER or SN.IKE Rn'ER. the large?! r.tf.uent 
 
 I of the Columbia River, rises by several sources on the E. 
 
 1 side of the principal ridge of the Rocky Mowntains, near 
 
 I 43° N. hit., and 109° W. Ion., its head waters interlocking 
 
 ! with those of the Yellowstone River. Its general course is 
 
 westerly till it reaches 115^ 30' W. Ion., when it changes to 
 
 N. by W., and continues nearly in this iirection to the 46th 
 
 parallel ; then it reassiimes its westerly course and falls into 
 
 I the Columbia River, in about 46° 6' N. lat. and 118° 40' W. 
 
 Ion. The entire length is estimated at 900 miles. 
 
 LEWIS' STORE, a postoflice of Siiottsylvniiia co., A'irginia. 
 LEWISTON, lu'is-tyn, a flourishing ]iost-town of Andrn». 
 coggin CO., Maine, is situated on the left bank of the .^ndro.i- 
 eoggin Riv«r, here crossed by a bridge 1700 feet long, and 
 on the Androscoggin and Kennebe<! Railroad, 33 miles N. 
 of Portland. The Androscoggin and Kennebec ]:ailrn;id 
 communicates with the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad 
 at Danville, 6 miles below Lewiston, and with the Andros- 
 coggin Railroad at Leetls, 11 miles above. A railroad is 
 also in course of construction to connect Lewiston with 
 Bath. Lewiston has recently become one of the most im- 
 jwrtaut manufacturing tovjns In the state. The Andros- 
 coggin here has a fall of 60 feet in 15 rods, affording water 
 privileges equal to the best in New England. The scenery 
 in this portion of its course is rennirkably wild and pic- 
 turesque. About 700 acres of land, adjoining the falls, have 
 been [lurchased by a company of capitalists, who intend 
 building up a manufacturing city. A dam has been con- 
 strui ted acro.ss tlie river, and a canal, 60 feet wide, has been 
 excavated, extending from above the falls to the mills, and 
 such is the conformation of the ground that the water cau 
 be used several limes. The principal corporations at pre- 
 sent are the Lincoln Mill, the Hill .Mill, Beale's .Mill, and 
 another that has recently gone into operation. The four 
 corporations run about 70,000 spindles. The kinds of goods 
 manufactured include coarse cottons, prints, tweeds, satl- 
 netf, flannels, &c. Two other mills are in course of erec- 
 tion. There is here a machine shop 400 feet by 70, and 4 
 stories high, with a capacity for 1000 hands, llie capital of 
 the company is $1,000,000. Another machine .shop for the 
 manufacture of steam-engines is owned by a iirivate indi- 
 vidual. The aggregate capital employed in the manufac- 
 tures of Lewiston is about $2,600.000 ; the monthly payment 
 to operatives amounts to about $70,000. Lewiston e;t tains 
 churches of 5 or 6 denominations, I national bank, 1 sta'e 
 bank, a savings institution, a valuable public library, and 
 a first-class hotel, called the Dewitt House, which contains 
 125 rooms and cost about $.30,000. The aelxjols we aiming 
 the best in the state, and include a high-school, grammar, 
 and primary scliools. One newspaper is publisiied here. 
 Lewiston F.\lls Vill.^ge, which comprises the villeges on 
 b<jth sides of the Androscoggin, contains about SO stores. 
 From its present prospects, there appears reason to believe 
 that Lewiston will soon become one of tlio largest interior 
 towns in the state. Pop. of the township in 1810, 1801; in 
 
 1850, 33S4; in 1860 it amimnted to 7424; and in 1865, esti- 
 mated at Itom 8000 to 9000. 
 
 LEWISTON, a post-town, port of entry, and township 
 of Niagara co.. New York, situated at the liead of steam- 
 boat navigation on Niagara River, midway between the Kali.'i 
 and its entrance into LakeOntario, being 7 miles distant from 
 each. It is connected by a suspension bridge across the 
 Niagara with Queenstown on the Canada side. It lias rail- 
 road communication with Rochester and Albany, on the one 
 hand, and with Buffalo and Detroit on the other. During 
 the summer, steamboats ply daily between this place and 
 ports on l^ake Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence, reaching 
 Montreal in about 27 hours. Lewiston is a place of active 
 trade. It contains, besides the county buildings, 4 or 5 
 chviiches, an academy, and numerou.s stores. Niagara Dis- 
 trict, of which Lewiston is the port of entry, includes also 
 the ports of Oak Orchard Creek. Olcof t. and Wilson, on I.ake 
 Ontario, and Youngstown and Suspension Bridge on Niagara 
 River. The commerce of the district with Canada for 1847, 
 1860, and 1851, is exhibited in the subjoined table: — 
 
 1847 1850 IRol 
 
 E.\i.ort», tl6fi,541 . . $.12.5.538 . . $585.7S4 
 
 Imijorts, 1»,015 . . 35;<,9o4 . . 103,985 
 
 The exports, coastwise, for 1851. amounted in value to 
 $433,634; and the imports to $236,684. Total exports for 
 
 1851, $1,019,418; imports, .<|340.C69. By far the larger part 
 of the above was entered at Lewiston. The shipping ow.".ed 
 in the district. June 30, 1852, was 624 tons. The nranler 
 of foreign arrivals for the year was 691; tons. 2]3.(j]3, of 
 which 69,484 were in American bottoms. The clearances 
 were the .same as the arrivals. During the last war with 
 Great Britain, Lewiston was entirely laid waste by the enemy, 
 every house having been burnt. Pop. of township, 3379. 
 
 Ll'.WISTON, a post-office of Forsyth co., Georgia. 
 
 LEWISTON, a village of Columbia co.. Wisconsin. 45 
 miles X.N.W. of Madison, contains 5 stores and 50 dwellings. 
 Pop. of township, 1039. 
 
 LEWISTON FALLS VILLAGE, 5Iaine. See Lewiston. 
 
 LEWISTON, a seaport of Prince Edward Island, co. cf 
 Prince, on the E. coast of the N. end of the island, on the 
 
 1043 
 
LEW 
 
 LEX 
 
 N. side of the entrance tc Holland Bay. Lat 46° 51' N., Ion. 
 &4^ 7' W. 
 
 LEWISTCAVX, a flourishing; town, cnpital of Mifflin co., 
 Pennsylvania, on tlie left bank of the .luniata River, at the 
 mouth of the Kishiooquillas Civek. 60 miles by railroad 
 N.W. of Harrisburjr. Thu situation is elevated and beau- 
 tiful. Lewistown has ample fai'iiitics for trade, by means 
 of the c<:.ual and railroad, which follow the Juniata Kiver 
 throusrh a great part of its course, and connect the town 
 with I'itlsDurg, l'hiladelphi.i. &c. I-arge quantities of wheat, 
 Indian corn. pork, and iron are exported from this place. 
 The tov?2 has a spacious court-house, 6 churches, an acade- 
 my, 2 banks, I or 2 newspiiper offices, a manufactory of 
 reaping and mowing-macliines. an iron furnace, &c. Pop. 
 in lS5i>, 2735; in 1800. 2t)38; iu 1865, about 3500. 
 
 LEWISTOWN, a small village of Frederick co., Maryland, 
 10 miles N. of Frederick. 
 
 LEWISTOWN, a post-village of Logan co.. Ohio, on the 
 Miami Kiver, 66 miles N.W. by W. of Columbus. 
 
 LEWISTOWN. A post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, 166 
 miles X.Fj. of Columbus. 
 
 LEWISTOWN, a post-village jnd township, capital of Ful- 
 ton CO., Illinois, 55 miles N.W. of Springfield. A branch 
 railroad connects it with the Chicjigo and Quincy R.K. It 
 hiis 3 churches, 1 bank ami 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 1238. 
 LEW'ISVILLK, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 22 miles S.W. of West Chester. 
 
 LEWISVILLE, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, 
 167 miles W. of IIiuTisburg, contained in 1851, 1 church, 
 and 14 houses. 
 
 LEWISVILLE, a post-village of Brunswick co., Virginia, 
 78 miles S.S.W. of Kiclimond. 
 
 LEWISVILLE, a post-village in Chester district, South 
 Carolina, 60 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 LE\MSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lafayette co., 
 Arkansas, 160 miles S.W. of Little Kock. 
 LEWISVILLE, a small village of Clinton co., Ohio. 
 LEWISVILLE, a village of Coshocton Co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio Canal, 80 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 LEWISVILLE. a post-village of Jloni-oo co., Ohio, 110 
 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 LEWISVILLE, a post-village of Henry CO., Indiana, on 
 the Central Ka^^road, 42 miles E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LEW-KEW 1SL.4ND8, in the Pacific. See Loo-CHOO. 
 LKWK'NOR, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 LEW, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 LEW. TREN'CII.4KD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 LEX'DEX, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 LEX'H.AM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 LE.XHAJI, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 LEX'INGTON, a district in the central part of South 
 Carolina, has an area of 9S0 square miles. It is intersected 
 l)y Saluda River, and bounded on the N.E. by Broad 
 River and the Congaree, and on the S.W. b}' the North 
 Edisto River. The snrface is moderately hilly. The Green- 
 ville and Columbia Railroad passes through the district : the 
 Congaree River is navigable for steambosits along the border. 
 Capital. Lexington. Pop. 15,579, of whom 9337 were free, 
 and 6202 slaves. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-town-ship of Somerset co., Maine, 
 about 51 miles N.N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 495. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village and township of Jliddlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Lexington and West Cambridge 
 Branch Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Boston. It was at Lex- 
 ington that the.Americans in arms first met the British, on 
 the morning of April 19, 1775. A monument with an appro- 
 priate inscription has been erected on the green by the state, 
 to commemorate the patriotism and valor of the eight i)er- 
 sons who fell in the encounter. Pop. of the township, ii29. 
 LEXINGTON,a post-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Greene co., New York, about 50 miles S.W. of Alixiily. 
 Pop. 1657. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a handsome post-village, capital of Rock- 
 bridge CO., Virginia, on the North River, an affluent of James 
 River, 146 miles W. of Richmond, and 35 miles N.M'. of 
 Lynchburg. It is situated in a valley, and surrounded by 
 beautiful mountain scenery. Washington College, founded 
 at this place in 1798, and endowed by General Washington, 
 has a library of 4950 volumes. The Virgiuia Military Insti- 
 tute was established hero by the Legislature of Virginia, in 
 1838-9. Lexington contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 seminaries, 
 2 printing-offices, and several fine brick residences. It was 
 laid out in 1778. Pop. 2135. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a flourishing and beautiful post-village, 
 capital of Davidson co.. North Carolina, is situated near 
 Abbott's Creek, an affluent of Yadkin River, 112 miles W. 
 of Raleigh. Valuable mines of lesid and silver have been 
 opened in the conniy. The Central Builroad of North 
 Carolina passes through Lexington. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Oglethorpe 
 
 CO., Georgia, 3K miles from the Athens Branch Railroad, and 
 
 75 miles AV.N.W. of Augusta, is situated in a healthy and 
 
 fertile region, which is noted for the production of cotton. 
 
 1044 
 
 It contains 2 churches, an^ademy, and a female seminary. 
 Several of the most cmiueui citizens of Georgia have resided 
 heiv. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-vilh.ge of Lauderdale co., Alabama, 
 20 miles N.E. of Florence. Pop. 887. 
 
 LE.XINGTON, a post-village, capital of Holmes co.. Mis- 
 sissippi, on a small aflluent of the Yazoo Kiver, 70 milis N. 
 of JiU'kson. Yazoo Ixiver, which borders the county on the 
 W.. is a fine stream lor navigation. Two newspapers are 
 published here. 
 
 LEXIN(i ri».\. a post-office of Burle.son co., Texas. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Hender- 
 sou CO., Tennessee, on Beei-h liiver, a small aftiuent of Ten- 
 nessee River, 122 miles W.S.AV. of Nashville. It is situated 
 iu a fertile counti-y. and has an active trade. It contains 2 
 or 3 churches, and 2 female seminaries. Pop. in 1860, about 
 700. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a handsome and wealthy citv. capital of 
 Fayette co.. Kentucky, on the Town Fork of the Llkhorn 
 River, 25 miles S.E. of Frankfort, 81 miles S. of Cincinnati, 
 and 94 miles E. of Louisville. Lat. 3S° 0' N., Ion. 84° ly W. 
 Lexington is the .second city of the state in population and 
 importance. Few inland towns are more delightfully situ- 
 ated or more remarkable for the beauty of their- general 
 appearance. It is laid out in rectangular blocks : the streets 
 are well paved, and bordered with ornamental trees. Main 
 Street is 8o_ fet^t wide, and mare than a mile long. Slauy 
 of the public and private buildings are spacious and very 
 handsome .specimens of architecture. The surrounding 
 country is undulating, highly cultivated, and dotted with 
 elegant mansion.s. Lexington is distiugnished for the excel- 
 lence of its literary and .scientific establishments. Transyl- 
 vania I'niversity of this place is a flourishing institution: 
 the departments of law and medicine are probably fiiore 
 frequented than any other in the Westerii States. It has a 
 library of 14,000 volumes. The halls of the university are 
 among the principjil ornaments of the city. The stata 
 lunatic asylum lix-ated here occupies a large and beautiful 
 building, capable of accommodating more than 300 patients. 
 The city also contains a court-house. 2 banks, a public library, 
 several academies, a mu.seum, an orphan asylum, about 12 
 churches, and several newsp:iperollices. A monument is to 
 be erected here to the memory of Henry Clay, who resided 
 at Ashland, a mile and a half from the city, Lexington is 
 the centre of an extensive trade, fecilitated by railw.ays — one 
 extending to Louisville rid Frankfort, and another recently 
 completed connecting it with Cincinnati. Other railways are 
 in course of construction to 31aysville and Danville. This 
 place is the seat of valuable manufactures, the most import- 
 ant of which are bagging, ropes, iron, brass, and silver ware, 
 machinery, and carriages. The city and suburbs produce 
 annu:illy about 3,(HXl,000 yards of "b.^ging, and 2.500,000 
 pounds of rope. Lexington was formerly the capital of Ken- 
 tucky. It wa.s founded in 1776, and incorporated in 1782. 
 Pop. in 1845, 8178; in 1860, 9521. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a thriving post-village of Troy town-ship, 
 Richland co.. Ohio, on the Clear I'ork of Mohiccan Kiver, 
 and on the railroad between Mansfield and Newark, 8 miles 
 S.W. of the former. It has 3 churches, and mills of various 
 kinds. 
 
 LE.XINGTON, a township of Starke co.. Ohio. Pop. 2102. 
 
 LEXINGTO.N, a village of St Claur co., Michigan, on Lake 
 Huron. 70 miles N.E. of Detroit. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village and township, capital of 
 Sanilac co., Michigjin, on Lake Huron. Pop. 20t;4. 
 
 LF'XINGTON. a small village of Washtenaw co.. Michigan. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village and township, capital of .*cott 
 CO., Indiana, is pleasantly situated, IS miles S.^V. of Madi- 
 son, with which it is connected by a plank-road. Pep. of 
 the township, 2476. 
 
 LEXINGTON', a post-village in McLean co., Illinois, 75 
 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post>township in Lafevette co., MissourL 
 Pop. 4878. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a thriving post-village and township, rapl- 
 t.il of Lafayette co., Missouri, on the richt bank of Jlissonri 
 River. 120 miles by the road W. of Jefferson City. Ilie sit-- 
 nation is high and healthy. Large quantities of hemp, 
 wheiit, maize, other grain, pork, and live stock are sliipped 
 here annually. Extensive beds of coal are found on the 
 river bank iu the vicinity. Lexington contains, besides the 
 county buildings. 2 newspaper offices, about 7 churches, 1 
 bank, 1 Turners' hall, 2 llouring-miUs, 1 s-aw-mill, and 1 
 extensive manufactorv of roi)e3. Pop, of the township in 
 1850 4^78; <.rthe village, '2459; in 1^60, 4122. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-office of Santa Clara county, Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village of Clatsop co., Oregon, on a 
 small stream flowing into the Pacific, near 30 miles S. of 
 Astoria. 
 
 LEXINGTON COURT-HOrSE, capital of I^exington dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, is situated a few miles S. of SnluJ* 
 River, and 12 miles W. of Columbia. It contains a coiji't- 
 house, jail, academv, and several stores, 
 
 LEXOVIR. See LisiEix. 
 
LEY 
 
 LEZ 
 
 LEY'BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LEVBUKN, a market-town of Engl.aul, co. of York, 
 North Hiding, 7 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. Pop. 829. 
 
 LKYDEN or LEIDEN, li'den, Fr. Leyde,li<i or laid; L. 
 Liiffihi'num Bntai'o'rum.) one of the most important cities 
 of the Netherlands, 22 miles S.AV. of Amsterdam, and 17 
 uiiU'S N. of Rotterdam, (with both of which it is connected 
 by canals and railway.^,) on the Old Rhine, 6 miles from it? 
 mouth, in the North Sea. Lat. of observatory, 52° 9' 30" N., 
 Icin. 4° 29' 30" E. It was formerly fortified, hut the walls 
 and ramparts have been cleared away and planted with 
 trees; the only remaining 2 towers have been converted 
 into storehouses, 5 of the earthen bastions have been formed 
 into hurying-grounds, i are covered with wind-mills and 
 factories, and the remaining 4 have been levelled and turned 
 into gardens. Seven well-built gates and the Ciistle {(h liarg), 
 one of the oldest and most remarkable buildings in tlie town, 
 but now converted inte an inn, and its grounds into tea-gar- 
 dens, are the chief mementos of the former fortress. Ley- 
 den is intersected by canals, and encompjissed by wind-mills, 
 and surrounded by country-seats, pleasure-grounds, gardens, 
 and fertile meadows. The streets of the town uro strai;^ht, 
 broad, and kept e.\ceedingly clean; Broad Street (lincde- 
 straal) is esteemed one of tlio fino.st in Europe, being com- 
 pared to'lligh Street in Oxford. The town-hall, (Shid-hiiis,) 
 originally founded about 1415, but since that period often 
 altered and repaired, is situated in this street. It is a pic- 
 turesque old building, with its prominent parts gilt, 30 
 windows in a line in front, a tall spire, and 3 highly-orna- 
 mented projecting gables. In the council-chamber are the 
 painting of the Last Judgment, by Lucas van Leyden, and 
 several fine historical portraits. Near the town-hall, in 
 the same street, is the (ieraeene-lands-huis van Itijuland, 
 containing t he offices of the superintendent of dykes. Other 
 note-worthy edifioes are the pri.'-ou, weigh-house. butter^ 
 house, cloth-bal!, infantry barracks, and town dockyards. 
 It has 14 churcheg and a synagogue, besides sundry congre- 
 gations worshipping m hills, kc: they include 4 Reformed. 
 1 Walloon. 1 Dissenting, 1 Engli.sh, 1 Evangelical Lutheran. 
 1 liemonstrant. 4 Roman Catholic, and 1 .lansenist. In the 
 Reformed Church of St. I'eter are monuments to lioerhave, 
 Spanheim. Scaliger. &c. There are numerous ordinary, poor, 
 and Latin schools; also academies of drawing, design, archi- 
 tecture, and music; but the most important educational 
 institution is the university, formerly one of the most famed 
 In Europe, and still in excellent repute. As some indemni- 
 fication for the privations sofTeied during the siege of 1574, 
 the Prince of Orange offered the inhabitants exem])tion from 
 certain taxes or a university. To their lasting h(uior, they 
 chose the latter; and it was accordingly it-auiiurated by 
 the Prince the following year. 1575. It has about 20 pro- 
 fessors, and, in 1849, it was attended by 464 students, of 
 whom nearly a half were studying law. Among its professors, 
 at different periods, have been Scaliger. Gomarus. and Ar- 
 minius: and it has had, as pupils, (irotius. Descartes, Field- 
 hig. and Goldsmith. Connected with the university are a 
 well-laid-out botanic garden, an observatory, a library, with 
 valuable MSS. ; an anatomical museum of comparative ana- 
 tomy, one of the richest c(dk'ction8 ot natural liistory in 
 existence, cabinet of coins, museum of antiquities, and a 
 rich Japanese museum. There are also a valuable collection 
 of agricnltural implements, au economic garden, for the 
 promotion of native gardening and agriculture, and a na- 
 tional herbarium. There are. likewise, several learned 
 Bocietios, a fine arts society, and associations for the distri- 
 bution of Bibles, of tracts, and for missionary purposes. The 
 benevolent and charitable institutions are very numerous, 
 and include poor-houses, hospitals for orphans, old men, and 
 old women, connected with the various religious bodies, and 
 various societies for assisting the poorer householders. The 
 cloth manufactures, for which Leyden was at one time 
 greatly famed, reached their maximum in 1670; they 
 subsequently fell off greatly, but have revived in recent 
 years, though not to their former extent. There are now 
 16 steam-factories in the town, including 3 cloth factories; 
 several coverlet, baize, and camlet factories, wool-spinneries, 
 calico print-works, &c.; also a maiuifactory of paper-hang- 
 ings, taimeries, skinneries, soap-works, breweries, distilleries, 
 a machine-factory, and anchor-smith. The former great 
 trade in books, carried on in the latter part of the 17th, and 
 dining the greater part of the ISth century, and rendered 
 world-renowned by the Elzevirs, is represented bj' only 6 
 printing-offices. 
 
 The most memorable event in the history of Leyden is the 
 siege it sustained from the Spaniards in 1573-74. By the 
 resolution and heroic example of Peter Adi'iaan-zoon Van 
 der AN'erff, the burgomaster, the inhabitants were enabled 
 to stand out nearly 4 months. For 7 weeks there was no 
 bread within the walls, and when hunger became no longer 
 bearal)le, and the people, dying in hundreds, imjdored the 
 burgomaster to surrender the town, he offered his body to 
 Hp[iease their appetite, and tlius the most clamorous were 
 abashed. To relieve tlie town, the Prince of Orange at last 
 broke down the dykes, and a favoring wind accompanying, 
 *he waters ^iime over the laud so rapidly that above 1000 of 
 
 the besiegers were drowned. The Fame wind wafted a fltet 
 of 200 boats from Rotterdam to the gates of Leyden, and 
 relieved the pl;ice. It has at various times been severely 
 visited by pestilence; in 1024, 9897 died in a few months, 
 and from July to December, in 1C35, the deaths amounted 
 to 14,582. Leyden is the birth-place of many eminent ami 
 remarkable men, among whom may be specified Jan Bock 
 holtz, or John of l„eyden, the founder of the Anabaptists 
 Karel van Maets, one of the translators of the New Testa 
 ment; the medical doctors. Gerard van Swieten and Pleter 
 Camper; the naturalist, Muschenbroek; the learned bro 
 thers Gerard and Isaac Vossius, Gronovius, and Nicholas 
 Ilensius; and the painters. l/ucas van Leyden, the brothers 
 Van der Velde, Metzu, Mieri,s, father and two sons; Gerard, 
 Douw. and Rembrandt. The population of Leyden, at one 
 time. 90.000, was, in 1863, 37,534. 
 
 LKYDKN, two i.-;lands, one off the N. const of Ceylon, the 
 other off that of Java, opposite Batavia. See MiyDETivoE. 
 
 LKV'DKN, a post-townsliip of Franklin co., Jlass.achusettB, 
 bordering on A'ermout, about 44 miles N. of Springfield. 
 Pop. ti06. 
 
 LEVDEN, a post-township in the S. part of Lewis co.. New 
 York, on the Black River and Black River Canal, about 110 
 miles N.W. of AUiany. Pop. 1859. 
 
 LEVDEN, a postofiice of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 LEYDEN, a postKiflice of Rock CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 LEYDEN CENTRE, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 LEYDEliDORI', li'der-doiip\ a village of Holland, province 
 of South Holland, about Ij miles E. of Levden, and on the 
 Rhine, here ci-ossed by a bridge. Pop. 1698. 
 
 LKYDERDORP, a village of North Holland, 1 mile E. of 
 Leyden. Pop. 1054. 
 
 LEYDSCIIENUAM, lld'sKen-dam', a village of Holland, 
 province of i-'outh Holland, 2 miles E. of the Hague. P. 930. 
 
 LEYLAND, letVland, a town and parish of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, 6^ miles' S. of Preston. Pop. in 1851, 13,710, exten- 
 sively employed in nuinufactures of cotton goods. .It has a 
 handsome church, with monuments of the Farington family, 
 whose mansion, Shawhall, contains a museum and fine gal- 
 lery of paintings; a gramm.ar school, numerous other 
 endowed schools, almshouses, and a station on the Man- 
 chester and Preston Itailway. See Hoghton. 
 
 LEYNI. See Legni. 
 
 LEYRE, laiR, a river of France, formed by the junction 
 of tlie Leyre-de-Luxey and Lcyre-de-Pissos, in the dej^art/- 
 ment of Landes. It flows N.N.W. into the department of 
 Gironde, and. after a course of above 40 miles, of which 20 
 are used for floating, falls into the basin of Arcachon, a 
 little below La Mothe. 
 
 LEYRIA. See Leikh. 
 
 LEYS'DOWN, a parish of England, co. of Keni. 
 
 LEYSELE. lI-sA/lA. a village of Belgium, province of WesJ 
 Flanders, 25 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2096. 
 
 LEYTA or LEITHA. See Leytiia. 
 
 LEYTE. l.Ve-tAor lA/tA. oneof the Philippine Islands, imme- 
 diately S.S.W. of ^amar. Length 130 miles, average breadth 
 35 miles. Pop. 92.175. Its soil is in many parts very fer- 
 tile, producing rice and cotton, with ebony and other fine 
 wootls. 
 
 LEYTIIA, LEITHA. or LEYTA. Vi'tL a river of the Aus- 
 trian empire, fonns a part of the boundary between Austria 
 and Hungary, and, after a course of 90 miles, joins an arm 
 of the Danube at Altenhurg. Between it and Lake Neu- 
 siedl are the Leytha Mountains. 
 
 LEY^TON, a village and parish of England, co. of Essex, 
 on the Eastern Counties Railway. 5 miles N.E. of Ixmdon. 
 Area 2820 acres. Pop. 3274. Strype, the antiquary, waa 
 vicar of the parl.sh. 
 
 LEZ, lA, a river of France, department of Ilerault, risea 
 in the Cevennes Mountains, and, after a course of 20 miles, 
 falls into the Mediterranean, 2 miles S.IJ. of Montpellier. 
 Its lower and navigable part is called the Canal de Grave. 
 
 LEZ, a river of France, rises in the department of Drome, 
 and joins the left hank of the Rhone, a little below Pont St. 
 Esprit ; total course nearly 45 miles. 
 
 LEZANT. le-zanf. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LEZARDRIEUX, l<;h-zaR"dre-lh', a town of France, de- 
 partment of C»ites-<lu-Nord, 16 miles E.N.E. of Lannion. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2208. 
 
 LF^ZAT, leh-z£(/, (anc. Lezatum f) a town of France, for- 
 merly capital of a district called the Lezatois, in the depart- 
 ment of Ari6ge, 17 miles N.W. of Pamiers, on the Leze. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2855. 
 
 LEZAY. leh-zi.', a town of France, the seat of a Calvin istlc 
 consistory, in the department of Deux-Sevres. Pop. 2559. 
 
 LEZAYSK, lA-zhisk', a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia, 
 25 miles N.E. of Rzeszow,on the San. Pop. 3300. 
 
 LE7.EGN0, a village of Italy. See Lesegno. 
 
 LEZ'IATE, a parish of the Isle of Man. 
 
 LEZIATE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LEZIGNAN. l.Vzeen'yflNc'. a town of France, department 
 of Aude, 13 miles W. of Narbonne. Pop. in 185:\ 2.^.37. 
 
 LEZOL'X. Ith-zoo', a town of France, department of Puy- 
 de-Dfmie. 15 miles E.N.i;. of Clermont. I'op. 1852. 3803. 
 
 L£ZUZA, li-thoo'thi, (anc. LiOisoio'na ? or Lirisolsia f) a 
 
 1046 
 
LEZ 
 
 LIB 
 
 town ol 3pai , province and 22 miles W. of Albacete. Pop. 
 2451. 
 
 LEZZ EXO, xSt-sA'no, a village of Nortliorn Italy, province 
 of Como, 5 mnes S.W. of Bellagio, on the E. ghoro of Lake 
 Como. I'o]). 1051. 
 
 LEZZOLO, n town of Italy. See Le.ssolo. 
 
 LGOV or LOOW, I'gof'.a town of Kiissia.jrovernmentand 
 36 miles W. of Koorsk, on the Sem. Pop. 20UO. 
 
 LHAX'BRYDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin. 
 
 LHA-REE or LHA-RI, Tha'ree, a large village of Thibet, 
 about 180 miles N,E. of Liis.sa, in a gorge, among barren 
 and desolate mountains. The Chinose government have 
 here a depot of provisions, under the charge of a mandarin. 
 Near the village is a large Boodhist convent, and a hand- 
 some temple. 
 
 LIIASSA, the capit.il city of Thiliet. See Lassa. 
 
 LIIEMCShi See ELHExirz. 
 
 LHOXACR, I'ho-nawr', a town of India, Nizam's domi- 
 nions, 42 miles E.N.E. of Jaulna. I.at. 20^ N., Ion. 76° 43' E. 
 
 L'UOl'ITAL, lo'pee'tdl', a villa-e of the Sardinian States, 
 Savoy, on the Arly, here ero.'-se<l bv a wooden bridge, 22 
 miles X.N.E. of Cliamb6ry. I'op. 1100. 
 
 LHi )TA FRANCZOWA, li'lo'ti' friu-cho'va, a village of 
 Moravia, 50 miles from Ilradisch. Pop. 1000. 
 
 Lll >TA, NELI, noi h'lo'ti, a village of Moravia, 12 miles 
 from llradi>'ch. Pop. 1200. 
 
 LTArilOWITZE. See Lachowicze. 
 
 LIADISDAli. a post-office of Columbia co., Arkansas. 
 
 LIA.MONE, le-3-mn'n.'\. (anc. Oerridiii.if) a river of Corsica, 
 after a S.W. course of 21 miles. eiitei'S the Jlediferranean 11 
 miles N. of Ajaccio. In 1793 it cave name to the southern- 
 most of the two departments of the island. 
 
 LTAJIPO. a city of China. See Nixg-po. 
 
 LIAN-CHOO or LIAN-TCIIOU. ie-anVhoo'. or LTAN- 
 TCIIKOU-FOU. le-^n/oh^-ooYoo'. written also UEN-TCIKtU. 
 le-en'choo, a city of China, capital of a department, province 
 of Quans-tong, 240 miles S.W. of Canton. Lat. 21° 43' N.. 
 Ion. 109° 40' E. 
 
 LIAXCOURT, ]e-8.N"'kooR/. a town of France, department 
 of Oise, with a station on the Paris and Brussels P.ailway, 5 
 miles S.S.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 1S52, 1550. 
 
 Ill AN E. le-dn', a small river of France, department of 
 Pa?-de-Cal;iis. after a, cour.se of about 20 miles falls into thf 
 Ensli.sb Channel, and forms the harbor of Roulogne-sur-Mer. 
 
 LIANG-CHOO, LIAXG-TCIIOU, le iintiVhoo/. or LTAXG- 
 TCHEO J, le-anc'choj-oo/. a ciry of China, capital of a depart- 
 ment, province of Kan-soo. 140 miles N.X.W, of Lan-choo. 
 
 LIAO TOUXO o' UAO TOXG. See M.antchooria, 
 
 liIAZOlIIXSKOT, le-izVmin-skoi'. an island of Russia, in 
 the White Sea, near the month of the Dwina, government 
 of Archangel, 13 miles long by 6 miles bi"oad. 
 
 LIB.^DIA. See Livadia. 
 "LIB.\XUS. » mountain range of Syria. See Leb.asox. 
 
 LI15.\U, let>'b('iw, (Lettish, LeaiHim. le-d-pi'a,) a seaport 
 town of Rus-ia, government of Courland. on the Baltic. N. 
 of Lake Libau, and 105 miles W.S.'SV. of Mitau. I'op. 10,110. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has a council-hall, theatre, Lu- 
 theran, Roman Catholic, and Calvinist churches; a syna- 
 gogue, hospitivl, 2 extensive almshouses, and an orphan 
 asylum. Its harbor is artificial. Its trade is considerable. 
 
 LIB'BERTON. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 LI'BERTON, a parish of Scotland, co. and 2>^ miles S.E. 
 of Ediiiburg. The ancient Bonmgh Muir of Edinburgh, 
 the bituminous well of St. Catherine, Craigmillar Castle, 
 and other objects of interest, are in this parish. 
 
 LIBERI.\, ll-bee're-a, a republic on the \V. coast of .\frica, 
 midway between Sierra Leone and Cape Palmas. extending 
 320 miles along the coast, with an average breadth inland of 
 80 miles, having Cape Mesurado. lat. Q° IS' N., Ion. 10° 50' 
 W., near the centre of its coast-line. It was founded as a 
 colony of free blacks, in 1820, by the American Colonization 
 Society, with the idea, that m.my, if not all, of the liberated 
 Blaves in the United States would prefer returning to Africa. 
 The experiment, notwithstanding the grievous discourage- 
 ments it met with at the outset, has been eminently suc- 
 cessful. The whole territory of Liberia has been purchased 
 from time to time, from its aboriginal owners. It is well 
 watered, being traversed by several considerable streams, and 
 its natural resources are immense. Cotton is indigenou.s, ami 
 yields two crofw a year. Coffee thrives well : a single tree at 
 Monroviayiolding 30 lbs. at one gathering. Sugar-cane grows 
 in unrivalled luxuriance, and cam-wood in unlimited quan- 
 tities; red-wood, bar-wood, and otliei- dyas, are likewise 
 plentiful; the oil-palm isabundant; and indigo, caoutchouc, 
 ginger, arrow-root, cocoa, cocoa-nuts,pine-appies,castoi^nut8, 
 yams, plantains, bananas, figs, olives, taiuarinds, limos, 
 oranges, leuions, &c., may be added to the list of vegetable 
 products, many of which are exported, to a greater or less 
 extent. Ivory is eitsily obtainable: and rich metallic veins 
 also exist. An important export and import trade is now 
 carried on; and a large numher of the inhaliitanU of the 
 interior depend upon Liberia for their supplies of imp<uted 
 goods. 
 
 'J'lie following exhibits the commerce of Liberia for the 
 jrears specified : — 
 1010 
 
 Tear 
 
 1844. 1&40. 
 
 1847. 1&48. 1 184J. 
 
 Bullion and Specie 
 
 $9!I.9S3 $fi.*.-.'»4S114..«4 SRs.918 $91,0« 
 
 Dje Wood 
 
 36.fi86 1B.931 
 
 24,.c6 lO.lBS S,J10 
 
 Copper Ore .... 
 
 1,»77 4,389 
 
 1M 5,536 2.118 
 
 Hides aud Skins . , 
 
 .... .... 
 
 80.096 168.749 1»H,8J5 
 
 Coflee 
 
 34,301 ZO.CKMi 
 
 22,664| 5,316, 6,915 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 &>i9 6m 
 
 N40i 36 . . , . 
 
 Daiea 
 
 
 2,1 53i 4,720 .... 
 
 Nuts 
 
 io,67S 2,261 
 
 8.418, 16,778 4,8161 
 
 Cloves and Cinnamon . 
 
 
 4,142 10.S07 . . . 
 
 Red Pepper .... 
 
 l.OMi 1,159 
 
 9.540| 5.7.M' 3.««1 
 
 Ginger 
 
 1,616 4.495 
 
 4,342] 15.907: \0.H>6 
 
 All other articles . . 
 
 272.,V>4 553,903 
 
 288.7851 32^.901 223,405 
 
 Total .... 
 
 $459,J37 Sfi7J,rJ6 $5d9.S4l' Sfioo.oSS *49n,742 
 
 A'alue of imports into Liberia during the same period :- 
 
 Years 
 
 1844. 
 
 1 
 1R45. 
 
 1847, 
 
 1W8, 
 
 1849. 
 
 Produce 
 
 Foreign Merchandise . 
 
 $S41.:106 
 68,9:).S 
 
 $o'o,5(i3 
 79.543 
 
 5700,431 
 44.499 
 
 S77I.3-H 
 61,403 
 
 $ti7«.7B9 
 31,642 
 
 Total .... 
 
 $710,244 
 
 $605,106 
 
 J747,930 
 
 $f32.792 
 
 $706,411 
 
 The principal articles of import are tobacco, cotton manu- 
 factures, spirits, gunpowder, and tlour. 
 
 A thirst tor education has been awakened among the sur- 
 rounding aborigines of Liberia, many of whom send their 
 children 400 and 5(X) miles, to be educated in the liepublic. 
 The Lll>erians have built for themselves above 30 ( hurthes 
 of brick and stone; and possess numerous schools, and a 
 considerable numVier of printing-pres.<ies. More than 2i).('00 
 natiA'es have requested to be taken under the protection of 
 the state, while not less th.in 100.000 live on its terrftory, 
 and 350,000 are b<>und to it by treaties to abolish the slave- 
 trade. At diti'erent times, ten buildings, erected by slave- 
 traders for the storage of slaves, have been burned down 
 by the Liberians. and hundreds of iheir fellow-< reatures. 
 therein confined, liberated; and they at all times atlord 
 refuge to the weak and the oppressed. The climate, though 
 still fatal to Europeans, has been greatly improved by clear- 
 ing, drain,age, &c, Monrovia, the capital and port of the 
 colony, is situ-ited on Cape Jlesurado. There are, besides, 
 above 20 towns and villages in the torriton-. The govern- 
 ment of the country is precisely on the American model : 
 consisting of a president, a vice-president, a senate, and a 
 house of representatives: the number of members in the 
 former being 6, and in the latter 28. Liberia wivs declared 
 .in independent state in July. 1847; and. in the following 
 year, was recognised as such by Great Britain and France. 
 A company has recently been organi/.ed in the United States 
 for establishing steam communication Ix'tween Liberi.i and 
 
 this country. Pop. in 1850, 250,000. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 Liberia^, ll-bee're-an. 
 
 LIBER I. \. a small village of Prince William co,, Virginia. 
 
 LIUEKK, a town of Bohemia, See Reiciienbero. 
 
 L1BERT.\D, le-bJR-triD'. (t. e. "Liberty,") an exten.sive 
 department in the X. of Peru, bordering on the Pacific. It 
 is bounded on the X', by Eiinador. and stretches S. to al-out 
 8° 30' S. lat. It is divided into 8 provinces. Libertad and 
 .Amazonas comprise what was formerlv the department ol 
 Trujillo. Capital. Trujillo. Pop. in 1850. 266.553. 
 
 LIB'ERTY. a county in the S.K. part of Georgia. Ixirdering 
 on the .\tlantic Ocean, contains about 700 .square miles. It is 
 drained by the Aledway and Xewj>ort Rivers, and the -Alta- 
 maha River washes its S.W. border. The surface is level; 
 the soil is mostly sandy and sterile. Marl is found in seve- 
 ral places. Capital, Hinesville. Pop. t-367, of whom 2:J8-t 
 were free, and 60^3 slaves. 
 
 LIBKP.TY, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, bord-ring 
 on Galveston Buy. contains about 1650 sq. miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Trinity liiver. The surface is an alluvial plain, 
 which is mostly without trees, excepting the niaririiis of the 
 streams. The soil in the S. is sandy and poor, but improves 
 as we advance towards the N. The river is navigated by 
 steamboats at all stages, to Liberty, the county seat. Pop. 
 31>9. of whom 2110 were free. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-township of Waldo co.. M.nine. st the 
 head of St. George River, whiih affords abundant water- 
 power, about 22 miles E, of Augusta. It contains 6 stores, 
 2 large tiinneries, about 100 cooper shops, 10 saw-mills, 1 
 grist-mill, and 1 carding-machine and cloth-mill. Pop. 1095. 
 
 LIBERTY, a village and station of Steuben co.. New Y'ork, 
 on the Buffiilo and Corning Itailroad, 16 miles N.W. of Bath. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-village and township of Sullivan co., 
 New York, about 100 miles in a straight line N.W. of New 
 Tork city. It is plciusantly situated in a valley surrounded 
 by high hills, and contains 1 Presbyterian and 1 .Methodist 
 chnreii, 1 or 2 hotels, about 7 stores, and the laberty Normal 
 Institute, at which is the Meteorological Station for Sullivan 
 CO. The Institute was founded hero in 1847 by the benefi- 
 cence of John D. Watkins, and is conducted npt)n the prin- 
 cipleof the State Normal School of Albany. Pop,about300; 
 of the township, 3016. 
 
tiB 
 
 Lie 
 
 LITiKRTY, a township of Adams CO., Pennsylvania. P. 756. 
 
 LIBKllTY,at<iwnslii])of Hediordco., Pennisylvania. P.T91. 
 
 LlBKi;TY,atiivvn8hipof Ci!iitreco., Pennsylvania. P.748. 
 
 LII5E11TY, a vi!lag(! of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 
 West Branoh of Sufquclianna Itivor, 110 miles N.N.W. of 
 
 HarrlshurK, has near IdO inhaliitants. 
 
 LI]!ERTY,atownshl(I.Mclvean CO., Pennsylvania. P.1305. 
 
 LIBEItTY, a townsliip of Montour co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pop. 117;!. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Susquehanna cc, Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 995. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 15 
 mile« S K. of Wellsbomugh. Pop. 171S. 
 
 LIBEiiXY, a buautiful post-village, capital of Bedford co., 
 Virginia, on the Virginia and Tennessee Usiilroad, 25 miles Vf. 
 of Lynchburg. It eomnjandsu sublime view of the Peaks of 
 Otter, which are not less than 7 miles distant, though they 
 appear to be iu the immediate vicinity. Liberty has a hand- 
 gome court-house, 4 churches, and about 700 Inhabitants. 
 
 LIBEItTY, a post-oftice of Jackson co., Alabama. 
 
 LIBERTY', a postrvill.ige, capita! of Amite co., Mlssl.ssippi, 
 on the left bank of the Amite River, 100 miles S.S.\V. of 
 Jackson. Pop. 447. 
 
 LIBERTY, a pleasant post-village, capital of Liberty co., 
 Texas, is situated on the E. bank of Trinity River, (50 miles 
 N. of Galveston. Steamboats navigate the river between 
 this point and Galveston at all seasons. 
 
 LIBERTY, a village of Izard co., Arkansas, on White 
 River, near the N.W. corner of the county. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-office of Washita Co., Arkansas. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-village of Be Kalb co., Tennessee, on 
 Opossum Creek. 54 miles E. of Nashville, with which it is 
 connected by a turnpike. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-village, capital of Casey co., Kentucky, 
 on Green River, near its source. 69 miles S. of Frankfort, 
 has a conrt-liouse, and li or 3 diurches. 
 
 Lir.ERTY, a townsliip of Adams Co.. Ohio. Pop. 1544. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 1444. 
 
 IJBEIiTY, a town-hij) of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1205. 
 
 LIBEUTY, a townsliip of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 17^8. 
 
 LIBERTY, a townsliijj of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1178. 
 
 LlBER'iY, a townshij) of Fairfield Co., Ohio. Pop. 2947. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1075. 
 
 LIRERTY, a small viilage of Guernsey co., Oliio, on Wills 
 Creek. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 1050. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 114S. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 1119. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Highland co., Oliio. Pop. 4507. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1393. 
 
 LIHERTY, a townsliip of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1215. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Licking Co., Ohio. . Pop. 902. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1511. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 508. 
 
 LIBEKTY, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 7 miles 
 W. of Payton. It has 1 church. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 785. 
 
 LIBERTY, a townshiji of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1415. 
 
 LIBERTY, a (ownsliip of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1541. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of TrnmbuU co.. Ohio. Pop. 1367. 
 
 LIBERTY, a townsliip of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 1441. 
 
 LIBERTY, a townsliip of 'Van Wirt Co., Ohio. 930. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of AVashington co., Ohio. P. 1327. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Wood co.. Ohio. Pop. 635. 
 
 LIBERTY, a iiost-township in the S. part of Jackson co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1017. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Ciawford co., Indiana. P. .572. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in ficlaware co., Indiana. P. 1525. 
 
 LIBEItTY, a townshij) in Enlton CO., Indiana. Pop. 1314. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in (Jriint co , Indiana. Pop. 1524. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Hendricks co., Indiana. P. 1812. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 1699. 
 
 LIBERTY, a village of Lawrence co., Indiana, on the East 
 Fork of White River, 4 or 5 miles S.W. of Bedford. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 1056. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Porter CO., Indiiuia. Pop. 467. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in St. Joseph Co., Indiana P. 1708. 
 
 LIBERTY, a town.slup in Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1327. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Tipton CO., Indiana. Pop. 1420. 
 
 LIBERTY, a thriving jjost-villnge and township, capital 
 of Union co., Indiana, on the railroad from Hamilton, in 
 Ohio, to Rushvilie. 70 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis, and 
 46 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. It contains 2 or 3 cliurches, 
 and a county seminary. Pop. of the village, 578. 
 
 LIBERTY, a townsliip in Wahash co., Indiana. Pop. 1810. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Warren Co.. Indiana. Pop. 1079. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 634. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-village and towrtship in Adams CO., Illi- 
 nois, 90 miles W. by N. of Spri^igficld. Pop. 1536. 
 
 LIBERTY, a small village of Randolph CO., Illinois, on the 
 Mississipjii River. 
 _ LIBERTY, a post-village, capital of Clay county. Mi.ssouri, 
 situated about 4 miles N. of tlie Missouri Rivor, and about 
 200 miles by the river above .lofieixon City. The situation 
 la healthy and the water good. The town contuins a 
 
 handsome brick court-house, 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 acade- 
 mii'S, a newsjiaper office, 2 woollen factories, and 1 machin<^ 
 aliop. It is surrounded by a highly productive farming dis 
 trict. which abounds in stone-coal and fine limestone. Many 
 horses, catl le, and sv/ine are also exported. Pop. in 1S60, 2405. 
 
 LIBERTY, a townshi]) in Marion co., Missouri. Pop. 1300. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in Stoddard Co., JEnsouri. P. 886. 
 
 LIBERTY, a townsliip in Wasliingtou co., riu-,s<.'\:ri. Pop. 
 766. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-office of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-office of Clark co., Iowa. 
 
 LIBERTY COU.XERS, a post-village of Somerset co., Nd-i7 
 Jersey, 8 miles N.N.E. of Somerville. 
 
 LIBERTY CORNERS, a post-office of Crawford co , Ohio. 
 
 LIBERTY CREEK, a post-office of Rapides co., iowisitna. 
 
 LIBERTY FA LLS. a post-village of Sullivan co.. Nev Vork, 
 about loo miles N'.W. of New York city, and 2i- mile^ S. of 
 Liberty. It contains 2 stores, a large tannery, and flour, 
 saw, and turning mills. 
 
 LIBERTY HALL, a post-office of Washington co.. Virginia. 
 
 LIBERTY HALL, a post-office of Newberry district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a post-village of New London co., Con- 
 necticut, 35 miles E. by S. of Hartford. 
 
 LIRERTY HI LL, a post-offlceof McKean CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LIUEltTY HILL, a post-office of Iredell co., Norrli Cvrolina. 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a village of Edgefield dibtr:..t, SDuth 
 Carolina. 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a postoffice of Kershaw dlslr.;!, fnaih 
 Carolina. 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a post-village of Pike co., Ge^rgU, 13 
 miles S.E. of Griffin. 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a postoffice of Dallas co., Alabsm* 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a post-village of I^fayetto co., Missi* 
 sippi, 17 miles S.E. of Oxford, the county scat. 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas. 
 
 LIBERTY .MILLS, a post-village in Orange co„ Viri^inia. 
 79 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 LIBERTY MILLS, a post-village of Wabash CO., Indiana, 
 on Eel River, about 100 miles N. by E. of Iiidi^iinpolis. 
 
 LIBERTY SQUARE, a pos^village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LIl^lCRTYTOWN, a post-village in Frederick co., Mary- 
 land. 70 mile.s N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 LIB'ERTYVILLE, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, 
 on the Walkill River, about 70 miles S. by W. of Albany. 
 
 LIBERTYVILLE, a post-village in the N. part ui Sussex 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 LIBERTYVILLE, a post-village and tfewn.sbip of Lake co., 
 Illinois, 34 miles N. of Chicago, has a steam flouring rrxOl 
 and 200 inhabitants. I'op. of the township, lill. 
 
 LIBERTYVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., lowt, fij 
 miles S.S.W. of Iowa Gity. 
 
 LIBETIIEN, lc-bA't.>n. (Hun. Liheth-Bunya, lec'bJi.' blii'- 
 yoh\) a free town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, 14 mile- ii. ot 
 Neusohl. Pop. 1400. It has mines of iron and copp-t. 
 
 LIB(X!Hl)WITZ, le-boK'o ftits, a small town of l>..-.*^v'i, 
 10 miles S.W. of Leitmeritz, on the north bank of tie >;?♦/. 
 
 LIBiJKOVO, le-bo-ko/vo, a town of European Tuikej', 
 Albania. 12 miles S.E. of Argyro-Kastro. 
 
 LI BOURNE. leeMiooRn', (anc. C<mtJuti LHI(r. or Litn/r*' 
 num. .') a town and river-port of France, department of 
 Giroude, capital of an arrondissement, on the Dordogne, at 
 its junction with the Isle, and on the railway from Tours, 
 17 miles E.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852. 12.650. It Is 
 enclosed by walls, and has large cavalry b.-irracks, man^i- 
 factorii's of woollen stulTs, glass, and cordage, yards for 
 ship-buililing, a port admitting vessels of 300 tons at high 
 water, and a considerable traffic with Bordeaux in wines, 
 brandy, salt, and corn. It was founded iu 1280, by Edward 
 I., King of England. 
 
 LI'BRAKY, a post-office of .\llegbany co.. Pennsylvania. 
 LIBIHLL.\, le-breel'yd, a town of Spain, province and 15i 
 miles S.S.W. of Murcia. Pop. 3083. 
 
 LIBY.\, lib'e-a, (Gr. Ai/?u»j. Lilme.) the ancient G^.-ok 
 name of Africa.' It was sometimes applied in a rpstr-:<-d 
 seu.se to the region immediately W. of Egypt, extending 
 200 or 300 miles from E. to W., and of an indefinite breadth 
 from N. to S. Adj. and inhab. LiuY.\\. liWe an. 
 
 LIB'YAN DES'ERT. ihat part of the Sahara or Great 
 Desert bounded N. by Tripoli, E. by Egypt and Nubia, S. by 
 Darfoor and Waday, and W. by Fezzan. and the country of 
 the Tibboos. Here the continent of Africa shelves down 
 towards the Mediterranean in a series of terraces, consisting 
 of vast level sandy or gravelly deserts, lying E. and W., 
 separated by low rocky ridges. This desert is pnibably not 
 less than 1000 miles in length from N. to S., and from 500 
 to TOO miles in breadth. It contains the oasis of Seewah, 
 with the town of the same name, about Int. 20° 12' N., Ion. 
 26° 15' E.. near which is the village of Gharmy. 
 LIBYS.SA. Si« llMiAKAH. 
 LICATA. a town of Sicily. See Alicat.v. 
 LICCA. See LiK\. 
 
 LICENZA, U-cb&n'zL (anc. Dipenltiaf) a village of the 
 Papal States, 12 miles from Tivoli, on a briirlit mountain 
 
 1047 
 
Lie 
 
 LID 
 
 stream, rclebrated by Tloracc. The poet's Pabine villa stood 
 Kbout midway betw(«n the road and the river. Pop. 700. 
 
 LICH, liK, a town of Central Geruiai:y, Ilesse-Darmstadt. 
 province of Ober Ilessen, on the Wetter, 8 miles S.E. of 
 Oief..sen. I'op. 2oo7, mostly Lutherans. 
 
 LICIlBOROUGIl, litch/bur-iUi, a paiish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 LICH/ET MAT/KAVERS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset 
 
 LICII'ET MIX'STER, a pari.sh of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 LICH'KIELD, sometimes, but rarely, written lilTCII'- 
 FIELD, a city, parliamentjiry and municipal boroujih. and 
 county of it.self. of England, in the county of Stafford, on the 
 Grand Junction Canal, and the Stafford and Ituirby Railway, 
 17 miles E. S.E. of Stafford, and 110 miles X.N.W. of Ix)ndon. 
 Pop. in 1851, 7003. It stands on a tine plain, and is mostly 
 well built. The cathedral, one of the noblest ecclesiastical 
 edifices in the kingdom, is built in the richly decorated style 
 of the 13th and 14th centuries : it has a superb porch, and 3 
 fine towers with spire.«, of which tlie central is 258 feet in 
 height. Lichtield has also a large episcopal palace, a deanery. 
 3 parish churches, a grammar school, said to have been 
 founded by Edward Si., and where Addison, Ashmole. 
 Johnson, and Garricl? were educated: an ancient female 
 liospital. an asj'lum for relicts of the clergy, and numerous 
 ether charities : a union workhouse, a guildhall, jail, theatre, 
 statue of Dr. Johnson, a market-house. 2 branch banks, 
 excellent breweries, and small manufactories of carpets. 
 Lichfield sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 LICHFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LICIIXAKKT, lixHaRf, a village of Belgium, province 
 and 23 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1541. 
 
 LICHXEN, liK'ten, a village of Austrian Silesia, circle of 
 Troppau. ou the Kaben, about 12 miles from Ereudcuthal. 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 LICHTEN'AU, liK'tfh-n(5w\ a small town of Prussian 
 Westphalia, 47 miles S. of Minden, on the Sauer. Pop. 1525. 
 
 LICHTEN'AU. a smal! town of Germany, province of 
 Nieder Hessen, (Lower Hesse,) on the Losse, 12 miles S.E. 
 of Cassel. Pop. 1476. It is enclosed by ancient walls, and 
 has manufactures of linens. 
 
 LICHTENWU. a small town of Germany, grand-duchy 
 of Baden, 26 miles S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop." 1300. 
 
 LICHTEXAU, OHER and XIEDER, o'bfr and nee'd^r 
 UK'teh-now\ two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Silesia. W.S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1278. 
 
 LIGHT tiNBKRG, liK'tfn-bJKG\ a principality of the Pru."!- 
 Bian States, in flie S. of Rhenish Prussia, between Rhenish 
 Bavaria on the S.K., and Birkcnfeld on the X.W. It was 
 ceded to Prussia by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1834. 
 
 LICHTEXBERG, a town of Bavaria, 12 miles N.W. of 
 Hof. Pop. 900. 
 
 LICHTENBERO. leek'tSxg'baiii/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Bas-Rhin, 14 miles X.X.E. of Saverne. Pop. 
 1010. 
 
 LICIITEXBURG, liK't^n-b<'iiiRo\ a village of Prussian 
 Ssixony, government and 48 miles X.X.E. of Merseburg. 
 with a castle, which is historically interesting, as the place 
 where a meeting was held in 1518, between Luther. Frede- 
 rick the Wise. Spalatin, Melancthon, and Miltitz. Pop. 598. 
 
 LICHTENFELS. liK'ten-fcls\ a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Main, and with a station on the Nuremberg and Xeumarkt 
 Railway. 20 miles N.X.E. of Bamberg. Pop. 2105. 
 
 LICHTENSTEO, liK:'tfn-stJa\ a town of Switzeriand, can- 
 ton and 16 miles S.W. of St. Gall, on the Thur. Pop. 750. 
 
 LICHTEXSTEIX, liK'ten-stme\ or LIECHTEXSTEIN, 
 lcoK'ten-stIne\ a town of .Saxony, 14 miles W.S.W. of Chem- 
 nitz, at the foot of a mountain, crowned by a castle. P. 321 8. 
 
 LICHTEXSTEIX, a state of Germany. See Liechten- 
 
 BTEIM. 
 
 LICHTEXYOORDE, liK^fn-vOK^deh, a village of the Ne- 
 therlands, province of Gelderland, 6 miles S.W. of Groenlo. 
 Pop. 3657. 
 
 LICUTEXWALD, liK'ten-«ait\ a village of Germany, Sty- 
 ria, on the Pave, 15 miles S.S.E. of Cilly. Pop. 600. 
 
 LICUTEXWALD, a village of Germany, Saxony, N.E. of 
 Chemnitz. Pop. 572. 
 
 LICHTEXWEUD, liKtfn-«Jnt\ a village of Lower Au.s- 
 tria, on the Fischa, and the railway from Vienna to Glogg- 
 nitz. Pop. 1200. 
 
 LICHTERVELDE, liK'ter-vJVdeh, a town of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, 13 miU-s W.S.W. of Bruges. 
 Pap. 5CfiO. It has manufactures of tobacco and leather. 
 
 T inl- ^^" * '""■" °^ I'u>-si<i- See LiKnvix. 
 
 LICK, LYK. lik. or OELK. oik. a town of East Prussia, 
 
 T^WJi' of Gumbinnon. on the Lake of Lick. Pop. 3397. 
 
 LIUi. a townsliip of Jackson co.. Ohio. Pop. 1207. 
 
 1 ir^ ) J>'.'.'n?ff'"' " Post-ofRce of Parke co., Indiana. 
 
 rl^L- n vt^- " P^ir^'ffxe "f Hickman co.. Tennessee. 
 
 LICK CREEK, of Ohio, enters TUhn's River lii Defiance 
 county. 
 
 LICK CREEK, of Indiana, ri-ses in Orange co.. and flows 
 westward through Jlartiu co. into the E. fork of White 
 Kiver. 
 
 IlCK CRKEK, a post-office of Sangamon co., HUnols. 
 
 LICK CREEK, of Ralls co., Missouri, flows N. Into Salt 
 River. 
 
 LICK CREEK, a post-office of Ralls co., Missouri. 
 
 LICK CREEK, a post-township in Van Buren co., Iowa, 
 65 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. Pop. 1481. 
 
 LICKE, lik. a post-office of Fannin co., Texas. 
 
 LICK KORK, a small post-village of Daviess co., Missouri. 
 
 LICKING, a county in Ohio, situated near the centre of 
 the state, contains 670 square miles. It is drained by Lick- 
 ing River and its branches. The surface is undulating or 
 nearly level. The soil is generally fertile, and mostly under 
 cultivation. Extensive quarries of sandstone and freestone 
 have been opened, and cannel coal has been found in one 
 place. The streams furnish motive power for numerous 
 mills and factories. The county is tmversed by the Central 
 Ohio Riiilroad, the Pittsburg and Columbus Railroad, and 
 by the Ohio Canal. Capital, Newark. Pop. .37,011. 
 
 LICKING, a township of Licking co.. Ohio. Pop. 1296. 
 
 LICKING, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. P. 1016. 
 
 LICKING, a township of Blacklbnl co., Indiana. P. 1425. 
 
 LICKING, a post-office of Texas co., Missouri, 95 miles 
 S. by E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LICKING CREEK rises in the S. part of Pennsylvania, 
 and flowing southward, falls into the Potomac. 
 
 LICKING CREEK, a township of Fultou co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1028. 
 
 LICKING RIVER, of Kentucky, rises among the Cnm- 
 berland Mountains, in Floj-d co., and pursuing a north- 
 westerly course, falls into the Ohio opposite Cincinnati. 
 The whole length is estimated at 200 miles. It is generally 
 from 50 to 100 yurds wide, with Iiigli and steep banks, which 
 are bordered with forest-trees of great size. Small steam- 
 boats can ascend it to Falmoutli, about 50 miles from its 
 mouth. An affluent, called the South Licking, rises in 
 Montgomery county, and enters the river from tlie left hand 
 at Falmouth. The North Fork flows westward through 
 Mason and Bracken counties until it joins the main stream. 
 
 LICICING RIVER, of Ohio, rises near the centre of the 
 state and flows into the Muskingum opposite Zancsville. 
 Itis formed by three main branches which unite at Newark, 
 namely, the Jforth Fork, South Fork, and Racoon Fork. 
 
 LICKING STATION, a post-village of Morgan co.. Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 LICK'IXGTOWN, a village of Licking co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio Canal. 6 miles E. of Newark. 
 
 LICIv'SHlLLETT, a thriving village of Floyd co., Georgifv, 
 on the S. bank of the Etowah River, opposite Rome. 
 
 LICK'VILLE, a post-village in Greenville district. South 
 Carolina, 100 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 LICORDIA, le-koR'de-3, a town of Sicily, province of Ca- 
 tania. 7 miles S.E. of Caltagirone. Pop. 7000. 
 
 LICORDIA, a village of Sicily, on a height, in the pro- 
 vince of Catkuia. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LICOSA, PUNTA DI, poon'ti doe le-ko'sj, ("point of Li- 
 cosa,") a cape of Naples. See C.vpb LigoS\. 
 
 LICQUES, leek, a market-town of France, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, 15 miles E.N.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 1570. 
 
 LTD.\, lee'dd, a town of Russian Poland, government and 
 70 miles E.N.E. of Grodno. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LID'DEL, a river of Scotland, rises in a bog in the parish 
 of Castletown, flows S.W. for about 24 miles, (for a part of 
 which it divides Scotland from England,) and joins the Esk, 
 near Canoljy. Its valley forms the romantic district of 
 
 LlDDESD.VI.E. 
 
 LI DDKS lid'des or lidd, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Valais, in the valley of Entreraont, on the road from 
 Martigny to the Great St. Bernard. Pop. 1411. 
 
 LIDl)ESD.\LE. a post-office of Columbia co., Arkansas. 
 
 LID'DIARD MIL'LICENT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 LIUDIARD TREGOOZE, lid'j-ard tree-goz, a parish of 
 England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LID'UIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland, 2 
 miles S. E. of Uppitighani. Hero is an hospital, founded in 
 1600 by Sir T. Cecil, 2d Lord Burgliley. 
 
 LIDDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LID'GATE or LYD'GATE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 LIDI, lee'dee, a group of seven islands in the Adriatic, 
 opposite the lagoons of Venice, and extending in a cfirve 
 from the mouth of the Piave to that of the Brenta. 
 
 LIDINGOE, (Lidingiie,) lee'din-gij'^h, an island of Sweden, 
 in the Channel, a little N.E. of Stockholm. It is a great 
 holiday resort for the inhabitants of that city. 
 
 LIUKOPINQ (LidRiiping) or LIDKJOPING, (Lidkjiiping,) 
 lid'cho'ping, a town of Central Sweden, hen and 30 miles 
 S.W. of Mariesiad, at the mouth of the Lid-Au, in Liike 
 Wener. Pop. 1900. It has a largo market-place, in which, 
 on the 29th of September, one of the most frequented fairs 
 in the kingdom is held. 
 
 LID'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Beilford, 3 
 miles W.N.W. of Ampthiil, with a station on the Betlford 
 and Bletchley branch of the London and North Westert 
 Kidlway. 
 
 LID'NKY, a market-town and parish of England, coanly 
 
LID 
 
 LIE 
 
 and lej miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, on a bank of the Se- 
 vern. I'op. 1885. Lidney-hall is a seat of the Bathurst 
 family. 
 
 LIDO, lee'do, a chain of fandy Islands, Austrian Italy, 
 forminjt a curve between the rivers Brenta and I'iave, sepa- 
 rating the Ia);of)ns of Venice from the Adriatic. They con- 
 tain si-reral small forts. 
 
 LIEBAU, lec'lKiw, a town of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles 
 S.S.W. of Liegnitz. I'op. 1930. mostly employed in weaving. 
 I,1E15.\U, a town of Moravia, 18 miles N.K. of Prerau. 
 Pop. 32t;o. 
 
 LIEIJKMtiriL, (laehemiihl.) leeljeh-mijle^ a small town 
 of Kast Prussia, 72 miles S.S.W. of Kiinigsborg. Pop. 1300. 
 LII''iliEN.\U, lee'beh-now\ a town of Germany, Bohemia, 
 19 miles N.K. of Buntzlau. Pop. 2282. 
 
 LIEHENAU, le<}'beh-now\ a town of Germany, on the 
 Weser, 33 miles N.W. of Hanover. Pop. 19C6. 
 
 LIEBENAU. a small town of Germany. Ile.sso-Cassel, 
 province of Nieder-IIossen, on an island in the Diemel, 16 
 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 650. 
 
 LIEDEXSTEIN, Ioe'ben-stine\ or SAUERBRUNN, sfiw'- 
 pr-briiOn*, a watering-place of Saxe-Meiningen, In a beautiful 
 valley, watered by an affluent of the Werra, 18 miles W.S.W. 
 of Gotha. It has a very complete bathing establishment, 
 with a theatre. The water is one of the strongest chaly- 
 beates in (Jermany. Pop. 791. 
 
 LIEBEXTIIAL. lee'ben-tdl, a town of Prussian Silesia, 
 30 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1540. 
 
 LIEBENTHAL, UlUIEN, (Liebenthal Iliihen.) lee'bfn-taP 
 hti'gu, a village of Prussian Silesia, circle of Schiinau. Pop. 
 1020. 
 
 LIEBENWALDE, lee'ben-*dl'deh, a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenlmrg, 37 miles N.N.E. of Potsdam, on the 
 Ilavel. here joined by the Finow Canal. Pop. 2375. 
 
 LIEBEN\VKItD.\, lee'ben-wSrMi, a town of Pru.ssian Sax- 
 ony, 60 miles E.N.E. of Merseburg, on an island in the Black 
 Elster. Pop. 2100. 
 
 LIKBENZELL. leeTjen-tsSlP, or simply ZELL, ts?ll. a town 
 of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 20 miles "W. of Stuttgart, on 
 the Nagold, with 1002 inhabitants, mineral baths, and Im- 
 portant linen markets. 
 
 LXEBEROSE, lec'biT-o'zeh, a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, 33 niilos S.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1500. 
 
 LIEBERVOLKWITZ, lee'bgr-folkVvits, or LIEBERWOLK- 
 WITZ, leeOier-volkSvits. a market-town of Saxony, 8^ miles 
 8.E. of Leipsic. I'op. 1232. 
 
 LIEBICII, OBEK, o'bfr lee/biK, a village of Bohemia, cir- 
 cle of Leitmeritz, on the Rohnbach, about 38 miles from 
 Prague. l'o|). 1008. 
 
 LIEBSTADT. leeVstit, a town of East Prussia, 54 miles 
 S.S.W. of K;iiiigsl)erg, on the Muhl. Pop. 1740. 
 
 LIEBSTADT, a town of Saxony, 15 miles S.E. of Dresden, 
 with a castle. Pop. 818. 
 
 LIECHTENSTEIN, leeK/tfn-strne\ or LICHTENSTEIN, 
 liK'ten-stfne\ the smallest principality in the Germanic 
 Confederation, furming the 27th state, bounded on the N.E. 
 and E. by the Austri;in circle of Vorarlborg and the Tyrol, 
 8. by tlie Swiss cunt^m of Grisons, and on the W. by the 
 Rhine; Avliich sepnratos it from the canton of St. Gall. In 
 the N. it terminates almost in a point ; greatest length, from 
 N. to S., 15 miles, average breadth about 5 miles; area 53 
 square miles. For administrative purposes it is divided 
 into the two lordships of Schelemburg and Liechtenstein ; 
 the latter, formerly called Vaduz, is the cajjital; it is a 
 small place, with a poiuilation of 930. The family of Liech- 
 tenstein is a branch IVom that of Este. The Prince has ex- 
 tensive domains in Germany, and particularly in Moravia. 
 Pop. 73ii0. 
 
 LTECHTEXSTEIN, a town of Saxony. See LicntENSTEiN. 
 
 LIEDEKEIIKE, lee'deh-kjii'keh, a village of Belgium, 
 province of Brabant. 12 miles \V'. of Brussels. Pop. 2131. 
 
 LIEDOI.SIIEIM, lee'do!s-hIme\ a village of Baden, 10 miles 
 N. of Carlsruho. Pop. 1813. 
 
 LIEFKENSHOEK, leePkens-hook\ a fort of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, and 7 miles N.W. of 
 Antwerp, the approach to which it protects, with Fort Lillo, 
 Immediately opposite. 
 
 LIEFLAXD, a province of Russia. See LivoxiA. 
 
 LIEGE, leej, (Fr. Liegi:, le-aizh'; L. LeMium; Dutch, 
 Luyk or Luik, loik ; Ger. LiUlich, lilftiK,) a town of Bel- 
 gium, capital of a province, 54 miles E. by S. of Brussels. It 
 stands in a longitudinal valley, terminated W. by a hill, 
 called Sainte-Walburge, and E. by another hill callcjd Le 
 Cornillon. and is traversed from S.W. to N.E. by the Meuse, 
 which is here joined by the Ourthe. It is defended E.S.E. by 
 Fort Chartreuse, X. by Cornillon, and N.W. by a vast citiidel. 
 recently constructed on its ancient site on the summit of 
 Sainte-Walburge. Liege is the Birmingham of Belgium, and 
 hence, on approaching it, the first thing usually seen is a 
 dense cloud of smoke. The streets are narrow, often steep, 
 acd, almost without exception, ill cleaned ; while the houses 
 hive a dingy, dirty look, and are so high, as both to exclude 
 the sun and confine the air. The rivers, however, are 
 f^nerally lined with stone quays, several of which are well 
 plftuled, and afford good promenades, and there are eleven 
 
 squares, which afford a good deal of open space. The 
 principal buildings are the Cathedral of St. Paul, in pure 
 Gothic, the Church of St. Jacques, one of the finest exisfc 
 ing specimens of ogival architecture; the Churches of 
 St. Martin, St. Croix, St. ,Iohn. St. Denis, St. Barthelemy. 
 the I'alais de Justice, the ancient residence of the princ» 
 bishops, an imposing edifice; the Ibtcl de Ville, the Uni 
 versity, occupying the extensive buildings of a Jesuit con- 
 vent, and rich in collections of various kinds, and the 
 Communal College, a large and elegant structure, inaugu- 
 rated in 1843. Liege is the see of a bi.shop, suffragan to the 
 Archbishop of Mechlin, and possesses a superior cotirt of 
 justice, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Liege, Lim- 
 bourg, Luxembourg, and Xnmur; courts of first resort and 
 commerce, an episcopal seminary, a royal college, veterinary, 
 artillery, industrial, commercial, and several other schools; 
 a public library of 75,000 printed volumes, and 600 MSS. ; 
 cabinets of natural pliilosophy and natural history, a bota- 
 nical garden, a royal conservatory of music, an academy of 
 fine arts, deaf and dumb and blind asylums; and numerous 
 other beneficial institutions. 
 
 The great staple manufacture of Liege is iron. Some of 
 its establishments in different branches of this manufacture, 
 particularly that of fire-arms, and the construction of 
 machinery, surpass these of France, and almost rival those 
 of Great Britain. The other principal manufactures are 
 broadcloths, and various woollen stuffs, jewellery, tobacco, 
 carriages, soap, hats, and leather. The trade in all these 
 articles is considerable, and is much aided Viy roads, railways, 
 canals, and navigable rivers, which bring the town into 
 communication with the different quarters of the kingdom, 
 and with for:jign countries. 
 
 Liege was founded in the 6th, but not surrounded with 
 walls and forti ications till the 10th century. In 1212. it 
 was taken by Henry I., Duke of Brabant; and, in 1407, 
 Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, having forced an 
 entrance into it, levied enormous sums from the inhabitants, 
 and razed its fortilications. In 1691, Marshal Boufflers 
 bombarded it for five days; and, in 1702, both the town and 
 citadel were taken by the Duke of Marlborough. Pop. 
 99,P05. Inhab. Lieger, lee'jer, (Fr. Liegeois, Ie-A'zhw3'.) 
 
 LIEGE,(Dutch, Luikerland, or Luylerland, loi'ker-Hnt\) 
 a province of Belgium, bouudetl X. by Limbourg, E. by Rhe- 
 nish Prussia, S. by Luxembourg, S.W. by the province of 
 Xamur, and X.W. by Brabant; length. E. to AV., 52 miles; 
 breadth, N. to S., 33 miles; area, 1117 .square miles. It 
 belongs to the basin of the Meuse, by which it is traversed 
 S.W. to N.E. About three-fourths of the whole surface are 
 under cultivation ; rather more than one-sixth in wood, and 
 less than one-twenty-second waste. The trade is facilitated 
 both by water communication and railways. Pop. 460,063; 
 of whom 427,442 speak French or Walloon, 29,971 Flemish 
 or Dutch, ind 4087 German ; in 1862, 54'),882. 
 
 LIEGXITZ, leeg'nits, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the 
 Katzbach, at its confluence with the Schwarzwasser. and on 
 the Berlin and Breslau liailway. 40 miles W.X.W'. of Breslau, 
 Pop. 17,359. It was formerly fortified, but its works have 
 been destroyed, and are now replaced by pulilic walks; it 
 has 2 Lutheran and 3 Roman Catholic churches; a ducal 
 chapel, in which are buried the princes of the line of Piast; 
 an ancient council-house, an acailemy, estalilishixl in 1810, 
 an orphan asylum, and a workhouse. Here, on the 16th 
 .\ugust, 1760, the Prussians, under Frederick the Great, 
 totally defeated the Austrians ; lat. 51°12'N., Ion. 16°12'E. 
 
 LlEMi'DE, leemp'dth, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Xorth Braliant, 9 miles S. of IJois-le-Duc. Pop. 1277. 
 
 LIEX-CIIOO or LIEX CHEW TOO. See LiAM-Cnoo. 
 
 LIEXDEX, leen'den, a village of Holland, province of 
 Gelderlaud, 12 miles N.W. of Xymwegen, on the Rhine-dike. 
 Pop. 829. 
 
 LIEN-TCHOU, a city of China. See Ltan-Choo 
 
 LIENTZ or LIEXZ, leents, (auc. LemiHiumf) a town of 
 Tyrol, on the Drave, 40 miles E.N.E. of Brunecken. Pop. 
 3000. engaged in iron works. It has a college and convents, 
 and near it is an ancient fortified abtx-y. 
 
 LTEXZTNGEN, Iwn'zing-jn, a village of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Xeckar, on the Schmieh. Pop. 900. 
 
 LIEOO-CHOO-FOO orLIEOU-TCHOU-FOO, lee-oo'choo^foo/, 
 a city of China, province of Qnang-see, on a navigable river. 
 Lat. 24° 14' N., Ion. 109° E. LiEOO is a prefixed name of 
 various Chinese towns. 
 
 LIEOU KHIKOU, (ISLANDS). See Loo Cnoo. 
 
 LIEPVRE, leev'r. a village of France, department of Haut- 
 Rhin, 14 miles X.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 2323. 
 
 L1I;R. See Lierre. 
 
 LIERDE ST. MARTIN, lecR'deh or le-aird sSns maRH^No', 
 a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 18 miles 
 S. of Client. Pop. 1439. 
 
 IJERGANES, le-gR-g;Vn?8. a village of Spain, Old Castile, 
 10 miles from Santander. Pop. 1665. 
 
 L1ERXEUX, le-^R^nih', a villasre of Belgtum, province and 
 25 miles S.S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1980. 
 
 LIEKRE or LIER, le-aiR', a town of Belgium, province 
 and 10 miles S.E. of Antwerp, at the confluence of tlie Greai 
 and Little Xethes. It is surrouuJed by a rampart, planted 
 
 1049 
 
LIE 
 
 with trees; is generally well built, has a town-house, 5 
 churches, 3 chapels, 3 convents, an hospital, prison, barracks, 
 erpbaii iisj-lum, several almshouses, and 8 primary schools. 
 with manufactures of lace, cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics ; 
 I uiuy 1 re^veries, distilleries, and oil-mills. Top. li,791. 
 
 LI Krf OLtRF, lees'doRf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 llent and 30 miles S.S.K. of Treves. Pop. 1381. 
 
 LIESER, lee'zer. a town of Rhenish Prussia, government 
 and 19 miles N.E. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1314. 
 
 L' ESTIIAL or LIKSTAL, lees'tdl, a town of Switzerland, 
 cnpiial of the canton of Ba.«el country, (Basel Landschaft,) 
 
 8 oiles S.E. of Basel. Pop. 2200. 
 
 LI KSZECK, lee'sik', a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, 
 
 9 miles from trentschin. Pop. 2932. 
 
 LI K-SZECK. a village of Hungary, co. of Arva. Pop. 1399. 
 
 LIETOR, le-.vtoa', a town of i?pain, province of Albacete, 
 on theMundo, 63 miles N.W.of Jlurcia. Pop. 2-151. It has 
 a Carmelite convent, and manufectures of woollens. 
 
 LIETTAXI. See Litant <El). 
 
 LIETZEN, leet'sen, a village of Austria, in Styria, on the 
 Birnbach. Pop. 1600. 
 
 LIETZGOIIRICKE, leets'goVik-kfh, Alt, dlt, and Xeu, 
 noi, (I.e. "Old and New Lietzgohrlcke,") two nearly con- 
 tiguous villages of Prussia, government of Frankfort, circle 
 of, and near Koiiig.sberg. I'op. 1339. 
 
 LIEU, LE, leh le-uh', or lyuh, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Vauil, on Lake Joux, 19 miles W.X.W. of Lau- 
 sanne. Pop. 1059. 
 
 LIEUREY. le-uhV.V, a market-town of France, department 
 of Eure, 8 miles S. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. in 1852, 2343. 
 
 LIEUVIN, le-CH'vlNo', an old division of Xormandy, now 
 comprised in the departments of Calvados and Eure. 
 
 LIEZELE, lee-zdlfh, a village of Belgium, province and 
 15 miles S. of Antwerp. Pop. 1048. 
 
 LIFF .\ND BEN'VLE, a united parish of Scotland, cos. of 
 Forfar and Perth. 
 
 LIF'FEy, a river of Ireland, Leinster, rises in the moun- 
 tains of Wicklow, and, after a course of 50 miles, enters 
 Dublin Bay. 
 
 LIF'FOKD, a market-town of Ireland. Ulster, capital of 
 the CO. of Donegiil, on the Foyle, 14 miles S.S,W. of Lon- 
 donderry. Pop. 752. 
 
 LIFFRfi, leeffnl/. a village of France, department of 111©- 
 «t-Vilaine. 11 miles N.E. of Bennes. Pop. in 1852, 2501. 
 
 LIF'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LIFU, lee-foo', the largest and mo.st northerly of the I^oy- 
 alty Islands, in the South Pacific ; lat. (X. end) 20° 27' S., 
 Ion. 107° 47' E. It is 37 miles long, from N. to. S., and from 
 
 10 to 20 miles broad. 
 LIGER. See Loire. 
 
 LIGETH, lee" gait', a village of Hungary, Banat, on the 
 Temes. Pop. 2210. 
 
 LKniT'IIOKXE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 LIGHT COR/XERS, a postoffice of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 LIGHT STREET, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 2 or 3 miles X.E. of IJloomsburg. 
 
 LIGIITWOOD FOREST. England. See Blurtox. 
 
 LIGITAN or LEEGETAN, lee^ghet^n', a group of islands 
 In the Malay Archipelago, in the Sooloo Sea, lat. 4° 19' N., 
 Ion. 118° 33' E. 
 
 LIGX.VXA, leen-yifnd, a Tillage of the Sardinian States, 
 provinceand about 3 miles from Vercelli. Pop. 1043. 
 
 LIGXK, leen'y.V, a village of France, department of Ixiire- 
 InfCrieure, 16 miles X.E. of Xantes. Pop. in 1S52, 2.'«1. 
 
 LIGXE. leen'yV, a village of Belgium, proviuce of Ilai- 
 naut. 4 miles W. of Ath, with breweries and distilleries. 
 
 LIGXEKES-L.A-DOUCELLE, leen>yaiR/-14-dooVJll', a vil- 
 lage of France, department and 25 miles N.W. of Mayeune. 
 Pop. in l'v)2. 2051. 
 
 LIG.MEKES, leen^ye-aiR/, a town of France, department 
 of Cher, 25 miles S.W. of Bourges. It was once surrounded 
 with walls and ditches, and defended by a castle, in which 
 Charles VI. and Charles VII. of France often took refuge 
 during the English ascendancy. Pop. 2568. 
 
 LIG.NUL, leen'yol', a village of France, department of 
 Morbilian, and 14 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 1780. 
 
 LIG.N'Y, leen'yee', (anc. Linciumt) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Meuse, on the Ornain, 10 miles S.E. of Bar-le- 
 Duc. Pop. in 1852, 32.'54. It has manufactures of cotton 
 thread and fabrics, and a trade in wool and timber. 
 
 LIGN'V, leen'yee', a village of Belgium, province and 14 
 miles W.X.W. of Xamiir, celebrated lor a combat between 
 the Prussians and French, June 16, 1815, two days before 
 the ai'tion of Waterloo. 
 
 LIGX V LE ClIATEL, (Ligny le Ch.atel.) leen'yee' Igh sha'- 
 VsV, a market-town of France, department of Yonne, on the 
 Berein, 11 miles X.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 14S8. 
 
 L1GH)XIE1{/. a post-borough and town.sbip of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Pittsburjc to 
 Philadelphia, 62 miles E.S.E. of the former. It contains 2 
 churches, k newspaper ofHce. and several stores. Pop. in 
 1860, 378: of the township, in 1800, 2730. 
 
 LIGONIER, a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, on the 
 railroa«l from Chicago to Toledo, 108 miles W. by S. of Toledo. 
 
 LIUOR, le-gor, (Siamese, Sakur, si'kof', a fortified town 
 
 LIL 
 
 of Lower Siam, on the E. side of the 'Mnl.iy PBnin.>ru!a. Lat 
 8° 17' X., Ion. 100° 10' E. It has many temples and pyra- 
 mids. 
 
 LIGUEIL, lee^guT', a village of France, department of 
 Indre-et-Loire, 25 miles S. of Tours. Pop. in 1S52. 2044. 
 
 LIIIOXS, leeV\N«', a town of France, department of Somme, 
 11 miles W.S.W. of Peronne. Pop. 1248. 
 
 LIK.A, lee^vd, or LICCA, llk'kd, a river of Austrian Croatia, 
 military frontier, after a X.W. course of about .30 miles, 
 sinks under ground near Mount Tuliba. It gives niime to 
 a mountainous district in the circle of Ottochacz, having an 
 area of 800 square miles, and containing the towns of Goe- 
 pich and Carlopago. 
 
 LIK'EXS, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 LIKHVIX, liK-vin' or liK-veen', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 30 miles S. of Kalooga, ou the Oka. Pop. 2500. 
 
 Ll-KIAXG or LI-KIAXG-FOO. lee^ke-^n./ffx)/, a city of 
 China, province of Yunnan, capital of a department. Lat. 
 26° 45' N.. Ion. 100° 20' E. 
 
 LIL'BOUKX, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 LILESVILLE, lilz'vill. a po.st-viliage of Anson co., Jionh 
 Carolina, 140 miles S.W. by W. of Raleigh. 
 
 LIL'FORD, a pari.sh of England, co. of Xorthampton. It 
 gives the title of Baron to the I'owis family. 
 
 LILIEXFELD, lee'le-en-felt', a village of Lower .Austria, 
 37 miles W.S.W. of Vienna, with a manufactory of arms, 
 and a rich Cistercian abbey. 
 
 LILIEXTU.AL, lee'le-en-tiP, a village of Hanover, 7 miles 
 X.E. of Bremen. Pop. 510." 
 
 LILLE or LISLE, leel, ^anc. Msula, or Ma. It. Lilla, lilld, 
 P'lem. Kyssd or liijssd, ris^sel.) a strongly fortified and manu- 
 facturing city of France, capital of the department of Xoi-d, 
 on the Deule, a canal connecting the Scarpe and Lys Rivers, 
 26 miles X.X.E. of Arras. Lat. 50° 38' X., Ion. 3° 2' E. Pop. 
 in 1862, 131.827. It is entereil by seven gates, and has a 
 strong ciUidel, with barracks and niiigazines on its X.W. side ; 
 it is jiretty well laid out, having many straight and wide 
 streets, lined with substantial brick houses, a Oraiide PUict 
 of noble extent, and about 20 other squares; but it.s quar- 
 ters inhabited by the manufacturing population are narrow, 
 dirty, and unhealthy, and its artisans are in the most im- 
 poverished condition. Principal public buildings, the Town- 
 hall, formerly a palace of the Dukes of Burgundy, and 
 inhabited in the 16th century by Charles V.; the Public 
 Library and museums, several Roman Catholic churches, 
 with fine paintings; the Protestant church, synagogue, and 
 prefecture; 6 large hospitals, several extensive barracks, 
 the prisons, exchange, mint, theatre, com ert-hall and large 
 corn storehouses; and among its public e.«lablistinients are 
 a valuable (licture gallery, academy of mu>ic. architecture, 
 and a l)otanic ganlen. The canal, ou wliich the town is 
 built has several branches naviirable by small ves.sels, and 
 along one part of it, called the Middle Deule, is a fine espla- 
 nade, close to which is the haud.some I'out Koyal. IdUe 
 derives high importance from being one of the chief seats 
 of the French thre.id and cotton manufactures. Calicoes, 
 cotton handkerchiefs, printed goods, Uible linen, fine linen 
 cloths, thread, lace, stockings, and gloves, are its principal 
 proilucts ; in cotton-spinning it also rivals some of tlie towns 
 of Lancashire; and if has considerable manufactures of 
 broadcloths, cassimeres, serges, and other worsted stuffs, 
 velvets, hats, paper, beet-root sugar, and mineral acids, with 
 government tobacco and gunpowder factories, and an ex- 
 tensive coinage of gold. Its vicinity is studded with bleiich- 
 ing-grounds, rapeseed-oil mills, and beet-root plantations, 
 the two latter of which are very important, eui]il(iyinir many 
 hundreds of the inhabitants. A r.iilway connects l^ille with 
 Brussels and Ghent, through Courtrai. iioubaix, and Turco- 
 iug. all industrial towns of importance. 
 
 Lille, formerly the capital of French Flanders, is said to 
 owe its origin to a strong castle, built towards the downfall 
 of the Roman empire: and called, from its position. Insula, 
 hence L'Isle, easily changed to Lille. In 1007, Baldwin IV. 
 both extended it and surrounded it with walls and ditches. 
 From that time, but not without many vicissitudes, Lille 
 has continued to increase, passing through the hands of 
 various masters, till ultimately sccuretl to France by the 
 peace of Utrecht, in 1713. In 1792 it was ineffectually be- 
 sieged and bombarded by the Austrians. 
 
 LILLEBOXXE, leel'bonn', (Jnliohi/na,) a town of France, 
 department of Seine-lnferieure. 19 miles E. of Havre. Pop. 
 in 1852,5144. It has a ruined castle, built by William the 
 Conqueror, and tlourishing cotton factories and tanneries. 
 It was the ancieut capital of the dtli-tes. and was colonized 
 by the Romans, under whom it was important. 
 
 LILiyECASH, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 160 miles 
 N.X.E. of Springfield. 
 
 LILLEHAMMER, lilleh-hjm'mer. a town of Xontay, 
 and formerly the see of a bishop, lien and 80 miles N.X'.W. 
 of Christiania, at the X.E. extremity of Lake Midsen, near 
 the mouth of the Lougen. It is the centre of a poii.i lerabli; 
 trade, extending from Christiania to the Dovrefield Moun- 
 tains. Steamers ply daily on the lake between it and Miude. 
 Pop. 701. 
 LILLERS, leeVi'j a town of France, department )f Pas- 
 
LIL 
 
 LIM 
 
 dfi-Culiiis, 7 miles N.W. of Bethune. Pop. 3056. It was for- 
 merly fortified. 
 
 LILL.K8AND, 11116h-sind\ a small seaport town of Norway, 
 15 miles K.X.E. of ChristiansauU. 
 
 lilLLKSlIALL, lilz'hawl, a parish of Kngland, co. of Salop, 
 3 miles S.S.W. of Newport. Near it is a monument to the 
 late Duke of Sutherland. 
 
 LIL'IiKY or LIND/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 l.,IL'LKY'S MILLS, a small Tillage of Mifflin co., Penn- 
 lylvaiiia. 
 
 LILLIAXES, leel-yin' or leeH'dn', a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States. Piedmont, on the Esa or Lys. Pop. 1210. 
 
 LIL'LIKSLEAF, a parish of Scotland, w. of Roxburgh. 
 
 LIULINCiTON. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 LILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 LIIVLINOSTON DAY'RELL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks. 
 
 LILLINGSTON LOV'ELL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 LILLO, leel'yo, a town of Spain, province and 37 miles 
 E.S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2183. 
 
 LIL'LO, KORT, is a military stronghold, Belgium, province 
 and 7 miles N.W. of Antwerp, on the Scheldt, opposite i'ort 
 Liefkinishoek. 
 
 LILLOIS-WITTERZEE, leeriwi/wit-ter-z.V, a village of 
 Belgium, province of Brabant, 15 miles S.S.E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1122. 
 
 LIL'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LIliYB.EUM. See Marsala. 
 
 LIMA, lee'md, a city, the capital of Peru, and also of a 
 department and province of its own name, is situated alx)ut 
 7 mill's from its port, Callao on the Pacific, with which it is 
 connected by a recently constructed railway. Lat. 12° 3' S., 
 Ion. 77° 6' W. It stands at the foot of granitic hills, and on 
 both banks of the Kimac, which divides the city into two 
 unequal portions, connected by a handsome stone bridge 
 of six arches, and 530 feet in length, which forms a favorite 
 afternoon lounge, at which time the mountain breezes are 
 peculiarly grateful. The larger division of the town is on 
 the S. or left bank of the river, and it is enclosed on all sides 
 exccjit the N. (on which is an agreeable alarneila, i. e. " a 
 walk adorned with rows of trees — especially with poplar 
 trees,") by a brick wall from 18 to 20 feet high, having 
 9 gates; the smaller, or suburb of San Lazaro, Is on the 
 riglit bank, and is backed by hills having only two openings 
 tliriiugh them for ingress and egress. Lima is near 3 miles 
 In length from E. to W., and IJ in breadth, having a cir- 
 cumference of alK)Ut 10 miles. The .streets are equidistjint, 
 Intersect each other at right angles, and have an average 
 breadth of 34 feet. They are in general badly paved, and 
 not very clean; but improvements are gradually going on 
 in the more central parts of the city, where the pavements 
 have been lately restored, and footpaths formed of broad 
 flags from England ; those lying E. and W. have each a deep 
 stream of water running down the centre, which is crossed 
 by four bridges at the cross streets. Its numerous domes 
 and spires give to Lima a magnificent appearance when 
 viewed from a distance. The grand square, the Plaza Mayor, 
 together with the adjoining streets, Mantas, Ifexlegones and 
 Mercaderes, is the central point of its life and business. 
 This fine square is a regular quadrangle, each side of which 
 Is 510 feet long, having in the centre a magnificent bronze 
 fountain with three basins; two sides are occupied by the 
 Portales or I'iazzas, the most attractive plhces in Lima for a 
 straniier. On the N. side of the sc(uare stand the Palace and 
 offices of the government, on the E. the Bishop's Palace and 
 the Cathedral, and on the W. the Senate-House, the Town- 
 Ilall, and a row of shabby houses. The next public square in 
 respect of size is the Plazuela de la Inquisicion, now called 
 the Square of Independence (Plazuela de la Independtncia), 
 in which stand the Hall of the Congress, the Jail, and the 
 Palace of the Inquisition, where cruelties were practised no 
 less terrible, and perhaps in hardly fewer instances, than in 
 those Of the Inquisition of Madrid. Among the numerous 
 churches and convents, a few only are deserving particular 
 notice; of these the Cathedral is the most remakable. It is 
 richly decorated within; and beneath its grand altar lie the 
 remains of Francisco I'izarro. The convent of San Francisco 
 is the largest monastic establishment in Lima, occupying 
 nearly 7 acres of ground ; it is an elegant structure, but now 
 out of repair, and exhibiting evident signs of decay. Besides 
 the cathedral, Lima contains five other parish churches; 12 
 attached to convents, 13 to monasteries, and 22 chapels, 
 making a total of 68 places of wor-ship. The monasteries 
 and convents, at one time very numerous, have to a great 
 extent been suppressed. The University, once the most im- 
 portant, as it was the first established seat of education of 
 the kind in the New World, has connected with it a national 
 library of about 20.000 volumes, and the museum, in which 
 are cnjleclions of Peruvian antiquities and objects of natural 
 history. Ther'i are also a college of advocates, a college of 
 pharmacy, witli a botanic garden attached; another of medi- 
 eine and anatomy ; 1 Latin, and about 40 primary schools, 
 ftnd various other educational institutions. There are like- 
 wise a number of well-conducted hoepitals, including 1 for 
 
 fmndlings, and 2 for lunatics. The places of public amuse- 
 ment are 3 alamedas or promenades — the Vieja or Old Ala- 
 meda; the Alameda de Acho. on the banks of the liiinac, 
 containing the bull-ring, capable of accommodating from 
 10.000 to 12,000 spectators, and forme-'> ^ho .jCime of the 
 autos-da-/iJof the inqviisitior. ; -n:I ^hc Porta da del Callao , 
 2 theatres, and an aniphitbeatre for cock-fights. 
 
 Lima has several manufactories of gold-lace and fringes, 
 and also of glass, cotton, chocolate, paper, &c. ; but mmrly 
 all the goods sold and consumed in the country are foreign. 
 Mechanical employments are numerous, but all are in ii 
 rude state. Lima was long the grand commercial entrepcit 
 for all the W. coast of South America, and it still has a iarge 
 trade through its port Callao. Its exports consist of silver, 
 copper ore, bark, soap. vicuiJa wool, chinchilla skins, nitre, 
 sugar, kc. ; and imports of manufactured goods from Eng- 
 land, wines, silks, and brandy, from Spain and France, and 
 other produce chiefly from the American continent. Since 
 the discovery of the gold mines of California, its trade with 
 the latter has greatly increased. 
 
 The climate is very agreeable. The range of the thermo- 
 meter throughout the year is from 73° to 75° in winter, and 
 80° to 87° in summer. F'rom April to October, a heavy and 
 sometimes chilly mist overhangs the city in the mornings 
 and evenings. Rain, even in partial showers, is of exceed- 
 ingly rare occurrence ; thunder and lightning are unknown. 
 Lima is very subject to earthquakes, and has frequently 
 suffered from these terrible visitations. The most destruc- 
 tive on record occurred in October, 1740, when many houses 
 and public buildings were destroyed. On the same occasion, 
 the port of Callao was suddenly submerged by a huge wave; 
 and. with the exception of some 20 or 30, all the inhabitants, 
 amounting to 5000, were swept away. 
 
 Lima was founded by Pizarro in 1535, and called Ciudad 
 de los Reyes, (Kings' town,) in commemoration of th<' festival 
 day of the kings, on which the site was chosen. This name 
 having been confirmed In 1537 by Charles V., from that time 
 Lima became capital of Peru, and the seat of the viceroys. 
 Pop., according to the census of 1850^100,000. Adj. and 
 inhab. Limenias, le-m^n'e-an, (Sp. Limkno, le-mSn'yo.) 
 
 LIJIA, the metropolitan department and province of 
 Peru, the former extending from the shores of the Pacific 
 to the Andes. Its principal streams are the Rimac, the 
 Chancay, the Maria, and the Rio firando. The soil is fertile 
 and well cultivated. It is subilivided into 7 provinces. 
 Chief towns, Lima, the capital, Callao, Chancay, Iluaura, 
 and I(j8. Pop. of the department in 1850, 250,801 ; of the 
 province, 125,000. 
 
 LI.MA, (anc. Lirn/ia,) a river of Spain and Portugal, rises in 
 Oalicia. flows S.W. for about 90 miles, and enters the Atlan- 
 tic at Viana. It is navigable only for the last 12 miles. 
 
 LIMA, lee'md, a river of Central Italy, Tuscany, tributary 
 to the Serchio. 
 
 LIMA, ll'ma, a po.st-village and township of Livingston 
 CO., New Yorkj about 18 miles S. of Rochester. The village, 
 situated on a branch of the Genesee River, contains several 
 churches, and a flourishing institution called the Genesee 
 Wesleyan Seminary. The Canandaigua Railroad passes 
 along the N.E. border of the township. Pop. of the village, 
 about 700 ; of the township. 2782. 
 
 LIMA, a post-village of Delaware CO., Pennsylvania, about 
 7 miles N.W. of Chester. 
 
 LIMA, a post-office of Greenville district. South Carolina. 
 LIMA, a post-offiee of St. Tamany parish, Louisiana. 
 LIMA, a thriving post-village of Ottawa township, and 
 caiiital of Allen co., Ohio, on the Ottawa River, 98 miles 
 N.W. of Columbus. It has a pleasant and healthy situation 
 in a fine farming country. It contains 7 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, a Union school-house costing ,$25,000, 2 iron- 
 foundries with machine-8ho])8, and several steam-mills. The 
 Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago R.R. here intersects the 
 Dayton and Michigan Railroad. Pop. in 1850, 757 ; in 1800, 
 1989; in 1.^64, 3742. 
 LIMA, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1247. 
 LIM -A. a post-village of Mahoning co.. Ohio. 1(0 miles N.E. 
 of Columbus. The name of the post-office is North Lima. 
 
 LIMA, a post-village and township in the W. part of Wash- 
 tenaw CO.. Michisan. on the Michigan Central Railroad, about 
 50 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. 998. 
 
 LIM.A, a post-village of La Grange CO.. Indiana, on Pidgeon 
 River, 174 miles N.N.E. of Indianapoli.s. It is a thriving 
 place, containing a newspaper office, and was the county 
 seat until the year 1842. 
 
 LLM.\. a post-village and township in Adams CO., Illinois, 
 100 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 1468. 
 
 LIMA, a township of Carroll co.. Illinois. Pop. 609. 
 LIM.A. a post-town.sliip forming the N.E. extremity of Rock 
 CO.. Wisconsin, intersected by the Milwaukee and .Mississippi 
 Railroad, about 35 miles E..S.E. of Maxlison. Pop. 1151. 
 
 LIMACAPAN, \e-ml-kk-\,hn', a small island of the Malay 
 
 Archipelago, N.E. of Palawan. Lat. 11° 40' N.. Ion. 120° E. 
 
 LIMAGXE, le'mSfi', an old subdivision of France. Au- 
 
 yergne. now comprise<i in the dep.irtment of Pny-ile-Dome. 
 
 LIMAL, lee'mdP. a village of IJelirium, province of Bn.bant, 
 
 on the Dyle, 15 miles S.E, of Brussels. Pop. 1333. 
 
 1051 
 
LIM 
 
 LIM 
 
 UMALOXQES. lee'ralMiNzh', a village of France, depart- 
 IBent. of Deux-SeTres. 10 miles E.S.E. of Melle. I'op. li'-6. 
 
 LIJLIKI. le-mi-ree', a river of Chili, department of Co- 
 quimbo. enters the I'acific Ocean 70 miles S.S.W. of Coquimbo, 
 afler a ^V. course of 100 miles. 
 
 LIMAS.>L, lee^mi-sol', (anc. Xemo/siaf) a seaport town of 
 the i-iland of Cyprus, on its S. coast, 38 miles S.W. of Larnica. 
 It is full of ruins and rubbish, but has a good harbor. Old 
 Limasol (anc. AnuU/ius) stood a little N.E., but no traces of 
 It are left. 
 
 LI.M.\fOl..\, le-m3-to/ll, a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro, on the Volturuo, 5 miles N.K. of Caserta. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 Lr'.MAVILIiE, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, about liO 
 miles N E. of Columbus. 
 
 LIM.\y, lee'mA', a town of France, department of Seiue^t- 
 Oise, on the Seine, 3 miles E.N.E. of Mantes. Pop. 1500. 
 
 LIMUACII, lim'bJK, a village of Saxony, 7 miles N.W. of 
 Chemnitz. Pop. 2(J81. 
 
 LIMB.iCII, lim'bJK, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, 
 6 miles from I Urstenfeld. Pop. 1038. 
 
 LI.MBASUA or LIMBASCIIA. See LEMS.t^L. 
 
 LIM'BElt. GRE.A.T, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LIMBER, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LIM'BER LOST, a post-office of Adams co., Indiana. 
 
 LIMBI.^TE, lim-be-d/ti, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- 
 vince of Milan, about 5 miles S. of Barlassina. Pop. 1606. 
 
 LIMBOURG, an old province of the Netherlands. See 
 
 LiMBDKG. • 
 
 LI.MBOURO, iSii^booR/, or LIM'BURG, (Flemish pron. 
 lim'baRH,) a province of Belgium, having N. and E. Dutch 
 Limbourg, and on other sides the provinces of Braliant, 
 Antwerp, and Liege. Area, 929 square miles. Pop. in 1S62, 
 197,910. Surface level. Tlie Meuse furnis its E. boundary ; 
 the rearing of various live stock forms a principal branch 
 of industry. Iron, calamine, coal, and turf, are the chief 
 mineral products. The manufactures comprise woollen and 
 linen fabrics, leather, tobacco, &c Principal towns, Uasselt, 
 St. Trond. and Tongres. 
 
 LIMBOURG, a town of Belgium, province and 16 miles E. 
 rf Liege, on the railway to Aix-le-Chapelle. Pop. 1797. 
 
 LIM'BR.\, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, 
 district of Aurungabad, 22 miles N.E. of Poonah. 
 
 LI.M'BURG or LIMBOURG, (Fr. pron. liN^^booR/; Dutch 
 pron. lim'buun,), an old province of the Netherlands, divided 
 between Belgium and Holland in 1839, and now constituting 
 the Belgian province of Liubouro and the Dutch province 
 c>f LiMBURO, which see. 
 
 LIMBURG or L1.MB0URG, Ducnr op, a province of the 
 Netherlands, having E. Rhenish Prussia, and on other siiles 
 the provinces of North Brabant, Liege, and Belgian Lim- 
 bourg. Area 856 square miles. Pop. m 1863, 220.023. 
 Burface level, consisting of the valley of the Meuse (or Maas) 
 where it receives the Ruhr; in the N. is a p.^rt of an exten.sive 
 marsh — the Peel. The producU are similar to those of the 
 Belgian province of Limbourg. Principal towns, Maestricht 
 and Roermond. 
 
 LI.MBURG, an ancient walled town of Germany, duchy 
 of Nas.sau, on the L.ihn, near its confluence with the Ems, 
 22 miles N.N.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 3U6. It has a ducal 
 palace, a Roman Catholic seminary, and an hospital. The 
 Limburg Chronicle is one of the oldest sources of German 
 history. 
 
 LIMBUUO, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 22 miles 
 W.S.W. of Arnsberg, on the Leina Pop. 2iO0. It has 
 manufactures of cotton and linen, cutlery and wire. 
 
 LIME HILL, a post-office of Bradford co.. Pennsvlvnni.a. 
 
 LIMK'IIOUSK. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on 
 the Thames, forming a suburb of the metropolis, 3 miles E. 
 of St. Paul's, has a station on the London and Blackball 
 Railway. Pop. 21,121. 
 
 LI Mk KILNS, lira'kils, a seaport and village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 3 miles S. of Dunfermline. 
 Pop. 949. From the harbor lime is exported. 
 
 LIMEXI.iy'oT UME510. See Li.m.\, Peru. 
 
 LI.MKRAY, lee'mfh-rA/, a village of France, department 
 of Indre-et-Loire, with a station on the Orleans and Tours 
 Railway, 4 miles N.E. of Amboise. Pop. 1129. 
 
 LI.M'EUICK. an inland county of Ireland. provinceofMun- 
 Bter, having N. the Shannon, separating it from the co. Clare. 
 Area 1004 square miles, or 680,900 acres, of which 520.876 
 are arable. Pop. in 1851, 262,136. In the centre and N. 
 mostly Hat. and soil remarkably fertile, especially on the 
 Shannon and in the '-Golden Vale,' or E. part of the plain 
 01 LiracrKk. I'rmclpal rivers, the Shannon. Mulkern. JIaig, 
 and iJeel. filla-e is increasing, and much bog and moun- 
 Uln laiid has lieen reclaimed. Chief exports, butter, corn, 
 and cidor. Limerick is divided into 9 biironies and 125 pa- 
 ri.-hes. in dioceses of Limerick, Emly, Killaloe, and Cashel. 
 It sends 4 members to the House of Commons, 2 for the 
 '*??Iv'L.?,'J'*,.^ ^"'" I''«»«"<-k. its only imporUnt town. 
 
 LIM hlllL K. an important city, municipal and parliament- 
 try borou-h of Ireland, cajntal of the above county, and a 
 county of Itself, is situated in an extensive phain. at the 
 Interior extremity of the estuary of the Shannon; lat. 52° 
 
 39' 36" N.; Ion. 8° 39' W.; 106 miles S.S.W. of Dublin, 
 with which and with Cork it is connected by railway. It 
 consists of three portions, distinguished by the names, 
 respectively, of English and Iri.sh towns, and Newtown-Perry. 
 The first, and oldest, occupies the S. end of the King's 
 Island, a tract formed by the Shannon, here divided into 
 two streams; the other two stand on either side of the river. 
 The different parts of the city are connected by five bridges; 
 one of which, the Wellesley Bridge, a magiiifii-eiit structure, 
 crossing the harbor, cost £85.000. In English-town, th* 
 houses are chiefly built in the Flemish fashion. Irish-town 
 is also old, but here the streets are wider, and the houses 
 generally more modern, than in the former, where every- 
 thing has an appearance of misery and decay. Newtown- 
 Perry, which is of comparatively modern date, occupies 
 elevated ground, parallel with the course of the river, and 
 is one of the finest modern towns in Ireland. It contains a 
 handsome square; its streets are spacious, intersect each 
 other at right angles, and are lined by elegant houses, shops, 
 and merchants' stores. The principal civic buildings are 
 the city court-houses and prisons, custom-house, chamber 
 of commerce, exchjinge. assembly-house, linen-hall, corn and 
 butter markets, several hospitals, and barracks. The plivces 
 of worship are the cathedral. 5 Protestant churches, 4 paro- 
 chial and 3 conventual Roman Catholic chapels, and 5 Dis- 
 senting meeting-houses. The manufacture of linen is now 
 nearly extinct, that of gloves continues; but both bavo 
 been supplanted by those of lace and fishing hooks, Ijoth of 
 which are carried on to a considerable extent. There are, 
 besides, distilleries, breweries, tanneries, foundries, Hour- 
 mills, a patent slip, for vessels of 500 tons; and 3 ship- 
 building slips, where 100 men are employed. Limerick is 
 the loading port on the W. coast of Ireland for the shipment 
 of raw produce. The harbor extends aVx)ut ItiOO yards in 
 length, and 150 in breadth, with from 2 to 9 feet at low 
 water, and 19 feet at spring-tides : which latter enables vessels 
 of 600 tons to moor at the quays. The commerce of the port 
 has considerably increased, and will be further improved, it is 
 expected, when the new docks, now in progress, are completed. 
 The number of sailing vessels registered as belonging to the 
 port, in 1851, was 101 ; aggregate tonn^e 12,291. The num- 
 ber of vessels that entered the port in 1848, including the 
 cross-channel and coasting trade, the British colonial, and 
 foreign trade, was 787; tonnage 110,182: departed, 604; 
 tonnage 79,279. The exports in 1850 amounted to £8437, 
 and the custom duties to £160,178. The borough returns 2 
 memljers to Parliament. Pop. in 1841, 48,391 ; in 1~-61, 
 44,626. Limerick was a roy.al seat of the Kings of Thomond, 
 before the conquest. It capitulated to the troops of William 
 III., under Ginkell, in 1091. It gives the title of Eiirl to the 
 Perry family, whose mansion is in the city. 
 
 LIMERICK, a post-village and township of YorH co., 
 Maine, on the Little Ossipee River, about 30 miles W. of 
 Portland. The village contains 3 churches, 7 stores, a 
 flourishing academy, and about 500 inhabitants. The motive 
 power is furnished by the Little Ossipee for a woollen factory, 
 1 saw-mill, 2 grist-mills, and a tannery. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 1441. 
 
 LIMERICK, a post-village of Jefferson co.. New York, on 
 the Rome and Watertown liailroad, 8 miles W.N.W. of 
 Wat^irtown. 
 
 LIJIERICK, a postrtownship of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuylkill River, 12 miles W.N.W. of Xorris- 
 town, and on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 28 
 miles from Philadelphia. Pop. 2413. 
 
 LIMERICK BRIDGE, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Penn.sylvania. 
 
 Ll.ME RIDGE, a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LIMERLE, le-uiL^r'leh or lee^milRl', a village of Belgium, 
 province of Luxemlxmrg, on the Ourthe, 7 miles E.N Ji. of 
 Uouffalize. Pop. 1003. 
 
 Ll.ME ROCK, a post-village in Providence co., Bhode 
 Island. 10 miles N.N'.W. of Providence. The chief industry 
 of the inhabitants is directed to the manufacture of lime. 
 
 LIME ROCK, a postrvillage in Salisbury township, Litch- 
 field co.. Connecticut, about 40 miles .\.W. by W. of Hartford. 
 It contains a satinet f;v<!tory, and an establishment for the 
 manufacture of iron, producing between 700 and 800 tons 
 annually. 
 
 LI.ME'STONE, a county in the N. part of .ilaliama, Or- 
 dering on Tennessee, has an area of 570 square miles. The 
 Tennessee River forms the S. boundary. The Elk River 
 (navigable for small boaUs) flows through the county and 
 enters the former river oppasite the Muscle Sliouls. Tlie 
 surface is hilly. The soil is calcareous and highly productive. 
 The surface rock is limestone, from which the name of th» 
 county is derived. Steamboats navigate the Tennessee 
 River on the border of the county between the Mugcl<> 
 Shoals and Knoxville. Capital, Athens. Pop. 15,300, ol 
 J wlK)ni 72J1 were free, and So85 slaves. 
 
 LIMESTONE, a post-offl<* of Marshall co., Virginia. 
 
 LI.MESTON'E. a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, 
 
 has an area of 840 square miles. It is drained by th* 
 
 ! sourcesof the N'avasoto River. A large portion of the count.T 
 
 1 is prairie. The soil is generally fertile. The ujuue is derived 
 
LIM 
 
 LIN 
 
 from the abnnrlance of limestone found in the connty. 
 Ciipitiil, Springfield. Pop. 4537, of whom 3465 were free, 
 and liiT- sliivcM. 
 
 1,1 M KS'rON K, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York. 
 
 Ll.Mi;Sl'()NK, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 151 miles W.N.W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 UMKSTONK, a post-township of Clarion co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, f) mill's S.E. of Clarion. P<ip. 135'.'. 
 
 LIMKSTONE, a small village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 LI.MESTONE, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 12G9. 
 
 LIJIKSTONE, a township of Montour co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. SoO. 
 
 LI.MESTONE, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 913. 
 
 LIMESTONE, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 4J1. 
 
 LI.MESTONE, a post-office of Buncombe co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 LIMESTONE, a post-office of Hamilton co.. Tennessee. 
 
 LIMIOSTONE, a village of Kankakee co., Illinois, on the 
 Iroquois River, 00 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 LIMIOSTONE CAVE, a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee. 
 
 LI Mi-;8T()NE R] VEU, a post-office of Aroostook co.. Maine. 
 
 LIMESTONE SPRINGS, a post-villa;j:e of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina, 93 miles N.W. of Columbia. It is 
 the seat of a female college, an excellent, successful, ami 
 popular instituti(m, occupying a spacious buikling. which 
 was formerly a hotel. The springs are not now much fre- 
 quentiMl as a watering-place. 
 
 LIMESTONE SPRINGS, a post-ofilce of Greene co., Ten- 
 nossc. 
 
 LIME'STONEVILLE, a post-office of Montour co., Pcnn- 
 Bylvania. 
 
 LIMESTONE WELL, a pos1>offico of Forsyth co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LIMETOWN, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 Ll.MEUIL, le-muT, a market-town of France, department 
 of Dordogne, on the right bank of the Dordogne. Pop. 929. 
 
 LI MIA. See Lima. 
 
 LIIM'INGTON, a post-village and township of York eo., 
 Maine, on the right bank of the Saco River, about 30 miles 
 from its mouth, and 70 miles W.S.W. of Augusta. Tlie vil- 
 lage contains 1 church, 3 stores, an academy, and about 40 
 nou«cs. Pop. of the township, 20<>4. 
 
 LI.MJI.\T, lim'mdt, a river of Switzerland, cantons of 
 Zurii h and Aargau, leaves the Lake of Zurich at its N. ex- 
 tremity, and, after a rapid N.W. course of 18 miles, joins 
 the Aar, 2 miles E. of Brugg 
 
 LIMNI. See Stalimni. 
 
 LIJK^I-'.IRO, le-mo'A-e-ro, a town of Brazil, province and 70 
 Ki'.es N.AV. of I'ernambuco. Pop. of the district, 10.000. 
 
 LIM( )(i ES, lee'mozh', (anc. A ugustnn'tum Lemmi'ciim. or Le- 
 movioc.s'.) a cityof France, department of Haute-Vienne. crown- 
 ing the top and oc<'upy ing the acclivity of a hill, washed by the 
 Vieniie, here crossed by tliree bridges, 88 miles W. of Cler- 
 mont. Almost all tlie houses are of wood, at least above 
 the first story; and the streets are irregular, narrow, and 
 tortuous. The old walls and towers, wliich formerly sur- 
 rounded the town, liave heen thrown down, and their site 
 converted into fine shady boulevards. The most remark- 
 able edifices are the cathedral, commenced in 1272, and not 
 completed till 1515, the church of St. Michel des Lions, a 
 Gothic edifice, and the church of St. Pierre du Queyroix. 
 The city has a liishoi>'8 palace, built of granite, the finest 
 modern edifio* of the town ; a fountain, public library, con- 
 taining 12.000 volumes; a theatre, cavalry barracks, and 
 several hospitals; manufactures of porcelain, worsted, broad- 
 cloth, cassimeres, drugget.s, woollen covers, flannel, napkins, 
 tapers, clogs, glue, horse-nails, paper, plain and stained 
 cards, ,tc., numerous printing-presses, and an extensive 
 book trade. It has also .i considerable trade in corn, chest- 
 nuts, wine, brandy, liqueurs, salt, iron, copperas, brass, 
 enamel, kaolin, &c. Limoges is an entrepot for the trade 
 of Ttiiilouse, and generally of the S. departments of France. 
 It is the see of a bishop, and the seat of courts of first re- 
 sort, and commerce; of a consulting chamber of commerce, 
 a royal college, a university, academy, and societies of agri- 
 culture, sciences, and arts. Limoges was originally the 
 capital of the Gallic tribe of Lemovices. Under the Romans 
 it Avas adorned with a capitol. an amphitheatre, fine tem- 
 ples, and palaces. From the Romans it passed to the Visi- 
 (5otbs. Henry II. of England was here crowne<l Dnke of 
 Aquitania; and, in 1180, Nothilda, queen of Richard Coeur 
 de Lion, laid siege to it, and afterwards gave it up to 
 pilla'je. In 1370 it was besieged and taken by the Black 
 Prince. Limnj^es is the birth-place of Pope Clement V., the 
 chancellor D'Aguesseau, of Marshal Jourdain, and the sur- 
 geon Dupuytren. Pop. in 1S61, 51,053. 
 
 LIMONE, le-mo'ni, a village of Piedmont, province and 
 16 milts S. of Coni. I>op. 3436. 
 
 LIMONE, a village of Northern Italy, 32 milee N.E. of 
 Brescia. 
 
 LTMONUM. See Poitiers. 
 
 LIMOSANI, le-mo-sii/nee, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Molise, 7 miles N.N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 2900 
 LIMOSIN. See Limousin. 
 
 LIMOURS, lee'mooR', a market-town of France, depart 
 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise. 22 miles E. of Rambouillet. I'o)). 1030 
 
 Ll.MOUSlN, lee'moo'zaN"/, written also LI.MOSIN, an old 
 
 province of Central France, now forming the department 
 
 of Correze, and part of Ilaute-Vienne. 
 
 LI.MOUX, Ice'moo', a town of France, department of Aude 
 on the Aude, 13 miles S.S.W. of Carcas,«one. Pop. in lS,i2. 7776. 
 It has a communal college, and important manufactures of 
 fine broadcloths, yarn factories, tanneries, and oil-mills. 
 LIM/PEMIOE, a parish of England, co. of Norf .Ik. 
 LIMPS/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 LIM'REE, a town of M'est Iliuilostan, Baroda dominions, 
 9 miles S.S.E. of Wudwan. 
 
 LIN, leen, a town of China, province of Iloo-nan, 30 miles 
 W. of Tchang-te. 
 
 LIN-AN, leen-dn'. is the name of the capitals of district? 
 in the provinces of Che-kiang and Yun-nan, China. 
 L1'N.\, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 LINARES, le-nJ/r&s, a town of Spain, province and 23 
 miles N.E. of Jaen, in a fertile plain, near the Guarrezfcj 
 Pop. 6567. It has several convents, and some Roman an-*!- 
 quitie.s, including a ruined aqueduct. 
 
 LINWRE.**, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state 
 of New-Leon, 55 miles E. of Monterey. 
 i LINCII'DALE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 LINCII'MERE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 j LINCOLN, link'on, or LINCOLNSHIRE, link'9n-shir, a 
 
 : large maritime county of England, extending along its Fi. 
 
 ! coast from the Masli to the llumber, which se))arates i* 
 
 j from Yorkshire. Area 2770 square mile.s. or l.tJ71,040 acres 
 
 of which nearly 1,500,000 are said to be cultivated, and about 
 
 1470.000 are enclosed fen-land. Pop. in 1841, 362.002; in 
 
 1851, 407,222. It is naturally divided into 3 districts :—l. 
 
 the wolds, a low range of hills in the N.E. ; 2. the mrMs, a 
 
 lower, but more extensive division, running N. and S., and 
 
 i now mostly cultivated ; 3. the fens, in the S. and E., a low 
 
 j tract protected from the sea by embankments. Chief rivers, 
 
 I the Trent, Melland, Witham, and Ancholme. Soil mostly 
 
 I a fertile sandy loam, on the moors and wolds; in the fens, 
 
 deep loam, rich marly clay, or peat. Imjirovements in 
 
 agriculture have rendereti this one of the most productive 
 
 English counties. The cattle, mostly short-horned, attain 
 
 a great weight. The sheep are also famous for size and for 
 
 j long wool. Many horses are bred ; the waste fens support 
 
 vast flocks of geese, chiefly kept for their feathers, and thti 
 
 j waters are the resort of wild ducks. The Foss-dyke Canal 
 
 extends from Lincoln to tlie Trent, near Torksey, comjilet- 
 
 ing the important internal navigation between the ^^■ash 
 
 and the Ilumlier. Tliere are also canals from the Witham 
 
 I to Ilorncastle and Sleaford, and from Titney Haven, on the 
 
 E. coast, to Louth. The county is intersecteil by various 
 
 railways; and is divided into 629 parishes. It returns 13 
 
 members to Parliament: 4 for the county; 2 for the city of 
 
 Lincoln ; 2 each for the boroughs of Boston, (irantham. and 
 
 Stamford: and 1 for Great Grimsby. Lincolnshire is famous 
 
 for the number and beauty of its ancient parish churches. 
 
 LINCOLN, (anc. Lin/dum.) a city, parliamen tary and muni- 
 cipal borough, and county of England, capital of the co. of 
 j Lincolnshire, on theMitham,47 miles E.N. E. of Derby. Pop. 
 I 20,995. It is situated in a fine district, at the foot and on 
 j the slope of a hill, crowned by its cathedral, castle, &c. The 
 streets are irregular, but the town is generally well built, 
 1 paved, and lightetl. The superb cathedral was erected be- 
 I tween the 12th and 15th centuries, in a mixed, but uncom- 
 monly beautiful style of English architecture, and the ex- 
 terior is generally considered the finest in the kingdom, 
 while the vast interior is only surpassed by that of York. 
 The tombs of the bishops, and of Catherine Swynford, wifa 
 of John of Gaunt; the chapter-house, valuable library, and 
 ruins of the old episcopal palace, all demand special mention. 
 Several of the pari.sh churches, anciently 52 in number, are 
 interesting, and the city abounds in ancient remains, in- 
 cluding the stately castle built by William the Conqueror; 
 traces of the old town walls; a gateway, perhaps the most 
 perfect relic of Roman architecture in the country : a beau- 
 tiful conduit; the palace of John of Gaunt, and many other 
 antique houses. Other principal buildings are the county- 
 hall and jail, within the castle walls ; the ancient guild- 
 hall, a sessions house, city jail, and hou.se of correction; 
 grammar school, founded in 1583; blue-coat school; county 
 lunatic asylum, county hospital, union workhouse, theatre, 
 assembly rooms, several libraries, mechanics' institution, 
 and market-house. It has also several newspapers, a bank- 
 ing company, and branch bank, with excellent breweries, 
 and large exports of flour, by the Witham, and the ancient 
 Roman Foss-dyke Canal, which communicates with the 
 Trent, After the departure of the Romans, Lincoln became 
 the capital of the Saxon kingdom of Mercia, and suffered 
 much during the struggles between the Saxons and the 
 Danes. The city sends 2 members to Parliament. Pop. m 
 1851, 17,582. Lincoln was, at the Conquest, and long after 
 
 10S3 
 
LIN 
 
 on•^ ?f the richest ports in England, the Witham at that 
 pet iod being navigable for large vessels. It suffered greatly 
 during the baronial wars, and also in the civil war, when 
 its 'a'hedral was occupied as a barrack. 
 
 J INCOLN, link'on, a county in the S. part of Maine, con- 
 taias about 475 square miles. It is bounded on the K. by 
 Eaox CO., on the W. by Kennebec and Sagadahock cos., and 
 od the S. by the ocean. The Kennebec flows along its 
 western border, an 1 it is drained by the Damariscotta and 
 Sheepscot Rivers, which afford some fine mill-seats. The 
 soil is fertile, but the attention of the inhabitant*! is chiefly 
 given to navigation and the fisheries. It has a sea-coast of 
 about 50 miles, affordins a prcat number of excellent har- 
 bors. The Kennelx'c Itiver is navigable for sloops of 160 
 tons throu-'h the whole extent of thecounty, and the Dama- 
 riscotta is"navigable 18 miles for large ves.sels. Capittil, 
 Wisiasset. Pop. in 18,50, previous to tlie formation of 
 Sagiulahock and Androscoggin counties, which were in part 
 tak.n from Lincoln. 74,876'; in 1860, 27,800. 
 
 LINCOLN, a county hi the S.W. part of North Carolina; 
 area estimated at 420 square miles. The Great Catawba 
 forms the K. boundary, and the .South Catawba intersects 
 the county. The surface is diversified by hills of moderate 
 size; the soil is fertile. AVater-power is abundHnt on the 
 streaios. Gold is found near the E. border of the county, and 
 iron is abundant. Lincoln was the most populous county 
 of the state until reduced by the formation of Catawba and 
 CJaston counties since l'^42. Capital. Lincolnton. Formed 
 in 1779. I'op. 8196, of whom 60S0 were free, and 2116 slaves. 
 
 LINCOLN, a county in the E.N.E. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of 200 square miles. The Savannah, whiih separates 
 it from South Carolina, forms its boundary on the N.E.. the 
 Broad Itiver on the N.. and Little liiver on the S.E.; it is 
 also drained by Fishing I'istol. Lloyd's, and Soap Creeks. 
 The surface is hilly : a portion of the land is fertile, particu- 
 larly on the margins of the rivers. Granite and iron are 
 abnnilant in the county, and novaculite is found near Lin- 
 colnton, the connty-soiit. Pop. 54(5(>, of whom 1698 were 
 free, and 3768 slaves. 
 
 LINCOLN, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, bordering 
 on Alaliama, has an area estimated at 700 square miles. 
 Elk River flows throu;jli the county, from E. to W. The 
 surface is composed of two inclined planes, on the opposite 
 sides of the river; the soil is hiirhly productive, and well 
 - watered. The streams furni.sh motive power for numerous 
 mills and factories. Capital. Fayetteville. Pop. 22,828, of 
 whom 15,981 were free, and 6847 slaves. 
 
 LINCOLN, a county near the centre of Kentucky, has an 
 aiea estimatpd at 350 ,s(iuare miles. It is traversal by Dick's 
 Eiver, an affluent of the Kentucky, and also drained by 
 the sources of Green Hiver. The surface is undiilating; 
 the soil is of limestone formation, and very proilui-tive. 
 Limestone underlies a lar^e part of the surface. Turnpike 
 roads have been maile from this county to Frankfort and 
 Danville. Lincoln county was one of the 3 original counties 
 formiKl in 1780. Named in honor of General Benjamin 
 Lincoln. Capital, Stanford. Pop. 10,647, of whom 7217 
 were free, and 34;J0 slaves. 
 
 LINCOLN, a county in the E. part of Mis.«ouri. bordering 
 on the Mississippi lUver. which separates it from Illinois. 
 Area 580 .scjuare miles. It is traversed by Cuivre. or Copper 
 River, and its branches, and also drained by the Eagle Fork 
 and Big Creek. The surface is undulating and hilly, con- 
 listing partly of prairies and partly of wowllands. The soil 
 is generally rich. The county is liberally supplied with 
 timlier and building stone. Capital, Troy. Pop. 14,210, of 
 whom 11,370 were free, and 2840 slaves. 
 
 LINCOLN, a post-township of Penobscot CO.. Maine, on 
 the left biink of the Penobscot River. alx)ut 50 miles N.N.E. 
 of Bangor. The inhabitants are exten.sively engaged in the 
 manufacture of lumber, and to facilitate its transportation 
 a railroad is now in course of construction connecting Lin- 
 coln with Bangor. Pop. 1631. 
 
 LTNCit'/N, a mountainous post-township of Grafton Co., 
 New Hampshire, on the head waters of the Merrimack Itiver, 
 about 70 miles N. by \V. of Concord. Pop. 71. 
 
 LIXCOI.N. a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, about 
 24 miles W'.S.W. of Montpylier. Pop. 1070. 
 
 LI.NCOLN. a post-village and township of Middle.sex co., 
 Ma.ssachusetts, on the Kitchburg Railroad and Sudbury 
 Kiver, 17 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 718. 
 
 LINCOLN, a post-village of Yazoo CO., Mississippi. 40 miles 
 N.W. of .lackson. 
 
 LINCOLN, a postrtownship in the S. part of Morrow co., 
 Ohio, about 36 miles N.N.... of Columbus. Pop. 2931, 
 
 LI.NCOLN, Illinois. See Appendix. 
 
 LINCOLN, a county of Canada West, situated upon the 
 8. shore of Ijike Onti.rio. It is liounded on the E. by the 
 Niagara liivor. Area 306 s.iu.ire miles. Pop. 23.868. 
 
 LI-NCaLN CKNTRK. a thriving po.st^village of Penobscot 
 eo, Maine on the left bank of the Penobscot River, about 
 SO miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It is an important lumber 
 deiM.t. A radroail is uow in course of construction to con- 
 nect it with Bangor. 
 
 LINM'OI.^ •■■ i\ a thriving post-village, capital of Lincoln 
 1054 
 
 LIN 
 
 CO., North Carolina. Is situated on the E. side of Little 
 Catawba River, 170 miles W. bj" S. of Raleigh. It has an 
 active trade, and an abundant water-power, which is em- 
 ployed in manufactories of cotton, iron, and paper. Lincoln- 
 ton contains, besides the aounty buildings. 3 or 4 churches. 
 2 academies, and 2 newspaper oflUces. Pop. 848. 
 
 LINCOLNTON. a small post-village, capital of Lincoln co., 
 Georgia, oi. Soap Creek. 90 miles N.E. of ilillodgeville. It 
 contains an academy, and 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 LIN'COLNVILLE, a post-town?hip of W.aldo m., Maine, 
 on Penob.scot Bay. about 10 miles S. of Belfast. A large 
 portion of the inhabitants are engageil in ship-building and 
 navigation. Pop. 2076. 
 
 LIND. a post-office of Waupacca ro., Wisconsin. 
 
 LINDAII, lin'da, a town of West Ilindostan. Cutch, 1 mile 
 from Shahpoor, thickly populati^. and flourishing. 
 
 LINDAU, lin'dow, a fortified town of Bavaria. 25 miles 
 E.S.K. of Constance, on an island in the I.ake of Constance, 
 untted to the mainland by a wooden bridge, 3oO feet in 
 length. Pop. 3902. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran 
 churches, a castle, high school, and an active commerce in 
 corn, fruit, wine, and cheese. 
 
 LINDAU, a towi. of Hanover, 12 miles N.E. of Gcittiugen. 
 Pop. 1473. 
 
 LIND'BY, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 LINDE. lin'dih. or LINDESBERG. linAbVW'BaV a town 
 of Central Sweden, laen and 20 miles N. of Qirebro. P. 760. 
 
 LINDEN, lin/dfu, a village of Germany, 1 mile W. of 
 Hanover. 
 
 LINDEN, a village of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, province 
 of Nieder Ilessen, 3 miles S.S.W. of Gicsseu. 
 
 LINDEN, a small village of Germany, Prussian Silesia, 
 government of Breslau. 
 
 LIN'DEN, a post-village of Genesee co.. New York, on the 
 Buffalo and New York Railroad, about 40 miles E. of Buffalo 
 
 LINDEN, a post-village of Lycoming co.. Penusylvauia. od 
 the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 8 miles above Wii 
 liamsport. 
 
 LINDEN, a postrvillage. ;apitnl of Mareneo co., Alabama, 
 li miles S. of Chickasaw Creek. 100 nnies W. of Montgomery. 
 It is situated in a very productive cotton region, and con- 
 tains 2 academies and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 LINDEN, a post-office of Copiah co., Mis.«issippi. 
 
 LINDEN, a post-office of Cass co., Texas. 
 
 LINDEN', a post>office of St. Francis co., Ark-insas. 
 
 LINDEN, a thriving post-village, capital of Perrv eo., 
 Tennessee, on Buffalo River. 100 miles S.W. of Nasliville. 
 It contains a new court-house, an academy, and 5 stores. 
 It has grown up since 1847. Pop. in 1860, about 500. 
 
 LI.N'DEN, a post-office of Genesee co., Michiiran. 
 
 LINDEN, a township of Washtenaw co., Michigan. P. 821. 
 
 LINDEN, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, on the 
 railroad between Lafayette and CrawfordsviUe, 10 miles N 
 of the latter. 
 
 LINDEN. « post-village, capital of Atchison CO., Missouri, 
 about 70 miles N.N.W. of St. Joseph. 
 
 LINDEN, a village of Ozaik co., Missouri, 19 miles S E. 
 of Springfield. 
 
 • LINDIIN, a post-village and town.ship of Iowa eo., Wiscon- 
 sin, 6 miles N.W. of Mineral Point. It has an active trade 
 in lead, which is procured from mines in the vicinity. Pop 
 of the township, ItUO. 
 
 LINDEN AU, lin'deh-now\ a village of Germany, in Bohe- 
 mia, K.N.E. of Leitnieritz, with 1189 inhabitants. 
 
 LINDENAU, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 government of Oppeln. circle of Grottau. Pop. 1036. 
 
 LINDENAU, a village of Saxony, circle of and nea; 
 Leiiific, towards which Napoleon retreated after his defee/ 
 at Ixjipsic. Pop. 1672. 
 
 LINDENFEL.S, linMen-f&ls\ a small town of Germanj 
 Ilefse-Darmstadt. 15 miles S.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 880. 
 
 LIN'DENVILLE. a post-village of Ashtabula co.. Ohio, 
 about 155 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 LINDENVILLE, a small village of Sheboygan co.. Wis 
 consin. 
 
 LIN 'DEN WOOD, a postvillage in Ogle co., Illinois, 85 miles 
 W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 LINDESAY (lin'zee), MOUNT, the most loftv mount-iii; 
 yet measured in Esist Australia, aliout 55 miles S.W. ol 
 Moreton Bay. and 5700 feet aliove the sea. 
 LI.XDESNAES, a cape of Norway. See N.VZE. "' 
 
 LINDEWIESE. — Ober H.vdewikse, o'bgr iiuMfh-Oee'ifh, 
 and NiEDER Lindkwiese. nee'dfr lin'dfh-*ee'zeh. two nearly 
 contiguous villages of Austrian Silesi.i, about' 20 milrts from 
 Zukmautel. Pop. of the former, 1138: of the latter, 2U87. 
 LINIVFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 LINDISFARN E, a (leninsulaot England. See HolvI.slasi, 
 LIND'LEY, acbapelry of England, cc.of Yoi-k.West l{idinf{. 
 LINDLEY, a post-village and township of Steuben co . 
 New York, on the Corning and Blossbun; Railroad. 12 mik* 
 S. of Coming. Pop. of the towr.ship. 886. 
 
 LI NDLEY'S, a post-tillage of Ohio co.. Kentucky, ICC miles 
 W.S.W, of Frankfort. 
 
 LINDLEY'S STOKE, a poatoffice of Orange co. North 
 Carolina. 
 
MN 
 
 LIN 
 
 TJjS 'PLl'^n'OWN, a poi5trvinage of Steuben co., New York, 
 about 190 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 LIXD'LY'S MILLS, a post-oftice of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 • LIXD'NEUSVILLE, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 gylvania. 
 
 LIXD>, lin'do. (nnc. LMdus, Gr. AixJa;,) a village, and 
 the ancient capital of the island of Rhodes, on a promontory 
 of its K. coast. 2.3 miles S. of Khodes, with a small harbor. 
 Birth-place of Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, and of Chares and Laches, the artists, who executed 
 the Colossus of Khodes. 
 
 LIXDOKES Al'.BKY. Scotland. See Newhurgh. 
 
 LI XDOSO, leeii-do'so, a frontier town of Portugal, prov'.nce 
 of Minho, on the Lima, 29 miles N.E. of Braga. Pop. 600. 
 
 LIXDJW. lin'dov. a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. 36 miles N.X.AV. of Berlin. Pop. 1549. 
 
 LIXD'HIlMiE, a parish of England, co. ofWorcester. 
 
 IJXDS.\Y, liu'zee. an island in the North Pacific Ojean, 
 Lat. 19'^ 20' X. ; Ion. Ul° 15' 30" E. ; 4 miles long. 
 
 LIXDS.\Y. a post-village of Canada WesX co. of Peterbo- 
 rough. 2S miles from Peterborough. Pop. about 550. 
 
 LIXD'SAYS CREEK, a post-offlce of Ciioctaw co., 5Iis.s!s- 
 Bippi. 
 
 LIXDSAY'S MILL, a post-office of Trigg co., Kentucky. 
 
 LlXD'SiJjL. a pari.-b of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LINDSKl.L. a i.avish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 LIXD'SKY. PARTS OF, linirland, the N. division of the 
 00. of Lincoln, of which it occupies nearly one-half, includ- 
 ing the cit}- of Lincoln, and 19 market-towns. 
 
 LIXDL'M. See Lincoln. 
 
 LIXD'V'ILLE, a poat-ofiice of Union parish, Louisiana. 
 
 LIXDVILLK, a tillage of Monroe co., Iowa, 110 miles 
 W.S.W of Iowa City. 
 
 LIX'E, a post-office of Morehouse co., Louisiana. 
 
 LINE, a post-offlce of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 LINE ORiOEK, of Georgia, forms the iKiundary between 
 Fayett* and Coweta counties, and joins AVhitewater Creek. 
 
 LIX^E CREEK, a post-office of Laurens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LIN'E CREEK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama. 
 
 LIX'E CREEK, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi. 
 
 LIXE CREEIv, a post-office of Pulaski co., Kentucky. 
 
 LINE CREEK, a postofflce of Grenville district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LIXE LEX/IXGTOX, a post-village on the boundary be- 
 tween Bucks and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania, 13 
 miles X.X.E. of Xorristown. 
 
 LIX'E MILLS, a post-office of Crawford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LIXE MOUX'TAIX, a postofflce of Xorthumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 LI.N'E PORT, a post-village of Stewart co., Tennessee, on 
 Cumberland River, and on the line between Kentucky and 
 Tennessee. 
 
 LIXE STORE, a post-office of Hinds co., Mississippi. 
 
 LIX'FORI). a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LIXFORD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 LINFORD. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 LIXG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LING, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LIXG. a Chinese word, signifying " mountain-chain." or 
 " range.'" forming part of the names of many places in China : 
 as. I'E-LIXG, '■ the Northern Ran'ze," Ac. 
 
 L1XG,\, lin'g,?. two small ."hetland Islands, between Main- 
 land and Yell : also an i.slet of the Hebrides, W. of Mull. 
 
 LTXGA ISLAXI). See Linoex. 
 
 LI X^i A XOi; E' CR E EK. of Frederick co., Maryland, enters 
 the Monocacv River from the left, above Frederick. 
 
 I.IXGA HTIIS. township. England, co. York, AVest Biding. 
 
 LIXGAYI'lX, leen-g.^ vt^n'. a populous seaport town on the 
 W. cojtst of Lnzon. Philippines. 100 miles X.N.AV. of Manila. 
 
 LIXGE, DE, deh ling'fieh, a stream of Holland, which, 
 after a course of 4o miles, joins the Waal at Gorinchem. 
 
 LIXGEN. ling'ghen. or LTXGA. ling'gi an island of the 
 Malay Arcbipelauo, off the E. coast of Siiniiitra, in lat. 0° 20' 
 S., Ion. 104° 40' E.. lliO miles S.S.E. of Singapore. Length, 
 40 miles; breadth. 20 miles. It produces fine timber. 
 
 LIXGEN, ling'en. a town of Hanover. 36 miles W.N.W. of 
 Osnnburg. Pop. 2776. It has Calvjnistic, Roman CatnoUc, 
 and Lutheran churches, and a gymnasium. 
 
 LIX'GEX. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LIXGE.VAU, liug'en-dw\ a village of the Tyrol, 8 miles 
 E.S.E. of Bregenz. Pop. 1790. 
 
 LIXG.i:nFELD. Iing'en-f^lt\ a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 
 W. of Spever. Pop. 1357. 
 
 LIXG'FIIOLT), a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 LIXG'LESTOWX, a post-vill.ige of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 8 miles N.E. of Ilarrislnirg. 
 
 LIXG-LO-SIIAN or LTXG-LO-CHAN. lingMo-shln'. a moun- 
 tain in China, covered with perpetual snow, in the province 
 of Kan-soo Lat. about 35° X., Ion. 103° E. 
 
 LIXGOXES. See Laxgbes. 
 
 LIN'GUAGROSSA, lin'gwj-gros/sa, a town of Sicily, 23 
 miles X. of Catania. Pop. 24.5C. 
 
 LINGULA. See Laigueglia. 
 
 LTNGWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LINHARES, leen-yd'ris, a town of Portugiil, province Of 
 Beira, To miles W.N.W. of Gu.irda. Pop. 870. 
 
 LINH.\RES. leen-yi'rj.s, a town of Brazil, province of ERp^ 
 rito Santo.on the Doce, 30 miles from its mouth in the Atlantla 
 
 LIXKEBEEK. lin'keh-baik'. a village of Belgium, province 
 of Braliant. 6 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. lloT. 
 
 LIN'KENHOLT. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LIX-KIANG or LIX KlAXG-FtJO, lin'ke-iing'foo/, a city of 
 China, province of Kiang-see, capital of a department, lal. 28" 
 N.. Ion. 115° 24' E. 
 
 LIN'KIXIIORNE, a parish of England, co. of CornwalL 
 
 LIXK.IOPINO. See Lixkoping. 
 
 LIXKLAEN, link'liin', a post town.ship forming the X.W. 
 extremity of Chenango co.. New York, about 116 miles W. of 
 Albany. Pop. 1094. 
 
 LINKOPING (Linkiiping) or LINK.I0P1NG, (Linkjii) ing,) 
 lin'chii^ping, a la;n of Sweden, on the Bivltic. Area 4253 
 square miles. Pop. 322,4S4. Surface mountainous, wooded, 
 and inter.spersed with numerous lakes. The Motala River 
 and Kumla Canal traver.se its centre. Products comprise 
 corn, hops, Hax, and timber, with iron, lead, and various 
 other mineral pi'oducts. Manufacturing establishments 
 comprise barrel and.sail-cloth factories, and iron and coppcT 
 works. Principal towns. Linkiiping and Xorrkjopiug. 
 
 LINKOPING or LINK.TOPIXG. a town of Sweden, capital 
 of a ken of its own name, on the Stang-an, near its mouth 
 in Lake Roxen, 108 miles S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 4767. 
 It has a cathedral and several other churches, a town-hall, 
 a library of 25000, volumes, house of assemlly. old castle, 
 and a gymnasium. In its immediate vicinity was fought, 
 in 1596, the battle of Stangebro, in which Sigismund was 
 defeated by his uncle, who was soon after elected king of 
 Sweden, under the name of Charles IX. 
 
 LIN'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 LINLITHGOW, lin-Iith'go, LINLITHGOWSHIRE, lin- 
 lith'go-.shir. or WEST LOTHIAN, lo'iiie-an, a county of 
 Scotland, having on the N. the Frith of Forth, E. and S. the 
 CO. of Edinburgh, and on the W. the cos. of Ijinark and 
 Stirling. Area estimated at 120 square miles, about threo- 
 fourths of which are arable. Pop. in 1851, 30.135. Surface 
 beautifully varied with knolls and gentle undulations. Chief 
 river.s, the Almond and Avon. Soil in the S. swampy and 
 moorland, elsewhere generally fertile. Coal is exten.-^ively 
 wrought. Capitiil, Linlithgow. The county, independent 
 of 2 contributory boroughs, sends 1 member to the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 LINLITHGOW, a royal and parliamentary burgh, town, 
 and parish of Scotland, on the Union Canal, and with a 
 station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, 17 miles 
 W. of Edinburgh, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 
 in 1851, 4213. It is situated in a hollow, beside a fine lake 
 of iiViOut 80 acres. The chief buildings are the parish church 
 of St. Michael, erected in the 12th century, and esteemed 
 one of the noblest Gothic structures in Scotland; a town- 
 hou.se, with sheriff's ccmrt-room, jail erected in 16()8, and a 
 curious hexagonal cro.«.s-well. rebuilt in 1805 from an old 
 model. On an eminence, bordered by a lake, are magnificent 
 remains of a royal palace, founded, probably, by Edward I. 
 of England, on the place of a Roman camp, and gradually 
 rebuilt in its present form, by various Scotti.sh monarchs 
 down to .Tames VI. It is a quadrangle, occupying an acre 
 of ground; it has a heavy, but imposing exterioi-, and fine 
 apartments, the most interesting being the ptirliament hall, 
 and the room in which Mary Queen of Scots was born, in 
 1642. The town has a giammar school, a branch bank, and 
 some manufactures of leather. It unites with Falkirk, Air- 
 drie, Lanark, and llamiltou In sending one member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 LINLITHGOWSHIRE, a co. of Scotland. See LiNLiTnaow. 
 
 LIXX', a town of Rheni.sh Prussia, 10 miles N.N.W. of 
 Dus.seldorf. Pop. 1200. 
 
 LINX. a county towards the N. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of C60 squ.are miles. Locust and Yellow Creeks, affiuects 
 of Grand River, flow through the county from X. to S. ; it 
 is drained by Wolf-and Elk Creeks, and Grand River touches 
 the S.W. extremity. The county contains a large proportion 
 of prairie. Interspersed with woodland ; the soil is productive. 
 Named in honor of Lew-s F. Linn, United Stiites senator 
 from Missouri. Capital, Liuneus. Pop. 9112, of whom 8535 
 were tree, and 577 slaves. 
 
 LINN, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has an area of 720 
 square miles. It is intersected by Cedar and Wapsipinicon 
 Rivers, which flow in a S.E. direction, aflonling abundant 
 water-power; it Is also drained by Prairie and Buffalo Creeks 
 The surface is agreeably diversified, and the county is said 
 to be well timbered. 'The soil Is excellent, and tiie water 
 good. The county is intersected by the Dubuque South 
 Western Railroad. Cai)ital, lHarion. Pop. 18,947. 
 
 LINN, a county in the western part of Oregon, has an 
 area estimated at 2500 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by the Cascade Range, and on the W.by theWillamette 
 River, and is drained by tlie Santyam and Mackenzie s Riv- 
 ers. The soil along the valleys of the streams is very fer- 
 tile. Capital, Albany. Pop. 0772. 
 
 1055 
 
LTN 
 
 LIXX, A post-office of Onondaga co., New York. 
 
 LIXN. a ^ilia{;e of Greenup co., Kentucky, about 120 
 miles E.X.E. of Frankfort, has 2 churches and 2 tanneries. 
 
 LI>N, a iKistrvillage and towusliip, capital of Osage co., 
 Missouri, on the road from St. Louis to Jeflerson city, 22 
 miles K. of tlie latter. Pop. of the township, 1252. 
 
 LIN N, a township of Walw orth co., A\ isconsin. Pop. 1008. 
 
 LINN CITY, a post-village of Clackamas co., Oregou, on 
 the left bank of the AVillamette Itiver, 1 mile below the 
 month of Tualatin lUver, and immediately opposite to Oregon 
 citv. It contains several mills. 
 
 LIN'NEUS, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, about 
 
 10 miles S.W. of Iloulton. Pop. 785. 
 
 LINNEUS, a post-village, capital of Linn co., Missouri, 
 IIG miles N'.W. of Jefferson city. 
 
 LINN I'LATT, a post-oifice of Nacogdoches co., Texas. 
 
 LINN" OKOVK, a post-ofRce of Adams co., Indiana. 
 
 LINNIIK. LOCH, loK lin'nee, a large inlet of the sea, on the 
 W. coa.st of Scotland, between the counties of Argyle and In- 
 verness, joinhig Loch Eilon the N. Length 20 miles, breadth 
 
 8 miles. Its-branches are Lochs Etivc. Creran. and Leven. 
 LINNICII. lin'uiK, a town of Rhenish Prussia. 17 miles 
 
 N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Ruhr. Pop. 1520. The 
 militarv order of St, Ilutert was instituted here in 1444. 
 
 LINN'VILLE. a pqstrvillage of Licking co., Ohio, 37 miles 
 E. of Columbus. 
 
 LINNVILLE, a village in Jefferson co., Missouri, on Big 
 Biver, 40 miles S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 LINNVILLE RIVER, of Burke CO., North Carolina, flows 
 into the Catawba. 
 
 LINNVILLE RIVER, a postroflSce of Burke co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LINOSA, le-no'sj. (anc. ^usa.) a small i.sland of the Medi- 
 terranean. 100 miles S.W. of Sicily, and 85 miles "W. of Malta. 
 
 11 is of volcanic formation, and uninhabited. 
 LINSELLKS, lix^'stll', a town of France, department of 
 
 Kord. 6 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 1331. 
 
 LINSENIIOFEN, lin'sen-ho'fen. a village of WUrtemberg, 
 circle of Schwarzwald. on the Steinach. Pop. 1115. 
 
 LIN'?TEAD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LIN.-TEAD. GRKAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 L1N.<TEAD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 L1NT.\0, an island of China, See Lantao. 
 
 LIN-TCIIIN or LIX-TCIN. See Lix-tsino. 
 
 LINTIl, lint, a river of Switzerland, canton of Glarus, 
 enters Lake AVallenstadt, after a N. course of about 26 miles. 
 The l.,iXTH Coal, 9 miles long, connects Lakes )Vallenstadt 
 and Zurich. 
 
 LINa'IIWAITE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, "West 
 Riding. 
 
 LINTIN, lin'teeii'. an island of China, in the Canton River, 
 about IS miles N.E. of Macao, and 9 miles N. of Lant«o, with 
 a remarkable conical peak. 
 
 LIN'TON, a market-town and parish of England, co. and lOJ 
 miles S.E. of Cambriilge. Pop. 1838. Barham Hall, in this 
 parish, was built from the remains of a priory founded in 1292. 
 
 LINTON", a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LINTi >N, a palish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LINTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LINTON, a parish of England, co. of York. 'West Riding. 
 
 LINTON, a township of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LINTi)N OX' OUSE, a township of England, co. of York, 
 We.st Riding. 
 
 LINTON, a parish and village of Scotland, co. and 10 miles 
 N.W. of Peebles, bounded by the co. of Edinburgh. Pop. 
 1515. partly employed in cotton manufactures. The village 
 is a bur!.'h of regality under the Earl of March. 
 
 LINTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 LINTtJN, (East.) a village of Scotland, co. and ak miles E. 
 of Haddington, on the Tyne, with a station on the North 
 British Railway. Pop. 775. 
 
 LINTON, a post-office of Oglethorpe co., Georgia. 
 
 LINTON, a township of Coshocton co.. Ohio. Pop. 1634. 
 
 LINTON, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Indiana, 
 88 miles S.AV. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LINTON", a township in Vigo co.. Indiana. Pop. 1273. 
 
 LIN'TUN, a post-village of JDes Moines co., Iowa, 21 miles 
 N. by W. of Burlington. 
 
 LINTRATIIEN. a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 LIN-TSING, linHsing^ LIN-TCHING, or LIN-TCHIN, lin'- 
 cheen', written also LIN-TCIN. a city of China, province of 
 Shan-toong. capital of a district, on the Yu-ho Canal, 70 
 miles AV. of Tsee-nan. It is populous, and stated to be 
 handsome and important as a commercial city. It has some 
 mosques, several temples, one with a colossal gold idol, and 
 an octiiL'on tower of nine stories. 
 
 LINTTH.\L, lintt|l\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 
 
 9 miles S.S.W. of (jlarus, on the Linth. Pop. 1617. 
 LINTZ or LINZ. lints, (anc. LenHia or iew'^i urn,) a fortified 
 
 city, capital of Upper Austria, on the Danube, here crossed 
 by a wooden bridge 280 yards in length. 98 miles W.S.W. 
 of Vienna. I>at. 48° 19' N.. Ion. 14° 17' E. I'op. 27,628. 
 It is fortified in a remarkable manner, by a circle of 32 
 detached f rts. 23 on the S.. and 9 on the" N. bank of the 
 Donube, It is handsomely built, and tias 3 suburbs, more 
 1066 
 
 LIP 
 
 extensive than the city Itself; many fine churches, a land- 
 haus, formerly a Franciscan convent, and an old castle, once 
 the residence of the Dukes of Austria, but now a prison and 
 penitentiary for the province; and some large barracks, a 
 custom-house, bank, theatre. &c. In the principal S(iu.Hre* 
 is a marble column, erected in 1723. between statues of 
 Jupiter and Neptune, to commemorate the es( ape of the citj 
 from the double attack of the plague and the lurks. Ite 
 institutions comprise a gymnasium and iyccttm. with a 
 library of 25.000 volumes; an asylum for tUaf mutes, and 
 other hospitals. The principal manufactines are of cotton 
 and silk goods, leather, gold lace, cards, tobacco, and carpets. 
 Its transit trade by the Danube is very coi.sideralile: and it 
 communicates by railways with Budweis in Bohemia, and 
 with Gmiinden on the Traun. Some Roman antiq^uities 
 have been discovered here. 
 
 LINTZ or LINZ, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 18 mUes 
 N.N.W. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2330. 
 
 LINTZ-GREEN". a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 LIN'VILLE GROVE, a village of Madison co.. Missouri. 
 
 LIN'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LINWOOD. a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, Z\ miles 
 Vf. of Paisley. Pop. 1126, mostly employed in a cotton 
 factory. 
 
 LIXWOOD, a small village of Delaware co., Pennsylyanla. 
 
 LIN WOOD, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas. 
 
 LINZ. See LiXTZ. 
 
 LION D'ANGER.S. Le, leh leK\s«' d5x°<zhV, a market- 
 town of France, department of Maine-et-1/Oire. on the Oudon, 
 13 miles N.N.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 2700. 
 
 LIONFOKTE, a town of Si^-ily. See Leox-forte. 
 
 LI'ONVILLE, a post-villa;:eo"f Uwchlan township. Chester 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, 31 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 LIOUHI.M. See Ltoomm. 
 
 LIOUTSIX. See Ltootsi!T, 
 
 LIPAN (le-pin') INDIANS, a large and warlike tribe in 
 the "W. part of Texas and E. part of Mexico. 
 
 LIP.\RI, lip'a-re or Iee'p3-re. (anc. Lip'ara.) an island In 
 the Mediterranean, about 25 miles N. of Sicily. Lat. 38° 30* 
 N.. Ion. 14° 55' E. It is the largest and most central island 
 of the Lipari group, being 18 miles in circuit, and produces 
 large quantities of grapes, figs, olives, and some corn. It is 
 the great magazine for pumice-stone, sent hence to all parts 
 of the world: and sulphur, nitre, sal-ammoniac, soda, capers, 
 and fish are important articles of export. 
 
 LIPARI, a town on the E. coast of the above island, on a 
 steep acclivity, and tolerably well built. The most conspi- 
 cuous object is the castle, built by Charles V., wliich cn^wus 
 a vast volcanic mass overhanging the town, and contains 
 several public edifices within its enclosure; the principal of 
 which is the cathedral. Lipari likewise possesses a college, 
 episcopal palace, several convents, and an hospital. The bay 
 immediately beneath the town, is about 2 miles in circuit, 
 and has good anchorage; but the shelter, from want of a 
 mole, is very insecure. X considerable trade, however, is 
 carried on in the different products of the island. Lipari is the 
 cp.nital of the whole group, ai>d the .see of a bishop. P. 12.500. 
 
 LIPARI ISLANDS, (anc. ^Vlia; or Vulai'iiia; Iv'sulte,) a. 
 group of volcanic islands in the Mediterranean, named from 
 Lipari the principal island, Ix-tween lat. 38° 20' and 38° 55' 
 N.. and Ion. 14° 15' and 15° 15' E., from 15 to 30 miles from 
 the N. coa.«t of Sicily, and comprised in the inteudency of 
 Messina. Aggregate population about 22,000. of whom 14,000 
 are in the Island of Lipari. The 7 principal islands are Lipa- 
 ri. Vulcano, Stromboli, Salini, Panaria. Feiicudi. and Alicudi. 
 All are mountainous, and volcanic, Stromboli having an 
 active volcano. Climate healthy, and soil highly fertile 
 where duly irrigated by water carefully preserved in cisterns. 
 
 LIPAU, lee'pow. LIPPAU, lij^pow, or LIPOW, lee'pov, a 
 market-town of Austria, Moravia, about 12 miles from 
 Hradisch. on the "Wieliczka. Pop. 1059. 
 
 LIPCSE NEMETII, lip'chA^ uA'mJf, or DEL'TSCII- 
 LYITSCH, doitch liptch. a market-town of Hungary, Hitbi»' 
 Danube, co. of Liptau. 21 miles N.N.W. of Bries, originally 
 founded by German colonists. Pop. 3216. 
 
 LIPCSE, lip'chA\ or LIPCSA, lip/chd', a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Marmaros, on the Nagy-Ag, 31 miles N.\V. of Szigetli. 
 Pop. 1042. 
 
 LIPES or LIPEZ, lee'p?g, a town of Bolivia, department 
 and 162 miles S.W. of Potosi, capital of a province, formerly 
 a large rich town, now much reduced. 
 
 LI PETSK or LIPETZK. le-p*tsk', a town of Russia. goTem- 
 ment, and 84 miles W. of Tambov, on the Voronezh. Pop. 
 6500. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, and well-fre- 
 quented mineral baths. 
 
 LIPNICZ.t, Also Lipnicza, orshiV lip*nif.s(Jh\ and Fels8 
 LiPX'iczA. ftPshi/ lip^nit/siih, two villages of North Hungary, 
 CO. of Arva. 44 miles N.W. of Kesniark. on the Schwarz. 
 Pop. of the former ;U03: of the latter 1614. 
 
 LIPNIK. lip'nik\ or LEIPNIK, lip'nik. a village of Hun- 
 gary. Hither Theis.s. 36 miles from Leutschau. I'op. 142S 
 
 LIPNITZ, GROSS, groce lip'nlts. a market-town of Bohe 
 mia, circle and 24 miles S. of Czaslau. Pop. looo. 
 
 LIPN'O, lip'no, a town of Poland, province and 32 mJlM 
 N.W. of Plock, on the Niemen. Pop. 3600. 
 
LIP 
 
 LIS 
 
 LTPOTETZ, le-po-yJts', (Polish Lipmviec, le-po/ve-fts.) a 
 frontier town of Russia, government and 102 miles S.W. of 
 Kiev. Pop. 3100. 
 
 LIPPA, li|Vp!'ih\ a market-town of Pouth-Kaftern Hungary, 
 
 ^O. of Teme.«, on the Maros, 30 miles N.K. of Temesvar. Pop. 
 
 7937. mo.stly employed in agricultuce and in cattle breeding. 
 
 LIl'PA, lip'pa, a village of lUyria, Istria, 29 miles S.15. 
 
 Df Triest. 
 
 LTPI'E, lip'peh, a river of Germany, rises in the S.W. of 
 the principality of Lippe-.Detmold, 3 miles N'.l5. of Lippspring, 
 flow^ mostly W. through Prussian Westphalia and Rhenish 
 Prus. ia, and joins the Rhine at Wesel, after a course of 110 
 miles. 
 
 LIl'PE-DETMOLD, lip'peh dSf molt, a principality of N.W. 
 Germany, the chief part of which is comprised between 
 l>rus.-;ian Westphalia, Hanover, and the principality of Pyr- 
 mont. Capital, Detmold. Area 438 square miles. Pop. in 
 1852, 106,015. Surface hilly, partly covered by the Teuto- 
 burger-Wald, (anc. Sal/tits Teidohurgenhis.) where Arminius 
 exterminated the legions of Varus. The Ems and the Lippe 
 have their sources hi're. Some portions are remarkably 
 fertile. Mineral products, salt, lime, iron, and marble. Chief 
 towns, Detmold, Lenigo, Horn, and in the detached bailiwick 
 of Lipperode, a portion of Lippstadt. But by treaty of May, 
 1850, this was given to Prussia, for a j'carly rent of 9000 
 thalers, (1350?.) Since 1836, the government has been con- 
 stitutional, the diet meeting once in two years; contingent 
 to the federal army, 731 men. 
 
 LIl'PEIIXE. lip-pVueh, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Rrandenburg, 48 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 2750. 
 
 I.II'I'E-SCIIACMBURG or LIPPE-SCIIAUENBURG. See 
 ScmuMnCTo-LippE. 
 
 LIPPSPKING, lip'spRlng, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 35 miles S.S.W. of Jlinden, near the source of the Lippe. 
 Pop. 1521. 
 
 LIPPSTADT. lip'statt, a fortified town of Prussian West- 
 phalia, 23 miles N.N.E. of Arnsberg. on the Lippe. Pop. 
 4335. It is enclosed by walls, and is regularly and well 
 ■juilt. Its inhabitants are mostly employed in manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloth, linen, starch, leather, and iron wares. 
 Prior to May, 1850, a portion belonged to Lippe-Detmold. 
 
 LIPSK, leepsk, a town of Russian Poland, on the Bober, 
 22 miles W. of Grodno. Pop. 950. 
 
 LIPSK, a town of Russia, government of Grodno, 42 miles 
 S.E. of Slonim. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LIPSO, lip'so. (anc. Leplgia.) a small island off the coast 
 of Asia Minor. 6 miles S.E. of Patmos. 
 
 LIPT.\U, lip'tuw, a county of Hungary, forming the upper 
 part of the valh^y of the Waag, bounded N. by Galicia and 
 the county of .\rva. Area 890 square milea Capital, Szent- 
 Mildos. Pop. 79,753. 
 
 LIl'THAL or LIPTAL, lip'tSl, a village of Austria, Morar 
 via, circle and N. of Ilradisch. Pop. 1470. 
 
 LU'TOD. lip^tod', a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, 
 4 miles from Mohacs. Pop. 1019. 
 LIQUEXTIA. See Livexza. 
 
 LIR]5, leehA', a village of France, department of Maine-et- 
 Loire, 12 miles N.W. of Beaupreau. Pop. in 1852, 2220. 
 
 LIRIA, loe're-1, (anc. Edeia or ia«?-OTia,/)a townof Spain, 
 province and 18 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 8524. It has 
 a handsome modern church, and manufactures of linens, 
 Boap. and earthenware. 
 LIRIS. See Oarigliano. 
 
 LISBON, lii'bon, (Port, and Sp. Lisboa, liz-bo'it or lecs-bo'i, 
 Fr. Lisbimr)'. lees'bonn'. It. Lisabona. le-sd-bo'nd, Ger. Lissa- 
 bon. lis'sd-bou, anc. OUs'ipo.) a city of Western Europe, capital 
 of the kingdom of Portugal, and of the province of Estrema- 
 dura, on the right bank of the Tagus, near its mouth in the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Lat. of observatory, 38° 42' 4" N., Ion. 9° 8' 
 2" W. Castle battery 373 feet above the sea. Pop. in 1857, 
 275,300. Mean temperature of year, 61°.3; winter. 52°.4; 
 summer, 70^'.9. Climate healthy, but variable; exposed to 
 heavy rains and cold winds in winter. It is built on a suc- 
 cession of hills, rising more or less abruptly from the quays 
 in the form of an amphitheatre, and exhibits a great variety 
 of churches, convents, and houses, which have an imposing 
 effect when viewed from the river. The length of the city 
 in a straight line, is about 3^ miles; while the breadth, 
 from S. to N., or from the Tagus Inland, is from 1 to IJ 
 miles. The whole of this space, however, is not densely 
 covered with buildings ; considerable portions of it being, 
 occupied by gardens, ruins, and the naked declivities of the 
 hills. The favorable impression which a distant view of 
 the city is fitted to produce, is destroyed by a nearer sur- 
 vey. The streets in general, and more especially in the E., 
 which is the oldest portion of the city, are steep, narrow, 
 crooked, wretchedly paved, and disgustingly filthy ; and the 
 houses, with the exception of a neat and substantial build- 
 ing here and there, are old-fashioned and mean. That part 
 i)f the town, however, which has been rebuilt since tiie great 
 earth(iuake in 1755, and which is situated in the valley be- 
 «ween Castle-hill, on the E., and the hills of San Francisco 
 nnd Do Carmo, on the W., consists of several parallel streets, 
 crossed by others at right angles, and is regular, well-built, 
 and kept at least decently clean. Of these, Gold, Silver, and 
 3R 
 
 ' Cloth streets extend about half a mile N. and S. ; having, at 
 their S. extremity, the Praca do Commercio, a large and 
 handsome square, surrounded on three sides by the Naval 
 Arsenal, the Exchange, Custom-house, India-house, and 
 other public buildings, and having the Tagus on the S.. 
 with an equestrian statue of .loseph I., in bronze, in the 
 centre. At the N. extremity of these streets are the I'raja 
 de Figueira, a square of a remarkably picturesque apjiear- 
 ance, used as a public market; and a handsome square, 
 called the Rocio, containing a magnificent national theatre, 
 recently erected on the site of the former Inquisition. The 
 only other open spaces and squares worthy of particular 
 notice are the Passeio Publico, or promenade, wliidi, al- 
 though small, is elegantly laid out; the fine shady avenue 
 ; called the Salitre; the Prar.a das Amorclras, containing a 
 large reservoir for supplying the different fountains of the 
 I city with water, and Pra(;a de Algeria, in which a sort of 
 rag fair is held. The W. quarter, built along the slope of 
 I the W. hill, is airy and pleasant, and contains numerous 
 ; respectable dwellings, chiefly occupied by foreigners, with 
 j vineyards and gardens well stocked with olive, orange, and 
 j other trees. 
 
 Excepting the Castle of St. George, remarkable for the 
 beauty of its situation, the only other note-worthy build- 
 j ings besides those already adverted to, are chun his and 
 j convents. The principal of the former are the Catlndral or 
 ! patriarchal church, on the slope of the Castle-hill; the 
 church do Coracao do Jesus, on the hill of Estrella: the 
 j church of the Martyrs, erected on the spot where Ali'honso 
 ! I. mounted the wails of the city, and rescued it freni the 
 j Moors; the handsome church cif Santa Engracia. and the 
 church of San Roque. The numerous convents which 
 I crown the hills, and appear like palaces and fortres-^es, are 
 I for the most part massive and impeding structures. The 
 palace of Necessidades, in which the meetings of the Cortes 
 are held, has a re.spectable appearance ; and the theatre of 
 I San Carlos, or Italian Opera-house, is a large and handsome 
 edifice. But unquestionably the most remarkable specimen 
 of architecture of which Lisbon can boast, and oiie of the 
 greatest works of the kind either in ancient or in modern 
 times, is the aqueduct which conveys water to the city, from 
 springs rising near the village of Bellas, about lOj miles 
 distant. It is partly conducted under ground, but on ap- 
 proaching Lisbon it crosses a deep valley, which is spanned 
 for nearly 2500 feet by a bridge of 30 arches, the loftiest of 
 which is 240 feet high, and 110 feet wide. 
 
 The scientific and literary institutions comprise the Royal 
 Academy of Sciences, founded in the Iatt«r part of last cen- 
 tury; College of the Nobles; Royal Marine Academy, or 
 school of navigation and ship-building, with its observatory; 
 Royal Academy of Artillery and Engineers, Hoyal Military 
 College, School of Music. National Library, in PraradoCom- 
 mercio, containing about 150,000 volumes, and that of the 
 Cortes in the Necessidades, of about 30,000 volumes: the 
 Royal Schools of Vicente de Fora, for instruction in philo- 
 sophy, geometry, physics, and the ancient languages ; Koyal 
 School of Drawing and Civil Architecture, and numerous 
 primary or elementary schools. The buildings belonging 
 to some of these institutions are spacious. The places appro- 
 priated to public amusement are very few, consisting of the 
 Italian opera-house, the new national tlieatre, and an eree 
 tion for the exhibition of bull-fights. 
 
 Lisbon is admirably situated for commerce. The harbor, or 
 rather the roadstead, is one of the finest in the world; and 
 the quays, which extend between 2 and 3 miles along the 
 hank of the river, are elegant and commodious. The entrance 
 of the Tagus is guarded by Fort St. Julian, on the N., with a 
 lighthouse 120 feet above sea-level; and Fort Bugio, having 
 a lighthouse 66 feet high, stands near the S. bank. Farther 
 up the river, and forming a W. suburb to Lisbon, a short 
 distance beyond the Alcantara, stands the town of Belem, 
 with its well-known Tower, one of the defences of the har- 
 bor. There are two channels by which the river may be 
 entered, one on the S., with a minimum depth on the bar 
 of 6 fathoms; and another, on the N., with a minimum 
 depth of 4 fathoms. Within the roadstead the water is 
 about 20 fathoms in mid-channel, but gradually shoals 
 towards the edge. The commerce of Lisbon, which was 
 formerly very extensive, has greatly fallen off since the 
 separation of Brazil from the crown of Portugal. The 
 exports consist chiefly of wine, oil, fruit, and salt; and the 
 principal imports are hemp, flax, corn, silk, linep. cotton, 
 and woollen cloths, iron, steel, hardware, dried fish, ale, 
 porter, and coals. In 1843, the total exports amounted to 
 £398,840: and the imports to £1.544.760, The domestic 
 manufactures are silk, paper, and .soap, all of very bad 
 quality ; there are also sugar refineries and potteries. The 
 goldsmiths and jewellers are highly esteemed; but in most 
 of the mechanical trades, the workmen are very deficient. 
 
 Lisbon was anciently called Olim'po or Uli/nipo. some sav on 
 account of its foundation being ascribed to t'lysscs. Felicitai 
 Julia was its name under the Romans. It was captured by 
 the Moors in 716. and remained in their possession till 1145 
 In 1755, it was visited by an earthquake, which threw down 
 a considerable portion of the city, and destroyed about 60,000 
 
 1057 
 
 J 
 
us 
 
 3f ifc) InhftVrlaiiU From this calamity, traces of which are 
 still visible, it has never thorouirhlv recovered. It wa.« talien 
 by the French in 1807 ; but resisted an attack by Ma.«sena in 
 1809. The population is very mixed, containing nativee from 
 every province of l^ortuiral. numerous nejrroes, mulattoes, 
 and GallegoR. or natives of Galicia, who perform the greater 
 part of the heavy laborious worli, and are water-carriers 
 and household servants, noted for their honesty and 
 fidelity. 
 
 LIS'BON, a po.«t-township of Androscoggin co., Maine, on 
 the left banlv of the .\ndroscoggin River, at the junction of 
 Lebatis River, and on the railroad in progress from Lewiston 
 to Topsham, 26 miles X.N.E. of Portland. The Lebatis affords 
 water-power, considered equal to the best in tlie ftat«, and 
 employed in driving a woollen factory and numerous esta- , 
 blishments for the manufacture of various icinds of lumber. 
 The Andro.scoggin is here crossed by a toll-bridge. The j 
 township contains 3 villages. Pop. 1376. | 
 
 LISBON, a post-village and township of Grafton co.. New | 
 Hampshire, on both sidesoftheLower Ammonoosuck, about 
 81 miles N. by W. of Concord. It has manufectures qf starch, 
 pearl-ashes, &c. Pop. 1886. I 
 
 LISBON, a post-village and township of New London co., ' 
 Connecticut, alx)ut 20 miles N. by E. of New London, on the j 
 Norwich and Worcester Railroad. It has manufactures of ! 
 cotton machinery, cotton goods, flannels, &c. Pop. 1262. j 
 
 LISBON, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New York, ! 
 on the St. Lawrence River, with a station on the Northern 
 Bailroad, 9 miles E. of Ogdensburg. An act was passed 
 April 6, 1850. authorizing the construction of a dam extend- 
 ing from Gallopville in this township to Gallop Island in the 
 St. Lawrence, a distance of about 1200 feet. The fall to be ; 
 obtained is estimated at from 6 to 8 feet, affording an 
 hydraulic power of almost incalculable amount This being 
 at the foot of navigation for sail-ve.ssels'on the lakes, the 
 position is cou.sidered very favorable to the establishment 
 of a commercial as well as a manufacturing town. The 
 post-offices in the township .are called Lisbon, Lisbon Centre, 
 and SlackvilJe. Organized in 1801. Pop. 5640. 
 
 LISBON, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, about 
 22 miles S.S E. of Trenton. 
 
 LISBON, a post-village in Howard co., Maryland, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 LISBON, a postrvillage in Bedford co., Virginia, 150 miles 
 W. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 LISBON, a village of Lincoln co., Georgia, on the Broad 
 River. 106 miles N.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 LISBON, a postoftice of Claiborne parish, Louisiana. 
 
 LISBON, a post-village of Union co., Arkansas, 12 miles 
 N. of El Dorado. 
 
 LISBON, a pist-ofBco of Noble co., Indiana, 135 miles 
 Jf.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LISBON, a thriving post-village and township in Kendall 
 00., Illinois, situated on an extensive and fertile prairie, 61 
 miles S.W. of Chicago. The village has an academy and 
 eeveral stores. I'op. about 400; of the township, 1222. 
 
 LISBON, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 LISBON, a post-township in the N. part of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin, 62 miles E. of Madison. Pop. 1426. 
 
 LISBON CENTRE, a post-village of St. Lawrence CO., New 
 York, on the Northern Railroad, 9 miles E. of Ogdensburg. 
 There is here a large depot 100 feet by 50, at which but little 
 business however is done. 
 
 LIS'BURN, a parliamentary borough, town, and parish 
 of Ireland, Ulster, counties of Down and Antrim, on the 
 Lagan. 6j miles S.S.W. of Belfast, with which town it com- 
 municates by railway. Pop. of town in 1851, 69.32. It has a 
 spacious cathedral churcli for the diocese of Down and 
 Connor, containing a monument to .Jeremy Taylor, who died 
 bishop here in 1067 ; remains of a castle built by Lord Conway 
 in 1610. and burnt, together with the town, in 1707 ; a court- 
 house, an infirmary for the county of Antrim, fever hospital, 
 free school, union workhouse, linen hall, large market^house, 
 and assembly rtK)m.s, with thriving manufactures of linen, 
 and, in the vicinity, bleach-grounds. A canal from Lake 
 Neajih here joins the I^agan, by which goods are conveyed 
 to Belfast. The liorough sends 1 member to the House of 
 Commons, and gives the titles of Earl and Viscount to the 
 Vaughan family. 
 
 LISBURN, a thriving post-village of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvlania, on Yellowbreeches Creek, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 LISBURN, a post-village of Sampson co., North Carolina, 
 113 miles S. of Raleigh. 
 
 LISCA-BIANCA, lisOci be-anTii. an islet of the Mediter- 
 ranean. Liimri group, E. of Panaria. 
 
 LISCA-NKU.V, lis'kd ni'rl an islet of the Mediterranean, 
 Lipari group. E. of i'anaria. 
 
 LISCAN'OR. a village of Ireland, Munster, co. of Clare, 
 on an inlet of the Atlantic of the same name, 4i miles W. 
 Of Ennistymon. It is a coast-guard station. 
 
 LIS'CAI'.I), a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 L1.SCHAU. li.sh'iiw. a market-town of Bohemia, 7 miles 
 B.N.E. of liuclweis. Pop. 22S3. 
 
 JulJSCUNICZ, llsh'nltch, or LISSNITZ, UsVaits, a vlUage 
 H»5« 
 
 US 
 
 of Bohemia, about 20 miles from Koniggriiti, on the H Ud 
 Adler. I'op. 1139. 
 
 LISCIA. lee'sh.i. a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo- 
 Citra, 12 miles S.W. of 11 Vasto. i'op. 1238. 
 
 LI'SH.\'S KILL, a post-office of Albany co., New York. 
 
 LISI-iNKA, le-se-dn'ki, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 80 miles S.S.E. of Kiev, with mineral baths. Pop. 
 2500. 
 
 LISI.\NSKY, le-se-.^n'skee. a small low coral Island of the 
 Pacific Ocean ; lilt. 26° 3' N.. ion. 173° 42' W. 
 
 LISIEUX. lee'ze-lh', (anc. Aeomf^lgus or Lexolvium^ a town 
 of France, department of Calvados, on the Touques, 27 miles 
 E.S.E. of Caen. It is beautifully situated between two 
 gorges, forming the entrance into a rich and fertile valley, 
 and is surrounded by villas and gardens. The houses, though 
 lofty, are of wood, and have genenilly a decayed, gloomy 
 look; while the street-* are mostly narrow and winding. 
 It has a cathedral, a fine Gothic edifice of the 12th century; 
 an episcopal palace, a handsome structure ; and a theatre. 
 The manufactures are muslin, broadcloth, flannel, mole- 
 skins, hair-cloth, ribbons, and weaving-combs. There are 
 also worsted and cotton, paper and fulling mills, bleach- 
 fields, dye-works, and tanneries; and a trade in corn, fruit, 
 cider, hemp, flax, cattle, &.C. Lisicux is tlie seat of courts 
 of first resort and commerce, a consulting cliaml-er of manr 
 factures, a small seminary, and a communal college. It waa 
 taken and almost completely destroyed in the 4th century 
 by the Saxons, who employed the materials of the old in 
 founding a new town. Four centuries after, it was taken 
 and pillaged by the Normans, who afterwards kept posses- 
 sion. In 1130. during an incursion of the Britons, it was 
 almost burned down. It wa.s subsequently taken hv Philip 
 Augustus in 1203; by the English in 1415; by Charles VII. 
 of France in 1448; by the Leaguers in 1571; and lastly, by 
 Ilenrj- IV. of France, in 1588. During these events the 
 Bishop of Lisieux took the title of Prince, and comlined the 
 temporal with the spiritual power. Pop. 11.345. 
 
 LlSKE.\.RD, lls-kard', or LESKEA5{D, a parliamentary 
 and municipal borough town, and parish of England, co. 
 of Cornwall, on tbe Looe, 16 miles W.N.W. of i'lymouth. 
 Pop. 3001. It is irregularly built on a rocky, uneven site; 
 has a large Gothic church, a handsome town-hall, national 
 school, literary and philosophical society, and branch bank ; 
 and a traffic in the produce of the adjacent tin, copper, and 
 lead mines. It returns 1 memlxT to the House of Ci 'Uimons. 
 
 LISKO, lisHio, a town of Austrian Galicia, 8 miles S.E. of 
 Sanok. on the San. Pop. 2329. 
 
 LISKOVi), lis-ko'vo, a village of Russia, government and 
 50 miles S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod, with 4000 inhabitants, 
 and extensive horse and cattle fairs. 
 
 LISLE, n city of France. See Lills. 
 
 LISLE, leel, a market-town of France, department of Dor- 
 dogne. on the Dronne, 10 miles N.W. of Perigueux. P. 1790. 
 
 LISLE, lile, a post- township forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Broome co., New York, 125 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 Pop. 1791. 
 
 LISLE, a post-village in Osage co., Missouri, on Osage 
 River, at the mouth of Mauvalse Creek, 12 miles S.W. by W 
 of Jefferson City. 
 
 LIS'LEE, a parish of Ireland, in 5Iunster, co. of Cork. 
 
 L'ISLET, lee'lA', a co. of Canada East, extending from the 
 St. Lawrence on the N.W. to the state of JIaine on the S.E, 
 and comprising an area of 122<.) square miles. Pop. 19,641. 
 
 L'ISLET, a post-village of Canada East, co. of L'Islet, on 
 the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 48 miles below Quebec. 
 It contains a Roman Catholic church, 4 or 5 stores, a carding 
 and sever.ll other mills. 
 
 LISMOR E, liz-mor', an island off the W. coast of Scotland, 
 CO. of Argyle. at the entrance of Loch Linnhe, 7 miles N.N.W. 
 ; of Oban. Area about 8(X)0 acres. Pop. 1399. It was the 
 ancient seat of the bishops of .\rgyle; has remains of their 
 castle and cathedral ; the chancel of which latter is now 
 used as the parish church, 
 
 LISMORE', an episcopal city and parish of Irel.ind. Mun- 
 ster, counties of Waterford and Cork. Ill miles S.S.W. of 
 Dublin. Pop. of town 3007. It possesses one of the finest 
 bai-onial castles in Ireland, originally founded by King 
 John, and recently restored: a new cathedral, with elegant 
 Interior; a large Roman Catholic chapel, grammar and other 
 schools, almshouses, a union workhouse, fever hospitals, 
 and court-house. There is but little trade beyond that of a 
 salmon fishery, though a can.il has been carried thence to 
 where the Blaokwater Iiecomes navigable. Lismorewasthe 
 birthplace of Boyle and of Congrefe. 
 
 LISMORE-wiTH-APPIN,a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 Including the island of Lismore, and a great extent of terri- 
 tory on the adjoining mainland. 
 
 JJISWADILiy, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of .Armagh. 
 
 LISNASKE.\, lis^nas-kil/, a market-town of Ireland, co. of 
 Ferm.inagh, 10 miles S.E. of Enniskillen. Pop. 915. 
 
 LISONZO, a river of Illvria. See Isonzo. 
 
 LISPITZ. lis'pits. or BLISKOWICK, blis-ko-*eet'sA, a msr- 
 ket-town of Moravia. 16 miles N.W. of Znavm. Pon. 1249. 
 
 LISSA, lis'sl, (Slavic. YU: L. M'a.) an island or Da! natla, 
 In the Adriatic, 33 miles S.W. of Spalatro CI ef products, 
 
LIS 
 
 LIT 
 
 wine, oil, almonds, and anchoTies. The principal town, 
 LiMsa or f'an (iiorjjio, has a good harbor. It is built pictu- 
 rerajaely in the form of an anipliitheatre. Pop. 2800. From 
 1810 to 1816 tliis island was hold by the IJngli.sh, when it had 
 a depot of Knglish manufactures, and a population of 12,000. 
 
 IjLS.'^A, lis'sd, (Polish Lkszw), K^sh'no,] a town of Prussian 
 Poland, 42 miles S.S.W. of Posen. I'op. 8730, of whom 
 about 4000 are .Jews. It is mortly built of wood, but has a 
 castle, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and 2 Calvinist cliurches, 
 u synagogue, and manufactures of woollen cloths, leather, 
 and tobacco, and a trade in wine. It was the original seat of 
 the Leczinskl family, auce-stors of Stanislaus, king of Poland. 
 
 L1."<S.\1{0\. See Lisbon. 
 
 LI.SS.\. NEW, noi lis's;!, a town of Bohemia, 21 miles N.E. 
 of Prague, with 2513 inhabitants, and a castle. 
 
 LIS/SA-V, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, counties of Tyrone 
 and Londonderrj'. 
 
 LI.SSHi, li.s'seh. a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 North Holland. 9 mill's S. of Haarlem. 
 
 LISSK, a village of the Netherlands, province of South 
 Holland, l(i miles S.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 1544. 
 
 LL-J.-^KWEGIIE, leesH-aig', a village of IJelgium, province 
 of West Klanders. 6 miles N. of Hruges. Pop. 1458. 
 
 LI.S'SI.XUTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LISSITZ, lis'sits. a market-towD of Moravia, with a cas- 
 tle, 18 miles N.N.W. of BrUnn. Pop. 1.370. 
 
 LISSOXE, lis-so'nd, a village of Lombardy, N.W. of Mon- 
 «a. Pop. 2827. 
 
 L1SS(.).\UF'FY, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of 
 Koscommon. 
 
 LISSUS. See AtESSio. 
 
 LIS'TO.V, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LISTOW'EL, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Kerry, on the Eeale,l(;i miles N.N. E. of Tralee. Pop. 2598. It 
 has ruins of a stately castle, formerly belonging to the Enrls 
 of Desmond. It gives the title of Karl to the Hare family. 
 
 LISTKAC, lees^trdk', a vill.age of France, department of 
 Gironde, 20 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1803. 
 
 LISZ.\, a village of Austria. See Lesza. 
 
 LISZ.\, lis's('ih\ a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, 23 
 miles N.N.E. of Trentschin. Pop. 2523. 
 
 L)8ZK.\.-0LASZI, liss'koh'-oMSs'.'^ee^ a market-town of 
 Ilungary, county and 22 miles S.W. of Zemplin, on the 
 Bodrog. Pop. 2556. 
 
 LISZKOFALVA, lis.s'koTjl'vfih\ orl,lSZKOVA,lis'ko'vOh\ 
 B village of Hungary, co. of Liptau, on the Waag, 2 miles 
 from l!o.senl)erg. Poji. 1423. 
 
 LITAKOU. South Africa. See Lattakoo. 
 
 LITANY. EL. ol loe^rnee, or LIETTANI, le-ft-td'nee. (anc. 
 LmnHes.) a river of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, rises near 
 B;i;ilbee, Hows between Lebanon and Anti-Ijibanus, and 
 enters the Mediterranean, 6 miles N. of Tyre. Near its 
 mouth it is called EI Kasimeeyeh, (or El-Kaviniiyeh.) 
 
 T.ITf'H'A.M. a market-town arid parish of England, co.of 
 Korf ilk. 7 miles N.N.W. of SwalTham. Pop. 846. 
 
 LlTrilFlKLD, a town of England. See LiCHFiEtD. 
 
 LITCII HOROUGII. a parish of England. See Liciiborouoh. 
 
 LITCH'FIKLD, a county forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Oonnecticut, has an area of about 900 square miles, being the 
 largest county in the state. It is intersected liy the Housa^ 
 tonic River, by which, and the Farmington River, with their 
 tributaries, it is chiefly watered. The streams supply motive 
 power to numerous factories and mills. The surface is 
 uneven, and in some parts mountainous. The soil is good, 
 and generally well cultivated. In 1850, the county produced 
 109.2:58 tons of hay. and 1,248.588 pounds of butter, greater 
 quantities of each than were proiluced by any other county 
 in the state. It abounds in iron ore. which is extensively 
 manufactured. The railroad connecting Bridgeport with 
 Albany traverses the county, and that extending from Derby 
 to Winsted nearly intersects it. Organized in 1651, and 
 nameil from Lichfield or Litchfield, a city in England. Capital, 
 Litchfield. Pop. 47,318. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a post-village and township of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, 11 miles S.S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1702. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a township of Hillsborough co.. New Ilamp- 
 sliire, on tlie left bank of the Merrimack Kiver, about 28 
 miles S. by E. of Concord. Pop. 352. 
 
 LITCHFIKLD, a beautiful post-village and the seat of 
 .'ustice of Litchfield co.. Connecticut. 31 miles W. of Hart 
 ford, and 37 miles N.W. by N. of New Haven. The village 
 is .situated on an elevation, surrounded by rich and varied 
 scenery. One of the largest lakes in the state lies in full 
 view. The principal dwellings and stores are on two streets, 
 crossing each other at right angles, at the intersection of 
 which is a handsome park. Besides the county buildings, 
 it contains a Congregsitional, Methodist, and an Episcopal 
 church, a branch of the Phoenix Bank of ILartford, a na- 
 tional bank, 2 newspaper offices, a retreat for the insane, an 
 insurance office, the offices of several nickle mining com- 
 panies, and furnaces for smelting and refining nickle ore. 
 The outlet of the lake furnishes an extensive hydraulic 
 povor, at present improved only for a paper-mill, oil-mill, 
 and iiatinet &ctor-y. There are also in the township a pnd- 
 dliu^ forgo and a clock factory. Indian name Bantam. 
 
 Incorporated in 1719. Population of the township, in 1850, 
 3957 : in 1860, 3200. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a post-township of Herkimer co.. New 
 York, VI miles S. by E. of Utica. Pop. 1520. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a post-village and township of Bradford CO., 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles N.N.E. of Towanda. Pop. 1200. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a post- village, capital of Grayson co., Ken- 
 tucky, 110 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 LITC 1 1 FIELD, a post-village and township of Medina cO-, 
 Ohio, about 10 miles W.N.W. of Medina. Pop. 1118. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a post-village and township of Hillsdale 
 CO., Mi( higan, on the St. Joseph's Kiver, 12 miles N.W. cf 
 Hillsdale. The village contains 3 cliurches, 2 stores, 2 mills, 
 and 1 foundry. Pop. of the township, 1855. 
 LITCHFIELD. Illinois. See Appinmx. 
 
 LITCHFIELD COKNERS, a postoffice of Kennebec co., 
 Maine. 
 
 LITII, lit, a village of Holland, province of North Bra- 
 bant, 9 miles N.N.E. of Bois-le Due, on the Mouse, hero 
 crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1279. 
 
 LITHADA, a cape of Greece. See Cape LiTn.\DA. 
 
 LITHANO, leeHhdng', or LITANG. leeHdng', a town of 
 Thibet, 47 miles W. of the confines of the Chinese province 
 of Sechuen ; lat. 30° 2' N., Ion. 99° 50' E. It is built on the 
 sides of a hill rising in the midst of an extensive but almost 
 barren plain ; has two large Lama monasteries, in one of 
 which is a pre.ss for printing Boodhlst books: and a brisk 
 trade in gold dust, chajilets of blat k beads, and bowls formed 
 from the roots of the vine and the box-tree. A garrison of 
 Chinese soldiers is stationetl here. 
 
 LITH'EltLAND, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LITH'GOW, a post-villageof Dutchess co.i New York, about 
 75 miles S. by E. of Albany. 
 
 LITHO'NIA, a village of De Kalb co., Georgia, on the 
 Georgia Kailroad, 20 miles E. of Atlanta. 
 
 LITIIOP'( »LIS, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the 
 road from Columbus to Lancaster, about 18 miles S.E. of 
 the former. Pop. in IStO, about 500. 
 
 LITHUANIA, llth-u-il/ne-a, (I'olish, Litwa, litAvi; Ger. 
 Littauen, or Litliauen, lit-tow'en ; Fr. Litlmunie. lee'tU^d^nee',) 
 an ancient territory of Europe; bounded N. by Courland, 
 E. by Russia, S. by Poland, and W. by Prussia. This terri- 
 tory, which, in the 11th century, was tributary to Kussia, 
 threw off the yoke in th» 13th century, and became a grand- 
 duchy under liingold. One of his succes.sorg. named Gede- 
 min, subdued part of Russia; and another, called .lagellon, 
 by marrying the Polish Princess Hedwig. towards the end 
 of the 14th century, beiame king of Poland, and thus united 
 the grand-duchy to that kingdom. On the first pardtion of 
 Poland in 1773, a considerable portion of Lithuania was 
 appi-opriat«!d by Kussia, and formed into the governments of 
 MoheeUiV and Vitebsk ; the remainder, still united to the 
 Polish monarchy, constituted six woiwod.s — Wilua, Troki. 
 Polozk or Vitebsk, Novogi-odek, Brzcsc. and Minsk — the firtit 
 two forming Lithuania proper, and the other four Kussian 
 Lithuania. By the subsequent partitions of Poland in 
 1793 and 1795, Bussia obtained a.s much of Lithuania as 
 formed the governments of Wilna. Grodno, and Minsk; 
 while Prussia obtained a portion which is now inchuled in 
 the government of Gumbinnen, province of Eastern Prussia. 
 — Adj. and inhab. Lithuanian, liih-u-:Vne-an. 
 
 LITIZ, lit/its, a post-village of Lancaster co.. PePD.sylvania, 
 8 miles N. of Lancaster, is a Jloravian settlement, with neai 
 and substantial buildings. It contains a female seminary, 
 and an academy for boys. Laid out in 1767. 
 
 LITKE, lit/ka\ a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. 
 of Neo'/rad, 4 miles from Szakall. I'op. 855. 
 
 LITKE, FKNYES. fen>?sh' lit/kA\ a village of Ilungary, 
 CO. of Szabolcs, 2 miles from Kisvarda. Pop. 1174. 
 
 LITRY, a village of France. See Littrt. 
 
 LITSCH.\U, lit/shuw, a frontier town of Lower Austria, 
 on the Launitz, 80 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 657. 
 
 LITTAU. lit/tiiw, (Moravian Littnwle, lit-tovO.'i.) a town of 
 Moravia, with a station on the railway to Prague, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Olmiitz. Pop. 2280, mostly engaged in mauulao- 
 tures of woollen cloth, muslin, and hosicrv. 
 
 LITTEKMORE' or LETTEKMORE'. an island off the W. 
 coast of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Gal way, on the S. side of 
 Kilkinan Bay. It has a coast-guard station. 
 
 LIT'TERMUL/LIN. an island of Ireland, county and 27 
 miles W. by S. of Galway, is about 1 mile long. 
 
 LIT'TLE BAY, a post-office of Calhoun co.. Arkansas. 
 
 LITTLE BEaA'EK, a township of Lawrence co., Penn.oyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1104. 
 
 LITTLE BEAVER BRIDGE, a post-office of Columbiana 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 LITTLE BEAVER RIVER, of Columbiana co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Ohio River near the boundary between Ohio and 
 Pennsvlvania, 14 miles below Beaver. 
 
 LITTLE BLACK RIVER, rises in Ripley co.. Missouri, 
 and enters Current Hiver in Randolph co., Arkar.s.TS. 
 
 LITTLE BLUE RIVER, of Indiana, flows into the Blue 
 River near Shelbyville. 
 
 LIT'TLEBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 LITTLEBOROUGH, a chapelry of England, co. of I-aucaa- 
 
 1069 
 
LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 ter, parish hnd 3J mWet. E.N.K. of Rochdale, at the foot of 
 Blackstone Kdge, with u statinn on the JIanrhester and 
 fjceds Ifai'wr.v. It was anciently a Roman station. 
 
 LlT'TLKBi)URXE, a parish of England, eo. of Kent. 
 
 LITTLE BILXZ/OS, a river of Te.\as, is a puiall stream 
 which extends across Rohertson co., panillel with Brazos 
 Kiver, and then enters that river a few miles W. of Boonville. 
 
 LITTLK BUEWsTER ISL.IXD. at the N. side of the 
 entrance to Boston llarlior, Massachusetts. It contains a 
 revolving light 82 feet al)Ove the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 
 19' 48" N., Ion. 70° 53' 30" W. 
 
 LITTLE BRIT'AIX, a post-office of Orange co.. New York. 
 
 LITTLE BI'JTAIN, a township of Lancaster CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 18J2. 
 
 LITTLE BR1T.\IX, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LITTLE BRO'KE\STR.\W CREEK, of Warren co., Penn- 
 gylvania, falls into Big Brokenstraw Creek. 
 
 LITTLE BCLL FALLS, a f<jst-offlce of Marathon co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 LITTf.EBURY. a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 LITTLE BUSII'KILL CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls Into 
 Bushkill Creek in Pike co. 
 
 LITTLEBY, a post-office of .\udruln co., Missouri. 
 
 LITTLE CAN'ADA, a post-office of Ramsay county, Min- 
 nesota. 
 
 LITTLE CATA\VBA RIVER, of North Carolina. See 
 
 C.ITAWnA. 
 
 LITTLE CnA7,Y RITER, of Clinton co.. New York, falls 
 Into Lake Champlain. 
 
 LITTLE CIIUCK'EY. a postoffice of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 LITTLE CHUTE, (shoot.) a thriving post-village of Outo- 
 ganiie co., AVisconsin, on Fox River, 105 miles N.N.E. of 
 Madi.son It has 1 church, 3 stores, and 1 frrist-mill. 
 
 LITTLE CLEAR/FIELD CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls 
 into Clearfield Creek, iu the county of the same name, 
 
 LITTLE CLIFTY, a postoffice of Todd co., Kentucky. 
 
 LITTLE COAL RIVER, in the W. part of Virginia, rises 
 In Logan co. by two branches, calletl the Pond and Spruce 
 Fork.', and falls into Coal River in Kanawha co. 
 
 LITTLE COMl'TOX. a postrtownship of Newport co,, 
 Rhode Island, on the Atlantic, 30 miles S.S.E. of Providence. 
 Pop. l.'?04 
 
 LITTLE COMPTON. a post-office of Carroll co., Slissourl. 
 
 LITTLE CREEK, a hundred in Kent eo., Delaware. Pop. 
 2649. 
 
 LITTLE CREEK LANIVINQ, a post-office of Kent co., 
 
 LITTLE CUM'BERLAXD ISLAND, S. side of the entrance 
 to Santilla River, Georiria. On the N. end is a fixed light 
 63 feet high. Lat. 30° 58' 30" N., Ion. 81° 37' W. 
 
 LITTLE CUYAHOGA (kI-a-ho'g.?) RIVER, Ohio, joins the 
 main stream in Summit co., near Akron. 
 
 LITTLE DAR/BY CREEK, of Ohio, flows into Darby 
 Creek about 14 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 LITTLE DETROIT', a post-village of Tazewell CO., Illinois, 
 on the Illinois River, 70 miles N. of Springfield. 
 
 LITTLE EA'GLE, a postoffice of Scott co., Kentucky. 
 
 LITTLE EGG IIAR'BOR, a township of Burlington co., 
 New .lersej-. Pop. 2375. 
 
 LITTLE EGG HAR/BOR BAY. on the S.E. coast of New 
 Jer.sey. between New Inlet and Barnegat Bay. Length, 
 about 10 miles ; greatest breadth, '^i or 4 miles. 
 
 LITTLE EGG HARBOR RIVER, of New .lersey, is formed 
 by several small branches, which unite at Plea.«ant Mills. 
 Pursuing a south-easterly course, it forms the boundary 
 between Burlington and Atlantic counties, and flows 
 through Great Bay into the ocean. It is navigable by sloops 
 25 miles from its mouth. 
 
 LIT'TLE ELK'H.VRT, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 
 LITTLE ELKHART CREEK, of Indiana, rises in La 
 Grange co., and enters the St. Joseph's River at Bristol. 
 
 LITTLE ELM, a post-office of Denton co.. Texas. 
 
 LITTLE FALLS or ROCKTON, a post-village in Rockton 
 township, Herkimer co., New York, on both sides of the 
 Mohawk River, and on the New York Central Railroad, 76 
 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It is situated in a narrow and 
 romantic valley. The river falls over rocky rapids, descend- 
 ing 42 feets in the course of three-quarters of a mile, and 
 furnishing great water-power. The Erie Canal here passes 
 by a deep cut in the solid rock, through a picturesque defile, 
 2 miles in extent. Granite rocks rise on both sides of the 
 valley, to the height of about 500 feet. The village contains 
 7 churches, a bank, 3 iiewsi)aper offices, 4 paper-mills, 1 cot- 
 ton-mill, 2 woollen factories, 2 flour-mills, 1 axe-factory, Ac, 
 The feeder of the canal crosses the river by a handsome 
 aqueduct, with an arch of 70 feet span. Population in 
 1^60, 5989. 
 
 IXPTLE FALLS, a post-village of Pa.ssaic co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Morris Canal, which is here carried across the Passaic 
 River by an aque<Iuct 4 miles S.W. of Pater.son. It has 
 exteiifive water-power, with several manufactories. 
 
 LITTLE FALLS, a post-office of Benton county, Min- 
 nesota. 
 
 LITTLE FLAT, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 lOGO 
 
 LITTLE FLAT ROCK CREEK, Indianii, flows into the 
 Flat Rock, 7 miles N.\V. of Greensbur^ih 
 
 LITTLEFORT, Illinois See W.\i kkgax. 
 
 LITTLE GAP, a post-office of Carbon co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 LITTLE GEN'ESEiy. a po,«t-village in the S.V\ . r«rtof 
 Alleghany co.. New York, 250 miles \V. by S. of Albanv. 
 
 LITTLi; GRANT, a post-township of Grant CO.. Wisconsin. 
 
 LITTLE GREEN L.4KE, in Marquette co., Wisconsin, lies 
 about 4 miles S. of Green Lake. It is H miles long, and 1 
 mile wide. Its waters are v<-ry deep, and remarkably pure. 
 The scenery around is exceedingly beduliful and picturesque. 
 On the N, side, tor more than a mile, the shore is composed 
 of Ijeautiful white sandstone, rising in some places like a 
 wall, 70 or 80 feet in height. 
 
 LITTLE GROAE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 LITTLE GUN'POWDER, a postoffice of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 LITTLE GUYANDOTTE. (phi'andott/,) a river in the W. 
 part of Virginia, falls into ihe Ohio, after furming part of the 
 boundary between Mason aud Cabell counties. 
 
 LITTLEHAM with KXMOUTU, a parish of England, co. 
 of Devon. 
 
 LI VTLEII.AMPTON, a maritime town and watering place 
 of England, co. of Sussex. 18 miles W. of Brighton. Kope- 
 making and ship-building are c.irriod on. and there is an 
 iron foundry. The harbor formed by the influx of the .Arun 
 into the English Channel, is defended by a fort, and is 
 accessible to vessels of considerable burden. The trade is 
 principally in coals, provisions, and timber from America 
 and the Baltic. Pop. iu 1851, 2436. 
 
 LITTLE ISLAND, an island and parish of Ireland, co. 
 of Cork, in the harbor, 4 miles E. of the city. 
 
 LITTLE UOCir.HOCKaNG, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 LITTLE JUNIATA Pennsvlvania. See Ju.viata. 
 
 LITTLE KANAW'IIA, a river of West Virginia, rises in 
 Braxton county, passes through Gilmer. Wirt, and Wood 
 counties, and enters the Ohio at Parkersburg. Its genera] 
 direction is W.N.W; its length perhaps 150 miles. The 
 country through which it flows is hilly, and contains ex- 
 tensive beds of stone-ci^al. and a number of salt springs. 
 This river is navigable only a few miles. 
 
 LITTLE L.\KE, in the S.E. part of Louisiana, between the 
 parishes of Jefferson aud La Fourche Interior, is connected 
 by short outlets with Baralaria Ray. Length about 7 miles. 
 
 LITTLE LEVEL, a i)Ost office of I'ocfihontas co.. A'irginia. 
 
 LITTLE LOY'ALSOCK CREEK, an alfluent of Loyalsock 
 Creek, in Sullivan co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 LITTLE M AHO'NEY, a township of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsvlvania. Pop. 
 
 LITTLE MAIIO'XING CREEK, of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into Mahoning Creek. 
 
 LITTLE M.AKSH. a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 110 miles N.X.W, of Harrisburg, 
 
 LITTLE MEAIVOWS, a postoffice of Susqnehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 LITTLE MIAMI River, of Ohio, ri.ses in the S.W. central 
 part of the state, and fi6wing in a direction nearly S.W,, 
 enters the Ohio River 6 miles above Cincinnati. 
 
 LITTLE MILL CREEK, a post-oflice of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 LITTLE MILLS, a postoffice of Riclunond co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LITTLE MlSSOrmi, a river of Arkan.^as, rises in Polk 
 county, in the W. part of the state, and flowing siDuth-east- 
 wardly, empties itself into Washita River, about 15 miles 
 N, of Camden. It is noted for turbid water and rapid cur- 
 rent, and hence its name. 
 I LITTLE MISSOURI, a river of Missouri Territory, rises in 
 I latitude about 45° N., and flowing north-easterlj'. "falls into 
 ! the Jiissouri River ic alicut 47° 40/ N. lat. Length about 
 300 miles. 
 
 LITTLE MOUNTAIN, Penn.sylvania, situated in the S.E. 
 I part of Columbia county, S, of and pariillel to Catawissa 
 Mountain. 
 
 LITTLE MOUNTAIN, a post-offlce of Newberry district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 LITTLE MUDDY, a post-village of Franklin co,, Illinois, 
 140 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 LITTLE MUN'CY CREEK, of Lycoming co.. Pennsylvania, 
 flows into Muncy Creek a few miles above Pennsborouch. 
 
 LITTLE MUSKINOa M RIVER. Ohio, rises in Jlo'nroe 
 CO., and falls into the Ohio about 8 mi'es above Mnrietta. 
 
 LITTLE O'BIOX, a river in the S.W. part of Kentucky, 
 flows S.AV. through Hickman co., and enters the Mii^si-sippi 
 a few miles above Mills Point. 
 
 LITTLE OC.MULGEE. See OCMCIGEE. 
 
 LITTLE OGEECIIEE, See OcFKcnEE. 
 
 LITTLE OSAGE', a post-office of Kates co.. Missouri 
 
 LITTLE PIGEON (pij'un) RIVER, of East Tenncs.^ee, is 
 formed by two forks, the East and South, which unite at 
 Sevier Court House. After a north-westerly course of about 
 8 or 10 miles, it enters French Bmad River 
 
 LITTLE PINE CREEK, a postoffice oi Lycomine .-o- 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 LITTI^E PI'N'EY, a, pogt-office of Pulaski co., Missouri. 
 LITTLK PINEY CKKEK, of Pulaski cq., Missouri, enters 
 the (.iasoonaJe from the right. 
 
 LI'iVTLK PLACKNTIA, (pli-sJn'she-J,) a seaport of New- 
 foundland, on a point of laud projecting from the W. coast 
 of the peninsula formed at the S.E. extremity of the island. 
 Lat. 47° 18' X., ion. 53° 58' W. The harbor is well prote9ted, 
 and has from V to 8 fathoms of water. 
 
 LITTLE PLYM/OUTH, a post-village of King and Queen 
 CO., Virjrinia, 57 miles E. of Kichmond. 
 
 LIT'TLEPOKT. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge, with 
 a stution on the Ea.st Anglian liailway, 4^^ miles N.E. of Ely. 
 LITT LEI'OUT FKN, England, co. of Cambridge, compri.ses 
 about 28,000 acres, and is drained by steam-engines. 
 
 LITTLE PORT, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa. 
 
 LlT'l'LE PKAI'KIE, a post-office of C'a.'is co., Georgia. 
 
 LITTl/E PPvAliae, a post-office of Catahoula parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 LITTLE PRATKIE. a post-office of Crawford co., Missouri. 
 
 LITTLE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Walworth co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 LITTLE PRAIRIE RONDE, a pos^offlee of Cass cc, 
 Michigan. 
 
 LIITLE RACOON' CREEK, Indiana, enters the Big Ra- 
 coon in Parke county. 
 
 LIT'TLE RAl'SIN RIVER, a small stream of Michigan, 
 flows ii]to the Raisin River near Dundee, in Monroe county. 
 
 LITTLE RED RIVER, of Arkansas, rises in the N.W. 
 part of the state, and, idowing south-easti'riy, enters the 
 M'hite River on the E. border of White county. The length 
 is estimated at 150 miles. It is navigable by steamboats 
 for a f-'W miles. 
 
 IjITTLK rest, a post-offlceof Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia, is a small 
 affluent of Goose Creek, in Loudon county. It has been 
 rendered navigable from its mouth to Aldie, by means of 
 dams, which produce valuable water-power. 
 
 LITTLE Rl VEJ{, of North Carolina, an affluent of Cape 
 Fear River, Hows through Cumberland county, from the W. 
 Upper Little River enters the Cape i'ear in the N. part of 
 the same county. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of North Carolina, an affluent of Yadkin 
 River, rises in Randolph county, and enters that river near 
 the N.W. extremity of Richmond county. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of North Carolina, a small affluent of 
 the Neu.se, rises in Wake county, and, flowing S.E., falls 
 Into the Neuse at Waynesborough. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Abbeville district. South Carolina, 
 flows southward, and enters the Savannah at the S. extre- 
 mitv of the district. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of South Carolina, ri.ses in Chester dis- 
 trict, and flows S. through Fairfield district, into Broad 
 River. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of South Carolina, rises in Laurens dis- 
 trict, and flows S.E. through Newberry district into Saluda 
 River. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Georgia, an affluent of the Oconee, 
 rises in Morgan county, and. flowing S.E., enters the latter 
 river about 10 miles N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Georgia, rises in Oglethorpe county, 
 and enters the Savannah from the S.W., on the line between 
 Lincoln and Columbia counties. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Lowndes co., Georgia, a small stream 
 which flows into the Withlacoochee at Troupville, 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Alabama, flows into Alabama River 
 at the S.W. extremity of Monroe county. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Louisiana, commences at the conflu- 
 ence of the Dugdemona and Castor, at the N. extremity of 
 Rapides parish, and flows S.E. to Catahoula Lake. After 
 passing through the lake it pursues a north-eastward 
 cour.se, and unites with the Washita at the mouth of Tensas 
 River. It is navigable by small steamboats 150 miles from 
 (ts mouth. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Texas, commences at the confluence 
 of Leon and Lampasas Rivers, in Bell county, and flows 
 south-eastward into Brazos River, near Na.shville. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of East Tennessee, rises at the base of 
 the Smoky Mountain, in Blount co., and flowing through 
 that county in a W.N.W. direction, enters the Holston River 
 about 12 miles S.W. of Knoxville. It is said the stream 
 furnishes great motive power. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, in the S.W. part of Kentucky, rises near 
 the ^\'. border of Todd county, and, flowing S.W. and then 
 W., enters the Cumberland River in Trigg county, about 8 
 miles W. of Cadiz. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, of Indiana, rises In Allen county, near 
 (■'ort Wayne, and enters the Wabash 2 miles below Hunting- 
 ton. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, a post-offlce of Flovd co., Virginia. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, a post-office of Caldwell co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, a pcst-office of Horry district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LIITLE RIVER, a post-village of Columbia co., Florida, 
 35 miles £. by S. of 'i'iilahassee. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER, a post-office of Blount co., Tennessee. 
 LITTLE RIA-ER HAKBOI!, Maine, E. of .Macl.ias Lay 
 On the N. side is a fixed light 23j feet high. Lat. 44' 33' N 
 Ion. 07° 6' W. 
 
 LITTLE RIVER VILLAGE, a post- village of Androscoggii 
 CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin River, 30 miles S.S.W. of 
 Augusta. 
 
 LITTLE KOCK, a post-office of Rockingham cc, North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, capital of Arkansas, and seat of justice 
 of Pulaski CO., on the right or southern bank of Arkansas 
 River, about 300 miles from its mouth. 155 miles W. by S. 
 of SJemphis, and 1065 miles ^V. by S. of Washington. Lat 
 34° 40' N., Ion. 83°- 10' W. It is situated on a rocky pro 
 moutory, or bluff, about 50 feet high, the first that occurs in 
 ascending the river, commanding a delightful and extensive 
 view of the surrounding country. The State House is a 
 fine brick edifice, rough cast. The town contains a United 
 States .\rsenal, the State Penitentiary, which has been once 
 or twice burned down by the convicts, and 6 churches, all 
 handsomely built of brick, namely, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episco- 
 palian, 1 Methodist, 1 Christian, and 2 Roman Catholic. 
 There are 2 newspapers published here. It has also a Masonic 
 Hall, an Odd Fellows' Hall, and several seminaries. The 
 United States Court for the Eastern District is held here. 
 Many of the residents are planters who own e.states in this 
 part of the state. Little Rock communicates regularly by 
 steamboats with different points on the Arkan.sas and Mis- 
 sissippi Rivers. Good clay for brick is found in the vicinity ; 
 also quarries of fine slate, and granite very like the Quincy 
 granite, but not so hard. A company has been formed by 
 a number of gentlemen from Cincinnati to work the slate 
 quarry, which is in the immediate vicinity. The origin of 
 the name Little Rock is explained as follows: — In ascending 
 the river there appears on the south bank, rising out of the 
 water, a bald, igneous slate rock, which at low water is about 
 25 feet above the surface, but at high water is almost hidden 
 from view. This gives name to the city, and is called by 
 the townspeople "the Point of Rocks." Two miles above 
 this, on the N. bank, is another rocky bluff, about 200 feet 
 high, which is called the "Big Rock." Pop. in 1850, 2107; 
 in ISrO, 3727. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, a pleasant post-village and town.ship of 
 Kendall co., Illinois, 27 miles W. by S. of Chicago. I'op. of 
 the township, 1708. 
 
 LITAl'LE ROCK/FISII, a postrofflce of Cumberland co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 LITTLE ST. JOSEPH'S RIVER, of Michigan, rises in 
 Hillsdale co.. Michigan, and pa.ssiug into Ohio, enters the 
 St. Joseph's River of the Maumee. 
 
 LITTLE SALT CREEK, of Indiana, enters Salt Creek in 
 the S.E. part of Monroe co. 
 
 LIT'TLE SANDUS/KY, a post-village of Wj-andot CO.. Ohio, 
 on the Sandusky River, 54 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 LITTLE SAN'DY, a post-offlce of Morgan co.. Kentucky. 
 
 LITTLE SANDY CREEK, a small stream of Oswego co., 
 New York, falls into tho K. end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 LITTLE SCHUYLKILL (skool'kil) RIVER, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, enters the Schuylkill at Port Clinton. 
 
 LITT'LE SCIOTO, a river of Ohio, rises in the S. part of 
 the state, and flows into the Ohio River, 8 miles above 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 LITTLE SIOUX RIVER, Iowa. See Int.^n Y.vxket. 
 
 LITTLE SKIN CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co.. Virginia. 
 
 LITTLE SO/DUS, a village of Cayuga co.. New York, on a 
 bay of the same name, about 30 miles N. of Auburn. 
 
 LITTLE SODUS BAY, an inlet extending from the S. shors 
 of Lake Ontario, about 3i miles into Cayuga co., New York 
 It receives Little Sodus River. 
 
 LITTLESTOWN, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, aliout 30 miles by railroad S.W. of York, arid 10 miles 
 S.E. ofGettvsburg. Pop. 702. 
 
 LIT'TLE 'TALLAPOO'SA, a river of Georgia and Alabama, 
 rises in Carroll co., and flowing S.W. into Alabama, enters 
 the Tallapoosa in Randolph co. 
 
 LITTLE TO'BY'S CREEK, of Elk CO., Pennsylvania, is an 
 affluent of Clarion River. 
 
 LITTLETON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 LITTLETON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LITTLETON DREW, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LITTLETON, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 LITTLETON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 
 LITTLETON PAN'NELL, a tything of England, co. of 
 Wilt^. 
 
 LITTLETON on SEV/ERN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 LITTLETON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 
 LITTLET0N,WEST, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 LITTLETON, a post-village and township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Connecticut River, and on the 
 Northern Railroad, about 90 miles N. by W. of Concord. The 
 township extends many miles along th« Connecticut, w hich 
 
 1061 
 
 m 
 
LIT 
 
 LIV 
 
 liprfi haf a o msiderable descent known as the " Fifteen SUle 
 Falls." ailoidiui? an ext-ansive water-power. Littleton has 
 manufactures of tjcythas, iron castings, starch, leather, &c. 
 Pop of the township, 2292. 
 
 LSTfLKTOX, a post-village and township of Middleisex 
 •■o., -Mas.sachu?etts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, 31 miles 
 W.X.W. of r...ston. Pop. 1003. 
 
 LITTLETO^, a village of Morris co.. New Jersey, 5 miles 
 N. of Monistown. 
 
 LITTLETON, a post-office of Sussex co.. Virginia. 
 
 LITTLETON, a post-village of Ilalitax co.. North Carolina, 
 78 miles N.E. of Kaleigh. , 
 
 LITTLETON, a postrofBce of Richmond district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LITTLETON, a post-village of Schuyler CO., Illinois, 66 
 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 LITTLETON' DEPOT, (dee'po,) a small village of AVarren, 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 LITTLETON ISLAND, on the coast of Greenland, in lat 
 78° £0', the highest Dolnt reached by Capt. Insiefield in 1852. 
 
 LITTLE Tll.'iV'EKSE BAY, of Lake Michigan, extends 
 into Kishkawkee co., near the N. end of the lake. 
 
 LIT'TLE UTICA.a post-offlce of Onoiidairaco.. New York. 
 
 LIT'TLE VAL'LEY, a post-village and township of Catta 
 raugus CO., New York, near the juncticm of a creek of its 
 own name with the Alleghany River, and on the New Y'ork 
 and Erie Railroad. .'« miles S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. 1206. 
 
 LITTLE VALLEY, a village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 160 
 miles AV.N.W. of Chicago. » 
 
 LXT'TLEVILLE, a village in the N. part of Livingston 
 CO., New Y'ork. 
 
 LLTTLE WABASH. (wA.'bash.) a river in the S.E. part of 
 Illinois, rises near Paradise, in Coles co.. and llowing south- 
 erly, falls into the Wabash River, lo miles fi-om its mouth. 
 
 LITTLE WAI^NUT CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Sciota 
 River in Pickaway co. 
 
 LIT'TLE W Air AJU'. a river of Minne.sota Territory, falls 
 into the St. Peter's River S. of Marah Tanka Lake; length 
 about 70 miles. 
 
 LIT'TLE WAR'KIOR. a post-offloeof Blountco.. Alabama. 
 
 LITTLE WATTS ISLAND. Chesapeake Bay. E. side, at the 
 western extremity of Pocomoke Bay. On it is a fixed light, 
 40 feet high. 
 
 LlTTLli WOODS, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 LITTLE YADKIN. See Yadkin River. 
 
 LITTLE YORK, a post-office of Cortland co., New York. 
 
 LITTLE YORK, a village in Fowler town.ship. St, Law- 
 rence CO., New Y'ork, about 30 miles S. of Ogdensburg. 
 
 LITTLE YORK, a post-office of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersev. 
 
 LITTLE Y'ORK, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 
 70 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 LITTLE YORK, a p,>stK>Bice of Wa>hington co.. Indiana. 
 
 LITTLE YORK, a post-village of Warifen co., IlUnois, 110 
 miles N.W, bv N, of Springfield, 
 
 Ll.TT'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge, 
 3 miles W.N.W, of Royston. At " Heaven's Walls," in this 
 parish, was a itouian cemetery, 
 
 LITTLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LITTMANOVA. lit'm4'no'v6h\ or LITMANOW, lit'ma- 
 nov', a village of Hungary. Hither Theiss, 46 miles from 
 Leutschau. Pop. 1185. 
 
 LITTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 LITTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 ..IT'XON CHE'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 LITTORALE or LITOUALE. lit-to-rll.-l, HUNGARIAN, 
 (Ger. KiUtenland, kUs'ten-lLint\ i. e. •• coast-land ;" —Littnrale, 
 in Latin or Italian, si.^nifies the region •' of the shore or 
 coast."') a district extending along the -Adriatic, between 
 lUyrJa and Military Croatia, for about 20 miles in length, by 
 a breadth of 10 miles. See Hcxo.'IRT. 
 
 LITTRY, loeftree', or LITIIY, a marketrtown of France, 
 department of Calvados, 9 miles W.S.W. of Bayeux. Pop. 
 2482. In its vicinity is an extensive coal basin. 
 
 LITVINOVITCiri or LITVINOVITSllI, lit-vin-o-vitch'ee, 
 a market-town of Russiii, government and 55 miles S.E. of 
 Moheelev, Pop, 1700. 
 
 LIT'W.ALTOX, a post-office of Lancaster co„ Virginia, 
 
 LITYN, lee'tin, or LITI.NSK, le-tinsk', a town of Russian 
 Poland, government of Podolia, 65 mUes N.E. of Kamieuiec. 
 Pop. 3.500. 
 
 LIUSNE. a river of Sweden. See Ljusve. 
 
 LIU-TCHOU. See Loi Cho •. 
 • LIVADIA or LIBADIA. liv-a-pee'a, a division of Greece, 
 coiTesponding nearly to the ancient 'divisions of .\carnania, 
 Doris. Locri.s. B eotia. and Attica: and including the modern 
 names of Attica and B.ieotia, Phoiis and Phthiotes. and Acar- 
 nania and .Etolia ; in this division is also usually included 
 the insular name of Euboea, or Negropont. Pop. in 1851. 
 a32()2;). *^ ' 
 
 LIVADIA or LIBADIA, liv-a-Dee'.-u (anc. Uhade'a.) a. town 
 of Greece. (. capital, of tho above) on tlje Uercyna, 52 miles 
 N.W. of Athens. It is defended by a castle, au.J, before the 
 revoluti'in. is said to have been the most tiourishing town 
 In Northern <",reece. It has manufactures of cotton goods, 
 1062 . 
 
 I goods. 
 
 ' and a trade in rice, com, wool, and other articles of raw pro- 
 duce. Pop. about 90iK). 
 
 LIVADUSi'RO, liv-d-tlos'tro, a village of Greece, at the 
 j mouth of a river in the Bay of Livadostro, 15 miles N.N.W. 
 
 of Jlegara. 
 I LIVAD )STRa, BAY OF, Greece, Is the N.E. termination 
 i of the Gulf of Corinth, 14 miles in length by 9 miles iu 
 average breadth. 
 
 LIVAROT, lee'vS'ro', a marketrtown of France, department 
 of Calvados, on the ^ie, 10 miles S.S.W. of Li^ieux. I'op. 
 in 1852. 1291. 
 
 LIVE/LY, a past-office of St. Clair co.. Illinois. 
 
 LIVELY, on DICO ISLAND. See (iorHAVEN. 
 
 LIVE'LY' OAK. a pnst-offire of Lan(a.ster co'.. A'irginia. 
 
 LIVENZ.\, le-vJn'ziS, (anc. Liquen-lia.) a river of Austrian 
 Italy: after a course of about 70 miles, enters the Adriatic 
 28 miles N.E. of Venice. It communicates by a canal with 
 the Piave. 
 
 LIVE OAK. a post-office of .\.scension parish. Louisiana. 
 
 LIVE OAK, a post-office of De Witt co.. Te.xas. 
 
 LIV'ERMERE. GREAT, a parish of Engl.ind, co. Suffolk, 
 
 LIVKRMERE, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suf- 
 folk. 
 
 LIV'ERMORE. a post-township of Androscocgin co„ 
 Maine, on the Androscoggin, 24 miles W. by N. of Augusta. 
 Pop. I.i97. 
 
 LIVERMORE, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Conemaugh Creek and Pennsylvanii Canal, 
 18 miles N,K, of Greensburg, Pop. lOo. 
 
 LIVERMORE, a post-oflRee of Ohio co,, Kentucky. 
 
 LIV'ERMORE CKNTRE, a post-village of Androscoggin 
 co„ Maine, 24 miles W. by X. of .Augusta. 
 
 LIA'Eli M' 'RE F.ALLS, a post-township of T.ivermore town- 
 ship, Androscoggin co.. Slaine, on the Androscoggin Rail- 
 road, and on the left bank of the Androscoggin River, about 
 22 miles W. by N, of Augusta, 
 
 LIVERPOOL, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 and, next to Lor.d'.m, the principal seaport of England, co. 
 of L.incaster, on the E, bank of the Mersey estuary, about 
 4 miles from the Iri^h Sea, 31} miles W.S.W. of .Manchester, 
 and 210i miles N.W. of London, Lat. of -St, Paul's Church, 
 53° 24' 6" N., Ion. 2° 59' 5" W. It is built partly on flat 
 ground along the margin of the river, and partlj- on a gen- 
 tle acclivity. Its utmost length, from N. to S., is upwards 
 of 4J miles. Greatest breadth. E. to W., rather more tlian 
 2j miles. The principal streets diverge more or less diivctly 
 from a central area, in which stand St, George's Hall and 
 St, John's Church. In the older parts of the town the 
 street.s are narrow, and ill built ; but in the more modern 
 portions, particularly in the E.. they are wide, airj, and 
 well paved. Here also are handsome squares and cre.-cents, 
 lined with elegant mansions, chietly of brick, roofed with 
 slate. 
 
 The most important public buildings are the Town-hall, 
 Exchange Buildings. Revenue Buildings, and St. George's 
 Hall. The Town-hall is an elegant Grecian structure, which 
 was founded in 1749; a handsome dome, supported by Co- 
 rinthian pillars, and surrounded by an open gallery, rises 
 from the centre of the building : within are a saloon, draw- 
 ing-nioms, ball-rooms, banqueting-room, and refectory, all 
 splendidly furnished, forming, probably, the finest suite of 
 entertaining-rooms in the kingdom. The Exchange Build 
 ings form three sides of the square, of which the Town-hall 
 constitutes the fourth; it has three interior facades; an 
 arcaded basement, with a walk of 15 feet in width, extends 
 along each of the fai;ade.s, and is surmounted by a range 
 of Corinthian pihisters, supporting a handsome cornice and 
 balustrade ; in the E. wing of the building is a s]>acious 
 news-roiim. The Revenue Buildings, which compri'^e the 
 Office of Inland Revenue, the Offices of the Comuiis.sioner3 
 of the Docks, and Post-office, cover an aix'a of 6700 stjuare 
 j"ards. and have an extreme length of 467 feet, with a total 
 heisht of 67 feet; lofty porticoes, each supported by 8 Ionic 
 columns, adorn the centre, and E, and W, fronts; the centre 
 of the building is .surmounted by a dome. St. George's Hall, 
 which comprises also the .\.ssize Courts, is a sumptuous 
 building in the Corinthian style: the E. facade, or the longer 
 side of the building, is 420 feet long; the advanced colonnade 
 in the centre is 200 feet in length, and, being recessed, forms 
 within an ample sheltered ambulatory 20 feel in depth. The 
 N. portion of the plan forms a concert-room, capable of ac- 
 commodating 1200 auditors, making the entje extent, from 
 N, to S,, 500 feet. The other structures, exclusive f>f the 
 churches, deserving of notice, are the Royal Bank buildinsjs, 
 the North and South Wales Banks, the Stations of the Lon- 
 don and North Western, and the Ea.st Lancashinu and Lan- 
 cashire and Y'orkshire Rtiilways, Liverpool if othecaries' 
 Hall. .\del)ihi Hotel, Infirmary. Collegiate Institution. Phil- 
 harmonic Ilall, and Lyceum. The Theatre and .\mj)hithe- 
 atre are al.so both respectable structures. 
 
 Few towns are so well supplied with market-pkaces as 
 Liverpool, there being about a dozen in various local it i>s ; 
 several of them are spacious, airy, covered structui-es — that 
 of St. .Tohn's. above 'I'M yards long, by 45 yards wide, being 
 specially worthy of u' m'tic j; they ire probably bettei sup- 
 
LIT 
 
 LIV 
 
 plied with all kinds of provisions than any other markets 
 in the kingdom. Tliere are altogether 45 churches and 35 
 chapels ill Ijiverpool, besides numerous other places of wor- 
 ship; the former comprising 2 churches belonging to the 
 Scotch i!;stalili<hmont. 3 to the Free Church, 1 to the United 
 Presbyterian Churdi of Scotland, 1 Irish Presbyterian, and 
 a Churcli of the Holy Apostles. The chapels include 5 Wes- 
 leyan. 2 Wesleyau Association, 5 Independent, 3 Methodist, 
 8 Roman Catholic, 4 Baptist, 3 Unitarian, 1 Friend's meeting- 
 house. 2 Jews' sy nagntfuos, 1 Sandemanian, 1 floating chapel, 
 and 1 New Jerusalem; and to almost every place of worship 
 a school is att.ached. Many of the churches and chapels 
 are excecJinjily handsome buildings. Among the mo.«t 
 remarkable,'for their architectural beauty are St. Francis 
 Xavier"s and St. M.ary's Koman Catholic churches, the 
 churcli for the blind, St. Luke's, Great George Street chapel, 
 St. George's Presbyterian church. Baptist chapel, St. An- 
 drew's .'Scotch church, St. George's, St. Catherine's, St. Mi- 
 chael's, St. Martin's, and the Hope Street Unitarian chapel. 
 Liverpool is remarkable for the number of its charitable 
 and benevolent institutions, and for the suitableness of the 
 buildings devoted to these purposes ; there being no fewer 
 than 15 or 16 dilTerent establishments of one kind or another 
 for the alleviation of distress, besides three or four charity 
 schools. The principal are the Inlirmary, Fever Hospital, 
 Lunatic Asylum, Lock Hospital, and 3 extensive public 
 bathing establishments, erected by the Corporation, one of 
 which is amply supplied with filtered salt-water, and the 
 others with pure spring-water. To one of these establish- 
 ments a public washing-house is attached ; and there is a 
 separate public washing-house in another locality. There 
 are likewise many religious societies. The educational insti- 
 tutions comprise the Itoyal Institution, the Mechanics', the 
 Collegiate, and the Medical Institutions. Associated with 
 these are the news-rooms, among whicli the Athenreum 
 and Lyceum hold the hi.'licst station, ai\d have extensive 
 libraries connected with them. There are also the Free Public 
 Library, and Derby Museum. The schools consi.st of the 
 Corporation, National, and Infant Schools, and of a vast 
 number belonging to the various religious denominations. 
 The principal places of amusement are the Theatre Koyal, the 
 Boyal Amphilh(!atre, the Koyal Liverpool Theatre, the Hoyal 
 Adelplii, the Philharmonic I'all, one of the tincst concert- 
 rooms in Europe; Music Hall, ^Vellington Kooms, the Zoo- 
 logical and Botanic Gardens; and the race-course at Aintree, 
 where meetings are held in Jlay and July. 
 
 But the most remarkable feature of this great seaport is 
 the number and magnificence of its docks, corresponding 
 with the extent of its vast commerce. All of these lie along 
 the margin of the river, or between it and the town; most 
 of theui parallel with the Mersey, but some of them at right 
 angles to it. There are, in all, 30 docks, of 3 different kinds, 
 namely, wet docks, dry dncks or basins, and graving docks. 
 The first are principally for ships of great burden, employed 
 In the foreign trade, such vessels floating in them at all 
 states of the tide, the water being retained by gates; the 
 dry docks, so called becau.se they are left dry when the tide 
 Is out, are chiefly appropriated to coasting vessels ; and the 
 graving docks, whii h admit or exclude the water at pleasure, 
 are adaptiid to the repair of ships.during which they are kept 
 perfectly dry, and wheM completed, are floated out by ad- 
 mittiiig the tide. The extreme length of the river wall, 
 which fronts the line of the l^iverpool docks, is 5 miles. The 
 total water area amounts to 200 acres; of this 179 acres are 
 wet docks, and 21 acres dry basins ; and the total quay space 
 exceeds 1+ miles. The 4 largest docks are the Huskisson, 
 Prince's, Queen's, and Brunswick Docks. The first covers 
 au area of 15 acres, 993 square yards; length of quay front- 
 age, 1122 yards; depth of water. 27 feet; the second nearly 
 12 acres; the third above 10 acres; and the fourth above 12 
 acres. Nearly £t 2.000.000 have been expended in Liverpool, 
 and more than £12.000.000 on the river Mersey, in securing 
 safe anchorage, and the most perfect, port accommodation 
 ever formed by the skill of man. The following Table of the 
 number of ves.sels that have entered the docks at various 
 dates, and of the progressive increase of the dock dues and 
 customs, e.vhibits. in a very clear manner, not only the great 
 extent of the shipping of this port, but the extraordi»\ry 
 rapidity with which it has increased since the com>nence- 
 meut of the present century. The decrease of the customs 
 receipts in recent years is mainly due to the abolition of 
 the duty on cotton and wool : — 
 
 Tear. 
 
 ■V^easels. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Dock Dues. 
 
 Customs Receipts. 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1800 
 
 *,7« 
 
 450,060 
 
 32,379 
 
 1,0,W,578 
 
 liilO 
 
 B,;-i9 
 
 734,391 
 
 66,7S2 
 
 2,fi73,7(K 
 
 It'O 
 
 7.-i78 
 
 803,033 
 
 94,412 
 
 1,48.-1,072 
 
 iiao 
 
 U.'iU 
 
 l,4ll.»6i 
 
 151,359 
 
 3,562,14* 
 
 jt^,. 
 
 i5.9»S 
 
 2,44.1,708 
 
 178,196 
 
 4,«0-,3;6 
 
 18», 
 
 l!0,4o7 
 
 3.63«,3:i7 
 
 243,989 
 
 a.MS.lSi 
 
 liial 
 
 21,UT1 
 
 3.737,Bd6 
 
 269,020 
 
 3,510,033 
 
 fornign commerce, Liverpool is now the first port in the 
 world. In 1853, the foreign exports amounted to 47.152.194Z 
 sterling, or considerably more than one-half of tlie total 
 value of the exports of the three kingdoms for that year, 
 and more than twice that of London. (22 991,082/.;) th< 
 total value of exports from all the other ports in Great 
 Britain and Ireland, in 1S53, was only 44.397,194/. During 
 tiie five years ending with 1850. the increase of the cxportg 
 of Liverpool was from 26,000.000/. to r.early 35,000.000/.. wbils 
 that of London was from about 11,000,000/. to rather more 
 than 14,000.000/. In 1851. the total value of exports amounted 
 to 37,918.640/.. and in 1852 to 38,469.501/. 
 
 The quantity of foreign and colonial produce imported 
 into London, in 1850, was 1.374,947 tons; into Liverpool, 
 1,384,353; into Hull, 639.823. The value of the foreign and 
 colonial produce imported into London that year was aliout 
 43,183,821/.; of that importt'd into Liverpool, 37,404,400/. 
 The value of the principal articles imported into the latter, 
 
 Cotton . . . . 
 drain and fiour . 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Tobacco • . • 
 
 £15,7.'!0,800 
 . 5,198,796 
 
 2,483,000 
 . 3,388,000 
 
 Sheeps' wool 
 Tea ... . 
 Hemp . . . 
 Timber . . . 
 
 £1,3RO,000 
 . l,8;ii.(Hio 
 
 770,640 
 
 7;5,ooo 
 
 The cotton trade of Liverpool, as will be seen from the 
 foregoing statement, forms one of the most important 
 branchesof its general commerce. In 1851, the total imports 
 of that article amounted to 1,748.946 bales; while, in 1785, 
 the total amount imported wa-s five bales; which, in 1811, 
 had increased to 98,752 bales; and, in 1841, to 1.164,269 
 bales. The discovery of the gold of California has recently 
 given Liverp<3ol a great trade in the precinus metals, which 
 it did not formerly possess. In 1851, the gold and silver 
 imported into that port from the United States were of the 
 value of 6,091.433/. The Irish and coasting trade is alsc 
 very large, and, in 1850. gave emi)loyment to 89ii.]68 tons 
 of steam tonnage, and 515,836 tons of sailing vessels. The 
 grain, &c., imported from Ireland, in 1849-51, was as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 Impoets 0/ OsAiN from Ibeland. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Oatmeal. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Beans, 
 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 
 Qrs. 
 .S4,799 
 64,724 
 24,206 
 
 Sacks. 
 
 73,980 
 185,228 
 
 42,431 
 
 Qrs. 
 138,5:15 
 138,711 
 132,533 
 
 Loads. 
 143,042 
 232,483 
 207,414 
 
 Qrs. 
 6572 
 3036 
 2922 
 
 Qrs. 
 3601 
 6435 
 1723 
 
 ii: the value of its foreign exports, and the extent of its 
 
 The weight of the goods, merchandise, and produce of all 
 kinds wBiih pass througli the port of Liverpool yearly, is 
 at least 6,000,000 toiis : the shipping employed in trausportr 
 ing it amounted, iu 1850, to 6.011.870 tons. 
 
 The export of linen is chiefly through the port of Liver- 
 pool, from which there was shiiiped, in 1850, 122,397.457 
 yards; and of yarn, 18.559.318 lbs.; and, being the thief 
 port for Lancashire, Cheshire, .ind 'Vork.-hire, immense 
 quantities of the textile fabrics of these counties, intended 
 fur foreign parts, pass througli it. to the extent, it is esti- 
 mated, of 28.000,000/. ; a.s do also of the cutlery ofShcffield, 
 and hardware of Birmingham; the inm of Statiordshire, 
 Yorkshire, and North Wales, in the form of rails, bars, 
 hoops, and sheets; ai.d the earthenware of the first-named 
 county, of which 61.528.196 pieces were shipped, in 1849. to 
 various parts of the world. Salt, and the alkali tailed soda^ 
 ash, likewise form important items in the commerce of 
 Liverpool. Of the first, 445,633 tons, and of the second, 
 44,407 ttms were exported iu the year 1850. In 1850, the 
 value of the beer and ale exported iimouiitcd to 558,794/.; 
 and, in 1851, to 577.874/, Liverpool has also been, for some 
 years, the great point of departure for emigrants frt<m Great 
 Britain and lrelai:d. It has now also become the place of 
 emigration for Germans, who find it cheaper to sail fi-om 
 this port than from their own country. The following Table 
 shows the progressive increase of this trade since 1831 : — 
 
 Tears. 
 I8:n 
 
 1840 . 
 1846 
 
 No. of Emigrants. 
 
 . . . 10,888 
 . . 40,359 
 . . . 55,377 
 
 Tears, 
 1849 . 
 1851 
 1853 . 
 
 Ko. of Emigrants. 
 
 . . . I,i3,9«5 
 . . 206.015 
 . . . 203,725 
 
 The manufactures of Liverpool consist chiefly of ship- 
 building, sugar refining, iron and brass founding, brewing, 
 glass staining, alkali making, rope making, and steam- 
 engine making. Tlie manufacture of soiip is more exten- 
 siv-ely carried on here than in any oth(!r town in the 
 kin"-dom. as is that also of chronometers, watthes. and 
 watch movements; large quantities of the latter being 
 annually exported. There is au extensive cotton manufac- 
 tory near the town, also several wind-mills, and steam- 
 engines tbr grinding corn, colors, dye-woods, Ac. and nume- 
 rous larsre manufactories of chain cables, anchors. &c. 
 
 By railway. Liverpool is connected with all the principal 
 towns and ports in the kingdom; and its tnide is further 
 facilitated by an extensive net-work of canals, counectiug it 
 with the great seats of mauufacturiug and mining iudustrv. 
 
 1063 
 
LIV 
 
 LIV 
 
 It /m» regular cc.mmnnication, by steam-ressels, with Glas- 
 g.iw. Belfast. Londonderry. Dublin. Cork. Ilnlyhead. and 
 numerous places on the coast of England and Wales; with 
 Havre, the .Mediterranean, and Xew York, Boston, Halifax, 
 Central America, 4c. 
 
 The suburbs of Liverpool are very extensive and beautiful, 
 being thirkly covered with neat rows of liouses and hand- 
 some villas, and are rapidly increasing in population and 
 importance. In connexion with these may be named the 
 important and rising places in Cheshire, ou the opposite side 
 of the Jlersey, in which many of the Liverpool merchants 
 reside, and connected with Liverpool by steam ferries, 
 plying every quarter of an hour. They are Seacombe, 
 Woodside, .Monk's-forry, Bu-kenhead, Tranmere, Rockferry, 
 Eastham, Egremont, and New Brighton ; between which 
 and Liverpool there passed by the ferries, in ISol. aixJTe 
 8,000,000 passengers. There are several cemeteries in the 
 town and its vicinity, the most noted of which are St. 
 James's, the Xenropolis. and St. Mary"s. These are laid out 
 with ta.ste, and kept in good order; and a chapel is appended 
 to each, in which the funeral service is performed. There 
 are also two parish cemeteries, and a Jews' buryiug-place. 
 
 The town is well lighted with gas, and supplied with 
 water, at pre.sent. from wells sunk in the new red sandstone 
 on which the town is built. There are seven wells, the 
 greater part of the water from which is pumped into a 
 reservoir at an elevation of about 200 feet above the lowest 
 part of the town. The quantity of water distributed daily 
 amounts to 5,750,000 gallons. At present works are in pro- 
 gress for obtaining an increased supply of water from the hilly 
 district of Hivington. about 26 mile.s from Liverpool. Resei^ 
 voirs are there in course of construction which, when com- 
 pleted, will form great lakes of the aggregate length of 6 
 miles ; and from these, after being filtered, the water will 
 be conveyed to the distributing reservoirs in the town in 
 iron pipes. 44 inches in diameter. 
 
 The corporation of Liverpool consists of 48 councillors, a 
 mayor, and 16 aldermen elected by the council. The borough 
 returns 2 memi)er3 to Parliament ; registered electors in 
 1851, 17,316. 
 
 Liverpool was formerly the most unhealthy town in 
 England; but the vigor with which sanitary operations 
 have been carried on of late years, more particularly since 
 che local sanitary act of 1846, hiis done much to rescue the 
 town from its unenviable notoriety. These measures, com- 
 prising sewerage, house-drainage, improved paving and sur- 
 face cleansing, the regulation of lodging-houses and slaugh- 
 ter-houses, the closing of unJiealthy cellars, &c.. have effected 
 a marked itu»)rovement in the condition of the districts 
 inhabited by the working-cl.isses; and to this must no doubt 
 be iScnoed '.'le fact, that the mortality of the borough, 
 which, ten y',\rs ago, amounted (on an average of years) to 
 31 in every 1000 inh.abitjints, has recently fallen to an ave- 
 rage of little more th.in 29 in the 1000. 
 
 Great as l>iverpool now is, it is of but comparatively recent 
 growth, and has theredre little or no history. Little more 
 than two centuries ago, it was but a small fishing town. Of 
 the progress of this great commercial city, the following 
 table presents a curious and interesting epitome: — 
 
 Rise and Progress of Li^ntRpooL. 
 
 Popnlation . 
 Tonnage . . 
 No. of vessels 
 
 Town dues . 
 Customs . , 
 Income . . . 
 
 Under Under Under 
 Queen Elizabeth. 1 Queen Anne. Queen Victoria. 
 
 1570. 1 1710. 
 
 1851. 
 
 800 
 268 
 15 
 
 £ 
 
 •20 
 272 
 
 8,ir,8 
 
 12,6!t6 
 
 £ 
 
 378 
 70,000 
 1,115 
 
 S76.065 
 
 8,737.666 
 
 21,071 
 
 £ 
 
 91,000 
 
 S,502,J09 
 
 139,152 
 
 In 1644, Liverpool, then surrounded by a high mud wall, 
 was besieged and taken by Prince Kupert. and shortly after 
 retaken by the Parliamentary foroes, under Sir John Mel- 
 drum. Seven years later, a second visitation of the plague 
 carried off 200 inhabitants. In 1709, a wet dock was con- 
 structed, not only the first in Liverpool, but also in the 
 kingdom. From this event may b,e dHted the rapid exten- 
 sion of its commerce and population. Pop. in 1700, 5000; 
 in 1760. 26.1X10; in 1801. 77,653; in 1821, 118,972; in 1841, 
 224.954 : in 1851, 376,065. in lb61, 443,874. 
 
 !Mrs, Henians. the liev. Legh Kichmond. and Dr. Currie, 
 the biographer of Burns, and William Koscoe, were natives 
 of Liverpool. 
 
 LIVKIU'OOU a post-village of Sallna township. Onondaga 
 CO., Xew York, on Uie E. shore of Onondaga Lake, and on 
 the Oswego Canal, 6 miles N.N.W. of Syi-acu.so. It has nume- 
 rous saline cpriiigs. from which great quantities of salt are 
 snnually mjinu&ctured. 
 
 LlYKItPOOL. a thriving post-borough and township of 
 Perry cc, i'»nn8ylvauia, ou the W. bank of the Susquehanna 
 
 River and Canal, 29 miles above narrisbnrg. It has an 
 active business in lumber and other articles. Pop. of the 
 townsliip in 1S60, 1072; of the iKirougli, about 750. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, a village of York cc, Pennsylvania, on thn 
 turnpike from York to Ilarrisburg. 6 miles X. of the former. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, a post-office of Brazoria CO., Texas, 36 miles 
 ■\V. of Galveston. 
 
 LlA'ERPOiJL, a township of Columbiana co.. Ohio. P. 2051, 
 
 LIVERPOOL, formerly ROSEDALE, a poptfiUnge of 
 Madison co , Ohio, about 25 miles X.W of Cohimbns. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Medina co., Ohio, on Rocky River, about 122 miles X.X.E. 
 of Columbus. It has 1 iron foundry, several flouriag-mills, 
 and oil wells. Pop. of the township, 1807. 
 
 LIA'ERl'OOL, a village in Lake co., Indiana, 155 miles 
 N.X.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, a post-village and town.^hip of Fulton co., 
 Illinois, on the Illinois River, 38 miles below Peoria. It has 
 u good landing for steamboats, and a plank-road leading to 
 Canton. The land of the vicinity is highly productive, and 
 contains stone-coal. The Illinois River Railroad passes about 
 3 miles E. of this place. I'op. of the township, 13(5S. 
 
 LI\'ERPOOL, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of 
 Queens co., on the left bank of the river Mersey, at its 
 entrance into Liverpool Harbor, about 75 mi!es S.AV. of 
 Halifax. It is well and regularly built, and is the centre 
 of an important and increasing trade. To the X. of Coffin's 
 Island, the channel, across which is a handsome drawbridge, 
 is not navigable for vessels drawing more than 9 feet of 
 water; but the passage to the S. is full 14 miles wide, with 
 from 15 to 18 fathoms of water. A light-house has Ix-eP 
 erected on the island, containing a rt:volving light, 75 feet 
 above the sea. Liverpool was made a warehousing port in 
 1834. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, a se.aport town and capital of Kent co., 
 Xew Brunswick, situated on Richibucto Harbor, about 120 
 miles X'.E. of St. John. The harbor is safe and commodious, 
 and the port is the centre of an important trade in timber, 
 deals, &c. The number of foreign arrivals at Richibucto 
 Harbor in 1851, was 106 (tons. li"),786); of clearances, 105. 
 (tons, 18.305,) ; value of imports, $109,000; export.?. $133,155. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, ft borough and town of Xew South Wales, 
 on the George River, 20 miles S,W. of Sydney. It is neatly 
 built, and has a handsome church and hospital, and returns, 
 with Richmond, AViudsor, and Campbellton, a member to 
 the Legislative Council. Pop. 601. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, n mountain rangein East Australia, stretches 
 from W. to E. between the county of Brisbane, Xew Sowth 
 Wales, and the Liverpool Pliiins: and forms the water-shef' 
 between the basins of the Peel or Xamoy, on the X. and W., 
 and the Hunter, on the S. and E. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, CAPE, is the name of a headland on the S. 
 side of the entrance to Lancaster Sound, Bi-itish Xorth 
 America, and of another bounding the inlet Liverpool Bay, 
 Arctic Ocean, Xorth America, immediately S.M'. of Cape 
 Bathurst, Lat, about 70° X„ Ion. 129° W, 
 
 LIVERPOOL-PLAIXS, a "hilly, picturesque, and weU- 
 watered region,"«East Australia, between lat. 31° and 32° S., 
 and Ion. 150° and 151° E.. X. of Brisbane co., Xew South 
 Wales, from 800 to 900 feet above the sea level. 
 
 LIVERPOOL RIVER, North Australia, Arnhem Land, 
 enters the sea near lat, 12° S., Ion. 134° 10' E. 
 
 LIVERSEDGE, liv'yr-s^j, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Y'ork, West Riding, 
 
 LIV'ERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, Xorth 
 Riding. 
 
 LI VESEY. liv'zee. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LIVII FORUM. See FoM.1. 
 
 LIVIXGSTON, a county in the western part of Xew 
 York, has an area of about 540 square miles. li is inter- 
 sected by the (ienesee River, by which and its tributaries it 
 is chiefly di-ained. These streams afford valuable water- 
 power. It contains Conesus Lake and Hemlock Lake. The 
 surface is diversified. The soil along the streams is very fer- 
 tile, and in other parts generally of a good quality. In 1850, 
 this county produced 1,111,986 bushels of wheat, the greatest 
 quantity raised in any county in the state, except Oneida. 
 Iron ore and limestone are found in abundance, and the 
 celebrated sulphur springs of Avon are situated in the N. 
 part of the county. It is traversed by the Genesee Valley 
 Canal, and by the Buffalo, Corning, and Xew York Railioad. 
 Organized in 1821. Capital, Gene.seo. Pop. 39,546. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, 
 contains about 900 square miles. It is intersected b> the 
 Ticktah lliver, and bounded on the S. and W. by A>nite 
 River. Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain wash its F.E. 
 border. The surface is nearly level. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Small steamboats navigate the Amite River, ot the 
 border of the parish. Capitol, Springfield. Pop. 4431, of 
 whom 3120 were free. 
 
 LIVIXGSTON, a county near the W. extremity of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on the Ohio River, which separates it Irom 
 Illinois, has an area estimated at 280 square miles. U is 
 bounded on the W. by the Ohio, on the S. by the iVoue&a^e^ 
 and intersected by the Cumberland lUver. The surface is 
 
LIV 
 
 LLA 
 
 nndnlating and hilly. The soil is fertile. Limestone end 
 Eaniistone underlie the surface. The county contains large 
 deposits of stone-coal and iron ore. Organized in 1798, and 
 nairiBd in honor of Itobert R. Livingston, of New York. 
 Capital, Sraithlaud. Pop. 7213, of whom 5991 were free, and 
 1222 slaves. 
 
 LIVINO.STON. a county of Michigan, situated in the S.E. 
 central part of the state, contains 576 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head streams of the Shiawas.see and lied 
 Cedar Rivers, and intersected by Huron River. The surface 
 is undulatiag. The soil is a rich, black, sandy loam. Dense 
 forests of hard timber overspread the N. part of the county, 
 and the remainder is occupied by oak openings, or plains 
 which produce a sparse gi'owth of oaks. The streams fur- 
 iji.sh extensive water-power. Iron ore and saline springs 
 are found in the county. Organized in 1836. Capital, 
 Howell. ]'op. 16,851. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a county in the N.E. central part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 1000 square miles. It is drained by the 
 eources of the Vermilion and Mason Rivers, affluents of 
 the Illinois. The surface is level. The soil is fertile, adapted 
 to Indian corn and grass. The county contains extensive 
 prairies and small tracts of good timber. Stone-coal abounds 
 along the Vermilion River. Sandstone and limestone are 
 the principal rocks. The county is Intersected by the Chi- 
 cago Alton and St. Louis Il.R. Capital, Pontiac. Pop. 11.637. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Missouri, 
 has an area of u"() square miles. It is intersected by Grand 
 River, (of the Missouri.) which, in passing through it, re- 
 ceives the Crooked Fork and Medicine Creek from the left, 
 and a large stream called Shoal Creek from the right. The 
 surface is generally level, and a large proportion of it is 
 pniirie. The soil is good. Named in honor of Kdw»rd 
 Livingston, secretary of state under President Jackson. 
 Capital, Chillicothe. Pop. 7417, of whom 6812 were free, 
 and 605 slaves. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-township of Columbia co.. Now 
 York, on the Hudson River and the Hudson River Railroad, 
 6 miles S. of Huilson. Pop. 2014. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village and township in the N.W. 
 part of Essex co., New Jersey, on the Passaic lliver, 10 miles 
 W. by N. of Newark. Pop. 1323. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Sumpter co., Ala- 
 bama, on the Tugaloo or Suckernochee Creek, 68 miles S.W. 
 of Tuscaloos;j. It contains a newspaper office. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village in Madison co., Mississippi, 
 20 miles N. by W. of Jackson. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Texas, 
 250 miles K. by N. of '.ustin City. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Overton co., Ten- 
 nessee, 100 uiil((s K. liy N. of Nashville. It is situated in a 
 billy region, which contains extensive beds of stone-coal 
 and iron ore. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-oflice of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village in Livingston co., Michigan, 
 40 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village and township of Clarke co., 
 Illinois, on the National Road, about 14 miles W. of Terre 
 Haute, Indiana. 
 
 LIVINGSTONE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow. 
 
 LIV'INGSTONVILLE. a post-vilhige of Schoharie co., New 
 York, 30 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 LIVNEE. LIVNIJ, or LIVNY, liv'nee, a town of Russia, 
 government and 80 miles S.E. of Orel, on the Sosna. an 
 affluent of the Don. Pop. 9380. It has numerous churches 
 and several annual fairs. 
 
 LIVNO. liv'no, a fortified town of European Turkey, in 
 Croatia, 54 miles N.W. of Mostar, on the Bistritza, Pop. 
 about 4000. 
 
 LIVONIA, le-vo'ne-a, (Ger. Liejland. leefljnt.) a maritime 
 government of Itussia' mostly between lat. 56° 30' and 58° 30' 
 N., and Ion. 24° and 28° E., having W. the Gulf of Livonia. 
 Area, comprising the island Oesel, in the Baltic, 20,450 
 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 821.457. Surface mostly flat 
 and marshy. Principal rivers, the Dilna and f^yst, and on 
 the S. fronti(!r. the Rolder-aa, Fennern. and J^mba. Lakes 
 numerous. Soil fertile, and grain is raised for export, princi- 
 pally rye and barley, but also comprising wheat, oats, and 
 buckwheat: the reaving of live stock is of great importance. 
 It has manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, sugar, 
 tobacco, glass. &c. The population is very mixed, and mostly 
 Lutherans. Principal towns, Riga, (the capital,) Dorpat, Per- 
 ,»au, and Venden, with Arensburg, in the island of Oesel. — 
 Adj. and inhab. LivoxuN. l&-vo'nean. 
 
 LIVONIA, GULF OF. See Gulf of Riga. 
 
 LIA'O'NIA, a post-township of Livingston CO., New York, 
 on a branch of the Erie Railroad, about 30 miles S. of Ro- 
 •ihester. Pop. 2593. 
 
 LIVONIA, a post-office of Point Coupee parish, Louisiana. 
 
 LlVONIA,atownshipof Wayne CO., Michigan. Pop. 1652. 
 
 LIVONIA, a po.'t-village of Washington co., Indiana, 
 about 100 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LIVONIA CKNTRE, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan. 
 
 LIVORNO, le-voR'no. a town of Piedmont, division of 
 Novara, 17 miles W.S.W. of Vereelli. Pop. 4805. 
 
 LIVORNO, a city of Italy. See Leghorn. 
 
 LIVRON. leeHriN"', a market-town of France, department 
 of DrOme, 10 miles S. of Valence. ' Pop. in 1852, 4022. 
 
 LIVRY, lee'vree', a village of France, department of Sein^i 
 et^Olse, 10 miles E. of Paris, with an old Augustine Abtey, 
 once the residence of Madame de Sevigne. Also the niuufc 
 of villages in the departments of Calvados and Nievre. 
 
 LIVUMA, le-voo^md, a con.siderable river of East Africa^ 
 enters tlie Indian Ocean near Cape Delgado. 
 
 LIXIIEIM, lix'hlme, (Fr. pron. leex^^m',) a town of France, 
 department of Meurthe, 6 miles N.E. of Sarrebourg. P. 1093 
 
 LIXUHI, lix-oo'ree, a seaport town of Cephalonia, on its 
 W. limb, 6 miles N. of Argostoli. Pop. 5000. It is a Greek 
 bishop's see, and is the rival of Argostoli in commercial 
 importance. 
 
 LIZAN, lee'zdn', a large and fine village of Turkish Koop- 
 distan, on the Zab, about 40 miles N.E. of Mosul. 
 
 LIZANELLO, leed-zd-nM'lo, a market-town of South Italy, 
 in Naples, province of Otrauto, 5 miles S.E. of Lecee. 
 
 LIZANO, leed-z4/no. a market town of South Italy, in Nar 
 pies, province of Otranto, 14 miles E.S.E. of Taranto. 
 
 LIZ/ARD, an island on the N.E. coast of Australia, N.N.E. 
 of Cape Flattery. Lat. 14° 41' 24" S., Ion. 146° 28' 30'' E. 
 It has a peak 1151 fuet above the sea level. Greatest dia<- 
 meter, 2^ miles. 
 
 LIZ'ARD POINT, a bold headland of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall, forming the most southern point of Britain, 23 miles 
 E.S.E. of Land's End, and having two lighthouses with fixed 
 lights, elevated 200 feet above the sea, in lat 49° 57' 40" N., 
 loi). 5°12'6"W. 
 
 LIZ'ARD RIV/ER, a small stream of Iowa, enters the Des 
 Moines from the W. near Fort Clark. 
 
 LIZV-SUK-OUKCQ, lee'zee-siiR-ooRk, a town of France, de- 
 partment Seine-et-Marne. 8 miles N.E. of Meaux. P. 1200. 
 
 LJ UBASCHE\ 0, a town of Russia. See Lyoob.vshevo. 
 
 L.JUBETSCHI. See Lyoobetch. 
 
 LJUUIM. SeeLTOoaiM. 
 
 L.IUSNK or UUSNE, lyoos'nd, a river of Sweden, issues 
 from a lake of the same name in Kerjedalen, flows S.K. inti.' 
 the laeu of Getleborg. where it forms .several K^kes, and falls 
 Into the Gulf of Bothnia, about 36 miles N. of Gefle. after a 
 course of about 220 miles. Its current is very much en- 
 cumbered by rocks. 
 
 UUTZIN. See Ltootsin. 
 
 LLACUNA (LA), l;l H-kotVna, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 
 •bout 60 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1020. 
 
 LLADO, id'DO."a village of Spain, Catalonia, 20 miles from 
 Qerona. Pop. 1064. 
 
 LLAFER/NOE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgnn. 
 
 LLAGOSTKRA, H-gos-ti'ri, a market-town of Spain. Cata 
 Ionia, province and 10 miles S.S.E. of Gerona. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LLAMAS DK LA RIBKRA, Wmds dA 13 re-mVri, a town 
 of Spain, province and 13 miles W.N.W. of Leon. 
 
 LLAMPIIEY, Lam'fee, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 LLAN, a Welsh word signifying " enclosure" or '■ church," 
 is the prefix of numerous parishes and towns in England 
 and Wales. 4KS"It may be observed, that the sound of H in 
 Welsh, has no equivalent in any other language. At thf> 
 beginning of a name, it is commonly Anglicized by a simple 
 I. distinguished in this work as a small capitnl. In the 
 middle, or at the end of a word, it is represented by tid, 
 (Italic.) See Introduction, XXVI., 16. 
 
 LL.\N-.\BKK, Lan-ah'ber or Lan-ab'^r, a pari.sh of North 
 Wales. CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLAN-AFAN, um-ah'vfn or ar'jn, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLAN-AF.\N-FAWR, Lan-ah'vjn or av'jn-vOwK, a parish 
 of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAN-AFA.N-FECHAN, Lan-ah'van (or av'an) t^k'^, a 
 parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAN-ANNO, Lan-an'no, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Radnor. 
 
 LLAN-AR/MON, a parish of North Wales, co. ol Carnarvon, 
 
 LLAN-ARMON, a pari.sh of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLAN-ARMON DUFFRYN CEIRIOG. x.an-aR'mon diff'rin 
 ki're-og. a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLAN-ARMON MYNYDD MAWR, i.an-aB mon min'ixa 
 mOwR, a mountainous parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANARTH, Lan'arth, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Cardigan. '. 
 
 LL.\NARTIT, a pari.sh of England, co. of 5Ionmouth. 
 
 LiiANARTHNEY, Lan'arth'nee, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLAN-ASAPH, Lan-i'saf or Lan-az'af. a parish of North 
 Wales. CO. of Flint, 6 miles N.W. of Holywell. Pop. 2669, 
 employed in coal-mines. &c. On St! Asaph Hill, in this pa- 
 ri.sh. is a signal tower, and at the mouth of the Dee. Point 
 of Air, a lighthouse. Lat. 53° 22' N., Ion. 3° 19' 24" W. 
 
 LLAN-BABO, Lan-bah'bo, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 LLANBAD.A.RN, Lan-hah'darn or i.an-bad'arn, a parish of 
 Wales, CO. of Radnor. 
 
 Lli.A.NB.^.DARN FAWR, Lan-bah'darn vowr, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Cardigan 
 
 1065 
 
LLA 
 
 T-LANBADARX FYNTTDD, Lan-bah'dam vjn'ixn, a parish ' 
 Of Wales, -CO. of Kadnor. 
 
 LLAXBAUARXOOWYX, lan-bah'darn od'win, a parish 
 
 of South Wales, co. of Cardijan. , 
 
 LLANBADARN TKEF-EGLWYS, lAn-bah'darn trJv-tgloo- ' 
 
 !fi, a piu'lsh of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. | 
 
 LI.ANBADARX Y-GARREG, Lan-bah'dam e-gir'rfg, a , 
 
 parish of Wales, co. of Jtadnor. ! 
 
 LLANBADaCKorLLANBADD0CK,Lan-bad'd9k,aparish 
 of Eug'aud, CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 I-LAXBADRIG, Lan-bad'rig, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of .\ugiesey. 
 LL.W BADRIG, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 LLAXBEBLIG, Lan-b^b'lig, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 LI^ANBEDR, LanOj^d'er, or LAM'PETER-POXT-STK- 
 PIIEX. a parliamentary borough, market-town, and parish 
 of South Wales, county and 28 miles E.X.E. of Cardigan, on 
 the Teify, here cro.ssed by a stone bridge. Pop. of the bo- 
 rough. 902. It has the royal college of St. David's, founded 
 in 1S22. The borough joins with Cardigan. Aberystwyth, 
 and Adpar, in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 LLAXBEDR, a parish of Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 LLANBEDR, a parish of AVales, co. of Merioneth. 
 LLAXBEDR, a parish of Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 LLAXBEDR DYEFRYX CLWYD,Lan'b&l'?rdifrin klwid, 
 a parish of Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLAXBEDR FELFREY, Lao/bJd'gr vSl'vri, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Pembroke. , 
 
 LLAXBEDR GOCU, LanOjed^gr goK, a parish of Wales, (X>. 
 of Angli'sey. 
 
 LLAXBEDR Y-CEXXIN, Lan'bJdV e-kSn'nln, a parish of 
 Wales, CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LLAXBERRIS, Lan-bJr'ris, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon. Tourists are attracted hither by the magnificent 
 lake and mountain scenery. In the pass of Llanberris stands 
 the picturesque ruin of Dolbadern Castle. 
 
 LLAXREULAX, Lan-bi'lan or Lan-boilan, a parish of 
 North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLAXBISTER, Lan-bis'tgr, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Eaduor. 
 
 LLAXBLEIDDIAN, lan-bll'THe-an, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LL.iXBOIDY, Lan-boi'dee, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 LLAXBRYXXMAIR, lan-brin'mlR, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Montgomery, on the Dyfl. 
 
 LLAXCADWALADR, Lan-kad-wJl/dd'r, a mountainong 
 parish of Xorth Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLAXCARFAX, Lan-kaa/van, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Glamorgan 
 
 LLAXCILLOE, Lan-kiiWfo or lao-kilOo, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Hereford. 
 
 LLAXDAFF. Lan-dafif, (Welsh, JMm TAf. Lan tiv, " Church 
 of the Taf.'") a city and parish of South Wales, co. of Glamor- 
 gan, on the Taflf, here crossed by a bridge, 3 miles N.W. of 
 Cardiff, and with a station on the Taffvale and Aberdare 
 Railway. Pop. 1276. The " city" is a mere bamlet, noted 
 only for its cathedral. Adjoining are the chapter house, 
 and remains of the ancient episcopal palace. The see of 
 Llandaff includes Monmouthshire, and that part of Glamor- 
 ganshire E. of the Neath, comprising 215, benefices. 
 
 LLAXDAXWG, LanKian'oog, a parish oV North Wales, co. 
 of Merioneth. 
 
 LL.'VXDAUDDWR, lan-dl'xHooR or lan-doi^Hoor, a parish 
 of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLAXDAWG, Lan'dCwg, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Carmarthen. 
 
 LL.\NDD.\.ROG, lan-THar'og, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLAXDDAUSAIXT, Lan-THoy'sJnt, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANDDEIXIOLEX, Lan-THl-neK>'len, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Carnarvon. Pop. in 1851, 5471, partly employed 
 in large slate quarries. The remains of a strong Roman 
 camp and an ancient Welsh palace are still visible here. 
 
 LLAXDDEINIOT, ian-THi'ne-ot\ a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Cardigan. 
 LLAXDDEINIOT FAB. a parish of Wales, ca of Anglesey. 
 LLAXDDIX.iM, Lan-THin'am, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Montgomery. 
 
 LLAXDDEWI. Lan-THu'ee or Lan-th^oo-ee, (t. «.. Church 
 of St. David's,) a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 LLAXDDKWI ABERARTH, Lan-THu'ee ah'ber^rth, a 
 parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANDDEWI ABER-GWKSSIX, lan-XHti'ee ah'ber-gwjs'- 
 Bin, a parish of .South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAXDDEWI BREFI. Lan-rnu'ee br^v'ee, a parish of 
 South AVr.Ies. co. of Cardigan. St. David held here a synod 
 for the suipression of Paganism in 519. It is supposed to 
 have t^cn the Roman station Loventium. 
 
 LLAXDDEWI EACH, Lan-THu'ee vai, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Radnor. 
 
 LLAXDDEWI FELFREY. ian-THu'e« TJl'vree, a parish of 
 Pouth WaU'R, CO. of Pembroke. 
 1006 
 
 LLA 
 
 LLAXDDEWI YSTRADEXXY, lan-mu'ee is-tra-dJn'nw, 
 a parish of South Wales, co. of iiadnor. 
 
 LLAXDDEWIRCWM, Lan-THu'ir-koom\ a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Brecon. 
 
 LL.VXDDOXA, Lan-THo'na, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 LLANDDWY, Lan-THoo'ee, a parish of South Wales, co.of 
 Brecon. 
 
 LL.-VXDDWYWAU, Lan-THwee/wI or Lan-THwee/woi, a pv 
 rish of North Wales, co. of Jlerioneth. 
 
 LLAXDDWYX, Lan-THwin\ a parish of Xorth Wales, co. 
 of Anglesey. 
 
 LLAXDDYFNAN, Lan-iHiv'nan, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANDECWYN, Lan-d5k'win, a pari.sh of North Wales, 
 CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLAXDEFEILOG FACII, Lan-da-viaog fak, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAXDEFEILOG FAWR, Lan-da-vWog vowR, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAXDEFEILOG FREYR-GRAIG. LanKla-vI'Iog vfair grig, 
 a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANDEGAI, Lan-de-ghi', a mountainous parish of North 
 Wale.s, CO. of Carnarvon, li miles S.E. of Bangor. Pop. 3010, 
 chiefly employed in immense slate quaries. Here is a fine 
 modern Saxon castle. 
 
 LL.\XDEGFAX, LauKlJg'van, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. 
 of Anglesey. 
 
 LLAXDEGLA, Lan-dJg12, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 IXmbigh. 
 
 LLAXDEGLEY, lan-dJglee or Lan-degli, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 LLAXDEGVETII, Lan-dJg'veth, a parish of England, co. 
 of Slonmouth. 
 
 LLAXDEGWNINQ, Lau-dd-goo'ning, a parish of North 
 Wales. CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LL.\NDEILO, Lan-dilo, a parish of 5?outh Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 LLANDEILO ABER-CYWYN, Lan-cino ahnber-kyoo/in, a 
 parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANDEILO ARFAX, Lan-dl'lo an/vau, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAXDEILO GRAB/AN, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Radnor. 
 
 LLAXDEILO TAL-Y-BOXT, a parish ol South Wales, co. 
 of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLAXDEILO-TAWR or FAWR, or LLAXDILO, Lan-dilo 
 vOwR, a market-town and parish of South Wales, county 
 and 14 miles E.N.E. of Carmarthen, on the Towy . here crossed 
 by an elegant bridge, and on the Llanelly Railway. Pop. 
 of the town, 1313. Near it is Grongar Hill, where the last 
 struggle was made for the independence of Wales, in 1282; 
 also the modern seat of Lord Dynevor: and Golden Grove, 
 the seat of Earl Cawdor, where the famous drinking horn, 
 given by Henry Til. to Davjd-ap-Iquan. is still preserved. 
 LL.\XDEX'XY, a parish of England, co. of .Monmouth. 
 LL.\XDER/FEL, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. of .Alerioneth. 
 LL.\XDIXABO, uin-de-nahlx), a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 LLAXDIX'GAD, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 LLAXDOCH, Lan'doK', a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 LLAXDOCH BAR/RY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 LLAXDO'GET, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. of DenMgh. 
 LLAXDO'GO, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 LLAXDO/VERY, a municipal borongh and market-town of 
 South Wales, co. and 24 miles E.S.E. of Carmarthen, on the 
 Bran, here crossed by 2 bridges. Pop. in 1S51. 1927. It is 
 pleasantly situated in a fine vale, near the Towy ; and has 
 picturesque remains of a Norman castle, destroyed by 
 Cromwell. 
 
 LL.\NDRILLO, Lan-drlffi'Jo, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Merioneth. 
 
 LLANDRILLO YNRHOS. Lan-drif^'/o in-h'r.os, a parish of 
 North Wales, counties of DenViish and Carnarvon. 
 
 LLAXDRIX'DOD, a parish of South W.-i1e.s, co. of Radnor, 
 6 miles N.X Ji. of Builth. Three mineral ^riugs have long 
 rendered the village a great resort for invalids. 
 
 LLAXDRIXIO, a parish of North AVkles, co. of Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 LL.\XDRY6AN, Lan-drig'an, a parish of .North Wales, co. 
 of .\nglesey. 
 
 LL.IXDUIVXO, a parish of Xorth Wales, co. of Carnarvon, 
 on the Irish Sea, 4 miles X.X.W. of Conwy. Pop. 1047, 
 employed in copper-mines. The lofty cliffs and sea-worb 
 caverns of the promontory of Gogarth. are in this pariEh* 
 which contains also several monuments of early cyclopeal 
 architecture, and is still the haunt of the once celebrated 
 peregrine falcon. 
 
 LLAXDUDWEN, lan-djd'wen, a parish of North Wales, co 
 of Carnar\'on. 
 
 LL.\XDULAS, tand-dee'las or lan-dUlas. a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Denbitrh. 
 LLANDULAS, a parish of South Walu. eo. of BrkKcn, 
 
LLA 
 
 LLANT)\VP. lan'doof, or LL4.ND0W, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of (ilamorgan. 
 
 IJ>ANl)\VliOa, Lau-doo'rog, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 LL-iVNOYBIE or LLANDEBIE, Lan-djVee, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 liLANUYFEISANT, Lau-de-vi'sant, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLAXUYFODWU, Lan-de-To'doog, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANDYFitloa, lan-de-vree'og, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Cardijran. 
 
 LLANDYKKYD'OG, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 LLANDYGWYDD, Lan-djg'wiTH, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Cardii^an. 
 
 LL.VXDYLWYF, Lan-dil'wiv, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of reuibroke. 
 
 LLANDYRNOG, Lan-dir'nog, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Deiibi.nh. 
 
 LLA.\i)YSIL, Lan-dis'il, a small mnrket^town and parish 
 of South Wales, co. of Cardigan, on the Teifi, 12 miles S.W. 
 of Lampeter. 
 
 LLA.XDYSILIO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 
 on the Meiiai Strait,~liere crossed by the celebrated suspeu- 
 «on bridge, 2 miles W.S.W. of Bangor. 
 
 LLANDYSILIO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont> 
 gomery. 
 
 LLANDYSILIO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANDYSILIO, a parish of South Wales, cos. of Pembroke 
 and Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANDYSILIO GOGE, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Cardigan. 
 
 LLANDYSSIL, Lan-dis'sil, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 LLANDYVAILOG or LLANDIFAILOG,Lan-do-vi'log,a pa- 
 rish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANED'AKN, a parish of South Wales, oo. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANEDWEN, Laii-Jd'wen, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Anglesey, on the Menai Strait, here crossed by a ferry, 4 
 miles N. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LL.\NEDY, Lan-t'd'ee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- 
 marthen. 
 
 LLANEG'KYN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLANKttWAD, Lan-eg'wad, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Ciirmiirthen. 
 
 LLANEIGRAD, lan-I'grad or lan-.Vgrad, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LI> AN ELIAN, i.an4l'yan, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey, on the Irish Sea, 1^ miles S.E. of Amlwch. It has 
 a lighthouife. 
 
 LLANELIAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANELIDAN, Lan-el-id'an, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANELIEU, Lan-Jl'yu, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Brecon. 
 
 LLANELLEN, Lan-5th1en, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 LLANELL'TYD, a parish of North Wale.i, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLANELLY, uin-it/iUee. a parliamentary borough, seaport 
 town, and parish of South Wales, on a creek of Carmarthen 
 Bay. ""O. and 15 miles S.E. of Carmarthen. I'op. of the parish, 
 11,155; of the parliamentiiry borough in 1851, 8710. It has 
 extensive cr pper works, and some iron foundries, the produce 
 of which ih sent to Liverpool. Coal is brought by railway 
 from the rich adjacent mines, and is largely exported to the 
 continent, for the supply of steamboats. Chief imports, 
 copper ore from Cornwall. The trade is facilitated by four 
 commodious docks, from which, in 1848, there were 194,253 
 tons of coiils exported. In 1850, there entered at the port 
 1912 vessels, tonnage 102,127; and cleared, 3049 vessels, ton- 
 nage 193.852. Llanelly is connected by canal with Kid- 
 welly. It unites with Carmarthen in returning a member to 
 Parliament. 
 
 LLANELLY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANELWEDD, Lan-^l'w^TH, or LLANEiyWETIlY, a 
 parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 LLANENDDWYN, Lan-^n'THwin, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 LL.^NEN'GAN, a maritime parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANERCII-Y-MEDD, lan'erk-A-mJTH, a small market- 
 town and parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. Pop. 1243. 
 
 LLANERFYL, Lan-si/vfl, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 LLANFABON, Lafl-vahlxin, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Glamorgan. 
 
 LL AN FACIIRETH, Lan-vaK'rJth, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. ff Anglesey. 
 
 HANFACliRETH, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Merioneth. 
 
 LL.\ N F AELOG. Lan-vilog or lan-vd'e-log, a parish of North 
 Wales. CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFAELRIIYS, Lan-vil'ris, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Caruarvoa. 
 
 LLA 
 
 LLANFAES, un-TJ/^s or Lan-vJs, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFAE'IHLU, ia.n-ylihf\ii, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFAGLAN, Lan-vaglan, a parish of North Wales, co 
 of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANFAIR DYFFRYN CLWYD. Lan/vir difrin klwid, a 
 parish of North Wales, co. of Di;nbigh. 
 
 LLANFAIR CAEREIMON. Lan'vir kar-I'ne-on, a small 
 market-town and parish of North Wales, co. and 10 miles 
 N.W. of Montgomery. I'op. 2747. 
 
 LLANFAIR AR-Y-BRYNN, Lan'vir aT-e-hrjun, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANFAIR CLYDOGAU, Lan'vir kle-do/goi, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANFAIR {"ECIIAN, Lan'vir veK'an, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Carnarvon, 7 miles S.W. of Conwy. I'op. 747. 
 Off the coast here are Lavan sands, supposed to have been 
 formed by an inundation in the tith century. 
 
 LLANFAIR MATIIAFARN-EITIIAF, Lan-vTr math-av*' 
 arn-i'thav, a parish of North Males, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LIjANFAIR IS-GAER, Lau'vir is-gd/er, a parish of North 
 Wales. CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANFAIR JUXM'A IIARLECn, (harHjE,) a parish of 
 North M'ales, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLANFAIR NANTY^GWYN, Lan'vir nan-tig'win, a parish 
 of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LLANFAIR ORLLWYN, Lan/vir ort/i/Zwin, a parish of 
 South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 • LLANFAIR PWLL-(iW YNGYLL, Lan'vir pool-gwin'- 
 ghUlil, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFAIR TALIIAIARN, Lan-vir tal-hi'arn, a parish of 
 North Wdles, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANFALLTEG, Lan-val'tJg, a parish of South Wales, 
 counties of Carmarthen and Pembroke. 
 
 LLANFARETII, Lan-vi'rJth, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Radnor. 
 
 LLANFAWR, LanVdwR', a parish of North AVales, co. of 
 Merioneth. 
 
 L LAN F ECU AN, tan-vSK'an, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Montgomery. 
 
 LLANF'ECIIEL, Lan-vJK'M. a parish and small market- 
 town of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 5 miles W.S.W. of 
 Amlwch. Pop. 10C2. 
 
 LLANFERRAS, Lan-v2r'rds, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANES, I3'n?s, a small town and port of Spain, Agti> 
 rias, 60 miles E. by N. of Oviedo. Pop. 2084. 
 
 LLANFillANGEL, Lan-ve-han'gh^^l, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Jlontgomery. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL, u parish of North Wales, co. of Meri- 
 oneth. 
 
 LLANFillANGEL QLYN-Y-MYFYR, a parish of North 
 Wales, COS. of Denbigh and Merioneth. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL ABERItYTHYCU, Lan-ve-han'ghel aV- 
 er-bith'iK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL ABERCOW'IN, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL ABERGWIS'SIN, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL AR-AETII, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL BACIIELLETH, Lan-ve-han'ghel hir 
 Khli'lith. a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL CIL-FARGEN, Lan-ve-han'ghel kil-var/- 
 gan. a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 'LLANFIHANGEL CWRN-DEE, Lan-ve-han'ghfl koom/- 
 dee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL FACH, Lan-ve-han'ghgl faK, a parish 
 of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL GENEUR-GLYNN, lan-ve-hau'ghgl 
 ghJn'eer-glynn, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL IN-RUG. Lan-ve-hau'ghgl in-rig, a pa- 
 rish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL LETHYR-FROED, Lan-ve-han'ghgl 
 iJth'ur-fro'M. a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL NANT-BRANE, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL N ANT-MELLAN, Mn-ve-han'ghel nanfe- 
 mto'/an, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL PENBEDW, Lan-ve-han'ghel p?n-bJd'- 
 oo, or p^nn-vJd'oo. a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan, 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL RHYCLITHON, Lan-ve-han'ghel re- 
 klith'on. a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL TAL-Y-LLYNN, (tal-e-ttfln,) a parish 
 of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL TRE'R BEIRDD, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL TYNSYLWY, Lan-ve-han'ghel tin-sjl'- 
 wee, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL Y-BONT-FAEN, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANFIHANGEL Y-CRODDIN, i.an-ve-han'ghel e-krOiTn'- 
 en, IS'AF and UCBLAB', ee'kaf, a parish of South' Wales, co 
 of Cardigan. 
 
 loer 
 
LLA 
 
 LLA 
 
 ILAXFIHANGEL T-PEXNANT, a parish of North Wales, 
 00. of Caniarvon. 
 
 LLANFIIIANGEL YSTRAD. lan-Te-han'ghel js'trad, a 
 parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANFIIIANGKL Y-TRAKXIIAX. Lan-ve-han'ghel e-tri'- 
 than, a parish of North Wale.«, oo. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLA N FFIN'N AN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFFLEWVN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Angle- 
 sey. 
 
 LLANFILO, Lau-vee'lo, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Brecon. 
 
 LLAN'FOIST. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANFROTHEN, a parish oif North Wales, co. of Merio- 
 neth. 
 
 LLANFWROG, Lan-voo'rog, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANFWKOO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANFYLLIN, Lan-TjWVin, a parliamentary borough, 
 luarket-tovrn. and parish of North Wales, co. and 16i miles 
 N.N.W. of .Montgomery, on the Cain. Top. of parliament- 
 ary borough, llie. It contributes with Montgomery, Llan- 
 idloes, Machynlleth, Newtown, and Welshpool, in sending 
 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 LLAXFYNNYD, Lan-vjn'nid, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANFYKN.iCU, Lan-Tjr'naK, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Pembroke. 
 
 LLANGACFAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgo- 
 mery. 
 
 LL.iNGAD'OCK, a marketrtown and parish of South 
 Wale.i, CO. of Carmarthen, on the Towy. 6^ miles S.W. of 
 Llandovery. Pop. of parish, 2604. The town has a ruined 
 castle, and manufactures of coarse woollens. 
 
 LLANG-iiyFO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLAN'GAIN. a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANGAMMARCH, Lan-gam'marK, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAN'GAN, a parish of South Wales, cos. of Carmarthen 
 and Pembroke. 
 
 LLANG.\N'NA, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANGANTEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAN'GAR, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLAXGAR'RAN, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LLANYASTY-TALYLLN, Lan-yhHee-ti-ViMln, a parish 
 nt South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANGATU'EN, a pari.sh of South Wales, co. of Carmar- 
 then. 
 
 LLANGATTOCK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANGATTOCK. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth, 
 Including the town of Caerleon. 
 
 LLANGATTOCK LLINGOED, lan'go-gd, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANGATTOCK near USE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 LLANGATTOCK TUVON-AVEL, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANGED'WYN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- 
 marthen. 
 
 LLANGED'WYN. a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANGEFELACU, Lan-ghi-Cl'aK, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of GUunorgan. 
 
 LLANGEFNI. lan-ghJfnee, a parliamentary borough, 
 town, and parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 15 miles 
 E.S.E. of liolyhead. It unites with Beaumaris, Amlwch, 
 and Holyhead, in sending 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 LLANGEINOR on the HILLS. Lan-ghi'nor, or Lan-gi/nor, 
 a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLAN'GEINWEN, Lan-ghiu'wln, a parish of North Wales, 
 00. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLAXGEITHO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LL.ANGELER. a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANGELYNIN, Lan-ghf-ljn'in, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANG KLY.MN. a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLANGEXDEIRN, Lang'en-dim', a parish of South Wales, 
 eo. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANG ENXKCH, Lan-ghJn'nte, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 IjLANGENVNlTU, a parish of South Wales, co. of Ght 
 morgan. 
 
 LLANGEXVNY. a pari.«h of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANGERNYW, lan-ghJa/nu, a parish of North Wales, 
 eo. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLAN'GEVIFAY*, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANGIAN, Lan-ghee'an, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANOIB'BY. a parish of England, eo. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANGIR/KIG, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montco- 
 mery. ^ 
 
 LLANG ISTIOLUS, lan-ghis-tee/o-lls, a parish of North 
 Wale^. CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANG'GOED, a parish of North Wales, eo. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANGOED.MAWK, Lan'gw&i-mOwE', a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Cardigan. 
 1008 
 
 LLANGOLLEN, lan-goWi'/fn, a market-town and parish 
 of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, on the Dee, here crossed 
 by a tine ancient bridge, 2t) miles N.W. of Shrewsburj'. 
 Pop. 4900. It is situated in a narrow vale, enclosed by lofty 
 mountains, and is universally admired fur its scfiicry. 
 About 1 mile distant, on a conical and almost inaccessible 
 hill are the picturesque ruins of Cadr Dinas livan. a castle 
 of great antiquity; and about 1 mile beyond are the beau- 
 tiful remains of Yalle Cruris Abbey, founded by Madoc, 
 Prince of Powis, about the year 1200. Four miles "from the 
 town is the Cysyllitaw Aqueduct, a noble structure of 19 
 arches, 126 feet in height, by which the tllesmere Canal in 
 carried across the Dee. 
 
 LLANGOLLEN KOAD STATION, Shrewsbury and Chester 
 Kailway, 3 miles S. of Khuabon. 
 
 LLANGOL/.MAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 LLANGORSE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANGO'VEN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANGOW'EK. a parish of North Wales, co. of Jlerioueth. 
 
 LLAXGRAN'OG, a parish of South W ales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANGUA, Lan-ghU'4, a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 LLANGWENLLWYFO, t&n-gvria-thlwjy'o, a parish of 
 North Wale."*, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLAXG\\'1LL0G, Lan-gwiWt7og, a parish of Xorth Wales, 
 CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANG ^VM, Lan/goom, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Denbigh. 
 
 LL.\NGWM, a parL* of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANGWM, a parish of South AVales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LLANG WNODYL, Lan-goo-no'dil, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LL.ANGWNOR, Lan-goo'nor, a parish of South Wales, co 
 of Carmarthen. 
 
 LL.\NGWYFAN, Lan-gwjv'jn, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of .Anglesey. 
 
 LLANG WYFAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANGWYSTEN'NIN, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 LL.\NGYBI, lan-ghiVee, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANGYIVY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANGYN EULO, a parish of South Wales, co. of iliidnor. 
 
 LLANGYHAF'AL, a parish of North W ales, co. of Den- 
 bigh. 
 
 LLANGYNIN, Lan-ghjn'in, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANG YNLLO, Lan-ghjnt/i/to, a parish of South Wales, ca 
 of Cardigan. 
 
 LL.ANGYNNOG, Lan-ghin'nog, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANGVNNOG, a parish of South AVales, co. of Montgo- 
 mery. 
 
 LLANGYNOG. a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANGYNWYD, Lan-ghiu'wid, a parish of South Walea, 
 CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LL.ANGYNIDER, lan-ghjn'id-fr, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANGYNIEW, Lan-ghjn'yoo, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Montgomery. 
 
 LLANHAl;/AN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamor- 
 gan. 
 
 LL.ANHAR/Y, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANIIEN'NOCK, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANIIILETH, Lan-hee/ifeth, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 LLANIIIR, lan'hlr, or Lan/hlR, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Radnor. 
 
 LLAN IIOW'FX, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LLANID'AN. a parish of North Males, co. of Anglesey, H 
 miles N.X.E. of Carnarvon. It has remains of structures 
 ascribed to the Druids, who were twice massacred here by 
 the Romans in the 1st century. 
 
 LLANIDLOFJS. Lan'id-Iess, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, town, and parish of North Wales, county and 19 
 miles W.S.W. of Montgomery, on the Severn, here crossed 
 by 2 bridges. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851. ot)56. 
 It has manufactures of excellent flannel and other woollen 
 stulTa. The borough unites with Montgomery, Llaiifyllin, 
 Machynlleth, Newtown, and Welshpool, in sending 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. 
 
 LLAXIESTYN, a parish of X'orth Wales, co. of .Anglesey. 
 
 LLAXIESTYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon, 
 
 LL.ANIG'ON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANII/AR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANILLID, L&u-UliHi<i, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Glamorgan. 
 
 LLAXIN'A, a pari.sh of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LL.ANIS'AX, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glaniorg:m. 
 
 LL.AN'ISHEN. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth 
 
 LLANLLAWDDOG, ijin-tttow'inog, a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANLLAWER, ian-W</Ow'fr, a parish of South Wa-leii, 
 CO, of Pembroke. 
 
LLA 
 
 LLA 
 
 LLANLLECmD, lan-i/il^K'id, a parish of North Wales, 
 00. of Caruarvou. 
 
 LLANLLEON'WEIili, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Brecon. 
 
 LLA.NLLOONY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANLfy >W'iiLL, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLAN LLUCIAN, Lan-iWu'gau, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Montgomery. 
 
 LLANLIiWCHAIARN, Lan-iWoo-ki'jrn, a parish of Wales, 
 00. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANLLWCHAIARN, a parish of Wales, co. of Montgo- 
 mery. 
 
 LLANLLYFFNI, Lan-</i?ifnee, a parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANMAIVOCK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamor- 
 gan. 
 
 LLANMAES, Lan^mS/Js or lan'mis', a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANMAREW'IC, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 LLANMAKTTN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANNEFYDD, Lan-nSv'iiH, a parish of North Wales, co. 
 of Denbigh. 
 
 LLAN'XON, a pari.'h of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLAN'NOR, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANO'VER, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANHlIAIADAR-lN-KIN.MEKCII, lan-h'Ri/a-dar-in-kin/- 
 mJRK, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 Lr,ANRlIAlADAR-YN-MOCIlNANT, Lan-h'Ri'a-d.Tir-in- 
 tnoK'nant, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, 4^ mile-S 
 N. of Llaiifyllin. I'istyll-Iihaiadar, one of the finest water- 
 falls in Walci, is in this parish. 
 
 LLANKHIAN, Lan-h'Ree'au, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Pembroke. 
 
 LLANRHID1AN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 LLANRHIDIAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 LLANRIIYCIIWYN, Lan-h'RjK'win, a parish of North 
 Wab'P, CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 LL.^NRIIYDD, Lan'h'RiTH, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Denbigh. 
 
 LLANRUYDDLAD, Lan-h'ajTHlad, a parish of North 
 Wales. CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLAXUIIYSTYD, Lan-h'Rjs/tid, a parish of South Wales, 
 00. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANKIIYWYDRDS, lan-h'Re-wjd'rus, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANROTII'ALL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LLANKWST, Lan'roost, a market-town and parish of 
 North Wales, counties of Denbigh and Carnarvon, 17 miles 
 W.S.A\'. of Denbigh, is situated on both sides of the Conway, 
 here navigable for vessels of 60 tons. Pop. in 1851, 3602. 
 The town is in a spacious vale, and has an elegant bridge 
 of 3 arches, constructed in 16.36 from' a design of Inigo 
 Jones; a church of the same architecture; and the tomb of 
 the great Llewellyn, last Celtic prince of Wales. It has also 
 R manufactory of Welsh harps. 
 
 LL.\NSA, lin's^, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 32 miles 
 N.E. by N. of Gerona, on the coast of the Meditei-ranean. 
 Pop. 2-288. 
 
 LLANSADWRN, tan-sad'oorn, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 LLANSADWRN, (Lower and Upper,) a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANSADWRN EN, Lan-sJ-dooK/ngn, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANSAINTFFRAED, Lan-sSnt-frAd, (or sdnt-frid,) a pa- 
 i-ish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANSAINTFFRAID, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Denbigh. 
 
 LLANSAINTFFRAID, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 LLANSAINTFFRAID, GLYNN-CEIRIOG, (glin-ki/reog,) 
 1 parish of Wales, co. of Montgomery. 
 
 LLANSAINTFFRAID GLYN-DYDAVY, a parish of Wales, 
 JO. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLANSAINTFFRAID, IN-ELVEL, a parish of Wales, co. 
 ft Radnor. 
 
 LL ANSAINTFFREAD, Lan-sJnefrM', a parish of England, 
 eo. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLAXS AM'LET. a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANSAN/NAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLANSANNWR, Lan-san'noor, a pari.'ih of South Wales, 
 ». of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANSANTFFREAD, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 3aidigan. 
 
 LLA.NS.iW'EL, a parish and small market-town of South 
 Wales, CO. of Carmarthen, 9 miles N. of Llandeilo-Fawr. 
 Pop. of parLsh, 982. 
 
 LLANSIL'YN, a parish of England and North Wales, 
 Bounties of Denbigh and Salop. 
 
 LLAN'SOY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLAXSl'YDDID, Lan-spjiH/id, a parish of South Wales, 
 00. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANSTAD'WELL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 LLANSTEPII'AN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- 
 marthen. 
 
 LLAN-STEPIIAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor- 
 
 LLAN!<TIN'AN. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke 
 . LLANTHEW/V-RYTIIKRCII, (rjth'erK,; a parish of Eug 
 land. CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANTUEW'Y-SKIK'RIT, a parish of England. 
 
 LLA.NTHEWY-VACII. a parish of England. 
 
 LLANTIIONY-ABBKY. See CwMYoy. 
 
 LLANTII/IO-GROSSEN/NY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 LLANTILIO-PERTIIO'LEY, a parish of England, CO. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 LL.\N'TOOD, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LLANTRIS'SAINT, a parish of North Wales, co. of An- 
 glesey. 
 
 LLANTRISSAINT, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth 
 
 LLANTRIS'SENT, a parliamentary borough, town, and 
 pari.sh of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 8 "miles N.W. of 
 Cardiff. Pop. 1007. Coal, iron, and lead are wrought in 
 the parish. The parliamentary borough unites with Cardiff 
 and Cowbridge in sending 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 LLANTRITH'YD, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamor- 
 gan. 
 
 LLANTWIT, a parish of Wales. See Lantwit. 
 
 LLANTWIT MAYUK, a town of Wales. See Lastwit. 
 
 LLANUWCII-Y-LYN\, Lan'yooK-oliu', a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 LL.A.NVACIIES, Lan-vak'gz, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 LLANVAIR-DISCOED, lan-vir (or Lan'vIrO dis'ko-6d, a 
 parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANVAIKtKILGID/IN, a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 LLAN'VAIR-WArrERDINE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Salop. 
 
 LLANVAP/LEY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANVETU'ERINE, a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 LLANVIHANGEL (Lan-ve-han'ghel) near ROGQIET, 
 (rog'ghe-Jt,) a parish of England, co. of Slonmouth. 
 
 LLANAIIIANGEL N£.\r USK, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 LLANAIHANGEL-CRUCGR/NEY, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANVllIANGEL-LLANTAR/NAM, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANVIIIANGEL-PONT-Y-MOILE, a pari.sh of England, 
 CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANVIHANOEL-TOR-Y-MYNYDD, (tor-e-min'iiH,) a pa- 
 rish of Enirland. co. of Jlonmouth. 
 
 LLANVllIANGEL-YSTERN-LLEW/ERN, a parish of 
 England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANYRECIIVA, Lan-vrJk/va, a parish of England, co. 
 of Monmouth. 
 
 LLANWARNE, LanVam', a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 LLAN WEN'ARTII, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth 
 
 LLANWDDYN, Lan-oo/iuin, a parish of \\'ales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 LLANWENLLWFO, Lan-w6n-t/(too'fo, a maritime parish 
 of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANWEN'OG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LL.\N/WERN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 LL.\N WIN'IO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANWNDA, Lan-oon'da, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 LLANWNDA, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LLAXWNEN, Lan-noo/nen, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANWXOG, Lan-noo'nog, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 LL.\N WON'NO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLANWRDA, Lan-nooR^da, a parish of South ^Vales, co. of 
 Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANWRIN, lan-noo/rin, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 LLAN WRTHWL, Lan-nooE'thool, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Brecon. 
 
 LLANWRTYD, Lan-nooR'tid, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Brecon. 
 
 LLANWYDDELLAN, lan-we-THJtt/Jan, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Montgomery. 
 
 LLANWYDDYN~(lan-wiTH'in) with CON/WY, a parish of 
 North Wales, co. of Montgomery. 
 
 LLANYBLOD/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 LLANYBYTH'ER, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- 
 marthen. 
 
 LLANYCIIAIARN, lan.e-Kl'am, a parish of South W.iles, 
 CO. of Cardigan. 
 
 LLANYCHAN, lan-iK'jn, a parish of North Wales, co. o." 
 Denbigh. 
 
 1069 
 
LLA 
 
 LOC 
 
 ILA vrCHARE, LanVkar', a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Fern broke. 
 
 LLANYCULLWYDD:X>. Lan-iK-ttZwiTH'og. or LLAXCII- 
 OI<Wi'DOG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LI AXYCKWVS, lan-e-krwis', a parish of South "Wales, co. 
 of Carmarthen. 
 
 LLANYDDAUSAIXT, Lan-e-THi'sant, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 LLANYGVVYRDDOX. Lan-e-gwooR'THon, or LLANO WYR- 
 QOON. a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 LL.A N YKEV'AX. a parisli of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LLAX^YKIL', a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLANY-.MOWUDW Y, Lau'e-mow'THwee, a parish of North 
 Wales. CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 LLA N'YJIYNECH, Lan'e-min'Jk, a parish of England and 
 North Wales, counties of Denbigh, Salop, and Montgomery. 
 
 LLAXYNYS, Laa-in'is, a parish of Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLAWXYS. a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 LLAXYSTIN'DWY, a parish of North Wales, co. of Car- 
 t arvon. 
 
 LL.W YWERX, lan-yoo'ern, a parish of Wale.«, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLA WHADliX. a parish of South Wales. See Lawhadex. 
 
 LLKCHCYNFAKWYOD, i^K-kiu-fau'wiiH, a parish of 
 N< rth \Vales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 LL liCII Y LCIIED, lJk-jI'kM. a parish of Wales, co. Anglesey. 
 
 LLKREX AjlA-ri'ud, a town of Spain, province and 62 miles 
 g.E. of Badajos. I'op. 6022. It is ill built and in decay. 
 Principal buildings. 2 churches and an hospital. Near it, 
 the troops under Combermere routed the i'reuch, under 
 Drouet. April 11. 1812. 
 
 LLirlRS, lyaiRs, formerly EL PERELLO, el-p4-rJl1o, a 
 town of Spain, Catalonia, 30 miles from Gerona. Pop. 1400. 
 
 LLEWELLYN. lew-^I'iin. a post-village of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania, 5 miles S.W. of Pottsville. It owes its pros- 
 perity to the coal-mines in the vicinity. A branch railroad 
 connects it with tlie Reading Railroad at Schuylkill Haven. 
 Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 LLlVIA.Tee've-J, (anc. JiiHia Livliaf) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Ijeritia in the I'yrenees. 4 miles N.E. of Pui.jcerda. 
 
 LLOBREGAT. lo-bri-gdf, a river of Spain, Catalonia, 
 enters the Gulf of Rosas, near the Erench frontier. Length, 
 65 miles. 
 
 LLOBREGAT RUBRICATOS. lo-bri-gaf roo-bre-ka/toce. a 
 river of Spain, Catalonia, enters the Mediterranean, 3 miles 
 8. of Barcelona, after a S. course of 80 miles. 
 
 LL'JRET, lo'rJt. a maritime town of Spain, province and 
 26 miles S. of Gerona, on the .Mediterranean. Pop. 2998. 
 
 LLOS.\-DI<>R.A.NES, lo'sA-dl-rl'nJs, a village of Spain, pro- 
 vince aiid 25 miles from Valencia. Pop. 1383. 
 
 LLOSETA, io.s,Vt3, a town of Spain, on the island of 
 Majorca, district of Inca. Pop. 1116. 
 
 LLiiUGUOI{, Loi'gor. (anc. Leucarum f) a parliamentary 
 borough, town, and parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 
 on the river of the same name, here crossed by a liridge, Cj 
 miles M'.N.W. of Swansea, with wliich it communicates by 
 railway. Pop. 821. Vessels of 200 tons approach the wharf. 
 The borough unites with Swansea. Aberavon, Kenfig, and 
 Keath in sending 1 memlier to the House of Commons. 
 
 LLOAVIS. ix^wis, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 LL')YD. loid. a post-township of Ulster co.. New Y^ork, on 
 the riirht bank of the Hudson, about 68 miles S. of Albany. 
 The Wallkill River flows along its W. Iwrtler. Pop. 2499. 
 
 LLOYD'S, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia. 
 
 LLOYD'S XECK, a peninsula on Long Island, between 
 Oyster Bay and Huntington Harbor. 
 
 LLOYDS'VILLE. a small post-village of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 LL' lYDTOWN. a post-vill.age of Canada West, co. of York, 
 36 miles from Toronto. It contains two mills. P. about 400. 
 
 LLUBI, loo/bee. or CASTELL-LLUBI, k.^s-tjlloo'bee. a 
 town of Spain, on the Island .Majorca, near Inca. Pop. 1818, 
 
 LLU.MAYOR. loo-mi-oR', or LLUCHMAYOR, look-ml-or', 
 a town of Spain, in the island of Majorca, 17 miles E,S,E, 
 of Palmas, I'op, 7112. It is well built, and has manufac- 
 tures of woollens and linens. 
 
 LLYSi'AEX, Ljs'vd-en or LiVvin, a parish of North Wales, 
 counties of Carnarvon and Denbigh, 
 
 Ll^YSVAEX, a parish of South Wales, co, of Glamorgan. 
 
 LLYSWEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 LLYSWERXI. a parish of South Wales, co, of Glamorgan, 
 
 LLYSYFU AN, Lis-jv'ran, a parish of Wales, CO, of Pembroke. 
 
 LLYWELL, Lvoo'el, a parish of South Wales, co, of Brecon, 
 
 L0.\. lo'd, a seaport town of Peru, lat, 21° 30' S,. Ion. 70° 
 W., at the mouth of a river of the same name, which falls 
 into the Pacific, after a courseof ISO miles, in the latter part 
 of winch it forms the boundary between Peru and Bolivia, 
 
 LOAG. a post-office of Chester co,. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 LOANDA. lo-Jn'dlan island of South- West AfMca. imme- 
 diately off tlie c ivst of Angola, and opposite the town of St. 
 Paul de Loanda, Length IS miles, breadth 1 mile, 
 
 LOANOO. lo-ang'go. a county of South AVest Africa, extend- 
 ing along the coasts of the Atlantic, from the equator to the 
 river /aire, which separates it from Congo on the S, Surface 
 flat and very fertile on the coasts, interior unknown. The 
 inhabitants are called Bramas: thev resemble the negroes 
 of Congo, are very superstitious, and practise the rite of 
 1070 
 
 circumcision. The country is governed by chicis or absolute 
 monarchs, whose chief revenue is derived from the sale of 
 slaves. See Angola, Benguela, Congo. Loango, the chief 
 town, is situated in lat. 4° 39' S., Ion, 12° 17' E, The houses 
 are shaded by palm and plantain trees, and the town is said 
 to be 10 miles in circumference. The Bay of Loango is 
 rocky and dangerous, 
 
 LOAN'HEAD, a village of Scotl.ind, co, and 6 miles S,S.R. 
 of Edinburgh, Pop. 810, mostly colliers and papermakers. 
 
 LOANO, lo-d'no, (Ital. Lovano. lo va'uo.) a village of Italy, 
 on the Gulf of Genoa, 5 miles N,E, of Albenga, Pop, 3352. 
 
 LOBACHSVILLE, lo'b£[ks-viU, a post-office of Berks co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 LOBAGUR, lo-b3-gur', a fortified post of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, 32 miles N,W. of Almorah, in lal, 29" 
 57' N,, Ion, 79° 18' E,, and 6460 feet aliove the sea. 
 
 LOBAT, a river of Russia. See Lovat, 
 
 LOBAU. loTjuw, an island of Lower Austria, in the Danube, 
 5 miles E,S.E, of Vienna, and where the French, in 1S09, 
 remained intrenched for six weeks, between the battles of 
 Gross-Aspern and Wagram, 
 
 LOBAU, (Lobau), lii/bOw, a town of Saxony, 12 miles E.S,B. 
 of Bautzen, with a station on the Saxon-Silesiau Railway. 
 Pop, 2757. Near it are mineral springs, and crystals are 
 found, which are known by the name of •' Ixibau diamonds." 
 
 LOBAU, (Lobau,) (Polisli Lubmva. lix)-bi/wi,) a town o£ 
 West Prussia, 38 miles E.S.E. of Mariec iverder, on two small 
 rivers. Pop. 3250. It is enclosed by walls, has a convent, 
 and manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 LOBBERICH. lob^ber-iK, a village of Rhenish Pru.ssia, 
 Dusseldorf, 7 miles W.'S,W, of Kempen, Pop. 885. 
 
 LOBBES, lob, or lob'bes, a village of Belgium, 10 miles S.W 
 of Charleroi, on the Sambre, Pop. 2489, 
 
 LOB/DELLS STORE, a post-office of West Baton Rouge 
 parish, Louisiana, 
 
 LOBED.A. lo-bi'dj, a town of Saxe-Weimer, principality 
 of Weimar, on the Saale, 3 miles S. of Jena. Pop. 731. 
 
 LOBEID, capital of Kordofan. See Obeid. 
 
 LOBEJUN, (Lobejiin,) liVbi-yiinN a walled town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, 20 miles N,W. of Merseburg, Pop. 2CC0. 
 
 LOBENDAU, lo'ben-dOw\ a village of Bohemia, 36 miles 
 N.N.E. of I^'itmeritz. Pop. 1816. 
 
 LOBENSTEIN, lo'ben-8tine\ the capital of the principality 
 of Reuss-Lobenstein, Germany, on the Lemnitz, here joined 
 by the Kosel, 12 miles S.S.W. of Schleitz. Pop, 4180, 
 
 LOBXIK, lol/nik, a village of Austria, Moravia, 16 miles 
 from Freudenthal, Pop. lo71. 
 
 LOB NOR. a lake of Central Asia. See Lop NoR, 
 
 LOBOX, lo-Bou', (anc, Liconf) a town of Spain, Estrema- 
 dura, 18 miles E. of Badajos. 'I'he Romans, under the pro- 
 consul Lucius jEmilius, were here defeated by the Lusitani, 
 A, c. 188, Pop, 580, 
 
 LOBOS, an island of South America, off the S, coast of 
 Uraguay, N. side of the entrance to the estuary of the lUo 
 de la Plata. Lat. 35° 1' S., Ion. 54° 3y' W, 
 
 LiJBOS, an island of North America, Gulf of California 
 coast of Mexico. Lat., (S.W. point,) 27° 15 N., Ion. 1 10° 46' W 
 
 LOBOS. an island in the Gulf of Mexico, province of Vera 
 Cruz. Lat, 21° 26' N., Ion, 97° 8' W, 
 
 LOBOS, one of the smaller Canary Islands, being alout 6 
 miles long and Ij broael, near the N. point of Fuerteventura. 
 Lat,, (N, point,) 28° 45' 30" N„ Ion, 13° 48' SO" W. 
 
 LOBOS, a small island in the .\tlantic Ocean, near Cape 
 Blanco, N,W, coast of Africa, Lat. 21° 20' N., Ion. 1?-- W, 
 
 LOBOS ISLANDS, on the W. coast of Peru, gee Seal 
 Islands. 
 
 LOBOSITZ, loOw-sits, or LOBOSYCZE, lo-bo-sitch',i wrib- 
 tcd also LOWOSITS, lo'vo-sits\ a town of Bohemia, 4 miles 
 W,S,W, of Leitmeritz. on the Elbe. Pop. 1322. Near it is 
 the chapel of Maria Einsiedel, erected to commemorate the 
 first battle of the seven years' war, 29th October, 1756, 
 
 LOBSENS, lolVsens, (Polish Loljzeniko. lol^zhi-neeTco,) 
 a town of Prussian Poland, 34 miles W,NW, of Bromberg, 
 on the Lobsonka. Pop. 2720. 
 
 LOBURG. lotxioRG, a town of Prussian Saxony, IS milea 
 E. of Magdeburg, on the Ehle, Pop, 1950, 
 
 LOCANA, lo-kd/nd, a town of North Italy, division of Tu- 
 rin, province and 25 mUes W, of Ivrea. Pop, 5384, 
 
 LOXD.APIL'LY', a town of India, Nizam's dominions, 82 
 miles S,W. of Hyderabad. 
 
 LOC.ARNO, lo-kaR/no, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Ticino. of which it is one of the three capitals, on the Lago. 
 Maggiore, near its N. extremity. 8 miles S.W. of BePiuzoaa. 
 Pop. in 1850, 2676. Its Protestant inhabitants, expelled in 
 1553, helped mainly to establish the flourishing silk mantt- 
 faetures at Zurich. 
 
 LOCARNO, a marketrtown of Piedmont, on the right bank 
 of the Se.sia. 
 
 LOCARNO, LAKE OF. See Lago-Maggiore. 
 
 LOCATE. lo-kd/tA. LOCATE-TRIULZI. lo-kd/t^-tro-ooPzeo, 
 or LOCATE SAN VITTORE. lo-kd/tA san vit-to/r.-l, a tuwu 
 of Austrian Italy, province and 8 miles S. of Milaii. on Uid 
 Lambro. Pop. 1939. 
 
 LOCATION, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia, about 90 
 miles W. of MilledgeviUe. 
 
 L= 
 
LOC 
 
 LOC 
 
 LOCCTTM, loklcodm, a market-town of Hanov«r, province 
 of Caleiiberg, 26 miles W.X.W. of Hanover. I'op. 1500. 
 
 LOCII.VUKii, loK-l'bgr, a wild and mountainous district 
 of Scotliind, CO of Invernes."!, in the vicinity of Loch,s Linnlio, 
 Leveu. and Kil. Thi; last wild wolf known in Great IJritain, 
 was killed here by Camenm of Lochiel in 1680. 
 
 LOCUI ACIIilAV. See Achray. L;JC1I KATRINE. See 
 Katri.ne. For all other articles having the prefix Loch, 
 not given belaw. see the additional name. 
 
 LOCH ALSII. loK alsh. a parish of Scotland, co. of Ros.s. 
 
 LO^CIIAPO'lvA, a p:ist-village of JIacon co., Alabama, on 
 the railroad between .Montgomery and West Point, 53 miles 
 N.K. of the former. 
 
 L(X!II.\K MUS.'^, loK'ar moss, a morans of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfrie.'J, extending from the Solway i'rith N.W. Length 
 10 miles; breadth from 2 to 3 miles. 
 
 LOCH I5R00.M, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross. 
 
 LOCH UllOOM is an extensive arm of the sea, between 
 the counties of Ross and Cromarty. Lat. 58° >'., Ion. 5" 15' 
 W. ; containing numerous islands. Little LocH Broom is 
 an inlet on the S. side. 
 
 LOCHCAKKOX, WK-kar'ron, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Ross, on an inlet of the ocean of the same name, about 37 
 miles W.X.W. yf Fort Augustu.s. It has the remains of a 
 castle of the Macdoualds. 
 
 LOCHEE, loK'ee. a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 1^ 
 miles N.W. of Dundee. I'op. 3693. 
 
 L(X)HEM, loK'em, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Gelderland, 9 miles E. of Zutphen. Pop. 1934. 
 
 LOCHiiS, losh, (auc. Locliiat) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Indre-et^Loire, on the Indre, 24 miles S.K. of Tours. 
 Pop. in 1852, 5191. It stands on a declivity, crowned by its 
 old castle, the state-prisan of Louis XI. Near it, in 1400, 
 was born Agnes Sorel, whose tomb exists in the chapel of 
 the sub-prefecture. 
 
 LOCH-iJKLLy, loK-ghM'lee, a village of Scotland, co. of 
 Fife, 7 miles E.N.J>. of Dunfermline. Pop. 770. 
 
 LOClIiJlLl'-HEAD. loK-gilp'hid, a village of Scotland, eo. 
 of Argyle, on Loch Oilp, a branch of Loch Fyne, about 19 
 miles W.S W'. of Inverary. Pop. in 1851, 3035. It has a 
 . branch bank, and steam communication with Glasgow. 
 
 LOCHGOIL-HKAD, loK-goil'hJd, a mountainous parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Argyle. on Loch Goil. 
 
 L(X)H11.\U3EN, loKMiOw'zt-n, a village of Bavaria, on the 
 Koyal Bavarian Railway, 4 miles N. of Munich. 
 
 LOCIIl.N'OCH, a parish of Scotland. Soe LocHWix.vocH. 
 
 LOCHINVAK, loK-in'v,ar, a lake of Scotland, stewartry of 
 Kirkcudbright. Circuit' 3 miles. Here are remains of a 
 jastle of the Gordons, knights of Lochinvar. 
 
 LOCH LEE, loK'lee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 LOCH LEV'EN, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virginia. 
 
 LOCH LOCIIY, loK loK'ee, a lake of Scotbind. co.of Inver- 
 ness, forming one of the chain of lakes of the Great Caledo- 
 nian (Jlen. Length about 9 miles, breadth 1 mile. 
 
 LOCH LOMOND. See Lo.mo.nd. 
 
 LOCH LiJM'OND, a post-ofRce of Goochland co., Virginia. 
 
 LOCHMABEN, loK-ui.Vben, a royal and parliamentary 
 borough, and parish of .Scotland, county and 8 miles E.N.E. 
 of Dumfries. Pop. in 1851, 1092. It is beautifully .situated 
 on rising ground, and eucircled by a chain of 8 small lakes. 
 It has a savings hank, and ruins of the magnificent castle of 
 King Robert Bruce. It joins with Dumfries, Annan, Kirk- 
 cudbright, and Sanquhar in sending 1 member to Parliament. 
 
 LOCHNA-GAR, loK^na-gar', a mountain of Scotland, co. 
 of Abei\leen, Grampian range, height 3777 fl'et. 
 
 LOCH-NA-SEALG, loK^na-sailg'. a lake of Scotland, coun- 
 ties of Ross and Cromarty.' 32' miles W.N.W; of Dingwall, 7 
 miles long by 1 mile broad. 
 
 LOCHNE.SS. See Ness. 
 
 LOCHRUTTON. loK-rut'ton, a parish of Scotland, 5 miles 
 W.S.W. of Dumfries. It has a fiue lake, remains of several 
 towers, and a Druidical circle. 
 
 L<X^HS. loKs. a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, Isle of Lewis. 
 
 LOCHWINNOCH, loK-win'noK. or LOCIIINOCH, loK-ln'oK, 
 a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, with a station on the 
 Glasgow and Ayr Railwav, 9 miles W.S.W. of Paisley. Pop. 
 of the village in 1851, 2271. The fine lake of Castle Semple 
 is in this parish ; on its banks are the remains of a chm-ch 
 and several castles. In the vicinity is a magnetic rock. 
 
 LOCHY (loK'ee) RIVER, of Scotland, co. of Inverne.ss, h.as 
 a S.W. course of about 10 miles. At its junction with Loch 
 Eil is Fort William, a little above is Iiiverlochy Castle. 
 
 LOCHY RIVER, a small river of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 In the picturesque vale of Glenlochy. after a course of about 
 15 miles, joins the Dochart near its junction with Loch Tay. 
 
 LOCK, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio." 
 
 LOCK, a township of Ingham co., Michigan. Pop. 863. 
 
 LOCK, a township in Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 488. 
 
 LOCK BER'LIN, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, 
 on tho Erie Canal, 4 miles E. of Lyons. 
 
 LOCK'BOITRNE, a postrvillage of Franklin CO., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio Canal. 11 miles 8. by E. of Columbus. 
 
 LOCKE, a post^township on the S. border of Cayuga CO., 
 New York, about 145 miles W. of Albany. I'op. 1325. 
 
 LOCKE, a post-village of Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 
 LOCKER/BY, a market-town of Scotland, .t .. of Dninfllea, 
 on the Carlisle and Glasgow Railway, 10 miles N.N \V. of 
 .4unan. Pop. 1315. 
 
 LOCK'ERLEY. a parish of England, co. of Ilantx. 
 
 L'JCKE'S M1LL.S, a post-office of iJxfird co.. .Maine. 
 
 LOCKE"S -MILLS, a post-office of Mifiiin co., Pennsylvania 
 
 LOCK'H.MIT, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co., Texas, 
 about 25 miles S. by E. of Austin. 
 
 LOCKIIART'S STORE, a postofHce of Holmes co., Mifr 
 fissippi. 
 
 LOCK II.WEN, a thriving post-village, capit.al of Clinton 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the West Branch of 
 the Susquehanna River, at the month of the Biild Eagle 
 Creek, and on the Philadelplua and Erie Railroad, 107 miles 
 N.N.W. of Ilarrisburg. It is near the head of navigation 
 on the West Branch Canal. It is a place of active business, 
 and a depot for pine lumber, of which large quantities iire 
 sawn in the county. It has 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 1 academy, and 2 steam saw mills. This town 
 is the .terminus of a railroad which connects with the 
 Central Railroad at Tyrone. A bridge across the river 
 connects Lock Haven with Dnnnstown. Pop. 3349. 
 
 LOCK-IIOI, lok-hoi', a seaport town of China, E. coast 
 of the island of Hainan, near the mouth of a river ; lat. 19^ 
 15' N., Ion. 110° 25' E. It is a large place, surrounded by 
 walls and ramparts 30 feet thick, in tolerable condition, and 
 entered by four gates facing the cardinal points. The streets 
 are paved, but narrow ; the houses, built of brick, "never 
 exceeil two stories in height ; the shops are elegant and weM 
 supplied with various kinds of merchandise. Pop. about 
 90.000. 
 
 LOCKING, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LOCK'INGE, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 LOCK'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 LOCKINGTON. a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding, with a station on the Hull and Scarborough Railway, 
 6 miles N.N.W. of Beverley. 
 
 LOCKINGTON, a thriving post- village of Shelby co., Ohio, 
 on the Miami and Erie Canal. 
 
 LOCK'LAND, a post-office of Macon co.. Alabama. 
 
 LOCKLAND, a thriving post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 
 on the Miami Canal. 11 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. It ha« 
 a valuable watei'-power, is a place of active business, and a 
 station on the Cincinnati and Dayton Railroad. 
 
 LOCK'PORT, a flourishing post-village, capital of Niagara 
 CO., New York, on the Erie Canal, ar.d on the Rochester, 
 Lockport, and Niagara Falls Railroad, connecting the New 
 York Central with the Great A\'estern Railway of Canada 
 25i miles N.N.E. of Buffalo by railroad, and 31 by canal: 
 306 miles W. by N. of Albany by railroad, and 333 bv canal, 
 and 22J- miles E.N.E. of Niagara Falls. Lat. 4.3° 11''N., Ion. 
 78° 40' W. It is situated at the print on the canal where 
 the water descends from the level of Lake Erie to the Gene- 
 see level, by ten double combined locks of massive masonry, 
 in the best style of workmanship. The abundant hydraulic 
 power obtained by this means constitutes one of the chief 
 sources of the prosperity of Lockport. This power will be 
 greatly augmented by the completion of the Erie Canal en- 
 largement to Buffalo, which is now far advancetl. In the 
 construction of this great work, a barrier of solid limestone 
 has been excavated from the head of the locks, about 3 miles 
 southward, from 25 to 40 feet in depth, and 62 feet in width, 
 with an additional space of 15 feet for a towpath. Water, 
 in any desirable quantity, may be drawn from the Erie level, 
 and returned to the canal, 60 feet below, without detriment 
 to the navigation. Large quarries of the finest limestone 
 and of sandstone flagging are worked at this place, furnish- 
 ing constant employment to several hundred men. Lock- 
 port has 6 flouring-mills, 3 of which are of the first class, 11 
 saw-mills, 5 iron foundries, 1 cotton fac^tory, 2 woollen fac- 
 tories, 5 banks, an insurance office, several Insurance agencies, 
 and 85 stores, not including the small groceries. It has seve- 
 ral printing-offices, issuing 3 weekly and 2 daily newspapers; 
 6 primary schools, and 1 union school : the latter is a Inrge 
 and substantial stone building, in which from four to Six 
 hundred children, after leaving the primary schools, are 
 instructed in all the branches of a liberal oi'ucation. A mong 
 the churches are 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Lutheran, 1 Universalist,! Catholic, and 1 Friends' 
 meeting-house. Lockport is surrounded by a rich agricul- 
 tural region, and there is no place on the Erie Canal, except 
 Rochester, and perhaps Buffalo, where so much flour is manu- 
 factured. The Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara IJailroad 
 crosses the canal at this point by a viaduct 500 feet in leni»th, 
 and CO feet above the water. This road was completed in 
 June, 1852. Lockport Is the largest unincorporated town 
 in the state. Pop. in 1855, about 13,300; of the township 
 in 1850, 12,323; in 1860, 1.3,523. 
 
 LOCKPORT, a village in Clinton co.. Penn.sylvan;a. on the 
 Susquehanna River opposite Lock Ilaven, has about 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 LOCKPORT or PLATEA, a post-village of Erie co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 21 miles S.W. of Erie 
 
 LOCKPORT, a village of Lehigh co., Pe,nnsylvauia, on the 
 I^^high River. 
 
 1071 
 
LOC 
 
 LOD 
 
 LOCKPORT. a small Tillage of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LOCKPORT' or LOCKPOKT STATION", a post-Tilla;,'e of 
 Westmoreland co., Peun.sylvauia, on the Conemaugh Creek, 
 Pennsylvania Canal, and Central Railroad, 25 miles E.N.E. 
 of Greeii?burg. 
 
 L'JCKPORT, a village of La Fourche Interior pari.«h, Lou- 
 isiana, on Bayou La Fourche. The produce of the vicinity 
 is shipped at this village by steamboats. It has about 100 
 inhabitants. ' 
 
 LOCKPORT, a village of Butler co., Kentucky, on Green 
 lUver. at Lock and Dam No. 4. 
 
 XiOCKPORT, a post-village of Henry co., Kentucky, on 
 the Kentucky River. It is the principal landing-place in 
 the county, and has 2 stores and 3 warehouses. 
 
 LOCKPOIIT, a village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio Canal, 100 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 LOCKPORT, a post-village of Williams co., Ohio, on Tiffin's 
 River, about 143 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 LOCIvPORT, a township in St. Joseph co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1272. 
 
 LOCKPORT, a post-village and township of Carroll co.,. 
 Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 75 miles N. of 
 Indianapolis. Pop. 126. 
 
 LOCKl'ORT, a thriving post-village of Fayette co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Whitewater River and Canal, about 60 miles E. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 LOCK POUT, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, on the Wabash 
 and Erie Canal, 9 miles S.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 LOCKPORT, a hand.<iome post>village and township of 
 Will CO.. Illinois, on the Des Plaines }{iver, and on the Illi- 
 nois and Michigan Canal, 32 miles S.W. of Chicago. It is a 
 place of active business, possessing extensive water-power, 
 and quarries of good tniilding stone. It contains the gene- 
 ral ollice of the Canal Coinpany, and 7 churches. The Chi- 
 cago Alton and St. Louis Railroad passes through it. Pop. 
 of the village, about 2000; of the township, 2><22. 
 
 LOCKI',)RT STATION, Pennsylvania. See Lockport. 
 
 LOCK'RIDQK. a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 LOCK STA'TION", a postK)ffice of St Joseph co., Michigan. 
 
 LOCKSTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LOCK'S VIIj'LAGE, a post-village in Franklin co., Massa- 
 cl usetts, 75 miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 
 LOCK'VILLE, a small village of Chatham co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 LOCKVILLE. a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio and Erie Canal, 20 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 LOCIC'WOOD, a post-village of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 L'JCK'WOOD. a village and township of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding, IJ miles S.S.W. of Uuddersfield. Pop. 
 4303. It is picturesquely situated, and frequented for its 
 medicinal waters. 
 
 LOCLE, (LM.) leh lok'l', a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and 10 miles W.X.W. of Neufchatel, in a valley of the same 
 name, traversed by the Bied, nearly 3000 feet above the 
 goa. It has an orphan asylum, hospital for old men, im- 
 portant manufiotures of clocks and watches, jewelry, and 
 lace. Near Locle, the Bied disappears in a rocky chasm, 
 which, not having a large enough vent for the water, when 
 increased by melting snows, causes disastrous inundations. 
 The danger has now been removed by an aquetluct, consist- 
 ing of a tunnel 950 feet long, cut through the solid lime- 
 stone rook, which encompasses the valley, and carries the 
 superfluous water into the Doubs. The chasm, where the 
 Bied disappears, is 100 feet deep-; and to render the fall 
 available, several mills, one above the other, have been con- 
 structed within it. Pop. in 1850, 8514. 
 
 LOCMARIQUER, lok'mi'ree'kaia', a village of France, 
 depfirtment of Alorbihan, 23 miles S.E. of L'Orient. P. 2187. 
 
 LOCMINE. loVmeen', a town of France, department of 
 Morbihan, 14 miles S.S.E. of Pontivy. Pop. 1760. 
 
 LOCORODONTO, lo-ko-r(Hlon'to, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince and 38 miles S.S.E. of Bari. Pop. 4000. 
 LOCKL See Gerace. 
 
 LOCSMAND, loch'mind', or LOTHMANSBURO, lofmins- 
 KioRO'', a market-town of Hungary, 6 miles N.E. of Giins. 
 Pop. 1221. 
 
 LO'CDST, a post-office of Jackson co., Arkansas. 
 
 LOCUST COR/.\KR, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 LOCUST CREKK, of Missouri, rises near the N. boundary 
 of the state, and flowing southward through Dodge, Sulli- 
 van, and Linn counties, it enters Grand Kiver from the left, 
 in the N.W. part of Chariton county. Branches. — The West 
 Fork flows southward through Sullivan county, and enters 
 Locust Creek from the right in Linn county. The East Fork 
 falls into the main stream from the left in the S. part of 
 Sullivan county. 
 
 LOCUST CREKK. a post-offlce of Louisa co., Virginia, 33 
 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 LOCUST DALE, a post-offlce of Madison co., Virginia. 
 LOCUST Fi)R'EST, a small village of Butler co., Kentucky. 
 LOCUST FORK. See Black W.arrior River. 
 LOCUST GROVE, a postoffice of Montgomery co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia, 86 
 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 1072 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a post-village of Henry co., Georgia, 
 about 9 miles S.S.E. of McDonough. 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Searcy co., Arkansas. 
 
 LOCUST GRO\'E, a small village of Scott co., Arkansas 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Weakly CO., Tennessee. 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a post-village of Callaway co., Kentucky. 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a post-village of Adams co.. Ohio, 90 
 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. A plank-road connects it with 
 Ripley, on the Ohio, 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a jxistoffice of Montgomery co.. Indiana. 
 
 LOCUST tWlOVE. a post-office of W illiamson co., Illinois. 
 
 LOCUST HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 LOCUST HILL, n post-office of Middlesex co., W. Virginia. 
 
 LOCUST HILL, a post-office of Caswell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 LOCUST HILL, a post-village of Anderson District, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LOCUST LANE, a post-offlce of Fayette co., Virginia. 
 
 LOCUST MILLS, a po.ft-offlce of Bracken co., Kentucky. 
 
 LOCUST MOUNT, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia. 
 
 LOCUST MOUNT, a post-office Washington CO.. Tennes^see. 
 
 LOCU.ST MOUN/TAIN, Pennsylvania, in the N.E. part of 
 Schuylkill county, may be regarded as a portion of Broad 
 Mountain. 
 
 LOCUST SHADE, a postoffice of Overton co., Tennessee. 
 
 LOCUST SPRING, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois, 
 30 miles S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 LOCUST TREE, a postoffice of Niagara co.. New York. 
 
 LO'CUSTVILLE, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia. 
 
 LOCZ, lots, a village of Hungary, co. of Neograd, 10 miles 
 from Szakall. Pop. 1090. 
 
 LOD'DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 LODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 LOD'DISWELL, a p.irish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LOD'DON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk, 10 miles S.E, of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 1206. 
 
 LODDON, a river of England, flows into the Thames, near 
 Wargrave. Length 30 miles. 
 
 L')DDON, a river of England, co. of Hereford, tributary 
 to the Frome. 
 
 LODDON or YAR/RA, a river of Australia, Victoria, flows 
 N.W. and joins the Murray. 
 
 LOD'DY, a postK)ffice of Hamilton co., Tennessee. 
 
 LODEINOJE-POLE, a town of Russia. See Ladeinoe-Pole. 
 
 L(.)DELINSART, 1oMv1i-1^>"'s»R'. a village of Belgium, 
 province of Hainaut, about 22 miles E. of .Mons. Pop. 1716. 
 
 LO'DERS or LOTHERS. a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 LO'DEKSVILLE, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania-. 
 
 LODEVE, lo'daiv', (anc. Lute'va or Pafrum Xerolnis.) a 
 town of France, department of Herault, in a pretty valley, 
 at the foot of the Cevennes, on the Ergue, here spanned by 
 a handsome bridge, 29 miles W.N.W. of Jlontpellier. It U 
 w.ill'ed; poorly and irregularly built; has an old cathedral 
 church, containing a fine mausoleum of white marble; im- 
 portant manufactures of army clothing, and of woollen 
 stuffs, hosioi-y, soap, and wax candles; and a trade in wool- 
 lens, wine, brandy, almonds, &c. Lodeve pos.sesses mineral 
 springs, which were once much resorted to, but have been 
 almost deserted since the discovery of the thermal spring 
 of Balaruc. In the vicinity is a grotto, with fine stalactites. 
 Pop. 10,372. 
 
 LODI, lo'dee, a city of Lombardy, on the Adda, here crossed 
 by a wooden bridge 609 feet Jong, 19 miles S.E. of Milan, on 
 the road to Piacenza. Pop. in 1861, al>ont 20,000. It was 
 founded in 1158 by the Emperor Frederick J., is enclosed 
 by walls, and' is generally well built, but dirty. Principal 
 edifices, a citadel of the 15th century, now converted into 
 barracks. a cathedral with some remarkable antiquities and 
 fine paintings, 18 other churches, a large hospital, and a 
 theatre. It is a bishop's see, the seat of a gymnasium, im- 
 perial diocesan and other schools, a normal school, founded 
 by Joseph II., orphan and foundling asylums, a public 
 libi-ary, pawn bank, manufactures of linens, silks, porce- 
 lain, chemical products, and an active trade, especially In 
 Parmesan cheese, for the making of which 30.0l)0 cows were 
 fed in the vicinity in 1845. On the 10th of .May, 1796, Napo- 
 leon here gained a decisive victorv over the Austrians. 
 
 LODI, also called LODI E CREM.\, a district of Italy, 
 separated from the province of Parma, on the S. by the Po; 
 area 462 square miles. Capital, Lotli. 
 
 LODI, lo/di, a village of Cattaraugus co.. New York, about 
 20 miles E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 LODI or LODI VILLAGE, a post-village and township of 
 Seneca co.. New York, on the E. side of Seneca Lake, 3 or 4 
 miles S. of Ovid. 'The village contains 2 churi'hes, 4 stores, 
 and about 250 inhabitants. Pop, of township. 2067. 
 
 LODI. a post-township of Bergen co.. New Jersey, 5 miles 
 N.W. of Hackensack. Pop. 2063. 
 
 LODI, a post-village of Abbeville district. South Carolinu. 
 
 LODI. a post-offlce of Coweta co., Georgia, 130 miles W. by 
 N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 LODI, a post-offlce of Choctaw co., 5Iississippi. 
 
 LODI, a post>vill3ge of .lackson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 LODI. a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1508 
 
LOD 
 
 LOG 
 
 LODT, a post-villago of Medina co., Ohio, about 100 miles 
 N.N.K. of Columbus. 
 
 LODI, a post-township of Washtenaw co., Michigan. Pop. 
 1319. 
 
 LODT, a post-offlpo of Wabash co., Indiana. 
 
 LODI, a small post-viUaije of Clark co., Illinois. 
 
 LODI, a post-village and township of Columbia co., Wis- 
 consin, 20 mile.'! .V. by W. of Madison. The Tillage has 2 
 churches, fi stores, 2 hotels, 1 fanuing-niill factory, and 2 
 flouring-mills. Pop. about (iOO; of the township, 1.384. 
 
 LODI B.A.R, a small -village of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LODI CENTRE, a post-ofHce of Seneca CO., New York. 
 
 LODI VECCinO, lo'dee vek'ke-o. or OLD LODI, (anc. Latis 
 PomivHa.) is a decayed village of Northern Italy, i miles W. 
 of Lodi. It was founded by tlie father of Pompey the Great, 
 and ruined by the Milanese In 1111. Pop. 3164. 
 
 LODIVILLK, a, post^vil!a,'e of Parke CO., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash Canal, about 1*3 miles N.W. of Kockville. 
 
 LOD, (Kis.) kjsh Ind, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, 
 13 miles from Veszprim. Pop. 1388. 
 
 L',)DJMEiiIA, Austrian Poland. See Gaucia. 
 
 LODOMIL'LO, a post-otllce of Clayton co., Iowa. 
 
 LDDOKJJ. IfMlur'. a post-office of .Amelia co., Virginia. 
 
 LODO.'-"A. lo-do'sd, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, 
 on the Kbro, K) miles S.S.W. of I'amplnna. Pop. 2580. 
 
 LODIUJN, lo'dron, a village of Austria, Tyrol, 25 miles 
 W.S.'W. of lioveredo, hk&t the entrance of the Chiese River 
 into Lake Idro. Pop. 2400. 
 
 LOD, VAKOS, (Varus.) vd/rosh^ lod, a village of Hungary, 
 Thither Danube, 12 miles from Veszprim, on the Torna. 
 Pop. 1707. 
 
 L!>DrVWO-flTII, a ciiapelry of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LODZ, loilz, a towu of Poland, government and 73 miles 
 W.S.W. of Warsaw. I'op. 31,504, emi)Ioyeil in linen wejiving. 
 
 LOKAN, loo-Sn', LOEWANG or LOOANG, loo-dng'. an 
 island in the .Malay Archipelago, between Timor and Timor 
 Laut: lat. S'^ 10' S.. Ion. 128° 30' E. 
 
 LOEHOE, loo'hoo'. LOEBOE, loo'boo', or LOEWOE. loo'- 
 woo', a native state, in the i.-^Iand of Celebes, lying on the N. 
 part of the Gulf of Poni, and once the greatest and most 
 mighty kingdom in the island. Its capital, of the same 
 name, is situated on a bay, on the W. side of the gulf; lat. 
 2° 54' S. 
 
 H)ENEN. loo'nen, a village of Holland, province and 14 
 miles W.N.W. of Utrecht, on the Vceht. Pop. 905. 
 
 L OENH'.iUT, loon/liowt, a village of Belgium, province and 
 16 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1800. 
 
 LOEVENSTEIX, loo'ven-stIne\ a fort of the Netherlands, 
 province of Gelderland. on the Wa;il. 10 miles W. of Bommel. 
 Here, early in the 17th century, Grotius was imprisoned, till 
 relieved by a stratagem of his wife. 
 
 LOEWANG (ISLAND.) See Loean. 
 
 LOFFEX AU. lof 'feh-nOw\ a small town of Germany, WUr- 
 temljerg, circle of Black Forest. Pop. 1093. 
 
 LOFFINGEX, (Lofflngen,) liiffing-en, a town of Baden, 
 among the mount,ains of the Black Forest, 41 miles W.N.W. 
 of Constance. Pop. 1191. 
 
 LOFFODEN, lof fo'den, LOFCDEN. or LOFOTEN, a group 
 of islands off the N.VV. coast of Norway; between lat. 67° 
 30' and 69° 30' N., and Ion. 12° and 16° E.; and stretching 
 from S.W. to N.E. about 175 miles. The largest are Andiien, 
 Langiien, Hindiien. E. and AV. Vaagen, and Flagstadiie. 
 They have almost all bold, precipitous, rugged, aud deeply- 
 indented coasts, and an elevated and very sterile interior, 
 several of them contiiining mountains, which, though not 
 very lofty, are covered with perpetual snow. The coasts only 
 of the islands are inhabited, and contain some tracts under 
 such cultivation as the rigor and uncertainty of the climate 
 will admit; but the chief value of the whole group is derived 
 from the immense shoals of cod and herring which frequent 
 them, and the extensive and valuable fisheries which are 
 consequently carrietl on at the proper seasons. In ordinary 
 years, about 3000 boats, each manned by five hands, or 15.000 
 in all, are employed: and the produce in cod is about 9000 
 tons dried S.*h, 22.000 barrels of oil, and 6000 barrels cod roe. 
 The principal cod-fishei-y ends in April; but the herring- 
 fishery continues, and furnishes an important branch of 
 national revenue. Permanent popxUation about 4000. The 
 islands are exposed to severe storms from the W., and vio- 
 lent currents set in between them. Near the S. end of the 
 group is the Ma?l-Strom or famous whirlpool. See Mjelstrom. 
 
 LOFODEN or LOFOTEN. See Loffodkn. 
 
 LOFO, lo'fi>\ a small island, at the entrance to the Gulf of 
 Bothnia, and N.W. of the Island of Aland, to which group 
 it belongs. Preliminaries of peace between Russia and Sweden 
 were sianed here in 1718. 
 
 LOFSTA, (Xiifsta,) VuffJtL a town of Sweden, laen and 40 
 miles \. of tipsal. on the lAifsta. 3 miles from its mouth in 
 Liifsta Bay. Pop. 1.5<J0. mostly engaged in iron works. 
 
 LOFTCHEn. See Loftscha. 
 
 LOFT'IIOUSE, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of York, 7 miles E.N.E. of Guisborough. Pop. 1091. 
 
 LOFTON'S STORE, a village of Butts CO., Georgia, 62 
 ipiles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 33 
 
 LOFTSCHA, loffc'cha, or LOVATS, loH-ats', a walled town 
 of Turkey in Europe, province of Bulgaria, 252 miles N.W 
 of Constantinople. Lat. 43° 10' N., Ion. 24° 50' E. Pop 
 3000. 
 
 LOFTY 5I0UNT. a mountain of South Australia, 6 miles 
 S.E. of Adelaide. Lat. 34° 68' 20" S.. Ion. 138° 42' E. Height 
 2400 feet above the sea. 
 
 LCG .\N,a<:ounty in the S.W. part of W.Virginia, bordering 
 on Kentuc ky, has an area of 825 square miles. It is iuter- 
 .sected I'y the Guyandotte River, and bounded on the S.AV. 
 by the Tug Fork of Sandy River. The county slopes towards 
 the N.W. The surface is mountainous, and oversjiread with 
 extensive forests; the soil is generally good. The highlands 
 of this county abound in stone-coal and iron, which are not 
 much used at present. Formed in 1S24. and namoil in honor 
 of a distinguished chief of the Mingo tribe. Capital, Ara- 
 coma, or Logan Court House. Pop. 4938, of whom 4790 were 
 free. 
 
 LOGAN, a county in the S.S.AV. part of lientucky. border- 
 ing on Tennes.see. has an area estimated at 600 scjuare mile.''. 
 It is traversed by Red River, an alHuent of the Cumber- 
 land, and also draitie<l by Muddy ai.d AVhippoorwill Creeks. 
 The surface is beautifully diversified by ranges of hills, 
 covered with timber. The soil is fertile, and well watc^rwi 
 'I'he surface rock is the cavernous limestone. The creeks 
 furidsh motive power for mills. The county contains a 
 number of artificial mounds, which recall the memory of 
 former ages. B'ormed in 1792. and named in honor of Gene- 
 ral Betijamin Logan, one of the pioneers of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Kussellville. Pop. 19,021, of whom 12,665 were 
 free, and &356 slaves. 
 
 LiXJ.\N, a county in the W. central part of Ohio, h,-\s an 
 area of 457 square miles. It is intersected by the Miami 
 River, and also drained by the sounx-s of ?>Iad River, and 
 of Rush, Darby, and Mill Creeks. The surface is generally 
 rolling or level, the soil productive and well timbered. 
 It IS intersected by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railn ad, 
 and by the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad. Organized 
 inl8:'7. Capital, Bellefontaine. Pop. 20,996. 
 
 LOGAN, a county near the centre of Illinois, has an area 
 of 625 square miles. It is intersected by Salt Creek, au 
 affluent of Sangamon River, and also drained liy Kit kapoo 
 and Sugar Creeks. The surface is level, and is mostly desti- 
 tute of forests: the soil is fertile. Several creeks "in the 
 county are bordered with narrow strips of timber, and the 
 deficiency of wood in other parts is compensated by an 
 abundance of stone-coal. The county is intersected by the 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad. Capital, Lincoln. 
 Pop. 14,272. 
 
 LOGAN, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York, near 
 Seneca Lake, about 24 miles W. by N. of Ithaca. 
 
 LOGAN, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. Pop.832. 
 
 LOGAN, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 706. 
 
 LOGAN, a thriving post-village of Falls township, and 
 capital of Hocking co.. Ohio, on the Hocking River and 
 Canal, 49 miles i*.E. of Columbus, aud 1 mile below the falls 
 of the river. It has 1 bank. Two new.spai)ers are published 
 here. Extensive beds of iron ore are found in the vicinity. 
 Ijiiid out about the year 1816. Pop. 1489. 
 
 LOGAN, a township of Dearborn co., Indiana. Pop. 867. 
 
 LOGAN, a township of Konntaiu co., Indiana. Pop. 689. 
 
 LOGAN, a post-olKce of Edgar co., Illinois. 
 
 LOGAN COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Logan 
 CO., W. Virginia, on the Guyandotte River, about 50 miles 
 S.S.W. of Charleston. 
 
 LOGAN JIILLS, a post-ofRce of Clinton co., Pennsylvanufc 
 
 LOGAN MILLS, a postroflice of Logan co., Kentucky. 
 
 LOGAN MOUNTAINS, of East Australia, Cooksland, are 
 about lat. 28° S., Ion. 152° 20' E.. and separate the sources 
 of the Darling River from those of the Logan, a navigable 
 river which enters the Pacific behind Stradbroke Island. 
 
 LOGAN'S CREEK, a post-village of Reynolds co., Missouri, 
 125 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LOGAN'S FElWtY, a post-village of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Alleghany River, 18 miles above Pittsburg, 
 has about 100 inhabiiants. 
 
 LtyGANSPORT, a post-office of De Soto parish, Louisiana. 
 
 LOGANSPORT. a city, capital of Cass co., Indiana, is 
 situated on the Wabash River and Canal, at the mouth of 
 Eel River, and on the Cincinnati and Cliicago Railroad, 70 
 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis, and 104 miles S.E. of Chi- 
 cago. It is the centre of trade for a fertile agricultural 
 region, from which grain, pork, and lumber are exported. 
 Logansport has valuable water-power, which is employed 
 in manufactures to some extent. The Toledo and Mabash 
 Railroad connects here with a railroad which extends to 
 Peoria, &c. A considerable quantity of lumber (poplar and 
 black walnut) is procured in the vicinity, and exported to 
 the Eastern cities. Logansport contains 1 bank, 2 acade- 
 mies, and 8 churches, 3 of which are stone buildings. The 
 court-house, which is one of the finest in the state, is built 
 of hewn stone. Two newspapers are published here. West 
 Logansport is situated on the W. bank of Eel River, and 
 is included in the corporate limits. Laid out in 1829. 
 Pop. 2979. 
 
 1073 
 
LOG 
 
 LOI 
 
 LOGAN'S STORE, a posiofflce of Rutherford co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Ii'J'(3AXSVILL]l> a village of Morris co., New Jersey, 6 
 miles S. of Morristown. 
 
 LOOANSVILLE, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, on the 
 Miami Kiver. 64 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 LOUANVILLE. a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 100 miles N. by W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 L'JGANVILLE, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 31 miles S. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 221. 
 
 LOGANA'ILLK, a postoffice of Walton CO.. Georgia. 
 
 JJ'j(i\7.0liy, Uvgi'zo-hee', a town of West Africa, N. of 
 Dahomey ; lat. 8° 55' X., Ion. 2° 30' E. It h.%s an inner wall, 
 and a larire outer and inner market, well supplied with 
 native produce and manufactures. Pop. from 8uOO to 9000. 
 
 L0(} CABIN, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 LOGGERIIK.\D ISLAND. See Contoy. 
 
 LXtES, LKS, li lozh', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-Inferieure, 10 miles N.N.E. of Havre. Pop. 1985. 
 
 LOGES, LKS, a village of France, department of Manche, 
 10 miles S.W. of Mortein. Pop. 1496. 
 
 LOGGIA. LA, Id lAtl'jd, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, 2 miles from Cariguano. Pop. 1345. 
 
 LOGGUN, Iog*goon'(?) a country of Africa, Soodan, S. of 
 Lake Tchai. ami S.E. of Bomoo. It is watered by the Shary. 
 CTpital, Kernuk, lat. 11° 7' N. Its soil i.s fertile, and climate 
 healthy. The inhabitants are much more intelligent than 
 the negroes of the surrounding countries, and are famed for 
 the manufacture and dyeing of cotton goods. 
 
 LiJGIIAR, l6H'ar, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Meath. 
 
 LOGHUR. lo^gfiW, (Hind. Lnliagrr, " the iron fort,") a strong 
 hill fort of British India, presidency of Bombay, district and 
 28 miles N.W. of Poonah. It was taken by the British in 1814. 
 
 LOGIE. lo'ghee. a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 LOGIE. a parish of Scotland, counties of Stirling, Perth, 
 and Clackmrtnuan. 2 miles N.N.E. of Stirling. Ilere are 
 remains of Cambuskenueth Abbey, founded by David I. 
 in 1147. 
 
 LOGIE BUCHAN, bak'an, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 LUGIE C0LD3T0NE, a parish of Scotland, co. of .Aberdeen. 
 
 LOGIE E.^'STISR, a parish of Scotland, counties of Ross 
 »nd Cromarty. 
 
 LiXJIE PERT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 LO'GIEIIAIT'. a parish of Siwtland, co. of Perth. 
 
 L!)G LICK, a post-offlce of Switzerland co., Indiana. 
 
 LOGNINI. lon-yce'nce, a small seaport on the E. coast of 
 Sicily, 6 miles S..S.W. of Sj'racuse: formerly a largo rock 
 joined to the mainland by a reef. It used to be often visitwd 
 on predatory excursions by the Barbary Corsairs. 
 
 LOGO, lo'go. or LOKO. lo'ko, a district of West .\frica, N.E. 
 of Sierra Leone. The capital, Porto Logo, lat. 8° 40' X.. Ion. 
 12° 35' W., is a neat t«wn, extending along the elevated 
 banks of a creek formed by the rivulet Logo. 
 
 LOGRONO, lo-grAn'yo, a province of Spain, Old Castile; 
 area 2378 square miles ; belongs to the basin of the Ebro, 
 which forms its X. tx)undary. Pop. 151.239. 
 
 LOGRONO, a walled town of Spain, capit.al of the above 
 province, on the Ebro. over which is a strong bridge, built 
 in 1138, 60 miles E. of Burgos. Pop. 7071. It has several 
 churches, convents, hospitjils. a theatre, and a college; tan- 
 neries, distilleries, and manufactures of leather and hats. 
 It was taken by the French in 1808 and 1823 ; and here 
 Zurbano, the Christino general, was shot, 20th January, 
 1845. 
 
 L0GR03AN. lo-gro-sdn'. a town of Sp.ain. province and 
 48 miles E.S.E. of Caijeres, on the slope of the Sierra de Toledo. 
 Pop. 3050. 
 
 LOG'STOR, (Liigstor.) a maritime village of Denmark, 
 Jutland. 25 miles W.S.W. of Aalborg. Pop. 500. 
 
 LOGTOWX, a post-offlce of Washita parish, Louisiana. 
 
 LOGTOWX, a village of Upson co., Georgia, 9 miles S.S.E. 
 of Thorn aston. 
 
 LWURH, lo-gur', a village of Afghanistan, on a river of 
 the same name, 18 miles S.S.E. of Cabool. 
 
 LfXjURII, a river of Afghanistan, which, after a cour.se 
 of about 80 miles, joins the Cabool, about 10 miles below 
 the town of Cabool, 
 
 LOH.iRA, lo-h.i'ri, two towns of Hindostan, one in the 
 Nizam's dominions, 150 miles N.W. of Hyderabad; the 
 other in Bundelcund, 40 miles W. of Callinger. 
 
 LOHAREE. a town of Sinde. See Rorke. 
 
 LOIIARGON(i', a town of India, and British military post, 
 Bundolcund, 40 miles S. of Callinger. 
 
 LOIIEI.V, lohVya, a seaport town of Arabia, Yemen, on 
 the Bed Sea. 130 miles W.N.W. of Sana. It has a few stone 
 houses, a mosque, a governor's residence, custom house, ware- 
 houses, a shallow port, and trade in coffee. Pi .p. about 4000. 
 
 L01IJAX.\. loid'nS, a town of British Indi.a. presidency 
 of Bombay, district of ltattyw.^r, 60 miles S.AV. of Cambay. 
 
 LOIIME.V, io'men, a village of Saxony, 12 miles E.S.E. of 
 Dresden. )*op. 1057. 
 
 LOIIOOGHAtJT. iohoo-gawV, a Tillage and British station 
 of North Hindostan, 60 milea E.S.E. of Almora. 
 1074 
 
 LOHR, loR, a town of Bavaria, on the 3Ialn, 22 miks 
 N.W. of Wiirtenibcrg. Pop. 3714. 
 
 LOHURIvOT. lo-hur-kot', a fortified post of Northern lUn- 
 dostiin. district of Gurhwal, 8 mik-s S.W. of Bhadrinath. 
 
 LOI.N'G, IwaN", (anc. Lii/naf) a river of France, rists in 
 St. C'tlombe, department of Yonne, and joins the Seine on- 
 the left. Length 70 miks. It feeds the canals of Briare 
 and Loing, by means of which the Seine communicates with 
 the Loire. 
 
 LOIR, Iwfc, (anc. Litkr'iciis f) a river of France, rises in 
 the lagoon of Ceruay, department of Eure-et-Loir, and joins 
 the Sarthe on the left, 5 miles N. of Angers. Length 150 
 miles. 
 
 LOIRE, IwIr, (anc. Li'ger.) an important river of Europe, 
 and the largest in France, rises in Mont Gerbier-de-Jones, 
 department of Ardeche, at an elevation of 3940 feet, flows 
 N.X.W. and W., and enters the Bay of Biscay by a wide 
 estuary lielow St. Xazaire, department of Loire-Inferieure, 
 Length 645 miljjs; principal affluents on the right, the Lig- 
 non, Semene, Furend, Coise, Bahins, Sornin, Ke(?once. Ar- 
 roux. Aron, Nievre, Ceze, Authion, and Maine; on the left, 
 the Borne, Ance, Lignon, Aix, Bebre, Acolin, Allier. Loire! 
 and Cosson. It is navigable in descending from La Noiria, 
 and in ascending to Jloanne, department of Loire. The tide 
 is perceptible as far a» Nantes. Its course is generally rapid, 
 and navigation is interrupted during 5 or b months in the 
 year, from want of water, overflowing, or freezing. Dykes 
 and barrages have been constructed along a great part of its 
 course, many of which were destroyed by a great flood in 
 1846. Vessels of upwards of 30» tons discharge at Paimbueuf. 
 The Loire is connected by canals with the Saone, Seine, and 
 Vilaine. There is steam communication between Moulins. 
 and Nantes, by means of the Allier and Loire. 
 
 LOIRE, a department of the S.E. of France, formed of the 
 old province of Lyonnois. Area 1805 sfjuare miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 617,603. Surface generally elevated and mountainous ; 
 traversed in the S.E. by the mountains of the Cevenues, 
 and partly enclosed between them and the mountains of 
 Forez ; highest point is Mont Pila. in the Cevennes. The 
 greater portion of the department is situated in the basin 
 of the Loire, and watered by its .affluents, the Ondene, Fu- 
 rend, Lignon, and Sornin ; the Rhone forms its limit in the 
 S.E. Soil generally infertile ; corn rai.«ed insuflicient for 
 home consumption : potatoes and hemp are important crops, 
 and the chesnuts of Lyons are celebrated. Wines are gene- 
 rally of good quality, the be.<t are those of the valley of the 
 Rhone. Silk worms are extensively rearetl, especially in 
 the vicinity of Bourg-.\rgental, where is jiroduced the finest 
 silk in France for the manufacture of blondes. From the 
 inexliaustible richness of its coal basin, this is one of the 
 most important mining departments in the country: the 
 other mineral products are iron, marble, granite, porphyry, 
 and flint. There are numerous mineral springs, the best 
 frequented of which are St. Alban, Sail-sous-Couzan, and 
 St. GiUmier. The manufactures of this department are 
 among the most celebrated and extensive in France ; includ- 
 ing silk goods, iron and steel, flint glass, &c. The depart- 
 ment has 3 lines of r.ailway connecting the principal towns 
 with Lyons, and it is divided into the arrondissements of 
 Montbrison. (the capital) Roanne, and St. Etienne. 
 
 LOIRE, a village of France, department of KhOne, arron- 
 dissement and 14 miles S. of Lyons. Pop. 1450. 
 
 LOIR-ET-CHER. IwdR-i-shaiR', a department in the N.W. 
 of France, furmeil of part of the old province of Orleannois. 
 Area 2389 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 209,029. Surface 
 level, with numerous etangs, (lagoons.) It is situated in 
 the basin of the Loire, and watered by many of its afflu- 
 ents. Soil generally fertile, except in the S. Agriculture 
 forms the chief occupation of the popiilation. The wines 
 are in general of goo<l quality, the best are those of the 
 Cher. Sheep are numerous, and of gootl breeds; hiirses are 
 excellent. The reajjng of bees and fowls is an important- 
 branch of rural industry. The most valu.able mineral pro- 
 duct is flint. The department is divided into the 3 arron- 
 dissements of Blois, (the capital) Romorautiu, ::ua VeudSme. 
 LOIRE-IXFERIEURE, lwaR-5>i»-faVenB/," Lower Loire,"* 
 maritime department in the X.W. of France, formed of 
 part of the old province of Bretagne, situated on the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean and the Bay of Biscay. Capital, Nantes. Area 
 2695 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 580,207. Surface in gene- 
 ral level, traversed by low hills, and mostly situated in the 
 basin of the Loire, and its estuary. Chief rivers, the lx)ire, 
 Vilaine, Erdre. Brive, S6vre-Nantalse, Moine, Maine, Ache- 
 neau, and Ocnon. The department contains numeroua 
 lagoons, among which the fitang de Grand-Lieu is the 
 largest in France. Soil generally fertile. Agriculture in 
 an ailvanced state : chief product-S, grain and wines, the 
 latter are nearly all pale, and are of second class (|uality. 
 Cattle are extensively reared, horses excellent, and .^beop 
 of good breeds; bees are numerous. Nantes is the prin- 
 cipal port. The department is divided into the arrondiss* 
 ments of Ancenis, Chateaubriand, Nantes, Paim))ieuf, and 
 Savenny. Capital, Nantes. 
 
 LOIliET, IwaVi/, (anc. Lu/erulaf) a river of Fr.ince, joins 
 the Loire on the left near Orleans. Length 10 milos. 
 
LOI 
 
 LOM 
 
 LOTRKT, a depfirtment of the N.TiV. of Franco, forming 
 part of tlio old province of Orleannois. Capital, Orlean.s. 
 Area 2551 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 352.75T. Surface 
 fiat and littlo elevatetl. The N. portion is situated in the 
 ba.<in of the Seine, and watered hy its afiBuents, the Loiug 
 and EsRonne. and in the S. it is traversed by the Loire, and 
 watered by its affluents, the Loiret, Cosson, and Beuvron. 
 'J'here are several lagoons in the basin of the Loing. Soil 
 rich and fertile -N. of the Loire, but poor on the S. of that 
 river. Chief products, grain, wine, saffron, lint, and tim- 
 ber. Apples for cider are extensively grown. AVine mostly 
 red. and of good quality. Sheep and cattle are numerous, 
 and of good breetls ; fowls and bees abundant. The important 
 manufactures, of which Orleans was formerly the seat, have 
 greatly declined. The department is divided into the arron- 
 dissemeuts of Oien, .Montargis, Orleans, and Pithiviers. 
 
 LOIKON, IwiVAx"'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Mayenne, on the Oudon, 7 miles W. of Laval. Pop. 1376. 
 
 LOISACII, loi'silK, a river of Germany, which rises in the 
 N. of the Tyrol, and joins the Isar, near Wolfratshausen, 
 after a course of nearly 60 miles. 
 
 LOISY-O.V-BKIK, Iwd'zee'cj.v-bree, a village of France, 
 department of Marne. on the Paris and Strasbourg Kailway, 
 17 miles S.K. of Chalons. 
 
 LOITZ, loits, a town of Prussia, province of Pomerania, 
 'JS miles S. of Stralsund, on the Peene. Pop. 2813. 
 
 LOIX, Iwd, a village of France, department of Charente- 
 Inforieure, 15 miles W.N.W. of La Kochelle, with a port in 
 the 1 le-de-Ke. Pop. 1266. 
 
 L' >.IA or LOXA, lo/ni, a city of Spain, province and 25 miles 
 W.S.W. of Granada, near the tiemil. It has 3 churches, a con- 
 vent, 2 hospitals, and manufactures of coarse woollens and 
 paper. Loja appears, from the coins, and other antiquities 
 found in it, to have been an important Koman station. Under 
 the Moors, it was defended by a castle, which, as well as the 
 town, was taken in 1226 by Ferdinand ITI. It suffered 
 much during the invasion by the Fre^ich. Pop. 15.055. 
 
 LO.T.\ or LOX.\, lo'iid. a town of Ecuador, department of 
 Asuay. Lat. 4° S.. Ion. 79° 24' W. Pop. 10.000. 
 
 JjU.lANO, lo-yd'no, a town of Central Italy, province of 
 Bologna, 16 miles S. of linlogna, on an eminence. 
 
 LrilC. TIS7..\. tee'sSh' lok. a market-town of Hungary, on 
 the Theiss, 8 miles S.S.W. of Tokay. Pop. 32.53. 
 
 L.IKKRKN, lo'ker-en, a town of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, on theDurme, 12 miles E.N. E. of Ghent, and 
 on the Ghent and Antwerp Kailway. The streets are clean 
 and regular, the market-place large and handsome, and the 
 houses generally well built and commodious. Its public 
 buildings <?omprise a spacious church, with a lofty tower, 
 3 (liniX'Is, a capacious town-house, prison, well endowetl 
 hnspit.nl, orphan a.sylum. numerous schwds. and other 
 benevuleiit institutions; and it has manufactures of linen 
 fabrics, tlatinels, serges, cloth, cotton goods, lace, ropes, hats, 
 tobacco, leather, soap, candles, chicory, Ac, ; an iron foundry, 
 breweries, dyeries, salt refineries, oil-uiills, an active trade 
 in manufactured goods, hemp, cattle, and agricultural pro- 
 duce. Pop. 17,327. 
 
 LOKII VITSA or LOKIIVITZA, lok-vit'sfl, a town of Russia, 
 government and 80 miles X.AV. of Poltava, on the Soola, near 
 here join<^ by the Lokhvitza. Pop. 4751). 
 
 LO-KIAXG, lc>-ke-dng', a liver of China, province of IIoo- 
 nan. after a N. and E. course of 300 miles, enters the Lake 
 Tong-ting, on its S. side. 
 
 LO-KI.\NG, a town of China, department of Se-chuen, 
 55 miles X.N.K. of Ching-too-foo. 
 
 LOKXITZ, (Liiknitz.) lijk'nits, a river of Germany, which 
 rises near GiossQodens, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and 
 joins the Elde. 
 
 LOftO. a district of West Africa. See Locio. 
 
 LOMvOIIA It', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 district of Tirhoot, 102 miles N',E, of Patna, 
 
 LOKUT. lo'koof, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, 
 9 miles from Veszprim. Pop. 807. 
 
 LOLL.^ND, an island of Denmark. See LA.*.LA!n). 
 
 LIL'LAR, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, on the 
 Frankfort and Cassel Railway, about 50 miles N. of Frankfort. 
 
 LOLLARA, lol-M'rd, a town of India, province of Guzerat, 
 23 miles S.E, of Rahdunpoor. Pop. 5000. 
 
 LnLLlGIIUR, lol-le-gur', a village of N.W. llindostan, 
 19 miles S.\V. of Jevpoor; has a temple to Mahadeva. 
 
 LOL'WOItTH, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 LO.M. lorn, or LOUN, loon, a town of European Turkey, 
 Bulgaria. 22 miles S.E. of AVidin. on the Danube, near the 
 influ.x of the river Lom. Pop. 3000. 
 
 LOMAGXE, LA, Id lo'maii', (anc. Leomaniana.) a small 
 district of France, in the former province of Oascony, now 
 included in the departments of Ilaute-Oaronne and Oers. 
 
 LO>I.\ZY. lo-md'zhee. a town of Poland, province of Sied- 
 lec. 11 miles S.E. of Biala. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LOMAZZO, lo-mdfso, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, about 2 miles S. bv E. of Appiano, on the 
 Lurn. Pop. 2292. 
 
 LOMBARDOHK, lom-haR-do'r.i, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, province and 11 miles X. of Turin. Pop. 1138. 
 
 LOMBARDO-A'ENETIAN (lom-bar'do-ve-nee'sh?n) KING- 
 
 DOM, AUSnn^IAN LOMIiARDY, '/r ATTSTRIAN ITALY 
 (Ger. Lombardisch-Venitzianisc/te^ Kijniyreich, lom'ban-disli- 
 va-nf't-^e-dn'ish-es kiyuto-^TK^ _i. Hegno Lombardn-Venetn, 
 r.dn'yo lom-baR'do vA-n.Vto ; Fr. Jioi/aumedn Lmtihard-Vene- 
 tieyi. royVim' dii lAM^baK'-vA^nAHe-iN"',) a former portion of 
 the Austrian dominions, in the X. of Italy, between lat. 44" 
 54' and 46° 37' N., and Ion. 8° 32' and 13° 37' E. ; hounded 
 X. by Switzerland and the Tyrol ; W. by K'lgo-Maggiore and 
 the Ticino, which separate it from the Sardinian States: S. 
 by the Sardinian States, the dvichies of Parma and Modena, 
 and the Papal States, from all of which, with the exception 
 of Modena. it is separatc<l by the Po; and E. by the Adriatlo 
 Sea and the kingdom of niyria. It is divided, administra- 
 tively, into the two governments of Iximbardy and Venice, 
 having for the line of separation the river Mincio. Greatest 
 length from E. to W., 243 miles; greatest breadth in the 
 government of Lombardy. 108 miles, and in the government 
 of Venice. 130 miles, a portion of the Tyrol penetiating S. 
 near the centre, at LakeGard.a. and reducing thelireadtli in 
 that locality to 66 miles; area. 17.511 .square miles. The 
 capital cities are respectively Milan and Venice — the former 
 of which is the residence of the Viceroy, to whom the govern- 
 ment of the kingdom is intrusted. The subdivisions, area, 
 population, Ac. of both governments are exhibited in the 
 following table : — 
 
 GOVKBNMKNT OF LOMBjlRDT. 
 
 Provlnoes or Delegations. 
 
 squ^ir^mtles. Population- 'ciiief Towns.j 
 
 Bergamo 
 
 Brescia 
 
 Conic ... ... 
 
 Cremona 
 
 Lodl-e-Crema .... 
 
 Mantua 
 
 Milan 
 
 Pavla 
 
 Sondrio 
 
 l.filS 
 
 1,309 
 
 1,394 
 
 5i5 
 
 462 
 
 iWO 
 
 750 
 
 400 
 
 1,255 
 
 378, 1 'JS 
 356,223 
 
 4-3, '.oe 
 
 204,558 
 iil8,S14 
 270,100 
 604,512 
 ]71,«2i 
 98,550 
 
 Bcrgiimo. 
 
 Brescia. 
 
 Como. 
 
 Ciemona. 
 
 Lodi. 
 
 Mantua. 
 
 Milan. 
 
 I'avia. 
 
 Sondiio. 
 
 Total 
 
 8,313 
 
 2,725,740 
 
 
 GOVKBSMKNT OF VeKICK. 
 
 Provinces or Delegations. 
 
 Area, In 
 square miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Bclluno 
 
 Padua 
 
 Rovigo 
 
 Treviso 
 
 Friuli, Friaul, or Udine 
 
 Venice 
 
 Verona 
 
 Viccnza 
 
 1,240 
 
 835 
 
 420 
 
 930 
 
 2..i25 
 
 l.OfiO 
 
 l.ino 
 
 1,088 
 
 157,120 
 312,765 
 153,783 
 286,199 
 4l'9,844 
 298,425 
 302,902 
 340,694 
 
 Belluuo. 
 
 Piidua. 
 
 Kovigo. 
 
 Treviso. 
 
 Udine. 
 
 Venice. 
 
 Ven.i.a. 
 
 Viccnza. 
 
 Total ..... 
 
 9,198 
 
 2,281,732 
 
 Total of botb Oov'ments. 
 
 17,511 
 
 5,007,472 
 
 
 
 
 
 The surftce consists of a vast plain, lying chiefly along 
 the left Or X. bank, and in some places even below the level 
 of the Po, and ascending X, more or less gradually, till it 
 becomes mountainous, and is terminated by lofty ranges of 
 the Alps, It thus consists of two distinct portions; a N. 
 region, distinguished by the magnificence of its Alpine 
 scenery; and a S. district, composeil of low, level plains, of 
 almost unequalled fertility. It is drained in its AV, and 
 central part by the Ticino, the Lambro, the Adda, the Oglio, 
 and the Mincio, flowing into the Po ; and the Adige, Bae- 
 chigHone, Brenta, Piave, and Tagliamento, entering the 
 Adriatic. Its lakes are the largest in Italy. The most im- 
 portant are Oarda. Idro, Iseo, and Como, all wholly within 
 Lombardy; Lugano, and Maggiore; the former less in it 
 than in Switzerland; and the latter, comnion to Lombardy, 
 Switzerland, and the Sardinian States. 
 
 A very extensive system of irrigation has been established 
 in this country. Between the Ticino and Adda, about nine- 
 tenths of the surface are irrigated ; between the Adda and 
 Oglio, about two-tenths ; and between the Oglio and .^dige, 
 only about one-seventh. JIany of the larger canals are 
 used for navigation and commerce, as Well as irrigation ; 
 and the entire length of the great canals of irrigation in 
 Lombardy, and their first-class branches, has been esti- 
 mated at above 4500 miles, using up one-half of the ave- 
 rage discharge of all the rivers. 
 
 Except the X. district, on some of the mountains of which 
 .snow lies continually, the climate is remarkable for the uni- 
 formity of its temperature, and the thermometer has a less 
 range than in any other part of Italy, During the greater 
 part of the year, the heat does not reach 50°, though in 
 very warm summers it has occasiimally risen to 90°, In 
 winter the thermometer has sometimes de.'cended to 10°. 
 
 The corn, maize, rice. hemp, and flax produced, far exceed 
 the home consumption, though the system of agriculture 
 continues very imperfect, notwithstanding the great advan- 
 tiiges derived from irrigation. The dairy produce, obtained 
 from the cows fed on the artificial meadows, forms one of Uio 
 
 ' 1076 
 
LOM 
 
 LON 
 
 prim ipal sonriv>R of agricultural wealth ; and the Parmesan 
 and .stracchino clioesesofljombardy continue to prove tlieir 
 guiK'riurity :o all other kiud!<. by the higher prices olttained 
 for tbcni. Vast quantities of silk of the finest quahty are 
 annually p>oduced. The vine also thrives everywhere, and 
 the wiue pt ^curcd from it is very abundant. The difference 
 between the two governments "of the kingdom, as respects 
 vegetable products, is chiefly to be remarked in the vine- 
 culture; the area of which, in the government of Milan or 
 Lombai-dy, is nearly double that in the government of Venice. 
 In like manner, the former e.vceeds the latter in wheat, rye, 
 oats, an! to the extent of a half in forests; while the latter 
 exceeds the former considerably in rice, and to the extent 
 of a half in meadow lands. The minerals are not of much 
 importance. The manufactures consi.-it chietiy ot silks, vel- 
 vets, woollens, hats, ironware, porcelain, and stained glass ; 
 and the trade is in a great measure confinetl to the export 
 of silk, corn, and cheese. The commerce is facilitated by 
 the numerous navigable canals, and railways have been 
 completed from Milan to Como. and fi-om Milan part of the 
 way to Verona, and from Verona to .Mantua and Venice. 
 
 The government is in the hands of a Viceroy, resident in 
 Milan. Several dialects of the Italian are spoken. The 
 reli'.;ion is Roman Catholic. I'avia and I'adua — the former 
 in the government of .Milan, and the latter in the govern- 
 ment of Venice, have each a celebrated university. 
 
 The Ix)mbardo-Venetian Kingdom nearly corresponds to 
 the ancient Roman divisions of Gallia Tranapadana, and 
 Venetia, with a small portion of Rhnetia, but owes its name 
 to the l^ngobardi, (" Long-beards,'') a powerful nation from 
 the North, of Suevic origin, who, in the end of the Gth 
 century, made themselves masters of the whole country, 
 and extended their conquests to the neighborhood of Rome, 
 it afterwards f >rmed part of the empire of Charlemagne. 
 The liousu of Austria early gained a footing in the country, 
 and had continued to increase its possessions with so much 
 skill and perseverance, that towards the end of the 18th 
 century, its .sovereignty nearly extended over the whole. 
 The victories of Napoleon wrestid all from its grasp, and led 
 to tlie establishment, first of the Cisalpine Republic, and then 
 of the Kingdom of Italy. The Congress of Vienna replaced 
 matters on their ancient footing, and even gave Austria 
 more than she had ever posses.=ed before. The people of this 
 jKirt of Italy took an active part in the struggle of 1S48. 
 i.onibardy was liberated fi-om Austrian rule by the victory 
 of S>olferino in 1S59, and was united to Siirdiuia. 
 
 1/ )M'15AltDVILLE. a post-office of Cecil co.. .Maryland. 
 
 LOMBAHDY, lom'bar-de, (It. L<jml)arclia, lom-baR-dee'd ; 
 L. Lirmbardia or L<mgobardia,) an old division of Italy, so 
 called from its having long been the chief seat of the Lorn- 
 biirils, or Longnbardi, a powerful nation of the middle ages, 
 named, it is said, from their long beards. Others derive 
 Longoliardi, or Langoljardi, as it is .sometimes written, from 
 Lange Biirde, (a " long fertile tract,") a district in Magde- 
 burg, from which region the Lombards are supposed to have 
 come. It now forms one of the states of the kingdom of 
 Italy to which it was annexed in 1859. — luhabitairt Lom'- 
 
 BARD. 
 
 LOM'BARDY, a postrvillage of Columbia co., Georgia, 75 
 miles K.N.E. of .Milledgeville. 
 
 LO.MBARDY GllOVK, a postrvillage of Mecklenburg co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 LOMBAY, lom-bl', a town of Spain, province and about 
 14 miles from Valencia, on the .Tuanes. Top. 1328. 
 
 LOMBKEK XuTRE DA.ME, lAji^bak' nAtr dim, a village 
 of Belgium, about 12 miles \V. of Brussels, with a trade in 
 corn and cattle. Pop. b72. 
 
 LUMBERS, lAn'baiR/, a village of France, department of 
 Tarn, arrondi.«.«ement of .Mbi. Pop. 1700. 
 
 LOMBEZ, IdiN^bi', a town of France, department of Gers, 
 19 miles S.E. of Auch. Pop. 1677. 
 
 LO.MMiLE.M', an island of the Malay Archipelago, E. of 
 Flores, between Sblor and I'antar. Lat. aliout 8° 20' S., 
 Ion. 123^40' E. Length, N. to S., about 40 miles; greatest 
 breadth 16 miles. 
 
 LOMBOK, lom'bok', an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 between lat. S'' 12' and 9° 1' S., and Ion. 115° 44' and 116° 
 40' E., sepiirated from Sumbawa, E. by the Strait of Allass, 
 and V,'. from Bali by the Strait of Lombok. Estimated area 
 1480 square miles. Pop, 250,000 (?). Two mountain chains 
 extend along the N, and S. coasts, in the former of which 
 is a volcanic peak, 12,379 feet in elevation. Between them 
 is a well-watered plain, wholly cultivated for rice, the hill- 
 sides producing coffee and maize. Exports about 20,000 
 tons of rice annually. The principal port, Ampanam, on 
 its \V. coast, is much resorted to by European shipping and 
 American whalers, for provisions. Other principal towns 
 are .Mat;iram, the capital, and L-alm-Iladje. on the E. coast. 
 
 LOMBIilASCO, lom-bre-ds'ko, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, 2 miles from I'ancalieri, on the I'o. Pop, ItCO, 
 
 LOMKLLINA. lo-mJl-li'e'u,^. « province of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Xovar.i, bounded on the N, by Novara, E. 
 by I/>mb.Hrdy. Area. 474 square miles. Administratively it 
 consists r.f 14 mandamenti. l>op. 1.39.854. 
 
 LOM ELLIN A, a town of Italv. See Mortara. 
 1076 
 
 LOMELLO, lo-ralllo, a market-town of Piedmont, division 
 and 25 miles S.S.E. of Novara. Pop. 2151. 
 L' (MI K A, a ])ost-township of Dodge co..Wisconsin. P. 1781. 
 
 LOM.MATSCII. lom'mitsh, a town of Saxony, 21 miles 
 W.N.W. of Dresden. Pop. in 1849, 2775. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollens, linens, and hosiery, 
 
 LO.MME, lomui, a village of France, department of Xord, 
 3 miles \V, of Lille. Pop, 1019, It has linen, weaving, and 
 bleaching works, 
 
 LOM.MEL. lom'niel, a village of Belgium, province of Lini- 
 bourg. 20 miles N. of Hasselt. Pop. 22.50. 
 
 LO.M.NICA, kim-neet'sd, a river of Austria, Galicia, joins 
 the Dniester a little above Ualicz, after a course of about 50 
 miles. 
 
 LO.MNITZ, a mountain of Hungary. See C.».RPATiriANS. 
 
 LOM.MTZ. lom'uitz, a town of Germany, Bohemia, 20 miles 
 N. of NeuBidschow. Pop. 2494. 
 
 LO.MNITZ, a town of Bohemia, circle of Eudwcis, on the 
 Goldbacli. Pop. 1387. 
 
 LOMNITZ, a town of Moravia, circle and 6 miles N.N.W, 
 of Briinn. on the Zlaberbach. Pop. 1390, 
 
 LO.MNITZ. a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, govern- 
 ment of Oppeln, circle of Rosenberg, i'op, 779. 
 
 LO.Mi )N D. LOCH, loK lO'mnnd, the largest lake of Scotland, 
 between the counties of Stirling and Dumbarton, 6 miles N. 
 of Dumbarton, and 16 miles N',\V. of (jlhvsgow. Length, N. 
 to S., nearly 21 miles; greatest breadth 7 to 8 miles: nai^ 
 rowing to 1 mile at the N. end. Area 40 square miles. It 
 is studded with islands, and surrounded bj' mountains and 
 valleys, displaying striking scenes of grandeur and beauty. 
 It receives the Endrick, Luss. Fruin. and other streams, and 
 discharges its superfluous waters, at its S. extremity, into 
 the Frith of Clyde, by the river Levcn — a name which 
 anciently belonged to the lake itself. Several flue seats and 
 anwient ruins adorn the shores of this "Queen of the Scot- 
 tish Lakes," on which steamers now ply for the accommo 
 dation of numerous tourists. See Ben Lomojid. 
 
 LO.MOV. See Lamov. 
 
 LOMZ.A, lom'zha, a town of Poland, on the Narev, 72 miles 
 S.W.of Suwalki. Pop. 3300. It has a college, a gymnasium, 
 in which about 200 students reonve a gratxiitous education, 
 an arsenal, and paper-mills. 
 
 LO.N ACuN'l.NG, a post-village of Alleghany co., Marj'land, 
 about 16 miles W. bj' S. of Cumberland. 
 
 LONATE-POZZUOLO, lon-nd'tA-pot-su-o'lo, a village of 
 Lombardy. 23 miles W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2375. 
 
 LONAL'O, lo-nd/to, a town of Lombardy, 13 miles E.S.E. 
 of Brescia, 2j miles S.W. of Lake Garda. Pop. 5600. It is 
 enclosed by walls, defended by a citadel, and is celebrated 
 for the victory of Napoleon over the Austrians in 1796. 
 
 LONDA, lon'dd, a village of Tuscany, province and 17 miles 
 E.N.E. of Florence. I'op. 2000. 
 
 LONDARI, a town of Greece. See Leond.vri. 
 
 LONDE, LA, \'i lond. a village of France, department of 
 Seine-Inferieure, 12 miles S,W, of Rouen, Pop, 1G90. 
 
 LONDEitZEEL, lANMer-zail'. a market-town of Belgium, 
 province of South Brabant, 11 miles N,W, of Brussels, on 
 the railway between Mechlin and Ghent, Pop, 3000. 
 
 LONDESBOROUGII, lon'de.s-bur\h, a parish of England, 
 CO. of York, East Riding, 
 
 LONDINIEUES, loN^Mee'ne-aiR', a market^town of France, 
 department of Seine-Inferieure, 7 miles N, of Neufchatel. 
 Pop, 1000. 
 
 LONDON, lun'dun or lun'd'n, (the Londitnium or Londi/- 
 num, Auf]U»>ta 1^-innban'lum, Camlera Rdrjis of the Romans; 
 Fr. Lrmdres, l6nd'r ; Sp. Londres, lon'dres ; Port. Lundres, 
 lOn'dr^s; It. Lrmdra. lou'dri; Ger. Lonldmi; Dutch, Lonl- 
 den.) the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and the largest and most important city ¥a the 
 world, is .situated on tlie Thames, about 40 miles from its 
 entrance to the North Sea, in lat. (St. Paul's Cathedral) 51° 
 30' 48" N., Ion. 0° 5' 38" W. The city is built principally on 
 the N. liank of the river, in the counties of Middlesex and 
 Essex, the site rising gradually as it recedes from the water, 
 at the rate of 36 feet per mile : while. 07i the ojiposite bank, 
 the houses cover a nearly uniform and extensive flat.ibrm- 
 ing part of the counties of Surrey and Kent, and lying, in 
 some places, several feet below the highest tides. The limits 
 of London, as defined by Act of Parliament for Parliament- 
 ary i)urposes, are the circumference of a circle, the radius 
 of which extends 3 miles from the General Post-office; but 
 the actual circumference of the metropolis is generally esti- 
 mated at 30 miles and by some raised to 36 miles. It in- 
 cludes the cities of London and Westminster, and the par- 
 liamentary liorouglis of Tower Hamlets, Southwark, I.j»m- 
 beth, Fiiisbury, and Marylebone. This portion of the 
 metropolis has an area of nearly 50 square miles, four-fifths 
 of which are on the left or X. baiik of the river. Within 
 the greater limits above indicated are includinl the parish of 
 Clielsea, the towns of Deptford and Greenwich, Dulwich, 
 Brixton, Claphnra. Battersea. Kensington, Hammcraniith, 
 Hampstead, Ilighgate, Stoke-Newington, &e., comprising 
 altogether an area of 74,070 acres, or nearly 116 squart 
 miles. 
 
 The metropoliii stands on alluvial deposits, consinling ••" 
 
LON 
 
 LON 
 
 beds of clay and pravel, below whioh is the hard clay stra- 
 tum known to geoIo;^lsts by the name of " London clay," in 
 the middle of the sreat chalk basin ext«ndiiiK from Berk- 
 shire to the E. coast. As rei^ards salubrity, tliere are con- 
 siderable differences, according to the nature of the locality, 
 the density of the population, the .state of the drainage, and 
 other causes: but London must rank, on the whole, as one 
 of the healthiest cities in the world: the mortality, in the 
 Beven ordinary year.s, (18.38-1844.) beini: at an average rate 
 of 25 deaths annually out of every 1000 inhabitants, while 
 that of Paris is .3.3 in 1000. In 11 of the 38 London districts, 
 the mortality was lower than in all England ; the proportion 
 for the latter being 2-2 in 10<10. The mean annual tempera- 
 ture is h(P 5', and the general range of the thermometer is 
 from 20° to 81°; the highest and lowest markings being, for 
 the most part, in August and January respectively. Occa- 
 sionally the mercury rises above 90°; and it has. on rare 
 occasions, descended below zero at night. In the beginning 
 of winter, London, especially in the lower parts, is occa- 
 Fionally enveloped in fogs, so dense that the shops require 
 to be lighted, and vehicles of all kinds are brought to a 
 stand-still. 
 
 Though the thick atmosphere of the climate, and the 
 amount of smoke continually hovering over London, render 
 it impossible, or next to impossible, to survey properly the 
 whole metropolis from any one point, still there are a num- 
 ber of positions whence interesting and picturesque pano- 
 ramic views may be obtained, either of the whole of this 
 enormous mass of buildings, or of con.eiderable portions of 
 it: the great dome of St. Paul's, in almost all of them, form- 
 ing a most conspicuous object. Among these may be named 
 Ilighgate Hill on the N., and Blackheath on the U.K. side; 
 the top of the Colosseum in Kegent's Park, the top of St. 
 Paul's, and of the Monument in the City, and of the Duke 
 of York's Column at the end of Waterloo Place. But. apart 
 from these and the numerous highly-interesting street views, 
 thi're are no finer prospects to be obta,ined than from the 
 bridges across the Tliamas, and from the river bank on the 
 S. side, looking either up or down the stream. 
 
 London was surrounded with walls by the llnmans. and its 
 extent was then probably limiteil by the end of Lemlenhall 
 Street on the K., and the top of Ludgate Hill on the W., by 
 the river on the .S.. and London Wall and Little Britain on 
 the N. ; this part of the city being called " London within the 
 w.alls." The wall seems to have extended along the rivei, as 
 well as on the other sides. The City, at the present day, is 
 bounded S. as formerly by the Thames; it extends N. up 
 Gnswcll Street to Charterhouse Square, K. along High Street, 
 Whitechapol, to Middlesex Street; and W. along the Strand 
 to Tinnple Bar, the only remaining city gate, a work of Sir 
 Cliristopher Wren. It is to this portion that the term 
 " Tlie City" is exclusively applied ; including, as will be 
 seen, but a small part of the metropolis, which presents a 
 solid mass of houses extending E. and W. from lUackwall 
 to Chelsea, a distance of 7 miles ; and N. and S., from Wal- 
 worth to Ilolloway, a distance of 4j miles. Strangers meet 
 with less difficulty in finding their way in IjOndon, than 
 might be expected in a city of such vast extent, as the 
 Thames traverses the town from W. to E., and most of the 
 great lines of streets run nearly parallel to it, while these 
 are intersected by streets running N. and S. 
 
 With the exception of public buildings, some club-houses, 
 banks, assurance offices, and residences of the nobility, the 
 houses of London are uniformly built of brick; and. in the 
 more modern parts of the town, frequently covered with a 
 plaster composition, known by the abbreviated name of 
 "compo:" the facility with which ornaments can be exe- 
 culod in this m.aterial, has led to the overlaying of nume- 
 rous edifices with decorations in very questionable taste. In 
 the older p.arts, the great majority of the streets are narrow, 
 and many of them are crooked; but in those parts that 
 have more recently sprung into existence, they are wide 
 and spacious. Of the streets extending from K. to W.. the 
 most important is that which enters on the W. from Kew 
 and Kensington, forming the finest of all the approaches 
 to London ; it stretches on. through Knightsbridge and 
 Piccadilly, with Ap.sley House and numerous other palatial 
 edifices facing the Green Park, which constitutes its S. 
 boundary for abovit half its length. This line is somewhat 
 broken :it the E. end of Piccndilly, but the Strand continues 
 it. nearer the river, through Temple Bar. along Fleet Street, 
 Ludj-ate TTill. St. Paul's Churchyard, Cheapside. Cornhill, 
 and Li'a'lcnli.nll Street, from whence it branches off into 
 the Mile-End Ito.ad and the Commercial Road. The next 
 great artery between the W. and E. extends along Oxford 
 Street, which is itself 1 J miles in length, through Ilolborn, 
 Skinner Street, and Newgate Street, where it joins the more 
 southern-line above described, at the W. end of Cheapside. 
 Further N. again is a third line, extending from Paddington 
 to the city: as far K. as Islington, a distance of about 2 J 
 miles, it is called the New Roa<l. and thence to Finsbury 
 Square about 1 mile, it bears the name of the City Uoad. 
 
 .\mono the principal streets which run N. and S., in the 
 West Rnd. are Park liane. with its numerous eleirant struc- 
 tures overlooking Uydo Park; St. James' Street, with its 
 
 handsome club-houses and hotels; Bond Street, so narrow, 
 and still so fashionable that the carriages of the aristocracy^ 
 in the months of May and June, sometimes block it up fir 
 a considerable space ; and Itegent Street, one of the^broa<!- 
 est streets, and perhaps the handsomest in London. This 
 street is greatly freijuented as a promenade, and, with ita 
 magnificent shops, its crowds of well-dressed loungers, and 
 the incessant throng of elegant equipages, it presents, esjie- 
 cially on a fine day in spring, a most interesting and ani- 
 mated spectacle. On the N. it communicates with Portland 
 Place, which may be considered a continuation of Regent 
 Street. This is also a very handsome and spacious street, 
 consisting entirely of private residences. It is now less 
 fashionable than it was 20 years ago, but it is still inhabited 
 by several of the nobility. On the S., liegent Street com- 
 municates with Piccadilly by a double crescent of stately 
 buildings called the Quadrant, terminating in a circus, which 
 corresponds with that on th# N., where Regent Street hiter- 
 sects Oxford Street. From I'iccadilly, Regent Street con- 
 tinues S., widening at its termination into Waterloo Place, 
 which is ornamented at its S. extremity with the Duke of 
 York's Column. In Southwark and Lamteth. the principul 
 thoroughfares lead from the bridges to a common centre, the 
 well-known posting-house called the Klephant and Castle. 
 
 The City of London, as we have already seen, now form.? 
 but a small part of the metropolis, and it may be said to be 
 only inhabited in the day time ; for. at the approach of even- 
 ing, the busy and anxious crowds *ho jostle in its narrow 
 streets during the day, rush from their warehouses and 
 counting-houses to their homes in the West End, or in the 
 different suVjurbs. Great improvements have been recently 
 effected in the City proper, especially in the neighborhood 
 of the Bank ami the Exchange, by the opening up of new 
 streets of considerable breadth, aad in a very superior style 
 of architecture. This portion of the metropolis alone po.s- 
 sesses a corporatioh, the oldest, richest, and most powerful 
 municipal body in the world. The city is divided into lOS 
 parishes, of which 97 are called " without," and 11 " within" 
 the walls — a distinction which is merely nominal, as the 
 walls have long since disappeared. The space which extends 
 down the N. bank of the river as far as Blackwall, is occu- 
 pied by tne various docks, wharfs, and warehouses, and 
 inhabited by slopsellers. crimps, and sailors. To the N. of 
 this district lie Spitalfields and Bethnal Green, which have 
 been opened up by the Kastern Counties Railway, from 
 which the tnaveller can readily distinguish the silk-weavers 
 busily plying their handlooms. Adjoining Spitalfields. on 
 its W. side, is Clerkenwell, the seat of the watch-trade, inha- 
 bited by the best-paid and best-informe<l class of artisans in 
 I/mdon. On the N., the parish of Islington, situ.ated on a 
 salubrious elevation, where new streets and squares of flimsy 
 construction rise in amazingly rapid succession, is mostly 
 inhabited by the middle classes, and those immediately 
 beneath them in the social scale. On the Surrey side, South- 
 wark, including Bermondsey, is the great seat of the tanning 
 trade ; while Lambeth is occuiiied generally with manufac- 
 tories. Shadwell and Rotherhithe are the head-<iviarter8 of 
 sailors, and are but meanly built and inhabited ; indeed the 
 whole of the right Kank of the Thames is much inferior in 
 wealth and importance to that portion of the metropolis on 
 the left or Middlesex shore. 
 
 The E. line of Westminster coincides with the W. line of 
 the City of London, Temple Bar being the point of junction 
 in the Strand. This city is bounded N. by Oxford Street, 
 from Tottenham Court Road to Kensington Gardens, and its 
 W. limit, passing through the Serpentine in Hyde Park, 
 reaches the Thames at Chelsea Hospital. Marylebone, Fins- 
 bury, and Tower Hamlets form a continuous line lying N. 
 and E. of Westminster and London. AVith regard to the 
 •' West End"' — a term used to distinguish the fashionable 
 part of London from the rest — its body and centre are 
 bounded by Regent Street and Waterloo Place on the E., St. 
 .Tames' Park on the S., Park Lane and Green Park on the 
 AV., and by the western division of Oxford Street on the N. 
 This square and compact body contains the mansions of 
 the nobility, and the fa.shionable club-houses and squares. 
 On the N. is Marylebone, a district which was not long since 
 fashionable, but which has greatly declined in that respect 
 since the rise of Belgravia. although a few ducal and other 
 aristocratic residents are still to be found in Cavendish and 
 Portman Squares. Still further N. is situated the Regent's 
 Park district, containing some fine terraces and crescents, 
 and numerous pretty villas. Tho.se who dwell here belong 
 chiefly to the middle classes, Including a considerable num- 
 ber of City merchants. 
 
 To the E. of Marylebone lies the Bloomsbury district, with 
 its well-built houses and .squares, erected towards the Ktter 
 part of the last century. This portion of London is chiefly 
 occupied by lawyers and merchants, for its noble mansions 
 and spacious squares no longer contain the rank and fashion 
 of the town, as in the days of the laterGeorges. Still further 
 E., we recognise the architecture of the era of Anne, in the 
 cap.acious dwellings of Great Ormond Street and Queen 
 Squiire, where fashion reigned near the beginning of last 
 century. To the S. of this line is the Strand district, which 
 
 1077 
 
— ia.v 
 
 LOX 
 
 is shfctly trait I. ig, although the streets run ninjr out of it 
 iowards the river are chiefly occupied by lodgine-houces. In 
 the extreme W. of London have recently rii^en into oxistence 
 tw ) extensive districts, Tyburnia and IJelgravia, tianliing 
 Ilyile I'arli on the N. and S. The field."! and gardens which 
 e.\tended. twelve or fifteen years ago. from near Kdjieware 
 IJoad to Bayswater, have now given place to an immense 
 tract of streets, terraces, and squares, which form a striking 
 contra-st, by the regularity of their appearance, to many of 
 the older portions of Ix)ndon. The hou.'es, from their height, 
 have an air of grandeur, but the uniformity of their ])liister 
 decorations becomes tiresome. Here reside great numbers 
 of professional men and City merchant.'*, as well as various 
 others who have some preten.*ions to fa.<hiou. 
 
 Belgravia, on the S. or opposite side of Ilyde Park, is 
 bounded on the E. by Grosvenor Place, a fine range of build- 
 ings facing the Green Park and Buckingham Palace Gardens ; 
 on the X. by Knightsbridge, on^the E. by Sloane Street, and 
 on the S.E.' by Kbury Street. Belgrave Square forms the 
 nucleus of this fashionable region, and contain.^, like many 
 of the streets around it, numerous edifii'es of palatial size 
 and structure. Here, also, the brick walls are uniformly 
 coated over with "compo;" a circum.stance which greatly 
 detracts from the first impression produced by the archi- 
 tectural beauty of the buildings, especially if one is accus- 
 tomed to the substantial, as well as elegant, stone edifices 
 in the newer portions of Ktiinburgh and Gla.«gow. Con- 
 tiiruous to this district 'are Chelsea and Brompton. On the 
 S.K. of Belgravia, lies Westminster proper, one of the poorest 
 and most squalid districts in the metropolis. The dj-ains 
 being below the high-water level of the river, malaria and 
 di-^ease prevail here, and the moral atmosphere is equally 
 tainted. Something has been recently done to cure both 
 evils, by the oi)ening up of a new street, and the building 
 of three new churche.-i; the erection of the latter being due 
 to private liberality. 
 
 The streets of London are regularly kept clean, and are 
 well lighted. The carriage-way is generally paved with 
 granite, but several streets, such as Kegent Street and the 
 New Boad. are macadamized. The amount annually ex- 
 pended in paving exceeds £200.000. From the extent of the 
 metropolis, and the great amount of business carried on in 
 it. the principal streets, as might be exp<>cted, present a con- 
 tinued throng of vehicles of every description, often forming 
 an almost unbroken line aI)Ove a mile long. The principal 
 K. and W. lines are the great scenes of crowded thorough- 
 fare: in them, the narrow parts are not unfrequently com- 
 pletely blocked up for a time, pa.-ifage either one way or other 
 being quite impracticable; when long lines of omnibuses, 
 cabs, private carriages, drays, and dust-carts may be seen 
 wailing in impatience till the street is cleared from the 
 temporary obstruction. 
 
 Hjuores and Public Monuments. — The squares of London 
 are numerous, and many of them of great extent and 
 exceedingly elegant, the centre generally being occttpied 
 with shrubbery, which, notwithstiindiiig the smoke of the 
 metropolis, usually thrives well; and not a few of them are 
 adorned with statues of sovereigns, warriors, and states- 
 men. Among the squares more deserving of notice, may 
 be named — Lincoln's Inn Fields, with an area of 12 acres, 
 near the centre of the metropolis: Eaton, Belgrave, 10 
 acres; Grosvenor, Portman, .and Cavendish Squares, all 
 in the West End ; Knssell Square, 10 acres: Bedford. Blooms- 
 bury, Tavistock, and Euston Squares, in the X. part of the 
 town; and Trafalgar Sfjuare. at Charing Cros.s fronting one 
 of the principal thoroughfares, and adorneti with public 
 buildings, fountains, the Xel.son Column, and statues of 
 Charles I. and George IV. The most conspicuous public 
 monuments are "The Monument." on Fish Street Hill. 
 London Bridge, a fluted Doric column. 202 feet high, erected 
 in 1677, in commemoration of the great fire of London ; the 
 York Column, at the S. end of Waterloo Place, a plain Doric 
 pillar of granite. 124 feet high, surmounted by a bronze 
 statue of the Duke of York; a fluted Corinthian column, in 
 Trafalgar Square. \'(S\ feet high, raised in honor of Xelson, 
 and surmounted with a colossal bronze statue of the hero, 
 while the pedestal Is decorated with bronze sculptures in 
 high relief, the figures larger than life: acolos.sal equestrian 
 statue of the Duke of Wellington, placed on the summit of 
 the grand arch at the top of Constitution Hill, forming the 
 approach to Buckingham Palace ; and another of smaller size 
 in front of the Exchange. 
 
 liriilfifs and the TUumejs JVnnrf.— Within the limits of the 
 metTO(«)lis, and W. of the Tower, the Thames averages 1000 
 feet wide. Till towards the middle of last centurv it was 
 crossed by only one bridge: but now, between Chefsea and 
 the Tower, there are eight bridges, three of which are within 
 the limits of the City, and four in Westminster. The lowest 
 down, and most imimrtant of all. is Lrmdm Bndge, connect- 
 ing the City at King William Street, with Southwark at the 
 junction of Wellington Street and Tooley Street. It is an 
 elegant structure of Aberdeen granite: built after designs 
 by John Uennie. Of the immense traffic on this bridge, 
 wine idea m.iy be formed from the fact, that 13.000 carriages, 
 of all kinds, pasg along it every hour. About 600 yards 
 1078 ' 
 
 LOX 
 
 farther up the river, stands Southwarl- Bridge, in like jnaii- 
 ner connecting the City and Southwark ; Queen Street and 
 Bridge Street being the approaches on either side. It is an 
 iron bridge of three segmental arches, resting on stone piers. 
 Aliout half a mile fui-ther W., Biuclfnari Bridge connects 
 the City at Bridge Street, with Southwark at Great Surrey 
 Street. It was designed by ilylne. a native of Edinburgh, 
 and built of Portland stone, which not having resisted the 
 effects of the water and the iitmo-^phere. the piers have 
 latterly been cased with granite; and otherwise, the fre- 
 quent repairs upon it have more than doubled its original 
 cost. 
 
 Matertix) Bridge, nearly half a mile above the former, i« 
 esteemed by many to be the finest in the world. It was 
 constructed of Aberdeen granite, by the elder John Rennie, 
 and. incjuding its approaches, supported on semicircular 
 arch(?s, is 2460 feet long; it is perfectly level, and connects 
 the Strand with the Waterloo P.oad. Under i mile S.W., 
 Hungtr/ord Siixfmuion Bridge, constructed by I. K. Brunei, 
 for foot passengers only, spans the river from Hungerfoid 
 Market to Belvedere Boad; it is 1352 feet long. M'estmimter 
 Bridge, oi)ened in the middle of last century, crosses the 
 river at the X. end of the Houses of Parliament, from West- 
 min.stcr to Lambeth, and about 700 yards S. of Ilungerford 
 Britlge. It was built of I'ortland stone, and is now in such 
 a state of decay, that, unless taken down, it must .soon 
 give way of it.« own accord; about 8.000,000 of horses pass 
 along this bridge annually, Xearly 1 mile S. of the last- 
 named bridge, Westminster and Lambeth are a third tima 
 connected by Vtnuxhall Bridge ; the Vauxhall Bridge Boad, 
 leading from Pimlico and Xew Bridge Street, being the 
 approaches on either side; like Southwark Bridge, it is of 
 Ciist-iron. but is very inferior to it in every respect. Xearly 
 2 miles W. by S. of this bridge,. C7(«/.sc<i or Battersea Bridge 
 coniu'cts the localities whence it obtains its double name, 
 and is an old wooden structure, opened in 1772. Tlie fol- 
 lowing Table shows the chief measurements, cost, &c., of 
 the bridges : — 
 
 Names of Bridges. 
 
 i 
 
 
 ji 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 No. of Arches. 
 
 Span of r;cn- 
 tral Arches. 
 
 
 e<3 
 
 Lonilon (stone) . . . 
 Southwark (iron) . . . 
 Blackfriars' (stone) . . 
 Waterloo (stone) . . . 
 Hungerford (snspen.) 
 Westminster (stone) . . 
 VauxhalKiron) . . . 
 Chelsea (wood) .... 
 
 1831 
 1819 
 1770 
 1817 
 1845 
 1751 
 18U 
 
 £ ' Feet. 
 
 2,000,000 1 9-i8 
 
 800.000 ; 708 
 
 •-'sn.noo I 995 
 
 1,150,000 ■ \Ht 
 
 W.OOO i:l52 
 
 389.500 1223 
 
 260.000 . 809 
 
 :!0.000 675 
 
 Feeu 
 53 
 4i 
 
 42 
 42 
 14 
 44 
 
 40 
 23 
 
 yect.' 
 5 i 162 
 3 240 
 9 KM) 
 9 1-7 
 3 676 
 15 76 
 9 78 
 
 The Thames Tunnel, a roadway under the river, which is 
 generally regarded by foreigners as the greatest wonder of 
 the metropolis, is 2 miles below London Bridge. An attempt 
 was m.ide, in ISOS, to make a tunnel below the river at 
 Limehouse; but the water burst in and destroyed the works, 
 when the tunnel, which entered on the Surrey side, had 
 reached within 200 feet of the opposite bank. The i)re.sent 
 work is a monument of the skill and energy of Sir Isambert 
 Brunei, who commenced operations March 2, 1825. On 
 August 12, 1828, there was an inundation, which stopped 
 the works till Janmiry, 1835, when they were renewed with 
 great energy, and the tunnel was at length opened to the 
 public. March 25. 1843. It consists of ahollow brick cylinder 
 or tube, suWivided into two roadways, each 15 feet high 
 and 12 feet broad. The entire cost was aT<out £614.01)0. of 
 which the Government lent £247.000 to the company who 
 carried on the enterprise. There is a cylindrical shaft at 
 each end, with 100 steps, by which f lot passengci"s a.scend 
 and descend, on paying a toll of a penny each. The com- 
 pany have not been able to meet the cost of completing the 
 ajiproaches, so that there is no access for vehicles of any 
 kind. 
 
 J'ldaccs. — St. James', erected bj' Henry A'lII., from a design 
 by Hi>lliein, at the f lot of St. James' Street, is an irregular, 
 dingy-looking brick building. But it is well adapted inter- 
 nally for royal levees and dntwiiig-itxims, which are held 
 here during the fashionable season. Buckingham Palace, 
 fiwing the W. end of St. .Tames' Park, was built by George 
 IV.. and consists, since the erection of the E. front. <'f a 
 quadrangular range of Viuildings. This E. fii(;iide. which is 
 loftier than the rest, and in the Italian stylo, gives to the 
 whole a more palatial appearance than it formerly pos.se.ssed 
 The situation is low and damp, and the palace is flanked oi» 
 the S. by buildings of an inferior des<-ription. while the 
 gardens are overlooked on the W. by the houses in Grosvenor 
 I'lace. In the gallery, which is 160 feet long, are some good 
 pictures. The Queen resides here seventl months every 
 year in the spring and summer. M'hileliall: — The Banquet- 
 ing Hou.se, designed by luigo Jones, in the P&lladian styleu 
 anil Justly regarded as one of the greatest architectLroi 
 
LON 
 
 LON 
 
 ornamnnts of London, is the only remnant of the ancient 
 palace of Wliitehall; the ceiling, painted by llul'ens, is the 
 most extensive work of that artist existing in the country. 
 In front of it was beheaded Cliarlea I., who was pondui'ted 
 to tlie scaffold throuf^h an oiieuing which was made in tlie 
 walls fir the purpose. Kensingtnn I'aluce, situated in ICen- 
 Binuton (lardens, is a plain brick building. It was purcliased 
 by William lit, and became his tavorite residence, and was 
 the birth-place of Queen \'ictoria. Lambeth VaUwe, on the 
 Surrey side of ths river, opposite the Houses of Parliament, 
 has been ior many centuries the residence of the Arch- 
 bishops of Canterbury. It is a brick edifice, and comprises 
 a great variety of styles in architecture, from early English 
 downwards, and contains a library of 25,000 volumes. 
 
 The Xeiv Puluce of iVeslminster, or the Houses of Parlia- 
 ment. — This vast and magnificent edifice contains the House 
 of Peers .and the House of Commons, with the various apart- 
 ments and offices connected with parliamentary business. 
 It is a highly decorated structure, in the Tudor Gothic 
 Ftyle, after designs by Sir Charles Barry, and is still In 
 process of erection. It stands partly on the site of the old 
 Houses of Parliament, destroyeil by fire In 1834, on the left 
 bank of the Thames, between the river and Westminster 
 Abbey, and extends over an area of about 8 acres. The 
 fa(,ade, 900 feet in length, overlooking the river, produces a 
 grand effect, which is due, in a great measure, to the three 
 magnificent towers; for the site, unfortunately, is low, and 
 the building itself not lofty enough for its extent. The 
 walls are of brick, faced externally with magnesian lime- 
 stone ; and the whole edifice is separated from the river by 
 a terrace of Aberdeen granite. It is panelled with rich 
 tracery, and profusely decorated with statues and shields 
 of arms of the kings and queens of Kngland, from the Con- 
 quest to the present time. In the S.W. angle is the A'ictoria 
 Tower, supported upon 4 pointed arches (iO feet in hiight; 
 It is 75 feet square, and, when completed, will bo 3-tO feet in 
 height. There is also a tower in the centre, 300 feet high 
 by 60 feet, surmounted by a lantern; and tlie clock tower, 
 at the N. end of the edifice, with its richly decorated spire, 
 rises 320 feet. The House of Peers is an apartment 97 feet 
 long. 4.5 feet wide, and 45 feet high; magnificently decorated 
 throughout with carved oak panelling, a profusion of gild- 
 ing, paintings in fresco, and richly-stained glass windows. 
 The House of Commons is a somewhat smaller apartment, 
 fitted up in a much plainer style. The foundation of the 
 building was laid April 27, 1840. 
 
 Gdirrnment Offices. — These are mostly situated in and 
 near Whitehall; the Treasury, Home Office, and Board of 
 Trade, occupy one range of buildings, which have been 
 recently improved by a uniform and handsome fa(;ade. The 
 Horse Ouards and Admiralty, which are somewhat nearer 
 Charing Cross, have little to admire in their external ap- 
 pearance. The Ordnance Office, also, in Pall Mall, is a plain 
 building. Some of the public offices are in Somerset House, 
 a spacious and handsome quadrangle, finished in 1782, from 
 designs by Sir W. Chambers; its N. fai.ade, 200 fi-et in 
 length, faces the Straml, and its S. front, 800 feet long, 
 overlooks the river, viewed from which, it presents one of 
 the most striking elevations in London. The Post-ofllce, in 
 the centre of London, near St. Paul's, is a spacious and 
 handsome huilding. completed in 1829, from the designs of 
 Smirke. It is 390 feet long, 130 feet wide, and 64 feet high. 
 Its fa^aile. which is towards St. Martin's-le-Grand, has three 
 Ionic porticoes,' the one in the centre, which is tlie largest, 
 being surmounted by a plain pediment. The Mint, a stone 
 building of Grecian architecture, finished in 1811, stands on 
 Tower Hill, and occupies, with its workshops and offices, 
 about 10,000 square yards. 
 
 IVie Tower. — This celebrated fortress, which doubtless 
 formed the nucleus of modern London, stands on tlie banks 
 of the Thames, just beyond the liberties of the City. It oc- 
 cupies an area of 12 acres, enclosed within a wall surrounded 
 by a ditch, now dry, but in former times filled with water 
 ft-om the Tham(!S. On the S. side i.s an archway called the 
 "Traitor's Gate," through which state prisoners were 
 brought from the river. The most ancient part of the ex- 
 isting edifices — the White Tower — was erected about 1078, 
 for William the Conqueror, by Gundulph, Bisliop of Roches- 
 ter. It stands near the centre of the quadrangle, round 
 which are placed several other towers, each liaving its dis- 
 tinctive name. The Tower contains the Wellington Bar- 
 racks, erected on the site of the grand store-house, burned 
 down in 1841; tlie jewel-room, a modern edifice, in which 
 are preserved the re.i:alia of Great Britain ; the horse armory. 
 Queen Elizabeth's armory, and the church of St. Peter-ad- 
 Vincula. Besides its use as a fortress, the Tower was like- 
 wise the temporary residence of several kings and queens 
 of England. But with its history as a state prison, for 
 which it was used during five centuries, events are connected 
 of much greater interest tlian any that pertain to the jousts, 
 letes, and entertainments, of which it was the scene while 
 occupied as a royal dwelling. Within its walls wore confined 
 kings, queens, statesmen, warriors, and philosophers. Many 
 prisoners were liere privately murdered, and many publicly 
 iatecuted, Edward V. and his brother, smothered by order 
 
 of Richard III., may he mentioned among the former; anrt 
 Anne Boleyn. Thomas Cromwell, Catherine Howard, anQ 
 the Bukes of Somerset and Monmouth amonf, the latter ; 
 the headless bodies of whom are interred in the church of 
 St. I'eter. 
 
 Places of Worshiji. — St. Paul's Cathedral is the greatest 
 architectural ornament of the metropolis, and the best- 
 known edifice in it. It occupies the summit of Ludgate 
 Hill, where its foundations were laid June 21, 1675, on thi 
 site of the former cathedral, whidi was destroyed in the 
 great fire of 1606. It was finished in 1710; and .Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren, by whom this magnificent temple was designed, 
 lived to witness its completion. It is 610 feet in length, 
 from E. to W., while the transept is 250 feet, exchu-ive of 
 the senii<'ircular portico at each end ; the breadth of the 
 W. front is 180 feet and the height of the walls 110 feet. 
 The building is crowned with an immense dome, surmounted 
 by a lantern with ball and cros.s — the height of the latter 
 being no less than 404 feet from the ground. From I-udgato 
 Hill a fine view is obtained of the W. fai,'ade, with its beau- 
 tiful double portico of covipled columns in the Corinthian 
 and Composite orders, and its two clock towers, each 222 
 feet high, over which rises the gigantic cupola. Tliis vast 
 structure, which is built entirely of I'ortland stone, cost only 
 747,954/. 2s. 9(1., paid by levying a tax on coal. The interior 
 is extremely deficient in ornaments. Among the few 
 monuments it contains are those of Lord Nelson, Sir I'alph 
 Abercromby, Sir John Moore, Dr. John.son. Howanl. Sir 
 Josliua Keynolds, and other eminent characters of modern 
 times. Side by side, under the centre of the dome, lie 
 interred Britain's greatest admiral and gre.atest general of 
 the present (Ta, Lord Nelson and the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 Westminster Abbey, after St. Paul's, the finest ecclesiastical 
 edifice in London, and one of tlie best specimens of the 
 pointed style in Engl.and, dates from the reign of Henry 
 III. and Edward I., when it was erected on tlie site of tha 
 S.axon minster, founded by Sehert. The beautiful chapel 
 at the E. end was adiled by Henry VII.; and. at the begin- 
 ning of last century, the upper part of the two towers at 
 the W, end were erected from designs of Sir Christopher 
 Wren. It is 360 feet long, and 195 feet wid(! within the 
 walls. In this noble edifice, the kings and queens of Eng- 
 land have been crowned from Eitward the Confessor to 
 Queen A'ictoria; and here many of them are buried, some 
 with, and others without monuments. In the S, transept 
 are the tombs and honorary monuments of great poots, 
 from Chauc(!r down to Campbell, whence it is called " Poets' 
 Corner;" and in other parts are numerous sculptured 
 monuments to state.«men, warriors, philr)so]ihers, divines, 
 patriots, and men of emimnice generally, many of whom 
 are interred within its walls. 
 
 Of the other sacred edifices in London, the most remark- 
 able are St. Barthdnmew's in West Smithfield, exhiljiting 
 some fine specimens of Norman, early English, and later 
 styles of architecture; St. Saviour's, in Southwark, which 
 boasts of the best early Engli.sh architecture in London; 
 St. Stephen's. Wall'rnolc, with an exceedingly fine interior, 
 and generally regarded as one of Wren's best works; and 
 the Temple Church, which combines transition Xorman archi- 
 tecture with early English. Important restorations, in 
 this church, have been recently completed at a cost of 
 £70,000. Besides these, many of the older parish churches 
 are elegant structures: among those worthy of being speci- 
 fied are Bow Church, St. Bride's in Fleet Street and St. 
 Martin's-in-the-Fields. The churches of the earlier part of 
 tile present century are altogether infi'rior in design, and 
 mostly in a debased Grecian style. Those built in more 
 recent years are chiefly adaptations of the Gothic, and give 
 favorable indications of a return to a purer taste. Of the 
 Roman Catholic churches in London, the largest is that 
 called St. George's Cathedral, in Southwark. finished in 1848, 
 at a cost of about £30,000. The Dissenting places of worship 
 are mostly plain, unpretending structures. Altogether, 
 there are about 760 churches and places of worship in the 
 metropolis, of which .370 belong to the Established Church, 25 
 to the Roman Catholics, and the remainder to tlie various 
 ecclesiastical organizations denominated Dissenters, Of 
 these, the Independents are the most numerous, and have 
 about 130 churches; the different denominations of Metho- 
 dists have 120 chu'^ches; Baptists, 100; Congregationalists, 
 38; I'resbyterians. 18; Mormons, 13; Jews. 12; Unitarians, 
 7; and the Lutheran,^, 6. The other Dis,senters include 
 about a dozen different creeds, but are not numerous. 
 
 Public Jiuilitinrjs in Vie Citij. — Some' of the most important, 
 if not the most elegant public buildings in the metropolis, 
 are situ.ated within the city. The nvicieus of the whole is 
 formed by the Bank of England, the Royal Exchange, and 
 the Mansion House, which, all face towards an open area, 
 the centre of bustle and business, near the middle of the 
 city, and which is further adorned with the handsome offices 
 of sevi'i-al assurance companies. The lidnl.- of England, in 
 Tlireadneedle Street, belonging to a chartered company, 
 estiililishecl in 1(593, under the management of a governor 
 deputy-governor, and twenty directors, was built in 1732. 
 It has, since that period, received various .'idditions and 
 
 1079 
 
 =JJ 
 
LON 
 
 LON 
 
 teprcvfineat?, ami now forms a low, flat. Insulated, irresru- 
 Ur p.'trallcl<igram, covering 4 acres of ground. Adjoining 
 th'' IS.ink of Enghind is the Koi/al Exclampe., an exteu.-^ive 
 and ornate Imildin-', having a Corinthian portico, sur- 
 mounted by a pediment, eciiihed h\- sculpture. It sui^ 
 rounds an open, interior quadrangle, in the centre of which 
 is a marble .''tatue of Queen Victoria, by Lough. In this 
 court, which is surrounded by covered arcades, the meetings 
 of the merchants on 'Change are held. An equestrian sta- 
 tue, by Chautrey. of the Uuke of Wellington, occupies the 
 area in front of the building. The Koy.al Exchange was 
 originally founded by Sir Thomas Gresham in 1567; and 
 having been burned down in 16C6, it was rebuilt, and 
 opened in 1069. This second Exchange having been also 
 burned down January 10, 183S, the present edifice was 
 erected on its site. The Exchangees for specrial purpo.«e8 are 
 —the ^ock Exchange, in Capel Court, the OkiI Exchange, 
 Lower Thames Strict, built by J. B. Bunning, opened 
 October 30, 1849, by Prince Alliert; it is a sumptuous, 
 though rather incongruous building, the great llall of 
 ■which is circular. 60 feet in diameter, and 74 feet to the 
 ape.x of the glazed dome, with which it is covered; the Omi 
 Exc/iange, a fine Doric structure, in Mark Lane, opened in 
 1747. and enlarged and partly rebuilt in 1827. 
 
 The Minixifni House, the residence of the Lord Mayor 
 •while he holds the office of finst magistrate of the city, was 
 built in 1739-53. from the designs of Dance, the city sui^ 
 veyor. at a cost of £71.000. It hiis a Corinthian portico in 
 front, and stands in the E. end of the I'oviltry. nearly oppo- 
 site the Bank of England. The Giuhlhall. situated at the 
 X. end of King Street, Cheapside. is the civic palace where 
 the principal business of the Corporation of the City of 
 Ixjndou is conducted: and the magnificent banquets given 
 here have rendered City feasts proverlial. This edifice was 
 erectetl at different period.s. as may be perceived from its 
 incongruous architecture. The debased Gothic front, with 
 the City arms in the centre, was finished in 1789 ; but it 
 has since been frequently repaired. The Hall, an immense 
 room, in which 3000 persons can dine, contains some monu- 
 ments of ordinary sculpture; and. at the W. end. raised on 
 pedestals, are the well-known colossal figures of Gog and 
 Magog. The Eid India House, containing the offices of the 
 East India Company, is situated iu Leadenhall Street. It 
 is an extensive building, with an Ionic portico in front; 
 and contains, besides the necessary accommodation for car- 
 rying on the business of the Company, an excellent library, 
 rich in Asiatic literature, and an interesting museum of 
 Indian curiosities. 
 
 Literature, Scientific Institutinns, &e. — London has long 
 been the favorite residence of literary men, drawn thither 
 probably in older times, ere literature had assumed its pre- 
 sent independent position, by the attractions of titled 
 patrons. But, whatever may have communicated the ori- 
 ginal impulse, we have now the fact, that the metropolLs is 
 the great centre around v.hich cluster the literary and sci- 
 entific men of the country, the seat of the principal learned 
 institutinns, and the heatl-quarters of journalism and of the 
 book trade. There are si.-c morning, and nearly as many 
 evening newspapers, and a host of other journals, which 
 appear weekly or at shorter intervals. The morning papers, 
 during the sitting of Parliament, require each a staff of 14 
 reporters. The chief learned institutions are the Royal 
 Society, in Somerset House, founded in 1 663, one of the most 
 distinguished as well as one of the oldest associations of 
 the kind in Europe; its object is the promotion of general 
 science : the Boval Institution of Great Britain, incorporated 
 in 1800. possessing a magnificent chemical laboratory, an 
 extensive library, &c. ; Professor Davy, afterwards Sir Hum- 
 phrey Davy, was connected with this institution, when, in 
 1S07. he made the discovery of the composition of the fixed 
 alkalies, a discovery which, viewed in all its relations, may 
 be regarded as one of the most important, as well a.s one of 
 the most briUlant. recordcil in the annals of science : the 
 Linnaean Society, incorix)rated in 1802, with a valuable li- 
 brary, and one of the most extensive botanical collwtions 
 In the world ; a few years sine.', the East India Company 
 presented to this society all those invaluable collections, 
 which have been made at different times by its agents in 
 India : the Zoological Society, incorporated in 1829, connected 
 with which are the Zoological Gardens* with a menagerie, 
 stocked with animals from every region of the globe, un- 
 questionably the first collection in the world : the Societv for 
 the Diffusion of Useful Knowletlge, founded in 1820. incorpo- 
 rated in 1832: the great object of which is to distribute, 
 fimong the middling and poorer cla.s.ses, works on science, 
 &c.. at a low price; this is, in every respect, a useful and 
 admirable instilution, and possesses, among its numerous 
 membi-rs. a large share of the talent and learning, as well 
 as some of the mo«t distinguished names, of Great Britain : 
 the Society of Antiquaries, in Somerset House, founded in 
 1707 : the Koyal Academy of .\rts. in Trafalgar Square, 
 founded in 1708: the Koyal Academv of Music, founded in 
 1822: the Uoyal College of Physiiians". at the X.W. corner of 
 Trafiilgar S<iUHre, founded by Linacre. phvsician to Henry 
 VIU., the present building, finished in'lS2o: the Eoyal 
 lOfeO 
 
 Gec^raphical Society, founded in 1830, with a choice eeopra 
 phical librar3' and large collection of mnps: the Institution 
 of Civil Engineers, established in 1818: the Royal Institute 
 of British Architect.", founded in 18.34. and pos.seEsing a good 
 library of anhitectural works: and the Geological Society, 
 in Somerset House, founded in 1807. 
 
 Educational Jnsiitulions. — At the head of these stands 
 the University of London, established in 1S37. solely for the 
 purpose of conferring degrees, the candidates for which are 
 for the mo.st part supplied by University College and King"g 
 College. The senate consists of a chancellor, vice-chiincellor, 
 and thirty-five otlier memliers. who hold their sittings in 
 Somerset House. The fecultics are those of arts, law, and 
 medicine ; the examinations are held twice a year. In 
 University College, which was opened in 1828. the'course of 
 education embraces the classical tongues, science, history, 
 jurisprudence, and medicine, religion being wholly excluded. 
 King's College is on a similar plan, except that "religion ig 
 taught in it in accordance with the principles of the Church 
 of England. The buildings are handsome, especially that 
 of University College. There are likewise two Episcopal 
 theological schools, an English Presbyterian, a Baptist, an 
 Independent, a Unitarian, and a Jewish ; and several schools 
 for nu'diciue, botauv', chemistry, geology. Ac. Of the nume- 
 rous endowed schools, the most noted are — St. Paul's School, 
 which provides a fi-ee education for 153 boys, the most 
 advanctjd of whom are sent to Oxford and Cambridge, with 
 exhibitions of from 50?. to 120?. Milton, the great Duke of 
 Marlborough, and Ilalley, were pujiils in this school, which 
 ha.s a high reputation. Tlie annual revenues are about 
 6000?. Charter-House, (a corruption of Chartreusf.) founded 
 in 1011, and endowed with property which in 1815 yielded 
 22,000?., supports SO poor brethren', and educates 40 boys, 
 who are afterwards apprenticed or sent to the University. 
 The Merchant Tailors' School, founded in 1561. furnishes 
 a very efficient education gratis to 100 boys, and to 150 others 
 at rates varying from 5ft. to 2.?. 6</. a quarter; the school 
 bus 43 fellowships in Oxford, and 7 in Cambridge. 
 
 Christ's Hospital, Newgate Street, better known a.s the 
 Blue-coat School, was founded in 155.3, as a hospital for poor 
 fatherless children and foundlings, although many are 
 said to be now admitted without having the qualifica- 
 tion of poverty. The presentations are in the gift of the 
 goTernors, who are nearly 500 in number; and each cf whom, 
 in order to hold that office, must have contributed 500?. to 
 the funds of the institution. The establishment in London 
 accommodates, at present. 920 loys; and there is a subsidiary 
 hospital at Hertford, where are generally about 450 of the 
 younger boys, and 80 girUs — maUin;: in all 1450 children 
 maintained, clothed, and educated by this instilution, Tlie 
 Grecians, as the most advanced in cla.ssics are called, are sent, 
 with valual'le exhibitions, to Oxford and Cambridge: and 
 those in the mathematical school are placed with com- 
 manders of .ships, and fitted out at the expense of the hos- 
 pital ; others are apprenticed to different trades. Westmin- 
 ster School w.as foundiHl by Queen Elizabeth in 1560. for the 
 free instruction, clothing, board, and lodgment of 40 boys, 
 called king's scholars ; in re.ility. however, each now pays 
 about 45?. a year. Dryden. Locke, and the J'arl of .Mansfield 
 were in this .school. Besides the above, .ind numberless pri- 
 vate schools, there is a free school in amost every parish; 
 and the National Society and British and Foreign School 
 Society supply instruction to many thou.^ands of children. 
 These societies have also normal schools. 
 
 Museums, &c. — The British Museum, in Great Bussel 
 Street, now a spacious and imposing edifice, with an Ionic 
 facade and sctilptured pediment, built during the Isst 30 
 years, wa.s founded in 1753. It contains an immense col- 
 lection of books, manuscripts, sculptures, coins, minerals, 
 stuffed animals; Egyptian. Assyrian. Etruscnn. Greek, and 
 other antiquities. This noble institution is open three days 
 in the week to the p"ublic who avail themselves of the per- 
 mission in great numbers. The library of printed books con- 
 tains upward of 400.000 volumes. In Greek, and perhaps 
 also in Egyptian antiquities, this collection is not surpassed 
 by auy in Europe. The National Gallery i-ontains some very 
 fine pictures; but. from their limited number, scarcely 
 deserve the name of a national collection. One end of the 
 building is used for the annual exhibitions, schools, and 
 lecture-rooms of the Royal .Academy. Marlborough House, 
 in Pail-Mall, contains a collection of paintings by English 
 masters; the greater part of which was presented to th« 
 nation by Mr. Richard Vernon, in 1847. Dulwii h Gallery, 
 at Dulwich. 5 miles from Waterloo Bridge, contains a fine 
 collection, especially of Dutch paintings, among which tho«t 
 of Cuyp occupy a prominent rank. There are many fine 
 collections of pictures and statues in the houses of *lie nobi- 
 lity, some of which are thrown open occasionally to the 
 public. The Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, on 
 the S.. side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, a hand.some new building, 
 erected at a cost of 40.000?., contains some curious akelet< na 
 and surgical preparations. The .Soane Museum, on the X. 
 side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, po.ssesses many valuable objects, 
 consisting of books, prints, MSS.. drawings, maps, models, 
 plans, &c. There is also a museum in VVh't/jhall Yard, con- 
 
LON 
 
 LON 
 
 oected with the Upited Service Club; and a Hufieum of 
 Practical GeoIos;j in Jeruiyu Street. 
 
 Clulis. — Many of these establishments, having most ela- 
 borate and ornate buildings, form some of the principal 
 arcliitt'ctural features of the metropolis. They are situated 
 chiefly in tlie West End. in and near I'all-JIall, and vie with 
 each otlier in elegance ioid lu.\ury. The principal ones are 
 the -VtUeuiCum. pos-sesscd of a fine library, and having a 
 f^eat many artist.^, and men of science and letters among its 
 members; the Army and Xavy, the United Service, the 
 Guards', and the .Junior United Service; the Carlton, the 
 great Tory, standing side by side with the lieform Club, in 
 Pail-Mall ; the former limited to 800. and the latter to 1400 
 members ; the Travellers', Broolis', one of the oldest of the 
 clubs, and the rallying point for the Whig party; White's, 
 also a very old club, frequently chiefly by the Con.servative 
 nobility; the Cou.servative ; the Uxford and Cambridge; and 
 the Garrick clubs, frequented by lovers of the drama. The 
 entrance fees vary from 9 to 30 guineas, and the annual sub- 
 scriptions from a to 12. There is also great diversity in the 
 number of members, which range from 500 to 1500. Many 
 members, wlio have no house in town, live almost entirely 
 at their clubs, hiring only a bedroom in the neighborhood. 
 
 2'healres aii/l other Places of AMtisenient. — The two prin- 
 cipal theatres (1853) are Covent Garden and Her Majesty's 
 Theatre, in the Ilaymarket. which have carried on, for 
 several years, a rivalry in the representation of Italian 
 operas. Drury Lane, for a series of years, ha-s been used 
 for the performance of English operas, melodramas, and 
 eiiuestrian feats. The Ilaymarket, and the Princess', in 
 Oxford Street, are now the chief theatres in the West End 
 where the regular drama is performed. The other principal 
 theatres are .S.adler's Wells, in Islington; the Lyceum, the 
 Adelphi. St. .lames', the Viitoria. the Surrey, and .\stley s, 
 the last being e.xclusively devoted to equestrian perform- 
 ances. <)n the E. side of Ilegent's Park stands the Colosseum, 
 a polygonal structure, with a magnificent Doric portico and 
 cupola, u.sed chietty fir the exhibition of panoramic views. 
 Kxeter Hall, in the Strand, capable of containing 3000 per- 
 sons, is used for concerts on a great scale, as well as for the 
 annual .May meetings of the different religious societies. In 
 Hanover Square there is a large hall for concerts and other 
 puolic assemblies. In Willis' Rooms, in King Street, St. 
 James', are given the fashionable balls called " Almack's;" 
 also lectures, concerts, &c. One of the principal attractions 
 in London is the Zoological Gardens, in Ilegent's Park. The 
 Surrey Zoological Gardens, tiiough on the whole greatly 
 'nferior to tlie former, have some points of superiority ; they 
 cover about 15 acres, and contain a sheet of water 3 acres in 
 extent. Vauxhall Gardens, on the S., and Cremorne Gardens, 
 on the N. side of the river, are also favorite pl.^es of resort, 
 where music, fire-works, and balloon ascents are among the 
 principal attractions. 
 
 Huspitals and Charitable Institutiims. — London abounds 
 with hospitals for the cure of disease, lying-in charities, 
 asylums for orphans, and other institutions of a like nature. 
 Among those most deserving of notice are St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital, in West Smithfield. first founded in the 12th cen- 
 tury, and then refounded by Henry VIII. in 15iO; admit- 
 ting patients suffering from accident, and diseases of all 
 kinds ; containing 580 beds, and relieving 70,000 annually — 
 Guy's Hospital. Southwark. founded in 1721, by Thomas 
 Guy, a bookseller, accommodating 580 in-patients; it has 
 also an excellent museum and theatre of anatomy — St 
 Thomas' Hospital, in the Borough; St. George's Hospital, 
 near Hyde I'ark corner, with a handsome front overlooking 
 the Green Park; the Middlesex Hospital, founded in 1745; 
 Westminster Hospital; and various other hospitals of 
 smaller size, supported chiefly by voluntary contributions — 
 Charing Cross Hospital, King's College Hospital, University 
 College Hospital, itc. There are medical schools attached 
 to the above institutions. Bethlehem Hospital. (Bedlam.) 
 In St. George's Fields, S. of the river, is appropriated to the 
 Insane poor. The building, which has an imposing appear- 
 ance, extends over nearly 14 acres; the rooms are large and 
 airy, well warmeil and ventilated, and can accommodate at 
 least 400 patients. St. I/uke's Hospital, also for insane 
 patients, was founded in 1751, and accommodates 2G0 per- 
 sons. The Foundling Hospital was founded in 1739, by 
 Captain Coram; at present it is rather an asylum for illegi- 
 timate children whose parents are known, tlian an hospital 
 for foundlings, as it was originally. The number of chil- 
 dren averages about 500, and they are maintained till the 
 age of 12, when they are either apprenticetl or provided for 
 otherwise. Chelsea Ho.spital, (see Chelse.4.) Greenwich 
 Hospital, (see GREEXwicn.) 
 
 FYiisons. — There are altogether about a dozen crimin.il 
 prisons, three of which are in the city. Newgate, situated 
 Dear St. Sepulchre's Church, is a gloomy and massive struc- 
 ture, Icrmerly used for debtors as well as crimirKils, but 
 low confined to felons, and accommodates properly about 
 400. Bridewell, near Blackfriars' Bridge, is a house of cor- 
 rection for vagrants, pilferers, or disorderly persons, sum- 
 marilv' convicted before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen. 
 GUtflpiir Street Compter, near Xewgate, which it resembles 
 
 in its architecture, is used as a place of confinoment for all 
 prisoners at the Central Criminal Court and the Londot\ 
 Sessions, and summarily convicted within the jurisdiction 
 of the city magistrates. A house of correction is attached 
 to it. It holds about 250. Clerkenwell Prison, belonging 
 to the county cf Middlesex, is similar in character to the 
 last. The House of Correction, Cold Bath Fields, which will 
 accommodate about 1'200 prisoners, is a very extensive brick 
 building, near Gray's Inn Lane, with spacious courts and 
 airy grounds. The classification is good, and the silent sys- 
 tem is followed, connected with hard labor. A large tread- 
 mill employs 320 at a time. 
 
 Millbank Penitentiary, or Prison, as it is now called, is an 
 immense brick edifice, designed by .leremy Bentham, and is 
 said to have cost half a million sterling. 'The e.xtern.il walls 
 form an irregular octagon, and enclose upwards of 1 6 acres 
 of land. Its ground plan resembles a wheel, the governor's 
 house occupying a circle in the centre, from which radiate 
 six piles of buildings, terminating externally in towers 
 The average number of inmates is about 700. Every convict 
 sentenced to transportation in Great Britain, is sent here 
 previously to the sentence being carried into execution, and 
 remains three months under close inspection, Horsemonger 
 Lane Jail, Southwark, the county jail for Surrey, contains 
 about 250 prisoners. The top of the building is used as a 
 place of execution. The Westminster House of Correction, 
 in Tothill Fields, which is built on the Panopticon principle, 
 has a court-yard in the centre, 250 feet in diameter, with 
 prisons round it for 600 persons; but the average number 
 confined is 350. The silent system is pursued, and a good 
 classification maintained. The Model Prison, I'entonville, 
 contains 1000 separate cells. The inmates are detJiined for 
 two years, and are taught useful trades, previous to trans- 
 portation. The principal pri-sons for debtors are the Queen's 
 Bench and Whitecross Street Prison. 
 
 Civic Corporation and Governme.nl. — The chief civic officer 
 of London is the Lord Mayor, annually elected from among 
 tlie aldermen who have been sheriffs. He is installed In 
 office November 9, when a procession takes place called " the 
 Lord Mayor's Show." The court of aldermen consists of 20 
 members, including the Lord Mayor. They are chosen for 
 life by the householders of the twenty-six wards into which 
 the city is divided, each being the representative of a sepac 
 rate ward. Such as have filled the office of Lord Mayor, 
 become justices of the quorum, and all others are justice? 
 of the peace within the city. The sheriffs, two in number, 
 are annually chosen by the Livery, or general assembly of 
 the freemen of London. The Common Council is a court 
 consisting of 240 representatives, returned by 25 of the 
 wards, in proportion to their relative extent; the 2t'ith, or 
 Bridge Ward Witlioid, being represented by an alderman. 
 The general bu.siness of this court is to legislate for the 
 internal government of the city, its police, revenues, &c. 
 The Livery of London is the aggregate of tlie members of the 
 several city companies, of which there are 81, embracing the 
 various trades of -the metropolis. Of the city companies, 12 
 are termed great companies, and from one or other of them 
 the Lord JIayor was formerly chosen. In order of prece- 
 dence they are : — The Mercers, Grocers, Drapers, Fishmon- 
 gers, Goldsiriiths, Skinners, Merchant Tailors, Haberdashers, 
 Salters, Ironmongers, Vintners, Clothworkers. Many of 
 the companies are very rich, and possess large halls; few 
 of which, however, have any pretensions to nrcliitectural 
 beauty, except Goldsmiths' liall, behind the I'ost-office; the 
 Fiehmonger.s' Ilall. near London Bridge, and the Ironmong- 
 ers" IliiU, in Feuchurch Street, all of which are very elegant 
 structures. 
 
 The Metropolitan Police. — The organization of the present 
 most effective Police force, is the result of Sir Kobert Peel'* 
 celebrated bill of 1829. Before that perioil. the streets were 
 often unsafe at night, from the small number and unfitness 
 of the watchmen to whom the preservation of order wag 
 intrusted. This force is divided into the city police, confined 
 to the city proper, and the metropolitan police, which latter 
 consisted, in 1852, of 5549; and their jurisdiction extended 
 10 or 12 miles round St. Paul's. In 1849, the total numbei 
 of persons apprehended by the metropolitan police was 70.066, 
 of whom 24,556 were females: 34,746 were discharged by the 
 magistrate: 31,343 disposed of summarily, or held to bail; 
 and 3643 tried and convicted, only 703 being acquitted. In 
 the same year, the number of felonies was 10.924. afl'ecting 
 property to the amount of 36.279i.. of which only 67091 
 were ultimately recovered. Only about one-third of those 
 apprehended could read or write. In the .same year, the 
 suicides were 131, besides 75 attempted, but prevented — lower 
 numbers than in Paris, notwithstanding the difference of 
 l)opulation. The fire-engine establishment has seventeen 
 stations, where engines and firemen are kept alwa^-s in 
 readiness ; and there are two floating engines on the Thames, 
 
 Courtis of Lfiw. — The courts of Chancerj'. Common Pleas, 
 Queen's Bench, and Exchequer, are on the W. side of AVest- 
 minster Hall, with which they communicate. The hall 
 itself, which was built by William IJufus, and is 290 feet 
 long, 68 feet wide, and 110 feet high, was formerly used for 
 great state trials, from that of Sir William Wallace down to 
 
 1081 
 
LON 
 
 thi>se cf barren IIastin?:s and Lord Melrille. which were 
 th,» last It now serves merely as a promenade for lawyers, 
 duriug the sitting of the courts. It is said to be the longest 
 apartment not supported by pillars in the world, except the 
 Hall of Justice at Padua. "The Old Bailey Sessions-house, 
 adjuiiiing Xewgate, is the central criminal court for the trial 
 of prisoners who have committed offences within 10 miles of 
 St Paul's. County courts, of which there are 11 within the 
 meti-opolis and its immediate neighborhood, were esta- 
 blished a few yeare ago fur the trial of small debt cases, 501. 
 beini; the limit. The Crown appoints the judges, who are 
 barristers. Beside the above, there are also the Clerkenwell 
 Session-house, the city police courts, which are presided over 
 by the Lord Mayor and one of the Aldermen ; and the 11 
 courts connected with the metropolitan police, each of 
 which is presided over by a barrister of at least Bsven years' 
 standing. 
 
 In us of Court— Ot these there are four, Inner Temple, 
 Middle temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. They were 
 origiually colleges for the study of law, but now are little 
 more than residences for lawyers. A law student, in order 
 to be called to the bar, has merely to be entered as a member 
 of one of these Inns, and to dine a certain number of times 
 in the common hall. Subordinate to the Temple are Clifford's, 
 Clement's. Lyon's, and Xew Inns. Lincoln's Inn is situated 
 between Chancery Lane and the extensive square called 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. During a portion of the year, the 
 Lord Chancellor sits in the old hall, and the Yice-Chancellors 
 hold their sittings in adjoining buildings. A magnificent 
 hall and library, in the Tudor style, from the designs of 
 Hardwick, have recently been erected in the gardens. Sub- 
 ordinate to Lincoln's is Furnival's Inn in Holborn. Gray's 
 Inn stands on the N. side of Holborn. and has attached to it 
 two Inns of Chancery — Staple Inn, and Barnard's Inn. The 
 gardens, first planted about the year 1600, were a fashionable 
 promenade in the time of Charles II., and for some time 
 after. 
 
 Markets. — These are numerous, but, excepting for the 
 articles sold in them, none are worthy of notice ; present- 
 ing, as they do, little to attract, either in external beauty 
 or in internal arrangement. The principal ones are, Bil- 
 lingsgate, for fish ; Ilungerford, fish, butcher-meat, and ve- 
 getables; Farringdon, butcher-meat, vegetables, and fruit; 
 Covent-Garden, vegetables, fruit flowers, and plants, both 
 green-house and iiot> house; Leadenhall, poultry, game, 
 hides, and cattle-horns; Xewgate, butcher-meat, carcass and 
 retail, (the most extensive carcass market in I/indon ;) and 
 Smithfield, (formerly the great place of executions, and 
 ■where so many martyrs died in the time of Queen Mary,) 
 the great market for cattle and sheep, long felt to bo a 
 nuis,ince, from ita position in the centre of the city, but 
 about to be removed to a suburban locality, in pursuance 
 of an Act passeil by Parliament in 1852. It is difticult. or 
 perh.ips impossible, to arrive at an accurate estimate of the 
 quantity of food consumed in London. "In 1845, however, 
 there were sold in Smithfield and Leadenhall markets 
 alone — 
 
 Sheep 1,514,110 
 
 Cattle 2i:t.o60 
 
 Calvea 26,1'2'i 
 
 Fowls 
 
 RabbiU 
 
 Bares 
 
 S,296.*00 
 
 . 680.(KX) 
 
 18,000 
 
 Allowing for carcasses imported by ste,im and otherwise, the 
 annual consumption of butcher-meat has been estimated at 
 2-10,000 bullocks. 1,700.000 sheep, 28,000 calves, and 35.000 
 pigs, besides vast quantities of' bacon and ham. Exclusive 
 of eggs brought from various parts of the United Kingdom, 
 70,000,000 to 75.000,000 are imported annually from France 
 and other continental countries. About 13.000 cows are 
 kept in the metropolis and its environs, for the supply of 
 milk and cream. The consumption of wheat may be esti- 
 mated at about 1,600,000 quarters a year. 
 
 Manufactures. — It would be almost endless to specify the 
 different kinds of articles manufactured in London. Here 
 are the largest breweries, distilleries, and sugar-refineries in 
 the kingdom ; and this was long the principal seat of the 
 silk-wcavin.?. and still employs above 14,000 workers in that 
 branch ; it has extensive manufactures in metal, including 
 machinery of all kinds, plate, Jewelry, watches, and bra-sa- 
 work, occupying likewi.se above 14.000 workmen; and as 
 many more are engaged in the production of books and 
 prints. Millinery occupies 40.000; the making of clothes 
 and slops above 28,01X1, and boots and shoes as many more. 
 Besides these branches, 12,000 are engaged in cabinet-mak- 
 ing, and many thousands in coopering, coach-building, 
 leather-working, hat-making, ship-building, rope-making, 
 . mast-making, Ac, all of which are departments of manu- 
 fecture conducted on a large scale; and there are numerous 
 extensive chemical works, soap-manufactories, and dye- 
 works. 
 
 Means of Ontryanc*.— This is of two kinds. Internal and 
 external. The former is accomplished by means of omni- 
 buses, cabs, and steamboats. The omnibuses, 3000 in number, 
 ply on all the principal thoroughfares to every part of the 
 metroi><jiis. and to all the neighlx>ring villages ; they pav 
 duty to the amount of 324,0OOJ. annually: and the 7000 
 1082 
 
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 ' conductors and drivers by whom they are managed pay. for 
 licenses, 1750/. annuall}-. The cabs number alxiut 'S-'iOO 
 Numerous small steamers ply on the Thames, affording the 
 most convenient means of communic.-ition, at all hours cf 
 the day, to all points of the river between llichmoud and 
 ■Woolwich, a distance of 18 miles. Besilcs these Ifiicilities 
 for locomotion, parcels are delivered in all parts of the me- 
 tropolis by a joint-stock company. The external means of 
 conveyance comprise rail ways, cacals. and steam-vessels. 
 Seven railways. alTonling means of transit to all parts of 
 the kingdom, have stations in London; they are the Groat 
 ■ft' estern, North-Western, Great Northern, Kastera Counties, 
 Blackwall, South-Kastem, or Dover, 15rii;hton and South- 
 eoast and the South-Western. Some of them, as the North- 
 western, with its Doric temple for an entrance, and the 
 Great Northern, with its gigantic arches, have termini of a 
 most expensive kind, though little can be said in favor of 
 the architectural suitableness of such erections. The canals 
 strictly connected with London are seven in number — the 
 Grand Junction, Regent's, Bromley and Ix-a, Lea Union or 
 Sir George Duckett's, Kensington, Grosvenor, and Surrey; 
 this last follows nearly the Hue of the cnnal cut by Canute 
 the Dane, for the purpose of transporting his vessels into 
 the upper part of the river, past the defences of Old London 
 Bridge. A large fleet of steam vessels afford constant means 
 of transit for passengers and goods between the Thames and 
 all parts of the E. and S. coa-st of Ens.'la:id, the E. coast of 
 Scotland, and the N. ports of the continent : while, from the 
 easy means of transit by railway. Southampton may be 
 esteemed the out-port of London. thnju;;h which she com- 
 municates by steam with the most distant parts of both 
 hemispheres, and with the antipodes. 
 
 Ciimmerce, Docks, &c. — The port of London extends from 
 Ixindon Bridge to a little below Blackwall, and is divided 
 into the Pool, Limehouse Reach, Greenwich Reach, Blacfc 
 wall Reach, and Bugsby's Reach ; it is under the care of 
 the corporation of the city as conservators. The docks, 
 some of which are of great extent, are surroundeil by 
 wharfs, sheds, storehouses, vaults, and warehouses of the 
 most spacious kind. St. Katherine's Docks, Ijondon Docks, 
 the Vest India Docks, and the East India Docks, extend 
 along the N. bank of tlie river, at intervals, from the Tower 
 to Blackwall ; and on the S. bank, between Rotherhithe and 
 Deptford, are the. Commercial Docks. The tide rises 18 feet 
 at springs, and 14 feet at neaps, at the London Docks ; and 
 the depth at low water, spring-tides, on the outer sill of St 
 Katherine's Docks, the deepe.st in the port, is 10 feet. The 
 largest is the West India Import Dork. 2600 feet long. 500 
 broad, and capable of containing 204 vessels of 30o tons 
 each. The vessels belonging to tlie port, in 1S50, numbered 
 2735 sailing, and 318 steam, aggregate tonnage. 6ti7,297; 
 being 129,000 less than New York the year previous. 
 
 The foreign exports of London, in 1S60. amounted to 
 14,137.527/., being an increase over 1845 of above 3.000.000/.; 
 the foreign exports .of Liverpool, for the same period, in- 
 crea-sed from 26,000,000/. to 35.000.000/.; in 1851. the value 
 of exports from London amounted to 14.489,494/.; in 1852, 
 15,802.12-2/.; and in 18.53, to 22.991.082/.; the enormous 
 coasting trade of the metropolis, however, renders it superior 
 to every other port in the world, in the number of vessels 
 and the amount of tonnage frequenting it; but no returns 
 being published to show tlie actual amount of this tonn.tge, 
 only an approximation can be given. About 5.000.000 tons 
 of shipping enter the port annually, of which 1.500.000 are 
 from foreign ports, 500,000 from the colonies, and 3,000,000 
 are coasters. The number of vessels engaged in the coal 
 trade alone is above 10,000, importing, in 1851, 3.236,542 
 tons of coals. In 1851, 6593 foreign vessels, of which 1403 
 were steamers, and 3748 British vessels, entered from foreign 
 ports. The exports consist chiefly of British manufactures, 
 though a large quantity of the foreign imp<irts also are re- 
 exported. The bullion exported in 185:5. amounted to the 
 enormous sum of 21.250,000/. Of this 5.750,000/. was silver, 
 all of which went to India, China, and Mauritius, except 
 530.000/. sent to the continent. The distribution of gold, 
 taken in round numbers, was as follows: 4.niX).000/. to 
 Australia and New Zealand, 1,000,000/. to the Mediterranean, 
 9.500.000/. to the continent 375,000/. to the AVest In^iea, 
 286.000/. to Brazil, and 105.000/. to Africa. Since the disco- 
 very of the -Australian mines, the precious metals have 
 constituted the most important item of British commerce 
 received at this port. The following statement exhibits the 
 quantity of gold received and delivered during four years 
 ending 18.53. at the Bank of England, whii'h. it may here 
 be remarked, is the most extensive moneyed institution it 
 the world : — 
 
 ISM 
 
 1861 
 
 1853 
 1863 
 
 Gold received. Gold dellverel 
 
 . £o,9.W.956 £3.6.15,303 
 
 . 13,3;»,674 S.4««.500 
 
 . 18,7.i0.8«6 •»,7.:2,P3 
 
 . 15.332,0(18 14.K>;,332 
 
 Total £5S,37'2,594 
 
 £26,001,»8 
 
 In the total of exports and imports, bullion of course Is not 
 included. The imports consist of every kind of article 
 
LON 
 
 LON 
 
 broucjht frora foreign parts; a list of them, in fact, would 
 form nil epitome of the articles of the traiJe of the world. 
 For VMSt and West ludia produce, Loudon is the jrcat port; 
 tea, sugar, tobacco, wine, corn, timber, tallow, hides, wool, 
 nnd drupes, form large items on the list. All articles im- 
 ported must be entered at the Custom-house, a large build- 
 ing by the river side, tetween London Bridge and the Tower; 
 the long room, where public business is transacted, is 185 
 feet long, 66 feet wide, and 55 feet high. The amount of 
 customs taken here, affords an excellent means of (estimat- 
 ing tlie comparative value of the Imports of Ijondon. The 
 amount received in 1849 was ll,O70,170i., (being only 700.000?. 
 less tliau the total amount of its foreign exports fur the same 
 year:) while the total amount of customs for the United 
 Kingdom for the same year, was 22,483,95(3/. ; showing that 
 nearly a half of the whole amount was received at London. 
 The custom duties collected at this port in 1851, amounted 
 to 11.241.281/. 
 
 Gas. Water, Sewerage. — London is supplied with gas by 
 twenty companies, producing above 16.000,000 cubic feet of 
 gas per day. There are seven water companies, sunplying 
 daily 44.573,979 gallons, being at the rate of 164 gallons for 
 each house. The principal source whence water is obtained 
 is the Thames, some of the companies deriving their supplies 
 from the river as high up as Kew, and some as far down as 
 between Westminster and \Va.terloo bridges. Spring-water, 
 from Hertfordshire, is brought in by an a(£ueduct called the 
 New Itiver, 40 miles in length, including windings; and a 
 further supply is drawn from the river Lea. Artesian wells, 
 of excellent water, may be formed In any part of Loudon, 
 by lioring down to the chalk; but such a source of supply 
 for the metropolis would seem little to be depended upon, 
 from the fact, that existing wells of this kind have, in recent 
 years, been rapidly lowering in level. Some portions of 
 London are well drained ; but in others, such as IJermondsey, 
 Westminster, Wapping, where the sewers are below the levil 
 of high water, the drainage is necessarily imperfect; and 
 the consefiuence is. that malignant fevers, and other epidemic 
 diseases, make fearful ravages among the inhabitants of 
 those districts. But although much remains to be done, 
 the system of sewers deserves to be ranked as one of the 
 wonders of London, from their great depth and immense 
 size. Hitherto, the Thames has formed the great outlet for 
 all the sewers; but the opinion has become very general, 
 that the river should no longer be employed for such a pur- 
 pose, and that a vast subterranean canal should be dug en 
 each side of the river to receive the drainage of the sewers 
 coming from the interior of the town, and to convey it to a 
 considerable distance, where it may be converted to some 
 useful purpose, or be discharged into the river so far down 
 as to prevent the possibility of its being brought back by 
 the returning tide. 
 
 Citneteries. — Extra-mural interment is of very recent date, 
 and is still only very partial; most of the cemeteries being 
 too distant and expensive for the .poorer classes. Kensal 
 Green Cemet<!ry, in which several royal personages have 
 been buried, was opened in 1832 ; it occupies about 48 acres 
 of ground, and is tastefully planted and laid out. There is 
 another at Ilighgate, about 20 acres in extent, and others 
 at Stoke Newington, Brompton, Norwood, Ac. 
 
 The Parks. — Of these the largest and most fashionable is 
 Hi/de Park, which lies between the Uxbridge and Kensington 
 roads, and contains about 400 acres. It has. towards the S. 
 Bide, a large artificial lake, called the Serpentine, which is 
 spanned by a handsome bridge of five arches, at the entrance 
 to Kensington Gardens. The principal entrance to the Park 
 on the S. side, is by a triple archway clo.se to Apsley House, 
 and within a few yards of that point is the beginning of 
 Kotten Row, a narrow stripe railed off for equestrians, and 
 stretching about 1 mile towards Kensington. Somewhat 
 further N., and on the other side of the Serpentine, is a 
 fashionable drive called the Ladies' Mile, which extends 
 nearly to the bridge before mentioned ; and here, on the 
 summer afternoons, may be seen vast numbers of splendid 
 equipages driving up and down, while others make the cir- 
 cuit of the park. On Sunday afternoon it is frcquentt>d, 
 for the most part, by an inferior descrijition of equipages, 
 while the footpath on each side is crowded with promenaders 
 of all ranks — many of the highest. The principal entrance 
 on the N. side is at the end of Oxford Street, and is adorned 
 with an elegant arch of white marble, which formerly stood 
 in front of ISuckingham Palace. Kensington Gardens, with 
 whii h Hyde Park communicates at several points, are 
 well wooded and finely laid out. Here carriages are not 
 admitted. 
 
 St. James' Park (83 acres) extends from Buckingham 
 Palace t« the Horse Guards, and in its centre is an orna- 
 mented sheet of water, studded with islets covered with 
 trees and shrubs, and round which swim a great variety of 
 HqUHtic fowls. St. .lames' Park is a favorite resort of the 
 humViler classes, esnecially on Sunday. Tlie Green Park, 
 71 acres in extcuc. lies between St. .James' Park, on the S.. 
 »nd Piccadilly on the N. On the E. side it is overlooked 
 by Stafford House, Bridgewatar House, Spenser House, and i 
 Other noble mansions. Regent's Park, on the N. aide of [ 
 
 London, covers an area of 403 acres. Round the park is an 
 agreeable drive, nearly 2 miles long, and an inner circular 
 drive encloses the Botanic Gardens. At the N. end a:e the 
 Zoological Gardens, to which a fine broad avenue lyadi" 
 along the centre of the park, with clusters of trees on each 
 hand, and footpaths ramifying out in all directioiifi. Vicli/ria 
 Park, on the N.E. of London, was recently lai*! out and 
 planted as a place of recreation for the inhabitant*; of SpitHl- 
 fields and Bethnal Green. Battersea Park has been lately 
 formed on the S. bank of the Thames, opposite to Chelse'S 
 Hospital, at a cost of £200,000. 
 
 Ilistnry. — In the reign of Nero, London was already t 
 place of considerable impfirtance; and, after the KonianB 
 left Britain, it is supposed to have bwome the capital of the 
 East Saxon kingdom. Little more is known of it, during 
 the Heptarchy, than that it suffered severely by fire in 764, 
 798, and 801. When England was united under one mo- 
 narch, London became the metropolis of the kingdom, nnd, 
 soon afterwards, it was sacked by the Danes. At the Con- 
 quest, London submitted to William, and received from him 
 a charter, which is still preserved; and, on the accession of 
 Henry I., a new charter wa-s granted — the motlel from which 
 Magna Charta was taken — restoring the privili-ges which 
 existed before the Norman Conquest. London Bridge, 
 erected instead of a wooden one, was begun in 1170, and 
 finished in 1209. This was, to a great extent, the same that 
 was taken down in 1832. In 1218. the forest of Middlesex 
 was cleared, and that portion of London N. of the city 
 began to be built. In 1236, water-pipes began to be laid in 
 the city ; and, early in the 14th century, coal was first in- 
 troduced. In 1328, the village of Southwark was incorpo- 
 rated with the city, as it had previously served as a place 
 of refuge for malefactors. In 1349 and 1361, London was 
 visited by the plague. In 1381 broke out the rebellion of 
 Wat Tyler, who fell by the hands of the Lord Mayor, hence 
 the dagger on the city arms. In 1416, lamps were intro- 
 duced ; in the same century, some of the principal streets 
 were paved, and wooden houses began to be replaced by 
 others of brick. In the next century still gi-eater improve- 
 ments were effected. Westminster was now connected with 
 the city, by a row of noblemen's mansions along the river, 
 one of which, Northumberland House, still reuiains at the 
 extreme W. 
 
 In the 17th ceaitury, Spitalfields wa-s covered with houses ; 
 and the space N. of the Strand, as fur as Ilolborn. and from 
 Temple Bar to St. Martin's L.ane. were extensively built 
 upon, as well as the neighborhoods of Charing Cross and 
 Pall-Mall. The New lUver was completed, and many houses 
 were supplied with water ; sewers were dug; smooth pave- 
 ments were laid down for pa.ssengers; and hackney-coaches 
 came into general use. But the streets were so narrow and 
 dirty, and the houses in so filthy a state, that the city was 
 scarcely ever exempt from the plague, which sometimes 
 committed great ravages. In 1666, the great fire broke 
 out. and spread over 336 acres, destroying 13.200 bouses, 90 
 churches, and many public buildings. In rebuilding, con- 
 siderable improvements were introduced; and a fire in 
 Southwark, 10 years after, gave a similar opportunity of 
 improving that district. Population and trade now rapidly 
 increased, partly from the immigration of B'rench Protest- 
 ants, driven from their country by the revocation of the 
 Edict of Nantes. In the ISth century, the metropolis 
 steadily advanced in extent, prosperity, and splendor. In 
 1780 took place the Gordon riots, when the mob were in 
 possession of London for two days, and committed frightful 
 havoc. Since that di.sgraceful outbreak, the peace of Lon- 
 don has never been seriously endangered ; and the troops 
 stationed in and around the capital, together with the 
 effective police force that now exists, seem quite adequate 
 to insure it against any similar disturbance. The extension 
 and improvements which have taken place in London 
 during the present century, are still greater than at any 
 former period, and further changes of great importance are 
 DOW in operation. 
 
 The most remarkable event of recent times in the history 
 of the metropolis, is the carrying into effect of the Great 
 World's Exhibition, originated by Prince Albert. The mag- 
 nificent edifice, formed of glass and iron, in wliich was ex- 
 hibited the unparalleled collection of manufactures and 
 works of art there brought together, was erected in Hyde 
 Park, and opened May 1, 1851. It was above a third of a 
 mile long, (1848 feet,) 408 feet wide, 48 feet high in the cen- 
 tre, and 24 feet at the sides; it covered 18 acres of ground, 
 was composed of 702 tons of wrought and 3784"tons of cast 
 iron; 896,000 superficial feet of glass; 600.000 cubic feet of 
 wood, and cost 347,937/. The number of exhibitors waj 
 13,937. and the value of the articles exhibited was estimated 
 at 1,781,929/.; of which, 1,031,607/. belonged to the United 
 Kingdom, 79.901/. to the colonies and dependencies of Great 
 Britain, and 670.420/. to forei,gn countries. The Exhibition 
 rem.ained open till October 11. being 5 months and 11 days, 
 and was visited by 6.0.39,195 persons ; the highest number of 
 visitors any one day being 109.760. and the smallest number, 
 9327. The total money drawn amounted to 561,243/., of 
 W'bidii 423,T92i. were for admission. The whole structure 
 
 1083 
 
LON 
 
 \rao reiioved in 1852, aud re-erected, (1853,) on a still more 
 ma.:uificoiit scale, at Syd.inham. The metropolis sends 10 
 mefobers to the House of Commons, of whom 4 are returned 
 by the City. Pop. in 1801, 958.863; in 1811, 1.138,815; in 
 1821. 1.-378,947 ; in 1831, 1.654,994; in 1841, 1,948,417; and 
 in 1851. 2,362,236; in 1861 it amounted to 2,803,034. Inhab. 
 Londoner, lun'dpn-^r. 
 
 L0.N"'1»0-N. a small post-rillaire of Mercer cc, Pennsylvar 
 nia, 142 miles W..\.\V. of Harrisburg. 
 
 liO.N'DON, a post-village, capital of Laurel CO., Kentucky, 
 100 miles .S.S.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 LONDON, a flourishin;; post^-yillage, capital of Madison 
 CO., Ohio, on the railroad oonnectiug Columbus with .\enia, 
 24 miles W. by S. of the former. It contiiins 4 churches, 1 
 bank, 2 newspaper oflices. and a Union school-house which 
 cost about $25,000. A disastrous fire in January. 1854, con- 
 smncd 10 stores and as many dwellings. Pop. 1112. 
 
 LOND >X, a small village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 LOXDJX. a post-township in the N. part of Monroe co., 
 Michiiran, 70 miU's S.li. of Lansing. Pop. 839. 
 
 LON'DOX. a thriving post-town, capital of Middlesex co., 
 Canada West, on the Thames Kiver, and on the Great 
 Western llailway. SI miles V,'. of Hamilton, on Lake Ontario, 
 and 120 miles ilN.E. of Windsor, opiiosite Detroit. It is 
 the entreprit of one of the finest agricultural regions in 
 Canada, and its prosperity has been greatly increased by 
 the opening of the Great Western Kailway. It contains a 
 Bavings' bank, 3 branch banks, 27 assurance agencies, about 
 70 stores of different kinds, and extensive iron foundries 
 and machine shops; churches for the Episcopalians, Congre- 
 gationalists, Scotch Presbyterians, Methoilists, Baptists, 
 Konian Catholics, and other denominations, 2 or 3 printing- 
 offices issuing newspapers, several grauunar and otlier 
 schools, and extensive barracks. London is an electoral dis- 
 trict, and returns 1 member to the Provincial Parliament. 
 Pop. in 1852, 6034; in 1861, 11,555. 
 
 LONDON BRIDGE, a post-village in Princess Anne co., 
 Virginia, 100 miles S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 LONDO.X BRITAIN, a, township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 659. 
 
 I/J.VDON CITY, a postrvillage of Fayette co., Illinois, 14 
 miles N.E. of Vandalia, 
 
 LONDO.XDERRY, lunMan-dJr'ree. or DER/RY. a m.aritime 
 county of Ireland, Ulster, having on the N. the Atlantic 
 Ocean and Lou,.;h Foyle, E. Antrim, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by Loughs Neagh and Beg. S. Tyrone, and on the 
 W. DonegiJ. Area 810 square miles, or 518.270 acres, of 
 which about 320,000 are cultivated. Pop. in 1851, 191.868. 
 Surface, in the S. and centre, mountainous; 'elsewhere 
 mostly lowla.ud. Primary granite rocks form the basis 
 of the district, with secondary sandstones, and overlying 
 trap rocks. Chief rivers, the Foyle, Bann, and Roe. Soils 
 various, but on the lowlands mostly fertile. The county 
 was granted to 12 London companies by James I., after 
 forfeiture, by the rebellion of its native chiefs. Hence 
 the prefix of London to the ancient name of the county. 
 PrincipiU towns, Londonderry and Coleraine. It sends 4 
 members to the House of Commons. 2 being for the county. 
 
 LONDONDKRRY, a city, parliamentary borough, and 
 port of Ireland, capital of the co. of Londonderry, on the 
 left bank of the Foyle, 5 miles above its expansion into 
 Lough Foyle, 123 miles N.N,W. of Dublin ; lat. (bridge) 54° 
 69' 36" N., Ion. 7° 19' W. It stands on an oval-shaped 
 hiU; the buillings rising tier above tier in a very pic- 
 turesque manner. The older part of the city is surrounded 
 by a wall, about 1 mile in circuit, which forms an agreeable 
 promenade ; but the houses now extend for a considerable 
 distance beyond it. On the opposite bank of the Fovle is a 
 large suburb, aiUed the Waterside, which is connected with 
 the city by a magnificent wooden bridge. 1068 feet long. 
 Some of the streets are very steep, and, though lighted with 
 gas, so few of them have an elegant appearance, that Lon- 
 donderry may emphatically "be called a town of back streets. 
 The principid public buildings are the corporation-h.all. 
 court-hou.se, jail, custom-house, lunatic asvlum, and a Doric 
 column, surmounted by a statue, erected in memory of the 
 Rev. George Walker, the intrepid governor of the city during 
 the memorable siege in 1689: the diocesan free grammar 
 school, or Foyle College, theatre, linen-hall, and the new 
 barracks. The ecclesiastical structures are the cathedral of 
 the see of Derry, and 2 other churches belonging to the 
 Establishment : 2 Roman Catholic cliapels. with 4 Presby- 
 terian, an Independent, and 2 .Methodist meeting-houses. 
 Be.sides Foyle College. a]rea<ly mentioned, there are several 
 echools, the most Important of which are the National 
 Rcbool, and Gwyn's charitable institution for boa. ding, 
 clothmg. and educating poor bovs. Three or four newspa- 
 pers are published here, and there are several branch banks. 
 The manufactories of Londonderry are two mills for spln- 
 mng fiax. .several flour-mills, distilleries, breweries, ropcrie*. 
 foundri's. and tannerie.s. and a ship-building yard. The 
 prmeip.xl articles of exp<irt are linen and linen varn. and 
 large qunntiUes of eggs, butter, wheat, oats, and" oatmeal, 
 amounting in value to above a million sterlin". The chief 
 imporU are timber, bariUa, sugar, rum, flax-se^, wine, and 
 108* 
 
 LON 
 
 tobacco. The salmon fishery of the river and the Lough is 
 valuable. At spring-tides, vessels of 500 ton.s can discharge 
 at the quays. In 1850. there entered the port 716 ves.sels. 
 tonnage 64.324; and 391 steamers, tonnage 102.652: and 
 there departtnl 209 vessels, tonnage 26,118; and 338 steam- 
 ers, tonnage 100.946. Regular communication, by steamers, 
 is maintained with Liverpool, Glasgow. Greenock, and Camp- 
 belton. The borough returns a member to I'arlic.mint. Thf 
 most memorable event in the history of Londonderry, is 
 the successful resistJinee it made, in 1689, during a siege of 
 105 days, to the forces of James II. It was built in its pre- 
 sent form by the •• Irish Society," or London companies, whc 
 colonized and gave name to the county. Pop. in Isol. lii.888 
 
 LON'DONDEKKY, a post-village and township of Rock- 
 ingham CO., New Hampshire, on the Manchester and Law- 
 rence Railroad, 6 miles S. of Manchester. It contaimj 
 several churches, and is the sea't of the I'iukerton Academy. 
 Pop. 1717. 
 
 LONDONDERRY, a post-township of Windham co., Ver- 
 mont, on both sides of West River, about 73 miles S. by VV. 
 of Montpelier. Pop. 1307. 
 
 LONDO.NDERRY, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvar 
 nia. Pop. 963. 
 
 LONDONDERRY, a post-township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvanitv, 35 miles W.S.^V. of Philadelphia. Pop. 711. 
 " LONDO.NDERRY, a townsjiip of Dauphin co^ Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1740. 
 
 LONDONDERRY, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop- 2096, 
 
 LONDONDERRY, a post-village and township of Guernsey 
 CO., Oliio, 90 miles E. by N. of Colnmbus. Pop. 1407. 
 
 LONDONDERRY, a village of Ross co., Ohio, has about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 LON/DON DER U Y, a parish of New South Wales, Australia, 
 CO. of Cuml)erland. 
 
 LONDON 1) KRR V, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Col- 
 chester, on the N. .side of Cobequid Bay, the waters of which 
 flow ^V. through Mines Bay to the Bay of Fundy, about 56 
 miles N. of Halifax. 
 
 LON'DON GIvO\'E, a post-township of Chester co.. Penn- 
 sylvania. 34 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1642. 
 
 LON'DONTHORPK. a jiarish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LONDRES. See London. 
 
 LONE JACK, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, about 
 29 miles S.E. of Independence. 
 
 LONE STAR, a postoffice of Titus co.. Texas. 
 
 LONE TRliE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, 110 
 miles N. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 L0NG.4, liin'gd, an uninhabited islet of the Hebrides, IJ 
 miles N.K. of Scalpa. Circle about Ij miles. 
 
 LONG-ACO.MING, a post-village of Camden co., New 
 Jersey, 15 miles S.E. of Camden. It has 1 church. 
 
 LONGANO. lon-gd/no, a town of Naples, province and 
 6 miles S. of Isernia. Pop. 1124. 
 
 LONG.A.RONE. lon-g^-ro/nA, a village of Austrian Italy, 10 
 miles .N.N.E. of Belluno, on the Piave. Pop. 2000. 
 
 LONGBOROUGH, long'bur-iih, a parLsh of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 LONG BOTTOM, a post-office of Marshall co.. W. Virginia. 
 
 LONG BOTTO-M, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 LONG BK.VNCH, a post-village and watering-place of 
 Monmouth co.. New Jersey, on the seacoast. about 33 miles 
 S. of New York. Here are several Iwarding-houses and 
 good bathing-grounds, which are much frequented by the 
 citizens of New York and Philadelphia. 
 ■ LONG BRANCH, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 LONG BR.iNCH. a post-village of Monroe co., Missouri, 60 
 miles N.N.E. of Jeffer.son City. 
 
 LONG CANE, a post-office of Abbeville district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LONG CANE, a post-office of Troup CO.. Georgia. 
 
 LONG CANE CREEK, of South Carolina, enters Little 
 River, in the S. part of Abbeville district. 
 
 LONG CANE CREEK, of Georgia, flows through Troup co. 
 into the Chattahoochee River, a few miles below West Point. 
 
 LONG'COTT. a cbapelry of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 LONG CREI;K, of Mecklenburg co.. North Cai-olina, flowfl 
 into Catawba River from the N.E. 
 
 LONG CREEK, of Stanley co.. North Carolina, flows south- 
 ward into Rocky River. 
 
 LONG CREEK, a post-office of Louisa co.. Virginia. 
 
 L*)NG CREEK, a post-office of New Hanover co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LONG CRKEK, a small village of Attala co.. Mis.^iasippi. 
 
 LONG CREEK, a p<ist-office of Panola co., .Misj>is.sippi. 
 
 LONG DICK'S CREEK, of Iowa, flows uiio SUikiigua or 
 Skunk River, in Ja.sper co. 
 
 LONG'DON, a parish of England, co. of St«fford 
 
 LONGDO.N. a parish of Enirland. co. of Worcester. 
 
 LONGDOX ON TERN, a pjirish of England, co of Salop 
 
 LONG EDDY, a post-offlce of Sullivan co.. New Vol k. 
 
 LONGEVII.LE, lAN's'zheh-veeU or lAxzhWeel'. several vtt 
 lages of France, the principal of which is Ixj.voevii.i.f. St 
 AvcjLD, lANoVheh-veel' g^Nt devoid', department of Mosello 
 23 mUes E. of Metz. Pop. in 1852, 2198 
 
LON 
 
 LON 
 
 LOXO FALLS CREEK, a post-village of Duriess co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 LOX'i'FIKLD. a parifh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LON<i'P'LKKT, a tything of Kngland, co. of Dorset 
 
 LDXii'KOKO, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 LONC'FOKD, a parish of Enghmd, co. of Salop. 
 
 LOXOt'OlSD, an inlandco. of Ireland, Leinster, having an 
 area of 421 square miles, or 269.440 acres, of which about 
 192.000 are cultivated, and 13,075 under water. I'op. in 
 lS4i, 115.491; in 1851, 82,350. The Shannon, with Loch 
 Gonna and other lakes, border on the county, which is 
 crossed l^y the Itoyal Canal. Capital, l.ongford. It sends 
 2 county members to the House of Commons. 
 
 LOXGFOKD, a market-town of Ireland, capital of the 
 above county, on the Camlin, 4 miles from its confluence 
 w itli the Shannon, 68 miles W.X.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 
 4144. It is well built, clean, and thriving; has a handsome 
 church, Koman Catholic Cathedral ; large county court- 
 house, county jail, cavalry and artillery barracks, infirmary, 
 union workhou.«e. market-house, and large markets for grain, 
 butter, and leather. 
 
 LONO F(J1VGAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 6 miles 
 W. of Dundee, with which it communicates by railway. 
 Pop. 1600. Iluntly Castle, in this parish, is a pile of vast 
 gtrensrth, built in the 14th century. 
 
 LOXOFOit'MACUS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 LOXG GL.\DE, a post-office of Augusta co., Georgia. 
 
 LOXG GKEEN ACADEMY, a postofflce of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 LOXG GROVE, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 30 miles 
 N.AV. of Chicago. 
 
 LOXG II AM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LOX'G HILL, a posf>office of Morris co., New Jersey. 
 
 LOXGIIOPK, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 LOXG ISLAXD, an islet off the S.W. coast of Ireland, co. 
 of Cork, in Hoaring-water Bay, 6 miles N.X'.W. of Cape Clear. 
 Length 2 miles. On it is a coast-guard station. 
 
 LOXG ISLAND, forming part of the state of New York, 
 lies between 40° 33' and 41° 6' N. lat., and 72° and 74° 2' W. 
 Ion.: being separated from New York by a strait about half 
 a mile in width, called the East Kiver. forming the \V. en- 
 trance to Long Island Sound, which also separates Long 
 Island from the state of Connecticut, on the X'. Length 
 dbout 115 miles, greatest breadth about 20 miles. Its coasts 
 are indented by numerous bajs and inlets; the most remark- 
 able of which are Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays, which 
 e.xtend into the island at its eastern extremity nearly 30 
 miles. The surface has no great elevations: along the N. 
 coast it is considerably broken, but on the S. mostly level, 
 slojiing gradually to the ocean. The soil is fertile and highly 
 cultivated, being well adapted to agricultiire. The Long 
 Lslaud Itailroad, connecting Brooklyn with Greenport, tra^ 
 verses the island centrally almost throughout its entire 
 length. A railroad also connects Milliamsburg with Flush- 
 ing. Lighthouses have been erected at various points, both 
 on the N. and S. shores of the island, and on Montauk Point, 
 its eastern extremity. It comprises the counties of King's, 
 Queen's, and Suffolk. 
 
 LOXG ISLAND, a small island in the .Tava Sea, off the W. 
 coast of Hiinton; lat. 2° 51' S.. Ion. 107° 30' E. 
 
 LOXG ISLAXD, a small island in the Java Sea, near the 
 S.E. coiu*t of the island of .Madura : lat. 7° 16' S., Ion. 113° 5' E. 
 
 LOXG ISLAXD, an island on the N. coast of Papua; lat. 
 (N. point,) 0° 53' S., Ion. 134° 50' E. The island, though 
 called -'Long" by Dampier, has rather a round figure, and 
 its circuit is at least 40 miles. 
 
 LOXG ISLAND, an island off the S. coast of New Zealand, 
 at the S.E. entrance to Foveaux Strait; lat. 47° 17' S., Ion. 
 167° 25' E. 
 
 LOXG ISLAND, a small island in Queen Charlotte's 
 Sound, Cook's Straits, New Zealand; lat. 41° 6' S., Ion. 
 174° 27' E. ; about 4 miles long. 
 
 LONG ISLAND, one of the Bahamas ; lat. (N. point) 23° 
 41' N., Ion. 75° 19' W. ; about 70 miles in length by 3 to 4 
 In brearlth. 
 
 LOXG ISLAND, an island of British North America, 
 Hudson's Bay ; lat. 55° 5' N., Ion. 79° W. 
 
 LONG ISLAND, a name applied to a group of the Hebri- 
 des, Scotland, comprising Lewis, Harris, Benbecula, North 
 and South Uist, Ac, wliich are supposed to have been for- 
 merly united, and comprehending an area of about 1200 
 square miles. 
 
 LONG ISLAND LIGHT, on the N.E. point of Long Island, 
 in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, 4J miles W. by N. of 
 Point Alderton. The lantern, which is 7 feet high, is sup- 
 ported bv a tower 20 feet in height. Lat. 42° 20' N., Ion. 
 70° 6>>' 5S" W. 
 
 LONG ISLAND SOUND, a body of water separating Long 
 Island from New York and Connecticut. Length about 110 
 miles, breadth from 2 to 20 miles. It communicates with 
 New York Bay through a narrow channel called the East 
 River, at the entrance to wliich is a remarkable whirlpool, 
 called Hell Gate. 
 
 IjOXG .TOHX, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 33 miles 
 S W. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 LONOJTJMEAU, lojfoVhii^mO', a town of France, depart 
 ment of Seine-etOise, 12 miles S.W. of Paris. Pop. 1805. 
 
 LOXG KEYS, (keez,) three islands in the Bay of Hon- 
 duras; lat. (Middle) 17° 10' N.. Ion. 88° 48' W. 
 
 LONG KEYS, one of the Bahama-s, on the E. side of thf. 
 S.W. entrance to Crooked Passage; lat. 22° 35' N., ion. 7-i'- 
 20' W. 
 
 LONG KING CREEK, of Polk co., Texas, flows into Tri- 
 nity Kiver from the N. 
 
 LONG L.4KE, a township of Hamilton co.. New York. 
 Pop. 2-23. 
 
 liONG LAKE, a post-office, Caldwell parish. Louisiana. 
 
 LONG LANE, a post-office of Dallas co., Missouri. 
 
 LOXGLIER, lA>'"Me-.V or Iftn^leer, a village of Belgium 
 province of Luxembourg, 20miles N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1215. 
 
 LOXG, LOCH, a branch of the Frith of Clyde. Scotland, 
 extending N., opposite Gourock, for 20 miles, between the 
 counties of Argyle and Dumbarton. Breailth 1 to 2 miles. 
 Depth 15 to 20 fathoms. At its head is Arrochar, to which 
 steamers ply from Glasgow. 
 
 LOXG, LOCH, or LOCH LIXG. a branch of Loch Alsh, 
 CO. of Ross, between Ijoch Alsh pari.sh and Kintail. 
 
 LOXG MARSH, a postofflce of Queen Anne co., Maryland. 
 
 LOXG MARSTON. See Marsto.n. Long. For other places 
 with prefix Long, see the additional name. 
 
 LOXG ME.\D'0\V, a post-village and township of Hamp- 
 den CO., Massachusetts, on the left bank of the Connecticut 
 River, and on the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield 
 Kailroad, about 4 miles S. of Springfield. Pop. 1376. 
 
 LOXG JIEADOW, a post-oflSce of Page co., V'irginia. 
 
 LONG'MIRE, a post-oflice of AVashingt<m co., Tennessee. 
 
 LONG'MIRE'S STORE, a post-oflice of Edgefield district, 
 South Ce.rolina. 
 
 LOXG'MOSS, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia. 
 
 LOXG NECK, a post-office of Richmond co.. New York. 
 
 LOXG'XEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 LONGNI, lAxo'fiee', a market-town of France, department 
 of Orne. 13 miles E. of Mortagne. Pop. 1043. 
 
 L0N6NID/DRY, a decayed antique village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Haddington, with a station on the North British Rail- 
 way. 12 miles E.N.E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 LONG'NOR, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 LONGXOR. a chapelry and market-town of England, CO. 
 of Stafford. 8i miles X.E. of Leekv Pop. 485. 
 
 LOXGOBARDI or LAXGOBARDI, a nation of the middle 
 ages. See Lomharbt. 
 
 LOXGOB.ARDI, lon-go-baR'dee. a maritime town of Naples, 
 province of Calabria Citra. 12 miles S. of Paola, on the Medi- 
 terranean. Pop. 1500. 
 
 liONGOBUCO, lon-go-booTco. a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Citra. 21 miles N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 5000. 
 
 LONG OLD FIELDS, a post-ofiice of Prince George co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 LONGO-SARDO, lon'go-saR/do, (anc. Tihulaf) a seaport 
 town and cape of Sardinia, division and 48 miles N.E. of 
 Saasari. at the W. entrance of the Strait of Bonifacio. 
 
 LONQPARISH, a pari.«h of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LONG PINE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 LONG PLAIN, a post-office of Bristol co., Jlassachusetts. 
 
 LONG POINT or LONG I'OINT SHOALS, Slas.sachusetta, 
 within Cape Cod, near its extremity. On it, at the entrance 
 of Provincetown Harbor, is a fixed light, 25 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat 42° 2' 10" N., Ion. 70° W 35" \V. 
 
 LONG POINT, a postroffice of Wa.shington co., Texas. 
 
 IX)NG POINT, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, 
 105 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 LONG POINT GROVE, a post-township in Cumberland 
 CO., Illinois, 100 miles N.N.E. of Sprinirfield. 
 
 LONG POND, a postoffice of Caldwell co., Kentucky. 
 LONG PRAIRIE, a post-office of Sebastian county, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 LONGPRft, lAN^'prd', several villages of France ; the princi- 
 pal of which is in the department of Somme. with a station 
 on the Railway du Nord, 10 mUes S.E. of Abbeville. Pop. 
 1622. 
 
 LONCRIDQE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 74 miles N.E. of Preston, with which it communicates by 
 railway. 
 
 LONG RIDGE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 LOXGROIVA, iSn-gro-ee'va. or LAXGROI VA. lan-gro-ee'vl, 
 a poor village of Portugal, province of Beira-Alta, 15 miles 
 N.E. of Francoso. Pop. 1680. 
 
 LONG RUN, a postoffice of Fairfield district. South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 LONG RUN, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Kentucky. 
 
 LONG SAVAX/NAH. a post-office of HamUton co., Ten- 
 ne.ssee, 139 miles S.E. of Xashville. 
 
 LONG'S BAR, a mining settlement of Yuba co., California, 
 is situated on the Y'nba River, 17 miles above its junction 
 with Feather River, and about 110 miles N.N.E. of Benicia. 
 Miners' wages, $5 a day. Pop. 1324. 
 
 LONG'S BRIDGE, a postoffice of Hancock co.. Georgia. 
 
 LONG'SIDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 LONG'S MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 1085 
 
LON 
 
 LOO 
 
 LONG'S PEAK, one of the summits of the Rockv Moun- 
 tains, in lat. 40° 10' N., Ion. 106° W. Height about 12'000 feet 
 
 LOXGSTctCK, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LONGSTOXE, GKEAT, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 LONGSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 LOXGSTOWX, Jfennsvlvania. See New Beru.v. 
 
 LONG STREET, a postvillage of Moore co., North Carolina. 
 
 LONG STREET, a post-village of Lancaster district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LONG STREET, a small post-village of Pulaski co., Georgia, 
 ibout 45 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 LONG SWAMP, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 20 miles E.N.E. of Reading. Pop. 2217. 
 
 LONG SWAMP, a post-office of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 LONGTON. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LONG'TOWN, a market-town of England, co. of Cumber- 
 land, on the Esk, 8i miles N.W. of Carlisle. Pop. 1990. 
 
 LOXGTOWN, a chapelry of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LONGTOWN, a post-offlc« of Fairfield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LONGTOWN, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi. 
 
 LONG u£, lANo'ga', a town of France, department of Maine- 
 et-Loire. 12 miles S. of Bauge. Pop. 1626. 
 
 LONGUEIL, I6ng'gci', a post-village and seigniory of 
 Canada East, co. of Chambly, on the" right bank of the 
 St. Lawrence, at the commencement of the Atlantic and 
 St. Lawrence Railroad, about 4 miles N.E. of Montreal. It 
 contains 2 Roman Catholic churches, and about half a dozen 
 stores. Pop. of the parish, about 4500. 
 
 .LONGUE POINTE, tofir pwa.vt, or LONG POINT, a post- 
 rillage of Canada East, co. of Montreal, 6 miles N. of Mon- 
 treal. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 LONGUEVILLE, \6yg\eeV or lArfo'gheh-veeP, a market- 
 town of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, on the 
 Paris and Strasbourg Railway, 62 miles E.S.E. of Chalons. 
 Pop. 589. 
 
 LONGUYON, lAxo'ghe-ANo', a town of France, department 
 of Moselle, 20 miles N.W. of Briey. Pop. 1700. 
 
 LONG VAI/LEY, a post office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LONG VIEW, a post-office of Ashley co., Arkansas. 
 
 LONG VIEW, a small village of Bradley co., Arkansas. 
 
 LONG A'lEW, a post-office of Morgan co., Tenne.«see. 
 
 LONG VIEW, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky. 
 
 LONGnvOOD, a village of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath, 
 9 mile.s S.S.W. of Trim. Pop. 5S7. 
 
 LONGWOOD. See St. Helexa. 
 
 LONGWOOD, a village and chapelry of England, co. of 
 Fork, West Riding, 2 miles W. of Huddersfield. Pop. 2418. 
 
 LONGWOOD, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky. 
 
 LONGWOOD. a post-office of Favette co., Indiana. 
 
 LONG'^VORTH. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 LONGWY, I6.\<='vee'. (anc. Lfm't/us rUcus?) a fortified town 
 of France, department of .Moselle, on the Belgian frontier. 
 33 miles N.N.W. of Metz. Its citadel stands on a steep rock, 
 below which extends the new town, having wide streets, a 
 fine square, hospital, and military prison. Longwy, called 
 by Louis XIV. the "Iron Gate of France." wa.s taken bv the 
 Prussians in 1792, and again by the Allies in 1815. Pop. in 
 1S52, 3347. 
 
 LONG-YEOO or LONG-YEOU. long>J-oo', a town of China, 
 province of Che-kiang, on the banks of the Hwuy-Chow or 
 Gran River, about 16 miles AV.S.W. of Nanche. 
 
 LONIGO. lo-nee'go, a vUlage of Austrian Italy, government 
 of Venice, 13 miles S.W. of Vicenza, on the Gua. at the foot 
 of a lofty hill crowned by an old castle. It has a court of 
 law. several public offices, and five churches. Pop. 6786. j 
 
 LONINGE.N, (Liiningen.) liVning-fUjOr WIEK I^ONINGEN, ! 
 *eek lii^ning-en, a village of Germany, duchy of Oldenburg, i 
 on the Hase, 34 miles S.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 13S1. 
 
 LONKA, (Kis,) kish lon'kuh\ a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Marmaros, on the Thei.ss, 6 miles from Szigeth. I'on. 1191 
 
 LONLAY UABBAYE. \i,^^W Idb^bA/, a market-town of 
 France, department of Orne, 5 mUes N.W. of Domfront. 
 Pop. m 1852, 3566. 
 
 T Sx'S',^y- * P""'^ °^ Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 LONNKKER, lon'n?k-er, a village of Holland, province 
 of Overyssel, 14 miles S.E. of Almelo. Pop. 1550. 
 
 LONS/DALE, (the valley of the Lune.) a division of Eng- 
 «♦. ' S?; °*^,"'^s*"">'"eland, on its S.E. side, which gives the 
 title of Larl to the Lowther family. 
 
 J',wf^ii\?'VT*.HP*"''^*'''''',°^'''^"^e°'"e PO- Khode Island. 
 W,tu»i?) » town of France, capital of the department of 
 Jura, near the source of the Solman. 50 miles S\E. of Dijon. 
 Elevation 7,o feet. Pop. in 1852, 8460. It is very ancient 
 l^^rnl\ V"'"- Chief objects of interest, the churcheTof 
 
 Hon «nd nt nn^ '"'''■^^- ,'" ^^'"''^ ^^^ t^^n °^''^ ifs founda- 
 tion and Its name; it is always full, althousrh its waters are 
 
 «,L f ♦ eommnnal college, a public librar3%.museum, 
 
 wn?uf r*-*' ''^''"^^'"uP' ''"^ *«"'"'*«• tanneries, and dye^ 
 T nv<l»VTr!' V''^ birth-place of General I^courbe. ^ 
 
 favT A p ,""/ PO^toffice of Polk co.. Tennessee. 
 
 meT ' "^ WNTAK. pooao lon-taK/, an 
 
 ' island in the Malay Archipelago, off the W. coast of the 
 peninsula of Malacca, from which it is separated by a nar- 
 row strait. 21 miles long, by about 6 miles broad. Lat. 7° 
 30' N.. Ion. 99° E. 
 
 LONTOIR, lonMw^R' or lon-tcir', a town of the Banda 
 Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, on Bands Neira. It h«san 
 hospit^ti. and near it pumice-stone is plentifully obtained. 
 LON'VILLE. a pcst-oflice of I'ike co.. Kentucky. 
 LONYA, lon'yS. a river of Austria, in Croatia, jcins the 
 Save after a course of about 70 miles. 
 
 LONZAC, Le, leh li'-N^'zik', a village of Frtnce, depart- 
 ment of Coneze, 14 miles N. of Tulle. Pop. in lf^52. 2772. 
 
 LOO, 16, a town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 
 on the Loo Canal. 7 miles S.E. of Furnes. Pop. 16t0. 
 
 LOOAN, loo'dn/, or LOU-NGAN, loo'ugju'. a city of China, 
 province of Shan-see. Lat. 36° 7' N., Ion. 113° E. 
 LOOAN. an island. See Loean. 
 
 LOOBAN, LOUBAN or LUBAN. loo-bdn', a market-town 
 of Russia, government, and 80 miles S. of Minsk. 
 
 LOOBAN, LOUBAN' or LUBAN. loo'bin'. a .small island 
 of the Malay Archipelago, in the Philippines, atiout 90 miles 
 S.W. of Manila. Lat. 13° 52' N., Ion. 120° 8' E. 
 
 LOOBAR or LUB.\R. loo-l an', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Volhvnia. 47 miles W.S.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 3.300. 
 LOOHATCilOVKA or LUBACZOWKA, loo-bdchov'ka, a 
 town of Itussia, A'olhvnia, 3 miles S.E. of A'ladimeer. 
 
 L(X»BNY, LOUBNY or LUBNI, loob'nee, a town of 
 Rus.sia. government, and 80 miles W.N.W. of Poltava, on 
 the Soola. Lat. 50° N.. Ion. 33° E. Pop. 6500. It has a 
 veterinary institution, botanic gardens, and a pharmaceutic 
 school, founded by Peter the Great. It was once fortified, 
 and withstood a lengthened sieire by Charles Xll. of Sweden. 
 LOO'CHOO' (cit as in c/iikl) ISLANDS, written also 
 LIEOU KIIIEOU, a group in the North I'acific Ocean, be- 
 tween Japan and Formos;i, consisting of the Great Loo- 
 Choo. about 65 miles in length, by 16 miles in average 
 breadth, with about 36 small islands, the whole between lat. 
 24° 10' and 28° 40' N., and Ion. 127° and 129° E. The chief 
 products are provisions and live-stock, with sulphur, salt, and 
 (it is said) copper and tin. The principal foreign trade is 
 with Japan, on which country it is more or less dependent, 
 with probably some qualified subjection to China. 
 
 LOOCHRISTY, lo-Kris'tee. a market-town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Ea-st Flanders, 6 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3636. 
 
 LOODIANAII, loo-de-1'nJ, a fortified town of North-west 
 Hindostan, on the S.E. bank of the Sutlej, 110 miles E.S.E. 
 of Liihore. and 170 miles N.N.W. of Delhi. Lat. 30° 55' N., 
 Ion. 76° 48' E. Pop. about 20.000. It has a fiouiishing 
 shawl manufactory, aud extensive commerce. It was ac- 
 quired by the British in 1834. 
 
 . LOOE. loo. a small river of England, co. of Cornwall, enters 
 the English Channel at Ilelstone. where a bar of shingle 
 converts its estuary into a beautiful lake, called Looe Pool. 
 
 LOOE, a small river of England, co. of Cornwall, flows 
 into the English Channel at Lone. 
 
 LOOE, (East and West,) two decayed boroughs and sea- 
 ports of England, co. of Cornwall, on either side of the 
 entrance of tile river Looe, 21 miles S.S.W. of Launceston. 
 Pop. of East Looe, 926; of West Looe. 616. They were once, 
 next to Fowey, the chief ports in Cornwall ; and in the reiga 
 of Edw.ird III. East Looe sent 20 ships to the siege of Calais. 
 LOOEE-CIIOO or LOUI-TCHOU, loo'ee-choo', written also 
 LOUI-TCIIEOU, a city of China, province of Quang-tong, 
 capital of the southernmost department of the empire, 250 
 miles S.AV. of Canton, near the mouth of a small river, 
 which falls into the China Sea. and forms a good harlor. 
 
 LOOOA, LOUGA or LUGA. loo'gd. a river of Russia, enters 
 the Gulf of Finland 76 miles W.S.W. of St. Petersburg. 
 Length. 150 miles. 
 
 • LOOGA, LOUG.\ or LUGA. a town of Russsia. government, 
 andS5milesS.S.W. St. Petersburg, on the above river. P. ISOO. 
 LOOGANSKAIA (LOUGANSKAIA or LUGANSK.\JA) 
 ST.A.NITZA. loo-gan-ski'4 sti-neet'sj, a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Don Kossacks. 105 miles N. of Novo-Tcherkask. 
 LOOGANSKOg, LOUGANSKOE or LUGANSKOE. loo- 
 glii'sko-A, a market-town of Russia, government of Yekate- 
 rinoslav. 16 miles S.E. of Bakhmoot, on the Lo^gan, (Lugan.) 
 It has a cannon foundry, and mines from which the llus- 
 sian fleet in the Black Sea is supplied with coal. 
 
 LOOGOONOR or LOUGOUNOR, loo-goo-noR/, one of the 
 Caroline Islands; lat. 5° 29' 20" N., Ion. 153° 38'- E. 
 LOOHl)0, a native state of Celebes. See Loehoe. 
 LOOKII. LOUKII, look, LOOKA or LOUKA, loc^i, a 
 river of Itussia, joins the Kliasma in the government of 
 Vladimeer. Total course, about 80 miles. 
 
 LOOKII or LOOK.\, a town of Russi.a. government, and 
 80 miles S.E. of Kostroma, on the river Lookh. Pop. 1000. 
 
 L<X>-KIANO. LOU-KIANG or LU-KIAN'G, loo'ke-Sng', » 
 large river of Thibet, one of the head streams of the Salwin. 
 LOO KI ANG or LOU-KIANG, loo^ke-Sng', a town of China, 
 province of Ngan-hoei. 100 miles S.W. of Nankins. 
 
 LOOKIANOV, LOUKIANOV or LUKTANOW, look-yi 
 
 nov', (PolLsh. ^((AtyVm'no.loo-ko-yd'uov.) a town of Russia. gO' 
 
 vernment, aud 90 miles S.S.E. of Nizhnee-NoTgorod. I'. 1200. 
 
 LOOKING-GLASS, a post-office of Clint' n eo, Illinois 
 
 100 mUes S. of Springfield. 
 
LOO ' 
 
 LOOKINO-OLASS KIVF.R. a beautiful stream of Michigan, 
 rlseg in SiiiawasRee county, and tiowiiig W. about 70 niile«, 
 enters Grand lliver in Ionia county. ■ 
 
 LtiDK'oL'T. a post-village of Cole CO., Missouri, on Moreau 
 Creeli. Ifi miles W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LOOK'tlUT CKKKK, (f Georgia and Tennessee, flows N.E. 
 through Dade county, Georgia, and enters Tennessee Kiver 
 a few miles lelow Chattanooga. 
 
 LOOKOUT VAL'LEY. a district in Walker cc, Georgia. 
 
 Lf )f >K N 0( !]•; K or LOOK N 001. See Saigi iN. 
 
 LOOM'CIIANG'. a town of Farther India. Siamese domi- 
 nions, in the region letween Blartaban and Bangkok, and 
 stated to have a large trade in cotton and ivory. 
 
 L0t»'M18\ ILLE. a post office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 
 LOOMISVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 LOO-NA-SHAN or LOU-XA-CIIAX, loo-n3-sban. a moun- 
 tain of China, covered with perpetual suow, iu about lat. 26" 
 SO' N.. Ion. 103° K. 
 
 LOO'NKY'S CKEEK. a post-office of Marion co.. Tennessee. 
 
 LOO-NGAN or LOL-NGAN. loo'ngdn or loong'gan'. a forti- 
 fied town of China, province of Se-chuen, capital of a depart- 
 ment, on the frontier of Thibet. 
 
 LOON'GHEK', a town of Farther India, Burmese domi- 
 nions, on the Irrawaddy. 16 miles S.AV. of Patiinago. 
 
 LOOX LAKE, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 LOON-Ol'-ZANI). lon-op-z3nt. or YEN LOON, vjn-lon', a 
 village of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 12 
 miles S.\V. of Bois-le-Duc. Top. 15(0. 
 
 LOOI'-HEAD, a promontory of Ireland, in Munster. at the 
 N. side of the entrance of the Shannon. Elevation. 2.32 feet, j 
 On it is a fixed light. Lat. 52° 3.3' 39" N.. Ion. <i° .Sfi' W. 
 
 LOOltlSTAN. LOLRISTAN or LUUISTAN. loo-ris-t^n', a 
 mountainous district or province of AVest Persia, in Irak- 
 Aiemee. between 32° and 34° N. lat. 
 
 'LOO.S. Lous or LUS, a province of Beloochistan, border- 
 ing on the Indian Ocean. Area. 6200 square miles. Pop. 
 60.000. 
 
 LOOS, loee, a villaee of France, department of Nord, 21 
 mUes S.W. of Lille. Pop. 2014. 
 
 LOOS, lO.sh. LOSSA, losh'oh\ or LOSING, lo/zing. a mai^ 
 ket-town of Hungary, 7 miles S.E. of OMenburg. Pop. 1127. 
 
 LOO'SAHATCH'EE. a small river in the S.W. part of 
 Tennessee, rises near the E. border of Fayette county, and 
 flowing W. and S.W., enters Wolf Itiver N. of Jleniphis. 
 
 LOOSAII ATCIIEE, a post-office of Shelby co.. Tennessee. 
 
 LOO'SASCOO'NA or ),U\SUSCOO'NA. a small river of Mis- 
 sissippi, joins the Yallobusha in Yallobusha county. 
 
 LOoSK, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LOOSE C15EEK. a post-village of Osage co., Missouri, 18 
 miles E.S.E. of .lefferson City. 
 
 LOO'SING CKEEK, of North Carolina, flows through 
 Harford countv. into the Chowan. 
 
 L0OTl':NnULLIi:, lo'ten-hniMeh. a village of Belcium, in 
 Ea.st Flanders, 12 miles 'W. by .\. of Ghent. Pop. 3041. 
 
 LOOTSK, LOUTSK. LUTSK or LUCK, lo otsU. a town 
 of Russia, government of Yolhynia, about 40 miles E. of 
 
 LOOX'AIIO'MA, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi. 
 LOOZ. 16J1. or BOKCHLOEN, booRKMoon'. a town of 13el- 
 
 fium, province of Limbourg, 9 miles S. of Hasselt. Pop. 
 *00- , „ . 
 
 LOOZA, LOUZA or LUZA. loo/zl, a river of Russia, go- 
 Ternment of Vologda, joins the Yoog. Length, 200 miles. 
 
 LOPADUSA. See Lami'KDUSA. 
 
 LO'PKX. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LOPHNITZ. a town of Moravia. See Schi.apknitz. 
 
 LOPEK A, lo-p.Vrd, a town of Spain, 22 miles X.W. of Jaen, 
 near the Guadalquivir. Pop. 2173. 
 
 LOP'lIAM, XoiiTH. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LOPIIAM. South, a parish of lingland, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 LOPIIKM, lop'hJm. a village of Belgium, in West Flan- 
 ders, on the canal. 3 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 14.j6. 
 
 LOPIEXNO. lo-pe-en'no. a small town of Prussian Poland, 
 Umiles X.N.W. ofGnesen. Pop. 600. 
 
 LOP NOK, lop noi!, or LOB NOR, a l,ike of Chinese Toor- 
 kistan : lat. 40= 50' N.. Ion. from S7° 30' to 8t*° E. It receives 
 the river Yarkand. length. 50 miles. 
 
 LOPPEllSUM. lop'per-sam. a village of Holland, province, 
 and 11 miles N.W. of Groningen. Pop., with environs, 1430. 
 
 LOP'PINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 LOPUD. an island of Austri.i. See Mkzzo. 
 
 LORA. Wri, a river of South Afghanistan, rises about 60 
 miles N.E. of Quetta. and. after flowing S.W. for 80 miles, is 
 lost in the sands of the desert. 
 
 Lt)RA. a district in the S. of Afghanistan, near Ghuznee. 
 
 LOliA DEL RTO. lo'rS del ree'o.a town of Spain, province, 
 and 32 miles E.X.K. of Seville, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 
 4590. It has manufactures of hats and leather. 
 
 LORA'DO. a post-village of Green co., Arkansas. 
 
 LORAIX'. a county in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on 
 Lake Erie, contains about 4S5 sfiuare mile.s. It is drained 
 by Black River and its branches, and by Rocky and Yer- 
 niilion Rivers, whi('h flow towards the X. The soil is fer- 
 tile and generally clayey. Sandstone of fine quality is 
 quarried at Elyr'ia for building materials. Lorai}) county 
 is intersected "by the Cleveland Columbus and Ciuciunati 
 
 LOR 
 
 Railroad, by the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, and tho 
 Lake Shore Railroad. Cajjital. Elvria. Pop. 29,744. 
 LORAIN, a township of Slielhy co., Ohio. Pop. 1362. 
 LORAINE, lo-ri-ln', a post-township in the S. part of Jef- 
 ferson county, Xew York, about 30 miles N.E. of Oswego. 
 The Rome and Watertown Railroad crosses its N.W. corner. 
 Po]i.ltkS7. 
 I>OR/.\.MIE'S, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 LORAMIE'S CREEK, of (Jhio, rises in Shelby county, 
 and flows into the Miami River. alx)ut 3 miles above Piqua. 
 LO'RAN. a post-office of Whitley co., Ind. 
 LORAXCA-DE-TAJUXA, lo-rin'kd-dA-t-i-rroon'yd, a town 
 of Spain, New Castile, 13 miles from Guadalajara. P. 1102. 
 LORC.\, loR/kd, (anc. Eliocroca? or Uorci?) a city. Spain, 
 province and 42 miles S.W. of Murc'ia. on the S. slope of Mount 
 Cafio. the summit of which is crowaed by a castle, with re- 
 gular works in a good state of defence. It consists of two 
 parts — an ancient town, situated in the vicinity of the castle, 
 and consisting generally of mean houses and narrow w inding 
 streets ; and a modern one, of a much superior descriyition, 
 consisting of houses which have a pleasing and substantial 
 appearance, and streets which, though somewhat irregular, 
 ai'e. on the whole, well formed. It has eight parish churches, 
 three nunneries, and several suppressed monasteries; an 
 episcopal palace, a court-house, several elementary schools, 
 and a hospital. The manufactures consist chiefly of coarse 
 woollens, linen, leather,, hard soap, and earthenware : and 
 there are several oil and other mills, dye-works, brick and 
 tile works ; some trade in grain, barilla, esparto, cattle, and 
 mules. In the vicinity are mines of lead, which became the 
 subject of much speculation iu 1840, and were begun to be 
 worked on a very extensive scale. They have not proved 
 profitable, and have been, in a great measure, abandoned, 
 though the workings are still partially carried on. Lorca is 
 a very ancient place, and makes a considerable figure iu the 
 wars of the Sloors. It suffered much fioni the French 
 during the Peninsular war. The artists Juan de Toledo, 
 Pedro Camacho, and Baltasar Martinez, were natives of this 
 place. Its old castle once caused Lorca to bo considered the 
 key of Murcia; the walls of the town and a tower are 
 Moorish, and it has some Roman antiquities. Pop. 48.224. 
 
 LORCII. loRK, a town of Germany, duchy of Nassau, 20 
 miles W.S.W. of Wie.«badon, on the Rhine. Pop. 173ii. 
 
 LORCII, a market-town of Germany, Wlirtemberg, 23 
 miles S.W. of Ellwangen. Pop. 1720. with an abbey in 
 which most of the Hohenstauffen princes anc buried. 
 
 LOHD HOOD'S ISLAND, or MARUTEA, mJ-roo-tA'a, 
 Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 21° 30' S.. Ion. 13-5° 33' W. 
 
 LORD HOWE'S ISLAND, one of the Society islands, lat 
 16° 50' S., Ion. 154° 21' W.. about 00 miles long and 4 miles 
 broad ; discovered by Captain Wallis in 1707. 
 
 LORD HO\VE"S ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean, form a part of 
 the Solomon Isl.wm. 
 
 LORD HOWE'S ISLANDS, a group of islands in the 
 Pacific, X.E. of Sydney, lat. 31° 30' S.. Ion. 159° 10' E. 
 
 LORD HOWE'S ISLANDS, a group of small islands iu the 
 S. Pacific Ocean, lat. 5° 30' S., Ion. 159° 31' E. 
 LORDS/TOWN, a township of Trumbull co. Ohio. P. 989. 
 LORD'S VALLEY, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania. 
 LORENA, lo-r.i'n3. a town of Brazil, province and 130 
 miles N.E. of Sao Paulo, on the Parahiba. Pop. of district 
 6000. 
 LOR/ENTZ'S STORE, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia. 
 LORENZANA, lo-rJn-thd'nrl, a town of Spain, province and 
 31 miles N.N. E. of Lugo. Pop. 2872. 
 
 LORENZO MARQUES (orMARQUEZ),lo-r?n'zo maK-k?s', 
 the original name of Delagoa Bay, in S.E. Aft-ica. 
 
 LORENZO 5IARQUEZ, lo-rJn'zo maR-kJs', a Portuguese 
 establishment on the E. coast of Africa, on the Mouissa. 22 
 miles from its mouth in the Bay of Lagoa. 
 
 LOKEN'ZOVILLE FOUN^DRY', a post-office of Shenandoah 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 LOREO. lo-ri/o, a market^town of Austrian Italy, govern- 
 ment and 26 miles S.S.W. of Venice, on Canal of Loreo. 
 Pop. 3200. 
 
 LORETO, lo-rJ/to, or LORETTO. lo-r5t/to, a city of Central 
 Italy, in the Marches, about 13 miles N.E. of Macerata, and 
 aboiit o miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 8000. It owes its origin 
 to a famous chapel of the A'irgin, over which a magnifi- 
 cent church has been built, while around it has grown up 
 the town, encircled by walls of the 16th century. Its 
 suburb, Montereale, is more elegant than the city. The 
 governor's palace and the public fountains are worthy of 
 notice, but the holy shrine is the chief object of attraction 
 to visitors, and the trade of the place is exclusively in 
 rosaries and relics for the use of pilgrims. 
 
 LORETO. lo-r.^V'to, a town of Naples, province of Abrazzo 
 Ultra, 3J miles S.E. of Civita-di-Penne. Pop. 4500. 
 
 LORETO, lo-r^'to. a town of Mexico, capital of Lower 
 California; lat. 20° 12' X.. Ion. 112° 7' W. 
 
 LORETO, lo-rA'to, a small town 12 leagues S.E. of Trinilad, 
 Bolivia. . 
 LORETTO, a city of Italy. See Loreto. 
 LORETTO, a post-village of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, 6 
 miles E.X.E. of Ebensburg, has a Catholic chapel. Pop. 256. 
 
 ^087 
 
LOR 
 
 LOS 
 
 lOEETTO. a post-village of Essex co., Virginia, 69 miles 
 N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 LOKETTO, a posfrvillage of Marion co., Kentucky. 
 
 LOHGUES. loRg, a town of France, department of Var, 7 
 miles S.^V. of Draguignan. Pop. in 1852, 4705. 
 
 LOKIKNT or L'OKIEXT, lo're-8x< a seaport town of 
 France, department of Morbihan, at the mouth of the Scorf. 
 in the Bav of Biscay, 40 miles W. of Vannes, rauliing as a 
 fortress of "the third ohiss. Its streets are regular, wide, well- 
 paved, but dull in appearance, and by no means clean, 
 though lined by houses of good construction; its public 
 squares are large and handsome, and its walks pleasing. 
 The harbor is capacious, safe, and commodious, surrounded 
 by ma.u:uificent buililings, among which is a tower, used as 
 a lighthouse and observatory ; and lined by handsome quays, 
 where the largest vessels can lie alongside. In the roads, 
 whole fleets can ride in safety. At some distance below the 
 harbor, its entrance is commanded by a fort built on the 
 Isle St. Jlichael, and mounting, it is said, 500 guns. The 
 isle is. moreover, covered by a range of yellow buildings, 
 forming a lazaretto. The dock-yard and arsenal are among 
 the most complete and extensive in France, having 15 or 16 
 building-slips. The principal buildings are the parish 
 church, the Prefecture Maritime, situated on the port at the 
 entrance to the dock-yard; and adjacent to it, an extensive 
 series of buildings, erected, in 166ti, by the delusive "Com- 
 pagiiie des Indes Orientales" (East India Company), under 
 the auspices of the notorious Law of Lauriston, who once re- 
 sided iu the prefecture. Almost all the working-classes are 
 employed in connexion with the dock-yard ; and the only 
 manutacture deserving of notice is that of hats. The trade 
 and commerce, once of considerable importance, have greatly 
 declined. The exports at present are chiefly flour, liqueurs, 
 ■woollens, cottons, hardware, iron, lead, clock-work, &c. 
 Lorient possesses courts of first resort and commerce, a 
 chamber of commerce and exchange, a school of hydrography 
 of the second cliiss, and a communal college. At the begin- 
 ning of the 17th century, it was a mere village, but, all at 
 once, it rose into importance by the exertions of Lauriston 
 and the company already mentioned. In 1770, it was made 
 one of the four stations of the French navy, and a free port. 
 The breaking out of the revolution in 1793 almost instan- 
 taneously annihilated its commerce. From the shock then 
 sustained it has never recovered. Pop. in 1852, 25.694. 
 
 L'OKIGXAL, loVeen'yil', a post-village of Canada West, 
 capital of the united counties of Prescott and Kussell, on the 
 Ottawa River, anti near the proposed raih-oad from Montreal 
 to Kingston, about 66 miles W. of Montreal. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, churches for the >Iethodists 
 and Itoman Catholics, an assurance agency, pearlash factory, 
 mills, &.C. Pop. about 700. 
 
 LOIVIX, a small village of Stephensoq co., Illinois. 
 
 LORIOL. loVe-ol', (anc. Aureoli?) town of France, depart- 
 ment of Drome. 12 miles S.S.W. of Valence, near the Drome. 
 Pop. in lSu2, 3588. 
 
 LORMES, loRm, a town of France, department Nievre, 18 
 miles S.E. of Clamecy. Pop. in 1852. 3237. 
 
 LORMONT, loR^moso', a village of France, department of 
 Gironde, on the Garonne, 3 miles ^.\.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 
 In 1852. 2900. 
 
 LORX. a mountainous district of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 bounded E. by Breadalbane (county of Perth), and W. by 
 Loch Linnhe. 
 
 LORUUX (Le), leh-loVoo/, or LOROtJX BOTTEREAU, 
 lo^roo/ bot^teh-ro', town of France, department of Loire- 
 Inferieure. 10 miles E.X.E. of Nantes. Poii. 12.57. 
 
 LORQUI, loR-kee', (anc. LoHgis t) a town of Spain, province 
 and 10 miles X. of Murcia. Pop. 1020. 
 
 LORQUIX, IorMiJx^', a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe. 5 miles S.S.^V'. of Sarrebourg. Pop. 1389. 
 
 LORRACII, Ior/rIk, a frontier town of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Rhine, on the Wiesen. 28 miles S.S.W. of Freiburg. 
 Pop. 2500. The jurist Hugo was born here, and the mathe- 
 matician Eulcr was the descend.ant of a family of this town. 
 
 LORRAINE, loR'Rin' or Ior^rJu', (Ger. Lothringen, 
 lot/ring-en; L. LothariijJgia and Justra'sia,) a former ex- 
 tensive province of France, now included in the departr 
 ments of Vosges, Meurthe, Moselle, and Mouse. Under 
 the Romans it formed part of the Belgic divi.«ion of Gaul; 
 at a later period, under the successors of Clovis, it con- 
 Btituted the kingdom of Austrasia, and was afterwards 
 united to the empire of Charlemagne. It was subsequently 
 erecteil into a duchy, and afterwards passessed by dukes of 
 the Ilou.se of Austria; and, with the duchy of Bar, was 
 annexed to its crown. In 1736, by the treaty of Vienna, 
 these two duchies were exchanged for that of Tuscany, and 
 ceded, in life-rent, to Stanislas Lecziuski, King of Poland, 
 and father-iulaw of Louis XV. On his death they passed 
 to the crown of France. 
 
 LOR/KILV, a parish of Ireland, Munstcr, co. of Tirpe- 
 rery. 
 
 LORRI.<. loR^Rees/ or loR^Ree', (anc. Lauriaeumf) a town 
 Ol France, department of Loiret, 13 miles S.^V. of Montariris 
 Pop. 163S. ^ 
 
 LORSCH. loRsh, or LAURISHEIM, 10w'ri8-hime\ a town 
 1088 
 
 of Germany, grand-duchy of IIcsse-Darmstadt, 16 miles S. 
 of Darmstadt. Pop. 2459. 
 
 LORSICA, loB/se-kS, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Chiavari, 6 miles from Cicagna. near tlie conflu- 
 ence of the Mulvaro and Tielo with the Lavagna. Pop. 1675. 
 
 LORTOX, a chapelry of England, eo. of Cumberland. 
 
 LOS ALAMOS. See Alamos. 
 
 LOS AXGELES, loce an'ja-lJz, (Sp. pron. loce dng/ni-lfs,) 
 sometimes incorrectly written LOS AXGELOS, a large county 
 in the S.E. part of California, has an area of above 6000 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Pacific, and 
 on the E. by San Bernanlino county, and drained by the 
 San Gabriel and Rio de Los Angeles Rivers, with their tri- 
 butaries. The surface is uneven and mountainou.s. with 
 many broad and fertile valleys. Several broken spurs of 
 the Coast Range rear their summits in the X\ part of the 
 county. The climate is remarkably salubrious and genial. 
 In 1852, Los Angeles county included all territory now 
 comprised in the new territory of San Bernardino. Cotton 
 and sugar-cane succeed well. The quantity of wine, 57,355 
 gallons, was the greatest produced by any county in Cali- 
 fornia. The county is celebrated for its vineyards, of which 
 there are above 100. It contains several missions, among 
 which may be mentioned San Gabriel, San Fernando, and 
 San Juan Capistrano. There are some silver, and probably 
 other metals, and limestone and building rock arc abiind- 
 ant. Six miles from Los Angeles is a spring, covering about 
 2 acres, from which pitch boils up in great abundance ; this 
 is used for covering the roofs of hou.ses. There are also a 
 number of saline springs, which supply abundance of .salt. 
 The anchorage in the port of San Pedro is good and perfectly 
 safe, except during the prevalence of the south-easterly 
 winds in the winter season. Capital, Los Angeles. Pop. 
 iu 1800, 11,:>J3. 
 
 LOS AXGELES, (originally Pi'eblo de los Angeles, pw^W- 
 lo d.i loce dng'Hd-lJs, the "city or habitation of the angels," 
 named from its delightful climate and from the beauty of 
 the surrounding country.) a post-town, capital of Los Ange- 
 les county, California, on a small river of its own name, 30 
 miles from its mouth, and on the road from San Jose to San 
 Diego, about 350 miles in a direct line S.E. of Sun Francisco. 
 
 LOS ANGELES, loce dng'H;l-l?s, a town of Chili, province 
 of Concepcion, 96 miles E. of a town of that name; lat. 37" 
 0' S.. Ion. 71° SC W. Streets wide and regular. 
 
 LOS AXGELES RIVER, a small stream of Los Angeles 
 county, in the S.S.E. part of California, fails into the Pacifia 
 Ocean. The town of Los .Angeles is situated on its left bank. 
 
 LOSAR, lo-saR', a town of Spain, in Kstremaditi-a, 62 miles 
 N.X.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2081. 
 
 L0SAI5C0S, lo-san'koce, a town of Spain, province of Xa- 
 varre. 35 miles from I'amplona. Pop. 2096. 
 
 LOSCH, (Liisch.) losh, a small town of Jloravia, 4 miles 
 E.X.E. of Brunn. Pop. 2267. 
 
 LOSCIIUTZ, (Loschutz,) losh/uts, a small town of Moravia, 
 17 miles X.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 2322. 
 
 LO-SCIIWITZ, losh'ftits, a village of Saxony, near Dresden, 
 on the Elbe, here crossed by a ferry. Pep. 1660. 
 
 LOSDZEY, losd'zA. or LOZDZEY. written also LOZDZIEY, 
 lozd'zy.A, a town of Russian Poland, province of Augustowo, 
 26 miles E.N.E. of Suwalki. Pop. 1557. 
 
 LOSHEIM, los'hiine. a village of Rheni.sh Prussia, go- 
 vernment and 18 miles S. of Treves. Pop. 1617. 
 
 LOS, ISLES DE, ilz de los, a group of islands off the W. 
 coast of Africa, belonging to England, 75 miles X.W. of Sierra 
 Leone, of volcanic origin, and consisting of Factory Island, 
 Tamara, and Ruma. 
 
 LOS LAXOS, loce li/noce, a town of the Canary, S.W. 
 side of the island of Palma. Pop. 496. 
 
 LOSLAU, los'low. (i'olish Ymlcislaioice. vod-tse-sl^-veet/sA,) 
 a town of Prussian Silesia, 53 miles S.S.E. Oppeln. Pop. 
 2060. It has two churches, and a castle. 
 
 LOSOXCZ or LOSOXTZ, lo\shonts', a market-town of 
 Hungary, county of Xeograd. 63 miles X.X.E. of Pesth. It 
 was once walled and well built ; but was nearly destroyed 
 during the recent Hungarian war. 
 
 LOS SAXTOS, loce-s3n'toce, a town of Spain, province of 
 and 36 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5274. 
 
 LOS SANTOS, a town of New Granada. See Santos. 
 
 LOSSEX, los'sen, a vUlage of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 32 miles S.S.E. of Breslau. Pop. 1182. 
 
 LOSSER. ios'ser, a village of Holland, province of Overys- 
 sel, 22 miles E.s!e. of Almelo. Pop. 1600. 
 
 LOS'SIE, a river of Scotland, county of Elgin, i.ssuing 
 from a small loch of same name, and flowing N. and i«.K 
 to Lo.s.«iemouth. it forms a harbor, on the Moray Frith. 
 Total course, 26 miles. 
 
 LOS/SIEMOUTH, a small seaport of Scotland, on th« 
 Lossie River, county and 5 miles N.E. of Elgin. Pop. 965. 
 The harbor has from 12 to 16 feet of water. 
 
 LOSSIXI, lo8-se»ynee, or OSERO, o-sVro. (Ger. Lusan, 
 lOOs-seen', anc. Apsnrux.) an island of lllyria. government 
 of Triest, in the Gulf of Quarnero of the .Adriatic, imme- 
 diately S.W. of the island Clu'rso, with .which it is con- 
 nected by a bridge. Length 19 miles; breatlth 3 miles. 
 Near its S. extremity are the contiguous villages of Lossimi 
 
LOS 
 
 LOU 
 
 Ohaxbe and Lossiyi Piccoi-o, with a united population of 
 6260, a jrood harbor, and ship-building yards. 
 
 LOSSNITZ, (Li>snitz.) lofs'nits, a town of Saxony, 17 
 railus S.S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 4799. It is encircled by 
 walls, and has manufactures of woollen cloth, and linens. 
 
 LOS\SUK', a village of Thibet, Udakh, iu lat. 32° 8' N., 
 Ion. 78° 6' E.; eleyation 1.3.400 feet. 
 
 LOST CUKKK, of Alabama, enters the Multerry fork 
 near the S. extremity of Walker co. 
 
 liOST CHEKK, a post-office of Harrison co., W. Virginia. 
 
 iOST CPvEEK, a post-office of Saline co., Arkansas. 
 
 LCST CR KEK, a post-ofice of Campbell co.. Tennessee. 
 
 LOST CKEEK, a post-office of Breathitt co., Kentucky. 
 
 LOST CKEEK, a township of Miami co., Ohio. ]>op. 14S6. 
 
 LOST CREEK, a township of Ylgo co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1100. 
 
 LOST CREEK, a post>officc of Lincoln co., Jlissourl. 
 
 LOST GROVE, a postroffice of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 LOST MOUX/TAIN, a post-offic« of Cobb co.. Georgia. 
 
 LOSTTOCK, a hamlet of England, county of Lancaster. 
 
 LOSTOCK, a township of England, county of Chester. 
 
 LOriTOCK L.A.NE, is a station on the Manchester and 
 Preston Railway, between Bolton and Chorley. 
 
 LOSTOUF, los'toRf, a village of Switzerland, canton and 18 
 miles X.E. of Soleure. Pop. 1044. 
 
 LOST KIV'ER. a small .stream of Indiana, rises iu Wa.sh- 
 Ingtou county, and unites with Lick Creek, an aflluent of 
 White I'iver, in Martin county. It flows in a subterranean 
 chanuel for several miles, and returns again to the sur- 
 fc.ce. 
 
 LOST RIVER, a poKt<]fflce of Hardy co., W'. Virginia. 
 
 LOST RIVER, a post-office of Orange co., Indiana, about 
 100 miles S. by W'. from Indianapolis. 
 
 LOST VILTjAOE, a post-office of Xew Madrid co.. Missouri. 
 
 LOSTWITHIEL. lost-wiTii'el, or LESWITIIIEL, an an- 
 cient and decayed borough, market-town, and parish of 
 England, county of Coi'nwall. on the Fowey, 5 miles S.S.E. 
 of Bodmin. Pop. in 1851, 1053. About one mile N.are the 
 fine ruins of Restormel. 
 
 LOT. lot. fane. OW(s.) a river of France, rises In Mt. Lozere, 
 passes Entraigues, where it becomes navigable, and joins 
 the Garonne, near Aiguillon. Length 266 miles. Affluents, 
 Truyere and Selle. 
 
 LOT. a department in the S.W. of France, formed of part 
 of the old province of Gascony. Area 2004 square miles. 
 Surface elevated and mountainous, covered on E. by part 
 of Mnut Caatal. Chief rivers. Lot and Dordogne. The soil 
 fertile: and corn is r.aised more than sufficient for home 
 cons\iniption; wine is abundant. The department has 
 numerous tiax-mills, a few iron forges, potteries, and paper- 
 mills. It is divided into the arrondissements of Cahors, 
 Fiu'cac, and Gourdon. Capital, Cahors. Pop. 295,64^. 
 
 LOTlilNIi^RE, lo^bee^ne-air', a county in the eastern part 
 of Canada East, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence. Area 
 735 square miles. The River du Chene and the Beaurivaga 
 flow through it. Chief town, Lotbiniere. Pop. 16,657. 
 
 LOTIUNIEKE. a post-village of Canada East, county of 
 Lotbiniere, on the S. shore of the river St. Lawrence, 45 
 miles S. of Quebec. Pop. about 3200. 
 
 LOT-ET-GARONNE, lot-A-g4Vonn'. a department in the 
 S.W. of France, forming part of the old province of Gascogne. 
 Area 2027 square miles. Principal rivers, the Garonne and 
 its aflluents. the Bayse and Lot. Soil very fertile in the 
 plains on the river banks, but sterile in the arid districts, 
 termed " Landes," and in the marshes. Corn is raised suf- 
 ficient for home consumption, and wine is exported. The 
 department is divided into the arrondissements of Agon, 
 Marmande, Nerac, and Villeneuve-dAgen. Pop. in 1801, 
 3o2,06o. Capital, Agen. 
 
 LOTEVA. See LoDf;vE. 
 
 LOTH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland. 
 
 LOTH, a village of Belgium. 6 miles S.AV. of Brussels, with 
 which it is connected by railway. 
 
 T/)T1I'ERT0N, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 LOTIIIAVS (The), a division of Scotland, comprising the 
 counties of Haddington, Edinburgh, and Linlithgow, respect- 
 ively called East, Middle, and West Lothian. Lothian giTes 
 the title of Marquis to the Kerr family. 
 
 LOTIIRIXGRN, and L0TIL4JIIXGIA. See Lorraine. 
 
 LOTS CREEK, of Bullock co., Georgia, enters the Can- 
 nouchce from the left, at the S. extremity of the county. 
 
 LOT' SHAW'S MILLS, a postofflce of Linn co.. Oregon. 
 
 LOT'S WIFE, a remarkable rock in the North Pacific: lat. 
 20° 50' N.. Ion. 142° 23^ E. It rises almost perpendicularly 
 to the height of nearly 300 feet. 
 
 LOTTE, lot/teh, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government 
 of Munster. circle of Tecklenburg. Pop. 1300. 
 
 LOTTIX. an island of the South Pacific. See RoCKT ISLANB. 
 
 LOTT'RIDGE. a post>offlce of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 LOTT'S, a post-village of Edgefield district, South Caro- 
 UuH. 
 
 LOTTS/BURG, a post-oflSce of Northumberland co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 LOTT'S CREEK, a small village of Bradley co_ Arkansas. 
 3T 
 
 LOTTS'VILLE. a post-village of Warren co., PcnnsylvaDia 
 aliout 20 miles W.N.W. of Warren. 
 
 LOTUN", lo-toon'. a town of British India, presidency o. 
 Bengal, district and 35 miles X. of Goruckpoor. 
 
 LOTZEX, (Lijtzen.) lijts'en, a town of East Prussia, 42 
 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen, with a castle. Pop. 1800. 
 
 LOU-AX or LOUX-GAX, a town of China. See Loo-AX. 
 
 LOUARGAT, loo'aE'g3', a village of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Xord, 26 miles W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 4000. 
 
 LOUB.\X. See Loobah. 
 
 LOUUOU, a state of Celebes. See T..OEIIOE. 
 
 LOUiiHESS.VC, loo'brt's'sdlv', a market-town of Fr.inco, 
 department of liot, 21 miles X.X.W. of Figeac. Pop. 1570. 
 
 LOUCCilS or KOSE, a river of Morocco. See Elkos. 
 
 L<;»UD£aC, loo'dA'SU', a town of France, department of 
 COtes-du-Nord, 15 miles S. of St. Brieuc. Pop. iu 1852, 6369. 
 
 LOUDEAH. See Lowdeah. 
 
 LOUDON, low'dgn, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on Maryland, contains 490 square miles. The Po- 
 tomac River forms its X.E. boundary; it is also drained by 
 Goose Creek. The surface is hilly, having the Blue Ridge on' 
 the N.W. border, and the Kittoctan Mountain near the middle 
 of the county. The soil varies from a rich allu\ion to on 
 unproductive clay, but a large portion of it is fertile. It 
 contains limestone, marble, granite, gneiss, and other pri- 
 mitive rocks. Formed from Fairfax county, in 1757, and 
 named in honor of the Enrl of Loudon. Capital. Leesburg. 
 Pop. 21,774, of whom 10,273 were free, and 5501 slaves. 
 
 LOUDON, a post-village and township of Merrimack co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Suncook River, about 10 miles N.E. 
 of Concord. Pop. 1552. 
 
 LOUDOX, a postrvjllage of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the West Branch of Conecocheague Creek, 14 miles W. of 
 Chambersburg. Pop. 311. 
 
 LOUDOX, a post-office of Roane CO., Tennessee. 
 
 LOUDON, a township of CarroU co., Ohio. Pop. 866. 
 
 LOUDON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 2465. 
 
 LOUDON CENTRE, a post-village of Merrimack co.. New 
 Ilamp.shiro, 10 miles N.E. of Concord. 
 
 LOUDON RIDGE, a post-oflice of Merrimack co., New 
 Ilamp.shire. 
 
 LOU'DOXVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Hanover 
 township, Ashland co., Ohio, on the Bl.ack Fork of Mohiccan 
 River, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, about 
 70 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is surrounded by a rich 
 farming district, and has an active trade. Pop. 516. 
 
 LOUDOUN, lOw'dun, a village and parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Ayr, 4 miles E.S.E. of Kilmarnock. Pop. 4446. Here are 
 remains of antiquities, besides the modernized and magni- 
 ficent castle of the Marquis of Hastings. On Loudoun Hill, 
 a battle was fought between Bruce and the troops of the Earl 
 of Pembroke in 1307. 
 
 LOUDS/VILLE, a post-village of Habersham co., Georgia, 
 21 miles W. of Clarkesville, has rich gold-mines iu the 
 vicinity. 
 
 LOl'DUN, looVluN"', (L. Juliodiifmim,) a town of France, 
 department of Vienne, 31 miles N.N.W. of Poitiers. It has 
 a communal college, and is celebrated for the synod held 
 here by the Protestants iu 1611 and 1012. In ancient times 
 it was the capital of a small district, called the Loudunois. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4557. 
 
 LOUlO, loo\i', a market-town of France, department of 
 Sarthe, 16 miles W. of Le Mans, on the V^gre. It has manu- 
 factures of linen and paper. Pop. in 1852, 2049. 
 
 L0U15 or LOUVE, loov, a river of France, which, after a 
 course of above 70 miles, joins the Doubs a little below Dole. 
 
 LOUESCHE, a village of Switzerland. See Leuk. 
 
 LOUGA or LUGA, a town of Russia. See LooGA. 
 
 LOUGAXSKAIA STANITZA. See Loooanskaia. 
 
 LOUGAXSKOE. a town of Russia. See Looqanskoi. 
 
 LOUGKX or LOUQAX,low'gau,a river of Xorw.ay, stift of 
 Aggershuus, rises by many heads in the Langefield and 
 Sognefield Mountains, flows S.E., traversing Lake Miosen, 
 and, under the name of Vermen, joins the Glommen 28 
 miles X.E. of Christiania. Course. 200 miles. 
 
 LOUGII ALLI;N. See Allen ; and for all articles with the 
 prefix LouOH, not found below, see additional name. 
 
 LOUGHBOROUGH, luff/bhr-ruh, a market-town of Eng- 
 land, CO. and lOi miles N.N.W. of Leicester, with a station 
 on the Midland Railway. Its four principal streets are 
 tolerably straight, and very clean, well paved, and lighted 
 with gas ; houses mostly of brick ; and the town altogether 
 has a respectalile and thriving appearance. It has two ele- 
 gant churches, a handsome Roman Catholic and various 
 Dissenting chapels, a free grammar and several other schools, 
 a mutual improvement society, a philosophical and a literary 
 institution. The principal manufacture of the town con- 
 sists of hosiery of all kinds, and more particularly of that 
 kind called Patent Angola, in which about 2000 persons are 
 emploj-ed. In the neighborhood is a famous bell-foundry : 
 aJso several dye-works, malt-kilns, slate-quarries, corn-mills, 
 and an iron foundry. Pop. in 1851, 10,900. 
 
 LOUGH (16n) BRICK/LAND, a market-town of Ireland, 
 Ulster, CO. of Down, 10 miles N.N.E. of Newry. Pop. 647. 
 It has the ruins of a monastery. 
 
 1080 
 
Lm 
 
 LOU 
 
 LOUGn KRXE. Seo Erxe. 
 
 LOUGII'GALL, a village and parish of Ireland. Ulster, 
 CO. and 5 miles N.N.E. of Armagh. Pop. 394. Castle Dillon 
 Is in this parish. 
 
 liOUGIlGlt/LY, » parish of Ireland. ULster. co. of Armagh. 
 
 LOUGII'OLYXX', a parish of Ireland, Conuaught, co. of 
 Rjscommon. 
 
 LOUGH'GUILE'. a parish of Ireland. Ulster, co. of Antrim. 
 
 LOUGIIIXISLAND, IdaMn-iland, a parish of Ireland, 
 "Clster. CO. of Down. 
 
 LOUGH NEAGU. See Neagh. 
 
 LOUGHREA, IfiHVd', a market-town and parish of Ire- 
 land, CO. of Galway, beautifully situated on an acclivity 
 on a small lake of the same name, 2H miles E. by S. of Gal- 
 way. It has a parish church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a 
 Carmelite monastery, with a neat chapel ; a Carmelit* nun- 
 nery, a court-hou.se, workhouse, police-barrack, fever hosj^ital, 
 and several school.s. It also possesses an extensive brewery. 
 2 tanneries, and 6 corn-mills. Loujihrea was once fortitied, 
 and the remains of its walls may still be traced ; it also con- 
 tains the remains of an old castle and monastery. Pop. 5458. 
 
 LOUGII'TOX, a parish of England, county of Bucks. 
 
 LOUGIITON, a parish of England, county of Essex. 
 
 LOUGOUXOR.oneof the Caroline Islands. See Loogoon'OR. 
 
 LOUIIAXS. loo'ftxo', a town of France, department of 
 Sa5neet-Loire, capital of an arrondissement, 29 miles N.E. 
 of Macon. It has a communal college, and is a depot for 
 merchandise between Lyons and Switzerland. Pop. 3S53. 
 
 LOUIIOU, Malay Archipelago. See Loehoe. 
 
 LOUISA, loo-ee'zi. a county in the E. central part of 
 Virginia, has an area of about 500 square miles. The North 
 Anna River forms its northern boundary ; the county is 
 also drained by the South Anna and Little Rivers. The 
 surface is hilly; the soil, originally fertile, has been partly 
 worn out. Gold-mines have been worked in this county, 
 but are not vi^ry productive. It is intersected by the Cen- 
 tral Railroad of Virginia. Formed in 1742. Capital, Louisa 
 Court-House. Pop. 16,701, of whom 0507 were free, and 
 10,194 slaves. 
 
 LOUISA, a county in the E.S.E. part of Iowa, has an area 
 of 400 square miles. The Mississii>pi River forms its entire 
 eastern bouudarj', and the Iowa River flows through tlie 
 middle of the county, which is drained also by Long Creek. 
 The streams furnish valuable water-power. Limestone and 
 stone-coal are found. The Iowa River is navigable by steam- 
 boats. Capital, Wapello. Pop. 10,370. 
 
 LOUISA, a post-village, capital of Lawrence eo., Ken- 
 tucky, is situated at the forks of Big Sandy River, on the 
 E. boundary of the stale, 135 miles E. from Frankfort. It 
 contains a court-house. 1 churth. and 4 stores. Free P. 22."). 
 
 LOUISA, a post-village in Stephenson co., Illinois, 135 
 miles W.N.W. tVom Chicaso. 
 
 LOUISA COITRT IIi )U.SE. a post-village, capital of Louisa 
 CO.. Virginia, on the Central Railroad, 60 miles N.W. from 
 Kiqhmond. 
 
 LOUISA FORK. See S.\?(i)y River.. 
 
 LOUISBURG. a fishing village and suburb of the town of 
 Wick. Scotland, co. of Caithness. Pop. 380. 
 
 LOUISBURG, a town of AViirtemberg. See Ludwigsbdrg. 
 
 LOUISBURG, a mining village of Schuylkill CO., Penn- 
 Bylvani.a. about 11 miles E. by N. of Pottsville. 
 
 LOUISBURG. a post-village, capital of Franklin co.. North 
 Carolina, on the left bank of Tar River. 35 miles N.E. of 
 Raleigh. It contains a court-house and 2 churches. 
 
 LOUISBURG, loo'is-burg, formerly LOUISBOURG, (Fr. 
 pron. loo-ee-booR'.) once an important seaport of Cope 
 Breton, on the S.E. shore of the island, about 20 miles S.E. 
 of Sidney. The French erected here a fortress at an expense 
 of 30,000.000 livres. and while Louisbourg remained in their 
 occupancy, it exported 500.000 quintals of cod annually, 
 and 600 vessels were employed in its trade and fisheries. 
 After it was taken possession of by the English in 17 63. (all 
 the French North .\merican possessions having been given 
 vip by treaty.) the British government demolished the forti- 
 fications at an expense of $50,000 : since then the harbor 
 has been desertetl. and the town is in ruins. A few fisher- 
 men only reside here. A lighthouse, showing a fixed liuht 
 15 feet high, has been erected on the site of the old French 
 lighthouse on the E. head. 
 
 LOUISIADE (loo-ee-ze-Sd') ARCHIPELAGO, an extensive 
 group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, comprised be- 
 tween the parallels of 10° 40' and 11° 40' S. lat.. and the 
 meridians of 161° and 154° 30' E. Ion. About 80 are 
 already known, but many others, it is believed, remain yet 
 to be discovered. They appear to be nearlv all inhabitetl, 
 although some of them but thinlv. The principal islands .ire 
 Kcssel, Snnth-Kast Island, Piron, .Toannet. Pig. St. Aignan, 
 &c. Mount Rattlesnake or South-East Island is 2689 feet 
 high, and the mountains in the W. portion of St. Aignan 
 attain an elevation of 3279. 
 
 LOUISIANA, looK-e-ze-ah'na. one of the Southern United 
 States, IS bounded on the N. bv Arkansas and Missis- 
 Bipiii; E. by Mississippi (from which it is separated by the 
 Mississippi and VenrX Rivers) and the Gulf of Mexico: S 
 by the Oulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas, from which it is 
 1090 
 
 partly separated by the Sabine River. It lies between 29*^ 
 and 33° N. lat , and 88° 50' and 94° 20' W. Ion., having an 
 extreme length from E. to W. of alx)ut 292. and a breadth 
 of 250 miles, including an area of 41.225 scjuare miles, or 
 about 26,384,000 acres, of which only 2,707,108 were improved 
 in 1800, or rather more than one-tenth of the entire surface 
 of the state. 
 
 Face of the Omntry. — The surface of Louisiana nowhere 
 attains an elevation of more than 200 feet above the level 
 of the Gulf, while at Trinitj-, in Catahoula parish, it is only 
 68 feet, and much of the southern portion is so low as to be 
 overflowed at high water. AAest of the basin of the Missis- 
 sippi, and occupjing the central and northern portion oi 
 the state, the country is hilly and broken. The N.W. part 
 is intersected by several arms of the Red River, forming 
 small lakes, and rendering the country for alioiit 50 miles 
 in length, and 6 in breadth, generally marshy. The bottoms 
 on this river are from 1 to 10 miles wide. South of the 
 central portion commence the low prairie lands, which 
 terminate in the marshes of the coast. The elevation of thia 
 district varies from 10 to 50 feet. Below the mouth of the 
 Red River, the Atchafalaj-a branches off from the Mississippi, 
 and forms the western boundary of a great delta, occupying 
 an area of several thousand square miles, which is elevated 
 but 10 feet above low water, and at high water is often 
 inundated. There is a belt of similar character on the W. 
 bank of the Mississippi, above the Delta, which is protected 
 by artificial embankments, that serve to deepen as well aa 
 confine the channeL That part of the state adjacent to the 
 S. boundary of Mississippi, is similar in character to the 
 district described in the N.W. Near the Gulf, a portion is 
 salt marsh, mostly destitute of timber, and often overflowed 
 in equinoctial gales. Darby states that 2700 square miles on 
 the Mississippi, above the Red River, 2550 on the Red Rivei, 
 and 3200 on the Mississippi, below the Red River, are sub- 
 ject to inundations, though not all portions of it, annually. 
 
 Geology. — According to Professor Forshey, the tertiary 
 formation occupies two-fifths of the state, and lies N. of a 
 waving line, commencing on the S.ibine near the mouth of 
 the river Neches, and extending 20 miles N. of Alexandria, 
 to Ilarri.sonburg : it contains coal, salt, iron, ochre, gypsum, 
 and marl. A saline bed seems to underlie the tertiary. The 
 rest of the state is alluvial and diluvial. 
 
 MiiuraU. — Of the minerals mentioned above, iron ia 
 abundant in almost all the tertiary strata. The coal ia 
 inferior to that of Pittsburg, but the marl is rich, and the 
 gypsum of the best quality. The alluvions of the Missis- 
 sippi are bounded on the W. by precipitous hills of freestone, 
 from 80 to 200 feet high. In the region around Harrison 
 burg. Dr. Ilolliday has collected very large quartz crystals, 
 abundance of agates, jasper, sardonyx, cornelians, onyx, 
 selenite or crystallized gypsum, feldspar of a splendid quality, 
 nlumine in great abundance, chalcedony, lava, meteoric 
 stones, amorphous iron ore, and fossils of various kinds. 
 
 Kivers, Hays. &c. — Lake Borgne (properly a bay) and Black 
 Bay open into the Gulf of Mexico on the S.E.; and Bastien, 
 Barataria. Atchafalaya, Cote Blanche, and A'ermilion Bays 
 on the S. ; and Sabine, Calcasieu, and Mermentau Lakes on 
 the S.W., are all expan.sions of rivers Ijearing the same 
 names. Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas are expansions 
 of the Amite River, near its entrance into Lake Borgne. 
 Small lakes or sloughs are very numerous in the marshy 
 regions in the southern part of the state, and along the 
 Mississippi River. Catahoula in the centre, and Bistineau 
 and Caddo in the N.W., are the principal lakes. The Missis- 
 sippi River forms the east boundary of I^ouisiana to 31° N. 
 lat.. and passing through the soutli-eastem portion of the 
 state, discharges its waters into the Gulf of Jlexico by several 
 mouths. The Red River enters the N.W. angle of liOuisiana 
 from Arkansas, and joins the Mississippi about the centre 
 of the state. The Washita, coming S. from Arkansas, is the 
 principal branch of the Red River. The Sabine. Calcasieu, 
 and Jlermentau drain the W. and 6.W. parts of the state. 
 The Pearl forms a part of the S.E. boundary. The Missis- 
 sippi is navigable for the largest class steamboats far beyond 
 the limits of Louisiana : and the Red Ri-ver. since the removal 
 of the obstruction called the Grc.vt Raft, near the N.W. 
 boundary, is also navigable beyond the limits of the state. 
 Of the different arms that part from the pm-ent stream 
 below 31° N. lat.. the Atchafalaya. on the west, is the largest. 
 Nine of the.se are navigable, according to Colonel Long's 
 estimate, from 5 to 140 miles, making an aggregate of nearly 
 500 miles. Thesamoauthority estimates the Washita as navi- 
 gable 375 miles, and its branches sum up a total of 716 miles 
 of water, mostly within the state, navigable by steamers, 
 to which the Red River and its branches add several hundred 
 more. 
 
 Objects of Interest to TourisU. — Dr. KilpatricV informs ug 
 that in the parish of Concordia there are numerous mounds, 
 constructed by a race which he considers supeiior to the 
 Indians of the present day. These mounds conta'n human 
 bones, pottery, arrow-heads, stone-hatchets, relics cut in 
 the shape of a canoe or crescent, and in one in.stance, a j^old 
 ornament worth $7.60 was found. According to the isinie 
 authority, these mounds form, in this eour try f ubjccl to 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 overflow, good sites for gardens, orohards, Ac. To the ge- 
 neral iiiquii-er, as well us to the geolo!;ist, the delta of the 
 Mississippi affords a curious and most interesting subject 
 for coutoniplation or research. See Mississippi, Di;lta op. 
 
 CliniaU. Siiil, and Prixladinns. — Louisiana lias very mild 
 winters, but more severe than in the same parallel on the 
 Atlantic coast. The long, hot summers, acting ou the ex- 
 tensive marshes of this state, cause a poisonous exhalation, 
 which every autumn produces more or less yellow fever. 
 The orange, lemon, lime, ami other tropical fruits grow 
 here, but the orange does not flourish above 30^ N. lat., nor 
 the sugar-cane above 31°. The apple thrives in the north- 
 ern parts of the state. The best soil is on the river bottoms, 
 which are exuberautly fertile, and productive in sugar-cane 
 and rice. Two-thirds of the alluvial land is heavily tim- 
 bered, and overrun with a thick undergrowth of cane. 
 Ibis district is easily drained, and when drained very pro- 
 ductive. The prairie lands are often of no great fertility, 
 and in some places barren. Cotton and sugar-cane are the 
 great staples of the state, and of the Latter, l^ouisiana pro- 
 duced nine-tenths of the whole amount raised in tlie Union 
 In 1850. Indian corn, rice, peas, bean.s. Irish and sweet 
 potatoes, and butter are extensively pnxluced ; tobacco, 
 wool, fruits, market products, hay, lieeswax, and honey to 
 considerable e.Ktent: ami wheat, rye, buckwheat, wine, 
 cheese, grass-seeds, hops, silk, and maple sugar, in very 
 small quantities. (Jf fruits, the principal are oranges, figs, 
 peaches, apples, and grapes. According to the census re- 
 turns of 1W60, there were in Louisiana 2.707,108 acres of 
 improved land (6,591.-tf)S being unimproved), producing 
 10,853,745 bushels of Indian corn: ■2,0n0,9sl of sweet jiota- 
 toes; 431,148 of peas and beans; 32,208 of wheat : 80,377 of 
 oats: 294,655 of Irish potatoes; 6,331,257 pounds of rice; 
 39,940 of tobacco; 1.444.742 of butter: 255,481 of lioney; 
 20,970 of beeswax; 777.738 bales (of 400 lbs. each) of cotton: 
 52,721 tons of hay; 221,720 lilids. (of 1000 pounds each) of 
 cane sugar; 13,439,772 gallons of cane molasses. Value 
 of live stock, $24,-546,940; orchard products, at §114,339: 
 market products, $413,169; of slaughtered animals, at 
 $2,095,330. 
 
 £hresl Trees. — Walnut, oak, sassafras, ash, mulberry, pop- 
 lar, hickory, and magnolia are found in the central and 
 northern parts, and on the more fertile uplands ; buckeye, 
 locust, papaw, Cottonwood, and willow flourish in the bot- 
 tom lands; Cypress swamps occupy certain basins, which 
 having no outlet, retain the waters they receive at the flood 
 seas in. till they cither evaporate or sink into the earth. 
 Pine and oak grow on the sandy uplands. I)r. Kilpatriek 
 mentions among the timber of Concordia parish, (which is 
 probably similar to many other river parishes.) the cotton- 
 wool, red elm, hackherry, maple, ash. pecan, hickory, honey 
 locust, basket elm, dogwood, tujielo, 5 species of oak, box 
 elder, cypress, prickly ash, black locust, mulberry, persim- 
 mon, willow, aud wild cane, growing to the height of from 
 15 to 30 feet. The same authority s;iys of fruits, in the 
 same locality, the poach, quince, plum, and fig do well, but 
 the ajiple and pear do not encourage culture. 
 
 Animals. — Dr. Kilpatriek reports black l)ears, wolves, and 
 panthers, as occasi{nially found: besides whicli are wildcats, 
 racoons, otters, pilecats, opossums, squirrels, and moles; 
 and among amphibia, huge alligators, and various species 
 of turtle. Among reptiles are the rattlesn.ake, viper, horned, 
 ajid other snakes. Among birds are the bald and gray 
 eagle, several species of hawks and owls, a few wild turkeys 
 and pigeons, partridges, cranes, herons, water turkeys, wild 
 geese, braut in abundance, and a great variety of smiUler 
 birds. 
 
 Manufactures. — This state is not largely engaged in ma- 
 nufactures. Accoi-ding to the census of 18(i0 there were in 
 the 8ta,te 1744 nianufacturiiig establisliments, employing 
 8789 persons, consuming raw material worth §6,738.486; 
 producing goods to the value of .$15,687,473 annually. 'J'otal 
 amount of caiiital invested, 37,151,172. Of these, 7 were es- 
 tablishments for the preparation and manufacture of cot- 
 ton, capital invested $1,036,700, annual products §564,800,505; 
 boot and shoe maiuifactories, capital invested $371,490, an- 
 nual products $1,471,830; 161 saw-mills, capital invested 
 $1,213,726, annual products $1,575,995. Value of home-made 
 maniifiictures $502,100. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Louisiana has not the same ne- 
 cessity for railways and canals as many other states, having 
 probaiily 2600 miles of navigable waters within her limits; 
 still she has need of them for communication with other 
 states, if she would maintain lier commercial position. 
 Railroads are completed, connecting her commercial me- 
 tropolis (New Orleans) witli the great lakes at Chicago, and 
 with Memphis, Charleston, and Jackson, Mississippi. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1860, there were in this state 334 
 Uijics of railroad in 0])evatioii. including 80 miles of the 
 >few Oridns Opelousas and Great Western, and 88 miles 
 of the New Orleans Jackson and Great Nortliern, 118 miles 
 of which are included in the state of Mississippi. An exten- 
 sive railroad is in course of constraction from Vicksburg 
 to Shreveport ; 63 miles of this road have been completed. 
 There are short Unes connecting Clinton with i'urt Hud- 
 
 son; New Orleans with Proctorsville, and Bajou Sara with 
 Woodville, Mississippi. Itespccting the present condition 
 of the railways of Louisiana, as well as the other Southern 
 Stiites, see article on the U.mted States. 
 
 Oimmerce. — Louisiana has no parallel on the lace of fur 
 globe in the natural advantages which she enjoys for river 
 trade with an interior, extending back directly X. 2000 
 miles to St. Anthony's Falls; north-westward 3000 miles 
 to the very base of the Kocky Mountains ; north-eastward 
 through the entire extent of the Ohio Valley, 2500 miles, 
 even into the state of New York; besides innumerable in- 
 termedi.'ite points in the great valleys of the Mississippi, 
 Missouri, Ohio, .\rkansas, Tennessee, Cumberland. Kcd 
 River, and a multitude of tributary streams, which pour 
 the products of 14 states into her lap; while many more 
 await but the advance of population to add new treasures 
 from tracts now roamed over by the .savage and the Inilfalo. 
 Immense amounts of the products of the Western and South- 
 western States, including cotton, pork, .sugar, lead, flour, 
 wheat. Indian corn, &.C., are tranship|ied from New Orleans 
 to various parts of our own and to foreign countries. The 
 value of domestic produce received from the interior in 
 1850-51 amounted to $106,924,083, and to $108,051,708 in 
 1851-2, of which §81,216,925 were exported in the former 
 year, and §76.344.569 in the latter. The imports from the 
 interior at New Orleans, in the year ending August 31st, 
 1854, amounted to $115,836,798, and the exports, both 
 foreign and coastwise, were 1.429,180 bales of cotton, 53,043 
 hhds. of tobacco, 179.406 hhds. and 0716 bbls. of sugar. 85T 
 hhds. and 262,345 bbls. of molasses. 585.969 bbls. of flour, 
 ISo-a+i^bbls. of pork, 46.668 hhd.s, of bacon. 808.430 kegs of 
 lard, 27,877 bbls. of beef, 84,475 pigs of lead, 48,3.34 bbls. of 
 whiskey, and 1,107,032 sticks of corn. The articles from the 
 interior received in the greatest amount are pork and bacon, 
 beef, cotton, corn, flour, hides, lard, lead, molasses, sugar, 
 tobacco, and whiskey, besides large quantities of apples, 
 beans, baggings, bale rope, butter, cheese, candles, coal, 
 furs, hemp, hay, leather, oats, linseed, castor and lard oil, 
 potatoes, stiives, aivd wheat; some beeswax, buffalo robes, 
 cider, dried apples and peaches; feathers, flaxseed, iron, 
 lime, onions, porter, ale. deer and bear skins, shot, soap, 
 Spanish moss, tallow, twine, vinegar, window-glass, and 
 various other articles. The foreign imports for 1852-53 
 amounted to $13,630,686, and exports to $68,292,658; ton- 
 nage entered, 512.812, cleared, 630,820; tonnage owned in 
 the different districts. 156.274; and number of vessels built, 
 17. with an aggregate tonnage of 1346. Of the entire ton- 
 nage owned. 47,665 was In steam-vessels. About one-third 
 of the foix'ign trade was carried on in foreign bottoms. See 
 Nkw Ori.ea.n'S. According to De Bow's Review, the commerce 
 of Lake I'ontchartrain employed in 1S52-3, 577,980 tons of 
 shipping; and there were received by this lake, in the 
 same yi-ar. 32.613 bales of cotton, 323 hhds. of susar, 
 40,163,000 feet of lumber, 3.449.000 shingles, 2.587.000 laths, 
 1,870.000 staves, 84,184 hbls. and kegs of naval stores, 
 17.542,000 bricks, 138,000 hides, and 1280 horned cattle, 
 besides numerous other articles. 
 
 Edncntion. — Tlu; constitutifm provides for a superintendent 
 of public schools, to hold office for two j-ears, and that free 
 public .schools shall be established throughout the state. 
 An appropriation of $250,000 is made annually for the sup- 
 port of free schools, raised by taxation; and a fund is esta- 
 blished, to be derived from the proceeds of public lands 
 granted for the purpose, and from lands escheated to the 
 state. This fund aniownteil on Januarj' 1, 1853, to $125,127. 
 According to the census of 1860, there were in Louisiana, 15 
 colleges, with 1530 students, $88,000 income, of which $17,000 
 was fi'om endowments, and $1620 from the public funds; 
 71o public schools, with 31 ,813 pupils, $469,210 income, S0645 
 of which was from endowments, $223,593 from taxation, and 
 $lsl,162 from the public funds; 152 academies and other 
 schools, with 11,274 pupils, $462,496 income, of which $195,400 
 Wiis from endowments, §19,900 from public funds, and $2947 
 from' taxation. In 1863 this state had 2 theological semi- 
 naries. There are also in Louisiana 6s libraries, of which 53 
 are public, containing 106.624 volumes, 1 school, 9 Sundiiy- 
 school, 1 clun-ch, aud 4 college libraries, embi'acing a total 
 of 116,604 volumes. 
 
 Jieliginus Denommatirms. — Of the 572 churches in Louis- 
 iana in 1860, the Baptists own 161; the Episcopalians, 33; 
 .Methodists, 19tt; Presbyterians, 42; Roman Catholics, 99; 
 Unionists, 22; the minor sects, 16; this will give 1 churct 
 to every 1412 persons. Total value of church property, 
 $3,160,360. 
 
 I'erimlicah. — In 1860, there were published in Louisiana, 
 8 daily, 3 bi-weekly, and 70 weekly periodicals, of which 6)5 
 were political, 2 religious, and 9 miscellaneous. The whole 
 nnnibcr of copies issued annually was 16,948,000. 
 
 Public Institutions.— The State Penitentiary of Louisiana 
 is located at Baton Rouge, and received 105 convicts in 1848, 
 the receipts from whose labors exceeded the expenditures 
 by about $6600. A deaf and dumb asylum at H.aton Rouge, 
 recently erected, had, in March, 1853. 13 pvipils. The 
 Charity Hospital at New Orleans will be descriljed under 
 I that heading. In 1850 there were 5 public librai-ies, wiUi 
 
 1091 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 BPO": voitimfs: 2 school, with 12,000 ; and 3 college libraries, 
 with 5000 TOlumeK. 
 
 Population.- -Louisiana being oriftinally colonized by 
 rr(> ace and Spain, has a larger admixture of the inhabitants 
 of Ihose coUDtrie? (with their manners and customs) tlian 
 any other state in the Union. There were in this state in 
 1810, 76,556 inhabitants; 153,407 in 1S20; 215.739 in 1830 ; 
 352,111 in IS-tO; in 1851,517,762; in 1860, 708.002; of whom 
 S51,.556 were white.s, 18,517 free colored, 326,726 slaves, and 
 173 Indians. Population to square miles, 17. Representa- 
 tive populatidn, 575,311. Of the free population, 214,294 
 were horn in the state; 80,953 in other states; 81,029 in 
 foreign countries ; of whom 3989 were horn in Kngland ; 
 28,207 in Ireland; 1051 in Scotland; 97 in Wales; 830 in 
 British America; 24,614 in Germany; 14,938 in France, and 
 7303 in other foreign countries. Of the population in tlie 
 leading pursuits, 16,493 were laborers; 14,996 farmers; 6832 
 clerks ; 6473 planters; 5338 servants; 4865 carpenters; 2989 
 overseers; 2776 merchants; 1793 shoemakers; 1590 seam- 
 stresses; 1416 carters; 1210 tailors; 1149 physicians; 1145 
 coopers ; SCO civil and mechanical engineers ; 69S lawyers ; 
 909 painters; 551 bricklayers, &c.. <tc. In the J'ear ending 
 June 1st, 1860, there occurred 12,324 deaths, or 17'6 in 
 every 1000 Of 239 deaf and dumb, 38 were slaves (see 
 introduction to the volume on Population of the Eighth 
 Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &c.); of 230 blind, 118 were slaves; 
 of 169 insane, 37 were slaves ; of 247 idiotic, 104 were slaTM. 
 
 I'ltrishes. — Louisiana is divided into 48 parishes, viz., As- 
 cension. Assumption. AvoyeIle.«. Bienville. Bossier, Caddo, 
 Caloasieu.Caldwell, Carroll. Catahoula. Cl.aiborne. Concordia, 
 De Soto. East Baton Rouge, East Eeliclana, Franklin, Iber- 
 ville. Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lafourche. Livingston, 
 Madison, Morehouse, Natchitoches. OrlcaTis, Plaquemines, 
 Point Coupee, Rapides, Sabine, St. Bernard. St. Charles. St^ 
 Helena. St. James, St. John Baptist, St. I^udry, St. Martin's, 
 St. Mary, St. Tammany. Tensas, Terre Bonne, Union, Ver- 
 milion, Washita (Ouachita), Washington, West Baton Rouge, 
 West Feliciana, and Winn. 
 
 Gdies awl Towns. — New Orleans, the largest city of Loui- 
 siana, and the commercial metropolis of the soutliwestern 
 stJites, had a population, in 1S60, of lii8,67.i. The other im- 
 portant towns are, Doualdsonville, ll,4t4; Algiers, 6816; 
 B;iton Rouge, 5428: Jefferson, 6107; Carrollton, 1756; 
 Plaquemine, 1663; Thil)odeau.x, 1380; Alexandria, 1461; 
 Homer, 1451; Mindon, 1146; Opelousjw, 786; Providence, 
 682. Capital Baton Rouge. 
 
 Gnvernment, finances, Ac. — The governor of Louisiana is 
 elected for four years by the people, and receives $6000 per 
 annum; the lieutenant-governor, who is ex-offieio president 
 of the Senate, is elected for a like period, and receives S8 
 per diem when that body is in session. The Senate consists 
 of 32 members, and the House of Representatives of 97, 
 both elected by the people, the former for four, and the 
 latter for two years. The legislature assembles on the third 
 Monday in Janvi.ary. The judiciary consists— 1., Of a Su- 
 preme Court, comjwsed of one chief and four associate judges : 
 and 2. Of District Courts. The judges of the Supreme Court 
 are elected by the people for ten years, the supreme judge 
 by the whole state, and the as.sociate by districts, and so 
 that one sh.all be chosen every second year, and those of 
 the District Court for six years, jointly by the executive 
 and legislature. The chief justice of the "Supreme Court 
 receives J6000, and his associates $5500 per annum. The 
 judges of the District Courts of New Orleans receive S3500 
 per annum, and are chosen by popular vote. Louisiana is 
 entitled to 4 members in the nation.al House of Represen- 
 tatives, and to 6 electoral votes for President of the United 
 States. The assessed value of propertv, in 1850. was 
 $220,165,172. Public debt, in 1854, .$4,295,809; besides a 
 contingent debt of $8,421,888 for property banks, and 
 $198,244 for the second municipality of New Orleans. Or- 
 dinary expenditures, exclusive of debt and schools, $515,000. 
 In January, 1854, Louisiana had $17,359,261 banking capi- 
 tal, a circulation of $6,969,807. and $7,468,460 in coin; 
 
 T/isMci/.— Louisiana was visited and the mouth of the 
 Mississippi discovered by La Salle, as early as 1691; and 
 though Iberville attempted a settlement in 1699, no perma- 
 nent colony was established at thsit time. In 1712 Louis XIV. 
 of France granted to M. Crozart a charter which included 
 the whole of the territory of Louisian.a. which was named in 
 honor of the king. The celebrated John Law. so notorious 
 for the financial disasters caused by him in France, became, 
 in 1717, the head of a company which purchased Loui.siana ; 
 but after the deplor.able failure of his schemes, I^uisiana 
 came again into the possession of the crown, which trans- 
 ferred it, in 1762, to Spain. Retroceile<l to France in ISOO. 
 Louisiana, including all the territory west of the Missis- 
 sippi, ("excepting Texas and New Mexico, and the territory 
 we_st of the Rocky Mountains.) was purchased by President 
 Jefferson in 1803, for the sum of Sll.250,000, beside the 
 assumption on the part of the United States of some claims 
 of our citizens against the government of France. Previou' 
 to (his purchase the inhabitants of the Western States and 
 "i ciritories had been in a state of great excitement, lest they 
 should lyse the control of the mouth of the Mississippi, so 
 
 essential as an outlet for their products; and the ^atisfatv 
 tion of that portion of the country was proportionately 
 great on its peaceful acquisition. That part of the Louisiana 
 Territory now known as the State of Louisiana, bec.Tine .in 
 independent member of the confederacy in 1812. and was, 
 two yeai-s afterwanls, the scene of a contiict between the 
 British and American troops, in which General Jackson 
 repulsed the former with great loss, January 8, 1815. Inhab. 
 LouisiANlAN, loo-ee-ze-an'-e-.an. 
 
 LOUISIANA, a post-village of Pike co., Jlissouri. on the 
 Mississippi River, 1 mile below the mouth of Salt River, and 
 115 m. above St. Louis. It has 2 newsjjaper oHices.6 churches, 
 1 bank. 10 dry -goods stores, 5 tobacco-factories, Ax. P. 2436. 
 
 LOUIS-PHILIPPE (loo'ee/fireep^) LAND, the N. portion 
 of a tract of land in the Antarctic Ocean, off South Shet- 
 land, about lat. 63° 30' S., Ion. 57° W. Its outline was 
 traced for a distance of about 120 miles between lat. 03° 
 and 64° S., by Admiral D'Urville, of the French navy. It 
 is crowned with immense peaks, covered by continual snows 
 of unknown depth. 
 
 LOUISVILLK. a post-township and river port in the col- 
 lection district of Oswegatchie. St. Lawrence CO.. New York, 
 on the St. Lawrence River, about 28 miles N.E. of Ogdens- 
 burg. It is intersected by Grass River, across which there 
 is a bridge near the centre of the township, at the village 
 of Millerville. which contains the Louisville post-office. 
 Steamers touch at Louisville Landing in this township, 
 and some tr.ide is carried on with Canada. Isle au Cha- 
 mailles or Baxter's Island, in the St. Lawrence, opposite 
 here, comprising some 2000 acres, belongs to this township. 
 Pop. 2310. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, loo'is-vil, a thriving village of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the road from Coudersport toCowanesqne. 
 A great quantity of pine lumber is procured in this vicinity. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a village of Orangeburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a decayed post-village, capital of Jefferson 
 CO., Georgia, on Rocky Comfort Creek, 54 miles E. of ^lil- 
 ledgeville. It was the capital of the state from 1795 t<j 
 1804. when the seat of government was removed to Milledge- 
 villo. It has a court-house, a church, and an academy. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a post-village of Barbour co., Alabama, 
 about 85 miles S.E. of Montgomery. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a post-village, capital of Winston co.. Mis- 
 frissippi, near the source of Pearl River, 95 miles N.E. of .Tack- 
 son. It contains several academies. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 LOL'TSVILLE, a post-village of Blount co., Tennessee, on 
 the left bank of the Holston River, about 20 miles, by land, 
 below Knoxville. It is a place of rapid growth, and one of 
 the most flourishing in East Tennessee, having a brisk trade 
 on the riv^r, which is navigated by steamboats. The East 
 Tenne.s.see and Virginia Railroad passes through this village. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, loo'i.s-vil or loo/e-vil, a flourishing city 
 and port of entry of Kentucky, and seat of justice of Jef- 
 ferson county, is situated on the Ohio River, at the head 
 of the Louisville falls, at the mouth of Beargrass Creek, 
 130 miles below Cincinnati. 53 miles W. of Frankfort, and 
 690 miles from AVa.shington. Lat. 38° 3' N.. Ion. 85° .30' W. 
 It i? the largest town in the state, and one of the most import- 
 ant places on the Ohio River. A railroad, 93 miles long, 
 connects it with Frankfort and Lexington, and other rail- 
 roads have been constructed from this place to Memphis, 
 Nashville. Ac. The situation and surrounding scenery are 
 remarkably beautiful. Some parts of the city present 
 delightful views of the Ohio River, which is here about one 
 mile wide ; of the rocky rapids, and of the town of Portland, 
 a few miles below. Louisville stands on a plain elevated 
 about 70 feet above low water, and is regularly laid out. 
 Eight handsome streets extend nearly 2, miles in length 
 parallel with the river, which here flows from K. to W. These 
 vary in width from 60 to 120 foet, .ind are intersected, at 
 riirht angles, by more than 30 others, with a uniform width 
 of 60 feet. The streets are generally paved, and lighted with 
 gas, and bordered with ornamental trees. The most remark- 
 able public buildings are the City Hall, and Court-house, (not 
 completed,) the First Presbyterian Church, St. Panl's Chun'h, 
 (Episcopal.) the Medical Institute, and the University of 
 Louisville, which is now in successful operation. The Medi- 
 cal Institute, which ranks high among the public institution.s 
 of Louisville, was founded by an ordinance of the city 
 council, which appropriated .<;.50,000 for the library, builil- 
 ings, itc. The number of students in 1852 was 3.56. Two 
 new .schools have recently been opened in this city. The 
 Asylum for the Blind, established by the state, occupies a 
 commodious and handsome building, erected by joint con- 
 tributions of the state and the citizens of Louisville. The 
 Mercantile Lilirarv .Association has a library containing from 
 4000 to 5000 volumes. The Historical Soc"iety of this place 
 has collected valuable documents relating to the early his- 
 tory of the state. Louisville also contains a marine asylum, 
 founded by the state. 2 orphan asylums, alnjut 40 churches, 
 2 synagogue.s. a prison. 4 market-houses. 5 banks, and 4 
 large public school-houses. Six daily. 7 weekly newspaperst 
 and 1 monthly medical journal are published hero. 
 
LOU 
 
 Louisville may be said to owe its existence to the falls, 
 which arrested the course of navigation at this point. In 
 18:53. a canal '2j miles long was opened around these falls. 
 with a total lockage of 22 feet. It was cut through the solid 
 limestone rock, at a cost of S750.000. The dimensions hav- 
 ing been found too small to admit the passage of the largest 
 steamers now built for the \ew Orleans trade, a railway has 
 been projected on the Indiana side, the object of which is to 
 transport such vessels around the rapids liy meansiof a sta- 
 tionary engine and pulleys. The stock has been taken, and 
 the work will doubtless shortly be completed. In 18.50 the 
 entire trade of Ixiuisville was estimated at $50,000,000. 
 (I>e How's Review.) The wholesale business has increased 
 rapidly since that period. There are now netir 100 hou.ses 
 doing an exclusively wholesale business, the amountof which 
 Is computed at $2b,.321 ,400 ; viz. 25 of dry goods, .39 of gro- 
 ceries, 8 of drugs, 9 of hardware, 8 of hats and furs. 8 of 
 boots and shoes, and 9 of saddlery. Many of the warehouses 
 are 3 or 4 stories high, and from 100 to 130 feet deep. No 
 ex.act record has beiin ke|>t of the exports of this town, but a 
 good estimate may be formed from the number of steamlioat 
 arrivals: which, from the different ports below the fnlls. for 
 the year ending June 30, 18.52, was 1124; the number from 
 the Upper Ohio was probably about the same. The chief 
 articles of export are tobacco, pork, hemp, and flour. In 
 18o2, the quantity of tobacco received was 16.176 hogsheads. 
 The amount of revenue collected here in 1803 was $48,307. 
 The shipping of the port amounted to an aggregate of 
 11,819 tons enrolled and licensed, all of which was employed 
 in steam navigation. During the year referred to, 27 steam- 
 boat.s, with an aggregate burden of 7313 tons, were ad- 
 measured. A new custom-house is being erected, at a cost 
 of about ,S200,000. 
 
 Louisville is a commercial rather than a manufacturing 
 town. Its manufactures, however, comprise a great variety 
 of articles, and are estimated to amount in value to about 
 16,000,000 iranually. Among the principal estaVilishments 
 may be mentiimed 15 iron foundries, employhig 9.30 hands, 
 and producing manufactures to the value of $1,392,200: 82 
 tobacco factories, em|iloying 1050 hands, who turn out 
 (1.347,500 worth of manufactured tobacco: 45 for making 
 clothing, employing 1157 hands, and producing jirticles to 
 the value of $941.500 ; 25 of furniture, emploj'ing 440 per- 
 sons, who turn out $038,000 worth of cabinet-ware; 11 rojie- 
 walks, yielding gomls to the value of $400,000; 6 soap and 
 candle factories, producing goods to the value of .$409,000; 
 9 flnur and feed mills, 9 tanneries, 3 cotton and woollen fac- 
 tories, 3 oil-mills. 3 bagging factories, 2 white lead factories, 
 a glaiis factory, and several potteries. Pop. in 1830. 10.341; 
 in 1840, 21,210; in 1860, 43 196; and in IStiO it amounted to 
 66,033. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a thriving post-village of Nimishillen town- 
 ship, Stark CO., Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 126 miles N.i;. of Columbus. It was settled almost entirely 
 by the French. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a post-village of Henry co., Indi.ina, on the 
 National Iload, and on the Central Railroad, 42 miles E. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a small post-village of Clay co., Illinois, on 
 the Little Wabash River, 110 miles S.E, of Siiringfield. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a po.stvillage fn Lincoln co., Missouri. 75 
 miles N.E. by E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LOUISVILLE LANDING, a post- village and river port in 
 the collection district of Oswegat<,'hie, St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York, on the St. Lawrence, alttout 28 miles N.E. of Ogdens- 
 burg. It is a stopping-place for steamers, and some trade 
 is carried on with Canada. 
 
 LOUI-TCIIOU or LOUI-TCIIEOU, a city of China. See 
 Looeb-Choo. 
 
 LOUKII or LOUKA. a river of Russi.a. See Lookh. 
 
 L()U-KI.\.NG, a town of China. See Loo-Kiano. 
 
 LOUIvlANG. a river of Thibet. See Loo-Ki.ing. 
 
 LOUKIANOW. See Lookunov. 
 
 LOUKNOUI. See Saigon. 
 
 LOULE, looli or lolil. a fortified town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Algarve, 8 miles N. of Faro, with 8245 inhabitants, 
 an old castle, several convents, and a rich hospitiil. 
 
 LOUN, a town of Turkey. See Lom. 
 
 LOU-NA-CIIAN, a mountain of China. See Loo-NA-SH.iir. 
 
 LOUND, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 L0U-NG.\N, a town of China. See Loo-xgan. 
 
 LOUPOIGNE, loo'pwjia', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, on the Dyle, 15 miles S.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1006. 
 
 LOUPPE, LA, l;l loop, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Eure-et-Loir, 21 miles W. of Chartres. Pop 1149 
 
 LOUQSOR. a town of Egypt. See LusOR. 
 
 LOUUCIIES. looRsh. a town of France, department of 
 Nord. arrondissement of Valenciennes, canton of Bouchain. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2798. 
 
 LOURDES, looRd. (anc. Lorldef Lapurldum t) a town of 
 France, department of liautcs- Pyrenees, 6 miles N.N.E. of 
 Argeles. on the Gave-de-Pau. It stands at the foot of an 
 «lmost inaccessible rock, and is commanded by a strong castle, 
 in)w used as a prisou. This place was fortified by Julius Cresar, 
 »nd has extensive Roman remains. Pop. in 1852, 4434. 
 
 LOU 
 
 LOURDOUEIX ST. 5IICIIEL, 1oorMoo4/ sJxo meeVii?!', 
 a village of France, department of ludre, 15 miles S.W, of 
 La Chatre. Pop. 1169. 
 
 LOURDOUEIX ST. PIERRE, IoorMoo-,-!; s^xo pe-aiR/. a ril. 
 lage of France, department of Creuse, 17 miles N.of Gueiet 
 Pop. 1976. 
 
 LOURICAL, lo-ree-k.^1', a market-town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira, 18 miles S.S.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 3280. 
 
 LOURINIIAO, lo-reen-yOwN"', a town of Portugal, province 
 of Estremadura. 10 miles N. of Torres-Vedras. Po)). 2400. 
 
 LOUROUX-B/XONXAIS. LE, Ivh looVoonDi'kon'nA', a 
 market-town of France, department of Maine-et- Loire, 15 
 miles W.N.W. of Angers. I'op. in 1852, 2723. 
 
 LOUTII, lowTH, a small county of Ireland, Leinster, hav- 
 ing on the E. tlie Irish Sea. Area 315 square miles, or 
 201,000 acres, of which about 15.500 are uncultivated, and 
 upwards of 5000 in woods. Pop. in 1841, 111,979; in 1851, 
 107,<i57. The N. part of the county forms the mountainous 
 peninsula of Carlingford. Louth couuty is divided into 4 
 barojiies. Chief towns. Drogheda, Duadalk, and Ard('e. It 
 sends 4 members to the House of Commons, 2 being for tha 
 county. 
 
 LOUTII, a decayed town of Ireland, co. of Louth, 5^ miloa 
 S.AV. of Dundalk. Pop. 700. 
 
 LOUTII, a ni.arket-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln, in the fertile valley of the Lud, at the E. extremity 
 of the Wolds, 27 miles E.N.E. of Lincoln. It has a station 
 on the Great Northern Railway, is well built, generally of 
 brick, and lighted with gas. It has 2 Established churches, 
 one of which is a fine old structure, with an elegant spire, 
 about 300 feet higli. There are al.so 8 places of worship be- 
 longing to vfirious DLi^senting bodies, 8 schools, including a 
 free grammar and tarious other endowed schools ; a uii.'cha- 
 nics' institute, a society for the jjromotion of Christian 
 knowledge, a ."avings bank, a dispensary, iind several other 
 charities. Carpets, worsted, soap, and oil-cake are manu- 
 factnre<l to a great extent. A canal, eommuuicating with 
 the number, enables a considerable trade to be carried on, 
 to London, Hull, &c., in corn and wool. Pop. in 1851, 10,467. 
 
 LOUTRE poofer) ISLAND, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 LOUTRE (or OTTER) RIVER, of Missouri, flows through 
 Montgomery co., and falls into the Missouri River at Loutre 
 Island. It affords motive power for mills. 
 
 LOUTSK. See I.«otsk. 
 
 LOU VAIN, loo-v.ine'. (Fr. pron. looVSx"', Flemish Leui-en, 
 liVven orluh'ven ; Ger. Lijwen. lii'wen.) a city of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant, on the Dyle and the Eastern Railway, 15 
 miles E. by N. of Brussels. It is not fortified, but is surround- 
 ed by a dry, deep fosse, and an earthen rampart from SO to 
 100 feet high, which has been cut through by the road from 
 Brussels to Malines. Many of the public buildings are deserv- 
 ing of notice. Of these, the principal are the lintel de Ville, 
 one of the richest and most beautiful Gothic buildings in the 
 world; the collegiate church of St. I'eter, an edifice of vast 
 extent, and rich in works of art; the churches of St. Ger- 
 trude, St. James'. St. Quentin. and Notre Dame, all elegant 
 and noble structures ; the Pope's College, .and the Salle de 
 Frascati. Louvain possesses courts of first resort, and of 
 commerce ; a university, with a library of 105,000 volumes; 
 a college, academy of fine arts, botJinical garden, anatomical 
 h.all, cabinet of natural philosophy, chemistry, and natural 
 history; a collection of pictures, several of them first-rate; 
 a superior primary school, belonging to the Government; 
 different private and free schools, several hospitals and 
 benevolent institutions. In the 14th century, Louvain was 
 one of the most important manufacturing towns, and. in 
 broadcloths alone, employed about 15,000 workmen. This 
 important branch no longer flourishes here. A few wool- 
 lens are still made, and also hosiery, hats, ribbons, soap, oil, 
 candles, leather, glue, earthenware. <tc.. but by far the most 
 important manufacture at present is l)eer. of which above 
 200.000 casks are annually made. For general trade, the 
 town is well situated, having ample communication both 
 by railway and the canal of its name. Pop. 32,371. 
 
 LOUVECIENNES, loovVe-4nn', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles N. of Versailles. Pop. 
 730. Here are many country residences, including one 
 built by Louis XV. for the Countess du Barry. 
 
 LOUVEGNEZ, loo'vAnVA/, a village of Belgium, provine* 
 and 12 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1758. 
 
 LOUVEN. lo-oo'vJn, a river of Norway, stift of Christiani.'v, 
 after a S.S.E. course of 100 miles, enters the Skager-Rack 
 near L.aurvig. It traverses several lakes. 
 
 LOUVIERS, looVe-A'. formerly LOVIERS, lo've-A/, (anc. 
 I/uparkc?) a town of France, department of Exire, and 
 on both sides of the river Enre, here crossed by three 
 bridges. 17 miles S. of Rouen. It has an interesting church, 
 supposed to date from the period of the First Crusade; 
 courts of first resort, and commerce; and a consulting 
 chamber of manufactures. Louviers is one of the chief seats 
 of French woollen manufacture, and its fine woollen cloth 
 is considered the Ix'st in the empire. It has more than 40 
 cloth factories, employing from 7000 to 8000 persons in and 
 around the town; several worsted-mills, an extensive weav 
 
 1003 
 
LOU 
 
 ing-card fkctoi f, tanneries, bleachfields, dye-works, and a 
 faitor/ fur spinuiOk, machinery, and steum-engines. The 
 chief i rviJe is in bn idcloth, of which about one-tliird of the 
 quantitv niade is exported to forei;^u countries, chiefly I'iid- 
 niunt and Italy. The other articles of trade are corn, wood, 
 charcoal, flax, wo', .tc. Pop. OoTO. 
 
 LOUVIONfi DU DfiSERT, looSeen'yi' du d.iV.aiit/, a Til- 
 lage of France, dep->rtment of llle-et-Vilaiue, 10 miles N.N.E. 
 of Fougeres. I'op in 1852, 3802. 
 
 LOUVIGXfi EN B.\IS, looVeenVA/ 3>"° m, a Tillage of 
 Franco, department of Ule-et-A'ilaine, 8 miles S.AV. of Vitre. 
 Top. 1633. 
 
 LOUVRES, looT'r, a marketrtown of France, department 
 of Seine-etOiso, 6 miles S.S.E. of Luzarches. Pop. 1000. 
 
 LOUZA, loo'zi or lo'zi, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira, 12 miles E.S.E. of Coimbra, at the foot of Mt. Louza, 
 which supplies Lisbon with snow and ice. Pop. 3200. 
 
 LOUZ.\, a river of Russia. See Looza. 
 
 LOUTZIN. See Lyootsi.v. 
 
 LOVAS BERENY. lo^vjsh^ biVaiu', a marketto wn of Hun- 
 gary. CO. and 9 miles N.E. of Stuhlwei-ssenburg. Pop. 4104. 
 
 LOVAT or L015AT, lo-vdf, a river of Russia, governments 
 of Vitebsk and Novgorod, enters Lake Ilmen. 22 miles S. of 
 Novgorod, after a N. course of 175 miles. It receives the 
 Kunia at Kholm. The Lovat and Diina Canal, which unites 
 those rivers, forms a part of the communication Iwtween 
 Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Riga. 
 
 LOVATS, a town of Turkey. See Loftscha. 
 
 LOVE'L.\CE, a post-office of Wilkes co.. North Carolina. 
 
 LOVE'LACEVILLE, a postvillage of Ballard co., Ken- 
 tucky, 250 miles 'W.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 LOVE'LADY, a post-office of Caldwell co., North Carolina. 
 
 LOVE'LAXD, a post-village of Clermmit co., Ohio. 
 
 LOVE'LIA, lo-vee^e-a, or LOVII/IA, a post-village of 
 Monroe co., Iowa, 90 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 LOV'ELL, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, about 20 
 miles W. by S. of Paris. Pop. Ioo9. 
 
 LOV'ELTON, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LOVE'LY MOUNT, a post-office of Montgomery co., Vii^ 
 giiiia. 
 
 LOVENDEGIIEM, lo-vJn'deh-nJm\ a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, 5 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 
 4701, extensively employed in linen weaving. 
 
 LOVENICII, (Liivenich,) lo'ven-iK\ a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 21 miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1600. 
 
 LOVERE, lo-T.VrA, a village of Northern Italy, 21 miles 
 E.N.E. of Bergamo, on Lake Iseo. Pop. 2213. 
 
 LOV'ERSALL, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding. 
 
 LOVE'S LEV^EL, a post-office. Union co.. North Carolina. 
 
 LOVE'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia. 
 
 LOV'ESTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LOV'ETT'S, a post-office of Newton CO., Mississippi. 
 
 LOVETT'S, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 LOVETT'S GROVE, a post-office of Wood co., Ohio. 
 
 LOV'ETTSVILLE, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, 
 2 miles from the Potomac, and 166 miles N. of Richmond. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 LOVliyVILLE, a post-Tillage of Newcastle co., Delaware. 
 
 liOVIERS. SeeLouviERS. 
 
 LOVILIA. See Loveu.i. 
 
 LOVINGSTON, luv'lng-ston, a post-Till.age, capital of Nel- 
 son CO., Virginia, 118 miles W. of Richmond. It is beauti- 
 fully situated on a branch of Tye River, and surrounded 
 by hills, the summits of which alford a magnificent view of 
 the Blue Ridge. The village has 3 churches and about 350 
 inhabitants. 
 
 LOVINGTON, lav'ing-t^n, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 LOVINGTON, a post-village of Moultrie co., Illinois, 60 
 miles E. of Springfield. 
 
 LOVIS.\, lo-vee'sd, a maritime town of Russia, Finland, 
 on the Gulf of Finland, 140 miles W.N.W. of St. Petersburg. 
 It carries on a thriving trade, exporting iron in bars, tobac- 
 co, jinl salt. Steamers ply dnily tn Helsingfors. Pop. 3000. 
 
 LOVTCHA, a town of European Turkey. See I>orTScnA. 
 
 LOW ARCHIPELAGO, (ar-kep61'a-!loO an extensive series 
 of islands, in nuniV)ei from 80 to 90, in the Pacific Ocean, 
 lat. 20° S., Ion. 140° W., E. of the Society Islands, and S. of 
 the Marquesa.s, and comprising numerous groups, from 
 Clermont-Tonnerre to Krusenstern Island. See Polynesia. 
 
 LOW COUXTKIICS. Pee Nethekl\ni)S. 
 
 LOMDEAII (or LOUDEAII) LAKE. See Sihkah. 
 
 LOWD'IIAM, a Tillage and parish of England, CO., and TJ 
 miles N.E. of Nottingham. Pop. 14R3. 
 
 LOWELL, lo'el. a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 on the Passadumkeag. 33 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 556. 
 
 LOWKLL, a post-townsliip of Orleans co., Vermont, at the 
 head of Jlissisque RiTer. about 40 miles N. of Montpelier. 
 Pop. 813. 
 
 LOWELL, lo'el, a city, Middlesex co., in population the 
 second in Massachusetts, is situated at the confluence of the 
 Merrimack and Concord RiTers, about 8 miles from the line 
 dividing the State from New Hampshire. It is the terminus 
 >f 5 railroads, which communicate with the principal cities 
 1094 *^ 
 
 LOW 
 
 on the seaboard, and connect with all the nort>i,em r.n J west- 
 ern lines of travel. It is 25 miles N. by W. fro'ii Portr n, lat. 
 42° 38' 46" N., Ion. 71° 19' 2" W. In theextf.r.t a.\v\ variotyof 
 its manufactures Lowell is almost without a ri vf,! \v Vie Uni- 
 ted States. The site has many irregularities of Bi^rfare, but 
 the streets are well laid out, and three public -.jrnr.n.o-js have 
 been secured, and will always remain opjn to t'ao vu'olic. 
 
 The almost unrivalled advantages which Lowell enjoys 
 for manufacturing ai-e derived from a descent of about 33 feet 
 in Merrimack River,known as Pawtucket Fa'ls.which by the 
 aid of several canals, furnishes about 12,000 horse-power. 
 The first canal was an enterprise of Newl'urjport merchants 
 and ship-builders, to raft lumber round the falls, a di*5tancs 
 of 1^ miles. In 1821, the water-power atti acted tho atten- 
 tion of some Boston capitalists, who bought up the neigh- 
 boring farms, and tho interest in the old canal, which they 
 enlarged to CO feet in width and 8 feet in depth, and con- 
 structed branches to servo as feeders and mill-races. They 
 also laid out the town-lots .and mill-8ite3,whioh they sold and 
 leased as rapidly iis the growth of the tov/n required. In 
 1846, the old canal, as enlarged, proving insufficient for the 
 proper use of the water-power, an additiopal canal of larger 
 capacity was constructed. Its dimenfjons are over 100 feet 
 wide and 16 feet deep,, with walled sides. The result was a 
 very considerable increase in the watcr-[jo wer. 'J'he large ma- 
 chine-shop was disposed of in 1845 to a ro'.joration, called the 
 Lowell Machine Shop, which with a <i>.pital of $600,000 em- 
 ploys about 800 men and has capacity for 1000. It is largely 
 engaged in manufacturing cotton ai d paper machinery, lo- 
 comotives, turbines, machinists' too'ii, &c., and can ordina- 
 rily furnish the machinery for a cotlon-mill of 6000 spindles 
 in three months. 
 
 In 1864, there wore 13 manufa-^ turing corporations in 
 Lowell, owning 54 mills and eniploj ing an aggregate capital 
 of $13,850,000. The number of ope ativos engaged previous 
 to the breaking out of the Wiir at th o South was, males, 3979; 
 females,8405; total, 12,;5S4. Nunber of si)iudles, 420,544; 
 looms, 11,713. One manufacturing company alone uses 
 1,900,000 pounds of madder; 150,000 of copperas; 170,000 of 
 alum ; 100,000 of sumach ; 40,000 of soap, and 20,000 of indigo 
 per annum. In 1862, nearly all the cotton-mill.-* were ex- 
 tensively improved; some were entirely torn down and re- 
 constructed. In 1861, machinery for knitting hosiery goods 
 was substituted for cotton macWnery in ono or two of the 
 mills, and thus was introduced a new branch of labor. All 
 the mills are heated by steam and lighted by gas. The best 
 methods for protection ag.ainst fire are adopted in each mill, 
 and the corporations have a mutual fire insurance system, 
 which involves all alike in the loss if a fire takes place in one 
 of the mills amounting to $1000 or over. A further security 
 against fires in the city, as well as in the mill.s, is found in a 
 reservoir of great ciipacity on an elevation in the E. part of 
 Lowell, known as BelTidere, which furnishes a ready supply 
 of water in most parts of the city. The water is conveyed 
 into the reservoir by force-pumps at the Lowell Machine 
 Shop, and thence by distributing pipes is carried back to the 
 city hydrants, to which hose can be attached, besides which 
 there is a well-organized fire department, with two steam 
 fire engines. 
 
 In the S.E. section of the city is Whipple's Water-Power, 
 obtained from acanal that fcips Concord River and discharges 
 its waters into Hale's Brook, all within the city limits. The 
 canal furnishes a head and fall of 24 to 26 feet. The Lowell 
 Bleachery Corporation (capital, $300,000) is situated on this 
 canal, and there are also 3 flannel-mills, 1 fancy woollen 
 goods manufactory, 1 carpet-mill, 2 screw and bolt-shops, 4 
 worsted yarn manufactories, 2 dying and bleaching houses, 
 1 machine-shop, 1 shuttle-shop, 1 flouring and grist-mill, 
 1 8aw-mill,l pyroligneous acid works — all comparatively new 
 enteq)ri8es, and only about half the water-fiower is yet em- 
 ployed. In the S.W. part of Lowell is a settlement known 
 as "Ayer's City," whore there is an extensive tanning and 
 currying establishment and a patent and enamelled leather 
 manufactory. There are in Lowell 11 machine-shops, 6 car- 
 riage manufactories,4 extensive lumber-dealing firms, 4 sash, 
 door and blind manu lactones, 3 spool and bobbin manufac- 
 tories, 2 cotton-batting-mills, 2 paper-mills, 2 wood-machi- 
 nery-shops, 2 furniture and cabinet manufactories, 2 iron 
 foundries, and 1 each of the following: cotton machinery, 
 woollen machinery, steam-boiler, dye-stuffs and chemicals, 
 chair, and side-arms. Including these there are alxmt 120 
 distinct private manufacturing and mechanical establish- 
 ments, employing from 10 to 150 persons each, or probably 
 2500 to 3000 altogether. J. C. Ayer k Co. have one of the most 
 extensive medical laboratories in the United States. It fur- 
 nishes employment for about 100 men and women, and the 
 proprietors spend in advertishig about $60,000 annually, be- 
 sides circulating about 5,000,000 almanac8,which are printed 
 in English, Frent h, Portuguese, German, and Spanish. The 
 cost of the drugs, sugar and sjjirit they use yearly amounts to 
 $647,180. The business was commenced in 1843. 
 
 In the city there are 80 jiarties (individuals or firms) deal 
 ing in West India goods, and 18 in dry-goods; there are 57 
 physicians and 40 lawyers. Lowell has 7 banks. 4 savings ii* 
 stitutions, and 2 insurance companies. The Lowell Uorse-- 
 
LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 Railroad was chartered in 1863 and commenced business in 
 186-1:. It hiis 3 miles of track laid and as much more coutem- 
 plated.wif h charter to lay track into 2 adjoining towns. Capi- 
 tal stock, $100,000. Tlie Lowell Gas-Light Company was in- 
 corporated in 1S50 and went into operation the same year, 
 with a capital of §200,000. Lowell had formerly a floating pop- 
 ulation. This is le.ss noticeable now. The first of the American 
 population came to Lowell largely from Maine, New Hanip- 
 Bliire, and Vermont; in the early days of theoity tlierewere 
 quite a consiileralile number of English people employed in 
 the mills, but at the present time the majority of the opera- 
 tives are ot Irish birth. Few American girls now seek em- 
 ployment in the New England cotton-mills. There is in 
 Lowell no theatre or established place of amusement ; 9 or 10 
 public halls are but poorly patronized. The princijjal public 
 buildings are the court-house (built 1851,at a cost of Sloo,ooo), 
 a county jail (built 1^6o-5t5, at a cost of $150,000), Meclianics" 
 Building, Huntington Hall, Wentworth"s, Carleton, Apple- 
 ton, Kubbins's, Nesmith 3, Tylers, and Barrister's Blocks, 
 the Police Court Building, and the churches, of which there 
 are 22, viz.: 2 Episcopal, o Roman Catholic, S Baptist, 5 
 Congreg.ational, 2 Universalist, 3 Jletliodist, 1 UniUu'ian, 1 
 Spiritualist, 1 Free Church, 1 iMinistry at Large. A large 
 building, which includes the Boston and Lowcill Kailmad 
 Depot and two large halls, was built in 1802-53, by the city 
 and the railroiul company. A hospital wsis established in 
 183.i by the several manufacturing companies, prineiijally 
 for the benefit of persons in their employ. 
 
 The city government of Lowell consists of a major, 8 
 aldermen, and 2i coiiimon councilmen elected annually. 
 
 [i'or tlie literary and educational institutions, and history 
 of LowEi.i., see Ai'PK.ndix.] 
 
 UyVi'VAjU, a post-ofRce of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 LOWELL, a post-village of Johnson co., North Carolina. 
 
 LOWKLL, a post-villaae of Randolph co., Georgia, on the 
 Pataula Creek. 170 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. The creek 
 at this place has forced its way through a ledge of rocks, 
 and affords a valuable water-power. 
 
 LOWtCLL. a thriving post-village of Washington co., Ohio, 
 on tlie Muskingum Itiver, 10 miles N. of Marietta, has a fine 
 water-]iow('r produced by a dam across the river. 
 
 L0\\ KLL. a post-township in the E. part of Kent CO., 
 Michigan, intersected by Grand River. Pop. 1201. 
 
 L0\\ KLL, a small village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, on 
 the Central Railroad. 
 
 LO\NELl.i, a postofflce of La Salle co., Illinois. 
 
 LOWEIjL, a post-office of Holt co., Missouri. 
 
 LOWFiLlj, a post-village in Henry co., Iowa, on the Skunk 
 River, 05 miles S. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 L0^V'ELL, a post-village and township of Doilge co., Wis- 
 consin, on Beaverdam Creek, 38 miles N.E. of Madison, bee 
 Appendix. 
 
 LOW'ELLVILLE, a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, on 
 theMahoning l{iver,anilon the PenusylvauiaandUiiio Canal, 
 12 miles K. of Canfield, is the seat of extensive iron worku. 
 
 LOWKN, (Liiwen.) liVwen, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Silesia, 36 miles S.E. of Breslau, and on the Breslau and 
 Opjieln Kailroad, on the Neisse. Pop. 1107. 
 
 LOWENBKKG. (Liiwen berg.) liVwen-bJao*. a town of Prus- 
 sian Silesia. 26 miles W.S.W.of LiB.;nitz, on the liober. Pop. 
 4330. It has woollen, printed linen, and cotton factories, 
 and bleaching works. 
 
 LOW EN DAL, low'en-diiP, an island on the N.W. coast of 
 West .\u9tralia, belonging to the Montebello Group, and 
 about 10 miles X. of Barrow Island. 
 
 L0WEX8TEIN, (Liiwenstein.) liV<^en-stIne\ a town of 
 WUrtemberg, 24 miles N.X.E. of Stuttgart, with 1047 inha- 
 bitants, some vitriol factories, and a ruined castle. 
 
 LOWER, a township of Cape May co.. New Jersey. P. 1865. 
 
 LOWER AL'LEN, a township of Cumberland oo., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. Pop. 13a3. 
 
 LOWER AI.PS. See Basses- Alpes. 
 
 LOWER AUGUS/TA, a township of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsvlvania. Pop. 2oa5. 
 
 LO\VER BART'LETT, a post-village of Coos CO., New 
 Hampshire, on Saco River. 65 miles N.N.E. of Concord. 
 
 LOWER BERN, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LOWER BLUE LICK, a post-village of Nicholas co.. Ken- 
 tucky, on the Licking River, 58 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort. 
 The meilicinal springs at this place have a wide reputation, 
 and this is one of. the most fashionable watering-places in 
 the Western Stiites. The principal hotel is a magnificent 
 structure, 670 feet in length, and is vi.sited by S(!veral thou- 
 sands annually. The water is an extensive article of com- 
 merce throughout the West. It is highly medicinal, contain- 
 ing the muriates and sulphates of soda. lime, and magnesia. 
 LOWER C.^LIFOR.MA. See C.\uforni.\. Lowf.r. 
 
 LOWER CHAXCE'FORD. a post-township of York CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susijuehanna. Pop. ZHM. 
 
 LOWER CIlICd'ESTER, atownship of Delaware CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 991. 
 
 LOiVER COLUM'BIA, a post-office of Coos co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 LOWIOR DICK'INSON, a township in the S. part of Cum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1086. 
 
 LOWER DL'B'LIN, a township of Philadelphis co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LOWER EGYPT. See Egypt. 
 
 LOWER EVES'HAM, a small village in the W. part of 
 Burling-ton co.. New Jersey. 
 
 LOWER GILMANTON, (ghil'man-tgn,) a post-office of 
 Belknap co.. New Hampshire. 
 
 LOWER HESSE. See Nu:DF,R-nKSSEN. 
 
 LOWER LAW/REXCE. a post-village of Washmgton eo. 
 Ohio. 100 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 LOWER LEA'COCK, a township of Lancaster co., Pen* 
 sylvania. Pop. 2051. 
 
 LOWER LOIRE. See Loibb-I.nfkrif.ure. 
 
 LOWER MACUXGY, (m;v-kring'ghee,) a township of Le- 
 high CO., Pennsvlvania. Pop. 2949. 
 
 LOWER JI.UPOXOY'. a township of Northumberland CO., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 10(54. 
 
 LOUVER MAHANTAN'GO, a post-township of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 20 miles W. by S. of Potts- 
 ville. 
 
 LOWER MAKE'FIELD, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1955. 
 
 LOWER MARL/BOKOUGII, a post-village of Calvert CO., 
 Maryland, on the Patuxent. 26 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 LO\VER MER'ION, a post-township of .^lontgomery Co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Schuylkill River, 10 
 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 4423. 
 
 LOWER MOUNT BETH'EL, a township of Northampton 
 CO., Penn.sylvaiiia. Pop. 3373. 
 
 LOWER XAZ/ARETH, a township of Northampton co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 LOWER O'KAW. a township in Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 LOWER O.X'FORl), a township of Chester co., Pennsylvar 
 nia. Pop. 1421. 
 
 LOWER PAXTON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1682. 
 LtjWER PEACHTREE, a post-office of Wilcox co.,.A.labama. 
 
 LOWER PROVIDENCE, a township of Montgomery co., 
 Penn.sylvania. Pop. 1578. 
 
 L<,)WER PYRENEES. See B.tssES-PyRLNfes. 
 
 LOWER RllIXE. See B.\s-RiiiN. 
 
 LOWER SAGINAW, a former post-village of Saginaw co., 
 Michigan, on the right bank of Saginaw River, 5 miles from 
 its mouth, and about 112 N.N.W. of Detroit. The fisheries 
 give employment to a great number of the inhabitants. 
 The bay which receives Saginaw River is the largest, with 
 the exception of Green Bay, in all the West, but is little 
 freiiuented. except by vessels trading up the river, and those 
 taking shelter in it in bad weather. Large quantities of 
 pine lumber are sawn here, and it is estimated that not Ic.'iS 
 than 10,000,000 feet are annually shipped at this and otlier 
 iioi Is ou the river. It appears that the name of this place 
 has been changed to Biv City. 
 
 LOWER ST. CLAIR, a, townsiiip of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LOW ER S.^'LEil. a post-office of Wa.shington CO., Ohio. 
 
 LOWER SAI^FORD, a township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1473. 
 
 LOWER SANDUSKY, Ohio. See Fremont. 
 
 LOWER SAU'CON, a post-township of Northampton co., 
 Pennsvlvania, on the Lehigh River, 10 miles S.W. of Easton. 
 Pop. 3701. 
 
 LOWER SEINE. See Seixe-Infkrieure. 
 
 LOWER SMITH'FIELD, a township in Monroe co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LOWER SQUANK'UM, a post-office of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 L(JWER SWATA'RA, a township of Dauphin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1127. 
 
 LOWER THREE CREEK, of Barnwell district, South 
 Carolina, flows into Savannah river. 
 
 LOWER THREE RIVERS, a post-office of Barnwell dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 LOWER TUR/KEYFOOT, a township of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 773. 
 
 LOWER WA/TERFORD. a post-village of Caledonia co., 
 Vermont. 35 miles E.N.H. of Montpelier. 
 
 LOWER WIND'SOR, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 21(12. 
 
 LOWERZ or LOWERTZ, lo'*Jrts. a village and lake of 
 Switzerland, canton and 3 miles W.N..W. of Schwytz,. at the 
 foot of the Rossberix. See Gold.att. 
 
 LOWES, LOCH, 16k loz. a small lake of Scotland, co. of 
 Selkirk, parish of Ettrick, separated from St. Mary's Loch by 
 a narrow neck of land. 
 
 L( )W'ESBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 LOWESTOFT, a seaport town and parish of England, co. 
 of SulTolk, on a height sloping gradually to the sea, 40 miles 
 N.X.W. of Ipswich. It consists of a principal and several 
 minor streets, tlie former nearly 1 mile long, well paved, and 
 kept remarkably clean; and is lighted with gas. The prin 
 cipal public buildings are, the parish church, a chapel of 
 ease, and chapels belonging to the Wesleyaiis and Primitive 
 Methodists, the Independents and Baptists: a town-hall 
 theatre, assembly-room, and subscription readina-room and 
 
 1095 
 
 =J) 
 
LOW 
 
 LUA 
 
 lilirnry. For education there are two free schools, a British 
 school, and several private schools. There is also a 
 mechanics' institute, an infirmary, and a fishermen's 
 hospital. Ship-building is carried on with some vigor: and 
 there arc several breweries and refineries. The trade, which 
 wab formerly almost confineit to coastins, havinj; received 
 an impetus from the foruiatiou of a harbor, and a branch 
 of the Norwich and Yarmouth Kailway communicating with 
 It, now extends to Holland, Denmark, and Sweden. The 
 shipping which visited the port in 1848 was 1014 vessels, 
 (67,108 tons,) and had risen in 18.50 to 1576 vessels. (108.238 
 tons). The harbor dues during the same period rose from 
 4S-221. to GOoHl. About 80 boats, employing about 800 men, 
 are occupied in the herring and maikei-el fisheries. Potter, 
 well known for his translations of ii';schylus and other 
 Greek dramatists, was born here. Pop. in 18.51, 6658. 
 
 LOWIOSWATEK, lOz'wa^ter. a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Cumberland, on a small lake of the same name, 6 miles 
 S.S.E. of Cockermouth. 
 
 LOWEVliiliE, lO'vil. a village in Madison co., Alabama, 
 180 miles N. of Montgomery. 
 
 LOW IIAMPTON. a post-village of Washington co., New 
 Tork, near the Albany and Rvitlaud liailroad. 
 
 LOW HILL, a post-town.ship of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, 
 88 miles E.X.E. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 1034. 
 
 LOW'ICK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 LOWIOK, a parish of England, co. of Nortliumberland. 
 
 LOWrCZ or LOWITSCH, lo'vitch, a town of Poland, 44 
 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw, on the Bzura, an affluent of the 
 Vistula. Pop. 7100. It has cavalry barracks, several monas- 
 teries, a Piarist gymnasium, and a normal school. 
 
 LOWISA, lo-wee'sj, or DEGESBY, dA/gh?s-bu\ a fortified 
 Beaport town of Finland, lien of Kynimeuegard, on the Gulf 
 of Finland, 5.5 miles N.E. of Ilelsingfors. Pop. 2700. 
 
 LOW ISLES, a group of three small islands, on the N.E. 
 coast of Australia. Trinity Bay ; hit. 16° 25' S., Ion. 145° 30' E. 
 
 LOWNDES, lowndz, a county in the S. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on Florida, contains 2000 square miles. It is 
 Intersected by the Alapaha and Withlacoochee lUvers. and 
 also drained by Little Kiver and Ocopilco Creek. The surface 
 is level, and the soil productive. It is divided between pine 
 and hummock lands. Organized in 1825. and named in 
 honor of William .Tones Lowndes, member of Congress from 
 South Carolina. Capital, Troupville. Pjp. 5249, of whom 
 2850 were free, and 2399 slaves. 
 
 LOWNDES, a county in the S. central part of Alabama, 
 has an area of 930 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 
 by the Alabama Kiver. and drained by the Pintelala and 
 I^etohatchee Creeks. The surface is uneven, the soil is 
 fertile, and extensively cultivated. The navigation of the 
 river is gootl for large steamboats through its whole extent. 
 Capital, Ilaynesville. Pop. 27,716, of whom 8376 were free, 
 and 19,340 slaves. 
 
 LOWNDES, a county in the E. part. of Mississippi, border- 
 ing on -Mabama, has an area of atout 725 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Tombigbee. which, in passing through 
 the county, receives the Oktibbeha River and Luxapatilla 
 Creek. The surface is level or gently undulating, and is 
 mostly occupied with prairies. The soil is a dark-colored, 
 heavy, and highly productive loam, thought to be very 
 durable, and particularly adapted to cotton. T^rge steam- 
 boats navigate the Tombigbee during more than half of the 
 year. The route of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, now in 
 progress, passes through the county. Capital, Columbus. 
 Pop. 23,625, of whom 089:5 were fre., and 16,730 slaves. 
 
 IX)WNDES, a post-village of Wayne co., Missouri, on 
 Castor Creek, 160 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LOWNDES'BOROUGH, a post-village of I^owndes co., 
 Alabama, alwut 25 miles W.S.W. of Montgomery. It is 
 surrounded by rich plantations of cotton, and has consider- 
 able trade. The county is among the most fertile and 
 wealthy in the state. The village contains 1 male and 1 
 female academy. Pop. about 500. 
 
 LOWNDES/VILLE, a post-village in Abbeville district, 
 South Carolina. 110 miles ^V. of Columbia. 
 
 LOWNDESVILLE. a steambo,at landing on the Tombigbee 
 River, below Columbus. 
 
 LOW POINT, a post-olflce of Woodford co., Illinois. 
 
 LOW-QUAUTER, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LOW-QUARTER, a township of England, co. of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 LOM'-ROW, England, a station on the Newcastle and Car- 
 lisle Railway. 13 miles E.N.E. of C«riisle. 
 
 LOAV'RANCE'S MILLS, a post-village of Lincoln co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LOWRY, Ww'ree, a post-office of Athens Co.. Ohio. 
 
 LOWRY'S FERRY, a small village of Murrav co.. Georgia. 
 
 LOM 'RY'S TURNOUT, a small village of Barnwell district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 LOW'RYSVILLE, a post^fflce of Chester district. South 
 Carohna. 
 
 LOWRVTOWN. a village of Carbon co.. Pennsvlvania, on 
 the Lehigh River, about 12 miles above Mauch Chunk, and 
 U2 from Harrishurg. 
 
 L0WRYV1M,E, a iwstofflce cf Hardin co., Tennessee. 
 1096 
 
 LOWS CORNER, a post-office of Sullivan co., New Tork. 
 
 LOW'SIDE. a township of lingland. co. of Durh.im. 
 
 LOWSIDE-QUARTER, a maritime township of England, 
 CO. of Cumberland. 
 
 L'tWI'llEK. a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 LOW'TIIORPE, a parish of Ecgliind, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 4 miles E.N.E. of Great Driflield, with a station OD 
 the York and North Midland Railway. 
 
 LOAV'TON, a chajielry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LOW/VILLE, a thriving post-village jind township of 
 I^ewis CO., New Y'ork, .55 miles N. by W. from Utici. It 
 contains five churches, 2 newspaper offices, an academy, 
 and 2 banks. Bliick River fl<iws iilong the E. border of the 
 township. Pop. of the village estimated at hOO. Total pop. 
 2373. 
 
 LOWYTLLE, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on French 
 Creek. 15 miles S.E. of Erie borough, has about 150 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 LOWYILLE, a post-village and township in the central 
 part of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 22 miles N. of Madison. 
 Pop. 854. 
 
 LOWY'AII. low'ytl, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, district of Sarum, 20 miles S.E. of Bettiuh. 
 
 L0X.4, a town of Spain. See Loja. 
 
 LOX.\. a town of Ecuador. See LojA. 
 
 LOXIJEAR, a parish of England, co, of Devon. 
 
 LOX/nORE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LOX'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 LOXLEY. a liberty of England, co. of Stafford, 2| mileti 
 S.W. of Uttoxeter. The famous Robin Hood is generally 
 said to have been born here. 
 
 LOYWLHAN'NA, a township of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sjMvania. 
 
 LOYALHANNA CREEK, of Westmoreland CO.. I'ennsyl- 
 vania. unites with the Conemaugh to form the Kiskimiuetaa 
 River, near Salzburg. 
 
 LOY''ALSOCK, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2006. 
 
 LOYAL.S(X!K CREEK, rises in the N.E. part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and flows into the Susquehanna below Williamsporu 
 
 LOY'ALTY ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, E. of New 
 Caledonia, consist of 2 large and 3 small islands, — the 3 
 largest are lnhabi*:«^d. LiFU is the most N. and the largest. 
 North end in hit. 20° 27' S., Ion. 167° E.; 37 miles long, 10 
 to 20 miles broad; it is of coral foiniation, and has no 
 harbor. It is 250 feet in elevation, level on the top, sT-d 
 thickly wooded. Pop. about 3000. Mari, discoverea in 
 1841, is about 20 miles long and 10 miles bruad, anil has 
 no anchorage; it is of coral formation, level, and thickly 
 wooiled. It is densely populated by a wild race of small 
 stature. 
 
 LOY'AT, lo^yd', a village of France, department of Mor- 
 blhan. 29 miles N.E. of Vannes. Pop. 2062. 
 
 LOYES, lo^ya', a village of France, department of Ain, 22 
 miles E. of Trevoux. Pop. 1071. 
 
 LOYD. a post-office of Ulster co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 LOYDS'VIl.LE, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. 
 
 LOY'DSVILLE, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, 10 miles 
 W. from Wheeling in Virginia. 
 
 LOYOLA, lo-yo'ld, a celebrated convent and village of 
 .Spain, Biscay, 14 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian ; the former 
 held to be tlie wealthiest and most magnificent belonging 
 to the Jesuits, by whom it was built in honor of their 
 founder, St. Ignatius, born in the adjacent village in 1491. 
 
 LOZDZEY, a town of Poland. See LosiiZEr. 
 
 LOY'S CROSS ROADS, a postoflice of Anderson co, 
 Tenne.ssee. 
 
 LOZKRE, lo'zaiR', a department of the S. of France, 
 formed of part of the old province of Languedoc. Area 
 1965 square miles. Pop. in Ihbl, 13V,y07. Surface mountain- 
 ous, traversed on the E. bj' the Cevennes Mountains, and 
 from E. to W. by the Mountains of Margerido and Lozdre. 
 Altitude of plateau 2300 to 3000 feet ; the mountains are 
 snow-clad during a great part of the year. Elevation of 
 Mount Lozere, in tlie Cevenn<!R, 4S84 feet. Chief rivers, 
 T.irn, Lot, Truyere, AUier, and Gard. Soil infertile; its 
 corn and wine insufficient for consumption, and a great 
 part of the population live on che,<tnuts and potatoes. 
 Sheep are extensively reared. The minerals of the depart- 
 ment are lead, silver, copper, antimony, and iron. Chief 
 industry, cotton spinning, the preparation of chestnuts for 
 the marine, and mining. This department nearly corre- 
 sponds to the country of the ancient Gabales, and. under 
 the Romans, formed part of Aquitaiiia, I'rima. and Septi- 
 mania. Capital. Mende. The department is divided into 
 the arrondlssements of Monde, Florae and Marwyols. 
 
 Lt)ZOYA, lo-tho'vi. a town of Spain, New Castile, 50 
 miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop, 2072. 
 
 LOZWEIL. lots'wlle, a village of Switzerland, canton and 
 24 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 2430. 
 
 LU, kx), (L. Luhus.) a mark(;t-town of Piedmont. miles 
 N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 3098. 
 
 LU.\NA POINT. .Tantaiea, S. coast. Lat. i8" N. 
 
 LUANCO, loo-an'ko. or LUANCO SANTA MAKlA-fsdi/'ri' 
 md-ree'd) a seaport towu of Spain, on a headland of Aotuiitis, 
 
LUA 
 
 iu the Bay of Biscay, province and 15 miles N. of Oyiedo. 
 Pop. 2700. 
 
 1,UARC.\, loo-aB'kd, a seaport town of Spain, province and 
 87 mile.^ W.N.W. of Oviedo. Pop. 2000. It is in a sbeltered 
 eove. TIio harbor is defended by batteries. 
 
 LUBACZOW, loo'bd-ehov\ a town of Austrian Poland, 
 Galicia. 40 miles W.N.W. of Zolkiew. Pop. 3000. 
 
 LUBACZOVKA or LUBACZOWKA, a town of Russia. 
 
 See LOODATCIIOVKA. 
 
 LUBAN, a town of Russia. See Looban. 
 
 HJB.VN, JIalay Archipelago. See 1>oob.ak. 
 
 LUB.\1{. a town of Russia. See Loobar. 
 
 LUBAUTOW, written alsoIvUBARXOV, loo-baR'tov. a town 
 of Poland, government and 15 miles i^.N.E. of Lublin, on 
 the Wieprz. Pop. 3200. 
 
 LUBBKCKK, (Liibbecke,) lub'bjk'keh, a walled town of 
 Prussian Westphalia. 13 miles W. of Minden. Pop. 27(50. 
 
 LUBBEKiv, lub-l)ik'. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, 21 miles K. of Brussels. Pop. 1911. 
 
 LUBBKN, (Liibhen.) luWhen, a town of Prus.sia. province 
 of Brandenburg, 40 miles S.W. of Frankfort, on an island 
 formed l>y the Spree. Pop. 4370. Chief industry, linen and 
 woollen cloth weaving, brewing, distilling, and manufactures 
 of tobacco. 
 
 LUBBKNAU, (Lubbenau,) liib'beh-nf>w\ a town of Prus- 
 sia, i>rovince of Brandenburg, 44 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort, 
 on the Spree. I'op. 3100. It has a castle. 
 
 LUBUKMIAM. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 LUIVBDB CKKKK, of Alabama, flows S.W. through Pick- 
 ens CO. into Tombighee River. 
 
 LU'BEC, a po.st-vinage and seaport of Washington co., 
 Maine. 2:i0 miles N.K. of Portland. It is pleasantly situated 
 on a point of land jirojecting into the harbor, which is spa- 
 cious, easy of access, and never obstructed with ice. The 
 inhabitants are principally engaged in the coast trade and 
 the fisheries. On the S.^V■. side of Quoddy Ileail, in this 
 township, stands a lighthouse, exhibiting a fixed liglit 90 
 feet above the sea. A ferry-boat plies regularly lietween 
 Lubec and Kastport. Settled in 1815. Pop. of the town- 
 lihip, 2.'j.=i5. 
 
 LUBECK, lu'bfk, (Ger. Liibeck, lu'b^k, L. Lu'becum,) 
 a. famous commercial city of Germany, nominally the chief 
 of the Ifanse Towns, and the capital of a small republic, 
 on the Trave, 10 miles from its mouth, iu the Gulf of 
 Lubeck, 36 miles N.E. of Hamburg. Lat. 63° 52' 1" N., 
 Ion. 10° 41' 5" E. Lubeck is enclosed by ramparts and 
 a promenade; it is well built, mostly in antiquated style, 
 and has a cathedral with curious works of art, a castel- 
 Lited town-hall, formerly the place of assembly for the 
 Ilanseatic l^eague, an exchange, arsenal, mint, several hos- 
 pitals, colleges, schools, and other public institutions, a 
 public library of 37,000 volumes, a society of useful arts, and 
 an operatic theatre. Its trade, though less important than 
 in the middle ages, is still thriving, especially with the Baltic 
 States. Principal exports, corn, cattle, wool. fish, iron, and 
 timber; the imports comprise wines, silks, cottons, hardwares, 
 and otlier manufactured goods, colonial products, dye-stuffs, 
 &c. It has an ext(?nsive commission r>«^l transit trade, largo 
 fairs for wool, cattle, and horses; aAti manufactures of 
 tobacco, soap, playing-cards, paper, linen and cotton stuffs. 
 Iron, copper, and brass works. The exports of grain, in 1852, 
 comprised 26,360 quarters of wheat. 14,300 of barley, 587 of 
 rye, 1206 of oats, and 7920 of peas. In 1860, 1153 vessels, 
 tonnage 213,060, entered, and 1164, tonnage 214,815, cleared 
 at the port. The town communicates with Hamburg by the 
 Trave and Stecknitz Canal, with its port Travemiinde by 
 steamboats liaily, and also by steam with the northern capi- 
 tals frequently. In 1806, Lxiljeck was stormed by the French ; 
 and it subsequently became a capital of an arrondissement 
 of the department of Bouches d'Elbe. Sir Godfrey linoller 
 and .Mo.sheim were born here. As a member of tiie Germanic 
 Confederation, Lubeck has the 35th vote in the plenum : and, 
 in the minor council, shares the 17th vote with the other 
 three free towns. It possesses a territory, exclusive of the 
 bailiwick of Bergedorf which it holds in common with Ilam- 
 ,| burg, of 114 square miles. This territory, inst(!ad of forming 
 one contigtious whole, consists of 10 isolated portions, en- 
 closed p.^rtly by Ilolstein. partly by Lauenburg, and partly 
 liy Mecklenliurg-Schwerin. Pop. in 1862, 31,898 : of the ter- 
 ritory, including half of Bergedorf 50,614. The government 
 is vested in a senate, and a house of burgesses elected by 
 corpor.ite companies, 
 
 LUBKCK, (Liibeck,) PRTXCIPALITY OF, a principality 
 of Northern Gerin;Hiy, belonging to Oldenburg, consisting 
 of two detached portions of territory, enclosed Ijy Holstein 
 and Lauenburg, and comprising the town of Entin and 
 some villages. Area ISO square miles. Pop. 22.146. 
 
 LU'BKC MILLS, a post-office of Washington co,, Maine. 
 
 LUBKN, (Lilben,) lU'ben. a town of Prussian Silesia, 14 
 tiiles N',N.K. of Liegnitz, Pop. 3520. 
 
 LUitERS AC. lii*bJR-srik'. a town of France, department of 
 Correze. 21 miles N.N.W, of Brives. Pop. 1431. 
 
 LUIMNW. looMiee'n<ili\ a village of Hungary, Hither Dan- 
 abe. CO. of Neutra. i'op. 2500. 
 
 LUBLANA. SeeLAViiAca. 
 
 LUC 
 
 LUBLAU, ICCViaw, (Hun. LMo, loo'blo',) a town of 
 Xorth Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Poprad, 15 miles N .E. ol 
 Kesuiark. Pop. 2100. 
 
 LUBLIN, loo'blin, a province of Poland, having E. tH« 
 Russian government of Volhyiiia, S. (ialicia, ^V. and N. tL« 
 provinces of Siedlec and Sandomier, (Sandoniir.) Area 
 11,975 square miles. Pop. 1,008,292. Principal rivers, th«« 
 \\ieprz, Bug, and Vistula. 
 
 LUBLIN, loo'blin, or LUBELSK, loo^bclsk, a city of Poland, 
 capital of a government, in a marshy tract, on the liistritza, 
 90 miles S,E, of Warsfvw. Pop, (1860) 19,054, half of wliom are 
 Jews. It was formerly fortified, and has a citadel, and ruina 
 of a castle, built by Casiujjr the Great. Principal edifices, 
 a town-hall, the Sobieski Palace, cathedral, and ,synaji,oguo, 
 a Piarist College, diocesan and many other scliool.--, civil and 
 military hospitals, an orphan asylum, and a theatre. It 
 has extensive manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, in 
 which, and iu corn and Hungarian wines, it has a consider- 
 able trade. 
 
 LUBLINITZ, loob'lo-nits\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 34 
 miles E.N.E. of Oppeln, on the Malz. Pop. 2150. 
 
 LUBLO. See LUBUVU. 
 
 LUBLO or NEW LUBLO, (Hun, VJ-LuUo, oo'e-loo'bloS 
 Ger. Nru-Lublau, noi loCblow), a village of Hungary, 
 Hither Thei-ss, co. of Zips, about 26 miles from Leutschau. 
 Pop. 1312. 
 
 LUBNA, loob'nd, a village of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, 
 about 10 miles from Leitomischl. Po|i. 1286. 
 
 LUBNA IG, LOCH, loK liiVnaig', (" the Crooked Lake,") a 
 lake of Scotland, co. of Perth, at the N.K. base of lieuledi, 
 5 miles N.N.W. Callander. It is formed by a branch of the 
 Teith, wliich expands into Lochs Uoine and Yoei. 
 
 LUBNI, a town of Russia. See Loobnee. 
 
 LUBOML, loo'bom'l, a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Yolhynia, 38 miles 2v.N.\V. of Vladimeer. 
 Pop. 2815. 
 
 LUBRIN, loo-breen', a town of Spain, province and 29 miles 
 N,E, of Almeria. Pop. 4815. It has several Roman ruins, 
 and extensive mines. 
 
 LUBTHEEN. (Liibtheen,) lUVtain, a marketrtown of Ger- 
 many, Meckleuburg-Schwerin, 10 miles S.S.W. of Uagenow. 
 Pop, 1500. 
 
 LUBZ, (LUbz,) liips, a town of Northern Germany, Meck- 
 leuburg-Schwerin, ou the Elde, 8 miles E.N.E. of Parchim. 
 Pop. 1874. 
 
 LUC or LE LUC, leh lUk, (anc. Lu'cus Augus'tif) a market- 
 town of France, department of Var, 13 miles S.W. of Dr»- 
 guignan. In its vicinity is an extensive glass and crystal 
 factory. Pop. in 1852, 3686. 
 
 LUCA. See Lucca. 
 
 LUCAINENA 1)E LAS ALPUJARRAS, loo-kl-ni/na dills 
 dl-)Kx>-hilK/Kds. a village of Spain, Andalusia, 35 miie;S from 
 Almeria. Pop. 800. 
 
 LUCAINENA DE LAS TORRES, loo-ki-nd'n3 dA Ids toR/Rjs, 
 a town of Spairi, Andalusia, 25 miles from Almeria. P. 1205. 
 
 LU'CAN, a village and parish of Ireland, Leiuster, co. of 
 Dublin, beautifully situated on the Liffey, with a station on 
 the (jreat Southern and Western Railway, 6j miles W. of 
 Dublin. Pop. 1139. Lucan gives the titles of Barou and 
 Earl to the family of Bingham. 
 
 LUCAN AS, loo-kd/nds. a province of Peru, in the depart- 
 ment of Ayacucho. Pop in 1850, 17,401. 
 
 LUCANIA. See Basiuc.ata. 
 
 LU'CAS, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on Michigan and Lake Erie, has an area of 560 square miles. 
 It is partly bounded on the S.E. by the Maumee River, and 
 also drained by the Ottawa, and by Swan Creek. Tlie sui ■ 
 faeo is level, and partly covered with forests; the .soil is fer- 
 tile. The county is intersected by the Waba.sh and Erie 
 Canal, and by the Toledo and Wabash Railroad. Another 
 railroad extends from Toledo, the county-seat, to Cleveland. 
 Pop. 25,831. 
 
 LUCAS, a new county in the S. part of Iowa, has an area 
 of 430 square miles. Whitebreast River, an affluent of Des 
 Moines, fiows through the county in a N.E. direction; the 
 Chariton River, an affluent of Missouri, traverses the S. part; 
 the county is also drained by English and other creeks. The 
 surface is diversified with rolling prairies, and gloves of hard 
 timber, the soil is generally fertile. Capital, Chariton. P. 5766. 
 
 LUCAS, a post-village of Richland co,, Ohio. 
 
 LUC.iS, a post-office of Henry co., Missouri. 
 
 LUCAS, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, near Cedar Rivef, 
 25 miles S.i;. of Iowa City. 
 
 LU'C.4SVILLE, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the 
 left bank of the Scioto Hiver, 13 miles N. of I'ortsmoulh, 
 
 LU(<'AY-I,,E-JIALE, lUVA'ls'h-mdl, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Indre, 20 miles N.N.W, of Chateauroux. Pop, 1345. 
 
 LUCAYOS, See Bahamas, 
 
 LUCC.\, ("It. pron. look'kd; Fr. Lucqties. lUk,) a city of 
 Central Italy, capital of the province of Lucca, is situated 
 on theSerchio, 11 mile8N,E. of Pisa. Pop.21,966. Itiswoll 
 built and clean; fortificationslaid out in public walks, Ithas 
 a fine cathedral, partlyof the 11th century, containing valu- 
 ai)le paintings and some curious antiquities; several uthel 
 churches, mostly built of Carrara marble, an unfinished ducal 
 
 1097 
 
LUC 
 
 Eal»fe. fti-h somo good private palaces, royal lyoeum, with a 
 brarj of 20.000 volumes, a seminary for noble ladie.", found- 
 ed by tlie sister of Napoleon, a small theatre. Ixitaiiic garden, 
 aqueduct, en 459 arches, for the conveyance of water from 
 Monte Piiar.o, the remains of a Roman amphitheatre, and 
 many public fountains. It is an archbishop's see, has many 
 benevolent institutions, and is one of the most industrious 
 cities iu Itjily; having manufactures of silk and woollen 
 fabrics and paper, and an active trade in olive oil. <tc. First 
 an Ktrusc&n, then a Ligurian town, it afterwai-ds became a 
 llomau municipiian, and was often the head-quarters of 
 Julius Cffi-sar. About the end of the 6th century it fell under 
 the power of the Lombards, from whom it passed to the 
 emperors of Germany. In 13-12 it purchaseil its freedom 
 from Charles IV., and became a republic. It was taken pos- 
 seasioii of by the French in 1799 ; .and, a few years after, 
 became the capital of a principality of th<? same name, erected 
 by Kapoleon, in favor of his sister Eliza, wife of Feli-x 
 Baciocchi. In virtue of arrangements made by the Congress 
 of Vienna, it now belongs to the Duke of Tuscany. Near it 
 are the reputed baths of Xero, and 11 miles northward, in 
 the valley of the .Serchio, are the baths of Lucca, n favorite 
 Bummer watering-place. Adj. and inhab. LuccHiiSE, luk-keez'. 
 (It. pron. look-ki'sd.) 
 
 LUCCA, Duchy of, (It. Duccato di Lucca. dook-k3/to dee 
 look'kd. or Lucchese, look-ki's.A.) a small territory of Central 
 Italy, between lat. 43° 45' and 44" V N., and Ion. 10° 12' and 
 10° 42' E., bounded E, and S. by Tuscany, W. by the Gulf of 
 Genoa and Duchy of Ma.ssa, and N. by Modena. Area 516 
 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 260,745. It occupies the central 
 valley of the Serchio, and is con.'^idered one of the finest and 
 most fertile regions in Italy. Lucca was formerly an inde- 
 pendent state, but was ceded to Tuscany in October, 1S47. 
 See TuiCAXT. 
 
 LUCCA, look'kj, a village of Sicily, intendency of Girgenti, 
 between Alessandria and Castronuovo. I'op. 3000. 
 
 LUCCIIESE. See Lucca, Dochv of. 
 
 LUCE, a township iu Spencer co., Indiana. Pop. 1622. 
 
 LUCE.4, loo-see'a, a m.iritime village of Jamaica, on its 
 N.W. coast, CO. of Cornwall, I'i miles W.S.W. of llontego. 
 
 LUCEAU, lii'so', a villasre of France, department of Sarthe, 
 21 miles S,W. of St. Calais. Pop. 1362. 
 
 LUCE (luss) BAY, a broad and deep inlet of the Irish Sea, 
 S.W. co;u!t of Scotland, co. of Wigton. Breadth at entrance, 
 18} miles; at the head, where it receives the small river 
 Luce, about 7 miles; length 16|^ miles. The quicksands of 
 this bay have often proved destructive to shipping. 
 
 LUCEXA, lu-se'na or loo-th.Vnd, (anc. £liscma ?) a city of 
 Ppain, Andalusia, province and 30 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, 
 In an agreeable plain. It is well built, has several squares, 
 generally wide, clean, paved streets, lined with handsome 
 edifices; a large, handsome, and highly decorated parish 
 ;hurch, several chapels, four convents, two l.adie.s' colleges, 
 and a variety of schools and benevolent institutions; a town 
 and session-house, prison, two hospitals, an orphan asylum, 
 storehouse, a magnificent "pa.seo" (promenade) in one of 
 the principal squares, and, in the environs, esteemed medi- 
 cinal baths. It has manufactures of linen fabrics, shoes, 
 Boap. earthenware, delft, glass, brandy, wine, oil, vinegar; 
 and iron, copper, and other metallic vessels, <S:c. Pop. 16.652. 
 
 LUCEN.\, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles N.W. of 
 Castellon-de-la-Plana, on the river Lucena. Pop. 2903. 
 
 LUCENAy LES AlX,lu'seh-n.V l.Azix.a village of France, 
 department of Nievre, 25 miles S.E. of Xevers. Pop. 1579. 
 
 LUCENAY L'EVKQUE, lU\seh-nA/ leh-vAk', a village of 
 France, department of SaOne-et-Loire,' 8 miles W.X.W. of 
 Autun. Pop. 1221. 
 
 LUCEXDA,loo-sJn'dd, a considerable town of South Africa, 
 capital of the territory of Cazembe, on the Vt\ affluent of 
 Lake Xyassi, near lat. 10° S., Ion. 30° E, 
 
 LUCE, (New and Old,) two parishes of Scotland, co. of 
 ■SVigton. 
 
 LUCEMCO, loo-ch?n'e-ko, or LUTZENEY, loot/seh-ni\ a 
 Tillage of Austrian lUyria, circle of Giiritz, near the Ismitz. 
 Pop. 1180. 
 
 LUCENTO, loo-ch?n'to, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 near Turin, on the Dora Uipaira. Pop. 1246. 
 
 LUCENTUM. See Aucante. 
 
 LUCERA, loo-ch.Vri, (anc. Lue^ria,) a town of Naples, 
 province of Capitanata, on a height, 12 miles W.N.W. of 
 Foggia. Pop. 11,000. It is enclosed by old w.alls, and has a 
 fine <athedral. formerly a Saracenic mosque, a bishop's palace, 
 Atrtlmimle appropriated to tlie public otflces, a royal college, 
 and a fine private museum, and active trade in cattle and 
 cheese. 
 
 LUCEBAME, looKhA-rii'm.\, a village of the Sardinian 
 BtatfS. division and 14 miles N.N.E. of Nice. Pop. 1207. 
 LlCKltlA. See LuctitA. 
 LlCKllNA, a town of Sardinia. See Luserna. 
 LL CEUNE. Iti-sern'. (Fr. pron. lU'saiaA; Ger. Lua-m or Lur 
 eern, loot-sdnn'.) a city of Switzerland, capital of the canton 
 or Lucerne, and one of the three seats of the Swiss Diet on 
 the Keuss, where it issues from theW.extremitvof the Ijjke 
 ?: . i'i'T',"'- 'f' '""'■*' *^-'''*^- "*■ Zurich. Pop. in"l860. 11,522. 
 U in hijjhly ideturesque, enclosed by a waU and watch-towers, 
 
 LUC 
 
 and pretty well built. Principal edifices, a cathedral and 
 other fine churches, several convents, town-liall. arsenal, 
 with ancient armor, two hospitals, an orphan a.sylum, jail, 
 theatre, and several covered bridges, adorued witli ancient 
 paintings. Its lyceum. established in an old .Jesuit convent, 
 has 14 professors; there is attached to it an admirable 
 public school. In a garden, outside of the city walls, is a 
 monument to the Swiss guards who tell iu Paris. 1792; 
 Lucerne has several other remarkable works of art; also 
 manufactures of silk and cotton fabrics, carriages, and one 
 of the largest weekly corn-markets ia Switzerland. 
 
 LUCEKN E, a canton of Switzerland, near its centre. Area 
 588 square miles. Pop. in 1800, 130.504, nearly all Komau 
 Catholics. Surface mountainous iu the S., level in the N. 
 Soil generally fertile. Principal river, the r-mmeu. Tha 
 canton comprises the lakes Sempach and iialdegg; those of 
 Lucerne and Zug form part of its E. limits. A smail sur- 
 plus of corn is produced annuiiUy ; fruits are plentiful, and 
 some wine is made; but the chief branches of industry are 
 cattle rearing and d.iiry husbandry. Lucerne is the chief 
 of the Swi.<s Komau Catholic cantons. 
 
 LUCERNE, LAKE OF, (Ger. Waldatudter See or Merwald- 
 stiidter See. feer-wdlf stfet-ter zA\ or the " Lake of the Four For- 
 est Cantons,") a lake of Switzerland, near its centre, enclosed 
 by the cantons of Schwytz, Uri, Uuterwaldeu, and Lucerne. 
 Length 24 miles; breadth from half a mile to 2 miles ; height 
 of surface above the sea 1380 feet; the deptli varies from 300 
 near Lucerne to 900 feet, near its E. extremity. Shape cruci- 
 form, with a prolongation eastward, called the Bay of Uri, 
 where its banks rise into rugged sublimity ; its scenery is 
 everywhere picturesque. Tlie lieu.ss enters it at its S.E., and 
 leaves it at its N.W. end. The city of Lucerne, and towns of 
 Kussnacht, Brunnen. and Flueleu are on this lake, on which 
 a steamer plies from end to end. twice a day in summer. 
 
 LUCERNE, a post-village of Knox co., Ohiio, 60 miles N.E. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 LUCIlfi. Iti'shA/, a village of France, department of Saithe, 
 on the Loir, 7 miles E. of La Fleche. I'op. 2626. 
 
 LUCHENTE, loo-ch^n't.'V. a town of Spain, province, and 
 35 miles from S'alentia. Pop. 1207. 
 
 LUCIION. a town of France. See BAGNfiRES-DE-LucHON. 
 LUCIIoW. (Liichow.) lii'kov, a town of Hanover, 37 miles 
 S.E. of LUneburg, on the Jetze. Pop. 1343. 
 
 LUCIITUINGEN, (Liichtringen.) liiK'tring-en, a village of 
 Rhenish Prussia, government and 40 miles S.S.E. of Minden, 
 on the Weser. over which there is here a ferry. Pop. 1909. 
 
 LUCIUXANO, loocheen-ya/no, a town of Central Italy, 
 Tuscany, provinceof Florence, 7 miles N.E. of Sienna. P.2880. 
 
 LUCILLO, loo-theel'yo, a town of Spain, province and 37 
 miles W.S.W. of Leon. Pop. l-i85. 
 
 LUCIN'DA FURNACE, a postroffice of Clarion co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 LUCITO, loo-chee'to, a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Molise, 11 miles W.S.W. of Larino. Pop. 3000. 
 
 LUCK, a town of Russia. See J^ooTSK. 
 
 LUCKA, look'kd, a town of Germany, Saxe-Altenburg, 
 ne<"ir Altenburg, on the Schuauber. Pop. 1425. 
 
 LUCKAU, loo'kow, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, 50 miles S.W. of Frankfort, (on the Oder.) on the 
 Berste. Pop. 4310. It has manufactures of woollens and 
 linens: distilleries, and powder-mills. 
 
 LUCKENW.'VLDE, look'en-wdl'di.h, a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg, 23 miles S.E. of Potsdam, on the 
 Nuthe. with a station on the Berlin and Anhalt Railway. 
 Pop. 6300, employed in woollen cloth and linen factories, 
 tanneries, iron works, breweries, and distilleries. 
 
 LUCK'ER, a chapelry of England, c6. of Northumberland, 
 with a station on the York and Berwick Railway, 2y miles 
 S.S.E. of Bel ford. 
 
 LUCK'II.\>1. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LUCK'INGTOX, a pari.-h of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LUCKIPOOR, luk-ke-poor'. a town of Britihh India, pre.sl- 
 dency of Bengal, district of Tiperah. near the mouth of the 
 Brahmapootra, 60 miles S.S.E. of Dacca. Lat. 22° 55' N., Ion. 
 90° 55' E. It has manufactures of coarse cotton goods, and 
 is remarkable as one of the cheapest towns in India. 
 
 LUCKN(^W. luck'nuw\ (llin. LuKstuanaviite.) a city of Hin- 
 dostan, capital of Oude. 580 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta; lat. 26*^ 
 53' N., Ion. 80° 58' E. ; on the right bank of the (;of>mty, here 
 crossed by a stone bridge of 10 iriigular, pointed arches, 
 and by a bridge of boats. The river, opposite the city, is 
 about 100 yards wide ; and Is navigable, for large boats, from 
 its junction with the Ganges, between Ghazipoor and Be- 
 nares, to a con.siderable distance up the country. Lucknow, 
 like nearly all Eastern cities, has an imposing and pictur- 
 esque appearance from a distance, wilh its innumerabl* 
 minarets, gilded cupolas, and brilliantly-colored sepulchre* 
 and mosques ; but, like them also, fails to realize, on neai 
 inspection, the promises of the remoter view. It may bo 
 said to be divided into two portions — the court end. and the 
 bazaar or mercantile, which is 3 or 4 miles iu length, and, 
 in some places, nearly as much in bi-eadth; but the streets 
 are narrow and dirty, and the houses generally mean. In 
 the better quarter it is otherwi.se. Here the buildings are 
 handsome, and the streets broad and clean ; one of the finest 
 
 J 
 
LLC 
 
 LUG 
 
 of those- rallod IIusRn Abad. runs parallel with the river 
 towards tlie bridge, and traverses a coiipidurable poition of 
 the northern quarter. In the centre of this street is a lofty 
 portal, ornamented with many small towerji; and, at the 
 further extremity, is the Imaum Barrce (holy palace), where 
 the \'izir Asoph ud Dowlah is buried. There are. besides, 
 many stately khans, and some handsome mosques and 
 pagodas, in various parts of the city, and not a few of them 
 in the meanest and most wretched quarters. With the excep- 
 tion, liowever, of the royal tombs, and the Iniaunibarah, or 
 cathedral, a beautiful structure, the principal edifices of the 
 city are all of modern construction. The scenery around 
 the city is very pleasing, especially along the banks of the 
 Goomty. The river here exhibits a scene of great activity — 
 traiHc- boats, small barks, and fishing-lxjats, rowing to and fro 
 in ceaseless succession. Between the city and the decaying 
 country-seat Constantia, is the Delkuslia Park, witli an 
 extensive menagerie; and about 3 miles distant is Baroun, 
 a royal palace in tlie Grecian style. Luckuow has been the 
 Beat of government since 1774, wlien it was removed thither 
 from Fyzabad. Pop. estimated at 200,tX)0; but Von Orlich, 
 in 184y. says 300.U00. 
 
 LUCKNOVVTKK, irik'n5w'tee\ a town of Xorth-Western 
 Ilindostan, in a territory subsidiary to the British, 13 miles 
 N.K. of Kurnaul. 
 
 LUCKU'UT'. LAKHPAT,iak'li'pit', or LUCICPUT' BUN'- 
 DKil, a fortified town of Western Hindostan, Cutch, on the 
 Koree or Kast branch of the Indus, here 200 yards across, 
 and only 4 feet deep. Pop. 5000, mostly Hindoo triulers. It 
 stands on elevated ground, and lias irregular bastioned 
 walls, mounting a lieterogeneous collection of cannons. 
 
 LUC'ICY HIT, a post-villago of Limestone co., Alabama, 
 200 miles N.N.W. of .Montgomery. 
 
 LUGO, loo'ko, (anc. Luciof) a village of Naples, province 
 of Abruzzo Ultra II., on Lake Fuciuo, 5 miles S. of Avezzano. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 LUCi >LT, lookolee. a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra II.. 6 miles ^V.S.W. of Aquila. Pop. 2500. 
 
 LUt.'ON, liiVAxo', (anc. Lurus?) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vendee, 17 miles AV. of Fontenay, aliout 8 miles 
 from the sea, to which it is united by a navigable canal, 10 
 miles in length. Pop. in 1852, 4S10. It has a communal 
 college, linen factories, and manufactures of porcelain. 
 
 LIJCON, one of the Philippine Islands. See Ll'zox. 
 
 LUCQUES. See Liicc.\. 
 
 LUCTO, a small village of Mercer co., Kentucky, on Salt 
 Eiver. 
 
 LCCTON. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LUCUS. See Lvco. 
 
 LUCUS ASTLT^UM. See Oviedo. 
 
 LUCUS AUGUSTI. See Luoo. 
 
 LUCY-LE-BOIS, lii'see'leh-bwd', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Youne, canton of Avalon. Pop. 1011. 
 
 LUCZ, loots, a village of Hungary, on the Theis.s, hero 
 crossed by a bridge of boats, 16 miles from Tokay. P. 1946. 
 
 LU'DA. a post-offlce of Washita co.. Arkansas. 
 
 LU'DAMAR', a state of West Africa, in the N.E. part of 
 Sencgambia, and on the borders of the Sahara. Pop. Mo- 
 hammedan. Chief town, Benowm. 
 
 LUJ).\S. loo'dosh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs, on an 
 extensive lagoon and morass of its own name. Pop. 2106. 
 
 LUD'BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. and 25 miles 
 E.S.E. of Lincoln, with a station on the East Lincolnshire 
 Eailwav, N. of Louth. 
 
 LUD'CIIUKCH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 LUDD. lud, (anc. LydUla or Dios'filin,) a considerable 
 village of Palestine', 2 miles N.E. of Kamleh. with a decayed 
 church of St. George. It was ruined by a Mongol tribe in 1271. 
 
 LUD'DENDEN,' a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding, 3j miles W. of Halifax, with a station on the Man- 
 chester and Leeds Railway. 
 
 LUD'DENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LUD'DESDOWN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LUD'DTNGTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LUDDIXtiTON-iN'-TUE-BllOOK, a parish of England, 
 counties of Huntingdon and Northampton. 
 
 LUDE or LE LUDE, leh Hid, (anc. Lusdum*) a town of 
 France, department of Sarthe. on the Loir, 10 miles E.S.E. 
 of La Fleche. Pop. 2250. It has a castle. 
 
 LUI'ENSCHEID, (Liidenscheid,) lii'den-shrte\ a town of 
 Prussia, Westphalia. 23 miles S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 3810. 
 It has factories of cutlery, brass and iron wares. 
 
 LUD't'OllD, a parish of England, counties of Hereford 
 and Salop. 
 
 LUDFOKD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LUDGERSH.VLL. liij'erz-hall, a town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Wilts, 15 miles N. of Salisbury. Near it. a few 
 years ago the great seal of England, usetl in the reign of 
 Btephen. was discovered. Pop. 554. 
 
 LUDGERSH.\LL. a pari.sh of England, co. of iucks. 
 
 LUDGV.VN, liij'van, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LUD'1I.\M. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LUDINGHAUSEN, (LUdinghausen), lU'ding-h(5w*zen, a 
 town of Prussia, Westphalia, 16 miles S.S.W. of Milnster. 
 Pop. 1750. 
 
 LtJDITZ, (LUditz,) Iti'dits, a town of Bohemia, ch^le of 
 Eliwgen, on the Strzela. 56 rr.'.'.^r^ tV. oi fraguc. r. 1400. 
 
 LU D'LOW, indlo, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Salop, at the contiuencc 
 of the Corve and Teme, 25 miles S. of Shrewsbury. Pop. In 
 1S51, 5376. It is finely situated on an eminence in a fertile 
 district. There are some traces of its ancient walls, erected 
 in the reign of Edward I., extensive and uiiignificent remains 
 of a castle, Mortimer's chapel, the noble state apartments 
 of the lords presidents of the marches, with several towers, 
 in one of which Butler wrote part of his Hudil'ras; a 
 cruciform parish church, with a grammar sdiool. founded 
 l)y Edward IV., having two exhibitions to Baliol College, 
 Oxford ; and assembly rooms, small theatre, and library. 
 The Viorough sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 LUD'LOW, a post-village and township of A\iu(isor co, 
 Vermont, on a tributary of the Connecticut, and on the I!ut- 
 land and Burlington Railroad. 70 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 It has churches of 3 denominations, and considerable 
 manufactures of ca.«simeres, ni.ichinery, and cdmbs. P. 156S. 
 
 LUDLOW, a post-village and township of Hiinipdcn co, 
 IMassachusetts, on the riglit bank of the Cbickopee River, 
 about 9 miles N.E. of Springfield. The Springfield Manu- 
 facturing Company is located here. Pop. 1174. 
 
 LUDLOW, a post-oflice of Scott co.. .Mississippi. 
 
 LUDIjOW, a post-oflice of Miami co., Ohio. 
 
 LUDLOW, a post-township in the N.E. part of Washington 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1043. 
 
 LUDLOW, a posfcofflce of Dubois co.. Indiana, 
 
 LUD'LOWVILLE, a thriving post-village in I^ansing town- 
 ship, Tompkins co.. New York, on the E. shore of Ciiyuga 
 Lake, at the mouth of Salmon Creek, 10 miles N. by W. of 
 Itliaca. It has liouring-mills, and several churches. Pop, 
 estimated at 500. 
 
 LUDWIGSBURG, lood'wigs-btirg or lood'fi-ios booRG\ a city 
 and second capital of Wtirteml>erg, 1 mile W. of tlie .Veckar, 
 and 8 miles N. of Stuttgart. Pop.11,201. The chief edifice is 
 its vast palace, one of the largest and finest in Germany, 
 with a gallery of paintings, and spacious gardens. It has 
 several churches, an arsenal, theatre, military school, lyceum, 
 orph.an asylum, workhouse, an in.stitution for poor children, 
 a royal cannon foundry, and manufactures of woollen, 
 cotton, and linen fabrics, eartlienware, buttons, leather, 
 needles, and jewellery. Near it is hk Favobite, (Id ^-vo- 
 reef.) a royal summer palace. 
 
 LUDWIG'S CANAL, Bavaria, unites the AltmUhl with 
 the Regnitz. See Altmuiii.. 
 
 LUDWKiSDORF, lood'ftiG.«-doRf\ a village of Prussia, 
 province of Sile.sia, circle of Glatz. Pop. 1023. 
 
 LUDWUiSHAFEN, lood'*iGs-ha'fen, a village of Baden, 
 Lake circle, on the Lake of Constance. Pop. 817. 
 
 LUDWIGSLUST, lood'wiGs-16ost\ a market-town of North 
 Germany, grand-duchy of Merklonburg-Schwerin, 21 miles 
 E. of Schwerin, with a station on the Hamburg and Berlin 
 Railway. Pop. 5256. Its fine palace was, till 1837, the 
 usual residence of the grand-duke. 
 
 LUDWIGSTADT, looil'wig-statr, a town of Bavaria, 39 
 miles N. of liaireuth. Pop. 860. 
 
 LUD'WORTH, a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 LUESI.\. ioo-.Vse-a, a town of Spain, Arasron, 60 miles from 
 Saragoss>i. on the Arba-de-Luesia. I'op. 947. 
 
 LUF'FEXHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Rut- 
 land. 
 
 LUFFENIIAM, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Rut- 
 land, 6J miles W.S.VV. of Stamford. It has a station on tlie 
 Midland Railway. 
 
 LUF'FINCOTT, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LUFT'ON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LUQA. Russia. See Loooa. 
 
 LUGAGNANO, loo-gdn-yd'no, an ancient town of Italy, 
 situated 19 miles S.E. of Piacenza, on the Arda. Pop. 4521. 
 
 LUG.\NO, loo-gd/no, a town of Switzerland, one of the 3 
 capitals of the canton of Ticino, on the N. shore of the Lake 
 of Lugano, 16 miles S. of Bellinzona. Pop. in 1850, 5142. It 
 is picturesquely situated, and has two churches, with good 
 p.iintings. a large theatre, manufactures of silks, leather, 
 and iron goods, and various printing and bookselling esta- 
 blishments, and it is an entrepot of the trade between Italy 
 and Switzerland. Near it are numerous grottoes. 
 
 LUGANO, LAKE OF, (It. Lngn di Lufjann, lii/go dee 
 loo-gd'no, ane. Cere^sius Lafcux.) a lake of Switzerland and 
 North Italy, between the Lakes Maggiore and Como, and 
 about 190 feet higher than these. Shape very irregular. 
 Greatest length 16 miles, average breadth 2 miles. It is 
 mostly enclosed by lofty, abrupt, and wooded mountains, 
 is of great, and in some places, unfathomed depth, and 
 discharges its surplus waters by the river Trefa into Lago- 
 Maggiore. Its scenery is very imposing, being much more 
 gloomy and rugged than that of the celebrated lakes on 
 either side. A steamer plies regularly on the lake; and be- 
 tween the two villages of Melide and Bissona, where it is nar- 
 rowest, a liandsome bridge has recently been thrown over it. 
 
 LUGANSKAIA STANITZA, a town of Russia. See Loo. 
 
 OASSKAIA StaXITZA. 
 
 LUGANSKOfi, u town of Russia. See IiOOGANSKo£ 
 
 1099 
 
LUG 
 
 LUM 
 
 LlfGAR. Scotland, co. of Ayr, a small but beaxitiful 
 aflluont of the river Ayr, "which It joins near Catrine. 
 
 LTJGDE. loog'deh. a walled town of Prussia. Westphalia, 
 27 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Emmer. Pop. 3500. It 
 has paper-mills and mineral springs. 
 
 LUGDUNUM. See Lyoxs. 
 
 LUODUXUM BATAVORUM. See Letden. 
 
 LUGG. Iti^;. a river of England and Wales, joins the Wye 
 near Mordiford, co. of Hereford. I^n<;th about 40 miles. 
 
 LUGHMA.V, liVmin', or LAMGHAN. litmV"'. a district 
 in the .\.E. of Afghanistan, lat. 34° 25' to 35° N., Ion. 70° 
 to 70° 40' E. ; it forms part of the province of .Telalabad. 
 
 LUG^NAQUIL'LA, a mountain of Ireland, Leiuster, co. 
 of Wicklow, 6 miles S.E. of Douard. Height 3039 feet. 
 
 LUGNY, liinVee'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Sa«ne-et-Loire, 11 miles N. of Macon. Pop. 1167. 
 
 LUGO, loo'go, (anc. Lw'cus AugusitQ a city of Spain, 
 capital of the province of Lugo, on the Minho, 48 miles E. 
 N.E. of Santiago. Pop. 7269. It is enclosed by walls, and 
 has a large square, surrounded by arcades ; a Gothic cathe- 
 dral of the 12th century, and manufactures of Morocco 
 leather and thread stockings. Its mineral baths were 
 femous in the time of the Komans. 
 
 LUGO, a province of Spain, bounded on the X. by the 
 Atlantic, between Ion. 6° 52' and 8° 4' W. Area 3484 square 
 miles. Pop. 419,437. Capital, Lugo. 
 
 LUGO, loo'go, a town of Central Italy, in the Romagna, 
 Bituated 32 miles S.S.E. of Ferrara. Pop. 8232. It is im- 
 portant as a place of trade, and has a large annual fair from 
 September 1st to 19th. 
 
 LUGOS, loo'go.sh\ a village of Hungary, Thither Xheisg, 
 12 miles from Nyir Bathor. Pop. 1433. 
 
 LUGOS, a market-town of S.E. Hungary, co. of Krasso, on 
 the Theiss, 32 miles E.S.E. of Temesvar. Pop. 6600. 
 
 LUGRIN, loo-green', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Savoy, on the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1274. 
 
 LUGUM KLOSTKR, Denmark. See Lygum Kloster. 
 
 LUGUVALLUM or LUGUVALLIO. See Carlisle. 
 
 LUG'WAR'DIXE. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LUHATSCIIOWITZ, loo'hjt-sho'wits. a village of Moravia, 
 14 miles E.S.E. of Hradisch, with sulphur and saline baths, 
 which have lately acquired repute. Pop. 798. 
 
 LUIIU. See Loehoe. 
 
 LUIK, a town of Belgium. See Liege. 
 
 LUIKEL.\XD. a province of Belgium. See Liege. 
 
 LU'IXG, an island of Scotland, co. of Argyle. olf its W. 
 coast, separated from Sell Island, on the N., by a strait about 
 300 yards in width. Length 7i miles. 
 
 LUINGUE, XviKiig, a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, 30 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 1343. 
 
 LUTNO. See Luvrao. 
 
 LUIS DE LA PAZ, loo-ees/ d.\ \K pils. a town of Mexico, 
 near the E. frontiers of Guanajviato, and about 36 miles 
 N.N.W. of Queretaro, with productive silver-mines. 
 
 LUISIAXA. LA, li loo-ee'see-a/nit, a village of Spain, An- 
 dalusia. 40 miles from Seville. Pop. 2941. 
 
 LUIZ-ALVES, loo-ees'ai'vJs, MAXOEL-ALVES, ma-no-2l'- 
 IVvls, or MKRIDIOXAL, m.'l-re-de-o'njl, a river of Brazil, 
 which rLses in the Sierra do Duro, in the N.E. part of the 
 province of Goyaz, and joins the Tocantins, in about lat. 
 9° 20' S. Its whole course is estimated at 150 miles. 
 
 LUJAN or LUX.\N, loo-nSn', a river of the Argentine Re- 
 public, (La Plata.) South .America, joins the Plata estuary 
 from the W., 23 miles X.W. of Buenos Ayres. 
 
 LU.TAR or LUXAR, loo-iiaR/, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 
 40 miles from Granada. Pop. 1222. 
 
 LUKA, loo'kd, a town of the Punjab, between the Ghara 
 (Sutli'j) and Chenaub Rivers, on the route from Ferozepoor 
 to Mooltan. 
 
 LUKAWETZ. loo'ki-«Jts, or LUKAWICE, loo/ka-fteefsA, 
 a market-town of Bohemia, 4 miles from lieichenau. Pop. 
 1005. 
 
 LUKELIXGO, a town of Eastern Africa. See Qimx)A. 
 
 LUK-FAH-TAH, a postoffice of the Choctaw Nation, Ar- 
 kans.^s. 
 
 LUKHOKL loo-ko'kee, a town of the Punjab, between the 
 Ghara (Sutlgj) andChenaub Rivers, on the route from Fe- 
 rozepoor to Mooltan. 
 
 LUKT.\XOW. a town of Russia. See Lookianov. 
 
 LUKISI. lil-kee'see, a maritime village of Greece, govern- 
 ment of Boeotia, on the channel of Talanta, 12 miles N.N.E. 
 of Thpbes. Xe.ar it are vestiixes of the ancient Anlhedon. 
 
 LUKKEE (luk'kee') MOUXTAIXS, a considerable range in 
 Sinde. connefted with the Hala or Brahooic Mountains of 
 Belooehistan ; highest parts, about 1000 feet. 
 
 LUKKEK, (XoRTHERN.) a town of Sinde. in ruins, 10 
 miles S.S.E. of Shikarpore. 
 
 LUKKEE, (Southern.) a town of Sinde. on the Indus, 
 near the entrance of the Lukkee Pass. S. of Sehwan. 
 
 LUKO.IA\OV, a town of Russia. See Lookianov. 
 
 LUKOV. loo'kof a town of Poland, province and 17 miles 
 S. of Siedlec. Pop. 3586. comprising many .Tews. 
 
 LULA. looll or LUVUL.A., loo-voo'la, a village and island 
 of Sardinia, division of Sassari. Pop. 930. 
 
 LULEA. f Luled,) loote-O, a navigable river of North Swe- 
 1100 
 
 den. laen of PiteJ, enters the Gulf of Bothnia, 60 miles S.W. 
 of TorneS, after a S. course of 200 miles. 
 
 LULEA, (Lule.4,) a seaport-town of Sweden. Iwn of Pite.4, 
 capital of a district, at the mouth of the Lulea-Elf in the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, 62 miles W.S.W. of TorneA. The piesent 
 town has a good harbor, at which some trade is cari'ied on; 
 and steamers call in passing between Stockholm and lor- 
 nei. Pop. 1140. 
 
 LULLEEAXA, luUee-d'ni, a village of the Punjab, 20 
 miles S. of Lahore. 
 
 LULLIX. lool-leen', a vill.age of the Sardinian States, Sa- 
 vov. 10 miles from T houon. I'op. 1002. 
 
 LUL'LIXGSTOXE, a i^arish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LCIv'LIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 LULLIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LULLIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LULL'WORTH, H parish of England, co. of Dorset, 54 
 miles S.W. of AVarehara. LuUworth Castle, the seat of the 
 Weld family, is a massive pile, erected in 1588. 
 
 LULLWOKTII COVE, England, co. of Dorset, a deep and 
 narrow inlet of the sea, surrounded by lofty cliffs, with 21 
 feet of water at low tide. 
 
 LU.MAKSO, loo-maR/so, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Chiavari, near Cicagna. Pop. 2657. 
 
 LUM'BER, a township of Clinton co., Pennsvlvania. 
 Pop. 213. 
 
 LUMBER BRIDGE, a post-office of Robeson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LUMBER CITY, a post-village of Clearfield co., Penusyl- 
 Tania. Pop. 192. 
 
 LU5IBER CITY, a post-village of Telfair co., Georgia, on 
 the Ocmulge*! River, about 100 miles S.S.E. of Milledaeville. 
 
 LUM'BERLAXD, a post-township of Sullivan co";, Xew 
 York, on the Delaware River, about 125 miles S.S.W. of Al- 
 bany. The Eric Railroad enters New York from Pennsyl- 
 vania in this township, and the Delaware and Hudson 
 Canal, following the X. bank of the Lackawaxen. also crosses 
 the Delaware here by a viaduct, and passes eastward along 
 the river. Pop. 970. 
 
 LUM'BERPORT, a post-village of Harrison co., Virginia, 
 210 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 LU.MBER RIVER, rising near the N.E. border of Rich- 
 mond county, in North Carolina, flows in a southerly course, 
 and enters the Little Pedee, in South Carolina, about 14 
 miles E. of Marion Court Hou.se. 
 
 LUM'BERTOX, a post-village and port of entry of Bur- 
 lington CO.. New .Tersey. on the S. branch of the Rancocug 
 Creek, at the head of navigation, 2 or 3 miles S. of Mount 
 lUilly. It contains a glass fiictory. The shipping of the 
 district. June 30, 1S52, amounted to an aggregate of 12,067 
 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 2797 tons W(-re em 
 ployed in steam navigation. During the yejir, 1 schooner 
 and 7 other vessels, with an aggregate burthen of 537 tons, 
 were admeasured. Pop. 1830. 
 
 LUMBERTON, a village of Gates co.. North Carolina, on 
 the Chowan River, about 25 miles W. by N. of Gatesville. 
 
 LUMBERTON. a fiourishing post-village, oapital of Robe- 
 sou CO., North Carolina, on the Lumber River. 91 miles S.S.W. 
 of Raleigh. It has an active trade in lumber and turpentine. 
 Pop. in 1860, about 2000. 
 
 LUMBERTON, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, about 
 70 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 LUM'BER VILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylva^ 
 nia. on the Delaware River. 
 
 LUMBIER. loom-be-aiR'. a town of Spain, province of Xa- 
 varre. 22 miles E.S.E. of Pamplona. Pop. 2143. 
 
 LU.MBRALES. loom-brd'l?s, a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 48 miles W.S.W. of Siilamanca. Pop. 2492. 
 
 LUMBRERAS. loom-bri/ras. a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 28 miles S. of LogroSo. Pop. 1300. 
 
 LUMELLIX.A. a town of Sardinia. See Mortara. 
 
 LU.MELLO. loo-mJllo, a town of Pialmont, division of 
 Novara. 10 miles S.E. of Mortara. Vdyt. 2150. 
 
 LUMENCIIA, loo-mfn'chd. a .small island of Spain, in the 
 Bay of Biscay, at the entrance of the port of Lequeitio. It 
 had a battery, which the British destroyed in 1810. 
 
 LUMEZZANE, loo-mJt-sd/n.4, two contiguous villages of 
 Northern Italy. 8 miles N. of Bre.scia. United pop. 2715. 
 
 LUMLEY, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 LUMLEY, LITTLE, a ch.apeiry adjoining the above, and 
 remarkable for its stately castle, originally built in the roign 
 of Edward I., by the Lumleys, ancestors of the Earl of Scar- 
 borough. 
 
 LUMMEX', lum'men. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limbourg. 8 miles W.N.W. of Ilasselt. Pop. 2891. 
 
 LUMPHAN'AN, a parish of Scotland, co. and 24 miles 
 W.S.W. of Aberdeen. Macbeth is said to have beon slain 
 here, at a spot marked by a cairn. 
 
 LUMP'KIX'. a county in the N. p-art of Georgia, contaiiw 
 4C0 square miles. It is drained by the Chestate>- and E1> 
 wah Rivers. The surface is diversified, being traverwKl by 
 the Blue Ridge. The soil near the rivere is very j mductivo. 
 Gold is found in nearly all parts, and some of the niinen are 
 very rich. Indications of its presence are si'en in the color 
 of the waters, and many of the hills are completely rid lied 
 
LDM 
 
 with sliafta and tunnels. — White's Slftti.tiics. Copper, silyer, 
 magriftio iron, lead, and granite are aI?o found. Organized 
 In 183S, and named in honor of Wii-son liUuiptLin. Governor 
 of Georgia. Capital, Dahlouega. I'op. 4G26, of whom 4194 
 were free, and 432 slaves. 
 
 LUMI'KIN, a post-village, capital of Stewart co., Georgia, 
 gituated near the source of Uodehodltee Creek, 100 miles 
 S.VV. of Milledgeville. It contains. besid<'S the county build- 
 ings. 2 churches, 2 acmleniies. and 12 stores and groceries. 
 
 LU^Mt'KIX'S CKKEK, Georgia, enters I'iint Kiver, in 
 Dooly county. 
 
 LUNA, loo'nj, a town of Spain, Aragon, 35 miles from 
 Saragos=a. Pop. 945. 
 
 LUX.^: TORTUS. See Spezia, Gulf of. 
 
 LU'N AN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, on a beautiful 
 inlet of the North Sea. .3 miles S.S."VV. of Montrose. In its 
 churcliyard is a monument erected to A\'alter .Mill, the last 
 Scottish martyr. 
 
 LUNA.N.W, loo'na-ni', a town of Ilindostan. province of 
 Guzcuat, capital of a rajahship. (io miles K. of Ahmedabad. 
 
 LUNA?, lu'nj.s', a villjige of France, dejiartmeut of Ile- 
 rault. 7 miles W.S.AV. of Lodeve. i'op. 1500. 
 
 LUNAY, lii'n.V, a village of France, department of Loir-etr 
 Cher. 6 miles W. of Vendorae. Cop. ItiOO. 
 
 LUN'CAK'TY. a village of Scotland, county and 3J miles 
 N.of I'crtli, with a station on the I'erthand Forfar Kail way. 
 Population employed in a linen bleachery, the largest in 
 Britiiin. The Dant>s were here defeatiMl by Kenneth 111., iu 
 990, )jy the bravery of Hay, ancestor of the Krrol family. 
 
 LUND, loond. a city of Swe<Jen. hen of .Malmii, in an exten- 
 sive plain, about 8 miles from the Sound, and 24 miles E. of 
 Copenhagen. It i.s a very ancient place; and, in I'agan 
 times, had risen to such importance as to collect a population 
 of 80,000. It was then surrounded with wooden fortifica- 
 tions, and had its warehouses filled with the merchandise 
 and treasures which the Scanians had carried off in their 
 piratical excursions. In the middle ages, it Ijecame the see 
 of an archbishop; and the Scandinavian monarchs were 
 elected kings of Scania on a hill in the immediate vicinity. 
 Before the Ueformatiou it contained 21 churches and 6 mo- 
 nasteries. It has now only 3 chur(;hes — one of them, a 
 cathedral, a large, irregular structure, of very ancient date. 
 But the great attraction of Lund is its University, opened 
 iu 147 1'. occupying the buildings of an old castle, and pos- 
 sessed of a library of nearly 00,000 volumes and manus<-ripts: 
 an oliservatory, a museum, physical cabinet, &c., and at- 
 tended by about 500 students. Other objects, deserving of 
 notice, are the botanical garden, and the Nosocomium or in- 
 fimiary. Pop. 9323. 
 
 LUN 0. a parish of England, co. of York, East Hiding. 
 
 LUNDEN, loijn'den, a village of Denmark, in Ilolstein, 
 67 miles N.N.W. of Hamburg. 
 
 LUND1:NBURG, IrHmMen-bcWRoN BUEDSLAWA, brfd- 
 sll'wd. or BRACZLAW, britsMdv. a market-town of Austria, 
 Moravia, 38 miles S.S.E. of Brtinn, on the railway from 
 Vienna, and on the Taja. Pop. 2150. 
 
 LUN'DIE AND FOW/LIS-EAS^'ER, a united parish of 
 Scotland, counties of Forfar and Perth. 
 
 LUNDYE, IQn'dl', a river of Afghanistan, and a principal 
 tributary of the Cabool Kiver, which it joius from the A'., 12 
 miles N.N.E. of Peshawer. 
 
 LUN'DY ISLE, England, co. of Devon, in the entrance of 
 the Bristol Channel, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ilartland Point. 
 Area nearly 2000 acres. It is defended by a lofty rampart 
 of rock.s, except at one narrow opening on its E. side. It 
 has a lighthouse. Silver and copper have been di-scovered. 
 It was anciently a stronghold of pirates. 
 
 LUN1)Y'S LANE, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LUNE. a river of England, enters the Irish Sea at Sunder- 
 land Point, by a broad estuary. Length 50 miles. It. is 
 navigable for large vessels to Lancaster. 
 
 LUNEHURG, (LUneburg,) lu'neh-bCirg or lii'neh-booRG\ 
 a town of Germany, Hanover, capital of a landdrostei and 
 principality, on the left bank of tlie Ilmenau, and on the 
 Hanover and Hamburg Railway, 08 miles N.N.E. of Hano- 
 ver. Pop. 14,411. It is walled, has gate.«, and communi- 
 cates across the river by 7 bridges; has .several squares, but 
 j.s. in general, ill built, hiiving dark and narrow streets, and 
 dull, old-fashioned houses. It contaius4 churches, a mo- 
 nastery, which was secularized in the 17th century, but 
 still contains an extensive library; a castle, arsenal, town- 
 hall, theatre, gymnasium, military academy, military hos- 
 pital, ordinary hospital, and several other benevolent, edu- 
 cational, and literary institutions. It has manufactures of 
 woollen, linen, and cotton stuffs, and soap, and an active 
 tr'insit trade between Hamburg and the interior of Germany. 
 The landdrostei, or district of Liineburg, has an area of 4330 
 square njiles. Pop. 319,021. 
 
 LCNEL. lUWl', (anc. Lunatif) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Herault, 14 miles E.N.E. of Montpellier^ on the 
 right bank of the Vidourle, and on the Canal of Lunel. It 
 has a communal college, numerous brandy distilleries, and 
 an active trade in Muscat wine and raisins. In the loili 
 centuiy, Lunel was a place of strength, and almost entirely 
 inhabited by Jews, whose celebrated rabbi, Solomon Jarchi. 
 
 lur; ./. 
 
 had hero a famous synagogue. Its fortifications were i.-ized 
 in 1032. by Cardinal Richelieu. I'op. iu 1852, 5392. 
 
 LUNEN, (IjUnen.) lu'nfn, a town of Pru.ssia, Westphalia, 
 28 miles N.W. of Arnsberg, on the Lippe. I'op. with suburb, 
 Alt-Llxex. (ilt-lii'nen, ("Old Ltiueu,") 5040. It ha.s manu- 
 factures of tobacco and woollen. 
 
 LU'NENBUKG, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded ou 
 the N. by Nottoway River, aud ou the S. by the Jleherrin 
 Kiver. The surface is uneven ; the soil is moileratclv fertile. 
 Formed in 1746. Capital, Lewistown. Pop. 11,983, of whom 
 4078 were free, and 7305 slaves. 
 
 LUNENBURG, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Essex CO., Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut liiver, op- 
 jiosite Lancaster in New Ilampsliire, (to whicli the Northern 
 Railroad is soon to be extended.) about 45 miles E.N.E. of 
 iloutpelier. It contains a town-house, several ihurches, and 
 a flourishing academy. The new Congregational church, 
 erected on the site of the one destroyed in the tire of 1849, 
 is a very fine building. In seyeral of the public schools, 
 the languages and higher English branches are taught. Pop. 
 of the township, 1034. 
 
 LUNENBURG, a post-township of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chu.setts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, and on the head waters 
 of the Nashua River, about 38 miles W.N.AV. of Boston. 
 Pop. 1212. 
 
 LU'NENBURG or JIALAOUASIT. mara-g".i«'i'. -i seaport 
 town of Nova ."cotba. cajiital of Lunenburir county, on a fine 
 bay of its own name opening into the .\tlantic Oc^an. about 
 45 miies W.S.AV. of Halifax. The harbor affords good anchor- 
 age, atld at its entrance is a light-house showing two lights, 
 one revolving, and 30 feet above the other. It is a place of 
 considerable trade. Pop. of the county, 16,393. 
 
 LUNENBURG COURT HOUSE, or LEWISTOWN, a post- 
 village, cupitjil of Lunenburg co., Airginia, 91 miles S.W. of 
 Richmond. It has an elevated situation, and contains a 
 handsome courtrhouse. 
 
 LU N C VI IJjE. 1 u'ue-vil or 1 ii'n.Vveel', (anc. .Vortana ?) a town 
 of France, department of Meurthe, near the junction of the 
 A'ezouse with the Meurthe, 15 miles E.S.E. of Nancy. It has 
 generally straight streets and regular buildings; a modern 
 and handsome church, a palace, built by Lefipold, Duke of 
 Lorraine, at the beginning of last century, and subsequently 
 embellished aud o<'cupied by Stanislaus, ex-king of I'oland ; 
 it has manufactures of cotton and worsted goods, embroidery 
 and earthenware. The trade is iu wiue. corn, brandy, hemp, 
 flax, wood, and embroidery. Luneville possesses a court 
 of first resort, an agricultural society, a communal college, 
 and is one of the largest cavalry .stations iu I' ranee, having 
 very extensive barracks and exercise ground. The treaty 
 of peace by which the Rhine became the French frontier, 
 was signed here in 1801. Pop. 12,164. 
 
 LUNEY'S CREEK, a postrvillage of Hardy co., Virginia. 
 
 LUNG.V, an island of Austria. See IsoLV Op.ossa. 
 
 LUN'G A, an islet off the W. coafit of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 half a mile N. of .Scarba. The strait Iwtweeu these islands 
 is remarkable for the violence of its current. 
 
 LU-NG.VN, a city of China. See I.oo-ngas. 
 
 LUNGERN, loon'ghern, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Unterwalden, near its southern extremity, 8 miles S.W. 
 of Sarnen. Pop. 1400. It is situated near tlie small Lake 
 of Lungern, recently in part drained by a tunnel. 
 
 I>UNG-IvIANG, lung'ke-dng' or loong'ke-ing', a river of 
 China, province of Quang-see, after a tortuous S.E. course of 
 300 miles, joins the Hong-kiang. 
 
 LUNGRO, loon'gro, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 6 miles S.W. of Castro-Villari. Pop. 3500. 
 
 LUNGWITZ, loong'fiits, (Upper and Lower.) two conti- 
 guous villages of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 10 miles W.S.W. 
 of Chemnitz. United population, 5140. 
 
 LUNI, loo'nee, (anc. Lu)naf) a ruined city of Northern 
 Italy, at the S.E. extremity of the Sardinian dominions, 
 about 4 miles S.E. of Sarzana. It was ruined by the Sara- 
 cens in 1010, but gave name to the district of Lunigi.ina. 
 
 LUNI. loo-nee/, a town of Spain, in the Pyrenees, province 
 and 28 miles N. of Saragossa. Pop. 1259. 
 
 LUNlGI.iNA, loo-ne-jd/n^, a small territory of Italy, 
 between the states of Sardinia, Parma, and Modena. Aiea 
 197 square miles. Pop. 55,220. 
 
 LUNTEI5EN, lun'teh-ren, a village of Holland, province 
 of Gelderland, 17 miles N.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 1900. 
 
 LUNZENAU, loont/seh-now\ a ttown of Saxony, on the 
 Mulde, 12 miles N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2787. 
 
 LUPAK, loo'pok\ a village of Hungary, Thither Theis», 
 about 3 miles from Dognacska. Pop. 1004. 
 
 LUP'PITT, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LUPSA, loop'shoh\ a market>town of Transylvania, co. of 
 Thorenburg, 27 miles N.W. of Karlsburg, with 3099 itth» 
 bitants. and 5 Greek churches. 
 
 LUQUE, loo/ki, a modern town of Spain, province and 30 
 miles S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 3752. 
 
 LURAGO, loo-rd'go, a village of Northern Italy, gOTera- 
 ment of Milan, 6 miles S. of Erba. Pop. 2200. 
 
 LURAS, loo^rls, or LAURAS, low'rds, a village of Sardinia, 
 province of and N.E, of Tempio. Pop. 1540. 
 
 1101 
 
LUR 
 
 I.URATE- ABATE, loo-rJ't'l-a-b3'ti a Tillage of Austrian 
 Ttaly, government of Milan, 9 miles E. of Como. Pop. 19S1. 
 
 lIPRAT', a post-village, capital of Page co., A'irglnia. 136 
 niile.s X.W. of KichmouU. It is plca-santly situated in a 
 fertile limestone valley. Here is a quarry of fine marble. 
 Luray contains several churclies, and about 500 iuhabitants. 
 
 LUlSAY.a Tillage of Licking co., Ohio, on the National 
 Road, 24 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 , LUKAV, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, 50 miles 
 E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 LUItCV LE 150U1U}, luR'sec'leh booR. a market-town of 
 France, department of Nievre, 25 miles S.E. of Cosne. P. 1200. 
 
 LURCY LEVY. luR'see/ leh-vee'. a market-town of France, 
 department of Allier, 20 m'iles N.W. of Moulins, with 2940 
 inhabitants, and manufactories of earthenwares. 
 
 LUllE. liiR, (anc. Luteraf) a town of France, department 
 of Ilaute-SaOne, capital of an arrontlissement, on the Ognon, 
 16 miles E.N.E. of Vesoul. Pop. .3190. It h!is a communal 
 college, and an active trade in leather, iron, com, and cheese. 
 
 LUR'GAX. a market-town of Irel.ind. Ulster, co. and 15 
 miles E.N.E. of Armagh, on the Belfast and Ulster Railway. 
 Pop. 4077. It has a handsome parish church, a Roman 
 Catholic chapel, court-house, bridewell, union workhouse, 
 3 branch banks, and extensive manufactures of linens and 
 muslins. It gives the title of Baron to the Brownlow femily, 
 who own the town, and whose castle is adjoining. 
 
 LURG.W, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Cavan. 
 
 LURG.\N, a township of Franklin co., PennsylTania. 
 Pop. 1316. 
 
 LUR'GERSHALL, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LURI, loo'ree, a marketrtown of Corsiciv, 13 miles N. of 
 Bastia. Pop. 1662. 
 
 LURLSTAX, a district of Persia. See Looristax. 
 
 LUltO, loo'ro, a river and small town of European Turkey. 
 The river enters the Gulf of Arta, after a S. course of 40 
 miles. The town is 6 miles above its mouth. 
 
 LURROO, lur'roo, or DURROO, dar'roo, a town of Cash- 
 mere, 8 miles S. of Islamabad. 
 
 LURS. liiR, a town of France, department of Basses- Al pes, 
 6 miles E.N.E. of Forcalquier. Pop. 1236. 
 
 LUS. a province of Beloochistan. See Loos. 
 
 LU.^ACE. See Lusatia. 
 
 LUSATIA, lu-s.Vshe-a, (Ger. Lausitz, Ww'zits; Fr. Lusace, 
 lilViss',) an ancient territory of Germany, divided into tlie 
 margravates of Upper Lu.satia (Ol«er Lausitz) and Lower 
 Lusatia ( Nieder Lausitz), and bounded on the S. by Bohe- 
 mia, to which the whole of it originally belonged. It after- 
 ■w.xrds fell to Saxony, .and remained with it till 1S15, when 
 Russia received the whole of Nieder Lausitz. 
 
 LUS'RY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 LUSfRY'S MILLS, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky. 
 
 LUSCUAN, lcV>sh'an. or LUZAN, loo'zdn, a village of 
 Bohemia, circle of BiJsehow, about 8 miles from Gitsohin. 
 Pop. 1118. 
 
 LUSCtlE, loosh'eh. or LUZE, loo'zi, a market-town of 
 Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, about 10 miles from Ilohen- 
 mauth. Pop. 1440. 
 
 LUSDaRF, loos'doRf, or LUSTORF, loos'toRf, a village of 
 Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, near Friedland. Pop. 1008. 
 
 LUSEN, (Lilsen.) lU'zen. a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle 
 of Bruneck, district of Brixen. Pop. 1149. 
 
 LUSERNA, Ioo-sJr'uJ, a village of Pie<lmont, division of 
 Turin, province and 8 miles S.W. of Pinerolo. Pop. 11S3. 
 
 LUSERNA, BOBBIO DI. bob'be-o dee loo-sjR'nd, a vlll.ige 
 of the Sardinian States, contiguous to the above. Pop. 1648. 
 
 LUSIONAN, lii*zeenV3N°', (anc. Lusiniauum?) a town of 
 France, dep.irtment of Vienne, on the Vonne, 14 miles S.\V. 
 of Poitiers. Pop. 1482. Remarkable as the criulle of the 
 Lusignan family, sovereigns of Jerusalem and Cyprus dur- 
 ing the crusades. 
 
 LUSIGNY, lU^zeenYee', (L. Lusignnum f) a market-town 
 of France, department of Aube, 8 miles E.S.E. of Troves. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 LUSiTA^^A. See Portugal. 
 
 LUSK, a village and parish of Ireland, Leinstcr, co. of 
 Dublin, 3 miles W. of Rush. 
 
 LUSN.A.. loosh'noh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Liptau. 
 
 LUSS. a parish of Scotlaml. co. of Dumbarton. 
 
 LUSSAC. liisVik'. a town of France, department of Gironde, 
 24 miles E.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 2471. 
 
 LCS3.\C LES CII.VrEAUX. lilsVJk' \\ shiVtr/. a town of 
 France, department of Tienne, 7 miles W. of Montmoril- 
 lon. I'op. 1581. 
 
 LUSSAC LES £glTSES, lUs'slk'liz J'gleez'. a town of 
 France, department of Uaute-Aienne, 16 miles N.N.E. of 
 Bellac. Pop. 1640. 
 LUSSIN. See Lossixi. 
 
 LUSSIN-GRANDE an-» LUSSIN-PICCOLO, two towns of 
 Olyna. See Lossim. 
 
 LUSTEXAU. U".s'teh-now\ or LUSTNATT, liWst'nCw, a vil- 
 lage of Austria, Tyrol, on the Upper Rhine, 7 miles S.S.W. 
 >f Breger.z. Pop. 2995. 
 
 LUSTLEIGH, irist'lee, a p.irish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 H.-tTV-lL, lWgt'n5w, a village of Wurtemberg, about 1 
 aiile ^S.K 'jf Tubingen on the Neckar. Pod. 1459. 
 li'/2 *^ 
 
 LUX 
 
 LUSUSCOONA RIVER. See Loosascoona. 
 
 LUTENBURG (Liitenburg,) lii'tyn-bouRG', a town of Den- 
 mark, duchy of IIoLstein. 58 miles N.E. of Gliickstudt, on a 
 small river, 2 miles from the Baltic. Pop. 2100, 
 
 LUTETIA. See J'aris. 
 
 LUTE V A. See LooivE. 
 
 LUmiERANSVILLE, a post>office of Schoharie co.. New 
 York. 
 
 LUTIIERMUIR, In'ther-mUre'. a village of Scotland, ca 
 of Kincardine. 6j miles N.N.E. of Brt'cliin. Pop. yii7. 
 
 LUTIIERSBURG, a post>village of Clearfield co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Erie Turnpike, 136 miles AV.N.W. of llai> 
 risburg. 
 
 LUTHKRSYILLE, a vill.ige of Rowan co.. North Carolina. 
 
 LUTHERVILLE, a village in Meriwether co., Georgia, 10& 
 miles W. by N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 LUTISS.4, loo'tisb'shoh\ a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Trentschin, near Mount Tisin. Pop. 1C40. 
 
 LUTOMIERZ, loo-to'me-aiRzh\ or LUTOMIRSK, loo-to- 
 meeRsk'. a town of Russian Poland, government of Kalice, 
 on the Ner. 27 miles N.E. of Sieradz. Pop. 1600. 
 
 LUTON, a market-town and parish of Englajid, co. and 
 19 miles S.E. of Bedford, on the Lea. Pop. of the town in 
 1851. 10.048. It is pleiusantly situatetl between ranges of the 
 Chiltern Hills ; has a fine got hie church, a national school, 
 poor's hospital, union workhouse, market-house, and manu- 
 factures of straw hats. In the vicinity is Lutou-lloo Park, 
 formerly .seat of the Mai-quis of Bute. 
 
 LUTRY, liiHree', a town of Switzerland, canton of A'aud, 
 on the Lakeof Geneva, 3 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. P. 1783. 
 
 LUTSCHINE, (LUt.«chine.) liit-.shee'n.A. a river of SwitzeW 
 land, canton of Bern, formeil by the torrent A\hite Liitschine, 
 and the Black Liitschine: falls into the Lake of Brienz. 
 
 LUTSCH. LANGEN, Idng'en loOtsh. a village of Austria, 
 Moravia, circle of Olmutz, near Kronau. Pop. lotiO. 
 
 LUT'.SKY. a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvniiiii. 
 
 LUTTARUNl). laf t.'i-bCind', a pass in Afghanistan, near 
 Cabool ; lat. 34° 21' N.. Ion. 69° 28' E. It is 6 miles long, 
 and about 7000 feet high. 
 
 LUTTER or LUTTER-AM-BARENBERGE, liVter-im- 
 bA'ren-WR\ghi_-h. a market-town of Germany, duchy and 23 
 mile's S.S.AV. of Brunswick. Pop. 1064. Here in 1626, TiUy 
 defeateci Christian lA'., King of Denmark. 
 
 LUTTERBACH, lootner-baK\ a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Haut-Rhiu, 15 miles N. of Altkirch, on an island 
 formed bv the Dolleren. Pop. 1047, 
 
 LUTTER WORTH, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. and 14 miles S.S.AV. of Leicester, on the Midland Counties 
 Railway. Pop.- in 1851. 2446. The town, on the Swift, a 
 tributary of the Avon, has a handsome church, containing 
 a par* of the pulpit, and a portrait of its rector, the reformer 
 Wycliffe, who died here in 1384. 
 
 LU TTICH. a town of Belgium. See LlEGE. 
 
 LUTTON, a parish of England, counties of Huntingdon 
 ami Northampton. 
 
 LUTTRINGHAUSEN, WCt'tring-how'zen. a town of Rhe- 
 nish Prussia, 17 miles S.E. of DussoKlorf Pop. 980. 
 
 LUTZEN, lotif zen. a town of l'rus^'ian Saxony, 9 mUes S.E. 
 of Mersi'burg. Pop. 2230. It is memorable for the battle 
 of 0th November, lf>o2, in which Gustavus Adolphus de- 
 feated the .\ustrians, and lost his life ; and for that of 2d 
 May. 1813, between the French, under Napoleon, and the 
 allied Russian and Prussian forces, in which the latter were 
 defeated. 
 
 Ll'TZK. a town of Russian Poland. See Lootsk. 
 
 LUVINO. loo-vee'no. or LUINO. loo-ee'no, a town of 
 Northern Italy. 24 miles N.AV. of Como, on the E. shore of 
 Lago Maggiore. Pop. 1943. 
 
 LUXAN. See Lcjan. 
 
 • LU.V.\P.\TIL'LA, a creek which rises in Marion co.. Ala- 
 bama, and flowing south-westerly, enters the Tombigbee 
 River a little below Columbus, in Mississippi. 
 
 LUX'BORoUUlI. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 LUX1>:MB0URG; (Fr. pron, liix^ftMn)O0R/.) or LUX'EM- 
 BUltG, a province of Belgium, constituting the \V. portion 
 of the grand-duchy of Luxemburg; txiunded N. by the 
 province of Liege. E. bj' the duchy of Luxemburg. S. by 
 France, and W. by the province of Naniur. Area. 1705 
 square miles. It Is divided into five arrondissenient.s — 
 Arlon, the capital, Bustogne, Marche, Neufchateau, and 
 Virion: subdivided into 20 civil and 15 military cantons. 
 Pop. 204,597, the large majority of whom speak French or 
 "VV.Hlloon. 
 
 LUX'EMBURG. (Dutch pron. 1 rix'em-bORgV) a town be- 
 longing to Holland, capital of the grand-duchy of Luxem- 
 burs. and a fortress of the German Confederation. 115 miles 
 AV.S.W. of Frankfort, and 117 miles S.I-:, of Brussels. Its 
 natural position is so strong, and the different powers in to 
 whose hands it has succe.ssively fallen have done so mvrh 
 to extend and improve its means of defence, that CaiTiOt 
 pronounced it to be the strongest pbice in Europe, after 
 Gibraltar. It is divided into a low and a high town. The 
 former lies .ilong the banks of the Aliette. is surrounded 
 with walls, and consists of two quarters, called the Griudel 
 I aud Ptaffcnthal. The latter stands 200 foet higher, on a 
 
LUX 
 
 LYC 
 
 steep and scarped rook, and is approached from below by 
 Bights of 8teps and zinzag streets, cut out of the solid i-ock, 
 80 as to be passable for a carriage. The whole rock is sur- 
 rounded by a strong wall, deep ditches, and a double row 
 of formidable outworks. The most remarkable part of the 
 fortifications, called Le Roue, consists of a rocky promon- 
 tory, which commands the valley both above and below. 
 The whole town is well built, and contains 3 good public 
 squares, 4 churches, 3 chapels, and a .synagogue; town- 
 houses, old and new; the governor's houws town library, 
 monasteries of the Dominicans and FrancLscans, an athe- 
 nreuni, with 16 professors, a Roman Catholic seminary for 
 priests, a normal and several elementary schools. It has 
 manufactures of wa.x, several distilleries and breweries, 
 tanneries for chamois as well as ordinary leather, dye- 
 works, Ac, and a trade in gold and silver wares, paper, 
 Iron, honey, wine, vinegar, wood, china, hats, hosiery. &c. 
 Luxemburg is the see of a bishop, and. during part of 
 the year, the residence of the leading families of the ducliy, 
 some of whonj have elegant mansions In it. Pop. 11,143, 
 exclu.sive of the garrison, mustering alxiut 5000 men. 
 
 LUXKM15UK0, GliAND-DUCIIV OF. a territory belong- 
 ing to the Dutch monarchy, and forming the eleventh 
 state of the German Confederation, bounded X. and E. 
 by Uhenish Pru.ssia. S. by France, and W. by Belgium. 
 Area. 1228 square miles. It forms part of the plateau of the 
 Ardennes, and has a rnirged and mountainous surCice. 
 covered in many parts with heaths and morasses, though in 
 general well wooded. Its drainage belongs almost entirely 
 to (he basin of the Moselle. F"or administrative purposes, it 
 is divided into the three districts of Luxemburg. Greven- 
 macher, and Diekirch, containing eleven cantons. Luxem- 
 burg was first governed by counts, one of whom. Henry lA'., 
 wa.-< elected Emperor of Germany in 130S. and assumed the 
 title of Henry VII. In KiSl it was erected into a duchy 
 by Charles IV., and, in 144^1 came by marriage to Philip of 
 Burgundy, and, through him, to the house of Spain. By 
 the peace of tlie I'yri'nees. in 16.59. part of it was ceded to 
 the French, and took the name of French Luxemburg; but 
 in 1714 it all merged in the house of Austria, and remained 
 with it till the successes of the French revolutionary armies 
 incorporated it with the French Kmpire. In 1814 it was 
 converted into a grand-duchy and given to the King of 
 Holland, who pos.sessed it. in common with Holland and 
 Belgium, till 1830, when, in consequence of the revolution 
 of the latter, part of it Iweame a Beliiian proviueo. The 
 remainder, continuing with the Dutch, forms the present 
 graiKiduchy. Pop. 206,245 
 
 LU.XEUIL, lUxW, or LIIXEN. (anc. LiiriA-him). a town 
 of France, department of Haute-Haune. 10 miles X.AV. of 
 Lure, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains. Its warm and 
 colli mineral baths, known to the Komans, are much fre- 
 quented, and it has manufactures of paper, hardware, and 
 cutlery. Pop. in 1852, 4085. 
 
 LUXOR, loox'or' or lrix'or\ written L0X;Q.S0R by the 
 French, (Arab. M Itifr, " the palaces"), a village of IFpper 
 Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, li miles t>. of Carnnc. 
 on a portion of the site of ancient Thebes, and having one 
 of the most magnificent ancient temples extant. 
 
 LUXOVIUM. See LuXEUlL. 
 
 LUXU'LIOX. a pari.<h of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 LUYK. a town of Belgium. See Lieoe. 
 
 LTJYNES. lon\H'n', a town of France, department of Indre- 
 et-Loire. 5 miles Vi'. of Tours. Pop. 2000. Some of the 
 houses are excavated in the limestone rock, on which .stands 
 an old castle, formerly fortified, and during the revolution 
 of 1703 called Kochu-sur-Loire. 
 
 LUZ. Uiz, or LUZ EN BARRl^GES, lUz 6x« baR^naizh'. a 
 own of F'rance, department of Ilautes-Pyrenees, at the foot 
 of a lofty mountain, called the Pic de Berzon.s, 16 miles S. 
 of Tarbes. It has manufactures of mixed silk and woollen 
 stuffs, called barriiji's. Near it are the thermal baths of St. 
 Sauveur. Pop. 2040. 
 
 LUZ.V, a river of Russia. See T/)ozA. 
 
 LUZ.\RC1IES, UiVaR.siy, a town of France, department of 
 8eine-et-0ise. arrondissement of Pontoise. Pop. 1432. 
 
 LUZECII, liiV.Jsh'. a town of France, department of Lot, 
 8 miles W.N.W. of Cahors. Pop. 1610. 
 
 LTJZERN. a canton of Switzerland. See Lucerne. 
 
 LUZERNE, lu-zern'. a county in the N.E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, lias an area of 1400 ."(juare miles. It is intersected 
 by the North Branch of the Susquehanna River; the Lehigh 
 River flows along its S.E. border; and it is also drained by 
 the Lackawanna. Nescopeck, Huntingdon, and Wapwallo/- 
 pen Creeks. The surface is diversified by several parallel 
 mountain ridges of the Alleghany Chain. Wyoming Moun- 
 tain traverses the middle of the county, parallel with the 
 river, and extends towards the N.E. under the name of 
 Moosie Mountain. The average height of this ridge is alxnit 
 1000 feet above the valley. Another ridge, called if differ- 
 ec* varts the Nanticoke and Lackawann.a Mountains, rises 
 In the N.W. par* Between these lies the beautiful and fer- 
 tile valley of Wyoming, through which the Susquehanna 
 River flows. Including the valley of the Lackawanna, this 
 is a long elliptical basin, nearly 60 miles in length, and 5 
 
 miles in width, constituting a separate coal-field, the beds 
 of which in some parts are about 30 feet thick. Large quan- 
 tities of coal are mined near Carbondale and Wijkesbarre. 
 The soil of these valleys is fertile and well ud.-ipted to agri> 
 culture. The county is intersected by the North Branch of 
 the State Canal liy the Delaware Lackawainia and AVestem 
 Railroad, ami the Lackawanna and Blooinsburg R.R. An- 
 other railroad extends from the county-seat to \\hitehaven. 
 Orgiinized in 1786, and named in compliment to Chevalier de 
 la Luzerne, at that time minister from France to the United 
 States. Capital, Wilkesbarre. Pop. 90.244. 
 
 LUZERNE, a post-village and town.ship of Warren co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson River. Pop. 1328. 
 
 LUZERNE, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1896. 
 
 LUZERNE, a postrofflce of Fond du Lac CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 LUZK, a town of Russia. See LooTSK. 
 
 LUZi>N, loozon'. or LUgON. (Sp. pron. of both, loo-thOn',) 
 an island in the Mal.-»y. Archipelago, the largest of the Phi- 
 lippines, between the Chinese Sea on the W., and the North 
 Pacific Ocean on the E.; between hit. 12° 30' and 18^' 40' N., 
 Ion. no*^ 4.Vand 124° 10' E.; its greatest length is about 
 550 miles, its greatest breadth al>out 130 miles; but whero 
 its N. and S. portions are united by a narrow isthmus, it 
 dinuui-shes to 10 miles; area estimated at 67,505 .square 
 mile.'. The northern portion of the island, constituting at 
 least four-fifths of the whole, is of an oblong shai)e, and tole- 
 rably compart, the only large bays which break the conti- 
 nuity of its outline being those of Lingayen on the W.. and 
 Manila on the S.W. ; the S., or rather S.E. jwrtion, is ex- 
 tremely irregular. Its surface is very much divertjfied, but it« 
 most prominent features are two mountain chains, the Sierra 
 M.aiire and Cordillera de Caravallos. The Sierra Madre attains 
 a height of at least 7000 feet; the Cordillera de Caravallos. or 
 E. chain, attains, in the N., a height of about 4000 feet, but 
 has many summits which exceed COOO, and probably 7000 
 feet. Several of the loftiest heights are in the S. jiart of 
 the island, where, situated near the coasts, they form a very 
 conspicuous- object at sea. Almost,all these mountains are 
 of volcanic origin, and many disastrous eruptions from 
 I hem have taken place. The largest ri\er of the Island is 
 the .\parri or Cagayan, called abo the Tago, (Tagus,) which 
 formed by two stieams fi'om the central mountains, falls 
 into the sea at Aparri. after a course of about ISO miles. 
 Another river, of less magnitude, is the Pasig, which issues 
 out of the Liike of Bay by seven branches, and is navigable 
 by vessels of from 400 to 500 tons. The other i)riucii al rivcrp 
 are the .\bra, Agno, Pampauga. and Cabucao. The vegeta- 
 tion of Luzon is almost inisuri)as.'!ed in luxuriance. Even 
 the loftie.st heights are crowned with gigantic fore.sts, while 
 the jilains and valleys are covered with the richest ver- 
 dure, or I'ccupied by the most abundant cultivated crops. 
 Among these are rice, the chief article of food, sugar-cane, 
 %vhich is extensively grown, Abaca, a kind of banana, 
 various sjiecies of j)alm, cotton, coflee, cinnamon, maize, nn(l 
 tobacco. The mineral kingdom furnishes in considerable 
 abundance both gold and iron. The former is washed from 
 almost all the streams. The other more important mlne- 
 nds are copper, coal, sulphur, marble, gy]]Sum, agates, 
 jiisjiers. and carnelians. Tlie manufactures include cotton 
 and silk tissues, cordage, tobacco, leather, plain and var- 
 nished, embroidery, wood a)id ivory car\ings, mats, and 
 carriages. Great skill is also displayetl in the construction 
 of iK^ats, canoes, and other large vessels. One of 600 tons, 
 built by the natives, has made many voyages to Spain, and 
 is considered the liest sliii) belonging to the port of Manila. 
 The prin(ii>al articles of trade have already been indicated. 
 Luzon is divided into 19 provinces ; its capital is Manila. 
 Eight earth(juakes have occurred since 1627, the most re- 
 cent in July, 1852. See Manila. Pop. 2,176,930. 
 
 LUZSNA, loos'nr>h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Liptau, 
 about 4 miles from Neusohl. Pop. 1939. 
 
 LUZY', lii'zee', a town of France, department of Nievre, 
 19 miles S. of Chatcau-Chiuon. Pop. 1394. 
 
 LUZZARA, loot-.sifrii, a market-town of Parma, 4 miles 
 N. of Gunstalla. near the Po. The French gained a victory 
 over the Imperialists here in 1702. 
 
 LUZZl. loot/see. a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra. 11 miles N. of Cosenza. Pop. 2700. 
 
 LYAREE. li-d^ree. a maritime town of Relonchistan. pro- 
 vince of Loos, (Lus.) on the I'oorally. about 20 miles from 
 the Indian Ocean, and 38 miles S. of Bela. 
 
 LY'BRAND. a post^ofRce ol Allomakee co., Iowa. 
 
 LYB'STER, a villageof Scotland, co. of Caithness, parish of 
 Latheron. 11 miles S.W. of Wick. Pop. 279. A harlior of 
 refuge has been recently constructed here by government. 
 
 LYCIIEX, lee/Ken, a town id Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. 48 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. 1970. 
 
 LYCO.MING, ll-kflm'ing. a county in the N.N.E part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 1600 sijuare miles. The West 
 Branch of the Susquehanna River flows eastward through 
 the S. part; and it is also drained by Muncy. Lf>yalsock, 
 Lycoming, and Pine Creeks. The surface is mountainous; 
 the main Alleghany, here called North -Mountain, extends 
 thi-ough the middle. The soil of the valleys is baoed on 
 
 1103 
 
Lie 
 
 limestone, and is rery productive; the uplands are mostly 
 Biiscojiti'ule of improvement. It has extensive mines of 
 bituminous coal, and is liberally supplied with water-power. 
 A canal has been made along the river in this county. The 
 Philadeipliia and Erie Railroad passes throngli the county. 
 Fornicii in 1795, and named from Lycoming Creek. Capital, 
 AVilliitnisport. Pop. 37,399. 
 
 LYCOMING, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 007. 
 
 LYCOMING CREEK, of Pennsylvania, flows into the Mest 
 Branch of the Susquehanna, about 2 miles above Williams- 
 port. 
 
 LYCOMIXQ CREEK, a postoffioe of Lycoming co.. Penn- 
 qrlvRuia. 
 
 LYCOl'OLIS. See Sioot. 
 
 LYCUR'GUS. a post-offlce of .^llomakee oo., Iowa. 
 
 LYCUS. a river of Western Asia. See Zab. 
 
 LYD'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 LYDD. lid. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Kent, on the English Channel. 3 miles S.S.W. of Romney, 
 cf which cinque port it was formerly a member. Pop. 1509. 
 
 LY'BB.V or UIOSPOLIS. See Ludd. 
 
 LY'D'0t;X, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LYDDEX. E.\ST, a p."irish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 LYDDKX, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 LY^'DEX, a township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 1505. 
 
 LYD'F(JKD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LYD'II.VM, a parish of England and Wales, counties of 
 Montgomery and Salop. 
 
 LYDI.VKU (^lid'yardj BISHOP'S, a parish of England, co. 
 of Somerset. 
 
 LYDI.A.IID ST. L.^WREXCE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 LY'D'IATE. a town.'hip of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 LYD'LIXCII. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 LYCX-H. L(X'U. IAk lid'dK, Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 LY'ELLS STOKE, a post-offlce of Richmond co. A'irginla. 
 
 LYGUM KLOSTER orLL'GUM KLOSTER.liiVnm klos't^r, 
 a village of Denmark, duchy and 46 miles X.X.W, of Sles^ 
 wick, owes its origin to a rich Cistercian monastery, founded 
 in the l"2th century, hut secularized at the Reformation. 
 Pop. 1-JOO. 
 
 LYK. a town of Prussia. See Lick. 
 
 LYKE'XA, a township in the N.W. part of Crawford co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1265. 
 
 LY''KEXS, a thriving post- village and township of Dau- 
 phin CO , Pennsylvania, is situated alwut 38 miles X.E. of 
 Ilarrisburg, at tlie foot of Bear .Vountain. which abounds 
 In coal of superior quality. It is connected by a railroad 
 .6 miles long with the Susquehanna River, at Millersburg. 
 Many persons are employed in the coal-mines at this place. 
 Pop. of the township. 1269. 
 
 LY'3I.\X, a post-township of Y'ork co., Maine, about 25 
 miles S.W. of Portland. Pop. 1307. 
 
 LY'M-\X. a post-village and township of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the left bank of the Connecticut River, about 
 17 miles X.X.E. of Haverhill. The river is here crossed by 
 a ferrv. Pop. 743. 
 
 LYImAX CEXTRE, a post-viUage of York co., Maine, 25 
 miles S.W. of Portland. 
 
 LY'M.\XSVILLE. a post-village of Potter co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Isy miles X.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 LY'ME. lime, a post-village and township of Grafton co.. 
 New H.impshire. on the left bank of the Connecticut River, 
 aljout 55 miles X.W. by X. of Concord. It contains an aca- 
 demy, and has manufactures of leather, furniture, and 
 starch. Pop. 1572. 
 
 LY'.ME. a pleasant post-village and township of New Lon- 
 don CO.. Connecticut on the left bank of the Connecticut 
 River, at its entrance into Long l.^sland Sound, and on the 
 New Haven and New London Railroad. 34 miles E. of New 
 Haven. In 1855 the township of South Lyme was set otf 
 from the township of Lvme. Passengers by the railroad 
 here cross the river by a ferrv. Pop. 1446. 
 
 LY.Mt;, a township of Jefferson co.. New York, on Liike 
 Ontario. Pop. 2702. 
 
 LY.ME, a postrtownship. forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Huron co.. Ohio, 90 miles X. by E. of Columbus. Pop. 2205. 
 
 LYME-REGIS, llme-ree'jis, a parliamentarv and municipal 
 borough, seaport town and parish of England, co. of Dorset, 
 on thi; small river Lyme, at its entrance into the English 
 Channel. 22 miles W. of Dorchester, to which a railway is 
 projected. Pop. of parliamentary boroush in 1851, 3516. It 
 has B handsome church, a Roman Catholic and other chapels, 
 almshouse, old town-hall, assembly rooms, custom-house, 
 and a harl^ir, consisting of 2 piers, forming a basin, useful 
 as a refuge for small vessels. Its trade has groatlv declined. 
 Registered shipping in 1847, 820 tons. The borough sends 1 
 member to the House of Commons. In 15.58, the great 
 engagement with the Spanish Armada took place off Lvme. 
 t ir'k' !^ »'it<-l» fleet wjis defeate.1 here by the English. 
 In 1609. tosmo-de-Medi<-i died in the town. Admiral Sum- 
 mers, discoverer of the Hermudas. was born here. An earth- 
 quake, accompanied by fissures of the ground, and other 
 extraordinary phenomena, occurred in the vicinity, in 1S39 
 
 LYN 
 
 LTM-FIORD. lim'fe-ORd', (Tan. pron. lilra'fe-ord\) written 
 also LUMFIORD and LIIMFIORD. Denmark, an inlet or arm 
 of the sea extending from the Cattegat, in alxtut 57° X. lat_ 
 westward to the German Ocean. It .stretihes far into Xorth 
 Jutland, and there expands into a large, irregular, and shal- 
 low lagoon. Previously to 1825 it wa.« separateti from the 
 ocean by a narrow strip of land, a mile or .so in brestdth, 
 over which the .sea occasionally broke; but the communica- 
 tion is now permanent. Its whole length is perhaps 100 
 miles, the breadth varies from 1 mile or less to about 15 
 miles. The Lymtiord is shallow and of difficult navigation. 
 It receives several small rivers, and contains the island o/ 
 Mors, and several smaller islands. 
 
 LY'.MIXGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 LYM'IXGTOX, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 seaport town, and parish of England, co. of llauts, in the 
 New Forest, on a-sniiill navigable river of the same name, and 
 communicating with a hand.some suburb, close to its mv^utli 
 in the English Channel, 12 miles S.W. of Southampton, to 
 which the port is subordinate. Pop. of borough in ISal. 6282. 
 It is bt^autifuUy situateii on a steeii declivity, has many hand- 
 some houses for the accommotlation of .soa-bathers, a church 
 subordinate to Boldre, town-hall, theatre, handsome bath.s, 
 and custom-house, establishments for ship-building, and 
 salt works. The harbor admits vessels of 300 tons, but has 
 little trade. Steamers ply to Portsmouth and the Isle of 
 Wight. The borough sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. It gives the title of Viscount to the Wallop 
 family. 
 
 LYMIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset H 
 miles E.S.E..of llchester. Cardinal Wolsey was once rector 
 of this |iarish. 
 
 LY'MM. limm, a pari.sh of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 LY'MPXE or LIMXE. Hm, (anc. FoiUus Li-iixania>nusf) a 
 parish of England, co. of Kent, 2^ miles W. of lly the. Street- 
 fall Castle, the seat of the archdeacon, occupies the site of an 
 ancient British fortress; a Roman road runs direct to Can- 
 terburv. 
 
 LY.\lPSaiAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 LYMP.STOX, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 LYXCH. linch, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 LY'XD. lind, a river of Xorth Australia, discovered by Dr. 
 Leichhardt flows through a mountainous country, till it 
 joins the river Mitchell. 
 
 LYXCH'BUKG, a flourishing town of Campbell county, 
 Virginia, is finely situated on a steep declivity on the right 
 (S.) bank of James River, 120 miles W.S.W. of Richmond, 
 and 20 miles S.E. of the Blue Ridge. Lat. 37° 30' N., Ion. 
 79^22' W. The South Side Railroad, leading to Petersbui^ 
 and Richmond, connects here with the Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee Railroad, which forms part of the most direet 
 route from the Eastern States to those of the South-West 
 and to be one of the principal thoroughfares of the Union. 
 The James River and Kanawha Canal, the greatest public 
 work in the state, followuig the cour.«e of the river from the 
 falls at Richmond, is completed to Buchanan, about 50 miles 
 above Lynchburg, and is to be continued to CovingUm. 
 The distance between Richmond and Lynchburg by canal ia 
 147 miles. The navigation of the canal renders this town 
 the market of an extensive and fertile tract of country. The 
 principal article of trade is tobacco, of which 5810 hogshe.ails 
 were inspecteil here in 1851; 10,700 hogsheads in 1852; and 
 10,219 hogsheads in 1853. About 300.000 bushels of wheat 
 are also received here every year. The town is supplied 
 with river-water from a re.servoir which is elevated about 
 253 feet above the level of the river, and contains 400.000 
 gallons. ITiis work was finished in 1829, at a cost of $50,000. 
 The river is here about 200 yards wide, and is crossed by a 
 fine bridge. It affords abundant water-power, which ia 
 employed in the manufacture of cotton, wool, flour, &c. 
 The town contains 9 chunhes, 3 prinling-ofTicos. 3 banks, 3 
 savings banks, 1 cotton and woollen factory, 36 tobacco 
 Cictories, 4 brass and iron foundries, and 150 stores, in 
 which the annual sales exceed $2,000,000. Capital employed 
 in 1851 in manufiictures, $725,000. The town was founded 
 in 1786. and incorporated in 1805. In 1848. it contained 
 7678 inhabitants. Pop. in 1S60, 6853. 
 
 LYXCllBURG, a village of Stokes co., Xorth Carolina. 
 
 LYNCHBURG, a village of Sumter district South Caro- 
 lina, on the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 18 mile* 
 N.E. of Sumterville. 
 
 LYNCHBURG, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama. 
 
 LYNCHBURG, a post-village of Harris co., Texas, on Buf- 
 falo Bayou, opposite to San Jacinto, about 18 miles E. of 
 Houston. Pop. 1851. 
 
 LY'NCHBURG, a jiost-village of Lincoln co., Tennessee, 78 
 miles S.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 LY'XCHBURG, a village of Marion co., Kentucky, on the 
 road from Lexington to Nashville. 
 
 LYXCllBURG. a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky. 
 
 LYXCHBURti, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, on 
 the Cincinnati and IllUborough Railroad, 50 miles E. by N. 
 of Cincinnati. 
 
 LYXCllBURG SPKIXGS, a postoffice of Jackaon oo., 
 Mississippi. 
 
LYN 
 
 LYO 
 
 LTNCH'S CREEK, of South Carolina, rises neai; the N. 
 border of tlio state, and flows south-eastward, forming the 
 boundary lietween the districts of Lancaster, Kershaw, 
 Sumter, and Williamsburg on the right, and Chesterfield, 
 Darlington, and Marion on the left, until it enters the OTeat 
 
 LVNCII'S CREEK, a post-village of Marion district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LYNCH'S LAKE, a post-office of Williamsburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 LYXCH'WOOD, a post-village of Kershaw district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 LYN'CilMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somer.set. 
 
 LYNDKltuKOUGII, liiid'hur-ruh, a post-township of 
 Hillsborough co., New Hampshire, on the left bank of the 
 Souhegan River, aljout 2a uiiles S.S.\V. of Concord. Pop. 
 823. 
 
 LY.V'DEN, a post-office of Aroostook co.. Maine. 
 
 LYNDK.SAY. MOUNT, Australia. See Linde.sav. 
 
 LYX'DOX COKNER, a thriving village of Caledonia CO., 
 Vermont, about 40 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It contains 3 
 churches, an academy, and 7 stores. About 100 persons are 
 employed here in the manufacture of carriages. 
 
 LYND'IIUH.ST. a parisli and village of England, co. of 
 Hants, benutifull}' situated in the centre of the New Forest, 
 8 miles W.S.W. of SouMiampton. Pop. 1.380. Here is the 
 " King's House." or official residence of the lord warden of 
 the forest. All the fore.^t courts are held at Lyndhur.st. In 
 the vicinity Is the spot whore William Rufus was slain by 
 the arrow of Sir Walter Tyrrel. 
 
 LYN'DOX, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 LYNDON', a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, on 
 the head waters of the Passumpsic River, and on the Con- 
 necticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, about 40 miles 
 N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 109.5. 
 
 LYNDON, a township of Cattaraugus co., New York. Pop. 
 1101. 
 
 LY'^NDON, a thriving post-village of Wliitesides co., Illi- 
 nois, on Hook River, about 150 miles N. of Springfield. 
 
 LYNDON CENTRE, a post-village of Caledonia co., Ver- 
 mont, on the Passumpsic River, and on the Connecticut and 
 Pa.'isumpsie Rivers Railroad. 2 miles N. of Lyndon Corner, 
 and 42 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It has 3 churches, 2 stores, 
 and about 100 inbabitiints. 
 
 M'N'DONVILLE. a post-village in the N.W. part of Orleans 
 CO., New York, abt^ut 2.50 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 LYNE, liuH, a river of Scotland, co. of Peebles, rises on 
 the borders of the county of Edinburgh, and flows S. for 20 
 miles, into the Tweed, almve Peebles. 
 
 LYN'E, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles^ 
 
 LYNE'HA.M. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 LYNE'SACIi, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 LYNES'VILLK, a post-village of Granville co., North 
 Carolina, 54 miles N. of Raleigh. 
 
 LYNGRYE, liug'biiVh or lUngTjuVh. a market^town of 
 Denmark, in the island of Seelaud, 7 miles N.N.W. of Co- 
 penhagen, with a royal summer palace. 
 
 LYNN, liii, a city and seaport of Essex oo., Massachu- 
 setts, on the Eastern Railroad, .9 miles N.N.E. of Boston. 
 Lat. 42° 27' 51" N.. Ion. 70° 57' 27" W. It is situated on the 
 north-eastern shore of Massachusetts Bay, in the midst of 
 the most varied and picturesque scenery. The beaches and 
 Nahant, iu the vicinity, are noted places of resort, l)oth for 
 pleasure and health. Lynn was incorporated a city in 1850, 
 and is handsomely built on wide and pleasant streets. The 
 priucipal public edifices are the churches, of which there 
 are 21, of the various denominations. Among the institu- 
 tions, a free library is deserving of notice. An efficient sys- 
 tem of education hiia been provided, similar to that gene- 
 rally adopted in the state. There are in the city an acade- 
 my, a high-school, and 48 other public schools, principal, in- 
 termediate, and primary, attended by 4332 pupils. Lynn 
 has 6 printing-offices, and 18 dry-goods stores. Two news- 
 papers are published here weekly. Lynn has long been cele- 
 brated for the manufacture of ladies' shoes. This branch 
 of business wa,s pursued here before the Revolution. The 
 sales Were then chiefly confined to New England; but since 
 that period the business Una been greatly extended and 
 shoes are now exported in large quantities to almost every 
 part of the United States. It is estimated that at the pre- 
 sent time there are 175 manufactories in the city, giving 
 employment to about 17,200 persons, more than half of whom 
 are females ; and that 10,000,000 pairs of ladies' and misses' 
 shoes are annually made, amounting in value to S14,000,000. 
 Besides the above, th';re are manufactories of leather, mo- 
 rocco, prints, chocolate, glue, machinery, tinware, &c. There 
 are 3 banks in Lynn, with an aggregate capital of $C0O,0OO, 
 2 savings institutions, and 3 insurance offices. The real and 
 personal estate of this city in 1850, was valued at $4.834,843 ; 
 in 1855, at S8,284.649; and in 1864, at $10,208,860; of v<f ich 
 last sura $6,528,762 was real estate, and $3,680,098 personal. 
 The number of voters in 1864, was about 4500. Settled in 
 1629, and incorporated as a town in 1632. Population in 
 1830, 6138; 1840, 9367; 1850, 14,257; 1860, 19,083. 
 
 LYNN, a township of Lehigh co, Pennsylvania. Pop. 2321. 
 3U 
 
 LYNN, a post-ofHce of Susquehanna county, Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 LYNN, a post-township of St. Clair co., Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 225. 
 
 LYNX, a village of Martin co., Indiana, 45 miles E. 04 
 Vinceiines. 
 
 liYNN, a township in Posey county, Indiana. Popul»> 
 tion, 1397. 
 
 LYNN, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, 8 miles 
 S.S.E. of Winchester. 
 
 LY'NX, a post-office of Warren CO., Iowa. 
 
 LYNN CAMP, a post-office of Knox co., Kentucky. 
 
 LYXX'FI ELD, a post-township of E.sscx co., JIassachusetts, 
 on the South Rending Branch Railroad, 13 miles N. by E. 
 of Boston Shoemaking is carried on here to some extent. 
 Pop., according to the state census taken in May, 1850, 1010, 
 but by the United States cen.«us taken a few months later. 
 1723. or lli52 males and 471 females. Pop. in 1860, 866. 
 
 LYXXFIELD CEXTRE, a post-villajre of Essex eo., Maa- 
 sacliusett.s, about 15 miles X. of Boston. 
 
 LYXN, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 LYNN-REGIS, lin-ree'jis, or KI.NG'S-LYN.V, a parliament- 
 ary and municipal borough, seaport, and town of England, 
 eo. of Norlblk, on the E. side of the estuary of the Great 
 Ouse, 9 miles from the North Sea. and 26J miles X.E. of Ely, 
 on the East Anglian. Railway. Pop. in 1851, 19,335. It is 
 divided into several parts by 4 small navigable rivers called 
 fleets, over which are about a dozen bridges; it is defended 
 on the land-side by a fosse, strong bastions, and remains of 
 an ancient embattled wall, with one gateway. The town 
 is well built, and contains many noted old numsions. The 
 market-place is very handsome, and e.\ tensive public walks, 
 lined with trees, beautify the E. part of the town. Chief 
 buildings, St. JIargaret's Church, a stately pile of vast di- 
 mension.s, founded in the 12th century; the beautiful and 
 spacious chapel of St. Nicholas, All-Saints' Church, a Roman 
 Catliolic chapel, the ruins of a convent, an octagonal Ladye 
 chajiel tower, a free grammar school, founded in the loth 
 century, a large Lancasterian school, several ancient poors* 
 hospitals, an ancient guildhall and jail, theatre, library, me- 
 chanics' institution, handsome customhouse, large market- 
 house, and fort. The harbor is capacious, the river being 
 here about 1000 feet in breadth, but the approach is seriously 
 obstructed by shifting sands. Spring tides ri.se 18 feet. The 
 trade of Lynn, v.hich ranked, within the last 60 years, as 
 the 5th commercial port of England, is again rapidly in- 
 creasing. Principal imports, coal, wine from the I'eninsula, 
 timber, hemp, and other Baltic and Canadian produce. Ex- 
 ports, corn and wool. Shipyaris, breweries, iron foundries, 
 cork, rope, and tobacco manufactories also employ many of 
 the inhabitants. Steamers ply to Hull. The borough .sends 
 2 memljers to the House of Commons. Lj'nn was remark- 
 able for its fidelity to the royal cause in the reign of John, 
 who presented the town with a large silver cup and sword. 
 It also espou.sed the side of Charles.I. 
 
 LYXN'VILLE, a post-village of Lehigh CO., Pennsylvania, 
 83 miles E.N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 LYNNVILLE, a post- village of Giles co., Tennessee, about 
 60 miles S. by W. of Nashville. 
 
 LYNNVILLE, a post-viilage in Warrick co., Indiana, 145 
 miles S.AV. by S. of Indianiipolis. 
 
 LYXXVILLE, a postvillage of Morgan co., Illinois, about 
 40 miles W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 LYNNVILLE, a posttownship in the E. part of Ogle co., 
 Illinois. Pop. 674. 
 
 LYXXA'ILLE, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa. 
 
 LYON, a city of France. See Lyo.n's. 
 
 LYON, a township of Oakland co.. Michigan. Pop. 1628. 
 
 LYNN, WEST, a parish of England, 00. of Norfolk. 
 
 LYON, lion, a river of Scotland, flows, after a course of 
 28 miles, into the Tav at Tavmouth Castle. 
 
 LYONNOIS or LYONNAIS. LE. leh lee^n'ni/, (L. J'ger 
 Lugdunensis and JE>ibii Lngdunen'ses f) an ancient province 
 of France, which formed part of one of the Roman divisions 
 of Gaul, was afterwards included in the second kingdom of 
 Burgundy; and. on being separated from it, became an in- 
 dependent county. Capital, Lyons. It was united to the 
 crown of France by Philip le Bel, in 1310, and now forma 
 the departments of Phone, Loire, Saone, Marne and Seine. 
 
 LYONS, li'onz, (Fr. Lynn, iee'6jf°'; Sp. Lejm, l.i-on'; 
 It. Lioiie, leKVn.A ; anc. Lugdit/rtum,) the second city of 
 France, capital of the department of Rhone, 240 miles 
 S.S.E. of Paris, and 170 miles N. of the Mediterranean; 
 lat. (Notre Dame) 45° 45' 44" N., Ion. 4° 49' 43" E. Two 
 large rivers — the Saone, flowing from the N., and the Rhone 
 from the E., unite, and form a tongue of land, on which the 
 greater part of the city is built. It is not, however, confined 
 to the limits thus marked Out, but extends to the opposite 
 banks of both rivers, the communication being maintained 
 by numerous commodious and handsome bridges, generally 
 of modern construction. On the right bank of the Saone, 
 two steep hills, Fourvi&res and St. Sebastian, rise in the 
 form of an amphitheatre, and are partially occupied by 
 streets. One of the steepest of these leads up to the summit 
 of Fourvieres, from which the best view of the city is ob- 
 
 1105 
 
LYO 
 
 tained: »nd the whole country, for many miles around, is 
 presented to the eje as one grand panorama, embracing 
 distinct views of the Alps on the E. and the Cevennes on 
 the S. In the town itself, though there is much to interest 
 and Kmuse, there is more to disappoint, and even disgust. 
 The streets are irregular, narrow, nud filthy, and are lined 
 with tall ungainly buildings, which, crowded together into 
 the smalles' pussiMe sjiace. nearly exclude both sun and 
 air. There are, however, many fine quarters, among which 
 may be mentioned the magnificent quayj, with their finely- 
 planteil walks, stately nian.^ions, and capacious warehouses.' 
 Bunie of the squares, also, are good, such as the Place des 
 Terreaux and the i'l.ice iVlIecour; the latter not surpassed 
 in beauty and extent by many in Europe. 
 
 The public edifices of Lyons are not numerous, and those 
 deserving of notice are more remarkable for their antiquity 
 than for the lieautj of their architecture. The Cathedral, 
 on the slope of the Fourvieres. on the right bank of the 
 Baone, is in the gothic style of the time of Louis XI., and 
 has four towers. Iligtier up the declivity stands the church 
 of Xotre Dame, an ancient edifice, occupying the site of the 
 Forum Vetiis, built by Trajan. Beside it is a tower or Bel- 
 vedere, 6S0 feet above the Saone. On the other side of the 
 Fourvieres is the Church of St. Irena'u.s who was the second 
 bishop of Lyons, and had conversed with the Apostles. The 
 church, a modern structure, is situated on the grave of the 
 martyred bishop, and has beneath it a crypt, in which 
 thousauds of Christians are said to have been massacreil 
 by orders of the Roman Emperor Septimius 8everus, A. D. 
 202, A little above the Cathedral is the Palais de Justice; 
 and lower down, on the opposite bank of the Saone, stands 
 the chuifh of the Abbey of AInay, beneath whose sacristy, 
 and penetra'ing far below the l)ed of the river, are gloomy 
 dungeons, without light or air, in which many of the early 
 Christians were iuinuired previous to martyrdom. 
 
 Other noteworthy edifices of thLs class axe the Church of 
 St. Xizier, of the Uth century, one ot the largest in the 
 town; that of St. Itonaventure. the parish saint of Lj-ons; 
 the church of the Chartreux, surmounted by a superb dome, 
 which, from all quarters of the citj-, is seen rising conspicu- 
 ously alove the other buildings: the l^glisede TObservance, 
 Eglise des Antiquailles, figlise St. Just, and figlise St. Louis! 
 The archiepiscopal palace, situated near the Catlieilral, is a 
 large edifice of no architectural merit. In this palace a great 
 number of Protestants were butchered in 15V2, as a sequel to 
 St. Bartholomew. In the Place des Terreaux stands the Hotel 
 de YiUe. considered one of the finest edifices of the kind in 
 France, though so very irregular in its style, that it cannot 
 be said to telong to any particular oixler of architecture. 
 
 The library, ( lUbliotiieque Publique.) occupying jart of 
 the buildings of the college, on the (J uai de Ketz. is the best 
 provincial collection in France. It contains 14.400 volumes: 
 an'' has, besides, a rich collection of engravings and MSS. 
 The Palais des Arts or Museum, facing the Place des Ter- 
 ,reaux. occupies tlie ancient convent of St. Pierre, which 
 aates from the earliest Christian times, and is a fine majestic 
 edifice, more in the style of a palace than a monastery. It 
 contains a picture-gallery, a cabinet of medals, a gallery for 
 statues, and another for ancient stuccoes, a depfit of mechii- 
 nical inventions for the fabrication of silks, with a library 
 attached ; a free school of design, and a large hall, used as 
 the Exchange. The chief educational establishments arc 
 the Royal College, founded in 1519: the Institution la Mar- 
 tiuiere, afibrding a gratuitous education to 220 sons of arti- 
 sans : and a veterinary school. Conni-cted with educational 
 institutions, may be mentioned the Botanic Garden, (Jardin 
 des I'lantes.) near La Croix Kousse, which is the principal 
 seat of manufai-'turing industry. 
 
 The most imiiortant charitable establishments are the 
 Hotel-Dien. the Maisou de la Charite, a vcrv extensive alms 
 or poor-house; the Mout de Piete. and the Hospice de I'An- 
 Uquaille. There are several prisons — the New PrJ.son, an 
 extensive building, well arranged ; the Mai.»on des Recluses, 
 now employed as a military prison; and the pri.son of Ro- 
 anne. regarded as a model in its kind. Lyons has extensive 
 barracks, in which a great number of troops are alwavs quar- 
 tered; and is surrounded by a line of detached forts, which 
 crown its different heights ostensibly for the purpose of 
 defence, but more prol>ably as a means of repressing the 
 turbulent spirit for which great masses of the population 
 have long been notorious. 
 
 As a manufacturing town, Lyons earlv acquired, and has 
 long maintained, the fir.«t rank. Its silk manufactures are 
 perhaps the most important in the world. ITiis constitutes 
 its great staple, and during the three years that have passed 
 since ISoO. h.as eu\ployed al>out 00.000 machines, (metiers.) 
 scattcretl over a tlistrict of about 40 miles. These machines 
 consume aU.ut 3,150,000 lbs, of silk, valued at i32.a)0.000, 
 pioducing silk manufactures valuinl at $.50,000,000.' It 
 is estimated that the home consumption includes one- 
 fourth or one-third of this amount, the remainder is 
 exported to all parts of the civilizi>d world, hut bv far the 
 largest market is found in the United States. The other 
 manufactures de.«erving of notice are hats, books, jewellery, 
 and liqueurs; besides dje-worlts. foundries, glass-houses, 
 1108 
 
 LYO 
 
 potteries, tanneries, breweries, and chemical works. Lyons 
 is admirably situatetl for trade, on two navigable riveis, 
 which make it a great entrepot both for the N. and the S, 
 It forms the common centre where the roads fixm P.-iris, 
 Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Geneva, from Switzerland, Italy, 
 and Auvcrgne. all meet; it communicates with the Khiiie 
 by the Rhone and Rhine Canal, while several other canals, 
 branching off from its rivers, give it ample means of trans- 
 port over a great part of the interior of the empire. More 
 recently, railways have lieen constructed, one of which, 
 pa.ssing through Lyons, conne<-ts Marseilles and Avignon 
 with Paris. The chief imports are raw silk, wine, brandy, 
 oil, soap, flax, hemp, rice, salt, cotton, wool, coffee, dyes, 
 earthenware, and timber; and the export,*, .spun-silk and 
 silk goods, ribbons, woollens, linens, com, flour, liqueurs, 
 ironware, Ac. 
 
 Histnry. — The origin of Lyons cannot be traced. When 
 Cwsar invadetl Gaul it had become a place of some importance, 
 and it ever after figures more or less in the history of the 
 Roman Empire; several emperors, in succession, making it 
 tlieir occasional residence, and vying with each other in 
 adorning it. It early rt-ceivetl Christianity, and. towards the 
 end of the second century, numbered thousands of Cliristians 
 among its inhabitants. Its fir.st bishop, Pothinus. died a 
 martyr in 197. and his successor, the ce!ebrate<l Irena^us, 
 whose work against heresies is one of the most interesting 
 literary'remains of Christian antiquity, died also a martyr 
 in 2tt2, and with him no fewer than 19.0()0 Christian converts. 
 Lyons was afterwards sacked by the Huns and Visigoths, 
 who levelled many ot its noblest Roman structures with the 
 ground. In the eighth century, it fell into the hands of an 
 army of Saracens from Spain, and sufferetl dreadfully; but 
 recovered its prosperity under Charlemagne, on the dissolu- 
 tion of whose empire it became the capital of the Kingilom 
 of Provence. Subsequently, it fell uniler ecclesiastical domi- 
 nation ; and was long ruled by a succession of tyrannical 
 and factious archbishops, who bore its name. In the reigu 
 of Louis IX., Lyons was annexed to the crown of France. 
 Its prosperity was now much more promoted by temi>oral 
 than it had been by spiritual rule. Its new quays, and 
 several of its finest etlifices, itowes to Louis XIV. Terrible 
 disasters befell the city while in possession of the troops of 
 the Convention, in 1793; wholesale butcheries for many 
 days deluged the streets with bl(X)d. Many distinguished 
 men have lieen natives of Lyons. Among them may be 
 mentionwl the Roman emperors Marcus Aun'lius, Claudius, 
 and Caracalla; the celebrated general, Germanicus, uepliew 
 of Tiberius; St Ambrose, St. Irena^us. and Pope Clement IV. 
 Pop. in 1852.156.169; in 1862, 318.803. — Adj. and inhab, 
 Lv )XXAis, leeV^nA'; feminine, Lvoxxaise, leeVn.'\z. 
 
 LYONS, li'^nz. a pleasant post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Wayne comity, New York, situated on the Erie Canal, 
 and on the railroad direct from Syracuse to Rochester, 36 
 miles E. by S. of Rochester. It contains 3 banks, 2 news- 
 paper offices, a fine union school-house, wlilch cost S16,000, 
 and churches for the Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, 
 Lutherans, and Episcopalians. The first two cliurches are 
 large and ornamental buildings. The number of churches 
 is 7. It has also 3 public hails, several flouring-mills and 
 manufactories. Pop. of the township in 1S50, 4925 ; in 1S60, 
 5076; estimated pop. of the village, 3500. 
 
 LYONS, a postoffice of Fayette co., Texas. 
 
 LYONS, a post-offlce of Fulton co.. Oliio. 
 
 LYONS, a thriving post-village and township of Ionia 
 CO., Michigan, on Grand River. 1 mile above the mouth of 
 Maple River, and 31 miles N.W. of'I>ansiug. Small steam- 
 boats ascend as far as Lyons when the water is high. The 
 river furnishes extensive water-power. Total pop. 1951, 
 
 LYONS, a thriving post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on the 
 Mississippi River, 40 miles by land N.E. of Davenport. It 
 has a national bank, 7 churches, and 3 newspaper offices. 
 Pop. 2703, See Appmnix, 
 
 LYONS, a township in Sauk co., Wisconsin. Pop. 60. 
 
 LYONS, a thriving post-village of Hudson tov.-nship, Wal- 
 worth CO.. Wi.sconsin. on White River, 9 miles E.S.E. of Klk- 
 horn. It has 2 stores and 30 dwellings. 
 
 LY/ONSDALE\ a post-village of Lewis eo.. New York, 
 about 120 miles N,W, of .\lbany. 
 
 LYON'S FALLS, a postoffice of Lewis co., New York. 
 
 LYONS, GULF OF. See Gulp of Lyons. 
 
 LYONS-LA-FORET, lee'A.xGld-fA'rA/. a town of France, de> 
 partment of Enre, 11 miles N.E. of Audelvs. Pop. 1650. 
 
 LYON'S LANDING, a post-office of Bladen co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 LY'ONS H.\LL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 LYON'S STORE, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee. 
 
 LYONVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama. 
 
 LY'ONSVILLE, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, 16 milel 
 S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 LYOOBASUEVO, LJUBASCHEVO, or LIlU-BACHEVO, 
 Ivoo-bd-sh.Vvo, a town of Russia, government of Minsk, 48 
 miles S.AV. of Slootsk. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 LYOOIJIM, WUBIM, or L10UBI>I, lyoo-l>eem' k town 
 of Russia, government and 54 miles N.E. of Yaroslav, capital 
 of a circle. Pop. 2000 
 
LTO 
 
 MAC 
 
 LTOOBETCn, LTOTTBETCn, or L.TOBETSCTI. lyooVWi', 
 a marketrtown of Russia, government and 38 miles N.N.W. 
 of Tcherni^ov, on the Dnieper. Pop. ICOO. 
 
 LYOOTSIN, I..TUT/J.V, or I.IOUTSIN.lyoot-seen'.(Polish 
 Lucyn. loot/sin.) a town of Russian Poland, government and 
 130 miles N.W. of Vitebsk. Pop. 2100. 
 
 LYPCSE ZOLYO, lip'ch.i' zol'yo\ or TOTIILTPCSE, tot- 
 lip'chi', a market-town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, on the 
 Waajr, about 5 miles from Xeusohl. I'op. 1301. 
 
 LV'HA. a post-ofRee of 8cioto co., Ohio. 
 
 LY.'!. lis, (Fr. pron. almost leece; Flemish lAiye, ll'eh.) a 
 river of France and Re'gium. joins the Scheldt at Ghent, 
 after a N.K. course of 100 miles. Numerous canals commu- 
 nicate with it, and it has an active navigation. 
 
 LYS, leece, or ES.\. iVsJ. a river of the Sardinian Sl^ws. 
 joins the Dora Baltea about 4 miles below Fort Bard, after 
 a course of nearly 37 miles. 
 
 LYSAXDEll, lI-sau'd^T, a post-township of Onondaga co., 
 
 New York, on Oswego and Seneca Bivers, and on the Oswego 
 and Syracuse Railroad. 18 miles S.S.E. of Oswego. I'op. 4741 
 
 LYS.A-NDER, a township. Winnebago co.. Illinois. P. 778. 
 
 LYSKOVA. LYSKOWA. a town of Ptussia. See LiSKOVO. 
 
 LYSS-TUR/NEY. a tything of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 LYTII'.\M, a maritime parish of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 on the Irish Sea, 5j miles W.S.W. of Kirkham. with a stati('C 
 on the Preston and \\ yre Railway. Pop. 2082. The village 
 is frequented for sea-bathing. 
 
 LYTIIE, nth, a parish of England, co. of York. Nortb 
 Riding, 'ij miles N.\V. of Whitby. In the vicinity is Mul- 
 grave Castle, seat of the Maniuis of Normpiiby. 
 
 LYTHO'XIA, a postrvillage of De Knlb co., Georgia, on the 
 Georgia Railroad. 24 miles E.S.E. of Atlanta. 
 
 LVT'TLESVILIiE, a postvillage of McLean co., Illinois, 
 about 70 miles N.K. of Springtield. 
 
 LYTTKLTON. (lit/tel-ton.) PORT, a village of New Zealand, 
 Middle Island, Canterbury settlemout, on Port Cooper. 
 
 M 
 
 MAAD, mJd, a town of North Hungary, eo. of Zemplin, 
 in the Ilegyalla Mountains, with celebrated vine- 
 yards, f) miles N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 5644. 
 
 MA.\RSBKRGKN, mius'bfRoVn, a station on the railway 
 between Amsterdam and Arnheim, 25 miles S.E. of Am.ster- 
 dam. 
 
 M.\ .\RSEN, mSit'sen. a village of the Netherlapds, province 
 and 5 mili>s N.W" of Utrecht, with a station on the railway 
 to .Amsterdam. 
 
 JI AAS or MAESE, a river of the Netherlands. See Meu.se. 
 
 M.'V.ASL.'VND. mSs'ldnt. a former department of the Nether- 
 lands, now included in the province of South Holland, and a 
 small portion of North Brabant. 
 
 .AIAASL.A.ND, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 South Holland, 7 miles \V. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1738. 
 
 MAASSLUIS, mjs'slois.or MAASLANDSLUIS. mas-s^Jnt^ 
 lois\ a fishing town of the Netherlands, province oT South 
 Holland, 10 miles W. of Rotterdam, on the New Maas. The 
 excellent harbor is annually frequented by above 400 ves- 
 sels, in carrying on the cod and herring fishery. Pop. 4096. 
 
 MAAS, (miis,) THE NKW, (Dutch. />e JMnnm Mans. Ak 
 nyii'wA mis.) a name given to the right arm of the Jlerwede, 
 luiites with the lake at Krimpen, South Holland, flows W., 
 and is divided into two branches by the islancl of Roozen- 
 burs, reunites below lirielle, and falls into the North Sea. 
 
 MAAS, THE OLD. (Dutch. Dt Oiule Mms. dA ow'deh mds,) 
 the name given to the left arm of the Merwede; unites with 
 the New Maas near Geervliet. South Holland. 
 
 MA.\.STltICHT. a town of the Netherlands. SeeM.tESTBlCHT. 
 
 MA.AT, m|t, a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. Upi)er Provinces, 35 miles N.W. of Agr.a. 
 
 MAB'BETTSVILLE, a post-village of Dutchess no., New 
 York. 
 
 M.A^BE. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 MA'BEIiS, a post-office of .lack.son co.. Ohio. 
 
 MA'BLE CRF;KK. a post-ofBce of .Jessamin co.. Kentucky. 
 
 M.VBLETHORPE ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 MABLETHORPE ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 MABi )0M, m J'boom', a town of West Africa, country of the 
 Tiuimanees : lat. 8'^ 32' N., Ion. 11° 52' W. ; on the route from 
 Eokelle to Falaba. 
 
 JI.\BR00K, mS'brook', a town of Central Africa. Sahara, 
 200 miles N.E. of Tirabuctoo, on the route to Tripoli. 
 
 MACACU, m J-kil-kcKy, a river of BvaziL rises in the Organ 
 Mountain.s, and flows S. to the Bay of Rio .laneiro. 
 
 MACACU, a town of Brazil, 10 miles N.E. of Rio de .Janeiro. 
 
 M.ACAKL, nid-kd-'l', a town of Spain, Andalusia, 36 miles 
 N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 1154. 
 
 iM\cAF'EK. a post-offlce of Mercer co., Kentticky. 
 
 M ACAHE, md-kS-h.V, a seaport-town of Brazil, province of 
 Rio de .Janeiro, at the mouth of the Macahe Iliver, in the 
 Bav of St. Anna, 40 miles N.N.E. of Cape Frio. 
 
 M.vcALEV\"S FORT, a post-office of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MACALLAII or MACALLA. See M.lKU.lAH. 
 
 51.\cAL'LlSTER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-offlce of Mont- 
 i»omerv co.. Tennessee. 
 
 M.vcAiyLlSTERSVILLE. See Caihocnstille. 
 
 M.\cALLiSTERVlLLE, a post-village of Juniata co., Penn- 
 siylvania. 55 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 MAC-\NS, md-kdNs', two contiguous villages of Portugal, 
 Estremadura, Macans de Carainha being 17 miles, and 
 Macans de Dona Maria 18 miles N.E. of Thomar. 
 
 M.\CAO. mi-kow', a seaport town and settlement tf the 
 Portuguese in China, province of Quang-tong, on a peninsula 
 of the island of Macao, at the S.W. entrance of the Canton 
 River. 70 miles S.S.E -f Canton. Lat. of flag-staff. 22° 11' 
 1" N ., Ion. 113" 32' E. Vox>. between 30,000 and 40,000, mostly 
 
 Chinese. The peninsula, 2j miles in length, hy less than a 
 mile in breadth, is cnnnecte<l with the mainland by a narrow, 
 low, and sandy isthmus. The town stands on declivitieg 
 around a semicircular harbor, the shore being lined by an 
 embanked parade and a terrace of white houses, above which 
 Chinese and European residencesare curiously intermingled. 
 Principal edifices, the collegiate church of St. Joseph. 11 
 other churches, and the senate-house, besides some Chinese 
 temples, and at the end of the town is a mansion where 
 Camiiens composed a great part of his Lusirir]. Six forts 
 defend the harbor N. and W. of the town, which is fit only 
 for small vessels, and large ships anchor in a roadstead E. 
 of the island. All the trade of Macao is nnminaUi/ resti-icted 
 to Portuguese and Spanish shipping. The educational semi- 
 naries ari! the College of St. Joseph, a royal grammar school, 
 and female orphan asylum. The Portuguese authorities and 
 others form a senate, but the government is substantially 
 vested in a Chinese Mandarin. Macao was given to the Por- 
 tugue.ae by the Chinese emperor in 1586, in return for as- 
 sistance against pirates. 
 
 5IAC.\0. md-kow' or md-ki'o, a town of Portugal, Estre- 
 madura, 85 miles N.E. of Lisbon. I'op. 2200. 
 
 M.\CAP.\. md-kd-p.V, a town of Brazil, on the left bank of 
 the Amazon. 200 miles N.W. of Belem or Para, and only 3 
 miles N. of the equator. It has a fort, which defends the 
 harbor and the p.a--snge of the river. The town carries on 
 a considerable trade in rice, cotton, and fine timber for 
 cabinet-work. Poji. COOO. 
 
 M.\CARSCA, md-kans'kd. a small seaport town of Dal- 
 matia. circle and 34 miles S.E. of Spalatro, on the Adriatic. 
 Pop. 1800. It is beautifully situated on a small bay, and 
 was formerly the seat of a republic. 
 
 MacAR'THUR. a river of North Australia, flows into the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria on its S.AV. side. 
 
 M.tcARTHUR. a river in the S. of Australia, Victoria, 
 flows fi-om the Australian Alps into Lake King, an inlet of 
 the Southern Ocean. 
 
 Mac.VRTHUR, a river of New South Wales, tributary to 
 the Gloucester. 
 
 MacARTHUR ISLES, Pacific Ocean, are off the N.E. coast 
 of Australia, near Bird Isles, about lat. 11° 40' S. 
 
 MacARTHUR, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1278. 
 
 Mac.VRTHUR. a po.st-village of Elk town.ship. and capital 
 of Vinton co.. Ohio, 60 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. The 
 Cincinnati and 5Iarietta Railroad passes near this town. A 
 newspajier is p'uVilislied here. I'op. 822. 
 
 MACASSAR, md-kds'sar. or MANKASSER, m.^n-kd.s'ser, 
 the chief town of a government of the same name, and a 
 Dutch settlement of the Miilay Aivhipelago, on the S.W. 
 peninsula of the i.sbmd of Celebes, lat. 5° 9' S.. Ion. 119° 30* 
 E.. 250 miles from Borneo. It is mostly inhabited by Chinese, 
 and defended by Fort Rotterdam. It was made a free port 
 in 1840. and has an extensive trade, chiefly with China. 
 Pop. 20.000. The government of Macassar includes all the 
 Dutch possession in the island of Celebes, and a population 
 of 310.000. 
 
 MACAS'SAR, GO A, go'd, or GOACH, go'dK^ a native state 
 of Celebes I.sland. in the S.W'. peninsula. It was at one 
 time a powerful kingdom, having dominion over the greater 
 part of Celebes, and also over numerous neighboring islands. 
 Pop. about 70.000. 
 
 MACASSAR. STRAIT OP, separates the islands of Borneo 
 and Celebes. It varies in breadth from 70 to 240 miles, and 
 contains the Paternoster, Poolo-Laut, and Parmaroong 
 Islands. 
 
 SIACAU, md'kcV, a market-town of France, department 
 of Gironde. 11 miles N. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1626. 
 
 JI.iCAUB.V, md-kdw'bd, a tow a of Brazil, province anj 
 370 miles W.S.W. of Bahi.i. 
 
 MACAYO, md-si'o, a maritime town of Brazil, capital of 
 
 1J07 
 
MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 t"o province of Alagons, on the Atlantic, lat. 38° 4' S.. Ion. 
 a5° -iV W. Pop. 5000. lt« harbor is protected from the 
 ocean by a reef of rwks. 
 
 >iACBKAN». a post-village of Richmond CO., Georgia. 
 
 MacBEAX'S CUEKK, of Georgia, flows eastward along 
 the S. border of Kichmond co. into the Savannah. 
 
 MacBUIDES'VILLE, a postoffice of Union district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MACCAGETILLE. a post-ofRce of Perry co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SIACCAGXO-IXFEHIORE, mdk-kiln'yo-in-fA-re-o/rA, a vil- 
 lage of iN'ortlieVn Italy, 24 miles X.W. of Como. 
 
 MACCAGNO-SUPE"iaOKE, ni^k-kiln'yiT-soo-pi-re-o'rA, a 
 village of Northern Italy, about 12-t miles N.VV. of Como. 
 
 MACCAI, mdk^kT/, a town on the E. coast of Africa, on 
 the Massangzanee, which empties itself into the sea, about 
 20 mile? X. of Sotala, lat. 19° 15' S. 
 
 MacCALL'S/ CllEEIv, a post-office of Franklin co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 MacC.\LL'S FERRY, apost-officeofYork CO., Pennsylvania. 
 ■ WacC.VN'DLESS, a post-office of Uutler co.. IVnnsvlvnnia. 
 
 MacCARTHY or M"CARTIIY (mak-kar'thee) ISLAND, 
 (Native Janjan JSure. j^n'jdu' boo'ril,) an i.^land of West Africa, 
 belonging to Great Britain, in the Gambia River, li" miles 
 from its mouth. Area 3 scjuare miles. Pop. 1600, mostly 
 liberated Africans. 
 
 MacCAR/TYVILLE, a village in Washington township. 
 Burlington co.. New Jersey, on Wading River, about 2S 
 miles S.E. of Mount Holly, contains au extensive paper- 
 mill, and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 MACCHERIO, rndk-k-Vre-o, or MACIIERIO, m3-k.Vre-o. a 
 village of Northern Italy, province of Milan, near the Lam- 
 bro. Pop. 1060. 
 
 MACX:HIAVALF0RT0RE, mak'ke-3-vll-foR-to'rA. a town 
 of Naples, province of Molise, 16 miles E. of Campobasso. 
 Pop. 2(X)0. 
 
 MacCLEL'ANDSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MacCLEI/LANDTOWN, .a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. of Uuiontown, has several stores, 
 and about 10 houses. 
 
 SIAC'CLESFIELD, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough and manufacturing town of Engl.ind, co. of Chester, 
 on the railway, 17 miles S.S.E. of Manchester Pop. in 1851, 
 30.048. It is built on an acclivity: and has several hand- 
 some streets, a large church, a grammar school, founded in 
 1 502, annual revenue, 900/. ; a town-hall, ancient j.ail for the 
 forest liberty, assembly rooms, theatre, news room, subscrip- 
 tion library, with 20.000 volumes, 2 banks, and a spacious 
 market-house. It has extensive manufactures of various 
 silk fabrics, which employ about 8000 hands in 48 mills. 
 About 3000 persons are also employed in 16 cotton-mills. 
 Coal is plentiful, and a canal joins that of Peak Forest, thus 
 connecting with JIanchester aud London. It .sends 2 mem- 
 bers to the House of Commons, and gives the title of Earl to 
 the Parker family. The jurisdiction of the district, still 
 called Macclesfield Forest, is vested in the Stanley family. 
 
 MACCLESFIELD, a township of South Australia, pictu- 
 resquely situatetl on the Ang.as River, E. of Adelaide. 
 
 M ACCOM ly, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio. 
 
 MacCON'NELLSBURG, a post-borough, capital of Fulton 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Philadelphia to 
 Pittsburg, 70 miles AV.S.W. of Ilarrisburg. It is pleasantly 
 situated in a valley near Cove Mountain, and on Big Cove 
 Creek. It was incorporated in 1814. It has 4 churches and 
 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 477 ; in 1860, 556. 
 
 MacCO.VNELL'S grove, a post-village in Stephenson 
 CO.. Illinois, 140 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 MacCOX'NELLSTOWN, a post-village of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania, 95 miles W. by N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 MacCON'XELLSVILLE, post-office, Oneida co., New York. 
 
 MacCOXNELLSVILLE. a thriving post-village of Morgan 
 township, capital of Morg.an co., Ohio, on the left bank of 
 the Muskingum River, 27 miles S.S.E. of Zanesville. It 
 contains 5 churches, a union school. 2 newspaper offices. 1 
 woollen factory, 2 llouring-mills, and valuable oil wells. The 
 manufacture of salt is carried on extensively in this vicinity. 
 Tlie strata which contain the salt water are in some iu- 
 BUuices 850 feet below the surface. Pop. 14S6. 
 
 MacCOR/MICK'S springs, a post-office of Lewis co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 MacCOROIICKSTOWN, a postKjffice of Martin co., Indiana. 
 
 MacCOYS'MLLE, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsvl- 
 vaiiia. 
 
 SIacCRAC'KEX, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, 
 bordering on Illinois, has an area estimateil at 330 square 
 miles. The Tennessee and Ohio River forms its N \ E 
 boundary; Mayfield's Creek- washes its S.W. border; and it 
 Is aiio dramed by Clark's River. The surface is level and 
 low, sulyect to be partly overfiowe<J ; the soil is fertile, 
 formed ni 1824, and named from Captain Virgil MacCnicken, 
 who was killed at the battle of the river Raisin. Capital 
 PaJncah. Pop. 10.3u0, of whom 8622 were free. 
 
 MacCULT-OCHS mills, a post-office of Juniata co. 
 rennsylvania. ' 
 
 *i^^l^]]JH'ENSVILLE, a post-village of Wyandot co., 
 
 Ohio, on the Sandusky Rive'-, about 78 miles N by W. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 MacCUTCU'ENVILLE, a postrofflce of Vanderburg co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 MacDANIEL'S. a post-offlce of Orange co., North Carolina. 
 
 MacDAXIF.I/S, a post-offlce of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 MacDOX'ALD, a county forming the S.AV. extremity of 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas and the Indian Territory, 
 has an urea of 620 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of Elk or Cowskiu River, an affiiient of the .Neosho. 
 Lead-mines are found in the county, but not yet worked. 
 Named in honor of Sergeant MacDonald, of South Carolina. 
 Ciipital, Rutledge. Pop. 4038, of whom 3996 were free, and 
 72 slaves. 
 
 MacDOX'ALD, a post- village of Wilkinson co., Georgia, on 
 the C«itr.il Railroad, 18 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 MacDOX.\LD. a post-village of Randolph co., Alalama, 
 161 miles E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 MacDOXALD. a post-township in Hardin co., Ohio. P. 784. 
 
 MacDOXALD. a village, capital of Barry co., Missouri, 165 
 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 831. 
 
 MacDOXALD'S mill, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MacDOXALD'S MILLS, a post-office of Kichmond co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 MacDOXOUGH, mak-don'a, a county in the W. part, of 
 Illinois, has an area of 575 square miles. It is inter-jected 
 by Crooked Creek, an affluent of Illinois River, and drained 
 by Downiog's Fork, and Tui-key and Grindstone Cret'ks. The 
 greater part of the county is prairie. The soil is very pro- 
 ductive. It is travei;sed hy the Chicago. and QuincyRail- 
 road. Groves of timber are distributed along many of tljo 
 6tre;uns. Capital, Macomb. Pop. 20,069. 
 
 MacDOXOUGH. a post-village and township of Chenango 
 CO., New York, about 15 miles W. by S. of Norwich. The 
 village has 2 or 3 churches, and several stores and mills. 
 Pop. of the township, 1483. 
 
 MacDOXOUGH, a post-office of Newcastle co., Delaware. 
 
 MacDOXOUGH, a post-village, capital of Henry co., 
 Georgia, 65 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It cont.ains 3 
 churches. 1 academy, and alxiut COO inhabitants. There ia 
 a cotton factory very near the place. Settletl in 1822, 
 
 MacDOAV'ELL, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, 
 area estimated at 450 square miles. The Catawba River has 
 its sources in this county at the S.E. base of the Blue Rlilge, 
 the summits of which, along or near the boi-der of the 
 county, are about 6000 feet above the sea. The sdil is gene 
 rally fertile. Formed in 1842 from parts of Burke and 
 Rutherford, and named in honor of General Joseph Mac- 
 Dowell. Capital, Marion. Pop. 7120, of whom 5815 were 
 free, and 1305 slaves. 
 
 MacDOWELL, a post-offlce of Highland co., Virginia. 
 
 MacDOWELL'S, a post-office, Crawford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MacDUFF'. a burgh of barony, and seaport town of Scot- 
 land, CO. and 1 mile E. of Banff, with which it is connected 
 by a fine bridge across the Deveron, and within the parlia- 
 mentary bounds of which it is included. Pop. 2527. It has 
 an excellent harbor. 
 
 MACE, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 M .\CEDOX, mas'se-don, a post-township of Wayne co., X"e w 
 York, on the Erie Canal. 18 miles AV. of Lyons. Pop. 2523. 
 
 M.4CED0N, a post-village of Mercer co., Ohio, 12 miles 
 S.W. of Celina. 
 
 MACEDON CENTRE, a post-village of Wayne co., New 
 York, 200 miles W. by N. of Albany. It has an academy. 
 
 MACEDONIA, masse-do'ne-a, an ancient and celebrated 
 country of Europe, lying immediately X. of Greece, now 
 chietly or wholly included in the Turkish province of Room- 
 Elee. — Adj. anil inhab. Macedonian, mas-se-do'nfr-an. 
 
 3IACED0XIA. See Room-Elee. 
 
 JIACEDO'NIA, a post-office of Montgomery eo.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 M.\CEDONIA, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi. 
 
 M.\CEDOXI.\, a i>ost-vlll«ge in Carroll CO., Tennessee. 
 
 MACEDOXI.-V, a post-office of Potawatomie co., Iowa. 
 
 MACEDOXIA DEl'OT. a post-village of Summit co., Ohio, 
 on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 19 miles S.E. of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 MACELLO, mi-chJllo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 3 miles from Pinerolo, on the Cliisone. Pop. 1990. 
 
 JIac^ELROY', a post-office of Dodridge co., W. A'irpfinia. 
 
 MAc'ELW.\IX'S\a village of York district. South Cai-oliiia. 
 
 SIACEliATA, md-chA-rk'td. a town of Central Italy, the 
 capital of a province of the same name, 21 miles S. of Aiicona, 
 on a lofty eminence above the Potenza. midway between the 
 Apennines and the sea. It is wailed, and has six gates. 
 The streets, in general, are straight, spacious, and clean, and 
 lined with handsome houses and several palaces. The 
 squai-e. in the centre, is of great extent, and contains the Ca- 
 thedral, the Provincial Palace, aud Theatre. There are also 
 six other churches, and 13 convents— 5 for females. Maie- 
 rata is the see of u bishop, and has a court of first resort, anu 
 an appeal court for the delegations of JIacerata, Urbino-<>- 
 I'esaro, Ancona, Ascoli. Camerino, and Ferrao. The uni- 
 versity was suppressed, but has been repUcrtl by another. 
 
MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 in idnch theology, philosophy, and medicine are taught. 
 There are aloo a museum, a library, and two literary 
 80cieti(?s. I'op. 16.000. 
 
 i]ACERAT.\ FEI/fKIA, ma-oh.'l-rS'ta TiVtre-i, a yUlage 
 of Central Italy, 11 miles N.W. of Urbino. Pop. I:j70. 
 
 MacEW'EN'S CKOSS KOADS, a post-office of Morrow co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 MacEW'EXSVILLE, a post-village of Northumberland 
 CO., IV'ansvJvania, about 74 miles N. of Ilarrisburg. It has 
 2 or 3 churches. I'op. 391. 
 
 MAcFAK'Ii.WD'S, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virginia, 
 79 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 MacGAIVVYSVILLE, a post-office of Rockingham co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Mao(jA'RY, a post-office of Hancock co.. Illinois. 
 
 MacGIIEK'.S' STOKI;. a post-office of Jack.son co., Ohio. 
 
 MacYHLLICUU'DY RKKKS, the loftiest mountain range 
 In Ireland. Munstcr, co. of Kerry, extending for about 10 
 miles, between Lakes Killarney on the E., and Carra on the 
 W. It takes the name of the Glena-I'urple Mountain, 
 immediately on Lake Killiirney, beyond which, the loftier 
 Rocks form a magnificent back-ground. Height of Carran- 
 tual, the highest peak, .3404 feet. 
 
 MacGI L'LIVR a Y'.S, KOUTANIK, koo't3-ni. or FLAT BOW 
 RIVER, rises in the Rocky Mountains, in British America, 
 and aft(!r twice crossing the line of Washington TiM-ritory, 
 falls into the Columbia. Entire length between 400 and 
 600 miles. 
 
 MacGRAW'VILLE, a post-village of Cortland co., New 
 York, about 140 miles W. of Albany. It contains a college, 
 and several churches. 
 
 M acG I ! E'GOR, a thriving post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, 
 on the Mississippi River, 61 miles above Dubuque. It has 
 a national l)ank. Pop. 19S9. See App Niiix. 
 
 M u<iUlRK'S STDKK. a post-office of Floyd CO., Georgia. 
 
 MAclIAR/iJUE'S MILLS, a post-office of Laurel co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 MACIIAR', (maK'ar,) NEW, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen. On an island, in Bishop's I^och, are the remains 
 of an old castie of the Bi.shops of .■Vberdeen. 
 
 MACIIAR, OLD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 MACHKCOUL. mdsh'kool/. (L. MaddcoUum), a town of 
 France, department of Loire-Inferieure, "20 miles S.S.W. of 
 Nantes, on the Falleron. It was anciently the capital of 
 the duchy of Retz. possessed a strong castle, and was othei-- 
 wi.se well fortified, and defended by a citadel. Both castle 
 and citadel were demolished hy Louis XIV. Pop. 1702. 
 
 MACIIKKN WA RA, mi-clieen-wi/ril. a town of Xorth-West 
 Ilindostan, 4 miles S. of Sutlej. and 20 miles K. of Loodianah. 
 
 MACHKLEN. mjK'e-len. a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, 13 miles S.AV. of Ghent. Pop. 2072. 
 
 ilA'ClIK.X, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 MacHKN'RY. a CO. in the X.X.K. part of Illinoi.s, border- 
 ing on Wi.<consin. has an area of 620 square miles. The 
 Pishtaka or Fox River tlows through the ea.stern part of the 
 county from N. to S. ; it is also drained by the Kishwaukee 
 River, and by Nippersink and Piskashaw Creeks. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and is diversified with fertile prairies. 
 The underlying rock is limestone. It is intersected by the 
 Cliicago and Northwestern Railroad, and by the Fox River 
 
 Valley Railroad. Named in honor of MacIIenry, a 
 
 member of the Illinois Legislature. Capital, Woodstock. 
 Pop. 22,0S9. 
 
 MacIIENRY, a post-village of Macljenry co., lUiiiois, on 
 Fox River, 52 miles by railroad N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 MACIIERL.i, md-shtVli, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, district and 70 miles W. of Gnntoor. 
 
 5IACIIERRY, a princip.ility of Ilindostivn. See Ai.var. 
 
 MAC1II.\.NA, md-che-3/n3, a small island of Brazil, at the 
 mouth of the Amazon River, between the islands of Joannes 
 and Caviana. in hit. 0° 5' S., Ion. 49° 40' W. 
 
 MACIUAS, match-I'as, port of entry and seat of justice of 
 Washington co., Maine, on Machias River, near its mouth, 
 204 miles N.E. of Portland. The industry of the inhabitants 
 Is chiefly directed to the coast trade and ship-building. The 
 shipping of the district, June 30. 18,52. amounted to an 
 aggregate of 3507 tons registered, and 22,645 tons en- 
 rolled and licensed : nearly all of the latter was employed 
 In the coast trade. The numbet of clearances for foreign 
 ports during the year wa.' 31, tons 0611. of which 6427 were 
 iu American bottoms. During the same period 2 ships, 9 
 brigs, and 15 schooners, with an aggregate burthen of 4166 
 tons, were admea.sured. Pop. of the township. 2256. 
 
 MACHIAS, a post-village and township of Cattaraugus 
 CO.. New York, about 40 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1275. 
 
 MACHIAS PORT, a post-village and seaport of AVashing- 
 ton CO., Maine, at the mouth of .Machias River, 200 miles N. 
 E. of Portland. It has. an excellent harbor and an exten- 
 itive trade in lumber and tlie fisheries. The Franklin Rail- 
 •oad connects it with Whitneyville, 9 miles distant. Pop. 
 If the township. 1502. 
 
 MACHTAS RIVER, a fine mill-.^tream in the S.E. part of 
 Maine, in Washington co.. falls Into Miichias Bay. 
 
 MACIIINh;, L.\. Id md'sheen', a market^town of France, 
 department of Nievre, arrondissemeat of Decize. P. 22C7. 
 
 MACIINOTKA or MACHNOWKA. See Makxotka. 
 
 MACIIOW, a town of Poland, See Makov, 
 • MACHYNLLETH, pronounced almost md-huntneth, a con- 
 tributory parliamentary borough, town, and parish of North 
 Wales, county and 32 miles E.N.E. of Monlgoniery, on the 
 navigable river Dovey, Pop. 1672. The borough unites wilb 
 .Montgomery in sending 1 memlierto the House of Commons. 
 In 1402, Owen Glendower as.sembled a parliament here, 
 
 MACIEOWICE, mdts-yd-o-veet'sA. a town of Poland, pro 
 vince and 45 miles S.W. of Siedlec on the Vistula. Pop. 900 
 
 MacIN'DOE'S falls, a village of Barnct township, 
 Caledonia co., Vermont, on the Connecticut and Passumpsic 
 Rivers Railroad, 29 miles E. hy S. of Mi-ntpelier. The Con- 
 necticut is navigable to the falls at this place. 
 
 MacIN'LERFER'S creek, of Michigan, enters Stony 
 Creek, in St. Josejih countv. 
 
 Mac'INTOSH, a CO. in the S.E. part of Georgia, border 
 ing on the Atlantic, has an area of 640 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S.W. by the Altamaha River, and drained 
 by Sapelo River and Doctor's Creek. The surface is nearly 
 level, and partly covered with forests of pine. The soil 
 along the Altamaha is very fertile, (irganizeil in 1793, ami 
 named in memory of the Macintosh family, early settlers 
 of Georgia. Capital. Darien. Pop. 5546, of whom 1483 
 were free, and 4063 slaves. 
 
 Macintosh, a postK)ffico of Sumter district, Sout,h 
 Carolina. 
 
 Mac/INTYRE, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 444. 
 
 MacK Ales' MILLS, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 MacKAY', a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 MacK AY, a post-office of Dallas co.. Iowa. 
 
 MacKEAN, mak-keen', a county in the N.N.W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, has an area of 1100 
 square mile.s. It is intersected in the N.E. part by .\lleghany 
 River and Oswaya Creek, and also drained by the sourci-s of 
 Clarion River, and Teonesta. Kenjua. Driftwood, and Potato 
 Creeks. The surface is hilly, and covered with forests. The 
 soil is of slate and shale formation. Lumber is the chief 
 article of export. Capita], Smethimrt. Pop. 8S59. 
 
 MacKEAN, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsylvania, 9 
 miles S.E. of Erie. Pop. 1599. 
 
 MacKEAN, a township of Licking co.. Ohio. Pop. 1130. 
 
 MacKEAXS/BURG. a post-village of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 or 11 miles E. of Pottsville. 
 
 MacKEAN'S OLD STAND, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 MacKEE'S half falls, a posfcK)fflce of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MacKEES'PORT, a post-borough of Versailles township, 
 Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Mo- 
 nongahela River, and on the I'ittsbnrg and Conyellsville 
 R.R., 15 miles above Pittsburg. It owes its rapid growth 
 to boat-building, and to the trade in coal, which is found iu 
 abundance about 2 miles from the town. Pop. 2106. 
 
 MacKENDREE college. See Ledaxon, Illinois. 
 
 Mackenzie, mak-kJn'zee. a river of British North Ame- 
 rica, one of the largest on the glebe, rises, under the name 
 of Athabasca, in Mount Brown, near the sources of the Co- 
 lumbia, about lat. 52° N.. Ion. 116° 30' W., flows in a tor- 
 tuous channel N,N.E., receiving numerous tributaries, and 
 forming several considerable lake.s, till it reaches Athabasca 
 Lake, whose waters it discharges, and receiving Peace River, 
 800 miles long, continues N. by W., under the name of Slave 
 River, to Great Slave Lake, which it traverses, emerging 
 at its S.AV. extremity; it then takes the name of JIackenzie, 
 and flows in a general N.N.W. course, receiving in lat. 59° 
 30' N. the waters of Great Bear Lake, till it reaches the 
 Arctic Ocean, which it enters bv numerous mouths: its 
 westernmost b^ing in lat. 68° 49'"N., Ion. 135° 37' W., hav- 
 ing traversed more than 16° of latitude. Its entire length 
 has been estimated at 2500 miles. Its largest tributaries, 
 beside those above mentioned, are Hay River and the Turn- 
 again, the latter entering it from the W., and the foraier 
 through Great Slave Lake. The JIackenzie flows through 
 a vast plain, and is said to be generally navigable, except 
 along the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it is inter- 
 rupted by cascades. Where it falls into Great Slave Lake, 
 the river is above a mile broad. An extensive deposit of 
 lignite accompanies its course and its estuary westward. 
 Forts Simpson, Norman, and Good Hope, are on its banksl 
 It was discovered and first navigated by Alexander Mac- 
 kenzie, in 1789. from whom it took its name 
 
 MACKENZIE, a river of N. Australia, about lat. 23°30' 
 S., flowing from the W. Coal is found alone its course, 
 
 MACKENZIE ISLANDS, a group in the North Pacific, bo- 
 le iging to the Caroline Islands. Lat. 10° N., Ion. 140° E. 
 
 MACKENZIE POINT is a cape in Cook's Inlet, Russiail 
 America. 
 
 MACK'EREL CORNER, a post-office of Carroll co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 MACKFORD, a post-village and township of Green Lake 
 CO., Wisconsin, 50 miles N.N.E. of Madison. Total popula- 
 tion in 1860, 1598. 
 
 MACKINAC,pronounced and often writteuMACKlNAW, 
 
 1109 
 
MAO 
 
 or MTCIII r.nrACKINAC, mlshMl-e-mak'e-naw, a poat-TiUage. 
 capital of Hichilimackiiiac county, Miohigan, on an island 
 of the saiB i uaniu in Lake Ilnron, about o20 miles by water 
 N.X.W. of Detroit. I^t. 45° W N., Ion. 84° 30' \V. It is plea- 
 santly situated around a small bay at the south-eastern part 
 of the island. The liarbor is safe, and deep enough for large 
 vessels. Fort Mackinaw stands on a rocky height, 150 feet 
 above the village, which it coniuiauds. Here is an agency 
 for Indian affairs. The village contain.s a court-hou.se. 2 or 
 3 chuirhes, and numerous stores. The traile of Mackinac, 
 in 1S51. was computed at $356,218. Large numbers of fish 
 are exported from this place. Top. about 1200. See 
 
 M1CHILIMACKIX.A.C. 
 
 JIACKIXAW, a post-village in Tazewell co., HUnois, 55 
 miles N.X.E. of Springfield. 
 
 MACKINAW CUEEK, of Illinois, fiUIs into the niinois 
 Biver. in Tazewell county. 
 MacKIN'LEY, a post-office of Marengo eo., Alabama. 
 MacKIX'XEY, a post-village, capital of Collin co., TexBiS, 
 is situatetl near the East i'ork of the Trinity River, 235 
 miles N. of Austin City. It is surrounded by a rich farming 
 disti'ict. Settled since 1846. 
 
 MacKIXXEY'S, a post-oflioe of Ritchie 00.,^. Virginia. 
 MacKIXNEY'S, a station on the Wiliiamsportandl-Umira 
 Railroad, near Wiilituusport, Lycoming co., I'enn.sylvania. 
 
 , MACiaXSTKY'S JULLS, a postoffice of Carroll co., Ma- 
 ryl and. 
 MacKIS'SACK'S, a small post-village of Fremont co., Iowa. 
 M.4CKS'BUK(t, a post-office of Giles oo.. Virginia. 
 MACKS PLACE, a postoffice of St. Clair eo., .Michigan. 
 M.\CKS'VILLE, a post^village of Clarke co., Missis.^ippi. 
 MACKSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Randolph co., 
 Indiana, near White River, and 09 miles E.X.E. of Indian- 
 apolis, has a liu-ge tlouriug-niill and saw-mills. 
 
 MACKSVILLE, a vUlage of Vigo oo., Indiana, 1 or 2 miles 
 W. of Terre Haute. 
 
 MACKVILLE, a post-village in Washington co., Kentucky, 
 35 miles S.S.W. of i'rankfort. 
 MACKnvOHTH, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 MacLAIX'S (mak-llnz) MILLS, a post-office of Waldo co, 
 Maine. 
 
 MacLAUGHLIXSVILLE, mak-l5H'lins-viU. a village of 
 Westmoreland co., Pennsylvaniii, about 20 miles in a direct 
 line E.X.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 MACLEAX.ms-klaiu'.a county in thecenti-al part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 1150 .square miles. It is drained by Mackinaw. 
 Kickapoo, Salt, and Sugar Creek.-!, which .ill rise within its 
 limits. The surface cousisits mostly of exteusi- e open plains 
 or prairies ; the soil is deep, and very fertile. Beds of stone- 
 c*itU and building-stone are found in several places. The 
 Chicago and Mississippi Railroad intersects the Central 
 Railroad at Bloomington, the cjipital. Xamed in honor of 
 the Hon. John McLean, member of Congress from Illinois. 
 Pop. 28,772. 
 
 MacLEAX, a post-village of Tompkins co., Xew York, on 
 Fall Creek, about 150 miles W. of Albany. It has several 
 churches and mills. 
 
 SIacLEAX, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 1049. 
 MacLEAXS'BOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Hamil- 
 ton CO., Illinois, 160 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It contains, 
 besides the co\inty buildings, a few stores. Pop. 446. 
 
 MacLEAX'S retreat, a postoffice of Daviess co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 M AcLEAX'S STORE, a post-office of Tipp.ih co., Slississippi. 
 MacLEAXS'\T!LLE, a village in Jackson co., Tennessee, 
 80 miles X.E. by E. of Xashville. 
 
 MacLE.^RX'S, a station on the Connecticut and Pa8.«ump- 
 sic Rivers Railroad, in Bamet township, Caledonia co., Aer- 
 mont. 7 miles from St. Johnshury. 
 
 MAcLE.iY, m.ykla', a navigable river of East Australia, 
 in the territory X. of Xew South Wales, enters the Pacific 
 Ocean, 65 miles N. of Port Macquarie. 
 
 MacLE.W, a squatting district of East Australia, having 
 E. the Pacific. Pop. 466. 
 
 MacLE.W, an island in Moreton Bay, a river of the co. 
 of St. Vincent. Xew South Wales, and" a mountain range 
 near Darling Downs. 
 MacLEMORE'S cove, a village of Walker co.. Georgia. 
 MacLEMORESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Carroll 
 CO., Tennessee. 114 miles W. by S. of Xashville. It is the 
 seat of Bethel College, a flourishing institution, under the 
 Jirection of the Cumberland Presbyterians, and contains 3 
 churches. 6 stores, and a tobacco factory. 
 
 MacLEX'XAX. a n(!w county in the central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 800 square miles. Ifis intersected by 
 the Brazos Kiver, and also drained by the Bosque, Middle 
 Bosque, and South Bosque Rivers. The surface is uneven, 
 and consists partly of prairies. Formed since 1850. Capital, 
 Waco. Pop. 62u6. 
 
 MacLeod, m^V h'.wii', a lake and fort of British North 
 America. M'est Territory, lat 65° X., Ion. 122° 15' W. 
 MacLKODS. a post-village of Greene co., Mississippi. 
 MacMA'HOX'S CKEKK. of Belmont CO.. Ohio, flows into 
 rJiB Ohio River, about 5 miles below Wheeling. 
 MacJIAX'US, a village of Greene oo., MississippL 
 
 MAC 
 
 M.icMATirSA a post-office of Tuscalooga eo., Alabama. 
 
 MacMEE'KIN'S, a post-village of Fairfield district, Soutl 
 Carolina. 
 
 MacMII/LAX'S, a post-office of Panola co., Texas. 
 
 MacMIXX', a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee, hab 
 an area estimated at 480 square miles. The Hiawassee River 
 forms its S.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Chcstua 
 Creek. The surface is an inclined plane sloping to the S.W. 
 The soil is fertile. The great railroad of East Tennessee 
 passes through the county. Capital. Athens. Pop. 13,556, 
 of whom 11,646 were free, and 1009 slaves. 
 
 MacMIXX'VII.LE, a post-village, capitjil of Warren co., 
 Tennessee, on the MacMinnville and Manchester Railroad, 
 75 niilas S.E. of Xashviile. Po]). S25. 
 
 MacXAB', a township and post>village of Canada West, 
 CO. of Renfrew, on the Ottawa River, about 85 miles X. of 
 Kingston. Pop. of the township aliout 1500. 
 
 MacXAIRY, mak-ni/ree, a county in the S.S.W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Mis.'^issippi, has an area estimated 
 at 570 square miles. The South iork of Forked Deer Kiver 
 rises within its limits, and it is also drair;ed by a creek which 
 flows into the Hatchie River. This county occupies part ol 
 the table-land between the Tennessee and Hatciiie lii» ers. 
 Capital, Purdy. Pop. 14,732, of whom 12,832 were free, and 
 1900 slaves. 
 
 MacXEAX, mak-neen/, (Upper and Lower,) 2 lakes of 
 Ireland. Ulster and Connaught, counties of Fermanagh and 
 Leitrim. al)0ut 9 miles S.W. of Enniskillen. 
 
 MacXEIL'S (mak-neelz') HARBOUR, an inlet, on Van- 
 c»uver's Island, hit. b(lP 39' X., Ion. 127° 10' W. 
 
 JIacXEIL'S FER/RY, a postoffice of Cumberland co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 MacXUTT', a post-village, capital of Sunflower co., 5Iis- 
 sissippi, about 90 miles in a direi't Hue X. of Jackson. It 
 has been laid out within a few yeiirs. 
 
 MACtJMB. ma-koom'. a county in the S.E. part of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on Lake St. Clair, contains 450 square niiles. 
 It is drained by the Clinton River and its branches. The 
 surface in the E. part is level, and heavily timbered; the W. 
 part is more rolling and occupied by oak openings. The soil 
 is deep and fertile. The Clinton River affords water-power, 
 and is navigable to the capital. Mount Clemens. P. 22,843. 
 
 MACOMB, a p<:ist-township of St. Lawrence co., Xew York, 
 on the Oswegatchie River and Bl.ick Lake, about 140 milea 
 X.X.W. of Albany. Pop. 1816. The St. Lawrence Mining 
 Company, with a capital of $72.01X), was incorporated, Sep- 
 temljer 1851, for the purpose of working the lead-mines of 
 this township. In May, 1S52, their capital was increased to 
 $360,000. 
 
 MACOMB, a post-township in the central part of Macomb 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 1358. 
 
 MACOMB, a thriving post-village, capital of MacDonough 
 CO., Illinois, on the Chicago and Qnincy Railroad. 210 miles 
 S.W. of (!hicago. It is pleasantly situated on a fertile prairie. 
 It contains a court-house, 7 churches, 2 banks, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Pop. in 1860, 18.S4 : in 1865, about .3500. 
 
 MACOilER, md-ko-maiR', a village in the island of Sar- 
 dinia, division of Sas.aari. E.X.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1650. 
 
 MaCOX, ma*k6N«A (auc. ilatislm.) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of SaOne-et-Loire. on the right bank of the Saune, 33 
 miles S. of Chalons. It is irregularly built, with narrow, 
 ill-formed streets. The quay is broad, high, and of great 
 length, and is lined by several good houses and cafes. X 
 bridge of 12 arches, sometimes attributed to Cwsar. connects 
 the town with that of St. l.aurent. on the opposite Kink. 
 The principal edifices are the Infirmary. Maison de la Charite, 
 Hospice de la Providence. Hotel de Ville, and Hotel de la 
 Prefecture, formerly the bishop's palace. Siacon possesses 
 courts of first resort and commerce, an agricultural and 
 scientific society, a royal college, and primary normal school. 
 Pop. in 1852, 12.653. 
 
 M.\COX, mi'kixs', a town of Belgium, province of Hai- 
 nault. West Chimay. Pop. 800. 
 
 M.\COX, m.Vkon. a county near the W. extremity of Xortli 
 Carolina, bordering on Georgia and Tennessee, area estimated 
 at 600 square miles. Itis inter.sected by Tennes.see River. Tlu; 
 Iron or Smoky Mountain forms the boundary on the X.W., 
 and the Blue Ridge extends near the S.E. border. Iron is 
 found in the mountains. • Capital, Franklin. Formed in 
 1S2S, and named in honor of Nathaniel Macon, United States 
 senator from North Carolina. I'op. 6004, of whom 5485 were 
 free, and 519 slaves. 
 
 MACOX, a county in the S.W. central part of Georgia, h.is 
 an area of 366 square miles. It is traversed from X. to S. by 
 Flint River, and also drained by Juniper, Whitewater, and 
 Buck's Creeks. The surface Is" level, and the soil mostly 
 productive. The county is intersected by the Muscog(»e 
 Railroad, and In part by the South-western \{ lilroad. Capital, 
 Lanier. Pop. 8449, of whom 3584 were irt e and 4865 slaves. 
 
 M.\COX, a county in the E. part of -\labama, bordering 
 on Georgia, has an area of 850 sfjuaro miles. It.is drained 
 by the Eufaukee Creek, and other affluents of the Tallapoosa 
 River, which forms part of the .N'.W. boundary. 'J'he Mont- 
 gomery and West Point Railroad passes through tbeeoxinty. 
 Organized about the year 1834, previoui to which it sas 
 
 =?*** 
 
MAC 
 
 MAD 
 
 lnclu(k'(l in tlie Creek Indians' territory. Cajiital, Tuskegee. 
 Pop. 2(),b0'2, of wliom 8626 were tree, and 18,176 slaves. 
 
 MACON, a county in tlie N'. part of Tennessee, bordering 
 on Ivcntucky: area eftimated at 280 square miles. It is 
 drained l)y affluents of Bij; Barren River. The surface is 
 uneven, the s lil is generally fertile. Capital, Lafayette. 
 Pop. 721)0, of wliom 6;J61 were free, and 929 8lave.«. 
 
 MACOX, a county in the central part of Illinois, has an 
 area of atxiut 500 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 North or principal branch of Sangamon Itiver. The surface 
 Is generally level, and consists of open plains or prairies,- 
 diversified by small tracts of timber; the .soil is highly 
 pniiliKtive. Tlie Central Il.iilroad and the Great Western 
 Kailroad pass through the county. Capital, Decatur. Pop. 
 13,738. 
 
 MACOX, a county towards the N. part of Missouri, has 
 an area of 830 square miles. It is inter.^ected by Chariton 
 River, and by its East fork; tlie E. part is drained by the 
 South fork of .Salt River, and the W. part by \Volf Creek. 
 Capital, Blooniington. Pop. 14,346 of whom 13,686 were 
 free, and 000 .slaves. 
 
 M.\C()X, a flourishing city, capital of Bibb co., Georgia, is 
 gituuted on both sides of the Ucmulgee River, where it is 
 crossed by the Central Railroad, 191 miles W.X.AV. of Sa- 
 vannah, 100 miles S.K. 'of Atlanta, and 30 miles S.W. of 
 Milledgeville. The Macon and Western Railroad connects 
 with the Central Railroad at this place, which is also the 
 terminus of the South-Western Railroad, leading to Ogle- 
 thorpe, ilacon is the third city of the state in population 
 and importance, and is the centre of an active trade. 
 Steanilx>ats can ascend the river as high as this place, 
 which is the head of navigatkm. The city contains a com- 
 modious court-house, a market-house, 7 churches, 4 banks, 
 1 academy, and the Georgia Female College. The latter is a 
 four-storied brick building, 160 fL-et by 60, finely situated 
 on an eminence. Five or six newspapers are published 
 here. A bridge, about 380 feet long, connects the opposite 
 banks of the river. Rose Hill Cemetery, situated on the 
 Ocmulgee, half a mile above the city, is much admired 
 by visitors. On the bank of the river, a few miles lielow 
 llacon, i.s an isolated eminence, known as Lamars Jlound, 
 which apitears to be the work of nature, although several 
 artificial mounds occur in the vicinity. The western front 
 of this is rugged and precipitous, and the summit is occu- 
 pied bv a level area of 50 acres. Pop. in 1850, 5953 ; in 
 1860, 8'247. 
 
 MACOX', a village of Clarke co., Alabama, about 134 miles 
 S. by W. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 MACOX. a post-village of Marengo co., Alabama, 56 miles 
 S. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 MACON, a post-village, capital of No.xubee co., Missis- 
 sippi, on the Noxubee River, 125 miles E.X.K. of Jackson. 
 It is situated in a fertile cotton-planting district, and has 
 gome trade. 
 
 MACON, a post^village in Fayette co., Tennessee, 190 
 miles W..S.W. of Na.shville. 
 
 MACOX', a post-township forming the N. E. extremity of 
 Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop. 1410. 
 
 5I.\C0X B.AYOU, of Louisiana, commences near the N.E. 
 extremity of Carroll parish, and flowing in a S.S.W. course, 
 unites with Tensas River on tb-e AV. bonier of Tensas parish. 
 In himh water it is navigable about 150 miles. 
 
 MACtJX DEPOT, a post-village of Warren co.. North Caro- 
 lina, on the Gaston and Raleigh Railroad, and 67 miles 
 N.X.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 MACONXOIS or M.\CONXATS, LE, leh ma'konW, (L. 
 ^Ului Mutisconnenlses). a co. and small district of France, 
 which formerly depended on the province of Burgundy, but 
 now forms the arroudissemeut of M;icon, in the department 
 of Saone-et^ Loire. 
 
 M.VCOX RIVER, of Michigan, is formed by three branches 
 which unite in Monroe co. ; it enters the Raisin River about 
 12 miles alxive Monroe City. 
 
 MACORABA. See Mecca. 
 
 M.VCOS/QUIN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of London- 
 derry. 
 
 MA(^OT, mi'sof, a village of the Sardinian States, Savoy, 
 on the Isere, E.N.E. of Moutiers. Pop. 1247. 
 
 M.\COTER.\., mi-ko-tA'rd, a town of Spain, Leon, province 
 and 24 miles from Salamanca. Pop. 1960. 
 
 MACOUl'IN, ma-koo/pin. a co. in the W.S.W. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 800 scjuare miles. It is drained by the 
 Macoupin. Otter, and Cahokia Creeks, from the first of which 
 the name is derived. The surface is moderately diversified, 
 and the soil excellent. The county is intersected by the 
 Chicago. Alton, and .St. Louis R.R., and by tlie .\lton and 
 Terre Haute Railroad. Capital, Carlinville. Pop. 24,602. 
 
 M.\COUPIX, a township in .Macoupin co.. Illinois. 
 
 MACOUPIN CREKK. Illinois, has its sources in Macoupin 
 CO., and joins the Illinois River, about 20 miles from its 
 Uiouth. 
 
 MACOL'R. an island in the Red Sea. See Emerald. 
 
 MACOW.AL, mi-ko'wdl. a town of British India, Punjab, 
 ♦C iiiiles N.K. of Loodianah. 
 
 MacQUARLE, mak-kw6r>'co, a co. of New South Wales, 
 
 between lat. 31° and 32° S., and Ion. 152° and 15?^ E. Area 
 2800 square niile.s. I 'op. 1973. It is watered 1 / ^1 e Hast- 
 ings River and its atBuents. With Gloucester and Stanley 
 it returns 1 member to the Legislative Council. 
 
 MacQUARIE, called by the natives WAM'BiiOL'.acon.sider- 
 able river of East .Australia, is fonned by the junction of the 
 Fish and Campbell Rivers, counties of Bathurst and A\est 
 moreland. flows N.W., to lat. 30° 45' S.. Ion. 147° 10' E., 
 where it loses itself in marshes, whence issue tributaries to 
 the river Darling. Total cour.se about 280 miles. 
 
 M.AcQU.ARIE, a river of Van Dieincn's Land,(Tasmania,) 
 flows N. through the county of .Somerset, and ji>ins Lake 
 River. Alflucnts, the Blackman, Elizabeth, and Isis. 
 
 MvcQUARIE, an inlet of Foveaux Strait, New Zealand, 
 at the .southern extremity of the Middle Island. Lat. 46° 
 20' S., Ion. 167° 50' E. 
 
 MacQUARIE, a seaport town of New South W.iles. capital 
 of a county of the same name, at the mouth of the Hastings, 
 195 miles X.E. of Sydney; lat. 31° 25' S.. Ion. l.o2° 57' E. 
 Vessels drawing more than 9 feet of water are not able to 
 ent<?r the harlior with safety. 
 
 M.\cQUARIE HAIVBOR, A'an Diemen's Land,^Tasmania,) 
 is on its W. coast, between lat. 42° 12' and 42° 30' S., and 
 Ion. 14.5° 15' and 145° 35' E. 
 
 MacQUAIUE ISL'AXD, in the South Pacific. I.at. 54" 
 50' S., Ion. 159° E. Length, N. to S., about 25 miles; breadth 
 4 mile.s. 
 
 M.ACQUARIE LAKE, of East Au.stralia, New South Wales, 
 CO. of Northumberland, is an irregular lagoon, communi- 
 cating with the sea by the inlet Reid's .Mistake. 
 
 MacQUARIE .MOUXTAIXS, a range W. of New South 
 Wales, between the rivers I>achlan amlMuiTumUdgee. Mac- 
 quarie is the prefixed name of numerous localities in Xew 
 South Wales. 
 
 M.AcQUARIE PORT, a harbor of East Australia, 190 miles 
 N.X.E. of Sidney. Lat. 31° 27' S., Ion. 153° 50' E. It receives 
 the Hastings River. 
 MACRA. See Maora. 
 
 SIACRAE'S' MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 JIACRAE'S (ma-kr4z0 STORES, a post-ofHce of Telfair co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 M.\CRI, a town and gulf of Asia Minor. See Makrek. 
 MACRIGNY, nid-kreen'yee. a village of Eurojiean Turkey, 
 on the Sea of Marmora. 2 miles from Constantinople, where 
 are extensive iron works, and a model farm. 
 
 MACRINITZA, mi-kree-neot'sl a town of European Tur- 
 key, Thcssaly. about 65 miles E. of Trikhala. Pop. 2000. 
 MACRIS. See M.acromsi. 
 
 MACROXISI, md-kro-nee'see. (anc. Macris or Tlrlena,) an 
 island in the Grecian Archipelago, off the S.E. extremity of 
 Livadia; greatest length 8 miles, average breadth 2 miles. 
 
 M.\CR0OM, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, co. and 
 20i miles W. of Cork, on the Sulla ne. Pop. 4794. It is 
 finely situated, but consists chiefly of cabins. It has an 
 Anglo-Norman castle, now tastefully restored. 
 
 MacSHKR'RYSTOWX, a post-village of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles E. of Gettvsburg. Pop. 280. 
 
 .MACTAX, mik-tdn', a small island of the I'hilippines, 
 Mal.iy Archipelago, E. of Zebu. MagelJan was killed here 
 in 1521. 
 
 M.\CUGNA6A. m3-koon-y3'g3, (I . I'-miniticn.) a village 
 of Piedmont, near the head of the Val d"Anzasca, 19 miles 
 S.W. of Domo d"Ossola. 
 JIACULLAII, a town of Arabia. See Makat.i.ah. 
 MACUX'GY, a former post-township of Lehigli co.. Penn- 
 sylvjinia, divided into Upper and Lower Macungv. 
 
 MacVEVTOWX. formerly WAYXESBUItG. "a thriving 
 post-borough of Jllfliin co.. Pennsylvania, on the left bank 
 of the Juniata River. 11 miles above Lewistown. The Penn- 
 sylvania Canal and Central Railrojid pass through the place. 
 The adjacent hills abound in iron ore. which is manufactured 
 here. Pop. in 1850, 580; in 1860, 541. 
 
 MacWHIXTERSVILLE, a post-oflice of Davidson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MacWIL'LIAMSTOWN, a post-office of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MADA. X'AGT. nfidj moh'di:h\ a market-town of Hungary, 
 CO. of Szabolcs, 31 miles S.S.E. of Zemplin. Pop. 1618. 
 
 MADAGASCAR. madV-gas'kar, (called by the natives 
 Madecasse, mdd-e-kdss', or Mader/asse. mdd-e-gdss/; L. 
 Madayasca'ria,) a great island in the Indian Ocean, gene- 
 rally considered as appertaining to Africa. It extends from 
 Cape Amber, its most X. point, lat. 11° 57' S., to Cape St. 
 Mary, its most S.. lat. 25° 42' S., a distance of nearly 1000 
 miles. The greatest breadth hardly exceeds .^60 miles; and 
 its average breadth cannot much exceed 240 miles. Area 
 estimated at 240.000 square miles. From the ni'arest shores 
 of Africa, (at Mozambique,) Madagascar is distant 210 geo- 
 graphical miles: from the Cape of Good Hope. (00 miles; 
 fi-om the Mauritius, 186 miles: and from the Isle of Bour- 
 bon. 150 miles. 
 
 Mountains. — The intenor of Madairascarhas Iieen J>ut littlo 
 explored by Europeans. A tract of (ilevatt'd land, rising by 
 successive terraces, extends N. and S. throughout the island. 
 
 Ull 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 The \. half Bjsumes a mountainous character. It is only at 
 the S.E. extremity of the island that the hi^'h land renehes 
 the sea: everj-where else the coast is bordered by a broad 
 Beam of low and level land, sometimes below the level of the 
 Bea, from which latter it is protected only by the beach thrown 
 ap by the surf. This tract of low land has on the E. side 
 of Madagascar, a width varying from 20 to 60 miles; on the 
 W., it is double that extent; it is overspread with marshes, 
 and is the chief seat of the malignant fevers. The most 
 elevated table land of Madagascar, as yet known to Europe- 
 ans, is included in the kingdom of Ankova, nearly in the 
 middle of the island, and supposed to lie from 4000 to 5000 
 feet above sea-level. It is nearly surrounded by mountains 
 —those of Angavo on the E., and Ankaratra on the S.W.. 
 attaining an absolute height perliaps of from 9000 to 10,000 
 tieet, being reckonetl among the highest of the island. The 
 central plateau seems also to be surrounded on all sides by 
 a belt of thick forest, which reaches down to the maritime 
 plains, and in some few poiuts extends even to the sea-shore. 
 
 Jiivers. — The rivers of Madagascar are exceedingly nume- 
 rous; indeed, there is hardly another country in the world 
 so copiously watered; jet few of them offer, even to a mode- 
 rate extent, the advantages of internal navigation. They 
 fall rapidly from the highland of the interior, and then 
 spread into lakes in the low maritime regions, so that they 
 reach the sea-shore with slow and feeble streams, unable to 
 overcome the tides and currents of the ocean : hence their 
 mouths, particularly on the W. coast, are all barred. On 
 the \.W. side of the island, where the elevated coast is 
 broken into inlets and deep baj-s. the rivers which flow into 
 these are often accessible, and navigable in boats to some 
 distance. The largest of these rivers is the BetsilKX)ka, 
 which falls into the Bay of Bombetoka. nearly in lat. 16° S. 
 This inlet, alwut 30 feet deep, is divided into two parts by a 
 promontory on its E. side ; the lower portion, towards the 
 sea, forms a secure and capacious harbor, capable of holding 
 the largest fleets; the upper portion is a shallow lagoon, 
 navigable only by vessels of little draught. Boats can 
 ascend the Betsibooka to a distance of 160 miles. 
 
 Lukes. — The low coasts exhibit, not unfrequently. chains 
 of lakes, running parallel and close to the sea-shore, formed, 
 in some cases, by the overtiowing of the barri^l rivers; in 
 others, by tlie sea; and are fresh or salt according to circum- 
 stances. At Ivoudru, near Tamatave, on the E. coast, the 
 chain of lakes, beginning with that of Nossi Ve, (many 
 islands.) extends above 150 miles along the coast, and the 
 portages, between the lakes, rarely exceeding half a mile, 
 it affords a ready means of communication with Andevo- 
 rande. whence the road proceeds to the capital, and also with 
 the river Manguru. In the interior of the island are seve- 
 ral lakes — known chiefly by report. 
 
 Geology. ^XccoYiing to the missionary accounts, the pre- 
 vailing rocks are granite, syenite, anil pure quartz; but 
 they mention, also, a long series of stratified rocks, which 
 probably compose tlie subordinate ridges, or nearly all be- 
 yond the central heights; the.se are clay-slate, graywacke, 
 sandstone, limestone of different ages, some containing fos- 
 sil reptiles ; and some being fine marble. The chief deposits 
 of iron lie in the neighborhood of the volcanic rocks. The 
 gold and silver mines, so much extolled by the early advo- 
 cates of colonization in Madaga.scar, are" now no "longer 
 heard of. They have, however, copper, manganese, plum- 
 bago, rock-salt, an important article of inland trade; nitre, 
 sulphur from pyrites, and it is said that excellent coal had 
 been tbund near the sources of a river falling into the Bet> 
 sibooka. 
 
 Climate. — The heat, on the coasts, is often intense; but on 
 the highland of Ankova, the thermometer rarelv rises above 
 85°; in the winter it often sinks, at the same place, to 40°; 
 hail and sleet are frequent, and it is said that ice is often 
 found in the mountains of Ankaratra. On the coasts, the 
 rains are nearly constant, beginning in the evening and 
 lasting sometimes all night; in the interior, the winter is 
 dry and agreeable. The Madagascar fever of the coasts is 
 as fatal to the natives of the interior as to Europeans; and 
 yet only Ankova, with some elevated spots at the X. extre- 
 mity of the island, and at the S., near Fort Dauphin, are 
 exempt from it. • 
 
 Vegetation.— hWhoM^h the interior of Madagascar remains 
 still unexplored by botanists, enough is known of the vege- 
 table productions of the island to prove their richness and 
 variety. Of 400 plants collected there. 100 are altogether 
 new, and 200 more /orm new species. The most important 
 trees are the Baobab, (Ailansonia,) the Kavinala. {Urania 
 sper.insa.) Filao. (Casuarina Biuiselifdia.^ the Rafia, a Sa- 
 gus, from the filamentous leaves of whi<h is made a kind 
 of cloth, while the stem furnishes a drink like spruce-beer. 
 The Avoha, which furnishes the materials of a coarse 
 sort of paper; the Ambaravat'^i, (Tapia edulis.^ feeding the 
 native silk-worm; the Areca; three species ot* I'andamus, 
 (bamboo;) the Azaina. yielding a gum greatly valued as a 
 powerful cement; copal and other gums, ebony; the Ka- 
 vint^ara. (Agath(>])hyllum aromatieum.) which produces a 
 highly fragrant all-spice; besides these are numerous dye- 
 ing woods, vnricties of Indian fig; tamarinds, sugar-cane 
 
 trees and shrubs yielding gum elastic, (India rubber.) and 
 the zozoro or papyrus, peculiar to the i.^^land. Ginger, pep- 
 per, and indigo, grow wild in the wooils ; cotton, sugar-cane, 
 tobacco, and hemp, are also cultivated. Except in the N.'W. 
 and W., where the Sakalavas subsist chiefly on arrow-root, 
 the principal fotjd of the Madaga.ss!y is rice, of which grain 
 they cultivate 11 species, and yet its introduction into the 
 interior is said to be comparatively recent ; the cocoa nut, 
 (on the coast.) the plantain and banana are of still later 
 date. Several kinds of yams, manioc, maize, millet, beans, 
 &c., add to the general abundance. Besides the native fruits, 
 the orange, peach, citron, mulberry, and even grapes, intro- 
 duced by Europeans, are now widely diffused over the island : 
 coffee is found to thrive well, and 10 or 12 vegetable oils are 
 made for home consumption. 
 
 Zoology. — There are few formidable wild animals in Mada- 
 ga.scar, and the list of its beasts of prey embraces only an 
 ounce or small leopai-d, the wild dog, wild cat, and bushy- 
 tailed fox. Crocodiles are numerous in most of the rivers. 
 Snakes of great size are often met with ; a species of ostrich is 
 said to haunt the deserts. Apes are numerous in the woods. 
 The horned cattle, in which chiefly consists the we.tlth of 
 the Madagassy, are of the hunched "kind, like those of India. 
 There are. however, wild cattle in the forests which have no 
 hunch. Horses have recently been iutrotluced. 
 
 Peoi)U, Customs, &c. — The population of Madagascar at 
 the present day affords, in variety of feature and complex- 
 ion, proofs of its having sprung from different races; while, 
 on the other hand, the perfect unity of language throughout 
 the island exhibits such a complete blending of these various 
 races as could have been effected only by the operation of 
 assimilating influences during many ages. The ruling race 
 in Madagascar is also the fairest. The Ilovas. or Ov.t^s. who 
 have established their sway over nearly the whole island, 
 are distinguished from the other natives by their light olive 
 complexion, the absence of thick lips, and by their active 
 figures ; tliey are well made, but rather under the middle 
 size. The Sakalavas, who possess the W. coast from the S. 
 limit of Slenabe to Cape Amber, are quite black, with thick 
 lips, crisped or woolly hair, but not depressed features. 
 They are tall, strong, and vigorous, very frank and coura- 
 geous, and, though inferior to the Ilovas in aptitude, 
 appear superior to them in many noble qualities. These 
 are the extremes of the fair and dark races. The Betsileo 
 tribe are of a light copper color, with thick lips, and long 
 hair. Some families of the Antaymur. in Matitana. l.ty claim 
 to an Arabian origin, and call themselves Zafyndnimina, 
 the children of Amina. On the E, coast may be foun(l also 
 many families of Indian and of French descent. 
 
 The chief distinction of a great man is to have many 
 wives, although polygamy is familiarly called by a name 
 which signifies "the cau.-e of strife." The number of wives 
 permitted depends on the man's rank, but must be less than 
 12 ; the possession of a dozen being reserved to the king 
 alone. As silversmiths, gunsmiths, and carpenter.s, the ir> 
 habitantjj rapidly acquire the art of Europeans ; and, witl. 
 looms of the rudest construction, they make excellent and 
 handsome cloths. The religious opinions of the Madagassy 
 are nowhere clearly set forth. They appear to believe in a 
 good and an evil principle, but their chief objects cf woi-ship 
 are idols, rendered formidable by the arts of their guardian 
 priests. 
 
 Government. — The government of Madagascar seems to be 
 a monarchical despotism. Public a.ssemblies are still called 
 and addres.«ed by the sovereign, but not consulted. The 
 monarchy is hereditary; but the order of succession ap- 
 pears not to be fixed, the reigning sovereign affecting to 
 appoint his successors. A body of judges sits constantly in 
 public to hear complaints and settle disputes, but they are 
 not guided by any written code of laws. Previous to the 
 close of the last century, the island appears to have been 
 divided among a great number of independent tribes; but 
 at present the number of provinces is about 25, each being 
 •governed by a chief subject to the king. 
 
 History. — The English established a factory in St. Augus- 
 tine's in 1644, but the climate, and ho.stility of the natives, 
 compelled them to abandon it at the end of twoj-ears. The 
 French East India Company made settlements on the E. 
 coast as early as 1642 ; they, too. were forced to yield to the 
 climate. Their attempts to colonize the E. coast wei-e re- 
 commenced in 1745. and again failed; and. in 1773, the 
 celebrated adventurer, Benyowsky. eneouragetl by the 
 French court, conducted an expedition to Antongil Bay, 
 but, being thwarted and maligned by the colonists of the 
 Isle of France, he too perished. The Isle of France, or 
 Mauritius, having fallen into the hands of the English, and 
 the French factories on the coast of Madagascar having been 
 always considered as depending on that colony, the governor, 
 Sir Robert Farquhar, claimed, by proclamation, in 1816, 
 the sovereignty of Madaga.scar. This was an important 
 epoch in the history of that island. Radamii, born in 1792, 
 succeeded to the throne of Ankova in 1808 Havinfi; 
 been sent to Great Britain to be educated, he roturnwi to 
 Tananarive in 1817. This prince abolished infanticide, 
 and discouraged, as much as possible the belief iu witch- 
 
MxiD 
 
 MAD 
 
 craft and other superstitions. He formed a regular army, 
 ou the model of the Indian sepoys, trained by General 
 (orij;inally Serjeant) Brady, a AVest Indian mulatto. AVith 
 this force, 30.000 Including artillery, ho subdued the whole 
 Island. lie mt^ditated opt^ning roads and canals, and actu- 
 ally commenciKl cutting through the necks of land which 
 separate the lakes along the coast. lie encouraged the Pro- 
 testant missionaries, and, above all, their schools, which, at 
 the time of his death, had increased to more than 100, af- 
 fording the means of instruction to nearly 5000 children. 
 In short, Uadama. whose principle was that truth and just- 
 ice were the foundations of his throne, was one of the most 
 remarkable civilizers the world has ever .seen. lie was on 
 the point of seeing his yast projects crowned with the most 
 brilliant success, when his queen, a second Clytemnestra, 
 caused him to be poisoned in July, 1828. She, with lier 
 infamous accomplice, succeeded to the tlirone; and, in a 
 ehort time, manifested her desire to undo, as far as possible, 
 all that he had accomplished. The schools were closed, and 
 the mis.sionaries left the island in 1835; since which the 
 native Christians, wlio had become numerous, have been 
 subjected to cruel persecution ; many of them suffered mar- 
 tyrdom in 18.50. In 1846, the English and French cruisers 
 in tliose seas, having united in an attempt to humble the 
 Ilovas, by attacking some forts on the coast, were repulsed 
 with great loss. I'op. estimated at 4,700,000. — Atlj. and inhab. 
 Maceoassy, madVgas'see, or Madecassee, madVkas/eee or 
 margash'. (Fr. Malegache, mirgdsb'.) 
 
 MADAIN. a town of .Asiatic Turkey. See Modain. 
 
 MADAliENA, a little island of South America, near the S. 
 eoast of Chiloe. 
 
 MADAIvK.NA. See ^lAnnALKSA. 
 
 >I.\D.VM1'E, mj-dilm'p.^, a town of Ceylon, on a river of 
 the same name, in a beautiful and fertile country. P. 3000. 
 
 MADAP0LLA."\1, md-di-pol-ldm', a maritime town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Madra.s, 43 miles E.NE. of Masuli- 
 patam. on the Coromandel coast. It has manufactures of 
 long cotton cloths. 
 
 MAD.AR, mohVlaR/, a village of Hungary, co. and 11 miles 
 fh)m Komorn. I'op. 1411. 
 
 >I.\D.VI{.\S, moIiMoh'rosh', a village of Hungary, Hither 
 Danube, co. of Bacs. 41 miles S.W. of Szegedin. Pop. 3536. 
 
 MAD.\K.\SZ. muliMiih'rds.s'. a market-town of Hungary, 
 CO. of S7.alx)lc7„ 1"2 miles W.S.W. of Szegedin. Pop. 7517. 
 
 MADAR A.SZ, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, 9 miles 
 from Szathinar-N'emeth. Pop. 1316. 
 
 M.\D.\^WAS'KA, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, 
 bordering on New Brunswick, about 225 miles N-E. by N. 
 of Augusta. Pop. 585. 
 
 MAI)*AW.\S'KA, a French settlement of New Brunswick, 
 occupying lioth sides of the river St. John at intervals for 
 some 40 miles above the Great Falls. 
 
 M.\D'1?URY, a township of Strafford co., New Hampshire, 
 with a station on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 3 miles 
 from Dover. Pop. 496. 
 
 MADDALENA, LA, }!i-mi(i-<iS.-Wai, an island off the N. 
 coast of Sardinia. 10 miles W. of Longo-Sardo. Pop. 1200. 
 It has a small town, with a good harbor. 
 
 M.\DD.\L()\I. mdd-dd-lo'nee, a city of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro. 15 miles N.N.E. of Naples. Pop. 17,798. It 
 has a royal college, and a noble aqueduct, built by Charles 
 III., to convey water to the cascades in the royal gardens 
 of Ca«erta. Madduloni is supposed to occupy the site of the 
 ancient ,9uessul(t. 
 
 M ADD EH JEE,mJd'deh-jee'. a considerable villageofSlnde, 
 28 miles S.E. of Larkhaha. Lat. 27° 36' N., Ion. 68° 34' E. 
 
 M.\D'DENVILLE, a postoffice of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MAD'DERTY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 MAD'DINOTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 MAD'DOX. a post-office of Hanover co., \'iririnia. 
 
 MADDY, LOCH, iSii mMMee, a large- bay of Scotland, in 
 the Hebrides, on the E. side of the island of N. Uist. It 
 has numerous branches, and a central group of islands. 
 
 MADEFALRA, mi-d.A-fai'ra, or METZDORF, niSts'doRf, a 
 village of Austria, Transylvania, on the Altflus.s, about 80 
 miles from Kronstadt. Pop. 1145. 
 
 MADE'IIURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 M.\DEIR A, md-dee'r.>, (Port. pron. md-d,Ve-rd or md-di'rd.) 
 an island in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal, 
 about 440 miles off the W. coast of Morocco, between 32° 
 86' and 32° 53' N. lat., and 16° 40' and 17° 20' W. Ion. It is 
 C^ miles long, and 12 miles broad. It consists of a ma-ss of 
 volcanic rocks, whose highest peak reaches an elevation of 
 upwards of 6000 feet. Through the W. half of the island 
 luns a central ridge, about 5000 feet high, on which is an 
 extensive plain called Paul de Serra. From the central 
 mass, steep ridges extend to the coast, where they form 
 perpendicular precipices of from 1000 to 2000 feet high. 
 These cliffs are interrupted by a few small bays, where 
 a richly cultivated valley approaches the water between 
 abrupt precipices, or surrounded by an amphitheatre of 
 rugge<l bills. These narrow bays are the sites of the vil- 
 lages of Madeira. The road round the island is, in many 
 places, exceedingly picturesque, passing often between lofty 
 
 cliffs, or along the front of precipices overhanging the 
 sea. The mountain steeps of Madeira are clothed with a 
 remarkably rich and luxuriant verdure. Terraces are visl- 
 pie on every side, and every available and accessible epot is 
 turned to advantage. The richest vine district, and the 
 part where grows the Malmsey grape, is the valley of thf 
 Cama de Lobos, on the S. side of the island. In good years, 
 the quantity of wine produced is 25,000 pipes ; in recent 
 times, however, It has been reduced to 15,000 pipes; and, in 
 1852, a disease having destroyed the vines, the quantity of 
 wine obtained was only 400 pipes, and so bad in quality a» 
 only to be suitable for being made into vinegar. In the 
 lower portions of the island, groves of orange and lemou 
 trees are mingled with the vineyards ; higher up, banaii.as, 
 figs, pomegranates, &c., are seen; and again, still higher, 
 the fruits of the temperate zone — namely, applies, currants, 
 pears, and peaches. Coffee and arrow-root, both of excellent 
 quality, are also grown. Wheat, barley, rye, and Indian 
 corn are raised, but only to the extent of about one-fifth of 
 the quantity con.sumed. The climate of Madeira is very 
 equable, and famed for its salubrity; the mean temperature 
 is 6a°, and the extremes 74° and 03° It is considi-ied very 
 healthy, and is much resorted to by Invalids, particularly 
 those suffering from pulmonary affections. Capital, Fun- 
 chal. The language of Madeira is Portuguese. 
 
 The group of islands called the Mabliua Islands or Ma- 
 deira Group, consists of the two islands of Madeira and 
 Porto Santo, and the three islets called the Desertas, in 
 lat. 32° 3' to 33° 7' N., Ion. 16° 13' to 16° 38' W. This group 
 apiHjars to have been known to the Romans under the name 
 of I'urpurarice Insula. They were discovered by Don Joao 
 Gonzales Zarco, and Tristan Yaz. in 1420; the name Ma- 
 deira was given to the principal island, from the magnifi- 
 cent forests of building-timber (in Portuguese, Madeira) 
 which then covered it. Pop. about- 110,000. See Desertas, 
 Las, and Pokto Sa.mo. 
 
 MADEIRA or MADERA, mJ-dA/rd, or CAYARI, kl-d-ree', 
 a river of South America, In Brazil, is formed by the junction 
 of the Beni and Mamore, In lat. 10° 30' S.. Ion. 65° 40' W., 
 whence it flows N.E. 700 miles, and joins the Amazon In 3° 
 30' S. lat., and about 68° W. Ion. Including the Mamore, its 
 principal branch, which some consider as the true Madera, 
 It has a length of from 1500 to 2000 miles, for near 1000 of 
 whi<'h it is navigable. For 500 miles from its mouth it is 
 at all times navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet; above this, 
 between lat. 8° 6o' and 11° S., the navigation is interrupted 
 by 17 cataracts; for 600 miles above the catiracts or rapids, 
 it Is navigable for small steamboats. In the lower 500 miles 
 of its course, the depth varies Vrom 27 to 200 feet ; aljov« tht> 
 rapids it is generally fi-om 20 to 30 feet. JIadeira derive.^ 
 its name from the great quantity of tlmlier (M."idera) or lo^ 
 brought down by the periodical Hoods. S^e Ma-MORE. 
 
 MADEIRA I.SLANDS. See Madeira. 
 
 MADKIRAVILLE.avillageof Indiana, on the New Albany 
 and Michigan City Railroad, 44 miles S. of .Michigan City. 
 
 M.\DE(iEY, midlee, a market-town and parish of Kngland, 
 CO. of Salop, on the Severn, 14 miles E.S.E. of Shrewsbury. 
 Pop. in 1851, 8525. It has an iron bridge across the Severn 
 of 1 arch of 100 feet span ; a h.andsome church, a market- 
 house, iron-works, manufactures of porcelain, and coal-mines. 
 
 M.\DELEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 4^ miles 
 W.S.W. of Newcastle, onthe London and N. AV. Railway. 
 
 MADEX, md'den, a term of Araliic origin, signifying 
 "met-d" or "mine," furnishing the root of Almaden, Keb- 
 BAN MADr.N. Argh,\na Maden, &c.. whiih see. 
 
 M.\DER.\. a river of Brazil. See Madeira. 
 
 M.VDER.N'O. md-dJR'no, a village of Northern Italy, go- 
 vernment of Milan. 20 miles N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 1452. 
 
 MADHAJR.Ul'OOR, mdd hdj-rdj-poor', a town of Hindos- 
 tan. province of Rajpootana, 24 miles S.S.E. of .Teypoor. 
 
 MADIGNAXtl. md-deen-yi'no, a village of Northern Italy, 
 government of Milan, on the Serio. Pop. 1156. 
 
 SIAD'INGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 MADION, m4'de-on\ a Dutch residency of the island of 
 Java, on its S. coast, with a town of the .same name. 
 
 MADIRAN, mdVlee^rfiN"', a town of FraT\ce, department of 
 Ilautes-Pyrenges. 23 miles N.N.W. of Tarbes. P.ip. 1300. 
 
 MAD'ISOX. a county in the E. central part of New York, 
 has an area of 620 square mile.s. It Is partly bounded on 
 the N. by Oneida Lake, and on the E. by the Unadilla River, 
 and is drained by the he.ad branches of the Chenango River. 
 Gypsum, water limestone, and common limestone are found 
 in abundance, and some iron ore and marl occur. It has 
 also a salt spring and two sulphur springs. The Erie Canal; 
 tlie Ch'-naiigo Canal, and the New York Central Railroad 
 traverse this county. Organized in 1806, and named in 
 honor of James Madison, fourtli president of the United 
 States. Capital Morrisvilie. Pop. 43,545. 
 
 MADISON, a county in the N.E. central part of A'irginia, 
 has an area of 280 square miles. The Rapidan River forms 
 its boundary on the S.. S.E., and S.W. ; it is also drained by 
 Robertson's and Hazel Rivers, which rise withi7i its limits 
 The Blue Ridge forms the N.W. boundary of the county;, 
 the surface is diversified by other elevations, and is noted 
 for the sublimity of its scenery. Iho soil of the valleys is 
 
 1113 . 
 
MAD 
 
 fertile. ExtensiTe beds of copper ore are found In the Blue 
 Bidge. but are not worked at present. Organized in 1792. 
 Ciipitttl, Madisontown. Jfop. SHbi, of whom -1457 were free, 
 and 4307 slaves. 
 
 MADISOX, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, 
 borderinjr on Tennessee ; area estimatetl at 450 square miles. 
 It is intersected by French Broad River. The surface is 
 mountainous, the county lying on the S.E. declivity of ISald 
 Mountain. The land produces good pa.«turage. The county 
 ■was formed in 1850, from Buncombe and Yancey counties. 
 Capital. Marshall. Pop. in 186fi. 5908. 
 
 MADISOX. a county in the X.E. central part of Georgia, 
 has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the 
 North and South Forks of Broad River, which unite at its 
 S.E. extremity. The soil in the northern part i.i poor, and 
 In the south-eastern productive. Gold and granite are found, 
 and iron ore is abundant in the county. Capital, Daniels- 
 ville. Pop. 5933, of whom 3941 were free. 
 
 MADISOX, a county of Florida, bordering on Georgia and 
 the Gulf of Mexico, contains about 2500 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Suwanee liivcr, and on the Vi'. by 
 the Ocilla River. The surface is undulating. Capital, Madi- 
 son. Pop. 7779, of whom 3530 were free. 
 
 MADISON, a county in the N. part of Alabama, Ordering 
 on Tennessee, has an areii of 850 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Flint and Paint Rock Creeks, affluents of the Ten- 
 nessee River, which forms the S. boundary. The surface is 
 hilly; the soil is very fertile and extensively cultivated. 
 Limestone underlies a large part of the surface. This county 
 is traversed by the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. 
 County-seat, Uuntsville. Madison conuty is one of tho 
 most densely peopled portions of the state. Pop. 26,451, of 
 whom 11,878 were free, and 14,573 slaves. 
 
 MADISON, a county in the \V. central part of Mississippi, 
 has an area of about 740 square miles. The Pearl River 
 forms its boundary on the S.E., and the Big Black washes 
 its N.W. border. The soil is productive. The railroad which 
 extends from Jackson to Tennessee passes through the 
 county. Capital, Canton. Pop. 23,382, of whom 52c>4 were 
 free, and 18,118 slttves. 
 
 MADISON, a parish in the N.E. part of Louisiana, border- 
 ing on the Mississippi, contains WO square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Macon Bayou, and intersected by the 
 navigable river Tenssls. The surface is low ; the soil is allu- 
 vial and fertile. Capital, Richmond. Pop. 14,133, of whom 
 1656 were free. 
 
 MADISOX, a new county towards the E. part of Texas, 
 formed in 1850 from Grimes and Walker counties, has an 
 area of about 580 square miles, bounded on the E. by the 
 river Trinity, and drained by Bidais Creek. Pop. 2238. 
 
 M ADISON, a county in the N.W. part o^ Arkansa.s, border- 
 ing on Missouri, contains 1030 square miles. It is drained 
 by the main fork of White River, by War Eagle River, and 
 by King River. The surface is diversified l)y hills and val- 
 leys; the soil is generally fertile. An active emigration has 
 been directed to this section for a few years past. Capital, 
 Huntsville. Pop. 7740, of wliom 7444 were IVee. 
 
 MADISON, a county in the S.W. part of Tennessee, has 
 an area estimated at 550 square miles. It is traversed by 
 the South Fork of the Forked Deer River, and the North 
 Fork of the same rises within its limits. Tlie soil is fertile. 
 The Mobile and Ohio Railroad passes through the county. 
 Capital. Jackson. Pop. 21,535, of whom 11,523 were free, 
 and 10.012 slaves. 
 
 MADISON, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 500 square miles. The Kentucky 
 River forms its entire boundary on the X., and it is also 
 drained by Silver and Paint Lick Creeks. The surface is 
 undulating. The soil is generally fertile. Limestone under- 
 lies a part of tlie surface. Capital, Richmond. Pop. 17,207, 
 of whom 11.173 were free, and 60.34 slaves. 
 
 MADISON, a county in the S.W. central part of Ohio, has 
 an area of 480 square miles. It is intersected by Darby and 
 Little Darby Creeks, and also drained by the sources of 
 Little Miami River, and of Deer Creek. The surface is 
 neaih' level. The soil is fertile. It is traverse*! by the 
 Columbus and Xenia Railroad, and by the Columbus and 
 Piqua Ilailroad. Capital, London. Pop. 13,015. 
 
 MADISOX, a county in the E. central partof Indiana, con- 
 tains 400 square miles. It is watered by White River, Fall 
 Creek, and I'ipe Creek. The sur&c« is undulating or nearly 
 level, and was originally covered with heavy timber. The 
 soil in extremely fertile. The county contains valtiable 
 quart 13 of limestone and marble. It is intersected by the 
 Cincin.,ati and Chicago Railroad, and bv the Bellefontaine 
 Line. Organized in 182:j. Capital, Anderson. Pop. 16,518. 
 
 MADISON, a count>- in the S.W. partof Illinois, bordering 
 on the Mississippi River, opposite the mouth of the Missouri, 
 and nearly opposite St. Louis. Area aliout 690 square mile,«. 
 It is intersected by Cahokia Creek, and also drained by Silver 
 Cr<;ek and its branches. The surface is elevated and undu- 
 lating, diversified by prairies and woodlands. The river 
 bottom lielow Alton is several miles wide, and bounded on 
 tho E. by a bluff which rises from 100 to 200 feet. The soil 
 b remarkably fertile, and is extensively cultivated. Stone- 
 1114 
 
 MAD 
 
 coal and limestone are abundant on the banks of the river 
 near Alton. The county is intersected V)y the Alton and 
 Terre Haute Railroad, and by the Chicago Alton <»'jd St. 
 Louis Railroad, Capital, Edwardsville. Pop. 31,2iJl. 
 
 MADISON, a county in the S.E part of Missouri, has an 
 area of about 625 square miles. It is intersected by the St. 
 Francis River, and C.istor Creek, flowing from N. to S., and 
 also drained by More's and Big Creeks. The soil .0 generally 
 thin. Limestone and sandstone are the princip.<i rocks of 
 the county. Iron and lead arc abundant, and a small quan- 
 tity of copper is found in connexion wiih the lead. The La 
 Motte mine, in the X. jiart of the county, lias yielded about 
 1,000.000 pounds of lead in a single year. In the N.W. part 
 is a remarkable eminence, called Pilot Knob, which is covered 
 with the micaceous oxide of iron. Capital, Fredeiicktown. 
 Population, 5U64, of whom 5197 were iwu. 
 
 M.\D1S0X', anew county in the S.W. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. The Norih and Middle 
 Rivers, affluents of the Des Moines, traverse the county from 
 W. to E. ; it is also drained by I'rairie Branch of Middle 
 River. The surface comprises extensive prairies; the soil is 
 productive. Large beds of stone-coal are found. Capital, 
 Winterset. Pop. 7339. 
 
 MADISON, a post-town.ship of Somerset co., Mair.e, on the 
 E. side of Kennebec River, about 35 miles N. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 161 .=1. 
 
 M.\DISON. a post-village and township of New Haven CO., 
 Conne<'ticut, on Long Island .Sound, and on the New Haven 
 and New London Railroad, 21 miles E. of Xew Haven. The 
 village contains a Congregational and a Methodi.^t church, 
 an academy, and several stores. Manufacturing and ship- 
 building are carried on to a considerable extent. Pop. of the 
 township, 1865. 
 
 MADISON, a post-village and township of Jladison co., 
 New York, on the Chenango Canal, and on the Cherry Valley 
 Turnpike, 95 miles W. by N. of Albany. The village con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches. BiMokfield A.adcui.N , and several stores. 
 Pop. of the township, 2457 : of the village, about 300. 
 
 MADISON, formerly BOTTLE HILL, a post-village in 
 Chatham town.ship, Morris co., New Jersey, on the 5lorri8 
 and Essex Railroad, about 14 miles W. of Newark, contains 
 2 churches, an academy, and above 100 houses. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 14+0. 
 
 51 ADISON, a township. Clarion co.. Pennsylvania. P. 2130. 
 
 M.^DISO.N',atownship,Columbia CO. .Pennsylvania. P.1146. 
 
 MADISON, a township, I,u7.eriie co..Pennsylvania. P. 1189. 
 
 MADISON, a township, Montour co., Penn.svlvania. 
 
 MADISON, a town^hipof Perry CO., Pennsylvania. P. 1534. 
 
 MADISON, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Hempfield Ilailroad, 6 miles S.W. Greensburg. 
 
 M.\D1S0N, a station on the Orange and Alexandrif. Rail- 
 road, 4 miles from Gordonsville. A'irginia. 
 
 MADISON, a post-village of Rockingham co.. North Civro^ 
 lina. on Dan River, at the confluence of the Mayo, 116 miles 
 N.W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 400. 
 
 M.\DISOX', a flourishing post-village, capital of Morgan 
 CO., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 103 miles AV. of An- 
 gu.sta, and 43 miles N.N.W. of MiUedioville. It has a plea- 
 sant and healthy situation, surrounded by a beautiful and 
 fertile country. This place has long been distinguished for 
 excellent schools, and at the present time it contains 4, 
 which are in a prosperous condition, namely, the Baptist 
 Collegiate Institute, the Madison Female College. (Methodist,) 
 the Madison Male Academy, and a high schcxil for boys. 
 About 250 pupils receive instruction here. Madison is a 
 place of active trade, and a market for the cotton raised in 
 the vicinity. From 20,000 to 25.000 bales are received here 
 annually. The value of goods sold in a year exceeds §230.000, 
 It has 4 churches and 1 steam cotton-mill. The resident 
 pop. is alx)ut 1600. 
 
 MADISON, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Texas. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Butler co.. Ohio. Pop. 2490. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Clarke Co.. Ohio. Pop. 961. 
 
 Jl-ADIS >N, a township of Columbiana cu., Ohio. Pep. 1191. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Fairfield co.. Ohio. l»op.ll88. 
 
 M.ADISON. a township of Fayette co , Ohio. Pop. 1348. 
 
 MADISON^ a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 2864. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Guernsey co , Ohio. Pup. 1263. 
 
 MADISOX, a township of Highland CO.. Ohio. Pop. 2755. 
 
 MADISOX. a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 2081. 
 
 M.\DISOX, a post-village and township in the E. part of 
 Lake co., Ohio, on both sides of ^Jraiid River, and on the 
 Cleveland aud Erie Rivilroad, 40 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. 
 Pop. 23S9. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 928. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. P. 1842. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Perry co.. Ohio. Pop. 825. 
 
 MADISOX. a township of Pickaway co., Ohi>. Pop. 913. 
 
 J.'ADISOX, a towiisliip of Sandusky co., Oliio. I'oj 881. 
 
 MADISON, a village of Ingham co., Michigan, :.30 uiles 
 W.N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Lenawee co., Michigan. P. -.W& 
 
 MADISON, a post-office of Livingston co., Michi«fJl. 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 MADTSOV, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 919. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 665. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Clinton co., Indiana, Pop. 673. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 1116. 
 
 MADISON, a townsliip of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 1065. 
 
 M ADISON, a post-township of Jefferson co., Indiana. Pop. 
 8130. 
 
 MADISON, a flourishing city, river-port, and seat of jus- 
 tice of Jefferson co., Indiana, on the Ohio Kivcr, 90 miles 
 below Cincinnati, 44 miles above Louisville, and 86 miles 
 S.S.E. of Indianapolis, in lat. 38° 46' N., Ion. 85° 21' W. It 
 is advantageously situated for trade, and is one of the prin- 
 cipal cities of the state in population and importance. Steam- 
 boats make daily ])assage8 between this port and Cincinnati 
 and Louisville. The navigation is usually open all winter 
 in ordinary seasons. Several steamboats are owned here. 
 Madisun is the S. terminus of the Indianapolis and Madison 
 Railroad, wliich was completed in 1848, and is doing a large 
 business in conveying ft-eight and passengers. The city is 
 beautifully situated in a valley nearly 3 miles in K-ngth, 
 wluch is enclosed on the N. by steep and rugged hills about 
 400 feet high. The site is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the 
 highest floods. Madison is well built, containing a large 
 proportion of brick houses. It contains a fine court-house, 
 3 public halls, 13 churches, 2 public libraries, a United States 
 hospital, 2 market-houses, 4 banks, and 3 large i)ublio schools. 
 Two newspapers are published here. Several of the streets 
 are paved, and lighted with gas. Ilere are 4 flouring-mills, 
 3 iron foundries with machine-shops. 1 brass foundry, several 
 planing-mills. and a dry-dock. Tlie building of steiimboats 
 is an important bi-anch of industry here. Pop. in 18i0, in- 
 cluding North Madison, 8681; in 1860, 9068; in 1865, about 
 14,000. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 951. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 981. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Pike co., Indiana. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1189. 
 
 MADISON, a township of St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1151. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Tipton co., Indiana. Popular 
 tion, 1195. 
 
 MADI^'ON, a township of Johnson co., Missouri. 
 
 MADISON, a post-village of Monroe co., Missouri, 12 mtles 
 W.of Paris,is in a rich farming district wliich abounds in coal. 
 
 M.4^DIS0N, capital of the stjite of Wisconsin, and seat of 
 justice of Dane co., is pleasantly situated on an isthmus 
 between Lakes Mendota and Monona, 80 miles W. of Mil- 
 waukie, and 132 miles N.W. of Chicago, in lat. 43° 5' N., 
 Ion. 89° 20' W. It stands in tlie centre of a broad valley, 
 surrounded by heights from which the city can be seen at 
 a distance of several miles. The isthmus is about three- 
 quarters of a mile in width. Lake Mendota, which lies on 
 the N.W. side of the town, is 6 miles long by 4 miles wide. 
 It is a beautiful sheet of water, with clean gravelly shores. 
 The de|)th is sufficient for navigation by steamboats, and 
 is estimated at about 60 feet. Lake Monona is rather smaller. 
 When this place Wiis selected for the seat of government, in 
 1836, it contained no building but a solitary log cabin. The 
 new Capitol is a beautiful structure, built of stone at an ex- 
 pense of $500,000, standing on ground 70 feet above the level 
 of the lakes, and in the centre of at{>ublic park. The streets 
 which lead from the Capitol towards the cardinal points 
 descend gradually to the shores of the lakes, excepting the 
 one which extends westward to College Hill. On this emi- 
 nence, 1 mile W. of the Capitol, and about 125 feet above 
 the lake, is situated the University of Wisconsin, which was 
 instituted in 1849. Three newspapers are issued here. It 
 contains 4 banks, 12 churclies, 80 stores, 2 iron foundries, a 
 woollen factory, and several steam-mills. The author of 
 " Western Portraiture" gives the following lively sketch of 
 this place and its environs : — "Madison perhaps combines 
 and overlooks more charming and diversified scenery to 
 please the eye of fancy and promote health and pleasure, 
 than any other town in the West ; and in these respects 
 it surpasses every other state capital in the Union. Its 
 bright lakes, fresh groves, rippling rivulets, shady dales, 
 and flowery meadow lawns, are commingled in greater pro- 
 fusion, and disposed in more picturesque order than we 
 have ever elsewhere beheld. . . . Nor is it less note- 
 worthy for its business advantages and its healthful position. 
 Situated on elevated ground, amid delightful gi'oves and 
 productive lands, well above the cool, clear lakes, it must 
 be healthy; while the abundance and convenience of fine 
 streams and water-power must facilitate a sound and rapid 
 advancement in agriculture and the mechanic arts." It is 
 frequented by pleasure-seekers as a place of summer resort. 
 Railroads radiate from Madison towards the East, West, 
 and South, connecting it with Milwaukie, Chicago, and the 
 Mississippi River. Since its origin this place has steadily 
 and rapidly increased. Pop. in 1840, 376; in 1S50, 1525; in 
 1853, aliont 3500; in 1860, 6611 ; in I860, about 10.(X». 
 
 MAD'ISONBURG. a nost-offlc'* "f Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 MADISON CE.NTRE, a post^village of Somerset CO., Maine, 
 about 40 miles N. of Augusta. 
 
 MADISON COURT HOUSE, capital of Madi.sou co., Tir- 
 ginia, 70 miles N.W. of Richmond, and 96 niiles from \Va.sh- 
 ington. It contains several churches, and there are 5 flouring- 
 mills in its vicinity. It has a healthy situation on high 
 ground, and commands a beautiful view of the Blue Ridge. 
 Pop. about 800. 
 
 MADISON COURT HOUSE, a posf-V.llage, capital of Madi- 
 son CO.. Florida, about 50 miles tj. of Tallalias.see. 
 
 MADISON CROSS ROADS, a post-oftice of Madison CO., 
 Alabama. 
 
 .^lADISON :MILLS, a post-village of Madison co., Virginia, 
 has a woollen factory. 
 
 MADISON SPRINGS, a post-village of JIadi.son co., 
 Georgia, on the N. fork of Broad Kiver. 94 miles N. 01 Mil- 
 ledsreville. It is a place of summer re.sort. 
 
 .MADISON'S RIVER, the middle branch of the three which 
 go to form the Missouri River, rises near Sublette's Lake, 
 and flows nearly N. to join Jefferson's Kiver. 
 
 MADISON UNIVKRSITY. See IIamiltox. New York. 
 
 MAD'ISONVILLE. a post-village of Madison co., Missis- 
 .sippi. on Pearl Kiver, 21 miles N.E. of Jack.«on. 
 
 M.\DISONVILLE. a post-village of St. Tammanv parish, 
 Louisiana, on the Chefuncto, Sfi miles N. of New Orleans. 
 
 MADISONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., 
 Tenne.'^see, 172 miles E.S.E. of Nashville, contains a court- 
 house and several stores. 
 
 .M.\DISONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Hopkins co., 
 Kentucky, 200 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It contains S 
 court-house, an a<:ademy, and 2 churches. 
 
 MADISONVILLK, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 
 about f) miles K.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 :\IADI.<ONV]LLE, a post village in Ralls co., Missouri, 80 
 miles N.K. of Jefferson City. 
 
 MADISWEIL, md'dis-wile\ a town of Switzerland, cauton 
 and 22 miles N.E. of Bern, on the Langeten, an aifluent of 
 the Aar. Pop. 2126. 
 
 MADJERYDROOa. mS-jjR-e-droog', a town and strong 
 hill fort of South India, 62 miles W.N,W. of Bangalore. In 
 the town are some magnificent pagodas. 
 
 MADJICOSIMA (md-je-ko-see/md) ISLANDS, an archi- 
 pelago in the Pwific Ocean, between Formosa and the Loo- 
 choo Islands. Principal islands, Typinsau, Pa-tching-san, 
 Calayan, and Babuyan. Pop, estimated at 11,238. They 
 are all subject to Loo choo. Some of the islands are moun- 
 tainous, and all are highly fertile. Until visited by Sir 
 Edward Belcher, in 1845—46, they were almost wholly un- 
 known. 
 
 MAIVLEY, a parish of England. 00. of Hereford. 
 
 MAD'oC. a post-village of Canada West, co. of Hastings, 
 within 1 j miles of Hay Lake, 28 miles N. of Belleville. Pop. 
 about 250. 
 
 M.\DOOSA, mfihMo'choh*, a village of Hungary, Thither 
 Danube, 4 miles from Paks. Pop. 1230. 
 
 MAD(yNIAN MOUNTAINS, a group in Sicily, extending 
 for alx)ut 16 miles N.W. and S.E., between the rivers Grande 
 and I'ollina. 
 
 M .\DKAS, ma<lras8', a maritime city of British India, capi- 
 tal of the presidency of .Madras, on the Coromandel Coast ; lat. 
 (Observatory) 13^ 4' 6" N.. Ion. 80° 14' E. It is situated on an 
 open, sterile, and sandy .shore, without a harbor or landing 
 place, and exposed to the swell of the Bay of Bengal, which 
 breaks upon the beach with great violence; vessels in the 
 roadstead, that do not instantly make for sea on the signal 
 of foul weather from the master attendant's office, are often 
 lost. A great part of Madras consists of what i,* called the 
 Black Town, containing the native and East Indian (or 
 mixed) population, with a few European families. It is 
 very closely and irregularly built, with brick hovi.ses and 
 bamboo huts; but the garden-houses in the vicinity, in 
 which the Europeans chiefly reside, are very neat, generally 
 only one story high, nicely smoothed over with fine white 
 lime, and embowere<I among trees and bushes. The city is 
 built on a dead level, and, with the suburtis. which are now 
 very extensive, occupies an area of 27 square miles. Most 
 of the Europeans, and some of the East Indians, live in 
 detached houses in the environs. The public offices and 
 storehou.ies which line the beach are imposing structures, 
 with colonnades to the upper stories, supported by rustic 
 bases arched, all of the fine Madras chunam. smooth, hanl, 
 and poli.-ihed as marble. One of the chief objects of interest 
 in Jlatlras is its citadel. Fort St. George, which commands 
 the Black Town and the Roads, and may be considered the 
 nucleus of the city. It was built in 1639. and is admirably 
 situated for the defence of the town and shipping. It con- 
 tains a church, the barracks, and an arsenal, with arms 
 for 50,000 men ; a marble statue of Loril Cornwalli-' is erected 
 in the great square. The Government House, the church 
 of St. George, and some of the otbsr public buildings, are 
 handsome structures. The other principal buildings are 
 several Episcopal and Armenian cnurches. an eleirant Pres- 
 byterian church. Independent, Wesleyan chapels, and Re- 
 man Catholic cathedrals and chapels. Besides a hiL'-h school 
 and a nietlical college, supported by Government, tliere are 
 larire missionary institutions — that of the Free church has 
 700 pupils; the Scottish Establishment, 400; 2 grammar 
 
 1115 
 
MAD 
 
 »IAD 
 
 BCbooIa, and several other schools. Madras is the chief 
 seat of all the governmeut offices for its presidency, of the 
 Supreme Court, a board of revenue, marine board, <tc. 
 Notwitbstaiiding the disadvantages of its position, it is a 
 place of extensive trade. In the Roads, ships moor otT the 
 shore iu from 7 to 9 fathom.s. From Octolwr to January, 
 storms and typhoons prevail, and from tlie loth of October 
 tlie fiag-staff is struck, as a signal for sliips not to anchor 
 till the loth of December. X. of Fort St. George is a new, 
 elezant lighthouse, 126 feet high, which, in clear weather, 
 can be seen 40 miles at sea. Tlie imports consist cliiefly of 
 cotton goods from the United Kingdom, grain from America, 
 wines, spirits, metal.s, sugar, stationery, betel-nuts, piece- 
 goods, silk, horses, jewelry, &c. Experts — cotton, grain, 
 indigo, cotton piece-goods, saltpetre, pepper, ic. The exports 
 in 1844-0 amounted in value to £1.&41.462. and the imports 
 to £1.046.894. In 1847-8, the value of the former was 
 £1,277.296, and of the latter, £787,148. The country in the 
 vicinity of Madras presents a remarkable contrast to its 
 barren, sandy shore, having, indeed, the appearance of a 
 fine park : flowers of every kind abound, and the roads are 
 bordered with fine avenues of trees, interspersed with the 
 bungalows and the residences of the English. 
 
 Madras was founded in 1639, by the English, who obtained 
 the grant of a piece of ground from the rajah of Chandgherry, 
 for the erwtion of a town and fort A native village of the 
 name of Madras formed the site of the present town. It 
 soon Ijecame a flourishing city, and the chief statiou of the 
 English on the Coromandel coast. In 1702, it was besieged 
 by baood Khan, but was bravely and successfully defended 
 against him. In 1744, it was taken by the French, who kept 
 it until 1749, when peace was made, and the place was re- 
 stored to the English. In 1768, it was again besieged by 
 the French, under the celebrated Lally, who was obliged to 
 retreat after a siege of two months. In 1769. Madras was 
 threatened by Ilyder Ali, who encamped his army within a 
 few miles of the fort, and compelled the English to enter 
 into a treaty with bim. P. in 1839, 462,951 ; in 1851. 720.000. 
 MADRAS, PRESIDENCY OF, one of the great territorial 
 divisions of British India, bounded on the N. bj' the presi- 
 dencies of Bengal and Bombay, the Xizam"s dominions, and 
 Nagpoor, and on the E., W., and S. by the Indian Ocean. 
 It comprises the larger proportion of peninsular Ilindostan, 
 embracing the whole of the Carnatic. and, extending across 
 the peninsula, includes all_ the British territory — Malabar, 
 Canara, Ac. — S. and W. of 'Mysore, -which latter, as well as 
 Travancore. it completely encloses; lat. 8° to 20° X., Ion. 73° 
 to 85° E. The central portion of the presidency is occupied 
 by a table-land, surrounded on all sides by an undulating 
 or plain country, gradually decreasing in height as it ap- 
 proaches the sea, the whole enclosed on the E., W., and S. 
 by three mountain ranges, called, respectively, the East and 
 West Ghauts, and the Neilgherry Mountains. The two for- 
 mer run parallel to the E. and W. coasts, the third traverses 
 the penin.»ula from S.W. to N.E., forming a connecting link 
 between them. The principal rivers are the Godavery and 
 Kistna or Krishna, with their tributaries ; and the Pennar, 
 Palaur, Punnair, Cavcry, Coleroon. and Vighey. The cli- 
 mate generally is reckoned the hottest in India, but differs 
 widely in different localities according to elevation ; on the 
 tops of the Xeilgherries, the thermometer, in the cold sea- 
 son, falls to 31°. At the mouth of the Ki.stna, it has been 
 known as high as 108° at midnight The soil along the 
 coa.sts, particularly those of the Carnatic, is for tlie most 
 part light and Kandy; inland it consists of a decomposed 
 syenite, impregnated with salt, which, in dry weather, 
 covers the ground with a saline efflorescence ; still the di.s- 
 trict of Tanjore, on the banks of the Coleroon. is esteemed 
 the granary of Southern India. There are some extensive 
 forests in the presidency, yielding teak, ebony, and other 
 valuable timber trees. The principal vegetable productions 
 are rice, wheat, barley, maize, and all the other grains com- 
 mon In India; sugar-cane and a great variety of fruits; 
 spices, tobacco, hemp, and cotton. There has been a large 
 Increase of late years in the cultivation of sugar, of which 
 there were imported into the United Kingdom, in 1843. only 
 177 tons, in 1845, 5301 tons, and in 1847, 8572 tons. There 
 are two kinds of sugar niade in Madras, one from a species 
 of date tree, the other from the cane; the former is of a very 
 Inferior description, and brings but a low price. The wild 
 animals met with here are those common to other parts of 
 India: namely, the elephant tiger, chetah. bear, bison, elk, 
 spotted deer, antelope, jackal, wild hog. jungle sheep. &c. 
 Cotton cloths were formerly manufactured here to a great 
 extent, but the supi'riority of British piece-goods has nearly 
 extinguishtHi this branch of industry in India. A little, 
 however, is still done in the E. districts of the presidency. 
 and the produce exported to the ^Vest Indies and America! 
 Red cloth, muslins, cariiets, and silks also continue to lie 
 manufactured to a limited extent For revenue purposes 
 the presidency is divided Into 21 divisions or eollectorates, 
 of which 18 are regulation districts under the Madras go- 
 vernment, and 3 are non-regulation districts under the con- 
 trol of an agent of the governor; their names, area, and 
 population are as follows : — 
 
 me 
 
 Drvpiox, Aeta, atid Popplatioh of Uadsas FntajVEncv. 
 
 Kame 
 
 Area. 
 
 Population 
 
 Population 
 
 
 
 
 in 1S39, 
 
 Kegclation Districts:— 
 
 
 
 
 Rajahmundry 
 
 6,0M 
 
 1,012.036 
 
 695.016 
 
 Masulipatam 
 
 5,000 
 
 hVi.S«6 
 
 544,671 
 
 Guiuoor, including P»'r»!'l 
 
 4,!ifiO 
 
 b;t.fi<i 
 
 2S7,42t 
 
 Nellore 
 
 7,930 
 
 SSS.fiMO 
 
 s'i.ne 
 
 Chingleput 
 
 3,020 
 
 5M3.4W2 
 
 331,821 
 
 Madras, included In Cblnglepat 
 
 
 720.000 
 
 4bi,051 
 
 Arcot. S. Division, including j 
 Cuddalore i 
 
 7,610 
 
 1,006,005 
 
 484,800 
 
 Arcot, N. divlslgn, including ? 
 
 5,790 
 
 1,485,873 
 
 523, !48 
 
 Bellary 
 
 13,056 
 
 1,2V9.599 
 
 1,129,907 
 
 Cuddapah 
 
 12,970 
 
 1,451,921 
 
 1,081,261 
 
 Salem, including Yomnndoor ) 
 and MuUapandy J 
 
 8,200 
 
 1,195.377 
 
 S98,?3S 
 
 Coimliatore 
 
 8,5S0 
 
 1,153,862 
 
 783,392 
 
 Trichiuopolv 
 
 3.000 
 
 709.196 
 
 485,242 
 
 Tanjore, including Najore 
 
 S,<J()0 
 
 1.676.086 
 
 1,128.730 
 
 Madura, including Dindigul 
 
 10,-00 
 
 l,7,i6,791 
 
 552,477 
 
 Tiunivelly 
 
 5.T00 
 
 1,'.'6».216 
 
 85n,S91 
 
 Malabar 
 
 e.oiio 
 
 1.514,909 
 
 1,165,791 
 
 Canara 
 
 7,7-.0 
 
 1,056,333 
 
 760,123 
 
 XoN-RKGCXiTIOSI DiCTBICTS :— 
 
 
 
 
 Ganjani 
 
 6.400 
 
 9J6,»30 
 
 438,174 
 
 Vizagapatam 
 
 15.300 
 
 l,254,-.'72 
 
 1,047,414 
 
 
 3,2« 
 
 J73,I90 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 144,889 
 
 22,;W1,697 
 
 13,967,395 
 
 The population, in 1851, compri.'^ed 19,901,808 Hindoos 
 and 1,679,889 Mohammeiians. 11.047,139 being m.iles, and 
 10.535,558 females. Of these, 13,342,724 Hindoos and 848,217 
 Mohammedans were eniployetl in agriculture. Number of 
 inhabitants to a square mile, 153.9. 
 
 The government of the presidency is vested in a governor, 
 subordinate to the governor-general of India, lie is assisted 
 Ijy a council of 3 memliers, 1 being the comuiander-in-chief, 
 and 3 secretaries, placed over the revenue and judicinl. poli- 
 tical and military departments. In each of the 21 districts 
 into which the presidency is divided there is a European 
 collector, who exerts also the chief magisterial power. The 
 territories of the presidency were nearly all acquired by tho 
 British during the latter half of the ISth century. 
 
 MADRE-DE-DIOS (md/oril-dA-dee/oce) AKClllPELAGO, 
 West Patagonia, is between lat. 50° and 51° S., and about 
 Ion. 75° W.. .separated from the mainland, and frcm Hanovei 
 and Chatham Islands by Concepcion Straits. and cou.sistsof 
 several mountainous and rockv islands, little explored. 
 
 MAD'RKSFIELD. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 MADRID, mS-drid', (Sp. pron. md-Dreeo', almost main- 
 reeTH'; anc. ManUua.) the capital city of Spain, Xew 
 Castile, province of its own name, on the Manzanares, 
 which is here crossed by five bridges, whose gigantic size 
 forms a striking contrast with that of the river, except 
 during floods, to which it is subject; situated in the centre 
 of the Iberian Peninsula; lat 40° 25' N., Ion. 3° 45:' W.- 
 2450 feet above sea-level. Mean temperature of the three 
 summer months, 70° 2' Farh., or 15° higher than that of Lon- 
 don; mean winter temperature, 43° 7', only 4^^ higher than 
 the temperature of the English capital. The city is built on 
 several low and irregular sand-hills, and is surrounded by a 
 barren and extensive plain, which, except on the S.AV., has no 
 visible limit but the horizon. It is nearly square, being about 
 2 miles in extent from X. to S.. and 2f miles from E. to ^Y„ 
 is walled, and entered by 16 public gates; the finest of these 
 are the Puerta de Alcala. facing the highway to Aragon. and 
 the Puerta dc Toledo, which ^t)eguu in 1813) was erected 
 in commemoration of the happy issue of the war of inde- 
 pendence. The streets are distril>uted somewhat irregularly 
 around the Puerta del Sol, which, like Temple Bar in Lou- 
 don, is in the centre of the capital, although once the E. 
 pate. The princivial streets are bniad. long, and airy ; and 
 the narrow foot-paths, on a level with the centre of the street, 
 are being rapidly replaced by broad pavements raised half 
 a foot, and protected by a kerb. Except in a few streets, the 
 houses are, in general, well constructed, substantial, and of 
 good appearance. The squares are not very numerous, nor 
 do they contribute niucli to the embelli.-^hment of the city; 
 being generallv irregular, and deficient in decorative monu- 
 ments. Of these, the Plaza Mayor, a little S. of the Cs-.Ue 
 Mayor or main street, is one of the largest and most regular, 
 being 434 feet long, and 334 feet broad, with houses sup 
 ported by granite pillars, which form a line of arcades be- 
 neath : in the centre is an elliptical esplanade adapted to 
 bull-fights, with an equestrian statue of Philip III. Here 
 have been held grand festivals, autm-du-ft'. and executions 
 of distinguished criminals. On the W. fide of the city, and 
 facing the royal pal.Hce. is the Plaza de Oriente, which Is 
 adorned with 40 statues of Gothic kings, as well as tho.se of 
 the Asturias. Leon. Castile, and Aragon. In the centre is a 
 fine equestrian statue of Philip IV. On the X.W. and SE. 
 of the square are gardens, with avenues of trees, and on 
 the E. stands the Teatro de Oriente. Xear the E. "ide ef the 
 city is the I'laza de las Cortes. It is a<lorn<(d with .several 
 rows of trees, and in the centre stands the semi>culosjul 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 Btatue of Cerrantes, by AntonJo Sola. The water ■with 
 wliich Mailrid is supplied comes from th^ nei^hhoring moun- 
 tuins. tillered throuuih coarse red sand, into subterranean 
 conduits. Altogether, there are 35 fountains within, and 
 si!j;ht outside the city, for tlie use of the inhabitant^; but 
 the collective amounf. of water is scanty, the average being 
 only 500 cubic inches a day for each inhabitant — only one- 
 eighteenth of the quantity placed at the disposal of each 
 Parisian. 
 
 Public Buildings. — Madrid having only become the Spanish 
 capital in the time of I'hilip II., cannot boast of many edi- 
 fices of great antiiiuity ; and during the century and a half 
 that it was occupied by the Austrian dynasty, the only im- 
 portant buildings erected were convents, who.se architecture 
 did not greatly contribute to the emljelli.shmcnt of the city. 
 The J{oyal Palace, situated at the W. extremity of Madrid, 
 is one of the most magnificent in the world. It occupies 
 the site of the original Alcazar (castle) of the Moors, burned 
 down on Christmas Eve, 17u4, and is of enormous extent, 
 being 470 feet each way, and 100 feet high. The rustic base 
 is of granite, the window-work of white Colmenar stone, 
 which, in the bright sun, glitters like marble; the 
 architecture is a combination of Ionic and Doric. It con- 
 tains a small but splendid Corinthian chapel, and a library 
 of nearly 100,000 volumes, and the armory is one of the 
 finest in the world. The Palacio del Congreso de Diputados, 
 or Chamber of Deputies, covers an area of 42.700 square 
 feet. On the two lateral fa^'ades are the entrances for the 
 members, whose sittings are held on the ground floor, in a 
 semicireular saloon, calculated to accommodate ."93 persons, 
 the aggregate number of deputies and senators when the 
 edifice was commenced. The structure is faced throughout 
 with granite. The upper chamber, or senate, holds its sit- 
 tings in a building facing the Street de la Encarnacion, 
 which formerly belonged to the Augustines. The Palacio 
 de los Consejos, (Palace of the Coun<ilg.) built by the ambi- 
 tious Don ChrJstobal Gomez do .Sandoval, minister of Philip 
 111., is a fine classic edifice, designed by llerrera. This pa- 
 lace was purchased by I'hilip V,, and contains the royal 
 council, the supreme tribune of justice, kc. The Audiencia 
 (Court of .\ppeal) is one of the few buildings in Madrid of the 
 period of the Austrians; it is two stories high, and simple In 
 Btyle. The Aduana, or Custom-house, built in 1769, is a vast 
 and sumptuous etlifice of five stories, the lower portion com- 
 posed of granite, with five arched entrances in the principal 
 fai;ade. The Casa de Correos, or J'ost--offlce. a handsome 
 structure, erected in 176S, stands i.solated on the S. side of 
 the Puerta del Sol; and the Casas Consistorinles, or Town- 
 house, probably built in the beginning of the 17th century, 
 is situated in the Plaza de la Villa. The Palacio de Buena- 
 vista, erected by the extravagant Duchess of .\lva, towards 
 the close of the last century, rises majestically on an emi- 
 nence at the extremity of the Calle de Alcalk, (Alcala Street.) 
 near the Prado; contains the war office, and a military 
 museum. The offices of marine, justice, and finance are in 
 the Gasa de los Ministerios, (house of the ministers.) built 
 for the Secretaries of State, by onler of Charles V. The 
 Mint (Casa de Moneda) is to the S. of the Palace. 
 
 Churches and Oanvents. — The capital of Spain is far behind 
 many provincial towns as regards its temples, which, with 
 the exception of a few, attached to conventual establis^h- 
 ments, are poor, and of Indifferent artistic merit. The parish 
 churches are about 20 in number; among them may be 
 nametl those of Santa Maria and San Francisco, the latter 
 one of the finest in Madrid ; San Ciines in the Plaza Mayor, 
 and opposite to it Santa Cruz, from the tower of which one 
 of the best views of the city is to be obtained. Some of the 
 convents have been appropriated to puV)lic secular uses, 
 some have been sold to private individuals, and others de- 
 molished, but the churches of a few of them have been pre- 
 Borved : there still exist, however, about 20 nunneries, 
 containing an aggregate number of 500 nuns. Of these, 
 the Salesas Viejas, in the N.E. corner of Madrid, an edifice 
 of immense extent, covering, with its giu-den, an area of 88 
 acres, was built in 1758, by order of Barbara. Queen of Fer- 
 dinand VI., in imitation of Madame Maintenon's St. Cyr, as 
 a place of retreat for herself, and a seminary for young 
 noble ladies. The Descalzas Ueales, (" royal barefeet,") near 
 the centre of the city, was founded by Juana, daughter of 
 (;harles V.; the abbess of which is ranked as a grandee of 
 Spain. 
 
 Charilahh Institutions and Prisons. — The most important 
 of these are the Military Hospital, an extensive building, in 
 the X.W. part of the city, and the Ilospicio of San Fernando, 
 with schools for both sexes, who are also taught various 
 handicrafts. At the S.E. angle of the city stands the Gene- 
 ral Hospital, containing 1526 beds; patients of both sexes 
 and all ages, to thenumber of from 13.000 to 14,000, are 
 admitted annually. The Inclusa, or Foundling Hospital, 
 leceives about 1500 children yearly; and, connected with 
 It, is the Coleglo de Niitas de la I'az, to whii'h girls are 
 Iransterrod to be educated, at the age of seven years. There 
 'je, besides, a hospital of incurables, a lying-in asylum, a 
 hospital fi>r priests, and various other benevolent establish- 
 ments. Near the S.E. corner of the Plaza Mayor stands the 
 
 Carcel de Corte, or State Prison, built in 1634. Here, alsOj 
 are tlie tribunals of the Audiencia, or Supreme Court. The 
 Carcel de Villa stands at the N.E. extremity of the city, 
 beside the gate of St. Barbara. In 1847, the number of per- 
 sons incarcerated was 3608. and there were 377 in prison al 
 the end of the year. There is al.'o a model pri.snn, a houK 
 of correction for young men, several female prisons, the 
 Arrepeutidas, the Magdalen Asylum. &c. 
 
 Places nf Amusement. — There are seven theatres in iladrid, 
 but the most popular place of amusement is the Plaza de 
 Toros. (bull-ring.) a building which is almut 1100 feet in cir- 
 cumference, and capable of containing 12.000 s))ectator.s. 
 The bull-fights begin in April, and continue till November. 
 Tliere is also a circus, a hippodrome, a club called Ca.sino del 
 Principe, and various other places of amusement. The 
 Prado, (meadow.) an extensive park nearly 2 miles long, 
 lies near the gate of Alcala; here, on winter mornings and 
 summer afternoons, appear all the beauty, rank, and fa.shion 
 of the Spanish capital. The Prado, extending along the E. 
 side of the city, was levelled and planted by the Conde de 
 Aranda, under Charles III., and laid out by Jose llermon- 
 silla in g.ii-den walks. It contains a fine botanic g.arden, 
 and is a ])lace of great resort. There are. besides, the gar- 
 dens of the linen Ketiro, those behind the royal palace; 
 those of the Real Casino; the Casa, del Campo. where horse 
 and hurdle races are given ; the Paseo de la Florida, the 
 Paseo de la Honda, which encircles the greatest iiart of the 
 city ; the Atocha, a winter promenade, Las Delicias de Isa- 
 bel, at the N.E. corner of Madrid, (containing the Fuente 
 Castellana.) and various other promenades. 
 
 Museums. Libraries, &c. — The Royal Museum of Painting 
 and Sculpture, standing in the Prado, contains more than 
 2000 pictures, many of which are by the most celebrated 
 artists that have ever lived. The gallery of sculpture is 
 very inferior. A new museum, established in the suppress- 
 ed Convent de la Trinidad, was opened to the public by Es- 
 partero, in 1842. Here have been collected from the convenll 
 and galleries of Don Carlos, and the Infante Sebastian, some 
 1500 pictures, good and bad. Besides these, there are seve- 
 ral good private galleries. There are also a museum of natural 
 science, a museum of antiquities, and a numi.sniatic museum, 
 containing 150.000 coins and medals. The National I<ibrary, 
 founded by Philip V., is in the .same building with the mu- 
 seum of antiquities; it contains 130,000 volumes, and is 
 open to the public daily. The Library of San Isidro consists 
 of 66.000 volumes. 
 
 txlucatinmd Kstahlishments. — Not m-any years since the 
 schools of San Fernando and San Anton were the only 
 places of instruction for the poor in Madrid. -In 1844, three 
 free schools for each se.x were establi.shed in each of tiie 10 
 municipal districts into which the city is divided, and these 
 are attended by an aggregate number of about 4000 children. 
 There are also a number of infant school.s. The University 
 of Madrid, which arose out of that of Alcalii de Henares, 
 founded in the 15th century, stands in the N.W. qu,'irter of 
 the city. In the session of 1847^8, the matriculated stu- 
 dents amounted to 3637. There are besides, a normal school, 
 a deaf and dumb Institution, a normal school for the blind, 
 a commercial school, schools for engim-ers. a Conservatorio 
 de Musiea. an academy for the fine arts, with a gallery of 
 300 pictures, a veterinary college, an academy of medicine 
 and surgery, Ac. In the linen Retire stands the obsorva- 
 toi-y, constructed in the form of an Ionic temple. In 1843, 
 tlie newspapers of JIadrid amounted to about 46. or seven 
 times the number that existed ten years previously ; their 
 circulation is chiefly confined to the capital. 
 
 Commerce. Industry, &c. — The public exchange is held in 
 San Martin, from ten to three o'clock. A stock exchange, 
 or Bolsa de Commercio, was established in 1831, and as all 
 men in power use their official knowledge in taking advan- 
 tage of the turn of the market, the Bolsa divides with tlie 
 court and army the moving influence of every situacion or 
 crisis of the moment. The national bank, called de San 
 Fernando, was founded in 1827; it issues notes for 500 and 
 1000 reals, (§23 and $46.) which will not p-vsout of Madrid, 
 for all who are not MadrileBos, wisely prefer local dollars to 
 court paper. The circulation is about $580,000. A general 
 life and louse insurance company was only founded in 1842. 
 The chief industrial establishments are the royal manufac- 
 tories of porcelain and carpets, manufactories of tapestry, 
 silver work, buttons, iron castings and machinery, coaches, 
 beer, paper, Ac. .K railway was opened between Madrid and 
 Aranjuez in 1851, and extended to Tembleque in 1853. This 
 was the second railway constructed in Spain. 
 
 Madrid occupies the site of the ancient Mantua Carpcta- 
 nnrum, called Majoritium, in the middle ages. Its import- 
 ance only commenced in 1563. when made the capital of Spain 
 by Phillip II. Madrid was held by the French from 1808 tf. 
 1812, and here Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the 
 throne of Spain. .It was the birth-place of many kings of 
 Spain, and many eminent men, among whom are Alonzo 
 de Ercilla, Ix)pez de Vega, Calderon de la Barca. Nunez, and 
 the brothers Velasquez. Pop. in 1860, 260,000; in 1857, 
 475,785. — .-Vdj. anVl iuhab. BIaprilenian inad-re-lee'ue-jn, 
 (Sp. M.\drileSo. md<l-ro-l6u'yo.) 
 
 1117 
 
MAD 
 
 MAi RIB, a metropolitan province of Spain, forming one 
 of tlie five into wliich New Castile is divided. Capital, 
 Madrid. Pop. 405.737. 
 
 MAD'itIO, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about 
 65 miles X W. olAugustJi. Pop. 491. 
 
 MADUID, a post-township in the Northei-n part of St. 
 Lawrence county. New Vorls, intersected by Grass River 
 and the Northern Railroad, on which it lias a station. 17 
 miles E. by N. of Ogdensburg. It contains Cohind)ia village 
 and t lie village or station of Madrid. (See Culumbia Vil- 
 lage.) Tlie population was 4S56 in 1850, since which a 
 new township named Waddington has been separated from 
 it. Some iron ore is found in the township. Population in 
 1860, 1978. 
 
 MADUIDEJOS, mid-re-DA/Hos, a town of Spain, province 
 and 40 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 5156. It stands in an 
 extensive plain, and is ancient and well built. 
 
 MADRIGAL, mid-re-gdl', a town of Spain, province and 
 35 miles X.N.W. of Avila. Pop. 2050. It is memorable as 
 the birth-place of Isabella of Castile. 
 
 MADUIGALE.TO, mdd-re-gd-lA'HO, a village of Spain, Es- 
 tremailura, on the Kuecas, 60 miles E. of Badajos. Pop. 986. 
 
 MADllIGUKKAS. mdd-re-g.'V'rds. a town of Spain, New 
 Castile. '24 miles S. of Albiicete. Pop. 2321. 
 
 MA/JjnLEXIAy&nd ilADRILENO. See Madrid. 
 
 MAD RIVER, a small stream of Grafton co., near the 
 centre of New Hampshire, falls into the Pemigewasset River. 
 
 MAD RIVER, of Washington CO.. Vermont, falls into 
 Onion River, about 7 miles below Montpelier. 
 
 MAD RIVER, a small stream of Litchfield CO., In the 
 N.AV. jiart of Connecticut, falls into the West branch of 
 Farmington River. 
 
 MAD RIVER, of Ohio, rises in the W. central part of the 
 state, and falls into the Miami River at Dayton. It is the 
 largest affluent of the Miami from the E. 
 
 MAD RIVER, a township, Champaign CO., Ohio. P. 2006- 
 
 MAD RIVER, a township in Clarke CO., Ohio. Pop. 17o7. 
 
 MAD- RIVER, a township, Montgomery co. Ohio. P. 2000. 
 
 MAD'KON, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 MADROXKRA. miid-rAn-yi/ri, a town of Spain, province 
 and 32 miles E. of Caceres. i'op. 1964. 
 
 MADURA, md-doo'ra, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 immediately X.K. of Java, with which it is included under 
 the Dutch government. Lat. 7° S., long. 113=' E. Area esti- 
 mated at 1330 square miles. Pop. 263,048. It is inferior in 
 fertility, and barely supports its population. Principal sea- 
 ports, Rankalan, Sumanap, and I'amakasan. 
 
 M.\DU1{.\, ml-doo'rd, (anc. Mmlura.) a fortified city of 
 Hindostan. ca^iital of a district of its own name, 270 miles 
 S.W,of M:idras, It is enclosed by old bastioned stone walls; 
 streets wide and regular, and public edifices magnificent. 
 Here are some of the most remarkable Hindoo buildings in 
 India, comprising a large palace, temple with pyramid.il 
 towers, and a celebrated choultry or inn, 312 feet in length, 
 and with fine columns and grotesiiue sculptures. Pop. 
 about 20.000. The British civil station is pleasantly situated 
 H miles S,W. 
 
 MADURA, STRAIT OF, the narrow channel separating 
 the island of Madura, at its W. end, from that of Java. 
 
 MADURA .IND DINDIGUL, dinMe-gCd/, a district of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, near the S. extremity of India, 
 having E. the (iulf of Manaar, Area, 10,700 .square miles! 
 Pop. in 1851, 1.756,791, It comprises the island of Ramis- 
 6er.am. Capital, Madura, 
 
 M.KANDliR, a river of Asia Minor. See SIender. 
 
 M.EHREN, See Moravia, 
 
 M.HLAR, MALAR, (Malar,) mi^ar, or MAELAREX, 
 mi/lar-fn, an extensive lake of East Sweden, stretching in- 
 land from the Baltic, for about 70 miles. Breadth from 2 
 to 23 miles; it contains 1300 islands. It has deep and clear 
 water, and at its E. end receives the river Arboga, by whicli, 
 and a canal, it is connected southward with Lake lijwlmnr. 
 Stockholm is situated on both sides of the strait connecting 
 it with the lialtic. 
 
 MAKL-CARUAIX, mJl-kaR'hi/. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Cotesdu-Nord, 22 miles S.W.of Guingamp, P, 2013. 
 
 MAELLA. m,Wl'yi or MAELLAS, n\ii-iVyiis, a town of 
 Spain. Aragon, 68 miles S.K. of Saragossa, Pop. 2945. 
 
 MAEL^TRO.M* or .MAL!<TROM, (M-ilstrUm,) uiAl'strum. 
 (This is freciuently pronounced mdl'strum, which acoonls 
 with the Dutch sound of ae ; but a or ae. in Swedish or 
 Norwegian, sounds like L) A whirlpool, off the X.W. coast 
 of Norway, immediately S.W. of Moskena?soe, the most 
 S. of the LofToden Isles, lat. 67° 48' N. and Ion. 12° E. It 
 presents the appearance of a rapid current, which runs alter- 
 nately 6 hours from N. to S., aud 6 hours from S. to X.. pro- 
 ducing immen.-e whirls. The depth of the water around, 
 jup|X>sed at one time to be t<X) great to admit of soundings. 
 has been ascertained not to exceed 20 fathoms, with a bot- 
 tom of rocks and white sand. The whirlpool is greatest 
 at high or low water ; and when the wind is N.W., and op- 
 
 • Literally, "mill-stream," so named probably from its whirl- 
 ing like a iiiill-stone, and crushing or breakiug whatever is 
 tbrow'i iuto it. 
 1118 
 
 MAQ 
 
 posed to the reflux of the waves, it att.ains its greatest fury, 
 and becomes extremely dangerous : but, in ordinary circum- 
 stances, it may be traversed without apprehension. 
 
 M.VENCLOCIIOG, min-klo^Kog, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Pembroke. 
 
 M.VER, mar or mir, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 MAKRKKKERKIIEM, nidr/kg-hirk'Hem. a village of 
 Belgium, province of East Flanders, ou the Maerke. 15 milen 
 S. of Ghent. Pop. 1844. 
 
 MAESCAR, mis/kar, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of 
 Brecon. 
 
 M.\ESE or M.^AS. a river of Europe. See Meuse. 
 
 MAKS MYXIS, mis min'is, a parish cf Soutli ^Valea, so. 
 of Brecon. 
 
 MAESTRICIIT, mds'trikt, (Dutch MmstricU, mas'triKt: 
 Ger. Masiricht, mSs'triKt; anc. T)-ajecHuin ad MiJsam,* 
 TrajecUum Supeh-iui), an irregularly fortified town of 
 Holland, cajiital of a province of Limburg. on the left 
 bank of the Meuse, liere crossed by a stone bridge, commu- 
 nic.^tillg with the suburb of Wyk, (Wijk,) also included 
 within the walls of the fortress, which are about 5 miles 
 in circuit, is situated on the Belgian frontier, 56 miles E, 
 of Brussels, and 62 miles W. by S^of Cologne; lat. 50° 51' 
 7" X., Ion. 5° 41' 9" E. It is esteemed one of the strongest 
 fortresses in Europe ; and, by opening sluices, can place the 
 surrounding district all under water. In the Vrijthof, a 
 large quadrangle, planted with trees, William de la Marck, 
 surnamed •• le sanglier" (boar) of Ardennes, was beheaded, 
 in 14S5. . The noteworthy buildings are the Town-hall (Stad- 
 huis), the courts and general prison, the commandant's 
 house, and the arsenal. Mae.stricht has several liarracks, 
 a military and several other hospitals ; 4 Ropian Catholic 
 and 2 I'rotestant churches, and a synagogue ; an athenajum, 
 in which I^atin, Greek, German, Dutch, and other branches 
 of education are taught; and formerly hail numerous mo- 
 nasteries and nunneries. It carries on an ax-tive transit and 
 smuggling trade with Belgium, and has manufactures of 
 glass and earthenware, pipes, fire-arms, shot, cloth, pins, 
 sealing-wax, 2 iron foundries. 3 manufactories of paper- 
 hangings, 3 beet-root sugar-refineries, 21 distilleries, and 
 32 breweries. Maestricht was besieged in 1579, by the 
 Spaniards, under tlie Duke of Parma, and 8000 of its inha- 
 bitants were massacred; in 1673, it was taken by Louis 
 XIV., and again by the French in 1748 and 1794; and, in 
 1830, its garrison resisted successfully the attacks of the 
 insurgent Belgians. Pop. in 1863, 28,348. 
 
 MAESVCK, md'sik, a town of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 burg, on the Meuse, 17 miles N.N'.E. of Maestricht. Hubert 
 Van Eyck, a celebrated painter, and his brother. John Van 
 Eyck. also known as John of Bruges, the reputed inventor 
 of oil-painting, were natives of this place. Pop. 4145. 
 
 M.\ KTER, md'ter, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders. 15 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 3602. 
 
 MAFKKRSDORF, nidPfers-doRf, a village of Bohemia, on 
 the Neisse, 57 miles X,X,E, of Prague. Pop. 2670. 
 
 M.\FRA, md'frd, a town of Portugal, province of Estrema- 
 dura, near the Atlantic, 18 miles X,^\'. of Lisbon, It ig 
 celebrated for its vast and magnificent pile of buildings, 
 erected by John V,, in 1717, in imitation of the E«(urial of 
 Spain. It is in the form of a quadrangle, mea.suring 760 
 feet by 670 feet, and includes a magnificent church, adorned 
 with numerous fine marble columns, a royal palace, a col- 
 lege, with a library of about 50.000 volumes, and a monas- 
 tery, with 300 cells. Pop, 3250. 
 
 MAG.\CELA, md-gil-th,Vld, a town of Spain, Estremadura, 
 55 miles E,S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 1114. 
 
 5HGADIX0, md-gd-dee'no, a villageof Switzerland, canton 
 of Ticino, on Lago Maggiore, at the mouth of the Ticiuo, 
 5j miles S.W. of Rellinzona. It is a station for steamers. 
 
 -M.VG.XDOXO. mait-a-dox'o, (Port. pron. md-ad-do'sho.) writ 
 ten also MAOADOXA! MUKDEESH A. muk-dee/slii and MA 
 KADISIIU, md-kddee'shoo, a maritime town of Ea.*t .Africa, 
 capital of a state, and tlie chief commercial entrepot between 
 Cape Gardafui and tlie river J uba, on the Indian Ocean, in lat. 
 2° 2' X.. Ion. 45° 25' E. Pop. with suburbs, between .3000 and 
 4000. The town is enclosed by stone walls, and divided into 
 two parts, one composed wholly of tombs; the otlier. com- 
 prising about 150 stone, and many wooden liouses. a liicsque, 
 and .several minarets, of Arabian architecture. The exports 
 comprise ivory, gums, and some p<«uliar cloths; principal 
 import-s. sugar, dates, salt-fish, arms, and .slaves. The popu- 
 lation of its kingdom settled on the Ilaiuesand Jubb Rivers 
 is estimated at 150,000. 
 
 MAGALHAKXS, STRAIT OF, See M.^qellan. 
 
 MAG.\LLON', md-gdl-yon', a town of Spain, Aragon, 35 
 miles W,X,W, of Saragossa, Pop, 2044, 
 
 M.\G.\N, md-gdn', a village of Spain, New Castile, S miles 
 from Toledo. Pop. 952. 
 
 M.\ODALA, mdo'dd-l3, a town of Germany, Saxe- Weimar, 
 on the Madel, 5 miles E.XE. of Blaukeuhayn, Pop, 675. 
 
 * MaeMrtcht is supposed to be a corruption of Trnjitrhim ad 
 Monam or Monie T^ojWIum, i. e., the "bridge or pai>Aa.!re of thu 
 Meuse," there having been a bridge over the river, at 'his pln^-o, 
 in very early times. 
 
MAG 
 
 MAG 
 
 MAODALA. mag'da-la, (Arah. El Mfjdd, m?j'(3el: Hebrew 
 iliylJaU) a village of'l'al(?stiiie, pashalic of Acre, on the W. 
 Bide of the Lake of Tiberias. 
 
 MAODALKX, mag'da-lim, (Channel or Sound.) Terra del 
 Fuego, is a branch of the Strait of Magellan, Ion. 71° W., 
 between Clarence and Dawson Islands. Off its S.K. coa.st is 
 Mount Sarniieuto, 6800 feet in height, and on its AV. side is 
 a tolerable harbor. 
 M.^OD-iLK'NA, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia. 
 MAGDALEXA, mSgdS-lA'nd, a cavern in Illyria, Carin- 
 thia. jTOVernment of Ijaybach, 3 miles from the cavern of 
 Adelsberg. 
 
 MAODALKXA. mag-dJ-li'tiS. a sm.all island in the Medi- 
 terranean, off the N.E. coast of Sardinia. Lat. 41^^ 13' 4" N., 
 Ion. 9° 24' E. 
 
 MAGDALENA, ma^-da-lee'na, (Sp. pron. mJg-dJ-l.Vnd,) a 
 river of South America, and, next to the Orinoiv), the prin- 
 cipal in New Grnnada, rises at the frontier of Ecuador, lat. 
 2° X.. Ion. 76° VV., flows X.. and enters the Caribbean Sea, 
 lat. 11° N., Ion. 75° W. Total course estimated at 900 miles, 
 for more than half of which it is navigable. Principal 
 tributaries, the Cauca and the Galinazo. Above Honda it 
 divides, to enclose the Island de Morales, 40 miles in length. 
 Its curri'nt is very rapid, and its navigation dangerous ; but 
 it is still the main route of communication between the 
 interior of Xew (Jrauada and the sea. 
 
 M.^GDALENA, the most northern department of New 
 Granada, South America, having E. Venezuela, and N. the 
 CariblHsan Sea. Estimated area. 54,000 square miles. I'op. 
 253.521. Surface vers' diversified, two cordilleras of the 
 Andes covering its S. and E. portions. It is divided into 
 the proviiican of Cartagena, (its capital,) Santa Marta, liio 
 Hachd, and Mompox, its chief towns. 
 
 M.VGDALEN A. called also the UBAIIY,oo-bJ-hee', BRAN- 
 CO. br.in'ko, and SAN .MIGUEL, sdn me-ghM', a large river 
 of Bolivia. In its earlk>r course it Is called the C'hiquitos; it 
 issues fmm Lake L'bahy. lat. 18° 20' S.. and flows X.N.W. to 
 about lat. 16° S., when it assumes one or other of the names 
 above (juoted. and ultimately falls into the Itene/, or (iua- 
 pore. in lat. 12° 20' S.. Ian. m° 5' W. Its entire length, 
 including the Chiquitos. is upwards of 500 miles. 
 
 M.UJDALE'X A. a lake of Bolivia. lat. 14° 5' S., loil. 64° 25' 
 W., al)Out 12 miles long and 5 miles broad. 
 
 M.\GD.\LEXA, a small town or village of Bolivia, on the 
 Magdalena. lat. 13° 51' S., Ion. 64° 31' W. 
 
 SIAtiDALE.N'A, a town of Mexico, state of Sonora. on a 
 branch of Sonora River. The stationary population is aliout 
 1500 ; but at the festival of San Francisco it is increased to 
 10.000 or 12.000. 
 
 MAGDALE'XA, a bay of Lower California, in which is the 
 Island of Santa Margarita. 
 
 MAGD.VLEXA, mag-da-Iee'na or mdg-dA-l!\'nd, the most 
 southern of the Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. It has a 
 harbor on its S. side. 
 
 MAGDALE'X'.\, an island of Senegambia, near the coast, 
 S. of Cape Verd. 
 
 MAG'DALEN ISLANDS, a group situated near the 
 centre of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, directly in the track 
 of vessels bound up the gulf for Quebec. 54 miles N.W. 
 of Cape Breton, and 100 miles W.S.W. of the nearest point 
 of Newfoundland. Including Bird and Biron islands, 
 the whole length of the range, in a N.E. direction, is atmut 
 66 miles. Coffin's Island, the largest of the group, is 25 
 miles long, but very narrow. Amherst Island is nearly 6 
 miles in length, and Si- in width^and contains the best har- 
 bor in the chain. Gypsum is found in the hollows and ba- 
 sins of the islands, and occasionally in veins. This mineral 
 forms an important article of export. The principal depend- 
 ence of the inhabitants is upon the cod fishery, although 
 they prosecute the herring and seal fisheries to some extent. 
 The value of fish exported in 1S4S. was $224,000. besides 
 which it is believwl that large quantities were taken away 
 in vessels not cleared at the custom-house. The Miurdalen 
 Islands were formerly attached to the government of New- 
 foundland, but at present are under the jurisdiction of the 
 Canadian government. They were granted by the British 
 government to Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, for distinguished 
 services, and by him were bequeathed in strict entail to 
 his nephew. Captain .lohn Town.send Coffin, the present 
 proprietor, and to his heirs for ever. Pop. about 2000; a 
 majoritv of whom are French Acadians. 
 
 MAGbKBXJRG. magMe-biirg. (Ger. pron. mio'deh-bfioRo'. 
 Fr. Ma/fdi'baurfj. mrigVleh-boon'; L. ilagdfhur>gum.) a town 
 of Prussia, capital of a government and of the province of 
 Saxony, on the Ellie. 76 miles W.S.W. of Berlin. It ranks as a 
 fortress ot the first class, and is regarded one of the strongest 
 places in Europe. The Elbe here forms several branches, and 
 divides the town into three parts — the town proper, which, on 
 the land side, is regularly fortified, and. towards the river, 
 defende<l by Forts Sternschanze and Scharnhorst: the Wer- 
 der. with its citailel: and Kreilerickst.adt. likewise strongly 
 fortifi'^d. These different parts communicate with each other 
 by several bridges. The houses are, for the most part, large 
 nndhandsoni"; buta great numberof the streets ar<' narrow. 
 Ihu principal squares are the New Market or Domplatz, and 
 
 the Old Market, which is decorated with an eqnemnan 
 statue of the Emperor Otho, erected in 973. A fine walk la 
 furnished by the FUrstenwall, a well-planted terrace or 
 parade ground, along the margin of the Elbe. The build 
 ings most deserving of notice are the DomkircheorCHtbeilral, 
 one of the noblest gothic structuics of Noribern Germany, 
 erected in the 13th and 14th centuries : St. Sebastian's Chunh, 
 in which is the grave of Otto Guericke, the inventor of the 
 air-pump; and the .Marien, or Roman Catholic Church, older 
 even than the Cathedral. Magdeburg possesses numerous 
 benevolent institutions and etlucational establishments. 
 Among the former are 5 hospitals, and 3 orphan asylums; 
 among the latter a cathedral gymnasium, pa'dagogium, 
 normal seminary, medical, industrial, and several othei 
 schools, institution for the deaf and dumb, &c. The manu- 
 fiu-tures consist principally of woollen, linen, and cotton 
 cloth, silk ribbons, leather, gloves, soap, and candles. There 
 are, also, several beet-sugar and chiccory factories, breweries, 
 distilleries, and oil works. The trade is extensive, and 
 derives great facilities from tlie position of the town on the 
 Elbe, the canal connecting this river with the Havel, and 
 the railroads communiaiting with Leipsic, Ilalle. Berlin, and 
 Hamburg. The principal article? «re corn, wood, coals, wine, 
 and colonial produce. Magdeburg is mentioned in the 
 records of the eighth century. It early distinguished itself 
 in the Reformation, and long exerted a powerful influence 
 in its favor. In 1631 it was tjiken by storm, and given up 
 to indiscriminate mns.sacre, by the brutal Tilly, The most 
 hoiTible atrocities were committed. A chui'ch, in which 
 hundreds of women and children had taken refuge, was 
 nailed up, to prevent escap»>, and then burned. Above 
 20,000 people were murdered, and the greater part of the 
 town was laid in ashes. It was taKen liy the Fremh in 1806, 
 and annexed to the kingdom of Westphalia. Otto Guericke, 
 Immermann, and Zschokke. were born here. Pop. in 1816, 
 34,808 ; in 1S61, with suburbs. 78,665. 
 
 M.\(iDEBURG. a government of Prussia, is bounded N. by 
 Mecklenburg and ilanover. Area 4484 English square 
 miles, divided into 14 circles. Pop. in 1849. 691.377. 
 
 MAGl5. md-zh.V, a town of Brazil, province and 16 miles 
 E.X.E. of Rio de .Janeiro, on the river Mage, near its mouth 
 in the Bav of Rio. 
 
 .MAGEE'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Yallobusha co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 MAGELAXG, md'ga-ling', a village of Java, capital of the 
 province of Kadoe, 40 miles S.W. of Samarang, 1377 feet 
 above sea-level. 
 
 MAGELLAN, m3;jeI1an. (Sp. pron. m,4-iifl-van'.)' or 
 MAGALHAEXS. (mi-giJl-y^'fNs.) STRAIT oi", divides the 
 continent of South America from the island of Terra del 
 Fuego: the E. entrance is formed by Cape di; la Virjiines, on 
 the nniinland, and by Cape del Espiritu .'^nnto. (Queen Cathe- 
 rine's Forel.ind,) on one of the largest "(stands composing 
 Terra del Fuego. extending between lat. 52° 10' and 55° S., 
 and Ion. 68° 20' and 75° W. It is upwards of 300 miles long, 
 and is oi difficult navigation. The tides in the sfiait reach 
 an elevation of alx>ut 50 feet, the highest point they attain 
 on the Pat.igouian coast. The strait was discovered in 1520, 
 by Magalhaens, the great Portuguese navigator, then in the 
 service of Spain, and called, in honor of him. the Strait of 
 JIagalliaens. The Spaniards changeil the name to Magellan. 
 
 .^l AGEXT.\, rod-.j6n't4, a town of Northern Italy, 2+ miles 
 N.W. of Pavia. Pop. 5170. A great battle was fought here 
 l>etweeH the Austrian and tiio allied French and t-ardinian 
 army, June 4, 1859; the allies were victorious. 
 
 M.AGEROE, (Slageriie.) mag'er-o orm.'i/gher-iiVh. an island 
 of the Arctic Ocean, belonging to Norway, terminating N. 
 by the North Cape, in lat. 71° 10' N., Ion. 25° 50' E. It is 
 inhaliited by a few Norwegian and Lai>pish families. 
 
 MA'GERVILLE, a town of New Brunswick, capital of 
 Sunbury co., situated in the valley of the .St. John".s. 
 
 MAGGERI, mflg'ge-tee\ or JIANGRY. mSng'gree, a town 
 of Hindostan, Mysore dominion, 22 miles W. of Banga- 
 lore, with some iron works; iron ore abounding in its vici- 
 nity. 
 
 MAOGIORE, LAKE, Italy. See Lago-Maooiore. 
 
 MAGHERA. min/er-a. a market-town and parish of Ire- 
 land. Ulster, CO. of Loiidonderry, 20 miles S. of Coleraine. 
 Pop. of town, 1123. 
 
 MAGIPERACLOO'NEY, (manVr-a-kloo'nee,) a pari.sh of 
 Ireland. Ulster, co, of Monaghan. 
 
 MAGIPEKACROSS'. a p«rish of Ireland, Ulster, counties 
 of Fermanagh, and Tyrone. 
 
 ISIAGIFERACULMO'NEY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. 
 of Fermanagh. 
 
 MAGH'ERADROLL', a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Down. 
 
 MAGIPERAFELT', a market-town and pari,«h of Ireland, 
 Ulster, CO, of Londonderry, 26 miles S. of Coleraine. Pop. 
 of town, 1560. 
 
 MAGirERALIN', or MARALTN, a parish of Ireland, 
 Ulster, counties of Down and Armagh. 
 
 MAGHERNO. mS-ghjR'no. a village of Northern Italy, 
 government of Milan. 4 miles E.S.E. of P.avin. Pop. 1.358. 
 
 MAOHKIBEE, mSg'rp-bee\ a considerable village of Sinde, 
 
 1119 
 
MAG 
 
 on a navigable arm of the Indus, in its delta, 42 miles S.S.E. 
 of Tattah. I 'op. 5000. 
 
 mac; HULL', a ohapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, with 
 a station on the Liverpool and Preston llailway, 4 miles 
 S.S.W. of Ormskirk. Pop. 1032. 
 
 MAGIXDANAO, an island of the Philippines. See Min- 
 danao. 
 
 MAGIOXE, ml-j6'ni, a village of Central Italy, 8 miles 
 W.N.W. of Perugia. 
 
 M.\CtISTERE, LA, IS mJVhisHaiR', a market-town of 
 France, department of Tarn-e^Garonne, 13 miles W.N.M'. 
 of .Moisi=ac. Pop. 1848. 
 
 J>lkGLXy!Soryi.\Gh\'S'D,mi''gl&-so',(L.Malia/numFulci- 
 men'siiim f) a village of the Sardinian States. Savoy, on the 
 Arvo. 11 miles E.S.E. of lionueville. Pop. 1925. 
 
 MAGLASS', a paritih of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Wexford. 
 
 MAGLIANO, mdl-yd'no, a village of Italy, on or near the 
 Tiber. 20 miles W. of Rieti. Pop. 1380. 
 
 M.\GLIA\0, a village of Italy, Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II., district of Avezzano. Pop. 1400. 
 
 MAGLIANO DI MOXDOVI, mdl-yd'no dee mon-do-vee', a 
 Tillage of Italy, Piedmont, province and 5 miles N.AV. of 
 Mondovi. Pop. 1618. 
 
 MAGLIANO GRANDE, mdl-yil'no grSn'd.i a town of Italy, 
 Naples, province of Principato Citra, 36 miles S.E. of Salerno. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 MAGLIE, m3l'ye-J. a city of Naples, province of Otranto, 
 19 miles E.N.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 3400. 
 
 MAGLOD, mdg-liid', a village of Hungary, 12 miles from 
 Pesth. I'op. 1583. 
 
 MAGNA-CAVALL0,man'ya-k3-vai1o, a village of Austrian 
 Italy, government of A'enice. E.S.E of Mantua, i'op. 1294. 
 
 M.\.GNAC-LAyAL. mJuVvakiavai', a town of France, de- 
 partment nf Haute-Vienne. 9 miles N.E. of Bellac. Pop. 1108. 
 
 M.\GXAC LK BOUKG, mJnVdk' leh booR, a market-town 
 of France, department of Haute-Vienne, 11 miles N.E. of St. 
 Yrieix. Pop. 1420. 
 
 M.\GNAO0, mdn-yj/go, a village of Northern It.ily, pro- 
 vince and W. of Milan. Pop. lOSO. 
 
 MAGNANO, mdn-yd'no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, 9 miles S. of Biella. Pop. 1706. 
 
 MAGNAVACCA, mSn'yd-vdk'ki, a village and seaport of 
 Italy, state of /Einili^, 30 miles E.S.E. of Ferrara, at the 
 mouth of the canal communicating with the Adriatic. 
 
 M.\.GNE. min^yd'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Deux-S»>vres, 4 miles W. of Niort. Pop. 1316. 
 
 ^AGNE.SIA (Ad Sipylcm.) See Manees.4. 
 
 MAGNETICAL ISLAND, an island on the S, coast of 
 Guatimala. off Port Pueblo; lat. $° 4' 6" N.. ion. 81° 47' W. 
 
 MAGNIiTICAL ISLAND, an island off the E. coast of 
 Australia, in Halifax B.^y. Lat. 19° 8' S., Ion. 146° 45' E. 
 Discovered by Cook in 1770. 
 
 M AONI. min'j^e', a village of France, department of Orne, 
 arrondiss-emont of Domfront. Pop. in 1852, 2879. 
 
 M.\.GNISI, mdn-yee'see, a promontorj', on the E. coast of 
 Sicily, 6 miles N. of Syracuse, forms theS. side of the harbor 
 of Aunrust.i. 
 
 MAGNO'LIA, a postrvill.-ige of Chautauqua co.. New York, 
 on Chautauqua I^ake, alxiut 7 miles S.E. of May.sville. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a ix>st-offlce of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 M.46N0LH, a post-office of AVashington co.. Virginia. 
 
 M.\GNOI>IA, a postK)fflce of Clinch CO., Georgia. 
 
 M.\GNOLI.\, a postK)ffice of Yazoo co., Mis.sissippi. 
 
 MAGNOLI.i, a po.st-office of Anderson co.. Texas. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a post-office of Ja Rue co., Kentucky. 
 
 M.^GNOI^IA, a post-village of Stark co.. Ohio. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a post-village of Putnam co., Illinois, 100 
 miles N. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 MAGNOIJA, a post-township and village of Rock co., 
 Wisconsin, 15 miles W. of Janesville. Pop. 1120. 
 
 MAGNOLIA SPRINGS, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas. 
 
 M.\GNY, m.ln'yee', a town of France, department of Seine- 
 •t-Oise. 11 miles N. of Mantes, on the Aubette. Pop. 1300. 
 
 MAGO(;S, mi'goch', a village of Hungary, 15 miles from 
 FUnfkirchen. Pop. 2743. 
 
 MAGOF'FINSVI LLE, a town of Texas, co. of San Antonio, 
 on the Rio Grande, opposite El Paso, founded since the 
 Mexican war, and has 6 or 8 stores. 
 
 MA'GOG. a post-village of Canada East. co. of Stanstead, 
 80 miles E. of Montreal, and 20 miles from Stanstead. 
 
 MAGOO, mi'goo'. or M.\KOO, md'koo', a town of Persia, 
 province of Azerbaijan, 56 miles N.N.AV. of Khoi. Here is 
 a remarkable cavern, and the river Magoo is crossed by a 
 natural bridge of lava. 
 
 MA'GOIl, a parish of England, co, of Monmouth. 
 
 MAGRA, mj'grd, (anc. Ma'cra.) a river of North Italy, 
 after a S. course of 35 miles, enters the Mediterranean, 
 (GtUf of Genoa.) 2 miles E. of the Gulf of Spezia. 
 
 M.UiSTADT, mifi'stdtt, a market-town of WUrtemberg, 
 circle of Neckar, 11 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1937. 
 
 M.A.OLKI/)NNE, md'gheh lonn', an islet, or rather a pe- 
 ninsula, of France, department of Herault. above 1 mile 
 long and aljoiit 5 miles from Montpellier. It once was the 
 site of a town of some celebrity in the lustory of Languedoc. 
 
 MAH 
 
 5IA6T7ELONNE, a lagoon of Southern France, department 
 of Herault, 4 miles S. of Montpellier. Length 17 miles. 
 
 MAGUIRE'S (ma-2wirz') BRIDGE, a market-town of Ire- 
 land, Ulster, CO. of Fermanagh, on Colebrook River, 7 miles 
 S.E. of Enniskillen. Pop. 685. 
 
 M.\GUIRE"S STORE, a post-office of Washington co.. Ark. 
 
 MAGUS MUIR, Scotland, co. of Fife. See St, .\ni>retvs. 
 
 MAGYAR-BENYK, m(5d'yoR/-l)Jn\v.i/, or BENDORF, b^n'. 
 doRf, a village of Austria, Transylvania, 26 miles S.E. of 
 Kokelburg. Pop. 1009. 
 
 M.\GYAR, NAGY, nodj mSdViJR/, or GROSS MAGEX- 
 DORF, groce mdg'en-doRr, a village of HunRary, 13 miles 
 from Presburg. Pop. 1301. 
 
 JIAGYAISO, mod>d'ro\ u village of Transylvania, oo. of 
 Thorenburg, near Thonla, I'op. 1037. 
 
 M.\GYAR ORSZ.\G. See Hungart. 
 
 MAGYAROS. mM'yfir'osh', or NUSSBACH, n.V.s'blK, a 
 village of TransjMvania, 27 miles from Kronstadt, on tha 
 Aloota. (Aluta.) Pop. 1468. 
 
 MAGYAR OVAR, a village of Hungary. See Altenburo. 
 
 MAHABALII'OOR, md-hd'bd-le-pooi-', a town of British 
 India. Bengal, on tlie Soue, 37 miles S.W. of I'atna. 
 
 MAHABALI1'<)0RAM, md-hd-bdMe-poo-ram', a town of 
 British India, 35 miles S. of Madra.«,- on the Carnatic 
 Coa-st; near are some remarkable Hindoo temples and 
 excavations. 
 
 MAI1ABI,ESIIWUR fmd-hd-blfsh-wnr') HILLS, a conva- 
 lescent station of British India, presidency and 80 miles 
 .S.E. of Bombay, in the ghauts of the Concan. Lat. 17° 56' 
 N., Ion. 7-3° 30* AV. Elevation aliove the sea about 4500 feet. 
 The village here consists of about 70 dwellings, with .1 sana- 
 torium, having 8 sets of quarters, a churrh» prison, and 
 subscription library. It was founded bv Sir J, Malcolm in 
 1828. 
 
 >IAII.\DE0, md-hd-d.Vo, a famous Hindoo temple of Bri- 
 tish India, Bengal, 60 miles S.E. of Hosungabad. 
 
 M.\HA'L.\, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 51.\HANADA, nid-bd-nd'dd, a river of Hindostan, ^oins 
 tlie Ganges 30 miles N, of Moorshedab*!. after a course of 
 250 miles. 
 
 MAII.^NOY', a post-office of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 .MAHANOY CREEK, of Northumberland CO., Pennsylva-. 
 nia, falls into the North Branch of the Susquehanna. 
 
 M.iHANOY MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, is situated on 
 the N. side of Mahanoy Creek. It traver.ses the northern 
 part of Schuylkill county, and then extends westerly nearly 
 through Northumberland. The whole length is above 30 
 miles. 
 
 M AIIAN'S'. a station on the .\labama and Tennessee Rivers 
 Railrojid, 5 miles from Montevallo. 
 
 MAHANTAN'GO CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in 
 Schuvlkill CO.. and iiows into the Susquehanna. 
 
 JIAHANUDDY, md-ha-nud'dee. {i.e. "the great river,") 
 a consiilerable river of India, Berar and Bengal dominions, 
 after an E. course of 500 miles, enters the Bay of Bengal by 
 nujnerous mouths, di.^trict and S.E. of Outtack. Though 
 fordable as low as Cuttack from January to June, during 
 the rains, it is here 2 miles in width. 1 mile across at Sunib- 
 hulpoor. and navigable for almost 300 miles from its mouth. 
 
 MAHAR.\JEGUNGE, mil'ha-rdj-guuy, a town of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal. 35 miles N.E. of I'urneah. 
 
 .MAHARAJEGUNGE. a town of Bundelcund, 32 miles 
 E.S.E. of Teary. Lat. 24° 35' N., Ion, 79° 23' E, 
 
 M.\H.\S'KA. a county in the S.E. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 576 square mile.>i. It is intersected* by 
 the DeS Moines and by the North and South Forks of 
 Skunk River, which all flow in a S.E. direction. It is also 
 drained by numerous creeks. The surface in some parts is 
 level, and in others rolling; and is tiuely diversified with 
 prairies and woodlands. The prairies are of moderate ex- 
 tent, and separated by large Ixxlies of heavy timljcr. distri- 
 liuted along the rivers and creeks. The soil is deep, and 
 very productive. Stone-coal is abundant, and extensive 
 beds of limestone are found. Mahaska co., is intersected 
 by the Des Moines Valley Rivilroad. The jwssession of the 
 soil was given by the aborigines to the whit.-s in 1843. Or- 
 ganized in 1844." Capital, Oskaloosa. Pop. 14,>>lti. 
 
 MAHAVILLYGUNGA, md-hd-vil-Ie-gun'g,d, the principal 
 river of Ceylon, rises in the centre of the island, flows N. 
 past Kandy and Bintenne, and enters the Indian Ocean by 
 several mouths. S, of Trincomalee. It receives numerous 
 affluents, but its navigation is greatly impeded by shoals. 
 
 M.\Hfi, md'hd', a town of India, belonging to the French, 
 Malabar Coast, on a river navigable for vessels of 50 tons, 
 38 miles N.N.W. of Calicut. Lat. 11° 42' N., Ion. 75° 38' 16* 
 E. Pop. in 1849, 3341. 
 
 M AHl^:, an island of the Indian Ocean. See Setchellesi 
 
 S1.\II1;B0URG, md^hAMxKiR/, a town of the Mauritiu.-, on 
 its S.E. coast, with a good harbor, opened to foreign shipping 
 in 1836. 
 
 MAHEE, a town of India. See MahS. 
 
 MAHEIDI'OOR. md-hidpoor', or MEHIDPOOR. mfh-hij- 
 pooH, a town of Hindostan, Gwalior dominio'.s, 22 miles N. 
 of Oojeia. The British defeated the Patau troops here in 1817. 
 
MAH 
 
 MAIIIM, ma^heem', or md^heex"', a populous town of 
 British Imliii, on tlic island of Donibay, has a I'onugueso 
 church and a Itoninn Catholic college. 
 
 MAIUM. a town of Hiitish India, presidency of Bengal, 
 65 mil.s AV.N.W". of Delhi. 
 
 MAlILJ5KK(r, m^l'lMRG, a town of Baden, circle of Upper 
 Rhine. L'i mile.i N.K. of Etteuheim. I'op. HkS8. 
 
 MAIINIUDHOOH, mdh'mr.d-poor', a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal. 95 miles N.K. of Calcutta. 
 
 SlAllilBA. md-hL^/bi, an ancient ruined town of Hindos- 
 tan, Bundelcund, 32 miles S.W. of Banda; in and aliout 
 which are some striking architectural remains. 
 
 MAIIi)MElVI\UA.\-KA-TAM)A, md-hora'^d^-kJu-ltd-tan'- 
 di. a town of Sinde, on a branch of the 1 ndus, 3U miles S.E. 
 of Hyderabad. It carries on a thriving trade with Cutch. 
 
 MAIlilM'ET. a po.'it-village of Champaign co., Illinois, on 
 the N. fork of the Sangamon, 80 miles K.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 MAi'D.N, Port, Minorca. See 1'ort Mahon. 
 
 MAIK >N', mi-hon', a town of Persia, province, and 22 miles 
 E. of KiM-man. 
 
 MA'llO.V. a pnstofiice of Huntingdon co., Indiana. 
 
 MAIIii.VA. miho'ni, a town of Uindostan, dominions, 
 and 34 niilea .S.W. of Gwalior. 
 
 MAIl >\E J!AY, a considerable bay on the S.E. coast of 
 Nova ."^(■•■tia. atK)ut 35 miles W.S.W. of Halifax. 
 
 SIAHi »/MNU. a riverwlilch rises in the N.l*;. part of Ohio, 
 and joins the Beaver Uiver in I'euiisylvania. The Penn- 
 sylvania and Ohio Canal extends along its lower part. 
 
 JIAUO.M.VO. a county in the E.N.E. part of Ohio, border- 
 ing on Pennsylvania, couUiins .103 square miles. It is 
 drained ^y the .Mahoning and Little Beaver Itivers. The 
 surface i.-' undulating; the snil is highly productive and 
 well cultivated. Extensive Ijeds of stone-coal and iron ore 
 have bi'.'ii opened. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes 
 through the co., ami the Pittsburg and Ft. Wayne U.K.. runs 
 near its ,S. border. M.ihoning Wiis formed out of Trumbull 
 and Columbiana counties, and was organized in 1S40, and 
 mimed from its principal river. Capital, Caufield. P. 2o,8y-l. 
 
 MAfti )XIivU, a former post-townsliip of Indiana CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, now divided into North, South, East, and ^Vest 
 Mahoning. 
 
 MAII >.\'I\G, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 14.;0. 
 
 .MAiroNINQ, a township of Montour co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. "iU. 
 
 MAHi >XINa, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio. 
 
 MAllt i.\l.\() CREEK, of l>ennsylvauia, falls into the Al- 
 leghanv Kiver. a few miles above Kittanning. 
 
 MAliiiXIXG MOU.NTAIN, 1'enn.sylvania. in Carbon co., 
 is situatfd on" the S.W. .side of the Lehigh River, aud on the 
 S.E. of .Malioniiig Creeli. 
 
 MAII )NTO.\'GA(or .MAIIANTAX'GA) MOUXTAIX. Penn- 
 sylvania, extends from the Su.«quehauua along the northern 
 border of Dauphin county. 
 
 MAIIi lO'PEAY, a towushipof Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 82S. 
 
 MAIL >OPEXY CREEK, of Pennsylvania,*nters the Sus- 
 quehanna in Wyoming county. 
 
 JlAlIi lOPEXY MOUXTAIX, Penn.sylvania. in the W. part 
 of Wyoming county, near the Mahoopeny Creek, an affluent 
 of the .Su.-.quehauna. It consists properly of two portions: 
 Big Mahooi^eny. near the S. W., and Little Mahoopeny, in 
 the N.^V. part of the county. Both of these mountains are 
 »purs of the Alleghany range. ^ 
 
 MAIIi)OR, md-hoor', a town of Indi.i, Deccan, Nizam's 
 dominions, on an affluent of the Wurdjih, 178 miles X.N.W. 
 f Hyd.-rabad. 
 
 M.\U( i'l'.\C. a post-office of Putnam co.. New York. 
 
 MAIIOPAC, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 MiVIIORA. md-ho'rd, a town of Spain, New Castile, 19 
 miles X. of Albacete. Pop. 1445. 
 
 MAII( >WL, mJ-howP, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal. 35 miles X.W. of Azimghur. 
 
 M.\IIi;AII. mdhWh. a tract on the S. coast of Arabia, 
 between Iladramaut and Curia or Kuria Jluria (Kuryan 
 Murlan ) Bay. It is mostly covered by the Shej<T and Suliahn 
 mountain ranges. ■ Mahndi is the country of the Mahra 
 tribe or nation. The name Mahrah has been displaced by 
 others of local origin ; the maritime portion of the country 
 being now generally called Shehr or El Shchr. In the 
 early part of the 17th century, the whole country, from 
 Dhofar to the W. limit of Hadramaut, was ruled by the king 
 or sultan c^f Shehr or Shejer. Mahrah exports 100 tons of 
 friinkincciise. with aloes, dragon's blood, and various gums, 
 aunuallv to India. 
 
 MAHi; ATTA (mdh-rat/ta) STATES, comprise most of the 
 principal states of Central Uindostan. viz. the Sattarab, 
 Gwalior. Xagpoor, Indore, Bandah, Colapoor, Dhar. and 
 Dewar dominions, having a united area estimated at 131.450 
 square miles. The Jlahratta Confederation rose into notice 
 under t^evajee in the middle of the 17 th century, and in the 
 ISth its jirissessions extended from the province of Agra to 
 Cape Coiiiorin ; but its power was soon afterwards liroken 
 by the British, to whom all the states which composed it are 
 now sul/^idiary. 
 
 3V 
 
 MAI 
 
 MAHREN. (.Miihren.) a country of Germany. See, Mohatia 
 
 MAHRLSCII-X EU.STADT, (Mahri.sch-Xeustadt,) m.Vrish- 
 noi'stdtt, a town of Moravia, on the railway between Praj^u* 
 and Vii-nna, 14 miles X.X.W. of Olmutz. J'op. .3500. 
 
 MAIIl!lj;CIl-iK>^Tl{AU,(Miihrisch-Ostrau,)m.i/rish-os'truW, 
 a town of Austria, circle of I'rerau. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MArrRT<rTT-TKni!ATT. nTShriscb-TriiKnn.) mVrish trll'- 
 IV.w. or MAIlRli^rilTRIBAUorTHIKBAU. m.Vrish tree/- 
 Ix^w. a town of Moravia. 27 miles X.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 3600. 
 
 M.MIY, a river of Uindostan. See Mhye. 
 
 MAIA. mi'd, a river of .-Liberia, governments of Okhotsk 
 and Yakoot-k. joins the Aldan, after a N. cour.se of 500 miles. 
 
 .MAI DA, mi'di, a small town of Naples, province of Calar 
 bria L'ltra. 7 miles S.E. of Nicastro. Pop. 2U00. Near this 
 the English defeated a sui)erior French force. 4th .July. 1809. 
 
 MAlb'EXBKAD'LEY, a parish of England, counties of 
 Sumcrsct inul Wilts. 
 
 .MAID'EX CREEK, an affluent of the Schuylkill River, in 
 Berks co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 M.VIDEX CRKiiK, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, CO miles E. of llarrisburg. Pop. 1531. 
 
 MAID'EXIIEAD, a municipal borough and town of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Berks, on the Tliauus, here crossed by an elegant 
 seven-arched stone bridge, aud by a viaduct of the Great 
 Western Railway, 20 miles W. of l.,ondon. Pop. in ISol, 
 3607. It is pictnresquiOy situatea. and has a railway station, 
 a hand-some modern chapel, au endowed school, almshouse, 
 and other charities. 
 
 MAIDKX-XEW'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 Jl.ilD'EXS, a cluster of rocks, oil tlie E. coast of Ireland, 
 in the Irish Sea, 6 miles E.N.E. of Larne Lighthouse. The 
 two highest rocks have each a lighthouse, with tixed white 
 lights. Eat. 54° 55' 0" N., Ion. 5^44' W. Elevation 84 and 
 94 feet. They are surroundi-'d by dangerous reefs. 
 
 JIAIDKX SPRIXG, a pustoffice of Tazewell co., Virginia. 
 
 M.VID'FOKD, a parish uf England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 M.\1DST0NE, ni.'id'st^n, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the 
 Medway. liere crossed by a five-arched liridge. and at the ter- 
 mination of a branch of the S.E. Railway. 7J miles E.S.B. 
 of Rochester. Pop. in 1851, 20,801. It is beautifully situated 
 on a slope in the central vale of Kent; has many curious 
 old hou.se.s, one of the largest and finest ancient parish 
 churches in England, known as " the pilgrim's cliapel," now 
 beautifully restored as a pla^e of worship ; a small grammar, 
 and other endowed schools, a prfiprietary school, numerous 
 alm.shouscs. and large charities; a former palace of the 
 Archbi.-hops of Canterbury; well-preserved ri'mains or a 
 conventual structure, partly converted into an agricultural 
 school; a town-hall and market-cross, large county jail and 
 house of correction; a county l.matic asylum, extensive 
 barnicks, neat theatre, library, philosophical society, me<ha<- 
 nics' institute, and several banks. In the Immc^diate vicinity 
 are numerous pai)er-mills, with some of the most productive 
 hop grounds and orcharils in England, and valuable quar- 
 ries of stone, exported by the Jledway, which is navigable 
 here for ves.sels of 60 tons. Trade is thriving, and the town 
 increasing. The streets are lighted with gas. The borough 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. It gives the 
 title of A'iscount to the Fincli family. Maidstone w.as an 
 important city of the early Britons. In the reign of Henry 
 VIII., the first English hops were rai.scd here. In 1648, the 
 town was tw ice stormed by the Parliamentary forces. In the 
 vicinity is The Moat, a seat of the Earl of Romney. 
 
 31A1D'.'^T0NE, a town.ship of E.ssex co., Vermont. P. 259. 
 
 MAID'^VELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 MAILAXD. a town of Lower Austria, See Milan. 
 
 M.\l LBEl'.O, a town of Germany. See Maluerg. 
 
 JIAlLCOTTA,.mIl-koftd, a town of Uindostan, J^ysore, 
 17 miles N. of .*eringapatam. It has several pagodas. 
 
 MAILLE, mJI, a village of France, department of Vienne, 
 9 miles S.S.E. of Fontenay-le-Comte. Pop. 1015. 
 
 JIAILLERAYE, LA, Id mAh'yeh-r.V, (L. Mesirilettim.) a 
 hamlet of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, 13 miles 
 W.N.W. of Rouen, with a fine chateau and park, on the left 
 bank of the Seine. Pop. 800. 
 
 M.\ILLEZ.\IS. m?th^yeh-zi/, a town of Northern France, de- 
 partment of Vendee, 7 miles S.S.E. of Fontenay. Pop. 1350. 
 
 MAIMAITCHIN, MAIMAICHIX, ml-mi-chin' or ml-mi- 
 cheen/, or M AI-MA-TCHIX, mi'md-cheen'. written also MAI- 
 MACHEN, i. e. " Place of Trade,'^ a village of Mongolia, im- 
 mediately opposite Kiakh.a, on the Russian frontier, and 
 the entrepot of the Chinese trade with Russia, iro miles N. 
 W. of Oorga. It is commanded by an adjacent hill fortress, 
 is enclosed by a palisade, regularly laid out. and inhabited 
 by from 1200 to 1500 males, no women being allowed here. 
 
 JIAIMUND, mi-mtind', a town of AVest Afghanistan, 34 
 miles S.W. of Candahar, in lat. 31° 42' X., Ion. 64° 61' E. 
 
 MAIX, m.An. a river of Ireland, Lister, co. of Antrim, 
 enters Lough Neagh after a S. course of 30 miles. 
 
 MAIN, min. a river of Siberia, which joins the Anadeer 
 (Anadyr) after a N. course of 180 miles. 
 
 MAIN", mdn, a fort of British America, district of East 
 Main, at the mouth of the East Main River, in .James's Bay 
 
 MAIN, MAYN, or MAINE, man, (Ger. pron. mIn,) (anc. 
 
 1121 
 
MAI 
 
 Momus, Mcmus, Mienii or Menus.) a navifrablo rirer of Ger- ! 
 muuy. rises by two streims, Uie Ked and White .Main, in the : 
 Fichtelberg Mountains. North Itevaria. flows very tortuously 
 W.. anJ joins the Khine opposite Jlentz. Length 280 miles. 
 It IS naviu'able from the Kegnitz (2-10 miles) to the Khine. I 
 Chief affluents, on the left, KegniU and Taubtr, and on 
 the right, the Snale. 
 
 MAI.NA, mi'ud, a district of Greece, consisting of the S. 
 extremity of the Morea, between the gulfs of Koron and 
 Kolokythia, composing most part of the government of 
 Laconia. The inhabitants, who were never fully conquered 
 by the Turks, long lived in a rude feudal state, subsisting 
 mainly by brigandage and piracv. 
 
 MAIN A, (anc. Hippolaf) a village of Greece, on the Gulf 
 of Koron, 14 miles X.N.W. of Cape JIatapan. 
 
 MAINA, mi'nd, a town of India, Bhopaul dominion, near 
 Aflita. 
 
 MAIXBETIXIIEIM, mln-bfRn'hime, a market-town of 
 Bavaria. 15 miles E.S.E. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1633. 
 
 MAIXBUKG, min'booRG. a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 
 ?r miles S.S.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1025. 
 
 MAINE, min or mto, a river of France, joins the Sevre- 
 Nantaise, about 4 miles above Nantes. Its course, about 30 
 miles, is partly navigable. 
 
 MAINE, a river of France, which falls into the Loire on 
 the right, after a navigable course of 7 miles. 
 
 M.\INE. Le. lehmJn.(L. Ctnomaniaf) an ancient province 
 of France, bounded N. by Normandy, E. by Orleaunais. S. 
 by Aujou and Xouraine, and, with Perche. constituted a 
 general military government. Its capifcil was Le Jlans. It 
 is now included in the departments of Sartho .°.nd Mayenne. 
 
 M.\INE, m:iu, a river of Ireland, after a course of about 18 
 miles, falls into Cnstlemaine harbor, whence it is navigable 
 to the villaire of Castlemaine. 
 
 MAINE, ui.An. the largest of the New England States, and 
 the most easterly of the United States, is bounded on the N. 
 by C^inada East, i^from which it is separated by the St. John's 
 River,) on the E. by New Brunswick. S. by the .Atlantic 
 Ocean, and W. bv New Hampshire and Canada East. It 
 lies between 4:3° 5' and 47^ 30' N. lat., and between 66° 50' 
 and 71° W. Ion., being about 250 miles in extreme length 
 from N. to S., and 190 in its greatest bre.-uUh from E. to ^V., 
 including an area of about 31,766 .«qviare miles, or 20,33tl,240 
 acres, of which only 2,704,133, or about one-eighth, were 
 improved in 1S60. 
 
 Face of the Chuntry. — A ridge of broken and detached 
 eminences, apparently an irregular continuation of the 
 White Mountains of New Ilamp.shire, extends along the 
 western side of Maine for some distance, and then crosses the 
 state in a N.E. direction, fonning a chain of scattered peaks, 
 which terminate in Mars Hill, on the eastern Ijoundary, 
 Mount Katahdin, the highest summit in Maine, and inferior 
 only to some of the higher peaks of the White Mountains. 
 * has an elevation of 53S5 feet above the sea-level. This 
 mountain is situated E. of Chesuncook Ijake, and a little 
 below the 4(itli degree of N. latitude. There are several 
 peaks varying from 1000 to 4000 feet in altitude. The ridge 
 of highlands ju.«t described separates the w^aters flowing N. 
 into the St. John's River from those flowing S. into the 
 Atlantic. Amid this group of mountains lie a nuuilvr of 
 beautiful lakes of considerable magnitude, .\nother range 
 of highlands, of from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation, sei^arates 
 Maine from Canada East, till it strikes tb.e head waters of the 
 St. John's River. The state is generally hilly and diver.«ifie<.I. 
 Along the coast, however, from 10 to 20 miles inland, there 
 are some small and marshy plains. Mount Desert, on an 
 island of the same name in Frenchman's Bay, has an eleva- 
 tion of more than 2000 feet, and forms a striking contrast 
 with the vast plain of waters around it, 
 
 Ninerals. — Maine is not distinguished for its mineral re- 
 sources, but iron, lime, and a fine building granite, are 
 extensively found. Copper pyrites occurs, according to Dr. 
 Jackson, in small quantities, at Dexter, Lubec. and Parson- 
 field. A. le!ui-mine, 4 miles from Lubec, was worked for a 
 few years. A small vein of lead and zinc ore has been dis- 
 covered at I^arsonfield. The most extensive deposit of iron 
 is on the .\roostook River, 50 miles from its mouth. Some 
 manganese is found in this deposit. Some of the marble 
 which abounds in the state, admits of a fine polish, particu- 
 larly in the neighborhood of Thomaston, and on the AV. 
 branch of the I'enobscot River. Slate of a fine quality for 
 roofing and for school purposes, is found between the sources 
 of the Keiinel>cc and the St. Johns River. 
 
 Hivers, iMi.ei, liai/s. &c. — The rivers of Maine are nume- 
 rous and important, affording near their sources, or on their 
 branches, sites for mills, with abundant water-power, and 
 furnishing, in the principal streams, channels for navisa- 
 Uon, down which are floate<l those vast quantities of lumber, 
 which constitute so important a source of the wealth of 
 the inhaliitants of this state. The Penob.scot and Kenne- 
 bec Rivers are the largest- and. traversing the interior of 
 lite statPk flow into the .\tlantic, after courses of from 200 
 U> 300 miles. The Penobscot River, in which the tide rises 
 from 20 to 25 feet, is navigable to Bangor. (60 miles,') for 
 large vessel*, llio Kennebec River is navigable 12 miles, 
 
 MAI 
 
 to Bath, for ships, to Hallowell (40 miles) for sloops, and to 
 Waterville (08 miles) for keel-boats. Tlie Androscoggin 
 River Issues from Unibagog Ljike. and pursuing a very 
 winding course through New Hampshire and Maine, joins 
 the Kennebec a few miles from the sea. The Sato liiver 
 rises in the W hite Mountains, in New Hampshire, .>nd pass- 
 ing through the celebrated Notch, empties into the Atlantic 
 in the S.W. part of Maine. The St. Croix River forms the 
 E, boundary for about 70 miles, and the St. John's River 
 the N. boundary for about 75 miles. The coast of Maine is 
 lined with islands, the principal of which are Mount Desert 
 Island, in F'renchman's Bay, Deer, Long, and Fo.\ Islands 
 in Penobscot Bay. It is indented with bays and inlets, 
 forming the greatest number of fine harbors pcsses-'ed 
 by any state in the Union. Commencing at the E., the 
 most importiint are the Passamaquoildy, ilacliias. Pleasant 
 River, Frenchman's, Penobscot, and C'asco Bays, besides 
 a number of smaller inlets, but all important to the 
 trade of the state. Maine is mirrored over with beautiful 
 sheets of water, some of them lakes of considerable magni- 
 tude, among the largest of which are Moo.sehead Luke. 35 
 miles long, Chesuncook Lake. 24 miles long. Miliinoket, 
 Schoodic, Eagle, Grand, Umbagog, Sebago, (and a number 
 of others with unpronounceable names.) which diversify 
 and give beauty to the landscape. So numerous are the 
 lakes and bays of Maine, that it has been estimated one- 
 tenth of its surface is covered with water. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tmirists. — If the scenery of Maine 
 was not overshadowed by the grandeur and fame of the 
 neighboring White Mountains of New Hampshire, it would 
 be the resort of crowds of admiring tourists. In addition 
 to its picturesque lakes and waterfalls. Momnt Katahdin 
 rears its bold summit to a height but little inferior to that 
 of Mount Washington, and commands a panorama scarcely 
 inferior in extent or grandeur. Sugar Loaf Jlountsiin, on 
 the Selx)ols River, though not quite 2000 feet in elevation, 
 is said to overlook 50 mountains and 17 lakes. Chase's 
 Mountain, in the same vicinity. Mars Hill, on the E^oun- 
 dary, (1506 feet high.) and Mounts Bigelow, SHddlfback, 
 Squaw. Bald. Blue. Speckled. Gilead. and other mountainp 
 on the W.. abound in sources of delight to the lover of the 
 romantic in nature. On Mount Desert Island, as has been 
 el.sew here stated, a mountain of the sjime name. 2000 feet 
 high, exhibits in striking contrast the grandeurs of the 
 ocean and the land, plea.'-ing the more by contrast, and 
 heightening the effect of each other. Some of the moun- 
 tains in the W. are said to attain an elevation of 4000 feet 
 Maine nlwunds in waterfiills, which comline. in a hiih de- 
 gree.- the picturesque and the useful, furnishing as they do, 
 the necessary motive power to her thousands of ri-irg manu- 
 factories. Near Lowiston. on the -Androscc^ggin River, the 
 water is precipitated over a broken le<lge for about 50 feet, 
 and employed for extensive cotton-mills. Godfrey's Falls in 
 the Seboois River, Rumford's Falls in the Androscoggin 
 River. Frye's Fall on a tributary of Ellis River, several fella 
 in the Kennebec River, at Waterville, Skowhegan, Nor- 
 ridgewock, and^olon. are all highly picturesque n! jects. 
 
 Climate. Sinl. and Prndurtirms. — The winters of Maine are 
 long and severe, but the cold generally steady, and free from 
 those frequent charges that prove so deleterious to health in 
 the states farther south. The summers ai-e short, the 
 period of vigoross vegetation scarcely lasting four months, 
 rendering it unfavorable to maize; but the late springs 
 favor apples, pears, plums, and melons, because they are not 
 tempted to blossom so early as to lie caught by the frosts. 
 The snow lies for three, and in some of the interior forest 
 districts, for five months in the year. The N.E. winds from 
 the Atlantic, in the spring ami early summer, charged with 
 fog and chilliness, are among the most unpleasant and un- 
 healthful features of the climate of this state. Meteorolo- 
 gical tables kept at Biddeford. by .James G. Garland, in the 
 Tears 1851-2. gave the monthly mean of Julv at l.j p. m.. at 
 80°: of .\ugust, 77°: of Septemlier, 59°.76; of Octol>er, 60°; 
 of November, 40.09°; of December. 27.9.3°: of January, 
 27.41°; of February. 37.13°; of .March, 41.04°: of April. 49.13°; 
 of May, 65.08°: and of June. 75°.92. Wind westwardly 151 
 days, eastwardly 54, northwardly 84, aitd southw ardly 77. 
 Quantity of rain, 49.24 inches. First frost in 1851. .Septem- 
 ber 15th : last in the spring of 18.52. June 12th ; first snow, 
 October 26th; last in spring of 1852. .April 16th. Saco frozen 
 over December 1st ; opened March 31st. Lowest jioint of the 
 mercury 8° below, and highest 98° above zero. The mer- 
 cury, however, in some parts, and in severe seasons, descondg 
 to nearly 30° below zero. 
 
 The soil of Maine is as various as its surfece. The besit 
 lands are between the Penobscot and Kennebec, and are 
 highly productive: there is also much good laud in the 
 valley of the St. John's, and on some other rivers. There is 
 a great deal of poor land in the mountainous districts, and 
 along the coast, especially in the S.E. part of the slate. The 
 most abundant agriciiltural products of Elaine are Irish 
 potatoes, oats. Indian corn, hay, butter, cheese, wooi. live 
 stock, and fruits. Viesides considerable quantities of wheat, 
 r}"e. pease, beans, barley, buckwheat, market pn'-duce. grass- 
 seeds, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey ; Aud some winej 
 
MAI 
 
 MAI 
 
 hops, flax, Bilk, and molasses. In 1S60 there were in the 
 6 fate '2,7il4,l.J3 acres of improved land (3.023.538 being un- 
 improved), producing 233,.s70 busliels of wheat; 12;3,"2.S7 of 
 rye; l,.54(i,071 of Indian corn; 2,U88,939 of oats; 246,915 of 
 peas and beans; 6,374,617 of Irish potatoes; S02,10S of bar- 
 lej"; 239,519 of bucli wheat; 55,155 of grass seeds;- 1.495.060 
 pounds of wool; 11.6S7,7S1 of butter; 1,799,862 of cliecse; 
 306,742 of maple sugar; 314,685 of lioney; 975,^.03 tons of 
 hay; live-stocli valued at S15,437 ,.533; orchard products at 
 S501,767; market products at 1194,006; and slaughtered 
 animals at S2,7(<0,170. 
 
 Firresl IVees. — The great staple of Maine is its lumber. 
 Extensive forests of pine cover the country' around tlie 
 sources of the Kenneliec. I'enobscot. and other rivers in tlie 
 centre and N. of the state. Hemlock and sjjruoe abound in 
 &I1 parts; but white and red oak are confined to the districts 
 near the coast. Maple, beech, birch, and ash are plentiful, 
 and some butternut and white walnut are found, but not 
 in abundance. Cedar swamps occur in the north central 
 portions. The other trees are the poplar, elm. sassafras, 
 dogwood, willow, wild plum, basswood. buttonwrMid. juniper, 
 hornbeam, &c. The cutting and rafting of tiinlier to the 
 saw-mills, where it is converted into boards, shin^jles. .scant- 
 ling, Ac. is a great husine.«s in Maine. In winter, great 
 numbers of men are cmployetl in felling tlie trees, and drag- 
 ging them over the hard and deep ^novr to the rivers, where 
 they are suffered to lie till the breaking up of the ice in the 
 spring, when they are floated down to the mills and places 
 of export. Of the fruit-trees, the ap])le. pear, plum, and 
 (rfierry flourish, but the peach does not succeetl well. 
 
 Animals. — The mf>ose and cariliou are still o<'casionally 
 met with in the forests of Maine: the other animals are the 
 boar, deer, catamount, wildcat, wolf. mink, wolverine, bea- 
 ver, martin, sable, weasel, porcupine, woodehurk. racoon, 
 squirrel, Ac. The birds are wilil geese and ducks, passenger- 
 pigeons, hawks, eagles, owls, ravens, humming-birds, 
 thrushes, quails, &c. 
 
 Manufadnra. — Maine is not so extensively engaged in 
 manufactures as some of the New England States; she had, 
 however, acciadiiig to the census of 18f)0, 3810 manufac- 
 tiiriiig e.-,tiiblishinents, each producing $500 and upwiirds 
 annually, ot whieh 19 were cotton fiictciHe.s, employing 
 $0,0i8,:i-2a cai>ital, and 1828 male and 4936 female hands, 
 consunung raw material worth .S;i,.'519,335, and producing 
 goiids valued at §6.235,623; 26 woollen factories, employing 
 $932,400 capital and 539 nuile and 488 female bands, consu- 
 ming raw material worth $1,003,;3G6, and producing annu- 
 ally goods valued at $1,717,(X)7 ; 7:i7 saw-nillls employing 
 $4,049,60s ciii)itiil and 4400 hands, and producing annually 
 lumber valued at .S6,59S,.565; 37 iron-foundries and rolling- 
 mills employing $380,500 capital and 551 hands, and proilu- 
 cing castings, ic, valued at S714,136; 144 tanneries em- 
 ploying $851,975 capital and 7:i3 male and 2 female hands, 
 consmning raw material worth $1,495,019, and producing 
 leather valued at $2,188,904; 321 manufactories of boots 
 and shoes, employing $509,124 capital and 2015 male and 836 
 female hands, consuming raw material worth .$973,797. and 
 producing boots and shoes valued at $1,910,666; and 46 
 shi|) yards, employing $56:3,750 capital, and pi-oducing an- 
 nually vessels valued at $1,137,814. In 1863, 48,867 tons 
 of 6hii)ping were built in this state. Home-made manu- 
 faclures valued at $190,786 were producetl in 1860. Lime is 
 also manufactured for export. 
 
 Commerce. — Maine has a'coast indented by bays and inlets, 
 presenting a greater number of go<xl harbors navigable by 
 vessels of the largest class, than any other state in the con- 
 federacy. Iler rivers may be ascended by ships and other 
 sea-craft from 12 to 50 miles, and much farther by keel-boits. 
 The great staple of export from Maine is lumber. The 
 value of the lumber produced in 1860 was $6,698,505. 
 Laths, shingles, kc, are also largely exported, as well as 
 lime, marble, granite, and ice. In Bangor alone, 182,942,284 
 feet of lumber were surveyed in one year. The .fisheries 
 employ a large number of vessels and hands in the catching, 
 curing, and carrying the fish to foreign mai'kets (/. «. out 
 of the state). The foreign imports for 1863 amounted to 
 $3,911,408, and the exports to $7,016,342. The completion 
 of the Atlantic and St. Ijtwrence Railroad, it is tiiought, 
 will greatly increase the foreign commerce of Portland. 
 The increase of the exports of 1863 over 1862 was nearly 
 $1,.500,000. The tonnage owned in Maine in 1863 was 
 774,040. Number of ships built in 1853, 351, with an 
 aggregate capacity of 118,916 tons, being the greatest 
 amount of ship-building in any state in the Union. In 
 1862-3 only 99 vessels were built. 
 
 Internal Imprnvements. — In 1S60 this state had 472 miles 
 of railroad completed, the construction and equipment of 
 "vhich cost $16,576,385. Among these roads is the Grand 
 Trunk RaHroad, which extends from Portland thiough New 
 • Hampsnire and Vermont to Quebec and Montreal, the lat- 
 ter of which is -93 miles distant ; the Maine Central Kail- 
 -oad, which extends from Portland ria Auburn and Water- 
 ville to Bangor, 138 miles, and the Portland and Kennebec, 
 which connects Pcrtlan'i with Kichmond, Gardiner, Au- 
 gusta, and Skowhegau; length 100 miles. Portsmouth 
 
 Is also connected with Boston by the Portland, Saco 
 and Portsmouth Railroad. The Androscoggin Railroad 
 unites Brunswick with Farmington, A short road unites 
 Bangor with Old Town. The Cumberland and O.xford 
 Canal, including some lockage, forms a navigiible line of 
 50 miles, uniting Portland with Sebago, Brandy, and Long 
 I'omls. 
 
 Education. — Maine has a permanent school fund, arising 
 from the .»ale of lands set apart by the state. This fund 
 amounted in 1853, to $116,074. In addition to thi.s, the 
 banks pay a semi-annual tax of one-half of 1 per cent, on 
 their capital for school purposes, and a tax of ^0 cents per 
 capitals levied in each town. Accordingto the census of 1^60, 
 there were in Maine 2 colleges, with 337 students, $21,000 
 income, of which $10,500 was from endowments, and .$6000 
 from taxation; 4376 public schools, having 186,717 pupils, 
 S464.5S9 income, $359,446 of which was from ta.xalion, 
 $i.2,16l from public funds, and $14,813 from endowments; 
 110 academies and other schools, having 8273 i>upils. $79,021 
 income, $17,540 of which was fiom tiixation, $ 1 3. 1 40 from en- 
 dowments, and $1460 from the public funds. There are also 
 in this state S14 libraries. 2.'^3 of which are i)ublic. comprising 
 215.437 volumes), 12 school, 473 Sunday-school. 5 college, and 
 41 churcli libraries, making a total of 405,901 volumes. Ac- 
 cording to the National Almanac, the number of colleges in 
 1863 Wiis 2, and of theological and medical schools each 1.* 
 
 SeliyioHn DiMominalimu. — Of 1167 churclies in Maine in 
 186(1, the Baptists owned 217 ; Free Will Baptists, 147 ; Chris- 
 tians, 26; Congregationalists, 207; "Episcoiialians. 16; 
 Friends, 28 : Methodists. 278; Uoman Catholics, 31 ; Union- 
 ists, 1()6; Unitarians, 19; Universalists, 76; minor sei-ts, 
 16; giving 1 chinch to 538 persons. Yalue of church prop- 
 erty, $2 886,905. 
 
 Periodicals. — There were published In Maine in 1*60. 8 
 olaily, 4 tri-weekly, 62 weekly, and 6 monthly periodicals, 
 of which 48 were political, 6 religious, and 7 literary. The 
 wiiole nundier of copies issued annually was 8,333,278. 
 
 Public Ivslitidifms. — The State IMson of Maine is at Tho- 
 maston. and is condufted on the Auburn, or silent system; 
 the prisoners are engaged in smithing, tailoring, shoe- 
 making, wheelwrighling. and in quarrying limestone: the 
 number of prisoners, on December 1, 1862, was 112. -Exce.ss 
 of expenditures over I'eceipts more than $5000. Theri^ is a 
 State Insane Asyhun, located at Augusta ; it had, December 
 1, 1862, 258 patients, and since the opening of tlio Institu- 
 tion, 2523 have been received, of whom 41 per cent, were 
 restored. This stale hiul 77 public libraries, according to 
 the census of 1850, with 51,439 volumes; 142 school and 
 Sunday-school libraries, with 29,213 volumes ; 8 college 
 libraries, with 39,625 vohnnes; and 9 church libraries, with 
 1692 volumes. (For the statistics of libraries for 1860, see 
 Eilucation.) In 18.;j3. iMaine appropriated $0,772.60 for tho 
 educatiim of the deaf, dumb, and blind (the former in the 
 asylums of Connecticut), and $112,600 to the State Reform 
 School, Insane Hospital, kc. 
 
 Pnpuldtinn. — Till recently the population of Maine was 
 almost wholly of Knglish or New England origin, but nnw 
 it begins to receive a portion of the mixed emigration from 
 Kuro]ie. The number of inhabitants was 96,540 in 1790; 
 151.719 in 1800; 228,705 in 1810; 298,.335 in 1820; 399.455 in 
 1830; 501,793 in 1840; 583,169 in 1850; and in 1860. 623.279; 
 of whom 626,947 were whites, 1327 cohjred. and 5 Indians. 
 Population to square miles, 19. Representative population, 
 628,279. Of the population, 560.030 were born in the state; 
 29,796 in other states; 37,453 in foreign countries, of whom 
 2677 were born in England, 15,290 in Ireland. 759 in Scot- 
 land, Ss in Wales, 17,540 in British America, 384 in Germany, 
 120 in France, and 36.858 in other foreign countries. Of the 
 poi)ulation in the leading pursuits, 64.843 were farmers, 
 1S,734 laborers, 15,865 farm laliorers, 13,371 servants. 11,375 
 mariners, 7087 factory hjtnds, 5209 teachers, 4952 carpenters,- 
 4607 fishermen, 4584 shoemakers,3032 merchants, 277 7 black- 
 smiths, Ac, &c. In the year ending June 1, 1860, there 
 occurred 7614 deaths, or 12-3 in every tliousand. The number 
 of deaf and dumb was 297 (see Introduction to the volume 
 on P"pidutlon of the. Eighth O-nsus, pp. liv., Iv., Ivi., &c.,) ; 
 blind, 233; insane, 704; idiotic, 659. . 
 
 Counties. — Maine has 16 counties, viz.: Androscoggin, 
 Aroostook, Cumberland, Franklin, Hancock, Kennebec, 
 Knox, Lincoln. Oxford. Penobscot. Piscataquis. Sagadahock, 
 Somerset, Waldo, M'ashington, and York. Capital, Augusta. 
 Cities and Towns. — Portland is the largest and most com- 
 mercial town ; pop. in 1860, 26,341. The other most impor- 
 tant places are Bangor, jiop. 16,407; Bath, 8076; Augusta, 
 760'J ; Lewiston, 7424; Rockland, 7316; Calais, 5621 ; Belfast, 
 5520; Auburn, Brunswick. Camden, Ellsworth, Gardiner, 
 Waldoborough, and Waterville. 
 
 Grrvemment, Finances, Banks. &c. — The governor of Maine 
 is elected annually by popular vote, and receives a salary 
 of $1500 per annum. He is aided by a council of 7 person.s, 
 
 » Throu'hnut the United Stales tliere h a wide discrepancy between 
 tlie number of cnlleses reported by tlie census and tlie National Al. 
 nianac. that of tlie former being much the larger, which may perhap« 
 be accounted tor by its inciuding theological, medical, and law sctiobli 
 in it» list. 
 
 U23 
 
MAI 
 
 elected i n joint ballot by the legislature. The Senate, com- 
 posed (if iJl, and the House of Representatives, of 101 mem- 
 bevs, are elected annuidly by the people. The legislature 
 m.;et.s ou the 2d Wednesday in January. Three months' 
 residence iu the state previous to an election, gives every 
 male citizen of the United States, not a pauper or criminal, 
 the ri^'ht of suffrage. M.aine is entitled to 6 members in 
 the national House of Kepresentatives, and to 8 electoral 
 votes for President of the United Suites. The judiciary con- 
 sists — 1. Of a supreme judicial court, composed of 1 chief 
 aud 6 associate judges, holding courts in 3 judicial districts, 
 the wi>stern. ea-itern. and middle, for the purpos^e of hearing 
 aud d -terminiug questions in law and equity : other cases 
 are tried in the several counties where they are commenced. 
 The judges of this court have salaries of $1800 per annum ; 
 2. Of probate courts, hi-ld in each county, and receiving 
 salaries of from $100 to $500 ; 3. Of municipal and police 
 cuurts in the larger towns. 
 
 The assessed value of property in Maine for ISCO, was 
 Sll)l,71i,10S; the public debt iu JiUiuary, 1864, was Si422,- 
 000: the total e.xiMiuditurcs rorlSt;A««33,893,of wliich S400,- 
 732 was for the civil service. On December 1st, 18(53, there 
 were in the state ti9 banks, with an aggregate capital of 
 5i.OO8.OO0, a circuhition of $6,019,156, and So78.043 in specie. 
 
 Htsinry. — .4. settlement was made on the site of the pre- 
 sent town of Pliippsburg in 1007, contemporaneously with 
 Jamestown in Virjcinia. but afterwai-ds abandoned. Settle- 
 ments from New Hampshire gradually extended themselves 
 into Maine, and Yoitc and Saco are linown to have had an 
 existence in 1625. In 1635 a French armed vessel took pos- 
 session of n trading-house on the Penobscot, aud sent the 
 colonists back to Plymouth. In the same year Maine fell 
 into the hands of Gorges, but after his death iu 1652. was 
 annexed to Massachusetts, as far as the Kennebec Kiver. 
 In the latter part of the 17th centurj'. Maine suffered 
 much from incursions by the savages and French, many of 
 tlie lowns being laid waste aud the inliabitants slaughtered. 
 This state of things was terminated by the treaty of Utrecht 
 in 1712. by wliich Maine p;ussed with .A.cailie into the hands 
 of tlie English, and last its separate history iu that of Mas- 
 sachusetts, to which it was attached. During the Revolu- 
 tionary .war, Portland was bombarded by the English in 
 1775. and more than 100 buildings, public and private, 
 were destroyed. The ever-memorable march of Arnold, on 
 his passiige to Quebec, in the fall and winter of the same 
 year, toolv p'ace along the margin of the Kennebec, within 
 the limits of the present state of Maine. In 1820 this state 
 became an independent member of tlie great American con- 
 f deracy. .\fter a long diplomatic controversy, wliich had 
 nearly resulted in an appeal to arms. Great Britain and 
 the United States, by treaty, in 1842, defined the N. and X. 
 W. boundary of Maine to be the St. John's and St. Francis 
 Itivei-s to Poheuagamook Lake, and from thence in a S.^V. 
 direction along the highlands to the X.E. corner of New 
 llamp^liire. 
 
 MAINK, a post-village and township in the W. part of 
 ISroom'e co., New York, about 70 miles S. of Syracuse. The 
 village confciins 2 or 3 churches and several stores. Pop. Of 
 the township, 1609. 
 
 MAINE, a township of Columbia co., Penn.sylvania. P. 529. 
 
 M.VINE. a post-ofHce of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 JI.\.INE-ET-L()IKE. men-A-lwdn/ or mdn-A-lwlR'. a depart- 
 ment in the X.W. part of France, formed of the old province 
 of Anjou. between lilt. 46° 69' and 47° 45' N. Area 2755 
 sjuare miles. Pop. in 1861, 626,012. Chief rivers, Loire, 
 Sarthe. Mayenne, and Loir. Surface diversified by hills 
 and plains. The valley of the Loire produces lint, hemp, 
 and fruits. The minerals comprise slate, granite, marble, 
 and flint. Grain, wine, fruits, and cattle are extensively 
 exported. The department is divided into the arroudisse- 
 meuts of Angers, Bauge, Beaupreau, Saumur, and Segre. 
 Capital, Angers. 
 
 M.'VIXES'BURG, a postvillage of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 M.\INES'VILLE, a small post-village of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 M.\INL.\ND. one of the Orkneys. See Pomona. 
 
 MAINS and STilATllMAR/TIXE, united pari-shes of Scot- 
 laud, CO. of Forfar. 
 
 MAINSBUIIG. See Mainesbubo. 
 
 MAINSTOCKIIEIM. min'stok'hTme, a village of Bavaria, 
 Lower Francouia, on the Main. Pop. 1374. 
 
 M.\IN'STONE, a parish of England aud Wales, counties 
 of Salop and Montgomeiy. 
 
 -MAIN STRE.'VM. a post-office of Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 JIAIXTENOX, m^.N<:'teh-n6xo'. (L. Mestenn.) a town of 
 France, department of Eure-et-Loir, 10 miles N.X.E. of 
 Chartres. at the confluence of the Eure and Voise, and on 
 the railway to Versailles. Pop. 1442. It has ruins of the 
 gigantic aqueduct commenced by Louis XIV. to convey 
 water trom the Eure to Versailles, and the magnificent cha- 
 teau in wliii-h he espou.sed Fran(;oise d"Aubigne. 
 
 MAIXVAULT, ma.\«\0'. a town of ISelgium. province of 
 Hninaut, 21 miles X.W. of Mons. Pop. 2058. 
 
 .M.\IN'V1LLE. a )x>st-office of Corjk co., Illinois. 
 
 MAI.NZ, a city of Germany, See Mextz. 
 1124 
 
 MAK 
 
 MAJORCA. mi-oR'kJ, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Douro, 20 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 28uO. 
 
 M-\1RA, mi'rd, a river of the Sardinian States, joins th" 
 Po, 3 miles S.W. of Carmaguoia, alter a course of nearly 
 60 miles. 
 
 MAIUEXA, mI-r.Vu3, a fillage of Spain, 50 miles S.E. by 
 E. of Granada. I'op. 927. 
 
 MAIKENA DEL AL.IAI!AFE, mi-rd'na dfl dl-Ha-rd'fA, or 
 M.VIRENA LA TACuNEKA. mi-ra'ni Id t;l-ko-n:i'rd, a town 
 of Spain, 3 miles S.W. of Seville, on the Kio-Pudio. P. 822. 
 
 MAIRENA DEL ALCOR. nii-ri'ud dol al-kor,'. a t.iwn of 
 Spain. .\ndalusi.'i, 13 miles E.X.E. of Seville. Pop. 3023. 
 
 MAISDOX, maMili.N»/. a village of France, department of 
 Loire-Inferieure, 13 miles S.E. of Nantes. Pop. 2100. 
 
 M.\ISDY, mi.s/dee, a town of India, Berar dominions. 30 
 miles X. of EUichpoor. 
 
 MAISSY, mis'see, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, 52 miles X. of Patna. 
 
 JIAIS'MOUE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 -MAISjNS-.M.FuRT. ni:W..\<i' dl'tbii', a village of France, 
 department of Seine, arrondi.ssement of Sceaux. on the Paris 
 and Lyons Railway. The hamlet of Alfort has a national 
 schcxil of rural economy. 
 
 M.\ISONS-SUli-SElNE. m.VzAx-:' siiR skn, a village of 
 France, depaitmenl of Seine-et Oise. 10 miles N. of Versailles, 
 with remains of a fine chateau, aud a station on the railway 
 from Paris to Havre. 
 
 MAISSANA, mi.s-sj'na. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 8 miles from Vareso, on the Borza. Pop. 2600. 
 
 .M.\ITEA. mi-t.Vd. one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific 
 Ocean. E. of Tahiti, on which it is dependent Lat. 17° 53' 
 S,. Ion. 148<^ 6' W. Circuit, 8 miles. 
 
 JIAITL.\ND, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Gren- 
 villt, on the river St. Lawrence, 7 miles X. of Prescott. 
 Pop. about 200. 
 
 MAIT'L.A.XD, E.«i and West, two towns of Australia, 
 New South Wales, co. of Xortbuuiber'aud. on the lluuter 
 River, at its junction with Walles Creek. 14 miles X..\.W. of 
 Xewcastle. United pop. 3319. They have several chun hes ; 
 East Maitland has a court-house aud jail ; "West Maitlaud, 
 which is the most thriving place, contains numerous large 
 stores and some good hotels. With Newcastle, these towns, 
 called collectively the •• Northumberland boroughs," return 
 1 member to the I^egislative Assembly of the colony. Good 
 coal is abt^indant iu the vicinity. 
 
 M.ilZIEKES, m,d'ze-aiR', a village of France, department 
 of Meurlhe, 14 miles S.E. Chateau Saiins. Pop. 1384. 
 
 M.\JA;UI}0. md-jdmlx). a maritime town of Madaga.«car, 
 on its X.W. coa.-t, at the head of the Bay of Majambo, 70 
 miles X.E. of Beuibatook.a. 
 
 MAJD,\^i, miMdn', a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, 
 CO. of Krassova. 4 miles from Oravicza. I'op. 1310. 
 
 MAJIN'DA. a town of Sinde. ou the In<lus. 40 miles N.W. 
 of Hyderabad, with 2000 inhabitants, and au exteiisive ba- 
 zaar. Lat. 2(;^ 51' N.. Ion. 68° 19' E. 
 
 M.\J^)UC.A. m.vjor'ka, I'Sp. MaVnrca. mKX-yo^Tkh Fr. Ma- 
 jorque. mj'zho.f^^; L. B ilea'ris 3lii'jor»nd Maj'ircn.) an island 
 in the Meditetranean. belonging to Spain, and forming the 
 larirest of the Bnle-aric group, about 115 miles S. of Barcelona : 
 between lat. .19^ Ifi'and 39° 57' X., and Ion. 2° 18' and 3° 27' 
 E. ; greatest length 58 miles, greatest bn'adth 45 miles, area 
 1420 square miles. It is very irregular and deeply in- 
 dented. The co.ists on the W. aud X., facing Spain, are 
 very lofty and steep; in other directions they are low and 
 shelving. A gri'at number of good natural harbors are 
 scattered along the coasts. The interior is finely diversified 
 with mountaius, hills, valley.s, and plains. The culminating 
 point of the island, Puig de Torella. has a height of about 
 4800 feet. The climate is temperate, the mountains iu the 
 N. affording protection against the winter cold, and refresh- 
 ing breezes from the sea mitigating the summer heat: violent 
 winds, however, are not unfrequeiit, and the air is often 
 overcharged with moisture, which hang.^ in clouds or de- 
 scends iu mists. Majorca is generally well watered and fer- 
 tile, producing, in considerable abundance, wheat, barley, 
 o;its. legumes, oil. and wine: fruits abound everywhere. 
 Capital. Palma. Pop. 179.753. Mjijorca and Minorca were 
 anciently named Gymnesia; while the appellation of .Major, 
 or "the larger," was given the former, and that of Minor, 
 or " the smaller." to the latter i.-!aud. — .\dj, and inhab. 
 Majob'c.w or Mallorquine, marior-keen'; ^Sp. M.vllorquin, 
 mdl-yoK-keen' ) ' 
 
 MAJORI. ml-yo'ree. a maritime town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra. 6 miles W.S.W. of Salerno. I'op. 2800. 
 
 M.\JS. uiTsh. or MAYS EK, mi\sh Jk', a village of Hungary, 
 Thither Danube, 6 miles from Mobacs. Pop. 1217. 
 
 Jl.iJSA, mi'shoh, a village of Hungary, district of Littla 
 Cuniani.o. 18 miles from Felegyhaza. I'op. 4223. 
 
 M.\JUMB.\, a towu of Africa. See MAiOMBA. 
 
 M.\JUNGA, md-jun'gd. a maritime town of Madagascar, 
 on its N.W. coast, at the entrance of Bembatooka Bay. An 
 e.\teusive traffic is carrieil on here, chiefly with the Ameri- 
 cans, in jerked beef, horns, tallow, and hiiles. 
 
 M.\KAD. niuh'ki'id', a village of Hungary. Hither Danutx^ 
 27 miles fi-om Pesth, on an island uf the Danube. P. 3'>8«l 
 
MAK 
 
 MAL 
 
 MAKADISITU, a town of Africa. Spo 5Iaoat>0X0. 
 
 MAKALLAII. MACALLAri, uid-kdl'lih, or MACULT.AII, 
 ra.^-oul'l.ih. a sctJiport town of AniMa, on its S. coast, and on a 
 small bay. SOO miles E.N'.K. of Adim. Lat. U° 31' N., Ion. 49° 
 6'E. I'opuLitinn about 4500, coiiiprisin;^ numerous foreigner.*. 
 It is partially encloseit by wall.s. and has an imposing appear- 
 ance from the sea. its houses lieinp; in a castellated style, and 
 several stories in height. The harbor, sheltered by a point 
 to the S. K., affords good anchorage, and is greatly frequented 
 by coasting vessels. It is the best station on this coast fir 
 ships to obtain supplies of provisions; and It also exports 
 gums, hides, and senna, and has an import trade in colTee, 
 and other native produee from Arabian ports; cotton doths, 
 leajj. and inm from Ikmibay: and sheep, aloes, honey, and 
 slaves from Kosseir and Berbera. 
 
 MAKA.N'D.V. a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, 48 
 miles from Cairo. 
 
 MAKAIIIKV or MAKARIEW, ma-ki-re-fv', a town of 
 Russia, government and 46 miles K.S.K. of Xizhnee-N'ov- 
 gorod, on the Volga. I'op. 2350. It has a large monastery, 
 4nd .some trade in horses and timber, but its importance 
 has greatly declined. 
 
 Jl.VKAKIKV, a town of Russia, government and 110 miles 
 E. ot" Kostroma. Pop. 2850. 
 
 M.\K.\!!IKO. mi-kd'ree-ko, a town of Russia, government 
 and ()0 miles E.S.E. of Nizhneo-Novgorod, on the left bank 
 of the Volga. 
 
 M.VK :■; ti', a post-township of AUomakee co., Iowa. P. 1425. 
 
 MA'KKR. a parish of England, counties of Cornwall and 
 Devon. 2;^ miles S.S.W. of Devonport. On a hei+;ht near the 
 village is a battery for the defetice of I'lymouth Sound. 
 
 W.\'KKUST;)X, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 MAKII.NOVI^.V, m.'tk-nov'kj. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 95 miles W.S.W. of Kiev. I'op. 5000. 
 
 .^1.\KI.\^^ md-ke-4n'. a small volcanic island in the Malay 
 Archiiielago, off the W. coast of Gilolo, lat. 0° 20' N., Ion. 
 127° 30' K. Circuit about 18 miles. 
 
 M.\K1N, an island in the North Pacific. See Pitt. 
 
 MAKIMVAT, mlke-neyay, or .MAKIXYAT, md-keen- 
 ySt'. a si raggling village of Central Arabia, 120 miles W.S. 
 W. of Muscat, formerly a city of consequence, but ruined by 
 the Wahabees in 1800. 
 
 M.\KlvUM, mik'kum, a market-town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Friesland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 9 miles S. of Ilar- 
 lingen. I'op. 1850. 
 
 :vrAKNOVKA or MAKNOWKA, mSk-novn<.i, written also 
 M.\CIIN'OVIvA, a town of Russia, government and 94 miles 
 S.W. of Kiev. I'op. 4700. 
 
 MAIvO. moh'ko'. or .M.\K0VT.4.. mi-ko've-S. a market-town 
 of Hungary, co. of Csanad. on the Maros. 22 miles E. by S. 
 of Szegedin. It is the residence of a bishop, and contains a 
 Roman Catholic, a Greek United, a Protestant church and a 
 Protestant gymnasium, a court-house and county buildings. 
 and handsome barracks, recently constructed. It has an im- 
 portant trade in corn, wine, cattle, and wood. The fishing 
 in the Maros is very productive. There are also numerous 
 mills, i'op. in 184t5, 21,000; of whom rathei^more than one- 
 half are Protestants. 
 
 SI.iKOO, a town of Persia. See Maooo. 
 
 M.\KOOAS. md^koo'Jz, a people of South-East Africa, near 
 the Mozambi(|ue coast. 
 
 M.\Ki)QUKT.\, ma-kO'kJ-ta. a river of To wa. rises near the 
 S.E. corner of Fayette co., and empties itself into the Missis- 
 sippi in Jackson co., about 22 miles below Galena. Its 
 general course is south-easterly, and its whole length ex- 
 ceeds 100 miles. 
 
 MaIvOQUKTA. a thriving post-vill.age in Jackson co., 
 Iowa, on the river of its own name. 32 miles S.W. of 
 Galena, and 60 miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City. It is 
 pleasantly situated in the middle of a prairie. Pop. 1090. 
 
 M.\lv'lV, md-KOv', or .M.\CII()\V, mdK'ov, a town of 
 Poland, province, and fi3 miles E.N.E. of Plock. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MAKOVIA. SeeMAKO. 
 
 M.\KOV or MACIIOW, a town of Russia, government of 
 Podolia. 9 miles N. of Kamieniec. Pop. 1420. 
 
 MAKOWAR, mS-ko-wdii/. an island of the Red Sea. off the 
 coast of Nubia, near a small port of the same name, lat. 20° 
 38' X.. Ion. 37° 20' E. 
 
 MAKOWAR or EMERALD ISLAND, an island of the Red 
 Sea. off the coast of Esypt, opposite the ruins of Berenice ; 
 lat. 23° 50' X., Ion. 35° 45' K. 
 
 MAKDWIEC, mj-ko've-^ts. a vilUge of Poland, govern- 
 ment and 28 miles E.X.K. of Warsaw. Here Ivosciusko was 
 wounded and taken prisoner by the Ru.ssians in 1794. 
 
 MAKR KE or M.A.lvKl, md'kree*. a seaport town of Turkey, 
 Asia Minor. S.W. coast, on the Gulf of Makree. .52 miles E. 
 X.E. of Rhodes, which city it supplies with mules, cattle, 
 Blieep. and fuel. It has a good and well-sheltered port. 
 Its antiquities comprise a very perfect theatre, and tombs, 
 remains of the ancient Ti'Ivtrgsvg. 
 
 MAKRKE or MAKRI, a seajiort town of Turkey, Room- 
 Elee. on the .Egean Sea. 75 miles S.W. of .\drianople. It is 
 t Greek I)ishop"s see. and has a harbor defended by a castle. 
 '?op. .3000. 
 
 MAKROXISI, md-kro-nee'see, an island of Greece, off the 
 
 E. coast of Attica, 3 miles E. of Cape Colonna, 10 miles in 
 length and 2 miles in breadth, but latelv uninhabited. ' 
 
 MAKTAX, m:lk-tdn'. a small islan(I,"one of the Philip- 
 pines, in the Malay Archipelago, lying to the E. of the isaml 
 of Zebu. The celebrated navigator, JlagoUan, (Magalhaeus,) 
 was killed here in 1521. 
 
 M.VKULLA, a town of Arabia. See iiAKAU.AH. 
 
 M.\LA, md/ld, a decayed village of i'eru. department and 
 48 miles S.E. of Lima, about 4 miles from the I'aeilic. Here 
 I'izarro met Almagro, to settle their differences. Pop. SOiJ. 
 
 M.\Ii.\, nid'ld, a river of I'eru, enters the Pacific at I'crto- 
 Mala. .50 miles S.S.B. of Lima. 
 
 MAL.\. a village of Spain, with mineral baths, 8 milc-9 
 S.W. of Granaxla. 
 
 .MAL.\B.\R, malVbar'. a maritime district o; British 
 India, presidency of Madr.as, on the W. coast, mostly Ij^ 
 tween lat. 10° and 12' X. Area 6(MjO square miles. I'op. in 
 1851, estimated at 1,514,909; in 1802 it was only 4t 5.594. 
 Principal towns. Calicut. Tellicherry, Canaiiore. and I'onany 
 The Malabar Coast is a name which has Ijeen applied to nil 
 the W. coast of India, thougli the Jlalabar language is 
 spoken only from Cape Comoriu to about lat. 12° 30' X. — 
 Adj. Malabar'ic. 
 
 MAL.\C.\. SeeMAtAG.*. 
 
 MALACCA, m.t-lak'ka. or MALAYA, md-li'ya, formerly 
 an independent country or kingdom of Southern Afia, con- 
 sisting chiefly of the Malay Peninsula. It is now divide.! 
 between the territories of the Kurope,jin powers and the 
 kingdom of Siam. See Malay PEMNbULA. 
 
 MALACC.\, mdlak'ka. and XAXIXG. nd'ning', one of the 
 •'Straits settlements"' belonging to the British, on the W. 
 coast of the Malay Peninsula, between lat. 2° and 3^ X.. and 
 Ion. 102° and 103° E., having landward the territories of 
 Salangore. Rumtxiwe, .lohole. and Johore. Estimated area 
 1000 s<iuare miles. I'op. 58.000, of whom from 2ooo to .3000 
 are Kuropeans. This settlement is under the British^ndian 
 presidency of Bengal, and govtvrned by a resident at Ma- 
 lat-ca, with an assistant at Naning. 
 
 M.\L.\CCA. the capital of the above district, is situated 
 on both sides of the Malacca River, near its mouth. 130 miles 
 X.W. of Singapore, lat. 2° 10' X., Ion. 102° 5' E. Pop. 12.120. 
 Principal edifices, the barnicks, courthouse, town-house, 
 jail, civil an<l military hospitals, and the .\nglo-Chinese 
 College founded in 1818. Here are also Chinese, Hindoo, 
 and Malay schools. The ruins of a famous church, erect- 
 ed by .Albuquerque, and the remains of Portuguese and 
 Dutch f )rts, occupy several summits around the town. Ma- 
 lacca has some export trade in gold-dust, tin, balachang, 
 aloe-wood, ebony, ivory, and Chinese hardwares; and it im- 
 ports earthenwares, opium, iron, rice, British and Indian 
 manufactur<!d goods, salt, and colonial produce: the com- 
 merce of the Straits has, however, become chiefly nioiiO(x> 
 li/.etl by Singapore. The town, said to have been founded 
 in 1252. was taken by the Portuguese in 1511, by the Dutch 
 in 1041. and by the Kngli.sh in 1795. It wa-s again held by 
 the Dutch from 1818 to 1825, when, with its territory, they 
 exchanired it with the British fir Bencoolen. in Sumatra. 
 
 MALACCA. STRAIT OF. a channel between the .Malay 
 Peninsula and the island of Sumatra, connecting the China 
 Sea with the Indian Ocean. I^ength, 520 miles, breadth, 
 from 25 miles opposite Xaniiig. to 200 miles, at its X. en- 
 trance'. The navigation of the sti-ait appears intricate and 
 dangerous, but with ordinary prudence may be safely 
 passed. The current, where tides do not prevail, sets often 
 to the N. 
 
 MAL.\COOREE, 5IALAC00RE or MALACOURI, md-ld- 
 koo'rce. a strongly fortified town of West .Africa, about 65 
 miles K.N.K. of Sierra Li'one. on the .Malageea. 
 
 MAL.\CZKA, mohMits/koh\ a market-town of AVest Hun- 
 gary. CO. and 21 miles X.A\'. of Presburg. Pop. 2353. 
 
 .AIALADETTA. MOUNT. See Nethou, Pic. 
 
 MAL.AGA, mal'a-gij or md'Id-gd. (anc. Malktca.) a seaport 
 city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name, on a bay of 
 the Metliterranean. 65 miles E.X.E. of Gibraltar. Lat. of mole, 
 36° 43' 5" X., Ion. 4° 26' E. Pop.ll3,0:)0. It is built in the form 
 of an amphitheatre, near the base of a mountainous range, 
 and is commanded by a fine old Moorish castle, perched on a 
 pointed rock, and called the Gibralfaro. The streets are very 
 narrow, ill paved, and dirty, with high houses built anpuiid 
 courts. It has a fine promenade, on which are some of the 
 best hou.ses in the town. The chief public buildings are a 
 splendid cathedral, with a spire .302 feet high ; the bishop's 
 jialace. 4 parish churches, 5 hospitals; the opera-house, cus- 
 tom-house, legal seminary, and a convict depot. MahiL'a is 
 the see of a bishop, the residence of a civil and military go- 
 vernor, and the seat of several important courts and public 
 offices. The principal manufactures are linen and woollen 
 fabrics, sail cloth, rope. paptT, hats, leather, and soiip ; here 
 are also a royal cigar factory, and two extensive iron foun- 
 di-ies. The old Moorish Darsena. or dockyard, is u.sed as a 
 store-house. The harbor, formed by a mole 700 feet in 
 length, on which is a lighthouse, is capable of holding 
 about 450 merchant ships, and may be entered during any 
 wind. Malaga has a large trade in wines, the finest of 
 which are "' Mountain" and " Lagrimas;'" the other exporH 
 
 1125 
 
MAL 
 
 MAL 
 
 are olive oil. figs, almonds, raisins, grapps, orange-peel, and 
 lemon <, sent to Gi-eiil Britain iimi the United t^tatps. with 
 lead and iron from neigliboring mines. The imports com- 
 prise wtlt tish, iron hiK>ps, bar iron, nails, woollen, silk, 
 and ootton fobrics, and colonial produce. Slalaga is sup- 
 posed to hare been founded by the Carthaginians. From' 
 then it passed to the Romans, under whom it became a 
 gre-t and flourishing city. It was taken by Ferdinand the 
 Cat^c.lie in 1487. It has suffered severel7 ii different 
 epocns from plague, and in 1803-4, the yellow lever deci- 
 mated the population. See Velez-Mal^oa. 
 
 MALAGA, a maritime province of 'Spain, Andalusia, 
 bouudrtl S. by the Mediterranean. Area 3052 square miles. 
 Pop. 4?.8,0nO. 
 
 JIAIVAGA, a post-village of Franklin township, Gloucester 
 CO., New Jersey, alKjut 2U miles S.S.E. of Woodbury, contains 
 a church, a glass factory, and near -10 dwellings. 
 
 MALAGA, a post-village and township of Monroe co., 
 Ohio, 110 miles E. by S. of Columbus. Pop. 1879. 
 
 MALAGA, VELEZ. See Yelez-Malaga. 
 
 MALAGOX, mi-li-gon', a town of Spain, province and 19 
 miles X.W. of Ciudad-Keal. Pop. 3282. 
 
 MA'LAIIIDE', a watering-place and parish of Ireland, 
 Leinster, on a bay of the Irish Se.i, 9 mUes N.X.i;. of Dublin, 
 with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway. Pop. 
 1337, partly employetl in a valuable oyster fi.-ihery. It is 
 handsomely built, and is frequented by bathers. 
 
 M.\LA1SIA, mal-^she-a, (J'r. Makiisie, miOlA'zee/,) a name 
 sometimes applied to the Malay An'hipelago. It is derived 
 from the circumstance that the inhabitants, for the most 
 part, belong to the great Malay race. — Adj. Malaisiax, mal- 
 a/she-an. See Malay Archipelago. 
 
 MaLaMOCCO, md-la-mok'ko, a town of Austrian Italy, 
 5 miles S.S.E. of Venice, on Malamoct-o. a long sandy island, 
 separating the lagunes from the Adriatic. Pop. 1800. It was 
 the residence of the Doge in the 8th century. 
 
 MALAN6, mj-ling', a Dat<ih town and residency of Java, 
 on the S. coast Pop. of the latter, 80,000. Chief produce, 
 coffee. 
 
 MALAXS, mi'lfeo', a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Grisous, on the Lanquart, 2 miles S.S,E. of Mayenfeld. 
 Pop. 1050. 
 
 MALAXSAC, miHftx«\sik', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, arrondissemeut of Vannes. Pop. 2021. 
 
 MALA, PUXTA, poon'tl ma'lA, a cape of South America, 
 New Granada, bounding the ^V'. entrance of the Bay of I'a- 
 nama. 
 • 3IALAR, (Malar.) a lake of Sweden. See Maelar. 
 
 MALASPIXA, md-lds-pee'n^, the westernmost of the Co- 
 Inmliretes Islands, Mediterranean. 
 
 MALATEEYEII or MALATIA, md-U-tee'eh. (anc. MeJi- 
 tehii;.) a town of Asiatic Turkey, 100 miles X.K. of Macash, 
 near tlie Euphrates. It has atx)Ut 200 wretched houses, a 
 ruinous castle, the head-quarters of a pasha, and some good 
 mosques and caravan.serais. It is unhealth.v; and, from 
 various cau.ses, most of its population have now settled at 
 Aspuzi. about 4 miles southward. 
 
 MAL.iTIA. See Malateetkh. 
 
 MA LATI VO. ni4-ia tee/vo, written also MOELETTVO, moo- 
 le t.-e'vo. a seaport town of Ceylon, on its K. coast, 52 miles 
 K.N.W. of Triucomalee, with a small harbor and some salt^ 
 works. 
 
 MALAUCEXE. mdMo'saln', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Vaucluse, 16 mUes E.X.E. of Orange. Pop. 
 32S3. 
 
 JIALAUXAY, mdno'n.V. a village of France, department 
 of Seine-Inferieure, with a station on the Paris and Havre 
 Railway, branch to Dieppe, 5^ miles N. of Rouen. Pop. 1833. 
 It has numerous cotton and paper mills, but was nearly 
 ruined by a hurricane in 1845. 
 
 M.\LAYa. See Malay Pexixsul.a. 
 
 MALAY ARCini'ELAGO. ma-UV ar-ke-pJl'a-go, called 
 also INDIAN, ASIATIC, and EASTERN AKCHIPELAGO, 
 and MALAISIA. the most imiwrtant and extensive group of 
 islands on the globe : situated to the S.E. of Asia, and washed 
 W. by the Indian and E. by the Pacific Ocean. The inhabit- 
 ants are chiefly of the Malay race, whence its name. A chain 
 of islands, about thirty in number, separated in general only 
 by very narrow straits, extends from the X.W. extremity of 
 Sumatra, lat. 5° 34' N.. Ion. 95° 20' E., to the Arroo Islands, 
 lat. tjo S., Ion. 134° 30' E., a distance of about 2600 miles. 
 The greater part of this chain lies between the 7th and 9th 
 parallels of S. lat. : but at (me point— Rotte Island, adjoining 
 Timor— it touches the 11th parallel. This is the S. boundary 
 of the Archipelago. Its E. limit has less compactness and 
 linenr precision. At a sliort distance N. and E. from the 
 Arroo Islands, lies the irreat island of I'apua. or New Guinea, 
 the \Y. peninsula of which is by some considereti as be]on<'- 
 hig to the Indian Archipelago. From 200 miles to 500 miles 
 >.\\ . are the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, in the widest sense, 
 and X. by \\. from these again are the Philippine Islands- 
 the largest of which group, Luzon, reaches the 17th parallel 
 of X. latitude. Thus the Archipela-ro has an extreme length 
 of 4o° and a breadth of 28°. With the exception of the Philip- 
 pines, which stiU belong to Spain, the islands of Peiiang, 
 1126 ^' 
 
 Singapore. Lahuan, and the settlement of Sarawak, en the 
 W. coast of Borneo, which belong to Great Britain, and the 
 N. and N.W. portions of the island of Borneo, the Sooloo, 
 and some other islands, under native potentjites, the whole 
 of this vast arcliipelago Ls. either really or nominally, under 
 the sway of the Netherlands; this last portion is frequently 
 named the Dutch East Indies 
 
 Within the limits hero pointed out lie some of the largest 
 and finest islands in the world, as Borneo, Sumatra, above 
 1000 miles in length, Java, Celebes, Luzon, &c. The fertile 
 and cultivated islands of less size, extending E. to the Sjiioe 
 Islands, are, Xias, Mantawi. Poggy. Billiton, Banca. .Madur.i, 
 Bali, Lomlxik, Sumbawa-Comodo. Sandalwood Island. Flores, 
 or Mangarai, Timor, Ceram, Booro, Gilolo, Mindanao. Pa- 
 lawan, Negros, Samar, Mindoro, Panay. Leyte, and Zebu. 
 Numerous groups are scattered throughout the Archipelago, 
 consisting each of hundreiJs of islands; many of them cele- 
 brated by the natives for their beauty and fertility, but they 
 have never been surveyed, and are even studiously avoided 
 by European navigators, who dread not only the hidden 
 dangers of coral banks and islets, hut also the piratical ha- 
 bits of those who dweil upon them. 
 
 Geological QmstituUmi. — The islands which form the S. line 
 of the Archipelago, are all mountainous, and the chief sum- 
 mits are volcanic, ilany of them, indeed, are still active 
 volcanoes. It would api;ear as if this very long and narrow 
 ridge of land hail been raised from the ocean by tlie .agency 
 of subterranean fires. The line of vulcanic action may be 
 traced, on the W. side, through Sumatra to Chittagoijg, in 
 the Bay of B.engal. On the E. side it ri'aches the merielian 
 of 130^ E., nearly under which are the little volcanic islands 
 of Nila and Seroa. in the Sea of Banda. It then inclines 
 N.W., to the little islands lying on the W. of (iilolo, which 
 are all volcanic. Thence the volcanic line may be traced 
 through the Philippines and Japan to Kamtihatka. In 
 the older primary and secondary rocks, metalliferotis ores 
 are abundant tiold is found in various |ilaces. e.-pecially 
 in Borneo and Sumatra; extensive tin-mines in Banca; 
 silver, copper, iron, in other localities; diamonds are found 
 in Borneo, sulphur is abundant, as are also lignite, naptha, 
 and asphaltum; coal is tbund in Luzon and other localities, 
 and native salt is procured from the springs of Java. 
 
 The principal entrances to the Malay Archipelago from 
 the E.. are Gilolo i'assage and Dampier's Strait, by the coast 
 of New Guinea, while the Striiits of Malacca and (^f Sunda 
 give a'x»s8 from the W. ; and the Straits of Lomtok,Allass, 
 Ombay,Ac., from the S. 
 
 Climiitf. — The whole Archipelago lies within the tropics, 
 and indeed, for the most j^art. close to the equator; which 
 passes through the middle of Sumatra and of Borneo, and 
 across Celebes and Gilolo. This entire oceanic and e({uatorial 
 region if excepted from the general law of the trade wiuds, 
 which, on the N. and S. sides of tiie line respectively, blow 
 constantly from the N.E. and S.E. Within the Archi^.eliigo, 
 and thence W. to the coast of Africa, the monsooi;s, that is. 
 sc-ason winds, prevail, blowing alternately from the S.E. and 
 N.W. But thestrwinds. though locally regular and constant, 
 vary much from place to place; and E. of Celebes, the 
 seasons are rever.sed; here the rains full during the dry 
 sea.son of the western islands, though far less copiously than 
 in the hitter. The Xorth Philipiine Islands al'>ne fall within 
 the region of hurricanes and boisterous winds. 
 
 Groups. &c. — The fii-st division of the Arcliipelago. founded 
 on natural feature.*, embraces Sumatra. Java. Bali. Lombok, 
 and about two-thirds of the W. part of Borneo, U) the meri- 
 dian of 116° E. Ion. So far there is a general uniformity 
 of animal and vegetable productions: the soil is extremely 
 fertile ; rice is the general food of the people, who have inadf. 
 a considerable advance in the arts and habits of civilized 
 life. The second division, comprehending Celebes, Booton, 
 and East Borneo, up to lat. 3° N., is. in soil. food, and civi- 
 lization, inferior to the first. Rice is here no longtr 
 abundant, and .«ago often supplies its place. The thirii 
 division extends from Ion. 124° to 130° E., and lietween lat 
 10° S. and 2° N. Here nature takes a new aspect. The 
 rich ve,iretation of tlie western islands is seen only on the 
 sea-shore, the hills are comparatively bare and arid. But 
 this is the rejrion in which ali'Ue the clove and nutmeg 
 attain perfection. Y'et the soii is not fertile, rice is rare, and 
 the staple food in this division is sago. The inhabitants 
 are much inferior to those further W., and have never 
 acquired the use of letters. The clove was originally found 
 only on the five Mrlucca Inlands, chiefly on Machian, 
 whence it was carrie-l to .\mboina. to which spot its cultiva- 
 tion is now re.strictc.l by the Dutch. The fjurth. less dis- 
 tinct! v marked than the preceding, lies between the parallels 
 of 4° and 10° N., f r< m Ion. 1U.° to l:ffi° E.. Jncludh.g the N. 
 angle of Borneo, the Sooloo Isia;!d.*- and Mindanao. The 
 inliabitants ore stiperiir to those of the third division. Rica 
 is their chief food, but s.ago also is much Uhod. The dive and 
 nutmeg are here indigenous, but inferior in quality o tbi.se 
 growing further S. The fifth division is that of t»"i Philip- 
 pine IslJinds, fVom lat. 10° to 18° N. Here a humiu climnte 
 I and volcanic si'il re.-ippear, and with them exuberant 
 I fertility. Kice again becomes abundant. Si.i{ar ] titolaico 
 
MAL 
 
 MAL 
 
 are pr'^'lucod : 'bvit peppers, fine spices, and «ome of the fruits 
 of the i -lands near the equator are wantng. 
 
 Vegdatirin. — In the woods of Sumatra and Java, most of 
 the trees exceed 100 feet in height. But the density of tlie 
 vcgetntiou is still more astonifliing than the vigor of 
 Individual plants. In the struggle for space and air, plants 
 of diirereiit kinds hecome piled one over the other. Teak, 
 mango, fig, musa, sandal, ebony, and other great trees, are 
 miiigli'd with palms of endless variety and gigantic forms ; 
 while climbing plants, frequently canes, interweaved from 
 tree to tree, bind the whole together, and render the forest 
 utterly impenetrable. The tendency to climb characterizes 
 the veL'itation of the Archipelago. Slem^', a ftx)t or more in 
 diameter, and belonging to species which elsewhere grow 
 without support, here twine themselves round the giants of 
 the f in st. Several of the climbing canes also take root, 
 like the musa, as often as they touch the ground with their 
 boughs. The inexhaustiVjle supply of great timber afforded 
 by these woods is to the natives of far less importance than 
 the cocoa-nut, the bamboo, and numei-ous slender palms 
 which adorn the coasts. In general the the objeet-i of cultiva- 
 tion in the Malay Island-s — rice, mai7.e,*&c. — are each known 
 by one name throughout the Archipelago; while the in- 
 digenous prtKluctions change their names with the lo<-alities. 
 
 Jnhaliitunts. — In the Malay Archipelago there are two 
 aboriginal races. One, of Malay extraction, has a brown or 
 fair complexion, the other is the Papuan or Negro race, and 
 is black. The brown race are about 4 inches below the 
 average European stature. They are robust and somewhat 
 clumsy: the face is square, with hollow cheeks and project- 
 ing jaws; large mouth, small nose, small black eyes, and 
 lank hair. The Hattahs of Sumatra, and the wretched 
 Dyaks of Borneo, who are among the fairest, live under the 
 equator: the Javanese, the most civilized and most luxu- 
 rious, are among the darkest. The I'apuas or dark-coloretl 
 natives are dwarf Negroes ; they rarely attain the height 
 of 5 feet, and have feeble frames: the skin is of a sooty 
 hlack. not polished like that of the vigorous African : the 
 chin retreats as to form no part of the face; the lips are 
 very prominent, the look wild and malign. They increase 
 la numl'ers towards the E., and are the sole possessors of 
 Papua or New Guinea. AVherever found, they seem to be 
 in the lowest stage of civilization. 
 
 In the .Malay Archipelago there are no dry pastures, no 
 grasses, no open glades. Pastoral life, the ordinary begin- 
 ning of industry and society, here has no existence. The 
 natives are chiefly confined by impenetrable forests to the 
 sea-shore. An unusually large proportion of the whole popu- 
 lation have maritime habits. Their chief tf>wiis are, in many 
 instaiues. built ov(!r the water: the bamlwx) houses being 
 construetcMl on stakes. They often shelter an entire village 
 under a single roof Even the least civilized tribes of the 
 Dyaks construct houses on piles, 10 or 20 feet above the 
 ground, large enough to loilge 500 people. The natives are 
 skilful lx>at-builders. and tiieir prahoos. (prahfis.) often of 00 
 tons burden, are excellent specimens of naval architecture. 
 
 Fleets of prahoos are fitted out every year in Celebes for 
 the trepang fishery on the coast of New Holland. The only 
 forms of governments known to the brown or Malayan 
 population are an elective confederation, as in Celebes; or 
 an unlimited despotism, as in Java. 
 
 MALAY PENINSULA, called also MAL.\C'CA or MA- 
 L.\Y.\. md-lA'y.i, (anc. Chersomlsus Au'rea,) the most 
 southern portion of Continental Asia, forming the S. 
 part of the peninsula of Farther India, mostly between 
 lat. 1° and 13° N., and Ion. 98° and 104° E., connected 
 northward to Lower Siam by the Isthmus of Kraw, and j 
 having on the E. the Gulf of Siam and China Sea, and 
 on the S. and W. the Strait of Malacca. Malaya proper 
 Or Malacca extends from lat. 1° 20' to 7° N. . Estimated 
 area 4."),000 square miles, and pop. about 375.000. The 
 country, as far as lat. 0° S., comprising the states of Ligor 
 and Quedah. is claimed by Siam : S. of which it is subilivided 
 amonir many small native states — the principal lx>ing Perak, 
 Johore. Pahang, Kalantan. Tringany, and Kumbowe, be- 
 sides the British territories of Malacca. Naning. and the JTO- 
 vlnce of M'ellesley. Its centre is traverseil throughout by 
 a mountain chain, rising from 3000 to €000 feet in height, 
 but decreasing on proceeding to the S., where, however, the 
 detached Mount Ophir is estimated to rise to 5700 feet in ele- 
 vation. The svirface is well watered and finely timberetl. 
 The (population consists principally of Siamese and Malays. 
 Princip;',l towns, Malacca, Quedah, Salangore, Johore, Pa- 
 tany, ami P:ihang. — Adj. M.\i,\¥AN. mal-A/an, and MAi..\y. 
 mal-V: inhah. Malay. The latter (Malay) is also applied to 
 the whole of Malaisia or Malay Archipelaoo. 
 
 MA LA YTA, mi-WtA, an i.sland in the South Pacific Ocean ; 
 lat. (S. point) 9° 45' S.; Ion. 101° 39' 24" K. 
 
 MALBKltO, mJtl'bjRO, or M.VILBERG, miPb^RO, a market- 
 town of Lower .\ustria. Pop. llol. 
 
 MAL'B'lKOLIGtt, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MALBDUGETH, miSPliomi-ghJu, or MALBOBGETII. 
 tnSl'bnRY'bJt'. a town of Austria. Illvria. 21 milps S.W. of 
 Villach, in a narrow pass, on the Fella, deleuded by a strong 
 fort, razed by the French in 1809. 
 
 MALCHIN. mil-Keen/, a town of Germany. grand-duch'S 
 of Meeklenberg-Sehweriii. between Lakes M.alcbin auu Cuia- 
 mer, 24 miles E.S.E. of Glistrow. Pop. 3Su2. Chief indus- 
 try, weaving and tanning. 
 
 MALC'IIOW. mdl'Kfiv. a town of Germany, grand-duchy 
 of Mccklenberg-Schwerin, on an jslaud in Lake Malchow, 11 
 miles W.S.W. of Waren. Pop. 2S87. It has important ma- 
 nufactures of woollen cloths. 
 
 M.A.L'CULM, a post-village of Jefferson co., ^Mississippi, 26 
 miles E.N.E. of Natchez, is the eastern terminus of tlw 
 Malcolm and Natchez Hailroad. in course of construction. 
 
 MALDA or MAULDA. mawlAlri, a town of Brili.sh India 
 presidency and province of Bengal, district and 50 miles 
 S.'NV. of Dinagepoor, on the Mahanunda, an afilueiit of the 
 Gauges. It consists of 3000 hou.ses, miserably built out of 
 the ruins of Gour, 12 miles distant. 
 
 .MALDEGIIEM, mdl'deh-gh^m\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, 17 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. (5114, 
 engaged in tobacco factories, oil-mills, breweries, and cotton 
 printing works. 
 
 M.\LUEN, mil'dfn, a pari.sh of England, co. of Surrey, 
 2i miles N.N.W. of Ewell, with a station on the Loudon and 
 South-Western Hallway. 
 
 M.VLDE.X, mrll'dt^n, a village of Holland, province of Gel- 
 derland. 4 miles S. of Nymwegen. Pop. 680 
 
 M.\L'DEN, miil'den, a thriving post-vill.ige and township 
 of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on a river of its own name, 
 navigable for vessels of 300 ton.s to within h:ilf a mile of 
 the village, and on the Boston and Maine and the Saugus 
 Branch hailroad, 5 miles N. of Boston. It has excellent 
 water privileges. The principal manufactures are tin ware, 
 block-tin ware. India rubber boots and shoes. lasts, boot' 
 tree.s, enamelled leather, coach laco and tassels ; and there 
 are establishments f.«r dyeing silks, cottons, kr., staining 
 paper, and making iron pipes. Large quantities of bricks 
 are also made, and there is an extynsive tide tlouring-niill. 
 A bridge. 2420 feet in length, connects Maiden with 
 Charlestown. The village contains 4 churches, a bank, 
 about a dozen stores, and 2000 inhabitants. There are also 
 the villages of Edgeworth and South Maiden. Pop. of the 
 township TiSOo. 
 
 M.\LDEN, a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, on the 
 W. bank of Hudson Kiver, 42 miles below Albany. It haa 
 a steamboat landing. 
 
 MALDEX BKIDGE, a postrvillage of Columbia co., New- 
 York, on Kinderhook Creek. It! miles S.S.E. of .\lbany. 
 
 M.\LDEN CENTH E, a station on the Saugus Branch Rail- 
 road, 5 miles from Boston, JIassachusetts. 
 
 MALDEN ISLAND, an island iu the Pacific Ocean, lat 
 (S. point) 3° 5S' 30" S., Ion. 155° W. It is of low coral forma- 
 tion, and about 12 or 14 miles in extent. Discovered by 
 Caj)tain Lord George Byron, July 30, 1825. 
 
 JIALUEKEN, mSl'd. h-rin\ a village of Belgium, on the 
 Steenhuffelsche-Beek, io miles N.N.W. of Brussels. P. 1755. 
 
 M.\LDEUE.\, a village of Belgium, 11 miles from Mechlin, 
 (Maiines.) with which it communicates by railway. 
 
 MALDIVE(nial'div) ISLANDS.orMALEDlVA. nMh-dea/- 
 yL ("Thousand I.sles"'). a chain of islands, Indian (3cean. be- 
 tween lat. 0° 45' S., and 7° 0' N., and Ion. 72° 4S'and 73° 48' 
 E., ttlKJut 300 miles S.E. of Ilindostan. and separated N. from 
 Manicoy and the Laccadives by the S and 9 degrees channels 
 They are of coral formation, and arranged in 17 round and 
 oval groups, termetl at/ills, surrounded and proteete<l by coral 
 reefs. The larger islands are well wooded with palms. &c..and 
 proiluce millet, numerous e.sculent root,s. fruits, inid jKiuItry ; 
 the smaller are mere barren islets. Cowry fishing is an im- 
 portant pursuit. Pop. of the whole may amount to 150,000 
 or 200,000. They, are Mohan\medans. and live uiider a 
 sultan, who resides on the island of Male, and sends an an- 
 nual tribute to the Brftish government in Ceylon. 
 
 MAL-DI-VENTRE. mdl-dee-v^n/lrA. an island of the Medi- 
 terranean, off the W. coast of Sardinia, 6 miles S.W. of 
 Cape Mannu. It is 5 miles long, 1 mile broad, low, and rocky. 
 
 MALDiJ.N, mil'dpn, a parliament.iry and municipal 
 borough, river-port, and town of England, co. of Essej:, on 
 the Chelmer, occupying an eminence wbiih overlooks a 
 marshy tract. 9^ miles E. of Chelmsford. Pop. in 1S51. 5888. 
 It has .several ancient churches, a grammar school, founded 
 in 1008. with an exhibition to Christ's College. Cambridge; 
 a large national school, a valuable libi-ary bi^queathed by 
 Dr. I'lume. who al.so endowed several charities; an ancient 
 town-hall, a jail, and large barracks, with imports of coal, 
 ii'on, and timljer. It has exports of fish and agricultural 
 produce. Vessels of considerable burden approach the town. 
 Shipping. 7280 tons. .Sends 2 members to the lIou.se of Com- 
 mons. It gives the title of Viscount to the Karl of Essex. 
 
 MALDOXADO, maido-nd'do, a fortified seaport town of 
 Uruguay, or liar.da Oriental, on the N.E. shore of the Plata 
 estuary, 60 miles E. of Montevideo. Lat. of the island 
 Gorriti, whii h shelters its harbor, 34° 57' 2" S., Ion. 54° 57' 
 35" W. It is regularly built, and has a large public square. 
 
 MALE, md'la. or MOIIL, mol, the principal island of the 
 Maldive group, a little N. of its centre, almost circular, 
 having a circumference of nearly 5 miles. It is the resi- 
 dence of the Sultan, and the seat of his government, and 
 
 1127 
 
MAL 
 
 ■WA5 once completely fortified by a wall and bastions. Pop. 
 near :iOoO. . , . m , 
 
 MALK, m;l/lA or ma'leh. a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, 
 60 miUs fi-om Trent, on the Nooe. Pop. lltjl. 
 
 M.\LK1J|J.M. nii-le-bum'. a town of .Nepaul, on the Gun- 
 duck. 138 miles N.W. of lihatmandoo. 
 
 MAL1;KU.\, malekrd. a neat town of the Punjab, near 
 the pouth range of the Himalaya Mountains, close to the 
 foot of Koe-Kaiigra. 
 
 JIALKMBA, ma-lem'ba, a town of West Africa. 
 
 M-iLEMiJUT, mirmoB), a vill.iire of i'rance. department of 
 Vauduse. 6 miles t«.K. of Carpentra?. Pop. V-iW. 
 
 M.VLH>MYX, md'U-mIn'. a town of Burmah. on the Irra- 
 waddy. 76 miles N. of Ava, cont.ains aliout SOO houses. 
 
 M.\hKNO\VlTZ, mM.-i-noSvlts, a ma rke Wo wn of Moravia, 
 12 miles N.N.E. of llradi.sch. Pop. 13.37. 
 
 M.ALE ). md-l.Vo. a market-town of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of .Milan, 17 miies S.E. of Ix>di. Pop. 404-.i. 
 
 MALESHEK15ES, mdrzaiab', a market-town of France, 
 department of Luiret, on the Essonne. 11 miles .\.E. of I'itlii- 
 Tiers. Pop. 1475. Uere is the fine chateau of Miilesherbes. 
 
 M.VLESl'KOrr, raaUAHRwd'. a town of France, department 
 of Morbibau. 8 miles S. of Ploermel. Pop. 1790. 
 
 MALEW, a pari.>ih on the Isle of -Man. 
 
 MALFI. mil'fee, a village of Austria, Dalmatia. 7 miles 
 N W. of Kagusa, on a b.iy of the Adriatic. Pop. 2984. 
 
 .MALG.Va.'iLlI, MALUHAR.A., mal'gd-ra. or MIGALGARA, 
 me-gdl'gi-rd, a walled town of European Turkey, province of 
 Koom-Elee, .oaujak and 33 miles X.N.E. of Gallipoli. P. 2o00. 
 
 M.VLGIt.VT, mdl-grit/, a seaport town of .Spain. 37 miles 
 N.E, of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2839. 
 
 M.\LGl'fi.V.A.C. m:irgA'nik', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Mor'ulian. 4 miles W. of Pontivy. l>op. 2009. 
 
 M.\I>'I1.^M. a township, England, eo. York. West Hiding. 
 
 M.iLIIEUR. mal-oor', (Yr. pron. mJ'luR-'.) a river in the 
 S.E. part of Oregon, rises in the Blue Mountains, and flows 
 into Pnake TUver. 
 
 IMALTAOU? SIXTTS. See Lamia. Gulf of. 
 
 M.iLICORNl'], niS^lee^koun', a market-town of France, 
 department of t?arthe, 8 miles N. of La Fleche, on the left 
 bank of the Sarthe. Pop. 1094. 
 
 M.iLINES, a town of Belgium. See .Mechlix. 
 
 M.\l/IN'. a village of Ireland, co. of Donegal, 10 miles N. 
 by E. of Londonderry. Pop. 205. 
 
 M.\LIN HEAD, a promontory of Ireland, Lister, co. of 
 Donegal. Lat. 65° 22' N., Ion. 7° 24' W. On its summit is a 
 8ign.al tower. 
 
 ld.\.LINOVKA, mR-le-nov'kJ, a market-town of Russia, 
 government and 23 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov, on the Donets. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 MALK.\. mdl'kJ, a river separating Circa.asia from Rus.°ia, 
 joins the Terek, 18 miles W.S.W. of Mosdok, after a course 
 of al)Out 110 miles. 
 
 MALLARE. mdl-li'ni or MALLERE. mdl-ld'ri, a village 
 of the i^ardiiiian States. 7 miles from Cairo. Pop. 1597. 
 
 M.\LL.-VV1LLV. mdl-ld-villee, a fortified town of Southern 
 India. Mysore dominions. 25 miles E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 MALLEMORT, mdrieh-moB/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of BouchesHlu-RhOne, 28 miles E.XJB. of Aries. Pop. 
 2150. 
 
 MALLEX, mdl-yJn', (anc. Manflia f) a town of Spain, Ara- 
 gon. 39 miles X.W. of Saragos.sa. Pop. 1852. 
 
 MAL'LKT'S CREEK, a po.st-viIlage of Medina co., Ohio, 
 115 miles X.X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 MALLEZ.\. mdl-yi'thd, a village of Spain, Asturlas, 25 
 mill's from Oviedo. Pop. 1579. 
 
 MALLICOLLO, mdl-le-kol'lo, a group of i.<ilands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, about lat. 16° 30' S.. Ion. 167° 50' E., S.E. of 
 Espiiitu Santo. Estimated area, 600 .square miles. It is 
 low, well watered, and fertile, but iiihabited by a race appa- 
 reutlv in the lowest stage of barbarism. 
 
 M.4LLIC0LL0, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 300 miles 
 N. of the above. See 
 
 MAULING, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 MALLIXG, SOUTH, a pari.sh of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 MALLIXG. WEST, a parish and market-town of England, 
 CO. of Kent, 5^ miles W.X.W. of Maidstone. Pop. 1784. 
 
 MALLOIiCA. See Majorca. 
 
 MAL'LOUYSVILLE. a post-village of Wilkes co., Georgia, 
 76 miles X.X .E. of .Milledgeville. It has a church, an academy, 
 and a cotton-gin factory. 
 
 MAl/hOW, a parliamentary borough, town, and watering- 
 place of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 17 miles N.X.W. of 
 Cork, on the Blackwater. here crossed by an old bridge of 15 
 arches. Pop. of parish in 1851. 9279. It is picturesquely 
 situated, with many elegant seats In the vicinity; has a 
 handscime modern, and the ruins of an ancient church, 
 a Roman Catholic chapel, manor court-house, jail, union 
 worklmusi'. l>arracks, county infirmarv, news-rooms, and the 
 hott<-st mineral spring in Ireland. "The borough sends 1 
 member to the House of Commons. The castle is the seat 
 of the .lephson family, who own the town. In the vicinity 
 is th>' ruined castle of the ancient Earls of Desmond. 
 
 MAI-LWVD. Mia/A/'wid. a parish of North Males, counties 
 of Merioneth and Montgomery. 
 1128 
 
 MAL 
 
 MALMAISON, tilrm.VsjS"', a chateau in France, depart- 
 ment of Seine, i^ miles W. of Paris, celebrateil as having 
 been the favorite residence of the Empress Jii-eplune. 
 
 M.'VLMEDY, mdl'meh-do. a town of lihenish Prussia, 25 
 miles S. of Aix-la-Chapelle. on the Warge. I'op. 40;0. It 
 has extensive tanneries, and manufactories of woo! Icu dotta, 
 muslins, soap, ai:d potash, mineral springs, and near it the 
 ruins of an ancient imperial abbey. 
 
 MALMESBURY, mdmz'ber-e, a parliamentary birough, 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Wilt.<. nearly enclosed 
 by the Avou, here crossed by six bridges. lOj miles N.N.W. 
 of Bath. Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 6998. 
 The town, formerly fortified and more cxlensive, has three 
 principal streets, and a haud.some market cross, built in the 
 time of Henry All. It was the seat cf a famous Saxon 
 nunnery : little now remains, except a portion u.^eU as the 
 parish church, with a tomb reputed to be that of King 
 Athelstan. It ha-s vestiges of ancient fortificaiions. The 
 manufacture of woollen doth, furmerly the chief branch, 
 has given way to wool-stapling. Malniesbury ceasetl to have 
 corporate jurisdiction b}" the Municipal Reform Act. It 
 sends 1 member to the House of Commor^s. It is the birth- 
 pLace of the historian William of Malmesbury, and the 
 philosopher Ilobbes, 
 
 MAL.UISH or MALMYCII,, mdl-mi.sh', a town of Russia, 
 governmeut of Viatka, SO miles N.X.E. of Kazau, ou the 
 Yiatka. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MAL.MO, (MalmiJ,) mal'mo or mdl'md, a seaport town 
 of Sweden, capital of a la.'u, on the Sound, and in one of 
 the most fertile districts of the kingdom, 16 miles E.SJC. 
 of Copenhagen; lat. 55° 36' 6" X., Ion. 13° E. It was 
 formerly a place of strength, but all the fortifications have 
 been removed, to the great improvement of the appearance 
 of the place. The to«n coui-ists of a large and regular 
 square, surrounded by an avenue of lime, alder, and (hest- 
 nut trees. The principal buildings are two chur( hes, one 
 of them pos.«essed of a large organ and costly monuments', 
 the old castle, still surrounded by walls and ditches, and 
 occupied partly as larracks; the governor's house, town- 
 house, hospital, and theatre. The staple manufactures are 
 gloves. The trade, much cramped by the want of a good 
 harbor, is chiefly in grain and brandy. A steamer plSee 
 regularlv between Malmii, Copenhagen, and Lubeck. Pop. 
 in 186:5,'21,526. 
 
 MALMOHUUS, (Malmilbuu.s)md'mo-hooce,orMAL:MO, a 
 fertile province or la;n of Sweden, at its S.W. extremity, hav- 
 ing S. the Baltic, and W. the Sound. Area 17 SI square miles. 
 Pop. 253,084. 
 
 MALX.\TE, mdl-ni'ti, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, 13 miles E.X.E. of Como. Pop. 2062. 
 
 M,\LO, md/lo, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Yicenza, on the Torlo. Pop. 3960. It has a salt- 
 petre fiictorv. 
 
 MALUI-a'rCIIAXGELSK. mdloi-aR-kSn-ghJlsk', a small 
 town of Russia, governmeut and 46 miles S.E. of Orel. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 MALUl-DIELSKAJA, mdloi-de-Jl-.skd'jd, a small town ot 
 Russia. Don Cos.sack country. 230 miles X.E. of Tchcrkask, 
 on the Medvieditza. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MALOI-YAROSLAVITZ. mi'loi-yd-ro-sll'vits. (?) a small 
 town of Russia, government and 38 miles X. of Kal< oga, on 
 the Loosha, (Louja.) This place was the scene of a san- 
 gumary engagement between the French and Russians, 4th 
 October, 1812. 
 
 M.VLOXE, marlOn', a post-village, capital of Franklin 
 CO., New Y'ork, in Malone township and on the Xorthcru 
 llailroitd, 60 miles E. of Ogdensburg. Salmon River flows 
 through the township, aft'ordiug extensive water-jwwer, 
 and is crossed by a bridge which has a sp;in of 160 feet, at 
 an elevation of 82 feet above the water. Malone is the 
 largest village in the county. It is beautifully situated in 
 the midst of a rich and rapidly improving agricultural dis- 
 trict: and contains, besides the county buildings, churches 
 for the Presbyterians, Biiptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, 
 Uni versalists, and Romjin Catholics ; the Franklin Academy, 
 a thriving institution, incorporated in 1S31 ; the county 
 poor-house, buildings of the State Arsenal, (sold since 
 18-">],) 2 banks, and several machine-shops and mills, A 
 public park has been laid out on either siile of the village 
 since January, 1851, and tastefully ornamented with shade 
 trees, known as " Arsenal Green," which belongs to the 
 state; and anotlier comprising the grounds enclosing the 
 Academy. About a mile W. of the village is an excellent 
 quarry of Potsdam sand^stone, which is being wrought on 
 an extensive scale, and exported. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. During the winter of 1813-14, Malone was 
 occupied by a detachment of tlie army under General Wil- 
 kin.son, who lelt in the early part of February. On the 19th 
 of the same month, it was visitetl by 1200 regulars and 400 
 Canadian militia under Colonel Scott, who seized a consiuiw 
 rable amount of stores collected here. Pop. 6 i6>. 
 . M.\LOXNE, mdMonn', a town of Belgium, 3 miles S. W. of 
 Namiir. on the Sarabro. Pop. :^183. 
 
 MALOXNO, mi-lon'no, a village of Northern lUly, 43 
 miles N. £. of Bergamo. Pop. 1600. 
 
MAL 
 
 MAM 
 
 MALOO, MilMoo', a town of North-Wept Hindostan, 25 
 miles W. of Sirhind. Lat. 30° 38' N., Ion. 75° 58' K. 
 
 MALOUIN K8, Atlantic Ocean. See Falkland I.sla\ds. 
 
 MALI'ARTIDA-DK-CACERKS, mil-Yi&K-tee'Di-di-kii/thi- 
 tis, a markel-tovva of Spain, 50 milea N.N.E. of Cacereg. 
 Pop. 2575. 
 
 MALI'ARTIDA-DE-PLACENCIA, mfH-paR-tee/pi-dA-pia- 
 BJn'Khe-S, (or mill-paP.-tee'Dil-di-plMhJn'the-4,) a village of 
 Spain, Estremndura, 51 milea N. by E. of Caceres. Pop. 
 2191. 
 
 MALPART1DA-DE-LA-SERE\A, mJl-paR-tce'Di-d-l-ia-pA- 
 ri/nd, a town of .Spain, E.stremadura, 05 miles E.S.E. of 
 Bad.ijns. Pop. 15-16. 
 
 MAli'l'AS. a market-town and pari.sh of England, co. and 14 
 milesS.S.E. of Chester. Pop. In lf>51.5726. The town is plea- 
 santly situated, has a richly-ornamented church, built nliout 
 the time of IhMiry Vll. : a grammar school, Alport's School, 
 and several other charities. It gives the title of Viscount to 
 the Marquis of C'holmondeley, who.se residence is in the 
 vicinity. Matthew Henry, the Commentator, and Reginald 
 Ileber, Bishoj) of Calcutta, were natives of this place. 
 
 M.\Ll'A8. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 MALl'LAQUtiT, uii-tPpli^kA/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, arrondis.sement of Avcsnes, memorable for 
 the vict<^)ry of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over the 
 French, in 1709. 
 
 M.\ Ll'OOJtA. mdl-poo'rS, a town of Hindostan, Rsypootana, 
 36 miles E.S.E. of Kisheuagur. 
 
 MALS, mils, a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, S.S.W. of 
 Imst. Pop. IftiO. 
 
 MALSCil, m^lsh, a market-town of Germany, Baden, 
 6miles E.N.E, of Uastadt. Pop. •J.'SOS. 
 
 M.\L8CII. a marketrtown of Germany, Baden, 14 miles 
 8.S.E. of Mannheim. I'op, 1295. 
 
 MALS-KLF, m.'tls-^lf, a river of Norway, falls into the 
 Malunger Fiord, after a course of above 80 miles. 
 
 MALSEN. mil-BJn' or m41-.siu', or MALSESINE, miKsi- 
 Bee'nA, a village of Austrian Italy, 23 miles N.N.W. of 
 Verona, with a small port on the Lake of Garda. Pop. 1700. 
 
 MALSTROM. See Maelstrom. 
 
 MALTA, mawl'ti, (It. pron. mdl'tj, Fr. Malte, milt, anc. 
 MeUita.) an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Great 
 Britain. (12 miles S.S.W. of Sicily, and 197 miles N, of Africa, 
 lat. ( Valctta I'aUice) 35° .53' 48" N.. Ion. 14° 31' 15" E., greatest 
 length 17 miles, central breadth about 9 miles, area 98 square 
 miles. It is of an irregular and oval shape, deeply indented 
 on all sides, except the S., where the coast forms a continuous 
 and almost unbroken line. The largest bays are tho.se of 
 JIarsa and Sirocco on the S.W., and Melheha and St. Paul's 
 on the N.K. ; but the most important, in every respect, is 
 the double bay. formed by the opposite sides of the remark- 
 able peninsula on which the capital, Valetta, stands. The 
 S.W. coast is remarkably bold, having not a single opening 
 in which a vessel can take refuge. The surface is very much 
 broken by rocks, wliieh pierce it in all directions, and are 
 almost destitute of any covering of soil, leaving few inter- 
 vening spaces which can be brought under regular culture. 
 The culminating point, which occurs near the S.W. coast, 
 does not exceed 1200 feet. The rocks are all stratified, and 
 arranged in nearly parallel layers, with a very gentle dip, ge- 
 nerally from N.E. to E. by N. They are dlsposeil in 4 distinct 
 groups, consisting of coral limestone, yellow sandstone, and 
 blue clay, the former above, in beds of about 20 feet thick, 
 aViounding in fossils, the latt«'r from 100 to 120 feet thick, 
 sandstone, and a yellowish white serai-crystal line limestone, 
 forming a:n excellent building stone. T'he range of tt^mpe- 
 rature seldom exceeds 6° in 24 hours; the air is usually dry 
 and ih-.-ir. The winter climate, from the middle of October 
 till that of .January, is most delightful: but in summer the 
 heat becomes extreme, and the bright light reflected from 
 the bare white rocks often injures the sight. There are no 
 lakes, or proper running streams in the island; but the 
 springs are numerous and copious. The soil is very thin, 
 and unfit for general cultivation. The corn raised furnishes 
 not more than three months' supply. The staple product is 
 cotton : the vine and olive are cultivated. Fruits, particu- 
 larly tigs and oranges, are abundant, and of excellent flavor. 
 The central position of Malta in the Jlediterraftean. makes 
 it an important commercial depot, and at all times an in- 
 valuable naval station. It has, in consequence, received 
 great attention from the British government, and been both 
 provided with excellent docks and verv strong fortifica- 
 tions, .Malta was first peopled, it is said, by the Pheeni- 
 cians. It pa.ssed succes-sively through the hands of tha 
 Ph(enicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians, and was finally at- 
 tached to Rome during the second Punic War, After the 
 Gill of the Roman empire, it was seized, at different times, 
 by Vandals. Goths, and Saracens. From the last, it passed 
 » Sicily, and followed its fortunes till 1522, when Charles 
 V. granted it to the Order of St. John of Jeru.salem. In 
 1798. the (Jrand Master Hompesch surrendered it to .Napo- 
 leon. It was afterwards taken by Nelson, and is now, along 
 with the isliiniis of Comino and Gozo, a formally recognised 
 ooKsession of Great Britain. Revenue, in 1852, £127,728. 
 ilspeuditures, £123,086. In 1849, 849 political refugees 
 
 sought a home In the island. Pop. about 100,000. — .\dj. and 
 iuhab. Maltese, mawl-t<fez/, (It. .Maltese, mil-ta/sA.) 
 
 MALTA, mawl'tii, a post-township in the 8.E. part ol 
 Saratoga co.. New York, about 2.S miles N. of Albany. P 1240, 
 
 MALTA, a thriving post-village and township of Morgan 
 CO., <Jhio, on the right bank of the Muskin'.;um, oppo.-^ite tor 
 McConnelsvilte, and 75 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. The 
 village contains 2 or 3 churches, and 1 llouring-mill. Pop. 
 about 700 ; of the township 1815. 
 
 M.VI/r.WILLE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New York, 
 30 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 JIALT'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Biding, 
 
 JI ALTBY LE .MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MALTE, See Malta, 
 
 M.\LTI;RDINGEX, mai'ti-r-dingVn, a market-town of 
 Baden, 12 miles N.N,W. of Freiburg", Pop. 1406. 
 
 MALTERS, mdl'ters, a town of Switzerland, canton and 
 11 miles W, of Lucerne, on the Emmen. Pop. 4455. 
 
 MALTON, (mawl't<,)n.) NEW. a parliamentary borough 
 and town of England, co. of York, North Riding, on the 
 Derwent. here crossed by an ancient stone briiige, 18 miles 
 .N.N. K. of York, with a station on the York and North Mid- 
 land Railway. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851. 7661. 
 It stands on an eminence, has a large marketplace, national 
 and Lancasterian schools, a theatre, public rooms, with a 
 library, and remains of a castle of the Vescis, destroyed by 
 Henry II. Porter, malt, corn, and biicon, are largely ex- 
 ))ort4'd to Hull, &c., by the navigable Derwent. The borough 
 is a polling place for the county, and in conjunction with its 
 suburb of Norton, and with Old Malton. sends 2 members to 
 the Hou.se of Commons. The town was burnt in the reign 
 of Stephen, and on being rebuilt, took the name of New 
 .Malton. 
 
 .MALTON, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, North 
 Riding. 
 
 MALTOWN. mSl'town. a town of Hindostan. Bundeleund, 
 commanding a pass into the Owalior dominions. 
 
 MALTSCH, m.'tltch, a village of Prussia, on the Berlin 
 Frankfort and Breslau Railway, 24 miles W. of Breslau. 
 
 MALUE.NUA, md-loo-^n'dit, almost mal-w^n/d.l, a village 
 of Spain, Aragon, 40 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop, 1125. 
 
 .MALU'Gl.N GROVE, a post-oflice of Lee co., Illinois, 00 
 miles W. of Chicago. 
 
 MALVAGLIA, miX-vM'yL a town of Switzerland, canton 
 of Tieino, 9 miles N. of Bellin/.ona. Pop. 1684. 
 
 MALVAGNA, mil-vin'yi. a village of Sicily, finely situated 
 on the side of one of the hills of .Mount Etna. Pop. lOOO, 
 
 MALVASIA, NAPOLI DE. See Monemvasia. 
 
 MALVKH.V, (maw'vern,) Gre.w, a watering-place and 
 parish of England, co. and 8 miles S.S.W. of Won-ester, on 
 the E. declivity of the Malvern Hills. Pop. 3763. The vil- 
 lage, neatly built, has handsome hotels and private houses, 
 g(X)d baths, and a fine abbey church, the choir and tower 
 of which were built by Sir Jteginald Bray, the celebrated 
 architect of Henry VII. Of the abbey, foundeil in 1083, 
 few vestiges remain. A medicinal spring hero attracts 
 many invalids. 
 
 MALVERN, Little, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 MALVERN, mawl'vem, a postrvillage of Carroll co., Ohio, 
 137 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 MALVEKN, a station and village of Carroll co., Ohio, on 
 a branch of the Cleveland and Pittsburg llailroad, 19 miles 
 S.S.W. of Alliance. 
 
 MAL'VERN HILLS, England, separate the co, of Woi> 
 cester from Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, and are 
 nearly 9 miles in length, from N. to S. The Herefordshire 
 Beaccm, an ancient. British fortress, near their centre, is 
 1444 feet in elevation, 
 
 M.\LVITTO, m^l-vit'to, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 16 miles S.S.W. of Castrovillari. Pop. 2200. 
 
 .MALWAH, mawl'wd, (t. e. the •'mountainous coun- 
 try,") an old province of Hindostan. mostly between lat. 
 22° and 26° N., and Ion. 74° and 80° E., enclosed by the 
 provinces of Rajpootana, Agra, Allahabad, Candeish, and 
 Guzerat. Its central part is a table land, between its chief 
 rivers the Chumbul in the N., and Nerbuddah in the S., 
 and watered by the Sind and Betwah, affluents of the 
 Jumna. Opium is extensively raised for exportation. This 
 province is the principal seat of the Blieel race, and was 
 formerly of the Mahrattas. It is mostly subdivided among 
 the dominions of Ciwalior, Indore, and Bhnpaul. 
 
 M.'VLW.\N, mdrwdn', or SOONDhiRBUOOG, soon-der- 
 droog', a town and fortified island of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, district of South Coucau, on the Malabar 
 coast, 50 miles N.N.\\'. of Goa. 
 
 M.\LY'l, mdPyee/, or M.\L01, md-loy', an island of Siberia, 
 in the .Arctic Ocean, about 45 miles S.S,E. of the island of 
 Kotelnoi. A great deal of fossil ivory is found on it. 
 
 5IALZEVILLE, miPzeh-veel', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Meurthe. on the Meurthe, here crossed by a bridge 
 of 13 arches, 15 miles E. of Nancy. Pop. 1646 
 
 M.\L/11'.L', LE, leh mdrwvx'h'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Lozere, 25 miles N. of Marvejols. Pop. 1167. 
 
 MAMA, mi-mii/, two rivers of Asiatic Russia, in the N.R. 
 of the government of Irkootijk, called Verkhnee-Mamaaud 
 
 1129 
 
MAAI 
 
 Nizh nee-Mama. The former, the larger of the two, has a 
 course <if abovt^ 100 miles: both joiu the Vitim. 
 
 MAMADISH, MAMADISCII or MAMADA.ICH, mJ-mS- 
 dish' or mi-m.itleesh', a town of Kussia. government and 87 
 miles E. Af Kasan, on the Viatka. Pop. 2000. 
 
 M.\MAiv.\1'lXG, a t/iwnship forming the SJI. extremity 
 of Sullivan co., New York. Pop. 3S2S. 
 
 MAMA.NGUAPJB. ma-min-gw^pl, a river of Brazil, enters 
 tlie Atlantic, 25 miles X. of Parahiba, after an E. course of 
 130 niles. 
 
 M.A.MA.VGUAPE, m3-man-gwi'p.i or MOXTEMOR, mon- 
 t4-moK'. a town of Brazil, province and 45 miles N.X.W. of 
 Parahiba, on a river of the same name. Its trade in cotton, 
 formerly considerable, has been absorbed by Pernambuco. 
 Pop. of "the district, 4000. 
 
 M.\M-\K/O.N'ECK, a post-villao;e and township of AVest- 
 chester co.. New York, on Lon? Island Sound, and on the 
 New Y'ork and New Ilaven KaUroad, 23 miles N.E. of New 
 york. Pop. 1351. 
 
 MAM'BLE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 MAMBUCAB.4, mdm-boo-ka/ba, a marketrtown of Brazil, 
 province and 78 miles W. of Kio de Janeiro, near the river 
 Mambucaba. Pop. 4000. 
 
 M.\MKKS, md'maiR', (L. Mamercia.) a town of France, 
 department of Sarthe, 24 miles N.X.E. of Le Mans. Pop. in 
 1852. 0017. It has a fine church, and manufactures of 
 hempen, cotton, and woollen fabrics. It is supposed to 
 occupy the cite of a temple of Mars, which was destroyed in 
 the 7 th century. It was once strongly fortified, and was 
 long in possession of the English, who demolished its forti- 
 fications in 1428. Pop. 6788. 
 
 MAM'Hli.iD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MAMIIILi/AD, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 M.^M'IIOLE, a hamlet of England, co. of Monmouth, 
 parish cif JBodwelty. 7 miles W. of Pontypool. Pop. 6789. 
 
 MAMINA. mi-meen'yd. a large Indian town of I'ern, pro- 
 vince of Tarapai^a, lat. 20° 4' 48" S. It is supplied with 
 water from clear, boiling sulphur springs ; and near it gj"p- 
 eum, alum, and carbonate of soda abound. 
 
 M.\MMELLE. nidm^mJU', a creek of Pulaski co., Arkansas, 
 flows into the Arkansas sevenil miles above Little Kock. 
 
 MAMMOIjA, mdni'mo-li. a town of South Naples, province 
 of Caliibria Ultra I.. 7i miles N. of Gerace. Pop. fK)00. 
 
 MAM'MOTU CAVE, a poslniffice of Edmondson co., Ken- 
 tucky. For a description of the Cave, see Kestl'ckt. 
 
 MAMO.I ADA. md-mo-yi'dd. a village on the island of Sar- 
 dinia. S.S.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 1771. 
 
 MAJIOO-KHAIL, nii'moo' kll'. a fort of Afghanistan, 60 
 miles S.H;. of Cabool. Here the British defeated an Afghan 
 •brce in 1842. 
 
 MAMORR mJ-mo-ri', or MARMORE, maR-mo-rd', com- 
 monly called KIO GRANDE, ree'o gr.4n'dA, by the Spaniards, 
 a river of Bolivia, formed by thejunction of the Guapey and 
 Chapare or Chapari. after a N. course of 500 miles joins the 
 Beui to form the Madeira. Some geographers regard the 
 Gua(>ey (called also the Rio Grande) as the upper portion of 
 the Maniore. The vallev of this river is semi-annually Hood- 
 ed, and the animals driven to the neighbouring height.s. 
 
 M.\M1'ANWA, ni3m-p4n'wd, a village of Borneo, on its 
 W. coast, between I'ontianak and Saralias. Pop. 24,'J5. 
 
 M.\MI'.\\VA. mdm-pd/wd. a maritime town on the W. coast 
 of Borneo, on the river .Manipawa. Lit. 0° 26' N.. Ion. 10y° 
 £. It formerly imported 500 chests of opium annually. 
 
 M.\N, ISLE OF, (anc. Mona'pia or Monarilna.\ an island in 
 the Irish S«-a. about 30 miles \V. of England. 32 miles E. of Ire- 
 land. 15 miles S. of Scotland, and 48 miles N. of Wales; lat. 
 (Castletou Light) 64<^ 4' 24" N., Ion. 4° 36' 30" W. Extreme 
 len.'th alxiut 30 miles, with an irregular breadth varying 
 from 6 to 12 or 13 miles. Area 179.200 acres. Mountains 
 ext(;nd nearly through the entire length of the island. The 
 highfst point of the range is Snowfield or SneafeU. about 
 2000 feet above sea-level. Veins containing ores of lead, 
 zinc, copper, and iron, intersect the mountains in a N. and 
 S. direction. ' The lead-mines have been worked to advan- 
 tage. The island is well watered. The names of the prin- 
 cip.Hl streams are the Neb at Peel, the Colby near Ramsay, 
 and the Black and Gray Waters near Douglas. The valleys 
 are some of them tolerably fertile in grass and pasture, and 
 where the land is somewhat level, grain is frequently culti- 
 vated. Agriculture is a good deal improved, but "is still 
 very backward. 
 
 This i-iland wai< originally peopled by the Slanx, {Menavicr,) 
 ft tribe of the Celtic race. It was latterly held as a feudal 
 sovereignty by the iiirls of Derbv, and more recently by 
 the Dulv-s of Atho], fn>m whom it was purcha.scd for the 
 British Crown in 1808. The lesislative and judi.ial authority 
 is principally vested in the House of Kevs. a self-elected bodv 
 of -.4 iiulivuluals. The governor is named by the Crown. The 
 Manx language, derived from the anci.'nt Celtic, is still in 
 common use, althouu'h all the inhabitants speak English. 
 Irin.ipal towns. Castletown, (the capital.) Peel, Douglas, 
 and Kamsay. Pop. in 1861. 62.116.— Adj. Manx. 
 
 MA.N.A.. ini'nd'. a river of French Guiana, enters the At- 
 lantic 12(. miles N.«-. of Cayenne. Length 167 mUes. On 
 Ite baukf is a French colony for free blacks 
 1130 
 
 MAN 
 
 MANAAR. ml-nJn/, GULF OP. an inlet cf the Indian 
 Ocean, between Ceylon and the S. extremity of India. 120 
 miles in width at its entrance, and separated northward 
 from Palk"s Strait, by the islands of Rami^seram and Ma- 
 naar, and a reef termed Adam's Bridge. 
 
 MANAAK ISLAND, immediately W. of the N. part of 
 Ceylon, is 18 miles in length, by 'Z\ miles across. 
 
 MANACCAN, a pari.oh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 MANACOR, md-nd-kos', a town of Spain, island of Ma- 
 jorca. 3 miles E. of Palma. on a gentle declivity. It is 
 well built; has several spacious squares, and wide, well- 
 kept streets. Its buildings are substantial : the most im- 
 portant are the palace of the ancient kings of the country, 
 a large parish church, a chapel of ease, town-house, prison, 
 2 schooKs, and a hospital. It has a bishop's see, and manu- 
 factures of brandy, wine. oil. and verdigris; and some trade 
 in grain, oil. cattle, and fruits. Pop. 10.315. 
 
 MANA'DA HILL, a post-office of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 M.-VN'ACK, a post-ofRce of Lowndes co., Alabama. 
 
 M ANADO, md-nd'do, or MKNADO, mj^ni'do. a Dutch town 
 and settlement of Celebes, near its N.E. extremity; lat. 1° 
 28' .\.. Ion. 124° 30* E. It exports large cargoes of coffee, 
 raised in its vicinity, and has also an export trade in rice 
 and gold-dust. 
 
 M.-VNAF'ON, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery. 
 
 M.4N.\F0RN0, md-nd-foR'iio. a town of South Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Ultra II.. district and 13 miles S.E. of 
 Avezzano. on the S.E. side of Lake Fucino. Pop. 2300. 
 
 M.\NAII, md'nd. a village of Northern Ilindostan, Gurlv 
 wal, 20 miles S.E. of Gangootri, and an important seat of 
 the trade with Thibet 
 
 M.VNWHOCK'ING. a flourishing post-village of Ocean co., 
 New Jersey, on a creek of its own name, about 19 miles S. 
 of Tom's River, contains 3 or 4 stores, and about 50 dwellings. 
 
 MANAIA. SeeMAXOUA. 
 
 MAXAKOO, MANAKOU, md-n^koo^. or SYMOND'S (si'- 
 m9ndz) HARBOR, a fine harbor of New Zealand, North 
 Island, on its E. coast Lat. 37° S., Ion. 174° 30' E. 
 
 M.\NAL'APAN, a post-township of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 MANALAPAN BROOK, or SOUTH RIVER, of New Jei^ 
 sey, rises in Monmouth county, flows northward, and enters 
 the Raritan. 4 miles lielow New Brunswick. 
 
 MANALIPA or MALINII'A.' See Coco Islands. 
 
 M.\N.A.MA. nid-nd'md. a town of the Persian Gulf at the 
 northern extremity of the island of Bahrein, of which it is 
 the capital. 
 
 MAN.\N, two islands off the coast of Maine. See Mesax. 
 
 MANANTICO CREEK, of Cumberland co.. New Jersey, 
 flows into Maurice Kiver. 
 
 M.A.NANZARY or MAXANZARL md-ndn-zS/ree\ a town 
 on the E. coast of Madagascar, at the mouth of a small river 
 of its own name. Lat. about 21° 20' S.. Ion. 48° 20' E. 
 
 M,\NAOS. Brazil. See Barra no Rio-Nkoro. 
 
 MAN^AP.\.R', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Mai)ra.s. district of Madura. 40 miles N.E. of Dimligul. 
 
 MANASAROWAR, md-nd-sd-ro-wdr', or TS(>-MAPHAM, 
 tso-mdrdm. a lake of Thil-et, noted in Hindoo sacred 
 legends, 2S0 miles E.N.E. of Delhi; lat 30° 4U' N., Ion. 81° 
 SC E.. at the foot of Jlount Kailas. 15.200 fi-et aliove sea-level. 
 It forms nearly a circle, about 15 miles in diameter : and is 
 one of the head sources of the river Sutlej, pouring its 
 waters into Lake Raka.s-Tal, or Tso Lanak. 
 
 MANAS'QUAX' RIVER, of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, 
 flows nearly south-eastward, and enters the Atlastic by 
 Manasquan Inlet at the S.E. extremity of the county. 
 
 M.'VNASSEIL ma-nas'seh. a tribe of Isr.ielites. 
 
 M AN AS'SAS STATION, a postoflice of Prince William co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MANATAW'XT. a post-office of Berks co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 MANATAWNY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 Schuylkill River near Pottstown. 
 
 MAN'ATEE', a post-olfice of Hill.sborough co.. Florida. 
 
 M.4NV4TON'. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MANAVGIIAT. mdn-dv-ghdt/. or MENOVGHAT. m?n-ov- 
 ghdt/. a market-town of Asia Minor. pa.shalic of .Adana. on 
 the Manavghat Kiver. ^anc. ilellas.) 30 miles N.W. of .Alaya. 
 
 MAN.-VWATU, md-na-wd-too', a river of New Zealand,. 
 North Island, rises on the W. slope of the highest niountaiu 
 range in the LMand. and enters Cook's Strait by a mouth 
 about 300 yards wide at half-tide. On a bar. at its mouth, 
 there are only 7 feet of water at low tide: but inside the 
 bar. there is depth enough for small vcs.sels for about 50 miles. 
 The tide rises 8 feet. 
 
 MAN AY' UN K.man-a-yiink'. a manufacturing town of Penn« 
 sylvania. incluued within the chartered limits of the con- 
 solidated city of Philadelphia, on the left bank of the S.huyl- 
 kill Kiver, and on the Philadelphia and Norristown Railroad, 
 7 miles N.N.W. from the State-House. It is built on t)ie de- 
 clivity of the hills which rise near the margin of the river. 
 A number of handsome residences and churches occupy the 
 higher partjf of the town. Arrangements are now in pro- 
 gress for the introduction of gas-light. Manayunk is amply 
 supplied with water-power, and is the seat rf -ixte.iUTi 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 manufaetories of cotton, of which there are about 16 in 
 Operatiiiu. It contains also' several manufactories of Ken- 
 tucky jeans, and of woollen pqpds, 3 paper-mills, and 1 roU- 
 ing-miil. There are 6 Protestant and 2 Catholic churches. 
 Two bridges cross the river at this place. I'op. in 1850, 
 6158; in iS53, about 7000. 
 
 MAN'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SIAN'CKTTi'iR, a parish of Eniiland, co. of Warwick, 11 
 miles N. of Coventry. It is the seat of a large nunnery. It 
 is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman station Man- 
 duessednni. 
 
 MA.NCH.i, L\, li raln'chj, an old province of Spain, in 
 the S. |)art of New Castile, now comprised in the province 
 of Ciudad-lteal. Its mules, celebrated for their size and 
 strength, are sent to many of the other provinces. It de- 
 rives its fame from the novel of Cervantes. — Adj. and inhab. 
 Manchk'oan ; (Sp. Manchego, mdn-i'hiUgo.) 
 
 JIAN^CIIAC, a post-office of East Baton Rouge parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 M.WCIIAC, a post-office of Hays co., Missouri. 
 
 MAXCII.^lC BAYOU, of Louisiana, a small stream form- 
 ing the S. boundary of East Baton Rouge, communicates 
 with the Mississippi on the W., and with the Amite on the 
 E. A small steamix)at plies between its extremities. 
 
 MA.VCHA-REAL, mSn'chd-r.i-dl', a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 7 miles K. of Jaeu. I'op. 3966. It has manufactures 
 of linens and woollens. 
 
 MA.V^CIIAUQ'. a post-village of Worcester co., Massachu- 
 Betts, about 47 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 M.A.NC1IE, mAxsh, a maritime department of France, in 
 the N.\V'., on the .Manche, or English Channel, formed of 
 part of the old province of Normandy. Area, 22G.'J square 
 miles. Fop. in 1861, 591,4:21. Principal rivers, the Vire, 
 Tante, Douve, Merderet. and .Selune, all navigable. On its 
 coastfl are Capes la Hague, and I'oint Barfleur. or Raz de 
 Gatteville. S<iil marshy in parts of the interior, but fer- 
 tile in grain, lint, hemp, and apples for cider. The horses 
 In tJiis department are considered the best in France ; 
 cattle are excellent; sheep yield inferior wool. Chief 
 industry, nianufacturi>s of iron, copper, and zinc, cloth, 
 linens, cottons, and lace. It was originally inhabited by 
 the Unelli and .\brincatui. It was subsequently included 
 in th(? territory wbiih the Normans wrested from Charles the 
 Simple, in the tenth century. Along with the other domi- 
 nions of William the Con()tieror. it Iwcame an appanage of 
 England, but returned to the crown of France under Charles 
 VII. It is dividijd into the arrondissements of Avranche.s, 
 Cherbourg, Coutauces, St. LO, Mortain, and Valonges. Capi- 
 Ul, .St. U\ 
 
 MAN'CIIKSTER, (anc. Manciihiium.) the most important 
 manufiieturing town of England, occupying chiefly a low 
 tract of ground on both sides of the Irwell. at the confluence 
 of the Medlock and the Irk, 162 miles N.N.W. of London, 32 
 miles K. by N. of Liverpool : lat. (St. Mary's) 63° 29' N. ; Ion. 
 2" 14' 23" W. It consists of Manchester proper, including 
 the suburbs of Ilulme. Chorlton, Ardwick, Cheetham, kc, 
 situated on the E. or left bank, and the extensive borough 
 of SaUbrd, occupying the right bank of the Irwell; the 
 communication across which is maintained by eight briilges, 
 several of them handsome structuri'S. Victoria Bridge, 
 consisting of a single elegant arch; Blackfriars' Bridge, of 
 three arches; the iron bridges of Strangeways and Spring- 
 ficild l^me. and the suspension iron bridge of Broughton, 
 m.ay be specified as most worthy of notice. The almost un- 
 exampled rapidity with which .Manchestj^r lias risen up. has 
 left it comparatively poor in architectural ornament, and 
 yet it is superior to most manufacturing towns in general 
 appearance. It has few of the narrow, twisted, and crowded 
 lanes, by which all large towns of ancient date are more or 
 less characterised, while it can point to spacious streets and 
 squares, well paved and well lighted, and lined with houses 
 which are generally of a most substantial, and, not unfre- 
 quently, of a magnificent description. Market Street, con- 
 tinued in the line of the London Road, nearly across the 
 centre of the town, towards the Irwell, is one of the finest 
 streets out of the metropolis; and any town might well be 
 prou'l of the splendid edifices lining Mosely Street, George 
 Street, King Street, and I'arker Street. 
 
 Churches. — The places of public worship in Manchester 
 and its neighborhood exceefl ISO. Of the.se the Establish- 
 ment has 49. the Wesleyan Methodists 29, the Methodist 
 Association 17, the Methodist New Connexion 9. the Primi- 
 tive Aiethodists 8, the Independents 22, the Baptists 10, the 
 Roman Citholics 10, the Scotch Presbyterians 5, the Unita- 
 rians 3, and several other denominations one or two each. 
 Among the Established churches, the first place is due to 
 the Collegiate Church, which, since the erection of ilan- 
 chester into a bishop's see, has become the Cathedral. It 
 was built in 1422, and is considered a fine specimen of per- 
 pendicular (Jothic. It consists of a nave and ai.sles, and is 
 rendered consiiicuous by its lofty tower, which is 120 feet in 
 height, and in its upper part highly ornamented. The choir 
 contains some very elaborate carved work, not surpassed by 
 any cathedral in the island Behind the altar is a curious 
 piece of old tapestry, representing the death of Ananias and 
 
 Sapphira. Many of the other churches exhibit beautiful 
 styles of architecture. A large number are surmounted 
 with lofty towers or spires, and have richly decorated iute 
 riors. 
 
 Public Buildings. — Among tliese may be mentioned the 
 Town-hall, situated in King Street, containing the office* 
 of the Chamber of Commerce. It is a fine structure, built 
 in the Grecian style, borrowed partly from the temple of 
 Erectheus, and partly from the Temple of the Minds at 
 Athens, and has on each side of its portico, which is ap« 
 proached by a flight of steps, figures of Solon and Alfred, 
 and, in the attic story above it, medallion portraits of Luke 
 and others; in its interior is a splendid hall, 13U feet long 
 by 38 feet wide, having its walls, and the dome which terms 
 the centre of its ceiling, covered with allegorical fresc(jes. 
 The Kxchange is one of the finest structures of the kind 
 in the kingdom. It has a front consisting of a lofty Doric 
 portico, with 8 fluted columns, and, In the interiitr is a 
 splendid commercial room, 185 feet long by 92 feet wide, 
 lighted from above by a lofty glazed centre dome; in tiie 
 upper part is a large room containing a library of more 
 than 30,000 volumes. The Corn Exchange has a handsome 
 front of 6 Ionic fluted columns, and is capable of hoiding 
 2400 persons. The Free Trade Hall, capable of containing 
 ujiwards of 8000 persons, and memorable for the many im- 
 p.5rtant meetings held here connected with the Free Trade 
 movement, is (1853) about to be pulled down, and replaced 
 by a building adapted for large meetings, concerts, lectures, 
 &c. The Branch Bank of England, which has its principal 
 fa(,-ades nearly opposite to the Town-hall, is one of the hand- 
 somest bulNlings in Manchester; it is in the (irecian style, 
 with a Doric colonnade. The other public edifices deserving 
 of notice are the County Court Hall, Nicholas Croft, a spa- 
 cious and ornamented building recently erected ; the Salfurd 
 Town-hall, the workhouses of Mancliester and Salford, large 
 and conspicuous structures; the Borough .lail, on the Hyde 
 Road, and the New Bailey Prison, in Salford. 
 
 Instilutions, J-xlucalional, Scientific, &c. — The oldest educa- 
 tional institution in Manchester is Chetham College or Hos- 
 pital, immediately mijoining the Cathedral, and occupying 
 the site of the residence of the Baron or Thane of Maucu- 
 nium. The edifice was converted into barracks by the army 
 of the I'arliament, and, having been purchased by the trus- 
 tees of Chelham's charity, was first used as a school in 1656. 
 It is exclusively for boys, (80 in number,) who remain in the 
 institution till the age of 14, when thej' are aiprenticed 
 with a snniU premium. Attached to it is a valuable library 
 of above 22.000 volumes, freely open to every person, resi- 
 dent or stranger. The Lancashire Independent College, 
 occupying an airy situation, with a considerable space of 
 open ground around it, is a noble building, in the English 
 Academic style. It was built by the Indejjendents as a the- 
 ological academy, and will accommodate about 50 students. 
 Manchester New College, a theological institution, esta- 
 blished by the Unitarians, is said to have a valuable, though 
 not very extensive library. Owen's College, founded by a 
 bequest of upwards of 100,000/. from the gentleman whose 
 name it bears, is still in its infancy, but gives instruction 
 in all the branches usually taught in the English nniversi- 
 ties. The Free Grammar School, founded by IIu^;h Oldham, 
 Bishop of Exeter, in 1620. has an income of above 44IUO?. per 
 annum, and a large number of exhibitions at Oxford and 
 Cambridge. The education given iniludes the principal 
 European languages, classics, mathematics, and various 
 other branches. The Commercial Schools, established by 
 the Manchester Church Education Society, furnish a com- 
 plete course of education to the middle classes, tm very 
 favorable terms. There is also the l>adies' .lubilee School, 
 established to promote the moral and religious education of 
 poor female children. The Royal School of Medicine and 
 Surgery, founded in 1824. is on the same footing as similar 
 schools in the metropolis, qualifying for examination at 
 Surgeons' Hall. &c.; it has an average attendance of from 
 80 to 100 students. The most important commercial insti- 
 tution is the Chamber of Commerce, founded in November, 
 1820, for the promotion of measures calculated to benefit 
 and protect the trading interests of Manchester. It is con- 
 ducted by 24 Directors, and has been, from its commence- 
 ment, a consistent opponent of the corn-laws, and of mono- 
 polies of every kind. Its proceedings attract attention in 
 every commercial community throughout the world. The 
 Manchester Commercial Assfxiation is another institution, 
 having similar objects in view. 
 
 Among the scientific institutions may be mentioned the 
 Literary and Philosophical Society, estalilished in 1781. It 
 has numbered many distingviished individuals among its 
 members, and published several volumes of valuable contri- 
 butions. The Chetham Society, established in 1S4-", for the 
 publication of historical and literary reniain.s. connected with 
 Lancashire and Cheshire, hasVssued 22 volumes, generally of 
 a very interesting description. The other principal societies 
 are the Natural HistoryScK'iety. which possesses a very valu- 
 able museum; the Geological Society, with a museum and 
 library; the Statistical Society, the Law Association, the 
 Medical Society, the Royal l^^stitution, occupying buildtnga 
 
 iisi 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 *fclcb cost 40,000?. ; the Athen»tim, the School of Dcsifm, 
 Ancoat's Lyci^mn ; the 3 Mechanics' Institutions, .and several 
 Mupic.-U Cl'uhs. The Free Libraiy, situated in Camp Field, 
 was the first free Icndinp: library institutetl in the kingdom. 
 It was established in 1186 by public subscription, extending 
 tc 12.742/., and contains upwards of 16,000 Tolunies in the 
 reference, and 5000 in tne lending library. The other libra- 
 ries deservlni; of notice are the Sub.«cri)ition and New Sub- 
 scription, the I'ortico, the Newall's Buildinjrs. the Foreifrn, 
 the Law Libraries; and also the Salford Museum and Li- 
 brary, which is open to the public. 
 
 Benevolent Institutions. — The principal of these are the 
 Royal Infirmary, which, in its architectural and general 
 appearance, forms one of the greate.st ornaments of the 
 town : it is surrounded by a spacious area, tastefully laid 
 out with grass borilers and walks, and has a sheet of water 
 in front : the Blind Asylum, supported partly by subscrip- 
 tions, but chiefly by a bequest of 20.000i., left to it by Mr. 
 Ilenshaw of Oldham: and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 
 The other benerolen t institutions deserving of notice are the 
 Lunatic A.sylum. the Kye, Lock, Salford. Koyal. and Lying- 
 in Hospitals ; the public Baths and Wash-houses, the >iodel 
 Lodging-houses, the Juvenile Kefuge Penitentiary, Stran- 
 gers' Friend Society, &c. 
 
 Parks. — The great boast of Manchester, is its fine parks 
 and ganiens. The most important of these are the Botani- 
 cal and Horticultural Garden, scarcely surpassed by any 
 out of the metropolis ; the Peel Park, situated 1 mile W. of 
 the Exchange, bounded on its E. side by the Irwell, and 
 covering an area of 32 acres, laid out with great taste, and 
 containing, among Its other ornaments, a bronze statue of 
 Sir Robert Peel ; the Queen's Park, about 2 miles N.N.E. of 
 the Exchange, is in some re.spects superior to I'eel i'ark, from 
 possessing larger trees, a more diversified surface, and a fine 
 sheet of water near its centre; Pliillips Park, lying near loca- 
 lities occupied by the working-classes; and the Zoological 
 and Pomona Gardens. The three parks were established 
 by public subscription in 1845, and cost about £33.000. 
 
 Manufacturer and Trade. — To these Manchester owes 
 almost all its present importance. Its site in these re.«pects 
 has been admirably cliosen. It stands close to' one of the 
 largest and most valuable coal-fields of England, at such a 
 convenient distance both from the W. and E. coasts, as to 
 form a natural emporium for the traffic of the Atlantic and 
 the German Oceans, and on the Irwell, with its two tri- 
 butaries, Medlock and Irk, which, though not posses.seil 
 directly of much value for navigation, are easily capable of 
 being made subservient to it. and are of great importance 
 for many manufacturing purposes. To develop the.«e na- 
 tural advantages, a network of canals furnishes easy com- 
 munication to numerous important towns, of which Man- 
 chester may be reirarded as the common centre ; and to 
 these has now been added a system of railways, which 
 scarcely leaves anytliing farther to be desired in regard to 
 facility of transport. The great staple article of manufac- 
 ture and trade in JIanchester is cotton, in the production 
 of the various tissues of which this town is without a rival 
 in the civilized world. In more immediate connexion with 
 the cotton manufactures are numerous bleach-works, dye- 
 works, print-fields, chemical works, and engine factories. 
 Next in importance to cotton is the spinning of silk and 
 manufacture of silk goods, which, since relieved from the 
 heavy import duty on raw silk, have advanced with rapid 
 strides. IJesides articles of pure cotton and pure silk, mixed 
 goods, in which silk and cotton, silk and wool, cotton and 
 wool are comT)ined, are manufactured to a considerable ex- 
 tent. The following Table, furnished in February, 1853. by 
 the Inspector of Factories, gives the most recent and accu- 
 rate information in regard to the important subject to which 
 it relates : — 
 
 Statistioa 
 
 Cotton-Spinning . . , 
 Cotton-Weaving . , . 
 Cottou-Spiuning and > 
 Weaving ) 
 
 Woollen «nil Worsted > 
 Spinning ourt WeavinR 1 
 SilltTli.owing, &c., and i 
 Sn all Ware . . . . } 
 Flax-Spinning .... 
 Prlnt-Worli 
 
 Total . . 
 
 NumVier of i Persons 'a..nn, n^,... 
 Works. 1 employed. jSteam-power. 
 
 3.5 
 6a 
 
 oJ92 
 
 7709 
 
 17,338 
 
 1540 
 1031 
 4706 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 . 8 
 
 So 
 
 30,359 
 280 
 
 7520 
 1120 
 
 2985 
 
 7277 
 80 
 580 
 198 
 
 233 1 42,264 
 
 8135 
 
 Forges and foundries, where steam-engines, large cast- 
 ings, and numerous large and valuable articles of iron, 
 malleable and cast, are made, are also numerous. The 
 other articles particularly deserving of notice are paper, 
 chiefly mn<le at extensive mills in the vicinity: hats, and 
 engraving in connexion wilU^he printing of cotton goods. 
 
 The trade, embracing all the above manufactures, is nccee- 
 sarily very exten.«ive. 
 
 Railiva;/.'! and Gitials. — Jhe railways are the Liverpool 
 and JIanchester. which has its terminus at Victoria Station, 
 Hunt's Bank, the first opened in Great Britain for swift 
 locomotives: the Lancashire and Yorkshire, communicating 
 by a branch with Oldham, anil lending N. pa.«t Rochdale, 
 connecting Manchester with Halifax, Leeds, &r..; the JIan- 
 chester and Birmingham, forming one of the principjj 
 branches of the Loudon and Xorth-We.stern, and the great 
 thoroughfare to the S. ; the Manchester Sheflfield and Lin- 
 colnshire; the East Lancashire, which communicates with 
 Bury, Blackburn. Ac; and the South Junction and Altring- 
 ham. which has its station in Oxford Road, and is intend^ 
 to connect Manchester with Chester, throuuh Warrington. 
 Of the canals, that of the Duke of Bridgewater communi- 
 cates with the Mersey nt Runcorn; those of Ashton-under- 
 Lyne, Stockport, and Macclesfield, all join each other and 
 have a common basin at the back of Piccadilly; that of 
 Rochdale and Halifax commvtnicates with the Rridgi^water; 
 and that of Bolton and Bury has its terminus in Salford. 
 
 Tlie Corporation. — The borough of Manchester comprises 
 the several townships of Manchester, Chorlton-upon-Med- 
 lock, Hulme, Ardwick, and Cheetham, and also the small 
 extra-parochial district called Beswick, and was incorpo- 
 rated by royal charter, granted in October, 1838. The 
 management of the local affairs is intrusted to the town 
 council, 04 in number, bearing the respective titles of 
 mayor, aldermen, and councillors; and who appoint, from 
 their body, committees for the transaction of the various 
 departments of the public business. The town council, 
 acting under powers obtained from the Legislature, are 
 now (1853) constructing extensive water-works, calculated 
 to afford a supply of about 30.000,000 gallons of water daily, 
 at an expenditure (including the purchase of the previous 
 very inadequate water-works) of about 1.050.000/. The 
 council have also under their management extensive gas- 
 works, yielding a profit of upwards of 35.000/. a year, which 
 is expended in the improvement and widening of the streets 
 and thoroughfares. 
 
 History. — JIanchester was known at a very early period 
 as one of the chief stations of the Druids, who had here 
 erected an altar called Jleyne, which enjoyed the privilege 
 of .sanctuary. It subsequently became a place of some im- 
 portance under the Brigantes. Tfho built a castle cnlleil Jlan- 
 cenion. the site of which is still preserved by its jiresent 
 name of Castle Field. On the conquest of South Britain 
 by the Romans, about a. i>. 79, the castle was converted by 
 them into a station, and received the name of Jlancunium, 
 obviously a corruption of the Brigantes JIancenion. After 
 the Romans withdrew, the Saxons, atiout 4S8, wrested Jlan- 
 cunium from the Britons, but were again forced to restore 
 it. In 620, it wai? taken by Edwin, King of Northumbria, 
 and was shortly after occupied by a colony of Angles 
 About this time the old name of Mancunium seems tn 
 have been su))planted by its Saxon form. JIanccstre. from 
 which Manchester is derived. The conversion of the inha- 
 bitants to Christianity is said to have been effected about 
 627, by the preaching of Paulinus. Manchester next passed 
 to the Danes, who, alx)ut 920, were expelled by Edward, 
 King of Jlercia. Its charter, conferring the privilege of a 
 borough, was granted in 1301. We hear of JIanchester cot- 
 ton, for the first time, in 1352. During the civil war, the 
 possession of Manchester was keenly disputed, and suffered 
 much at the hands of both parties. Its share in the repre- 
 sentative system of Britain was first conferred by the Re- 
 form Bill, under which it enjoys the privilege of sending 
 two members to Parliament. Among its eminent natives 
 may be noticed the celebrated Duke of Bridgewater, the 
 chemists Dalton and Honrv. and Sir Robert Peel, the father 
 of the late premier. Pop. in 1801. 110,938 ; in 1841, 353,390; 
 in IRfil. including Salford. 460.018. 
 
 MAN'CHESTER, a post-office of Aroostook eo., Maine. 
 
 JIASCIIESTEK, a city and one of the shire towns of 
 Hillsborough co., New Hampshire, is .situated on. the left 
 bank of the Jlerrimack River, at the junction of the JIan- 
 chester and Lawivnce. the Concord, and the Vermont Cen- 
 tral Railroads. 18 miles S.S.E. of Concord, and 59 miles X.W. 
 of Boston. This town, like a number of others in New 
 England, through the development of the manufacturing 
 enterprise, has suddenly grown from a small farming com- 
 munity into a wealthy and populous city. Its site is on an 
 elevateil plain, 90 feet above the surface of the river. It is 
 regularly planned ; the principal street. 100 feet broad, 
 extends upwards of a mile from N. to S., with others of 
 less breadth parallel to it. and to the river. These are inter- 
 sected by others, running from E. to W. There have been 
 laid out in diffen-nt sections four public squares, some of 
 which are handsomely ornamented. The eastern portion of 
 the city is built almost exclusively of brick, while the west- 
 ern abounds in structures of woo*!, many of which are 
 tasteful and elegant residtmces. The mills and boarding- 
 houses occupy the slope between the western verge of the 
 plain and the river. The principal public buiUlings u e the 
 new Town-house, erected in the place of the one (iesi.xyed 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 by fire in 1842, and tbe churches, of which there are 12, of 
 the vjuiouti denoniiiiationg. An Athena'um was establif^hed 
 in 1844, having a ruadiag-room and a library, whidi at pre- 
 sent nunihers alxiut 3500 volnrties. 1'he system of piiljlic 
 instruction coini'riscs a high school, 2 grammar schools, an 
 intei mediate, 6 middle, and 12 primary schools, besides others 
 not chispcd. Manchester contains 9 or 10 newspaper oflices. 
 6 insurance agencies, and 3 banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of $oU0.0()0. A gas company, for lighting the city, was 
 iucoriK)rated in 1S61, with a capital of $75,000. 
 
 The present prosperity of Jlanchesti.'r commenced about 
 the year 18o9. at which dale the locality now occupied by 
 the city contained no more than 50 inhabitants. The Jlerri- 
 niack here has a descent of 54 feet in the distance of a mile, 
 called the Amoskeag Falls, which are the most extensive 
 throughout its entire course, liy the erection of a dam 
 across the river, at the headof the falls, and the construc- 
 tion of (anals, the stream h.as been made to furnish an 
 hydraulic power sufficient to run several hundred thou.saud 
 spindles. With the.se advantages for manufacturing, the 
 place has increased rapidly in population and importance. 
 Among the most extensive corporations in Manchester, may 
 be mentioned the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, who 
 have 4 mills, containing ti2.S4t> spindles and ltiC5 looms. 
 These are operated by 2100 females and 400 males, who daily 
 manufa''ture 05,000 j'ards (37 miles) of tickings, denims, 
 pantaloon stuffs, drillings, and sheetings. The machine 
 shops connecte4 with the above employ 500 hands, who 
 annually turn out 60 locomotive.s, besides a vast amount of 
 machini'ry of every description. The Stark Mills (3 in num- 
 ber) employ 1000 females and 200 males. The.se d.iily )iro- 
 iuce 17.I100 yards of drilling, and oO.OOO of sheeting, equal 
 to 27 miles of cloth, besides more than 5000 seamless bags. 
 One loom yields 40 substantial fancy striped bags daily, 
 woven from top to bottom without a seam. The Manchester 
 Print Works, burnt down in .September, 1853, but .since 
 rebuilt, print annually about 12.000,000 yards of delaines. 
 The cloth is manufactured at the rate of 38,000 yards 
 (22 miles) daily. IJesides the above, numerous other esta- 
 blishments in Manche.ster annually turn out a vast amount 
 of varinus kinds of manufactures. Several new compa- 
 nies have been incorporated during the jiast year, (lSo3.) 
 Among these may be named the IJloodgett I'aper Company, 
 (capital $200,000,) intended to make 8000 rolls of paper- 
 hangiugs daily ; the New I'gper Mill, for the manufacture 
 of all kinds of paper, at the rate of 8 tons a day ; the New 
 Machine Shop, capital $100,000; and the New lirass. Copper, 
 and Iron Foundry. A new foundry was completed in 1853. 
 with wliii h is connecttxl the building of freight cars, intended 
 to employ 200 machinists. The Amoskeag Company were 
 also lajing the foundation of another mill, to be completed 
 the present year, (1854.) in which 1500 operatives would be 
 employed. Manchester received a city charter in 1840. By a 
 late act. the corporate limits have been extended, including 
 the villages of I'iscataquog and Amoskeag, (commonly called 
 " Squog" and '• Skeag.") Pop. in 1850. 13.932; in 1860,20,107. 
 MANCIIKSTKR, a post-village and township, semi-capital 
 of IJenniugton co., Vermont, on the Battenkill Kiver, about 
 90 miles S.S.W. of Montpeher. Pop. 16s8. See Ma.nchesteb 
 Viu-Afjr,. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village, seaport, and township of 
 Essex CO.. Miussachusetts. on the Ka.«tern Railroad. 9 miles 
 N.E. of Beverly, and 23 miles N.E. of Boston. The industry 
 of the inhabitants is chiefly directed to the manufacture of 
 chairs and other cabinet-ware, which employs a capital of 
 {500,000. Incorporated in 1()45. Pop. of the township. 1698. 
 MANCIIESTER, a post-village and township of Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut, on the Providence Hartford and Fishkill 
 Riiilroail, 8 miles E. of the city of Hartford. It contains 9 
 paper-mills, 5 woollen factories, print-works, 1 factory for 
 sewing-silk, and 5 carriage factoi'ies, also 6 churches, and 2 
 academies. Pop. 3294. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a manfacturjng vilKige of Dutchess co.. 
 New York, on Wappingers Creek, a few miles from Pough- 
 keeijsie. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a village of Oneida CO., New York, on 
 Oriskany Creek. It has several mills and a cotton tjictory. 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village and township of Ontario co.. 
 New Y'ork, on the Canandaigua Outlet, and on the railroad 
 fi-om Canandaigua to Geneva, 8 miles N.N.E. of Canandaigua. 
 The village has several churches, and a woollen factory. 
 Pop. of tbe town.ship, 3280. 
 MANCHESTER, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey. 
 MANCHESTER, a township of Passaic co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 842. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a flourishing borough of Reserve town- 
 fhip, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the 
 Ohio River, 2 miles below Pittsburg. It has been built up 
 since 1840. Here are large manufactories of paper, ploughs, 
 wagons, oil-cloth, and India rubber. Immediately below is 
 the United States Marine Hospital, a four-story brick build- 
 ing, recently erected. The name of the post-office is Mest 
 Manchester. Pop. 2707. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 98?. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-township of York co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 18 miles S. of Harrisburg. Pop. 2595. 
 
 JIANCHESTER, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland 
 60 miles N.N.W. of Annapolis. It contains a few stores and 
 about tiOO inhabitants. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village of Chesterfield co.. A'irgi 
 nia, on the James River, opposite Richmond, with which it 
 is connected by a bridge. It is beautifully situated, and 
 contains 2 churches, and several elegant residences erecteU 
 by persons doing business in Richmond. It has manu- 
 factories of tobacco, cotton, and floiu'. Pop. in IbOO vvaa 
 *'793 
 
 ' MANCHESTER, a postoffice of Cumberland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village of Sumter district. South 
 Carolina, on the Wilmington and Manchester Railrcnd, 
 aliout 30 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. It is a station on the 
 railroad which connects with the Camden branch about 6 
 miles from this village. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post^villnge, capital of Coffee co.. Ten- 
 nessee, is situated at the junction of the forks of Duck 
 River, 62 miles S.E. of Nashville. The above streams afford 
 an excellent water-power. At this place is a very remark- 
 able object. calle«i the Old Stone Fort, which is described as 
 a solid stone wall in the fork between the rivers, including 
 about 47 acres of land. It presents indications of high an- 
 tiquity, as the trees growing upon it are computed to be 500 
 years old. or more. The Tenues.see and Alabama Railroad 
 passes through the village. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village, capital of Clay co.. Ken- 
 tucky, no miles S.E. of Frankfort: is surrounded by a hilly 
 region wliicl) abounds in coal and iron ore. It has 2 churches 
 and a .seminary. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a thriving post-village of Sprigg town- 
 sliip, Adams co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 72 miles above 
 Cincinnati. It has some shipping business, and contain* 
 several flouring-mills and small factories. It was formerly 
 the countv-scat. Pop. 834. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-township forming the N. E. par^ 
 of Morgan co.. Ohio. Pop. 7">6. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village and town.'-hip of Washte- 
 naw CO., Jlichigan, on the N. branch of the river Raisin, 
 about 60 miles W.S.W. of Detroit. The village is in a rich 
 farming district, and has several stores. Pop. of the town- 
 ship. 1712. 
 
 JIA.NCHESTER. a post-village in Dearborn co., Indiana, 
 85 miles S.K. by E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 2451. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village of Scott co., Illinois, 45 
 miles S.W. by \\. of Springfield. 
 
 M.iNCHESTER, a small village of Putnam co., Missouri. 
 
 MANCHKSTER, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 about 20 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a village of Scott co., Missouri, 20 miles 
 W. bv S. of St. Louis. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a village of Sauk co., 'Wisconsin. 
 
 MAN'CHESTER, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of 
 Sydney, on Milford Haven, formed by Chi'dabucto Bay, 
 which opens into the Atlantic about 120 miles E.N.E. of 
 Halifax. 
 
 MANCHESTER, late FRANKFORD, a po.«t-vUlage of Car 
 nada West, co. of Hastings, on the river Trent, 8 miles N. 
 of Trentport, and 15 miles from Belleville. It contains 
 several stores, factories, and mills. Pop. about 450. 
 
 MANCHESTER BRIDGE, a post-ofRce of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 MANCHESTER CENTRE, a po.st-village of Ontario co., 
 New York, aliout 25 miles S.E. of Rochester. 
 
 MANCHESTER STATION, a post-ofBce of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 MANCHKSTER A'lLLAGE, a post-village in Manchester 
 township. Bennington co., A'ermont. It is situated on ele- 
 vated ground, and contains a court-hou.se, jail, the Batten- 
 kill Bank. Burr Seminary. 3 stores. 2 taverns, and a church. 
 The Seminary, a spacious stone edifice, is pleasantly situated 
 in the midst of beautiful scenery. 
 
 MANCHOORIA, a region of China. See M.\ntchoohia. 
 
 M.^VNCIET. mftNii'se-.A', a village of France, department of 
 Gers. 20 miles S.W. of Condom. Pop. 1800. 
 
 MANDAL, min'ddl. the most S. town of Norway, stift 
 and 23 miles W.S.W. of Christiansand. on the Skager-rack, 
 with a port 17 miles E. of the Naze. I'op. 2250. 
 
 51 AND. mdnd. a village of Hungary, Thithei Theiss, 16 
 miles from Nemeth-Szathmar. Pop. 1000. 
 
 JI.\NDA'NA, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 
 about 21 miles S.A\'. of Syracuse. 
 
 ilAN'D.\RJN. a post-oflice of Duval co., Florida. 
 
 MANDARA, miin-da'ra. a state of Central Africa. ?. of Bor- 
 neo. The surface is mountainous. It is fertile in fruits, 
 and abounds with forests and lakes. The inhabitants are a 
 superior race of Mohammedans, who manufacture iron 
 wares which they export into Borneo, and have a pretty 
 formidable array of cavalry. Mora is the principal town 
 and residence of the chief 
 
 M.\NDAS, mSn'd^s, a market-town of the Island of Sar- 
 dinia, division and 30 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 2188. 
 
 113a 
 
MAX 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAN1.AVEE or MANT)ITEE, maii'da-Yee\ the prinripal 
 Sfaport town of Cutch, Ilindostan. on the Gulf of Cutch, 
 about 35 miles S.S.W. of Bhooj. Lat. 2« 50' N.. Ion. 69° 
 27' K. Pop. 50.000(») It is fortified, has an open roadstead 
 with a creek, and an active trade with Sinde, Malabar, the 
 Persian tivilf, Arabia, and all the AV. coast of .\frica. a,s far 
 as Zati;iuebar. besides a large inland trade. Kxports com- 
 prise cotton, silk, and other piece goods: imports, bullion, 
 ivory, hides, dates, cocoa-nuts, grain, and timber. 
 
 JI.VXDCHOURIAorMAXDSHOORIA. See MAVrcnooBiA. 
 
 MAXDKL, mdn-d5l', an Island off the E. coast of Suma- 
 tra. "0 miles S.W. of Singapore. 
 
 MAXDKLLO. mln-d^'lo, a market-town of Lombard y, 14 
 miles X.E. of Como. on the E. shore of Lake Lecco. P. 2000. 
 
 MAXDEO, m3n-d.Vo, a river of Spain, falls by a wide 
 mouth into the Atlantic at Corunna, after a course of about 
 3d miles. 
 
 MAXDETTVOE, mSnMeh-tee-voo', or LEYDEN". Ifden. an 
 island of Ilindostan, Palk's Strait, off the X.W. coast of 
 Ceylon ; lat. (.S. end) 9°15' N.. Ion. 80° E. 
 
 MAX'DEVILLK. a post-village of St. Tammany parish. 
 Louisiana, on the X. shore of Lake Pontchartraiu, 30 miles 
 N. of Xew Orleans. 
 
 SIAXDIXCiO- mSn-ding'go, or SAX BLAS. sh\ bl3s, a 
 considerable bay of the Caribliean Sea, on the X'. side of the 
 Isthmus of Patiama. Lat. 9° 30' X.. Ion. 79° W. 
 
 M.VXDIXGOS. man-ding'gAs. a well-known tribe of West 
 Africa, remarkable for their intelligence, and, generally, for 
 the advances they have made in civilization. The original 
 country of this people, who are now spread over a great 
 portion of West Africa, was the X. slope of the hi.:h table- 
 land of Senegarabia, between the head waters of the Xiger 
 and Senegal. Their language is more widely diffused, and 
 more emiiloyed by translators than that of any of the other 
 languages of West Africa. The personal appearance of the 
 Mandiu>;os is prepossessing; their features are regular and 
 open; their figures well formetl and comely, averaging a 
 height rather aliove the common. Their religion is Moham- 
 medan, but the}' are not rigid in its observances. 
 
 MAXDIVEE, a seaport of Ilindostan. See Maxbavee. 
 
 M.\XD1W. niinMow'. or MAXDOO, mSn-dod'. a mined 
 city of India, dominioiis. and 35 miles S.W. of Indore. 
 
 MAXDSHUUIA, MAXDSHOOKIA or MAXDSCUUREI. 
 See MAXTCHooniA. 
 
 M.\.XDU. min-dofi', a river of Brazil, rises in a lake of its 
 own name, province of Espirito-Santo, and joins the Dnce4 
 miles tielow the cataracts of Kscadonhas; length. 100 mile.s. 
 
 MAXDUEL, mO\«Mu-^l'. almost m6N«'dwfel', a village of 
 France, department of Gard. arrondissement of Xlmes, on 
 the railway to Beaucaire. Pop. 1.^19. 
 
 MAXDURI.-V., m4n-doo're-8. a town of Xaples. province 
 and 54 miles X.X.W. of Otranto. It suffere-l much from an 
 earthquake in 1783. Consider,nble remains still exist of the 
 old Maiiduria, destroyed by Fabius Maximus, in the second 
 Punic War, Pop. 52CK). , 
 
 M.\X't;A. a chapelry of England, co. of Cambridge, with 
 a station on a branch of the E. Counties Railway, 5i miles 
 S.S.E. of March. 
 
 M.\X Ei:SA. MAXISA, mi-nee'sa, MAXISSA. mi-nis'sl, or 
 MAXHi.\, md-nee'ki, (anc. Magne'sia ad Sip>)/luin.) a town 
 of Asia >Iinor, Anatoli;i. on the X. side of Mount Sipylus, 28 
 miles X.K. of Smyrna. Pop. 25,000. It has a citadel on 
 a height, and ancient walls, at the foot of which is the 
 moilern town. It has a great many minarets, and numerous 
 handsome public buildings, in this respect excelling Smyrna ; 
 particularly the principal khan, which is a remarkable and 
 magnificent structure, of white stone, round a sijuare which 
 oont«ins in its centre, a copious fountain of pure water. 
 There are 18 mosques in the city. Cotton and silk goods. 
 and goats'-hair shawls, are manufactured here. The 
 mountains about Magnesia were anciently famous for the 
 productiin of the loadstone, whence the name '• magnet" is 
 Bunposel to have been derived. 
 
 MAX KEY AS, M AXI YAS or MAXTAS, mi-nee'ls', a village 
 of .\sia Minor, Anatolia. 55 miles W.S.W. of Brusa. with some 
 remains, supposed to be those of the ancient rtemanentts. 
 
 MAXEEYAS (or MAXIYAS-GAL. m.^-nee\-as g3l.) or 
 LAKE OK MILETOPOLIS. mi-le-top'o-lis. a "lake of Asia 
 Minor, about 10 miles S. of the peninsula of Cyzicus, in a 
 low, flat, grassy tract, commencing with an afflnent.of the 
 Uhvndacus. 
 
 MANE It BIO, mJ-nJn/be-o, a town of Xorthern Italy, 13 
 miles S.S.W. of Brescia, on the Mella. Pop. 3232. 
 
 MAX'EUOO'. MOX-^EROtX or BRIS'BAXE DOWNS, a dis- 
 tiiot. of Ea.st Australia. Xew South Wales, and Victoria, ex- 
 tending W. alona the Murrumbidwe River. Estimated area. 
 10.000 square miles. Pop. 191(3. of European descent. Sur- 
 face chiefly an undulating plain from 2iX)0 to 3000 feet above 
 the s-'a. and travcrse<l by the .Australian Alps. 
 
 MAXERU. mS-n.^-roo'. a town of Spain, province of Na- 
 Tarre. 10 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1104. 
 
 M.\XKTIX. mi-nf\-teen», (nnc. Manetinari a town of Bo- 
 hemia, l** milee X.X.W. of Pilsen, on a river of the same 
 nam,'. Pop. 1112. 
 
 MAXtW'DEX, a pari-sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 JIAXFALOOT, or MAXFALOTJT. mjn-fa-loot/. a town of 
 Upper Egypt, province of Minieh. on the left bank of tha 
 Xile, 20 miles N.W. of Sioot. It is enclosed by walls, and 
 has 2 Coptic churches, also woollen manufactories, and a 
 public school. 
 
 MAX'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of York, Xortb 
 Riding. 
 
 MAXFOOAH or MAXFOU AH. man-foo'i, a town of Arabia, 
 neiir it,s centre. 450 miles X.E. of Mecca. 
 
 M.\XFRE1)0XIA, man-fre-do'ne-a. or mfin-frA-do'ne-3, a 
 fortified seaport town of Xaples, province of Capitanata, on 
 a bay of the Adriatic, 22 miles X.E, of Foggia. lat. 41° 38' X., 
 Ion. 15° 56' E. Pop. 6000. It is enclosed by walls strength- 
 ene<l by large round bastions. Its port, sheltered l>y a mole, 
 and defended by a strong fort, is accessible only to small 
 ves.sels. It was founded by Manfred in the 13th century, 1 
 mile X.E. of the ancient Siprnitum. 
 
 MAXFREDOXIA, UULFOF,(anc.F'nn« Si'iiuf.) an inlet of 
 the -Adriatic Sea, in South Italy. Xaples. provinces of Capi- 
 tanata and Bari. about 15 miles in length, and 30 miles wide 
 at it« entrance. S. of the Garganian Promontory. 
 
 MAXGA, mdn'gd, a town of Brazil, province of MaranhSo, 
 at the confluence of the river Ignara with the Moni-Mirim. 
 In 1838, Raymuudo Gomes, with his followers, broke open 
 the prison here, let out the deserters and convicts, and. re- 
 tiring to Vargem. raised the standard of rebellion. P. 3000. 
 
 MAXOAIA, min-ghi'a. or MAXGEEA. mdn-iiheeM. an 
 island in the South Pacific 0«>an: lat. 21° 57' S.. Ion. 158° W. 
 It is of volcanic origin, about 30 miles in circumference. 
 Discovered by Captain C<x>k. Pop. estimated at 2000. 
 
 M.VXG.ALORE, maug'ga-lor', a seaport town of British 
 Jndia, presidency of Bombav. di.strict of Canara, on the 
 JIalabar Coast, 80 miles X.X.'W. of Cananore. I«it. 12° 02* 
 J<., Ion. 74° 54' E, It is well built and stands on the edge 
 of a fine salt-water lake which communicates with a rivei 
 The port will not admit of vessels drawing more than 10 
 feet water, except in spring-tides; but there is good an- 
 chorage off the mouth of the river, in from 5 to 7 fathoms. 
 The exports are principally rice, pepper, sandal-wood, ca.-sia, 
 and turmeric ; the imports, sugar, salt, and piece goods. Tha 
 inhabitants are chiefly Mapillas or Moplas. said to be de- 
 scended from a colony of Arabs, Pop, 30,000, 
 
 MAXOAXO, See SIango, 
 
 MAXGARATIBA, mdn-gd-ratee'bil, a maritime town of 
 Brazil, province, and 53 miles W.S.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on 
 the Bay of Angra dos Reis. A railroad is in construction 
 from this place to Rio. 
 
 M.\NGEE, a town of British India. See Maxjee. 
 
 MAXGEE.A. an island of the Pacific Ocean. See ManCAIL 
 
 M-AXGLIKUX-nidxcNe-uh', a village of France, department 
 of Puy-de-DOme. IS miles S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. P. KiSO, 
 
 MAXGO, mSn'go, or MAXGAXO, mSn-gd'no, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, 6 miles from Alba. Pop. 1817. 
 
 MAXT.O.ALDK. m3n-go-.<ilM,i. or AX-URARA DE BEIRA. 
 3-zoo-rd'rd dA Ik^'i'-ril. a town of Portugal, province of Beir*' 
 Alta, about 8 miles from Viseu. Pop. 3184. 
 
 M.AXGO'IIICK. a post-office of Kins William co., Virginia. 
 
 MAXGOLA, mdn-go'ld. or MAXGOLI XI LLA. man-gt/lee 
 zool'ld, one of the Xulla Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, 
 between Celeljes and Ceram, Lat. (X. point) 1° 47' S., Ion. 
 126° 3' E. It is about 60 miles long by 10 miles bread. It is 
 separated at the W. end from XuUa-Talyalx) by a narrow 
 strait, in which is a dangerous whirlpool. This island was 
 depopulated by war. and is now an uninhabited waste. 
 
 MAXGOORlX). MAXGOCROU or .MAXGURU. mdn'goo- 
 rooi. written also MAXGORO and MAXGOURE. river of 
 Madaiasiar, on the E. coast, formed by several head streams. 
 It falls into the sea at lat. 20° 8' S. It is nearly as broad 
 as the Loire in France, and is navigable for a considerable 
 distance. 
 
 MAX'GOTSFIELD. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 
 5 miles E.X.E. of Bristol, with a station on a branch of the 
 Midland Railway. 
 
 M.\XGUEIR.\. m3n-gA'e-r3. a lake of Brazil, province of 
 Sao-Pedro-do-l!io-<Jrande. between Liike Miriui and the 
 ocean. It is 90 miles long, and only 4 miles bro.id. It dis- 
 charges itself into the sea by a small stream calle'l Taim. 
 
 M.AN'GUM. a post-oflice of Richmond co., North Carolina, 
 
 MAXGCRU. See Mangooroo. 
 
 MAXGYELLOS. mdn-jellos, (?) a vill.age of Austria, Slor 
 Tenia. 4 miles from C.salma. Pop. 1061. 
 
 5l.\XGYT, miln-ghit/, a town of Central -Asia. 55 miles 
 X.X.W. of Khiva. It stands tolerably high, and is sur- 
 roUTuted bv a dilapidated wall. 
 
 MAXII.\.«.'S1;T. a post-village of Queen's co., Xew York, 
 on the X. sideof lyong Island, at the head of Cow Bay, alx>ut 
 20 miles E.X.E. of Xew York. 
 
 MAXHATTAN. a post-vill.age and township of Lucas co,, 
 Ohio, at the mouth of the Maum*e liiver. the terminus of 
 the Wabash and Erie Canal, 3 miles below Toledo, i'op. 788. 
 
 M.\XH.\TT.\X. a post-village of Putnam CO.. Indiana, on 
 the Xational Road. 45 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MAXIIATTAX ISLAXD. sometimes called XEW YORK 
 ISLAXD, in the S.E, part of Xew York State. separat«l 
 from the mainland by Uarlem River, Lei-gth 15 xallw, 
 
. MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 width from half a mile to 2J miles. It is co-extensive with 
 the couritv of New York, and contains the citv of that name. 
 MAMIAT'TANVILLii, a post-village of New York co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson Hiver Railroad, 8 mile.s N. of the 
 City Hall. The Lunatic .\svlum of New Y'ork is located here. 
 MA.MU-UG.V.N (ni.an-hee')?au) ISLA.ND, S. of the entrance 
 of Oeoriie Itiver, Maine. On it is a revolvin}; lisrht. alter- 
 natelv red and white, elevated 170 feet. Lat. 43° ii' N., Ion. 
 69° lij' \V. 
 M.\..VUEIM. a town of Germany. See MANNnBiM. 
 M.WIII'jI.M, man'hime, a post-township of Iterkimer co., 
 Now York, on the Mohawk River, along wliich piuis the 
 Sjxacuse and Utica liaiload and Erie Canal, about 2d miles 
 E. of Utica. I'op. 1868. 
 
 M.\.\lli';iM. a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 3'-', miles K.8.K. of llarrisburg. Pop. 2510. 
 
 M.\.\ IIKI -M. a post-borout;h of Lancaster co., I'enngylvania, 
 11 miles X.\Y. of liaocaster. It is surrounded by a I'ich and 
 mipul'His district, and contjiinsl national bank. It is on the 
 keadinj;- and Columbia U.K. Pop. in IS.^O, 778 : in 1860, 8oO. 
 MANIIKIM, a township of York co., Pennsvlvania. Pop. 
 1091. 
 
 MANIIEI^l CENTRK, a post^village of Herkimer co., New 
 York, ab.mt 08 miles \V.N.\V. of Albany. 
 
 M.\.\HU-.4.yU, mdn-lioo'4-soo', a river of Brazil, pursuing 
 a N.E. course for about 220 miles, joins the Doce. 
 
 MANX, md,-nee', an Indi.an vill.age of Y'ucatan. 97 miles 
 E.N.K. of Campeachy, at which are numerous ruins of a 
 town which was formerly important. 
 
 M.VNIA(jK). mi-ne-d/go. a market-town of Austriau Italy, 
 25 miles W.N.W. of Udine. l>op. 3800. 
 M.\NIA.S, a village of Asia Minor. See Maxeeyas. 
 M.\N1Q'A, md-nee'si, a town and petty state of .South-East 
 Africa, trlbut.iry to the Portuguese, the town 1-10 miles X.^V. 
 of Sofala. The principal products of the country are gold- 
 dust, ivory, copni^r, and iron. 
 
 MAXICK, md-nee'sl or mj-neess/, or KINOr GEORGE 
 RIVER, a river of East Africa, falls into the N. side of Dela- 
 goa Bay. after a S. course, which has been explored upwards 
 for 50 miles. 
 
 M.\MCK POOR, mi-nik-poor', a town of Ilindostan, domi- 
 nions of Oude, on the Ganges, 80 miles S.S.E. of Lucknow. 
 
 MAXIC' iLI.iG AN, man-e-kwd'gsin, a river.lake. and bay of 
 Canada East, the river bringing the surplus waters of 
 (several lak<'S. by a S. course of 150 miles, to Jlanicou'agan 
 Bay, in the estuary of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 MANHDiJWISII', a sm.all river of Chippewa co., Wisconsin, 
 rises near the X. boundary of the state, and flows south- 
 westward into Chippewa River. 
 
 M.\NI(J(JI), md-ne-god', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Bavoy. in a valley between lofty mountains, E.S.E. of Annecy. 
 Pop. 1091. 
 
 MAXIKA, a town of Asia Minor. See MA?fEES\. 
 MANIlvYALA, mi-neek-yd/lji. a village of the Punjab, 
 between the Jhylum and Indus Rivers, 14o miles X.W. of 
 Lahore, supposed to occupv the site of the ancient Tarihi. 
 
 MAXILA, mi-neela, or JIAXIl/LA, (Sp. Manila, md- 
 nee'ld; L. MxniUia; Kr. ManiUe, md^neel',) the capital 
 city of the isl.iud of Luzon and of all the Pliilippino Is- 
 lands, see of the Roman Catholic primate, and one of the 
 great emporiums of the E., on the bay of the same name, 
 and at tlie mouth of the river Pasig. which is here crossed 
 by a bridge. Lat. (Cathedral) 14° H6' N., Ion. 121° E. The 
 city proper forms the segment of a circle between the river 
 and the sea, and its suburbs extend over numerous islets, 
 formed by the river and its branches, and easily reached in 
 all parts by boats. Behind lies an extensive plain, which 
 swells into distant hills, and these again into mountains, 
 eoniB thousand feet high, and clothed with vegetation to 
 their summits. The Pasig, the steps leading down to which 
 are crowded every morning with bathers of both sexes, is 
 prolonged into the bay by two piers, terminating, the one in 
 a small fort, the other in a lighthouse. Vessels of some hun- 
 dred tons may come up as far as the bridge. On the 3. side 
 stands the city, liaving a dilapidated look, but strongly for- 
 titied with walls and ditches. On the N. is situated the 
 Binondo suburb, more populous than the city itself; the 
 residence of the foreign merchants and the great centre of 
 trade. The aspect 'of the whole is at once Spanish and 
 Oriental ; long lines of heavily-mounted batteries, sombre 
 churches, and ungainly towers, and massive houses of solid 
 masonry, mingle with airy cottages in groves of tropical 
 trees, raised on posts to permit the free passage of the waters 
 In the rainy season, and so constructed as, by their elasticity, 
 to stand the shocks of an earthquake. The streets are 
 straight, but, for the most part, unpaved, and, during the 
 rains, almost impassable. In the city the houses are two 
 stories hi:rh, and each has its central court-yard. Here reside 
 the heads of the state, church, and army, and all who would 
 be thought of the aristocracy. No foreigner may sleep within 
 the walls. A bridge leads across the river into the Binondo 
 Buburb. where a street, called the Escolta. runs to the right 
 end the left, lined with innumerable shops and stalls, and 
 crowded with a strange and n>^tIoy population of various 
 races. Beyond tht» Escolta, a swarm of Chinese, Indians 
 
 and Metis (half-castes) appear as goldsmillis arid jewellers 
 painters and enamellers, oil and soap mercnunts. ounle* 
 tioners, and keepers of gauibling-houses and cook-shopg. 
 Other suburbs have each its special character. San l'er> 
 nando is the scat of one of the great cigar manufactories, 
 and .^anto Mesa of a steam-cordage manufactory; at the 
 Alcaiceria the Chinese shampans disdiarge their cargoes; 
 tishermen and weavers inliaijit tlie division of Tomlo. and 
 its gardens supply the markets with fruit and vegetables. 
 Malate is famous for its embroiderers: I'aco is inhabited by 
 artisans and artists ; convalescents resort for health to f'ant.i 
 Ana and San IV^dro Mwati ; the Chinese hurying-ground 
 attracts the curious to Bancu.-;ay ; and near it stands the 
 Lepers' House, a frightful reccpt^u-ie for sufferers from ele- 
 phantiasis, St. Anthony's fire, and various other dire disea.se's. 
 
 The principal public buildings are the Cathedral, the 
 Palaces of the governor and the archbishop: a lieauliful 
 town-house, 10 churches, belonging to ditferent religious 
 orders: several monasteries, con vi-nts, -and tc«<f7-(w. (insti- 
 tutions for females in which there are no vows:) the Arsenal; 
 3 colleges for young men. and 2 for young women ; the 
 Su])reme Court, Prison, Civil Hospital, St. Thomas's Uni- 
 versity, a marine and a commercial si liool, a large theatre, 
 the Custom-house, and barracks. The city has several 
 squares, in the largest of which, the Prado, there is a bronze 
 statue of Charles IV. 
 
 The royal and pontifical University of St. Thomas is in the 
 hands of the Dominiians, and has an attendance of about 
 51") students. The College of St Jo.seph belongs to the Jesuits ; 
 that of St. Johii Liiteran gives a plain education to 240 Indi 
 ans and Metis. The Escuela I'ia belongs to the city, and is 
 for Spanish children alone. A royal marine school was esttk- 
 blished iu 1820. and a commercial sihool in 1840. The Co' 
 leges of St. I'otentian.'i and St. Isabella are for girls, the lat- 
 ter for orphans. The monasteries have libraries attached to 
 them: still science and learning are at a low ebb, Manila 
 is tile seat of government, and of the supreme courts. The 
 municipality dates from 1571. A tribunal of commerce was 
 estal>lished in 1834, and a board of trade in 1835. 
 
 Admirably fitte<l by nature for trade, JManila has been 
 brought, by the political and legislafWe changes of the present 
 century, from a state of comparat'.ve obscurity, to rank with 
 Calcutta aod liatavia. Its relations with Britain, the Unitod 
 States, and Australia are ra|)idly becoming more imixirtant 
 Being the only port iu the Philippines open to foreign ves- 
 sels, it is the centre to which all their productions flow, and 
 the resort of an infinite number of colonial vessels of all 
 sorts and sines. It exports svigar, tobacco, indigo. JIanila 
 hemp and cordage. gold-<lust, birds'-nests, coffee, sap|>an-wood, 
 mats and hats, hides, trepang. tort^ilse-shell, cotton, rice, 
 ami coined money ; and it imports British and United States 
 cloths, hardware, &.C.; French novelties and pei-fumery, and 
 a great variety of articles, tea, pottery, &c., from China. The 
 value of British goods imported direct, and through .Singa- 
 p<jre. China, and .\ustralia, ikc, amounted, in 1846, to 
 £681.l;j4; being more than the value of the total imports 
 iu 1840. from all countries. 
 
 The manufactures of Manila consist chiefly of cigars and 
 cheroots, a government monopoly, which gives employment 
 to several thousands, both of men and women; of cordage 
 from the filament of the ab;ica, and of which the best Is 
 made by steam-machinery; the beautiful fabrics called ^ji'flas, 
 woven from the fibres of the pine-apple leaf, and afterwards 
 exquisitely embroidered ; just^ or sinamaio, and various othei 
 cloths made of the abaca filament, pure or mixed cotton 
 fabrics ; mats and cigar-cases. 
 
 Manila was founded by Legaspi in 1671. In 1645 it was 
 nearly destroyed by an earthquake. In 1717, the zeal of a 
 governor iu repressing abu.ses, led to the murder of himself 
 and his sou in an insurrection. In 1762. it was taken by a 
 British fleet, and held for 15 months. In 1809, an English 
 house was permitted to establish itself there, a privilege 
 extended in 1814 to all foreigners. Manila h;i9 frequently 
 bt^iu visitixl by severe and destructive earthquakes, the most 
 recent of which took place in the autumn of 1852. Scarcely 
 a building in the town remained uninjured, and many were 
 completelv destroyed. Pop. of the city, 16,000; including 
 suburbs. i40.000. 
 
 MAXILA B.iY, island of Luzon, is a land-locked sea. hav- 
 ing an entrance about 12 miles wide, contracted, by nume- 
 rous islands, into two principal channels — Boca Grande, 3 
 miles, and Boca Chica. 2 miles wide. It measures about 30 
 miles from N'. to S., and 25 miles from E, to W. Two lights 
 were established at the entrance to the bay in February, 
 1863: one a revolving light. 648 feet alxjve the level of tlie 
 sea. in lat. 14° 23' 5" N., Ion, 120° 33' 56" E., the other a 
 fixed light. 417 feet high, about 2 miles eastward. 
 
 M.'VNIL'LA. a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, on the 
 Shelbvville and Rushville Railroad, 10 miles W.S.W. of 
 Rushville. Pop. about .300. 
 
 MANIMJ.4.RA, mj-ne-m3j'rd, a town and fort of British 
 India. In the Punjab territory, 60 miles N.E. of Loodianah. 
 
 MAMNCHT. a river of Africa. See Ngajii. 
 
 MAXIPA, md-nee'pd, a small island of the Malay Archip* 
 logo, off the W. end of Ceram; lat. 3° 17' S,, Ion. i27° 28' K 
 
 1135 
 
MAN 
 
 It is about 20 mile? in circuit ; mountainous, but populous 
 .ii>'l tVnilt^. 
 
 MAMSES. mS-nee'sJs, a town of Spain, 4 miles 'SV.N.W. 
 of \'alenoia. on the Guadalaviar. Pop. 1805. 
 
 JIAN, I.SLE (If. See Man. 
 
 M A .\" 1 SS A, a town of Asia Minor. See Mankesa. 
 
 MANISTEE or MAXTSTIC, a river of Michiotan. rises in 
 the X. part of the peninsula, and flowing W.S.W., enters 
 Lake Michigan in Manistee county. Length, 150 miles. 
 
 MAMSTJiE, a newly formed county in the AV.N.W. part 
 of Michigan, contains about 650 sqiiare miles. It is traversed 
 from E. to W. by the Manistee Kiver, from wliich tlie name 
 is derived. Pop. in ISOi, 975. 
 
 JIAXnSTER. a parish of Ireland. Mungter. eo. of Limericlc. 
 ■ MAMSTIC. a river of Jlicliit'an. See Manistee. 
 
 MANITCH or MANYTCH, a lake of Russia. See Bol- 
 Ilmex. 
 
 MAXITCH. m,i-neetch', or MANYTCH. mi-nitch'. a river 
 of Ru>rfa. issues from the salt lakes of Chaki. in the S. part 
 of the jrovernmeut of Astrakhan, flows W.X.W.. expandins; 
 into Lake Manitch or Rol-Ilmeii. and. after a course of about 
 300 miles, joins the Don, a little above Old Tcherkask. Us 
 principal affluents are the Charsukul, on the right, and the 
 Kalau^! and Hgorlik on the left. 
 
 MANITOBA (man-e-to'ba) LAKE, of British North Ame- 
 rica, is in lat. 51° X.. Ion. 99° W.. immediately S.W. of Lake 
 AVinnipeg. and connected with it by the Dauphin River. 
 Length 110 miles: greatest breadth 25 miles. 
 
 M.\X*ITOOWOC'.a small river of Wisconsin, is formed by 
 two branches which rise near Lake Winnebago and unite 
 in the E. part of Calumet co. It flows thence eastwanl and 
 enters Lake Michigan at the village of its own name. The 
 navigation is obstructed by a series of rapids. The name 
 signifies " river of spiriU." 
 
 MAXITOOWOC. a county in the E. part of Wisconsin, 
 bordering on Lake Jlichigan, has an area of 590 square 
 miles. Manitoowoc Kiver. from which the name is derived, 
 flows througli the middle of the county; the X.E. part is 
 traversed by East and West Twin Rivers, and the S.W. by 
 Sheboygan River. The soil is mostly clayey and fertili". 
 Pine lumber is the chief article of export. Organized in 
 1839. Capital. Manitoowoc. Pop. 22.416. 
 
 MANITOOWOC. a thriving post-village, capital of Mani- 
 toowoc CO., Wisconsin, on tlie W. shore of Lake Michigan, 
 at the mouth of tlie river of its own name, 93 miles N. by 
 E. of Milwaukee. It has a good harbor, contains 3 banks, 6 
 churches,-" stores.5 steam-mills,2 ship-}<irds,and _ foundries. 
 It has an active trade in pine lumber. Two or threo news- 
 papers are issued here. Pop. 3055. 
 
 MAXITOOWOC RAPIDS, a post-village and township of 
 Manitoowoc co.. Wisconsin, on tlie Manitoowoc River. 4 
 miles from its entrance into Lake Michigan. The rapids 
 aflbrd great motive power, which is employed in sawing pine 
 lumber. Pop. 1392. 
 
 MANITOU (man'e-too') RIVER, of Brown co., Wisconsin, 
 falls into the Fox or Xoenah River a little above the town 
 of Green Bay. Its course is nearly parallel with Fox River, 
 from which it is only 2 or 3 miles distant. 
 
 MAXITOULIN'. manVtoo'lin or manVtoo-leen', a group 
 of islands in British America, stretching from E. to W. 
 along the N. shores of Lake Huron, and consisting chiefly 
 of the Great Manitoulin or Sacred Isle, Little Manitoulin 
 or Cockburn. and Drummond. Great Manitoulin, 80 miles 
 long by 20 miles broad, and with an area of 1000 square 
 miles, is deeply indented by numerous bays, has an ele- 
 vated and very rugged surface. Many of the precipices 
 are covered with clumps of beautiful "trees ; and behind. 
 in the interior, are large and dense pine forests. Little 
 Manitoulin has a diameter of about 7 miles, and. in 
 its general features, resembles Great Manitoulin. The 
 channel between them is about 8 miles long by 4 miles 
 wide. Drummond. 24 miles long, with a breadth varying 
 from 2 to 12 mileS. has an irregular surface, covered with 
 large ma.sses of rock. It is separated from the American 
 shore, on the W., by a strait, called the True Detour, which 
 is scarcely 1 mile wide, and forms the principal passage for 
 vessels proceeding to Lake Superior. 
 
 MAXlTOULIXfi LAKE. See Geobgian Bat. 
 
 MAN ITT A. a township in Fulton CO., Illinois. 
 
 JIAXlYAS-GAL.alakeof Asia Minor. See Maneetas-O.vl. 
 
 MAX.TANIK. m3n-ji-neek'. a ruined city of Persia, pro- 
 Tince of Khoozistan, on the Abi-zard River, 60 miles S.E. of 
 Shooster. 
 
 M AX.TEE or MAKGEE, min-jee'. a town of British India. 
 
 S residency of Bengal, at the confluence of the Ganges and 
 oggra Rivers. 44 miles N.W. of Patna. 
 M.\XKASSER, an island of Celebes. See Macassar. 
 MAXKATO, a post-village, capital of Blue Earth co., 
 MinntsotA, on the right bank of the Minnesota, a little 
 below the mouth of the Mankato River. Pop. 1559. 
 
 MANKATO or BLUE EARTH RIVER, a sm.ali stream in 
 the S. part ot Minnesota, falls into the Minnesoto River, 
 about 1 mile above the village of Mankato. 
 
 MANivERA, mSn-k.i'rd, a town of the Punjab, between 
 the Jhvhim and tbe Indus, lat. 31° 2Z> N., Ion. 71° 30' E. It 1 
 1136 ' 
 
 MAN . 
 
 is surrounded by a mnd wall, and has a citadel built of 
 burned brick. 
 
 MAX'LIUS, a post-village and township of Onondaga co., 
 New York. The Central Railrojid crosses the township. The 
 village is 10 miles S. E. of Syracuse. It contains 4 churches, 
 an academy, a paper-mill, 2 furnaces, and a manufactory of 
 mowing machines. Pup. alxmt l."iOO ; of the township, 6028. 
 
 MAX'LIUS. apost-township in the W.partof Allegan CO., 
 Michigan, intersectiHl by the Kalamazoo River. Pop. 349. 
 
 MAX'LIUS CENTRE.a post-village of Manlius township, 
 Onondaga co.. New Y'ork, on the Erie Canal, 9 miles E. of 
 Syracuse, it contains an academy. 
 
 MAXLLEU. mdn-ii\-oo', a town of Spain, Catalonia, 40 
 miles X.X.E. of 15aree!ona, on the Ter. Pop. 1991. 
 
 MAXLUN'KUS, a new township of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 Pop. 199. 
 
 MAX'/LY', a post-office of Ashe co.. North Carolina. 
 
 MAN/LY'SVILLE, a smaU post-village of Uenry co., Ten- 
 nessee, near Sandy River. 
 
 MAXXEDOKF. (.Miinnedorf.) men'neh-doRf\ a village of 
 Switzerland, canton and on the Lake of Zurich, 11 miles 
 S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 2350. 
 
 MANN ERSDORF, min/ners-doRf \ a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, 20 miles S..S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 19S0. It has a 
 castle and mineral baths. 
 
 MAXXEUSDORF or MATTERSDORF. mafters-doRf\ 
 (Hun. KiUtely. kSt'hAI'.) a market-town of \S est Uuugary, 
 17 miles S.\V. of Oedenburg. Pop. 1100. 
 
 MAXXERSDORF, man'ners-doRf\ (_Hun. Mevyliard.uihT^- 
 hSnl' ) a market-ttiwn of Hungary, co. of Zips, 4 miles S. of 
 Kesuiark. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MAXNHARTSBERG, m^nn'haRts-bJRG\ a wooded moun- 
 tain lange of Austria, terminates near tlie Danube, about 
 25 miles W.N.W. of Vienna. 
 
 MANNHEIM orMAXHElM.mann/hlme. a town of Paden, 
 capitiil of the circle of the Lower Rhine, on the right Lwuk of 
 the Rhine, between it and the Xeckar. in a low t;iluatiou. pro- 
 tected by a dike, 66 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. It is entered 
 by three principal gates, and is built witli the greutest regu- 
 larity — 12 streets running parallel to each other, aud 10 
 crossing them at right angles. The p"blic r.quares are 
 almost all adorned with fountains, which, howeier. are not 
 well supplied with water. The principal bu'ldiiigs are the 
 castle or palace, a huge quadrangular structure c^f red sand- 
 stone: the Church of the Jesuits, an imposing edifice, with 
 a profusely decorated interior: iiehind tliis chun-h is tlie 
 Observatory, a very complete structure of its kind, 107 feet 
 high; the Theatre, in which Schiller's Buhbcrs was first 
 acte<l: the Parish Church, and the Churches of Concord and 
 Trinity, the Sj'uagogue. the Town-house. Old Mint. Arsenal, 
 Barracks, Merchants' Hall, and House of Correction. The 
 manufactures are comparatively iusignifirant ; the trade 
 has recently been very much extended, and Jlannheim is 
 now the first commercial town in the graud-duchy. This it 
 owes to its admirable position on two important navigable 
 rivers, and the opening of the railway to Carlsruhe and 
 Frankfort. The principal articles of trade are tobiueo, corn, 
 wine, wood, hops, linen, millinery, ironmongery, cattle, Ac. 
 Mannheim was once strongly fortified, aud. lying not far 
 from the French frontier, and near tlie centre of military 
 operations, was repeatedly the object of attack, and suli'ered 
 severely during the wars between France and Germany. 
 In a .siege by the Austrians, in 1705. only 14 houses reuiaioed 
 uninjured. The cheapness of living has attracted hither 
 permanently about 3U0 English families. Pop. 27,172. 
 
 MAX/XING RIVER, a river of New South AVales, rises 
 about Ion. 151° 30' E.. flows E., and falls into the sea by 
 several outlets, in lat. 32° S. 
 
 MAX'X1NGFI»KD-AB/B0TS, parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 MAX'XIXGFORD-BRUCE. parish of England, co. '.Viits. 
 
 MAX'NIXGHAM, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 MAN'XIXGHAM. a post-village in Butler co., Alabama, 
 130 miles S.E. of Tusca!oo.«a. 
 
 MAN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MAN'NINGTON, a township of Salem co., New Jersey, on 
 Siilora Creek, about 23 miles S. S. W. ui vtuoaiiur.y. P. 2393. 
 
 MANNINGTON, a post-village of Marion co., \S'. Virginia, 
 on the Urtltiniore and Ohio llailroad. Free poo. 2+1. 
 
 MANNINGTON. a post-village of Leon co.. Florida. 
 
 MANXINGTOX HILL, a village of Manuington township, 
 Salem CO., New Jersey, on a creek of its own name, about 4 
 miles E.X.E. of Salem. 
 
 MAX'NIXGTREE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of ilssex, on the river Stour. with a statiou on the East 
 Union Railway, 94 miles S.S.W. of Ipswi<h. Pop. 1176. 
 
 MANXS'BOROUGII, a post-village in Amelia co., Airginio, 
 30 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 .MANN'S CHOICE, a postrofflce of Bedford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MANN'S MILL, a village in Linn co., Iowa, 25 miles N 
 by FJ. of Iowa City, 
 
 M.tXNS'VILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co.. New York, 
 on the Rome aud Watertown Railroad, 52 milee N.W. of 
 Rome. It has several mills. 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MANN'SVILLE, a post-office of Taylor co., Kentucky. 
 
 MAXXU. mdn-noo'. a river of the island of Sardinia, after 
 a S. coiiree of JO miles, enters the la^oouof Cagliari, 7 milc;s 
 N.W. of that city. 
 
 MAX'XY. a post-villat;e, capital of Sabine parish, Louisi- 
 ana. alHJUt 150 miles W.X.W. of Baton Houne. 
 
 MA.NOE, (Manoe,) md'noVh, a small island of Denmark, 
 duchv of Slcswick, in the Xorth Sea, 10 miles W.S.W. of 
 Kibe." 
 
 M AXOEL-AIiVES, a river of Brazil. See Ldiz-Alves. 
 
 MAXOKL-ALVES, mi-no-Jl'-dl'vJs, a .«mall river of Brazil, 
 joins the Tocantin."* from the riljht, in the province of Ooyaz, 
 near tlie coiiHuence of the Somno. 
 
 MAXOEI^ALVES-SKl'Ti:XTl{IOXAL,ma-no-JV-ai'vfssJp- 
 t^n-tre-o-ndl', a river of Brazil, rises in tlie mountains be- 
 tween the provinces of Pernambuco and I'iauhi, and, pro- 
 ceeding W.N.W., becomes a majestic river; and after a 
 course of nearly 400 miles, joins the Tocantins from the 
 right, above the town of Sao I'edro d' Alcantara. 
 
 >IAXOEr.rILIlA, md-no-^l/-eel'yd, a island of Brazil, near 
 the mouth of the Appodi. 
 
 MAXO'X .\, a new county in the W. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 890 square miles. The Jlissouri Kiver forms its 
 bound.iry on the S.W., and tlie Inyan Yankey and Soldier 
 Rivers tiow throu;j:h the county in a S.VV. direction. It con- 
 tains extensive prairies; the soil is fertile, but mostly un- 
 cultivated. It is not included in the census of 1850. Capi- 
 tal, Onawa. Pop. S.'J2. 
 
 MAXONA, a village in Clayton co., Iowa, 60 miles N. W. 
 by N. of Dubiique. Pup. 300. 
 
 "MAXOXO(uid-no'no) ISLAXD.oneof the Navigator IslandK, 
 In the .South Pacific OccAn: lat. 13° 50' S.. Ion. 172° 2' W. 
 
 MAXOPELLO, md-no-pJl'lo, or MAXUPEELO, md-noo- 
 iJl'lo. a town of Xaplc's, province of Abruzzo Citra, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 2400. 
 
 JIA'XUU, a parish of Scotland, co. and 2 miles S.W. of 
 Peeble'^, on a river of the siime name, and on the Tweed, 
 Here stood the cottaw of Uavid lUtchio, the prototype of Sir 
 Walter Sootfs " Black Dwarf." 
 
 51.\'X0It, a post-village and township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 6 miles S.W. of Lancaster. Pop. 4311. 
 
 M.V.N'OliDAIiK. a |iost-oBlce of Westmoreland co., Vlrgini.i. 
 
 MAXOR-HAM'ILTOX, a market-town of Ireland, Con- 
 nauprht, co. of Leitrim, 12 miles E. of Slijro. Pop. 1507. 
 
 M.\XOR UILLi, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 M.\X'ORVTLLE, a post-village and station of Sudolk co., 
 New York, on the Long Islaud Railroad, 6(5 miles K. of New 
 York. 
 
 ^lANOSQUE, md'nosk', (L. 3fanwisca.) a town of France, 
 department of Basses-Alpes, 29 miles S.W. of Digue. It owes 
 its origin to the counts of ForcaUiuier, who built a palace, 
 and afterwanls conveyed both it and the town to the Knights 
 of St. .Tohn of .lerusalem. The botly of Gerard Jung, the 
 founder of this order, was long preserved here. Pop. 4714. 
 
 M.^XRESA. mdn-r.-1'sd, a town of Spain, province and 30 
 miles X.X.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 13,3.39. It has a collegiate 
 and 4 parish churches, a hos|iital. an orphan asylum, bar- 
 racks, and an endowed school. Its inhabitants manufacture 
 cotton and silk fabrics, broadcloths, tapes, ribands, gunpow- 
 der, and brandy. It is surrounded by old walls, commanded 
 by a fort, and has clean and well-paved streets. 
 
 JIAX'OWIXE, a misspelling of Manomin. See Appendix. 
 
 MANS, Le, leh niSx", (aiic. {•w'ndinum, afterwards Ceno- 
 mani.) a town of Prance, capital of the department of Sarthe, 
 on the ridge and slope of a hill, w.ished by the Sarthe, which 
 is here crossed by three bridges, 112 miles S.W of Paris. The 
 lower part of the town, near the banks of the river, is poorly 
 built, with streets narrow and winding. The upper part 
 has a much better appearance. The streets are spacious ; 
 and the market-place, into which most of them open, is 
 larsre and handsome. The principal building is the Cathe- 
 dral, a fine Gothic structure, with a very old choir, supposed 
 to be of the 10th century. The other clifices deserving of 
 notice, are the churches of Xotre Dame and L'Ancienne 
 Visitation ; the Prefecture, library of 40,000 volumes, and 
 Museum, including a Picture-Gallery, all occupying part 
 of the buildings of an old monastery ; the Theatre, and 
 Cavalry Barracks. The principal manufactures are linen, 
 coarse woollens, lace, hosiery, paper, leather, and wax can- 
 dles. The trade in clover and lucerne seed is very extensive. 
 Le Mans is the see of a bishop, and pos.sesses courts of first 
 resort and commerce, a consulting chamber of manufactures, 
 an agricultural and scientific society, a communal college, 
 a diocesan seminary, and a school of design. It is a place 
 of great antiquity, and is said to have lieen foanded. in the 
 second century, by the Romans, of whose buildings numer- 
 ous vestiges still remain. It was taken by Wi'Iiam the Con- 
 queror in the 11th century, and long continued, though 
 with occasional interruptions, in the possession of the Eng- 
 lish, whose king. Henry II., the first of the Plantagenets, 
 was born in it. In the Revolutionary war, the Vendeans 
 Hustained one of their worst defeats here, and were ulti- 
 matelv massacred, without distinction of age or sex, to the 
 number of 10,000. Pop. in 1852, 22,779. 
 3W 
 
 ' MAN'SELL GAM'.AOE, a parish of England, co. of Hero 
 ford. 
 
 MAN'SELL LA'CY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford 
 M.VXSFELD, mdns't'oU, a town of Prussian Saxony, 30 
 miles N.W. of Merse'r.u-g, Pop, 1450, 
 
 MAXS'EIEED, a market-town ami parish of England, co 
 and 14 miles X,N.W. of Nottingham, on the Midland Rail- 
 way, and on the borders of Sherwoo<l Forest. Pop. in ISOk 
 10,012. Chief buildings, <tc.. an anci(mt church, a gramm»i 
 school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, with 2 scholarships at 
 Cambridge; a spari(jus moot-hall, a tlieatre, considerable 
 manufactures of cottou hosiery and lace, some iron foun- 
 dries, and a large trade in malt. 
 
 MAXS'FI ELD. a tt)wnship of Lamoille co., Vermont, alxiut 
 23 miles X.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a post-village and township of Bristol co., 
 5Ias.s,aclius'tts, on the Boston and Pro>idence Itailroad, 
 alKiut 28 miles S.S.W. of Boston. The inhabitants are ex- 
 tensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woollen 
 goods. A coal-mine has lieen discovered here. Poj). 2114. 
 M.\NSFIELD, a post-village and township of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, on tile Natcliaug River, and on the New Lon- 
 don Northern Railroad, about 24 miles E. of Hartford. This 
 township has long been noted for the manufacture of sew- 
 ing-silk. Tlie quantity of raw silk produced here in 1793 
 was 265 pounds; in 1827, 24.31 pounds; and in 1831, 10,000 
 pounds. It contains Mansfield DeiKit and other villages. 
 Cotton and woollen good.s, iron costings, machinery, leather, 
 Ac, are also made. Pop. 1(597. 
 M A XSFI ELD, township, Cattarauppis co., N.York. P. 1265. 
 MANSFIELD, a village and township of Burlingttm co., 
 New .(ersey, on the Delaware River, about 7 miles N. of 
 Mount Holly, Pop. 2777. 
 M .\XSFI ELD, township, AVarren co,. New Jersey. P. 1688. 
 5IAXSFIELD, a village of New Jerwey. See W.^shington. 
 MANSFIELD, a post-village of Tioga CO., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Corning and Blossburg Railroad. 
 
 M.\XSF1ELI), a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia. 
 M.\XSFIELD, a post-office of Dutchess CO., New York. 
 M.VXSFIELD, a post-village, caiiital of Do Soto parish, 
 Louisiana, on the roafl from .Shreveiiort to Alexandria, 32 
 miles in a direct line S. from the former. 
 
 M.\XSFIELD, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee. 
 M.VXSFIELD, a Houri.shing town of Madison township, 
 capital of Richland co., Ohio, on the line of railroad between 
 Sandusky City and Newark, where it is crossed by the Ohio 
 ami Pennsylvania Railroad, 65 mites N.N.E. of Columbus, 
 and 5() miles by railroad S. of .Sandusky City. Mansfield 
 is compactly built on a lieautiful and comniandiug eleva- 
 tion, in the midst of a fertile and populous regicm. It waa 
 laid out in liiOS, at which time the place was surrounded 
 by an unbroken forest for many miles in extant. The town 
 contiiins 10 churches, one of which is remarkably elegant, 
 2 newspaper offices. 2 national banks, and 1 state bank. Pop. 
 in 1840,1328: in 1850, 3-^67; and in 1860, 4581. 
 M.ANSFIELD, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana. 
 MANSFIELD, a post-office of Kendall co.. Illinois. 
 MANSFIELD CENTRE, a postrvillage of Tolland CO., Coa- 
 necticut, about 35 miles X, by AY. of .New London. 
 
 MAXSFIELD DEPOT, a iK>st-vill,age of Tolland co,, Con- 
 necticut, on the New London Willimautic and Palmer Rait 
 roail, 38 miles N,W, of Xew London, 
 
 MAXSFIELD ISLAND, in Hudson's Bay, British North 
 America, is about 70 miles iu length, 
 
 .MANSFIELD WOOD'IIOUSE, a village and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO, of N'litts. 
 
 MAXSIGXE. mftyo'seen^yA', a village of France, departs 
 ment of Sarthe, 10 miles E,N.E. of La Fleche. Pop. in 
 1852, 2621. 
 
 MAXSILL.A, mdn-soel'yd, the name of several villages of 
 Spain, the principal being Mansili.a db las Mrns, (mdn- 
 seel'yd d!i Ids moo'Ids.) province, and 11 miles S.E. of Leon, 
 on the Esla, with 715 inhabitants. 
 
 MANS'KER'S CREEK, a post-ofBce of Davidson co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 M.ANSLE, mftNl, a town of France, department of Cha- 
 rente, 16 miles N. of Angouleme. Pop. in 1852, 1857. 
 
 MANSOORAH, MAN.SOURAH or MANSURAH. mdn-soo/- 
 rd, a town of Lower Egypt, capital of a province and depart- 
 ment, on the Dauiiettabranch of the Nile, 34 miles S,\V. of 
 Damietta, having 6 mosques, a government cotton factory, 
 and a public school. A French garrison was massacred here 
 in 1798, 
 
 MAXSOORIEII, MAXSOURIEH or MANSURIEH. mdn 
 soo-ree'fh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, 
 near the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, 48 miles 
 N,W, of Bas.sorah. 
 
 MANSOORSK.MANSGURSKorMANSURSK.mdnsooRsk', 
 a village of Siberia, government and 110 miles N.E. of Ir^ 
 kootsk. 
 
 MANSORIA, EL, hi mdn-so/re-d, a small maritime town 
 of Morocco, province of Fez, 4 miles N.E. of Fidallah. 
 
 MANSOURAH and illANSOURIEH. See Mansoorah and 
 Maxsoorieh. 
 M.'VNS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 U37 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 MAXSU'RA. a postoffice of Aroyelle* parish. Louisiana. 
 MANSL'U AH. a town of Ejrypt. See Mansoorah. 
 MANyUltlKII. a town of Turkey. See .Mansoorieh. 
 MAXSUIt.SK, a village ol Siberia. See Mansoorsk. 
 M.AX.'?'VILLE. a post-offlie of Perry co., Pennsylvania. 
 MAXSVILLE, a post-office of Taylor co., Iventucky. 
 MaXSWORT. (Manswort.) m3ns"'woRt. a village of Lower 
 Austria, on the Danube, 6 miles E. of Schwachat. Pop. 
 1080. 
 
 .MAXTA, LA. Id min'tl, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 2 miles S. of Saluzzo. I'op. 1387. 
 
 JIAXTALAGOOSE, man tal-a.jgoos', a lake of British 
 America, near 48° X. lat., and To'-" W. Ion. 
 
 MAXT.AO. mdu-ti'o, a considerable river of Madagascar, 
 flowing into the sea on its K. coast. 
 
 MAXTCIIOORIA. MAXCIIOORIA. man-choo're-a, MAXD- 
 SlIOORIA or MAXDCIIOURIA, {Chinese Lajo-toiig or Liao- 
 toung. le-d'o tooug. Siighalien. si-gi-lee'en. or Saghalin. s3-gi- 
 leen', and Kirin-oola. ke^^reen'oo'ld ; Fr. Bji/f des Mandchoux 
 or Mantchoiis. pA dA nid.NVhoo/. •' country of the Mantchoos," 
 Jlandxcliourie. or Mantclinitrie, mdxVhooVee': Ger. Mandschu- 
 rei. m3i)t-shoo'rr.) an extensive region of East Asia, forming a 
 great division of the Chinese empire, between lat. 39-" and 50° 
 X., and Ion. 117° and 142° E.. having S. Corva and the Yellow 
 Sea, W. Mongolia and the Russian government of Irkoot«k, 
 X. the government of Yakootsk, and E. the Sea of Japan 
 and ti ulf of Tartary. Estimated area, 700.000 stjuare miles. 
 Its sea-coast is about 1200 miles in extent. Pop. variously 
 estimated at fixim 2.000.000 to 4.500.000. It has of late been 
 greatly augmented by immigration from China. On the X. 
 it is bounded by the Yabionoi Mountain chain, and westward 
 shut off from Mongolia by a palisade connected with the 
 Great Wall of China: the Amoor River traverses its centre. 
 The whole coast is liordered by a mountain chain, probably 
 5000 feet in elevation, beyond which the country is wholly 
 unknown to Europeans, but lejwrted to send large quanti- 
 ties of corn, pease, and ginseng to China, besides which its 
 principal products comprise rhubarb, timber, and live sto<'k. 
 It consists of three provinces. Shingkiug. Kirin. and Tsistsi- 
 har, in tlie two last of which the population are chiefly 
 nomadic: and the government is strictly military, except in 
 Leai>toug. %vhere it is organized as in China. The Mantchoos 
 are a Tungusian race. In the 17th century they invaded 
 China, and place<l their leader's son upon the throne. 
 Since that time, the Mautohoo dynasty has continued to 
 reign in China, and the Mantchoo language has become the 
 court and the oflicial language. Principal towns. Mookden 
 (I>eao-tong.) Kirin-oola, Saghalien-Oola, Ivin-choo, Fung- 
 whang-ching. — Adj. and inhah. Man^ichoo' or ManVhoo', 
 (Fr. ilAxiKHOc. m6xd\*hoo/, or Mastchoc. mft^'choo'.) 
 
 MAXTEIG.\S. mrln-ta'gis. a village of Portugal, province 
 Of Beira-Raixa. 18 miles W.S.W. of (iuarda. Von. 2073. 
 
 MAXTEKXDOKF, mdn'tern-doRf\ a market-town of Aus- 
 tria, duchv anti 05 miles S.S.E. of Salzburg. Pop. 1120. 
 
 MAXTJ-;S-SUU-SEIXE, mA.\t-siiR-sin, (anc. Medunlaf) a 
 town of France, department of Seine-et-Oi.se. capital of an ar- 
 rondissement on the Seine, 29 miles X.X.M'. of Paris, on the 
 railway to Rouen. I'op. 1852. 4374. It is prettily situated, and 
 adorned with fountains, and has a Gotliic church, and re- 
 mains of former fortifii'ations. Philip Augustus died here 
 in 1223. 
 MAXTIIORP. a township of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 MAXTI. a post-village of San Pete co., Utah, 40 miles 
 E.S.E. of Fillmore City. 
 
 MANTIXEA, man-te-nee'a, a village and ruined city of 
 Greece. Morea, giving name to the government of Mantinea. 
 9 miles X.E. of Tripolitza. It has remains of walls and 
 towers. In its vicinity was fought the battle in which Epa- 
 minondas received his death-wound. B. c. 363. 
 
 MAXTIQUEIK.A. ui3n-te-kA'rl, a serra, or mountain range 
 of Brazil, containing tlie highest summits in the interior cf 
 that empire. It stretches from E. to S.W.. in the S. part of 
 the province of Jlinas-Geraes, and appears to have various 
 ramifications, extending into the surrounding provinces. 
 It is cro.«sed by several roads leading from Minas-Geraes into 
 the more eastern provinces. 
 
 SIAXTOX. a pari^li of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 MAXTOX. a parish of England, co. of Rutland, with a 
 station on the Stamford and Peterborough Railway, 3 miles 
 S.E. of Oakham. 
 M.\XTi»X. a postofRce of Providence co., Rhode Island. 
 JI.\XTOX. a post-office of )Iarion co.. Kentucky. 
 MAXTOTTE. mdn-tott/, a town of Ceylon, on its N.'W. 
 coast, opposite the island of Mauaar. 
 
 M AXTi:.A. nian'tu-a, (It. Mttntova. m3n'to-v3 ; Fr. JIfantoue, 
 inO.v^'t^Ky.) a fortified city of Austrian Italy, capital of a 
 delegfttiim. on an island in the Mineio. and on the railway 
 from \erona to be extended to Leghorn. 22 mUes S.S.W. 
 of Verona. I^t. 45° 9' 34" X., Ion. 10° 48' 1" E. Pop. 
 29,884. It is surrounded by swamps, crosised bv artificial 
 dams, whlcli connect it with several fortified suburbs and 
 outworks. Principal public buildings, the Cathedral, de- 
 dgned by Giulio Romano, with marble fa<,ade: the Palazzo 
 Imperlale. and various private pal.ices; the Canello di Corte, 
 formerly th.- jialace of the GoMaga*; the Palazzo Yecchio, 
 113S 
 
 In which X'apoleon held his court; .sever.il convents, a Jews' 
 synagogue, civil hospital, 2 orph.in asylums. .lews' as^'lum, 
 arsenal, cavalry liarracks, theatre, public library of 80.000 
 volumes, and 1000 manuscripts, and a sculpture gallery, it 
 has a lyceum. gymnasium, academy of fine arts, several scien- 
 tific and literary in.^^titutions, botanic garden, and numerous 
 collections in art and science. The manufactures comprise 
 silk, woollen, and linen fabrics, paper, cordage, leather, and 
 parchment. Outside the walls, but within the fortress, is 
 the Palazzo del Te. with a fine fresco, by Giulio Romano. 
 Mantua is the see of a bishop. the,«*^at of a civil, crimiiinl. 
 and mercantile court, and the residence both of a military 
 governor and of a provincial delegate. 
 
 It is said to have been founded by the Etruscans. 4C0 yeara 
 before the building of Rome. It is often mentioned by Roman 
 writers under its present name, (ilantua.) On the decline of 
 the Roman Empire, it was pillaged by the Huns, afterwanlg 
 taken by the Longobards. and still later, annexeil to the 
 exarchate of Ravenna. Charlemagne gave it its first forti- 
 fications. In the 11th century it was held, in common with 
 Ferrara, Modena. and Reggio. under the sway of the family 
 of Canossa. In the beginning of the 12th century it liecame 
 independent, and continued so till l'27t). when it fell undei 
 the iron rule of Buonacolsi. In 1 328 it foxind Ix'tter masters 
 in the Goiizagas, who, fir.st as captains, then as marquises, 
 and finally as dukes of Mantua, governed it with great 
 ability, and distinguislied themselves by the splendor of 
 their court, and their patronage of literature and art. After 
 it had been thus possessed for several centuries, .and upon 
 the death of the last duke in 1708, the Emperor Joseph 
 took possession of the duchj% and annexed it to his othei" 
 dominions. The fortifications of the town were completed, 
 and put into their pr<'seiit form by the Austrians. It was 
 taken by Xapoleon in 1797. and w!»s. till 1814. capital of tlie 
 French department of Mineio. Among the distinguishei? 
 natives, the name by far the most illustrious, is that of 
 Virgil, who was born at Andes, (now Pietole.) in its vicinity. 
 MAXTUA, an ancient tmvn of ."^pain. See Makrid. 
 MAXTUA, a post-office of I'ickeus co.. Alal>ama. 
 3I.ANTL'A, a village of McMinn co., Tennessee, 164 milea 
 E.S.E. of Xa.=hville. 
 
 M.AXTIJA. a post-township of Portage co.. Ohio. P. 1207 
 M.AXTU.A, a post-office of Monroe co., Iowa. 
 M.AXTUA CEXTRE. a post-village of Portage CO., Ohio, 
 on or near a railroad 30 miles S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 M.AXTUA CREEK, of Gloucester co.. New Jersey, flows 
 nearly X.W., and enters the Delaware River 11 miles below 
 Camden. 
 
 MAXTUA VILLAGE, within the city limits of Phila- 
 delphia. Pennsylvania, on the W. lank of the Schuylkill 
 River, opposite Fairnionnt Wire Bridge. It forms part of 
 the borough of West Pliilndel])liia. 
 
 M.AXU.ii. md-noo'a. or OMAXOO.VU. ohnj-noo'aw, one of 
 the Xavigator Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean ; lat. 14" 
 15' S.. Ion. 169° '20' W. : it is 16 miles in circumference. In 
 most places it rises precipitously from the water to the 
 height of from 3^)0 to 400 feet, after which its ascent appears 
 more gentle. 
 
 MAXUEL. m3-noo-Jl', a village of Spain, province and 
 about 28 miles from Valencia. Pop. 10'28. 
 JIAXUPELLO, a town of Xaples. See Maxopello. 
 M.AX'VILLE. a post-village of Providence co.. Rhode 
 Island. OB the Providence and Worcester Railroad, 12 miles 
 X'. of Providence. 
 MAX'WARIXG'S. a post-office of Shelby co.. Indi.ina. 
 M.AXWAS. m3n-wd^, a town of India, Bundelcund, 40 
 miles S.E. of Rewnh. 
 
 MAXA'. See .Man. (Isle of.) 
 
 MAXY, mSB. (Kis, kish. and Xaqt, nf>dj,) two villages of 
 Hungary, 33 miles X.E. of Stuhlweisseuburg. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MAX'i'OK, XAGY, nodj m3n'yok', a village of Hungary, 
 18 miles from Tolna. Pop. 1000. 
 M.AXYTCH. a river of Ru.ssia. See >I.4XITCH. 
 MAXZAXARES, mdn-thS-ni'r&s, a river of Spain. New 
 Castile, joins the Henares, after a S. course of 40 miles, 12 
 miles S.S.E. of Madrid. 
 
 M.AXZ.AX.\RES. a town of Spain, province and 27 miles 
 E. of Ciudiid-Real. Pop. 8560. Principal buildings, parish 
 church, hospital, cavalry barracks, and an old castle. 
 
 5I.AXZAXARES, a river of South America. Venezuela, 
 department of Caracas, entei-s the Caribbean Sea near Cu- 
 niana. after a X. course of 40 miles. 
 
 MAXZAXEDA-PE-TRIBES. mdn-thi-nA'dd-ni-tree/BJs, « 
 town of Spain, province and 42 miles E. of Orense, formerly 
 fortified. 
 
 MAXZAXER.A. min-thS-n.Vri. a town of Spain, province 
 and 20 miles S.S.E. of TerucL Pop. 2280. 
 
 MAXZAXILL.A, mdn-thA-neel'yd. a town of Spain, pro 
 vince and '27 miles E. of Iluelva. Pop. 2038. 
 
 MAXZ.\XILL.A. mJn-sdneel'yi. a bay of Mexico, on the 
 W. coast of the department of Guadalajara. 130 miles S.S.E 
 of Cape Corrientes: lat. 19° 3' 5" X.. Ion. i04° 16' W. It is 
 one of the finet.t on the Mexican toast, and communicates 
 with the city of Colima. 
 MAXZANILLA. ahigh and projecting poUit on the Istb- 
 
MAN 
 
 MAR 
 
 mus of Panama, on the X. coast of the Caribbean Sea; lat. 
 9'^ ;!9' X., Ion. 79° 32' \V. 
 
 MANZANILLA, a point of Venezuela, on the Caribbean 
 Sea, 30 miles N.K. of Coro; lat. 11° 31' N., Ion. Oi)° liJ' W. 
 
 M.VXZ.VNILLA, a point on the ialaud of XriniJad, E. 
 coast; lat. 10° 31' X., Ion. 61° 4' W. 
 
 MANZANILLA, a bay in the island of Ilayti, on the N.W. 
 const, h!i.'< excellent anehorage; lat. 19° 45' N., Ion. 72° W. 
 
 MANZANILLA LIMON, mrtu-sd-neel/yd le-mOn/, or 
 NAVV HAY, in Xew Uranada, in tlie Isthmus of I'anama. 
 on the Caribbean !?ea, a little to the E. of the mouth of the 
 river Chai^res. It forms a lar2;e, beautiful, and secure road- 
 Btead, about 5 miles iu width, and has beoonie a favorite 
 resort of ships of war and steamers visiting that part of the 
 coast. 
 
 MAXZ.\NILLO, m3n-sd-neel'yo or min-thi-neel'yo, a town 
 and .leaport on the S.K. coast of the island of Cuba, alwut 
 Sf) miles W.X.W. of Santiago de Cu)>a; lat. 20° 22' N., Ion. 
 77° l-V W. It has a gooii harbor, and a considerable trade 
 in coflee, sugar, and fruit. Steamers plying between Bata- 
 bano and Santiago de Cuba touch at tills port. Pop. in 1853, 
 3050; of the jurisdiction. 19..'181; of whom 7321 were white, 
 11.143 free colored, and 917 slaves. 
 
 MANZ.VN'O, mdn-zA'uo, a village of Austrian Ttiily, pro- 
 vince of Kriuli, on the Natisone. alx)ut miles from I'ulma. 
 
 3I.\.NZ.VT, mi^Ko^zi/, a market-town of Krunce. dcpartmcuit 
 of I'uy-de-DOuio, 14 miles X.W. of Clermont. I'op. la 1852, 
 2045. 
 
 M AOX, mi-An'. a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 
 W. of the island of I'ago. Length al>out 5 mile:^. 
 
 MAi>i>XA. MAOUXA or MAUXA, md-oo/ni. or MAS/- 
 SACKK ISLAND, I'acitic Ocean, Navigator Group, is in lat. 
 14° 22' S., Ion. 171° 'AV. Here eleven of the companions 
 of La I'erouse were massacri-d, (whence its name.) 
 
 M.VI'KLLO, m.i-pel^), a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, province and W. of Hergamo. Pop. 1716. 
 
 .M.V'PKKTOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MAPILCA, ml-poel'kd, a village of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, state of Vera Cruz, with remnins of a ruined city. 
 
 MAPIMI, mi-pee'mee, a town of the Mexican Confeiier.a- 
 tion, stiite and 130 miles N.X.K.of Durango. Pop. 24tK). It 
 gives name to a hu'ge desert tract, the Bolson de Mapimi. 
 
 .MAI'IMI LAKl'J. called also CAYMAN. ki-m:lu/, (i. e. 
 " AUigafor" lake.) a lake of the Mexican Confederation, on 
 the borders of Durango and Cohahuila. 
 
 JIAI'IKI, md-pee-ree'. a considerable river of Bolivia, unitos 
 with the Chuqueajio to form the Beni. 
 
 MA'I'LE, a post-offlce of Brown co., Ohio. 
 
 M.VI'LE. a post-ollice of Ionia co.. Miclii'ran. 
 
 IMA'l'LKlilX'K. a parish of England, corof Notts. 
 
 MAI'LK BOT'TOM, a village of hvdell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 MAI'LI-; CHEEK, a small post-village of Washington c/)., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 .MAI'LK CKEEK. a post-office of Carroll co.. Tennessee. 
 
 .M.Vl'LKDKR'WKLL, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 MAI'LE-DUIt/HAM, a parish of Kngland, co. of O.xford. 
 
 MAI'LK I'UK'NACE, a post-office of Butler CO., Penn- 
 gylvani.a. 
 
 .M.\PLE GROVB, a post-offire of Aroostoolc co., Maine. 
 
 MAI'LK GROVK, a p<3st-offlce of Otsego co., New York. 
 
 M.\I'LE GK.OVE, a post-offlce of Bradley co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MAl'i.K GltOVE. a post-offlce of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 M.\PLE GUOVE, a post^township in the S.E. part of 
 Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 621. 
 
 M.VI'LE KIVEil, of -Michigan, rises in Shiawas.see oo.. ami 
 after a course of about 100 niiles, falls into Grand lliver, at 
 Lyons, Ionia county. Its general direction is westward. 
 
 MAPLE S PK I XGS. a post-office of Laf'ayett« CO.. Mis.sissippi. 
 
 MAPLE SPKIXGS. a post-ofliee of Red Kiver CO.. Texas. 
 
 ?1A'I'LESTEAD. GUE.VP.a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 MAI'L::sTHAD. LllTLE.a pjirish of Endand.co.of Kssex. 
 
 MA'I'LESVILLE. a post-village in Bibb co., Alabama, 45 
 miles X.AV. of Montgomery. 
 
 JI.A.'1'LETON. a post-offlce of Niagara co., New York. 
 
 MAPLETON. a post-village in Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 110 miles \V. of Columbia. 
 
 M.VI'LETi;)N. a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 125 miles 
 N.K. of Columbus, has 2 stores and 1 church. 
 
 JI.\PLETON, a post-office ol Waukesha co., AVisconsin. 
 
 M.VPLKTON. a little village of Mercer co.. New Jersey, on 
 Millstone Kiver. 
 
 MAPLETON DEPOT, a post-office of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 -M.l'l'LETOWN, a small post-village of Greene cc.., Penn- 
 fjylvania. 
 
 MA'PLEVILLE, a post-village of Providence CO., Rhode 
 Island, about 20 miles N.W. by W. of Proviitence. It con- 
 tains 2 woollen and cotton mills, employing 75 hands. Pop. 
 about 230. 
 
 MA'PLEWOOD, a station of Essex co., Massachusetts, on 
 the S^augus Branch Railroad. 6 miles N.N.E. of Boston. 
 
 MAPOCHA, md-po'chS. or MAPOCHO, md-po'cbo. a river 
 nf Chili, after a course of 75 miles, joins the Maypu, about 
 35 uiilcs S.W. of Santiago. 
 
 MAPOOXA, mi poo/ti, a considerable river of South-East 
 
 .Africa, flows In a general N.E. direction, and Calls Intc 
 Delagoa Bay, 8. side, about lat. 20° S. Ves.sels di-awing 10 
 feet watei- may. with carcf, ascend it for 30 miles. 
 
 MAP/PERTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorswt. 
 
 MAP'PLETON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 MA PPL ETON, a parish of England, co. o'' lork. East 
 Riding. 
 
 MAP/POWDER, a parish of. England, co. of Dorset 
 
 M.VQUON', a post-village of Knox co., Illiiiois, on Sp( on 
 River, 16 miles by railroad S. E. of Galesburg. It hai a 
 valuable water-power. Pop. of Maquon township. 1920. 
 
 M.VR, an aniient district of Scotland, co. of AberdeeK, 
 between the Don and Dee. 
 
 MAR.\-AKBAREI, md'rd-aR-bd-rd/ee, or VILLAMAR, vol- 
 Id-maR', a village on the island of Sardinia, province of 
 Cagliari, on the Caralita. Pop. 1931. 
 
 MARABAI. Sec Nyassi. 
 
 MAR.\CA. an island of Brazil. See Itam.vraca. 
 
 MARA-CALAGONIS, md'rd-kd-ld-go'nees. a village on iin> 
 island of Sardinia, not far from Sinnai. Pop. 1070. 
 
 M.\RAC.VIBO. a city of Venezuela. See Marac.wbo. 
 
 MARACAND.4. See Samarca.nd. 
 
 MARAC.\Y, md ra-kl', a town of Venezuela, department 
 and 55 miles W.S.W. of Caracas. Pop. 8000. 
 
 MAR.\CAYBO or MAR.ACAIBO, md-rd-kl'bo, a fortified 
 city and seaport of Venezuela, capital of a province of its 
 own name, on the W. side of the entrance to Lake .Mara- 
 caybo. from the gulf of the same name; lat. 10° 40' X., 
 Ion. 71° 45' W. -Many of the houses are built with chalk 
 and sand, and thatched with a kind of reed which grows 
 on the banks of the lake, and which is preferred (o tile, on 
 account of its co<jlness. It contains a parish church, a large 
 and very hamlsome structure; several convents and monas- 
 teries, aud a hos])ital. The harbor is deep, but obstructed 
 by a bar, on which there are only 10 feet water at high tide, 
 and but "4 feet at ebb. The number of vessels that entered 
 the port in 1847 was 55; valueof cargoes, $3.32,700. Cleared 
 in the same year, 90; value of cargoes, §1577,400. Of the 
 foreign vessels that entered. 13 were Auiericjins, and 4 
 British. The total amount of imports, for tlie same year, 
 was #421.070; and of exports, §.500,186. Pop. in 1853, 8500. 
 
 M.iKACAYB.J, LAKE, (Sp. Luyn de. Marami/bo, Idgo d.A 
 md-rd-ki'bo.) nearly 100 miles in length ; greatest breadth 
 70 miles. Though it has depth sullicient for tlie large.st 
 ships, these cannot enter it. owing to a .shifting bar at its 
 mouth. It communicates with the Gulf of .Maracaylo by 
 a strait 20 miles in length, ami from 5 to 10 miles across, 
 and nn-eives the Zulia. Chama, Perija, Matatan, (or Mo- 
 tatan.) and other rivers. 
 
 ilAKACAYlJO. GULF OF, (Sp. G'llfo de Maracaylm, 
 gol'fo drV mi-r!l-kI'l)o.) an inlet of the Caribliean .Sea. bound- 
 ed eastward by the peninsula of I'araguana, immediately 
 S. of which is that part of it called El Golfete. It extends 
 N. and S. about 75 miles: extreme breadth about 150 miles. 
 It contains several small islands. 
 
 M.\R.\GIIA, md/rd^gd, a city of Persia, province of Azerbaij- 
 an, 50 miles S. of Tabi'eez. on a tributary of Lake Ooroomeeyah. 
 Pop. about 15,000. It is enclosed by walls and well built; 
 principal structures, a large bazaar, sjiacious public liaths, 
 two briilges of the Hth century, and the tomb of Ilohigou, 
 a descendant of .lenghis Khan, who founded an observatory 
 on an nd.)acent mountaiu, at the foot of which are somo 
 oave- temples. 
 
 M.\R.\G0(3IPE. mdr-rd-go-zhee'pi, a flourishing town of 
 Brazil, province of Bahla, 25 miles S.W. of Cachoeira. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 MA'RAIITAN'KA, a lake of Minnesota, 10 miles N.W. 
 of Mankato. Length about 10 miles. 
 
 MARAIS, md'ri', a natural division of the department of 
 Vendee in France, comprising all that part of the coast 
 formerly covered by the sea. Soil very fertile ; but climate 
 unhealthy. 
 
 MARAIS, mdV.V, a creek of Missouri, flows N. through 
 Osage CO., au'd enters the Osage River a few miles fi-om its 
 mouth. 
 
 M.\R.\IS, a post-Tillage of Osage co., Missouri, on the 
 above stream, 23 miles S..S.E. of .lefferson City. 
 
 MARA.IEH. mdVd'jeh, an oasis of North Africa. Lat. 29° 
 30' N.. Ion. about 20° E. 
 
 MARAJO, md-rd-zho', or JOANNES, zho-dn'nfs. a large 
 island in the Atlantic Ocean, on the N. coast of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Para, bet.veen the estuaries of the Amazon and 
 Para Rivers, and extenJing from near the equator to lat. 2° 
 20' S.. and from Ion. 48° 30' to 51° 30' W. Length and 
 breadth about 150 miles each. It is intersected by the navi- 
 gable rivers Annjaz and Mapua. Pop. estimated at 20,000. 
 
 M.\RAKA. See Dongola, New. 
 
 MARAKSH. See Morocco 
 
 .M.\RAMB.\Y.V, md-rdm-bi'd, an island of Brazil, pro- 
 vince and 27 miles W. of Rio de .laneiro, in the bay of .\ugni 
 dos Reis. 20 miles in length; averaire breadth 1 mile. 
 
 MARA M EC. pronounced and often written ME1{/RIMAC\ 
 a river of Missouri, rises in Dent county, in the S.E. central 
 part of the state. Its general direction is N.E.. .and its whole 
 length is estimated at 800 miles. It flows throui-'h a hilly 
 
 ii;;9 ' 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 <«mitrv. alioundlnfr in mines of copper, iron, and lead, many 
 cj"» hi-h are successfully worked. Steamboats' linTe iiavi.eatetl 
 this river, and, with a little improvement, tliey would be 
 able to ascend to the Yir'^iiiia Mines of Franklin county, a 
 Jislitnce of perhaps 100 miles. A small stream, called the 
 Osaf;e Koi'k. enters the river fi-om the rijrht. in the N.B. part 
 of CrawfonJ county. The Dry Fork ri.-vs near the X.K. ex- 
 tremity of Texa.s county, and flowing northward, falls into 
 the main stream near Mas.<ie's Ironwork.s, in Crawford 
 county. 
 
 MA"k.\MEC, a station of Jefferson co., Missouri, on the 
 Pacific Jtailnjad, 19 miles W. of St. Ixiuis. 
 
 MAIi.^MKC. a post-village of Crawford co.. Mis-sonri, 70 
 miles S.K. of Jefferson City. A remarkable spring here 
 furni.shes motive power for machinery of various kinds. 
 
 MAKAXGAXK, md-rSn-gi'n.-i. a village on the S.E. coast 
 of .Africa. 8 miles from Quiliniane. 
 
 .MAU.\NII.\0, (Maranhao.) MAKANHAM, mi-r^n-yowW 
 or mar'an-hJm'. or SAO (Sao) LUIZ, sowxo loo-eez'. a city 
 of Hrazil, capital of a province of its own name, and 
 on the M'. side of the island of Maranhao, 290 miles E. of 
 Bclem or l^arii. and 280 miles W. of Ceara or Fortaleza; lat. 
 (Catheilriil) 2°31'42" S., lon.44° 18'42" W. It is surrounded 
 pn the E. by mountains, which form a kind of natural for- 
 tress, bi'ing cro.«sed only by narrow passes. On the N. and 
 S., it is encircled by the small streams Sao Francisco and 
 Maranhao, which rise and fall with the tide. At the 
 jiouths of these rivers is a basin, accessible, at high water, 
 to ves.«el3 drawing 20 feet, affording fine shelter, and de- 
 fended, at its entrance, by a series efforts. The town itself 
 is built on unequal ground, but with considerable regu- 
 larity, and, as almost all the houses have gardens attached, 
 occupies a large space. The streets cross each other at right 
 angles, and are paved ; the houses in the priucipal thorough- 
 ."ares are of two stories, and generally provided with balco- 
 nies. The principal edifices are the Cathedral and Episcopal 
 I'alace, magnificent structures, both built by the Jesuits; 
 the governor's Palace, the Town-house and Prison, the Cus- 
 .<im-hou.oe. Treasury. College, the richly-<?ndowed Hospital (Ja 
 Hisnricnrdia, and two other hospitals; and various churches, 
 monasteries, and nunneries. The trade is of great inipor- 
 .;ance ; the provinces of Para, Piauhi, Ceara. Kio^irande-do- 
 Korte, and Ooyaz. having here the entrepot for their produce. 
 The prineip.il exports are lice. cotton, rum. medicines, and 
 manteiga di tarlaruga, a kind of butter made of tortoise 
 eggs. The imports con-^ist of \ arious articles of European 
 manufacture. M.aranhao is the sejit of the Provincial I/Cgis- 
 lative A.ssembly. the residence of the provincial governor, 
 ''he see of a bishop, and possesses a lyceum or college, in 
 which the ancient and modern languages, rhetoric, geo- 
 graphy, grammar, philosophy, mathematics, design, naviga- 
 tion, and astronomy are taught; also a commercial school, 
 and a botajiical garden, principally designed to promote 
 agriculture. Pop. 30.000. 
 
 .MARANHAO. (Maranhao.) or MARAXHAM, a mari- 
 time province in the N. of Brazil, so called from ilaraHnn. 
 the name originally given to the river Amazon ; bounded on 
 the N. bv the Atlantic, E. and S.E. by Piaulii. S.W. by Goyaz. 
 and on the N.W. bv Para; lat. between 1° 22' and 10° SO* S., 
 Ion. 41° 20' and 48° W. Area 94,900 square miles. The E. 
 half of the coast-line forms almost a continuous straight line, 
 unbroken by a single indentation of any magnitude: theW. 
 half contains .several bays, among which are Sao Marcos and 
 Sao .lose, forming the respective embouchtires of the Itapi- 
 caru and the Miarim, on the opposite sides of the island of 
 JIaranhao. .\ considerable part of the surface is occupied by 
 forests, which yield excellent tim1>er. and ornamental and 
 dye woods. The most important cultivated crops are rice, 
 ootton, and the sugar-cane. Much of the produce of the last 
 is converted into spirits. The province ap)x)ints 4 deputies 
 to the General I^egislative Assembly, and 2 senators. The 
 I'l-ovincial Assembly, composed of 28 members, holds its 
 sittings in Maranhao. Pop. 390.000. 
 
 MARANHAO (River.) See Miarim. 
 
 MARANHAO (or MARANHAM) ISL.^ND, of Brazil, is be- 
 tween the bays of Sao Jos6 on the E.. and Sao Marcos on the 
 \V. On the S. it is separated from the mainland by a chan- 
 nel called the Rio do Mosquito; on the N. it is washed by 
 the Atlantic; greatest length, from N.E. to S.W., 28 miles; 
 greatest breadth, 20 miles. Its surfece is more elevated than 
 that of the mainland; and. on the E. side, is lined by reefs, 
 whiih make access to it ditficult. Pop. 4n.0(K). 
 
 MARANO, mJ-ri'no, a vilhige of Central Italy, 11" miles 
 S.E. of F'ermo, on the Adriatic. Pop. 1600. 
 
 M.\RANO. a town of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 
 6 miles AV. of Coscnza. Pop. 4000. 
 
 .MARANO, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles N.W. of 
 Naples. Pop. 6500. 
 
 Q ^'A?;^^*^' >"i-r^'no, a town of Austrian Italy. 20 miles 
 H. or Ldinis at the head of the Adriatic. Pop. 1200. 
 
 a1M5'^^2'^" ",''y'"' "^^ ^"''> America. S.* Amazox. 
 
 MARANS, nirr6x<^, (\.. Marantium.) a town and river- 
 port of Franco, department of Charente-Inferieure. on the 
 8*vre-.\iortalse, II miles N.E. of La Rochelle. Pop. in 1802, 
 40(0. it ''«^a quay accessible for vesstds under 100 tons 
 
 burthen, and a brisk trade in corn. A maritinif canal has 
 been commenced, which will open the navigation to vessels 
 of 300 tons. 
 
 MARASH, maVash'. or KERMANIA. k^R-mi'nee-a, (anc. 
 Germanicia,) a town, capital of a i)ashalic of its own iijime, 
 in Asiatic Turkey, picture.squely situated ou a slope of the 
 lofty Aghr Tagh, above the Jyhoon. 90 miles N.N.W. of 
 Ak'ppo. It conyisis of about 3500 houses of wood and clay. 
 
 ji.\RASH. a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 36° 
 3' and 38° 30' N.. and Ion. 36° and 38° 40' E. It is-traversed, 
 W. to E., by the maiu chain of Taurus, and bounded E. by 
 the Euphrates. 
 
 MARASH, a village of European Turkey, Bulgaria, S.E. 
 of Shoomla. 
 
 M.\RAT, mIV<V. a village of France, department of Puy- 
 de-Dome. 9 miles N.N.W. of Ambert. Pop. in 1852, 3154. 
 
 M.\RATEA, md-r3-tA'ii. a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilicnta. and 11 miles S.E. of Policastro. Pop. 4500. 
 
 M.\K'.\THON. a hamlet, small river, and plain of Greece, 
 government of Attica, the hamlet on the river 3 miles from 
 its mouth, and 18 miles N.E. of Athens. The river (anc. 
 C/ntftidrus) has a S.E. course of 10 miles to its mouth in 
 the ^Egean Sea. opposite the S. end of Euba'a ; the plain, 
 bounded S. by Mount Pent^licus. is renowned for the vic- 
 tory of Miltiades over the army of Xerxes. B. c. 490. 
 
 M.4.lt'ATH0N. a county in the N. part of Wisconsin, bor- 
 dering on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, contains 5452 
 square miles. \\ isconsin River traverses its whole length. 
 The surface is nfostly covereil with forest.* of pine. 'This 
 county was separated from Portage county in 1849-50. 
 Capital, AVausau. Pop. 2892. 
 
 M.\R.\THOX. a post-village and township on the S. bor- 
 der of Cortland i-o.. New York, on the Tioughnioga River, a 
 tributary of the Susquehanna, and on the Syracuse and 
 Binghamton Railroad, 50 miles S. by E. of Syracuse. Pop. 
 1502. 
 
 MARATHON, a post-office of Clermont co.. Ohio. 
 
 M-\R.\THON. a post-township in the X.W. part of Lapeer 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 588. 
 
 MAR.\THOXISI, ma-r3-tho-nee'see. a maritime village of 
 Greece. Morea, government of I^conia. on the Gulf of 
 Koloky tliia, opposite the island of Marathonisi, (anc. C)n«(r.) 
 27 miles S. of Mi.stra. It is a wretched town on the site of 
 the ancient Mygirnium{f) Near it are the ruins of GytMum. 
 
 MAKATUBA (ma-ratoo/ba) ISLES, a^roup of the Mal.iy 
 Archipelago, in the Celebes Sea, off the E. coast of Borneo. 
 
 MARAVACA. (mS-ra-va'ka.) MOUNT, of South America, 
 Venezuela, is in lat. 3° 40' N.. Ion. 65° 50' W.. and estimated 
 at from 10.000 to 11.000 feet in height by Schomburgk. 
 
 MARAVI, a lake of Africa. See Nvassi. 
 
 MARA VI. md-ri'vee. a port of Cuba, on the N. coast, near 
 its E. end. at the mouth of the river Maravi. 
 
 MARA'ZION or MARKET JEW. fane. F'Jntm Jolriif) a 
 small st-aport and market-town of Enarland. co. of Cornwall, 
 on Mounts Bay. IS miles W.S.W. of Falmouth. Pop. 1683. 
 
 M.\RAZ7.1. ma-nlfsee. a village of the Sardinian States, 1 
 mile from San JIartino, on the Bisagno. Pop. 2890. 
 
 M.AHBACH. maRli.-lK. a town of .Southern Germany, Wilr- 
 t«mberg. on the Neckar. 15 miles S. of Ileilbronn. Pop. 
 2340. The poet Schiller was born here. ^ 
 
 MARBACH. a market-town of Lower Austria, on the 
 Danube. 23 miles S.W. of Krems. 
 
 MARBACH, maiiadK. or MARPACII, maR'pax. a town of 
 Switzerland, canton and 23 miles S.W. of Lucerne, 2700 feet 
 above sea-level. Pop. 2004. 
 
 M.<1!B.\CU. a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 milea 
 E.S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1113. 
 
 M.A.RB.\IS. inaR^iA/. a village of Belgium, province of Bra- 
 bant. 22 miles S.E. of Brussel'. Pop. 1782. 
 
 MA1!BELL.\. maR-bt^I'yd. a wallci town of Spain, province 
 and 29 miles S.AV. of JIalaga. ou the Mediterranean. Pop. 
 5850. 
 
 M.\R.'BLE, a post-office of Marion co.. Arkansas. 
 
 S1.\RBLE CREEK, a post-village of Jessamine CO., Ken 
 tucky. 
 
 MARBLE DALF:. a post-office of Litchfield CO.. Connecticut. 
 
 M.\RBLE FURNACE, a post-oiBce of Adams co., Ohio, 93 
 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 .M.\RBIJ3 n.\LL. a post-ofllce of Hawkins co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MARBLEHEAD. mar'b'l-hid'. a post-township and port 
 of entry of F;ssex CO.. Massachusetts, on an irregular rocky 
 peninsula of its owu name, and at the terminus of a railroad, 
 (by which it has communication with Salem and Boston,) 
 18 miles N.E. of Boston. It is pleasantly situated on an 
 excellent harbor, which is accessible at all sea.sons to vessels 
 of the largest class. Of late years it has been much fre. 
 quented as a summer resort. The inhabitants are extensively 
 engaged in the cod fisheries. In some years the quantity 
 taken has amounted in value to more than $160,000. This 
 business, however, li.is rocently declined, and the manufac- 
 ture of shoes has increased. In the extent of its cod fishery 
 Marblehead ranks as the second town in the state, being 
 exceeded only by Barnstable. Many ships and brigs owned 
 here sail from and return direct to Boston. The shipping of 
 the district, June 30, 1S52, amounted to an ai;greii;ate <q 
 
MAR 
 
 1192 tons registered, and 6114 tons enrolled and licensed. 
 Of the latter, 185S tons were employed in the coast trade, 
 and 3(iTS tons in the cod fisheries. The foreign arrivals for 
 the ye-ir were 168, (tons 12,129.) of which lol (tons 11,404) 
 were by foreign vessels. The clearances for foreign ports 
 were 102, (tons 11.075, of which 11,101 were in foreign bot- 
 toms.) During the same year, 5 schooners, with an aggre- 
 gate burthen of 432 tons, were admeasured. The town con- 
 tains churches of S denominations. 2 banks, with a capital 
 ,if $220.W)O; an insurance office, 1 newspaiier office, an aca- 
 demy, a high school, various benevolent societies, and up- 
 ward? of 30 maiiufttotories of various kinds. The prin- 
 :ipal articles produced are hoots and shoes, employing a 
 capital of $1,000,000. Pop. of the township, 7046. 
 
 MARHLKIIKAD, a post/offlce of Gilmer co., Georgia. 
 
 MAi;l5l,EHi;.\D, a post-office of Ottawa CO., Ohio. 
 
 MARlihKIIEAD LIGHTS, two in number, are situated 
 on the S.K. side of the K. entrance to JIarhlehead Harbor, 
 Massachusetts. Lat. 4-2° 30' 18" N.. Ion. -O*^ 50' 30" \V. 
 
 MAKlil.K lULL. a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 MAK'ULK ISLAND. Hudson's Bay, liritlsh North Amt- 
 riia, is In lat. 62° 30' N., Ion. 92° W. 
 
 MAIl/BLETOWN, a post-village and township of Ulster 
 CO.. New York, on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 7 miles 
 S.W. of Kingston. I'op. 4120. 
 
 MAKliLE VALLEY, a post-office of Coosa CO., Alabama. 
 
 SIAIiU'JZ, maliHio', a townofi'rauce, department of Ain, 
 arrnmli-iseineiit and 10 miles N. of Boui-g. t'op. 2410. 
 
 MARI5UKU, mar'burg, (Ger. pi-on. maK'l«"iSna; anc. Mati- 
 acum,) a town of Hesse-f'assel, on the Lnhn. and on the 
 Fnuikfort Railway, 48 miles S.W. of Cassel. Top. 7954, 
 Including the suburb of Weidenhau.sen. It stands on the 
 slope of a hill, crowned by the ancient feudal castle of 
 the landgraves of Hesse. I'rincipal public edifice, the 
 chuTcli of St. Elizabeth, in the pointed Gothic style, 
 built between 1235 and 1283, anu containing, with several 
 monuments of the Hesse-Landgraves, the tomb of St. 
 Elizabeth, resorted to by numerous pilgrims. Its Univer- 
 sity, founded in 1527, had, in 1846, 2(54 student*!. It has 
 also a gymnasium, a normal school, schools of surgery, bo- 
 tanic garden, several hospitals, and manufactures of linen 
 fabrics, stockings, leather, tobacco, and pipes. 
 
 M.MUJURG, miR/booRG, a walled town of Austria, Styria, 
 on the Drave, 36 miles S.S.E. of Gratz. Pop. 4500. 
 
 MAll/HURY, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 M.VItCARIA. maR-ki-ree'd, a market-town of Northern 
 Italy. 13 miles \V.S.^V. of JIantua, on the Oglio. Pop, 3000. 
 
 SI.MICELCAVE, maR'sJl^kdv', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Somme, arrondissenient of Amiens. Pop. 1591. 
 
 M.VRCELLAZ, maR-chM-ldtz', a village of the Sardinian 
 States, Savoy, province of Geuevese. I'op. 1108, 
 
 MAR'CELLINE/, a post-ofSce of Adams co,, Illinois, 
 
 MARCELLON, a post-township and villaai' of Columbia 
 CO., AViscimsin. Pop, 921, 
 
 MARCKL'LUS, a post-village and townsnip of Onondaga 
 CO., New \ ork, on Nine Mile Creek, and on the Anbury braiicli 
 of the Central ILiilroad, 15 miles E. by N. of Auburn. The 
 tillage lias Presbyterian, Methodist, and l')i5iscopal churches ; 
 also manufactures of paper and wool ; and in the township 
 are several tanneries. Pop. of township 2908. 
 
 M.\llCELriUS,a township of Cass co., Michigan, Pop.753. 
 
 5I.\11CKLLUS, a village of Rush co., Indiana, on the rail- 
 road. 5 miles E. of Rushville. 
 
 MARCELLUS, a small post-village of Washington co,, 
 Iowa, 
 
 MARCELLUS FALLS, a post-village of Onondaga co., 
 New York, on Nine Mile Creek, about 140 miles W, by N, 
 of Albany. 
 
 M.VRCKNAT. manVeh-nJ', a town of France, department 
 of Cantal. 13 miles N. of Murat. Pop. in 1852, 2653. 
 
 MARCH, a market-town of England, co. and 25 miles N, 
 VV. of Cambriilge. on the navigable river Xene, with a station 
 on the East Anglian R.iilway. Pop. in 1S51, 4171. March- 
 \Vct-Fen comprises 3000 acres, and is drained by steam. 
 
 MARCH. maRK, MORAVA or MDRAAVA. mo-rd'vd, a river 
 of the Austrian Empire, joins the Danube 8 miles \V. of 
 Presburg. Length ISO miles; it is navigable from the 
 Danube to Presburg, a distance of 50 miles, 
 
 MARCH OF AscoNA. See Ancoxa. 
 
 MAKCH'.^M, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 MARCHAMALO, maR-chS ini'lo, a town of Spain, New 
 Castile, 2 miles N. of Guadalajara, on the Henares. P. 1080. 
 
 MARCHAND, a post-office of Indiana co.. Pennsylvania, 
 
 MARCHE, niaRsh. an old province of Central France, 
 now forming the department of Creuse, and parts of Indre 
 jnd Haute-Vienne. 
 
 MARCHE-EN-FAMENE, maRsh-6N<:-fd'mAn', a town of 
 Belgium, province of Luxembourg, on the Marchettc. 44 
 iniles N.N.W. of Arlon.. A treaty lietween .Austria and the 
 States of Holland, which was concluded here in 1577, bears 
 the name of the I'erpetual Edict. Pop. 1400. 
 
 MARCHEGG. maR'Kfig, or JIARCHECK, mnR/Kfk, a town 
 )f Lower Austria, on the .March, 25 miles E.N.E. of Vienna, 
 It is famous for the victory which Ottokar gained here, in 
 UiCO, over Uela, Pop, 1180, 
 
 MAIl 
 
 MARCIIE-LES-DA^IES, maRsri-li-ddm', a station on th€ 
 Xamur and Liege Kailway, 5 miles 10. of Namur. 
 
 MARCHE-LEZ-ECAUSSINES, man.«h-l.^z-A'k(Vseen'. a vil- 
 lage of Belgium, province of Uaiuaut, 15 miles N.E. of 
 Mons. Pop. 1778. 
 
 MARCHENA, maR-chiVn,^. a town of Spain, province and 
 29 miles E.S.E. of Seville, on the(iuadali)uivir. ai.dou a height 
 commanded by an old castle. In ils neighliorhood are well 
 freciuented sulphur baths. It is well built; retains some 
 vestiges of its ancient tower-flanked walls; and has some 
 fine squares, and paved street,«. It contiiins three parish 
 churches, several chapels, town and court-house, prison, 
 two hospitals, an orphan asylum, college, stori.'-house, three 
 convents, and a palace of the Dukes of Arco.<. It has manu- 
 factures of linen, serge, a.nd cloth, earthenware, soap, wine, 
 and oil, and carries on some trade with Seville, Poji. 11,820. 
 
 MARCHES, LES, li maRsh. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, on the Isere, 6 miles S.S.E. of Chambery. Pop. 1027. 
 
 .MAKCH'FIELD, a new township of Waihingtou co., 
 Slaine. Pop. 294. 
 
 MARCHIENNES. maR'she-?nn', (L. Marcldame.) a village 
 of France, department of Nord. 19 miles S.S.E. of Lille, 
 Pop. in 1852, 3o47, Near it is the hamlet of Marchiennes- 
 Campagne, 
 
 MARCHIENNES AU PONT, maR'she-^nn' o -phy, a vil- 
 lage of Belgium, province of Hainaut, on the Sambre, 2 
 miles W. of Charleroi. and on the railway to IJrus.-els. 
 
 MARCHI.N, maR^sh.^x'''. a town of Belgium, province and 
 about 21 miles S.W. of Liege, on the Hoyeux. Pop. 2243. 
 
 MARCHWIEL, raarK'weel, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Denbigh. 
 
 M.\RCIAC, mnRVe-3k', a town of France, department of 
 Gers, 12 miles W. of Mirande. Pop. in 1852, 1955. 
 
 MARCIA.\.\, maR-chd'n;l, a town of Tuscany, in the 
 island of Elba, 8 miles E. of Porto-Ferr.ajo. Pop. 1036. Near 
 it, on the N. coast of the island, is Makciasa Mariana, with 
 a harbor. Pop. 1794, 
 
 MARCI.\NISI, maR-chJ-nee'see, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Terra di Lavoro, 3 miles S.W. of Caserta. Pop. 6t00. 
 
 M.\RCI.A.NO, maR-chd'no. a village of Tuscany. 25 miles 
 E. of Sienna, Here, in 1655, the Tuscans defeated the French. 
 Pop. 2214. , 
 
 MARCIONAGO, maR-cheen-ya'go, or MARCINAGO, man- 
 chee-uS'go, a village of Nortliern Italy, province of Pavia, E. 
 of liereguardo. It is famous for the defeat which the 
 Ghibellines of Pavia here sustained, iu 1132, from the Guelfs 
 of Milan. Pop. 1286. 
 
 MAJtCIONY, maR'seen'yee', a town of France, department 
 of Saontvet-Loire, ou the IjOire, 14 miles S.W, of CharoUes. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2768, 
 
 MARCILLAC, maTsVee'y^k', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Aveyron, 11 miles N,N,W. of Rodez. Pop. iu 1852, 
 157.5. 
 
 MARCILL.'VC, a village of France, department of Charente, 
 15 miles X.W. of Angouleme. Pop. 1470. 
 
 MARCILL.VC. a village of France, department of Gironde, 
 
 11 miles N.E. of Blaye. Pop. in 1852, 2008. 
 M.VRCILLAC, a village of France, department of Corrfize, 
 
 12 miles E, of Tulle. Pop. 1790. 
 
 JIARCIT^LAC, a village of France, department of Lot, 24 
 miles E, of Cahors, and having in its vicinity one of the 
 most beautiful stalactitic caves in France. 
 
 M A RCIU^-'VT, maRVee\vd', a village of France, department 
 of Allier. 11 miles S. of Montlu(;on. I'op. in 1852, 1704. 
 
 MARCILLAT, a hamlet of France, department of Puy-de- 
 Dome, arrondissenient of Riom. 
 
 MARCIXELLE, maR\':ee'nell', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Hainaut, 24 hiilcs E. of Mons. Pop. 1290. 
 
 MARCKE, niaRk or mar'keh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, on the Lys, 24 miles S. of Bruges. 
 Pop. 1544. 
 
 MARCKOLSHEIM, maRlcoIs-bTme' or maR'koPsIm'. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 8 miles S.E. of 
 Schele.stadt. Pop. in 1852. 2511. 
 
 MAR/CLE, (mar'k'l,) JIUCH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 MARCLK. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, 
 
 MARCODURUM, See Durex. 
 
 MAlt'CO, a post-office of Green co., Indiana, 
 
 MARCOING, maR^kwJx"' or maR'ko-S\No/, a village of 
 France, department of Nord, 5 miles S.S.W. of Cambrai, 
 Pop. in 1852. 1631. 
 
 MARCOLEZ, mdR^ko'l.^', a village of France, department 
 of Cantal, 11 miles S,W. of Aurillac. Pop. 1590. 
 
 MARCON, maRVA.vi/, a village of France, department of 
 Sarthe, 18 miles S.W. of St. Calai.s. Pop. 201J. 
 
 MARCOURT, maR'kooR/, a town of Belgium, province of 
 Luxembourg, on the Ourthe, 42 miles N.N.AV. of Arlou. I'op. 
 1064. 
 
 MARCOUSSIS, maR^koosVes', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seini>et>Oise, 10 miles S.S.E. of Versailles. P. 1360. 
 
 MARCOVECZ or MARKOVECZ, maR'koV^ts/, a village 
 of Hungary, county of Temesvar Pop. 1477 
 
 MARCQ, maRk. a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 
 1 mile W. of Engbieo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 1141 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 ArARCQ-EX-Bi AtEtJlf., maRk-5s«-biVnI', a vUlasre of 
 I 1 uce. department of Nord, 3 miles Ji. of LUle. Pop. ia 
 3 (>o 2. 3989. 
 
 M.*UCQi;KTrE. ma^^kJtt/, a village of France, adjacent 
 to tilt alx>ve, had formerly an ablxjy of celebrity. 
 
 M.AK'CKOSS, a maritime piu-ish of South Wales, co. of 
 Glamnrjran. 
 
 MAK'CUS, a post-office of Jackson co., Georgia. 
 
 JIAU'CUS noOlv. a post>village of Delaware co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Delaware Kiver, and on the Philadelphia and 
 AVilmington Kailroad, 18 miie.« S.W. of Philadelphia. In the 
 early .settlement of Pennsylvania this was a place of import- 
 ance, hut has sinco declined. Pop. about 500. 
 
 SIAiyCY, a posKownship of Oneida co., New York, 4 miles 
 N. of Uticiu Pop. 16S7. 
 
 M.iKCY, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana. 
 
 M.\HCY, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin, 15 
 miles W.N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 M.\11CY, a post-ofiice of Franklin Co., Illinois. 
 
 JIAKCZ. maRt.«. or M AKTZA, maRfsOh", a vUlage of Hun- 
 gary, 7 miles from Oedenburs. Pop. 1128. 
 
 MAUDKEX or MAKDIX. mar-deen', fane. ilardeJ) writ- 
 ten also MERDIX, mer-deen', a fortiJBed town of Asiatli; 
 Turkey. pa.-;halic and 57 miles S.E. of Diarbekir, on the S. 
 declivity of 31ount Masius. It has a ca.stle on a height 
 commanding a magnificent view, several mosiiues, churches, 
 a large Mohammedan college, and manufactures of linen 
 and cotton stuffs, and leather. 
 
 MAK'DEX, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 M AHDEX. a parish of England, co. of Kent, 7 miles S.S.W. 
 of -Maid.-itone, with a ytation on the South- Eastern Kail way. 
 
 M.\KDKX, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 MAUDEX, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex. 
 
 MAKDEX, XOHTH. a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 
 
 SI.AKDEX, UP, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 MAUDIX, a town of Turkey. See Mardeen. 
 
 MAK'DISVILLE. a post-village of Talladega co., Alabama, 
 about 110 miles E. by N. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 MAKE. mi'rA, an island of Brazil, off the E. shore of the 
 Pay of All Saints or Bahia. opposite to the mouth of the 
 Pitunga. and 14 miles X. by E. of Buhia, has a circuit of 
 nearly 12 miles. I'oo. 700. 
 
 M.\RE ADRIATICUM or HADRIATICUM, and MARE 
 ADRIATIC^. See Adrmtic Sea, 
 
 MARE IXTERXUM. See Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 MARE lOX ILM. See lo.viAX Se.\, 
 
 MARE TYRRHEXUM. See Tvrrhexe Sea. 
 
 MAREB. mi/r^b\ a river of .\byssinia. joins the Atbara or 
 Tncazze, near lat. 16° N., Ion. 36^ E., after a N.W. course, 
 estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 -MAR i:b. md'rJb\ (anc. Sa'ba t) a town of Arabifi, 80 miles 
 N.E. of Sana, and stated to be enclosed with walls, and com- 
 Drising 300 houses. 
 
 MARECC1II.\, mJ-r5k'ke-3, a river of Central Italy, in 
 3^milia, rises in the Apennines, flows E.X.E., and after 
 a course of 38 miles, enters the Adriatic 1 mile X. of Rimini. 
 
 MAREE, LOCH, loK md-ree/, a lake of Scotland, co. of 
 Ross, near the W. coast. Length 20 miles. It is studded 
 with island.i and is .surrounded by the wildest .scenery. The 
 Ene cjirries its .superfluous waters X.W. Into Lake Ewe. 
 
 SIAREGUARE. a river of Guiana. See Merewari. 
 
 M.\REIIAM-ON-THE-HILL. parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 5l.A.RE'HA.M-LE-FEX,aparishofEugland. CO. of Lincoln. 
 
 M.\REMMA, LA, li mi-i-em'mi. a marshy region of West 
 Italy, forming the S. part of Tuscany, extending along the 
 coast from Orbitello to Piombino. Though formerly the 
 Beat of the most flourishing Etruscan cities, it i* now mostly 
 desert. It is traversetl by the river Ombrone. and contains 
 the Lakes Castiglione and Orbitello, with the borax lagoons 
 of Jlonte Cerboli. 
 
 MAREXE, md-rd/nA, or MAREXXE, ma-r&n'nA, a small 
 town of Piedmont, province of Saluzzo. 4 miles N.E. of 
 Savigliano. Pop. including commune. 2377. 
 
 MAREXGO, md-rJn'go. a village of Piedmont, province 
 and *2 miles S.E. of Ale.ssandria. near the Bormida. and 
 memorable for the battle of 14th of June, 1800, between 
 Xapoleon and the Austrians, In whicli the latter were com- 
 pletely defeated. 
 
 MAREX'UO, a county in the W, part of .Alabama, has an 
 area of lieo square miles. The Tombigbee and Blackwarrior 
 Kiver.^ jinite on its N.W. border, it is also drained by 
 Chi.kasaw Creek. The surface is undulating, and partly 
 o<H-upied by prairies; the soil Is exceedingly fertile. The 
 county comprises a large part of the tract commonly known 
 as the •• Cancbnike," which by many is regarded as "the most 
 desirable cotton land in the South. Capital, Linden. Pop. 
 
 X^K'^L'^?"^ "''^^^ .verefree, and 24,403 slaves. 
 
 -MAKENGO, apo.^trvillagi of Wayne co., Xew York, about 
 it miles N.E. of Geneva. 
 
 a! ■^!!S^!^? V * PO'"-o'«<'e, Laurens district. South Carolina. 
 
 -MARENGO, a post-office of Jackson co., Tenne^ee. 
 
 MARENGO, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 MARKNGO. a post-township of (ulhoun co., Michigan, in- 
 lerawted l>y the Michigan Southern Railroad. Pop. 1099. 
 
 MAKENGi ». a postoffiue of Crawford co., Indiana. 
 
 MAREXGO, a thriving post-village and township of 5Ic- 
 Ilenry co., Illinois, on the railroad between Chicago and 
 Galena. 66 miles W.N.W. of the former. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 1277 : of the village, about 650. 
 
 MAREXGO, a post-village, capital of Iowa co., Iowa, on 
 Iowa River, 85 miles by railroad W. by N. of Diivenjiort. 
 
 M.AREXXE, a town of Pieilmout. See Marese. 
 
 MAREXXKS, maV^nn', ^L. Slareniw.) a seajiort town of 
 France, department of Charente-Inferieure.on the Atlantic. 
 24 miles S. of La Roi'helle. near the mouth of the Seudre. 
 Pop. iu 1852. 4589. It is surrounded by salt marshes, whence 
 lai-ge quantities of salt are e.Ktracted. 
 
 MAREOT-'IS, LAKE, or BIRKET-EL-MARIOOT. (or MA- 
 RIOUT.) beeK/-ket-el-niS-re-oot', a lake in the X.E. part of 
 Lower Egypt. S.E. of .Alexandria. It had become entirely 
 dry within the last three centuries, but as the bottom, is 
 .several feet below the level of the sea, the English, in 1801, 
 in order to circumscribe the operations of the French, cut 
 across the narrow isthmus which separated the ba.siu from 
 the Lake of At>ookeer, (.\boukir.) when the sea-water flowed 
 in, and covered an extent of 30 miles in length, and 15 in 
 bre.idth. This isthmus has since been restored by 31oham- 
 med .\Jee. 
 
 M.\'IIESFIELD. a p.ari.sh of England, co. of Su.ssex. 
 
 MAliETZ. md'rets', a village of France, department of 
 Xord. 12 miles S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. in 1852, 2595. 
 
 MAKEUIL, mdViP. a village of France, department of 
 Cher. 17 miles S.W. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852. 1600. 
 
 MARELIL. a market-town of France, department of Doi^ 
 dogne, 10 miles S.W. of Xontron. Pop. in 1852, 1765. 
 
 SlAREUlL, a village of Fi-ance, department of Vendee, 
 14 miles S.E. of Bourbon-^■endee. Pop. in 1852, 1609, 
 
 31AR/FLEET, a parish of England, co. of York, Eas'i 
 Riding. 
 
 MARG.A. m!iR'giih\ a village of Hungary, banat of Temes- 
 var, 30 miles from Karansebes. I'op. 996. 
 
 MARGAl/LAWAY KIVER rises in the X.E. part of Xew 
 Hampshire, in Coos county, and running into Maine return* 
 into New Hampshire, where it receives the waters of Um- 
 bagog Lake. After this junction it is called the Andros- 
 coggiu River. 
 
 MAR'GAM. a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 MAR/GARET-M.\RSIL a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 MA1{/GARETSVILLE. a village of Xortliampton co., North 
 Carolina, on the Seaboard and Koanoke Railroad, 150 miles 
 N.E. bv E. of Raleigh. 
 
 MAKGARETTA, a township of Erie co., Ohio. Pop. 1892. 
 
 MARGARETTA, a post-village of Clark co., Ulinois, 110 
 miles E. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 MARGARETTA FURXACE, a postoffice of York co., 
 Penn.sylvauia. 
 
 -AIARGAKETI'IXG, a parish of England, co. of E.=sex. 
 
 MAR/GAKETTVILLE, a post-office of Delaware co., New 
 York. 
 
 MARGARITA, mar-ga-ree'ta. an island in the Caribbean 
 Se^. belqpging to Venezuela, department and 30 miles N'.of 
 Cumana, off the coast of South America, lat. 11^ N.. Ion. 64° 
 W. Length 45 miles; breadth from 5 to 20 miles. Estimated 
 population 15.000. It consists of two principal elevated por- 
 tions united by a low isthmus. The coasts are avid and iar- 
 ren, but the interior is fertile, producing maize, sugar, coffee, 
 cotton, and bananas, though insufficient for home consump- 
 tion. Jlany poultry and live stock are reared ; and the 
 island has salt works and an active fishery ; its name being 
 derived from the pearls (in Latin Margarita:) which were 
 formerly procured here iu considerable quantities. Manu- 
 factures are chiefly of cotton hosiery and hammocks. 
 Principal lowii.s. Assumption, the capital, iu its centre, and 
 Pampatar, with a pretty good harbor, on its S. coast. A 
 considerable contraband trade is carried on with the adja- 
 cent coast and the British and French West Indies. The 
 channel of Margarita, between it and the mainland, is 20 
 miles across, and through it all ships from Europe pass to 
 Cumana, Barcelona, or La Guayra. Margarita was dis- 
 covered by Columbus, in 1498. 
 
 MARGARITA, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, on 
 the coast of Old California; lat. 24° 18' N., Ion. 111° 42' W. 
 Length 30 miles; breadth 10 miles. 
 
 MARGARITA, a town on the island of Majorca, 22 milea 
 S. of .Alcudia, Pop. 226:5, 
 
 M.AKGARITA, maR-gJ-ree'td, or SANTA-MARGARITA, 
 san'ta-niaR-g,d-ree'td, a village of the Sardinian States, pro- 
 vince of Mondovi. ou the Biobbio. Pop. 1619. 
 
 MARGARITI. uiaR-gd-ree'tee. a town of European Turkey, 
 Epirus, sanjak of Delvino. 5 miles N. of Parga. Pop. 60O0.(?) 
 
 MARG.\TE, almast mar'get. a seaport and market-town, 
 watering-place, and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the 
 North Sea, about 80 niiies E.S.E. of London, and 15a miles 
 X.E. of Canterbury, with which, and with Rjimsgate, about 
 3 miles S.E.. it is connected by branches of the Suuth- 
 Eastern Railway. Pop. in 1851. 9107. It stands in the 
 hollow, and on the declivities of two chalk hills. Chief 
 buildings, a moilern Gothic and other churches, a national 
 school, welln-ndowed almshouse, an infirmary, town-hall 
 and markvt-bouiie, assembly rooms, theatre, large public 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 library, with sevora] bazaars, baths, and hotels. The har- 
 bor is lonned by a curved stone pier, with a lighthouse, 
 lat. 51'^ -H' N., Ion. 1° 23' E. It has from 8 to 13 feet at high 
 water, liut is dry at low tide. It has a fishery and some 
 trade, and is greatly resorted to by searbaithers. 
 
 M.\11G.\^U.K, maR'giV. a village of France, department of 
 Gironde, 18 miles .\. of Bordeaux. Top. 1034. 
 
 MAItGKRIDK, man^zheh-reed/, a chain of mountains of 
 France, between the basins of the Allier and Lot, in the 
 departments of Lozere. Haute-Ijoire, and Cantal. 
 
 MAlUiilKABOW.'V, a town of I'russia. See Oletzko. 
 
 M.\l!(rlIIL.\N, maR'ghee-ldn', a town of Independent 
 Toorkistan, state and "20 miles S.K. of Khokhan. It is en- 
 closed by ('arthen ramparts, is said to have some good build- 
 ings, remains of anti(iuity. manufactures of gold and silver 
 stuffs, velvets, silk fabrics, and an active trade. 
 
 M.VKUIIILb, maH'!^hil' or marVheel', a village of Asiatic 
 Turkey. pashali<! of ISagdad. on the Shatel-Ariib, 4 miles N. 
 of Bassorah. It has a large depot for merchandise belonging 
 to British merchants. 
 
 MAKUITTA, mr)R"gbit'toh\ a markot-town of Hungary, 
 CO. of Bihrir, 35 miles K.S.K. of Debreczin. Pop. 2947. 
 
 MAIttilTTA, N'AGY, nodj-maRVbit/luh\ a town of Hun- 
 gary, en. of Torontal, W. of Temesvar. Pop. 1722. 
 
 MAIKiUNIN, maR-go-neen', a town of Prussian Poland, 40 
 miles \V..S.VV. of Bromberg. Pop. 1990. 
 
 MA1!(;UKR1TTK8. maR'ga-reet', a market-town of France, 
 department of (Jard. 4 miles N.K. of Mmes. Pop. 1800. 
 
 MAlafUS, a river of Servia. See Morava. 
 
 MVH'IIA.M. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MA i; 1 1 AM CI£ ItCa. a parish of Kngland, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 M.VK'UUliM, a parish of hiugland, co. of Northampton. 
 
 5I.\H1.A., mri-ree'd, a town of Spain, And.alusia, province 
 and 57 miles \. by K. of Almeria. Pop. 3500. 
 
 M.VIU'.\ CRKEK, of Indiana, enters the Wabash, 8 miles 
 above Viuceiines. 
 
 MAI'.IA CREEK, a postrofBce of Knox co., Indiana. 
 
 MARI.V F.JRGE, a postroflice of Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 MAI! EAGER, mj're-it^ghi;r, a seaport town of Denmark, 
 province of Jutland. 14 miles N. of Kanders, on the S. coast 
 of the Mariager-fiord. Pop. 500. 
 
 MARl/A ISLAND, Ta,»mania, Is off the E. coast of A'an 
 Diemen's Land, about 2.j miles from the coast. Lat. from 
 42° 40' to 42*^ 50' 8., Ion. 148° 10' E., consisting of two ele- 
 vated portions united by a narrow isthmus, and having the 
 Tillage (if Darlington at its N. extremity. 
 
 M.\KI-V 1SL.\.\D, of Australia, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, 
 on the U'. coast; lat. (N. point) 14° 50' S., Ion. 135° 54' E. 
 
 MAUTA ISL.VND, an inland in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 in the Low Archipelago; lat. 22° S., Ion. 136° W. 
 
 MARIAKERK, md reo'a-k^Rk\ or MAUIAKERKE, md- 
 ree/d-kCR'keh, a village of" Belgium, province of East Flan- 
 ders, on the canal of Bruges, 5 miles }i.\Y. of Ghent. Pop. 
 1095. 
 
 M.\R1 A, KIS, kish mdVee'oh\ a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Bihar, about 3 miles from Potsay. Pop. 18(31. 
 
 M.\R1.\.LV.\, md-re-dl'vd, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira-.\lta, 30 miles S.E. of Lamego, defended by a strong 
 castle. Poji. 400. 
 
 MAR1A.MP0L, md-re-dm'pol. or MARIANPOL, md-re-dn'- 
 pol, a town of Poland, palatinate of Augustowo, 36miles N.E. 
 ofSuvvalki. Pop. 2375. 
 
 MARIANA, md-re-d'nd, or MARIANNA, m.i-re-dn'nd, an 
 episcojial city of Brazil, province of >Iina.s-Oeraes, 45 miles 
 N.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 5200. It stands in a small plain, 
 3080 feet above the level of the .«ea. bounded by two heights, 
 crowned by churche.s, and has a large cathedral, Carmelite 
 and Franciscan Convents, a diocesan seminary, and episcopal 
 palace, but little trade. 
 
 MARIANA ISLANDS. See Ladroxes. 
 
 MARIAN'NA. a post-village, capital of Jack.son co., Flo- 
 rida, on the right bank of Chipola River, 72 miles W.N.W. 
 of Tallahassee. It has a court-house, a priuting-oflice, and 
 several stores. 
 
 MARIANN.\, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas. 
 
 M.\RI.\XN.\. a post-office of Davidson co., Tennes.see. 
 
 MARIANNE IgLANDS. See Lalrones. 
 
 MiVRlANO, m.d-re-d'no, a town of Northern Italy, delegar 
 tion and 9 miles S.S. E. of Como. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MARI.\.Nl'l)L, a town of Poland. See M.\ri.\mpol. 
 
 MARIANUS MONS. See Sierra Morena. 
 
 MA'Rl-AN'SLEIGH, a pari.<h of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MARl.VPOL. a town of Russia. See Mariopol. 
 
 MARIAS, LAS TRES, Ids trJs md-ree'ds, ("The Three 
 Maries."") three islands of the Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast 
 of Mexico, state of Jalisco, between lat. 21° and 2'2° N., and 
 Ion. 100° and 10G° 30' W., the middle or largest being 15 
 miles in length by 8 miles in breadth. Named Isles de la 
 Magdalena by Diego de Mendoza, in 1.5.32. 
 
 MARfA-SClIEIN, md-ree/d-shine\ a place of pilgrimage in 
 Bohemia, circle and 17 miles N.N.W. of Leitmeritz, with a 
 ehurcli. and miraculous image, stated to attract annually 
 from 30.000 to 40.000 devotees. 
 
 MARI.\'S (nia-ri'az) RIVER, one of the upper tributaries 
 of the Missouri, rises on the side of the Ilocky Mountains, 
 
 near the X.W. extremity of Nebraska Territory. «nd flow- 
 ing south-easterly, joins the Missouri, about 50 miles below 
 the Great Falls. Entire length, alM)ut 300 miles, 
 
 .MAR1.\-STE1N, m.d-ree'd-stine\ a plact. of pilgrimage in 
 Switzerland, canton of Soleure, 8 miles S.W. of Basle, witli 
 a Benedictine abbey and image of the Virgin. 
 
 51AR1.\ STEIN, a post-office of ilercer co., Ohio, 
 
 MARIA-THERESIANOPEL, See TiiKRr.siF..\STADT. 
 
 MARl'ATOWN, a village of Canada West, situated on tin: 
 Williamsburg Canal, 21 miles S,W.of Prescott, and 29 mileB 
 from Cornwall, Pop. about 1'25. 
 
 MARl'AVILLE. a posMown-ship of Hancock co.. Maine 
 on Union River, "20 miles K. by N. of Bangor. I'np. 458. 
 
 MARI'.WILLE, a post-village of Schenectady co., New 
 Tork. 27 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 MARIAZELL. See Marienzell. 
 
 M.VRIHO, nid're-V)o\ a town of Denmark, stift of Falster, 
 near the centre of the island of Laaland. Pop. 1400. 
 
 M.4^RIC.\, md-ree'kd. a town of Brazil, province and 20 
 miles E. of Rio de Janeiro, on a lake of the same name, about 
 8 miles from the sea. It is the head-quarters of a body of 
 national guards, and seat of an electoral college; has a con- 
 siderable trade in mandioo, flotir, rice, and millet, almost 
 all conveyed on mules to Rio de Janeiro. Sugar and rum 
 also are exported. Pop. of district. 6000. 
 
 MARICKPOOR. mdVik-poor'. a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, district and 40 miles S.E. of Cuttack. 
 
 M.\RlEFRfcD, mit-ree'eh-frM, a town of Sweden, la;n and 
 37 miles N.E. of Nykoping, on a bay of Lake Malar. Pop. 
 1000. Near it is the palace of Gripsholm. 
 
 MARIE GALANTF;. mdVee' gdMft.vt/, one of the French 
 West India Islands, S.S.E. of Guadeloupe, of which it is a 
 dependency, 20 miles N. of Dominica. Estimated area, 60 
 square miles. Pop. In 1849, 12.749. Principal products, 
 coffee, sugar, cotton, and cocoa. Shores rocky, with uo good 
 harbor. Principal town, Basseterre, on the S.W. side. 
 
 MARIEL, nid*re-el'. a seaport town on the N.W. coast of 
 the island ofCnb.a, about 20 miles W. of Havana; lat. 23°:y 
 N., Ion. 82° 47' W. It has a large well-sheltered harbor, 
 capable of receiving vessels of any class. Railways connect 
 it with Havana and Batabano, on the opposite sides of the 
 island. Pop. in 1853. 1"296. 
 
 M.VRTEL is also the name of a Cuban department, of 
 which the atiove town is the capital. 
 
 MARIENBAD, md-ree/en-bdd* or md-re<''en-bdt\ a village 
 of Bohemia, N.W. of Pii.»en, in a picturesque valley, fre- 
 quented for its cold chalybeate and saline baths, which com- 
 prise the Kreutzbrunnen, temperature 53J^° Fahrenheit, and 
 the Caroline and Ambrosius Springs, of about 50° Fahrenheit- 
 
 M.\RIENBERG. md-reo'en-b^Ro\ a town of Saxony, circle 
 of Zwickau, 17 miles S.S.E,' of Chemnitz, Pop. 4447. It haa 
 mineral baths, and manufar-tnres of linen and lace. 
 
 MARIENBOURG, mA'ree'^x°'booR', or JIARIENBURG, 
 md'rPe'en-booRo\ a fortified town of Belgium, province and 
 30 miles S.W. of Namur. connected by railway with Charleroi. 
 It was built in 1542, by Mary, Queen of Hungary, and sister 
 of Charles V. Its fortifications were demolished by Louis 
 XIV., but restored in 1818. Pop. 682. 
 
 M,-\R1ENBURG. md-ree'en-b6oRG\ a walled town of West 
 Prussia. 27 miles S.E. of Dantzic, on the Nogat. here crossed 
 by a bridge of lioats. Pop. 6050. It has a celebratrnl castle, 
 built in 1274, and long the seat of the grand master of the 
 Teutonic order, an imposing edifice which has been recently 
 restored ; a normal school, and manufactures of cotton and 
 woolbsn cloths. 
 
 M.\RIENBL'RG. a market-town of Russia, government of 
 Livonia, on the laki; of the same name, 57 miles S.W. of 
 Pskov. Pop. 2000. 
 
 -MARIENBURG, (Hun. Foldevar, folVl.VvdR'.) a village 
 of Tran.sylvania. Saxon Land. 10 miles N. of Kronstadt. 
 
 MARIENWERDER, md-ree'en-«-^R'der, a city, capital of 
 West Pras-sia, and of a government of its own name, on the 
 Little Nogat. a tributary of the Vistula. 45 miles S.S.E. of 
 Dantzic. Pop. 7600. It "has a cathedral of the 13th century, 
 with a steeple 170 feet in height; an old ca.«tle. schools of 
 arts and agriculture, and a hospital for blind soldiers. Chief 
 industry, woollen cloth weaving, brewing, and distilling, 
 
 M-A^RIENWEl^DER, a government of West Prussia, 
 bounded N, by Pomerania and the government of Dantzic. 
 Area. 6816 square miles. Pop. in 1849. 621.046. 
 
 .MARIENZELL, md-reeVn-tsMl'. or MARIAZELL, ml- 
 ree'd-tsell', i. e., the " cell or* .shrine of (Saint) -Mary," a small 
 town of Styria, with a church and famous statue of the 
 Virgin. It has been called the Loretto of .\ustria. being the 
 most celebrated place of pilgrimage in the empire, it is 
 said to be annually visited by about 100,000 persons. Dis- 
 tant 56 miles S.W. of A'ienna. Near it are .«ome of the 
 largest iron foundries in Austria, and sulphur and copper 
 works. 
 
 MARIESTAD, md-ree'?s-tdd\ a town of Sweden, capital of 
 a laen. on ijuke AVener, at the mouth of the Tida, 156 mileii 
 W.S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MARIESTAD. also called SKARABORO. sk3'rd-boRg\ i 
 Iren of Sweden, lies cbiefiy between Lakes Wcner and 
 Wetter, and forms part of West Gothland. Pop. 173.S67. 
 
 1143 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 MARIETTA, mi-re-?t'ta, a post-rillage of Onondaga co., 
 New York. 145 niiles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 M.4.RIETTA, a po.st-borough of East" Donegal township, 
 Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of tlie Susi]ue- 
 hanna, 25 miles S.E. of Ilarrisbiirg, and 14 miles W. of Lan- 
 caster. It is finely situated on a gradual declivity, and 
 surrounded by a rich and iwpulous country. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, a town hall, an acade- 
 my, 4 iron-furnaces, several rolling-mills, and 6 lumber-yards. 
 It carries on an active tr.ade in coal and lumber, by means 
 of the Pennsylvania Canal and Columbia Branch Railroad, 
 which connect it with Harrisburg and Columbia. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1812. Pop. in 1850, 20ii9; in 1860, 2186. 
 
 MARIKTTA. a flourishing and handsome postrvillage. 
 capital of Cobb co.. Georgia, is situated on the Western and 
 Atlantic Railroad. 20 miles N.W. of Atlanta. The site of 
 this village is higher than that of any other on this railroad. 
 It Is surrounded by a rich farming and mining region. It 
 confciius the American State .Military Academy. 4 churches, 
 and 3 newspiper offices. Two and a half miles from Mari- 
 Htta is KBnes.tw Mountain, whi.-h is t82S feet above the 
 level of tho soa, and affords an extensive view. Pop. 26S0. 
 
 MARIETTA, a postoflice of Itawamba co., Mississippi. 
 
 MARlKTTAi a flourishing town, capital of Wasliington 
 CO., Ohio, is beautifully situated on the left (E.) bank of the 
 Muskiu'ium Kiver, at its confluence with the Ohio, 62 miles 
 below Wheeling, and 115 niiles S.E. of Columbus. The ttnvn 
 is regularly laid out on level ground, and in the midst of 
 highly picturesque scenery. Many of the houses are con- 
 Btructed with great neatne.ss, and embellished with fine 
 gardens and ornamental trees. Marietta is the oldest town 
 In the state, having been settled in April. 1788. by a com- 
 pany of New Englanders under the command of General 
 R. Putnam. Fort Ilarmar was built on the opposite bank 
 of the Muskingum in 1786. It is also distingui.shed by the 
 excellence of its schools. The town contains 13 churches, 
 2 public libraries, an academy, a flourishing union school, 
 1 national and 2 state banks, and is the seat of Marietta 
 College, founded in 1835. Three newspapers are published 
 Ijere. The Muskingum is navigable by steam as high as 
 Zanesville, and also affords extensive water-i)ower. This 
 town has 2 iron foundries, 2 bucket factories, 1 chair factory, 
 and a large tannery. It is the E. terminus of the Marietta 
 and Cincinnati Railroad. Marietta is the centre of an ex- 
 tensive trade in oil (petroleum) which is procured in the 
 vicinity. Pop. in 1850, 3175 : in 1860, 4323. 
 
 MARIETTA, a village of Shelby co., Indiana, on Blue 
 River, and on the Shelbyville Branch Railroad, about 35 
 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MARIETTA, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, about 
 12 or 14 miles N.W. of Lewistown. 
 
 ^TATUPTTA. ^TnrsbMlI ro.. Inwa. Pee APPF.NniX. 
 
 MARIETfA FURNACE, a small vUlage of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MARIGLIANO, m3-reel-y3'no, a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, 3} miles W. of Nola. Pop. 3800. 
 
 MARIGNANE. miVeen'ydn', a market-town of France, 
 department of Bnuche.s-du-Khone, on a lagoon, 14 miles 
 S.S.W. of Aix. Pop. in 1852. 2183. 
 
 MARTGN ANO, a town of Northren Italy. See Melegxaxo. 
 
 MARIGNIER, mi'reen^yi', a village of the Sardini.-in 
 States, Savoy, E. of JJonneville. on the Arve. Pop. 18t)0. 
 
 MAKIGNY. mdVeen'yee', a village of France, department 
 of Mauche. 7 miles W. of St. Lo. Pop. in 1852, 1589. 
 
 MAKIGNY I/EGLISE. md'reen^ee' li'gleez', a town of 
 France, department of Nievre, 20 miles E.S.E. of Clamecv. 
 Pop. 1820. 
 
 MARIGOT. LE, leh mJVee^go', a village of Martinique. 
 West Indies, on its N.E. coast, and having one of its best 
 ports at the mouth of a small river. 
 
 MARIGOT, LE, a village of St. Martin, West Indies, on 
 Its N. coast, and capital of its French portion. 
 
 MARIGOT I)KS ROSEAUX. miVeeVo' di ro^zC, a village 
 of St. Lucia, West Indies, on its W. coast. 
 
 MARIGOT, a village of Marie Galante, West Indies. 
 
 MARIGOT. See Capksterre and Boi'Ra,ORASD. 
 
 MARIGUANA, md-re-gwd/nd, one of the most N. of the 
 Bahama Islands, aliout 25 miles in length, and from 3 to 6 
 miles in breadth, lat 22° 23' N., Ion. 72° 65' W. 
 
 The Mauicuaxa Passage is between Mariguana Island 
 and Acklin Island, 50 miles westward. 
 
 MARIN, md-reen. a t«wn of Spain, province and 5 n)iles 
 B.W.of Pontevedra. on a bay of the Atlantic Ocean. P. 3244. 
 
 .MARIN, uii-reen', a county in the W.N.W. part of Cali- 
 lumi:^ has an area of al)Out 560s<juare miles. It is bouuded 
 on the W. by tlie Pacific Ocean, and pjirtlv on the E. by 
 San Pablo Bay. and is drained by Corta Madera, San Anto- 
 nio, San Geronimo. and several other little streams, flowing 
 into the Pacific and San Pablo Bay. The surface is uneven, 
 with a range of mountains running nearly through the 
 centre. Taiiieliiais, or Tuble Mountain, is the principal 
 elevation. Aln.ut one-half of the soil is susivptlble of cul- 
 tivation : the other |)ortiou is excellent for grazing. Caui- 
 tal. San Haliiel. I'op. iu 1660, 3334. 
 
 UARIN. I,K. Ivh miViso', a village of the island of Mar- 
 
 tinique, on its S. coast, at the head of a bay, 16 miles S.K 
 of Port Royal. Pop. 2907. Near it is the extinct volcano, 
 Le Marin. 
 
 MARINDUQUE, mi-reen-doo'ki, an island of the Malay 
 Archipelago, I'hiiippines, S. of Luzon. Lat. 14° 30' N., Ion. 
 122° E. Length 40 miles, breadth 10 mUes. Principal vil- 
 lages. Rone and Napo. 
 
 MARINE, ma-reen', a post-village of Madison co., Illinois, 
 about 22 miles E. by S. of Alton. 
 
 MARINELLA, md-re-uend, a small seaport of Sicily, l-t 
 miles E.S.E. of Mazzara. Its site is near that of the ancient 
 Sfilinunftum. and its ruins consist of the stupendous remains 
 of 3 Doric temples. 
 
 MARINE .MILLS, a village of St. Croix co., Wiscousin, on 
 the St. Croix River, about 18 miles N. of Hudson. 
 
 MARINEO, m.i-re-nil/o, a town of Siiily, iutendency, dis- 
 trict, and 11 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 6000. 
 
 MARINES, mdVeen', (L. Manerffium,) a village of France, 
 department of Selne-etrOise, 8 miles JJ.W.of I'ontoise. Pop. 
 in 1852, 1645. 
 
 MARINETTE, a iwst-office of Oconto co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MARINGOUIN. mdVSxo'gwSx^', a small bayou of Louisi- 
 ana, commences in Poiute (toupee parish, and flows south- 
 ward through Iberville v>arish into Grand River. 
 
 MARIXGIIES, mdV^NY/'. a town of France, department 
 of Pu VHle-Dr.mOk 1 1 miles" W.N .W. of Thiers. P. in 1 852, 4299. 
 
 MA"RIN1IA-GRANDE, md-reeu'ya-grdn'di, a village of 
 Portugal, province of Estremmlura, 5 miles N.AV of Loiria. 
 Pop. 1600. It is celebrated for its manufactures of g]a.ss. 
 
 M.\RIN1LLA. md-re-necl'yd, a town of New Granada, pro- 
 vince and 50 miles S.E. of Antioquia ; lat. 5° 41' X., on a 
 plateau G705 feet above sea-level. Pop. 4915. 
 
 MARINO, md-rec'no, (anc. BovWlo'?) a market-town of 
 Italy. Pontifical States, with a castle, 13 miles S.E. of Rome. 
 Pop. 5070. 
 
 M-\RION, mir'e-on, a county in the N. part of W. Virginia, 
 has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Monongahela River and its branches, the A\est Fork, 
 and Tygart's Valley River, which unite within its limits. 
 The surface is diversified by hills, and partly covered with 
 forests. The soil is generally rich. Mines of good stone- 
 coal are extensively worked, and iron ore is abundant 
 Steamboats ascend the river as far as the county seat: the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passes through the county. 
 Organized in 1S41-2, and named (as well as these which fol- 
 low) in honor of General Francis Marion, a prominent actor 
 in the war of the Revolution. Capital, Fairmont. Pop. 
 12,722, of whom 12,659 were free. 
 
 MARION, a district in the E. part of South Carolina, 
 bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 1100 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Great Pedee. iind bounded on 
 the S.E. by the Little Pedee or Lumber River, on the S.W. 
 by Lynchers Creek. The surface is nearly level, the soil is 
 sandy, but in some parts fertile. The Pedee River is navl- 
 g:ible in the lower part of the district, which is intersected 
 by the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 'i'his railway 
 crosses the river by an iron bridge, the piers of which are 
 hollow cjlinders of iron, 19 feet in circumference. Capital, • 
 Marion Court Ilonse. Pop. 21,190, of whom 11,239 were 
 free, and 0951 slaves. 
 
 M.\RION, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by the Kincha- 
 foonee. Juniper, Buck, Cedar, and Whitewater Creeks, alHu- 
 ents of Flint River. The snrface is nearly level: the soil 
 for the most part is productive. The county is intersected 
 by the Muscogee Railroad. Capital, Buena Vista. Pop. 
 7390, of whom 3861 were free. 
 
 MARION, a county of Florida, in the N. central part of the 
 peninsula, has an area of about 2200 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Ocklawha River, and bounded on the S.W. 
 by the Withlacoochee. The surface is nearly level : the soil 
 is fertile. In 1850 it produce<l 508 hogsheads of sugar, and 
 31,625 gallons of molasses. The quantity of sugar was the 
 greatest raised in any county of the State. Pop. S609, of 
 whom 3295 were free, and 5314 slaves. 
 
 M.\RION. acounty in the W.N.W. i>art of Alivbama.bordei^ 
 ing on the Mississipjii, has an area of 1180 square miles. It 
 is traversed by the Buttahatchie River, and also drained by 
 Sipsey River. The surface is hilly ; the soil generally fertil'. 
 Ciipital, Pikeville. Pop. 11,182, of whom 9899 were free, and 
 1283 slaves. 
 
 M.\RION, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, bordering 
 on Ixwisiana, has an area of about 1570 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Pearl River, (navigable for small boats.) The 
 snrface is undulating, or nearly level ; the soil is generally 
 inferior. Capital, Columbia. Pop. 4686, of whom 2501 were 
 free, and 2185 slaves. 
 
 M.VRION, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, bordering 
 on Missouri, contains 700 square miles. It is intersected by 
 White River. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys. 
 Extensive lead-mines are found in the county, and quarries 
 of beautiful yellow variegated marble on the western l)or- 
 der. Capital, Yellville. Pop. 6192, of whom 5931 were free, 
 and 261 slaves. 
 
 MARION. » county in the S. part of Tennessee, bordering 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 on Georgia and Alabama ; area estimated at 700 square miles. 
 It i? intersected by tlie Tennessee and Sequatchie Rivers. 
 Tlie surface is traversed by liigh ridites connected with the 
 Cumberland .Mountains. Stone-coal is found. Capital, Jas- 
 per. Pup. 6190, of whom 5512 were free, and 678 slaves. 
 
 MARION, a county ngiir the centre of Kentucky, hag an 
 area estimated at 3o0 square miles. It ia int^rsect(;d by 
 Rolliu}; Fork of Salt River. The surface is undulating and 
 hilly, and the soil mostly fertile. The rock which underlies 
 the county is limestone. Capital, Lebanon. Organized in 
 1834. Pop. 12,5a;!, of whom 9114 were free, and 3479 slaves. 
 
 MARION, a county In the N. central part of Ohio, con- 
 tains 360 square miles. It is drained by the Scioto and 
 Olontangy Rivers. The surface is generally level, and the 
 soil fertile. An extensive prairie occupies the N. part. Tlie 
 county is intersected by the Bellefontaiue and Indiana Rail- 
 road. Organized in 1824. Capital, Marion. Pop. 15,490. 
 
 MARION, a county in the centre of Indiana, contains 420 
 square miles. It is drained by the W. fork of White River, 
 and by Eagle and Fall Creeks. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is fertile. Marion county is the most populous in the 
 state. It is traversed by 7 or 8 railroad lines, a more par- 
 ticular account of which will be found under the head of 
 Imma>'.\polis, the capital. Organized in 1822. Population 
 39.855. 
 
 MARIOX, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, has 
 an area of 530 square miles. It is drained by the Skillett 
 Fork of Little Wabasli River, and by crooked and other 
 creeks. The county includes a part of the Oraiid Prairie. 
 The Central Railroad and the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad 
 intersect each other in this county. Capital, Salem. Pop. 
 12.7.39. 
 
 MARION, a county in the E.N.E. part of Missouri, border- 
 ing on the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illinois, 
 has an area of 432 square miles. It is traversed by the 
 North and South Fabius Rivers, and by the North Two 
 River, and also drained by South Two River. The surface 
 consists of undulating prairies, and forests which are dis- 
 tributed along the larger streams. The prairies have a deep, 
 rich soil, free from stones. Bituminous coal and saltpetre 
 are found in the county, and limestone and freestone are 
 abundant. Tliis co\mty is intersected by the Hannibal and 
 St. Josepli Railroad which extends to the Missouri River. 
 Cajiital, Palmyra. Pop. 18,838, of whom 15,821 were free, 
 and 3017 slaves. 
 
 MARION, a county in the S. central part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. Tlie River Des Moines flows 
 through the county, receiving the \ATiitebrea«t River and 
 English Creek: tlie S.E. part is traversed by Cedar Creek. 
 Extensive prairies occur in the county. The soil is produc- 
 tive. Stone-coal and iron abound along the banks of lies 
 Blnines lUver. Settled about 1843. Capital, Knoxvllle. 
 Pop. 16,813. 
 
 MARION, a county in the W. part of Oregon, has an area 
 estimated at 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the Cascade Range, and on the W. by Willamette River, 
 and is drained by several tributaries of that stream. The 
 soil in the W. part is very fertile. See Appendix. 
 
 MARION, a po.st-township of Washington co., Maine, 
 about 88 miles E. of Bangor. Pop. 203. 
 
 M \RION, a township of Bristol co., Massachusetts. In- 
 corporated in 1852. 
 
 MAIIION, a post-offlce of Hartford co., Connecticut. 
 
 MAItlON. a post-village and township of Wayne co., New 
 York, 12 miles N.W. of Lyons. It has several churches, and 
 manufactories of iron. Pop. of tlie townsliip, 2033. 
 
 MARION, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1628. 
 
 MAltlON, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania, P. 661. 
 
 MARION, tlie capital of I'orest CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MARION, a thriving post-village of Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, near the F'ranklin Railroad, 51 miles S.W. of 
 Uarrisburg. It contains 2 stores and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 MARION, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. P. 1054. 
 
 MARION, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, 167 miles 
 W. by N. of Uarrisburg, and 12 miles N. E. of Indiana, has 
 2 stores. 
 
 MARION, a post-village, capital of Smythe co., Virginia, 
 on the Jliddle fork of Ilolston River, 160" miles by railroad 
 W.S.W. of Lyncliburg. Pop. 445. 
 
 M.\RION. a post-village, capital of McDowell co.. North 
 Carolina, is situated a few miles E. of the Blue Ridge, near 
 ^e source of Catawba River, about 220 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 MARION, a post-villagn. capital of Twiggs co., Georgia. 35 
 jniles S.S.W. of Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, 2 
 stores, and about 100 inliubitants. 
 
 MARION, a pojit-village. capital of Perry co., Alabama, 78 
 miles W.N.W of Jlontgomery. It is the seat of Howard 
 College, under -be direction of the Baptists. JIarion also 
 ha? 2 flourishing female seminaries, and several churches. 
 Xhre* newspapers are published here. Pop. 1408. 
 
 MARION, a village of Carroll co.. Mi.s.sissippi. on the 
 Ya,-/,(w> River, about 90 miles N. of Jackson. Several thou- 
 sand bales of cotton are shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 Marion, a post-viUage. capital of Lauderdale co., Missis- 
 sippi, 110 miles E. of Jackson. 
 
 MARION, a post-offico of Union parish, Louisiana. 
 
 MARION, a post-village, capital of Angelina co.. Texas, 
 on the right hand of the Angelina River, 100 miles N. by E. 
 of Galveston. 
 
 MARION, a post-village, capital of Crittenden co., Arkan- 
 sas, is situated on the road from Memphis to Little 15ock, 10 
 miles W.N.W. of the former, and 140 miles E. by N. of the 
 latter. 
 
 MARION, a to^vnsllip of White co., Arkansas. 
 
 5IARI0N, a post-village, capital of Crittenden co., Ken- 
 tucky, aVjout 2.30 miles W.S.W. of F'rankfort. It contains a 
 court-house, and over 100 Inhabitants. 
 
 MARION, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 2120. 
 
 MARION, a township of Clinton co., Oliio. Pop. 1674 
 
 MARION, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 927. 
 
 MARION, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 1054. 
 
 JIARIO'N, a townsliip of Ilardin co., Ohio. Pop. 599. 
 
 MARION, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 195. 
 
 MARION, a township of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1682. 
 
 >iARION, a flourisliing post-village and township, capifcU 
 of Marion co., Ohio, on the Belk'f<int«ine and Indiana Rail- 
 roiwl, 44 miles N. of Columbus. The village was laid out in 
 1821, and is steadily improving. JIarion has a court- 
 house, 6 churches, a union school, and 3 banks. Some of 
 these are fine brick buildings. Two newsjiapers are pub- 
 lished here. Pop. in 1850, 1311; in 1864, about 1000; of 
 the township, in 1860, 1844. 
 
 MARION, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 1S4S. 
 
 5IARI0N, a township of Jlorgan co., Ohio. Pop. 2092. 
 
 MARION, a town.ship of Pilte co., Oliio. Pop. 79.3. 
 
 MARION, a post-township in the S. part of Livingston 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 1010. 
 
 MARION, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 1358. 
 
 M.\RI0N, a flourishing post-village, capital of Grant co., 
 Indiana on tlie Mississinewa River, 68 miles N.N.E. of 
 Indianapolis. The plank-road from Lagro to Aiidersontown 
 passes tlirough it. It is surrounded by a rich farming coun- 
 try. One newspaper is published here. It has 1 bank and 
 4 churches. Pop. in 1850, 703; in 1860, about 1400. 
 
 MARION, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana. P. 1377. 
 
 MARION, a townsliip of Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 937. 
 
 M.ARION, a township of Jennings co., Indiana. Pop, 
 12.57. 
 
 MARION, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana. P.2628. 
 
 MARION, a township of Monroe co., Indiana. Pop. 341, 
 
 MARION, a township of Owen co., Indiana, Pop. 1622 
 
 MARION, a town.«hip of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop.1424. 
 
 MARION, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 837. 
 
 MARION, a village of Shelby co., Indiana, on Blue River, 
 and on the railroad from Shelbyville to Knightstown, 4 miles 
 N. of Shelbyville. 
 
 M.\RION, a township of Madison co., Illinois. 
 
 MARION, a township of Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 992. 
 
 M.'VRION, a thriving post-vill.age. capital of Williamson 
 CO.. Illinois, on the Main Road leading N. and S. through 
 tlif- centre of the state, 172 miles S. by E. from Springfield. 
 Laid out in 1839. 
 
 MARION, a township of Buchanan co., Missouri. P.12.52. 
 
 MARION, a post-village of Cole co., Mis.souri, on the W. 
 tiank of the Missouri River, 15 miles N.W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 M.VRION, a thriving post-village, capital of Linn co., Iowa, 
 on the Uubuque South Western R.R. 74 miles W.S.W. of Du- 
 buque. It has 1 national bank and several churches. Pop. 
 in 1S60, 1421. 
 
 MARION AND CROZET ISLANDS. See Crozet Islands. 
 
 MARION CITY, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 MARION COURT HOUSE. capit.il of Marion district, 
 South Carolina, on the Wilmington and Manchester Rail- 
 road, no miles E. by N. of Columbia. It is situated in a 
 level and fertile country, in which cotton and rice flourish. 
 A newspaper is publi.^hed here. 
 
 MARIONA'ILLE. a post-office of Forest co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 MARIOPOL, miJ-re-o'pol. MARIUPOL or MARlijUPOL, 
 md-ree-oo'pol, written also MARIAPOL. a town of Russia, 
 government and 140 miles S.E. of Yekaterinoslay. P. 4000. 
 
 MARIOUT or MARIOOT. See JIareoiis. 
 
 MARIPOCU, m3-re-po-koo'. a village of Brazil, province 
 and 35 miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on a small river of 
 the game name. Pop. 1800. 
 
 M.\l!Ti'(VSA. a river of Mariposa co., California, rises 
 among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and flow- 
 ing in a general W.S.W. course, falls into the San .Toaquin. 
 
 M ARl 1*08.4. a county in the central part of California, has 
 an area estimated at about 2000 sijuare miles. It is bounded 
 on the S. W. by Merced ciiunt}', and is drained by San Joa- 
 quin River and Its tributaries, the Meroede and Fresno, and 
 other smaller streams. The surface in the K. part is tra- 
 versed tiy the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range. ThousandH 
 of wild hor.ses are found in this county, and game of atmo.>t 
 every kind abounds. The finest quality of marble exists on 
 the N. fork of the Meroeile and elstnvhere. Various kinds 
 of mineral springs are found in different parts. Gold is 
 
 1145 
 
MAR 
 
 abmjdarl ^ .'K antl rich discoveries are daily made, and it 
 bi believeil that Immense deposits of gold lie in the beds of 
 the San J(Ni'|ttii:, Mereede, and other rivers, which can only 
 be obtained by a heavy expenditure of capital and labor. 
 A great variety of other minerals are found in various parts. 
 The gold district in this county is perhaps 50 miles wide, 
 and e.xtends back indefinitely into une.xplored regions. 
 Capital. .Mariposa. Pop. in 1852, 8y69; in lb6ij, 6J43. 
 
 MAIUI'OSA. a post-town of Mariposa co.. California, on 
 the road from Sacramento City to Los Angeles, and on the 
 Mariposa River. See Appendix. 
 
 M.A,KII>P1, m^-rip'pee, a small town of Brazil, on the 
 Iliapura. about 40 miles from the Amazon. 
 
 M.iKIQUlTA, niS-re-kee/td. a town of South America. 
 New Granada, department of Cundinamarea, capital of a 
 province, 10 miles AV. of Honda. 
 
 MARIS'SA, a post-village of St Clair co., Illinois, 40 miles 
 S.E. of St. Ixiuis. 
 
 M.4RISSUS or M.\RISUS. See Mabos. 
 
 M.4R/ITIME ALl'S, (anc. MarWimm Al'pes,') the name of a 
 division of the Alps, extending from the head of the Gulf 
 of Genoa westward to .Monte Viso, near the sources of the Po. 
 
 MARITIMO, md-ree'te-mo, or M.^RITTIMO. (anc. Hi'era 
 or Maril'ima.) an island of the Mediterranean, off the W. coast 
 of Sicily, and included in its intendency of Trapani. with a 
 castle on its N.E. coast. Length 3^ miles; breadth 2 miles. 
 
 MA'RITS, a post-office of Xlorrow co., Ohio. 
 
 JIARITZA or MARIZZA, md-rifsl, (anc. Befbrrts.) the 
 principal river of Room-Elee. European Turkey, nearly the 
 whole of which province is comprised In its basin, rises on 
 the X.E. slope of Despoto-dagh. Ualkan, flows S.E. and S.S.'VV., 
 and enters the Jilgean Sea. opposite Euos. length 260 miles. 
 
 MARIUPOL, a town of Russia. See Mariopol. 
 
 MARIZZA, a river of Turkey. See Mabitza. 
 
 M.\R.10\V, mar^jow', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Madras. 15 miles N. of Onore, and conjectured to be the 
 ancient 3fiisiris. 
 
 M.\.RK. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MARKAII, maR'kS, a town of Africa, in lat. 1° 43' N., Ion. 
 44° 53' E. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 M.A.RIv'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 M.4^RK. DE. d.\ mauk, a river of Holland, rises in Belgium, 
 assumes the name of Dintel, and enters the Voile Rak, after 
 a course of about 40 miles. 
 
 M.\.R1CD0RF. mank'doRf, a town of Germany, Baden, 
 circle of Lake, 11 miles E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 1476. 
 
 MARK-DUREX. a town of I'russia. See Dcren. 
 
 5I.\RKEL(), maR'kJ-lo'. a village of Holland, province of 
 Overyssel, 15 mili^s E. of Deventer. Pop. 793. 
 
 M.iRKEN. maR^ipn, an island of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Holland, in the Zuyder-Zee, 10 miles N.E. of 
 Amsterdam. Pop. 733. 
 
 M AR'KES-\N, a post-village of Green Lake co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 460. See .AlPpe.ndix. 
 
 MARKET-DEEPING. See Deepixg. For other places 
 with the prefix Market, not under-mentioned, refer to their 
 additional names. 
 
 5IAR'KET-HAR/B0R0UGII, a market-town of England, 
 county and 164 niiles S.S.E. of I>eicestcr, on the Welland, 
 and on the London and York Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2325. 
 It has a fine Gothic cluirch. said to have been erected hy 
 John of Gaunt. It gives the title of Earl to the Sherard 
 family. 
 
 JI-\R'KETHILL. a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, county 
 and 6 miles S.E. of Armagh. Pop. 1424. It has a neat court- 
 house and jail, and a castellated seat of Lord Gosford, who 
 owns the town. 
 MARKET-JEW, England. See Marazion. 
 MARK KT-0'VERTON. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 MARKET-STREET, a division of the parish of Wymond- 
 bam, England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 M.VRK'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 MARKORONINGEN, (Markgriiningen,) maRk'gron'ing- 
 
 fn, a town of Wiirtemberg, 6 miles AV.N.W. of Ludwigsburg. 
 'op. 2759. 
 
 }IARKn.4.M, a past-village of Canada West, co. of York, 
 20 miles S. of Toronto. It contains 4 mills, several stores 
 and hotels. Pop. about 660. 
 
 MARK'lIAM. EAST, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 M.VRKIIAM'S, a station of Morgan co., Illinois, on the 
 Great Western Railroad. 40 miles W.S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 MARK'lIAM STATION, a post-ofnce of tauquier co.. 
 Virginia. 
 
 JIARKIIAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 M-\RKIXCII, mar'kinch\ a village and parish of Scotland. 
 CO. of Fife, 7 miles N. Of Kirkcaldy, with a station on the 
 Edinburgh and Northern Railway. Near It are Balgonie 
 Castle an<l Ralfour House. Pop. in 1851. 5843. 
 
 MARK'INOTON, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 Sf AR'K I.E. a post-office of Huntington co., Indiana. 
 
 MARKLESBURG. marnct-lz-bfirg. a village of Hunting- 
 don CO.. Pennsylvania, about 100 miles W. of ILirrisburg. 
 
 MARKLISSA, maRk-lis'sa. a town of Prussian Silesia, 42 
 miles W.S.W. of Llegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1470. 
 1140 
 
 MAR 
 
 MABKNEUKIRCHEN, maBk'noi'kegRK-en, a town of 
 Saxonv. 28 miles S.S.W. oi Zwickau. Pop. 3094. 
 
 MARKOBEL, (Marktibel.) maR-koOiel. a village of He!<t>o- 
 Cassel. province and near Hanau. on thoKiibel.sbach. P. 1280. 
 MARKOLDENDORF, niaB-kol'den-doRf\ a village of Han- 
 over, on the Ilm. which sejiarates it from tlie village of 
 Oldendorf, 21 miles N.N.W. of Gottingen. Pop. 11.34. 
 M.\RKOVECZ. a river of Hunuary. See Map.covfcz. 
 MARKOVITCHI or MARKdWlT^Clll, maR-ko-vitch/ee. a 
 market-town of Russia, government of Moheelev, 22 miles 
 S.E. of Novo-Bielitza. Pop. IffiO. 
 
 MARKOVKA or .MARKOAVKA, maR-kov^kl a market- 
 town of Russia, government and 145 miles S. of Voronezli^ 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 MARK-RANSTADT, (ilark-Ranstadt.l maRkVan'.^^tltt, a 
 sm.all town of Germany, in Saxonv, 7 miles S.S.W. of Leip- 
 sic. Pop. 1030. " • • 
 
 MARKS050ROUGH or MARKS'VILLE, a post-villagfe of 
 Ilardwick township. Warren co.. New Jersey, on the left 
 bank of Paulinskill River, 14 miles N.N.K. of Belvidere, con- 
 tains a church, and a cotton factory. 
 M.\RKS'BURY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 M.^IJK'S CREEK, of Richmond co.. North Carolina, flows 
 into Yadkin River, near the S. boundary of the state. 
 
 M.4.1\KS'HALL. a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2 miles 
 W.N.W. of Coggeshall. 
 
 MARK'STAY JUNCTION, is a station on the East Counties 
 Railwav. Enirlnnd, between Chelmsford and Colchester. 
 
 MAI5KSTEIT. maRk'stt^ft. a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Main. 45 miles W.N.W. of Nureml>erg. Pop. 1310. 
 
 MARKSUHL. maRk'sotil, a town of Saxe-Woimar, 6 miles 
 W.S.W. of Ei.venach, on the Suhl. Pop. 1073. 
 
 M.4RKSATLLE, New Jersey. See Marksuorough. 
 M.\RK."^'VILLE. a post-village of I'age co., Virginia, 100 
 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 M.\RKSVILLE, a post-villsge, capital of Avoyelles parish, 
 Louisiana, about 4 milts S. of Red Kiver, and 265 miles 
 W.N.W. of New Orleans. 
 
 MAIiKT. maRkt, a German word signifying -'market," 
 forming a part of the names of numerous towns and villages 
 of German v. 
 
 M.^RKT-BIBART. maskt bee^baRt, a town of Bavaria, on 
 the Ebe. 24 miles E.S.E. of Wiiraburg. Pop. llOO. 
 
 M.\RKT-BREIT, mafikt-brite. a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Main, 13 miles S.E. of Wiirzburg, with 1990 inhabitants. 
 
 MARKT-BERGEL, maRkt-b^R'Ghel, a m.arket town of Ba- 
 varia. 14 miles N.W. of Auspach. Pop. 14(10. 
 
 MARKT-ERLBACH, a town of Bavaria. See Erlbach. 
 MAR'LAND-PE/TER'S. a pari.^h of England, co. of Devon. 
 MARLBOROUGH, n:ari'b'ruh, or mawn,ro, a pariia- 
 mentary and municipal town of England, co. of Wilts, on 
 the Kennet, here cros.<ed by several bridges. 26 miles E.N.E. 
 of Salisbury, and 10 miles W. of Hungeiftrd. Pop. in 1851, 
 5135. It has numerous antique house.s, with piazzas; an 
 old Norman church, grammar school, founded by Edward 
 VI.; a guild-ball with Hssembly-rooms, vestiges of a castle, 
 in which Henry III. held the parliament whicli enacted tha 
 " Statutes of Malbridge." It has manufactures of rope and 
 sacking, and was formerly a great thoroughfare on the Bath 
 Road. The Ixirough sends 2 members to the House of Com- 
 mons. It gave the title of Duke to Queen Anne"s celebrated 
 general, and now to the family of Spenser-Chun hhill. In 
 the vicinity is Marlborough, or Savernake Forest. 12 miles 
 in circuit, the property of the Earl of Alesbury, and the 
 only forest in the kingdom beloniring to a subject. 
 
 MARL'BOROUOII, a district in the N.E. part of South 
 Carolina, lordering on North Carolina, lias an area of 5t)4 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Great 
 Pedee, and driiined by the Little Pedee and Crookeii Creek. 
 Capitiil, Bennettsville. Pop. in 1860, 12,434; of whom 5541 
 were free, and 6893 slaves. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, a post-village and township of Che.»hire 
 CO.. New Hampshire, on the Chohire Railn ad, about 43 
 miles W.S.AV. of Concord. It has a pHper-mill, and several 
 manufactories of wooden ware. Pop. 915. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, a post-village and town.-^hip of Wind- 
 ham CO.. Vermont, on the Filrhbure and Bellows Falls Kail- 
 road. 28 miles S.S.AV. of Bellows Falls. ]\>p. 741. 
 
 .MARLBOROUGH, a posUownship of Middlesex co.. Mas- 
 sachusetts, intersected by the Lancaster and Stirling Branch 
 Railroad, 34 miles W. of Boston. The boot and shoe busi- 
 ness employs many of the inhabitants. Pop. 5911. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, a post-township of Hartford CO., Con- 
 necticut, ftlwut 17 miles S.E. of Hartford. Pop. 682. 
 
 MARLIJOROUGH, a post-village and township of LHster 
 CO.. New York, on the Hudson River. The village is situated 
 on Oldmanskill. near the Hud,»on. about 80 miles S. of Al- 
 bany. It has 3 or 4 churches, and manufactories of paper 
 and wool. Pop. of township, 2776. 
 
 M.\RLB0R0UOlI,upost-townshipof Monmouth CO., New 
 Jersey. Pop. 2U83. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, a post-olBce of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, a township of Montgomery co., Penii- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1332. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 M ARLIiOnOUnit, n poslxjffipe of Pitt oo., North Carolina. 
 
 MAKl/liOROUGH, a township of Delaware CO., Ohio. 
 Pup. 512. 
 
 fllAKriHOROUGII, a post-township in the N. part of Stark 
 CO., Ohio; Lia.s a union scliool. Pop. 2270. 
 
 MAI!M?nROU<;H COURT HOUSE. 8ee Benxettstille. 
 
 MAKLIJOROUGII D1:P0T, a post-villa^'e of Cheshire co., 
 New Ilainp-iliirc. on the Chester Railroad, about 45 miles 
 W.S.AV. of Concord. 
 
 MARI/BROOK, a post-office of Hempstead co.. Arkansas. 
 
 MARL'DON, a parish of Flngland, co. of Devon. 
 
 M.\^RIjK, maul. (L. Marne.) a town of France, department 
 of Aisne, 14 miles N.E. of Liion. Pop. in 1852, 20S(5. 
 
 SIARLEMIEIM. maK'len-hime\ (Kr. pron. manUi^n'Jm',) a 
 village of France, departoient of Bas-Rhin, 12 miles AV.N.W. 
 of Strasbourg. }>op. 1789. 
 
 MAKLES'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 MAR/LEY'S MILLS, a postrofflce of Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MARLFIELD, or ABBEY, a village of Ireland, co. of Tip- 
 peraiv. 2 miles ^V.S.W. of Clonmel. Pop. 998. 
 
 BI.Vr/LIN, apost-offlce of Falls co., Texas. 
 
 MARLIN BOTTOM, a post-office of Pocahontas co., A'ir- 
 ginia. 
 
 MAR'LIXGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MAli'LIN'S CREEK, a small village of Wckens district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MAR'liOES. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 MARLOW, maR'lov, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 18 
 miles E.X.E. of Rostock. Pop. 1391. 
 
 MAI! LOW, mar'lo, a post^viUage and township of Cheshire 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot River, about 38 miltw 
 W. by S. of Concord. It has manufactories of rakes, shoe- 
 pegs, wooden ware, and starch. Pop. 813. 
 
 MARLOW, GREAT, a parliamentary Ixirough, town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Bucks, on the Thames, here 
 crossh'd by an iron suspension bridge, 5 miles N.N.AV. of 
 Maidinhead. Pop. of borough, in 1851, 6523. It has many 
 good houses, a handwme town-hall, and church, with some 
 manuractorics of silk, lace, and paper. It sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 MARLOW, LITTIiE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 MARLOW'S MILLS, a postofflce of Anderson co.. Texas. 
 
 MARLTON, a flourishing post-village iu Evesham town- 
 ship, Burlington co., New Jersey, about 9 miles S.S.W. of 
 Mount Holly. 
 
 MARLY-LE-ROT, manMee'-leh-Rwil, a village of France, 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles N. of Versailles, on the 
 Seine, celebrated as the residence of Louis XIV., and for the 
 hydraulic works which he planned to convey water to Ver- 
 sailles. Pop. in 1852. 2086. 
 
 MARMAGNE. maR^raail'. a village of France, on the rail- 
 way from Paris to Nevers, 6 miles N. of Bourges. 
 
 MARM.VNDE, man^mftxd', (L. Marmanda.) a town of 
 France, department of Lot-et-Garonno, on the Garonne, here 
 crossed by a one-arched bridge, 30 miles N .W. of Agen. Pop. 
 in 1S.52, 8.336. It is nearly surrounded by an esplanade 
 plantcl with trees, and ornamented with fountains. Princi- 
 pal edifices, the new town-hall, court-hou.se, and communal 
 college. It has manufactures of linen and woollen cloths, 
 and a small port for steamboats which ply daily to Bor- 
 deaux. 
 
 JI.\RMA\IIAC, maR^m3n'3k', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Cantal, 7 miles N.N.E. of Aurillac, with a chapel 
 cut out of the rock. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MARMARA, SEA OF. See Marmora. 
 
 MARMARAS, MARMARASS. maR^ma-rSss', or MARMO- 
 RICE, maR^mo-reece', a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, S.W. 
 coast, at the head of the Bay of Marmaras. 2" miles N. of 
 Rhodes, and included under the jurisdiction of that island, 
 to which it furnl.shes provisions and live stock. It has also 
 an export trade in timber, valonea, turpentine, honey, wax. 
 leeches, <tc. Near it are some remains of the ancient Phys- 
 ciis. — Cape Marmaras is at the entrance of the bay, lat 36° 
 42' 40" N.. Ion. 28° 20' E. 
 
 MAf!M.\HOS, mau*mrih^rosh'. a countv of Hungary, cir- 
 cle of Thither Theiss. Szigeth is the capital. Pop. 170,000. 
 
 MARMKNOR. maR-m.A-noR/. a lagoon of Siiain. province of 
 Murcia. extending N. from Cape Palos about 14 miles; greatest 
 breadth about Smiles: separated from the Mediterranean 
 by a sandbank, about 500 yards broad. 
 
 M.VHMTROLO. ra-aR-me-ro/lo, a village of Northern Italy, 
 5 miles N.W. of Mantua, with ruins of a palace built in 1480. 
 Pop. 2.".1 6. 
 
 MAR'MITON, a small river of Mis.souri, rises in the 
 eastern part of Kansas, and flowing eastward into Bates 
 CO.. in Missouri, unites with the Little Osage a few miles 
 (torn its mouth. 
 
 MARMOLE.I or MARMOLEXO, maR-mo-lA/no, a village 
 of .'*pain. province and 23 miles N.W. of Jaen, on the Guadal- 
 quivir. Pop. 2020. 
 
 MAR'MORA or MAROI AR A, a large village of Asia Minor, 
 Anatolia. 56 miles E.X.E. of Smyrna. 
 
 M.AHMORA. LA. Id maR-'mo-ri, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, 22 miles from Coni. Pop. 1167. 
 
 MARMORA, mar'mo-ra,* or MARMARA, (nr-'nia-fa,) 
 SEA OF. fane. Propniftht!) is situated between Europe and 
 Asia, communicating with the Grecian Archipr'ago by the 
 strait of the Dardanelles, and with the Black Sea by the 
 Bosporus. Its extreme length is above 160 miles; its 
 greatest breadth near 50 miles. This sea receives its appella- 
 tion from Mai'mora, (anc. Procmiiefsus.) a small island 
 towards its western extremity, lat. 40° 36' N., Ion. 27° 35' E.. 
 which has long been celebrated for its marble quarries, 
 whence it is supposed to derive its iiame; marmnr (xn tie 
 plural marmora) being the I.atin word for "marble." 
 
 MARMORA, an island of Turkey. See precefling article. 
 
 MAR/MORA, apost-villageoffanadaW&st, .32 miles S.S.W 
 of Belleville, and 82 miles from Kingston. Pop. about 200 
 
 M.-VRMORE. a river of Bolivia. See Mamore. 
 
 MARMORICE. See Marmaras. 
 
 M.\RMOUTIER. maR'moo*te-i\', {Ger. MatifrmVinstfr, mow' 
 er-mlin'ster: L. MiuiJri MnnaftrJrium.) a town of France, d* 
 partment of Bas-Rhin. 17 miles N.AV. of Strasbourg, at the 
 foot of the Vosges Mountains. Pop. in 1852, 2489. 
 
 M.ARNE. maan. (anc. MaVrmKt,) a river of France, rises 
 S. of Langres, passes St. Didier. (where it become.' navigable,) 
 and joins the Seine on the right at Cbarenton. Chief afflu- 
 ents on the left. Petit and Grand Morin; on the right, 
 Ornain and Ourcq. Length 210 miles. 
 
 MARNE, a department in the N.E. part of France, formed ot 
 part of the old province Champagne. Area 3116 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1861, :i85,t98. Chief rivers, the Marne and the Seine. 
 A great part of the department is comprised in tlie district 
 formerly called Champagne-Pouillcusi^. Its sandy jihiins. fop 
 merly naked, have been lately plaiitetl with Scotch pines 
 Grain is raised more than necessary for consumption. The 
 vine forms the principal produce of the department ; the 
 chief minerals are mill-stones. The department is dividinJ 
 into the arrondissements of Chalons. Epernay. Reims. Sainte- 
 Menehould, and Vitry-le-Fi-ancais. Capital. Chalons-sur-Mer. 
 
 M.VRNE. maR'neh. a village of Denmark, duchy of Hol- 
 stein. South Ditma'rsch. Pop. 1300. 
 
 MAR.WMAM. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 M.^RN'IIULL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 M.-VRNlX'II, mar'noK. a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff 
 
 MARO'A. a station of Macon co., Illinois, on the Illiuoli' 
 Central Railroad. 11 miles N. of Decatur. 
 
 MAROCCO. See Morocco. 
 
 M.\R01LLES, mSVwfil' a village of France, department 
 of Nord, on the railwav from Paris to Orleans, 22 miles .*? of 
 Paris. Pop. in 18,52, 2171. 
 
 -MAROLLES LES BRAUX, miiVoll' W bro, a town of 
 France, department of Sarthe, arrondissement of Mamers. 
 i>op. in 1852. 21.38. 
 
 MAROSIME, md'romm', a village of France, department 
 of Seine-Inferieure. 3 miles N.W. of Rouen, with a station on 
 the railway to Dieppe. Pop. In 1852. 2933. 
 
 M ARONI. a river of South America. See M.\rowtn'E. 
 
 MAROXNE, L.\. Id mdVonn', a river of France, joins the 
 Dordo'.rne. after a W. course of about 44 miles. 
 
 MAKOOT, nid'root', a fortified town of India, 64 miles E. 
 of Bhwalpoor. It is a considerable mart for grain, and a 
 garrison station. 
 
 MARORE, md-ro'ri, a village of Northern Italy, 2 miles 
 S. E. of Parma. Pop. 1206. 
 
 51AR0S, mor'osh', or M.-VROSCH. md'ro.sV, ("anc. Marisnii 
 or Man'x.^ns.) a river of Tnmsylvania. rises near the frontier 
 of Moldavia, flows AV., and joins the Theiss, opposite Szegedin ; 
 length estimated at 400 miles. Affluents, the Kokel and 
 Strahl. 
 
 , M.\ROS, md'roce, a seaport town of Spain, province of 
 Corunn.a, 30 miles W. of Santiago, on the N. side of a bay of 
 the same name. It is an important fishing station, and con- 
 tains a custom-house. Pop. 4792. 
 
 MAROS-BOGAT. mCrVsh' bo'gdt/. a village of Austria, 
 Transvlvania, co. of Thorenburg. Pop. 1289. 
 
 MAROS-BRETTYE, mfir'osh' brJfy.V. a village of Au.* 
 tria, Tran.svlvania. co of Ilunyad. Pop. 809. 
 
 MAROSt'H. SeeMAROS. 
 
 MAROS, NAGY, nodj morVsh', or GROSS-MAROSCH, 
 groce-md'rosh, a market-town of Ilungarv, on the right bank 
 of the Danube. 22 miles X.N.W. of Pesth. Pop, 2597. 
 
 MAROSTICA, md-ros'te-kd, a town of Austrian Italy, 15 
 miles N.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 3000. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has manufactories of straw hats. 
 
 MAROS-UJ-VAR-ALSO, mohVosb'-ooVvdR'-drsho', a mar- 
 ket-town of Austria, on the Maros, 26 miles E.N.E. of Karla- 
 burg. Pop. 1900. 
 
 MAROS-U-I-VAR-FELSO, mohVosh'-ooVvdR'-fM'shiy, a 
 villaae of Austria, co. of Xleder-Wcissentiurir. Pop. 372. 
 
 MAROS- A'ASARHELY, nu'diVosh' vd\shaRMie!'. lanc. Jffro- 
 poll's .') a town of Transylvania, cat ital of the Maro.ser Ptnhl, 
 on the Maros. in a beautiful and fertile district, 54 miles 
 N.N.E. of Hermannstadt. Itisfnrtifie(', and generally well 
 built; contains five churches, a gymnasium, seminary, col- 
 lege, a library of 60,000 volumes, and a good cabinet of 
 
 * " And you and I may chance ere morninpr ri.»e 
 
 To find our way to' Marmora without boat.«."— BTBOJf. 
 1147 
 
MAR 
 
 mSui-r'als. Not far from the town is a strong castle, in which 
 a jmrrison is stationed. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 M A liO rn-A |{ A S YOS . moli'rot'dh'rlnVosh'. (Slaronic Afor- 
 cu7t-e (?)) a town of Hungary, co. of Bars, 13 miles N.E. of 
 Neutra. Pop. 1900. 
 
 iIAR\)W\'. a parish of the Isle of Man, 6^ miles W.N.W. 
 of Doii^'l.is. Pop. 1318. 
 
 MAliOAVYXK. mi'ro-win', mJVo-wT'njh, or MAROXI, 
 mi-ro-iiee'. a river of South America, forms the limit be- 
 tween Butch ami French Guiana. Length 400 miles. 
 
 MAR'PLE. a chapelry of England, co. of Cheshire. 4J miles 
 E.S.E. of Stocliport, with a station on the railway thence to 
 Macclesfield. 
 
 SIAR'I'LE. a post-township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, 
 12 miles W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 916. 
 
 MARPvlD. maR'pod'. or MARIAPOD, m3-ree'3-pod. a vil- 
 lajre of Austria, Transylvania, circle Of, and East ftx)m Uer- 
 mannstadt. Pop. 1096. 
 
 MAllQUAIX, maR^kSN'o', a village of Bel^um, province 
 of Ilainaut, 29 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. IISO. 
 
 MARQUESAS. maR-k.'l/sas, (or MEXDAN'A, m?n-dJn'y.i) 
 ISLANDS, (Fr. Les Afjrquises. lA maR^keez'.) a group in the 
 Pacific Ocean, between lat. 8° and 11° S., and alwut Ion. 140° 
 W., comprising 13 islands, theprincipal being Nookaheeva. 70 
 miles in circuit. Estimated population of the group, from 
 15,000 to 20.000. The coasts are generally inaccessible, rising 
 from the water like walls. The surfiice is mountainous, but 
 in the interior the soil is fertile, producing pulse, cocoa- 
 nuts, yams, bjvmboos, wild cotton, and sU'.;aiMaiue. The 
 inh.ibitants are stated to be superior in bodily endowments 
 to those of many other island grovips in the Pacific, hut also 
 less civilized : they exchange live stock and vegetables in 
 return for muskets, ammunition, and tobacco. Re-solution 
 Bay in Tiihuata. and Port Jarvis in Roapoa, are the l>est 
 harbors in these islands. The JIarquesas were discovered in 
 1595. by Alonzo Mendailia de Ney va. They wen; subsequently 
 visited and described by Cixik and the Forsters, in 1774. 
 when Hood's Island was addetl to the group. In 1791 three 
 more were discovered by Captain Ingraham. an American 
 navigator, and were named Washington Islands. In 1842, 
 they acknowledged the sovereignty of France. 
 
 MARQUETTE, mar'kjtt', a newly formed county of Michi- 
 gan, in the W. part of the Upper Peninsula, contains about 
 3600 square miles. It is intersected by the Michigamig 
 River. The surface is mostly covered with forests of pine. 
 The underlying rocks are granite and limestone. Extensive 
 beds of iron are found in the county. Population 2S21. See 
 
 Al'PEXDIX. 
 
 MARQUETTE, a county near the centre of ^Visconsin, 
 contains 450 square miles. It is intersected by the Neenah 
 or Fox River, and contains several small lakes. The surface 
 is partly occupied by prairies; the soil is good. The prin- 
 cipal rock is sandstone. Organized in 1844. Capital, Mou- 
 tello. Named in honor of M. Marquette, one of the first 
 explorers of this region. Pop. 8233. 
 
 MARQUETTE, a village of La Salle co., Indiana, on Little 
 Indian Creek. 
 
 MARQUETTE, a post-«llage, capital of Marquette co., 
 Michigiin, on Ijike Superior. Pop. 1664. 
 
 MARQUETTE, a thrinng post-village, capital of Green 
 Lake co., Wisconsin, is pleasantly situated on the S. shore 
 of Puckawa Lake, an expansion of Neenah River, about 60 
 miles N.N.E. of Madison. Pop. 476. 
 
 MARQUIN.^. maR-kee/ni, a small town of Spain, province 
 of Biscay. 15 miles E. of Bilbao. Pop. 1132. 
 
 M.\RQUISE. mnR^keez', a village of France, department of 
 Pas-tle-Calais, 7 miles N.N.E. of Boulogne. Pop. in 18-52. 2709. 
 
 MARR. a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. ' 
 
 MARK, a post-oflRce of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MARR. a township in Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 1319. 
 
 MARRABOO, MARRABOU or MARRABU, m&r-Tk-lioo'. a 
 walled town of West Africa, state of Bambarra, on the 
 Joliba. 120 miles W.S.W. of Sego. 
 
 M.\RR.\DI. maR-Ri'dee, a village of Tuscany, N. of the 
 Apennines. 28 miles N.E. of Florence. Pop. 13t)b. 
 
 MARRAII. mar'rj, a town of Syria, pashalie and 28 miles 
 N.N.E. of Damascus, with some good edifices, now in decay. 
 
 MARRAII, a town of Syria, pashalie and 43 miles S.E. of • 
 Aleppo. 
 
 SIARRATXI. maR-nlt/Hee. a town of Spain, on the Island 
 of Majorca. 5 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 1636. " 
 
 M AU'RICK. a parish of England, co.of Y'ork, North Riding. 
 
 M ARMilorrSV 1 LLE. a post-office of Howard co., Marj-land. 
 
 MAU'ROS. a parish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 MAU'ROWH)\E. a post^ffice of Davidson co., Tennessee. 
 
 MARROW B:)NE. a post-office, Cumberiand co., Kentuckv. 
 
 MAIU.UBIO. niaR-Roo1)e-o, a village on the Uland of 
 Sanlinin. near the Rhore.« of the large lagoon of Sassa. P. 1016 
 
 MARRUECO and .MARKUECUS. See Morocco. 
 
 MARHUM.miR'Ktim.or MERRUM, m?R'uam,avillageof 
 the Netherlands, Friesland. 9 miles N. of Leeuwarden. P. 935. 
 
 MARS, a post^fflce of Bibb co., Alabama. 
 
 MARS.A.C. maR'sJk'. a t«wn of France, department of Puy- 
 de-D.*m.". ^.^^ miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 1852, 2121. 
 
 M-iltSAfi LI A, mas-sil'yil, a vilh^^ of the Sardinian States, 
 
 1145 
 
 MAR 
 
 division of Coni, E.N.E. of Mondovi. The French, in 1693, 
 here defeated the Savoyai-ds, and took their duke, Vittorio 
 Ame<.leo II., prisoner, i'op. 952. 
 
 M.\KS.\L. maR^sdl', a town of France, department ot 
 Meurthe. 5 miles E.S.E. of Chateau-.Salini, formerly fortified. 
 
 M.\KS.\LA, maR-8:l'ld. (anc. LilyboeUiin!) a fortiticd seajwrt 
 city of Sicily, on its W. coast, inteiidency and 16 miles S.S.W. 
 of Tnipani. It is enclosed by bastioned walls, and has a 
 cathedral, several convents and ablieys, a gymnasium, large 
 cavalry barracks, an old castle, and a curious vibrating 
 bell-tower. Its ancient jiort was filled up in 1580 by Don 
 .lohn of Austria, to prevent its becoming useful to corsairs; 
 and the new port, about 1 mile S., bounded by a mole, is 
 adapted only for small vessels. The pj-imipal imiwrtance 
 of Marsala is due to its wine trade, which has grown up 
 within the present century, and in whii-h many JCnglisb 
 liousi-s are now engaged. The district is estiuiateil to yield 
 annually about 30.000 pipes of wine, of which two-thirds are 
 exported. Marsala also exports corn, cattle, oil, salt, and 
 soda, in small quantities. Marsala, under the name of 
 Lilybttum, was the chief fortress of the Carthaginians, in 
 Sicily, and figui-es much in the wars between them and the 
 Romans. Pop. 17,732. 
 
 MAKS.4.N, Le. leh m.'iR's8s°', a district of France, which 
 formed the E. jKirt of La Chalosse, and belonged to the for- 
 mer province of Gascony. It now forms part of the de- 
 partment of Landes. 
 
 M.\KSBER(i, maRs'bJRO, Ober, o'ber, and Nieber, nee'der, 
 (the latter is called also STADTBERGE, stiitt^beR<3-eh,) two 
 contiguous towns of Prus.siaa Westphalia, 33 miles E. of 
 Arusberg. United pop. 3448. 
 
 MARS BLUFi", a post-office of Marion district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 M.\RSCIIEXDORF, maR'shen-doRf, (Bohemian Mnrcssow, 
 md-rJs-sov',) a village of Bohemia, circle and 33 miles N. of 
 Kiiniggriitz, in a valley on the Aupa, Pop. 1248. 
 
 MARSCIANO, maR-shi'no, a small town of O-'ntral Italy, 
 in Uinbrin. 14 miles S.W. of Perugia. Pop. 2400. 
 
 MARS/DEN, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 MARSDEN, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan- 
 ca st«r. 
 
 MARSDEN, LITTLE, a townsiiip and parish of England, 
 CO, of Lancaster. 
 
 MARS-DIEl', maRs de-?p', a strait in Holland, separating 
 the island of Texel from the main land, 2 miles across, and 
 the principal entrance fi-oni the V(. into the Zuyder-Zee. 
 The town of Ilelder is on its S. shore. 
 
 M.\IiSEIIXAX, maRVa'yON"', a market-town of France, 
 department of Ilerault, 15 miles E. of Beziers, on the lagoon 
 of Thau, where it has a small haven; near it are salt pans. 
 Pop. 3584. 
 
 MARSEILLES, mar-silz. (Fr. Marsa'He, maR'sAI'or maK^- 
 si/ye; It. Massiffliu, mds-seel'j'il : Sp. Marsi-Jlu. mdR-sC'l/y3; 
 L. Jlassdfui; Gr. MacyaaXia. Massalia.) a famous city of 
 France, capital of the department of Bouches-du-RhOne, 
 and the most im|K)rtant seaport of the empire, is .situated 
 at the head of a finely-sheltered bay on the N.E. .side of the 
 Gulf of Lyons, formed by the Mediteranean, about 2t>0 miles 
 S. bv E of Lyons, and 420 miles S.S.E. of Paris; lat 
 (obse'rvatory) 43° 17' 48" N., Ion. 6° 22' 15" E. The city 
 is built on the acclivity and at the foot of a hill, around 
 which a semicircular eliain of loftier hills rises at a short 
 distance, leaving the view open to the sea. It is divided 
 into the old town on the W., and the new town on the E. 
 'I'he site of the former is very uneven ; the streets are nar- 
 row and irregular, and the hou.ses which line them are of 
 great height. The new town, on the opposite side, is traversed 
 from N. to S. by a long and splendid thoroughfare, commeno- 
 ing at the Aix gate, and terminating at the Place Castellans. 
 Almost all the other streets are spacious, and lined with 
 handsome hou.ses. Between the old and new towns is a 
 street, or promenade, called the Grand Ctjurs. planted with 
 a double row of trees, adorned with fine fountains, and bor- 
 dered with many elegant mansions. MarseiiU'S is not rich 
 in public edifices. The most deserving of notice are the 
 Church of La Major, the oldest iu the town, and supposed 
 to occupy the site of a temple of Diana; the Chunh of St. 
 Victor, also of great antiquity, and originally consisting 
 of a grotto, or cavern, in whiih the first Christians were 
 accustomed to meet in .secret for worship, and to bury the 
 bodies of their martyrs; the lofty belfry, all that the revo- 
 lution of 1793 has allowed to remain of the once beautiful 
 Gothic Church of the Accoules; the Chunh of Chartreux, 
 situated without the town, but unquestionably tl.e finest 
 of wliich it can lx)ast; the Hotel de Ville, a heavy building, 
 overlo.nded witli tasteless ornaments; the Prefecture, n large 
 edifice, surrounded by a well-laid-ont garden; the Museum, 
 Observatory, Library, and two theatres. Notice is al.'-o due 
 to the triumphal an-h, on the side of Aix, and tlie spacious 
 and well-ix>nstructed quays, with their commodious wai-e- 
 houses. There is a beautiful fountain in the Place |{oyah and 
 many others in different parts of the town. The sui ply of 
 water derived from these has recently been increaswR by the 
 construction of an aqueduct conuectiug with tlie Durance 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Marseilles is the see of a bishop, and possesses a court of 
 first juris(iictirin, a Court and Chamber of Couinierre, an 
 Kxclian^e. a Koyal Naval Observatory, a Maritime Syndi- 
 cate, a .Mint, au Academy of Sciences Uelles-iettre.s and Arts, 
 an AthcMiieum, a Itoyal Medical Society, a Society of Piiar- 
 macy, a Statistical Society, an Agricultural Society, a first- 
 class School of Hydrography, a Koyal College, witli a library 
 of 45,0' K1 volumes, a secondary School of Medicine, a Special 
 School of De.'ign, a Special School of Industry and Com- 
 merce, a Special School of Music, a Diocesan Seminary, a 
 Deaf and Dumb Institute, a Cabinet of History, an extensive 
 Public Library, a Mu.seum of Paintings and Anti(juities. 
 with perhaps the largest collection in France after those of 
 Paris, and a Koyal Botanic Garden, one of the finest in the 
 empire. It has also numerous benevolent institutions, and 
 its l,azarctto is the largest in the world. 
 
 Tlie manufactures of .Marseilles are various and exten- 
 sive. The principal articles produced are soap, soda, and 
 other chemical products, bonnets, shoes, perfumery, tobacco, 
 olive oil, and liquors; besides which there are also tanneries 
 and sugar, sulphur and salt refineries. 
 
 The harlK)r is one of the finest in France. It is per- 
 fectly Secure in all weathers, and possesses anchorage for 
 1:200 vessels in from 18 to 24 feet of water. It is strongly 
 defended by two forts, viz., the Tower of St. John, on the 
 N., and the Fort of St. Nicolas, on the S. Near this fort 
 a new wet-dock, called Port de la Joliette, measuring 500 
 yards l>v 400, has recently been formed. With respect to the 
 amount of tonnage owned, Marseilles holds the first rank 
 in the empire. Its foreign commerce exceeds that of every 
 other port in France, and its coast tnule i^ only surpas.xed 
 by that of Bordeaux. The numljer of trips made by vessels 
 employed in the coast trade, in 1852, was 3514. The total 
 amount of mcrchandi.^e received coastwise at the 242 ports 
 of France during the year, is represented by 2.544.785 tons, 
 of which 272,135 tons were landed at Bordeaux, 1^8,717 at 
 Marseilles, and 154,577 at Cette, The receipts at the custom- 
 house of Marseilles in 1848 amounted to $4,514,062. and in 
 1849 to :J5,814,850, Its commerce in the wines and fruits of 
 the south, in cork and anchovies, has ttourished for 24 cen- 
 turies, and extends to all parts of the world. 
 
 Marseilles is the great point of deVjarUation of passenf^erts 
 for the various ports on the Mediterranean. It communi- 
 cates by regular lines of steam-packets with Ajaccio and 
 Biustia in Corsica, with Genoa, Leghorn. Civita Vecchia. and 
 Naples in Italy, with Messina in Sicily, with Malta, .-Mex- 
 andria, Beyroot, Constantinople, Smyrna, and Athens: also 
 with Algeria through three si'parate lines, one to .■Algiers, 
 passage in 45 hours, another to Stora, pas.sage 55 hours, and 
 the Uiird to Oran, passage 05 hours; besides which it has 
 regulai' steam communication with Barcelona, A'alencia, 
 Almeria, Malaga, and Catliz, in Spain. Kailways connect 
 Marseilles with .\vignon, Alais, Montpellier, and Cette, be- 
 sides which a great route is in progress, by which, whe>n 
 completeil, railway communication will be opened tlirough 
 the heart of the empire, from the Mediterranean to the 
 English Channel. * 
 
 Marseilles, founded by the Phoenicians, about 600 B,c.. ."erved 
 as a refuge for them from the vengeance of Cyrus. Its pro- 
 gress for centuries was rapid, and almost without interrup- 
 tion. It stion became the entrepot for all the surrounding 
 countries, founded many colonies, was celebrated for the culti- 
 vation of letters and arts, preserved for a time its liberty un- 
 der the Romans, and often acted as an independent re])ublic. 
 Having taken the part of Pompey in the great contest for 
 supremacy between him and Casar, it was besieged by the 
 latter, and, being tiikeu, was deprived of all its peculiar 
 privileges. On the decline of the Koman Empire, it became 
 a prey to the Goths, Burgundians, and Franks. In 735 it 
 fell into the hands of the Saracens, who completely destroyed 
 all the ancient mouunieiits which previous barbarians had 
 spared. In the 10th century it fell under the dominion of 
 the Counts of I'rovence. and continued for some centuries 
 after to follow the fortunes of that iiouse. Louis XI. united 
 it to the crown of France in 1481. It suffered severe ravages 
 from the plague, in 1720. It was the birth-place of the 
 astronomer i'ytheas, the preacher Ma.scaron, and the sculp- 
 tor Puj:et. Pop. in 1862, 260,910.— Adj. and inhab. Marseil- 
 lAiS, or Marseillois, maRVuPyA', or maRWy.V: feminine, 
 Marseillaise, maR'siryAz'; and Massilian, mas-sil'e-an, 
 when the ancient town is referred to. 
 
 MAKSKILLKS, mar-sailz'. a thriving post-village and 
 township of Wyandot CO., Ohio, about 60 miles N.N.W. of 
 Columbus. Pop. near 300; of the township, 693. 
 
 MARSEILLES, a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, 136 
 miles X.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MARSEILLES, a post-village of La Salle co , Illinois, on 
 the Illinois River and Canal, 76 miles AV.S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 5IARSELLA. a city of France. See Mar.sf.ii,les. 
 
 M.^RSH. a post-oflioe of Chester oo., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MARSH CHAIVEL, pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MARSH GIB'BON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 MAR'SHALL, a county in the N. part of W. Virginia, bor- 
 dering on Pennsylvania and Ohio, has an area of about 230 
 square miles. The Ohio River washes its W. border, and 
 
 Fishing and Grave Creeks flow through the county. The 
 surface is diversified; the soil is fertile. The Baltiuiore and 
 Ohio Railroad ha.s been opened through this couuty. Stone- 
 coal and water-power are abundant. Formed in 1835. and 
 named in honor of John Marshall, late Chief Justice of the 
 United States. Capital, Elizabethtown. Pop. 12,997, ot 
 whom 12.96S were free, and 29 slaves. 
 
 M.\RSHALL. a county in the N.E. part of Alabama, ha; 
 an area of 677 square miles. It is intersected by Tennessc< 
 River, (navigable by steamboats.) and Paint Rock River flowv 
 along its N.W. bordT. The surface is traversed by nmuiitaiu 
 ridges connected with the Appalachian system. Tlie soil is 
 generally fertile. The plank-road extending from A\"etiimpka 
 to the Tennessee River has its northern terminus in tin* 
 county. Capital, Warrenton. Pop. 11,472, of whom 9651 
 were free. 
 
 MARSII.\LL, a county in the N. part of Mississippi, bor- 
 dering on Tennessee, has an area of about 860 square miles 
 It is watered by the Tallahatchie, Tippah, and Coldwater 
 Rivers. The surface is finely diversified by gentle undula- 
 tions. The soil is fertile. In 1850 this county produced 
 32,775 bales of cotton, 1,236,006 bushels of corn, and 147,2.32 
 of oats : greater quantities of each than wen; produced by 
 any other county in the state. Marshall county was 
 comprised in the territory of the Chickasaw Indians. It 
 was transferred from aboriginal hands, and organizetl in 
 1836, and is now the most populous county of the state ex- 
 cept Iliuds. Capital, Holly Springs. Pop. 28,823, of whom 
 11,384 were free, and 17,439 slaves. 
 
 MARSHALL, a county in the S. central part of Tennessee: 
 area estimated at 3.50 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Duck River. The surface is diversified by hills or undula- 
 tions of moderate heiglit ; the soil is mostly fertile. Capital, 
 Lenisburg.. Pop. 14,692, of whom 10,112 were free, and 
 4480 slaves. 
 
 M.'VRSH.\LL. a county in the W. part of Kentucky, con- 
 tains about 350 square miles. It is bounded on tlie N. and 
 E. by the Tennesset; River, and drained by Clarke's River, 
 The surface is moderately hilly or xmdulating; the soil is 
 fertile. Organized in 1841. Capital, Benton. Pop. 6982, of 
 whom CO;il were free, and 351 slaves. 
 
 MARSII.\LL, a county in the N. part of Indiana, contains 
 440 square miles. It is drained by the Yellow and Tippeca- 
 noe Rivers. The surface is generally level. About half of 
 the county is timbered land, and the remainder is oecvipied 
 by barrens and prairies. The soil of the prairies and tim- 
 bered land is extremely productive. Extensive beds of iron 
 ore are found in the county. Organized in 1836. Capital. 
 Plymouth. Pop. 12,722. 
 
 M.\RSH.\LL, a county in the N. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 445 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Illinois River, (navigable by steamboats,) and also drained 
 by Sand and Crow Creeks. Tlie surfjice is nearly level, and 
 is diversified by prairie and timber. The soil is fertile. 
 Stone-coal is found. Capital, I^acon. Pop. ir.,437. 
 
 M.\RSHAI..L, a new county in the central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. It is travers-ed by Iowa 
 River, flowing S.E., and also drained by Timber Creek, The 
 land is productive, and is said to be finely timbered with 
 oak, ash. walnut, sugar-maple. &e. Indian corn and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850, Marshall county produced 12,410 
 bushels of corn. Stone coal is found in the couuty. Cai^ital, 
 Marietta or Marshalltown. Pop. 6015. 
 
 MARSHALL, a post-township of Oneida co.. New York, 
 on the Chenango Canal, 12 miles S.W. of Utica. Pop. 2134. 
 
 M.\RSn.\LL, a post-village, capital of Madison co., North 
 Carolina, on the French Broad River, 280 miles AV .of Raleigh. 
 
 MARSHALL, a small village of Marshall CO.. Alabama. 
 
 51.'VRSH.\LL, a thriving post-village, capital of Harrison 
 CO., Texas, about 250 miles N. by E. of Galve.ston. It con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, a college and several 
 hotels. Three newspapers are published here. The sur- 
 rounding country is fertile, and rather thickly settled. 
 
 M.\RSHALF.,, a post-oflice of Bath co.. Kentucky. 
 
 MARSHALL, a post/towuship of Jlighland CO., Ohio 
 Pop. 893. 
 
 MARSHALL, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, 68 miles 
 E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 MARSHALL, a post-village or city and capital of Calhoun 
 CO., Michigan, on the Kalamazoo River, and on the Central 
 Railroad, 43 miles S.W. of Lansing, and 110 miles Vi\ of 
 Detroit. It has a pleasant situation, and is one of the most 
 flourishing inland towns of the peninsula. It contains 1 
 bank, 3 banking offices, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, 
 8 churches, 1 paper-mill, 4 flouring-mills, and large engine- 
 shops of the Railroad. Pop. in 1860, 3736. 
 
 MARSHALL, a small post-village and township of Clarke 
 CO., Illinois, on the National Road, about 130 miles E.S.E. 
 of Springfield. It is the county-seat. Pop. 1883. 
 
 M ARSHALL, a township of Platte co., Missouri. Pop. 
 aioO. 
 
 M.\RSH.4.LL,a post-village, capital of Salineco., Missouri. 
 87 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City, Contains 3 churches, and 
 4 or 5 stores. Pop. about 350. 
 
 MARSHALL, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa. 
 
 1149 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 MAKPHALI. COLLEGE, gee 5Iercersbukg. Pa. 
 
 MAK.<HALL ISLANDS, a small proup iu the Pacific 
 Oeean. Mulsrave Archijwlago. Lat. 7° 30' N., lou. 173" 30' E. 
 
 MA1{8IIALL'S CREEK, a post-office of Monroe cc, Penn- 
 Bylvania. 
 
 MARSHALL'S FERRY, a post-office of Granger co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MARSHALL'S POINT, at the E. entrance of Herring Gut. 
 Lincoln co.. Maine. On it is a fixed light, 30 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 4:3° 50' X.. Ion. 69= 9' 30" W. 
 
 MAR'SHALLSVILLE, a post-office of Greenbrier c^.W. 
 Virginia. 
 
 MARSHALLSVILLE. a post-village in JIacon co., Georgia, 
 on the South- West Railroad, 70 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 MARSHALLSVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, 
 100 miles X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 MAR'SHALLTOX, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, aliout 30 miles W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 MARSH ALLTOWX, a post-village, capital of Marshall CO., 
 Iowa. It lias a bank. 
 
 MAR'SHALLVILLE or CUM'BERLAXD WORKS, a village 
 in Maurice River township, Cumberland co.. Xew Jersej', on 
 Tuckahoe Creek, contains some extensive glass works, and 
 upwards of 40 dwellinu:s. 
 
 MARSH'AM, a pari-^h of Engkind, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MAR'SHAl'EE' or MAKSH'PEE' DISTRICT, an ancient 
 Indian settlement of Barnstable co., Massachusetts, about 
 48 miles S.E. of Pljmouth. 
 
 MAKSH'BtXi. a" villa;_'e of Monmouth co., New Jersey, 
 about 10 miles S.E. of Freehold. 
 
 M.\KS1I CUEEK. of Adams co., Pennsylvania, is a branch 
 of the .Monocacy River. 
 
 MARSH CREEK, a post-office of Gibson CO., Indiana. 
 
 MARSH'FIELD. a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Gloucester. 13 miles E. of Bristol. Pop.' 1048. The 
 town, consisting of one street, nearly 1 mile in length, has 
 a considerable trade in malt. 
 
 MAK.SHKIELD. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 M.\RSH'FIELD, a post-village and township of Wa-<hing- 
 ton CO.. Vermont, on Ouiou River, about 11 miles E.X.E. of 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1160. 
 
 M.\RSHKIELD. a post-village and township of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, on JIassachusetts Bay, 28 miles S.E. by 
 8. of Boston. The farm and country resi>lenre of the late 
 Daniel Webster is in the S. part, about 12 miles X'. of Ply- 
 mouth. Marshfield has manufactories of machinerj', and is 
 the seat of the Douglas Manufacturing Company, for making 
 cotton sheetings, kc. Pop. 1870. 
 
 MARSIIKIELD. a post-office of Erie co., Xew York. 
 
 MARS HILL, of .ijf)ostook co., Maine, about 1 mile W. of 
 the Xew Brunswick boundary line. It is an isolated emi- 
 nence with 2 peaks, one 1.506' feet, and the other 1363 feet 
 above the level of St. .(ohn"s River. 
 
 M.\KS HILL, a small village of Clarke CO.. Georgia. 
 
 MARSH ISLAXD. at the entrance to Vermilion Bay. Loui- 
 siana. At its W. end is a revolving light, elevated 90 feet. 
 
 M.\RSHLAXD. a post-office of Richmond co.. Xew York. 
 
 MARSH'S LAXDIXG, a postoffice of Contra Costa co., 
 California. 
 
 M.^RSHVILLE, a village in Ilermon township. St. Law- 
 rence CO., Xew York, on Elm Creek, about 25 miles S.E. of 
 Ogdensburg. * 
 
 MAItSHWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 MARSHY HOPE, a small river, rises in Kent co., Dela- 
 ware, and enters the Xanticoke on the boundary between 
 Dorchester and Somei'set counties of Maryland. 
 
 MARSICO XUOVO. maR'.*e-ko noo-o'vo, an episcopal city 
 of Naples, province of Basilicata, 18 miles S. of Potenza. 
 Pop. 7400. 
 
 MAKSICO VETERE. maK'se-ko vit'k-rL (anc, AMlitnum. 
 ifarf.sicum.) a town of Naples, 4 miles E.S.E. of Marsico 
 N uovo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MAllSIGLIAXA. maR-seel-yi'nJ, a village of Tuscany, 
 province and 19 miles S.E. of Grossetto, on the Albegua. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 M.^RSILLARGUlJS, maR'seeVaRg'. a town of France, 
 department of Uerault, 15 miles E.X.E. of Montpellier. 
 Pop. 3549. 
 
 MARSIVAN. maRVvan', or MARSOVAX, maR^so-vJn'. a 
 large village of .\sia Minor, pashalic of Seevas, 24 miles W.X.W. 
 of .Vmasia. in a wide undulating plain. It is stated to com- 
 prise 5000 houses, of which 1000 are inhabited by Armenians, 
 and it h;is many mosques and fountains, and' some manu- 
 fectoiii'S (if cotton stuffs. 
 
 MAKSK, two parishes of Engljind, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 MAHST.IL, m.iRs'tAl. a seaport town of Denmark, duchy 
 of Sleswick. on the E. coast of the island of iEroe, in the 
 Baltic. Pop. 2100. 
 
 MAItSTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MAR.<Ti )N. a jiarish of EnL'land, co. of Oxford. 
 
 M AKS^r.lX BlG'i I'lT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MAKSTUX ON DDVE. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 BIABSTON FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 MARSTOX. UjXU, a parish of Englaud, co. of York. 
 U50 
 
 MARSrrON MAGOTA. a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 MARS'TOX MAI/SEY. a parish of England, co. of Wjlta. 
 
 MAR-Sn'ON MOXTGOM'ERY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Derby. 
 
 MARSTON MOORS, a locality of England, in Yorkshire, 
 memorable for the defeat of the forces of King Charles L, 
 in 1644. 
 
 MARSn'ON MOREn"AINE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bedford. 
 
 MARSTON. NORTH, a parish of Enghuid, co. of Buck.s. 
 
 MARS/TON PRI'OKS. a pai-i.sh of England, co. of Warwick 
 
 MARS'TOX SICCA, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 MARSrrOX'S mills, a post-office of Barnstable co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 MARS'TOX ST. LAWRENCE, a p.ari.sh of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 MARSTON TRUS'SEL, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 MAR'STOW, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 M.A.RSTRAXD, maR'strdnd, a .seaport town of West Swe 
 den. laen and 20 miles N.W. of Gothenburg, on an island in 
 the Cattegat. Pop. 1200. It has a harbor defended by 2 
 forts, and a Iwmb-proof castle. 
 
 JIARSnVORTH, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 MAKTA. maR/td, a small river of the Papal States, by 
 which Lake Bolsena sends its surplus waters into the 
 Mediterranean; total course about 30 miles. 
 
 MARTAB.\N, niar'ta-ban', a frontier town of the Burmese 
 dominions, capital of a province, on the Sahvin River, near its 
 mouth, 10 miles N.W. of Maulmain. Lat. 16° 32' N.. Ion. 97<^ 
 35' E. It .stands on a declivity, and is enclo,sed by a stockade, 
 built of wood. It has several conspicuous temples, and 
 beside the river is a battery of masonry: but Maulmain has 
 succeeded to most of its former commerce^ Martaban was 
 captured hv the British in 1824, atid again in 1S52. 
 
 MARTABAX. GULF OF, an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, 
 between lat. 14° and 17° N., and Ion. 94° and 9S° E., having 
 X. the Burmese dominions, and E. the British Tena.sseriiQ 
 provinces. It receives the Irrawaddy, Setang. and Salwin 
 Rivers: and on its E. coast is the town of Amherst. 
 
 MARTAXA, maR-td'nd. a small island of Italy, in the 
 N.W. part of Lake Bolsena, Papal States, memorable as 
 the scene of the imprisonment and murder of Amalasontha, 
 Queen of the Goths, only daughter of Theodorio, ai.d niece 
 of Clovis. She was strangled in 5o5, by the order or con- 
 nivance of hercousiu Theodatus, with whom she had shared 
 her kingdom. 
 
 M.\RTAXO. m.iR-tii'no. a town of South Italy. Naples, pro- 
 vince and 12 miles W.N.W. of Otranto. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MARTEE-KHAX-KA-TAXDA. maR/tee'kdn-katiin'dJ, a 
 town of Sinde, near the Indu.s, 16 miles S.W.of Khyerpoor 
 It has a brisk trade with Jood))Oor, chiefly in cottons, to the 
 amount of 4000i., and other articles of the value of 60001., 
 annually. 
 
 JI.^R'i'EL. maK't^l', (L. MiirtdHum.) a town of France, 
 department of Lot. 35 miles N.X.E. of Cahors. Pop. 3150. 
 
 MARTFEiD. maBt'ftlt. a village of Hanover, Cnterhoya, 
 bailwick of Hova. Pop. 1136. 
 
 MAK'THA FUll'XACE. a post-vilUge of Centre co., Penn- 
 sylvania, in Bald Eagle Valley, 100 miles W.N.W. of Uar- 
 rishurg. 
 
 MARTHALEN, maR^tJIen, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton and 18 miles X.X.E. of Zurich, near the Rhine. P. 1140. 
 
 MARTH.4M. marfham, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MAItTHA'S. or MARrrilA'S FCK'X ACE. a post-village 
 of Hardin co.. Illinois. 5 miles from the Ohio River. 
 
 JIAR'THASVILLE. a post-village in Warren co.. Mis.souri, 
 near the >li.ssouri River, 65 miles E. bv N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 MARTH.\'S VINEYARD, an island lying off the S.E. 
 coast of Ma.«.sachu8etts. and separated from Earn.stable co. 
 by Vineyard Sound, which is from 3^ to 7 miles wide. It is 
 2i miles in length, and from 3 to 9 miles iu breadth. It 
 forms a part of Duke's county. Massachusett.s. which see. 
 
 MARTHA'S VINEYARD, a post-office of Chatham co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 MARTHOD, maR-tod', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Upper Savoy. 3 miles from Albert-Ville. Pop. 1307. 
 
 MARTHOX, maRHAx"', a town of France, department of 
 Charente, 14 miles E.S.E. of AngouKme. Pop. 624. It has 
 remains of fortifications, and manufactories of woollens, 
 iron-mines in its vioinity. and 12 annual fairs. 
 
 .'^I.'i.RTH, VOROS, (ViiriJs.) vo'riish' maRt, a village of 
 Hungary, co. of Baranya. Pop. 1597. 
 
 M.\R''riC. a post-township of Lancaster cO., Pennsj'lvaniA, 
 on the Susquehanna River. Pop. 17 SO. 
 
 MAUI'ICVILLE, a po.st-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 8 miles S. of Lancaster. 
 
 MARTIOXANO, maR'teen-yd'no, a village of Northern 
 Italv. 19 miles E.S.E. of Cremona, on the Po. Pop. ]4o0. 
 
 MARTIGNAXO. a village of Naples, province of Otranto. 
 9 miles S.S.E. nf Lecce. 
 
 MARTIGXK-BRIAXD, maRHeen'y.^'bree''Ss<'/. a nurket^ 
 town of France, department of Maine-et- Loire, 10 niile^ \V 
 of .Saunuir. I'op. in 1852. 2124. 
 
 3URTIGNE-F£KCUAUD,maRHeen'y.V-fjR-shr/, a village 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 of France, department of Illeet-Vilaine, 21 miles S.S.W. of 
 A'ltre. I'op. in 1852. 3793. 
 
 JIAKTUiNY LA VILLK, maa'teenVee' Id reel, (anc. Octf>- 
 du/rus f Of r. Martinach, maR'te-ndk\) a town of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Valais, 17 niile.s VV.S.W. of Sion, on the right 
 bault of tlie Drance. Pop. lOOO. 
 
 M.VilTKi .N Y-1,K-B()U]!G. maaHeen^yee' leh booR, a maricet- 
 town of Switzerland, half a mile S. of Marti{;ny. P. 2457. 
 
 3IAKTIUUE.S. maR^teej;'. (1^. Maritima Odmiia Antilio- 
 rum,) a town of France, department of Houches-tlu-Khune, 21 
 miles S.W. of Aix, near the I'ltang de ISerre. Pop. in 1852, 
 8520. It has extensive tisheries in the lake, and boat- 
 luildinir. 
 
 MAlt'TIX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MAUTIN, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 MAKTIN, a pari.-^h of England, co. of "Wilts. 
 
 MAUTIN, a hamlet of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MAllTIX, a county in the E. central part of North Ciro- 
 lina; area estimated at 43U square miles. The Roanoke 
 forms the entire N. boundary. The surface is level, and the 
 soil generally saudy. The Koanoke River is navigable for 
 large boats on the border of the county, and large quantities 
 of lumber (pine and cedar) are exported by this means. 
 Formed in 1774, and named in honor of .losiali Martin, 
 then governor of the colony. Capital. \\'illiam8ton. I'op. 
 10,195, of whom 5886 were free, and 4309 slaves. 
 
 MARTIN, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, has an 
 area of 340 S((uare miles. It is intersected by the East Fork 
 of White lUver, and by Lick Creek. The surface is hilly. 
 The soil contains a large proportion of clay. A railroad is 
 completed through tlie county, from Cincinnati to St. Louis. 
 Stone-coal, iron ore, and grit or hard sandstone iwe abundant. 
 Organized in 1820, and nanuHl in lionor of .Major JIartin, of 
 Kentucky. Capital, Dover Hill or Mt. Pleasant. Pop. 8975. 
 
 MARTIN, a post-township in the E. part of Allegan co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 793. 
 
 M.\1{TINA, maa-tee'nd. a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto. 19 miles N.X.E. of Taranto. Pop. 400t). 
 
 M.\R'riNACII. a town of Switzerland. See Martiony. 
 
 MAK'l'INCZE, maR-tin'sA, a village of Austria, Slavonia, 
 about 22 miles E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 3100. 
 
 MAK/TINDALE, a post>office of Mecklenburg CO., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MAKTINDALE DEPOT, a post-village of Columbia co.. 
 New York, on the Ilarlcm Railroad, 35 miles S. by E. of 
 Albany. 
 
 MARTINDALE'S CREEK, of Indiana, enters the White- 
 water River near Milton. Wayne co. 
 
 MARTINENUO, m:iR-te-n^n'go, a walled town of Northern 
 Italy, province and 10 miles S.S.E. of IJergamo. Pop. 4093. 
 
 MARTIN ET'TA, a township in Brown co., Wieconsin. 
 Pop. 243. 
 
 MARTINEZ, mar-tee'nJz. a po.st-town of California, situ- 
 ated in the N. jiart of Contra Costa co.. of whiili it is the 
 capital, is separnted from lienicia by the strait connecting 
 Suisoon and San Pablo Rays. 
 
 MAR'TlNilDK, a parish of England, co. of asvon. 
 
 MARTIN nuS'SlNGTREE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 MARTINIANA, mas-te-ne-d'n.'i. a village of the Sardinian 
 States. Piedmont, 6 miles W. of Saluzzo, on the Po. P. 1089. 
 
 MARTI.MGo. one of the West Indies. See Martinique. 
 
 MARTIN'ICUS ISLAND. S. of Penobscot Ray. Maine: on 
 it are two fixed liijhts, 40 feet from each other, and 82 feet 
 above the level of the .sea. Lat.43°46' 30" N.. Ion. 68° 49' W. 
 
 MARTINIQUE, marHin-eek', called by the natives MADI- 
 ANA, mi-de-d'nd, (Sp. Martinico. uiaR^te-nee'ko,) one of the 
 French West India Islands. Windward group. Its loftiest 
 summit. Jlount I'elee. 4450 feet liinh, is in lat. 14° 48' N.. Ion. 
 61= 10' W. ; 30 miles S. by W. of Dominica, and 20 miles N. of 
 St. Luci.^. It is of irregular form, hiuh and rocky, about 45 
 miles long, and 10 miles to 15 miles broad : area, 380 square 
 miles. There are six extinct volcanoes on the island ; one of 
 the craters is of large dimensions. Extensive mas.ses of vol- 
 canic rocks cover the interior, rise to a great elevation, and ex- 
 tend from the niountsiins to the shores of the sea, where they 
 form uum(!rous deep inileutations along the coast. Between 
 the volcanic rocks, occur broad irregular valleys of great 
 fertility. About two-fifths of the island is under cultiv.ition. 
 The mountain slopes are in most parts covered with primeval 
 forests. Numerous streams flow from the heights, most of 
 them mere rivulets, but a few are navigable for boats for a 
 short distance from their mouths. The principal produc- 
 tions are sugar, coffee, cocoa, and cotton. The quantity of 
 sut^ar expoi-ted in 1850 was 279.767 cwt. ; in 1851,387,269 
 cwt.; and in 1852. 310.939 cwt. 
 
 It has several gooil harbors, the best of which is Port 
 Koyal on the S.W. side. The principal town is St. Pierre, 
 on the N.W. side of the island, The administration of 
 Martinique is under a governor and a privy council 
 of 7 members, aided by a colonial council, composed of 
 30 members. The island was discovered by the Spaniards 
 in 1493. In 1635 it was settled by the French. wl)o eventu- 
 allv extinguished tlie aboriginal race. It was subseciuently 
 taket/ by the British, in 1794. uud restored in 1802 • It was 
 
 again taken by the British in 1809. and restored a .second time 
 to l-'rance. at the close of the war in 1814. Pop. 121.47S. 
 
 MAKTINO, maR-tee'no. a village of Brazil, province of Rio 
 Grande-do-Norte, 170 miles W. of Natal. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MARTIN'S, a post-office of Nebson co.. Virginia. 
 
 MARTINSBERG, niaR'tin8-bei;(i\ (Ilun. Szeiit Martmiy, 
 sJnt miRHou\) a market-town of West Hungary, co. and 
 12 miles S.E. of Raab. with an ancient I'enedictine aijbey, 
 founded by Stephen I. of Hungary. Pop. 1893. 
 
 JIARTINSBERG, Transylvania." See Mautonhegt. 
 
 M.\R'T1NSBURG, a post-village and town.ship. capital of 
 Lewis CO., New York, about 130 miles N.W. of Albany. The 
 village contains, besides the county buildings, 5 or ti 
 cliurches, an academy, and manufactures of wool and 
 flour. Pop. estimated at 800; of the township in 1860, 
 2855. 
 
 MARTINSBURO, a thriving post-borough of Blair co., 
 Penn.sylvania. is situated in Momson's Cove, a rich v.illey 
 among the Alleghany Mountains, 112 miles W. of Hams- 
 burg. 
 
 MARTINSBURO, a village of Butler co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 18 miles N.N.E. of Butler., 
 
 MARTINSBURO, a post-village, capital of Berkley co., . 
 West Virginia, on Tuscarora Creek, and on the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad 100 miles W. of Baltimore. It is situated 
 in a fertile and elevated region, a few miles W. of the Blue 
 Ridge. It lias an active trade, and is an important stutior 
 on the railroad, containing the inachlne-shups and engine- 
 houses of tlie company. Tlie abundant water-power fur- 
 nished by the creek is employed in the manufacturing of 
 flour, iron, &c. The town contains a court-house, a jail, 6 
 churches, 2 academies, and an almshouse. Pop. in 1860, 
 3364. 
 
 5IARTINSBUR0, a po.st-village of Knox co., Ohio, about 
 40 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It contains an academy and 
 several churches. 
 
 MARTINSBURO, a post-village of Washington co., Indi- 
 ana. 12 miles S.S.E. of Salem. 
 
 MARTINSBUP.G, a post-olTice of Pike co.. Illinois. 
 
 MARTINSBURG, a post-village of Ripley co., Missouri, 
 190 miles S.E. by S. of Jefferson City. 
 
 MARTIN'S CREEK, of Northampton co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the DelaAvare River. 
 
 MARTIN'S CREEK, a jjost-oflice of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 M AilTlN'S CREEK, a post-office of Pickens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MARTIN'S FERRY, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 MARTIN'S FORK, a post-office of Lewis co., Kentucky. 
 
 MARTIN'S HILL, a post-office of Chemung co., New York. 
 
 JIARTIN'S LANDING, a small village of Cole co., Missouri. 
 
 JIARTINS LIMEKILNS, a post-office of Stokes co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 ^MARTIN'S STORE, a post-office of Jlacon co., Georgia, on 
 the Soutb-Western Railroad, about 50 miles E. by S. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 MAR/TINSTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 MAR'TINSVILLE, a post-village in AVheatfield township, 
 Niagara co.. New York, on the N. branch of Tonawanda 
 Creek, about 15 miles N. of Buffalo. It contains 2 stores, a 
 steam saw-mill, and a tavern. Pop. alx)ut 600. 
 
 JIARTI NSVILLE, a post-office of Somerset CO., New. Tersey. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River. 115 miles E.N.E. of 
 Harrisburg. The post-office is named Martin's Creek. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, 4 post-village, capital of Henry CO., 
 Virginia, on a branch of the Dan River, 207 miles W.S.W. 
 of itichmond. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, a post-village of Belmont CO., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio River, 2 miles above Wheeling. It contains 3 
 churclies, and several stores. Pop. 12::0. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 10 
 miles S. of Wilmington. Pop. 293. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Washington 
 township, and capital of Morgan co.. Indiana. 1 mile E. of 
 the W. fork of AVhite River, and 31 miles S.S.W. of Indian- 
 apolis. A large amount of produce is bought at this place, 
 and shipped by the river during high water. This village is 
 the western terminus of a railroad which connects with the 
 Madison and Indianapolis Railroad at Franklin. It cont.aina 
 a court-house, several churches, and a newspaper office. 
 Pop. in 1800, estimated at 1500. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co.. Illinois, on 
 the National Road, 84 miles f]. by N. of Vandalia. 
 
 MAR'TINTOWN, a post-village of Canada A\'est. co. of 
 Glengarry. 75 miles S.W. of Montreal, and 13 miles from 
 Cornwall. It contiiins several stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 MAR'TIN VAS ISLAND,", a cluster pf rocky islets in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, E. of South America 
 
 MART1R.4.N0, maR-te-rA'no, a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabi-ia Ultra, 8 miles N. of Nicastro. Pop. 2106. 
 
 MARTIRES, Los. loce maR'te-rJs, tnree small low islandt 
 in the North Pacific Ocean, about lat. 7^ 34' N.. Ion. 149<^ 29' E 
 
 1161 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 MAKTIRTOS, mar-tee're-oce, a village of Brazil, province 
 of Minas-denves, between the Velhas and the I'araiipeba. 
 The inhabitants cultivate millet, haricots, rice, and sugar- 
 cane, and make brandy. Pop. TUOo. 
 
 MAUriS, maR'tees', a village on the island of Sardinia, 
 diTi.«ion of Sassari. I'op. 1310. 
 
 JIAKTIZAY, maR't<.-e*z;l', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of ludre, arrondissement of Le Itlanc. Pop. 1932. 
 
 .MAKTLESHA.M, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 JlARTLtiT'WY, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 AIARTXKY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 MAiyiViCK, a marketrtown and parish of Euglaud, co. of 
 Bomerset, on the Parret, OJ miles AV.N.W. of Yeovil. P. 3025. 
 
 MAKTOLA MAKIA.M, maR-to'ld maVe-am', a town of 
 Abyssinia, state of Amhara, on a hill. lat. 10° 51' N., Ion. 
 87° -IS' E.. and having remains of a fine church. 
 
 MAR'TO-N, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MAKTON, a parish of England, co. of AVarwick. 
 
 MARTON, a parish of Enslaud, co. of York, North Riding, 
 5i miles X. of Stokesley. Captain Cook, the famous navi- 
 gator, was born here in 1728. 
 
 JIARTON, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 MARTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 SIARTON, LoNO. a p;irish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 
 MAR'TON WITH GRAF/TON, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding. 
 
 SLVR'TON -nciTH MOX'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 MARTON IIEGY, moRHon'hfdj', orMARTINSBERG.maK/- 
 tin.s-bLRG\ a village of Austria, Transylvania, about 12 miles 
 from Szombath. Pop. 1117. 
 
 MARToN V.A..S.\R, mou'tonVoh^sait/. a market=towii of Hun- 
 gary. 17 miles S.W. of Buda. Pop. 1394. 
 
 MARTON YOS, moR^toiiVosh', a village of Hungary, 16 
 miles .S.W. of Szegedln. on the Theiss. Pop. 4153. 
 
 MARMREL, maR-to-Kl', a town of f?pain. Catalonia, 12 
 miles N.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat, with a bridge and 
 triumiihal arch of Roman construction. Pop. 3106. 
 
 M.VRTi)S. mait-'toce. a town of Spain. Andalusia, 9 miles 
 W.S.W. of .Taen. It is indifferently built; has two squares, 
 crooked, steep, and unpaved streets; three fine churches, 
 Bome chapels, two convents, a handsome town-house, pri- 
 son, hospital, several schools, an orphan asylum, small 
 theatre, and. at some distance S. of the town, two bathing 
 establishments, the waters of which contain sulphur, mag- 
 nesia, alum'. &c. Linen, pottery ware, hats, and oil, are made. 
 Pop. 11.092. 
 
 SIARTRES, maRt'r, a market-town of France, department 
 of Haute-Ciaronne. 24 mib'S S.W. of Muret. Pop. 1650. 
 
 MARTRES UE VEYRE, man'fr deh vAr. a markeWown 
 of France, department of Puy-de-DOme. 8 miles S.E. of Cler- 
 mont. Pop. 1929. 
 
 MART'VILLK, a post-village of Sterling township, Cayuga 
 CO.. New Y'ork. 175 miles AV. by N. of Albany. 
 
 MARUA, mi-roo'd. .MAURUA, mow-roo^a, or MADPITT. 
 inOw-pee'tee, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific 
 Oceau; lat. 16° 26' S., Ion. 152° 12' W. 
 
 M.4.RUM, ml/rum, a village of Holland, province and 12 
 miles S.W. of Groningen. Pop. 794. 
 
 M.\RUTEA. See Lord Hood's Isl.vjtd. 
 
 M.\R.V.\0. (Marvao.) maR-vowxo', a fortified town of Por- 
 tugal, province of Alem-tejo, on the Spanish frontier, 11 
 miles N.E. of Portalegre, with a citadel and extensive 
 cisterns. I'op. 1300. 
 
 MARVAO, maR-vowyo', a town of Brazil, province of 
 Piauhy, on the Marvao, 150 miles N.E. of Ceiras. Pop. 
 8000. 
 
 MARYEJOLS, maRVeh-zhol', (L. Marilngium,) a town of 
 France, department of Lozere, on the right branch of the 
 Coulagues, 10 miles W.N.W. of Mende. Pop. in 1852, 4386. 
 
 MAK'VJiL, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, 150 miles 
 W. by S. of .lelferson City. 
 
 M.\RTILLE. uiaR^veel', a village of France, department 
 of Meuse. 6 miles S.E. of Montme<Jy, with 1263 inhabitants. 
 
 MAR'VIN, a post-village of Chautauqua co., Kew York, 
 about 2S0 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 MARVIN, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 MARVINS, a village in Adair co., Iowa, 170 m'iles W.S.W. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 M.^RVIN'S MILL, a post^fflce of Hancock co., Ohio. 
 
 MARWAR. a state of Hiudostan. See Joodpoor. 
 
 M.A.R'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MA'RY. a p<ist-office of Pulaski co., Arkan.sas. 
 
 MARY'AMPOL, mire-Sm'pol. a small town of Austrian 
 Qalicia, on the Dneister. 11 miles N.E. of Stanislawow. 
 
 MARY ANN, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 999. 
 
 MARY ANN FURNACE, a small village of Cumberiand 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MA'RYBOROUGH, a borough and town of Ireland, Ix"in- 
 Bter, capital of Queen's co., with a station on the Great 
 South aud West Railway, 53f miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 
 8633. 
 
 MARY'BURGH, m.Vre-burV&h, a village of Scotland, co. 
 of Inverness, on Loch Eil, at the mouth of the Lochy, im- 
 mediately S.W. of Fort WUliam. It haa a lanre herriue 
 1162 
 
 fishery. Two miles distant is the ancient castle of Tnverlochy, 
 the .seat of Banquo. progenitor of the royal house of Stuart 
 
 MA'RYCCLTER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kir.eardine, 
 on the S. liank of the Dee, 8 miles S.W. of Aberdeen. It 
 has a Roman Catholic college for divinity students. 
 
 MA'ltYHILL. a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 3 miles 
 N.W. of Glasgow, on the banks of the Kelvin, here crossed 
 by the Forth and Clyde Canal. It contains two print works, 
 bleach and glass works, an iron-foundry, spiULiug-mill, and 
 boat-building vards. Pop. 2552. 
 
 MA/RYKIRK or ABERLUXU/NET, a parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Kincardine. 
 
 MARYLAND, m.A're-l.^nd, one of the thirteen original states 
 of the American confederacy, and the most s lUthern of the 
 Jliddle States, is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by 
 Delaware and the Atlantic, and S.S.W. and W. by Virginia, 
 from which it is separated by the Potomac River. It lies 
 between 38° and 39° 44' N. lat.. and between 75° 10' and 79° 
 20' W. Ion. Maryland is very irregular in outline, occupy- 
 ing an extent of about 190 miles on its northern boundary, 
 wliich contracts on its W. side till at its southern limits it 
 ha.s scarcely half that extent, even including Chesajx'ake 
 Bay. Its greatest breadth, in a N. and S. direction, is about 
 120 miles. This state is divided by Chesajieake Bay into two 
 portions, calleti the Eastern and M estern Shore ; the two 
 division.s. exclusive of the bay, inclndiug an area of about 
 93-^6 square miles, or 5,9s7.840 acres, of which 3.002,267 were 
 improved land in 1860. The Western Shore is about double 
 the area of the Eastern. About 60 square miles of llie ori- 
 ginal territory of Maryland have been taken off by its grant 
 of the District of Columbia to the government of the United 
 States. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The surface on both shores of Chesa- 
 peake Bay is level, and the soil sandy. A range of hills en- 
 ters the state where the N. boundary strikes the Susque- 
 hanna, and extends in a S.W. direction to the Potomac 
 River, which it intersects about 10 miles above Washington 
 City. This ridge divides the alluvial from the mountainous 
 portion of the state. The mountainous district occupies the 
 strip of territory (not more than 4 miles wide in its narrow- 
 est part) in the N.W. of the state, between the Pennsyl- 
 vania line and the I'otomac River. This section is cros.sed 
 by different ridges of the Alleghany Mountains, bearing 
 different local names, such as South-East Mountain, Sugar- 
 I/oaf Mountain, Catoctin, Blue Ridge, Kittatinuy. Rugged 
 Mountain, and Will's Mountain. Ivone of these are of any 
 great elevation. A belt of primary formation, composed of 
 gneiss, mica slate, serpentine hornblende, limestone, clay 
 slate, &c., forms the mountainous part of tliis district. 
 
 Minerals. — The N.W. part of this state is rich in bituminous 
 coal and iron. The coal region, though only covering an 
 area of 550 square miles, is very productive. The trade in 
 this coal has received a double impetus recently by the com- 
 pletion of the Baltimore and tlhio Itailroad, and from the 
 increased demand for its use in steam-vessels. The sales of 
 c<ial increased from 1708 tons, in 1842, to 533.980, in 1853. 
 The extent»of its iron resources will be best shown by the 
 simple statement of the fact that there were 31 furnaces in 
 .Maryland in 1S53, smelting 70.500 tons of iron; an increase 
 of 27,000 tons over 1850. Copper mining is beginning to 
 attract much attention in this state, and mines have been 
 opened in Frederick and Carroll counties. Traces of nickel 
 and cobalt are found in the Springfield Mine, and arirentifo- 
 rous galena in the Dolby Hide Mine. Cobalt has been found 
 on the Patapsco. The capital engaged in copper mining in 
 1850, was $13,200. The other minerals are alum, poi-celain- 
 clay. lime, chrome, manganese, magnesia, barytes, marble, 
 marls, ochres, hones, and even gold. Lignites occur abun- 
 dantly in .\nne Arundel county, associated with iron pyrites 
 and amber. 
 
 Rivers and Bays. — The Chesapeake Bay extends north- 
 ward about 120 miles within this state, with a breadth va- 
 rying from 7 to 20 miles. It is navigable for large vessels 
 throughout its whole extent, and rei'eives the large and 
 navigable river Potomac at the S. extremity of the state, 
 besides the Patuxent and Patapsco fi-om tlie W.. the Sus- 
 quehanna fi-om the N., and the Elk, Chester, Choptank, 
 Nanticoke. and Pocomoke from the E. All these rivers are 
 more or less navigable for small ocean craft, and the Poto- 
 mac for the largest class vessels to Alexandria. The bay 
 aliounds with fine fish, oysters, and terrapins. Tlie waters 
 of the bay back up in numerous inlets, and bring the means 
 of cheap and easy transport almost to the very doors of the 
 farmer, beside furni^ihing him with a chc.ip supjily of a great 
 variety of the finest iish. There are a numbt-r of islands in 
 Chesapeake Bay. the principal of which are Kent Island, 
 opposite the city of Annapolis, 12 miles long, and Tangier 
 Island, farther south. 
 
 Objects nf Interest in Tourists. — Maryland shares with Vir- 
 ginia the wild scenery at Harper's Ferry, where the I'otoniac 
 bursts through the Blue Ridge, and whi<h Mr. .Icffers'in 
 declared worth a voyage across the .\tlantic to witness. The 
 falls of. the I'otomac. al>out 14 miles above Georgetown, 
 though of no great perpendicular height, are r<?presentetl 
 as being one of the moist interesting cataracts in the UniU-d 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 states. The descftnt is about 80 feet in IJ miles, from 30 to 
 40 feet of which are in one perfieiidiiuliir pitch. It is not, 
 however, the tall of water tliat cou.stitutcs the whole inter- 
 est of the sci^ne, which is very much lieijrhtcned by the 
 wild, ]jcrpendieular cliffs that fhut in the river on the \iv- 
 ginia side. 
 
 Climate, Sail, and Prndudirms. — Maryland occupies a po- 
 sition about equally removed from tlie extremes of the 
 North find South as to temperature. Her contiguity to the 
 ocean, and the fact of the Chesapeake liny permeatin;? her 
 midst, give her the advantage of whatever mitigating effects 
 large bodies of water may exert on climate. On the other 
 hand, the lowlands on the borders of the Chesapeake Bay 
 are subj<'ct to exhalations of miasmatic matter, which give 
 rise to bilious fevers and fevers with ague in the autumn. 
 
 The soil of the Eastern Shore, and some of the counties 
 on tho Western, is a mixture of sand and clay, which, 
 thou,'h not of the most fertile character, is easily impi-oved, 
 and. by the aid of manure, which it po,s»esseg at hand In its 
 extensive beds of marl, well repays cultivation. Some of 
 the valleys of the middle and northern counties are highly 
 fertile. Maryland has formerly suffered from an injudicious 
 system of agriculture, of constant cropping with but little 
 manuring. This system is, however, happily passing away ; 
 emigrants from the North are taking up the lands worn 
 out by the system referred to, and by means of giiano, 
 bone-dust, marl, and other manures, are restoring the land 
 to more than its pristine fertility. The soil receives im- 
 provement easily, is readily cultivated, and the farmers 
 emigrating from the rougher soil of the North find their 
 labors here much diminished. Maryland ranks thii-d of the 
 states of tho Union in the absolute amount of tobacco pro- 
 duced; and, if we regard population, the .second. The 
 other great staples are wheat and Indian corn; besides 
 which, large quantities of oats, rye, buckwheat, tiax, hay, 
 gras.sgeeds, Irish and sweet potatoes, pease, beans, fruits, 
 butter, beeswax, honey, and wool, and some barley, wine, 
 cheese, hops, hemp, silk, maple sugar, and molasses are pro- 
 duced. According to the census of 1860, there were in 
 Maryland o,()02,'JtJ7 acres of improved land, (1,833,304 being 
 unirnjiroved,) jirodncing 6,103,480 bushels of wheat; 618,t»01 
 of rye; 13,444,922 of Indian corn; 3,959,298 of oats; 34,407 
 of peas and beans; l,2t)4,429 of Irish potatoes; 2:i6,740 of 
 sweet potatoes; 212,338 of buckwheat; 3,195 of grass 
 seeds. 38,410,965 pounds of tobacco; 491,511 of wool; 
 5,265.295 of luitter; 8342 of cheese; 6960 of beeswa.x ; 
 193,:i.)4 of I'.oney ; 17,350 bushels of barley; 14,481 pounds 
 of flax: and t);5,821 of majjle sugar; 191,744 tons of hay; 
 live .stock valued at $14,667,853 ; orchard products at $252,1 96 ; 
 market products at $530,221 ; and slaughtered animals at 
 $2,821,510. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Several varieties of oak, pine, chestnut, 
 cedar, poplar, maple, fir, hickory, ash, beech, gum, birch, 
 persimmon, sycamore, walnut, cypress, sassafras, locust, 
 dogwood, magnolia, holly, elm, and cherry are the priu- 
 cipal woods. 
 
 Manufactures. — Maryland has a large amount of capital 
 employed in a great variety of niaimfactures. In 18tiO 
 there were in the state 3083 establishments, cmj)loying 
 28,703 persons, consuming raw material worth $25,494,007, 
 producing goods to the value of $41,735,157 annually ; total 
 amount of capital inve.sted $23,230,608. Of these 424 
 were flour and inesil establishments, capital invested $2,546,- 
 676, value of annual products $8,231,271 ; 148 men's cloth- 
 ing establishment, capital invested $1,270,150, annual pro- 
 ducts $0,271,116; 18 cotton factories, capital invested $2,- 
 234,500. annual products $2,941,277 ; 1 sugar refinerv. capi- 
 tal invested $J50,000, annual products $2,300,000; 4tj8 boot 
 and shoe manufactories, capital investetl $347,355, annual 
 products $1,287,2.56; 1 copper-smelting foundry, capital in- 
 vested $600,000, annual products $1,300,000 ; "93 establish- 
 ments for tiie manufacture and preparation of leather, capi- 
 tal invested $1,101,800, annual products $1,962,002; 16 ma- 
 chine shops, capital invested $1,384,300, annual products 
 $1,641,000; 34 provision estiiblishments, capital invested 
 $806,014, animal products $2,017,855; 7 rolling-mills, capital 
 invested $426,000, annual jiroducts $856.125 ; 27 woollen fac- 
 tories, capital invested $318,200, annual products $605,992. 
 Value of home-made manufactures, $67,003. 
 
 Internal Improvements, — Maryland was among the earliest 
 of the Cnited States to enter with zeal upon a system of 
 Internal improvements; and it is believed that a portion 
 of the lialtimore and Ohio liailroad was the first in Ame- 
 rica used for the purposes of ordinary travel and transport 
 of goods, 'i'his state, as w.ell as Pennsylvania. dis|ilayed 
 more enterpri.se than caution in projecting her earlier 
 works of intercommunication, and involved her.«elf in a 
 heavy debt, particularly for the construction of the Chesa- 
 peake and Oliio Canal, for which, up to the year 1839, she 
 had expended upwards of $7,000,0<X), and which has never 
 been completed beyond Cumterland, (184 miles.) nor yielded 
 a remunerating income in tolls. Maryland has loaned and 
 expended more than $15,000,000 in aid of railroads and 
 canals, which are now likely to become richly remunera- 
 tive. She has already a sinking fund of $2,922,750, which 
 3X 
 
 will probably be multiplied rapidly by the increased pro. 
 duetiveness of the completed works. Discoveries of new 
 veii-.s of coal in the Cumberland coal region, for whidi 
 there is now a great demand for steamships and other pur- 
 poses, together with the increased iiroi'uction of iron from 
 the same region, cannot fail to add gieatly to the income 
 from tlie canal. According to the census of 1800, there 
 were in Maryland 380 miles of railroivl in operatiun, costing 
 $21,387,1.57. These roads connect lialtimore with Wheeling 
 and Cincinnati, and various intermediate places, with Wash- 
 ington City, with \\'ilmington, in Delaware, with Harris- 
 burg, York, and I'hiladeliihia, in Pennsylvania, and with 
 Annapolis, the state ca|dtal. The Che.sapeake and Dela- 
 ware Canal opens an inland navigation to Philadelphia, 
 and the Susquehanna Canal gives lialtimore a share iu the 
 trade of the interior of Pennsylvania, bringing to her the 
 lumber of Southern New York. Ilagerstown, in Jlaryland, 
 is also connected with Chambersburg, Carlisle, and llarris- 
 burg, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oimmerce. — Maryland pos.sesses great facilities both for 
 foreign and intern.il commerce, having (he Chesapeake Bay, 
 navigable for the largest vessels, extending through the 
 heart of her territory, and her south-western shore washed 
 by the Potomac and the Susquehanna, floating a portion 
 of the products of Southern New Y'ork and the interior of 
 Pennsylvania to her commercial metropoli.s. Communicat- 
 ing witl) the great West by the Baltimore and Ohio liailroad, 
 and the Che.s.ipeake and Ohio Canal; with Pennsylvania 
 and the north-east, by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal ; 
 and by .several railroads, Maryland has every prospect of 
 increasing her trade in a rapid ratio. The Cumberland coal, 
 now much in demand for steamcr.s, will add greatly to her 
 coiisting tonnage. The prime articles of foreign export are 
 flour, wheat, pork, and tobacco. The imports of Maryland 
 for the year eniling June 30, 1863, amounted to $4,4s4,399; 
 and the exports to $12,089,072. The tonnage entered was 
 128,565; tonnage cleared, 142,234; owned in the state, 
 2X8,800. During the year, 167 vessels, including 5 steamers, 
 were built, tlnj tonnaj!;e of which was 12,787. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1850, Maryland 
 hail 11 colleges, with 992 students and $101,714 income, of 
 wliich only$17tH) was from public funds; 907 public schools, 
 with 33.264 pu)>ils and $220,148 income, of wliich $67,273 
 was from public- funds, and $88,663 from taxation ; and 224 
 academies and other schools, with 10,677 pupils and $242,229 
 income, of which $7165 was from public funds, and $14,995 
 from endowments. Attending schools, as reported by fami- 
 lies, 62.063. Free adults who could not read and write, 
 41.877, of whom 3451 were of foreign birth. According to 
 the American Almanac, there were in 1853, in JIaryland, 5 
 colleges with 433 students, and 2 medical schools with 125 
 students. 
 
 Heligious Denominations. — Of the 1016 churches in Mary- 
 land iu 1860, the Biiptists owned ;i4; Tunker Baptists, 13; 
 Episcopalians, 158; Eriends. 20; German Kefornied, 29; 
 Lutlierans, 65; Methodises, 541 ; Presbyterians, 68 ; Roman 
 Catholics, 82; and minor .sects, 26; giving 1 church to eVery 
 676 persons. Value of church property, $5,516,150. 
 
 I'erioiHcalx. — There were published in Maryland in 1860, 
 6 daily, 2 tri-weekly, and 4'J weekly ptditical papers. Ve 
 have no returns of the literary and religious periodicals. 
 The number of copies issued annually was 20,721,472. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The State Penitentiary, located 
 at Baltimore, received a state apprfpriation in 1851 of 
 $30,000. The number of convicts in this institution in 
 December, 1852, was 305, of whom 54 were minors; but foi 
 the latter class a pltice of correction rather than punish- 
 ment is about to be supplied, in a House of Refugfe, now in 
 course of construction, which will embrace the improve- 
 ments suggested by institutions established in other states. 
 Tho Maryland Hospital for the Insane, at Baltimore, had 
 164 patients under care in the year 1852. of whom 101 were 
 private patients, and 63 public. Of these. 34 were admitted 
 during the year, 10 recovered, 18 were iischarged. 3 im- 
 proved, 15 unimproved, and 6 died. The expenditures for 
 the year were $25,647,06. From the establishment of this 
 institution, in the early part of the present centuify, up to 
 this time, (18.53.) it has received from the state $111,000, 
 and from other sources $98,000. There were iu Maryland 
 in 1850, 17 public libraries with 54,750 volumes, 92 Sunday- 
 school and school libraries, with 34.650 volumes, 10 college 
 libraries with 33,792, and 5 church libraries with 1850 vol- 
 umes, 
 
 I'opulation. — Maryland was originally settled mostly by 
 the English, but it partakes at present of much the same 
 mixture of population that characterizes the United States 
 generally. The number of inhabitants was 319,728 in 1790, 
 341,548 in 1800; 380,546 in 1810; 407.350 in 1820; 447.040 
 in 1830; 470,019 in 1840; 583,034 in 1850; and, in 1860, 
 687,049; of whom 615,918 were white, 83,941 free colored, 
 and 87,189 slaves. Population to the square mile, 73 : rep- 
 resentative population, 652,173. Of the free population, 
 481,061 were born in the state, 42,163 in other states, 77536, 
 in foreign countries; of whom 4235 were born in England, 
 24872 Iu Ireland, 1583 in Scotland, 701 in Wales, 333 iu 
 
 1153 
 
MAR 
 
 British Amerl( a, 43.884 in Germany, 599 in France, 376 in 
 Holland. 220 in Italy, 177 in Switzerland, 176 iu the West 
 Indies, and 380 in other foreign countries. Of the population 
 engaged iu the leading pursuits, 29,244 were laborers, 27,696 
 farmers, 16.r.S-> servants, 12,920 farm laborers. 5572 carpen- 
 ters, 5503 clerks, 4536 shoemakers, 3918 mariners, 3511 ap- 
 prentices, 3:349 laundresses, 3182 merchants, 2903 seiuii- 
 stresses, 2844 tailors, 2495 blacksmiths, 1462 teachers, 1205 
 tiiiloressea, 1424 coopers, 1144 miners, 1429 carters, 1198 
 painters, 1093 physicians, 1044 millers, 1046 machinists, 1096 
 butchers, 849 wheelwrights, 739 iunkeepers, 731 clergymen, 
 ancl 599 lawyers. In tlie year ending June 1st, 1860. there 
 occurred 7370 dejiths, or 10-9 in every thousand. Of 237 
 ^eaf and dumb, 35 were slaves. (See Ixtroductiok to the 
 <olunie on Population of the Eightli Cm-'xis. pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, 
 &o.) Of 298 blind, 34 were slaves; of 560 insane, 14 were 
 slaves: of 305 idiotic, 62 were slaves. 
 
 Omntif^. — Maryland is divided into 21 counties, viz.. Alle- 
 ghany, Anne Arundel. Baltimore. Calvert. Caroline, Carroll. 
 Cwil, Charles, Dorchester, Freiierick. Harford, Howard. 
 Kent^ Moutsfomery, I'rince George, Queen Anne, St. ,Alary"s. 
 Somerset, Talbot, Washington, and Worcester. Capital, 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Cities imd Towns. — The principal tfwns of 5Iaryland are 
 Baltimore, population 212,418; Frederick 8142, (Cumberland 
 about S5(X), Annaix)Iis 4629, Ciimbridge 1862, Chestertown 
 ln.«i. F.Uioott's Mills 1444, Leonardtown568, Greensborough 
 406. ani Westminster. 
 
 Government. Finances. Banks. &c. — The governor of Mary- 
 land is elected by the people for four years, and lias a salary 
 of §3600 per annum, with the use of a furnished house. 
 The Senate consists of 22 members, elected for four, and 
 the HouiK of Representatives of 74. elected for two years, 
 both by the people. The state is divided into three districts, 
 from which the governor must be chosen in rotation. The 
 sessions of the leirislature are biennial, and convene on the 
 first Wednesday iu January. The judiciarj' consists 1. Of 
 a court of appeals, composed of four judges, elected from 
 district,* by popular vote for ten years, but ea^h judge must 
 retire at the age of 70. The governor and Senate designate 
 one of the four as chief justice; 2. Of ei.iiht circuit courts, 
 presided over by as many judges, each elected from a sepa- 
 rate district, by popular vote, for ten years. The fifth cir- 
 cuit comprises tlie city of Baltimore, wliich has three courts, 
 viz. a superior court, court of common plea-s. and a criminal 
 court. The judie of the latter is elected for six years: 3. Of 
 an orphans' court in each county, and iu the city of Balti- 
 more, composed of three persons as judges, elected by popu- 
 lar vote for four years. Kegisters. sheriffs, constjibles. jus- 
 tices of the peaoe. and prosecuting attorneys are all elected 
 by the people, for periods varying fi-om two to .six yeai-s. 
 The juJ,ges of the court of appeals, and the Baltimore city 
 courts, receive .salaries of $2500. and the circuit judges $2000 
 per annum. The office of attorney-general lias been abo- 
 lirhed by the new constitution. No debt is to be contracted 
 by the state for a greater sum than $100,000, or for a longer 
 period than 15 years. Every free white male citizen of the 
 United .states. 21 years of age, resident in tlie state one 
 year, and in the county, town, or city where he offers to 
 Tote, for six months next preceding the election, may vote. 
 Maryland is entitled to 5 members in the >iation:il House 
 of Kepresentatives, and to 7 electoral votes for I'resident of 
 the United States. The assessed value of real estate, accord- 
 ing to the census of 1860. was $65,341,4-38, and that of per- 
 sonal property $231,793,800. The public del)t, on the 30th 
 of September, ls62, after deducting the sinking-fund and 
 railroad bonds owned by the state, Wiis $6,238,070. The 
 receipts for 186:3 were '$1,99:3.608, and the expenditures 
 $1,546,859. $565,280 were received from direct and specific 
 taxes, and $280,4:38 from licenses. There were in this state, 
 according to tlie census of 18i")0, 31 banking institutions, 
 with an aggregate capital of $12,568,962, a circulation of 
 $4,106,869, and $2,779,418 in specie. 
 
 HisUrry. — Maryland derived its name from Henrietta 
 Maria, queen of Charles I., who granted to Lord Baltimore 
 a charter for the territory now occupied by the present state 
 of Maryland. Leonard Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore, 
 led the first colony, which settled at St. Mary's, in 1634. In 
 1649. to her lasting honor, Maryland passed an art granting 
 reli.:ious toleration to all sects and creeds. In 1660, when 
 Philip Calvert assumed the government, the colony had 
 12,000 inh.ahitants: eleven years afterwards they had in- 
 crea.s<Kl to 20.000. In 1688. William III. assumed the govern- 
 ment; which, however, was restored to the Calvert &mily 
 twenty-seven years later. In 1694 and 1695. a disease pre- 
 vailed among the stock, carrving off about 90.000 cattle and 
 hogs. In 1753. the colony'li-id 154.188 inhabitants. No 
 conspicuous engagement took place in Maryland during the 
 Revolutionary contest, but some of the se.ssions of the con- 
 tinentiil Congress were held at Annapolis, and there ^Vash- 
 ingti^in resigned his command at the close of the war. 
 During the wnr of 1S12. however, her territory was twice 
 InvadtHi by the British, who were gallantly repulsed from 
 North Point near Baltimore, September 13, 1814: although 
 they htvi gained a temporary triumph a few weeks before 
 1164 
 
 MAS 
 
 at Bladen<hurg. The constitution of JIaryland underwent 
 a radical change at the Revolution, and has been twice re- 
 modelled since, viz. in 18:33 and 1851. 
 
 MARYLAND, a post-village and township in the S.E. part 
 of Otsego CO. New York, about 65 miles W. by S. of Albany 
 Pop. 2228. 
 
 MARYLAND LINE, a postroffice of Baltimore co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 MAOtY'LEBONE or ST. MARYLEBONE, a pariiamentary 
 borough and parish of England, co. of Middlesex, firming 
 the N.W. quarter of the metropolis, having E. the l«jrough 
 of Finsbury, and S. Westminster, on which side i»xfor4 
 Street forms its boundarj'. Pop. 4-36,228. The borough con- 
 sists mostly of elegant streets, very regularly laid out, and 
 inhabited by many wealthy private families: and it com- 
 prises the Regent's Park, Portland Place, the uj per part of 
 Regent Street, Cavendish, Portman, Manchester, and i itzroy 
 Squares ; the new and splendid quarter betwi-eu the Regent's 
 and Hyde Parks, the Colosseum, Princess's Theatre, >iiddle- 
 sex Hospital, the terminus of the Great Western Railway, and 
 several handsome churches. Since the Reform Act it has 
 sent 2 members to the House of Couiuioiis. 
 
 MA'RYPORT. a seaport town of England, co. of Cumber- 
 land, on the Ellen, at its mouth in the Irish Sea, con- 
 nected by railway, 26 miles W.S.W. of Carlisle, and 12 miles 
 X.N.E. of ^Vhjtehaven. Pop. in 1851, 5698. It is well 
 built; has yards for shipbuilding, some manufactures of 
 cottons, and large exports of coal to Scotland and Irelaua 
 Registered shipping in 1846, 122 vessels; aggregate burden, 
 15.416 tons. The harbor dfies at low water. 
 
 MARY'S CREliK, Texas, rises in Cook co., and flows 
 south-eastward into Stewart's Fork, in Tarrant county. 
 
 MARY'S GARDEN, a post-office of Cumberland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 M.\'RYSTOW. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 M.VRYSVILLE, a post-village in Campbell co., A'irginia, 
 near Staunton liiver, 115 miles S.W. by W. of Richmond 
 
 M.VRYSVILLI';, a post-village, capital of Cbarhate co., 
 Virginia, is situated near the railroad from Richmond to 
 Danville. 100 mUes S.\V. of the former. It contains 3 
 churches, an academy, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 MARYSVILLE, a post-office of Kohesou co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 MARY'SVILLE, a post-office of Itawamha co.. MississippL 
 
 M.\RYSV1LLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Blount 
 CO.. Tennes.see, 18 miles S. by W. of Knoxville. and al'Out 8 
 miles S. of Holston River. It is the .seat of the South- 
 western Theological Seminary, founded by the Pi-esbyteriana 
 in 1821. 
 
 MARYSVILLE. See Cl.\tsville. 
 
 M.-VRY'SVILLE. a thriving post-vill."ige of Paris township, 
 capital of Union co.. Ohio, on Mill Creek, 30 miles N.W. of 
 Columbus. It is situated in a beautiful and fertile country, 
 at the intersection of two railroads, connecting it with Co^ 
 lumbus, Springfield, Ciucinnati, &c. Marysville contains a 
 court-house, an academy, and several churches. Pop. 849. 
 
 MARYSVJLLE, a piist-villago of Beutou co., Iowa, 40 
 miles N.W. by N. of Iowa City. 
 
 MARY'SVILLE, the capital of Marshall CO., Kansas, on the 
 Big Blue River, 90 miles N.W. of Topeka. It contains a court- 
 house, 5 stores, 2 hotels, 1 flouring-mill, and 2 saw-mills. One 
 newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1864, about .'.00. 
 
 MARYSVILLi;, a flourishing city, capital of Yuba co., 
 California, is .situated on the N. bank of Y'uba River, 1 mile 
 above its junction with Feather River, and about llW miles 
 N.N.E. of Benicia. Steamboats ply regularly between this 
 town and San Franci.-co; and the main road from Sacra- 
 mento City passes through it. Two divily and 2 weekly 
 newspapers are published here. The town was commenced 
 ,lato in the fall of 1849. A city charter was gi-anted Feb- 
 ruary 5, 1851, and amended May 7, 1853. The population 
 in 1860 was 4740; in 1865 it is estimated at 7000. See 
 Appe.ndix. 
 
 MARYSVILLE. a post-village of Benton co., Oregon, on 
 the W. bank of the Willamette River. 
 
 MARY-TAVY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SIA'RYTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 MA'RYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Nodaway co., 
 Missouri, about 48 miles N. of St. Joseph. Free j-op. 427. 
 
 MARZAMENI, maRd-zi-m.^'nee, a small island off the S.K 
 coast of Sicily, 21 miles S.S.W. of Syracuse. 
 
 MARZANO, maRd-?,it/no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro. 24 miles E.N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 1400. 
 
 M.\S AGENAIS. Le. leh m3z d'zheh-n;i/, a small town of 
 France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne, 7 
 miles W.N.W. of Marmande. Pop. 1416. 
 
 M.\S-A-FUERA. mis-i-fwA'rd, a rocky island in the Pnnte 
 Ocean, belonging to Chili. 110 miles W. of the island of Juan 
 Fernandez, and rising to 2300 feet above the occnn. Lat. 
 33'> 49' S., Ion. 80° 64' 30" AV. It is about 10 mil-;s in cir- 
 cumference. The appellation Mas-a-Fuera, signifying ''fui^ 
 ther out." [to sea,] was given to this island in coutvadi.stino- 
 tion to Jd.\n F£Rn.v.ni>ez, which was called Uas-u-Tierju, 
 (•• nearer the land.'") 
 
 MASAMBEEK or MASAMBIK. Se' Sloz.viiBig:£. 
 
HAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 MASAXA^A, mJ-sl-nS'sJ. a village of SpnJn, province 
 ami alx)Ut 4 miles W.S.W. of Valencia. )*op. 1915. 
 
 MA.SAU'DIS, a post-township of Aroostook CO., Maine. 
 Intersected by Aroostook Kiver. 
 
 M.\S-A-TliiKKA Islam). See .Tuax Fer\a\T)EZ. 
 
 MASAVA. mi-si'd. a town of Central America, state and 
 40 miles N.W. of Nicaragua, at the foot of the volcano of 
 Masava. 
 
 MA'sbATE. mds-bi'tA. one of the Philippine Islands. Ma- 
 lay Archipcliigo. S. of Luzon, and W. of !<amar. Lenprth, 
 from K. to W.. about 70 miles, avera<;e breadth 20 miles. 
 Here are the ports of Barreras and Oatavuiian. 
 
 MAS'l{()ROU(;i£. a village of lOnu'land, with a station on 
 the Midland Railway, f^ee Kothkriiam. 
 
 .MA.-<CAL. mis-kdi'.or .MASCALLY.mas-kailee, an island 
 of Uritish India, presidency of Ben;ra1, district of Chitta- 
 ponj. in the I5ay of Bengal, near the coast, 42 miles S.S.E. 
 of Isliimabad. 
 
 MASCALI. mis-kjlee, a seaport town of Sicily, intendency 
 and 18 miles N.N.E. of Catania, near the foot of Mount 
 Mtnu. I'op. 4000. It is decaying, while its outports. Giarre 
 and itiposto. are rising in importance: but it has an active 
 fishery, and trade in wine, lime, corn, timtwr. fruit. an<l lava. 
 Ma.scali has some curious Saracenic and other antiquities. 
 
 MASCAI.UCIA. md-s-ka-loo/ch.!, a town of Sicily, 5 miles 
 N. of Catania, on the E. declivity of Mount ^Etna. I'op. 
 2000. It suffered .severely from an eartlniuake in 1S18. 
 
 MASCARA. mls'kaVd', or VICTO'UIA,a town of Algeria, 
 province and ib miles S.E. of Oran. I'op. in 1849, 4.512. of 
 whom 1710 were Europeans. It^was the residence of Abd- 
 el-Kader : was taken and ruined by the French in 1 8.35 ; 
 afterwards cedetl to Abd-el-Kader, and again occupied in 
 1841. It gave its n.ame to the W. province of Algiers, called 
 also Tlemkcev, and now Oran. 
 
 SIA.**CARENE (mas-ka-roen') ISLES, a collective name of 
 the islands of Bourbon. Mauritius, and Rodrigues, in the 
 Indian Ocean, so called from the I'ortugue.se Mascarenhas, 
 who discovered Bourbon in 1545. 
 
 MASCAT. or MASCATE. in Arabia. See Muscat. 
 
 MAS'OOMY RIVER, a sm.all stream of Gr.afton co.. near 
 the centre of New Hampshire, falls into Ma.scomy Pond. 
 
 MASCOUTAH, m.as-koo'tah. a post-vill.ige of St. Clair co.. 
 Illinois. 25 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis. It has 1 Metho<Iist 
 and 1 Catholic church, and a steam flouring-mill. 
 
 .ALVS DK AZIL, nids dA .l^zeel', a small town of France; de- 
 partment of Arifige. 12 miles \V.S.W. of I'amiers. Pop. 1590. 
 
 MAS DK LAS MATAS, mjis drl Iris md'tds, a, town of 
 Spain, province of Teruel. Pop. 1809. 
 
 JIASII'AM. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 York. North Riding, on the Ure, 16 miles S.S.E. of Kich- 
 mond. Pop. of the town. 1318. 
 
 SIASIPAl'AUU', a post-office of Tolland CO.. Connecticut. 
 
 MVSH'lUIRY.a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 M.VSII i\V', mSVhow', or MASS.\(). inasVow'. a town of 
 South Africa, Bechuana country, about 115 miles N.E. of 
 Lattakoo. Pop. lO.OOOf?). 
 
 MASI. mS'see. a village of .Austrian Italy. 28 miles S.W. 
 of Padiia. on the Adige. Pop. 2220. 
 
 MASK), md'se-o. a village of the Stirdinian States, 2 miles 
 from f)vi!rlio. on the Tanaro. Pop. 1898. 
 
 MASIUS MONS. See Kara Dagh. 
 
 MASK AT. Arabia. See Muscat. 
 
 MASK. LOUOII. lAri mask, a lake of Ireland, cos, of G»]- 
 way and Mavo. 11 miles S. of Castlebar, almvit S miles loiv.r. 
 
 ilASKE'CJON. or MASKE'GO, a river of Michisran. rises 
 In the N. central part of the state, and flowing nearly south- 
 westward, enters Lake Michigan in Ottawa county, about 12 
 miles N.N.W. of Grand Ilaven. Its whole length is esti- 
 mat(!d at 2i)0 miles, and it is navigable 25 miles from its 
 mouth. Fifty miles from its mouth it has a fall of 25 feet, 
 Maskegon Lake, an expansion of the river, is 10 miles long, 
 find is .about half a mile from Lake Michigan. 
 
 BIASKE'GON or M US KE'GON, a post-township inMnske- 
 gori CO.. Michigan. intercei)ted by Muskegon Kiver. Popu- 
 lation 1450. See MusKEc,o.\. 
 
 Ivt ASNOU, mds-noo' (?), a village of Spain, on the Barce- 
 lona and Mators Railway, about 10 miles from Baieelona. 
 
 MA'SON, a county in the W. part of West Virginia, bor- 
 dering on the Ohio Kiver: area 300 square miles. The 
 Kanawha Kiver flows through the middle of the county 
 into the Ohio. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys ; 
 the soil is productive. Timber and stone-coal are abundant. 
 Salt springs of great value have lately been found near the 
 Ohio Kiver in this county, and several furnaces for preparing 
 salt are now in operation. Formed in 1804. and named in 
 honor of GeorL'e Mason, a distinguished statesman of A'lr- 
 5,-inia. Capital, Point Pleasant. Pop. 9173; of whom 8797 
 were free, and ■T,(i slaves. 
 
 MASON, a county in the N.N.E, part of KentucKy. bor- 
 dering on the Ohio, contains 2.30 square miles. The Ohio 
 River bounds it on the N., and it is intersected by the X. 
 fork of the Licking, and al.so drained by Limestone and 
 Lee's Creeks. A bold range of hills extends along the Ohio 
 Kiver, and the surface of the Interior is finely diversified. 
 The soil is calcareous, deep, and highly productive. The 
 
 county is intersected by a turnpike leading to Lexington. 
 Capital, Maj'sville or Washington. Pop. 18,222, of whom 
 14.4.00 werc! free, and .3772 slaves. 
 
 MASON, formerly NOTIPKSKAGO, a newly formed co 
 in the W. part of Michigan, borderingon Tj)ke M:c}?igrt!i.O',>i> 
 tains about 400 square miles. It is intersected by theNnti- 
 peskago River. The census of 1560 states the population at 
 831. 
 
 MASON, a county in the W. central part of Illinois, has 
 an area of 540 square miles. The Illinois and Sangamon 
 Rivers form its boundaries on the N.W. and the S.. and unite 
 at its western extremity. The surface is generally level, 
 and liable to submersion ; the soil is very productive. Stono 
 coal is abundant. The Illinois River furnishes an easy 
 access to the Northern and Southern markets. Capital, 
 Havana. Pop. 6921. 
 
 MA.'^ON, a post-village and township in Hillsborough co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Peterlx>rough and Shirley Railroad, 
 38 miles S. by W. of Concord. Pop. 1626. 
 
 M.VSON. a post-office of .lackson co., Tennessee. 
 
 M.\SON, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1132. 
 
 JIASON, a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, about 'M) miles 
 S.W. of Columbus, contains a few stores, and 431 inhabitants. 
 
 M.\.SON. a village of Branch co., Jlichigan, on the ("old- 
 water River, 85 miles S.S.W. of Lansing, and IJ miles from 
 the Southern Railroad. 
 
 .M.\SO.N, a township of Cass co.. Michigan. Pop. 570. 
 
 JIASON, a thriving postrvillage, capital of Ingham co., 
 Michigan, 12 miles S.K. of Lansing. The Sycamore Cteek, 
 which passes through the village, affords water-power 
 Mason is the oldest village in the county, and was first 
 settled about 1837. Pop. in 18,53, about COO. 
 
 MASO.NE. md-so/n^. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Genoa. 3 miles from Campofreddo. Pop. 2027. 
 
 >I.\SON GROVE, a post-village of Madison CO., Tennessee, 
 15 miles N.AV. of .Iack.son. 
 
 MASO.N HALL, a post-ofRce of Orange co., North Carolina. 
 
 M.\.'iON II.ALL. a postHiftice of Obion co., Tenncs.see, 153 
 miles W. bv N. of Nashville. 
 
 MASON'IC COI/LEGE, of Marion co., Missouri, about 12 
 miles W. of Palmyra. It was founded in 1831 originiilly as 
 a manual labor school, and it has still a large tract of land 
 occupied as a farm. In 1852, It had 5 instructors, and 45 
 students. 
 
 MASON ISLAND, a small island of Ireland, co. of Gal way, 
 14 miles S.E. of Clifden. 
 
 .MASON RIVER, Illinois, a little stream which falls into 
 the Illinois Hiver. opposite to Morris, in Grundy co. 
 
 M.\Si l.\"S l'( II NT. a small post-village of Benton CO., Ten- 
 nessee, on the Tennessee River. 
 
 M.4'S0NS\'ILLE. a village of Thomp.son township, Wind- 
 ham CO.. Connecticut, on the Norwich and Woixester Rail 
 road. 37 miles N. by W. of Norwich. 
 
 M.\'S0NTOWN. a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania^ 
 194 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. 
 
 .M.ASON VILLAGE, a post-village of Hillsborough CO., 
 New Hampshire, at the terminus of the Peterborough and 
 Shirley Railroad. 23 miles from Groton. 
 
 .MA'SONVILLK. a postrvillage and township in the W 
 part of Delaware co.. New York, about 95 miles S.W. of 
 Albany. Pop. 1550. 
 
 MASON VI LLE. a po.st-village in I,anderdnle CO.. Alabama 
 near the Tennessee Kiver, about 200 miles N.N.AV. of Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 M.\SONVILLE, a small village of Daviess co.. Kentucky. 
 
 MASOVIA, mi-so've-4, the name of a former palatinate of 
 Poland, since named the Province of Warsaw. 
 
 M.AS'PETH, a post-ofllce of Queen's co., New York. 
 
 M.\SSA, Miil.s'sii, a \VitllL-(l town ot Noriheru Italy, about 
 52 miles S.E. of Leghorn. Pop, 1400. 
 
 SIAS'SAC, a county in the S, part of Illinois, bordering 
 on the Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky, has 
 an area of about 140 square miles. The surface is uneven 
 and heavily timbered. Stone-coal and lead are found in the 
 county, but not worked. Capital, Metropolis, Pop, 4092, 
 
 MASSAC, a village of Massac co,, Illinois, on the Ohio 
 River. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, mas^sa-chu'setts, one of the original 
 states of the American Confederacy, and one of the New 
 England or Eastern States, is bounded on the N, by A'ep- 
 mont and New Ilamp.shire, E. by the Atlantic. S. by tho 
 .\tl«ntic, Khode Island, and Connecticut, and W, by New 
 York, It lies between 41° 10' (including the island.s") and 
 42° 53' N. lat.. and between 69° 50' and 73° 30' W. Ion. It 
 is very irregular in shape, the S.E. portion projecting into 
 the ocean so as almo.»t to enclose Cape Cod Bay. The 
 greatest length of the state from E. to W. is about 145 miles, 
 and it has in the longitude of Boston a breadth of about 90 
 miles, while the western porticn is not more than 48 miles 
 wide. It includes an area of about 78u0 square miles, or 
 4,992,000 acres, of which 2,1.55,512 are improved. 
 
 Facn of the Country. — The surface of JIassachusetts ia 
 generally uneven, and in many parts ruL'ged and mountain- 
 ous. The middle, eastern, and north-eastern portions are 
 hilly and broken, and the southeastern Jevel and saudy 
 
 1165 
 
MAS 
 
 T)ie western po> Hon. tliongh mountainons, doos not attnin 
 a vt-ry great elevution above the sea. Siiddle Momitiiin, in 
 the X.w. extrei-iity, 3.505 feet in altituJe. is tlie hijrhest 
 land in the state. This is a peak of the Green Mountains, 
 which enter the state from A'ermont and pass into Con- 
 necticut. They run nearly parallel with the Connecticut 
 River, at distances of about 20 to 30 miles. The Other 
 principal mountains are the isolated peaks of Mount Tom, 
 and Mount Hoi yoke, near Northampton — the tbrmer on the 
 V>'., and the latter on the K. side of the Connecticut ; and 
 Wachusett Mountain, .\. of the miiidle of the state. Wa- 
 chusett has an elevation of about 2018 feet. Mount Tom of 
 12l>0, and Ilolyokeof 910 feet. The tinmen Jlountain divides 
 into two ranjres in Massachu.setts ; the most western and 
 most elevated is called the Tau^'kannic. or Taconic. and the 
 eastern the lloosic Kidire, and is about half the heiirht of the 
 other. Saddle Mountain, already named, and liald Moun- 
 tain, Mount Krerett. or Mount "Washin<?ton, by all which 
 names it is designated. '2H2i feet in height, in the S.VV. an<;le 
 of the state, are peaks of the Taujikannic Range. Mount 
 Ilolyoke, Slount Tom. and Wachusett Mountain are con- 
 sidered as detached parts of the Great White Mountain 
 Range from New Hampshire. 
 
 Genlngy. — The rocks of Ma.«sachuRetts are mostly primary, 
 in some places covered with the older secondary forn\ation. 
 A b<'lt of this kind. 10 to 15 miles in width, extends from 
 Boston S.W. to Rhode Island. The primary rocks extend 
 in the N. to the ocean's verge, while the valley of the Con- 
 necticut rests on a l>ed of red sjindstone. The primary rocks 
 of this state form some excellent building stone, and the 
 gray granite of Quincy Hills has probably its representative 
 in one or more of the public buildings of every great city or 
 town from Massachusetts to Texas. The mountains of the_ 
 western part of the state are composed of granite, gneiss,' 
 quartz and other siliceous rocks, of mica and clay slates, 
 limestone, and hornblende. The white marble of Herkshire 
 county is a tine building material, and forms parts of the 
 walls and columns of Girard College at Philadelphia. The 
 soapstone ('steatite) of Hanipshh-e county is largely used 
 as a building material, and is exported for that purpose. 
 The other minerals are serpentine, asbestos, slattf, some 
 anthracite coal in the secondary formation, some copper in 
 Northampton and .Southampton, plumbago, ochres, argilla- 
 ceous earths, lead and iron ; the last is found in Plymouth 
 and Bristol counties, but in greatest abundance W. of the 
 Connecticut River. The annual pnxluct of the state, accord- 
 ing to Whitney, is about 12.000 tons. Lead exists in North- 
 ampton, (where mines were worked as early as 17t>5.1 and in 
 Hampshire county. There are some thin coal seams 5 miles 
 from Mansfield, and some plumbaginous anthracite in 
 AVorcester. 
 
 Kii-ers. Bayn, and Jtlancls. — The E. and S.E. border of 
 Massachusetts is much indenteil with bays. A large gulf, 
 between Cape Ann and Cape C<xl. has protrudeil itself for 
 about 25 miles in a S.W.. and 65 in a S.E. direction, into 
 the eastern part of the state; the northern portion having 
 received the name of Mass:ichusett,s. and the southern of 
 Cape C<xl Bay. Buzzard's Bay from the S. extends in a N.E. 
 direction towards Cape Cod Bay, forming Barnstable county 
 into a p«'ninsula almost enclosing Cape Cod Bay. Plymouth 
 Bay is a smaller inlet of Cajie Cod on the AV. The Connecti- 
 cut River, which passes through the W. part of the state, 
 is the only large river in Ma.ssaehusctts ; and even thi,«, on 
 a.-count of its rapid descent, is not navigable in this state 
 without the aid of canals and locks. The Slerrimack, from 
 New Hampshire, runs 35 miles within the N.E. portion of 
 Massachusetts, and by means of its falls and rapids, fui^ 
 nishes valuable water-power to the great manufacturing 
 towns of Lowell and Lawrence. It receives within the 
 limits of Massachusetts the Nashua and Concord Rivers 
 fiom the .S.W. Bl.ickstone River passes from the centre 
 of the state S.E. to Narraganset I5ay. The Connecticut 
 receives Miller's .and Chickopee Rivers from the E., and 
 the Deerfield and Westfield from the W. The Ilousatonic 
 rises in the N.W. of Massachusetts, and runs S. into the 
 state of Connecticut. Taunton River, celebrated for its 
 water-power, and on whosi- banks stand the manufacturing 
 towns of Taunton and fall River, runs from the S.E. part 
 of this state into Narragansett Bay. Charles River, from 
 the interior, separates Boston from Charle.-town, and Hows 
 into M.assachusetts Bay. The rivers of this state furnish 
 abundant water-power, and in many places exhiliit wild 
 and romantic scenery. Tliere are several small islands l<e- 
 longing to this state.' near the S.K. shore. The principal of 
 these are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, chiefly noted 
 for their employment in the whale and other fisheries. Nan- 
 tucket Island has an area of alx)ut 50 square miles, and 
 Martha's Vineyard 85. 
 
 Oliji'jis of Interest to Tnurixtn. — Massachusetts aliounds in 
 picturesque scenery. This observation is especially true of 
 the western part of the state, and the view of the Connec- 
 ticut River and Valley from Mount Holyoke has Ions; been 
 ci'lebrate.1. Though rather less than 1000 feet in heij^ht. 
 the views It command.s. and its ejisy ascent, beinit traversed 
 to its summit by a good carriage road, have invited hither 
 i16a 
 
 MAS 
 
 many tourists in the suuson for travelling. The spectat(jr 
 lias below him the beautiful meandering Connecticut wend- 
 ing its way through the meadows and among the villages, 
 while to the S.W.. and at no great distance, is Mount Tom ; 
 and still larther in the same direction. Bald or Washington 
 Mount, and in the N.W. Saddle Mountain, the highest 
 ground in the .state; and turning to the E. and N.ii. ha 
 has the peaks of Wachusett in Ma.-s;ichusetts, and Monad- 
 nock in New Hampshire; the ijitermediate parts of the 
 scene being filled up with a great variety of lamlscape, vil- 
 lages, hill.«. rivulets, and low mountains. There is a good 
 hotel on the top of Mount Holyoke. and in the vicinity 
 the beaatiful village of Northampton, at which the tourist 
 may take up his quarters and make his excursion from 
 thence over the mountain. A yet more extensive view is 
 obtained from Saildle Mountain, but it has hitherto lain 
 more out of the line of travel, and been less visited, though 
 of thrice the elevation of Mount Tom. It commands a view 
 of the surrounding country for 40 or 50 miles, extemlrng to 
 the Catskills on the W.. overlooking the Green Mountains 
 on the N., S., and E.. and on the N.E. reaching to Monad- 
 nock Mountain, in New Hampshire. This mountain is 
 fertile to the summit, near which is a small lake or pond. 
 Goo<lrich describes a phenomenon as having occurred hero 
 in 17S4, called by the inhabitants tJie bursting of a cloud. 
 About dawn of a r*'rtain morning, the tenants of a house 
 on the banks of the lloosic, on the western slope, were 
 aroused by the roaring of the torrent, and had barely time 
 to e.scape liefore their dwelling was swept away by the 
 flood. The torrent wore a gully in the mountain 20 feet 
 deep, and swept away the timber entirely from about 10 
 aci-es of land. Berkshire county abounds in sublime and 
 picturesque scenery, and has become a favorite resort not 
 only for tourists, but fur citizens stseking pleasant .summer 
 residences. Hawthorne, Miss Sedgwick, Fanny Kemble, 
 James, and others, have rendered their tribute to the 
 charms of Berkshire scenery, by taking up their abode 
 there for considerable periods. The Ice Hole, a narrow and 
 deep ravine of great wildness, in Stockbridge. where the 
 ice remains the year round: a fall of about 70 feet descent, 
 amid wild .scenery, in the Ilousatonic. in Dalton : the Na- 
 tural Bridge, on Hudson's Brook, in .Adams, where a fi-ssu"^ 
 of from 30 to 60 feet deep, and alwut 500 feet long, has been 
 worn through the limestone rock, forming a bridge 50 feet 
 above the water; a ro<k of 30 or 40 tons, in New Marl- 
 borough, so nicely balanced that a finger can move it ; and 
 Hanging Mountain, on the Farmington River, in Sandis- 
 field. rising in a perpendicular wall above the river to the 
 height of more than 300 feet ; are. after the mountains 
 already named, the most remarkable natural oljicts in 
 Berkshire. Blue Hill. 11 miles S.AV. of Boston, which com- 
 mands a fine view of Boston Harbor and the ocean, is C35 
 feet high, being the most e!evatecl land in Eastern Massa- 
 chusetts. On the side of Blount Toby, a hill of sandstone, 
 elevated about 1000 feet alxjve the Connecticut, is a cavern 
 alx)ut 150 feet in length and CO in depth. Nahant. a rocky 
 promontory on the N. shore of Boston Bay, extending 4 
 miles into the sea. is the most noted watering-pliice in Mas- 
 sa<-hu8etts. It is about 9 miles N.E. of Boston, and com- 
 mands a fine view of the ocean, and of the shipping enter- 
 ing and departing from the harbor. In addition to its 
 good beach, Nahant has the charm of wildness given to it 
 by the rugged rocks which form the promontory, and into 
 the caves and recesses of which the sea surges at times 
 with great violence. The mineral springs of this state 
 have not acquired any great celebrity beyond her own 
 limits : the principal are, one in the town of Hopkinton, 
 impregnated wiih carbonic acid, and carbonates of lime 
 and iron; one in Shutesbury, containg muriate of lime; 
 and a chalybeate sulphur spring in AA'inchenden. The 
 Quincy granite quarries, 6 or 8 miles S. of Boston, in a 
 range "of hills 200 feet high, are worthy of a visit. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Massachusetts is severe :a win- 
 ter, and on the sea-coast, sulject to chilling N.E. wind?, ia 
 the spring, that are very unfavorable to delicate iungs. 
 Acconling to observations made at A\orcester. in lC.AO-51, 
 snow fell two days in ( lct<>ber. and on five days in Apiii, sjij 
 one day in May. .Aeconling to a register kept by Mr. Pond, 
 at Cambridge, from May, 1851. to .April, 1852, the iViS,ia 
 temperature of four oliserviitions made lietween sunrise ani 
 9 P.M.. gave for Mav. 55'=.53: for June, 64".76: Julv, 71°.40; 
 August. 68^.02: September, 61°.09 ; October. 5-2°.94; Novem- 
 ber, .34°. SO; December. 220.86: January. 2tt°.80 ; February, 
 27°.43: March. 32^.94. and April. 41°.02. The greatest cold 
 was 8° below zero. January 16, at sunrise : the greatest heat, 
 98°. June 30. at 3 P. M. N.AV. wjiias prevailed 149 days. S.W'. 
 67. and N.E. 37 days, in 1850-51. It snowed 37 days in tie 
 same year, and rained 97; 219 days were fair, and 129 
 cloudy; 45.77 inches of rain, and 61 of snow fell. The most 
 unplca.sant feature of the clim.ite is the sudden changes, 
 sometimes more than 4t>° in 24 hours. The settled weatijer 
 of the winter is more regular, and perhaps im that account 
 more healthful than farther south. The rivers are frozen 
 for two or three months, and occasionally the harbors f .r hm 
 many weeku. Though vegetation is nither late in puttiii^ 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 fbrth, it makfts amends by its rapidity. The peach and 
 Hprioot bloom alx)ut tlie middle of April, and cherry and 
 apple about the same period in May. 
 
 tii)il and Productions. — Thoufrh tlie soil and climate of 
 Mas-^ailiusetts are not the most favorable to af^'iculture, the 
 skill and indiLstry of her people have made even her rocky 
 soil to yii4d rich rewards to the husbandman, and there is 
 probalily no more scientific farming than in the Bay State. 
 The best soils are in the middle and western parts of the 
 state, in the valleys of her streams and rivers, and particu- 
 larly those of the Connecticut and Housatonic. The poorest 
 soil is ill the tlat, sandy counties of the south-east. Salt 
 marshes abound near the coast. .Senat/)r Preston, of South 
 Carolina, has sail of Massachusetts, that thoufrh the most 
 prosperous state in the confederacy, yet she literally exported 
 none of the products of her soil but her rocks and her ice. 
 Thou^li she does not produce Rrain enough to supply her 
 own consumption, she is enabled by her skill, enterprise, 
 and industry in the production of manufactures, and by 
 her wide-extended commerce, generally to keep the balance 
 of trade in her favor, and to support the densest population 
 in the United States, in the greatest average amount of 
 comfort. Her most important agricultural products are 
 Indian corn, oats, Irish potatoes, rye, barley, buckwheat, 
 fruits, butter, cheese, liay, maple sugar and live stock, with 
 considerable tobacco, wool, pease, beans, wheat, grass-seeds, 
 hops, beeswax, and honey, and some wine, flax, silk, and 
 molasses. Tliere were in Ma.ssachusetts, in 18eO, ■2,1.')5,512 
 acres of improved land, (1,183,212 being iniimproved,) pro- 
 ducing lli>783 bushels of wheat; 388,085 of rye; 2,157,053 
 of Indian corn; 1,180,075 of oats; 45,240 peas and beans; 
 3,201,y01 of Irish jwtatoes; 134,891 of barley; 12.3,202 of 
 buckwheat; 3,23:!,1<)8 pounds of tobacco ; 377,267 of wool; 
 8,297,93(3 of butter; 5294,000 of cheese ; 665,331 tons of hay ; 
 111,.301 pounds of hops; 1,00.%078 of maple sugar; 3289 of 
 beeswax; 59,125 of honey ; live stock valued at $12,737,744; 
 orchard products at $925,519 ; markets at $1,397,623, and 
 slaughtered animals at $2,915,045. 
 
 Manufactures. — In manufactures, as indeed in most else 
 requiring skill, industry, and enterprise, Massachusetts 
 takes the lead. Though small In area, and with a churlish 
 soil and climate, this state, through the aid of her manu- 
 factures, is more densely populated and more thickly dotted 
 over with thriving towns and villages, than any member of 
 the confederacy. By the census n'turns of 1860. she stands 
 far before every other state in the amount of her woollen 
 and cotton manufactures. According to the same census, 
 there were in .Maasachusetts 8170 establishments, producing 
 each S-')00 and upwards annmilly, employing capital to the 
 amount of $1.32,792,327 and 217.^21 hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $135,053,721, and yieliling prod\u:ts valued 
 at .$255,545,922. Among these were 203 cotton factories em- 
 ploying $33,553,174 capital and 13.586 nmie and 24.668 fe- 
 male hands, consuming raw material worth $17,115,751, and 
 producing annually stufts, yarn, Ac, valued at $37,8i:;,613; 
 120 woollen factories, employing $8,474,253 and 7384 male 
 and 5004 female hands, consunnng raw material worth Sll,- 
 813,485, and producing stuffs valuedat $18,780,.")90; 59 paper- 
 mills, employing $.3,003,660 capital and 1112 male and 1741 
 female hands, consuming raw material worth $2,838,402, 
 and producing writing and printing paper valued at $4,986,- 
 223; 7 iron-works. employingS979.:jOO capital and 879 hands, 
 and producing bar, sheet and railroad iron valued at $2,634,- 
 000; 53 iron-foundries, employing $1,007 ,6o0 capital and 
 1590 hands, and producing castings valued at $2,158,9.35; 
 1354 manufactories of boots and shoes, employing .$9,010,977 
 cajiital and 62,283 hands, and producing hoots and shoes 
 valued at ^46,230.529, and 26:3 tanneries, eniploying,$4,l 69,240 
 capital, and producing leather valued at $11,088,986. 
 _ Internal Improvements. — We would not speak in superla- 
 tives, but justice to Massachusetts seems to require it. AVhile 
 Nature has dealt out her favors to her with a sparing 
 hand, she has surpassed all other states in industrial anil 
 mechanical improvement, and has laid down more miles 
 of railroad than any other member of the confederacy, 
 population and area considered. Though not the first to 
 enter extensively into this kind cf improvement, she has 
 amply atoned for any temporary delay by her subsequent 
 energy and enterprise; and at the beginning of 1854 hatl 43 
 lines of railroad, numbering 1283 miles, completed, and 48 
 In course of construction. By these roads Boston commu- 
 nicates directly with every important town in Jlassachu- 
 setts, and with most of those of the neighlxiring states. 
 Tliere are three lines of continuous railroads, uniting the 
 capital of the state with New York, and with the interme- 
 diate towns of Uhode Island, Connecticut, and Central Mas- 
 sachusetts. Two other lines connect Boston with Portland, 
 and the towns between them. Two, one through Vermont, 
 and the other through Central New Hampshire, bring her 
 in direct inten-ourse with Burlington. Vermont, with Mon- 
 treal, and with Ogdensburg: and another to .Mhany, opens 
 \n uninterrupted line of railway communication between 
 Boston. Cincinnati. Terre-Ilaute. Chicago. Galena, Rock 
 Island, and Alton, and from the latter by steamboat to St. 
 Louis. lUilroad commuuicatiou has generally diverted 
 
 public attention from canals, and in Massachusetts, the beds 
 of two, (the Blackstone. from Worcester to Providence, and 
 the Hampden and llami shire Can.al, from Nor'hainpton to 
 Southwick.) have been converted into trucks for railroads. 
 
 Onnmerce. — In commcrc-e, this state occupies the sani'* 
 prominence as in most else, being second only to New Y'orl 
 in ab.<olute amount: but if we regard population, first i:i 
 this respect in the Union. Though, as before stated, she 
 exports nothing of her native products but her rocks and 
 her ice, yet her hardy .sons explore every sea where the whale 
 ranges, bringing home, after years of toil and endurance, 
 rich cargoes of oil and bone, which arc distributed over tho 
 world. Iler citizens at home are no less industrious; calling 
 to their aid the most ingenious machinery, and the powers 
 of water and steam, they manufiuture millions of yards of 
 stuffs to be distributed, not only over their own country, 
 but send them to South America, the West Indies, and even 
 to Kurope and China. She has also nearly monopolized the 
 trade with Iliiidostan and l!us.sia. The foreign imports for 
 the fiscal year 1852-3, amounted to $41,367,956, and the ex- 
 ports $19,955,276; tonnage ent<-'red 724,174. cleared 716.82S; 
 tonnage owned 850,280. (relatively the greatest in the Union. ) 
 number of vessels built, (second only to Maine,) 206, of 
 whicli only 2 were steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of 
 83,015. Of the tonnage owned in the state 157.497 were em- 
 ployed In the whale, 37,631 in the cod, and 41,280 in the 
 mackerel fishery. The loreign imjiorts for the fl.scal year, 
 1862-15, amounted to $27,724,455. jnd the exports to $22,249,- 
 443; tonnage entered 733,743; tonnage cleared 657.465. The 
 number of vessels built in the same year was 50, with an 
 aggregate tonnage of 2;?.450 tons. Among these were 7 
 steamers. More than half of the cod and mackerel fisheries 
 is carried on in Massachusetts bottoms. There is great irre- 
 gularit}' in this branch of trade, the product in 18.30, foj- ex- 
 ample, being twice that of 1849 in the cod fishery, and but 
 little more in the latter year than in 18.38. This department 
 of industry, as a distinct employment, is almost peculiar 
 to New England, and more esi)ecially to Massachusetts, 
 wliich perhaps has a greater amount of capital and hands 
 enii)loyed in the fisheries generally, (and in the whale fish- 
 eries certainly,) than any other country in America, if not 
 in the world. Of 255 whaling vessels which arrived in the 
 United States in 1853, only 13 came to ports out of New 
 England, and only a very small proportion out of .Massachu- 
 setts; consequently, of the K)3,077 barrels of sperm, and 
 26(^1,114 of whale oil, and 5,6.V2,300 iiountU of whalebone, 
 nearly all was im)Kirted into Jlassathusetts. This state re- 
 ceived from the whale fishery, in the year 18.59-60, iiroducts 
 valuedat$6,.')2(i,238 ; and fnmi the cod and mackerel fisheries, 
 products valued at $2,774,204. The future prospect of the cod 
 and mackerel fisheries is, notwithstanding, not flattering, as 
 we have been almost entirely superseded in foreign mar- 
 kets. We learn from De Bow's Hesources of the South and 
 ^Vest, that the two Canadas exported betwen 1840 and 1850, 
 fish of the value of $7,000,000, and Halifax, in one year, 
 $275,000. The total amount of mackerel inspected in Jlas- 
 sachusetts in 18.52. was 196,768^ barrels, and of all kinds, 
 pickled and .smoked. 333.S32i barrels. The greatest amount 
 (389,944 barrels,) was inspected in 1831, the smallest (5S.3b9 
 barrels) in 1840. These items are given to show the irregu- 
 larity of the trnde. Boston exported in 11 months of 18,54, 
 107.645 tons of ice, and an average of about 100,000 tons for 
 several years previous. 
 
 Kducntion. — In Jlassachusetis was begun that system for 
 the diffusion of knowledge among all classes, by means of 
 common schools, which has since extended itself to the 
 Middle and Western States, is slowly making its way in the 
 Southern States, and even into Europe ; and wherever it 
 goes carrying with it the spirit of liberty, for which it .seems 
 (humanly speaking) the only fit preparation. Though 
 many of her si.ster states are now rivalling Ma.ssachusetts 
 in the excellence of their common schools and other educa- 
 tional institutions, yet to her belongs the undoubted honor 
 of having first extended her care to the intellectual culture 
 of her humblest citizens ; the rich reward of which is seen 
 not only in the number of splendid names that adorn her 
 literature, but in the distinguished sons she has sent out 
 to form the legislators, profes.«ors, authors, and teachers of 
 other states. According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in Massachusetts 8 colleges, with 1733 students, $195,110 
 income, $89,540 of which was from endowments; 4134 pub- 
 lic schools, having 206,974 pupils, $1,545,454 income, S1,35(X- 
 960 of which was from taxation, $112,825 from public funds, 
 and $47,615 from endowments ; 319 academies and other 
 schools, having 14,001 pupils, $490,047 income, $40,183 of 
 which was from endowments, $19,600 from public funds, ami 
 $15,274 from taxes. There are also 1852 libraries, 853 of 
 which are public, 186 school, 756 Sunday-school, 5 college, 
 and 52 church libraries, comprising 1,997,151 volumes. Ac- 
 cording to the American Almanac, there were in the state 
 at the close of 1852, 71 incorporated academies, with 4220 
 scholars; and 749 unincorporated academies and private 
 schools, with 16,131 scholars ; local funds for the support of 
 academies $354,620, yielding $21,584 income ; 91.5.39 volumes 
 in school libraries. The same authority gave this state, in 
 
 1157 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 185? . 4 colleges •«^ith U4 students, 3 theological schools ' lation to the square mile, 157 ; representative population, 
 with 147 student^ 2 mtdic.-«l schools with 230 students, and : l,2-31,0o6. Of the populiition, 800,540 were born iu the 
 1 la>/ school with 158 (.tiidenta. At the close of 1853, the, state, 6.:.,40'i iu other stutes, 2i«,ll-l in foreign countries; 
 nunioer of public schools in Massachusetts was 4113, at-: of whom 2 '.,84(5 were born in England, ls5.4:U in Ireland, 
 tentt I by 202,081 pupils in the winter, and 187.022 in the ! ^$55 iu Scotland, 3J0 iu Wales, 27,069 in British America, 
 sumfner: number of teachers during the former ptiriod i 9361 in Germany, 12S0 in France, and 53 i7 in otlier foreign 
 4084 (1971 male and 2713 female), and 4517 during the latter. . countries. Of the population in the leading pursuits, 45,201 
 
 Total amount expended for school purposes, $1,072,310, of 
 which $37,206 was the income of local funds. Massachu- 
 setts had (1854) 5 normal schools, 4 supijorted by the state, 
 located in Westfield, Bridgewater, Framingham, and Salem, 
 and 1 in Boston supported by the city. 
 
 Jielifftous Denominali'nts.—Of 1636 churches in Ma.ssachu- 
 setts in 1860, the Adventists owned 10 ; the Baptists, 270 ; the 
 Free Will Baptists, 16; the Christians, 28 ; the Ckjngreg-ation- 
 aiists, 501 ; the Kpiscopalians, 73; the Friends, 36 ; the Me- 
 thodists, 295, the Presbyterians, 8 ; the Boman Catholics, 
 88; the Shakers, 2; the Spiritualists, 4; tlie Universalists, 
 
 were farmers, 44,72o lal)orers, 41,011 shoemakers, 37,464 
 servants, 32,762 tactory hands, 17,430 farm laborers, 15,483 
 clerks, 14,541 carpenters, 14,014 mariners, &S97 m.icliinists, 
 639S teachers, 5934 weavers, 5924 merchants, 5750 painters, 
 4"^2S blacksmiths, 4218 seamstresses, 4092 housekeepers, 
 3993 tailors, 3749 tailoresses, 3753 masons, 3710 niantua- 
 makers, 3319 mechanics, 2150 stone and marble-cutters, 2433 
 grocers, 2773 milliners, 2561 fishermen, 2039 cabinet-makers, 
 2075 railroad men, 1913 clergymen, 1803 phy.siciaiis, 1991 
 printers, 1186 lawyers, 140S jewellers, 1410 coopers, 1323 
 butchers, ic. In the year ending June 1st, ls60, there 
 
 118; the Swedeiiborgians, 10; the Unitarians, 158; the I occurred 21,.304 deaths, or 17-6 in every thousand. The 
 
 number of deaf and dumb was 427 (see Intuoduction to 
 the volume on the I'lipitlatioH of ihe Eightli O 
 Iv, Ivi, &c.), bliud 4ys, insane 2i05, and idiotic ' 
 
 Unionists, 13; minor sects, 6; thus giving 1 church to every ; number of deaf and dumb was 427 
 
 752 persons. The total value of church properly, $15,393,- the volume on the l^ipulalinn of ihe Ek/htli Onsits, pp. liv, 
 
 607. I Iv, Ivi, &c.), bliud 4ys, insane 2i05, and idiotic 712. 
 
 Periodicals. — In 1860, there were published in this state, Omntii-s. — JIassachusetts is divided into 14 counties, viz. 
 112 political, 31 religious, 51 literary, and 28 miscellaneous Barnstable. Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Ecsex, Franklin, 
 
 periodicals ; total, 222. Of these. 17 were issued daily, 3 tri- 
 weekly, 14 bi-weekly, 145 weekly, 36 monthly. 6 quarterly, 
 and 1 annuall}'. The whole number of copies issued annu- 
 ally was 102,000,760. Tlig circulation of the daily papers 
 was 169,600 per diem, of the weekly 778,680 a week, and of 
 the monthly 353,100 a month. 
 
 PitliUc Institutions. — This state abounds in institutions of 
 this class, among which may be mentioned two State luna- 
 tic hospitals, one at \Voreester, founded in 1832, and the 
 other at Taunton, amipleted about the commencement of 
 1854, with accommodations for 250 patients. The former is 
 a well-manngeil institution, and has been very successful in 
 the cure of patients. Of 2306 lunatics admitted in 13 years, 
 over 1000 were discharged curetl. This hospital is intended 
 to accommodate only 360 patients, but of late years it has 
 been much crowded, the numlier in November 1852 having 
 been 532. The government has directed the buildiug to be 
 either torn down and a new one erected, or to be repaired 
 at great cost, as the committee, after examination, shall 
 think best. Of the 532 inmates. 241 were paupers. The 
 ex]H'iises of the institution, for the year above named, 
 amuuiiteil to $43,878. The Mcl<?au Asylum for the Insane, 
 located at Soiuerville, i* an institution where great pains 
 are taken to interest the minds of patients, to surround 
 tliem with agreeable objects, and to avoid severe remedies. 
 It was established in 1818. and named from its founder. In 
 1854 there were 200 patients in tlie Asylum, and 264 in a 
 similar insitution for pauixrs in Boston. There are also 
 institutions — one at Ipswich and one at Cambridge — where 
 insane paupers, who are incurable, are kept in custody; the 
 former has 82 jiatients and the latter 68. The State Beform 
 School at Westlx>rough is an institution for the reforma- 
 tion of juvenile offenders; expenses for the year. §31,224.47. 
 In November. 1852, there were 341 boys in the S< hool. Four 
 hours of each day are devoted to school, and six to labor. 
 There were 3 state alm.shouses built in 1853. located at Tewks- 
 bury. I'almer, and Middleliorough respectively, and each 
 caliulated to accommodate 5tX) jraupers, who may be either 
 natives or foreigners. The total number of paupers relieved 
 or supported in 1853 was 25,981, of whom 12.334 were of 
 foreign birth; cast to the state, $407,959. The other chari- 
 table institutions teiug mostly Iwated in Boston, will be 
 found described under that head. The State Prison located 
 in Charlestown, was founded in 1800. The number of pri 
 
 Hampden, Hampshire. Middlesex, Nantucket. Norfolk, Ply- 
 mouth, Suffolk, and Worcester. Capital, Boston. 
 
 Cities and Ibion.'s. — In proportion to its extent and popula- 
 tion, Massachusetts has more large towns than any other 
 state in the Union. The most important of these are Bos- 
 ton, population in 1800, l.>»7,840 ; Lowell 3ii,827 ; Cambridge, 
 2 j,060 ; Uoxbury, 15,137 ; Charlestown, 25.0ti5 ; Worcester, 
 24,9. «; New Beilford, 22,300; Salem, 22.202; Lynn, 19,083; 
 Lawrence, 17 <i39; Taunton, 15,376; Springfield, 15,199; Fall 
 Kiver, 14,02-5; Newburyport, 13,401; Chelsea, 13,395; 
 Gloucester, 10,90 i; Haverhill, 9995; Dorchester, 9769; 
 Milford, 9132; Abington, 8.527; Newton, 82S2; Pittsfleld, 
 804.5; Somerville. 8025 ; Fitchburg, 7805; Weymouth, 7742; 
 Marblehead, 7616; Chicopee, 7261, Adams, "6924; North- 
 ampton, 6788; Quincy, 6778; North Bridgewater, 6584; 
 South Danvers, 6549; Waltham, 6397 ; Dedham, 63.30; be- 
 sides many other places, ranging from 4000 to 6000. It 
 is to be observed, that, in giving the populations above, the 
 township is included with the village or town. To give 
 a correct idea of the relative importiince of Boston, we 
 should give in its population a number of n>'ighboring 
 towns anil villages, dependent on it, and doing business in 
 it. Taking a radius of ten miles, with Tremont House for 
 a centre, you will enclose an area containing some 400,000 
 inhabitants; or, limiting it to its immediate suburbs of 
 Charleston, Chelsea, Cambridge, Roxbury, Brookline, Dor- 
 chester, <fec.. you will have au aggregate of from 250,000 to 
 300,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Government, Finances. &c. — The governor and lieutenant- 
 governor are elected annually by the people, the former 
 receiving $25tX) per annum, and the latter $4 per diem. The 
 Senate consists of 40. and the House of Representatives of 
 356 members, both elected annually by popular vote. Mas- 
 sachusetts is entitled to 11 memters in the national House 
 of Representatives, and to 13 electoral votes for President. 
 The judiciary consists — 1. Of a supreme court, comprised 
 of 6 judges, appointed by the governor and council, and 
 holding office during good behavior. This court hns exclu- 
 sive jurisdiction in all capital and chancerj' suits, and in all 
 civil cases where the lunount exceeds $600 in Suffolk, or 
 $300 in the other counties; 2. Of a court of common plea.«, 
 composed of 1 chief and 6 associate judges, which has juris- 
 diction in all cases exceeding $20. and in criminal cases not 
 capital, except in Suffolk, where the municipal court has 
 
 soners (September, 1852) was 483. of whom 421 were confined ■ cognisance in criminal actions : 3. Of probate courts in each 
 
 for offences against property, and 76 against the person ; and 
 170 were foreigners. Among the convicts were 35 negroes, 
 and 15 mulattoes. Expenses. $01,633; receipts. $57,458. 
 The whole uuml)er of prisoners in the jails and houses of 
 correction for 1852, was (including 1363 debtors) 10,876, of 
 whom 2615 were foreigners, and -132 colored. Expenses, 
 $107,351; value of labor, $:30.636. In 1850, Massach u.sett3 
 had 177 public libraries, with 257,737 volumes; 1225 school 
 and Sunday-school libraries, with 270.121 volumes: 18 col- 
 lege libraries, with 141,400 volumes ; and 42 church libraries, 
 with 14.757 volumes. 
 
 J^ipnlatinn. — Massachusetts was originally settled, and for 
 a long period almcst exclusively orcupii-d. by people of nearly 
 unmixed English descent In point of niorals. education, 
 and intellwtual culture, her citizens are uiisurpa-ssed in any 
 portion of the Union; and she has given birth to a larger 
 number of eminent authors, inventors, and statesmen, than 
 any other state in the Confederacy. Among the multitude 
 of her distinguished authors, may be named Pi-escotl, Ban- 
 croft. Bryant Hawthorn, and Bo\vditch : and it is no exagge- 
 ration to say that the renown of her statesmen is coextensive 
 with the fame of their country. At the first national cen.<sus 
 in 1790, the inhabitants numbered 378.717; 423.245 in 1800; 
 472.040 in 1810; 5-2;!.2S7 in 1820; 610,408 in 1830; 737.699 
 in 1840; 994,514 in 1850; and in lS6o, 1,231,066; of whom 
 1,221,431 were whites, 9602 colored, and 32 Indiuus. Pouu- 
 1158 
 
 county; 4. Of police courts held in most of the 13 cities and 
 several of the large towns of the state; 5. Of conimis.sioners 
 of insolvency ; and 6. Of justices' courts. The judges of the 
 supreme court have salaries, the chief of $^561X1. and the 
 associates of $.3000; of the court of common pleas, the chief 
 has .$2300, and the as,sociates $2100; of the police court, 
 $1500 per annum in Boston, but less elsewhere: and the 
 commissioners of insolvencj' are remunerated by fees not 
 to excee<l $15(.iO each. 
 
 The as.sessed value of property in 1850 amounted to 
 $546,003,057; the public debt, in 1854. to $6.853.7.30, of 
 which $5,049,555 was scrip loaned in aid of railroads: pub- 
 lic property $11,092,457, including security held for loans 
 to railroads $2,079,796: productive securities $4,422,714; 
 receipts for 18,53. $2,118,205: payments $2,181,379: ordinary 
 reven uo $882.289 ; ordinary expenditui-es .$679,752; among 
 the appropriations during the year 1853-4 were: to school 
 and other funds $502.8915; new lunatic asylum $200,845; 
 state-prison $40,551 ; legislative conventions. &c.. $87,488. 
 There were in this state in Julv 1854, 151 bank" with 
 $.53.422.&52 capital. $18,080,925 circulation, and $.3„'.51.093 
 in coin; 60 savings banks, in 1853, had $23,370,102, depo- 
 sited by 117.404 individun'a 
 
 Hislori/. — Mnssachusetts has been the theatre of some of 
 the most stirring events in the history of our country Her* 
 the mental conflict, as well as the struggle in trm-: with 
 
 zJt 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 Great Britain oommnnoed. The first settlement was made 
 at Plymouth, December 22, 1620, by the Pilgrim Fathers, 
 the i'ou;iders of our public school system, now scattering 
 blessings wherever it goes, and of those principles of endur- 
 ance II ud private virtue which have been the stay of the 
 land in every hour of peril. What if they did transmit 
 s<jme bigotry and Intolerance along with it: in human 
 affairs we expect nothing perfect; and stern virtues in their 
 excesses are often nearly allied to vices. If men believe 
 ardently, thcjy are apt to support strongly ; and it requires 
 a great enl.-irgemeut of views or great forbearance, to tole- 
 rate that which is to us clearly wrong. Indifference may 
 t(jlerate everything; but it is next to impossible for zeal 
 to do so. 
 
 In li)75, a native chief, named Philip of Pokaneket, hav- 
 ing arou.sed the different tribes to make a united effort to 
 e.xpel the EnglLsh, made an attack upon the Inliabitants of 
 gwanscy, in which a number of the colonists perished: 
 this kindled a war of savage incursions, lasting for three 
 years, which was terminated by the death of lliilip, and 
 tlie complete overthrow of the power of the Indians in 
 Massaihusetts. The Revolutionary contest began in this 
 state, with the skirmish at Lexington, in April, 1775, which 
 was followed by the battle of Bunkers Hill, June 17, of the 
 same yi'ar, and the evacuation of Boston by the British 
 troops in March, 1776, which for ever destroyed British rule 
 in Massachusetts. This state has since been the scene of 
 but one struggle in arms, when an attempt was made in 
 1786 to resist the authorities by a party of rebels led on by 
 one Daniel Shays. This revolt led to no important engage- 
 ment, and was finally put down iii the commencement of 
 the following year. Massach u.settg has given two Presidents 
 to the United States, (the elder and younger Adams,) ami 
 has sent some of the most distinguished statesmen and 
 orators to the national councils. 
 
 M.\SS.\.CIUCCilW. m.is-si-chook'ko-ln, a small lake and 
 village of Central Italy, duchy and S miles W. of Lucca; the 
 lake, 2.J miles in length, discharges its waters into the 
 Montero. 
 
 M.V.<'SACK, apostxifflce of JlcCracken co., Kentucky. 
 
 MA.-;.--ACllK ISLAND. P.acific Ocean. See Maoona. 
 
 MAS.SA DUCALK. mris'sd doo-ld'lA, or MASS A DI CAR- 
 R.VR.V. mJs'sil dee kfe-nJi'r3, an episcopal city of Northern 
 Italy, 58 miles S.W. of Jlodena, near the Frigido, 2 miles 
 from its mouth, in the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 9826. Chief 
 eiJilices. a fine palace, a modern oalliedral. and an old castle, 
 it li.as manufactories of silks, and trade in the fine marble 
 of its vicinity. It was formerly capital of the duchy of 
 Massa-Carrara, a state in the S.W. of Modena, compose<l of 
 tile duiliy of Massa. and the principality of Carrara. This 
 small slate was given to the Archduchess Maria Beatrice in 
 IbU, and reunited to Modena on her death in 1829. 
 
 MASSAFR.i, m:ls-Sil/fril. a walled town of Naples, province 
 of Otranto. district and 10 miles N.W. of Taranto. P. 6600. 
 
 MA.-'.^.V-LOMBAUDO, mils'g.1-lombaRMo, a walled town of 
 Italy, in jT,mUia, :!0 miles S.S.E. of Fenara. Poj). 4000. 
 
 SIASSALSIC, mis-sSlsk', or MOSALSK, mo-s;llsk', a town 
 of Russia, government and 50 miles W. of Kalooga. on the 
 Mosalka. at its confiuenco with the Goredenka. Ptip. 124S. 
 
 MA.-:S.\-LUBRENZK, mds'si-loo-brjn'a, or MASSA-DK- 
 SORKENTO,m;ls'si-di-.soR-Rjn'to, a town of Naples, province, 
 on the Gulf, and 19 miles S. of Naples. It is the see of u 
 bishop. Pop. 6781. 
 
 MAS.SA-MARITIMA, mas'sJ-ma-ree/te-ma, or MASSA-DI- 
 M.Vl'K.MMA, mds'si dee md-rJm'mS, a town of Tuscany, 33 
 miles S.W. of Sienna. It is the see of a bishop. Pop. 2099. 
 
 MASSANUTTKN, a post-ofllce of Page co., Virginia, 144 
 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 MASSAO, a town of South Africa. See Masiiow. 
 
 3IASSAPE.\0. mas\sa-p^g'. a station of New London co.. 
 Connecticut, on the New London and Willimantic Railroad, 
 8 miles N. of New London. 
 
 MA.<SAROOXY, mds-.sd-roo'nee, or MAZARUNT, md-zi- 
 roo'nee, a river of British Guiana, which has been exploreil 
 upwards for about 400 miles, though its navigation is inter- 
 rujited by numerous rajiids. It flows from near lat. 4° 30' 
 N., and Ion. 60° W.. and joins the estuary of the Essi-quibo. 
 
 MASSA-SUPERIORK, mds'8d-soo-pA-re-o'r.i, a village of 
 Austrian Italy, 27 miles E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 M A SS.\T. mds\s3/, a town of France, department of Ariege, 
 12 miles S.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MASS.W, mdsV.V. a market-town of France, department 
 of Cher. 19 miles W.N.W. of Bourges. Pop. 1136. 
 
 MASSBACII, milss/baK, or MASBACII, mas/bdK, a market- 
 town of Bavaria. 7 miles S.E. of MUnnerstadt. Pop. 1172. 
 
 MASSE, rnds's-i. or MAZZE, rndt/zA, a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, 12 miles S.S.E. of Ivrea, on the Dora Baltea. 
 Pop. .3300. 
 
 M.VSSEMEN-WESTREM, mas'seh-men-ftJs'trfm, a village 
 of Belgium, province of E. Flanders, on the Molenbeek, 7 
 miles S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2079. 
 
 M-VSSE'NA. a post-village and township of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York, about 40 miles N.E. of Ogdensburg. 
 The township bordeis on the St. Lawrence Elver, which 
 
 here contains several large Islands, and is intersected by 
 Grass and Racket Rivers, on the former of whidi is sitti- 
 ated the village, at the northern terminus of a plank-mad 
 communicating with Potsdam and Ogdensburg. Grass Rivei 
 here hius been dammed, and affords a fine water-power. It 
 is spanned by a bridge, and anotlier crosses it at Massens 
 Centre. There are al.so two bridges across the Racket Hivei 
 in the township. About a mile S.K. of the village, on thf 
 plank-ro.'id, and on the W. bank of Racket River, are the 
 Massena Springs, celebrated for their meilicinal qualities 
 A neat building, supported by pillars, has been erected over 
 the spring, and the ground around handsomely laid out 
 and planted with trees. There are two hotels for the accom- 
 modation of visitors, one of which, completed in 1S4S, is of 
 brick, 90 feet by 44. with wings, and capable of accommo- 
 dating about 200 persons. It is also prop<Jsed to make addi- 
 tions to the buildings, which will incro.'ise its size to about 
 double its present capacity. In September, 1813, a barrack 
 erectotl at Massena village by the state, was burned by a party 
 of Canadians, who also destroyed other property and took 
 several prisoners. Pop. of the township, 2925. 
 
 MASSENA CENTRE, a posl>village of St. Lawrence co.. 
 New York, on Grass River, which here affords fine water 
 power, alx)ut 42 miles N.E. of Ogdensburg. It contains a 
 church and several mills. 
 
 MASSERA, mas'sfh-ra, MAZIRA or MAZURA, mh.'er-i, 
 an island off the S.E. coast of Arabia, province of Oman, in 
 the Arabian Sea. L.-\t. 20° 30' N., Ion. 59° E. Length, 40 
 miles; average breadth, 15 miles. 
 
 >I.\SSER.\NO, mas-s,\-ra/no, a walled town of Piedmont, 
 division of Turin, 8 miles N.E. of Biella. Pop. 3411. 
 
 M.\SSEUBE. ma.s\si;b', a town of France, dipai'tment of 
 Gers, 11 miles S.E. of .Marmande, on the Gers. P. in 1S52. 1888. 
 
 MASSEVAUX, mdssHiy, (Germ. Ma.fm under, mAs'ttitin- 
 ster,) a town of France, department of Ilaut-Rliiu, 11 miles 
 N.N.E. of Belfort. Pop. in 1852, 3155. 
 
 MAS'SEY'S CREEK, of Greene co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Little Miami River. 
 
 M.\SSI.\C. ma.s'se-ak', a town of France, department of 
 Cantal. 15 miles N.N.E. of St. Flour, on the Alagon. P. 2206. 
 
 M.\SS1C0. mas'se-ko. a town of Naples, pro\ince of Terra 
 di Ijivoro. The wine from the vineyards on the south slope 
 of the Monx Mas'sicus, in this vicinity, was famous in Roman 
 times, and is much celebrati'd by Horace. In the vicinity, 
 Appius Claudius gninetl a victory over tlie Saninites. 
 
 MAS'SIK'S MILL.S. a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia. 
 
 MASSILIA or .MASSIGLIA. See Marseilles. 
 
 M.^S'SILLON, a handsome and flourishing town of Perry 
 township. Stark co., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas River, and on 
 the Ohio Canal, 112 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 65 miles 
 S. of Cleveland. The Ohio and Pennsylvania ISailroad con- 
 nects it witli I'ittsburg on one hand, and with the railways 
 of Indiana on the other. The town is regularly plannetl 
 and compactly built, and contains a number of liandsonio 
 residences. It is situated in a highly producti\e and popu- 
 lous farming district, which is liberally supplied with hard 
 timber, stone-coal, and water-power. Large quantities of 
 flour, wheat, and Indian corn are shipjied by the canal at 
 this place. Wool Is also an extensive article of export. Mas- 
 sillon Contains about 8 churches, 1 national liaiik, 1 or 2 
 other banks, 3 iron foundries, with machine-shops, 1 wool- 
 len factnry, and 2 or 3 ni'wspaper offices. Pop. 3819. 
 
 JIASSIIXON, a postroffice of Allen co., Indiana. 
 
 M.\SSILLO.N. a post-village of Cedar CO.. Iowa, near the 
 E. line of the county, 40 miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 MAS'SINGIIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 MASSINGHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 MASSINGY, 'm38'sAs°Vhee', a village of the Sardinian 
 States, Savoy, 3 miles from Rumilly. I'op. 1041. 
 
 JIASSION, nid.s-se-on', a village of Spain. Catalonia, with 
 a station on the railway between Barcelona an<l Mataro. 
 
 MASSOW, mas'sov, a walled town of Prussian Pomeranla, 
 22 miles E.N.E. of Stettin. Pop. 2110. 
 
 MASSOWAII, nids'so-wa, or MASSOUAII, mas^soo-a. the 
 principal .seaport town of Abyssinia, on a smsill sterile 
 island in the Red Rea. Lat. 1.5° 36' N., Ion. 39° 21' E. 
 Population of island estimated at 4000. An active import 
 trade with the Arabian ports and Bombay is here carried 
 on. Chief imports, corn, maize, rice, cotton ."tuffs, silks, 
 muslins, cotton wool, glass-wares, cutlery, arms, luirdwares, 
 elephauts" teeth, spices, coral, wines, and spirits. 'I'he Arab 
 vessels tr.tding hither pay a certain import annually. 
 
 MAST.\. a river of Russia. See MsT.\. 
 
 MASTENBROEK. mas'ten-br«.k\ a village of Holland, 
 province of Overvssel, 6 miles N.W. of Zwolle. Po]), luOO. 
 
 MASnrEN'S CORNER, a post-office of Kent co., Delaware. 
 
 MAS'TERSONVILLE, a postrofllce of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 
 
 MASTERTON, a post-ofiice of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 MAS'l'KRVlLLE, a station ot Ilari-ison co.. Ohio, on the 
 Steubenville and Columbus R.R., 79 miles E.N.E. of Newark. 
 
 M.AST hope, a station ill Wayne CO., Pennsylvania, on the 
 New York and Erie Railroad, 126 miles from Isew York City. 
 
 1159 
 
MAS 
 
 MAT 
 
 MAST HOPE, a postK)fflcfi of Pike co., Pennsylraiiia.p) 
 MASTRJ5. La, U misfr, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Arileche. li miles S.W. of Toumou, on tlie Doux. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2oUl. 
 MASTUICIIT, (Miistricht.) See Maestkicht. 
 MASXUCU. misHo(>tch',(?) a town of Central Asia, capital 
 ofChitral. Lat, 30° 12' X., Ion. 72° 31' E. It has some trade 
 with Yarkand and Afghanistan. 
 
 MASTUll.V, mls-too'rd or mds'too-r.a, a town of Arabia, 
 Ilejaz, near the Ued Sea. 140 miles S.S.W. of Medina. 
 
 M.VlST YARD, a post-Tillat;e of Merrimack ai.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Merrimack and Connecticut llivers Itailroad, 7 
 miles X.\V. of Concord. 
 
 MASUL.IP.\T.\M. m3-sooMe-p.vtam', a town of Briti.-ih 
 India, the capital of a district of its own name, on the Coro- 
 mandcl Coast, is 220 miles X.X.K. of Madras. The fort is 
 surrounded by a salt mora«s. communicating by a canal 
 with the Kistnah and the sea. The town. 1^ miles X.W., is 
 large, and has long been famous for its chintz manufactures. 
 Its trade lia.s latterly declined, but it stiil export* goods to 
 Calcutta, West Ilindostan, and the Persian Uulf: its port, 
 which is on the only part of this coast not surf- beaten, is 
 acces.'ible for vessels of 300 tons. 
 
 MASULIP.\TAM, a district of British India, presidency 
 of Madras, having E. the Bay of Bengal. Area 5000 square 
 miles. Pop. in ISol. 520.866. 
 
 MASULL.iS, m;I.<!-.'!Ool'lis, a village oa the island of Sar- 
 dinia, province of Bu.«achi. Pop. 1056. 
 
 M.^^TA, mi/td, a lake of Brazil, province and 170 miles 
 S.S.AV. of Maranhao, and giving origin to the river Codo. 
 Length about 20 miles. 
 
 MATA, a river of East Africa, enters the Channel of 
 Mozambique, nejirly midway between the rivers Sof;ila and 
 Sena. 
 
 MATA, La. U nil'tj, a town of Spain, New CastUe, 20 
 miles W.X.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1000. 
 
 M.iT.A., La, a town of Spain, Kstremadura, 27 miles N.W. 
 of Caceres. Pop. 1095. 
 
 MATAGOR'D.A.. a bay or extensive lagoon of Texas, at the 
 mouth of Colorado Kiver, 55 miles long, with an average 
 breadth of alxiut 7 miles, and is enclosed from the Gulf of 
 Mexico by a peninsula 45 miles long, bj' 2 to 3 miles broad; 
 lat. (S. point) 28° 2t' X.. Ion. 90° 20' W. A little to the S.W. 
 of the port is an island of the same name. 
 
 M.\TAG01{/DA, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, on the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and on Matagorda Bay. It is intersected by 
 Colorado River and the Cany Bayou. The surface is an 
 alluvial plain, de.-titute of timber. e.xcept the margins of the 
 streams. The uplands are mostly uncultivated, lu 1850 
 the county produced 1394 hogsheads of sugar, a greater 
 quantity than any other in the state excepting Brazoria. 
 Capital. Jlatagordiv. Pop. 3454, of whom 1347 were free, 
 and 2107 slaves. 
 
 MATAGORD.\. capital of Matagorda county, Texas, is 
 situated on the bay of the same name, at the mouth of the 
 Colorado River, 250 miles S.E. of .\uslin City. The river is 
 navigable for steamboats to the city of .\ustin. Matagorda 
 has considerable trade, and is the depot for the proiluce of 
 the Colorado Valley,, which is one of the richest portions of 
 the state, producing cotton, sugaiM-ane. rice, indigo, and 
 maize. The sea breeze, which blows during the summer, 
 renders this town a favorite summer residence of citizens 
 from the interior. A lighthouse has lately been erected 
 here. A weekly newspaper is published. Pop. almut 12u0. 
 3IAT.\M. niri-tjm'. a village of Seueirambia, Foota-Uamga. 
 on the left bank of the Sengal ; lat. 15° 44' N., Ion. 13° 
 6'W. 
 
 MAT.\MO'R.\, a post-village of Ilardeman co., Tennessee, 
 near the llati'hee River, 67 miles E. of Memphis. 
 
 MAT AM J'llAS or MArAMO'ROS. a river-port town of 
 the Mexican Confederation, department of Tamaulipas, 
 on the S. bank of the Kio Grande, 40 miles from the Gulf 
 of Mexicc. Its port on the gulf consists of two harbtirs, 
 the Braze de Santiago and the Boca del Rio, about 9 miles 
 apart, and both obstructed by bars impassable during strong 
 winds. ExjKJrts consist chiefly of sj^ecie, with some hides, 
 wool, and horses: imports, mannfuctureil goods, chietl)' from 
 Great Brit.iin and the United States, Customs revenue has 
 usually been mortgaged by the government f)r the payment 
 of the Mexican army. Pop. 20,000. Opposite this town, on 
 the X.E. side of the river. General Tajior establi.shetl his 
 camp in the spring of 1846, previous to the commencement 
 of hostilities between the United States and .Mexico. The 
 latter place hsis been since called Fort Bniwn. or Browns- 
 ville, in honor of Major Brown, comm.inder of the garrison, 
 who was mortally wounded by a shell from the Mexican 
 batteries. (M,ay 6, 1846.) while General Taylor, with the 
 main body of his forces, was engaged in opening a com- 
 munication with Point Isabel. After the victories of Palo 
 Alto and Res;u-a de la Palma. the American army entered 
 and to )k possession of Matanioras without opposition. 
 M.\T.\M )R.\.S, a town of Me.vico, 54 miles from Puebla. 
 ^tATAM VISAS, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, 
 13 miles X. of llnrrigburg. 
 iJATA-MOIMS, a post-offlce of Pike co., Pennsvlvanla. 
 IIOO 
 
 MATAMOEAS, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MATAMORAS, a village of Blackford co., Indiana, on the 
 Salamonie River, about 85 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 M.VTAX, mi-tdn', a native state on the island of Borneo, 
 on the S.W. coast of the Carimata Strait. It '.ields the best 
 diamonds in Borneo; also, iron, tin. and sago. 
 
 MAT.'VX, a small island of the Malay Arciiipel.ago. Philip- 
 pines, immediately E. of Zebu, where, in 1520, Magellan was 
 killed in a skirmish with the natives, 
 
 MATAXZA, La, Id md-tjn'sd. a town of the Canaries, oa 
 the X. part of the island of TeneriOfe. Pop. 1374. 
 
 M.4.TAXZAS, md-tan'z.js or m.'l-tdn'thls, a fortified seaport 
 town on the X.W. coast of the island of Cuba. 52 miles E. of 
 Havana. Lat. 23° 3' X., Ion. 81° 4U' W. It is situated on a flat 
 on both sides of the San Juan, which brings down large quan- 
 tities of mud. materially impeding uavigati'jn in the harbor. 
 The houses are built very substantially, mostly of stone, but 
 with an entire absence of any architectural beauty. The 
 priucipal etiifices are the Castle of San Severino, the church, 
 a fine hospital, a theatre, and extensive barracks. One daily 
 newsp.'iper is publishe<l in the town. Some improvement 
 has of late taken place in the .schools of Mati»nzas, although 
 the stjindard of etiucation on the whole is exceedingly low. 
 In commerc iai importance, Mawnzas ranks next to llavana. 
 Its facilities for trade have been greatly increased by the 
 construction of railways connecting it with Havana. Carde- 
 nas, and other principal towns in the island. A telegraph 
 is being formed from Matauzas to Havana, and steamere' 
 also ply daily between the two ports, makir.g the passage in 
 5 hours, besides touching at Cardenas, Jucano. &e. The 
 imports consist chiefly of articles of food, machinery, and 
 materials for sugar and colTee plantations; fancy goods are 
 brought principally from Havana. The exports in 1847, 
 comprised 387.171 boxes of sugar; 54,S4l hog.^heads of 
 molasses, and 3.405,777 pounds of iK)8ee. Among the other 
 articles of export are tobacco, honey, wax, and fruits. The 
 bay is spacious, easy of access, and completely sheltered 
 from winds, except tho.se from the X.E., which bring in a 
 heavy swell. Pop in 1853, 26,000; of the jurisdiction, 81,397, 
 viz. : 34.721 white. 5'.U8 free colored, and 40.728 slaves. 
 MATAPAX, CAPE. See Cape M.\tapan. 
 MATA PAS. mati'pjs. a marketrtown of Central America, 
 state, and 65 miles E.S.E. of Guatemala. 
 
 MATAPOZUELO.S!. ma-td-po-fhw.Vloce. a town of Spain, In 
 Leon. 17 miles S.S.W. of V,illadolid. Pop. 1120. 
 MATARAII, a town of Arabia. See Muttr,*. 
 M.VIWU.VM. a city of Java. See Djokjokarta. 
 MATARHEYEH or MATARIYEII, md-ti-ree'yeh, often 
 written MATARI.\. (anc. IIelinp>nlis, i. e. the "city of the 
 sun.") a village of Lower Esrypt, in a beautiful district, 6 
 miles X.X.E. of Cairo. Lat. 80° 48' X.. Ion. 31° 5S' E. It 
 very early acquired, and long continued to pos.sess great 
 celebrity, from its temple of the sun, which was a very 
 magnificent structure, and was, for ages, the chief seat ot 
 Egyptian learning. According to Strabo. the city stood on 
 a large mound, and hail lakes in front filled with water from 
 the neighboring canals. The gardens of Matareeyeh were 
 renownetl fjr a balsam, protluced from plants first bi-ought 
 from Judea by Cleopatra, and believed to be the same as the 
 Balm of Gilead. mentioned in the Bible: and it was in these 
 gardens that, about thirty years ago, the cultivation of In- 
 dian cotton was first tried in Egypt. In the plain, in the 
 vicinity. Sultan Selim encamped in 1517. previous to his 
 defeat of Toman Bey, which transferred the Memlook 
 sceptre to the Osmanlee; and, in the same locality, in 1800, 
 the Turks were signally defeated by the French under Klo- 
 her. Matareeveli is now a verj- insignificant place. 
 
 MATAREEYEH or MATARIEH, md-td-ree'yeh, a village 
 of Lower Egypt, province and 20 miles S.E. of Uamietta, on 
 the E. shore of Lake Menzaleh. Pop. 3000. 
 
 JIATARELLO, md-tit-rtM'lo, a village of Austria, Tyrol, 6 
 miles from Trent, I'op. 12i'0. 
 M.\TAUIA or MATARIYEIL See Mat.^reeteh. 
 M.Vr.YRO, md-td-ro', (anc. lUuro?) a maritime city of 
 Spain, on the Barcelona and Mataro Railway, loi miles N'.B. 
 of Barcelona. Pop. 13,010. It stands on the slope of a hill, 
 and consists of an old and new town, the latter having 2 
 fine squares. It has a large parish church, a hospital, col- 
 lege, and school of navigation, manufactures of leather, 
 cotton, silks, velvets, and ril>ands, and docks in which ship- 
 building is actively carried on. It Is connecteil with Barce- 
 lona by a railway l5j miles long, opened 29th October, 1848, 
 the first in Spain. 
 
 M.VrARUX.\, md-t^-roo'nd, a village of Brazil, province 
 and 70 miles X,E. of Rio de .laneiro, on the X. shore of Lake 
 Ararauma, on a river of its own name, here crossed by o 
 bridge. I'op. 3200. 
 M.vr.\S'Iv.\ a small'village of Itawamba co.. Miisi^sippL 
 MATAVIAS.\, m.d-td-ve-dn'yd, a river of Spain, falls into 
 the Ebro, in the province of Teruel: total course about 60 
 miles. 
 
 MATAWAMKEAG, mat-a-w3m'kfg, a river in the S.E. 
 part of Maine, rising in .\roostook county, foils into the 
 Penobscot in Penobscot couctv. 
 
MAT 
 
 MAT 
 
 MATAWA^IKEAG or MATTAWAMKEAG, a post-office 
 of IVnoliscot CO., Maine. 
 
 MATCirAI'U'XIX HROOK. of Xew Jersey, rises in Mon- 
 mouth county, and fall.s into tlie Soutli River in MiddleffiX 
 county, near Sputtswootl. 
 
 MATCIIIKIIA, md-chee'Kd, a market-town of Russia. Don 
 Cos.-iack country, 75 miles J'l.N.E. of Novokhopersk. 1'. 22{.)0. 
 
 MATCIIIN, mdtVheen', a town of European Turkey, Bul- 
 garia, on tile ri.;;ht bank of the Danube, 32 miles N.E. of 
 Ilirsova. 1 1 has 2 forts. 
 
 MATCII'ING. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 MATEIjICA, rad-t^l'e-kd, a town of Central Italy, in the 
 Marches, 23 miles W.S.W. of Macerata. Pop. 7270. It is 
 enclosed by walls, and ha-s several churches and convents. 
 
 MATKM.KS. Lks, W m.i't^ll', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of llerauit, 9 miles N.N.W. of Montpellier. 
 
 MATKR.\, nii-tA'rd. a town of Naples, province of Ba.sili- 
 cata, 43 miles E. of I'otenza, on the Gravina. Pop. 11,200. 
 It is a place of great antiquity, the residence of an arch- 
 bishop, seat of a civil court, and has a cathetlral. 3 convent*, 
 and a royal school of belles-lettres, mediciue, law, and agri- 
 culture. 
 
 MATE-SZALKA, md/tA'-sill'koh', a market-town of Hun- 
 gary, Thither Tlieiss, 9 miles from N'eutra-Biithor. P. 2580. 
 
 MATII.V. mrt'td'. a village of France, department of Cha- 
 rente Inferieure. 11 miles f<.E. of St. Jean d'Angcly. P. 2125. 
 
 MA-TUKOl) SHAN or MA-THEOU CHAN, md-ta-oo/shdn, 
 a mountain of China, province of Yun-nan. lat. 25° 40' N., 
 Ion. 10'2° E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 MATII'ERN. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 MATII'Eirro.X, a post-offlce of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 MATII'ON. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 MATUURA. sometimes written, and usually prfmounced, 
 MUT'TR.\.,a town and place of jiilgrimage in British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Jumna, 30 miles N.W. of Agra 
 It is greatly venerated by Brahmins as the birtli-place of 
 Krishna, and consists chiefly of a continued street of tem- 
 ples, ghauts, &c., of some elegance, with several mosques, a 
 fort, and some oxten.'^ive cantonments. The Jumna is navi- 
 gable for large boats at all seasons. Pop. estimated at 00,000. 
 
 MAT I A. md-tee'd, or MIT I A. called also AURORA, one of 
 the Society Islands. Lat. 1,0° 15' S.. Ion. 14S° 5' W. 
 
 M.\TI(!NON, md'teen'yAN"', a town of France, department 
 of Cotes-<Ui-Xord. 15 miles N.N.W. of Dinan. Pop. 13ti0. 
 
 MATl UD\. a post-village of Canada West, township of Ma- 
 tilila, on the Point Iroquois Canal, 15 miles N.N.E. of Pres- 
 cott, and 30 miles irom Cornwall. It contains several stores, 
 and 4 mills. Pop. about 125. 
 
 MATI 1/DA FURNACE, a small village of Mifflin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MATIL'DAVILLE, a post-village of aarion co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Clarion River, about 6 miles from its mouth. 
 
 M.\TINA, md-tee'nd. the principal river of Costa-Rica, 
 Central America, formed by tlie union of the Chirripo and 
 Barbilla, flows E., and enters the Caribbean Sea. near lat. 
 10° N., Ion. 8° 25' W. At its mouth is a village of the same 
 Dime. 
 
 MATIN'ICUS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 
 MATI SCO. See M.\con. France. 
 
 MAT'LASK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MAT'LOCK. a watering-pLice and parish of England, co. 
 and Ui miles N.N.\V. of Derby. Pop. 3782, partly employed 
 in manufactures of cotton, and in lead-mines. The village 
 Is neatly built on the slope, and at the bottom of the narrow 
 and sinirularly picturesque vale of the Derwent. It has an 
 ancient church, numerous good hotels and Imlging-houses, 
 a libr.iry, mineralogical museums, and handsome baths and 
 pump-rooms, connected with hot springs, temperature about 
 68° Fahr. In the vicinity are several j^etrifying wells, lead- 
 mines, caverns, and the picturesque woods of .>Iatlock Dale. 
 
 MATLOCK BATH and BRIDGE. England, stations on the 
 Ambergate and Rowelly Branch of North Midland Railway. 
 
 M.\TO-G ROSSO. Brazil. See Matto-Grosso. 
 
 MATOOKOO or MATUKU, md-too^koo', written also MO- 
 TOUGOU, one of the Feejee Islands, in the South Pacific 
 Ocean ; lat. 19° 14' S., Ion. 179° 44' W. 
 
 MATOTSHKTN (md-totch-keen') SIIAR, a strait of the 
 Arctic Ocean, extends E. and W. for 45 miles by 3 miles in 
 breadth, and divides Nova Zembla into two unequal parts. 
 Lat. 73;' 20' N.. Ion. 65° to 60° E. 
 
 MATOUCIIIN, a village of Middlesex co.. New Jersey. 
 See .Mktucuen. 
 
 MATuUR, mdHooR', a market-town of France, department 
 of Saoueet-Loire, 16 miles W. of Macon. • Pop. in 1852, 
 2436. 
 
 MATR.V. md/trfih', a mountain range of Hungary, branch 
 of the Carpathians, extending between the Thi-iss and the 
 Danul>e for 36 miles ; culminating point about 3500 feet high. 
 
 M.\.TI!OXA. See M.\RNE. 
 
 M VTS.\. mdt'soh\ a village of Hungary, 12 miles from 
 Arad. Pop. 1346. 
 
 MATSIOV or MATSIOW, mdt-seov', a market-town of 
 Russia, government of Yolhj'nia, 29 miles N. of Vladimeer. 
 Pon. 3400. 
 
 MATSMAI, mdts'my, a city of Japan, capital of the island 
 
 of Yesso, at the uiouth of a river on its S. coast, lat. 41' 32 
 N., Ion. 140° E. Pop. has been estimated !it 50.000. It ex- 
 tends along the margin of an open bay, facing which ;» ml 
 island with a beacon shj'tering a harbor capable of receiv- 
 ing the largest ships. 
 
 .MATSMAI, STRAIT OF. See Yesso. 
 
 MAT'S'. )N, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 JIATTAPOI'SETT. a post-village of Plymouth co., Mas,9.v 
 chu.setts. on Buzzard's Bay. at)out60 miles S. by E. of Boston 
 The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the whale fi.sh- 
 eries. During the year 1853. 7 vessels arrived here, bringing 
 1816 barrelsof sperm oil, 42 of whale oil, and 4900 pounds oif 
 whalebone. 
 
 MATTAP/ONY, a river in the E.S.E. part of Yirgini"*, 
 rises in Spottsylvaiiia co., and flowing in a general S.E. 
 cour.se after forming the boundary between King and Quee^ 
 and King William counties, unites with the Pamunlioy to 
 form the York River. 
 
 MATTAMMISCON'TIS, a township in Lincoln co., Muina 
 Pop. 31. 
 
 MAT'TAWAN', a post-village of Yan Buren co., Michigan, 
 on the Michigan Central Railroad. 156 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 MArTEAWAN', a ptist-villaL'e of Kishkill town.-^hip, 
 Dutchess CO., New Y'ork, on Fishkill Creek, about 90 niilea 
 S. of Albany. It has abundant wafer-power, and contains 
 extensive manufactories of iron and cotton fabrics. Pop. 
 estimated at 2000. 
 
 M AT'TKRDALE.achapelrv of Eneland. co. ofCumberland. 
 
 MATTER HORN, a mountain of the Alps. See Cervi.v. 
 
 MATTKRSDORF, mi/ters-doRr. (Hun. Nagy-Murtimy, 
 nildj maR'ton',) a market-town of West Hungary, county 
 and 10 miles W.N.W. of Oedenburg. Pop. 4092. 
 
 MATH-ERSEY. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 M.\TTHEWS, math'uz. a county in the E. |>art of Yirginia, 
 bordering on Chesapeake Bay, near its southern extremity. 
 It consists of a peninsula washed by Piankatank River on 
 the N., by the Chesapeake on the E., and by Molgack Baj' 
 on the S.W., and joined to the mainland by an isthmu.* 
 at)Out 1 mile wide. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth,. 8 
 miles. Area, about 90 sfjuare miles. The surface is extremely 
 level: the soil is sandy and moderately fertile. Shiivbuild' 
 ing is an important branch of business. Named in honor 
 of General Matthews, an officer in the war of the Revolution, 
 and afterwards governor of Georgia. Capital, Wei-tvilltt, 
 Pop. "OUl, of whom 40>>3 were free, and 3008 slaves. 
 
 .MATTHEWS COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of 
 Matthews co., Yirginia, 70 miles E. of Richmond, is situated 
 near an arm of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 MATTHEW'S STORE, a post-office of Howard co., Mary- 
 laud. 
 
 MATTHEWSYILLE, a village in Pocahontas Co., AVest 
 Virginia, about 150 miles S.S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 ■MATTIE, matt'yA or mdtHee', a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin. Pop. 2229. 
 
 MAT/TISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MAT'TISON, a post-township in the W. part of Branch 
 CO., .Michigan. Pop. 10ii5. 
 
 MArTlTUCK/, a post-vill.ige of Suffolk co.. New York, on 
 the l>ong Island Railroad, 83 miles E. of New Y'ork. 
 
 MATTIACU.M. See M.tRBURG. 
 
 SIATTOGROSSO, mdt'to gros'so, or MATO-GROSSO, 
 ("great or dense fore.«t,") the most W. ami largest province 
 of Brazil ; lat. from 7° to 24° N. ; Ion. from 61° to 65° W.'; 
 area 865,800 square miles. It is traversed from N.W. to 
 S.E., by a mountain chain, forming the principal watershed 
 between the basins of the Amazon and the Rio-de-la-1'lata. 
 From the mountains innumerable streams descend, and flow 
 through lofty rocky valleys, which gradually spread out into 
 immense plains. There are also numerous lakes, some of 
 them of considerable extent. The name Mattii-Grosso is de- 
 riveil from the dense forests, which cover a great part of the 
 surface. The province is particularly rich in minerals. There 
 is scarcely a district in which gold is not found, and iron ia 
 everywhere abundant. Rock-salt and saltpetre are both 
 worked to a limited extent. Over an extensive region near 
 the centre, diamond-mines have been wrought from a very 
 remote period, and still continue to yield a large revenue 
 to the government. In other quarters, various other gems 
 and crystals are obtained. For administrative pur|ioses, 
 Matto-Grosso is divided into two comarcas, Cuyaba and 
 Matto-Grosso, subdivided into numerous districts. It sends 
 only one deputy to the General Legislative Assembly, and 
 appoints only one senator. The Provincial Assembly, con- 
 sisting of 20 members, holds its sittings in Cuyaba. Pop. 
 180,000. 
 
 MATTO-GROSSO or VILLA BELLA, veelld bfl/ld, a city of 
 Brazil, in the al)Ove province, on a height abov e the right 1 ank 
 of the Guapore. below the confluence of the Alegre. 300 miles 
 W. of Cuyaba. It is surrounded by plain.s. which are annually 
 inundated, and is built with considerable regularity. The 
 houses are low, constructeil of earth and wood, and covered 
 with tiles : and, being whitewashed both within and without, 
 have a ch«erful and comfortable appearance. It has 3 
 churches, a town-house, smelting-house. hospittil, barracks, 
 and arsenal; a Latin, and two primary schools. Its only 
 
 1161 
 
MAT 
 
 trade is In horses aud cattle. Pop. of Comarca, including 
 only those civilUel. 15.000. 
 
 SIATTOl. mdt'ti.l'. a river of South-east Africa, risinu In a 
 wit-water marsh in the interior, falls into Delagoa Bay. 
 
 MATTRAH. a town of Arabia. See Muttiia. 
 
 J1.\TIIKU. one of the Feejee Islands. See M.\T0Olt0O. 
 
 MATCRA, in3'tx)-r3. a small town and fort of Ceylon, 
 near it*; S. extremitv. 26 miles E of Point de Galle. 
 
 MATURATTA. ni3t-too-r4t/td, a maritime town and port 
 of Ceylon. P.E. of Kandy. 
 
 MATCRIN, mj-too-reen', a department in the N.E. of 
 Venezuela, extending from the Gulf of Paria W. to the 
 Cnare. Ion. 65° 20' W.. and from the Caritibean Sea to the 
 Orinoco. It comprises the provinces of Cnmana, Barcelona, 
 and Marparita. Capital. Cumana. Pop. 125.000. 
 
 M.ATURIX. a town of Venezuela, on a river which fail- 
 Into the Gulf of Paria: lat. 9° .30' N.. Ion. 62° nO' W. 
 
 M.\TZDOKF. m.^t«'doRf, a town of North Hungary, co. 
 Of Zips, on the Poprad, 6 miles S.W. of Kesmark. Pop. 1060. 
 
 MATZEMIKIM, mit/sen-hlme', (Fr. pron. mdt'.seh-ntoi,) 
 a station of France, on the Strasbourg and Bale (Basel; 
 Railway, 15 miles S. of Strasbourg. 
 
 M AUBAN. mow-bdn'. a town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, 
 Malay Arcliipela^o, on its E. coast. S.E. of Mauila. P. 5000. 
 
 M.4UBE1;T-F0XTAIXE, mO'bain'-fA.No'tAu', a town of 
 France, department of Ardeuneg, 6 miles S.W. of Rocroy. 
 Pop. 1312. 
 
 MAUBECGE, mo'buzh', (L. ilaU>odium,) a fortified town 
 of France, department of Nord, on the Sambre. 11 miles N. 
 of Aresues. Pop. in 1852, 7717. It has a national factory 
 of fire-arms, iron foundries, and manuiticturcs of iron and 
 Bteel goods. 
 
 JIAUBOURGUET, mo'booR'gV, (L. Malburgttum.) a town 
 of France, department of llautes-Pyrenees, on the Adour, 
 16 miles X. of Tarbes. Pop. in 1S52, 2563. 
 
 MAUBRAi', mO'brA', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Haiiiaut. 24 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 1680. 
 
 MAUCII CIIUXK, mawk chiink', a flourishing town, 
 capital of Carbon co., Penuoylvania. on the riirht bank of 
 the Lehigh River, at the mouth of Mauch Chunk Creek, 100 
 miles X.E. of Ilarrisburg, and 36 miles W.X.W. of Easton. 
 The surrounding region is traversed by several rugged and 
 sterile mountain ranges, which abound in coal and iron 
 ore. The b.inks of the river near this place are higli and 
 precipitous, a.nA the scenery is remarkably wild. Mauch 
 Chunk is built in one of the narrow ravines through which 
 the river passes, where there is scarcely room for buildings, 
 and there are no gardens in the place. The ground Ix'ing 
 all occupied in Maucli Chunk proper, they are now building 
 In what is termed Upper Mauch Chunk, on the top of the 
 nill, and on the E. bank of the river. The latter quarter 
 is called Greenwood. Mount Pisgah, which is a short dis- 
 tance N., rises about 1000 feet above the surface of the Le- 
 high. Mauch Chunk is a place of active business, particu- 
 larly in coal and lumber. The bed of coal on the top of 
 Mauch Chunk Mountain, or Summit Hill, is about 60 feet 
 In thickne.*s. In 1860, 722,000 tons of coal were exported 
 from Carbon county by the Lehigh Company's Canal, which 
 h.is contributed greatly to the prosperity of this region. 
 The amount paid out by the wmpany in the year was 
 computed at $003,000. In 1851 the produce of the mines 
 amounted to 989.296 tons. The navigation of the river has 
 been improved as far as Wliitehaven, 25 miles above. The 
 works on this p.art of the line are truly magnificent; there 
 are dams 50 feet high, and locks of .«oiid stone, which raise 
 the water 33 feet. A railroad has been constructtxl to the 
 mines of Summit Hill, about 9 miles W. of the town. The 
 cars. loaded with coal, descend by their own gravity to the 
 landing, and after lieing emptied have been heretofore 
 drawn up the plane by mules. But now the labors of the 
 mules are superseded. A •' back track" has been constructed, 
 which is regarded as a master-piece of bold and successful 
 engineering. From the chutes where the coal cars are un- 
 loaded at the town of Mauch Chunk, they return by their 
 own weight to the foot of Mount Pisgah. They are then 
 drawn to the top of that mountain on an inclined plane by 
 means of a stationary engine. From the head of this plane 
 they pass by their own gravity along a railway of 6 miles, 
 to the foot of another inclined plane. To the top of this 
 they are again raised by steam, and thence descend to the 
 different mines, where they are filled with coal, and again 
 descend by their own weight to the chutes. Here are 2 
 national l)anks. Pop. in 1850, 3600; in 1860, 4008. 
 
 M.\L!CIIL1XE. moKlin, (Celtic, .Wof/A, " a meadow ;" Linn, 
 a "lake,") a manufacturing town and parish of Scotland, co. 
 ot Ayr, with a station on the Glasgow and Ayr Railway, 8 
 miles S.E. of Kilmarnock, on the Ayr. Pop. of village, 
 1336. It has a public library, branch bank, and manufac- 
 tures of woixien snuff-boxes, and numerous cotton looms. 
 The parish was long the residence of Burns. 
 
 MAUCKM'OUT. a post-village in Harrison co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio River, 135 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 .MAUEK, mow'er. sometimes written MOWER, a village 
 of I.o»t-r Austria. 6 miles S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1056. 
 
 MALERIvIRCHEX, mow'fr-ke6RKVn, or MAWERKIR- 
 
 iiaj 
 
 MAU 
 
 CIIKX, a market-town of Lower Austria, circle of Inn, 8 
 miies from Brunau. Pop. lOoO. 
 
 MALGIIoLD. maw'Ald. a pari.sh of the Isle of Man. 
 . MAL'GUIO, mO^gheeV, (L. ilulgorium.) a market-town ot 
 France, department of Herault. on the railway to Xlmes, 
 and on the lagoon JIauguio, 7 miles in length, by about 2 
 miles in breadth. 6 miles E. of Moutpellier. Pop. 2064. 
 
 MAUI or MoWEE. mow'ee, one of the Sandwich Inlands, 
 in the Xorth Pacific Ocean, N.W. from Hawaii; lat. of 
 the S.E. point 20° 44' X.. Ion. 155° 58' W. It is divided 
 into two oval-shaped peninsulas, connected by a low 
 istlimus. The peniu.sulas, called respectively, Kiist Maui, 
 and West Maui, i-ise. the former to a height of 10.000 feet, 
 terminating in a crater 2700 feet deep, aud falling almost 
 perpendicularly towards the sea; the latter to an elevation 
 of 6100 feet, aud having many sharp peaks aud ridges, 
 divided by deep valleys, which, in descending towards the 
 sea, form sloping plains on the X. and S. sides, of conside- 
 rable extent. Numerous beautiful cascades pour over the 
 rocks, from heights of several hundred feet. On the W. 
 side is the bay and town of Lahaiua, much resorted to by 
 whalers. Maui has been occupied as a missionary station 
 since 1832. and the church contains alxiut 300 members. 
 The schools, attended by about 1000 children, are ver3- in- 
 efficient, there being neither regular teachers nor school- 
 bouses. I'op. of the island, in December, 1853, 17,330. 
 
 MAULDA, a town of Indiii. See Mald.\. 
 
 MAUKI, an island of the South Pacific. See Parry. 
 
 MAULDE. mold, a village of Belgium, province of Uainaut, 
 21 miles W.X.W. of Mous. Pop. 1377. 
 
 MAUL/DEX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 MAUL'DIXG'S MILLS, a post-office of Wayne co.. Illinois. 
 
 M.\ULE, mow'lA, a river of Chili, enters the I'aoific, near 
 the viilage of La Constitucion, lOO miles X.E. of Conivpcion, 
 after a Vi . course of 180 miles, for the last few leagues of 
 which it is navigable for small craft. It gives the name to 
 a department between those of Concepciou and Colchagua, 
 with an area of 3990 sqtiare miles, aud a population of 
 102.000.(?i 
 
 MAULKOX. mo^l.i^Ax«', a town of France, department of 
 Basses-Pyrenees, 25 miles S.^V. of Pau. Pop. lC,i4. 
 
 M.\ULfiVlUEli. miVlA*vre-a/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire. on the Moine. Pop. in 1852. 2398. 
 
 MAULMAIX, miPmin', MOULMEIX or MoKLMYXE, 
 mool-miu', a seai ort town of Further India, capital of a 
 Briti.sh province of the Teuasserim Coast, at the mouth of 
 the Sahvin Ixiver. opposite the Burmese town Martabau. 28 
 miles X.E. of Amherst, lat. 16° 30' N.. Ion. 97° 37' E. Pop- 
 ulation some years ago estimated at 10,000, and during the 
 late Cnine.se war it was garrisoned by 4o00 men, including 
 an European regiment. It was founded in 1S25. a« a fron- 
 tier mililary station, but having a good harbor, protected 
 westward by the island of Balu. it has become a iiourishing 
 seat of commerce. Exports consist of teak-tiniber. rice, to- 
 bacco, stick-lac, betel-nut, ivory, cocoa-nuts, and live stock. 
 Imports are mostly European cotton goods aud marine 
 stores. Trade principally with Calcutta, Madras. Rangoon, 
 and Penang. About 15 miles distant are some remarl^able 
 stalactitic caverns. 
 
 MAUMEE, maw'mee'. a river formed by the St. Joseph's 
 and St. Mary's Rivers, which unite at Fort Wayne, in Indiana. 
 It flows througli the X.\V. part of Ohio, and enters Maumee 
 Bay. at the W. end of Lake Erie, about 4 miles below Toledo. 
 Steamboats can ascend to Defiance, (about 60 miles from its 
 mouth.) when the water is high, and boats of 60 tons in 
 ordinary stages. The Wabash and Erie Canal follows the 
 course of this river from Fort Wayne to its mouth, a di* 
 tance of 80 miles. 
 
 M.\UMEE, a township in Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 164. 
 
 M.\UMEE CITY, capital of Lucas county, Ohio, on the 
 left liank of the Maumee ICiver, and on the Wabash and 
 Erie Canal, opposite I'errysburg. and 8 miles S.AV. of Toledo. 
 It is at the head of the regular steamlioat navigation, and 
 has an active busines. It contains 6 churches, a Unioi. 
 school, 2 iron foundries and numerous stores. There are in 
 the vicinity several floiuing and other mills. Po]). 1091. 
 
 M AUMELLE. maw^mJP, or MAM'MELLE/, a postrofllce t 
 Pulaski CO., Arkansas. 
 
 MAOXA. SeeMAOoNA. 
 
 MAUXA LOA. mow'nj WL or MAUXA ROA, ("great 
 mountain.") a mountain of Hawaii, (which see.) 
 
 MAUXD^VEE/, a town of India, presidency and 13 milef 
 S.E. of Bombay. 
 
 M.\UXD/WA, a town of India, on the Xcrbudda, stated, 
 in 1820, to comprise 1000 houses. 
 
 MAUXKAIHA, mawnki'rd. written al.so 5IUXKERE, a 
 fortified town of the Punjab, between the .Ihvlum and lur 
 dus Rivers, 38 miles S.E, of Bukkur. Lat. 31° 2;J' N., Ion. 
 71^ 30' E. 
 
 M.\UXPOOR', a fortified town of Hicdostan, dominion 
 and 53 miles E. of Jeypoor. 
 
 M.-VUM'OO'RAil, atown of Hindostan, Clwalior dominion, 
 S.W. of Oojein. 
 
 MAUX'SA. a town of West Hindostan, dominion and 82 
 miles N.W. of Baroda. 
 
MAU 
 
 MAI 
 
 MAUPITI, an island in the South PaciGc. See Marca. 
 
 MALU, mOWB, a village of Swilzerlaud. canton and 7 
 miles S.E. of Zurich, S.AV. side of LalieUr iffeu. i'op. 2133. 
 
 JlAUUEl'AS. mO're-pi\ a lalio situated in the K. part of 
 Louisiana, at the moutli of Amite Kiver. eouimunicates with 
 Lak" l'oiit<hartrain by an outlet about 3 miles long. Its 
 form is orbiiular, and itd greatest extent 13 miles. 
 
 MAUItlAC, mr/re-dk'. (L. Mauriucuiu,) a. town of France, 
 department of Cantal, 36 miles W'.N.AV. of St. Flour. I'op. 
 in 1S52, 3594. It ha.s a fine Gothic church, communal col- 
 lege, and trade in horses and mules. 
 
 JIAL'KICE RIVKK, or I'Kl.NCK MAURICE RIVER, of 
 N'w Jersey, rises by several small streaiis in the S. central 
 part of Gloucester county, and flowing lirst S., and after- 
 wards S.W., falls into Delaware Bay alxiut 20 miles in a 
 straight line X. hy AV. from Cape May Lifihtliouse. It is 
 navigable for vessels of 8U or 100 tons to Millville, 20 miles. 
 
 MAURICE RIVER, a township of Cumberland co., Aew 
 Jersey. I'op. !it."0. 
 
 MAU'RICETOWN, a village of Downe township, Cumber- 
 land CO., New Jersey, on Maurice River, about 30 miles S.E. 
 of f^alem, contains a cliurch and 30 or -iO dwellings. 
 
 MAURITANIA TINGITANA. See Morocco, Empire of. 
 
 MAURITIUS, maw-rish'e-us, or ISLE UF FRANCE, an 
 island of the Indian Ocean, a colony of Great Britain, ¥.. 
 from the i.-ilands of Madagascar and Bourbon; lat. (Port 
 Louis tlie capital,) 20° 9/ 42" S. Ion. 57° 28' 45" E. It is of 
 an oval form, about 40 miles from N.E. to S.W.. and 25 
 miles in its greatest breadth. It is surrounded by coral 
 reefs, and in the interior is composed chiefly of rugged and 
 irregular mountains, rising usually into points or pin- 
 nacles of considerable lieight; the highest, the Brabant 
 Mountain, being 3000 feet, and tlie singular insulatotl 
 rock, Peter Botte, 2000 feet. Between the mountains, and 
 along the coast, there are several large and fertile plains 
 and valleys, well watered by numerous streamlets, and hay- 
 ing an exceedingly rich soil of black vegetable mould, or 
 stiff clay. Iron exists, but is of an inferior quality. The 
 climate is salubrious, but is subject to violent, frequent, and 
 destructive hurricanes. Sliatly groves of mango, dense 
 masses of mimosa, and nearly every beautiful tree of the 
 tropics, are to be met with in Mauritius. Mauy plants fi'om 
 Europe, Africa, Madagascar, and India are acclimated, and 
 thrive well. The principal objects of cultivation are sugar, 
 rice, maize, mandioc, and vegetables; and. to a limited ex- 
 tent, coffee, pepper, and tlie mulberry for the proiluction of 
 silk. The exports of sugar, which is the staple of the island, 
 increased from 04,880.184 lbs. in 1839, to Ily,4;;0,044 lbs. in 
 1848, mostly sent to Great Britain. The next largest article 
 of export is rice, amounting, in 1848, to 3,085,424 lbs., the 
 greater part of which went to the Cape of Good Hope. The 
 total exports, in 1852, amounted iu value to 1.100,5tJ4/. 
 The imports, which consist of provisions of all kind.s, live 
 stock, copper, cordage, glass, cotton manufactures, <kc.. 
 amounted to 1.052,3512. The government of the island is 
 Tested in a governor, a colonial legislative council, subordi- 
 nate to tlie orders of the sovereign iu council. Revenue 
 1852,311.854?,; expenditures, 283,053Z. Mauritius was dis- 
 covered in 1605 by the Portuguese. The Dutch took pos- 
 gefsion of it in 1598, and named it Mauritiu,s, iu honor of 
 Prince Maurice. It fell into the hands of the French in 
 1721, who retained it till 1810, when it was captured by the 
 British. It is well known as the scene of St. Pierre"s tale of 
 I'aul and Virginia. There is a packet conimuuiiatiou month- 
 ly between the island and Ceylon. The principal towns are 
 Port Louis and Malielourg. French is the language chiefly 
 spoken. I'op. 161,920. 
 
 MAURIUS, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana. 
 
 MAURON, mf/rAN'', a town of France, department of 
 Morljihau. 12 miles N.N.E. of Ploermel. I'op. in 1852, 4246. 
 
 iI.\UHS, moK, (L. Murtium.) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cantal, 30 miles S.W. of Aurillac. Pop. 3081. 
 
 MAURUA, or MAUPITI. See Marua. 
 
 IMAtiRY, a county in the S.W. central part of Tennessee; 
 area estimated at Ooo sfjuare miles. Duck River divides it 
 into nearly equal parts, and is juined in its pas.sage by seve- 
 ral affluents, which furnish water-power. The surface is 
 diversified; the soil is very fertile. The county is inter- 
 sected Dy the railroad extending from Nashville to Decatur, 
 Alabama. Maury is the third county in tlie state with 
 respect to population. CapiUil, Columbia. Pop. 32,498, of 
 whiini 17,844 were iree, and 14,iS4 slaves. 
 
 MAUTERX. muw'tern, a small town of Austria, Styria, 
 20 miles W. of Briiek, w.iin mineral baths and iron works. 
 
 MAUTERN, a small town of Lower Austria, on the Dan- 
 ube, here crossed by a bridge to Stein. 40 miles W.N.W. of 
 Vienna, and where, in 1484, Mathias of Hungary obtained 
 a signal victory over the A uetrians. 
 
 AlAUTERNDORF, nu'iw'tern-doRr, a market-town of Upper 
 Austria. <ircle and 67 miles S.S.E. of Salzburg. Pop. 1120. 
 
 MA L Til, mowt, or JIEGTO, m^g'to, a nuirket-town of 
 Bohemia, circle ani 21 miles S.W. of Beraun. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MAUTHAUSEN, mowt'how'zgn, a market-town of Upper 
 Austria, on the Danube, 3 miles N.E. of Enns. Pop. 1200. 
 
 UAUTUEN, mow'tgu, a village of Ulyria, in Cariuthia. 
 
 MAUVATSE (moVAzO RIVER, or MUSH'KEE. a small 
 stream of Wisconsin, rises in La Pointe co., and flown into 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 MAUAEZIN, nioVeh-zS.No', (L. Maluesinum.) a town of 
 France, department of Gers, 19 miles S.E. of Lectoure. P. 1371 
 
 MAUVI'L.A, a village of Mobile co., Alabama, on th» 
 Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Mobile. 
 
 MAUZ£,.mo'zi', a town of F'rance, department of Deux- 
 Sevres, on the right bank of the Mignon, 13 miles S.W. of 
 Niort. Pop. 1824. 
 
 MAVROMATI. See Messene. 
 
 MAVRO(or MAURO)POTAMOS, mSv'ro pot'l-moB, (anc 
 Achlerrm,) a river ff Greece, F^jiirus, enters the Medilerr^^ 
 nean 7 miles Fi.S.E. of Parga. after a S.W. course of 40 miles. 
 From the N. it receives the river anciently called the Oicytus ; 
 and both streams were, by the Greek mythologists, reputed 
 to be rivers of hell. 
 
 MAVRO(,or MAURO)POTAMOS, (anc. Cepkistsus,) a river 
 of Gret'ce. in Livadia, falls into Lake Topolias, (anc. Cnpais.} 
 
 MAVROVOUNO, miv'ro voo'no. (or the " black moun- 
 tain.") a triple-peaked height of Greece, Epirus, elevation 
 1500 fi-et. 
 
 MAWD/ESLEY. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 MAW/GAN-iN-MENEAGE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cornwall. « 
 
 MAW/GAN-iK-PY/DER, a parish of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 M.\W/NAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 MAX^VTAW'NY, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 74 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 2093. 
 
 MAXDttRF. mdx'doRf, a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Buntzlau, 9niiles from Reichenljcrg. Pop. 11C3. 
 
 MAXEN, mix'en, a village of Saxony, circle and 10 miles 
 S.S.E. of Dresden, with a castle and mineral l)aths. In 
 1759, the Austrians here defeated the Prussians. Pup. 665. 
 
 MAXENT. mix^fiN"', a village of France, department of 
 llle-et-Viliiine, arrondissemeiit of Montfort. Pop. 1890. 
 
 MAX'EY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 M.\X'EY. a post-village of Oglethorpe co., Georgia, on the 
 Athens Brancli Railroad, 94 miles W. by N. of Augusta. 
 
 MA.X'FIELD, a post^township of Penob.«cot co., iSlaiiie, on 
 the Piscataquis River, 38 miles N. by F). of Bangor. 1'. 162. 
 
 MAX'STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 MAX'TON. a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 MAX'VILLE, a posl>village of Washington co., Kentucky, 
 about 30 miles S.S.W. of F'rankfort. 
 
 MAXVILLE, Huron co,, Ohio. See Peru. 
 
 MAXA'ILLE, a village of Spencer Co., Indiana, on th 
 Ohio River, at the mouth of Anderson's Creek, about 140 
 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MAX'WELL, a postoftice of Delaware CO., Ohio. 
 
 5] AX'WELI/S. a station of Brunswick co.. North Cnrolina, 
 on tlie Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 25 miles W. 
 of Wilmington. 
 
 JIAXWELL'S CREEK, a posirOfRce of Mariposa co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 SIAX'WELLTOWN, a burgh of barony of Scotland, co. of 
 Kirkcudbright, on the Nith, opposite Dumfries, with which 
 it communicates by 2 bridges. Pop. in 1851, 3S20, chiefly 
 Irish. 
 
 JIAY. an islet of Scotland, at the month of the Firth of 
 Forth. 6 miles E.S.E. of Fifeness, 1 mile in length, with a 
 light 240 feet above the sea. Lat. 66° 11' N.. Ion. 2° 33' W. 
 
 MAY, a small river of Scotland, co. of Perth, tributary 
 to tlie Flam. 
 
 MAY, a small river of Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 MAY, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 M-4.Y. Le, leh mA, a village of France, dep.Trtment of 
 Maine-etr Loire, 7 miles S.E. of Beaupreau. I'op. 1065. 
 
 MAYACO. mi-iCko, a town of llayti. on the N. coast, about 
 25 miles N.E. of Cape FIngaflo. 
 
 MAY.^OUANA, mi-^-gwd/n3, an island of the West Indie.s. 
 
 MAYAGUF;Z, ml-i-w5s', or mi-d-wSz', a town and port of 
 the island of Porto Rico, Antilles, 70 miles S.W. of St. Jean- 
 de-Porto-Rico. It was taken in 1822. by the adventurer 
 Ducoudray, who attempted to establish an independent 
 repulilie. 
 
 M AY'AS. mI'Ss, a nation of American Indians, who. before 
 the Spanish conquest, occupied the whole peninsula of Yu- 
 catan, including Tabasco. Though ne.irly extinct as a dis- 
 tinct tribe, their language is still spoken by the Indians of 
 all the countries originally in their posses.'ion. 
 
 MAVAKI. nii-3-ree', a seaport town, oi the N. coast of 
 Cuba, near the moutii of a small stream which flows into 
 the Bay of Nipe. It is celebrated tor the fine tobacco raised 
 here. Lat. 20° 45' N'., Ion. 75° 30' W. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 MAY'ISINTON. a post-village of Newberry district. South 
 Carolina, near Broad River, about45 miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 JIAV'BOLE, a burgh of barony, town, and parish ot 
 Scotland, co.. and 7i miles S. of Ayr. Pop. of burgh in 1851, 
 3802. The town contains various stately anmjue buildings, 
 including the ca.stle. the ancient seat of the Cassilis family, 
 called ■• Kings of Carrick;" also manufactures for Glasgow 
 houses, employing numerous hands, mostly Irish. 
 
 MAYCAL'LiN CREFIK, of Arkansas, flows through Pope 
 
 1163 
 
xMAY 
 
 00., and enters the Arkansas near the W. line of John- 
 son couDtr 
 
 MAYDOfRGTIAUT. mi-door-gawV, a town of India, 
 Kizam's dominion, 140 miles S.E. of Hyderabad. 
 
 MAYEX, mi'fn, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 
 miles W. of Coblentz. It has manufactures of woollen 
 cloth, red leather, and earthenware. Pop. 4903. 
 
 M.IYKNCK. a town of Germany. See Mestz. 
 
 MAYEXFELD, mi'^n-f^ltN a town of Switzerland, canton 
 of Grisons. near the Rhine, ll miles X. of Chur. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MAYEXXE. La, (L. Maluana.) a river of France, rises in 
 the Jep.irtment of Orne. flows S, and unites with the Loir 
 and Sarthe in forming the Maine; total course, about 125 
 mile.s. of wliich about 55 miles are navigable. 
 
 MAYEXNE, md^Jun' or mWnn/, a department in the 
 N.\V. of France, formed of part of the old province of Maine- 
 etrPeiche. Area 1966 square miles. Pop. in 1S61. 375,103. 
 Surface generally flat ; sufficient corn is rai.«ed for consump- 
 tion ; ci jer and perry are extensively made ; lint and hemp 
 «re grown, and' the forests furnish timber for the marine. 
 Chief industry, linen spinning and weaving. Chief river, 
 the Mayenne. The department is divided into the arrou- 
 di.«sements of Chateau-Gontier, Laval, and Slayenne. Capi- 
 tal. Laval. 
 
 MAYEXXE, (L. Me^uana.) a town of France, department 
 of Mayenne, 17 miles X.X.E. of Laval, chietiy on the right 
 bank of the Mayenne. but connected by a bridge with an 
 extensive suburb on the left bank. It has a large public 
 square, adorned with a fountain, and a Hotel de Ville; two 
 churches, in the suburb: and an old ca-stle of the Lords of 
 Mayenne, on the right bank, and picturesquely overhanging 
 the briilge. This ca.<*tle was taken by the English, under 
 the Earl of ."Salisbury, in 1424, after a three months' siege. 
 The manufactures of linen, calico, and ticks, are important, 
 and employ about 8000 persons in and around the town. 
 There are aLso cotton-mills, bleachfields, and dye works. 
 Pop. in 1852. 9933. 
 
 M.\YESVILLE, mAz/vill, a post-office of Sumter district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 M.\ YET, md^yA', (L. Maiatum.) a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Siirthe, 16 miles E.X.E. of La Fleche. Pop. 3764. 
 
 M.\YET. a village of France, department of Allier, arron- 
 dissement of La Palisse. Pop. in 1852, 1919. 
 
 MAY'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 MAYFIELD, a town and parish of England, co. of Sussex, 
 H miles S. of Tunbridge Wells. Itemaius of a palace, said 
 to have been built by St. Duustan. and long a residence of 
 the Archbishops of Canterbury, still exist. 
 
 M.\ Y'FI ELD, a township of Somerset co., Maine, Pop. 118. 
 
 MAYFIELD. a post-village and township in the E. part of 
 Fulton CO., New Y^ork, about 47 miles X.W. of Albany. It 
 hag manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, paper, &c. 
 Pop. 23«7. 
 
 M.\YFIELD. a post-village of Isle of Wight co., Virginia, 
 is pleasantly situated, 72 miles S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 MAYFIELD, a postolfice of Rockingham co.,- North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 MAYFIELD or ROCK MILLS, a postrvillage of Warren co., 
 Georgia, on the Ogeeehee River, 54 miles W. by S. of Augusta. 
 It has a cotton factorj'. 
 
 M.\YFIELD, a post-oiflce of Jackson co., Tenne.ssee. 
 
 M.\ YFI ELD. apo-^t-village, capital of Graves co.. Kentucky, 
 on Mayfi.-ld Creek. 275 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort It has 
 K court-house and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 M.\YKIELD. a post^townsbip forming the X.E. extremity 
 Of Cuvahoga co., Ohio. Pop. 1079. 
 
 MAYFIELD. a township in De Kalb co.. Illinois. P. 998. 
 
 MAYFIELD'S CREEK, in the W. part of Kentucky. ri.ses 
 In Graves co.. and flowing northwaril and then westward, 
 entei-s the Mississippi River in Ballard co., about 8 miles 
 below the mouth of the Ohio River. 
 
 MAY FLOWER, a post-office of Otsego co.. New York. 
 
 M.\Y HILL, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois. 
 
 M.\YL.\XD. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 M.\YX, a river of Germany. See Main. 
 
 MAY'XOOTH. a market town of Ireland, Leiuster, co. of 
 Kildare. on the Royal Canal, with a station on the Irish 
 Great Western Railway, 15 miles W.X.W. of Dublin. Pop. 
 2129. It h.is remains of a castle, formerly the chief seat of 
 the Fitzgeralds ; a large Roman Catholic chapel and convent, 
 and the Itoyal College of St. I'atrick. founded in 1795. for 
 the etlucation of the Roman Catholic clergy. It accommo- 
 dates alxmt 450 studifnts. 250 of whom are maintained free. 
 Annual government grant. 30.000?. 
 
 MAYO. mA'o, a maritime county of Irehind, Connansht. 
 having E. the counties of Sligo and Roscommon. Area 2131 
 square miles, or 1,3«5.882 acres, of which aViout 800.000 are 
 waste or unimproved mountain pasture, and 56.976 under 
 water. Pop. in 1841. 38S.887; in 1851.274.830. Coastline 
 fringed with clilTs and islets, and indented witn innumerable 
 Inlet*. The Rurfjue is mostly mountainous, but comprising 
 many fertile and comparativelv level tracts. Soil generally 
 llght.l)etter suited to grazing than tillage. Chief crf>pR, flax. 
 OBt<, an.l |«otato.«. The fislieries are valuable, and the countv 
 lias marble and elaUi works. Iron ore is plentiful. Chief 
 1164 
 
 MAY 
 
 towns, Castlebar, Ballina, and Wegtport. It sends 2 mem- 
 bers to the House of Commons, (both for the county.) 
 
 MAYO.a jiarishof Ireland, Connaught. in acojiityof th« 
 same name, containing the village fr>ni which the county 
 takes its name, 3 miles S.E. of Balla. Pop. 41T9. 
 
 M.\Y/0. a small river of Virginia and North Carolina, 
 ri.ses by two lirauches. the North and South Mayo, in Patrick 
 county, of the former state, and flowing south-ea.-tward 
 into North Carolina, enters the Dan River at Madi.<on. 
 
 MAYO, mi'o. one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlan- 
 tic, E. of Santiago. It is about 18 miles in circuit, with a 
 rocky coast and sterile soil, its principal product being salt, 
 from a natural lagoon. Chief port, i'ino.<a. 
 
 MAYO, mi/o, a river of the Mexican Confederation, state of 
 Sonora, enters the Gulf of California, 100 miles S.E. of Guay- 
 mas. aft«ir a S.AV. course of 130 miles. 
 
 MAYO, an i.«land of the Malay Archipelago, off the N. 
 coast of Celebes, 30 miles N. of Menatlo. 
 
 MAYO, a post-office of Halifax co.. Vireinia. 
 
 MAYOMBA, md-yom ba. .MAYLM'BA or MAJC5IBA, mi- 
 jQm'bd. a town of Southern Guinea, 120 miles N.W. of I/O- 
 ango. at the mouth of the Mayomba,'in the Atlantic. It is 
 the capital of the country of Mayomba, which is rich in cop- 
 per, ivory, and gum. 
 
 MAWVNI.NG, a post-village in Patrick co.. Virginia. 
 
 M.WORES, a town of Spain. See Cu.miires-Matores. 
 
 M.W'ORGA, md-you'gd. a town of Spain, province and 48 
 miles N.W. of Valladolid, on the Cea. I'op. 1790. 
 
 MAY'ORG.A.. a group of the Friendly Islands, in the Paci- 
 fic the chief of which is Varao. 
 
 M.\Y0TT.4. an island, Indian Ocean. See Comoro. 
 
 M.W'POCHA, mi-po'chd, a small river of Chili, joins the 
 Mavpu, in lat. liS^ 40' S.. length about CO miles. 
 
 MAY'PORT MILLS, a post-office of Duval eo.. Florida^ 
 
 M.\Yl'U, mi-poo', a river of Chili, department of Santiago, 
 rises in the .\ndes, and after a W. course of 130 miles, enters 
 tlie Pacific. 40 miles S. of Valparaiso. The principal affluent 
 is the MelipiUa, which joins the Maypu. 4o miles E. of the 
 Pacific Oc«in. The course of this mountain stream is so 
 impetuous, that it can only be spanned by suspension 
 bridges. In the plain traversed by it. the republican troops, 
 under San Martin, defeated the royalists in the year 1818. 
 
 MAYPU, a mountain peak of the Andes, in Chili, lat 33° 
 50' S. Height. 15.000 feet 
 
 JIAYREXA-DEI.rALCOR, mT-r.Vna-<lfl-3l-koR/, a town of 
 Spain, province and 13 miles E.N.E. of .Seville. Pop. 3541. 
 It has a castle, and a large horse and cattle fair. 
 
 M.\YRES. main, a village of France, department of Ar- 
 diche. 12 miles N.W.of Largentiere. Pop. in 1852. 2471. 
 
 MAY'RHOFEX, miR'ho'fen, a village of Austria, Tyrol, 
 circle of Si'hwatz. near Zell. Pop. 1245. 
 
 MAY'S L.ANDIXG, a post-village, capital of Atlantic 
 county. New Jersey, is situated in Hamilton township, at 
 the head of navigation, on Great Egg H»rlK)r River, about 
 65 miles S. of Trenton. It consists of two parts. May's 
 Landing proper, and Hamilton, about a quarter of a mile 
 up the river, where a dam has recently been constructed, 
 affording fine water-power. It has 3 or 4 churches, 2 
 foundries, and a large grist-mill. 
 
 MAYS'LIGK', a i>ost-vill.ige of Mason co., Kentncky, on 
 the railroad Iroin Maysville to Lexington, 12 miles S.Vv. of 
 the former. It contains 2 or 3 clinrches. Pop. 380. 
 
 MAY'SVILLE, m,4z'vii. a post-village, capital of Chau- 
 tauqua CO.. New York, at the N.W. end of Chautauqua Lake, 
 about 60 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. It contains, be. ides the 
 county buildings. 3 or 4 churches, an a<'Bdemy. besides one 
 tiewspaper. A steauilxiat plies tjetweeu this place and James- 
 town. I'op. estimated at 1000. 
 
 M.VYSVILLE, a post-office of Mercer CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 M.WSVILLE. a post-village, capiUU of Buckingham co., 
 Virginia, is situateil on Slate River, at the head of naviga- 
 tion. 27 mil&s from its mouth. ai;d 87 mile.s W. of Richmond. 
 It has a liandsome court-house, built according to a plan 
 furnished by ^Jefferscwi, and a large I'resbyti^rian chni-ch. 
 
 MAYSA'ILLE. a j>ost-village iii Greenbrier Co., W. A'ir- 
 giniii. aliout Itio miles S. of \N heeling. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, a post-office of Green co.. N^crth Cai-olina. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, a stsition of Sumter district. South Caroliiia, 
 on the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 9 miles X.2 
 of Sumterville. 
 
 SI.IY'SVI LLE, a post-office of Jackson co , Georgia. 
 
 M-W'SVILLE^ a post-office of Madi.son co.. Alabama. 
 
 M.\YSVILLE. a postrvillage of Bent.n co.. Arkansas, 
 stands on the W. boundary of the state, about 25 miles W. 
 of Bentonville. 
 
 MAYSVIL1..E. a h.^ndsome city of ilfi.son co., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River. 60 miles above Cincinnati, and to miles 
 N.E. of Lexington. It was formerly called Limestone, from 
 Limestone Creek, which here enters the river. The sitno 
 tion is elevat*^ and delightful. A range of Ixjld and verdint 
 hi_'hland8, rising immediately behind the city, render its 
 appearance, as viewed from the river, exceedingly attractive. 
 It is compactly built. .Among the public buildings are a 
 liand.=oi'je liry hall, a substantia! stone jail, a bo-pitn!, and 
 7 or 8 churcu^ It contains also 2 banks, 2 large seminaries, 
 
MAY 
 
 beBides the public schools, and printing-ofBces, in which 4 
 newspapers are pulilished. In the extent of its business 
 and population, Maysville is about the seventh town in the 
 state, and is advancing in these respects. It U the PiitrepGt 
 of tlie goods and produce imported and exported by the 
 nortlieastern section of Kentnclv.v, and is tlie most exten- 
 sive hemp nnirl<et in the United States. A railroad is in 
 course of construction extending; from this place to I.e.x- 
 jngton. Among the various manufactures in operation 
 may be mentioned 2 steam cotton-factoi ies, 1 hirge liagging- 
 factory, 2 iron-foundries, 5 rope-walks, 12 manufactories of 
 plouglis, and h of coaches and wagons. The corporation 
 have expended $70,000 on tlie different turnpikes which 
 converge to this point, in addition to indivi(hial subscrii)- 
 tions. Maysville was settled in 1784, and incorporated in 
 183:j. Population, 41((rt. 
 MAYSVILLE, a small village of Montgomery cc, Ohio. 
 MAYSVILLK, a village of Daviess co., Indiana, on the 
 ■White Itiver, and on the Wabash and Krie Canal, 110 miles 
 S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 M.WSVILLK, a village in Fountain co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash Kiver, and on the Mabash and Erie Canal, 70 miles 
 N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 MAYSVILLE, a post-ofRce of Huntingdon co., Indiana. 
 M.WSVILLE, a jiost-village of Clay co., Illinois, on the 
 border of Twelve Mile J'niirie, and on the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi I'.aihoad. near the Little Wabash Kiver, 122 miles S.E. 
 of Spriiigfi<!)d. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, a post-village, capital of De Kalb cc, Mis- 
 souri, a i;out :50 miles K.N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 M A Y'TOWX, a post-village of Lanca-stc-r co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 2> miles S.E. of llarrislmrg. Pop. Of>0. 
 .MAVUMliA or MAJUMBA. See M.vtovb\. 
 M.AYVIl.LE, New York. See Matsville. 
 M.4 V'MLLK, a thriving post-village of Dodge co.. Wis- 
 consin, 12 miles N.E. of .Jnnoan and 05 N.E. of Madison, 
 It has a valuable water-power. It contiiin.s 2 chnrches, 8 
 stores, 2 mills, :i hotels, a large stone seliool-house, and a 
 blast-furnace. Iron ore is abundant hero. Population 
 about TiiO. 
 MAZACA or CT.SAREA. See Kaisarekteh. 
 M.AZAGAN, mdzVgrtn', a fortified seaport town of Jforocco. 
 nn the Atlantic, 122 miles N.W. of Morocco, at the extremity 
 of a low ro<ky point. It has some good fortifications, but is 
 now mostly in ruins. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MAZ.VGAO, (Mazagilo,) md-zd-gOwNo', a town of Brazil. 
 province and about 190 miles AV.N.W. of Para, near the 
 sstuary of the Amazon. 
 
 MAZ'AGON'G', a village of Briti.'-h India, presidency and 
 on the island of Bombay, chieUy inhabited by descendants 
 of the I'ortuguese. 
 
 MAZALTENANGO, mJ-sai-tA-nan'go. a town of Central 
 America, state and 110 miles W. of Guatemala. 
 
 Jl.VZAMET, mS'zd'm.V. a town of France, department of 
 Tarn, on the left bank of the Arnette, 10 miles S.E. of Cas- 
 tres. I'op. in 1852. 9894. It has extensive manufactories 
 jf cloths, and large cloth fairs. 
 
 M.\Z.iN, mi'zftx"', a village of France, department of 
 Vauduse, 5 miles E. of Carpentras. Pop. in 1852, 3837. 
 
 M.\ZAN, a village of France, department of Ardeche, 
 arrondissement of Largenti&re.. Pop. in 1852. 3837. 
 
 MAZANDEKAN, md-zdn'der-an'. or MAZANDEROON, 
 ma-zduMer-oon', a province of .\orth Persia, mostlv between 
 Jat. StPsind 37° N., and Ion. 50° and 54° E. Pop. 150.000. 
 
 MAZARAMBIIOZ. md-lhd-rdm-brAth'. a townof Spain, New 
 Castile. 11 miles from Toledo. Pop. 1508. 
 
 M.\Z.\HRON, a town of Spain. See Almazartiox. 
 M .VZATLAN, mdz'at-ldn' or md-sdt-ldn'. a flourishing town 
 and seaport of Mexico, in Cinaloa, at the entrance of the river 
 Mazatlan into the Gulf of California, 183 miles S.E. of Ci- 
 naloa. Lat. (Custom-bouse,) 23° 11' 48" N., Ion. 106° 23' 45" 
 W. It is built on the crest of some heights, and has a clean 
 and healthy appearance. There are many fine stores well 
 stocked with European goods; but few .\merican manufac- 
 tures are to be met with. The port is sheltered to some ex- 
 tent from the N. winds, but exposetl to the W, and S. Mazat- 
 lan, after Acapulco, is the most commercial town in Jlexico. 
 It forms the outlet for the products of the mining districts of 
 St. Sebastian, and imports considerable quantities of English 
 goods. In 1846, it.s exports amounted to $1,657,748, and its 
 imports to $1,559,768. In 1853, 35 steamers arrived here 
 fi'om the United States, bringing 5095 passengers ; and the 
 total tonnage of the vessels of all kinds arriving here was 
 30,762. Pop. of the town from 10,000 to 12,000. 
 
 M.\Zf!. md^z.i/, a market-town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Lolre, on the Authion, 9 miles S.W. of Bauge. 
 Pop. in 1 S52, 3836. 
 
 M.\ZEENA or MAZIN.X., md-zee/na, a fort of Afghanistan, 
 15 miles S.W. of Jelalabad. Near this place the British de- 
 feated an Afghan force in July, 1842. 
 5I.\ZKIHA, an island of Arabia. See Massera. 
 M.\ZKRES, md'z.alR', (L. Maceria,) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Allege, on the Lez, 10 miles N. of Pamiers. 
 Pop. in lSo2, 3694. 
 MAZIERE, LA BASSE, \l bdss md'ze-aiR/, a village of 
 
 MEA 
 
 France, department of Correze, 14 miKs S.W. of t'ssel. 
 Pop. 1690. 
 .MAZINA. a fort of Afghanistan. See Mazrkxa. 
 IM,\ZO. ma'so, a miserable town of the Canary Island 
 Palnia. on its E. coast. Pop. 4181. 
 
 M.VZoN. a small post-village of Grundy co., IlJinois, a 
 few miles S. of Morris. 
 
 MAZlFUi;ABAD,uidzrirfrir-d-bdd', a town of the Pun- 
 jab, at the confluence of the Jhylum. and its groat tributary 
 the Kishengunga. and commanding the entrance of the 
 Baraiiula Pass into Ca.shmere. 
 
 MAZYE, md-zi', a large village of Afghanistan, in the 
 Pisheen Valley, 40 miles N. of Shawl. 
 MAZUKA, an island of Arabia. See Massera. 
 MAZZARA. mdt-sd'rl, (anc. Massara and Empnrium^ 
 a town of Sicily, intendancy and 26 miles S. of Trapanl, 
 at the mouth of the Siilemi. Pop. 8400. It is endostnl by 
 Saracenic walls, and has narrow, unpaveil. diity streets. 
 Its public buildings comprise a cathedral, bishop's palacq 
 senate-house, several convents, an hospital, college, theatre, 
 and a CdricaUrre for warehousing corn. 
 
 •MAZZARA, YAL 1)1, vdl <iee mdt-sd/rd, an old division 
 of Sicily, now subdivided among the provinces of Trapanl, 
 Girgenti. and parts of Palermo and Caltanisetta. 
 
 M.'iZZ.\RINO. mdt-s3-ree/no, a town of Sicily, province 
 and 14 miles S.E. of Caltanisetta, in the A'al-di-Noto, with a 
 college, and palace of Prince Butera. Pop. ll.COO. 
 JIAZZE. a village of Piedmont. See Masse. 
 M.\ZZO. mdt'so. a village of .Northern Italy, province of 
 Sondrio, S. of Bormio. Pop.-1129. 
 
 MDDUKAL, m'doo'kdl'.(?) a village of Algeria, in the ?,v 
 hnra. at the S.E. extremity of the Lake Iladna, 97 miles S. 
 W. of Constantine. Pop. 700. 
 ME.\CO, the capital city of Japan. See Miako. 
 IMEAD. a township. Crawford co., Pennsylvania. P 2309. 
 MEAD, a post-office of Warren co.. Pennsylvania. 
 ME.VD. a town.ship of Belmont co., Ohio. I'op. 1709. 
 MEAD.\y. mA-d-di/. a ruim-d town of Burmah. on the 
 Irrawaddy. 40 miles N. of Prome. It was destroyed by the 
 retreating Burmese in 1826. 
 
 MEADE, meed, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, hai 
 an area estimated at 500 square miles. The Ohio River forma 
 its boundary on the N. and N.W. for a distance of about GO 
 miles, and Salt River forms its boundary on the E. The 
 surface is generjilly rolling, and the soil fertile. The county 
 contains abundance of cavernous limestone, a good material 
 for building. Formed ni 1823, and named from Captain 
 James Meade, who fell at the battle of the river Raisin. 
 Cajiital. Brandensburg. Pop. 8898, of whom 6966 were free, 
 and T.>:;2 slaves. 
 JIE.\l)'tiRVILLE. a post-office of Miison co., Tennessee. 
 MEAHOW (mJd'oj BLUFF, a post-office of Greenbrier co., 
 We>t A iririnia. 
 MEADOAV BRANCH, a post-ofRce of Jackson co.. Ohio. 
 MEADOW CliEKK. postoflice. Oranre co.. North Carolina. 
 MEADOW CHEEK.apost-ofticeof AVhitleyco., Kentucky. 
 ME,\DOW DALE, a post-office of Highland co.. Virginia. 
 MEADOW FARM, a post-oflice of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 MEADOAV RIVER, a small stream in tlie S. central part 
 of AV. A'irginia. rises in (ireenbrier co., and flows along the 
 boundary of Nicholas and Fayette counties into Gauley 
 River. 
 ME.\DOAVS. a post-ofBce of A'an Buren co., Arkansas. 
 ME.tD'S B.\SIN. a post-office of Passaic co.. New Jer.sey. 
 MEAD'S CORNERS, a postoffice of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 
 MEAD'S 5IILL. a po.st-offlce of AA'ayie co.. Michigan. 
 BIEAD'A'ILLE, a flourishing borough, capital of Crawford 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situated on French Creek, 
 2.36 miles AV.N.AV. of Harri.sburg. and about 95 miles N. of 
 Pittsburg. It is the principal market of this fertile and 
 populous county, from which grain, lumber, oil, &c., are 
 exported. The Atlantic and Great AVestern Railroad passes 
 through it. Among the public buildings are a handsome 
 court-house, a state arsenal, and an academy. The elegant 
 building of Alleghany College stands on an eminence 
 half a mile N. of the town. There is a^so a divinity school 
 belonging to the Christians and Unitarians. Meadville con- 
 tains several paper-mills, an oil-mill, and an edge-tool factory, 
 also 1 national bank. Incorporated in 1823. Pop. in 1850, 
 2578 ; in 1860, 3702. 
 
 MEADA'ILLE, a thriving post-village of Halifax co.. Vir- 
 ginia, on the Banister River, at the head of navigation, about 
 136 miles S.AV. of Richmond. It contains a large fiouring- 
 mill and a tobacco factory. Pop. about 500. 
 
 ME.ADA'ILLE. a post-village, capital of Franklin co.. Mi* 
 sissippi. on the Homocbitto River, 80 miles S.S.AV. of Jackson, 
 and 34 miles E. of Natchez. 
 ME.^DA'ILLE, a post-office of Mead co., Kentucky. 
 MEAGHER, mee'gher, a post-office of Bureau ro.. lllinoi.?, 
 51EAHGUNGE. mrl-^-gtinj', a walled town of Indit, domi- 
 nions of Oude, 24 miles S.AV. of Lncknow. 
 
 MEAKSIMA or MEACSIMA, m.-l-ak-see/md, some islets of 
 Japan, AV. of the S, part of Kioo-Sioo. 
 MEALFOURA'OUNIE, mil-foor-voo/riee, a mountain of 
 
 1166 
 
MEA 
 
 Sootlaiid, CO. of Inverness, on thrs W. side of Loch Ness. 
 Elevation 2700 feet. 
 
 MEALY .MOI'NTATNS, a hill chain in Labrador, Brlti.sh 
 Nortli America near its K. coast, between Cape Charles and 
 Sandwich Bay. Kslimated height, 1480 feet. 
 
 MEA.NA, nii-d'n:!, a village of Sardinia, Piedmont, 27 
 miles W.8.\V. of Turin, on the Clu?one. Pop. 1550. 
 
 SIEAXA, a village of the island of Sardinia, division and 
 50 miles X. of Cagliari. I'op. 1391. 
 
 MEAX'DKR Cl'vEEK, of Ohio, flows into the Mahoning 
 River, about 7 miles below 'Warren. 
 
 MEAN'EE, (-'fishing-place,"), a maritime town of West 
 Hindostan, 75 miles N.VV. of Joouaghur. 
 
 MEANEE, a village of Sinde, on the Fulailee branch of 
 the Indus. 5 miles N. of Hyderabad, and where the British 
 troop.s. under Sir Charles iVapier, defeated a Belooch force, 
 17th February, 1843. 
 
 MEANEE. a town of Sinde, on the Indus, 45 miles S.W. 
 ot Hyderabad. 
 
 MEA.N'EE. a town of Punjab, on the Ravee, over which is 
 a muoh-freiiuented ferry, 21 miles N.^V. of Lahore. 
 
 MEANEE, a village of Afghanistan; lat. 29° 21' N., Ion. 
 T0° 40' E. 
 
 MEANEE, a village of Sinde, 5 miles N.W. of Sehwan; 
 lat. 26<= 24' X., Ion. 67° 55' E. 
 
 MEANiUS (mi-dng'ghi8.ormd4n'gheez)ISLES. a group in 
 the JIalay Archipelago, about lat. 5" K.. Ion. 127° E., 90 miles 
 S.E. of Mindanao. Chief island, Nanusa. 
 
 MEANS'VILLE, a po.st village in Union district, South 
 Carolina. 
 MEA RE, meer, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 MEAIUM, a river and town of Brazil. See Miarim. 
 MEARXS, mfriis. a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew. 
 The Mearns is the popular name for the co. of Kincardine. 
 ME.\KS (meerz) ASllLEV, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 ME.\.-'HA>L a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 MEAT II, meexn. a county of Ireland, Leinster, having E. 
 Dublin and the Irish Sea. Area 006 square miles, nearly the 
 whole of which is cultivated. Pop. in 1841, 183,828; in 1851, 
 140,750. Surface, mostly flat. Principal river, the Boyne. 
 Soil, chiefly a rich dayey loam, on limestone or gravel. The 
 condition of the numerous small farmers is wretched. Chief 
 towns, Trim, (the capital.) Kdls. and Navan. The county 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Previous to the 
 Anglo-Xorman Conquest, the king of Meath was supreme 
 mouairh of Ireland. 
 
 MEAUX. mo. {anc. lati/nnm or Jati/num, AfteT'wa.vds MeVdi,) 
 a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, 25 miles E.N. 
 E. of I'aris. on the Marne. and on the railway to Strasbourg. 
 Pop. in 1852, 9900. It has a tribunal of commerce, a com- 
 munal college, with a lil)rary of 13.000 volumes, and trade 
 In grain and cheese. It is the si^e of a bi.sliop; has courts of 
 first resort, and an agricultural and scientific society. Meaux 
 was taken by the Xormans in 862. and, after a regul.'ir 
 siege, by the English, in 1421. It may be regarded as the 
 cradle of the Reformation in France. Its bishop, Brissonnet, 
 who had early embraced tlie reformed doctrines, though he 
 afterwards abjured them, gathered around him a number 
 of able men, ."ome of wlioui. as Jaques I^efevre of Etaples, 
 and William Farel, distinguished themselves as Reformers. 
 MEAVY. mee'vee, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 MEBAliREZ or MUBAltREZ, EL, el meb-ar'rSz, a walled 
 town of Arabia, province and 33 miles S. of Lahsa. It is sur- 
 rounded by a deep ditch, defended by lofty towers. P. 10.000. 
 MECCA or MEKKA. nuk'ka, written also MEKKEII, 
 (anc. Macora'ha; J'r. Mecque, miV.,) the most celebrated 
 city of Arabia, the seat of the Mohammedan religion, 
 is situated five days' journey E. of Jidda; lat. 21° 38' 
 N., Ion. 40° 8' E. It is styled by Jlohammedans El 
 Mosherofe. (the noble;) Om-El-Kora, (the mother of towns:) 
 Beled-el-Ameiu, (the land of the true believers,) &c. Mecca 
 stands in a narrow, sandy valley, from 100 to 700 paces 
 broad, extending in a general direction N. and S.. enclosed 
 by sterile hills, from 200 to 600 feet high, without tree 
 or verdure: and is ill supplied with water. In its centre 
 is the Beitu-'llah, (house of God,) or El-llaram, (the in- 
 violable,) the great mor^que, enclosing the Kaba, dividing 
 the whole into the upper (northern) and lower (southern) 
 towns; these again being subdivided into 25 quarters, 
 exclu.4vft of the suburbs, which stretch in single lines 
 of houses along the narrow parts of the valley. Mecca 
 is reported to be in Itself a good-looking city; the streets 
 being widtT than is usual in Eastern towns, the houses of 
 etone, often three stories high, and well lighteiJ. The castle, 
 on its S.E. side, near the Shercef 's house, is large enough for 
 6. garrison of 1000 men, and is thought by the Arabs to be 
 impregnable. The city is annually filled at the time of the 
 Haj or pilgrimage to the Kabsi, when apartments in almost 
 every hou-^e are hired to strangers, and thousands besides 
 encamp outside the t«wn. This pilgrimage, customary 
 among the Arabs in early and idolatrous ages, and subse- 
 quently enjoined by Mohammed on all his followers, is the 
 Bo!e foundation of Mecca's fame, and the only source of her 
 wealth and occupation. 
 1166 
 
 MEC 
 
 The great temple of the Kaba. the Beitu-'llah, or El-IIa- 
 ram, is an unsymmetrical, modern-looking patchwork of 
 ancient fragments, without any pretension to unity or 
 style. It may be entered by 19 doors, and is adorned exter- 
 nally with seven minarets. AVithin, the great foor-sided 
 court of the temple, surrounded by colonnades of irregular 
 pillars, is about 250 paces long and 200 wide; and, nearly 
 in the middle of it, in a hollow, stands the Kaba (cube) or 
 sacred hou.se, erected in 1627, measuring, in length, about 
 18 paces, in width 14 jjaces. and in height not exceeding 40 
 feet. The sides are completely covereil by the Ke.oixt. that 
 is, the veil or curtain of rich black silk, which is renewed 
 every year, at the expense of the Ottoman Porte. Thig 
 silken curtain, waving and fluttering with every breath of 
 wind, is thought, by the simple devotees around, to be 
 fanned by the wings of guai-dian angels. In two places only 
 is this covering removal, one so as to expose a gray stOna 
 at the S.E. end of the building, which it is thought merit-o- 
 rious to touch; and, in like manner, at the X.E. angle, is 
 expo.«ed the celebrated black stone, the kissing of wliich is 
 a chief object of the pilgrimage. This stone is believed to 
 be the angel whose office it will be, at the last day, to iden- 
 tify those who have duly performed the Ilaj. Besides the 
 moiulM-r or pulpit of the Imam, and the desks assigned to 
 the doctors of the different sects, there are several irregular, 
 and. in some measure, unsightly bdildings, round the Kaba. 
 In one of these is the famous well of Zemzem, alleged to be 
 the one whence Ilagar obtained water for Ishmael, and 
 which is surrounded by a circular wall, 6 feet high, and 
 10 feet in diameter. Its waters are perfectly fresh, though 
 every other spring in the neighborhood is brackish. Among 
 the pilgrims they are devoutly believed to be a sure remedy 
 for all botlily ailments, and even salutary for the soul. Few 
 pilgrims leave the holy city without taking with them some 
 flasks filled from the sacred well. 
 
 The Meccawee, or inhabitants of Mecfca, are, with exception 
 of a few Hejazi Bedouin, all strangers by birth or parentage ; 
 that is to say, they are either not natives of the place, or 
 not descendants of the indigenous tribes. They are, in 
 fact, settlers, or children of settlers, attracted hither by 
 gain. They are extremely proud of their city, fond of fine 
 clothes and parade, devoted to the pleasures of the table, 
 and cold spectators of the fanaticism which they periodically 
 witness, and of which they make their money. Intent on 
 gain, they care not for learning; the colleges of Mecca have 
 t\jllen to decay, and the libraries, once rich, have totally dis- 
 appeared. As Mecca, during the pilgrimage, is visited by 
 100,000 strangers on an average, it becomes, for three or 
 four months in the year, the greatest market in the East; 
 its merchants occasionally accumulate large fortunes, and, 
 under the protection of the Turks, they are not afraid to 
 show thoir riches, and live like princes. On the other hand, 
 it is proverbial that Mecca is the beggar's paradise; the 
 beggars of the holy city are importunate as well as numerous. 
 The Shereefs, (Sherifs,) or direct dc.scen(liint.s of Mohammed, 
 are now a numerous and widely -spread body. These nobles, 
 as they may be called, elect the thereef of Mecca, and their 
 choice is invariably confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan. Tlie 
 stationary population of .Mecca was estimated by Burckhardt, 
 in 1814, at between 25,000 and 30,000, including some 3000 
 or 4000 Abyssinian and negro slaves. — Adj. and inliab. Mecca- 
 wee, (Meccawi,) mJk'kd-wee\ sometimes written Mkciaway. 
 
 MECCA, a post-township in the N. part of Trumbull co., 
 Ohio, intersected by the Musquito River. Pop. 9".0 
 
 MECEJANA, mJ-sA-zhd'nd, a village of Brazil, province 
 and 12 miles E. of Ceara. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MECIIADER, mA-chd'der, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 84 
 miles S. of Sena, with a castle, the residence of a governor. 
 
 MECHANIC, me-kan'ik, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. 
 Poimlation, 1399. 
 
 MECHAX'ICSBURG, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Alleghany River. 10 miles X.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 MECII.'IXICSBLRG, a thriving post-borough of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, on the Cmnberland Valley Railroad, 
 S miles W. of "llarrisburg. It is situated in a populous 
 and fertile country. It has an academy, a female college, 6 
 churches, and 2 national banks. Poj). 1039. 
 
 MECHAXICSBURG, a village of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 44 miles S.S.E. of llarrisburg. 
 
 MECIIAXICSBIJUG, a post-office of Giles co.. Virginia. 
 
 MECHANICSBURG, a small vilhige of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 MECHANICSBURG, a flouri.shing post-village of (Uwhen 
 township. Champaign co., Ohio, on the Springfield and Dela- 
 ware Turnpike, 10 miles E. of Urbanna. It is surrounded by 
 a fertile country, and has increased rapidly within a few 
 years. The railroad which extends from Springfield to 
 Delaware pas.ses through this village. It has a Woollen fac- 
 tory and several mills. Pop. 735. 
 
 MECn.\XICSBUUG, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 MECHAXICSBURG, a village of Marion co., Indiana, 10 
 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MECHANICSBURG. a post-village of Sangamon co., lUi 
 nois. 15 milei E. of Springfield. 
 
 MECHAXICSBURG,a post-villageof Macon CO., Missouri, 
 105 miles X.N.W. of Jeflerson City. 
 
MEO 
 
 MED 
 
 MECnANICSBURG, a vUlage in Van Buren co., Iowa, 80 
 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 MKCIIAMCS' FALLS, a thriving postrvillage of Andros- 
 coggin CO., Maine, ou a tri))utitry of the Andi-owogpin, 
 and on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Hailroad, wlience 
 diverges the IJuckfield Jiranch Itailroad, 37 miles N.N.W. of 
 Portland. It eontain.s a church, machine shops, and several 
 millR. among which are 2 for making paper. 
 
 ilECUAMCsi' UUOVE, a post-otHce of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MliCII.VMCS' RIVER, a post-office of Albemarle co., A'ir- 
 ginia. 
 
 MECHAXaCSTOWN, a postrvillage of Frederick co., Mary- 
 land, about 20 miles X. of Frederick. 
 
 MECHA.NICSTUWN, a post-office of Carroll co.. Ohio. 
 
 MK'^llAMCSVILLE, a po.st>village of Rutland co., Vei> 
 mont. 8 miles S. by \V. of Montpelier. 
 
 MKCIIAN'ICSVILLI'/. a post-village of Saratoga co., New 
 York, on the Hudson River, on the Champlain Canal, and 
 on the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, 12 miles N. of 
 Troy. It contains a cotton factory and several mills. 
 
 MECUAMCSVILLE, a village and station of West Ches- 
 ter CO., New York, on the Ilarlem Railroad, 45 miles N.N.E. 
 of New York. y 
 
 MECUAMCSVILLE, a village, Hunterdon co.. New Jer- 
 sey, about 12 miles N.E. of Flemington. 
 
 MKCUAMCSVILLE, a postrvillage of Philadelphia co., 
 Penn.sylvimia, 104 miles E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 MECUAMCSVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 6 niiles N.W. of Alleutowu, has about 150 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 MECIIA.VICSVILLE, a posfrvillage of Montgomery co., 
 Maryland. 18 miles N. of Washington. 
 
 Mi'XMI AXK'SA'II.LE, a post-village of Ijouisa CO., Virginia, 
 65 mile.>i X.W. of Kichmond. It has 1 church. 
 * MECUAMCSVILLE, a post-village in Sumter district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MECUAMCSVILLE. a post-village of Jasper co., Georgia, 
 46 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 M ECIIAN ICSVILLE, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama. 
 
 MECIIANICSVILLE, a post-village of Cannon co., Ten- 
 nes.sec. 
 
 MECUELEX, a city of Belgium. See Meciiun. 
 
 MECUELEN, m^K/eh-len, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Liuibourg, on the Meuse, 14 miles E.X.E. of llasselt. 
 Pop. 1197. 
 
 MECULIX, mJklin, (Dutch pron. mjKlin. almost m?H'- 
 lin,) or MECUELEX, m^KM-tn, (L. McchlinHa; Fr. ila- 
 lines, mj'leen',) a city of Belgium, province and 1-1 miles 
 S.S.E. of Antwerp, divided into two portions by the I'yle. 
 Pop. 34,455. It is the central station for the railways 
 which traverse Belgium in all directions. Princi|ial eili- 
 Cces, a cathedral of the 12th century, with a steeple 370 
 feet in height, and containing the '■ Last Supjier." by 
 Rubens, (whose " Adoration of the Magi" is in the Church 
 of St. John, here;) Church of the RecoUets, with Van- 
 dyke's famous " Crucifixion ;" bishop's palace, town-hall, 
 arsenal, cannon foundry, Franciscan convent, and the 
 beguinage for 800 widows. Slechlin is the see of the arch- 
 bishop primate of Belgium, the residence of a military com- 
 mandant, and has a diocesan college, and a Komau Catholic 
 university, opened in 1834; an academy of painting and 
 architecture, and a society of fine arts. Its chief manufac- 
 tures are of shawls, woollen stulla. tobacco, starch, and beer ; 
 it has also an extensive trade iu flax, corn, and oil, and 
 communicates with Louvain by a canal navigable for vessels 
 of 100 tons. Mechlin appears to have been founded in the 
 fifth century. For some time it was the cajiital of a lord- 
 ship, and was governed by its own counts. Its greatest 
 prosperity was in the 14th century, when it had important 
 manufactures of broadcloth, which employed about 3000 
 looms. Its most distinguished natives are Jean Bol. an 
 excellent miniature painter, and Michael Coxie, a good 
 hi>toriial painter; Dodoens. a celebrated botanist, and phy- 
 sician to Charles V.; Ernest of Mansfeld, a famous general; 
 and Zype or Zvpoens, a distinguished jurist. 
 MECilUACAX. See Miciioacax. 
 
 MECIXA-BOMBAROX, ma-the'nS-bom-bi-ron', a town of 
 Spain. Andalusia, 50 miles S.E. by E. of Granada. P. 2030. 
 M ECKEN U laM, mJk'ken-hime*, a walled tt>wn of Rhenish 
 Prussia. 22 miles S.S.E. of Cologne. Pop. 1300. 
 
 MECKEMIEIM, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 4 miles 
 S.E. of Durkheim. Pop. 1756. 
 
 MECKESUEIM, ni^k'kfs-hTme\ a village of Baden, on 
 the Elsens, S miles S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1070. 
 
 MECKLENBURG (or. MEKLENBUUG)SCinVEUIX,mfk'- 
 len-bCirg shwA-reen', (Ger. pron. meklen-booRG' shwA-reen',) 
 a grand-duchy of Europe; 13th state' of the German Con- 
 fedenilion; bounded X. by the Baltic Sea, W. by the princi- 
 pality of Latzburg, S.W. by Hanover, S. by Prussia, and E. 
 DT Piussia and Mecklenburtr-Strelitz; lat. from 53° 7' to 54"^ 
 15' X.. Ion, from 10° 40' to 1S° 10' E. Area 4845 square miles. 
 The surface is generally flat, the only exception being a ridge 
 of low hills, which forms the watershed between the basins 
 of the Elbe and the Baltic. The sea-coast is low, and indent- 
 
 ed by several bays, of which the largest is that of Wlsmar 
 Lakes are very numerous, and indeed, form one of the eha- 
 racterLstic features of the country. The .soil is fertile, and 
 produces corn in such abundance as to leave a large surplus 
 for export. The other principal crops are pease, beana, 
 potatoes, and turnips. Both horses ar.d cattle are largely 
 exported ; and wool has become one of the uifist important 
 sources of revenue. The distillation of spirits from grain is 
 carried on to an extent seldom equalled even in Germany. 
 The government is a limited monarchy, and intiuialely 
 connected with that of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Each duchy 
 has its separate states, but both bodies annually meet toge- 
 ther, and liave power to make common laws, and impose 
 common taxes, for the whole of Mecklenburg. (Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin is divided into six districts.) Capital, Schwerin. 
 Pop. ill 1853, 541.449. 
 
 MECK'LENBUKG (or MEK/LENBUUG) STREl/ITZ, (Ger. 
 pron. niJk-len-buoKO-str.i'lits.) a grand-duchy of Europe, 
 intimately connected with the al)ove; "ioth state of the 
 German Confeileration, consisting of two larger and several 
 snniUer districts; the fiirmer separated by the ii;terposition 
 of Mecklenberg-Schwerin, and the hitter e.xistiiig in separate 
 patchi-s. The whole area is estimated at 707 st}uare miles 
 The physical features of this duchy do not diflef esi-enlially 
 from those of Mecklenburg-Schwerin above described. In 
 union with that duchy, it has a foui teenth vot* in the 
 plenum of the Confederation. The house of Mecklenburg 
 is the oldest reigning family in Eupope, and the dukes stiU 
 take the title of I'rinces of the Vandals, Capital, Xeu-Stro- 
 litz. I 'op. in 1851, 99,628. 
 
 MECK'LEX BUKG, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, 
 borderiug on North Carolina, has an area of 500 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Roanoke, bounded on the N. 
 by the Jleberrin liiver, and also drained by Allen's. Blue- 
 stone, and many other creeks. The surface is IjeautifuUy 
 diversified by hill and dale, and partially eovertni with 
 foiests; the soil is generally fertile, excepting the higher 
 ridges. Granite and other |)riuiary rocks underlie the sut^ 
 face. A phiTik-i-oad lias recently been laid in tlie county. 
 Organized in 17(>4. Capital, Boydtowu. Pf)p. 20,096, of 
 whom 7G76 were free, and 12,420 slaviss, 
 
 MECKLKXBURG, a county in the S,W. part of Xorth Caro- 
 lina, bordering on South Carolina; area estiiii.ited at 720 
 square mile.s. The Catawba liiver forms the enUre W, 
 boundary, and the county is drained by McAlpin's and Su- 
 gar Creeks. The surface is elevated and hilly, (iranite ig 
 found in several parts of the county, and a few mines of 
 gold have been opened in it. The North Carolina Certral 
 Itailroad terminates at Charlotte, the countj'-se.at. ai.d an- 
 other railroad extends from that town to Columbia, .South 
 Carolina, Pop. 17,374, of whom 10,833 were free, and 0541 
 slaves. 
 
 -MECKLENBURG, a post-village of Hector township, 
 Schuyler CO., New York. 13 miles W. of Ithaca. It con- 
 talus 3 churches and several manufiu'tories. Pop. about 400. 
 
 MEClvLENBUliG, a post-village in Kuox co., Tennessee, 
 on Ilolston River, near the mouth of French Broad River, 
 185 miles E. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 JIECO. niil/ko, a town of Spain, New Castile, 21 miles 
 from M;ulrid. Pop. 1413. 
 
 MECOSTA, a county of Michigan. See Necosta. 
 
 .MECyUE. .«ee Mecca. 
 
 MEUAK. mA/dak^ a village of Austria, Croatia, 12 miles 
 from tiospich. Pop. 1327. 
 
 MED'AKY', a post-village of Putnam co., Ohio, on the 
 road from Finley to Defiance. 
 
 MED'AKYSMLLE. a post-office of Pulaski co., Iowa, 
 
 MED/liOUKXE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 MEDE, mA'd.'^. a town of the Sardinian States. 26 miles 
 S. of Novara. It has manufactures of hats, a tannery, and 
 several silk-mills. Pop. 4416. 
 
 ftlEDEAH, mA-dM, (auc. Lamida.) a fortified town of Al- 
 geria, province and 40 miles S.S.W. of Algiers. It is sup- 
 pli<d with water from a neighboring mountain by means 
 of a lofty aq\teduct. 
 
 MEDEBACU, mA/deh-baK\ or MADEBEKE, md'deh-bA^- 
 keh. a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 32 miles S.E. of Arns- 
 berg. Pop. 2330. 
 
 MEDEEXET ABOO or MEDIXET ABU. mi-dee'nft S-boo/, 
 a village of Upper Egypt, ou that part of the ruins of Thebes 
 lying on the VV. bank of the Nile, opposite Luxor, and com- 
 prising the remains of its chief temples. See Thkbks. 
 
 MEDEEYAD or MEDIYAU, me-deeV^d'. a small town 
 of Asiatic Turkey, in a populous plain, 35 miles S. of Sert, 
 on the route to Mosul. It is the residence of a governor 
 Previous to 1830. when it was taken by the French, it wag 
 the residence of the Bey of Titteri. Pop. in 1849, 6fr96. 
 
 MED'ELINE, a post-office of Parke «>.. Indiana. 
 
 MEDELLIX, m-d-dol-yeeu', a town of Spain, province and 
 52 miles E. of Badajos, on the Guadiana. Pop. 2000. Her- 
 nando Cortes was born here in 1 485. It was sacked by the 
 French in 1809. 
 
 MEDI'yLLIN, m.A-dcl-yeen', a city of SoutI America. New 
 Granada, department of Cundinamarca, between the Cordil- 
 leras of the Andes, 4S miles SJ^. of Autioquia. Elevaliou 
 
 1167 
 
MED 
 
 MED 
 
 6030 feet. Pop. estimated at 14.000. It la picturesquely 
 oltuated, and is an eutrepOt for the produce of a coui-iderable 
 region. 
 
 MKDELLIN, a river of the Mexican Confederation, state 
 of Veia Cruz, enters the Oulf of Mexico alx)ut o miles tj. of 
 that city, after an E. course of 25 miles. 
 
 MKDEMBLIK. mi/dfm-bleelc\ a maritime town of the 
 Netherlands, province of North Iloiluud, with a port on the 
 Zuyder-Zee. 9 miles N.W. of Enlcliuysen. Pop. 2.S07. 
 
 MEDE.MCK. m.iMeh-neet'si, a village of .Austria. Qalicia, 
 36 miles from Sambor. on the Letnienlia. I'op. 1320. - 
 
 MEDt:S.\NO. m.i-d,i-sl'no. a village of Itiily, 10 miles S.W. 
 of Parma, on the Taro. Pop. 3824. 
 
 MED'KIELD, a postrvillage and township of Norfollc co.. 
 Map.sachusetts, on Charles Kiver, about 18 miles S.W. of 
 Boston. Pop. 1082. 
 
 MED'FOHD,a flourishing poet-village and township of 
 Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the Mystic River, and on 
 the Medfnrd Brancli Uailroad. which communicates with 
 tlie Boston and ilaiue Uailroad at Maiden, 5 miles N.W. of 
 Boston. The iuhaliitant« are extensively engaged in ship- 
 building, which, on the average, etnploys about 350 hand.s. 
 A stream fed by ponds, and entering the Mystic, here affords 
 motive power for 6 saw-mills. The village contains 7 
 churches, a town-hou.«e, Tufts College, an institution under 
 the direction of the Universalists. incorporated in 1862. an 
 academy, a high school, a social library, and about 15 stores. 
 Tufts College is beautifully situated on AValnut Hill, witli a 
 handsome park in front, comprising from 10 to 12 acres. 
 The building is 100 feet long, CO feet wide, and 3 stories 
 high, containing in all 22 rooms. Me<lford has a large brick- 
 yaril, and an establishment for printing cotton goods. Pop. 
 of the township, 4842. 
 
 MEDTORD, a village and station of Suffolk co., New York, 
 on the Ix)ng Island Itailroad. 65 miles E. of Brooklyn. 
 
 MEDFOHD, a post-village of Medford township.' llurHng- 
 ton CO.. New .lersey, on Ilaines Creek. 7 miles S. of Mount 
 Holly, contains 4 churches, 8 or 10 stores. 1 bank, and about 
 800 inhabitants. Pop. of township. 2136. 
 
 MEDGYES, mJd>4sh', or MEDL-VS, mA'de-is, (anc. 
 Malia f) a town of Tran.iylvania, on the Great Kokel. 37 
 miles E. of Karlsburg. Pop. 5900. It is enclo.«ed by walls, 
 has Creek, Koman Catholic, and Calvinlstic churches; a 
 Protestant college, and Koman Catholic high school. 
 
 MEDIA, mee'de-a, a country of antiquity, comprising the 
 N. and W. provinces of the modern Pen-ian dominions ; vix., 
 Irak-Ajemee, Mazanderan, Uhilan, and Azerliaijan, the last 
 having been the ancient Media Mrojxitene. — The Great 
 Median wall, between the Tigris and Euphrates, at their 
 nearest point of approach, ha-s been apparently identifietl of 
 late between lat. 33° 20' and 34'^ N'., and about Ion. 44° E. 
 Media originally formed part of the Assyrian Empire, rose 
 afterwards to be an independent monarchy, and. having 
 been subjugated by Cyrus. wa,s incorporated with I'ersia. 
 On the downfall of the Persian Empire it passed, first to the 
 Seleucida?. and then to the Parthians. — Adj. Medi.ix, mee'- 
 de-an : inhab. Mepe, meed. 
 
 ME'DIA. a post-village, capital of Delaware co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Philadelphia and West Chester Kailroad, about 
 15 miles W.S.AV. of Philadelphia. It contains a fine court- 
 house and jail, erected at a cost of about §35,000, a bank, 
 and a newspaper office. Pop. 2397. 
 
 MEDIAN A, luA-De-d'^nd, a town of Spain, Araiion.21 miles 
 S.S.E. of Saragossa, on the left bank of the Ginel. Pop. 1313. 
 
 MEDICIN A. m;V-de-chee'ud, a large market-town of North- 
 em Italy, State of .£milia. 15 miles E. of Bologna, on the 
 canal of Medicina. Pop. 6700, mostly agricultural. 
 
 MEDICINAL (me-di-ss/e-nal) SPRINGS, a post-village of 
 Walker co., Georgia, about 2'lO miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 situated at the base of Taylors Ridge. The springs are sur- 
 rounded by charming scenery. 
 
 MED'ICINE CHEEK, of Missouri, rises near the N. bor- 
 der of the state, and after a southerly course of perhaps 
 100 mile.s, enters Grand River in Livingston county, about 
 10 miles S.E. of Chillicothe. 
 
 MEDINA, me-dee^ud. an Arabic word signifying " city." 
 forming the names or portions of the names of a number of 
 towns in Arabia, Barbary. and Spain. 
 
 MEDINA, me-dee'na or m.i-dee'na. (Arab. Medinat-tl-NebL 
 pronounced me-dee'n3t/^n-n4'bee\ ■' the Prophet's city :" anc. 
 Yatrib the Jallirip'jM or Jatriplpa. of Itolemy,) a city of 
 Arabia, celebrated for containing the tomb of Mohammed, is 
 situated atwut 248 miles N. by W. of Jlecca; lat. 24° 57' N., 
 Ion. 39'- 53' E. It stands about 3000 feet above sea-level, at the 
 E. side of the mountains runnin^parallel totheRed Sea: ex- 
 tending S. is an immense plain : in every otlier direction the 
 view is ijounded by hills or mountains, which, towanls the 
 S.W., have a bold and rugged appearance. It is surrounded 
 by astrongstonewallabout40 feet high. flanked with towers, 
 while on a rock, at its N .W. side, stands the Castle. Of Its 3 
 gates, that facing the S.. and called the Bab-el-Musree (or 
 BabH'l-Misri) " Egyptian Gate," is remarkable for it* lieautv. 
 Medina seeuieii to Burckhardt, after Aleppo, the handsomest 
 dty in tlie East, The houses are of stone, two 8tf)ries high, 
 and many of them bespeali opulence and comfort. The 
 1168 
 
 most noteworthy buildings are the great mosque, 2 smallor 
 ones, a college, and the public baths. Beyond the walls of 
 the city, W. and S.. are suburlis consisting of low houses, 
 yards, gardens, and plantations, in wliich the Bedouins 
 encamp. These suburbs have also their walls and gales. The 
 canal, which supplies .Medina with water from a valley, a 
 few miles to the S.. is a noble work, and umloubtedlv the 
 greatest of its kind in Arabia. It is generally about 25 feet 
 under ground, and terminates in a basin, from which all may 
 draw without restraint. 
 
 The mosque of the prophet stands at the E. side of the 
 city, and, though on a smaller scale, it resembles that ut 
 Mecca ; its colonnades are remarkable only for tln-ir extreme 
 irregularity. The tomb of the prophet is enckLsed with a 
 screen of iron filagree, of excellent workmanship; at the 
 S. side of this tlie pilgrim goes througii his devotions. 
 There are four doors into the interior, but one of these only 
 is open, and kept by a eunuch. Admission into tlie enclosed 
 area, or El-IIejarah. is allowed only to Piislia.s. leaders of 
 the Ilaj. and such like, on payment of a large fee. There 
 is little to be seen inside but the emliroidere<l silk curtains 
 wliicii are said to conce.il a quadrangular black stone, sup- 
 ported by two pillars, between wliiih are the gravas of 
 Mohammed, and his friemls and successors. Abu Bekr and 
 Omar. The Arabs in Medina know nothing of the great 
 magnet wliieli. according to some Europeans, supports the 
 cottin of Mohammed. Great numbers make the pilgrimage 
 to the prophet's tomb; and it is estimated that one-third 
 of the .Mecca pilgrims go on to Medina, the pilgrimage to 
 which may be performed at any time of the year. The in- 
 habitants of this city, like those of Mecca, are strangers in 
 the land of the Bedouins. They are less gay and vivacious 
 than those of Mecca, and at the same time more studious 
 as to appearances; nor are they inattentive to learning, and 
 some of them are said to possess fine libraries. The Shereefs 
 (.""herifsi in Medina are L'lema or doctors of the Koran, anS 
 not men of the sword, as in Mecca. It is remarkable, that 
 the two holy cities of the orthodox Mohammeilan world are 
 in the midst of sectaries: for as .Mecca is surrounded by the 
 followers of 2^id. so the Bedouin trilies. and many of the 
 Sheiwfs at Molina, are adherents of Alee, (.^li.) The business 
 of Medina is all done by the merchants of Yenilo or Yanibo, 
 a p<irt on the Red Sea. about 105 miles to the S.W. The 
 population is supposed to lie from 16,000 to 20,000, of whom 
 12.(HJ0 are within the walls. 
 
 MEDl'NA, (formerly THE MEDE.) a river of England, 
 I.«le of Wight, which it divides into two nearly equal jarts, 
 joining the sea at Cowes llarbor. It is navigable to New- 
 port. 4 miles inland. 
 
 JIEDINA. a village of Senegamhia, Jaloff country; lat. 
 15° 18' N., Ion. 15^12' W. 
 
 JIEDI'NW, a small river of Texas, rises in Bexar co.. and 
 flowing S.E., unites with other streams a few miles S. of 
 San Antonio; below this it is called San Antonio River. 
 
 MEDINA, a county towards the S.W. part of Texas, has 
 an area of aliout 1200 square miles. It is Ixiunded on the 
 N.E. by the Medina Kiver. from which the uanie is derived, 
 and intersected by Hondo and Seoo Creeks. The surface is 
 uneven, consisting partly of prairies: the stdl is mostly un- 
 cultivated. Capital, Castroville. Pop. 1838, of wbom"l732 
 were free. 
 
 MEDINA, a county in the N.N.E. part of Ohio, has an 
 area of 420 square miles. It is drained by Kocky and Black 
 Rivers, and by Killbuck and Chippewa Creeks, which rise 
 within its limits. The surface is undulating, the soil a 
 clayey and gravelly loam, adaptetl to pasturage. Large 
 quantities of mineral fire-proof paint are procured in the 
 eastern part of the county, and exported to otlier states and 
 to Europe. Capital. Me<Jina. Pop. 22,517. 
 
 MKDINA, a thriving post-village in Kidgeway town.ship, 
 Orleans CO.. New York, on Oak Orchard Creek, where it is 
 crossed by the Erie Canal, and the Rochester I.,ockport and 
 Niagara Falls Railroad, alxiut 36 miles N.E. by N. of Buf- 
 falo. It contains several flouring-mills. al>out 10 stores. 5 
 churches, 1 academj', and 1 national bank. Pop. in 1860, 
 about 2500. 
 
 MEDI.V A, a thriving post-village and town.sliip, capital of 
 Medina co., Ohio. The village is pleasjintly situated, 112 
 miles N.E. from Columbus, and 28 miles S.W. from Cleve- 
 land, on an eminence, and contains 5 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 2 liigh-schools. Pop. in 1S50, 2011 ; of the village, 
 1008; in 1860, 1234. 
 
 MEDINA, a post-village and township of Lennwee co., 
 Michigan, on Tiffin's Creek, 80 miles S.W. of Detroit. Pop. 
 of the township. 196rt, 
 
 MEDINA, a township of Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 6r.8. 
 
 MEDI.V A, a post-village in Winnebago co., Illinois, about 
 100 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 MEDI.V A, a postoffice of Outiigamie co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 MEDINACELI, m.i-dee'ni-th4/lee, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 33 miles S. of Soria. near the Jalon. Pop. 150a 
 It has a noble ducal salace and remains of a Roman arch. 
 
 MEDINA DE LA;i TORRES. niA-dee'nd d.'^ Ids toR'aJs, a 
 town of Spain. 43 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2.'?70. 
 
 M£OINA DEL CAMPO, mi-dee'ui dM Msa'y\ (ane 
 
MED 
 
 Mrihimnn Camjk-Mrisf) a town of Spain, in Leon, 26 milen 
 S.S.W. of Viillad"lid. It has 2 hospitals, a collejriate and 
 6 parisii churrhes. There are ruins denotine; the ancient 
 importance of this plare, whiclv is said to have once con- 
 tained 50,000 inhabitants. It was a royal court, and much- 
 frequented emporium. In tlie castle the infamous Cwsai 
 Borgia was confined for two years, and Queen Isabella 
 died in it, NoveraVier •!(). 1.504. Medina was the capital of 
 the Campo, or level district, which is one of the finest 
 wheat countries in the world. It is the birthplace of Fer- 
 dinand I. of Arag:on, and of the historian Diaz del Castillo. 
 Present pop. 'I'ffS, 
 
 MKDI.VA Dl-: POMAR, mil-dee'nl d.A po-man', a town of 
 Spain, province, and 3S miles N.N.K. of BurRos. Pop. 124S. 
 It has a jTood bridge, and some magnificent tombs of the 
 Velasco family. 
 
 >IK1)I\A DK ETO SECO, m.^-dee/nl dA re(,.'o sAlio. a 
 town of ?paiii, province, and 25 miles N.W. of Valladolid, 
 on the Sequitlo, an affluent of the Douro. It was for- 
 merly far more important than at present. Pop. 4700. It 
 has manufactures of coarse woollens and pottery wares. 
 
 MEDINA-SIDONI.l, mA-Dce'nd-se-do'ne-a, a city of Spain, 
 In Anil.alusia, province and 22 milo.i S.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 
 10,5.'!4. It stands on the brow of a rocky eminence, is en- 
 closcl by wails, and has externally an imposing appearance, 
 but it is almost wholly in decay. The principal square, in 
 which stand the Tuscan and Doric town-house and the 
 granary, has a planted promenade, and is provided with 
 lamps. There are ten .schools, a foundling hospital, an or- 
 phan asylum, two churches, two nunneries, five suppressed 
 monasteries, and five hermitages. 
 
 Mi:i)IN KT A15U. See .Medkenet Anoo. 
 
 MKDINET-EL-FAYOO.M, mA-dee'uJt.Jl-fi-oom', (anc. Ct-oco 
 dilnpnlis, afterwards Arsinloe.) a town of Central Kgypt, capi- 
 tal of the province of Fayoom, on the Uahr Yoosef, or Canal 
 of Joseph, 52 miles S..*.\V'. of Cairo. Estimated population, 
 5000. It has several Coptic churches, mosques, manufacto- 
 ries of woollen stuffs, and a trade in rose-water and nitre. 
 
 MKDIOIjANU.M. France. See Evni:ux: also Saixtes. 
 
 MKIiIOLANUM. North Italy. See Milax. 
 
 M FDITEh' KAifEAJV, mJd'e-tgr-rA'ne-.an, " midland," is a 
 name applied generally to all seas nearly surrounded by 
 land, as the Haiti.-. 
 
 MEDITERIJANRAN SEA, (L. Mare Internum or Mediterra'- 
 neum ; Fr. ^fl^r .Hediterranee, maiR miMeeH^llVil'nA/, Sp. Mar 
 Mediterrancn. maR ni.-\-De-tJn-ri'n,'l-o; It. Mare Mediterraneo, 
 md'r.'V niA-de-teR-Rj'n,Vo; Ger. Mitteimter, miftfl-maiR\ or 
 Mittdliindischts Meer, mit'tJl-lJu'dish-fs maiR,) a great 
 inland sea, between lat. SC^ ^0' and 45° 50' N., and Ion. 
 5° W. and 35° E.. about 2200 miles long, breadth, from 
 ''enice to the Ray of Sidra, 1200 miles. On the \. and N.W. 
 it washes the shores of Europe, on the S. those of .\frica, and 
 on the E. tliose of Asia. It communicates on the W. with 
 the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar, and on the 
 N.E. with the Ulack Sea. through the Sea of Marmora and 
 the Straits of the Dardanelles, and Constantinople. It is 
 very irregular in .shape; by the projection of the S. part of 
 Italy, and of Cape Bon iu Africa, anj the interposition of 
 the island of Sicily, it is divided, near its centre, into distinct 
 and not very unequal E. and W. portions. In addition to 
 these, the other important subdivisions are the Tyrrhene or 
 Tuscan Sea, the Adriatic SeaorGulf of Venice, the Ionian Sea, 
 and the .a?gean Sea or Grecian Archipelago. The largest 
 gulfs are, on the shores of Europe, those of Lyons, Genoa. Ta- 
 ranto, Lepanto, Koron, Kolokytliia, iEgean, and Salonica; on 
 the shores of Asia, .\dramyti, Smyrna, Adalia, and Iskande- 
 roon; and on the shores of Africa, Sidra and Cabes, The 
 largest and most important islands are Sicily, Sardinia, Co^ 
 sica, and the Balearic Isles, in tlie W. division ; and Cyprus. 
 Ilhodes, Crete, tlie Ionian Isles, and Malta, in the E. division. 
 The principal rivers which discharge themselves into the Me- 
 diterranean are the Ebro, Rhone, Po, and Xile ; and through 
 the Hellespont and Bosporus it receives the waters of 
 the Black Sea. Between Cape Bon and the Sicilian coast, 
 where the water is shallowest, the depth barely exceeds 30 
 fathoms ; but in almost all other places, particularly at a 
 distance from the shores and inlands, is so much increased 
 that it often gives no soundings. Owing to tlie very nar- 
 row channel which connects the Mediterranean with the 
 main ocean, there is very little tide ; though, in some places, as 
 in the Ionian Sea, the Adriatic, on parts of the African coast, 
 ic, a rise of mere than 6 feet sometimes occurs. The gene- 
 ral current, entering from the ocean, flows E, along Africa, 
 then N. along Syria, and begins to return by following the 
 coast (if Anatolia W. The prevailing winds are the S.E. and 
 S.W. in spring, and the N.E. and N.AV. during the rest of the 
 year. They often blow suddenly, and with great violence, 
 the most remarkable are the Bora, in the Adriatic, and the 
 fturniug Sirocco, from the African Desert, Water-spouts are 
 a>mmon on the coast of Asia Minor, Active volcanoes exist 
 on the coast of Xaples, in the Lipari Islands, Sicily, and the 
 Grecian Archipelago; and, in July, 1831, the remarkable 
 octive volcano named Graham's Island was shot up from the 
 tea, between Sicily and the African coast, lat. 37° 8' 30" N., 
 von. 12^ 42' 15" E., and again disappeared. The Mediterra- 
 3Y 
 
 MEE 
 
 nean abound.s with flsh, and also furnishes the finest coral 
 sponge, and ambergris. 
 
 The Mediterranean was called by the Hebrews " the Great 
 Sea." The Phoenicians are the first people known to have 
 extended their commerce along Its coasts; the Greeks after- 
 wards disputed it with them. After the destruction cf Car- 
 thage, the Romans were sole masters of its shores: in the 
 miiidle ages, the Venetians monopolized its commerce. 
 
 MEDIYAD, a village of Turkey. See Medektad. 
 
 MEDJEKD.V, a river of North Africa. Sea Mejerda. 
 
 MEDJIBOJ, mJd-jee-boj', a town of Russian Poland, go- 
 vernment of i'odolia, on the Bug, 55 miles N.E. of Kamie- 
 niec. Pop. 40tX1. 
 
 MEDL, mid'l, or MEEDIj, m.id'l, a village of Austria, 
 Moravia, 4 miles from Littau. Pop. 1225. 
 
 MKKLING, a town of Austria. See JliiDUNO. 
 
 JIEIVMEMI.^^M, n parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 MEDNOI, med-noi', an island belonging to Russia, in the 
 Behriug Sea, V.. of Behring Island. Length 30 miles, breadth 
 5 miles. Copper is found on its W. coast. 
 
 Mi'^DO, niA'do. a small island of Brazil, in the Bay of Sao 
 Marcos, province and 4 miles \V. of Maranhilo. 
 
 MEDOACUS MAJOR. See Brenta. 
 
 MEDOACUS MINOR. See Bacchiguons. 
 
 MEDOC, meh<lok', an old district of France, in the N,W. 
 part of Guienne, along the Garonne. It now forms the N.W. 
 part of the department of Gircnide. 
 
 MED'OMSLEY. a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 ME'DOX. a post-office of Madison co., Tennessee. 
 
 MEDRl5.\C, niAVirA^dk', a village of Fraiii'e, di'partment 
 of Ilie-et-Vilaiue, 10 miles N.N.AV. of Montford. Pop. 2120. 
 
 MEIV.STED, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 JIEDU'S.V. a post-oftice of .\ll)any co.. New York. 
 
 MEDVE,ni-OSTROVA, mJa-vMOee-os-tro/vd, (" Be.ir Ib- 
 ands.") two groups of islands iu Asiatic Russia; one in 
 Behring Strait, the other iu the Arctic Ocean, opposite the 
 mouth of the Kolyma River. 
 
 MED V£S, nitd'vjsh', a vill.age of Hungary, co. and 5 miles 
 from Temesvar. on the Theiss. Pop. 1602. 
 
 MI;DVI EDITZA, mtd-ve-.A-dit/sd, incorrectly written MEL- 
 VIDETZ, a river of Russia, joins the Don on the left, 15 milefl 
 below the influx of the Khoper, after a S.W. course of 330 
 miles. Many German and other colonies are seated on ita 
 banks. 
 
 MEDAVA Y, (anc. Vaga ?) a river of England, rises in the 
 S.E. part of Surrey co., and joins the Thames at Sheeruess. 
 It is navigable to Penshurst. 
 
 MED'WAY^. a small river of Georgia, which enters the 
 Atlantic between Bryan and Liberty counties, a few miles 
 below Sunbury. 
 
 MEDWAV. a post-town.'hip of Norfolk co., ^lassachusett.s, 
 on Charles River, and at the terminus of a branch of the 
 Norfolk County Railroad, about 22 miles S.W. of liostou. 
 It ha.s manufactures of thread, prints, osnaburgs, cotton 
 flannels, carriages. Ixiots and shoes, &c. There are two vil- 
 lages in the township, East Medway and West Medway. 
 Pop. 3195. 
 
 MEDW.\y, a post-office of Greene co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 MEDWAY. a post-ofliice of Clark co.. Ohio. 
 
 MED'YBEMPS, a township of Washington co., Maine. 
 Pop. 297. 
 
 MEDYXSK, m.i-dinsk', or MEDYN, mAMin', a town of 
 Russia, government and 40 miles N.N.W. of Knlooga, on the 
 Medynka, Pop. 2000. An engagement took place here be- 
 tween the French and Russians, in 1812. 
 
 MEDZIBON. met'se-bon, a town of Prussian Silesia, 35 
 miles N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 1310. 
 
 MEEDEN, inA'clen. a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Groningen, 9 miles N.W. of Delf/.yl. Pop. 1174. 
 
 MEEDEN, a village of Holland, province and 16 miles 
 S.E. of Groningen. Pop. 1231. 
 
 MEEKES (meeks) HILL, a post-office of York district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MEE LING. See Meling. 
 
 MEE'LTCK, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Galway. 
 
 MEELICK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 MEEME, nieem, a post-village and township in the S.part 
 of Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1114. 
 
 MEE.\A1$, MINAB, mee'nAb', or .MINNON(?) a small 
 river of Persia, falls into the Persian Gulf near a town of 
 its own name. The valley of this stream is very fertile. 
 
 MEEXAM or MIN.4.M. mee^iSm', a village of Per.si,i, pro- 
 yince, and 80 miles AV. of Kerman, stated to consist of about 
 400 grottos excavated in a mountain, and inhabited by a 
 sect of schismatic Mohammedans. 
 
 MEENEX. See Me.ni.v. 
 
 31EENG.\X.\. meen-gd'nj, a thriving town of the Punjab, 
 a little above the junction of the Chenauh and .Jaylum. 
 
 MEER, m.aiR, a word in Dutch and German, signifying 
 " sea," and forming parts of several names in tlie X.W. part 
 of Europe, as (Ilaarlemmer Meer.) the "Sea of Haarlem," &e. 
 
 ME Kit. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MEERAXE, niA'r.a'neh, a town of Saxony, 21 miles W. of 
 Chemnitz. Pop. 13,626. It haa manufactures of woollen 
 stuffs and bombazines. 
 
 1169 
 
MEE 
 
 MEl 
 
 MEfTRAT, Jiiee-rlf . 5IEERTA, meertl, a town of Hindos- 
 taii. p-OTini-e and 36 miles W. by X. of Ajmeer; lat 26° 
 38' X., Ion •;3"-19'E. 
 
 MEERBEKE, m.Wb.Vkfh, a village of Belgium, in East 
 Flana.'1-s. -£1 milps S S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2441. 
 
 MEEBEXDRE, mi'rSNd'r' or niA'r^n-dreh. a village of 
 Belgium, iu East Flanders, 6 mUes W.X.M'. of Ghent. I'op. 
 
 MEERCtURII, meer'giir', a town of West Ilindostan, do- 
 minion and 72 miles E.S.E. of Bhawlpoor. 
 
 MEEKIIOUT, maiR'howt'. a village of Belgium, province 
 of Antwerp, 15 miles S.E. of Turnhout. Pop. 3250. 
 
 MEERLH, maiR'leh. a village of Belgium, province and 
 23 miles X.E. of Antwerp, on the Marck. Pop. 1233. 
 
 MEERPOOR. meer'poor', a town of Sinde, near the Pin- 
 gares, a branch of the Indus, 45 miles, S. of Hyderabad. 
 Pop. 10.000. It commands the route between Hyderabad 
 and Cutch, and formerly yielded, with its territory, an 
 annual revenue of 50,000?. Many villages of Sinde and 
 Beloochistan have the same name. 
 
 MEERPOOR, a town of Punjab, 115 miles N.W. of Lahore. 
 
 MEERPOOR, a village of Sinde, 10 miles E. of Ghara, near 
 Moujdurria, a ruineil city, exhibiting many evidences c4" 
 former population and wealth ; lat. 24° 40" X.. Ion. 67° 49' E. 
 
 MEERPOOR, a village of Sinde, near the right bank of 
 the channel of the Buggaur; lat. 24° 30' X., Ion. 67° 49* E. 
 
 MEERPOOR. a village of Sinde. 52 miles W.of Amerkote, 
 lat. 25° 24' X.. Ion. 69° E. 
 
 MEERPOOR. a village of Bcloochi.stan, province of Cutch 
 Gundava, on the great route from Sinde to Ghuznee. Lat. 
 2S° 36' X.. Ion. 67° 56' E. 
 
 MEERSBURG. maiRsAbWao, a town of Baden, on the Lake 
 of Constance, 5 miles X.E. of Constance. It has a casUe, 
 and a Dominican convent. 
 
 MEER.SSKX. maiRs'sen, a town of the X'ctherlands. pro- 
 vince of Limburg, 4 miles X.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 2008. 
 
 MEERSSEX. a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, 3 miles 
 E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1826. 
 
 MEERUT. mee'rut, atown ofBritish Indi,"i, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its own name. 35 miles X.E. of Delhi, on an affluent 
 of the Ganges. It is enclosed by a brick wall, but is in decay, 
 though it has many remains attesting former magnificence, 
 besides one of the largest British churches in India, a British 
 free school, and extensive barracks, forming an important 
 station for the British troops in the Upper provinces of 
 Bengal presidency. 
 
 MEERCT, a district of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 Area 2250 square miles. Pop. 860,736. 
 
 MEES, Lks, \\ mL a market-town of France, department 
 Cf Ba.sses-Alpes. 14 miles W.S.W. of Digne. Pop. 2030. 
 
 MEES'DKN. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 MEETII. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MEETING STREET, a postoffice of Edgefield district, 
 Bouth Carolina. 
 
 MEFFERSUORF. m^f'fers-doRr, a vilKige of Prussian 
 Silesia, government of Liegnitz, circle of Lauban. Pop. 710. 
 
 MEGALO-KASTRO, capital of the island of Crete. See 
 Crete. 
 
 MEGALOP'OLIS. a ruined city of Greece, Morea, govern- 
 ment of Gortyniiu 5 miles X. of Leondari. 
 
 MEGAXlSi, mA-gS-nce'see. one of the Ionian Island.", in 
 the Mediterranean, off the E.. coast of Santa Maura. Length, 
 from X". to S.. 6 miles, breadth 3 miles. 
 
 MEG.VXTIC. a county in the eastern part of Canada East, 
 bounded on the S.E. by the state of Maine, and comprising 
 an area of 1465 square miles. In this county are Lukes St. 
 Francis and ^Villiam. Pop. 13.835. 
 
 MEG'iVRA, (^Gr. Me^apu.) a village, formerly an important 
 rity of Greece, government of Attica, near the mouth of a 
 mall river which enters the Gulf of ^gina opposite Salamis, 
 21 miles W. of Athens. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MEG.iSPE'LIOX, a rich convent of Greece, Slorea. govern-' 
 ment of Achaia. 5 miles X. of Kalavrita. It is said to be one 
 of the earliest monastic foundations in Greece, and occupies 
 % vast cavern in a steep and almost inaccessible rock, above 
 300 feet in height. 'The Turks, under Ibraheem Pasha. 
 besieged the convent, but were repulsed with a loss of 
 eeveral thou.sand men. It has connecte«l with it. from 250 
 to 300 monks, and a miraculous image of the Virgin, resorted 
 to in pilgrimage. 
 
 MEG EX. mS'uhen, atownof X'etherl.inds, Xorth Brabant, 
 on the JleusK, (Maas.). 15 miles X.E. of Bois-le-Duc. P. 600. 
 
 MEGEVE, meh-7.haiv'. a market-town of Savoj', province 
 of Faucisrny, 5 miles S. of Sallenches. Pop. 2774. 
 
 M EGICO. a city of Xorth America, See Mexico. 
 
 MEG'XA. a river of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 rises 40 miles X.W, of Dacca, and joins the Brnhmapootra, 
 in atx)ut 23° 30' X„ to which it gives its own name for the 
 rest of its course. See Brahmapootra. 
 
 MEGYER. mW'yaiR', a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, 
 CO. of Xeograd : with a church. Pop. 1362. 
 
 MEGYElt-BEKAS, m.VryaiRn).Vkosh', a village of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Pesth. inhnbited chiefly by Germans. Pop. 814. 
 
 MEGYER-X.\OV. mMVaiR/uOdj. a market-town of Hun- 
 gary, <«. and 19 miles N,W. of Komorn. Pop. 1723. 
 1170 
 
 MEGYER-rOC.«!, mM'yais'potch. a village of Huiigarr. i-ft 
 of Pesth, on an island in the Danube above Biida. P. 1092. 
 
 MEGY'ER-TOTH. mtd'yaia'tot, a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Xeutra. Pop. 1992. 
 
 MEGYES-AKAXYOS, mfd'yJsh'ehViSDVosh', a market- 
 town of Hungarj", co. of Sz-ithnuir. Pop. 1932. 
 
 MEGY'ES-Xl'lR, mJ<Py^sh'uyeeR, a village of Hungary, co. 
 and 11 miles E. of Szatbuiar. Pop. 2062. 
 
 MEHADI.A., m.-l'hd'deeVih\ a markettown of South Hun- 
 gary, 15 miles X. of Orsova. Pop. 1684. The Baths of Me- 
 hadia, or Hercules Baths, near this, were known to th« 
 Ilomans, and are annually frequented hv many visitors. 
 
 .MEIIALLET-EL-KEBEER, uiA-hiillet-'S'.-ke-beer'. or MB- 
 HALA-EL-KEBTR. a town of Lower Egypt, capital of the 
 province of Garbieh, 45 miles S.AV. of Damiett.-j. 
 
 MEHEDIAH. mJh-he-dee'a. or MAMMORAH, mam'mo- 
 ril, a fortified town of Morocco, province, and 110 miles 
 "W.X.W. of Fez, on the Seboo. 1 mile from its mouth. P. 400. 
 
 MEHER'RIX, a river of Virginia and Xorth Cnrolina, 
 ris<^s in Lunenburg and Charlotte counties of the former 
 state. It pas.ses into Xorth Carolina, and flows along the 
 boundary between Gates and nertf)rd counties, until it 
 unites with the Xottow.iy River to form the Cliow.'in. Its 
 general direction is E.P.E., and its whole length is estimated 
 at about 150 miles. It is navigable by sloops to Murfrees- 
 boroush. in Xorth Carolina. 
 
 MEIIERRIX DEPOT, a post-office of Southampton co, 
 Virginia. 
 
 MEIIIDPOOR. a town of Ilindostan. See MAnanpooTU 
 
 MEHLIS or MELIS, m.Alis. a village of Saxe-Coburg, 
 principality, and 20 miles S. of Gotha. Pop. 1706. 
 
 MEIILS.\CK. mail'sdk. a town of East Prussia, 37 miled 
 S.S.AV. of Konigsbevg. Pop. 30^0. 
 
 .MEHOO'PAN Y or MAHOOPEXY, a post>offlce of Wyoming 
 CO.. Pennsvlv.inia. 
 
 MEHRAXD. meH-rJnd'. or MERAXDE, m?r-and'. written 
 also MEREND and MEIIREXD. n town of Persia, province 
 of Azerbaijan, 4S miles E.S.E. of Khoi. 
 
 MEIIRIXG. See Merino, 
 
 MEHtlX", m.VuNo', a town of France, department of Cher, 
 on the Yevre. and with a station ou the Orleans and Bourgea 
 Railway, 9 miles X.W. of Bourges. Pop. in 1S52. 4260. 
 
 MEIA-CO-SIIIMAII ISLES. See Madjicosima. 
 
 MEIAPOXTE, m.i-o-3-pon't.A, a town of Brazil, province 
 and 65 miles E. of Gojaz, on the river Almas. It has five 
 churches, a hospital, a Latin and a primary school, many 
 distilleries and potteries, and is well situated for trade, 
 lying in the tract along which numerous henls of cattle 
 are (Iriven. for S.ao-1'aulo. and the province of Mina^-Geraes, 
 
 MEIDLTXG, mid'ling, (OiiER, o'ber. and U.MKi:, iVm'li-r.) 
 two contiguous villages of Lower Austria, 3 miles S.W. of 
 Vienna. Pop 3500. 
 
 MEIGLE. mee'g'l, an ancient village and parish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Perth, on the Scottish Midland Junction Rail- 
 way, 21 miles X.X'.E. of Perth. In the church-yard is a 
 monument, said to be the tomb of Vanora or Guinevar, 
 the wife of King Arthur. Belmont Castle is in the parish. 
 
 MEIGS. mJgz. a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee, area 
 estimated at 160 square miles. The Tennes.see River, navi- 
 gable for steamboats, forms its boundary on the X.W. The 
 surface is hilly, the soil fertile. Capital, Decatur. Pop. 
 4667, of whom 4029 were free, and C3S slaves. 
 
 MEIGS, a county in the S..S.E. part of Ohio, bordering on 
 Virginia, contains about 350 square miles. The Ohio River 
 washes the eastern and part of the southern Ixirder. The 
 surface is hilly ; the soil is chiefly comjxised of day. It is 
 more remarkable for its mineral than its agricultural riches. 
 The hills along the Ohio River contain veri- extensive mines 
 of excellent coal, from which 5.000,000 bushels have t«en 
 exported in a year. The salt works of this county are pro- 
 bably as extensive as an}' in the AVestern States. In 1S51, 
 five or six companies were formed for the manufacture of 
 salt, near the Ohio River. Wells have been sunk to the 
 depth of 1000 feet, each of which throws up 50 gallons uf 
 brine per minute. Capital, IVmieroy. Pop. 26,534. 
 
 MEIGS, a township of Adams co , Ohio. Pop. ],i4S. 
 
 MEIGS, a township of Muskingum CO. Ohio. Pop. 1.547. 
 
 MEIGS' CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Muskingum River in 
 Morgan county. 
 
 MEIGS' CREEK, a post-ofl!ice of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 ME1GS^^LLE, mjgz'vill, a post-village in Jackson co^ 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MEIGSA'ILLE. a post^township in the S. part of Mowpn 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1433. 
 
 MEIGSVILI.E. a village of Jfendocino co., California, on 
 the X. side of a small bay. formed at the mcmth of Bool-dam 
 River, about 140 miles X.X.VV. of San Francisco. 
 
 MEIKLE (meeOcTi FER'RY', a strait of Dorno<<h Frith, 
 Scotliind, 3 miles W.X.W. of Tain. co. of Ross. Breadth 3 
 miles. It is crossed by a ferry, in the line of the Great 
 Xorthern Road. 
 
 5IEILEX or MEYLEN. milen, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton and on the Lake of Zurich. Pop aJOO. 
 
 MEILHAX, mA'lftx"', a town of France, department of Lot- 
 et-Garonne, 7 miles W. of Marmande, Pop, 2268, 
 
MET 
 
 METLLAC, mVySk, a village of France, department of 
 nii!-«t-Vilaine. 19 miles S. of St. Ma!o. 
 
 MEILLANT, mfCyiy', a Tillage of France, department of 
 Cher, 20 miles S.S.E. of I!our,i;es. Pop. 1600. 
 
 MKIMUNA, mA-raoo'nd, a town of Afghanistan, Iluzareh 
 country, on an affluent oif the Oxus, in lat. 35° 50' N., Ion. 
 64° .38'' K. 
 
 MKIXAM, a river of Asia. See Menam. 
 
 MKIN.\U, mi'now. a small island of South Bnden, circle 
 of Ivake, in the Lakeof Ueberlingen. 2^ miles \V. of Constance, 
 with a Tillage, a castle, and numerous Tineyards, tfie pro- 
 perty of Prince Esterhazy. 
 
 MEIXBKRG, min'bjRG, a Tillage of Germany, Lippe- 
 DetmoM, liailiwick of Horn. Pop. 1044. 
 
 MKIXl.NUEN, mi'ning-pn,orMEINUNGEN,mi'nMng-en. 
 n fortified town of Central Germany, capital of the duchy of 
 B«xe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 38 miles I'^.N.E. of Fulda. 
 Pop. 620.'). Principal edifice, tlie Palace, the residence of the 
 dukep since 1681, containing collections of paintings and 
 natural curiosities. It has a. House of Assembly for the 
 duchy, 2 gymnasia, a normal school, and manufactures of 
 woollens and linens. 
 
 MEININGEX, SACHSEN. Pee Saxe-Mein'inoen. 
 
 MEI-OMEED or MEI-O.MII). m.Vo-meed'. a village of Per- 
 (ria. province of Khorassan, 35 miles E. of Shahrood. 
 
 MEIR, meer, a postroffice of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 MEIRE. mi'reh, a Till.age of Belgium, province of Kast 
 Flanders, 13 niiies S.E. of Ghent. I'op. 2433. 
 
 JIEIRELBEKE, mi'rel-b.-l'kfh, or MEERI.EBEKE, main'- 
 leh-b;V'keh, a Tillage of Belgium, in East Flanders, 2 miles 
 S. of Ghent, on the Sch.'ldt. I'op. 3298. 
 
 MEIRINGEN or -MEYKIXGEN, mi'ring-en, a town of 
 Switzerland, canton and 39 miles S.E. of Bern, on the Aar. 
 Many of the inhabitants are weavers. Pop. 4165. 
 
 MKISENIIEIM. ml/zen-hime\ a town of West Germany, 
 capital of a detached principality, belonging to Hesse-Hora- 
 burg, on the Glan. 45 miles S. of Coblentz. Pop. 2300. 
 
 MEI.SSEX. mis'sen, a town of Sa.xony, 15 miles X.W. of 
 Dresden, on the Elbe. Pop. in 1849. 8914. It is enclosed by 
 walls, has numerous suburbs, and presents a picturesque 
 appearance with " its castle, Gothic church, and lofty houses, 
 perched high on a rocky eminence," but it is internally 
 gloomy. Its fine cathedral has some monuments of Saxon 
 princes: in its castle, founded by Henry the Fowler, is now 
 e,stat)lish('d the famous procelain factory, producing all the 
 goods known as '-Dresden china." It has manufacturifi 
 of hosiery, leather, colors, and camels'-hair brushes. The 
 convent of Afra, near tlie town, is the seat of a royal 
 school. 
 
 ME.TEUDA or MED.TEKDA. mSd-jJr'dd. (anc. Bao'rmlos,) 
 a river of Xorth Africa, .Algeria and Tunix, rises in the 
 Great Atlas, and, after a N.E. course of 200 miles, enters the 
 Gulf of Tunis, on the Mediterranean, 24 mile^ X. of Tunis. 
 
 ME.IICO, a city of Xorth America. See JlEXico. 
 
 MEKIXEZ, a town of Morocco. See Mequixez. 
 
 M EKKA or .MEKKEH. .See Mecca. 
 
 MEKLEXBURG-SCllWEKIX. See Mecklexburo-Scitwe- 
 
 RIX. 
 
 MEKTiOXO, mr\-klong', a town of Siam, at the confluence 
 of the Meklong River with the W. mouth of the Menam, 30 
 miles S.W. of Bang-kok. Pop. estimated at 13.000. 
 
 ME-KOXG, m.Vkong'. or MEXAM-KOXG, m,Vn!lm'kong', 
 called also .MAYKIA.XG, m.-^'ke-dng'. and C.WIBO'DIA 
 RIVER, one of the principal rivers of the S.E. of Asi.a, rises 
 in Thibet, where it has the name of LAX-THSAX({-K1AXG, 
 lin-t"hs4ng-ke-dng, afterwards intersects the Chinese pro- 
 vince of Yun-nan, traverses Laos and Cambcxlia. and enters 
 the China Sea by numerous mouths, near lat. 10° X., Ion. 
 106° 40' E. In Its lower part it separates into numerous 
 arms, and divides the Anamese and Siamese dominions. 
 
 MEIvR.\N, mJkVdn/, or MUKRAX. muk-rdn', the largest 
 province of Beloochistan, between lat. 25° and 28° N., and 
 Ion. 58° and 66° E.. having S. the Indian Ocean, and X. a 
 desert separating it from Afghanistan. Area estimated at 
 100.000 .square miles. Pop. 200.000. It is a wild and bar- 
 barous region, and here the troops of Alexamler the Great 
 suffered severely from drought on their return from India 
 into l>ersia. It is divided into numerous petty di>tricts, 
 under separate chiefs, some tributary to tlie khan of Kelat, 
 tilers to Muscat and Persia. 
 
 MEKUX. an island of Arabia. See Perim. 
 
 MEL, mil, or MELO. niA/lo, a market-town of Austrian 
 ttaly. 9 miles S.W. of Belluno. on the Piave. I'op. 4000. 
 
 M"ELADA. m<i-ld'da. an island of Austria, in the Adriatic, 
 off tiie coast of Dalmatia. 15 miles W.X.W. of Zara. 
 
 MELACOORE, MELAKOURI or MELAKURI. m,i-ia-koo/- 
 rue, a towp of W. Africa, capital of an independent territory, 
 on a river of the same name, about 68 miles X'.X.W. of Free 
 Town, Sierra Leone. It stands at the highest point to which 
 the Melacoore is navigable. Pop. of the town, about 1000; 
 territory, aliout 50.000. 
 
 M EL AOUI or M ELA WI. See Mell.awee. 
 
 SIELASSA, mA-1.1srs.a. or MELASSC, m.^-lds/so. (anc. Mi/- 
 lasa.) a town of .\sia Minor, near iw .» 'V. coast, 23 milce 
 N.E. of Boodtoom 
 
 MEL 
 
 MEL.AT, meh-lA/, a village of France, department of .S'aone- 
 et-Loire. arrondis.sement of Chandle.s. Pop. li)32. 
 
 MELAZGHERD, mA-Mz-ghtVd', a dilaiddntod town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and 80 miles S.E. of Erzroom. on 
 the Euphrates. 
 
 Ml'l.\7M), m.^l-Ht':;:, a, village of the Sardinian States, 
 aoout 3 miles S. of Acqui. Pop. 1588. 
 
 -MELAZZO. a town of Sicily. See Milazzo. 
 
 MEL/BECKS, a township of England, co. of Y'ork, Xorth 
 Riding. 
 
 MEL/BOURN, a pari.sh of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 MELBOURN, a township of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 MELBOURNE, mJl'burn, a marketrtown and p.arish oi 
 England, co. and 8 miles S.S.E. of Derby, with a church, 
 Baptist, Wesleyan, Independent, and Swedenborgiau cliaj)- 
 els; 2 schools and a mechanics' institution. 'I'he staple 
 manufacture is that of lace-gloves, in which the inhabitanta 
 are chiefly employed. It gives the title of Viscount to the 
 Lamb family. 
 
 MELBOURXE, mfl/bfirn, a city of Australia, capital of 
 Victoria, on the Yarra Yarra, near its mouth in Port 
 Phillip, 445 miles S.W. of Sidney; lat. 37° 48' 36" S.. Ion. 
 144° 67' 45" E. The principal part of the town is laid 
 out in a low fertile valley, while the extreme ends are 
 carried over'two picturesque eminences. The streets are 
 broiul and regular, running at right angles to each other, 
 but, owing to the want of pavements, become almost 
 impassable in wet weather. More than half of the houses 
 are built of stone and brick, and mnie are now allowed 
 to be constructed of wood. Many have fine gardens 
 attached. Among the principal edifices are the Union 
 Bank of Australia, the Australasian Bank, the Custom- 
 liou.se, the Mechanics' Institution, the Roman Calholio 
 Chapel, the new Government Oilices, and the Court-house. 
 The jail is a large, but gloomy strvicture, built of dark 
 ferruginous sand-stone. A botanic garden was commenced 
 in 1S46. on a grant from the legislature of 500Z., with a 
 prospective annual allowance of about half that sum. The 
 garden is prettily situated on the S. bank of the Yarra. al)Out 
 1 mile E. of the town, but, as yet, has comparatively few 
 plants. Besides the Roman Catholic chapel above spoken 
 of, there are places of worship belonging to tlie Protestant 
 Episcopalians. I'resbyterians, Wesleyans, Independents, and 
 Baptists; a Quaker meetinghouse and Jews' synagogue. 
 Sunday and day schools are attached to the English. Scotch, 
 and Roniiin Calliiili<- churclies ; and there are. be.-ides, several 
 private seminaries for the eilucation of youth, an<i a number 
 of religious and benevolent societies. Four newspajiers were 
 published here in 1852. The town is amply snpi)lied with 
 water from the Yarra. A bridge 30 feet in width has re- 
 cently been constructed across the stream, compo.«ed of a 
 single arch of 150 feet span, at a cost of 10,000i. 
 
 In consequence of the immense influx of emigrants, 
 attracted by the recently discovered gold-fields, prices have 
 become very exorbitant. In June, 1852, jackboots for the 
 diggings were .sold for 11., ordinary boots 4/., a pair of sliues 
 2/. The smallest lodgings cost 51. per week, and indifferent 
 houses t)f four or five unfurnished rooms, from 3o0i. to -UML 
 a year. The gold-fields, to which this sudden revolution in 
 prices and the state of society is attributable, extend over a 
 vast tract of country, but are situated chiefly at Mount 
 Alexander. 70 miles N.W., and Ballarat, 6t/ miles W.X.W.. 
 and more recently at Ovens, 130 miles N.E. of Melbourne. 
 In an address to the Crown by the Legislative Council, Sei)- 
 teniber, 1852, tlie weekly yield of gold at the Victoria 
 Diggings, calculated on the previous three months, was 
 stated at 80,000 oz., giving, at the rate of 70s. per oz.. a gross 
 annual value of 14,560,000?. By far the larger proportion of 
 the gold yielded by the A'ictoria Diggings finds its way to 
 Melbourne, by Government or by private escort, or in the 
 hands of individual diggers; still, a not inconsiderable 
 amount is carried direct.to Adelaide, in South Australia. 
 
 From the di.«covery of the mines in April, 1851. up to 
 January, 1854, 4,017.818 oz. of gold, valued at 18.471 .272?., 
 and 6.000,000?. in gold, which it is estimated was taken away 
 privately, .were exported from ilelliourne alone. During 
 the three months ending March 31, 1854, the quantity 
 exported amounted to 511.279 oz.. valued at 2.045.116?. The 
 quantity shipped at Sidney in 1853. amounted in value to 
 nearly 9.500.000?. The number of diggers employed in the 
 mines, in 1853, was supposed to exceed 100,000. According 
 to the report of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce, tlie 
 rapid growth of the town, with respect to its commerce, is 
 without a parallel in the history of the world. During the 
 year 1852, the shipping inwards, increased from 669 vessels, 
 (tons 126.000.) to 1657 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 
 408.000 tons, and the value of imports rose from 1.056.000?. 
 to 4,044.000/., and in 1853 they amounted to 14,000.000?. 
 The value of produce exported in 1851, amounted to 
 1,423,000?., and in 1852, 7,452.000?. of which 6.135.728?. was 
 gold, and 1,062,787?. the value of 20,047.4.53 pounds of wool. 
 These estimates include also the commerce of Geelong. 
 amounting, however, to but a small part oi the whole. Jlel- 
 bourue is not very favorably situated with respect to mean.s 
 
 1171 
 
.MEL 
 
 ol (•oraniiinipaii.in. Tlie Yarra Yarra, which is very nar- 
 n f. Juib oulj ddpth oiiough to float HUiail vessels, and, 
 cluN! ubiivo the town, it is interrupted by falls; the proper 
 harOor, accordiagly. is at the mouth of the river, iu Ilobson's 
 Bay, I' )rt Phillip, and though only 2 miles distant by land, 
 is from 7 to 8 miles by river. Allowing for some difficulty 
 nf entrance from the narrow channel commencing between 
 Port.s Nepeau and Lonsdale, and the .shoals which line its 
 sides, it is scarcely possible to conceive a finer expanse, or a 
 more sheltered and easily navigable bay than Port Phillip, 
 which forms a b;isin of from GO to 70 miles in circuit. 
 In uumy central places, the depth varies from 12 to 15 
 fathoms, and. even near the' shore, is generally from 5 to 7 
 fatlioms. At Williamstown, where vessels for Melbourne 
 generally anchor, it is 5 fathoms ; and in Geelong Bay, the 
 other most frequented anchorage, the depth varies from 2 
 to 7 fathoms. The facilities for communicating between 
 Jlelboume and the shipping in the harbor, however, have 
 been greatly increa-'ed by the construction of the Mel- 
 bourne and IIobson"s Bay Kailroad. extending from the 
 town to the beach. It was the first constructed in Australia, 
 and was opened on the 12th ;?eptember, 1S54. The locomotive 
 used was constructed iu Victoria, and is the fust one ever 
 built in the southern hemisphere. It is a 30 horse-power 
 engine, capable of running" 25 miles an hour. A railway 
 has also been chartered to connect Melbourne with the goid- 
 Selds of Mount Alexander. Steam communication by several 
 companies, and by different loute-S, has been established with 
 Great Britain; and steamers also ply between Melbourne, 
 Ilobart Town, Sidney, and other ports of the adjacent colo- 
 nies. Melbourne was founded by Sir Kichard Bourke, May 
 19, 1S37. It is incorporated, and has a mayor, aldermen, 
 and councillors. Pop. in ISll, -1179; in 1816, 10,955; in 
 1852, 25,000 ; in 1861, 108,22-1. 
 
 MELBOUKXE, a maritime county of West Australia, in- 
 tersected by the river Moore. 
 
 MELBOUIIXE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Sher- 
 hrooke, on the St. Francis lljver, 24 miles Ji-N.^V. of Sher- 
 brooke, and 03 miles from Port St. Francis. 
 
 MELBOURNE ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, forms, with 
 Bedford and Minto Islands, a group of the Dangerous Ar- 
 diipelago. and was discovered by Lord E. Itussell, in 1837. 
 
 MEl^BL'UY AB'BAS. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 MELUURY BUBB, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 MKLBURY OS'MOND, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 MELBUllY SA.MP/FORD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 MELCH'BOURX, a parish of Engliind, co. of Bedford. 
 
 MELCIITH.VL, uielK'till, a valley of Switzerland, canton 
 of Unterwalden, S.E. of Sarnen, traversed by the Melch 
 River, and noted as the birth-place of Arnold of Griitli and 
 Nicholas von der Flue, two of the founders of the Swiss 
 Confederation. 
 
 M 15L'C0MBE-H0R/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 MEL'COMBE-RE'GIS, a parish of England, forming part 
 of the borough of Wej-mouth. See Weymouth. 
 
 MELDAL, mel'dJl, a village of Norway, stift and 35 miles 
 S.W. of Trondhjem. Pop. 4260. 
 
 MELDEX. m&l'den, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, on the Scheldt, 18 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 
 1573. 
 
 MELDERT, mJl'dert, a village of Belgium, in East Flan- 
 ders, on the Molenbeek, 18 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 1904. 
 
 MELDT. See Meaux. 
 
 IMELDOLA, mSl'do-ld, a village of Central Italy, in .Slmilia. 
 7 niilrs S. of Forli. Pop. 4220. 
 
 MKL'DON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 MELDORF, mJl'doRf, a market^town of Denmark, duchy 
 of Ilolstein, near the North Sea, 53 miles N.^V. of Uamburg. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 MEiyORETII, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 MEt/DRUM, OLD. a market-town and parish of Scotland, 
 CO. and 16 miles N.W. of .Aberdeen. Pop. 1102. 
 
 MELEDA, mJl'A-dd, (anc. Md'ita.) an island of Austria, 
 Dalmatia, circle and 19 miles W.N.W. of Ragusa, greatest 
 leng'.h 23 miles, mean breadth not more than 2 miles. 
 The interior is traversed by lofty bills, geuerally of a 
 jMirchcd and arid appearance, and intersected by numerous 
 fertile valleys. The harbor of Palazzo, on the N. side, is con- 
 sidered the best on the Dalmatian coast. 
 
 MELEGNANO, mi-ljn-yd/no, a town of Northern Italy. 
 10 miles S.E. of Milan. It has a court of justice, several 
 public offices, three churches, and a trade in corn, rice, flax, 
 and dairy produce. In 1279 poace was concluded here be- 
 twejn the Guelfs and the Ghibellines; and in 1515 Francis 
 I. here defeated the Imperialists. Pop. 7000. 
 
 MELEKHOVSKAIA or MELEKIIOWSKAJA, m.VlA-Kov- 
 ski'd, a market^town of Russia, Don-CoSsack country, 23 
 miles N.E. of Tcherkask, on the Don. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MELENCZE, mintot'sA\ a village of Hungary, co. of To- 
 rontiil, 28 miles N.E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 4515. 
 
 MELEN'DEZ, a small post-village, capital of Benton co., 
 Florida. 
 
 M E.'.ENKI. mA-lJn'kee, a town of Russia, government 
 and 70 miles S.S.E. of Vladimeer. Pop. 50S5. 
 1173 
 
 MEL 
 
 MELENIK, mi-lJn-eek' or mSlVnik', a town of European 
 Turkey, Macedonia. 00 miles S.E. of Ghiustendil. 
 
 MELFI, mCl'fee, a town of Naples, province of Basilica ta, 
 on a lofty volcanic mountain, overlooking the Plain of Capl- 
 tanata, 34 miles S. of Foggia. Pop. 8400. It is enclosed by 
 ruined walls, and has an old castle, a cathedral, several con- 
 vents, and cisterns. 
 
 -MEL/FORD, a village and parish of England, co. of Suf- 
 folk, on the Stour. o miles N. of Sudbury, "pop. 2597. It is 
 beautifully situated, and has a handsome Gothic church, 
 hospital, and manufactures of silk. 
 
 MKLGA(j'0, mel-gi/so, the northernmost town of Portu- 
 gal, province of Minho, 38 miles N.E. of Braga, on the Miaho, 
 with a large fortress, and a trade in hams. 
 
 MELGAyO, m6l-ga'so, a town of Brazil, province and IBS 
 miles S.W. of Para. It has a church, and considerable trade 
 in timber. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MELGAR DE FERNAMENTAL, mJl-gaR' d.A ffii-nd-mJn- 
 tM'. a town of Spain, province and 24 miles W.N.W. of Bur- 
 gos, near the Pi.-uerga. Pop. 2700. 
 
 MELGIG, mji'ghig', a salt lake or marsh in the S.E. of 
 .\lgeria, near lat. 33*^ N., Ion. 7° E. It receives the river 
 Adjeili from the N.W. Length 26 miles; breadth IS miles. 
 
 MELIANA, mA-le-d/n.i, a village of Spain, province and 
 about 3 miles from Valencia. Pop. 1058. 
 
 MEL'IDEN, a parish of North ^Vales, co. of Flint. 
 
 MELIKUT, maMee'koof, a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Bacs, 1 10 miles S. by E. of Pesth. Pop. 4333. 
 
 MEHLLA, m.l-leel'yd. a seaport town on the N. coast of 
 Morocco, but belonging to the Spanianls, 40 miles E.N.E. of 
 Beni-Botoya. Pop. 3000. The Spanish citadel, on a rock, 
 contains large magazines and cisterns, and is garrisoned by 
 abtnit 900 men. 
 
 JIELIN, nieh-l^xo', or m.\1in, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant. 21 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1C58. 
 
 MELINDA. mi-leen'dd, or MELINDE, ma-lin'dA, a .seaport 
 town of East Africa, capital of a state of its own name, N. 
 of Zanzibar, lat. 4'^ 50' S., Ion. 40^ E. It has many ruined 
 churches built by the Portuguese, who pos.sessed it during 
 the loth and 17 th centuries. A very considerable trade U 
 carried on by caravan with the interior, and by water with 
 tlie Red Sea, I'ersia, and the N. parts of India. A'asco de 
 Gama visited Melinda, April 13, 1498. where he was kindly 
 received, and fnrnishe<l with pilots to proceed to India. 
 
 MELINE, mJI'in. a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 MELING or MEELING. m,iMing', a chain of mountains 
 in the southern part of China, ab jut 200 miles N. of Canton. 
 
 MELIPILL.\. niA-le-peel'yd, a town of Chili, department 
 and 38 miles S.W. of Santiago, on the Maypu. 
 
 MELIS, a village of Germany. See Mehus. 
 
 MELISEY, maMee^zA', a village of France, department of 
 Ilaute-Saone, 7 miles N.N.E. of Lure. Pop. in 1852, 2373. 
 • MELIT.\, an island in the Adriatic. See Meled.\. 
 
 MELITA, an island in the Mediterranean. See M.u,ta. 
 
 MELITEN'E. See Malateeyeh. 
 
 MELITO, m.Vlee'to. a village of Naples, Calabria Ultra, 
 district of Reggio. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MELITO, a village of Naples, Principato Ultra, district 
 of Arcano. Pop. 900. 
 
 MELITO, a village of Naples, Principato Citra, district 
 of Val!o. 
 
 MELITO, a village of Naples, province of Naples, district 
 of Casoria. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MELITOPOL, md-le-to'pol. a town of Russia, in the Crimea, 
 125 miles N.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. 1760. 
 
 MELK, milk, or MOLK, (.Miilk,) mulk, a market-town of 
 Lower Austria, on the Danube. 14 miles W. of St. Pollen. 
 Pop. 1000. It is situated at the foot of a height, on which 
 is a Benedictine abbey, founded in 1089, on the site of the 
 Roman Noinare, its precincts comprising a college and eccle- 
 siastical .seminary, a large library, and a botanic garden. 
 
 MELKS'llAJI, a market-toivn and parish of England, co. 
 of ^Vilts, on the Avon, here crossed by an elegant stono 
 bridge, and on the Great Western Railway, IO5 miles E.S.E. 
 of Bath. Pop. in 1851, 2931. In the immediate- vicinity 
 are baths and a pump-room, erected over a chalybeate and 
 saline spring, similar to those of Cheltenham. 
 
 MELL.\. mel'la, a river of Northern Italy, joins the Oglio, 
 12 miles N.E. of Cremona, after a course of 50 miles. 
 
 MELL.ARA, mol-ld'rd, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince and 21 miles E.S.E. of Mantua. 011 the Po. Pop. 2323. 
 
 MELLAWEE or MELLAWI, mOPldSvee, written also 
 MELAOUI, a market-town of Egypt, 26 miles S. of Miuieh, 
 on the left bank of the Nile. 
 
 MELLE, niM'lth. a village of Belgium, with a station on 
 the railroad from Ostend to Brussels, 46 miles from Ostend. 
 
 MELLE, a village of Uelginm. East Flanders, 4 miles S.E. 
 of Ghent, on the Scheldt. Pop. 2095. 
 
 MELLE, mjlleh, a town of Hanover, 13 miles E.S.E. of 
 Osnabnrg, on the Else. Pop. 1437. 
 
 MELLE, mu'l'ld, a village of Piedmont, division of Coni, 
 proviiue and 11 miles W.S.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 2043. 
 
 MELLE, xahW. (L. iletnlllam.) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Deax-Sevres, capital of an aTODdi.s.senient, 17 miles 
 E.S.E. of Niort Pop. In 18oi, 270U. It has boautlful »ub- 
 
MEL 
 
 MEJM 
 
 urliB. and the district is celebrated for a breed of mules, 
 reputed among the best in Europe. In the neighborhood 
 is the sulphurous sprinj^ of Fouladan. 
 
 MELLKS. m?ll, a village of France, department of Uaute- 
 Garoune. arrondissemeut of St. Gaudens. Pop. 1143. 
 
 MEI.'LKNVILIjE, a post-villatce of Columbia co., New 
 York, on the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad, 9 miles E. by 
 N. of Ilud-ion. 
 
 MELLKT, mJritl', or mJllJt, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut. 27 miles E. of Mon.s. Pop. 1159. 
 
 MEI>LIK.\., mJl-lee'ka, a walled town in the Algerian Sa- 
 hara, on the Wady-Mezab, 3 miles S. of Gardaia. It is the 
 holy town of the children of Mezab, and has three mowiues. 
 J'op. about 1.300. 
 
 MELLLN'G, mSl'ling, a village of Austria, Styria, 1 mile 
 from Marburg; with a church and a castle. Pop. 1100. 
 
 MKL'LING, a parish of England, co. of Lanca.«tcr. 
 
 MEI,L1N'G, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 MKliLlNGEN', uiJI'ling-jn, a small town of Switzerland, 
 canton of Aargau, 1 mile S. of Baden, on the Keu«s. P. 685. 
 
 MKL'LION, ST., a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 ME ly'LIS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on a railway, 
 Zi miles W.N.W. of Eye. 
 
 MEIi'LOXSVILLE. a village of Lawrence co.. Kentucky, is 
 situated on the Levica River, a fork of Big Sandy River. 15 
 miles above Louisa. Extensive coal mines have been opened 
 In this vicinity. 
 
 MI'^L'LONV'ILLE, a small post-village, capital of Orange 
 CO., Florida, about 2-tO miles S.E. of Tallahassee. 
 
 M K LLOON, mil-loou', a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 
 opposite I'atanago. 
 
 MKL'LOR, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 MELLOR, B cliapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 MEL'LOW VAL'LEY. post-office. Randolph co., Alabama. 
 
 MELLRlCnSTAUT. niSU'riK-st^tO, a town of Bavaria, on 
 the Saale, 48 miles N.X.E. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1810. 
 
 MKLLS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MEL'AlEllBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 MUL'MORE, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio. 
 
 MELNlK,.m5l'nik, a town of Bohemia, on the right bank 
 of tlie Kibe. 21 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 1378. 
 
 MELXITZY, mil-nit/see. a market-town of Russian Po- 
 land, government of A'olhynia, 17 miles E.S.E. of Kovel. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 MELO, mMo, a town of South America, Uruguay, 200 
 miles N'.E. of Montevideo. 
 
 MELOCABUS. See CoDURO. 
 
 MELODUNUM. See .Melux. 
 
 MKL'OX, a post-office of Barliour co., W. Virginia. 
 
 JIELORIA, mA-lo're-d, (anc. ilana'riaf) a small island in 
 the Mf^diterranean, off the coast of Tuscany, 4 miles W. of 
 Leghorn. Here tlje Genoese totally defeated the Pisans in 
 a naval engagement in 1250. 
 
 MBLOS. See MiLO. 
 
 MELOVATKA or MELOWATKA, mA-lo-vafkJ. a market- 
 town of Russia, government of Kharkov, 33 miles S.E. of 
 Koopiansk. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MEL'PI.XE, a post-viUage of Muscatine co., Iowa, 40 miles 
 E.S.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 MELHES, mjl'rls. a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 
 12 miles E. of Oporto, on the Douro. Pop. 1276. 
 
 MELMIOSE', a burgh of barony and parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Roxborough, on the Tweed, here cros^sed by a bridge, 
 and on the North British Railway, 11 miles N.NIW. of Jed- 
 burgh. Pop. in 1851, 7487. The town is note*! only for its 
 Abbey, the church of which, when entire, was the finest in 
 Scotland, as it is still the noblest ruin. It was founded by 
 David I., in 1136. for monks of the Cistercian order; rebuilt 
 in the richly decorated style, between the reigns of Robert 
 Bruce and James IV. ; and unroofed and greatly dilapid.ited 
 at the Reformation. Length from E. to W., 258 feet; breadth 
 of cross aisles 137 feet. The Duke of Buccleuch is pro- 
 prietor. 
 
 MEL'ROSE, a beautiful and thriving post-village and 
 townshipof Middlesex co., Mass.achusetts.on the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad, 7 miles N. of Boston. Pop. 2632. 
 
 SIELRl>SE. a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia. 
 
 MKLltOSE, a post-village of Nacogdoches co., Texas, about 
 260 miles N.E. of Austin. 
 
 MELROSE, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana. 
 
 MELROSE, a township of Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 180S. 
 
 MELROSE, a post-village and township in Clarke co., Illi- 
 nois, 9 or 10 miles W.S.W. of Darwin. Pop. 918. 
 
 MELS. mJls, a village of Switzerland, canton of St. G.ill, 
 li miles S.W. of Sargans. It has an important manufac- 
 tory of fire-arms, and a glass-house. On a neighboring hill 
 stands the old castle of Nidberg. Pop. 3329. 
 
 MELSELE, mJl-s.Vleh. a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, 27 mile's N.E. by E. of Ghent. Pop. 2747. 
 
 MEL'SONBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 MEIiSUNOEN, mJl'soi5ng-en. a town of Germany, Ilesse- 
 Cassel. province of Nieder-IIessen. on the Fulda. 13 miles S. 
 f Cassel. Pop, 4020. It is enclosed by walls, and has a 
 va^tle, and mauufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 MELTIIAM, a village and chapelry of Englnnd. eo. of 
 York, West Hiding, b miles S.S.W. of Huddersfield. Pop 
 32(33. employed in woollen manufactories. 
 
 MEiyTON-.MOWBRAY, (uiiVbree,) a mm-ketrtown and 
 pari.sh of England, co. of Leicester, on the navigable Wreke, 
 here crossed by 2 stone bridges, and with a station on tlie 
 Midland Railway, 14| miles E.N.E. of Leicester. I'op. in IK.'il, 
 4391. The town has a fine Gothic church, 2 large free schooiK 
 supported by the town estate, an alm.shouse, founded in 1631 
 a good library and news-room, excellent hotels, and stabl'njs 
 for upwards of 800 horses, belonging to the members of the 
 famous subscription fox-hunt, wliich attracts to Melton, 
 during the sea.son. the I'lik of the fashionable sporting world. 
 In 1<>44, during the civil war. the Royalists, after a severe 
 action here, defeated a body of parliamentiiry troops of about 
 2000 men. William de Melton, archbishop and chancellor 
 of England, under Edward HI., was a native of Melton- 
 Mow bray. 
 
 JIEL'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 MELTON CONSTABLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MELTOX, GREAT, a parish of England, co'. of Norfolk. 
 
 M ELTON, HIGH, a parish of ilngland, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 MELTOX, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MELTON ROSS, a pttrLsh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MEL'TOXSVILLE, a post-village in Marshall co.. Alabama. 
 
 MELUX,(Fr. pron.ni'lriNoornieb-liiN"/; s.j\c. iklfxJu/uum,) 
 a town of France, capital of the department of Seine-et-.Marne, 
 on the Seine, and on the Paris and Troyes Bailwav. 27 miles 
 S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852. 7487. It hjis a parish church, 
 the clock-tower of an old abbey, ruins of a royal palace of 
 the kings of France, a communal college, normal .school, and 
 public library; with manufactures of woollen cloths and 
 printed linens. The French king, Philip Augustu.s, via.t 
 born in its castle. 
 
 MEl/VALE. Maryland, a station on the Baltimore and 
 Susquehanna Railroad, 4 miles from Baltimore. 
 
 MEL'VERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MELVIDETZ. See Medvieditza. 
 
 MEL'VILLE, a post-office of Alamance CO., North Carolina. 
 
 MELVILLE, a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia. 
 
 MELVILIjE, a post-office of Dade co., Missouri. 
 
 MELVILLE B.\Y, an inlet of Greenland, near the head 
 of Baffin's Bay, lat. 76° N., and betw(!eii Ion. 60° and 64° W. 
 
 MELVILLE CASTLE, Scotland. See Lasswade. 
 
 MELVILLE ISLAND, an island off the coast of North 
 Australia, in lat. 11° 28' S., Ion. 131° E. Length 70 miles; 
 breadth 30 miles. In 1824. a British settlement was planted 
 at Fort Dundas, ne-ar Apsloy Strait, but soon afterwards 
 abandoned. 
 
 MELVILLE ISLAND, the westernmost of the Georgian 
 Islands, of British North .\merica. in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 
 75° N., Ion. 110° W. Discovered by Captain Parry, whc 
 v.intered hero in 1819-20; and in 1851, its S. and S.W. 
 shores were explored by Lieutenant McClintock. and its S.E. 
 by Mr. Bradford, in .«eareh of Sir John Franklin. 
 
 MELVILLE ISLAXD. an {.•-land in the South Pacific, in 
 lat. 17° 35' S.. Ion. 142° 41' W. 
 
 MEL'VIN, a post office of Ballard co., Kentucky. 
 
 MEL'VIN VIL'LAGE, a post-village of Carroll eo., New 
 Hampshire. 45 miles N.E. of Concord. 
 
 MI'JLZ, m?lz. a village of France, on the- railway from 
 Troyes to Paris. 38 miles from Troyes. 
 
 MELZO, m^l'zo. a market-town of Northern Italy, Lom- 
 banly, 12 miles E.N.E. of Milan. 
 
 MEMBRILLA, mfm-breel'y3, a town of Spain, province 
 and 29 miles E. of Ciudad-Real. Pop. 3620. 
 
 MEMBKIO, mJm'lire-o, a village of Spain, Estremadura, 
 37 miles W.N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 2903. 
 
 ME.M/1!URY, a parish of F:ngland, co. of Devon. 
 
 MEMEL. mjm'el or m.Vmel. a town and seaport of Prussia, 
 government of Kiinigsberg.capital of a circle, at the N. end 
 of the Curische-HafT, where the Dange falls into the Baltic, 
 72 miles X.E. of Konigsberg; lat. 55° 43' 42" N., Ion. 21° 6' 
 12" E. It is defended by a citadel, consisting of four bastions, 
 with ravelines and half-moons, and is divided into three 
 (luarters — the Old. the New, and Frederick's Town; with 
 three suburb.s. It is the seat of an admiralty and several 
 provincial courts, and contains three Lutheran churchuj^'a 
 Roman Catholic chapel, a synagogue, exchange, tlufttre, 
 hospital, infirmary, a superior town school, a school foMiavi- 
 gation. an industrial school, and house of refuge for neglected 
 children. Its manufactures consist of woollen and sail-cloth, 
 candles, soap, Ac; but the great source of its prosperity is 
 its trade, which i.? very extensive, and consists chiefly of 
 timber, corn, flax, hemp, potash, linseed, and colonial pro- 
 duce. The exports and imports from 1846 to 1849 iudusive 
 were, in value, as follows : — 
 
 Tears. 
 1S4(> 
 
 18-17 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 Exports. 
 
 £577.081 
 726.711 
 41.5,511 
 889,328 
 
 Imports. 
 
 £322,551 
 198,418 
 172,471 
 609,532 
 
 Since the commencement of the present European war. 
 
 1173 
 
MEM 
 
 Menu^I hns becouis l.ie v/rinclpal entrepot of the foreign trade 
 with U'ecterii llui^jia — which formerly pn-ssed throuijh Crou- 
 stiuJk. Amoni; the produce brought to Jleinel during the 3 
 months ending July 1, 1S5-1, were o.002,8(K) pounds of hemp, 
 and 6,779. ^20 pounds of tiax. In May, 500 cartloads of hemp 
 and flax frequently arrived in a day, and on the-lth of that 
 month, 186 vessels were lying in the harbor and river Dango. 
 unable to discharge their cargoes, the landing-places all 
 bi'ing occupied. The principal articles received from Kus.<i;i, 
 besides hemp and flax, are oil. fciUow. wool, and yarn. In 
 exchange she tiikes cotton, sugar, coffee, wine, spices, and 
 other colonial produce. The hariwr of Memel is large and 
 Kite, and has a deptli of water from 14 to 17 feet. It is pro- 
 vided with extensive docks, and a good lighthouse, which 
 stands on the X.K. side, 98 feet above the sea, and may be 
 seen 20 miles off. Ship-building is carried on to a consider- 
 able extent. Pop. 17,590. 
 
 MEMiOli. a circle of Prussia, is bounded X. and E. by Rus- 
 sia, and ^\. by the IJaltic Sea. Pop. 46,078. 
 
 MEMKL, a river of Prussia. See Nieme.v. 
 
 MEM.MIXGEX, mJm/ming-en, a town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Swabia, on a tributary of the lller, 43 miles S.W. of Augs- 
 burg. Pop. 6876. It is enclosi^d by walls, and has a hand- 
 some town-hall, an arsenal, barracks, a lyceum, academy of 
 music, and manufactoriesof woollen, cotton, and linen liibrics, 
 hosiery, ribbons, oil-cloth, copper and iron ware.s. 
 
 MEJl'PIIIS, (Coptic Monif and Men/ or Menpfi.) an ancient 
 city of Lower Egypt, on the banks of the Nile, about 10 miles 
 S. of Cairo. It is said to have been built by Jlenes. the first 
 king of Egypt; and, in the time of Abulfeda, atwut 1342, its 
 remains were very extensive. Of latter times, however, 
 almost every trace of its existence had disappeared except a 
 solitary colos.sal stjvtue of Sesostris. But within a few years 
 extensive explorations have been carried on by the French 
 government, resulting in several interesting discoveries, 
 among which may be mentioned an avenue or passage bor- 
 dered on each side by images of sphinxes, amounting in all 
 to about 140, and an immense subterranean cemetery, with 
 tombs like vast chests of polished granite, hewn from a 
 single block of stone. — (.See Dr. TuoM.is's Travels in £gi/pl 
 and Palestine, pp. 60 and 61.) 
 
 MEMPHIS, a post-village and steamboat-landing of Pick- 
 ens CO.. Alabama, on the Tombigbee Kiver, below Columbus. 
 
 MEMPHIS, a flourishing city and port of entry of Shelby 
 CO., Tennessee, is beautifully situated on the Mis.-issi|'pi 
 Kiver, just below the mouth of Wolf Biver, and on the 4th 
 Chickasaw bluff, 420 miles Mow St. Louis, and 209 miles 
 M'.S.W. of Xashville. It is the most populous and important 
 town on the river between St. I^ouis and Xew Orleans, and 
 occupies the only eli.;ible site for a commercial depot from 
 the mouth of the Ohio to Vicksburg, a distance of 650 miles. 
 The blulf on which it stands is elevated about rfl feet above 
 higli-water mark, and ils base is washed by the river for a 
 distance of 3 miles, while a bed of siindstone projects into 
 the stream and forms a convenient landing. The appearance 
 of Memphis from the river is remarkably fine. An esplanade, 
 several hundreil feet wide, extends along the bluff in front 
 of the town, and is bordered with blocks of large warehouses. 
 Travellers, who have recently visited Memphis, express 
 astonishment at the srgns of Improvement and commercial 
 activity which are here exhibited. - The population lias been 
 quudrupled since 1845. It contains 1 1 churches, 1 atiidemy, 
 4 banks, a telegraph oflice, and 23 public schools. Amon"g 
 the new institutions of Memphis is a flourishing Library 
 A.ssociation. The United States government has recently 
 established a nav.al depot at this place. The river is deep 
 enough to float the lai gest ship of war from this point to its 
 mouth. One weekly and S daily newspapers are i)ubli3he<l 
 here. :\femplii3 is the western terminus of the Memphis 
 and Charleston Railroad, and of the Memphis and dhio 
 Riiilroad, which connects it with Loiii.sville. Steamboats 
 make freV|iient passages between this and other ports on the 
 river. The quantity of cotton annuallv sliipped here is 
 estimated at about 25,000 bales since the war, This city 
 was recaptured from the rebels in June, 1802. From its situ- 
 ation it seems destined to become a very important iiort for 
 the commerce of Tennessee The pop"ulation in 1840 was 
 3300 : in ISr.O it amounted to 8841 ; in 18(30, it was 22,623, and, 
 in 1^6.5. about 40,000. 
 
 MEMPHIS, Indiana, a station on the Jeffersonville Rail- 
 road. 15 miles from Jeffersonville. 
 
 MKMPHLS, a post-oflice of St. Clair CO., Michigan. 
 
 MI;MP1IIS, a thriving post-village, capital of Scotland 
 CO.. Missouri, is situated near the North Fabius Kiver, 130 
 miles in a direct line N. of Jefferson City. The land in the 
 vicinity presents fine advantages for farming. 
 
 ME.MPHRKMAGOG (mJniYre-m.Vgog) LAKE, situated 
 partly m A ermont and partly in Canatla. is about 30 miles 
 in length, and varies from 1 to 4 in breadth. About 8 miles 
 only of Its S. extremity lies in Orleans county, Vermont, 
 and tlie rest in Canada. It discharges its waters by Ma''0>' 
 outlet into the St. Francis River, in Canada. " 
 
 MEN'A. mrl'nS. a market-town of Russia, government and 
 «8 miles E. of Teheriiigov, on an affluent of the Desna. Pop. 
 2000. It was important in the 10th century. 
 
 MEN 
 
 MENADO, tn.i-n3/do, a Dutch provinc«> or government 
 comprising all the N. portion of tlie island of Celebes. 
 
 51EXAD0, a town on the X. coast of the X. peninsula of 
 the island of Celebes; iat. 1° 28' X., lou. 124° 50' E.; on a 
 large, fine bay, with a fori and Dutch garrison. I'op. 6000. 
 
 MEN AGGIO, niA-nid'jo, a market-town of Northern Italy, 
 government of .Milan, 15 miles N.N.E. of Como, at the 
 mouth of the Senagra. on the W. bank of the Lake of Osmo. 
 
 MENAI (min'i) STRAIT, a channel of North Wales, separ 
 rating the i.^land of Anglesea from Caernarvon ; it runs nearly 
 S.W. and N.E., and is about 11 miles long, from its S.>V'. 
 entrance to Bangor Ferry, where it expands to a breadth of 
 from 1 to 4 miles. The navigation of this strait is. in simie 
 places, difficult and hazanlous ; but is much used by ve.-sels 
 under 100 tons burden. The strait is cros.-sed by 2 stupen- 
 dous structures, the Menai Bridge and the Bi-itannia Briilge, 
 about a mile apart. The former, which is a suspensiun- 
 bridge. forming a part of the great line of roatl between 
 London and Holyhead, was planned and executed by Tel- 
 ford in 1825, at a cost of 211.791/..; the distance between the 
 supporting pyrjimids or points of suspension is 600 feet, 
 and the height of the carriage-way alx)ve liigh-water is 100 
 feet. The Britannia Bridge is an iron tulmlac structure, 
 erected to accommodate the Chester and Holyhead Itailway ; 
 it consists of two hues of tubes, each 1613 feet long, sup- 
 ported on three towers, besivles the shore abutments, lOO 
 feet above the sea. The first train pa.s.«ed through the tube 
 on March 6, 1850. Whole cost, tVil.Mi.i/. 
 
 MEN Al/LEN, a post-township of Adams co., Penn.sylvania, 
 48 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1680. 
 
 MENWIjLEX, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1412. 
 
 MEN AM, m.VnSm', or MEI-XAM, mAVnJm' or m.Vnilm', 
 (" mother of water.*,"') one of the large rivers of Southern 
 Asia, rises, according to native accounts, in the table-land 
 of Yun-nan. (China,) traverses tlie centre of Siam. and after 
 a S. course, estimated at SOO miles, enters the Gulf of Siam 
 by 3 mouths, the E. of which is navigable for large ships. 
 
 MENAM-KONG, a river of Asia. See Meko.ng. 
 
 JIENA.V,or MAXAX',GRE.Vr,an island in the Atlantic, 
 at the entrance of the IJay of Fundy, and opposite the S. 
 extremity of Pa<sam;Miuoddy Bay. It is 13 miles long, anji 
 6 miles at its greiitest breadth. 
 
 MENAN, or MANAN, LITTLE, an isLand of the United 
 States, Maine, off St<!ulx:u Harbor. It has a lighthouse 
 with a tower 25 feet high. 
 
 MENANCABOW or MKNANKABAU, mVnda'ka-bow', a 
 state of Sumatra, comprising a territory in its W. part. 
 Population mostly Mohammedan, and they carry useful 
 arts to a greater perfection than any other j>eople of Su- 
 matra. They are now wholly or partially tributary to the 
 Dutch of Pailang. 
 
 MEXAKI)'. a county in the W. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 300 squ.ire miles. The .Sangam<jn River flows 
 through the county, aud forms part of its northern boun- 
 dary ; Siilt Creek also flows along the northern border until 
 it enters that river. The surface is level; the soil produc- 
 tive. X.inied in honor of Peter (I'ierre) Menard, a distin- 
 guished French pioneer. Capital. Petersburg, i'op. 9584. 
 
 MEXARS-LA-VILLE, a town of France. See M£R. 
 
 MENAS-.\LBA.S, mil'nds-dl'bds. a town of Spain, province 
 and 28 miles S.S.W. of Toletlo. I'op. 3651. 
 
 MEN.\SH'A,athrivingpost-villageof Winnebago CO., Wis- 
 consin, at the outlet of Winnebago Lake, and on the right 
 bank of Neenali River, 33 miles N. of Fond du Lac. 'The 
 Chicago and Northwestern Rjiilroiwl passes through it, and 
 steamboats run didly to Fond du Lac. It contains 6 
 churches, an iron-foundry, a pottery, 2 grist-mills, 3 saw- 
 mills, a pail-factory, 2 chair-factories, 2 sash and blind-fac- 
 tories, the State Improvement otflce, a newspaper olHce, 6 
 hotels, and 1 bank. Pop. i43i>. 
 
 ME.NAT. mgh-iid'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Puy de-Dt'inie, 17 miles X.W. of Riom. Pop. in 1852. 2276. 
 
 MENBRILLA, mJn-breel'yd. a town of Spain, New Castile, 
 29 miles E. of Ciudad Ileal. It contains a court-house, pri.son, 
 and nunnery, and has manufactures of serge, earthenware, 
 and corks; also an oil and several flour mills. Pop. about 
 6000. 
 
 MENCIIIA, or MENCHYEH. EL. U mJn/cheeV a large 
 town, at a short distance S.E. of Tripoli. 
 
 MENCONICO, mJn-kon'e-ko. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa. 8 miles from Bobbio. Pop. 1132. 
 
 MENDAXA LSLANDS. See M.arijI'ks.w. 
 
 ME.ND.WIA, mJn-dd've-a. a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Navarre, 40 miles S.W. ofVamplona. Pop. 1900. 
 Ciesar Borgia was killed in a skirmish, near this town, in 
 1507. 
 
 ME.NDE. mftsd, (L. Memmate.) a town of France, capital 
 of the department of Lozere. on the left bank of the l/A. 75 
 miles N.W. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852. 6015. It is situated 
 on the slope of Mont Mim.at. enolosetl by boulevards, and 
 has a fine cathedral with 2 spires, and an episcopal ualace, 
 now the prefecture: a public library, chamber of n anufaC 
 tures, and considerable manufactures of serges a;' 1 other 
 coarse dotlis. 
 
 ^ 
 
MEN 
 
 MKXBKFT, or MEXDEFY, men'(leh-fee\ a lofty mountain 
 Of Central Atrica. S. of Maiidera, -near lat. 9° S., Ion. 14" 
 25' K. It is supposed to be volcanic. 
 
 SIEXDELI, mjn-dii'lee. a town of Asiatic Turkey, pnshalic 
 and 30 miles N.E. of IJagdad, on the route across Mount Za- 
 gros. and d(^fended by a ca.<stle. 
 
 MENIJELI, a mountain of Greece. See Pestelicus. 
 
 MK.NDI-iX, mJn'den, a town of Prussia, Westplialia, 12 
 miles \V. of Arnsberg. Pop. 3.300. 
 
 MBNDEK, min'der. or MEIXDER, m'ln'dpr, written also 
 MENDEHE. (anc. Ma'un'Jer,) a river of Asia Minor. Ana- 
 tolia, is formed by two streams, about 50 miles S.W. of 
 Afioom Kara Ilissar, flows generally W.S.W.. and enters the 
 .35gean Sea, 32 miles S.S.W. of Ayasoolook, (Ephesus,) after 
 a course of upwards of 200 miles. On the banks are the 
 traces of the ancient cities Apamea, Anliochia ad Maan- 
 drum, and Miletus. 
 
 MEXDEH, MEIXDER, or MEXDERE, (anc. Simhis,) a 
 river of Asia Minor, plain of Troy, rises in Mount Ida, flows 
 N.AV., and afler a X.X.W. course of about 60 miles, inist the 
 sites of Troy and I'ergamus, enters the IIellesjX)nt at its 
 moutti, in conjunction with the Scamander. 
 
 MEXDKI?, KUTCIIUK (or Little Mekdee.) a river of 
 Turkey. See Cvystkr. 
 
 M I'^.VD'IIAM, a parish of England, counties of Norfolk and 
 Suffolk. 
 
 WE.VD'IIAM, a post-village of Mendham township, Morris 
 CO., X'^ew Jersey, 7 miles W. by S. from Morristown, has 2 
 churi lies, 2 academies, and 5 or 6 stores. Pop. about 400 ; 
 of the township, 1(500. 
 
 MEXDIG, mJn'dig, (Xieder, nee'der, and Oder, o'bgr.) 
 two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, government and 
 15 miles W. of Coblentz. Pop. of the latter, 1150; of the 
 former. 1222. 
 
 MEXDIGOllRTA, m?n-dp-goR'Re-i, a town of Spain, pro- 
 Tince of Xavarre. 16 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 2100. 
 
 MEX'DIP HILLS, England, co. of Somerset, divide the X. 
 from tlie central part of the county. I^ength about 24 miles, 
 with an elevation of upwards of WOO feet. 
 
 Jl KX'DLESll.\.M, a town and parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 16,i miles X.X.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1340. A silver 
 crown of one of the Sa.xon kings, weighing 60 ounces, was 
 dug up here in the 17th century. 
 
 ME.\'D()OIX(), mjn-do-see'uo, a county in the N.W. part 
 of California, has an area of about "500 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and on the E. by 
 the coast Range. See Appkndix. 
 
 ME\'DOX, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, 
 about ill miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 6.33. 
 
 MEXDOX. a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts. 35 miles S.W. of Boston. The village is situ- 
 ated on a commanding elevation, contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 50 to 60 dwellings, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 
 1351. 
 
 MEXDOX, a post-village and township of Monroe co.. New 
 York, 12 miles S.S.E. of Rochester. It has 2 or 3 churches, 
 an academy, and several stores. Pop, of the township, 29.36. 
 
 MEXDOX, post-offlce, Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MEXDOX, a post-office of Mercer CO., Ohio. 
 
 MEXDOX, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan. 
 
 MEXDOX, a post-village and township of St. Joseph co., 
 Michigan, on the St. Joseph River, about 140 miles W. by 
 S. of Detroit. Pop. 1551. 
 
 MEXDOX, a post-office of Matlison co., Indiana. 
 
 MEXDOX. a postvillage of Adams co., Illinois, 116 miles 
 W. by X. of Springfield. Pop. about 500. 
 
 MEXDOX, a village in Clayton co., Iowa, about 100 miles 
 N.X.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 MEXDOX CENTRE, a post-offlce of Monroe co.. New York. 
 
 MEXDO'TA, a post-village of La Salle co.. Illinois, on the 
 Centnil Railroad (main line) 15 miles X. of La Salle. It has 8 
 jhurchos, 2 lianks, 1 npwsi)aper office. Ac. See .\ppenwx. 
 
 MEXDOTA, a post-village of Dakota county, Minnesota, 
 at tlie confluence of St. Peter's or Minnesota River with 
 the Mississippi, 7 miles above St. Paul. It is situated in a 
 fertile tract of land. Pop. 454. 
 
 MEXDOZA. m^n-do'za or mSn-do'tbil, a river of the Argen- 
 tine Republic. (La Plata.) rises on the E. side of the Andes, 
 about lat. 32° 35' S., near the volcano of Aconcagua, and falls 
 into the Lake de Guanacache,.lat. 32^ S.; its whole length 
 being about 200 miles. 
 
 5IEXD0ZA, a department of the Argentine Republic. (La 
 Plata.) between lat. 32° and 34° 30' S.. and Ion. 07° and 70° 
 W., having X. and E. the departments of San Juan and San 
 Luis. W. the Andes, separating it from Chili, and S. an un- 
 settled region. Estimated pop. from 35,000 to 45,000. Capital, 
 Mendoza. 
 
 MKNDOZA. a city in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata.) 
 South America, plea.santly situated on a level plain on 
 the E. declivity of the Paramillo range, 2S91 feet above 
 sea-level: lat. 32° 53' S., Ion. 69° 6' W., about 55 miles 
 ji.S.E. from the volcano of Aconcagua. It is compact, 
 well built, for the most part of sun-burnt bricks, plastered 
 and whitewash';..., aud contains some fine Viuildings. The 
 houses have gai-dens and orchards attached to them. It has 
 
 MEN 
 
 » good parish church, some convents, and a fine ainmeda, 
 ne:irly a mile long, shaded by rows of mag^ilficent poplare 
 Mendoza i-i an entrepot f )r the tr.ide between Buenos Ayre.s 
 and Chi'.i. with wbidi latier it '.ommunicat^js by the moun 
 taiu pusses of U.spallata and Portillo. I'op. 12.000. 
 
 MIOXDKISIO. man-dree'se-o, the most soutbern town of 
 Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 6 mile,s X.W. of Como, with 
 1710 inhabitant!?, a college, and Capucliin convent. 
 
 MENDYGIIAUT, minde-gawf. a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 5 miles S. of Kanojo. 
 
 MKN'ELOS. a post-office of Madi.son co., Kentucky. 
 
 MKXKS. uuVnesh', a village of Hungary, co. and 12 miloi) 
 E.X.I"!. of Arad, with a fine castle. Pop. 1577. 
 
 MEXETOU-S.'VLO.N', mA^neh-too' sil-hVNo', a market-town 
 of France, department of Cher, 10 milfv? X.X.E. of Bourges. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2.i71. 
 
 MEXGEX, mftng'en, a walled town of Wilrtemberg, on 
 the Danube. 6 miles .S.E. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 2044. 
 
 MEXGEHIXGIIAUSEX, ming'er-ing-howV.en, a small 
 town of Germany, 12 miles X. of Waldeck. Pop. 1743. 
 
 ME.N'lIliXOIT, a parisli of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 MEMX. meh-n^N"', (Elem. Me.eneii. mrl'nen.) a fortified 
 town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the Lys, 
 and on the French frontier. 7 miles S.W. of Courtrai. Pop. 
 8052. It has manufactures of lace, woollen stuffs, and to- 
 bacco. It was repeatedly taken by the French, in the 17 th 
 and ISth centuries. 
 
 .^lEXJEEL, JIJ'iXJILE, m?n-jeel', or MEXZIL, m?n-zeel', 
 a village of Persia, province of Ghiian. on the confines 
 of Irak-Ajemee, and on the Sefe^-rood here crossed by a 
 bridge, 40 miles S.S.W. of Reshd, having about 60 houses, 
 and an active trade In oil and soap. 
 
 MEXMUIK, m^n-miir', a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 MEXXETOU-SUR-CIIER. mJn'neh-too'siiR-shaiR, a town 
 of France, deimrtment of Loir-et-Cher. on the Clier. P. 950. 
 
 MENXEVRET, mJn'nyh-vri', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of .\isne. arrondissement of Vervins. Pop. 2192. 
 
 MEXXIGIIL'FFEX, (.^lennighuffen.) mfn'nJG-hiif'f^;n, a 
 village of Prussiii, Westphalia, 10 miles W.S.W. of JUnden. 
 Pop. 1216. 
 
 .AIE.N.NIKORL, m^n-ne-koRp. a village of Rus,sla, govern- 
 ment of Esthonia, 14 miles W..S.W. of Wesenburg. I'. 2000. 
 
 MEX'XO, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, 12 miles 
 W. of lAHvistown. Pop. lOftO. 
 
 .M EX( ).M/i )XEE. M EXOMM XEE. or MEXOMIXI E. a small 
 river of Wisconsin, rises in Washington co.. and falls into 
 MilwaukTO River .at the city of .^lilwaukee. It furnishes ex- 
 tensive water-power at the rapids. 15 miles from its mouth. 
 
 MEXOMOXEE, a township of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 2267. 
 
 MEXOMOXEE FALL.^ n thriving post-village of Wauke- 
 sha CO.. Wisconsin, on the Menomonee River, 15 miles X.W. 
 of Milwaukee. The river pas.ses between steep banks of 
 blue limestone. 30 feet high, and has a fall of 48 feet in the 
 course of a half-mile, affording fine water-power. It \\aa 2 
 saw-mills, and :'iO dwellings. 
 
 MEXOOF or MEXOUF, mJn-oof. a town of Lower Egypt, 
 capital of a province In the Delta, on the canal of Menoof, 
 which connects the Rosetia and Damietta brandies of the 
 Xile, 30 miles N.X.W. of Cairo. It has indigo works, a 
 manufacture of mats, and a government school. 
 
 MENORC.A.. an island of Spain. See JIi>ORC.\. 
 
 MEXOUF. a town of Eurypt. See Menoof. 
 
 MEXOVGIIAT. See .M a.n avgh.\t. 
 
 MEXS, mft.N«. a market-town of France, department of 
 Isere. 25 miles S. of Gremible. Pop. 1738. 
 
 .^lEXSELIXSK or MEXZELIXSK. niJn'zeh-linsk, a towr. 
 of Russia, government of Orenboorg, on the Hi. an afiluunt 
 of the Kama. 135 miles X'.W. of Oofa. I'op. 1420. 
 
 MENSFELDEX, mi^ns'fel-den, a village of Germany, 
 duchy and 10 miles E.X.E. of Xa.ssau. Pop. 1014. 
 
 MEXSllIEII, El, l\ mJn'sheeVh. (a.i\c. MolemafiH.) a town 
 of Upper l';'.;y pt, 9 miles X.X.W. of Girgeh. on the W. bank of 
 the Xile. with nitre works, and a government cotton factory. 
 
 ilENS'TKIE. a village of Scotland, cos. of Clackmannan 
 and I'erth. 3 miles E.X.E. of Stirling. Pop. 518. 
 
 MENTKITH. Scotland. See Monteitii. 
 
 MEXT'.MORE, a parish of Englaml. co. of Buck.s. 
 
 MEXTOXE, mJn-to'nA, the largest town in the principal- 
 ity of Monaco, Northern Italy, beautifully .situated ou the 
 Me<literranean. Pop. 6000. 
 
 MEX'TOR. a post-township In the W. part of Lake co., 
 Ohio, on the S. shore of Lake Erie, and on the Cleveland 
 and Erie Railroad, 23 miles from Cleveland. Pop. 1613. 
 
 MEXTOK, asmall post-village of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MEXTItlDA, mJn-tree'Dd, a town of Spain, province and 
 27 miles X.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2079. 
 
 MEXTZ. mjnts. (anc. Mi guntiacum or Mofjrmiiacum ; 
 Ger. Maim, mints; Fr. Mayence. m.'l'*ydNss'.) a city of Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, capital of Rheinhessen. on the left bank of the 
 Rhine, opposite to the mouth of the Main, and 20 mileg 
 W.S.W. of Frankfort, with wliich it is connected by railway. 
 It is a fortress of the German Confederation, and has a 
 garri.son. partly Austrian and partly i'ru?siiin. of 8000 men, 
 commanded alternately for five years, by an .\ii=trian and a 
 
 1175 
 
 =JJ 
 
MEN 
 
 MER 
 
 Pnissinn gorcmor. The city, situated partly on a flat, and 
 partly on an a'-clivity, risi's up gradually from the Rhine, in 
 the foi-ui of an amphitheatre. It is walled, flanked with 
 bastions, and defended besides by a citailel. and ."icveral 
 forts and outworks. A bridge of boats, above 1*300 feet long, 
 connects it with its suburb of Ciustel, near which the river 
 forms an island, on which some fortifications have been 
 erected. The houses are generally lofty, and have often a 
 venerable and noble appearance ; but. as many of the streets 
 are narrow, they exclude both air and lij^ht, and give several 
 quarters of the town a dark, confined, unwholesome look. 
 The Xeue Anlage, outside the gates, is the principal prome- 
 nade, consisting of extensive public garden.", well laid out, 
 and commanding fine views of the citj-aud surrounding dis- 
 trict. The principal edifices are the Cathedral, a vast building 
 of red saiid.stone. finished in the Uth century ; the Merchnnfs 
 II.ill, formerly the Electoral I'alace, (Kurfur.stliche Schloss :) 
 the old collegiate Church of St. Stephen, occupying the 
 highost site in the city; the Church of St. Peter; the 
 Deutsche llaus, (German House.) orGrossherzogliche Schloss, 
 (Girand-Ducal Castle.) now the governor's palace; the former. 
 Dalbergische Palais, now u.sed by the courts of justice; the 
 Library Buildings, containing, in addition to the library, a 
 museum, with several good collections, antiquities, philoso- 
 phical and chirurgical apparatus, pictures, itc. One of the 
 moet interesting objects in the town is the house, or rather 
 the site of the liouse of John Gensfleisch, better known by 
 the name of Gutenberg, and deserving of perpetual remem- 
 brance as the inventor of movable types. 'The site is now 
 occupied by the Casino, or reading-room, and the rooms of a 
 literary association ; but the house in which he was born 
 exists, and. more interesting still, the house which con- 
 tained his first printing-office. An admirable bronze statue 
 of Gutenberg, by Thorwald.sen, erected by suVjscription, ol)- 
 tained from all parts of Europe, stands in an open space near 
 the theatre. The manufactures consist chiefly of leather, 
 soap, hats, glue, vinegar, tobacco, and musical instruments. 
 The traile, particularly transit, is extensive, being greatly 
 facilitated both by water communiciition and railway, and 
 has in recent times greatly increased. The principal articles 
 are wine, corn, and wood. Jlentz owes its foundation to a 
 Roman camp, whiih Drusus pitched here. It wjis, shortly 
 after, converted into a permanent bulwark, and became the 
 most important of a line of forts built along the Rhine, as 
 a barrier against the incursions of the Germans. On the 
 decline of the power of Rome it was almost entirely de- 
 stroyed, but was afterwards restored, chiefly by Charle- 
 magne, and became the first ecclesiastical city of the German 
 Kmpire, of which its archbishop-elector ranked as the pre- 
 mier prince. Its history, during the 16th century, is of 
 considerable interest, in connexion with the progress of the 
 Reformation, which early brought Luther into collision with 
 its eccle.«i:istical authorities. Pop. in ISOl, 41,279. 
 
 MENTZ. a township of Cayuga co.. New York, intersected 
 by the Krie Canal and by the Syracuse and Rochester Bail- 
 road. Pop. 2232. 
 
 MKNUTUIAS, (Insula.) See Zanzibar. 
 
 MENZALKH m&nVS'leh (Lake.) one of the great lagoons 
 of Lower Egypt, immediately S.K. of Damietta, separated 
 by a narrow sandbank from the Mediterranean, with which 
 it communicates by 3 openings. Length 50 miles, greatest 
 bre.adth 25 miles. It receives the Pelusiac and Tanitic 
 branches of the \ile. The Jlenzaleh Canal from this lake 
 joins the Nile N. of the town of Man.soorah. 
 
 MENZALEH, a town of Lower Egypt, on the S. hank of 
 the lake of same name, 20 miles S. by E. of Damietta. 
 
 MENZKhlXSK, a town of Russia. See Mexsf.linsk. 
 
 MENZIXGEN, m5nt'sing-en, a town of Switzerland, can- 
 ton and 4 miles E.X.E. of Zug. Pop. 2649. 
 
 MEXZINOEN. mJnt'sing-^n, a market-town of Baden, oii^ 
 de of Middle Rhine, 16 miles X.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1370. 
 
 MEOLS, (meelz.) NORTH, parish. Ejigland, co. Ljincaster. 
 
 5IE0N. (meeu,) WEST, a parish of Pingland. co. of ILints. 
 
 ME()N-8T0IvE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 MKi}l>II.\.M, mee'fam, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ME1".\L. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 MEl'PEIi, mep'pel, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Drenthe. on the Ilavelter, near ita mouth, in the Reest, 
 26 miles S.W. of Assen. Pop. 6426. 
 
 MKPPEN, mCVpen, a walled town of Hanover, 44 miles 
 N.W. of Osnaburs, on the Ems. Pop. 1951. 
 
 MKP'PKRSIIALL, a parish of England, counties of Bed- 
 ford and Herts. , 
 
 MEQUA.N'IGO or MOKWAN'AGO. a post-village of Wau- 
 kesha county. Wisconsin, on Fox River, at the' mouth of 
 Mequanigo Creek, and on the Milwaukee and .lanesville 
 Plank-road, 25 miles W. of Milwaukee. It has 5 stores, and 
 1 flonring-iiiill. Pop. about 500: of the township 1373. 
 
 MEQUIXEN'ZA, mVke-nSn'thl, (anc. Octnge/sa.) a town 
 and fort of Spain, province and 60 miles S.S.E. of Huesca, on 
 (lie Ebro. at the influx of the Cinea. It is defended by a 
 fortress, which wius taken by the trench in 1810. Mequi- 
 uenza is supposed to be the Octogesa mentioned by Cwsar. 
 and w.isa pliice of considerable importance in early Spanish 
 Listory. Pop- 1370. *^ 
 
 117« 
 
 MEQFINEZ orMEKINEZ, mfk'(>-n?z\ sometimes writtoD 
 MEKIXi;S or MEKXAS, a city of Morocco, province and 
 34 miles W.S.W. of Fez. Pop. CO.OOO. It stjiniis in a fertile 
 valley, is large, better built tlian JIoi-occo. and has a palace, 
 considered the finest in Morocco, and often the residence of 
 the emperor. 
 
 MEQUON, mgh-kwon', a post-village and township of 
 Ozaukee co., Wisconsin, on the Milw.aukce River, at tho 
 month of Mequon River. 13 miles N. of Milwaukee City. 
 The village is one of the largest in the county. Pop. of the 
 township, 3368. 
 
 MEQUON RIVER, post-ofBce, Wa-shington CO., WLsccnsin. 
 
 MER, niaiR, a French word signifying ■' sea:" as, M^^l-DB- 
 Glace, (" Sea of Ice.") the name of one of the glaciers of 
 Mont Blanc ; Mer Mortb, (" Dead Sea ;") MiiR Noire, (■' Black 
 Sea ;") Mer Rouge. ('• Red Sea.'") Ac. 
 
 MER. mjR. or MEXARS-LA-VILLE, meh-naRMd-veel', a 
 town of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, with a station 
 on the Orleans and Tours Railway, 11 miles N.E. of Blois. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4253. 
 
 MER and SER. two contiguoussummitsof the Himalayas, 
 in the N. part of the I'unjs.b, in hit. 34° X., Ion. 76° E., and 
 both conical and of nearly the same height, hjit while one 
 is white with snow, the other is black, and uniformly bare. 
 
 JIEl'.A. meh-r.l', a town of France, department of Oise, 
 15 miles S. of Beauvais. Pop. 2473. 
 
 MEKA, mA'rOh\ (.\.i.so, ul'sho', and Felso, fel'shii',) two 
 nearly contiguous villages of Hungary, co. of Abanjvar, 4 
 miles from Forro. Pop. 1565. 
 
 JIERAlilXG, mfr-i-bing'. a town of South Africa, capital 
 of the territory of the Mantetis. situated within tlie interior, 
 X.W. of Delagoa Bay. It occupifcs the summit of a long but 
 narrow ridge, and forms an important stronglmld. being 
 accessible only on the W., by two openings calleil Likoro- 
 hettoa, (or the hewn gates.) In peace, the population la 
 about 1400; but in war is greatly increased by numbers 
 resorting to it for protection from the neighboring knutls. 
 
 MERAMICHI. See Miramichi. 
 
 MER.\X, mi'rdn, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 15 miles 
 N.W. of Botzen, on an afllnent of the Adige. Pop. 2300. It 
 has 2 monasteries, a college, and an English seminary for 
 noble ladies. Near it is the mountain fortress of Tyrol. 
 
 MER.\PI, m.Vrd'pee\ a volcano of Java, district of Kado'e. 
 It was in violent eruption September 14lh to 17lh, 1849. 
 
 MERAPI, an active volcano in the island of Sumatra, neai 
 the W. coast. Lat. 0° 2-1' S., Ion. 100° 3U' E. It is about 
 9700 feet high. 
 
 MER.\TE, mA-rd'ti, a market-town of .Vorthern Italy, with 
 the magnilicent palace of Belgioioso, 18 miles S.E. of Como. 
 
 MEltAVIGLIE, mA-rd-veel'y.A. a chain of nine small lakes 
 of the Sardinian States, in the N. of the divi.sion of Nice. 
 
 MKU.Wy'E. a tract of Xubia. See Mkroe. 
 
 MERBES-LE-CHaTEAU, mJiib-leh-sha'UV, a village of 
 Belgium, province of Hainaut, 13 miles S.E. of Mons, on the 
 Sambre. Pop. 1057. 
 
 MERBIDERY, mer'be-df r'ree, a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, di.«trict of Canara, 17 miies X.E. of Man- 
 galore, and with various handsome Jain pagodas, its popula- 
 tion being chiefly of the Jain sect. 
 
 MERCADAL, meR-kd-ddU, a town of the Balearic Islands. 
 Minorca, 13 miles X.W. of Mahon. Pop. 401)0. 
 
 JIERCARA or .MERIvARA. mjR-kd/rd, a fortified town of 
 British India, presidency of Jladros, 67 miles W. of Seringa- 
 ptitam. 
 
 MERCATELLO, mJR-kd-tfno, a town of Central Italy, 
 
 about 15 milc-s W.S.W. of Urbino. on the Matanro. P. 1250. 
 
 MEI!CATO-SARRACEXO.mS«-kdto-sai:-:a-cliA'nn,atown 
 
 of Ital v. State of L nil.ria, 21 miles S.S.E. of F.-rli. Pop 4000. 
 
 MERCEDE (mer-.s!»d') CITY, a town of Tuolumne co., 
 California, is situated on the San Joaquin River, a little 
 below the mouth of tlie Mercede. and on the main roail from 
 Sacnamento City to Los Angeles, 115 miles in a straight line 
 E.S.E. of San Francisco. 
 
 MERCEDE RIVER, of Mariposa co.. near the centre of 
 California, rises on the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and flow- 
 ing in a general W.S.W. course, falls into the San Joaquin 
 aliont 76 miles above Stockton. It is navigable for small 
 steamboats about 20 miles. 
 
 MERCEXASCO, mjR-ch.-l-nds'ko. or MARCEXASCO, maR- 
 chA-ndts'ko. a village of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Turin, 6 miles from Ivrea. Pop. 2208. 
 
 MER/CKR. a county near the centre of New .Jersey, haH 
 an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S.W. by the Delaware, and partly on the N.E. by .Millstone 
 River, and is drained by A.ssunpink and Stiniy Creeks. 
 The surface is generally level, with a considerable elevation 
 on the northern border, called Rockj' Hill. The Rfdl is fer- 
 tile and highly cultivated. Sandstone is found in the north- 
 ern part. The Trenton Falls of the Delaware, near Trenton, 
 afford immense water-power. The Camden and Amboy Rail- 
 road, the New Jersey Railroad, .and the Delaware and Raritan 
 Canal traverse the county, which is also partly interfkHted 
 iiy the Trenton Branch Railroad. Named in honor of General 
 Hugh Mercer, who was mortally wounded at the battli) r.f 
 J Princeton in 1777. Capital, Trenton. Pop. 37,419- 
 
MER 
 
 MER 
 
 MKRCER, a county In the W.N.W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on Ohio, lias an area of 775 square miles. The 
 Sheuaugo Itiver Hows through the county from N. to S. ; 
 Frunch Creek touches the N.E. part, and other parts are 
 drained by the N'esliannock, Sandy, and Pymatuning 
 Creeks. The surface is generally undulating; the soil of the 
 upland is a rich clayey louui. Extensive beds of stone-coal 
 and limestone are found, there are also valuable iron- 
 mines. The Pittsbiu-g and Erie Railroad passes through 
 this county, which is also traversed by the Beaver and 
 Erie Canal. Organized in 1800. Capital, Mercer. Popula- 
 tion, .3(l.SriC. 
 
 MEKCEl!, a county in the S. pai-t of W. A'irginia, has 
 an area of 440 s<juaVe miles. It is intersected by lilue 
 Stone Kiver, bounded on the E. by the Kanawha or New 
 Kiver, and also drained by Hrush and other creeks. The 
 surface is heavily timbered; the Great Flat Top Mountain, 
 a branch of the Alleghany cliain, extends along the N.AV. 
 border of the county. The land Is adapted to pasturage. 
 Organized in 1837. Capital, Princeton. Pop. 6819, of whom 
 &457 were free, and 3(32 slaves. 
 
 MKRCRU. a county in the central part of Kentucky, has 
 an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the X.E. by the Kentucky River, on the E. by Dick's River, 
 aud drained by the sources of Salt River. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil good. Organized in 1786. Capital, 
 Harodsburg. Pop. 13,701, of whom 10,427 were free, and 
 3274 slaves. 
 
 MERCER, a county in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on 
 Indiana, has an area of 408 square miles. It is intersected 
 in the N.E. part by St. Mary's Kiver, and also drained by the 
 head streams of the \\'abash. The surface is nearly level, 
 and mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Capital, 
 Celina. Pop. 14,104. 
 
 MERCER, a county in the AV.N.W. part of Illinois, border- 
 ing on Iowa, has an area of atx)ut 500 square miles. The 
 Mississippi River forms its boundary on the \V., and it is 
 Intersccteil by Edward's and Pope's Creeks. The surface is 
 moderately uneven, and the soil is good; the county con- 
 tJiins a largo proportion of prairie, and is comprised in the 
 coal-field of Illinnis. Capital, Aledo. Pop. 15,042, 
 
 MERCER, a county in the N, p.art of Missouri, bordering 
 on Iowa, has an area of 500 square miles. It is drained by 
 Woldon Itiver. Crooked Fork of Grand Hiver, Medicine and 
 Muddy Creeks. Capital, Princeton. Pop. 9300, of whom 
 927fi were free, and '24 slaves. 
 
 MERCKR, a post-township of Somerset cc, Maine, on 
 Sandy River, about 25 miles N. by W, of -Augusta. Pop. 1059. 
 MERCER, a village and township of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 20 miles N. by W. of Butler. 
 
 MIOUCER, a post-borough, capital of Mercer co., Penn.«yl- 
 vania. is plea.santly situated near Xeshannock Creek, op the 
 turnpike from Pittsburg to Erie, 60 miles N. by W. of the 
 former, and 238 miles W.N.W. of Ilarri.sburg. It has a 
 brick court-house, a stone prison, an academy, several 
 churches, ami a n\niilier of handsome dwellings ; also 1 njT 
 tional bank, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Incorporated in 
 1814. Pop. in 1850,1004 ; in IMjO, 1249. 
 MERCER, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 MEItCER SALT WORKS, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 W. Virginia. 
 
 MEHCEliSBURO, a flourishing post-borough of Mont^ 
 gomery township, Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 02 miles S.W. 
 of Ilarrisburg. It is the .'■•econd town of the county in popu- 
 lation, and is a place of active trade. The houses are 
 principally built of brick and stone. Marshall College of 
 this place, under the direction of the German Reformed 
 church, was founded in 1836. Connected with this is a 
 theological seminary. Slercersburg has 5 churches, 7 stores, 
 and 3 carriage-factories. Pop. in 1850, 1184 ; in 1860, 897. 
 MERCER UNIVEKSITY. See Pexfibld, Georgia. 
 MERCHANT'S BLUFF, a post-office of Darlington co.. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MEUCIIINGEN, ni?rK'ing-en, a village of Baden, clrcleof 
 Lower Rhine, on the Kessach. Pop. 1194. 
 
 MEUCIITEM. m^RK'tem. a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 12 miles S.E. of Fumes. Pop. 3320. 
 
 MERCIA, mer'she-ij, (anc. Flafvia Cienariejt'sis,) one of 
 the old kingdoms of the Saxon heptarchy, occupying the 
 centre of lingland. and comprising all the modern counties 
 between the Thames on the S., Yorkshire and I.Aucasliire 
 on the .\., the kingdoms of East Anglia and Es.sex on the 
 •E., and Wales on the W. It was the largest and one of 
 the most powerful states of the Saxon confederacy, was 
 founded in 582, from which period it remained independent 
 tintil its conquest by Egbert, king of Wessex, in 827. Its 
 capital city was Leicester. 
 
 MERCKEM, mSiik'kem, a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 18 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 3050. 
 
 MEUCCEUR, mfR'kUK', a market town of France, depart- 
 ment of Correze, 17 miles S.E. of Tulle. Pop. 1035. 
 
 MERCCWLI AND, miR-kAl-yi'no. a fortified town of Xaples, 
 
 province of Principato Ultra, 3 miles W. of Avellino. Pop. 
 
 tOOO. ^ 
 
 MEKCURAGO. m§R-koo-r%o, (L. ilercuriacum.,) a, village 
 
 of the Sardinian States; Piedmont, on Lake Maggiore, 1 mile 
 from Arona. Pop. 1050. 
 
 MER/CURY BAY, New Zealand, on the N.E. side of North 
 IsLtnd. in lat. 36° 48' S., Ion. 175° 45' E. 
 
 MERCURY-<iEMILLY, mWkuVee' zheh-mee'yee/, a v.l- 
 lane of the Sardinian States, province of Upper Savoy, 2 
 miles W. of Albertville. Pop. 1920. 
 M KR-DE-GLACE, ('• Sea of ice.") See Mont Blanc. 
 MKRDI.V, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See M.\rdken. 
 MKRl)Rl<iN.\C, mi^RMreenYdk'. a market-town ofFrance 
 dep. of Cotes-du-Nord, 15 miles E. of Ivoudfeac. Pop. 2952. 
 MER-DKS-INDES. See I.ndun Ocr-\y. 
 MERE, a market-town and parish of England, co. ot 
 Wilts, 22 miles W.N.W. of Salisbury. Pop. 3139. 
 MERE, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 MERE, a postrOlfice of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 MElv/EDITlI, a township of lielknap ik)., New Hamp.shire. 
 on Winnipiseogee Lake, 33 miles N. of Concord, it hae 
 manufactures of satinets, «heetings. &c., and contains Mere- 
 dith Itridge, the county seat. Pop. 1944. 
 
 MJORKUiTlI. a post-village and township in Delaware co.. 
 New York, about 70 miles VV. by S. of Albauy. Pop. 1634. 
 
 JIEREUITII BRIDGE, a thriving village, capital of Bel- 
 knap CO.. New Hampshire, on the Winnipiseogee River, near 
 its outlet from the lake of the same name, and on the Boston 
 Concord and Montreal Railroad, 27 miles N. by E. of Con- 
 cord. It contains, besides the county buildings, 3 churches, 
 a bank. 15 stores, and several cotton-mills and other esta- 
 blishments, for which the river affords motive power. 
 
 JIEREDITII CENTRE, a iK)st-village of Belknap co., New 
 Hampshire, alxmt 25 miles S.E. by E. of Concord. 
 JIKREDITH MILLS, a post-office of Fulton co.. Indiana. 
 .■MEREDITH'S TAVERN, a post-office of Marion co., W. 
 Virginia. 
 
 MEREDITH VILLAGE, a post-village in Belknap co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the outlet of Winnipi.seogee Ijike, aud on 
 the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, 37 miles N. by 
 E. of Concord. It contains several churches aud factories. 
 MEREDO'SIA. a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, on 
 the Illinois River, and on the Great Western Railroad, 55 
 miles \y. of Springfield. It has a steamboat-landing, and 
 some shijiping business. Pop. in 18tX), ll.i9. 
 MEREND or MEHRENI). See Mehrasd. 
 JIERETCH, JIERET-SCH or MEitECZ, mi-rJtch', a market- 
 town of Russia, government and 50 miles S.W. of Vilna, on 
 the Niemen. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MEREVALE, meer'vail, a parish of England, counties of 
 Leiccstc-r and Warwick. 
 
 MftREVILLE, mAVAVoel', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-et-Loire, 37 miles S. of Paris. It has a fine 
 park. Pop. 1784. 
 
 MEREWARI,m!V-r.Wa/ree,or MAREGUARE.ma-rA-gwi/. 
 rA, a river of South America. Guiana, rises about lat. 4° N., 
 Ion. 05° W., and unites with the Erevato to foi'm the Caura, 
 an important affluent of the Orinoco. 
 
 MERE'WORTH. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 MEKGENTHAL. GROSS, groce m^R/ohjn-tir, a village of 
 Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau,N.N.K.from Leitomischel. Pop. 
 1147. 
 
 MEROENTHEIM, mJR/oh?nt-hTme\ or MARTENTHAL, 
 m.4-reo'en-t,'tl\ a town of WiirtemlHjrg, circle of .laxt. on the 
 Tauber," 50 miles X.N. E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2^81. 
 
 MERGHEN, mJR'ghen, a town of Mantchooria, 110 miles 
 S.W. of Saghalien-Oola. 
 MERGIH. SeeMERGUl. 
 
 5IERGOZZ0, mJR-got/so. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Novara. 5 miles from Pallanza. Pop. 2079. 
 
 MERGUI or MEltGHI, mer-ghee/, a maritime town of Bri- 
 tish India, and the capital of one of the Tenasserim pro- 
 vinces, on an i.sland in the delta of the Mergui Itiver, lat 
 12° 20' N.. Ion. 98° 35' E. Estimated population, 8000, com- 
 prising Burmese. Siamese, Chine.se. and other settlers. It 
 stiinds on the skirts of a steep bill, and is enclosed by a 
 wooden stockade. It has some small pagodas, and brick 
 bastions, with the military cantonments, hospital, and a few 
 European houses. The harbor is well adapted for small 
 vessels; and some export trade in sapnn wood, ivory, tortoise- 
 shell, sea-slug, .«hark-fins, &c.. is here carried on. Th<s climate 
 is comiiaratively healthy. The town was stormed aud taken 
 by the British in 1824. 
 
 MKRGUl (or MERGHI) ARCHIPELAGO, a group of 
 islands in the Indian Ocean, off the Tenasserim Coast, be- 
 tween lat. 9° and 13° X.. and Ion. 97° and 98° 30' E., form- 
 ing a part of the British province of Jlergui. Principal 
 islands. Dome, King's, and St. Matthew's. The province 
 of Mergui is the most southern on this coast belonging to 
 the British. 
 
 MERIIAMET-ABAD,mi'r-hS/m?t-a-bad', a villageof Persia, 
 province of .'Azerbaijan, 80 miles S.W. of Tabreez. It has a 
 fort and a palace recently built, and about 1000 houses,* 
 few belonging to .Jews and Armenian Christians. 
 
 MERIDA, m^R/e-Dd, (anc. Emer'ita AugiisHa,) a city of 
 Spain, province and 30 miles E. of Badajos, on the right bank 
 of the tiuadiana. here crossed by a fine Itomr.n bridge of 81 
 arches, aud 2575 feet in length. It has a large convent, 2 
 
 U77 
 
^ 
 
 MER 
 
 cburdies, I lorpitals. and a prison, and is remarkaWft for 
 iKs extensive K< man remains, including an amphitheatre, a 
 circus, a theatns liaths, and a triumphal arch in good pre- 
 servation. According to the chronicle of King Roderick, 
 the walls of the city at the time of the Moorish invasion 
 were 24 miles in circuit, 15 fathoms high, and 10 iathoms 
 broad, with 3700 towers, 84 gates, and 5 castles; and, in 
 time of peace, the garrison consisted of 80,000 infantry, and 
 10,000 hor.'ie. Augusta Emerita was founded, i5 B.C., by a 
 Roman general, under the Kmperor Augustus ; it afterwards 
 became tb.e capital of Lusitania, and the most magnificent 
 city in Roman Spain. It capitulated in 715 to the_ Moors, 
 from whom it was taken again by Alonzo el Sabio. in 1229. 
 and became attached to the kingdom of CastUe. From that 
 day the province and city date their decline. Lat. 38° 51' 
 N., Ion. 6° 15' W. Pop. about 0000. 
 
 MERIDA, m&r'e-dl the capital city of Yucatan, in lat. 20° 
 60' N.. Ion. 89° 40' W., 25 miles from the Gulf of Me.xico. 
 Pop. about 23,000. It was founded in 154i on the site of a 
 eity previously ruined by the Spaniards, and is regularly 
 laid out, and well built of stone. It has many good s luares, 
 the principal and central one containing the Cathedral, a 
 rich edifica of the 16th century, the Bishop's Residence, and 
 the Government House. Of its three convents, two are 
 now in ruins; a remaining portion of the Jesuits' Convent 
 now serves for the Legislative Chambers of the state. The 
 man u Clotures and trade are inconsiderable ; it communi- 
 cates by a good road with its port, Sival. 
 
 MKRIDA, a town of South America, Venezuela, depart- 
 ment of Zulia, capital of a province, on the Chama,'85 miles 
 N.W. of Varinas. Pop. 4000. Before its dastruction by an 
 earthquake, in 1S12, it was the largest city in Venezuela, 
 and it is suited to be again flourishing, having a cathedral, 
 ecclesiastical seminary, and college, and some woollen ma- 
 nufactures. 
 
 M Eli 'ID EN", a parish of Englr.nd, co. of 'Warwiok. 
 
 MliK'lDEN', a post-office of Sullivan CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 MERIDEX, a beautifully situated post-village and town- 
 ehip of New Haven co., Connecticut, on the New Haven 
 Hartford and Springfield Railroad. 18 miles X. by E. of New 
 Uaven. The village stands ou a hill about half a mile E. 
 of the railroad; it contains 5 churches, 1 national bank, 1 
 Btate bank, an academy, and several large manufactories. 
 There are numerous manufactories of hardware and other 
 articles scattered throughout the township. Pop. of the 
 townsliip, 7426. See West Mekiden. 
 
 MEKIDIAN, formerly CATO FOUR CORNERS, a post- 
 village of Cayuga co., New York, 16 miles N. of Auburn. 
 It contains 1 bank. 
 
 MERIDIAN, a township in the N.W. part of Ingham co., 
 Michigan. I'op. 825. 
 
 MERIDIAN, a post-village in Mercer co., Illinois, 125 
 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 MERID'IANVILLE, a posfrvillage of Madison co., Alaba- 
 ma, S miles N. of Huntsville. 
 
 MEIOIGOMISII', a port of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou, about 
 85 miles N.E. of Halifax, It has ponds where timber is 
 ■hipped in considerable quantities annually. 
 
 MKRINCH.\L, mt'h-rJx<i'shdl/, a vill.ige of France, depart- 
 ment of Creuse, 14 miles E. of Aubusson. I'op. 2119. 
 
 MEIUNG. mA'ring, a village of Bavaria, with a .station on 
 the Royal Bavarian Railroad, about 30 miles from Munich, 
 
 MEKIN VILLE. meh-rixoVeel', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Aude, 12 miles N.E. of Carca.«sonue. Pop. 1625. 
 
 MERIONETH. m6r/i-onVth, or MER/IOVETH^HIRE, a 
 maritime county of North Wales, having W. Cardigan Bay. 
 Area 063 square miles, or 424,320 acres, of which about 50.000 
 are arable. Pop. in 1851, 38,843. Surface mountsiinous, in 
 many parts well wooded, and intersected by fine vales. 
 Principal summits, Arran-Fowdy, 2955 feet, and Cadei^ 
 Idris. 2914 feet in height. Principal rivers, the Dee, Maw, 
 and Dyfi, Small lakes are numerous, and that of Bala, 
 the largest in North Wales, is in this county. Soil mostly 
 poor, and suited only for pasturage. Welsh ponies of the 
 purest breed are nearly confined to this county and Mont> 
 gomtryshire. Mineral proilucts are slate and lime at Cor- 
 wen and Festiniog. with some lead and copper at Barmouth, 
 Towyn, &c. Chief towns. Harlech, the capital, Bala, Dol- 
 gelly, Corwen, and Towyn, It sends 1 member to the 
 House of Conrnons. 
 
 MERIONETHSHIRE, a county of Wales. See Merioneth. 
 
 MKRISCH WANDEN, mA'rish-Mn'dgn, a town of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Aargau, near the Keuss, 10 miles S.W. of 
 Zuricli. Pop. 1-232. 
 
 MEIilTCH, a town of Hindostan, See Mekritch, 
 
 MEH/IWETHER, a county in the W. part of Georgia, has 
 an area of about 500 square miles, Flint River forms its 
 E. boundary, and it is drained by White Oak, Red Oak, 
 Beech, Cane, and Flat Shoal Creeks. The surface is gene- 
 rally undulating. The Pine Mountains rise W, of Flint 
 River, and afford much picturesque scenery. Small quan- 
 tities of gold are found in the N, part This county is re- 
 mark.ible for its medicinal springs, among which may be 
 named the IVarm Springs, Sulphur Springs, Cold Springs, 
 and Chalybeate Springs. The Warm Springs discharge 1400 
 
 MER 
 
 gallons per minute, at the temperature of 90 degrees. Fine 
 bathing- houses have been erected at this place. Formed in 
 1827, and named in honor of David Meriwether, formerly 8 
 member of Congress from Georgia. Capitul, Greeuville. 
 Pop. 16,330. of whom 65S2 were free, and 87 is sl.'ives 
 
 MEKK, m6Rk, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, co. 
 of Szathmar. Pop. 1005. 
 
 MERKAH, mJR'kd, a seaport town of East Africa, 4a 
 miles S.W. of .ManJidoxo. Pop. about 3000. It is stone-built, 
 and was founded by Arab traders. 
 
 MERKELSDijRF, m^B/kels-doiir or MERKLINERHOF, 
 mJiik-lee'uer-hof \ a village of Bohemia, near Lower Aden*- 
 bach, 16 miles from Trautenau. Pop. 1065. 
 
 MERKENDORF, m§R'ken-doRf\ a town of Bavaria, circle 
 of MiddleFranconia, 9 miles S.E. of Auspach. Pop. 806. 
 
 MEKIvEZ, mer-kiz/, a village, castle, and river iu Syria, 6 
 miles N. of Iskanderoon. on the E. side of its bay. 
 
 MERKLINGEN, m^Rkling-en, a village of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Neckar, 13 miles W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1297, 
 
 MEKKLINGEN, a villageof Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, 
 15 miles N.W. of Clm. Pop. 600. • 
 
 MEKKS'HALL, a parish of England, co. of Norwich, 
 
 MEItL.\R.\, mjR-14/ri, a town of Austrian Italy, 28 mile* 
 S,W. of Paiiua. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MERL]5.\C, mJBH.i^dk', a town of France, department of 
 COtes-du-Nord, 9 miles N.W, of Loudeac. Pop. 2S20. 
 
 MERLERA, mte-li'ri, the most N. of the Ionian Islands, 
 in the .Mediterranean, 7 miles N.W. of Corfu. Length 2 miles. 
 
 MERLERAULT, LE, lih mjRni-rO/, a market-town of 
 France, department of Orne, 15 miles E. of Argentan. 
 Pop. 1433. 
 
 MER/M.\ID, a post-office of New Castle co., Delaware. 
 
 MER MED1TEKRAn£e. See MtDiTERRAXEAN Sea. 
 
 MERMENTEAU (mer'men-to') RIVER, of Louisiana, U 
 formed by small branches, which unite on the S.W, boriler 
 of St. Ijindry parish. Flowing south-westward, it enters 
 the Gulf of .^lexico at the W. extremity of Vermilion parish. 
 
 MERJIERIKO, mer-mA-ree/ko. a village of Senegambia, 
 on the Faleme, nearly opposite Samba-Yaya, lat. V^ 51' N., 
 on. 12° 20' W., inhabited by Foolahs and Sari-acolets. 
 
 MER .MORTE, See Dead Sea. 
 
 MER NOIRE. See Black Sea. 
 
 MEROE. m4r'o-e. or MEKAWE, mJr'a-wA, Isle of, a wide 
 tract in South Nubia, between the Nile and its tributary, the 
 Atbara, Length 400 miles, breadth 200 miles. The ruing 
 of the ancient Meroe are in its N, part, on the E. bank of 
 the Nile, 26 miles N.E. of Shendy; and ou a part of its site 
 is the modem dilapidated town of the same name, with a 
 manufactory of indigo, and some large corn magazines. 
 
 ME'RO.M, a post-village of Sullivan co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River, about 3:i miles S, of Terre-Uaute. It wag 
 fornjerly the county seat. 
 
 JI EUO'N.\, a pos^vUlage in McHenry co., Illinois, 50 miles 
 N.^V. of Chicago, 
 
 « MEMiOO', a river of New South Wales, co. of AVellington, 
 flows W.N.W, to the Cudgegang. an affluent of the Mao- 
 quarie. It furnishes rich gold diggings. 
 
 MER/RELL, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, on the 
 Oconee River, about 28 miles N. of Millediievilie. It haa 
 water-poWer, which is employed in a cotton factory. 
 
 MERRIAN, a p<jst-office of Noble co., Iowa. 
 
 MEK'RICKVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Grenville, on the Rideau Canal, 26 miles E. of Perth, and 
 29 miles from Brockville, It contains sevei-al mills. 
 
 MER'RICK, a post-office of Queen's co.. New York, 
 
 5IER/RILLSV1LLE, a post-office, Kninkliu co.. New York 
 
 MERIULLSVILLE, a post-office of St. Uair co.. Michigan 
 
 MERRILLTOWN, a post-office of Travis ca, Texas. 
 
 MElt'RlLL VILLE, a post-oflice of Lake co., Indiana, 
 
 MER'lUMACK or MER/KIMAC. a river of New Eng 
 land, is formed by the union of the Pemigewasset and Win 
 niplseogee Rivers, on the border of Belknap and Merrimack 
 counties, in the S, central part of New Hampshire, and after 
 flowing in a general S, course for about SO milts into Ma.* 
 .<achusetts, turns to the N.E., and falls into the .Atlantic, a 
 few miles below Newburyport. Its whole course is about 
 110 miles, flowing through a country which, although not 
 as picturesijue as the Valley of the Connecticut, is still well 
 worthy of attention from the traveller. It is navigable for 
 vessels of 200 tons 15 miles to Haverhill, and by means of 
 canals and locks around the falls, boats may a.scend to Con- 
 cord, in New Hampshire. Its water-power is more exte^.- 
 sively employed in the manufivcture of cotton goods than 
 that of any river in .America, if not in the world. Among 
 tlie manufacturing towns on its banks may Imj mentioned 
 the cities of Manchester, I.^wrence. and Lowell. 
 
 MERRIMACK, of Missouri. See Maramec. 
 
 MERRIM.\CK, a county in the S. central part of New 
 Hampshire, has an area of about 900 square miles. It Yi 
 intersected by the Merrimack and watered by the Contoo 
 cook, Suncooic. and other smsUer streams, affording water 
 power. It contains numerous small lakes or jionds. The 
 surface is uneven, and in the N. part rough and mountain- 
 ous. Kearsarge Mountam and the H.agged Mountains are 
 the principal elevations.' The .loil is in most parts produc- 
 
MER 
 
 MES 
 
 tire, and tinder good cultivation. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced ^Hl.tJlO bushels of corn — more tlian was produced by 
 any otlier f«'inty in the state. The railroad connecting 
 Wanchestet and i$ristol traverses this county, and numerous 
 short lines centre in Concoid. Organized in 1823. Capital, 
 Concord. Pop. 41.408. 
 
 MKKlilMACK, a township of Hillsborough CO., New 
 Hampshire, on both sides of the Souhegan Kiver. at it« 
 junctiun with the Merrimack, and on the Nashua and 
 Lowell Kailroad, 5 miles from Nashua. It has a carpet 
 factory and other establishments. Pop. 1119. 
 
 MKK'Rni.A.N'S SHOP, a postoffice of Prince Edward co., 
 Virginia, 9(5 miles W.3.AV. of Kichmond. 
 
 MKU'IUXGTON, a parish of Kngland, co. of Durham. 
 
 MKIt/RIOTT, a p.irish of Engl.and. co. of Somerset. 
 
 MERKITCII or .MERITCH, m^rVitch', a considerable town 
 of West llindostan, 72 miles S.E. of Sattarah, near the 
 Kistntih, on the bank of which are a handsome ghaut and 
 pagoda ; hut the town itself has no building of note, except 
 a fort and .some small nio.sques. 
 
 MEKMtlTT, a post-oflice of Rarry co., Michigan. 
 
 MK1\RITT, a small town of Yolo co., California. 
 
 MKKRITT'S BRIDGE, a postK)fflce of Lexington district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MKlt'RITSTOWN. a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 4 miles S. of Brownsville. 
 
 .MKK'RITTSVILLE, a post-village of Greenville district. 
 South Carolina, 1.3.5 miles .\.W. of Columbia. 
 
 MEKRITTSVILLE. a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Welland, 1 U miles S. of St. Catharine's. Pop. about 260. 
 
 MKI!-ROUGE. See Red Sea. 
 
 MER'ROW, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 MER'ROW ST.\TION, a post-offlce of Tolland co., Connec- 
 ticut, on the New London \Villimantic and Palmer Railroad, 
 40 miles from New London. 
 
 MEItRU.M, a village of Holland. See Mabuum. 
 
 MKK'RYALL. a post-offlce of Bradford co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 MKRRY HILL, a post-office of Bertie CO., North Carolina, 
 173 mili^s K. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 MKRllY MOUNT, a post-offlce of Warren co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SIKKKY OAKS, a post-offlce of Hamilton co., Tennessee. 
 
 MERRY 0.\KS, a post-office of Rarren co., Kentucky. 
 
 MKRIiY OAKS, a post-office of San .Joaquin co., C.-Uifornia. 
 
 MEI'iSCH, mJnsK, a market-town of the Netherlands, 
 grand-duchy and 10 miles N. of Luxemburg. Pop. 2400. 
 
 MKRSK, mJrs, or MARCH, a district of Scotland, forming 
 the S. )iart of Berwickshire. 
 
 MElt'SEA, EAST and WEST, two parishes of England, 
 CO. of Kssex, form a finely wooded island in the North Sea, 
 jonnctod with the mainland by a long causeway, covered 
 at high water. 
 
 MI-iR'SEISURG, (Ger. pron. mjR'soh-b<5fiBo\) a town of 
 Prussian Sttxony, on the left bank of the Saale, and on the 
 Thuringian Railway, 56 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg, Pop. 
 ll,34'^. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, with a 
 monument to the Emperor Rudolph, of Swabia; ducal and 
 episco)>al palaces, a military orphan asylum, school of sur- 
 gery, and manufactories of woollen and linen fabrics, paper, 
 tobacco, vinegar, and excellent beer. 
 
 MERSEBURG, mJR'seh-bo(5RG\ a government of Prussian 
 Saxony, bounded N. by Hanover; area 3020 geographical 
 square miles. It helongs to the hasin of the Elbe; the 
 minerals are of great value, and include silver, lead, copper, 
 iron, coal, and lignite. Pop. in 1849, 742,644. 
 
 MKRS-El^IvfiiUR, niJES-Jl-ke-beeR/, (Sp. Maialquivir, mj- 
 B.'ll-keveeR/,) a strongly fortified town of Algeria, on the 
 Mediterranean, province and 3 miles N.W. of Oran. It was 
 taken by the Spaniards in 1505. abandoned by them in 1792. 
 and taken by the French in 1830. 
 
 MERSIiY, mer'zee, a riverof Kngland, rises in the N. part 
 of the county of Derby, and fiows W., mostly between the 
 counties of Chester and Lancaster, till it expands into the 
 spacious estuary or arm of tlie Irish Sea, which forms Liver- 
 pool harbor. Length 60 miles. Chief affluent, the Irwell, 
 to the junction of which it is navigable for large vessels. 
 
 MEltSII'AM, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the 
 Soutb-Eastern Railway, 3$ miles S.K. of Ashford. 
 
 MKRSHON'S (mer-shonz') CROSS ROADS, a postrofflce of 
 Laurel co.. Kentucky. 
 
 MEUS'THAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3 miles 
 N.E. of Reigate, with a station on the London and Brighton 
 Railway, which here passes through a long tunnel N. of Red 
 Hill Station. 
 
 MEltS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 MERTKNDORF, mjR/ten-doRr, a vilkage of Bohemia, cir- 
 cle of Leitmeritz, ahout 13 miles from Ausche. Pop. 1019. 
 
 MKR'THOR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 MEIITIIYR, mgr/THfr, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cap- 
 marthen. 
 
 io'ERTHYK, a parish of South Wales, ca of Pemhroke. 
 
 M HRTHYR CYNOa.Jkin'og,) a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Brecon. 
 
 5IK11TIIYR DOTAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glar 
 morgan. 
 
 MERTHYR MAWR, (mowR,) a parish of South Wales co. 
 of Glamorgan. 
 
 MERTHYR-TYDTIL. mer'THer-tid/vil, a parliamentary 
 borough, town, and parish of Soutli \\'ales, co. of Glamorgan, 
 on the Taff, 22 miles N.N.W. of Cardilf. with which it ia 
 connected by the Tatf-vale Railway, and by canal. It haa 
 sprung up, within the Last 80 years, from a mere village to a 
 place of great extent and importance; and, though eons-stiug 
 generally of irregular assemblages of workmen's bouses, 
 situated on both sides of the river, and couimunicating 
 by two bridges, has recently undergone important changes, 
 which have greatly improved its sanitary condition and gene- 
 ral appearance. A street, recently formed, and now become 
 the principal thoroughfare, contains gcKxl shops and dwell- 
 ings; and near its centre is one of the most spacious and 
 splendid market-places in Wales. The public buildings anc" 
 institutions include two E.stablished churches, and a Chapel 
 of Ease, and a1x)ut 30 places of worship, belonging chiefly 
 to the Wesleyan and otlier Jlethodists, Independent^ Bap- 
 tists, &c. ; national and other schools, a Jlechanics' Institute, 
 a theatre, and, in the vicinity, Cyvartha Castle, with its 
 park, and Pen-y-Darren House, with its gardens, form con- 
 spicuous and plea.«iDg objects. The town owes its prosperity 
 to its situation noiu- the centre of tiie valuable coal and mim^ 
 ral field of South Wales. The mines are extensively worked ; 
 and among the important iron works which have lieen esta- 
 blished, those of Dowlais alone, when in full 0)ieration, em- 
 ploy alxiut 6000 persons. The produce, mostly shipped a. 
 Cardiff, has exceeded 1.50,000 tons per annum. The Ijorougb 
 is under the superintendence of a stipendiary magistrate. It 
 sends a member to the House of Commons. In the environs 
 are many handsome residences, and 3 miles from the town 
 are the ruius of Morlais Oistle. the seat of the ancient Princes 
 of Brecon. The first railway locomotive ever started, is said 
 to have run at Merthyr in 1804. Pop. in IbOl, J>3,»44. 
 
 MI':RT0LA, m^R-to/li, (anc. Myrtilis.) a fortified town of 
 Portugal, province of Alemtejo, on the Guadiaua, 66 milea 
 S. of Evora. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Mh^R'TON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the 
 Wandle. here crossed by a bridge, S miles S.S.W. of London. 
 Pop. 1914. Henry III. held a parliament here. 
 
 MfUrrON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MKRTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 JIERTON, a post-township and village of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 1475. 
 
 MERTOUN, mer-toon', a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick 
 
 MERTZ/TOWN, a village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 74 
 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 M15rU, niAVii', a town of France, department of Oise, 15 
 miles S. of Beauvais. Pop. in 1S52. 2571. 
 
 MKRUD, meeViid', a fortified town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bombay, 47 miles S.E. of Poonah. 
 
 MKRV, of Central Asia. S«» Merw. 
 
 JIIORVILLE, mfaVeel', or MERGHEM, mfa^gh^m/, (L. 
 Menariacum,) a town of France, department of Nord, on th«/ 
 Lys, 18 miles W. of Lille. I'op. in 1852, 5954. 
 
 MERW, -MERV. mirv. or MERU, mfr'oo, (anc. AntincMa 
 Margiana t) a walled town of 1 ndependent Toorkistau, domi 
 nion and 300 miles S.E. of Khiva. I'op. 3000. 
 
 MERW, MERV, or yiV.VM. a village of Thibet, on the 
 Sutlej. above the II imalayas,.30 miles E..\.E. of R!im])Oor. 
 
 M liRWEDE, DE, d.'\ m jR/wiMeh. a river of Holland, formed 
 by the junction of the Mouse and Waal. 
 
 M1<;R'WINSBURG, a postoffice of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 M liRWINSVILLE, a post-offlce of Lit Afield co., Conneo 
 ticut. 
 
 5IERXEM, m?rx'em, a village of Belgium, province and 
 2 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1648. 
 
 MERXHEIM, mJRx'hime, a village of Germany, Hesse- 
 Homburg, bailiwick of Meisenheim. Pop. 1383. 
 
 MERXHEIM. (Fr. pron. miRx'toiO. a commune of France, 
 department of Haut-Rhin, with a station on the Strasbourg 
 and Bale (Basel) Railway. Hi miles S.W. of Colmar. 
 
 3IERXPLAS, m^Rx/piSs, a village of Belgium, province 
 and 27 miles E.N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1381. 
 
 M]5rY'-SUR-SEINE, mA'ree'sUR sAn, a town of France, 
 department of Aube, on the Seine, which here becomes 
 navigable, 12 miles W.S.W. of Arci3-sur-.\ube. Pop. 1400. 
 It was nearly burned to the ground during a combat be- 
 tween the French and Prussijins in 1814. 
 
 MERZDORF, m^Rts'doBf. a village of Prus.sia, in Silesia, 
 government of Liegnitz. I'op. 1026. 
 
 5IKRZD0RF, a village of Bohemia, circle of KiJniggratz, 
 4 miles from Braunau. Pop. 1419. 
 
 3IERZICZ, m^R'zitch, a village of Bohemia, 6 miles from 
 Opoczno. Pop. 1145. 
 
 JIERZIG, mJBfsig. a town of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles 
 S. of Treves, on the Saar. Pop. 3450. 
 
 MES.\D.\ NEVADA, mA-sJ'nS nA-v.^ni, a mountain peak 
 of the Andes, in Bolivia, lat. 16° 30' S., Ion. 67° 52' W. 
 Height 19.356 feet. 
 
 SIESAGNE. mA-sdn'yA, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto, 27 miles N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 6000. 
 
 1179 
 
MES 
 
 MES 
 
 MESCIIED or MESCHID, a town of Persia. See Meshed. 
 
 5IESCIIEDK. m.VEhAMeh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 
 11 miles E.S.E. of Arnsberg, on the Kuhr. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ME8E.V, Ilussia. See Mezex. 
 
 JIESEKIT.SCII, Gross, groce mA/zer-it<h\ a town of Mo- 
 ravia. 19 miles K. of Iglau, on the Oslava. Pop. 3900. 
 
 MESEKIT.SCII, Wallachisch, (wil'lS-Kish ui.i'zgr-itch\) a 
 town of Moravia. 25 miles N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 1090. 
 
 ME.SEK1TZ, mi'zer-it«\ a town of I'russian Poland, 55 
 mi!es Vi'. of Pogen, on the Obra. Pop. 4760. 
 
 ME'SIIAW, a parish of England, co. of Devon.- 
 
 MESII'ED" or MUSI1'ED\ written also MESCIIED and 
 MESCHID. a walled city of N.E. Persia, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Khorassan, in lat. 36° 17' 40" X., Ion. SO^ 25' E. 
 Pop. estimated at 45,000. It stands in a fertile plain, and 
 has the su)>erb mausoleum of the Imam Reza, the magnifi- 
 cence of which, with its silver gates, jewelled doors, rails 
 once of solid gold, is scarcely equalled in Persia; but its 
 colleges are in ruins. It has manufactures of velvets, and 
 an active trade with Bolihara. Candahar. Herat. &c. 
 
 MF.SHiJ'PEN CKEEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the 
 North Branch of the Susquehanna, in Wyoming county. 
 
 MESILI-A VALLEY, or La MEStLLA, U m4-seel'yd, a 
 tract or strip of bottom-land. 8 or 10 miles long, in the S. 
 part of New .Mexico, and on the W'. side of the l>io Grande. 
 It owes its name, signifying ''the little table" or "little 
 plateau." (from the Spanish Mesa, a " teble,") to the fact of 
 Its being elevated a few feet above the other bottom-lands 
 of the river. See New Mexico. In this valley or tract is 
 Uso a small Mexican village, called La Mesilla. 
 
 MESJID. SeeMusJiD. 
 
 MESLI.VL'EVEQUE, mJs'iaN«nd\Ak', a village of Bel 
 glum, province of Hainaut. 18 miles X. of Mons. Pop. 1873. 
 
 MESc), mA'so, a river of Asiatic Hussia, government of 
 Yeni.seisk. falls into the Gulf of Tazovsk; length, 140 miles. 
 
 MESOLA, niA'so-ld or nifes'o-!^ a town of Xorthern Italy, 
 31 miles E.N.E. of Fenara. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MKSULDXGHI, a town of Greece. See Mi.ssolonqhi. 
 
 MESOPOTAMIA, m^sVpo-tA'me-.i, (Arab. Al Jezeereh, or 
 Al Jezira, 2l jez-ee'reh. " the island,") the name given by the 
 ancient Greeks to a country of Asia, lying between tlie 
 rivers Euphrates and Tigris, now comprised in the pa'^halics 
 of Diarbekir and Bagdiid, and containing the cities of Diar- 
 bekir, Mardeen, Nisibin. and Mosul, with parts of the ruins 
 of Babylon and Seleucia. Its length, from X.W. to S.E.. 
 is between 600 and 700 miles; its greatest breadth is near 
 200 miles. Mesopotamia (from the Greek litaos, vicsos, and 
 norajtoi. p)titmds) signifies literally "between the river.s." 
 
 MESaPOT.\'.MI.\. a post-township forming the X.W. ex- 
 tremity of Trumbull county, Ohio. Pop. 811. 
 
 MESOR.\CA, md-.so-ril'kil. a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra. 17 miles N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2400. 
 
 MESQUITELLA, mSs-ke-tiMId, a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira-Baixa, 15 miles W.S.W. of Guarda. P. 1033. 
 
 MESSA. mJs's-i, a walled town of Morocco, province of 
 Soos. 60 miles S.W. of Terodant. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MESS.\C, mJs^sdk', a village of France, department of 
 Ille-e(>Vilaine. 18 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 2536. 
 
 MESSAXCY, m6s\sdNo'see/, (Ger. Metzig. mJfsio.) a vil- 
 lage of Belgium, province of Luxembourg, 4 miles N.X.E. of 
 Longwv. Pop. 2070. 
 
 MESSAXA. See Messina. 
 
 MESSE mJs'seh, or MESCIIENDORF, mJsh'en-doRr, a 
 village of Austria, Transylvania, 27 miles from Schassburg. 
 Pop. 1208. 
 
 MESSEJ.4.N.A.. mJs-si-zhJ'ni. a walled town of Portugal, 
 province of Algarve. 2S miles S.W. of Beja. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MESSE'NE, (Gr. yitaarivri,) modern MAVROM.Vn, md- 
 vro-md'tee. a village of Greece, Morea. government of Me.s- 
 senia, 16 miles S.E. of Kyparissia. It stands at the foot 
 of Mount Ithome, on either side of the '• Black Spring." (the 
 ancient fountain of Clepsydra.) and on the site of ancient 
 Me-isene. the remains of which are extensive. 
 
 MESSE'XI.\. an ancient country and now a government 
 of Greece, consisting of the S.W. peninsula of the Morea, and 
 having landward the governments of Tryphilia, Gortyuia, 
 and Laconia. — Adj. and inhab. Messenian, mjs-see'ne-an. 
 
 MESSIX, mJs'saN"', a district nf France, which belonged 
 to the former province of Lorraine, and had Metz for its 
 capital. It now forms the greater part of the department 
 of .Moselle. 
 
 MESSIX A. mJs-see'nd, (anc. Zanlde; afterwards Messa'na 
 or Mesge/nf. ; Fr. Messine, mJsVeen',) a city and seaport of 
 Sicily, capit.al of a province of the same name, is situ.ited on 
 the Strait of Messina, here about 2 miles wide, 200 miles S.S.E. 
 of Xaples; lat. (light) 380 11' 10" X., Ion. 15° 34' 45" E. It 
 ranks as a fortress of the first class, being walled, flanked 
 with bastions, and defended by a citadel and several forts. 
 The harlior. one of the best in the Mediterranean, is formed 
 by a semicircular strip of land, which, from its resemblance 
 to a sickle, sug^'ested the original name of the town ; Zancle. 
 (in Greek, Zay/cXij,) signifying a "sickle." or -'pruning-hook." 
 The opposite extremities approach each other to within 
 about 500 yards. Within, the harbor ha" a circuit of nearly 
 4 miles; it is of great depth, and pot&ctly secure in oil 
 
 Jiao 
 
 weather. Messina extends above 2 miles along the bay, 
 and about half a mile up an acclivity, which terminates in 
 several considerable mountains. Its white houses and nu- 
 merous spires contrast beautifully with the dark green of 
 the olive, lemon, and orange groves clothing the luountaiu 
 slopes, as the city is approached by water. From the up|)er 
 portions of the town is obtained a magnificent view of the 
 ocean and the lofty mountains of the Italian continent 
 Messina is for Ihe most part handsomely laid out. It has 
 wide streets, well paved with blocks of lava, of which ma- 
 terial most of the houses are constructed. The Marina, a 
 favorite promenade fronting the harbor, is a broad quay, 
 adorned with statues and fountains; immediately beyond 
 this is a magnificent terrace, once lined with noble edifices, 
 of which but few survived the great earthquake of 17S3. 
 Owing to the occurrence of these phenomena, the houses m 
 Messina seldom exceed two stories. Among the public 
 buildings may be mentioned the Cathedral, a Gothic struc- 
 ture, erected by the Normans soon after their conquest of 
 Sicily; the Viceroy's Palace, having a finely planted park; 
 the Archiepi-scopal Palace, the Senate-house, an exchange, 
 custom-house, bank, a large and well-endowed hospital, a 
 prison, 2 theatres, an extensive arsenal, and a large lazaretto, 
 besides about 50 churches and numerous nunneries. It 
 possesses a royal college, or Reiil-Acaclemia-Curolina. with a 
 full complement of profes.sors in belles-lettres, philosophy, 
 law, and medicine, a naval seminary and an extensive public 
 library, rich in Greek manuscripts. Messina is the seat of a 
 Roman Catholic archbishop and archimandrite and a Greek 
 protapapa; also of a high court of appeal, a criminal court, 
 civil court, and court of commerce. Its manufactures of 
 silk goods and satins have long been famous, and its com- 
 merce is the most extensive of all the towns of Sicily. In 
 1847 it exported silk manufactures, fruits, olive oil. wine 
 and spirits, salted fish, linseed, sumac, essences, ic to the 
 value of $1,689,644 ; and importetl colonial produi'c, hard- 
 wares, cotton, woollen, and other manufactures to the value 
 of $1,000,494. It has valuable tunny and other fi.sheries. 
 
 Ancient Zancle is said to have been founded 1004 years B. c. 
 Its present name was given it by the Messeneans. into whose 
 possession it came about 500 B.C. Charles of Anj<iu. in an un- 
 successful attack upon the town, lost the greater p.irt of his 
 fleet, and, in 1674, a Spanish fleet having blockiided the port 
 was defeated in a great naval battle by the French. In 1743, 
 the plague carried off more th.an half of its inhabit.ints. and 
 by the earthquake of 1783 several liundred lives were lost, 
 and its best buildings destroyeil. Septeml>er 6, 1S48, Mes- 
 sina surrendered to a Neapolitan fleet and a liirsre land 
 force, having withstood their fire for four successive days. 
 Pop., inclnding suburbs, 103,324. — Adj. and inlial). (Fr. Me9- 
 SINDIS, nijs^see^nwi'; It. Messixese, mJs-se-nA'si.) 
 
 MESSIXA, a province of Sicily, bounded N. l>y the TjT- 
 rhene Sea, E. by the Strait of Messina and tlie Ionian Sea, 
 length about 10;i lailcs, mean bn^adth 25 miles. P. 140,733. 
 
 MESSIXA. STRAIT OF, (It. Faro di J/essina. lU'ro dee 
 mj.«-see'nii ; Fr.DCtrmt de ^fe.m^>e,, d,iHrwd/ deh mJs'sceii': anc. 
 Freftum Sidulum.) a strait, which sejiarates Sicily from 1 laly, 
 and communicates between the Tyrrhene ami the Ionian Sea ; 
 length about 20 miles, width 11 miles, but where it is nar- 
 rowest does not exceed 2 miles. F'rom the Faro Tower to 
 the Rock of Scylla, on the opposite coast of Italy, tlie exact 
 distance is 6047 yards. The de)ith is so great, that in the 
 centre no bottom has been found with a line of 100 fathoms, 
 and a strong current continually running with the tide, 
 makes the navigation somewhat difficult, but by no means 
 so formid.lble as was fabled by the ancients, to whom the 
 Rock of Scylla, already mentioned, and that of CharyWis, 
 on the opposite side of the strait but at .some distance to 
 the S.. seemed so dangerous that it was generally bolievei 
 to be almost impossible to avoid the one without bein? 
 dashed upon the other. 
 
 MESSINA SPRINGS, postoflRce, Onondaga co., Now YorV. 
 
 MESSINE. a citv of Sicilv. See Messina. 
 
 MESSLXOIS, MESShVESE. See JIessina. 
 
 MESSI.NES, me.s'seen'. (Flem. Mee^n. uid'zen,) a town of 
 Belgium, in West Flanders. 6 miles S. of Ypres. I'op. 15U0. 
 
 MES'SING. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 MES'SINGHA.M. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MESSIS, mesVees', or JIISIS, misVees', a large village of 
 A.sia Minor, pashalic, and 18 miles E. of Adana. beside thfe 
 Jyhoon, (anc. Pi/rlamns.) on the site of the ancient M'p<uei!lia. 
 
 MESSOXGO. a post-office of Accomack co. Virginia. 
 
 MEST.\XZ.\. mJs-tdn'thd. a town of Spain, Xew Castilek 
 province and 30 miles S.S.W. of Ciudnd-Real. Pop. 2G70. 
 
 MESTCIIOVSK, mJs-chovsk'. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 40 miles W.S.W. of Kalooga. 
 
 M ESTKE. niiVtr.A. a town of Austrian Italy. 5 miles N.W. 
 of Venice, with a station on the railway to Vicenza, on the 
 maririn of a lagoon. Pop. 6000. 
 
 M'ESURADO(mJs-oo-ra'do) RIVER, of West Africa, flows 
 S.W. for about 300 miles, and enters the Atlantic at Mon- 
 rovia. 
 
 MESURAT.4. m^s-oo-rS'td. a maritime town of North Af- 
 rica, dominion and 112 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli, at the en- 
 trance of the Gulf of Sidra. 
 
MET 
 
 META. mi'tl, a rirer of South America, New Granada, 
 rises about 40 miles S of Bogota, and joins the Oriuoco. 
 alter a N.K. course of 500 miles. 
 
 MET/AL. a township, Franlilin CO., Pennsylvania. P. 1235. 
 
 MKTAMil'RA, a post-otflce of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 MJiTA.MOKA, a post-township in the S. part of Lapeer 
 CO., Michi^'an. Fop. 1163. 
 
 MiOTA.'ilOKA, a post-township in Franklin co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1076. 
 
 iMKTAMORA, a post-village, capital of Woodford co., Illi- 
 nois, abf)Ut 80 miles N. by E. of !~pringfield. Pop. i)66. 
 
 MIOTA.MORAS, a post-office of Pike co., I'ennsylvania. 
 
 SIETAl'A. niA-td'pi. a town of Central America, state and 
 20 miles S.S.K. of Uuateranla, near Lake Metapa. fop. 8000. 
 
 METAlIltO, m.Vtow/ro, (anc. Metau'rus,) a river of Cen- 
 tral Itiily, in tlie Marches, after an E.N.E. course of 50 
 milos, enters tiie Adriatic 9 miles S.E. of Pesaro. 
 
 M ETA X ATA, m.-l-tix-d'td. a village of the i.-land of Cepha- 
 lonia. 6 miles S.E. of Argostoli. 
 
 MET'CALF STA/TION, a vilhige of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Mjlfoixl Branch Kailroad, about 25 miles 
 \V.S.^V, of Boston. ■ 
 
 JIETCUV'ICII, m5t'ko-vik\ a town of European Turkey, 
 Uerzegovina, 24 miles S.S.W. of .Mostra. I'op. about 500. 
 
 ME'TKA, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, 10 miles N. 
 by E. of Logangport. 
 
 METELEN, m.Vt¥h-len,a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 23 
 miles N'.W. of Munster. Pop. UOO. 
 
 METELIN. See Mityle.ne. 
 
 METELIS. See Fooah. 
 
 METKKE.V, ma*tgh-r5N»', a village of France, department 
 of Nord, 5 miles E.N.E. of Uazebrouck. Pop. 2540. 
 
 MKTERNICII, mA/ter-niK\ a village of Khenish Prussia, 
 2i miles ^V. of Coblentz. 
 
 METE/TECUNK\ a small river in the E. part of New 
 Jersey, is formed by the N. and S, branches, which rise in 
 Monmouth county and unite in Ocean county ; after a course 
 of 4 miles it enters the N. end of Barnegat Bay. 
 
 METETECUNCK, a post-office of (Jcean co.. New Jersey. 
 
 MET/Fl ELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 METIIA.MIS, meh-td*mees'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Viiuf'luse, 15 miles N.E, of Avignon. Pop. 1020. 
 
 JIlOTIl'ERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 METII'ljjL. a small burgli and seaport of Scotland, co. of 
 Fife, on the Frith of Forth, H miles W. of Leven. Pop. 460. 
 
 MET I I/LEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, 
 with a station on the North Jlidland Railway, 7 J miles S.S,E. 
 of Lecfls. 
 
 METII'LICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 
 
 METHODIST GENERAL BIBLICAL INSTITUTE. See 
 OON'coRn, Xew Hampshire. 
 
 METI1(;)NE. See -MoDON. 
 
 METU'UEN, a thriving post^village of Essex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 30 miles N. by W. of Boston, is situated near the 
 Merrimack River, on both sides of the Spicket, (which here 
 has a fall of 36 feet, affording excellent water-power,) and 
 on the JIanchester and Lawrence Railroad. It contains 4 
 churches, 1 bank, a large woollen-mill, and other factories. 
 Tlie principal articles produced are cotton goods, boots and 
 shoes, and hats, A liout 1 ,OuO,OlKl yards of twilled goods and 
 tickings are annually made. Population of tljo township, 
 2506. 
 
 METII/VEN, a Tillage and parish of Scotland, co. and 6 
 miles W.N.W. of Perth, i'op. of village, 950. 
 
 JIETII'WOLD, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk, 
 
 METH/YE, (m4th-I/,) LAKE, a small lake of British North 
 America. ISO miles S. of Lake Athabasca, and having at its 
 S. extremity Fort Methye, Another Lake Methye is 350 
 miles S.W. 
 
 METIDJAII or METIJA, m.A'tee'jiN a fertile plain in Al- 
 geria, extending S, of the city of Algiers, between it and the 
 Lesser Atlas. Length from E. to W., 90 miles, 
 
 METILOWITZ, m,Vte-lo"wits, a village of Austria, Moravia, 
 circle of I'rerau, Pop. 1156. 
 
 MEl'IjlLl. mJt-lee/lee, a walled town of Algerian Sahara, 
 Wady ilnah, 33 miles S.W, of Gardaia, 
 
 METOOIEN, a iiost-village of Fond du Lac co,, Wisconsin, 
 in a township of its own name, 20 miles W, by S. of Fond 
 du Lac, has 2 churches and 2 mills. Population of the 
 township, 1011, 
 
 MET(JMI''K1N, a post-office of Accomack co.. Virginia. 
 
 JIETROP'OLI, meh-trop'o-le, (anc. Gmtyniaf) a town of 
 Crete, uc'ar its centre, 20 miles S.W, of Candia. 
 
 METROP'OLIS, a ruined city of Asia Minor, 22 miles 
 S,S.E. of Smyrna. 
 
 METKOl'OLIS CITY, a post-village, capital of Massac co,, 
 Illinois, on the Ohio River, 36 miles from its mouth, and 
 214 miles S. by E. of Springfield. One or 2 newspapers are 
 published here. Pop, 1098, 
 
 METS, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana. 
 
 METTET. mjftet, a town of Belgium, province and 12 
 miles 8..S.W. of Namur. Pop. 2215, 
 
 METTINGEN, mSt'ting-en, a village of Prussia, province 
 of Westph.alia. government of Miinster. Poj). 1880. 
 
 MET'l INGHAM, a parL'h of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 MEU 
 
 SIETTMANN, mJtt/mJnn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 9^ 
 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Diissel. Pop. 2025. 
 
 METrrON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 3IETZ, mjts, (Fr. proii. m.iss; auc. Divaclulnim, aftei 
 wards MedunnaVrici and AMIUs or MeUis,) a fortified citj 
 of France, caiiital of the department of Moselle, at the 
 confluence of the Moselle and Seille, and at the head of a 
 branch of the railway from Paris to Strasbourg. 170 miles 
 E, of Paris. Metz is one of the strongest and most import- 
 ant places in France; and its esplanade is one of the finest 
 promenades in Europe. It has a citadel on the riglit banh 
 of the .Moselle, a Gothic cathedral, with a spire ^73 feet liigh, 
 a tribunal of commerce, a naticmal college, school of engi- 
 neering, primary normal school, a botanic garden, an Acudi- 
 viie Unirersilaire for the department of Ardennes and Mo- 
 selle ; an Arsenal, one of the largest in France, witu a cannon, 
 foundry, and an armory containing about 80.000 stand ol 
 arms; a military hospital, capable of receiving 1600 patients, 
 and a public library of 30.000 volumes. It has important 
 manufactures of coarse woollen cloth.*, mu.-'lin.s. tliread, ma- 
 chinery, and musical instruments; and an active trade, 
 being a general entrepot for colonial and foreign merchan- 
 dise, Metz, under the Romans, rose to con.-iderable import- 
 ance, being traversed by six grand militjiry niaiis. Under 
 the descendants of Clovis, it became the caiital of the king- 
 dom of .A.ustrasia ; and, on the decline of tiie house of Charle- 
 magne, passed to the Emperor of Germany, who. in order 
 .to make it a barrier against France, strongly fortified it, 
 and allowed it to possess an almost republican freedom. In 
 1552. it ckiimed the protectorate of France, and ceased to 
 be free. The revocation of tlie Edict of Nanles iirtli ted a 
 blow from which it has never recovered. I'op, in ISHl, 56,888. 
 
 Ml'lTCCIIEN, me-tutch'fn, a village of Woodbridge town- 
 ship, Middlesex co.. New Jersey, on the New Jersey Kail- 
 i-Oad. about 7 miles N.E, of New Brunswick. 
 
 MET/ENSI EFEN, met/ sen-soeMeu, a market-town of North 
 Hungary, IS miles VV. of Kasthau, Pop, 5359, 
 
 METZIG, a village of Belgium, See Mkssancy. 
 
 METZINGEN or MEZINGEN, mJt'sing-en, a town of S. 
 Germany, Wurtemberg, on the Neckur, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Stuttgart, Pop. 4200, 
 
 METZOVO, a town of Turkey, See Mezzovo, 
 
 MEU, muh, a river of France, joins the Vilaine, about 3 
 miles above I'ontreau, after a course of above 6U miles, 
 
 MEUDON', muhM6N»', (L, Meudo,) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-et-Oise, 5 miles ^V'. of Paris. l'o|). in 
 1852, 3783, It ha." a royal palace and park, and a station 
 on the railway to Versailles, 
 
 MEUL.\N, muh'ldN"', a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, and on the Paris and Kouen 
 Railway, 8 miles W,N'.W. of Poissy, Pop. 1890. 
 
 MEULEBEKE, moOgh-hl'keh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flauder.i, 10 miles N, of Courtrai. I'op. 9293. 
 
 MEULEBEECK, nioaeh-b-ik', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of South Brabant, 1 mile N,W. of Brussels, 
 
 MEUNG or MEHUN, m:lHiN«', (L. Magdunum,) a town 
 of France, department of Loiret. on the right lank of the 
 Loire, apd on the railway to Tours, 11 miles W.S.W, of 
 Orleans, Pop. in 1852, 4046, 
 
 MEURIM, a town and river of Brazil. See Miap.im, 
 
 MEURS, mURS, or MORS, (Mors,) miiRs, a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 17 miles N,N.E. of Dusseldorf on tlie'l-ider. Pop. 
 2860, It has Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches, a 
 normal school, and a town-hall in front of which are the 
 sculptured lions found on the site of the Asciburgum of 
 Tacitus. Under the French, Mejirs was tlie capital of the 
 department of Roer, 
 
 MEURS.\ULT, mUR^so', (L, Mulris SaVtus,) a village of 
 France, department of O'^tc-d'Or, on the railway from Pari* 
 to Lyons, 27 miles S.S,W. of Dijon, Pop. 2201, 
 
 MEURTHE, mURt, (L, ilurta.) a river of France, rises in 
 the Vosges, S.E. of St, Die, and joins the Moselle on the 
 right at Frouard, 6 miles N, of Nancy, Length 70 miles, 
 
 51EURTHE, a department in the N.E, of France, formed 
 of part of the old province of Lorraine, Area 2322 square 
 miles. Pop, in 1861, 428,643. It is situated entirely in the 
 basin of the Moselle, and covered with low ol'sets of the 
 Vosges Mountains; there are extensive mar.-hes in the 
 N.E, Corn is rai.sed more than sufficient for consumption. 
 The minerals comprise building and lithographic stones, 
 marble, and alabaster; it has va.st deposits of turf, and 
 an immen.?e bank of rock-salt, whence i.-sue valuable salt 
 springs. Capital, Nancy. The department is divided into 
 the arrondissements of Chateau-Salins, Luneville, Sarre- 
 bourg, Toul. and Nancy, 
 
 MEUSE, muz, (Fr, pron. muz ; Dutch Maas. m3s, or Maese, 
 md'seh ; anc. ilo>sa.) a river of Europe, rises in France, depart- 
 ment of Haute- Jlarne, N.E. of Langres, traverses the depart- 
 ment of Vosges, where it disappears underground near Bazo- 
 illes, and re-appears, 4 miles distant, near N'eufch&teau, In 
 France it passes Commercy, and Verdun, (where it becomes 
 navigable,) Mezieres, Givet; in Belgium, Dinant, Namur, 
 Uny. and Liege; in Holland, Maestricht and Gorcum, 
 below Gorcum it separates into several branches, traversing 
 the Bies Bosch aud Holland's Diep, forming numerous 
 
 IISI 
 
MEU 
 
 MEX 
 
 Wand.", and enters the North Sea hy 3 principal tnouthg, 
 Uie .Meuse on the N., the Flakkee in the niidiUe, and the 
 Grevelini^en on the S. Chief affluents on the left, the Bar. 
 Bambre, and Domuiel ; on the right the h-emoy, Lesse, 
 Ourthe. Roer, (Ruhr.) and Xiers; the Waal, (a branch of the 
 Rhine.) the Liufje, Leek, and the Ix)wer Yssel, another branch 
 of the iJhine. The Meuse communicates with the Aisne by 
 the Canal of Ardennes. Length of the river, 434 miles. 
 
 MKUSK. a frontier department of France, in the N.E.. 
 formed of part of the old province of Lorraine, and bounded 
 N. bj- Belgium. Area 2368 square miles. Top. in 1801, 
 30:1,540. It is traversed from S. to X. by a range of low 
 hills called the Mountains of Argonne. which separate the 
 ba.-ins of the Meuso and Seine. Chief rivers, the Meuse, 
 Chiers, Saulx, Oruain. Aisne. and Aire. Cattle and sheep 
 are extensively reared. Capital. Bar-le-Duc. The depart- 
 ment is divided into the arrondissements of Bar-le»Duc, 
 Comn\ercv. Montmedy, and Verdun. 
 
 MKUSKLBACH, moi/zel-biK\ a village of Central Ger- 
 many, principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 6 miles S. 
 of Kiinigsee. Pop. 1350. 
 
 MECSKLWITZ, moi'zel-ftits\ a market^town of Germany, 
 duchy of .Saxe-Alteuburg. 15 miles X.K. of Gera. I'up. 1527. 
 
 MiOUX, uiuh, a village of Belgium, province and 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Xauiur. I'op. 1238. 
 
 JIEVAGU, mi-vdh', a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of 
 Donegal. 
 
 JIKVWGIS'SEY. a parish of England, co. of CornwaU. . 
 
 MKWAT. See Alvar. 
 
 MKAVK, mA/\veh. a town of East Prussia, 8 miles N.W. of 
 Marienwerder. on the A'istula. Pop. 2650. 
 
 MEW ISLAND, one of the Copeland Islands. 
 
 ME.VBOllOUGil, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 ME.VCOAC. mSx-ko-ik', a town of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, about 8 miles S. of the city of Mexico. A military 
 depot and hospital were established here by General Scott, 
 in AU'^ust. 1847. previous to the battle of Chapul tepee, 
 
 MKX'ICO, THE EMPIRE OF, (Sp. Mexico, Megico, or 
 Mfjicn, niJh'iie-ko; Fr. Mcxiqnc, ni6x^-eek'; It. itesicn, 
 ma'se-ko,) formerly called .NEW Sl'AlN. a country of great 
 extent, in the southern part of North America, extend- 
 ing from lut. 15° 58' to .3.3° 5' N., and from Cape Catoche, 
 in Y ucatan. Ion. 86° 43'to Ion. 1 17° 5' W. Where not confined 
 by the sea. it is bounded on the S. by Guatemala, and on the N. 
 and .N.E. by the United States, from which it is partly .'sep.H- 
 rated by the Rio Grande del Norte. The general contour of 
 the country is very irregular. The distance between the two 
 opposite extremities, viz.. the point of junction with the 
 United State.«, on the Pacific coast, and Cape Catoche, in the 
 Caribbean Sea, is aliout 1925 miles!. The greatest length, 
 between the same point on the Pacific, and the most south- 
 eastern in the boundary on the .<ide of Guatemala, is about 
 1750 miles. The greatest breadth is between the most 
 eastern aiid western parts in the United States bound- 
 ary, where the distance from the Gulf shore to the Pa- 
 cific does not vary much from 1500 miles. The greatest 
 breadth measured on a parallel of latitude is about 960 miles. 
 Measured on the Tropic of Cancer, whith intersects Mexico 
 centrally, the distance across is 590 miles ; and further S., 
 at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, where the country is the 
 narrowest, the opposite shores approach each other to with- 
 in about 130 miles. In the above estimates of breadth, ex- 
 cept the last, is included thepeninsulaof California, extend- 
 ing into the Paiific about 700 miles, with a breadth varying 
 from 30 to 150 miles, and separated from the mainland by 
 the Gulf of California, about 100 miles wide. 
 
 Mnuxttiins. — Mexico is. for the most part, an enormous 
 ridge, raised by volcanic force, between two oceans, and rami- 
 fying in to several chains as the continent becomes wider. This 
 ridge, which forms a continuation of the Andes of South Ame- 
 rica, is. in the Isthmus of Panama, where its dimensions are 
 least, a mass of granite, varying from 150 to 900 feet in abso- 
 lute elevation. It leans W. to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, 
 sending off. in Guatemala, a branch N.E. through the penin- 
 sula of Yucatan. On entering ilexico, the ridge strikes 
 N.W.. and acquires a greater breadth, so that the state of 
 Oi»jaca may be sjiid to occupy the summit of a single ridg'e. 
 150 mib'S wide, fiilling rapidly on one side to the shores of 
 the Pacific Ocean, and descending, by a succession of ter- 
 races, on the other side, to Tabasco and Vera Cruz ; to this 
 succeeds the great Mexican table-land, beginning with the 
 elevated plains of Puebla. .Mexico. Queretaro. and Jlichoa- 
 can, which have an absolute height ol from 6000 to 8500 feet, 
 a cbnin of volcanic cones and snowy peaks rising, at wide 
 Jnterviiis, far above them. Between the ISih and 21st par- 
 allels, the Mexican chain runs .\. and S. Beyond the latter 
 limit it turns N.W.. and. under the name of Sierra Madre. or 
 Tepe Suenne. extends through the sf,ites of Queretaro and 
 Guanajuato, where unusually rich silver-mines abound. N. 
 Of Guanajufilo. It divides into three branches, of which the 
 middle one or central chain continues to the N.W. as far as 
 Ihe 30th (inrallel. beyond which it bends X. till, under the 
 name of Sierra Verdo. it joins the iiocky Mountains, in lat. 
 15° N. The E. branch extends through the state of Saa 
 U82 
 
 Luis Poto.si, gradually sinking till, in lat. 26°, it disappears 
 on the border of the plain watered by the Rio Grande del 
 Norte. The W. branch spreads over Guadalajara, declines 
 N. of the mines of Bolaiios, and, rising again in the stale.s 
 of Cinaloa and Sonora, forms, in the latter, the monntaius 
 of Pimeria Alta. which are celebrated for their gold-mines. 
 
 Starting from Tehuantepec. on the shore of the i'aciflc 
 Ocean, lat. 16° 20' N., we soon reach the plain of Oajaca, at 
 a height of 5500 feet, and thence a wheel carriage can roll 
 without difficulty to Stinta Fe, in Xew Mexico, (lat. 'M-^ 12' X.,) 
 a distance of above 1400 miles. Though some parts of thia 
 route might fall below the level of 2000 feet, and others nearly 
 reach an elevation of 8000 feet, yet the slopes are so gradual 
 as to offer no serious impediment to the construction of an 
 ci.sy road; this facility, however, pertains wholly to the in- 
 ternal communications ; the descent from the Mexican table- 
 lands to the sea. on both sides, is everywhere rugged and 
 abrupt, presenting such difficulties in the way of carrying 
 goods, as will probably always cut off the internal and most 
 productive provinces of Mexico from a fair participation in 
 the commerce of the globe. In going from the city of Mexico, 
 (7400 feet.) to .A.capuIco. on the South S6a, the road attains 
 a height of 8600 feet before the rapid descent commences ; 
 the great roads between the capital and Vera Cruz cross the 
 mountains at a height of 10.600 feet. 
 
 Suinmits. — The loftiest of the snowy summits .nnd Tol- 
 canic cones, scattered along the Mexican highland, lie 
 within the narrow zone comprised between Lit. 18^ 29' and 
 19° 12' N. They are all of volcanic origin, and, in several 
 of them, the subterranean fires still continue raging. As- 
 cending W. from the shore of the Mexican (Julf, a little S. 
 of Vera Cruz, we first meet. 12 miles from the sea, in lat. 
 18° 24' N., the still active volrano of Tuxtla. (5118 feet.) the 
 highest point of the Sierra de San Manin; further N.. (lat. 
 19° 2',) the peak of Orizaba or Citlaltepetl, (Star-mountain,) 
 17,380 feet, its fianks covered with rich woods; anterior to 
 the close of the 16th century it became extinct; a few 
 miles further N., (lat. 19° 28',) is the Cofre de Perote or Xau- 
 cainpatepetl. (rectangular or cubic mountain,) 13.416 feet. 
 S.W. of these, on the confines of Puebla, lat. 18° 35' X., is 
 the still active volcano of Popocatepetl, (Smokiug-mountain,) 
 17.720 feet; while. 35 miles further N., stands Iztilciihuatl, 
 (the White Lady,) 15.705 feet high. The latter appears to 
 have been extinguished at an early period, and, since the 
 17th centurj', Popiicatepetl has had no violent eruption, 
 though clouds of smoke and ashes are occasionally thrown 
 out from its enormous crater. About 50 miles AV. of the 
 White Lady, the Pico del Frayle, the highest point of the 
 Xevado de Toluca — another extinct volcano — attains thb 
 height of 15,250 feet. About 120 miles W. of this moun- 
 tain, stands Jorullo. which rose, on the night of September 
 28,1759. from the level plain to the height of 4149 feet. 
 Of all the summits here named, only three, Popficatepetl, 
 Citlaltepetl, and the Iztaccihuatl. ri.-se ^^bove the limit of 
 perpetual snow, which, between lat. 19° and 20° N., may be 
 assumed to be at an elevation of 15.000 feet, though varying 
 much with local circumstances. The Nevado de 'loluca 
 reaches that limit, but can hardly be said to rise above it. 
 
 (ieolDgy and Afnies. — In Oajaca. granite everywhere breaks 
 through the superincuml>ent rocks, and forms the highest 
 summits of the mountains. Gneiss, mica-slate, and syenite 
 extend down from the centr.il ridge to the sea on both sides. 
 In all these rocks are found auriferous veins. On the 1>jp- 
 ders of Guatemala, the prevalent rocks are porphyry, of 
 many varieties; clay-slate, and limestone, all unbroken by 
 granite. The fii-st of these contains veins of silver, lead, 
 and copper. In Puebla, all the primitive rocks are covered 
 by enormous masses of calcareous tuff. Further X., gra- 
 nite seems to form everywhere the foundation of the rocky 
 system: while the table-land is a superstructure of porphy- 
 ries, which contain, (where they do not incline to trachyte,) 
 those rich deposits of the precious metals for which Mexico 
 has long Ijeen so famous. Old sandstone, limestone, clay- 
 slate, syenite, serpentine, amygdaloid, dolerite, and basaltic 
 lavas, accompany the predominating rocks. The coal 
 formations are wanting, but deposits of roi'k-salt may pos- 
 sibly be found in Oajaca, where salt-springs Lsgue from gyp- 
 seous strata, near San Juan de los Cues. 
 
 Qiasts arid Hurliors. — The opposite shores of .Mexico differ 
 widely in physical conformation. The great current of the 
 Atlaiitic Ocean sweeps round the peninsula of Yucatan anl 
 through the Gulf of Mexico, causing a continual increase of 
 sandbanks, extension of the beach, and barring of the river 
 mouths. On the whole coast of the Gulf of Mexico, from 
 Cape Catoche, in Yucatan, to Texas, there is no bay of any 
 importance; no good harbor, easy of access, nor scarcely 
 any sheltered am borage. Between Yucatan and Tabasco, 
 lies Lake Terminos. (Laguna de Terminos.) 45 miles long 
 and 30 wide, connected with the sea by two channels, the 
 deepest having but two fathoms. Could this channel 
 be deepened, the kigoon might become a very important 
 harbor. Further W. on the coast of Tabasco, the Laguoa 
 de Santa Ana. though deep within. Is quite inacces.sible by 
 shipping, owing to the shoal and narrow passage lendin? to 
 it. Similar remarks apply to the lagoons o' Made, to, Tami- 
 
MEX 
 
 fihuA. aud Tampico; beyond the last-named place X., ex- 
 tends H Ions; succession of sandbanks, fronting the shore, 
 and eAliiliitin;^, in its earlier sta;;es, the process of forming 
 lauoons. Here, on the mast of Tauiiiulipas, we find the 
 Laguna de Morales- de ila/lre, de iNiutander, and a few 
 others, all ditiicult of approach, and rapidly tilling up with 
 sand. \V liwi we turn from the Gulf of Mexico to the Paci- 
 fic side, the scene changes. On the W. coasts of Jlexico, 
 from Acapuico, in lat. 10^ oCK N., the harbor of which is 
 nearly laudlocki'd, and sufficiently deep and caimciuus to 
 acconimodate a hundred ship.-i of the line, to Ouaynias, ex- 
 tends a series of fine harliors. capable of sheltering the 
 largest vesst-ls. In lat. il° 32' N., at the mouth of the Kio 
 Grande de (Santiago, is the noble harbor of t'an lila.". which, 
 iu Ub natural advantage", resembles that of Acapuico; 
 and in lat. 2o° 15' N.. is the harbor of Mazatlau, iu which 
 now centres the trade with China and the Kast Indies. This 
 port is difficult of access, and inferior in most respects to 
 tlie harlx)r of Uuaymas, in lat 27° 40' N. The K. shore of 
 the California peninsula offers many bays and small havens. 
 Its W. side, towards the o<-ean, is less indeuted. 
 
 Jiivers and Lahes. — Mexico is. in general, but sparingly 
 watered, and labors under the almost total want of naviga- 
 ble rivers reaching the interior. Within the tropic, the 
 country is narrow, and the streams, descending from tlie 
 elevated interior to the seas on both sides, assume the cha- 
 racter of rajiid torrents, dry at one season and overflowing at 
 another. The longest, and probably the greatest, in all re- 
 spects, of the Mexican rivers, is the Uio-tJrauile-del-Norte, 
 called also Hio-Bravo-del-Norte, which now marks a portion 
 of the boundary between Mexico and the United States. 
 The r.io de Tampico. formed by the junction of the I'anuco 
 with the Tula or Monte/.uma. Hows N.IO. to theGulf of .Alexi- 
 00, clo.-ie to Tampico of Tamaulipa.s, t.iking the name of this 
 city ; total course, about 200 miles. Small vessels may ascend 
 the i'anuco -40 miles. The ,San .luan rises in the metallifer- 
 ous mountains of Oajaca, Hows S. and K., forms the great 
 lagoons of Teiiuiapa and Kmbarciidcro, and at length reaches 
 the sea through the Laguua del Madero; it is navigable, 
 for ships of moderate burden, 24 miles above its mouth. 
 The l!io de lluasacualco issues from the mountains of Tarifa, 
 lat. 17^ N.. Hows W. between the stiites of Oiijaca, Takusco, 
 and Vera Cruz ; then winding round to the N. and K.. fulls 
 Into the gulf, in lat. 18° 8' 27'' N. This river has attracted 
 much attention, because it has been supposed that the com- 
 munication between the two seas, (the Mexican Gulf and 
 the I'acific Ocean.) might lie effected by joining the lluasa- 
 cualco and the Chicapa or Chimalapa. which latter ri.si's about 
 14 miles from the souries of the former, and fjUls into the 
 Gulf of Tehuanti'pec. (.See TeiiuaNTKI'KC.) The rivers liowing 
 into the Pacific Ocean are. towards the S.. all rapM. and 
 Important only as they water coa.sts more or less jMppulous. 
 The Kio Balsas or Zacatula descends from the state of .Mexico, 
 and, after collecting several large streams, reaches the ocean 
 with a broa<l and deep channel, navigable for boats a good 
 way up, and forms at its mouth the little harbor of Zacatula. 
 The first great river which we meet with going X.. on this 
 side, is the Kio Grande de Santiago or Kio Tolotlan, dis- 
 charging the waters of Lake Chapala, the second in magni- 
 tude of the Mexican rivers. It is formed by the junction 
 of the Laja and Lerma, near Salamanca, iu Guanajuato, 
 and after a very winding course of 000 or 700 miles, enters 
 the I'acific near San Was, (lat. 21° 32' N.,) by several mouths. 
 This river has many rapids, and is, in the rainy season, an 
 Impetuous torrent; but during the dry is fordable 24 miles 
 from the sea. The river Gila, forming part of the bound- 
 ary between Mexico and the United States, is 3 miles wide 
 at its junction with the Colorado, and naTigable for large 
 vessels. Jlexico has numerous other rivers entering Ijoth 
 the E. and \V. coasts, but few of them, however, are of any 
 commercial importance. 
 
 The lakes and lagoons of 5Iexico are very numerous, but 
 comparatively unimportant. The largest of them is Lake 
 Chapala. in Jalisco, covering an area of 1500 square miles. 
 The states in which lakes chieflj' occur are Chihuahua, San 
 Luis I'otosi. Jlexico, and Michoacan. 
 
 CUiiiale. — Mexico has a configuration of surface, which is 
 eminently calculated to exhibit great diversities of climate 
 within a narrow compass. It is known that an absolute 
 elevation of 3000 feet produces on the climate an effect equal 
 to that resulting from an increase of 10° of latitude. How 
 various, therefore, must he the climate of a country, the 
 extensive and cultivated plains of which ri.se frequently far 
 above that elevation. The principal high plains, in the vici- 
 nity of the city of Mexico, are the valleys of Tolfica, 8600 feet; 
 of Tenuchtitlan, 7400 feet ; of Actopan, 6450 feet ; and the val- 
 ley of Istla, 3200 feet above sea-level. Thus we find at once, 
 clo.se by the capital, dilTerences of climate arising from ele- 
 vation, which, at a common level, could have been produced 
 only by an intervening meridional aistance of 1200 miles. 
 The valley of Istla produces the sugar-cane; Actopan yields 
 cotton; Tenochtitlau is rich in wheat and other Kuropi-an 
 grains; Toliica iu the Agave, from which is made the popu- 
 lar beverage of the country ; the four different climates 
 being thus distinctly and conspicuously marked. Hence it 
 
 MEX 
 
 is, that Mexico, being, to a great extent, a tahle-Iani?, three- 
 fifths of its area lying within the tropic, has not a tropical, 
 but a temperate climate. The mean temperature of the 
 Mexican coasts, between the 15th and 20th parallels, is 76" 
 Fahrenheit, while the elevated plains, within the .same limit*, 
 have but 64°. The Mexicans divide their lountry. with re- 
 spect to climate, into Tierras Calientes, (hot lands,) which 
 rarely exceed 900 feet in elevation; Tierras Templadas, 
 (tempei-ate,) ranging between 4000 and 5000 feet; and Tier- 
 ras Frias, (.cold,) above 7000 feet. The coasts, particularly 
 those of the gulf, are insufferably hot, humid, and dread- 
 fully unhealthy. On the l'a<ific the climate is hardly less 
 noxious, llere the rank vegetation reaches down to the 
 sea-siUe; and, in the shallow water, mangroves and moUuscM 
 decompose and spread pestilence. The phiins of the inte- 
 rior, from 3500 to 4500 feet high, where the evergreen oak 
 predominates, enjoy a delicious climate, perfectly healthy, 
 and, at the same time, favorable to luxuriant vegetation. 
 Higher up, the air, more rarified, is al.so drier, and trees of 
 vigorous growth dis.ippear with unexpected rapidity. 
 Hence a large proportion of the elevated plains of Mexico 
 present a most dreary and inhospilahle aspect — dry, barren, 
 and desolate. The rains begin, on the E. coast, about the 
 first week in May, and. advancing with the trade-wind, reach 
 the capital about three weeks later; they cease iu October, 
 when the dry season commences. The quantity of rain 
 that falls annually iu Vera Cruz, is, on an average of nine 
 years, (1822-1830,) 185 inches ; but it is extremely irregu- 
 lar, and was, in 1826, only 64 inches. Karthquakes are of 
 frequent occurrence, particularly in Oajaca, along the S. 
 coast, and near the capital ; but they are generally slight, 
 and do little damage. The uKist remarkable volcanic jihe- 
 nomeuia recorded in Mexico in modern times, are the rise 
 of Jorullo, in 1759, and the eruptions of Tuxfla. (the high- 
 est pfiint of the mountains of San JIartin, S. of Vera Cruz,) 
 which commenced in March 1793. and continued for three 
 years. The S.W. shores of Mexiai are visited at times by 
 hurricanes of indescribable fury. 
 
 Zml'tyy. — The wild animals of Jlexico are extremely nu- 
 merous. The bison, or American buffalo, [lins Jlimassus,) 
 in Jlexico called also Cil>olo, comes in midwinter, in im- 
 mense herds, from the forests of the north-west. The grisly 
 bear, the most formidable of its kind, inhabits the moun- 
 tains in the north provinces. In solitary thickets, near 
 lakes and rjvers. lives the tapir, (called also by the Spa- 
 niards AiiUi or Dunta,) which is the largest indigenous 
 quadruped after the lx)nas.sus. Among the feline animals 
 are the jaguar, the cougar or puma, the ocelot, jaguariiiidi, 
 and tiger-cat. The tagnicati and javnl!_ are singular species 
 of wild swine, the latter a deadly enemy of the jaguar. The 
 Jlexican forests swarm with porcupines, anteaters. gluttons, 
 sloths, weasels, and polecats, in great variety ; armadillos, 
 cavies. and monkeys. Among tlie swimmers we find the 
 manati or .«ea-cow. (chiefly in the l.igoons of the E. ciKist.) 
 the llesh of whidi is thought a delicjicy. The W. coasts are 
 frequented by whales and seals of the most valuable kinds. 
 The feathered trilies of Jlexico are countless; one, the ca- 
 landra, is said to have the song of the nightingale. In the 
 rivers we find the Jlexican crocodile, (C lihnmldfir.') besides 
 some alligators, as the cayman, (C. puliief^rosi/s.) JVe must 
 hasten by the lizards and the reptiles al.so, simply mention- 
 ing the rattle-snake and two species of Iwa., A species of 
 niurex. yielding a fine purple dye, is found on both coasts, 
 but chietly on the AV. Tlie pearl fishery, once so profitable 
 on the coast of Old California, seems now incapable of 
 revival. 
 
 Domesticated Animalt. — The ancient Jlexicans never at- 
 tempted to subject to economical purposes the wild animals 
 around them. They knew nothing of the llama ; and from 
 the bison, the wild sheep and goat, they derived little or no 
 advantage. The savage Camanches have always employed 
 large dogs to carry their tents and draw their baggage, while 
 the Jlexicans kept only the small dumb dog, (Techichi.) 
 which they fattened for the table. But at the present day, 
 Jlexico is abundantly sto<'ked with domesticated animals, 
 introduced by the Spaniards. Horned cattle and horses 
 have indeed grown wild in many parts, and now occupy, in 
 immense herds and droves, the great plains of the interior. 
 The chief cattle farms are in the inner states — Jalisco. Du- 
 rango. Chihuahua. Ac, where herds of 30,000 or 40.000 are 
 not uncommon. The grazier derives all his gains from the 
 flesh, fat, and hides of his cattle. The milk and butter, 
 (the latter rarely miule, and of inferior quality.) are here 
 of little value. The sheep farms are mostly in the X. parts 
 of Jlexico, and though often on a great scale, are in their 
 husbandry very primitive and rude ; the wool is coarse, and 
 little care is bestowed on the sheep. Horses are very nu- 
 merous iu Jlexico. and the N. fi-ontiers are frefjuented by 
 immense droves, in a perfectly wild state. Mules are also 
 numerous ; 100.000 of them are said to be constantly em- 
 ployed by carriers and in the mines. 
 
 Vegetation. — Jlexico possesses a variety and abundance of 
 vegetable productions, known to hanlly any other portion 
 of the earth. The forests near the coasts display the grand- 
 est forms of tropical vegetation. There may be seen the 
 
 1183 
 
MEX 
 
 gigantic mahogany, the Brazil-wood, the Campeachy-wood, 
 Amencjm eboiiy, yellow and iron wood, intermingled with 
 the elpgant ;riaut-feru? and palms without number. Then, 
 as we a:<ceud. we meet with magnificent majrnolias. caroli- 
 neas, plumierias, and oleanders. Varieties of hybiscus. 
 begonia, lobelia, bauhinia, &c., cover wide tracts. At the 
 absolute height of 3000 feet, the Mexican oaks begin to pre- 
 dominate in the woods, associated with euphorbias and 
 acicias. The oak disappears generally at the height of 
 10.000 feet, while the pine species extend t«twecn the eleva- 
 tions of eOOO feet and 12.500 feet. Within these limits, also, 
 grow the various species of agave, the arbutus, dahlia, and 
 geranium. Plants of the cactus family are widely ditfused. 
 groups of th.^m occurring on sandy tracts near the sea-side, 
 while thev frequently grow at an elevatirm of 10,000 feet; 
 but their fevorite region lies between the limits of 3000 feet 
 and 5500 feet above the sea. The best cultivated districts of 
 Mexico are those which are situated near some of the richest 
 mines in the plains, extending from Zelaya and Salamanca, 
 to Silao, Guanajuato, and ^'illa de Leon. In the wildest and 
 dreariest spots of the Cordilleras, the opening of mines has 
 never failed to call tillage into existence. On many parts 
 of the table-land, agriculture is much checked by the scar- 
 city of water, to remedy which, reservoirs and canals of 
 irri'iation have been constructed at great expense. Of the 
 articles of food cultivated by the Mexicans, the most im- 
 portant is maize, the return of which varies from 50 to 130 
 fold. The districts most distinguished by the culture of 
 this grain, are the S. and JB. parts of the state of Mexico, 
 the states of Puebla, Queretaro, and Oajaca. and the neigh- 
 borhood of Aguas Calientes, in Zacatecas. Wheat and bar- 
 ley are cultivated most successfully at an elevation of WOO 
 feet. The former yields from 20 to 60 fold. The pi-oduc- 
 tions above mentioned belong to the table-land of Mexico; 
 the inhabitants of the Tierras Calientas, and the sea-coasts, 
 look for their chief and ordinary food to the banana or 
 pisang, (Musa J\n-adisiaca.) called by the Spaniards I'h'itano, 
 and which is to them what the maize is to the people of the 
 highland. To the same region belongs the manioc, called 
 also yuca, producing cassava or mandioc flour, and tapioca. 
 Another important object of cultivation, which occupies 
 exten.-ive tracts on the table-land of Mexico, is Spanish 
 pepper, {capsicum, in Aztec, diili.) which is consumed by 
 the inhabitants in enormous quantities. Among the culti- 
 vated plants of Mexico there is none more important or cha- 
 racteristic than the maguey, {Agave Americana,) from the 
 sap of which is prepared the favorite drink of all classes, 
 the pulque of the Spaniards, the octli of the Aztecs. The 
 filaments of the thick, fleshy leaves, serve for the same pur- 
 poses as hemp, while their outer cuticle is the material 
 formerly used as paper by the Aztecs. It seems doubtful 
 whether the vine is to be considered as a native Mexican 
 plant, but at all events, it is now found wild In all the 
 woods. Wines little inferior to those of Jeres, {sherry.) and 
 Val de Peiias. are now made at i'arras and Tehuaciln ; but 
 this branch of culture and industry is still only in its in- 
 fancy. The Spanish government always protected the mo- 
 no]X)ly of wiue-growers, by prohibiting the culture of the 
 vine in its American possessions, and an order to extirpate 
 the vineyards in Mexico was issued in 1S02. The olive, too. 
 was another useful plant, the culture of which was forbid- 
 den by the tyrannical monopoly of Spain ; since the revolu- 
 tion it has receiveil considerable attention. The oil made 
 is equal to the best imported from France and Italy, and 
 already nearly suffices for the home consumption. 
 
 Sugar was exported from Mexico in large quantities 
 nnder the Spanish government; at the pi-esent day. the 
 amount of it produced hardiy suffices for home consumption. 
 Still a very great extent of Mexican territory is adapted to 
 the growth of the sugar-cane ; and. from the genial charac- 
 ter of the soil, a plantation in Vera Cruz yields nearly twice 
 as much as one in Cuba. The consumption of coSee by the 
 Mexicans them.selves is small, and the exportation not great, 
 hut is rapidly increa.sing. Though it was from Mexico that 
 Kurope tirst learned the xise of chocolate, (chocolatl, the 
 Aztec name of the cocoa-nut,) yet the culture of the cocoa 
 tree has there declined to such a degree, that an importa- 
 tion from Caracas and Guatemala is required at present to 
 Batisfy the internal demand. A'anilla, (properly Yaynilla, 
 a small pod or husk.) which also enters into the composi- 
 tion of chocolate, is another Mexican product. Tobacco, 
 from being the object of a government monopoly till 1833, 
 is high in price and inferior in quality. All the inhabitants. 
 male and female, smoke, and the consumption of it in the 
 country is enormous. Cotton was cultivated extensively 
 in Mexico, before the arrival of the Spani.arls. and may 
 again be expected to become an important article of culture 
 in a country where the cotton plant is not an annual, as in 
 the United States,^ but continues protluctive for several 
 years. The cochineal insect, so valuable for its dye. seems 
 to be peculiar to Mexico. In ancient times this branch of 
 indiistry was prosecuted with much more zeal than at the 
 present day, the heavy imposts laid on it bv the Spaniards 
 having disgusted the Indians, by whom alone its constiint 
 bnt easy lalxirg are carried on. Mexico has several worms 
 1184 
 
 MEX 
 
 which produce a kind of silk ; but soon after the conquest, 
 the true silkworm was introduced by the Spaniards, and 
 large plantations were made of the whit<> or Chinese mul- 
 berry. The silk trade had grown to considerable import- 
 ance in the 18th century, when the Indians, irritated by 
 the exastions to which it exposed them, conspired to extir- 
 pate it, and destroyed at once, to a great extent, the mul- 
 berry trees. Since the revolution, pains have been taken, 
 particularlj- in Oajaca, to restore this branch of industry. 
 
 Mining and Coinage. — Some of the Mexican mines, once 
 celel)rated, as those of La Puebla, are now quite exhaust- 
 ed ; others, as Bolaiios, hardly repay the cost of working 
 them. The chief mining districts of the present day 
 are, in the order of their importance, as follows : Gua- 
 najuato. San Luis Potosi. Zacatecas. Burango. Chihua- 
 hua, Sombrerete, (in Zacatecas.) Tasco, (Jlexico,) Oajaca, 
 Keai del Monte, (Mexico,) and Hostotipaquillo, (Jali.sco.) 
 According to authentic records, the produce of the Jlexican 
 mines, (gold and silver,) coined from 1690 to 1803, ex- 
 ceeded $1.33-1.800,000. In 1804 and 1805, the annual pro- 
 duce of the mines exceeded $24,200.000 ; but the distress 
 of the mother country began, at this period, to press on 
 the colony, and the activity of the mines abated. Then 
 came the civil wars of the revolution; the proprietors of 
 the mines, mostly old Spaniards, were obliged to cjuit the 
 country ; the mines, abandoned, soon went to ruiu — some 
 falling in. others filling with water ; while the capital which 
 might have restored them was spent in civil war. On the 
 restoration of order, in 1825, the Mexican government held 
 out inducements to foreign capitalists to reopen the mires, 
 and several companies were accordingly formed for that 
 purpose. 
 
 The silver coined In Mexico, from 1535 to 1845, inclu- 
 sive, amounted to $2,465,275,954 
 
 The gold coined in Mexico from 1535 to 1845, inclusive, 
 
 amounted to 126,989,021 
 
 Copper, from 1811 to 1844, inclusive 5,566,878 
 
 General coinage from 1845 to 1849, Inclusive .... 70,000,D00 
 
 Total coinage in 314 Tears $2,667,828,85) 
 
 Or nearly $8,otX),000 annually. 
 
 According to an official report, of February, 1S50, the coin- 
 age for the year at all the mints in Mexico, exclusive of 
 Ilermossillo, amounted to $1,351,416 in gold, and $27,003,989 
 in silver; total, $28,355,405. The increase in the produce 
 of the Jlexican mines for several years past, has been about 
 $5,000,000 annually. About the year 1850, a new impetus 
 was given to mining operations, by the discovery, in the 
 state of Sonora, near Pitic, of quicksilver mines, so rich as 
 to be named New Almaden, after the famous quicksilver 
 mines of Almaden. in Spain. But, since the period referred 
 to, the emigration of miners to California has seriously in- 
 terfered with mining industry. 
 
 Manufactures. — The chief manufactures are sugar and 
 rum, aloes, wine, and brandy, earthen, and stone ware, 
 glass, paper, and the thread and tissues of cotton, wool, 
 and silk. Stigar and rum are made in numerous ilistricts, 
 but more especially in the states of Vera Cruz, TaJiasco, 
 Yucatan, Mexico, Guerrero, Michoacan. and Guadal.ijara; 
 the preparation of olive oil employs about 50 mills in the 
 capital, in addition to those in Tncub.aya. Toluca, Guana- 
 juato, and Puebla; wine and brandy are produced in con- 
 siderable quantity, only in Guanajuato, Cohahuila, Lower 
 California. Sonora, and Chihuahua, more especially in the 
 last; the largest and best potteries are in .Mexico, Guana- 
 juato, and Guadalajara; four glass works exi.st in the city, 
 and others in the state of Mexico, and in that of Puebla; 
 paper, both of coarser quality, and also not inferior to the 
 writing paper of other countries, employs a number of mills 
 in the states of Mexico. Puebla, and Jalisco; but owing to 
 the scarcity of linen rags, it is usually made of cotton, or the 
 fibrous part of the aloe ; the spinning and weaving of cot- 
 ton, in addition to the numerous hand-looms throughout 
 the countrv, employs in the Federal District, and the states 
 of Cohahuila, Duraiigo, Jalisco, Mexico, Puebla. Queretaro, 
 and Vera Cruz, 62 factories, driven by machinery; the 
 principal seats of the woollen manufacture are in the Fede- 
 ral District, the states of Mexico, Queretaro, Zacatecas, and 
 the territorv of Tlaxcala. Silk, spun chiefly by the hand, 
 but partly also by a machine driven by horses, employ! 
 numerous" persons in the states of Puebla and Guatialajara, 
 but more especiallv in the capital, where the quantity an- 
 nu.ally spun exceeds 40.000 lbs.; the only silk goods woven 
 within the Confederation arp ribbons, and mantles, called 
 rebftzos, which in Mexico, are considered an essential part 
 of female dress. The only other manufactures deserving 
 of notice, are gold and silver lace, oil-cloth, and stearine 
 candles, for the making of which, a company, with exclu- 
 sive privileges, has recently been established. In 1S17. the 
 value of nianufuctured goods was $66,441,869. The value 
 of Mexican manufactures, in 1853, is estimated at from 
 $90,000,000 to $100,000,000. 
 
 Commerct: Herenue. Ac— The foreign trade of Mexico i» 
 chiefly confined to the importation of linens, woollens, cot- 
 tons, silks, wines, brandies, ornamental wares, glass and 
 iron wares, millinery, paper, quicksilver, oil, wax, and 
 
MEX 
 
 MEX 
 
 salted and dried fish. The latter commodity is prinripally 
 furnished by the United States, Init all the finer fal>rics of 
 linen, eotton. silk, and wool come from Europe. Five-eifrhths 
 of the linen manufatturw come from Germany, while three- 
 ei'.'hths are fnmi Irish, Dutch, French, and American looms. 
 Cotton (,'oods are imported largely from Enjrland and France. 
 The importation of the best qualities of silks is from France 
 and Germany, and reaches nearly a million and a half, three- 
 fourths of which is from France. Woollens are divided be- 
 tween France, Ensland, and Germany, while ornamental 
 wares, millinery, Ac, come almost exclusively from France. 
 The following Table exhibits the trade of Mexico with the 
 United States .^t several diiferent periods, commencing with 
 1829. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports, 
 
 isu-a 
 
 $2,3.31,151 
 
 $5,026,761 
 
 IRiiS 
 
 9,029,y21 
 
 9.490.446 
 
 lS.i9 
 
 2,164,097 
 
 3,500,707 
 
 1843 
 
 1.471,9.17 
 
 2,782,406 
 
 1816 {War with the 
 
 1,531.180 
 
 1,8.16,621 
 
 18471 United States. 
 
 238.001 
 
 481,789 
 
 1848 
 
 4,054,452 
 
 1,581,247 
 
 1850 
 
 2,012,827 
 
 2,133,366 
 
 1851 
 
 1,581,783 
 
 1,801,779 
 
 1832 
 
 2,281,929 
 
 1,619,208 
 
 The trade of >rexlco with the United States, for the year 
 ending .Tune 30, 1853, comprised $3,558,82-4 imports, and 
 $2.ir>7,9S5 exports. 
 
 The manufactured fabrics are chiefly from Great Britain, 
 which furni.shcd to .Mexico in 1S51, 9,108,170 yards of plain 
 calicoes, and 12.726,212 yards of printed calico, 310,224 yards 
 of twist, silk fabrics to the v.aluo cf $48,360, linens $518,276, 
 and woollens amounting to $404,024. 
 
 The foreign commerce of Mexico for 1852 employed 837 
 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 256,092 tons. Of the 
 vessels 08 belonged to Mexico, 435 to the United States, 108 
 to England, 09 to Fr.ince, 00 to Spain, 13 to Hamburg, 24 
 to Peru, 5 to Belgium, 1 to Portugal, 1 to Nicaragua, 1 to 
 Sweden, 1 to Hanover, 8 to Bremen, and 1 to Venezuela. 
 Of the classes of vessels, 219 were steamers, 55 frigates, 
 (ves.sels of war.) 114 barks, 165 brigs, 03 hermaphrodite brigs, 
 155 schooners, and 68 pilot-boats. During the year 43,816 
 passengers arrived from sea, and 40,153 left at the various 
 oorts of tlie confederation. From the above it will be per- 
 ceived that full half of the foreign commerce of Mexico is 
 carried on with the United States. 
 
 According to ofiicial reports, the general expenses of the 
 Mexican government are as follows : — 
 
 Estimate for the War Department $5,753.6,55 
 
 Estimate for the Department of Foreign Relation! 870.000 
 
 Estimate for the Department of .Justice .... 127,000 
 
 EstimaKi for thp Department of Finance . . . 1,689,151 
 
 Interest on tlie English debt, 851,208,250 at 3 per ) 1536247 
 
 cent., according to the new arrangement ) *' ' 
 
 Interest on the domestic or interior ? o .,«;a nnn 
 
 debt, $73,000,000 at 3 per cent. J *,-=","<« 
 
 Total . . $12,525,958 
 
 The revenue is estimated as follows : — 
 
 rmportation duties $1,000,000 
 
 Exportation duties '. 130.000 
 
 Tonnage duties 60.000 
 
 One per cent, on increase of Importation . . . 140, mx) 
 
 Two per cent, on Averia 210.000 
 
 Internationa! duties 500,000 
 
 Introduction of money Into the ports 300,000 
 
 Contingent paid by the states • . . ." 1,011.000 
 
 Tobacco revenue belonging to the government . 600.000 
 
 Playing cards 20.000 
 
 Post-office rova»iue 90,000 
 
 Direct contributions of the district* and territories 150.000 
 
 Tax on the rent of property 50,000 
 
 Mints 100,000 
 
 National lotteries 60.000 
 
 Sealed paper 130.000 
 
 Pawnbrokers' shops 30,000 
 
 Duties on the assays of silver, tolls, letters of y 
 
 security, patents for navigation, passports, > • 229,000 
 
 and smaller imposts ** j 
 
 Total revenue $8 450.000 
 
 Expenditures 12,525,936 
 
 DeBcit $1,075,956 
 
 Inhabitants. Haces, LanrjiMrja, &c. — The population of 
 Mexico is composed, as in the other Spani.-ih-American 
 states, of three distinct races — the aboriginal Indians or 
 red men. as they are called; the Europeans or white men; 
 and the Africans or Negro race, introduced as slaves by the 
 Suropeans. Those, by intermixture, give ri.se to other de- 
 nominations: so that all may be cla.=sed, with reference to 
 caste and color, .is follows: — 1. White men, who, if born in 
 Spain, were called Chapetones, or rather Gacbupines (Gat- 
 •■opin means, in Aztec, a man on horseback, or rather a 
 centaur — half-man, half-horse) ; and if natives of America, 
 of unmixed European blood, are styled Creoles (criolios). 
 3Z 
 
 2. Mestizos, the progeny of a white father, and a red or 
 Indian mother. 3. Mulattos, fi-om the union of the'whita 
 and Negro races. 4. The Indians or red race, of'various 
 distinct tribes. 5. Zamhos. resulting from the mixture of 
 the Indian and Negro races; and, 0. The African Negro; 
 the unmixed offspring of this rtce, born in America, are 
 called Chinos. It is difficult, at the present day. to defino 
 the exact limits of either the white or the red race, accord- 
 ing to purity of blootl ; but it is quite certain that the 
 latter constitute the great majority of the Mexican popula- 
 tion. It is probable that four-sevenths of the nation are 
 Indians, and two-sevenths of mixed origin; the remaining 
 one-.seventli being Creoles and Negroes or Chinos, who, are, 
 together, but a handful. It has been said that five-and- 
 thirty distinct languages are spoken, by the Indian tribes, 
 within the limits of Mexico: the most widely-spread i.s the 
 Aztec, which includes the dialet^ts spoken by the Toltecs, 
 Cliichimekis, &c. 
 
 Antifjuilie^. — It is well ascertained that powerful, and. for 
 the most part, kindred tribes, descended on Mexico, from 
 the N., from the seventh to tlie twelftli centuries; the Tol- 
 tecs arriving at the former, and the Aztecs at the latter 
 period. It is certain that these nations had uttiiined to a 
 higli degree of civilization; they were gtHuI smiths, good 
 masons, had made some advatice in the arts of design; tliey 
 raised great edifices, constructed vast works, piilaces, pyra- 
 mids, roads, aqueducts, bridges, Ac; tliey liad u more accu- 
 rate calendar, and one better adjusted by intercalation, than 
 the Egyptians, (ireeks, and Romans: and, finally, they liad 
 a system of idcturtvwriting, by means of wliich they re- 
 corded many facts, and which, if it liad not been rudidy and 
 utterly demolished, would have probaldy led tiiem on rai)idly 
 in the career of improvement. M(mument8 remain attest- 
 ing their boldness of design and progress in the artii of con- 
 striictiim. There are extensive remains of tlie city of Te- 
 ncx'htitlan, near the modern Mexico, with its dikes, aque- 
 ducts, and fragments of a bridge. Oaj<%ca is rich in an- 
 cient remains, among wliicli the chief are tlie palace and 
 pyramid of tlio Zjipotekiis at Mitla. Another pynimid, or 
 teocalli, is to be seen near Cholula, in I'uobla. Near Vilia- 
 nuova, ill Zacatecas, are tiie remarkaldo ruins known as 
 Los Eilificios. In Vera Cruz are the jiyi-umids of Papantia, 
 built of colossal ma-sses of porphyry. The extensive ruins 
 of Palenque, in Chiapes, are well known; but they liavo 
 been eclipsed l>y those of Itzalana, in Yucatan, more re- 
 cently dlscovere<l. 
 
 The divisions, population, Ac, of the Mexican Empire 
 (1865), are extUbited in the subjoined table : 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Acapuico 
 
 Aruascalieotes. 
 
 Alamos 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Autlan 
 
 Batopilas 
 
 California 
 
 Canipeachy ... 
 
 Chiapas 
 
 Chihuahua.... 
 
 Coahuila 
 
 CoalcoDMU.... 
 
 Colinia 
 
 n|Ta',go 
 
 Ejullan 
 
 Frrsnillo 
 
 Guanajuato ... 
 
 Guerrero 
 
 Huijuquilla... 
 
 Iturbtde 
 
 Jalfsco 
 
 La Laguna.... 
 
 Mapimi 
 
 Matamoras.... 
 
 Matehuala 
 
 Mazallan 
 
 Michoacan.... 
 
 Nayarit 
 
 Nazas 
 
 Nuevo Leon.. 
 
 Oajaca 
 
 Potosi 
 
 Puebla 
 
 Queretaro 
 
 !>iDaloa 
 
 Sonora 
 
 Tamaulipaa ... 
 
 Tancitaro 
 
 Tehuantepec. 
 Teposcolula... 
 
 TIazcala 
 
 Tobasco 
 
 Toluca 
 
 Tula 
 
 Tulancingo... 
 
 Tuxpau 
 
 Valle de Mexic 
 Vera Cruz.... 
 
 Tucalarc 
 
 Zacatecas 
 
 Total 
 
 Area 
 n sq. ni. 
 
 12,400 
 11.050 
 16.606 
 30,."f25 
 8,722 
 18.515 
 62,731 
 18,.'><M 
 11,696 
 S3,:t81 
 21,975 
 6,206 
 7,069 
 21,213 
 7,231 
 ll<:68 
 9,075 
 10.125 
 27,993 
 5,206 
 7,826 
 10,531 
 26,300 
 18,717 
 13,116 
 13,125 
 10,937 
 10,737 
 19.316 
 11,868 
 11,193 
 11,135 
 7,131 
 5,915 
 28,000 
 26,212 
 12,306 
 7.462 
 12,194 
 8,450 
 6,137 
 11,906 
 6,844 
 3,8-.6 
 6.137 
 8,331 
 2.562 
 13,2)3 
 30,639 
 11,156 
 
 712,830 
 
 Pop. 
 
 97,949 
 1.13,151 
 11,011 
 25.603 
 82,671 
 71,481 
 12,110 
 126.:i68 
 157.318 
 65,825 
 63,178 
 96,450 
 136,733 
 10:1.608 
 9:1,675 
 82,860 
 601,8)0 
 131,8:16 
 16.092 
 157,619 
 219,987 
 17,000 
 6,777 
 10,0:11 
 32,127 
 94,387 
 1.7,378 
 78,603 
 16.195 
 152,615 
 235.815 
 308,116 
 167,788 
 273,515 
 82.185 
 80.129 
 71,480 
 179,103 
 85,275 
 160.720 
 339.571 
 99,9.10 
 311,053 
 178.173 
 266,678 
 97.940 
 181,796 
 265,150 
 263,547 
 192.823 
 
 8,218,080 
 
 Capitals 
 
 AKuaicalienles. 
 
 Alamos. 
 
 Altar. 
 
 Autlan. 
 
 Hidalgo. 
 
 La Paz. 
 
 Canipeachy. 
 
 San Christobal. 
 
 Chihuahua. 
 
 Sallillo. 
 
 Coalcoman. 
 
 Cotima. 
 
 Durango. 
 
 Ejutl.a. 
 
 Fresnillo. 
 
 Guanajuato. 
 
 Chilpanciugo. 
 
 Jimenez. 
 
 Tasco. 
 
 Guadalajara. 
 
 El Carmen. 
 
 Santa Fe de Rosas. 
 
 Matamoras. 
 
 Matehuala. 
 
 Mazallan. 
 
 Morel la. 
 
 Acaponita. 
 
 Indefe(?). 
 
 Monterey. 
 
 Oajaca. 
 
 San Luis. 
 
 Puebla. 
 
 Queretaro. 
 
 .Sinaloa. 
 
 Ures. 
 
 Ciudad Victoria. 
 
 Tancitaro. 
 
 Siichil. 
 
 Trposcolula. 
 
 TIaicala. 
 
 San Juan Baptiita. 
 
 Toluca. 
 
 Tula. 
 
 Tulancingo, 
 
 Tuxpan. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Vera Crux. 
 
 Merida. 
 
 Zacatecas. 
 
 1185 
 
MEX 
 
 Gmxi>'mn nr 2nd flw-<ory.— The government of Mexico, 
 being Slill i 1 a state of transition, Qiay be sutflciently de- 
 Bcribed in an account of tlie events connected witli tlie 
 reyolution. Mexico was discovered in 1517. by Francisco 
 Hernandez Cordova, wlio sailed alon^; the coast from Cape 
 Catoche to Campeachy Bay. In 1519 Hernando Cortez 
 landed where Vera Cruz now stands, and founded a town 
 called Villarioa some miles farther north. With his little 
 band h(! soon ascended the table-land, the numerous in- 
 habitants of which (the Aztecs) he found united under a 
 powerful sovereign calle<l Montezuma. Within the limits 
 of this empire were seve^.^l small republics, of which that of 
 Tlaxcala united with Cortez. The empire of the Aztecs 
 did not extend over all the table-lands; the table-land of 
 Michoacan constituted a separate and independent king- 
 dom. After two years of incessant warfare, Cortez suc- 
 tcoded in overturning the empire of the Aztecs, and the 
 smaller states were subjected to the Spaniards almost with- 
 out a struggle. Cortez having firmly established his au- 
 thority in tlie country, a considerable number of persons 
 emigrated annually from Spain to Mexico, and there ac- 
 quired great wealth as adventurers in mining, as mer- 
 chants, and as ofHcers of government. The country con- 
 tinued in this state for nearly three centuries; and when 
 Napoleon overthrew the Spanish throne, Mexico remained 
 firm in her allegiance; but when he was defeated, and the 
 restored Spanish monarch promised his European subjects 
 a constitution, discontent arose in the colonies. The first 
 revolutionary movement took place in 1810, and was chiefly 
 fomented by the clergy. In 1820, the viceroy, Apodaca, 
 received orders to proclaim the constitution of 1812; being 
 himself averse to the measure, he sent Colonel Iturbide, 
 apparently on an expedition against the rebel Guerrero, 
 but really to sound the wishes of the people. Iturbide, 
 however, joined Guerrero, and raised tlie standard of re- 
 volt. Apodaca was deposetl, and the views of the insur- 
 gents were proclaimed; namely, that >Iexico should form 
 a constitutional monarchy, independent of Spain. The 
 crown was offered to a Spanish prince, but the proposal 
 being rejected by the Spanish Cort«s, the Mexican Cortes 
 proceeded to carry out their scheme of national indepen- 
 dence; and, in May, 1822, elected their general and pre- 
 sident, Don .\ugXLstin Iturbide, Kmperor of Mexico, by the 
 title of Augustin I. The new monarch, however, soon 
 showed his distaste for constitutional government, and con- 
 sequently, before the close of the year, the country bristled 
 with arms, the chief ofBcers. Santa Anna among the num- 
 ber, revolting, and demanding the re-opening of the Cortes. 
 Iturbide yielded, abdicated, and left the country in April, 
 1823, but returning the next year was taken, and shot at Pa- 
 dilla. The experiment of a mcmarchy havingfailed. the p!an 
 ■was now tried of a federal republic, copied, in many parti- 
 culars, from that of the United States; the main principles 
 of its constitution being : — the Independence of Mexico, the 
 maintenance of the Roman Catholic religion, the abolition 
 of all distinctions of caste, and the division of the powers 
 of government into three branches — the legislative, execu- 
 tive, and judicial. This scheme, though it encountered 
 much opposition, was ultimately adopted in February, 1824. 
 The first president was General Guadalupe YictoriiU The 
 federal states were 19, with five territories. This constitu- 
 tion, though copie<l, as stilted above, in many particulars 
 from that of the United States, deviated from that model in 
 one or two important points. It established an exclusive 
 religion, resulting from the active share which the clergy 
 had all along taken in the revolution; and it omitted to 
 make judicial proceedings public, and to use the intervention 
 of a jury. It abolished slavery, however: and. being foUoweil 
 up by measures calculated to facilitate the naturalizatioti of 
 Btrangers, and to promote education, it effected at once a pro- 
 digious improvement in the condition of the community. In 
 1835, Santa Anna changed the federal into a central repub- 
 lic. Hard pressed by his rival, Bustamente. he seems to have 
 lelt little scruple as to the means by which he conciliated 
 parties. In the mean time, the distant provinces showed 
 an inclination to push too far the principle of independence. 
 Vucatan was disaffected; Texas, filled with adventurers 
 from the United States, revolted, and established its inde- 
 pendence by a victory, in which the Mexican general. Santa 
 Anna, was taken prisoner. This successful revolt of Texas 
 was an event pregnant with important consequences; in 
 ten years more the new state was annexed to the United 
 States; then came the war of the latter with Mexico, which 
 was concluded in February, 1848. by Mexico yielding to the 
 United States, the provinces of New Mexico and Upper Cali- 
 fornia. In 1863 a French army invaded Mexico and occu- 
 pie<l the capital. Under the patronage of Napoleon III., 
 Maximilian of Austria became emperor of Mexico in 1864. — 
 Adj. and Inliab. Mexican, mSx-e-kan. 
 
 MEXICO, MEJICOor MEOICO, (Aztec 7V-f!oc;i(j«an,)acity 
 of Nortli America, capital of the Mexican empire, is sit- 
 ■nated in a state of its own name, on a plain, 7400 feet above tlic 
 Bea. enclosed by loftv mountains, and covered with meadows 
 and lakes : lat. 19° 25' 45" N.. Ion. 103° 45' 53" W. When taken 
 by Cortez. in 1521, Mexico stood on several islands in Lake 
 
 MEX 
 
 Tezcuco, and was approached by four great catisewaya, 
 which stretched through the lake, and met in the centre 
 of the city. Owing to the drainage and more rapid evajjo- 
 ration produced by the removal of the forests and other 
 causes, the Ijike has receded, and the present city, though 
 occupying the Sivme site, is iiow about 2j miles W. from its 
 shores. The distant view is therefore very different from 
 that which Cortez has rapturously described ; but still con- 
 tinues to strike all travellers with admiration. The city 
 is strongly fortified on every side. It is built, with the 
 utmost regularity, in the form of a square, is enclosed 
 by lofty walls, and consists of a great numl>er of spacious 
 streets, either parallel or at right angles to each other, 
 furming a series of square blocks of massive and uni- 
 form structures, and letvding to a central square, which 
 covers an area of from 12 to 15 acres. The hou.ses are 
 almost all built of hewn stone, in a very pure style of 
 architecture, are three or four stories in height, have flat 
 terraced roofs, and are often not only provided with iron 
 balustrades and gates ornamented with bronze, but covered 
 with porcelain mo.-aic, of elegant patterns. The streets are 
 well paved, but often badly cleaned, and being neither 
 liglited nor watched, become unsafe for night passengers. 
 
 The most remarkable edifice is the Cathedral, built on the 
 site of the great tcocalli, or pyramid templn of the Aztecs, 
 and occupying one entire side of the central square. It is 
 500 feet long, by 420 feet wide, and, though not in strict 
 conformity with any order of architecture, is remarkably 
 imposing. The walls .are built of unhewn basalt, but the 
 front is covered over with the most laborious carving, while 
 mas-^ive pillars rise up against the wall for the siipport of 
 its two lofty towers. The interior is gorgeous, almost be- 
 yond description, though the decorations are more remark- 
 able for costliness than taste. The choir is formetl of rare 
 carved woods, and el.aborately covered with gilded images ; 
 the high altar, raised Irom the floor, on an elevated plat- 
 form, exhibits a profusion of candlesticks, crosses and other 
 ornaments, of solid gold or silver, and is crowned by an 
 image of the Virgin, decked in jewels, estimated at the value 
 of more than half a million sterling; and all the other parts 
 of the church are a perfect wilderness of columns, statues, 
 shrines, fonts, &c. Another side of the great square is occu- 
 pied by the National Palace, the residence formerly of the 
 viceroys, and now of the president. It is a quadrangular 
 pile, of such enormous dimensions, that, besides accommo- 
 dating the president and his family, it contains the princijial 
 government oliice.s, the Supreme Court, the Chamber of 
 Deputies, and that of the Senate. In the S.E. corner of the 
 square, opposite the the principal front of the Cathedral, if 
 the Cas;i Municipal or Town-house, v^artly occupied as an 
 Exchange. Immediately S. Of the National Palace, but with- 
 out the square, is the University, which contains the Na- 
 tional Museum, and has, in its front, a magnificent modern 
 market. At some distance W. of the square, is the Jlineria, 
 or School of Mines, which occupies one of the most elegant 
 edifices of the city, and in which lectures on the sciences 
 connected with mining are occasionally given. Attached to 
 it is a tolerably g<X)d mineral museum. 
 
 Mexico contains from 50 to 60 churches and convents, 
 few of which are remarkable for architectural merit, but 
 most are possessed of considerable riches, and are ostenta- 
 tiously set off by gaudy decorations. One of the most ele- 
 gant of the churches, is that of San Domingo, a light and 
 airy structure, surmounted by a spire and dome. The other 
 edifices and objects particularly deserving of notice are the 
 convents of St. Francisco, St. Augustine, and La Merced, 
 all of them large and imposing structures, with numerous 
 spires and cupolas; the magnificent aqueducts by which 
 the. city is supplied with water, the public fountains, the 
 colossal equestrian statue of Chivrles IV., in the court-yard 
 of the University ; the Acnrdada, or Public Prison, the 
 Theatre, the Plaza de Toros, a large circular enclosure tor 
 bull-fights, with accommodation for about 3000 spectators ; 
 two magnificent Paseris, or Promenade.s — the one, Paseo 
 Nuevo, to the W. of the city, consisting of a broad avenue, 
 shaded by rows of stately trees, and broken at intervals by 
 fi)untains — the other, the Paseo de la Viga, on the opposite 
 side of the city, skirting one of the canals leading to the 
 Lake of Chalco, and very tastefully laid out; and the .Ala- 
 meda, a park of 10 or 12 acres, formed into labyrinths by 
 magnificent forest-trees ; this last is a place of great public 
 resort, particularly on festivals. 
 
 The manufactures of the city are of comparatively limited 
 extent; they include gold and silver lace, jewelry and silver- 
 smiths' work, woollen cloths, blankets, baizes, cotton goods?, 
 hats, soap, liqueurs, cjirriages. and tobacco; the trade is 
 also very limited, the exports being confined almost entirely 
 to the produce of the mines ; while the imports are chiefly 
 manufactured goods from Europe,' and silk goods, especially 
 hosiery, from China. 
 
 Mexico, originally Tcnochtitlan, is said to havebwn found 
 ed in 1325, and oc<^upied. a.s already stated, several islands of 
 Lake Tezcuco. to which access was given by broad causeway.s. 
 It ha<l not long been occupied by the Spaniards, when their 
 tyranny brought all the miseries of war upon the city, and 
 
MEX 
 
 almost all its ancient splendor disappeared. A new city, 
 hDwever, soon arose, under the gertius and indomitable 
 perscverimce of Cortcz ; and numerous edifices, vyln.!; in 
 magnifi,cence with tlie most celebrated structures of the old 
 world, sprung up, as if by nia^ric, in every quarter. The 
 lowness of the site, compared with the level of the surround- 
 ing lake, was a serious ob.«t;icle to its prosperity, exposing 
 it not only to pestilential vajwrs. hut to fearful inundations. 
 Ky means of an immense cut through the solid rock. 12 
 miles in length, loO feet deep, and 300 leet wide, commenced 
 in 1009, and completed in 1789, the waters of several lakes, 
 which, from occupying a higher level than Tezcuco. dis- 
 charged themselves into it. and often raised its level so as 
 completely to submerge the city, were diverteil into the 
 Panuco, which carries them directly to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Of the recent events in the history of the city, the most im- 
 portant was its oecupatifin by the .army of the United .Sfcites, 
 from September 13, 1847, till .June 12. 18-lS. I'op. '205,000. 
 The Federal District of Jlexico comprehends the N. part of 
 the state, and the immediate environs of the city. Area 89 
 square miles. 
 
 MEXICO, a former state of the Mexican Republic, situated 
 between lat. 16° 34' and 21° 7' N., Ion. 102° 37' and 107" 27' 
 W., is bounded N. by Queretaro, N.K. by Vera Cruz, E. by 
 Puebia, S. and S.W. by Guerrero, and W. by Michoacan. 
 Area 19,.53o square miles. More than two-thirds of the sur- 
 face is covered by mountains, resting on a plateau which 
 has a height of from 6500 to 7500 feet above sea-level. The 
 culminiiting paint, .Nevado de Tolnca. has an absolute height 
 of lt.566 feet. Capital, Tdluca. I'op. 1.001,875. 
 
 MK.VICO. a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on the 
 Androscoggin Kiver, 28 miles W.X.W". of Augusta. I'op. 671. 
 
 ME.XICO, a post-village an<l township of Oswego co., Xew 
 York, about o5 miles N. of Syracuse. The township borders 
 on f/ake Ontario, and is intersected by .Salmon Creek, «a 
 which is the village, containing 3 or 4 churches, an academy, 
 and several mills. Pop. of the village, 800; of the town- 
 ship. 4074. 
 
 MEXICO, a post-Tillage of .Tuniata co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Juniata Kiver and Canal, 42 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 MK.\1C0, a post-ofHce of .Jefferson co., Alabam.a. 
 
 MK.YIGO, a post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio, on the 
 Siinlusky Kiver, 78 miles N. by Vv. of Columbus. 
 
 M KXICO, a post-village of .Miami co., Indiana, on the plank- 
 road from Peru to Uo<'hester, 5 miles N.N.W. of the former. 
 
 MKXICO. a post-villiige. capital of Audi^u co., Missouri, 
 lOS miles by railroad ^V.N.^V. of St. Louis. Pop. 9C0. 
 
 M !•: X I CO, G U L F OF. .See G ui.F of .M i- xico. 
 
 MKXIMIKUX, mJx'ee*nie-i h'. a town of France, depart 
 ment of Ain, 20 miles K.S.K. of Trovoux. Pop. 2473. 
 
 MKXKJUE- SeeMKXKO. 
 
 MKXLITLAN, mSx-Ieet-liln', a market-town of the Mexi- 
 can Confederation, state and 100 miles X.K. of Mexico. 
 
 MKYAIIOOX, Burmese dominions. See Mtax-aoxo. 
 
 MKYIONIiURtf, mI'en-bi'xjiKi*, a walled town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, 73 miles X.W. of Berlin. P. 1C07. 
 
 MKYKXFHLD. Switzerl.and. See JIatenfkld. 
 
 MHY/KR'S .MILL, a post-ofiice of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vani.a. 
 
 M K YKRSTOWX. of Pennsvlvania. See Mterstowx. 
 
 MKY'KRSVILLK. a posl-offlce of De Witt co., Texas. 
 
 MKYGKM, mi'ohJm. a vill.age of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, 9 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 1314. 
 
 MKYLKN. a town of Switzerland. See Meilen. 
 
 MKYM.\C, mii^mdk'. atown of France, department of Cor- 
 rcze. 9 miles W. of Ussel. Pop. in 1852, 3908. 
 
 MKYO.MEKD. See Mki-omeed. 
 
 MEYOX, mA-yon'. an island of the Malay Archipelago, be- 
 tween Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 1° 15' N., Ion. 126° 40' E. 
 
 MHYRIXGEX. a town of Switzerland. See >Ieirixoe\. 
 
 MEYRUKIS, maiR^vA/, a town of France, department of 
 Lozere, 12 miles S.S.W. of Florae, on the Yonte. Pop. 2186. 
 
 J1I;YSS.\C. m,V8al£', a village of France, department of 
 Corrize, 10 miles S.E. of Brivas. Pop. in 1852, 2846, 
 
 SIKYSSK, mis's.'h. a Tillage of Belgium, province of Bra- 
 bant. 6 miles X.X.\Y. of Brussels. Pop. 2376. 
 
 MEYZIKU.X. mAV.e-uh', a village of France, department 
 of IsOre. 17 miles N. of Vicnne. Pop. 1353. 
 
 Mi;Z.A.O (Mezao) FRIO, niA-zowN"' free'o. a town of Portu- 
 gal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 12 miles S.S.W. of Villa Real. 
 Pop. J 170. 
 
 Mf;ZE, maiz or m?z, a seaport town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilerault. on the lagoon of Thau. 19 miles S.W. of 
 Montpeilier. Pop. in 1852, 4986. Its harbor accommodates 
 vessels under 60 tons burden. 
 
 AlfiZEL". mi^zM', a town of France, department of Ba.sses- 
 Aipes. 15 miles S.S.W. of Digne, on the Asse. I'op. 1000. 
 
 MKZEL. a village of France, department of Puy-de-DOme, 
 nrrnndissemcnt of Clermont. Pop. 1207. 
 
 MKZK.N, MEZEXE, or MESEX. m^z-ain'. a river of Rus- 
 sia, rises in the S. part of the government of Vologda, flows 
 .ircuitously X.W., and falls into the b-iy of its own name. 
 In tile Wliite Sea. after a course of above 450 miles. 
 
 MEZEX, MEZEXE, or JIESEX, a town of Russia, go- 
 v<>rument and 160 m "es N.E. of Archangel, situated on the 
 
 MIA 
 
 •bore river, about 18 miles above its mouth in the Whltr 
 Sea. It has two churches, and a small haven, at which it 
 carries on a considerable trade, chiefly in furs, tallow, wliala 
 and seal oil, and tish. Pop. 2000. 
 
 Bll5zlftliES, uiez'e-aiR/ or mAVe-ain/, (L. Maeerice Mudrrir- 
 acum), a strongly fortified town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Ardennes, on a peninsula formed by the Meu^e, 
 47 miles X.E. of Rheims. Pop. in 1852, 3926. It communi- 
 cates by a susjionsion bridge with Charleville. on the oijposite 
 side of the Mouse, and has a tine Gothic church, in which 
 Charles II. espoused Isabella of Au.stria. In 1520, the tmops 
 undc!r the Chevalier Bayard, succesrfully defended it against 
 40.000 Spaniards; and, iu 1815, it held out for two mouths 
 against the Russians. 
 
 MliZlirlRES-EX-BREXXE, mA'ze-aiR/ 6.v> brSnn, a town 
 of France, department of Indro, 16 miles N.E. of Le Blanc. 
 Pop. 1541. 
 
 MKZIX, m.Vzlx"'', (L. Mesinnm.) a town of Franco, de- 
 partment of Lot-et-Gai-onne, 7 miles S.S.W. of Xerac, on the 
 Gelize. Pop. in 1852, 3027. 
 
 MKZIX, a mountain of France. See C£venxes. 
 
 JIEZIXGEN, Wurtemberg. See Metzingen. 
 
 5IEZ0 (Mezii) BKREXV. m.Vzo' brV'rJil.', a village of 
 Hungary, county and 7 miles X.W. of Bekes. Pop. 7900. 
 It has a Protestant gymnasium. 
 
 MEZO (.Mezii) HEGYES, mi/zo^ h^d'yJsh', a market- 
 town of Hungary, co. of Cssnad, 33 miles E. of Szegwlin. 
 It is remarkable for an immense imperial stud, founded by 
 .Tosepli II., which furnishes to the army in time of peace 
 100(1 horses annually. 
 
 MEZO K(JVEZSD, (Mezii Ki;vezsd,) mhniS' kii'v&zhd', a 
 royal market-town of Hungary, co. of Borsod. Pop. 6570. 
 
 MEZO-CSAX, (Mezii-Csau,) mA'zd'chiin', a village of Tran 
 sylvania, co. of Thorenburg. Pop. 1543. 
 
 MEZOTUR, (Mezii-Tur.) m4/z(i*tooK', a market-town of 
 Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Bcrettyo, 57 miles S.W. of 
 Debreczin. I'op. about 15.000. 
 
 .MEZRITSCH, mStH'ritch, a village of Bohemia, 16 miloH 
 from Koniggriitz. Pop. 1085. 
 
 MEZZAXA-lJlOLI, mJt-sifnJ-beel'yee, a village of the 
 Sardinian States. Piedmont, on the Po. Pop. 2547. 
 
 .MEZZAXA-MORTIGIJEXGO. m6t-sa'nd-moR-teel-y^n'go, 
 a villaire of Piedmont, 10 miles from Biella. I'op. 1067. 
 
 MEZZAXEGO, mSt-sil-nA'go, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa, 3 miles from Borzonasca. P. 2340. 
 
 M EZZAXI, mJt-sd'nee, a village of Xorthern Italy, 14 miles 
 N.X.K. of Piirma. Pop 3975. 
 
 5IEZZAXIX0. mSt-.sd-nee'no, a village of the Sardinian 
 States. Piedmont, on the Po. Pop. 1789. 
 
 MEZZEXILE, m*t-sA-neelA, a village of Piedmont, divi- 
 sion and 23 miles X.W'. of Turin. Pop. 2502. 
 
 MEZZO, motl'zo or mSt/so. or LOPUl). lo-pood', an island 
 of .\ustria. on the coast of UalmatLa, about 7 miles X.W. of 
 Ragusa; 3 miles long by 2 miles broad. It was taken by the 
 British in 1813, and continued in their poss(!Ssion till 1815. 
 
 MEZZO.IUSO, mJt-siv-yoo'so, a town of Sicily, 18 miles 
 S.E. of Palermo. Pop. .i(W0. 
 
 MEZZO-LO.MBARDi). mJt'.so-!om-baR'do, a m.arkettnwn 
 of -Austria, Tyrol, 16 miles from Trent. Pop. 2216. 
 
 MEZZOVi), mJt-.eo'vo, a town of European Turkey, Epi- 
 rus, pashalic and 23 miles B.N.E. of Yanin.a. in a mountain 
 chasm on iKith sides of the .Kria.. It has about 1000 houses. 
 
 MEZ/.itVO, a mountain of Turkey. See Pindus. 
 
 MflLEEX or MGLIX, m'gleen, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 128 miles X.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 6800. 
 
 JIH.\R. ni'hnr, a town of British India, presidency and 
 72 miles S.S.E. of Bombay, district of Concan, on a navigablo 
 river, about 25 miles from the sea. 
 
 MHEYSUR, m'hi-siir', a town of Ilindo.stan, dominion 
 and 40 miles S.S.W. of Indore. on the Xerbudda. It la 
 regularly and well built, and has a stone fort, containing a 
 palace and several Hindoo temples, and communicating 
 with the river Ijy a fine range of ghauts, (stairs.) 
 
 MiloM"^, m'how, a town of India, dominion and 12 rnile^ 
 S. of Indore, important as a military station. 
 
 MIIOW, a tt)wn of Ilindostan. province of Allahabad, 53 
 miles X.E. of Benares; lat. 25° 57' N., Ion. 83° .37' E. 
 
 MIIOW, a town of Hindost.an. province of Alliihabad, 76 
 miles S.W. of Benares: lat. 24° 37' X.. Ion. 81° 56' E. 
 
 MIIOW, a town of Ilindo.stan, province of Bucielcund, 
 170 miles W. by S. of .Allahabad; lat. 25° 20' X.. Ion. 79° 7' E. 
 
 MllYE or M.\II\', ma-hl', (anc. Mais.) a river of Indi.a, 
 after a S.W. course of more than 300 miles through the Bom- 
 bay and Baroila territflries, enters the Gulf of Cambay, by a 
 mouth 5 miles across. 
 
 MI.VJAl) AS or Ml AXADAS. me-a-na'D3s, a town of Spain, 
 province and 30 miles S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 3290. 
 
 .MIA KO, M E AGO, me d'ko or K E !•:/,). (K lo.) a cl ty of .Tapan, 
 and its ecclesiastical capital, in the island of .Xiphou, on the 
 Y'eddogawa River, 240 mil(!S W.S.W. of Y'eddo. Lat. 3.5° 3' 
 X., Ion. 1.35° 53' E. It stands in a .spacious plain, enclosed by 
 mountains covered with gardens, interspersed with temples 
 and monasteries. The city is stated to Ije 4 miles in length, 
 3 miles in breadth, and encircled by a fosse. On its X. side 
 is a separately fortified quarter, comprising the residence 
 
 1187 
 
 lU 
 
MIA 
 
 of *hti ilaiii, or ecclesiastical sovoreign of the empire ; and 
 on the >V. is a strong citjidel, th« residence of various go- 
 vernm<-nt oincers, anil oecasioua.l}' of the viceroy. One of 
 the ten.ples Uas a colossal image of the god Daiboots, or the 
 Grand JJoodha, made of wood ani covered with gilt paper, 
 represented, like the Hindoo idols, pitting on a flower of 
 lotus. The total height is moie than 90 feet, the statue 
 being aoout SO feet, and the flower above 10 feet hi;^h. The 
 image is 25 feet (4 toises) between the shoulders, and is 
 capable of containing several people in the palm of the 
 hand. In a neighboring building is suspended the largest 
 bell in the known -world. It is about 18 feet high, and 
 weighs 2,0-10.000 Dutch pounds, or about 1000 tons ! (Balbi.) 
 Miako is the principal .feat of learning and literary publica- 
 tion, and the chief manufacturing city of the empire, every 
 kind of Japanese handicraft being here carried on in the 
 highest perfection. It is probably the first commercial town 
 Jn Japan, and here all the money of the empire is coined. 
 The population probably exceeds 500,000. Miako signifies 
 "capital;" Keeo, (or Ivio.) a "residence." 
 
 MIALLET, mee^drhV, a village of France, department of 
 Dordogne, 13 miles E. of Xontron. Pop. 1863. 
 
 MIAMI (ml-ah'mee) HI VEl{,Ohio, rises in Hardin cc in the 
 N.W. central part of the state. Its general course is nearly 
 S.\X., and after passing Troy, Dayton, and Hamilton, it emp- 
 ties itself into the Ohio River at the S.W. extremity of the 
 state, about 20 miles below Cincinnati. Its principal tribu- 
 taries are the West Branch, the Mad River, and the White- 
 water River. Its length is computed at about 150 miles. 
 It is a beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through a highly 
 productive and populous valley or plain, in which limestone 
 and hard timber are abundant. The Miami Canal follows 
 the course of the river for about 70 miles. The river and 
 canal furnish extensive water-power. 
 
 MIAMI, a county in the W. part of Ohio, contains about 
 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Miami River, by 
 the M'est Branch of that river, and also drained by Green- 
 ville and Panther Creeks. The surface of the eastern part 
 is rolling, and that of the western part more level. The soil 
 is rich and under good cultivation. It is intersected by the 
 Miaipi and Erie Canal, and by the Dayton and Michigan 
 Railroad. Capital, Troy. Pop. 29,959. 
 
 MIAMI, a county in the N. central part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 384 square miles. It is intersected by the 'Wabash and 
 Eel Rivers. The surface is hilly near the rivers, and almost 
 level in other parts. The soil is fertile. The Wabash and 
 Erie Canal passes through the comity, which is also traversed 
 by the Toledo and Wabash Railroad. Capital, Peru. Pop. 
 1C.S51. 
 
 MIAMI, a post-vUl.nge of Dade co., Florida, on Key Bis- 
 cayne Bay, at Cape Florida. A ligljthouse has been erected, 
 and a compjiny of United States troops stationed here. It 
 is considered a desirable winter residence for invalids. 
 
 MIAMI, a town-hip in Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 2995. 
 
 MIAMI, a township of Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 2314. 
 
 MIAMI, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Hamilton co., Ohio, intersected by the Miami River. P.16S8. 
 
 MIAMI, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1324. 
 
 MIAMI, a collection district of Ohio. See Tolkdo. 
 
 MIAMI, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 4.o00. 
 
 MIAMI or MIAMITOWX. post-village, Miami co., Indiana, 
 on the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, 10 miles S. of Peru. 
 
 MIAMI, LITTLE. See Little Miami. 
 
 JII.^MI. a post-office of Saline co., 5Iissouri. 
 
 MIAM'ISBURG. a flouri.fhing post-village of Miami town- 
 ship, Montgomery co., Ohio, on the Miiimi River and Canal, 
 lO miles below Dayton, with which it is connected by rail- 
 road. The village is neatly built in the midst of a rich and 
 populous neighborhood. The river affords extensive water- 
 power, and is crossed by 2 covered bridges. Miamisburg 
 contains 5 churches, a machine-shop, an oil-jnill, 2 flonring- 
 mills, and an iron foundry. About one mile from the town 
 is a remarkable mound of a conical form, 67 feet high. It 
 is the largest one in the northern states, except the Mam- 
 moth Mound at Grave Creek, below Wheeling. Pop. 1639. 
 
 MIAMISVILLE or MIAMIVILLE, a post-village of Cler- 
 mont CO., Ohio, on the Little Miami and Columbus Railroad, 
 17 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 MIAMITOWX, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on 
 the -Miami River, 14 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati, contains 
 several hundred inhabitants. . 
 
 MIAMI UNIVERSITY. See Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 MIANNA or MIANA, me-dn'nl, a town of Persi.i, pro- 
 vince of Azerbaijan, on the Sefee<l-rood. here crossed by a 
 bridge of 23 arches, 80 miles S.E. of Tabreez. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MIA'NUS, a po.st-offlce of Fairfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 MI.\!{IM, me-a^recNo/, or MEARIM, m,-l-i-reeN<", .some- 
 times called the .MARAXHAO,(Maranhao,) ariver of Brazil, 
 rises in the S. part of the province of Maranhao. receives nu- 
 merous aftluents, and falls into the Bay of Sao Marcos, with 
 u strong current; tot-il course about 3.50 miles. 
 
 MIARIM or MEARI.M, a town of Brazil, province and 76 
 miles S. of Maranhao, on a river of the same name. 
 
 MIASINO, me-ii-see'uo, or MASIN'O, mj-see'no, a village 
 Of the Sardinian States, division of Novara. Pop. 1025. 
 
 MIC 
 
 MIAVA, mee\">h'voh\ a market-town of North- West Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Neutra,on the Miava, an jftfluent of the Morava, 
 48 miles N.X.E. of Presburg. Pop. 9S00. It has mauufa» 
 factories of woollen cloth and bagging, distilling, and a trade 
 in hemp and llax. 
 
 .All AX AD AS, a town of Spain. See Miajadas. 
 
 MICAX'OPY, u post-village of Alachua Co., Florida. 
 
 MICCO, a post-offlce of the Creek Nation, Arkansas. 
 
 MICCOSU'KEE, a post-offlce of Leon co., Florida. 
 
 Ml'CHAEL, a pa^i^;h of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MICHAEL-CHURCH, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Radnor. 
 
 JlICH.\EL-CHURCH-ESKa,EY, a parish of England, co. 
 of Herefoi-d. 
 
 MI/CHAELSTOXE-VE/DOW, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 JIICHAELSTOXE-LE-PIT, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Glamorgan. 
 
 MICHAELSTOXE-SCPEK-AVON, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 MICHAELSTONE-SUPER-ELY, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 Ml'CIIAELSTOW, a parish of England, co'. of Cornwall. 
 
 MI'CHAELVILLE, a post-village of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 MICHELSBERG, mee'Kels-bOi!G\ a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia, 30 miles W.X.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 898. 
 
 MICHKLSDORF, mee'K?ls-doRr, (Hun. Mhaly-Falva, 
 mee'hdl fOl'voh\) a market-town of Hungary, co. of Zipg, 
 2 miles X. of I'oprad. Pop. 720. 
 
 MICHELSDORF. mee'Kels-doRf\ sometimes written MI- 
 CHAELDORF, a village of Upper Austria, S.E. of Steyer. 
 Pop. 2375. 
 
 MICHKLSDORF or jnCIIAELDORF, a village of Bohe- 
 mia, 33 miles E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1840. 
 
 MICHELSRO.MBACH. mefe'Kgls-rom'h^K, a village of 
 Hesse-Cassel, province of Fulda. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MICIIELSTADT. mee'Kel-stitt\ a town of Germany, grand- 
 duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Minding, 21 miles S.E. 
 of Darmstadt. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MICHKS'EBEE, a small river of Saginaw co.. Michigan, 
 flows into the Shiawassee near its junction with the Flint. 
 
 MICHKT'TRE. a township of Martin CO., Indiana. P.OL"). 
 
 MICHIELS-GESTEL, mee/.ieels-HiVtel, a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of North Brabant, on the Dommel, 
 ii miles S, of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2673. 
 
 MICH IG AX, mish'e-gan, formerly mish-e-gAn', one of the 
 more recently settled of the Xorth-Western States, occupies 
 two peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes Erie, 
 St. Clair, and Huron on the E., and Lake Michigan on the 
 M'.; and thenorthern between Lakes Michigan and Huron on 
 the S., and Lake Superior on the X. The whole is bounded 
 on the N. by Lake Superior, E. by the Stiaits of St. Mary, 
 I..ake Huron, St. Clair River and Lake, Detroit River and 
 Lake Erie, (all which .separate it from Canada West.) on the 
 S. by Ohio and Indiana, and on the W. by Lake Michigan 
 and Wisconsin, from the latter of which it is partly separated 
 by the Menomonee and Montreal Rivers. Michigan lies 
 between 41° 40' and 47° 30' N. lat., (if we exclude Isle Royale, 
 a dependency of this state,) and between 82° 12' and 90° 
 30' W. Ion. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in 
 extreme length from S.E. to N.W., and 130 miles in its 
 greatest breadth, and the southern about 283 miles from X. 
 to S., and 210 from E. to W. in its greatest width. The 
 joint area of the two peninsulas is 56.243 square miles, or 
 35,595,520 acres, of which only 3,476,296 were improved in 
 18(50. About two-fifths of the area is included in the north- 
 ern peninsula. 
 
 Face of the Country, Gedlngy, and Minerals. — The southern 
 peninsula of Michigan, so interesting in its agricultural 
 and economical aspects, is rather tame in its topographical 
 features, as there is no considerable elevation (compared 
 with the country immediately around it) within its whole 
 extent, though the ridge which divides the waters flowing 
 into Lakes Huron and Erie from those flowing into Lake 
 Michigan, is 300 feet above the level of the hikes, and about 
 1000 feet alx)ve the sea. The country, however, may be 
 generally characterized as a vast undulating plain, seldom 
 becoming rough or broken. There are occasional conical 
 elevations of from 150 to 200 feet in height, but generally 
 much less. The shores of Lake Huron are often steep, 
 forming bluffs: while those of Lake Michigan .are coasted 
 by shifting sand-hills of from 100 to 200 feet in height. In 
 the southern part are those natur.il parks, thinly scattered 
 over with trees, called in the parlance of the country "oak 
 openings;" and in the S.W, are rich prairie lands. The 
 northern peninsula exhibits a striking contra.st. Poth in .soil 
 and surface, to the southern. While the latter is levei or 
 moderately undulating, and luxuriantly fertile, the former 
 is picturesque, rugged, and even mountainous, with streams 
 abounding in rapids and waterfalls — rich in minerals, but 
 rigorous in climate, and sterile in soil. The Wisconsin or 
 Porcupine Mountains, which form the watershed betwet-n 
 Lakes Michigan and Superior, are much nearer the Intter 
 than the former, and attain an elevation iif al)Out 2000 feft 
 in the N.W. portion of the peninsula. The E. part of tliis 
 
MIC 
 
 MIC 
 
 dlHsIon of the state is undulating and picturesque, but the 
 central is hilly, and composed of table-land. The shores 
 of Lake Sujierior are composed of a sandstone rock, whii-h. 
 in many places, is worn Viy the action of the wind and 
 waves into "fancied resemblances of castles, &c., forming the 
 ei'lebri,led I'lcturi-d Rocks; while the shores of Lake Michi- 
 gan are composed of a limestone rock. The streams on the 
 northern slope (if the Porcupine Mountains have a rapid 
 descent, and abound in picturesque falls and rapids. The 
 northern peninsula Is primitive, and the .southern secondary ; 
 but iiriuiitive rocks are scattered over the plains of the latter 
 of more than 100 tons weight, most abundant on the borders 
 of the (,'reat lakes, on the flanks of valleys, and where traces 
 of recent floods are apparent. 
 
 MiohiRan, in its northern peninsula, possesses probably 
 the richest copper-mines in the world, occupying a belt of 
 120 miles in length by 2 to 6 miles in width. A block of 
 almost pure copper, weiglung some tons, and tjiken from 
 near tin; mouth of the Ontonagon river, lies embedded in 
 the walls of the National Monument at Washington. A 
 mass weighing 150 tons was uncovered in the North Ameri- 
 can Mine in 1854. The same mineral abounds also in Isle 
 Royale. One house shipped from this district, in 5^ months 
 of i851, 2,007,630 lbs. ; and in the 9 years ending with 1853, 
 inclu.sive. 4824 tons were shipped. Silver has been found 
 in connexion with the copper, yielding, in one instance, 25 
 per cent., and in another 50 per cent, of the precious metal. 
 Iron of a very superior quality exists in a belt of slates, 
 from 6 to 25 miles wide, extending westward for 150 miles 
 Into Wisconsin, and approaching the lake at the nearest 
 point within 12 miles. Though the mineral resources of the 
 state are very imperfectly developed, yet lead, gypslim, peat, 
 limestone, marl, and coal are known to exist, the last in 
 abundance at Corunua, within, loo miles of Detroit. Oreat 
 activity prevails in the raining region in the northern penin- 
 sula, which will no doubt be greatly increased on the com- 
 pletion of tile Sault St. Mary Canal. 
 
 LaJ.cs, Rix'ers. and /</-/)('/.<.— Michigan is fairly enfitli-d to 
 the soubriquet of " The Lake State," surrounded as it is by 
 the largest fresh-water lakes on the globe. The sea-like 
 Superior laves the shores of the northern peninsula for more 
 than 350 miles, with its stormy waves, while Lake Michigan 
 washes the western shore of the southern peninsula for 
 nearly the same distance; Lake Huron, the N.K.. for 300; 
 and Lakes Krie and St. Clair, the S.E., for about 40 and 30 
 miles rcspectivelv, giving to Michigan a lake coast of con- 
 rfderahly more than 10(iO miles. The small Lake St. Clair 
 communicates with Lakes Huron and Krie. with which it 
 communicates by the straits (commonly called rivers) St. 
 Clair and Detroit, the fiirmer almut 28. the latter 25 miles in 
 length. There are a numlier of small lakes in Michigan of 
 no importance to navigation, which yet add to the general 
 picturescjueness of the state. The Straits of Mackinaw (for- 
 merly written Michilimackinac) separate the southern from 
 the northern peninsula, and connect the waters of Lakes 
 Michigan and Huron by a navigable channel. Finally, the 
 Straits of St. Mary unite the waters of Lake Huron witii 
 Lake Superior, but here unfortunately occurs a bar to the 
 navigation, in a rapid called the Sault St, Mary, which has 
 a descent of about 22 feet in half a mile. A ship canal is 
 now being excavated, which it is expected will soon enable 
 vessels to surmount this impediment. The rivers* of Michi- 
 gan are not large: the most important in the southern pen- 
 insula, on the W., (commencing at the S.,) are the St. 
 Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, Maskegou, and Manistee, all 
 emptying into Lake Michigan; and on the K. are the Au 
 Sable and Saginaw, flowing into Lake Huron, and the Hu- 
 ron and Raisin discharging their waters into Lake Erie. 
 The Saginaw is formed by a number of branches, proceeding 
 from almost every point of the compass. The rivers of the 
 northern peninsula are also small, and, as has been before 
 stated, those descending into Lake Superior have short and 
 raidd courses, obstructed by frequent falls and rapids, which 
 oppose navigation, but furnish valuable mill-sites. The 
 principal rivers in this section are, the Menomonee, Mon- 
 treal, and Ontonagon. The Menomonee. forming part of 
 the boundary between Wisconsin and Michigan, through 
 the greater part of its course, empties itself into Green Bay. 
 The Montreal also fctrms a portion of the same boundary, 
 but discharges its waters iuto Lake Superior, as does the 
 Ontonagon, about 50 miles farther E. Keweenaw Hay, on 
 the northern peninsula, opens into Lake Superior ; and Green 
 Ba^-, in the S.W. of the same peninsula, opens into Lake 
 Michigan. This bay is partly in Wisconsin. Great and 
 Little Traverse Bays project from Lake Michigan into the 
 N.W. of the southern peninsula, and Thunder and Saginaw 
 Bays, from Lake Huron, extend into the N.K. of the same 
 peninsula. The St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, and Mas- 
 kegon have courses of from 200 to 300 miles, and are n.avi- 
 gable from 40 to 50 miles for vessels of light draught. There 
 are several small islands belonging to Michigan. The most 
 importjtiit of these are Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, valua- 
 ble for its copper-mines: and Mackinaw, Beaver, Bois Blanc, 
 and Uruiumond Islands, in and near the Straits of Mack- 
 inaw. 
 
 Animdlg. — The w ild animals of Michigan are the wolverine 
 black bear, wolf, elk, deer, moose, lynx, wildcat, panthei 
 fox, martin, raccoon, porcupine, opossum, weasel, skuulv 
 gopher, Sfjuirrel, marmot, rabbit, hare, with some beaver*, 
 otters, muskrats, and minks. 
 
 Obje.cU of littered lu Tourists. — The island of Mackinaw, in 
 the straits of tlie same name, already visited for its pic- 
 turesqtie beauty, may probably become the future Newport 
 of the North-Western Stiites. In addition to its bold shores, 
 rising to a height of nearly 200 feet perpoudicularly abova 
 the water, and the charm of its picturesque views and cc^Ji 
 breezes, it has the accompaniment of fine fishing in its vici- 
 nity ; and the plea.«ant excursions to Sault St. Mary, to angle 
 for the far-famed white fish, to tempt the sport.-uiaai and 
 ejiicure to while away a summer vacation in this vicinity. 
 About 60 miles W. of the entrance of the Strait St. Mary, 
 are the celebrated '• Pictured Rocks," composed of sandstone 
 of various colors, and worn bj' the action of tlie wind and 
 waves into resemblances of ruined ttmiples, castles, &c. One 
 peculiarly striking object, called the Doric Rock, is a colonnade 
 of four round pillars, of from about 3 to 7 feet m diameter, 
 and 40 fc:et in height, supporting an entablature, 8 feet 
 thick and 30 feet across. These rocks extend for about 12 
 miles, and rise about 300 feet above the water. Sometimes 
 cascades shoot over the precipice, so that vessels can sail be- 
 tween them and the natural wall of rock. On laying out ' 
 the track for a railway across the state from Detroit, the 
 engineers encountered a singular lake, covered with an ac- 
 cumulation of vegetable matter — the growth of ages — but 
 concealing beneath a deep and dangerous, though not ex- 
 tensive lake, which compelled them to make a detour from 
 the road. 
 
 Climate. — Notwithstanding the severity of the climate in 
 Jlichigan, it is moderated by its proximity to the lakes; 
 yet the temperature of the northern ]>eninsula is quite 
 rigorous. A registry kept at Fort Brady in January, 1826, 
 showed a range of 61° between 36° above and 25° below 
 zei-o, with prevailing winds S.E. ; while in July, of the same 
 year, the range was from 51° to 89°, and winds mostly W 
 Average for the year 4.3°.52 ; maximum, S'J°; minimum, 2.'>°; 
 range, 114°; prev.iiling wind.', W. ; fair days, 162; cloudy. 
 43 ; rainy, 95 ; and snowy, 65. The temperature of .Southern 
 Michigan is milder than the same parallel in the Eastern 
 States. Observations kept at Detroit, in January, 1828, 
 sbowiid a range of from 3° Iwdow to 60° alxive zero; averag- 
 ing 3.3° for the month, prevailing winds, S.W. The northern 
 peninsula is favorable to winter grains, but not to Indian 
 corn; while the southern pnxluces maize as well as the 
 winter grains abundantly. The prevailing diseases are 
 bilious fevers, ague, and dysentery: consumption is rare. 
 
 Soil and Prodiulinns. — Great fertility is the characteristic 
 of most of the soil in the middle and S, of the lower penin 
 sula; mostly free from stone, and of a deep, dark sandy 
 loam, often mingled with gravel and clay. The northern 
 peninsula has a large portion of rugged and poor soil, but 
 its agricultural capabilities are not yet well developed. 
 Portions of it are well timbered with white pine, spruce, 
 hemlock, birch, oak. a.spen, maple, ash, and elm. As the 
 wants of the advancing settlements increase the demand, 
 this regioif can furui.sh large supplies of lumber from its 
 forests of plue, spruce, Ac, manufiu-tured at the fine mill- 
 sites afforded by the rapid streams on the Superior slope of 
 the Porcupine Mountains. Much of Southern Michigan is 
 occupied by those beautiful and fertile natural lawns, called 
 oak openings, covered with scattered trees, and free from 
 underwood. Another portion is prairie, and yet another 
 timbered land, covered with black and white walnut, sugar 
 maple, different species of oaks, hickory, ash, basswood, soft 
 maple, elm, linden, locust, dogwood, poplar, beech, aspen, 
 sycamore, cottonwood, cherry, pine, hendock, spruce, tama- 
 rack, cypress, cedar, chestnut, papaw, &c. The prairies are 
 small, and divided into wet and dry, the latter of course 
 being somewhat elevated." The N.W. of the lower peninsula 
 is but little known, but recent letters from that region 
 represent it as well timbered, well watered, and fertile; it, 
 however, has an uninviting aspect from the lakes. On the 
 shores of Lake Huron, near Saginaw Bay, is a marshy dis- 
 trict. Michigan is eminently an agricultur.al state; the 
 staple products being wheat, Indian corn, oatp, Irish pota- 
 toes, (for which it is especially favorable,) butter, hay, ma- 
 ple sugar, wool, and live stock, with large quantities of 
 buckwheat, rye, peas, beans, barley, fruits, cheese, beeswax, 
 and honey; and some tobacco, sweet potatoes, wine, grass- 
 seeds, hops, flax, silk, and molasses. In 1800 there were in 
 Michigan, 3,476,296 acres of improved land, (3,5i4,538 being 
 unimproved,) producing 8,336,368 bushels of wheat, 12,444.670 
 of Indian corn, 4,036,980 of oats, 5,261,245 of Irish potatoes, 
 529,916 of buckwheat, 6V,453 of gi-ass seeds, 3,900,888 pounds 
 of wool ; 15,503,482 of butter, 1,641,897 of cheese, 4,051,822 
 of maple sugar, 7f.9,282 of honey, 769,282 tons of hay, 78,998 
 gallons of maple molasses; live stock valued at $23,714,771; 
 orchard products, $1,122,074; market products at $146,883, 
 and slaughtered animals, $4,093,362. 
 
 Manufactures. — In common with the other more recently 
 settled states, Michigan has not yet had leisure to give 
 
 1189 
 
MIC 
 
 MIC 
 
 mnoh att-ntion to the development of her mannfactnring 
 resources. The manufacture of lumber is an important item 
 in the infl'astrial eniplojments of this state. In 1S60 there 
 were ir the state 3,44S manufacturing establishments, em- 
 ploying 2;!,190 persons, consuming raw material wortli $17,- 
 635,611, producing goods to the value of $32,6o8,3o6 annu- 
 ally; total amount of capital invested $23,808,226. Of tliese 
 314 were flour and meal establislmients, capital invested 
 $3,0S9,q36, value of annual products $9,255,454; 927 saw- 
 mills, capitiil invested $7,594,105, annual products $7,040,- 
 190; 31 establishments for mining and smelting copper, 
 capital invested $4,4-5,500, annual products $3,782,182; 282 
 boot and shoe manufactories, capital invested $392,595, an- 
 nual products $996,022; 41 macliine shops, capitjil invested 
 $1,390,233, annual products $900,361 ; 61 establishments for 
 the manufacture and preparation of leather, capital invest- 
 ed $513,500, annual products $872.863 ; 108 agricultural im- 
 plement manufactories, capital invested $689,272, annual 
 products $684,913; 114 tin, copper and sheet-iron works, 
 capital invested $317,000, annual products $470,804. Value 
 of home-made manufactures $142,756. 
 
 Internal Improvemmts. — This youthful statfl has made 
 rapid advances in internal communication, although she 
 has been provided by nature with an excellent and cheap 
 highway to nearly all her borders, in the inland seas which 
 surround her. In 1800, Michigan had 1'Q]4 niiles of rail- 
 road completed, by which Detroit is directly connected witb 
 Chicago, Toledo, Jackson, Ann Arbor, Port Huron, Sagi- 
 naw, Grand Rapids, and Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. 
 Lansing is connected with Owosso and other places on the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. A branch road extends 
 from Jackson on tlie Central Railroad to the Michigan 
 Soutliern Railroad. A ship canal was oi)ened in 1S55 round 
 the rapids on St. Mary"s River, connecting Lakes Superior 
 and Huron. The completion of this work must add greatly 
 to the commercial importance of Michigan, and enhance the 
 value of the copper, iron, and lead mines on the shores of 
 liitke Superior. 
 
 Commerce. — Michigan, surrounded as it is by inland se.is, 
 is most favorably situated for internal trade, and trade with 
 British .America, The foreign exi)orts of this state for the 
 yeiir 1862-3 amounted to $2,008,599; the imports amounted 
 to $771,834. The tonnage entered for the same year wa.8 
 193,372; the tonnage cleared was 369,150; the tonnage 
 owned in the state, 91,525. The number of vessels built 
 diiring the year was 32, the tonnage of which amounted to 
 7255. Of these 11 were steamers. Wheat and other grain, 
 flour, pork, wool, lumber, and copper are among the leading 
 articles of export. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in Michigan, 10 colleges, having 1631 students, $95,099 in- 
 come, $17,250 of wliicli was from taxation, and $53,149 from 
 public funds; 4007 public schools, having 201,391 pupils, 
 $652,477 income, $380,220 of which was from taxes, $106,- 
 235 from public funds, and $4400 from endowments; 84 
 academies and other schools, having 9683 i)upils, $69,090 in- 
 come, $15,094 of which wiis from public funds, $11,835 from 
 taxes, and $0600 from endowments; there are also 1120 
 libraries, conn)rising 250,6S() volumes. The University of 
 Michigan is in a very prosperous condition. It Imvs faculties 
 of arts and sciences, of medicine and law. It also hiis a 
 chair of agriculture. None of the State Universities, it is 
 said, have so large an endowment or so com])lete an organi- 
 Eation as this. The instruction is free, a matriculation fee 
 of $10 only being required upon entering the University; 
 no further payment is demanded, however extended the 
 course pursued by the student may be. There is an excel- 
 lent astronomical observatory attached to the University. 
 In 1862 the University had 615 students, of whom 270 were 
 in the department of literature, science and art, 216 in the 
 medical department, and 129 in the law department. A 
 Sbite Normal School at Ypsilanti went into operation in 
 1853. The number of students iu 1862 Wiis 407. 
 
 Religiiius Denominatinyis. — Of 807 churches in Micliigan 
 in 1860, the Baptists owned 123 ; Free Will Baptists, 15 ; 
 Christians, 13: Congregationalists, 69; Dutch Reformed, 
 20; Episcopalians, 45; Friends, 7; Lutherans, 35; Metho- 
 dists, 247; Presbyterians, 101 ; Roman Catholics, 88; Union- 
 ists, 13; Universalists, 9; minor sects, 22; giving 1 church 
 to 928 persons. Value of church property, $2,333,040. 
 
 I'erindicals. — There were published in Michigan in 1860, 
 8 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 3 bi-weekly, 103 weekly, and 3 monthly 
 periodicals, of which 109 were political, 4 religious, and 3 
 litii-ary. The number of copies issued annually was 11,- 
 600.596. ^ ' 
 
 Puhlic ImtitiUinns.—T:he Michigan Asylum for the Deaf 
 and Dumb and Blind, which is located at Flint, had in 
 1802, 136 Inmates. Tlie Asylum for the Insane, at Kala- 
 mazoo, received ISO patients in 2 years, ending November, 
 18i,2. The number remaining at that date was 155. Of 
 328 cases treated, 8;j recovered, and 30 had improved. 
 These asylums are under the control of a board of trustee-, 
 appointed by the legislature. The State Prison, which is 
 at Jackson, received 110 convicts in 1862, and liad 410 
 remaining at the end of the year. The expenditures Ibi 
 
 the year amounted to 54,064, and the income derived from 
 the labor of the convicts was $35,049 This state had, in 
 1850, 280 public libraries. [For stat sties of libraries in 
 1860, see Kducatimi.} 
 
 Population. — Though origin.illy settled by the French, 
 the great bulk of the population is from the New England 
 and Middle States. A large portion of the latter is of New 
 England de.«cent. The numi>er of inhabitants in Michisan 
 in 1810. was 4762 ; 8896 in 1820: 31.639 in 1830; 212.207 in 
 1840, 397,054 in 1850. In 1860, 749,113, of whom 730,142 
 were whites, 6799 colored, and 3051 Indians. Population 
 to the square mile, 13. Representiitive population, 749,113. 
 Of the population, 294,828 were born in the state, 305,1'.<2 in 
 other states ; 149,093 in foreign countries, of whom 25,743 
 were born in England, 30,049 in Ireland, 5705 in Scotland, 
 348 in Wales, 3i',4»2 in British America, 38,787 in Germany, 
 2446 in France, and 9533 in other foreign countries. Of the 
 population in the leading pursuits, 88,657 were farmers, 
 35,884 farm laborers, 26,036 laborers, 14,193 servants, 8045 
 carpenters, 4222 teachers, 3507 miners, 3527 clerks, 3098 
 blacksmiths, 2872 shoemakers, 2282 merchants, 1683 masons, 
 1579 coopers, &c., &c. In the year ending June 1st, 18€0, 
 there occurred 7399 deaths, or 10 in every thousand. Tho 
 number of deaf and dumb was 277, (see Introduction to the 
 volume on Jhpululion of the Eigidh Census, pp. liv, Iv, \\\, 
 Ac.) blind 253, insiine 250, idiotic 333. 
 
 Oiunties. — Michigan is divided into 62 organized counties, 
 viz., Alcona, Allegjin, Alpena, Antrim, Barry, Bay, Berrien, 
 Branch, Calhoun. Cass, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Clinton, Delta, 
 Eiiton, Emmet, Genesee,, Gladwin, Grand Traverse, Gratiot, 
 Hillsdale, Houghton Huron, Ingham, Ionia, Isabella, Jack- 
 son, Iosco, Kalamazoo, Kent, Lapeer, Leelenau, Lenawee, 
 Livingston, Macomb, Manitou, Manistee, Marquette, Mason, 
 Mecosta, Michilimackinac, Slidland, Monroe, Montcalm, 
 Muskegon, Newago, Oakland, Oceana, Ontonagon, Osceola, 
 Ottawa, Presque Isle, Saginaw, Saint Clair, Sanilac, School- 
 craft, Sliiawassee, St. Joseph's, Tuscola, Van Buren, Wash- 
 tenaw, Wayne, 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The towns of this state exhibit the 
 same rapid growth whith is so wonderful a characteristic of 
 the Western States generally. Detroit, the largest town in 
 Michigan, had, in 1850, a population of 21,019, which had 
 increased to 45,619 in 1860. The other principal towns are 
 Grand Rapids, 8085 ; Adrian, 6213 ; Kalamazoo, 6070 ; Ann 
 Arbor, 5097; Jackson, 4799; Monroe, 3892; and Lansing, 
 which is the capital. 
 
 GmemiMtit, Finances, &c.-r-The governor and lieutenant- 
 governor cf Michigan are each elected by the people for two 
 years; the former receiving a salary of $1000 per annum, 
 and the latter, who is ex-officio President of the Senate. $6 
 per diem, during the ses.<ions of th0 legislature. The 
 Senate consists of 32, and the House of Representatives of 
 66 members, both elected by the people for two years. The 
 legislature meets .biennially, on the first Wetlnesday iu 
 Jainiary. The state sends 6 members to tlie national House 
 of Representatives, and casts 8 electoral vntes for President 
 of the United States. The judiciary consists of a supreme 
 court, c-omposed of 8 circuits, presided over by one chief, 
 and seven a.ssociate judges. The assessed value of property 
 in Jlichigan for 1860 was $16:),533,005; the public debt in 
 January, 1863, amotinted to $2,936,753. The primary school 
 fund in 1862 was $75:3,802; univereity fund, $185,888. The 
 expenditures for 1863 were $1,072,201, besides $2,055,285 
 for repayment of state bonds. On the 30th of November, 
 1863, the banks of the state had an aggregate capital of 
 $558,192, a circulation of $19S.866, and $98,388 in specie. 
 
 History. — Jlichigan was colonized by the French, near 
 Detroit, in the latter half of the seventeenth century, and 
 also at Mackinaw; but, like other French coIonief!_ in 
 America, did not progre.ss rapidly. At the peace of \'(A, 
 it came, with the other French possessi(ms in North Ameri- 
 ca, under the dominion of Great Britain, and so remained 
 till the breaking out of the AmeHcan Revolution, when it 
 of course came into the hands of the United States. On the 
 exp\ilsion of the French, the celebrated Indian chief. Pon- 
 tiac, seized the occasion to rid the country of the hated 
 whites, by a general upri.sing. and siufultuueous attacks on 
 all the forts of the English on the lakes. Mackinaw was 
 taken by stratagem, and the garrison mercilessly butchered. 
 Detroit was besieged for some months by Ponti.HC. with t;00 
 Indians; but it held out till the Indi.in allies, becoming 
 weary of the siege, retired, and left Ponliac no choice but 
 to make pea<-e. The Biitish did not surrender Detroit to 
 the United States till 1796. In 1805. Michigan, which up 
 to that period had l>een a part of the North-'\\ est Territoi-y, 
 wa-s formed into a separate government. In 1812. it became 
 the scene of some stirring events in the w.ir with Gre.nt 
 Britain. Lying contiguous to Canada, it was inv;uled iu the 
 very commencement of that struggle, and its capital (De- 
 troit) surrendered. August 15. 1812. by General 11 ud. under 
 ciivumstances which led to his displiiX'tient fro;r his com- 
 mand. Previous to this. Fort Mackin >i had l>een taken by 
 the enemv. At Frenelitown. in this slate .o< .-uired (Janu- 
 ary 22. 1813) a cruel masssicre by the sava.'et, of .t party of 
 Americans, prisoners of war. Geuoral Ilu-rison ioc i after 
 
 J^ 
 
MIC 
 
 MID 
 
 droTe the enemy out of the territory of Michigan, and re- 
 moved the seat of war into Canada. Micliigan became an 
 indept-ndent member of the American Confederacy in 18o7, 
 and lias since been rapidly progressing in population, 
 wealth, and internal improvements. 
 
 MICIIIG AX, (signifying in the Indian language "Great 
 Water,") Lake, one of tiie five great lakes of North Ame- 
 rica, connected with the St. Lawrence Hiver, situated be- 
 tween 41° :J0' and 46° N. lat., and K'tween 85° 50' and 88° VV. 
 Ion. It is the largest lake that is wholly included within the 
 United States. The principal portion lies between tlie state 
 of Michigan on the E. and Illinois and Wisconsin on the 
 »V. ; but tlie S.K. extremity, to the e.xtent of about lOO 
 miles, is comprised within the state of Micliigan. Its length, 
 following the curve, is near 350 miles; its greatest breadth 
 about 90 mile?. The surface of the lake is about 600 feet 
 aljove the level of the sea ; the depth is stated to be 900 
 feet; some have estimated its mean depth as high as 1000 
 feet ; area estimated at 20.000 sijuare miles. Tile shore of 
 the lake is generally low, being formed of limestone, rock, 
 clay, or sand. It never has higli elilfs, like those on the 
 upper part of the Mississippi liiver. The lake appears to 
 be moving westward, as tiie water is constantly, though 
 slowly, receding from the Jlichigan shore, and encroaching 
 upon that of Wincousin. On the E. shore, the sand thrown 
 up by the waves during a heavy sea soon becomes dry, and 
 is carried inland by the action of the winds. This loose 
 Band forms hills ranging in height from 10 to 150 feet, the 
 forms of which are consfcintly changing. (See Lapham's 
 Gazetteer of Wisconsin, p. 132-3.) Lake Michigan is des- 
 titute of islands, except a few near its N.E. extremity. It 
 is usually clear of ice about the middle or latter part of 
 March ; but as tlie Straits of ilackiuaw remain frozen coii- 
 BideraWy later, steamers from the K. seldom reach Milwau- 
 kee before the midiile of -April, and they are sometimes pre- 
 sented l>y the ice from arriving before the middle of May. 
 Lake Michigan, has but few Ixiys on its shores, and fewer 
 good harbors. Among the latter may be mentioned Little 
 Traverse l>ay, in the N. part of the Lower Peninsula, and 
 Grand Haven, at the mouth of Grand lUver, in Ottawa 
 county, Mic^higan. Green Bay, lying principally within the 
 limits of Wisconsin, is the only considerable bay on Lake 
 Miilii'.ian. See Green Bay. 
 
 .MICIIIG.W, a township in Clinton co., Indiana. Pop.'I523. 
 
 M1CIII0.\.N', a township in La I'ortoco., Indiana. 
 
 MICHIGAN CENTRE, a post-village of Jack.son co., Michi- 
 gan, on tlie Michigan Central Kailroad, 70 miles W. of 
 Detroit. 
 
 MICHIGAN CITY, a post-village of La Porte co., Indiana, 
 on Lake Michigan, about 40 miles by water E.S.E. of Chi- 
 cago. It is on the Michigan Central Kailroad, and is the N. 
 terminus of the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago R.K. 
 It contains 7 churches, a Imnk, a newspaper office, and nu- 
 merous stores. Pop. in 1850, 1002 ; in 18(30, 3320. 
 
 MICIIIGANTOWN, a thriving post-village of Clinton co., 
 Indiana, on the Michigan (I'lauk) Koad, 40 miles N. of In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 MICHIGAN, UNIVEUSITY OF. See Ann Ardor. 
 
 MICHILIMACKINAC, mish4l-e-inak/in-aw, or MACKI- 
 N.\C, mak'e-naw, a county of Michigan, in the E. jKirt 
 of the upper peninsula, borders on Lake Michigan and the 
 Straits of .Mackinac, which separate it from the lower penin- 
 sula. The surface is uneven, and is timtered with pine and 
 other trees. Lumber is the chief article of export. Capital, 
 Mackinac. I'op. 1938. 
 
 MICHILIMACKI.VAC, DISTRICT OF. The shipping of 
 this collection district, June 30, 1854, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 4393 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 2294 tono 
 were employed in steam navigation. During the year, 6 
 yesseis, with an aggregate burthen of 747 tons, were ad- 
 measured. 
 
 MICiriPICO'TON, a bay of Lake Superior, North Ame- 
 rica, on its N. side in Canada West, lat. 47° 55' N., ion. 85° 
 30' W. In it is an island of the same name, and on its shore 
 l'"ort Midiipicoton, at the mouth of a considerable river. 
 
 MICHLE, miK'iiV, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from 
 Prague, and the property of its university. I'op. 1000. 
 
 MICIIUACAN, me-cho-d-kdn', or MECHOACAN, mi-cho- 
 3-kdn', sometimes called VALL.ADOLID, vil-yd-do-leed', a 
 maritime state of the Mexican Confederation, between 
 lat. 18° and 21° N.. and Ion. 100° and 104° W., having 
 S.W. the Pacilic. The Bolssis, with its affluents, and the 
 Lerma and its tributaries, form its principal rivers. Area 
 2.2.99;j square miles. Surface greatly diversified. A branch 
 of the -Vnahuac Jlountaina ramifies over its N. and central 
 parts, and in it is the famous Volcano of .lorullo. The lakes 
 are numerous, and that of Chapala firms part of its N.\V. 
 frontier. The soil is generally fertile. The products comprise 
 maize, wheat, pulse, potatoes, manioc, cotton, sugar, indigo, 
 hemp, flax, aloes, and tapinzezan, which last is peculiar to 
 this region. The mountain sides are clothed with forests 
 of fine woods, and gold, silver, and lead are procured in 
 considerable quantities, mining indu.stry being liere of the 
 first importance. Its manufactures are insignificant. The 
 |>roduc« is mostly sent by land to Mexico and elsewhere, this 
 
 state having no seaport. Capital, Yallndolid (?) The principal 
 towns, are Pascuaro, and /amora. Pop. 491.679. 
 
 MICK/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 MICKLEHAM, mik'yl-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Surrey. 
 
 MICKLEOVER, mik/gl-oVpr, a parish of England, co. ot 
 Derby. 
 
 MICKLETON, mik's-l-tgm, a parish of England, co. ot 
 Gloucester. 
 
 xAIICKLETON, a township of England, co. of York, .North 
 Riding. 
 
 MICONT, an island of Greece. See Mvcoxus. 
 
 MICUIPAMPA, me-kwe-pim'pd, a town of Peru, depart- 
 ment of Trujillo, province and 25 miles N.N.E. of Caxa- 
 man'a. with silver-mines, at a great elevation, on the Andes. 
 
 MlD'lilllDGE, a jjost-offlce of Giles co., Tennessee. 
 
 MIDDELBURG. mid'did-biirg, (Dutch pron. mid'dt'l-briRG\ 
 L. Sli'diohurhjum, Mefdiuiii CasUrum.) often written in English 
 MIDDLEBURG, a town of Holland, capital of the province of 
 Zealand, near the middle of the island of Walcheren. 47 miles 
 S.W. of Rotterdam, and 5 miles N. by E. of Flushing. It i.i 
 surrounded by a broad canal. Iwrdered by a prettily planted 
 counterscarp,, and environed by a large number of fine gar- 
 dens, rich meadows, and blcaching-greens. It has numerous 
 squares, of which the great market (Grootemarkt) is one 
 of the finest in the kingdom. On its N. side stands the 
 splendid Town-hall,- composijd of two portions; an older, in 
 Gothic style, the fronts of which, overladen with ornamenti', 
 were completetl in 1518; and a new side wing, in the Icmio 
 style, finished in 1784. On the N. front of the old building 
 are 25 colossal statues, of the counts and countesses of Za'o- 
 land, the series closing with the Emperor Charles V. Among 
 tlie other important edifices and institutions may be specifi- 
 e<l the Abbey, an extensive structure, witii a fine tower; the 
 Court-houses, I'rison, Exchange, Gymnasium, Academy of 
 Design and other schools, Museum, Barr.acks, three Reform- 
 ed and two Roman Catholic churches, a Walloon, an English, 
 a Baptist, and a Dissenting church, a synagogue, an infirm- 
 ary, an orphan hospital, and various benevolent, -literary, 
 and scientific institutions. The shipping trade is very limit- 
 ed. Cotton-weaving, brewing, chocolate-making, tanning, 
 lace-making, worsted-spinning, and salt-refining, are the 
 chief manufactures; in addition to which a few vessels are 
 built. The town, whicli is very ancient, was taken by the 
 Dutch from tlie Spaniards, in 1574. Zacharias Jansen, a 
 spectacle-maker, of this town, is said to have b(!en the first to 
 discover the telescojie. in 1590. I'he ill-fated British Walcheren 
 Expedition, in 1809, here lost 7000 men, from the effects of 
 the unhealthy climate. In 1810, when Holland had been 
 united to France, Middelburg was made the capital of the 
 department of Bouches-de-lEscaut. Pop. in 1863. 15,957. 
 
 .MIDDELFART, mid'del-fant\ or .MIDDELFURT, mid'd.-l- 
 fooRt\ a seaport town of Denmark, on the N.W. coa«t of tlie 
 island of Funen, 26 miles W.N.W. of Odenso. Pop. KHK). 
 
 MIDDELHARNIS,mid'del-liaR"nis.avillageoftheNetlior- 
 lands. South Holland, in the island of Overliakkee. P. 2905. 
 
 MIDDELSTUM, mid/del-stum', a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Grouingen, 9 miles W.N.W. of Appinga- 
 dam. I'op. 1020. 
 
 MID'DLE, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MIDDLE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 MIDDLE, a township, Cape Mayco., New Jersey. Pop.2155. 
 
 MID'DLEBIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 MID'DLEI'.OROUGH, a post-village and township of Ply- 
 mouth CO., Massachusetts, on a branch of Taunton River, on 
 the Old Colony and Newport R.R., at its junction with Cape 
 Cod Branch KM., 35 m. S. by E. of Boston. It lias manufac- 
 turos of cotton goods, sliovels, carriages, castings, boots and 
 siioes, kc, and contains 8 cluirehcs, a newspaper office, an 
 academv. and the well-known Star Woollen Mill. Pop. 4553. 
 
 MI D'DLEBl )URN E, a post-vi llage, capital of Tyler county, 
 W. Virginia, on Middle Island Creek, 45 miles S. by W. of 
 Wheeling. It lias a turnpike leading to the Ohio River, 
 and contains a flonring-mill. Free pop. 247. 
 
 MIDDLEBOURNE, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, 
 on the National Road. 91 miles E. by N. of Columbus. It 
 has 2 or 3 churches, and several hundred inliabitanta. 
 
 MIDDLE BRANCH, a post-oflice of .Stark co., Ohio. 
 
 MID'DLEBROOK, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont. 
 
 MIDDLEBROOK, New Jersey. See Bound Brook. 
 
 MIDDLEBROOK, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, 
 10 miles S.W. of Staunton. It contains a church, and about 
 60 dwelliuffs. 
 
 M1DDLEBR(X)K MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 MID'DLEBURG, a post-village and township of Schob.arie 
 CO., New York, on Sthoharie Creek, .35 miles W. of .Albany 
 The village has several churches, and about half a dozen 
 stores. I'op. 3259. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the south line of the state, on the Franklin Itailroad, 63 
 miles S.W. of Harrisburi;. It contains alwut 250 inhabitants. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a small village of Tioga co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, caUed also SWINEFORDSTOWN, a post- 
 1191 
 
MID 
 
 MID 
 
 nilage, cnpitsi of Snyder CO., Pennsylvania, on Middle Creek, 
 bO mik'S N. ol Ilarrisburg. Pop. about 400. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a postrTJllage of Carroll co., Maryland, 65 
 miies X.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 MIDDLKBURG. a handsome post-borough of Loudon co., 
 Virginia, on a small affluent of the Potomac, 143 miles N. 
 of Richmond. It has an active trade, and is one of the 
 principal towns of the county. It has 3 churches, a flou- 
 rishing academy, 7 stores, and 1 tobacco factory. Pop. 
 about .800. 
 
 MIDDLKBURG, a post-office of Duval CO., Florida. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennessee, 
 180 miles S.W. of Xasbville. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a post-village of Casey co., Kentucky. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a small post-village of Lewis co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a post-town.ship in the W. part of Cuya- 
 hoga CO., Ohio, on the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati 
 Railroad. I'op. 2592. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a village of Logan co., Ohio, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a small village of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a post-office of Shiawas.seo co., Michigan. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG. a post-office of Boone co., Missouri. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a small village of Carroll co., Missouri. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a town of Holland. See Middelburo. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG ISLAND, au island in the South Pacific 
 Ocean. See Eoa. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, mid'del-bJr-re, a beautiful post-village, 
 township, and seat' of justice of Addison co., Vermont, is 
 iitunted on both sides of Otter Creek, at thtJ falls, and on 
 the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, oO miles S.S.K. of 
 Hurlington. It contains, besides the county buildings, 4 
 churches, a bank, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. A white and 
 variegated marble of the finest quality, obtained from a 
 quarry near the village, is wrought and exported in largo 
 quantities. Middlebury is one of the most important manu- 
 &cturing towns in the state, and is the seat of Middlebury 
 College, founded in 1800. The principal edifice is of stone, 
 106 feet by 40, and four stories high. Pop. of the township, 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a post-township of New Haven co.. Con- 
 necticut, about 20 miles N.W. of New Haven. Pop. 664.. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a post-village and township of Wyoming 
 CO., New York, on the Buffalo and New York City Railroad, 
 43 miles E. of Buffalo. It ha^ an academy. Pop. 1708. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 15ti5. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a township of Kntx co., Ohio. Pop. 1037. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, 45 miles 
 N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a thriving post-village and townsliip of 
 Summit co., Ohio, 112 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 2 miles 
 K. of Akron. It is beautifully situated on liotli sides ot 
 Little Cuyahoga River, which furnishes extensive water- 
 power. The village contains 2 churches, 1 high school, 1 
 woollen factory, 7 manufactories of stoneware, 1 of Liver- 
 pool ware, 1 of sewer-pipes, and 1 of friction matches. P. 710. 
 
 lUIDDLEBURY, a township of Shiawassee Co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 616. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a station on the Michigan Southern and 
 Northern Indiana Railroad, about 140 miles N. of Indiana- 
 polis. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a village of Clay co., Indiana, 70 miles 
 S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MIDDLEBUItY, a post-village and township of Elkhart 
 CO., Indiana. It contains 2 churches, an academy, and a 
 flouring-mill. Pop. of township, 1529. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY, a post-office of Mercer co., 5Iissouri. 
 
 MIDDLEBURY CENTRE, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MIDDLEBUSH, a post-villkge of Franklin town.ship, So- 
 merset CO., New Jersey, about 25 miles N.N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, of Union co., Pennsylvania, flows into 
 the Susquehanna. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Yadkin 
 River, near the E. border of Davie county. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, u township of Snyder CO., Pennsylva- 
 nia. I'op. fiOO. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, a small post-village of Union co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, a post-office of Wake co.. North Carolina. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, a post-office of McMinn co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, a small village of AVashington co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK MILLS, a post-office of Boone co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 MIDDLE FABIUS, a pogtoffice of Scotland (O., Missouri. 
 
 MIDDLEFIELD, a post-township of Hampshire co., Mas- 
 pachus(!tts, on the Western Railroad, about 30 miles N.W. 
 of Springfield. It has several mills for making broadcloths 
 ftnd satinets. Pop. 748. 
 
 MIDDLEFIELD, a post-township of Otsego co.. New York, 
 on Otsego Lake, about 60 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 2826. 
 1192 
 
 MIDDLEFIELD, a post-township of Geauga co., Ohio. 
 Pop. S72. • 
 
 MIDDLEFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Otsego co. 
 New York, 6 miles N.E. of Cooperstown. 
 
 MIDDLEFORD. a post-village in Su.ssex co., Delaware. 
 
 MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of Randolph co.,\V.\ irginia. 
 
 MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of IIender.>;on co., Tenuessee. 
 
 MIDDDE FORK, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 
 MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana. 
 
 MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of Macim co., Missouri. 
 
 MID'DLE GRAWILLE, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., New York, on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 
 65 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It has a cotton factory. 
 
 JIIDDLE GROVE, a post-office of Saratoga co.. New York 
 
 MIDDLE GROVE, a postoffice of Fulton' co., Illinois. 
 
 MIDDLE GROVE, a post-village of Monroe co., Missouri, 
 17 miles W.S.W. of I'aris. 
 
 MID'DLE HAD'DAM, a post-village in Middlesex co., Con- 
 necticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 20 miles S.S.B. 
 of Hartford. Gold has been found iu the vicinity. 
 
 MIDDLEHAM. mid'del-am, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of York, North Riding, picturesquely situated 
 on the Ure, 9 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. Pop. t)30. It has 
 remains of a castle built a. n. 1190, where, in the 15th cen- 
 tury, the Earl of Warwick detained Edward IV. prisoner. — 
 MiDDLEHAM MooR, half a mile S.W., is a noted training- 
 ground for racers. 
 
 MID/DLEIIAM, BISII/OPS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 MIDDLE HOPE, a post-office of Orange co. New York. 
 
 MIDDLE ISLAND, a small post-village of Suffolk co., 
 New York. 
 
 MIDDLE ISLAND CREEK, in the N. pnrt of W. Virginia, 
 rises near the boundary between Lewis and Harrison coun- 
 ties, pursues an extremely winding course through Dodd- 
 ridge and Tyler counties, and empties itself into the Ohio, 
 about 20 miles above Marietta. Its whole length is esti- 
 mated at more than 120 miles. It furnishes ample water- 
 power. 
 
 JIID'DLE LANCASTER, a postroffice of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MIDDLE LAKE, a post-office of Nicollet co., Minnesota. 
 
 MIDDLE MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Craig county, Vir^ 
 ginia. 
 
 MIDDLE PAXTON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1932. 
 
 MIDDLEPOR'I', a thriving post-village in Royalton to^vn- 
 ship, Niagara co.. New York, on the Erie Canal and Roches- 
 ter and Niag.'ira Railroad, about 33 miles N E. of Buffiilo. 
 It contains 5 churches, 14 stores, 1 furnace, 1 steam stavo- 
 mill, 1 saw-mill, and 2 flouring-mills. Poji. about 1200. 
 
 .MIDDLEPORT, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 8'nilles N.E. of Pottsville. Pop. 421. 
 
 MIDDLEi'ORT, a post-office of Braxton co., W. Virginia. 
 
 MIDDLEPORT, a thriving village of Meigs co.. Ohio, on 
 the Ohio River, about 2 miles below Pomeroy. It has valua- 
 ble coal-mines. 
 
 MIDDLEPORT, a thriving post-village, capital of Iroquois 
 county, Illinois, on the Iroquois River, at the junction f.f 
 Sugar Creek, 150 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. It is on the 
 Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw R.R. 
 
 MID'DLE QUAIVTER, a township of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 MIDDLE RIDGE, a post-office of Newton co., Georgia. 
 
 MID'DLE RIAVER, of Virginia, a branch of the Shenan- 
 doah, rises in Augusta co., flows eastward, and unites with 
 the North River near Port Republic, in Rockingham co. 
 
 MIDDLE RIVER, a small stream of Iowa, rises in the W. 
 central part of the state, and flowing eastward, enters Deg 
 Moines River, in Polk co. 
 
 MIDDLE RIVER, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia. 
 
 MIDDLE RIVER, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 MIDDLESBOROUGH, mid'delz-h'rCih or mid'delz-bur-ruh, 
 a river-port and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, 
 on the Tees, near its mouth, and SJ miles E.N.E. of Stock- 
 ton, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1851, 
 74.31. It has been built within the last 20 j-ears. by a joint- 
 stock company as a port for loading colliers. It has a na- 
 tional school, reading-rooms and observatory, manufactures 
 of rope and sail cloth, iron works, yards for ship-building, a 
 commodious dock, and expoi-ts of coal, amoupting, in 1839, 
 to 510,000 tons. The port is subordinate to Stockton. 
 
 MIIVDLESEX, the metropolitan county of England, having 
 N. the CO. of Herts, E. Essex. S. the Thames, (which separates 
 it from Kent and Surriw), and W. Bucks. Area 281 S(iuare 
 miles, this being next to Rutland the smal!e.«t English county. 
 I'op. in 1851, 1,886,676. Surface mostly flat in the S.W., 
 eliiewhere undulating. Principal rivers, besides the Thames, 
 the Brent, and the Colne, and Lea, which form resi:.ectivfly 
 its AV. and E. boundaries. The Grand Junction Canal, and 
 the New River Cut. also intersect the county. Gra,'-s farms 
 for the supply of London with milk ani\ hay. greatly exceed 
 in extent the arable land. Market gardens ar<' feri exten- 
 sive, and a large portion of the county is occ^ipie<l by villas 
 and pleasure grounds. It sends 14 members to the House 
 
MID 
 
 MID 
 
 of Commons, 2 being for the county, and 12 for the metro- 
 politan Ixjrou^hs N. of th^Thames. 
 
 MIU'DLKSKX, a county in the N. central part of MnBsa- 
 chusetts, luis an area of about 830 square miles. It is 
 partly bounded on the S.E. by the Charles River, and is 
 watered by tlie Merrimack, Nashua, and Concord Rivers, 
 and other smaller streams, which furnish abundant water- 
 power. Lowell, the most celebrated, and one of the most 
 important manufacturing cities in America, is situated in 
 this county. The surface is uneven, and in the N.W. part 
 hilly; the soil is various. 15y means of canals around the 
 falls, boats ascend the Jlerrimack River through this county 
 to Concord, in New Hampshire. It is intersected by the 
 Boston and Worcester, the I'itchburg, the Worcester and 
 Nashua Railroads, and tliose connecting Fitchburg with 
 Lawrence, Boston and Nashua, and Boston and Manchester. 
 Named from Middlesex, a county of England. Seats of 
 justice. Concord, Cambridge, and Lowell. Middlesex is the 
 most populous county in Massachu.setts. Pop. 21<i,354. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a county in the S. part of Connecticut, has 
 an area of about 4i5U s<iuare miles. It is bounded on the S. 
 by Long" Island J>ound, partly on the E. by the Connecticut 
 River, and the llanimonasset River runs along its ^V^ bor- 
 der. Several smaller streams furnish abundant water- 
 power. The surface is hilly. The soil is generally fertile, 
 and along the Connecticut River of excellent quality. Large 
 quantities of sandstone are quarried and exported. The 
 railroad connecting New Haven and New Loudon traverses 
 this county, which is also partly intersected by a branch of 
 the New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Seats of justice, 
 Middletown and lladdam. Pop. in 1S60, 30,S.')9. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a county in the N.E. central part of New 
 Jersey, lias on area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.W. by Millstone River, partly on the N. by Railway 
 River, and on the E. by Staten Island Sound and Raritan 
 Bay. It is intersected by the Raritan, and also drained by 
 Soutli River, and Manalapan Creek. The surface is level or 
 undulating. The soil varies from deep sand to clay, and is 
 generally fertile. Sandstone is quarried in various parts 
 of tile county. The Itaritan River is navigable for small 
 steamboats to New Brunswick, and the bay of the same 
 name into which it flows affords an excellent harbor. The 
 Camden and Aniboy Railroad and the New Jersey Rail- 
 • road traverse this county, and the Delaware and Raritan 
 Canal touches its western border. Organized In 1682. 
 Capital, New Brunswick. Pop. 34,812, of whom 1 vtas a 
 slave. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a county in the E. part of Virginia, bonier- 
 ing on Cliesajieake Bay, at the mouth of Rappahannock 
 River. The latter forms the entire boundary on the N.E., 
 and I'iankatank River on the S.W. The length is 39 miles; 
 mean breadth 4 or 5 miles; area about 150 square miles. 
 The soil is sandy, and a portion of the land is fertile. Formed 
 in 1075. Ciipital, Urbana. Pop. 4304, of whom 19S9\vere 
 free, and 2375 slaves. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a post^township of Washington co., A'er- 
 toont, on Onion River, and on the Vermont Central Rail- 
 road, about 6 miles N.W. of Mtmtpelier. Pop. 1254. 
 
 MIDDLKSKX, a post-town.ship of Yates co.. New York, 
 on Canandaigua Lake, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Rochester. 
 Pop. 1303. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a village and township of Butler co., Penn- 
 sj'lvania. 20 miles N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1037. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a village of Mercer co., I'ennaylvania, on 
 the Shenango Creek, and on the Erie Extension Canal, 12 
 miles S.W. of Mercer. 
 
 >1] D'DLESEX, a county in the western part of Canada 
 West, intersected by the Thames Rive'r, comprises an area 
 of 1039 square miles. Pop. 39,899. 
 
 MIDDLESEX VILLACJE, a post-village of Middle.sex co., 
 Massacliu.setts, on Merrimack River, about 25 miles N.W. 
 of Boston. 
 
 MID'DLE SMITH/FIELD, a township of Monroe co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1494. 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. See United States. 
 MID'DLETON, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Lancaster, on the Manchester and Leeds Railway, and 
 tlie Rochdale Canal, 5i miles N.N.E. of Manchester. Pop. 
 of the town in 1851. 5740. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 MIDDLETON,.a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with a 
 Station on the East Anglian Railway, 3 miles S.E. of King's 
 Lynn. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Sussex. 
 MIDDLETON, a parish of Engbind. co. of Warwi(!k. 
 MIDDLKTON, two townships of England, co. of York, 
 West Hiding. 
 
 MIDDLKTON, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, county 
 and 14 miles E. of Cork, on a navigable stream of the ftime 
 name, flowing into Cork Harbor. Pop. in 1852, 6010. It is 
 neatly built, and its port is reached by vessels of about 200 
 tons. Middleton gives the title of Viscount to the Broderick 
 Cimily. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a Tillage of Ireland, Ulster, county and T 
 miles S.W. of Armagh. Pop. 708. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a post-township of Strafford co., Ne>, 
 Hampshire, bordering on Maine, about 34 miles N.E. tf* 
 Concord. Pop. 530. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a posMownship of Essex cO., Massachusett* 
 intersected by the Essex Railroad, 19 miles N. of Boston 
 It has manufactures of boots and shoes, paper, Ac. P. 9401 
 
 MIDDLETON, a village of Alleghany CO., PennsyjTauia, 
 on the Ohio River, 12 miles below Pittsburg. 
 
 MIDDLETON or MID'DLETOWN, a post-village of Hyie 
 CO., North Carolina, on Middle Creek, 1 mile from Pamlicc 
 Sound, is one of the principal shipping ports of the county. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a post-village of Carroll co., Mississippi, 
 about 95 miles N. of Jackson. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennessee, 
 about 40 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a village of Jackson co., Ohio, 84 milej 
 S.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 652. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a postrvillage of Des Moines co., Iowa, about 
 8 miles W. by N. of Burlington. 
 
 MIDDLETON. a post^township in the S. part of Dane co., 
 Wisconsin. 8 miles W. of Madison. Pop. 1315. 
 
 MIDDLETON-CIIE/NEY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 MlD/DLETON-wilH-FORD/LEY, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 MIDDLETON IS TEES'DALE, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Durham, 9 miles N.W. of Barnard-Castle, 
 with a station on the railway between Stockton and Darling- 
 ton. Pop. T578". 
 
 MIDDLETON ISLANDS, small islands in the South Pa- 
 cific, one 350 miles E. of Australia, called Sir C. Middleton'* 
 Island, S.W. of which is Middleton Shoal. 
 
 MIDDLETON-ON-TUE-IIILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 MIDDLESEX-ON-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. 
 of York. East Riding. 
 
 MIDDLETON-SCUIV/EN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Salop. 
 
 MIDDLETON ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 MIDDLETON-STO'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Ox- 
 ford. 
 
 MIDDLETON STONEY, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Derby. 
 
 MIDDLETON TY'AS, (^ parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 MID'DLETOWN, a post-village and township of Rutland 
 CO., Vermont, about 66 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. It 
 contains 2 churches, 2 stores, and 6 factories and mills. 
 Pop. 712. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village recently sprung up on the island 
 of Martha's Vineyard, Duke's co., Massachusetts, on the road 
 leading from Holmes' Hole to the village of Newton. It 
 contains a Baptist chun'h, 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a township of Newport co., on the island 
 of Rhode Island. Pop. 1012. 
 
 MIDDLETOW N, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of 
 Middlesex county, Connecticut, on the. right bank of the 
 Connecticut River, at the bead of ship navigation, and on 
 the route of the Air Line Railroad now in process of con- 
 struction between New York and Boston. 34 miles from 
 Long Island Sound, and 24 miles N.E. of New Haven. Lat. 
 41° 33' 8" N., Ion. 72° 39' W. A brunch ntilroad, 10 miles 
 long, connects, with the New Haven, Hartford and Spring- 
 field R.R. at Berlin. It is pleasantly situated, partly on au 
 acclivity commanding a fine prospect. Main street, on which 
 are the principal stores, hotels, and many of the churches, 
 is broad, level, and with others parallel to it, is intersected 
 at right angles by those passing westward from the river. 
 The elevated portion of the city contains many elegant 
 mansions, surrounded with spacious and highly ornamented 
 grounds. The principal public buildings are the Custom- 
 house and Court-house, lx)th constructed of the Chatham 
 free-stone. The latter is adorned with a fine Grecian portico. 
 The Wesleyan University, a flourishing institution under 
 the direction of the Methodists, occupies a beautiful eleva- 
 tion overlooking the city and the valley of the Connecticut. 
 Two -^lewspapers are published here. 'The wharves are com- 
 modious, and have 10 feet of water. Steamboats ply'ng be- 
 tween Hartford and New York, here have a landing. The 
 shipping of the port, in Sept., 1864, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 17,569 tons enrolled and licensed, all of which were 
 employed in the coasting trade. A considerable number of 
 vessels are built here annually. In the vicinity of Middle- 
 town are valuable minerals, including feldspar of a very 
 superior quality, employed in the manufacture of china-ware 
 (for an account of which see CoNNECTicnT, page 4S9). The 
 city conhuns 4 banks, 1 of which is national, and 2 s.aving3 
 institutions. It has manufactures of Brittania and other 
 hardware, castings, guns, screws, leather, &c. It was settled 
 in 1636, incorporated a town in 1654, and a city in 1784. Pop. 
 of the township, in 1860, 3438; of the city, 5182. 
 
 1193 
 
MID 
 
 MIE 
 
 MIPDLrJTOWN, a township in the E. part of Delaware 
 CO., Now 1 ork. Pop. 3201. 
 
 MIDDI.K'J'OAVN, a flourishing post-village of Orange co., 
 New York, on _ the New York and Erie Kailroad, 7 miles 
 N.W. of Gosheii, and dT miles from Jsew York City. It liiis 
 5 or D churches, tlie Walkill Academy, 2 national banks, 
 and extensive iron-works. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a post-village and township of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Atlantic Ocean, about 13 miles N.E. 
 of Freehold. The village contains 3 or 4 churches, some 50 
 houses, and a newspaper office. Pop. 4112. 
 
 MIDDLfjTOWX. a village of Adams co., Pennsylvania, 7 
 miles \. of Gettysburg. It has near 100 inhabitants. 
 
 MIDDLETOVVN, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the turnpike from Kittanning to Indiana, 45 miles N.E. 
 of Pittsburg. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2-265. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a post-borough of Upper Swatara town- 
 ship, Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on the E. bank of the 
 Susfiuehanna, at the mouth of Swatara Creek, and on the 
 Lancaster and Ilarrisburg Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Ilarris- 
 qurg. It contains a bank and a newspaper ofiSce. The 
 Union Canal terminates here. Pop. 2392. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. incluiliug Media, 3297. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 16 
 miles N. by E. of Mercer. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a township of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 923. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 174 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN, a thriving post-village of New Castle co., 
 Delaware, 25 miles S.S.W. of Wilminj'ton. It has 2 fine 
 churciies, a llotuishing academy, ii bank, and a carriage fac- 
 tory. Pop. 52;^. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland, 
 on a branch of Catoctin Creek, 9 miles W. by N. of Frederick 
 citv. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a postrvillage of Frederick co., Yirginia, 
 on the turniiike leading from Winchester to Staunton, 13 
 miles S.S.W. of Winchester. It contains 2 churches. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN, a small village of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 MTDDLETOAVN, a small village of Warren co., Tennessee. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a post-village in Jefferson co., Kentucky, 
 40 miles W. by N. of Frankfort. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a thriving post-village of Lemon town- 
 ship, Butler CO., Ohio, on the Miami Kiver and Canal, 13 miles 
 N.E. of Hamilton. It contains several churches, and nunier^ 
 ous stores. The railroad from Cincinnati to Dayton passes 
 along the other side of the river, which is here crossed by a 
 bridsie. Pop. in 1853. about 1400 ; in 1800, 2m70. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, 10 miles 
 N.E. of Urbanna. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a township of Coltimbiaua co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1361. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a small village of Holmes co., Ohio, 98 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 626. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, 
 about 40 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, 65 
 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN. a village of Vigo co., Indiana, 14 miles 
 S.S.^\■. of Terro Haute. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Logan co., Illinois, on 
 Salt Creek. 22 miles N. of Springfield. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN, a post^village of McDonough co., Illinois, 
 10 miles S.S.W. of Macpmb. The name of the postKjffice is 
 Youui:. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN, a township in Lafayette oo., Missouri. 
 Pop. 1744. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN, a post-village In Montgomery co., Mis- 
 souri. 65 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 JIIDliLEToW.N, a post-village in Des Moines co., Iowa, 
 on the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, 9 miles W. 
 of Burlington. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a township of Marquette co., Wisconsin. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN, a small mining settlement of ShasU co., 
 California. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN CENTRE, a po8tK)fflce of Susquehanna 
 00., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JIIDDLETOWN POINT, a post-village in Jliddletown 
 township, Jloninouth co.. New Jersey, on a small creek of 
 Its own name, 36 miles E.N.E. of Trenton, has a bank, about 
 • dozen stores, 2 or 3 churches, and near 600 Inhabitants. 
 
 MIDDLE VILLAGE, a post-villftge. Queen's co.. New York. 
 
 MIDDLEVILLE, a post-village of Herkimer CO., New York, 
 on West Canada Creek. al)Out 14 miles E.N.E. of Utica. It 
 has manufactorie"! of cotton, &c. 
 
 MIDDLEVII,LE, a post-office of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 MIDDLEVILLE, a post-viHage of Barry co., Jlichigan, on 
 Thornapple River, about 54 miles W. of Lansing. 
 
 JIIDDLEWAY, a post-village of Jefferson Co., W. Virginia, 
 near Opequan Creek, 7 miles S.W. of Chariest© wn, contains 
 2 churches. Pop. about 500 
 1194 
 
 JIID'DLEWICII, a market-towji and parish of England, 
 county and 21 miles E. of Chester, on the Grand Trunk 
 Canal, and 2 miles E. of the Grand Junction Railway. Pop. 
 in 1851, 4498. The town has some manuraeturcs of silk and 
 cotton, and a large trade in salt, obtained from the celebrated 
 brine springs of the vicinity. 
 
 JIIDDLE WOOD'BERRY, a township of Bedford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1900. 
 
 . MIDDLE Y^U'BA, a river of Yuba co., California, rises on 
 the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a general 
 W.S.W. course, falls into the Y'uba River, 75 miles above 
 JIarysville. Gold is found on this stream, which also affords 
 valuable water-power. 
 
 MID'DLEZOY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MIDGLEY, mij'lee, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 JIID'HUKST. a parliamentary borough, market-town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Sussex, 11 miles N.N.E. of Chi- 
 chester, on the navigable Rother, a tributary of the .\run. 
 Pop. in 1851, 7021. It is remarkably neat, and sends one 
 member to the House of Commons. In its vicinity are the 
 ruins of Cowdry House, a noble mansion, destroyed by fire 
 in 1793. 
 
 51IDI,\H, mee'dee'l, a maritime town of Turkey in Europe, 
 province of Room-Elee, on the Black Sea, at the mouth of 
 the Tolopaz; lat. 41° 38' N., Ion. 28° 8' E. It has a small 
 roadstead where vessels may anchor in 10 or 12 fathoms. 
 
 JIIDI, PIC DU. See Pyrenees. 
 
 JllDI, DENT-DU, Alps. See Dent-du-JIidi. 
 
 MID'L.\ND, a new county in tlie E. central part of Jlichi- 
 gan, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is partly 
 bounded on the E. by Saginaw Bay, and is intersected by 
 Tittibawassee River, and also drained by the Salt, Chippewa, 
 and Pine Rivers. The surface is undulating or level, and 
 well wooded. The soil is generally fertile. Pop. 787. 
 
 MIDLAND, a post-offlce of Charlotte co., Virginia. 
 
 MID-LAVANT', a parish of England, co. of Su8.sex. 
 
 MID/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 MID-LOTHIAN. See Edinburgh, County op. . 
 
 MID'JI.4R. a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen; 
 
 MIDWAPOOK/ or JIIDNAPOUR, a town of British India, 
 capital of a di.^trict of its own name, is situatoil on the N. 
 bank of the Cassai River. 72 miles W.S.W. of Calcutta. Chief 
 buildings, the jail, hospital, barracks, and re-^idence of the ' 
 district authorities. 
 
 MIDNAPOOR, a district of British India, presidency and 
 province of Bengal, having E. the Iloogly River. Estimated 
 area 8260 square miles. Pop. 1.301,000. 
 
 JUDGES or JIIDOENS, me-do'Jxs, a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira-Baixa. 36 miles W.S.W. of Guarda. Pop. ] 647. 
 
 JIIDOUZE, meeMooz'. a navigable river of France, formed 
 by the union of the Jlidou and Douze. enters the Adour on 
 the right, below that town. Length 18 miles, or comprising 
 the Jlidou. 65 miles. 
 
 JIIDROfi, mid'ro-A\ a town of Algeria, province of Titteri, 
 on the river Faled, 134 miles S.W. of Algiers. 
 
 JIID'VIEW, a post-office of Henry co., Kentucky. 
 
 JIID/VILLE, a post-village of Burke co., Georgia, on the 
 Central Railroad, 94 miles N.W. of Savannah. 
 
 JIIiyWAY, a village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, 40 miles W. of Philadelphia, adjoin- 
 ing Coatesville. It has a machine-shop. 
 
 JIIDWAY, a post-offlce of Davidson co.. North Carolina. 
 
 JIIDWAY', a post-village and station of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 72 miles 
 AV.S.W. of Charleston. 
 
 JIIDAV.W, a pleasant village of Baldwin CO., Georgia, on 
 the railroad from Jlilledgeville to Gordon, 1^ miles S. of thp 
 former. It is the seat of Oglethorpe University. (Presbyte- 
 rian,) a flourishing institution, founded in 1838. Pop. 
 about '300. 
 
 JIIDWAY, a post-village of Barbour co., Alabama. 
 
 MIDWAY, a post-village of Jladison co., JlissLssippi. 
 
 MIDWAY, a post-office of St. Landry parish. Louisiana. 
 
 MIDWAY', a post-offlce of Hot Springs co., Arkansas. 
 
 MIDWAY, a post-village of Jlonroe co., Tennes-soe, 164 
 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 MIDW.\Y, a handsome post-village of Woodford co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the railroad from Lexington to Frankfort, 14 valles 
 from each place. It has 3 churches, 3 hemp factories, and 
 about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 MIDWAY, a village of Clark co., Ohio, about 50 miles W. 
 of Columbus.- 
 
 JIIDWAY, a village of Jladison co., Ohio, a few miles S. 
 of London, the county seat. 
 
 JIIDWAY, a poEt-offiee of Spencer co., Tndian.%. 
 
 JIIDWAY, a post-office of Fulton co., lUinoit'. 
 
 JIIDWAY, a post-village of Cooper co., Jlissouri, 30 mil sfl 
 N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 JIIDWOLDE. mid'wol-deh, a village of Holland, ',irovinoo 
 of Groningen, 6 miles N.W. of Winschoten. Pop. ]-.>r4. 
 
 JIIECHOW. me^Kov, a town of Poland, province and 44 
 miles S.W. of Kielce. Pop. 1500. 
 
 JIIECHOW, a small town of Poland provii » mid '.S 
 miles N.N.W. of Lublin. 
 
MIE 
 
 MIEDNTKT, m'e-Jd'nee'kee, a small town of Russia, go- 
 Teriimeat and 16 miles S.E. of Vilna. 
 
 MIKi^ZXA, me-Jdz'nil, a small town of Russia, proyince 
 and 21 miles X.N.W. of .Siedlec, (Poland.) 
 
 MIED/A'IIZYC, me-MV(R'zits, a town of Poland, province 
 and 25 miles ^^.K. of Siedleo, on an affluent of the Hug. 
 
 JIIKUZVKZYC, a market-town of Russian I'oland, go- 
 Ternment of Volliynia. 
 
 MIKLAN, meWM^N"', a town of France, department of 
 Gerp. 20 miles S.W. of A uch. Pop. in 1852, 20i3. 
 
 MH;K, a )iost-orfice of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 MI EK, a post-office of Wabash co., Illinois. 
 
 MllOltES DEL CAMINO, me-A/rds d61 kd-mce'no, or SAN 
 JUAN BAUTI.STA, sdn Hoo-dn' bow-tees/tS, a town of Spain, 
 Asturias, 10 miles S. of OTiedo, on the Lena or Caudal. It 
 has a tine palace, an iron foundry, and a trade in cinnabar, 
 iron, sulphur, and coal. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MIE.S, mees, or .S1LI5ER-BEKGSTADT, sil'ber-b?RG'stdtt. 
 a wallod town of Itohemia, 16 miles W. of Pilsen. Pop. 42t;9, 
 mostly employed in extensive lead and silver mines. Here, 
 in 1427, 31,000 IIus.«ites defeated a German army of 80,000. 
 
 MIESli.\ClI, mees'bdK, a market-town of Bavaria, 10 
 miles 8. S.W. of Munich. Pop. of district, 18,018. 
 
 .Ml i;.SCIlIS'rO, mee-shis'to, a town of Prussian Poland, 
 government and 40 miles S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 580. 
 
 MIESZKOW, me-dsh'kof, a town of Prussian Poland, go- 
 vernment and 30 miles N.K. of Posen. Pop. 750. 
 
 Mll'7rAU, a town of Russia. See JIitau. 
 
 MIEUSSY, meo'usVee', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Savoy, province of Faucigny. Pop. 2233. 
 
 MIEZ.\, me-,Vthd, a town of Sjiain, Leon, province and 
 about 04 miles from Salamanca. Pop. 1061. 
 
 MIF'FLIN, a county in the S. central part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, hiis an area of 370 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Juniata liiver, and also drained by Kishicoquillas, Jack's, 
 and Licking Creeks. The surface is mountainous, traversed 
 by liigh and rugged ridges, and by beautiful valleys. Iron 
 is procured in large quantities from the mines of this 
 county; limestone and slate are also abundant. It is inter- 
 sected by the Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad. 
 Formed in 1789, and named in honor of Governor Mifflin. 
 Cai>ital, Lewistown. Pop. 16,340. 
 
 SllFI'LIN, a township of Alleghany CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 44.34. 
 
 MIFH'LIN, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1021. 
 
 M1F1''I..IN, a township of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Poi>. 1400. 
 
 MIFFLIN, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1430. 
 
 MIFFLIN, a township of Lycoming co.; Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1066. 
 
 MIFFLIN, a post-village of Henderson co., Tennessee, 137 
 miles S.W. of Nashville; it has 3 stores. 
 
 MIFFl,IN,apost-township in Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 827. 
 
 MIFFLIN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio, Pop. 1311. 
 
 MIFFLIN, township of Pike co.. Oliio. Pop. 821. 
 
 MIKFLIN, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 9C3. 
 
 MIFFLIN, a township of Wyandot co., Ohio. Pop. 870. 
 
 MIFFLIN, a post-village and township of Iowa co., Wis- 
 fonsin, 11 miles W. of Mineral Point. The village has 4 
 stores, and 1 smelting furnace. Pop. 1220. 
 
 MIFFLIN CROSS ROADS, a small village of Cumberland 
 CO.. P^nn.sylvania. 
 
 MIF'FLlNSItURG, or YOUNGMANSTOWN, a post-bo- 
 rough of Buffalo township. Union co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Bultulo Creek, 08 miles N..\.\V. of llarrisburg. It is situated 
 In a rieh farming district, and has an active trade. It con- 
 tains 2 iliurchi\s, and a bank. Pop. 865. 
 
 MIF'FLINTOWX, a pnst-lwrough, capital of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania, is beautifully situated on the left bank of 
 Juniata River. 49 miles W.N.W. of llarrisburg. The Central 
 Railroad, wliich runs along the right bank of the river, con- 
 nects the town witl) Pittsburg, Il.irrisburg, Ac. Tliree news- 
 papers are published here. The borougli contains 3 churches, 
 an academy, and a bank. The Juniata is crossed by a bridge 
 at this place. Pop. 767. 
 
 BIIFFLINVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, 88 
 miles N.N.E. of Ilarrisburs. 
 
 MIGALGARA, a town of Turkey. See Malgarah. 
 
 MI(jII.\RIN.\, megd-ree/n:(. a village of Naples, province 
 Of Calabria Ultra II., 7 miles W.N.W. of Catanzaro. P. 1600. 
 
 MIGLIOMCO, meel-yon'e-ko,, a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Basilicata, 9 miles S.W. of Matera. Pop. 3300. 
 
 MIGNANEGO, meen-yd-nVgo, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa, 2 miles from San Quirico. Pop. 
 2580. 
 
 MIG\I5, meen'y.^', a village of France, department of 
 Vienne. on the Auzance. Pop. 1931. 
 
 MIGXfi, a village of France, department of Indre, 13 
 miles N.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 1149 
 
 MKiU EL-ESTEBAN, me-gh^"-*s-t:i-Ban'. a village of Spain, 
 New Castile, proviuc* 'if T.«iedo, 65 miles S.E. of Madrid. 
 Pop. 220^. 
 
 MIL 
 
 MIGUELTURRA, me-ghJlHooR/Rd, a town of Spain, New 
 Castile, 2 miles S. of Ciudad-Jteal. It has- two primai-y 
 schools, a church, and four hermitages, one of which, Santo 
 Cristo dc la Misoricordia, is remarkable for the ri(ihness anil 
 elegance of its architecture. The manufactures comprise 
 brandy, leather, bricks, and tiles. Pop. 5558. 
 
 MIIIALY-FALVA, mee'hdrf..l'voh\ or MICIIELSDORF, 
 mee'Ks'ls-tloRf \ a village of Austria, Tran.sylvania, at the con- 
 fluence of the Ilokel with the Maros. Pop. 1126. 
 
 MIIIALY-FALU, mee'lidl'-fi'loo\ a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Szabolcs. Pop. 2107. 
 
 MillALY-JASZ-TELEK, me-lidT'-jds-taMfk'. a village ol 
 Hungary, Hither Theiss, at the coullueme of the Zaqua witU 
 the Tarua. Pop. 1890. 
 
 MIIIALY-NAGY, mee'hdr nfdj, a market-village of Hun- 
 gary, Hither Theiss, co. and 37 miles S.W. of Zemplin, ou 
 the Laborcz. Pop. 2118. 
 
 MIIILA, mee/ld, a village of Germany, duchy of Saxe- 
 Weimar, 7 miles N. of Eisenach. Pop. 1294. 
 
 MlHKJ.iN, a town of Persia. See Biiirjan. 
 
 MIHOLACZ, mee'ho'ldts', written also MIIIOLCZINUM, 
 a market-town of Austria, Slnvonia, co. of Verocz, on the 
 Drave, 12 miles from Siklos. Pop. 2150. 
 
 MIIAS or MIAS, mee^as', a river of .Vsiatic Russia, govern- 
 ments of Orenljoorg. Perm, and Tolxilsk, joins the Tobol at 
 Yalootrovosk, after an eastward course of 300 miles. On it 
 is the Fort Miiaskoi, 25 miles E. of Tcheliabinsk. 
 
 MI J ARES or MIXARE.S, me-nd'r?s, a river of Spain, enters 
 the Mediterranean 6 miles S. of Castellon-de-la-Plana, after 
 an E. course of 65 miles. 
 
 MIJARES or MIXARES, a town of Spain, province and 
 25 miles S. of Avila. Pop. 767. 
 
 Ml JAS or MIX.A.S, mee'iids, a town of Spain, province and 
 15 miles S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 40S0, with numerous mills. 
 
 MLII HITCH, a town of Russia. See .'SIizhiritch. 
 
 MIKHAILOV or MICHAILOV, nio-Kl-lov/, a town of Rus- 
 sia, government and 32 miles S.W. of Riazau, on the Pronia, 
 Pop. 6500. 
 
 MIK1I.\IL0'VK.\, me-Kl-lov/kd, a town of Ru.»sia, govern- 
 ment of Koorsk, 10 miles AV. of Novoi-Oskol, on the Khorok. 
 Pop. 601)0. It has 3 churches, manufactures of linen, wax, 
 and leather, and carries on a considerable trade. 
 
 MIKHAIL0VK.\, a town of Russia, government and 17 
 miles S.S.E. of Y'ekaterinoslav, ou an affluent of the Dnieper. 
 Pop. 3600. 
 
 MIIvHALITZA, or MIKIIALITCII. See Mlualitch. 
 
 MIKLOS-FALU, mee'klosh^-fd'loo, a village of Hungary 
 CO. of Wieselburg. Pop. 1240. 
 
 MIKOLA, mee'kolrih\ a village of Hungary, co. of Szaih 
 mar, 4 miles from Szathmar-Nemeth. Pop. lil2. 
 
 MIK()L.\J0W, mee-ko-ld-yov', a market-town of Austrian 
 Poland. Galici.a, 20 miles N..\.E. of Stry. Pop. 1860. 
 
 JIIKULINCE, me-koo-lin'sA, a town of Austrian Poland, 
 Gali(•i.^, circle and 12 miles S. of Tarnopol. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MILAGRO ERGAVIA, me-ld'gro ^R-gd've-d, a town of 
 Spain, province of Navarre, 40 miles S. of Pamplona, on 
 the right bank of the Aragon. Pop. 1800. Ncnr this is the 
 Marsh of I'efialen, in which Sancho V., King of Navarre, 
 perished, 1076. 
 
 MILAII. mee'ld, a town of Algeria, province ahd 21 miles 
 N.W. of Constantino, on the ancient Roman road between 
 that city and Algiers, and surrounded by gardens filled with 
 the finest fruits and flowers. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 MILAM, mi'lam, a county in the central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 600 square miles. The Brazos forms 
 its N.E. boundary. It is intersected by Little River, and 
 also drained by Brushy Creek. ,The soil is generally fertile. 
 Named in honor of General Benjamin Milam. Capital. 
 Cameron. Pop. 5175, of whom 3633 were free, and 1542 
 slaves. 
 
 MILAM, a post-village, capital of Falls co., Texas, on the 
 right bank of the Rio Brazos, about 85 miles N.N.E. of 
 Au.stin. 
 
 MILAM, a post-village, capital of Sabine co., Texas, on 
 Boregas Creek, an affluent of Sabine Kiver, 330 miles E.N.E. 
 of Austin City. 
 
 MILAN, mil'an,* (Fr. pron. meeMSN":' ; It. Milano, me-ld'no ; 
 Oer. Mailand, mildnt ; anc. Mcdiolalnum,) the largest city of 
 Lombardy, and the third in size in Italy, (being exceeded 
 in population only by Naples and Rome,) capital of a 
 province of its own name, is situated about 90 miles E.N.E. 
 of Turin, 175 miles W. of Venice, 75 miles N.N.E. of Ge- 
 noa, and 325 miles N.N.AV. of Rome. I,at. 45° 28' 1" N., 
 Ion. 9° 11' 48" E. It is situated in a beautiful and fertile 
 plain, between the Adda and Tlcino, which, in this part of 
 their course, feed four separate canals, one of which, the 
 Naviglio Grande (nd-veel'yo grdn'd.i) or "Gi-eat Canal " en- 
 circling a considerable portion of the interior of the city, 
 divides it into two unequal parts, wliile the other three, on 
 the outside, are available both for irrigation and traffic 
 
 *A11 the poots place the accent ou the fin^t syllable of this 
 name. Byron and Jloore rhj-me it with villain. This appears 
 {» be the prevailing, if not universal pronuuciatic ii among cor- 
 rect speakers. 
 
 1195 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 By railway, it is connected on the N. with Como. and on the 
 B. with Tre->iglio, the latter, a part of an unfinished line to 
 Verona and Venice. It is built in the form of an irregular 
 polygon, and is surrounded by walls, which were ouce 
 .'lanked with large and niassiye bastions. These, with a 
 ringle exception, have been removed, and the space occupied 
 by them and the earthen ramparts has been converted into 
 pleasant walks, shaded by magnificent chestnut trees. The 
 town is entered by 11 gates, tlie streets lea<Ung from which 
 are of convenient breadth, well paved, and lighted with gas. 
 The finest gate is the Arco della Pace, a modern, sculptured, 
 marble arch, situated at the end of the Simplon lload^near 
 it is the Piazza d'Armi. an immense space, obtained by the • 
 demolition of the citadel and its outworks ; it is used for the 
 exercise of troops, and has extensive barracks; part of it has 
 been converted into an amphitheatre, 800 feet long by 400 feet 
 broad, capable of containing 30,000 spectatoi-s. The houses 
 of Milan are built, for the most part, of brick, and covered 
 with tiles, but have often a handsome and showy exterior. 
 The finest streets are the Corso di Porta Komaua, Corso di 
 Porta Nuova, and Corso di Porta Renza or Orientale. All 
 of these, but more especially the last, have ranges of elegant 
 mansions, which would be ornaments to any capital in 
 Europe. 
 
 Among the great number of public edifices that adorn 
 Milan, the most remarkable is the Duomo or Cathedral, a 
 vast and magnificent structure, inferior only to St. Peter's 
 at Rome. It is situated almost in the centre of the citj', in 
 the Piazza del Duomo. The edifice was commenced in 1387, 
 and has ever since been advancing towards completion. It 
 is built of white marble, and is remarkable for the extreme 
 lightness of its construction. It is 490 feet long, 298 feet wide, 
 and 355 feet high to the top of the dome, above which rises an 
 elegant tower or spire, in the shape of an obelisk. Its form 
 is that of a Lsitiu cross, divided into five naves. Around 
 the roofs and sides are 4000 niches, of which nearly 4000 
 are already occupied by statues. The building is al.so 
 adorned with more than a hundred beautiful spires, giving 
 its exterior the appearance of a forest of marble. In the 
 interior everything is of the most imposing and gorgeous 
 description, and the eye wanders almost overpowered by the 
 number of grand and beautiful object'" which cl.iini its 
 attention. About 50 pillars of immense size and vast height 
 support the arches of the naves. The floor is formed of 
 marble of different colors, disposed in various figures; paint- 
 ings by the most celebrated masters adorn the walls, and the 
 groups of figures sketched on the windows are of a size and 
 boldness probably unequalled in the world. The other re- 
 markable edifices are the Church of Sant' Ambrogio, founded 
 by St. Ambrose in 387, and in which the Emperors of Ger- 
 many were crowned, and containing so many ancient epi- 
 taphs and other relics, as to form a rich museum of early 
 Christian antiquities ; the Church of Sant' Eustorgio, with 
 an ancient campanilev and interesting monuments; the 
 Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in which is the cele- 
 brated "Last Supper," by Leonardo da Vinci; the Church of 
 Santa Maria della Passione, with a magnificent mausoleum, 
 regarded as one of the best works of the sculptor Andrea 
 Eusina; the Palazzo Reale or La Corte, occupied by the 
 viceroy; the Archiepiscopal Palace, adjoining the Cathedral, 
 and connected with it by a kind of tunnel ; the Palazzo di 
 Governo. containing a vast court lined with porticoes sup- 
 ported by pillars; the Palazzo del Marino, now used as a 
 custom-house and treasury; the Broletto or Palazzo Muni- 
 cipali, remarkable for its historical associations ; the Palazzo 
 della Ragione or de' Tribunal!, situated in the centre of the 
 Piazza del Mercanti, and partly used as a register oflice ; the 
 Palazzo di Giustizia, and de' Tribunali; the former for the 
 criminal court, and the latter for the ordinary courts of 
 justice ; the Royal Mint or Stamperia Reale : the barracks, 
 forming a long and elegant range of buildings, capable of 
 holding 4000 men ; the prisons, one of which is regarded as 
 a model of its kind; tlie House of Correction at Porta Nu- 
 ova, and a great number of theatres, among which that 
 called Delia Scala takes precedence, accommodating 4000 
 spectators, and said to be the largest in the world, not ex- 
 cepting even the San Carlo of Naples. 
 
 The chief scientific and educational establishments are 
 the Koyal Academy of Arts and Sciences, formerly the Palace 
 of the Brea. with a library of 100.000 volumes, valuable manu- 
 scripts, and a picture-gallery rich in the choicest productions 
 of the ancient Italian masters, an astronomical and magneti- 
 eal observatory, considered the finest in Italy, and a botanic 
 parden; the .Ambrosian Librarv with 60.000 volumes and 
 15,000 manuscripts, the Trivulzio Library, 20.000 volumes 
 and 2000 manuscripts, 4 gymnasia, a normal school, school of 
 medicine ami surgery, several learned societies, and a military 
 geographical institute, which publishes excellent maps. The 
 principal benevolent endowments are the Ospitale Maggiore, 
 richly endowed, and occupying a vast range of buildinss in 
 the Gothic style, with a fa;ade adorned bv five baa-reliefs, 
 and a large s<iiiare court enclosed bv porticoes; it contains 
 2300 beds for the sick poor of all nations ; the Ospitale di 
 Santa Caterina. Ospitale dei Fate-Ijene-Fratelli, Ospitale dei 
 Pazzi, the Monte di Pieta, the Infant House of Refuge, the 
 1190 ^ ' 
 
 House of Incurables, (^Pie Casta dfgli TneurahQi,) the Peni- 
 tentiary and House of Industry, {Cusa di Hecovero e d' Indus- 
 tria.) the Military. Orphan, and several foundling hospitals. 
 
 The occasional visits of the emperor, and the constant 
 residence of a viceroy, give to this city many of the appen- 
 dages of a court and inde^ieudent capital. It is also the 
 see of an archbishop, the seat of courts of primary resort, 
 criminal and mercantile courts, and a court of appeal for 
 all Lombardy. Milan is the largest book mart in Italy; 
 from its position on the great routes across the Alps, and 
 its connexion by canals with the principal rivers in Italj', 
 it is favorably situated for trade. It is connected by railway 
 with Vienna, (opened at the two extremities in 1850,) Tre- 
 viglio, 20 miles E.X.E., and Monza. 9 miles N.E. Its manu- 
 factures comprise silks, velvets, ribbons, lace, cotton, carpets, 
 jewelry, glass, paper, and porcelain ; it has a royal tobacco 
 manufactory. 
 
 Milan is very ancient; it was founded in 400 b. c, and was 
 inhabited and embellished by many of the Roman emperors. 
 Virgil studied here, and it is the birth-place of many emi- 
 nent persons, among whom may be named tlie Popes Alex- 
 ander II., Urban III., Celestine IV., Pius IV., and Gregory 
 XIV.; the jurist Alciato, the geometer Cardan, Beccaria, 
 author of the celebrated work on Crimes and Punishments ; 
 Agnesi, a lady, celebrated for her scientific attainments; 
 and Alessandro Manzoni, the first living novelist of Italy. 
 It was the capital of a republic in 10515; in the end of the 
 14th century it was made the capital of the duohy of Milan : 
 it passed successively under the dominion of S) .ain and 
 Austria; was taken by the f'rench in 1790 and ISOO. In 
 1S05 they made it the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. It 
 was restored to Austria in 1815. Pop. of the city in' 1846, 
 156,326, or, including the suburbs, 189,380; in lSt;2 it 
 amounted to 196,l(i9, exclusive of the suburb of Corpi 
 
 Siinti. Adj. and iuhab. Milanese, miran-eez', (It. pron. 
 
 me-l3-ni'-si.) 
 
 MIL.\X, a fertile province of Italy, containing the capital 
 city of the same name. Area750 English square miles. Pop. 
 394.ti71. 
 
 JIIL.4.N, a post-township of Coos co.. New Hampshire, on 
 the Grand Trunk Railway, about 105 miles N. by E. of Con- 
 cord. Pop. 789. 
 
 MILAN, a pleasant village of Cayuga co.. New York, on 
 the Owa-sco Itdet, 21 mjles S. by E. of Auburn. It contains 
 several churches and manufactories. 
 
 MIL.\N, a post-township of Dutchess co., New York, about 
 56 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 1522. 
 
 MIL.\N, a small post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 M1L.\N, a tlourishiiig post-village and township of Erie 
 CO.. Ohio, on the right bank of Huron River. 8 miles from 
 Lake Erie, and J.03 miles X. by E. of Columbus. It js beau- 
 tifully situated on a bluff 60 feet higher than the river. A 
 ship canal has been opened, by which vessels of 250 tons 
 can ascend from the lake to this point. Considerable quan- 
 tities of grain and other produce are shipped here. Jlilan 
 contains 3 churches, a large academy, and numerous stores. 
 Settled in 1809. Pop. of the township, in 1850, 2697 ; in 
 I860, 1899. 
 
 MILAN, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Monroe co., Jlichigan. Pop. 1045. 
 
 MIL.\N, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, 70 miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis, h.is about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 MILAN, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, on the 
 Mississippi River, 25 miles above Alton. 
 
 MILAN, capital of Sullivan co., Missouri. See ApPEfrrix. 
 
 .MIL.\NESE. miPan-eez'or me-l3-ni's,t, an old division of 
 Italy, capital Milan. A part of it was ceded bj- .Austria to 
 Sardinia in 1736. The Alstriax Milanese is now comprised 
 in the government of Milan. 
 
 MILANO. See Milan. 
 
 MILAZZO. mc-iat/so. or MELAZZO, mA-iay.=o, (anc. Myna,^ 
 a strongly fortified seaport town of Sicily, 18 miles ^V. of 
 Messina, on the N. coast. Pop. 7000. It consists of an upper 
 and a lower town, both irregularly built, and with many 
 large, but mean eilifices; its citadel, and other military 
 works, are, however, so strong by nature and art, that it 
 may be regarded as the Gibmltar of Sicily. It has a con- 
 venient harbor, and an export trade in tunny, wine, silk, 
 fruit, rags, argol. corn, oil, and the cordial called vino-colto. 
 
 MILAZZO, GULF OF. Sicily, extends 16 miles E. of the 
 town of Milazzo, and has been the theatre of many engage- 
 ments in ancient and modern times. 
 
 MIL'BORNE-PORT, a disfranchised borough and parish 
 of England, co. of Somerset, on the Ivel, 2J miles E.N.E. 
 of Sherkiorne. Pop. 1740. The town has an ancient guild- 
 hall, and brisk manufactures of gloves. 
 
 MIL'BOURN, a vill.ige of Ballard co., Kentucky, alwut 14 
 miles from the Mississippi River. It contains 2 churches, 
 and about 150 inhaliitants. 
 
 MILBOURNE CHURCH STONE, a parish of England, ca 
 of Dorset. 
 
 MII/BRIDGE. a postrtownship of AVashington co., Maine 
 Pop. 1282. 
 
 MILLOJURG, a post-office of Greenville district, South 
 CaroUiyi. 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 MrLa)E\. Sea MorooN. 
 
 MILDKN. a parish of England, co. of SufTolk. 
 
 M1L.I)E.\AU, inil/deh-n6w\ a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau. Top. 2072. 
 
 MlLDI'^NUAMi, mil'Jen-hAll, a market-town and parish 
 af Kuglimd. CO. of Suffolk, on the navigable Lark, with a 
 station on the Eastern Counties Uailway, 9 miles S.S.W. of 
 liraiidon. Area of jiari.sh. 13.710 acres. Pop. 4374. It is 
 well built, and has a handsome church, with a rich carved 
 roof. 
 
 Mir.DEXIIALIi, a parish of England, co. of Wilta. 
 
 MILE'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MILES, a po.st-township forming the K. extremity of Cen- 
 tre CO., I'ennsylvania. I'op. 1147. 
 
 MILK.S'HUKO, a thriving post-borough of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Bald Eagle Creek and Canal, 2 miles N. 
 of ItilK'fonte, and 87 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. It is the 
 terminus of a plank-road which extend.s to Tyrone, ou the 
 Central Kailroad. Pop. in ISOO, 591. ^ 
 
 JIILK.S lilVER, of Talbot co., Marj-land, is a navigable 
 inlet cif the Chesapeake. 
 
 MILE.SroWN. niil/Ztown, a village of Pennsylvania, with- 
 in the chartered limits of the city of Philadelphia, 7 miles N. 
 of I he State-House. 
 
 MILKSTOWN, a post-office of .St. Mary's co., Maryland. 
 
 MILK'l'IN. me-lgh-teen', a town of Bohemia, circle of 
 Bidschow, 57 miles N.E. of I'rague. Pop. 1370. 
 
 .MILKTO, me-l.Vto, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 V'.tni II., 47 miles N.N.E. of iieggio. Pop. 1250. It has a 
 "atli.'dral and a bi.shop's palace. 
 
 MILE'TUS, (Or. M'Airroi, MilUot,) a ruined city of Asia 
 Minor, the remains of which, near the mouth of the Mender, 
 30 niile,< S.S.W. of Ayasoolook, (Ephesus.) comprise an enor- 
 uinus theatre, and ruins of a church. — Adj. and inhab. 
 MiLE.si\>J, mi-leesh'yan. 
 
 MIL/FOHD, a parliamentary borough and seaport town 
 of Soutli Wales, co. of Pembroke, on the N. side of >Iilford- 
 llaven, 6 miles E.N.E. of St. Anne's Head, and 6 miles 
 W.X.W. of I'embroke. Pop. of the borough in 1851, 2837. 
 It was founded in 17S4, is well built, has an elegant church, 
 custom-house, observatory, market-hou.se, quay, with some 
 shipbuilding, trade in ship stores, and exports of stone. 
 coal, and lime. Mail packets ply to Waterford. Registered 
 fliijiping, 9470 tons. The borough unite.s with Pembroke, 
 Ti'uby, and Wiston in sending one member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 MILFOUU, a village of England, co. of Derby, on the 
 Derivent, here cros.sed by a handsome bridge, and on the 
 North Midland Uailway, 2 miles S. of Belper. Pop. 896. 
 
 JlILKOIil), a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 Ml LfORlJ, a tything of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 M I LF( illll. a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on the 
 Pen(il).-i(i)t River, aliout 17 miles X.E. of Bangor. I'op. 744. 
 
 MlLt'ORD. a post-village and town.ship of Hillsl)orough 
 CO., New Hampsiiire, ou the railroad from Nashua to Wilton, 
 about 29 miles S. by W. of Concord. It has several cotton- 
 mills and foundries, and manufactories of cabinet ware, 
 sa.*li. and blinds, itc. Pop. 2223. 
 
 MILKtiRD, a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Milford Branch RailroatI, 34 miles S.W. 
 f)l' Boston. The village contains 6 churche.-j, a liank, a sav- 
 ings institution, an insurance office, a newspa]>er office, and 
 a town house. In Milford township. 1J4 miles W. of the 
 village, is the flourisiiing community of Hopedale, founded 
 in 1842. It comprises about 600 acres of land, a post-office, 
 and about 200 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, in 1850, 
 4819; inlK60, 9132. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village, township, and seajiort of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, on the New York and New Haven 
 Railroad, and on the Wopewaug Kiver, 10 miles S.W.'of Now 
 Haven. It contains 5 churches, 13 stores, 1 high-school, and 
 a large manufactory of sti-aw goods. The harbor is safe, and 
 *dmits vessels of about 200 tons. Total population. 2828. 
 
 MIliF'>RD. a poist-village and township of Otsego co.. New 
 York, about 75 miltfs W. of Albany. The village has churches 
 of 3 or 4 denominations, half a dozen stores, and several 
 factories. Pop. 2210. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village of Alexandria township. Ilunter- 
 Jon CO., New Jer-sey, is situated on the Delaware River and 
 the Belvidere and Delaware Railroad, about 20 miles al>ove 
 Ijambertville. It has 2 churche.s, 4 stores, 2 hotels, and 1 
 flouring-mill. A bridge crosses the river at this place. Pop. 
 about SOU. 
 
 MILFOI'.D. a village of Mercer co., New Jersey, about 16 
 miles K. of Trenton. 
 
 Ml LFORI). a township of Bucksco.. Pennsylvania. P. 2708. 
 
 MILFitRD, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1646. 
 
 MILFORD. a post-borough and township, capital of Pike 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, and on the Dela- 
 ware and Hudson Canal, 160 miles E.N.E. of Harri.sburg. 
 The borou;:h contains a court-house, 2 churches, and an 
 tcademy. Settleil about 1800. Pop. of the township, 711. 
 
 MILFliRD, a village and township of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvauia, 7 miles S.W. of Somerset. Pop. 1416. 
 
 MILFORD, a hundred in Kent co., Delaware. Pop., includ- 
 ing Mispillion, 5488. 
 
 MILI'ORD. a thriving post-borough of Kent co.. Delaware, 
 on the left bank of Mispillion Creek. 21 miles S.S.E. of Dover, 
 and 68 miles S. of Wilmington. It is the seat of cousidera 
 ble business, and contains 2 banks. 4 or 5 cbuidies, a public 
 liiirary, and a newspaper office. The Misj)illi(in is navigablo 
 fur schooners. Next to Wilmington, Milford is the largest 
 place in the state. It is divided by the Mispillion into North 
 and South Milfonl, The latter has a branch of the Smyrna 
 Bank, a church, an academy, and a ship-yard. Pop. 1763. 
 
 MILFOitD, a post-village of Caroline co., Virginia, on the 
 Richmond. Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad, 38 miles 
 from Richmond. 
 
 MILFORD, a village of Preston co., W. Virginia, on the 
 turnpike from Brandonville to Fishing Creek. 
 
 MIl^FOKD, a post-village in Greeuville district, Soutjl 
 Carolina. 
 
 Jll LF'ORD, a post-office of Baker co., Georgia. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village in Bracken co., Kentuckv. 
 
 MILFORD, a townsliip of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 1885. 
 
 MILFORD, a thriving iwst-village of Miami township, 
 Clermont co., Ohio, on the E. bank of Little Miami River, 14 
 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. A bridge acro.ss the river con- 
 nects the village with the Little Miami Railroad. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 700. 
 
 MILFORD, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 1289. 
 
 MILFORD, a township of Kn')X do., Ohio. Pop. 1082. 
 
 MILFORD, a flourishing post-village a«id township of Oak- 
 land CO., Michigan, on the Huron River, 36 miles N.W. of 
 D(!troit. The water-power of the river gives motion to 2 
 grist-mills, 2 woollen factories, and a nuichine-shop. .Milford 
 contains 3 churches and 10 stores. Pop. about 1000 ; of the 
 township, 1' 64. 
 
 MI LF'ORD, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, on Clifty 
 Creek, 8 miles W. of Greeusburg, contains about 400 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on 
 Turkey Creek, 126 miles N. by E. of Indiana]K)lis. 
 
 MILFORD, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1091. 
 
 MILFORD, a village of Warren co.. Indiana, 14 miles N. 
 •of Willianisport. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on Sugar 
 Creek, aljout 140 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 MILFORD, a thriving post-village of Kendall CO., Illinois, 
 on F"ox River, 61 miles S.W. of Chicago. It has an excellent 
 water-power, and several mills. 
 
 MILF'OI'iD. a village in Winnebago co., Illinois, 90 milea 
 W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 MII.1FORD, a post-villcge and township in the N. part of 
 Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1981. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Princ« 
 Edward, situated ou the Black River, 7 miles S. of Pictoa. 
 Pop. about 2.'>0. 
 
 MILFORD CENTRE, a post-village of Otsego co., New 
 York, on the Susquehanna River, about 15 miles S. of 
 Cooperstown. 
 
 MILFORD CENTRE, a thriving post village of Union co., 
 Ohio, on Big Darby Creek, and on tlie Columbus and In- 
 dianapolis iiailroad, 30 miles N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 
 or 3 churches. 
 
 MILFORD-HA/VEN. a harbor of England, on a ba.«in or 
 deep inlet of the Atlantic, coast of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke, forming one of the lx;st ports in the British domi- 
 nions. Lat. of St. Anne's Head, the N.W. extremity of the 
 entrance, and on which are 3 lighthouses with fixed lights, 
 51° 41' N„ Ion. 50 10' 25" W. Lengtli of haven aliout 15 
 miles, average brea<Uh 2 miles. It is completely landlocked, 
 has deep water, and the whole .shipping of the empire might 
 ride here as s;ifely as in dock, in any weather; wliilst the 
 access is ea.sy, and the ogress can bs accomplished by aid of 
 the strong ebb, even in head winds. The town, founded in 
 1790, situateil ou the N, side of the Haven, contains a hand- 
 some church, market-house, custom-house, and dock-yard. 
 Pop. 2377. 
 
 MILFORD, SOUTH, a township of England, co. of Y^ork, 
 West Riding. ' 
 
 MIL'FORDTON, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 MILH, EL. l\ mil or meel. (anc. Maluthar the Moladahot 
 the Scriptures.) a village of Palestine, pashaiicof Damascu.s, 
 18 miles S. of Hebron, with large wells, and vestiges of a 
 ruined town, covering an area of half a square mile. 
 
 MILHAU, a town of France. See Mii,L.\u. 
 
 MILHAUD. meeMo', a town of Fran«e, department of Gard, 
 4 miles S.W. of Nimeii, on the railway to Montpellier. Pop. 
 1700. 
 
 MILIAN.AII, me-le-3'nj, ("anc. AllnianaT) a town of 
 Algeria, province and 68 miles S.W. of Algiers, on a moun- 
 tain slope, 3000 feet above sea-level. It has numerous 
 mosques, a limekiln, a pottery, and various kinds of manu- 
 factures, Roman remains are still met with here. It now 
 contains a F'rench garrison. Pop. in 1849, 2340; of whom 
 1102 are Europeans. 
 
 MILIASKA. See M1GU.VZZA. 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 >rrLl»uLI, me-lillee, a town of Sicily, 13 miles N.N^.W. of 
 Bj racusf, on the Cantjira. Pop. 4200. Close to it are the 
 ruins of the ancient H)/h>la. and the population, as in ancient 
 times. of.Uect a great quantity of honey in the vicinity. 
 
 iMILIIs niee^eece, a village on the island of Sardiniii, 
 division of Cagliari, province of Busachi, miles N. of Oris- 
 tano. Pop. 14.50. 
 
 MII.,'ITARY FRONTIER, (Ger. MiUtar-Greme, me-le-t,W 
 grJu^sch.) a belt of country, in the Austrian dominions, 
 stretching along the frontiers of Turkey, from the Adriatic 
 Sea. and Dalmatia. to Transylvania ; and l)Ounded X. by Croa- 
 Ua, Slavonia. Hungary, and Transylvania ; and S. by Bo-snia, 
 fcervi.^, and WalachiaV area 12.922 English square mile.t. 
 This military frontier was originairy formed about the middle 
 of tlic 16th century, by the Emperor Ferdinand I. It gub- 
 Bequentlv underwent repeated modifications, and now con- 
 Bii.ts of three principal divisions — the Croatian frontier, 
 subdivided into those of Karlstadt, Banat, and Wara,sdin ; 
 the Slavonian-.Servian frontier, and the Banat frontier. 
 The inhabitants are both cultivators of the soil and soldiers; 
 and the magistrates are officers of different grades. The 
 properties are hereditary military fiefs, which the inhabit- 
 naits hold from the state, under different conditions of mili- 
 tary siTvices; one of which is maintaining a permanent 
 sanitary cordon against Turkey; another is the guarding 
 against the introiluction of contraband wares. In time of 
 peactf, the force of the Military Frontiers is a1x)ut 45,000 
 strong. The inhabitants are divided into 14 regiments of 
 inCintry, 1 of hus-s-trs. and 2 battalions of seamen. Pop. 
 in 1S.50. 1.747,733; in 1857, 1,064,922. 
 
 5ITL/ITAKY INSTITUTE, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 JIIIJTARY ROAD, a post>offlce of Jefferson (."O., New York. 
 
 MILITARY SPRINGS, a post-office of Fayette co., Alar 
 bama. 
 
 MIIiITELLO, me-le-tJllo, a town of Sicily, province and 
 21 uiile.< S.W. of Cantania. Pop. 8000 ? 
 
 MILITELLO. a town of Sicily, province and 49 miles 
 TV.S.W. of Messina. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MILITICS, meeMeeHitch', (Nemeth, ni'mjt>, and R.wz, 
 rSts.) two nearly contiguous villages of Hungary, co. of Bacs, 
 about 14 miles from Zombor. on the morass Mosztanga. Pop. 
 of Neraeth-Militics. 3603; Ratz-Militics. 2652. 
 
 MILITSCH, niee'litch, a town of Prussian Silesia, 33 
 miles N.N.E. of Brc'slau. on the Bartsch. Pop. 2200. 
 
 MILL, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1544. 
 
 MILL, a township in Grant co.. Indiana. Pop. 1339. 
 
 MILLAN-DE-LA-COOOLLA, meel-lin'diV-ia-ko-gol/ll, a 
 town of Spain. Old Castile, 24 mUes S.W. of Logroflo, on the 
 Cardenas. Pop. 1771. 
 
 MIL'LARD, a new county in the western part of Utah 
 territory, is bounded on the W. by Nevada, and is drained 
 by Sevier River, with some smaller streams. Tliis county 
 was formed since 1>S50. Named in honor of Millard Fillmore, 
 Ex-president of the United States. Pop. 715. See Appendix. 
 
 >IILL.\RD, a postroffice of Wayne co.. North Carolina. 
 
 MILL,\.RD. a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana, 
 
 MILL.MID. a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MILL.\ni)SVlLLE, a small village of Susquthanna co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MILL .\RK, a post-office of Fulton co.. Indiana. 
 
 MILL.VS. meerii'. a town of France, department of Pyr6- 
 nfies-Orien tales, on the Tet, 10 miles W. of Perpignan. Pop. 
 in 1S.52. 2176. 
 
 MILL.\U, mee'lo', or MILIIAU, (anc. ^milianum.) a town 
 of France, department of Aveyron. capital of an arrondisse- 
 ment. op the right bank of the Tarn, 30 miles S.E. of Rodez,. 
 Pop. in lS-52, 10.041. It has a communal college, courts of 
 first resort and commerce, a chamber of commerce, an 
 agricultural society, and several manufactories of woollen 
 cloth, silk-twist, chamois leather, and leather gloves. It 
 was one of the strongholds of the Calvinists during the 
 religious wars, but its ancient castle was demolished by 
 Louis XIII. 
 
 MILL BEND, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee. 
 
 MILL'BOROUGH SPUING, a post-viliage of Bath co., Tir- 
 pinia. 157 miles W.N.AV. of Richmond. It is pleasantly 
 situated on the turnpike from Staunton to Bath Court- 
 House. and is a place of active business. Medicinal springs 
 occur in the vicinitv. 
 
 MILL'BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 MILLBROOK. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 MILLHROOK. a post-village of Canada West, co. of Dur^ 
 liam, 18 miles N.W. of Port Hope, and 4 miles from Cavan- 
 \ille. It contains numerous stores. Pop. about 275. 
 
 MILLBROOK:. a post-office of Litchfield co.. Connecticut 
 
 JIILLBROOK. a post-office of AV.arren co., New York. 
 
 MILLltUOOK. a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey. 
 
 .MILLBROOK. a small village of Mercer CO.. Pennsj-lvania. 
 
 MILLBROOK. a p.>st-village of Wavne CO., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio and I'ennsylvania Railroiid. 80 miles N.B. of Columbus. 
 
 MILL'IUTRG. a pust-office of Berrien co., Michigan. 
 
 MILLBURN. a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 45 miles 
 S.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 MILLBUKY, a thriving post-village and township of Wor- 
 1198 
 
 cester co., Massachusetts, on the Blackstone River, and on 
 the Providence and Worcester Railroad, 42 miles W.S.W. of 
 Boston. It contains a bank, and has 5 or 6 woollen factories, 
 several cotton factories, and a carpet-mill. Pop. 3296. 
 
 MILL CRKEK. of New Y^ork, a station on the Corning and 
 Blossburg Railroad, 25 miles from Corning. 
 
 MILL CREKK, of Austin co , Texas, flows into Bruzog 
 Kiver, a few miles above San Felipe. 
 
 MILL CRKKlv, of Middle Tennessee, flows into Cumber- 
 land River from the left, about 4 miles above Nashville. It 
 furnishes motive power to sever.al mills. 
 
 MILL CREEK, of .Mahoning co., Ohio, falls into JIahoning 
 River. 
 
 MILL CREEK, Ohio, an affluent of the Ohio River, which 
 it enters at Cincinnati. 
 
 MILL Cl'tEEK, Ohio, an affluent of Scioto River, which it 
 enters in Delaware co. 
 
 MILL CREEK, of Michigan, rises in Lapeer co., and enters 
 Bl.aek River in .>^t. Clair co. 
 
 MILL CREElv, of Washtenaw co., Michigan, enters the 
 Huron River near Dexter. 
 
 MILL CRKEK. Indiana, an affluent of Eel River, rises in 
 Hendricks co., and enters the river in Putnam co. It has 
 a perpendicular fall of 45 feet. 
 
 .MILL CREEK, of Pulaski co., Indiana, flows into the 
 Tippecanoe. 
 
 -AIIIX CREEK, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania, con- 
 tains Erie, the county seat. Pop. 5070. 
 
 MILL CREElv, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a township of Lebanon co., Ponnsylyania. 
 Pop. 1242. 
 
 MILfj CREEK, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1050. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a small post-village of Tioga co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. • 
 
 MILL CREEK, a hundred in New Castle co., Delaware. 
 Pop. 3654. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a post-office of Berkeley co., W, Virginia. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a post-office of Sabine parish, Louisiana. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a post-office of Bowie co., Texas. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a post-office of Izard co.. .\rkansas. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a to-ft-nship of Coshocton co..Ohio. P.688. 
 
 MILL CREEIC, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 MILL CRKEK,a township of H.imilton co.. Ohio. P. 13,844. 
 
 MII>L CRKKK, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 844. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a township of Williams co.. Ohio. P. 979 
 
 MILL CUKEK, a township of Clark co., Illinois. 
 
 5IILL CREEK, a postofflce of Pulaski co., Illinois. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a ijost-village of Ripley co., Mi.ssouri, 160 
 miles S.S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 MILIy-CREEK, a post-viihige of Canada West, on the post- 
 road from Kingstfm to Toronto, townsliip of Eruesttown, 
 12 miles W. of Kingston. Pop. about 250. 
 
 MILL'DALE, a postoffice of Warren co., Virginia. 
 
 MILLD.VLK, a post-village of Warren CO., Slississippi, 13 
 miles N.E. of Vicksburg. 
 
 51ILLD.\LE, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio. 
 
 MILL'DAM. a post-office of Madison co., Missouri. 
 
 SllL'LEDGEVILLE, a postoffice of Mercer co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILE. a post-village of Montgomery co., North 
 Carolina. 133 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 5nLLEDGEA"lLLE, a post-village of Northampton co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE. capital of the state of Georgia, and 
 scat of justice of Baldwin county, is situated on the W. 
 bank of the Oconee River. 158 miles N.W. of Savannah, 
 and 659 miles S.W. of Washington; lat. 33° 7' 20" N., Ion. 
 83° 19' 45" W. It is surrounded by a h)eautiful and fertile 
 cotton country, and contains a number of handsome resi- 
 dences. Tlie Oconee River furnishes excellent water-power 
 here, and was once navigated below by small steamers, but 
 these are now supersetled by railroads. A branch railroad, 
 17 miles long, extends S. to Gordon, on the Central Railroad, 
 and another extends in the opposite direction to Eatonton. 
 The State-House is a fine Gothic edifice. Milledgevilie con- 
 tains a penitentiary, an arsenal of the state, a court-hou.«e, 
 4 or 5 churches. 1 academy, and 1 bank. Five newspapers 
 are published here. Pop. 2480. 
 
 M1LL1;DGEVILLE, a village of White co., Tennessee, 80 
 miles E. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE, a post-villege of Lincoln co.. Ken- 
 .tucky, 9 miles S. of Danville. It contiins a stenm-m'll. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE. a post-village of Carroll co., lllir.ois, 
 about 50 miles S.E. of Galena. 
 
 MILLEN'S BAY, a postvillage in the W. p.art of Jelferjon 
 CO., New York. 
 
 MILL-EN-ST. HUBERT. meel-Sxo-sSx" hU'baiiv' a vilLige 
 of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 7 miiis S.E. 
 of Grave. Pop. 2249. 
 
 MILLER, a county in the S. central part fif Mi«s''or,. has 
 an area of 570 square miles. It is intersected by •.)sago 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 River, and also drained by Auglaiz© River and Tavern 
 Creek. The surface is uneven, and, in 8ome parts, broken ; 
 the soil is pcnerally poor, excepting on tlie margins of the 
 Btreams. Tlie county is well timbered with valuable woo<l, 
 Including walnut and sugar maple. The Osage iiiver is 
 navigable in high stages of water, that is, usually three or 
 four months of tiie year. Named in honor of John Miller, 
 formerly Governor of Missouri. Capital, Tuscumliia. I'op. 
 6812: of wliom ti.574 were free, and 238 slaves. 
 
 MIL'LER, a township of Jvnox co., Ohio. Pop. 993. 
 
 MILIjKU, a township of Dearborn co., Indiana. Pop. 1162. 
 
 MILU'^lt, a townsliip of Marion co., Missouri. Pop. 1436. 
 
 MlbLKR. a township in Scotland co., Missouri. 
 
 MILLKK.^Y, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa. 
 
 MI LLKKOCHES, meelMeh-rosh', a village of Canada 'West, 
 on the Cornwall Canal, in the township of Cornwall, and 
 45 miles from I'rescott. I'op. aViout 220. 
 
 MI MjKII'.S, a post-offlco of Lawrence CO., Ohio. 
 
 MIL'IylCKSBUKCr, a village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 26 miles N.W. of Heading. 
 
 MILLKKSBUUG, a post-village of D.auphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the left bank of the Susquehanna Iiiver, at the 
 mouth of Wiconisco Creek, 28 miles X.N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 It contains a church and several stores. A railroad, 16 
 miles long, extends from this place to the coal-mines of Bear 
 Mountain. Pop. 961. 
 
 MILI>KRSBUi;0. a postvillage of Rutherford co., Tennes- 
 see, 43 miles S.K. of Nashville. 
 
 MILLKKSHUKG, a post-village of Bourlxin co., Kentucky, 
 on the Ilinkston Creek, 48 miles E. of Frankfort, is sur- 
 rounded by a rich farming community, and is one of the 
 principal places in the county. It has 4 or 5 churches, a 
 thriving high school, and several mills. 
 
 MILLKKSBURO, a post-village, eaiiital of Holmes co., 
 Ohio, on Killbuck Creek, 87 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is 
 built on elevated ground, and surrounded by hills. Laid 
 out in 1821. It contains 5 clmrehes, 2 newspaper offices, 1 
 bank, 1 foundry, and 1 grist-mill. The Cleveland and Zanes- 
 ville Railroad psisses through it. Pop. 1156. 
 
 MILLERSBUliG, a village of Meigs co., Ohio, 88 miles 
 S.E. of Columbus, and 12 miles N. of Pomeroy. 
 
 MILLKRSBURG, a village of Ohio co., Indiana, on the 
 Ohio River, about 40 miles below Cincinnati. 
 
 .MILLERSBURG, a village of Whitley co., Indiana, on the 
 Eel River, 12 miles S.W. of Columbta. 
 
 MILLERSBURG, a post-village of Mercer co., Illinois, 156 
 miles .N.AV. of Springfield. It was the county seat previous 
 to 1849. 
 
 MlbbERSBURQ. a post-village of Callaway co., Missouri, 
 21 miles N. of .Tefterson Citv. 
 
 Ml LbERSBURG. a post-office of Iowa Co., Iowa. 
 
 MlbLEirS CH.\P'EL, a postotfice of Dyer co., Tennessee. 
 
 MILLER'S CREEK, a post-office of Davis co.. Utah. 
 
 MILLEirS MILL, a post-office of l$ath co., Virginia. 
 
 MILLER'S PLACE, a post-village of Suffolk co.. New 
 York, near the N. side of Long Island. 
 
 MIL'LERSPORT, a thriving post-village of Fairfield co.. 
 Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 30 miles E.S.E. of Co^ 
 lumbus. 
 
 MILLER'S RIVER, of Alassachusetts, rises in the N. part 
 of Worcester co., flows W. into Franklin co.. and enters the 
 Connecticut, at its bend near Greenfield, after a course of 
 about 60 miles. It affords motive power for numerous 
 lactones and mills. 
 
 MILLER'S RIVER, a mill stream in Caledonia co., in the 
 E.N.E. part of Vermont; falls into the Pa.ssumpsic River. 
 
 JIILLER'S TAVERN, a po.st-office of Es.^ex co., Virginia. 
 
 JIIL'LERSTOW N. a village of Butler co., Pennsylvania, 
 10 miles E.N.E. of Butler. 
 
 MILLEKSTOWN, a village of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the turnpike from Ilarrisburg to Lebanon, 20 miles E. 
 of Ilarrisburg. It has several mills on Quitapahilla Creek. 
 Pop. in i860, about 1000. 
 
 JIILLERSTOWN, a post-village of Lehigh CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 9 miles S.W. of Allentown. Pop. 281. 
 
 MILLEKSTOWN, a thriving pos^village of Greenwood 
 township. Perry co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Juniata River, 29 miles N.N.W. of Ilarrisburg. The Central 
 Railroad and Pennsylvania Canal pass by the place. Pop. 
 about 800. 
 
 JIILLERSTOV/N, a post-village of Grayson co., Kentucky, 
 125 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 MILLERSTOWN, a post-village of Champaign co., Ohio. 
 
 MILL'ERSVILLE. a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylv.mia, 39 miles S.W. of Ilarrisburg. It contains several 
 stores, and a State Normal School. Pop. 947. 
 
 MILI.'ERSVILLE, a post-village of Anne Arundel co., 
 Maryland, on the Annapolis branch of the Baltimore and 
 Washington Railroad, 11 miles from Annapolis. 
 
 MILLERSVILLE, a post-office of Barnwell district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MILLERSVTLLE, a post-office of Adair co.. Kentucky. 
 
 MILLERSVILLE, a village of Delaware CO., Ohio, 28 miles 
 N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 UILLKUSVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana. 
 
 MILLERTILLE, a post-village in Louisville township, St 
 Lawrence co., New York, on Grass River, wliith here alTords 
 water-power, about 30 miles N.E. of i-igdensburg. It con- 
 tains a church, u hotel, stone gri.st mill, with 4 run of 
 stones, saw-mills, triphammer, tannery, clothing work.s, &c 
 Tlie river is here crossed by a bridge. 
 
 MILLER Y, milMeh-ree', a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Rhone, 9 miles S.S.W. of Lyons. Pop. 1625. 
 
 MILLESI.MO, mil-lA'so-mo, a market-town of Italv,in the 
 province of Genoa, 5 miles S.W. of Cairo, on the Bonnida. 
 Pop. 1308. Bonaparte here gained a victory over the Aua- 
 trians in 1790. 
 
 MILLEVILLE, mill'vil,a post-village in Brunswick town- 
 ship, Rensselaer co., New Y'ork, about 12 miles N.E. of Al- 
 bany. It has 2 churches, a school-house, tavernj gri.*t-mill, 
 saw-mill, and a large auger manufactory. 
 
 SIILL FALLS, a post-office of JIarion co., W. Virginia. 
 
 MILLFIELD, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, alxiut 72 
 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 MILLFORD SQUARE, a post-office of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MliiL G-VP, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia. 
 
 MILL GREEN, a post-office of llarfoi-d co., Maryland. 
 
 MILL GKOYE, a post-office of Erie co., New York. 
 
 MILL GROVE, a post-village of Sumter district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MI LL GROVE, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia, 9 miles S. 
 of Marietta. 
 
 MILL GROVE, a post-office of Henry co., Alabama. 
 
 MILL GROVE, a village of Wood co., Ohio, about 120 
 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 MILL G ROVE, a post-village of Owen co., Indiana, on Mill 
 Creek, 15 miles N. of Spencer, the county town. 
 
 MILLGRoVE, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. P. 835. 
 
 MILL GROVE, post-office of Fayette co., Iowa. 
 
 MILL HALL, a post-village of Buld Eagle township, Clin- 
 ton CO.. Pennsylvania, on Fishing Creek, 104 miles N.W. of 
 Ilarrisburg. It contains 1 woollen factory, 1 iron foundry, 
 1 furnace, and several mills. I'op. 400. 
 
 MILL HAVEN, a post-village of Scrivcn co., Georgia, 77 
 miles N.W. of Savannah. 
 
 MILLHEIM, mill'bime. a post-village of Centre co., Penn- 
 sylvania, In I'enn Valley, 85 miles N.AV. of Ilarrisburg, 
 Pop. about 200. 
 
 MILL HILL, a post-office of C^barras co., North Carolina, 
 
 MILL/HOUSE, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 3 niileg 
 N. of Dundee, in the manufactories of which town its inha- 
 bitants are mostly engaged. 
 
 MILL'HOUSEN, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 55 
 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 -MIL'LIC.VN, a post-office of Brazos co., Texas. 
 
 M1I,'LIF0NT or MEL/LEFONT, a parish of Ireland, Lein- 
 ster, CO. of I^oiith. 
 
 MIIVLIKEN'S BEND, a post-village of Madison parish 
 Louisiana, on the right bank of the Mississippi P.iver, 25 
 miles above Ylcksburg. 
 
 MliyLIN, a postoffice of Burke co., Georgia. 
 
 MIL'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 JI I L'LI NGTON, a village of Middlesex co., Connecticut, 35 
 miles E.N.E. of New Haven. 
 
 MILLINGTON, a pcjst-village of Somerset co., New Jersey, 
 about 40 miles N.N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 MILLINGTON, a post-village of Kent co., Maryland, on 
 the Chester River, 60 miles E.N.E. of Annapolis. Pop. .306. 
 
 MILLINGTON, a post-office of Albemarle do., Virginia. 
 
 MILLING, mil-lee'no, ^ post-office of Colorado eo.," Texas. 
 
 MILLOM, a iiarish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 511 LL PLAIN, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut, 
 70 miles S.A\'. of Hartford. • • 
 
 Ml lib POINT, a post-village of Pocahontas co..W .Virginia. 
 
 MILL P(tINT, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 MILL POINT, a village of Ottawa co., Michigan, on Grand 
 River, 1 mile above Grand Haven. It has 6 or 7 steam .saw- 
 mills. 
 
 MILL'PORT. a sea-bathing place of Scotland, in the Frith 
 of Clyde, co. of Bute, on the S. side of the island of Cum- 
 bray. beautifully situated. Pop. 817. 
 
 MILL'PORT, a post-village in Veteran township, Chemung 
 CO.. New York, on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad, 
 150 miles S.W. by W. from Albany. A stream flows past the 
 villiige. affording motive power for numerous saw-mills. 
 
 MILLPORT, a thriving post-village of Potter co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Oswayo Creek, about 200 miles- N.W. of 
 Ilarrisburg. 
 
 MILL PORT, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama. 
 
 MILLPORT, a village of Jackson co.. Indiana, on the 
 MuscatitiK'k River, 78 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MILL PORT, a post-office of Washington co.. Indiana. 
 
 MILL Pt)T, a post-office of Ocean co.. New Jersey. 
 
 MILL RAY. a post-office of Bullock co., Georgia. 
 
 MILL RlIKiE, a po.st-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas. 
 
 MILL RIVER, a small stream of Windsor co.. in the S.S.fi 
 part of Vermont, falls into the Connecticut River. 
 
 MILL lUVEK, a small stream of Fairfield co.. in the S.W 
 
 119y 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 part of Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound at New 
 Haven. 
 
 MILL RIVER, a po? t-oflSce of Berkshire oo., Masssachusetts. 
 
 MILL RIVER, a post-office of Henderson CO., North Caro- 
 lina. 270 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 MILLS, a new county iulhe W.S.'O'. part of Iowa, border- 
 ing on the Indian Territory, has an area of about 400 square 
 ttfles. The Missouri River forms its W. boundary, and the 
 county is traversed by Nishnabatona River and Keg Creek. 
 The soil is said to be good, but is mostly uncultivated. Capi- 
 tal, Glenwood. Named in honor of Major Mills, of Iowa, 
 killed in the Mexican war. Pop. in 1S60, 4481. 
 
 MILLS'BOROUOH. a post-village of Washington co., Penn- 
 eylvania, on the Monongahela River, about 36 miles by land 
 S. of l>itt.<burg. Pop. 292. 
 
 MILLSBOROUGH. a post^village of Sussex co., Delaware, 
 i5 miles S. by E. of Dover. 
 
 MILLSBOROUGII, a village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 MILL.-;" CORNERS, a postoffice of Fulton co., New York. 
 
 MILLS'FIKLD. a township of Coos co.. New Hampshire, 
 about 10 miles W. of Ilmbagog Lake. Pop. in ISoO, 33; in 
 1840. 12: and in 1850. 2. 
 
 MILLSFORD, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 
 MIL LS' OX P. a post-office of Rutherford co.. North Carolina. 
 
 5IILLS' MILLS, a post-office of Alleghany co.. New York. 
 
 MILLS" -MILLS, athriving village of Fayette co.. Indiana, 
 on the \Vhitewater River and Canal, 60 miles £.S.£. of In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 MILLS POINT, Kentucky. See Hickjun. 
 
 MILLSPORT, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 MILLS' PRAIRIE, a past-office of Edwards co., Illinois. 
 
 MILL SPRING, a postoffice of Jefferson co., Tennessee. 
 
 MILL Sl'RIXGS, a post-office of Wayne co., Kentucky, 
 101 miles S. of Frankfort. 
 
 MILLSTADT. milPstdtt, a village of Austria. Illyria, 18 
 miles N.W. of Villach. on the N. shore of a lake of the same 
 name. aViout 9 miles long and 2 broad. Pop. 500. 
 
 MILLSTADT. a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois. 
 
 MILL'STijNE, a new township of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey. Pop. 2366. 
 
 MILLSTONE, a post-village of Somerset co., New Jersey, 
 on the left bank of Millstone River, and near the Delaware 
 and Raritan Canal, 25 niileg N.N.E. of Trenton, contains 4 
 or 5 stores, and some 50 or 60 houses. 
 
 MILLSTDNE. a post-office of Oglethorpe co., Georgia. 
 
 MILLSTONE RIVER, in the central part of New Jersey, 
 rises in Monmouth county, separates Mercer from Middlesex 
 county, then flowing northward through part of Somerset, 
 ent<>rs the Raritan, 2 or 3 miles S.E. of Somerville. 
 
 MILL/STREET, a market-town of Ireland, Munster. co. of 
 Cork. 20 miles E. of Killarney. Pop. 2162. It has a jail, 
 and infantry Imrracks. 
 
 Ml LLS VIL'LAGE, a village of Frankfort township, Waldo 
 CO., Maine, about 20 miles N.E. by N. of Belfast. It contains 
 a church, C stores, and extensive lumbering-mills. 
 
 MILLTHORPE, a town of England. See Milnthorpe. 
 
 MILLTOWN, a village of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry, 
 8 miles S. of Tralee. Pop. 797. In the vicinity is Kilcole- 
 man Abbey. 
 
 MILLTiiWN,a village of Ireland, Leinster,co. and 2 miles 
 S.S.E. of Dublin. Pop. 736. 
 
 Mll^LTLl^VN. a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 MILLTOWN, a post-village of Putnam co.. New York, 
 about 100 miles S. of Albany. It has 2 churches, and 4 or 
 5 stores. 
 
 MILLTOWN, a little village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 about 11 miles W.S.W. of Flemington. 
 
 MILLTOWN, a village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MILLTOWN. a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 4 miles E. of Westchester. 
 
 MILLTOWN, a manufacturing village of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Tacony Creek, about 8 miles N. by E. of 
 Philadelphia. Shovels and spades are made here. 
 
 MILLTOWN, a post office of Chambers co., Alabama. 
 
 MILLTOWN, a post-village of Crawford co., Indiana, 110 
 miles S. bv W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MILl/rOWN-M ALBAY, (mJl'bJ.) a town of Ireland, Mun- 
 ster, CO. of Clare, on -the Cove of Malbay, 18 miles W. of En- 
 nis. Pop. 1295. 
 
 MILL'VIEW*, a poslxifflce of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MILLVIKW, a post-village of Fauquier CO., Virginia. 
 
 MILL VILLAGE, a postrvillage of Sullivan co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 MILL'VILLE, a post-village of Worcester CO., Ma.«sachu- 
 setts. on the Providence and Worcester Railroad, 20 miles 
 from the former and 23 from the latter. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-village of Orleans co., New York, 
 about 40 miles W. of Rochester. It has an academy. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-town of Cumberland co.. New Jersey, 
 on .Maurice River, at the head of navigation, and on tlie 
 railroad which connects Philadelphia with Cape May, about 
 40 miles S. by E. of the former. It has 1 national bank, 1 
 large cotton factory, several manufactories of glassware and 
 Window glass, 1 iron foundry, &c. Pop. in 1865 about 6000. 
 1200 
 
 MILLVILLE, otherwise called HEAD'LEY'S and TAT*- 
 TLETOWN, a village of Ocean co.. New Jersey, on the road 
 leading fnun Barnegat to Mount Holly. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania, 
 84 miles N.N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 SIILLA'ILLE. a post-village of King George co., Virginia, 
 about 70 miles N.N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ^IILLVILLE. a post-village of Butler co., Alabama, 65 
 miles S.S.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a small village of Marion co., Alabama. 
 
 MILLVILLE. a post-village of Rush co., Texas, about 10 
 miles N.E. of Henderson. 
 MILLVILLE, a post-office of Lafayette co., Arkansas. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-vilL-jge of Lincoln co., Tennessee, 97 
 miles S. by E. of Nashville. 
 
 MILLVILLE. a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on Indian 
 Creek, 22 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 21 
 miles E. of Galena. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Ray co., Mis- 
 souri, on the road from Richmond toCliillicothe, about 150 
 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. about 500. 
 
 MILLVILLE. a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, on Tur- 
 key River, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MILiyWAY, a post-office of Abbeville district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MILL/WJ:E'S, a postoffice of Anderson district, Soutb 
 Carolina. 
 
 MILiyWOOD, a postoffice of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MILLAVOOD, a post-village of Clark co., Virsinia, 140 
 miles N. by W. of Richmond. It has 1 or 2 churches, and 
 several flouring-mills. 
 
 MILLWOOD, a post-office of Dooly co., Georgia. 
 
 MILLWOOD, a post-office of Jackson co., Florida. 
 
 MIIiLWOOD, a steamboat-landing of Alabama, on the 
 Black Warrior River below Tuscaloosa. 
 
 MILLWOOD, a post office of Collins co., Texas. 
 
 M1LLW(V>D. a township of Guernsey CO.. Ohio. P. 14S9. 
 
 MILLWOOD, a post-villago of Knox co., Ohio, near Vernon 
 River, 55 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 MILLWOOD, a post-office of Lincoln co., Missouri, 78 miles 
 E.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 MILLY, meeVee', (L. Milliacum.) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the Ecolle, 15 miles E. of Etampes. 
 I'op. in 1852, 2028. 
 
 MILLY, a village of France, department of Oise, 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1078. 
 
 MILNA, mil'nd, a seaport town of Austria, Dalmatia, 13 
 miles S. of Spalatro, on the W. coast of the island of Brazza, 
 on a large bay which forma an excellent natural harbor. 
 Pop. 2763. 
 
 MIL'NATIIORT, a market-town of Scotland, co. and If 
 miles N.N.E. of Kinross. Pop. in 1851, 1 )05. 
 
 MTL'NER, a post-village of Pike co.. Georgia, on the Macon 
 and Western Railroad. 46 miles N.W. of M.acon. 
 
 MILNER. a post-office of Randolph co.. Alabama. 
 
 5IIL/NERSVILLE, a post-office of Guernsev CO.. Ohio. 
 
 MILXr.AVIE or MILL'GUY, a village of Scotland, co. of 
 Stirling. 7 miles N.W. of Glas2ow. Pop. 1622. 
 
 MILNTHORPE or MILLTHORPE. mill'thorp. a market- 
 town of England, co. of Westmoreland, 7 miles S.S.AV. of 
 Kendal, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle Railway. 
 Pop. in 1851. 1534. 
 
 MILO. mec^o, or ME/I.OS, (Gr. MijXoj,") an island of the 
 Grecian Archi|xdago. kingdom of Greece, government of Svra, 
 lat.36°45'N..lon.24°23'E. Area 65 square miles. Pop. 3800. 
 Surface mountainous, volcanic, and generally sterile. Mount 
 St. Eli."i.s. in its W. part, is "2480 feet in height." Sulphur, alum, 
 and vitriol are its principal prixiucts. and it has many caverns 
 and hot springs. A large bay indents it on the N.. forming 
 one of the most frequented harbors in the Cyclades, on the 
 S.E. side of which is the .small and unhealthy town of Milo, 
 In ancient times a flourishing city. Anti-Milo, dn'tee mee'lo, 
 is an i.slet about 6 miles N.W. 
 
 MI'LO, a post-village and town.ship of Piscataquis co., 
 Maine, on the Piscataquis River, which here receives the 
 Sebec, and about half a mile E. of Pleasant River. 35 miles 
 N. by E. of Bangor. The village possesses an abundant 
 water-power, which is employed for a grist-mill, saw-mill, 
 shingle and clapboard establishment, carding and cloth- 
 dressing factory, and a large shovel-handle factory, turning 
 out about 3000 dozen handles annually. It contains a 
 church, erected in 18.53. and 6 stores. A bridge of 280 feet 
 span was built across I'lea.sant River in 1852. at a cost of 
 J;.'{5(X). Over this bridge passes most of the travel between 
 the E. and W. parts of the state. Pop. of the vUlage, about 
 600: of the township. 959. 
 
 MILO. a post-township of Y.ites co.. New York, borders on 
 Seneca and Crooked Lakes, and contains Penn Yau, the 
 county seat. Pop. 4416. 
 
 MILO, a post-office of Bradley co., Arkangaa. 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 MTIiO, It post-ofBce of Brown cc, Indiana. 
 
 MILO, a pijst-oOice of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 
 MILO CKXTivK, a post-village of Yiites CO., New York, on 
 tha Canandaiijua and Elmira Railroad, 4 miles S. of i'eun 
 Van. 
 
 MILOSLAW, mee1o-?Uv\ a town of Prussian Poland, 29 
 miles S.E. of ['o^en. I'op. 1590. 
 
 MILOSTAVITCIII, me-lo-.std-vitcWoe. a market-town of 
 Russia, government of Jloheelev, 10 miles E.X.E. of Klimo- 
 vitchi. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 JlIL^Ui)Y', a small post-villaie of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MILROY, a post-village of Uush co., Indiana, on Litlle 
 Flat Kock Creek, S miles S. of Ku.'jliville. 
 
 MII,'.S;)N, a pari.-:h of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MI I>'STK.\.D, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 MIL'.STON, a parish of Kngland, co. of Wilts, 2} miles 
 E.N'.K. of Amesbury. Addison was born in the parsonage 
 house of this parish in 1672. 
 
 MILTENBKRG, mil'ten-bJitQ\ a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Main, 31 miles W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 3050. It has a Fran- 
 ciscan convent, and a castlo belonging to the Prince of 
 Leiningen. 
 
 Ml L'Ti »f , a parish of England, co. of Berks, 3 miles S.S.W. 
 of Abingdon. 
 
 Ml I.TOX, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 Ml LTON, a village and parish of England, county and 15 
 6.S.E. of Hants. 
 
 MILTON' Ali'BAS, a town and parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset, 6 miles W.S.VV. of Blandford-Forum. Pop. 853. 
 Milton Abbey is a noble structure occupying the site of a 
 #non.istery built by King Athelstan about 933. 
 
 MILTOX AB'BOT. a parish of Kngland, co. of Devon. 
 
 MILTON BliY'AN'T, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 MI LTi )N" UAM'1':R KLL. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 Ml LTOX KRN'E.ST, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 Ml LTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 MILTDX KEYXE3, (kAnz,) a parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks, 3.i miles S.S.E. of Xewport-I'agnell. Atterbury, the 
 celebrated Bishop of Rochester, was born here in 1062. 
 
 MI LTOX LI 1/BOURXE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 MILTOX. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 MILTON MAL'ZOR, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 MILTON POD'IMORE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WILTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MILTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 MILTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Hants, island of 
 Portsea. 
 
 MILTON or IIERBERTSlIIRE, a small village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Stirling, 7 miles W.X.W. of Falkirk, on the Carron. 
 
 .MIL'TOX. a township of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 MILTON, a post-village and township of Strafford co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the Salmon Fulls River, 30 miles E.N.E. 
 of Cancoril. The village is on tliu Great Falls and Conway 
 Kailroad, It bus mauulkctures of flannels, bobbins, &c. 
 Pop. 1S62. 
 
 MILTON, a post-township of Chittenden co., Vermont, on 
 the Lamoille Kiver. and on the Vermont Central Railroad, 
 about U miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1963. 
 
 MILTOX, a post-village and town.ship of Norfolk co., Ma.s- 
 (achusetts, on the Milford Branch Railroad, 8 miles S. of 
 Boston. The township contains many elegant country resi- 
 dences, and is noted for its delightful scenery. The village 
 is a pleasant and thriving place, with an academy incorpo- 
 rated in 179S. A village called the Mill is situated at the 
 head of navigation oo the Neponset, partly in Milton and 
 partly in Dorchester. It is the seat of an active business, 
 and has some manufactories. A fine granite bridge has 
 recently been constructed across the Neponset, connecting 
 Milton with Dorchester. The river affords excellent motive 
 power for mills. A fine quality of granite is found here. 
 Pop. of the township. 2669. 
 
 MI LTON, a post-village of Litchfield CO., Connecticut, about 
 35 miles W. of Hartford. 
 
 MILTON, a township of Saratoga CO., New York, immedi- 
 ately N. of Ballston Spa. Pop. 5251. 
 
 MILTOX. a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, near the 
 Hud.son River, about SO miles below Albany. It has 3 or 4 
 churches, and is the centre of some trade. 
 
 MILTOX, a past-village of Morris co.. New .Jersey. 
 
 MILTON, a village of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MILTOX, a po.st-borough of Turbot town.ship, Xorthum- 
 berliind co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the West 
 Branch of the Susquehanna, 70 miles N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 It is the most populous town in the county. Large quanti- 
 ties of grain are exported from this place by the West Branch 
 Canal. A bridge crosses the river here. Milton is on the 
 Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, at the "W. terminus of thp 
 Catawissa Railroad. It has 4 or 5 churchea, 2 banks, 1 
 academy, 1 newspaper offlce, and 2 steam-mills. Pop. in 
 1850,1649; in 1860, 1702. 
 
 MILl'ON, a thriving post-village of Sussex co., Delaware, 
 8 miles S.E. of Milford. Pop. 780. 
 
 MII.T'ON, a flourishing post-village of Caswell co., North 
 Carolina, on the Dan River, 75 miles N.W. of Raleigh, and 
 4A 
 
 very near the N. boundary of the state. County Line Creek, 
 which joins the Dan River here, allbrds water-power. Milton 
 contains a large flouring-mill, a cotton factory, and 4 tobacco 
 factories. It has also several .seminaries, 8 stores, 1 news 
 paper office, and 1 bank. Pop. in 1.S60, about 1200. 
 
 MILTON, a post-village in Laurens district, South Carolina 
 
 MILTON, IV post-office of Wilkln.«on co., Georgia. 
 
 MILTON, a post-village, capital of Santa Rosa co., Florida 
 on the Blackwater River, near its entrance into Pensacola 
 Bay, about 20 miles N.E. of Pensacola. Pop. 1815. 
 
 MILTON, a post-village of Autauga co., Alabama, about 
 40 miles W.N.AV. of Moutgoraery. 
 
 MILTOX, a postrvillage of Lafayette co., Mississippi, on 
 the Tallahatchie Kiver, at the mouth of Tippah Creek. an(J 
 at the head of .«team navigation. 13 miles X.E. of Oxford. 
 
 MILTOX, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennessee, 15 
 miles N.E. of jjlurfrees borough. 
 
 MILTOX. a p(«t-village of Trimble co., Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio River, nearly opposite Madison, Indiana. 
 
 MILTON, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1300. 
 
 MILTON, a township of .Licksnn co., Ohio. Pop. 2365. 
 
 MILTON, a post-township forming the N.W. -extremity 
 of Maliuning co., Ohio. Puji. 91 li. 
 
 MILTOX or WEST MILTON, a thriving post-village of 
 Jliami co., Ohio, on Stillwater Creek, 78 miles W. of Colum- 
 bus, has 2 churches and several mills. Pop. about 600. 
 
 MILTO.X, a village of Stark co., Ohio, about 100 miles N.E. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 JIILTOX, a township of Wayjie co., Ohio. Pop. 1428. 
 
 MILTON, a township of Wood co., Oliio. Pop. 675. 
 
 MILT IN, a township of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. !57-i. 
 
 MILTON, a township of Jftferson co., Indian.a. P. 1725, 
 
 MILTON, a flourishing post-village and township of Wayne 
 CO., Indiana, on the Wliitewater Valley Canal, 54 miles E. 
 of Indianapolis. Pop. 705. 
 
 MILTON, a village of Brown co., Illinois, on McKec's 
 Creek, about t)0 miles AV. of Springfield. 
 
 MILTON, a township in Du I'age co., Illinois. Pop. 1262. 
 
 MILTOX, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois. 
 
 MILTOX, a post-village of Randolph co., Missouri, 12 miles 
 E. of Huntsville. 
 
 MILTOX, a post-office of Van Buron co., Iowa. 
 
 MILTON, a post-village In Milton township, Rock po., 
 Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi It. R., where it 
 is crossed by the Chicago and Northwestern R.K., 8 m. N.E. 
 of Janesville. It ha-s 2 churches, an academy, 6 stores, 2 
 hotels, and 10 mechanics' shops. Pop. of the township, 1774. 
 
 MILTON, a thriving town of Washington co., Oregon, on 
 the W. side of the Columbia River, 30 miles N.N.AV.of Port- 
 land. 
 
 MILTON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Ilaltoii, ."6 
 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 25 miles from Hamilton. 
 
 JIILTON, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Shefford, 
 and 8 miles from Granby. 
 
 JIILTON Ml LLS. post-office. Strafford co.. New Hampshire. 
 
 MILTON-NEXT-GRAVESEND, a parish of England, co. 
 of Kent. 
 
 MILTON P.'VRK, England. See PETtRBOROUGH. 
 
 JIILTON, ROYAL, an ancient market-town and-parish of 
 England, co. of Kent, on an inlet of the Channel between 
 the Isle of Sheppy and the mainland, near the mouth of 
 the Medway, 74 miles W.N.W. of Feversham. Pop. in 18.51, 
 2407. It has wharves for barges engaged in the London 
 carrying trade, and numerous dredgers employed in its cele- 
 brated oyster fisheries. 
 
 MIl/TOXSBURG, a thriving post-village of Monroe co., 
 Ohio, 114 miles E. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 MILrrOXVILLE. a village of Wayne co., Mississippi, 115 
 miles E..S.E. of Jack.son. 
 
 MILTOX VILLE, a village of Butler co., Ohio, 30 miles N 
 of Cincinnati. 
 
 MILTON VILLE, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio, on the 
 right bank of the Maumee I'.iver, 55 miles W. of Sandusky 
 Citv. 
 
 MILTSCHIN. milt-sheen', or MILCSIN, mil cheen' a town 
 of Bohemia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MI LTSEEX or MILTSIN, milt-seen', a mountain of North 
 Africa, the highest ascertained peak of the Atlas, is situated 
 about 30 miles S.E. of the city of Morocco. Lat. 31° 15' N., 
 Ion. 7° 25' W. Height 11.400 feet. » 
 
 MIL'VERTON, a market-town and parish of England, co, 
 of Somerset, 13f miles S.W. of Bridgewater. 
 
 MIL'VERTON with ED'MONSCOTT, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Warwick. 
 
 MILVILLE, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 MILVILLE. a village of Canada West, co. of Durham, i 
 miles W. of Bowmanville. It contains several mills and 
 stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 MILAVAU'KEE, or MILWAU'KIE, a river of Wisconsin, 
 which rises in F'ond du Lac co., and after a course or 
 perhaps 100 miles, enters Lake Michigan, at the city of Mil 
 waukee. Its general direction is S.S.E. The lower part of 
 its course for about 30 miles is nearly parallel with the lake, 
 from which it is only 4 or 5 miles distant. It furnishes ex- 
 tensive water-power. 
 
 1201 
 
MIL 
 
 MILWAUKEE, a count e in the S.E. part of Wisconsin, 
 Iwrderins on Lake Micbiginj, contains 240 square miles. It 
 is draineilby tiie Milwankeo Menomonee. and lioot Kivers. 
 The purfice is peutly umiulatinsr. The soil is calcareous, 
 and hi;;hly productive. Milwaukee county is traversed by 
 the Jliiwaiikee and Saint Paul Railroad and other railroads. 
 Settled in 1S34 or 1S35. Though the smallest in extent, it 
 is the most populous county in the state, and tlie most im- 
 portant ascontiiining the city of Milwaukee, the coramer- 
 ciiil capital of Wisconsni, I'op. ri2.')lS. 
 
 MILWAUKEE, a post-township in the E. part of Milwau- 
 kee CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 MILWAUIvEE, a city, port of entry, connty-soat of Mil- 
 waukee county, and the most populous town of Wisconsin ; 
 is situated on "the W. shore of I^ake Michigan, at the mouth 
 of Milwaukee Kiver, 90 miles N. of Chicago, and 75 miles E. 
 of Madison. Liit. -430 3' 45" N., Ion. S7° 57' ^y. The river 
 approaches fi-om the N.. in a direction nearly ^irallel with 
 the lake shore, and is joined about half a mile from its mouth 
 by the Menomonee Kiver, which comes from the W. The 
 largest boats of the lakes can ascend the river two miles from 
 its mouth, as also the Jlenomonee for some distance from its 
 confluence with the Milwaukee. About $400,000 iiave been 
 expended for the improvement of the harbor in addition 
 to the appropriation by Congress for that purpose, so that 
 now the city has one of the best harbors upon the whole 
 chain of lakes. The city is pleasantly situated upon each 
 Bide of the river, its general appearance is peculiar and strik- 
 ing from the color and Superior quality of the bricks manu- 
 factured here; they are of a delicate and enduring cream or 
 straw color, which is highly agreeable to the eye, and is not 
 affected by the action of the elements. Ijjirge quantities are 
 annually shipped to other parts of the Union. Milwaukee 
 contains 43 churches, of which 35 are Protestant, 7 Catholic, 
 and 1 Hebrew. There are 11 public schools, the Milwaukie 
 Female College, several academies, 3 orphan asylums, and 
 2 hospitals. The Catholics have a large convent located here 
 called " Convent Notre Dame." The public press consists of 
 5 or 6 daily and 7 weekly newspapers. There ane S banks and 
 several insurance companies. The streets, stores, &c., are 
 lighted with gi«. Six railroads centre here, viz., the 5Iil- 
 waukee and I'rairie Du Chien, Milwaukee and St. Paul, Mil- 
 waukee and Watortown, Milwaukee and Iloricon, Chiciigo 
 and 'Milwaukee, and Detroit and Milwaukee. Milwaukee is 
 the outlet and sliipping port for the production of a ricli and 
 rapidly improving country, it is the greatest primary wheat 
 market in the world : notwithstanding the partial failure of 
 the wheat crop of 1S62. the receipts for 1863 at this port 
 of wheat, including flour reduced to wheat, was 15.752,.536 
 bushels, less by 2,128,000 bushels than the anioinit received in 
 1862. The shipments of wheat flour from this iwrt. in 1863, ex- 
 ceeded those from Chicago by 2,i48,2.j9 bushels, and were 
 liirgely in excess of the total shipments from all other Michi- 
 gan Lake ports combined. The receipts and shii)ments of 
 other products for 1863 were 948,429 bushels of oats, 358,450 
 bushels of corn, 233,447 of barley. 158,882 of rye, 11,813 
 of beans, and 17,406 of seeds ; 852,596 lbs. of butter, 1866 
 barrels of eggs, 110,849 lbs. of liides, 1,355,379 lbs. of wool, 
 41,609,553 lbs. of pork; beef, lard, and tallow, 875,975 lbs. of 
 lead,10,840 half-barrels of white fish and trout. The grain stor- 
 age capacity of the elevators and warehouses of Jlilwaulcee, 
 including the new elevator nearly completed for the Mil- 
 waukee and St. Paul Railway, is 4.785,000 bushels. Tonnage 
 of vessels owned here in 1803, 21,780. Steamers nm across 
 the lake during the whole year in connection with the Detroit 
 and Milwaukee Railway. Milwaukee is remarkable for its 
 healthful climate, and for the rapidity of its growth. There 
 are 6 large flouring-mills, a woollen fiictory, several machine- 
 shops, an extensive iron roUiiig-mill just being completed.and 
 many other establishments. The extensive water-power of the 
 Milwaukee River is an important element in the prosperity 
 of this place. Settled in 1835, incorporated as a city in 1846. 
 Pop. in 18.50, 20,061 ; in 1854, 30,000; in 1863, 65,000. 
 
 MIIyWAUKEE, a post-village of Clackamas co., Oregon. 
 
 MILWAUKIE, a river of Wisconsin. See Milwackm. 
 
 MIL'WICII, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 5IILZAN0, mil-zd'no, a village of Northern Italy, gov- 
 ernment of Milan, province of Brescia, on the Mella. P. 1239. 
 
 MIMCIN'A or MIMSIXA, mim-see'na. a ronpidt^rable town 
 of Morocco, province of Darah. 190 miles S.E. of Jlnrocco. lat. 
 30° N., Ion. 5° W., beautifully situated among palms, and in- 
 haliited by Berbers, Moorish agriculturists, and some Jews, 
 
 MIMJIS, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 JIIJIMS, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 MIN, min or meen. or MIX KIANG, min' ke-3ng/. a con- 
 riderable river of China, province of Fokien. the greater 
 part of which it drains, rises in the black tea district, and 
 flows generally S.E. into Ho-slen Bay. lat. 26° 8' N., Ion. 
 119° 40' E. Near its mouth it is bounded on. each side by 
 lofty heights; n good deal of rice is raised on its baUks. On 
 It are the cities Kien-chang, Yen-ping, and Foo-choo, the 
 last being one of the Chiuc-e ports now open to Europeans. 
 
 MI'NA, a post-village and township on the W. border of 
 Chautau(iua co.. New York, about 20 miles E. of the city of 
 Erie. I'up- I-'OO. 
 1202 
 
 MIN 
 
 JITNAB. See Meenab. 
 
 MINA. meo'ni, (plural Minas, mee/nls.) a Portuguese 
 and Spanish word signifying '' mine," and forming a part 
 of several names in South America; as, Mi.\AS-GirR.\ES. the 
 "General Alines," Minas-Novas, the "New Mines," ic, 
 
 MINAS-GEKAES, mee'nds zh.i-rd/is, almost zhiiriee', a 
 province of Brazil, situated, between lat, 14° 25' and 23° 8., 
 and Ion. 40° 37' and 63° 20' W., having E. Baliia, S. San 
 Paulo, W. Go3-az, and X. Pernambuco. Area 160,870 square 
 miles. It occupies the highest table-laud in Brazil, and is 
 the most populous of its provinces. The prairies are covert^ 
 with vast herds of cattle, and the cheese of the province is 
 in high repute. The gold and precious stomas of the pro- 
 vince are very important : extensive iron works have lH*n 
 erected in the neighborhood of Ouro-l'reto, and furnish 
 many of the large castings used in the sugar-liouse.s. Edu- 
 cation has made greater advances iu this than in any of the 
 other provinces. In 1841, there were 20 Latin, and 181 pri- 
 mary schools, a normal school, and a school of science in 
 Ouro-Preto, (formerly Villa Rica.) It sends 20 deputies to 
 the General Assembly, and appoints 10 senators. The Pro- 
 vincial Assembly, composed of 36 members, holds its silting 
 in Ouro-Preto. Pop. 900,000. 
 
 MINAS-NOVAS, mee'nds no'vis, formerly BOM-SUCCES- 
 SO DAS MINAS-DE-FAXADO, b4.\o soo-sd/so d.^s mee'nds 
 di fd-nd'do, a modern town of Bnizil, province of Minas- 
 Geraes, 230 miles X.N.E. of Ouro-Preto, with an electoral 
 college, a school of primary instruction, and a hospital. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 MI'NAVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery cc, New 
 York, 35 miles W.X,W. of Albany. 
 
 MIXAYA, me-nl'd. a town of Spain, province and 31 miles* 
 N,W, of Albacele, Pop, 2312. 
 
 MINCAR/LO, one of the Scilly Islands, 4 miles W. of St. 
 Mary's. Area 12 acres. 
 
 MIXCH, a strait of Scotland. See Minsh. 
 
 MINCHIXHAMIVTOX, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Gloucester, on the Cotswold Hills, 4 miles S.E 
 of Stroud, near a branch of the Great Western Railway 
 Pop. in 1851. 4459. The town has manufactories of woollen 
 cloth, recently employing about 1000 bauds. 
 
 MIXCIIIXMADIVA, min-chin-md-dee'vd, written also 
 MIXCHIXMADOM. a mountain peak of the Andes, in Pa- 
 tagonia; lat, 42° 50' S, Height 8000 feet. 
 
 MINCIO, min'cho or meen'cho, (anc. MMcitis.) a river of 
 North Italy, emerges from the .*. extremity of Lake Garda, 
 flows S. and E., and joins the Po, near Govcruolo, after a 
 course of 38 miles. Goito and Mantua are on its banks, from 
 which last city downwards it is navitrablii fur barges. 
 
 MINDANAO, min-dd-nd/o or meen-dd-nd'o, or 5LAGIN- 
 D.\NAO, md-Heen-dd-nd'o. (inhabitants of the lakes.) an 
 island of the Malay Archipelago, tlie southernmost and after 
 Luzon the largest of the Philippines, extending from Point 
 Banajan, lat. 9° 50'N., Ion. 125° 23' E., to Point Mindanao, lat. 
 5° 32' N., Ion, 125° 23' E ; and W, to E, from Point Alimpapan, 
 lat. 7° 6' N., Ion. 122° E.. to Cape St. Augustine orl'andagi- 
 tan, lat. 6° 4' N., Ion. 120° 13' E. Greatest len-th 300 miles. 
 Estimated area 30,000 square miles. Iligan Bay on the N., 
 and lllano or lllanon Bay on the S., nearly divide the islaua 
 into two parts. Its line of coast is marked with many 
 bays and headlands, which afford excellent shelter to ships 
 during storms, but strong currents make its W. side dan- 
 gerous. Its mountains are of immense altitude, and are 
 clothed nearly to their summits with dense forests of teak 
 and other large trees. Numerous volcanoes, .some extinct, 
 others in full ignition, occur among them ; but Jlount Ca- 
 latan, near the source of the river Batuan, s<'ems the only 
 one known, by name, to geographers. It is thickly inters 
 spersed with lakes, from which circumstance it derives its 
 name. In some parts of the island are extensive prairies. 
 The products comprise gold, rice, wax, cassia, rattans, to- 
 bacco, and pepper, exported chiefly to .Manilla and the adja- 
 cent islands. Nitre, and volcanic products are said to be 
 abundant. The interior is peopled by Papuan negroes. Tlie 
 Malays, who have long been notorious for their piracies, 
 live under many independent chiefs, the principal of whom 
 is the Sultan of Mindanao. Principal towns. Mindanao, 
 Zamboangan. Cayagau, Surigao, Tandag, and Catel, Pop. 
 uncertain; that of the 2 Spanish provinces on its N. side 
 amounted, in 1837, to upwards of 74,000. 
 
 MINDANAO, a town on the S.W. coast of the island of 
 Jlindanao, near the mouth of the river Pelangy, in the Bay 
 of lUana, and contiguous to which is Selangan, the resi- 
 dence of the Sultan of Mindanao. 
 
 MINDELHEIJI, niin'del-hime\ (anc. Snsltrum Nemntrin,) 
 a town of Bavaria, circle'of Swabia, on the Mindel, 30 miJes 
 S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 2625. 
 
 MIXDEX, min'den, (L. Minfda,) a strongly fortified town of 
 Prussia, Westphalia, on the Weser. here crosse<J by a bridge 
 600 feet in length, and on the railway from Berlin to the 
 Rhine, near the Hanoverian frontier, 60 miles E.X .E. of MUn- 
 ster. Its fortifications have been greatly improved sinc<; 1815, 
 and it has some new barracks, which, vifith its cathedral, fonn 
 its most striking public buildings. It has Lutheran. Roman 
 Catholic, and'Calviaist churches; several \aospitals, schocU 
 
MIN 
 
 and public institutions; manufactories of woollen and linen 
 labrics, hosiery, tobacco, soap, and refined sugar ; and a con- 
 siderable trade on the river between Bremen and Central 
 Germany. Minden is the seat of several importjint courts; 
 and possesses an historical and antiquarian society. It wiis 
 the residence of several of the early German emixTors, and 
 many diets have been held here. In 17.50. the Duke of 
 Brunswick defeated the French in the neighborhood. Pop. 
 in 1816. 12.782. 
 
 MINDKX, a government of Prussia, Westphalia, bounded 
 N. and N.W. by Hanover. Area 2040 square miles. It be- 
 longs to three independent basins — the Weser, Kms, and 
 Khine. Minden is subdivided into 10 circles. Pop. in 1849, 
 40.3.2-'9. 
 
 MIN'DEN, a post-township on the W. border of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Xew York, on the >rohawk Kiver and Erie Canal, 
 about 60 miles W.X.AV. of Albany. Pop. 4623. 
 
 M I. VDKN. a beautiful jwst-village and former capital of 
 Claiborne parish, Louisiana, is situated about 2 miles K. of 
 the Dauohite IJiver, and 4U0 miles N.N.W.of Xew Orleans. 
 Its landing-place is frequently visited by steamboats which 
 a.scend from Ited River through Lake BiStin<'au. It is a 
 place of active business, and in respect to wealth and popu- 
 lation, it is the second town in Northern I^ouisiana. It has 
 2 churches, 2 printing-offices, 1 iron foundry, 12 stores, and 
 shops in which various utensils are made. Pop. iir 1660, 
 1146. 
 
 MIXDEN, a township of St. Joseph co., Michigan. V. 862. 
 
 MIN'DKXVILLK, a post-village of Montgomery co., New 
 York, about 60 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 MlNDiJUO, min-do'ro or mcen-do'ro, an island of the 
 Philipjiines. Malay Archipelago, lat. of Pt. Calavite. 13° 27' 
 N.. Ion. 120° 21' E., and 20 miles S. of Luzon. Estimated 
 area 4150 square miles. Pop. 29,632. Surface mount:iinous, 
 and, viewed from the sea, it is picturesque. Chief town, 
 Calapan, on its N. coast. 
 
 MINDORO, Ska of. See Sooloo Sea. 
 
 JIINDOHO. a post-oflRce of La Crosse co., Wisconsin. 
 
 SIIND'TOWN, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MINE CREEK, a post-township in Hempstead co., Arkan- 
 sas. Pop. 118.5. 
 
 MINE'HKAD, a seaport, ancient borough, market4own, 
 and parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the Bristol Chan- 
 nel, 22 miles W.N.W. of Bridgewater. Pop. in 1851. 1542. 
 The town has a commodious harbor, with a herring fishery, 
 coasting and Irish trade. 
 
 Mr.VEHt^Al), a promontory of Ireland, Munster, co, of 
 Waterford, on the Atlantic, 6 miles S.S.W. of I lel wick-head. 
 
 illNE'ING. a post-offtce of Morgan co., Missouri. 
 
 MINE'KILL FALLS, a post-office of Schoharie co., New 
 York. 
 
 MINE LA MOTTE, a pos^offlce of JIadison co.. Slissouri. 
 
 MINEO. me-nA''o, (anc. MpJtkt.) a town of Sicily, 20 miles 
 S.^V. of Catania, on an eminence near a sulphurous lake, and 
 possessing a college. Pop. SOOO. 
 
 MINl'iKA, me-iid'ra, a chapelry of Wales, 3 miles N.W. of 
 AVre.xham. 
 
 MIN'KRAL IIILL, a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 
 MINERAL POINT, a post-township in the S. part of Iowa 
 CO., A\'isconsin. Pop. 2.3.S9. 
 
 MIN ERAI, POINT, a thriving post-town of Iowa co., Wis- 
 consin, in the above townsliip, 47 miles W.S.W. of Madison, 
 and 35 ra. N.N.E. of Galena, It stands on a point of land be- 
 tween two small streams, and is surrounded by a rich mineral 
 region, from wliich large quantities of lead and cojiper are 
 exported. This place is the N. terminus of a railroad which 
 extends to the Illinois Central Railroad at Warren. It has 
 5 churches, 2 banking offices, 8 hotels, 2 foundries, 8 or more 
 dry-goods stores, 3 drug stores, 3 hiirdware stores, 1 book 
 store, 3 or 4 smelting furnaces, for lead and zinc, 2 brewe- 
 ries, 1 grist-mill, ic. Two newspapers and 1 magazine are 
 published here. Pop. in 1860, 2413 ; or, according to anotlier 
 statement, 3193. 
 
 MINERAL RIDGE, a small village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvjinia. 
 
 MIN 1<:RAL springs, a post-office of Columbia co.. Florida. 
 
 MIN ICUBi'], me-njR'b.i. a town of Austrian Italv, 20 mile.'' 
 S.E. of Verona. l>op. 3000. 
 
 MINEKBK, a town of Northern Italy, state of JEmilia, 
 11 miles N.K. of Bologna. Pop. 2800. 
 
 .MINE RIDGE, in the S.E. part and ext<?nding along the 
 E. border of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, derives its name 
 from the copper-mines which it contains, but which are no 
 lonaer worked. 
 
 Ml'NEItS. a village of Washington co., Missouri, 110 miles 
 S.E. liy E. of .TefTerson City. 
 
 Mi'NERSVlLLE, a village of Alleghany CO., Pennsylvania. 
 2 miles E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 MIN EKSVILLE. a thriving post>borough of Schuylkill co.. 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of the Schuylkill River. 4 
 miles \V. of Pottsville. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, 
 sunounded by hills which contain rich beds of coal. A 
 branch railroad, 7 miles long, connects it with Schuylkill 
 Haven, on the Reading R.ailroad. It has a newspaper office. 
 a national bank, 1 ii-on foundry, 1 car factorv. and 1 flour- 
 mill. Pop. iu 1840, 600 ; in 185u, 2951 ; in IbJo, 4024. 
 
 MIN 
 
 MINERSVILLE, a post-village of McDowell eo., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MIXERSVILLE, a village of S.alisbury township, Meigs 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 100 miles S.E, of Col uui bus. It 
 joins the upper part of I'omeroy. 
 
 MINER'VA, a post-village and township in the S.W. pa t 
 of Essex CO., New York, about 90 miles N. of .Mbany. P. 580, 
 
 MINERVA, a post-office of Houston co., Georgia. 
 
 MINERVA, a postrvillage of Mason CO., Kentucky, 10 miles 
 W. of Maysville. It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 MINERVA, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, on the Sandy 
 and Beaver t^anal. and on a branch of the Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg Railroad, about 110 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 Grain is shipped here on the canal. 
 
 MINERV.A, a post-office of ./a-^per co.. Tnwa. 
 
 MINEKVINO, me-n/^R-vee'no. a town of Naples, in Terra d! 
 Bari. district of Barletta. 15 miles S.W. of Andri.a. P. 7200. 
 
 MINKS BAY. !^ee Nova SCotia, page 1368. 
 
 MINES SHIIVBOLETH, a small village of AVashington 
 CO., .Missouri. 
 
 MINESnT.\, a st.ate. United States. See Minnesota. 
 
 MINET'TO, a postrofflce of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 MIN'ETY, a parish of England, counties of (Jloueester and 
 Wilts, with a station on the Great Western Railway, Wj 
 miles S. of Cirencester. 
 
 JIINE'VVlTHEN,oueof the Pcilly Islands. 
 
 MING.\'LA, an island of the Hebrides, near their S. 
 extremity, about 2 miles S.S.W. of Pabba. Length 3 miles. 
 Clilfs on the S.W. remarkably lofty. 
 
 MING AN (ming'g.>u) ISLANDS, a group, British North 
 America, in the Gulf of .St. Lawrence, .N. of Anticosti. 
 
 MINGLANILLA. mingl.i-neel'yi. a village of Spain, New 
 Castile, 44 miles S.E. of Cuenca. Pop. 1948. 
 
 MIN'GO FI>AT, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia. . 
 
 MINGOLSHKIM, ming'ols-hime\ a village of Baden, 20 
 miles S.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1840. Near it i.s a mineral 
 spring, and the ancient castle of Kis^lau. 
 
 MI.NGI{ELI.\, min-grce'le-d, (Fr. MingrBie. mlVxo'gr.'lMee', 
 Ger. MingreUen,m\n-%vkl\v-en:) a province of Asiatic liussia, 
 between tiie Black Sea on the Vi'., and the Caucasus on the 
 N. Area 2:365 square miles. Pop. 70.000. The inhabitants 
 belong mostly to the Greek Church, and their prince, a vas- 
 sal of Rus-ia, resides in the small town of Zoobdidee, (Zub- 
 didi.) The country has often been devastated by wars, and 
 many of the population, who are extremely handsome, are 
 carried into slavery. On the W. coast, are the forts of Redout- 
 Kaleh. and Anaklia. 
 
 JIINHO,* meen'yo, (Sp. ilifio; anc. Min'ius.) a river of 
 Spain and Portugal, rises in Galicia, 30 miles N.E. of Santi 
 ago, flows E., S.. and W., latterly bounding Portugal on the 
 N,, and enters the Atl.'intic near Caminha, 62 miles N. of the 
 mouth of the Douro, after a course of 1.30 miles. Affluents, 
 the Sil, Avia, and Tea, 
 
 MINHO or ENTRE DOURO-E-MINIIO, inftrh diVro A 
 meen'yo, (i, e. "between the Douro and Minho,") the most 
 northern province of Portugal, having W, the Atlantic, and 
 . '. the Minho. Area 2044 square miles. Pop. 487,431. Its 
 .S. part has been lately con\priscd in the new province of 
 Porto; and it Is now divided into the comarcas of Braga and 
 Viaiia, its chief towns, 
 
 MINI EH or MINYKII, mee'ne-yeh, a town of Egypt, cap- 
 ital of a province, on the left bank of the Nile, 136 miles 
 S.S.AV. of Cairo. It has some earthenware manufactures, 
 and a government cotton factory. 
 
 MlN'IN(iSBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MIN'ISII, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, in the 
 Atlantic, 3 miles W. of the centre of Kilkerran Bay. Length 
 2 miles. Pop. about 500. 
 
 MIN/ISINK, a post-village and township in the W. part 
 of Orange co., New York. The township is intersected in 
 the N.AV. by the New York and Erie Railroad, about 00 
 miles N.W. of New York City. 
 
 MINIUS. See Miniio. 
 
 MINNAII, a town of Arabia. See Oman. 
 
 JIINNAY SOTOR. See Minnesota. 
 
 MINNEAP'OLIS, a post-village, capital of Hennepin co., 
 Minnesota, beautifully situated on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi, opposite to the city of St, Anthony. It contains 
 10 churclies, 2 national banks, a United States laud office, 3 
 flouring-mills, and 6 saw-mills. Pop. in 1860, 2564. See 
 Appendix, 
 
 MIN^NESO'TA, (originally wTitten Minnat Sotor*,) one 
 of the northwestern states of the North American Union, is 
 bounded on the N, by British America, E. by Lake Superior 
 and the State of Wisconsin, S, by the State of Iowa, and W. 
 by Dakotah Territory. The Lake of the Woods with a chain 
 of small lake and their outlets forms a part of the northern 
 boundary, the St. Croix and >lississippi a part of the eastern, 
 and the Red River of the North a part of the western boun- 
 dary. It lies between 43° 30' and 49° N. lat., and between 
 about 89° 30' and 97° W. Ion., being .about 380 miles in ex- 
 treme length from N. to S., and 300 from E. to W., in- 
 
 • This is the Porlujuese spelling : tlie Spaniards write the nam* 
 Afmo, but pronounce it iu the same manner. 
 
 1203 
 
MIN 
 
 eluding an area of nearly 81,259 square miles, or 52,005,760 
 acres. 
 
 Face of thf. Onintry. — Though there are no mountains in 
 Minn-'SOta. it is the most elevatej tract of laud between the 
 Gulf of Mexii-o and Hudson's Bay; and from its central 
 heights sends its waters to every point of the compass, but 
 mostly to tlie N. and S. The position from which the Ked 
 Kiverof the North and the St. Peter's or Minnesota take 
 tlieir opposite courees in the western part of the state, and 
 elevated about 2000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. A 
 plateau, called the "Coteau des Prairies," or "Prairie 
 Heights," about 200 miles in length, and from 15 to 40 in 
 breadth, runs through the southwestern part of Minnesota. 
 Its greatest elevation is about 1916 feet above the level of 
 the .«ea, and its averase height about 1450 feet. The northern 
 portion, which is the highest, is about 890 feet above Bigstone 
 Lake, which lies in its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's or 
 Minnesota lliver, we come upon another range of heights, 
 known as the Coteau du Urand Bois. or the Wooded Ileight.s, 
 which extend for more than 100 miles nearly parallel with 
 the Coteau cles I'rairies. This ridge is mo.^tly covered with 
 an extensive forest of hard wood. Through the middle of 
 the triangle which occupies the X.E. portion of the territory 
 runs a tliii\l range of heightii, called the " Hauteurs de 
 Terre," or •• Highlands." which extend W. by S. about 300 
 miles, and form the dividing ridge, whence flow the waters 
 that seek Lake Superior and the Mississippi in one direction, 
 and Hudson's Bay in the other. X range of less altitude 
 than the •■ Coteau des Prairies," but continuing in the same 
 direction, forms the water.-^hed of the streams flowing into 
 the Missouri on the W.. and those Bowing into the Ked River 
 on the E. The face of the country in general presents the 
 aspect of an undulating plain. 
 
 Geolofjtj. — Minnesota, cast of the Red River of the North, 
 is mostly covered with drift, lying ou crystalline and meta- 
 morphic rocks, which occasionally protrude to the surface in 
 the valleys of the rivers and on the shores of lakes. In the 
 S.E., the lower magnesian limestone crops out in the valleys 
 of the Mississippi and St Peter's Rivers; and on the latter 
 river the sandstone occasionally obtrudes in a few jjlaces, 
 Tith occasional intrusions of igneous rocks. Ou the shores 
 of Lake Superior are " alternations of metamorphio schists, 
 slates, and sandstones, with volcanic grits and other bedded 
 traps and porphyries, intersected by numerous basaltic and 
 greenstone dikfs, with occasional deposits of red clay, marls, 
 and drift." In the N.E. angle of Miune.-«ta is a tract of 
 hornblcndic and argillaceous slates, wiih bedded poriihyries 
 and intrusions of greenstone .ind granite. On the Lake of 
 the Woods, Rainy Lake, and their outlets, are metamorphio 
 schists, with gneiss and gneissoid rocks. 
 
 Minerals. — The indications from geological surveys of Min- 
 nesota do not favor the hoiws of great met;illic wealth within 
 it.« borders. Copper has been found, but in most in.stauces 
 i; is not '• in place." but appears to have been carried thither 
 by the drift and boulder.s. The probability is that, of richer 
 metallic ores than iron, this territory will not afford (except 
 near Lake Superior) sufficient quantity to repay the labors 
 of the miner; for, if they e.tist at all. they probably lie at 
 great depths. The indications are equally unfavorable to 
 thero lieing any Large deposits of coal. A lead vein, 4 inches 
 in thickness, was discovered on the Waraju River, by the 
 jjeological corps of Professor Owen. The most remarkable 
 mineral in this state, is the red pipestone, of which the 
 Indians make their pipes, and which is believed to be pecu- 
 liar to the region of the Coteau des Prairies. A slab of this 
 stone has been, or I's to lie. sent to Wai^hington. to be inserted 
 in tho sreat national monument erecting to the memory of 
 the father of his country. Iron is abundant in the part of 
 the state which bordere on Lake Superior. 
 
 Lakes and IHvers. — Minnesota is perhaps even more 
 deserving th.an Michigan of the appellation of the "Lake 
 State," a-s it abounds in lacustrine waters ot every size, fi-om 
 lakes of 40 miles in extent, to small ponds of le.'^s than a 
 mile in circuit. These beautiful sheets of water give origin 
 to rivers flowing X., S., and E. ; some findiug their w.-iy to 
 the .\t!antic through the mighty Mississippi and the tiulf 
 of Mexico; others through the great lake.s. Niagara, aftd the 
 St Lawrence; and others, again, pass off to the X., and 
 seek the ocean through Hudson's B.ay and Straits. The 
 largest of these lake.s. with the excepticm of Lnke Superior, 
 are the Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, Red Lake, take 
 Cass, Leech Lake, and Mille Lac or Spirit Lake. These 
 generally have chair, pebbly bottoms, and are well stocked 
 with fish, among which are the white fish, pike, pickerel, 
 maskelonge, sucker, perch, and trout. Wild rice grows on 
 the l>orders of many of them, especially at the Xorth. 
 Devil Lake, which is on the 48th parallel of X. lat. in the 
 X.W. of Minnesota, is alwut 40 miles in length by 15 in 
 breailth, and its waters, which are brackish, have novi.'iible 
 outlet Red I^ke, on thi; same parallel, E. of Ked River, 
 with which it communicates, is divided into two portions, 
 united by a strait of 2 miles in width, and covers aliout the 
 same area as Devil Lake. Lake of the Woods, and Rainv 
 Lake, (the former a large sheet of water, perhaps 100 miles 
 iii cjituit) are both ou the north bouudarv of the slate. 
 1204 
 
 MIN 
 
 Lake Pepin, a beautiful sheet of water, is a mere expansion 
 of the 51ississippi in the S.E. of this state. The rivers 
 and large streams of Miunesrita are almost as numerous as 
 its lakes. The far-famed Mi^^^^sippi takes its hnmtile origin 
 from Itasca l^ke, from whose pellucid waters it issues a 
 rivulet of but a few feet in wi.lth. and first meandering iu 
 a X.E. direction through a number of small lakes, to receive 
 their tribute, it turns to the S.. and pursues its lordly way 
 to its far distant exit in the Gulf of Mexico, laving in its 
 course the shores of 9 states and 1 ten itcry. About SOO 
 miles of its length are included within Minnesota, of which 
 COO are navigable for steamboats; "200 below the Falls of 
 St. -\nthony, and 400 above; with two interruptions, how- 
 ever, at Sauk Rapids and Little Falls. The Rum and St. 
 Croix, tributaries of tlie Mississippi, drain the S.E. portion 
 of the territory, and the Ked River the northern, passing 
 off into Hudson's Bay. It is the outlet of Traverse. Otter- 
 tiil, lied, and several smaller lakes. It forms the west 
 boundary of the state for a distance of about 200 miles, 
 and flows almost directly north. The Lake Superior slope 
 is principally drained by the St. Louis and its branches, 
 and by the outlets of that series of small lakes that form 
 the X.E. boundary of Minnesota. The great valley formed 
 by the slopes of the Coteau des Prairies and the Coteau du 
 Bois is drained by the St. Peter's or Minnesota and its 
 tributaries. This river runs in a S.E. and then in a X.E. 
 course, with a total length of from 400 to 500 miles, and is 
 navigable for steamers. Its principal branch is the Blue 
 Earth or Mankato River, which flows nearly northward, 
 and is generally from 80 to 120 feet wide. The St. I'eter's, 
 with the Crow Wing and Crow Rivers, are the princiiwl tri- 
 bntaries of the Mississippi from the West. Although re- 
 mote from the sea»Minnesota is one of the best watered 
 states in the Union. The multitude of lakes tends to check 
 the violence of inundations. The difference between 
 extreme high and low M-ater at St. Paul is only about 6 
 or 8 feet. The abundance of rain which falls in summer is 
 ascribed by gome persons to this system of lakes. Tlie rivers 
 of Minnesota abound in small falls and rapids, which, while 
 they interrupt navigation, furnish extensive water-power. 
 The St. Croix is navigable to Stillwater for steamboats; 
 the Minnesota to Traverse des Sioux, and at high water lUO 
 miles further; the St. Louis 20 miles for large vessels, and 
 the Red River iu nearly all parts for either Durham boats 
 or steambvats. The Blue Earth. Rum, Elk, and otliers are 
 navigable from 50 to 100 mUes lor steamboats of light 
 draught and flat-boat*. 
 
 0!>jects of Interest to Tourisit. — If we except cataracts of 
 the first magnitude and high mountains. Minnesota pre- 
 .sents as great a variety of natural objects of interest as 
 any portion of our widely -extendwl domain. The traveller 
 enters her territory ascending the Mississippi, amid biaufi- 
 ful island.s, (one of which, Mountain Island, is 428 feet 
 high,) and between cliffs of sandstone and magnesian lime- 
 stone rising to an elevation of from 300 to 500 feet. Soon 
 he passes into that beautiful expansion of the river named 
 Lake Pepin, on the E. bank of which he has Maiden's Rwk, 
 400 feet high ; and near the northern extremity of the 
 lake. La Grange Mountain, a headland about oCO feet above 
 the lake, ISO of which, at the base, is sandstone, capped 
 with magnesian limestone. As he proceeds, continuing his 
 ascending voyage, the traveller arrives at the famed St. 
 Anthony's Falls, less celebrated on account of their per- 
 pendicular pitch (only 10^ feet) than for their accf)mpani- 
 nients of wild scenery and their geological interest. The 
 falls are divideil by an island, as at Niagara, the gn'ater 
 portion of the water passing on the western side, which is 
 310 yards wide. The entire descent, including the rapiils 
 is 58 feet in 260 rods. St. Anthony's Falls will no doubt 
 one day become a Western Lowell; indeed its capabilities 
 as a manufacturing site far transcend those of the town 
 named, when the wants of the country shall call them into 
 requisition. Fountain Cave, 2 or 3 miles above St. Paul. U 
 an excavation in the white sandstone, which opens, by an 
 arched entrance 25 feet wide and 20 high, into a chamber 
 150 feet long and 20 wide, along the centre of which glides 
 a rivulet, which may be heard from its inner and hidden 
 recesses dashing down in small cascades. The passage be- 
 comes very narrow as you proceed up the channel, occasion- 
 ally opening into small chambei-s. Mr. Seymour advanced 
 nearly 1000 feet within Uie cave without reaching its ter- 
 mination. Bi-own's F'alls are in a narrow strejini. the out- 
 let of several small lakes on the W. side of the Mississippi. 
 They have a perpendicular de.ecent of 50 feet; and includ- 
 ing smaller falls and rapids, 100 feet. Pilot Knob, near tb« 
 confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, is .in elevatio<; 
 of 262 feet, which commands a fine view of the surrounding 
 country and the two rivei-s near whose junction it stands. 
 The St. Croix Falls or Rapids, about 30 miles from Its 
 mouth, have a descent of nearly 50 feet in SOO yards; but 
 the most interesting portion of the scene oonsists in the 
 perpendicular walls of trap-rock through whidi the" river 
 has forced its way. about half a mile Wlow the rapids, and 
 through which it rushes w ith great velocity, foming e-iiiso 
 and whirlpools. At this place, 40 or 50 feet above the rirer. 
 
MIN 
 
 MIN 
 
 port'holes 20 to 25 feet in diameter, and 15 to 20 deep, hare 
 bei'n worn by the action of the water. This pass is called 
 the Dalles of the St. Croix. The Sioux Kiver '-breHk-s 
 throu.:h a remarkable formati'^jn of massive quartz, which 
 cro.eses it iierpendicularly," at the Gi'eat Uend, in about 43° 
 3u' N'. lat., und firms a series of falls and rapids, one of 
 which i;* 21 feet, .another 18, and a third 10 feet in perpen- 
 dicular pitch. The entire dascent in 400 yards is 100 feet. 
 Minnesota shares with Wisconsin in the falls and nipids of 
 the St. Louis Kiver. another picturesque and romantic dis- 
 play of nature's works — for a description of which, see AVLs- 
 CoxsiN. The rivers of .Minnesota are filled with picturesnue 
 rapids and small falls, and often bordered with perpendicu- 
 lar bluffs of lime and sandstone, or gently sloping hills 
 tliat trraoefully recede from the water. This rejiiou is the 
 paradise of the hunter : its prairies and forests are the home 
 of many wild animals, and in its rivers and lakes swim great 
 varieties offish. 
 
 Ctiiuatf. — The climate of this state is severe, ospeei.ally 
 In the northern part. At the Pembina settlement, under 
 tlie 49th paridlel of latitude, the cold is frequently so great 
 as to frei-ie quicksilver. According to observations kept 
 by the otHcers stationed there in January, 1S47, the mean 
 t<'mpeniture of the month, from three ob.<ervations a day, 
 at 9 A.M., and 3 and 9 P.M., was 12^° below zero; and the 
 greatest cold 48° below the same point. The average of 06 
 days' ob.servations wius 22.j° below zero; and the highest 
 point reached in the month of January, 30° above zero. The 
 hottest day in the month of July was 96°. showing a range 
 of 144° between the greatest cold and greatest heat. Fiom 
 the ITth of June to the 17th of July, 1848, the mean tem- 
 perature was 69°. Kven as late as in the latter weeks of 
 March, and as early as in Novimiber, the thermometer often 
 falls below zero. Observations made at St. I'aul's, in lat. 
 44° 50' N., in December, January, and February, of the 
 winter of 1850-51, gave the following result: Clear days, 
 22: variable. 45; cloudy. 23; rain, 5; snow, 24; and hail, 1. 
 Greatest height of the mercury, 47°; lowest point, 32° 5' 
 Ijelow zero ; average of the winter, 15° 23'. Thirty-one days 
 the mercury was at or above freezing, and 37 days below 
 zero. The coldest day, (January 30,) it was 20° below; and 
 the mildest, (February 25.) 30° 6'alw)ve zero. Winds, N.N.W., 
 50 days; S.E. to K.N.K.. 20 days; variable, 20 days. The 
 amount of rainy days this winter is stated as unusually 
 large, from which the dryness of the atmosphere may be 
 inferred. The earliest closing of the navigation liy ice, 
 between 1844 and 1S50, was Xovember 8 ; the latest, December 
 8. The earliest opening in the same period, was March 31 : 
 the latest, April 19. "riie climate of Minnesota, in some 
 parts, is too severe for Indian corn, but the dryness and 
 steadiness of the cold favor wheat and other winter gi-ains. 
 
 ^iH and I'roductions. — The soil of M iunesota varies greatly. 
 In the valleys of the rivers it is mostly excellent, especially 
 in those of the St. Peter's, and of the Mississippi and its 
 tributaries in the S.E. part of this state. Above the Falls 
 of St. Anthony, with the exception of the river alluvions 
 and some prairie land, the country is generally covered with 
 drift, interspersed with marshes, too wet for cultivation : but 
 the elevated portion is often much of it of tolerable fertility, 
 though inferior to the calcareous lands of the river bott<ims, 
 and not unfrequently cov<u-ed with dwarf timber. Professor 
 Owen remarks that "the general agricultural character of 
 the Ked Kiver country is excellent. The principal drawbacks 
 are occasional protracted droughts during the midsummer 
 months, and during the; sjiring freshets, which from time 
 to time overflow large tracts of low prairie, especially near 
 the Great Bend." According to Governor Kamsay, wherever 
 the test has been made. Minnesota produces corn, wheat, 
 outs, and potatoes equal in quulit;/ to that produced in any 
 state in the Union, and in ((uantity such as to astonish those 
 who have been familiar even with the rich bottom lands of 
 Indiana and Illinois. The nutritious wild rice, strawberries, 
 currants, plums, cranberries, grapes, and crab-apples are 
 indigenous. According to the census of 1860 there were in 
 Minnesota 556,250 acres of improved land (2,156,718 being 
 nnimproved), producing 2,186,993 bushels of wheat; 121,411 
 of rye; 2.941,952 of Indian corn; 2,176,002 of oats: 18,988 
 of peas and beans; 2,566.485 of Irish potiities; 792 of sweet 
 potatoes; 109,668 of barley; 28,0.n2 of buckwheat; 20,388 
 pounds of wool; 1983 of flax ; 38,938 of tobacco; 3286 of 
 rice ; 2.957,673 of butter ; 199,314 of cheese ; 34,285 of honey ; 
 1544 of beeswax; 37t),tJ<:9 of maple sugar; 23,038 gallons of 
 ma|ile molasses; 14,178 of sorghum molasses; 179,482 tons 
 of hay; live-stock valued at $;5,642,841 ; orchard products 
 at S649; market products at $174,704; and slaughtered 
 nimals at .$751,544. 
 
 Protest Trees. — Partg of Minnesota are densely timl)ered 
 with pine forests, and the ridges of the drift districts with 
 (Oiiall pine, Viirch. aspen, maple, ash. elm, hemlock, firs, pop 
 lar. :ind basswood. In the sw.amps between the ridges, the 
 tamanuk, cedar, and cypress are found; while the river 
 bottoms furnish a goo<l growth of oak, aspen, soft maple, 
 ba.«swo<id. ash. birch, white walnut, linden, and elm. Jluch 
 of tins timbfir on the poorer ritlges. and in some of the 
 marshoE. is of rather a dwajf character. On the Hum, St 
 
 Croix, and Pine Hivers there arc extensive forests of pin* 
 According to I'rofessor Owen, "a Ijelt of forest cros.ses .\;in 
 nesota in lat. 44° 30', which is remarkable for its unusua, 
 body of timber, in a country otherwise but scantily tim 
 Ijered." Bond says, '' there are SO miles of solid pine lim- 
 ber on the shores of the irils-'issippi, below Pokegamin Falls." 
 Taken as a whole, Jlinnesola can scarcely be called a well 
 woodei-l country. But here, as in other parts of the \\'t*t. 
 when the prairies are protected from fire, a growth of young 
 timber soon .springs up. 
 
 Animals. — Minnesota has always been a favorite hunting 
 ground of the Indians, and vast herds of VjulTalo, elk, deer, 
 antelope, and other game still roam over the plains west of 
 the Cofeau dcs Prairies and the lied liiver. Deer, black bear, 
 antelope, wolverine, otter, muskrat, mink, martin, wolf and 
 racoon abound, and the moose and grizzly bear are occa- 
 sionally met with. The prairies are fre(iuented by grouse, 
 pheasants, and partridges, and the streams by wild ducks 
 and gees<.". The other birds are hawks, buzzards, harrier.s, 
 owls, quails, plovers, larks, and a great variety of small 
 birds. Among the water fowl arc the pelican, tern, liooded 
 sheldrake, bustard, broadbill. ruffle-headed duck, wood duck, 
 teal, wild goose, and loon, llotli the golden and bald eiJgle 
 are occasionally met with. The rivers and lakes abound in 
 fine fish, among which are the bas-s, cup, sunfish, pickerel, 
 pike, catfish, whitefish, sucker, nia.skelonge. and trout. 
 
 Mamifadures. — There are great capabilities in the innu- 
 merable rivers of Minnesota, with their falls atid rapids, for 
 manufacturing establishments. At present the conver.«ion 
 of her pine forests into boards, scantling, &c., constitutea 
 the principal manufacture of this new and flourishing 
 territory. 
 
 Internal Tmprnvemrnfs. — These, of course, are chiefly con- 
 fined to opening common and military roads. In the set- 
 tlement of a new country, the settlers naturally locate 
 on the great rivers, and some time elapses before they 
 need any other highway. The princijial railroads of this 
 state are the Minnesota Central, otherwise calletl the Min- 
 neapolis and Cedar Valley Railroad, extending from Minne- 
 a])olis or Saint Paul southward via Faribault to Iowa; the 
 Winona and Saint Peter's, the eastern part of which is in 
 operation; the Saint Paul and Pacific, which oomiects 
 Siiint Paul with Anoka, Saint Cloud, Ac; and the Root 
 River Valley Railroad. Another road is in progress, which 
 will connect Saint Paul with Milwaukee. 
 
 Cnvtmerce. — Minnesota lias the advantage of two outlets 
 for her products; one by way of the Mississippi, to every 
 poi-tion of the Mississippi Valley; and the other by way of 
 Lake SH))orior, with the Irfike Stales and with the East. 
 The chief article of export from this state is lumber. The 
 quantity of lumber produced in 1859-60, in the first district, 
 (which includes the Saint Croix and its tributaries,) was es- 
 timated at 73,0OO.t)OO feet. There are 3 other districts in 
 the state. In 1800, there were in this state 158 saw-mills, 
 producing annually lumber valiied at $1,231,203. 
 
 Jjlucalitm. — .Minnesota has a public system of free schools, 
 which is under tlie general direction of a superintendent of 
 common schoijls. and tlu; local snpervi.-ion of trustees. Every 
 township containing not less than five families is considered 
 a School district. These fcho(d truslees are elected every 
 year, and a majority of the voters may levy a fax not l' 
 exceed $000 a year. A c<iunty tax is also levied for s<hooi 
 purposes, of one-fourth of one per cent, on the ad ralnrem 
 amount of assessment roll made by the county asscs.«ors: 
 also 15 per cent, of all moneys rai.'e<l by licenses of spirituous 
 liquors, and on all fines for criminal acts. According to tlio 
 census of 1860, there were in Miiniesota 4 colleges, having 
 366 students, $15,3"20 income, $4500 of which was from 
 endowments ; 879 public schools, having 31,083 pupils, $s5, 
 784 income, $56,608 of which was from taxation, $22,712 
 from public funds, and $3784 was endowments; 29 acade- 
 mies and other scho<jls, having 1005 pupils, $15,598 income, 
 :?I500 of which was from taxation, and $1100 from endow- 
 n^iiits; there are also 89 libraries, 26 of which are public, 
 8 school, 52 Sunday-school ; 1 college and 2 church libra- 
 ries, comprising 33,649 volumes. 
 
 lidiipfins Denominations. — Of the 260 churches in ^linne- 
 sota in 1860, tlie Baptists owned 34; Congregationalists, '23; 
 Kpiscopaliaus, 26; Lutherans, IS; Methodists, 80; Presby- 
 terians, 21; itoman Catholics, 47; minor sects, 11; this 
 gives 1 church to every 668 persons; value of church pro- 
 perty, S478,-.;oo. 
 
 J'eriodicals. — There wet's published in Minnesota ia 
 1860, 4 daily and 45 weekly newspapers and periodicals, 
 with an aggregiite annual circulation of 2,344,000. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Among tlie public institntions of 
 this sUite are a penitentiary at Stillwater, which confined 
 29 convicts in 1862; an a.sylum for the deaf and dumb, 
 located at Faribault, and a Historical Society at Saint Paul, 
 which publishes annually its transactions. 
 
 P(q)ulalion. — The conmiencement of the settlement of 
 this state is quite recent; and, at the United States census 
 of 1850, there were only 6077 inhabitants; which had in- 
 creased to 172,023 in 1860. Of tlie population, 1(19,395 were 
 whites, 259 colored, and 2309 Indians. Population to the 
 
 1205 
 
MIN 
 
 MIX 
 
 square mile, 1. Ken. flsentative population, 172,023. Of the 
 ptipiilition, 34,305 were born in the state, 1S,VM in other 
 states 58,728 in foreign countries, of whom 3462 were born 
 in Knglan '; 12,831 in Ireland; 1079 in Scotland; 422 in 
 AVales; 80i in British America; 18,400 in Germany; 867 in 
 Trance; anl 13.634 in other foreign countries, giving about 
 50 per cent, of foreign birth. Of the population in the 
 leading pursuits, 27,921 were farmers, 5315 laborers, 3921 
 fishermen, 'iloS servants. 1757 carpenters, 826 merchants, 
 716 lumbermen,. 647 teachers, 625 clerks, 593 blacksmiths, 
 407 lawyers, 369 masons, 335 teamsters, 311 clergymen, 276 
 iniilers,"2.50 physicians, 225 iunkeepere. In the year ending 
 June 1, 1860, there occurred 1109 deaths, or 6-5 in every 
 thousand. .The number of deaf and dumb was 33 (see In- 
 troduction to the volume on Population of the Eighth 
 Ce/isitv', pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &c.); blind, 23; insane, 25; and 
 idiotic. 31. 
 
 Omniies. — Minnesota is divided into 64 counties, viz.: 
 Aitkeu, Anoka, Becker, Benton, Blue Karth. Bretkenridge, 
 Blown, Buchanan, Carlton, Carver, Cass, Chisago, Cott<m- 
 wood. Crow Wing, Dakota, Dodge, Dougliis, Faribault, Fill- 
 more, lreeborn,Goodhue,Uennepin, Houston. Isanto, Itasca, 
 Jackson. Kandiyohi, Kennebeck. Lake, Le Sueur, Manomin, 
 Martin, MoLeod, Meeker, Mille Lac, Monong-.ilia, Morrison, 
 Jlower, MuiTay, Nicollet, Noble, Olmstead, Otter Tail, Pem- 
 bina, Pierce, Pine, Pipestone, Polk, Ramsey. Renville, Rice, 
 Scott, Sherburne, Sibley, Stearns, Steele, St. Louis, Todd, 
 Tooiiibs,\Vaba.~lia,\\aseca,Washington,\Vinona, and Wright. 
 Capitiil Saint Paul. 
 
 G</vi-rnment. — The governor is elected by a plurality vote 
 for a term of 2 years; salary, S2500. The legislature con- 
 sists of a Senate, composed of 21 members, and a House of 
 Representatives, of 42 members, both elected by the people; 
 the former for 2 yeai^s. and Ihe latter annually. A lieuten- 
 ant governor, secretai-y of state, auditor, and trejisurer are 
 also elected by the people. The judiciary consists of a su- 
 preme, district, and probate courts. The stsite sends 2 mem- 
 bers to the national Uouse of Representatives. 
 
 lligtiiry. — -Minnesota is sjiid to have been first visited by 
 white men in the person of two free traders in the year 1654; 
 who, on their return to Montreal, two years afterwards, gave 
 such glowing descriptions of the country as to induce, not 
 only traders and trappers, but Jesuit missionaries to visit 
 the country. To the lattiT are we indebted for the first 
 printed records bf Minnesota. The present stiite of Min- 
 nesota formed part of the original Louisiana Territory, as 
 purchase<l from France in 1803. The eastern portion formed 
 K iiart of the French possessions which were surrendered to 
 the Engli.-h at the peace of 1763, and subsequently by the 
 ' latter to the government of the United States, after the 
 close -of the Revolution. During the administration of Mr. 
 .Ie!Ter«)n, (in 1805^) an exploring expedition, under General 
 Pike, traversed the country. The first fortification of the 
 Liiiteil States within the present limits of Miiir.esota was 
 Iocnti.ll at Fort Snelling, which has been occupied by an 
 .\inericau garrison ever since 1819. With the exception of 
 the British settlement at Pembina, which was not then 
 known to be withiu the limit* of the United States, no settle- 
 ments were made in this state till about 1845. In 1849 
 it was orgjinized into a territorial goverimient. The state 
 of Minnesota was admitted into the Union on the 11th of 
 Mav. 1853. 
 
 silXXKSO'TA CITY, a post-village ot Winona county, 
 Minnesota, situated on the right bauk of the Mis.sissippi 
 River, al>out 6 miles above Winona, and 150 miles below St. 
 Paul. It was settled in 1852, by the " Western Farm and 
 Village Association." 
 
 MINNETON'KA or MINNITAN'KA, a lake of Minnesota, 
 included iu Sibley and llennepiu counties, is 28 miles long. 
 
 MINNETRISTA, a post-office of Hennepin cc, Minnesota. 
 
 MIN'XIEIIIVE, a small hurgh of barony of Scotland, co. 
 and 161 miles N.W. of Dumfries. Pop. about 600. 
 
 MIN'MGAFF', a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirk- 
 cudbright. 
 
 MIXNIOAH, a post-office of Wabasha co., Minnesota. 
 
 MIXNl WAKAN, min'nee wA-kSn'. or DEVIL LAKK, in 
 Dakota Territory, intersected by the 48th parallel of N. 
 latitude, and the 99th meridian of W. longitude. Length 
 about 40 miles; greatest breadth 12 miles. The water of 
 this lake is of a deeper tint than that of the neighboring 
 fre.-;h-water lakes; it is so brackish that it cannot be used 
 as drink by man : the buffaloes, however, are said to be very 
 fond of it, drinking it as freely as they would any other 
 water. No outlet has yet been discovered. 
 
 MINONK, of Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, 31 miles S. of I.,a Salle. 
 
 MINOOK, of Illinois a station on the Chicago and Rock 
 Island Railro,id, 10 miles E. of Joliet 
 
 MlJjO, Pennsylvania. See Menxo. 
 
 511 NO. a river of the Spanish peninsula. See MiXHO. 
 
 MINORCA,* niin-orTta, or MEXO KCA.* mJn-or'ca, (L. 
 
 • Named from its being the "smaller" (in Latin minor, 
 
 bpauish iiirnor) of the two principal Balearic Islands. In like 
 
 mannur Majokoa derives its name from the Latin word mnjor, ! 
 
 * greater;" it being the larger of the two islands just alluded to. 
 
 1206 
 
 Balea'ris Mi'nor and Minm-fca; Sp. Menorca, m.'t-mR'kJ; 
 Fr. Miiuirqite, mec'noBk'; Dutch, Minorka, me-noR/kd.) an 
 island in the Me<iiterranean. belonging to Spain; between 
 lat. 39° 47' and 40° 4' 45" N.. Ion. 3° 48' and 4° 20' E. : length 
 35 miles; average breadth alx>ut 10 miles; area 335 square 
 miles. The coast is very much indented on all sides e.xcept 
 the S., and generally present^s a succession of bold headlands, 
 enclosing small creeks and bays, of which several form good 
 harbors. Of these the best and most frequented is I'ort 
 Mahon, the capital of the island. The surface ri.-es from 
 all sides towanls the centre, where it becomes mountainous, 
 attaining, in Mount El Toro. the hei.irht of about 5000 feet. 
 The soil is not generally fertile ; but in good seasons, the 
 wheat and barley grown is equal to the consumption. The 
 other principal products are oil, wine, hemp, flax, oranges, 
 and lemons. Iron, copper, and lead, are found in abun- 
 dance; and superior marble, porphyry, aud alabaster 
 exist in several districts. The first possessors of Jlinorca 
 were the Carthaginians, who drew from it. in common 
 with the other islands of the lialeares, a numl)er of ex- 
 cellent ^lingers, who distinguished themselves during Han- 
 nibal's wars iu Itiily. It afterwanls passed successively 
 into the hands of the Romans, the Vandals, and the 
 Moors: the last were expelled iu 1285 by the Spaui.irda. 
 During the greater part of the 18th century it belonged to 
 the British, who finally ceded it to Spain at the peace of 
 Amiens, For administrative purpose.*, it is divided into 
 the four districts of Mahon, Alayor, Mereadel, and Ciuda- 
 dela. Pop. about 40,000. 
 
 MINORI, me-no'ree. a town of Naples, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, 7 miles W.S.W. of Salerno, near the Gulf of 
 Salerno. Pop. 2200. 
 
 MINOT, me-nof. a post-village and township of Andros- 
 coggin CO., Slaine, on a tributary of the Androscoggin, 37 
 miles N.N.W. of Portland, by the Grand Trunk Raihvay, 
 which intersects the township, and here sends off a branch 
 road 13 miles long to Buckfield. The village has a diurch, 
 and several stores and mills. There are also two other vil- 
 lages in the township, viz.. Mechanics" Falls aud East Minot. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1734: in 1854, 2000. 
 
 Ml NOTS LEDCiE, or COUAS'SET ROCKS. Boston Ilarbcr, 
 8 miles S.E. of Boston Light, has a fixed light C6 feet high. 
 
 MINOW (mee'now) ISLAXDS. a group of East Africa, in 
 MdSsambique Channel, off the N.W. coast of Madagascar, lat. 
 (N. point) 12° 49' 30" S., Ion. 48<^ 39' E, They are .iljout 27 
 in number, and with the exception of two or three, which 
 are low and of coral formation, are lofty and precipitous, 
 presenting ranges of bns,iltic columns. 
 
 JllNPOO'REE, a considerable town of British India, pre- 
 sidencv of Bengal, CO miles E. of Agra, 
 
 .MINSH or MINCII, mintch. ("Stormy Sea.") the broad 
 strait which separates the islands of Lewis. Hebrides, from 
 the W. coast of Scotland. 3Iean breadth about 35 miles. A 
 contraction of this sound, to the S.S.W., is called the Little 
 Minsh, and separates the middle portion of the Outer Heb- 
 rides from the island of Skve. 
 
 MIX-SHAN or MIN-CHAN, min (or meen) shSn. or 
 KIEOO-TING-SHAN, (Kieou-Ting-Shau.) ke-f-ooningVhdn' 
 i. e. " mountain with nine lofty summits." a mountain of 
 China, province of Se-chnen, in lat. 31° 34' N., Ion. 103° E. 
 It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 MIXSH'ULL-CHURCH. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 MIXSHULL VER'NOX. a township of England, co. of 
 Chester, with a station on the London and North-Western 
 Railway, 5 miles N.W. of Crewe. 
 
 MlXsK. minsk, a government of Russia, between lat. 
 51° 12' and 55° 50' N., and Ion. 25° 10' and 30° 45' E. Area 
 34.716 square miles. Pop. iu 1851. 935,345, of whom about 
 100,000 were Jews, and 40,000 of Tartar descent. Surface 
 level, marshy, and for the most part inundated in the 
 spring; principal rivers, the PripetF,and Dnieper, with their 
 affluents, the Beresina. Pe<hii!;n, &c.; and it is partially 
 bounded on the S.E. and the W. by the South Dwina and the 
 Niemen. More grain (chiefly rye) is raised than is required 
 for liome consumption; hemp, flax, pot.tsh, and tar. are 
 other important products. Forests very exteiLsive. and, next 
 to agriculture, the people are mostly occupie<l in sawing and 
 trading in timber. Linen weaving and distilling is pretty 
 actively cariied on. Principal towns, Minsk, Bobruisk, and 
 Slootzk. 
 
 MINSK, a town of Russia, capital of the above government, 
 situated on an affluent of the Beresina. 430 miles S.W. of St, 
 Petersburg. Pop. 23,600. among whom are many Jews, It 
 is mo.«tly built of wood, but has some hand-some stone 
 edifices, several Greek, Greek-United, and Roman Catholic 
 churches, a synagogue, a theological seminary, and a large 
 theatre, with manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. It 
 is the gee of a Greek archbishop and a Roman Citiholio 
 bishop, and is mentioned in records of the 11 th cent ury. 
 
 MIX'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of ILint.s. 
 
 MIX'STER, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 
 MINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Kent, •with a sta- 
 tion on the South-Eastern Railway. 4 miles W. of Rams- 
 gate. The church is a fine structure, rm the site of tiie 
 iamous SiLxon Nunnery of St. Mildred, founded about 670. 
 
 J 
 
MIN 
 
 MIR 
 
 In the parish is Ehbsfleet, the landing-place both of Ilnngist 
 and llorsa, and of St. Augustine. 
 MINSXKK, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Es.'^ox. 
 JIl.N'.STi-;K-I..OVElj. a pari.-ih of England, co. of Oxford. 
 Ml.NSTEIl IN' SUKl'PY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 MINSTER, a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio, oh the 
 Miami Canal. Pop. 752. 
 
 MIX'STERLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Salop. 
 MIN'SX1;RW0RT1I, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 MINTAO. See Mi.ntow. 
 
 MIX/TERX-MAG/XA, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 MINT'ING, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 MINT/LYN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 MIN'XO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ro.-iburgh, with a 
 rillage on the Teviot, 5i miles S.K. of Hawick. 
 
 MI.N/TO ISLAND, in the Pacific, forms, with Bedford and 
 Melbourne Islands, a group of the Dangerous Archipelago, 
 and was discovered by Lord E. Russell iu 18j7. Lat. 21° 2o' 
 S., ion. 130° 32' W. 
 MINTON, a postroffice of Irwin co., Georgia. 
 MINTONSVILLE, a post-village of Gates co., North 
 Carolina. 
 MIN'TONVILLE, a post-office of Ca.sey co., Kentucky. 
 MINTUW or MINT.A.O, miu-tuw', written al.so .MINTO and 
 MUNXOCK, a town of the island of Banca, Malay Archipe- 
 lago, near its ^V. coast. 
 
 MINX SPRING, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 MINUCCIANO, me-uoot-chi'no, a small fortified town of 
 NortlnTii Italy, 27 miles N.N.W. of Lucca. Pop. 2200. 
 Ml.NYElI, a town of Egypt. See Mi.nieh. 
 MIOGLIA. me-6l'yil, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Ales.<andria, S. of Acqui. I'op. 1073. 
 
 MIOS, me-os/. a town of France, department of Gironde. 23 
 miles S.W. of Hordeaux, on the Leyre. Pop. in IS52, 22S2. 
 MIOSEN (Miiisen) or MJOSEN, me-iVzjn, the largest lake 
 of Norway, 40 miles N.N.E. of Christiania. Length, &o mile.«; 
 greatest breadth, 12 miles. It receives the Ix)Ugen River, 
 and discharges its surplus waters S. by the Veruien, into the 
 Glommen. In summer a steamer plies upon its wat*jrg. 
 
 MiOS-A'.A.ND, (Mios-Vand,) mee'iis-vdnd, a lake of .Norway, 
 in the Fillefielii, at the N. foot of the lofty Mount Grindad- 
 den, in the S.W. province of Christiania; length about 24 
 miles, breadth not more than 1 mile. 
 
 MIPlKU.me-pe-boo', a town of Brazil, province of Rio- 
 Grande-do-Norte. on the small riverof its own name, and on 
 the Lake Papari, 40 miles S.S.VV. of Natal, and 20 miles 
 fi-om the sea. Pop. 2000. 
 
 5IIQUEL0N, mik'fh-lon', or more properly mee'keh-lA\°', 
 two islands off the S. coast of Newfoundland, forming, with 
 the adjacent island of St. Pierre, a colony belonging to 
 France, with an area of 85 square miles. Great Miquelon 
 is in lat. 47"^ 4' N., Ion. 50° 2o' W., and immediately S. of it 
 is Little Miquelon, or Langley. United pop. in 1849, 510. 
 i'isliiug is almost the sole occupation of its inhabitants. 
 See St. Pieurk. 
 
 MIRA, niee'rl, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, near 
 the Atlantic, 24 miles N.W. of Coimbra. J'op. 6000. 
 
 5IIR.\, mee'ri, a river of South America, republic of 
 
 Ecuador, ri>ing in the Andes, flows N.W. and enters the 
 
 Pacific by several mouths, near lat. 1° 30' N., Ion. 79° 5' W. 
 
 MIRA, a town of South America, in Ecuador, near the 
 
 BOurce of the river Mira, 05 miles N.E. of Quito. 
 
 MIRA, mee'ri, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 10 miles 
 TrV. of Venice, on the Brenta Jlorta. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MIRA, mee'rj, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S.E. 
 of Cuenca. Pop. 1598. 
 
 MIRABEL, mee^rii^by, a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, 9 miles N.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 107. 
 
 MIRABEL AUX BARONNIES, meeVd^b^/ bi'ron'nee', 
 a village of Franco, department of Drome, 4 miles S.W. of 
 Nions. Pop. 1793. 
 
 MIHABELLA, me-rd-bfl'ld, a city of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra, 14 miles S.W. of Benevento. Pop. osOO. 
 
 MIR.^BELLA, a village of Sicily, district of Caltagiroue. 
 Pop. 3uo0. 
 
 MIUABELLO, me-ri-biWo, a village of Northern Italy, 3 
 miles N. of Pavia. Hero the battle of Pavia was fought, in 
 1525, when the French were defeated, and their king, 
 Francis I., taken prisoner. Pop. 1678. 
 
 MIRARELLO. a market-town of Piedmont, province and 
 8 miles S.S.E. of Casale Pop. 2240. 
 
 MIR.\1!ELL0, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 3 
 miles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 2200. 
 
 MIRABILE, me-rib/e-le, a post-office of Caldwell co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 MIRADOUX. meVJMoo', a town of France, department of 
 Gers, 7 miles N.E. of Lectoure. Pop. 1692. 
 
 MIRAFLORES, me-rd-flo'rJs, a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 Tin?e and 17 miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 1631. 
 
 MIR-iFLORES, me-rd-flo'r^s, a village of the Argentine 
 Republic, (Im Plata.,) South America, province and 100 miles 
 g.E. of Salta, on the Salado. 
 
 MIRAGENIL. me-rd-ni-neel', a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 
 "rinee and HO miles E.X.E. of Seville, on the Genii. P. 2388. 
 
 MIRAMBEAU, mee'roM btV, a town of France, department 
 
 of Charente-Inferieure, 8 miles S.W. of Jonzac. Pop. iu 
 1852, 2290. 
 
 MIRAMICHI, m1rV-mg-shee/, a hay ana river ol New 
 Brunswick, British North, America, the bay on its E. coast, 
 lat. 47° 10' N., Ion. 65° W'., being the estuary of the river 
 which e.xpands into it after a N.E. course of 75 miles. It is 
 navigable for vessels of the largest class about 30 miles. Oji- 
 posite the mouth of the bay are Fox and Pas.^age Islands. 
 
 MIRAMICUI, a port of entry, capital of Xorlhumlierlaud 
 CO., New Brunswick, at the entrance of the beautiful river 
 of the same name into Miramichi Harbor, about 14U miles 
 N.N.E. of St. John. Xhe river is 9 miles wide at its mouth. 
 The commerce of Jliramichi is already extensive, and in- 
 creasing. The total number of foreign arrivals for the 
 year 1851, were 219, (tons 39,986.) and the clearances 216, 
 (tons 45,254.) Total value of imports, $347,990; exports, 
 $411,700, of which $23,120 was the value of fish exported to 
 the United States, $18,765 being for salmon. During the 
 year 6 American ships took cargoes of timber and deals 
 at this port, for Loudon. December 31, 1850, 90 ve.s.sels 
 (tons 7404) were registered at the port; and during the 
 year. 21 vessels (tons 6603) were built here. 
 
 MIRA MONT, mee'rd'mA.N"/, a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 12 miles N.E. of Maimando- 
 Po|). 1800. 
 
 MIRAMONT, a vill.ige of France, department of llaute- 
 Garonne, arrondi.ssement of St. Gaudens. I'op. 1676. 
 
 MIRANDA DO DoURO, me-rdn'di do doo/ro. (anc. Cnn- 
 tiuinf) ^ town of Portugal, province of Tras-os- .Monies, ciipi- 
 tal of a comarea on the Douro, close to the Spanish frontier, 
 28 miles S.E. of Bragauza. Pop. 4840. 
 
 MIRANDA DO CORVO, me-rdn'di do koRvo. a town of 
 Portugal, province of Beira, 12 miles S.E. of t. oimbra. J'. 3880. 
 MIRANDA DEL EBRO, merin'di dc-l A/bro, a town of 
 .Spain, province and 40 miles N.E. of Burgos, on the Ebro. 
 Pop. 2390. It has an ancient church, and a custom-house on 
 the Castilian frontier. 
 
 MIRANDA DE AROA, me-rdn/di d.i aR/gd, a town of 
 Spiiin, province of Navarre, 24 miles S.S,W. of Pamplona. 
 Pop. 1390. 
 
 MIRANDA DEL CASTANAR, me-rdn'dd dil k.^s-ti-nan', 
 a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S.S.W. of Salamanca. 
 Pop. 1136. 
 MIRAN'DA, a post-village of Rowan co., North Carolina. 
 5IIRANDE, mee'r6.\d/, (L. MiruiiUla.) a town of France, 
 department of Gers, 13 miles S.W. of Auch, on the Bai.se. 
 Pop. iu 1852, 3454. It has renuiins of old fortifications. 
 
 -M1R.\XDELLA, me-rdn-del'li, (anc. (JuUiduinuin t) a forti- 
 fied town of Portugal, province of Xras-os-JIontes, on the 
 Xua, 36 miles S.W. of Braganc;a. Pop. 1700. 
 
 MIR.\.NDELLA, a market-town of Brazil, province and 
 170 miles N.N.W. of Bahia. 
 
 MIRANDOL, mee'r(jM«Mol/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Xarn. 16 miles N. of Alby, on the Viaur. Pop. 2570. 
 MIRANDULA, me-rdn'do-ld, a fortified town of Northern 
 Italy, province of Modena, IS miles N.N. E.of Modena. Pop. 
 6000. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a handsome 
 cathedral, a hospital, and a palace, long occupied by the 
 sovereign when Jlirandola was the capital of an independent 
 dui'hy. One of the sovereigns, known by the name of Pico 
 dj .Mirandola, acquired a distinguished name in literature. 
 
 MIRANO; me-ri'uo, a market-town of Northern Itiily, 12 
 miles N.E. of Padua, on the Musono, at the origin of the 
 Canal of Mirano. Pop. 5500. 
 
 MI It AVET, me-rd-vdt/, a town of Spain, Cat.alonia, 30 miles 
 S.W. of Xarragoua. Pop. 1726. 
 
 MIRE, meeii, a village of France, department of Indre-et- 
 Loire, ahout 7 miles from Tours, famous for the great battle 
 fought in the neighborhood in 731, wlien Charles Martel 
 gained a signal victory over the Saracens, and slew Ande- 
 rama. their leader. 
 
 MIREBALAIS, Le. leh D.eeit'bJ'hV, a town of Hayti, on 
 the Artibonite, 80 miles N.N.E. of Port-au-Prince. 
 
 MIREBALOIS or MIREBALAIS, meeii^bd'I.i/, an old divi- 
 sion of F'rance, now comprisc^d in tlie department of Vieune, 
 and named after its chief town, Mirebeau. 
 
 MIREBEAU, mee'reh-bO/ or meen'bu/, (L. Mirel>d'lum^ a 
 town of France, department of Vienne, 16 miles N.N.W. of 
 Poitiers. Pop. 2732. 
 
 MIREBEAU, a market-town of France, department of 
 CGte-d'Or, 13 miles E.N.E. of Dijon. Pop. 1220. 
 
 MIRECOURT, mee^reh-kooR' or meeR'koou', (L. Mirtcur- 
 tiiim.) a town of France, department of Vosges, 16 miles 
 N.W. of Fipinal. Pop. in 1852, 5443. It is the seat of a tri- 
 bunal of commerce, and a communal college, and is noted 
 for manufactures of violins, guitars, barrel-organs, and other 
 musical instruments.^ 
 
 -AlIltEFLEUR, meeVeh-fli'R' or meeR'flCR', a market-town 
 of France, department of Puy-de-lVime, near the river Allier, 
 9 miles S.H. of Clermont, i'op. 1324. 
 
 MIREMt.t.NT, meeVeh-mAx"/ or meen^mAxo/, a town of 
 
 France, department of Haute-Garonne, 8 miles S.E. of Muret 
 
 MIREMO.NX, a town of France, department of Puy-de- 
 
 Dome. 18 miles W.N.W. of Clermont. Pop. 1688. 
 
 MIREPOIX, meeVfh-pwd/ or meeR'pwd/, (L. Afirapicis.) a 
 
 120T 
 
MIR 
 
 MIS 
 
 ttwc i-f Francp, department of AriJge, on the LerS; 14 miles 
 E,--.K .i I'amicrs. Pop. in 185'2, 4476. It has a large hos- 
 pi tl. t town-hall, and manufactories of coarse woollens and 
 CO' tons. 
 
 .JIU'HELD, a Tillage and parish of England, co. of York, 
 ■We.«t Kiding, with a station on the Lancashire and York- 
 ehire Kailway, 5 miles N.K. of Iluddersfield. 
 
 MIlUJOitOD, meeR-go-rod', a town of Kussia, goyernment 
 and 50 miles X.W. of I'oltava, on the Khorol. It is the 
 chief seat of the ecclesia.-stical authorities of the gOTcrnment, 
 contains 3 churches, and, besides carrying on an important 
 general trade has 4 yearly markets. I'op. V4;iT. 
 
 MIRIBEL. meeVee'beil"', (L. MiriM'lum.) a market-town 
 of France, department of Ain, 12 miles S.E. of Trevoux. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2913. 
 
 MIRIBKL. a Tillage of France, department of Isere, ar- 
 rondissemeut of Grenoble. I'op. in 1852, 2707. 
 
 MIK'ICKVILLE, a post-Tillage of Bristol co,, Massachu- 
 setts, about 40 miles S. of Boston. 
 
 JilKlM. me-reeN«', a lake of South America, in neutral 
 territory, between lirazil and Uruguay. Lat 33° S., Ion. 
 63'^W. Length 100 miles, greatest' breadth 20 miles. It 
 receiyes several riyers. and communicates on the E. with 
 the Atlantic by the Tajim, and northward with the Lake 
 de los I'atos by the Mirini. 
 
 MIRI-M.V.NDE, meeVee'mSxd', a markot-town of France, 
 department of Drome, 15 miles S. of Valence. Pop. 2346. 
 
 MIRITI. me-re-tee', a town of Brazil, proyince and 14 
 miles N.W. of Kio de Janeiro, on the Miriti. 
 
 MIROPOLIE, me-ro-pol'yA, a walled town of Russia, go- 
 vernment and 50 miles S.W. of Koorsk, on the Psiol, an 
 fffluent of the Dnieper.. Pop. 5000. 
 
 MIRliTITZ. niee'ro-tits\ a town of Bohemia, on the Lom- 
 nitz, 50 miles S.S.W. of I'rague. Pop. 1300. 
 
 MIROW, mee'roy, a market-town of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
 12 mUes'eV..s.VV. of Xeu-Strelitz. Pop. 16t)3, It has 2 ex- 
 tensiye ducal palaces. 
 
 MIR0^V1TZ, mee'ro-<vits\ a town of Bohemia, 43 miles 
 S.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1100. 
 
 MIRZ.^NAGUR. niir*z3-nd-ghrir', a town of British India, 
 province of Bengal, 65 miles X.E. of Calcutta. 
 
 MIR'ZAPOOIV, a district of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, having S. and AV. the Kewah territory and Allaha- 
 bad district. Area 1026 square miles. Pop. 600,000, princi- 
 pally Hindoos. 
 
 J1IRZ.\P00R, a town of Ilindostan, presidency of Bengal, 
 in the above district, on the right bank of the Gauges, 32 
 miles S.W. of Benares; lat. 25° io' X., Ion. 83° 35' E. It is 
 large and flourishing, well built, consisting of handsome 
 European houses, native habitations, and clusters of Hindoo 
 temples crowding the banks of the Ganges. It is a place of 
 extensive inland trade, and an important cotton mart. It 
 Is also noted for its manufactures of carpet-^', and various 
 cotton fabrics, and has likewise some manufactures of iron. 
 The population exceeds 100,000. 
 
 MISANTLA, me-sin'tlj, a ruined city of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state of Vera Cruz, 35 miles X.E. of Jalapa, 
 on an isolated plateau. Its remains comprise a pyramid, 
 streets, ancient walls, and a cemetery. 
 MISCHKIX. See Mishkix. 
 
 MISEXO, me-sA'no, (anc. Mise'num.) a promontory of 
 Southern Italy, province and 9 miles S.W. of X.ai)les. Near 
 it are the ruins of the ancient Roman port of Misenum. 
 MISEXTO. See MisiMO. 
 
 MIS'KRDUX. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 MlSllAWAKA, mishV-wA'ka. a flourishing post-yillage 
 of St. Joseph CO., Indiana, is situated on the St. Joseph's 
 Kiver. and on the railroad from Chicago to Toledo. 89 miles 
 E. by S. of the former. It is surrounde<l by a rich farming 
 region, which contains abundance of iron ore. The river 
 is navigable by small steamboat* several miles higher than 
 this place, and also alloids abundant water-powor. The 
 villagf has 8 churches. 1 newspaper office, a woollen factory, 
 3 fuiuring-mills, and several saw-mills. Pop. in 1850, 1412; 
 in 1860, 1488. 
 
 MISHKAX or MISCIIKAX', mi-sh-kdn', a considerable vil- 
 lage of I'ersia, province of Khorassau, 60 miles X.W. of Xisha- 
 poor. 
 
 MISHKTN or MISCIIKTX% mish-keen'. a town of Rus- 
 sia, government and 6S miles AV.X.W. of Yaroslav, on the 
 Volga. I'op. 1000. 
 
 M I SIITEG.A.Y0O RIVER, ofMichigan. rises in Genesee and 
 Shiawa.-sce counties, and flowing nearly nortlnvard. enters 
 tile Flint River, 6 miles from its junction with tlie Sbiawas.see. 
 .MISIXTO, me-siiVio, or MISEXTO. me-ssu'to, a town of 
 Xoi thi-rn Italy, province of Milan. Pop, 1180. 
 MISIS. a town of .\.sia .Minor. See .Messis. 
 >nSlTK.\. a town of Greece. See Mlstra. 
 MISKE. misli'ki\ a village of Hungary. Hither Danube, 
 eo. of I'csth, al)OUt 32 miles from Baja. I'op. 2148. 
 MIPKE. a vill.c-'eofTInniarv. Thither Theiss. on 
 jnSKETl or .MISKHim. See M.sket. 
 MISKOLOZ. mish-kolts'. a town of ITunirarv, capital of 
 th« circle of lioi-sod, 24 miles X.E. of Eri.iu. Pop. 30.000, 
 chiefly I'n testants. It has numerous Lutheran, Greek, 
 1208 
 
 . on the Tlfe. 
 
 and Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, Protestant and 
 Roman Catholic gymna.'^ia, a Greek national pchfXil. Roman 
 Catholic high .school, and a convent. Its priuci]>al trade is 
 in wine. The best steel in Hungary is made from iron 
 obtained from neighboring mines. 
 
 MISLITZ. mis'lits.or .MIROSLAW.mee'ros-l!lv\ a market- 
 town of Austria, iloravia, about 16 miles from Znaim. Pop. 
 1056. 
 
 MISOOCO, mesok'ko, (Ger. Maisox-thal, mi/zox-tdP. It. 
 Vul Meholsina, vil mel-sol-see'ni.) a valley of Switzerland, 
 canton of Grisons, S. of the Alps, iniuutliately E. of (he 
 canton of Ticino. and traversed by the Mocsa. on which is 
 the village of Misocco, with 1200 inhabitants, and a ruined 
 fortress. 
 SITSDLOXGIII. a town of Greece. See Missot.on'ghi. 
 5IISI'IiyL10-\, a hundred in Kent co.. Delaware. 
 ML-l'IIXlOX CREEK, of Delaware, forms the boundary 
 between Ivent and Sus.sex counties, and enters Delaware Bay. 
 MlSSA^iLI.\, niis-sil'yd, a market-town of Xortliem 
 Italy, 19 miles N.X.E. of Milan. Pop. 2100. 
 
 MISS.\U'KEE, a new and unorganizetl county in the N. 
 central part of Michigan, contains 625 square miles. It is 
 drained by an affluent of Muskegon River. The county ia 
 not named in the census of 1850, and has few inhabitants, 
 except Indians. 
 
 MISSELE.MIEII, mis-sel-eh-mee'eh. a town of Kubia, 
 
 peninsula of Senaar, about four hours W. of the Bahr-el- 
 
 Azrek. The market is the resort of many mcr<hants from 
 
 Souakin, who barter cotton, spices, and perfumes for gold, 
 
 while those from Abyssinia bring slaves and a few horses. 
 
 MlS'SEXl>EX,GRE.Vr, a pari,«h of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 ML-SEXDEX. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 MIS'SIOXARY STA'TIOX. a post-village of Floyd co., 
 
 Georgia, on the Rome Railroad, 185 miles X.W. of Milledge- 
 
 ville. 
 
 MISSIOXES, (mis-se-o'nJs.) COTJXTRY OF, a region of 
 South America, in which the Jesuit missionaries founded 
 numerous establi.*hments of converted lndian.s, previous to 
 the suppression of their order in 1767. The region uow 
 forms the greater portion of Paraguay, and piirts of the 
 adjacent states. 
 
 ML^'SIOX POIXT, a post-office of Iji Salle co., Illinois. 
 MISSION RIVER, a small stream of Texas, flowing through 
 Refugio CO. into .\ran.<:as Bay. 
 
 MISSIOX SAX JOSfi, (san no-z.V,) a post-ofiSco of Contra 
 Costa, California. 
 
 MISSIS, a town of Asia Minor, See Messis. 
 MISSIS'QUE, MISSIS/QUI, MISSIS'QUOI, or MISSIS'CO 
 RIVER, rises in Orleans county, in the N. part of A'ermont, 
 and flows in a northerly direction into Canada, where, after 
 running tor several mile.«, it returns into Vermont, mid 
 traversing Franklin county, falls into Mis,-isque or Missisco 
 Bay, an arm of Lake Champlain. The whole length of the 
 river is about 75 miles, and it is navigable for vessels of 50 
 tons alout 6 miles, to Swanton Falls, where there is a very 
 valuable water-power. 
 
 MISSIS'QUOI, a county in the S. part of Canada East, 
 bounded on the S. by the state of A'ermont and Lake Cham- 
 plain, compri.ses an area of 300 square miles. Pep. 13,4S4. 
 
 .MIS^SISSIX'EWA RIVER, rises in Darke county, in the 
 AV. part of Ohio, and flowing in a general N.AA'. direction, 
 falls into the Wubash about three miles above Peru, in 
 Indiana. 
 
 MISSISSIXEWA, a township of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 771. 
 
 " MISSISSIXEWA, a post^township in Darke co., Ohia 
 Pop. 378. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI, mis'sis-sip'pee, (Missi Sipi, i'. e. the "Great 
 ■\Vatcr,") the mo.st important river in North America, and 
 with the Missouri, its principal affluent, the longest in the 
 world, rises on the Hauteurs de Terre, the dividing ridge 
 between the Red River of the Xorth. and the streams 
 flowing into the Gulf of .Mexico, 3160 miles from the gulf, 
 and ICSO feet alwve the level of the ocean, lat. 47° X., Ion. 
 95° 54' W. A small pool, fed by the neiglilxiring hill.s. dis- 
 charges a little rivulet, scarcely a span in breadth. Mean- 
 dering over sand and iiebblcs, and blending with it here and 
 there a kindred streamlet, it ripples on, forming a number 
 of basins, until it subsides at last into Itasca Lake. From 
 this issues a second stream, giving promise of the strength 
 of its maturity. First flowing northward throuiih several 
 small lakes, and then in various directions, forming Cass 
 Lake, Lake Winnipeg, and a numl)er of other bodies of water, 
 it afterwards assumes a southi'riy course, i-eceives mighty 
 rivers as tributaries, and having rolled its vast volume 
 through more than eighteen degrees of latitude, enters the 
 Gulf of Mexico by several mouths, lat. 29° N., Ion. 89° 25' 
 W. Though above the junction not so large as the Mis.«onrl, 
 which flows into it from the X.W.. 1263 miles from the Gulf, 
 yet having been first exjilored. it received the i><<me Mis- 
 sissippi, which it has since retained throughout its entire 
 course. If we regard the Missouri as a contin nation of the 
 Mis.-'issippi above the junction, the entire length will amount 
 to alxiut 4:550 miles. 
 Above the confluence of the two rivers, the waters of Uie 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 Mississippi are remarkably clear, but after commingling 
 with those of the Missouri, (the name of which signifies 
 " Mud Kiver.") they become exceedingly turbid, and contain 
 about three-tenths of sedimetitary matter. The other prin- 
 cipal tributaries from the N.AV. and W. are the St. I'eter's 
 or Minnesota, which flows into the Mississippi 2192 miles 
 from its mouth ; the Des Moines, forming the boundary 
 between low.i, and Mi.ssouri; the Arkansas and the Red 
 Rivers. Those from the \.K. and E. are the Wisconsin, 
 entering it 1932 miles from its mouth; the Illinois, flowing 
 into it 506 miles below ; and the Ohio River, which joins it 
 121G miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Besides these, it has 
 a great many other affluents, some of which are navigable 
 for hundreds of miles. 
 
 The descent of the .Mississippi, from its source t» its em- 
 bouchure, averages a fraction over si.'c inches to the mile. 
 The elevations of the various points are: at its extreme 
 source, 1680 feet; Itasca Lake, 1575 feet; Falls of St. Anthony, 
 856 feet; Prairie du Chien, 642 feet ; St. Louis, 382 feet ; mouth 
 of the Ohio, 324 feet; Natchez, 86 feet; entrance of the Red 
 Kiver, 76 feet; and oppo.^ite New Orleans, lOj feet. The 
 only falls of any considerable note, are those of St. Anthony, 
 2200 miles from the Oulf of Mexico, and the rapids of Pe- 
 cagama, 685 miles farther up the .stream. The river at the 
 latter place is compressed to a width of 80 feet, and precipi- 
 tated over a rugjed bed of .sandstone at an angle of about 
 40"^. The entire descent is 20 feet in about 300 yards. At the 
 former there is a perpendicular fall of 17 feet, with rapids 
 above and below, making in all about 65 feet descent in three- 
 quarters of a mile. The scenery here is grand and pictur- 
 esque, especially at the time of the spring floods. Below this 
 the river is navigaljle; a considerable obstruction, however, 
 is olfered, wlion the water is low, by tbe rapids, about 
 nine miles in extent, a short distance above the entrance of 
 the Des Moines. Tlie average depth of the Mississippi, 
 below the mouth of the Ohio, varies from 90 to 120 feet, and 
 the breadth from 600 to 1200 yards. Opposite the Mint at 
 New (Orleans, it is stated by J. L. Kiddell, in a communica- 
 tion to Professor Lyell, to be one-third of a mile wide, and 
 100 feet deep. The mean velocity of the current at this 
 place is about two feet per second, (or about 33 miles per 
 day ;) between the Gulf and the entrance of the Missouri, 
 it is from 60 to 70 miles per day ; alx)ve, the current is less 
 rapid. 
 
 A |)eculiarity of the Mississippi, is its extremely winding 
 course; sometimes a bend of 30 miles will occur where the 
 distance across the neck di»s not exceed a mile. This cir- 
 cumstance, no doubt, tends to check the current and facili- 
 tate navigation. One of the most important facts in rela- 
 tion to the ilississippi is, that it flows from north to south. 
 A river that runs east or west hsis no variety of climate 
 or productions from its source to its mouth. The trapper 
 and husliamlman descending the "Father of Waters." 
 constantly meet with a change of clim.at«; they take 
 with them their furs and cereal grains, tfie products of 
 the North, to exchange for the sugar and tropical fruits 
 that are gathered on the banks below. Again, the fltxxls 
 produced by winter snows and spring rains cannot be simul- 
 taneously discharg(!d. The cour.se of the stream being from 
 north to south, spring advances in a reverse direction, and 
 releases in succession the waters of the lower valley, then 
 of the middle section, and tinally the remote sources of the 
 Mis.sissippi and its tributaries, it is a remarkable fact, that 
 the waters from this last-nsmed region do not reacli the 
 Delta until upw^ards of a month after the inundation there 
 has been abating. The swell usually commences toward 
 the end of February, and continues to rise by unequal 
 diurnal accretions till the 1st of June, when they again 
 begin to subside. No experience will enable a person to 
 anticipate, with any approach to certainty, the elevation of 
 the flood in any given year. In some seasons the waters do 
 not rise above their channels ; in others, the entire lower val- 
 ley ot the Mississippi is subnverged. Embankments, called 
 levees, have been raised from 5 to 10 feet high on both sides 
 of the stream, extending many miles above and below New 
 Orleans. By this means the river is restrained within its 
 proper limits, except at the greatest freshets, when the waters 
 sometimes break over, causing great destruction of proper- 
 ty, and even loss of life. The average height of the flood, 
 from the Delta to the junction of the Missouri, is about 15 
 teet: at the mouth of the latter river it is 25 feet; below 
 the entrance of the Ohio, the rise is often 50 feet ; at Nat- 
 chez, it seldom exceeds 30 feet; and at New Orleans is about 
 12 feet. This diminution is supposed to result from the 
 dr.iinage through the Atchafalaya. Bayou la Fourche. and 
 Other channels breaking from the lower part of the river to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The floo<l often carries away large 
 masses of earth with trees, which frequently become em- 
 bedded in the mud at one end, while the other floats near 
 the surface, forming snags and sawyers. 
 
 Vessels are usually from 8 to 10 daj's in ascending the 
 Missi.s>ippi from the gulf to New Orleans, and 9 or 10 weeks 
 not unfrequently elapse in sailing to the mouth of the 
 llliuois Itivor. By the aid of st«am, however, the passage 
 4-oin Cincinnati to New Orleans and back ogain is made in 
 
 less than 20 days. Fl.^t^boats, a species of raft not design/13 
 to return, are extensively used for transportation down f'e 
 stream. Large ships seldom ascend above Natdiez. T\f 
 first steamboat for navigation on the western waters v 'is 
 built at Pittsburg, in 1811. In 1815, there were aliout 14 'iu 
 u.se; in 1829, 230; in 1843, 600; and in 1848, 1200. Thv 
 number of steamboats now plying on the western rivers 
 and lakes Is supposed to be about 1500, with an aggregate 
 burthen of more than twice the entire steamboat tonnage 
 of Great Britain, and probably equal to that of all other 
 parts of the world. The total value of the steamboats 
 annually afloat on the western waters, is estimated at 
 $6,000,000. The Jlississippi River and its tributaries drain 
 an area of over 1,200,000 square miles. This vast region, 
 from its almost unexampled fertility, has obtained the title 
 of the " Giirden of the World." 
 
 The Del/a of lite Mississippi consists of that portion of ter- 
 ritory at the mouth of the river, composed entirely of allu- 
 vion. It is about 200 miles in length, with a nn^an width 
 of 75 miles, constituting an area of about 15,000 square 
 miles of delta formation. The depth of the alluvion la 
 estimated at 1000 feet. The debris curried along with the 
 flood is principally deposited near the borders of the stream, 
 the necessary result being that these porltions have been 
 raised to a much higher level than the adjoining lands. In 
 some places the slope is as mudi as 18 feet in a distance of a 
 few miles. Tlie interior con-sists of vast swamps covered 
 with trees, of which the tops only are visible during the 
 flootis. The river, for almost 50 miles from its mouth, runs 
 nearly parallel with the Gulf of Mexico, from whiih it is 
 separated at particular places by an embankment only half 
 a mile across. The passes through which the waters of tho 
 Mississippi are discharged into the gulf are undergoing 
 incessant changes ; old channels are filling up, and now ones 
 forming. The depth of water In these passes has ne'^er been 
 equal to the requisitions of commerce ; and it is onf by the 
 most enormous application of steam-power and ploughing 
 through deep beds of sand, that ships of the largest class 
 are enabled to get safely over the bars. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI, one of the Southern States of the Ameri- 
 can Confetleracy, is bounded N.by Tennessee, E. by .Alabama, 
 S. by the (jiulf of Mexico and Louisiana, and W. by the I'earl 
 and .Mississippi Rivers, which .separate it from Loui.-iana and 
 Arkansas. It lies between S(P 20' and 35° X. lat.. and be- 
 tween 88° 12' and 91^^ 40' W. Ion., being about 399 miles 
 long from N. to S.. and 150 In average breadth, including an 
 area of about 47,156 square miles, or 30,179,840 acres, of 
 which only 5,065,765 are improved. 
 
 Face of tlie Country. — The eastern and central parts of 
 the state are a kind of table-land, descending towards the 
 Mississippi by steps formed by two ranges of bluffs of irre- 
 gular outline, sometimes approaching close to the river's 
 brink, and overhanging it by precipices of from 100 to 200 
 feet in height. In other places, a wide expanse of swamp 
 fills up the interval. One of these marshes extends from 
 50 miles below the mouth of the Yazoo River to Mem|'his, 
 in Tennessee, with a breadth varying from a few miles to 
 50, and sometimes even 100 miles, occupying an area- of 
 nearly 7000 square miles. This section is liable -to inunda- 
 tions at the period of freshets, and sometimes is covered 
 with water to the depth of several feet. The rivers gene- 
 rally run in a S.W. course, showing the general slope of the 
 country to be in that direction; a portion of the N.E., how- 
 ever, is drained by the Tombigbee, and the central and S.E. 
 portions by the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers, which seek 
 the Gulf of Mexico on a S. and S.E. direction. The north- 
 ern and central parts of the state are undulating, presenting 
 a champaign appearance. The N.E. is prairie land, extend- 
 ing for some distance down the Alabama boundary, when 
 the country again becomes rolling and timiiered. The S.E. 
 of tho state is low but undulating, and abounding in pine. 
 Near the coast, the country, which farther west is swampy, 
 becomes fij-m. The mineral re.sources of the state, so fur as 
 developed, are not extensive. Some gold has been found iu 
 Marion county, but coal and marble are not known to exist 
 in any considerable quantity. In 1850 about $100,000 were 
 invested in iron foundries, &c. 
 
 Rivers. Bays. &c. — The western part of this state is drained 
 by the Mississippi and its tributaries, the eastern by the 
 tributaries of the Tombigbee and Pascagoula. and the central 
 by the Pearl River. The Yazoo and the Big Black are the 
 largest branches of the Mississippi from this state, and drain 
 the N.W. portion. The Tennessee River touches the \.E. 
 boundary of the state for about 15 miles. The -Mississippi 
 River renders this state accessible to the largest steamboats 
 for the whole extent of its western boundary, and smaller 
 steamboats ascend the Y'azoo for 300 miles the Big Black for 
 50 miles, the Pearl sometimes to Jackson, (though its navi- 
 gation is much impeded by sandbars and shallow.s,) and the 
 Pascagoula for a short distance. There is a chain of lakes 
 and bays, so culled, but more properly sounds, separating 
 some low Islands from the coasts. The principal of these 
 bays, or lakes, are Liike Borgne and Pascagou'a Bay. BiloxJ 
 and St. Louis Bays are arms of these. This state borders on 
 thn gulf for about 60 or 70 miles, but has no good harbors. 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 O Jccts of Interest to Tourists. — Mississippi has not many 
 Btri. iug obocts in her physical conformation to arrest the 
 mere lourisl, but must rely ou her rich soil and utilitarian 
 advaufages principally to interest the statesman and philo- 
 sopher. >r it far from Natchez, at a village called Seltzer- 
 town, theie is a group of mounds, the most elevated of 
 \\ hifh is about 35 feet high, with a flat area on the summit, 
 of some 2 or 3 acres, surrounded by a rampart 2 or 3 feet 
 high, and enclosing 6 other mounds, one of which is 30 feet 
 In elevation, or 65 feet above the base of the large mound. 
 Numerous relics, such as pipes, weapons, vessels, Ac, have 
 been taken from them. Another group, of smaller but 
 similar earth-works, lies still nearer Natchez. There are 
 several medicin.al springs in tliis state, of much resort ; 
 among them are Coopers Well, in Hinds county, 12 miles 
 W. of Jackson, (the waters of which are impregnated with 
 sulphur and iron, and regarded as beneficial in diseases of 
 the bowels and skin ;) and Lauderdale Springs, in the county 
 of the same name, contain white sulphur and chalybeate 
 waters. One spring has a body of water sufficient to turn a 
 mill. The bluffs on the western side of the state, which 
 sometimes rise perpendicularly from the water's edge to the 
 height of 150 or 200 feet, and then recede many miles into 
 the interior, become very interesting objects to the voyager 
 on the Mississippi, from their contrast to the monotonous 
 Bcenery of that region. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Pi-oductions. — Mississippi approaches 
 ■witliin a few degrees of the torrid zone, and its long sum- 
 mers partake of the heat of that region ; but the winters, 
 as well as those of Louisiana, have a temperature a few de- 
 grees lower than on the Atlantic in the same latitude. In 
 the southern part of the state the season is long enough to 
 mature the fig and the orange, while in the north the apple 
 flourishes. The valleys of the northern and central por- 
 tions of Jlississippi are e.xceedingly fertile, but subject, in 
 places, to the washing of sand from the less fertile upland 
 regions during freshets. Cotton was formerly the staple of 
 this region, but since the soil has been somewhat exhausted, 
 lighter crops have taken its place. The prairie region of 
 the X.E. has a rich, black, adhesive soil, impregnated with 
 lime, and yielding luxuriant crops of Indian corn and 
 cotton. The soil in the S.E. part of the state is sandy, 
 mostly covered with pine, interspersed with mOre fertile 
 portions, producing Indian corn and small grain abun- 
 dantly, and cotton and rice to some extent. Fruits flourish 
 in this district, which- is also famous for its cattle, being 
 sometimes called the "cow country." The southern coun- 
 try, back from the seacoast, is sandy, and covered with pine 
 forests, which are beginning to be turned to account in the 
 production of turpentine, &c. But the richest and most 
 inexhaustible soil in Mississippi is that section lying be- 
 tween the upland bluffs and the Mississippi, called some- 
 times the swamp lands. A writer in De Bow's Resources of 
 the South and West, asserts '• that the opinion that this 
 region is unhealthy is fast giving way, and that population 
 of the very best character is now settling there." The 
 great drawback, however, (its liability to inundations.) still 
 remains, though even this will probably be removed as the 
 population becomes more dense, and further and stronger 
 embankments are made. The great staple of the state is 
 cotton, in the production of which it ranks third (and if we 
 regard only population, second) of the states of the Union. 
 The principal products are Indian corn, peas, beans, Irish 
 and sweet potatoes, butter, beeswax, honey, and live stock ; 
 considerable wheat, rice, tobacco, wool, fruits, cheese, and 
 some molasses, sugar, barley, buckwheat, wine, hay, grass- 
 seeds, rye, hops, liemp, flax, and silk. In 1860 there were 
 in Mississippi 5,065,755 acres of improved land, (10,773,929 
 being unimproved,) producing 587,925 bushels of wheat; 
 39,-174 of rye; 29,057,682 of Indian corn; 221,235 of oats; 
 1,954,666 of peas and beans; 414,320 of Irish potatoes; 
 4,563,873 of sweet potatoes ; 809,0S2 pounds of rice ; 159,141 
 of tabacco; 665,959 of wool; 5,006,610 of butter-f 42,603 of 
 beeswax; 708,237 of honey; 10,016 gallons of cane mo- 
 lasses; 32,901 tons of hay; 1,202,507 bales (of 400 pounds 
 each) of cotton; live stock valued at $41,891,692; orchard 
 products at $254,718; market products at $124,281; slaugh- 
 tered animals at $7,809,153. 
 
 Forest 2^-epx— The swamps abound in a growth of black 
 and white cypress, (the latter an excellent kind of timber.) 
 and the southern portions with pine, a ridge of which 
 crosses the state from Jackson to Alabama. The north is 
 well wooded with oak and hickory. The oaks include red, 
 white, post, and live oaks. The other timtier is black wal- 
 nut, locust, a dwarf species of buckeye, beech, dogwood, 
 persimmon, and papa^t". The fruits are peaches, figs, oranges, 
 plums, clierries, grapes, and melons. 
 
 Internal JmprovemenU have made but little progress in 
 this state. In 1860 there were in this state 872 miles of 
 railroad completed, by which Jaclison, the capital, is directly 
 connected with New Orleans, Mcksburg, Memphis, &c. Tlie 
 Mississippi Central K.K. extends from Jackson via Grenada 
 to Holly Springs; 282 miles of the Mobile and Ohio U.K. 
 are mcluded witliin this state. The Southern Mississippi 
 E.R. extends from Jackson to the Mobile and Ohio R.U. 
 
 Manufactures. — This state like most of the southern states 
 is not extensively engaged in manufactures. In 1860, 
 there were 976 establishments, employing 4775 persons, 
 consuming raw material worth $3,146,636, producing goods 
 to the value of $6,590,687 annually ; total amount of capi- 
 tfil invested $4,384,492. Of these 227 were saw-mills, capi- 
 tiil invested $1,048,510, value of imnual products Sl,S2-3,627; 
 131 flour and meal establishments, capital invested $409.- 
 475, annual products $1,327,064 ; 8 machine shops, capital 
 invested $987,000; annual products $608,738; 36 carriage 
 factories, capital invested $143,400, annual products $281,- 
 408 ; 152 blacksmith shops, capital invested $187,020, annual 
 products $259,791. Value of home-made manufactures $1,- 
 382,144. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of this state being mostly car- 
 ried on through New Orleans, no tables of its exports or 
 imports can be given ; but the great article of export is cot- 
 ton. The tonnage of Mississippi in 1852-3 was only 3508. 
 No vessels are reported as being built within the state. The 
 products of the N.W. of the stiite find their outlet princi- 
 pally at Memphis, Tennessee; and of the N.E.. through 
 Tombigbee River, at Mobile. A large portion of the E. and 
 S.E. also has the same market. Pine timber will probably 
 .soon contribute largely to the exports of Mississippi, both 
 in lumber and naval stores. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, tliere were 
 in Mississippi 13 colleges, having 856 students, $34,420 in- 
 come, $1980 of which was from public funds; 1116 public 
 schools, having 30,970 pupilsr $385,679 income, $107,947 of 
 which was from public funds, $29,689 from taxation, and 
 $21,205 from endowments; 169 academies and other schools, 
 having 7974 pupils. $313,522 income, $44,211 of wliich was 
 public funds, and $37,875 was endowments. There are iilso 
 in this state 166 libraries, 146 of which are public, 13 Sun- 
 day-school, 1 college, and 6 church libraries, comprising 
 178,745 volumes. According to the National Almanac, this 
 state had 4 colleges in 1863. 
 
 lieUginus Demyminations. — Of 1441 churches in Missis- 
 sippi in 1860, the Baptists owned 529; Cliristians, 24; Epis- 
 copalians, 25; Lutherans, 9; Methodists, 606; Presliyto- 
 rians, 148 ; Cumberland I'resbyterians, 60 ; Roman Catlio- 
 lics, 17; tfnionists, 22; Universalist, 1 ; 1 church to every 
 547 persons. Total value of church property in this state, 
 $1,633,315. 
 
 PeriodicaJs. — There were published in tliis state in 1860, 
 5 daily, 2 tri-weekly, 1 bi-weekly, and 65 weekly newspa- 
 pers, with an aggregate annual circulation of 9,099,784. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There are at Jackson a Penitentiary 
 and Blind Asylum. The census in 1850 reported 4 public 
 libraries, with 7264 volumes, 109 school and Suud.ay -school 
 libraries, with 4380 volumes, and 4 college libr.arics, with 
 10,093 volumes. 
 
 Papulation. — The number of inhabitmts in ISOO, was 
 8850 ; 40,352 in 1810; 75,448 in 1820; 136,621 in 1830; 375,651 
 in 1840 ; 605,948 in 1850 ; and, in 1860, 791,305 ; of whom 
 353,899 were whites, 773 free colored 436,631 slaves, and 2 
 Indians. Population to the square mile, 16: representa- 
 tive population, 51t;,652. Of the free population, 195,806 
 were born in the state, 150,310 in other states, 855S in 
 foreign counties; of whom 844 were bom in England, 3893 
 in Ireland, 385 in Scotland, 21 Wales, 184 in British 
 America, 2008 in Germany, 571 in France, 138 in Switzer- 
 land, 114 in Italy, 87 in Poland, 26 in Russia, 39 in Holland, 
 and 287 in otlier foreign countries. Of the population in the 
 leading pursuits, 46,308 were farmers, 7972 farm laborers, 
 7116 laborers, 3941 overseers, 3098 planters, 2242 students, 
 2100 carpenters, 1895 clerks, 1714mercliants, 1708 physicians, 
 1624 teachers, 943 mechanics, 793 blacksmiths, 620 lawyers, 
 693 clergymen, 4S5 shoemakers, 334 public oflicers, 406 
 railroad men, and 303 painters. In the year ending June 
 1st, 1860, there occurred 12,214 deaths, or lo-7 in every thou- 
 sand. The number of deaf and dumb was 20>', of wliom 55 
 were slaves. (See Introduction' to the volume on Popula- 
 tion of the Eighth Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &c.) Of 264 blind, 
 117 were slaves ; of 272 insane, 36 were slaves ; of 272 idiotic, 
 86 were slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Mississippi is divided into 60 counties, viz. 
 Adams, Amite, Attala. Bolivar, Calhoun, Carroll, Chickasaw, 
 Choctaw, Claiborne. Clarke, Coahoma, Copiah. Covington, De 
 Soto, Franklin, Greene, Hancock, H.arrison, Hinds, Holmes, 
 Iss.iquena. Itawamba, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, 
 Kemper, Lafayette, Laudeixiale. Lawrence. Leake, Lowndes, 
 5Iadison, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Neslioba, Newton, 
 Noxubee, Oktibbeha. Panola, I'erry, Pike. Pontotoc, Rankin, 
 Scott, Simpson, Smith, Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tippah, 
 Tishemingo, Tunica. Warren. Washington, Wayne, Wilkin- 
 son, Winston, Yallobusha, and Yazoo. Capital. J.arkson. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — There are no very large towns in Mis- 
 sissippi. Natchez, the largest, had, in 1S6(}, (612 inhabi- 
 tants. Tlie other important towns are, A'icksburg, popula- 
 tion, 4592; Columbus 3308, Jackson 3199, Holly Springs 
 29S6, l>ort Gibson 1453, Brookhaven, 996, Lexington 887, 
 Carrollton 718, Raymond 558, Rodney 486, L'berty 4*7. 
 
 Government, Finances, &c. — The governor is eUtted by toe 
 people for two years, and receives $3000 salary. The Senate 
 
MIS 
 
 is composed of 32, and the House of Representatives of 92 
 members, both elected by the people, the former for 4 and 
 the latter for 2 years. The sessions of the legislature are 
 biennial, and meet on the first Monday in January. The 
 judiciary consists^l. Of a high court of errors and appeals, 
 composed of one chief and two associate judges; 2. Of a 
 superior court of chancery, held at Jackson, and considered 
 in law as always open; 3. Of district chancery courts; and 
 4. Of 7 circuit courts. The Judges of the court of appeals 
 receive ^.'5000, the chancellor $2600, and the vicechancellors 
 $2000 per annum. The district judges are elected for 4 years. 
 The assessed value of property in 1850 was §208,422.167 ; the 
 public debt, (in 1853.) §7,271,707; of which $5,000,000 was 
 contingent debt; public property, (not at pre.=ent produc- 
 tive,) $2,000,000, and ordinary expen.se.s, exclu.sive of debt 
 and schools, about $130,000 per annum. Mis.*issippi re- 
 quires 12 months' residence to entitle a citizen to the right 
 of sufTrage. This state sends five members to the national 
 Congress, and gives seven electoral votes for I'resident of the 
 United States. In January, 1854, there was in Mississippi 
 but one bank, with $240,165 capital, a circulation of $234,745, 
 and SoC69 in coin. 
 
 Ifistory. — Mississippi was first visited by Kuropeans about 
 the year 1540, when De Soto, with 1000 followers, crossed 
 the state on an exploring expedition from Florida. This 
 party having suffered severely by attacks from the abo- 
 rigines, no other attempt was made to establish a permanent 
 colony till 1082, when La SaUe descended the Mississippi and 
 visited this region. He returned in 2 years with a party 
 ■which he intended to settle in Mississippi, but meeting with 
 misfortunes, the colony never reached its destination. The 
 next attempt at settlement was made by Iberville, but with 
 no successful result. The settlement at Fort Kosalie (now 
 Natchez) in 1716, by some Frenchmen under liienville, was 
 generally considered the first permanent colony. A general 
 massacre of the white inhabitants by the savages took place 
 in 1728, but, as in every other contest between the Indians 
 and the whites, victory ultimately rested with the latter. 
 Other conflicts in 1736, '39, and '52. though carried on with 
 varying success, hiul the same result. At the p<'ace of I'aris, 
 in 17t 3. Mississippi became a part of the English territory. 
 Soon .ifter, a portion of the French, so inhumanly driven by 
 the Kngli.sh from Nova Scotia, settled in Mississippi ; and in 
 1708 commenced an emigration from the Eastern colonies, 
 by way of the Ohio and Mississippi Kivers. In 1798, Missis- 
 sippi, including Alabama, was erected into a territory, and 
 In 1817 was admitted into the Union as an independent state. 
 
 MISSISSU'HI, a county forming the E.N. E. extremity of 
 .Arkansas, and bordering on Missouri and the Mississippi 
 River, which washes the entire E. border. Area about 1000 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by St. Francis River. 
 The surface is flat, and partly occupied by lakes and swamps, 
 formed l>y the overflow of the •' great river." The soil of the 
 drier jioriions is very fertile. Capital, Osceola. Pop. 3895; 
 of whom 2434 were free. 
 
 MlS,<ISSII'Pr, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on the river of its own name, opposite the mouth of 
 the Ohio, has an area of 400 sijuare miles. The Mississippi 
 Kiver separates it from Kentucky and Illinois, and forms its 
 boundary on the N., E., and S. The county is drained by 
 James and Cypress IJayous. The surface is level ; the soil 
 Is very fertile. A portion of the county is occupied by 
 cypress swamps. An appropriation has been made by the 
 state for the purpose of reclaiming the lands in this county 
 whi( h were submerged by the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. 
 Organized in 1845. Capltiil, Charleston. Pop. 4869; of 
 whom 3849 were free. 
 
 Ml SSISSIPl'I CITY, a post-village, capital of Harrison co,, 
 Mississippi, on the Gulf of Mexico, about 70 miles W. by S. 
 of Mohile. Pop. tJ059. 
 
 JllSSISSTPPl COLLEGE. See Clinton, Mi.s.sissippl. 
 
 MiS.SISSIPPI or ENGLISH KIVER. British North Ame- 
 rica, rises in La Crosse Lake, near lat. 55° 30' N.. Ion. 108° 
 W.. flows very tortuously eastward through numerous mi- 
 nor lakes, and. under the name of the Churchill Kiver, en- 
 ters Hudson Bay 50 miles VV. of Cape Churchill, after a total 
 course estimated at 630 miles. Its navigation is impeded 
 by numerous rapids. It is separated by a portage of only 
 370 yar^ls from an affluent of the Saskatchewan, i'orts Nel- 
 son. Kapid Kiver, Ac, are on its banks. 
 
 MISSIVIU. niis-seev'ree. (anc. Mesem>hria.) a seaport town 
 of European Turkey. Koom-Elee. on a peninsula in the Black 
 Sea. 17 miles N.!'!. of Boorghas, lat. 42° 39' N.. Ion. 27° 43' 
 E. ; with a harbor, formerly a principal station of the Byzan- 
 tine fleets. 
 
 MlSSOLONOnr, misso-long'ghee. written also MESSO- 
 LONGIII. a small town of Greece. Livadia. on an extensive 
 fl.it. thicV-.ly wooded with olive trees, and watered by the 
 Acheiuus and Avernus. 22 miles W. of Lepanto. It is walled 
 6ud otherwise defended, so as to be a place of considerable 
 Ktrength. It greatly distinguished itself during the war 
 of the revolution, when it was besieged by the Turks, 
 and. though ultimately reduced by famine, caused an 
 immense loss to the besiegers. Near it, in 1823. a large 
 Turkish airay was defeated by a small Greek force under 
 
 MIS 
 
 Marco Bozzarls, who was killed in the action. The ■walls are 
 washed by the sea, but, owing to a vast shoal, it is only atv 
 cessiVile by fishing-boats. Other vessels cannot approach 
 nearer than from 4 to 5 miles. Lord Byron died hei'o 
 April 19, 1824. 
 MIS'SON, a small parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 MISSOURI, mis-soo'ree. (('. e. the "Mud Kiver.") the longest 
 tributary stream in the world, has its source in the Rocky 
 Mountains, lat. 45° N., Ion. 110° 30' W. The springs which 
 give rise tt) this river are not more than a mile from the 
 head waters of the Columbia, which flows AV. to the Pucihi! 
 Ocean. The first 500 miles of its course to the Great Fall.'? 
 is nearly N. ; then inflecting E.N.E.. it reaches its extreme 
 northern bend at the junction of White Earth Kiver. lat. 
 48° 20' N. After this its general course is S.E.. till it joins 
 the Mississippi in about 38° 50' N. lat., and 90° 10' W. Ion. 
 At a distance of 411 miles from the source of the Missouri, 
 are what are denominated the Gates of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. For a distance of nearly six miles, the rocks rise 
 perpendicularly from the waters edge to a height of 1200 
 feet. The river is compressed to a width of 150 jards, and 
 for -the first three miles there is only one spot, and that of 
 but a few yards in extent, on ■svhicli a man could stand be- 
 tween the water and the perpendicular w alls. At a distance 
 of 110 miles below this, and 2575 miles above the mouth of 
 the Missouri, are the Great Falls, where the river descends, 
 by a succession of falls and rapids, 357 feet in 16i miles. 
 The perpendicular falls, commencing down the stream, are, 
 first one of 87 feet, one of 19 feet, one of 47 feet, and one of 
 26 feet. Between and below these are continual rapids of 
 from 3 to 18 feet descent. These falls, next to Niagar.i, are 
 regarded as the grandest in North America. 
 
 The bed of the Missouri commences at the confluence of 
 3 small streams, alx)Ut equal in length, and running nearly 
 parallel to each other — Jefferson's, Madi.son's, and Gallatin's. 
 The Yellowstone, 800 yards wide at its mouth, and jirobably 
 the largest tributary of the Missouri, enters it from the 
 S.W., 1216 miles from its navigable source. The two rivers, 
 at their junction, are about equal in size. Steamboats 
 ascend to this point, and may ascend farther both by the 
 main stream and its aflluent. Cbienne Kiver, 400 yards 
 wide at its mouth, enters the Jlissouri from the .S.W., 1310 
 miles from its mouth ; White Kiver, 300 yards wide, enters 
 it from the S.W., 1130 miles from its mouth; Big Sioux 
 Itiver, 110 yai^tls wide, enters it from the N.E., 853 miles 
 from its mouth; Platte River, 600 yards wide, enters it from 
 the S.W., 600 miles from its mouth; Kanzas River, 233 
 yards wide, enters it from the S.W., 340 miles from its 
 mouth ; Grand River, 190 yards wide, joins it from the N., 
 240 miles from its mouth, and O.sago Itiver, .'597 yards wide, 
 flows into it frt)m the S.W., 133 miles from its junction with 
 the main stream. The Missouri is stated to be 3096 miles 
 long to its confluence with the Mississippi; add to this 1253 
 miles, the distance its waters must flow to reach the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and we have an entire length of 4349 miles. 
 There is, however, reason to believe that the early state- 
 ments respecting the extent of this river and its tributaries 
 were somewhat exaggerated. Throughout the greater part 
 of its course, the Missouri is a rapid, turbid -stream. No 
 serious obstacle, however, is presented to navigation 
 from its mouth to the Great Falls, a distance of 2575 miles, 
 excepting perhaps its shallowness during the season of the 
 greatest diDught, when steamboats meet with difficulty in 
 ascending. The flood from this river does not reach the 
 Mississippi till the rise in the Red, the Arkansas, and the 
 Ohio Kivers has nearly subsided. Vast prairies, with nar- 
 row strips of alluvion skirting the streams, compose the 
 Missouri Basin, excepting the upper portion of the river, 
 which flows through an arid and sterile region. The entire 
 extent of area drained is estimated at 500,000 square miles. 
 
 MISSOURI, one of the largest of the United States, and the 
 first formed wholly W. of the Mississippi River, is bounded 
 on the N. by Iowa, (from which it is separated for a1)Out 30 
 miles on the N.E. by the Des Moines River.) and on the E. by 
 the Mississippi River, which divides it from Illinois, Ken- 
 tucky, and 'Tennessee ; on the S. by the Arkansas, and on the 
 W. by Indian, Kanzas, and Nebraska Territories; from the 
 latter two of which it is partly separated by the Missouri 
 River. This state lies (with the exception of a small projec- 
 tion between the St. Francis and the Mississippi River, which 
 extends to 36°) between 36° 30' and 40° 36' N. l,<it.. and be- 
 tween 89° 10' and 96° W. Ion., being about 285 miles in its 
 greatest length from E. to W., and 280 in width from N. 
 to S., including an area of 67,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 
 acres, only 6,246,871 of which were imi)roved in 1860. 
 
 Face of the Country. — This greaf state is mostly level or 
 undulating N. of the Missouri, while the portion S. of that 
 river (much the larger part of the state) exhibits a greater 
 variety of surface. In the S.E. part, near the Mississippi 
 Kiver. and S. of Cape Girardeau, is an extensive marsh, 
 reaching beyond the state into -Arkansas, and occupj ing an 
 area of abovit 3000 square miles. The remainder of this 
 portion, between the Mississippi and the Osaire Kiver.s. is 
 rolling and gradually rising into a hilly and mountainous 
 district, forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains. Be- 
 
 1211 
 
 J 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 yond the Osage Rirnr, at some distance, commences a vagt 
 pxpanse of prairie land, whicli stretohep away to the Rocky 
 Mountains. Tlie ridges forming tiie Ozark chain, which 
 probably in no place reaches an elevation of 2000 feet, ex- 
 tend in a N.E. and S.W. direction, separating the waters 
 that flow X.E. into the Missouri Kiver from those that flow 
 S.K. into the Mississippi Hiver. The geological features of 
 this state are very interesting. One of the richest coal-fields 
 perhaps in the world, occupies the greater part of Missouri 
 N. of the Osage Uiver. and extends nearly to the X. bound- 
 ary of Iowa. A carboniferous limestone, which conies to 
 the surface on the E. and W. borders of the state, forms a 
 rim from 5 to 40 miles in breadth. The lower magnesian 
 limestone crops out on the Missouri River, from 25 milijs 
 above Jefferson City to within 35 miles of its mouth, with 
 occasional obtrusions of sandstone. Schoolcraft thus 
 speaks of the Ozark Mountains: '-The Ozark is a term 
 applies to a broad, elevated district of highlands, running 
 from N. to S. centrally through the states of Missouri and 
 Arkansas. It has on the E. the striking and deep alluvial 
 tract of the Mississippi River, and on its W. the woodless 
 plains or deserts which stretch below the Rocky Mountains." 
 
 Minerals. — Missouri is particularly rich in minerals, and 
 a vast region in the neighborhood of Iron Mountain and 
 Pilot Knob is, perhaps, unsurpassed on the globe for pro- 
 ductiveness in iron of the best quality. Though exist- 
 ing in the greatest aliundance and purity in this locality, 
 this mineral is found on the Maramec River, at Birming- 
 ham on the Mississippi, 120 miles below St. Louis, and in 
 other parts of the state. The principal mines of lead in 
 Missouri, according to Whitney, are in AVashiugton co., on 
 the branches of the Maramec River. There are a few others 
 in Franklin and Jefferson counties, but the aggregate pro- 
 duct of lead from all the mines in the state, in 1S51, was 
 only estimated at 1600 tons, a decline of more than one-half 
 from that of 1842. Copper exists throughout the mineral 
 region, (a tract of 17,000.000 or 18.000,000 acres.) but is most 
 abundant near tlie La Motte 5Iines. It is found combined 
 with nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt, and lead, and these 
 often yield 34 per cent, of the pure metal. Of the other 
 metals named, all except nickel are found In considerable 
 quantities. Silver exists in the lead ore, 360 pounds of pure 
 metal having been obtained fi-om 1,000,000 pounds of lead. 
 Tin has been found in small quantities. Of the non-metallic 
 minerals, limestone abounds N. of the Missouri River, and 
 forms a good building-stone. Marbles beautifully veined 
 and crystalline are found in parts of the state ; also gypsum, 
 sandstones, red and white, porphyries, sienlte, saltpetre, sul- 
 phate of baryta, kaolin, and inferior clays. The red sand- 
 stone Is of too coarse and loose a texture for architectural 
 purposes, but the white, found near St. Genevieve, makes 
 superior glass. In a letter to us Professor Silllman, Sr., says, 
 "at a pi.^ce called Arcadia, the iron, in a dyke several yards 
 wide, Is bounded by walls of porphyry." 
 
 ■Coal. — Bituminous coal, much of it cannel coal, exists in 
 vast beds on both sides of the Missouri River, below the 
 mouth of the Osage, and 40 miles up that river. The great 
 cannel coal-bed In Callaway county consists, in one place, 
 of a solid stratum 24 feet, and in another 75 feet in thick- 
 ness, and is believed to be the largest body of cannel coal 
 known. Coal is also found in the neighborhood of Lexing- 
 ton, and in many other plax^es. 
 
 Hirers. — Missouri enjoys the navigation of the two great- 
 est rivers in the United States, If not in the world. By 
 means of the Mississippi River, which coasts her entire 
 eastern boundary, she can hold commercial intercourse with 
 the most northern territory of the Union, with the whole of 
 the valley of the Ohio, with some of the Atlantic States, 
 and with the Gulf of .Mexico. By means of the Mi.s.souri, 
 her other great river, she may extend her internal com- 
 merce to the Rocky Jlountains, besides receiving the pro- 
 ducts that may be furnished in future times by its multi- 
 tude of tributaries. The Missouri River coasts the X.W. of 
 the state for about 200 miles, (following its winding,*.) and 
 then darts across the state in a direction a little S. of E., 
 dividing it into two portions, of which about a third is X., 
 and the remainder S. of that river. The S. shore is bounded 
 in many places by bluffs of from 100 to 300 feet in height, 
 while the X. is often bottom lands, not generally lialile to 
 Inundation. Both the Mississippi and Jli^souri Rivers are 
 navigable for large steamers far beyond the limits of the 
 state, though the navigation of the latter is impeded by the 
 swiftness of its current (twice that of the Mis.sissippi) and 
 by the shifting sands. The Missouri River receives a num- 
 ber of tribuUries within the limits of the state, the princi- 
 pal of which are the Chariton and Grand Rivers from the 
 N.. and tlie Osjige ami Gasconade from the S. The principal 
 tributaries of the Mississippi Uiver within the state are the 
 Salt River. X.. and the Maramec River, S. of the Mis.souri 
 River. The St. Kranris .\nd White Rivers, with their branches, 
 drain the S.E. part of the state, and pass into Arkansas. 
 The Osa.re is navigable for steamboats 275 miles, and it is 
 proposed to improve its navi-ati m. as well as that of the 
 Qrand. Salt, and Maramec Rivers. Fine plank and timber 
 are floated down the Gasconade Kiver. 
 
 mi 
 
 Objects of Interest in Tnurists. — We shall hardly be able to 
 do justice to Missouri in this respect, in the present stiite of 
 our knowledge of the interior, as there are duubtli^s, in her 
 mountain recesses, gorges, waterfalls, and caves whose fame 
 has not j'et reached us. To the geologist the state already 
 possesses ample inducements for a visit; while the lover of 
 fine scenery will find much to interest him in the wUd 
 bluffs both of the Missouri and Slississippi Rivers, which 
 rise to an elevation varying fvom 50 to 300 feet. In the S.E. 
 part of the state, the scene of the earthquakes of 3811 and 
 1812, may be viewed many traces of that startling event: 
 among others are to be seen, at the bottoms of lakes, sub- 
 merged forests and canebrakes. Pilot Knob, 444 IVct high, 
 and Iron Jlountain, 1600 feet high, the former of steel, as 
 it is said, and the latter of nearly pure iron, are well worth 
 a visit from the curious and scientific tourist. Big Spring, 
 at the head of the JIaramec River, rising in a very deep basin 
 100 feet across, and surrounded by banks as many feet in 
 perpendicular height, gives rise to a stream tX) feet wide and 
 3 feet deep, and with sufficient force to turn two mills at its 
 source. The water is extremely cold. Schoolcraft describes 
 a cave near some of the hejul waters of the White River, 
 thus: — "The opening appeared to be SO or 90 feet wide and 
 30 high. A vast gloomy rotunda opened before us. which 
 very .soon after entry increased to a height of CO or 70 feet, 
 and in width to 150 or 200 feet. This hall extended into the 
 rock southerly, branching off into lateral avenues. We ex- 
 plored the main gallery for 600 or 600 yards, when we met 
 with obstructions." 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Missouri is very variabhi : in the 
 winter the thermometer sinks below zero, and the rivers are 
 frozen so as to admit the passage of heavily laden vehicles. 
 The summers are excessively hot. but the air di'y and pure. 
 In the autumns, bilious rfnd remittent fevers are common 
 on the river bottoms. Pulmonary complaints, however, to 
 such a degree as to terminate in consumption, are infre- 
 quent. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of 5Iissouri. speaking gene- 
 rally, is good, and of great agricultural capabilities; but 
 the most fertile portions are in the river bottoms, which are 
 a rich alluvion, (in some cases, however, mixed with sand,) 
 and in that portion X. of the Missouri River, except in tlw 
 E., where a sandy soil prevails. South of the Wi.ssouri there 
 is a greater variety in the soil, hut much of it is fertile, and 
 even in the mountains and mineral districts there are rich 
 valleys, and about the sources of the White, Eleven Points, 
 Current, and Big Black Rivers, the soil, though unproduo 
 tive, furnishes a valuable gi-owth of yellow pine. The 
 mar.shy district of the S.E. part will, when the population 
 shall have become sufficiently dense to justify the expense 
 of drainage, be probably one of the most fertile portions of 
 the state. The great staple of Jlissouri is Imlian corn, and 
 more hemp is produced than. in any state except Kentucky: 
 the other great products are wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, }x*a8, 
 beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, fruits, butter, cheese, pork, 
 h.iy, tlax, honey and beeswax; considerable rye, buckwheat, 
 market products, grass-seeds, maple sugar, and some rice, 
 barley, wine, hops, silk and molasses. In 1860 there were 
 in Missouri 6,246,871 acres of improved land (13,737,939 
 being tininiproved), producing 4,227,586 bushels of wheat; 
 293,262 of rye; 72,892,157 of Indian corn; 3,680,870 of oats; 
 107,999 of peas and beans; 1,990,850 of Irish iwtatoes; 
 335,102 of sweet potatoes; 228,502 of barley; 182,292 of 
 buckwheat; 67,929 of grass-seeds; 9767 pounds of rice; 
 25,(i8t),196 of tobacco; 2,069,778 of wool; 12,704,837 of butter; 
 260,633 of cheese; 109,837 of flaxseed; 79,190 of beeswjoc; 
 l,.i85,9S3 of honey; 796,111 gallons of sorghum molasses; 
 401,070 tons of hay ; live stock valued at 1553,693,673 ; orchani 
 products at $810,975; market products at J;j46,405, and 
 slaughtered animals at $9,844,449. 
 
 Birest and Fruit Tre^. — " The river bottoms are coveroo 
 with a luxuriant growth of oak, elm, ash, hickory, cotton- 
 wood, linn, and white and black walnut. In the more bar- 
 ren districts are found wliite and pin oak, and sometimes 
 forests of yellow pine. The crab-apple, papaw, and persim- 
 mon are abundant; as also the hazel and pecan." There 
 are three species of wild grape; and apples, pears, peaches, 
 apricots, and nectarines yield well. 
 
 Manufactures. — Missouri has not as yet largely engaged 
 in this branch of industrial employnients ; though in 1860 
 there were 3167 establishments, each producing ^500 and 
 upwartls annually, employing a cai>ital amounting to $20,- 
 034,220, and 19,782 hands consuming raw material worth 
 $23,^49,941, and producing annually goods valued at $41,- 
 781,651. Among these were 2 cotton factories, employing 
 a capitalof $169,000, and 170 hands, and jiroducing annually 
 goods valued at $230,000 ; 11 woollen factories, employing a 
 capital of $103,750, consuming raw material worth 1^6,745, 
 and producing goods valued at $143,025; 389 fluuring and 
 grist mills, employing a capital of $2,7 12,0^7, consuming raw 
 material worth $7,677,368, and producing flour and meal 
 valued at $9,4S4,34t; 9 iion foundries, employing a ca)>ital 
 of $193,500, and producing castings valued at $;i22,000; 4 
 manufactories of stoves, em] iloying a capital of $78.%000, and 
 producing stoves valued at $810,960; '28 machine shops e.iu- 
 
MIS 
 
 ploying a capital of $1,123,400, and producing macliinery, 
 steam-en gi I1I-3, &c. valued at $1,563,152; 12 manufactories 
 of soap and candles, eniployiuj; a capital of $020,b00, and 
 producing goods valued at $1,059,380. 
 
 Internal Inipiovemcnts. — In 1860, this state had 817 miles 
 of railroad in operation, by which St. Louis is connected 
 with nearly all the larger towns of the state. The princi- 
 pal railroads are the Pacitic, extending from St. Louis west- 
 ward to Kansas City, on the Mi.ssouri: the llannihal and 
 St. Joseph, 206 nnles long; the North Missouri, which ex- 
 tends from St. Louis to Macon City, 168 miles; the St. 
 Louis and Iron Mounfciin Riiilroad, and the Southwest 
 Branch of the Pacific Ilailroad, which is opened from 
 Franklin to Holla, 77 miles, and is in progress to Spring- 
 field, &c. Three per cent, on the sale of public lands is de- 
 voted to internal improvements. The state has loaned 
 several millions to the three following railroads, viz: the 
 Pacific, the Iron Mountain, and the llannibal and St. Jo- 
 sejih Railroad. 
 
 Cummerce. — St. Louis is the great centre of internal com- 
 merce of the Mississippi and its tributaries, wliich must 
 greatly increase as the settlements on those rivers extend 
 themselves. It is also the depot of the fur trade of the 
 Upper Missouri and its tributaries. The tonnage of the 
 district of St. Louis in ISttJ was 82,085. The number of 
 vessels built during the same year was 7, (all of which were 
 ateamers,) having an aggregate tonnage of 2119 tons. The 
 receipts of grain and flour at St. Louis for 1863 were as 
 follows; 689,241 barrels of flour; 2,7*3,378 bushels ol 
 wheat; l,2Jy,850 bushels of corn, and 2,771,848 bushels of 
 oats. Tlie exports of this state consist mainly of lead 
 pork, flour, wheat, tobacco, hemp, flax, and live stock. Jlis 
 souri has long been the principal seat of au active caravan 
 trade with Santa Fe; but this trade is not so extensive a> 
 formerly, a considerable portion having been diverted to 
 Texas. (See St. Louis.) The leading articles imported bj 
 way of the Ohio, Missouri, and Mis.-;i.«,<ippi and its triliuta 
 ries, in 1854, were wheat, corn, flour, barley, oats, tobacco, 
 hemp, eolfee, hides, pork, lead, lard, meats of dill'erent 
 kinds, molasses, sugar, nails, paper, potatoes, salt, rope, 
 whiskey, Jtc. 
 
 Edii/'^dian. — Missouri has a school fund of $575,668, and 
 another fund of .9100,000 called the seminary fund. The 
 state also uppropiijttes one-fourth of its revenue to the sup- 
 port of schools; making an annual income of about §140.000. 
 whicli is distributed among the counties. Kvciry 16th sec- 
 tion of the public lands is devoted to common schools. 
 According to the census of 1860, there were in Missouri 36 
 colleges, having 4291 students, $207,3.53 income, .■?;iS,M5 of 
 which was from endowments, and S4898 from public funds ; 
 4120 public schools, having 175,855 pmdls, and $8o2.8;.6 in- 
 come, S447,146 of which was from public fuiid.s, $116,318 
 from taxation, and $41,525 was from endowments; 240 
 academies and otlier schools, having 20,143 piijjils, $248,930 
 income, .S7300 of which was endowments, and $.J700 from 
 public funds. There are also in this state 310 libraries, 
 215 of wliich are imblic, 2 school, 69 Sunday-school, 11 col- 
 lege, and 13 church libraries, comprising 184.884 volumes. 
 The state of Missouri has an annual revenue for schools of 
 about $150,000, wliich is distributed among the counties. 
 Every sixteenth section of the public land is devoted to 
 common schools. According to the National Almamic for 
 1864, there were in this state 11 colleges, containing in all 
 about 1000 students, and 2 nuilical colleges witli 258 students. 
 The State University, located at Columbia, in IJoone county, 
 is endowed with si.x townships of land by the general gov- 
 ernment. Four counties contended for the honor of having 
 it located within their limits: it was accorded to Boone 
 county beciiuse its citizens subscribed most liberally to its 
 funds. 
 
 lidigious Denrmiinations. — According to the census of 
 1860, Missouri had 1577 churches, of which the Baptists 
 owned 457; the Christians, 150; the Episcopalians, 18; 
 the Jews, 2; the Lutherans, 55; the Methodists, 32(1; the 
 Presbyterians, 127 ; the Cumberland Presbyterians, 98 ; the 
 Roman Catholics, 88 ; the Unionists, 54 ; and the Unitari- 
 ans, 2; this will give 1 church to every 750 persons. The 
 total value of church property being $4,509,767. 
 
 Periodicals. — There were published in Missouri in 1860, 
 16 daily, 3 tri-weekly, 143 weekly, and 11 monthly news- 
 papers and magazines, with an aggregate annual circula- 
 tion of 29,741.464. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The State Penitentiary is at Jeffer- 
 son City. The Lunatic Asylum, which is at Fulton, was 
 suspended in 1861 on account of the civil war; having been 
 re-opened in September 7, 1862, 103 patients were received 
 between that date and December 2, 1863. The Institution 
 for the Blind had 44 pupils in October, 1863. Tliere is an 
 Asylum for the l^eaf and Dumb at Fulton. There were, in 
 1850, 13 public libraries, with 23,106 volumes ; 79 school 
 and Suncky-school, with 31,650 volumes; 4 college, with 
 19,700 ; and 1 church library, with 600 volumes. 
 
 Ptipulatifin. — Though originally settled by the French, less 
 than one-third of one per cent, of the present inhabitants 
 Of Missouri are of that extraction. The population amounted 
 
 MIS 
 
 to 20,845 in 1810; 66,586 in 1820; 140,145 in 1830; 3S3.702 
 in 1840 ; (582,044 in 1850. In 1860, 1 ,182,012, of v,\wm 1,063,489 
 were whites, 3,572 free colored, 114,931 slaves, and 20 
 Indians. Population to the square mile 17. Representa- 
 tive population 1,136,039. Of the free population 475,246 
 were born in the state, 431,294 in other states of tlie Union, 
 and 160,.541 in foreign countries, of whom 10,009 were born in 
 England, 43,464 in Ireland, 2021 in Scotland, 305 in Wales 
 2814 in British America, 88,487 in Germany, 52s3 in France 
 and 8158 in other foreign countries. Of the free population 
 in the leading pursuits, 124,989 were farmers, 39,396 (iirm 
 laborers, 30,668 laborers, 9554 servants, (1333 carpenters, 
 5370 clerks, 4349 blacksmiths, 4245 merchants, 3008 teachers, 
 2802 shoemakers, 2538 physicians, 2087 seamstresses, 2035 
 teamsters, 1967 tailors, 1550 grocers, 152>* masons, 1478 well- 
 diggers, 1477 conveyancers, 146ij painters, 1429 steaml>oat 
 men, 1370 students, 1348 millers, 1280 clergymen, Ac, &c. 
 In the year ending Juno Ist, 1860, there occurred 17.654 
 deaths, or 15.2 in every thousand. The number of deaf 
 and dumb for the same year was 498, of whom 46 were 
 slaves (see Introduction to the volume on Population of 
 the Eighth Census, pp. liv, Iv, hi, etc.), of 448 blind 60 were 
 slaves; of 770 Insane 20 were slaves; of 523 idiotic 63 were 
 slaves. 
 
 Onmties. — There are in Missouri 1 13 counties, viz. : Adair, 
 Andrew, Atchison, Audrain, Barry, Barton, Bates, Benton, 
 Bollinger, Boone, Buchanan, Butler, Caldwell, Callaway, 
 Camden, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Carter, Cass, Cedar, Clia- 
 riton. Christian, Clarke, Clay, Clinton. Cole, Cooper, Craw- 
 ford, Dade, Dallas, Daviess, De Kalb, Dent, Douglass, Dun- 
 klin, Franklin, Ga.sconade, Gentry, Greene, Gruudv, Har- 
 rison, Henry, Hickory, Holt, Howard, Howell, Iron, Jackson, 
 Jasper, Jeft'erson, Johnson, Knox, Laclede, Lafayette. Law- 
 rence, Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Macon, Maries, 
 McDonald, Madison, Marion, Mercer, Miller, Missi.ssippi, 
 Moniteau, Monroe, Morgan, Montgomery, New Madrid, 
 Newton, Nodaway, Oregon, Osage, tJzark, Peiry, Pettis, 
 I'helps, Pike, Platte, Polk, Pubiski, I'utnam, Ralls, l{an- 
 
 Wright. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — St. Louis is the laigest town in Mis- 
 souri. Population in 1860, 160,773, (in 1850,77,8.59.) The 
 other princijial towns are St. Joseph 8932, Hannibal C505, 
 Kansas 4418, Lexington 4122, Carondelet 3993. St. Charles 
 3239, ■VVcston 1816, Booneville 2596, Brunswick 3589, Wash- 
 ington 3230, Odumbia 3207, Independ(!nce 3164, Liberty 2405, 
 Louisiana 24;i6, Palmyra 1999, and Jeflerson City, the capital. 
 
 Gnveminent, Finaivxs, &c. — The governor and Heutonaui;- 
 governor are elected by popular vote for 4 years, the former 
 receiving $2000 per annum, and the use of a furnished 
 house, and the latter $4.50 per diem during the session of 
 the Senate, of which he is ex officio president. The Senate 
 consists of 18, and the House of llepresentativ(is of 49 mem- 
 bers, the former elected for 4 and the latter for 2 years, by 
 the people. Thi! sessions of the legislature are biennial, 
 and meet on the first Monday in December. Twelve months' 
 residence in the state is necessary before exercising the right 
 of suffrage. Jlissouri is entitled to 7 members in the na- 
 tional House of Representatives, and to 9 electoral votes for 
 I'resident. The judiciary consists — 1. Of a supreme court, 
 compo.sedof 3 judges; 2. Of 14 circuit courts, and the courts 
 of St. Loui.s, (viz., common pleas, criminal, and probate 
 courts,) and the common pleas courts of Hannibal City; 
 and 3. Of county courts. The judges of the supreme and 
 circuit courts are elected for 6 years, by popular vote, and 
 the county judges for 4 years, in the same manner. The 
 supreme court liolds 2 ses.sions annually, one at St. Louis 
 and one at Jefferson City. A circuit court is held twice a 
 year in each county, and has exclusive jurisdiction in cri- 
 minal matters, and in all contracts and matters of tort over 
 $90. The county court is limiteci to matters of probate and 
 local county affairs. The judges of the supreme court re- 
 ceive $1800 salary each; the circuit judges $1250 each, and 
 the judges of the St. Louis courts $3000. There is a recorder's 
 court at St. Ixjuis, confined to small offences. The assessed 
 value of real estate and personal property in this state, in 
 1860, was $153,450,577 of the former, and $113,485,274 of the 
 latter. The public debt, in 1863, wa.s $24,734,000, nearly all 
 of which consists of bonds, by which the credit of the state 
 was loaned to certain railroad companies. According to the. 
 census of 1860, .Missouri had 6 banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of $1,209,131, a lircnlation of $2,52J,.500, and .$1,198,- 
 268 in specie. In September, 1865, there were in this state 
 11 national banks, with an aggregate capital of 3,464.000 
 dollars. 
 
 History. — Though the French were the first settlers, and 
 for a long time the principal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a 
 very small portion of her present population is of that de- 
 .scent. A fort was built by that people as early as 1719, near 
 the site of the present capital, called Fort Orleans, and its 
 lead-mines worked to some extent the next year. St. Gene- 
 vieve, the oldest town iu the state, was settled in 1755, and 
 
 Ul» 
 
MIS 
 
 MIT 
 
 St. Louis !n 1764. At the treaty of 1763, it was assigned, 
 wi( h all the territory west of the Mississippi, to 8paiu. " In 
 17fcO, St. Ix)uis was besieged and attaciied by a body of Bri- 
 tish troops and Indians, 1540 strong." During the siege, 
 60 of the French were liilled. The siege was raised by 
 Colonel Clark, an American, who came with 500 men to the 
 relief of the place. At the close of the American Kerolu- 
 tion, the territory west of the Mis.«issippi remained with 
 Spain till it was ceded to France in 1801. In 1803, at the 
 purcha.«e of Louisiana, it came into tlie possession of the 
 United States, and formed part of the territory of Louisiana 
 till the formation of the state of that name in 1812. when 
 the remainder of the territory was named Missouri, from 
 which (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the admis- 
 rsion of slavery) was separated tlie present state of Missouri 
 in 1821. In 1811 and 1812 occurred a series of earthquakes 
 which, in the neighborhood of Xew Madrid in this state, 
 caused the earth to open, and entirely changed the face of the 
 country, swallowing up hills and forming new lakes, while 
 others at the same time were drained of their water. The 
 current of the Mississippi was turned back till the accumu- 
 lating waters gained sufficient force to break through the 
 newly raised barrier. All this region is now a widely ex- 
 tended marsh. — Inhab. MissouRlAX, mis-soo're-an. 
 MISSOUltl, a township, Hempstead co., Arkansas. P. 513. 
 MISSOURI TKUKITORY, (sometimes c.iUed NORTH- 
 WEST TliRKITOHY,) a former unorganized territory, oc- 
 cupying the N.W. portion of the United States posse.ssions 
 E. of the Rocky Mountains. Its area had been greatly 
 reduced by the organization of Iowa territory and Minne- 
 sota; and finally, in 1854, the remainder was divided be- 
 tween the territories of Kauzas and Nebraska. See North- 
 ^Vf.sT Territorv. 
 Ml SS( lU'RlTON, a post-village of St. Charles co., Missouri. 
 MIS.<OURI UNIVERSITY. See Colimhia. Missouri. 
 JIISTA'KKN POINT, the S.E. extremity of Newfound- 
 land, 65 miles S.S.W. of St. John's. 
 M I ST A SS I N X I E. See MisTissiNST. 
 MISTEK. mis'tfk, a town of Moravia, circle of Prerau, 50 
 miles E.X.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2610. 
 
 MISTEL15ACH, mis'tel-b.^K-\ a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, on the Laya, 27 miles N.N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 2468. 
 It has a collecfe of the Barnabites, and a hospital. 
 
 MISTERBIANCO, mi.s/t^R-be-Sn'ko, a town of Sicily, in- 
 tendencv and 4 miles N.W. of Catania. Pop. 3000. 
 MISI'ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 MISTEliTON. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 MISTEltTON. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 MIS'TISSIN'NY or MLSTASSINNIE, LAKE, British 
 Nortli America, is in lat. 5P N., Ion. 72° to 73° W. Length 
 from N.E. to S.W. 60 miles; greatest breadth 30 miles. It 
 contains several large islands. Rupert River flows from it 
 W. into .Iam<>s'y B:iv. 
 MIST'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 MISTR.A. mis'tnl or MISITitA. mis'e-tra. a town of Greece, 
 Morea, capital of the government of Lacedosmon. on the side 
 of a hill crowned by its citadel, 30 miles S. of Tripolitza. Pop. 
 1500. Previous to the last war. this was the most populous 
 town in the Morea. About G miles N.E. are the remains of 
 ancient SjXirtu. scattered for about a mile over five low hills. 
 MISTRETTA, mis-trJt/td, (anc. jimastra, Amestratm. and 
 Myitistratum.) a town of Sicily, 68 miles W.S.W. of Messina. 
 It occupies a lofly eminence on the Regitano, and in its 
 vicinity is a petroleum spring. Pop. 8000. 
 
 MIT.\, mea'td, a town of Central America, Guatemala, in 
 the corregimiento of Chiquimula. Pop. 3300. 
 
 3IITAU, mee'tow. or MITTAU, mit/tow, (L. MUaria; 
 Lettish Jelijara. y^l-gj'vdj) a town of Russia, capital of the 
 government of Courland. in a low. sandy district on the 
 Aa, crossed bv a bridge of boats, 25 miles S.M'. of Riga, 350 
 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg. Lat. 56° 39' N., Ion.. 2.3° 44' 
 E. Pop. 28,100: half of whom are of German descent, and 
 1000 are Jews. It covers a large space, of whicli. however, 
 a coilsiderable portion is occupied by gardens; it is indif- 
 ferently built, the houses being chiefly of wood, painted 
 green or reddish-brown; many of the streets narrow and 
 crooked, but some also wide, "straight, and regular. The 
 most interesting building is the Ca.stle. the residence of the 
 old Dukes of Courland. It had almost become a mere ruin, 
 ■when, in 1739. Marshal Biron. the favorite of the Empress 
 Anne, commenced a palace on the same site, and completed 
 it after his return from exile. It stands^on an island sur- 
 rounded by the canals of the Aa. Among the other build- 
 ings and institutions, may be mentioned 4 churches, a Gteek, 
 a Roman Catholic, a Lutheran, and a Reformed church; 3 
 synagogues, a museum, a library of 20.000 volumes, an 
 observatory, a gymnasium, with 9 professors. Courland 
 Society of Literature, a hospital, an orphan and a lunatic 
 asylum, a casino, and a theatre capable of containing 3000 
 spc'ctators. Its manufactures, which are of little moment. 
 Include linen, ho.«iery, soap, and leather; and its trade is 
 T«ry limited. 
 MITCII'AJL a parish of England, co. of Surrey. • 
 MITCII'ELDEAN. a mnrket-town and parish of England, 
 CO. and 11 miles W. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1851,662. It 
 1214 
 
 has a curious and ancient church, in which seme paintings 
 of the reign of Edward IV. were recently discovei-eil. 
 
 MITCH'ELDEVER, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 MlTCII'J-:iJi, a new county in the N. part of Iowa, bor- 
 dering on Minnesota, has an area of 420 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Cedar River, which flows in a S.S.E. 
 direction. This countv is not included in the census of 1850, 
 Capital, Osage. Pop. 3409. 
 
 MlTCHELIy. a township of Sliebovgan co., Wisconsin, 
 20 niili-s S.W. of ShebovtrJin. Pop. 94J. 
 
 MITCHELL, a post-village of Canada West. co. of Perth, 
 12 miles N.N.W. of Stratford, and 33 miles from Goderick 
 It contains hotels and several mills. Pop. 150. 
 
 SIITCH'ELL'S, a post-oftice of ■\\alker co.. Texas. 
 
 MITCHELL'S, a village of Jasper co., Iowa, 65 miles W 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 M1TCH'Ei>LSBURG. n post-office of Boyle co., Kentucky. 
 
 MITCH'ELL'S LAND'ING, a post-oflice of Obion co., Ten 
 nessee. 
 
 MITCHELL'S MILLS, a post-office of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MITCHELL'S MILLS, a village of Boyle co., Kentucl;y, 46 
 miles S.W. of l^exington. 
 
 MITCHELL'S PEAK. See Moint Mitciikh. 
 
 MITCHELL'S S.\LT-WO]!KS.post-ofHce.JelTersonco..Ohia 
 
 MITCHELL'S STATION, a post-oiiice of Culpepper co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MITCH'ELLSTOWN. a market-town of Ireland. Munster, 
 CO. and 25 miles N.N.E. of Cork. It has a lari^e square, a 
 handsome church, and a colle^'e for decayed persons of 
 superior station. 
 
 MITCIIELLSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, Lcinster, co. 
 of Sleath. 
 
 MITCIIELLSTOWN CAVES, in Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Tipperary. 7 miles E.N.E. of Mitchellstown, are a large and 
 fine .series of stalactitic caverns. 
 
 MITCH'ELLSVILLE. a post-village of Robertson co.. Ten- 
 nessee, on the turnpike from Na,-;hvil)e to Louisville, 35 
 miles N. of the former, and on the N. line of the state. 
 
 MITCHELLSVILLE. a post-oiiice of Boone co., Kentucky 
 
 MITCIPELMERSH. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 MIT'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 MITIA. an i.«land of the Pacific Ocean. See Aurora. 
 
 MITIERO, nie-te-cVro. or MITTIAltO, mitrte-i'ro. one of 
 Cook's Islands in the South Pacific ; lat. 20° 1' S., Ion. I570 
 34' W., length from N. to S. about 4 miles, breadth 1 mila 
 
 M1TL.\. mit'ld,a villageof the Mexican Confederation, state 
 and 26 miles E. of Oajaca, on the table-land of Mixtecapan, 
 5000 feet above the ocean, with extensive remains of ancient 
 tombs, and other edifices, and in one place distinguished 
 from all other Mexican ruins l)y columns supporting a root. 
 
 Min'RE ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, lat. of S.K. pcint 11° SS" 
 S., Ion. 170° 20' VV., was discovered in 1791, and named after 
 one or two remarkable promontories resembling a mitre and 
 steeple. 
 
 MITRI, mce'tree. a walled and well supplied town of Be- 
 loocliistan. province of Cutcli-Gundava. N. of Bhair. 
 
 MITROWICZ, MITIiOVICZ or MITROMITZ. mit/ro-vits\ 
 (Hun. Demetrnvicze, dA^mAHroVeet's.A^.) a market-town of 
 the Austrian dominions, Slavonian military frontier, circle 
 and 24 miles S.S.W. of Peterwardein.on the left linnk of the 
 Save. Pop. 5200. It is the head-quarters of the Peterwardein 
 regiments, and has a Roman Catholic church. 3 Greek 
 churches, a high school, and numerous Roman antiquities. 
 
 JIITSOO. a lake of Japan. &'e Oits. 
 • MirTAGONG' RANGE, a range of hills in New South 
 Wales, CO. of Camden. It is the name also of a town in tlie 
 same count}', 56 miles S.W. of S}'dnev. 
 
 MITTAU or MITTAW. a town of Russia. See MiTAtJ. 
 
 MITTELBACH, mit/tel-baK\ a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, iiailiwick of Chemnitz. Pop. 1219. 
 
 511TTELBERG. mit/tel-bjR(j\ a village of Austria, Vorarl- 
 berg, district of Bregenzerwald. Pop. 1447. 
 
 MlTTEL-KATTB ACH, niit/t.4k.^tt/biK. a village of He.sse. 
 Ca.ssel, province of Fulda. bailiwick of Neuhof. Pop. 1083. 
 
 MITTEL MEER, MITTELLANDISCHES MEER. See 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 5IITTELWALDE, mit'tel-ftllMeh, a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, on the Neisse, 39 miles S.W. of Neisse. Pop. 17S4. 
 
 MITTELWALDH or MITTKNWALDK. niit/ten-wdlMeh. 9 
 town of Prussian Silesia. 23 mlK'S E.S.E. of Pot-sdam. P. 1966 
 
 .MTTTKI/ZELL, an island of Baden. See RElciiENAt?. 
 
 MITTEI//KLL, mit'tel-tseir, a market-town of Bavaria,^ 
 near VViirzburg. on the Main. Pop. 1441. 
 
 MITTENWALD. mit/ten-ftait\ a market-town of Bavaria 
 on thelsar. 51 miles S.S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1720. 
 
 MITTENWALDE. a town of Prussia. See Mittelwalde. 
 
 MITTERBCRG. a town of Istria. See Pisixo. 
 
 MITTERSILL. mif ter-siir. a market-town of lTpp-;r Ana- 
 tria. on the Salza. 23 miles S.S.W. of Salzburg. J^i.p. 6C'0. 
 
 MlTTERTJilCH, mit/ter-tiK\ a marketrtown of BavarlB, 
 Upper Franconia, E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1553. 
 
 MITTIARO, an island of tlie Pacific. See Mitl-cro. 
 
 MITTIMEE, mifte-mee', an o.Hsis of Central M'nea, ?0 
 miles N.W. of Lake Tchad, with upwards of 50 well's. 
 
MIT 
 
 MOC 
 
 MITTIXEAGUE, mitHe-necg'", a postofflce of Hampden 
 CO., Massiichusetts. 
 
 MIT' TON, a parish of England, counties of Lancaster and 
 York. West Hiding. 
 
 MII'TOX, LOWER, a chapelry of England, co. of AVorcester. 
 
 MITTUN-ICOTE, mit'taii-kOt', a town of tVie I'uiijab. in 
 its S. extremity, on the W. bank of the Indus. In lat. 28° 
 54' N., Ion. TU° 2b' E. Top. 4000. It is surrounded by dale 
 groves, and well situated for commerce. 
 
 MITTWKIDA, mitt'wi'di, a town of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, 35 miles S.E. of Loipsic, qn the Zschoppau, an 
 affluent of the Mulde. It has extensive manufactures of 
 woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. Pop. in 1849, 7012. 
 
 MITTWEIDA, a villaj;e of Saxony, district of Schwarzen- 
 ber?. 54 miles S.S. K. of Leipsic. Pop. 1083. 
 
 MITYLENE, mit-e-!ee'nee, or METELIN, mJt-e-leen', (anc. 
 LKSli>f).i; Or. AtaSai,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 belonging to Turkey, near the const of Asia Minor, mostlv be- 
 tween lat. 39° and U9° 20' N., and Ion. 25° 50' and 26° 35' E. 
 Estimated area 276 square miles. Pop. 40,000. Two bays 
 indent it ou the S. side.and it has good harliors and a fertile 
 soil. A range of mountains traversing it is clothed with 
 pine woods, and at their base are many olive grounds and 
 vineyards, but the island was greatly devastated during the 
 Greek struggle. The principal products are oil and pine 
 timber, with some grapes, figs, cotton, and pit<di; its wine, 
 anciently famous, is now inferior; and the corn raised is 
 insufficient for the inhabitants. Principal towns, Castro, 
 (or .Mitylene,) on the E. coast, Molivo, and Culoni. Theo- 
 phrastiis, Pittacus, Alcaeus, and Sappho were natives of this 
 island. 
 
 MIUS, mee-oos'.(?) a river of Russia, ri.ses in the S.E. of the 
 government of Yekaterinoslav, and falls by a wide estuary 
 into the Sea of Azof 
 
 MIX.VKE.S, a river and town of Spain. See Mijares. 
 
 MI.^AS, a town of Spain. See MiJ.ls. 
 
 MI.VISUIIY. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 MIXCO, mix'ko, a village of Central America, state and 5 
 miles S.W. of Guatemala, on a hill-side, witli 4000 inhabit- 
 ants (?). and some remains of an ancient city. 
 
 Ml.X'KKVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana. 
 
 MI.VST-\DT, mix'stitt, a town of Prussia, province and 80 
 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1209. 
 
 MI.VTECAPAN, mix-tA-k^-pin', a table-land of the Mexi- 
 can Confederation, occupying most part of the department 
 of Oajaca, between the Plains of Mexico and I^a Puebla, and 
 the isthmus of Tehuantepee. Average elevation 5000 feet. 
 In its S. part it is traversed by several broad valleys extend- 
 ing E. and W. Oa it is the city of Oajaca; also the ruins 
 of Mitla. 
 
 Jll.X-'TOWN, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JIIX'VILI.E. a village of Alleghany CO., New York, near 
 the (ii'uesee Kiver, 14 miles N, of Angelica. 
 
 MIY.V.NUAB, me-ydn-dib/, a highly c\iltivated plain in 
 North Persia, province of Azerbaijan, on the S.E. side of the 
 Lake Ooroomeeyah. 
 
 MIYAlllSIMA, me-y£-re-see'md, an island of Japan, S.S.E, 
 of ^'okisima, inhabited chielly by fishermen. 
 
 JIIZ.VNTL.\, me-sjn'tl;l, a ruined city of the Mexican 
 ConC'ileration, 35 miles X.E. of Jalapa, on an isolated plateau 
 near the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 illZ'EN-HE.VD, (ano. JVoHium Prnmnniofrium,) a cape of 
 Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork. Lat. 51° 27' N., Ion. 9° 50' \V. 
 Ou it are the ruins of a castle. 
 
 MIZillRlTCH or MLJIltlTCH, m&-je-^itch^ a town of 
 Russia, government and 79 miles N.AV. of Kharkov. Pop: 
 7000. It is enclosed bj- earth ramparts, and has 3 annual 
 tiirs, at which large quantities of woollen cloths are sold, 
 
 MIZIIIRIZCII or MIJIRITCII, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Kiev, 2S miles W N.W. of Tcherkasi. 
 
 MIZQUE, meos^k.-l, a town of South .\merica, BoUvia, de- 
 partment of Coehnbamba, 32 miles S.E, of Oropesa. 
 
 MIZR or MIZRAl.M. See Egypt, 
 
 ML.VV-\ or ML.\WA, m"l;i'v.i, a river of Servia, joins the 
 Danube 13 miles E.N.E. of Semendria, after a N. course of 
 50 milep. 
 
 ML.WA or MLAAYA, m'U/va. a small town of Poland, 
 province and 46 miles N.N.E. of Plock. Pop. 1000, 
 
 .M.\IS1',K, m'nee's&, or M.MSCHKCK, m"nish'fk, a mar- 
 ket-town of Bohemia, about 17 miles S,S.AV. of Prague. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 MOA. mo'3, an island of Cuba, on its N. coast, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Barai'oa. 
 
 M0.\, SIERR.\ DE, .se-jR/ni dil mo'3, a hiountain range in 
 the island of Cuba, 30 miles W. of ISaracoa. 
 
 MOA, an island of the Eastern Archipelago, lat. 8° 15' S., 
 Ion. 128° 5' E. Length 20 miles. 
 
 MO.A.I', moar', a river in the peninsula of Malacca, enters 
 the ocean after a. cour.se of 100 miles. 
 
 MO ATE, a market-town of Ireland. Leinster. co: of West- 
 me.ath. on the Grand Canal, 9 miles E.S.E. of Athlone. Pop. 
 2095. 
 
 MOIVBERLY', a parish of England, co, of Chester. 
 
 MOAMEQllA. mo-am'e-kw^\ of lihnois. a station on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles ii. of Decatur. 
 
 MOBILE, mo-beeP, a river of .Alabama, is formed by the 
 confluence of the Alabama and Tonibigbce, at the southern 
 extremity of Clarke county. After a course of about 
 miles, it divides into two channels, of which the western 
 and largest retains the name of Mobile, and the eastern is 
 called the Tensaw. The Jloldle flows southward, forming 
 the boundary between Mobile and Baldwin counties, and 
 the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Capital, Mobile. Pop. 41,131. 
 of whom 29,755 were free. 
 
 MOBILE, a county forming the S.W. extremity of .\Ia- 
 hima, bordering on Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, 
 has an area of 1400 square nules. The Mobile iiiver and 
 Bay of the same name form its boundary on the E., and it 
 is al.so drained by the E.«catappa River. The surface is nearly 
 level, and extensively covered with forests of pine; the soil 
 is sandy, and generally poor. The county is intersected by 
 the Slobile and Ohio Railroad. CapiUl. .Alobile. Pop. 27,600, 
 of whom 18,244 were free, and 935(j slaves. 
 
 MOBILE, a city, port of entry, and capital of Mobile co., 
 Alabama, is .situated on the W. bank of Mobile River, imme- 
 diately above its entrance into the bay of the same name, 
 311 miles N. of the Gulf of Alexico, .3.30 miles l)y water S.AV, 
 of Montgomery, 105 miles E. by N. of New Orleans, and 
 1033 miles from Washington. Lat 30° 41' 48" N., ion. 87" 
 59' W. It is by far the most considerable town of the state 
 both in population and commerce, and, after New Orleans, 
 is the greatest cotton market in the United State.s. The 
 site is a level sandy plain, sufficiently elevated for the pur- 
 pose of convenient drainage, being aliout 15 feet higher 
 than the bay. The streets are wide, and mostly run N, and 
 S., and E, and W, Much attention haa recently been paid 
 to planting shade trees, and the city is supplied with spring- 
 water brought from the distance of .several miles. It is not 
 compactly built, excepting the portion occupied by the com 
 mercial houses. On the S. and W. side of the town there 
 are dry. sandy pine-hills, wliich afford agreeable and healthy 
 retreats during the hot season. Jlobile is the seat of Siiring 
 Hill College, founded by the Catholics, having a library of 
 7000 volumes. It al.so conhiins an institution for the blind, 
 a city hospital, a United States marine hospital, 2 orphan 
 asylums, a theatre, 2 or 3 banks, and 6 newspaper olficcs. 
 There are churches of 6 denominations, and several acade- 
 mies. The health of the town has recentlj- been improves! 
 by draining and filling in the low grounds on the N. The 
 entrance to the bay is defended by Fort Jlorgan, formerly 
 Fort Ih-ower, and a lighthouse lias been erected in the .same 
 vicinity. Mobile has an advantageous position for trade, 
 being the natural outlet of the greatest cotton region in the 
 Soutli. Sti'amboats ply regularly, at all seasons, between 
 this port and Montgomery and Tuscaloosa. Another lino 
 keeps up a daily communication with New Orleans vid 
 Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain. A railroad about 450 
 miles long hay lately been constructed from Mobile to the 
 month of the Ohio River, connecting with the Central Rail- 
 road oriUinois. This roail (the Mobik' and Oliifi) fonns part 
 of the direct route from theGulf of Mexico to the great lakes. 
 Another railroad is in progress, which will connect this city 
 with Columbus, in Georgia. The receipts of cotton for the 
 year ending September 1, 1854, was 5;!8,'-64 balejs. The ox- 
 pf)rts for the year amounted to 515,631 bale.s, of which 
 330.903 were to foreign ports, and 178.608 coastwise. Great 
 Biitain took 231,2.30 bales, and France 76,752 bales. There 
 were also exported 12,606,805 feet of sawn lumber, 1S6,."45 
 feet of deck planks, 1376 tons of hewn timber, and 108S 
 masts and spars. The total value of foreign exports was 
 $13,011,612, and of foreign imports. $795,653. The shipping 
 of the port, June 30, 1854, amounted to 11,605 tons registered, 
 and 21,994 tons enrolled and licensed. The number of 
 foreign arrivals for the year was 133 — ton.s, 86,321 ; clear- 
 ances 195 — tons, 118,498. During the year 9 vessels (tonnage, 
 2000) were built. A new custom-house ig now being built 
 here, at a cost of about $.300,000. Mobile was ceded to the 
 United States by Spain in 1813. It Wiis incorporated a town 
 in 1S14. and a city charter was granted in 1819. Pop. in 
 1880, 8194; in 1840, 12,672; and in 1S60, 29,258. 
 
 MOBILE BAY', situated in the S.W. part of Alabamsi, 
 extends southward from the mouth of Mobile River, and 
 communicates with the Gulf of Mexico by two channels, 
 separated by Dauphin Island, The eastern, or main chan- 
 nel, has about 18 feet of water. Length from N. to S., 35 
 miles. The width increases gradually in passing southward, 
 until it amounts to about 15 miles. 
 
 MOBILE POINT, the E. side of the entrance to Mobile 
 Bay, Alabama. A revolving Usht, 55 feet high, is on its 
 western extremity. Lat. 30° 15'' 40" N., Ion. 87° 58' W. 
 
 JIOIVLEYS POND, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia. 
 
 MOCARANGA or MOCARANGUA. See Monomoiap.\, 
 
 MOC'CAS, a parish of Englaml, co. of Hereford. 
 
 MOC'CASIN CREEK, of North Carolina, rises near the 
 E. border of Wake co., and flowing S.E. unites with Con- 
 tentny Creek. 
 
 MOCCIIIE. mokTcyi. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Susa, on the Dora-Ripaira. Pop. 2301. 
 
 MOCEJON or MOCE.XOX, mo-lliA-iiOn', a village of Spain, 
 New Castile, 7 miles from Toledo. Pop. 1020. 
 
 1215 
 
MOC 
 
 MOCHA. mo'chJ. an island of Chili, off the coast of Arau- 
 eania, lat. of S. summit, 38° 24' S., Ion. 74° W. Length 8 
 miled. A.t its N. end is a peak 1230 feet in height. It is 
 oocasion-.illy resorted to by whalers, but the landing is bad, 
 and sujiplies of wood and water are scarce. 
 
 .•lOCHA or JIOKII.V, nio'ka. (Arab. pron. mo'Kd\) a forti- 
 fied seaport town of Arabia, Yemen, on the Red Sea. 55 
 miles N..\.\V. of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Lat. 13° 2U' 
 N., Ion. 43° 12' 2" E. I'op. 7000. It stands on the margin 
 of a sandj' plain, between two points of land, which enclose 
 a small bay adapted for Te.«sels of 10 or 12 feet burthen. It 
 exports annually about 10,000 tons of the tinest coffee to 
 Jiddjih, Suez, and Bombay, with dates, irums, senna, horns, 
 hides, balm, ivory, gold-dust; and imports rice, piece-goods, 
 iron, haniwares, slaves, and ghee from Abyssinia, whence 
 many of its exported goods are brought to Mocha in the 
 way of transit. 
 
 MOCHA, is a country in the S.W. part of Abyssinia. 
 
 MOCHIIU.M, moK'rum, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Wigton. 
 
 MOCIITREF, moK/trSf, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 MOCKKliX, (ilockern.) miik/em, a town of Prussian Sax- 
 ony. 13 miles E. of Jlagdeburg, on the Ehle. Pop. 1550. 
 
 MOCK.MUHL. (MockmUhl.) mok'miil. a town of Wiirtem- 
 berg, at the confluence of the Seckau with the .Taxt, 10 
 miles E. of Xeckarsulm. Pop. il524. 
 
 M(X^KS'V1LLK, a neat post-village, c^pit-al of Davie co., 
 North Carolina, 140 miles W. of Kaieigh. and 10 miles from 
 the Yadkin Kiver. Pop. 710. 
 
 MOCKVILLK, a post-office of Cass co., Missouri. 
 
 MOCKW.A^NPOOK, Xepaul. See .Mcckwaxpoor. 
 
 MOCLIX, mok-leen', a town of Spain, Andalu-sia, 20 milee 
 N.W. of Granada, on a river of same name. It was once a 
 Moorish fortre-i^s, called, from its strength, the Shield of 
 Granada. I'op. 2760. 
 
 MOCLINE.JO or MOCLINEXO, mok-le-ni/RO, a village of 
 Spain, An.lalusia, 10 miles from Malaga. Pop. 1068, 
 
 MO'COMO'CO, a maritime town of Sumatra, on its W. 
 coast, Lut. 20° 31' S., Ion. 101° 10' E. 
 
 MOCONKSI, mo-ko-nA'see, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa, 2 miles from Cicagna. Pop. 2329. 
 
 MOCS.V, mo'choh\ a town of Hungary, co, and 7 miles 
 S.S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 2137. 
 
 MODAI.V, mo'-lin/. written also M.'VDAIN and MEDA.HX, 
 a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and 20 niile.s S.E. of Bag- 
 dad, on the Tigris, near the site of the ancient Cte!si])hon, 
 with the traces of a palace and other antiquities. 
 
 MtJD.\N E, mo-(li'nA. a town of the Sardinian States, Savoy, 
 on the Arc, 17 miles E.S.E. of San Giovanni di Moriana, 
 3500 feet above the sea. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MOD'BUKY, a markef/town and parish of England, co. of 
 Devon, on the Erme, Hi miles E.S.E. of Plymouth. P. 1S58. 
 
 MODENW. mod'Jn-d.* (Fr. MocUne, moMain'; anc. Mit/- 
 Una,) a fortifie<l city of Northern Italy, capital of a province 
 on the .Emilian \Vay, which forms its fine Strada Muestra, 
 dividing it into the old and new city, 24 miles W.N.W. of 
 Bologna. Pop. 32,248. It is regularly laid out. and has a 
 citadel, with streets bordered by arcades; and its ramjiarts 
 form pleasant public walks. Principal edifices, the Ducal 
 Palace, a splendid builling, with a picture gallery, fine gar- 
 dens, an extensive library, the Bililiotcca JEstense. of which 
 Muratori and Tiraboschi were successively librarians, con- 
 taining 100.000 volumes and 3000 manuscripts; a cathtsiral, 
 with curicms sculptures and a square marble tower, in which 
 is pre.«erved the famous wooden bucket, {Secchia rapita.) the 
 cause offends between the Modenese and Bolognese, in 1325; 
 a theatre, and public baths. Its University, suppressed in 
 1821, was succeeded by a school of theology, law, metticine, 
 and mathematics. It has an observatory, rich cabinets 
 of natural history, and a botanic garden. It is connected 
 by a navigable canal with the Panaro. and has manufactures 
 of hempen and woollen cloths, hats, glass, and leather: its .silk 
 manufacture, once important, has declined. Mutina existed 
 under the Etruscans, and ro^e to .such splendor un<ler the Ro- 
 mans, as called forth a eulogy from Cicero. It was repeatedly 
 sacked by the northern invaders, whose ravages have left 
 few vestiges of its ancient grandeur. It tell to the house 
 of Este in 1288. The anticiuarian Sigonius was lK>rn 
 here in 1520. the anatomist I'allopius in 1523, and the poet 
 Tassoni in 1565. Under the French it was the capital of the 
 
 department of Panaro. Adj. and inhab. Modenesk, mod'- 
 
 fh-neez': (It. pron. mo-dA-nA'.s.A.) 
 
 MODEXA, Ducht of, (It. Ducato rJi Modfna. doo-kJ/to 
 dee mod'.'l-nd; Fr. Duc/iv (U ilnlini-. dU'shi' deh moMain'.) a 
 lornier state of Italy, bounded E. by the Papal States. S. by 
 the grand-duchy of Tuscany and Lucca, S.W. by the Gulf of 
 Genoa, W. by Parma, and N. by the Lombardo- Venetian 
 Kingdom. Area, (including recent acquisitions.) -2073 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1850, 586,458. The surface is partly moun- 
 tainous, being traversed by a portion of the Apennines; 
 
 * " If ever you should come to Mopena, 
 Suip at a palace near the Kcegio gate." 
 
 BOGEUS' Italy Part First, XVIII. 
 1216 
 
 MOE 
 
 highest point, Monte Cimone, 6976 feet. The minerals com- 
 prise iron and marble; the .soil is very fertile in the plains; 
 the climate is temperate and healthy. The chief products are 
 maize, wheat, rich wine, silk, and honey. It has many mine- 
 ral springs. The so called Artesian wells were used by the 
 Modenese long before they were known in Artois. The duchy 
 has recently acquired additional territory, and now consists 
 of the provinces of Modena and Friguano, Keggio and Uua.s- 
 talla, Garfagnana, Lunigiaua, Ma,>^sa, and Carrara. Stand- 
 ing army, 3600 men. Public revenue, $1,682,000. Modena 
 after passing through Ihe hands of a great number of mas- 
 ter.s, was^nally erected into a duchy iu 1453, and settled on 
 a branch of the family of Este, which has given Europe 
 so many of its sovereigns. It lost its independence by the 
 French Revolution, and was merged successively into the 
 Cisalpine Republic and the Kingdom of Italy, The duke 
 resumed his possessions in 1814. It is now a province of the 
 kingdom of Italy, to which it was annexed in 18C0. 
 
 SIODE'NA, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, about 
 SO miles S. of Albany. 
 
 MODENA, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois. 
 
 Ml »DENA, a post-office of Mercer county, in the northern 
 part of Missouri. 
 
 MODEXE. See Modexa. 
 
 MODER, moMaiR'. a river of France, department of Ban- 
 Rhin, rises on the E. side of the Vosges Mountains, flows 
 S.S.E.. and after a course of 30 miles, joins the Rhine, 17 
 miles below Strasbourg. 
 
 MODERN, mo'dern, MODOR, mo'dor, MADRA, moh'druh\ 
 or -MODRA, mo'drd, a walled town of West Hungary, co, 
 and 16 miles N.E. of Pros burg. Pop. 5010. It has a Pro- 
 testant College, and is the seat of the Lutheran superintend- 
 ency for Hungary on this side of the Danube. 
 
 .^lOD'EST TO\\'N, a post-village of Accomack co., A'irginia, 
 3 miles from the Atlantic, and 10 miles E. of Accomack 
 Court House. It contains 2 churches and a few shops. 
 
 MODIC.<, mod'e-k3, (anc. Motuca. ilnfi/ca or Mutifc/i,) a 
 town of Sicily, 30 miles W.S.W. of Syr.icuse, in the Val di 
 .N'oto. Pop. 27,449. It is ill built, but has a large square, 
 and some handsome m.-insions. a castle, and several churches 
 and convents. It exports grain, oil, wine, and cheese, 
 mostly to Malta. In its vicinity is the valley of Ip'sica or 
 Is'pica. remarkable for its dwelliuL'S excjvated in the rock. 
 
 JIoniCIA or MODtET A. See Monza. 
 
 MODIGLIAXA. mo-deel-ya'nd. (anc. Casftrum Muftilumf) 
 a walled town of Tuscany, province, and 40 miles N.E. of 
 Florence, on the Marzeno, N. of the Apennine.s. Pop. 2335. 
 It has a castle, and several churches and convents. 
 
 MODIXALLA. mo-de-nAl'lit, a villase of AVest Africa, on 
 the Senegal, in Ut. 15° 55' N.. Ion. 1.3° 5' W.. inhabited by 
 Mnraboots, of the Jloorish nation of the Dowiehes, who r^ 
 c*?ive valuable offerings from the faithful. 
 
 MODLIN. mod'lin, a fortress of IVpland, province of Plock, 
 at the junction of the Bug and Vi.stula. 16 miles N.W. of 
 Warsaw, erected in 1S07. It is one of the strongest places 
 in the Russian dominions. 
 
 MODLINO. mijd'ling. or JIKDLIXG. mM'ling. a market- 
 town of Lower Austria. 8 miles S.S.W. of Vienna, on the rail- 
 way to flrStz. Pop. S500. 
 
 MODOX. mo'don, (anc. Methofne.) a fortified maritime town 
 of Greece, Morea. government of Pjios. 6 miles S. of Nava- 
 rino. It has a small port, with an open roadstead between 
 it and the island of Sapienza, and a few remains of antiquity. 
 Its light-hou.se is in lat. 36° 48' 5" N.. Ion. 21° 42' 5" E. 
 
 JIODOH. a town of Hungary. See Modern. 
 
 MODO.'*, mo'dosh'. a village of Hun^rary, co. of Torontal, 
 27 miles S.W. of Temesvar. on the Theiss. Pop. 1039. 
 
 MODRA. a town of Hunearv. See .Moderx. 
 
 MODRKE'.NY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 MODUGXO, mo-doon/yo, a town of Naples, province and 
 6 miles S.W. of Barl. Pop. 5000. It has manufactories of 
 woollen and cotton cicrth.s, and tanneries. 
 
 MijDURLl, mo-<ioor'lee, a village of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 
 24 miles S.W. of Boli. 
 
 M(JDUM, mo'doom. a parish and village of Norway, stifl 
 of Aggershuns, on the Drammen, 25 mile.s \V. of Chinstiania. 
 Pop. 4600. Near it are important cobalt-mines, and exten- 
 sive man.ufactures of smalts. 
 
 MUEIIRING, a town of Germany. See Morin. 
 
 MUELETIVOE, a town of Ceylon. See .Mal.ativo. 
 
 MOEL.MYNE, a town of British India. See M.iulmaix. 
 
 >IO'EL-Y-MOUNT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- 
 digan. 
 
 MuBX, (Miien,) talVen, (L. ASn/na Virgintia DanHca.) an is- 
 land of Denmark, in the Baltic, with a hghthouse on the S.E. 
 point, lat. 54° 67' X., Ion. 12° 36' 36" E., separated N.W. from 
 Seeland by the Ulf Sound, and S. from Falster by the Groen 
 Sound, each, where narrowest, alxjut 1 mile across. Area 8l' 
 square miles. Pop. in 1850. 13.1.00. It,*! E. coast is a preci- 
 pitous lituestone barrier, 500 feet above the sea. and termed 
 the Moenskliut. Chief town, Stege, with a harbor on the 
 N.W. coast. 
 
 MUEX, (MBen,) mo'fn, an isl.and of Russia, between the 
 island of Uesel and the niiiin land, about 40 miles iu length 
 and breadth. 
 
MOE 
 
 MOEX, moon, a town of Belgium, province of West Flan- 
 iers, about 6 miles S.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 24(»0. 
 
 M0EHI5EKK, mooR/bA-k('h, a villacre of Belgium, provluce 
 of East FUnliers, 12 miles N.E. of (ihent. I'op. 1251. 
 
 MOEItUKKK, a village of Belgium, province of East Flan- 
 ders, ou the Moervaert Canal, 14 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 
 3582. 
 
 MOERDYK. mooR'dTk\ a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, on Ilollandsdiep, 110 miles N.W. of 
 Breda. Pop. 1054. 
 
 SIOERGESTEL, mooR-nJs/tel, a village of the Netherlands, 
 18 miles E.S.E. of Breda. Pop. 11 W. 
 
 M()EKE, moo'reh, a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, on the jloerdykvaert, 13 miles W.S.W. of Bruges. 
 Pop. IKX). 
 
 51(ER1S, (mee'ris,) LAKE, or BIRKET-EL-KEROON, more 
 properly BIRKET-El^IvOORN, b6eR/-ket^el-koorn', (i. e. the 
 lake of the horn," so named from its peculiar shnpc;) a lake 
 of Central Eirypt, province of Fayoom, and occupying the 
 N. part of its^ valley, in lat. 29° 30' N., and from Ion. 32° 3(/ 
 to near 33° E. Length 30 miles ; greatest breadth C miles. 
 Shores bold on three sides, but on the S. low and sandy. It 
 communicjitos by two large channels with the Nile, and with 
 tlie Canal of Joseph, (Ruhr Yoosef ) 
 
 MljKRZEKK, mooR'zA-kfh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, 19 miles E. of Ghent, ou the Scheldt, Pop. 
 3237. 
 
 BKESIA INFERIOR. See BULG.\ltlA. 
 JIiJF'FAT, a market-town, watering-place, and parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on the Annan, 19 miles N.N.E. of 
 Dumfries. Pop. in 1851, 2304. It is situated at the head of a 
 broad rich valley, surrounded by mountains, and has a 
 church, branch bank, numerous villas, and elegant baths, 
 including a reading and assembly room. The principal 
 mineral spring is saline and sulphurous, resembling that of 
 Harrogate. v^ 
 
 MOFFAT HILLS, a mountain chain of Scotland, between 
 the counties of Dumfries on the S. and Lanark and I'eebles 
 on the N.; elevation of Hartfell. the principal summit, 2635 
 feet. The Annan, Tweed, and Clyde Rivers have here their 
 sou rces. 
 
 MOFFATTS CREEK, a post-village of Augusta co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 JIOF/FATTSVILLE, a post-villago of Anderson district, 
 South Carolina. 117 miles AV.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 MOFFETS STORE, a postofflce of Columbia co., New 
 York. 
 
 MOF'FITT'S MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Ml KIADORE. MOGADOR or MOGODOR, mogVdOr', called 
 SWKliRAH. (SUIRA or SUIRAIL) swee'ril, i. e. the "Beau- 
 tiful," by the Moors, a fortified city and the principal sea- 
 port of Morocco, on the Atlantic, 125 miles W.S.W. of 5Io- 
 rocco. Pop. estimated at 17,000, comprising 4000 Jews. It 
 stands on a rocky promontory, surrounded V)y a barren and 
 Bandy region, and consists of two parts, each enclosed by 
 walls, and the citadel, containing the residences of the go- 
 vernor and foreign consuls, the custom-house, treasury, &c., 
 while the other quarter is inhabited by the Jewish popula- 
 tion. It is pretty well built, and its white edifices render 
 it handsome as seen from the sea, where it is defended by 
 several strong batteries. It was bombarded by the French 
 August 15, 1^44. Its port. S. of the citadel, is sheltered by 
 an island off the shore, but is adapted for only small vessels. 
 The exports comprise wool, gum, wax, hides, skins, almonds, 
 feathers, gold-dust, wrought iron, hardwares, and cotton 
 goods. In 1847 they amounted to S554,400; the imports to 
 $:373,890. Mogadore was founded, in 1760, by the Emperor 
 Seedy Mahomet, on the site of an old Portuguese fort. 
 
 MOGADOR K, mog*a<lor', a post-village of Ohio, on the line 
 between Summit and Portage counties. 15 miles S.W. of Ra- 
 venna. It has manufactures of stoneware. 
 
 MOGADOUKO, mo-gd-do'ro or mo-gi-doo'ro, a walled town 
 of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 22 mUes N.E. of 
 Moncorvo. Top. 562. 
 
 JU;GAL'NG. mo-gawng', a town of Burmah, at the junc- 
 tion Of the Mogaung or Numkong and Namyang Rivers, 70 
 miles X.N.W. of Bbamo. 
 
 MOGELSBKRG, mo^ghfls-bjEG', a town of Switzerland, 
 canton and 12 miles W.S.W. of St. Gall, with several cotton 
 lactories. and a tonsiderable transit trade. I'op. 2965. 
 
 MIXJENTK or MOXENTE, mo-H^n't^l, a town of Spain, 
 province and 43 miles S.AV. of Valencia, on an affluent of 
 the J-uc. Pop. 3594'. 
 
 MOGGIO-DI-SOTTO, mod'jo<lee-softo, a market-town of 
 Austrian Italv, 24 miles N. of Udine, on the Fella. P. 2791. 
 MOGHILEV or MOGIIILEW. See MonEEiEV. 
 MOGHYANI, a town of I'unjab. See Meenoasa. 
 MOGI-DA.'J-CRUZES. mo'zhee-dds-kroo'zS?, a town of Bra- 
 zil, province and 35 miles E.N.E. of Sao-Paulo. It has a hand- 
 some pari.sh church and 3 other churches, a Carmelite con- 
 vent, a Latin and a primary sdiool, manufactures of woollen 
 "iloth. and a trade in sugar, rum, cotton, and coffee, wliich 
 »re carried by mules to Santos or Sao Sebastiiio, and then 
 ^hioped for Rio Janeiro. Pop. of district, 9000. 
 4B 
 
 MOH 
 
 MOGT-GTJArTT. mo'zhee-gw3-soo', n Tillage of Brazil, pro 
 vince and 170 miles N. of Sao-Paulo, on a river of the same 
 name. i 
 
 M(Kt1LN0, mo-ghil'no, a town of Prussia, province of 
 West Prussia, government and 33 miles S.S.W. of Brombei-g 
 Pop. 1505. 
 
 MOGI-MIRIM, mo'zhee-me-reeNo', a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince and 115 miles N.N.E. of SSo-I'aulo, on a river of the 
 .same name; with a trade in horses and cattle, cotton, sugar, 
 and rum. I'op. of district, COOO. 
 
 MOGLIN6EN, (Miiglingen.) miigling-en. a village of WUr- 
 temberg. circle of Neckar, near Ludwigsburg. Pop. 1162. 
 MOGOL. See Mogul. 
 
 JIOGOKO, mo-go'ro, a village in the i.sland of Sardinia, 
 about 34 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2160. 
 
 MiXill ER, mo-gaia/, a town of Sp.ain, province and 5 miles 
 j;. of Iluelva, with a port on the Tinto. Pop. C592. Its old 
 Franciscan Convent is preserved as a national monument. 
 Columbu.s, it is said, craving charity here, in 1484, was re- 
 ceived by the prior, by whose influence he was enabled to 
 prosecute his discoveries. He sailed from the port of Palos, 
 near this place, on August 3, 1492. 
 
 JIOGUL. mo-gul'. (a corruption of 5Io.\aoi, or Mongouan.) 
 the name commonly applied to tlie empire founded in Hin- 
 dostan. in the early part of the 15th century, by Ral>er. a 
 descendant of Timor or Tamerlane. That conqueror, after 
 defeating the Sultan,Ibraheem Lodee, theAfghan sovereign 
 of Hindostan, extended his conquests to the mouths of the 
 Ganges, in 1.52()-7-8. Although a prince of the Tourk (or 
 Turki) nation and not a Mongol himself, yet having many 
 Mongols in his army, the power which Baber establinhed 
 became generally known in Europe, as the Mogul Empire; 
 and the reigning sovereign was popularly styled "the 
 Great Mogul." The seat of government was established at 
 Delhi. Among the most distinguished and powerful rulers 
 of this dyjiasty was Aurungzelie. wlio began to reign in 
 1R58 and died in 1707, having subjected to bis sway almost 
 the entire peninsula of Hindostan, including the Dcccan, 
 which had not before been conquered by the Mogul em- 
 perors. From liis death may be dated the decline of the 
 empire; tlie last sovereign, Shah Allum, diixi in 1806, a 
 pensioner of England. 
 
 MtXiVOROD, mod^oVod', a village of Hungary, co. and 
 about 10 miles from I'esth. Pop. 1001. 
 
 MOH. mo. or MOICHKN, moiK'en, a village of Austria, 
 Transylvania, near Hermannstadt. Pop. 1185. 
 
 MOilA. vno^SJ. a village of Belgium, province and 19 mileR 
 S.W. of Liege, on the Mehaigne. I'op. 1099. 
 
 MOHACS, mo'hitch', or MOHACZ, ino'h|ts', a town of 
 South Hungary, circle of Baranya, on the W. arm of the 
 Danube. 25 miles E.S.E. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 10,050. It hyg 
 a castle, the summer residence of the Bishop of FUnf kircbcii ; 
 Reformed and Roman Catholic churrclies. and a college. It 
 is a statiou for steamers plying on the Danube. Th« two 
 great battles fought near it may be considered as marking 
 the commencement and conclu.sion of the Turkish power in 
 Hungary. On August 29, 1526. the Ottomans, under Solyman 
 the Magnificent, completely defeated the Hungarians, who 
 lost 22.(t00 men. numerous nobles, and their king,' Louis If., 
 on the field ; but the Turks received a total defeat from the 
 Imperiali.sts under the Duke of Lorraine, at the second battle 
 of Mohacz, in 1687. 
 MOHALITSH, a town of Asia Minor. See Muhalitch. 
 JIOHA:MMEDABAD,mo-ham/mid-a-bad', a village of Asia, 
 East Persia, province of Khorassan, on the route from 
 Meshed to Lake Zurrah.l2 milesS.of Toorl<)ot,with vestiges 
 of formerly strong fortifications, and a citadel and lofty 
 tower. 
 
 MOHAMMEDAB.^D, a village of Persia, province of Kho- 
 rassan, on the route from Meshed to Lake Zurrah, 40 miles 
 S. of Kakh, with a population of 250 families, mostly cattle 
 breeders. 
 
 MOHAMMEDABAD, a fortified village of Persia, province 
 of Khorassan. on the route from Meshed to Lake Zurrah, a 
 little S. of Tabas. 
 
 MOHAMMERAH, mo-him'meh-rj, a town on the frontier 
 of Asiatic Turkey and Persia, having alternately belonged 
 to either, on the canal between the Sliat-el-Arab (Euphrates) 
 and Lower Karoon, about 30 miles S.E. of Ba.-sorah, which 
 place it is said to be fast eclipsing in commercial importance. 
 MO'HAWK, a river of New Y'ork, rises n*ar the border, 
 betSveen Lewis and Oneida counties, about 20 miles N; of 
 Rome. It passes through Herkimer, Montgomery, and 
 Schenectady counties, and enters the Hudson River 3 miles 
 above Troy. Its general direction is E. by S., and its wholo 
 lengfh about 160 miles. The Erie Canal follows the course 
 of this river from Rome to its mouth. The river has a 
 direct fall of 70 feet at Cahoes, about 2 miles from its junc- 
 tion with the Hudson, and affords abundant water-power 
 at several places. The chief towns ou its banks are Rome, 
 Utica, Little Falls, and Schenectady. 
 
 MOHAWK, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York; on 
 the Mohawk River, and on the Erie Canal, about 80 milns 
 W.N.W. of Albany. It contains a bank, a newspaper olHce^ 
 and over 100 dwellings. 
 
 1217 
 
MOH 
 
 MOL 
 
 MOHAWK. A township of Montgomery co., New York, 
 Dontains Fonda, the county seat. Pop. 3136. 
 
 MOIIAWftVALLKY. a po.'st-office of Coshocton CO., Ohio. 
 
 MOHEELKVor MOOIIILEV, mo-HeelSrV a walled town of 
 Russia, capital of a government of the s>ame name, on the Dnie- 
 per 85 miles S.W. of Smolensk. Pop. 16.000, many of whom are 
 /ewg. It is the seat of Greek and Koman Catholic archbishop- 
 rics, and has a fine Greek Cathedral, built in 1780, and nume- 
 rous other Greek churches, 1 Lutheran and 5 Koraan Catholic 
 ch'jrihes, numerous synagogues, several Greek and Jtonian 
 Catho.ii, convents, 2 Episcopal seminaries, a town school, 
 various ch.iritable institutions; an e.x tensive export trade 
 to Riga, Kijnigsberg. Dantzlc, and Odessa, in leather, hides, 
 wax. honey, corn, and other agricultural products; and a 
 considerable import trade in thrown .silk. Besides being the 
 residence of the principal ofiioers of the government, it has 
 also well frequented fairs. Many of the Russian nobility 
 reside here, and a great part of the ground in the vicinity 
 is occupied by gardens. 
 
 MOHEELEV or .MOOHILEV, a town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Podolia, capital of a district, on the Dniester, 
 63 miles E.S.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 7300. comprising many 
 Jews. It has an active trade with Waliachia and the a*ija- 
 cent provinces. Being enclosed by hills, the climate is so 
 much milder than in the rest of Podolia that fine fruits and 
 silk are extensively cultivated. 
 
 MOHEELEV, MOGHILEV, or MOHILEV, mo-neelJv\ a 
 government of Russia, mostly between lat. 52*^ and 55° 15' 
 N., and Ion. 28° 35' and 32° 35' E., enclosed by the govern- 
 ments of Vitebsk, Smolensk, Tchernigov, and Minsk. Area 
 18,P34 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 837,537. Surface mostly 
 a wide plain. Principal rivers, the Dnieper, with its tribu- 
 taries, the Sozh (Soj) and Droots. (Drouetz.) Soil generally 
 fertile, and corn is exported. Large quantities of timber 
 and maste are floated down the rivers to the ports of the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 MOHE'GAN, a station of New London co., Connecticut, on 
 the New l/ondon Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, 4 miles 
 S. of Norwich. 
 
 MOHEGAN (mo-heo/gan) MOUNTAINS, of New Vork, 
 the name formerly applied to the Adiroxd.\ck Mountains, 
 (which see.) 
 
 MOHICCAN, a post-township in the S.E.part of Ashland 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1672. 
 
 MOHICCAN RIVER, Ohio. See W.tLHONniXG. 
 
 MOHIC'CANVILLE, a post-village of Ashland co.. Ohio, 
 about 80 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. The post-office is 
 called MoHiccAN. 
 
 MOHILEV, a government and town of Russia. See 
 
 MOHEELEV. 
 
 MO'HILL, a market-town and p.vish of Ireland. Con- 
 naught and Leinster. counties of Iieitrim and Longford, 9 
 miles E.S.E. of Carrick-on Shannon. Pop. of town, (co. of 
 Leitrim.1 in 18,nl. 1217. 
 
 MOHILLA ISLAND. See Comoro Islands. 
 
 MOIIIM, mo'him', or MAIIIM. a large but ruinous town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal, 62 miles AV.N.W. of 
 Delhi. 
 
 MOIIL. one of the Maldive Islands. See Male. 
 
 MOULIN. (Mohlin.) uiiilin. a town of Switzerland, canton 
 of Argau, 11 miles E. of Basel. Pop. 1973. 
 
 MOIION, mo^AN"', a village of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan; 29 miles N.N.E. of Vannes. 
 
 MOHRA, mu'ri. a village of Saxe-Meiningen, on the 
 Mohrbach. It is the place from which Luther's family 
 originally came, and where his parents lived before their 
 removal to Eisleben. It possesses a statue of the Retbrmer. 
 
 MOIIRIN. a town of Prussi.-i. See Morin. 
 
 MOHRINO. (Jliihring,) a town of Bavaria. See Mehring. 
 
 MOHKINGEN, ( Jlohringen,) miVring-en. a town of Baden, 
 circle of Lake, on the Danube, 29 miles N.W. of Coustance. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 MOHRINGEN, (Miihringen,) a village of WUrtembiirg, 
 circle of Neckar, 7 miles N. of Engen. Pop. 2146. 
 
 5I0IIRS/V1LLE. a postrvillage of Berks co.. Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 10 miles W.N.W. 
 of Reading. 
 
 MOHRUNGEN, mo'rfiong-en, a town of East Prussia, 62 
 miles S.S.W. of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 2800. The French de- 
 feated the Russians here in 1807. 
 
 MOHUNGUR. mo-hung-gftr/, a town of Ilindostan, G walior 
 dominion, 60 miles W.S.W. of JhansL 
 
 JIOHUNPOOR, mo-hun-poor', a town of Uindost.in, Gwa- 
 lior dominions, 44 miles N. of Seronge. 
 
 MOIIVART, a wild and rugged district in the S.W. part of 
 
 the CO. of Inverness. Scotland, on an inlet of the Atlantic, 
 
 of the Same name, about 10 miles S.E. of the island of Eig. 
 
 MOIDART. a loch or arm of the sea. in Scotland, about 4 
 
 miles long, on tlie S.W. coast of Inverness-shire. 
 
 JIOIR or MO.TE, mo/yA, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Savov. 5 miles from Rumillv. Pop. 1333. 
 
 MOILAH, moi'lln\ or MOWILAH. mo'we-ianN a seaport 
 town of Arabia Petripa, on the Red Sea. near the Gulf of 
 Akabah. It has a castle, some brick houses, and about 150 
 huts. 
 
 1218 
 
 MOILEH is a valley of Egypt, on the route from Fuyom 
 to the Little Oasis. 
 
 JIOIMENTA-DA-BEIRA, mo-e-mjn'ta dS We-rL a town 
 of Portugal, province of Beira-Alta, 21 miles S.E. of Laniego. 
 Pop. 1250. 
 
 MOINES, ILE AUX. eel o mw3n, a small Island of France, 
 in the Gulf of Morbihan, off the coast of the department of 
 Cotes-du-Nord, ab<iut 12 miles N. of Lannion. It is tlie 
 largest of the group called Sept lies or Seven Isles, and the 
 only one which is inhabited. 
 
 MOIN'GONAN RIVER. Iowa, a name sometimes given to 
 the upper portion of the Des Sloines River. 
 
 MOl'R.4, a small market-town of Ireland, Lister, co. of 
 Down, 14 miles S.W. of Belfast. Pop. 823. It gives the title 
 of Earl to the Marquis of Ha,stings. 
 
 MOI'RA. a post-village and township of Franklin co., Nev 
 York, on the Northern Railroad, 47 miles E. of Ogdensburg. 
 Pop. of the township, 1798. 
 
 MOIR.\NS, mwi'rSxo', a town of France, department of 
 Isere, on the Morge, 16 miles N.E. of St. MarcelUn. Pop. in 
 1852.27^5: 
 
 MOIRANS, a town of France, department of Jura, 8 milee 
 N.W. of St. Claude. 
 
 MOISDON, mwilsMAx"/, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire-Iuferleure, 7 miles S. of Chateaubriaut. Pop. 
 in 1852, 2529. 
 
 MOISLAINS, mwd'l^N"', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Somme, 6 miles N.E. of Pfronne. Pop. 1801. 
 
 MOISSAC, mwds'sdk', a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, on the right bank of the Tarn, and on the 
 railway from Bordeaux to Cette. 14 miles AV.N.W. of .^Io^- 
 tauban. Pop. in 1852, 10,655. It has a communal ctillego, 
 and a large parish church, once part of a celebrated abbey. 
 
 MOJACAR or MOXACAR, mo-ud-kaK', (anc. MeoygU?) a 
 city of Spain, province and 39 miles E.N.E. of Almeria, near 
 the Mediterranean. Pop. 3272. It has a ruined castle. It 
 was taken from the Moors by Ferdinand and I.s;ibella. in 148S. 
 
 MOJADOS or MOXADOS, mo-nd'doce, a town of .-^pain, in 
 Leon, 18 miles S. of Valladolid, on a gentle slope above the 
 Cega. Pop. 1082. 
 
 MO.JAISK. a town ofRussisi. See Mozhal<;k. 
 
 MOJENTE, a town of Spain. See Mogente. 
 
 MO.IOURH, moj^gftr', a town of Northwest Hindostan, 
 dominions, and 40 miles S.E. of Bhawlpoor. It has some 
 mo.sques, and a good supply of water. • 
 
 MOJOLA, mo-yo/ld, or .MOGLIOLA, mol-yo/lri, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, division of Coui, about 4 miles from 
 Demonte, on the Stura. Pop. 1026. 
 
 SIO.IOS. See Moxos. 
 
 MOKA or MOKIIA, a town of Arabia. See Moksha. 
 
 MOKCHA. See Moksha. 
 
 MOKELUMNE HILL, California. See Moqcelumxe. 
 
 MOIvE'NA, of Illinois, a station on the Chicago and Rock 
 Island Railroad, between Chicago and Juliet, 10 miles from 
 the latter. It is in Will co. 
 
 MOKKNA, a post-office of Will co., Illinois. 
 
 MOKHANSK, mo-Kdnsk', a town of Russia, government 
 and 28 miles N.N.W. of Penza, on the Moksha. It hag 6 
 churches, a Greek convent, and a manufactory of woollen 
 cloth ; and distinguished itself in 1717. by its valiant defence 
 against an incursion of the Tartars of the Kooban. P. 4000. 
 
 MOKRIN, mokVeen', a village of South Hungary, co. of 
 Torontal, 42 miles W.N.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 5262. 
 
 MOKSHA or MOKSCHA, mok'shd, a river of Rus.sia, go- 
 vernments of Penza and Tambov, joins the Oka, 15 milea 
 S.E. of Yelatom, after a N.AV. course of 230 miles. 
 
 MOKSOBO. See Monchouoo. 
 
 MOLA, mo/ld, or MOLA DI BARI, mold dee bd'ree, (L. 
 TiiHres Juliana',) a seaport town of Naples, province and 
 13 miles S.E. of Iteri. on the Adriatic. Pop. S400. It stands 
 on a low point, having 3 creeks, used for loading small ves- 
 sels. On either side of the town is an open roadstead, with 
 10 fathoms water. 
 
 MOLA DI GAETA, mold dee gd-i'td, (anc. Formim,) a 
 town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, Z\ miles N.E. 
 ofGaeta. Pop. 1800. Its vicinity was anciently famous for 
 fine wines, and near it is the tomb of Cicero. 
 
 MOLAR, mo-laR/, a village of Spain, New Castile, 23 miles 
 N. of Madrid. Pop. 1437. 
 
 MOL ARE, xao-Wrk, or MOLLARE, mol-ld'rA, a town of the 
 Sardinian States, 10 miles E.S.E. of Acqui, on the Orba. 
 Pop. 1499. 
 
 MO'LASH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 MOLASSANA, mo-lds-sd/nd, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa, about 1 mile from Staglieno. P. 1571. 
 
 MOLD. mold, a parliamentary borough, market-town, anci 
 parish of North Wales, capital of the co. of Flint, and 6J 
 miles S. on the Allen, and on a branch of the Chester and 
 Hollyhead Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3432. In the parish are 
 coal. Iron, and lead mines. It unites with Flint, Ac, in r* 
 turning 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 MOLDAU, mol'dow, (Bohemian Wltawn. •fvltd'«d?;» a rivel 
 of Bohemia, tributary to the Elbe, which It joins neiir Meluik, 
 20 miles N. of Prague, after a N. course of 2()C miles. On its 
 banks are the city of Prague, and the towns of Rosenberg, 
 
MOL 
 
 Krutaaw. and Budweis, from which last it is narigahle 
 to the Elbe. 
 
 SIiJLDAU, mol'dow, MOLDAVA, moUWvK, or SZKPSI, 
 8Jp'shc3«\ a market-town of Hungary, co. of Aba-ujvar, on 
 the Bodva, 16 miles from Kaschau. Pop. 2455. 
 
 MOIiDAU. a principality of Turkey. See Moldavia. 
 
 MOLDAU-TEIX, moIMow-tTn. atown of Bohemia, 17 miles 
 N. of Budweis, on the Moldau. Pop. 5351. 
 
 JirjLOAVA, mol-dd/v3, a river of Austrian Poland and 
 Moldavia, joins the Sereth, 36 miles S.W. of Yassy, after a 
 Bouth-pftstward cour.'ie of 110 miles. 
 
 JIULDAVIA, (mol-dA/ve-a.) PRIXCIPALTTY OF. (L. 3loI- 
 dah'ia; Ger. Moldau, mol'dfiw; Fr. Mokhivie, niolMdVee'; 
 Turk. Ihgilan, bog-ddn', or Kera-hlak, k,Vrd-is-ldk',) a state 
 of South Kurope, and one of the three Danubian principali- 
 ties, under the suzerainty of Turkey, and the protection of 
 Russia; capital city, Yassy. It is bciunded. N. and E. by 
 Russia, S. by Wallachia and Turkev. and W. by Tran.svlvania 
 andP.ukowiua: lat.45°22'to47°18''N.,lon.25°18'to28°18'K. 
 It is 220 miles from S.E. to X.W., and about 100 miles from E. 
 to \V. throughout three-fourths of Its length, the remaining 
 fourth abruptly diminishing to about 45 miles. Area esti- 
 mated at 18,000 square miles. The general surface of the 
 country, excepting the W. frontier, consists of undulating 
 plains of great beauty and vast extent, covered with luxu- 
 riant crops of grass. Towards the W. the plains are suc- 
 ceeded by hills and valleys, formed by detached branches 
 of the great Carpathian chain. It is watei-ed by several 
 considerable streams; the largest, the Sereth, traver.ses it 
 longitudinally, nearly throughout its entire length. It has 
 the I'ruth on its E. border, and, for a .short distance, the 
 Danube on its S. limit. It possesses considei-able mineral 
 wealth, of which, however, little advantage has been taken. 
 The principal minerals are rock-salt, asphaltum, and small 
 quantities of gold. The climate is warm in summer; but 
 frequently severe in winter. The principal products are 
 wheat, barley, millet, and maize ; wine and tobacco are also 
 produced in considerable quantity. But by far the greater 
 portion of the country is pasture, which feeds vast numbers 
 of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. Large herds of hogs, 
 also, are reared in the forests. Great numbers of hor.ses are 
 sent into .\ustria and Prussia for the service of the light 
 cavalry. The wild animals are stags, wild-boars, bears, 
 wolves, foxes, wild-goats, hares, and martens. Beos also 
 abouml. The foreign trade, however, of the principality, 
 through its port Gaiatz, on the Danube, {which see,) is con- 
 siderable, and increasing. Tbe grwit bulk of the people in 
 Moldavia are employed more or less in agricultural pursuits. 
 Tlicy are a very intelligent and siigacious race, quiet and 
 harmless, and, though given to drinking, yet quarrelling 
 and lighting are almost unknown among them. The prin- 
 cipal food of the peasantry consists of a kind of dough made 
 of the flour of Indian wheat, sometimes mixetl with milk. 
 The foundation of the Moldavian language ig I>atin, inter- 
 mixed, however, with a number of Slavonic and Turkish 
 words. Education is in a very low state. Tbe establishes! 
 religion is that of the Greek church, althougli there are a 
 great number of Turks, Armenians, .lews, and Gypsies; the 
 last so numerous as to form a marked feature in the 
 structure of its society. Moldavia is governed by an elected 
 prince named the Ilospodar, whose nomination mustb(; sub- 
 mitted for the approbation lx)th of Russia and the Ottoman 
 Porte. A diet, composed of nobles and clergy, discusses all 
 propositions made by the prince, and votes taxes; but all 
 decisions must be submitted for the sanction of Russia. The 
 army is organized on the Russian plan, and can bo rein- 
 forced by a considerable number of peasant militia, but it 
 has no cmnons or fortresses. The principality is dividwl 
 into 12 districts, subdivided into 59 circles, and has 31 
 towns; Yassy. the capital, and Gaiatz. the principal port, are 
 by far the most important. Moldavia has been tributary to 
 the Porte since tbe 16th century. Its political state was 
 regulated by the treaties of 1826 and 1829 (the latter that 
 of Adrianople) between Russia and Turkey; while main- 
 taining the suzerainty of the latter, the country was placeil 
 under the protection of Russia. In 1831, Turkey recognised 
 the right of .Moldavia to display a national flag. Pop. in 1839, 
 1,419.105. — Adj. and inhab. Moldaviax. mol-dA've-an. 
 
 JI; >LT)E. moi'doh, a seaport town of Norway, stift of Trond- 
 hjem. on the bay' of Molde, 32 miles S.W. of Christiansnnd, 
 with 10()0 inhabitants, a convenient harbor, and trade in 
 timber, tar, and fish. 
 
 MOLDOVA, mol\lo'v(")h\ a village of Hungary, Banat, 15 
 miles S.E. of Weisskirchen. Pop. 1575. 
 
 MOLDOVA, a town of Hungary, co. of Krassova, 56 miles 
 K. of Belgrade. Pop. 2S00. 
 
 M(')LE, a river of England, ri.«es in the N. part of the co. 
 of Sussex, and joins the Thames opposite Hampton Court. 
 
 M >LE, a small river of Devonshire, in England. 
 
 5tOLE, Le, leh mol, a seaport town of Hayti, at its N.Vf. 
 extremitj', witli the best harlwr in the island, and some trade 
 in cotton, coffee, and indigo. 
 
 MOLEMBAIX, mon^M^bi', or moMSM^bAx'. a village of 
 Pelgium, province of Haiuaut, 30 miles N.W. of Mons. 
 Pop. 1392. 
 
 MOL 
 
 MOLESVrORTH, molz'worth, a parish of Etigiar.d, io of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 MOLFETTA, mol-f?t-'td. Cane. J!efp,if) a seaport town of 
 Naples, province and 16 miles W.N.W. of Bari. on the Adri- 
 atic. Pop. 24,648. It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, and 
 college, a ship-building yard, a port, formed by a mole, ancf, 
 a natural breakwater; and considerable trade in corn, oil, 
 and almonds. 
 
 MOLHEM-BOLLEBECK.mol'h?m-bol'leh-bJk\ a village oi 
 Belgium, province of Brabant, on a small stream, 8 miles 
 N.^V. of Brussels. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MOLlftllES, moMe-ain/, a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-ct-Garonne, 11 miles N. of Montauban. P. in 1S52. 21.'i9. 
 
 MOLIN, mo-leen/, or MOLLN, (Mijlln.) miiln, a town of 
 Denmark, duchy and 19 miles N.N.E. of Lauenburg. P. 2750. 
 
 M0L1N.\, mo-lee/nJ, a town of Spain, province and 8 miles 
 N.W. of ."Murcia. Pop. 3957. 
 
 MOLINA, a walled town of Spain, 72 miles E.N.E. of 
 Guiidalajara, on the Gallo. Pop. 3403. It was sacked by 
 the French in 1810. 
 
 MOLIXAIl A, mo-lo-nd/rd, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra, 14 miles N.E. of Benevento. I'op. 2100. 
 
 MOLINE, mo-leen', a post-village of Rock Island co., Il- 
 linois, on the Missis.sippi River, and on the Chicago and 
 Rock Island Railroad, 3 miles above Rock Island. The rapids 
 of the river at this place atl'ord abundant water-power, which 
 is used in mills and factories. It contains a bank. Pop. 2028. 
 
 MOLINETTO, mo-Ie-nSt/to. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Nice, 10 miles from Sospello. I'op. 1000. 
 
 MOLINO, mo-lee/no, a post-ottice of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 MOIjINO, a post-office of 1'ippah co., Missis^ilJpi. 
 
 MOIjINO, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 MOM.N'O DKi; REY, mo-lee'no dSl rd. 2 miles S.W. of the 
 city of Mexico, a range of massive stone buildings alout 
 500 yards long, forming the western side of an enclosure 
 which surrounds the rock and castle, groves and fields, of 
 Chapultepec. These buildings were occupied by the troops 
 of Santa Anna, in September. 1847, to intercept tbe marcli 
 of the American army upon the city of Mexico. The attack 
 was made on the morning of the 8th ; and, aft<.>r a severe 
 contest, the buildings were captured, with a loss to the 
 Americans of 787 killed and wounded, (including 59 officers,) 
 out of 3447, the whole number engaged. The Mexican force 
 numbered about lO.dOO. 
 
 MOLINODELUEY. a po.st>ofRce of Arkansas CO., Arkansas. 
 
 MOIjINOS, mo-lee/noce, a town of Spain, Arngou, 63 miles 
 S.S.E. of Sar.agoss;>. Pop. 1279. 
 
 MOLINS-DE-UEY, mo-loens/-dd-r.i a town of Spain, Cata- 
 lonia. miles S.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. P. 1055. 
 
 MOLIRAO. (Moliriio,) mo-le-rowN"', a village of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Hio-de-Janeiro, in the Serra dos Orgaos, between the 
 sources of the Rio Grande, an affluent of the Parahiba. Pop. 
 10(X). 
 
 MOLISE, mo-leo'sA, or SANNIO, s3n'ne-o, (anc. Santnium,) 
 a province of Naples, having on the N. the Adriatic Sea. 
 An>a 1785 square miles. Pop. 360 549. Capitjil, Campobasso. 
 
 MOLISll, (anc. Mellmf) a town in the above province, OJ 
 miles N.N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 900. 
 
 MOLITCHNIA.mo-litch'nla. or MOLOCHNIA-VODY, mo- 
 lotch'ne-d-vo/dee. written also .MOLOTCHNOl'IA. a river of 
 Russia, ri.sos S.E. of Orekhov, flows S.W., and after a course 
 of about 70 mile.s, expands into Lake Molotchnoe, which 
 communicates with the Sea of Azof. 
 
 SKJLITEKNO. mo-le-t^R/no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, 10 miles N.N.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 5000. 
 
 MOLIVO. mo-lc>e'vo. (anc. Methymfna,) a seaport village of 
 .\siatic Turkey, on the N. coast of the island of Jlitylene. 
 It is defended by a fortress, and has some trade in olive oil, 
 fruits, and cotton. 
 
 MOLKWEIIU.M, molk'M-rrim, a small maritime town of 
 the Netherlands, province of Friesland, 2 miles N;K of 
 Stavoren. 
 
 MOLK, (M81k,) a town of Austria. See Melk. 
 
 MOIjL, moll, a village of Belgium, province and 31 miles 
 E. of .\ntwerp. Pop. 4770. 
 
 MOLLN, (Miilln,) a town of Denmark. See 5l0Liy. 
 
 MOL'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MOLLHAUSEN, a village of Wiirtemberg. See Ebhacsex. 
 
 MOLLINA, mol-yee'nj, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 35 
 miles from Malaga. Pop. 1771. 
 
 MOl/LINGTON, a chapelry of England, counties of Oxford 
 and Warwick. 
 
 MOLLINOTON. Gre.^t and Little, townships of England, 
 CO. and 3 miles S.N.W. of Chester, with a station on the rail- 
 way thence to Birkenhead. * 
 
 MOLLIS, mol'lis, a village of Switzerland, canton and 4 
 miles N. of Glarus. Pop. 2400. 
 
 MOLLN, molln, a village of Upper Austria, circle of Traun. 
 Pop. 1246. 
 
 MOLL/TOWN, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 
 64 miles E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 MOLLWITZ or MOLWITZ. moll/wits, a village of Prussian 
 Silesia, 25 miles .S.E. of Breishiu. Pop. 535. Here the Prus- 
 sians defeated the Austrians in 1741. 
 
 MOLODETCUNO, mo-lonUtch/no, a market-town of Rus- 
 
 1219 
 
MOL 
 
 MON 
 
 e)an Poland, zorernment and 37 miles N.W. of Minsk, 
 wnenoe Xi<.p(pleon dated his 29th bulletin, 3d December, 
 1812, after Wie dispersion of his powerful army. 
 
 M0L(X1A, mo-lo'gd, a river of Russia, jrovernments of 
 Tver, Novgorod, and Yaroslav, joins the Volga on the left, 
 near Mologa, after a N. and E. course of 250 miles. 
 
 MOLUGA, a town of Kussia, government and 68 miles 
 W.N.W. of Yaroslav, on the Volga, where it is joined by the 
 Mologa. Pop. 2109. 
 
 JIOLOKAI, mo-lo-kl', or MOROTAT, mo-ro-ti', written also 
 MOKOTiJI. one of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. 
 Lat. 21° 9' X.. Ion. 156° 51' W. It is apparently formed by 
 a chain of volcanic mountains, 40 miles long and from 7 to 
 9 miles broad. Pop. in 1853, 3565. 
 
 MOLSEN, (Miilsen,) mijl'sen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 15 miles S. of Merseburg. Pop. 956. 
 
 .MOLSHEIM, mols'hluie, (Fr. pron. molsWm'; L. MiH- 
 themium,) a town of France, department of IJas-Rliin, 12 miles 
 W.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 35S1. It has manu- 
 factures of hardwares, tape, and paper. 
 
 MOLTOX, XOllTII, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 MOLTOX, SOUTH, a municipal borough, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the small river 
 Mole, 11^ miles E.S.E. of Barnstaple. Pop. in 1861. 4482. 
 The town, on an eminence, with well-paved streets, and 
 liglited with gas, has a spacious market-place, a handsome 
 church, a grammar-school of the 17th century, a blue coat 
 Ecliool, with manufactures of woollens and lace. 
 
 SIOLU.'V, mo-loo'd, a nation In the interior of Africa, E. 
 of Congo, with whom the Portuguese in Angola have had 
 communication, with a view of establishing commercial 
 intercourse. It is governed by a prince, entitled Muata 
 Yauvo, or Muropue. to whom, in 1802, the Portuguese sent 
 two native mercantile travellers, who reached the capital by 
 a circuitous route of 77 d.ays from Pungo Andongo, (about 
 150 miles from Loanda.) Lat. 4° 5' S., Ion. 19° 20' E. 
 
 MOLUCCAS, mo-ltik'kaz, or SPICE ISLANDS, a name ap- 
 plied to the islands of the Malay Arcbi|)elago, between 
 Celebes and Papua, comprising Qilolo, Ceram, Booro, Am- 
 boyua, the Banda Islands, Batshian, Oby, ^nd \\ aigeoo. 
 They are mostly mountainous, volcanic, and very fertile, 
 producing nutmegs, cloves, and other spices, sago, as the 
 chief article of nourishment, and fine woods and fruits. 
 Around them are many pearl and trepang fisheries. The 
 Moluccas have been for centuries alternately in the posses- 
 sion of the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Dutch; but were 
 taken from the latter by the British, in 1796, and restored 
 to them in ISol. In 1810 they were again captured by the 
 British, and in 1814 again given up to the Dutch, in whose 
 possession they still remain. The general language on the 
 coast is the Malay. The population consists of Malays, 
 Papuans. Chinese, Japanese, and some Europeans. The 
 Molucca P.\s8voe lies between Gilolo and the X. peninsula 
 of Celeljes. Xear its centre are the islands of Meyon and 
 Tyfore. 
 
 MOLUCHES, mo-loo'chSs, a warlike tribe of Indians in 
 the X.W. part of Patagonia. 
 
 MOLVIZAR, mol-ve-thaR', a village of Spain, Andalusia, 
 35 miles from Granada. Pop. 2S06. 
 MULWITZ. See Mollwitz. 
 
 MOMBAKCARO, mom-baR-kd'ro, a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, division of Coni, X.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 1060. 
 MOMBARUZZO, mom-bd-root/so, a town of Piedmont, 
 division and 14 miles S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2254. 
 
 >10MB.\.-'IGLI0, mom-bi-seel'yo, a village of the Sardinian 
 States. 6 miles from Mondovi, on the Monza. I'op. 1057. 
 
 MO.VIBAS or -MOMBAZ, mom-bis', or MOMBASA, mom- 
 bS'sd, (the former the common, the latter the literal Arabic 
 form; in the language of tlie native race, Mpiiza) an island 
 and town on the E. coast of Africa, lat. 4° 6' S., Ion. 39° 49' E. 
 ^Vhen the 'Portuguese first arrived here, at the end of the 
 15th century, they found a large and well-built town, with a 
 great deal of trade, and the people apparently wealthy. In 
 1507, Almeida took Mombas, and destroyed it by fire. In 
 1588, the Portuguese again took possession of the island, 
 and appear to have retained it till about 1720. During this 
 period they erected the fort, castle, great tank, and other 
 structures, wliich remain more or less dilapidated to the 
 present day. The castle stands on a rock, cut perpendicu- 
 larly, and is still capable of being rendered a stronghold. 
 Mombas, at the present day, is but a ruin; its inhabitants 
 are mostly sunk in abject poverty, and wretched hovels are 
 now scattered among the crumbling walls of stately build- 
 ings. A few stone houses still remaining, are inhabited by 
 Arab m\ircbant.s. Immediately outside the walls of the 
 town, on the X, side, is Jokali, a Sawahili village, that is, 
 a suburb inhabited only by Moh.ammedan Africans. At the 
 S. end of tlie island is another village of mixed population, 
 Ciillwl Kilendini. The whole population of the island, pro- 
 bably, does not exceed 6000. The harbor of Mombas is said 
 to be quite perfect, secure, commodious, rooniv. and open to 
 the sea-breeze. Mombas placed itself under the protection 
 of the British flag in 1823. was immediately tilled with 
 Banyans, and enjoyed for three years a return of mercan- 
 tile prosperity. But the British government not accepting 
 1220 
 
 the cession of the place, the flag was struck in 1826, when 
 tlie forces of Sultan Seid Said, aidid by an American ad- 
 venturer, with a heavily armed ship, obtained posse.'gjon 
 of the town. It is now generally called by the natives Vita, 
 that is. Battle, from its valiant defence. 
 
 MOMBELIA), mom-b6l'lo, a village of Piedmont, province 
 of .Alessandria, 13 miles E.X.E. of Turin. Pop. 23C1. 
 
 MoMBEItCELLl. inom-bCR-chil/lee, a village of I'iedmont; 
 province and 7 miles E.S.E. of Asti. Pop. 2440. 
 
 MOMBELTUAX. mom-bJl-trdu'. a town of Spain, Old Cas- 
 tile, 32 mill's S.S.W. of Avila. Pop. 113;J. 
 
 5I0J1BK10 DE TARRAGOXA. niom/bre-o dA taR-«a-go/na, 
 a town of Spain. Cataionia. on the Salado. Pop. 1196. 
 
 MO.MELLAXO. mo-mSl-ld/no, or MOXMELIAXO, mon-mA- 
 le-d'no, a town of the Sardinian States, province of Savoy 
 Proper, on the Isere. 
 M(i/MEXCE, a post-township of Will co., Illinois. 
 MOMIGXIES, mo'meeu'yee', a town of Belgium, province 
 of llainaut, 36 miles S.S.E. of Mons. Pop. 2490. 
 
 MoMLIXG,(Momling,)mom'ling,orMoMLlXGEX,(Mi;m- 
 llngen,) mom'lin:.i;-en, a village of Bavaria, Lower i'raucouia, 
 district of Obernburg. Pup. 1291. 
 
 Mi (MO, mo'mo, a town of the Sardinian States, 8 miles 
 X.X.W. of Novara, on the Agogiia. Pop. 1297. 
 
 M0.M1'.\XTER(J, mom-pdn-tA'ro. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, province of Susa. Pop. 1329. 
 
 M0.MPI.\N0, mom-pe-d'no, a village of Korthern Italy, 
 government of Milan, 3 miles from Brescia. Pop. 2070. 
 
 MOiiroXor MOMPOJ, mom-poH', a town of Xew Gra- 
 nada, province and 140 miles S. by W. of Santa Marta, on 
 the .Magdalena; lat. 9° 15' N., ion. 74° 30/ Vt . The slnets, 
 which extend along the river for two miles, are well laid 
 out, but the houses are badly built. There are here a goi d 
 (juay and custom-house, built very high on account of the 
 periodical floods of the river, which take place in December, 
 and raise the waters 12 or 13 feet higher than their usual 
 level. Mompox is the depot of all the foreign goods destined 
 for the consumption of the valley of the Magdalena. Pop. 
 10.000. 
 JIOX.A. See ANGLE.SET. 
 
 JIOX.A, mo/nd. a small island of the AVest Indies, in the 
 Mona Passage, a strait 80 miles across, which separattS 
 Ilayti from Porto Rico. The island is 7 miles long and 'Z 
 miles broad. X.W. of it is the islet of MoxiTA, (mo-nee 'ta.) 
 MOXACIII/)GDDU or MOXACIILOGDDEE, mo-naK-log'- 
 THee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 MONACO, mon'd-ko, a small principality of Xorth Italy, 
 under the prote(!tion of Sardinia, which maintains in the 
 capital a garrison of 300 men, between the divisions of Nice 
 and Genoa, and bordering the on Mediterranean. Area 63 
 Bcjuare miles. Pop. 6800. The prineij^ality was founded in 
 tbe loth century, in favor of a member of the house of Gri- 
 maldi, with which, though with partial interruptions, and a 
 change, in 1731, from the male to the female line, it has since 
 remained. The prince resides at Paris 6 mouths, and at 
 Monaco the other 6 months, in the year. 
 
 MONACO, (anc. I'ortus-Monceci or J'or/tus Her>cuUs Mo- 
 nne'ci,) the capital of a principality of its own name, is 
 situated on a rocky promontory, in the Mediterranean. 8 
 miles E.X.E. of Nice. Pop. 1200. Its fortifications were 
 erected by Louis XIV. ; the palace, and a fine terrace over- 
 looking the sea. are its principal objects of interest. 
 
 MOXAD'XUCK MOUNTAIN, commonly called GRAND 
 MONADNOCK, is situated in Cheshire co., Xew Uamjishire, 
 22 miles E. of Connecticut River. It is about 5 miles in 
 length, from N.E. to S.W., and 3 miles wide, with an eleva- 
 tion of 3718 feet above the level cf the sea. 
 MON AG AY, a parish of Ireland, Munster. co. of Limerick. 
 MONAGIIAN, mon'a-Han, an inland co. of Ireland, in 
 Ulster. Area 000 &iuare miles, or 320,000. acres, about 
 20.000 of which are waste. Pop. in 1841, 200,442; in lb51, 
 141.758. Surface hilly, iutersper.ied with many bogs and 
 small lakes. 'Ihe Xorth Blackwater River is on the X. 
 iKjundary. Chief crops, flax, oats, wheat, and potatoes. 
 Butter is made in large quantities. Limestone is the prin- 
 cipal mineral product. The Ulster Canal traverses the 
 county. Monaghan comprises 5 baronies, and 19 parishes 
 in the diocese of Clogher. Chief towns, Monaghan. Clonee, 
 and Carrickmacross. It sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons, both for the county. ^ 
 
 MONAGIIAN, a market-town of Ireland, capital of the 
 above county, on the road from Dublin to Londonderry, and 
 on the ULster Canal, 68 miles X.X.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 
 1851, 3484. It is situated on the borders of two large ponds; 
 has a central square, a diocesan school, national schoo^ 
 county infirmary, infantry barracks, and market-house. 
 MOXAGIIAN, a post-ofliice of St. Clair co., Jlissouri. 
 MONALTY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath 
 MON^ASTEli/EVEN, a market-town of Ireland. Leinster, 
 county and 6 miles W.S.W. of Kildare, ou the Barrow, here 
 crosseil by 2 bridges, and ou a brancii of the Grand Cau.il. 
 I'op. 1097. 
 
 MONASTERIO, mo-nds-tA/re-o. a town of Spain, proTinoe 
 and 55 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2804. 
 MOXASTERIO DE KODILLA, mo-nds-til're-o dd ro-Bo«0'- 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 y&, a tow a of Spain, province and 12 miles X.E. of Burgos. 
 Pop. o"S. 
 
 .MONASTKUO D'ACQUI, mo-nS.s-Wr<} dj/kwee, a -village 
 3f the Sardinian States, 7 miles S.W. of Aciiui, on the West 
 Bormida. I'op. lo9i. 
 
 JlOXASTKllO Di MONDOVI, mo-nds-tA/ro dee mon-do-vee', 
 a villa;<e of the Sardinian States, 4 miles S. of Moudovi. 
 Pop. 17 00. 
 
 MONASTEIIOLO DI SAVIGLIANO, mo-nds-t-i-rolo dee 
 s3-veel-y<i/uo, a village of the Sardinian States, 8 miles E.X.K. 
 of Saluzzo. I'op. 1576. 
 
 JlUN.\STIEK, mo'nisHe-i/, a town of France, departr 
 meul of Haute Loire, 9 miles S.S.E. of Le I'uy. I'op. in 
 185-2, 3404. 
 
 IIDNASTIR, mo-nj.s-teer', a seaport town of North Africa, 
 dominions and 80 miles S.E. of Tunis, on the Uulf of Sidra. 
 Pop. 12.000, who manufacture woollen and camlet fabrics, 
 and have .<ome maritime trade. 
 
 MONASTIR, mo'uds-teer', sometimes written MONAS- 
 TEliR or VrrOLIA, be-to^e•d. a city of European Turkey, 
 capital of Macedonia, 400 miles \V. of Constantinople. It is 
 built at the W. ed^e of a fine plain, in a recess formed by two 
 lofty mountains, and is intersected by a river, crossed by 
 numerous bridges. The strents are wide and well paved, and 
 the houses neat and clean ; the mosiiues and minarets, iuter- 
 mi.xed with cypress and willow foliage, give a picturesque 
 appearance to the town : and the well-frequented bazaars 
 are remarkably handsome. Being the central siuation for 
 all military operations relating to Albania. .Macedonia, Thes- 
 saly, and Bosnia, it is a place of remarkable activity. The 
 majority of the inhabitants are Cireeks and Bulgarians, the 
 Turkish residents being mostly soldiers or officials. I'op. 
 about 15.000. 
 
 MOXA.-iTOIlCIIIN.i, mo-nds-toR-chee'nJ, written also MO 
 NASTYKCIITCUINA, a market>towu of Russia, government 
 and 00 miles E.X.E. of Moheelev. . I'op. 3000. 
 
 MO.NBKLLIAKD, C0MT£ DE, k6>-<''ti'i/ deh mA.\«'b?ne-aR/, 
 an ancient district of France, situated at the foot of the Vo.sges, 
 between Upper Alsace and the old territory of Bale. (Basel.) 
 After having been long in the pos.sesslon of the Dukes of 
 Burgundy, it pa.-^sed, in 1419, to a branch of the house of 
 AViirteniberg. and continued with that house till 1793, when 
 it was ceded by treaty to France. It is now included in the 
 department of Doubs. 
 
 MON'CAD.4, mon-kd'od. a town of Spain, province and 
 7 miles N. of Valencia, on the Jloncada. i'op. 2720. 
 
 MOXC.il'iJ, mon-ki'o. {Mons Cuuiuis.) a mountain of 
 Spain, about 55 miles \V. of Saragos.sa, on the boundaries 
 of -Vragon and Castile; 9600 feet high, and. ne.xt to the 
 Pyrenees, the highest mountain in that quarter. On its 
 skirt.'i, Tiberius Sempronius Uracchus obtiiined a victory 
 over the Celtiberians, which decided the fate of that warlike 
 nation. 
 
 MoXCALIERI, mon-kd-le-.-^'ree, a town of Piedmont, on 
 the Po, 4 miles S. of Turin, with which it communicates by 
 railway. Pop. 8002. It has a palace, frequently resorted to 
 by the royal t'amily, and containing a fine collection of por- 
 traits, and in October, one of the largest cattle fairs held in 
 Piedmont. 
 
 M<JXCALYO, mon-kdl'vo, a town of Piedmont, division 
 and 22 miles \V.X.\V'. of Alessandria. Pop. 36.S0. 
 
 MOX(,'AO, (.Mon(;ao.) mon-sowN"', a fortified town of Por- 
 tugal, province of .Minho, 28 miles X. of Braga, on the Miuho. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 MUXyARAS or MOXSARAS, mon-sd'rds, a town of Por- 
 iugal. province of .\lemtejo, on the Guadiana, 28 miles S.AV'. 
 Of Elvas. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MOXCEAUX, m6N°^so', a village of France, department 
 of Correze, 14 miles S.S.E. of Tulle. Pop. 1780. It is also 
 the name of a suburb of Paris, noted for its fine park. 
 
 MONCII, (Miinch.) miJnK, (i.e. "'the monk,'") or KLEIX 
 EIGER, kline i'gher, one of the loftiest Alpine heights of 
 Switzerland, t-anton of Bern, on the borders of the Valai.s, o 
 miles X.E. of the Jungfrau. Height. 13,044 feet. 
 
 MOXCUBriRU, (Monchberg.) miJnii'beRa, a market-town 
 ot Bavaria, 31 miles W. of W urzburg. Pop. 1338. 
 
 MOXCllEX-GLADBACII. See Gi..\duach. 
 
 MOXCH'ES. a post>village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin, 
 in the plank-road from Milwaukee to Dodge aiunty, about 
 28 miles X.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 WOXCHIO, mou-ke'o, a village of Northern Italy, 32 miles 
 S. by W". of Parma. Pop. 2201. 
 
 MOXCUIQUE, mon-shee'kd, a town of Portugal, province 
 of Algfixve, 13 miles X.E. of Lagos. Pop. 2760. 
 
 MONCHOBOO, MONCHABOO, monVhp-boo'. or BION- 
 CIIOBO. monVho-by, (allied by the natives MOKSOBO, 
 mokVo-bo', or MOKSOBOO, moksVboo',) a town of Burmah, 
 recently become its capital, on the W. Itank of a considerable 
 lake, 27 miles X. of Ava. It is the birthplace of Alompra, 
 and during his rule it was also the se/it of government, 
 which has since been alternately transferred to Ava, Sa- 
 kaing. and -imarapoora. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MOXCILSKOTH, (Miinchsroth,) monKs'rot. a village of 
 Bavaria. 25 miles S.S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1014. 
 
 llUXCLAll, m6:\<!'klaii/, a small town of France, depart- 
 
 ment of Tam-et-Garonne, 12 miles E.S.E. of Montauhan 
 Pop. in 1852, 2108. , 
 
 MOXCLAR, a small town of France, department of Lot- 
 et-Garonne, 9 miles N.W. of Villeneuve. Ptip. in 1852. 1084 
 
 MOXCLOVA, a misspelling for MOXTELUVEZ, which see. 
 
 MONCLO'VA, a post-township of Luca.s co., Ohio. Pop. 788.. 
 
 MOXCOXTOUR, ni6.NG'k6.\-"'tooR/, a town of France, d» 
 partment of Cotesdu-Xord, 12 miles S.S.E. of St. Brieuc 
 Pop. in 1852, 1678. 
 
 MOXCOXTOUU, a town of France, department of Vienno, 
 9 miles S.S.W. of Loudun. 
 
 SIOXCORVO, I'ortKgal. See Torre-de-Moxcorvo. 
 
 MOXCOUTAXT, moxo'koo^tixo', a town of France, depart 
 ment of Di;ux-Sevres, 16 miles X.W. of i'artheuay. P. 2005 
 
 MOXCRABEAU, mAN='krd"ljO/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lut-et-Garonne. 7 miles S. of Xerac. I'op. 1144. 
 
 MOX'CitlEFF HILL. Scotland, 2^ miles S. of I'erth. It» 
 summit, 756 feet above the sea, commands a splendid view 
 of the river Tay. 
 
 MONCRIVELLO, mon-kre-v?ino, a village of Piedmont, 
 division of Novara, 22 miles W. of Vercelli. Pop. 2244. 
 
 JIO.NCUCCO, mon-kook'ko, a vill.age of Piedmont, division 
 of .41essandria, 18 miles N.X.W. of Asti. Pop. 1611. 
 
 MOXCUQ or .MOXTCUti, mAN"'kuk', a town of Franco, 
 department of Lot, 15 miles S.W. of Caliors. Pop. 2056. 
 
 MUX DA, mon'dd, (anc. Munlda,) a town of Spain, province 
 and 28 miles W. of Malaga. Pop. 3904. 
 
 MOX'DAY CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Ilockhocking 
 lliver, a few miles above Athens. 
 
 MOXDAY CREEK, a township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Perry co., Ohio. I'op. 1190. 
 
 MOXDEGO, mon-dA'go, (anc. MnnUla.) a navigalile river of 
 Portugal, rising in the Serra Estrella, 14 miles S.W. o' 
 Guarda, and enters the Atlantic at Cape Moudego. Length 
 130 miles. 
 
 MOXDEGO, a navigable river of Brazil, province of Matto- 
 Grosso, separates in part Brazil and I'araguaj', and joins the 
 Paraguay on the left, at Fort .Miranda. Length, ISO miles. 
 
 MOXDEJAR or MOXDEXAR, mon-di-HaR/, a town of 
 Spain, province and 31 miles E. of Madrid. Pop. 2670. 
 
 MOXDIM, mon-dee.N"', a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira-Alta, 12 miles S.S.E. of Lamego, on the Tarouca. 
 Pop. 065. 
 
 MOXDI.M-DE-BASTO, mon-ilees«'-d.-l-bds'to, a town of Por- 
 tugal, province of Tras-o.s-Moutes, on the Tamega, 68 miles 
 S.W. of Braganza. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MOXDULEH, mon-do'leh, a small but richly wooded and 
 fertile island in the Bay of Amboises, West Africa. 
 
 MOXDOLFO, nion-dol'lo, a town of Central Itiily, in the 
 Marches, 15 miles S.E. of Pesaro. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 SIONDOSeDO, mon-dAn-yi'Do, a town of Spain, province 
 and 30 miles N.X.E. of Lugo. Pop. 6194. It has a cathe- 
 dral, a .seminary, and manufactures of coarse cloths. 
 
 MOXDOUBLKAU, mi-NoMoo-blo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of I-oir-et-Cher, 14 miles X.X.W. of Vendume. P. 1671. 
 
 MOXDOVI, monnlo-vee'. (L. Muns VOci and Muns KejjMs,) 
 a town of Piedmont. 14 miles E.S.E. of Coni, near the Ellero. 
 Pop. 15,921. It is divided into 4 parts : the I'iazza. on a hill 
 enclosed by wall.s, and having a citadel, and the suburbs at 
 its foot; Carassoue, Breo, and I'iano del Valle. It has a 
 cathedral, and other churches, a bishop's palace. 4 hospi- 
 tiUs, 2 asylums, a college, a diocesan school, silk-mills, tan- 
 neries. Iron forges, and manufac-tures of woollen and cotton 
 fabrics. Here. April 2-J. 1796, the French under Xapoleon 
 totally defeated the Sardinian troops under Colli. Moudov; 
 w;us al.so sacked by Soult in 1799. 
 
 MOXDRAGOX, mouHlrd-gon', a town of Spain, province 
 of Guipuzcoa. and 33 miles S.W. of Saint Selmstian. P. 2500. 
 
 MOXDRAGOX, mANo'drd^gix"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vaucluse, arrondissement of Orange. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MOXDRAGOXE, mou-drd-go'nA, a town of Xaplcs. pro- 
 vince of Terra di Lavoro, 17 miles S.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 2150. 
 
 MOXDSEE, moud'si\ a town of Upper Austria, on the N 
 bank of a lake of same name, 15 miles E.X.E. of Salzburg. 
 Pop. 1170. 
 
 MOXDSEE, a Lake of Upper Austria, about 6 miles long, 
 and less than 2 miles broad, is about 1400 feet above sea- 
 level, and surrounded by mountains. 
 
 MOXEAH, mo'noe'a, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, at the confluence of the Sone and Gauges, 2".. 
 miles AV. of Patua. It hiis a Mohammedan tomb, and Hin- 
 doo antiquities. 
 
 MOXEDIE/, mon'e-dee\ a parish of Scotliind, co. of Perth. 
 
 MO'XEE/, a post-village of Will co.. Illinois, on the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, 34 miles S. by W. of Cliicago. 
 
 MOXEEK', a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa. 
 
 MONEGLIA, mo-nJl'yd, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 on the E. shore of the Gulf of Genoa, 10 miles E.S.E. ot 
 Chiavari. Pop. 2-200. 
 
 MOXEIX'^, mo^n^N"', a town of France, department of 
 Ba&ses-Pyreneos, 11 miles W. of Pau, on the JJaise. Pop. 
 1270. 
 
 MOXEMVASIA or MOXEMBASIA, mo-nJm-vd-see/d, or 
 NAl'OLI DI MALVASIA, nd'po-le dee mdl-vd-see/d, (anc. 
 JfiMo'a,) a maritime town of Greece, Morua. gnverumont of 
 
 1221 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Laccdiemon on ih > ^geaii Se«, 20 miles X.X.W. of Cape 
 Mttli'a. It ^ian(^s on a small isl-.nd, having one entrance 
 by » bridge from the mainland (whence its name, supposed 
 to I > derived from the tjreek fiovri, mOne, '• only," " single," 
 and t/iSaati, embasis, "entrance"); and consists of a fort- 
 ress' sud an outer town. Near it are the remains of Epi- 
 da'Jrus Lune'ra. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MONEMUGE, a region of East Africa. See Moxomoezi. 
 
 MOXEROO, a district of Australia. See Maneroo. 
 
 MOXESIGLIO, mo-uA-seel'yo. a village of tlie Sardinian 
 States, 17 miles E.X.E. of Jloudovi, on the Bormida. I'op. 
 liOO. 
 
 MOXESTEE or MOXISTIQUE KIVEK, of Michigan. See 
 Masistee. 
 
 MONESTIER, mo^nJsHe-ain', a market-town of France, 
 department of Uautes-Alpes, 8 miles N.W. of Brian90n. Pop. 
 ia 1S52, 2791. 
 
 MOXESTlfiS. mo'ui'.^He-.V. a town of France, department 
 of Tarn, 10 miles X.X.■\^'. of Alby. Pop. in 18a2, 156-1. 
 
 MOXEWDEX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 MOX'EYiVSH, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 MOXEY CREEK, a post-vUIage and station of McLean co., 
 rilinois, on the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 120 miles 
 Irom Chicago. 
 
 MON/EY-GAIyL, a market-town of Ireland, Leiuster, 
 King's CO., 8 miles S.W. of Roscrea. Pop. 764. 
 
 M0X'EYM011E\ a market-town of Ireland. Ulster, co. of 
 Londonderry. 30 miles S. of Coleraiue. Pop. 942. 
 
 MOXEYMUSK, a parish of Scotland. See Moxt.musk. ' , 
 
 MOXFALCONE, mon-fSl-ko'nA, a fortified town of lllyria, 
 
 16 miles X.W. of Triest, near its gulf Pop. 1360. 
 MONFI.\. mon-tee'a, an island off the E. coast of Africa, 
 
 Muscat dominions. 75 miles X.X.E. of Quiloa. Lat. 7° 50' S, 
 Ion. 39=^ 40' E. It is low and fertile. 
 
 MOXFLAXQUIX or MOXTFLONQinN, miNo'flS.vo'kiNo/, 
 B town of France, department of Lci/^t-Garoaue, 10 miles 
 N.N.E. of Villeueuve. ^Pop. in 1852, 4912. 
 
 MONFORTE, mon-foR/tA, a town of Spain, province and 
 
 17 miles W. of Alicante. IV)p. 3188. 
 
 MOXFORTE, mou-foR't'l, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Alemtejo, 17 miles S. by E. of Portalegre. Pop. 809. 
 
 MONFORTE, mon-foWtA, a town of the Sanlinian States, 
 division of Coui, 9 miles S. of Alba. Pop. 2169. 
 
 510XF0RTE. mon-foa/t-l, a town of Brazil, 35 miles N. of 
 Parii, on the Island of Marajo, on a height, overlooking the 
 Bay of Para. 
 
 MOXFORTE DE LEMUS, mon-foR'ti dA lA'mooce. a town 
 of Spain, province and 25" miles S. of Lugo. I'op. 4004. 
 
 MOXFORTE DE RIO LIVRE, mon-foR/tA dA ree'o lee'vrA, 
 a town of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, S miles E. 
 of Chaves. Pop. 450. 
 
 MOXFRICI, mou-free/chee. a town of Sicily, province of 
 Girgenti, 11 miles W.XJV. of Sci.icca. Pop. 6000. 
 
 MOXGARDIXO, mon-gaR-dee'no, a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, 5 miles S. of Asti. Pop. 1080. 
 
 MOXG.\T, mon-gSt', a village of Spain, on the Barcelona 
 and Miitaro Railway. 
 
 MONGjVTZ. a town of East Hungary. See Mdnkacs. 
 
 MOX'GAUP VAfVLEY, post-office, Sullivan co., New fork. 
 
 MOXGEIIAM, (munj-am,) GREAT, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Kent, 
 
 MOXGEIIAM, LITTLE, a painsh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 MOXGE'VVELL, miinj'wel, a p-arish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 MOXGHIR, M0N6IIYR, or MUXGEER, mung-gheer', a 
 fortified and manufacturing town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, district of Eoglipoor, on the S. bank of 
 the Ganges. 80 miles E. of Patua. Lat. 25° 2?J X., Ion. 86° 
 30' E. Estimated pop. 30.000. It is finely situated on a 
 rocky height, at tlie bend of the river, and though irregu- 
 larly built, has some flue European and other residences, 
 Iiesides .several temples, and other public buildings, includ- 
 ing a highly venerated Mohammedan tomb. It was for- 
 merly an important frontier fortress of the British, but its 
 citiidel is now in dec^y ; it is, however, still a military sta- 
 tion. Here are active native manufactures of guns, other 
 arms and cutlery, carriages, furniture of all kinds, army 
 clothing, ifcc. and the town has several native schools, and 
 a depot of the British Missionary Society. 
 
 MONGIARDIXO, mon-jaR-dee'np, a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, division of Genoa, 12 miles from Novi. p. 18C0. 
 
 MONGIBELLO, a name of Mount Etna. See Etna. 
 
 MOXOO, mong'go, a mountain range in West Africa, on 
 the mainland, opj>osite Fernando Po, its highest peak, Mon- 
 giMnasobah, "God's Mountain," being subject to volcanic 
 fruption. 
 , MO.XGOLI.A., mon-go'le-.>, (Fr. Mfmgolie, mi.\o*goMee' ; Ger. 
 A/ongtiM. mon'go-li\) a wide region of Asia, comprised in the 
 Cliinese Empire, mostly Ixitween lat. .37° and 50° N., and Ion. 
 88° and 126° E., having K. .Ma'nUhooria. from which it is 
 separated by a wooden palisade, S. and S.W. China and 
 Chinese Toorkistan. and N. the Khiiig-gan. and other 
 mountain chains, dividing it from the Russian government 
 Irkootsk. Estimated area 1.400.000 square miles. Pop. 
 supposed 2,000,000. It is mostly a vast desert, its central 
 1J22 
 
 p.irt forming the E. h.ilf of the Gobi (which see); thougli 
 here and there this stony and sandy rei;ion is interspersed 
 with some productive tracts, feeding large herds of cattle 
 belonging to nomadic tribes, and where also some wheat, 
 barley, and millet, are raised. In tlie N. the country is 
 richly woodeil. Its rivers are mostly affluents of the .\nioor, 
 Irkootsk, or Yenesei, though some discharge themselves into 
 extensive lakes, which are most numerous in the N.AV., the 
 principal lakes being tlio Oobsa Xor and Ike-Aral Xor. The 
 trade is almost exclusively with China proper, to which the 
 Mongols send live stock of all kinds, receiving in return 
 large quantities of brick-te,% tobacco, brandy, silk, cotton, 
 and woollen fabrics, boots, and metallic wares. The Mon- 
 gols have a peculiar conformation, which has been taken by 
 ethnologists as the type of a great subdivision of the huniiin 
 race inhabiting most part of Asia E. of the Caspian. They 
 are of the Boodhic religion, and live under various chiefs, 
 who pay tribute to the Cliinese emperor, but receive pre.simts 
 from him in return to a much greater amount. Slongolia 
 is divided into 56 aiinaks, or cliiefships, and again into 135 
 •'banners," or military tribes, again subdivided into regi- 
 ments, Ac. The supreme adniinistratiqn is vested in the 
 board or tribunal of foreign affairs at Peking. Chief city, 
 Oorga. The native tribes all claim descent from the cele- 
 brated .lenghis Khan, who in the beginning of the loth 
 century united the different races under his sway ; and in 
 the course of his devastating conquests, both westward and 
 southward, made the Mongols, of whom little had been pre- 
 viously heard, to occupy an important page in the world's 
 history. The conquests of Jenghis Khan were extended 
 by his son Oktai. who subdued the whole of China, and 
 overthrew the caliphate of Bagdad, while other hordes, 
 under the khans Manku and Batu, forced their way into 
 Ilussia, devastated large portions of it, pillaged Moscow, 
 entered Poland in 1240. and were threatening all Germany 
 with destruction, when, in 1241. their progress was arrest<>d 
 by their signal defeat at Walilstatt. After the death of 
 Oktai in 1243, all further attempts on Europe cea.sed ; but 
 nearly half a century longer, the empire which he had 
 established continued to flourish, and stretch from the 
 Chine.se Sea W. to the frontiers of Poland, and from II in- 
 dostan N. to the frontiers of Siberia. At a late period, 
 under Timur or Tamerlane, the Mongol Empire, which had 
 been gradually crumbling to pieces, acquired new lustre. 
 But the revival proved temporary, and at his death a com- 
 plete disruption took place. The fragments, however, were 
 so large as in some instances to be sufficient to found new 
 dynasties. — Adj. and inhab. Mon/gol and Mongouan, mon- 
 gole-an. 
 
 MO'X'GOQUIXONG', a post-village in La Grange co., Indi- 
 ana, 155 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MOXGR.A.XDE, mon^grin'dA. a town of Piedmont, division 
 of Turin, 7 miles E.X.E. of Ivrea. Pop. 3724. 
 
 MOXGU.\'GOX, a township of Wayne co., Michigan. 
 
 MOXIIEIM, mon'hinie, a small town of Germany, Bavaria, 
 circle of Swabia, 35 miles S.S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 1417. 
 
 MOXIIEIM. a small town of Germany, Rhenish Prussia, 
 10 miles S.S.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 1312. 
 
 MOX'IFIETH. a village and parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Forfar, with a station on the Dundee, Perth, and Aberdeen 
 Kailwjiy, 10 miles S.S.W. of Arbroath. Pop. in 1851, 4207. 
 
 MOXIKIE, mon'e-kee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 MOX^IMAIiy, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 4 miles W. 
 of Cupiir. Here is Melville House, seat of Earl Melville; 
 also the Mount, the site of the residence of the celebrated 
 satirical poet. Sir David Lindsay, in the reigns of James IV. 
 and \. 
 
 MOX'IXGTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke 
 
 MOXIXGTON ON WYE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 MOXISTIC. a river of ilichigan. See JUmsTEE. 
 
 510XISTR0L, mo^neesHrol', a town of France, department 
 of Haute-TjOire, 11 miles N.E. of Yssengeaux, Pop! 1112. 
 
 MOXISTROI.rDE-MOXSERRAT, mo-nees-trol'-d.A-mon-sfe- 
 rdf, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 27 miles X'.W. of Barcelona, 
 at the foot of the Mountain of Monserrat. Pop. 1299. 
 
 MOXITEAU, monVtO', a county near the centre of 
 Missouri, has an area estimated at 400 square miles. It i» 
 bounded on the N.E. by Missouri River, and intersected by 
 Saline. Jloreau, and Jloniteau Creeks. Limestone under^ 
 lies part of the county. Stone-coal of fine quality is abun- 
 dant. Capital, California. Pop. 10,124, of whom 9.379 were 
 free, and 745 slaves, 
 
 MOXITEAU. a small villaffe of Moniteau co.. Mis.souri. 
 
 MOXITEAU CREEK, of "Missouri, enters the Missouri 
 River at the X. extremity of Cole county. 
 
 MOXITEAU CREEK, of Howard co., "Missouri, flows into 
 the Missouri from the left at Rocheport. 
 
 MOXITOOWOC. See Manitoowoc. 
 
 MOXIVAE, mouVv-V, a parish of Ireland, Conn* ight, 
 CO. of Gaiway. 
 
 JIOXaVAIKD' AND STROW'AX', a united parish of Scot- 
 land: CO. of Perth. 
 
 MO.X.TOS or JIOXXOS, Los. loce mong/Hocfe, I The 
 Monks,") 4 small low islands, iu the South Pa».:^ I i'<»aii, 
 
 J 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 extendinj? nearly 5 miles from K. to TV.; lat. 0° 57' S., Ion. 
 145° 41' K. 
 
 ■MON'JM'OOR/, a town of Western Ilindostan, 24 miles S.E. 
 of Kahclunpcor. 
 
 MONK-ltUKTTON, England. See Bretton, Monk. 
 
 JU)XK'LAN D, a purish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 ^ MDXKb.WD, NKW, a pariish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 
 oontainin^^ ihe borough of Airdrie. See Airdrie. 
 
 MONKLAND, OliD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 
 adjoins New Monkland on the S.W., alwut 8 miles E. of 
 Glasgow, with which it is connected both by canal and rail- 
 wa3'. 1*. I'.TOQ. It has many valuable coal and Iron works. 
 
 MONK'LKIGII, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SI()NK'.VASH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorifan. 
 
 MONK'S COU/NEllS, a post-oifico of Charleston district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SIONKSKATOX, mOnks-ee/t^n, a township of England, 
 00. of Xorlliuniberland. 
 
 MDXK'.-^ILVKR, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MONK'S STOKE, a postoffice of Sampson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MONKS/TON or MONX/TON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 IMOXKSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 JIOXK.-TOWN. a parish of Ireland, Lcinster, co. of Dul> 
 liii, comprising Kingstown, half a mile W. of which is the 
 hamlet .Monkstown. Here are also several villages and nu- 
 merous hiinilsome residences on Dublin Bay. 
 
 MONK?Tf)WN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. 
 
 JIOXKjfOWN or MONKS'LAND, a parish of Ireland, 
 CO. of Wut-ilbrd. 
 
 M<)NK'roN, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MONKTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent, in the Isle 
 of Thanet. 
 
 MONK'TON, a post-township of Addi.-ion co., A'ermont, 
 about 30 miles W. by S. of Montpelier. Iron ore and kaolin 
 are found here. I'op. lliiii. 
 
 MONK'T(JN FKAR'LEY. a parish of England, co. of AVilts!. 
 
 MONKTON. FORT. England, co. of Hants, 2 miles S. of 
 Gosport. defends Spithead, and the entrance to Portsmouth 
 Ilarbor on the W. 
 
 MONKn'ON WITH JAR/ROW, a township of England, co. 
 of Durham, parish of .larrow, 4 miles E. of Gateshead. The 
 Venerable Bede was born here in 673. 
 
 MONKTON MILLS, Maryland, a post>v)llago and station 
 of Baltimore co., on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail- 
 road, 22 miles from Baltimore. 
 
 JIONKTON MOOR, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 MONKTON NUN, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Elding. 
 
 MONK'TON AN-n PRESTnviCK, a united parish of Scot- 
 land, county and 4 miles N.E. of Ayr, with a station on the 
 Glasgow and Ayr Railway. The village of Monkton lias a 
 han<isome modern, iind 2 very ancient dilapidated churches, 
 and the ruins of a hosiiital for lepers. 
 
 MONK'Ti )N TAR'llANT, a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Dorset. 
 
 MONKTi >X. AVEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MONK-WKAR/MOUTII. See Wearouth, Su.vderla.nd. 
 
 MDNUOdN, mixoHiWN"', a town of Franco, department 
 of Ilautes- Pyrenees, 23 miles N.E. of Bagneres. I'op. 132". 
 
 MONMiiitK, mon-mor', the largest bog in the county of 
 Clare. Iri'laud. extending across the great Clare peninsula, 
 from Dunbig B,ay to the Shannon. Aiva 9254 acres. 
 
 MONMOUTH or SIONMOUTHSIIIRE, mon'muth-shir, a 
 maritime county of England, having S. the Bristol Channel. 
 Area 576 square miles, or 368,040 acres, of which about 
 280,000 are cultivated. Pop. in 1851, 157,418. Surface pic- 
 turesciuely varied, with hill and vale, and finely wooded; 
 bordering the Bristol Channel, it is in parts flat; W. of the 
 Usk, comparatively mountainous. Chief rivers, the Wye, 
 Usk, Monnow, and Komney. Coal, iron, and limestone 
 abound, and are extensively wrought. Canals and railways 
 facilitate access to the mines. The Welsh language is in 
 common use. Slonmouth comprises 6 hundreds. Principal 
 towns, Jlonmouth, .\ljergavenny, Newport, Caerleon, and 
 Usk. The county sends 2 members to the House of Com- 
 mons. Under the Romans and Britons, it formed a part of 
 . the ancient Gwent or Siluria, which the Saxons never suo- 
 ceetlod in conquering. It was made an English county by 
 Henry VIII. No county in England is more celebrated for 
 beautiful scenery, or for the number of its British and Ro- 
 man mediaeval remains. 
 
 MONMOUTH, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 market-town, and parish of England, capitiil of the above 
 county, in a beautiful vale, at the confluence of the naviga- 
 ble Wye and the Jlonnow, here crossed by handsome bridges, 
 21 miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, and 17 miles S. of Hereford, 
 (with which it is connected by railway,) and 115 miles W.N.W. 
 of London. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1852, 5967. It 
 has a parish church, originally a priory ; an ancient priory 
 house, a curious antique chapel, a grammar school, founded 
 in the reign of James I.; ruins of a royal castle, erected 
 before the conquest; several banks ; manufactures of b.ar- 
 iron, tiii-piates, and paper ; and exports of bark and timber. 
 The borough jolas witk Usk and Newport in sending 1 
 
 member to the House of Commons. In the vicinity is Troy 
 House, a seat of the Duke of Beaufort, in which are pro 
 served the cradle of Henry V., and the armor he wore ut 
 Agincourt. Henry V., and Geoffrey of Monpaouth, the his 
 torian, were natives of the town. 
 
 MONMOUTH, mon'mCith. a county in the E. central^part 
 of New Jersey, has an area of about 810 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the .\tlantic Ocean, .and on the N. by 
 Sandy Hook Bay and Raritan Bay, and is drained by Never- 
 sink, and Manasquan P.ivers, flowing into the Atlantic, and 
 by Crosswick's and Doctor's Creeks, which fall into the Dela- 
 ware. Neversink Hills are in the N.l':. part. The whole county 
 is of alluvial formation, and consists of clay mingled with 
 sand, gravel, and, in low places, vegetable mould. In 1850, 
 this county produced 773,272 bushels of potatoes, the greatest 
 quantity produced by any county in the United States, 
 except Grafton county. New Hampshire. Slarl Is found, 
 and much used as a manure. Capital, Freehold. Pop. 
 39,346. 
 
 MONMOUTH, a post-village and township of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, 
 about 15 miles S.W. of .\ugusta. Pop. 1854. 
 
 MONMOUTH, a po.st-village of .\dam8 co., Indiana, on the 
 St. Mary's River, 114 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MON.MOUTH, a post-village, capital of Warren co., Hli- 
 nois, on the Peoria and Burlington Railroad, 120 miles N.W. 
 of Springfield. It is situated in a rich and beautiful prairie, 
 It contains a college, court-house, 7 churches, 1 bank, and 
 2 newsiJiiper offices. Pop. of township 2506. 
 
 MON MOUTIISHIRK, a county of England. See Monmoith. 
 
 MONNAIE, mon'nd', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Loire, 8 miles N.N.I*;, of Tours. Pop. 1550. 
 
 MONNE.RICH. mon'n..'r-iK\ or MUNNERICH, muii'ner- 
 iK\ a village of Dutch Luxemburg, 8 miles S.W. of Luxem- 
 burg. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MONNIKEND.\M, monVken-dJm', (L. Mrmaclindanum,) 
 a town of the JJotherlands, province of North Holland, with 
 a harbor on the Zuyder-Zee, 8 miles N.E. of Amsterdam. 
 Pop. 2471. 
 
 MON'NOW or MUN/NOW, a river of England, joins the 
 Wye near Monmouth. 
 
 M0N(K;'ACY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Lehigh 
 In Northampton co. 
 
 MONOCACY RIVER, is formed by Rock. Marsh, and Mid- 
 dle Creeks, which rise in Adams co., Pennsylvaiiia, and, 
 uniting in the N. part of Frederick co., Maryland, the river 
 falls into the Potomac, near the boundary l)etween Frederick 
 and Montgomery counties, after a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 MONOGHAN, mon/5-Hiin, a township of York co., Pena- 
 sylvania. Pop. 10.30. 
 
 MONOK, mon'ok', a town of Hungary, co. of Zomplin, 20 
 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 25C2. 
 
 MONOMOKZI, mo-no-mo-A'zee, (perhaps more correctly, 
 MOENEMOEZI, mo-fn'yA-mo-i/zeo; generally written by 
 the Portuguese of the lOth and 17th centuries, MONK.MUOE, 
 nio-nA-moo'/.hi, or MUNHEMUGE, moon-yA-moo'zliA,) a 
 great empire of East .M'rica, on the W. side of the great 
 lake called Nyassa or the sea. The same name was given, 
 by early writers, to the sovereign and to the country, though 
 they state that it belongs properly to the former. At tlie 
 present day, Monomoezi is no longer united under a single 
 ruler, but is divided into several kingdoms, respecting the 
 relative importance of which we have no information. In 
 the 16th century, when the empire flourished, it was said 
 to extend S. to the Maurusa. (the nation of Jlakfia, opposite 
 to Mosambique.) or the 12th parallel; others placed its S. 
 limit at Mongalo, lat. 10° S. In tlie N. it was said to reacli 
 Gurague, in Abys.sinia, or, according to the maps of that 
 day, the fourth parallel of S. lat.; on the W. it had the lake ; 
 and on the E. it was supposed to approach the coast in the 
 direction of Quiloa. According to our recent information, 
 the most S. kingdom of Monomoezi Is in lat. 9°, where the 
 lake is distant about 450 miles from Quiloa. The most N. 
 countries, Msarara and I'Oghe. are probably under the 
 fourth parallel, and 600 or 700 miles from the .sea. As to the 
 E. frontier of Monomoezi, we only know that, on the great 
 caravan route from the coast (lat. B° 30') to Oha, (lat. 7° 30',) 
 it is reached in 46 days; the distance thence to the lake 
 being 24 days more. 
 
 Of the numerous countries included under the general 
 title of Monomoezi, four are said to constitute independent 
 kingdoms, namely. Uranga, (the Ruenga of earlj writers,) 
 on a S. branch of the Lufiji, lat. 8° to 9° S.; XJvinza. Ugiyi, 
 Oha or Uha, Usui, and Ueanga. The king of Oha is some- 
 times represented as the paramount sovereign of Jlonomo- 
 ezl. The peoj)le of Monomoezi are, collectively, Mucaranga. 
 This name, given to the race and language both in Mono- 
 moezi and Monomotapa, signifies, native of Uranga, and 
 points out that country as the cradle of the widely-spread 
 nation. It is remarkable that, in Monomotapa, white tho 
 empire existed in all its state, the chief officers of the king's 
 guards were entitled Mucamoegi, evidently in allusion to 
 tlie N. and original home of the race. The natives of Mono- 
 moezi are tall and well made; black, but not with exaggo 
 rated negro features. The journey between Oha and the 
 
 1223 
 
]MON 
 
 ooASt taV-ps al)out four months and a half, and six weeks or 
 two mouths are i-pent on the sea-side, so that the expedition 
 Uwn and back ajiain oeeupies 11 months. The number de- 
 icundinj; annually is from 8000 to 10.000. of whom the great 
 majority encamp on tlie coast opposite to Zanzibar, round 
 the mouth of the Ituvu ; a few go to Kilwa, and some north- 
 wards. The opinion prevails in Zanzibar, that the kingdoms 
 of .'Monomoezi are now recovering their former prosperity 
 and power. 
 
 MONOMiJTAPA, monVmo-til/pii, an empire of East Africa, 
 of great relative magnitude and power, at the time of its 
 discovery, in the beginning of the 16th century, when, 
 owing to the ignorance and exalted temper of the age, it 
 was described in very exagijerated t«rms. It was said to 
 have a circumference of 1000 leagues, and, even at the pre- 
 sent day, the estimated length of the river Zambezi, which 
 gives the breadth of the empire, is doubtless double the truth. 
 Tlie name Monomotapa. or more correctly, Moeile Motapa. sig- 
 nifies the Empire or Emperor of Motapa; literally, perliaps, 
 Motapa itself or himself Tlu! empire apjiears to have beoc 
 co-extensive with the diffusion of the Mucaranga race, S. 
 of the Zambezi; it reached, therefore, from this river S. to 
 Inhambane, W. to Mailisa, but did not go beyond the basin 
 of the Zambezi. On the E. it extended to the sea in Sofiila, 
 but did not embrace the mouths of the Zambezi ; its N. 
 boundary, on the sea-shore, Ijeing the river Tendacdlo. 
 
 MOXON, a post-office of White co., Indiana, 10 miles N.W. 
 of Monticello. 
 
 MONO'NA, a county of Iowa. See MA^-o^-A. 
 
 MOXON A, Clayton co., Iowa. See Appendix. 
 
 MOXOXGA-BE, mo-non'gd hi, a town of Madagascar, 
 capital of the Vronimes tribe, district of Ibara, about lat. 
 22° S., Ion. 46° E. It consists of about SOO houses, situated 
 on an affluent of the Manangara. 
 
 MOXOXGAIIELA (mo-nonVa-heena) RIVER, a branch of 
 the Ohio, is formed by the West Fork and Tygart's Valley 
 Rivers, which rise in Randolph and Lewis counties of Vii^ 
 ginia, and unite 1 mile from Fairmont in Marion county. 
 It pursues a north-eastorl3' course to the mouth of Cheat 
 River, its principal tributary, which enters it near the 
 boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania, after which 
 its general direction is northward until it unites with the 
 Alleghany at Pittsburg. Large steamboats ascend this 
 river to Brownsville, Penn.sylvania, and those of medium 
 size to Fairmont, Virginia. The whole length, exclusive of 
 branches, is 150 miles. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 crosses the river just below the junction of its branches by 
 a wire suspension bridge. It is about 400 yards wide at 
 IMttsburg. and 300 yards, on an average, below the mouth 
 of Cheat River. The obstructions caused by rapids in the 
 lower part of its course have been obviated by dams. 
 Branches. — The West Fork, also called West Fork River, 
 rises in Lewis county Virginia, flows northward and north- 
 eastward through Harrison county, and meets the other 
 branch in Marion county, after a course of more than 100 
 miles. Water-power is abundant on this stream. Tygart's 
 Valley River will be described under its own head. 
 
 MONOXG.\IIELA, a township of Greene co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1197. 
 
 MOXOXGAIIELA CITY, formerly WILLIAMSPORT, a 
 thriving post-borough of Washington co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the left bank of the Monongahela lUver, about 20 miles S. 
 of Pittsburg. It is remarkable for its active trade and 
 flourishing manufactures of glass and other articles. The 
 railroad which is in progress from Wheeling to Greens- 
 burg passes through or very near the town. Pop. in 1860, 
 999. 
 
 MONOXG.IlLI.A., mo-non-g.^He-a, a county in the N. part of 
 W. Virginia, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an areji of 630 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Monongahela and 
 Cheat Hivers. Laurel Hill, the most western ridge of the 
 Alleghanies, passes through the E. part of the county. 
 Much of the soil is fertile. It is traversed by the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad. Stone-coal is abundant. Formed in 
 1776. Capital, Morgantown. Pop. 13,048 ; of whom 12,947 
 were free, and 101 slaves. 
 
 M0X0N70MY POIXT LIGHT, on the extreme southern 
 point of the peninsula of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. A nar- 
 row channel, of sufficient depth to be navigated by small 
 craft, has been worn across the neck by the action of the 
 sea, separating it from the mainland. The lantern has an 
 elevation of 25 feet above the level of the sea, and shows a 
 fixed light. Lat. 41° 33' 42" N.. Ion. 70° W. 
 
 MOXOl'OLI, mo-nop'o-le. a town and seaport of Naples, 
 province and 27 miles E.S.E. of Bari, on the Adriatic. It 
 ranks as a fortress of the third class, Ijeing seated on an 
 eminence, walled, and defended by a ca-^tle. It has 2 sub- 
 urbs, consisting of well-built houses ; but the town itself is 
 Indifferently built: the houses being too lofty for the width 
 of the streets, render them dark and gloomy. It has a 
 cathedral, and numerous other churches; 2 harbors, with 
 great depth of water, but imperfectly sheltered ; and a trade 
 in woollen and cotton cloth, (both extensively manufactured 
 in the tfiwn.) wine, and olives. Pop. 16.000. 
 
 MONOQUET, mouVkJf, a post-village of 
 1224 
 
 ' Kosciusko CO., 
 
 MON 
 
 Indiana, about 6 miles N. of Warsaw, and 115 milee N. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 MOXOR, mo^noR', a town of Hungary, Hither Danube, 
 CO. and 20 miles 8.E. of I'csth. I'op. 5408. . 
 
 MOXUSl'OK, mo'nos'toR/, a village of Hungary, Hither 
 Danube. 27 miles S.E. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 1245. 
 
 MUNOSTOK, a village of Hungary, Hither Theiss, co. of 
 Temosvar. Pop. 1720. 
 
 .MONOSTOR, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. of 
 Pesth. on an island of the Danube. I'op. 900. 
 
 MOXOSTOR-APATI, mohios'tOR/0h'pohHee\ a village of 
 Hungary, Thither Danube, co. of Szalad. Pop. S19. 
 
 MJXOSTOR-BATH, mo'nos'toR' b|t. a village of Hungary, 
 Hither Danube, co. of Bacs, on the left bank of the Danube. 
 Pop. 1179. 
 
 MOXOSTOUSZEG, mo'nos'toR'sJg', a town of Hungary, 
 Hither Danube, on the left bank of the Danube, with which 
 a navigable canal here communicates, 41 miles S.E. of Fiinf- 
 kirchen. I'op. 4249. 
 
 .'MONOVAR. nio-no-vaB', a town of Spain, province and 28 
 miles X.W. of Alicante, on the Elda, defended by a castle 
 and a fortified hermitage, which are perched on two emi- 
 nences. Pop. 7590. 
 
 MOXPAZIEK. mAK°'pdV,e-A', atownof France, department 
 of Dordogne. 24 miles E.S.E. of Bersrerac. Pop. 1061. 
 
 MOX PE Y i;OUX-D K-BOSQU ET. m6N°'p.^>oo'dvhbos'ki', a 
 village of France, department of Aveyron, 8 miles S. of 
 Espalion. Pop. 1550. 
 
 MOXl'OXT, mAxo"p6N«', a town of France, department of 
 Dordogne. on the Isle, 19 miles S.S.W. of Riberac. P. 1328. 
 
 MOXQUHITTER, mon^kit/ter, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Aberdeen. 
 
 MONREALE, mon-rA-JlA, or ?IOXTREALE. mont-ri\-inA, 
 a town of Sicily, intendency and 4 miles S.W. of Palermo, 
 with which it communicates by a noble road. Pop. 13,000. 
 It stands on a steep hill, and has a remarkable cathedral, 
 and an export trade in corn, oil, and fruit, raised in ita 
 vicinity. It was founde^l in the beginning of the 12th cen- 
 tury, by the Norman prince, William II.. surnamed the 
 Good, who also founded its magnificcut cathedral, and the 
 Benedictine convent, which possesses an excellent library. 
 Monreale is the see of a bishop, and has a college. Outside 
 the town, picturesquely situ.ateii among steep rocks, is a 
 royal summer residence, called Renna. 
 
 MOXREAL DEL CAMPO, mon-ri/il d.M kSm'po, a town 
 of Spain, Aragon, 34 miles N.N.W. of Teruel. Pop. 1510. 
 
 MONROE, nion-rO', a county in the N.W. part of New 
 York, has an area of alxiut 720 sqtiare miles. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Lake Ontario, and drained by the Genesee 
 River, Allen's and Sandy Creeks, and other small streams. 
 The soil is very fertile. In 1850 there were raised 1.441.653 
 bushels of wheat, the greatest quantity produced by any 
 county in the United States. Iron ore, sandstone, and gyp- 
 sum are found here, and there are also sulphur and salt 
 springs. The Erie Canal traverses this county, which is 
 also partly iuter.«ected by the Genesee Canal, and by sere- 
 ral railroads centering in Rochester. Organized in 1821, 
 and named in honor of James Monroe, fifth I'resident of tha 
 United States. Capital, Rochester. Pop. 100.64S. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the E. part of Pennsylvania, con- 
 tains about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the Delaw.ire River, which separates it from New .Jersey; 
 on the N.W. by the Lehigh, and al.so drained by Tobyhanr.a 
 and Broadhead's Creeks. The surface in some parts is 
 mountiiinous ; the soil of the valleys is productive. Lime- 
 stone and slate are found in the county. Capital, Strouds- 
 burg. Pop. 16,758. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the S. part of West Virginia, con- 
 tains 450 square miles. It is drained by the Greenbrier 
 and New Rivers, which unite on its N.W. border. The 
 county is traversed by the main branch of the. Alleghanies 
 It abounds in mineral springs, some of which are frequented 
 as watering-places. Stone-coal is found. The Covington 
 and Ohio Railroad is located through this county. Cftpital, 
 Union. Pop. 10,757, of wljom 9643 were free, and 1114 
 slaves. 
 
 MOXROE, a county in the oenti^l part of Georgia, has an 
 area of 440 square miles. The Ocmulgee River forms its 
 eastern boundary, and the Towaliga River flows through it • 
 into the Ocmulgee; it is also drained by the Tobesofka, 
 Shoal, Rum, and Crooked Creeks. The soil varies from fer- 
 tile to barren. In 1850 the county produced 724.670 liushels 
 of corn; the greatest quantity raised in any county of the 
 state. Gold has been found in several localities, and iron, 
 granite, and plumbago exist. Monroe county is inter- 
 sected by the Central Railroatl. Organized in 1821. Capi- 
 tal. Forsyth. Pop. 15,953, of whom 5776 were free, and 
 10,177 slaves. 
 
 MOXROE, a county of Florida, forms the S. extremity of 
 the peninsula, terminating at Cape Sab'.e. The Gulf of 
 Mexico washes it on the S.W., and Lake Okecliobf.e on the 
 N.E. Its limits comprise numerous islands of conil forma- 
 tion, named the Florida Keys. The surface o' tho main- 
 land is mostly occupied by marshes and evergh Je? or (shal- 
 low lakes. Nearly the whole population of tlve coiinty is 
 
MON 
 
 contained in the city of Key West, which is the seat of jus- 
 tice, and the largest town of Florida. Pop. 2913, of whom 
 2462 were free, and 451 slaves. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the S.W. part of Alabama, has an 
 area of 1070 square miles. The Alabama Ui\er flows ulou!? 
 its N.W. border. The surface is undulating or nearly level. 
 I'ine lumber is procured from the forests. Capital, Clai- 
 borne. Pop. 15,067, of whom 6962 were free, and 8705 
 
 MO.NROE, a county in the E.N.E. part of Mississippi, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 950 square 
 miles. It is intersected bv Tombigbee River, and its afflu- 
 ents, che Buttahatchee and Oktibbeha. The surface is a 
 level plain, almost entirely destitute of trees, and covered 
 with rank grass. The soil is a black, calcareous, and highly 
 productive loam. The county is intersected by the route 
 of the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad. Capital, Aberdeen. Pop. 
 21,283, of whom 8554 were free, and 12,729 slaves. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the E. part of Arkansas, contains 
 1040 square miles. It i.s intersected by the AVhite and Cache 
 Rivers. The surface is mostly level, and is partly occupied 
 by cypress swamps. Capital, Lawrenceville. Pop. 5657, of 
 whom 3431 were free. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee, border- 
 ing on North Carolina: area estimated at 500 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Tellico River, and the Little Tennessee 
 forms part of its N.E. boundary. The Unuka. or Smoky 
 Mountain, lies on its S.E. border. The great railroad of 
 East Tennessee passes through the county. Capital, Madi- 
 eonville. Pop. 12,607, of whom 11,007 were free, and 1600 
 
 MONROE, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 600 square miles. It 
 is drained by tlie head streams of Hig Barren River, and 
 the S.E. part is traversed by Cumberland River. The sur- 
 ftwe is diversified. The soil is generally fertile. Limestone, 
 suitable for building, is abundant. Formed in 1820. Capi- 
 t;il, Tompkinsville. Pop. 8551, of whom 7629 were free, and 
 922 slaves. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on the Ohio Ilivor, which separates it from Virginia, has an 
 area of about 420 square miles. It is drained by Little 
 Sluskingum River, and by Seneca and Sunfish Creeks, all 
 of which rise within its limits. The surface is hilly, and 
 well timbercil. In 1850 this county produced 3.681 ,705 pounds 
 of tobacco, the greatest quantity produced by any county In 
 the state. It contains large beds of stone-coal, and some 
 iron. Organized in 1813. Capitol, Woodsfield. Pop. 25,741. 
 
 MONROE, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on Lake Erie, contains 540 square miles. 
 It is traversed by Raisin River, boundetl on the N.E. by 
 Huron River, and also drained by Macon River, and Stony, 
 Saline, and Swan Creeks. The surface in the N. is level and 
 heavily timbered; the S. part consists of rolling prairies, 
 interspersed with groves of oak and hickory. The soil is 
 fertile. The valley of Raisin River is noted for bcaxity and 
 fertility. Limestone and other good building stone are 
 found. The Southern Railroad passes through the county. 
 Organized in 1817. Capital, 5Ionroe City. Pop. 21,593. 
 
 MONHOE, a county in the S.W. central part of Indiana, 
 contains 420 square miles. It is drained by Salt Creek and 
 Beanblossnm Creek. The surface in general is hilly, and 
 the soil productive. It is intersected by the New Albany 
 and Chiciigo Railroad. Organized in 1818. Capital, Bloom- 
 iugton. Pop. 12,847. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the S W. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Missouri, has an area of about 300 square miles. The 
 Miss's.sijipi Kiver forms the boundary on the W. and S.W. ; 
 the county is also drained by Prairie and Eagle Creeks. 
 The surface is hillv in the west part, and nearly level in the 
 east. The soil is mostly fertile. Capital, Waterloo. P. 12,832. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the N.E. part of Mis.sourI. has an 
 area of alwut 620 square miles. It is intersected by Salt 
 River, aftd also drained by the Middle Fork, South Fork, 
 Elk Fork, and Long Branch, afiluents of the first-named 
 river, and by Crooked. Otter, and Indian Creeks. The sur- 
 face is undulating, and consists partly of prairies ; the soil 
 is very productive. Stone-coal abounds in several places; 
 the rocks which underlie the county are limestone and free- 
 stone. Organized in 1830. Capital, Paris. Pop. 14,785, of 
 whom 11,764 were free, and 3021 slaves. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the S. part of Iowa, has an area of 
 430 square miles. It is intersected by Cedar Creek, and the 
 Des Moines touches the N.E. extremity of the county, which 
 Is also drained by Miller's and Avery's Creeks. The surface 
 is diversified by groves of timber, and fertile rolling prai- 
 ries. Limestone is one of the principal rocks. The land was 
 relinquished by the Indians in 1842. Capital, Albia. Pop. 
 8612. r , ^■ 
 
 MONROE, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, about 44 
 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1703. 
 
 MONROE, a post-township of Franklin CO.. Massachusetts, 
 bordering on Vermont, about 52 miles N.N.W. of Spring- 
 field. Pop. 236. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village and township of Fairfield co., 
 
 MON 
 
 Connecticut, on the ITousatonic River and Railroad, about 
 •17 miles AV. by N. of New Haven. Top. 1382. 
 
 5I0NR0E, a post-village and township of Orange co.. New 
 York, on the New York and Erie Railro,id, 50 miles from 
 New York City. Settled in 1742. Pop. 3975. It is the seal 
 of Broekport Collegiate Institute, with about 150 students. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Middlesex co.. New Jersey. Popi 
 3131. 
 
 MONROE, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, 3 miles N.E. 
 of Morrlstown. 
 
 MONROE, a post-office of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvanijt 
 Pop. 775. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 1249. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Del.aware River. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. P. 1331. 
 
 MONROE, a village and township of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 5 miles S.E. of Carlisle. Pop. 1849. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the National Road, about 180 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. 
 Laid out in 1820. Pop. about 400. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Wyoming co., Peiinsylvanla. 
 Pop. 814. 
 
 510NR0E. a post-village, capital of Union co.. North Caro- 
 Una, 150 miles S.W. of Raleigh. It was .selected for the 
 county seat in 1844, when the county was organized. It 
 contains, besides the county buildings, 6 stores. Free Pop- 
 ulation 239. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village, capital of Walton co.. Georgia, 
 66 miles N.W. of Milledgeville, and 10 miles from the 
 Georgia Railroad. It presents a neat appearance, and con- 
 tains a brick court-house, a jail, 2 churches, 2 hotels, and 2 
 high schools. 
 
 3I0NROE, a post-ofUce of Morgan co.. Alabama. 
 
 MONROE, a post-office of Perry CO., Mississippi. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village, capital of Wa.shita parish. Loui- 
 sian.a, on the E. side of the Washita River, 250 miles by 
 water N.N.AV. of Baton Rouge. Steamboats navigate tho 
 river both above and below this point. The route of the 
 projected railroad from Vicksburg to Sbreveport passes 
 through Monroe. 
 
 MONROE, a township in Lafayette co., Arkansas. 
 
 MONROE, a township in Sevier co., .\rkansas. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village of Overton co., Tennessee, 106 
 miles E. by N. of Nashville, was formerly the capital of the 
 county. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village in Hart co., Kentucky, 90 miles 
 S.W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1206. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 1515. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 1610. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village of Butler co., Oliio, about 12 miles 
 E.N.E. of Hamilton, has about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1241. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 1605. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 868. 
 
 MONRO K, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1015. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 975. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1127. 
 
 MONROK, a village of Highland co., Ohio, 14 miles E. by 
 N. of Hillsborotigh. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1035. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1085. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1137. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1299. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 368. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 2774. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Muskingtnn co., Ohio. Pop 929. 
 
 MONltOE, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1424. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop 1798. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1507. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1765. 
 
 MONROE, a flourishing town, capital of Monroe co., 
 Michigan, is pleasantly situated on both sides of the Raisin 
 River, 2 miles from its entrance into Lake Erie, and .it the 
 E. terminus of the Michigan Southern Railroad. 40 miles 
 S.W. of Detroit. It is connected with the lake by a ship- 
 canal, and is the terminus of two plank-roads. The court- 
 house, which is built of hewn stone, cost $35,000. The town 
 contains 6 churches, several of which are handsome build- 
 ings, 2 or 3 banks, and 3 newspaper offices. The valley of 
 Raisin River is said to bo equal in fertility to any part of 
 the state. Monroe is the principal market for the wheat 
 produced in several adjoining counties. It contains manu- 
 factories of wool, flour, lumber, and leather. The Detroit 
 Monroe and Toledo Railroad passes through it. This place 
 was settled by the French, about 1776, but the present town 
 has been mostly built since 1835. Pop. in 1850,2813; in 
 1860, 3892. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 607. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Allen co., Indi.ana. Pop. 610. 
 
 MON ROE, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 720, 
 
 MONROE, a township of Clarke co., Indiana. Pop. 1679. 
 
 1225 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 MOXROE, ii tiiwnship of Delaware co., Indiana. P. 1189. 
 MOXEOE, a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 961. 
 MOXROE, a township of Jefferson co., Indiana. P. 1344. 
 MONROE, a townsliip of Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 1741. 
 MOXROE, a townsliip of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 1680. 
 
 MONROE, a townsliip of Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 1090. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 759. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1616. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 1312. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 906. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Saline co., Illinois. 
 
 MONROE, a flourishing post-village of Monroe township, 
 capital of Greene co., Wisconsin, on the Southern TVisconsin 
 Railroad, 40 miles S.S.W. of Madison. It is finely situated 
 on a fertile rolling prairio, and is a place of active trade. It 
 has 1 newspaper office, 2 churches, 7 stores, and 2 steam- 
 mills. Pop. about 1200 ; of the township 2171. 
 
 MONROE CENTRE, a post-village of "Waldo CO., Maine, 
 about 45 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 MONROE CENTRE, a postrvillage in the N. part of Ash- 
 tabula CO., Ohio. 
 
 MONROE, a postoffice of Laurens district, South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 MONROE MILLS, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 MOXROETON, mon-ro'ton, a post-village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Towanda Creek, about 130 miles N. of 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 MOXROETON, a postvillage of Rockingham co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MONROE VILLE, mon-ro/vil, a postoffice of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MONROE^^LLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Alabama, 
 10 miles E. of Claiborne, was formerly the county seat. 
 
 MONROEVILLE, a thriving post-village of Ridgefield 
 township, Huron co., Ohio, on the Huron River, on the 
 Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, and on the Mansfield and 
 Sandusky Railroad, 16 miles S. of Sandusky. It is a place 
 of active business, and of rapid growth. It contains 8 or 10 
 stores, and a union school. Pop. 1257. 
 
 MONROEVILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Ohio, about 24 
 miles N.W. of Steubcnville. 
 
 MONROEYILLE, a village of Summit co., Ohio, on the 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 130 miles N.E. of Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 MONROEVILLE, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana. 
 
 MONROEVILLE, a post-town of Colusi co., California, on 
 Sacramento River. Pop. 809. 
 
 MONROE AVORKS, a post-village of Orange co.. New Tork, 
 on the New York and Erie Railroad. 62 miles from New York 
 city. Named from the iron works in the vicinity. 
 
 MONROIG, mon-ro-eeg', a town of Spain, province and 13 
 miles ^V. of Tarragona. Pop. 3092. 
 
 MONRO'VIA, the capital of Liberia. See Appe:jdix. 
 
 M(»XI{OVIA. apostvillageof Prederick co., Maryland, on 
 the R.iliimnre and Ohio Railroad, 50 miles from Baltimore. 
 
 MOXROTI.i, a post-village of Morgan co., Indiana, 24 
 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MONROYO, mou-roy'o, a town of Spain, Aragon, 80 miles 
 S.E. of Saratrossa. Pop. 1396. 
 
 MONS, misss, (Flemish Bergen, b^R'Hen; anc. Mon>tes 
 Hano'nia;,) a fortified town of Belgium, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Ilainaut, 27 miles E.S.E. of Tournay, on the railway 
 from Brussels to Valenciennes, and intersected by the Trou- 
 ille, here crossed by 3 bridges. It has 5 gates, and is com- 
 manded by a castle, '•Chateau-Lieu," built on the site of an 
 ancient Roman camp. Two lakes interrupt the approach from 
 the E.. and, from the facilities for laying the whole circum- 
 jacent country under water by turning the river from its 
 usual course, access to the fortress is rendered difficult. The 
 town has a flourishing appearance ; its principal streets are 
 wide and straight, though occasionally somewhat steep ; and 
 some of its 8 square* are spacious, and lined with handsome 
 houses and public buildings. It has 5 churches, those of 
 St. Wardru and St. Elizabeth being beautiful structures; a 
 Gothic town-hall, civil and military hospitals, court-house, 
 arsenal, and theatre; a school of arts, academy of music; 
 mineralogical, architectural, and horticultural societies: 
 medical seminary, orphan asylum, a deaf and dumb insti- 
 tution. 2 lunatic asylums, a college, and numerous public 
 and private schools. Its manufactures consist of linen, 
 woollen and cotton fabrics, fire-arms, cutlery, musical in- 
 Btrunients, and sugar; it has also copper, lead, and pewter 
 foundries: several breweries and bleach-fields; an active 
 trade in timber, coal, building-stone, and corn, the transfer 
 of which is facilitated by a canal, connecting with the 
 Scheldt. In 1425, Jean iv„ Duke of Brabant, aided by 
 Philip the Good, Duke -jf Burgundy, besieged and took the 
 town. It afterwards sustained several sieges, and was 
 alternately in the hands of the Austiiaus. Spaniards, and 
 French, till, iu 1794. it fell to the latter, and was retained 
 by tlieni till 1814, when it was ultimately inc-oriX)rated with 
 Belgium. Pop. 26,94.3. This district of country is called 
 the UoRi.v.\c.E, and the miners are called Bor.u.ns. 
 
 MONS, mAN" or m6Nss, a village of France, department of 
 1226 ^ 
 
 Var, 19 miles N.E. of Draguignan. Near it is a magnificent 
 grotto. 
 
 MONSANTO, mon-sSn'to, a fortified town of Portugal, 
 province of Beira, 43 miles S.E. of Guardft, Pop. 130a 
 MONSARAS. a town of Portug.al. See Moxcaras. 
 MONS CADMUS. See Baba-Dagh. 
 
 MONS£gUR. mAxo^sAVtiR/, a town of France, department 
 of Gironde, near the right bank of the Dropt, 7 miles N.E. 
 of La Reole. Pop. 1344. 
 
 MONSELICE, mon-s.i-lec/ch.i, a walled town of Austrian 
 Italy, delegation and 13 miles S.W. of Padua, on the Canal 
 of Monselice, which extends from Padua to Este. Pop. 
 6400. 
 
 MONSERRAT, mon-s^R-Rilt/, or MONTSERRAT. mont-sJR. 
 R3t', a mountain of Spain, Catalonia, proi inco and 19 miles 
 N.AV. of Barcelona, near the right bank of the Llobregat. It is 
 3300 feet in height, and consists of a great number of lofty, 
 isolated peaks, between which the ascent is made witli great 
 difficulty. About midway up its E. side, stands the famous 
 monastery of the same name, in which Charles V, spent his 
 last days. It possesses an image of the Virgin, whose alleged 
 miraculous powers used to attract vast iiumliers of pilgrims; 
 and, perched on the surrounding rocks, are numbers of her- 
 mitages, several of which have been occupied by the most 
 distinguished saints of the Romish calendar. Asthe moun- 
 tain stands in the lino of the royal road from Msmresa, 
 across the Llobregat, advantage was taken of its strong 
 natural position in the war of independence, and several 
 fortifications were erected upon it. 
 
 MON'SEY, a post-office and station of Rockland co.. New 
 Y'ork, on the Erie Railroad, 37 miles from New York. 
 
 MONSIIEIM, (Monsheim.) nilins'hime, a vill.age of 'Wiir- 
 temberg, circle of Neckar, on the Ki-euzbach. Pop. 1011. 
 
 MONSOL, m6xo'sol', a village of France, department of 
 Rhone, 18 miles N.W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1238. 
 
 MON/SOX, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, on 
 the Piscataquis River, about 73 miles N.N.E. of Augnsta. 
 Pop. 708, 
 
 MONSON, a postvillage and township of Hampden co.. 
 Massachusetts, on the Chickopee River, on the New Londoii 
 Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, about 20 miles E. of 
 Springfield. It contains a flourishing academy, and haa 
 several satinet and cotton mills. Pop. .3164. 
 
 MON.STER, mOn'ster, a village of Holland, province of 
 South Holland, 15 miles W.N.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1540. 
 MOX'SUM RIVER, a small stream of York co., Maine, 
 falls into Kenuebunk Harbor. 
 
 MOXTA, mon'td, (L. MonUiia.) a village of Piedmont, di- 
 vision of Coni, immediately N.W. of Casale. Pop. of com- 
 mune, 2850. 
 
 MOXTABAUR. mon'ti-howR', a town of West Germany, 
 duchy and S miles X'^. of Xnssau. I'op. 2727, It has oil- 
 mills, and manufactures of linen and paper. 
 MOXTACUTE, a parish of England, co, of Somerset. 
 MOXTACUTO, mon'ta^koo'to, a market-town of Tuscany, 
 42 miles E.S.E. of Florence. 
 
 MOXTAFUXERTHAL, mon'ti-foo/ngr-tdr, a wild and ro- 
 mantic valley of Austria, Tyrol, in the S.E. of Vorarlberg, 
 near St. Peter, and traversed by the 111. It forms a district 
 of about 150 geographical square miles, includes 10 parishes, 
 is governed by its own landamman, and has a population 
 of 8900. Its chief town is Schruns. 
 
 MONTAGNA, mon-tin'yj. a town of Northern Italy, 2 
 miles E. of Sondrio. Pop. 1943. 
 
 MOXTAGNAC. niAso'tJuVilk', a town of South France, 
 department of Herault. on the Herault, 21 miles W.S.W. 
 of Montpellier. Pop. iu 1852, 3647. 
 
 MONTAGXAXA, mon-tSn-yd/nd, a town of Austrian Italy, 
 delegation and 23 miles S.M'. of Padua, on the Frassina. 
 Pop. 8200. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollen 
 and linen cloths, hats, and leather. 
 
 MOXTAGUE (mon'tagu) ISLAXD, one Of the New He- 
 brides, in the South Pacific. Lilt. 17° 20' S., Ion. 168° 17' E. 
 MONTAGXES ROCUEUSES. See Rocky Mountai.ns. 
 MOXT.iGUE, mon'ta-gu, a post-village and township of 
 Franklin co.. Massachusetts, about 36 miles X. of Springfield. 
 The township borders on the Connecticut, whicli is here 
 crossed by a bridge. It is intersected by tlie Vermont and 
 Massachusetts Railroad. A dam has been constructed across 
 the river at Turner's Falls, in the X. part of the township, 
 creating an immense hydraulic power. Navigation is facili- 
 tated by a canal around the falls, with 75 feet of lockage. 
 Montague has manufactures of cutlery, piano-fortes, leather, 
 rakes, '&c. Pop. 1593. 
 
 MOXT.IGUE, a post-township of Sussex co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Delaware River, about 85 miles N. of Trenton. Pop, 
 983. 
 
 MONT.iGUE, a post-village of Essex co., Virginia, 64 miles 
 E.X.E. of Richmond. 
 
 MOXTAGUE CAXAL. a post-village in Franklin co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the canal around Turiie~'s Falls, in the Con 
 necticut. about 85 miles W. bv N. of Boston. 
 
 MONT.\GUE (mon'ta-gu) ISLAND, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, off East Australia, lat. 3G° 18' S., lov, ISO'^ >4' E. 
 MONTAGUE ISLAND, an island iu the P« . f* ean, B «*■ 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Slan America, Prince William Sound, lat. 60° N., Ion. Ii6° 
 60' W. Length 50 miles, breadth 8 miles. 
 
 MONTAGUE and BRISTOL ISLANDS, in the Antarctic 
 Ocean, Int. 58° S.." Ion. 27° W. 
 
 MOXTAGUE ISLAND, on the S.E. coast of Australia ; lat. 
 86° 18' S., Ion. 150° 24' K. 
 
 MONTAGUE ISLAND, on the E. coast of China, province 
 of Clie-kiiing; lat. (E. point) 29° 10' N., Ion. 122° .V E. 
 
 MONTAGUE ISLAND, one of the Sandwich Lslands, in 
 the South Atlantic; lut. 5S° 27' S.. Ion. 26° W W. 
 
 MONTAGUE SOUND, in the Pacific Ocean, N.W. of Austra- 
 lia, lat. 14° 30' S., Ion. 12.5° 30' E. 
 
 JIONT.\IGU, mA.NO^ti^gu', (Flemish ScherpenJieuvd, sk5r'- 
 Pf n-hii'veV; the signification of both names being the same — 
 " sharp mountain,") a town of Uelgium, province of Bra- 
 bant, 28 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2267. 
 
 MONTAIGU, mdNoH.Vgu', a town of France, department 
 of Vendue, 20 miles N.N.E. of Bourbon- Vendee. I'op. 1330. 
 
 MONTAIGUT, mA.\<i^t.'i'gii'. or MONTAIGU, a small town 
 of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 16 miles N. of 
 Mois.sac. Pop. in 1852, 3279. 
 
 MONTAIGUT, mA.No'tVgii', or MONTAIGU, a small town 
 of France, department of Puy-de-Dome, 24 miles N.W. of 
 Riom. Pop. in 1852, 1652. 
 
 MONTAILLEUR, mA.No'tShVtm', a village of the Sardinian 
 States, province of Upper Savoy, 3 miles from Chambery. 
 I'op. 1108. 
 
 MONTAIMONT, mANO^t\'mAN"/, a village of the SardinLin 
 States, Savoy, 7 miles N. of St. Jean de Maurienne. P. 1500. 
 
 5KJNTALBAN, mon-tAl-bJn', a town of Spain, province 
 and 18 miles S. of Cordova. Pop. 2794. It was fortified un- 
 der the Moors. 
 
 MO.N'TALBAN. a market-town of Spain, province and 32 
 miles N.N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2902. 
 
 MONT ALBAN, (il'ban.) a village of AVarren Co., Missis- 
 sippi, on the railroad from Vicksburg to Jackson, 8 miles E. 
 of the former. 
 
 MONTALBANO, mon-tiil-bi'no, a town of Naples, province 
 of Basilicata. 26 miles S.S.W. of Matera. Pop. 2800. 
 
 BIONTALBODO, mon-tdl-bo/do, a village of Central Italy, 
 in the province of Aucona, about 19 miles W. of Anco:i». 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 MONT-ALCINO, a town of Tuscanj. See Moste Alciso. 
 
 JIONTALDO-DI-MONDOVI, mon-tll'do dee mon-do-vee', a 
 village of the Sardinian States, division of Coni, 6 mlleg 
 S. of Mondovi. Pop. 1S91. 
 
 MONTALDO-D'ACQUI, mon-tai'do dik^kee, a village of 
 the Sardiiiian States, division of Alessandria, province of 
 Acqui. Pop. 1020. 
 
 MONTALDO-KOERO, mon-til'do ro-.Vro, a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division of Coni, 6 miles from Alba. I'op. 
 1426. 
 
 MONTALDO-SCARAMPI, mon-ai'do ski-rlm'pee, a vil- 
 lage of the Sardinian States, province of Asti. Pop. 1055. 
 
 MONTALEGUE, mon-td-li'grA, a town of Brazil, province 
 of Pard, on the Amazon, 100 miles W. of Almeirim. Pop. of 
 district. 4000. 
 
 MONTALEGUE, mon-ti-l.VgrA, a marketrtown of Portugal, 
 province of Tras-os-Montes. 15 miles S.S.W. of Chaves. 
 
 M0NT,\LENG0, mon-td-l4n'go, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, 8 miles S. of Ivrea, on the Canal 
 of Caluso. Pop. 1340. 
 
 MONTALTO, mou-tdl'to, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division and 30 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria. Pop. 1222. 
 
 MONTALTO, a village of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Nice. 12 miles from St. Remo. Jfi>p. 1050. 
 
 MON I'ALTO. a village of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Turin. 2 miles N. of Ivrea, on the Dora. Pop. 1320. 
 
 MONTALTO, a town of Itjily, in the province of Ascoli, 8 
 miles N.N.E. of Ascoli. It is a bishop's see. Pope Sixtus V. 
 Wiis born here. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MONTALTO, (L. liabia), a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 8 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2430. 
 
 MONT ALTO, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 JIONTALVANKJO, mnn-tai-vd-uA/Ho, a town of Spain, 
 New Castile, 24 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1189. 
 
 MONTALVAO, mon-tai-vOwNO,/ a small fortified town of 
 Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 27 miles N.N.W. of Porta- 
 legre. 
 
 MONTALVO, mon-tjl'vo, a town of Spain, New Castile, 
 30 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1141. 
 
 MONTANARO, mon-ta-nd'ro. a town of Piedmont, divi- 
 sion, province, and 15 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop., includ- 
 ing ooniinune, 4400. It has a i-astle and 2 schools. 
 
 MONTANCIIES, mon-t3n'chJs, a town of Spain, province 
 and 20 miles S.E. of Caceres, with a town-house, prison, 2 
 professorships of Latin, and 3 elementary schools; a church, 
 a nunnt'ry, and several fountains; 50 ilour and oil mills. 
 Many of the iiih.ibitanta are engaged in different kinds of 
 traffic, exporting chiefly their hung beef and rich hams, 
 -which are much est^'^med. Pop. 5587. 
 
 MONTARGIL. mon-taR-zheel', a village of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Alemtejo, 42 miles S.W. of Portalegre. Pop. 1311. 
 
 MONTAKGIS, mox'taiOzhee', (L. MontarfgiumVellrmodum.) 
 1 town of France, department of Loiret, on the Loing, at { 
 
 the junction of the canals Brfare and Lolnff, 38 miles E. of 
 Orleans. Pop. in 1852, 7527. It has ruinij of walls, and of 
 an old castle, built by Charles V. of France. 
 
 MONT- ASTRUO, mANt-as'triik', a villag'! of France, depart 
 ment of Ilaute-Garonne, lu miles N.E. of Touluuse. P. 1200 
 
 MONTATAIRE. niAxoHd'taiR', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Oise, arrondis.'^ement of Senlis. with important iroo, 
 copper, and zinc works. Pop. in 1852. 2e67. 
 
 M0NTAU15AN. mAso'to'b6N«', (anc. Mrms Alba/nus.) a town 
 of France, capital of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, on 
 the right bank of the Tarn, and on the railway from lior. 
 deaux to Cette, 110 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 
 24,726. It is the see of a bishop, has a tribunal of commerce, 
 a chamber of manufiictures, a seminary with Protestant 
 faculty of theology, normal school, and library of 10,000 
 volumes. Montauban, founded in the middle of the 12th 
 century, was ineffectually bo^ieged by .Moutluc in 1580, and 
 by the troops of Louis NIII. in 1621. It was one of the first 
 towns which embraced the Reformation ; and has, in conse- 
 quence, been often subjected to the most cruel persecutions. 
 
 MONTAUD, mANo'tiV, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire, arrondissemcnt of St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 
 5726. 
 
 MONT.\L"DIN, mAso'toMix"'. a market-town of France, 
 department and 17 miles W.N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 1484. 
 
 MON^T.iUK', apostrvillage of Dent co., Missouri, 110 miles 
 S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 MONTAUK POINT, a high promontory at the eastera 
 extremity of I.ong Island, against which the waves of the 
 .\tlautic beat with tremendous violence. It contains a fixed 
 light, 161 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 4' 12" 
 N., Ion. 71° 51' 54" W. The firm sea air here, together with 
 the wildness and grandeur of the scenery, attracts many 
 visitors during the summer season. 
 
 MONTAZZOLI, mou-tdt/so-le, a town of Naples, province 
 of Abruzzo Citra, 17 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 2100. 
 
 MONTBARD, mA.No'baR', (L. Mons Jiarrus,) a town of 
 France, department of Cote-d'Or, on the Burgundy Canal, 
 and on the railway from Paris to Lyons. 9 miles N. of Semur. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2719. It is the birth-place of the naturalists 
 Buffon and Daubenton. 
 
 MONTBAZON, mAN«'bd'zAx<:', (L. Mans-Bimmu,) & town of 
 France, department of Indre-et-Loire, on the ludre, 8 miles 
 S. of Tours. Pop. 1180. 
 
 MONTlifiLIARD, mANo'biMe-aR/, or MONTBELLIARD, 
 mA-N'o^b^rie-aR/, (L. Jllrms-PiUiger ; Ger. Miimpelgard, miim'- 
 pel-gaRt\) a town of F'rance, department of Doubs, 40 milea 
 E.N.E. of Be.san^on, on the Rhine and Rhone Junction Ca- 
 nal. Pop. iu 1852, 6144. It has a communal college and 
 public library, and manufactures of woollen and linen fab- 
 rics and mu.'flins. 
 
 MONT BLANC, mA.v" blS.vo', (It. Nmte liiancn, mon/ti be- 
 dn'ko; L. Mmis AVImx; both names, as well as the French 
 Mimt BUinc, signifying " ANhite Mountain,") a celebrated 
 mountain of the Alps of Savoy, the highest in Europe, iu 
 lat. 45° 49' 58" N., Ion. 6° 51' 54" E. The elevation, as given 
 by the Italian engineers, is 15,810 feet; but this varies to 
 an extent of several feet, according to the amount of con- 
 densed snow on its summit. Limit of the snow line, 8000 
 feet above the sea; 34 glaciers bound the chain of Mont 
 Blanc, occupying a surface estimated at 95 square miles. 
 The largest and most complex of these is the ikr de Glace, 
 (■' sea of ice,") the lower part of which, called the Glacier cits 
 Bois. (the "glacier of the woods,") gives rise to the river 
 Arvciron, 2 miles above Chamouni. Mont Blanc was first 
 ascendeil by Paccard, 8th August, 1786. 
 
 MONTBLANCH, mont-bldnk', a town of Spain, province 
 and 17 miles N.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 4114. 
 
 M0NTBK£iIAIN, mAK«:br;l^hix°/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Aisne, arrondissement of St. Quentin. Pop. in 
 1852, 2023. 
 
 MONTBRISON, mAN»'bree'zAN»', (L. Mmtbrismuim,) a 
 town of France, capital of the department of Loire, 234 miles 
 S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 5994. It has a normal school, 
 and a public library of 15.000 volumes, but no manufactures. 
 It communicates by railway with the Loire, and with the line 
 from Roanne to Lyons. In its vicinity are mineral springs. 
 
 MONTBRON, mAxo'brAN^', a town of France, department 
 of Charente, 16 miles E. of Angouleme. Pop. 1235. 
 
 MONTBKUN, mA.No'brQxo/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaute-Garonne, 33 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 
 1570. 
 
 MONTCALM, mont-kdm', a new county in the S.W. cen- 
 tral part of Michigan, has an area of 580 square miles. It 
 is principally drained by Flat and Pine Rivers, and Fish 
 Creek. The soil is fertile. Capital, Greenville or Stanton. 
 Named in honor of General Montcalm, who fell in the 
 defence of Quebec, in 1759. Pop. 396.8. 
 
 MONTCALM, a post-village and township of Montcalm co., 
 Michigan, .about 50 miles N.W. of Lansing. Pop. 364. 
 
 MONTCALM, a post-ofBce of Bienville parish. Louisiana. 
 MONTCEL, raA.\-='sM/, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Savoy Proper. 5 miles from Aix. Pop. 1115. 
 
 MONT CENIS, mAs" sgh-nee', (It. Monte Cenisin, mon'ti 
 ehi-nee'se-o,) one of the most remarkable summits of the 
 
 12:^7 
 
 J 
 
MOJg 
 
 MON 
 
 Ali;«, ^n the limits ol Savoy stnd Piedmont ; lat. (of hospice) 
 4fj° 14' 8" N., Ion. 6° 56' 1 1" K. The road in the pass of Mont 
 Cenls, madu b}- the French in 1808 to ISll, is one of the most 
 frequented across the Alps. Uighest point 6775 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 MONT CERVIX. (Germ. Matt^rltarn.) See CeRVIN. 
 
 MOXTCOKXET, mA.\o'koR'n.V, a market-towa of France, 
 department of Aisne. Pop. in 1852, 1783. 
 
 MOXTCUQ, a village of France. See MOSCUQ. 
 
 MOXT-DAUI'IIIX, m6xGMO'f4N«', a small fortified town 
 of France, department of Ilautes-Aliies, on a height beside 
 the Durance. 10 miles X.E. of Embrun. Pop. 66!). 
 
 MOXT-DE-MAUSAX, miN^-deh-maR'sJ.No', (L. Mons Mar- 
 ticnii,) a town of France, department of Laudes, at the junc- 
 tion of the Douze and Midou, which here form the navigable 
 Midouze, and are spanned by handsome bridges, 62 miles 
 E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 4463. It has a communal 
 college, and mineral warm batlis. Manufactures comprise 
 common woollen cloths, blankets, sail-cloth, and leather, 
 and by its po.Mtiou on the navigable river Midouze, it has 
 become an entrepot for the wines, brandies, wool, and agri- 
 cultural produce of the surrounding country. 
 
 MOXTDIDIKU, mAx-oMee'de-A/, (L. Motis Desidelrii.) a 
 market'town of France, department of Somme, 21 miles S.K. 
 of Amiens. Pop. in 1852, 4063. It has remains of old forti- 
 fications, a towu-hall, a prison, communal college, and ex- 
 tensive manufactures of hosiery. 
 
 MOXTDIDIEK, a village of France, department of 
 Meurthe, arrondissement of Chateau-Salius. 
 
 MOXT-DOR, France. See Dor. 
 
 MOXTDKAGOX or MOXDRAGON, mANoMra'gijKo/, (L. 
 Mons Draco>nis.) a town of France, department of Vaucluse, 
 on the Lez. 20 miles X.X.W. of Avignon. Pop. 1769. 
 
 MONTE ALCIXO, mon't.i ai-chee'no. or MOXT-ALCIXO, 
 mon-tjl-chee'no, an episcopal city of Tuscany, province and 
 20 miles S.S.E. of Sienna. Pop. 3800. It has a fine cathedral, 
 restored in 1832, and a castle. 
 
 MOXTE ALEGKE, mon'td Mi/gr.i, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 30 miles S.E. of Albacete, in a narrow valley, 
 overlooked by a ruined Moorish castle. Pop. 3490. 
 
 MONTE-ALTO, monHrl-il'to, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Bahia. comarca of Urabu. 
 
 MOXTl-:-APERTO, mon'tl-a-pjR'to, a village of SicUy, pro- 
 vince and 3 miles W.X.AV. of Girgenti. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MOXTEBELLO, mon'tA-b^mo, a town of Northern Italy, 
 delegation and 10 miles S.W. of Yicenza. Pop. 4000. It 
 has 2 castles, and several churches. 
 
 MOXTEBELIiO, a village of Northern Italy, Piedmont, 
 division and 23 miles E.X.E. of Alessandria, and from a 
 victory over the Austrians near which. Marshal Ijinnes 
 derived his title of Duke de Montebello. A battle was 
 fbuiiht here between the Austrians and French in 1812. 
 
 M0XTE15ELLUXA, mon'ti-li4l-Ioo'n,i a market-town of 
 Austrian Italy, delegation and 13 miles W.X.W. of Trevi.«o. 
 
 M0XTEBE8CARIA. mon^ti-b^s-ka're-3, or MOXTEBEC- 
 CARIA, mon^tA-bck-k4're-3, a village of Piedmont, division 
 of Alessandria. 7 miles S.W. of Pavia. Pop. 2&41. 
 
 MOXTE BIAXCO. See Mom Blaxc. 
 
 MOXTKBOUUG, mJs'i'teh-lwR', (L. Mmttis Bur'gus,) a 
 town of France, department of Manche, 15 miles S.S.E. of 
 Cherbourg. Pop. in 1852, 2471. 
 
 MOXTECALVO, monH.Vkil'vo, a town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Ultni, 14 miles E.X.E. of Benevento. P. 4900. 
 
 MOXTE-CAVO or MOUNT CAVO. See Alb.^no. 
 
 MOXTECARLO, monXA-kanlo, a town of Tuscany, SO 
 miles W.X.W. of Florence. Pop. 2960. 
 
 MONTE-CAROTTO, mon'tA-kl-rot'to, a town of Central 
 Italv, in the pro%ince of Anconii, and 24 miles W-S.W. of 
 Ancona. Pop. 2800. 
 
 MONTE-CASIXO, mon'ti-kl-see'no, a celebrated Benedic- 
 tine abtiey. of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, on a moun- 
 tain near San Gormano, with a Hfcrary of 19,000 volumes. 
 
 5I0XTECASTELL0, mon'tA-ki»-tel1o, a village of the 
 Sardinian Slates, 4 miles N.E. of Alessandria, on the Tanaro. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 MOXTE-CATIXI. mon'td-kJ-tee'nee, a village of Tuscany, 
 government and 29 miles W. of Florence. Pop. 2600. It 
 has tliermal springs, and elegant baths, the most celebrated 
 In Tuscany. 
 
 MONTECATIXI DI TAL DI XIEA-OLE, mon^a-k3-tee'- 
 nee dee vdl de ne-.Vvo-li, a town of Tuscany, province of 
 Florence. S.E. of Pisa, Pop. 2782. 
 
 MOXTECCtllO. mon-tJk'keK), a market-town of Modena, 
 on the Enza, 8 miles W. of Reggio. 
 
 MOXTECCniO MAGGIORE, mon-tjknie-o mdd-jo'rA, a 
 village of Austrian Italy, delegation and 7 miles S.W. of 
 Vicenza. Pop. 4200. 
 
 JIOXTE-CEUBOLI. mon'tA-ch?Rnxi-le. a villace of Tus- 
 cany, province and 40 mil-.-s S.S.E. of Pisa. Near it are the 
 femous borax la^'oons of the grand-duchy. 
 
 MOXTECH. m6x»'t^sh', (L. ifonlinium',) a town of France, 
 department of Tarn-et-Garonne. 7 miles W.S.W. of Montau- 
 ban. on an affluent of the tiaroniie. Pop. 1700. 
 
 MOXTECUl ARO, mon'tA-ke-d/ro. a market-town of North 
 Italy, liou^bardy, delegation and 12 miles S.E. of Brescia, on 
 1228 
 
 the Chiese. Pop. 6600, who manufacture silk stufTs. Here 
 the Austrians were defeated by the French in 17V6 
 
 MOXTECHIAKO DASTI, mon^ake-d'ro dds/tw. a iovra 
 of -North Italy. Piedmont, division and 27 miles W^X.W. of 
 Ales.<andria. Poji. 2084. 
 
 MONTECIIIARUGOIX), mon'tA-ke-a-roo'go-lo. a village of 
 Italy, province, and 10 miles S.E. of Parma, on the Enza. 
 Pop. 3967. 
 
 MOXTE-CHRISTI, mon'tVkris'tee, a maritime town of 
 Ilayti. capital of an arrondissement, on its X. coa.'-t, 30 mile* 
 E. of Cape Ilaytien, near the mouth of the river, and on the 
 declivity of the mountain range of Monte-Christi, whenc«« 
 its name. Pop. 30iK). 
 
 MOXTE-CIIRISTI or MOXTE-CRISTI, mon't-i-kris'tee, a 
 town of South .\merica. Ecuador, department and 96 miles 
 N.W. of Guavaijuil. 
 
 MOXTh^CilKISTO, xaoxCtk kris'to, (ane. OgUtsa.) an island 
 in the Mediterranean. Wlonging to Tuscany, province of 
 Sienna. 26 miles S. of Elba. 
 
 MOXTECRESTESE, mon"tA-kr?s-tl's.A, a village of the 
 Sardinian Stites. division of Xovara, 6 miles from Domo 
 d'Ossola. Pop. 1316. 
 
 MCXTECUCCULO, mon'tA-kook'koo-lo, a village of North 
 Italy, dominion and 22 miles S.S.W. of Modena ; the birth- 
 place of Raymond de Moutecuccoli. 
 
 M0XTE-DELL.\-SH5ILLA, mou't.UlJria-se-bil'lil, one of 
 the .\peuiuuf Mountains uf Central Italy, in Umbria,province 
 of Spoleto, and 20 miles X.E. of Sixileto. Height 7212 feet. 
 
 MOXTE FAXO, mon't.-l-fd'no, a markot-town of It,ily, in 
 the province of JIacerata, and 8 miles N. of Macerata. 
 Pop, 3370. 
 
 MONTEFALCO, mon't.VfJnio, a town of Central Italy, 
 province uf Spoleto, 14 miles N.X.W. of Spoleto. Pop. 35.50. 
 
 5I0XTEFALC0XE. nion'td-fai-ko'nA, a town of Xaples, 
 province of Molise, 14 miles X.W. of Larino. 
 
 MOXTEFALCOXE, a town of Xaples, province of Capt 
 tanata. district of Bovina. Pop. 3900. 
 
 MONTEFALCIOXE. mon'tA-lal-«ho'nA, a village of Xaples, 
 PrinciiMito Ultra. 5 miles X.E. of Avellino. Pop. 2700. 
 
 MOXTEFIASCOXE, mon'tA-fe-3s-ko'nA, a town of Central 
 Italy, Pontifical States. 9 miles N.N.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 
 4809. It stands on a hill, occupying the site of au ancient 
 Etruscan city, of which some remains exist; its cathedral 
 cupola, and several other buildings, are the works of San 
 Michele. 
 
 MONTE-FILTTRAXO, mon'tA-fe-le-tra'no. a market-town 
 of Central Italy, in the Marches, 15 miles S.W. of Ancona. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 JIOXTEFORTE, mon'tA-foR'tA, a marketrtown of .Austrian 
 Italy, delegation and 14 miles E. of Verona. Pop. 1700. 
 
 MON'TEFORTE, a market-town of Xaples, province of 
 Principato Ultra. 5 miles W.S.W. of .\vellino. Pop. 3500. 
 
 MONTE-FRIO, mon'td-free'o, a (uoderu town of .Spain, pro- 
 vince and 22 miles W.X.W. of Granada. It has 8 Hour and 
 7 oil mills, 3 manufactories of soft soap, a brandy distillery, 
 and 4 fulling-mills. Pop. 7903. 
 
 M0XTEFUSC0,.mon't,A-foos1i0,atown of Xaples, province 
 of Principato Ultra, 9 miles X.N.E. of Avellino. I'op. 2200. 
 It is a bishop's see, and has some manufactures of woollen 
 stuffs. 
 
 MOXTEGICAR. See Moxtejic.^r. 
 
 M0NTF.-G10RGI0. mon'tA-joR/jo, a market-town of Cen 
 tral Italy, in the Miirches, 20 miles S.W. of Fermo. P. 3660. 
 
 MOXTEGO (mon-tee^go) BAY, a seaport town on the X.W. 
 coast of Jamaica, ca|iital of the co. of Cornwall, on a bay of 
 same name, with a harbor protected by a breakwater, but 
 still somewhat exposed to a heavy swell from the X. ; lat. 
 (fort) 18° 29' 24" X., Ion. 77° 56' W. It is defended by a 
 battery, has a courtrhouse, where the assizes are held, and 
 carries on a considerable trade. Pop. aliout 4000. 
 
 MOXTJ-MJRAXARO, mon'tl-grd-ni'ro. a village of Central 
 Italy, in the Marches, about 6 miles N.W, uf Fermo, Pop. 
 4000. 
 
 MONTEGROSSO D'ASTI, mon'tA-gros'.'JO dis'tee, a market- 
 town of Piedmont, division of Alessandria, 6 miles S.S,E. of 
 Asti, Pop. 2177. 
 
 'M0XT1;IIERM0S0, mon'tA-^R-mo'so, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 52 miles X, of Caceres, Pop. 2860, 
 
 MOXTEITII or MEXTEITH, mon-teeth', a pictuie.=que 
 district of Scotland, in the S.W, part of the co, of Perth, on 
 the Teith. Length about 24 miles. 
 
 MOXTEITII or MEXTEITH, Port of, a village and 
 parish of Scotland, in a district of same name, 8 niilos AV. 
 of Doune, including Lochs A'ennachoir and Monieith ; the 
 latter lake has a circuit of alxiut 7 miles, riihly wooded 
 banks, and beautiful islands, on one of which are ruin? of 
 a castle of the ancient Earls of Monteith or Meiiteith, t 
 branch of the Graham family. Pop, 1446. 
 
 MOXTEITII'VILLE, a post-office of StafTord co., Virginia. 
 
 MOXTEJ.\QUE, mon-ti-nd'kA, a town of Spain, proMiir* 
 of Mala^'a. 4 miles W. of Ronda. I'op. 1363. 
 
 MONTEJICAR, MOXTEGICAR or .MOXTEXICAR, mnn-' 
 t.A-He-kaR', a town of Spain, province and 27 miles E,N,E. of 
 Granada. Pop. 2455. 
 
 MOXTELEOXE, mon'tA-lA-«'n4, (anc. Hippo/mum or n/to.^ 
 
MOiV 
 
 MON 
 
 a town of Xaples, province of Calabria Ultra, 11 milns K. of 
 Tro|i«a. Cop. 2500. It stands ou the slope of a hill, com- 
 manded by a fine old castle. 
 
 MO.NTK LEONE, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 
 7 miles S.VV. of Bnvino. I'op. 2')00. 
 
 MONTEIjIMAIIT, mAx<''ti'Iee^maR/,(anf Mons Adhemari?) 
 a city of France, department of Drome, 26 miles S. of Va- 
 lence, on the Houbinn, and on the railway from Lyons to 
 Avij^non. Pop. in 1852, 9862. It is built on the slope of a 
 hill, crowned by a citadel, and has a communal college. 
 The vicinity is covered with rich vineyards, plantations of 
 mulberry trees, and orchards. 
 
 Mi>X'rELL.\, mon-t^l'ld, a town of Xaples, province of 
 Priucipatfi Ultra, 12 miles E.S.E. of Avellino. Pop. 6S00. 
 
 MOXTELtiANO, mon-tjl-yd'no, a town of Spain, province 
 and :52 miles S.S.K. of Seville. Pop. 4013. 
 
 M0NXEL,XO,u post-village, capital of Marquette co., Wis- 
 consin, in Montello township and on i'ox River, .55 m.N.of Ma- 
 dison. It iiasichurches, (■> stores, and 1 mill. Total pop. 767. 
 
 MONTELOVEZ, a town of Mexico. See Cohahuila. 
 
 MONTELUPO, mon^t-l-loo'po, a marketrtown of Tu.scany, 
 12 miles VV.S.W. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 1370. 
 
 MONTE IjUPONE, mon'tA loo-po'nA. a market-town of 
 Italy, in the province of Macerata, C}^ miles N.N.E. of 
 M;i<"<Tat,a. Pop. 3660. 
 
 MONTE MAGGIORE, mon'ti mad-jo'ril, a market-town 
 of i<icily, 29 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 5800. 
 
 ,AIONTEMA«NO, mon'tA-man'yo, a town of the Sardinian 
 State.=, division and 15 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 
 2538. 
 
 MOXTEMALE, monHi-mJa'i, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Coni, in the valley of the Grana. Pop. 
 1515. 
 
 MO.NTEM.A^RANO, mon*t.i-mJ-r3/no, a town and bishop's 
 see of Nat'les. 10 miles E. of Avellino. Pop. 1800. 
 
 JIONTIl-MARCIANO, mon'tA-maR-chd'no. a market-town 
 of Central Italy, in the province of Ancona, 10 miles W.N.W. 
 ofAncfiiia. Pop. 44S5. 
 
 MONTE-MAYOR, mon^tA-mi-oB', a town of Spain, province 
 and 14 miles S.S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 3192. 
 
 MONTE-MILETTO, mon'ti-me-l^t/to, a town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Ultra, 9 miles N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 
 2400. 
 
 MONTEMILONE, mon'tA-me-lo/n.A, a market-town of Na- 
 ples, province of Ba.silicata, 9 miles E.N.E. of Veno.sa. 
 
 MONTE.MOLIN, mon-ti-nio-leen', a village of Spain, Estre- 
 madura, CO miles S.E. of Badajos. The son of Don Carlos 
 takes from this place his title of Count of Montemolin. 
 Pop. 2220. 
 
 MONTEMOR, a town of Brazil. See Mamanguape. 
 
 MONTE-MORENO, mon'ti mo-rA'no, a conical mountain 
 of Brazil, forming a promontory on the S. of the Bay of 
 Espirito-Santo, province of that name. 
 
 MONTEMOR-NOVO, mon-tA-moR/ no'vo, a town of Brazil, 
 province and 60 miles S. of Ccara. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MONTi:MOR-0-NOyO, mon-t.i-moR^vno/vo, (i. e. "New 
 Montemor,"") a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 22 
 miles AV.N.W. of Evora. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MONTE^IOR-O-VELIIO, mon-tA-moRA>v?l'yo, ("Old Mon- 
 temor,") a town of Portugal, province of Beira, on the Mon- 
 dego, 12 miles W.S.AV. of Coimbra. Pop. 2550. 
 
 MONTEMURRO, mon-tA-moon'Ro, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of I'asilicata, 24 miles S.S.E. of I'otenza. Pop. 5IX>0. 
 
 3IONTENAKEN, mon't.^-uii'ken, or MONTENAEKEN, 
 Trion'tVn.i"ken, a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 
 1.'' miles S.S.W. of Ilasselt. It is an ancient place, was once 
 defended by a strong castle, and Is memoral)le for a great 
 batt!e fought in its vicinity, in 1213, between the Liegeois 
 «nd Brabanijons, when the latter were defeated with a loss 
 tf 3000 killed, and 4000 prisoners. Pop. 877. 
 
 MONTENDRE, mAN«H6Nd'r', a market-town of France, 
 department of Charente-Inferieure, 11 miles S. of Jonzac. 
 Pop. 1041. 
 
 MONTENEGRO, monH;\-ni/gro, t. e. "Black Moimtain," 
 (Turk. Karadagli, kS'rJ'ddg ; Native Cernognra or Tzernotjora, 
 tsjR'uo-go'rd.) a small independent country of European Tur- 
 key, between lat. 42° 10' and 42° 56' N., Ion. 18° 41' and 20° 
 22' E.. biuuded E. by Herzegovina and Austrian Albania, 
 (Cattaro,) and on the other sides by Turkish AUiania. Area 
 estimated at 450 square miles, and pop. in 1S48. at 100.000, 
 mostly belr.ngiiig to the Greek church, ignorant and super- 
 .<^itious. The sui-face forms a series of elevateil ridges of 
 limestone rocks, with lofty mountain peaks, some of wliich 
 are 5000 or 6000 feet in elevation, and are generally covereil 
 with valuable timber. The country is divided into 8 depart- 
 ments : government republican, under the protection of the 
 Ozar of ilussia. The Vladika is high priest, civil governor, 
 and commander-in-chief of the army. In ancient times this 
 country formed part of lUyricum ; it was afterwards a dis- 
 trict of Servia. The chief families of Montenegro have been 
 educated in St. Petersburg and appointed to grades in the 
 Russian army; and the annual tribute due to the Porte 
 (about 4000/.) has long been paid by a remittance from the 
 Emperor of Russia. In 1853, the Turks sent an army of 
 B4,000 men against Montenegro, with the view of reducing 
 
 it to complete subjection; but after some sanguinary "on- 
 tiicts the Turks were induced to recall their army without 
 having accomplished the object of the expedition. 
 
 M0.NTENF;R0, monHA-n.Vro, a town of Naples, province 
 of Molise, 11 miles N.N.AV. of Lai-ino. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MONTENOTTE, mon'tA-noft-i, a village of Sardinia, diTi 
 ,«ion and 26 miles W. of Genoa, in the .Apennines. Here the 
 French defeated the Austrian."!. April 11, 1796. 
 
 MONTEODORISIO, a town of Naples. See MontodorisiO. 
 
 MONTE-PAG.\NO. monHA-pJ-gd'no, a market-town of 
 Naples, Abruzzo Ultra I., near the Adriatic, 15 miles E. of 
 Teramo. 
 
 MONTEPELOSO, monHA-pA-lo'so, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Basiiicata, 24 miles E.N.E. of I'otenza. Pop. 3100. 
 
 MONTEPULCIANO. mon'tA-pool-ohd'no. a town of Central 
 Italy. Tuscany, 26 miles S.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 2814. It 
 stands on a mountain enclo.sed by an embattled wall. Car- 
 dinal Bellarmine is said to have been born here. Monte- 
 pulciano is an ancient Etruscan city, and has many interest- 
 ing remains. 
 
 MONTEREALE, mon'tA-rA-d'lA, a fortified town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 14 miles N.W. of Aquiia. 
 Pop. 51500. 
 
 MONTEREAU, mAN«Heh-ro', (ane. Omdaltc or OnulafU Sena- 
 num.) a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, at the 
 junction of the Seine and Yonne, 16 miles E.S.E. of Melun, 
 on the railway to Troyes. Pop. in 1852, 6545. It has ex- 
 tensive manufactories of earthenware. Steamers ply hence 
 to Paris. In 1814, it was the sceneof lionaparte's last victory. 
 
 MONTEHEGGIONE, mon'tA-rJd-jo'nd, a walled town of 
 Tuscany, 8 miles from Sienna. 
 
 MONTEREY, mon-tA-rA', a city of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, capital of New Leon, on the Tigre, at the head of a 
 large and beautiful valley, 85 miles E. by N. of Saltillo; lat. 
 26° N., Ion. 100° W. It ha^s well-paved streets, houees of 
 sto7ie, in the Moorish style, with tlut roofs, and is the most 
 important place in North Mexico. Near it are gold, silver, 
 and lead mine.s. Pop. about 12,000. It was taken in 1846, 
 by the United States army under General Taj'lor. 
 
 Monterey, mon-teh-rA/, a county in the western portion 
 of California, has an area of about 4000. s<iuare miles. It is 
 bounded on the AV. by the Pacific, on the E. by the coast 
 range of mountains, and partly on the N. by the Pajaro River, 
 and is drained by the Salinas (or S.an Buenaventura) and 
 Carmel Rivers, and by the Arroyos of San Bruito and Nact 
 miento, with their tributaries. The county is naturally 
 divided into three valleys, known as San .Tuan. Salin.as, and 
 Carmel. The first of*thes« has an extent of about 70 by 9 
 miles, the second about 18 by 12, and the third about 15 by 3. 
 Much of the soil is rich and productive. Gold has been found 
 at San Antonio and in Carmel Valley, and silver has been 
 discovered In small quantities. In the upper portion of 
 Salinas Valley are some sulphur springs. Capital, Monterey. 
 Pop. 4739. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post- township of Berk.shire co., Massachu- 
 setts, about 125 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has manufac- 
 tories of paper, woollen goods, rakes, &c. Pop. 768. 
 
 5I0NTEIIEY, a post-oflice of Dutchess co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 MONTEREY, a village of Alleghany co., Penn.sylvanla, on 
 the Monongahela River, 4 miles above Pittsburg. 
 
 MONTEREY, a postrofflce of Berks co., I'enn.^ylvania. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village, capitAl of Highland co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Staunton and I'arkersburg turnpike, 180 miles 
 W.N.W. of Richmond. Pop. over 100. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-ofBce of Butler co., Alabama. 
 
 MONTEREY, a small village of Itawamba co., MississippL 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-office of Rankin co., Mississippi. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village of Cass co., Texas, at the N. 
 end of Soda Lake, about 30 miles N.W. of SUreveport, in 
 Louisiana. It is a shipping point for cotton. 
 
 Mi)NTEREY, a small post-village of McNalry co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 MONTEREY, a thriving village of Owen CO., Kentucky, 
 on tb.e Kentucky River, at Lock and Dam No. 3. 
 ' MONTEREY, a post-offlce of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 MONTEREY', a township in Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 640. 
 
 JIONTEREY, a post-oflTice of Allegan co., Michigan. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-office of Puhiski co., Indiana. 
 
 MONTEREY, a small post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, 
 on the Illinois River. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 MONTEREY', a village in Lee co., Iowa, ou the Mississippi 
 River, 90 miles S. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MONTEREY, a port of entry and city, capital of Jlonterey 
 CO., California, situated on Monterey Bay. and on the road 
 from San Jo.se to Los Angeles, 94 miles S.S.E. of San Eran- 
 Cisco, lat. 36° 35' N. A mission was founded hero in 1776, 
 by Father Junipero Serra. The place subsequently became 
 the capital of California, which distinction it lost in 1847 
 A city charter was granted April 30, 1S51. and a second May 
 11, 1853. The harbor is open to N. winds, but is protected 
 from theS. It is of good depth, and has excellent anchorage. 
 
 1229 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Ihe S- Unas Talley depends on this port for its supplies. 
 See Apl'k.jjdix. 
 
 MONTEREY LANDING, a post-office of Concordia parish, 
 I^ui-iiana. 
 
 JIO.VTERODUNI, mon-ti-ro-doo'nee, a town of Naples, 
 prOTlnce of Sfolise, 4 miles S. of Iseruia. Pop. 17-10. 
 
 MONTKRONI, mon-t4-ro'nee. a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Otranto. 5 miles W.S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MOXTERONI, a town of Tuscany. 10 miles S.E. of Sienna. 
 Pop. 3307. 
 
 MONTE-ROSA, mon'tA-ro'si. a mountain of the Pennine 
 Alps, inferior in elevation onlv to Moiit-IUanc. from which 
 If is distant 50 miles E.N.E., on the boundary between the 
 Valais and Piedmont, lat. 45° 56' 1" X.. Ion. 7=' 52' 10" K. 
 Height of its principal summit estimated at 15.20S feet^ It 
 sends out ramifications to all the cardinal points, its loftiest 
 peaks being on its N. and S. limbs. 
 
 MONTE-KOSSO, mon'tA-ros'so. a town of Naples, Sicily, 
 province and 27 miles ^V.N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 6600. 
 
 MONTE-ROSSO, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra, district and 10 miles E.N.E. of Monteleone. Pop. 2200. 
 
 MONTEKOSSO, a vilLige of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, 4 miles from Levanto. Pop. 1199. 
 
 MONTEKOSSO. a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 Pf Coni, on the Grana. Pop. 1220. 
 
 MONTy.-ROTONI)0, mon't4-ro-ton'do, a town of Central 
 Italy, situated 26 miles S.S.AV. of Rieti. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MONTE-ROTONDO, the loftiest mountain of Corsica, 26 
 miles N.E. of Ajaccio. Height 8763 feet. 
 
 MONTE-RURBIANO, mou'tA-roob-yi'no, a town of Cen- 
 tral Italv, in the province of Fermo, and 5 miles S. of Fernio. 
 Pop. 2o0b. 
 
 MONTERRUBIO, mon't?R-Roo'be-o, a town of Spain, pro- 
 Tince and 78 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 3206. 
 
 MONTES.\. mon-tA'sd, a town of Spain, province, and 38 
 miles S. of Aalencia. 
 
 MONTE SAN fi I ULIANO, mon'tA sin joo-le-S'no. or OLD 
 TRAP.^NI, trd-pd'nee, a town of Sicily, province of Trapani, 
 on a high mountain, (the ancient E/ryx.) 27 miles N.N.E. of 
 Marsala. Pop. 7500. It is enclosed by a dilapidated wall, 
 ftnd its churches and convents are mostlj- in ruins. On the 
 mountain Eryx once stood a far-famed temple of Venus, of 
 which a few granite pillars remain. 
 
 MONTES.\NO, mon-tA-sd'no, a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Citra, 11 miles S.E. of Diano. Pop. 
 6000. 
 
 MONTE-SAN-SAVIXO, mon'tA-san-sa-vee/no. a town of 
 Tuscany, 12 miles S.S.VV. of Arezzo.* Pop. 4098. It stands 
 on a lofty hill enclo.<ie(l by walls. 
 
 MONTE-SAN-SAVINO, njon^t,A-sJn-sJ-vee'no, a town of 
 Tuscanv, 37 miles S.E. of Florence. Pop. 4121. 
 
 MONTE SANT'AXGELO, mon'uisant-ah'j.A-lo, a town of 
 Naples, province of Cnpitanata, on the S. slope of Jlount 
 Gargano, 28 miles N.E. of Foggia. Pop. (iOOO. It has a cas- 
 tle, and remains of a Roman temple. 
 
 MONTE SANTA MARIA, mon'tA sdn'ti md-ree/J, a town 
 of Central Italy, province of Perugia, and 25 miles N.N.AV. 
 of Perugiii. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MONTE SANTO. See Athos, Mount. 
 
 MONTE-SANTO, mon'tA-sin'to, a town of Italy in the 
 province of Macerata, and 10 miles E.N.E. of Macerata, on 
 a hill neai- the Adriatic, where it has a small haven lor fish- 
 ing-boats. Pop. 6818. 
 
 MONTE-SANTO, a village of Italy, in the province of 
 Spoleto. and 15 miles N.E. of Spoleto. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MONTE-SANTO, a town of Brazil, province and 210 miles 
 N.W. of Bahia. 
 
 MONTE-SARCIIIO, mon'tA-saP.'ke-o, a large walled town 
 of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 13 miles N.N.W. of 
 Avellino. Pop. 4600. 
 
 MONTE-SCAGLIOSO, monHA-skll-yo/so, a town of Naples, 
 province of liasilicata, 9 miles S.S.E. of Matera. Pop. 6100. 
 
 MONTE-SCUDAJO, mon'tA-skoo-dd'yo. a village of Tuscar 
 ny, province of Pisa, 22 miles S.E. of Leghorn. Pop. 1053. 
 
 MONTE-SCUDOLO. m.in'tA-skoo'do-lo. a town of Central 
 Italy, Hbont 9 miles S.S.E. of Khnini. Po)). 1915. 
 
 MONTE-SI LVA NO, monHA-sil-vA/no, a village of Naple* 
 province of Abruzzo Citra, 4 miles N.W. of Pescara. Pop. 
 1000. 
 
 MONTESQUIEU. raix='tfs'ke-Lh/, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Gers. 10 miles W.S.W. of Auch. Pop. 2000. 
 
 M0NTESQU1EU-LAURAGA18, mA.NO^tJs'ke-uh' loVdVA/. 
 a town of France, department of Ilaute-Garonne, 28 miles 
 S.S.W. of Toulouse, on the Arize. Pop. 1320. 
 
 MONTESQUI EU-VOLVESTRE. m*N«H^s^ke-uh' voP vjsfr', 
 « town of France, department of Garonne, 29 miles S. of 
 Xouleuse. Pop. in 1852. 3918. 
 
 MONTESSON. mAN'^t^sVAsti', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seiu<-ct-Oise, arrondi.-sement of Versailles. P. 1706. 
 
 MONTEUX,.mANoHuh', (L. Montilii.) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Vaucluse, 11 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. in 
 1852. 4607. 
 
 MOXTEU-DU-PO. mAso'tuh'dU po, a village of the Partli- 
 nian States, division and 18 miles N.E. of Turin, on the Po 
 Pop. 1070. 
 
 1230 
 
 MONTEU-ROERO, m^NO-tuh' ro\A'ro', a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, division of Coni, 3 miles from Cansle. Pop 
 2600. 
 
 MONTE-VAGO; mon'tA-vd/go, a town of Sicily, province 
 of Girgenti.on the Belici. 16 miles N.W. of Sciacca. P. 3000. 
 
 MONTEVAL/LO, a post-village in Shelby oo., Alabama, on 
 the Alabama and Tennessee Rivers Railroad, 65 miles N.W. 
 of Montgomery. 
 
 MOXTEVAUCHI, nion't.A-vap./kee, a town of Tuscany, 
 province and 24 miles S.E. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 
 3600. It is commanded by a castle on a neighboring height, 
 and has a college, manufactures of silk, twist, woollen stuffs, 
 &c. Here is the Museum of the Academy Val d'Ancose, rich 
 in fossil remains. 
 
 MONTE-VECCIIIO, mon'tA vJk'kes), a village of Central 
 Italy, in the Marches, province of Pesaro, 4 miles N.N.E. of 
 Pergola, with 1700 inhabitants. 
 
 MONTE-VECCIIIO, a viUage of Central Italy, in the 
 province of Forli, and 15 miles S.E. of Forli,.on tlie Ma- 
 recchia. 
 
 MOXTRVERDE, monHA-v^R/dA, a town of Naple.s pro- 
 vince of Principato Ultra, on the Ofanto, 19 miles E.N.E. of 
 St. Angelodei Lombard!. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MONTE-VERDE. mon't.A-vlR'dA, a village of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince and 40 miles S.S.E. of Pisa. 
 
 MOXTEVERDE ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, 
 Caroline Islands, in lat. 3° 27' N.. Ion. 156° E., consisting of 
 30 low islets, named after their discoverer, in 1806. 
 
 JIONTE-VETTOLIXI, mon'tA-vJt-to-lee'nee, a town 'of 
 Tuscany, province and 16 miles W.N.W. of Florence. P. 2000. 
 
 MOXTEVIDEO, mon'te-vid'e-o. (Sp. pron. mon'tl-ve-D.Vo ; 
 Port. Monte Veo, inon'ti vA'o.) a seaport city, and capital of 
 the republic of Urugu.ay, South .America, on a peninsula in 
 the estuary of the Plat.H. 105 miles E.S.E. of Buenos Ayres. 
 Lat. 34° 53' S., Ion. 56° 15' W. Pop. 37,787.(?) It is sitiiated 
 on a gentle elevation, at the extremity of a small peninsula, 
 and is surrounded by a strong wall, mounted with guns, 
 and further defended by a citadel or castle, of indilTerent 
 construction, with bulwarks and batteries. It is j'retty 
 regularly built, in the form of an amphitheatre, but is ili- 
 supplied with water, and, except a cathedral, a castle, and 
 the governor's residence, it has no buildings of imjortance. 
 Climate damp; the heat of summer is oppre^siTe. and storms 
 are fre<juent. Its port, open to the S.W., is the best on the 
 Plata, and in 1848. the merchandise exported here amount- 
 ed to $5,573,218, of which hides stood for .«4,]24,203, the re- 
 maining goods being beef, butter, hair, feathers, and other 
 animal products, with Chilian copper, and Paraguay tea. 
 Imports consist chiefly of British cottons, woollens, and 
 hanlware, flour, wines, colonial produce, salt, and manufac- 
 tured goods. 
 
 MONTEAID'EO. a post-village of Elbert co., Georgia, 90 
 miles N.E. of M ilU><lgeville. 
 
 MONTE-VISO. mon'ti-vee'.so. one of the principal summits 
 of the Alps, at the junction of their Maritime and Cottian 
 divisions. 40 miles S.W. of Turin. Elevation 12,585 feet. 
 
 MONTEZr'M.V, a post-village and township of Cayuga 
 CO.. New York, on the Seneca River, at the junction of the 
 Cayuga and Seneca Canal with the Erie Canal. 35 miles W. 
 of Syracuse. Fine salt is prepared from springs at this 
 place. It has an active business in forwarding jiroduce. 
 The Montezuma or Cayuga Marshes, from 2 to 3 miles 
 wide, extend about 14 miles along the outlet of Csyuga 
 Lake and Seneca River. Pop. 1439. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a post-village of Macon co., Georgia, on 
 the Oglethorpe branch of the South-Western Railroad, about 
 80 miles S.W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a post-village, capital of Covington co., 
 Alabama, on the Conecuh River, about, 80 miles S. of Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a poet-village of McNairy co., Tennessee. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a post-village of Union eo., Kentucky. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a flourishing post-village of Parke co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash River and Canal, where they are 
 crossed by the plank-road from Indianapolis to Springfield, 
 in Illinois, 68 miles from the tbrmer. It contained, in 1851, 
 10 stores, and over 400 inhabitants. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a postrvillage of Pike co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois River, 58 miles W. by S. of Springfield. It is a land- 
 ing-place for steamboats. 
 
 Montezuma, a i>ost-village, capital of Poweshiek co., 
 Iowa. Pop. 504. See Appendix. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a post-village of Green co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MONTFAl'^ON, mi'ise'foVsAs'', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Lot, 17 miles N.N.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1720. 
 
 MONTFAU^ON. a village of France, depHrtroent of Haute- 
 Loire, 20 mile's E.N.i;. of Le Puv, with 1136 inhabitants. 
 
 JIONTFAU^ON. a s«iburb of 'i'aris, France to which the 
 refuse of thatcity is mostlv carried. 
 
 5I0NT-FEKRAND. See CLrBMONT Ferr.an'D. 
 
 MONTFEliR AT. mont-fiR-Rit' or mAN<="f:iOR.i'. nn old mar- 
 quisate of Northern Itnly. is now comprisoil in the provincfjs 
 of Alessandria. Coni. Turin. Novara, and Genoa, (."^ardiniaJU 
 dominions.) Its capital was Casale. 
 
 L= 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 MONTFERRIER, mANo'feR^Re-il', a village of Frnnce, de- 
 pHrtment of Arlege, 11 miles S.R. of Foix. Pop. 1894. 
 
 MONTKKaRIKK, a village of France, department of lle- 
 rault, arroudis,sein'*nt of Moutpellier. 
 MONTFL.WQUIN, a town of France. See Monflaxqcin. 
 MONTFOORT, mont'KRt, a town of the Xetlierlands, pro- 
 vince and 8 miles W.S.W. of Utrecht, on the Yssel. Pop. 
 1752. It liad a strong fortress of the l'2th century, demo- 
 lished by the French in 1672. 
 
 MONT'FOiiD, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MONTFOKT, nnSN°'foH/, a town of France, department of 
 Landi's, 11 miles E. of Dax. Pop in 1S52, 1(M4. 
 
 M()NTF0IIT, a village of Dutch Limburg, near Maestricht. 
 Pop. 686. 
 
 MONTKORT, a village of Wisconsin. See WixavatE. 
 
 MOXTFOKT LAMAL'liY, miy<^HoBj M'mo'ree/, (U. Mons 
 Firrltis Amalarlici,) a town of France, department of Saine- 
 efc-Oise, 14 miles ^V'.S.^V. of Versailles. Pop. in 1852, 1700. 
 Simon de Montfort, who headed the first cruaede against 
 the Albigeuses, was born here in 1165. 
 
 MONTFOKT SUR MEU, moN'oYoR' sliR muh, (I.. Mims 
 Fi/rllis,) a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 13 
 miles W.N.W. of Kenues, on the Meu. Pop. in 1852, 
 2072. 
 
 MONTFRIN, mAN'o^frSN"', a town of France, department 
 of Card. 11 miles E.X.K. of \Imes. Pop. in 1852, 2669. 
 
 MONTGKLLAFREY, mAxoV.hJrii'frA', a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division of Savoy, near Saint Jean deMau- 
 rienne. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MOXTciEI!(_)N, mi!iN<:VIieh-r6N'>', a village of France, on the 
 Paris and Ijyons Railway, 11 miles from Paris. 
 
 MOXTUIsCARD. nii'iNoV.heese'kaR/, a town of France, de- 
 partment of llaute-Oaronne, 8 miles N.W. of Villefranche, 
 on the Canal du Midi. I'op. in 1852, 1325. 
 
 JIO.NTOOMERY, mont-gum'^ir-e, or MONTGOMERY- 
 8UIRE, mont-gum'er-e-shjr, an inland county of North 
 Wales, having on the N. the counties of Merioneth and 
 Denbigh, E. Salop, S. Radnor, and on the \V. Cardigan. 
 Area Ihh sq^uaro miles, or 483,200 acres, about half of 
 which is uncultivated, and not more than 80,000 under 
 tillage. Pop. in 1851, 67,335. Surface very mountainous, 
 but intersected by some fertile sheltered vales, and well 
 wooded. The mountain Plinlimmon is partly in this 
 county. Principal rivers, the Severn, Vyrnwy, Wye, and 
 Dee, which rise in the county. Agriculture is much im- 
 proved ; the mount.iins are chiefly in sheep-walks. The 
 pure breed of Welsh ponies, or " Merlins," is still preserved 
 in this county. Slate forms the general basis of the moun- 
 tains, and is the principal mineral wrought. The county 
 is the chief seat of the Welsh fl.annel manufacture. Mont- 
 gomery is divided into 9 hundreds. Principal towns, Mont- 
 gomery, Welshpool, Newtown, and Llanfyllin. The county 
 sends 1 member to the House of Commons, and 1 is sent 
 by it« borough. During the Saxon era, it formed part of 
 the Welsh principality of Powis, and was named Mont- 
 gomery after one of its Norman conquerors. 
 
 MONTOOMEltY, a parliamentary l>orough, market-town, 
 and parish of North ^Vales, capital of the above county, on 
 the Severn, 20 miles S.W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of the parlia- 
 mentary borough, in 1851, 1248. It has a church, a venera- 
 ble cruciform pile; guildhall, county jail, and house of correc- 
 tion, and remains of a stately Norman castle in which the 
 celebrated Lord Herbert of Cherbury was born, in 1583. 
 With the contributory boroughs of Llanidloes, Welshpool, 
 Llanfillyn, Machynlleth, and Newtown, it sends. 1 member 
 to the House of Commons. In tlie vicinity are remains of 
 a British camp, also of Cherbury Priory, founded in the 
 reign of John. The last battle between the Welsh and 
 English took place in the vicinity in 1294. 
 
 MONTCxOM/ililY. a county in the eastern part of New 
 York, has an area of about 400 .square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Mobawk River, which is -here joined by the 
 Schoharie and other sni.aller streams. The surface is uneven 
 and' mountainous. The alluvial lands along the Mohawk 
 are abundantly fertile, and on the adjacent uplands the soil, 
 though rather heavy, is very productive. This county is 
 intersected by the Erie Canal, and by the Utica and Sche- 
 nectafly Railroad. Organized in 1772, and named in honor 
 of General Richard Slontgomery, who fell before the walls 
 of Quebec, in the year 1775. Capital, Fonda. Pop. 30,866. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county in the S,E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 contains 450 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the 
 Schuylkill River, and drained also by Perkiomen, Slana- 
 tawny, and AVissahickon Creeks'. The surface is diversified 
 with beautiful undulations. The soil is productive and 
 highly improved. In IS.JO this county produced 98.701 tons 
 of hay, and 3,048.089 pounds of butter, the greatest quan- 
 tities of each raised in any one county of the state. Sand- 
 stone and shale underlie the greater part of the county; 
 limestone is found in the S.E. part, and extensive quarries 
 of fine marble are worked in the same vicinity, about 12 
 miles frcm I'liiladelphia. Iron, lead, and copper are found 
 In the Vi part, near the river. The public works are the 
 Philadelphia and Norristown Riiilroad, the Chester Valley 
 Railroad, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and the 
 
 Norfli Pennsylvania Railroad. Formed in 1784. Capital. 
 Norristown. Pop. 70,500. 
 
 MONTGO-UERV, a county of Maryland, bordering on the 
 district of Columbia, and on the Potomac River, which sepa- 
 rates it from Virginia, has an area of about 660 square miles 
 It is bounded on the N.K. by the I'atuxeut River, and drained 
 by the East Branch of the Potomac, and by Seneca. Rock, 
 and Watts Creeks. The surface is moderately liilly ; the 
 wjil in general is not very rich, excepting the margins of the 
 streams. Tlie rocks which underlie the count}- are gneiss, 
 serpentine, red sandstone, and limestone. A gold-mine was 
 discovered, in 1848, near Brookeville. The Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal passes along the S.\V. border. Capital. Itock- 
 ville. Pop. 18,322, of wliom 12,901 were free, and 5421 
 
 MO.NTGOMERY, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by New River, and drained by the head streams of the 
 Staunton or Roanoke, and by Craig's Creek. The county is 
 situated at the north-western base of the Blue Ridge, and 
 has a mountainous surface. The soil is mostly rocky and 
 unproductive, excepting in the vicinity of the river. Tbo 
 county is intersected by the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. 
 Formed in 1776. Capital, Cliristiansburg, Pop. 10,617, of 
 whom 8398 were free, and 2219 slaves. 
 
 MONTGO.MERY, a county in the S.W. central part of 
 North Carolina. Area estimated at 550 square miles. The 
 Yadkin River forms the W. boundary; the Uharie and Little 
 Rivers, affluents of the Y'adkin, ttow through the county. 
 The surliice in the W. part is mountainous ; tlie s lil of the 
 valleys is fertile. Gold is found in several places near the 
 Yadkin. One steam-engine, for pounding the ore. was in 
 operation in 1851. Formed in 1779. Capital, Troy. Pop. 
 7649, of whom 5826 were free, and 1823 slaves. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county in the S.E. central part of 
 Georgia, lias an area of 750 square miles. The Ocmulgee 
 River forms its boundary on the S., the Little Ocmulgee 
 on the S.W., and i'endletou's Creek on the N.E. Th^ county 
 is traversed bj' the Oconee, which unites, on its southern 
 border, with the Ocmulgee, forming the Altamaha. The 
 surface is level; the soil \s sandy, and generally inferior, 
 1 n ISoO, this county produced 292 bales of cotton ; 55,366 
 bushels of corn; and 28,710 of sweet potatoes. Capital, 
 Mount Vernon. Pop, 2997, of whom 2020 were free, aud 
 
 MONTGOMERY', a county in the S.E. central part of Ala- 
 bama, has an area of lOlO square miles. The Tallapoosa 
 and Alabama Rivers Jbrm the N. Ixjundary of the county 
 It is also drained by the Catama and Pintelala Creeks. The 
 soil is generally fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 18.50, there were raised 25.326 bales of cotton; 
 1.265,615 bushels of Indian corn ; 293,488 of sweet potatoes ; 
 and 191,853 of oats: the greatest quantities of each pro- 
 duced in any county of the state. The county is partly 
 traversed by the Montgomery and West Poi;it Railroad, aud 
 another railroad extends from Montgomery to Pensaxiola 
 Several plank-roads have latelj' been made in the county 
 Montgomery is the countj'-eeat, and the capital of Ala 
 bama. Pop. 35,904, of whom 12,194 were ffee, aud 23,71C 
 slaves. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county in the E. central part of Texas, 
 contains 1200 square miles. It is drained by the San Jacinto 
 River and its affluent creeks. The surface is an alluvial 
 plain; the soil is fertile. Capital, Montgomery. Pop. 5479, 
 of whom 2668 were free. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county in the S.W. central part of 
 Arkansas. Area 1100 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Washita River. The surface is mostly mountainous, and 
 adapted to pasturage and the rearing of sheep. .\n exten- 
 sive quarry of the finest slate has lieen opened. Cupital, 
 Mount Ida, Pop. 3633, of whom 3541 were free, and 92 
 
 Sl&iV'GS. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a eounty in the N.N.W. part of Tennes- 
 see, bordering on Kentucky, has an area estimated at 550 
 .square miles. It is intersected by Cumberland lliver, navi- 
 gable by steamboats, and also drained by its .affluent, the 
 Red River. The surface is undulating, and the sill fertile. 
 In 1850 the county produced 3,454.745 pounds of tobacco, 
 a greater quantity than was raised in any other county of 
 the state. Capital, Clarksville. Pop. 20,895, of whom 11,341 
 were free, and 9554 slaves. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county in the N.E, central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 2.30 squ.are miles. It is 
 drained by Ilinkston Creek, The SlE, part is mountainous ; 
 the other'parts generally rolling or hilly. The soil, except- 
 ing the mountains, is very productive. First settled about 
 1790. The route of the Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad 
 passes tlirongh this county. Capital, Mount Sterling. Pop. 
 7859, of whom 5107 were free, aud 2752 slaves. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county in the W.S.W. part of Ohio, 
 contains 440 square miles. It is drained by Miami and Mad 
 Rivers, and by Twin Creek. The surtace is pleasantly diver- 
 sified by small elevations. The soil is calcareous, produc- 
 tive, and well cultivated. The rock which underlies the 
 county is the Trenton limestone, an excellent material foj 
 
 1231 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 bnilding. The Miami Canal passes through the county, and 
 six important railways terminate at Dayton. Slontgomery 
 Is among tlie most wealthy and populous counties of the 
 state. Capital. Dayton. Pop. 52,2-30. 
 
 MONT(JOMEKV, a county in the W. central part of In- 
 diana, contains alM)ut 500 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Sugar and Racoon Creeks, affluents of the Wabnsh 
 Klver. The surface varies from level to undulating; the 
 Boil is fertile. This county is intersected by the Louisville 
 New Albany and Chicago IJailroad. Organized in 1S23. 
 Capital, Crawfordsville. Population in ISoO, 18,084, in 1860, 
 20,888. 
 
 MOXTGOMEKT, a county in the S.W. central part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 690 square miles. It is drained by the 
 E. and ^^'. forks of Shoal Creek. The surface is undulating, 
 and partly coverall with forests ; the soil is fertile. A large 
 portion of the county is prairie. It is intersected by the 
 Alton and Terre Uaute Railroad. Capital, Hillsborough. 
 Pop. 13,979. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a county in the E. part of Jlissouri. has 
 an area of 504 square miles. It is partly bounded on the S. 
 by Missouri River, intersected in the S.W. by the Loutre 
 or Otter Itiver, and in the N.E. by the Riviere an Cuivre, 
 or Copner River. A considerable range of bluffs extends 
 through the S. part, parallel with the Jlissouri. Limestone 
 underlies the county, and stone-coal and iron ore are found 
 in it. Capital, DauvUle. Pop. 9718 of whom 8071 were 
 free, and 1&47 slaves. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a new county in the S.W. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 430 square miles. It is traversed by the two 
 branches of Xishnabatona River, an affluent of the Jlissouri. 
 Capital, Frankfort. Pop. 1256. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a post-township of Franklin county, Ver- 
 mont, alwut 45 miles X. of Montpelier. Pop. 1262. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a post-tcwnship of Hampden county, 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, about 14 miles 
 N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 371. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a post-village and township of Orange 
 county. X'ew York, on the Walkill Creek, about 88 miles W. 
 by S. of .Albany. The village has churches of 3 or 4 denomi- 
 nations, an academy, and 8 or 10 stores. Pop; about 1200; 
 of the township. 3973. 
 
 MONTGOMKKY, a post-township of Somerset co.. New 
 Jersey, on Millstone River, and on the Delaware and Raritan 
 Canal, about 16 miles X.X.E. of Trenton. Pop. 1975. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 3289. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1423. 
 
 M0XTG(3MERY, a town.ship of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 998. ■ 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a flourishing city, capital of the state of 
 Alabama, and seat of justice of Montgomery CO., is situated 
 on the left bank of the .\labama River, 331 miles by water 
 from Mobile. It is 197 miles by the road N.E. of Mobile, 
 and 839 miles from Washington. Lat. 32° 21' N., Ion. 86° 
 25' W. Montgomery is the second city of the state in 
 respect to trade and population, and is one of the most 
 flouri^hinj inland towns of the Southern States. It possesses 
 great facilities for communication with the surrounding 
 country. The Alabama River is one of the best in the 
 Union for steamboat navigation. As it is never closed by 
 ice, and very rarely affected jby drought, large steamers 
 ascend from Mobile to this place at all seasons of the year. 
 The Coosa River is navigable for large steamboats to Wo- 
 tumpka. The Montgomery and West Point Railroad, of 
 which this city is the W. terminus, leads to Atlanta, in 
 Georgia. .Another railroad has been commenced which will 
 connect the city with some point on Mobile Bay. Plank- 
 roads are in course of construction to the Tennessee River 
 and to Tuscaloosa, The cotton shipped at this place annually 
 amounts to 75,000 bales. The city has 1 bank and 6 news- 
 paper offices. The public records and offices were removed 
 from Tuscaloo.sa to Montgomery in November, 1847. The 
 new state-hou.se was destroyed by tire in December, 1S49 ; 
 another was erected on the same site and completed in 1851. 
 Pop. in ISoO. 4935; in 1860, 8843. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a flourishing post-village, capital of 
 Montgomery co., Texas, 50 miles N. of Houston. It is 
 situated in a level and fertile tract of land, which is mostly 
 occupied by thrifty cotton planters. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a postofflce of Trigg co., Kentucky. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a postofflce of Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 
 MONTCiOMERY, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. P. 3501. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. P. 3323. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 13 
 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop.1212. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 1575. 
 
 MOXTG OMER Y, a post-townslxip of Jennings co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1.324. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 
 895. ^ 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, on the 
 Aurora Extension Railroad, 45 mUes S.W. of Chicago. 
 1232 
 
 MONTGOMERY CENTRE, a post-village of Frankliu co., 
 Vermont, about 45 miles N. of Montpelier. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Wood co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 .MOXTGOMERY ISLAXDS, a group of six small rocky 
 islets, off the N.W. coast of Australia, at the entrance of 
 Doubtful Bay ; lat. 15° 49' S. 
 
 MONT-GOJIERY'S FERRY, a post-office of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MONTGOMERYSHIRE, a co. of England. See Mostgomert. 
 
 MOXTGOMERY'S POINT, a small village of Desha co, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 MONTGOMERYVILLE, a post>village of Montgomery co, 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N.E. of Norristown. 
 
 MOXTGUVOX, mAs'''gU'yA^•<=^ a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Charente Inferieure, 20 miles S.E. of Jonzac. P. 1457. 
 
 M0NT1I.\'L1.\. a post-otHce of Panola co., Mississippi. 
 
 MOXTIIEI. mAso'ti/, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Valais. at the entrance of tlie valley of Lie, near the Rhone, 
 21 miles W. of Sion. Pop. 1623. 
 
 MONTHERMfi, mAs«HSR'niA/, a market-town of France, 
 department of Ardennes, on the Meuse, 8 miles N^. of 
 Mezieres. Pop. in 1852, 2299. 
 
 MOXTIIUREUX, m6>o'tu'ruh', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vosges, 20 miles S.S.W. of Mirecourt, on the Sadne. 
 Pop. in 1852. 1693. 
 
 MONTICELLI, mon-to-chJllee, a village of Xaples, pro- 
 vince of Terra di Lavoro, district of Gaeta. Pop. 1400. 
 
 MOXTICELLI, a village of Italy, Pontifical State-s, oo- 
 marca di Roma, district of Tivoli. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MONTICELLI, mon-te-ch6l/lee, a town of the Papal States, 
 19 miles N.E. of Rome. Pop. 1025. 
 
 MONTICELLI, a village of Tuscany, 5 miles N. of Flo- 
 rence. Pop. 1305. 
 
 MONTICELLI, a village of the Sanlinian States, division 
 of Coni, province of Alba, near the Tanaro. Pop. 1663. 
 
 MONTICELLI, a village of Northern It;ily, pi-ovince and 
 E.S.E. of Pavia. Pop. 1261. 
 
 MOXTICELLI-U'OGLIO, mon-te-chjl'lee dAl'-yo, a village 
 of Xorthern Italy, province of Brescia, near the Oglio. 
 
 MONTICELLI-DOXGINA, mon-te-eliSl-loe dou-jee'ni, a 
 village of Italy, 2S miles N.W. of PiU-ma. Pop. of village, 
 1000; commune, 7802. 
 
 MONTICELLO, mon-te-chJllo, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province and 14 miles S.E. of Como. Pop. 1660. 
 
 BIONTICEI/LO, a postrtownship in the E. part of Aroos- 
 took CO., Maine, bordering on New Brunswick. Pop. 483. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village in Thompson township, and 
 capital of Sullivan co.. New York. 110 miles S.S.W. of Al- 
 lany. It contains, besides the county buildings, churches 
 of 4 or 5 denoiuinationR, an academy, 1 bank, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Pop. estimated at 1200. 
 
 MONTICELLO. mon-te-chJllo, the residence of Thomas 
 Jefferson, third President of the United State."!, is in Albe- 
 marle CO.. Virginia. It is beautifully situated 3 miles S.E. 
 of Charlottesville, commanding a magnificent view of the 
 distant mountains and of the Rivann.1, which flows in the 
 immediate vicinity. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-office of Guildford co.. North Car*. 
 Una. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village of Fairfield district, South 
 Carolina, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 M(_)XTICELLO, a village of Butts co., Georgia. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Jasper co,, Geoi^ 
 gia, 35 miles X.W. of .Milledgeville. It contains a handsome 
 court-house, 3 churches, and an academy. 
 
 MOXTICELLO, » post-village, capital of Jefferson co., 
 Florida, 29 miles E.X.E of Tallahassee. It contains a court- 
 hous.'. and a few stores. Pop. 1083. 
 
 MOXTICELLO, a post^ village of Pike co., Alabama, about 
 •50 miles S.E. of Montgomery. It was formerly the capital 
 of the county. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Lawrence co., 
 Mississippi, on Pearl River, 85 miles S. of Jackson. It haa 
 a court-house, a newspaper office, an academv. and several 
 stores. 
 
 JIOXTICELLO, a post-office of Carroll co.. Louisiana. 
 
 Mt»NTICELLO, a post-village, capita! of Drew co., Arkan- 
 sas, about 85 miles S.S.E. of Little Rock. 
 
 MOXTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., Ten- 
 nessee, alxjut 85 miles E. of Xashville. 
 
 MOXTICELI^, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., Ken- 
 tucky, 100 miles S. of Frankfort. It cont<iins a brick court- 
 house. 2 churches, and 2 tanneries. 
 
 MOXTICELLO. a village of Fairfield co.. Ohio, on the Ohio 
 and Erie Canal, 30 miles E. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 MOXTICELLO, a post-village, capital of White co., Indiana, 
 on the Tippecanoe River, 82 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. It 
 Is situated on the border of Grand Pniirie. Population 
 565. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a village of Madison co., Illinois, 4 '>r 5 
 miles N. of Alton. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Piatt co., Illinoii, 
 near the N. fork of the Sangamon River, about 70 miles 
 E.N.E. of Springfield. Laid out in 1S38. Pop. 570 
 
MON 
 
 MONTICELLO, a small village of Cliariton co., Missouri. 
 
 MOXTICELIX), a post-village, capital of Lewis co.,Missouri, 
 on tlu' North Fabius River, 25 miles N.W. of Quincy, 111. 
 
 MOM'ICELLO, a post-ofSee of Joues co., Iowa. 
 
 JIONTlCKLliO, a postrvillage of Green co., Wisconsin, 
 about 35 miles S.S.W. of Sladison. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a township of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 459. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-oflBce, Thurston co., Utah Territory. 
 
 MONTICKLLO, tlio capital of Cowlitz co., Washington 
 Territory, on the Columbia, at the mouth of Cowelitz lUver. 
 
 MONTICELLO-BKUSATI, mon-te-ch^'Io-broo-si/tee, a vil- 
 lage of Northern Italy, province of Brescia, 8 miles from Iseo. 
 
 MONTICIAN'O, mou-te-chd'no, a walled town of Tuscany 
 18 miles from Sienna. Pop. 202t5. 
 
 MONTlfiRENDKR, mANoHe-AVft.voMaia', a market-town 
 3f France, department of Haute-Marne, 8 miles W.S.W. of 
 Vassy. Pop. in 1852, 1496. 
 
 M()NTIERS-.'iUR-SAULX,m4jr«He-A'suE-so',amarket-town 
 of France, department of Meuse, 10 miles S. of Ligny. Pop. 
 1204. 
 
 MONTIERI, mon-te-A'ree, a town of Tuscany, 19 miles 
 B,W. of Sienna. Pop. 1071. 
 
 MONTIGLIX, mon-te-gleen/, a town of the Sardinian 
 State.1, division and 27 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. I'op. 
 3060. 
 
 JIi)NTIGLIO, mon-teel'yo, a market-town of Piedmont, 
 division and 28 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria, Pop. (with 
 commune.) 3042. 
 
 MONTlitNAO, mANoHeenVdk', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Dordo-ne, 12 miles N. of Sarlat. Pop. in 1852. 4146. 
 
 MO.VTIliNo.-^OLUCCIIESE, mon-teen-yo'so look-kA'sl a 
 village of Tusrany, duchy of Lucca, 3 miles from Massa- 
 Durale. Pop. 1465. 
 
 MONTIGNY, miNo'teen'yee', numerous small villages of 
 France, in the X., N.W., and central departments. 
 
 MOXTIGXY-LE-ROI, ni(Sx°'teenVee'-leh-rwd/, a town of 
 France, department of Haute-Marne, arrondissement of 
 Laugres, formerlv fortified. Pop. 1211. 
 
 MOXTIGXV-LK-TILLEUL, mAN^HeenVeeneh-teeriul/, a 
 vill.age of Relgium, province of Hainaut, on the Sambre, 24 
 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1452. 
 
 MDNTIGXY-.SUR-SAMBRE, m^iso'teenVee'sUr-iijMb'r, a 
 village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 2 miles E, of Char- 
 leroi. on the Sambre. Pop. 3812. 
 
 MOXTIJO or MONTIXO, mon-tee'no, a town of Spain, 16 
 milef' E. of Badajos, on the Gnadiana. Pop. 4150. 
 
 MiJNTIJO(mon-tee'iio)15AY.XewOrenada,near80°W.lon. 
 
 MOXTILL.A. mon-teel'yi, a town of Spain, province and 
 18 miles S.E. of Cordova. The streets are broad, clean, and 
 very well paved: and there are 3 squares, a town-house, a 
 prison, a palace, belonging to the Duke of .Medinacell ; a pub- 
 lie .school and various private schools, an asylum for orphan 
 girls, a poor-house and foundling hospital, a hospital for 
 the sick poor, a pari.^h church, formerly a mosque; a chapel- 
 of-ea.so, 7 hermitages in or near the town, 3 convents, and 2 
 nunneries. Montilla wa-s wrested from the Mussulmen by 
 Ferdinand III., who peopled it with Christians. It was the 
 native place of the great Captain Gonzalo Fernandez de 
 Cordoba, whose family were the lords of this place. Pop. 
 13,224. It has manufactures of coarse linen and woollen 
 cloths, oil-mill«. and potteries, and was formerly fortified. 
 
 MOXTILLAXA, mon-teel-yd/nd, a village of Spain, Anda- 
 lu.-ia. 30 miles from Granada. Pop. 1057. 
 
 MO.NTIOVET or JIONT.IOVET, mon-te-o-vJt/, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, division of Aosta, 6 miles from Yerres, 
 on the Dora Baltea. Pop. 1400. 
 
 M()NTIRAT. niAN<:HeoVd', a town of France, department 
 of Tarn, arrondissement of Albi, Pop. in 1852, 22^39. 
 
 MDNTIVILLIERS, m4N<=Hee'veeV.V, (L, Mcmaste'rium Vil- 
 la/ris,) a town of France, department of Soine-Inferieure, 5 
 miles N.E. of Havre. Pop. in 1852, 4195. It is .situated in 
 a pleasant valley, and has a commun.al college; tanning, 
 linen bleaching, and sugar refining works. 
 
 MOXTJALEIA, mont-yd-lA'd, a market-town of Russia, 
 government of Poltava, 20 miles N.N.E. of Krementchoog. 
 Pop. 1800. 
 
 MONT.IEAX, m4N"^zh6N'o/, (L. ilnns JoTiantnis,) a market- 
 town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 
 13 miles K. of BeauT)reau. Pop. 1470. 
 
 MO.NTJOIE, moNii^zhwd/. or MONT.SCIIAN, mont'shdn, 
 ;li. Mons Jri/vis.) a town of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles S.S.E. 
 *f Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Ruhr. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MONTJOIE. mA.vo'zhwl/, a village of France, department 
 of -\riege. 1 mile N. of St. Girons. Pop. 1820. 
 
 MO-NT.IOYKT. a village of Sardinia. See Montiovet, 
 
 MdXTLUfiRY, mAjfi.Vree/, a town of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Oi.«e, 15 S.W. of I'aris, on the slope of a hill, 
 crowned by a tower commanding a good view of Paris, and 
 its environs. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ?IOXTLIEU. mAxiiMe-nh', a town of France, department of 
 Charente-Inferieure, 15 miles S.E. of Jonzac. Pop. in 1852, 
 1059. 
 
 MON'TLOniS. mAN'^loo'ee', a town of France, department 
 of I'yrenees-Orientales, 40 miles W,S.W. of Perpignan, on a 
 4C 
 
 MON 
 
 steep rock close to the Tet, in a gorge at the foot :vf thtj PyT<« 
 nees, with a remarkable .square citadel. Pop. lOyO. 
 
 MOXTLOUIS, a village of France, department of Indre-et- 
 Loire, 6^ miles E. of Tours, with a station on the Orleans 
 and Tours Railway. 
 
 M»^NTLU('ON, mANO^lu'siNo/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of A lifer, on the right bank of the Cher, close to the 
 Canal de Berri, 38 miles W.S.AV. of Sloulins. Pop. in 1852, 
 8922. It is crowned by a ruined castle, has remains of old 
 walls and towers, and manufactures of coarse woollens. 
 
 MOXTLUEL, mi!i.N"Mu"iP, (L. Mons LupeVU,) a town of 
 France, department of Ain, 24 miles S.E. of Trevoux. Pop. 
 in 18.52, 2800. 
 
 MOXT.MARAULT, mAN»'milVo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Allier, 16 miles E. of Monti u^on. P. in 1852, 1012. 
 MONTMARTIX-SUR-MER, mA.vu^maiiHJLMo'suR-maiR, a 
 village of France, department of Manche, clo.se to the 
 English Channel, 6 miles S.W. of Coutance.s. P. in 1852, 856. 
 
 MOXT.M.-VRTRE, mA.Ni-^niaRt'r', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of .'^eine, foruiing'a N. suburb of Paris, within the new 
 line of fortifications. Pop. in 1852, 23,112. It is a favorite 
 Sunday resort for the Parisians, and has many inns and 
 villas, with an asylum for the aged, 2 schools, oil-cloth fac- 
 tories, sca'j:liola works, woollen-mills, and gy])sum quarries. 
 
 M0XT.MCDY, mA.No'miMee/, (L. Malediclas,) a fortified 
 town of France, department of Meuse, on the Chiers, 25 
 miles N. of Verdun. Pop. in 1852, 2649. It is defended by 
 extensive outworks, and has barracks, military hospital, and 
 prison. 
 
 MOXTMEILLAN, mAN°'miV8N°', or MOXTM ELIAN, 
 mA.\"^mi"le-5N"', a town of Savoy, on the Isere, 7 miles S.E. 
 of Chambery. It was once .so strong as to be regarded a« 
 the bulwark of Savoy, and the key of its Alps; but, after 
 standing several siege.s, its fortifications were finally demo- 
 lished by Louis XIV.. in 1705, and its famous castle, which 
 crowned a rock overhanging the town, now exists only in a 
 few fragments, overgrown with briars and nettles. Pop., 
 with commune, 1325. 
 
 MOXTMERLE, m6s»'m5Rl', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ain, 9 miles N. of Trevoux, on the Saone. Pop. 
 in 1852. 1888. 
 
 MOXTMIRAIL, m6N"'mee>llI', (L. Mons MiraWlis.^ a town 
 of France, department of Marne, 22 miles S.W. of Epernay. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2570. It has manufactures of cutlery, copper 
 and tin wares. A battle was fought here, 17 th i'ebruary, 
 1814, between the French and the allies. 
 
 MONTMORENCY, mAN^'moVSNoVee', or ENGIIIEN, Sno^ 
 ghe-^N"', (L. Monvifyrenciacum,) a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, 11 miles E.S.E. of Pontoise. Pop. 2144. 
 Near it is the Hermitage, a favorite residence of Rousseau. 
 
 MONTMORENCY, mont-mo-ren'se. an unorganized county 
 of Michigan, in the N.E. part of the lower peninsula, ha.- an 
 area of atx)ut 570 square miles. It is drained by Thunder 
 Bav River, which Hows into Lake Huron. 
 
 MOXT.MOREN'CY, a river of Canada East, which joins 
 tlie St. Lawrence, 6 miles N.E. of Quebec, after forming a 
 cataract 250 feet in height. 
 
 MONT.MORENCY, a county in the S.E. part of Canjida 
 East, comprising an area of 7465 square miles, is bounded 
 on the S.E. bv the St. Lawrence. Pop. 9598. 
 
 MOXTMOlilLLON, mANo'mo'reeriJxo', (L. Mmis Mauri 
 ti'mis,) a town of France, department of Vienne, 17 miles 
 E.S.E. of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 5228. It has a curious 
 octagonal temple, built over a sepulchral cave ; an ecclesi- 
 astical seminary, and a hospital. 
 
 MONTODINE, mon-to-dee'n.i, a town of Northern Italy, 
 delegation and 10 miles E.S.E. of Lodi, on the Serio, 2i miles 
 above its junction with the Adda. Pop. 2000. 
 
 M0NT(»DORISI0, mon-to-do-ree'se-o, or MOXTEODORI- 
 SIO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra. 3 miles 
 W.S.W. of 11 Vasto. I'op. 2500. 
 
 MONTOIRE, m6x°HwdR', (L. Mms Aureus,) a town of 
 France, department of Loire-Inferieure, on the Loire, near 
 its mouth. 29 miles W.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 5028, 
 partly employed in vitriol works, and in cutting turf 
 
 MONTOIRE, a town of France, department of Loir-et- 
 Cher, 24 miles W.X.W. of Blois. Pop. in 1852, 3180. It is 
 commanded by a ruined castle, and has cavalry baiTacks. 
 
 MOXTOLIEU, m6x"Ho^le-uh', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aude, 10 miles W.N.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. 1760. 
 
 MONTOX.\, mon-to'nd, a town of Austria, lUyria, govern- 
 ment of Istria, 21 miles S. of Triest. Pop. 1100. 
 
 MONTOXE. nion-to'n.i. a town of Sicily, province of Syra- 
 cuse, 8 miles W.S.W. of Modica. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MOXTONE, (anc. Wlis.) a river of Italy, falls into tba 
 Adriatic. 6 miles X.E. of Ravenna ; total course about 46 mile.s. 
 
 MOXTOX'GA, a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas. ■ 
 
 MOXTOPOLI. mon-top'o-le. a walled town of Tuscany, 24 
 miles W.S.W. of Florence. Pop. 2574. 
 
 MOXTORIO, mon-to're-o, a town of Naples, province of 
 Molise, 3^ miles S.E. of Larino. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MOXTORIO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra 
 I., 6 miles S.W. of Teramo. Pop. 2300. 
 
 MONTORO, mon-to'ro, a city of Spain, And.alusia. 27 miles 
 N.E. of Cordova, on a rocky and uneven peninsula fonnod 
 
 1233 
 
MON 
 
 by the'Gaadalquivir, here crossed hj a fine bridge. It has 
 five squares, a hospital, one of tiie jjest institutions of the 
 kind in Andalusia; a granary, a town-house, a foundling 
 hospital, a college for young ladies, with a church attached; 
 and variaus public and private schools for elementary edu- 
 cation. There is no drinkable water in the city, and the in- 
 habitants are obliged to supply themselves from a fountain 
 on the opposite side of the river. The neighborhood abounds 
 with quarries of millstone, limestone, rock-salt, and pitch- 
 Bt0"ie, as well as mines of antimony, copi)er, and cobtilt. 
 Th^re are 7 fulling-mills, 11 flour and numerous oil mills. 
 Th^ principal article of export is oil, in great quantities. 
 Pop. 10,732. 
 
 MONTO'RO, a town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 
 11 miles N. of Salerno. Pop. 6200. 
 
 MONTOUK, mon-toor', a county in the E. central part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of about 230 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna, and 
 drained also by Chillisquaque and Jloariug Creeks. The 
 surface is traversed by high barren ridges, namely, Mon 
 tour's Ridge, from which the name is derived. Limestone 
 Ridge, and Muncy Hills. The intervening valleys are fer- 
 tile. Montour's Ridge abounds in limestone and excellent 
 iron ore, yielding large quantities of iron. The county is 
 traversed by the North Branch Canal, and the Lackawana 
 and Bloomsburg Railroad. Formed out of the W. part of 
 Columbia. Capital, Danville. Pop. 13,053. 
 
 MONTOUR, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 4S.i. 
 
 MONTOUR'S RIDGE, a mountain ridge forming a part of 
 the S. boundary of Montour co. Its direction is nearly east 
 and west. Length nearly 20 miles. 
 
 MONTOURS'VILLE, a post-village of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 3 miles E. of Williamsport It has an active trade 
 in lumber. Pop. 369. 
 
 ?\tONTPELIER, mont-peel'yer, the capital of Vermont, 
 and seat of justiceof Washington co., is situated on the Onion 
 River, and on the groat railway thoroughfare connecting the 
 Atlantic at Boston witli the St. Lawrence Rjver, 200 miles 
 N.AV. of Boston, and85 miles S.E. of Montreal. Lat. 4-1° 17' N., 
 Ion. 76° 36' VV. It occupies a centriil position in the state, 
 and is chiefly remarkable for its active trade and general 
 improved apjiearance. The state-house, fronting on State 
 street, is a magnificent granite structure, whicli cost upwards 
 of $130,000. It is in the form of a cross, 150 feet in length, 
 and 100 feet deep, including the portico, which consists of 
 six columns, each 6 feet in diameter at the base, and 36 feet 
 high. The building is surmounted by a dome, the apex of 
 which is 100 feet from the ground. The Court-house is also 
 a fine building. Montpolier contains 2 b.anks, 5 churches, 
 5 newspaper offices, an academy, and about 30 sioros. It 
 became the capital of the state in 180.5. and of the county in 
 1811. Pop. in 1830. 1702; in IS-W, 3725, and in ISfA 2411. 
 Nov. 9, 1S4S, East Montpelier, containing in 1H50, 1447 in- 
 habitants, was organized from the township of Montpelier. 
 
 M0NTPELI15R, a postK)ffice of Hanover co., Virginia. 
 
 MONXPELIEU, a post-village in Richmond co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 MONTPELIER. a post-village in Monroe co., Georgia, 50 
 miles W.S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 MONTl'KLIKU, a post-village in Marengo co., Alabama. 
 
 MONTPELIER. a post-office of Adair co., Kentucky. 
 
 MONTI'KLTER, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio. 
 
 MONTPELIER, a post-villaire of Blackford CO.. Indiana, 
 on the Salamonie River, 40 miles S. by W. of Fort AVayne ; 
 was first settled in 1839. 
 
 MONTPl'LIER, a postofflee of Chickasaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 MONTl'iCLIER. a post-office of Warren co., Iowa. 
 
 MONTPELLIER, mont-pM'le-er, (Fr. pron. mAjiO^Jl'le-.V ; 
 L. Mons PKs.vilahnis,) a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ilerault, finely situated on an undulating .icelivity, 
 washed by the L6ze, about 6 miles N. of the Meditiu'ranean, 
 and 76 miles W.N.W. of Mar.seilles. A railway from Mont- 
 pellier extends to Ntmes, connecting with the Marseilles and 
 Lyons Railway. Montpellier has been much celebrated for 
 the brightness of its atmosphere, and the mild salubrity 
 of its climate, and, in consequence, long continued to be 
 recommended by British physicians as a pro]ier residence 
 for their pulmon^iry patients. Montpellier is celebratt-d for 
 the peculiar richness and beauty of the landscajie of the 
 vicinity, the whole district, for above 2 miles around, being 
 studded with handsome country-seats embosomed among 
 trees, or surrounded by gardens, orchards, vineyards, and 
 olive-yards. Tlie city, enclosed by an old wall in ruins, and 
 defended by a citadel" of no great strength, rises In the form 
 of an ampbitlieatre, along a slope, the summit of which, 168 
 feet above soa-lovel, is occupied by the Place de Peyrou, foim- 
 ing pai;t of the splendid promenade of the same name, which 
 has been laid out at vast expense, and with much good taste, 
 * commands magnificent views, and is regarded as one of the 
 finest promenades in Europe. At one of its extremities is 
 the Chateau d'Eau. a kind of fountain-temple, which re- 
 ceives its water from a noble aqueduct of 53 large arches 
 and 2>*9<) fin-t in length, led across the valley from an oppo- 
 site hill, and sends down copious supplies to every quarter 
 1234 
 
 MON 
 
 of the town. Montpellier is irregularly built, and most of 
 the streets are steep and narrow. The principal buildings 
 deserving notice are the Cathedral, a large edifice, in a con 
 fined position, and not of much architectural merit; seven 
 other Roman Catholic churches, and a Protestant church, 
 the old Episcopal Palace, now occupied by the School of 
 Medicine, the Theatre, Exchange, with a fine Corinthian 
 colonnade ; Palais-de-Justice. and triumphal arch, of the 
 Doric order, forming the gateway of Peyrou. The most im- 
 portant public establislinients are the Ecoie de Medicine, a 
 medical school of great celebrity (said to have beoi! founded 
 by Arab physicians driven out of Spain), with valualile ana- 
 tomical collections, and splendid amphitheatre ; the Botan- 
 ical Garden, contilning. in an arched recess, shaded by 
 cypress, the remains of Miss Temple, the Narcis.sa, whose 
 early death and funeral are so impressively described in 
 Young's Night Thoughts ; the Public Library, the Musee 
 Fabre, a piclare-gallery, remarkably rich in works of the 
 be.st masters; several large and weli-managed hosjiitals, 
 among which may be specified the General Hospital and lift- 
 tel Dieu St. Eloi, central house of correction. &c. Montpel- 
 lier is the see of a bishop, and the seat both of a high court 
 with jurisdiction over the departments of Ilerault. Aveyron, 
 Aude, and Pyrenfies-Orientales, and of a court of first resort 
 and commerce. It also possesses a Commercial Chau'bor, 
 an Acadcmie ITniversiknre, College, Diocesiin Seminary, and 
 secondary ecclesiastical school, faculties of medicine and 
 science, special school of pharmacy, agricultural and an- 
 tiquarian societies, museums of painting and sculpture, 
 a library of 30,000 volumes, and another with 6000 vol- 
 umes. It h.is manufactures of cotton and wixslleu goculs, 
 verdigris, mineral acids, and other chemical products, corks, 
 liqueurs, perfumes, several tanneries, sugar-refineries, and 
 numerous distilleries of brandy and spirits. The harbor 
 of .luvenal, formed by the Lez. and not a mile distant from 
 the town, gives great facilities for trade : the principal arti- 
 cles of which are wines, brandies, spirits, oliveoil, fruits, 
 leather, wool, copper, verdigris, &c. Montpellier was built 
 in the 10th century out of tlie ruins of Maugeloune. Loui.? 
 XIII. took it from the Calvinists in 1622. Pop. in 1852, 
 37.611; in 1861,51,865. 
 
 MONTPELLIER, COMTE DE, kANo'tV dfh mAsoYJl'le-.V, 
 an ancient district of France, formerly dependent on the pro- 
 vince of Lower Languedoc, but previously long governed l)y 
 independent counts. It now forms part of tlie department 
 of Ilerault. 
 
 MONTPENSIER, mAN"'p^No'se-.V, a village of France, do- 
 partment of Puy-de-dome, 10 miles N.N.E. of Riom. It gave 
 the title of Duke to the youngest son of the ex-king Louis 
 Philippe. 
 
 .MONT-PERDU. m^.N-^'-pgRMii', (Sp. Monte Pmlkh. vnonl\A 
 pJa-dee'Do: both names signifying "Lost Mountain," pro- 
 bably in allusion to its peak being lost in the clouds,) one 
 of the highest summits of the Pyrenees, .situated in Aragon, 
 Spain. Lat. 42° 36' N., Ion. 0° 2' E. It has an elevation of 
 10 960 feet 
 
 MONTPEYROUX, mixo'piVoo', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Ilerault, 9 miles E.S.E. of Lodeve. Pop. 1713. 
 
 MONTPEYROUX, a village of France, department of 
 Aveyron, arrondissement of E.spallon. . Pop. 2000. 
 
 MONTPfiZAT, m6.N'''p.iV,a', (L. Mms Pensaltvs,) a village 
 of France, department of Ardeche, 12 miles N.N.W. of Ar- 
 gentiere. Pop. in 1852, 2820. 
 
 MONTPf.ZAT, a village of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, 10 miles N.N.W. of Agen. Pop. 1687. 
 
 MONTPliZAT, a village of France, department of Tam-ct- 
 Garonne, 16 miles N.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 1099. 
 
 MOXTPONT, mAso'pA.N'o', a village of France, department 
 of Saone-et-Loire, 23 miles N.E. of Macon. Pop. 2259. 
 
 MONTQUHI'TTER. a parish of Scotland. See JIonquhitter. 
 
 MON/TRA, a post-oftice of Shelby "county, Ohio. 
 
 MONTR ADOK, mon-tr,1-dok', or TRADOK. trd-dok', a large 
 village on the island of Borneo, on a plain at the base of a 
 mountain range, aV)Out 80 miles S.E. of Sambas. 
 
 MONTREAL. m(!»,"Hr.^^iil', a town of France, department 
 of .Aude, 11 miles W. of Carcas.sonne. Pop. in 1852. 3070. 
 
 MONTRl%.\L. a town of France, department of Gers, 29 
 miles N.W. of Auch. Pop. in 1852, 2731. 
 
 MONTREAL, nion-tre-awl/, (Fr. Manlrenl, ■ mh^<i'\T^AV ; 
 Sp. Monlereal. mon-tA-r.A-il' ; L. Mims RegaUis. J. f.'" Mount 
 Royal,") a city and river-iiort of British America, recently 
 tlie capital of Canada Ea.st, on the S. side of the island of ■Mon 
 treat, in the St. Lawrence River, here above ." miles wide — 
 .and on the site of the Indian village of Hochelega. 180 miles 
 S.W. of Quebec. 420 miles N. of New York, and COO miles from 
 the sea; lat. 45° 30' N., Ion. 7.3° 25' W. It is the princip.al 
 city and second commercial port of British America, is 
 favorably situated for intercourse with botii provinces, and 
 with New York and Boston, being at the head of the ordi- 
 nary navigation from the Atlantic, and at the foot of the 
 grand chain of canals, which conni>cts the great I^akes On- 
 I tario, Erie. Huron, and Superior with the river and the 
 ocean. The obstruction to the navigation of the river, 
 j caused by the Lake St. Peter's, a broad- shallow part of the 
 1 St. Lawrence, about 45 miles N E. Horn Montreal, having 
 
only a depth of from 9 to 12 feet. — has been recently re- 
 nioveU The city is connected by railway ivith I'lattsburp, 
 I'nrtlai'd, Ifoston, and New York. It is also counected 
 through Richmond with Quebec. Lines are projected, which, 
 when completed, will connect 5Iontreal with Kingston, To- 
 ronto, and other towns in Canada West. 
 
 The Island of Montreal, on which the town is built, is 
 situated at the confluence of the Ottawa with the St. Law- 
 rence. It is 32 miles long, and about 10 miles broad at tVic 
 widest part ; generally level, with the exception of the 
 mountain which rises N.W. of the town, and is watered by 
 numewus snnill streams. The .soil is for the most part fer- 
 tile and well cultivated, and the climate particularly favora- 
 ble to the growth of apples and pears. 
 
 Montreal occupies a low tract of land, about 2 miles 
 wide, between a considerable and very beautiful eleva- 
 tion, called Roj'al Mount, and the river. It is divided 
 into the upper and lower town, in the latter of which the 
 stnsets are narruw and ill paved; the houses being gene- 
 rally in the French style, gloomy in appearance and with 
 dark iron shutters. The uj'per town has wide street,', with 
 large, well built, and commodious houses, constructed of a 
 grayish lime.«tone, and roofed with tin or sheet-iron, which 
 glittering in the sun, and combined with the effect of the 
 lofty spires and towers, gives a very iujposing appearance 
 when viewed from a distance. Notre IJame is the main 
 street, running on the centre of the ridge on which the town 
 f tauds, but St, James Street, farther west, is wider and more 
 elegant. The city is well supplied with water, and the streets 
 lighted with gas. The principal public buildings, most of 
 ■n hich are in the Rue Xotre Dame, are the Town-hall, the Se- 
 minary of St. Sulpice, the Hotel Dieu, a large hospital for the 
 reception of the .sick poor; the Convent of Notre Dame, de- 
 signed for female instruction: the (Jener.al Hospital, two 
 convents, English and Scotch churches, the Court-house, New 
 .Iiiil, Government House, Nelson's Jfonument, the Quebec 
 Barracks, the new Roman Catholic Cathedr.al. (capable of 
 containing from 10.000 to 12,000 persons, esteemed one of 
 the finest Gothic buildings in North .\nierica, 255^ feet In 
 eiigth by l.jlj wide, and with 6 towers, 3 of which in front 
 are 220 feet high,) and the Market-house, a magnificent pile 
 with a lofty dome, fronting the wharf. There are also a 
 library and reading-room, a Society of Natural History, a 
 .^Icchanics' Institute, th(! Canadian Institute, Merchants' 
 Exchange, Mercantile Lihrary, and an Agricultural Asso- 
 ciation. The largest banking-houses in British North Ame- 
 rica have their head offices here, which are mostly situated 
 in the Place d'Armes. The Grand Trunk Railway crosses 
 tlic St. Lawrence here by a magnificent tubular bridge, 
 called Victoria Bridge, which is estimated to have cost from 
 $l,r)O0,000 to ,?2,000,000. 
 
 The harbor, whicli is formed towards the St. Lawrence, is 
 Focure, and the quays, according to Andrews, "are unsur- 
 passed by those of any city in America; built of limestone, 
 and uniting with the locks and cut-stone wharves of the La- 
 chine Canal, they present, for several miles, a display of con- 
 tinuous masonry, which has few parallels. No unsightly 
 warehouses disfigure the river side. A broad terrace, faced 
 with gray limestone, the p.irapets of which are surmounted 
 with n substantial iron railing, divides the city from the river, 
 throughout it« whole extent. It is proposed to form a new 
 harbor of 18 or 20 acres in extent, between Mun's Island 
 and the mjiinland, the estimated cost of which is $300,000. 
 
 Commerce. — The following shows the number and tonnage 
 of ocean vessels which arrived in Jlontreal up to the ISth 
 of November, 1854, for the last ten years. The increase is 
 chi(^fly in the increased capacity of the ocean ships: — 
 
 Year. 
 
 1845 
 ISlfl 
 18+7 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 Vessels. 
 . l!i» . 
 
 Tonnage. 
 . 51,093 
 . 55,fi58 
 . Ri.oOS 
 . 42,157 
 . 37,782 
 
 Tc.ir. 
 1S50 
 
 im 
 
 18;Vi 
 1853 
 1854 
 
 Ves 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 . 58,785 
 . 4«,7li7 
 . 44,877 
 
 . 5a.v!;9 
 
 . 8«,8«:! 
 
 The duties increased from 191.856?. in 1849, to 478.360?. 
 in 1854; and the value of the imports was respectively 
 2.294.710?. in 1851; 2..311.47U. in 1852; 3,603.696?. in 1853; 
 and 4.682,403?. in 1854. The value of the leading articles 
 imported, was, in 
 
 1852 
 
 Sugar, £109,104 
 
 Tea, . ■ 111,796 
 
 Toba/"^co. manufactured J 
 
 and numanufactured, ^ • • • • 
 Spirits: brandy, gin, rum, wine, &a., 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Iron and hardware 
 
 35,449 
 
 Liuen, 
 
 Silk 
 
 ft'cml, 
 
 trim: bar, rod, sheet, boiler, &c., 
 Railroad bar 
 
 53,739 
 362,102 
 180,301 
 ,39.216 
 79,884 
 378,163 
 164,060 
 
 1K3. 
 
 £152.779 
 
 13><,441 
 
 42,184 
 
 83,023 
 618,,550 
 258,574 
 
 58,599 
 137.293 
 608,186 
 311,842 
 
 67.237 
 
 Besides these, the more important articles imported — in the 
 wder named — were furs, oil, leather, books, tallow, molasses. 
 Jour, pork, steel, paper, dricid fruit, glass, machinery, her- 
 rings, cotton warp and yarn, India rubber, spices, rice, &c. 
 
 MOX 
 
 The Fur Trade— The fcllowing table exhibit-o the imjwr 
 tation of furs by the Hudson's Bay C^impany (the centre of 
 whose operations is in .IConti-eal) for three years: — 
 
 Badger , . 
 
 Bear 
 
 Fisher . . 
 
 Fo.\— Silver 
 " Cross 
 " Red 
 " White 
 " Kitt 
 
 Lynx . . 
 
 Wartin . . 
 
 Mink . . 
 
 Musquash . 
 
 Otter . . 
 
 Rabbit . . 
 
 Wolf . . 
 
 Wolverine 
 
 52,659 
 
 8<9 
 
 4,092 
 
 8,7-2 
 
 388 
 
 1,429 
 
 7,:H95 
 
 1 ,820 
 
 '4.658 
 
 4,169 
 
 109,974 
 
 37,015 
 
 313.631 
 
 10.,344 
 
 82,814 
 
 13,724 
 
 740 
 
 Sfilifi 
 4,593 
 
 1,004 
 
 2,049 
 
 3,0«7 
 
 6,574 
 
 4,3.36 
 
 3,762 
 
 5,569 
 
 2,556 
 
 8,932 
 
 4,660 
 
 73,422 
 
 69,424 
 
 30,407 
 
 15,845 
 
 510,665 
 
 476.870 
 
 11,278 
 
 8,140 
 
 82,4;W 
 
 54.827 
 
 6,650 
 
 7,901 
 
 The amount of shipping, however, affords an imperfect 
 view of the trade of this increasing city, from the circum 
 stance of Quebec engrossing the greater part of the timljei 
 trade, and, conse<iuently, having a much greater amount of 
 shipping; and, also, from the obstruction of Lake St, I'eter, 
 already adverted to, causing a large quantity of goods to be 
 sent to Montreal in lighters. 
 
 Manufacture.^. — Among the manufactures are foundries 
 of cast-iron, distilleries, breweries, soap and candle works, 
 manufactures of hardware, including excellent cutlery, flocir- 
 cloth, carriages, and especially beautiful sledges, or sleighs, 
 as they are more commonly called. In 1851 there were 7 
 iron foundries and 7 machine factories. 
 
 Climate. — The climate in summer is hot, often reaching 
 90° in the shade; and the winters are severe, the tempera- 
 ture ranging for weeks from zero to 10° below it. 
 
 The population in 1844 was 44,093, in 1851, 57.715, and 
 is composed mainly of French Canadians, English, Scotch, 
 Irish, and Americans. The French language is much 
 spoken. Pop. in ISGl, 90,.323. 
 
 Ulucaticm. — The educational means of this city comprise 
 a French College, a University, with 5 professors, open to 
 persons of all religious denominations, a Koman Catholie 
 theological school, a high school, and several classical and 
 scientific academies. 
 
 General Statistics. — According to the Canada Directory, 
 there were in Montreal, in 1851, 1 Baptist, 1 Unitarian, 4 
 Roman Catholic, 5 Episcopal. 6 Presbyterian, S Methodist, 
 2 Congregational churches, ana 1 Jews' synagogue; 7 fire- 
 engines and ,station.s, 4 banks. 3 .savings banks, 32 insurance 
 comp.inies, and agencies of foreign insurance companies, 3 
 medical schools, 1 general hospital, an asylum for aged and 
 infirm women, 2 orphan and 2 Magdalene asylums, a lying- 
 in hospital, a dispen.sary, an institution for the treatment 
 of the eye and ear, a ladies' benevolent society, and a board 
 of trade, (There were published in the same year, 3 daily, 3 
 semi and 6 tri-weekl}'. 8 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, 3 monthly, 
 and 2 quarterly newspapers and periodicals, besides other 
 religious and scientific journals. At the same date Montreal 
 had 19 hotels, 87 inns and taverns, and 3 principal markett), 
 viz.. Bonsecours, St. Louis, and St. Lawrence Market.?. 
 
 HLttfiry. — Montreal was founded in 1640, under the name 
 of Ville-Marie, on the «ite of the Indian village of Iloche- 
 laga. In 1760, it was taken by the En.clish, shortly after 
 the surrender of Quebec. In 1832, the cholera raged there 
 with great violence, carrying off 1843 inhabitants, in a po- 
 pulation of little more than 30,000. A political mob burnt 
 the Parliament House and Library adjoining, April 26, 
 1849, in consequence of which the seat of government was 
 removed to Quebec. In July, 1852, a destructive fire laid 
 waste a large part of the city, burning 1108 houses and de- 
 stroying property valued at 340.816?. 
 
 MON'TREAL', a county in the western part of Canada 
 East, is composed of islands situated in the St. Lawrence, 
 and comprises an area of 197 square miles. On the largest 
 of these islands is the city of Montreal, the capital of Ca- 
 nada. Pop. 77.381. 
 
 MONTREALK. See Monreale. 
 
 MONTREAL ISLAND. See Montre.\i, City. 
 
 MONTREAL RIVER, forming part of the twindary be- 
 tween Wisconsin and Michigan, flows N.W. into Lake Supe- 
 rior. 
 
 MONTREDON. mAN«'tr,4'di']N<!?, a market-town of France, 
 department of Tarue, 17 miles E. of Alby. Pop. in 1852, 
 5648. 
 
 JIONTREJEAU, mANoHnVzhiy, a town of France. depart> 
 ment of HauteGaronne, on the Garonne, here crossed by a 
 marble bridge of 5 arches, 8 miles W. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 
 in 1852, 3777. 
 
 MONTRELAIS, mANoHreh-l.l', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire-InfiSrieure, on the Loire, 9 miles E. of Aneo- 
 nis. Pop. in 1852, 2159. 
 
 MONTRESOR. mSNoHrdVoR?, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Lolre, 9 miles E. of Loches. Pop 700. 
 
 1235 
 
MON 
 
 MONTRKT'ItrSrE-MEK, ni6xf''t)Tl' slir-maiR, a town of 
 France, departini'nt of I'as-de-Calais, on the Canche, 8 niileg 
 from its mouth, with a station on the Amiens branch of the 
 Northern liailway, 20 miles S.S.E. of 15ouloj;ne. I'op. in 
 1S52, 3939. It is enclosed by a rampart, and defended by a 
 strong hill-fortress. 
 
 MOXTKKUIL Sous Bois, mAx=HruI' soo bwd, (L. ilm- 
 tUrioltim.) a town of France, department of Seine, 3i miles 
 K. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 3810, employed in manufactures 
 of enamelled leather and porcelain. 
 
 MOSTKEUIL BELL.W, mA.N<='truI' bJri.V, a town of 
 France, department of 3Iaine-et-Loire, on a cragfTy height, 
 near the Thoue. 9 miles S.S.^V. of Saumur, formerly a place 
 of sreat strength. Pop. in 1852. 1884. 
 
 MOXTREUIL LF> CHfiXIF, mixo'truI'-leh-shVteeP, a vil- 
 la'-;e of France, department of Sarthe, 19 miles W.S.W. of 
 JIamers. Pop. 1240. 
 
 MONTUEUX, mu.No'truh', aTillajeof Switzerland, canton 
 of \'aud. on the Lake of Geneva, 14 mile.s S.E. of Lausanne. 
 Pop. of parish, 2600. 
 
 MOXTREVAULT, mAxo'treh-rO', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Maine-etrLoire, arrondis-semeut of Beauprfan. 
 Pop. "SO. 
 
 MOXTREVKL, mAx"'treh-vll', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ain, arrondissement of Bourg, on the Reyssouse. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 JIONTRICIIAKD, miNoVee'shan', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Loir-et-Cher, on the Cher, IS miles S.S.W. of 
 Blois. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MOXTKICOUX, mixoVee'koo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the right bank of the Aveyron, 
 13 miles K.X.E. of Montauban. Pop. in 1S52, loOO. 
 
 MONTKIGACD, mAxo^i-ee-go', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Drome, 23 miles N.N.E. of Valence. Pop. 1560. 
 
 MONTROSE, mont-rOz', a royal and parliamentary bo- 
 rough. Seaport town, and parish of Scotland, county of For- 
 far, 34 miles S.W. of Al>ertle«n ; lat. 56° 42' 30" N., Ion. 2° 28' 
 W. ; 70 miles N.E. of Edinburgh, on the railway from Dun- 
 dee to Aberdeen. The appearance of the to".vn is exceedingly 
 pleasing; the .streets, which are well paved, and lighted with 
 gas, being, in general, spacious and cleanly, and the houses 
 substantial, and, in some localities, elegant. The public 
 buildings are the Town-hall, containing a court-ixiom, new.s- 
 room, and public librarj' ; the lunatic asylum, .said to be the 
 first institution of the kind in the kingdom ; the infirmary, 
 house of refuge, the museum, containing a valuable collec- 
 tion in every department of natural history, together with 
 a variety of coins and relics of antiquity; the academy, on 
 the E. side of the town, and a magnificent chain bridge, 
 which cro.sses the South Esk. It has a parochial and 2 Free 
 churches. 2 United Presbyterian, an Independent, an Engli.<h 
 Kpiscopaliau, a Scotch Epi.*eopalian, a Methodist. 2 Bajitist 
 churches, and a Glassitc meeting-house. The educational in- 
 stitutions comprise an academy. 2 Free Church schools, and 
 about 30 others, public and private, besides 2 infant schools. 
 There are 2 principal libraries in the town — one containing 
 10,000 volumes, the other 3000 volumes; also a Jibrary be- 
 longing to the town grammar scliool. The principal business 
 in Montrose is flax-spinning and weaving. In 1851, there 
 were 5 spinning-mills, consuming, together, 5750 .tons of ttax, 
 and employing 2150 persons. There were also 3 large flax 
 spinning-mills, and 2 bleaching-works, which give employ- 
 ment to 500 work-people. The numl'er of persons employed 
 in weaving and manufacturing linen is estimated at 1400. the 
 power-looms at 130, and the hand-looms at 400, together 
 producing 1450 pieces of cloth weekly. Starch of a superior 
 quality is manufactured to a considerable extent, there 
 being 3 establishments in the town for making that article ; 
 also 2 iron foundries, a corn and flour mill, and a little ship- 
 building is carried on. The harbor of Montrose is one of 
 the b«'st on tlie E. coast of Scotland. It is formed by the 
 entrance of the South Esk into the North Sea, where, on a 
 rocky prompntory on the S. side of the river, a lofty white 
 beacon is erected. Two lighthouses, one 45 feet, the other 
 35 feet high, were erected, in 1818, on the N.E. side of the 
 river. The quays and wet dock are about ly miles from the 
 en trance of the river ; the latter is capable of accommodating 
 6000 tons of shipping. In 1851, there entered 47,420 tons 
 of shipping, 8462 tonp of which were engaged in the foreign 
 traile ; and there cleared 29,04? tons, of which 1 2,509 belonged 
 to the foreign trade. The chief imports are flax and hemp, 
 coals, and herrings; and the exports — manufactured good.s, 
 fcrain, and cattle. Steamers ply between Jlontrose and 
 London. Leith, Dundee, and Aberdeen. Montro.se unites 
 with Arbroath. Brechin, Forfar, and Bervie, in returning a 
 member to Parliament. Here, in 1296, Baliol is said to have 
 surrendered the Scottish crown to Edward I. The famous 
 Marquis of Montrose was born here in 1612. and the town 
 now gives the title of Duke to his fiimilv. P. in 1851, 15.238. 
 
 -MONTROSE', a post-l)orough of Hrldgewater township, 
 capital of Susquehanna co.,Peunsylvania, near the Delaware 
 Lacknwan& and Western Railroad, 165 miles N. bv W. of 
 Philadelphia. It is pleasantly situated in a hilly' region, 
 near the sources of WytJ using Creek. The liouses" are 
 mostly wood, ana painted white. Montrose contains a bank. 
 
 123a 
 
 MON 
 
 an acaiieiiiy, 5 churches, and 2 newspaper ofl5ces. Pop. in 
 1860, 1268. 
 
 MONTROSE, a post-office of 'Westmoreland cc, Virginia. 
 
 MONTROSE, a post-village -of J.isper co., Jli.ssissippi. 
 
 MONTROSE, a postofRce of Smith co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MONTROSE, a po.'it-office of Summit co.. ( hio. 
 
 MONTROSE, a township in Gene.'iee co., Michigan. P. 389. 
 
 5I0NTR0SE, a post-village of Lee CO., Iowa, on the Mis- 
 sissippi River, at the head of the lower rapids, 12 miles above 
 Keokuk. The inhabitants are mostly employeti in " lighten- 
 ing" steamboats over the rapids, which obstruct the navi- 
 gation of the river. The railroad from Keukuk to Fort 
 Madison ]i:issos through Montrose. Pop. 19S8. 
 
 5I0NTR0SE. a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. Pop. 856. 
 
 MONTROSE DEPOT, a post office of Susquehanna co., 
 Penn.sylvania. 
 
 MONTROUGE, niAxo'roozh', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine, forming a S. suburb of Paris, beyond the 
 fortifications. Pop. in 1852, 9223. Here ia the entrance to 
 the catacombs, extending beneath Paris. The commune of 
 Pelit-Mimtrnuqe is now enclosed by the fortifications. 
 
 MONT-SAXONEX, mont-sax-o-nJx', a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States. Savoy, 7 miles S.E. of Bonnevilie. Pop. 1308. 
 
 MONTSECII, mont-s5k', a range of mountains in Spain, 
 Catalonia, province of Lerida, stretching from E. to W. about 
 26 miles. 
 
 MONrSERRAT' or MON'SERR AT/, one of the British W. 
 India Islands, Leeward group, nearly at equ.al distance (30 
 miles) from the islands of Nevis. Antigua, and Guadeloupe; 
 lat. (N. point) 16° 50' N., Ion. 62° 12' W. It is of an oval 
 form, 10 miles to 12 miles long, 7i miles broad. About two- 
 thirds of the surface is mountainous and barren, the re- 
 mainder is well cultivated ; about 6000 acres are appropriated 
 to sugar, 2000 acres to cotton, 2000 acres to provisions, and 
 2000 acres to pasturage. The quantities of sugar, rum. and 
 molasses, which form the chief products of the island, ex- 
 ported in 1849, were : — sugar, 561 hogsheads, 230 tierces, 563 
 barrels; rum, 12 hogsheads, 30 puncheons; molasses, 336 
 puncheons. Cotton, wool, arrow-root, and tamarinds are 
 also among its exports. The government of the island ia 
 vested in the Governor-in<iiief of the Leeward Islands, who 
 is represented by a presiilent. assisted by a council, and 
 house of assembly. The island was discovered and named 
 by Columbus in 1493. Chief town, Plymouth, on its S.W. 
 coast. On February 8, 1843, 5Iontserrat sustained con- 
 siderable damage from an earthquake. Pop. in 1844, 7365, 
 of whom not more than 150 are white. 
 
 M(>NTSHRR.\T. a mountain of Spain. See Moxserrat. 
 
 MONT-ST.-AUBERT, mAx«'sSxt'0'baiR', a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of Ilainaut, 33 mUes W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 
 1496. 
 
 JIONT ST. JEAN, mAxo sJx" zhSx". a village of Belgium, 
 province of South Brabant, 11 miles S.E. of Brussel.s. imme- 
 diately E. of the field where was fought the action of Water- 
 loo, c.iUed by the French the battle of Mont St. Jean. 
 
 MONT ST. MICHEL. mAx= As" mee'shSl', a picturesque, 
 steep, and fortified rock, off the coast of Normandy, in Can- 
 cale Bay, 7 miles S.W. of Avranches, having a striking 
 resemblance to St. Michael's Jlount, off Cornwall, on the 
 opposite side of the English Channel. On its summit is an 
 abbey, founded in the 8th century, clustered around which 
 is an irregular town. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MONTSURS, uiAxo'sur', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Mavenne, 12 miles E.N.E. of Laval. Pop. 1405. 
 
 MONT-TENDRE. mdixi't^xdV, one of the Jura Mountains, 
 Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the S.E. side of the Lake 
 Joux. 15 miles N.W. of Lausanne. Height 6.538 feet. 
 
 MONT TERRIBLE, inA.\o t^R'Reeb'l', and MONT TON- 
 NERRE, mix" ton'naiR', two former departments under the 
 French Empire, the furmerjiartly composed of the N.W. part 
 of the SwisS canton of Bern, with Porentruy for its capital, 
 and named after a mountain 3 miles S.E. thereof, on which 
 are vestiges of a camp establishett by Julius Ca>sar. The 
 latter is now mostly comprised in Rhenish Bavaria ; capital 
 city, Mentz. 
 
 MONTU-BECCARIA, mon'too-bfkka/re-J, a town of the 
 Sardinian States, division of Alessandria, 10 miles E.N.E. of 
 Voghera. on the Versa, an affluent of the Po. Pop. 2650. 
 
 MONTU DE G.\BB1, mSn'too dA gdiybee, a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division of Alessandria. 15 miles E.N.K 
 of Voghera, on the Versa, an affluent of the Po. Pop. 1983. 
 
 MONTUIRI, mon-twee-ree', a town of the Balearic Isles^ 
 Majorca. 17 miles E. of Palma. Pep. 2783. 
 
 MONTU RESVILLE. See Moxtoursville. 
 
 MONTVILLK, a village of France. See MoxvTLlE. 
 
 MONT'VILLE. a post-township of Waldo co., Slaine. about 
 30 miles E. by N. of Augusta. It is 'well supplied with 
 water-power, employed for mills of different kinds. There 
 are 3 post-offices in the township, but no large village. Pop, 
 1682. 
 
 MONTVILLE. a township of New London co.. Connecti- 
 cut, on the right bank of Thames River, intersected by the 
 New London Willimantic and Palmer Raiload, al>out 38 
 miles S.E. of Hartford. It has a wire factory and several 
 cotton-mills. Pop. 2141. 
 
MON 
 
 MOO 
 
 MOXTTTLLE, a villase of Cayuga co., New York, about 
 20 miles S.S K. of Auburn. 
 
 MONTVILLIO, a pnst-vil!ap;e of Morris CO., New Jersey, on 
 the .Morris Canal,' 24 miles N.W. of Jersey City. 
 
 .MONTVILLK, a post-township forming tte N.E. extre- 
 mity of Ooiiuna CO., Ohio. Pop. 760. 
 
 MOXTVIhLK, a township of Medina CO., Ohio. I'op. 951. 
 
 MONTZKN, mAnt's('n or mAxt'sdN"', a village of Belgium, 
 province and 21 miles N.K. of Liege. I'op. 1070. 
 
 .M( IN L'CCO, mo-nook'ko, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont. 20 miles N.W. of Asti. Pop. 1611. 
 
 MOX'U.MKNT. a post-village of Barnstable co., Massachu- 
 setts, on the E. .side of Buzzard's Bay, and on the Cape Cod 
 Railroad, .56 miles S.K. by S. of Boston. 
 
 MONUMKNT. a post-office of Pike co.. Illinois. 
 
 MOXU-MKNT ISLAND, a post-office of Delaware co., New 
 York. 
 
 MOXVILLE or MONTVILLR, mANo'veel', a village of 
 France, di^partment of Si'ine-lnfericure, with a station on 
 the Paris and Havre Railway, 10 miles N. of Rouen. Pop. 
 2543. It was visited by a destructive waterspout in 1845. 
 
 M(JNY, mo'neo/, a town of France, department of Oise, 
 about 6 miles S.VV. of Clermont. Pop. 2232. 
 
 lMi).\'V.MUSK, a village and parish of Scotland, county 
 and 19 miles W.X.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 895. 
 
 MONZA. mon'zi, (anc. Mndicia.) a town of Northern 
 Italy, government and 9 miles N.N.E. of Milan, on the 
 railway to Como, and on the Lambro, which divides it 
 into two parts, and is here crossed by three bridges. Its 
 site is somewhat elevated, and its air remarkably pure and 
 healthy. In early times it was surrounded by walls, flanked 
 with bastions, and defended by a castle, but these have 
 almost entirely disappeared, and great improvements have 
 been made by levelling and planting the ramparts. The 
 streets arc regular, and paved with flints. The most remark- 
 able edifices are the Cathedral of St. John Baptist, originally 
 founded in the beginning of the 7th century, by the cele- 
 brated I.iombard queen. Teodolinda. sub.sequently repaireil 
 and enlarged, and now forming a beautiful structure, sur- 
 mounted by a lofty spire, adorned by numui-ous sculptures 
 and paintings, and so rich in curious and Interesting gifts 
 bestowed by the queen and others, as to be a kind of medi- 
 eval museum; the Church of San Gerardo, recently finished 
 in the form of a rotunda, and several other handsome 
 churches; tlie Broletto or Town-hall, an Italian Gothic struc- 
 ture, attributed to Frederick Barbaro.ssa; the Palace, in 
 which the Viceroy of Milan usually resides in summer; the 
 Barnabito college, diocesan si»minary, gymnasium, han<i- 
 Bome theatre, penitentiary, house of industry, mnnte-de- 
 pitti:, and hospital. In the town and immediate neighlx)r- 
 hood, above .5000 looms are employed in weaving cotton 
 goods, of various descriptions, but especially fustians. There 
 are. also, manufactures of hats, leather, bricks, tiles, and 
 Baus.ages. for which the town has long b<!en famous. Under 
 the Romans, Monza made some progress, but did not attain 
 its highest prosperity till the time of the Lombards, who 
 fortified and embellished it, and made it the capital of their 
 kingdom. After their fiiU It w,as for a time independent, 
 but afterwards became a dependency of Milan. Pop. 15,587. 
 
 MO.NZA.MHANO. raon-zdm-bd'iio, a market-town ofNorth- 
 ern Italy, about 18 miles N.N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 2729. 
 The French gained a victory over the Austrians here in 
 
 isoo. 
 
 MONZE, CAPE. See Cape Monze. 
 
 MONZIE, mon'zee, or MONIE, mon'nee, a village and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 3 miles N.E. of Crieff. 
 Pop. 1199. It has several ancient remains, including the 
 reputed fort of Fingal. tomb of Ossian. and Monzie Castle. 
 
 M<>\ZI.\GK.\, mont'sing-en, a village of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia. .39 miles S. of Coblentz, on the Nalje. Pop. 1085. 
 
 Mi)\Z')\. mon-thon', a fortified town of Sp.ain, province 
 and ?.:! miles S.K. of Iluesca, on the Cinca. Vop. 2880. 
 
 Mi).JAl{, MDUAB or MUAB, moo-db', a town of Arabia, 
 Yemen. 60 miles K.S.E. of Sana. 
 
 MO :)DA\IA. MOUDANIA or MUDANIA. moo-d;Vne-a, a 
 large straggling village of Asia Minor, on the Sea of >iar- 
 mora, 15 miles N,VV. of Bru.«a, and the place of embarka- 
 tion of travellers thence to Constantinopl-!, with which city 
 it h.as weekly steam communication. It contains about 1000 
 houses. 
 
 MOODAPOOR, moodi-poor', a trwu of British India, 
 presidency and province of Bengal, 66 miles W.N.W. of 
 Dacc.i. 
 
 MOODIIfLL', a town of British Iidia. presidency of Bom- 
 bay, district and 62 miles N,K,, f.f Darwar, 
 
 MOOCVKKK, a village of >"orth-\Vestern Ilindostan, Raj- 
 pontana, .about 2S miles S.E 3'"Ferozepoor. Pop. 6(100. Here, 
 In 1845. the first action took place between the Sikhs and 
 the British forces. 
 
 MOOD'NA. a post-rffic« rf Orange CO.. New York. 
 
 MOO'DUS, f wst-i'ir.axe of Middlesex co., Connecticut, 
 about 25 milos S.S.E. ct Hartford. It contains several cot- 
 ton factories. 
 
 MOO'D^'i'P MILL, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 MOO'ifiS, R pos'.-vUlage and township of Clinton co., New 
 
 York, about 1(10 mile.s N. by E. of Albany. Tlio village ii 
 situated on the Northern Itailroad, where it is cro»3i-d ly 
 the Plattfiburg and .Montreal Railroad, and contains 2 or ,' 
 churches, about half a dozen stores, an i ?everal mills. Pop 
 of township. 3926. 
 
 MOOEKS VILLAGE, a village situated on the Plattjburg 
 and Montreal Railroad, 20 miles from Plattsburg, 
 
 MOOJABAD, moo-jdt-biid', a considerable town cf Ilindos- 
 tan, dominions and SOmiles S.W. of Jeypoor, with a mosque, 
 some good gardens, and several Jain temples. 
 
 MOOK, mok, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Limburg, 30 miles N,N,\V, of Venloo. Louis of Nassau was 
 here conquered and killed by the Spaniards in 1574, 
 
 MOOKDEN, MOUKDEN, or MUKDK.N, mookVUn/, SIHN- 
 YANG or CHIN-YANG, shin-yauW, or FUXG-THIAN, fang'- 
 t'he-in', a city of Mantchooria, capital of the province of 
 Leao-tong. on an eminence about 380 miles N.E, of Peking. 
 Lftt, 41^ 50' N,, Ion, 123*^ 20' E. It was the last residence of 
 the Mantchoo sovereigns, before their conquest of China, 
 and the place where the early emperors of the reigning dy- 
 nasty are buried. It is now the seat of several superior 
 tribunals, and of a Chinese viceroy of the highest rank. 
 
 MOOLA (moo'ld) or GUNDAVA (grin-dd/vi) PASS, Beloo- 
 chistan, leads fiom Oundava to Kelat, along the valley of 
 the Moola, an affluent of the Indus, its centre being in lat. 
 28° N., Ion, 67° E., and its extreme elevation 4600 feet, 
 
 MOOLA, moo'ld, a town of Asia Minor, 130 miles S.E. of 
 Smyrna, 
 
 MOOLKIER, mool-keeu/, a town of Ilindostan, province 
 of Candeish. on the Moosur, which here forms a cataract, 
 82 miles E.S.E. of Surat. 
 
 MOOLOOPETTA, moo-loo pJt/tJ, a maritime town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Madras, 124 miles N.E. of Cape 
 Comorin. and a favorite resort of invalids. 
 
 MOOLTAN, MOULl'AN or MULTAN, mool-tdn', an an- 
 cient city of the Punjab, 164 miles S.W. of Lahore, on the 
 left bank of the Chenaub. from which it is distant alxiut 3 
 miles ; lat. 30° 8' N., Ion. 71° 28' E. It is upwards of 3 miles 
 in circumference, and is surrounded by a dilapidated wall, 
 and overlooked on the N. by a fortress of some strength. 
 The houses are built of burned brick, have fiat roofs, and 
 sometimes rise to a height of 6 stories, their loftiness giving 
 a gloomy appearance to the narrow streets. The bazaars 
 are extensive, but are also inconveniently narrow. The 
 principal manufactures are silks, cottons, shawl.s, longeeg, 
 brocades, and tissues. Mooltan has an extensive foreign 
 trade with the countries W. of the Indus, and a large bank- 
 ing business is carried on by its merchants. The fortress, 
 built in 1640, on the site of the old city, stands on a mound 
 of earth, and is an irregular figure of six sides, surrounded 
 by a wall aliout 40 feet high outside, and surmounted bj' 30 
 towers. The vicinity is covered with a vast quantity of the 
 ruins of tombs, mosques, and shrines. Many of these have 
 been sub.stantial edifices, and all tend to show the former 
 extent and antiquity of the city. The gardens around are 
 numerous, and well stocked with fruit trees, as mangoes, 
 oranges, citrons, limes, &e. Its dategrovVis also yield niucb 
 fruit, and vegetables are grown in great abundance, Mool- 
 tan is one of the most ancient cities in India; it was taken 
 by the Jlohammedans at the close of the 8th century, again 
 at the commencement of the lltli, and a third time by 
 Tamerlane at the close of the 14th. Latterly it fell into tb« 
 hands of the Sikhs, from whom it was taken by the British 
 in 1849. Pop. estimated at 80,000. 
 
 MOON or MOEN. moon, an i.sland of Rus.«ia, in the Baltic, 
 at the N. entrance of the Gulf of Riga ; greatest length about 
 9 miles, breadth 6 miles, 
 
 MOON, a post-township of Alleghany co,, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Ohio River, 12 miles below Pittsburg. Pop. 1148. 
 
 MOON, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1484. 
 
 MOONCHY, moon'che, a town of India, in the Deccan, 
 Nizam's dominions, on the Godavcry, 38 miles S.S.E. of 
 Aurunsabad. 
 
 MOON'DEIl or MOON/DRA, a large village of Sinde, 30 
 miles N. of Sehwan, on the route to Larkhana; lat. 26° 47' 
 N., Ion. 67° 54' E. 
 
 MOONE, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of KiULare. 
 
 MOO'NEY, a township of Phillips co., Arkansas. Pop. 
 325. 
 
 MOONEY, a post-office of .Jackson co., Indiana. 
 
 MOON'S, a post-office of Favette co.. Ohio. 
 
 MOON'S POINT, a small village of Livingston co., Tllinoig. 
 
 MOONUK, moo^nuk', a town of India, in the Sikh terri- 
 tory. 117 miles N.W. of Delhi. 
 
 MOON'ZIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 3 miles N.N.AV. 
 of Cupar. It has remains of a fortress of the Crawlbrds, 
 and Colluthie House, an ancient seat of the Ramsays. 
 
 MOOH. .«ee JIorocco. 
 
 MOOR or MOR, mor, a town of West Hungary, co, and 16 
 miles N.W. of Stuhlwei.ssenburg. Pop. 7000. It lias a citndel, 
 a Capuchin monastery, large barr.acks, several Protestant 
 churches, and a trade in superior wines. 
 
 MOORAD (MOURAD or MURAD) CH.U, moo-ri5d' chi, 
 a river of Asiatic Turkey, and the E. branch of the Eu- 
 phrates, rises about 60 miles S.W. of Mount Ararat, flows 
 
 1237 
 
MOO 
 
 MOO 
 
 ttfpt-ward. and joins thft north biju.«fi or Frat, about 85 
 milt." N.N \V. of Diiirbokir. 
 
 MOOIl A FA, MOUKAFA or MURAFA, moo-riffL a markets 
 town of Kus.-iian I'oland, government cf I'odolia, 37 miles N. 
 ofYampol. l>op. ]SUO. 
 
 MOOUASIIKIXO, MOUKACIIKIXO or MURASCHKIXO, 
 moo-r.'ish-kee'no. a market-town of Russia, government and 
 40 miles S.S.E. of Xizhnee-Novgorod. Pop. 0,000; employed 
 in manufactures of leather, soap, and hosiery. 
 
 MOORBUKOi, moK/booRG! a village of Germany, in the 
 
 territory and J niile.s S. of the city of Hamburg. I'op. 1817. 
 
 MOOH'BV. a pari.«h of England, eo. of Lincoln. 
 
 MODKDRECIIT, moR'drJKt, a village of the Netherlands, 
 
 province of South UoUand, 9 miles N.E. of Rotterdam. 
 
 Pop. 1904. 
 
 MOORE, mOr, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Ros- 
 3ommon. 
 
 MOOUE, a township of England, co. of Chester, with a 
 station on the London and North-\Vestern Railway, 3 miles 
 S.W. of M'arrington. 
 
 MOORE (mOr) POINT, of West Au.'tralia, forming the S. 
 extremity of Port Grey : lat. 28= 47' S.. Ion. 114° 37' 40" E. 
 
 MOORE, mor, a county in the central part of North Caro- 
 lina ; area estimated at 750. siiuare miies. It is drained by 
 Beep, Little, and Lumber Rivers. The surface is diversi- 
 fied. The county is intersected by a plankroad leading to 
 Fayetteville. Capital, C-arthage. Formed in 1784. and 
 named in honor of Hon. Alfred Moore, late associate jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Pop. 11,427, 
 of whom 8909 were free, and 2.518 slaves. 
 
 MOORE, a tijwnship of Northampton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2S97. 
 
 MOORE'FIELD, a post-village, capital of Hardy co.. West 
 Virginia, on the S. bank of the Potomac, about 150 miles 
 S.E. of Wheeling. It contuins several stores and mills, and 
 about 50 dwellings. 
 
 MOOREFIEIiD, a post-village of Nicholas co., Kentucky, 
 66 miles S.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 MOOREFIELD, a township of Clarke co., Ohio. Pop. 1312. 
 
 MOOREFIELD, a post-village and town.ship of Harrison 
 CO., Ohio, lOo miles E. by N. of Columbus. Pop." of the town- 
 Bhip, 1172: of the village, about 400. 
 
 MOOREFIELD, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana, 
 9.1 miles S.K. of IndianapolL^. 
 
 MOOKE'LAND, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 MOORE'S, a post-olTice of Bowie co., Texas. 
 
 MOORES/BOROUQH, a post-viUage of Cleveland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOORES/RURG, a village of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 86 miles W.N.W. of Harrisbui-g. 
 
 M(X)RES1!URG, a post-village of Montour co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 5 miles W.N.W. of Danville. 
 
 MOORESIUJRG, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee. 
 
 M0()RESI5UR0. a post-office of Pulaski CO., Indiana. 
 
 MOORES CREEK, a post-office of New Ilauover co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 JIOORE'S CROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Hardeman co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 JIOORE'S FORKS, a post-office of Clinton co., Ni?w York. 
 
 MOORESHILL, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana, 
 on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 13 miles N.M'. of 
 Lawreneeburg. Pop. in 1S50, 206. 
 
 MOORE'S MILLS, a post-office of .lackson CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 5I00R ES OR'DIN All Y, a post-office of Prince Edward co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MOORE'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of .Teffer.son CO., Illinois. 
 
 -MOORE'S RANCHE, a post-office of Colusi co., California. 
 
 MOORE'S REST, a postofflce of Anderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 MOORK'S SALT-WORKS, a post-village of Jefferson co., 
 Ohio. 130 miles E. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 MOORES STORE, pos^village, Shenandoah CO., Virginia. 
 
 MOORESTOWN, mOrz'town. a post-village of Chester 
 township. Burlington eo.. New Jersey, on the road from 
 Cam<len to Jlouut Holly, 9 miles from" each. It contains 5 
 churches. 3 or 4 stores, and about 1200 inhabitants. 
 
 MOORKSVILLE, morz'vill. a post-village of Delaware co.. 
 New York, 48 miles S.W. by W. of Albany. 
 
 MOORESVILLE, a post-village of Orange co., North 
 Carolina. 75 miles N.W. of R.ileigh. 
 
 3I00RESV1LLE. a post-village of Limestone co., Alabama, 
 about 20 miles AV.S.W. of Ilunt-sville. 
 
 MOORESVILLE, a post-village of Marshall CO., Tennessee, 
 63 miles S. by W. of Nashville. 
 
 MOORESVILLE. a flourishing po8t-village of Morgan co., 
 Indiiina, on \\ hite Lick Creek, 36 miles S.W. of Indiana- 
 polis. It h.is a plank-road leading to Franklin. Pop. 780. 
 
 SKWRE'S VINEYARD, a post-office of Bartholomew co.. 
 Indiana. 
 
 MOORETTOWN. a post-village. of Montgomerv co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the turnpike between Phila-lelphia and Easton. 
 11 miles N. of the former. It contains 1 church and about 
 30 dwellin-rs. 
 
 MOORE'VILLE. a small village of Washtenaw co., Michi- 
 Can. on ."'aline River. 
 
 ' MOORGHAUB, moor'gawb/, MOURGUAB or MURGHAB. 
 1238 
 
 moor'gSV. written .ilso 5I00RGAUB and MOURG AB. a rircf 
 of Afghanistan and Independent Toorkistan, rises in the 
 Huzareh country, flows N.W. into Khiva, and beyond MefT 
 is lost in the sands, after a course of about'250 miles. 
 
 M00KG1I-\U1!. a town of Pei'sia, province of Fars. 70 mileg 
 N.E. of Sheeraz, immediately N. of the ruins of Pasargada 
 01 rhmrgadfe. 
 MOORISH. See Morocco. 
 
 MOOR/LINCH. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 MOORLEY, moor/lee, or JESSORE, jjs-sor', a town of 
 British India, presidency and. province of Bengal, capita, 
 of the di.strict of Jessore, 66 miles N.E. of Calcutta. 
 
 MOORLEYDUR SERAI, moor-le-Uur/ s.VrI', a town ot 
 British InUia, presidency, province and 40 miles E. of Agra. 
 MOORO.M, MOUROM or MUROM, moo-rom', a town of 
 Russia, government and 70 miles E.S.E. of Vladimeer, on the 
 Oka. Pop. 6500. It comprises a Kreml or citadel, and two 
 other quarters, a cathedral of the IGth century, and up- 
 wards of 17 other churches and several convents; manufac- 
 tures of linens, leather, soap, and earthenwares, which last 
 articles, with a considerable quantity of corn, are exported 
 to St. Petersburg. 
 
 MOORS.\UM, moor-sawm', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency and 29 miles N. of Agra. 
 
 3IO0RSEELE, mor'sA-lv'h, a market-town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, 4 miles W. of Courtrai. Pop. 4000. 
 MOORSEL, moR'sel, a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders. IS miles E.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2S07. 
 
 MOORSUEDABAD, moor"she-d.j-bdd', a city of British 
 India, presidency and formerly the capital of the proviuco 
 of Bengal, extends along the Ganges for about 8 miles, 115 
 miles N. of Calcutta. Lat. 24° 11' N.. Ion. 88° 15' E. Pop. 
 estimated at 165,000. It is meanly built, and its only re- 
 markable edifice is the palace of the nabob, a large white 
 building, in the European style. It has many mosques 
 scattered through the city, and here are the ix-mains of 
 a Mohammedan palace, built out of the ruins of Gour. It 
 is the seat of one of the si.x courts of circuit under the Ben- 
 gal presidency, and of a British college, founded in 1826, 
 and having an annual revenue of 1650/.; has considerable 
 manufactures of silk and other fabrics. The district Sloor- 
 shedabad. has an area of 1870 square miles. Pop. 800,000. 
 
 MOORSLEDE, moRs'lA-deh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of ^\ est Flanders, 9 miles N.E. of Ypres. I'op. 63;53. 
 MOi'KS'LEY, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 MOORTOWN. mor'towu, a station on the Lincolnshire 
 branch of the Midland Railway, 7 miles N. of Market-Raisen. 
 JIOOR/VILLE. a post-office of Itawamlia co., Mississippi. 
 MOORAVINSTOW. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 MOORZOOK. -MOURZOLK. or MURZUK, moor'zook', (anc. 
 Garlama, Gr. Tapafxa.) a commercial city of Africa, capital 
 of Fezzan, in lat. 25° 54' N., Ion. 14° 12' E. Pop. estimated 
 at 3500. It is built of brick, cemented with mud: it has a 
 mosque, and a garrison of 500 men. It is the residence of 
 a Briti.sh consul. It w-.hs far more important a few centuries 
 ago than at present. Oarama was the capital of the Gara- 
 man>le.s mentioned by Virgil, (.JCntid. lib. vi. 1. 794.) 
 
 MOOSA, MOUSA or MUSA. moo'sd, a town of Arabia, in 
 Yemen. 20 miles N.E. of Mocha. It has a garri.soned fort. 
 
 MOUSBL'Rli. m0.s'bi)oR«. a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 
 Bavaria, on the Isar, 29 miles N.E. of Munich. Pop. 1739. 
 
 MOOSE, moos, a river of British North America, enters 
 
 James's Bay, in conjunction with the Abbitibbe, after a 
 
 north-eastward course estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 MOOSE A PECK (moo-se-pfkO LIGHT, on Sibley Island, at 
 the entrance of Machias Bay. Maine. It is a fixed liuht, 65 
 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 44° 32' N.. Ion. 67° 22' W. 
 MOOSEHEAD (mooss'hed') LAKE, the inrgest lake iu 
 Maine, between Somerset and Piscataquis countie.«. It is 
 very irregular in its form. Length about .35 miles, greatest 
 breadth, including its principal island, about 10 miles. The 
 waters are deep, and abound in trout and other fish. There 
 is a steamboat on the lake, chiefly used for towing timber 
 to the Kenoeliec River. A hotel has been erected in a wild 
 and pictures(iue situation on the shores of the lake, for the 
 acconimrxlalion of persons vi.*iling here in the summer. 
 
 MOOSEHIOADVILLE, moos/hed-vill, a post-office of Erie 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 moose' HI l/LOCK MOUN/TAIN, in Grafton co., New 
 Hampshire, about 60 miles N. of Concord. It consists of two 
 peak.s. the highest of which rises 4636 feet above the sea. 
 
 MOOSE ISLAND, an island of the West Indies, liahamas, 
 25 miles S.E. of the Great Bjihama Island. 
 
 M(.>OSE ME.\DOW. a postoffice of Tolland CO., Covnecticnt. 
 aiOOSE RIVER, of Maine, rises in the N. part of l-'ranklin 
 CO.. and, flowing through Somereet co., falls into M loseheaU 
 Lake. 
 MOOSE RIVER, a post-office of Somerset co.. Maine. 
 MOOSE RIVER, in the N.E. part of Vermont, rises in 
 Essex CO., and falls into the Passumpsic in Caledonia county. 
 MOOSE ItlVER, of New York, rises in Hamilton Co., and 
 enters Black I{iver in Lewis county. 
 
 MOdSlI, MOUSH or MUSILmoosh, a town of Turkish Ar- 
 menia, pasbalic and 83 mileg S.SJi. of Erzroom, in » fine 
 plain N. of the Nipbates Mountains. I'op. about ~A) i^t- 
 
MOO 
 
 MOR 
 
 Lammcdan and 500 Armenian families. It is built around 
 a conical hill, Hod has some large and well supplied bazaars, 
 7 nioS(iue3, and 4 churches. It has .«onie trade with Con- 
 Btantiiiople and Syria, and coarse cotton cloths are manu- 
 factur.'il here. 
 
 MOO'.SKv MOCXTAIX, of Penn.sylvania, in Luzerne co.. 
 extends from near "VVilkesharre, N.K., along the left bank of 
 the Susjuehanna and Lackawanna Itivers above 30 miles. Its 
 avcrafre hei^'ht is stated to be about 1000 feet. The Moosic 
 Mountain may properly be regarded as a continuation of 
 tile Wyoming Mountain. 
 
 JIUU.SOP, a post-office of Windham co., Connecticut. 
 
 MOO.SUL, Asiatic Turkey. See .^losuL. 
 
 M(JOT, MUUT or MUT, moot, a town of Asia Minor, pa- 
 Shalic of Itch-eloe, on the Ghiuk-.Sooyoo, (anc. Chlycuilnuj!.} 
 22 miles N.W. of Selef keh, on the route from Xiaraman. It 
 is a wretched modern village, on the site of an extensive 
 Greek cit3', many colonnades of which still exist, as also 
 ruined mosques and bath.s, to attest its subsequent pros- 
 perity under the Turkish Karamauiaii sovereigns, iu the 
 I4th and lath centuries. It stands in a most picturesque 
 country, is governed by a pasha, and has a fortress and a 
 mosque. 
 
 MOOTA-MOOLA, moo'tl-moo'ld, a river of Ilindostan, 
 formed by the junction of the .'Moota and the Moola at the 
 town of I'oonah, joins the Beemab, one of the main afflu- 
 ents of the Kistna. 
 
 MOOTAPILLY, MOUTAPTLLY or MUTAPILLY, moo-tJ- 
 pillee, written also MOTUPILLY, a town of British India, 
 presidency of JIadras. 41 rriles W.S.W. of Guntoor, on the 
 Coromandel Coast. It has an active coasting traile. 
 
 MDOZ-TAGII, mooz-tdg'. a portion of the mountain circle 
 which bounds the great table-land of Eastern Asia on the 
 N.W., lying between Chinese Toorkistan, and the Thian- 
 Shan territory, and Khokan. 
 
 MOQUEHUA, (mo-k.Vwa(?)) a maritime department of 
 Peru, occupying the S extremity of the rcjiublic. It is 
 bounded on the \. by Arequipa, and divided into the pro- 
 vinces of Arica, Moquehua. and Tarapaca. Capital, Tacana. 
 Pop. in is:>0. ril.43-2. 
 
 MOQUDIIUA or MOQUEGA, mo-kA'g3, a town of Peru, 
 capital of a province of its own name, in a fertile valley on 
 the left bank of the Ilo, and on the great route Vi'. of the 
 Cordilleras, In lat. 17° 20' S. It contains a good church, and 
 Beveral convents. Pop. about 10,000. In the province are 
 many large vinej"ards which pro<Iiice great quantities of 
 wine and brandy; it also abounds in fruit, among which 
 are olives of excellent quality. Pop. in 1850, 32,380. 
 
 MOQUELU.MNE, (commonly pronounced uio-kalTim-ne.) 
 a river of California, ri.ses among the hills at the foot of the 
 Sierra Nevada, and flows in a general westerly direction till 
 it receives the waters of Dry Creek, when it turns, and after 
 running in a S.S.W. course between San .Toaquin and Sacra- 
 nieuto counties for some distance, falls into the San Joaquin 
 lliver, about .50 miles below Stockton. 
 
 MOQUELUMXK IIILL. the mo.st important town of Cala- 
 Teras co., California, is situated in the western (or W. cen- 
 tral) part of the CO., about 1^ miles S. of Moquelumne lliver. 
 See Appendix. 
 
 MOQtJI uno-UeeO IXBIAXS or MOQUIS, mo-keez', a tribe 
 of Indians in the AV. part of New Jlexioo. 
 
 MOU. a town of Hungary. .See Moor. 
 
 MOR.A.. mo'r;l, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles 
 E.S.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2056. 
 
 MOU.i, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles W. of Tar- 
 ragona, on the right bank of the Ebro, with 3500 inhabit- 
 ants, and well-frequented mineral baths. 
 
 MORA, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles S.E. of 
 Toledo. Pop. 52iJ7. It has a castle. Its sword factorj', 
 once celebrated, has now fallen into decay. 
 
 MOllA, mo'ra, the capital town of Mandara, Central 
 Africa, founded about 1814, is situated in a basin enclosed 
 by a semicircular ridge of mountains; lat. about 10-" 20' N., 
 lou. 14° 48' E. 
 
 5I0RA. mo'rd. a river of Moravia, joins the Oppa, 3 miles 
 above Troppau. after a course of about 50 miles. 
 
 MORAD. See Moa.U). 
 
 Mi^RADAUAD, moVi-dd-bid/, a district of CritLsh India, 
 presidency of Bengal. Upper Provinces, in the Doab. Area 
 2405 ,square miles. Pop. 861.146. 
 
 MORADARAU, a town of British India, capital of the 
 above district, on a ridge between the Kamgunga and 
 Ganges, 90 miles X.E. of Delhi. Pop. 32,000. It is irregu- 
 larly and ill built, and it has no public buildings of import- 
 ance; it is. however, the .seat of a thriving trade. AV. of 
 the town are cantonments for native regiments. 
 
 MORACiY, mo'rodj', or MORATZ, mo'rdts', a village of 
 Hungary, 4 miles from Battaszek. Pop. 1466. 
 
 MOR'AL, a township of .Shelby co,, Indiana. Pop. 16i5. 
 
 MORAL DE CALATRAVA, mo-rdl/dA kd-ld-trii/vi, a town 
 of Spain, province and 20 miles E.S.E, of Ciudad lieal. Pop. 
 4612, 
 
 MORALEJA or MORALEXA, mo-rd-li'iij, a town of Spain, 
 Botremadura, 48 miles X,.N.W. of Caceres, Pop, 1314, 
 
 SIOil.ALEJA-D£ KNUEDIO, mo-ri-la/ud da Jn-mi-dee'o, a 
 
 town of Spain. New Ciistile, 13 miles S,Vr, of M.adrid, Pop 
 544. 
 
 MORALEJA-DEL-VIXO, mo-rdl.i'iii dJl vee'no, a vill.-vge 
 of Spain, Leon, 14 miles from Zamora, Pop. 329. 
 
 MUliALES (mo-rah'lez) DE LAVAC'CA, a post-office of 
 Jackson CO.. Texas. 
 
 MORALES-DE-TORO, mo-rdlJs-di-to'ro, a town of Spain, 
 Leon, 28 miles E. of Zamora. I'op. 887. 
 
 MORALES DE ZAMORA, nio-rdlt^s dA zd-mo'rd, or MO 
 RALES DEL VIXO. mo-rl'ljs d4l vee'no, a village of Spain, 
 Leon, 4 miles S. of Zamora. Pop. 1085, 
 
 MORAX', a village of JIackinac CO., Michigan, on the 
 Strait of Mackinac, The inhabitants procure a subsistence 
 by tishing. 
 
 MORAXXES, moVdnn', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of -Maine-et-Loire, on the Sarthe, 20 miles X. of Au- 
 gers. Pop. 1238. 
 
 M()R.A..\0, mo-rd'no, (anc. MurcUnum,) a town of Xaples, 
 province of Calabria Citra, 6 miles X.W. of Castrovillari. 
 I'op. 8000. It is commanded by a fine Gothic castle, and 
 has manufactures of silk, cotton, and woollen fabrics. 
 
 MOR.VXO, a market-town of Piedmont, division of Ales- 
 sandria, li miles W. of Balzola, on the Po. Pop. 2204. 
 
 MOR-iXT, mo-rant', a river of Jamaica, co. of Surrey, en- 
 ters Morant Bay, (an inlet of the Caribbean Sea.) 22 miles 
 E,S,E, of Kingston, Morant Point is the E, extremity of 
 the i.sl.and, in lat, 17° 56' X., Ion. 70° 11' W., and on which 
 a cast-iron lighthouse has been erected; 12 miles W.S.W. ia 
 the inlet Port Morant. 
 
 MOK.'VXT. a town on the S.E. coast of the island of .Ta- 
 maica, 20 miles S.E. of Kingston, on the bay, and at the 
 mouth of a river of the same name. It has a oonsiderablo 
 and increasing trade. Pop. about 7000. 
 
 MO'RAR/, a lake of Scotland, in the W. part of the co. of 
 Inverness, l.i miles S. of Loch Nevis. Length 8 miles. 
 
 MORARD-DE-GALLES. mo'ritR'-tleh-gdll, a cape of South 
 Australia; lat. 36° 35' S., Ion. 139° 52' E. 
 
 JIORAS, moVif, a market-town of France, department of 
 Drome, 25 miles N. of V.alence. Pop. in 1862, 4400. 
 
 MORAS, a village of Sardinia. See Mores. 
 
 MORAT, mo'rdt',(Ger. Mitrtt-n. mooii'tfn.)a8mall town of 
 Switzerland, canton and 8 miles N.W. of Freyburg, on the 
 S.E. bank of the Lake of Moral. Pop. 1853. It is partially 
 enclosed by walls, and has a Protestant College and various 
 other schools, an active transit trade, and some Roman an- 
 tiquities, whence it is supjwsed to have l)een a suburb of 
 the ancient Aventiciim. Immediately S.W. of it, tho Swi.ss 
 tot;Uly defeated the invading army of Charles the Bold, Duke 
 of Burgundy, the 22d June, 1476. 
 
 MORATA", mo-rit/td, a town of Spain, province and 20 
 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 25O0. 
 
 MORAT.V-Dt;-JALOX, mo-ri'td-dA-nd-lon', a town of Spain, 
 Aragon, 31 miles S.W. of .Sarago.ssa, on the Jalon. Pop. 1425. 
 
 MOR.VT.VLLA, mo-rd-tdl'14. a town of Spain, province and 
 45 miles N.X.W. of Murcia, ou an affluent of the Seguna. 
 Pop. 7988. It has a large castle, a hospital, 3 brandy distil- 
 leries, and numerjus oil and Hour mills. 
 
 MORAT. LAKK OF, (Ger. Murtener &<; or Miirlner See, 
 mooRt/ner-s.^, a small lake of Switzerland, cantons of Frey- 
 burg and Vaud. 2 miles S.E. of the l^ke of Xeufchiitel. and 
 connected with it by the river Broye, which traverses the 
 I..ake of Morat. Length. 7 miles, breadth 2 miles. Banks 
 low. fertile, and agreeable. Ou its E. aud S. sides are tho 
 towns of Morat and .4.veuche3. 
 
 MORAU, KLEIX, kliue mo'row, a village of Austria, Mo- 
 ravia, circle of Troppau. bailiwick of Trendenthal. P. 1217. 
 
 MORAVA, a river of Austria. See March. 
 
 MORAVA, {tmc. Mirif/un,) the princip:il river of European 
 Turkey, in Servia, through the centre of which it tlovv.s, 
 joining the Danube 6 miles X.K. of Semendria. It is form- 
 ed by the junction of the East and West Morava, 33 miles 
 W.ofXi.s.sa, whence the resulting stream has a N. direction, 
 and a course of Ilo miles, its two heads being additionally 
 each about 130 miles in length. Affluents, the Tempesca 
 and Xissava. 
 
 MORAVI, mo-rd'vce, a town of East Africa, a little S. of 
 Lake Xyassi, which is sometimes called the Lake of .Moravi. 
 
 M0R.\\1.\, mo-rVve-.a, (Ger. Ma/iren, ma'ren ; Fr. Moravie, 
 moVdVee'; L. Mora'viu,) a province of the Austrian em- 
 pire, which with .\ustrian Silesia, (incorporated with it in 
 17S3,) lies mostly between lat. 48=' 40' and 50° 20' N . and lou. 
 15° 10' and 19° E., having E.Galicia and Hungary. S.Austria. 
 W. Bohemia, and N. Prussian Silesia. Area, 10.239 sijuaru 
 miles. Pop. in 1857, 1,867,094. Moravia, like Bohemia, forms 
 an elevated plateau, inclined towards the S., and almost sur- 
 rounded by mountains, having S. and E. the Carpitliians, X. 
 and W. the Moravian Mountiiins, and X.E. the Sudetic Moun- 
 tains ; it belongs almost entirely to the basin of the I)anuV>e, to 
 which most of its waters are conveyed by the March or Mora- 
 va, except in the E., where the Oder and some of its branches 
 rise. Large quantities of fine flax are raiseil, and fruits are 
 so plentiful that Moravia is styled the Orch.ard of Austria. 
 Yinejards were formerly so extensive that in 1803 the go- 
 vernment prohibited the appropriation of more land for tha 
 viue. Grazing lands are extensive, and live stock of all kindj 
 
 123» 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 numerous. The principal mineral products are iron, coal, 
 Hud cl<iy for pipe-bowls, <Sic., with some copper and lead; the 
 gold and silver mines were mostly abandoned in the luth 
 ttaa lOth centuries. Woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics and 
 thread are made on a large scale ; other manufactures are 
 01 silks, leather, paper, potash, plass and beet-root sugar. 
 Xr«de is focilitated by me.ans of the railway to Vienna. 
 Population mostly Slavonian, but aliout 4oU,000 are esti- 
 mated to be of German descent, and 30.000 Jews. Govern- 
 ment administered by an officer, with direct authority from 
 Vienna, but the marquisate has its own assemblj' of clergy, 
 nobility, kni;2;hts, and citizens, who meet annually to appor- 
 tion the mode of raising and distributing the revenue. It 
 is divided into 8 circles, in each of which is a secondary tri- 
 bunal, with appeal to the high court of Briinn, the capital, 
 next to which t)luiutz, Iglau, Znaym, and Troppau (Silesia), 
 are the chief cities. In the 9th century, Moravia was the 
 centre of a powerful liingdom, comjTising also Bohemia, 
 Silesia, and parts of North Germany and Hungary, In 1805 
 it was the great theatre of war between the French and 
 Austro-Uussian armies, — Adj. and inhab. Mor.4VIAN, mo-ri/- 
 ve-an. 
 
 MOKA'VIA, a post-village and township of Cayuga co., 
 New York, 18 miles S.S.E. of Auburn, The township bor- 
 ders on Owa.sco Lake, The village, situated on Owa.«co 
 Inlet, contains -3 churches, the Moravian Institute, 1 hank, 
 1 newspaper office, and 2 flouring-mills. Pop. estimated at 
 700 : of the township, 1917. 
 
 MOKAVIA, a post-office of .\ppanoose co,. Iowa, 
 
 MORAVIAN MISSION, of Kanzas Territory, among the 
 Etockbridsre Indians, is about 3 miles S. of Leavenworth City. 
 
 M0R.4VICZA, mo-id-vit's3, a town of Austria, Croatia, 
 S.W. of Carlstadt. Pop, 202fi; 
 
 5I0UA^VA. a river of Austria, See Mahch, 
 
 MORAY, (pronounced and often written MTTR'RAY,) 
 MUKRAYSHIRE, nuir're-shir, or ELGINSHIRE, a northern 
 county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Moray Frith, E. 
 and S.E, by Banffshire, and for 25 miles by the river Spey, S, 
 and W, by Inverness and Nairn shires. Area 473 square miles, 
 or o02,72(J acres, of which 120,000 acres are cultivated, 200,000 
 uncultivated, and 217,000 unprofitable. Pop. in 1851, 38,950 
 The county consists of a champaign, alluvial, and fertile 
 district, on the borders of the frith, and a mountainous 
 district to the S, and S,W. Primary granitic rocks prevail 
 in this latter region, and old red sandstone, limestone, and 
 traces of oolitic strata form the ba<is of the low aiuntry; a 
 deep alluvial clay prevailing along the valley of the firth, 
 and a gravel and conglomerate forming the sub-soil of the 
 interior. Principal rivers, the Spey, Findhorn, and Lossie. 
 Loch-in-dorb, Loch Spynio, and Loch-na-bo, are the chief 
 collections of water. All the usual agricultural crops are 
 raised; and so fertile is the county, that it fcrmerly received 
 the name of the "Gartlen of Scotland." The county con- 
 tains 2 royal burghs, Elgin and Forreg, a burgh of barony, 
 Fochabers, and the seaports of Garmouth, Ix>ssiemouth, 
 Burghead, and Findhorn. It sends, along with Nairnshire, 
 1 member to the House of Commons, The ancient Pro- 
 vince OF Moray containetl, besides the modern county, the 
 county of Nairn, and part of Inverness and Banffshire, 
 
 MORAY (or MURRAY) FRITH, the Largest indentation on 
 the Scottish coast, the entrance from Kinnaird Head in the 
 S., to Duncansby Head, county of Caithness, being 75 miles 
 across. The Frith extends S.W. for about 75 miles, Cromarty 
 and Beaulv Friths forming branches. 
 
 MORAZZONE, mo-rdt-so'uA, a village of Northern Italy, 
 government of Jlilan, province of Como, Pop, 1230, 
 
 MORniXQUE, moR^bJk', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord. 2 miles S. of Hazebrouck. Pop. in 1S52, 3816, 
 
 MORBEGNO, moR-b^n'yo, a market-town of Northern 
 Italy, Valtellina, on the Adda, 33 miles N,E, of Como, Pop. 
 3300. 
 
 MORBELLO, moR-bfllo, or MCRBELLO, mooR-bJno, a 
 village of the Sardinian States, division of Alessandria, 4 
 miles from Ponzone, Pop, 1000, 
 
 MORBEYA, morbA'.a, (Moori.'ih Vmm-er-r^bieh,) a river of 
 North-West Africa, rises in Mount Atlas, separates the king- 
 doms of Morocco and Fez, and, after a ■\V.N,W, course of 230 
 miles, enters the Atlantic at Azanior. 
 
 MORBIER, moR^be-.V, a village of Franco, department 
 of Jura, 24 miles E.S.E. of Lons-le-Sauluier, Pop, 2087, 
 
 MORBIIIAN, moR'bee*6N«', a maritime department in the 
 W, part of France, forme<l a part of the old province of Bre- 
 tagne, having S. the Atlantic, S. and W, Fiuistire, and N. 
 Cf(tes-<lu-Nord, Area 2667 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 
 486,504. The coasts on the Atlantic in the S. are much 
 indented; the chief bay is Morbihan, from which the 
 department is named. Near the coast are the islands Groix, 
 Belle-Isle, Houat, and numerous islets. Climate mild, but 
 humid. Surface traversed by ramifications of the Mountains 
 of Arree from N, to S.. and watered by the Vilaine, Oust, 
 Blavet. and Scorff, It is very fertile in .some parts, but nearly 
 one-h.tlf is occupiiHi by vast heaths, intermixed with excel- 
 lent pasturage. Corn is raised sufficient for consumption. 
 Lint, h<-nip, inferior wine, cider, butter, and honey are the 
 princij-al protlucts. Horses, cattle, and sheep are extensively 
 1240 
 
 reared. The minerals comprise iron and lead ; chief Indus- 
 try, iron forging and manufacture of linen. The departmonf 
 is divided into the arrondis.sements of Lorieut, Ploermel, 
 Pontivy, and Vannes, the capital, 
 
 JMOR'BORN. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 MOR'CIIAKD-lilSHOP, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MORCHEXSTERN. See Morgenstern. 
 
 MORCLES, DENT DE, dfts" deh moR^khV, one of the sum- 
 mits of the Alps, in Switzerland, between the cantons of 
 Vaud and Valais, Elevation of the Teto Noire, 9757 feet, 
 
 MORC*)NE, moR-ko'nA, a town of Naples, province of 
 Molise. 21 miles S,W, of Campoba.«so. Pop. 5000, It is 
 walled, has a castle, and linen and cotton manufactures. 
 
 MOK'COTT, a parish of England, co, of Rutland, 
 
 MOR/DANSVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MOUDELLES, moRMJU', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 8 miles 'W.S.W, of Rennes, Pop. in 
 1852, 2714. 
 
 MOR'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 MORDEN STEE'PLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 MORDIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, 
 
 MORDINtJEN, (Mordingen,) moR/ding-t>u, or MERDINQ- 
 EN, mjR'ding-en, a village of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine, 
 7 miles W,N,W, of Freiburg, Pop. 1622. 
 
 MOR'DINGTON, a m.^ritirae parish of Scotland, co, of Ber- 
 wick, The coast is defended by bold cliffs ; and here, amongst 
 other antiquities, arc the ruins of Edrington Castle. 
 
 MOI{/DON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 MORE, a parish of England, co. of S.alop. 
 
 MOREA, mo-ree'a, or PEL'OPONNiysUS, (Gr. UcXorov 
 frjaos, i. e. "Island of Pelops,") a peninsula, the S. portion 
 of the Kingdom of Greece, separated from tlie continent by 
 the Gulfs of Patras, Corinth, and Egina, and only attached 
 to it by the Isthmus of Corinth, Its length is near 160 
 miles; its breadth about 100 miles. Area estimated at 8800 
 square miles. In shape it is supposed to resemble a mul- 
 berry-leaf. The name Morea, according to some authorities, 
 was given by the Italians, from the quantity of mulberries it 
 produces. It is more probably derived from the Slavonic Mon;, 
 ''sea." Itisnow oneof the threegreat divisions of the king- ■ 
 dom : containing the names of Argolis, Elis, Achaia, Arcadia, 
 Messenia, and Laconia, Adj. and inhab. MorkuT, mo/re-ot*. 
 
 MOREAU, mo'ro', a post-township in the N.E. part of 
 Saratoga co.. New York, on the Hudson River, where it is 
 crossed by the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, about .50 
 miles N. of Albany, The falls in the Hudson at this place 
 furnish an immen.se hydraulic power. Pop, 2210, 
 
 3I0REAU CREEK, of JIis.souri, enters the Missouri River 
 5 miles below Jefferson City, 
 
 MOREAU STATION, a post-office and station of .s.tratoga, 
 New York, on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 48 
 miles N. of Troy, 
 
 MOItEAUVILLE, mo-ro'vill, a post-office of Avoyelles pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 JIORE'BATII, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 
 
 MORE/RATTLE, a parish of Scotland, co, of Roxburgh, 
 
 MORIVCAMBE-BAY or LANCASTER BAY, an extensive 
 inlet of the Irish Sea, on the W. coast of England, co, of 
 Lancaster, having the peninsula of Furness and Walney 
 Island on the N,, and the projection of coast terminating 
 near Fleetwood on the S. Length 16 miles, average breadth 
 10 miles. It receives the Leven. Ken, Lune. and Wyre, 
 
 MOltfiE. La, la vaoS-hl, the French name of the Mokea, 
 
 MOltEET MILL, a post-office of Ashe co,. North Carolina. 
 
 MORE'FIEIjD, a post-office of Green co., AVisoonsin. 
 
 MOREHOUSE, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, bor- 
 dering on Arkansas, contains 770 square miles. The Wa.shita 
 River bounds it on the W., and it is drain(!d by Bartholomew 
 Bayou, navigable by steamers. The surface is undulating, 
 the soil is generally fertile. Formed from jjart of Washita 
 parish. Capital, Bastrop. Pop, 10,357, of whom 3788 were 
 free, and 6569 slaves, 
 
 MOREHOUSE, a township of Hamilton co.. New Y'ork. 
 Pop. 228. 
 
 SIOREaiOUSEVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co , New 
 York, about 115 miles N.W. of Albany, 
 
 MOREISHWAR, mo-rAsh-war', a considerable town of 
 British India, presidency of Bombay, 34 miles S.E. of Poo- 
 nah. and having a remarkably handsome domed edifice, 
 
 MORE'L.\ND, a po.st-ofRce of Chemung co., New York, 
 
 MORELAND, a post-township in the S,E. part of Lycom- 
 ing CO.. Pennsylvania. Pop. 781. 
 
 MORELAND, a township of Montgomery co., PecnsjlTV 
 nia. Pop. 2236. 
 
 MORELAND, a former township of Pennsylvania, within 
 the city limits of Philadelphia. 
 
 MOREL.\ND, a posiofflce of Fauquier co., Virginia, 
 
 MORELANDJ a post-village of Bourbon co., Kentucky 
 about 11 miles N,E. of Lexington. 
 
 MORE'LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MORELL.V, mo-rSl'yl, a town of Spain, Valencia, pro- 
 vince of Castellon-tle-la-Plana, 45 miles N. of Torfo.ss od 
 the S. skirt of a high mountain, and defended by strong 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 fbrtiflpations. During the last civil war, the walls and 
 magazines of the citadel were destroyed. There are several 
 squares, a town-house, 2 hospitals, several churches, and 3 
 convents. It has manufactures of blankets and sashes, in 
 which about 1500 persons are employed. In 1838, Morella 
 was surprised, iu a snowy niglit, by Cabrera, and was re- 
 taltan, after a very brave defence, by Espartero, in 18-tO. 
 Pop 3180. 
 
 MOllK'.MAN'S RIVER, a postrofflce of Albemarle co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MOR EN A, SIERRA, Spain. See Sierra Morexa. 
 
 MiJllKX'CI, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, has 
 about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 MORE-OKIIOSTSKOE, a sea of Siberia. See Okhotsk. 
 
 MORES, mo'r^s, or MORAS, mo'rds, a villnge on the 
 island of Sardinia, division of Sassari, 4 miles W.S.W. of 
 Ozieri. Pop. 2116. 
 
 MORESRY. morz'boe, parish of England, co. Cumberlatfd. 
 
 MORBSXET. moVJs'nd', a -village of Belgium, province, 
 and 11 miles E.N.E. of Liege, with extensive zinc-works. 
 
 MORESQUE. See Morocco. 
 
 MORE'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 MORESTEL. moVJs-tJl/, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Is6re, 8 miles N. of La Tour du Pin. Pop. 132(5. 
 
 MORES'VILI/E, a post-village of Delaware CO., New York, 
 55 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 MORET, moVA', a walled town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marue, on the Loing, near its mouth, and on junc- 
 tion with the Seine, 7 miles W.S.W. of Montereau. Pop. 
 in 1852, 1027. 
 
 MORETO.V, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, with a 
 station on tlie Loudon and South- Western Railway, 7^ miles 
 E.S.E. of Dorchester. 
 
 ilORETO.V, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 MORETON, a parish of England, co. of .Notts. 
 
 MORETON (mOr'ton) BAY, an inlet of the Pacific Oceian, 
 E. of Australia, between lat. 27° 30' S., and Ion. 153° E. 
 Length 70 miles. It is sheltered seaward by Moreton and 
 Btradbroke Islands, the former 25 miles in length by 5 in 
 breadth; and it contains numerous other islands, and 
 receives the Brisbane and Logau Rivers. It was made a 
 convict settlement in 1849. 
 
 MORKTON OR'ISiiT, a p.arish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MORETO.V-IIAMP'STEAD, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Devon, 13 miles W.S.W. of Exeter. Pop. in 
 1852, 1S58. It has a handsome church; the ruins of 2 
 castles, and in tlie vicinity, which is strewed around with 
 huge fragments of rocks, are several Druidical remains. 
 Worsted spinning partlv employs the population. 
 
 MORETO.V-IN-TIIE-MAKSII, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. and 20 miles E.N.E. of Gloucester, on the 
 ancient Roman Foss-wa}', and connected by railway with 
 Stratford. I'op. 1345. 
 
 MORETON MAIDS, a parish of England, co. of Buck- 
 ingham. 
 
 JIORETON^, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 MORl'rrON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 MORETON TAY. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MORETON VALENCE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 
 MORETOWN, a post-township of Washington co., Ver^ 
 mont, about 11 miles W. by S. of .Montpelior. Pop. 1410. 
 
 MORET ST. MAMMES. moVi' sS-xa^ mimm', a village of 
 France, on the Paris and Lyons Railway, 43 miles from 
 Paris. 
 
 M0RETTA,mo-r5t'td, a market-town of Piedmont, division 
 of Coni, on the Po, 22 miles S.S.W. of Turin. Pop. 3387. It 
 h-as a church, much visited in pilgrimage. 
 
 M0RETTK3. mo-rJt't^s, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Sao-Paulo, on the Nhundiaguara, near its mouth, in the Bay 
 of Paranagua; principal trade in Paraguay tea and rum, 
 ehipped at tlie port of Paranagua, 
 
 MO'RETZ MILL, a post-offlce of Watauga co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOREUIL, moVul', a town of France, department of 
 Bomme, 12 miles S.E. of Amiens. Pop. in 1852, 2243, who 
 manufacture hosiery and paper. 
 
 MOREVEB, moVe-vee'. a town of West Ilindostan, Baroda 
 dominions, Uuzerat peninsula, 15 m. N. by W. of Wankaneer. 
 
 MOREW.VR A, moVe-wi'ri, a town of West Ilindostan, do- 
 minions and 21 miles N.W. of Rahdunpoor. 
 
 MOREZ, moW, (L. Aforiciun,) a market-town of France, 
 Jepartraent of .lura, on the Bieune, 25 miles E.S.E. of Lon^ 
 le-Saulnier. Pop. in 1852. 3153. 
 
 MORFASSO, moR-fis'so. a village of Italy, Parma, on the 
 Lubiano, 23 miles S. of Piacenza. Pop. 3529. 
 
 MORFKLDKN.(Morfeldea,)miiB'fM'den,orMERFELDEN, 
 mJRY^lMen, a village of Ilesse-Darmstjidt, province of Stark- 
 euburg. 8 miles W.S.W. of Langen. Pop. 991. 
 
 MOR'FIL or MOR'VIL, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 MOR'GAN, a county forming the N.N.E. extremity of 
 West Virginia, borders on the Potomac Ri ver.which separates 
 it from Maryland. .Area about 3.30 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Cacapou River and Sleepy Creek. The 
 
 surface is mountainous, and the soil generally poo)-. Th« 
 county contains large deposits of iron and stone-coal. Th-« 
 Berkeley Spring in this county is one of the oldest waterinji 
 places of the United States. The Baltimore and Ohio Rail 
 road, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, follow the couist 
 of the Potomac River along the boirler of the county. (,>r 
 ganized iu 1820, and named in honor of General Dania 
 Morgan, an officer in the war of the Revolution. Capital, 
 Bath. Pop. 3732, of whom 3038 were free, and 94 slaves. 
 
 MORG.AN, a county idtuated a little N. of the centre 
 of Georgia, contains 330 square miles. It is drained by 
 Little River, and the affluents of the Appalhchee River, 
 wliich forms the N.E. boundary. The surface is undulating. 
 Efforts are being made to restore tlie exhausted land to its 
 original fertility. Excellent granite is abundant, and a 
 little gold has been found. The county is intersected by 
 the Georgia Railroad. Capital, M.ulison. Pop. 9997, of 
 whom 2991 were free, and 7006 slaves. 
 
 MORG.AN, a county in the N. part of Alabama, has an 
 area of 750 square miles. The Tennessee River forms its 
 entire boundary on the N., and the Flint River flows throu.ih 
 the county into the former. The surface is hilly and moun- 
 tainous; the .soil generally fertile. A riiilroad extends from 
 Decatur in this county to Tuscumbia, connecting the two 
 points on the river, between which navigation is obstructed 
 by the Muscle Shoals. Capital, Somerville. Pop. 11,335; 
 of whom 7029 were free, and 3700 slaves. 
 
 MORGAN, a countj' in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee ; area 
 estimated at 650 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of Emory's River. The surface is mostly occupied 
 by the Cumberland ilountains and intervening valleys, and 
 covered with extensive forests. Stone-coal is said to be 
 abundant. Capital, Morgan Court House. Pop. 3353, of 
 whom 32-33 were fr(>e. 
 
 MORGAN, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has 
 an area estimated at 450 square miles. Licking River flows 
 through the county, and Red River, an affluent of the Ken- 
 tucky, rises within its limits. The surface is diver.sifn-d by 
 hills and fertile valleys, and extensively covered with forests. 
 Iron ore, stone-coal, alum, coppera.s, and oil springs are 
 abundant in the county. Sandstone is the principal rock. 
 Orgiinized in 1S22. Capital, West Liberty. Pop. 9237 ; of 
 whom 9067 were free. 
 
 JIORG.AN, a county in the S.E. part of Ohio, contains 
 about 360 square miles. It is intersected by Muskingum 
 River, (navigable by steamboats.) and by .Meigs Crueli. The 
 surfiu;e is diversified by hills of moderate height. The soil 
 is generally fertile. Large quantities of salt and oil are pro- 
 cure<l in this county by boring info strata of sandstone, 
 which, in some cases, lie more than SCO feet below the sur- 
 face. Capitiil, McConnellsville. Pop. 22,119. 
 
 MORG.\N, a county situated near the centre of Indiana, 
 contains 4.50 square miles. It is drained by the White River 
 and its affluents. The surface in the S. is hilly, and in 
 other parts nearly level. The soil is excellent. The .Mar- 
 tinsville Railroad terminates in the county. Organized in 
 1822. Capital. Martinsville. Pop. 16,110. 
 
 MORO.AN, a county in the S.W. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 530 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the W. by the Illinois River, and also drained by Apple, 
 Sandy, and Mauvaiseterre, (usually called Movistar.) and 
 Indian Creeks. The county consists of open plains or pi-ai- 
 ries. slightly undulating, and interspersed with small groves 
 of trees. It is among tlie most thickly settled and highly 
 cultivated in the state. The soil is a black loam, nearly two 
 feet deep, frt>e from stones, and remarkable for fertility and 
 durability. In 1850 this county producetl the largest quan- 
 tity of corn of any county in the state, excepting Sangamon, 
 and was exceeded by very few in the United States. The 
 deficiency of wooil is corapensatijd by the abundance of 
 stone-coal, and by the introduction of the Osage Orange for 
 hedges, which stretch for hundreds of miles across the 
 boundless prairies. The county is interswted by the 
 Great Western Railroad. Capital, Jacksonville. Popula- 
 tion. 2J,U2. 
 
 MORGAN, a county in the W. central part of Missouri, 
 has an area of 690 squares miles. The Osage River washes 
 its southern border. It is drained by La Mine River, and 
 by Haw and Big Gravois Creeks. The surface is diversified 
 by hills and ridges of moderate height, and partly covered 
 with forests. The soil is generally fertile, excepting the 
 highlands in the S. part, which contain mines of lead. 
 Stone-coal and good limestone are abundant Capital, Ver- 
 sailles. Pop. 8202, of whom 7553 were free, and 649 slaves. 
 
 MORGAN, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, about 
 56 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. .548. 
 
 MORGAN.a township ofGrcene CO., Pennsylvania. P. 1207. 
 
 MORGAN, a post-township in the S. part of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 591. 
 
 MORG.AN, a township of Butler cc, Ohio. Pop. 2014. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1399. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 697. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 2119. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 686. 
 
 MORGAN, a townsliip of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 1110. 
 
 1241 
 
MOK 
 
 MOR 
 
 MORGAN, I Sovmship in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 731. 
 
 MOROAN. a township in Grundv co., Illinois. 
 
 MORGAN CITY, a Tillage of Illinois, on the Great 'West- 
 ern i'aiiroad. 25 miles from Springfield. 
 
 MORGAN COURT HOUSK, a post-Tillage, capital of Mor- 
 gan CO., Tennessee, on Emory's RiTer, 156 miles E. of Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 MOR'GANFIELD, a post-Tillage, capital of Union co., 
 Kentucky. 205 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. It contains 2 
 or 3 churclies, and 2 academies. Incorporated in 1812. 
 Pop. about 400. 
 
 MORGAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Benton co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MORGAN'S FORK, a postoffice of Pike co., Ohio. 
 
 JIORGAN'S MILLS, a posfcoffice of Union co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 MORGAN'S RIDGE, a post-offlce of Marion co., Virginia. 
 
 MORG ANSVILLE, a Tillage of Ohio. See Moro.\nville. 
 
 MOR'GANTOWN, a post-Tillage of Caernarvon township, 
 Berks CO., Pennsylvania, 12 miles S. of Reading. 
 
 MORGANTOWN, a post-village, capital of Monongalia co„ 
 West Virginia, is finely situated on the Monongahela River, 
 about 65 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has facilities for trade by 
 the steamboat navigation of the river. Morgantown con- 
 tains a court-house, a bank, 4 churches, 1 newspaper oflBce, 
 and several mills. Free population 741. 
 
 MORGANTOWN, a beautiful post-village, capital of Burke 
 CO., North Carolina, on the Catawba RiTer, 20*0 miles "W. of 
 Kaleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, bank, and seTeral 
 churches. Pop. in 1853, about 500. 
 
 MORGANTOWN, a post^village of Blount co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MORGANTOWN, a post-village, capital of Butler co.. Ken- 
 tucky, on Green River, 141 miles S.W. of Frankfort It has 
 a court-house. 
 
 MORGANTOWN, a post-village of Morgan co., Indiana, on 
 Indian Creek, about 35 miles S. by W. of Indi.anapoIis. The 
 railroad from Franklin to Martinsville passes thinugh it. 
 
 MOR'GANVILLE, a post-office of Hillsdale co.. Michigan. 
 
 MORGANVILLE or MORGANSVILLE, a posVvillage of 
 Morsan co., Ohio, 70 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 5I0RG.A.RTEN, moR^gaa'ten, a mountain of Switzerland, 
 on the boundary of the cantons of Schwytz and Zug. 5 
 miles N. of Schwytz. Here, on loth November, 1315. 1300 
 Swiss defeated an army of 20,000 men under Leopold of Aus- 
 tria, this being the first battle fought for Swiss independence. 
 In 1798, the Swiss also defeated a French force here. 
 
 MORGENSTERN. moR/Gheii-st5Rn\ or MORCHENSTERN, 
 inoRK'en-st^Rn\ a village of ijohemia, 26 miles N.E. of Bunt- 
 riau. Pop. 2550. 
 
 MORGES, moRzh, (Ger. Morsee, moR's4\)a town of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 7 miles W. 
 of Lausanne. Pop. in 1850, 3S41. It is situated at the foot 
 of a height, on which is the Castle of Wufflens, founded in 
 the 10th century. 
 
 MOR'HAM. a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington. 
 
 MOKIIANGE. moR^Sxzh', a town of France, department 
 of Moselle. 24 miles S.W. of Sarreguemines. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MORI, mo'ree, a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, about 2 
 miles from Roveredo, on the Adige, at the junction of the 
 Comeraso. Pop. 4000. 
 
 MORI'AII, a post-village and township of Essex co., New 
 York, about 115 miles N. by E. of Albany. The township 
 borders on Lake Champlaiu. • The village, about 3 miles 
 from the lake, contains 2 or 3 churches, and an academy. 
 Pop. alx)ut loop ; of township 3466. 
 
 MORIALME, mo^ree'^armS', a village of Belgium, province 
 and on the Sambre and Meuse Railway, 17 miles S.W. of 
 Namur. with important iron-mines. Pop. 1100. 
 
 MOK'ICIi-TOWN. a hamlet of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 5I0RIC1IES. mor'e-chez, a post-village of Suffolk co., New 
 York, about 15 miles S.W. of Riverhead. 
 
 JIORIN, mo-reen', a fortified town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, on the railway from Augsburg to Munich, 6 
 miles E. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 1280. 
 
 5I0RINGEN, mo'ring-en, a walled town of Hanover, 
 35 miles S.S.W. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1565. 
 
 510'RINGVILLE, a post-village of Westchester co., New 
 York, on the Harlem Railroad, 25 miles N. of New York. 
 
 SIORINGVILLE, a post-village in Chatham co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MORKOWITZ, moR/ko-«its\ a market-town of Austria, 
 Moravia, 12 miles from Wischau. Pop. 1302. 
 
 5I01tLAAS, moRnis/, a town of France, department of 
 Bas^s-I'yrenees. 6 miles N.E. of Pan. Pop. in 1852, 1836. 
 
 M0RLACCA.moR-iaWka.(Ger.r«He6itt,v?W&-bit\)adistrict 
 Of Austrian Croatia, consisting of the mountainous coast-line, 
 comprising the towns of Carlopago and Zeng. Its inhabit- 
 ants are among the rudest in the Austrian Empire. 
 
 MORLACCA. STRAIT OF, three miles in breadth, sepa- 
 rates the lUyrian and Dalmatian islands, Veglia, Arbe, and 
 Pago, from the main land. 
 
 MOR L ATX. moanV, (L. MorWum,) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Finistere. at the continence of the Jarleau and 
 Kerlent, which, uniting their streams as they fall into a 
 small estuary, form a harbor extremely difficult of access, 
 though ge<-ur9 when entered, 34 miles XJi. of Brest. It is 
 1242 
 
 picturesquely situ.ated in a valley so narrow as only to admit 
 the stream. The principal square is of great extent, and 
 adorned with some fine mansions; but the oii!y public edi- 
 fices deserving of notice are the large and ele.;ant buildings 
 occupying the site of the ancient Hotel de A'ille. and contain- 
 ing the municipal offices and law courts, the linen and corn 
 halls, and the churches of St. JIatthew and St. Melaine. 
 The town h.is a public library and a commuiial college 
 The manufactures are linen, oil, candles, and totiacco. for 
 which the government has a splendid factory, employing 
 from 300 to 400 persons. The trade is in leather, agricultural 
 products, thread, iileached and raw paper, wine and brandy. 
 Pop. in 1852, 12,393. 
 
 MOR'LAXD, a parish of England, co. of AVestmoroland. 
 
 MOR/LAN'S GROVE, a postK)ffice of Wayne co.. Illinois. 
 
 MORLAXWELZ, mor/ian-**lz\ a village of Itelgium, 
 province of Ilainaut. 15 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1925. 
 
 ■JIOR'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 MORLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Rid- 
 ing, with a station on the Leeds and Manchester Railway 
 4 miles S.S.W. of Leeds. Pop. 4087, chiefly employed in the 
 woollen manufacture. 
 
 MORLEY, a post- village, St. Lawrence co.. New York. 
 
 MORLEY ST. BOTOLPII, a parish of Eucland, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 MORLEY ST. PETERS, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 MORMANNO, moR-mdn'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra. 13 miles N.AV. of Castrovillari. Pop. 5800. 
 
 MORMliNTZEL, moR'ment-s5l\ a hill of Austria. Tran- 
 sylvania, in the narrow pass of Borso. on the Great Szamos, 
 above which it rises more than 1800 feet. 
 
 MORMOIRON, moR'mwS'nliN"', (L. Mo.rmurio.) a market- 
 town of F'rance, department of Vaucluse. on the Auzon, 7 
 miles K. of Carpentras. Pop. in 1852. 2590. 
 
 MORMON ISLAND, a post-office of Sacramento. California. 
 
 JIORMON'S HILL, a post-offlce of Marshall co.. Iowa. 
 
 MORN.\NT, moR^nSs"/, a town of France, department of 
 Rhone, 12 miles S.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 2370. 
 
 MORNESE, moR-nA'sA, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Genoa. 5 miles from Novi. Pop. 1100. 
 
 MORNICO, moE'ne-ko, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan. I'op. 1400. 
 
 MORN'INGSIDE, a village of Scotland, co. and 2 miles S. 
 of Edinburgh, pari.^Jh of St. Cuthbert's. Pop. 1795. It has 
 numerous handsome seats and Tillas. and i.i much resorted 
 to for its salubrious air. Here is the city and county lunatic 
 asylum. 
 
 MORN/ING SUN, a post-office of Shelhv co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MORNING SUN, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 111 
 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 MORNING SUN.a])ost-township of Louisa co.,Iowa.P.]075 
 
 MORNING-THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MORN/INGTON, a hamlet of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Meath, on the Boyne. 3 miles E.N.E. of Drogheda. Pop. 
 180. It gives the title of Earl to the Welleslev-l'ole familv. 
 
 MORNINGTON ISLAND, the most northern and largest of 
 the Wellesley Islands. Gulf of Carpentaria, North Australia, 
 in lat. lip 24' S.. Ion. 1-39° 37' E. 
 
 MORNINGTON PORT, an inlet of the Red Sea, in Nubia, 
 lat. 18° 11' N. 
 
 MO'RO, a small river of Arkansas, enters the Washita at 
 the S.W. extremity of Bradley county. 
 
 MOROCCO, mo-rok'ko, or MAROCCO, (Arab. lHarakash, 
 mj-rd'k.^sh. or Maralsh, mS-riksh'; Fr. Mar<K^ m.-lVSk': Sp. 
 Man-wco,xa&B.-VMO-k'V.(x, It.ifarncco, mj-rok'ko; L. MarolcJd- 
 um,) the capital city of an empire of the same name, on the 
 N. side of an extensive and fertile plain, 1450 feet alK)ve sea- 
 level ; lat. 31° 37' 31" N., Ion. 7° 35' 30" W. It is nearly 6 miles 
 in circuit, and is surrounded by a strongly-built machico- 
 lated wall of teppia work, (lime'tieaten with earth in a case 
 or frame,) 30 feet high, with fo>indations of masonry and 
 square towers every 50 paces. In the walls there are 11 gates. 
 The entire space within is not generally covered with build- 
 ings, but comprises large gardens and open areas of from 20 
 to 30 acres in extent. The streets are narrow, irregular, and 
 unpaved. The houses are mostly constructed of tabby or 
 tappia, although many are built of stone ; they are generally 
 of one story, flat-roofed, with the side towards the street plain 
 and whitewashed, having here and tliere a narrow unglazcl 
 opening for a window. "There are several market-places, an.l 
 a covered bazaar, at which a great variety of articles ar* 
 always on sale. There are altogether 19 mosques in tho 
 city, of which 6 are remarkable" for their size and archi 
 tectural elegance. On the S. of the city stands the palace; 
 comprising a spac« of about 150O yards long by 60U yards 
 wide, and near it is the Jews' quarter, (El Millah.) a walled 
 enclosure of about li miles in circuit, one-half of it nearly 
 in ruins, thronged to suffocation, and excessively filthy. 
 Moi-occo is famous for the manufacture of the species of 
 leather to which the town gives name. One establishment 
 is said to employ 1500 persons. The color used in dyeing th« 
 morocco is confined to yellow. There are the ruins of ex ten- 
 sive aqueducts in the vicinity of the town, some of them 20 
 miles in length. Morocco was founded in l'>72. It has long 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 been liHs^trtiiing to ileeay, and is now nearly half in ruins, 
 thu result of war, plaiiuo. and wretched government. Pop. 
 In 1844, estimated at 100,000. 
 
 MOKOCCO or .M.\KOCCO, THE EMPIRE OF, (anc. Tinai- 
 talna Muurilahiia ; .\rttbie, SlngkreeiH:l-aksa, mciH'reeVel- 
 dk'sd, i. e. "The Extreme West;" Fr. Empire de Maroc, hyC- 
 pecR'ueli miVok'; Sp..Varr«eco.«,miii-Roo-i'koce,) an extensive 
 maritime country occupying the N.W. extremity of Africa, 
 bounded \V. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the Mediterranean, 
 K.K. by .\l<;eri», and E. and S. by the Sahara or Great Desert ; 
 lat. 2S^ to m° N., and Ion. 0° 38' to 11° oS' VV. ; area about 
 222,560 square miles, consequently exceeding tliat of France. 
 The country is traversed diagonally from X.E. to S.W., 
 throughout its whole extent, by the great mountain chain of 
 Atlas, on the N.W. side of which lie the territories of Fez and 
 Morocco; on tlie opposite side, the principalities of Talilelt, 
 Draha, (Daraa,) El-llarish, Adrar, Gezulnh, Soos, and Tesset 
 or S'oos-el-aksa, that is, '■ the extreme or furthest limit." The 
 Empire of Morocco is not divided in the manner of European 
 states. The division best known in it is that derived from 
 the occupying tribe.*!, and with which we are very imper- 
 fectly acquainted ; another is thatof the Ammala or districts, 
 now 30 in number, but fluctuating and very une<iual, some- 
 times confined to a single town, sometimes embracing an 
 extensive territory, administered each by a ka'id, whose 
 chief duty it is to collect the imposts. 
 
 Natural Re.gitms, ifounlains, &c. — Physically considered, 
 Morocco falls naturally into four separate regions: — 1. The 
 gr«a^ range of the Atlas, composed of two or more parallel 
 chains, meeting the desert of Angad, in the N.E., forms a 
 natural frontier. 2. Er-Ileuf, (Er Kif.j or the northern mari- 
 time district, comprising the chains of mountains which rise 
 at no great distance from the Mediterranean .Sea. This region 
 Is connected with the former by an elevated tract of country 
 W. of the Mulweeyah. (Muluia.) .3. The wide belt of fertile 
 plain, intermixed with gentle hill and valley, which lies be- 
 tween the two preceding ri^gions, and extends from the Mul- 
 weeyah to .Mogadore, a distance of 450 miles. 4. The plains 
 and valleys S.E. of the Atlas. These last all terminate in or 
 adjoin the (ireat L)e.scrt. But "here the landmarks of em- 
 pire have little stability. The rulers of Morocco exercised 
 sovereignty, at one time, over Tegorarin, Tooat or Twat, 
 Arooau or Arawan, and several other oases in the heart of 
 the desert; they even carried their victorious arms across 
 the desert to Tiinbuctoo and Kn^ho. .4t the present day, 
 however, they have little or no real power S. of the Atla.s. 
 In this portion of the .\tlas are comprised the most elevated 
 points known in Xorth .'Vfrica. Miltseen, (.Miltsin,) a peak 
 distant about 30 miles S.S.E. of the city of .Morocco, has an 
 absolute height of 11,500 feet, thus equalling the highest of 
 the Pyrenees, and falling but little short of the limits iu 
 this latitude (31°) of perpetual snow. Adjoining the central 
 chain are several table-lands of great extent, consisting of 
 Irregular plains; and, at a little distance X. of it. extends 
 the maritime chain now called Er-Keef, and formerly the 
 Atljis .Minor; its general height is from 2500 to 3500 feet. 
 
 Ifivers. — The height of these mountains, and the general 
 uniformity of their slope on both sides, procure for Morocco 
 the distinction of having the largest rivers in North Africa. 
 The rivers flowing from the N. side of the .\tlas have a 
 shorter course than those flowing from the S., but the former 
 have their channels well filled with water, while the latter, 
 whether they flow circuitously to the sea, or become lost in 
 the sands of the desert, are dry in summer. The Mulwee- 
 yah, rising in a principal knot of the Atla.s, nearly in lat. 
 32^ 30' \., flows N.E. to the .Mediterranean, with a course of 
 350 miles. The Seboo descends from Mount j-ililgo W. to the 
 Atlantic, in a course of 200 miles. The Omm-er-rebieh, 
 ('•mother of verdure,") which enters the sea at .\zamor. lat, 
 33° 17' N,, has a course of about 190 miles; and the Tensift, 
 which passes near the city of .Morocco, has a length of about 
 180 miles. Of the rivers which discharge their waters into 
 the desert, the Ouir, the most K., seems to have a course 
 S.S.E., occasionally traceable for 300 or 400 miles. The Ziz, 
 which, with its numerous affluents, waters a very fertile .and 
 populous country, is wholly spent before it attains half that 
 length. The Draha or Daraa, rising in the central and most 
 elevateil portion of the .^tlas, (lat, from 31° to 32° N„) first 
 runs S, for nearly 200 miles, forms a vast lake called Ed-De- 
 ba'ia, having three times the .surface of Lake Geneva, and 
 then, turning W., enters the ocean in lat, 28° 18' N., after a 
 course of 700 miles; the lower portion of its bed. however, as 
 well as the lake, are periodically dry, the waters of the latter 
 giving place to richly cultivated fields. The coast, being 
 generally low and little broken, offers few good harbors; of 
 these, Tangier, and Mogadore or Sweera, (Suira.) are the 
 best; the rest, as El-Araish, Sla or Salee, and Kabat, Mehe- 
 dia. Azamor. <fee,, are but open roadsteads at the mouths of 
 rivers. Alonu- the coast are numerous sibkas or shallow 
 poolc, which the hot season converts into salt^iians. 
 - irwliir/;/, MineraU. &c. — Respecting the geology of this re- 
 markable region, there is scarcely anything known. Though 
 tlie summits of the Atlas offen rise into peaks, they nc!ver 
 exhibit needles or Jugged outlines, with acute angles; their 
 eceuery ii ahsaanifinitai. rather by rounded heights clothed 
 
 with luxuriant forests, than by rugged and precipitous 
 forms. Of the mineral treasures, the richest and best known 
 are the copper ores, which are found cliiefly in the S, rami- 
 fications of the Atl.as, S, of the river Soos, near 29° 30' N, 
 lat,, and between 8° and 9° W. Ion. There are report?, also, 
 of iron-mines in the interior, and of lead found in the vici- 
 nity of Temsna. The kliol or ore of antimony, used b> 
 Moorish ladies for darkening the eyebrows, is obtained from 
 Tedla. Amethysts of great size and beauty have been found 
 in the recesses of the Atlas. 
 
 Climate ami Vegntuble Frrxluctinns. — TTie extremes of tem- 
 perature in Morocco lie within m(xlerat<! limits, the thermo- 
 meter, in the plains, rarely falling below 4u° Fahrenheit in 
 tie winter ; while even in Tarodant, the chief town of Soos, 
 it does not rise above 95° in summer. The mean annual 
 temperature of the city of Morocco, at an ab.solute elevation 
 of 1384 feet, is about 64°. Of the Flora there is as yet but 
 little known. The forests of Er-Reef contain, among other 
 species of oak, that which bears edible acorns, and also that 
 which yields cork. I<i the higher regions of the Atlas are 
 found the Aleppo pine, the cedar of Lebanon, many varie- 
 ties of oxycedrus and of juniper, yielding fragrant gums. 
 The Phamix dactyli/cra or date-palm, and the CImmir.rops 
 hamilis or dwarf-palm, form exteu.sivo woods E. and S. of the 
 Atlas. In the maritime region grows the Kleodnidron argiln, 
 from the olive-like fruit of which is extracted an excellent 
 oil, called arffdn, consumed in large quantities iu the 
 country, though little known iu Europe. Among the wild 
 plants of the S. provinces, may be mentioned the caper and 
 archil, the latter of which supplies an important article of 
 commerce. 
 
 Cullivcdion. — The agriculture of Morocco is in the lowest 
 possible condition. The soil is but rudely scratched with a 
 woo<len plough; neither science nor capitfil aid the labors 
 of the husbandman ; and the annual production is calculated 
 barely to suppJy the wants of the country. The cereal crops 
 are wheat, which is e.xcellent; barley, of inferior quality; 
 and maize. Durrah or millet {Snrijhum vulyare) constitutes 
 the eliief support of the population, though beans, the escu- 
 lent arum, and even canary-seed, are consume<l in large 
 quantities by the poorer classes. The vine is cultivated only 
 near the towns, merely for the .sake of the fresh grapes and 
 raisins. All the fruits of Southern Europe, and the Canary 
 Islands, are to be found hero in sufficient abundance, A 
 large portion of the population leads a pastoral life, subsist- 
 ing wholly on the produce of their herds and flocks. 
 
 Animals. — The lion still haunts the plains on the sides of 
 Atlas, followed by panthers and ounce.s. The wild boar 
 inhaiiits the woods. Gazelles, and several species of large 
 antelope, enter the country from the desert. But more 
 formidable by far than beasts of prey, is the locust, which, 
 coming from the desert, lays its eggs in May, and the young 
 brood taking wing in July, come forth in countless multi- 
 tudes, spreading desolation over the fields, and terrifying , 
 the people with the threat of pestilence and famine. The 
 ostrich is found on the S. fi-ontiers of Morocco, and the 
 ostrich feathers brought from that quarter are the best 
 known in commerce. The wealth of the Arab tribes consists 
 chiefly in their droves, herds, and flocks, Ilorscs of an 
 excellent breed are numerous, and the number of horned 
 cattle is estimated at from 5,000,000 to 6,000 000, Still more 
 important are the sheep, supposed to number at least 
 45.000,000. The wool is fretjuently of the finest possible 
 de.scription. The number of goats is estimated at from 
 10,000,000 to 12,000,000. 
 
 Manufactures. — In general, among the rural population, 
 each family supplies all its own wants. Every woman spins, 
 and every man knows how to weave the coarse cloth which 
 forms his ha'ik or mantle. In the towns, however, soma 
 manufactures have sprung up, Fez makes and exports 
 great quantities of the cloth caps which bear the name of 
 that city. The tanners of Mequinez have a great reputa- 
 tion; tho.se of Morocco render tlie lion's or panther's skin 
 as wiiite as snow and as soft as silk. Of the fine Morocco 
 leather, Fez furnishes the retl, Tafllelt the green, and the 
 city of Morocco the yellow. The Morocco carpets, called by 
 the Moors Sherbiah and Katifah. and much esteemed in 
 Euroi>«, under the name of Turkey carpets, are made chiefly 
 in the province of Ducalla. The Jews alone do business as 
 goldsmiths and jewellers. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of Morocco may he classed 
 under three heads: — 1. Commerce with the East, carried on 
 by means of the caravans to Mecca, which have af once a 
 mercantile and a religious charivcter: 2. With Soodun or 
 Negrolaud, across the Great Desert ; 3. The maritime trade 
 with European states. The former comprises Persian silks, 
 perfumes, spices, and some Indian goods; to which are 
 ailded cotton and raw silk from Cairo ; the whole amount- 
 ing in value to abovit $2,000,000. The goods exported by 
 this channel are cochineal, indigo, skins, fine leather, wool- 
 len cloths, and ostrich feathers. The Kafi'.ahs going S. are 
 much less numerous than those destined fjr Egypt or 
 Mecca, yet they often reckon from 16,000 to 20,000 camels, 
 and 500 or 000 men. At Timbuctoo, they meet the mer- 
 chants from the S., and dispose of their goods, chietiy ijalt, 
 
 1243 
 
MOR 
 
 (Toollen mantles, sashes, Turkey daggers, tobacco, and look- 
 ing-glasses, for ivory, rhinoceros-horn, incense, gold-dust, 
 OFtric.h feathers, gums, nmlaghetta or Guinea pepper, carda- 
 mum, assafoe'liJa, indigo, and slaves. This traffic yields 
 them a great profit Of 4000 black slaves annually brought 
 into Morocco by the Kafilahs from the S., not more than 
 half remain in the country ; the rest are profitaV>ly disposed 
 of in Algiers and Tunis. The capital advanced on each 
 expedition to Timbuetoo is estimated at $1,000,000, and the 
 returns are said to exceed in value tea times that amount. 
 The trade by sea with European states is said to have been 
 opened, in 1551, by Thomas Windham, an Englishman. Of 
 the whole of this commerce with Christian states, two-thirds 
 in amount are carried on with Great Britain ; the imports 
 from which may be valued, in round numbers, at $2.-l'20,000. 
 Five cities, namely, Fez, Morocco, Metjuinez, Kabat, and 
 Tetuan or Tetewan have mints, and coin gold, silver, and 
 copper. 
 
 Intiobitants, Education, Ac. — An important element of 
 weakness in the social and political constitution of Morocco 
 Is to be found in the division of its population into several 
 distinct races, which, so far from uniting, repel one another. 
 The Berbers, the oldest inhabitants of the country, are 
 divided into Amazig and Shelluh, the latter of whom in- 
 habiting the recesses and liigh plains of the Atlas, S. of the 
 capital, devote themselves to agriculture. The Amazig 
 inhabit the mountains of Er-Keef, and parts of Atlas. The 
 Arabs form the bulk of the rural population in the plains; 
 some of them are cultivators ; some are Bedouin ; most of 
 them entered the country with the victorious successors of 
 Mohammed ; while others claim Ilamyaritic descent, and a 
 much more ancient settlement. In the towns along the 
 coast we find the Moors, supposed to be a remnant of the 
 Mohammedans e.xpelleil from Spain in the 15th century. The 
 chief physical characteristic of this people is their corpu- 
 lence, and it is said that, in the harems, extreme corpulence 
 is considered by the ladies as the first of personal attractions. 
 A considerable number of Jews is to be found in all the 
 commercial towns of Morocco. The education given at the 
 schools in the chief towns of Morocco, and completed at the 
 university of Fez, entitled Dar el llm (-'the abode of know- 
 ledge,") does not go beyond the theology of the Koran. The 
 public libraries, once famous, are now dispersed ; true 
 icience is unknown, and whatever monuments of art are to 
 be found in the kingdom, point to past ages, particularly 
 to those when literature and art flourished under the Ara- 
 bian dynasties in Spain. Music is the only art for which 
 the Moors are said to manifest a decided taste. 
 
 Goremnunt. — The sovereign or Sultan of Morocco, styled, 
 by Europeans, Emperor, bears the title of Emeer el Moome- 
 neen, or '' Lord of the true Believers." He is ordinarily 
 called, by his subjects, simply Seid-na, " Our Lord." He is 
 absolute in the strictest sense ; the lives and properties of his 
 subjects are at his disposal ; from him alone proceed laws, 
 which he makes and unmakes at his pleasure. The Sultan's 
 treasury, situated in Mequinez, and called the BeU-d-mell, 
 ('• House of the fund?,") is a mysterious and impenetrable 
 structure, guarded by 2000 blacks. It is supposed to contain 
 money, jewels, and bullion, to the value of $50.(K)0,000. It 
 was formerly customary to put to death immediately the pei^ 
 sons employed to deposit treasures within its walls. The 
 military force maintained by the Sultan does not ordinarily 
 exceed 16,000, of whom half are blacks, and of the remainder 
 a large portion are Bedouins from the S. desert. The marine 
 force is insignificant. 
 
 For an estimate of the population of Morocco, there are no 
 certain data whatever. Jackson assumes it to be 15,000,000 ; 
 GrAberg de Hem.so, 8,500,000. There is reason, however, to 
 believe that the population of Morocco is about double of 
 tliat of Algeria; whence we mav conclude that it is between 
 6,000,000 and 8.000.000, and probably does not much exceed 
 6,000,000. The Berbers appear to be much more numerous, 
 and the black population much less so than has hitherto 
 been supposed. 
 
 History. — In the Mau'ri or Maurufsii, ilas'syli, MazlUxs. 
 and Gcetitfli of ancient writers, it is easy to recognise the 
 Moors or Moriscos, the Shelluh, Amazig, and Gezulah or 
 Benoo Godalah of modern times. The Vandals, who held the 
 country for .some years, are supposed to have introduced 
 Into it, at the end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th 
 century, the piratical habits, which afterwards became so 
 characteristic of the coasts of Barbary and Morocco. In the 
 latter part of the 7th century, the Arabs, fired with enthu- 
 siasm, spread over North Africa, and having taken posses- 
 sion of Mauritania, penetrate<l S., even to Soos and the 
 borders of the desert. It was about this time that the Jews 
 were expelled from Spain by decree of the Council of Toledo. 
 (a. d. 694,) and sought refuge in great numbers on the shores 
 of Africa. 
 
 N'ear the close of the 8th century, a descendant of Moham- 
 med, na«icd Edris, was made sovereign of the Berber tribes 
 In and alxtiit .\tlas. His son and successor founded, in 80", 
 the city of Fez, and established the dynasty of the E<lri8it«s. 
 In 1035, the warlike sect of the Morabites (El-Morabetoon. 
 dgnifying those " stricily bound by reliirlon") first rose into 
 13M 
 
 MOR 
 
 existence among the Gezulah, and on the borders of the 
 desert. In 1055, their chief. Aba Bekr ben Omarel-Lamtftiii, 
 was proclaimed sovereign of Maghreb-el-aksa. His grandson 
 crossed the mountains, and in 1072 laid the foundations ot 
 the city of Morocco, which thus arose with the remarkable 
 dynasty of the Morabites or Almoravides. In the time of 
 El-Watis, tlie founder of a dynasty bearing his name, the 
 expulsion of the Moors and Jews from Spain a.d. 14SSU-1501, 
 added 800,000 souls, it is said, to the population of Majrhreb- 
 el-aksa. In the middle of the 16th century, a new dynasty 
 commenced with the descendants of the Shereef Hosein. 
 The fifth of this family, commonly called Ilamed Shereef 
 el-Man-soor, towards the close of the 16th century, made 
 himself master of Morocco, and pushed his conquests 
 through the desert as far as Timbuetoo and Kagho. His 
 reign (from 1579 to 160a) is regarded as the golden age 
 in the history of Morocco. The ninth and last .Moroccan 
 dynasty is that founded in 1648, bj- Mulai Shereef el Fileli, 
 or King of Tafilelt, who was remarkable, among other 
 things, for his numerous posterity, having 84 sons and 124 
 daughters. From him the pre.sent (1S53) Sult*n of Mo- 
 rocco, Mulai Alxi-er-rahman, whose reign commenced in 
 1822. is the tenth in succession. His predecessor abolished, 
 in 1814, the slavery of Christians throughout his domin- 
 ions; and, in 1817, he disarmed his marine, ami strictly 
 prohibited piracy. — Adj. Moorish, moor'ish, Moboc/cax. and 
 MOEESQL'E, mo-rjsk'; (.\rab. Moghrauee, mo'(ihr3-bee\ in 
 the plural, Mogharba, mo'Ghan'bd; Sp. Marroqcin, maft'BO- 
 keeu';) inhab. JIoor and Moghrebin, mo'gbreli-in. 
 
 MOllOC'CO. a village of Jasper co., Indiana, 118 miles N.W. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 MOKOMANXO, a town of Naples. See Mormaxxo. 
 
 MORON, mo-ron', or M0R0N-DE-L.\-FRONTERA, mo rOn/ 
 dA-ld-fron-td/rd. a town of Spain. Andalusia, 82 miles N.E. of 
 Seville, near the Guadaira. In the principal square stands 
 the Town-house. It has also a prison, granary, eight pri- 
 mary schools, a Latin grammar school, a hospitals, a fine 
 church with 3 naves, and sevei'al convents and nunneries. 
 On the hill, E. of the town, are the ruins of the ancient 
 castle, for several centuri(?s one of the most important 
 strongholds in Spain. It was blown up by the Frewh in 
 1812. Agriculture is the prevailing occupation, but there 
 are also 4 manufactories of hats, 1 of soft soap, several of 
 lime and gypsum, 5 potteries, numerous flour and oil mills, 
 and a few looms for linens. Moron has long been the head- 
 quarters of gangs of robbers, who have infested this part 
 of Spain. Pop. 10.192. 
 
 MORON E, mo-Totui, or MORRONE, moR-Ro'ni. a town of 
 Naples, province of Molise, 8 miles S.W. of Larino. Pop. 
 3200. 
 
 MOROS, mo'roce, a village of Spain. Aragon. 60 miles from 
 Saragossa, with a church and hospital. Pop. 1125. 
 
 MOKOTAI. one of the Sandwich Islands. See Moi/)KAl. 
 
 MOROVSK or MOROWSK, mo-rovsk', a market-town of 
 Russia, government and 36 miles S.W. of Tchernigov, on 
 the Desna. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MOROZZO, mo-rofso, a marketrtown of Piedmont, 8 miles 
 E.N.E. of Coni, on an affluent of the Tunaro. Pop. of com- 
 mune. 1685. 
 
 MOR'PETII, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Northumberland, 14 miles N. by 
 \V. of Newcastle, on the railwaj' to Berwick. It has two 
 principal streets, paved, and lighted with gas; a towu-hall, 
 an elegant bridge of 3 arches over the Wansbeck, a prison 
 and court-house, an old market-cross, a fine old parish church, 
 in the decorated English style, a handsome chapel of ease, 
 several Dissenting places of worship, and a Roman Catholic 
 chapel; a grammar, and several other schools ; a mechanics' 
 institute, and a dispensary. The woollen manufacture and 
 tojiuiog are carried on to some extent. Dr. Morrison, the 
 Chinese scholar and missionary, wa.s a native of Morpeth; 
 it also gives the title of Viscount to the fauiily of How ai-d. 
 The town was burned down by its own iiihalitants. in 
 1215, that it might not furnish quarters to King John. 
 The borough returns a member to Parliament. Pop. in 
 1851, 10,012 ; in 1861, 13.796. 
 
 MORPETH, a town and river-port of New South Wales, 
 00. of Northumberland, at the head of the navigable part 
 of the Hunter River, 78 miles N.E. of Sydney. It has an 
 Episcopalian church, a Wesleyan chapel, several schools, a 
 steam flour-mill, a soap and candle manufactory. Steamers 
 and sailing vessels constantly ply between this phice and 
 Sydney. 
 
 MORPETH, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Kent, 
 192 miles from Toronto, and 61 miles from Loudon. 
 
 MORR.\, moR'Bd, a town of Italy, Piedmont, division of 
 Coni. 7 miles S.W. of -■Vllia. on the Tanaro. I'op. 3318. 
 
 MORR.\. a town of Italy, Naples, province of Principato 
 Ultra, 3 miles E.N."E. of Sa'nt' Angelo-dei-Ix)mbardi. P. 3300. 
 
 .MOR'RIS. a county towards the N. part of New Jersey, 
 has an area of about 760 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the .\.E. by the Pixiuanock River, on the E. and S.E. by 
 the I'assaic, and partly on the N.W. by the Musconetcong, 
 and is draine'i by the N. and S. branches of the tiaritan, 
 and by Uockaway River. Schooley's Mountain, Iv the W., 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 Trowbridge Slountain, near the centre, and Long Hill, in 
 the f*. part, are the principal elevations. Copper, iron, 
 eiuc, sandstone, and limestone are abundant; and marble, 
 plumbago, manganese, and other valuable minerals are 
 found. The injn-miues are very valuable, and great num- 
 bers of the inhabitants are engaged in manufacturing this 
 metal. The Morris Canal traverse.s the county, which is 
 also partly intersected by the Slorris and Essex Railroad. 
 Organized in 1738, and named from Lewis Morris, then 
 govcrni T of the province. Capital, Morristown. Pop. 34,677. 
 
 MOi; HIS, a township of Otsego co., New York. Pop. 2320. 
 
 MORTtIS, a township of Morris Co., New Jersey. Pop. o9S5. 
 
 MOR ItlS, a township, Clearfield Co., Pennsylvania. P. 85.3. 
 , MOKHIS, a township of Greene CO., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 1415. 
 
 MORRIS, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1333. 
 
 MORRIS, a. post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 133 
 miles N. <jf Harrisbnrg. Pop. 437. 
 
 MORRIS, a village and township on the S. border of 
 Washingtim co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1148. 
 
 MORRIS, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1013. 
 
 MORRIS, a thriving post-village, capital of Grundy CO., 
 Illinois, on the Illinois and Michigan Ciinal. C2 miles S.W. 
 of Chicago. It is the prihciiuil sliipjiing point for Grtnidy 
 county. The Chicago and Rock Island Itailroad i)a8ses 
 through it. The grain shipped hero in 1864 was estimated at 
 above ^1,000,000. Morri« has 1 bank, 6 cliurches, and a news- 
 paper office. Pop. in 1860, 2105; in 1865, about 4000. 
 
 AIORRIS CIIUKCII,a postoffice of Campbell oo., Virginia. 
 
 MORRIS CROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Fayette co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MOR'RISDALE, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Clearfield Turnpike, 110 miles AV.N.W. of 
 Uurrisburg. 
 
 MORHLS HILL, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia. 
 
 MORVKiSlA'NA, a beautiful and nourishing post-village 
 of Westchester co.. New York, on Harlem River, and on the 
 Harlem Railroad, 10 miles N, of New York. It contains 
 14 churches, a public library, several seminaries, numerous 
 stores, and many elegant country-seats, the residences of 
 persons doing business in New Y^ork. Also 2 iron foundries, 
 Bteel works and gas works. Pop. 9245. 
 
 MOIi'RISUN. a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MORRISON'S, a small post-village of Monroe co., Illinois. 
 
 MORRISON'S CROSS ROADS, a small village of Warren 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 MOKlilSON'S TAN YARD, a post-village of Mecklenburg 
 CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 Ml IR'KISON VILLE, a po.st-offlce of Clinton co., New York. 
 
 MORRISON VILLK, a post-office of Loudon co., Virginia. 
 
 MURKIS PL.^INS, a little village of Morris oo.. New Jer- 
 sey. 2 miles N. of Morristown. 
 
 MOR'RISTOWN, a post-village and township of Lamoille 
 CO., Vermont, on the left bank of the Lamoille Itiver, about 
 20 miles N. by W. of Montpelier. It contains several manti- 
 factories of woollen goods, starch, leather, boots, shoes, &o. 
 Pop. 1751. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a post-village, township, and river-port 
 of St. Lawrence co., New York, on the river St. Lawrence, 
 about 14 miles S.W. of Ogdensburg. Black I^ke bounds 
 the township on the E. The village on the river has a 
 wharf where steamboats land, and several warehouses. It 
 communicates with the interior by a plank-road. Pop. 2284. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a post-village and capital of Morris co., 
 New Jersey, on Whippany River, and on the Morris and 
 Essex Railroad, 50 miles N.N.E. of Trenton, and 32 miles by 
 railroad AV. by N. of New York, It is situated on a table- 
 land, enclosed by ranges of hills, and presents an appearance 
 of neatness, having a fine public square in the centre. It 
 contains a handsome court-house, 8 churches, 1 bank, 1 aca- 
 demy, 4 hotels, and numerous stores. It is the principal 
 market for a rich and highly productive agricultural region ; 
 2 newspapers are published hero. Morristown has manu- 
 factures of paper, iron, &c. It is noted as having been the 
 head-quart«rs of the American army on two different occa- 
 sions. The house occupied by General Washington is pointed 
 out, and the remains of an old fort are still visible in the 
 rear of the court-house. Pop. estimated at 3800. 
 
 MOI'.liISTOWN, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee. 
 
 MORRISTOWN. a village of Jefferson co., Tennessee, is 
 pleasantly situated in a fertile valley on the route of the 
 East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a thriving post-village of Belmont co., 
 Ohio, on the National lioad. 21 miles W. of Wheeling, has 2 
 churches, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 MOItRLSTOWN, a village of Clarke CO., Indiana, on the 
 railroad Irom Jeffersouville to Columbus, 20 miles N. of the 
 former. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a village of Randolph co.. Indiana, on 
 ehe Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroad, about 65 miles 
 E.N.E. of Indianapolis. Laid out in 1851. 
 
 3I0R1UST0WN, a post-village of Shelby co.. Indiana, on 
 the Blue River, and on the railroad from Shelbyville to 
 Knightstown, about 26 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a pos(>village of Henry co., Illinoii, abom 
 15 miUjs E. of the town of Rock Island. 
 
 JIORRISTOWN, a post-office of Cass co., Missouri 
 
 JIORRISTOWN, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of 
 Sidney, on the St. George Bay, near its entrance into the Gull 
 of St. Lawrence, aliout 120 miles N.E. of Halifax. 
 
 MOR/RISVILLi;, a postrvillage in Morristown township, 
 Lamoille co., A'ermont, on the Lamoille River, which fur« 
 ni.>^hi>s it with water-power, about 20 miles N. by W. of 
 Montpelier. It contains a church, an academy, 1 printing- 
 office, and 1 grist and saw mill. Poj). about 300. 
 
 MOHRISVILLE, a thriving post-iillage in Eaton town- 
 ship, and capital of JIadison co., New York, on the Cherry 
 Valley Turnpike, about 100 miles W. by N. of Albany. It 
 contains a court-house, an academy, a bank, 3 churches, and 
 2 newsiHiper offices. Pop. in 1855, 715; in 1860, about 1000. 
 
 MORUISVILLE, a thriving post-borough of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, ojipo.site Tn'nton, 30 
 miles above Philadelphia. The railroad from I'hiladcl))Iiiii 
 to New York passes through it ; and a bridge, llOO feet long, 
 connects it with the city of Trenton. It was formerly the 
 residence of Robert Morris, the eminent financier. Pop. in 
 1860, 784. 
 
 MOHRISVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier CO., Virginia, 
 95 miles N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 MORKISVILLE. a post-office of W.ike CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 MOKRISVILLE, a small village of Clinton co., Ohio. 
 
 MOHRISVILLE, a village and st.ition of Hendrick.s CO., 
 Indiana, on the railroad between Terre Haute and Indiana- 
 polis, 2.') miles W. by S. of the latter. 
 
 MORR(>D»SA0-PAUL0, (Jlorro-de-Sao-Paulo.) moR'no- 
 di-sowN»-p<")w'lo, a village of Brazil, at the foot of a ])ro- 
 montory on the N. extremity of the island of Tinliare, S. of the 
 Bay of All Saints, province and 50 miles S.W. of Bahia. It 
 is defendeil by a battery, and contains a church and a 
 primary school. 
 
 .MORRO- GRANDE, moR/RO-granMA, a village of Brazil, 
 province of Mina.s-Geraes, 15 miles S.E. of Cahete, with one 
 of the most Ijeautiful churches in the province. The inha^ 
 bitants are almost all miners or laborers. Pop. 5000. 
 
 MOURO-GHANDK, a mountain nange of Brazil, which, 
 after forming part of the boundary between the provinces 
 of Goyaz and .Minas-Oeraes, enters the latter, and becomes 
 the base of the chain known by the name pf I'yrenees. It 
 here forms the water-shed between the waters of the N. and 
 S., and gives rise to some of the great rivers of Brazil. 
 
 MOI'.RONE, a town of Naples. See Morone. 
 
 MOIIROI'E, moR'Ro-pA', a town near the N. extremity of 
 Peru, on the Leche, near its mouth in the Pacific. 
 
 MOR'RUW, a county in the N. central part of Ohio, has 
 an area of 370 square miles. It is drained by the Vernon 
 River, the East branch of the Olentangy or Whetstone, and 
 by Walnut Creek, all of which rise withjn its limits. The 
 soil is highly productive. A large quarry of freestone haa 
 been opcne(l at the county seat. The county is intersected 
 by the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. Ano- 
 ther railroad is projected through it. Formed about 1848, 
 and named in honor of Governor Morrow, of Ohio. Capital, 
 Mount Gilead. Pop. 20,445. 
 
 MORROW, a thriving post-village of Warren co., Ohio, on 
 the Little Miami Railroad, at the terminus of the Zanesville 
 and Wilmington Railroad, 37 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 It has been built since the construction of the railroad, 
 (about 1844.) Pop. about 1500. 
 
 MORS, moRs, or MORSOE, (Morsiie.) moRs'oVh, almost 
 moRsKihVeh, an island of Denmark, Jutland, in the Lym- 
 fiord, and forming a part of the amt of Tbisted. Length 23 
 miles, breadth 11 miles. Pop. 6000, mostly engaged in agri- 
 culture and fi.shing. Surface level; alx)ut two-thirds of it is 
 fertile, and cultivated, the rest marshy. Principal town, 
 Nykiiibing, on its E. shore. 
 
 E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 1320. 
 
 MORSCII, (JUirsch,) miiRsh, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Middle l?hine. N.W. of Ettlingen. Pop. 1209. 
 
 MORSCHEN, ALT, Sit moR'shen, is a village of Hesse- 
 Cas.seL 5 miles S.E. of Melsungcn. 
 
 MORSE CREEK, a postroffice of McNairy co., Tennessee. 
 
 MORSE'VILLE.a post-village of Schoharie co.. New York, 
 about 45 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 MORSIIANSK or MORSCHANSK. moR-shJnsk', a town 
 of Russia, government and 56 miles N. of Tambov, on the 
 Tsna. Pop. 5000, partly employed in manufactures of sail- 
 cloth and soap. 
 
 MORSOE, an island of Denmark. See Mors. 
 
 MORSSTON, a post-office of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 MORSn."ON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MORTAG.VE. moR'tte', a town. of France, department of 
 Orne, 21 miles E. of Alen^on. Pop. in 1852. 4948. It stands 
 on the summit and side of a steep hill; has remains of old 
 ramparts, and a Gothic church with a lofty tower. Tho 
 manufactures comprise linen clothi for the colonies, pack 
 ing cloths, calicoes, porcelain, and leather. 
 
 1246 
 
MOR 
 
 MOS 
 
 ttOKTAGNE, s ; vn of France, department of Nord, 
 arrondissi-ment of Valenciennes. Pop. 1318. • 
 
 MOR'iWOXE SUR GIRONDE. nioR'tdn' PiiR zheeVdNd', a 
 town of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, arron- 
 diBsement of Saintes. Pop. 1436. 
 
 MORTAGN'E SUR SEVRE. moR'tifi' siiR paiv'r, a town of 
 France, department of Vendee, arrondissement of Bourbon- 
 Vendee, with mineral springs. Pop. 1404. 
 
 MORT.\GO.\. moR-td-f;o'a, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira-.\lta. 20 miles N.X.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 840, 
 
 MOr.T.\IX, moRHSkx"', (L. MnriUilium,) a town of France, 
 department of -Manche, 34 miles S.S.W. of St. LO. Pop. 2514. 
 
 MOKT.-V.RA. moR-td'rd, a town of Piedmont, capital of the 
 province of Mortara or I.,omelliiia, on the Arbogna. 26 miles 
 N.N'.E. of Ales.sandria. Pop. 5316. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has noble residences, public schools, barracks, and a 
 theatre : but is nearly deserted on account of the miasma 
 from its rice fields. 
 
 MORTE.\U. moR'tO'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Doubs, Ifi miles N.E. of Pontarlier. Pop. in 1852, 1703. 
 
 MOKTEFONTAIXE, moRt'fAN<='U\n', a village of France, 
 department of Oise, an-ondissement of Senlis. In its fine 
 chateau the treaty of peace between France and the United 
 States of .\merica was signed in 1800. 
 
 MORTESO, moR-t.^'so. MORTERO, moR-tVro, or MORTER, 
 moR-taiR', an island of Austria, in the Adriatic, off the coast 
 of Dalmatia, 28 miles S.E. of Zara. 6 miles long, and 2 miles 
 broad. Vo\>. IISO. On it is a village of the same name, sup- 
 posed to occupy the site of the ancient CblenHum. 
 
 MOiiTES, J;i0 DAS, ree'o dils moR't^s, a river of Brazil, 
 rises in the province of Minas-Oeraes, and joins the Kio 
 Grande on the right, near the small village and port of Ma- 
 caia, after a course of 120 miles. 
 
 MOKTKS, RIO DAS, a river of Brazil, ri.ses in the province 
 of .MattoGrosso, and, after a navigable course of about 400 
 miles, joins the arm of the Araguay which flows to the W. 
 of the i,-laud of B:inanal. or Santa .A.una, in lat. 12° S. 
 
 JIORTIIOE, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 
 
 5I0RTIEU. moRHe-V, a village of Belgium, province and 
 9 miles E.X.E. of Liege, with several mills, and a trade in 
 corn. Pop. 1046. 
 
 MORT [ El{. an island in the Malay Archipelago. See MoTin. 
 
 MOK'TIMKI!. a village in Lake'co., Illinois, 45 miles N, 
 by W. of Chicago. 
 
 MOR/TIMEirs CROSS, a township of England, co. of 
 Herefjnl. 5i miles X.W. of Leominster. A pillar commemo- 
 rates the victory of 1461, which destroyed the power of 
 Henry VI.. and raised Edward IV. to the throne. 
 
 MORTIZZO. moR-tit'so, a village of Italy, Parma, 6 miles 
 N.E, of Piacenza. on the Po. Pop. 2001. 
 
 MOI{TL.\CII, mort/laK, a parish of Scotland, and formerly 
 a bishop's see, co. and 29 miles AV.S.W. of Banff. Near it 
 Malcolm II. defeated the Danes in 1010. 
 
 MORT'L.VlvE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the 
 Thames, 8 miles W.S.W. of London, with a station on the 
 London and Richmond Railway. 
 
 MORT'LOCK ISLAXDS, a group of small islands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, N. of the Solomon Islands, lat. 4° 55' S., Ion, 
 156° 10' E. 
 
 JKIIt'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 MORTON^ a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MOllTOX. a hamlet of England, co. of Lincoln, 2 miles 
 W.X'.W. of Gainsborough. Pop. 500. 
 
 MORTOX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 MOHTOX. a post-office of Tazewell co., Illinois. 
 
 MOR'TOX BAG'GOTT, a parish of Emrland. co. of TTarwick, 
 
 MOKTOX, EAST, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 MORTOX, EAST xyv WEST, a to\fuship of England, co. 
 of York. West Riding. 
 
 MOKTOX .) KF'FRIES, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 MORrrv)X MOK/KELL. a parish. England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 MORTOX OX THE HILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk, 
 
 MORTON PIXK'NEY, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 SIORTOX'S CORNERS, a postoffice of Erie co., New York. 
 
 MOIiTOX'S STORE, a postoffice of Alamance co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOK/TOXSVILLE, a post-village of Woodford co., Ken- 
 tucky, 18 miles W. by S. of Le.xington. It contains a church 
 and a bagging factory. 
 
 MORTOX VILLE. a post-villase of Orange co.. New York, 
 about 94 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 SIORTOX VILLE, a small post-village of Chester co., Penn- 
 iylvania. 
 
 MOKTRlliE, moRHr.V, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Orne, 14 miles X. of Alen^on. Pop. in 1852. 1482. 
 
 MOKTSKL, moRfsel or moRt'sM', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince and 5 miles S.S.E, of Antwerp, near the railway to 
 Mechlin. Pop. 1413. 
 
 MOR'TY ISI<E, Malay Archipelago, is off the N.E. extremity 
 of Giloio. lat. 2° X., and Ion. 128° SC E. Length 60 miles,, 
 average breadth 25 miles. Cliief product, sago. — The Str.ut 
 OP .MoBTV. between it and Giloio, is 30 miles across. 
 
 MORUI.M. mo-roo-eex"', a town of Brazil, province of 
 1246 
 
 Sorgipe. on the Ganhomoraba. W. of Panto-Amaro. It haa 
 a parish primary school, custom-house, and a I'ort, which is 
 the entrepot for the sugar made in the neighboring districts 
 sent to Bahia. 
 
 MORUMBIDGEE.ariverof Australia. See MuRRiMurDGES. 
 
 SIOlt'VAH, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 
 MvlHVAX. moR^'^s"', an old division of France, in the 
 Xivernais, now partitione<l among the departments Nievre, 
 Cote-d'(tr, and Saune-et-Loire, 
 
 MOR/VAL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 
 JIOR/VEX or MOR'VERX, a parish of Scotland, co, of 
 Argyle. 
 
 MOR YEN, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Caithness, parish 
 of Latheron. Elevation 3000 feet. ' i 
 
 MORVEX, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, parish 
 of Logie-Coldstone. Elevation 2700 feet. 
 
 MOk'VEX, a post-oflice of Amelia co., A'irginia. 
 
 MORVEX, a post-village of Anson co.. North Carolina, 
 115 miles S.W. by W. of Raleigh, 
 
 MORVEX', a post-offtce of Lowndes co., Georgia. 
 
 MORVEX. a village of Shelby co., Indiana, on Flatrook 
 Creek, 40 miles S.E. of Indianajiolis. 
 
 MOR'VILL, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MORVILLAR. moRVee'yaif', a vill.ige of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaut-Rhin. 7 miles S.E. of lielfort. Pop. 400. 
 
 JIOR'VIX. a post-office of Clarke CO.. Al.abama. 
 _MORZASCO. moRd-zJs'ko. or MURZASCO. mooRd-zJs'ko, s 
 village of the Sardinian States, division of Ales.sandria. pro 
 vince of Acqui, on the Bormida. Pop. 1900. 
 
 >I0RZ1XE, moRd-zee'ni', a village of the Sardini.nn States, 
 division of Savov, 12 miles S.S.E. of I.^ Biot, on the Dranso, 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 MOSA. See Meusr 
 
 MOS'ALEM. a post-village of Dnbuqne co., Iowa, near the 
 Mississippi River, 75 miles X.E. of Iowa City. Pop. 963. 
 
 M<_)SALSK. a town of Ru.ssia. See M.issALSK. 
 
 MOS.VMBIQUE, a countrj' of Africa. See Mozambique. 
 
 5I0SB.\CH. mo<'b.<(K, a town of Germany, grar!d<luchy 
 of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, on the Elz, 32 miles E.S.E 
 of Mannheim. Pop. 2400. It is enclosed by walls, and ha* 
 a high school, and manufactures of porcelain and paper. 
 
 MOSB.iCH, a town of Germany, duchy of Nassau, on the 
 Rhine, 2 miles S. of Wiesbaden. 
 
 MOS'BOROUGH, a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 MOSBURG. mos'KMJRO. a town of Upper Bavaria, on the 
 Isar. 29 miles X.E. of Munich. Pop. 1739. 
 
 MOSCIIA. See Miscat. 
 
 MOSCHEL, OBER. o'ber mosh'fl, a town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Palatinate, 25 miles S.W, of Mentz. Pop. 1477. 
 
 MOSCUEXiTZA,mo3-kA-nit's3,amaritime villitge of Istria, 
 on the Gulf of Quarnero. 12 miles S.W. of Fiume. 
 
 MOSCHI.^NO, mos-ke-S'no. a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra I., 11 miles X.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MOSl^lIIX, mo-sheen', a town of Prussian Poland, govern- 
 ment of Posen. circle of Schrimm. Pop. 1020. 
 
 MOSCHTIEXITZ, OBER, o'bgr mosh'tee-nits, a village of 
 Moravia, circle and 17 miles from Prerau. Pop. 1044. 
 
 MOSCIAXA, mo-shil'ni{, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra I., 10 miles E.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 2450. 
 
 MOSCISKA, mos-tsees'kS, a town of .Austrian Poland, 
 Galicia, 16 miles E. of Przemysl. Pop. 2900. 
 
 MOSCOW, mos'ko, (Russ. MosIto, mosk-vj/; L. Moficua 
 or Mos'cliia; Fr. Mnscnu, mos'koo'; Ger. Moslxtu, mos'kow.) 
 a famous city of Russia, capital of the government of its 
 own name, and formerly of the whole Russian Empire 
 is situated on the Moskva, 400 miles S.E. of St. Peters- 
 burg, with which it is connected by a first-class rail- 
 wiiy ; lat, (Observatory) 55° 45' 21" N., Ion. 37° 34' E. It is 
 surrounded by a wall or earthen rampart, 20 miles in cir- 
 cuit, of a very irregular shape, and altogether useless for 
 any purpose of defence. The tite of the city h.as an uneven, 
 \indulating surface, and is traversed by the navigable 
 Moskva, which, entering near the Tniddle of the W. side of 
 the wall, makes a series of serpentine windings, and leaves 
 it at the S.E. corner. Within the city, the Moskva receives a 
 small tributarj- from the N.E. The most remarkable eleva- 
 tion is the hili on which the Kremlin stands, situated near 
 the centre of the city. It is nearly of a triangular shape, 
 and surrounded by an immense white wall. 60 feet high, 
 and about 1 mile in circuit. This wall is flanked by embat- 
 tled towers, and gives access, by sever.il gates, to the interior, 
 which formed the origin.al nucleus of the cit}'. an;l is still 
 the site of its most important and characteristic edifices. 
 Immediately to the E. of the Kremlin, is the second quar- 
 ter, the Kitai Gorod. or Chinese City, fenced round by a wall, 
 which is flanked with towers and buttresses. .Ground the 
 Kremlin, as centre, two large circles have been drawn — the 
 inner one, with a radius of 1 mile ; and the outer, with a 
 radius of 1^ mile in length. The circumference of each cir- 
 cle consists of a wide belt of finely-planted boulevard. The 
 inner circle st<ips short at the N. bank of the river. The 
 outer circle is completed, proceeding acros.s the river, and 
 enclosing a considerable sp.ve on the S. bank. 1 he zone, 
 enclosed between the Kremlin and the Kitai Goi-od. and the 
 inner boulevard, is called the quarter of the PeVi Gtrod or 
 
MOS 
 
 MOS 
 
 White City; while the other zone, inpluded hetween the 
 two boulevards, so far as it llos N. of the ri*er, is called the 
 quarter of the Zmelnoi Gorod. All the enclosed space 
 beyond the four quarters now described, whether situ- 
 ated on the N. or the S. bank of the Moskva, is regarded as 
 suburbs. 
 
 Tlie strange irregularity with which JIoscow is built, is 
 one of the first thini;R which forces itself on the notice of 
 the visitor. This might have been expected to be remedied 
 by the great coiiflagration of 1812: but though the incon- 
 gruities are certjiinly fewer than they were, enough still 
 remains to give the city its old characteristic features. Tlie 
 streets, in general, continue uneven and tortuous; nume- 
 rous paltry lanes open all at once into magnificent squares; 
 and long rows of little yellow wooden houses abut on vast 
 colossal structures. In order to describe the principal edi- 
 fices, we must again return to the Kremlin, previously 
 stopping to view it from the most favorable spot — thoi S. 
 siile of the bridge iloskva Rekoi. Here it seems to rise out 
 of the water, picturesquely adorned with turf and shrubs; 
 while above its snowy wall and verdant foliage, palaces ancl 
 churches rear their majentic heads, crowned with numerous 
 cupolas of glittering gold and silver, and presenting one of 
 the most striking views of which any European city can 
 boast. Entering by the Spass Vorata, or Gate of the Re- 
 d(«mer, over wliich is a picture of our Saviour, the object 
 of tlie deepest reverence, and through which, in consequence, 
 none must pass without being uncovered, we are at once 
 introduced to the most interesting and Important buildings 
 of .Moscow. The first we notice is the Terema or old palace 
 of the Czars; it consists of four stories, which diminish in 
 ascending, till the uppermost contains only a single room, 
 and is surrounded with balconies, with stairs both within 
 and without, leading to each separate terrace; the lowest 
 floor contains the throne and audience chambers; the higli- 
 est was the residence of the czarinas and their children ; the 
 walls are riclily and almost grotesquely decorated, and co- 
 Tered with portraits of the czars, armorial bearings, Ac. 
 The main body of this palace was so much injured by the 
 French, that repair was impossible, and its place has been 
 Bupplied by the Bnlchoi Dvoretz or Large Palace, built by 
 the Emperor .\le.Kander, and sometimes called, after bira, the 
 Alexanderski Dvoretz; aci immense pile, and not without 
 an imposing effect; but its modern style and decorations are 
 iu bad keeping with the venerable structures with which it 
 is associated. The same may be said of the Maloi Dvoretz 
 or Little Palace, built by the Emperor Nicholas, containing 
 some interesting pictures by Bernatlo Belotto de Canaletto, 
 and a collection of all the works that have been written 
 concerning Mo.scow, in French. Russian, and German. The 
 Babernoi I'loschad, or Cathedral Sfiuare, situated on the 
 summit of the Kremlin, and enclosed within a magnificent 
 iron railing; contains the Upenski Sabor or Cathedral of 
 the Assumption ; and two churche.': — the Arkhangelsk! Sa- 
 bor or Church of !St. .Micliael, and the Lady of the Cave. 
 
 The Cathedral, in which the emperors are crowned, boars 
 no resemblance, either without or within, to the cathedrals 
 of Western lOurope, It is a clumsy building, with heavy 
 pillars, which support five cupolas, and, like the walls, 
 glittering with gold from top to bottom, tlie golden ground 
 covered over with grotesque frescoes of sacred subjects; it 
 was founded in lo2.5. and rebuilt in 1472. Immediately be- 
 hind the Cathedral is the Synodalni Dom or House of the 
 Holy Synod, so called because a section of the Synod has 
 its offices in it, and containing the Mir or Holy Oil, which 
 is used in the baptism of all Russian children. A much 
 more valuable treasure of the Holy Synod is a library, 
 remarkably rich in rare manuscripts. The Church of St. 
 Michael is a sombre building, lighted by windows so dimi- 
 nutive, as to do little more than make darkness visible. 
 Almost all the Russian sovereigns, from Ivan Danilovitch, 
 down to Peter the Great, are buried here; their figures. 
 natural size, are painted in fresco round the walls, each 
 over against his own tomb, where he sits wrapped in a white 
 mantle. Immediately adjoining is an odd-looking church, 
 with w,^lls of immense thickness, said to be the oldest in 
 Moscow, and constantly thronged with devotees. The 
 Church of the .Annunciation is paved with fine pebbles of 
 jasper, agate, and carnelian. Within the Kremlin, also, is 
 an immense pile of buildings, lining the sides of a triangle, 
 one side being occupied by the Senate, which contains the 
 offices of the various local departments, and the other two 
 by the treasury and arsenal. The chief attraction here is 
 the upper story of the treasury, containing the crowns of 
 the early Czars, arranged in regular succession; several 
 thrones, warlike trophies, and miscellaneous curiosities. 
 The arsenal contains 100.000 stand of arms, the cannon 
 fAken from the French during their disastrous retreat, and 
 numerous other military tropliies. 
 
 Nearly in the centre of the buildings of the Kremlin, now 
 described, and far overtopping them all, is the famous Ivan 
 Veliki, cr Tower of .John the Great, which rises without 
 ornament of any kind, to the height of 209 feet, and is sur- 
 mounted by a gilded dome, on which, as on the other gilded 
 domes of the Kremlin, the cross iii displayed above the cres- 
 
 cent. It is ascended by » good staircage, and amply reward* 
 the toil of ascent by the magnificent view Avhich it commands. 
 It consists of several stories, in ejicli of which bangs a stu- 
 pendous bell, one of them weighing 04 tons. Another bell, 
 nearly trebling this enormous weight, cjiUed Czar Kolokol 
 or the Monarch, stands at the bottom of the. tower, on a 
 pedestal of granite, to which it was raised, iu l^>:i7, by the 
 Emperor Nicholas, after having remained for a century bu- 
 ried on the spot into which it is said to have fallen, v.hen 
 the tower, in which it was suspended, was burned. Its 
 height is 21.3 feet, diameter 22.5 feet, and least thickness 3 
 inches. A huge fragment was broken from it by the fall. 
 Immediately to the E. of the Kremlin, between its walls 
 and those of the Kitai Gorod, stands, in the Krasnoi Ploo- 
 shad or Red Place, the Cathedral of St. Basil, one of the 
 strangest specimens of architecture anywhere to be met 
 with : it has no less than 20 towers and domes, all of differ- 
 ent shapes and sizes, and colored over with the most varied 
 hues — some green, spread like net-work, over a yellow 
 ground; one red, with broad white stripes; and a third, 
 gilded. The whole is a perfect huddle ; and though different 
 accounts of its origin are given, the most credible seems to 
 be. that it was a whim of Ivan the Terrible, to try how 
 many chapels could be erected on the same spot, and under 
 the same roof, where religious service could bo simultau<^- 
 ously performed without mutual interference. The archi- 
 tect was an Italian, and so pleased his employer, that the 
 savage despot put out his eyes, in order that he might never 
 be able to build another like it. 
 
 It is impo.«sil>le to state the number of churches in Mos- 
 cow, some making them 1.500, and others reducing them to 
 250. The smaller number, if proper churches only are 
 included, is probably the more accurate; but it is scarcely 
 possible to traver.se a street, in which clustering domes and 
 minarets do not meet the eye. The number of monasteries, 
 also, is very great. Those most deserving of notice are the 
 Donskoi, situated near the S. barrier, surrounded witli an 
 eient walls, surmounted by battlements like those of the 
 Kremlin, and containing, within its enclosure, six churches 
 and chapels, several courts, a plantation of birchwood, and 
 dwellings for the Archimandrite and monks; the Seniinov- 
 skoi, at the S.E. corner of the wall, near where the Moskva 
 leaves it, having more the appearance of a fortress than 
 a monasfcery ; and the Devitchei Convent, at the S.W. corner, 
 with walls, flanked by 16 towers; several cliurches, one of 
 them containing the tombs of several czarinas and prin- 
 cesses; and a churchyard, beautifully laid out with shrubs 
 and flower.s, and containing a great number of fine monu- 
 ments. Close to this convent is the Devitchei-foU, or ^laid- 
 ens' Field, where the emperors, on their coronation, entoi^ 
 tain their subjects. The Emperor Nicholas here, on that 
 occasion, dined 50,000 persons. 
 
 Among educational establishments, the only one deserving 
 of particular notice is the University, who.se jurisdiction is 
 not confined to the city or government of Moscow, but ex- 
 tends over the governments of Tver, Yaroslav, Kostroma. 
 Vladimeer, Riazan, Tambov, Orel, Toola, Kalooga, and Smo 
 lensk. It was established by the Empress Catherine, in 
 1755 ; consists of 4 faculties, and is attended by about 900 
 students. Its scientific collections are poor, compared with 
 the best of those in the W. of Europe; but it is tolerably 
 rich in anatomical preparatipus ; in connexion with it is a 
 gymnasium, a library of 50,000 volumes, an observatory, bo- 
 tanical garden, &c. Among the benevolent establishments 
 are the Alexander Hospital and St. Catherine's Hospital, 
 both near the N. barrier; and another hospital of St. Cathe- 
 rine, near the N.E. corner; 2 military hospitals in the E., a 
 widow's hospital in the W., and St. Paul's Hospital and the 
 Galitzin Hospital in the S. Another hospital, the Foundling, 
 ."Situated on the N. bank of the JMoskva, a little to the E. of 
 the Kitai Gorod, has acquired more celebrity than all the 
 rest; hut whether it is entitled to be ranked among benevo- 
 lent establishments, is questionable; its encouragement to 
 vice being palpable and notorious ; as all children, up to a 
 certain age, are received on presentation, and no questions 
 asked. The number actually iu the house, or supported 
 in some way or other by the institution, is upwards of 
 25,000. Moscow possesses 2 theatres — one, where the pei^ 
 formances are in French ; and the other, or Alexander The- 
 atre, where they are in Russian. Among the other buildings 
 or places worthy of notice, are the great Ri'iing-School, to 
 the W. of the Kremlin, suppa^ed to be the largest building 
 in the world unsupported by pillar or prop of any kind ; the 
 principal bazaar, or Gostlunoi Dvor, in the Kitai Gorod, a 
 colossal building of 3 stories, where wholesale merchants, 
 to the number of more than 1000, regularly carry ou their 
 trade; the Riadi, an open space in the same vicinity, occu- 
 pied by narrow streets of shops ; the barracks, along the E. 
 side of the inner boulevard ; and the Race-course, a large 
 oval, elongated N. and S., and almost touching the S. hairier 
 The number of open and planted spaces throughout the city 
 is very great. Several of these, including the boulevards, 
 have been already mentioned; and we may now add the 
 Princess Galitzin's gardens, stretching along the right bank 
 of the Moskva, and beautifully laid out, but now partly 
 
 1247 
 
MOS 
 
 »ocupied by the Empress's yilla; and the Sparrow Hills to 
 the 3 W. 
 
 Manufactures of various kinds are carried on to a great 
 extent within tlie city; but bear only a small proportion to 
 those which are carried on for Moscow in the surrounding 
 tijwns and villages. The principal establishments are for 
 textile fabrics, chiefly woollen, cotton, and silk ; in all of 
 which, much steam-power, and the'most improved machine- 
 ry, are employ^ed ; the other principal articles are hats, bard- 
 ware, leather, chemical products, beer, and brandy. From 
 its centi-al position, Moscow is the great entrepot for the 
 internal commerce of the empire. Great facilities for this 
 commerce are given by water communication, which extends, 
 on one side, to the TSaltic ; on another, to the Caspian ; and, 
 on a third, to the Black Sea ; and by the railway to St. I'eters- 
 burg. Another railway is projected from Moscow to Diina- 
 burg, at which point it will connect with the railway now 
 being graded from St. Petersburg to Warsaw. In winter, 
 the traffic over the snow in sledges is enormous; as many 
 as 3600, loaded with goods for TitJis alone, have been known 
 to leave the city in a single year. 
 
 Moscow, for administrative purposes, is divided into 21 
 districts; and is under the immediate charge of a general 
 and military governor. It is the seat of important civil 
 and criminal courts, and of various superintending boards 
 of police, manufactures, trade, &c.; and has several literary, 
 scientific, and other .societies; among which, one of the mo.st 
 prominent is the Bible Society, established in 1813. The 
 foundation of the city dates from 1147. Its nucleus was the 
 Kremlin, which, at first, was nearly surrounded by a palisade, 
 and formed an important military station. For a long time 
 it continued to be a dependency on the principality of Vla- 
 dimeer; and in 123S, when the cruel Batou-Khan devas- 
 tated Russia, it was sacked and burned. In 1293. it was 
 again sacked, and the inhabitants were dragged away into 
 slavery by Khan Nagai. It afterwards became a prey to 
 intesti'ie dissensions — several princes disputing the posses- 
 sion of it; but at last Dimitri. surnamed Donskoi, became 
 sole master, and dietl in 1389, after having done more for lt« 
 prosperity than any one into whose hands it had previously 
 fallen. From this time its prosperity continued to advance, 
 though not without repeated interruptions b}" fire, pestilence, 
 famine, and war. It now t>ecame the capital of .Muscovy, and 
 afterwards of the whole Rus.sian Empire ; but was deprived 
 of this honor in 1703, when St. Petersburg was founded, 
 and became the royal residence. It still, however, possesses 
 all the grandeur, and many of the other features of a capital. 
 Many of the nobility reside in it; and, both in salubrity 
 and central position, it possesses natural advantages which 
 no political preference can ever confer on St. Petersburg. 
 The principal event, in the history of Moscow, is the burn- 
 ing of it in 1812, for the purpose of disloilging the French 
 from their winter quarters. The damage then done has 
 been long since repaired, and Moscow has again risen 
 from her ashes more beautiful than before. Pop. in 1840, 
 &19,068 ; in IboS, 336,370. 
 
 MOSCOW, one of the most important and populous of the 
 governments of Russia, mostly between lat. 54° 50' and 66° 
 40' N., and Ion. 34° 50' and 38° 50' E.. enclosed l>y the go- 
 vernments of Tver, Vl.adimeer. Hiazan. Toola, Kalooiia. and 
 Smolensk. Area 12.609 sriuare miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,348.041. 
 Surface an extended plain with few undulations; principal 
 rivers, the Ivliasma, Protwa, and Moskva, (or ^loskwa,) afflu- 
 ents of the Volga, and the Oka. Soil very fertile, but the 
 com, produced is insufficient for home consumption. Cattle 
 and horse bree<ling are actively carried on. Manufactures 
 extensive and very varied, embracing woollen, cotton, and 
 silken fabrics, carpets, gold and silver wares, paper, <4c., em- 
 ploying in 1840, upwards of 85,000 hands in 1150 factories, 
 and at least 120 steam-engines. Next to Moscow, the prin- 
 cipal towns are Kolomna and Dmitrov. 
 
 MOSCOW, mosHio, a township of Somerset co., Maine. 
 Pop. 574. 
 
 MOSCOW, a pnsi>village of Livingston co.. New York, near 
 the Genesee Valley Can-al, about 35 miles S.S.W. of Roches- 
 ter. Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-olfice of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-office of Marion co.. Alabama. 
 
 MOSCOW, a posfrofflce of Polk co., Texas. 
 
 5I0SC0W, a post-village of Hickman co., Kentucky, 6 
 miles S. of Clinton, has 2 store.s. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village of Fayette co., Tennessee, on the 
 Wolf River, and on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. 
 40 miles E. of Memphis. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, 29 miles above Cincinnati, has several stores. Popu- 
 lation 434. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village and township of Hillsdale co., 
 Michigan, on a branch of Kalamazoo River, about 60 miles 
 S. of Lansing. It contains 3 stores and a furnace. Pop. 
 about 300 : of the township. 1078. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, 40 miles 
 K.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MOSCOW, a small villaze of Lincoln co., Missouri. 
 
 3J0SC0\V. a small village of Washington co., Missouri. 
 124S 
 
 MOS 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village in Muscatine co., Iowa, 25 mDee 
 E.S.E. of Iowa City. 
 MOSCOW MILL?, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 MOSDOIv, mos-dok', a town of Russia, province of Cau- 
 casus, 63 miles E.S.E. of Oeorgievsk, on a height above the 
 Terek. It is strongly fortified by nature, beiijg only acces- 
 sible on two sides, and has been considerably strengthened 
 by art. It has a Roman Catholic, a Greek, and an Arme- 
 nian church; a hospital, merchant-house, and quarantine 
 establishment; and mamifactures of morocco leather and 
 brandy. Pop. 5O00. \ 
 
 MOSE, mo/sA, an island of the Asiatic Archipelago, N. of 
 Timor-laut, lat. 6° 20' S., Ion. 131° 30' E., and 20 miles in 
 circuit. 
 
 MOSEIRAII, an island of Arabia. See M.\ssera. 
 
 MOSEL, a river of Europe. See Moselle. 
 
 MOS'ELEM, a post-offlce of Berks co., PennS3'lvania. 
 
 MOSELLE, mo'z^ll', (Ger. Motel, nio'zel; anc. MosdHa.) a. 
 river in the N.W. part of Europe, rises in the S.E. of the 
 department of Vosges, (France.) passes Remiremont. Epinal, 
 Toul, Frouard, Pont-a-Mousson, Metz, and Thionville. in 
 France; separates the duchy of Luxembourg from Rhenish 
 Prussia, and joins the Rhine on the left of Ooblentz. It is 
 navigable from its confluence with the Meurtlie near Frou- 
 ard. Chief affluents in France, the Menrthe and Seille on 
 the right, and in the Prussian States, the Sarre on the right, 
 and tlie Sure, Kyll. and Elz on the left. Total course, tor- 
 tuously X.N.E., 328 miles. 
 
 MOSELL.E. a frontier department in the N.E. of France, 
 formed of parts of the old provinces of Lorraine and French 
 Luxembourg, between the departments of Lower Rhine, 
 Menrthe, and Meuse, bounded on the X. by Belgium, Rhe- 
 nish Prussia, and Bavaria. Area 2034 square miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 446,457. The surface is partly covered with contreforts 
 of tlie Artlennes and Vosges Mountains. Chief rivers, the 
 Moselle and Sarre. It has mines of iron, coal, and excellent 
 lime, and several salt springs. Forests cover a great part 
 of the surface, and yield excellent building timber. Grain 
 is raised sufficient for consumption, and the wine is of good 
 quality. The department is divided into the arromlissements 
 of Metz, (the capital.) Briey, Sarreguemiues, and Thionville, 
 
 MOSELLF;, mo-zell', a post village of Jo Daviess CO., Illi- 
 nois, near the Missouri River, 10 miles S. of Ojilena. 
 
 MOSELY (mOz'lee) GROVE, a post-offlce of Dallas co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 MOSELY HALL, a postoffice of Lenoir co., North Carolina. 
 
 MOSELY'S. a post-offlce of .Madison co.. Florida. 
 
 MOSELY'S STORE, a postoffice of Franklin co., Georgia. 
 
 MOSilAISK. a town of Rus.si8. See Mozhaisk. 
 
 MOSIIERVILLE, mo'zhfr-vil, a post-office of Saratoga co. 
 New York. 
 
 MOSHKOVA. a town of Russia. See Mutshkova. 
 
 MOSIERTOWN, mo/zher-t^wn, a village of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 9 miles N.W. of Meadville. 
 
 MO.SKE.N'iESOE. mos'keh-n.AsVeh, the southmost of the 
 Loffoden IsKands, Norway, lat. 67° 50' N., Ion. 12° 6' E. 
 Length 15 miles, bi-eadth 8 miles. Immediately S. of it is 
 the current called the Mael-strom. See Loffodkn. 
 
 M(»SK0X1SI, mos-ko-nee'see. an island of Asia Minor, 
 Anatolia, in theGuif of Adramyti, 10 miles N.E. of Mitylene. 
 Length 4^ miles. It is mountainous, and has on its S. side 
 the village Mosko, with trade in fruit and cotton. 
 
 MOSIvVA, mosk'v."t. or MOSKWA.(Ku.-s. pron. mosk-ftJ',) 
 a river of Russia, traverses the government of Moscow, from 
 W. to E., passing Moscow, Mozhaisk. (.Mojaisk.) Bronnitza, 
 and joins the Oka at Kolomna. Total course 200 miles. 
 The battle of Borodino, called by the Flench the battle of 
 Mnsl-va, was fought on the Kolotza, an affluent of the 
 Moskva. September 7th. 1812. See BoROBlso. 
 
 JIOSKVA or MOSKWA. See Moscow. 
 
 MOS'LEY. a chapciry of England, co. of Worcester, with a 
 station on the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 3 miles S. 
 of Birmincham. 
 
 JIOSLEY or MOSSLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, with a station on the Leeds and Manchester 
 Railway. 2 miles from Staleybridge. 
 
 JIOSQUERELA, mo.s-kA-rA/ld. a walled town of Spain, 
 Aragon. 36 miles E..\.E. of Teruel; with a church, and an 
 old palace in which King Jaime I. of Aragon used to spend 
 the hot season. 
 
 MOSQUITIA. See MosQtnro Territort. 
 
 MOSQUITO (mos-kee'to) CREEK, of Georgia, enters tlie 
 Ocmulgee River in I'ulaski county. 
 
 MOSQUITO CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Mahoning 
 River, about 6 miles from Warren, in Trumbull county. 
 
 MOSQUITO CREEK, of Indiana, enters the Ohio in Har- 
 rison county. 
 
 MOSQUITO (mos-kee'to) TERRITORY, called also MOS- 
 QUITIA. moH-kee/she-a. an extensive but not wcll-definwl 
 countrv, oceupving tlie N.E. projection of Central AmerlcH, 
 between lat. li° and 16° N., and Ion. 83- 10' and 86" W., 
 and bounded N. and E. by the Caribbean Sea, S. by 
 Costa Rica, from which it is separated by the river Saa 
 Juan. S.W. by Nicaragua, and W. by Honduras. Area, 
 including some contested portions claimed by Costa Rio» 
 
MOS 
 
 MOT 
 
 and Nicaragua, 34,000 square mllps, and, excluding them, 
 about 2f).000 s()uare miles. The surface is very mountainous 
 iu the \V., beitis traversed by a lofty chain, which stretclies 
 Bcross the country in a N. direction, and furnishes the 
 sources of all its important rivers. The largest of these 
 rivers are the Roman or Aguan, forming the boundary of 
 Moaiuitia on the N.W.; tlie Tinto or Wanx, and the Escon- 
 diilo or Segovia. The soil is remarkably fertile, and has a 
 most lu-^curiiiut tropical vegetation, producing in abundance 
 all the staples of the West Indies, large quantities of 
 mahogany and other cabinet timber, dye-woods, drugs, &c. 
 The climate along the coasts is hot, humid, and unhealthy: 
 on the highlands it is cool and salubrious. Valuable mine- 
 rals are s.'iid to abound in the interior, and aloiig the coast 
 great quantities of t<irtoise-shell of the finest quality are 
 obtained. The Mosquito Indians, the native, and almost 
 the only inhabitants, are an active and daring race, tolerably 
 expert in the us'^ of fire-arms. Their chief assumes the 
 title of King of 3Iosquitia. They have considered them- 
 selves under the protection of the Uriti-sh government. The 
 government of New Granada claims the whole country as 
 lielonging to the territories of that republic. Capital, Blue- 
 fields or IJlewfields. 
 
 MOSS, moss, a seaport town of Norway, stift of Agger- 
 shubs, on the fioril, 32 miles S, of Christiania. Pop. 3132. 
 In its vicinity are extensive iron-mines. 
 
 MOSS, a post-office of Lafayette co.. Mobile. 
 
 M0SS.\MKDP:S. mos-si-m:\/dJs, a I'ortuguese colony in 
 South Africa, with a town and fine harbor, 170 miles S. of 
 Benguda, with a healthy climate. It has several forts, 
 
 MOS'SER'S VALLEY, a small village of Union co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 JIOSSET, mosVsA/, a town of France, department of Pyr6- 
 nfieS-Orientales, 5 miles N'.N.W. of i'rades. Pop. 1333. 
 
 MOSSING EN, (Mii.ssingen.) miis'sing-en, a market- town of 
 ■Wilrtemburg, circle of Black Forest, on the Steiubach, 8 
 miles S.W, of Reutlingen. Pop, 2744. 
 
 MOS/SINGFOKD. a post-village of Charlotte co., Virginia, 
 on the IMchmond and Danville Railroad, 6 miles from Roan- 
 oke. Sta,ges connect here with numerous places in Virginia 
 and North Carolina. 
 
 MOSSKIRCir, (Miisskirch.) mUss'kiRk, a town of Baden', 
 24 miles N. of Constance. Pop. KiSO. Here tlie French, 
 under Moreau, defeated the Austrians, under Kray, May 
 5th, 1800. 
 
 MOSSKIRCII, a market-town of Styria, 10 miles S.W. of 
 Griitz. 
 
 MOSSOCZ, mosh'shots\ or MOSONCZE, mo^shont/siN a 
 market-town of Hungary. 17 miles N.E. of Neusohl, Pop. 
 2755. 
 
 MOS.'^aSANTA-MARIA, mos/.so sSn'td mS-ree/l, a village 
 of riediiiunt. 18 miles X.E. of Biella, Pop, 2100, 
 
 M(i.<S .s^IDE, a post-office of Alleghany co,. Pennsylvania. 
 
 MOS'SY CREEK, a post-office of Augusta co.. A'irginia. 
 
 MOSSY CREEK, a thriving post-village of Jefferson co.. 
 Tennessee, on the line of the E, Tennessee and Virginia 
 Railroad, about 212 miles E, of Nashville. It is liberally 
 supplied with water-power by a creek of its own name, on 
 which there are 2 cotton factories. 
 
 MOSTAG.\NEM, mos-td-gd-ii5m', a town of Algeria, pro- 
 vince and 474 miles E.N.E, of Oran, about IJ miles from the 
 Mediterranean, It possesses strong military works, and ample 
 accommodation for troops. It has manufactures of carpets, 
 coverlets, woollen cloaks, and jewelry, and a consideralile 
 trade with the interior. Pop, in 1849, 6495, of whom 3377 
 were Europeans. 
 
 MOSTAIt, mos'tar', ("Old Bridge,") a walled city of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, and the chief town of Herzegovina, on the 
 Narenta, in hit, +3° 24' N,, Ion. 17° 68' E. Pop. 7300, of whom 
 2tX)0 are Turks. 3500 Greeks. 1440 Roman Catholics, and 300 
 gipsies. Mostar is celebrated for its old Roman bridge, a 
 single arch of 95 feet span. The hou.«es are mostly of stone, 
 roofed with slabs. Chief exports, hides, wool, fruit, wax, 
 tallow, and cattle, 
 
 MOST.\RD.\S, mos-taR/dJs. a village of Brazil, province 
 of Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, 60 mUes S,S,E, of Alegre, with 
 a church. Pop. 3000, 
 
 SIOS'TERTON. a parish of England, co, of Dorset, 
 
 MOSTOLES, mos-to'lSs, a town of Spain, New Castile, 10 
 miles S.W. of Madrid, Pop. 1550, 
 
 MOS'TON, a township of England, co, of Lancaster. 
 
 MO.S'TVN, a village and townsliip of North Wales, co, of 
 Flint, at the mouth of the Dee. about 4i miles N.W. of Ho- 
 lywell, with a station on the Chester and Holyhead Kailway. 
 Pop. 2091, Steamers ply hence to Liverpool, 
 
 MOSUL, MOSEL. mo/siil or moo'sul, or EL MOSUL, written 
 also MOUSUL, MOUSEL, and MOSSOUL, a large town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, capital of a pashalic of the same name, plea- 
 santly situated on the right bank of the Tigris, 220 miles N,W, 
 of Bagdad, It rises to a considerable elevation in the middle, 
 and is surrounded by a wall, but is in a state of decay. Its 
 ■yrincipal ornaments are a college, the tomb of Sheik Abdul 
 Ka-ssin. and the remains of a beautiful mosque, with a fine 
 minaret. The coffee-houses, baths, khans, and bazaars, are 
 also liaudsome buildings. The city has declined iu commerce 
 4D 
 
 as in everything else. At present its bazaars are small and 
 inferior in appearance, and its streets thronged with poor. 
 In point of tr.-ide. it is chiefly a thoroughfare for the traffic 
 between Bagdad, Syria, and Constantinople, It has, how- 
 ever, considerable commeri ial intercourse with the interior 
 of Koordistan, Its principal manufactures are napkins and 
 other cotton stuff.s, such as chintz shawls for turbans, and 
 calicoes. It was iformerly celebrated also for its muslins, 
 (which word Is derived from Mosul,) the manufacture of 
 this description of fabrics having been liere carried on to a 
 greater degree of perfection, it is said, than In any other 
 place in the .Mohammedan dominions. The climate is ex- 
 tremely hot in summer, the winters are mild, allhiugh 
 there is sometimes a light fall of snow. In the vicinity are 
 several warm sulphur springs, also some extensive quarries 
 of marble, and near by, on the E, bank of the river, are the 
 recently-iliscovered remains of ancient Nineveh. Tlie city 
 has been repeatedly devastated by famine and plague. On 
 one occasion of this kind, where both were combined, or 
 quickly followed each other, it is said that 100,000 persons 
 were cutoff. Pop, estimatetl at 40.000, 
 
 MOSUL, MOSEL or EL MOSUL, a pashalic of Asiatic 
 Turkey, comprising the most part of Turki.sh Koordistan, 
 between lat, 35° 30' and 38° N., and from Ion. 42° eastward, 
 to the border of Persia, having on other sides the pushalics 
 of Van, Diarbekir, and Bagdad, Surface mountainous, e.spe- 
 dally in the N, and E, Principal rivers, the Tigris, and its 
 affluents, the Great and IJttle Zab. and the Khaboor. Be- 
 siilos Mosul, the capital, it comprises the town of Arbil, 
 (Arbela), and the ruined Al-Hadhr. 
 
 MOSCIyL.A, mo-sul'li. a town of Persia, province of Ghi- 
 lan. 35 miles W. of Reshd. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MOSiJR. a town of Russian Poland, See Mozyr, 
 
 MOS/.L.WINA, moss-li-vee'nd, a village of Austria, SI*- 
 vonia, co, of Verocz, on the Drave, about 20 miles from 
 Siklos, Pop, 1350. 
 
 5I0SZYN, mos'sin, a town of Prussian Poland, 12 milel 
 S.S.^V. of *osen, on the Warta. Pop. 625. 
 
 JIOTA DEL CUERVO, mo'td Ail KwJr'vo, a modern town 
 of Spain, province and 48 miles S.S.W, of Cuenca, on the 
 roaii from Madrid to Valencia. Pop, 3712, 
 
 MOTA DEL MARQUES, mo'ti del milR'kJs, a village pf 
 Spain. Leon, 27 miles W, of Valladolid, with a magnificent 
 palace of the Dukes of All)a, Pop, 1892. 
 
 MOTAGUA, mo-td'gwd. a river of Central America, states 
 of Guatemala and Honduras, rises near Quesaltenango, and 
 enters the Bay of Honduras, 15 miles W. of Onioa. In it« 
 upper part it has numerous rapids and cataracts ; but it is 
 navigable for boats for the last 100 miles. 
 
 MOT.^LA, mo-t^/l.'t, a market-town of Sweden, Ifen and 23 
 miles W.N.W. of Linkiiping. at the influx of the Alotala 
 River into Lake Wetter. Pop, 2000, It has a good harbor, 
 and Its inhabitants are partly employed in ship-bnilding, 
 and in the manufacture of cutlerj*. 
 
 MOVCOMB. a parish of England, co, of Dorset. 
 
 MOTHE FENELON, La, \i mot fi^neh-lAN"'. a village of 
 France, department of Lot, arrondissenient of Gourtlon, It 
 is named from the family of the Archbishop of Cambrai 
 Fenelon was born at the Chateau Fenelon, department of 
 Dordogne, canton of Carlux, 
 
 McyrilE MONRAVEL. La, Id mot m<\NoV.?'v?l', a village 
 of France, department and on the Dordogne, 21 miles W. 
 of Bertrerac, 
 
 MOTHE ST. HER AY, La. Id mot sANO-hA'i-A/, a village of 
 France, department of Deux-Sevres. on the Sevre-Niortaise, 
 17 miles E.N.E. of Niort. Pop. in 1852, 2394. 
 
 MOTHELL. muth'fir, a parish of Ireland, Munster, eo, 
 of Waterford. 
 
 MOTH'ERBANK, off the S. coast of England, co. of Hants, 
 is a shoal between the mainland and the l.sle of Wight, 
 forming the N,W, boundary of the roadstead of Spithead, 
 
 MOTH'ERKILL CREEK, of Kent co,, Delaware, enters 
 Delaware Bay. 
 
 MOTH'ERS AND DAUGHTERS or STAP'PEN, a group of 
 islets of Norway, not far from the North Cape, and off the 
 N.W. coast of the island of Magercie. They consist of a 
 central island, rising precipitou.sly to a great height, and 
 other three also precipitous, 
 
 MOTH'ERWELL, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 
 with a station on the Caledonian Railway, 7 miles N.W". of 
 Carluke. Pop.- in 1851, 1274. It takes its name from a 
 village anciently dedicated to the Virgin. 
 
 JlOTH'VEY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 "MOTIER. mo-teer', a post-office of Pendleton co., Kentucky. 
 
 MOTIERS TRAVERS. mo'te-A' trdVaia/. a village of Switz- 
 erland, canton and 16 miles W.S.W. of Neufchatel ; inhabited 
 by watch and lace makers. Here Rousseau resided when he 
 wrote his Letlres de la Mmitogne. Pop, 700, 
 
 MOTILLA DEL PALANCAN, mo-teel/yd dfl pd-ldn-kdn', ' 
 a town of Spain, 39 miles S.S.E. of Cuenca. Pop. 2890. 
 
 MOTIR, mo-teer/, or .MORTIER, a small island of the Mo- 
 luccas, Malay Archipelago, S. of Tidor, fertile and well cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 MOT'LEY, a post-office of Allen co.. Kentucky. 
 
 MOTOLA, mo'to-ld, (L. Moleola,) a walled town of Naples 
 
 1249 
 
MOT 
 
 provinre o( Otranto, 16 miles N.W. of Taranto. It is an 
 episcopal si'.i. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MOTIUCl', mo-tree'ko. a town of Spain, province of Gui- 
 puzcoii, near the Jlediterranean, 20 miles X.E. of Bilbao. 
 Pop. 2.590. 
 
 MOTHIL. mo-treel'. a city of Spain. Andalusia, prOTince 
 and 38 miles S.S.K. of Granada, about 1 mile from the Me- 
 diterranean. Lat. 3b° 45' X. ; Ion. 3° 34' W. It is irregu- 
 larly built, ha.s a town-house, granary, and ill-proportioned 
 colleffiate church, all in the great square; also barracks, a 
 nunnery, with a pretty church ; several suppressed convents, 
 whose churches are used as chapels of case ; and various 
 schools. By the port of Motril is generally understood that 
 of Calahonda, distant 2 leagues, and the roads of Baradcro. 
 where vessels under 500 tons load and unload, and which 
 are defended by a castle. Motril is the depot for the e.xports 
 and imports of the provinces of Granada and Jaen. On an 
 average of the two years 1844 and 1845. 244 vessels, of 6180 
 tons, entered this port, and 232, of 5059 tons, cleared ; the 
 chief articles of import being rice, sugar, cinnamon, coco."i, 
 coal, leather, iron, and cotton and woollen tissues; and the 
 chief exports, oil, figs, and raisins, oranges, wine, brandy, 
 corks, esparto, lead, antimony, dye-wood, &c. There are 2 
 sugar manufactories. 1 of rum; 2 soap works. 9 potteries, 
 about 120 liinms for coarse cottons, 18 bake-hotises, 4 flour 
 and 4 oil mills. Pop. 10,170. 
 
 SIOTSKI. mot'skee, a market^town of Russia, government 
 and 167 miles S.S.W. of Voronezh. Pop. 1800. 
 
 MOTTA A LCI ATA. moftd dl-chS'ta. a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, province and about 7 miles from Biella. Pop. 
 1434. 
 
 MOTTA CARNASTRA.mot'titkaR-nas'tra. a town of Sicily, 
 province and 36 miles S.W. of Messina, near the N.E. side 
 of Mount Etna. Pop. 1390. 
 
 MOTTA-Di:-CONTI, mot/t&-d.A-i;on'tee, a village of the 
 Bartlinian States. 9 miles from Vercolli. Pop. 1280. 
 
 MOTTA DKIi FRIULI, mot/td ai\ free'oo-le, a market- 
 town of Austrian Italy, delegation and 20 miles X.E. of 
 Treviso. on the Liven za. 
 
 MOTTAFEKXO. mot'tl-fSR'no. a town of Sicily, Messina, 
 4 miles X.W. of Mistretta. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MOTTA SAX GIOVAXXI, mot'til sdn jo-vSn'nee, a town 
 of Xaples. province of Calabria Ultra I., 7 miles S.E. of 
 Reggio. Pop. 1140. 
 
 MOTTA SAXTA LUCIA, mot'tJ sSn'td loo-chee'i, a market- 
 town of Xaples, province of Calabria Ultra, 9 miles X.X.W. 
 of Xicastro. Pop. 3000. 
 
 MOTTA SAXTA AXASTASIA, mot'ti dn'tl i-nis-Wi'e-l, 
 a, town of Sicily, province and 6 miles W.X.W. of Catania. 
 Pop. 1450. 
 
 MOTTA VISCOXTI, moftS vis-kon'tee. a town of Italy, 
 province and X.W. of I'avia, near the Ticino. Pop. 2350. 
 
 MOTTE, La. li mott'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cotes<lu-Xord. 5 miles X. of Loudeac. Pop. 3097. 
 
 MOTTE ST. JE.\X, La, Id mott s^y" zh6x°, a market-town 
 of France, department of Sa6ne-et-Ixiire, at the junction of 
 the Loire and Arroux, 15 miles W.X.W. of Charolles. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 MOTTE SERA-OLLEX, mott s?R'vori.V, a village of Savoy, 
 4 miles X.W. of Chambery. Pop. 3711. 
 
 MOTTEVILLE, mottVeel', a village of France, on the rail- 
 way from Dieppe to Havre, 36 miles from the latter. 
 
 MOTT IIAVEX. a post-village of Westchester co., Xew 
 York, on the Harlem River and Railroad, 8 miles from Xew 
 York. It has manufactures of castings. 
 
 MOTTIXGKX. a village of Germany, on the railway from 
 Munich to Xuremberg. near Xordlingen. 
 
 MOTI'ISFOXT. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 MOT'TISTOX, a parish of the Isle of Wight 
 MOTTLIXG, mott'ling. (L. Metulum,) a small town of Uly- 
 ria. Carniola, on the Kulpa, 13 miles S.S.E. of Xeustiidtl. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 M0T'TRA>I-IX-L0XG1)EX-DALE. a village and parish 
 of England, co. of Chester, hundred of Macclesfield, on the 
 Sheffield and Manchester Railway. 10 miles E. of Manches- 
 ter. The village W. of the river Etherton, consists of a long 
 and well-paved street, with houses generally of stone and 
 slated, a grammar and numerous other schools, and exten- 
 sive factories. It has two extensive print works, and seve- 
 ral large cotton factories, ia which the great body of the in- 
 habitants are emplovetl. 
 
 MOTI'RAM ST. AX7DREWS, a township'of England, co. 
 of Chester. 
 
 MOTT'S CORXERS, a post-village of Tompkins co.. New 
 York, about 165 miles W. by.S. of Albany. It has several 
 mills. 
 
 MOTT'VILLE or MOTTSmLLE. a post-village of Onon- 
 daga CO., Xew York, on the outlet of Skaueateles Lake, about 
 ' 150 miles W. by X'. of Albany. It has an iron foundry with 
 a machine shop. 
 
 MOTTVILLK, a post-village of Mottville township. St. .To- 
 eeph CO., Michigan, on the St. .Toseph River, ab.,ut 95 miles 
 8. by W. of Lansing, and 2 miles X. of the Southern RaU- 
 ■oad. Pop. of the township, 734. 
 MOTYCA. SeeMODlCA. 
 1;^ 
 
 MOD 
 
 MOTZIXGEN. (Miitzingen,; miit'sing-en, a village of WUiv 
 temberg. circle of Black Forest, 5 miles S.W. of Uerrenberg. 
 Pop. 1028. 
 
 MOUAB, a town of Arabia. See Mooab. 
 
 MOUCHAMPS, moo'shSx"', a market-town of France, do- 
 partuient of Vendee, 19 milts E.X.E. of Bourbou-A'endea. 
 Pop. 2186. 
 
 MOUD.iXIA. a village of Asia Minor. See Moodaxia, 
 
 JIOUDOX. mooMAN"', (Ger. Mildcn, mil'den, anc. Minidu- 
 num.) a small town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 14 miles 
 X.X.E. of Lausanne. Pop. 1400. 
 
 MOUKDKX, a city of the Chinese Empire. See MooKDEX. 
 
 MOULE. Le. leh mool, a town of the French colony cf 
 Guadeloupe, with a port on the X.E. coast of Grand Terre. 
 Pop. 10,021. 
 
 MOULIX', moolin. a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 MOULIXETTE, moo'le-nJtt', a post-village of Canada West, 
 CO. of Stormont, 7 miles N.\V. of Cornwall, and 43 miles from 
 Prescott. Pop. 120. 
 
 MOULIXS, mooMAx^/, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Allier, on the Allier. and on railway (in pro- 
 gress) from Xevers. Pop. in 1852, 14,781. It has 2 large 
 squares adorned with handsome fountains. Principal pub- 
 lic buildings, the Cathedral, never completed, a modern 
 Town-hall, Court-house. Xatioual College. 2 large hospitals, 
 an old castle, a small theatre, a public library, picture-gal- 
 lery, public baths, and large cavalry barracks. In the sub- 
 urbs along a river are well-planted walks. It is a bishop's 
 see, and tlie seat of the tribunal of commerce, chamber of 
 manufactures, and societies of rural economy, natural his- 
 tory, and fine arts. It lias manufactures of cutlery, silk, 
 woollen and cotton, with glass-polishing works, a brisk trade 
 in corn, wine, raw silk, timber, and live stock. It owes itk 
 name (MoULlxs signifies " mills") to the great number of 
 water-mills, formerly on the Allier. Marshal Villars. oppo- 
 nent of Marlborough, and the Duke of Berwick, natural son 
 of James II., were born here. 
 
 MOULIXS, Les. 14 mooMix"', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Xord, arrondissement of Lille, of which it may be 
 considered a subvirb. Pop. in 1852, 4875. 
 
 MOULIXS EXGILBERT. mooias^' 6x<;'zhec-rbaiR', a town 
 of France, department of Xievre, on the Gaza. 30 miles K. 
 of Xevers. Pop. 1542. It has manufactures of hats, earth- 
 enware, and leather. 
 
 ■jIOULMEIX or MOULMAIX. See Matjlmais. 
 
 MOUySEY, mOl'see, (EAST), a parish of England, co. of 
 Surrey. 
 
 MOULSEY, (WEST), a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 MOULSFORD, molz'fonl, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 MOUL/POX, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 MOULT.iX, a city of llindostau. See JIooltax. 
 
 MOULTOX, mol'ton. a parish of England, co. rf Lincoln. 
 
 MOULTOX, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 MOULTOX. a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 MOULTOX, a parish of lOngliind, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 MOULTOX ST. MICHAEL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 MOULTOX ST. MICHAEL, a township of England, co. of 
 York, North Riding, 5 miles X.E. of Richmond, with a sta- 
 tion on the York and Xewcastle Railway. 
 
 MOULTOX, mol'ton, a post-village, capital of L.iwrence 
 CO., Alabama, about 110 miles N. by E. of Tuscaloosa. It 
 has a court-house, several stores, and a newsjiaper office. 
 
 MOULTOX. a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 794. 
 
 MOULTOX BOROUGH, mdi'ton-hur-rtih. a post-township 
 of Carroll co., Xew Hampshire, bordering on the X.W. shore 
 of Winnipiseogee Lake, 40 mile-s X. of Concord. Squam Lake 
 bounds it on the W. It contains a mineral spring, and beds 
 of iron ore. Pop. 1448. 
 
 MOULTOXVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois. 
 
 MOULTRIE, mul'tree, a county in the S.E. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area oif 320 square miles. It is intersected 
 bj' Kaskaskia River. The county consists partly of prairie 
 and partly of timbered land; the soil is fertile. The Alton 
 and Terre-IIaute Railroad passes along the southern border. 
 Capit.il. Sullivan. Pop. 6385. 
 
 MOULITIIE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOULTRIE, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, on 
 the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 66 miles from Cleve- 
 land. Pop. 279. 
 
 MOUXA ROA. See Macxa Loa. 
 
 MOUXD BAYOU, a post.<)ffice of Tensas co., Loui.sianv 
 
 MOUXD CITY, a post-office cf Crittenden co., Arkansas. 
 
 MOUXDSVILLE, Virginia. See Grave Creek. 
 
 MOUXD'VILLE. a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin 
 
 MOU.NT. a parish of South Wales. See MoEL-y-MocxT. 
 
 MOUXT A'BRAHAM, a mountain of Franklin co., Maine, 
 about 60 miles X.X.W. of Augusta. 
 
 MOUXT AD'ASIS. a peak of the White Mountains, in 
 Coos CO.. X'ew Hampshire. It is the second X. of Mount 
 Washington, and next to it in height, having an elevation 
 of 5759 feet 
 
 MOUXT ADA5IS or WACHU'SET MOUNTA J X Worcester 
 co„ Massachusetts. Height, 2018 feet 
 
MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 MOUN'T'AIN', a townsliip in TVasTiington co.. Arkatisa.". 
 MOUNTAIN CITY, apost-village of Gilpin co., Colorado. 
 MOUNTAIN COVE, a post-village of Fayette co, West 
 Viruinia, on the Kanawha River, about 150 miles S. of 
 Wheeling. 
 
 MOUNTAIN CREEK, of Culpepper oo., Virginia, falls into 
 the Happahannock. 
 
 JIOU.NTAIN CKEEK, a post-office of Catawba co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOUNTAIN CREEK, a post-office of Anderson district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MOUNTAIN CREEK, a post-office of Warren co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 MtJUNTAIN FALLS, a post-office of Frederick co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 MOUNTAIN GLEN, a small village of Scott co., Arkans.as. 
 5I0UNTAIN GROVE, a post-office of Bath co.. Virginia. 
 MOUNTAIN HOME, a postrvillage of McDowell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 .^lOUNTATN HOME, apo.st-officeofliaiirenseo., Alabama. 
 M(JUNTAIN RIDGK, New York, the name given to a low 
 ridge extapding nearly parallel to the S. shore of Lake On- 
 tario, of which lake it is supposed to have once formed the 
 beach. 
 
 MOUNTAIN SHOALS, a postK>fflce of Spartanburg dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 MOUNTA INS OK THE MOON. Pee Africa. 
 MOUNTAIN Sl'RING, a pust-office of Martin co., Indiana. 
 MOUNTAIN STAND, a post-offlceof Marshall oo., Alabama. 
 MOUNTAINTOP. ;i post-office of Augusta co., Virffinia. 
 MOUNTAINTOWN CREKK, of Gilmer co., Georgia, flows 
 into the Coosawattee River. 
 
 MOUNT'AINVIEW, a pos^Tillage of Abbeville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 MOUNTAINVIEW. post-office. Santn Clara co.. California. 
 MOUNT AIIt/Y, a village of Hunterdon CO., N(jw Jersey, 
 16 miles N.N.W. of Trenton : it has 1 church. 
 MOU.NT .VIRY. a post-village of Rerks co., Pennsylvani.a. 
 MOU.VT AIRY, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, on 
 the lialtimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 MOUNT .\IRY. a post-village of I'itt.sylvania co., Virginia, 
 14,') miles S.W. of Richmond. It has several churches and 
 mills. 
 MOUNT .\IRY, apostrvillage in Surrey co.. North Carolina. 
 MOUNT AIltY, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennes.see, 113 
 mill's S.S.E. of Na.-hville. 
 MOUNT AIRY, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 MOUNT AIRY, a small village of Saline co., Illinois. 
 JIOUNT AIRY, a jiost-office of Randolph co.. Missouri. 
 Jl!)UNT AIy'I5.\N, Mississippi, a station on the A'icksburg 
 and .Jackson Railroad. 6 miles from Virksburg. 
 
 M;)UNT .MiTl. ii post-office of Franklin co.. I'ennsvlv.ania. 
 MOUNT AN'DRKW. a post-office of Harbour co., Al.almma. 
 MOUNT AURRY. nw'bree, a village of Lehigh co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the Lehigh River, 1 mile 
 ftViove .Mlentown. The uew Alleutown iron works are osta- 
 bli.^h.-d here. Pop. 200. 
 
 MOUNT AU'BURN. a lioautiful cemetery, situated about 
 a mile W. of Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts. It wa.s l.Hid out in 18."1. .and comprises an area of 
 about 100 acres. The surface is beautifully diversified with 
 hill and dale, portions of it rising to an elevation of about 
 125 feet above the level of Charles River. A natural growth 
 of forest trees cover a large ywrtion of the grounds, adding 
 a siin|>le. majestic, and most appropriate ornament to this 
 hallowed spot, over which are scattered tombs and monu- 
 ments of the most various and exquisite workman.ship.eur- 
 rouudeii and adorned with every variety of .shrub and flower. 
 Near the entrance of the cemetery, which is by a massive 
 gateway in the Egyptian style, stands the chapel, a hand- 
 some granite edifice, in which are performefl the funeral 
 services. The first interment at Mount Auburn was that 
 of Mrs. Hannah Adams, one of the earliest female writers 
 of New Euirland. 
 
 MOUNT AUBURN, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, 
 about 12 miles S.W. of Shelbyville. 
 
 MOUNT AUBURN, a post-office of Christian co., Illinois. 
 MOUNT B.\'KER, a peak of the Cascafle Range, on the 
 northern border of Oregon, about 90 miles E. from the 
 mouth of Fraxer's River. 
 
 MOUNT BKTH'EL. a little village of Somerset co., New 
 Jersev, 7 miles N.E. of Somerville. 
 
 MOUNT BKTHEL. a post-village of Northampton oo., 
 Pennsylvania. 120 miles E.N.K. of Harrishurg. 
 
 MOUNT BETHEL, a post-office of Newberry district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT BIG'ELOW, on the boundary line between So- 
 merset and Franklin counties, Maine, alx>ut 70 miles N.N.W. 
 of .\ugusti>. 
 
 MOUNT BLAN'CHARD, a post-village of Hancock co., 
 Ohio, on Blanchard River, 85 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 Pop. about 250. 
 
 MOUNT BRIGGS, a village of Potawatamie co., Iowa, 12 
 miles E. by N. of Council Bluffs. 
 MOUNT CAL'VARY, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 MOUNT CAM'RRIA,apost-office of Niagara co..'N'ewTork. 
 MOUNT CAMPBELL, a post office of York CO., Pennsyl 
 
 vania. 
 MOUNT CAR'BON, a post-office of Hampshire co., West 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 MOUNT CAR'MEL, a post-township of Northumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 10S8. 
 
 MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Halifax :o.. Virginia 
 
 . MOUNT CARMEL, a small village of Abbeville di.sfrict, 
 South Carolina. 
 MOUNT CARIMEL, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia. 
 MOUNT CA1!:MEL. a post-vill.age of Covington co., Jlissis- 
 aippi, 55 miles S.S.E. of .lackson. 
 
 .MOUNT CARMEL, a post office of Smith <;o., Texas. 
 MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee 
 MOUNT CARMEL. a post-village of New Haven co., tyyn- 
 necticut. 9 miles bv railroa<i N. of New Haven. 
 
 MOUNT CARMEL. a ipost-village of Fleming co., Ken- 
 tucky, 81 miles K.N.E. of Frankfort. It has I clnirci, and 
 2 stores. 
 
 MOUNT CARMEL, a post-village of Clermont co.; Ohio, 
 12 miles E. of Cincinnati. Poj). 257. 
 
 MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana, 
 75 miles S.E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 AIOUNT CAR.MKL. a post-village, capital of Wabash co., 
 Illinois, on the Waba.sh lliver, opposite the mouth of White 
 IMver. 160 miles S.E. of Springfield. It has a beautiful 
 situation and advantages for manufacturing, with a dam 
 across the river, a mile above the village, producing inox 
 haustible water-power. The place is remarkably healthy, 
 having entirely escaped the cholera when it prev,aile(l In 
 the vicinity. It contains 6 churches and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Pop. in 1800, l:{9:;. 
 
 MOUNT C ARM1;L, a post-office of Cooper CO., Missouri. 
 
 MOUNT CAR'ROLL, a thiiving post-village, capital of 
 Carroll co.. Illinois, on Carroll Creek. lilO mile« N. of Spring- 
 field. It ha.s 5 churches, 1 national bank. 1 newspaper 
 office. 1 seminary, and 1 flouring-mill. Laid out 'n 1843. 
 Pop. i;!2n. 
 
 MOUNT-CHARLES, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. 
 and 4 miles W. of Donegal, on the N. side of Donegal Bay. 
 Pop. 539. 
 
 :M0UNT clem/ens, a flourishing post-village, capital of 
 Macomb co., Michigan, is plea.santly situated on the left 
 bank of Clinton River. 6 miles from its entrance into I>ake 
 St. CTair, and at the head of steam navigation, 20 miles 
 N.N'.K. of Detroit. A branch of the Onind Trunk Railroad 
 connects it with Detroit, Port Huron. Ac. A number of 
 tlie inhabitants are employed in ship-building. Steamboats 
 ply daily between this and Detroit. It contains 4 churchca, 
 ^2 newspajier offices, an oil refinery, and several steiun mills. 
 Pop. in l.'ilU. about 2.500. 
 
 MOUNT CLIF'TON, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Vir- 
 ginia. Free population, 477. 
 
 MOUNT CLINTON, a village of Bergen CO.. New Jersey, 
 on the Hudson River, about 15 miles N. by E. of Jersey 
 Citv. 
 
 MOUNT CLI'O, a post-village of Sumter district. South 
 Carolin.a. 
 
 Mount COM'FORT. a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee. 
 
 MOUNT COMFORT, a post-offire of Hancock co.. Indiana. 
 
 MOUNT CR.\B. a post-office of Brown co.. Penn.svlvania. 
 
 JIOUNT CRAWFORD, a post-village of Rockingham co., 
 Vir'.:inia. 
 
 .MOUNT CRO/GHAN, a post-office of Chesterfield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT DEFI'ANCE. a high eminence in Essex co.. New 
 York, overlooking the site of Fort Ticondero'.ra. 
 
 MOUNT DESERT, diz'ert. an island of the United States, 
 on the coast of Maine, in Frenchman's Bay. 40 miles S.E. 
 of Bangor. 15 miles long and 12 miles broad. It has several 
 excellent harbors, and employs a considerable amount of 
 shipping in the coasting trade, and the fisheries. The island 
 constitutes a township of Mount Desert Island. Pop. 916. 
 
 MOUNT DEStIRT RtXIK, 20 miles S. of Mount Desert 
 Island, JIaine. On it is a fixed light 50 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Lat. 43° 58' 30'' N., Ion. 68° 8' W. 
 
 MOUNT DKSERT BOCK, a new township of Hancock 
 CO.. Maine. Pop. 5. 
 
 MOUNT EATON, ee'ton, a post-village of Wayne co, Ohio. 
 18 miles S.E. of Woostef. 
 
 MOUNT E'DEN, a post-office of Spencer co., Kentucky. 
 
 MOUNT EDEN FURNACE, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 MOUNT KDGKCUMBE. Jj'knm, England, co. of Cornwall, 
 is a hilly promontory, with the fine seatof the Earl of Mount 
 Edgecuml)e. 3 miles S.W. of Plvmo<ith. 
 
 MOUNT EDGECUMBE. a mountain of New Zealand, 
 North Island, in lat. 38° S., Ion. 177° E., and about 10,000 
 feet aViove the sea. 
 
 MOUNT EL'BA, a post-office of Bradley co.. Arkan.sas. 
 
 MOUNT E/LON, a post-office of Darlington district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT EM'MONS, a peak in Hamilton co., New York. 
 Height about 4500 feet above the sea. 
 
 1251 
 
MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 MOUNT E'XON, a. village of Richmond co., Georgia, 15 
 miles S. ol Augusta. 
 
 .MOUNT ENTERPRISE, a post-office of Rusk eo., Texas. 
 
 MOUNT EO'LlA, a post-offlee of Union co., Georgia. 
 
 MOUNT EPURAIJI, ee'fram, a small village of Guernsey 
 eo., Ohio. 
 
 MOUNT EPHRAIM, a small pos1>village of Noble co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 JIOUNT ETNA, a mountain of Sicily. See Ets.\. 
 
 MOUNT ET'NA. a post-village of Huntingdon co., Indiana, 
 on the Salamouie River, 90 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 MOUNT ETNA, a small Tillage of Rush eo., Indiana, 6 
 miles N. of Rushville. 
 
 MiJUNT EUTO'PIA. a post office of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 
 MOUNT'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Susse.'C. 
 
 MOUNT FREE'DOM, a post-office of Pendleton co., W. 
 Virsrinia. 
 
 MOUNT FREEDOM, a post-village of Jessamine co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 MOUNT GAL'LAGIIER, a post-village of Laurens district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT OIL'EAD, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, 
 155 miles N. of KichmonJ. It stands on an eminence com- 
 manding a beautiful view of the Blue Kidgo. 
 
 MOUNT GILEAD, a post-office of Montgomery co., North 
 Carolina. 12o miles from RaleiLih. 
 
 MOUNT G1LE.\D, a post-office of Franklin CO., Arkansa.«. 
 
 MOUNT GILi:.\D, a postrvillage of Mason co., Kentucky, 
 12 miles S.E. of Maysville. 
 
 MOUNT GILEAD, a small village of Pulaski co.. Kentucky. 
 
 MOUNT GILEAD, a flouri.shing postrvillage of Giiejid town- 
 ship, capital of Morrow co,, Ohio, on the K. branch of Olen- 
 tnngy River. 42 miles N. by E. of Columbus. The railroad 
 which connects Cleveland and Columbus passes IJ miles 
 west from this place. It contains 1 national bank,' 1 other 
 bank, 5 cliurches, and 4 mills, which are moved by water- 
 power. Two newspapers are published here. It has a 
 union school. Pop. 788. 
 
 .MOUNT GROVE, a small village of Davis co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 MOUNT HAW/KINS, a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, 
 about 10 miles E. of Pinckneyville. 
 
 MOUNT IIAW'LEY, a posboffice of Peoria co., Illinois. 
 
 MOUNT IIKAl/THY, a post-vill.age of Uamilton co., Ohio, 
 110 miles S.W. by W. of Columbus. 
 
 MOUNT HEALTHY, a post-office of Bartholomew co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 MOUNT IIETBRON, a post-office of Green co.. Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT HKIVON, a post-office of Darke co.. Ohio. 
 
 MOUNT HICK'ORY, a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia. 
 
 MOUNT HICKORY, a post-office of Chambers co.. Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT HIGH, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT HILL, a post-office of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT IIILL. a postoffice of Morgan eo., Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT HILL'IAKD, a post-offlee of Pike CO., Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT HILL IRON-WORKS, a small village Of Cumber- 
 land CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 MOUNT HOI/LY, a post-township of Rutland co., Ver- 
 mont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, about 06 
 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. It contains 2 churches, 4 
 stores, and 6 factories and mills. Pop. 1522. 
 
 MOU.VT HOLLY, a post-village of Northampton town- 
 ship, and capital of Burlington co.. New Jersey, on the 
 north branch of Rancocus Creek. 19 miles S. of Trenton. 
 It is pleasantly situated amidst a fertile and populous 
 country, and contains, besides the county buildings, 7 
 churches, 2 banks, :; boarding-schools. 2 newspaper offices, a 
 wix)llen factory, and several mills. A branch railroad con- 
 nects it with Burlington, from which it is 7 miles distant. 
 The name is derived firom an eminence which rises about 
 200 feet above the level of the sea. Pop. in 1860, estimated 
 at 2500. 
 
 MOUNT HOLLY, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, on the 
 Wnlhonding River, about 60 miles N.E. of Columbus. It 
 contains 1 woollen factory, a flouriiig-mill, an iron fouu- 
 drv, Ac. 
 
 -MOUNT HOLLY, a post-office of Warren co.. Ohio. 
 
 MOUNT liOL\''OKE, (ho/le^korhOI'yok.) in Iladley town- 
 ship, Hampden co., Massachusetts. 3 miles E. of Northamp- 
 ton. The summit is 830 feet above the Connecticut River, 
 affording a magnificent view. The Mount Ilolyoke Female 
 (.Manual Labor) Seminary, in the vicinity, is considered one 
 of the best educational institutions in the United States. 
 
 MOUNT HOLYOKE. a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee. 
 
 MOUNT IIiXJD. Oregon, one of the summits of the Cas- 
 cade Range, about 70 miles E. of Oregon City. Height about 
 14.000 feet. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a beautiful eminence of Bristol co.. Rhode 
 Island, on the W. shore of Mount Hope Bay. celebrated as 
 having been the residence of the famous King I'hilip. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a post-village and township of Orange co.. 
 New Y^ork.ontheShawangunk Kill.a fine midstream, about 
 130 miles S..S.\Y. of Albany. The village contains a church. 
 ]2o2 
 
 a hotel, a Store, and about 150 inhabitants. The townsnip 
 is intersected by the New Y'ork and. Erie Uailroad, on which 
 is a station at Otisville. Tliere are also two otlier villages, 
 viz.. I'iuchville and New Vernon. The Sliawaugunk i\ill 
 affords motive power for 1 clover-mill, 3 flouring-uiills, a 
 woollen manufactory, and 4 saw-mills. The schools of 
 Mount Hope are among the most prosperous in the couuty. 
 Pop. of township, 1575. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a village of Franklin co., Penn.sylvnnia, 
 U miles S.E. of Ohambersburg. It contains a mill. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 svlvania. 
 ■ MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Lawrence co,, Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Henry co,, Tennessee, 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a post-offlee of Holmes co., Ohio. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a post-tnshp.of .McLean co..Illinois. P.893. 
 
 MOUNT HOi'E, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri. 
 
 JIOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE BAY. the north-ea.'stern arm of Narragan- 
 set Bay, e.xleuding throuLrh Bristol couuty, Rhoije Island, 
 into Bristol countv. Massjichu.-ietts. 
 
 MOUNT IIO'REB, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia, 111 
 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 -MOUNT I'DA, a post-village, capital of Montgomery cc., 
 .\rkansa.s, on the Brushy Fork of Washita Biver, about 90 
 miles W. by S. of Little Rock. It is situated in a hilly re- 
 gion, which abounds in valuable minerals. 
 
 MOUNT IDA. a jiost-office of Montffomery co., Kentucky. 
 
 MOUNT INDEPEN/DENCE, in Rutland c<i., Vermont, 
 about 2 miles S.E. of Fort Ticonderoga. It is chiefly distin- 
 guished as having contained important military fortifica- 
 tions in the early history of the country. 
 
 MOUNT IS.ABEL, iz'a-b6l, a postoffice of De Soto CO., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 MOU.N'T JACK/SON. a post-village of Lawrence co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Hi -kory Creek. 50 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 MOUNT JACKSON, a post-village of Sbenaudoiih co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Valley Turnpike from Stauntou to Winchester, 
 13 miles S.W. of Wood.stock. Mill Cieek affonls water-power, 
 which has been somewhat improved. Pop. 1316. 
 
 MOUNT JEF'FERSON. a peak of the White Mountains, 
 in Coos CO., New Hampshire, situated immediately N. of 
 Mount AVashington. between it and Mount --Vdams. Height 
 5657 feet above the level of the ocean. 
 
 -MOUNT JEFFEUSON,a village of Shelby CO., Ohio, on the 
 state road from I'iijua to Fort M ayne. 
 
 MOUNT JEFFERSON, a pt)st-office of Carroll co., Indiana. 
 
 MOUNT JOR/D-\N, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas. 
 
 MOUNT JOY, a township of Adam.s co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1111. 
 
 MOUNT JOY, a post-village and township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Harrisburg Bail- 
 road. 12 miles N.W. of I..ancaster. The village is situated 
 in a rieh and populous district, and contains 2 churches ami 
 1 seminary. Total population, 3S79. 
 
 MOUNT KING'STON, a post-village of Montgomery co., 
 Illinois, 72 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 .MOUNT KIS'KO, a post-office of Westchester eo., New 
 Y'ork. 
 
 -Mi.tUNT LAFAYETTE, (laf'a-yflt',) a peak of the White 
 Mountiiins, of New Hampshire, in Grafton co., about 75 
 miles N. by W. of Concord. Height about 5500 feet. 
 
 MOUNT LAN'DING, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia. 
 
 MOUNT LAN/GUM, a post-office of Iroquois co., llliuois. 
 
 >IOUNT L.4U/REL, a post-office of Burlington co.. New 
 Jersey. 
 
 MOUNT L.^^UREL, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia. 
 
 MOUNT LEB'.4N0N, a small village of Spartanburg dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT LEBANON, a post-village of Claiborne p&rish, 
 I.«uisiana. about 200 miles N.N.W. of Baton Bouge. 
 
 MOUNT LEINSTER, leen'ster. a mountain of Ireland, 
 Leinster, co. of Carlow, 7 miles E.N.E. of Borris. Elevation 
 2610 feet. 
 
 MOUNT LEA''EL. a post-village of Dinwiddie oo., Virginia. 
 
 MOUNT LIB'ERTY, a post-vUlage of Knox co., Ohio, 40 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 MOUNT LIBERTY, a post-office of Marion co., Illinois. 
 
 JIOUNT LINN, a peak of the Coast Range, in California, 
 in about 40° N. lat.. and 123" W. Ion. 
 
 MOUNT Mac'INTIRE, New York, a summit of the Adiron- 
 dack group, situated N.E. of Mount Tahawus. Height about 
 6180 feet. 
 
 MOUNT MADISON, a peak of the White Mountains, in 
 Coos CO., New Hampshire. It is immediately S. of .Mount 
 Washington, and elevated 5415 feet above the level of the 
 sea. 
 
 MOUNT MANS'FIELD, of Vermont, the highest peak of 
 the Green Mountains, about 20 miles N.W. of Montpelier. 
 Elevation, 4359 feet. 
 . MOUNT MAKCY', New York. See Mount T.^nvwu" 
 
 MOUNT MFJGS. (mjgz.) a post-viihige in .Moutgonier/ oo- 
 Alabama, IS miles E. of Montgomery. 
 
MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 MOUNT MELIMOYU, (m51e-mo-yoo',) a mountain peak 
 of the Andes, in Jfatai^ouia, near the W. coast. Lat. 44° S. 
 lleii^lit 7400 fuot. 
 
 MOUNT MKL'LICK, a market-town of Ireland, Leinstor, 
 Queei^s CO., on a branch of the Grand Canal, 6 miles N.W. 
 of Maryborough. Pop. in 1852, 3651, emploiyed in cotton 
 and woollen manufactures, iron and brass works, and pot- 
 teries. It has a branch bank, and 2 weekly markets. 
 
 MOUNT .MKItlD'I.'VV, a small po.st-villuge of Augusta co., 
 Virginia. 118 miles N.W. of Kichmond. 
 
 M >UNT MintlDlAN, asmall po.st-village of Putnam oo., 
 Indiana, ou the National Koad, 8 miles S.E. of Ureeucastle, 
 and 40 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MOUNT MILT.SIN, in North Alri<a. See MtlTSEEX. 
 
 M')UNT MIS'lOltV, a little village of Burlington cc, New 
 Jersey. 17 miles K.S.K. of Mount Holly. 
 
 MOUNT MITCli'KLL or MITCIIKLL'S PKAK, of North 
 Carolina, is a peak of the Black Mountain, situated alout 1 
 mile N.ol the pijiiit where an outlying ridge connects lilack 
 Slounfain with the lilue liidge. This mouutaiu ilses 07ii2 
 feet above the .sea. and wa.s supposed to.be the highest land 
 E. of the Missi.ssippi, till the llon.Thos. L.Clinpman. in !^e|^t. 
 lS5-'i. ascended another peak of lilack Mountain lying about 
 3 miles N. of this, whose altitude he ascertained to be 0941 
 feet. The former was named in honor of I'rof. Mitchell, of 
 the University of North Carolina, whi> was the first to deter- 
 mine its hei:.;ht; the latter, for a similar reason, is called 
 Clingman's I'eak. 
 
 MOUNT MITCH'ELL, the loftiest summit of the Darling 
 Downs, Kast Australia; lat. 28° S. Height 4100 feet. 
 
 MOUNT MORI'All, in Coos co.. New Hampshire, one of 
 the pe.tks of the White Mountains, is situated in Shelburne 
 townsliip. 
 
 .MOUNT JIORIAH, a small village of McDowell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT MORI AH, a post-village of Wilcox co., Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT MOHIAH, a post-office of Uempsteacf co., Ar- 
 kaiisjis. 
 
 MOUNT MOUIAH, a post-office of Brown co., Indiana. 
 
 MOUNT MOU'ltlS, a post-vill.age and township of hiving- 
 et«n CO., New York, on the Genesee Valley Canal, 36 miles 
 S. by W. of Rochester. The Genesee River flows through 
 the township, and by means of a dam and raceway, which 
 extends to the village, affords an abundant hydraulic power. 
 Tins village contains 1 bank, 5 churches, an academy, a 
 newspoijir office, mimerous stores, a large foundry, and 
 several mills and f ictories. Pop. Sil&i. 
 
 MOUNT MORRIS, a iiost-village of Greene co., Pennsyl- 
 vania on Dunkard's Creek. IS miles S.E. of Waynesburg. 
 
 MOU.NT MOIIKIS, a post-village and township in Ogle co., 
 Illinois, 177 miles N. of Springfield, and alxmt miles W. 
 of Rock Uiver. The village contains a flourishing seminary 
 and a newspaper office. Pop. 1898. 
 
 Mi>UNT MOURNE, a postoffice of Iredell co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 MOUNT NE'BO, an eminence in Mlddlebury township, 
 Adilison co., Vermont, commanding a fine view of Luke 
 Champlain. 
 
 MOUNT NEBO, a small village of Lancaster oo., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MOUNT NEliO. a village of Lebanon co.. Pennsylvania, 
 on the state road from Harrisburg to Pottsville. It contains 
 about a dozen houses. 
 
 .MOUNT NKHO, a post-office of Yadkin co,, North Carolina, 
 
 MOUNT NKIii), a post-office of Ynllobushaco,, .Mississippi. 
 
 Mt)UNTNKS'.SlNG, a parish of England, co, of Essex, 
 
 MOUNT NILES, a post-office of St, Clair co., Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT OF OiyiVES. a celebrated hill of Palestine, alwut 
 half a mile K. of Jerusalem. Its sumrait'commands one of 
 the finest views that Ciin be obtained of the aijjacent city. 
 
 JIOUNT OL'IVE, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Wayne i»., North Carolina. 
 
 JI' )UNT OLIVE, a postniffice of Coosa co.. Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a post-village, capital of Izard co.. Ar- 
 kansas, on White River, alx)ut 100 miles N. of Little Rock. 
 
 JIOUNT OLIVE, a po.st-office of Clermont co.. Ohio. 
 
 JIOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Elkhart co„ Indiana, 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Macoupin ro„ Illinois, 
 
 MOUNT OLIVKR. a village of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, is on a high hill, about 2 miles S. of I'ittsburg. Pop. 
 about 160. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVET, a post-offlce of Bracken co., Kentucky. 
 
 MOUN'TON, a parish of England, co, of Monmouth. 
 
 MOUNTON. a parish of South AVales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 MOUNT PACARAl.MA or SERRA I'ACARAIMA, sJR'Ra 
 p3-ki-rl'mj. an isolated mountain of Brazil, near the Parima, 
 Lat. 3° 3S' N., Ion. fi3° 8' W. See Serra Pac\raima, 
 
 MOUNT PA17ATINE, a post-village of Putnam co,, Illi- 
 nois, 12 miles S.E. of Hennepin. Judson College, at this 
 place, was founded by the Baptists. 
 
 JIOUNT PAR/THENON, a post-office of Newton co., Ai^ 
 kaiisa-s. 
 
 MOUNT PE'LIA or MID'DLEHURG, a post-village of 
 Weakly co., Tennessee, 135 miles W. of Nashville. 
 
 MOUNT PEIVKY, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio. 
 
 JIOUNT PETRE'A, a post-office of Do Witt co., Texas. 
 
 JI'»UNT PIKRCK. a post-offlce of Fairfax co., Virgini.i. 
 
 JIOUNT PI.N'SON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama 
 
 JIOU.VT PI.N'SON, a post-office of Jackson co., Arkansas. 
 
 JIOUNT PINSON. a pijst-office of Madison co., Tennessee. 
 
 JIOUNT PISGAH, (plz'gah.) a post-offlce of Alexander ca. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 JIOUNT PISG.1.II, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 about 20 miles E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 JIOUNT I'ISGAH, a post-office of La Grange co., Indian*. 
 
 JIOUNT I'1.SG.\I1. ft small villasre of D.alla-s co., Jlissouri. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEAS'ANT, a post-offico of Saratoga co., Ne» 
 York. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a township of Westchester co., New 
 York, on the Hudson River. Pop. 4517. 
 
 MOUNT PLKAS.\NT, a post-village of Alexandria town- 
 ship, in the western part of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 abdut 11 miles W.N.W. of Klemington. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a village of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey, 10 miles N. of FreehoM. 
 
 .MOUNT PljK.\S.\NT, a village of Jlorris CO., New Jersey, 
 13 miles N.N.W. of Jlorristown. 
 
 JIOUNT PLKASANT, a township of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1766. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a vill.age and township of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. of Hloomsburg, Pop, 770. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEAS.tNT, a small village of Lancaster co,, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 JIOUNT PLE.\SANT. a post^village and township of Wash- 
 ington CO,, Pennsylvania, about 20 miles S.W, of Pittsburg. 
 Pop, 1348. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a town.ship of Wayne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2.S35. 
 
 .MOUNT PLEASANT, a flourishing post-borough and 
 township of Westmoreland co.. Pennsylvania, about 40 miles 
 S.K. of I'ittsburg. It contains sciveral churches, is one of 
 the largest towns of the county, and has considerable trade. 
 Incorporated in 1828, Pop, abontoSO; of the township, 2966. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEAS.A.NT, a post-village in Frederick co,, Jlury- 
 land. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of Spottsylvanla co., 
 Virginia. 5 miles N. by W. of Kichmond. 
 
 JltlUNT PLEAS.ANT, a pcist-village ofCabarras co.. North 
 Carolina, on or near the North Carolina Railroad, 136 miles 
 W. of Haleigh. 
 
 MOUNT I'LEASANT, a small post-village of Monroe co., 
 Alaliam.a. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a post-offico of Caldwell parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village, capital of Titus co., 
 Texas, on the road from Clarksville to Jefferson, 320 miles 
 N.E. of Austin City. Laid out in 1846. 
 
 J1<JUNT PLE.4S.\NT, a post-office of Carroll co.. Arkansas. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village of Jlaury co., 
 Tennessee, on the turnpike leading from Nashville, 52 miles 
 S.S.W. of that cfty. Pop, alxiut 4tiO, 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a small village of Sullivan co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a small post-village, capital of liar- 
 Ian CO., Kentucky, is situated on the ('umberland River, 
 near its source. 170 miles S.E. of Frankfort. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 
 on the turnpike, 10 miles N, of Cincinnati. It has several 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 -MOUNT PLEAS-\NT, a flourishing post-village and town- 
 ship of Jefferson co.. Ohio, al)Out 130 miles E. of Columbu,s. 
 The village has an active trade, and contains 2 banks, 6 
 clnirches. a b(iarding-school, a woollen factory, and several 
 mills. The yearly meeting of the Society of Friends is held 
 at this place. One newspaper is is.sned here. Pop. of the 
 village, about 1000; of the township, If.gt. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a postvillage in Oakland co., Jlichi- 
 gan. 41 miles from D<(troit. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a township in Delaware co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1375. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village of JIartin 
 CO., Indiana, on the E. fork of White River, 36 miles E. of 
 Vincennes, was the capiUal of the county for several years 
 previous to 1840, It is a shipping point for produce, 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-offlce of Union co., Illinois, 
 160 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a township in Lawrence co., Jlis- 
 .souri. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a township in Scotland CO.. Jlissouri. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village, capital ot 
 Ileni-y co., Iowa, 28 miles by railroad W.N.W. of Burliiigtfm, 
 It contains the Iowa Hospital for the Insane, the Wesleyan 
 University, 11 churches, a union school, a seminary for girls, 
 2 banks and 1 newspaper office. Pop. 3538. 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a po.st-village and township of Ra- 
 cine CO., Wisconsin, on a plank-road, 4 miles W. of Racine. 
 Pop. 1SI«, 
 
 JIOUNT PLEASANT, a village of Canada West, in the 
 united counties of Wentworth and Halton, 5 miles fiom 
 Brautford and 30 miles from Hamilton. Pop. about 200. 
 
 1253 
 
MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 MOUXT PLEASANT MILLS, a post-office of Snyder cc, 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 MOUNT POLK, a post-office of Calhoun co., Alabama. 
 
 MOUNT PHOS'l'KCT. a postK)fflt-e of Obion co., Tennessee. 
 
 MOUNT I'KOSl'ECT, a po.«t-office of Crawford co., Indiana. 
 
 MOUNT PROSl'ECT. a post-office of WhiU\sidosco.. Illinois. 
 
 MOUNT I'ULAS'KI, a post-village ol Logan county, Illi- 
 nois, is situated 25 miles E.N.K. ol Springfield. Pop. hOO. 
 
 MOLiiS T KAlN'l Eli. a. puak of the Cascade liange. in the 
 N.W. part of Oregon, in lat. about 46° 50' N., Ion. 121° 30' 
 W. Height about 12,000 feet. 
 
 MOUMVllATII. a market-town of Ireland. Lt^inster. 
 Queen"s co.. near the proposed line of the Cork Railway, 14 
 mi'es E.N.E. of Koscrea. Pop. 3000. It has a mona.'story 
 ana nunnery, several schools, with manu&ctures of cottons 
 and worsteds. . 
 
 MOUNT RKPUIVLTC. a pcsfc-village of Wayne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 170 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 MOUNT ROCK, a small post-village of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MOUNT ROSE, a post-office of Mercer CO., New Jersey. 
 
 JIOUNT ROSK. a post-office of Summit CO., Ohio. 
 
 MOUNT S.i/LEM, a post-office of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 MOUNT S.VLEM. apost-office of Kanawha co., W.Virginia. 
 
 MOUNT S.\ V'AG K, a post-office of .\lleghany co., .Marvland. 
 
 MOUXT SAVAGE, a post-office of Carter ca, Kentucky. 
 
 MOUNT'S C.W, an inlet of the .Atlantic, on the extreme 
 B.W. coast of England, co. of Cornwall, between the two 
 large promontories. {Horns of Cornwall.) respectively termi- 
 nating in the Laud'8 End and Lizard Point. la it is St. 
 Michael's Mount. 
 
 MOUNT SCOTT, a village in Cass co., Iowa, 200 miles 
 W.N.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 MOUNT SERENE, (se-reen',) a post-office of Barbour co., 
 Alal)ama. 
 
 MOUNT SEW'ARD, Franklin co.. New York, about l.SO 
 miles N. by W. of A Ibany. It is a branch of llie .Adirondack 
 Range, having au elevation of 4S00 feet above the level of 
 the sea. 
 
 MOUNT SID'NEY. a post-vill.^ge of Augu.sta co., Airginia, 
 on the stage-road from Winchester to Staunton, 10 mile.s 
 N.E. of the latter. It contains 1 church and 1 academy. 
 Pop. estimate*! at oOO. 
 
 MOUNT SlIVNEV, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, on 
 the Muscakilmk River. 80 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 MOUNT SI'NAI. a post-office of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 MOUNT SINAI, in Arabia. See Sinai. 
 
 MOUNT SlWLOX. a post-village of Augusta co.. Virginia, 
 about 110 miles W.N.W. of Itichmond. It ha.s a fine watet^ 
 power, and contains a paper-mill, a flour-mill, an iron 
 furnace, and rollini;-milI. 
 
 MOUNT SOR'UEU, (properly MOUNT SOAR-HILL.) a 
 markettown of England, co. of Li-icester, on the Soar, here 
 ci-ossed by a bridge, and on a branch of the Midland Counties 
 Railway, 7 miles N. of Leicester. Pop. 15IJ6. 
 
 MOUNT ST. ELI'AS. (anc. Tm/i/Hus.) * mountain of 
 Gniece. Morea, government of La(^ouia, in Maina. 10 miles 
 S.W. ofMLstra. Ih-ight 7829 feet. 
 
 MOUNT ST. ELIAS. (anc. Cfcha.) a mountain of Greece, 
 near tlie S.E. extremity of the island of Eubita. Hei-'ht 4607 
 feet. Here have been discovered the remains of a temple of 
 Neptune. 
 
 Mount ST. ELTAS, a mountain of Greece, island of Ceos. 
 
 MOUNT ST. ELl.\S. a mountain of Oreece, island of Melos. 
 
 MOUNT ST. EUIAS, a mountain of Greece, island of 
 Paros, Grecian Archi^H'lago. 
 
 MOUNT ST. ELI.4S. a mountain of Greece. Santa Manra, 
 Ionian Islands, ii miles S.W. of Amaxichi. Height 3000 feet. 
 
 MOUNT ST. ELIAS. a volcanic mountain of North 
 America, forming a part of the boundary between the 
 British and Ku.s.«ian territories. Lat. 60° 18' N.. Ion. 140° 
 80' W. Estimated height 17,900 feet It is said to be per- 
 ceptible 120 miles off at .sea. 
 
 MOUNT ST. ELIAS. the highest peak of the island of 
 San torini, Grecian Archipelago, at the S.E. extremity of the 
 island : lat. 36° 22' N. ; Ion. 2o° 28' 45'' K. It is of limestone 
 or marble formation, and 1S.S7 feet hiirh. 
 
 MOUNT ST. ELIAS. a peak on the S. part of the island 
 of .feina. 1752 feet hisih. 
 
 MOUNT STER'LING, a post-village of Choctaw co., Ala- 
 bama. 125 miles W. by S. of Montsomery. 
 
 SIOUNT STERLING, a small village of Monroe co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 MOUNT STERLING, a post-village, capital of Montgo- 
 mery CO.. Kentucky, on Hinkston Creek, near its source. 60 
 miles E. by S. of Frankfort. It contains several churches, 
 a banks, an acjulemy, and the Highland Institute; al^o 
 numerou.s mechanics" shcps. The court-honse and other 
 buildings were burned by the rebels. Poimlation in 1860. 
 754. 
 
 MOUNT STERLING, a thriving post-village of Madison 
 CO., Ohio, on the turni.ike from Columbus to Washington, 
 ftbout 22 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 MOUNT STElilJNG. a village of Muskingum co., Ohio, 
 en the National Koad, 46 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 MOUNT STERLING, a post-village of Switzerland co^ 
 Indiana. 4 miles from Aevay. 
 
 MOUNT STIRLING, a ^M^lS^viHage. capital of Brown co., 
 Illinois. 77 miles W. by N. of SpriugfieM. It is j.lea.<antly 
 situated on the border of a prairie. Pop. of town-sliij^ 1826 
 
 MOUNT STJiltLING, a post-oflice of Gasconade co., Mifc 
 souri. 
 
 MOUNT STERLING, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. 
 
 MOUNT STERLING, a post-village of Crawford co.. Wis- 
 consin, alwut 2.j miles N. by E. of Prairie du Chieu. P. 50. 
 
 MOUNT ST. HELEN'S. See St. II klex's. 
 
 MOUNT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE. See EMMErrsBUP.o, 
 Maryland. 
 
 MOUNT SUM'NER. a post-vill.age of Jo Daviess co., Illi- 
 nois. 155 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 MOUNT SURPRISE/, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MOUNTS/VILLE, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, 
 150 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 MOUNT SYI/VAN, a post-office of Lafayette co., MIr- 
 sissippi. 
 
 -MOUNT SYLYA'NIA, a post-office of Wa.shicgton co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 MOUXT TA/BOR, a township of Rutland co., Vermont 
 Pop. 358. 
 
 .MOUNT TABOK, a post-village of Union district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 M<.>UNT TABOR, a post-village of Monroe co., Indiana, 
 on Beanblossom Creek. 11 miles N.W. of Itloominston. 
 
 MOUNT TAHAWUS. ta-haw'wii.s, or MOUNT .AlAR/CY, 
 New York, the highest summit of the Adirondack group, 
 situated in the W. central part of Essex county. It hji* an 
 elevation of 5467 feet above the sea. 
 
 .MOUNT TIR'ZAIl, a post-office of Person co., North Caro- 
 lina. 44 miles N.N.W. of Raleiirh. 
 
 iMOUNT TOM. on the right bank of the Connecticut River, 
 Hampdeu co., Massachusetts, has au elevation of 1214 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 MOUNT UI/LAH, a post-office of Rowan co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 MOUNT U'NION, a pos^village of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Juniata River, and on the Central Railroad, 
 80 miles W. of Harrisbunr. 
 
 MOUNT UNION, a small po.«t-village of Stark co.. Ohio, 
 on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 134 miles N.E. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 MOUXT UPTOX, a post-village of Guilford township, 
 Chenango co.. New York, on Unadilla River, 100 miles ^Y. 
 by S. of .Albany. 
 
 MOUNT VER'NON. a ro.'t-town.ship of Kennebec Co., 
 Maine, on a fine mill-stream, about 20 miles N.N.W. of 
 Augusta. Pop. 1464. 
 
 MOUNT VERXOX, a post-village and township of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire, about 22 miles S. by AV. of 
 Concord. Pop. 725. 
 
 MOUXT VERNON, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a new and flourishing post-village of 
 Westchester CO., New York, on Bronx River, and on the 
 New Haven and Harlem Railroad, 20 miles N. of New York. 
 Pop. about 2(KiO. 
 
 MOUNT A EKXON. a post-village of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 72 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-office of Kowan co.. North Car 
 rolina. 
 
 MOUXT VERNON, Virginia, the former residence of 
 General AVashington, on the AV. Aile of the Potomac. 8 
 miles below .Alexandria. It contains the Mansion and 
 Tomb of the '• Father of his Country." 
 
 MOUXT A'ERXOX. a post-village, capital of Montgomery 
 CO.. Georgia. 1 mile from the Oconee River, and 100 miles AV. 
 of Savannah, is surrounded by sandy pine barrens. 
 
 MOUNT VERXOX. a post-village of MobUe co., Alabama, 
 150 miles S.AV. of Montcomerv. 
 
 .MOUXT VERNON, a post-village of Titus co.. Texa-s 
 about 300 miles N.E. of .Austin, is .<itiiated on the bonier 
 of a prairie, and has a boarding-school for girl.«. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-village, capital of .St Francis 
 CO., Arkan.«as. 115 miles E.N.E. of Little Rock, and 4 milei 
 W. of St. Francis River. 
 
 MOUNT A'ERNON, a post-office of Monroe co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-village, capital of Rockcastle 
 CO.. Kentucky, about 70 miles S.S.E. of Fiankfc rt. It has 
 4 chunhes, several stores, and about 300 inbabitun*,?. 
 
 MOUNT A'ERNON. a flouri.-hing post-village or city, cv 
 pitil of Knox CO.. Ohio, is beautifully situated on the N 
 bank of A'emon River. 45 miles N.E. of Columbus. It Is 
 compactly built on ground gently ascending from the river, 
 and contains a nnml>er of elegant dwellii-irs. It is sur 
 rounded by a fertile and well-improved country. an:l h.a» 
 an exten.slve trade. Main street, the principal business 
 street, is aliout one mile long. The river affoids ample and 
 permanent water-i)ower. The railroad fr'^ni Sandu.sky to 
 .\ewaik here intersects the Springfield Mt.A'enion and Pitts- 
 burg R.R-., (uufiuished.) It coutaius 1 Catholic and 10 I'ro- 
 
MOU 
 
 testant chui-ches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, a fine Union 
 school-house, 55 stores, 2 iron foundries, 1 woollen factory, 
 and 2 flouring-mills. Laid out in 1805. Pop. In 1S50, 3711 ; 
 in 1S(;0, 4202. 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-village of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 MOUNT VERNON, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Posey CO., Indiana, on the Ohio ]{iver, 200 miles S.W. of 
 Indianapolis. It carries on an active trade, which has 
 lately been increased by the construction of a plank-road to 
 New Harmony. Slount Vernon lias o or 4 churches, an 
 academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. 1994. 
 
 MOUNT VEKNON, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., 
 Illinois, 135 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It contains a court- 
 house, o or more churches, and several stores. Pop. 707. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-village and township. ca))ital of 
 Lawrence co., Missouri, 190 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 Pop. 2220. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-offlce of Linn co., Iowa. 
 MOUNT VERNON, a thriving village of Mahaska co., Iowa. 
 MOUNT VERNON, a thriving post-village of Dane co., 
 Wisconsin, 17 miles S.W. of Madison. It has a fine water- 
 power, and good materials for brick. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-office of Wabashaw co., Min- 
 nesota. 
 
 MOUNT VER/NON TAN/NERY, a post-office of Frederick 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 MOUNT VIEW, a post-village of Benton co., Missouri, 80 
 miles S.W. by W. of Jefierson City. 
 
 MOUNT'VILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn.syl- 
 vania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 8 miles 
 W. of Lauca.'iter. Pop. 325. 
 Mi)UNTVILLE, a post-village in Loudon CO., Virginia. 
 MOUNTVILUi, a post-village in Laurens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOUNTVILLE, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia, 9 
 miles E. of La Orange. 
 MOU .\'T VIN'CO, a post-oflice of Buckingham co., Virginia. 
 MOUNT VISION, (vizh'gn.) a post-village of Otsego co., 
 Kew York. 78 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 MOUNT WASII/INOTON, the highest peak of the White 
 Mountains, and the most elevated land in New England, is 
 situated in Coos co., New llanip.«hire, alxiut 85 miles N. by 
 E. of Concord. It is 5850 feet above the Connecticut River 
 at Xjancaster, and 6226 feet above the level of the ocean. Its 
 summit much of the time is concealed from view among the 
 clouds. The sides are remarkably steep, and for about three- 
 fourths of the di.stance to the top covered with a thick growth 
 of trees. The pinnacle is in the form of a cone, and consists 
 of a mass of broken rocks. Within a few years Mount 
 Washington has become a popular place of fashionable 
 resort. It is ascended from the W. by a winding pathway 
 for horses, and during the warm season, parties of 50 or 00 
 gentlemen and ladies visit the summit daily. 
 
 MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-township of Berkshire co , 
 Massachusetts, forms the S.AV. extremity of the state. It 
 contains Mount Witshington, the most elevated peak of the 
 Taghanic or Taconic Range, 2624 feet high. Pop. 321. 
 
 MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-olfice of Steuben co., New 
 York. 
 
 MOUNT WASHINGTON, a village of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on a high hill in the rear of South Pittsburg. 
 Here are a number of country seats, overlooking the city 
 of I'ittsburg. 
 
 MOUNT WASHINGTON, formerly VERNON, a beautiful 
 postrvillage of Bullitt co., Kentucky, near Salt River, 21 
 miles S.S.E. of Louisville. It is the largest place in the 
 county, and contains 3 churches and 6 stores. Pop. In 1860, 
 estimated at 1000. 
 
 MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-villace of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio. It is a suburb of Cincinnati. 
 
 MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-office of Morgan co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 Mount WII/LING, a postoffice of Orange co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT WILLING, a post-vUlage in Edgefield district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MOUNT WILLING, a post-village in Lowndes co., Ala- 
 bama, 40 miles S.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 MOUNT WILLING, a post-office of East Feliciana parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 MOUNT WOLF, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 MOUNT YO'NAII, a post-village of Habersham co., Georgia, 
 15 rmles W. of ClarksvlUe. It has 1 church, 3 stores, and 
 near 100 inhabitants. 
 
 JIOUNT Zl'ON, a post-office of Lebanon CO., Pennsylvania. 
 MOUNT ZION, a post-offlce of Campl)ell co,, Virginia. 
 MOUNT ZION, a thriving post-village of Hancock co., 
 uieorgia, 30 miles N.N.E. of .Milledgeville. It has a flourish- 
 ing seminarv and 3 churches. Pop. about 400. 
 
 MOUNT ZION, a nos^oi^ite of Tallapoosa co., Alabama. 
 MOURA, moo'rd. (Port. pron. miVrd or miVoo-rd,) a walled 
 town of I'ortugal, province of Alemtejo. near the Guadiana, 
 32 miles S.S.E. of Evora, with 4000 inhabitants. 
 
 MOURA, a town of Brazil, province of I'ara, on the Rio 
 Negro, 47 mUes VV.N.W. of Ayrao. 
 
 MOW 
 
 MOURAO, (Mouriio.) mo-rowso/, a walled town of Portu 
 gal, province of Alemtejo, near the Guadiana, 29 miles S.E, 
 of Evora. Ptp. 2200. 
 
 MOUR.\D, a river of Asia. See Moorad. 
 
 MOURCOUliT, mooR^kooR/, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, 33 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1738. 
 
 MOURIES, mooVe-.V, a village of France, department of 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, 6 miles S.S.E. of St. Remy. I'op. 2000. 
 
 MOURNE, morn, a river of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal, 
 runs 8 miles N.N.E. and joins the Foyle at Liltord. 
 
 MOURNE AB'BEY, a parish of Ireland, Mutister, co. of 
 Cork, 5 miles S.S.E. of Mallow. It has the ruins of a pro- 
 ceptory of the Knights Templars. 
 
 MOURNE MOUNTAINS, of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down, 
 extend about 11 miles from E. to W. Vietween Newcastle on 
 the Irish Sea, and Carlingford Bay. Their highest summits 
 ri.se to between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea. 
 
 MOUROM, a town of Russia. See Moorom. 
 
 MOURROUX, mooR-Roo/, a village of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Marne, 2 miles W.N.W. of Coulomraiers, on the 
 Grand-Morin. Pop. 2010. 
 
 MOU'RYTOWN, mo/ri'-town, or MOURYSTOWN, a post- 
 village of Highland co., Ohio, 14 miles S.W. of llillsborougli. 
 
 MOURZOUK, a town of Fezzan. See MooRZOOK. 
 
 MOUSA, a town of Arabia. See MooSA. 
 
 MOUSCRON or MOESKROON, moos/kron, a village of 
 Belgium, province of East Flanders, near Menin, on the 
 railway from Ghent to Lille. The French defeated the 
 Austrians here in 1794. 
 
 MOUSE/HOLE, a village of England, co. of Cornwall, at 
 the foot of a hill, on the sea-shore opposite to St. Clement's 
 Isle, about 3 miles S. of Penzance; destroyed by the Sjia- 
 niards during the reign of Elizabeth, in 1595. The port is 
 defended by two batteries. I'op. 1014. 
 
 M0US80UL, Asiatic Tufkey. See Mosul. 
 
 MOUSTIER, moosHe-,V, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, on the Ronne, and on the railway from Brussels 
 to Namur, 25 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1113.3. 
 
 MOUSTIP]RS, moosHe-.'l', a town of France, department 
 of Basse.s-Alpes, 16 miles S. of Digne, picturesquely situated 
 at the foot of a chain of precipitous rocks. Pop. 1589. 
 
 MOUS'WALD, moos'wold, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries. 
 
 MOUT.V, moo't3 or miVtS, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Alemtejo. on a creek formed by the mouth of the Tagus, 10 
 miles S,E, of Lisbon. I'op. 1900. 
 
 MOUTAl'ILLY, a town of India. See Mootapillt. 
 
 MOUTH OF CARD, a post-oflice of Pike co., Kentucky. 
 
 MOUTH OF HIWAS'SEE, a post-office of Meigs co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 MOUTH OF IN'DIAN, a post-office, Monroe co., Virginia. 
 
 MOUTH OF LITTLE RIVER, a post-office of Blount co., 
 Tennes.see. 
 
 MOUTH OF PO'CAH, a post-office of Putnam co., Virginia. 
 
 MOUTH OF SAN'DY, a post-offlce of Henry co., Tennes8<!e. 
 
 MOUTH OF SEN'ECA, a pos(>offlce of Pendleton co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 MOUTH OF WIL'SON. a post-offlce of Gravson co., Virginia. 
 
 MOUTH OF YELLOW CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 MOUTIER-GRANDVAL, moo'teni/ grftxo'vil', or MUN- 
 STER, niUn'ster, a village of Switzerland, canton and 22 
 miles N. of Bern. Pop. 1298. 
 
 MOUTIERS. mooHe-,V, a town of Savoy, on the Isore, 30 
 miles E.S.E. of Chambery. I'op. 2330. It has hot mineral 
 springs. It was the birth-place of I'ope Innocent V. 
 
 MOUVEAUX, moo'vo/. a village of France, department of 
 Nord, 7 miles N.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852. 2233. 
 
 MOUX, moo. a village of France, department of Nifevre, 
 13 miles N.E. of Chateau-Chinon. Pop. 1570. 
 
 MOUY, mooV'e', a town of France, department of Ol.ae, 13 
 miles S.E. of Beauvais, on the Therain. Pop. in 1852, 2766. 
 
 MOUZANGiVY'E, moo-zdn-ghr/4(?) a maritime town of 
 Madagascar, on its W. coast, N.E. of Bembatooka Bay. 
 
 MOUZAY, mooV.V, (L. Mosom'agus h'emr/rum.) a village ot 
 France, department of Mouse, 9 miles W.S.W, o*" Slontmedy. 
 Pop. 1810. 
 
 MOUZON, moo'zAN"', a town of France, department oj 
 Ardennes, on the Meuse, 9 miles S.E. of Sedan. Pop. in 
 1852, 2390. 
 
 MO'VILLE. a small market-town and pari.sh of Ireland, 
 Ulster, CO. of Donegal, on Lough Foyle, 18 miles N.N.E. oi 
 I^ondonderry. Pop. of the town, 595. Steamers ply to Lon- 
 donderry during the summer, 
 
 MOVILLE, (UPPER.) a p.nrish of Ireland, adjoining the 
 above, on the S. 
 
 MOVISAS or MOVIZAS, mo-vee/zJz, a people dwelling in 
 the S.E. part of Africa. 
 
 MOW, several towns of India. See Mhow. 
 MOW AH, mOw/d, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. N, of the Ganges. 37 miles E, of I'atna. 
 
 MOW.\H, a frontier village and port of British IndLi, 
 dominions and 70 miles N.E. of .Feypoor, 
 MOWE.VQUA. a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois, 
 MOWEE, one of the Sandwich Islands. See -M tui. 
 
 1266 
 
MOW 
 
 MSK 
 
 MOW.VA (MAUN'A) KEA and MOWXA ROA, two Tol- 
 CBmtjs of Hawaii. See Hawaii. 
 
 MOXACAK, a city of Spain. See Mojacar. 
 
 JIOXADOS, a. town of Spain. See Mojados. 
 
 MOXKNTK, a town of Spain. See JIooente. 
 
 MOXOS or MO.IOS. mo'noce, a subdivi.'iim of Bolivia, in 
 Its N. part, mostly between lat. 10° 30' and IS' 8.. and Ion. 
 67° 40' and 60° W.', havini: N. and E. the territories of Brazil 
 (from which it is separated by the Itenez or Guapore) and 
 South Peru. It comprises the towns or villages of Exaltii- 
 cion. Trinidad. I.K3reto, arid Concepcion. though chiefly inha- 
 bited by the Mojos, a tribe of roving Indians. 
 
 MOY, a river of Ireland, which, after a course of about 
 40 miles, enters Killala Bay. It i.s navigable to near Ballina. 
 
 MOY, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, eo. of Tyrone, G 
 miles W.N.W. of Armagh. Pop. 857. The Jloy-V alley .sta- 
 tion. Midland Great Western Railway, is 5^ miles E. of Kiu- 
 negad. and 30g miles W. of Dublin. 
 
 MOYA. mo'yi. a town of Spain, province and 30 miles N. 
 of Barcelona. Pop. 2649, mostly employed in making cheese, 
 whieh is of high repute. 
 
 MOV.\, a town of Spain, pi-ovince and 42 miles E.S.E. of 
 Cueuca. Pop. 1396. 
 
 MOYA, a town composed of a multitude of villages on 
 the island of Grand Canary, with two primary schools, an 
 oratory, and 7 mills for grinding toasted millet. Pop. 3706. 
 
 MOY'ACO.MBE, a parish of Ireland, Leiuster, counties of 
 Cai'low, We.xford. and Wicklow. 
 
 MOY^AMKN'SING. formerly a district of Philadelphia co., 
 Pennsylvania, now included within the chartered limits of 
 the city of Philadelphia. It contains the county prison. 
 Pop. in 1850. 26,979. See Phil.\delpuia. 
 
 MOY-AND-DALAROS/SIE, a parish of Scotland, counties 
 of Inverness and Nairn. 
 
 MOYAR'TA or MOYFESTA, ayarisb of Ireland, Munster, 
 oo. of Clare. 
 
 MOYCUIVLEX, a parish. of Ireland, co. of Galway. 
 
 MOYE.X.MOUTIEil, moi'6.No'moo^te-i', a village of France, 
 department of Vosges, 6 miles N. of si Die. Pop. in 1852, 
 2532. 
 
 MOY'EXNEVILLE, moi^JnnVeel', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Somme. 4 miles S.W. of Abbeville. Pop. 1100. 
 
 MOYEN VIC, moi^d^o^veek', a town of France, department 
 of Meurthe, 4 miles S.E. of Chateau Salins. Pop. in 1852, 
 1072. Near it is the largest salt-mine in France. 
 
 MOYEUVRE LA GRANDE. moi^uvV Id gr^Nd, a market- 
 town of France, department of Moselle, on the Orne, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Thionville. Pop. in 1852. 1578. 
 
 MOY'L/GKOVE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 MOY'LOUGU, a. parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of 
 Galway. 
 
 MOYNE (moin) RIVER, a river of South Australia, falls 
 into Port Fairy, at the town of Belfast. Lon. 142° 15' E. 
 
 MOYOBAMBA, mo-yo-bdm'bl a town of North Peru, de- 
 partment of Trujillo. province and 40 miles E. of Chaclia- 
 poyas, ou the Moyobamba River, an atUueut of the Iluallaga. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 MOY'RUS, a pari.sh of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Galway. 
 
 MOZ, moz, a town of Portugal, province of "Tras-os-Montes, 
 6 miles E. of Moncorvo. Pop. 420. 
 
 MOZAMBIQUE or MOSA.MBltiUE, mo-zam-beek', (called 
 by the natives .Mas\\mbeek' or Maz'amuekk'.) a city on the E. 
 coast of Africa, and the metropolis of the I'ortuguese posses- 
 sions in that quarter; lat. 15° 3' S., lon. 40° 49' E. The har- 
 bor, to which this place owes all its importance, is an inlet 
 of the sea in the mainland. 5 miles deep, and 5 J miles wide. 
 Three small rivers flow into it at it.s head, while across its 
 entrance extend three small islands, which, with reefs and 
 shoals, break the swell of the ocean, and render the anchor- 
 age within perfectly safe in the worst weather. On the 
 middle i-land, which is about If miles long, and hardly 
 a quarter of a mile wide, stands the city. The other two- 
 islands, St. George on the N., and St, Jago on the S., are 
 both uninhabited. They are covered with trees and ver- 
 dure, while the sandy area of Mo.sambique. in the middle. 
 is entirely occupied by the city and its defences. The fort 
 of St. Sebastian, at the N. end of the island, built about 
 the beginning of the 18th century, is a great work, mount- 
 ing 80 guns. At the other end of the island is Fort St. Lo- 
 renzo. .Mosambique contains the Governor's Palace, a large 
 edifice; the Custom-hou-se. 2 churches, and 5 chapels; the 
 quays and wharfs are all constructed in a style of solidity 
 far beyond the present importance of the place, which is 
 rapidly sinking into decay. It is still the seat of a bishopric, 
 subordinate to Goa, but religion is little thought of. The 
 peninsula on the N. side of the bay belongs to the Portu- 
 gue.se. On the isthmus wliich joins it to the continent, at 
 the head of the bay, stands the vilUage of .Mesuril. where 
 the trade is carried on with tlie natives, who come down 
 from the interior at certain se;tsons, bringing ivory, skins, 
 wax. &c. Nem-er to the island is C.ibeceira Grande, where 
 the Portuguese officers and merchants have their villas and 
 ip-rdens: and. at the end of the peninsula, the village of Ca- 
 beeeira Peouena contains the dwellings of Mohammedan 
 Inhabitants of the place. The Banyans, through whoso 
 1256 
 
 hands passes all the trade with the inteiior, reside at 
 Lumbo, a village between the latter two. The Portuguese 
 dominion does not extend t)eyond this narrow territory; 
 and even the safety of Mozambi(jue — the metropiilis of the 
 captaincy-general of liast .\frica — has been threatened more 
 than once by the petty chiefs in the neighborho'jd. Pop. 
 of the island, about COOO; of which not quite 400 are free. 
 Of these about 30 are Portuguese, the remainder being 
 Canarccns (Portuguese Creoles from Goa), Arabs, Banyans, 
 and blacks. Until 1759, the governor of Mozambique was 
 subordinate to the viceroy of India; but in that year the 
 Captain-geueralcy of East Africa was se\ercd from India, 
 and placed immediately under the crown. 
 
 The Country (or Territory) of Mozambiqce, in other 
 woi-ds. the country claimed by the Portuguese, extends from 
 the Bay of Louren(,-o Marques, (Delagoa Bay.) in lat. 26° S., to 
 Mazimbi or the Brooks, about 40 miles S. of C.ipe Delgado. 
 At Mazimbi there is an .■Vrab fort, bearing the ilag of the 
 Sultan of Muscat. The settlements on this long line of 
 coast are at Delagoa Bay, Inhamban, Sof;ila, Quiliinane, 
 and Mozambique. In none of these settlements is there 
 any occupation of territory beyond the protection of the 
 fort. Besides these, the settlements ou the river Zambezi, 
 extending up about 500 miles, (according to I'ortuguesa 
 estimates, 700 miles or even 1500 miles.) and comprised 
 under the title of Rios de Sena, are nominally included in 
 the government of Mozamliique. These sidtlements are Sena, 
 about 100 miles W. of Quiliniane,(150 by the river.) Zumbo, 
 150 miles still further up the river; and Maijii,a, the source 
 of the gold, probably 250 miles S,W. by AV. of Tete. The 
 growing power of the Sultan of Muscat, residing at Zanzi- 
 bar, and the commercial activity fostered within his rule, 
 and also the advance of the emigrant Boers from the Cape 
 Colony N. to Mafiica, (it is said that some have even reached 
 the Zambezi.) have contributed to divert the native trade 
 from its old channels and the Portuguese settlements. 
 Ivory is the staple production of these countries; and about 
 250.000 lbs. weight of it are exported from Mozambique an- 
 nu.ally, chiefly to India. Coir, orchil, and m.anna. are also 
 collected along the coasts. The collee of Sena is said to be 
 excellent, but is little known in commerce. The gold-dust 
 of Sofiila is now reduced to a trilling quantity. 
 
 MOZAMBIQUE CllAX.NEL, a strait of the Indian Ocep.n, 
 between lat. 12° and 25° S.. and lon. 35^ and 49° E., sepa- 
 rating Madagascar from the mainland of East Africa. 
 Length, from N. to S., about 1000 miles, breadth 250 miles in 
 its centre, and about 600 miles at each outlet. Coasts a good 
 deal broken, but only the inlets of Mozambique and Sofala 
 are of much size. It receives the Zambezi Kiver, and on it 
 are the chief towns of the Mozambique dominions, with Mou- 
 rondaya, Boyana, Bembatooka, Nareenda. and Passandava. 
 In its N. outlet are the Comoro and Oucrimba island groups. 
 
 MOZDOK. moz-dok', a town and fortress of South jtussia, 
 government of Caucasus, on the Torek, 85 miles E.S.E. of 
 Gleorgievsk, on the route into Georgia. Pop. 5000. of a very 
 mixed descent, but chiefly Armenians. It is enclosed by 
 g.irden,s. and regularly built of wood ; has (ireek. Armenian, 
 and Roman Catholic churches, some distilleries, and colored 
 leather factories. 
 
 MOZ-GIIAR, moz'gan', a town of Ilindostan, principality 
 and S.W, of Bhawlpoor, defended by a lofty fortress. 
 
 MOZ, POltTO DE, poR'to d:i moz. a town of Brazil, pro* 
 vince and 230 miles W.S.W. of I'ara, on the Xingu. about 
 16 miles above its junction with the Amazon ; with a hand- 
 some church, a prison, and a port. Pop. 4000. 
 
 JIOZET, mo-zil'. a village of Belgium, province and 4 miles 
 E. of Namur. on the Sam.son. Pop. 1731. 
 
 5I0ZHAISK. M0.7A1SK, mo-zbisk'. or MOSCHAISK, a 
 town of Russia, government and 63 miles W.S.W. of .Moscow, 
 capital of a circle, on an alflueiit of the Moskva. Pop. 4000. 
 It has a .strong citadel, a cathedral, and extensive salt maga- 
 zines. Near it. on the 7th September, 1812, the celebrated 
 battle of Borodino was fought. 
 
 MOZYR or MoZIR, mo-zeeR'. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 146 miles S.E. of Minsk, on the I'ripets. P. 3000. 
 
 5I0ZZATE, mot-sS't.i, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, province of Como. near the Bozzente. P. 1611. 
 
 MRICNA. m'rits'nj. or SMERICXA. smer-its'ni a village 
 of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, on a small stream, 2 miles 
 ftwm Starkenbach. Pop. 1171. 
 
 MKIN', m'rin or mVeen, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 28 miles S.S.E. of Tchernigov, on the Oster. an 
 affluent of the Desna. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 MRi )CZEX. m'rotch'Jn, a town of Prussian i'oland. 19 miles 
 W.N.W. of Bromlierg. Pop. 1380. 
 
 MSCHIT, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Msket. 
 
 MSEXO, m'sA'no, or MSCHENO, m'shd'no, ^Cer. Wems- 
 sen. <^^m'sen,) a town of Bohemia. 13 miles W. of Buntzlau. 
 Pop. 1814." 
 
 .MSILA, m'seel3, a town of Algeria, in the Sahara, 119 
 miles S.E. of Algiers, intersected by the Wady Msila. It 
 has some jewellers, dyers, and wool carders, all Jews. Pop. 
 alx)ut 1500. 
 
 JISKET. m'skft, MTSKHETT, n, HK.H/ee, or MESCUITI, 
 mgs-kee't«e, written also MSCHIX and MlSKEXl h rory 
 
MST 
 
 MUH 
 
 ancient town of KuFsia, Georgia, in the angle formed by 
 the confluonce of tlie Aragvi witli the Koor, 10 miles 
 N.X.W. of Teflis. It is said, when formerly the capital 
 of Georgia, to hare been 20 miles in circuit, and to have 
 contained 80,000 men capable of bearing arms. It now 
 con.-'ists of mean houses, many of them half, and some of 
 them whollj' under ground, but has, among other remains 
 of ancient ma/nificence, a spacious and beautiful cathedral. 
 Other objects of interest are, the ruin.i of the ancient palace 
 of the Georgian princes, and an old castle. Msket is sup- 
 posed to be tlie Artanissa and MisleUa of Pompey, and Ilar- 
 mastis of Pliny. 
 
 MSTA, m'stlti>r MASTA, mj-sti', a river of Russia, govern- 
 ments of Tver and Novgorod, enters Lake Ilnien a little S. 
 of Novgorod, after a tortuous N. and W. course of 250 miles, 
 for most part of which it is navigable; and at Voltchok a 
 canal proceeds to connect it with the Tvertsa, and thus 
 unite the Baltic and Lake Ladoga with the Volga and Cas- 
 pian Sea. 
 
 MSTISLAYL, m'stis-ldvK, a town of Russia, government 
 and 54 miles K.N.E. of Jloheelev, on the Sozh, an affluent of 
 the Dnieiter. X'op. 4300. It has a Unitarian and numerous 
 Greek churches, a synagogue, Greek and Roman Catholic 
 monasteries, a Jesuit college, school for nobles, and trade in 
 hemp and grain. 
 
 MTSKIIK'l'I. a town of Asiatic Russia. See Mseet. 
 
 MTZI-;NSIC, a town of Russia. See Mzensk. 
 
 MUAB, a town of Arabia. See Moo.^b. 
 
 MUI5ARKEZ, EL. a town of Arabia. See Mkbarrez, El. 
 
 MUDANIA, a village of Asia Minor. See Mooda.ma. 
 
 MUCH, mook, INFERIORE, in-fi-re-o'rA, and Scperiore, 
 soo-pA-re-o'rA, two nearly-contiguous villages of Dalmatia, 
 9 miles from Spalato, near the Dobratz, with a court of 
 justice, l^op. looO. 
 
 MUCIIAMIEL, moo-chJ-me-M', a town of Spain, province 
 and 7 miles N.K. of Alicante. Pop. 3654. The wine of its 
 vicinity is of superior quality. 
 
 MUCIIKIA', (Jliichcln.) miiK'fln, a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Saxony. 10 miles W.S.W. of Merseburg, on the Qeis- 
 Belbach. I'op. 10S6. 
 
 MUCII'ELNKY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MUCIllNIP'l'E, a post-office of Logan co., Ohio. 
 
 MUCII-WE.N'LOCK, a town of England. See Wedlock. 
 
 MUCK, an island of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Ar- 
 gyle, 5 miles S.S.W. of hlgg. Length about 2 miles. 
 
 MUCli'AIKN', a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle. 
 
 MUCK'ALEl-i'CRKKK. Georgia, enters Kinchafoona Creek 
 from the N.. about 1 mile from Flint River, at Albany. 
 
 MUCK'AKT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 MUCK'l.NG, a parisli of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 MUCKMSll, a mountain of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal, 
 5 miles S. of Dunfanagliy. Its sides are very steep, and the 
 Bumniit 2190 feet above the sea. 
 
 JIUCKL1';ST0X, mCik/els-ton, a parish of England, cos. 
 of Salop and Stafford. 
 
 MUCK'.NO, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Monaghan. 
 
 MUCKRAN.\. mtik-krd/nd, a town of North Western lUn- 
 dostan, Kajpootaiia. 35 miles N.AV. of Ajmeer. It has some 
 trade in the white marble of its neighborhood. 
 
 . MUCK'RDSS.apeuinsulaoflreland, Munster, CO. of Kerry, 
 between the middle and lower lakes of Killarney, with ruius 
 of an abbi^y founded in 1440. 
 
 MUCIv'TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 MUCKUDDKA, mtik-kiid'dra, a village of Ilindostan, pro- 
 vince of .Malwah. 118 miles N. by E. of Oojein, in a circular 
 basin enclosed by steep hills. 
 
 MICUKI, moo-koo-ree', a river of Brazil, falls into the 
 channel between the reef of Paredes and the mainland, in 
 lat. 18° 6' S. Total cour.se 150 miles. 
 
 MUCirWANl'OOR'. a strong hill- fortress of Nepaul, 18 
 miles S. of Khatmandoo. 
 
 MUD BRIDGK. a post-office of Cabell co., W. Virginia. 
 
 MUD CREKK, a post-office of Fayi^tte co., Alabama. 
 
 MUD CREI-iK, Texas. See Angelix.a River. 
 
 MUD CREEK, of Fulton co., Indiana, flows Into the Tip- 
 pecanoe. 
 
 SIUD CREEK, a post-oflSce of Henderson co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 MUD CREEK, a post-office of McNalry co.. Tennessee. 
 
 MUD CREEK, a post-offlce of Eaton co., Michigan. 
 
 MUD CREEK, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois. 
 
 MUD'DY, a township in Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 772. 
 
 MUDDY CREEK, of York co., Pennsylvania, flows into 
 the Susquehanna. 
 
 .MUDDY CItEEK. of Kentucky, forms the boundary be- 
 tween liutler and Muhlenburg counties, until it joins Green 
 River. 
 
 MUDDY CREEK, of Ohio, flows into Sandusky Bay of 
 )jake Erie. 
 
 MUDDY or BIG MUDDY CREEK, of Illinois, fiills into 
 Mississippi River, in Union county. 
 
 MUDDY CREEK, of Missouri, flows into Crooked Fork 
 »f Grand River, in Grundy co., a few miles S. of Trenton. 
 
 MUDDY CRKKK. of Missouri, enters Lamina River, near 
 the ^V■. boi-der of Cooper county. 
 
 MUDDY. CREEK, a village and township on the W. boj 
 der of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1005. 
 
 MUDDY CREEK, a post-<iflice of Chanii>aign co., Ohio. 
 
 MUDDY CREEK, a postoffice of Preston co.,W.ViiKini'\ 
 
 MUDDY CREEK, a post-office of Forsyth CO., North Oa 
 rolina. 
 
 MUDDY CREEK FORKS, a post-office of York co., Penn 
 sylvania. 
 
 MUDDY FORK, a creek of Ohio, enters the Walhonding 
 River, in Holmes county. 
 
 MUDDY FORK, a post-offlce of Cleveland co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 -MUDDY LANE, a post-village of McDonough co., Illinois. 
 80 miles VV. by S. of Peoria. 
 
 MUiyi'ORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 MUD LICK, a post-offlce of Chatham co.. North Carolina. 
 
 MUD SI'RING, a post-office of Denton co., Texas. 
 
 MUD SPRING, a post-offlce of El Dorado co., California. 
 
 MUFF, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 MUGARDOS, moo-gaR/docc, a seaport town of Spain. Gall 
 cia, N.E. of Corunna, on the S. shore of the Kias (ree'ds) O. 
 " Estuary" of Ferrol. Pop. 1782. 
 
 MUGDUL, a town of Ilindostan. See Muktul. 
 
 MUGE, moo/zhA, a town of Portugal, province of Estre- 
 madura, 11 miles S. of Sanfarem, on a stream of the same 
 name, an affluent of the Tagus. I'op. 1070. 
 
 MUGELN, (Mugeln.) a town of Saxony. 29 miles E.S.E. 
 of Leipsic. Pop. 2205. Near it is a fine castle. 
 
 MUUGENDORF, mOiV«h?"-*lf>Rf', a village of Bavaria, 
 Upper F'ranconia, 27 miles N.E. of Nuremberg. 
 
 MUGGEXSTURM, mdog'ghen-stooRm\ a village of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Rhine, on the Duke of Baden's Railway, 1] 
 miles from Baden. Pop. 1534. 
 
 MUGGIA,mood'j.i. a town and .seaport of .\ustria. lUyria, 
 government of I stria, on the Gulf and 5 miles S.S.W. of 
 Triest. Pop. 1437. 
 
 MUG'GINOTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 MUGLITZ, (Miiglitz.) miir.'lits. (Moraiian Muliel nice, moh- 
 M-neet'.s,A,) a town of Moravia, 19 miles N.W. of Olmutz, on 
 the March. Pop. 4000. It has manufactures of woollen 
 stuffs. 
 
 MUGNANO, moon-y3'no, a town of Naples, province and 5 
 miles N.N.W. of Naples. Pop. 3000, 
 
 MUGRON, mii^grra"'. a town of France, department of 
 Landes, 9 miles W. of St. Sever. Pop. in 1S52. 2188. 
 
 MUIIALITCII, miih-a-leetch', or MIKIIALITCII, miK^hd- 
 leetch', (improperly MOIIALITZ,) a town of Asia Jlinor, 
 Anatolia, 13 miles S. of the Sea of Marmora, 37 miles W. 
 of Brusa. Pop. 11,000. It exports silk, wool, valonea, and 
 fruits to Constantinople, and imports foreis;n goods, chiefly 
 overland from Smvrna, to about tOOOi. in value aiinuily. 
 
 MUIILBACU,(Mlihlbach.)mul'biK,amarket-town of Ger- 
 many. Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 40 miles E.S.E, 
 of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. 
 
 MUHLBACII, a market-town of Germany, Tyrol, 13 miles 
 W. of Brunecken. Pop. 620. 
 
 MUIILBERG, (MUhlberg,) mtil'bJRG, a town of Prus.'ian 
 Saxony. 53 miles E. of Merseburg, on tie Elbe. Pop. 3320. 
 Here Charles V. obtained a victory over the Elector of Sax- 
 ony in 1547. 
 
 MUHLBERG, a village of Prussian Saxony, 11 miles S.W. 
 of Erfurt. Pop. 1345. 
 
 MUHLBURG, (MUhlburg.") miil/boilRa, a town of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Rhine, about 1 mile W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 
 1450. 
 
 MUHLDORF, (MUhldorf,) mUl'doRf. a town of Upper Ba. 
 varia. on the Inn, 46 miles E.N.E. of Munich. Pop. 1590. 
 
 MUHLENBACH, (Milhlenbach,) mii'len-bdK\ or SIUL- 
 LENBACH, m«l'len-bi(K\ (Ilun. &asz-»bes, i'ii'S-F'\'hhh\) n 
 town of Transylvania. Saxon-land, on the Miiblenbach, 29 
 miles W.N.W. of Ilermannstadt. Pop. 4200. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has Roman Catholic, Greek-United, and Lu- 
 theran churches, manufactures of woollen clolh, and brew- 
 erics, and around it are numerous vineyards. 
 
 MUHLENBURG, mu'len-btirg. a county in the W. central 
 part of Kentucky. Area estimated at 500 square miles. 
 The Green River flows along its northern and eastern bor- 
 ders. The surface in the S. is broken, in the N. undulating. 
 The soil is mostly fertile. Coal is abundant, and tliere are 
 rich iron-mine.s near Green River. Capital Greenville. Pop. 
 10,725 ; of whom 9141 were free, and 1584 slaves. 
 
 MUHLENBERG a post-i:>ffice of Lnzerneco.,Penn.sylvania. 
 
 MUllLEXBKR'.i.n township of Pickaway co.,01iio. P. 894. 
 
 MUIILHAUSEN. (MUhlhausen,) muPhow/zen, (Fr. Muld- 
 house. miiUooz',) a walled town of Prussia, government and 
 29 miles N.W. of of Erfurt, in a fertile district, on the Un- 
 strut. It has 4 churches, a gymn«sinm. 3 hospital.s. an 
 orphan asylum, workhouse, and an institution for the edu- 
 cation of neglected children ; manufactures of linen and 
 woollen cloth, leather, and tobacco; and several breweries, 
 distilleries, and oil-mills. Copper and iron are worked in 
 the neighborhood. Munstar, the fanatical AnabaiUist. who 
 collected a deluded host of 30 000 men. and induced tba 
 Tburin/ian peasants to rise in revolt, in 1524, hud his head- 
 quarters here. Pop. 13,723. 
 
 1257 
 
MUH 
 
 MUL 
 
 MUIITJIAUSEN, a town of East Prugeia, 49 miles S.W. 
 Ot Konigslierj;. Pop. 1600. 
 
 MUHLUiUSEN, (anc. Melidunumf) a town of Bohemia, 
 16 mik',s W.N.W. of Tabor. Pop. 2194. 
 
 MfllLIIAUSEN, a market-town of Bararia, 12 miles S.W. 
 of IJaniberg. Pop. 770. 
 
 MUIILIIEIM. (MUhlheim.) mul'hlme, a town of Wiirtem- 
 berg, on the Danube, 4 miles N.E. of Tuttlingen, with 850 
 Inhabitants. 2 castle.', and a church. 
 
 MUIILHEIM, a village of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 proviuee of Starkenburg, on the Rodaubach, near its con- 
 fluence with the Main. Pop. 1296. 
 
 MUIILIIOUSE. a town of Germany. See Muhlhausen. 
 
 MUIILIXGEN. (Miihliniien.) mU'Iing-en. is the name of 
 two coiitis;uous villages of Anhalt-Bernburg. 
 
 MUIILTRUKF, (Miihltruff.) mul'troof, a town of Saxony, 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Plauen. Pop. 1702. 
 
 MUIIR. a river of Austria. See MuR. 
 
 MUHKINGEN, mii'ringen, a village of WUrtemberg, 9 
 miles S.W. of Kotenburg. Pop. 1080. 
 
 MUIDEN. moi'den. a fortifirtl town of the Netherland.*, 
 province of North Holland, 8 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam, at 
 the mouth of the A'echt, in the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 1650. 
 
 MUIDERBEKG, moi'der-b^RG', is a village of the Nether- 
 lancl3,'2 miles E. of Muiden. 
 
 MUILREA or MULREA, mtirrd/, a mountain range of Ire- 
 laud, CO. of Mayo, screening the N. side of Killery Harbor. 
 Elevation of highest summit 2688 feet. 
 
 MUIRAVONSIDE. miir-i'v^n-slde, a village and parish of 
 Scotlimd. CO. of Stirling, 5 miles E.S.E. of Falkirk. Pop. in 
 1851, 2647. It has many elegant mansions, an ancient cas- 
 tle. (Almond,) and much romantic .scenery. The Edinburgh 
 and Glasgow Railway is here carried across the Avon on a 
 Buperb viaduct. 
 
 MUIRHtJUSE. a parish of Scotland. See Murroes. 
 
 MUIRKIRK. niUr'kirk, a large village end parish of Scot- 
 land. CO. and 21 miles E.N.E. of Ayr, with which town it 
 communicates by railway. Pop. in 1851, 3423 ; partly em- 
 ployed in extensive iron smelting works. 
 
 MUKALLAH, a town of Arabia. See Makallah. 
 
 SlUKDEX, a city of Mantchooria. See Mookdex. 
 
 MU'IvER, a market-town of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 MUIvER, a post-office of Washington CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 5IUK.HMAS, milk-mas', (probably the Mkh'mash of 
 Scripture.) a cx>nsiderable and flourishing village of Pales- 
 tine, pashalic of Damascus, 7 miles E.X.E. of Jerusalem, 
 surrounded by fig and olive plantations, but without any 
 vestiges of antiquity. 
 
 MUKKUD, miik-kud', a town, capital of the country of 
 the Sagri Patans, in the N.W. of the Punjab; lat. 33° 10' N., 
 Ion. 71° 50' E., on the Indus, about 20 miles above Caulabagh. 
 
 MUKR.AN, a province of Beloochistan. See Mekran. 
 
 MUKTCL. muk-tal', or MUG'DUL, a town of Ilindostan, 
 Kiz.im's dominions. 88 miles S.W. of Hyderabad, and an 
 important British military station. 
 
 ML'K'WA, a post-village and township of Waupaca co., 
 Wisconsin, on Wolf River, an aifluent of the Xecnah. P. 961. 
 
 MUKWAN'AGO, a post-township in the S. part of AVauke- 
 Bha CO., Wisconsin. Pop. I;i73. 
 
 MULA, moo'li, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles W. 
 of Mureia. Pop. 6228. It has manufactures of pottery, and 
 In its uei'jhborhood are warm mineral baths. 
 
 MULAIIACEN, moo-ld-d-thSn'. or MULHACEX, mool-J- 
 thjn', in Granada. Spain, is the highest mountain summit 
 in the Spanish peninsula, and, with the exception of the 
 Alps, the highest in Europe, having an elevation of 11,65S 
 feet alx)ve the level of the sea. Lat. 37° 10' N.. Ion. 3° 28' 
 W. It is perpetually covered with snow above the height 
 of 9500 feet. See Sierra Nevada. 
 
 MULAYNE, moo^lin', a large village of Hindostan, king- 
 dom of Oude. N.W. of Lxicknow. 
 
 MULBAR'TON, a paris^h of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 JIUL'BERRY, a post-office of Wilkes co.. North Carolina. 
 
 MULISERRY', a post-office of .Tackson co., Georgia. 
 
 S1ULBER15Y, a post-office of Autauga co., Alabama. 
 
 SIUliBERRY, a township in Franklin co., Arkansas. 
 
 ML'LBEKKY, atownshipiu Johnson co., Arkansas. 
 
 MULBERRY, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 MULBERRY, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 MULBERRY CORNERS, a postofBce of Geauga co., 
 Ohio. 6 . 
 
 MULBERRY CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the 
 Catawba from the N., in Burke county, near Morgan- 
 town. 
 
 MULBERRY CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Chattahoochee 
 River, near the S.W. corner of Harris county. It furnishes 
 fine water-power at Troy. The Indian name is Catadla. 
 
 MULBERRY CREEK, of Alabama forms the line between 
 Autauga and Dallas counties, and enters Alabama River 14 
 miles above Sclma. Little Mulberry Creek, of Autauga 
 county, enters thH river just above. 
 
 MULBERRY GAP, a post-village of Hancock co., Tennes- 
 see, near a pass through Powell's Mountain, about 280 miles 
 E. by N. of Nashville. 
 1258 
 
 MULBERRY GROVE, a post-office of Lincoln co., NortL 
 Carolina. 
 
 MULBERRY GROVE, a post-office of Harris co.. Georgia. 
 
 MULBERRY GROVE, a post-office of Hopkins co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 MULBERRY GROVE, a post-office of Bond co„ Illinois. 
 
 MULBERRY RIVER, of AluUima, one of the head forki 
 of the Tuscaloosa. 
 
 MULDE, muol'deh, a river of Saxony. Prussia, and An- 
 halt-Dessau, rises in the Erzgebirge. and after a N. course 
 of 130 miles, joins the Elbe on the left, at Dessau. 
 
 MULE CREEK, (ieorgia. a station on the railway from 
 Macon to Columbus, 21 miles from Macon. 
 
 MUL'GR.WE, a cape and port on the N.W. coast of Rus- 
 sian Ameriimand Bhering"s Strait. The y)ort, lat. 59° 33' N., 
 Ion. 139° Hi' W., has anchorage for large vessels. 
 
 MUI/GRAVE ARCHIPELAGO, Pacific Ocean, comprises 
 various groups between lat. 3° S. and 12° N., and Ion. 160° 
 and 177° E., including the Radack, Ralick, Piscadores, Mar- 
 shall, and Mulgrave Islands. 
 
 MULGRAVE ISLANDS, a group in the North Pacific 
 Ocean, above the Archipelago, about lat. 6° 14' N., and Ion. 
 171° 56' E. 
 
 MULH.iCEN, a mountain of Spain. See Mulahaces. 
 
 M U 1.H A USEN, miil'how'zgn, (I'r. Mulhnuse, miirooz' ; anc. 
 Arialnnumf) a town of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 
 61 miles S.S.W. of Strasbourg, on the railway to Bale, (Ba.'«I.) 
 It is divided into the old and the new town. The former 
 stands on an island, formed by the 111, which here divides 
 into several branches, and is cj-osscd by four bridges. The 
 streets are generally winding, bnt tolerably wide, well paved, 
 and clean, and lined with well-built houses. The principal 
 buildings are the Reformed and Roman Catholic churches. 
 Hotel de Ville,and college. The new town. .S.E.of theold, e.x- 
 tends from the right bank of the 111 to the Rhone and Rhine 
 Canal, which has here a capacious basin. The streets are spa- 
 cious and regular. Till the middle of the last century, the 
 only manufacture of any conseiiueuce in the town was wool- 
 len cloth; but the manufacture of cotton prints and muslins 
 having l>een introduced, has made such rapid progre.'^s, that 
 MUlhausen now ranks as one of the most important manu- 
 facturing towns in France. In addition to the branchei 
 already mentioned, others have U^en introduced, particu- 
 larly flowered silks, damask and other linen, hosiery, straw 
 hats, stained paper, starch, parchment, and cbeuiic:il pro- 
 ducts. There are also numerous worsted and flax mills; 
 exten.sive engine works, and tannerie.s. The trade is very 
 important, and, in addition to the articles of manufacture, 
 includes corn, wine, brandy, groceries, and raw cotton. 
 MUlhausen poj^sesseg a court of cominerie. consulting cham- 
 ber of manufactures, consnil de prud'/toinmi'^, industrial 
 sin'iety. and communal college. For many centuries it was 
 the capital of a small republic, belonging to the Swiss Con- 
 federation ; but, in 1798. it dissolved it"; connexion with the 
 Confederation, renounced its independence, and became in- 
 corporated with France. The celebrated matheuiatician, 
 Lambert, was born here, and a column has been erected to 
 him in one of the squares which bears his name. Pop. in 
 1862. 29.674. 
 
 MULII-AUSEN. (Miilhausen.) miil'how'zen, a town of 
 WUrtemberg. circle of Xeekar, situated on the Enz. Pop. 939. 
 
 MULHAIJSEX, a town of WUrtemberg, on the Neckar, 
 bailiwick of Cannstadt. Pop. 8u7. 
 
 MULHEIM or MULLHEIM, (MUlheim.') miil'hTme. a towp 
 of Baden, 18 miles S.W. of Freiburg, on the railway to Bale, 
 (Basel.) Pop. 2592. 
 
 MULHEIJl-A.M-RHEIN. (MUlheim-am-Rhein.) mUlHirme 
 3m rhin, a town of Rhenish Pru.ssia. government and 3 
 miles N.E. of Cologne, on the Rhine, here crossed by a 
 suspension bridge. It has 2 churches and a synagogue, 
 .ship-building docks, and manufactures of silk, cotton, cassi- 
 mere. leather, vinegar, and brandy ; and a trade in corn and 
 timber. Pop. 5643. 
 
 MULHEIM-AM-RUHR. (MUlheim-am-Ruhr,) miilTiIme 
 iva rooR, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government and 15 
 miles N.N.E. of Dusseldorf. on Ihe Ruhr, which here becomes 
 navigable, and is crossed by a ch.iin bridge. It has 3 
 churches, a synagogue, and casino; manutactures ol woollen 
 and linen cloth, paper, tobacco, green soap, starch, and 
 gunpowder; a large factory, at which steam-<!ngiiips are 
 made; an extensive cotton spiuning-uiill and shii)-l),iildinf[ 
 yards; and an important trade, particularly in coal, vhich 
 is worked in the neighborhood. Pop. 10,181. 
 
 MULHOUSE, a town of France. See MuLilAUSEJf. 
 
 MULK, raulk ? a village of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 62 miler 
 S.W. of .Angora, with some curious caverns. 
 
 MULKAPOOR, mCil-k^-poor'. a fortified town of India 
 Nizam's dominions. 84 miles W.S.W. of Ellichp<x)r. 
 
 MULL, mull, one of the largest of the Hebrides Islands, off 
 the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Argyle, sep.-irftled from thi 
 mainland by the Sound of Mull. Lat. of centre 56° SC N., 
 Ion. 6° W. Length 30 miles, breadth 25 milr s. Pop., with 
 surrounding islets, in 1851, 15,189. Surfa< e ruggeu, and 
 chiefly moorland. Mount Benmore exceef's 300O foet in 
 height. Principal town, Tober Mory. 
 
MUL 
 
 MUN 
 
 MULL. Sound of, off the W. coast of Scotland, 18 miles 
 In Iciiitth. axerage breadth 2 miles, separfites this island 
 from the district of Jlorven, and connwts Lochs Linnhe and 
 Suimrt. 
 
 MUL'LACKEW^, a village of Ireland, co. of Louth, 8 miles 
 B.W. of Dundalk. Pop. 600. 
 MUIjLAGII, mul'lan, a parish, Ireland, Ulster, co. Cavan. 
 MUL'LA(JIU{RACk\ a parish of Ireland, Ulst(!r, co. of 
 Artnairh. contaiiiiuf; a part of the town of Markethill. 
 
 MULU/AlillMilRK'. Ireland, a promontory of Connaujrht, 
 CO. and 13 miles N. of Sli-ro, projecting N. into Donegal Bay. 
 Its proprietor. Lord Palmerston, has built a harbor and a 
 Bmall fishing village on its E. side. 
 
 MULLAXGUK, mulMln-gur', a town of India, in the 
 Deccan, Nizam's dominions. 88 miles N.E. of Hyderabad. 
 BIULLENBACII. a town, Transylvania. See Muiilexuach. 
 JIUL'LET. a peninsula of the W. coast of Ireland, Con- 
 naught, CO. of Mayo, connected with the mainland by a 
 nari'ow isthmus. 
 
 MUL'LETT laVER, a small stream of Sheboygan co., 
 Wisconsin, flows into Sheboygan Kivcr, 7 miles from its 
 moutli. 
 
 MULLETT'S CREEK, of Michigan, enters Huron Kiver 
 8 miles from Ann Arbor. 
 MULLIIEIM, a t«wn of Baden. See MuLnEiM. 
 M (jL'LlCA,a township of Atlantic co.,New .Tersey. P. 1600. 
 MULLICA IIILL, a post-village of Harrison township, 
 Gloucester Co., New Jersey, 17 miles 8. by W. of Camden. 
 It contains 4 churches and aliout 90 liouscs. 
 MULLTCUS RIVER. See Little Ego Harbor. 
 MULLlrtAUM, murie-gdwm'. or MALLIAGAUM, mdlMe- 
 gawm', (Hindoo Muligrama. mi-le-gri'md,)a town and strong 
 fort of British India, presidency and IfiO miles N.E. of Bom- 
 bay. Surrendered to the British in 1818. 
 
 MUL'LIXGAR', a market-town and parish of Ireland, 
 Leiiister, capital of the county of 'Westmeath, on the Brosna 
 and the Roy.'il Canal, (by which it is almost surrounded, 
 and which connects it with both Dublin and the Shannon,) 
 60 miles W.N.W. of Dublin, by the Midland Great Western 
 Kailway. I'op. of the town in 1851. 4789. It has a handsome 
 parish church, and Roman Catholic Cathedral; a convent, 
 2 large schools, county infirmary, large in&ntry barracks, 
 and market-house. 
 
 JIUl/LKNAIIONE', a marketrtown of Ireland, co. and 26 
 miles K. of Tipiierary. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MUL'LINAVAT', a village of Ireland, co. and 20 miles S. 
 by E. of Kilkenny. Pop. 500. 
 MUL'IilXS, a post-oilice of Shelby co., Alabama. 
 SlUL'lvlOX, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 ML'L'I^OY'S. a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee. 
 MUIiLROSE, (Miillrose,) mUirro'zeh, a town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg. 10 miles "S.W. of Frankfort, on 
 the Canal of Miillrose, which unites the Oder and Spree. 
 Pop. isyo. 
 MULREA MOUNTAINS, of Ireland. See Muilrea. 
 MUL'ROY BAY, a deep, sinuous inlet of the Atlantic, N. 
 coast of Ireland, Ulster, between Sheepbaven Bay and Lough 
 Swilly. Length about 12 miles, average breadth 1 mile. 
 
 MULSEN SANKT JACOB, (Mulseu.) miil'sen sjnkt yJ'- 
 tob. a village of Saxonv. 4 miles E. of Zwickau. Pop. 3149. 
 MULSEN SANKT NIKLAS, mul'sgn sinkt nik'Hs, a vil- 
 lage of Saxony, contiguous to the above, i\ miles E. of 
 Zwickau. Pop. 2055. 
 SIULTAN, a city of Punjab. See Mooltau. 
 51ULTED3, mool-fclMo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division and about 6 miles from Genoa. Pop. 1595. 
 
 MUL'TIKARN'IIAM, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Westmeath. 
 
 MULTO/NA SPRINGS, a vUIage and watering-place of 
 Attala CO., Mississippi. 
 
 MULWEEYA or MULUIA, mrx.l-wee/ya, (anc. MaVva,) 
 written also MOLOIA, the principal river ol" Morocco, rises in 
 the Atlas, near 32= 30' N. lat., and about 4° 20' W. Ion., and 
 flows N.E. to the Mediterranean, after a course of 350 miles. 
 MUM'BLES IIKAD, Wales, co. of Glamorgan, bounds 
 Swansea Bay on the W., and has a lighthouse, 114 feet in 
 heiglit. in lat. 51° 34' 3" N.. Ion. 3° 58' 10" W. 
 MUM'UY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 MUM'FORD, a post-office of Monri^ co., New York. 
 MUMLISWEIL. (MUmliswcil.) mUm'lis-*ir, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton and 12 mil^sN.N.E. of Soleure. P. 1381. 
 MLM'MASBUKG. a post-village of Adams co., Penn.syl- 
 vania. on Little Marsh Creek, 5 miles N.W. of Gettysburg. 
 ML'NA.'^.SA. moo-niis'sa, a town of West Ilindostan, 97 
 miles E. of Odeypoor: comprises upwards of 1000 dwellings. 
 MUN'CASTER, a chapelrv of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 Ml'NCIIBEHG, (MUuchberg.) mUnK'bi-RO, a walled town 
 Of Germany. Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia. on the Puls- 
 Uitz. and with a station on the Neumarkt and llof Railway, 19 
 Eiies N N'.K. of Baii-euth. Pop. 22(30. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has a hospital, and manufactures of cottons and linens. 
 MUNCIIKBURG. (Muncheburg.) a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Drandenburg, 21 miles N.W. of Frankforton-the- 
 Odi'.r, lietween 2 lakes. Pop. 1580. 
 liUNCUEN, (MUnchen,) a city of Germany. See Munich. 
 
 MUNCHENBERNSDORF, (Munchenbernsdorf,) mUnK'gn 
 bJRnsMoRf a market-town of (jermany, Saxe-Weimar," 8 
 miles W.S.W. of Gera. Pop. 1833. 
 
 MUNCriE^BUCHSEE. (Miinchenbuchsee.) munK/en- 
 bOoK-sd/, a village of Switzerland, canton and 5 miles N.'of 
 Bern. E'op. 2216. 
 
 MUNCH ENGRATZ, (MUnchengratz,) mUnK/fn-grSts, a 
 town of Bohemia, 8 miles N.N.E. of Buntzlau. on the Iser. 
 Pop. 3000. It has a handsome palace, and manufactures 
 of woollen cloth, cotton, and linen stuffs. The Enip<;rors of 
 Austria and Russia and the King of I'russia met here in 
 1833. 
 
 MUNCHINGEN, (MUnchingen.) mlluK/ing-en, a market- 
 town of Wiirtemberg, 7 miles N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1428. 
 MUNCHWEILER, mUnK'<viMer, a village of Rhenish Ba- 
 varia, 18 miles N.E. of Deux-Ponts. 
 
 MUNCHWEILER, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, al.so called Vili.ars-le-moink. 
 
 MUN'CIE or MUX'CIETOWN, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Delaware co.. Indiana, on the White River, and 
 on the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Railroad, 54 miles 
 E.N.E. of Indianapolis. It is plea.santly situated in a fer- 
 tile country, and contains, besides the county buildings, a 
 few churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper ofliccs. Population 
 in 1800, 1782. Hero was formerly a town of the Muncie 
 Indians. 
 MUNCIE, a post-office of Vernon co., Wisconsin. 
 MUNCIE CENTRE, a township in Delaware county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 MUNCIE CREEK, of Indiana, enters the White River in 
 Delaware county. 
 
 MUN'CY, a post-township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the W. branch of the Susquehanna, 12 miles below Wil- 
 liamspnrt. 
 
 MUNCY, formerly PENNS'BOROUGH, a post-borough of 
 Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, is situatetl in a jilcasant valley 
 Cidled Muncy Slanor, 1 mile E. of the W. branch of the 
 Suscjuehanna River and Canal, and 14 miles E. of Wil- 
 liam.sport. Muncy Creek affords a fine" water-power, which 
 is employed in mills of various kinds; and the lumber bu.si- 
 ness is carried on extensively here. Muncy has communi- 
 cation by railroad with Philadelphiii, and is a place of active 
 business. Incorporated in 1826. It contains 5 phuies of 
 worshij), 15 stores, 1 seminary for girls, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 2 iron foundries. Pop. 1085. 
 
 SIUNCY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the W. branch 
 of the Susquehanna in Lycoming co. 
 
 MUNCY CREEK, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2457. 
 MUNDA. See Monda. 
 
 MUNDAC A, moon-dd'k.'l. a market-town of Spain, province 
 
 of Biscay, 13 miles N. of Bilbao, with a small port. P. 1728. 
 
 MUNDATTA, mun-ddt'td, a town of India, province of 
 
 Malwah, dominions and 60 miles S E. of Indore, on an island 
 
 in the Nerbudda. It has a remarkable pag<xla. 
 
 MUND.\WUL, mfinMa-wril', a town of India, province of 
 Malwfih. 17 miles N.W. of Maheidpoor. 
 
 MUN'DAY'S LAN'DING, a post-office of Woodford CO., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 MUNDEAII, mrm'de-a, a town of India, Cutch. on its S. 
 coast, 25 miles E. of Mandavee, is a place of some trade. 
 
 MUNDELSHEIM, moon'dfIs-hrme\ a market-town of Wiir- 
 temberg. 9 miles S. of Heilbronn. on the Neckar. Pop. 1720. 
 MUNDEN, (MUnden.) miin'den, a town of Hanover, 
 principality and 15 miles W.S.W. of Giittingen, at the 
 confluence of the Fulda and Werra Rivers, here forming 
 the Wcser. Pop. 4001. It is enclosed by walls, and has an 
 old castle, a gymnasium, numerous churches, and manu- 
 factures of tobacco and earthenwares. Miinden used to be 
 one of the greatest linen marts in Germany, the annual 
 sales within it amounting to the value of above lOO.OOQZ. 
 MUN'DEN, Great, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 MUNDEN. Little, a parish of England, co of Hertford. 
 5IUNDENHEIM, (MUndenheim.) mUn'den-hime. a village 
 of Bavaria, Palatinate, district of Mutterstadt. Pop. 1240. 
 SIUNDER, (MUnder.) mUn'der, a town of Hanover, princi- 
 pality of Kalenberg, on the Uamel, 22 miles W.N.W. of 
 llildesheim. Pop. 1996. 
 
 MUNDERKINGEN, mi5Sn'der-kingVn, an ancient walled 
 town of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles S.W. of Ehingen, on the 
 Danube. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MUNDESLEY, mUndz'lee, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 MUNDESSOR, manM?.s-sor/, a walled town of India, 
 Gwalior dominions, 75 miles N.W. of Oojein. 
 
 MU.ND'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 MUND/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 MUXUIIAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 MUNDI, mfin'dee, a town of the Punjab, capital of a 
 rajahship, in the Jullinder Doab, (British territory.) near 
 the head of the Beas, 120 miles E. of Amritseer, with a 
 massive palace, and a pretty well-stocked bazaar. 
 
 MUNDLAH. mund'ia, a town and fort of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal. 135 miles N.E. of Nagpoor. 
 HUNDLEYSIR, mundUe-seer', s town of Uimlostan, pro 
 
 1259 
 
MUN 
 
 MUN 
 
 vincc cf 3[al«'aTi, on the Nerbudda, here crossed Dy a ferry, 
 5 miles E. of Mhcysiir. It Is enclosed by a mud wall, 
 defended by a well-built stone fort, and carries on a con- 
 siderable trade, being the great commercial, as well as 
 military thoroughfare between Uindostau Proper and the 
 Deccan. 
 
 5IUXD0. moon'do, a river of Spain, falls into the Segura 
 In the district of Lietor ; total course about 60 miles. 
 
 MUN'DOX, a parish of England, oo. of Essex. 
 
 MUX'DY, a post-township in the S. part of Genesee co., 
 Michigan. Pop, 12'28. 
 
 MU.VEKPOOK, a proTinee of India. See Cassat. 
 
 MUNERA. moo-n.Vrd, a market-town of Spain, province 
 and 31 miles W.X.W. of Albacete. Pop. 2690. 
 
 MUNKVILLE-LE-BIXGARD, mUnVeel'-leh-bSx^'gaR/, a 
 village of France, department of Manche, arroudi?semeut of 
 Coutances. Pop. luOO. 
 
 MUX'FORDSMLLK, a post-village, capital of Hart co., 
 Kentucky, on the right bank of Green Kiver, 100 miles S.W. 
 of Frankfort. The river is navigable for small steamboats 
 during part of the year. Xear this vilhige a circular orifice 
 extends, in the form of a funnel, towards the centre of the 
 earth, to an unknown depth. Pop. about 400. See Ken- 
 mcKr, '• Objects of Interest to Tourists." 
 
 MUXG .\SIIT. moonVishf(?) a strong fortress of Persia, pro- 
 Tinee of Khoozistan, on the Jerahi, 70 miles S.E. of Shooster, 
 at the foot of the Mungasht Mountains, a continuation of 
 the Zagros chain. 
 
 MUXGKltSDORF, (MUngersdorf.) mung'ersKloRf\ a vil- 
 lage of Belgium, on the railway from Aix-la-Chapelle to 
 Cologne. 5 miles from Cologne. 
 MUXG'EK'S MILLS, a post-village of Shannon co.. Missouri. 
 MUXGIIUK, mQng^grir', a walled town of AVest Ilindostan, 
 Odeypoor dominions, with 4000 inhabitants, and a large 
 annual fair for cattle. 
 
 >IUXHJUI.\., moon-ghee'l, a village of Spain, province of 
 Biscay, 9 miles X.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 2010. 
 
 MUXOULtjHEREE, miing-gul-ghJr'ree. a town of British 
 India, presidencv of Madras, 12 miles X.E. of Guntoor. 
 
 MUXXJULHAUT/, a considerable town of British India, 
 presidency and province of Bengal, IS miles N. of Rungpoor. 
 Lat. 25° 59' X.. Ion. Sg'' 20' E. 
 
 MUXGULWAR.\,mung-grd-wd'ri, a walled town of India, 
 Sattarah dominions, 50 miles X.X.W. of Bejapoor. 
 
 MUXICII, mu'nik, (Ger. M ilnchen, milu'Ken; Sp. Uo- 
 tMchio, mo-US' che-o; It. Munica, moo-neeOid; L. Mmadti- 
 um.) the capital city of Bavaria, and of the province of 
 Upper Bavaria, on the Isar, here crossed by 3 bridges, 225 
 miles W. of Vienna, and 35 miles S.E. of Augsburg. Lat. 
 (of Frauenkirche, 1690 feet above the sea) 48° 8' 20" N., Ion. 
 11° 34' 42" E. Population in 1361, 148,201, including 
 23,479 military. Mean temperature of year 4S°.4, win- 
 ter 32°.5, summer 6o°.6 Falu-euheit. It is finely situ- 
 ated in a pliiin, and witliin the present century, its ex- 
 tent has been doubled by the addition of new quarters 
 end suburbs around the walled city : it has a handsome and 
 lively general appearance. In the old city numerous streets 
 diverge from a central square, the Haupt-'PlaU ; in tlie other 
 quarters are — ilax-Jospphs-Platz. one of the finest squares 
 in Europe, a fine broad line of street extending from X.W. 
 to S.E. On its W. and X. sides are most of its principal 
 structures; these comprise the new PinacoUieca and Gli/pto- 
 Vieca, or museums of painting and ancient sculpture, rich in 
 choice works of art. the former containing 300,000 engrav- 
 ings. The new Royal Palace : the Catliedral, built 1468, and 
 having two towers 3;)3 feet in height, and a fine monument 
 of the Emperor Louis of Bavaria; the churches of the 
 Theatine.s. Jesuits, St. Louis, All Saints. St. Kajetan, Lud- 
 wig"s Kirche. and the Basilica, all richly ornamented with 
 fresco painting and stained glass; Protestant and Greek 
 churches, a synagogue, a fine opera-house, and new post- 
 office. In one square is an obelisk 100 feet in height, partly 
 formed of cannon taken by the Bavarians, and in another 
 is an e<iuestrian statue by Thorwaldsen of the elector Jlaxi- 
 milian I. Adjacent to the palace is the Un/i/artai. a space 
 suiTounded by arcades, and near this is a public park. 
 
 Among the public estjiblishments are the Leuchtenberg 
 G.illery, formt-d by Prince Eugene Beauharnois. an academy 
 of art.s. with a triennial exhibition, salaried professors and 
 pensioned students, a magnetical and meteorological ob- 
 servatory. The University, removed from Landshut in 1826. 
 had, in 1847, 76 professors and 1471 students, a library of 
 200,000 volumes and 400 manuscripts, and attached to it 2 
 colleges, and philological and theological .schools, a poly- 
 technic, and numerous other schools of art and science. Tlie 
 Koyal Library, occupying a stately new building, was said to 
 have, in 1846,600.000 printed volumes, and 18.600 raanu- 
 Bcripts. Here is also the Brazilian collection, made by Spix 
 and Von Martins. Munich i* the residence of ambassadors 
 and ministers from all the different courts of Europe; the 
 Beat of the high courts of legislature and of law, and of all 
 the more important offices of the state. Except some bronze 
 and iron works, silk-mills, and sugar refineries. Munich has 
 tew mercjintile factories of consequence, but its telescopes and 
 mathemuticid instruments are deservedly famotis, and it is 
 1260 
 
 greatly resorted to by the admirers and cultivators of the 
 tine arts. Many newspapers and magazines are printed 
 here. In a meadow to the W. is the colossal brcnze statue 
 of Bavaria, by Schwanthaler, 84 feet high. Xear it Is tbe 
 '•Ilall of Fame." Munich is said to derive its name from 
 having been founded (in 962) on a site belonging to .■» fra- 
 ternity of ;«««/.«, (in German MUnchcn or Mi'mchen.) It was 
 walled by Otho IV. in 1157, and taken by the Swedes tinder 
 Gust.ivus Adoiphus in 1632. 
 
 MUXIESA, moo-ne-A'si, a town of Spain, Aragon, 50 miles 
 from Teruel. Pop. 1148. 
 
 MUXILLA, moo-neel'yi. a town of Spain, province and 2S 
 miles S.S E. of Logrofio. Pop. 1817. 
 
 MUXK.VCS, moon^kStch', a market-town of East Iluugary, 
 on the Latorczii, 80 miles X.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 3223. It 
 has a strong hill fortress, now used as a state prison. Greek, 
 Roman Catholic. Calvinistic, and Lutheran churches, and 
 manufactures of ho.-iery and alum. In its vicinity are 
 mines of crystal, called Hungarian diamonds. It was 
 taken by the Imperialists in 1087, after a sieire of 3 years. 
 
 MUXICZWALM. munk'zw,4lm, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the Zwalm. 16 miles S. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 1241. 
 
 MUXLOCHY, mQn-loK'ee, a fishing village of Scotland, co. 
 of Ross, onan iuletof Mor.av Frith. 13 miles S.W. of Cromarty. 
 
 MUXXERSTADT, (Miinnerstadt.) nnin'ncr-stitt\ a town 
 of Bavaria, on the Lauer, 35 miles X.X.E. of M'Urzburg. 
 Pop. 1579. 
 
 MUNXIPOOR. MUXIPOOR, MUXXEEPOOR. mfinVpoor', 
 or MUXIPOORA, munVpoo'r.i. a town of India, capital of 
 Cassay. Lat. 24° 45' X., Ion. 94° E. 
 
 MUXXIPiWR, MUXli'OOR or MUXXEEPOOR, a state of 
 Farther India. See Cassat. 
 
 MUXXS'VILLE. a post-village of Madison co.. New York, 
 about lOU miles W. by X. of Albany. Pop. in 1855, 287. 
 
 MUXXTOWN, a small post-village of Washington co., 
 Penns}"lvania. 
 
 MUXXVILLE, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 MCXO. mii'no, a village of Belgium, province of Luxem- 
 bourg, 32 miles AV.X.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1557. 
 
 MUXSIXGEX. (MUnsingen.) mUn'sing-en, a town of Wiir- 
 temberg, 23 miles W. of Ulm. Pop. 1600." 
 
 MUXSIXGEX, (Milnj.i'.gen,) mtin'.sing-fn, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton and 7 miles S.E. of Bern, and noted in 
 modern Swiss history as tlie place of a meeting whicli 
 effected many popular reforms in 1831. 
 
 MUXS'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 MUXS'LOW, a parisli of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 MUX'SOX, a township of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. 1006. 
 
 MUX'SOXVILLE. a post-office of Clieshire co., Xew Hamp- 
 shire, aljout 36 miles W.S.W. of Concord. 
 
 MUX'STER, (L. Momnfma.) the most S. and largest of the 
 four provinces of Ireland, having X'. Connaught. X.E. Lein- 
 ster, and on other sides St. George's Channel and the Atlantic 
 Ocean. Area 9476 square miles. Pop. in 1841, 2.396.161 ; iu 
 1851, 1,857.244. Surface highly diversified. Silurian rocks, 
 old red sandstone and limestone, form the basis of the district^ 
 Coal is found in Tipperary. Kerry, and Cork. The X. part 
 is watered by the Shannon River, and the E. by the Suir. 
 Several parallel mountain ranges separate the basins of the 
 Blackwater, Bandon. Lee, and Laune, terminating in rocky 
 peninsulas on the W. coast, bounding Dingle, Kenmore, 
 Bantrj-, Dunmanus. and other bays. Lough Deirgeart is on 
 the X. border, and the Liikes of Killarney are in this part 
 of Ireland. The province is divided into the counties of 
 Cork. Clare, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. 
 Before the X^rman conquest, it was separated into the king- 
 doms of North and South Munster. 
 
 MUXSTER, (Munster.) miin/ster, (L. Mmaste'riiim,) a 
 town of Prussia, capit.il of the province of Wcstph.ilia 
 and of a government of its own name, in a wide plain on 
 the Aa, 78 miles X.X.E. of Cologne, with which, ami with 
 Hanover, it is connected by railway. It was once fortified, 
 and is still entered by eight gates, though the fortifications 
 have been levelled and planted, and now form agreeable 
 promenades. The principal edifices are the Cathedral, an 
 ancient Gothic structure: the three other churches of 01>er- 
 wasser, St. Leger, and St. Lambert, all in the purest Gothic, 
 particularly the last, on the tower of which still hang the 
 iron cages in which John of Leyden and the other two Ana- 
 baptist leaders were suspended previous to their execution 
 in 1 5.35 ; the Townhouse, also a beautiful specimen of Gothic, 
 and a fine hall, called the Frieden Saal. from the peace of 
 Westphalia having been signed in it in 1648 ; the Exchange, 
 Museum, Theitre. House of Correction, and an old castle, 
 formerly the bishop's palace, and now occupied as the go- 
 vernor's residence. It is the seat of several important 
 courts of law. one of which lias jurisdiction over the whole 
 province. It is also the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, 
 and pos.«esses a Roman Catholic high school, with philoso- 
 phical and theological faculties, a gymnasium, deaf anc 
 dumb institution, veterinary school, school of design, nor- 
 mal seminary, and society for the encouragement o; domes- 
 tic history and antiquities. The manufactures consist 
 chiefly of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, leatiu-r. i tarchi 
 
MUN 
 
 MUR 
 
 tobacco, and refined sugar. The trade, which is considera- 
 ble, includes, besides the above articles of manufacture, 
 wine, bacon, bams. &c. 
 
 MiiMstur was long governed by independent bishops, in 
 wbom a warlike was often much more con.spicuous than a 
 Christian spirit; but t>he most memorable events in the 
 history of the town occurred in ]5ao-:?6, when it fell into 
 the h.'liids of tlie fanatics, John of Leyden, Bernhard Knip- 
 perdollin;;, and IJernhard Krechting, who, under the pretext 
 of Christiin freedom, tau^^bt the wildest doctrines, and 
 practised the j;ros.sest abominations. Pop. in 1861, •i::,3:'>0. 
 
 MU.NSThJR, a government of Prussia, in Westphalia, 
 bounded N. by Hanover. Area 2820 square miles. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Ems and the Lippe. The chief minerals 
 are iron and coal. About six-.seventbs of the whole inlia- 
 bitaiits are lloman Catholics. Pop. in 18+'.», 421.93.5. 
 
 MUNSTER, (.MUnster.) miin'ster, a village of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, proviuce of Starkenbach, liear OITenliach. Pop. 1886. 
 
 MUNSTKR. muxo'stalR', a town of France, department of 
 Ilaut-Kbin, 10 miles W.S.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 4046. 
 
 MUN'STEU, a post-village of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, 
 4 miles E. of Ebensburg. Pop. 692. 
 
 MU.VSTERBERO, (.MUnsterberg.) mUn'ster-bJRo\ a town 
 of Prussian Silesia, 35 miles S. of Breslau." on the Ohlau. 
 Pop. 4UU0. It is enclosed by walls, and has breweries, manu- 
 factures of plush, and^otton stuffs. 
 
 MUNSTERElt'EL, (.MUnsterelfel.) raUn'stei^rfel, a town 
 of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles S.S.W. of Cologne, on the Erft. 
 Pop. 1570. 
 
 MUXSTERII.WSEN, (Miinsterhausen.) mlln'stgr-hOw^- 
 zen, a market-town of ISavaria, circle of Swabia, on the 
 Mundel. 22 miles W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1270. 
 
 MUNSTER- .M .VYFELD, (MUnster-Jiayfeld.) mlln'st»r-mT'- 
 fJlt, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles S.W. of Coblentz. 
 Pop. 1650. 
 
 MUNSTERTHAL, (Mlinsterthal,) mUn'ster-tai', two val- 
 leys of Switzerland, one in the canton of Orisons, the other 
 in the N.E. part of the canton of Bern, where the battle of 
 St. .lacob was fought between the Swiss and the French in 
 1 444, which terminated in the almost entire destruction of 
 the former combatants. 
 
 JIU.NTE, raun'tyh, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders. 9 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. lO'.'S. 
 
 SIUNTOK, mun-tok', a furlifled seaport-town of the island 
 of lianca. capital of a Dutch residency on the S.W. coast. 
 
 MUNNVPODR, a town of India. Sec .Mu.n.vipoor. 
 
 WU-NZENBERO, (MUnjienberg,) nUint/sen-b2Ro\ a town of 
 Germany, llesso-Darmstadt, province of Upper Ilessen, 10 
 miles S E. of Oiessen. 
 
 MUXZKSUEIM, (MUnze.sheim,) milnVsi's-hime*, a village 
 of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Kreich. I'op. 1145. 
 
 MUNZl FAY, moont's:l-fr, (L. Mnns Mt'gi.) a town of Boh(f- 
 mia, circle of Rakonitz, with a town-house and hospital. 
 Pop. 1346. 
 
 MUNZKIRCHEN, (MUnzkirohcn.) mUnts'ke6RK-en, an 
 ancient village of Upper Austria, circle of Inn, district and 
 near A'iechtenstein. Pop. 900. 
 
 MUONIO, moo-o'ne-o, a river of Russian Lapland, joins 
 the Tornei River, after a S. course of 150 miles. 
 
 MUONli)NISK.\, moo-os'kl. a village of Russia. Finland. 
 212 miles X. of Uledborg on the Muonio, which has here a 
 cascade 100 feet bigh. 
 
 51U0TTA-THAL, moo-ofta-tdP, a lofty, secluded valley of 
 Switzerland, canton of Schwytz, traversed by the river, and 
 having for its chief place the village of Muotta, 4 miles E.S.E. 
 of Schwytz. In this valley, a sanguinary struggle took place, 
 in 1799, between the French, under Lecourbe, Mortier, and 
 Massena, and the Russians, under Suwarrow. The latter was 
 nearly hemmed in on all sides, but valiantly cut his way, 
 and made a most masterly retreat. Pop. 1555. 
 
 MUK or MUIIR, mooR, a river of the -Austrian Empire, 
 lises in Salzburg, traverses Styria throughout, and joins the 
 Drave on the left, in Hungary, 25 miles E. of Warasdin, 
 after a S.E. course of 230 miles. 
 
 MUR. miiR, a town of France, department of Cote.s-du- 
 Nord. 10 miles W.N.W. of I>oudeac. Pop. in 1852, 2403. 
 
 MUR, a town of iTrance, department of Aveyron, arron- 
 di.ssement of Espallon. Pop. in 1852, 1622. 
 
 MURAD-CIIAI, a river of Turkey. See Moorad-Ch.«. 
 
 MURAFA. a town of Russian Poland. See MiWR.iF.\. 
 
 MURANO, moo-rJ'no, a town of Austrian Italy, on an 
 Island 1 mile N. of Venice, of which it is a suburb. It has 
 manufactures of mirrors and other glass wares, now de- 
 c.iyed. In the loth century it had a population of 30,000, 
 and its glass works have been celebrated since the 11th 
 century. 
 
 MUliAXUM. a town of Southern Italy. See Morano. 
 
 MUl!.\NV.\LTi.\, mooVOnYonoy, a village of Hungary, 
 oo. of Ij.irmiir, 40 miles from Rosenau. Pop. 1213. 
 
 MUKASCHKINO. a town of Russia. See Moorashkino. 
 
 MUR.VSSO.V, n'UVds\sA.\<i/. a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of .\veyrou, 14 miles S.S.W. of St. Affrique. P. 2631. 
 
 MUR.VT, mllVi', a town of France, department of Cantal, 
 near the Alagnon, 24 miles N.W. of Aurillac, at the foot of 
 Mount CauUl. Pop. in 1852, 2699. 
 
 MURAT, a town of France, department of Tarn, 30 miles 
 E. of Castres. Pop. iti 1852, 2S83. 
 
 MU'R.Vr, a post-office of Paulding co., Ohio. 
 
 MUR.\U. moo'rOw. a town of Styria, on the Mur. 23 miles 
 W. of .Tmlenburg. with extensive iron works. Pop. 1200. 
 
 MURAVERA, moord-vA'rit. MURERA. moo-r;l/rd. or MO 
 RER A. mo-nVrd. a village on the island of SarJinia, division 
 and IS miles N.K. of Cagliari. I'op. 1980. 
 
 MURAZZANO. moo-rjt-s3'no, a market-town of Piedmont, 
 division of Omi. 11 miles N.E. of .Mondovi. Pop. 2257. 
 
 MURCA DE PAXOIAS, mooR/sd d\ pd-no'yds, a town of 
 Portugal, province of Beira-.ilta, 15 miles E.N'.E. of Villa 
 Real. ' Pop. 800. 
 
 MURCHAIvOORorMURCIIACUR, moorVhJ-koor', a large 
 village of Persia, 35 miles N.N.W. of Ispahan. 
 
 MURCH, raur'she-a. (Sp. pron. mooR'the-d; Fr. Murcie, 
 miiR'see/ ; ane. f'err/ilia,) a city of Spain, capital of an ancient 
 kingdom and modern province of its own name, 30 miles 
 N.N.W. of Cartagena. lat. .38° N.. Ion. 1° 10' W., on the Segura, 
 which divides tliie town into two unequal portions, connected 
 by a handsome bridge of two arches. The city is surrounded 
 by a brick wall, erected during the late civil wars, and is en- 
 tereil by three princip.al gates. The streets are generally 
 broad, straight, and well paved ; and the houses are mostly 
 two stories liigh. Among the principal public buildings 
 may be mentioned the Cathedral, a fine edifice, begun in 
 1353. The belfry, finished in 1766, rises in compartments 
 like a drawn-out telescope, and is crowned with a dome. It 
 commands an extensive view of the Imerla (plain) of Murcia, 
 studded with farms and drooping palm trees, as well as that 
 of the city, with its fiat, blueish roofs and cane pigeon-houses. 
 The seat of the bishop, who is suffragan to Toledo, was trans- 
 ferred to Murcia from Cartagena, from which latter he still 
 t,akcs his title. In the plaza stands the capacii>us Episcopal 
 Palace, built in 1752, one of the finest edifices of its class 
 in .Spain; and in close proximity to it. the Collegi'S of 
 St. Fulgentius and St. Isidore. The other puldic edifices 
 and instituti<ms consist of the College of St. Leander. which 
 is an academy of music connwtcd with the Cathedral; 
 the Hospital of St. John, having in connexion with it a 
 ho.spltal for convalescents; a House of Refuge, a Foundling 
 Hospital, the Town-house, granary, town seminary, an in- 
 stitute, founded in 1837, with chairs of Latin, (Jreek, mathe- 
 matics, mental philosophy, morals, theology, natural his- 
 tory, physics, geography , and history, which were attended, 
 in 1847, by 223 students ; a Normal School, numerous private 
 elementary schools, in wliich are educated about 1050 boys 
 and 600 girls; a School of Design, with four professors, and 
 about 150 pupils; eleven parish churche.a, with .several nun- 
 neries, hermitages, oratories, and numerous suppressed con- 
 vents; a bull-ring, and a gootl botanical garden. The town 
 has manufactures of coar.se cloths and biiize. of diHerent 
 colors, of silk stuffs, linens, hats, gloves, salt|x>tre. also dye 
 works, potteries, tanneries, soap works, and 31 flour-mills. 
 Considerable commerce is carried on in raw, spun, and dyed 
 silks, and in .some of the other manuf^ictures abijve men- 
 tione<l. as well as in gi-ain and fruits. The first undoubted 
 mention of Murcia occurs at the division of Spain into pro- 
 vinces, by Yoosuf, (Yusuf,) in 747 ; and it soon after figures 
 .as one of the principal Moorish cities in Spain, under the 
 name of Mursiah. It was wrested from the Moors hy St. 
 Ferlinand, in 1240. It w.as sacked by the French during 
 the I'eninsular War, and denuded of its wealth and works 
 of art. Pop., inclu'Iing the suburbs. 109,446. 
 
 MURCIA, an old kingdom in the S.E. part of Spain, 
 bordering on the Mediterranean, now divided into the 
 modern provinces of Murcia and .Albacete. united area 
 11,688 square miles, and pop. 595,531. Surface traversed 
 by several mountains. Soil ill-watered and infertile, but 
 contains iron-mines. Climate hot : the palm and carob grow 
 freely. Chief cities, 5Iurcia, Albacete. Cartagena, Elche, 
 and Lorca. After passing through the hands of the liomans 
 and Goths, it was conquered by the .Moors in 712, and con- 
 tinued, with a slight interruption, to \>e suliject to the Ca- 
 liphs of Cordova, till 12.39. when it was raised by .Mohammed- 
 ben-.\lee (called by Castilian writers Iludiel) to the dignity 
 of a kingdom ; but in tlie following year it was declared a 
 dependency of Castile, with which it has over since been 
 united. — Ailj. and inhab. Murcian, mur'she-an, (Sp. McKp 
 ciAXO. mooR-the-d/no.) 
 
 MUR DE B-ARREZ, mllR deh bdn'R.V, a town of France, 
 department of Aveyron, 34 miles N.N.B. of Kodez. Pop. in 
 1852. 1622. 
 
 MUR'DER CREEK. Alabama, fiows southward through 
 Conecuh county into Conecuh River. 
 
 MURDER ISLAND, Madagascar. See First Island. 
 
 MUR'DERKILL.ahundredin Kentco.. Delaware. P. 7130. 
 
 MUR'D()CKSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 2-30 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 MURE. La, Id miiR, a village of France, department of 
 Isire, 19 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852. 3*548, chiefly 
 employed in manufactures of packing-cloth and nails. 
 
 MURELTjO, moo-rjl'lo, a village of the Sardinian States,, 
 division of Coni, about 7 miles from Saluzzo. Pop. 1662. 
 
 MURERA, a village of Sardinia. See Muravera. 
 
 1261 
 
MUR 
 
 MUR 
 
 MTJRET, tnooV.V, (L. Murdlum,) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ilaute-Garouue, 10 miles S.W. of Toulouse. 
 l>oi>. ill 1S5J. 4213. 
 
 MUR'KEK'S DKPOT. a postoffice of Southampton co., A'ir- 
 flnia. with a .«tation on the Seaboard and Koanoke Railroad, 
 il miles from I'ort.smouth. 
 
 .MUR'FRKKSBOROUGH. mftr'frJz-bur-ruh, a post-villajre 
 In Hertford co.. North Caroliaa, on .Meherriu River. 110 
 miles .\.L\ by K. of Italeigh, at the head of sloop navi«ta- 
 tiou. It lias ill! active tnuleiucuttou, tar, itc. 1- lee pop. 406. 
 
 MURKREKSBOROUGIl, a post-village, capital of Pike 
 CO., Arkansas, about 125 miles 'VV.S.W. of Little Rock. It 
 fci situated in a mountainous region, which contains iron, 
 lead, zinc, silver, stone-coal, Ac 
 
 MURKRKKSBOKOUGll. a handsome post-village, capital 
 of Rutherford co.. Tennessee, on the railroad from Nash- 
 ville to Charleston, in South Carolina. 30 mile-s S.K. of 
 Nashville. It is situated in a beautiful plain, surrounded 
 by a healthy and fertile country. The Union University at 
 this place is a flourishing institution, founded by the Bap- 
 tists, in ls41. There is also a female institute, 1 bank, 6 
 churches, and 1 or 2 newsp:iper offices. Murfreesboro' was 
 the capital of Tennessee from ISIV to 1827. Pop. 2861. A 
 great battle was fought here Jan. 1-3, 1863, between Gen. 
 Ko.-^ecraus and Gen. Bragg, who was compelled to retreat. 
 
 MURG, mooRQ, a river of South Germany, Wiiriemlierg 
 and Baden, to a circle of which latter it formerly gave name, 
 rises in the Black Forest, and after a N. course of 40 miles 
 joins the Rhine 4 miles X. of Rastadt. 
 
 MURG, a river of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, joins 
 the Thar, I5 miles N. of Frauenfeld. 
 
 MURG. a village of Baden, 33 miles S. of Freiburg, on 
 the Rhine. Pop. 1000. 
 
 MURG IS. See Almeri.1. 
 
 MURI, moo'ree, a village of Switzerland, canton and 2 
 miles S.E. of Bern. Here Charles X. resided during a part 
 of the French revolutionary period. 
 
 MURI, a village of .Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 18 
 miles S.k. of Aargau, with a rich Benedictine Abbey, and 
 gome silk miinufactures. Pop. 1900. 
 
 MURIAHf;, moo-re-d-hA'. a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 Serra do I'ico, province of Rio de Janeiro, and joins the Pa- 
 rahiba on the left. 
 
 MURIALDI. moo-re-il!'do. a town of North Italy, division 
 of Genoa, 4i miles S.S.W. of Millesimo. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MURIhLO DiiGAIXEGO, moo-reel'yo d.\ gdl-y.Vgo. a town 
 of Spain. Aragon. 44 miles X. of Saragossa,on the Gallego. 
 here crossed by a stone bridge of three arches. It is one of 
 theoldcwt towns in Aragou. Pop. 648. 
 
 MURILLO DE RIO DE LEZA, moo-reel'yo d.i ree'o di W- 
 thd, a town of Spain, Old Ca.stile, 7 miles S.E. of LogroBo, on 
 tJie I^eza. Pop. 1163, 
 
 .MURILLO EL FRUTO. moo-reel'yo M froo'to, a town of 
 Spain, province of Navarre, on a height above the Aragon, 
 21 miles S.E. of I'amploua. Pop. 654. 
 
 MURISENGO, moo-re-ssn'go, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, 14 miles from Casalc, on the East Stura. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 MURITIB.A., moo-re-tee'ba, or PASSE. prls-sV, a village 
 of Brazil, province of Baliia, 4 miles S.W. of Cachoeira, with 
 2 handsome churches, and a primary school. 
 
 MURITZ, (Muritz.) mU'rits, LAKE. {Ger. Miiritzee. mu'- 
 rils-s;i'.) a lake of North Germany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 imuieiliately S. of Waren. Length, from N. to S., 19 miles. 
 It communicates on the N. with Lake F'lesen. 
 
 MURLO DI VESCOVADO, mooBlo dee v^s-ko-vi'do, a vil- 
 lage of Tuscany, 13 miles from Sienna, with a castle. Pop. 
 2349. 
 
 MURNAU. moor.'ndw. a market-town of Upper Bavaria, 
 38 miles S.S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1500. 
 
 MURO, moo'ro. a town of Naple.s. province of Basilicata, 
 19 miles N.W. of Potenia. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MURO, a village of Naples, province and 8 miles W.S.W. 
 of Otranto. I'op. 1600. 
 
 MURO, a town of Spain, province of Alicante. Pop. 2786. 
 
 MURO. a town of the island of Majorca. 25 miles N.E. of 
 Pal ma. Pop. 2300. 
 
 MUROM, a town of Russia. See MooROM. 
 
 MUROS. moo'roce, a town of Spain, province of Corunna, 
 30 miles W.S.^V. of Santiago. Pop. 3912. 
 
 MUROS. a Uiwn of Sjjain, Asturias, 20 miles N.N.W. of 
 Ovieilo, on the Nalon. near its mouth. Pop. 1076. 
 
 MURI'IIREE'S (mur'freez) VAL/LEY, a post-offlce of 
 31ount CO.. Alabama. 
 
 MURl'IIY. mTu-'fee. a post-village, capital of Cherokee co.. 
 North Carolina, at the junction of the Hiawassee and A'alley 
 Kivers, and on the West<;rn Turnpike. 373 miles W. by. S. 
 of Raleigh. It contiuns a court-house, 1 newspaper office, 
 and several stores. 
 
 MUR'PIIYSBOROUQII. a post-village, capital of Jackson 
 CO., Illinois, on Big Muddy River, about 15 miles E. of the 
 Mississippi River, and 178 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 MURM'llY'S CAMP, a post-town of Calaveras co., Cali- 
 fornia, in the western part of the county, abcut 13 miles 
 N. of the Stanislaus Kiver. It was built up, and is now 
 1262 
 
 principally sustained by miners, who are numerous in th€ 
 vicinity. 
 
 MURPIIYSVILLE. a post-village of Mason co.^ Kentucky, 
 9 miles S. of Maysville. 
 
 MURRAY, a county of Scotland. See Moray. 
 
 MUR'RAY is the principal river hitherto discovered in 
 Australia, and formed by the junction of numerous streams 
 W. of the Australian Alps, whence it proceeds very tortu- 
 ously westwai-d through 9 degrees of longitude; and after 
 passing through Lake Victoria, it enters the ocean (Encoun- 
 ter Bay) in Int. 35° 20' S., Ion. 139= E. Affluents, the Bay- 
 ungun. Murrumbidgee. with the Lachlan. and probably the 
 Darling. It is navigable in a great part of its e.xtent, and 
 in its lower part is a noble river, but its mouth is too shal- 
 low to be enteretl by large ships. The counties of New South 
 Wales and West Australia have this name. 
 
 MUR'RAY. a county in the N.N.W. part of Georgi.i. boi^ 
 deriiig on Tennes.see, has an area of 6C>0 square miles. The 
 Coo,sawattee River forms part of the southern boundary, the 
 Connasnuga traverses the county from N. to S., and unites 
 with the other on the border, to form the Oostenaula ; it ig 
 also drained liy lloUy, Sumach. Rocky, and Mill v^reeks. 
 The surface is elevated. The Cohuttah and Chattoogata 
 Mountains are remarkable for their grand and picturescjue 
 scenery. The soil is generally fertile. Gold, silver, lead, 
 zinc, and hydraulic limestone are fuund in the county. Since 
 the Western and Atlantic Uaiii-oad was opened, the popular 
 tion has iucrejused rapidly. Organized in 1832, and niimed 
 in honor of Thomas W. Murray, a ffirmer member of the 
 Georgia legislature, and Speaker of the House. Capitivl, 
 Spring Place. Pop. 70S3, of whum 5641 were free, and 1442 
 slaves. 
 
 MURRAY, a post-township of Orleans co.. New York, In- 
 tersected by the Erie Canal, and the Rochester Lockport 
 and Niagara Falls Railroad. 5 miles E. of Albion. Pop. 2612. 
 
 MURR.\Y, a post-offlce of Panola co.. Texas. 
 
 MURRAY, a post-village, capital of Callaway co.. Ken- 
 tucky, is situated near Clark's Kiver, 250 miles AV.S.W. of 
 Frankfort. Pop. about 300. 
 
 MURRAY, a post-village of Wills co.. Indiana. 
 
 MURRAY ISLANDS, a group in Torres Str.ait. lat. 9° 5& 
 S., Ion. 144° 6' E. 
 
 MURRAY'S FERRY, a postoffice of Williamsburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 MURR A YSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See Morat. 
 
 MURRAY SOUND axd HARBOR are among the Amherst 
 Islands, off the S.E. extremity of Corca. 
 
 MUR'RAYSVILLE, A post-village of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, 21 miles E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 MURRAYSVILLE, a post-offlce of Jackson co., Virginia. 
 
 MURR.WSVILLE. a village in Hall co., Georgia. 100 miles 
 N.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 MURR.\V.>^VILI,i;. a po.et-office of Clark co., Mi8sis.sippi. 
 
 MUR'KELLS SHOP, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia. 
 
 MURRHAltDT, mooR'haRt. a town of Wiirtemberg. circle 
 of Neckar. on the Murr. an affluent of the Neckar, 24 miles 
 N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2400. It was almost wholly de- 
 stroyed by tire in 1765. 
 
 M'UR'RINSVILLE. a post-village of Butler co., Peun.syl- 
 vania. about 21 miles N. of Butler. 
 
 MUR'ROES or MUIRIIOUSE,mur'house, a parish cf Scot- 
 land. CO. of Forfar. 
 
 MUR'RUM BID'GEE or 5I0'RUMBID'GEE. a river of South 
 East Australia, ri.ses under the meridian of 149° E., at a 
 distance of about 80 miles from the si-a. It flows in a S.W. 
 direction, and is joined by the Lachlan, at lat. 34° 25' S., 
 latterly taking a S.AV. course, and falling into the Murray 
 at lilt. "34° 45' S. Its whole course is upwards of 400 miles; 
 and it is naTij»We up nearly to it^ sources. 
 
 MURRUMHID(iEK or MOKUMBIIKiEE. a district of 
 New .South Wales, between Ion. 141° and 147° 10' K.. hav- 
 ing the river Murraj- on the N.. and the Murrumbidgee on 
 the S., and containing 12,000.000 acres. 
 
 MURS. uiiiR', a village of France, department of Maine- 
 etrLoire. 5 miles S. of Angers, on the Lubancy. Pop. 171KI. 
 
 MURSAor MURSIA. See Eszkk. 
 
 MUR.S'LEY, a parish of England, co.-of Bucks. 
 
 JIURSTONJ a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 MURSUK, a town of North Africa. See MooRZOoK. 
 
 MURTAS, mooR'tJs, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 48 
 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2StO. 
 
 MURTEN, a town of Switzerland. See Morat. 
 
 MUitTON, a township of England, co. of Northumbe^ 
 land. 
 
 MURU, mooVoo', a small town of Japan, on the isl.ind of 
 Niphon. situated on the Strait of >Iatson sinii-nada. oppo- 
 site the island of Sikokf Its harbor is mui^h frequented by 
 oo.asting vessels, being very secure and well sheltered by S 
 lofty mountain. 
 
 MURUSURA or MURUQUR.A^. moo-roo-soo/rj, a river Df 
 East Africa, of which little is known. 
 
 MURUTSI, moo-ront'see, or MORUTST, mo-root'sfe, an 
 African trilte. N.W. of Delagoa Bay, near lat. 25° S., and Ion. 
 28° E. They have made considerable progress in civiliza- 
 tion. They manufacture Iron and copper, converting tho 
 
 li__ 
 
MUR 
 
 MUS 
 
 former into excellent cutlery, and even castings; and the 
 latter inti) line wire, out of whicli they make beautiful 
 clastic chains. They are also ingenious workers in wood. 
 cultiT.ate tobacco ami sugar-cane, in addition to tlie ordinary 
 crops of beiu).'*, corn, millet, <fec., and have immense droves 
 of cattle. Their capital is Ivurreechane. 
 
 MUilUT. motvrut'(:o a walled town of North-West Ilindos- 
 tan. principahty and S.W. of Bhawlpoor. It is a place of 
 Importance, being both a military station, and the emporium 
 of a lar.'e trade in jjrain. 
 
 MUR/\ ALL. a postnjfRce of Rusk co., Texa.«. 
 
 MURVIKORl), mooR-ve-4Mro, (auc. Sagun'lum,) a fortified 
 town of Spain, province and 14 miles X.X.K. of Valencia, on 
 the Canales, o mile.-! from the .Mediterranean. I'op. 7470. 
 It stands at the foot of a mountain, along which run long 
 lines of wa'.ls and towers; and is noted for its Koman anti- 
 quities, comprising the remains of a theatre and a circu.s. 
 Here are also a strong .Moori.'sh ca.stle, a convent on the site 
 of a temple of Diana, and some Moorish cisterns, &c. Sa- 
 guntum was founded, u. c. 13S4, bj- the (ireelis of Ziicy nthus, 
 (Zante.) It was then a seaport, but the land has since 
 gained upon the sea, which is now above 3 miles distant. 
 iiein;; th<! first frontier town, and allied to Home, and being 
 also extremely rich, it Wiis attacked and destroyed by Han- 
 nibal, B. c. 219. It was reliuilt by the Romans, and became 
 a municipium. Of its firmer grandeur, but few and slight 
 traces remain, as it has been ever since used as a quarry by 
 Goth. Moor, and .Spaniard. 
 
 MURVIKL. miiRVe-L'l'. a town of France, department of 
 Herault. S miles N.W. of Hezieres. Pop. in 1852. 1601. 
 
 MURZUIv. a town of North Africa. See Moorzook. 
 
 MURXZCSCIILAG, mJoRt's"-<">sh-Uo\ a village of Styria, 
 on the Murz, 24 miles N.E. of Briick, with a station on the 
 railway between Vienna and Cilly. It contains a Francisian 
 convent. I'op. 900. 
 
 MU;>.\.XD.\.M, a headland of Arabia. See Mussendom. 
 
 MUSU.\.CII, moosblK, or MUSCHB.A.CI1. moosh'blK, a 
 market-town of Rhenish Uavaria, 12 miles W.N.W. of Spires. 
 
 MUS'liURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 MUSBURY, a township of hlngland, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 MUSCAT, MASKAT, or MASC-Vf, miis-kaf, (Arab. pron. 
 mj.s-kdy; Fr. Mascate, mJs'kdt'; anc. Mi>s'clta,)lbe chief city 
 of Oman, capital of the States of the Imam or Sultan of 
 Muscat, and a seaport of great commercial importance, on 
 the Indian Ocean, near the E. angle of .\rabia. Lat. 23° 34' 
 N., Ion. 68'' 51)' E. The Cove of .Muscat, as the harbor is 
 called, is an inlet of the sea, about three-fourths of a mile 
 long, with half that width, opening N.W., and conse<iuently 
 completely sheltered from the prevailing Windsor monsoons. 
 Immediately W. of this inlet is a more capacious Imy facing 
 N.E.. and therefore exposed to the winter monsoon, but 
 capable of alfordiiig shelter to shipping under those circum- 
 stances of weather whirh render it difUcult to enter the 
 cove of Muscat. The city of Mu.scat stands at the S. side 
 of the cove, in a hollow, under cliffs 400 or 500 feet high, 
 and debarred even from the view of the sea by the sur- 
 rounding high rocks. 1 ts appear,ance by no means corres- 
 ponds with its wealth and importance. A few good houses, 
 in the I'ersian style, occupy the narrow space at the water 
 side; but large and stately buildings are few, and the Sul- 
 tan's palace, (a plain edifice.) the governor's house, and a 
 few minarets alone rise above the humble mass of tlat^ 
 roofed huts or houses. The streets are extremely narrow, 
 so that a few palm-leaves laiil across between the hou.ses 
 al)Ove completely .screen them from the sun. Mu.scat Ls one 
 of the hottest placi'S in the world. The thermometer, in 
 the shade, rarely descends below 90°. To Europeans the 
 climate is insupportiible. But, on the other hand, the ex- 
 cellence of the port, and its convenient position near the 
 entrance of the rer.sian Gulf, will always make it iuiport- 
 ant as a stition for shipping. It is also naturally strong, 
 and. in European hands, could be made impregnable. Of 
 water a autficient supply is obtained from wells about 40 
 feet deep. At the bottom of the bay, on the W., is the 
 town of Muttra. distant, by land, aljout three miles from 
 Muscat, of which it may be considered as a suburb, and 
 little, if at all, inferior to it in population. Here are the 
 docks for building and repairing shipping. Muscat is the 
 grand emporium of l'>ast .\rabia. and the key to the entrance 
 of the i'ersian Gulf Imports have been estimated at about 
 $4,000,000 in value annually, and consist chiefly of almonds. 
 aloes, a.ssaf etida. gum ammoniac, sulphur, nitre, gum copal, 
 frankincense, coffee, pearl.«, ivory, horns, hides, wax from 
 Persia and Africa, most of which are re-exported to India 
 and the East; the returns thence being made in British and 
 Indian cotton goods, shawls, and China manufactures. 
 Large quantities of date.s, as also wheat, horses, salt, and 
 dried fish, are among the principal exports. The port is 
 usually touched at by ve.«sels going up the Persian Gulf 
 The combined population of Muscat. Muttra. and interven- 
 ing villiiges, has been variously estimated from 25,000 to 
 60,000. 
 
 In the latter half of the last century, Muscat had already 
 attained, under a ruler who bore the religious title of Imam, 
 the eminence to which, as a seaport, it is entitled, for its 
 
 security and convenient situation. In ISOS. Seld Saeed. the 
 present ruler, succeeded to the sovereignty, having removed 
 his cousin Bedr, who had a prior title, by assassination. 
 His dominion is somewhat .singular in its nature, and almost 
 wholly maritime. It commences on the E. coast of .4.frica, 
 at the river Mozimbue, about 60 miles S. of Cape Delgado, 
 and continues N. as far as the e<iuutor. This, however, 
 does not imply any territorial possession beyond what is 
 ueci'ssary to secure the trade of the coast. A large portion 
 <if the coast of the Persian Gulf likewi.se acknowledges his 
 sway; so th.it Oman and the African islands. Zanzibar, 
 Monfia, and I'emba included, the coiists ruled by him, 
 (though for the most part only commercially,) cannot have 
 an extent of less than 3000 miles. (See next article.) 
 
 MUSCAT or MUSKAT, IMAMAT OF, the name by which 
 is commonly known an extensive and powerful state of 
 Arabia, comprising the E. portion of that peninsula, its au- 
 thority also extending over its S.E. coast nearly as far as 
 Aden, and over parts of the coast of Persia on the Persian 
 Gulf, and that of East .\frira from the equator S. to Cape 
 Delg.ido. Area and population not ascertained. Besides 
 .Muscat, the capital, this dominion comprises the towns of 
 Ilostjik and Muttra in Arabia, and .luba, .Meliiida, Mombas, 
 .M.agadoxo, Bravnh, Quiloa, and Lindy in Africa, with the 
 islands of Zanziliar, Socotra, &c. It has an active trade 
 with all the adjacent countries, and wi(h Briti.sh India. The 
 lm6m, (or Iniaum.) or. more properly speaking, the Sultan, 
 has a patriarchal and despotic sway. In order to enforce his 
 authority over this widely-spread empire, he has provided a 
 naval force unexampled in the East. He pds.sesses an 84 
 gun ship, two 74's. several frigates, and, alti gether, 50 or 60 
 square-rigged vessels carrying guns, and most of them built 
 at liombtiy, after European models. 
 
 Although his government is commonly known as the 
 Imamat of Muscat, it should be oliseived that Sultan Seid 
 Saeed has never assumed the religious title of Im&m. which 
 is often erroneously bestowed on him. nor does he style him 
 self Sultan of Muscat. Indeed the island of Zanzibar has 
 now become the seat of his central government, his chief 
 source of revenue, and principal residence. 
 
 MUSCAT' ATUC or MUSliAKMTUCK. a river of Indiana, 
 rises in Ripley co., and flowing south-westerly, enters the 
 Driftwood Fork of AVhite River, near the S. boundary of 
 Jiickson CO. The Indian name is Mesh-ca-que-tuck, i. e. 
 " Pond River." 
 
 MUSCATINE, mils'k.ateen/, a county in the E.S.E. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Illinois, has an area of 450 square miles. 
 The Mi.ssissippi River, whiih makes a great bend opposite 
 the county, forms its south-eastern boundary for a distance 
 of about 40 miles, and it is intersected V)y Red Cedar Kiver. 
 Thi? surface is generally rolling, and diversified with groves 
 of trees and extensive prairies ; the soil is exceedingly fertile. 
 Extensive bcils of stone-co.al and quarries of freestone and 
 limestone are found. This county is traversed by ihe Mis- 
 sissippi and Jlissouri Iliver Railroad. Capital, Muscatine. 
 Poi>. 16.444. 
 
 MUSC.\TINE, formerly BLOOM^NGTON, a flourishing 
 city and river-port of Iowa, capital of Muscatine co., is 
 situated on the right bank of the Mississippi. 300 miles above 
 St. Louis, and 26 miles below Davenport. Commencing at 
 the head of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, the river 
 may be traceil in a direction almost due west for more than 
 40 miles, until it strikes a series of bi Id rocky bluffs, by 
 which its course is suddenly turned towards the S. At the 
 apex of this bend, on the summit of these bluffs, is situated 
 the city of Muscatine. The place was first settled by the 
 whites in 1836. previous to which time it had been an Indian 
 trading post, known by the name of Manatheka. It is now 
 one of the most populous and commercial towns of the state, 
 and is the shipping point for an extensive and fertile 
 territory. In consequence of the bend in the river, Musca- 
 tine is nearer the centre of the state than the other ports 
 on the Mississippi, and it naturally commands the tr.ide of 
 two great fluvial divisions of Iowa, namely, the valleys of 
 the Red Cedar and Iowa Rivers. There are two steam saw- 
 mills in the city, that turn out about 4.000,000 feet of 
 lumber annually. The logs are obtained chiefly from 
 Wisconsin, above the Falls of St. Anthony. About 10,000,000 
 feet of lumber are sold hcie yearly, besides large quantities 
 of laths,shingles,and wooden ware. The pork and grain trade 
 of Muscatine is also very considerable. About 70,0i.i0 hogs 
 were slaughtered and packed at this point last season (IStiJ). 
 Tlie cky lias superior railroad advantages, having two lines 
 completed to the interior of* the State — one via Iowa City 
 to Grinnell, and the other to Washington. A railroad 
 directly North, up the Cedar Valley, has been commenced, 
 and another to Galesburg. Illinois, is projected. Muscatine 
 has a good landing for steamboats navigating the Missis- 
 sippi. 'The town contains about 13 churches of 9 or 10 de- 
 nominations, 2 or 3 banks, several academies, about CO 
 stoi-es, and numerous factories and mills; 2 newsiiapers 
 are published here, one of which is a daily. ln<'orporated 
 a city in 1853. Population in 18C0, 532^1, in lS6,=i, about 
 7600. 
 
 MUSCLE Craiis'sgl) SHOALS, a term applied to an exten- 
 
 1263 
 
MUS 
 
 MUS 
 
 dve eerips of rapids In the Tennessee River, between Laucler- 
 dale aiKl Lawrence counties. Alabama. Tiie river has a 
 dcscrtut of al)Out lIXl feet in the cour.«e of 20 miles, and no 
 boat« can pnss over the shoals except in the hiirhest stages 
 of water. The channel, at this place, varies from 1 to 2 
 miles in width, but at the lower termination of the shoals 
 it is contracted to half a mile. The bluffs on each side are 
 composi-d of an upper stratum of flint, and a lower stratum 
 of fine limestone. About the year 1840, a canal. 12 miles 
 long, was constructed around the shoals on the N. side of 
 the river; but, unfortunately, the locks were made too 
 short to admit even the smallest steamboats that navigate 
 the river. It was soon abandoned, and the channel hsis 
 been fiUiuK up for the hist 10 years. Thousands of wild 
 geese and ducks re.=ort to this locality to feed on th« species 
 of shell-t).sh. from wliich the name of Muscle Shoals is deriveil. I 
 
 MCSCO'D.4^, a post-village and township of Grant co.. 
 Wisconsin, on the left bank of Wisconsin Kiver, and on the 
 Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Railroad, oO miles N.X.K; 
 of Lancaster, and 6i miles W. of Madison. The village has 
 3 stores. Total pof.ulation 668. 
 
 MUSCOGEE, mus-ko'ghee, a county in the W. part of 
 Georgia, contains about 400 square miles. The Chatta- 
 hoocliee Kiver forms its W. boundary, and separates it from 
 Alabama, and it is also drained by Upatoi, Randall's, and 
 Nocheefalooohee Creeks. The soil varies from the richest 
 mould to the poorest sand. The county contains granite, 
 hornblende, iron, agate, jasper, chalcedony, and other 
 miner.ils. This county is the most populous in the state 
 except Chatham. It is intersected by the Muscogee Rail- 
 road, which terminates at Columbus, the county seat. 
 Organized in 1826, and named from a tribe of the Creek 
 Indians. Population, 16.584, of whom 913i) were free, and 
 7445 slaves. 
 
 JICSCOXET'CONQ, a river in the N.W. part of New 
 Jersey, issues from Hopatcong Pond, between Morris 
 and Sussex counties, flows south-westward, forming the 
 boundary between Warren county on the right, and Morris 
 and Hunterdon on the left, and empties itself into the 
 Delaware about 10 miles below Easton. The length is near 
 50 miles. It drains a narrow valley, bouuded by parallel 
 ridges, and affords extensive water-power. 
 
 JIUS'COVY, a name sometimes given to Russia, derived 
 apparently from Moscow, the ancient capital of the empire. 
 See RcssiA. 
 
 MUSEilOS, moo-si'roce, a village of Spain, province and 6 
 miles v. of Valencia, about 1 mile from the sea. Pop. 1000. 
 
 .Ml'S'GK.WE, Great, a parish of England, co. of West- 
 moreland. 2 miles W..S.W. of Brongh. It takes its name 
 from the Musgrave family, who came into England with 
 William the Conqueror. 
 
 MUSH, a town of Asi.itic Turkey. See Moosh. 
 
 MUSHAKH, mush'dk'. a group of islands in Africa, off the 
 E. coast of Abyssinia : lat. 11<= 43' X., Ion. i3P 19' E. 
 
 MUSHAX'XON CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in the 
 central part of the state, and enters the ^Vest Branch of the 
 Susfjuehanna Kiver. 
 
 ML'^il CUEEK, a postofflce of Greenville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ML'SIIKD, a city of Xorth-East Persia. See Meshed. 
 
 MUSHKD-I-SIR, mrih-shed'ee-seer, a maritime town of 
 Persia, province of Mazanderan, 10 miles X of Balfroosh. 
 consisting of aliout 200 houses scattered around the Babel 
 River at its mouth in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 36° 45' X., Ion. 
 52^ 50' E. 
 
 MUSIl'KEE RIVER, of Wisconsin. See Mautaisk River. 
 
 MUSHU'LAVILLE, post-village, Xoxnl.ee ro.. Mi-^sissippi. 
 
 MUS.JID. mus'jid\ or MESJID ALI, written also MUS- 
 JEED. i anc. Akxanhiria f) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic 
 of Bagdad, 28 miles S. of the ruins of Babylon. It is enclosed 
 by walls flanked with towers .ind a ditch, end is mostly built 
 Of brick. Principal edifice, the tomb of AH. which continu- 
 ally attracts hither numerous pilarrims of the Sheeah (Sbiah) 
 sect. Under the name of Hira. this town was the capital of 
 Arab and Christian dynasties, until taken by the Saracens 
 in 032. 
 
 MU.S.7ID HOSSEiy, mus'jid^ hos's^ine. or KEKBELA. 
 ker-bi'll (anc. Vologefsia.) a town of Asiatic Turkey, 28 miles 
 N.W. of Babylon, in a well-cultivated tract, and containing 
 the mosque and tomb of Hossein, son of Ali, greatly vene- 
 rated bv the Sheeahs. 
 
 MUSiCAKITUCK. See Mcscatatpc. 
 
 MUSK.\U. mOC.s'kow, a town of Prussian Silesia, 67 miles 
 W.X.W. of Liegnitz, capital of a principalitv on the Xeisse. 
 Pop. 2037. It has a palace of Prince Pukl'er Muskau, also 
 manufactures of woollen cloths, and mineral springs. 
 
 MUSKEli/GO, a township of Watikesha co., AVisconsin. 
 Pop. 1384. 
 
 MUSKEEGO CEXTRE, a post-village of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin, on Muskeego Lake, 15 miles S.W. of Milwaukee, 
 with which it is connected by a plank-road. 
 
 MUSKEEGOO, a post-office of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MUSKh'GOX, a post-village, capital of Muskegon CO., 
 Michigan, on a river ol the same name, 5 miles from Lake 
 Michigan. It has 5 chtirches, 1 bank, Ac. See Appendix. 
 1264 
 
 MUSKER/RT, -» mountainous district of Ireland, In the 
 centre of the county of Cork. Area alwut 311.000 acres. 
 Pop. 90.511. It is divided into the bai-onies of East and 
 West Muskerry. 
 
 JU'SK'KT. a post-office of Navarro co.. Texas. 
 
 MUSK'HAM, .North, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 MUSKHAM, South, a parish of En.dand. co. of Notts. 
 
 MUSKIL/LO, NAMOO, XAMOU. nd'moo'. or ODIA. o'de-a, 
 an island group in the North Pacific, belonging to the Mul- 
 grave -Archipelago, about lat. 8^ N., and Ion! 16.S° E. 
 
 MUSKINGUM, miis-king'gCim, a river of Ohio, and one 
 of the largest atfluents which the Ohio Kiver i-eceives from 
 that state. Its main branches, the Tuscarawas and Wal- 
 honding Rivers, rise in the X. part of the stat'? and unit© 
 at Coshocton. From that point the course of the river is 
 nearly S.E., and it flows through a beautiful, fertile, and 
 populous region, (in many jxtrts of which stone-coal is abun- 
 dant.) nntil it enters the Ohio, at Marietta. The main stream 
 is about 110 miles long, and 225 yards wide near its mouth. 
 Steamboats ascend as hiirh as Dresden, a distance of about 
 95 miles. The navigation has been improved by the con- 
 struction of dams, and a sidecut has been opened "from Dres- 
 den to the Ohio Canal. 
 
 MU.-^KIXGUM. a county in the E. central part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 610 square miles. It is traversed from N. to 
 S. by the .Muskingum River, and also draiueil by Licking 
 River, .ind by Wills. Tomoka. and Jonathan Creeks. The 
 surface is agreeably diversified. The soil contains a large 
 portion of clay, and is very productive. Bituminous coal 
 and iron ore abound in this division of the state. Salt is 
 procured by boring into strata of sandstone to. the depth of 
 several hundred feet. The county is intersected bv the Ohio 
 Catial. and by the Central Railroad, and in part "by 2 other 
 railroads extending to Cincinnati, Pittsburg, &c. Capital. 
 Zanesville. Pop. 44,416. 
 
 MUSKIXGU.M, R post-township in the N. part of Mtiskin- 
 gum CO., Ohio. Pop. 1230. 
 
 MUSO or MUZO, moo'so. a .small town of New Granada, 
 derartinent of Boyaca, 65 miles W.S.W. of Tunja, on an 
 affluent of the Magdalena. 
 
 MUSONE, moo-so^nA, a small river of Austrian Italy, 
 enters the A'enetian lagoon 3 miles W. of Venice, after a 
 S.E. course of 35 miles; one arm of it joining the Brenta 
 Canal. 
 
 MUSONE. a small river of Central Tt.aly, JIarches, enter* 
 the Adriatic 12 miles S.E. of .Ancona, after an E. course of 
 35 miles. Under the French, it gave name to a department, 
 having for its capital Macerata. 
 
 MUSK. See Egypt. 
 
 MUSS.AL.A, mtts-s.'lll, a town of West Africa, Senegambia, 
 on the Senegal, 8 miles E. of Fort St. Joseph. 
 
 MUSSBACH. moos'bdK, a village of Bavaria. 10 miles S. 
 of Xeustadt. in the midst of vinevards. Pop. 2088. 
 
 MUSSELBUKGH. mris/.-;el-bur-rrih, formerly ESKmOUTII, 
 a royal and parliamentary 'borough and seaport town of Scot- 
 Land. CO. and 6 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1851. 7090. 
 It st.tnds on the Frith of Forth, at the estuary of the Esk, 
 and has three bridges, (one supixised to be a Koman struc- 
 ture.) connecting with it the suburb of Fisher-Row; a cu- 
 rious Tolbooth. built in the year 1590, of materials from the 
 ancient .Scottish chapel of IjOretto. It has some manufac- 
 tures of .sailnloth, hair-cloth, hat.i, and leather. Exports 
 chiefly of coal, wrought in the vicinity. The l>orongh unites 
 with Leith and Portobcllo in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. The battle of Pinkie, in which the 
 English defeated the Scotch, A. r>. 1547, was fought in the 
 imnuM.iiate vicinity; also that of Preslonpans. 
 
 MU.SSEXDO.M. mus'sfn-doin'. MUSSELDU.M. miisVl-dom', 
 or MUSAXDAM, moo-s3n-ddm', CAPE, a headland of Arabia, 
 on an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf lat. 26° 
 24' N.. Ion. 56° 34' E. It is an abrupt basaltic rock, 200 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 MUSSID.AN, miis^seeMSy"', a town of France, department 
 of Dordoene. 19 miles S.W. of Perigueux, on the Isle. Pop. 
 in 1852, 1744. 
 
 MCSSOMELLT. mtis-so-mfllee. a town of Sicily, province 
 and 19 miles W.N.AV. of Caltanisetta. Pop. <J2yO. 
 
 SnJSSOX, miis'sAx"'. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Luxemburg, 11 miles S.S.W. of .Arlon. Pop. 1455. 
 
 MUSSY-SUR-SEIXE. miis'see'-suR-.siln. a village of France, 
 department of Aube. 10 miles S.S.E. of Bai^sur-Seine. Pou 
 1795. 
 
 .MUSST-SOUS-DUN, mUsVe'-soo-driN". a village of France, 
 department of Saone-et- Loire, 14 miles S. of CharoUes. Pop. 
 1580. 
 
 MUS^TANO'. a post-office of Lavacca co., Texas. 
 
 MUSTANG BAY'OU, (bi'oo.) of Brazoria co., Texas, flows 
 through Chocolate Bav into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 MU^l'.ANG CREEK, Texas flows into the Navidad from 
 the N.E.. a few miles above Te.xana. 
 
 MUSTAPHABAD. mtis^i-fi-bid'. a consider.ible town of 
 N.M'. Hindostun. Sikh territorv. 25 miles E..S.E. of Umballah. 
 
 MUSTAPHA PASHA, mii.^'til'fi pl'sha\ a town of Eurt.>- 
 pean Turkey, Room-Elee, on the Maritza, 20 miles N.W. of 
 Adrianople. Pop. 2000. 
 
MUS 
 
 MYS 
 
 MUSTAPIIA rASHA. (PAi.\?fKA,) mfis'ti^fa pil'shi^ pj- 
 Iln'ki, a town of Eavopean Turkey, Room-Klee, on the Nis- 
 sava, 20 miles B.E. of Nissa. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MUSTON, a pai-ish of England, co. of Leice.«ter. 5f miles 
 W.N.W. of (Jr.uitham. The poet Crubbe died rector of this 
 parish in 1S33. 
 
 MUSTOX, a parish of England, co. of York, East Ridinff. 
 
 MUSTUXG, masHaug'. a town of Tliibet, near the sup- 
 posed source of the Guixluck. Lat. 29=' 52' N., ion. 83° .5' E. 
 
 MUSTUNO, mrisHuiip:', a town of Beloochistan, province 
 of Sarawan, 7 miles N.E. of Kelat. on the route to Shawl, 
 and consisting of about 400 houses. 
 
 MUSZYXA. moo-sho(?'n.i, a town of Austrian Oalioia. circle 
 and 18 miles S.S.E. of Sandec, on the Poprad. Pop. 1700. 
 
 MUTAPILLY, a town of India. See Mootapii.ly. 
 
 MCTKi>DU, moo-te-o-doo'(?) a town of South India, Mysore 
 dominions. 40 miles W.S.W. of Chitteldroop;. 
 
 JIUT'FORB, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, with a 
 station on a branch of the Eastern Counties Railway, 4j 
 miles E.S.E. of Beeclcs. 
 
 MUT'IIILL. a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 4 miles 8, of Crieff, beautifully .situated, and remarkably 
 well built. Pop. of the village about 1000, In its vicinity 
 are the fine remains of Drummond Castle, 
 
 MUTII'VEY, three small rivers of Wales, counties of 
 Carmarthen. Cardigan, and Merioneth: the two former 
 tributary to the Towy, the last to the Avon, 
 
 MUTIGNAN'O, moo-teen-y.Vno, a town of Naple.s, province 
 of Abruzzo Ultra II.. 21 miles E.S.E. of Teramo, Pop, 1500. 
 
 MUTINA. See Modk.va. 
 
 MUTOVA, moo-to'vd(?) one of the Koorlle Islands, in the 
 North Pacific Ocean, belonging to Russia, nearly intermeili- 
 ate between Japan and Kamtchatka. Length 20 miles. It 
 has an .active volcano and fertile valleys. 
 
 MUTSCIIEN. See Mutzche.\. 
 
 MUTSIIKOVO, mootsh-ko/vo, called also MOSHKOVA, a 
 market-town of Russia, government of Tver, 22 miles N, of 
 Staritsa. Pop. 2100. 
 
 MUTTR,\, a town of India, See'MATEiURA. 
 
 BIUTTERSDORK, moot'ters-doRf^ a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia, circle and 27 miles \V,N,W, of Klattau, on the Gold- 
 brunnenbach. Pop. 994. 
 
 MUTXEKSHOI.Z, moot/ters-h<ilts\ (Fr. pron. mUtH^R^- 
 hol/,',1 a village of B'rance, department of Bas-Khin, on the 
 111. Pop. 1980. 
 
 MUTl'KRSTADT, moot/ter-stidtt'. amarkeUown of Rhe- 
 nish Bavari.a, 6 miles S.W.'of Mannheim. Pop. 2700. 
 
 MUTTN'E, moot/nA^, a village of Hungary, co. and about 
 10 miles from Arva, Pop. 13i38. 
 
 MUTTOX ISLAND, a fortified islet in Galway Bay, Ire- 
 land, Connausht. co. and Ij miles S. of Galway. It has a 
 lighthouse, with a fixed light. Lat. 53° 15' 14" N., Ion, 9° 3' 
 26" W. 
 
 MUTTRA. mut'tra, MATTRAII, mlt'trl, or MATARAII, 
 mS'tA-rJ. a populous town of East Arabia, dominions and 3 
 miles .S.VV. of Muscat. 
 
 MU/TUAL, a pnst-ofBee of Champaign co., Ohio. 
 
 MUTWAL, mutVjl/, (Hindoo Miihativdram. moo-h,'lt-w3- 
 rim',) an island of Iliudostan, in the Gulf of Manaar, sepa- 
 rated from Calpentyn by a narrow strait, about 10 miles 
 long, and from 2 to 3 miles broad. 
 
 BIUTZIG, miit'zeeg'. a town of France, department of 
 Bas-Rhin. on the Bruche, 13 miles W.S.W. of Strasbourg. 
 Pop. in 1S54, 3S68, many of whom are employed in a na- 
 tional manufactory of fire-arms. 
 
 MUTZCHEN, nioot'shen, or MUTSCIIEX, moflt'chen, a 
 town of Saxony. 22 miles E.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1522. 
 
 MUY, Le, leh-mwee. (L. CasHrnm Je. Modi'not) a town of 
 Fraice, department of Var, 5 miles S.E, of Draguignan. It 
 contains a famous tower, in which seven Provencals, after 
 failing in au attempt to assassinate the Emperor Charles V., 
 shut themselves >ip. and defended themselves against his 
 army until five of them were mortally wounded. Pop. 1899. 
 
 MUYSEN, moi'zen, a village of Belgium, province of Bra- 
 bant, on the Dyle, near the railway from Louvain to Mech- 
 lin, 13 miles N. of Brussels. Pop. 1760. 
 
 MUZAR, mooV.ar'(?) a town of Bokhara, on the canal and 
 12 miles E.S.E, of Balkh, consists of about 500 houses, 
 
 MUZILL.\C, miiV.ee^yJk', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of >iorbihan, 14 miles S.E. of A'iinnes, and about 
 3 miles from the mouth of the AMlaine, Pop, 1213, 
 
 MUZI), a town of New Granada, See Muso, 
 
 JlUZirPFERNUGGER, moo-zuf ffr-nQg'gher, a populous 
 town of British India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Pro- 
 vinces. 44 miles S. of Seharunpoor. 
 
 MUZUFFIRABAD, See Mazufurabad. 
 
 MUZUFFERPOOR, moo-ziif-fer-poor', a town of British 
 India, province of B.ahar, 35 miles N,N.E. of Patn.a, 
 
 MYACONDA, mi-d-kon'da, a town and fort of India, My- 
 sore dominions, 22 miles W.N.W. of Chitteldroog. 
 
 ]MYAN-AONG, nii-.^n'd-ong', or MEYAIIOON, ml'd-hoon', 
 a decayed town of the Burmese dominions, province of 
 Pegu, on the W. bank of the Irrawaddy, 38 miles S.S.E, of 
 Prome. 
 
 MYCEN j;, mi-seo'nee, (Gr. Mux/jtai, Mukenai,) a ruined 
 4E 
 
 city of Greece, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Argos 
 situated in the Morea. (Peloponnesus,) government and 5 
 miles N,>r.E. of Argos, near the village of Krabata. and with 
 Tiryns, only a few miles distant, presenting some of the 
 most remarkable Pelasgian remains extant, comprising the 
 whole circuit of the ancient citadel, the treasury of Atreua, 
 and some smaller buildings.— -Adj. and inhal) MvCKNiAX, 
 mf-se-nee'an, 
 
 MYCUNUS, mik'o-nus, 5IIC0NI, MYCONI or MYCONE, 
 raik'o-uee, (Gr. M'KOvns, MakOniJs.) au island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, government of Syra, among the North Cyclades, 
 5 miles S.E. ofTinos. Area 45 square miles. Pop. 6000; of 
 whom about 5000 are in the town of Mycone, on its W. side. 
 The island is of granite formation, and produces only a little 
 corn, but has an active export tra<le in wine, figs, and hides, 
 and abounds with game. It has several good ports, viz., 
 those of the town of Jlycone, Onos, Port Palermo on the 
 N., iind St. Anne on its S.E. side. 
 
 MYU'Jll.M, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 MYDRECUT. mi'drSKt, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince and 14 miles N.N.W, of Utrecht, Pop. 2359. 
 
 MYEK, miAr, MYIIAR, mi/har\ or MYIIUR, miaiQr\ a 
 town of llindiisttm, presidency of Bengal, province and 105 
 miles S.W. of Allahabad. It is enclosed by a mud wall, and 
 defended by a small but strong fort, 
 
 JIV'ER.s'lJUR(), a pos^office of Bradford co.. Pa, 
 
 MYKRSCOUGII, mi/ers-koff, a township of England, co. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 MYEirs MILL, a village in Potawatomie co., Iowa, 40 
 miles N.E. by E. of Council Bluffs. 
 
 .MVER/S BULLS, a po.st-ollice of Vermilion co., Illinoi.s. 
 
 MV'iOltSTOWN, a post-village of Lebanon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the turnpike from Lebanon to Reading, 31 miles 
 E. of Ilarrisburg, It is surrounded by rich, well cultivated 
 farms. A newspaper is published here. Pop. 1035. 
 
 MY'ERSVILLE, a post-ofiico of Frederick co., Maryland, 
 
 MYGONIUM. See Mauathosisi. 
 
 MYL.E. See Milazzo. 
 
 MYL.VU, mee'low, or MUIILAU, moolclw, a town of Saxo- 
 ny. 10 miles N.N.E. of Plauen. Pop. 2011, 
 
 MY LOR/, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 MYLOS. mee'los, a village of Greece, Morea, government 
 and i\ miles S. of Argos, near the Lernean Marsh, (where 
 Hercules destroyed tlie Hydra.) Here, in the late Greek 
 struggle, Ypsilanti, with 600 men, defeated Egyptian troops 
 of double that force. 
 
 M YMU.N'SINGII, ml-man-sing', a district of British India, 
 intersected by the Brahmapooti-a, Area 5000 sijuare miles, 
 
 MYMUNSINGH or NU.S.SERABAD, nus-ser-d-bld', the 
 chief town of the above district, is on the right bank of the 
 Brahmapootra, 84 miles N.N.W. of Dacca. 
 
 MYN VDD.MAEN, mm'iTU-min\ a hamlet of England, cc. 
 of Monmouth. 
 
 MYNYDUYSLWYN, mjuMTn-dis^win, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Moumovith. 
 
 MYO, mi'o, a small island of the Mal.ay Archipelago, be- 
 tween Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 1° 10' N., Inn. 126° 40' E, 
 
 MYOO, mi'oo/, a river of Aracan, British India, enters the 
 Bay of Bengal about 20 miles W. of the mouth of the Ara- 
 can River, after a S, course of 110 miles, navigable for tha 
 last 30 for vessels of between 150 and 200 tons. 
 
 MYOS HORMOS, mi/os hor'mos, a port of Egypt, on coe 
 Red Sea, nearly opposite its bifurcation into the Gulfs of 
 Suez and Akabah, and anciently famous as an emporium 
 of the trade between Egypt and India, but now wholly 
 uninhabited. 
 
 MVRA. mee'r3(?) a decayed town of Asia Minor, on its S. 
 coast, lat. 36-> 17' -N., Ion. 30° 3' E. 
 
 MY'R.\. a post-office of Shelby co., Alabama, 
 
 >IYR/ICK'S, a station of the Fall River New Bedford and 
 Taunton Railroad, 12 miles from Fall River. 
 
 MY'ROSS. a parish of Ireland, Munster, co, of Cork. 
 
 MYRTILIS. See Mertola. 
 
 MYRTLE BAYOU, (bl'oo.) of St, Mary's parish, Louisiana, 
 flows into the Gulf of Mexico, 
 
 MYRTLE CREEK, a post-office of Douglass CO., Oregon. 
 
 MYRTLE SPRINGS, a post-ofllce of Bowie co., Texas. 
 
 MYSLENICE. mis-lA-neet'si, a town of Austrian Poland, 
 Galioia, 18 miles S. of Cracow. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MYSLOWITZ, mis1o-«;its\ a market-town of Prussian Si- 
 lesia, government of Oppcln, on the Polish frontier, and 
 with a station on the Breslau and Cracow Railroad, 116 
 miles S.E. of Breslau. Pop. 2580. Near it are mia'-s of coal 
 and zinc. 
 
 MYSOL, mrsol', an island of the Malay Archipelago, N. 
 ofCeram. Lat. 2° S., Ion. 1.30° E, Length 50 miles, breadth 
 15 miles. It has several villages and harbors, and exports 
 birds, pearls, shells, and slaves. 
 
 ilYSORE, mrsor', (Hindoo Mahtshasno'ra). a state of .South 
 India, subsidiary to the British, consisting of a table land 
 between lat. 11° 35' and l.'S° N., and Ion. 74° 45' and 78° 45' R. 
 Enclosed everywhere by the Madras territories, and bounded 
 E. and W. by the Ghauts. Surface generally undulating, 
 and at Bangalore 3000 feet above the sea. Area 30.886 square 
 miles. Pop, 3,000,000. The principal rivers, (the Cavery, and 
 
 1265 
 
MYS 
 
 othm-s.) have all a N.K. or S. E. course. Much of the country 
 Is overrun with jungle. The .''.i! consists of a vegetable 
 mould, 100 feet thick, an inexhaustible source of fertility. 
 Rice, sesamum, betel, sugar, tobacco, ginger, fruits, variuus 
 drugs", and some European grains, are raised. Iron, granite, 
 and po(>stone, are abundant. The inhabitants are ni'istly 
 Hindoos, but in and about the towns are many Mohamme- 
 dans. Annual revenue estimated at 800.000/. Subsidiary 
 to the Anglo-Indian army, 400 cavalry, and 4 regiments of 
 infantry are maintained for home service. Chief cities and 
 towns, Seringapatam, (the capital,) Bangalore, (the resi- 
 dence of a British commissioner.) Mysore, Bednore, and 
 Chitteldroog. Ilyder Ali resisted the British power in 
 this part of India from 1780; on the death of his son, Tip- 
 poo Saib, in 1799, a large extent of territory was ceded; the 
 Btate became subsidiary to the British, and the young heir 
 of the ancient Ilajahs was restored. 
 
 MYSOllE, a town of South India, state of Mysore, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Seringapatam. Under Ilyder Ali and Tippoo, it fell 
 Into decay, but it has latterly regained importance, and con- 
 sists of a well-built native town, a fort, and a good suburb, 
 in which is the British residency. 
 MYSORE ISL.\ND. See Schouten Island. 
 MYSTIC, mis'tik, a river of New London co., Connecti- 
 cut, unites with the sea 5 miles W. of Stoningtoa. It is 
 navigable for vessels of 400 tons to Mystic Bridge. 
 
 MY'STIC, a pleasant and thriving post-village, New Lon- 
 don CO., Connecticut, on both sides of Mystic Kiver, and on 
 the railroad from New London to Stonington, about 8 miles 
 E. by S. of the former, and 'i miles from the sea. There are 
 two poft-offlces in tlie village, namely, " Mystic River," in 
 Groton, and " Mystic Bridge,' in Stonington. The E. part 
 is in the township of Stonington, and the W. part Ls in Gro- 
 ton. The river is navigable to the village for vessels of 400 
 tons, and the chief industry of the inhabitants is directed to 
 commerce and ship building. Slany steamboats are built 
 here. A bridge across the river connects the two portions 
 of the village. Mystic contains 4 churches, 2 baulss, 4 ship 
 
 NAD 
 
 yards, 1 woollen factory, and several machine shops and 
 foundries. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 MYSTIC, a post-village of New London co., Connecticut, 
 sometimes calleil " IIe:i<l of Mystic," is situated at the head 
 or N. end of Mystic Kiver, (an inlet of the sea) about 10 
 miles E.N.E. of New London. It contains a bank and 3 
 churches, and has some manufactories. Tlio name of the 
 post-iillice is Mystic. 
 
 MYSTIC BRIDGE, a post-oflRce of New London co., Con- 
 necticut, on the E. side of .Mystic Kiver, in Stonington town- 
 ship. 
 
 MYSTIC RIVER, a post-office of New London co., Con- 
 necticut, near the mouth of the river of its own name, in 
 the village of Mystic. 
 
 .MYSTIC VILLAGE, a manufacturing village of New 
 London co., Connecticut, on Mystic River, N. of Mystic 
 Bridge. 
 
 MYSZYNIEC, me-shin'y?ts, or MYSZNIEC, mlsh/ne-StsX?) 
 a town of Poland, province of Plock, 25 miles N.N.W. of 
 Ostrolenka. 
 
 MYTICIIY, me-teo'chee', a village of Ru.ssia. government 
 and 14 miles N.E. of JIoscow, which is hence supplied with 
 water by means of an aqueduct. 
 
 MYTILENE, an island of Greece. See Mitylen'e. 
 
 MY\VOOULA, a small island of the Feejee group; lat. 18° 
 50' S., Ion. 1780 10' E. 
 
 MYZUM, mifsoom,or MYZUN, mifsoon, a village of Aus- 
 tria, Galioia, circle and about 40 miles from Stry, with iron- 
 mines and malleable iron works. 
 
 MSZKZOXOW, mshrl-zo'uov, sometimes written MZCZA 
 NOW, niv>z-chi/nov, or .MZCZOXOW, a town of Kus.sian Po- 
 land, 30 miles S.W. of Wur.saw, with the old castle of Radzie- 
 lowice. Pop. 1050. 
 
 MZCZAXOW or MZKZONOW. See Mszrzo.now. 
 
 MZEXSK or MTZENSK, m"tsin.sk, a town of i.jssia, go- 
 vernment and 30 miles N.E. of Orel, on the Mzena. Pop. 
 0000. It has a large trade in corn and hemp, and waa 
 formerly important as a military post. 
 
 N 
 
 NAAI5, n.Jh, or NAB, n3b, (Ger. pron. njp.) a navigable 
 river of Bavaria, joins the Danube, 3 miles \V. of Katis- 
 bon, after a S. course of 90 miles. 
 
 NAAF, ndf, or TEK-NAAF, tJk-n.if. a river of British 
 India, Aracjin, enters the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, at 
 Mungdoo, after .i S. course of 50 miles. It is broaii, navi- 
 gable, and has densely wooded banks. 
 
 NAAGIII, n.i'ghee. a vill.ige of Afghanistan, 17 miles 
 S.W. of Bjyoor." Lat. 34° 49' N., Ion. 71° 15' E. Some au- 
 thorities have supposed it to be the Aornus of the histo- 
 rians of Alexander, the capture of which was one of his 
 most extraordinary exploits. 
 
 NAALDWYK or NAALDWIJK, n|lf wlk. a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of South Holland, 13 miles W.N.W. 
 of Rotterdam. Pop. 3305. 
 
 NAAMAN'S (uA/manz) CREEK, a post-village and rail- 
 road station of New Cistle CO., Delaware, on the Philadelphia 
 Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. 
 
 NA.\KDE\. ndR'den, a fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 province of North Holland, capital of a district near the 
 Zuyder-Zee. 12 miles E..S.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2590. 
 
 NAAS, n.ice. a market-town and parish of Ireland, Lein- 
 gter, CO. of Kildare, on a branch of the Grand Canal, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Dublin. . Pop. of the town in 1851, 2971. It gives 
 the title of Viscount to the Earl of Mayo. 
 
 NAAST, ndst, a village of Belgium, province of Ilalnaut, 
 on the Senne, 10 miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 1458. 
 
 NAATJ'SAY, a post-township in Kendall co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1021. 
 
 NAB-LIGHT, a floating beacon in the English Channel, 
 2 miles off the E. end of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 NABAJOA, ni-vd-Ho'd, a river of Upper California, joins 
 the Colorado Kiver, lat. 37° N.. Ion. 112° W., after a west- 
 ward course estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 NABAJOA INDIANS, a tribe of California, dwelling 
 principally on the banks of the above river. 
 
 NABAIj, ni^bil', a maritime town of North Africa, domi- 
 nion and 43 miles S.E. of Tunis, on the Gulf of Sidra. Near 
 It are vestiges of the ancient Neaj)>oUs. 
 
 N.^BBUKG. nip'pooRO, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 Palatine, on the Naab. 31 miles N. of Hatisbon. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NABLOOS, NABLOUS or NABLUS, nd'bloos/, written 
 also NAIJULUS, XAl'LOUSE and NAPOLOSE, (anc. Slie- 
 diem. .S/c/iem or Sycliar, afterwards NmplolU,) a city 
 of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, and anciently the capital 
 of Samaria. 33 miles N. of .lerusalem, lat. 32° 12' N., 
 Ion. 35° 28' E. It is long and narrow, stretching along a 
 small valley on the N.K. base of Mount Gerizim; streets 
 dose, but houses lofty, and well built of stone, with dora(Hl 
 roofs. Estimated population 8000, comprising about 500 
 1260 
 
 Greek Christians, and 150 Jews, descendants of the an- 
 cient Samaritans; the latter occupy the S.W. quarter, where 
 they have a synagogue, with a collection of ancient mana 
 scripts. Here are sever.al mosques and baz.tars, a Greek 
 church, manufactures of sujierior soap, and cotton &bric8. 
 Dam.oscus. and the .Mediterrauean ports, receive hence sup- 
 plies of oil, cotton, and other agricultural products, its vici- 
 nity being well cultivated. Near it are various Scripture 
 localities, including .Jacob's Weil, and a holy place of the 
 Samaritans, on Jlount Gerizim, on which also are the ruins 
 of a fortress erected under Justinian. 
 
 NABON, nd^bou', a river of Persia, province of Fars, enters 
 the Persian Gulf, opposite Cape Nabon, 160 miles S.E. of 
 Bushire, after a S. course of 115 miles. On it, near its 
 mouth, is the village of Nabon. or Nabeud. 
 
 NAliULCS, a city of Palestine. See Nauloos. 
 
 N ACH-VR, nd'char', a vilLage of North Western India, state 
 of Bussaher, 60 miles N.E. of Simla. 
 
 NACII'KS, a post-ofliee of Houston co., Te.xas. 
 
 NACHOD, ndK'od. a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.E. of 
 Koniggrktz. on the Mettau. Pop. 2186. 
 
 NACIMENTO, nd-the-mJn'to, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 
 province and about 24 miles from Almeria. Pop. 3000. 
 
 NACKEL, NAKEL, ndk'kfl, or NAKLO, ndk'lo. a town 
 of Prussian Poland, 18 miles W. of Bromberg, on the Netze. 
 Pop. 2138. 
 
 NACKENHEIM, ndk'ken-hime\ a village of Ilesse-Darm- 
 stailt. Rheinhe.ssen, near Oppenheim. Pop. 1123. 
 
 NACK'IXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 NACOGDOCHES, nakVdo'chiz. a county in the E. part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 930 square miles. The An- 
 gelina River forms its boundary on the S.W., and the At- 
 toyac on the E. The surface is undulating, the soil is pro- 
 ductive, and well timbered. Capital. Nacogdoches. Pop. 
 8292, of wliom 5933 were free, and 2359 slaves. 
 
 NACOGDOCHES, a post-village, capital of Nacogdoches 
 CO., Texas. 250 miles N.E. of Austin. It is the seat of a col- 
 lege founded in 1845, and contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, several churches and stores. 
 
 NACOO'CHEE. a post-village of Habersham co., Georgia, 
 145 miles N. of ililledgeville. It is situated in a narrow, 
 fertile, and beautiful valley of its own name. More than 
 $1,200,000 worth of gold has been found in this valley 
 The village has 1 church and 3 stores. 
 
 N ACTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 NACUNDI, nd-krin'dee. a town on the island of Nlikulau, 
 one of the Feejee group, on a stream about 20 milts above 
 Rewah. Pop. alwut 600. 
 
 NADAU.V, niMawn'. NAUDAUN, nawMawu', or \ADAN. 
 nd*ddu',a town of Iliudostau, Punjab, on tho Geo*; S4 miles 
 
NAD 
 
 B N.K. of Amrltseer. Lat. 31° 46' N., Ion. 76° 18' E. It is 
 celebrated for fine {tJirdens. 
 
 NADIN'AL, nA'de-ii3l\a town of Russia, in Finland, about 
 12 miles X.W. of Ab->, on a lake. Pop. 800. 
 
 NADUDA'AR, niih'doodVaR/, a market-town of Hungary, 
 CO. of Szabolc.*, "21 miles W.S.W. of Debreczin. I'np. 6171. 
 
 NADWi^K.VA, nrtd-M'oii'nd, a marke^town of Austrian 
 Qalicia, 22 miles S. of Stanislowow. 
 
 Nyj:FELS or NAt'KLS, (Xafels,) n.Vfels, a villase of Swit- 
 zerland, canton and 4 miles N. of OlaruS, on the Liuth. I'op. 
 1900. It is famous for an action fought April 8tli, 1388. be- 
 tweim 1300 Swi.ss aud 6000 Austrian troops; the latter were 
 totilly defeated. .. 
 
 N.ERl.M or NAFUM, n.Vrim, a maritime parish of Nor- 
 way, stift of Christiansaiid, 22 miles S.W. of Stavanger, oa 
 the North Sea. Pop. 1700. 
 
 NAFELS, (Nafels.) a village of Switzerland. See N.iifels. 
 
 NAF'FEKTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 NAGAMANOALUM, n.i ga-min-ga-Uim', or NAGAMAN- 
 GAL.\M, ni-gd-mdn-gd-ldm', a fortified town of India, in the 
 Decoan, Mysore dominions, 28 miles N. of Scringapatam. Its 
 citadel contains two temples, and a ruined palace. 
 
 NAOAR, n^Var', a small town or village of Central Asia, 
 capital of a petty state, also CiiUed Nagar. 
 
 NAGARA, nd-gd'rd, a town on the i.-^land of Borneo, in 
 Banjermassin. It has considerable trade in deer's flesh and 
 deer's horns. 
 
 NAGARA, a river of Banjermassin, an affluent of the 
 Banjer, which it joins about 35 miles N.N.E. of the town of 
 Banjermassin, after a S.S.W. course of above 100 miles. 
 
 N.V(iAR.\NU, nd-gd-ri-noo'. a town of llindostan, king- 
 dom of Oude. about 70 miles E.S.E. of Lucknow. Pop. 6000. 
 
 N.\G.\SAKI, nd'g.-i-sd'ke, improperly written NANGA- 
 SAKI, the principal seaport and commercial city of Jar 
 pan, situated on tlw S.W. side of the island of Kioo- 
 Sioo, in lat. 32^ 44' 8" N., Ion. V2a<^ 51' 53" E. Estimated 
 population from 60,000 to 70.000, including about GOOO 
 priests. It stands on a hili-slope, facing the harbor, is 
 regularly built, and clean. The houses are of one story, 
 built of clay and wood, coated with cement, furnished with 
 verandahs and Venetian blinds, and having olletl paper in 
 placo^)f glass. The chief edifices are the palac<>s of the go- 
 vernors, and other grandees, the Dutch and Chinese facto- 
 ries, arsenal, several theatres, ami upwards of 60 temples, 
 ciiclo.seil by gardens, which, with numerous tea-houses, form 
 the favorite public resorts of the ^lopulation. The harl«3r 
 is about 7 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, and ships 
 lie securely sh(?ltered in 5 or 6 fathoms water. I'revious to 
 the treaty which has recently been concluded between the 
 United States and Japanese, this was the only port of Ja- 
 pan open to foreign traders, and the Dutch and Chinese, 
 who resorted to it, were confiu<?d under strict supervision 
 to the strongly-fortified and artificial island of Desima, only 
 COO feet in length by 240 feet across, off the shore. The 
 shops are numerous and well sujiplie*!, and there are many 
 breweries for rice-beer. The Dutch imports Into Nagasaki, 
 consisting chiefly of sugar, Netherlaud broad-cloths, and 
 cotton goods, sandal wood, buffalo hides, ivory, cloves, tin, 
 Bengal piece-goods, and other manufactured wares, amount- 
 ed in value to about $150,000 yearly, for which returns were 
 made iu camphor, cotton fabrics, drugs, toys, silks. Ac, to 
 the value of alxmt .*200.000. 
 
 NAGG.\R, ndg'gar', (anc. Mi/hat) a considerable walled 
 town of Afghanistan, in the plain of Bauoo, Co miles S.W. 
 cf I'eshawer. It has a good baz.iar. 
 
 NAGGRKE, ndg'gi-ee/, or NAGRI-KOTE, nd'gree' kot, a 
 fort, and important military station of North Ilindostiin, 
 state and 26 miles S.E. of Sikkim, lat. 26° 56' N., Ion. 88° 8' E. 
 
 NAGIIERY, nd-ghJr'ee, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency and 58 miles W.N.W. of Madras. 
 
 NA'GLESVIIiLE. a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NAGOLD, nd'golt. a town of Wiirtemberg. circle of Black 
 Forest, on the Nagold, 16 miles \V. of Tubingen. I'op. 2397. 
 
 NAGONE, nd'gOn', or NAGOONA, nd-goo'nd, a lai-ge vil- 
 Inge.of llindostan, province and 100 miles S.S.W. of AUaha- 
 YaA, lat. 24° 37' N., Ion. 80° 35' E. 
 
 !•? AGORBUSSY, nd-gor-bus'see, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, 42 miles N.E. of Patna. 
 
 NACiORK, nd-gur', a town of British India, presidency 
 and province of Bengal, district of Birbhoom, of which it 
 Tas once the capitAl, 117 miles N.\V. of Calcutta, on the 
 route to Patna, and seated in the midst of an area 10 miles 
 in diameter, enclosed by a mud rampart and trench ; lat. 23° 
 W N.. Ion. 87° 20' E. 
 
 NAGORE, a t/>wn of British India, presidency of Madras, 
 district and 48 miles E. of Tanjore, on the Velloor, or Nagore 
 River, a branch of the Cavery, at its mouth in the Indian 
 Ocean, aud here crossed by a fine nine-arche<l bridge; lat. 
 10° 49' N. It is populous, busy, and well built. Chief edi- 
 fices, its mosques, and a siiuare tower, 150 fe<;t in height. 
 
 NA(!t)RE. a town of British India, liajpootana, capital of 
 1 district, dominions and 70 miles N.E. of .loodpoor. It is 
 (irtified, and noted for its manufactures of brass and iron 
 varea. Pop. about 40,000. 
 
 NAH 
 
 NAGOTAMA. 3-go-td'm.d, a con.siderable town of Britihli 
 Indiii, presidency of Bombay, district of Concan, 37 miles 
 S.S.E. of Homlray, on a river here crossed by a noble stono 
 bridge, 480 feet in length, constructed by a Mohamuiedau 
 prince at a cost of 30.000/.; lat. 18^ 30' N., Ion. 73^ 16' v. 
 
 NAG!)WIC'lv.\ LAKE, Wisconsin, in Waukesha coum/. 
 Length 2 miles and a quarter, breadth three-quarters of a 
 mile. 
 
 NAGPOOR, NAOPOUR, ndg'poor/, or NAGPORE. ndg^ 
 por', (Hindoo A'ligapooh-a, "the town of serpent.^".) is the 
 Ciipital of a territory of its own name, situated loO mileji 
 E. of Kllichpoor. Lat. 21°9' N., Ion. 79° 11' K. It is about 5 miles 
 iu circumference, and enclosed by walls, but meanly built. 
 In 1825, it was estimated to have 115,000 inhabitants, and 
 27,000 houses, of which only 1300 were of nia.-ion won., 
 the rest being mere mud-huts, collectod on a swampy sito 
 and interspersed with dense groves. It has, however, a con- 
 siderable transit trade, with some manufactures of silk and 
 cotton goods, arms, and superior native cutlery, besides two 
 palaces, aud outside of its walls some gardens of the Rajah, 
 and other wealthy inhabitants. 
 
 NAGPOOR or BE'RAR/ DOMINIONS, a territory of India, 
 in the Deccan, under the British protection, comprising a 
 part of Berar province, with a large part of the old pro- 
 vince of Gundwanah, the whole between lat. 18° and 23° 
 N., and Ion. 78° and 83° E.. having S.W. the Nizam's do- 
 minions, and on other sides the presidencies of B(?ngal ana 
 Madras. Area, 76,4:32 square miles. Pop. 4,650.000. The 
 country appears to be pretty well governed. The Rajaii 
 pays an annual subsidy of 80,000Z.. and is bound to furnish 
 to the Bengal army a contingent of lOOO cavalry. Standing 
 army, about tKWO men. I'rincipal towns, Nagpoor, Chan- 
 da, Chamoory, Ryepoor, and ]{uttunpoor. 
 
 NAGRI-KoTE, a fort of India. See Naooree. 
 
 jV.lGl", nOdj. an Ilungariau word, signifying "great," 
 prefixed to many jilaces iu Hungary and Trau.sylvania. For 
 those not undermentioned, see sulditional name. 
 
 NAGY .\BO.NY, nOdj oh^ban', a town of West llunfjary, 
 CO. and 49 miles S.E. of Pcstli. i'op. 7527. 
 
 NAGY AG, niklj dg, a village of Tran.sylvanla, co. of 
 Ilunyad, 15 miles N.N.E. of Vajda-IIunyad. The popular 
 tion are employed in the adjacent mines, which furnish 
 an average of gold and silver to the value of 20,000 gulden 
 (about $9000) annually. 
 
 NAGY ARAN YOS. a village, Ti-;»nsylvania. See Reulmare. 
 
 N.\GY BA.IOM, nOdj bOh'yom', a village of Transylvania, 
 CO. of Sumegh. Pop. 2054. 
 
 N.\GY B.\.\YA, nodj bOn'yoh^ t. e. the "Great Mixes," 
 (Ger. AeudfuU, noi'stdtt.) a town of East Hungary, circle 
 and 32 miles IJ.S.E. of Szathmar, in a deep valley near the 
 Transylvanian fnuiticr. Pop. 5.500. It has churches of vari- 
 ous sects, and a Roman Catholic College, and is the capital 
 of one of the principal mining districts of Hungarj-. most 
 of its inhal)itauts being employed in mining industry. 
 
 NAGY BIl'TCSA, nodj bitt/choh\ a town of Hungary co. 
 of Trentshin. i'op. 2980. 
 
 NAGY DIZNOD, a village of Austria. See IIeltau. 
 
 NAGY ENYED, niidj Jn'yJd', (Ger. I>jidstadtA'eh\t-stitt\) 
 a market-town of Transylvania, on the Maros, 17 ujiles 
 N.N.E. of Ivarlsburg, with 6448 inhabitants, a Protesbint 
 College, a museum, cavalry barracks, and public library. 
 
 NAtiY GYOR, (Gycir,) a town of Hungary. See lixAU. 
 
 NAGY K.'VLLO. See Kallo, Nagv. 
 
 NAGY KANISA. See Kanisa, Naot. 
 
 N.\GY KAKOLY, nOdj kChVil', a market-town of Tran- 
 sylvania, CO. of Szathmar, 37 miles E.N.E. of Debrecziu. 
 Pop. 12,065. 
 
 NAGY Iv.\TA, nOdj koh'toh\ a market-town of Transyl- 
 vania. CO. and 32 miles E.S.E. of Pesth, with 4000 inhabit- 
 ants, a castle, Protestant church, and large cattle markets. 
 
 NAGY MIHALY, nodj mee'hdl', (Ger. Gross-ilichel. gtoco- 
 mee'Kel,) a market-town of Transj'lvania, co. aud 20 miles 
 E.N.E." of Zemplin. Pop. 1600. — The NAOt, a river of Tran- 
 sylvania, circle of Marmaros. joins the Theiss near Huszth. 
 
 N A( i Y SZEBKN, a town, Transylvania. See Hermanxstadt. 
 
 NAGY SZOMBATH, a town of Hungary. See Tvrsac. 
 
 NAGY VAR.'VD. a city of Hungary. See Grossw.^rdein. 
 
 NAIIAN, nd'hdn/, a town of North llindostan, Gurwhal, 
 capital of the rajahship of Simore, 46 miles N.W. of Seha- 
 runpoor; lat. 30° 33' N., Ion. 77° 16' E. 
 
 N AH AN PARA, n.'i-hdn-pd'ra. a town of North llindostan, 
 Outle dominions, 78 miles N.E. of Lucknow. 
 
 NAHANT/, a post-village, township, and noted waterings 
 place of Essex county, Massachusetts, 10 miles N.E. of Bos- 
 ton. It consists of a narrow peninsula, about SJ- miles in 
 length, projecting from tlie mainland of Lynn into Jlassa^ 
 chusetts Bay. Near its eastern extremity is an extensive 
 hotel, and in other itortions are numerous cottages, chiefly 
 occupied by the citizens of Boston as summer residences. 
 Nahant is one of the oldest watering-places in New England, 
 and thousands resort to it during the sultry months to enjoy 
 the sea-breeze and ocean scenery. At this season steamboats 
 ply constantly between Boston and the peninsula, and be- 
 tween this place and Salem, Lynn, &c. The township was 
 incorporated from Lynn, in 1854. Pop. 380. 
 
 1267 
 
N.^n 
 
 NAM 
 
 NAIIf?, iil'fh; (unc. Nafta.) a river of West Germany, 
 joins On Khine Ht Bingen, after a N.E. course of tH) miles 
 betwei'u the territories of Ssxe-Coburg, Khenisli Bavaria, 
 and 11 ;f^«-e-l)arni!:tadt. on the S. and E.. and |>arts of Olden- 
 burg ani I'russia on the N. iind W. It is navigable for 20 
 miles. Affluents, the Ulan and Simmer. 
 
 NAHK-EL-KKBKKRor NAllll-EI^KKBIR, nar-el-ke-beer/, 
 H river of A:?iiitic Turkey, .Syria, enters the Mediterranean 
 20 miles N. of Tripoli, after a westward course of 35 miles. 
 
 NAIIKAWAN. ni-r^-wdn', was an ancient canal, in As- 
 syria and Babylonia, which proceetled from the Tigris, near 
 tile continence of the Zab, for 450 miles towards the Persian 
 Gulf, with a breadth of from 120 to 130 yards, still discerni- 
 ble. 
 
 NAIIUXT.V, a post>village of Wayne co.. Xorth Carolina, 
 on the Wilmington and Weldou Kailroad, 61 miles from 
 Kwleigh. 
 
 XAIAD, ni'ad, a group of low coral islands In the North 
 Pacific Ocean: lat. 6° 39' N.. Ion. 15.3° 32' K. Between this 
 group and that of Young William there is a paa-*age 6 miles 
 wide. 
 
 X.\TLA, nild, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Fran- 
 conia. -27 miles N.N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1610. 
 
 N.AIL FACTOKY, a post-offloe of Gaston oo.. North Carolina. 
 
 NAILIjOUX, nJliVoo', a village of France, department 
 of Haute-Garonne, 18 miles S. of Toulouse. Pop. 1">61. 
 
 NAILS CKBKK. a post-oftice of Franklin co.. Georgia. 
 
 NAIl/SEA, a village and parish of England, co. of Somer- 
 set, with a station on the Great Western Railway, 8 miles 
 W.S.W. of Bristol. Pop. in ISol, 2543. It has large manu- 
 factures of crown-glass, and extensive coal works. 
 
 NAIiysTONE, a pari.'Jh of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 NAILS'WORTII. a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester, 
 2 miles W.S.W. of Jlinchinhampton. Population employed 
 in manufactures of woollens. 
 
 NAIMAX, ni^mjn', a walled town of Central Asia, khanat 
 and 17 miles S.S.E. of Khiva, on a canal from the .\moo. 
 
 NAIN, ntn. a town of Ilindostan. kingdom of Oude. dis- 
 trict of Salon, about 45 miles N.W. of AUuliabnd. P. 10.000. 
 
 NAIX, ni'in, (.\rab. JVein. n:\n.) a hamlet of Palestine, 
 pashalic and 24 miles S.E. of Acre, now insignificant, but 
 memorable as the place of the miracle recorded in St, Luke. 
 
 NAIH or XEIR, nir. a town of India, in the Decean, Ni- 
 zam's dominions, 52 miles S.E. of Ellioh(X)or. 
 
 NAIRAI. ni'ri, one of the Fe»'jee i.'ilands, Sonth Pacific 
 Ocean, famous for its manufacture of mats, baskets, &c. 
 
 NAIRN, nArn, or NAIRNSHIRE, nirn'shir, a small 
 mjiritime county of Scotland, having N. the Moray Firth. 
 Area, including detached di-^tricts in Elgin, Inverness, 
 and Ross, estimated at 195 square miles, aliout twtvthirds 
 of which are cultivated. Pop. in 1851, 99 6. Surface 
 mostly rugged and mountainous, except along the coast. 
 Principal rivers, Nairn and Findhorn. It is under one she- 
 rilT with Elgin, and unites with that county in sending one 
 member to the House of Commons. Chief town, Nairn. 
 
 NAIRN, a royal and contributory parliamentary burgh 
 and seaport town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the 
 al)ove county, on the small river Nairn, at its influx in the 
 Moray Firth, 15 miles N.E, of Inverness. Pop. in 1851, 3420. 
 It is lighted with gas, has a stone bridge across the Nairn, 
 county hall, with court-hou«e and jail: an academy, large 
 hotel, baths, 3 branch banks, and a harbor for small vessi-ls 
 mostly employed in fisheries. The burgh unites with In- 
 verness. Forres, and Fortrose, in sending one member to the 
 House of Commons. In the vicinity is C«wdor Castle, which 
 gave title of Thane to Macbeth, and now gives that of Earl 
 to a branch of the Campbell family, 
 
 NWIRN, a post-office of Scioto co,, Ohio. 
 
 NAIRNSHIRE, a county of Scotland, See N.iirn. 
 
 NAISSUS. See Niss.v, 
 
 N*AIX, ni, a village of France, department of Mense, 
 arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc, on the site of the ancient 
 I^'a>sium. Here numerous fine statues, and other Roman 
 antiquities have been discovered, 
 
 N AIZIN, nd'zAxo'. a villase of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan, 8 miles S.E, of Pontivy. Pop^ 2003. 
 
 NA.T.AC. nSVhdk', a town of France, department of Avey- 
 ron. 9 miles S.S.W. of Villefranche. on the Aveyron. P. 2139. 
 
 NA.IERA. NAGERA or XAXERA, vi-nA'ri, a town of 
 Spain, province and 16 miles W.S.W. of Logroflo. on the 
 Najerilla. Pop. 2746. It is pleasantly situated at the foot 
 of a mountain range, divided into two parts by the river, 
 and though once the seat of the court of Navarre, is now 
 in decay. It is remarkable in history as the scene of an 
 Oljstinate battle between the troops of Peter the Cruel and 
 his brother Henry, on the 2d of April. 13C7, 
 
 NAJERILLA, NA6ERILLA or NAXEKILLA, nl-nA-reel'- 
 yS, a river of Spain, rises in the mountains W, of .Mmarza, 
 province of Burgo.s, and flows N.N.E, into the Ebro, 10 
 miles below Najera; course 40 miles, 
 
 NAKAB-AL-H.\JAR, nii'kilb'dl-hri'jar', a ruined city of 
 Ponth .\rabia, Hadramaut, in Int, 14=" 40' N„ Ion, 47° 35' E„ 
 in a fertile valley, consisting of remains of towers, enclosed 
 by a wall, and supposed by Wellsted to date from a Tery 
 remote period 
 1268 
 
 N.\KEL, a town of Prussia, See Nac¥EL. 
 
 NAKHCHIVAN or NAKllSIUVAN, niUVhee-vJu'. (ano. 
 Arxluta or jya:Tiui'na.) '• first place of descent," a town of .Asia- 
 tic Russia, Transcaucasia, capital of a province near the Aras, 
 83 miles S,E. of Erivan. The population in 1S30 consisted of 
 2000 Mohammedan and 800 or 900 Armenian tamilies; ijut 
 it was mostly ruined during the last Russian and Persian 
 war. and at the above dat« was in a deplorable condition. It 
 claims, however, the repute ol" being " the oldest city in the 
 world ;" its .\ruieiiian name and tradition implying that thi' 
 tenants of the ark first resided here after the flood ; and Ua 
 vicinity is so fertile in fruits, especially grapes, as to deserve 
 the repute of being the region where " Noah began to be a 
 hu.sbaudmau, and planted a vineyard," (Gen. ix. 20.) But 
 it is. however, noted for insalubrity. The province of Nakli- 
 chivan, separated southward from Per,sia by the .4ras, has 
 on other sides the provinces of Erivan and Karabagh, and 
 comprises also the towns of Abbasabad, Mergeri, and Terra 
 Kali, 
 
 NAKHITCHEVAN or NAKHIT.SCHEWAN, nil-kect-she- 
 vin', a town of Kussi.i, government of Yekaterinoslav, on 
 the Don, 18 miles S.W, of Novo-Tcherkask. Pop, 10,000. It 
 was founded by an Armenian colony, iu 1780, and is the 
 re.<ideuceof the Armenian patriarch iu Russia. It is built in 
 the oriental style. Principal ediflws, several handsc>me Arme- 
 nian chun'hes, convents, and a bazaar. It has manufactures 
 of silk and cotton stulTs, soap, and leather, with numerous 
 distilleries, and an extensive trade, being, with the contigu- 
 otis town Rostov, a principal entrepot of the Don, and of the 
 commerce from Tangaurog to the interior of Russia. 
 
 NAKlKlDEH. nd'KoMSh, a large village of Persia, province 
 of Azerbaijan, S,S,W, of Ooroomeeyah, formerly the see of a 
 Christian bishop, 
 
 NAKILO, nd'ke-lo', NAKILOO or NACKILOO. nd'ke-loo', 
 a maritime town of Persia, province of Laristan, on the 
 Persian Gulf, 60 miles W,N.\V, of Ch.irrack, with a fort and 
 a pearl fishery : lat, 26° 52' N., Ion. 53° 30' E, 
 
 NAKLO, a town of Prus-sia. See N.*ck£L, 
 
 NAKO, ni'ko\ a village of Thibet, di.«trict of Piti or .Spiti, 
 among the West Himalayas, 12.000 feet above the sea-level, 
 and on the shoulder of the great mountain Porgyul, which 
 has an additional height of 10,000 feet, 103 miles N.E, of 
 SimLa. • 
 
 N.\KO-NAKO, ni'ko-naMvO, a group of small i,«lands off 
 the W. coast of Sumatra, W. from the island of Nias, lat, 0^ 
 50' N. 
 
 N.^KSKOV, a town of- Denmark. See Naskov. 
 
 NAL, ndl, a walled town of Beloochistan, on the W. route 
 from the Sonmeanee to Kelat. Lat. 27° 3.5' N., Ion. 65° 59' 
 E. It is said to be a ttiwn of much antiquity, and has a fort, 
 the stronghold of the Bezunja tribe of B»?Ioochistan. 
 
 NALABU, ni-l.-i-boo', or ANALABU, d-nii-ld-boo'. a sea^ 
 port town of Sumatra, on the N.W. coast of the kingdom 
 of Acheen ; lat. 4° 8' ".0" N., Ion. 96° 8' E, 
 
 N.\LB, ndlb, OiiER, o/l)er, and Uster, oon'tfr, two places 
 of Lower Austria, nearly contiguous, about 5 miles from 
 Jetzelsdorf, 
 
 NALCHA, ndl'chS, a town of India. Gwalior dominions, 
 near Hindia, with remains of some fine edifices ; lat, 22° 
 25' N,. Ion. 75° 29' E. . 
 
 NALDA, uiVdL a town of Spain. Old Castile, province 
 and 8 miles S.S.W, of Logrofio, on the right bank of the 
 Iregua, Pop, 4732, 
 
 N.\LDROOG. nil-droog'. a town of India, in the Decean, 
 Xizam's dominions, 80 miles W. of Beetler. 
 
 NALGONDA, ndl-gon'da, or NELGOONDA, nJl-goon'da, a 
 town of Hindostan, Nizam's dominions, 68 miles E.S,E. of 
 Hyderabad. 
 
 "nALINNES. nS^Ieen'. a village of Belgiiun, province of 
 Ilainaut. 27 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1818. 
 
 NALLIERS. niryA/ or niihVi', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Vendee, 24 miles S.E. of Bourbon-Vendee. 
 I'op. 1070. 
 
 NALON, ni-lon', a river of Northern Spain, rises near 
 Tarna in Asturias, and after a N.W. course of ii2 miles past 
 Oviedo. enters the Bay of Biscay near Muresr. 
 
 NAM.\II'KIN, a post-office of Marquette co,, Wiscon,sin. 
 
 NAMALOUK (n,i-mi-look') ISLANDS, a group of several 
 islands in the Pacific Ocean; lat, 6° 55' N,, Ion. 153° 16' E. 
 They are numerou.sly inhabited. 
 
 NAMAQUA (n.4-mii'kwd) COUNTRY, the W. and mari- 
 time portion of the Hottentot country. South Africa, the 
 CJreat Namaqua Land being N., and the IJttle Nam,aqua Ter- 
 ritorv S. of O'-ange River. 
 
 NAMAQUAS, nd-m:l'kw3z. See IIottestots. 
 
 NAMCOaL, ndm'kool/, or NAMCULD, ndm'koold'f?), a 
 town of British India, presidency of Madras, district of Ma- 
 dura. 45 miles N.W. of Trichinoi>oly. 
 
 N.\MiiCHE. ni^m.Ash', a village of Belgium, on the Na- 
 mur and Liege Railro.id. 7 miles from Namur. 
 
 NAMEKA'GON, a small river of La Poiute co., Wisconsic, 
 flows into St. Croix River. 
 
 N AMEN, a citv of Belgium, See Namur. 
 
 NAMESZTO, n6h'm^s,s'to\ a market-town of North Hun- 
 gary. co, of Arva, 16 miles N.NJiof Also-K.ubin. Pop. 468S. 
 
NAM 
 
 NAN 
 
 NAMIKSCIIT, ni'meesht, a town of Moravia, 27 miles 
 N.N.K. of Zuaym, on the Oslava, here crossed by a hand- 
 some .itone bridjro, ornamented with '20 statues. Pop. 2200. 
 It has manufactures of tine woollen cloths and linen. 
 
 NA.MIK.SCllT, a market-town of Moi-avia, 8 miles W. of 
 Olniutz. I'op. 800. 
 
 A.VM.\>;TES. See Xantf.3. 
 
 XAJIUNOUITO, nd-mo-noo-ee'to, a coral island group, in 
 the Pacific Ocean ; lat. 8° 3a' to 9° X., Ion. 149^ 47' to 150° 
 31' B. 
 
 NAMOUKA, Friendly Islands. See Axnamooka. 
 
 NAMOZIN'K, na mo-zeen' (if j, a post-office of Amelia co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 NAMOZINE CREEK, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows 
 N.K. along the boundary between Amelia and Dinwiddle 
 counties until it enters the Appomattox Hiver. 
 
 N.WISLAU, nim'sluw. a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, 
 30 miles E. of Ureslau, on the Weida. I'op. 4000. It is en- 
 closed by double walls, and has manufactures of linens and 
 woollens; breweries, and considerable cattle fairs. 
 
 NAMUK, mi/mur, (anc. Namurlcum ; Vr. pron. nS^miiR'; 
 Flam. Namen, nd/men.) a strongly fortified city of lielgium, 
 capital of a province, at the confluence of the Sambre and 
 Meu#e, 36 miles S.E. of Bru.ssels, with which, and al.so with 
 Liege, it is connected by railway. J*op. 25,883. It has a 
 fine cathedral, churches of St. Loup and Notre Dame, a new 
 town-hall, and a public library; its fortress is situated on 
 a rock which comuu-inds the Aleuse and the Sambre. It is 
 celebrated for its cutlery, and has manufactures of iron, 
 Bteel, and bronze articles, foundries, glass works, and tan- 
 neries. It has sustained numerous sieges, was taken by 
 Louis XIV. in person in 1(392. by the English and Dutch 
 under William III. in lfi95, and again by French armies in 
 1701 and 1740. Under the French Empire it was the capital 
 of the department of Sambre and Meuse. 
 
 NAMLlll, a province of Belgium, bounded on the S. and 
 S.W. by France, and intersected by the Meuse. Area 1413 
 square miles. It is rich in mines of iron, lead, copj)«T, and 
 coal. Chief towns, Xaniur and Dinant. P. in 1802, 304,268. 
 
 NANAFA'LIA, a post-village of Marengo co., Alabama, 
 on the Tombigbee Jtiver, 100 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. Here 
 Is a 8teamlx)at landing. 
 
 NA.XAS, noh^nosh/, a market-town of Central Hungary, 
 circle of Szabolcs, 24 miles N.N.W. of Dehreczin. Pop. 7737. 
 
 NANAU'PY. a post-office of Fond du I>ac co., Wiscon.sin. 
 
 NAX'CES CHEEK, a post-office of Fulton co., (Jeorgia. 
 
 NAN-CHANO or NAX-TOUANG, ndnV-hSng', a city of 
 China, capital of the province of Kiang-see. on the Knn-kiang 
 Kiver, 285 miles S.W. of Nan-king, in lat. 28° 35' N., Ion. 
 116° E. 
 
 NANCIIE, nSnV'h.i', a town of China, province of Che-ki- 
 ftng, about 40 miles W. of Yen-chow-foo. It appears to be 
 about 3 miles in circuit, and to carry on a very extensive 
 trade, the river being covered with boats which are con- 
 stantly plying between it and Yen-chow, Hang-chow, and 
 many other places both above and below. I'op. about 
 200.000. 
 
 NANCOWHY, ndn-kdw/ree, one of the Nicobar Islands. 
 Bay of Bengal; lat. 7° 67' N., Ion. 93° 43' E., about 25 miles 
 In circujnference. 
 
 NAN'CY, (Fr. pron. nflN»'see/, L. Nancct'um or Nanrelinm.) 
 a town of France, capital of the department of Meurthe, 
 29 miles S. of 5Ietz, on the left bank of the Meurthe. and 
 on the railway from Paris to Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 
 45,129. This is one of the finest and best built towns of 
 France. In the Place KoyaU is the Town-hall, bishop's 
 palace, and a bronze statue of Stanislaus, ex-king of Po- 
 land, who embellished the town. The chief liuiklings are 
 the Cathedral, church of lion Secours, barracks, and hos- 
 pitals. It is a bishop's see, and has' an acadcmie unx- 
 versitaire for the departments of Meurthe, Meiise, and Vos- 
 ges, a tribunal of commerce, national college, normal 
 school, and library of 26.000 volumes; cabinet of natural 
 history, and a botanic garden. Its embroidery is cele- 
 brated, and it has manufactures of cloths and candles. 
 Nancy was taken by Charles the Bold in 1475. and he was 
 killed while besieging it in 1477. Louis XIII. took it in 
 1634. Its cita<lel is still preserved, but its fortifications were 
 destroyed by Louis XIV. It was the birth-place of General 
 Druot. 
 
 NANDAIIl, a town of India. See Nandere. 
 
 NANDAN-SAK, ninMin' sar. a small lake of Ca,«hmere, 
 held in high reverence by the Hindoos; lat. 33° 21' N., Ion. 
 74° 26' E. 
 
 NANDERK or NAND.4IR. ninMAr/, a town of India, 
 Nizam's dominions, on the Godavery, 148 miles N.N.W. of 
 Hyderabad; lat. 19° 3' N., Ion. 77° 38' E. It has a Sikh 
 College, which, in 1818, was inhabited by 300 students. It 
 is a place of Sikh pilgrimage. 
 
 N.\NDODE. nin'dOd'. a town of India, in the Deccan, do- 
 minions and 40 miles S.S.E. of Baroda. 
 
 NANEE, nd'nee/. a town of Afghanistan. 10 miles S.S.W. 
 of Ghuznee, on the route to Kandahar; lat. 33° 25' N., Ion. 
 n'8° 12' E. Elevation 7502 feet, 
 
 NAN-UAN, niu^gdn', a city of China> province of Kiang- 
 
 see. capital of a department on the Kiang, 180 miles X N.E 
 of Canton. 
 
 NANGASAKI, a city of Japan. See Nagasaki. 
 
 NANGIS, n6N°'zhee', a town of France, department of 
 Seine-etrMarne, 13 miles W. of Provins. Pop. in 1852, 2267- 
 It has extensive markets for the supply of Paris with meat, 
 butter, eggs, cheese, vegetables, and fruit. 
 
 NAN^ISEE', a post-office of Wapello co.. Iowa. 
 
 NANMEMOY', a post-village iu Charles co., Maryland, 55 
 miles S.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 NANJINGODE, ndn'jin-god'. a village of Ilindostan, in 
 the Deccan, province and 15 miles S. of Mysore, on tho 
 Kapini. The village contains a celebrated temple of Seeva. 
 
 NAXKA (ndn/k^) ISLANDS, three islands in the Malay 
 Archipelago, strait of Gaspar, between the islands of Billi- 
 ton and Banca, 4 or 5 miles from Banca shore. Great Nauka, 
 tho largest, alxjut IJ miles in extent, is in lat, 2° 25' S., Ion. 
 106° 48' 30" E. 
 
 NAXKIN', a post-village of Ashland co., Ohio, 88 miles 
 N.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 NANKIN, a post-township in the central part of Wayne 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 2410. 
 
 NANKING, ndn'king'.or NANKIN, ndn'kin' or can'keen', 
 the "Southern Capital,"(called also KIANG-NING,) as dis- 
 tinguished from Peking, the " Northern Capital," a cele- 
 brat(^d city of China, capital of the province of Kiang-soo, and 
 anciently of Southern China, is situated near the right bank 
 of the Yang-tse-Uiahg, about 90 miles from its mouth, 56C 
 miles S. by E. of i'eking ; lat. 32° 2' X., Ion. 118° 49' E. Pop. 
 estimated at 400,000. Its ancient walls can be traced over hill 
 and dale for 35 miles, but Nanking has so greatly declined 
 since the transference of the seat of empire to Peking by 
 Kooblai-khan, in the 13th century, that the modern walls 
 are of much less extent, and the city scarcely occupies one- 
 eighth part of the surface which they enclosed. The river, 
 oppo.'iite Nanking, is li miles broad. 25 fathoms deep, with a 
 rocky tottom, and a current from 3 miles to 5 miles an hour. 
 The city is situated 3 miles S. from the Yang-tse^Kiang, but 
 a part of its walls approaches witliin 700 paces of the water. 
 The principal streets are of moderate breadth, clean, well 
 paved. and lined with handsome shops; but the houses are, 
 in general, mean, and only one story high. The view of 
 the city from the porcelain tower is said to be exceedingly 
 pleasing ; the whole interior of the city being visible, and 
 the houses so closely packed that the streets can fs'arccly be 
 traced, while the large tent-like roofs of the temples, and 
 the curious gable-ends of the pawnbrokers' .shops shine out 
 in their various gaudy colors, amid the sea of houses which 
 surrounds them. The part of the city occupied by the 
 Mantchoos is separated by a cross wall from the Chinese 
 town. The great extent of the wall renders the defence of 
 the city difficult ; besides which it is overlooked from tho 
 hills on the E. On that side there are three gates ; tlie land 
 towards the river is marshy, and the gates are approached 
 on stone causeways. A deep canal or ditch runs up from 
 the river directly under the walls, on the W.. serving to 
 strengthen the approaches on that side. The most remark- 
 able structure now existing in Nanking is the Porcelain 
 Tower, called, by the Chinese, the Recompensing Favor Mo- 
 nastery, built 1411-32, |ire-emiuent. above all other simi- 
 lar buildings in China, for its completeness and elegance. 
 It is of an octagonal form, 261 feet high, and consists of 
 nine stories, of equal height, each adorned with a cornice 
 and gallery, and covei-ed with a roof of green tiles, which 
 after the Chinese fiisliion projects some feet over the outside, 
 and under it is a passage round the tower. At the pro.ject- 
 ing corners of each roof are fastened small bell.«, which 
 sound with the slightest breeze. On the top of the tower 
 is a pinnacle in the shape of a pine-apple, surmounted by a 
 golden ball. A sjdral staircase in the inside, of 190 steps, 
 carries the visiter to the summit. In the interior are some 
 apartments, richly gilt, and otherwise elaborately adorned. 
 The material of which the walls are constructed is said to 
 be a kind of white brick, made of fine clay; the entire cost 
 of the edifice is stated at from $35,800,000 to $40,000,000. 
 Among the other objects may be mentioned the "tomb of 
 the kings," supposed to be of the Ming Dynasty, A. D. 1328 
 to 1621 ; leading to it is a fine-paved road with an avenue 
 of gigantic armed figures; the government palace and an 
 observatory are also worthy of note. Nanking has iuijior- 
 tant manufactures of crape, satin of the finest quality, 
 paper, artificial flowers. China or Indian ink, and it gives 
 its name to the well-known " Nankeen" cotton cloth, 
 which is also made throughout the whole province. It is 
 the centre of a very extensive trade, and by the great canal, 
 which crosses the Yang-tse-kiang. about 50 miles eastward, 
 it communicates directly with Peking, to which city, among 
 other articles, a good deal offish is sent. It is also the resi- 
 dence of a grand viceroy, with authority over the Kiang 
 provinces, of a great military depot, and the chief seat of 
 literature in the empire. The British forces remained before 
 it from the 10th to the 29th of August, 1842. on which last 
 day the final treaty between China and Kngland was signed 
 and ratified. 
 
 NAN-LING, nln'ling'. a mountain chain in Chin.i, lat. 
 
 1269 
 
NAX 
 
 26° X., and between Ion. 104° and 118° E., separates the 
 biisins of the Yang-tse-kiang and Kan-kiang Itivers, north- 
 ward from tl "it of the Ilong-kiang and its affluents south- 
 ward, and the Quang provinces from those of Koei-Choo and 
 Ht>o-nan. 
 
 N AXXERCn, nan'nJrK, a parish of North Wales, counties 
 of Flint and Denbigh. 
 
 NaX'XET. n post-office of Rockland co.. New York. 
 
 IfAX-XGA>0, nSn^ngdiig', a city of China, province of 
 Kiung-see. capital of a department, on Lake I'ho-yang, 230 
 miles S.S.W. of Xanchang. 
 
 XAX-XIXVi, nJn'niug', a city of China, province of Quang- 
 see, capital of a, department, TO miles X. of the Gulf of Tou- 
 quin. 
 
 XAXOOKI or XAXOUKI, nl-noonsee, an island in the 
 Pacific Oceau, lat. 0° 11' X., Ion. 173° 39' 20" E., (^ miles 
 long, and 5i miles wide at the E. end, diminishing to 2 
 miles at the W. end. 
 
 XAXOOTI or XAXOUTI, nil-noo'tee, or SYTVENHAM 
 ISLAXD. in the Pouth Pacific, one of the group of Iti.shop'8 
 Islands ; lat. 0° 45' S., Ion. 174° 31' E. Length, 19 mfies. 
 
 NAXPHIO. See Anapiii. 
 
 NAX'SEMOXD RIVER, Virginia, in Nanremond co., en- 
 ters Hampton Roads. It is navigable for small vessels 20 
 miles to Suffolk. 
 
 X-iXSEMOXD, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, bor- 
 dering on Xorth Carolina and the Dismal Swamp; the area 
 Is 400 square miles. Hampton Hoads are situated on the 
 N. bord^jr of the county, and it i.'* partly traversed by Xan- 
 semond River, from which it derives its name. The surface 
 is fcvel ; the soil is sandy, and partly covered with forests 
 "of cypress, juniper, and pine. Tlie I'ortsmouth and Roan- 
 oke Railroad pa-sses through the county. The county ex- 
 isted as early as 1C40, under the name of Upper Norfolk ; 
 the present name M'as given iu 1645. Capital, Suffolk. I'op. 
 13,693, of whom 8212 were free, and 5481 slaves. 
 
 X.4XT. nOs", a town of France, department of Aveyron, 
 11 miles E.S.E. of Millau. Pop. in 1852, 30.38. 
 
 XAXTAI.S. See Nantes. 
 
 X AXTAS'KET, a narrow peninsula of Plymouth CO., Mas- 
 sachusetts, extending about 5 miles in a X.N.W. direction 
 into Massachusetts Ray. At its X.E. extremity is Point .\1- 
 erton, aud X.W. the ancient town of Hull. 12 miles S.E. 
 of Boston. Xantasket Reach is much resorted to by the 
 citizens of Boston for sea air and bathing. 
 
 XANTASKET ROAD. Ma.«sachu»etts, one of the main 
 entrances to Boston Harbor. 
 
 NAXT-CHAXO, a town of China. See Xas-Chaso. 
 
 NAXTEXLLEW, nan-tenthlu, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Cardigan. 
 
 XAXTERRE. n6s«'taiH', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Seine. 7 miles S. of St. Denis, on the railway 
 from Paris to St. Germain. Pop. in 1852, 2770. It has ma- 
 nufactures of glue and chemical products. 
 
 XAXTES, nants, (Fr. pron. nftxt; anc. Omdivin'cttm, 
 afterwards yamneltes,) a populous city of France, capital of 
 the department of Loire-Iuferieure. on the river Loire, at 
 the confluence of the Krdre and Sevre-Xantai.se, 2C9 miles 
 S.W. of Paris, with which it is connected bv railway. Lat. 
 47° 30' X., Ion. 1° 32' W. The city is built partly on. 
 several islands in the Loire, with which it communicates by 
 means of 16 bridges, several of them handsome structures. 
 The banks of the rivers are here lined with spacious quays, 
 for an extent of nearly two miles. They are finely planted 
 and adorned with elegant mansions, forming a splendid 
 promenade, while the shipping which crowds the harbor of 
 La Fosse, and the vessels ever in motion on the Loire, give 
 great animation to the scene. Xantes is one of the best- 
 built cities in France ; several of its squares would lose but 
 little by a comparison with stime of the finest in the capital. 
 The public edifices most deserving of notice are the Cathe- 
 dral, possessed of a richly sculptured portal ; the Castle of 
 the ancient dukes, an enormous mass of irregular buildings, 
 flanked with round towers ; the Castle of Bouffay. with a 
 lofty polygonal tower; the Hotel de la Prefecture, regarded 
 as the finest edifice of Nantes: the Exchange, with a peri- 
 style of 10 Ionic pillars, supporting an entablature adorned 
 with 10 statues; the old mint, now occupied by the courts 
 of justice, the Town-hall and theatre. Nantes "is noted for 
 iLs public squares or promenades, the principal of which, 
 l)esides the promenade of La Fosse above mentioned, are 
 taose of St. Peter and St. Andrew, opening into each other: 
 of Henry IV. and of the People. It is the see of a bishop, 
 and possesses a court of first resort, a tribunal of commerce, 
 a cnmeil de prtuFliomnm, minL national college, diocesan 
 seminary, and secondary ecclesiastical school, sifcondary 
 school of medicine, hydnigraphii-al school of the first clivss. 
 agriculturaL horticultural, and industrial societies; public 
 library of 30.000 volumes, observatorv. botanic garden, and 
 a magazine of munitions for the marine. Merchant vessels 
 of 1000 tons are built here, besides which the town has nu- 
 merous manufactures of cottons, muslins, and woollens; 
 cannon foundriesi. sugnr refineries, potteries, distilleries, Ac. ; 
 and an extensive maritime commerce. The trade is facili- 
 tated l)0th by the Loire and by a canal which communicates 
 1270 
 
 NAN 
 
 ' with Brest, and, more recently, l>y the railway which con- 
 j nects I'aris with the W. coast : it includes a great variety of 
 articles toth for the home consumption and foreign mar- 
 kets. In the extent of its coast trade, Nantes ranks as the 
 fifth port in the empire. Its harbor, however, .iduiits ves- 
 sels of only 200 tons: large vessels unlade at I'aiiiilxieuf. 
 
 Before the conquest of Gaul by the Romans. Condivin- 
 cnm was the capital of the Namnetes. In 445, it valiantly 
 withstood a siege of 60 days by the Huns. During the ninth 
 century, it was thrice taken by the Normans, and almost 
 entirely ruined. During the Engli.-h wars in France, it suf- 
 fered much, repeatedly falling into the hands of opposite 
 parties. In 1498. Anne of Brittany (Bretagne; h.iving here 
 married Louis XII., it pas^ed, with the re.st of her posses- 
 sions, to the crown of France. The most memorable event 
 .since connected with its history is the famous edict issued 
 at Nantes by Henry IV., April 30, 1598, securing to the 
 Protestants the free exercise of their religion, and making 
 them eligible to all civil aud military employments. Its , 
 revocation by Louis XIV. involve"! the kingdom in disas- 
 ters from which it has never completely recovered. Nantes 
 was the birth-place of Anne of Brittany, Fouch6, and Boug- 
 ner the mutheuiaticiau. Pojj. in IhOi, 113,625. — Adj. and 
 inhab. Naxtais, nSNo'tV; feminine Nantaise, ndso^taz/. 
 
 NANTEL'IL. nSN<iUli'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Oi.*e. 10 miles S.E. of Seulis. Pop. 16iX). 
 
 N.A.NT'GLYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 N.-VNTICOKE, a river of Delaware and Maryland, rises in 
 Sussex county, of the former state, flows S.W. into Mary- 
 land, and, after forming the boundary between Dorchester 
 and Somerset counties, enters Fisliiiig ]!ay. an arm of the 
 Chesapeake. The valley of this river is about 50 miles long. 
 
 NANTICOKE, a township of Broome co.. New York. 
 Pop. 797. 
 
 NANTICOKE, a thriving post-village of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 1 mile S. of the Susquehanna River, 
 104 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. and 6 miles S.W. of Wilkes 
 barre. It is situated in the fertile valley of Wyoming, and 
 in the vicinity of rich coal-mines. 
 
 NANTICOKE, a hundred in Sussex co., Delaware. Pop. 
 2008. 
 
 XAXTICOKE MOUXTAIX, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 the name of the S.W. portion of a ridge extending fur 25 or 
 30 miles along the N.W. bank of the Susquehanna. The 
 N.E. part of this riilge is called Shawnee Mountain, The 
 average height is about SOO feet. 
 
 NANTIC(,)KE SPRINGS, a post-village and place of resort 
 in Broome co.. New York, about 140 miles W.S.W . of Albany. 
 
 N-\N'TIH.\'L.\, a post<iffice of Macon CO.. North Ciirolina. 
 
 NAX^TIXAX' or NAN^'ENAXT/, a parish of Ireland, 
 Munster. co. of Limerick. 
 
 NANT'ME.\L. a former township in Chester CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, now divided into East and West .Naiitmeal. 
 
 NANT'MEL, a parish of Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 N.\NTU.\. nix'^HwA/. a town of France, department of 
 Ain, 17 miles E. of Bourg. at the S. side of the Lake of 
 Nantua. Pop. in 1852. 3746. Chief industry, cotton aud 
 woollen spinning, tanning, and paf-er making. It has a 
 considcraijle transit trade between France aud S\iitzerland. 
 
 NANTrCK'ET. the most S.E. county of Massachusetts, 
 has an arim of about 60 square miles. It consists of Nan- 
 tucket Island, Tucanuck Island, Muskejet Island, and the 
 (Jravel Islands, lying in the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 miles 
 S. of Barnstable county. Nantucket, the principal island, is 
 of a triangular form, about 15 miles long, with an average 
 breadth f>f from 3 to 4 miles. Area 50 siiuare miles. The 
 surface is level in the S. part, and hilly in the N. The soil 
 is generally sandy, but affords some pasture. The inhabit- 
 ants are principally engaged in navigation and the fisheries; 
 espe<'ially the whale fishery. Organized iu 1659. Capital, 
 Nantucket. Pop. 6094. 
 
 NANTUCKET, a post-town, port of entrv', and seat of jus- 
 tice of Nantucket county, Massachusetts, is situated at the 
 entrance of a deep bay on the N. side of Nantucket l.sland, 
 about 105 miles S.E. bv S. of Boston, and .")0 miles S.E. of 
 New Bedford; lat. 41° "l6' 56" N., Ion. 70° 6' 12" W. The 
 harlior is excellent, being capacious, deep, and nearly land- 
 locked by two projei'ting points of beach, the extremities 
 of which are only about three-fourths of a mile apart. The 
 village is compactly built mostly of wood, with narrow 
 streets. It contains 8 or 9 churches, a bank with a capita! 
 of $200,000, an Athenwum. (a handsome building.) and 2 
 newspaper offices. Besides a library of about 2500 volumes, 
 the .Mhenaeum has a valuable a)llectioii of euriusities. The 
 inhabitants of Nantucket have been long and suci-essfully 
 engaged in the whale fishery, but this branch of industry 
 has been almost entirely neglecteil since iH-troleuin has 
 come into general use. The shipping of the poit, June 
 30, 1863, amounted to au aggregate of 4407 tons registered, 
 and 1448 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the registered ton- 
 nage. 3739 tons were employed iu the whale tislieiy; and 
 of the enrolled and licensed, 1351 tons were employetl in 
 the coast trade, 97 tons in the co<t and mackerel fisheries, 
 and 481 tons in steam navigiition. In 1853, l.t vt^sels 
 engaged in the wlialw fishery arrived at Nantucket, bring- 
 
 -J 
 
NAN 
 
 ing 19,232 barrels of sperm oil, 7598 barrels of whale oil, 
 and 43,700 pounds of whalebone. The number of vessels 
 which arrived at this port during the year ending June, 
 18t)3, was only 3. There are liere about a dozen boot and 
 shoe factories, and several soap factoiies. On July 13, 1846, 
 Nantucket Wiis visited by a fearful conflagration, which 
 destroyed not less than 350 buildings, including 2 banks, 
 a church, the Athenasum, and 7 oil and candle manufac- 
 tories. The loss was estimated at $1,000,000. It is stated 
 that, in consequence of the decline of tlie whale fisheries, 
 multitudes of tlie inhabitants an; removing from the island. 
 Pup. in 1860, inchidiiijr the entire county, 6094. 
 
 NANTUCKET HAKBOR LIGIITIIOU.SK, Is on the S. side 
 Ctf the harbor, and contains a fixed light 70 feet high. 
 NANTUCKET ISLAND. 8ee Nantucket (County.) 
 NANTUCKET SHOALS, situated .S.E. of Nantucket Island, 
 cover an area of about 45 by 50 miles. Here many vessels 
 have been wrecked and lives lost. 
 NANTUXET, a village of New Jersey. See Newport. 
 NANTWICII, nanfich, a market-town and pari.«h of Eng- 
 land, CO. and I85 miles E.S.E. of Chester, on the IJirming- 
 ham and Liverpool Canal, and 5 miles S.W. of Crewe. I'op. 
 In 1851, 5426. The town is irregularly built, houses mostly 
 old. It h,is a handsome bridge across the river Weaver, and 
 manufectures of shoes, silk, cottons, and salt. In the reign 
 of Henry VIII., 300 salt works were in operation here, but 
 now only one salt spring is worked. 
 
 N.\N-VAN(}, uin ydng', a city of China, province and 158 
 miles N.E. of Canton, capital of a department, with battle- 
 mented walls. 
 
 NAOi)R, XAOUR or NAUR. nA'ooa', a market-town and 
 fort of South Russia, government of Caucasus, on the Terek, 
 30 miles K. of ilozdok. In its vicinity are sulphur springs. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 NAOS, ni'oce, a port of the Canary Islands, on the S.E. 
 coast of Lanzarote, and a cape on the S. side of the island 
 of Ferro. 
 
 NAOUR, a town of Russia. See Naoor. 
 NAOURS, ud^ooii', a market-town of France, department 
 of Somnie, 10 miles N. of Amiens. Pop. 1918. 
 
 NAl'A. nah'pa. a river of Napa co., California, rises In the 
 N. part of Napa Valley, and running in a general southerly 
 course, falls into San Pablo Bay. It is navigable for vessels 
 of 5 feet draft 12 miles from its mouth. 
 
 NAl'A, a county towards the N.W. part of California, has 
 fin area estimated at above 800 square miles. It is drained 
 by Napa River, which flows near the western Iwundary, 
 and Ijiis I'utas River, which, after flowing in an K. direction 
 through the beautiful ISorryessa Valley, loses itself In the 
 Tule Mar.shes. The surface is uneven, and in the N. part 
 mountainous. Mount St. Helen, situated at the head of 
 the valley of Napa, serves as a landmark to travellers. The 
 soil is .;;enerally fertile, and. except in the N. part, well 
 adaiited to cultivation. Gold has been found in this county. 
 A mine of quicksilver, situated about 14 miles above the 
 town of Napa, is supposed to be very rich. This county 
 contains several mineral springs. The Warm Springs, 25 
 miles above Napa, are found to pos.sess high medicinal 
 qualities, having been tested by invalids. The Hot Sul- 
 phur Springs, (or Geysers,) about 70 miles above Napa City, 
 are one of the greatest curiosities of the country. For a 
 description of them, see California. " Objects of Interest to 
 Tourists" page 338. Capital, Napa City. Pop. 5521. 
 
 NAPA (or NAl'PA) CITY, a post-town of Napa CO., Cali- 
 fornia, on the W. bank of Napa River, 12 miles from its 
 mouth, about 20 miles N.W. of Benicia. Pop. 2378. 
 
 NAPAGKDL, nd^pJ-ghSd'P, a market-town of Moravia, 8 
 miles N.N.E. of Ilradisch, on the March, i'op. 2580. 
 
 N.\PA-KI.4NG, ni'pd-ke-Ang'. the principal seaport-town 
 of the Loo-Choo Islands, China Sea, in lat. 26° 12' 20" N., 
 Ion. 127° 35' 57" E., and having a, secure harlx>r. 
 
 NAP'ANEE', a thriving post-village of Canada West, co. 
 of Leimox, situated on the Napauee River, and on the main 
 road from Kingston to Toronto, 25 miles from Kingston, 
 and 25 miles from Belleville. It contains numerous stores, 
 hotels, and mills. Pop. about 1000. 
 NAl'ANOCK. See Naponock. 
 NAI*'.\S1IA\ a post-offlce of Dodge CO., Wisconsin. 
 NAPEII MEW, nd'peh mu, a frontier-town of Burmah, 
 on the Aeng Road from Ava into Aracan, 32 miles S.S.W. 
 of Saleu. 
 
 N.VPIER, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1680. 
 
 NA'PIERVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Du 
 Page CO., Illinois, on Du Page River, about 30 miles W.S.W. 
 of Chicago, 16 miles from the Illinois Canal. It contains a 
 •jourt-house and a number of churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper 
 nflices, and several mills moved by water-power. Pop. of 
 tviwnship, 2=99. 
 
 NA'PIKRVILLE. a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Huntingaon, 27 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains several 
 stores and hotels. Pop. aliout 900. 
 
 NAPLES. nA'pelz, (Fr. pron. ndp'l: It. Xapoli. nd'po-le; 
 Sp. and Port. NdpoUs. n3'po-les ; Ger. Neupel, n.VS'pel : anc. 
 FartJtA»})ope. and Neaplulis,) the most.populous city of Italy, 
 
 NAP 
 
 the former capital of the kingdom of Naples, and tH/» • re^oi;* 
 capital of the State of Napoli, on the N. siuc ui the B,iy of 
 Naples, at the foot of Vesuvius, 118 miles S.E. of Rome. Lat. 
 of observatory, 40^ 51' 8" N., Ion. 14° 15' 5" E. It is celebrated 
 for its excellent climate; mean temperature of year. 59".6; 
 winter, 47°.6, summer, 73°.l Fahrenheit. Tiie city is beau- 
 tifully situated at the bottom of the vast and pictviresiiue 
 bay to which it gives its name. It extends partly along the 
 shore, and partly up the acclivity of the adjacent moun- 
 tains, being bounded on the W. by the picturesque height 
 of Pausiiippo, and on the E. by the lofty tops of Vesuvius, 
 wliile the surrounding country, rich in natural beauty, do- 
 rives additional attractions from the numerous villas, and 
 other objects with which human art has embellished it. 
 The best distant view of Naples is obtained in approach- 
 ing it from the sea, and on passing the beautiful islands 
 which guard the entrance to its bay. Naples is surrounded 
 with walls, and protected by three forts or casth s, St. Elmo, 
 the largest of the three, occupying a hill on the N.\V„ con- 
 taining excavations, and other works, hewn out of the rock 
 Castello Nuovo, between the royal pala<« and the sea, and 
 Castello del Ovo on a rocky i.'-let, connected by a jetty with 
 the land. Immediately adjoining is a large ar.*erial, and can- 
 non foundry, which has the appearance of a fortification, 
 being flanked with bastions. The great mass of the build- 
 ings of which the city consists, fijrms an irregular oblong ; 
 its greatt'st length from N. to S. is 3 miles, the breadth 
 from E. to W. about Ij miles, and the circuit nearly 8 
 miles. By including the suburbs, whicli encroach so clo.-^ely 
 upon the town as hardly to hti distinguished from it, the 
 circuit \?ill l)e nearly doubled. Some of the gates are now 
 near the centre of the city ; of these, the only one deserving 
 of notice is the Gate of Capua, with reliefs by Benedetto da' 
 Majano. 
 
 The streets of Naples are tolerably regular, generally clean, 
 and admirably paved with square blocks of lava, so exactly 
 fitted that not the least inequality can be discerned, but 
 they are for the most part inconveniently narrow. The 
 houses are large, substantial, and lofty, averaging not li?ss 
 than five or .six stories, with flat roofs, covered with a com- 
 position of puziiolano, and by the number of plants crowd- 
 ed upon them converted into a kind of domestic sbrubtery, 
 to which the inmates often resort, to enjoj* the breeze. They 
 are generally provided with balconies, and other projection.?, 
 which, like the roofs, are crowded with plants and shrubs. 
 The street whii'h forms the principal thoroughfare, is 
 called Toledo. Commencing at the extreme N., it traverses 
 the middle of the city throughout its whole length, terminat- 
 ing at the palace, not far from the .shore. There are numerous 
 squares, which are, however, generally of small dimensions 
 and irregular in form. The principal are the Largo de Palazzo, 
 chiefly occupied by the palace, which gives it its name, and 
 a large modern church, in imitation of St. Peter's at Rome, 
 the Largo de Castello, planted with trees, and the Piazza 
 di Mercato, or Market-place, already mentioned. Many foun- 
 tiuns of excellent water are scattered over the ditlereut 
 quarters of the city, and fine promenadi^s are furnished by 
 several of the quays along the shore. The Spiag^ria (spe- 
 id'ji, i. e. " strand or shore,") is of great length, extending 
 from the Castello del Ovo to the 'romb of \irgil. and the 
 Mole. It is adorne<l with numerous marble statmw; in the 
 evenings it is crowded with equipages, often of an elegant 
 and often also of a very grotesque description, every Neapo- 
 litan, who can muster any sort of conveyance, disdaining 
 to appear on foot. 
 
 The public edifices, most deserving of notice,' are the 
 Cathedral, a large Gothic building, erected on the site of 
 a Temple of Apollo,- and held in high veneration in conse- 
 quence of possessing the relics of St. .Tanuarius, or Genaro; 
 among others the phial of his blood, the annual melting of 
 which, on the 19th of September, is regarded as a miracle 
 by the credulous populace; the church dei .Santi Apostoli, 
 said to have been originally founded by Constantine the 
 Great, on the site of a temple of Mercury, and though 
 subsequently rebuilt, still very ancient; the church of St. 
 Paul, a hand.some edifice, internally faced with marble; the 
 churches of St. Martin. Del Parto, San Severo, St. Philip de 
 Neri, and other churches, to the number in all of ne.trly 
 300, several of them of architectural merit, and almost 
 all of them richly decorated. 
 
 Among the edifices devoted to secular purposes in Naples, 
 may be mentioned the Palazzo Reale. (Royal Palace.). an 
 immense building of three stories, each of a different order 
 of architecture, only partially completed according to the 
 original . design, but richly fitted up, and adorned with 
 paintings: the Palace of Capo di Monte, forming the usual 
 summer residence of the kiiig, situated without the walls 
 of the town, on an eminence of that name, commanding 
 magnificent views, and it is adorned with fine sculptures, 
 paintings, and articles of virtu, belonging to the cele- 
 brated Farnese Gallery, and surrounded by beautiful gar- 
 dens; the old palace, where the courts of justice now hold 
 their sittings; the Palazzo Degli Studij Publici. (pS-lit/- 
 so dSl'yee stoo'de-e poob'le-ohe.) erected in the eaily part 
 of the 17th century, originally intended and used for a 
 
 1271 
 
NAP 
 
 NAP 
 
 ■unirersUy, but afterwards, in 1790, converted into a great 
 national museum; this, called Museo Borbonico, (moo-.sA/o 
 boR-bou'e-ko.) is said to be unrivalled in its coJIoction of 
 various antiquities, consisting of gems, bronzes, vases, &c., 
 chiefly obtained from the excavations of Pompeii and Uer- 
 culaneum. It contains also the Koyal Library open to the 
 public, having 165,000 volumes, and many rare manu- 
 scripts. There are seven theatres, of which that of San Carlo 
 Is remarkable for its mngnitioence, and is said to tie the largest 
 in existence, though its claims are disputed by that of Mi- 
 lan. Naples is the usual residence of the sovereign, seat of 
 an archbishop, and of the central administration of the 
 kingtiom, and has a commercial tribunal, ship-building 
 yards, and a royal marine hospital. The city possesses a great 
 number of institutions for education, among which we may 
 • cite the University, founded in 122-t: this, since its removal 
 from the Palazzo Degli Studij, occupies the buildings of an 
 old convent, and is attended by about 1500 students; the Ly- 
 ceum del Salvatore ; an establishment for unrolling and de- 
 ciphering the manuscripts found at llerculaneum and other 
 ancient towns ; a medico-chirurgieal school ; a veterinary 
 school; deaf and dumb Institution; royal military school; 
 schools of design and music, and a '■ Koyal House for the 
 Poor," where nearly 6000 children are taught the different 
 arts and trades, at the expense of the government. There are 
 also many public schools, but education is of the lowest 
 kind, and not generally dilTused. 
 
 Among the literary .and scientific institutions are, a royal 
 society of arts, sciences, and antiquities, an observatory, a 
 botanical garden, one of the richest in Italy, an aw-icultu- 
 ral society, physical, chemical and mineralogieal Abinets, 
 and five public libraries. The benevolent endowments in- 
 clude several large hospitals, among which may be named 
 the De'Incurabiii and I)ella .Vnnunziata, the latter partly 
 for foundlings ; the Reclusoria. or Albergo dei Poveri, an 
 orphan asylum, or house of refuge, on a very extensive 
 scale ; a M'int de PicU. and a deaf and dumb asylum ; but 
 notwithstanding its benevolent institutions, the streets of 
 Naples are infested with mendicants of all ages, and of both 
 sexes. That portirm of the population called Lazzaroni live 
 without domicils, in a state of the most degrading filth, 
 poverty, and wretchedne.ss. 
 
 The manufactures of Naples include a great variety of 
 articles. The first in importance are maccaroni and vermi- 
 celli, constituting the principal food of the great body of 
 the people. Next to it are silk stuffs, and especially Gros de 
 Naples, which owes its name to the extent and superiority 
 of its manufacture in this city. The other leading articles 
 are fire-arms, porcelain, tobacco, chemical products, lace, 
 gloves, soap, carriages, violins and other musical instru- 
 ments, hats, woollen, linen, and cotton stuffs. There are 
 also royal type-foundries, iron and glass works, and a mirlt. 
 
 Notwithstanding the extent of the Bay of Naples, the ac- 
 tual harbor is of small dimensions, being formed by a mole, 
 which projects nearly from the centre of the city. The water, 
 though deep at its outc-r extremity, becomes so .shallow near 
 the town as to float only small vessels. It seems, however, 
 to sufHce for all the trade which is carried on. In 184:7, there 
 entered 456 vessels of 74.288 tons, and cleared 456 vessels 
 of 73,641 tons. The exports consist chiefly of bones, cream 
 of tartar, hoops, linseed, hemp, wheat, figs, gloves, liquorice, 
 madder, coral, maccaroni, oil, wine, wool, tallow, rags, and of 
 raw, dyed and manufactured silk. A railway to Nocora, 21 
 miles S.E., with a branch to Castel-a-mare, was opened in 
 1839; and one to Capua, 19 miles N., in 1840. From the 
 latter, a branch extends E. 10 miles, to Nola. 
 
 Naples was founded by the Greeks, who called it Par- 
 thenope, from a siren of that name, who was fabled to 
 have been cast upon the coast near this place. It after- 
 wards took the name of Neapolis, and is said to have 
 retained strong traces of its Grecian origin to a late period 
 of the Koman Empire. It was indebted to the Emperors 
 Adrian and Constantine the Great for numerous embel- 
 lishments, and became a luxurious retreat, to which many 
 of the wp.althier Romans were accustomed to resort. It 
 was here that Virgil studied. In 536 it was pillaged by 
 Belisarius. and a few years after, when it had been rebuilt, 
 the same disaster again befell it at the hands of Totila. It 
 was afterwards successively under the sway of the \ormans, 
 the Emperors of Germany, and the Kings of France and 
 Spain. Under the latter it became the capital of an inde- 
 pendent kingdom. It has often suffered from earthquakes, 
 and from eruptions of Vesuvius. The French took it in 
 1799, and again in 1805. Joseph Bonaparte was made King 
 of Naples, but was replaced by Murat in 1808, and the latter 
 was driven from it by the Austrians, in 1814. Naples was 
 the scene of a most disgraceful outrage in May, 1848. when 
 It was plundered by the lazzaroni. and 1500 lives were Inst. 
 Among the numerous objects of interest in the vicinity are 
 Vesuvius, Pompeii, and llerculaneum, and the Isle of Capri, 
 in Its b.iy.— Adj. and inhab. Neapolitan, nee'a-pol/e-tan, (It. 
 and Sp. NAP0I.ITAXO, nd-po-le-tl/no-; Fr. Napoutaix, n^po*- 
 lee ta.\='. It IS important to observe that Neapolitan refers 
 proiierly to the city of Naplrf, and not to the whole king- 
 dom an is asserted by some persons. Pop. 418,968. 
 1272 
 
 NAPLI5S, BAY OF, (anc. Si'nus PatfiMnus, called also 
 Cra'Ur Si'nus by some authorities,) a celebrated semicircn 
 lar inlet of the Mediterranean, on the S.W. coast of Italy, 
 adjacent to the city of its own name. It is about 22 miles 
 ill length, from Cape Miseno on the N.W., to Cape Campa- 
 nella on the S.E., and about 10 miles in breadlh; having 
 on its shores, besides tlie capital cily. Pozzuolo. Portici, 
 Castel-a-mare, Vico, Sorrento, and Massa; eastward, A'esu- 
 vius bounds the prospect, and westward is ^fciutenuovo: 
 while on its surface are the isles Ischia and Procida at its 
 N.. and Capri at its S. side. 
 
 NAPLES, KINGDOM OF, (It. Segno di Napoli, r.in'yo dee 
 ni'po-le, or Hegno delle due fiicilie, rAn'yo dul'la doo'A se chee'- 
 le-i; Fr. Hoyaume des Deux Sidles, roj^Om' dd dub see'seel'; 
 Sp. Heino de JVapules, rd'e-no dd n^po-16s; Ger. Ki}niijreiek 
 beider Sicilicn, ko'nig-rik bi'der sit-see'le-en.) a former 
 kingdom formed of the S. part of Italy, and the island 
 of Sicily, with its appendant groups, from which circum- 
 stance it is frequently called the Kingdom of the'J'wo Sicilies 
 — Sicilia di qua del Faro, (se-chee'le-3. dee kwi d?l fi'ro; i.e. 
 " Sicilia on this side of the Strait.") or Continental Naples; 
 and Sicilia di la del Faro, (se-eheele-i dee Id del fu/ro, '• Si< ily 
 beyond the Strait,") or Sicily Proper. As Sicily i.s d(!scribed 
 under its own head, the present article will be limited for the 
 most part to the continental part of the kingdom, con.-^isting 
 of the ankle, spur, heel, and foot of the boot, to which Italy, 
 as a whole, bears so striking a re.^emblauce. The kingdom 
 of Naples, thus limited, extends from lat. 37'^ 55' to 42" 55' 
 N., and Ion. 13° 15' to 18° 30' E. ; and is bounded, N. by the 
 Adriatic and the Papal States ; N.W. by the Papal States ; W., 
 S., and S.E. by the Mediterranean ; and N.E. by the Adriatic; 
 greatest length from N.W. to S.E., 345 miles ; average breadti, 
 about 95 miles; estimated area 32,571 square miles. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The coast, who e washed by the 
 Adriatic, is generally low and unbroken, exhibiting only 
 one very marked projection in the spur, formed by Mount 
 Gargano, from which the shore, in proceeding N.. has a 
 graceful curve, nearly in the shape of an arc ; towards the 
 S. it first forms the large Gulf of Manfredonia. and then 
 traces a continuous line, almost free from curvature, as far 
 as the town of Otrauto. The Mediterranean shore is of a 
 different character, being, for the most part, bold and rocky, 
 broken into numerous bays, with projecting headlands ; and, 
 in the S.E., so deeply indented by the Gulf of Taranto, as to 
 form two very remarkable peninsulas — the less, on the E.. 
 between that Gulf and the Adriatic, and the other, stretch- 
 ing far to the S., between the same gulf and the opiX)site 
 shore of Sicily. The principal capes are Sorrento, Gaeta, 
 Vatlcano, Nau, and Leuca; the gulfs besides those above 
 mentioned are Gaeta, Salerno, Policastro, St. Eufemia, Gioja, 
 and Squillace. The interior is generally mountainous, being 
 traversed by the Apennines, which, entering it from the Pon- 
 tifical States, proceed first in a S.E. and then in a S. direction, 
 till they reach its extremity near the Strait of Jlessina, at the 
 same time throwing off numerous branches, which intersect 
 the country in all directions. In the Abruzzi provinces, where 
 it attains its greatest height, the chain separates into three 
 lateral branches which reunite near Isernia; at Slonte 
 Caruso it again divides into two branches, the most elevated 
 of which traverses Calabria. Several of the loftiest summits 
 of the Apennines are situated in Naples; among others 
 Monte Corno, the culminating point of the whole range, 
 9519; Monte Amaro, 9131; and Monte Veliuo, 8174 feet in 
 height ; the volcano Vesuvius on the Bay of Naples rises 3948 
 feet. Between the highest ridges, valleys, generally narrow, 
 but often of great length, intervene. Among the lower 
 ramifications, where the hills assume rounded forms, large 
 undulating tracts, equally distinguished by beauty and 
 fertility, are found; and, towards the coast, both on its E. 
 and W. side, the hills in many places altogether disappear, 
 and are succeeded by extensive plains. The largest of these, 
 called the plain of Apulia, is on the E. side, in the provinces 
 of Capitanata, Barri, and Otranto; but the most celebrated 
 is in Terra di Lavoro, (the Campania Fdix of the Komans.) 
 which here forms a deep alluvial flat, stretching N. from the 
 capital along the shore for 40 miles, with an average breadth 
 of nearly 20 miles. 
 
 Geology. — Granite, gneiss, and mica schist, are the predo- 
 minating rocks. towards the S. extremity of Naple.s, and are 
 continued N. with few interruptions, occupying the greater 
 part of the toe of the boot. Patches of Jura limestone 
 appear in the same quarter; but the prevailing strata are 
 modern, and consist chiefly of the marls, travertin, and 
 sandstone, of the tertiary formation. The .same formation 
 is largely developed on the shores of the Gulf of utianlo, 
 from which it proceeds N.N.W., covering a great part of '.he 
 shore of the Adriatic. It is overlain by cretaceous strat.a, 
 which form a long, narrow belt on the W. side of it, and 
 are succeeded by tlie Jura limestone. This formation occu- 
 pies two very extensive tracts — one extending over a large 
 space in the N. part of the kingdom, and the other, stretcli- 
 ing along the W. coast, between the Gulfs of Policastro and 
 Salerno. Another tract covers the gri^ater part of the pi'o- 
 vince of Bari. The volcanic formation stretcdies along the 
 Gulf of Naples, and part of that of Gaeta, and covei'S a 
 
NAP 
 
 NAP 
 
 large part of the province of Terra di Lsvoro with the de- 
 sompoped lavas, to which it owes its remarkable fertility. 
 
 Minerals. — The minerals of the kingdom have not been 
 properly explored; there are few indications of metals, but 
 {)eds of rock-salt are found chiefly in Calabria, sulphur in 
 the volcanic region, and alum, sulphur, and salti)etre in 
 several district." ; the quarries furnish excellent uiarVile 
 and lava, whioli are extensively used both for building and 
 pavement. 
 
 Mivers. — The rivers of Naples are very numerous, but 
 rising for the most part in the Apennines, at no great dis- 
 tance from the coast, they are seldom of much magnitude. 
 To the Adriatic lielong the Vomano, I'escara, Saugro, Trigno, 
 Biferno, i'ortore, Candelaro, Orvaro, Carapella, and the 
 Otiinto; to the Mediterranean, the Garigliano, Volturno, 
 Sele, Basiento, and Bradano. The principal lakes are the 
 Celano or Fucino, in Aliru/.zo Ultra: and the Siilt la;,'Oons 
 of Lcsina and Varano, in the province of Capitanata, near 
 the shores of the Adriatic. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is divided into three regions accord- 
 ing to elevation; in the lower region the temperature is so 
 mild that vegetation is never interrupted ; in the middle 
 region snow otxa.sionally falls, but goon disappears; in the 
 elevated regions of the Abruzzi, cold is sometimes severe 
 and long-continued : snow lies on Monte Corno nine months 
 in the year. Naples is unhealthy in the marshy districts, 
 and during the prevalence of the sirncoo from July to Sep- 
 tember, when the heat is excessive, the average duration of 
 human life is reckoned lower here than in any other country 
 of Europe. The tiorai»ha.s. in addition to the plants common 
 to Italy, sevcTBl tropical products, including cotton, the 
 sugar-cane, pistachio-nuts, and dates. 
 
 Animals. — The wild boar, porcupine, and game of all 
 kinds abound in the forests, and the coasts have always 
 been celebrated for fish. The domestic animals comprise 
 sheep, goats, and pigs; cattle are not numerous; horses are 
 of a small breed, but active; buffaloes pasture in herds in 
 the marshes; sheep are extensively reared in the plains 
 of Capitanata, and hogs and goatfl are numerous on the 
 shores of the Adriatic. Various reptiles, and other animals, 
 many of them venomous, infest the more S. parts of the 
 kingdom; and stinging insects exist in great numbers, 
 during the warm montlas. 
 
 Agriculture, &c. — A considerable proportion of the moun- 
 tainous regions are occupied by forests, in which magnifi- 
 cent timber abounds; the remainder, consisting of ex- 
 tensive tracts of natural pasture, is devoted chiefly to the 
 rearing of horned cattle, slieep, and goats. In the central 
 parts of the kingdom, the gonial but occasionally oppressive 
 warmth of the climate secures a large amount of produce, 
 though, with a few rare exceptions, the system of agricul- 
 ture pursued is wretched in tlie extreme. The crops follow 
 each other without any regular rotation, and tlie imple- 
 ments are of the most antiquated and inefficient description. 
 Husbandry o<"cnpies the greater portion of the population. 
 Of the 19,985.522 acres, the total area of Naples according 
 to the governmental returns of 1850, 11.7G1.;192 acres were 
 under culture, and 2,334,676 acres in wood. The chief crops 
 are wheat, maize, cotton, melons, rice, oil, wine, hemp, lint, 
 tobacco, and fruits. The olive is extensively cultivated in 
 Otranto, Bari. and Calabria. The culture in which the 
 greatest skill is displayed is that of the vine, which, though 
 seldom seen in extensive vineyards, is generally mingled 
 in other crops in all parts of the kingdom. The wines of 
 Naples are the best in Italy, but are inferior to those of 
 France and Spain, with the exception of the celebrated Lor 
 grima di Cristo. a red wine grown in vineyards on the flanks 
 of Vesuvius, which belong to the crown. Oranges and 
 lemons are grown in Capitanata, saffron in Ba.silicata, the 
 Abruz/.i and Calabria Ultra: lint and hemp are raised in 
 most of the provinces to a considerable extent. Manna is 
 an important product of Calabria, and is monopolized by 
 the government. Silk is au important product, especially 
 in the Terra di Lavoro. the I'riucipati provinces, and Cala- 
 bria. The tunny, anchovy, mullet, and coral fisheries em- 
 ploy many of the inhabitants of the coasts, but the produce 
 is not exported. 
 
 Munu/actures. — ManuCictures in Naples have not made 
 much progress. lu some places large factories exist; but. 
 In general, artisans work at home. The most important 
 industrial product is silk, which is not only extensively 
 spun, but woven into excellent fabrics. The other principal 
 articles are woollens, linens, hosiery, straw hats, sausages, 
 and maccai'oui. Paper, glass, and cutlery are made to a 
 email extent. 
 
 Commerce. — The foreign commerce of Naples is not ext»n- 
 Mve. The exports consist principally of agricultural pro- 
 duce, wine, oil, liquorice, coral, lamb and kid skins, macca- 
 roni, rags, and bones; and the imports, of colonial and 
 manufactured goods, iron, and cutlery. In 1S60, there 
 arrival in Neapolitan ports, 22,264 vessels, of which 3271 
 were foreign; aggregate tonnage. :i00.607 ; and there cleared 
 the same year. 22,150 vessels, of which 32S6 were foreign ; 
 tonnage. 3(1". 6.59. In 1851, the mercantile marine included 
 10,50s vessels ; tonnage, 221,749 ; being an increase, over , 
 
 1S39, of 3565 vessels, and 55.226 tons. Tn carrying on this 
 trade, Naples has the advantage of a great number of excel- 
 lent harbors, but is greatly h.ampcred by the want of suffi- 
 cient means of internal communication. The only railways 
 yet completed extend from the capital — one line stretching 
 from it, in a S.E. direction, close to the coast, and as far as 
 the town of Salerno, and another extending N. to the town 
 of Capua. There is also a branch line to Nola. 
 
 Onernment. — The government of Naples is an here<litary 
 monarchy, which, from the absence or inefficiency of con- 
 stitutional checks, makes a very near ajiproach tfi despotism. 
 A nominal parliament holds its sittings n-gularly at N.aples, 
 but its privileges are so restricted that all power, legislative 
 as well as executive, virtually centres in the crown. Pre- 
 vious to 1837, the two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily had 
 each a species of provincial council called O'tisultn. btit 
 these have been since united in the Cmuulta generale com- 
 mon to both kingdoms. Numerous courts, ascending gra- 
 dually to a supreme court of cassation, have been erected 
 for the administration of justice, which they tire said to 
 di.«pense with considerable impartiality, when the questions 
 to be decided are strictly private ; but when they happen 
 to have a political bearing, the judges become mere tools of 
 the court; indeed it is beyond a doubt that, in regard to 
 political liberty and political justice, no country of Europe 
 stands lower in the scale than Naples. The total number 
 of criminal offences in 1S50, was 16,626. Of these, 4016 
 cases, involving 5805 accu.sed, were brought before the high 
 court, when 1792 were liberated, and 4513 condemned. The 
 number of accusetl in 1835, was 5617, being larger in ]>ro- 
 portion to the population than in 1850. The Roman Catho- 
 lic is the established religion, and is nominally professed by 
 almost all the inhabitants. Convents and nunneries are 
 very numerous, and it is estimated that, throughout tha 
 country, there is 1 monk for every 250 inhabitants. Edu- 
 cation is entirely in the hands of the priests; the grossest 
 ignorance and bigotry everywhere prevail, and all the tho- 
 roughfares swarm with mendicants. The revenue, obtained 
 partly by indirect taxes, but chiefly by an enormous land 
 tax, amounting to a fourth of the rent, was estimated, in 
 184S, at $18,5.36,885. The army, raised partly by conscrip- 
 tion and partly by voluntary enlistment, niiml)ered in 1S51 
 106,519 men. The navy in 1851 comprised 3 .ships of the 
 line, 2 of them having 80 guns each ; 5 frigates, 2 of 50 gung 
 e.ach. 1 of 4S and 2 of 46 each ; 2 corvettes, one with 22 and 
 the other with 14 guns; and 6 smaller vessels ; besides these 
 th(Te are 12 steam-frigates and 12 other steam-vessels: 
 total 40. 
 
 Divisions.^— For administrative purposes, Naples was divi- 
 ded into 15 provinces, of which the names, area, population, 
 Ac, are exliibited in the following Table: — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area In 
 Sq. Miles 
 
 Popiilafn, 
 1S50. 
 
 Chief Cities. 
 
 Populafn, 
 1»50. 
 
 Abnizzo Citra . . . 
 
 1,248 
 
 31. ',399 
 
 Chietl . . . 
 
 17,734 
 
 Abruzzo Ultra I. . . 
 
 I, '-'42 
 
 229,7-8 
 
 Teramo . . 
 
 15,609 
 
 Abnizzo Ultra II. . 
 
 2„W0 
 
 sjii.isi 
 
 Aquila . . . 
 
 1I,16» 
 
 Biiri (Terra di) . . . 
 
 ■i,;«is 
 
 4»7,4:<2 
 
 liari .... 
 
 27,297 
 
 Basilicata 
 
 4,162 
 
 501,222 
 
 Potenza . . 
 
 12.362 
 
 Calabria Citra . . . 
 
 2.6:i0 
 
 435.hu 
 
 Coseiiza . . 
 
 13,847 
 
 Calabria Ultra I. . . 
 
 2, 20:5 
 
 3I9,«62 
 
 Reggio . . . 
 
 18,483 
 
 Calabria Ultra II. . 
 
 2,072 
 
 .3N1,H7 
 
 Cutiinzaro 
 
 14,765 
 
 Capitanata 
 
 2,!»-'S 
 
 318,415 
 
 Foggia. . . 
 
 24,058 
 
 LsToro (Terra di) . 
 
 2,505 
 
 752,012 
 
 Caserta . . 
 
 25.780 
 (iu 18i>l) 
 
 . Maplea 
 
 382 
 
 8-22,142 
 
 Naples . . . 
 
 416,475 
 (IS.iO) 
 19,.397 
 
 Otranto (Terra di) . 
 
 i,883 
 
 409,000 
 
 Lecoe . . . 
 
 Priucipato Citra . . 
 
 2,271 
 
 55»,S09 
 
 Salerno . . 
 
 18,892 
 
 Principato Ultra . . 
 
 J,3«2 
 
 383,414 
 
 Avellino. . 
 
 22,873 
 
 Molise or Sannio • • 
 
 1,785 
 
 3()0,549 
 
 CampobaAso 
 
 
 Total 
 
 32,571 
 
 6,010,873 
 
 
 
 It would seem that the natural advantages of the country 
 are so great as to cause a continued increase of population, 
 in circumstances where it might almost be expected to retro 
 grade. In 1835. the population, N. of the Straits of Messina, 
 was 5.946,000; in 1845, 6,238.618; in 1850, as seen above, 
 6.610,873 ; and in 1861, 6,612,892. Pop. of the whole king- 
 dom, including Sicily, in 1851, 8,704,472. 
 
 i/ts/o/-,!/.— Continental Naples corresponds nearly, in its N. 
 part, to the ancient Campalnia and Sam'nium. and, in its S. 
 part, to ApuUia, Lucalnia, Messalpia. and BruHium. The last 
 four are often comprehended under the name of Magna 
 (iR.ECiA, given to them because long occupied, if not origin- 
 ally peopled, by colonies from Greece. Shortly after the defeat 
 of I'yrrhus, the country was annexetl to the Koman Republic, 
 and long formed one of its most valuable portions. On the 
 breaking up of the Roman Empire, it was overrun by hordes 
 of barbarians, and passed successively under the dominj^- 
 tion of the Goths, Lombards, Arabs, and Normans. In more 
 modern times, also. It has been sulgected to numerous vicis- 
 situdes. In the early part of the liith century, it came into 
 the possession of Spain, which retained it for nearly two 
 centuries, and governed it by viceroys. In 1734. it was 
 erected into an independent monarchy, in favor of the In- 
 
 1273 
 
NAP 
 
 fante Dou CVrlos, or, as he is sometimes called, Charles of 
 Bourbon, wfc'j, on his accession to the throne of Spain, in 
 I'o'J, bestowed the kingdom on his third son Ferdinand, 
 then only in his eighth year, upon the condition that it 
 should never ag<ain be annexed to the Spanish crown. Dur- 
 Inii the French conquests in the early part of the present 
 century. Napoleon declared the reigning dynasty in Naples 
 at an end, and placed his brother Joseph upon the Neai)oIitan 
 throne. Upon Napoleon's downfall in 1815, Ferdinand re- 
 turned to his former possessions, and made many liberal 
 promises, which were not fulfilled. During the remainder 
 of his reijn, the abuses of the old regime were scarcely 
 diminished. The King was expelled by the revolutionists 
 under Garibaldi in Feb. 1861, since wiiich date Naples forms 
 pait of the new kingdom of Italy. 
 
 NA'PIiE.S, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 55 
 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1219. 
 
 NAPLKS, a post-village and township of Ontario co.. New 
 York, on the inlet of Canandaigua Lake, about 40 miles S 
 by E. of Rochester. The village contains churches of 4 de- 
 nominations, an academy and 6 or 8 stores. It has cloth 
 works, flouring-mills, tanneries, diatillerios, &c. Pop. of 
 the township 2067. 
 
 NAPLES, a thrinng post-village of Scott co., Illinois, on 
 the left bank of the Illinois Kiver, 55 miles W. of Spring- 
 field. It is tlie western terminus of the Great Western 
 Kailroad, which conno<ts it with Springfield, and will pro- 
 bably be extended to Hannibal on the .Mississippi. Large 
 quantitiesof grain, pork, Ax., are received here, and shipped 
 by steamboats. If contains 2 churches, 1 drug-store, 6 other 
 Htures 1 hotel, and 5 groceries. 
 
 N.iPLOUSE, a town of Palestine. See Nabloos. 
 
 NAPO, ni/po, a river of South America, Ecuador, rises on 
 the N. side of Cotopaxi, flows E.S.E.. and joins the Amazon, 
 lat. 3° 40' S., Ion. 73'^ 20' W., after a total course estimated at 
 600 miles. Affluents, the Coca, Aguarico, and Curaray. On 
 it. near its source, is the village of N.vpotoa, 140 miles S.E. 
 of Quito. 
 
 NAPO'LEON, a post village, capital of Desha co., Arkan- 
 sas, on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Arkansas, about 
 125 miles by land S.E. of Little Kock. The buildings are 
 chiefly of wood. It is a place of active business. Steam- 
 boats run three times a week from this place to Little Rock. 
 The United States government has built here a fine marine 
 hospital. Pop. alK)ut 1000. 
 
 NAPOLEON, a post-village of Gallatin co., Kentucky, 56 
 miles N. of Frankfort, contains 1 church and a store. 
 
 NAPOLEON, a post-village and township, cjipital of Henry 
 CO., Ohio, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, and on the left 
 bank of the Maumee River, 40 miles above Toledo, and 154 
 miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 1139. 
 
 NAPOLEON, a post-village and township of Jackson co., 
 Michigan, about 50 miles S.S.E. of Lansing. Pop. 802. 
 
 N.APOLEON, a thriving post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, 
 on the plank-ro.id from Madison to Greensburg, 60 miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. in 1860, estimated at 600. 
 
 NAPOLEON-VENdCe. See Bourbon- Vexd£e. 
 
 NAPOLEOXVILLE, a town of France. See PoNTivr. 
 
 NAPO'LEONVILLE, a post-village of Assumption parish, 
 Louisiana, on Bayou la Fourche, 72 miles S. of Baton Rouge, 
 has 1 newspaper office. 
 
 NAPOLI, a city of Italy. See Naples. 
 
 NAPO'LI, a post-township in the W. part of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, about 50 miles S. of Buflfalo. Pop. 1238. 
 
 NAPOLI DI ROMANIA, a town of Greece. See Naoplia. 
 
 NAPOLI DI MALVASIA. See Monemvasia. 
 
 NAPOLOSE, a city of I'alestine. See Nabloos. 
 
 NAIVONOCK, a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, on 
 Rondout Creek, near the Delaware and Hudson Canal, about 
 80 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 N.\POTOA, a village of Ecuador. See Napo. 
 
 NAPTON-ON-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 NAR, Italy. See Nera. 
 
 NAK or NARO, Dalmatla. See Narexta. 
 
 NARA. nS'rd, a town of Japan, Island of Niphon, 25 miles 
 N.E. of Miako. 
 
 NARANJO, PUERTO, a harbor of Cuba. See Puerto 
 Naranjo. 
 
 N.\RANJOS, nJ-ring%oce, a group of islands in the Bay 
 of Panama, South America. 
 
 NARANJOS, a river of Eucador, falls into the Gulf of 
 Gu-.yaquil, lat. 2° 28' S., Ion. 79° 45' W. 
 „J!',^'**^•^'•'*^^' nl-rdng/Hoce, a cluster of small islands in the 
 Philippines, near the S. extremity of Luzon ; hit. 12° 29' N.. 
 Ion. 12o° 54' E. ' 
 
 a w^'^o^.'-' "*-''»^''l'' a town of Hindostan, Oude, 6 miles 
 B.w.ofjtajapoor, and almost surrounded by British territo- 
 ries. Pop. WOO. 
 
 NAR/BERTII, a pariiamentary borouah, market-town. 
 at:d par sh of .South Wales, county and Hi miles N.N.E. of 
 Pembroke. Pop. of parliaraeuiary borough, in 1851, 1392. 
 The town is neatly built; has ruins of a castle, and manu- 
 tactures of hits. It joins Haverfonl-west and Fish-'uanl 
 in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. ° 
 
 1274 
 
 NAR 
 
 NARBOLTA, naR-bo-lce/i. or NURAPOLIA, noo-ri5-p>lee'il, 
 a village of the island of Sardinia, province of JiusachL 
 Pop. 1UG9. 
 
 NARBO MARTIUS. See N.arboxxe. 
 
 NARBONENSIS PRIMA. See Langcedoc. 
 
 NAUBONNE. uaR^bonn', (anc. NaHbo Martfivs.) a city 
 of France, department of .\ude, 32 miles E. of CRrcassonne, 
 on the railway from Bordeaux to Cette. Pop. in 1852, 13.06(5, 
 It has a line Gothic cathedral, and numui-ous remains of an- 
 tiquity. The canal of Narbonne traverses the town, and 
 communicates with tlie Mediterranean, and with the Canal 
 du Midi. It has commerce in honey, for whi^h it is cele- 
 brated, wine, oil. brandy, and salt. .Narbonne is one of the 
 oldest cities of Gaul; it received a Roman colony in 121 b. c, 
 and was made the metropolis of Southern Uaul. which the 
 Romans called Gallia jVurbonctisis. At that time it had a 
 port, which does not now exist. 
 
 NARBOROUGU, naWbur-ruh, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 NARBOROUGU, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with 
 a st;ition on the East .\nglian Railway, 5j miles W.N.W. of 
 Swaffham. 
 
 NARBOROUGU ISLAND, one of the Galapaoos Islands. 
 
 N.\RBOKOUGirS ISL.\NDS, a group in the South Pacific, 
 off the W. entrance of the Straits of Magellan, al)out lat. 
 52° S., and Ion. 75° E. ; consisting of 8 or 10 principal islands 
 and app."irently hundreds of smaller ones. 
 
 NARCISSUS, nar-sis/sus, CLERKE ISLAND, or TATA- 
 COTO, tii^ta-ko'to. South Pacific; lat. 17° 20' S., Ion. 13S° 2^ 
 W. It is al)out 4 miles long by 1 mile'broad. 
 
 NARCOND.\M, uar-kon-diim', a small but conspicuous 
 island in the Bay of Bengal. 70 miles E. of the N. point of 
 North Andaman Island, rising couically to 2500 feet above 
 the sea; lat. 13° 26' N.. Ion. 94° 18' E. 
 
 N.\RDA. a town of Majorca. See ART.A. 
 
 NARDINPETT, nar-din-p^tt', a town of India, Nizam's 
 dominions, 29 miles S.E. of Hyderabad. 
 
 NARDO, nao'do, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 8 
 miles N.N.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 80O0. It has a cathedral, a 
 hospital, and manufactures of cotton goods from cotton 
 raised in the neighborhood. 
 
 NARE, ni/rA, a river of South -America, New Granada, 
 after an E. course joins the Magdalena at Nare, 65 miles 
 N.N.E. of Honda; aflluents, the .Saman.-t and Nus. 
 
 NAKENT.\, nil-rjn'td, (anc. iVaro or \ar.) a river of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, in Herzegovina, rises in the Dinaric Alps, 
 passes Mostar, traverses the S. of Dalmatia. and enters the 
 Channel or N arexta, a gulf formed by the .-Vdrialic lietween 
 the coa-st of Dalmatia and the i>eninsula of Sabioucello. 
 Length 140 miles. 
 
 NAilENT.4, (the Xanilna of the Romans.) a town of Bos- 
 nia, 27 miles W. of Seraievo. It was occupied by the Ve- 
 netians in 987. and taken by the Turks in 1479. 
 
 N.^RIiW, nilriiv, or.NAREV, a river of Russia and Poland, 
 rises in the government of Grodno, traverses the provinces 
 of Bialystok, Aiigustowo, and Plock, and joins the Bug at 
 Sierock, 18 miles N. of Warsaw, after a W. and S.W. courM 
 of 200 miles. Chief aflluent, the Bober. 
 
 NaR'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 N.\RG EN. iiaR/gh^n. two islands of the Russian dominions, 
 one in the Gulf of Finland, 12 miles N.W. of Revel, 5 miles 
 in length, wootied, and having a lighthouse on the N. 
 
 NARGHUR, nar^gur', a town of India, Malwah, 16 miles* 
 N.E. of Mundessor. 
 
 NARI, ni/ree, a river of Beloochistan, has its origin In 
 Sewistan, about lat. 30° N., Ion. 68° E. ; and flowing S. for 
 about 50 miles, is joined by the Kauhee or Bulan, lat. 
 29° 26' N., Ion. 67° 58' E. The united stream continues 
 to flow S., and is finally lost in tlie arid plain of Cutch 
 Gundava. 
 
 N.^RIM, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Nartm. 
 
 NARIM. (Narim.) a parish of Norway. See NiERlM. 
 
 NARLAH, nar'li, a town of India, province of (Jrissa, 3i 
 miles E. of Bustar. 
 
 N.'VUM.\DA, a river of India. See Nfrbudda. 
 
 N.\11M.\TS0 or NARM.\TZO, naR-m3t'.so, a large village 
 of Russia, government and .'58 miles from Kazan. Pop. 4600. 
 Here is a palace of Prince Kulautschakov, to whom the vil- 
 lage p.irtly belongs. 
 
 N.\RNI, naR'nee, (anc. Narfnia or NequVnum.) a town of 
 Central It-ilv. State of Umbria, on a height aliove the Nera, 
 45 miles N.E. of Rome. Pop. 3260. It has a cathedral, 5 
 convents, and an aque(:uct supplying several fountains. 
 
 N.\RNOUL, nar-iiool'. a town of Ujndostan, dominions 
 and 80 miles N.E. of Jeypoor. 
 
 NARO. See Narenta. 
 
 N.\RO, ni'ro, a town of Sicilv. on the Naro, intendenry 
 and 12 miles E.S.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 10.000. It has a 
 royal college, an asylum, and stime trade In oil. wine, and 
 sulphur. Here have been found many medals, tombs, and 
 other antiquitie.'. 
 
 NARO. (anc. Hyp'sa.) a river of Sicily, rises 16 miles S.W, 
 of Caltanisettji. and after a S.W. course of 23 miles, enters 
 the Me<llt«rrftnean 7 miles S.S.W. of Girgenti. 
 
 NAROV or NAROW, nd-rov', a market-town of Rui«.>«, 
 
NAR 
 
 govo.rnmont of Minsk, on the Prlpets, 21 miles S.S.E. of 
 Moxyr. Cop. 1800. 
 
 NAROVA or N.\ROWA, ni'ro-vd\ or nlro'vd, a river of 
 Eussia, rises in Lake I'eipus, flows between the govern- 
 ments of St. I'etersburg and Ksthonia, and enters tiie 
 Gulf of Finland at the villaije of Narovskaia, after a N. 
 course of 40 miles past Narva, to which town It is uavigable 
 frora (he sea. 
 
 NAltOVTCII.VT, XAKOWTSCHAT, nil-rov-chaf, or \0- 
 KDVTOIIAT, no-rov-clidf, a town of Russia, government 
 and 78 miles N'.AV. of I'enza. I'op. 27uO. 
 
 NAR/JIA, two branches of the Indus River, above its 
 delta. The East N.\rra leaves the main stream at Roree, 
 flows very tortuously south-eastward past Umerkote, and 
 after crossinj; the Runn of Cutch and the Ullah-bund. enters 
 the sea by the Koree Jlouth. The \Ve.st Narra leaves the 
 Indus 2.5 miles N.E. of Sukkur, and flows into Lake Jlan- 
 cbar, which again communicates with the main stream. It 
 encloses, with the Iudu.s, a highly fertile tract, and during 
 the rains is preferred to the main ubaunel, for the purpose 
 of n.avigation. 
 
 NARRAGAX'SKT BAY, a large body of water, extending 
 N. from the Atlantic into Rhode Island, between Point 
 Juditii on the W., and Seconnet Rocks on the E. Length 
 28 miles, breadth from 3 to 12 miles. It receives several 
 considerable rivers, and contains a number of beautiful 
 islands, the principal of which is Rhode Island, 16 miles 
 long, Canonicut and Prudence Island.^. 
 
 NARRAGANSET, a postofflco of \Vashington co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 NARRAGU.MORE, narVah-mor', a parish of Ireland, co. 
 of Kildare. 
 
 NARRAGUA'GUS RIVER, a small stream in the S.E. 
 part of Maine, rises in Hancock co., and falls into Narra- 
 guagus Bay, in Washington county. 
 
 NARR.\GUAGUS. a post-village of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 NAR/R.\U, a town of Central India, Nagpoor dominions, 
 45 miles S.E. of Ryepoor. 
 
 NARU.\It, a town of India, dominions of Berar, 97 miles 
 W.S.W. of Sumbhulpoor. 
 
 >iARR.A.I.\GllUR, nar'rln-gilr', a town of India, in the 
 protected Sikh territory, near Umballah. 
 
 NARR.\IXGUXGE, nar'rIn-gCinj', a considerable trading 
 town of British India, presidency and jirovince of Bengal, 
 10 miles S.E. of Dai«a. E.stimated population 15,000, who 
 carry on an active trade in gait, corn, and tobacco. It has 
 numerous indigo factories. 
 
 NARRIMA.N.narVe-mdn', NAROOMAK, NAROUMAK or 
 N.\RUM.\K, nd^roo-nidk/, a town of Asiatic Turkey, capital 
 of a sanjak of the same name, about 12 miles S.W. of Olti, 
 near the W. frontiers of Georgia. It is very ancient, and was 
 once a place of great importance, but has lalleu into decay. 
 
 N.\RR01I0TK, nar^ro-hof, a town of Hiudostan, domi- 
 nions and 36 miles E. of Baroda. 
 
 NAR'RUWS, of New York, a strait separating Long Island 
 from Stat<m Lsland, and connecting New York Bay with 
 New York Harbor. It is about li miles wide in the nar- 
 rowest part. On either side have been erected strong forti- 
 fications for its defence. 
 
 NARROWS, a post-office of Jefferson co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 NARROWS, a postK)llice of Pike co.. I'ennsylvani.a. 
 
 NARROW.*, a post-office of Nodawav CO., Missouri. 
 
 NARUt>WSBURG, formerly BIG EliOY, a pleasant post- 
 village of Sullivan co.. New York, on the New York and 
 Erie Railroad, 123 miles from New York city. It takes its 
 name from a contraction in the Delaware River, between 
 two points of rock .at this place. 
 
 NARROW VALLEY, a post-office of Calhoun co., Alabama. 
 
 NARSIXGAH, nar-sing'ga. a town of British India, pi^ 
 sldency of Bengal, 50 miles W.N.W. of Cuttack. 
 
 N.\RSIPOOR, nar^se-poor', a maritime town of British 
 India, presiden< y of Madras, 40 miles E. of Masulipatam, 
 on the Godavery. at the mouth of its W. branch. 
 
 NARVA, nau'vj, a fortified tbwn and river-port of Russia, 
 government and 81 miles W.S.^V. of St. Petersburg, on the 
 Narova. 9 miles from its mouth, in the Gulf of Finland. 
 Pop 3000. It consists of an old and a new town ; the for- 
 mer, founded in 1123, has a town-hall, exchange, and the 
 fortress of Ivangorod. Th<! new town is enelosetl by fortifi- 
 calions. Narva has a salmon fi.shery. Near it Charles XII.. 
 ai the head of 8000 Swedes, defeated an army of 80,000 
 Kassians, on the 30th November 1700. 
 
 XARWAH, a small town of Portuguese India, 4 miles 
 from Goa. 
 
 NARWAR. narSvJr'. or NURWUR, niirVfir/, a town of 
 Central India, dominions and 4& miles S. of Gwalior, on the 
 Bind River, a tributary of the Ganges. 
 
 NARYM or N ARIM, nd-rim', a town of Asiatic Russia, go- 
 vernment of Tomsk, on the Obi, 225 miles N.W. of Tomsk. 
 Pop. KiUO. 
 
 XARYM, a.riverof Asiatic Russia, tributary to the Irtish, 
 on the Chinese frontier. 
 
 N.\RZOLE, naRd'zo-lii, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Coni. province and about 15 miles N. of Mon- 
 de vi, on the left bank of the Tanaro. Pop. 3659. 
 
 NASBINALS, nds'bee'^ndP, a village of Fnn-o, depart- 
 ment of Lozere, 16 miles N.W. of Marvejols. Pop. 1022. 
 
 NASEBY, ndz/bee, a parish of England, co. and 12 miles 
 N.N.W. of Northampton. The troups of Charles I >vfre 
 totally defeated here by the Parliamentary an-vj iu 1640 
 
 NASH, a parish of South Wales, co. oi i -cuicroK* 
 
 NASH, a parish of England, co. of Mopmouth. 
 
 NASH, a county in the N.E. central part of North Caro- 
 lina; area estimated at 600 sc^uare miles. It is intersected 
 by Tar River and Sandy Creek, and bounded on the S.^V. 
 by Contentny Creek. The surface is uneven, and the soil 
 generally poor. Capital, Nashville. Formed in 1777, and 
 named in lienor of General Francis Nash, who fell at the 
 battle of Qermantown. Pop. 11,6S7, of whom 7007 were 
 free, and 4680 slaves. 
 
 NASHAWN' or NASIIAW/AN ISLAND, one cf the Elizar 
 beth Islands, Massachusetts, is 8 miles long, and near 2 
 miles wide. 
 
 NASH ISLAND, in Pleasant River Bay, about 20 miles 
 ^V. by S. of Machias Bay, Maine. It contains a fixed light 
 of deep red color, 47 feet above the level of the sea ; lat. 44° 
 25' N.. Ion. 67° 37' W. 
 
 NASllO'BA, a county in the E. central part of Mis.-^is- 
 sippi, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Pearl River. A largo part of the land is un- 
 cultivated. Cajiital, PhilailolpUiu. Pop. 8343, of whom 
 6131 were free, and 2212 slaves. 
 
 NASH'PORT, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio Canal and Licking River, 54 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 NASH'S FORD, a post-ofjice of Russell co., Virginia. 
 
 NASH'S STREAM, ot Coos county, New Hampshire, flows 
 into the Upper Ammonoosuck. 
 
 N.\SII'UA, formerl3' DUNSTABLE, an importjint manu- 
 facturing post-town of Hillsborough county. New Hamp- 
 shire, 40 miles N.N.E. of Boston, is situated at the conflu- 
 ence of the Nashua River with the Merrimack, and at the 
 terminus of the Ijowell, the Woirester, the Wilton, and the 
 Concord Railroads, by which it has communication with the 
 principal cities and towns of New England. The Nashua 
 River hits a fall at this place of 65 feet in about 2 miles, 
 affording a vast hydraulic power, which has been greatly 
 improved for manufacturing purposes. Its volume is 180 
 cubic feet per second in the dryest season. A canal, con- 
 necting the waters of this stream above the falls with those 
 of the Merrimack, was constructed in 1825, and opened for 
 the transportation of goods in the spring of 1826. The locks 
 are Ot solid stone, 24 feet high, each lift being 10 feet wide, 
 and 82 feet long. Nashua has long been distinguished for 
 its manufactures, which are very extensive, and embrace 
 articles of almo.st every description. Among the numerous 
 corporations may be mentioned the Nashua Manufacturing 
 Company, charteretl in 1823, with a capital of S300,000, 
 which hiis since "been increased to $1,000,000. The canal, 
 which supplies water to its factories, is about 3 miles in 
 length, 50 feet wide, and 6 feet deep, and affords a head and 
 fall of about 36 feet. This company ha.s at present four ex- 
 tensive mills, which give employment to about 1000 opera- 
 tives, having charge of 37,450 spindles, 1089 looms, consum- 
 ing annually 10,000 balesof cotton, and producing 13,000,000 
 yards of prints, shirtings, ic. The company also have a 
 large machine shop, iu whicli several hundred hands are 
 employed. The sales of the Nashua Iron Company amount 
 to $175,000 per annum. The entire quantity of cotton fab- 
 rics annually produced is about 18.000,000 yards, and the 
 total capital employed $1,480,000. The other manufactures 
 of Nashua comprise ste;im engines, machinists' tools, mill- 
 work, iron castings, iron forgings, edged tools, shuttles, bob- 
 bins, loeks, farming implements, &c. The total capital in- 
 vested in the various manufac^tures is upwards of $2,000,000, 
 and the number of operatives engaged about 1000 males 
 and 1300 females. The receipts of the post-office amount to 
 about $3000 a year. There are in Nashua, 7 churches, 3 
 newspaper offices, a bank, and a savings institution con- 
 nected with the Nashua Manufacturing Company. In 1842 
 the township was divided, and the part lying chiefly on the 
 X. side of Nashua River, received the name of Nashville. 
 Nashville also has 1 bank. Pop. 10,065. 
 
 NASHUA, a post-township of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 N.\SHU.i RIVER, rises near the centre of Mas.sachusetts, 
 In Worcester co., and flowing in a north-easterly direction, 
 falls into the Merrimack at Nashua, New Hampshire. 
 
 NASH'VILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Hillsborough co.. New Hampshire, is situ.ated at the con- 
 fluence of the Nashua River with the Merrimack, opposite 
 Nashua, with which it is connected by bridges. It is the 
 seat of the Jackson Company, which has a capital of 
 $480,000, employed in the manufacture of cotton sheetings 
 and shirtings, of which it produces about 5,000.000 yards 
 annually; also, of the Machine Shop of the Nashua and 
 Lowell Railroad Company, having convenienc-es for the 
 manufactures of locomotives; besides which are varioue 
 other establishments. Nashville contains churches of 3 or 4 
 denominations, a bank, and a savings institution connected 
 with the Jackson Company. 
 
 1275 
 
NAS 
 
 NAS 
 
 NASnviLLE, a postoffioe of Chautauqua co., \ew Tort. 
 
 NASIIVILLK, a post-Til]a(re, capital of Nash co.. North 
 Carolina, on an affluent of the Tar Kiver, 45 miles E.X.E. 
 Of Ealeiirh. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a villa^re of Ix)wnclea co., Mississippi, on 
 Tombiffbee River, 140 miles N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 NASIIVILLK. a po.etrTilla«te of Milam co.. Texas, on the 
 Brazos River, 75 miles N.E. of Austin. It was formerly the 
 county seat. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a handsome and flourishing city, capital of 
 the State of Tennessee, and of Davidson county, is situated 
 on the left bank of Cumberland River, 200 niiU-s from its 
 mouth. 230 milM E.N.E. of Memphis, 206 miles .S.W. of 
 Lexinirton, in Kentucky, and 684 miles from Washington. 
 Lat. 36° 9' N.. Ion. 86° 49' W. ; elevation alxive the sea. 460 
 feet It is the most wealthy and populous city of Tennes- 
 see, and is distinguished for its enterprising spirit, literary 
 ta.ste. and polished society. Many of the private residences 
 are built on a scale of palatial magnitude and splendor, and 
 the public buildings exhibit a corresponding character. The 
 new Capitol, which stands on a commanding eminence, 175 
 feet above the river, is one of the most noble, niagniticent, 
 and costly structures in America. The m.iterial is of a fine 
 limestone, which was quarriwl on the eyot. and nearly re- 
 sembles marble. The dimensions are 240 feet by 1.35. and 
 the estimated cost $1,000,000. It is built, as it is stated, 
 entirely of stone and iron, without any wood about it. ex- 
 cept the plank on which the copper roofing is fastened : the 
 floor and inner walls are of dressed stone. The foundation 
 of the cnpitol was laid in 1845. A lunatic asylum, on a large 
 scale, has recently Ijeen erected in the vicinity. The State 
 Penitentiary at this place is 310 feet by 50, containing 200 
 cells. The" University of Na.shville was founded in 1806. 
 The Medical College connected with the University was 
 opened in 1851 : it occupies a capacious building, and h.is 
 about 100 students. There are also a number of female 
 Beminaries. the largest of which is attended by above 300 
 pupils. About 12 newspapers are published here. 5 or 6 of 
 which are dailies. Nashville contains 3 banks, with a total 
 capital of $5,181,500. and about 14 churches. The mineral 
 cabinet of the late Dr. Troost contains the largest private 
 collection in the United States. The Cumberland River is 
 crossed by a magnificent wire suspension bridge, recently 
 built at a cost of .^100.000. The city is lighted with gas, 
 and supplied with water raised from the Cumberland Kiver. 
 Nashville has expended large sums in the construction of 
 macadamized turnpikes. 8 of which radiate in different 
 directions. The river is navigated during high water by 
 large steamboats from its mouth to this point, and a num- 
 ber of splendid packets are owned here. The shipping of 
 the port. .Tune 30. 1852. amounted to an aggregate of 4083 
 tons, enrolled and licensed, all of which were employed in 
 steam navigation. During the year. 5 steamlxiat.'s. with an 
 aggregate burthen of 479| tons, were admeasured. This 
 city is the centre of an active trade, and the seat of manu- 
 factures of various kinds. Nashville is the terminiis of the 
 Na,«hville and Chattanooga Railroad. 150 miles long, which 
 was finished in 1852. at an expense of about $3,000,000. 
 The road is built in a very substantial manner, and com- 
 pletes the connection with Charleston and Savannah. 
 Other railroads connect this city with Louisville, Menii)his, 
 New Orleans. &c. Ni>shville w^.as taken by the Union army 
 about Feb. 24, 1862. Here Gen. Geo. H. Thomiis gained a 
 decisive victory over the Rebel general Hood on the l-5th 
 and 16th of December, 1n(U. Pop. in 1845, 12,000; in 1860, 
 exclusive of Edgefield, 16,988. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a post-village of Holmes co.. Ohio, 82 miles 
 N.E. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, and about 400 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 N.VSimLLE, a post-village, capital of Brown co., Indians, 
 40 miles S. of Indianapolis. Settled in 1837. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a village of Hancock CO.. Indiana, on Sugar 
 Creek. .33 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Washington co., 
 niinois. lis miles S. by E. of Springfield. It is situated on 
 a rich prairie. Pop. 872. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a post-village of Boone CO.. Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, 26 miles above JelTerson City. It has a 
 landint; for steamboats, and a few warehouses. 
 
 N.\SHVILLE, a village of Lee co., Iowa, on the Mlesls- 
 rippi River. 10 miles a1)ove KeoKuk. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a post-office of El Dorado CO.. California. 
 
 NASIELSK. n4'se-^lsk\ a town of Poland, province of 
 Plock. 26 miles N. of Warsaw. Pop. 12(i0. mostly Jews. 
 Here tlie French defeated the Russians In 1806. 
 
 NA'SlNil. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 NASIRABAD. nns'ir-a-bid'. or NESSERABAD. nfsVivi- 
 bjd'. a town of Ilindostan. kingdom of Oude, 65 miles S.'S.E. 
 of Lucknow. Pop. 3000 
 
 NASKA. nif^L or CABALlA">S. ki-B-ll/yoce. a maritime 
 town of I'eru. department of Lima, on the Pacific, at the 
 mouth of the river Na*k;i,30 miles 8.E. of Pnlpa. 
 
 NASKOV or NASKOW, ni»'kov, written also NAKSKOV, 
 
 nifes'kov'. (L. Niutyi/ria.) a town of Denmark, the largest 
 
 and most important on the island of Laaland, on a fiord , 
 
 127« 
 
 of the same name. Near it, finely situated on the fiord, is 
 the old castle of Aalholm or Christiansholm. once a place 
 of great strength, which figures much in the early history 
 of Denmark. Pop. in 1851, 2955. 
 
 N.4S0, na'so. (anv.'A(ittlliytn)unt f) a town of Sicily, intenil- 
 ency and 44 miles W.S.W. of Messina, on the Naso. near it* 
 mouth. Pop. 4400. It stands on a hill, is enclosed by walls, 
 and has 2 churches. 
 
 NA'.SONVILLE. a post-village in Burrillville townihi,). 
 Providence co., Rhode Island, alont 26 miles N.W. of Provi- 
 dence. It contains 1 hoe and axe factory. 
 
 NASSABERG. n3s's.'l-lieRG\ a market-town of Bohemia, 
 circle and 8 miles S. of Chrudim. with a castle. Pop. 561. 
 
 NASSAU, nas'saw, (tier. pron. nls's<"iw : Fr. pron. nSsVO/ : L, 
 Xasso'vta,) a town of Germany, capital of a duchy of its own 
 name, sittiated on the right bank of the Lahii. 25 miles 
 N.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1600. The ruined castle of Nas- 
 sau, on the opposite side of the river, gives title to the reigiv 
 ing family. 
 
 NASSAU, Drcnr of, a state in the W. part of Ger- 
 many, between lat. 49° 66' and 50° 52' N.. and Ion. 7° 3(y 
 and 8° 30' E., Vxiunded E. by Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prus- 
 sian district of Wetzlar, Hesse-IIomburg, and the territory 
 of F'rankfort, S. by the Khiuu and Main which separate it 
 from Hesse-Darmstadt. W. and N. by Rhenish Prussia, from 
 which it is partly separate*! by the Rhine. Ai-ea 1751 s<|uare 
 miles. I'op. in 1853. 429.341. mostly Protestants. Surface 
 mountainous, traversed in the N. by the Westerwald, and 
 in the S. by the Taunus Mountains. Soil fertile, with excel- 
 lent pasturage. The rivers belong entirely to the basin of 
 the Rhine ; the chief are the Rhine, I^hn. and Sieg. The 
 duchy produces excellent wine in the district called the 
 Rheixoau. and in the vineyairls of Steinberg, Rudeshoim, 
 Hockheim. and especially Johanni.sK-rg. Mines of iron, 
 copper, and silver are worke<l. coal is found in the A\ cstep- 
 wald. and the mineral waters of Wiesbaden. Nieder-Selters, 
 and Ems are in high repute, and extensively exported. The 
 chief means of transport are the navigable rivers Rhine 
 and Lahn. and the railway from Frankfort to Wiesbaden. 
 In 1806. the states of Nassau were divided into two branches!, 
 Nassau Usikoen, (oo'sing-gn.) and Nassau Wkiibirg (wll'- 
 bWKG.) both of which formed portions of the Confederation 
 of the Rhine. The first became extinct in 1816, and was 
 incorporated with the second. It now forms a constitu- 
 tional monarchy, hereditary in the male line. As part of 
 the German Confederatiotu it unites with Brunswick and 
 h.as the 13th vote, but in the plenum its vote is the 14th. 
 Us contingent of men to the Confe<ler«tion is 3028. The 
 founder of the reigning family was Otho. brother of the 
 Emperor Conrad I. Capital. Wiesbaden : but Biberich and 
 Weil burg are the usual residences of the Duke. 
 
 NASS.4U. (commonly pronounced nas-saw'.>a post-village 
 and township of Rensselaer co.. New York, about 14 miles 
 S.E. of Albany. The village contains churches of 3 or A 
 denominations, an academy, and about half a dozen stores. 
 Pop. of the townsliip. 3039. 
 
 N.\SS-\U. a county forming the N.E. extremity of Florida, 
 bordering on the Atlantic, has an area of 970 square miles. 
 It is boun<led on the N. and W. by the St. Mary's River, 
 which separates it from Georgia, and on the S. by the Nas- 
 sau River. The surface is level, the soil sandy. In 1850, 
 this county produced 404,305 pounds of rice, the greatest 
 quantity produced by any county in the state. Capital, 
 Na.ssau Court-House. Pop. o64-t, of whom 2032 were fre«, 
 and 1612 slaves. 
 
 NAS»SAU. a village in Lee co., Iowa, on the Des Moines 
 River. 100 miles S. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 NASS.AU, the capital of New Providence, Bahama Is- 
 lands, on a declivity near the N. coast. Lat of light- 
 hou.se. 25° 5' 6" N.. 'ion. 77° 21' 2" W. Pop. 7000. It is 
 regularly and well built, defended by two forts, and has a 
 handsome governor's residence, w)me barracks, a pri.sou, 
 hospital, agricultural society, and a barlior sheltered north- 
 ward by Hog Island, and having two entrances p!is.sable by 
 vessels drawing from 13 to 14 feet of water. 
 
 N.\SS.\U. FORT. British Guiana, the former capital of the 
 colony under the Dutch, is on the Berbice River, 45 miles 
 from the sea. 
 
 NASSAU ISLES. Eastern Archipelago. See Poggt Isles. 
 
 NASS.^U RIVER, North Australia, enters Nassau I!ay, 
 Gulf of Carpentaria, on the E. side of the latter, near Lit 
 15°50'S.. Ion. 141° 35' E. 
 
 NASSAU RIVER. Florida, forms the S. border of Nassau 
 CO., and falls into the Atlantic, near the S. end of Amelia 
 Island. 
 
 NASSERABAD. nJs-sfr-J-biid', a village of Beloochisfan, 
 25 miles S.W. of Kedje, on the route to Gwetter. Lat. 20P 
 13' N.. Ion. 61° 57' E. 
 
 NASSER KIT, nas'seh-rit\ a village of Tyrol, near Tniift 
 Pop. 1.306. 
 
 NAS'SINGTON, a parish of England, co. .of NortUnintv- 
 ton. 
 
 NjISSOONE. nis'soil'. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Luxemburg. 36 miles N. of Arlon. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NASSUCK, nds'sUk', a large town and place of iiilgriui- 
 
NAS 
 
 NAU 
 
 ago. in British Tiidia, presidency and 95 miles X.K. of Bom- 
 bay. Lat. 19° 50' N., Ion. 73° 56' K. Pop. 30.000 Near it 
 are soniu extensive cave temples of purely Boodhic charac- 
 ter, bat the town itself is the centre of Brahmiuism iu the 
 Deo.'an. 
 
 N.VST .\TTEN, (Nastatten,) nSs'tJeten, a town of West 
 Germany, duchy of Nassau, capital of a district, on the 
 Miihnj;ich, 19 miles N.\V. of Wiesbaden, with many mineral 
 Bprir.gs. Pop. 1557. 
 
 N'AT.\. ni'ti, a town of South America. New Grenada, 
 and on the W. side of the Isthmus of Panama, 64 miles S.W. 
 of Panama. 
 
 N.\T.\L. nj-til'. a colonial possession of Great Britain, on 
 the S.K. coast of Africa, between lat. 27° 40' and 30° 40' S.. 
 and Ion. •2»°40' and 31° 10' K., havini; S.E. the Indian Oean, 
 Vi'. the Drakeuber}< or Kahlamba Mountains, separatinj^ it 
 from the territory Ijetween the Orange and Vaal Rivers, re- 
 cently annexed to the Cape Colony, and N.E. the Buffalo 
 and Tu^ela Kiver.s, dividing it from the Zooloo country. 
 Estimated area 18,(X)0 square miles. The surface is undu- 
 lating, well watered, and mostly covere<i with tall grass. 
 In tlie interior, timber grows only in clumps, but tlie sea- 
 ooast is bordered by a belt of mangroves. The climate is 
 most heultliy, and the soil is reported to be far more fertile 
 than in the Cape Colony. Cotton and Indigo grow wild, and 
 tlie former, of the finest quality, has b«!en produced for ex- 
 portation. Sugar, coffee, wheat, oafs, beans, and tobacco are 
 Important crops. Superior coal has been found in the inte- 
 rior ; building stone is found all over its surface, and iron 
 ore is abundant. Down to Septeml;er, 1847, the land let by 
 the government had fetched 34,995/., of which 10.312/. were 
 for lands rented within that year. Butter, corn, hides, 
 ivory, tallow, tobacco, and wool, were lately among the 
 chief exports. In 1S49, the value of imports was 46,204/.; 
 and of exports, 10.860/.. confined to three articles of protluce 
 —ivory, 2y,.321 lbs., cotton, 13,931 lbs., and wool, 2927 lbs. 
 In 18.J1. the imports were 38,544/., but the exports fell to 
 3607/. Tlie territory, which is a dependency of the Cape of 
 Good Hope, is administered by a lieutenant governor, 
 a.ssist('d l)y a board of officers; and it is subdivideil into the 
 districts of D'Urbiin, Pietermaritzburg, Umvoti, Impafane, 
 Upper Tugela, and Umziuy.ati. exclu.'iive of a tract in the 
 S., liitherto without an established magistracy. Pieterma- 
 ritzburg, the capital, is 50 miles inland from Port Natal. 
 which is near the centre of the coast line. Pop. of the 
 colony about 121.000, of whom only 6000 are white; and 
 the remaining 115,000 Zooloo Kaffres, who have renounced 
 allegiance to their own chiefs, and have now the privileges 
 of liritish snlijects. 
 
 NATAL, ni-t:il', (formerly Cidade dog Jieis, se-diM.i doce 
 rA'es or rAs.j a town of Brazil, capital of the province of Rio 
 Grande do Norte, near the mouth of the Poteugi or Rio 
 Grande in the Atlantic; lat. of its fort 5° 45' S., Ion. 35° 15' 
 W. Pop. in 1845, 10.000. It was formerly an important 
 military post, and it has 3 handsome churches, a governor's 
 residence, and a harbor, fitted for vessels' below 150 tons 
 burden, with an export trade in superior Brazil wood. 
 
 NATAL or NATAR, nd-taR', a town of Sumatra, on its 
 S.W. coast; lat. 0° 33' N., Ion. 99° 0' K. Ne.ar it are some 
 gold-mines, and it has an export trade in gold-dust, cam- 
 phor, wool, &c. 
 
 NAT'CUAUG' RIVER, the largest branch of the Shetucket 
 River, falls into it in Windham co., near Willimantic, in the 
 N.E. part of Connecticut. 
 
 NATCHEZ, naUih'iz, the most populous and commercial 
 city of Mississippi, aud capital of Adams county, on the E. 
 bank of the Mississippi River, 279 miles above New Orleans, 
 and 100 miles S.W. of Jackson. Lat. 31° 34' N., Ion. 91° 25' 
 W. It is pleasantly situated on a bluff which ri.ses about 
 200 feet above the river, affording an extensive view of the 
 immense cypress swamps of Louisiana. The surface of the 
 ground in the city and in the adjacent country is undu- 
 lating, and presents a striking contrast with the flat surface 
 of the opposite side of the river. The streets of Natchez 
 are wide and rectangular, and some of the public buildings 
 are handsome. The private residences are mostly built of 
 Wood, and many of them have flower-gardens and orange- 
 groves adjoining. Among the public buildings are the 
 Court-house, 5 or 6 churches, a hospital, Orphan Asylum, 
 and Masonic Hall. Three or four newspapers are published 
 here. Within a few years Natchez has increased considera- 
 bly, in consequence of its numerous flourishing seminaries, 
 ind its public school, which is supported by a general taxa- 
 tion of the citizens. The latter averages about 500 pupils 
 innually. Natchez is the centre of an extensive trade, of 
 which cotton is the principal article. Steamboats are con- 
 stantly aniving at and departing from its wharves. The 
 heavy sliipping business is transacted in the lower part of 
 the town, called Natchez-under-the-IIill. Pop. 6612. 
 
 NATCHEZ, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, opposita New Martinville, 23 miles below Wheeling. 
 It has a good lauding for steamboats. Laid out in 1850. 
 
 NATCHEZ, a village of Martin co., Indiana, on the turn- 
 pike from New Albany to Vincennes, 56 miles W.N.W. from 
 the former. 
 
 NATCIIITOOIIES. natch-i-totch/Jz, (often pronounced 
 nak-e-tash'.) a parish in the N.W. pari of Louisian:i, lias an 
 area of 2260 square miles. It is intersected by Jied River, 
 and contiiins numerous small lakes connected with, thai 
 stream. The land in the vicinity of the river is fertile, pro- 
 ducing cotton and Indian corn. Steamboiits na\igato Red 
 River, through this parish, from New Orleans to Shreveport. 
 Capital, Nacbitoches. Pop. 16,699 ; of whom 7265 were tree, 
 and 9434 slaviis. 
 
 N.ATCUITOCIIES, a post-village, capital of Natchitoches 
 parish, Louisiana, on Red River, about 500 miles by water 
 W.N.W. of New Orleans. Several steam-packets make re- 
 gular passages between this place and New Orleans in al.' 
 stages of water. The village is picsasantly situated betweeu 
 the shore and the pine-clad blulTs, which approach very 
 near the river. It is a place of active trade, coiuaiuing a 
 Uniteil States Land-Office, a newspaper office, aud several 
 ch urches. 
 
 NATE'LY LEWIS, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 NATHLY, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Hants 
 
 NA'TUAN'S CREEK, a postroffice of Ashe co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 NAI'HANSVILLE, a post-village of Conecuh co . Alabama. 
 
 N ATHDORA, ndt'do'rd, (Hindoo iVu</(a-</cr«?-a, ndt'h'd-dv'h- 
 vd/rd,) " the temple of the Ueity,") a town of West Hindostan, 
 Rajpootana, dominions and about 28 miles N. of Odeypoor, 
 lat. 25° 8' N., lat. 74° 11' E. It has a Hindoo temple of high 
 sanctity, and an active trade with Guzerat and feinde. 
 
 NATICK, nd/tik, a post-village "and township of Middlesex 
 CO., ;Massaihu.setts, on the Boston and Worcester liailroad, 
 17 miles W.S. W. of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively 
 engaged in the manufacture of boots aud shoes. Pop. in 
 1850,2744; in 1860, 5.^5. 
 
 N.\T1CK, a post-village of Kent CO., Rhode Island, on 
 Pawtuxet River, 10 miles S.W. of Providence. It has manu- 
 factures of prints, muslins, ic. 
 
 NWTIOLU.M. See Gjovenazzo. 
 
 NA/TION EORU, a postoffice of York district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 NATIVIDAD, nd-te-ve-ddd', a small island of Lower Cali- 
 fornia, in the Pacific, immediately opposite the pi'omontory 
 of -Morro Hermoso. 
 
 N.\TIV1D.\D, a village of the Me.xican Confederation, 
 state of .Me.xiuo, near Tezcuco. 
 
 NATIVlB.iDE, nd-te-"ve-ddMi, a town of Brazil, province 
 of Goyaz, on the river Luiz Antes, 75 miles N.N.W. of Ar- 
 rayas. Pop. 2000. 
 
 N.\TOLIA, A.sia Minor. See An.\toi,ia. 
 
 N.\'TRON-LAKES OE EGYPT, are situated in a valley of 
 the Libyan De.sert called the Natron Valley, about tX) miles 
 W.N.W. of Cairo, and consist of 8 pools, many of them 
 rich in natron, the collecting of whicli occupies about 300 
 pei-sons. 
 
 NATTAM, ndt^tdm', NUTTAM, nutH.^m', or NUTTOM', 
 a considerable town of British India, presidency of Madras, 
 district and 22 miles N. of Madui-a; lat. 10° 12'^N., Ion. 78° 
 19' E. 
 
 NATTORE, ndtHor', (Hindoo Nathaver, ndfh-d'vfr.) a 
 town of British India, presidency of Bengal. 49 miles N.E. of 
 Moorshedab.id; lat 24° 25' K., Ion. 88° 55' E. It h;is a pretty 
 good native schooL 
 
 NATTRADACOTTA, ndt-trd-dd-kot/tl, a town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, 68 miles N.E. of Cape Com<;rin. 
 
 NATLINA.S, nd-too'uds, several groups of islands off the 
 N.W. coast of Borneo, in the China Sea. The Gre.at Natuna 
 Island, lat. 4° N., Ion. 108° E., is 40 miles in length. 
 
 NATUNS, nd'toon.s, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of 
 Botzen. in the valley of the Etsch or Adige. Pop. 1450. 
 
 N.\TUNZ, nd^toonz/(?), a town of I'ersia, province of Trak- 
 Ajemee, 60 miles N.N.E. of Ispahan, about lat. 33° 26' N., Ion. 
 51° 56' E. Fruits are raised in this vicinity. 
 
 NAT'URAL BRIDGE, a post-village of .lefferson co., New 
 York, 25 miles E. by N. of Watertown. Hero is a natural 
 bridge over Indian River. 
 
 NATURAL BRIDGE, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 NATURAL BRIDGK SeeViROisiA; " Objects of lnta-(si 
 to Tourists." page 2047. 
 
 NATUR-iL CANAL, of St. Lawrence co., New .York, con- 
 nects the Osw^atchle with Grass JUver. Length about 6 
 miles. 
 
 NATURAL DAM, a post-office of Crawford co., Arkansas. 
 
 NATURAL GROVE, a post-office of Williamsburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 NAUDAUN, a town of the Punjab. See Nadaux. 
 
 NAUDERS, now/ders, and NAUDERSBERG, now'ders- 
 bJRG', two contiguous villages of the Tyrol, on the Swiss 
 frontier. 15 miles N.W. of Glurns. 
 
 N'.\UEN, now'en,a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 17 miles W.N.W. of Potsdam, on the Hamburg and 
 Berlin Railway. Pop. 4300. 
 
 NAUGARD, now/gant, a town of Prussia. Pomerania. 29 
 miles N.E. of Stettin, between two lakes. It has 2300 inha- 
 bitants, and an old castle. 
 
 NAU^GATUCK/, a fine mill-stream of Connecticut, rises In 
 
 1277 
 
NAU 
 
 NAV 
 
 T.ilchfieW county, and flowing Boutherly. falls into the Hou- 
 gnfiinic. In New Haven countj': length 50 miles. 
 
 Jf AUGATUCK, a thriving postrvillage of New ITaven CO., 
 Connecticut, on the above liver, and on the Naiigatiirk R.R., 
 i7 miles N.N.E. of Bridgeiwrt. It has manufiictnres of but- 
 ton?, outlery. forks, castings, machinery, cotton and woollen 
 goods. *c. Here are 4 churches. Pop. of township 2590. 
 
 NAUOHTON, naw/ton, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 NAUHEIM, uow'hime, a village of Germany. Ilesse-Cassel, 
 province and 13 miles X.N.W. of Ilauau, with important 
 e.iline pprings and baths. Pop. 1424. The springs yield 
 annuallv 17.000 cwt of salt. 
 
 N-VU-MBUUG, nowmlxViRO. a town of Germany. Prussian 
 Saxony, 17 miles S.S.W. of Merseburg. on the Saale. and on 
 the railroad from Ilalle to Gotha. Pop. 12.700. It h.as 3 
 suburbs, a castle, a cathedral, and 4 other churches, an 
 hospital, a gymnasium, and manufactures of leather, linen, 
 and woollen stuffs. The Kiudersfest, an annual festival, 
 takes place here, in memory of the termination of the IIus.«- 
 Ite siege, in 1432. 
 
 NAUMBUKG. a town of Germany, Ilesse-Cassel, on the 
 Eder, 16 miles W.S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 1788. 
 
 NAUMIiUKG, a town of Germany, Prussian Silesia, 33 
 miles \V. of Llegnitz. on the Queiss. Pop. 1750. 
 
 NAUilBUr.G. a town of Prussia, 59 miles N.W. of Lleg- 
 nitz, on tlie right bank of the Bober. Pop. 873. 
 
 NAUMI'OOlt. nawm^poor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, 93 miles S.E. of Surat. 
 
 NAUNDOOR, nawnVIoor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombav, 42 miles S.W. of Aurungabad. 
 
 NAUNDOORBAU, nawn-di>or-bar', a town of Briti,«h Indi.i, 
 presidency of Bombay, 87 miles E.X.E. of Purat. lat. 21° 22' 
 N., Ion. 74° 18' E., with the tomb of a Slohammedan saint, 
 greatly resorted to bj* pilgrims. 
 
 NAUNDORF. n5wn'doRf, a village of Saxony, 30 miles N. 
 of Dresden. Pop. 1197. 
 
 NAUNHOF, nuwnOiof. a town of Saxony, 10 miles E,S,E. 
 of Leipsic, on the I'aanle, Pop. 1042. 
 
 NAUNTON, nawn't^n, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 
 NAUXTON BEAUCHAMP, nawn'tpn beech'am, a parish 
 of England, co, of Worcester. 
 
 NAUPACTUS. See Lepaxto. 
 
 NAUPinO, an isl.ind of Greece. See Axaphi. 
 
 NAUPLTA, naw'ple-a, or NAPOLf DI ROMANIA, nl'po-le 
 dee ro-mS-nee'd, (anc. Kau'j^ia, Fr, ..Vau/rfi, n(Vplee',) a 
 fortified seaport town of Greece, in tlie Morea, capital of 
 the government of Argolis, near the head of the Gulf of 
 Nauplia. 5 miles S.S.E. of Argos. Lat, 37° 33' 36" N., Ion. 
 22° 48' 1^;, Population in 1861, 6024. It is enclosed by 
 Venetian fortifications, with several batteries, and has 
 two fortresses, one of which, on a jirecipitous rock, is 
 almost impregnable. The town, recently laid out in modern 
 European style, has a gootl main street, some squares, and 
 the church where Capo d'Istria was assassinated ii) 1 831, It 
 has a good roadstead, and atone time carrieil on an extensive 
 traffic iu silk, oil, wax, wines, corn, cotton, and sponge, but 
 its commerce has of late years very much declined. 
 
 XAUPLIA orNAP0LI,orLFOF.(anc, ArgdHcits SUnuf), 
 an inlet of the JIgean Sea, Greece, between the two E. arms 
 of the Morea. Length 30 miles, breadth 20 miles at its 
 entrance. It contains several small i.slands, the chief being 
 Spezzi.i, at its mouth. It receives the Xeria River, on which 
 Argos is situated. 
 
 N.\Un. a town of Russia. Set ir^nX)!?. 
 
 NAITSETT' BEACH, the E. side of Cape Cod, Massachu- 
 setts. On it are three lighthouses, 150 feet apart, lat. 41° 
 51' 35" N . Ion, 69° 57' IS" W. 
 
 NAUT.\, now't3, a town of Ecuador, on the Amazon, a 
 little above the confluence of the Ucavale, about lat. 4° 30' S., 
 Ion. 72° 40' W. It was founded in 1830, Pop. about 6000, 
 
 NACTIIPOOR, nawfh'poor', a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Benstal, district and 42 miles N,N,\V. of Purneah. 
 lat, 26° 17' N„ Ion. 87° 3' E. 
 
 NAUTKILLE, n!>-.v-trill', a post-ofllce of Bremer co,, Iowa. 
 
 NAU'VOO'. a post-office of 'i'inga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NAUVOO CITV. of Hancock CO., lUinoi.s, on the Mississippi 
 River, near the head of the l.)wer rapids, 52 miles above 
 Quincy, and 220 miles above Si, Louis, It was founded by 
 the Mormons iu 1840, and or,.'e contained from 15,000 to 
 18,000 inhabitants. The situaiion is one of the most beau- 
 tiful on the river. The ground rises gradually from the 
 water's edge to an unusual height, presenting a smooth and 
 regular surface, with a broad plain at the summit. Nauvoo 
 was laid out on an extensive plan, with broad rectangular 
 stri.-ets, Tlie dwellings were mostly log cabins, or small 
 frame houses. The >Iormon Temple, built of compact po- 
 lished limestone, was 130 feet long by 88 feet wide, and was 
 one of the most costly edifices in the West, In the ba.«ement 
 there whs a baptistry, a large stone basin, supported by 12 
 coIosshI oxen. In Otober, 1848, this temple was fired by an 
 incendiary, and re'luced to ruins. About that time the 
 Mormon population were expelled from the state by force of 
 arms, and emigrated to Utah, leaving the greater part of 
 their bous<!s unoccupied. A company of French Socialists, 
 1278 
 
 under M. Cabet, have recently established themselvei here, 
 having purchased the site of the temple and otlier pniperty. 
 Their number is stated to be about 400. Nauvoo has a good 
 steamboat landing. Pop. 1394. 
 
 NAVA. See Nahe. 
 
 NAVACONCE.IO or NAVACONCEXO, na-vi-kon-th.VHO, 
 a town of Spain, Estremadura. province and N.N.E. of 
 Caceres, near the Jerte. Pop. 1096. 
 
 NAVA DE LA ASUNCION, na'vd d.i Id a-soon-the-on', or 
 NAVA DE COCA, ni/vd Ah ko/k((. a town of Spain, New 
 Castile, province and 2o miles N.W. of Segovia. Pop. 1209. 
 
 NAVA DEL IIEY. nd'vd dJl rA, a town of Spain, province 
 and 30 miles S.W. of Valladolid. It has a fine church, and 
 4241 inhabitants. 
 
 NAVA EL MANZANO, ndM M man-thd'no. a village of 
 Spain, New Castile, province and 22 miles N.N.W. of Segovia. 
 Pop. 12t)7. 
 
 NAVA HERMOSA. nd'y^ fR-mo',sd. a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 25 miles S.AV. of Toledo, with 2060 inhaViitants. 
 
 NAVAL, nd-v;(l', a town of Spain. Aragon. province and 
 E. of Hucsca. Tlie innccessiWe steep, on which the centre 
 of the town is situated, makes it a kind of natural fortn ss. 
 In the vicinity are extensive salt works, which are considered 
 the best in Spain. Poji. 1650. 
 
 NAVALC.\N, n3-vdl-k3n', a town of Spain, New Castile, 
 province and W. of Toledo. Pop. 1299. 
 
 NAV.\IX'.\RNERO. nd-vdl-kaR-mVro, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 19 miles W.S.W. of Madrid. J'op. 3375. It hag 
 an active trade in the supply of the capital with provisions. 
 
 NAVALMORAL, nS-val-mo-riil'. a town of Spain, New 
 Castile, province and aliout 17 miles from Avila, I'op. 14.35. 
 
 NAVAI,MORAL DE LA MATA. nd-v.^l-mo-ril' dA Id md'tl, 
 a town of Sjiain, province and 62 miles N.E. of Caceres. P. 30tK). 
 
 NAVALMORAL DE PUSA, n(i-vai-mo-rdl' dd potM, a 
 town of Spain. New Castile, province and 38 miles S.W. of 
 Toledo. Pop. 2130. 
 
 NAVALUCILLOS, na-vlloo-theel'yoce. a village of Spain, 
 New Castile, province and atwut o8 miles S.W. of Toledo. 
 Near it are iron works employing 300 men and boys, and 
 alxiut as many horses and mules. 
 
 NAVALVILLAR, nd-vai-veel-yaR', or NAVALVILLAB 
 DE PELA, na-vdl-veel-yaR/ dA -pkni, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 67 miles E.N.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2390. 
 
 N.W'AN, a market-town and parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Jleath, at the confluence of the Boyne and Blackwater. 28 
 miles N.W. of Dublin, to which a railway is projected. Pop. 
 of town, in 1851. 3979. It has a court-house, corn and pajier 
 mills, manufactures of sacking, and considerable exports of 
 agricultural produce by the Boyne. 
 
 \AVAHI\0, nd-va-ree'no, NAVARIN, na-vj-reen'. Ol 
 NK()CASTKO. nA-o-kds'tro, Cmodern Greek, ^coxaaroov. ni- 
 o'kastron.') a fortified seaport town of Greece, in the More.i. on 
 a bay of the Mediterranean. 6 miles N. of Modon. It consi.sts 
 of about 200 well-lmilt stone hoiises. and 100 wooden h.ibit.v 
 tions. Near it. on the \., are the rninsof Old Navarino. the 
 ancient Pi/lnn. The harbor, sheltered by the island of Sph.ijrfa, 
 is a noble basin, famous in antiquity for a total defe.it of the 
 Spartan by the .\thenian navy, and in modern times fur the 
 victory of the Enclish. French, and liussi.in fleets over those 
 of the Turks and Eg^ptinns. October 20, 1827, 
 
 N.WARI'NO, a post-office of Onondaga co.. New York. 
 
 NAV.iRRE, n.s[-var', (Fr. pron. nd'vaR'; Sp. Kavarra, 
 na-vaR'Ra.) a province of Spain, bounded N. by the Sledi- 
 terranean and France. .\rea 4069 Sfjuare miles. Pop. in 
 1849, 280,000. It is traversed by the Pyrenees, which here 
 form several fine valleys. The summits of tlie mount.iins 
 are in general rugged and bare; lower down, they are 
 covered with wood, and afford excellent pasturage. The 
 grain and wine produced are insufficient for consumption. 
 Chief rivers, the Ebro and Bidassoa, The greater portion 
 of the population speak the Basque language, Nav.irre, 
 which was never completely sui>jugated to the Arabs, 
 formed a distinct kingdom at the end of the 9th century, 
 and was united to Aragon from 1070 to 1134. The kings ol 
 France held it for a short time at the end of the 13tli cen 
 tury. It was taken by Ferdinand the Catholic, in 1.012, 
 and united to Sp.iin. A small part of the country, called 
 Basse-Navarre, remained to Catharine of Navarre, and vaa 
 united to the crown of France in 1589, From that lime tin. 
 the revolution of 18.30. the kings of France took the title 
 of King of Navarre. It retains peculiar privileges, and in 
 the new divi.sion of the country (183.')) it retained its ancient 
 lx)undarics. Capital. Pamplona. — Adj. aud inhab. Navar- 
 RF.sK. na'var-reez', (Sp. Navarro, na-vdR'RO, or Navarres, 
 na-vaR-R?s'.) 
 
 NAV,\KRE, BASSE, bdss nd^vaR', was an ancient division 
 of France, in the old pi-ovince of IWarn, 
 
 N.WARUE. NEW, is a portion of the Mexican Confeder- 
 acy, now comprised in the department of Sonora. 
 
 "N.\V.\RKE, na-var', a post-ofiice of .Stark co.. Ohio. 
 
 NAVARRE, a vilfcige in Des Moines co..-Iowi,65 miles 
 S.E. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 NWVAKRENX. ndS-an'rSso', a fortified towu of France, 
 department of Basses-Pyrfn^s, 20 miles W'. of Pan. Pop. 
 in 1852. 15a% 
 
NAV 
 
 NAVAKRES, nd--vrfR-RJs'. a town of Spain, province and 
 g.S.W'. of Valencia. I'op. 1653. 
 
 N-WAIIKKTE, nJ-vdR-luk/ti, a town of Spain, province 
 and 5 miles AV. of Logrofto. I'op. 2015. 
 
 NAVAU'RO, a county of Texa.i, situated in tlie N.E. 
 central part of the state. Area about 900 square miles. 
 Trinity Kiver wa.-'hcs its N.E. border, and it is drained by 
 the I'ecan Creek. The county is partly occupied by fertile 
 prairies, and is liberally supplied with fine timtier. Organ- 
 ized in 1846, or since that time. Named in lionor of Joso 
 Antouio Navarro, a distinjfuished Mexican patriot. Capital. 
 Corsicana. i'op. 5996 ; of whom 4106 were free, and 1890 
 elavea. 
 
 N.4VARU0, a post-offico of fieon co.. Texas. 
 
 NAA'AS-DE-JOlUiUEUA, (or XOKQUEKA.) na'va.s-tii-H0R- 
 kA'rd. a village of Spain, Murcia, province and 18 miles 
 from .^Ibacete. I'op. 870. 
 
 NAVAS DEL MADRONO, nj'vils dil md-drAn'yo, a town 
 of Sjjain, pi-ovince and 19 miles W.X.W. of Cac«res. P. 3840. 
 
 NAVAS DEL M.VKQUK/, niiMs dil maR-kJth', a town 
 of Spain, province and 24 uilles K.S.K. of Avila. I'op. 3000. 
 
 NAVAS DE SAN ANTONIO, njl'vis dh sdn in-to'ne-o. a 
 village of Spain, New Castile, province and 20 miles from 
 Segovia. I'op. 890. 
 
 NAVAS DE SAN JUAN, ni'viis dA fin Hoo-Jn', (almost 
 Hwdn.) a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 35 miles 
 from Jaen. I'op. 1450. 
 
 NAVAS DE TOI.OSO, na/v^s dA to-lo'so. a small village of 
 Spain. Andalusia, province and 39 miles N. of Jaen. Here, 
 in 1212, a victory was obtained by the King of Castile. Ara- 
 gon, and Navarre, over the Moors, who were commanded by 
 Slohamet Ibn Abdallah. King of Morocco. The Spaniards 
 claim the whole merit of the victory, although they were 
 assisted by 100,000 foreign crusaders, chiefly English and 
 French. H is said that 200,000 of the infidels were sLiin, 
 and only 725 Christians. 
 
 NAVAS FRl AS. nd'vas froe'as. a town of Spain, Leon, pro- 
 vince and S.W. of Salamanca. I'op. 820. 
 
 NAVASO'TO, a small river of Texas, rises in Limestone 
 county, and flowing southward, enters the Brazos at Wash- 
 ington, after forming the boundary between Robertson and 
 Brazos counties on the W., and Leon and Grimes on the E. 
 
 N.\V.4ZA, nd-vd'.sd. a small Lshind of the Caribbean Sea, 
 off the W. coast of Ilayti. at tlie S.\V. entrance of the Wind- 
 ward Passage; lat. 18° 25' N., Ion. 75° 2' W. 
 
 NAVE, na/v.A, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 5 miles N.E. 
 of Brescia. Pop. 1500. 
 
 NAVELLI, nd-vM'lee, a village of Italy. Naples, province 
 of Abru/.zo Ultra 11., 19 miles .S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 1200. 
 
 NA'VENBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NAVEK, LOCH, loic nA'ver. a lake of .Scotland, co. Df Suth- 
 erland, near its I'entre. Length 6 miles, breadth 1 mile. On 
 a small island in the lake are the remains of a I'ictish fort. 
 
 NAVES, ndv. a villiige of France, department of Correze, 
 8 miles N. of Tulle. Pop. 2170. 
 
 NAVESTOCK, n.Av'stok.a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 N.\VIA, nd've-d. a river of North Spain, rises in Galicia, 
 province of Lugo, flows N.N.E. past a village of its own 
 name, and after a course of Co miles, enters tlie Bay of 
 Biscny. It has an excellent salmon fishery. 
 
 NAVIA, a town of Spain, on the river Navia. about a 
 mile from its mouth. It has Roman antiquities. I'op. 1600. 
 
 NAVIA DE SUARNA, nd've-d d.A swaR'nd or soo-aii'nd, a 
 gmall town of North Spain, province and 40 miles N.W. of 
 Oviedo. on the Navia. I'op. 1200. 
 
 N AVID AD', a small river of Texas, rises in Fayette county, 
 and flows southward, until it falls into the Lavacca, a few 
 miles S. of Texana. 
 
 NAV'IG.VroR'S or SAMO'AN ISLANDS, a group in the 
 Pacific Ocean, N.E. of the Friendly Islands: lat. 13° 30' to 
 14° 30' S., Ion. 168° to 173° W. They are eight in number— 
 the principal being Savaii, Upolu, Tutuilla, and Manua; 
 area, 2650 square miles. They are of volcanic formation, 
 having coral reefs, within which their harbors are usually 
 situated. The climate is variable; during the winter 
 months, long and heavy rains, attended, at times, with high 
 winds and northerly gales, are frequent. The soil of all the 
 islands is rich, and is chiefly formed of decompo.sed volcanic 
 rocks, yielding bread-fruit, of which there are liere twenty 
 varieties, bananas, taro, pa])er-mulberry, tacca, from whiih 
 arrow-root is made; sugar-<'ane, colTee, sweet potato, pine- 
 apple, yams, papaya, and tobacco. Tree-ferns, banyan trees, 
 pandanus, several sjjecies of palms, the cocoa-nut, and the 
 wild orange, are also found in greater or less abundance. 
 Rdftans. 90 feet in length, may be seen running over the 
 trees ; bamboos, wild sugar-cane, wild ginger, and wild nut- 
 meg also abound. There are no native quadrupeds on the 
 islands, but swine, cattle, and hor.ses, have been introduced, 
 and are rapidly increasing. l'<mHry is plentiful. Fish are 
 taken in great abundance. In personal apjjearance, the men 
 of the Samoan group are in general superior to the women, 
 there being among the furmer many specimens of manly 
 beauty, while the latter are rather ill-formed and stout, 
 though, when very young, they are both lively and pretty. 
 In disposition, the Samoaus are kind, good-humored, 
 
 NEA 
 
 intelligent, fond of amusements, desirous of jileasing, and 
 very hospitable. Their language is soft and smooth, and i« 
 the" only one of the Polynesian dialects in wliich the souiid 
 of S is found. Nearly all the foreigners resident on these 
 islands are subjects of Great Britain. The whole of the 
 population of Jlanua, and nearly all that of Tu:uilhi, have 
 embraceil Christianity. A few snnill vessels trade from 
 Sydney, but the wants of the people are principally supplied 
 by American whalers, conveying to them blue, white, and 
 unbleached cotton, printed calicoes, hardware, muskets, 
 fowling-pieces, powder, shot, axes, <S:c. The islands are 
 populous, but no estimate can be made of the number of 
 inhabitants. The Dutch and French contest the claim to 
 their di.scovery. 
 
 NAW.\DA, nd-wd'dd, a town of British India, presidency 
 of lieniral. district and 20 miles S. of Bahar. 
 
 NAWAURGUNGE, nd-wdr-gunj', a town of India, Oudo 
 dominions. 38 miles N.E- of liucknow. 
 
 NAWOltTII (naw'worth) CASTLE, a township of England, 
 CO. of Cumbtirland. The castle, erected by the Dacre family, 
 in the 14th century, on the edge of a precipice inaccessible 
 on three sides, is a seat of the Earl of Carlisle, and one of 
 the finest border fortresses still in repair. 
 
 NAX'OS or NA.XIA, nd.x-ee';i, (anc. Xaxos.) an island of 
 the Grecian Archipelago, the largest and most fertile of the 
 Cyclades, in lat. 37° N., Ion. 25° 31' E. Length 19 miles, 
 breadth 15 miles. I'op. 19,912. Surface mountainouH. 
 Chief products, wine, fruits, olive oil, and cheese. The 
 island Wiis formerly consecrated to Bacchus. In the 13th 
 century, it formed, with the neigliboring islands, the 
 Venetian duchy of Naxos. It was taken by the Turks in 
 the 15th century. It now forms a government of the king 
 doin of Greece. Chief town, Naxia, (anc. A'ltxos.) with a port 
 on the N.W. coast; it is the see of a Greek and of a Roman 
 Catholic bishop. I'op. 2000. 
 
 NAXOS or NAXIA, a ruined city of Sicily, on the E. coast, 
 at the mouth of the Onobala. 
 
 N.\.\UANA. See NAKHcmv.vy. 
 
 NAY, nA, a town of i'rance, department of Basses-Pyrfe- 
 nees, on the Gave-de-Pau, 10 miles S.S.E. of Pan. Pop. in 
 1852, 3278. It has njanufactures of broiidcloth, serge, drug- 
 gets, blankets, and hosiery, and tanneries. 
 
 N.'VYE. nl'A, a village of West Africa, Bondoo, on the left 
 bank of Faleme; lat. 14° 20' N., Ion. 13° 15' W. 
 
 N.W'LAXD, a market-town and parish of Kngland, co. of 
 Suffolk, on the navigable Stout, heiv crossed by a bridge. 14 
 miles W.S.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1114. 
 
 NAY'liOU'S STOKE, a post-village of St. Charles co., Mis- 
 souri. .38 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. . 
 
 NAVNTIVOE, an island near Ceylon. See IIaarlkm. 
 
 NAYOE or NAYOO, ni'oo', a group of four or five islands, 
 Malay Archipelago, N. coast of Celebes, off the Bay of 
 Meniulo. 
 
 N.VZ'ARKTII, (Arab. Fn-JVasirah, fn-nd-soe'ra.) a small 
 town of Palestine, piuihallc and 17 miles .S.E. of Acre. Esti- 
 mated population 3000, mostly Christians, but comprising 
 500 Turks. It stands on a declivity, and is generally well 
 built, with flat-roofed stone houses. Its principal edifice is 
 the Latin Convent, with a richly decorated church, reputed 
 to be on the site rend<'red memorable as the scene of the 
 Annunciation and the birth-place of Christ. The population 
 is mostly agricultural, but partly employed in weaving. 
 
 NA7,.\REriI. nd'zd'r^f, a market-town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, 8 miles S.W. of Ghent, on the rail- 
 way to Brussels. Pop. !)o43. 
 
 NAZ.^RETII, nd-8d^rjf , a town of Brazil, province and on 
 the left Viank of the Jaguaripe, 40 miles from its mouth, in 
 the Atlantic. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NAZ'ARETII, a pleasant post'Village of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania, 59 miles N. of I'hiladelphia, and about 9 
 miles X.W. of Easton. It contains a large church, nnd a 
 flourishing academy for boys, conducted by the Moravians. 
 This village was first begun by the celebrated George 
 Whitcfield. in 1739. lie commenced a buiWing. yet stand- 
 ing, which he intended as a school for African children; 
 but before it was finished, he dispose<l of it to Count Zin- 
 zendorf, a Moravian, who completed the edifice. Pop. in 
 1850, 408. in 1860, 781. 
 
 NAZE, (nd'zfh,) The. a cape, forming the S. extremity 
 of Norway, on the North Sea, near the entrance of the Ska- 
 ger-rack. Lat 57° 67' N., Ion. 7° 2' E. 
 
 N,\ZE, The, a headland of England, forming the E. ex- 
 tremity of the CO. of Suffolk, 5 miles S. of Harwich. 
 
 NAZE, The, a headland, Seue^ambii, 36 miles S.E. of 
 Cape Verd. 
 
 N'DIANGUI, n'de-ang'ghee\ written also GUIANGUE(?) 
 a village of West Africa. Wallo country, on the left bank 
 of the Senegal. Lat. 16° 25' N., Ion. 15° 50' W. This rapidly 
 rising village was formerly the capital of Wallo. 
 
 N E. nA, (L. Ifea,) a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, province and about 8 miles from Chiavari, on the 
 Graveglia, Pop. 3563. 
 
 NEABS/CO MILLS, a post-office of Prince "William co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 NEAF'U, uA-d-fbo', a village on the island of Vavao, one 
 
 1279 
 
NEA 
 
 of the Friendly Islands, about lat. 19° 4' S., Ion. 17-1° 
 ' 30' W. 
 
 N'EAGII. LOUGH, ISh nA, a lake of Ireland, province of 
 Ulster, on the S.W. border of the co. of Antrim. I^jnjrth 17 
 miles, brciulth 10 miles. Area 153 square miles. Mean 
 depth 40 feet. Besides minor streams, it receives the Upper 
 Bann and BKickwater from the S., and disdiarges its sur- 
 plus waters on the >'. by the Lower Bann, into the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 NKAL DOW, neel dow, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia. 
 n£AXT. n.V6>°/, a Tillage of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan. 7 miles X.E, of Ploermel. Pop. Iti47. 
 NKAPOLIS, North Africa. See Nab.\l. 
 NEA I'OLIS. Syria. See Xabloos. 
 NEAl'OLIS! Italy. See Naples. 
 NKAPOLl.**. island of Sardinia. See Oristano. 
 NEA I'OLIS, Asia Minor. See ScAU Nova. 
 NEATES1IE.A.D, neetsOiSd, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 NE.\TII, neeth, (anc. NidumT) a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal lx)rough, river-port, market-town, and parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Glamorgan. 7 miles N.E. of Swansea, on the 
 navigable river Neath, here crossed by a bridge. Pop. of 
 parliamentary borough, in 1851, 5S41. It has a town-hall, 
 a union workhouse, extensive copper and iron foundrie.s, 
 and collieries, the produce of which, .is well as the mining 
 produce brought from the interior by canal, is largely ex- 
 ported. The borough unites with Swansea. Ac. in sending 
 one member to the House of Commons. Near it are the 
 remains of Neath Castle and Abbey, both erected in the 
 12th century. 
 
 NEATH, a river of South Wales, rises near Ystradfellte, 
 and after a S.S.W. course of 20 miles, enters the Itristol 
 Channel. 21 miles S. of Neath, to which it is navigable from 
 the sea for vessel.s of- 300 or 400 tons. Throughout most of 
 its len'.rth it is accompanied by the XeatU Canal. 
 
 NE.VrSVlLLE. neets'vil, a post-village of Adair co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Green River. It has 4 stores, a grist-mill, and a 
 carding-machine. 
 N fi A r, a town of Prussia. See Ecpex. 
 NEAVES, neevs, a town-'hip of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 906. 
 NE'Bi), a post-office of Hopkins co., Kentucky. 
 NERO, a postoflSce of .Teffer.son co.^Ohio. 
 NEBUA. n.Vbrd, a town of Prussian Saxony, 19 miles 
 W.S.W. of Merseburg. on the Unstrut Pop. 1746. 
 
 NEBKAS'KA, a territory of the United Stiites of North 
 America, is bounded on tlie N. by the territory of Dakotii, 
 on the E. by Iowa (from which it is separated 1)3- the Mis- 
 souri River), on the S. by Kansas and Color.ido, and on the 
 W. by Colorado and Dakota. It extends from 40° to 43° N. 
 Lat. and from 95° 25' to 104° W. Lon. Its gi-eatest length 
 from E. to W. is about 455 miles, and its breadth about 210 
 miles. The area is estimated at 75,000 square miles, or, ac^ 
 cording to one authority, 63,300 square miles. 
 
 Face, nf the Country, Minerals, rfc. — Considering its wide 
 extent this country is less varied in its surface than might 
 be expected. It has an eiistern dip from the direction of the 
 mountains towards the Missouri River. The greater part of 
 Nebraska is elevated and undulating prairie. It contains 
 no mountains or liigh hills. The bottom lands lying along 
 the rivers are generally level. Above these bottoms from 
 40 to 100 feet are second bottom lands or table lands sloping 
 back to the summits of the bluffs, which range with the 
 general level of the country. These bluffs are in some ca-ses 
 several hundred feet highei than the river. Next to these 
 two kinds of surface is the undulating prairie, well watered 
 with springs and running streams, and coverwl with gra.s8. 
 The undulating prairie is described as resembling the snt- 
 face which would be produced " if a heavy ground swell ot 
 the ocean liad been suddenly arrested and converteti by the 
 w.and of some enchanter into solid and fixed toil." In the 
 western part of Nebraska is au extensive tract known as 
 Mauvaises Ttrres or "bad lands," which is thus described 
 by D. D. Owen in his geological report: 
 
 " After leaving the locality on Sage Creek, crossing that 
 stream, and proceeding in the direction of White River, 
 about 12 or 15 miles, the foimation of mauvaises terres 
 proper bursts into view, disclosing, as here depicted, one of 
 the most extraordinary and picturesque sights that can be 
 found in the whole Missouri country. From the high prai- 
 ries that rise in the background by a series of terraces or 
 benches towards the spur of the Rocky Mountains, the 
 traveller looks down into an extensive valley that may be 
 said to constitute a world of its own, and which appears to 
 have been formed partly by an extensive vertical vault, 
 partly by the long continued influence of the scorching 
 action of denudation. The width of this valley may be 
 about 30 miles, and its whole length about 90, as it stretches 
 aw.iy westwardly toward the base of the gloomy and dark 
 range of mountains known as the Black Hills. Its most 
 depressed portion, 300 feet below the general level of the 
 surrounding country, is clothed with scanty gra,sse8, and 
 covered by a soil similar to that of the higher ground. 
 
 "To the surrounding country, however, tlie mauvaises 
 terres present the most striking conti-ast. From the uniform 
 12&0 
 
 NEB 
 
 aionotonous open prairie, the traveller suddenly descends 
 one or two hundred feet into a valley that looks "as if it had 
 sunk away from the surrounding world, leaving standing 
 all over it thousands of abrupt irregular prismatic and co- 
 lumnar masses, fi'equently Ciipped with irregular pyramids, 
 and stretching up toa height from one to two hundred feet 
 or more; so thickly are these natural towns studded over 
 the surface of this extraordinary region, that the traveller 
 threads his way through deep confined labyrinthine piis-sages, 
 not unlike the narrow, irregular streets and lanes of some 
 quaint old town of the European continent. Viewed in the 
 distance, indeed, these rocky piles in their endless succes- 
 sion, assume the appearance of massive artificial structures, 
 decked out with all the acces.sories of buttress and turret, 
 arched doorway and elusteretl shaft, pinnacle and tapering 
 spire. One might almost imagine one's self api>roaohing 
 Bonie magnificent city of the dead, where the labor and the 
 genius of forgotten nations had left behind them a multi- 
 tude of monuments of art and skill. On descending from 
 the heights, however, and proceeding to thread this vast 
 labyrinth, and to inspect in detail its deep intricate recesses, 
 the reiilities of the scene soon dissipate the delusions of the 
 distance. The castellated forms which fancy liad conjured 
 up, have vanished, and around one on every side is bleak 
 and biirren desolation. Then, too, if the exj)loration be 
 made in midsummer, the scorcliing rays of the sun pointing 
 down in the hundred defiles that con<luct the wayfarer 
 through this imtlilcss waste, are reflecte<l back from the 
 white or ash-colored walls that rise around, unmitigated by 
 a breath of air or the shelter of a solitary shrub." 
 
 It is stated that coal hiis been found in the valley of the 
 Platte, on the banks of the Missouri, and in other parts of 
 the territory. Limestone and sandst-ne are abundant in 
 the easternand central portions of Nebraska. In the south- 
 eastern part are numerous salt springs, from which im- 
 mense quantities of good salt can be procured. 
 
 Jiivers. — The principal Rivers are the Missouri.the Platte, 
 or Nebraska, the Niobrara, the Loup Fork of the Platte, the 
 Elkhoru, the Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Big Blue, 
 and the Nemaha. The Missouri River forms the entire 
 boundary of Nebraska on the E. and N.E. The Platte, an 
 affluent of the Missouri, is formed by a junction of its North 
 and South Forks, which unite near the central part of Ne- 
 braska. It fio ws generally eastward. As its name indicates, 
 it is broad and shallow. The length of this river, including 
 its North Fork, is estimated at 1200 miles. It is navigable 
 by small steamers in high water. The northern part is 
 dnviued by the Niobrara, which flows eastward and enters 
 the -Missouri River. The Loup Fork of the Platte rises in 
 the W. central part, flows in an E.S.E. direction, and enters 
 the Platte River near the S.W. corner of Platte county. 
 The N.E. part of Nebraska is drained bj' the Elkhorn River, 
 an affluent of the Platte. Its direction is nearly southeast. 
 The Republican Fork of the Kansas River flows eastward 
 through the southern part of this territory for a distance 
 of more than 250 miles, and makes its exit across the 
 southern boundary. The southeastern part of Nebraska is 
 drained by the Big Blue River, an affluent of the Kansas, 
 and by the Nemaha River. There are no lakes of consider- 
 able size in this territory. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is said to be milder than that of 
 Eastern States which are in the same latitude. It is sttited 
 that the- Legislature once held its session out of doors on 
 the 1st of January. The summer is vei-y hot. but the heat 
 is generally relieved by cool winds from the prairies. The 
 quantity of rain which falls in a year is less than that which 
 falls in the Atlantic States. The western part is especially 
 deficient in rain, and consequently is not capable of sup- 
 porting an agricultural population. 
 
 Siiil, Timber arid Productions. — The soil In the eastern 
 and east central parts is very deep and very fertile. The 
 prairies are covered with a sod, the matted growth of ages, 
 re(|uiring two or more yoke of oxen to break it ui>. After 
 this process is performed, the soil is easy of cultivation, 
 being light and mellow. 
 
 The rivers of Nebraska are bordered with groves of trees, 
 including the oak, walnut, cottonwood, elm, hickory, ash 
 and willow. Dense forests of cottonwood grow along the 
 Missouri River above the mouth of the Platte. Some parts 
 of this territory, however, are not favored with an abun- 
 dance of timber. The staple productions of the soil are Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, potatoes, &c. According to 
 the census of 1860, there were in Nebniska 118.789 acres of 
 improved land, and 512,425 acres of unimproved land. It 
 produced in 1860, 1,482,080 bushels of Inili.'in corn, 147,867 
 liushels of wheat, 74,502 bushels of oats, lt.2,188 bushels of 
 potatoes, 24,458 tons of hay, and 342,541 pounds of butter. 
 There were in Nebraska 4449 horses, 6t)95 milch cows, 12,594 
 working oxen, 17,608 other Ciittle, 2356 sheep and 25,369 
 swine. 
 
 Animals. — This country is the paradise of the hunter and 
 trapi^er. Vast herds of Buffalo roam over its prjiiries, 
 though now rapidly diminishing in numbers. Lewis and 
 Clark have stated that at times the Missouri was backed up 
 as by a dam, by the multitude of these animals crossing. 
 
NEB 
 
 NEC 
 
 The grizzly bear, Rocky Mountain goat, sheep and antelope 
 infest the slopes of the Kocky Mountains; and the heaver in 
 former times existed in great numbers, thougli tlie trappers 
 are now tiist tliiniiing tliom out. Otters also are found. 
 Panthers were met with by Lewis and Clark and others; 
 also black bears, deers, elks and wolves. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — The Pacific Railroad, which is 
 in course of construction, will jwi-ss through Nebraska, ex- 
 teniling from the Missouri River westward. It is designed 
 to connect with the Central Pacific Railroad of California. 
 
 Eilucatiiin. — According to the census of I860, Nebraska 
 Territory had 85 public schools, with .3078 pupils, $11,619 
 income, of which $6620 was from taxation, and $J006 from 
 public funds ; 2 academies, with 65 pupils, and $600 income ; 
 it had also 61 libraries, embracing 10,742 volumes, of which 
 63 were pviblic, with 8862 volumes. 
 
 Jieliffiinif Dennmimitvina. — Of the 63 churches in Nebraska 
 In 1860, the Baptists owned 3; Christians, 2; Congregational- 
 ists, 4; Episcopalians, 3; Lutherans, 2; Methodists, 32; 
 Presbyterians, 14; Roman Catholics, 3; giving 1 church for 
 every 635 inhabitants. Value of church property, $42,716. 
 
 Purifnticals. — In 1860 there were published in Nebraska, 
 1 bi-weekly and 12 weekly newspapers and 1 monthly peri- 
 odical. All of these are political except the last. The whole 
 number of copies issued annually was 519,000. 
 
 Counties. — .Nebraska is divided into about 45 counties, 
 viz: Blackbird, Buffalo, Burt, Butler, Calhoun, Cass, Cedar, 
 Clay, Cuming, Diikotji, Dawson, Dixon, Dodge, Douglas, 
 I'ilhnore, Gage, Green, Hall, Izard, Jefferson, Johnson, 
 Jones, Kearney, Lancaster, L'Eau qui Comt, Madi.son, Mer- 
 rick, Monroe, Nen)aha, Nuculls, or Nuckolls, Otoe, Pawnee, 
 Platte, Pierce, Polk, Richardson, Saline, Sarpy, Saunders, 
 Shorter, \^ ashington, West, Wilson and York. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The principal cities are Oniaha City, 
 population in 1860 1S8S, Nebraska aty, population 1912, 
 Brownsville, Bellevue and Plattsmouth. Capital, Omaha 
 City. 
 
 Government. — The Governor is appointed by the Presi- 
 dent, and holds ollicff for four years. lie receives a salary 
 of $2500. The legislature consists of a council of 13 mem- 
 bers and a house of representatives consisting of not less 
 than 26 nor more than 39 members. The members of the 
 couLcil h<dd office for 2 year.s, and the representatives for 1 
 year. The judicial power of the territory is vested in a 
 supreme court, district courts, probate courts, and justices 
 of tlie peace. The supreme court consists of a chief justice 
 and 2 associate justices, who hold their offices during a 
 period of 4 years. One term of the supreme court must be 
 held annually at the seiit of government of the territory. 
 For district court purposes Nebraska is divided into 3 judi- 
 cial distiicts, in each of which one of tlie justices of the 
 supreme court holds a session. The supreme and district 
 courts possess chancery as well as common law jurisdiction. 
 The salaries of the chief justice, of the two associate jus- 
 tices, and of the attorney-general are the same, viz: $2000. 
 In September, 1866, there were in Nebraska 2 national banks 
 with an aggregate capital of $100,000. 
 
 Population. — According to the census of 1860, the popula- 
 tion of Nebraska amounted to 28,841, of whom 16,689 were 
 white mules, 12,007 white females. 07 free colored persons, 
 63 Indians and 15 slaves. Of the total popuhition 1656 were 
 born in Illinois, 1993 in Indiana, 1588 in Iowa, 1623 in Mis- 
 souri, 2322 in New York, 3116 in Ohio, 2048 in Pennsylvania, 
 745 in Virginia, 346:5 in territories of the United States, 1742 
 in Germany, 1471 in England, 1431 in Ireland. 438 in British 
 America, 283 in ."cotland, 151 in France and 228 in Switzer- 
 land. Of the entire poj)nIation, 3982 were fanners, 525 
 miners, 379 carpenters, 200 merchants, 130 lawyers, 123 
 physicians, 149 shoemakers, <Sc. 
 
 History. — The valley of the Missouri was first visited by 
 Father Miirqnelte, in the last half of the 17th century. La 
 Salle followed him in 1681-2. Nebraska formed a part of 
 the great grunt of the Mississippi A'alley to Crozart,inl712; 
 and was part of the territory included in Law's celebrated 
 Mississippi Scheme. This territory came into possession of 
 the United States in 1803, as a portion of the Louisiana 
 purchase, and successively formed parts of that and the 
 Missouri and Indian territories. In 1804-5 an expedition, 
 commanded by Lewis and Clark, under the direction of the 
 United States government, ascended the 3Iissouri River, 
 wintered at Fort Mandan, and the next spring crossed the 
 Rocky Mountains to the present state of Oregon, and are 
 believed to hiive been the first explorers of the interior and 
 western parts of Nebraska. In 1864 a bill, called the Ne- 
 braska Bill, passed the Congress of the United States, with 
 reference to the organization of the territories of Kansas 
 and Nebraska. This bill, by which the Missouri Compro- 
 mise was repealed, was the occasion of great excitement 
 and controversy between the partisans and opponents of 
 blavery. In May, 1854, Congress erected this region into 
 •I separate territory, reserving however the right to subdi- 
 Tide it. 
 
 The limits of Nebraska were greatly reduced by the for- 
 mation of Dakota in 1861. The progress of settlement in 
 this territory was slow for some years after its organization, 
 41' 
 
 because emigrants were attracted elsewhere by discoveries 
 of precious metals, but the population of Nebraska is uo» 
 increasing more rapidly. 
 
 NEUKASKA, a post-office of Venjingo co., Pennsylvania 
 
 NEBilASK.\, a station on the Toledo and Wabash Rait 
 road, in Fountain co., Indiana, 14 miles S.W. of Lafayette. 
 
 NEUKASKA, a post-village of Jennings co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 62 miles W. of Cincin- 
 nati, 
 
 NEBRASKA, a township of Livingston co., Illinois. Pop, 
 607. 
 
 NEBRASKA, a post-office of Crawford co., Iowa. 
 
 NEBRASKA, a township of Page CO., low^i. Pop, 422. 
 
 NEBR.\SKA, a small village of Pottawattoniie co., Iowa. 
 
 NJSBRASKA, a mining village of Sierra co., California, 
 about 15 miles E. of Downieville. 
 
 NEBRASKA, a river of North America. See Platte. 
 
 NEBRASKA CENTRE.a post-office of Nebraska Territory. 
 
 NEBRASKA CITY, a post-town, capital of Otoe county, 
 Nebraska issituatc^l on the right i.W.j bank of the Missoui\i 
 River, 28 miles below the month of the Platte, and about 
 46 miles by the road (or 96 miles by the river) S. of Omaha 
 City. Lat. 40° 40' 8" N.; Lon. 95° 41' 44" W. The Mis- 
 souri River is navigable for large steamers during 5 months 
 of the year to a point more than 50 miles above this city. 
 The average date of the opening of navigation for a period 
 of 11 years, 1854 to 1861), was March 8th. The average date 
 of its close was November 20. The site of this city is undu- 
 lating and well adapted to drainage. The buildings are 
 mostly of wood. It contains a court-house, 2 public Iialls, 
 
 7 churches (6 of whi( h are Protestant), 1 n.ational bank, 
 and several other banking-offices, 4 public schools, 2 hotels, 
 which are styled flrst-cl.oss, 3 other hotels, 2 grist-mills, &c. 
 One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. 
 The principal business of the inhabitants is trade with the 
 plains andmountiiiusand transporting freight to the West- 
 ern territories. The Secretary's Report to the Board of 
 Trade for 1864 gives the followiug figures for the carrying 
 business : Total amount transported 13,337,734 pounds, re- 
 quiring 1792 men, 1410 mules, 13,808 oxen and 1587 wagons. 
 The total amount received for transportation was $2,134,037, 
 There are valuable salt springs in the W. part of Otoe 
 county. Pop. in I860, 1922; in December, 1864, it was etsti- 
 mated by a correspondent at 3800. 
 
 NEBRISSA. .See Lebrija. 
 
 NKCA/DA RIVER, a small river of Adams co., Wlsconslii, 
 enters the Yellow River. 
 
 NKCESSIDADES, nA-sSs-se-dJ'dJs, or SANTO ANTONIO, 
 sin'to dn-to'ne-o, a village of Brazil, province of Santa Ca- 
 tharina. 6 miles N. of Desterro. Pop. 300. 
 
 NECHAMTZ. njK'a-nits\ or NEU-NECllANITZ, a mar- 
 ket-town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 9 miles W.N.W. of 
 K3niggr.itz. Pop. 1054. 
 
 NECH.\R.\. n.A-chd/ri. a large village of Beloochistan, 
 province and 16 miles S.E. of Kelat. 
 
 NECIIES, nJtch'iz, a small river of Texas, rises in Van 
 Zandt county, and empties itself into Sabine Lake, near the 
 S.?^ extremity of the state. Its general course is S.S.E. 
 Durins: high water boats can ascend it more than 100 miles. 
 
 NECIIOW, n.Vchiiw', a town of China, province of Che- 
 kiani;, on the main road between Hoei-choo and Ning-po. 
 Pop. from -20,000 to 30,0(X). 
 
 NECKALOFA, njk-ka-lo'fi, or NIUKALOFA, ne-oo-kj- 
 lo'fj, a town on the island of Tonga, one of the Friendly 
 Islands. The houses are of an oval form, and have large 
 pillars supporting a roof also oval. The most conspicuous 
 objects are two churches, under the direction of Wesleyan 
 missionaries, who have long had a station here. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 NECKAR, nJk'kar. or NECKER, nJk'kgr, (anc. NUcer,) a 
 river of Germany, rises In the mountains of the Schwarz- 
 wald, (WUrtemberg.) on the frontiers of Baden, flows gene- 
 rally N. and W. to M.annheim, where it joins the Rhine on 
 the right. Length 210 miles. It is shallow, and difficult 
 of navigation. Chief affluent, the Jaxt, on the right. 
 
 NECKA R AU, n JkHiJ-row^ a vill.age of Baden, circle of the 
 Lower Rhine, on an island in the Rhine, ne.ir the confluence 
 of the Neckar. 2j miles S. of 5Iannheim. Pop. 1631. 
 
 NECKAR-GEMUND. (Neckar-GemUnd.) n.^k/kar ghfh- 
 miinf, a town of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, at the 
 confluence of the Elsenz with the Neckar, 17 miles E.S.E. 
 of Mannheim. Pop. 2159. 
 
 NECKARREMS. nJk'kaR-R?ms\ a village of WUrtemberg, 
 
 8 miles N.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 813. 
 NECKAR-STEINACII. nJk/kar stT'niK. n walled town of 
 
 the grand-duchy of Ilesse-Darmstadt, province of Starken- 
 burg. 6 miles E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1521. 
 
 NECKARSULM, n?k'kar-soolm\ a town of Wiirtemberg. 
 circle of Neckar, at the confluence of the Pulm with the 
 Neckar, 30 miles N. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2402. It has a cas- 
 tle, and manufactures of leather and tobacco. 
 
 NECKARTENZLINGEN, nJk'kar-t^nt-slingVn, a village 
 of Wiirtemberg. circle of Schwarz'wald, on the Erms, near 
 NUrtingen. Pop. 1018. 
 
 NECKARTHAILFINGEN, nJk'kaRt-hlPfing-?n. a vllhjge 
 
 1281 
 
NEC 
 
 NEH 
 
 tf WUrtemterg, 4 miles S.W. of Niirtingen. on the left bank 
 of the Xeekar. Pop. 1060. 
 
 XECKKK. nfk'kfT.an island in the Pacific. lat. 23° 34' X., 
 Ion. 1(>4'^ 37' W.. a mere rock, about oiK) yards long, and jl60 
 feet high. It was discovered by La Perouse, Nov. 1, 17S6, 
 and was covered with guano. 
 
 NHCKKK. a river of Germany. See Xeckak. 
 NECOSTA. a new county in the W. central part of Mirhi- 
 gan. has an area of 840 square miles. It is intersected in the 
 K.W. by the Maskego River, by whose tributaries, together 
 with the head waters of Chippewa Kiver, it is principally 
 drained. Capital Big Kapids. Pop 970. 
 NECOT', a post-office of Linn eo.. Iowa. 
 NECTDX. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 NEDDAMUXGALU-M, njd-dd-mtin-gd-lum', a town of 
 British India, province of >Iadras, district and 22 miles S.W. 
 of Tanjore, and having several Hindoo temples. 
 
 NEDDE, nMd, a village of France, department of Haute- 
 Vienne, 28 miles K.S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1640. 
 
 NEDEXAES or XEDENES. n4'deh-n^s\ an amt or baili- 
 wick of Norway, having S.E. the Pkager-rack. Area. 4650 
 square miles. Pop. 53.932. Chief towns. Arendal, Grimstad. 
 and Lillesand. 
 
 NEDERBRAKEL, ni'der-brJ'kel, a town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, "l7 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 
 3807. 
 
 XEDERIIASSELT, n.Vder-his'sflt, a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, on the Moleubeek, 22 miles S.&.E. 
 of Ghent. Pop. 1517. 
 
 NEDERL.\XDE\. See Xetherl.^nbs. 
 NEDERWEEKT. n4/dgr-*aiRt\ a village of Holland, pro- 
 yince of Limburg. 12 miles W.X.W. of Roermond. Pop. 540. 
 XEDG'IXG. a parish of Endand, co. of Suffolk. 
 XEDJED, n^d'jid, or XEJD, n^'d, (i. e. "elevated 
 country,") the general name applied to the central portion 
 of the Arabian peninsula. Some Arab writers use the name 
 in an abstract sense, and speak of the Xe<Ijed-el-Hej;iz or 
 the Xedjel-el-Yuiuen. that is to say. the inland and elevated 
 region of IIej;iz or Yemen; but ordinarily the word Xecijed 
 is employeil without an expletive, to signify the country in 
 the interior, enclosetl by Hej.4r, Yemen, lladramaut, Oman, 
 Lahsa. and the Syrian Desert. A great part of its surface 
 Is sandy desert, interspersed with fertile spots. The hills 
 are generally wootletl. but its characteristics are very little 
 known. It furnislies dromedaries and horses of an excellent 
 breed. The Wahabees. who had subjugated all the tribes of 
 the Xedjed. were vanquished by the troops of the Yiceroy 
 of Egypt, but he has not been able to maintain his power in 
 the country. 
 
 XEDKIGAILOV or XEDRIGAILOW, n4-dre-ghMov/. a 
 town of Russia, government and 100 miles W.X.W. of Khar^ 
 kov, on the S<Kila. Pop. 3800. 
 
 NED'S POIXT, the E. side of Mattapoise Harbor, Bus- 
 tard's Hay, Massachusetts. It contains a fixed light, 40 feet 
 above the level of the sea. 
 NEDOOXTIVOE, tn island near Ceylon. See Delft. 
 NEEDE. n.Vdch, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Gelderland. 18 miles E. of Zntphen. Pop. 2612. 
 NEED'H.\M, a parish of Endand. co. of Norfolk. 
 NEED'lIAM M AR'KET.a small market-town andchapelry 
 of England, co. of Suffolk, with a station on the East Union 
 Railway. 9 miles N.X.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1353. 
 
 NEED'HAM. a post-township in Norfolk co., Ma-ssachu- 
 setts, 14 miles W.S.W. of Boston, intersected by the Boston 
 and Worcester Railroad. It has manufactures of boots and 
 shoes, hats, cotton. &c. Pop. 26.18. 
 
 NEEDLES. ( nee'dl'/..) The. a cluster of three pointed rocks 
 in the Enirli.sh Channel. W. of the Isle of Wight. The 
 Needles Lihut. on the W. extremity of the Isle of Wieht, is 
 in lat. ^(P 39' 54" N.. Ion. 1° 34' W." Elevation. 469 feet. 
 
 NEEDMVOOD, an ancient royal forest of England, co. of 
 Stafford. It presents some fine remains of forest scenery. 
 
 NEE'LEY'S LANDING, a small village of Cape Girardeau 
 eo.. Missouri. 
 NEET/iHERRY. mountains of India. See NETLnnERRT. 
 NEEI/S CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Indiana. 
 NEELUXG. XI LUNG or NILUX. nee'liing' or nee'loong'. 
 a village of Thibet, in lat. 31° 6' N., Ion. 78° 69' E., 11,127 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 NEE'LYSVILLE. a post-office of Morean co.. Ohio. 
 NE1:M.\HE1RA. nee-ma-hj'ri. a town of Hindostan. Raj- 
 poqtana, 20 miles S. of Chittore : lat. 24° 38' N.. Ion. 74° SC E. 
 NEE.MUUCU. fiA-Jm-boo-koo', or PIL.\R. pe-laR', a port 
 of entry, military depot, and the principal port of Paraguay, 
 In a marshy tract on the Parana, 170 miles (or about 220 by 
 water) W.S.W. of Asuncion. 
 
 NEEMLA. neem'li. XIMB.\.. nim^bi. a town of Afghan- 
 istan, 5 miles E. of Gundamuck : lat. 34° 18' X.. Ion. 70° 8' 
 E. Here, in 1S09, Shah Soojah was defeated and expelled 
 from Cabnol by the troops of Futteh Khan. 
 NEEM'KA. a village of Sinde, 44 miles X. of Larkhana. 
 NEEML'TCII, nee'miich', a town of Hindostan, Rajpoo- 
 ttna. 36 miles S.E. of Chittoor: lat. 24° 27' X., Ion. 75° E. 
 It has a good bazaar, N.W. of which is a British cantonment. 
 KEE'N AH, a post-village and township of Winnebago CO., 
 
 Wisconsin, on the Fox or Neenah Eiver, and on the Chicago 
 and N. Western Railroad. 36 miles S.W. of Green Bay. Th« 
 river affords good water-power. The village contains 4 tiour- 
 ing-mills.l.T stores. 2 printing offices. &c. See Appesdix. 
 NEENAH RIVER, Wisconsin. See Fox River. 
 NEEX SAVAGE, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 NEEX SOI/LARS, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 NEEXTOX, a parish of Englan!^, co. of Salop. 
 NEEP.ATOOR, nee'p4-toor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, on the Punnair, 86 miles N.W. of Pondi- 
 cherry. 
 
 XEER. naiR. a village of the Xetherlands, province of Lim- 
 burg. on the Jleuse. 4 miles X. of Roermond. Pop. 14o5. 
 
 NEER'GOOXIV, a strong hill-fort of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, district and 35 miles E.N.E. of Darwar. 
 
 NEERHEYLISSEM. naiR'hi'lis-sem. a village of Belgium, 
 South Brabant, 31 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1314. 
 
 NEERLIXTER. naiR'lin'tf r, a village of Belgium, province 
 of South Brabant, 30 miles E. of Bru.-^sels. I'op. IhSS. 
 
 NEERMUL, neer'mtii'. a town of British India, in the 
 Deccan. dominions and 120 miles N. of Hyderabad. 
 
 NEEROETEUEN. n.-iVoo'teh-rfn. a village of Belgium, 
 province of Limburg. on the cansil from Maestrieht to Bois- 
 le-Duc. 60 miles X.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 1275. 
 
 NEERPELT. naia'pt'lt. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limburg. on the Dommel, 55 miles X. of Ihusselt. Pop. 1160. 
 NEEliSVlLLE. a post-office of Ixiudon co.. Virginia. 
 XEERWIXDEX. naiR'winMen. or XEERWIXDE, naiR/- 
 win'deh, a village of lielgium, pi-oviuce of Liege, 2 miles N,AV. 
 of Lauden, memorable for the victory of liie Marechal de 
 Luxembourg over the army of ^Villiam 111. of England, 29th 
 July. 1693. and for the defeat of the French under Dumouriez, 
 by the Austrian.s, 18th March, 1793. 
 
 NEERYSSCHE. nA'rls'Kfh. a village of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, 6 miles S.W. of Louvain. Pop. 1225. 
 NEETUM. See Noio. 
 
 NEF'ERX\ a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 NEFFS'VILLE. a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 4j miles X. of Lancaster. 
 
 XEFT. n^ft. or XEFTA, nbPti, a town of North Africa, 
 dominions of Tunis, on the W. side of the lake Sibkah. (or 
 Lowdeah,) 20 miles S.S.W. of Tozer; lat. 34° 12' N.. Ion. 7° 
 55' E. 
 
 NEFTENBACH, nJPten-blK\ a village of Switzerland, 
 canton and N.N.E. of Zurich, on the Tiiss. Pop. 1452. 
 NEFYN, a town of Wales. See Nevis. 
 NEGAPATAM, nJg\a-p.'j-t,lm'. a decayed maritime town 
 of India, presidency of Madras, district and 48 miles E.S.E. 
 of Tanjore, on the Coromaudel Coast. It was formerly the 
 capital of the Dutch posses-sions in India, but taken by the 
 Briti.sh in 1781. 
 
 NEGO.M'BO, a town of Ceylon, on its W. coast, IS miles 
 N. of Colombo. Its vicinity protluces large quantities of 
 rice, with pepyier. cocoa-nuts, betel, and coffee. 
 
 NEGVWAC', an Indian village of Xew Brunswick, eo. of 
 Northumberland, at the N. side of the entrance to Mirami- 
 chi Bay. 
 
 NEGRAIS. negVIce', an island and harbor. Burme.se do- 
 mir.ions. kingdom of Pegu, at the mouth of the Bassain 
 River, an arm of the Irrawaddy. 
 
 NEGRAR, ni-graR', a town and parish of Austrian Italy, 
 province and N. of Verona. Pop. 3475. 
 
 NEGREPELISSE. n.Vgreh-peh-lees', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Aveyron. S miles 
 E.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 1224. It has never recovered 
 its all but entire destruction by Louis XIII., in consequence 
 of the firm adherence of its inhabitants to Protestantism. 
 
 XEGKIL, ne-gril', NORTH and SOUTIL two headlands 
 of .Tamaica. 8 miles apart; the latter, in lat, 18° Id' X., Ion. 
 78° 22' W., forms the W. extremity of the island. 
 NEGRO, a river of Naples. See" Cau)RE. 
 NEGRO FOOT, a post-office of Hanover co., A*irgiuia. 
 NEOROPOXT. See Eubiea and Ch.u-cis. 
 NEGRO, RIO. a river of South America. See Rio Negro. 
 NEGROS, nA/groce, one of the Philippine Islands. Malay 
 Archipelago, separated by narrow channels from I'anay on 
 the N.W. and Zebu on the S.E., and extending from lat. 
 9° 3' to 10° 58' N.. Ion. 122° 28' to 123° 29' E.; length 130 
 miles, average breadth 25 miles. 
 
 NEGY'ED, njd'y^'. a village of Hungary, county and 30 
 miles from Neutra, on the ANaag. Pop. 3226. 
 
 XEII. nth, a town of Persia, province and 175 miles E.N.E. 
 of Yezd. 
 
 NEHAVEND. nA^hi-vfrnV, or NEHAWUND. n:l'h:i-wrin4' 
 a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee. 50 miles S. of 
 Hamaxlan. Here the Arabs obtained a memorable victory 
 over the Persians, A. D. 638. 
 
 NEHEIM, nililme, a town of Prussia, Westphiilia, 6 
 miles N.W. of Arnsberg, at the confluence of the \V6hne 
 and lluhr. Pop. 1970. 
 
 x£H0U, nA^hoo/, a village of France, le))artment of 
 Manche. 6 miles S.W. of Valognes. Pop. 2000, cliicf ic *m- 
 ployeti in manufacturing coarse earthenwares 
 
 XEHREX, nA'rjn. a village of Wiirteniberg. circle of 
 Schwarzwald, near Tubingen. Pop. 400. 
 
NEH 
 
 NKTTTiXJNO, (FniscHE and Curische.) See Frische-IIaff 
 and Cuuische-IIaff. 
 
 N Kl lis U iOI.M. nIbs'hTme. a Tillage of Baden, circle of Mid- 
 dle Khiiie. bailiwick of Urctten. I'op. 1213. 
 
 XKlDKN'ltUKG. nT'df'n-b("K')RG\ a town of Kast Prussia, 24 
 miles S. of Kiiniursberg. Pop. 2742. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has manufactures of woollens and leather. 
 
 NKKJUltOKVlLLE, ni/bpr-vii, a post-office of Morris CO., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 N Kl LGUKRKY. or NEELOIIKKI! Y (neerphJr'ree) MOUN- 
 T.AINS. calliHl also the NElUillKU'KIKS, a mountain 
 ranire of Southern India, presidency of Madras, at the junc- 
 tion of the K. and W. (Jhauts, where they ociupy an an^a of 
 about 700 square miles, situated in the district and N.W. of 
 Coimlwitoor, havinjr on the S. the remarkable Paulghautch- 
 erry Pass. Elevation of hij^hest jieak. 8800 feet: several 
 others rise to between 6000 and 6000 feet. Amoni; these 
 hills are the stations of Ootacimund. Kotaiiherry. Uiinhutty, 
 and Coonoor. resorted to by Europeans on account of the emi- 
 nent salubrity of their climate. .See M.\harlkshwi-r Hills. 
 
 NEILI/S (neelz) CREEK, a post-ofRce of Cumberland co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 NEILS'TON, a villatre and parish of Scotland, co. of Ren- 
 frew. :j miles S. of Paislev. Pop. of the villaire in ISol, 2075. 
 
 NEIRAI or NAIRAI. ni'rf, written also XIRIE,an island 
 of the South Pacific. Feejee group, S. of (ioro. At Vene- 
 mote. on the W. sicie, there is a liarlior and anchorage in 
 15 fathoms, about onehalf a mile from the shore. 
 
 NEIROXE. nA-e-ro'nft. a villajre of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Chiavari. 4 miles from Cicagna. Pop. 3015. 
 
 NEISSK, ni'seh. a river of Germany, joins the Oder, 21 
 miles S.S.K. of Frankfort, after a N. course of 115 miles. 
 
 NEISSE. a river of Prus.sian Silesia, also joins the OJer 
 15 miles N.W. of Oppeln, after a rapid N.E. course of 98 miles. 
 
 NEISSE, a fortified town of Pru.ssian Silesia, on the 
 Neisse. 30 miles S.AV. of Oppeln, and connected by railway 
 with Rrieg. 29 miles distant. Pop. in 1849. 17.164. It has 
 a larje castle, a fialnce, a commanriant's residence, circle 
 hall. 7 Roman Catholic, and 2 Luthertin churches, convents, 
 extensive barracks, powder-mill.s and arsenals, a theatre, 
 gevenil ho.spltals, a ISoman Catholic college, and an asylum 
 for jKior Roman Catholic clergy, printing establishments, 
 laannf ictures of linens and woollens, and several di«tilleries. 
 
 NEITIIORP. nl'thorp. a hamlet of Enirland. co. of Oxford. 
 
 NETVA. .NEVA, n.VvS. NITSA or XTJ'/A. nit'.sd. a river of 
 Russia, government of Perm and Tobolsk, rises in the E. 
 slope of the Uml .Mountains. 35 miles N Vi'. of Yekaterin- 
 lx)org. flows E.S.E.. and. after a course of about 300 miles, 
 joins the Toora. 
 
 N El V.\. a town of .South America. See Neyva. 
 
 N E I V E. nA'e-ViV. or N EZ E. nAd'/.d. a town of Northern Italy, 
 Piedmont, division of Coni. 4 miles N.E. of Alba. Pop, 2400. 
 
 NE.ID. a district of Arabia. See Nedjed. 
 
 NE.IIX. a town of Russia. See Nezheen. 
 
 NEKIIVOROCIITCIIA. See Nekvoroktcih, 
 
 NEK'IMI or NEK'AMA, a post-township in 'Winnebago 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1102. 
 
 NEK'l.MI, a thriving post-village in the above township, 
 15 milvs ."'.S.W. of Osbkosli. It contains 3 churches, 2 stores, 
 4 hotels, and about 150 (hvellhifrs. Pop. 700. 
 
 NEKORZ. n.A/koRts. Obf.r. o'bt-r. and Unter, oon'ter, two 
 contiguous villaires of liohemia, about 4 miles from (jeiers- 
 bere:. I'op. 1460. 
 
 NEKX'OROKTCHA, nek-vo-rok'ch3, written al.so NEKII- 
 VOKoniTCII.V, a market-town of Russia, government and 
 32 miles 8. of Poltava, on the Orel. Pop. 1570. 
 
 NELG()(1XDA. a town of India. See Naloonoa. 
 
 NEI,1;*I;ER. n.Vle-seer'. written also NELISURAJI and 
 NEI,LISUR.\M. a small maritime town of British India, 
 presiiiencv of Bombav. district of Malabar, near the coast, 
 30 mill's N.N.W. of C'an.-inore. 
 
 NELLEMBOOR, n?l-l^m-boor'. an inland town of British 
 India, presidency of Bombay, province of Malabar. 31 miles 
 E. of (\tlicut. 
 
 Nl'.fJ.ORE. niM^lor', a town of British India, capital of a 
 district of its own name, is on the Pennar, 13J miles from the 
 Bay of Bengal, and 98 miles N,N.AV. of Madras. Lat. 12^ 49' 
 N., Ion. 80° 1' E. In the Last century it was an important 
 fortress; it is at present a busy and populous town, with 
 extensive suburbs, but no remarkable public building. In 
 1784. mnny Roman coins of the second century were dis- 
 eovi'red here, under the ruins of a Hindoo temple. 
 
 NEI.EORE. a district of Briti.sh India, on the Bay of Ben- 
 gal. Area 12.000 square miles. Pop. 846.572. 
 
 NEL'.SON. a county a little S.E. of the centre of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 340 square miles. James River washes 
 tl c S.E. border: it is also drained by Roekfi.sh River. The 
 I'lue Ridge forms the entire boundary on the N.W., and 
 the surface is geneiully occupied by hills and valleys. The 
 soil is fi'rtile. The canal, which extends along James River, 
 connects the county with Richmond. Formed in 1807, and 
 ii:uned in honor of Thomas Nelson, Governor of Virginia, 
 in :7sl. County-town, Lovingston. Pop, 13,015, of whom 
 0777 were free, and 6J38 slaves. 
 
 NELSON, a county near the middle of Kentucky, has an 
 
 NEN 
 
 area estimated at 300 sqnare miles. It is drained by fh« 
 Rolling Fork and Beech Fork of Salt River, and by Pottin- 
 gers Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil in general 
 is excellent. Blue limestone underlies a portion of the sur- 
 face, affording a good material for building. The cimnty is 
 intersected by the Louisville and Nashville Turnpike, and 
 by the Louisville and Chattanooga Railroad, now in pro- 
 gress of construction. Formed in 1781. Capital, Bardstown. 
 Pop. 15,799, of whom I0,2t 9 were free, and 5530 slaves. 
 
 N ELSON, a post-township of Cheshire CO., New Hampshire, 
 40 miles S.W, of Concord, Pop. 699. 
 
 NELSON, a post-village and township of Madison co., 
 New York, about 25 miles S.E. of S.vracuse. I'o)!. 1797. 
 
 NELSON, a post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NELSON, a post-township forming the N. cxtruniity of 
 Portage CO., Ohio. Pop. i:{u|. 
 
 NELSON, a river-port of New Brunswick, co. of Northum- 
 berland, on the right bank of the Miramichi. about 20 milea 
 from its entrance into Miramichi Bay, and 130 miles N.N ,E 
 of St. John's. 
 
 N EL'SON, an island of Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, 
 lat. 5° 40' .30" S., Ion, 72° 22' E. 
 
 NELSON, a pfirt on the N.W. coast of Australia, between 
 Brunswick Bay and Prince Regent J'.iver; lat. 15° 6' S., Ion. 
 125° 4' E. 
 
 NELSON, a district of West Australia, lat, 34° S., Ion. 
 116° E.. having N. Wellington district. 
 
 NEI.,SON. a settlement of New Zealand, on Ta.sman Bay, 
 Middle Island. Pop. 2915, 
 
 NELSO.V CAPE, South Australia, bounds Portland Bay 
 westward ; lat. 38° 25' 54" S.. Ion. 141° 28' E. 
 
 NEL'SON CIIAN'XEL, between Van Diemen's Land and 
 King's Island, 60 miles across, connects Bass's Strait with 
 the Southern Ocean. 
 
 NELSON ISLAM), of the South Shetland group. South 
 Atlantic Dcean, lat. 62° 15' S., Ion. 58° 50' W, 
 
 NELSOX LAKE, of British America, is an enlargement 
 of Churchill River. 
 
 NEL'SOXPORT. a post-office of Potter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NELSON'S RIVER, of British North America, flows N.E., 
 and enters Hudson's Bay near Fort York. 
 
 NELSOX'S LANDING, a .small village of CWppewa co, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 NEl/SOXVILLE, a thriving post-village of Athens co., 
 Ohio, on the Hockhocking, f;0 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 NEMAUR, a district of India. See NiM.tR. 
 
 NEMAUSU.S. See NImes. 
 
 NE.MBRO, nJm'bro, a town of Northern Italy, 5 miles N.E. 
 of Bergamo, on the Serio, Pop. 2000. 
 
 NEMB-SHEHR. a town of Turkey. See Neu-Siiehr. 
 
 NEM'EA, a village of Greece, in the Slorea. government, 
 and 13 miles S.W. of Corinth, with the remains of a temple 
 of Jupiter, and other anti(|uities. Adj. Nemean. njm'e-an. 
 
 NEMETACUM. See Arras. 
 
 NKMETES. .«eeSpKVER. 
 
 NEMETHT-SZATIIMAR. Hungary. See SzATnMAR, 
 
 NEMETH-UJVAR, a town of Hungary. See GisiixG. 
 
 NEMET(X;EXNA. SeeARRA.«, 
 
 NEMEZE, n;\'m?-Os»h, a village of Austria, Slavonia, on 
 the Bossut. Pop. 1315. 
 
 NEMl, n.Vmce, a lake and village of Central Italy, Ponti- 
 fical States, 17 miles S.E. of Rome, beside the Appian Way, 
 I and Ijetwoen Albano and Velletri. The lake is the crater 
 ' of an extinct volcano, 5 miles in circumference, and sur- 
 t rounded by thick woods, which were in ancient times 
 I famous for the worship of Diana. The village on its N.E. 
 margin, pop. 1100, is overlooked by a feudal castle. 
 
 NEMIROV or NEMIROW. nA-me-rov', a town of Russian 
 Poland, province of Bialystok, on the Bug, 23 miles S.E. of 
 I Drohitshin. Pop. 3876. 
 
 NE.MIROV or XEMIROW. a market-town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Podolia. 12 miles N.W. of Bratslav. Pop. 2o6o. 
 It has a college, opened in 1838, and manufactures of linen 
 cloths and leather. 
 
 NEMOURS. neh-mooR', a town of France, department of 
 Seine-etrMarne, 19 miles S.E. of F'ontainebleau. Pop. in 
 1852. 3935. It is surrounded by the Canal du Loing, en- 
 closed by walls, and hits a fine old castle ; manufactures of 
 hats, tanneries, bark and corn mills, marble works, brick 
 and lime kilns. Nemours was a seignory given to the 
 House of Orleans by Louis XIV. 
 
 NEMP'NET, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 NEMZA, a town of Moldavia. See Niamtz, 
 
 NEN. a river of England. See Nene. 
 
 NENAGH, nA'na. a market-town and pari.sh of Ireland, 
 Munster. co. of Tipperary. near the Nenaj;h River, an afflu- 
 ent of the Shannon, 13 miles N.E. of Newport. I'op. 9540. It 
 is situat<'d in a district of great beauty and fertility : is well 
 built, clean, and thriving; has fine remains of a Norman 
 castle, and some ruins of a monastery. 
 
 NEXDAZ. nJn'ddts. a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton of Valais. 3 miles S.W. of Sion, Pop. 1459. 
 
 NENE or NEN, n^n. a river of England, rises in the \V. 
 of the CO. of Northampton, flows N.F!., and enters the North 
 Sea at ibe Wash, after a course of 90 miles by a tidal chiui- 
 
 1283 
 
KEN 
 
 NER 
 
 ti«l itoently formed at a jost of about 200,000?. It is navl- 
 givljle for vessels of >niiill draught, and conimuiiicates by the 
 NVisbeath Cnual with the (tuse, and in tlie upjjor part of its 
 course by canals with all the central naviiratiou of i-lngland. 
 
 NKXlvL'It, nc^n^kur/, a village of i-inde, 5 miles N. of 
 Sehwan: lat. 20° 24' X.. Ion. eT*^ oi' K. 
 
 XENNDOHy, nJnn/doRf. a village of Germany, Ilesse- 
 Cassel, province of Nieder-IIessen, 10 miles N.K. of Rlnteln. 
 
 NK.XOK.^SK or NEXOKAZK, nA-no-kdsk', a small sea- 
 port of Kussia, government and 40 miles W. of Archangel, 
 at the mouth of a stream which falls into the bay of the 
 name name. 
 
 XKXTKKSIIAUSEN, nJn'tws-howV.en, a village of Ilesse- 
 Cassel, Xieder-Hessen, 9 mile's froniKothenburg. Pop. 1062. 
 
 XEXT'lIOKN. a parish of i^cotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 XEXZIXG, nJnt'sing, a village of Austria, Tyrol, Vorarl- 
 berir, 2 miles E. by S. of Feldkirch. Pop. 1137. 
 
 K^EO-diSAREA. See Niksar. 
 
 NEO-CASTKO. See Xavarino. 
 
 NEOGKAU, niUo-grdf, (Ilun. Nngrad, no'grld',) a mar- 
 ket-town of Central Hungary, 27 miles N.of Pesth. P. 1500. 
 
 XE0M.4lGUS. See Lisiklx. 
 
 NEO'SIIO, a river of the Indian Territory, joins the Ar- 
 kansas on the right, just above Fort Gibson. 
 
 NEOSHO, a post-village, capital of Newton co , Missouri, 
 200 miles S W. of Jefferson City. Extensive lead-mines have 
 been opened about 6 m. from this place. Pop. of tushj)., 1 622. 
 
 NEOSHO, a post-village of Itodge co., Wisconsin, on Rubi- 
 con Rivei', 12 miles S.E. of Juneau. It has 2 ciiurchcs, 4 
 stores and 2 mills. 
 
 NEOZELI. ni-od-zdiee, a village on the island of Sardinia, 
 province of Uusachi. Pop. 1028. 
 
 NEPAUL. ne-pawl', written also NEPAL, (Hindoo Nn- 
 paUi. nipd'U.) an indepeudent country of Hindostan, com- 
 prising the southern slope of the Himalayas, between lat. 
 20° 30' and 30° uO' N., and Ion. 80° and 88° E., having W. 
 and S. British India and Onde, E. Sikkim, and N. Thibet. 
 Length, from W. to E., 450 miles, brnidth 100 miles. Area 
 estimated at 53,000 square miles, and population at 2,000,000. 
 The S. part of the country is an undulating and densely 
 wooiled tract, called the teii-uini ; further northward, the 
 surface consists of a succession of mountains and narrow 
 valleys, in wliich many affluents of the Goggra. Gunduck, 
 Koose, and other tributaries of the Ganges havtj their 
 sources, itice. maize, wheat, barley, cotton, and sugai^cane, 
 are among the chief crops; in the mountain re;;ion, agricul- 
 tural produce is raised on artiticial terraces along the sides 
 of the declivities. Fruits, drugs, dyeing materials, and tim- 
 ber are abundant. The native animals comprise horses and 
 large dogs of superior breeds, shawl goats, and sheep, which 
 are employed as beasts of burden. Jlany coi>iier and iron 
 mines are wrought; lead and zinc are amongst the mineral 
 prwlucts. The principal manufactures are of cotton cloths, 
 ill which most of the population are clad; metallic goods, 
 salt, and nitre. Among the e.xports are elephants, ivory, 
 rice, timber, hides, ginger, catechu, turmeric, fruits, and 
 spices, with Thibet horses and sheep, small bullocks, Iwnjx, 
 salt, sulphur, and miiicral preparations brought; from Boo- 
 t«in and Thibet, and sent into the Bengal territory, in return 
 for Indian and British nianuiacture.s. and the native pro- 
 ducts of Hiudostan. A portion of the transit trade between 
 Cashmere and the Chinese Empire passes through Xepaul. 
 The population consists of several tribes, partly of Mongol 
 origin and Boodhi.^ts, but chiefly of Hiud(X) faith and de- 
 scent. The government is vested in the tribe of the Gork- 
 has, who conquered the country about the middle of the 
 last century. The principal towns are Khatmandoo, (the 
 capit<il.) Lalita Patah, Bhatgong. and Kirthipoor. After the 
 termination of the war of 1814-16, the Gorkhas ceded to 
 the British all the countries situated between the Sutlej 
 and the Kali Rivers, and agreed to evacuate the territory of 
 the Rajah of Sikkim. Since that" time, jjeace iias been pre- 
 served. — .4dj. and inhab. Nepaulkse, njp^awlcez'. 
 
 NEPAWAX, nep-.vw6n'. a post-office of Waupaca co., Wis- 
 consin. Has been discontinued. 
 
 NEPEAN, nep-e-dn'. an island in the South Pacific Ocean. 
 Lat. 29° 2' S., Ion. 167° 48' E. 
 
 NEPEAX, an island in Torres Strait; lat. 9° 34' S., Ion. 
 143° 42' E. 
 
 NEPEAX, a bay on the W. coast of British North Ame- 
 rica, lat. 53° 32' X., Ion. 127° 30' W. 
 
 NEPEAX, a large steep bluff of Russian America, on the 
 S. coast of Admiralty Island ; lat. 57° 10' N., Ion. 133° 54' W. 
 
 NEPEAX, a river of East Austiidia, New South Wales, 
 flows north-westward between the counties of Camden and 
 Cumberland, and joins the Warra-gamba to form the 
 Hawkesbury. 
 
 NEPEAN BAY, South Australia, is on the N.E. side of 
 Kangaroo Island. 70 miles S.W. of Adelaide. 
 
 NEPEAX, POIXT. is at the entrance of Port Philip, 40 
 miles S.S.W. of Melbourne. 
 
 NEPEUSKIN,a post-village and township of Winnebago 
 CO., Wisconsin, 90 miles N. by E. of Madison. Pop. of the 
 township, 987. 
 
 NEPER AX', a post-office of Westchester co., New York. 
 12S4 
 
 NEPKTE. NKPE or NEPET. Pee Nepi. 
 
 NE'PHI CITY, a village of Utah, capital of Yuab «o., 
 about 65 miles N. of Fillmore Citv. 
 
 NEI'HIX. niPin, and XEPiriXBEG', two mountains of 
 Ireland, Connanght, co. of Mayo; the former altout 6 miles 
 S.S.W. of Crossmolina. Height above the sea 2t'46 feet; the 
 latter 9 miles X.W. of Newport. Height 2U65 feet. 
 
 NEPI, ni/pee. (anc. A'e)>ete, Nepe or Ntpet.) a town of 
 Central Italy, Pontifical States. 18 miles S.S.E. of Viterbo, 
 on the road to Rome. Pop. 1790. It is enclosed by ('otliio 
 walls, erected on Etruscan foundations. It has an anc'eat 
 church and town-hall, but most of its public buildings were 
 ruined by the French in 1799. 
 NEPIS.S1XG. a lake of Canada West. Pee Nipissino. 
 NEPO.MUCK or XEPOMUK. nA-po'mook, I'O.MLK, po'- 
 mook, a small town of Bohemia, 55 miles S.W. of Prague, 
 ftimous as the birthplace of St. John of Nepomuck. the 
 patron saint of Bohemia, al)Out the year 1330. Pop. 1485 
 
 XEI'OX'SET RIVER, a tine mill-.»tream of Norfolk co., in 
 the E. part of Massachusetts, falls into Boston llaj-bor. It 
 is naviirable to Milton Mills. 
 
 NEPOXSET VILLAGE, a post-village of Norfolk co., Ma.s- 
 sachnsetts. pleasantly situated on Uorchester Ray, near thfl 
 mouth of Xeponset River, and on the Old Colony Railroad, 
 5 miles S. by E. of Boston. It is a place of considerable 
 trade, and a port of delivery for the collection district of 
 Boston. 
 
 NEI'TUXE, a small village of .\uglaize co., Ohio. 
 
 NEPTUXE, a pi^st-village of Mercer co., Ohio, 115 miles 
 W.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 NEPI'UXE ISLANDS, a group of idands off the coast of 
 South Australia, near the entrance of Spencer Gulf. 45 miles 
 N.W. of Kangaroo Island ; lat. 35° 22' S., Ion. 136° 7' K. 
 
 NEQUIXU.M. See Xar.m. 
 
 NERA, n.-1'rd, (anc. Kar.) a river of Italy, Pontifical 
 States, passes Terni to Narni, near which it joins the Tiber 
 on the left. I^ength 60 miles. On its affluent, the Velino, 
 is the famous cataract called the Cascaia IiEL MAR.M0iUJ. 
 (See Velino.) 
 
 N IRA, a lake of Russi.a. See Nero. 
 
 N15k.\C, na^rik', a town of France, capital of an arron- 
 dissement, department of lx>t-et-Gai-oniie. 15 miles W.S.W. 
 of Agen. on the Bayse. Pop. in 1S52, 7194. It has a tribu- 
 nal of commerce, and a fine ch.'iteau. in which Henry IV. 
 held his court, when he w>is only King of Navarre. Here 
 Calviti and several other distinguished ri'formers found an 
 asylum from persecution at the court of the celebrated Mar- 
 garet of Valois, Queen of Navarre. It has manufactures of ' 
 starch, corks, cordaire. druggets, and linens. 
 
 NERBL'DUA. NERUUDDAlI, NURBUUDAH, niir-bad'- 
 da. or NARM.\D.\. nar-md'dd. (anc. yinna><ius.) a river of 
 India, and next to the Indus, the principal one having a west- 
 ward course, rises in Gundwana. near the sources of the Sone, 
 flows through the British dominions, and enters the Gulf 
 of Cambay, 28 miles W. of Baroach. Total course upwards 
 of 620 miles. It is 600 yards across in its upper part, near 
 Jubbalpoor. and sometimes 3 miles in width near Baroach; 
 but its navigation is impeded by rocks, islands, shallows, 
 and cataracts. It separates the Deccan from Hiudostan 
 Proper. 
 
 NERCn.A.U, n?R/K(iw, a town of Saxony, 17 miles E. of 
 Leipsic, on the Mulde. Pop. 721. 
 
 NERCHINSK, a town of .\siatic Russia. See Xertcfiixsk. 
 
 NEREKUTA, XERECHTA. nil-r^s'ti, or XERECHTAR, 
 ni-rjK-taR/, a town of Kussia, government and 28 miles 
 S.S.W. of Kostroma, on an affluent of the Aolga. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NEItESHElM, u4'res-hrme\ a townof WUrtemberg. on an 
 affluent of the Danube, 30 miles N.X.E. of Ulm. *op. 1010. 
 
 NERESI, nA-rA'see, the principal town of the Island of 
 Brazza, Dalmatia, 12 miles S. of Spalato. Pop. 1556. 
 
 NERETO, nA-ri'to, a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra I., 13 miles N.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1110. 
 
 NERIAD, nA-re-ld', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bombay. 28 miles X.E. of Cambav. 
 
 NERIGOX or NERIGOXIA. See NoRW.AT. 
 
 NIMtlXM.IPETn'AH, a .small townof British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, N.E. of Coimbatoor, on the rivor Cavery. 
 
 NERIS, nA^rees', (anc. A'qKn' Xdra:?) a small town and 
 watering-place of France, department of .illiesr. 4 mile.s S.E. 
 of Montlui,x)n. Pop. 1432. It has a curious church, modern 
 bath establishment, hotels, and boarding-houses ; its warm 
 springs are resorted to from May to October. It was a favor- 
 ite place of resort under the Itomans. and has remains of 
 an amphitheatre, and various other antifiuities. 
 
 NERIUM PROMONTORIUM. See C\^e Fi.\!8t£re. 
 
 NERJ.\ or NERX.\. ueR'iia.a town of Spain, at the mouth 
 of the small river Xerja, in the Mediterranean, province and 
 27 miles E. of Malaga. Pop. 5000. 
 
 NERL, n^Rl, (Grkat and Litti.i;,) two small rivers of 
 Ptussia. both take their rise in the district of PereslaVl, 
 government of Vladinieer. The Great Nerl issues from 
 Lake Plestcheievo, flows N.W., enters the government of 
 Tver, and joins the Volga on the right. The Little .Nerl 
 flows along the S. frontier of Yaroslav, and joins the Kliasma, 
 below Vladimeer. 
 
NER 
 
 NET 
 
 NKRO, ni'ro, NKRA, nA'ri, or ROSTOV, ro?-tov', a small 
 lake of icu.ssia, in the S. of the government of Yaroslav, 
 about 10 miles lonjr from ^.E. to S.W.. and nearly 5 miles 
 broad. The town of Rostov stands on its N.W. chore. 
 
 NK'HO, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 NEROIjA, n;l-ro'l4, a village of Central Italy, on a small 
 
 affluent of the Tiber, 23 miles N.K. of Rome, with an old 
 
 feudal castle of tho Barberini family, and supposed to 
 
 occupy the site of IlegU'lum, the place from which Appius 
 
 . Clauiiius migrated to Home. Pop. 3(10. 
 
 n£uOM)K, n.Vr6Nd', a town of France, department of 
 Loire, 16 miles S.K. of IJoanue. Pop. IJiOO. 
 
 NERDNUKS, n.VrA.Nd', a marketrtown of France, departs 
 ment of Cher, witli a station on the Hourges and Nevers 
 Railway, 20 miles K..S.I';. of Bouri;es. Pop. 1298. 
 
 NEKOOi^A, NER0U8.\ or NERU.SA, nA-roo'sd. a river of 
 Russia, rises in the (lovernment of Orel, about 9 miles N. of 
 Dimitrovsk. flowsN.W., and after a course of about 80 miles 
 joins the Desna opposite to Troobtchovsk. 
 
 NEIlTCIIAorNERT;<ClIA, nuR'chd. a river of .Siberia, rises 
 on the E. fnjnliers of Irkootsk, Hows circuitously S.. and after 
 a course of about 14 miles, joins tho Shilka at Nertcbinsk. 
 
 NEKTCHIXSK or NERT.SClII.\Slv, nJa-chinsk'. a town of 
 Asiatic Russia, government and 540 miles K. of Irkootsk. on 
 the .Shilka. the principal affluent of tho Amoor. Pop. 3000. 
 It is tlie capital of a district rich in mines of lead and silver, 
 In wlii'-h many exiles are employed. It has a citadel, and 
 trade in furs. 
 
 NE''i{U.S.\, a river of Russia. See Xeroosa. 
 
 NERVA,n^it/vd,or.\ERVION,n?R-ve-on'.orIBAIZABAL, 
 6-Bl-thi-ii41', a river of Spain, province of Bi-scay, flows N.W. 
 and fails into the Bay of Biscay, near Portugalete; its total 
 course is about 50 miles. 
 
 NERVI, ufa'vee, a seaport town of North Italy, province 
 and 5 miles S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 40S9. It is agreeal)ly situ- 
 ated on the shore, witli a small port on tlie (iulf of tJenoa. 
 and has manufactures of silk and woollen fabrics, a brisk 
 coasting trade, and productive fislieries. 
 
 NEPvVlA, ni-u'vo-i. a small river of North Italy, division 
 Df Nice, near Yintiuiiglia. 
 
 NERVl.\NO. nJRve-d'no, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince and 11 miles N.\\'. of Milan, on the Olona. Pop. 2600. 
 
 NEltVION, a river of Spain. See Nekva. 
 
 NERWINDE. a village of Belgium. See Neerwindeu. 
 
 NERX.\, a town of Spain. See Nerja. 
 
 NES, n^s. a village of Holland, province of Friesland, 
 Island of Ameland. Pop. 570. 
 
 NES, a village of Holland, province of Friesland, 22 miles 
 N.E. of Lceuwarden. I'op. 538. 
 
 NES.\CJUAKE. nes-ij-quaik', a village in the township of 
 Smithtuwn, Suffolk co., New York, on Nesaquake Creek, 
 which Hows northward into Long Island Sound. 
 
 NE.-^CHIN, a town of Ru.s.<i.'i. See Nkzheen. 
 
 N ESCHTIX, u^sh-teen/, a village of Austria, Slavonia, co. 
 of Syrmia, on the Danube. Pop. 1427. 
 
 NES/OOPEOK, a post-village of Luzerne co„ Pennsylvania, 
 on the Susiiueliann.a River, at the moutli of Nescopeck Creek, 
 about 90 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. A bridge across the river 
 connects it with Berwick. 
 
 NESCH'ECK. a post-township in the S.W. part of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 873. 
 
 NESCOPECK CREEK, of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, flows 
 Into the North Branch of the Su.>;quehanna River. 
 
 NESCOPECK or BUCK MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, Lu- 
 zerne CO.. on the N. side of the Nescopeck Creek, extends 
 parallel to the Wyoming Mountain in a regular and iilmost 
 unbroken ridge from the Susquehanna nearly to the Ix-high, 
 a di-tance of above 20 mile.s. Height about 1000 feet. 
 
 N i:SH.\.M'lN Y CREEK, of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Delaware lielow Biistol. 
 
 NESHAN'NOCK CREEK, in the W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 enters the Shenango River at Newcastle. 
 
 NESH.\N'NOCK, a township of Lawrence Co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1009. 
 
 NESIIKO'RO, a post-village and township of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 70 miles N. of Madison. The village 
 contains 4 stores and 2 mills. Total population 498. 
 
 NESHOBA. See Nashob.a. 
 
 N ESIIONOC, post-tnshp.. La Crosse co.,Wisconsin. P. 619. 
 
 NESUO'TO. a po,st-village of Manitoowoc co.. Wisconsin, 
 on the We.xt Twin River, 100 miles N. of Milwaukee. It has 
 several saw-mills moved by water-power. 
 
 NESLS. See Nisita. 
 
 NESLE, nail or nil, a town of France, department of 
 Somme, on the Ingon. 29 miles E.S.E. of Amiens. Pop. in 
 1852. 1 850. Nesle is the name of numerous other communes 
 jf France. 
 
 NESMY, nJii'mee'. a village of France, department of 
 Vendee, li miles S. of Bourbon- Vendee. Pop. 1072. 
 
 NESUCHA'QUE RIVER, of New Jersey, a branch of 
 Little Egg Harbor River, rises in Camden co., flows in an 
 iJ.S.E. course, and unites with the other branches near Plea- 
 sant Mills. 
 
 NESQUAL'LY or NISQUAL'LY. a river of Washington 
 territory, flows between Pierce and Thurston counties into | 
 
 the S.E. extremity of Puget Sound. The valley of this 
 stream is very rich, but so heavily timbered as to be an 
 obstacle to settlement. 
 
 NESQUALLY or NISQUALLY, a settlement in Pierce co., 
 Washington Territory, on I'uget Sound. 
 
 NESQUEIlO'NlNa, a post-office of Carbon CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 NESSE, nfs'seh, or NESSA, njs'si, a river of Germany, 
 rises a little W. of Erfurt, in Prussian Saxony, and after a 
 course of about 45 miles, joins the Werra. 
 
 NESSERABAD, a town of Hindostan. See Nabirabad. 
 
 NES.S. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 NESSLAU, n^ss'low, a town and pari.<h of Switzerlaniv 
 canf/jn and 16 miles S.S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. 2028. 
 
 NES.S. LOCH, loK n^".*. a lake of Scotland, co. and 6 miles 
 S.W. of ln\erneps, forming a portion of the Caledonian Canal. 
 Length, from N.E. to S.W., about 23 miles; average tircadtli 
 li miles. It discharges itself into the Moray Firth, by the 
 river Ness, 8 miles in length. 
 
 NESSO, nJs'so, a village of Northern Italy, province of 
 Como, on a hill near the E. shore of Lake Como, in a wild 
 and romantic ravine, where the Latta, a tributary of tho 
 Lacco, forms a magnificent waterfall nearly 200 feet high. 
 Pop. 1019. 
 
 NESTE or NESTES, n?st. a river of France, department 
 of Hautes-Pyrenees, flows first N. and then E., and joins the 
 Garonne near Mazeres, after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 NEbT/ING, LUNNAST/ING, and WHAf./SAV, a united 
 pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Shetland, comprising several 
 islands on the E. coast of the Mainland. Pop. 2294. " 
 
 NES/TON, GREAT, a market-town and pari.'-h of England, 
 CO. and 10 miles N.W. of Chester, on the estuary of the Dee. 
 I'op. of tlie town in 1851, 1524. 
 
 -NESTON, LITTLE, a township of England, in the above 
 parish. 
 
 NEST'ORVILLE, a post-office of Barbour co., W. Virginia. 
 
 NEST US. See Kara Soo. 
 
 NESTVED or NjESTVED. nJsfvfd, a town of Denmark, 
 on tlie i-^land of Seeland. 13 miles N.W. of Prar-stoe, and on 
 the Suus-aa, near its mouth. I'op. 2300. 
 
 NESVIZII, NESVIJ. or NESVISH. n5s-vizh'. written also 
 NIESWIEZ and NIE/.WITSCII. a frontier town of Russian 
 Poland, government and 58 miles S.W. of Minsk, on an 
 affluent of the Nicmen. Pop. 4000. It has a fine palace of 
 tho Radzivil family. Its fortifications were levelled by the 
 Swedes in 1706. 
 
 NETIIE or NEETHE, n.Vlfh, a river of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Antwerp, formed by the union of the Great and 
 Little Nethe. wliich, after a W. course, unite at Lierre. 
 whence it has a W.S.W. and navigable course of 8 mile.s, 
 ami joins the Ruppel 3 miles S. W. of Boom. Under tho 
 French tlie present province of .Antwerp was entitled the 
 department of Deux-Ndthcs. (The "Two Nethes.") 
 
 NETHEN. nA'ten. a village of Belgium, province of Bra- 
 bant, 18 miles K.S.E. of Brussels. I'op. 1230. 
 
 NETIl/ER-AV/ON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 NETU'ERHURY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 NETIl'ERBV, a townsliip of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 NETH'ERE.X. a parisli of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 NETII'ERLA.VD. a post-office of Overton co., TenneB.«!ee. 
 
 NETHERLANDS, m^TiiVr-l.Hiidz, or The LOW COUN- 
 TRIES. (Dutch Sejkrlanile.n, ii.Vder-Un'den; Vr. Pays-Bas, 
 pi-ee/ bd, or JSie.rluude,, n.'iV'RMiSNd'; Ger. Niederlande, nee'- 
 der-ldn'deh; Sp. J'aises liajos, p.l-ee'sfs lid'Hoce: Port. I'aizes 
 BaiT'is. pd-ee'sis bi'shoee; It. J'liesi-Jiagsi, pd-.A'sfce bds'see; 
 L. lieVgicx I'roviiilcim.) a country in the AV'. of Europe, 
 formerly comprising the whole of the present kingdom of 
 Netherlands, together with that of Belgium. The appella- 
 tion of Netherlands, as well as the name of this country in 
 each of the other European liinguages above cited, signifies 
 '• low countries" or '• low lands," the surface of a large por- 
 tion being a dead level, and much of it lying actuallj' below 
 the level of the sea. (See next article •• Face nf the. Oiuntry ;"' 
 also Belgium.) — Adj. Netiierla.ndish (Dutch Nederlasscb, 
 n.Vder-ldnsh^ ; Ger. Niederlandisch, nee'der-L^nMish ; Fr. 
 N£erlani)ais, n<V^RMSN"M.i'.) 
 
 NETIIERLAND.S, KINGDOM OF THE. called also the 
 KINGDOM OF HOLLAND (Dutch Kmhigryk der Nederlan- 
 den. ko'ning-rlk^ d^r nAfJer-ldnMen : Ger. Kijnigreich der 
 Niederlande, kiJ'niG-rTK* dJr nee'der-ldnMeh ; Sp. lieinn de 
 OUmda. r.Veno ddo-ldn'dd; It. liegnn di Olanda. rdn'yo dee 
 o-ldn'dd ; Fr. Jioi/aume des Pays Bus. roi'om' dd pAee' bd, or 
 Boyaume de HiiUawle, roi^om' deh hoPldNd'), a country of 
 Europe, embracing, at the present Any. the N. and smaller 
 half of the numerous provinces formerly combined under 
 the same denomination, and lies between lat. ?>\° 10' and 
 53° 3(J' N., and Ion. 3° 20' and 7° 20' E. On the W. and N. it 
 is bounded by the North Sea; on the E. by Hanover and Prus- 
 sia, and on the S. by Belgium. The river Ems marks the 
 boundary towards Hanover; but between the Netherlands 
 and the Pru.s.<ian province W. of the Rhine, the collimitary 
 line is fixed by conventions, rather than by nature; on the 
 S. also, the boundary towards Belgium, from the left bank 
 of the Mense or Maas to the sea, though defined accurately 
 by the treaty of November, 1831, to which the chief powers 
 
 1285 
 
NEr 
 
 NET 
 
 «f Kill )pe were pnrties, is not marked by any natural fea- 
 tures. Tb'« .ffluntry thus markeJ out has an extent, from 
 N. to !., of 150 miles; with a breailtli, from W. to E., of 120 
 niilef firou^^hout; area 13.643 square miles. 
 
 Face ofl/ie Omiitry. — The Netherlands (or Low Countries, 
 as th! name im])lies) form the most characteristic portion 
 of the ;;reat plain of West and North Europe. From the middle 
 of Belgium, a few miles N. of Brus.'iels, the country N.E. 
 becomes a dead level, extending in mouotonous'siindy flats, 
 tiirou^'.i Hanover, .Jutland, lioL^tein, and, with little inter- 
 rnptior., through Prussia into Russia. But the lowest part 
 of this immense level, and that which has most recently 
 emerged from the sea. is undoubtedly the country lying be- 
 twi-en the mouths of the Scheldt and Ems; within this 
 distance, the IJhine, joined by the Meuse, Yssel, and other 
 rivers, enters the sea through a number of arms, and slug- 
 gish, winding channels, which by no means represent the 
 magnituile of the main stream as it appears higher up. The 
 delta of the 1 thine may be conceived to have been in early 
 ages liable to perpetual change of form, as new mud-banks 
 weni deposited, blocking up the old channels, and lejuling 
 to the formation of now ones. Besides, it is obvious that 
 the river-tioCKls, in forming a domain of alluvial deposits, 
 had to contend with the sea, which washed away the accu- 
 mulations of mud, or covered them with sand, according to 
 the vicissitudes of weather and .season. The soil of the 
 Netherlands shows everywhere the proofs of this struggle 
 between the ocean and the river, in the alternation of salt 
 and fresh-water deposits. It al.so bears evidence to the fact 
 that those changes, effected by the floods of the Khine. or 
 by eruptions of the sea, occurred frequently, long after the 
 country had become inhabited. Remains of forests now lie 
 buried under the waves of the German Ocean ; paved roiida, 
 traces of villages and of cultivation, are found beneath the 
 niorassB.s on the banks of the Ems. and many similar proofs 
 can be .adduced of great physical changes, respecting which 
 history is silent. For the purpose of securing the permv 
 nence of their territorial poases,dons, the early occupants 
 of this country had recourse to embjinkments, high and 
 strong enough to protect them under ordinary circumstances 
 from the waves: and, placing wind-mills on the embank- 
 ments, e.xposed to the sea-breeze, they worked the pumps 
 which drained the enclosed lands. At the present day, the 
 Notheriands present to our view an artificially constructed 
 jountry. some porticns of which are 10 feet below the sur- 
 face of the sea. and nearly all too low for natural drainage. 
 The whole country is divideil by dikes, some of them 60 
 feet high, which protect portions of laud from the sea, lakes, 
 or rivers. These enclosed lands are called Polders. On the 
 chief dikes are roivds and canals ; the latter join the rivers, 
 and are generally large enough to be navigable. 
 
 There are no mountains nor rocks in the Netherlands. 
 The only heights are the sand-hills, about 100 feet high, 
 along the coast of Holland: and a ch:iin of low hills, of 
 perhaps similar origin, which extend from the middle of 
 the province of Utrecht into Gelderland. In the ab,-<ence 
 of mountains and hills, there are of course no valleys; 
 whatever portion of the surface is not marsh, river, or canal, 
 must fall under the denomination of sandy waste, dike, or 
 polder. The work of reclaiming the waste is constantly going 
 forward : in the provinces of Nortli and South noUand alone 
 about 91) lakes have been drained. The drainage of the Sea 
 ■"f Haarlem, begun in 1839, was completed in 1S52; and the 
 same yi;ar extensive operations were commenced in the pro- 
 vince of Zealand, island of South Beveland. under the auspi- 
 ces of Sir John Rennie, having for their object the reclama- 
 tion of 35.000 acres, which are covered several feet deep at 
 high water; yet still the waste lands are said to exceed a 
 fifth of the whole area. The polders probably form one-half 
 of the whole territory. 
 
 The chief features of the country are — the wide estuaries 
 W. and E. of the Scheldt, and of the Meuse, which latter 
 bear off also the waters of the Rhine ; N. of the Meuse, the 
 Znider Zee, which was formed by an irruption of the sea in 
 the beginning of the 13th century, now covers an area of 
 1200 square miles. Between the mouths of the Meuse and 
 the entrance to the Zuider Zee. a distance of 75 miles, the 
 coast is chiefly formed of sand-hills or downs, frequently 
 180 feet high, dreary and sterile to the laist degree: and I 
 separating, with their bioad band of irreclaimable desert. | 
 the low fertile meadows on the one side, from the waves of ; 
 the ocean on the other. In a line with these down.s, beyond I 
 the mouth of the Zuider Zee. runs a chain of islands, namely, j 
 Texel, Vlieland. Ter-Schelling. Anieland. &c.. which seem to ! 
 indicate the original ine of the coast before the ocean broke I 
 in upon the low lands. The coast of Friesland, opposite to ! 
 these islands, depends for its security altogether on artifi- ' 
 cial embankments. The Lnuwer Zee. a deep bay on the I 
 confines of Friesland and Oroningen. also owes its origin to i 
 an irruption of the ocean ; and again the Dollart. a gulf i 
 near the mouth of the Ems. N. of Groningen. was formed I 
 about half a century later than the Zuider Zee. and by a 
 similar convulsion, which is said to have swept away 70 vil- i 
 lages and 100,000 people. From the left bank of the Ems, ' 
 
 thb Rourliinger Morass, an irreclaimable peat marsh, extendi i 
 1286 
 
 [ about 40 miles S.AV., towards the Zuider Zee; the Veel, a 
 marsh of like nature but less extent, lies near the left baub 
 of the Meu.*e, on the E. side of North Brabaut. 
 
 liivers and OinaU. — The chief rivers of the Xetherlandf 
 are the Rhine, Meuse, ScheUlt, Yssel, Vecht, and Ilunse. 
 The Rhine is above half a mile wide where it enters the 
 Netherlands; it soon divides, the S. and principal arm tak- 
 ing the name of Waal, and uniting with the Meuse. while the 
 N. arm, communicating with the Yssel, takes the nauie of 
 Leek ; a branch from it, named the Kromme [Crooked] 
 Khein, winds by Utrecht to the Zuider Zee, while another 
 very diminished stream, called the Old Rhine. Hows from 
 Utrecht by Leyden to the .sea at Katwyk. The Old 7{hine 
 was formerly choked with sand a little below Leydea ; its 
 present channel to the sea is recent ai;d artificial. The 
 Meuse, entering the Dut<-h Netherlands from Belgium, re- 
 ceives the Ruhr. (Roer); of the Scheldt, only the mouths, 
 the E. and the W., or Old Scheldt, lie within the Outeh 
 boundary. The Yssel and Vecht. flowing from Germany, 
 botli enter the Zuider Zee at no great distance asunder ; the 
 former ig navigable up to Deventer. the latter to Zwolle. 
 The Huiise, I'isingin tlieBourtanger Mar.'h, flows through 
 Groningen to the hauwer Zee. The canals of the Nether- 
 lands are collectively more important than the rivers, on 
 which iudeed they depend, but they are so numerous as to 
 defy detailed description — every little village has its canals. 
 It will be sufficient, therefore, to mention unly the chief, 
 namely, the North Holland Canal ; a wonderful work, con- 
 structed Itetween 1819 and 1823; the largest Sflilps pass 
 through it l)etween Amsterdam and the Ilelder, a distance 
 of -W mile.s, thereby avoiding the intricate navigation of the 
 Zuider Zee. The VVinschoten Canal, also for ship.s, 18 milei 
 long, connects the Dollart with Groningen; the Canister- 
 Diep, of equal magnitude, runs from Groningen to the sea 
 at Delfzyl. Harlingen. on the Zuider Zee, is al.so connected 
 with Groningen by a great canal which pa.^ses by Fraueker 
 and Leeuwarden. The Nieuwer Slujs unites Utrecht with 
 Amsterdam, while the latter city communicates with Rotter- 
 dam by a canal which touches at Hiiarlom, Leyden. and 
 Delft, passing al.so near the Hague. The Dutch canals are 
 all navigable, and the slowness of the Trekschuvts or boats 
 is compensated in some measure by their punctuality. In 
 winter their frozen surface offers convenient roads to skaters. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of the Netherlands is. from the 
 maritime exposure and marshy character of the itountry, 
 extremely humid, changeable, and disagreeable; violent 
 winds, with varying temperature, frequently blow from 
 S.W. or N.W., and heavy sea-fogs are driven in. which injure 
 vegetation. The mean temperature is not lower tliaii in 
 like latitudes in the British I>lands, and the quantity of 
 rain (26 inche.«) is somewhat le.ss; but the winter is much 
 more severe, and the sky is almost always overcast and 
 troubled. The bright days hardly exceed 40 in the year. 
 Low fevers visit the marshy districts in autumn, but the dry 
 cold of winter restores the pea.>:ant's health; and although 
 the climate of the Netherlands is to strangers cheerless and 
 distressing, yet its noxious qualities are unable to cope with 
 the countervailing influence of good food and clothing, and 
 habitual cleanliness; the Dutch give particular attention to 
 these domestic .safeguards, and. notwithstanding the uii- 
 genial climate in which ihey live, longevity is not rarer 
 among them than elsewhere. 
 
 Zixilnf/i/. — The wild animalsare few and unimportant — rab- 
 bits burrow in the extensive sand-downs, ana hares on the 
 wastes extending from Utrecht to the Bourtanger JIarsh. 
 Feathered game — partridges, snipes, lic. — is not abundant. 
 Migratory water-fowl visit the Dutch rivers and lakes, at 
 certain sea.sons, in great numbers; but the stork, protected 
 by the popular feeling in its favor, is the only undonies- 
 ticatod bird so frequent as to be a characteristic of the 
 country. A swan-fair is held annually at Alkmaar. and 
 attracts buyers from all parts of Europe. Fish of various 
 kinds are taken in the river.s, lakes, and on the coasts of tlu 
 Netherlands, in sufficient but still declining quantity'; the 
 home fisheries are now of little commercial value. 
 
 Vegeialiim and Agrictdture. — The flora of the Netherlands 
 is equally limited. Nature h.'is given nothing in the way ol 
 woods, or rank thicket.s, or flowery fields. Rut art, on the 
 other hand, has done wonders. Gardening and agriculture 
 have attained in this naturally unproductive country a high 
 degree of perfection. Yet the latter holds a subordinate place 
 in rural industry. Wheat, of excellent quality, is grown only 
 in favored portions of the S. provinces. Rye, oats, and buck- 
 wheat, with horse-beans, beet, madder, and flax are mon; com- 
 mon crops: and tobacco is cultivatetl in the (irovlnces of Gel- 
 derland. South Holland, and Utrecht. Culinary vegetables 
 are raised on a much larger scale, not merely for supply- 
 ing the internal demand, but also for the exportation of the 
 seeds, which form an important article of commerce. Dutch 
 seeds, particularly flax, cauliflower, and cabbage-seeds, are 
 everywhere preferre<l; their superiority being attributable 
 probably rather to the habitual attention and neatness of 
 the Dutch husbandman, than to any advantage to be 
 derived from the flatness, the shelter, or acquii-ed richness 
 of the polders. The flowers, also, of Holland and adjoiiu'ig 
 
 Ji 
 
NET 
 
 NET 
 
 proTinco?, enter into the foreisn trade. But it is in stock 
 and dairy produce, in particular, that the rural industry of 
 the Ni.Mherhmds shows its strength. The Dutch horses are 
 remiirkiiljie for size and strength, and mucli souijht after; 
 but ill the number and excellence of their horned cattle, the 
 Dutc.li are (luite unrivalled. The quantity of stock owned 
 in the Netherlands in 1851, was as follows: horses. 237,127; 
 horned cattle, 1.248,893; sheep, 811.643; and piu's, 269,t)57. 
 
 The poultry-yard, and every object of husbandry which 
 demands care, is to the Dutch farmer a .source of wealth. 
 Bee-<ulture is likewise actively carried on; the quantity of 
 honey iiroduced in the province of North lirabant alone, in 
 18,il, vv.a.s 476,854 lbs. The quantity of cheese and butter 
 brought to market is amazing. The butter sold annually 
 In the markets of Leyden and Delft, which have the highest 
 reputation for that article, amounted, in 1849. to alH)ve 
 18,0(j0 cwt. An enormous and increasing quantity of rhi'ese 
 Is annually brought to market. Tlie quantity brought to 
 the seven principal markets in 1851. was as follows : to 
 Alkmaar, 9.750.754 lbs. ; Iloorn. 6,574,552 lbs.; I'urmerend, 
 3,143.304 lbs. ; Knkhuizen, 1,510,302 lbs. ; Kdam, 902.103 lbs. ; 
 Monii-kendam, 750,195 lbs.; Medemblik, 2,016,487 lbs.; total, 
 24,<o3.7o7 lbs. 
 
 Munujactiires, Cmnmerce, Ac. — Living along the estuaries 
 of great rivers, and on the shores of a sea alxjunding in fish, 
 the Dutch soon became a sea-faring people; and as produc- 
 tive industry developed in the more favorably situated 
 Flemish provinces, the population of the coast gradually 
 engaged in the occupations of commerce. This reacted as 
 a powerful stimulus, directing the efforts, and calling forth 
 all the energies of the p<'0|iie. In the extraordinary de- 
 velopment of industry wliich characterizes the .Netherlands, 
 there is notliing more remarkable than the harmonious 
 blending of the several interests. Tillage here cheerfully 
 took the subordinate place which nature as.signeil it. and 
 agriculture felt neither fear nor jealousy in the presence of 
 trade and manufactures. Indeed, the bold outlay of capital 
 necessary to make the land, as we may say, was clearly due 
 to the S|iirit and genius of commerce; for Great liritain. in 
 the 19th century, with its network of costly railroads, is a 
 le.ss wonderful spectacle "than were the Seven United l^ro- 
 Tlnees in the 17th, with their dikes, canals, and quays well 
 lined with shipping. In sucli a country, manufactures 
 flourished in a remarkable degree, though they never 
 affectetl to be a predominating interest. The linen and the 
 paper of the Dutch Netherlands have long held the first 
 rank — the principal bleach-greens are at Haarlem, the 
 paper-mills at Za;irdam. Tlie manufacture of woollen cloth 
 centres in Leyden, Gouda, and Utrecht, which last-named 
 place is famous also for its silk velvet. The distilleries of 
 Sehiedauj are well known; (iouda supplies tobacco-pipes, the 
 best of tlieir kind; and the same praise m.iy be bestowed on 
 the leather, the refined sugar of the Dutch, and many other 
 articles intended for continent.il u.se. The absence of coal 
 and the prevalence of strong winds have led to the adoption 
 of the windmill, which is universally employed as a motive 
 power in all kinds of work. 
 
 The commerce with the Dutch possessions in the Kast 
 Indies, particularly Java, is of great and continually in- 
 creasing importance. The manufactured goods exported 
 annually to the M., amount in value to about $50,000,000, 
 while the imports from the same quarter are probably 
 worth §15,000.000. The following Tables exhibit the pre- 
 sent state of the trade of the Netherlands: — 
 
 Prixcipal Exports and Imports tn 1851. 
 
 Butter lbs. 
 
 Drugs $ 
 
 Cottou Yarn, and Thread . . . Ihs. 
 Wheat bushels 
 
 Rve. 
 
 bushels 
 
 Barley. . . , busticls 
 
 Buckwheat bushels 
 
 Oats bushels 
 
 Pig Iron S 
 
 Iron Manufactures S 
 
 Indigo lbs. 
 
 Cheese lbs. 
 
 Cotton, unspun lbs. 
 
 Coffee lbs. 
 
 Silk. Cotton, Ac., Manufactures . . S 
 
 Wool and Cloth lbs. 
 
 Oil (Vegetable) casks 
 
 Rice lbs. 
 
 Cattle nuiuhcr 
 
 Sheep uunilier 
 
 Raw Sugar cwts. 
 
 Refiued Sugar outs. 
 
 Wine in Cask casks 
 
 Imports. Exports. 
 
 374,«5:) 
 
 l,;US,728 
 
 29,011,874 
 
 l,987,7BO 
 
 i,808,240 
 
 1,087,520 
 
 628.080 
 
 •M.OHO 
 
 l,(i58.963 
 
 814,107 
 
 l,64o,.Vf2 
 
 »l3,tf.Sl 
 
 27,772,107 
 
 n9..i7:i,7tl 
 
 7,272.12+ 
 
 1,210,825 
 
 i;i,I80 
 
 62,026,«9 
 
 3,234 
 
 5,560 
 
 J,3«K.774 
 
 •25,109 
 
 9«,*:»5 
 
 28,182,.382 
 
 1,019.918 
 
 19,054,523 
 
 1,724,480 
 
 B93,lfia 
 
 670,000 
 
 2,160 
 
 l,055,3fi0 
 
 1,039, 0«5 
 
 587,179 
 
 1,987,4.13 
 
 49,390,286 
 
 27,426,955 
 
 101,417.705 
 
 5,BT».638 
 
 288,664 
 
 32,117 
 
 24,142,93-2 
 
 59,1147 
 
 167,304 
 
 602.320 
 
 1,163,H92 
 
 24,238 
 
 The annexed Table exhibits the principal countries with 
 which the Netherlands has commenrial relations, and the 
 
 trade with each in 1852. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Tr.l%i 
 
 Austria 
 
 645.440 
 
 1,492,782 
 
 2,l38..-2-J 
 
 Belgium 
 
 10,602, S24 
 
 9,826,132 
 
 20,428,956 
 
 Brazil 
 
 553,952 
 
 68,4«» 
 
 622,440 
 
 Bremen 
 
 461, 3«0 
 
 315,140 
 
 776 520 
 
 Canary Islands 
 
 2.374.764 
 
 86,704 
 
 2,461,463 
 
 China 
 
 1,000,292 
 
 1,461,176 
 
 2,461 468 
 
 Cuba 
 
 777.464 
 
 87,164 
 
 864J)-28 
 
 Denmark 
 
 8«t.S04 
 
 510,436 
 
 1.395,-240 
 
 Krance 
 
 5,124.396 
 
 4,124,44H 
 
 9,248,844 
 
 German Zollverein .... 
 
 21,401,057 
 
 44,698,227 
 
 6(>.0d9,284 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 33,4K:i,416 
 
 24,408.976 
 
 j7, 892,39-2 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 1,285,944 
 
 3,032.|HH 
 
 4,31K,132 
 
 Hanover and Oldenburg . . 
 
 2,040.096 
 
 925,916 
 
 -i, 966.012 
 
 Java 
 
 30,126,540 
 
 7,533,436 
 
 37,669,976 
 
 Naples and Sicily .... 
 
 573,588 
 
 1,469,444 
 
 2,043,032 
 
 Norway 
 
 1,817,220 
 
 294, HS8 
 
 2,112,108 
 
 Russia 
 
 7,347,112 
 
 2,07 .-,908 
 
 9,420,02C 
 
 Surinam 
 
 1,928,940 
 
 586,844 
 
 2,515,784 
 
 Sweden 
 
 198,980 
 
 1-2S,I92 
 
 327,172 
 
 Turkey and Greece .... 
 
 1.0h9,244 
 
 1,473,685 
 
 2,562,9-29 
 
 United .States 
 
 3,734.309 
 
 2,157.3S9 
 
 5.891.698 
 
 The internal trade and communication give employment 
 to 5000 trekscbuyts or packet boats, and 1500 barges. 
 Facilities for the transit of goods, &c., are afforded also by a 
 railway proceeding from Uotterdam through the Hague and 
 Haarlem to Amsterdam, and continued thence through 
 Utrecht to Arnheiii. and ultimately intended to join the 
 Prussian lines on the Uhine. 
 
 The men antile marine of the Netherlands numbers about 
 2000 ships, averaging 180 tons. The movement of vessels 
 in her ports, at dilferent periods, Is shown in the following 
 Table:— 
 
 Nu.MBER of Vksskls, mtd their Tonxaoe, that Entbrkd cmd Clbarko 
 at the Ports of the Netiikrlanos in the yeara specified. 
 
 
 Entered. 
 
 Cleared. 
 
 
 Laden. 
 
 Ba 
 
 last. 
 
 Laden. | BallasU 
 
 
 Vess. 
 
 ■ Tons. 
 
 Vess. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vess. 1 Tons. Vess. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1842 
 1844 
 1S46 
 1848 
 18.50 
 1851 
 
 5.928 
 5,522 
 7„552 
 5,8:i5 
 6,346 
 6,449 
 
 930,034 
 
 857,219 
 
 1, 106,243 
 
 9I6,6.S4 
 
 1,0-29,573 
 
 1,089,884 
 
 398 
 309 
 492 
 485 
 615 
 511 
 
 23,657 
 19,572 
 ,58,195 
 66,442 
 70,098 
 74,'256 
 
 3.541 i 5:19,328 2,8-26 
 3,608 i 556,064 2,279 
 4.2-26 1 642,8:15 3,8->9 
 3,973 1 632,SS0 2,751 
 4,741 1 772,6:13 2,.9l) 
 4,338 754,631 2,839 
 
 442,081 
 .358,732 
 514,906 
 389,067 
 :i64,031 
 461,937 
 
 Fiiitical Divisions. — The Kingdom of the Netherlands is, 
 at the pre.sent day. ro<Iuced to nearly the original limits of 
 the Seven United Provinces in the 16th century. The pro- 
 vinces now composing the Netherlands, properly so called, 
 are the first ten given in the accompanying Table : — 
 
 The Provixcim of the Nkthkrlands, their Abba and Popolatiom 
 in 1853 i thowiiig aUo the Numbkr of Public .Schuuls in each Pro- 
 vince, with their Average A-ttendancb, in 1851. 
 
 Pkovi.vces. 
 
 Area In 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. 
 1853. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 ia5i. 
 
 Attendance. 
 1.851. 
 
 North Brabant . 
 
 ig.'^s 
 
 40.5,52.5 
 
 403 
 
 41,6.34 
 
 Uelderlaud . , 
 
 1972 
 
 ,S.S7,423 
 
 4M 
 
 3!l,098 
 
 Sooth Holland . 
 
 1180 
 
 591,493 
 
 4(j0 
 
 6.3,911 
 
 North Holland . 
 
 9(56 
 
 .'514,7.55 
 
 530 
 
 61,782 
 
 Zealand , 
 
 644 
 
 165,075 
 
 155 
 
 6,034 
 
 Utrecht , . . 
 
 5.-i-Z 
 
 l.W,.*$24 
 
 1.53 
 
 16,771 
 
 Frie3l.\nd . . , 
 
 1272 
 
 2.59,.508 
 
 355 
 
 34,118 
 
 Overvs.sel . . 
 
 1312 
 
 227,683 
 
 Zis 
 
 34,805 
 
 Groningea . . 
 
 90S 
 
 197,101 
 
 246 
 
 31,706 
 
 Dreuthe . . . 
 
 lira 
 
 87,944 
 
 140 
 
 11,965 
 
 Liiuburg . . 
 
 8.56 
 
 211,401 
 
 210 
 
 19,191 
 
 Total 
 
 12,602 
 
 3,767,671 
 
 3295 
 
 361,015 
 
 Grand Duehy~) 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Luxemburg, V 
 
 981 
 
 194,619 
 
 
 
 ISol . . . J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 13,613 
 
 3,962,290 
 
 
 
 AvEBASG Value of the Total Imports and Exports for four years end- 
 ing 1849, Mid the Tot.l Value for 1850, 1851, and 1852. 
 
 Imports. Exports. Total. 
 
 $107.:i09.982 . . . $92,767,452 . . . $200,077,434 
 97,619,261 . . . 97.907.072 . . . J 95,, 5,56,. 133 
 121. .197. -289 . . . 97.097.922 . . . 218,695.211 
 129,087,823 . . . 108,l»3.8o4 . . . 238,081,677 
 
 Average, 1846-1850 . 
 
 Total 1850 . 
 
 Total isol . 
 
 Total 1852 . 
 
 Limburg and Luxemburg, though annexed to the crown, 
 are not incorporated in tlie kingdom of the Netherlands, but 
 are held under a separate administration, and are regartled 
 as fiets. by virtue of whirh the king is constituted a member 
 of the German Confederation. Pop. in 1803, 3,607,866. 
 
 In addition to her Kuropean territorie.s, the Netherlands 
 pos.sesses a wide extent of colonies and deptmdencies in Asia, 
 Africa, and America, with which she carries on an exten- 
 sive commerce, and whicli contribute materia'ly to her 
 greatness. They are enumerated, with their area and 
 population, in the following Table; the population of .Tava, 
 Sumatra, Banca, and IJilliton, being according to the ofliciaJ 
 returns of December 31, 1852. 
 
 1287 
 
NET 
 
 NET 
 
 Asia: — 
 Java and the adjacent islands, 22 provinces 
 Sumatra, Governnieut of W. coast . . . 
 Beukoeleu 
 
 *' Lanipong districts 
 
 " Fnlembang 
 
 " Kingdom of Indragiri .... 
 
 ** Kingdom of .\ssahan, Batoe, ) 
 
 Bar.i, Sirdau, Delli, and J- 
 
 I-angkat ) 
 
 Banca, governoKjut of 
 
 Riouw, do. 
 
 Borneo, province Sambas 
 
 " " \V. coast 
 
 " " S. and E. coast. . . . 
 
 Celebes, government Macassar .... 
 
 Aniboiua, proviuvo 
 
 Menado, do. . , • 
 
 Ternate, do 
 
 Bauda, do 
 
 Timor. do. , • 
 
 Bali and Loml>o1c 
 
 Papua or New Guinea, part of 
 
 Billitou 
 
 AMKRrcA :— 
 Guiana ..*.. 
 
 Isiauds of Curacao, St. Eustatius, &c. . . 
 
 Africa : — 
 Co^st of Guinea 
 
 U,436 
 
 T,5-.i* 
 
 7.59« 
 3.168 
 5.;12 
 54.fiiS 
 140,112 
 45.**M 
 10.216 
 27.032 
 24.100 
 8.772 
 22.. '40 
 4.0»4 
 6.^4H 
 1.150 
 
 556,522 
 
 60,000 
 
 37.' 
 
 60,372 
 10,664 
 
 9.950.000 
 1,015.000 
 110.000 
 .54.000 
 805,000 
 60,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 47.000 
 30.000 
 46.M9 
 304,076 
 311.100 
 1,56<I.000 
 277,508 
 1«3,000 
 »7.3l'9 
 
 765 
 
 1.057,800 
 
 1,105.000 
 
 '.fOO.OOO 
 
 5.700 
 
 90,581 
 100.000 
 
 Sdmmary.— Total Aria and Popclatios o/ the Kisodom o/ tk« 
 NETHfiBLANna, including the Grand Dtcur o/ Luxsxbuso, th» 
 
 CoLONlKS, alld DEPKNItBNCIKS : — 
 
 xnrope 
 
 Asia 
 
 America 
 
 Afrioa 
 
 sq'm." POP"'*'-"- 
 
 13.643 
 556.522 
 60,372 
 10,661 
 
 S.9R-',290 
 
 16,974,097 
 
 90,581 
 
 Total 
 
 
 641.201 
 
 
 
 
 Oovemment. 4c. — The kingdom of the Netherlands, as it 
 now exists, is a heroditAry constitutional monarchy. The 
 e.xecutlve power is vested wholly in the kin^.^. who shares 
 also the work of leii.slation with the States-tJeneral. This 
 coii.sists of two chambers — the upper with 25. and the lower 
 with 55 members — who assemble for (lelil)eratioii at the 
 Ila^ue, ('S "Jravenhaai;.) the capital of the kin',;dom. or. more 
 correctly, the royal residence. The members of the upper 
 chamber are nam'ed by the king for life: the others are 
 elected by the I'rovincial States, whose principal functions 
 are of a local nature. The government is strong, and the 
 administration, in every department, is simple and econo- 
 mical. Dutch India is ruled by a (ilovernor-OSeneral. re.siding 
 at Batavia. under whom are the governors and residents at 
 the various insular .settlements. 
 
 The revenue of the Netherlands, asestimatcil in the budset 
 brought forward in lSo4, was $17,958.4:58. of which .?4.V15.219 
 was derived from direct taxes. .44.904.824 from customs. 
 $1,181,915 from tolls on vessels. $337,500 from the postM>fflce, 
 $2,450,000 from the extra contributions from the colonie.s. 
 and $1,175,000 from the colonial administration fund at 
 home. The total expenditures according to the same esti- 
 mate, amounted to $17,675,928, of which $2,600,000 was for 
 the army. $1,413,750 for the navy, and $9,052,371 for interest 
 on the stiit.3 debt, wliich at this d;itearaounte<J to $-300,247,075. 
 The revenue of the Kast Indian colonies in 1S52. was esti- 
 mated at $17,485,698. and expenditures at $17,113,230. The 
 • revenue from the other colonies amounted to $309,682, and 
 the expenditures to .$413,031. 
 
 Army aivl X'lvi/. — The armv in 1852 amounted to .57.959 
 men, including 1669 officers, the artillery numbered 10.994 
 men. The n.ivy in 1854 comprised 5 ships of the line. 2 
 carrying 84. and 3 carrying 74 guns each. 13 friu'ates 
 with from 38 to 60 guns each. 12 corvettes of from 18 to 28 
 guns each. 83 other sail-vessels.' including 14 brigs and 49 
 schooners; 17 steam-ships of from 170 to 300 horse-power 
 each, and 9 other steamers, making the total number of 
 war vessels 140, carrying 2174 guns, and manned by 6760 
 men ; besides which, there were two companies of marine 
 infantry, compri.sing 15SS men. 
 
 BluciUnn, Reliijion. &c.. — Th-^ Dutch provinces, taken col- 
 lectively, form the most civilized portion of Kurope: for 
 what they want in social brilliancy and attraction, is amply 
 made up by the g«neral diffusion of inti-lli/ence among all 
 (.lasses: and, among the wealthier rlasses. there is no want 
 of Koli 1 and extensive learning. There were, in 1851, 3295 
 schools for popular instruction, attended bv 361.015 pupils, 
 being equal to above a half of the total population between 
 the ages of 5 aud 15 years, [tee Ihble, page 1287 ;] and 3 
 
 universities — at Leyden, Utrecht, and Groningen. attended 
 by 1119 .students — besides numerous academies of an intei^ 
 nietiiate c harat'ter. The majority of the p<ipnlation are J'ro- 
 testants of various sect? — Lutheran and Calvinistic — the 
 latter predominating; the Mennonites (Anabaptists) also 
 form a numerous body : above a third part are liouiau 
 Catholics, and there are a large number of Jews. All reli- 
 gious sects and persuasions are pr)litirall}' on a perfectly 
 equal footing. It is worthy of remark, that the Roman 
 Catholic archbishop of Utrecht, and the bi.shop of Haarlem 
 and Deventer. are lx)th Jansenisls, and admini.-ter their 
 sacred offces without the sanction of the Pope. In their 
 charitable institutions, al^^o, the Dutch arc exemplary; and 
 in the management of their poor, they have shown equal 
 wisdom and liberality. The rel.itive proportions of the 
 Protestants. Uoman Catholics, and Jews in the Netherlands, 
 exclusive of Luxeiuburg, are exhibited in the accompanying 
 Table :— 
 
 PopDLATioN 0/ the Nethiblakds occvTcUng to Kkuoions. 
 
 Benominationa. { 1840. 
 
 1 
 
 1850. 
 
 Proportion to 
 UK.HJ, 
 
 
 1,704,275 
 
 1,10(1,(!16 
 
 52,245 
 
 3,314 
 
 1,8.'52,63S 
 1,164,142 
 
 5;V-!8 
 1,369 
 
 1S40. 
 
 IS.'iO. 
 
 Protestants . . 
 Roman Catholics 
 Israelites . . . 
 Unnamed . , . 
 
 597 
 385 
 18 
 
 600 
 
 3S1 
 
 19 
 
 1 2,860,430 
 
 3,056,667 
 
 
 
 Language, Literature, &c. — ^The language of the Nether- 
 lands or Dutch, a.s we call it. is derived from the Piatt 
 Deutwh "^f North tJermany. which never received any lite- 
 rary cultivation ; for huther and the Keformation turned the 
 scales against it; and German or Iloch Deutsch (Iliih) Dutch 
 gained the ascendant in Germjiny .just when the popular 
 language liegan to be employed as the ordinary vehicle of 
 thought. The Piatt Deutscli disappearing from the field of 
 view, a very wide cb.asm remains lietween the kindred lan- 
 guages of Germany and the Netherland.s — the High and Low 
 Dutch. From the latter h.is branched olT the Flemish, scarcely 
 differing from the Dutch, yet cultivated now as if it were 
 quite distinct from the cognate tongue. The Frisians, also, 
 have a peculiar dialect. re.sembling, in some res|>ects. the 
 Anglo-Saxon. The Dutch is softer in sound than the High 
 German, and po.sse.sses fully the iinmciis<» resources of that 
 langu.age. in its natural copiousness, flexibility, and the faci- 
 lity of tbrming new terms from native rfKits. There is uo Eu- 
 ropean language which borrows so little from Greek or Latin 
 as the Dutch. The literature of the Netherlands reaches a 
 long way back; many chronicles exist in it of the i:3th and 
 14th centuries: and as to the vjilue of that literature, it 
 will be suflficiently warranted by pointing to the names of 
 the great writ<irs which the country ha.s produced, as Era* 
 mus. Grotius, Swammerdain. Bnerhaave. Huygens, &0. 
 Ilooft and Van den Vondel, in the 17th century, cultivated 
 the drama with great success. Cats, an amusing and in- 
 structive poet of the greatest genius, acquired and main- 
 tains a populitrity like that of La Fontaine. The last 
 century pn)duced many Dutch authors of gi-eat eminence 
 — Feith. Bilderdyck, Ileliners, !>pandaaw. Van Jv.-unpen, 
 Van Hall, and Van Leunep; and the present age is no less 
 prolific. Dutch literature, a.s it gives expression to the sen- 
 timents of an orderly, practical, and well-educate<l people, 
 has generally a sol)er and solid character; but it is not defi- 
 cient in the grace, novelty, and vivid coloring which render 
 even the gravest themes attr.ictive. 
 
 History. — The Biit.ivi (or Batavians) were already known 
 to the Roman.s, in the time of Julius C.^sar. as a warlike na- 
 tion. Their neighbors, the Belgse, .seem to h.Hve been distin- 
 guished, even in that early age. fur that inclination to coni- 
 merce which afterwards exerteil such an influence on the 
 history of the Netherlands. It was in the year 9 B. c, that 
 Drusus joined the Kbine and Yssel by a canal, (now called the 
 New Yssel.) and set the example of those great works which 
 have chanired the face of the whole country. Under AdrinD 
 and Septiuiius Severus. the Batavi shared the imperi.tl favor, 
 and probably advanced in civilization by contact with the 
 Romans. .A.bout the lieginning of the fourth century, they 
 united with the Frisians, a p<!Ople of kindred origin. The 
 sixth century witnessed their subjugation by the Fr.tnks; 
 and, in the middle of the ninth, they were incorporated in 
 the empire founded by Charlemagne. Soon after this, the 
 whole country was parcelled out info small principalitieH, 
 in accordance with the feudal spirit of the age. These prin- 
 cipalities were as follows: — The duchies of Gueldn-s. Brsp 
 bant. Luxemburg, and Limburg : the marquisate of Anvers, 
 (.Antwerp;) the counties »f Holland. Zealand. Zutphen, 
 Flanders. Artois, Ilainaut. and Namur; with the lordships 
 of Utrecht, Overyssel. Groningen. Frie^land. and Mechlin. 
 Such was the origin of the Seventeen Provinces, afterwards 
 grouped together as the NetherUnds, Pays Bas. or Low 
 Countries. Among these petty states, Flanders held tiia 
 
NET 
 
 NEU 
 
 furumogt rank ; and when, in the 14th century, the estates 
 of the Count of Klauders passed, by matrimonial alliance, 
 to the house of JUirguiidy, the paramount authority in the 
 Ketherlauds passeil with them. In like manner, these 
 estates passed from the house of Burgundy to that of Austria, 
 and Charles V. inherited the sovereignty of the Seventeen 
 Provinces. But his son and successor, Philip II., having 
 deeply olTended the people by an attempt to establish the 
 Imiui.-ition among them, and by various oppressive acts, 
 seven of the states, namely, llolland, ZeaJand, Utrecht, 
 Oelderland, Overyssoi, Uroningen, and Friesland, united in 
 defence of theii; libertirs. and formed a federal republic, at 
 the head of which they (ilaced, with the title of Stallhouder, 
 (Stadtholder.) William of Nassau, I'rince of Orange. At the 
 end of the Itith century, the Dutch gained the possession 
 of the Molucca Islands, and secured a monopoly of the spice 
 trade. At the eud of the 17 th century, they owned nearly 
 half of the shijiping of Kurope, but in con.se<iuenceof the wars 
 In which they were engaged, and the increase of the mei^ 
 cautile navies of other countries, they lost their commercial 
 pre-eminence. The country was invaded by Louis XI V, but 
 the inhabitftiits, taking refuge in their shipping, broke down 
 the dikes, and he was compelled to retire. It was conquered 
 by the French at the commencement of the revolution, and 
 in 1795 it formed the liatitvian Itepublic. It was erected 
 into the Kingdom of Holland in 1806, but in 1810 became 
 incorporated with tlie French Kmpire. In the mean time 
 its commerce was ne!>rly annihilated, and tlie Dutch colonial 
 possessions were seized by the British. At the establish- 
 ment of peace in 1811, the I'rince of Orange resumed his 
 authority, the colonial pos.sessions, with the exception of 
 the Cape of Uood Hope. Ceylon, Demerara, Essequibo, and 
 Berbice, were restored, and a period of commercial prosperity 
 succeeded. By the act of the Allied Powers, tlie Prince of 
 Orange was, in ISKi, elevated to the rank of King of the 
 Netherlands, with increased territories, extending over the 
 present kingdom oT Belgium. In 18o0, a revolt took place 
 in Belgium, the inhabitants of which never willingly sub- 
 mitted to the sway of their Dutch neighbors, and, after a 
 ehort struggle, the latter were compelled to evacuate tlie 
 country. Belgium was then erected into a kingdom ; and 
 the present limits of the ICingdom of the Netherlands were 
 
 defined by trefity in 1838. Adj. N£Therl.4,ndish, and 
 
 Dutch: inhab. Dutchma.v. (See Holland.) 
 
 NKTII'KK PK0V1DKNCE, a township of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1497. 
 
 NETIIOU, PIC, peek nt/h'too/, and MALADETTA. mMi- 
 dJt'td, the highest peak of the Pyrenees, or rather two 
 neighboring p. aks. on the frontiers of Spain, near lat. 32° 
 40' X.. Ion. 0° 45' V.. Height, 11,168 feet. 
 
 NET'LEY AB'BEY, a fine ruin of England, co., and 3 miles 
 S.E. of Southampton, on the E. side of Southampton Wafer. 
 
 NETO, nA'to, or XIETO, ne-A'to, (anc. KecrOius.) a small 
 river in the S. of Italy, falls into the Gulf of Tarauto near 
 89° 15' N. latitude., 
 
 NE rOLITZ, n;l/to-lits\ a town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.W. 
 of Budweis. Pop. 2312. 
 
 NETllO, n.Vtro, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Turin, province of Biella. Pop. 2123. 
 
 NETTKOW, nJtt'kov, a town of Prussia, province of Si- 
 lesia, government of Liegnitz, on the Oder. Pop. 1125. 
 
 NETTIiEBED. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NETTLECARKIEll, a post-office of Overton co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 NET'TLEC0:MBE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 NET/TLE CREEK, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 Pop. l;i98. 
 
 NETTLEIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NET'TLK LAKE, a post-offlce of Williams CO., Ohio. 
 
 NETTLKSTEAD. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 NETTL1-;.STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 NETTLESWKLL. a i>arish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 NET/TLETON. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NEXT LET! )N, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 NETTLINGP;N, nJtt'llng-en, a village of Hanover, princi- 
 pality and 9 miles E. of Ilildesheim. Pop. 1056. 
 
 NETTSTAL. nitt'stril, a town and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton and 1 mile N. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 
 2028. 
 
 NETTUNO, nJt-too'no, a Seaport town of Italy, Pontifieal 
 States, 31 miles S S.E. of Rome. Pop. 1800. It has the ruins 
 of a temple of Neptune, (whence its name,) and is supposed 
 to occupy the site of the ancient Oseino, the port of Autium. 
 
 NETUM. See NoTO. 
 
 NETZE. nSfseh, a river of Prussia, joins the Warta 6 
 ,niles ]•;. of Landsberg. Total course about 140 miles. 
 
 NETZSCHKAU, nJtsh'kow, a town of Saxony, 13 miles 
 &W. of Zwickau. Pop. KiOO. 
 
 KECT, noi. or NEUEN. noi'en, a German word, signifying 
 new, prefixed to many places in Germany, as Neu-Markt, 
 New Market," Neu-Burg. '• New Castle," &c. 
 
 NEU-BISTRITZ, noi-bis/trits, a town of Bohemia, 32 miles 
 S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 3660. 
 
 NEUBKRG, noi'bfao a village and parish of Styria, N.N.E. 
 Qf Brack. Pop. 1488. 
 
 NEUBOURG, nuh'booR', a market-town of France, d» 
 partment of Eure, 13 miles N.W. of Evreux. Pop. 2341. 
 
 NEU-BRANDEXBURG. noi-brdn'd?n-bOonG\ a town of 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, on the Lake Toliens, 17 miles N.N.E. 
 of Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 6000. It has a ducal palace, several 
 churches, and manufactures of tobacco, chemical products, 
 playing-cards, cottons, and woollens. 
 
 NEUBICUCK, (Xeubruck,) noi'briik, (Polish Noioymost^ 
 no've-most,) a town of Prussian Poland, 35 miles N.W. of 
 Posen. on the Warta. 
 
 NEUBRUCK, a village of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, government of Frankfort, circle of Crossen. 
 
 XEUBRUXN. noi'brOon, a village of Bavaria, Lower Fran- 
 conia, district of Ilomburg. I'op. 1124. 
 
 NEU'BCRG, (Ger. pron. noi'lxViRG,) a town of Bavaria, 
 
 circle of Swabia, formerly capital of a duchy of its own 
 
 name, on the Danulx;, here crossed by tv>'0 bridges, 29 
 
 miles N.X'.E. of .Augsburg. Pop. 6352. It has remains of 
 
 ancient fortifications, a castle, containing a theatre and 
 
 ! museum, an arsenal, barracks, a church with a fine painting 
 
 ' by Rubens, and a royal institute, (college of nobles,) several 
 
 ' superior .schools, breweries, and distilleries. 
 
 I X EUBURG, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, near the Rhine, 
 
 ! 15 miles S.E. of Landau. Pop. 1480. 
 
 I XEL'BURO-VOR-DEM-WALDE. noi'MoRQ TOR-dJm-*ai'- 
 
 I deh, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwarzach, 27 miles N.N.E. 
 
 of Ratisbon. Pop. 2036. See Klo.stkrxeuiiuro, Korneuburo. 
 
 NEL'D.iMM, noi'ddmm, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 28 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 2430. 
 
 NEUDEK, nolMJk, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles N. of 
 Elbogen, on the Rohla, with 2 castles. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NEUDENAU,noi'deh-nOw\ a town of Baden, on the Ja^t, 
 7 miles N.E. of Wimpfen. Pop. 1250. 
 
 NEUDORF, noi'doKf, a town of Lower Austria, 9 milerS. 
 of Vienna. Pop. 2024. 
 
 NEUDORF, a village of Austria, Moravia, circle of Ura- 
 disch. i'op. 1560. 
 
 NEUD;)RF, a town of North Hungary. See Igi.0. 
 
 NEUDORF, a village of Austria. See KiiNiosFELD. 
 
 NEUDORF, a village of Bohemia, 42 miles S. by E. cf 
 Olmutz. Pop. 917. 
 
 NEUDORF, a village of Germany, Anhalt-Bernburg, near 
 Harzgerode. In the vicinity are thi; PfafTenberg and VVeisa- 
 berg, the two most important silver-mines of Lower Han 
 Pop. 819. 
 
 NEUDORF, a village of Moravia, circle of BrUnn. 
 
 NEUDORF or WALTERSDJRF, wal'tfrs-donf, a village 
 of Germany, Moravia, circle of Brilun. i'op. 1510. 
 
 NEUDORF, a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, on 
 the Popelka, alxiut 9 miles from Git.schin. Pop. 1194. 
 
 NEUEN. Sch; Xeu. 
 
 NEUENBURG, Switzerland. See Neifchatel. 
 
 NEUEXBURG, noi'fn-buoRoN a town of Germany, West 
 Prussia, 11 miles S.W. of Marienwerder, on the Vistula. 
 Pop. 2960. 
 
 NEUENBURG, a town of Germany, WUrtemberg, on the 
 Enz, 27 miles W.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1554. 
 
 NEUE.NBURG, a town of Germ.tny, grand-duchy of Baden, 
 on the Rhine, 19 miles S.W. of Freiliurg. Pop. 1120. 
 
 N EUEN DORF, noi'en-doRf \ a village of Germany, Rhenish 
 Prussia. 2 miles N. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 1880. 
 
 NEUENDORF, a village of Germany, duchy of Anlmlt- 
 Kiithen. N.W. of GUsten. 
 
 NEUENECK or NEUENEGO, noi'en-Jk', a village of Swit- 
 zerland, canton and 8 miles S.W. of Bern. Pop. IsSO. 
 
 NEUENHAUS. noi'en-liows'. a town of Hanover, 50 miles 
 W.N.W. of Osnaburg." Pop. 1462. 
 
 NEUENHAUS, a market-town of Germany, Saxe-Meinin- 
 gen, E.N.E. of Coburg. about 1100 feet al)0ve the sea. P. 610. 
 
 NEUENKIRCHEN, iioi'en-keeRKVn. a villajre of Hanover, 
 government and 17 miles S.E. of Osiiaburg. Pop. 1144. 
 
 NEUENICIRCHEN, a market-town of Prussia, Westpha- 
 lia, 37 miles S.S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1370. 
 
 NEUENRADE, noi'en-ri'deh, a town of Prussia, West- 
 phalia. 14 miles S.W. o'f Arnsberg. Pop. 13t;o. 
 
 NEUENSTADT or NEUENSTADT-AM-iCOCHER, noi'gn- 
 stitt'im-ko'Ker, a town of WUrtemberg, on the Kocher, 8 
 miles N.E. of 'Heilbronn. Pop. 1421. 
 
 NEUEXSTEIN, noi'en-stine\ a town of WUrtemberg, on 
 the Eppach. 31 miles X.W. of IJllwangen. Pop. 1486. 
 
 NEUERBURG. noi'fr-b(55Ra\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 23 miles N.W. of Treves. I'op. 1730. 
 
 NEUEltX, noi'frn, (Ober, (/her. and Unter, iWn'ter,) two 
 contiguous small towns of Bohemia, 11 miles S.W. of Klat- 
 tau. United pop. 1250. 
 
 NEUFAHRWASSER. noi'faR-*asW, a village of West 
 Prussia, at the mouth of the W. arm of the Vistula. 4 miles 
 N. of Dantzic, of wliicli it is the port. It has a lighthouse, 
 and is defended by a fort. 
 
 NEUF-BRISACH, a town of France. See Breisach. 
 
 NEUFCHATEAU, nurshiHo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vosges. on the Mouzon, close to its junctiiai with 
 the Meuse. 35 miles X.W. of Epinal. Pop. in 1852. 3735. H 
 has a communal college, public library, and manufactures 
 of coarse woollens, doe-skins, and cotton quilts. 
 
 1289 
 
NE0 
 
 NKUFCPJ TEAX:, ncfsha'to/, a town of Belgium, province 
 ^■f I^uskemly urg. i9 miles S.W. of Bustogne. I'op. lt)48. 
 
 XKIFOIiaTEL or NKUCUaTEL, nush'dHel', (Ger. A^eu- 
 trdmrg. uoi'eQ-boORo\) a frontier cauton in the N.W. part of 
 Switze.-laud, having ou the S.K. the Lake of Neufchatel, and 
 on oilier sides fraiiee and the cantons of Bern and Vaud. 
 Area iSl square miles. Pop. in 1860, 87,369. mostly Protes- 
 taut,'. The Jura Mountains intersect it from S. to X., and 
 the river Uoubs bounds it on the ^■.^^". Pastures occupy 
 most part of the surface. Except wine, kitchen vege- 
 table*, and hay, the vegetable products ai-e insufficient for 
 home consumption; corn is imported from the cantons of 
 Bern and Ba.-el. Many cattle are reared, and cheese is 
 an important export. From 18,000 to 20.000 hands are 
 more or less employed in watchmaking, in both the urban 
 and rural districts. Cotton fabrics, hosiery, cutlery, and 
 metallic wares generally, are the other chief manufactures. 
 Until 1S4S Neufchatel acknowledged the sovereignty of Prus- 
 sia, but a revolution having then occurred, it is now a demo- 
 cratic member of the Swiss Confederation, in which it holds 
 the 21st place. The principal towns are Neufchatel, the 
 capital, Chaux-de-i'onds, VnJengin, and lie Locle. 
 
 NEUFCU.\TJt;L, ((jer.AeueiU/ur(/,uoilvn-hoC>Ka,) a town of 
 Switzerland, capital of the above canton, on the N.W. shore 
 of the Lake Xeufchatel, 2.3 miles W. of Bern. Pup.l0.3S2. It 
 has an ancient caj^tle, the former residence of the Dukes of 
 Meufchatel. a cathedral of the 12th century, a town-hall, with 
 a public library, au orphan asylum, founded in 1722, several 
 hospitals, a college, and a collection of natural history. It is 
 the chief entrepot of the canton, and has considerable trade 
 ia wine, corn, cattle, watches, lace, cotton stuffs. <!tc. 
 
 SEUFCU.\TEL, LAKE (Jf, one of the larger lakes of Swit- 
 zerland, in the \V. part, 18 miles N. of the Lake of Geneva, 
 enclosed by the cantons of Keufchatel, Vaud, Freyburg and 
 Bern Length 24 miles, average breadth 4 miles. Esti- 
 mated area 90 square miles, height above the sea 143 feet, 
 and depth 420 feet. It receives several rivers; the Broye 
 brings to it the surplus waters of Lake Moral, and it dis- 
 charges its own towards the N. by the Thiel through the 
 Lake of Bienne into the Aar. Its scenery is less sublime 
 than that of the other Swis.s lakes, but its banks an: pleasant, 
 and on them are the towns of Neufchatel and Vverdun, be- 
 tween which a steamer plies daily. 
 
 NEUFCI1ATKL-E.\-Bi;AY, msh'^HM' 5.V bri. a town of 
 France, department of freiue-luferieure, 25 miles N.E. of 
 Kouen, on the Bethune, and on the railway from I'aris to 
 Calais. Pop. in 1852, otJ02. It is fauied for its cheese, in 
 which, witll butter and flour, it has a considerable trade. 
 
 NEUFFEN, noif'f^n, a town of \\ urtemberg, 9 miles NJi. 
 of Keutlingen. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NELFKA, noi'fri. a niarketrtown of Uohenzollern-Sigma- 
 ringen, on the Fehl. I'op. 1230. 
 
 NELGtUEIN, noi'gheh-diue\ or KDYNIE, kdin'yA, a 
 market-town of Bohemia, 14 miles V,'. of Klattau. Pop. 
 1813. It has one of the most important woollen manufac- 
 tories in the kingdom. 
 
 NEUUUEX or XEUQUE, river in La Plata. See Diamante. 
 
 NEUIIAUS, noi'hows, a town of Germany, Bohemia, 23 
 miles S.S.E. of Tal>or. Pop. 7604. It has a handsome pa- 
 htce of Count Czeruin, a Jesuit college, and manufactures 
 of woollen cloth, linen, and paper. 
 
 KELUAUS, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 40 miles S.S.W. 
 of Minden, on the Lippe. Pop. 1410. 
 
 NEUU.4L'S, a town of Germany, Hanover, 24 miles N.W, 
 of Stade, with a port on the Uste. Pop. 1513. 
 
 XELli.\U8EL, noi'hoiVel, (llun. Krsek-ljvar, Iv^shliil- 
 Co'ee-vda',) a market-town of North-West Hungary, co. and 22 
 Dsiles S. of Neutra, on the Xeutra River, and on the railway 
 from Vienna to Szolnok. Pop. 6780. It has the ruins of a 
 Btrong fortress, and manufactui-es of woollens. 
 
 NElUAL'SEX, noi/howVen, or NEUUALSEX-AUF-DEN- 
 FELDKliX, norliow'zen Ow'f den fel'deru, a market-town of 
 Wiirtemberg, circle of Xeckar, 5 miles S.S.W. of Esslingen. 
 Pop. 2170. 
 
 XEUIIAUSEX, a market-town of Wiirtemberg, on the 
 Erms. N.W. of Urach. Pop. 1201. 
 
 XEUIIAUSEX or NF^UHAUSEX-OB-ECK, noiOiow'zen ob 
 Jk, a market-town of W urtemberg, 5 miles E. of Tuttliiigen. 
 Pop. 1015. 
 
 NEUUOF, noi/hif, several marketrtowna of Central and 
 South Germany, the principal in ilesse-Cassel, province and 
 7 mile." S.S.W. of Fulda. Pop. 1700. 
 
 NEVIIOF. a town of Bohemia, X. of Czaslau, with a mag- 
 nificent castle, surrounded with fine gardens, and possessing 
 a library of 25.000 volumes. Pop. 791. 
 
 XEUlIUrr EN, (Xeuhutten,) uoi'hUtHgn, a Tillage of Bo- 
 hemia- circle of Kakouitz. Pop. 998. 
 
 XEUlLLfi-POXT-PlEKKE. nuh'yA' pAs'' pe-aiR/, a village 
 of France, department of Indre-et-Loire, 13 miles N.X.W. 
 of Tourii. Pop. 1570. 
 
 NEUILLY, nchVee/, a village of France, department of 
 Haute- .^larne. 6 miles E. of Laiigres. Pop. 1240. 
 
 NEUILLY-EN TlIEUJi, nihVee/ Sn" tJU, a village of 
 France, department of Oise, capital of a canton, 13 miles W. 
 Of Sealis. Pop. 1300. 
 1290 
 
 NEU 
 
 NEUILLY-LES-R£AL. nrhVee' li rJ'il/, a village of 
 France, department of AUier, 18 miles S.S.E. of Moulina. 
 Pop. 1222. 
 
 XEUlLLY-LE-VENDIX,nuhVe'leh v8NoMiN<=/, a vUlaje 
 of France, department and IS miles X.E. of Mayeune. Pop. 
 1571. 
 
 XEUILLY-L'EVEQUE, (Xeuilly-l'Eveqne,) nrh^ee' li'- 
 vek', a village of France, department of Calvados, 4 miles 
 S.E. of Isigiiy. Pop. 1213. 
 
 XEUILLY-SAIXT-FROXT, nch^ee' sA.no friso. a town of 
 France, department of Aisne, 11 miles X.W. of Chateau- 
 Thierry. l>op. 1S02. 
 
 XEUILLV-SCK-SEIXE, nuhVee' siiR sin, a town of 
 France, department and on the right bank of the Seine, here 
 crossed by a noble stone bridge of 5 arches, I5 miles from 
 the \\. e.xtremity of Paris, and on the road to St. Germains 
 Pop. in 18.52. 15,897. chiefly employed in manufuctures of por- 
 celain and starch, chemical works, and liqueur distilleries. 
 It has a haud^ome church, fine modern villas, and pictu- 
 resque well-wooded suburbs. The royal chateau of Xeuilly, 
 buiit in the reign of Louis XV.. was till lately the favorite 
 summer residence of Louis Philippe, but was destroyed 
 during the Revolution of 1848. The park extends some 
 distance along the right bank of the river, and into the 
 wooded islets that divide the sti-eam. 
 
 XEUKALDEN, noiTidl'dyn. a walled town of Germany, 
 Jleckleuberg-Schwerin, duchy and 26 miles E. of Gustrow, 
 on l.ake Cumerow. Pop. 2150. 
 
 XEUKIKCII, noi'keeRK, a town of PruR.sian Silesia, go- 
 vernment of Oppeln. 9 miles E.S.E. of Leobschiitz. P. 1040. 
 
 XEUKIKCII, four small villages and parishes of Switzer- 
 land, the largest in the canton of Lucerne. Pop. 22t)4. 
 
 XEUKIKCII, (XlEDER, neo'der, ai;d GBtR, o^ber,) a town 
 of Prussia, government and S.AV. of Liegnitz. 
 
 XEUKIRCIIEX, noi'keeRKVn, a village of Upper Austria, 
 circle of Traun. Pop. 1003. . 
 
 XEUKIRCIIEX, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government 
 and 13 miles S. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 972. 
 
 XEUKIRCIIEX, a town of Ilesse-Cassel, on the Grenft, 6 
 miles S.E. of Ziegenhain. Pop. 2057. 
 
 XEUKIRCIIEX-BEIM-HEILIGEX-BLUT, noi'keeRKVn 
 bim hilig-fn bloot, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, X.W. 
 of Passau. Pop. 1510. 
 
 XEUKLOSTER, noiTvlos^ter, a village of Mecklenberg- 
 Schwerin. 10 miles E.S.E. of Wismar. Pop. 717. 
 
 XEULAXD, noilint, a village of Prus.sian Silesia, go- 
 vernment of Oppeln, circle of Xeisse. Pop. 1046. 
 
 XEULERCHEXFELD. See LKRcuEXFttn. 
 
 XEULISE, nuhUeez/, a town of France, department of 
 Loire, on the railway fi-om Lyons to Roanne, about 7 miles 
 S.E. of Roanne. I'op. 1033. 
 
 XEUMAGEX, noi'md-ghen, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 14 miles X.E. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pep. 1370. 
 
 XEUM.^IUv, noi'maak, a walled town of West Prussia, 
 36 miles S.E. of Marieuwerder, on the Dreweuz. Pop. loOf , 
 
 XEUMAKK, a town of Austrian Galicia, 34 miles W.S.W. 
 of Xeu-Saudec. 
 
 XEUM.\RK. a town of Bohemia, circle and 16 mUe.i 
 M'.S.W. of Klattau. Pop. 1133. 
 
 XEUMARKT, noi'maukt, a town of Prussian Silesia, It 
 miles W.N.W. of Breslau, on the railway to Glogau. Pop 
 4100. It is enclosed by walls, and has mauulactures ot 
 woollens and linens. 
 
 XEUMARKT, a town of Bavaria, on the Suiz, 21 miles 
 S.E. of Xuremberg. I'op. 3085. It is enclosed by walls, and 
 has manufactures of silk and toliacco. 
 
 XEUMARKT, a town of Upper Austria, 13 miles X.E. of 
 Salzburg. Pop. 700. 
 
 XEUMARKT. a town of Germany, Illyria, 24 miles X J» .W. 
 of Laybach. Pop. 1440. 
 
 XEUMARKT, Transylvania. See Maros-Vasaehelt. 
 
 XEUMARKT or XEU.MARKT-AX-DEK-OLKZA, noi'- 
 maRkt dn d^r olkt/sd. a market-town of Austria, Styria, 
 S.W. of Juder.burg. Pop. 1195. 
 
 XEU.M.\KKT. (It. Egna, en'ya.) a marketrtown of Austria, 
 Tyrol. 12 miles S. by W. of Botzen, on the Adige. Pop, 1548. 
 
 XEUMUULEN, (Neumlihleu.) noi'muMen, a village of 
 Denmark, duchy of Ilolstein. near Kiel. Pop. 900. 
 
 XEUMUXSTKK. (Xeumiinster,) noi'mun'ster. a village of 
 Denmark, duchy of Holstein, 17 miles S.S.E. of Kiel, on the 
 Hamburg Railway. 
 
 XEUXBURG-VOR-DEM-AV.A.LD. noin'booRG voR dem *dlt, 
 a town of Bavaria. 27 miles X..N.E. of Katisbon. Pop. 2030. 
 
 XEUXDORF. noin'doRf, a village of Bihemia, circle of 
 Buntzlau. Pop. 1003. 
 
 XEUXDORF, Gross, groce noi'doiif, a village of Prussiaa 
 Silesia, government of Oppeln. circle of Xeisse. Pop. 1025. 
 
 XEUNKIRCH, uoiu'keeKK. atowii and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton and 6 miles W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. 1400. 
 
 XEUNKIKCHEN. noin'keeUKVn, a market-town of Rhe- 
 nish Prussia, 38 miles S.E. of Treves. Pop 2U20. 
 
 XF:UNK1KCIIEN, a market-town of Lower Austria, 10 
 miles S.W. of XeustaUt, on the railw ay to Glocknita. Pop. 
 2200. 
 
 NKUfAKAtJ, noi'pd'kow, or PAKAU, pd/Kow, a town at 
 
-^ 
 
 NEU 
 
 Bohemia, 57 miles N.K. of Pmgue. Pop. 2482, mostly em- 
 liloytcl iu extensive cotton fju^tories. 
 
 NKUQUH, a river of La Plata. See Diamante. 
 
 NKUUKIISCH, noi'roish. written also NOWARZTSSE. a 
 market-town of Austria, Moravia, circle of Iglau, 6 miles 
 from SclielletJiu. Poj). 1240. 
 
 NKUKcjUl-:. noi'ro-<leli. a town of Prussian Silesia, 46 miles 
 S.W. (if Breslau. I'op. 5300. It hag an ancient castle, and 
 maniifiictures of flannels. 
 
 NEU.SALZ, uoi'sAlts, a town of Prussian Silesia, 48 miles 
 N.N.W. of laepnitz, on the Oder. Pop. 3.370. It was 
 founded by a colony of Moravian brethren, (IhrmhuUrs.) 
 and has ship-building docks, and manufactures of linen 
 and 'ace. 
 
 XH;UJ>.\TZ, noi's3ts, (Ilun. If/videh, oo'ee veeMaik'.) a town 
 of llun;.rary. Hither Danube, co. of Bacs, on the Danube, 
 oppf^site to Peterwardi-in, with which it communicates by a 
 bridje of boats. Till the late (1849) Hungarian war, when 
 it was almost completely destroyed, it was a large fortified 
 town of 17.400 inhabitants, and carrieti on an im|iortant 
 trade, being a common entrepot for Germany,' Hungary, 
 and Turkey. 
 
 NKUSCHLOTT, a town of Finland. See Xy.slott. 
 
 NKUSE, nuss, a river of North Carolina, ri.ses in Person 
 county, in the N. part of the state. Ne.xt to Cape Fear 
 Hiver, it is the largest stream which rises and terminates 
 in North Carolina. The whole length is aljout .300 miles, 
 and the general direction is south eastward. After pass- 
 ing by Waynestorough, Goldsborough, and Newbern. it 
 empties itself into tlie W. extremity of Pamlico Sound, 
 through an estuary which is several miles wide, and more 
 than 25 miles long. It is navigable by steamboats for eight 
 montlis of the year from its mouth to AVaynesborough, over 
 100 miles; smaller bdats have ascended about 200 miles. 
 After it passes the middle part of its course, the river flows 
 through sandy plains, wliich are occupied by extensive 
 forests of pitch pine. 
 
 NEI'-SHKIIR, (Nefi-Shchr,) ni-oo'shfh'r', written also 
 NKMI!-.<HKHR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 120 miles N.E. 
 of Kiinieh, lat. 38° 37' X.. Ion. 34° 37' K. It stands at the 
 heiglit of 3940 feet above the level of tlie sea, with a bold 
 ravine in front, and a back ground of high cliffs of volcanic 
 rock, contiiining about 3000 hou.ses, two large mosques, a 
 Greek church, and a quailrangular castle with round towers 
 at the corners. Pop. 15,000. 
 
 NEU8IEDL, (noi'seetl'l,) LAKE OF, (Hun. Fi'ii!! Jhva, 
 fjR'ti? tdh'voh',) a lake of Hungary, near its western fron- 
 tier, Ixitween the counties of Oeilenburg and Weiselburg, 
 19 miles S.S.W. of I'resburg. Length 23 miles, average 
 ')reailth 7 miles, depth from 9 to 13 feet. It receives tlie 
 Vulka Kiver, and the town of Uusth is on its \V. side, where 
 its banks are well wooded; on the E. the country is low and 
 marshy, and here its waters, during its sudden and irregu- 
 lar inundations, are carried to the Kabnitz by a canal cut 
 by a prince of the Esterhazy family, who resides in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 NEUSIEDL-AM-SEE, noi'seed'l Am si, (Hun. NeMder, 
 nA'zeeMair',) a market-town of West Hung.iry, co. of Wle- 
 sulliurg, on l^ake Neusiedl. 19 miles S.W. of Presburg. P. 203ii. 
 
 NEII80HL, noi'zol. (Hun. BtsiUrcze-lkinya, b^ss't^Rt'sA' 
 bdn'yc"ih\) a town of North Hungary, capital of the county 
 of Sobl. on the Gran, at the influx of the Bestritza, 80 miles 
 N. of I'esth. Lat. 48° 40' N.. Ion. 19°3' E. Pop. 3600. or with 
 adjf'ining villages, 12,000, nearly half of whom are Protest- 
 ants. It has an ancient castle, and numerous churches, in 
 one of which is a bell weighing 6 tons, a hospital, Homan 
 Catholic and Lutheran colleges, several superior schools, 
 manufactures of sword-blades and beet-nx)t sugar, a con- 
 siderable trade in linens and beer, and one of the largest 
 smelting houses in Hungary, it being the seat of a mining 
 council and tribunal. The Herrengrund Mines near it yield 
 annually 1500 cwts. of copper. 
 
 >' EUiSS. noiss. (anc. Nnve^sium or Nnha-OisHra,) a fortified 
 town of Hhenish Prussia, 4 miles S.W. of Dusseldorf, on tlie 
 Erft, and on a canal which joins the Khine. Pop. 8S30. It 
 has numerous manufa'tories of woollen and cotton cloths, 
 starch, leather, dyes, ribbons, and velvets. In 451 it was 
 sacke<J by Attila; in 1254 it joined the Hanseatic league. 
 In it,« vicinity numerous urns and Koman medals have been 
 found. 
 
 NEU.ST.\DT, nu'stdtot noi'statt.or PRUDNIK. prixSd'nik, 
 a walled town of Prussia, government and 29 miles S.S.W. 
 of (ippeln. It is tolerably well built, has a Protestant and 
 three J{oman Catholic churches, a synagogue, two hospitals, 
 iind a convent of the Brothers of Charity, provincial and 
 citv courts. Pop. 6797. 
 
 NEU:<TADT, noi'stJtt. or WIENEK-NEUSTADT, ftee'ner- 
 noi'stitt, a town of Lower Austria, 13 miles S. of Vienna, 
 near the Hungarian frontier, on the railway to Gratz, on 
 the small river Kerbach, and oa the canal to A'ienna. Lat. 
 47° 48' N.. Ion. 16° 13' E. Pop. 9323, exclusive of military. 
 The town is regularly built, surrounded by walls, and 
 entered by four gates. It was formerly the residence of the 
 emperors" and has a cathedral of the 13th century with two 
 tall towers, an old royal castle, a gymnasium, a Cistertian 
 
 NEU 
 
 abbey with a library of 20.000 volumes, and musouns; 
 military academy, with models and instruments, and » 
 library of 8000 volumes. It has extensive suirar refineries, 
 cotton manufactures, breweries, ami papt-r-nnlls. 
 
 NEUSTADT. noi'stjtt, or NOWEM I E.-^TO. no-vSm-ydsTo, a 
 walled town of Bohemia, 16 miles N.E. of Kiiniggriitz. Pop. 
 1750. 
 
 NEUSTADT. a town of Prussian Silesia. 28 miles S.S.W. 
 of Oppeln, on the Braune. Pop. 2648. It is enclosed by 
 earth ramparts, and has manufactures of woollen, linens, 
 and lace, with some trade in Ilunirarian wine. 
 
 NEUSTADT. a town of Prussian Saxony. 2 miles N. of 
 Magdeburg, of which it is considered a suburb. Pop. 6700. 
 
 NEUSTADT. a town ef Rhenish I'russia, 32 miles E. of 
 Colosine. Pop. 1208. 
 
 NEUSTADT or AVETIIERSFR EI, *i'ers-fri^. a town of West 
 Prussia. 24 miles N.W. of Dantzic, on the Rehde. Pop. 2050 
 
 NEUSTADT, a town of Gertnany, Ilesse-Cassel. province 
 of Ober-IIessen, on an island formed by an affluent of the 
 Schalm. 17 miles R. of Marburg. Pop. 1792. 
 
 NEUSTADT, a town of Germany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 on the Elde. 18 miles S.S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 1771. 
 
 NEUSTADT. a town of Germany, Baden, on two small 
 rivers, IS miles E.S.E. of Freibnrg. Pop. 1710. 
 
 NEUST.\DT. a town of WUrtemberg, on the Kocher, 8 
 miles N.E. of Heilbronn. Pop. 1400. 
 
 NEUST.\DT. a town of Lower Bavaria, on the Danube, 22 
 miles S.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1077. 
 
 NEUSTADT, a town of Denmark, duchy of Ilolstoin, on 
 the Baltic, 18 miles N.N.E. of Lilbcck, with 2/U7 inhabit- 
 ants, a harbor for small vessels, and some trade in ship- 
 building. 
 
 NEUSTADT, a town of Hungary. See Naqt Banta. 
 
 NEUSTADT, a town of Transylvania, near ICronstadt 
 Po)>. 2846. 
 
 NEUSTADT, a town of Moravia, 13 miles N.N.W. of 
 Olmntz. with a station on the railway to Prague. Pop. 4000. 
 
 NEU.STADT, a market-town of Germany, in Brunswick, at 
 the terminus of the Ilarzburg Railway, 24 miles S. of Bruns- 
 wick. Pop. 900. 
 
 NEUSTADT-AM-KULM, noi/stJtt Km kcVilm, a town of 
 Bavaria. 14 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NEU.STADT AM RUBENBERGE. noi'^tdtt am roo/bfn- 
 b?RgVh. a town of Bavaria, 15 miles N.W. of Hanover, on 
 the lA-ine. Pop. 1500. 
 
 NETISTADT-AN-DER-ATSCn, noi'stitt in d?r Tsh. a town 
 of Bavaria, on the Aisch. 20 miles N.N.E. of .\nspach. Pop. 
 3061. It is enclosed by walls, has 2 castles, and manufac- 
 tures of leather, and cotton and woollen cloths. 
 
 NEUSTADT-AN-DER-HARDT. noi'stdtt in dfr hantt, a 
 town of Rhenish Bavaria, capital of a county, on a .email 
 affluent of the Rhine. 12 miles N. of Liindau. Pop. 6088, 
 employed in manufactures of muskets, paper, woollen cloth, 
 chemical and vineirar factories, and oil and L'unpowder mills. 
 
 NEUSTADT-AN-DER-HEIDE, noi'stitt 4n d?r hT'deh, a 
 town of Germanv. duchv of Saxe-Coburg, principality and 9 
 miles .V.E. of Coburg. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NEUSTADT-AN-DER-ORLA, noi'st.^tt in d?r or^3. a town 
 of Germanv, grand-duchy of Saxe-Weimar. principiility and 
 24 miles .S.E. of AVeimar, on the Orla, an affluent of the 
 Saale. Pop. 4250. It has a ducal residence, and manufao- 
 tures of woollen cloths, linens, and leather. 
 
 NEUSTADT-AN-DER-SAALE. noi'stdtt in d?r sj'ifh, a 
 town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 40 miles N.E. of Wiirzburg. 
 Pop. U.IO. 
 
 NEU8TADT-AN-DER-WALDNAB. noi'stJtt dn dfr ^iW- 
 n^b, a town of Bavaria, 31 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 
 1560. 
 
 NEUSTADT-BEI-STOLPEN. noi'stdtt bT stol'pen, a town 
 of Saxon v, 21 miles E. of Dresden, on the Polenz. Pop. 2122. 
 
 NEUSTADT-EBERSWALDE. noi'stdtt A/ber.s-ftdrdeh, a 
 town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on the I'innow 
 Canal, and on the railway to Stettin. 24 miles N.E. of Ber- 
 lin. Pop. 5360. employed in manufactures of porcelain, 
 ivory, brass, iron, and steel wares, and woollen and linen 
 fabrics. 
 
 NEUSTADTEL-BEI-SCHNEEBERG. noi'stft-tel bl sbni/- 
 b^RO.atown of Saxonv. n miles S.E. of Zwickau. Pop.1775. 
 
 NEUSTADTL. (Neustiidtl.l RUDnLPHSWEKTH. roo'dolfs- 
 waiRt\ or NOVOMES'TO. a town of Illyria, 38 miles S.E. of 
 Laybach. on the Gurk. Pop. 1751. 
 
 NEUST.\DTL, (Bohemian Nmonmresto, no-vlm-yjs'to.') a 
 town of Moravia, 24 miles N.E. of Iglau. Pop. 1814. It has 
 a castle and iron-mines. 
 
 NEUST.^DTL. a town of Prussian Silesia, 40 miles N.W. 
 of Liecnitz. Pop. 1500. 
 
 NEU.STADTL, CNeustadtl ) noi'st?tfl. (Hun. Kissrueza 
 Vjhely. kis'soo^A'zd' ooVe hi^I',) a town of North TTnngary, 
 CO. of Trent.schin, 45 miles N, of Kremnitz. Pop. 2500. 
 
 NEUSTADTI.rAN-DER-WAAG. (Neiistiidtl-ai'-fl.M-Waag.) 
 noi'stett'I iu d?r *dg, (Hun. Vitgh-Ujhely, vrig-ooWhSI', a 
 market-town of Xorth-West Hungary, co. and 33 miles 
 N.N.W. of Neutra, on the Waag. Pop. 5500. It has a nianu- 
 factorv of woollen cloth. 
 
 NEUSTADTL, BOHMISCH, (Bohmisch,) bo'mish noi'- 
 
 1291 
 
NEU 
 
 NEV 
 
 st^tt'l, is a toTn of Bohemia, Buntzlau, 12 miles X.N.E. of 
 KeidieDlierir. Pop. 2496. 
 
 NKL'STKTTIX. noi^st^t-teen', a town of Prussia. Pomera- 
 liia. 39 miles S.S.K. of Coslin. Pop. 4000. 
 
 NEUST) FT, noi'stift, a market-town of Germany, Tyrol, 
 11 miles S.S.W. of Innspruck. Pop. 1470. 
 NKUSTI FT. a town of Bohemia. 20 miles E. of Tabor. 
 NEUSTIFT. a market-town of Germany, Styriii, 16 miles 
 S.W. of Marbur-r. Pop. 140. 
 
 NEU-STKELITZ, uoi strd/lits, a town of Xorth Germany, 
 capital of the grauct-duchy of Mefklenburg-Strelitz, between 
 Lakes Zierker and Glombeck, 60 miles N.X.W. of Berlin. 
 Pop. 6484. It is the usual residence of the grand duke and 
 court, and has a theatre, college, mint, and other govern- 
 ment offices, a public library of 50.000 volumes, and a col- 
 lection of antiijuities. Its inUabitiiuts are mostly supported 
 by supplying the government establishments. 
 NEUSTKIA or XEUSTKIE. See Normaxdt. 
 NEUTEICII. noi'tiK, (I'olish. Kitych, nee'tiK,) a town of 
 West Prussia. 21 miles S.E. of Dantzic. Pop. 16.50. 
 
 NEUTITSCIIEIN. noi'tit-shIue\ or XOAVY-GYillX, no'fte- 
 ghlr'in. a town of Moravia, 26 miles E.N'.E. of Prerau. Pop. 
 9000, many of whom are emplojed in woollen weaving, and 
 making flannel. Near it is a mineral spring. 
 
 NEUTKA, (Ilun. A^yitra. fiee'troh' or uyee'troh\) a river 
 of Hungary, rises in the N.E. extremity of the county of 
 Neutra. flows circuitously S.S.W., and. after a course of alwve 
 100 miles, joins the AVaag on the left, above its confluence 
 with the Danube. 
 
 NEUTRA. noi'trd, a town of Xorth-AVest Hungary, on the 
 Neutra, 46 miles E.X.E. of Presburg. Pop. 4090. It has a 
 strong castle and cathedral. 
 
 NEUTK.\. a county of Hungary, bounde<l X. and N.AV. 
 by Jloravia. The capital is Xeutra. I'op. 383.500. 
 
 XEUVE-EGLISE. nuv A'gleez', a villace of France, de- 
 partment of Cantal, 9 miles S.W. of St. Flour. Pop. 2216. 
 
 NEUVKVILLE, nuv'veel', (Ger. Xeuenstadt. noi'en-stitt\) 
 a town of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the X.'W. shore 
 of the Lake of Bienne, 9 miles S.AV. of Bieune. Pop. 1200. 
 NEUVIC. nchVeek'. a town of France, departrnent of Dor- 
 dogne, on the Isle, 13 miles W.S.W. of Perigueux. P. 2257. 
 NEUVIC. a town of France, department of Correze, 12 
 miles S. of Ussel. Pop. in 1852, 3350. 
 
 NEUVIC, a town of France, department of Ilaute-Vienne, 
 17 miles S.K. of Limoges. Po)). 1770. 
 
 NEUVILLE, nuh*veel/, a town of France, department of j 
 Vienne. 8 miles N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1140. 
 
 NEUVILLE or XEUVILLE-.\U-BOIS. nch'veel' bwi. a 
 town of France, department of Loiret, 13 miles X.E. of Or- 
 leans. Pop. 1228. 
 
 NEUVILLE, a town of France, department of Nord, ar- 
 rondissement of Cambrai. Pop. 2250. 
 
 NEUVIIiLES. nuh'veel', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut. 10 miles X. of Mons. Pop. 1941. 
 
 NEUVILLE-.SUR-SAOXK, (Xeuville-sur-Saone,) nt'h'veeV 
 sUr son. a town of France, department of Rhone, on the 
 Saone. 8 miles X. of Lyons. Pop. 1600. 
 
 NEUVILLY. nchVee\vee/. a town of France, department 
 of X^ord. alx)ut 12 miles E.S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 'M^'2. 
 
 NEUVY, nuh'vee'. a town of France, department of Saone- 
 et-Loire, 18 miles W.X.W. of CharoUes. Pop. 1200. 
 
 NKUVY-LE-KOI, nuhVee' leh Rw3, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire, 15 miles N.W. of Tours. Pop. 
 1605. 
 
 NEUVY SAUTOUR, nnhVee' so'tooR', a town of France, 
 
 department of Yonne. 16 miles N.W. of Tonnerre. P. 1600. 
 
 NEUVY-SAINT-SfiPULCRE, nuhVee' sAs" sA'-pUlk'r/, a 
 
 town of. France, department of Indre, 8J miles M'. of La 
 
 Chatre. Pop. 2040. 
 
 NEUVY-SUR-LOIRE. nuhVee' stiR \wiR, a town of France, 
 department of Xievre, near the Loire, 8 miles N.X.W. of 
 Cosne. Pop. 1350. 
 
 XEUWALDIi, noi'*drdeh, a village of Prussian Silesia, 
 government of Oppeln, circle of Xeisse. Pop. 1247. 
 
 NEUW.\R1', noi'waRp, a town of Prussia, province of Po- 
 merania. 25 miles X.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1800. 
 
 NEUWtlDEL, noi'wiMel, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg. 78 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 3000. 
 
 NEU W EI ER. noi'wrer, a villaire of Baden, circle of Middle 
 Rhine, bailiwick of BiilU. Pop. 1013. 
 
 XKUWI KD. nu'weed or noi'weet, called also WIED-XEU- 
 WIED, weet noi'weet, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles 
 N.N.W. of Coblentz, capital of a principality, on the left 
 bank of the Rhine. Pop. 6100. It was founded early in 
 the 18th century, and is well built ; principal edifices, the 
 ancient Castle of the Counts of AVied, with a museum of 
 natural history, a library, and exten.sive gardens; Cal- 
 Tinist, Roman Catholic, Anabaptist, and various other 
 churches, a synagogue, gymnasium, normal school, several 
 private l>oarding and educational establishments, a library 
 of 10,000 volumes, and a prosperous Mora\ian establish- 
 -ment. It has also a coflection of Roman antiquities. 
 
 NEUZKLLE. noiH,sM'leh. Prus.sia. a station on the railway 
 Bum Berlin to Breslau. IS miles fi-om Frankfort. 
 NEUZEV, a town of Holland. See Tbrneuse. 
 
 NE'VA, (Rus. pron. ni-vj',) an important river or strait 
 of Russia, government of St. Petersburg, connecting the 
 Lake of Ladoga with the Gulf of Finland. Length 40 miles 
 from Schliisselberg on the former, to St. Petersburg at the 
 head of the latter, which city it separates from its N. 
 suburbs; breadth 1.500 feet: depth in the channel about 50 
 feet. It is the great minlium of comuiunic.-ition between 
 the internal parts ot Xorth Russia and the s^a, though 
 usually frozen up from October to April ; it has been found 
 to carry into the gulf 116.000 cubic feet of water in a second. 
 
 XEVA, a river of East Russia. See Xeiva. 
 
 NEVADA. SIERRA. See Sierra Xkvada. 
 
 XEVADA. nA-vJ'dd, a county towards the X. part of Call- 
 fbrnia, contains about 900 square miles. Drained by the 
 Middle and South Yuba, which afford valuable water-power. 
 The surface in the E. part is mountainous, beini; traversed 
 by the Sierra Xevada or Snowy Range of California. Gold 
 is abundant in this countv. lioth in quartz veins and in 
 placers. Capital, Xevada City. Pop. 16,446. 
 
 NEVADA, ue-viUi'd.}, a post-office of Wyandot county, 
 Oliio. 
 
 NEV.\D \, Story county. I'lwa. See Appendix. 
 
 XEVAD.\, a post-village of Green co., Wisconsin, 9 mileg 
 E. by X. of Monroe. 
 
 XEV.^D.i CITY, a past-town, capital of Nevada co., Cali- 
 fornia. ISO miles X.E. of San Francisco. Pop. 3679. 
 
 NEVADO. ni-v^'Do. NEVADA, nli-\li'i^L a Spanish word 
 signifying •■ sno»v-clad." and forming a part of the name of 
 various mountains in Spain and Spanish Americii; as, 
 Sierra Xevada. •' snow-clad ridge." 
 
 XEV.tXS, a township of Vigo co., Indian.^. Pop. 996. 
 
 NEVEL or XEWEL, nji-vel', a tewn of Russian Poland, 
 government, and 54 miles .\. of Vitebsk. Pop. 4000. 
 
 XEVELE, n.-l'vA-leh. a market-town of Belgium, province 
 of i:ast Flanders, 8 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 3500. 
 
 XEV/EXDOX, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 NEVERX, a parish of Wales. See Xeferx 
 
 NEVERS. neh-vaiR/, (anc. Xovindu'num,) a city of France, 
 capital of the department of Xievre. on the right bank of 
 the Loire, here cros.sed by a stone bridge of 20 arches, at the 
 confluence of the Xievre, and at the head of the Branch 
 Railway du Centre, 35 miles E.S.E. of Bourges; lat. 46° 59' 
 X., Ion. 32 10' E. Pop. in 1852, 17.045. It is a tribnnjil of 
 commerce, and has a communal college, with a library of 
 7000 volumes, and a fine cathedral. It has manufactures 
 of iron and steel goods, porcelain, and jewelry. Previous to 
 1789, it was tlie capital of the province of Xivernois. In its 
 vicinit}' are the forges of Fourchanibault. the copiH>r works 
 of Imphy, and the foundry of La Cbaussade, for cables and 
 anchors for the national marine. Near it are the mineral 
 waters of Pouges. 
 
 NEV'ERSIX'^K, a post-township in the N.E. part of Sulll. 
 van CO., New York, on Neversink River, 45 miles S.W. of 
 Albany. I'op. ^I'-R. 
 
 NEVERSIXK HILLS. Xew .Tersey. See HiGnLAXDS. 
 
 NEVERSINK RIVER. Xew Jersey. See Xevisi.nk. 
 
 NKVERSIXK RIVER rises in Uls'ter county, in the S.E. 
 part of Xew York, and running through Sullivan county, 
 falls into the Delaware, near Port Jervis. 
 
 XfiVEZ, ni'va'. a village of France, department of Finis- 
 terre, 18 miles S.E. of Quimper. Pop. 1920. 
 
 XEVIAXO-DEGLl-ARDUIXI, n.-i-ve-d'no dfl'yee aR-doo- 
 ee'nee, a village of Italy, 16 mile^ S. by E. of Parma. Pou 
 3602. 
 
 XEVIAXSK, n,\-ve-ilnsk', (New and Old.) two towns ot 
 Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, 35 miles N. of Y'eka- 
 terinlioorg. 
 
 XEVIGKS. n.i've-ffhe.s. a village of Prussia, government 
 and E. of Dusseldorf ' Pop. IS-'SS. 
 
 XEVIL BAY, British America, is an inlet on the W. side 
 of Ilud.son Bay. 
 
 XfiVILLE, nAVeel'. a village of France, department of 
 Seine-Inferieure, 28 miles X.W. of Rouen. Pop. 1590. 
 
 XEV'ILLE I'ORT, an inlet of Xorth America, X. of Van- 
 couver's Island: lat. 50"^ 32' X.. Ion. 125° W. 
 
 XEV'ILLE. a post-village of Clermont county, Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, 33 miles above Cincinnati. Pop. 404. 
 
 XEV'IX or XEF'YX, a market-town and parish of Xorth 
 Wales. CO. and on the Bay of Carnarvon, 54 miles W.X.W 
 of Pwllheli. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 18.54. 
 It has a harbor, but no trade. It joins with Carnarvon, 
 Bangor. Conway, Criccieth. and Pwllheli in sending 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. 
 
 NEV'IX, a jw)st-office of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 XEVIS, n.Vvis. a town of Austria, in "Tyrol, on the Avisio 
 Pop. 1953. 
 
 XEV'IS, a West India Island belonging to Great Brit.iin, 
 leeward group, in lat. 17° 10' X'., Ion. 62° 40' AV., separated 
 from the S. end of St. Christopher's, by a channel 2 miles 
 acro.ss. Area about 20 square miles. Pop. in 1S52, 10.200. 
 
 XEV1SIXK (or XEVl-MtSINK) RIVKR, of Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey, flowg north-eastward, and empties itself into 
 the southern part of Sandy Hook Bay, at the base of th" 
 Neversink Hills. Above tide-water it is callud awiramin|i 
 River. 
 
TSTEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 NEW-AB'BEY, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirk- ' 
 cudbrislit 
 
 NE\V ARERDEENV, a post-Tillafre of Canada West, co. of , 
 TVateiloo. 8 miles from (ialt. and 70 from Goderirh. I'. 125. 
 
 NEWA'GOor .VEWAY'GO. a new county in tiie W. part \ 
 of !Mie'iigan, contains about 550 pquare miles. It is inter- j 
 pected by the JIaskego Kiver. and also drained by the head- [ 
 waters of Notipeskaifo and White Rivers, and .«everal smaller 
 BtreaniB. The soil is .said to be of e.\celk'nt quality. Capitiil, 
 Newavgo. Pop. 27tK>. 
 
 N KWAGO, or NEWAYGO. See AppEymx. 
 
 NEW.MIY.n.i-wd'hee. a town of India, dominions and 35 
 miles S.E. of Jeypoor, on an abrupt rock, near the strong 
 fort of Nars-'hur. Lat. 20° 33' N., Ion. 75° 44' E. 
 
 NEWAKY, ni-wd/ree, a town of India, 16 miles S.E. of 
 Dewass. 
 
 NEW AL'B.VNY, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 NEW ALBANY, a thriving post-village of Pontotoc co., 
 Mississippi, on the Tallahatchie River, near its source, about 
 21 miles N. by E. of Pontotoc. Cotton is shipped here by 
 means of small boat.s. 
 
 N KW A LBAN Y, a village of Franklin co., Ohio, has about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 NEW ALBANY, a post^village of Mahoning CO., Ohio, 158 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 NEW ALBANY, a post-township of Floyd co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1714. 
 
 Sew ALBANY, a flourishing city, Ciipital of Floyd co., 
 Inili.ina, on the right bank of tlie (Jliio Kiver, 8 miles below 
 the Falls, 5 miles below Louisville, and VM' miles below Cin- 
 cinnati. Lilt. 3S° 18' N., Ion. 85° 51' W. It ix tlie Houtlieru 
 terminus of the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago llail- 
 ruad, which extends to Michigan City, 287 miU-s. It is 
 remarkable for its rapid growth and active trade; in fact, it 
 may be considered the most commercial town in tlie state. 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily Irom and to ,ill points on 
 the Ohio an<l Mississippi. The streets are wide and straight, 
 furnished with pleasant sidewalk9,and lighted with gas. The 
 town contains 18 churches, a CoUegiate Institute, a Pres- 
 byterian Theological Scminaiy, 4 banks, and 5 large |iublic 
 gcbo"l houses. Tw'o newspapers are published hero. Steam- 
 boat building is carried on more extensively here than at 
 any other place on the Ohio, e.\cepting Cincinnati. Twenty- 
 six steambcjats were launched here in 1864. New Albany has 
 6 i-teHmboat yards, 4 flouriiig-mills, 2 rolliiig-niills, 2 brass 
 foumlrie.s. 2 iron foundries, o manufactories of steam engines, 
 and 1 of loconjotives, and 1 woollen factory. Laid out in 
 1813. Population in 1840, 4226; in 1850, 8181; in 1860, 
 12.647; in 18t;5, about ls,000. 
 
 NE\V .AL'BION, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., Now 
 Y'ork. on the Erie Railroad, about 25 miles S.E. of Dunkirk. 
 Pop. i679. 
 
 NEW ALBION, the name formerly given by Sir F. Drake 
 to California, and part of the coast of Oregon. Hvtniboldt 
 limits the name to that part of the coast extending from lat. 
 43° to 48°. 
 
 NEW ALEXANHJER, a post-village of Columbiana co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 NEW ALEXAN7DRIA, a thriving post-borough of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, on the Loyalbanna Creek, and 
 on the turnpike from Blairsville to Pittsburg, 36 miles E. 
 of the latter. It is one of the principal places in the county, 
 and has an active trade. 
 
 NEW ALKXANDRIA. a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW .\L'SACE, a thriving po.st-village of Dearborn co., 
 Indiana, 80 S.E. of Indianapolis, is surrounded by a rich 
 farmin;^ district. 
 
 NEW AL'STEAD, a post-village of Cheshire co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 NEW AM'STERDA^I, a post-village of Harrison co., In- 
 diana, on the Ohio River, 125 miles S. of Indianipolis. 
 
 NE\V AMSTERDAM, a seaport-town of South America, 
 British Guiana, near the mouth of the Berbice where joined 
 by the Cange River, lat. 6° 14' 51" N., Ion. 57° 31' 8" W., 
 originally founded by the Dutch. The houses are built of 
 wood, and the town intersected by canals. Three strong 
 batteries in the vicinity protect the entrance of the river. 
 
 NEW AN/TIOCII, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio. 
 
 NEWAKDIPOOR or NEWARDIl'UR. ne-warMepoor/, 
 written also NEORDEPOOR, a town of Ilindostan, king- 
 dom of Oude, about 70 miles S.S.E. of Lucknow. Pop. 3000. 
 NEWARK, a parliamentary and muni'ip,al borough, 
 town, and parish of England, county and 17 miles N.E. of 
 Nottingham, on a railway thence to Lincoln, also on the 
 line of the Great Northern Railway, and on the Newark 
 River, a navigable branch of the Trent. It is well-built, 
 has in its centre a spacious market-place, and is approached 
 from tile N. by a long raised causeway on numerous arches; 
 ItB streets are paved and lighted witli gas. It lias a respect- 
 able Town-hall, a large and elegant crucifiirm church, with 
 a graceful tower and lofty spire ; places of worship for the 
 Baptists, Independents, Calvinists, Primitive and Wesleyan 
 Methodists, and Roman Catholics ; a free grammar school, 
 several almshouses, and various other charities; a large 
 
 linen manufactory; and a trade in corn, coal, cattle, wool, 
 malt, and tiour; 50,000 quarters of the lust are Rent an 
 nually to Manchester. Liverpool, and London. Larcre and 
 commodious wharves have been constructed on thi< Trent, 
 which afford facilities for navigation. On the N.W. of tho 
 town are the ruins of an ancient castle, rebuilt in the rcigr 
 of Stephen, and hence called the Newwork— whence th.> 
 name of the town. The castle was di.smantled liy I he par 
 lianientary army, and is now a stately ruin; in it King 
 .7ohn died in 1216. Newark sends 2 members to the Ilousf 
 of Commons. Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 11,333. 
 
 NEWARK, a (lost-township in Caledonia co., Vermont, 
 44 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 567. 
 
 N EWARK, a township of Tioga co.. New York. Pop. 2169 
 
 NEWARK, a tlouri.-ihing post-village of Arcadia township, 
 Wayne co.. New York, on the Erie Canal, and on the Ro 
 Chester and SyrVuse Railroad, (direct.) 31 miles E. by S. o1 
 R(jcliester. It contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 banks, a largr- 
 Union school-house, which cost Sj^iOO, and several largt> 
 warehouses. The new Presbyterian clnu'ch cost from 
 $10,000 to .S12,000. Pop. in ISOo, estimated at 1700. 
 
 N EWARK, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of Es- 
 sex CO., New Jersey, is situated on the right bank of the Pas- 
 saic Kiver, about 4 miles from its entrance into Newark Bay, 
 and on tlie railroad connecting New Y'ork with Pliiliidelphia, 
 
 9 miles W. of the former, and 78 miles N.E. of tlie latter; 
 lat. 40° 45' N., Ion. 74° 10' W. This city, the largest in the 
 state, is built cliiefly on a plain, terminated on the W. by an 
 elevation, or ridge of land, extending from tlie norlliern to 
 the southern extremity of the town. It is regularly laid out, 
 for the most part, with wide, straight streets, intersecting 
 each other at riglit angles. Broad street, the principal tho- 
 roughfare and seat of business, is one of the finest avenuea 
 anywhere to be met witli. It is upwards of 120 feet in 
 breadth, shaded with elegant elms, and extends throughout 
 the eutii'e length of the city, dividing it into two nea rly equal 
 parts. Near its centre it is intersected by JIarliet street, 
 wliicli is also an important thoroughfare, communicating 
 with the principal railroad depot. North of this, and bor- 
 dering on Broad street, are two beaxitifnl public squares, 
 calliHl the Upper and Lower Parks, each adorned witli ma- 
 jestic elms. In the lower part of the city is the Soutli Park, 
 another beautiful square. In the vicinity of these parks are 
 some of the finest residences in Newark. Among the public 
 buildings deserving of notice, may be mentioned the Court- 
 Ilouse, a large brownstone edifice, in tlio Egyptian style, at 
 the intersection of Market with High street. The Library 
 Building, in Market street, is one of the finest edifices in 
 the city, and contains besides tlie apartment for the library, 
 a large hall for public lectures, concerts, &c. The literary 
 institutions of Newark comprise the Library Association, 
 occupying the library building above referred to, with a li- 
 brary of over 12,1100 volumes; the New Jersey ilistoiical 
 Society, founded in 1845; its meetings are held alternately 
 at Newark and Trenton ; it has a library of 2{X)0 volumes, 
 and the Essex County Teachers' Institute, meeting semi- 
 annually, founded in March, 1853. Tlie Academy has a fine 
 brick building, situated on the most elevated part of High 
 street. From the grounds is obtained a beautiful view of 
 the city and of the Passaic Vailej- for many miles. The in- 
 stitute numbers upwards of .300 pupils, and is in a most 
 prosperous condition. Tlie Mutual Benefit Life Insurance 
 Company occupy the finest building in the state. It is a 
 stone edifice of massive proportions and elegantly finished. 
 The Mechanics' Bank, Newark Banking Comjnmy, Newaj'k 
 Savings Institution, Newark City Bank, McGregor Hall, and 
 Kremlin Place also occupy elegant edifices. The U. S. Cus- 
 tom House and Post-Office occupy a massive stone edifice 
 erected at a cost of over $150,000. The City Hall is also a 
 fine structure. Many of the churches are splendid edifices. 
 Tlie Catholic in Washington, Higli, Warren, and Lafayette 
 streets, tlie Metliodist in Market street below Broad, and 
 Broad, corner of Marshall, the B'irst Baptist in Academy 
 street, and Third Baptist in Orange street, and the Presby- 
 terian churches near the Lower Park and in High street, 
 some of which have recently been erected, are scarcely sur- 
 passed by any similar buildings in the country. Several of 
 thein are especially remarkable for their lofty and graceful 
 spires. There are, in all, about 75 churches of the various 
 denominations. Abotit $70,000 are annually appropriated 
 by tlie city for the support of popular education. There are 
 
 10 fine brick public-school-houses, one in each ward of the 
 city ; each of these contains 2 schools, one for either sex, and 
 a high-school. Number of pupils attending school, about 
 600O. Four newspapers are published in the city, all of 
 which are dailies. There are 7 banks, with a capital of 
 about $2,700,000, and several insurance companies. Gas is 
 used to light the streets. There is a good supply of water, 
 and ample sewerage; paid fire depivrtment with several 
 steam-engines ; excellent police and other arrangements. 
 The debt of the city in 1864 was $484,498 for city purposes, 
 and $550,000 was debt. 
 
 The rapid growth of Newark is chiefly owing to its manu- 
 factures, for which it has long been distinguished. Thia 
 department of industry is not generally controlled by mam- 
 
 1293 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 moth corporations, as in some of the towns of New England, 
 but includes a great number of enterprising persons, wlio, 
 with a moilerate capital, employ a few hands and do a pro- 
 fitable business. There are, however, several very extensive 
 establishments, among which may be mentioned those for the 
 production of India-rubber goods, carriages, omnibuses, ma- 
 chinery and castings, Ac, Ac. In the manufacture of jewel- 
 ry this city is perhaps not surpassed by any other in the 
 United States. Leather, boots, shoes, saddles, harness, and 
 clothing, have always constituted an important part of New- 
 ark manufactures, the various branches of which comprise 
 nearly every article in use. The amount of manufactures 
 in 647 establishments, according to the census of 1860, was 
 $23,264,313. Newark is the See of a Roman Catholic Bishop, 
 and has a large foreign population. There are several hand- 
 some cemeteries in the vicinity. Newark contains many old 
 and elegant trees, which add beiiuty to the t6wn. There are 
 also beiiutiful drives on the outskirts, the famous " Llewel- 
 lyn Park " lying near. Brownstone quarries are also worked 
 In the vicinity. The commerce of the port is limited chiefly 
 to the coast trade. June 30, 1864, its shipping amounted in 
 the aggregate to 227 tons registered, and 7856 tons enrolled 
 and licensed. Of the latter, all was employed in the coast 
 trade, and 2861 tons in steam navigation. The foreign arri- 
 vals for tlie year were 20 (tons 2026), and the clearances 3 
 (tons 414). Railroad cars leave for New York every half- 
 hour during the greater part of the day. The Morris and 
 Essex Railroiid also passes through the city from Iloboken 
 [For continuation, see Aim'EXDIX.] 
 
 NEW.\RK, a post-village of Newca.«tle co., Delaware, 
 on the Wilmington and Biiltimore Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. 
 of Wilmington. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a bank, 
 end is the seat of Delaware College, which wa« founded in 
 J8;i3. Pop. 787. 
 
 NEW.\KK, a thriving post-village of Worcester co., Ma- 
 ryland, about 100 miles S.E. of Annapolis. It has 4 stores 
 and 2 hotels. 
 
 NEW.\IiK, a post-offlce of Wirt co., W. Virginia. 
 
 NKW.\I{K, a small post^village of White co., Tennessee. 
 
 KEW.\KK. a hand.some and flourishing town in Newark 
 township, and capital of fjcking co.. Ohio, is situated at the 
 confluence of the three forks of Licking River, and on the 
 Ohio Canal, 3" miles E. of Columbus, and 24 miles W. by 
 N. of Zanesville. A railroad. 117 miles long, connects the 
 town with !»andnsky city. The site of Newark is level, 
 the streets are wide, and the houses well built. It is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile and populous country, and has an 
 active trade. Newark contains 10 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices, a flourishing union school. 2 banks, and .several fac- 
 tpries. This place at present is the southern terminus of 
 the Sandusky Mansfield and Newark Railroad, which is to 
 lie extended to I'ortsmouth. on the Ohio River. The Central 
 Ohio liailroad connects it with Columbus on one hand, and 
 Wheeling on the other. Quarries of sandstone are found in 
 the vicinity, and there is a large mine of cannel-coal 8 miles 
 S.E. of the town. Laid out in 1801. Pop. in 1850, 3654; 
 In 18t 0, 4675. 
 
 NEW.^RK, a township in Alleean co., Michigan. Pop. 816. 
 
 NEW.VHK. a post-viilage of Warrick co.. Indiana, on the 
 Waba.sh and Erie Canal, 14 miles N.E. of Evansville. 
 
 NEW.XRK, a thriving post-village of Kendall co.. lllinoLs, 
 on the Chicago and Aurora Railroad, 62 miles W.S.W. of 
 Chicago, and 2 miles E. of Fox River. It is situated on a 
 fertile prairie. It is incorporated. Pop. in 1853. aliout 400. 
 
 NEW.MtK, a small village of Andrew co., 51issouri. 
 
 NEW.\RI{, a post-village of Knox co., Slissouri, near the 
 South Fabius River, about 100 miles N. of Jefferson City. 
 It has a church and 2 stores. 
 
 NEWARK, a village of Linn co., Iowa, on Cedar River, 
 25 miles N. by AV. of Iowa City. 
 
 NEWARK, a post-villaite and township of Rock co., Wis- 
 consin. 78 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1136. 
 
 NEWAHK, a thriving post-village of West Bend township, 
 Washington co.. Wisconsin, on Milwaukie River, about 38 
 miles N.N.W.of Milwaukie Citv. The river furnishes water- 
 power near the village. It has 4 stores. Its name has 
 been changed to B \rto\. 
 
 Ni;W.\I!K. a village of Canada West. See Niagara. 
 
 NEWARK VALLEY, a post-village of Newark township, 
 Tioga CO.. New York, on Owezo Creek, about 10 miles N.E. of 
 Oweiro. It contains several churches. 
 
 NEW ASH'FOIvD. a post-township in Berkshire co.. Mas- 
 sachusetts, 125 miles W. by .\. of Boston. Pop. 239. 
 
 NEW ATM'ENS. a post-offlce of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW ATIIKNS, a thriving post-village of Harrison co. 
 
 NEW BALrriMOUE. a post-village and township of Green 
 CO., New I'ork, on the W. bank of Hudson River, 16 miles 
 below Albany. I'op. 2512. 
 
 NEW B.\LTIMORE, a post-village of Fauquier county, 
 * irglnia, lOu miles N. by W. of Richmond. It has 1 church 
 and 1 academy. 
 12S4 
 
 NEW BALTIMORE, a small village of namllton co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 NIIW BALTIMORE, a postrvillnge of Stark co.. Ohio. 
 
 NEW BARBADOES, (bar-bd/dpz,) a township of Bergen co. 
 New .lersey. Pop. 3558. 
 
 NEW BAR'OAIN or NEW BARGATNTOWN. a village of 
 Monmouth county. New Jer-'ey, 10 miles S.E. of Frwliold. 
 
 NEWBAT'TLE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 1 
 mile S. of Dalkeith. Here is Newbattle Altbey, fomurly a 
 monastery, founded in 1140, now the seat of the Marquis 
 of lyothian. Its park is celebrated for its fine trees. 
 
 NKW BAVA/RIA, a postoffice of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW BKA'CON. otherwise calle<l GRAND SA'CHEM. the 
 highest summit of the Highlands, is situated in Dutchess 
 county. New York, and has an elevation of 1685 feet. It 
 commands a very extensive view of the adjacent mountains, 
 and of the Hudson River. The name is due to the circum- 
 stance that, during the Revolutionary war. beacons were 
 erected on its top. as well as on those of the neighboring 
 hills. 
 
 NEW BEDFORD, a city, port of entry, and half capital of 
 Bristol CO., Massachusetts, situated on Buzzard Bay, at the 
 mouth of Acushnet River, 65 miles S. of Boston. Lat. 41° 
 38' N., Ion. 70° 55' W. The city is handsomely situated on 
 the W. side of the harbor, regularly laid out, and is noted for 
 the elegance of its private residences. It was cut ofl' from 
 Dartmouth in 1787, and incori)orated as a city in 1847. The 
 principal public buildings are the city-hall, one of the hand- 
 somest structures of the kind in New England, built of gran- 
 ite,in the Doric style, at a cost of $60,000; the custura-honse, 
 almshouse. Unitarian, and North Congregational chtn-ches, 
 also of granite; and the free public library, erected in 1857, 
 and house of correction, of brick. The Point road is a broad 
 drive 4 miles long, made at the expense of the citj', around 
 Clark's Point, and commanding a tine view of the bay. At 
 the extremity of this point the United States is erecting a 
 strong fort of granite, which, when completed, will mount 
 78 guns. Fort Phoenix, a small work on the opposite side 
 of tlie harbor, aids in its defence, and other works are con- 
 templated. New Bedford is more largely engaged in the 
 whale flsherj' than any other place in the world. This was 
 pursued here as early as 1755. At the Revolution there 
 were from 50 to 60 vessels in the business. In 1778, this port 
 was occupied by a British land and naval force, and a large 
 number of buildings and 70 vessels were btirned. The busi- 
 ness afterwards revived, bnt was again prostrated by the 
 war of 1812. It received a new impulse in 1818, and con- 
 tinued to flourish till about 1867, since which it has been on 
 the decline. In 1844, 219 whaling vessels, averaging 69,803 
 tons, belonged to the port; in 1857, 329 vessels, measuring 
 111,364 tons; and in 1865, only 175 vessels, measuring 58,082 
 tons, and to the district, 200 vessels, meas.tring (53,949 tons, 
 being 72 per cent, of all the whaling vessels in the U.S. The 
 imports of products of its fishery into the district in 1864, 
 were 65,000 bbls. sperm oil, 73,000 bbls. whale oil, and 780,000 
 lbs. whale bone, "rhe average importations for 5 years, end- 
 ing with 18.59, were 62,212 bbls. sperm, 120,072 bbls. whale, 
 and 1,463,310 lbs. bone; for 5 years, ending with 1864, 52,089 
 bbls. sperm, 67,132 bbls. whale, and 563,650 lbs. bone. En- 
 tries in thedistrict in 1864, including the foreign and coasting 
 trade, were 165; clearances, 134; duties collected, $15,287. 
 Here is some ship-building. Since the whaling business 
 declined, New Bedford has entered more largely into manu- 
 facturing. There are 1 cotton-mill, with a capital of$l,0(»,00O, 
 and running 31,500 spindles, to which a large addition has 
 recently been made, not at present in operation; a rolling- 
 mill, tamiery, Prussian-bine factory, cordage ftictory, drill 
 factory, gas company, sheathing-copper factory, foundry and 
 machine-shop, 2 flouring-mills, 2 shoe factories, 3 carriage 
 factories, and several establishments for the manufacture of 
 whale and petroleum oils, soap, and candles. There are 4 
 banks, 2 savings institutions, with deposits, iu 1864, of over 
 $3,000,000, 1 fire and 4 marine insurance companies, 2 daily 
 and 2 weekly newspapers, and a weekly shipping list. The 
 number of religious societies is 22, viz., 3 Baptist, 3 Christian, 
 4 Orthodox Congregationalist, 1 Episcopal, 2 Friends, G Me- 
 thodist, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Unitarian, and 1 Universalist. 
 Among the charitable institutions are a Port Society, main- 
 taining a Betliel for seamen, Bible Society, Domestic Mission- 
 ary Society and 4 chapels, and an Orplun s Home. The luiblic 
 school system comprises a high and 37 schools of lower grades, 
 and there are a Friends' academy for boys and girls, and 
 numerous private schools. The Social Library was estab- 
 lished in 1803, and in 1862 was merged in the Free Public 
 Library, which has, in 1865, about 18,000 volumes. New 
 Bedford communicates with Boston by 2 railroads, the New 
 Bedford and Taunton, and the Fairhaven Railroads, and with 
 Fairhaven by a ferry and a bridge over 4000 feet long. A 
 steamboat runs to Edg.artown. A railroad is projected to 
 Fall River, and also the introduction of water into the city 
 from a distance of about 5 miles. New Bedford is one 'jf the 
 richest cities, in proportion to its population, in tlie ooi ntry. 
 The valuation in 1864 was, real property, .$8,108,."i00, per- 
 sonal, 810,935,000; total, .S19,093,600. 
 
 As the commerce of New Bedford has declined iu soma 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 respects within the last few years, it may be interesting to 
 give the most important commercial statistics for a previous 
 decade. The sliipiiing of the district of New Bedford, June 
 30, 1852, amouiited to an aggregate of 139,0621^ tons regis- 
 tered, and lu.l-to^^ tons enrolled and licensed. Of the for- 
 mer, 125,.53uJ^ tons Wf re employed in the whale lishery ; 
 and of the latter, 9039}^ tons in the coast trade. The for- 
 eign arrivals for the year were 113 (tons 27,9-1:0) ; the clear- 
 ances for foreign ports, 192 (tons 68,340), of which 174 (tons 
 55,347) were by American vessels. Tlie whole number of 
 American vessels arrived at New Beilford during the year 
 ending December 31, 1852, were 99, of which 59 were em- 
 ployed in the whale fisheries. The value of sperm oil en- 
 tered at the custom-liou.se during the year was $1,927,511; 
 of wliale oil, $1,040,829 ; and of whalebone, S444,318 ; total, 
 $3,412,658. 
 
 The average annual receipts for the 10 years ending 1852, 
 were, sperin oil, 115,454 libls. ; whale oil, 240,459 blils.; and 
 of wlialeboue, 2.064,700 lbs. Tlie receipts for 1851, being 
 e9,.591 bbls. of sperm oil ; 328,483 bbls. of whale oil ; and 
 3,916,500 lbs. of whalebone; and in 1852, only 7S,S72 bbls. 
 of sperm oil ; 84,211 bbls. of whale oil ; and 1,259,900 lbs. of 
 whalebone. There were no exports of whale oil from New 
 Bedford iu 1^52 and 1853. The exports in gallons lor the 
 8ix i)revious years, were as follows: 
 
 1851. 1850. 1849. 1848. 1847. 1846. 
 
 813,401 100,491 233,775 538,446 319,486 1,004,661 
 
 The amount of duties collected on imported merchandise, 
 iu 1852, wa-s $24,979.95. New Bedford is connected by r.'iil- 
 road with i'all liiver, Providence, and Boston. Pop. in 1830, 
 692; in 1840, 12,087; in 1850, 16,44:3; in 1860,22,300. It 
 has probably somewhat diminished since the last date. 
 
 NK\V BEDFORD, a post-village of Lawrence county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 240 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 Pop. 235. 
 
 N E\V B EDFOHD. a post-ofRce of Monmouth co.. New .Jersey. 
 
 NEW liKDFi)llD. a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 99 
 mi'.es E.N'.F;. of Columbus. 
 
 NKW'DKlUi, a post-township in the E. part of Cass co., 
 Michigan. I'op. 861. 
 
 N i;\V liElt'LIN, a post-village and township of Chenango 
 CO., New York, on Uiiadilla Kiver, 95 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 The village has 1 bank, 4 or 5 churches, an academy, ar>d 
 manufacturesof cotton, iron, Ac. Pop. of the township, 261 7. 
 
 NEW BEKLIN, a post-borough of Union co„ Pennsylvania, 
 on Penn's Creek, an affluent of the Susquehanna liiver, 60 
 miles N. of IIurrisliurK. It is pleasantly situated in a fertile 
 valley. It contains 5 churches and several stores, and is 
 the seat of Union Seminary, a tlourishing Institution, founded 
 in 1856, by the Evangelical Association. (" Allaights" or 
 Oerman ^l.'tUodi.sts.) Laid out about the vear 1800. and 
 formerly called Ijongstown. Pop. in 1850, 741 ; in 1860, 672. 
 
 NEW BERLIN, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 124 miles 
 N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 NEW BEKLIN, a post-village of Milwaukee co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 NEW BERLIN, a townsliip in Waukesha co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 1903. 
 
 NEW BERLIN CENTRE, a post-office of Clienango CO, 
 New York. 
 
 N EW'BERN, a post-village, capital of Pulaski co., Virginia, 
 on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, and the stage-route 
 from Baltimore to Nashville. 222 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. 
 The situation is elevated and pleasant. The town has an 
 active trade, and contains 2 churches. Pop. from 300 to 400. 
 New liiver, near Newbern, pauses along a vertical wall of 
 rock, about 500 feet high and several miles in length, called 
 the ■•Glass Windows." 
 
 NEWmERN or NEW BERNE, a port of entry of North 
 ' Carolina, and capital of Craven co., is situated at the con- 
 fluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers, about 120 miles 
 S.E. of Raleinh, and 50 miles above Pamlico Sound. Lat. 
 35° 20' N.. Ion. 77° 5' W. It was for many years the 
 capital of the state. The Neuse River, which is more than 
 a mile wide at this place, is navigated by steamboats about 
 8 months of the year. The entrance from the sea is through 
 Ocrac«ke Inlet. Newbern has a considerable trade. The 
 chief articles of export are grain, lumber, turpentine, tar, 
 and naval stores. The shipping of the port June 30, 1852, 
 amounted to 1179^ tons. regi.<tered, and 4055^ tons, enrolled 
 and licensed ; of the latter, 3814^ tons were employed in 
 the coast trade, and 230f in steamboat navigation. The 
 foreign arrivals for the year were 22, tons 2822. The clear- 
 ances for foreign ports were 24, tons 3151; all of which 
 were in American bottoms. During the year 3 vessels, with 
 an aggregate burthen of 252| tons, were admeasured. 
 Newbern contains, besides the county buildings, .several 
 churches. 2 hanks, and a theatre. Two or three newspapers 
 are pulilished here. Pop. in 1860, 5432. 
 
 NEWBERN. a post-village in Greene co., Alabama, 80 miles 
 W. by N. of Montgomery. 
 
 NEWBERN, a postoffice of Dyer co., Tennessee. 
 
 NEWBERN, a post-villacre of Bartholomew co., Indiana, 
 01. Ciifty Creel 9 mii(!g E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 NEWBERN, a post-office of .Jersey co., Illinois. 
 
 NEW BERN, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa. 
 
 NEWBERRY, a district in the N.W. centriLJ part of ?outh 
 Carolina, has an area of 010 square mile.s. It is boiuuled on 
 the E. by Broad River, on the S. by the Saluda, and drained 
 by Ennoree and Little Rivers. The surface is divers^ified by 
 hill and dale ; the soil is fertile, aiid well watered. This dis- 
 trict is intersected by the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. 
 Capital, Newberry. Pop. 20,879, of whom 7184 were freeu 
 and l.",fi95 slaves. 
 
 NEWBERRY, a post^village of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 3 miles W. of Wiliiamsport. It has several stores, 
 and near 300 inhabitants. 
 
 NEWBERRY, a township of York CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2587. 
 
 NEWBKRRY, a post-village, capital of Newberry district, 
 South Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia liaihiiad, 
 45 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. Granite, of a beautiful gray 
 color, i^ abundant in the vicinity. It contains a court-house, 
 a bank, a newspaper office, and a number of stores. 
 
 NEWBERRY, a post-village of M'ayne co., Kentucky. 120 
 miles S. of Frankfort. 
 
 NEWBERRY, a town.ship of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 2868. 
 
 NEWBERRY, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 10 miles S. of Bloom- 
 field. 
 
 NEW'BERRYTOWN, a post^village of York co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 12 miles S.S.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. about 150. 
 
 NEW BETH'EL, a post-oltice of Benton co., Alabama. 
 • NEW BETHEL, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, on 
 the Michigan Road, 9 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW BKTIl'LEHEM, a post-village of Clarion co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Red Bank Creek, about 60 miles N.E. of Pitts- 
 burg. Pop. 380. 
 
 NEWBIG'OIN, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 NEWBIGOIN, a chapelry of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 NEWBIOGTN, a parish of England, co. of AVestmoreland. 
 
 NEW'BLISS, a thriving market-town of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Monaghan, 4 miles E.S.E. of Clones. Pop. 500. 
 
 NEW BLOOM'FIELD, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 NEW BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Callaway co., Mis- 
 souri. 15 miles N.E. by N. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 NEW'BOLD-ON-A'VON, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 
 
 NEWBOLD PA'CEY. a pari.sh of England, co. of Warn ick. 
 
 NEWBOLD VER'DON, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 
 NEWBOLD AXD DUNSTAN, a township of England, co. 
 of Derby. 
 
 NKWiiOLD ASTOJURY, a township of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 N E W'BORN, a postrvillage in Newton co., Georgia, 50 miles 
 N,W, of Milledgeville. 
 
 NEW'BOROIIGII, a post-villago of Canada West, co. of 
 Leeds, on the Rideau Canal. 
 
 NKW/BOROUGU-LLAN-BEDR. (LanTjJd'r,) a market-town 
 and parish of North A\'ales, co. of Anglesea, on the Irish Sea, 
 4 miles A\'.N.W, of Carnarvon. 
 
 NEWBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Northamp- 
 ton. 
 
 NEWBOROUGIL a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 NEW BOS/TON, a post-township in llill.'.borough county, 
 New Hampshire, 20 miles S. by W. of Concord. It contain* 
 several churches, and an insurance comjiany. Pop. 1369. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a post-village in Berkshire co., Massachu- 
 setts, about 125 miles W.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a postrvillage of Windham co., Connecti- 
 cut, on the Quinebaug River, 50 miles E.N.E. of Hartford. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a post-offlce of Lewis co.. New York. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a post-offlce of Henrv co., Tennes.see. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a village of Highland eo., Ohio, C4 mile* 
 E. by N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a thriving post-village of Slercer county, 
 Illinois, is situated on the Missis-sippi River. 156 miles N.W. 
 of Springfield. It is a place of much activity in business, 
 at which a large quantity of produce is bought and shipped. 
 The adjacent country is fertile, and rapidly improving. Pop 
 583. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a post-village in Lee co., Iowa, 90 miles 
 S. of Iowa City. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a town of Kansas, on the Kansas River, 
 between Lawrence and Topoka. 
 
 NEWBOTTLE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 NEWBOTTLE, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 NEW'BOURN. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 NEW BRAINTREE, a township of Worcester co,. Mass* 
 chusetts, PO miles W. of Boston, Pop. 805. 
 
 NEW BRAUN'FELS, a post-village, capital of Comal eo., 
 Texas, on Guadalupe River, 32 miles N.E. of San Antonio. 
 
 NEW BRE'MEN. a post-township of Lewis co., New York, 
 10 miles N.E. of Martinsburs. Pop. 1786. 
 
 NEW BREMEN, a post-village of Auglaize co.. Ohio, on the 
 Miami Canal, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 1295 
 
NEW 
 
 NE^V 
 
 NKW BREMEN, a, post-office of Cook co., Illinois. | Gedogy, Ac— Along the shores of Chaleiir Bay and the 
 
 NKWBRIDGE, a market-town of Ireland, Leiuster, co. Gulf of St. Lawrence, gray faudstoue and gray clayslata 
 and 5 miles E.N.E. of Kildare, on the LifTey. Pop. 700. It predominate, with detached rocks of granite, quartz, and 
 Las lartru cavalry barracks, and near it the ruins of Great ironstone; on the S. coast, limestone, graywacke, clayslate, 
 Couueli Abl.i«y. • ] with sandstone, interrupted occasionally by gueissl trap, 
 
 Xi-WBliluCiK, a village of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on ' and granite. Specimens of amethyst, tar'ueliau. jasper, Ac, 
 both sides of the Talf, here crossed by a celebrated bridge have been picked up \a various places. Coal is pltiitiful, 
 called I'out-y-Pridd, 12 miles S.S.E. of Mertliyr-'fydvil. It and iron ore abundant; the former is said to extend over 
 has recently" sprung up, and attained some importance in 10,000 square miles, or above one-third part of the whole 
 c^nisequeuce of the miueral treasures in its vicinity. It has area of the province. Copper and manganese also abound. 
 » church, several Dissenting chapels, a school, manufactories A large deposit of the former has Ix-eu discovered on the 
 of chain-oaliies and siuiilar articles, and of railway plates, banks of the Nipisiguit River, which falls into iiaiburst Bay, 
 and tin mills, said to be the largest in the world. i and another of plumbago, within half a mile of St. John. 
 
 NEW BKlDviE, a little village of Bergen CO., New Jersey, ! The supply of the latter is said to \>e iue.xhaustible; the 
 
 about 14 mile.s X. by W. of Jersej- City. 
 
 >E\V BRIDGE, a post-village in Lumpkin co., Georgia. 
 
 NEW BRIDGE/VILLE, a post-office of York co., I'ennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 NEW BRIGHTON, bri'ton, a post-village of Richmand co., 
 
 surface of the earth being, for 2 miles, coated with it. 
 Gypsum, limestone, freestone, and griridsione abound. Salt 
 springs, strongly saturateil, are numerous; and some sul- 
 phureous springs have al.«o been discovered. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, and Lakes. — New Brunswick can every- 
 
 New York, beautifully situat^^l on the N.W. and N. shore where be penetrated by its stream.i. In some parts of the 
 of Staten Island, 6 miles S.W. of New Y'ork, with which it interior, by a portage of only 3 or 4 miles, a canoe may be 
 is connected by a ferry. It contains many fine eountry i floated either to the Bay of Chaleur. the Gulf of St Lawrence, 
 resideni-es, a seminary, and several hotels. The acclivity { or down the St. John to the Bay of lundy. The latter 
 on which the village is built affords a magnificent view of i river flows 450 miles from its source at the Metjarmette 
 New Y'ork City, with its bay and environs, and of the Jersey | Portage to the ocean. It is navigable for vessels of 100 torn 
 shore. I to i'redericton, the seat of government. 90 miies from the 
 
 NEW BRIGHTON, a thriving post-borough of Beaver \ sea. Above thLs point small steamers ascend 65 miles to 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Beaver River, | Woodstock, and occasionally make trips as far as the To- 
 about 3 miles from its entrance into the <'>hio. 28 miles N.W^ bique. 75 miles further. About 225 miles from the sea are the 
 of Pittsburg. It is connected with Pittsburg by the Pitts- I Grand Palls of the St. John, a magnificent cataract of 70 or 
 burg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, and with Lake ■ 80 feet jierpendicular descent, alwve which the river has 
 Erie by canal, and is a place of active business. The river i heen navigated by a steamer 40 miles, to the mouth of the 
 furnishes abundant water-power. Abridge connects the river Madawaska; from this point boat.s and canoes may 
 town with Fallston on the opposite bank. New Brightf.n ascend almost to its sources. The Madawaska River is also 
 
 "iglii - 
 contains several churches. 1 bank, and mills and factories 
 of various kinds. Pop. in 1850, 1443; in 1860, 2034. 
 
 NEW BRIGUTON, a post-office of Fauquier co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 NEW BRIT'AIN, a post-borough and township of Hart- 
 ford county, Connecticut, on the Boston and Erie Railroad, 
 10 miles S.W. of Hartford, and connected with the Hurt- 
 ford and New Haven Railroad by a branch extending to 
 Berlin. It is a beautiful and flourisliing borough. Its 
 manufactures are very extensive, consisting of stockinet 
 goods, bank and safe locks, jewelry, liooks and eyes, cabinet 
 hardware, hiu-ness trimmings, rules, plumbs and levels, 
 locks, house trimnungs, and general hardware. It contains 
 6 churches, 1- bank, 1 savings bank, 1 newspaper office, and 
 is the seat of the State Normal School. The borough is 
 lighted with gas, and is amply supplied with water from a 
 reservoir of 175 acres, at an elevation of 2tK1 feet, giving a 
 head sufficient for the purpose of extingTiishing fire, and 
 entirely superseding the necessity for fire engines. Total 
 Pop. in ISiO, 3029; in 1S60, 5212; "of the village about 40O0. 
 
 NEW BRITAIN, a post-office of Columbia co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 NEW BRITAIN, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1639. 
 
 NEW BRIT/AIN. .in archipels^. Pacific Ocean, between 
 latitude 4=' and 6° 30' S.. and Ion. 149° and 162° E. It con 
 
 navigable for small steamers 30 miles to Lake Temiscouata, 
 a sheet of water 27 miles long, from 2 to 6 miles broad, and 
 of great depth throughout. From the upper part of this 
 lake to the river St Lawrence, the distance is only about 18 
 miles, and between the two it is proposed to establish com- 
 munication either by railway or canal. The country 
 drained by the St. John and its tributaries comprises about 
 9.000,000 acres in New Brunswick. 2.000.U0O in Canada, and 
 6.000,000 in the United States. The valley is remarkable 
 for its fertility and picturesque beauty. The Peticodiac, a 
 large river flowing into the Bay of Fuudy near its N.E. ex- 
 tremity, is navigable for vessels of the largest size 25 miles 
 from its mouth, and for schooners of 70 to 80 tons 12 miles 
 further. After the St. .Tohn, the largest river of New 
 Brunswick is the Miramichi. flowing N.E. into an extensive 
 bay of its own name. It is 225 miles in length, and 9 miles 
 wide at its mouth. The tide flows up it 40 miles, SO of 
 which it is navigable for ships of 700 tons. The entrance 
 to the Restigouche at the head of the Bay of Clialeur is 3 
 miles in width, with 9 fathoms of water. Above tide the 
 river separates into 6 principal branches : its Indian name, 
 Restigouche. is said to signify '■ the river which divides like 
 the hand." The main stream is over 2oO miles in length. 
 From Dalliousie to Campbellton, the distance by the river is 
 about IS miles, through the whole of which the channel 
 
 eists mainly of 2 large, mountainous, wooded, and populous I has a depth of from 4 to 8 fathoms. The tide flows 6 miles 
 
 Islands, discovered by Dampier in 1699. 
 
 NEW BRITAIN. See British .\merica. 
 
 NEWBROUGII, new'bruh, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Northumberland. • 
 
 NEW BRUNS'WICK, (Fr. Kouveau Brunstvick, nooVo/ 
 bruxsVeek',) a British colonial territory of North Ame- 
 rica; Ixiunded on the N.W. by Canada East, from which 
 it is separated by the river Restigouche; N. by Chaleur 
 Bay; E. by the Gulf of St Lawrence and Northumber- 
 land Strait, the latter separating it from Prince Edward's 
 Island ; S. by the Bay of Fundy, and part of Nova Scotia : 
 and on the W. by the sUte of Maine, irom which it is 
 partly separated by the St. Croix and St John Rivers ; 
 extending from lat. 45° 5' to 48° 40' N.. Ion. 63° 50' to 08^ 
 W. 
 
 further, but large vessels do not asi-end above Campbellton. 
 The Restigouche, with its tributaries, drains over 40o0 square 
 miles of fertile and finely-timbered country. There are also 
 many other rivers of navigable importmce. The tide flows 
 up the Riehibucto 25 miles, for 15 of which the depth in 
 channel is from 4 to 6 fathoms. Among the numerous bays 
 with which the coast is indented, the most important is the 
 Bay of Chaleur. an immense haven. 90 miles in length, and 
 from 12 to 25 miles in breadth, formii.g the N. boundary 
 of the province. Throughout its whole extent there is 
 neither reef, rock, shoal, or any impediment whatever to" 
 navigation. Within it are Gi-eat and Little Shippigan, 
 Bathurst. and other fine harlx)rs, each the seat of an ex- 
 ten.»ive trade in timlier and fish. Besides the Miramichi, 
 
 W. ; greatest length, from N. to S., 230 miles; breadth 190 1 already mentioned, the principal 
 miles : area 27,700 square miles. Its coast-line is about 500 ! Riehibucto. Buctouche, Cocagne, 
 
 bays on its E. coast are 
 
 , _ , _ _ ^ _ , and Shediac; on the S. 
 
 miles iu length, iuterrupted only at the point of junction ! coast are Passamaquoddy Bay. separating New Brunswick ■ 
 with Nova Scotia, where an isthmus of not more than 10 j from Maine.and on the S.W., St. John's liaiborandChignecto 
 miles in breadth connect* the two territorie.s, and separates Bay. The lakes are numerous, but generally of small ex- 
 the waters of Northumberland Strait from those of the Bay tent. The principal is Grand I^ke. 30 niiles long, and from 
 of Fundy, and which it is proposed to unite by means of a 3 to 9 miles wide, communicating with the river St. John ; 
 '^'i^' f I ^^^^ '° order are Lake Temi.scouata. before mentioned, and 
 
 J-ace of tJie 0>u/i<ry.— The general surface of the country ' Grand Lake, lying on the boundary between New Brun» 
 presents a series of bold undulations, sometimes rising into i wick and Maine. 
 
 mountains or continuous ridges of high land. The latter j C/ini(((e.— The climate of New Brunswick is subject to 
 """^i. . . '"^ "if ""^ con.siderable height ; but their precipitous great extremes of heat and cold : the thermometer sometimes 
 acclivities, sharp outline, and deep ravines, give them an rising to 100^ Fahrenheit during the day. and falling in the 
 Alpine and picturesque character, that finely and .strikingly I forest during the night of the same day. to 50°. The sever- 
 contrasts with the rich valleys and sheltered plains which I est cold of the winter usually contiuue"s fnm Deceml>er 21 
 alternate with the more rugged si-enery. The shores of the to March 21. The prevailing summer winds are from the 
 Unit ot ft Lawrence and Northumberland Str.'iits abound W.S.W. and S.; when from the S.W., dense fogs are otVi; 
 in fine ship harljors, (each at the mouth of a considerable produced on the shores of the Bav of Fundv, and extend 
 river.) Irom whih is exported much fine Umber. For about from 15 miles to 20 miles inland. In the interior, the cJi- 
 U miles inland the country is low and skirted with ex- mate is said to have been greatly ameliorated, in conso- 
 tonsive ™^|"es. | queuce of the clearing away of the forests, by which the 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 snn'g rays an? permitted to reach the surface of the earth, 
 whore the heat thus absorbed is ajrain diffused by radiation. 
 The autumn is a reason of exceeding; beauty, the air being 
 dry and clear, and tlie woods glowing with innumerable 
 tints of the richest and most brilliant hues. 
 
 Veyctatirm. Agriculture, &c. — Of the soil and capabilities of 
 New Brunswick, it is scarcely possible to speak too hijrhly. 
 Tlie mineral matters produced by the decomposition of the 
 rocks, contain every ingretlient reciuisite for the formation 
 of good soil. Few countries are more plentifully watered, 
 or Ix'tter wooded. A large portion of the surface is covered 
 with dense forests of pine, hackmatac, cedar, &c., which 
 furnish immense 'luantities of timber, both for export and 
 shipbuilding. Plants which ripen more slowly in a warmer 
 region, require to be gradually acclimated before they can 
 accommodate themselves to the short seasons of New Hruns- 
 wick. The ordinary fruits of the Northern United States, 
 with the exception of tlie peach, thrive here; and in the 
 southern part of the province Indian corn is grown. The 
 smaller cereals, such as oats, rye, barley, and summer wheat, 
 ripen perfectly, and are of excellent quality. The potatoes 
 raised in New Brunswick are thebest in the world. Turnips 
 of every variety grow well, and pea.se, beans, and other 
 leguminous plants thrive admirably. The most profitable 
 crop, however, is grass, which occupies about four-fifths of 
 the land on every large farm. Hay is a^eatly in demand to 
 supply the teams employed in lumbering; and pressed hay 
 is also exported to the United States. Agriculture in the 
 province, however, has hitherto made but slow progress; 
 and the demand for food in ordinary years is far beyond the 
 supply raised on the soil. The inhabitants generally find it 
 more profit.able to follow the lumbering business. The 
 number of acres under culture in 1840 was 426,611, and in 
 1851. 64.3.9,54. or about l-28th part of the whole surface. 
 
 Manufactnras. — The manufactures of New Hrunswick, 
 with the exception of ship-building and the sawing of lumber, 
 are limite<l almo.st exclusively to articles of primary necca- 
 sity. In 1851 there were in the province 52 weaving and 
 carding mills, employing 953 persons, 5475 looms; 11 
 foundries, employing 242 persons ; 125 tanneries, employing 
 '^55 persons ; 8 breweries, employing 96 persons ; 261 grist- 
 mills, employing 366 persons; and 584 .saw-mills, employing 
 4302 persons; 218 saw-mills and 147 grist-mills were situated 
 upon tributaries of the t>t. John. The amount of water- 
 ,'Ower alTonled by these streams is incalculable, and but a 
 (mall part of it is yet used. The quantities of timl>er and 
 lumber floated down the St. , John in 1852, were as follows: 
 white pine timber, 100,000 tons; hackmatac timber, 10,000 
 tons; white pine logs, 50,000.000 cubic feet; spruce logs, 
 20.000,000 cubic feet; pine boards. 5,000,000 superficial feet; 
 cedar and pine .shingles, 15,000.000; claplxiards. 5.000,000 
 pieces; the whole valued at $1,940,000. Ship-building is 
 chiefly carried on at St. John lliramichi, and St. Andrew's. 
 The total number of vessels built in 1851 was 87, with an 
 aggregate burden of 34.350 tons. 
 
 Fisheries. — The rivers, lakes, and sea-coasts of New 
 Brunswick abound with fish of almost every variety. In 
 the Ray of Chaleur immense shoals are seen, darkening the 
 iurface of the water. The liay of Fundy has long been 
 celebrated for its fisheries. There were employed at Campo 
 Bello in 1850, 11 vessels and 50 boats, manned by 162 men, 
 besides 21 w'eir.s, attended by 100 men; the whole taking 
 6340 quintals of pollock, 1750 of cod, 5100 barrels of herrings, 
 480 of mackerel, 150 of pickled haddock and cod, 120 
 barrels of oil. and 40,000 boxes of smoked herrings. At the 
 We.-t Isles there were 27 fishing-vessels, 200 boats, and 7 
 weirs, employing C91 men. The catch was 20,800 quintals 
 of pollock and hake, 3750 of cod, 3500 barrels of herrings. 
 800 b irrels of pickled cod and haddock, 450 barrels of oil, and 
 6000 boxes of smoked herrings. In the harbor of St. John 
 there were about 200 boats with 500 men. taking 40,000 
 salmon, 14.000 barrels of alewives. and 1200 of shad. In 
 Cumberland Hay 525 men, in 213 boats, took, among other 
 fish, 41,000 barrels of .shad. There were 24 vessels and 94 
 boats with 573 men at Grand Menan, and numerous vessels 
 and boats at smaller stations on the coast. The total value 
 ' of the New Brunswick fisheries within the Bay of Fundy 
 in 1850 was $263,500. This, however, conveys but a very 
 imperfect idea of the extent of the fisheries in tho.se waters, 
 as vessels from the United States are much more numerous 
 here than those belonging to New Brunswick. 
 
 Oimmerc/;. — The great extent of sea-coast, with its nume- 
 rous bays and the navigable rivers flowing into them, fur- 
 nish admirable facilities for commerce. The principal ex- 
 ports are fish, hackmatac knees, spars, and other timber, 
 deals, plauks, boards, shingles, laths, staves, pickets, Ac, 
 Iron, coal, gypsum, .sheepskins, potatoes, oats, and hay. 
 The chief imports are wheat and wheat flour, corn-meal, 
 corn and otlier grain, salted meats, cofl'ee, sugar, molasses, 
 tobacco, woollen, cotton, and silk manufactures, haber- 
 dashery, manufactures of iron, leather, and India rubber, 
 Stationery, soap and candles, and cordage. The total value 
 of the commerce of New Brunswick in 1849 and 18.50, and 
 the countries with which It is carried on, is exhibited in 
 the ibllowing Table : 
 
 40 
 
 Conn tries. 
 
 1849. 
 
 1850. ; 
 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. Imports. 
 
 Exports, i 
 
 Great Dritain . . 
 
 British Colonies: — 
 West Indies 
 Br. N. America 
 
 $1,507,340 
 
 5,.560 
 517,300 
 
 $2,319,070 $1,988,195 $2,447,755 
 
 .57,3fi0 11, .505 90,350 
 
 270,475 674,685 297,800 
 
 6,260 2.5,i:i5 8,105 
 
 257,910 1,310,740 887,000 
 
 90,235 67,335 59,020 
 
 $3,007,310 j $4,077,655 |S3,290,090 
 
 Unitod St.ates . . 
 Foreign States 
 
 Total, . . . 
 
 1,322,810 
 114,825 
 
 $3,467,835 
 
 Tlie following comparative statement exhibits the valua 
 of fish exported in 1850, 1851, and 1852 : 
 
 Couuti-Ies. 
 
 1S50. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1852. 
 
 fireat Britain . 
 N. A. Colonies . 
 United States .■ 
 Other Countries 
 
 $9,400 
 55,200 
 41, .500 
 30,100 
 
 $13,0(K)" 
 
 H2,rm 
 
 71,200 
 27,400 
 
 $30,800 
 4S,7(K) 
 
 ni,.v»o 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 $136,200 
 
 $194,100 
 
 $229,.500 
 
 . The following Table shows the principal ports, and the 
 trade of each, in 1851 : 
 
 St. John .... 
 
 $2,0.M,130 
 
 St. Andrew's . . 
 
 270,000 
 
 Miramichi , . . 
 
 411,700 
 
 Ualhousie . . . 
 
 152,015 
 
 liathurst .... 
 
 11.5,090 
 
 Kiohibucto . . . 
 
 133,155 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $3,749,585 
 225,(J00 
 347,999 
 128,.570 
 77,850 
 109,000 
 
 The total number of ves.sels owned in New Brunswick, 
 Doc. 31, 1850, was 807, with an aggregate burden of 121,996 
 tons. .See St. Joira's. 
 
 Interniil Cnminunicatinn . — There are several railways in 
 New Brunswick either in course of construction or projected. 
 The Fast and North American Railway is proceeding K. from 
 St. .Johns to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the frontiers of 
 Nova .Scotia, to meet the line now in progress northward from 
 Halifax. A large porti<m of the rails, and most of the irou 
 liridges are already received, and it is thought this jxirtion 
 will be completed during the year 1856. From the (xiint of 
 union it is proposed to carry the line N.N.W. to the river 
 St. Lawrence, along the S. shore of which it is to proceed to 
 Quebec. A railway is projected from St. Audrews northward 
 to Woodstock, and thence along the valley of the St. John's, 
 whence it is intended ultimately to communicate with Que- 
 bec. The European and North American liailway is design- 
 ed to connect the British province of Nova Scotia ajid New 
 Brunswick with the system of railways in the United States, 
 at Bangor. This is an enterprise that has long been contem- 
 piatetl, and portions of the road are now under contract. 
 Telegraphic wires connect New Brunswick with the United 
 States on the one hand, and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's 
 Island on the other. Communication with the latter Lsland 
 is effected by means of a submarine cable, extending from 
 Cape Tormentina to Cape Travers, a distance of 9 miles. 
 The wires, by a similar means, are also about being extend- 
 ed to Newfoundland, distant from Prince Edward's Island 
 150 miles. 
 
 Divi/ri/ms, PrrpvJation, &c. — New Brunswick is divided into 
 14 counties, the names of which, and papulation in 1851, 
 with their capitals, are exhibited in the subjoined table : 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Capitals 
 
 Albert .... 
 
 6,313 
 
 Hopewell. 
 
 Chrletou . . . 
 
 11,108 
 
 Woodstock. 
 
 Charlotte . . . 
 
 19,938 
 
 St. Andrews. 
 
 Gloucester . . . 
 
 11,704 
 
 Bathnrst. 
 
 Kent 
 
 11,410 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 King's .... 
 
 18,842 
 
 Kingston. 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 15,064 
 
 Miramichi. 
 
 Queen's .... 
 
 10,631 
 
 Gagetown. 
 
 Kestigouche . . 
 
 4,161 
 
 Dalhousie. 
 
 St. John . . . 
 
 38,475 
 
 St. John. 
 
 Sunbury . . . 
 
 6,;101 
 
 >Iagerville. 
 
 Victoria . . . 
 
 6,408 
 
 Perth. 
 
 Westmoreland . 
 
 17,814 
 
 Dorchester. 
 
 York 
 
 17.628 
 
 Frederictori. 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 193.800 
 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 TJ'e chief part of the inhablcants are emigrants from 
 Great Britain, aud their deseemlaiits. There are a few in- 
 habitant^ of Frencli extraction settled chiefly on the Bay 
 of Cbaleur. and In the valley of the Madawaska. There are 
 also a small number of Miemacs, Melicetes, and other In- 
 dians, in the X. part of the province. 
 
 In each county are several grammar and parish schools. 
 King's College, at Fredericton, receivefi an annual grant of 
 about $10,000 from the government. There are also other 
 schools for instruction in the higher branches. The Church 
 of England, the established and free churches of Scotland, 
 Reformed Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Wesleyan Me- 
 thodists. Baptists, and Roman O&tholics have in all about 
 450 churches. 
 
 Government, &c. — The affairs of the province are admiuia- 
 tered by a lieutenant-governor, aided by an Executive Coun- 
 cil, consisting of 8 members; a Legi.'slative Council, of 17 
 members; and a House of Assembly, of 39 representatives 
 cf the people. The judicial department compri.»e.-J a supreme 
 court, with a chief and 3 puisne judges : a court of chancery, 
 one of marriage and divorce, and one for the trial of offences 
 committed at sea;' over these three courts the lieutenant- 
 governor presides. The revenue for the five months ending 
 May 31, 1853. amounted to $328,500, an increase of $6800 
 over the corresponding period of the previous year. Of the 
 total amount. .*196,500 was derived from the customs. The 
 provincial legislature meets at Fredericton. 
 
 History. — New Brunswick was first settled by the French 
 in 1639. It continued, with Nova Scotia, to form part of .4.ca- 
 dia or New France, till It fell into the hands of the British, 
 after the connuest of Quebec. The first British settlers in 
 New Brunswick emigrated from Scotland to .Miramichi. in 
 1764; and, in 1784, New Brunswick was separated from 
 Nova Scotia, and formed into a distinct province, in 1825, 
 the standing timber in the district around Miramichi Bay 
 took fire, and enveloped an area of 60O0 square miles in 
 flames, consuming 4 thriving towns, many large vessels 
 lying in Miramichi River, and destroying 500 human beings. 
 
 N EW BKUNS'WICK, a city, capital of Middlesex co., New 
 Jersey, on the right or S.W. bank of the Raritan River, 
 and on the New .Jersey Railroad, 26 miles N.N.E. of Trenton, 
 and 30 miles S.W. of New York. Lat. 40° 30' N., Ion. 74° 
 30' W. The ground is low in the immediate vicinity of the 
 rtver, but rises rapidly as it recedes. The upper part of the 
 town is laid out with wide streets, and contains many hand- 
 gome buildings. Rutgers College, of this place, was fouudetl 
 in 1770. The building is of dwk red freestone. The 2ity 
 contains the theological seminary of the Dutch Reformed 
 Church, 1 Roman Catholic and 12 Protestant churches, 3 
 banks, and several seminaries for girls. Three newspapers 
 are published here. The New Jersey Railroad crosses the 
 Raritan by a bridge at this phice, connecting it with New- 
 York and Philadelphia. New Brunswick is at the head of 
 navigation on the river, and the eastern terminus of the 
 Delaware and Raritan Canal, extending to Bordentown, 42 
 miles. This canal is 75 feet wide and 7 deep, and is navi 
 gated by steamboats and sloops of 100 or 150 tons. Among 
 the manufactories of tliis city are a large paper-mill and 2 
 manufactories of India-rubber, which employ numerous 
 operatives. I'opulation in 1860,11,256; and in 1865, esti- 
 mated at 13.500. 
 
 NRW BRUNSWICK, a Tillage of Boone oo., Indiana, on 
 the State Road from Lebanon to Danville, 8 miles S. of the 
 former. • 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, a village of Clay co., Indiana, on 
 Eel River. 75 miles S.W. of Indianapolis 
 
 NEW BU'D.A.. a post-village of Decatur co.. Iowa, was 
 settled by a company of Hungarians under General Ujhazy. 
 Pop. about 500. 
 
 NEW BUF'F.\LO. a post-village of Perry co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the W. bank of the Susquehanna Jtiver, 19 miles 
 above llarrisburg. Pop. about 250. 
 
 NEW BUFF.\LO, a post-village and township of Berrien 
 CO., Michigan, on Lake Michi;ran. at the mouth of Galien 
 River, and at the point where the Central Railroad first 
 touches the lake, 63 miles E. of Chicago. It is a depot of 
 lumlier and fruit for the Chicago market. Pop. 832. 
 
 NEW BUFFALO, a township of Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 1181. 
 
 NEW'BURfr, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 •bout 48 miles- ,N.E. of August*. Pop. 1305. 
 
 NEWBUK6. a post-town, semi-capital of Orange co.. New 
 York, on the W. bank of the Hudson River, 84 miles S. of 
 Albany, and 61 miles N. of New York. Lat. 41° 31' N.. Ion. 
 74° 1' W. The ground on wliich it is built rises, as it re- 
 cedes from the river, to the height of about 300 feet, com- 
 manding a fine view of the Highlands, and of the river, 
 whi -h is here 1 mile wide. The appearance of the town, as 
 seen from the water, is highly prepossessing. A steam-ferry 
 connects it with Fishkill, on the opposite bank, which is 
 intended to be the terminus of the Providence Hartford 
 and Fishkill Railroad. A branch railroad extends from 
 Newburg to the New York and Erie Railroad, at Chester. 
 Newliurg is well built, and contains about 12 churches, of 
 which the Presbyterians have the greatest number; 1 
 1238 ' 
 
 ! national bank, 3 other banks, an acivdemy, a theological 
 seminary of the Associate Reformed Church, and many 
 fine residences. Three or four newspapers are published 
 here. It has large manufactories of cotton, wool, ma- 
 chinery, and flour, with plaster-mills, foundries, tanneries. 
 &c. Large quantities of grain, flour, and dairy products 
 are brought here and shipped in steamlioata and sloops. 
 The adjacent country is noted for its extensive dairies, and 
 the superior quality of the butter produced in them. New- 
 burg wiis the theatre of many important events in the 
 Revolutionary War, and it waa here, at the close of that 
 struggle, that the American .army was disbanded, June 23, 
 17 S3. .Pop. of the township 15,''96. 
 
 NEWBURG. a post-village of Cumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 20 miles S.W! of Carlisle. 
 
 NEWBURG, a village of Huntingdon CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about 90 miles W. of llarrisburg, and near the base of 
 Broadtop Mountain. 
 
 NEW15UKG, a post-village of Friinklin co., Alabama. 
 
 NEWBURG, a post-village, capital of I^ewis co., Tennessee, 
 72 miles S.3.W. of Nashville. It was laid out in 1850 or 
 1851. at the organization of the county. 
 
 NEWBURG. a post-village and township of Cuyahoga co., 
 Ohio, on the railroad. 6 miles S.E. of Cleveland. Pop. 2810. 
 
 NEWBURG, a village in Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, 9 or 10 miles above Steubenville. 
 
 NEWBURG, a township iu Miami co.. Ohio. 
 
 NEWBURG, a township of Ctuss co., Michigan. Pop. 861. 
 
 NEWBURG, a village of Shiawassee co., Michigan, on the 
 Shiawassee River, 7 miles S.E. of Corunna. 
 
 NEWBURG, a village of Fountain co., Indiana, on Coal 
 Creok. 8 miles E.S.E. of Covington. 
 
 N E WBUKG, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. P. 740. 
 
 NEWBURG, a thriving post-viilage of Warwick co., 
 Indiana, on the Ohio River, 13 miles alx)ve Evausville. It 
 is the largest place iu the oountj'. Pop. 999. 
 
 NEWBURG, a village iu Boone co., Illinois, near Kish- 
 waukee River, 85 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 NEWBURG, a post-village iu Pike co., IlUuoia, 70 miles 
 W.S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 NEWBURG, a small post-village of Macon co., Missouri 
 
 NEWBURG, a postrvillage of Washington co.. Wisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee River, 30 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 It has 2 mills, 2 churches, 6 stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. 600. 
 
 NEWBURG H, nu'bur-r&h, a parish and seaport town of 
 Scotland, in the north-western part of the co. of Fife, on the 
 Tay, 9 miles S.E. of Perth. Pop. of the town in 1851, 26:3.8. 
 The town has a good harbor for shipping: and 2 brauL'h 
 banks. Coarse linen weaving is largelj' carried on. and 
 considerable trade in wootl, gr.iin, coals, and lime. Steamers 
 ply daily to Perth and Dundee. The town wa.« f.iunded iu 
 the 12th century by the abbots of Liudores, the ruins of 
 which mouastei-y, founded 1178, are m the vicinity. Mug- 
 drum house is in the parish; also 2 ancient crosses, called 
 Mugdrum (St. Magretlen) and Macduff's Crosses. 
 
 NKWBURGII, nu'burg, a post-village of Canada West, co. 
 of Addington, on the Napanee River, 23 miles from Kingston, 
 6i miles from Napanee. It contains several mills and an iron 
 foundry. Pop. about 700. 
 
 NEW BUIVLINGTOX, a pos(>vmage of Clinton co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW BURLINGTON, a po.st-office of Delaware co., Indiana. 
 See BURUNGTOX. 
 
 NEW'BURX, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of File. 
 
 NEWBUllN, a pari.sh of England, oo. of Northumberland. 
 
 NEWBURN HALL, a township of England, co. of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 NEWBURY, a municipal borough, market-town, and 
 parish of England, oo. of Berks, on the Kennet, here crossed 
 by a stone bridge, on the Ken and Avon Canal, and on the 
 Hungerlbrd branch of the Great Western Railway. 16 miled 
 W.S.W. of Reading. I'op. of the borough in 1851, 6574. 
 The tovra is well built, with broad paved sti-eets. It has 
 a church of the reign of Henry VII., and several well- 
 endowed poor's hospitals; some manufactures of riblwns, 
 and numerous corn-mills and malt-kilns. It was formerly 
 noted for its manufiictures of woollens. The house and 
 factory of its famous clothier, "Jack of Newbury." who 
 liberally aided Henry VIII., aud was a great benefactor of 
 the town, are still standing. Two severe actions were 
 fought in the vicinity, in 1643 and 1644. Donnington Castle, 
 on the N., was the property of the poet Chaucer, who ilied 
 here A. D. 1400. The N. part of the tow^n, Speeuhauiland, 
 was the ancient Spiine. 
 
 NEWBURY, apost-township in Merrimack co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, 25 miles W. by X. of Concord. Pop. 698. 
 
 NEWBUItY, a post-village and township in Orange CO., 
 Vermont, on the W. side of the Connecticut Kiver. 25 mileii 
 S.E. of Moutpelier. It has several churches, an academy, 
 and some manufactures of leather, boots aud b]"-^s, paper, 
 starch, aud rakes. Pop. 2549. 
 
 NEWBURY, a post-township of Essex co., Mas.<i!ichu.setts, 
 on the S. side of the Merrimack River, 34 miles X. by E. of 
 Boston, and intersected by the Eastern Riiilrosid. It U the 
 seat of Dummer Academy, an institution of high clinri-cter, 
 and the oldest of the kind in the stete, having 'oeen > loor- 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 ponital in 1756. Newbury also has the merit of possessing 
 til' liif-t toll-bridiie erected in the state. It also had the 
 first gu.spension chain-bridge in the United States, and one 
 of the tirst, if not the very first, incorporated woollen factory 
 in the state. The area of the township has recently been 
 very much diminished, reducing the population from 4426, 
 in 1850, to 1444 in 1860. 
 
 XEWBUKY, a post-office of York co., Tennsylvania. 
 
 NKWliUltY. a post-township in the S.W. central part of 
 Geauga co.. ( ihio. Pop. 1048. 
 
 N KVV15URY, a township in the W. part of La Gr.ange co., 
 Indiana. I'op. 740. 
 
 NEWBUUYl'OUT, nu'bfr-e-port. a city, port of entry, and 
 one of the capitals of Kssex couiity, Massachu.setts. 34 miles 
 X. by K. of Itoston, is situated on the riglit bank of the 
 J/errimack Hiver, and at the union of tlie Newburyjiort 
 with the Eiustorn Kailroa<l; lat. 42° 48' 32" X., Ion. 7(i° 62' 
 IT" W. It stands on a gentle acclivity, commanding a beau- 
 tiful prospect, and is laid out with great regularity, in the 
 form of a parallelogram. Near its centre, at au elevation 
 of CO fe(!t above the surface of tlie river, is a small pond, 
 comprising an area of about 6 acres. This has been sui^ 
 rounded with a wall and terraceil promenade, rendering it 
 one of the most attractive features of the place. The har- 
 bor of Xewburyport is spacious and safe, but obstructed at 
 its entrance liy a gliifling sandbar. The town is considered 
 one of the pleasante.st in New England. The pi'incipal pub- 
 lic buildings are the Custom-house, a large granite structure, 
 with au elegant Grecian portico; the Court-hou.se; tlie new 
 City Hall, a beautiful edifice, cost $:io,000; and tlie churches, 
 of which there are 16 of the various deuomination.s. lk>- 
 [iides 18 primary and 10 grammar schools, there are 2 lilie- 
 rally-endowed free schools, one for males, and one for females. 
 The I'utnam Free School, dedicated April 12th, 1848, has a 
 permanent fund of $50,000, the income of which is appro- 
 pri.-ited to the benefit of pupils, without regard to residence 
 Tile newspaper press consists of 2 daily, a semi-weekly, and 
 a weekly issue. The city contains a Lyceum, provided with 
 lectures, and an excellent library, just established. There 
 are 3 banks, with an aggregate capital of $650,000, and a 
 .savings institution, with deposits amounting to about 
 §6011,000. Gas light has recently been introduced. 
 
 Newburyport formerly suffered severe commercial reverses, 
 but for many years pa,st its traiie, both foreign and coast- 
 wise, has been steadily increasing. About $1,000,000 is 
 employed in the coast trade, and $200,000 in the fisheries. 
 The shipping of the district. .Tune 30. lS54. amounted fo an 
 aggregate of 27,986 tons registered, and 9S14 tons eurollfd 
 and licensed. Of the latter, 4787 tons were employed In 
 the eo.ist trade, and 7575 tons in the cod and mackerel 
 fisheries. The foreign arrivals for the year were 82, (Ions. 
 55+2.) of which 76 (tons, 4775) were by foreign vessels. The 
 clearances for foreign ports were 90 — tons. 10,261, ot which 
 4830 tons were in foreign bottoms. During the year. 14 
 Vessels, (10 of them ships.) with an aggregate burden of 
 8817 tons, were admeasured. 
 
 Tliere are in the city 5 manufacturing corporations, em- 
 ploying an aggregate capital of $1,180,000, and from 1500 to 
 1600 iKinds, who run 63,884 spindles. Steam is used to the 
 extent of about 840 horse-power. The principal articles are 
 cotton goods, of which about 12.000.000 yards are annually 
 produced. Tliere are also manufactures of iron, machinery, 
 leather, boots, shoes, &c. Incorporated as a town in 1764; 
 and in 1851 chartered as a city, including in its limits two 
 adjoining villages. The celebrated George Whitefield died 
 in Newburyport, Septeml)er 30th, 1770. Pop. in 1850, 11,318 ; 
 in in 1S60, 13,401, 
 
 NKWIiURYPOKT LIGHTS, on the N. end of Plumb 
 Island, Newburyport Harbor. Mas.sachusetts. They are fixed, 
 tjvo in number, and so constructed as to be easily moved, 
 a circumstance rendered necessary by shiftiugs of the bar at 
 the mouth of the harbor. Lat. 42<5 48' N., Ion. 70° 49' 30" W. 
 
 NKW/UY, a township of England, co. of Y'ork, West 
 Biding, 
 
 NE\V11Y'S BRIDGE, a postxifficeof Perquimang co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 NEAV15YTIIR, nu-bTth. a village of Scotland, co. and 31 
 miles N.N.W. of Al)erdeen. Pop. 1396. 
 
 NEW CALEDONIA, kal e<lo/ne-a, (Fr. N'^nvelJe CaUdonie, 
 nooVcll' kd^hi'do'nee'.) an island in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 beloiiffing to France, between lat. 20° and 22° 30' S.. and Ion. 
 164° and 167° E. Lennth from N.VV. to S.E.. 220 miles; 
 breadth, 30 miles. Surface mountainous, rising in the 
 c°ntie to nearly 8000 feet in elevation. The population are 
 Papuans. The island was discovered in 1774. 
 
 NEW C.A^LEDONIA, a name formerly given to that por- 
 tion of North America AV . of the Kocky Mountains, between 
 iat. 48° and 57° N. 
 
 N EW CALIFOli/NIA, a post-oihce, Jackson co.,W.Virginia. 
 
 NEW CALIFOKNIA, a post-office of Union CO., Ohio. 
 
 NEW VLIFOKNIA, a post-village of Grant co., Wiscon- 
 sin. 12 miles E. of Lancaster. 
 
 NEW CANAAN. (kA'n.an.) a post-township of Fairfield 
 CO.. Connecticut, about 35 miles S.W. by W. of New Haven. 
 Pop, 2771. 
 
 NEW CANANDAIGUA, kan-an-dA/gw.i, a rostofhoe of 
 Oakland co., llichigan. 
 
 NEW CANTON, a post-village of Buckingham co., Virgi- 
 nia, on James Kiver, at the mouth of Slate Kiver, 63 miiis 
 W. of Uichmond. 
 
 NEW CANTON, a post-village of Hawkins co., Tennessee, 
 275 miles E. of Na.sliville. 
 
 NEW CARLISLE, kar-lil', a flourishing post-village of 
 Bethel township, Clarke co., Ohio, is situated in a lieauliful 
 and fertile country, 55 miles W. of Columbus. The village 
 has 4 or 5 churches. Pop. in 1850, 634 ; in 1860, 812. 
 
 N EW CARLISLE, a post-village in St. Joseph co., Indiana, 
 145 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW CARI^ISLE. a seaport-town and port of entry of 
 Canada East, co. of Bonaventura, on the Bay of Clialeurs, 
 lat. 48° 3' N., Ion. 65° 19' W. It is the most import.-nit fi.-h- 
 iiig station on the N. coast of the bay. In 1851, the imports 
 amounted to $53,680. 
 
 NEW CARTHAGE, a post-village of Madison parish, Lou- 
 isiana, on Mississippi River, 240 miles above Baton Rouge. 
 
 NEW CASTINE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, 12 miles 
 S. of Greenville. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, Little, a parish of England, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 NEM'CAS'TLE, a town of Ireland, Munster, co. and 25 
 miles S.W. of Limerick. Pop. in JS51, 2719. It has a neat 
 church, a large Roman Catholic chapid, an Infantry barracks, 
 union workhouse, and a market-house. Adjacent is tlie 
 mansion and demesne of Castle Courtenay, originally built 
 by the Knight.s Templars. 
 
 NEWC.\STLE, a seaport town of Ireland. Ulster, co. of 
 Down, 11 miles S.S.W. of Downpntrick. Pop. in 1851, 879. 
 It is much frequented as a watering-place. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Lim- 
 erick. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a, parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 NE^\■CASTLE, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of AVater- 
 ford. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, Lower, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, Uppkb. a i>aiisli of Ireland, co. of Wicklow. 
 
 NEWCA.STLE or NEWCASTLE-LYONS, a parish of Ii* 
 land, CO. of Dublin. 
 
 NE^\CASTIjE, a borough of New South Wales, East Aus- 
 tralia. CO. of Northumberland, on Port Hunter, 70 miles 
 N.N.E. of Sydney. It has valuable coal-mines, which annu- 
 ally yield large quantities of coal. 
 
 NEW C.\.STLE, nu'kns'sel, the northernmost county of 
 Delaware, bordering on Pennsylvania and Maryland, con- 
 tains about 520 s(iuare miles. The Delaware River and Bj«y 
 form its eastern boundary, soiiaratiug it from New Jersey. 
 It is drained by Hrandywine, Christiana, Redclay, Wliitl>- 
 clay, Appotiiiinniiiiink, Blackbird, and Duck Creeks. The 
 surface is diversifiefl with hill and dale; the soil Is produo- 
 tive and well cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oat:', hay, 
 potatoes, butter, and fruits are the st.iplcs. In 1860. this 
 county produced 1,06().377 bushels of corn; 319,012 of wheat; 
 483.987 of oats: 121,846 of potatoes; 24,417 tons of hay; 
 and 766,803 pounds of butter. The quantities of wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, hay, and butter were the greatest proiluced 
 by any county in the state. The county Is Intersected by 
 the Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, the 
 Frenchtown and New Castle Railroad, and by the Chesa- 
 peake and Delaware Canal. New Castle is the most populous 
 county In the state. Capital, New Castle. Pop. 54,797, of 
 whom 54.543 were free, and 254 slaves. 
 
 NEW CASTLE, a post-township in l.,incoln co., Maine, on 
 the W. side of the Damariscotta River, 25 miles S.E. of Au- 
 gusta. Pop. 1791. 
 
 NEW C.\STLE, a post-township of Rockingham co., New 
 Ilamiifihire, 44 miles S.E. of Concord. It occupies an island 
 comprising 458 acres, situated in Portsmouth Harbor, aud 
 connected with Portsmtmlh by a bridge. Pop. 692. 
 
 N EAV CASTLE, a post-village and township of Westchester 
 CO., New York, on tlie Harlem Railroad, 40 miles N.N.K. of 
 New Y'ork. Pop. of the township, 1817. 
 
 NEW C.\STLE, a post-borougli. capital of Lawrence CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Shenango River, at the mouth of Ne- 
 shaniiock Creek, and on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 44 miles 
 N.N.W. of Pittsburg. The Shenango River unites, abcait 2 
 mile^ below, with the Slaboning, and forms the Beaver 
 River. The Pittsburg and Erie Railroad connects here 
 with the New Castle and Beaver Valley Railroad (both 
 finished). New Castle contains 10 churches, 2 banks, and 3 
 newspaper olBces; also 1 iron furnace, several iron found- 
 ries, nail factories, gl.oss works, flouring.mills, and 2 exten 
 sive rolling-mills. Incorporated in 1825. Pop. in 1850, 1614 ; 
 in 1860, 1882. Tlie population of the borough and suburbs 
 in 1865, is estimated by a corrospoiident at 7000. 
 
 NEW CASTLE, a post-borough and township of Schnyl- 
 kill county, Pennsylvania, 5 miles N.W. of Pottsville, with 
 which it is connected by a railroad. Populatiou of the 
 township, 2.814. 
 
 NEW CASTLE, a post-borough and port of entry, capital 
 of New Castle co., Delaware, on Delaware River, 5 miles S 
 
 1299 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 of VTilminpton and 42 miles N. of T>oTer. Tt is the pustern 
 terniinuf! nf the New Cnslle and Frenchtown liailrnad. It 
 contains a coiirt-lwupe. town-hall, a hank, a puhlic lihrary. 
 j,i.d churches for the Methodist*. Presbj-terians. Kpisco- 
 j lilians. and Roman Catholics. Here is a large manufactory 
 of locomotives and other mnchinerv. .^hippine owned in 
 1854. 4281 tons. Pop. in IH'M. 1202: in 18fiO, U»02. 
 
 NKW CASTLE, a post-villajie. capital of Craig co., Virp- 
 nia, at the fork of Craitc's Creek, 19a miles W. of Kichmond. 
 It contains I or 2 churches, and an academy. Free pop. 225. 
 
 NK\VCASTLK,apo8t-villageof Wilkes CO., North Carolina. 
 
 NEW CAi^TLb:, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennes,«ee. 
 
 NEW CASTLE, a thriving post-villa^'e, capital of Henry 
 CO.. Kentucky. L* situated near Drennou's Creek, 26 miles 
 N.W. of Frankfort, and 4 miles from the Louisville and 
 Frankfort Kailroad. It Is surrounded by a rich farming 
 community. Here is a .seminary for young ladies, haviug 
 Hbout 100 pujiils; also a flourishing male academy, and 4 or 
 5 churches. Pop. 519. 
 
 NEW C.ASTLE, a po-strvillase and town.ship of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio, 71 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 989. 
 
 NEW C.ASTLE, a small villaire of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW C.ISTLE, a village of Kichmond co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW CASTLE, a township of Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. 768. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Henry 
 CO., Indiana, on the Blue River, 42 miles E. by N. of Indian- 
 apolis. It is on the Cincinnati and Cliic;\go Air Line Kail- 
 road, 98 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. It contains 5 churches, 
 1 bank, and 1 newspaper ortice. The Blue River affords 
 an excellent water-power. Another railroad is in progress 
 from this point to ConnersviUe. Pop. in 1850, C06; in 1S65, 
 about 16(X). 
 
 NEW CASTLE, a post-ofRce of Logan co., Illinois. 
 
 NE^V CASTLE, a post-office of Gentry co., Mi.ssouri. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a post-village of Canada West co. of Dur- 
 ham, 25 miles \\'. of Col>ourg, 47 miles from Toronto. It con- 
 tains several mills, and an iron foundry. Bond Head. 1 1 
 miles distant, is the port for Newcastle, and may be looked 
 upon as a part of it. Pop. of Newcastle, 050 ; Bond Head, 200. 
 
 NEWC.VSTLE. a river-port of New Brunswick, oo. of 
 Northuniberlaud, on the left of the Miramichi. about 18 
 miles from its entrance into Miramichi Bay, and 130 miles 
 N.X.E. of St .lohn. 
 
 NEWCASTLE BAY, Australia. N.E. coast, .it the \. end of 
 Cape York Peninsul.i, 12 miles in width and alx)Ut 8 miles 
 in depth inland. Lat 10° 50* S., Ion. 142° 35' E. 
 
 NEWCAS'TLhMN-EM'LYN, a market-town of South 
 ■Wales, CO. of Carmarthen, delightfully situated on the Teify, 
 9 miles E.S.E. of Cardigan. Pop. 1200. It has a union work- 
 house, and ruins of a castle. 
 
 NEWCASTLE (nu-kas's.'l) UPON-TYNE, (anc. Bms ^Slii. 
 afterwards Afonkchefter,) a city and river-port of England, 
 capital of the county of Xorthunil)erland. on the left l^ank 
 of the Tyue, alx)ut 8 miles above its mouth, in the German 
 Ocean ; and on the Newcastle and Carlisle. Newcastle and 
 North Shields, and the York Newcastle and Berwick Kail- 
 wavs, 5-3 miles N.E. of Carlisle, lat. (bridge, N. end) 54° 58' 
 42'' N., Ion. 1° 35' 30" W. It occupies the sides and sum- 
 mits of three accliTities, which rise steeply from the river, 
 extends about 2 miles along its bank, and communicates by 
 an elegant stone bridge, of nine elliptical arches, with the 
 town of Gateshead, which may be regarded as its suburb. 
 It was once surrounde<J by a wall and a deep fosse, the for- 
 mer 8 feet thick and 12 feet high, and flanked by numerous 
 towers. The fos-se has been completely filled, but fragments 
 of the walls and towers are still seen. In the older parts 
 of the town the streets are narrow and winding, and the 
 houses of an irregular, and in many cases very antique 
 appearance; extensive improvements however hi»ve Injcn 
 made here in recent years. In the newer parts of the city 
 many streets and squares, lined with elegant mansions 
 scarcely equalled out of the metropolis, have risen up, while 
 whole suburbs of villas have spread in all directions, espe- 
 cially towards the W. Grey Street, both from Its width 
 and the style of its architecture, is very imposing, and 
 would do honor to any capital. The whole town Is well 
 paved and lighted, but the sewerage continues somewhat 
 imperfect. By an Act. obtained in 1845. the deficiency of 
 good water has been effectually supi>licd: the water being 
 conveyed to the city through a pipe 11 miles in length. 
 
 Among the most remarkable public buildings may be.men- 
 tioned the Church of St. Nicholas, an ancient spacious, and 
 handsome structure, chiefly in the de<-orated English style, 
 ■with a tower, crowned by octasronal turrets, from which four 
 buttresses rise, and terminate in a sm.iU crotched spire, the 
 whole 193 feet high, and almost unequalled for its graceful 
 proportions ; the Church of All Siiints. a handsome Grecian 
 edifice, with a Doric portico, a circular interior, and a tower, 
 terminating in an elegant spire. 202 feet high ; the Church of 
 St. Andrew, a very ancient structure, partly Norman, with 
 a Large but low embattled tower : the Church of St. John, of 
 ancient date and large dimensions, with some interesting 
 monuments: the Church of St Peter, an elegant modern 
 building; the Church of St Thomas, buiit in the early Eng- 
 lish style, with a lofty embattled tower, and graceful mina- 
 1300 
 
 rets; the Roman Catholic Church of St. 5Iary, a magnificent 
 motlern building, in the early English style; and nume^ 
 ous Dissenting chapels; the (Jentral Exchange and News- 
 room, forming a spacious semicircular Ionic building; the 
 Guildhall or original Exchange, the Merchants' Court, the 
 Corn Exchange, the Assembly-rooms, the Court-hou.-e, in 
 which the assizes for the county of Northumberlancl are 
 held, a handsome range of buildings, situated within the 
 precincts of the ancient castle, and erected at an expense of 
 52 000/. ; the Castle itself is one of the finest specimens of cas- 
 tellated Norman architecture in England ; the .lail and House 
 of Correction, completed ou the most improved principles; an 
 elegant theatre, barracks for ItKX) men, &c. Another struc- 
 ture, for which Newcastle has recently biicome celebrated, 
 is the magnificent double bridge erected across the Tyue, 
 partly as a common thoroughfare, and partly for the rail- 
 w.ay, at an expense of 2:>4.45b/. ; and to it may be added the 
 Central Railway Station, one of the most magnificeut build- 
 ings of the kind in the kingdom. 
 
 The njore important literary and other institutions are 
 the Free Grammar School, the Koyal .lubilee, national, 
 infant, and many other schools; the Northern Counties' 
 Institution for the Deaf and Dunili; the School of Maiiciue 
 and Surgery, the lectures of which qualify for the diploma 
 of the I/oniion College of Surgeons, and the license of the 
 Apothecaries" Company ; the Literary and Philosophic^ 
 Society, occupying a handsome Doric building, iu which 
 a museum and library are included; the Natural History 
 and Antiquarian Societies, both with valuable collections; 
 the Botanical and Horticultural Society; the Institution for 
 the promotion of the Fine Arts; the Mechanics' InsMtution; 
 the Infirmary, occupying a large and handsome building, 
 which has just been enlarged at a cost of 8000/. ; the Victo- 
 ria Blind .\sylum, the hospital of St. Mary Magdalene, the 
 Keelman. Jesus", and several other hospitals and charitable 
 endowments. 
 
 The manufactures are very extensive, and possess un- 
 wonted facilities, both from the means of transport and the 
 unlimited supplies of excellent and cheap coal, obtained 
 from the neighlx>ring collieries. Within the city, or iu its 
 imme^liate vicinity, are numerous bl.ast-furnaces, and im- 
 portant malleable and other iron works. Iron gootis, also, 
 including hard*are. and large castings, are made at a great 
 number of exten.sive establishments. The other most im- 
 portant staples are locomotive and other machinery, earthen- 
 ware, glass, chemical products, shi-et and pipe lead, cordage 
 and cables, painters colors, .so.ap. railway and other car- 
 riages, brassware, patent .-hot, bricks and tile.s. I'aper, sail- 
 cloth. Ac. There are, also, large flax and spinning mills; 
 flour. 1x)ne, oil, and saw mills ; and extensive l)uildlng-yard8, 
 at which great numbers of sailing vessels and steamers, loth 
 in wood and iron, are constructed. 
 
 The coasting and export trade, including both the alwve 
 articles of manufacture, and grindstones, salt, and more 
 especially coal and coke, is most important. The following 
 are the quantities shipped coastwise and foreign, for the 
 last four years ending 5th .January, 1853, independent of 
 an immense quantity sent by railway : — 
 
 CoiU 
 
 Coke. 1 
 
 Coastwise, 
 
 Foreign, 
 
 Coastwise. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1850 . 2.127.557 
 
 1851 , -2,252.29^ 
 1K52 . 2,049.846 
 1853 . 2,157,273 
 
 Tons. 
 1850 . 7!H).150 
 l»ul . 1,001,169 
 
 1852 , 1.00S,)<I9 
 
 1853 . 1,051,685 
 
 Tons. 
 1850 . . 15.»22 
 11*51 . . 18,066 
 1S52 . . 17,-66 
 1853 . . 18,581 
 
 Tons. 
 IKO . . 52,5«3 
 l»5l . . 81U07 
 1.^52 . . 85,7«4 
 1S53 . . 79,233 
 
 Of the coals exported to foreign parts, in 1852, the follow- 
 ing ports received above 40<J0 tons each : — 
 
 Aden , . . . 
 
 Alexandria . . 
 
 Algiers . . . 
 Amsterdam 
 
 Barcelona . . 
 
 Boulogne . • 
 
 Bremen . . . 
 
 Brest . . . 
 
 Bordeaux . . 
 
 Caen , . . - 
 Cadii .... 
 
 Calcutta . . . 
 Carthagena 
 
 Ceylon . . . 
 Constantinople 
 
 Copenhagen • 
 
 Cronstadt . . 
 
 Dieppa . . . 
 
 Dort , . . 
 
 Elsinore . . 
 
 Fecamp . . . 
 
 Galatz . . . 
 
 (leu'ia . . . 
 Gothenburg 
 
 Guernsey . . 
 
 Tods. 
 5,(MS 
 12,307 
 6,759 
 6,.s79 
 20,901 
 9.161 
 9,957 
 10..5,<1 
 11.447 
 4,4-29 
 9,tilW 
 6,595 
 4,098 
 5,490 
 23,61,S 
 3t>,Wl 
 46,4.37 
 22,9H4 
 8,248 
 86.052 
 6,321 
 5.637 
 18,095 
 15,633 
 16,316 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Harahurg 107,147 
 
 Hartteur 6,51)1 
 
 Havre . ' 31,793 
 
 Havana t',oi7 
 
 Jersey ...... 11,897 
 
 Lisljou 7,416 
 
 JIalta 4,2.-{7 
 
 Marseilles 16,102 
 
 Messina 4,4.53 
 
 Naples ,..,.. 17,786 
 
 New York 7,425 
 
 Nieuwe Diep .... 4,739 
 
 Odessa 4,135 
 
 Philadelphia .... 5,787 
 
 Quebec 0,172 
 
 Rouen 54,740 
 
 Rotterdam 
 
 Riga . . . 
 
 Schiedam . 
 
 Stockliolm . 
 
 Stettin . . 
 Su'inemunda 
 
 Triest . . 
 
 Toulon . . 
 V<giic« 
 
 27.3*1 
 S,<>"J3 
 
 35,074 
 5,S,i9 
 
 1.S922 
 
 3;i,(W 
 8,l.'i0 
 7.04C 
 
 13,«-.' 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 The more important imports are corn, clover, and other 
 seeds; flax, hemp, oak-bark, fruit, wine, spirits, colonial 
 prcKluce, tallow, hides, tar and pitch, oil, brimstone, bones, 
 biisLlep. ra;;s. timbL'r and cabinet-wood, pig-iron. &c. The 
 value of exports, which, in 1840, was (3S6.925/.. was, in 1848, 
 704.191/.; 1111849,780,390/.; and in 1850, 920,068/. The num- 
 ber of ves.sels belonging to the port, in 185 1, was 938 (179,536 
 tons). In the same year, the number of vessels entered and 
 cleared was 3S17 British, and 3389 foreign. The inland trade 
 is also very important, and has. in recent times, been greatly 
 augmented by the different railways. Steamers ply rogu- 
 liirly to Shields, Lieith, and other places X. and S. of Tyne- 
 miiuth. Besides the regular weekly markets for provisions, 
 there are large corn and cattle markets, and, among the 
 general horse and cattle Clirs, one held in October lasts eight 
 days. 
 
 .Newcastle appears to have derived its ancient name. Pons 
 Jfilii^ from a liridge erected over the Tyne, by the Emperor 
 Adrian. The Kom,iu wall, built by Severus, passed through 
 it, and terminated at Wallsend, about 3 miles E. In after- 
 times it became so famous for its monastic estalilishments, 
 that it took the name of MimJcchester, and was the resort of 
 numerous pilgrims, who came to visit the holy well of Jesus 
 Mount now Jesmond, about 1 mile N.K. It owes its name 
 of Newcastle to a fortress, built by Kobert, eldest son of 
 William the Conqueror. It was first surnmnded by walls 
 in tlie reign of Edward I. During the reign of Ch.arles I., 
 it was surprised and taken by the Scottish army, under 
 Leslie. Among its eminent natives are Duns Scotus. Akon- 
 side the poet. Ilutton the mathematician, the Earl of Eldon, 
 the celebrated Engli.sh Chancellor, and his scarcely less cele- 
 brated brother liaron Stowell, judge of (he admiralty court, 
 Admiral CoUiugwood, and the celebrated wood-engraver 
 Bewick. It returns two members to the House of Com- 
 mons. The lx)rough is divided into eight wards ; and the 
 municipal government is vested in a .Mayor, 14 Aldermen, 
 and 4-J Councillors. I'op. of borough, in 1861, 109 201. 
 
 NE\VCASTLE-U.\DEK-LIME or LYNE.» a parliamentary 
 and municipal borough, town, and parish of England, co. 
 and 15 miles N.N.W. of Stafford, and about 4 miles N.E. of 
 the Whitmore Station of the London' and North-Western 
 Kailway. I'op. of borough in 18C1 12,938. .The houses are 
 mostly ancient, but the streets are paved. It has 2 churches, 
 a very handsome Itomau Catholic chape], a grammar school, 
 founded in the reign of Elizabeth; almshouses, and nume- 
 rous other charities ; a guildhall, market-house, theatre, 
 public library, literary institution, public promenade, union 
 workhouse; extensive manufactures of hats, some silk and 
 cottim factories, and in the vicinity potteries, iron works, 
 and large collieries, A branch canal connects it with the 
 Grand Trunk Navigation. It sends 2 members to the House 
 of Commons. It is a polling place for the county, and gives 
 the title of Duke to the Telham-CIinton family. Of the 
 ca-stle built here by the Earl of Chester, in 1180, and whence 
 the town takes its name, but slight traces remain. Near it 
 is Trentham. the seat of the Duke of Sutherland. 
 
 NEW CEN/TRE, a post-office of York district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 NEW CENTREVILLE, a postoffice of Oswego co., New 
 York. 
 
 NEW CENTREVILLE, a post-offlce of Jennings co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 NEW CIIAMBERSBURG, (chim^ers-burg,) a post-vil- 
 lage of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW CUK.S/TKK, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 30 miles S.S.W. of Uarrisburg. Pop. about 200. 
 
 NKW'CIIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 NEWCilUllCII, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 NEWCHUKCII. a parish of England, Isle of Wight. 
 
 NEWCIIURCII, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 5 miles W. of Colne, with a station on the East Lancashire 
 Railway. 
 
 NEWCIIURCII, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 NEWCIIURCII, a parish of .South Wales, co. and 3^ miles 
 N.W. of Carmarthen, with traces of a Roman encampment. 
 
 NEWCUURCII-IN-ROS/SENDALE, a chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Lancaster. 
 
 NEWCIIURCH-IN-PENDLE, a chapelry of England, co. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 NEAV CHURCH, a po.sf^office of Accomack co., Virginia. 
 
 NEW CriW, a village in Clarkstown town.ship. capital of 
 Rockland co.. New York, .35 miles N. of New York City. 
 
 NEW CtJLUM'BIA, a post-village of Union CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the West Branch of Susquehanna River, 16 miles 
 above Sunbury. 
 
 NEW COLU.M'BUS, a post-village of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 240. 
 
 N E\V'COMB. a township in the W. part of Essex co.. New 
 Toik. Pop. 157. 
 
 • It appears from old records that an ancient forest on the 
 orders of Cheshire was called Lyme or Lime (probably from 
 
 "f«jf.v, a "boundary"): from their pro.ximity to which, a num- 
 ler of places are supposed to have received the addition to their 
 
 .tiuues of ujider lyiite or Ij/iie. 
 
 NEW/COMERSTOWN, a thriving post-Tillage of O.vf.uv 
 township, Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas Rivor 
 and on the Ohio Canal, 85 miles N.E. of Columbus. P. 577 
 
 NEW CON'CORD, a post-village of Callaway co., Kentucky 
 about 10 miles S.E. of Murray. 
 
 NEW COXCOHD, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio 
 15 miles E.N.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 NEW COR'NER, a post-oflice of Delaware co., Indiana. 
 
 NEW COR/WIN, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW COR/YDON, a post-village of Jay co., Indiana, cs 
 the Wabash River, 105 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW CREEK, a iiost-otliceof Ilam|ishireco.,W. Virginia 
 NEW CREEK DEPOT, a po3t-<im(-e of Hampshire co., W 
 Virginia, with a stition on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, 5 miles E. of Piedmont. 
 
 NEVV'-CROSS, a hamlet of England, counties of Kent and 
 Surrey, 3 miles S.E. of London, and having an important 
 sUition on the London and Itrighton Railway. 
 
 NEW CUM/BERLANU, a thriving post-village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River, about 4 
 miles below Uarrisburg. It has a nail fact<jry, and several 
 ilouring-mills. Pop. 394. 
 
 NEW CU.MBERLAND, a post-vill;ige of Hancock co., V^. 
 Virginia, near the Ohio River. The manufacture of flr* 
 bricks is carried on extensively in the vicinity. 
 
 NEW CUMBERL.A.ND, a post-village of Tusear.awas co, 
 Ohio, 110 miles E.N.E. of Columbfis. Pop. aix)ut 2.-,0. 
 
 NEW CUMUKRLAND, a vill.age of Grant co., Indiana, ou 
 the Jlississinewa River, 16 miles S.E. of Marion. It lia. 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 NEW DAN'VILLE, a post-office of Rusk cc, Texas. 
 
 NEW DER/RY, a pos^village of Westmoreland co., Pa., 45 
 miles E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 NEW'DIGATE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 NKW DIG'GINGS, a post-township in Lafayette co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 1689. 
 
 NEW DIGGINGS, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, near Fevre River, 8 miles N.N.E. of Galena, in 
 Illinois. It is situated in the lead region, and many miners 
 are employed in the vicinity. It contains 3 churches, 4 dry- 
 goods stores, 1 smelting furnace, and 1 mill. Pop. in 1800 
 about 400. 
 
 NEW DUB'LIN, a postoffice of Simpson co., Mississippi. 
 
 NEW DUNGE.NESS, (duu'jj^nSss',) a settlement of Jeifer- 
 son Co., Washington territory, on the S. side of the Straits 
 of Juan de I'uea. It is pi-incipally inhabited by coopers, 
 and persons engaged in salmon tishing. 
 
 NEW DUR/HA.M, a post-township in Strafford co., New 
 Hampshire, on the Cocheco Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of Con- 
 cord. I'op. 1173. * 
 
 NEW DURHAM, a thriving po.st-village of Hudson co., 
 New Jersey, 9 miles N.E. of Newark. It has 2 or 3 churches, 
 and about 6u0 Inhabitants. 
 
 NEW DURHAM, a small village of Middlesex co., New 
 Jersey, 34 miles N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 NEW DURH.\.M, a post-township of Laporte co., Indiana, 
 Pop. IS'.is. 
 
 NEW DURHAM, a post-village of Laporte co., Indiana, 12 
 miles S. of .Michigan City. 
 
 NEW ECHU'TA, a small village of Gordon co., Georgia, at 
 the conHuenco of Coosiiwattee and Connasauga Rivers, about 
 80 miles N.W. of Atlanta. It was formerly the capital of 
 the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 NEW ED/E\BOROUGH, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, 
 CO. of Digby, at the entrance of Sisseboo River into St. Ma- 
 ry's Bay, about 125 miles W. of Halifax. The inhabitants 
 are mostly fishermen. 
 
 NE\Y E'tJYl'T, a post-village of Ocean co.. New Jersey, lU 
 miles S.E. of Trenton. It has 2 or 3 stores. Pop. about 000 
 
 NEW'ELL, a post-office of Anderson district, South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 NEW/ENDEN, a parish of England, co. cf Kent 
 
 NEW ENGLAND. See United Sutes. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND, a small village of Cumberland CO., New 
 Jersey, on Cohans<;y Creek, 20 miles S.E. of Salem. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND, a small village of Blount co., Tennessee, 
 S. of Knoxv jlle. It has a water-power and a woollen factory. 
 
 NEW ENGL.4.ND VILLAGE, a post-village in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 40 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 NEW'ENH.\M, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 NEW'ENT, a market>town and pari.sh of England, co. and 
 9 miles N.W. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1850, 1547. 
 
 NEW E'RIN, a po.st-village in Stephen.son co., Illinois, 13a 
 miles W.N.W^ from Chicago. 
 
 NEW FAIR'EIELD. a post-township in Fairfield co., Con- 
 necticut, 04 miles S.AV. from Hartford. Pop. 915. 
 
 N l.W'FANE, a township in Windham co., Vermont, 100 
 miles S. of Mantpelier. Pop. 1192. 
 
 NEWFANE, a post-township of Niagara co.. New York, 
 bordering on IJake Ontario. Pop. 3;3C3. 
 
 NEWFANE, a piist-otfice of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin. 
 
 NEW FARM'INGTON, a post-office of Jackson co.. In 
 diana. 
 
 NEWFIELD, a post-township of York co., Maine, 77 milej 
 S.W. by W. of AugusU. Pop. 1349. 
 
 1301 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 NfWFIEI.i), n poat-townsliip in the S.TT. part of Tomp- 
 kins CO., New icrlc Pop. 3816. It contains a Tillage of 
 the same name. 
 
 NKW FLOK/KN'CE, a small Tillage of 'Westmoreland co- 
 Pen n«Ylvania, on the Central Kailroad and PennsylTania 
 Can>il. about 64 milas K. of Pittsburg. 
 
 NEW FOR'EST, a rojal forest and hundred of England, 
 occupying most part o'f the S.W. portion of the county of 
 Hants, W. of Southampton-water. Circumference of the 
 forest about 50 miles. It is divided into bailiwicks, under 
 foresters, wood- wartls. and rangers, the whole under a lord- 
 warden, who.se foiest-courts are held at Lyndhurst. It 
 abounds in game, red-deer, ho^s, semi-wild horses, and ex- 
 cellent timber, especially Taluable from its proximity to 
 Portsmouth dook'ai-d. 
 
 NEWFOUNDIiAXD,* nu'f^nd-Iand', (L. Te7-'ra K(^ra; 
 Fr. Terre-Xeuve, taiR nUT; Ger. 2\eu-Fowtdland, noV foOnt- 
 \hiV.) a large island of British North America, in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 and nearer to Britain than any other part of America — 
 the distance from the port of St. John to the harlwr of 
 Galway, in Ireland, being only about 166-5 miles. Its N, 
 part is separated from the coast of Labrador by the Strait 
 of Belle Isle, and its S.W. extremity from Cape Breton and 
 Nova Scotia, by the main entrance into the Gulf; hit. 40° 
 37' to 61= 40 N., Ion. 52° 40' to 59° 31' W.; greatest length. 
 N. to S., 350 miles; average breadth 130 miles; area 57 ,000 
 tquare miles. It is extremely irregular in form, with a 
 coast-line, particularly on the S.E. and S., broken in a re- 
 markable manner by broad and deep bays, harbors, coves, 
 inlets, and lagoons. The most remarkable of these inden- 
 tations are Hare, White, and Notre Dame Bays, Hay of Ex- 
 ploits, Bonavista, Tninity, and Conception Ba.ys, on the E. 
 coBvSt ; St. Mary's Bay, Fortune and Placcntia" Bay, on the 
 S. coast, and St. George's Bay, and Bay of Islands, on the 
 ■H'. There are, besides these, lunumernble smaller bays and 
 harbors. Many of these are extensive, commodious, and 
 well sheltered, with numerous rivulets running into them; 
 while most of the harbors have complete anchorages, with 
 cli'ar and good channels. The interior of the island, of 
 which little was known previous to 1823, appears to be 
 rocky, with numerous tr.vts of moss, much intersected by 
 rivers and lakes, and but thinly wooded, except on the 
 banks of the rivers. Great Iwulders, or loose rocks, scattered 
 over the country, iQcrea.«e its general roughness. Hills and 
 Talleys continually succeed each other, the former never 
 rising into mountains, (the highest not exceeding 1500 feet) 
 and the latter rarely expanding into plains. The "Bar- 
 rens"' of Newfoundland are those districts which occupy the 
 BUBimits of the hills, and ridges, and other elevated and 
 exposed tracts. They are covered with a thin and scrubby 
 Tegetation, consisting of berry-bearing plants and dwarf- 
 bushes, of various kinds. Bare patches of gravel and 
 boulders, and crumbling fragments of rock are frequently 
 met with on the " barrens," which are gener,tlly destitute 
 of vegetable soil. The sea-cliffs are. for the most part, bold 
 and lofty, with deep water close to the shore. 
 
 Kivers and lakes are numerous, and some of them of con- 
 siderable A7.6. The largest of the former are Ilumber River 
 and the Kiver Exploits, both ia-suing, like all the other 
 streams in the island, from lakes or ponds in the interior, 
 some of which are of great extent ; the largest, ctilled Grand 
 r-^nd. being from 50 to 60 miles long, and 5 miles broad; 
 while the ne.\t in dimensions, Indian I.ake, is 30 miles long 
 and from 5 to 6 miles broad. Ponds, or small lake.s, are 
 found everywhere over the whole face of the country, not 
 only In the valleys but on the higher lands, and even in 
 the hollows of the summits of the ridges and the very tops 
 of the hills. The surface covered with fresh water has 
 been estimated at one-third of the whole island. The preva- 
 lent formation of Newfoundland is granite, and in .some parta 
 tiorphyry. quartz. gneis.s. mica, and clay slate, with second- 
 ary formations. The minerals of the island comprise coal, 
 gypsum, copper, le.-ui, and it is said iron. Salt springs are 
 reported near the W. coa.st. The whole of the land in and 
 alx)ut the neighborhood of Conception Bay — very probably 
 the whole Island — is ri.sing out of the ocean at a rate which 
 threatens, at no very distant day, materially to affect many 
 of the best harbors on the coast. At Ponte-de-firave. in Con- 
 ception Bay. several large flat rocks, over which schooners 
 might pass some 30 Tt 4(5 years ago with the greatest faci- 
 lity, are now approaching the surface, the water bein<' 
 scRi-cely navigable fcr a skiff. 
 
 The climate, though severe, is healthful; the mortality 
 among the inhabitant being on a lower scale than in anv 
 portion of the BritisI North American colonies-the deaths, 
 accordmg to Uie cen- us return.s, being only 1 in 76— while 
 
 *«wl'L'. ".*""*» '" nniversally pronounced by the inhabiLints 
 Jjith the accent on the lirst and last svllables; when, however, 
 dor "'Inr..?!?" adjective, as in the phrase "a Newfonndland 
 pennltima. The same rule seems to hold with respect to some 
 other name-: : Leghorn and Cashmere, as nouns are usually 
 ^My r the^firsl'^ '^ '^"''"^' '''" " adje«th"«^ aJmo.trva'- 
 1302 
 
 in BO other country is old age attended with gi-eater bodily 
 visror and mental animation. Winter, whic-h consists of it 
 series of storms of wind, rain, and snow, lasts from the-be 
 ginningof December until the middle of April. January and 
 February are the coldest months. Snow does not lie long on 
 the ground, and the frost is less intense than in West Caujida, 
 though the thermometer frequently falls 30 deg»-ees below the 
 freezing point. The summer is short and wai-m. 1 n May. and 
 the beginning of Jnne, dense fogs prevail on '• The iskuks" 
 and neighboring shores; but they do not appear to be in the 
 least prejudicial to health. The principal trees are spruce, 
 birch, larch, willow, and mountain-a.sh. 1 n some pl.aces. where 
 thev have been undisturbed by the axe. trees of a fair girth 
 and height are found, but generally the wood is of small 
 and stunted growth, consisting chiefly of fir trees, of from 
 20 to 30 feet in height, and 3 or 4 inches in diameter. These 
 usually grow so close together that their branches interlace 
 from top to bottom. Recumbent and trailing evergreens are 
 met with iu great variety, and the berry-ljeuiing shrubs 
 clothe every swamp and open tract. European and Amo- 
 rican grasses of various kinds abound, as also red and 
 white clover, and vetches. Agriculture employs a large 
 portion of the inhabitants. The crops generally are abun- 
 dant, particularly potatoes. Grain crops also thrive well, 
 wheat having l>een known to yield 50 bushels per acre: but 
 both climate and soil are more lavorable to pasturage and 
 green crops than to grain. 
 
 The wild auim.ils are the deer, bear, wolf, hare, beaver, 
 marten, dog. wild-cat, rat, and mouse. The pure breed of New- 
 founillaud dog.s so much celebrated for tlieir size, sagwity, 
 and fidelity, is now rareh' to be met with, those generally 
 seen in the island being crosses of every conceivable variety. 
 Birds are numerous, both land and aciuatic. On the coasts, 
 the morse or sea-horse formerly abounded, but has l)een 
 nearly aniiihilatMl. Seals are numerous on the coasts, as 
 are also whale-s. grampuses, and pt>rpoi;;es ; Uie famous Grand 
 Ba-NK of Newfoundland swarms with cod and almost every 
 other variety of fish. These banks form the most extensive 
 submarine elevation on the globe; in their full extent they 
 occupy 0° of longitude and nearly 10° of latitude, and are 
 between 600 and 700 miles in len^rth. with a depth cf water 
 varying from 10 to llX) fathoms, 40 being suppo.sed the mean 
 depth. In Newfoundland the term '•fish' is understood 
 to mean codfish, that being the great stjijile of the island. 
 Every other description of iish is designated by its particular 
 name. This fishery is either prosecuted iu large open ves-el.s, 
 on the Great Bank, or else in boats or shallops, near the 
 coast of the island; the two modes of fishing are respectively 
 designated the "bank fishery" and the ■•shore fi^her}•. ' 
 The shores of Newfonndland abound with cod no less than 
 the lumks, and are preferreil by the'Euglish as fishing 
 ground, being more convenient for curing and drying their 
 fish, and less exposed to fogs, rain, and sleet. The cod 
 fishery opens at the beginning of June, and lasts tiU alxiut 
 the middle of October, and may be said to form the staple 
 occupation of the inhabitants of this colony. 
 
 The herring fishery has been almost wholly neglected, 
 though the shores of Newfoundland swarm with that valu- 
 able fi.-h; and the salmon fi.sliery is not more energetically 
 prosecuted. The seal fishery is next in importance to th« 
 cod fishery. Iu 1845, 12C vessels, tons 11,863, were fitted out 
 at the port of St. John alone, for this busines^s. These wer< 
 manneil by 3805 men. who took 302J303 seals. 
 
 The following exhibits the quantity and value of the staplf 
 articles of produce exported fix)m Newfoundland iu the years 
 1849 and ISoO. 
 
 ~ ^1 
 
 Dried Fish, quintals 
 Oil. gallons . . . 
 Seal Skins, number 
 Salmon, tierces . 
 Herrings, barrels . 
 
 Quantity, i Value. 
 
 l,17o.lfi7 
 
 2,2s->,4!i6 
 
 S06.072 
 
 5.911 
 
 11,4T1 
 
 S2.S-25.89-l 
 
 1,0>5,961 
 
 lO-'.l-M 
 
 51,»]3 
 
 I 27,3-20 
 
 Quantity. Value. 
 
 l,0>i(.lS-2 
 
 ^,636.800 
 
 440,8-28 
 
 4.800 
 
 la,i66 
 
 $".658,251 
 l,4b;,654 
 31S.4S0 ' 
 44.1«0 
 46.93!) I 
 
 The total value of the imports and exports of Newfound- 
 land, in the years 1849, 1850, and 1851, was as follows : — 
 
 Import! 
 Kxport* 
 
 83.700,912 |i4,lfi3.116 S4,fi09.291 $3.S,il,4B8 
 4,-207,521 4,ti83,ti96 4,270,876 4,30t>.3i6 
 
 I 
 
 Of the whole population of the island. (101,600.) all but 
 about aXiO arc fishcrmeu aud fishing servants or laborer.?, 
 incln<ling a limited number dependent upon agr'cultural 
 pursuits. In 1845 the number of fishing boats, &c., was as 
 follows : 
 
 Boats from 4 to 15 quintals «./! 
 
 15 " 30 
 
 :o25 
 
 upwards .... 972 
 
 Kumber of cod seines 879 
 
 " " sealing nets 4588 
 
 — y 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 The T.ilue of the annual produce of the colony of New- 
 fouudlaiid has thus been stated on an average of -t years, 
 ending in 1849, by the Hrilish (.olouial authorities: — ■ 
 
 949,1f>9 quiatals of fish exported . . . . $i 
 
 4010 tierces of salmon 
 
 14.475 barrels of lierriugs 
 
 508,446 seal skins 
 
 6J00 tons of seal oil . . . . ' 
 
 3990 " •' cod oil 
 
 Fuel and skins 
 
 Bait annually sold to the Prencd .... 
 Value of agricultural produce 1 
 
 Game — venison, partridges, and wild fowl 
 Timber, boards, house-slutl', staves, hoops, &c. 
 FisU, fresh, of all kinds used by the iuhubitants 
 
 Fish, s.alted 
 
 Oil consumed by the inhabitants . . 
 
 ,610,000 
 
 60,500 
 
 42,500 
 
 254,000 
 
 850,000 
 
 525,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 59,750 
 
 ,011,770 
 
 300,000 
 
 40.000. 
 
 250,000 
 
 1-25,000 
 
 175,000 
 
 42,500 
 
 Total $6,352,020 
 
 The average value of property engaged in the fisheries 
 during the same period is thus stated : — 
 
 .141 vessels engaged in the seal fishery $1,023,000 
 
 81' " " " coasting and cod fishery 80,000 
 
 lO.OSg boats '• " cod tishery 7.56.675 
 
 Stages, hsh-houses, and flakes l25,0tXI 
 
 45«B nets of all descriptions 6S,,500 
 
 879 cod seines 110,000 
 
 VaU for making seal oil 250,000 
 
 Fishing implements and casks for liver .... 150,000 
 
 Total $2,563,175 
 
 The sf'al fishery in 1852 employed 367 vessels, of an aggre- 
 gate burden of 35,700 tons, manued by about 13.000 men. 
 The whole number of seals taken was about 550.000. Dur- 
 ing the vear, 7333 tons and 220 gallons of seal oil, (valued 
 at Sl^lfS-oOO,) 387 tons and 237 gallons of blubber and 
 dregs, and 534.378 seal skins were exported, the whole 
 valued at $2,085,100. 
 
 Tlie aboriginal inhabitants of Newfoundland, supposed 
 not to be numerous, are remarkably shy of intercourse, 
 confining themselves wholly to the interior of the island, 
 with which settlers have little or no communication. A large 
 proportion of the settlers are natives of Ireland, and of the 
 islands of Guern.sey and Jersey, and their descendants; but 
 many are also from other parts of the United liingdom. 
 The jKJople have retained the habits of their old country 
 to a greater degree tlian in other North American wttle- 
 ments. 
 
 The government of Newfoundland is administered, under 
 a constitution granted in 1832. by a governor, an executive 
 council consisting of 9 members, who also compose tlie le- 
 gislative council, and a house of assembly consisting of 15 
 representatives. Justice is dispensed by a chief justice and 
 an assistant judge ; and the police is under the management 
 of one chief and two junior magistrates. The most perfect 
 toleration is here extended towards all religious sects. The 
 Roman Catholics are the most numerous, amounting to 
 46,785 persons; the Church of England next, 34,281; and 
 the Wesleyans, third, 14,239. The educational institutions 
 consist of a m.ale orphan a-sylum, with 470 children ; 6 gram- 
 mar schools and academies, under the control of the local 
 government; 40 sohools established by the " Newfuundland 
 and British North American School Society," on the Madras 
 system, with 2784 male and female pupils in 1848; 8 
 schools under the AV^esleyan Methcxlists; and a convent 
 school, with 400 female children. Klementary schools have, 
 besides, been established in every district in the island by 
 the local legislature. 
 
 Newfoundland is supposed to have been discovered by the 
 Norwegians, or Northmen, about the year 10(X); it was re- 
 discovered by John Cabot on the 24th June, 1497 ; a settle- 
 ment was subsequently formed here by some Portuguese 
 adventurers, who were in turn expelled by Sir Francis 
 Drake, in the reign of Elizabeth. After this period, nume- 
 rous English colonies were estahlLshed from time to time 
 along the E. coast, and several French along the S., in the 
 Bay of Placentia. Hut. in 1713, Newfoundland and its de- 
 pendencies were declared, by the treaty of Utrecht, to belong 
 wholly to Great Britain ; the French re.«erving a right to fish 
 on certain parts of the coast. The only note-worthy town 
 on the island is St. John's, the capital. Pop. in 1845, 96.295; 
 in 1851. 101.600. 
 
 NEWFilUND'L AND, a post-office of Morris co.. New Jersey. 
 
 NEW FK.VNK'EN, a post-office of Brown co., Wiscon.sin. 
 
 NEW FKANK'FOUT. a post-village in Scott co., Indiana, 
 B5 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW FRANK/LIN, a villiige of Franklin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 4 miles S.E. of Chambersburg. i>. in 1853, about 200. 
 
 NEW FRANKLIN, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 60 
 miles S.S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 NEW FRANKMN. a post-office of Wayne CO., Illinois. 
 
 NEW FItKE/DOM. a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW FREEPORT. a post-office ofGreene CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW GALLOWAY, Scotland. See G.u.low.^t. (New.) 
 
 NEW GAR'DKN, a post-township in the S.part of Chester 
 CO , Peausylvanla. Pop. 1540. 
 
 NEW GARDEN, a post office of Russell co., /irgmift. 
 NEW GARDEN, a post-village of Guilfor'' M., North Ca- 
 rolina. 98 miles W. by N. of iJaleigh. 
 
 NEW GARDEN, a post-village of Columbiana CO., Ohio. 
 145 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 2LrJ- 
 
 NEW GARDEN, a post-township in Wayne c>)., _3Qiacit 
 Pop. 1370. 
 NEW GARDEN, a post-village in Wayne co., Indiana. 
 NEW GAS'CONY, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Arkansas. 
 NEW GENliyVA, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl 
 vania, on the Monongahela Hiver, 195 miles ^\'. by S. ot 
 Harrisburg. It has a manufactory of glass, and several 
 stores. 
 
 NEW GER'MANTOWN, a post-village in Tewksbury town- 
 ship. Hunterdon CO., New Jersey. 35 miles N. of Trenton, 
 contains 2 cliurches, sevciral stores, and about 70 houses. 
 
 NEW GEi>RGI.\. nu jor'je-a, is a name applied to thfc 
 coast-line of North America, oii the Pacific, conipri,-ing A'an- 
 couver Island and the adjacent mainland, with the Oregon 
 territorv. as far S. as the river Columbia. 
 
 new" GEItMANTi>WN, a post-village of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 45 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 NEW GEIIM.A.NTOVVN, a village of Boone co., Indiana. 
 
 on the railroad from Indianapolis to Lafayette, 19 miles 
 
 N.W. of tlie former. 
 
 NEW GER.MANY, a postroffice of Franklin co.. Mis.«ouri. 
 
 NEW GI lyi'iAD, a post-village in Moore co.. North Carolina 
 
 NEW GL.VRUS. a post-village and township of Greeu co., 
 
 Wisconsin, 15 miles N. of Monroe. It has 1 church, and 
 
 about 25 dwellings. I'op. 960. 
 
 HEW GLAS'GOW, a small post-village of Amherst co., 
 Virginia, 119 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 N J•:^V G LAS'GO^V, a post-village of Canada East. co. of Two 
 Mountains, 30 miles N.N.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 1400. 
 NKW GLOIJCKSTER, glos'ter, a post-township in Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Rail- 
 road, 38 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 16.54. 
 
 NEW GO'SIIEN, a post-nfflce of A'igo Co., Indiana. 
 NEW GO'SIIENUOP/PEN, a village of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Perkiomen Creek, about 21 miles N.N.W. 
 of Norristown. 
 NKW GOTTINGEN, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 NKW GR-EF'ENBERG, a post-office of Herkimer co., New 
 York. 
 
 NEW GRAN.\D.4, nu grd-nd'dd, (Sp. Nmra Granada, nw.V- 
 vd grd-nd'di; Fr. jVnuvelle. Grenadi'., nooVJil' gr^'h-ndd'; Ger. 
 A'eu-Granada. noi-grd-ud'dd; L. CastW Ui Auf rea) an independ- 
 ent reimblic of South .Vmerica, formerly a viceroyalty under 
 the Spanisli crown, but subsequently part of the Republic of 
 Colombia, the middle and W. provinces of whiih it now em- 
 braces. It has the Caribbean Sea, with the Gulfs of Santa 
 Martha and Darien, on the N., and on the W. the Pat ific < Icean, 
 with the liays of I'anama and Choco. Between the two seas, 
 on the N.W., it is bounded by Costa Rica; A enezuela and Brazil 
 confine it on the E. and S.E., and the Republic of lOcusulor on 
 the S. It extends from the equator to 12° 20' N. lat.. and from 
 m° 10' to 82° 45' W. Ion.; greatest length from N. to ,'<., 845 
 miles: greate.st breadth measured on a parallel of latitude, 
 675 mill's; estimated area, 480,000 miles.* 
 
 Face of the, Gnuntry, Mnuntains, &c. — This country is the 
 most ecjually diversified in soil and climate of all the South 
 American States. Neither plaiu nor mountain can be said 
 to preilominate; the seii-coasts are ample and commodiou.s, 
 and. owing to the wide ramifications of the Andes, there is 
 a great extent of country at an elevation of from 5000 to 
 10.000 feet, which, in such a latitude, is most favorable to 
 industry and the progress of civilization. Yet the insa^ 
 lubrity of tlie zone surrounding this favored region, the 
 comparative inacce.ssibility of the temperate valleys, and the 
 great difficulties which the first efforts of industry have to 
 encounter ia a country where every natural feature is on u 
 vast scale, liave hitiierto counterbalanced its apparent 
 advantages, and prevented the development of its varied 
 ! and abundant resources. 
 
 ; A little N. of the town of I'asto, on the borders of Ecuador, 
 (lat. 1° 2t)' N.,) the ridge of the Andes separates into two 
 branches, the western of which, running parallel to tlie sea- 
 shore, is called La Cordillera de la Costa ; the other, on the E., 
 contains several paramos or high plains, and the sources of 
 the rivers Putumayo and Japura, which join the Marailon ; 
 the further N., from the paramo.s of Las Papas and Socf>boni, 
 spring the great rivers Cauca and M.^gd.alena. Hewing N. 
 Here, in lat. 1° 60' N.. the East Cordillera again divides, and 
 forms two chidns nearly parsillel, between whicli extends 
 the broad valley of the Magdaleiia. The most E, of these 
 chain.s, stretching along the right bank of the Magdalena 
 to the sierra Nevada of Merida. is called the East Cordillera 
 of Cundinamarca; the Central Cordillera separates the 
 valleys of the Magdalena and the Cauca, whi:e the West 
 Cordillera divides the valley of the Cauca from the metalli- 
 
 * This is only an appro.\imate, as the boundary is very indefi- 
 nitely settled, especially on the side towards Central .\mericii, 
 I the government of New Grenada claiming the whole of the Mos- 
 I quite Coast to Cape Gracias-a-Dios. 
 
 1303 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 for(>as districts of Choco. The first of these mountain chains 
 b by Koine called the Cordillera de la Suma Paz, from the 
 colossal group of this name near Santa Fe de Bogota; the 
 second is often called the Quindiu Chain, while the third 
 takos tlie name of Choco. So long as the middle chain rises 
 to the height of perpetual snow, the Kast Cordillera never 
 exceetls an elevation of 13,000 feet; but, at the point (lat. 
 5° 6' N.) where the West Xevados cease, it becomes col- 
 lectively the loftiest of the three chains, except the I'eak 
 of Tolima, (lat. i° •16' X.), which belongs to the Middle 
 or Quindiu Chain, and is the loftiest summit of the Andes 
 in New Granada, reaching the absolute height of 18,270 
 feet The Sierra Nevada of Santa Murto, extending along 
 the coast between the Cordilleras of Cundinamarca and 
 Quindiu, is not considered as belonging to the Andes. It 
 rises abruptly about 30 miles from^ the sea-shore, from the 
 level plains which extend between the Gulf of Darien and 
 the Sea of Maracaybo, to the height of at least 19,000 feet 
 These mouutains all present serious obstacles to internal 
 communication. The Choco or maritime chain, though com- 
 paratively low, have but few and difficult passes. The 
 roads from Santa Fe de Bogota to Popayan, by the passes of 
 Guanacas and Quindiu, are dangerous from their height and 
 liability to snow-storms. The province of Antioquia, rich in 
 mineral treasures, is hardly accessible without the aid of 
 native carriers. 
 
 Valleys. — A;tcrnating with the mountain chains here 
 described, are plains and valleys, all luxu'riant, but varying 
 much in character according to circumstances. The W. 
 coasts, and the isthmus generally, are covered with im- 
 penetrable forests, and are but imperfectly known. The 
 continual lieavy rains, and noxious climate, discourage 
 European settlors. Hence no advantage lias been taken of 
 the circumstance that the Atrato. which fall.s into the Gulf 
 of Darien, rises in a swampy plain, often iuundateil, where 
 its waters mingle with those of the San Juan, which flows 
 into the Pacific Ocean. By mc^ns of a canal, cut in the 
 ravine of Raspadura,. between the two rivers, under the 
 direction of an active-minded monk, the navigation between 
 the two seas has been practicable here for boat.s, at all 
 seasons, since 1788. On the E. .side of New Granada, the 
 plains or llanos, extending to the Orinoco, are alternately 
 Bwamps or hard and sun-burnt deserts. The intervening 
 valleys of the Cauca and JIagdalena have a middle character 
 between those of the W. coast and the llanos, growing con- 
 tinually more equable, humid, and insalubrious towards 
 the \V. and N. 
 
 Minerals. — The mineral wealth of New Grana<la is various 
 and abundant though, as yet, imperfectly explored. Fine 
 coal occurs on the plain of Bogota, 8000 feet above the sea. 
 Platina is found in Choco, but only on the W. side of the 
 Cordillera ; wliereas gold is collected both on the E. and W. 
 sides, in Antioquia, and the valley of the Cauca. The annual 
 produce is worth about half a million sterling. It is said 
 that rich veins of silver ore exist at Marquetones, and else- 
 where in New Granatla ; but the mines are not worked. 
 There was formerly a pearl fishery at Kio de la Ilacha. The 
 chief emerald-mines are situate iu the valley of Tunja, near 
 Bogota, in strata of argillaceous schist. Small diamonds are 
 found with the gold of .\ntioquia ; and in the same district 
 the sulphate of mercury is abundant. Tliese productions 
 are either wholly neglected, or very indolently sought after. 
 The civil wars exhausted all the capital of the country, and 
 left the business of mining to the poor and ignorant. 
 
 Jiivers and Lakes. — The chief rivers of New Granada are 
 the Magdalena and the Cauca, both of which rise in the 
 Cordillera, iu lat. 2° X., pursue a nearly parallel course till 
 they unite in lat. 9°, reaching the Caribbean Sea through 
 many mouths, iu lat. 11°. The Magdalena, which has a 
 course of about 900 miles, is navigable in flat-bottouied 
 boats, up to Honda, in lat 5° N. The Cauca, though a great 
 rirer, descends with the impetuosity of a mountain torrent, 
 its valley lieing generally 1500 or 2000 feet above that of the 
 Slagdalena. The numerous streams which flow from the 
 West Cordillera into the I'acific Ocean, are unimportant. 
 The East Cordillera sends the Guaviare, Vichada. and Meta 
 to the Orinoco, whiie the Uaupe and Rio Negro flow into the 
 MaraSon. The Funza or river of Bogota, which flows by 
 the capital, is famed for its cataract at Tequendama, wliere 
 it fJiUs at once from the region of oaks, willows, and wheat, 
 to that of palms and sugar-cane. It is supposed that the 
 
 Cin of Bogota, 8600 feet al)ove the sea, was formerly the 
 I of a lake, and was drained by the opening of the chasm 
 —the work perhaps of an earthquake— through which the 
 river now descends. Small lakes are numerous throughout 
 the Cordilleras. Into one of these, the Ijike of Gnatavita, 
 not far from Santa Fe, the Indians flung all their treasures 
 when aliout to abandon the country to the conquerors. The 
 attempts made to drain it have not. we believe, succeeded ; 
 but many curious and valuable articles have been, at 
 different times, drawn from its depths. 
 
 CT(Hi«te.— The climate of New Granada presents the most 
 remarkable contrasts. At Honda, nearly lUOO feet above sea- 
 level, so intense Is the heat that the hand cannot be held on 
 a stona exposed to the sun's rays, and eveu the waters of the 
 1304 
 
 Magdalena are lukewarm. At Mompox. near the head of the 
 delta of the Magdalena. the sea-breeze ceases, ai;d the re- 
 mainder of the •yoyuge up to Honda. 3o0 miles, is made under 
 the most oppressive atmosphere conceivable, and through 
 myriads of mosquitoes, aud other stinging insects, the attacks 
 of which allow no respite; the banks, at the same time, 
 being guarded by caymans or alligators, jaguars, venomouii 
 snakes, and hoas. The water of the Magdalena is said to be 
 productive of goitre, with which the inhabitants or Mompox 
 are afflicted. Among the scanty population of the valley, 
 higher up towards Honda, malignant ulcers are frequent. 
 The yellow fever is endemic at Cartagena, and on the W. 
 coasts. But in the elevated country, tlie air is perfectly sa- 
 lubrious, and the temperature (from 56° to 70° Fahrenheit) 
 seems that of perpetu.al spring. Here the rains in the wet 
 season darken the sky only fur a few houi-s daily in the after- 
 noon. At Mompox, the day is always cloudy, the night clear. 
 The summits of the Cordilleras are often shrouded in mists; 
 torrents of rain fall unceasingly in the forests of Darien; 
 the Gulf of Choco is perpetually vexed with violent storms; 
 but these excesses of the elements are all unknown iu the 
 middle regions or Templadas, aud, excepting the earth- 
 quakes, which have left here, as elsewhere in the Andes, 
 deep traces of their destructive visitations, there is nothing 
 which detracts from the general benignity of nature. Even 
 up to the limits of perpetual congelation the climate con- 
 tinues healthy, though it may cease to be agrei-able. 
 
 Zofilngy. — To the stranger ascending the Magilalena. the 
 alligators seem entitled, by their numbers and frnmidable 
 appearance, to be' considered as the true possessors of the 
 country, though the flies levy the heaviest tribute on the 
 new comer; pumas, jaguars, and several smaller species of 
 the feline tribe, occasionally show themstdves in the forests; 
 but they are few iu comparison with the pl.igues of tho 
 river. These, however, cease to annoy at an elevation of a 
 few thousand feet, while the woods are still densely peopled 
 with monkeys, of which the New World has many species, 
 all peculiar to it; in general less strong, fierce, aud mis- 
 chievous than those of Africa and Asia. At the height of 
 3000 teet, where the boa constrictor and crocodile cease, the 
 tapir, the largest wild quadruped of the country, makes its 
 appearance. The sloth, armadillo, ant-eater (a bear), and 
 Ciivy. inhabit the lowland forests; deer of different species 
 are distributed at all heights; bears and marmots approach 
 the limits of perpetual suow. The condor soars above tlie 
 snowy heights; while countless varieties of the feathered 
 tribes animate the woods below. The tropiale. {Oriolus,) the 
 nightingale of these countries, de.serves esj>ecial notice. 
 
 lioUiny. — The remarkable equability of the climate iu this 
 part of the world, where the seasons differ little from each 
 other, seems unfavorable to the multiplication of vegetable 
 species. Each kind seizes on some locality or region, wherein 
 it predominates, to the almost total exclu.sion of other.s. Ou 
 the plains of Bogota, in the region of perpetual spring, 
 though vegetation is most luxuriant, the s^iecies are not 
 numerous. Yet the woods, imperfectly expU)rBd. teem with 
 valuable productions. The wax palm, 200 feet high, clotheg 
 the sides of Tolima to an elevation of 8000 feet. The forest* 
 of Pop,iyan yield china or cinch(ma (tho cascarilla or Jesuit's 
 bark of commerce) in abundance. Rice, cotton, tobacco, 
 cocoa, sugar-cane, with all tropical fruits, are among the pro- 
 ductions of the coast; while the elevated plains yield maze, 
 wheat, and all the fruits of Europe. With nature so bounti- 
 ful, the wants of the population so few, and the demands of 
 commerce very moderate, the cultivation of the soil \a 
 carried on, as might be expected, very remissly, and the 
 reclaimed land bears but a small pro|iortion to the whole. 
 
 Agriculture, Manufactures, <tc. — The industry of New. 
 Granada amounts to little. In the llanos, towards the 
 Orinoco, the people are o<>cupied wholly with the rearing of 
 cattle and horses. The Llaneros are mostlj' Crer.les. Agri- 
 culture is chiefly in the hands of the converted Indians, who 
 evince a decided predilection for these tranquil labors. 
 Manufactures can hardly be said to exist in the state. 
 Straw hats, carpets, and some other articles, are indeed 
 made in Bogota, and the other chief towns; but in no 
 case does the native industry satisfy the demand of the 
 country, and nearly all the manufactured articles in use are 
 imported. The principal porfs are Santa Marta, Cartagena, 
 Rio Hacha, Porto Bello. Chagres, and .\s]iinwall, on the 
 Caribbean Sea; and Buenaventura and Panama, on the 
 Pacific Ocean. The only railroad yet constructc"! is the 
 I'anama Railroad, about 50 miles in length, extending acro»«i 
 the isthmus from Aspiuwall to Panama; opeued February 
 17th. 1855. 
 
 G<n-ernment, Heligion. Ac. — When New Granada became, 
 on the dissolution of the Colombian Republic, in 1832, an 
 independent state, it retiined the form of government which 
 had been devised for the latter, and whieli was a clf-se copy 
 of the constitution of the United Stites of North .\me'-icu. 
 It has a president, senate, ana congress of represenUti^es, 
 all elected, and admits no hereditary rank or oftice. AJ1 
 races and colors are politirally c>qual, but the influentH) of 
 the white men still predominates. Slavery hi».s cea'wri 
 entirely in the state ; and care has been takea, so far as it 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 lieg within the power of le^rislation, to secure the equal 
 lights and liberty of all. Tlie freedom of tlie press, the 
 iuviolaWlity of the private dwelling, trial bj- jury, and 
 religious toleration, are all established by law. The religion 
 of the state is the Roman Catholic ; but the Pope's supremacy 
 is denied, and, in New Granada, the head of the church is 
 the Archbishop of Bogota. The constitution provides for 
 the support of public schools ; the Lancasterian system is 
 generally adopted. There are two colleges in Itogota and a 
 public library. Among the ornaments of the churches of 
 ISogota, not the least remarkable are the paintings by 
 Basques, a native artist, who studied in Italy, in the begin- 
 ning of the last century, and attained a hiijh degree of 
 excellence. The legislature meets at Santi* Fe de Bogota. 
 
 Divisutns, Populatinn, &c. — New Granada is divide<.l into 
 7 departments and 2 territories, subdivided into 36 provinces. 
 The names and population of the departments and terri- 
 tories, according to statistical information for 1853, is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Departments. Whites. 
 
 Indians. Negroes. 
 
 Mizea 
 raoes. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Isthrao . . 
 Cauca . . . 
 Antioqui.1 . 
 Cuudiuamarca 
 Boyaca . . 
 Ouaneta . . 
 Magdalona . 
 Goajlra, ter. of 
 Mooua " " 
 
 14,000 
 49,000 
 ,50,000 
 137,790 
 102.210 
 67,000 
 30,000 
 
 14.000 
 25,000 
 12,IW0 
 137,290 
 105,710 
 20,400 
 19,360 
 20,0(K) 
 67,000 
 
 3,.500 
 .3S,000 
 1.5.«(K) 
 
 6,100 
 740 
 
 3,500 
 13,500 
 
 ~""'gq 
 
 112,608 
 164,249 
 ]44,4.-57 
 2*4,775 
 215,-x.O 
 90,900 
 190,421 
 
 144,108 
 276,249 
 292,(«7 
 5<)4,9.t5 
 424,210 
 319,974 
 253,521 
 20,000 
 68,010 
 
 3 
 
 937 
 
 505,003 
 
 421,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 1,412,051 
 
 2,363,054 
 
 Of the Indians, 301,000 were set down as civilized, and 
 120,000 savage ; and of the mixed races .30,05-t were quad- 
 roons, 998,997 mestizoes, 2S3,000 mulattoes, and 100,000 
 zamboes. The total population in 1825 was 1,228.259, in 
 1835, 1,686,038, and in 1853, as seen above, 2,363,054. At 
 Cartagena, and other places on the coast of New Granada, 
 tlie white population generally exhibit the effects of the 
 pestilent climate, in complexion and in want of energy. 
 Their teetli decay at an early age. On the plains of 
 Bogota, on the other hand, the ladies are famed for their 
 fine complexion. In the city of Bogota the better class 
 dress in the French fashion ; the ladies, however, go bare- 
 foot in the house, and the gentlemen often wear, for morn- 
 ing dress, a great cloth oloak,-which hides their deshabille. 
 But, from the capital down to the sea-coast, the dress and 
 domestic habits vary much, according to local situation and 
 class of life. Tlie Llanero is full dressed in light drawers 
 and shirt, wide straw hat, and sandals of bark. lie rides 
 without a saddle, and lives on beef, tiiking the wild bullocks 
 with the lasso. Jted pantaloons, great boots, and spurs, 
 with enormous rowels, a broad-brimmed hat, and ample 
 mantle, distinguish the high-bred cavallero. At Cartagena 
 and Morapux the day is u.«ually spent in the hammock, the 
 night in the open air. The inhabitants of the highlands 
 incline to the imitation of European manners. In one 
 respect all are alike ; the love of gaining is universal, and 
 cock fighting, in particular, is the favorite sport of all classes. 
 
 History.— \ew Granada was discovered i)y Alonzo de 
 Ojeda, who sailed along the N. coast of South America in 
 1499, and in a subsequent voyage to the Gulf of Darieu. 
 This country was at first included by the Spanish con- 
 querors under the general name of Tierra Firnie. which 
 is applied at the present day only to the K. part of the coast 
 of Venezuela. I\ing Ferdinand named it Castilla d' Oro, 
 (the Golden Castile,) a title which gave place to that of the 
 New Kingdom of (iranada; but the vioeroyalty includei), 
 besides the territories of the present republic, the kingdom 
 of Quito also, which now forms the Republic of Ecuador. 
 The first settlement was made in 1510, at Santa Maria la 
 Antiqua, on the Gulf of Darien. It was not till near the 
 middle of the 16ih century, that the interior was conquered 
 by Benalcazar and Ximenes de Quesneda, who founded the 
 town of Santa Fe de Bogota, in 1 545. The country continued 
 subject to Spain till 1811, when it became independent. In 
 1819 New (iranada and Venezuela, being united into one 
 republic, adopted a constitution at the Congress of Rosario 
 de Cucuta, in 1821, and received into the union (iuito and 
 Panama, in 1823. This union was dissolved in 1831, and 
 the republic of Colombia divided into the three republics of 
 V^enezuela. New Granada, and Quito or Ecuador. 
 _ NEW GRANADA, (or NEW GRENADA.) a post-village 
 '2 Fulton CO., Pennsylvania, on Sideling Hill Creek, about 
 ol miles W. of Harrisburg. It h.as a fine water-power. 
 
 NEW GI!,.'\^NAD.\. a post-office of Greene co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 NEW (jRET'X A, a post-oflice of Burlington co.. New Jersey. 
 
 NEW GUIL'FDRD. a post-village of Franklin co., Ponn- 
 sylvauia. 143 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has about 100 
 inhabitiints. 
 
 NEW GUIh'FORD, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 N E W G UINEA, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See Papua. 
 
 NEW HACK'ENSACK, a post-office of Dutchess co., Now 
 York. 
 
 NEW HAGERSTOWN, Ohio. See IlAOERSTowif. 
 
 NEW'HALL. a township of England, eo. of Chester. 
 
 NEW IIAM/BUUG, a post^village of Dutchess co., Ne.v 
 York, on the Hudson River Railroad, near the mouth of 
 Wappinger's Creek, 66 miles N. of New York. 
 
 N ji W II AM BURG, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE, (hamp'shir,) one of the New England 
 States, and one of the original members of the American 
 Confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Canada East. E. by 
 Maine and the Atlantic, S. by Massachusetts, and \\'. t)y 
 Vermont, from which it is separated by the Connecticut 
 River. It lies between 42° 40' and 45° 25' N. lat., and 70° 
 40' and 72° 35' W. Ion., being nearly triangular in shape, 
 having its base on the S., where it is about 90 uiiUs in 
 breadth, from whence it gradually tapers to the N.. with an 
 average breadth of about 45 miles; il-s extreme length from 
 N. to S. is near 185 miles, and its area 9280 square miles, oi 
 6,939.300 acres, of which 2,367 ,(»;>4 only were improved in 1860 
 
 Face of Oie Ctmntry. — New IJampshire, with one exception, 
 contains the most elevated land E. of the Mississippi ; Mount 
 Washington, the higliejit peak of the White Mountains, rises 
 6226 feet above the level of the sea. The White Mountains 
 proper extend only from 14 to 20 miles; but isolated and 
 detached groups of the chain extend from the N. of New 
 Hampshire even into Connecticut. The \\ hite Mountains, 
 wliich on account of their sublimity and grandmir, have 
 given to this region the cognomen of the " Switzerland of 
 America," lie in Coos county, N.E. from the centre of the 
 state. There are several peaks in this group, viz., Mount 
 JetVerson, 5657 feet; Mount Adams, 5759 feet; and Mount 
 Madison, 5415 feet, N.E. of Mount Wa.shington; and Mount 
 Monroe, 5349 feet; Mount Franklin, 4850 feet; and Mount 
 Pleasant, 4712 feet; besides several neighboring peaks little 
 inferior In altitude. In another group, 20 miles S.W. of 
 Mount Washington, is Mount Lafayette, about 5500 feet 
 high, the .second in point of interest in the White Mountain 
 range. The whole state may be said to be mountainous, 
 hilly, and broken, with the exception of a small portion in 
 the S.E., which extends from 20 to 80 miles from the sea, 
 and is either level or gently undulating. Of the mountains 
 outlying from the great central nucleus, there are the Blue 
 Hills, ill the S.E., 1151 feet above the sea; Chocorua. in Car- 
 roll county, 3358 feet; Carrs, in Grafton county. 1381 feet; 
 Kearsarge, in Hillsborough county, 3067 feet; Moiiadnock, 
 in Cheshire county, 3718 feet; Andover, in Merrimaclt 
 county, 2000 feet; Pcquaquet, 3367 feet; and Moosehillock, 
 4636 feet. 
 
 GeiHiigy. — The mountainous portions of New Hampshire 
 are mostly cfmiposed of granite and mica slate ro<:ks. Gra- 
 nite predominates in the White Mountains jiroper, and mica 
 slate ill the southern mountains, particularly in the (ireat 
 Mouadnock and the neigliboring summit.'. According to 
 Gomlrich, "Porphyritic granite occurs abo in boulder, and 
 in rolled masses E. of the southern ridge. A beautiful fine- 
 grained granite; is found in many places, as at Concord. Ros- 
 ea wen, and Ilopkinton. and affords admirable building-stone. 
 East of this great ridge, mica slate, gneiss, and greenstone 
 occur. In passing from Oncord ea-«terly to Portsmouth, the 
 following succession of rocks may be observed : granite, 4 
 miles; gneiss, 11 miles; mica slate, 14 miles; granite 15 
 miles; then gneiss, and lastly greenstone. The direction of 
 the strata is nearly N.E. and S.W. There is a remarkable 
 alluvion formation through which the Merrimack passes, 
 and which embraces all the sandy plains, which are covered 
 with pine and black timber, in the neighb(>rhood of the 
 river. This formation extends through Clielinsford to Cam- 
 bridge and Boston on the one hand, and on the other it fol- 
 lows the course of the river quite to the ocean, embracing 
 large tracts of land on either side. Rocks in some places 
 break through this alluvial deposit, but they form no very 
 high hills." 
 
 Minerals. — Of the metallic ores, iron abounds, especially 
 at Lisbon; the other ores are copper, lead. zinc, and graphite, 
 or plumbago. Iron is most abundant at F'ranconia, at Pier- 
 mont, near Haverhill, and in the town of Bartlett. Deposits 
 of lK>g-ore are numerous throughout the state; the localities 
 in which lead is found also are various. The ore. however, 
 is nowhere of the richest character, or the veins of great 
 e.xtent. so far as discovered. Silver has recently been 
 found in two localities near Pittstield. The non-metallic 
 minerals are a fine building-granite, gneiss, crystallized 
 quartz, talc, steatite, tourmalins, ochres, limestone, dillerent 
 kinds of spar, terra sienna, sulphur, magnesia, beryls, gar- 
 nets, jasper, manganese, asbestus, and amethysts. 'J'here are 
 mineral springs of some note in several parts of the state. 
 
 Rivers awl Lakes. — The great river of New Hampshire, ag 
 of all New England, is the Connecticut, which rises in the 
 extreme N., and forms nearly the whole western boundary 
 of the state. The Merrimack rises in the White ^lountains, 
 and runs S. through the middle of New Hampjihire into 
 JIassachusetts. furnishing an abundant supply of watep 
 power to JIanchester and other ninnufacturing towns on its 
 banks. The Salmon Falls and the Piscataqua (which is a 
 
 1305 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 m 1 • wMening of the farmer river near its mouth) form part 
 ol the boiu dary betw en Maiue and New Hampshire, and 
 on-pty iut< the Atlar tic Oeean. The Androscoggin has a 
 small fart )f its course in the N.E. of this state, and the 
 Saeo also has its source amon^ the White Mountains, and 
 ruis S.K. into Maine. The passage of the Saco near its head 
 wa-,ers. tlirough the mountains, forms the celebrated Notch. 
 The Upper and Lower Ammonoosuck in the N., and the 
 Ashuelot in the S., are the principal tributaries of the Con- 
 necticut from this state. Tlie Margalloway, a feeder of Lake 
 XJmbagog, has part of its course in the N.E. of New Hamp- 
 shire. The Ontoocook, Souhegan, and Nashua are tributa- 
 ■ries of the Merrimack from the W. The last two have their 
 origin in Ma<sachusett.s. The Winnipiseogee (the outlet of 
 the lake of that name) and the Pemigew.isset are the chief 
 sources of the Merrimack. The Cocheco is a branch of the 
 Salmon Falls. The Lamprey ar.d Exeter discharge their 
 ■waters into the Piscataqua proper. The Merrimack and ite 
 branches, and the Salmon Falls, abound in cataracts, that 
 furnish great water-power, which has been extensively 
 applied to manufacturing purix>ses at Manchester, Dover, 
 Nashua, and other towns on their banks. 
 
 Prominent among the lakes of New Hampshire is Lake 
 VTinnipiseogee, tlie largest and most picturesque in the 
 state. It is very irregular in its shape, being indented with 
 numerous bays. It is about 25 miles long, by from 1 to 10 
 In width. It" lies E. of the middle of the state, is very deep, 
 has very pure and clear water, and is thought by some to 
 rival Loch Lomond in picturesque beauty. Urabagog Lake, 
 about 18 miles long by 10 wide, the source of the Andros- 
 coggin, on the boundary between New Hampshire and 
 Maine; Connecticut, the source of the river of that name, 
 in the X. : Squam Lake, a tributary of the Merrimack, in 
 the middle; Sunapee, an affluent of the Connecticut, in tlie 
 S.W. of the state, and Ossipeo, discharging itself into the 
 Saco, are the other principal lakes in New Hampshire. 
 
 The widmilng of the Piscataqua, and a sheet of water 
 connected with it. are the only bays of importance. 
 
 Iskoidx. — A group of small islauds in the Atlantic, about 
 18 miles from the shore, called the Isles of Shoals, belongs 
 to New Hampshire. 
 
 Objects iif Interest to Trmrists. — New Hampshire stands 
 pre-eminent in this respect among the states E. of the Mis- 
 sissippi River. The White Mountains, already referretl to, 
 attract more tourists than any other natural object in the 
 Dnitetl states, excepting only Niagara Falls. The traveller 
 •may journey for weeks through its wild scenery, with a 
 oonstant succession of grand objects to interest his mind. 
 The fashionable route is to enter New Hampshire by the 
 Boston and Montreal Railways to Wier's, on Lake Winnipi- 
 seogee ; then take the .steamlx>at, and, having made the cir- 
 cuit of the lake, enter the stage for Conway, on the E. side 
 of the White .Mountains, and from thence, by another stage, 
 through the celebrated Not.ch, to the Notch Hou.se, which 
 stands in the very jaws of the pass. The return is by the 
 Franconia Notch, (about 26 miles S.W. of the White Moun- 
 tain Notch.) and S. down the valley of the Pemigewassett, 
 to Plymouth, or hack to Lake Winnipiseogee, according as 
 the tourist wishes to direct his steps thereafter. The White 
 Mountain Notch is a pass of great celebrity. Coming from 
 the N. or W.. you enter it by an opening only 23 feet in 
 width, between two perpendicular rocks, one 20. and the 
 other 12 feet high. The infant Saco trickles its way through 
 this narrow opening, gradually expanding as it proceeds 
 down the pass, and receiving other tributaries from the 
 mountain-sides, wliich form the walls of the gorge, and 
 which tower to the height of about 2000 feet above the bed 
 of the Saco. In this pass occurred, in 1826, the landslide 
 which destroyed the W'illey family. The more wild and 
 abrupt parts of the Notch extend for 2 or 3 miles from its 
 entrance at the Notch House. Mount Washington is 
 ascended on hor.seback from flie Notch House, by a bridle- 
 path, tirst climbing Mount Clinton — in immediate proximity 
 to the hotel — for 2j miles, and then coasting the E. side of 
 the peaks of Jlount Pleasant, Mount Franklin, and Mount 
 Monroe, for 4 miles further. occa.«ionally ascending a rough, 
 ■teen riilge. and again de.seending, now riding on the verge 
 of a vast ravine of several hundred feet in depth, and now 
 on the crest of a ridge commanding a view of l)Oth sides of 
 the chain — we arrive at the foot of Mount Washington, 1500 
 feet in pfrpenrUcuiar, and alx)ut one mile in incUnexl ascent, 
 above the base of the cone or peak, and 6226 feet at)ove the 
 sea. This is the most difficult, thottgh scarcely dangerous, 
 part of tlie ascent as it is little else than riding on horse- 
 back over a pile of rocks of every variety of size, cast toge- 
 ther as if hurled there by the Titans, "in war or at play. 
 Froti the summit, if the day be clear, is affonied a view 
 unequallwl, purhaps, on the eastern side of the North Ame- 
 rican continent. Around you. in every direction, are con- 
 fuse<l musses of mnuntjiins. bearing the appearance of a sea 
 of molten lava suddenly cooled, wiiilst its ponderous waves 
 were yet in commotion. On the S.E. horizon gleams a rim 
 of sUver light— it is the Atlantic Ocean, 6a miles distant- 
 laving the fhores of Maine, i^akes— of all sizes, from Lake 
 Wiuuipiseogee to mere mountaia ponds — and " mountains 
 1306 
 
 beneath you gleam misty and wide." Far off to the N.E. is 
 Mount Katahdin. In the western liorizon are the Green 
 Mountains of Vermont, and to the S. and S.W. are Mount 
 Mona<lnock and Keai-sarge or Kiarsage, while the space be- 
 tween is tilled up with every variety of landscape, mountain 
 and hill, plain and valley, lake and river. 
 
 Tho.se to whom it is an object to reach Mount Washington 
 with as little stage-riding as possible, may be landed at Gor- 
 ham by the Portland and Montreal Railway cars, within 5 
 miles of the base of the mountain. The Franconia Notch 
 is deemed by many quite as interesting as the White Moun- 
 tain Notch. Near it are many agreeable acce.ssories not to be 
 found in the latter: among wliich are Echo Lake, just at the 
 northern entrance of the gorge, and the •' Old Man of the 
 Mountain," a well-defined profile of a human face, 1000 feet 
 above the level of the pass. The R<asin. 4 miles S. of the 
 Notcli, is a pool of beautifully transparent water. One mile 
 below this, .again, in the vicinity of the Flume Ilou.se. is the 
 celebrated Fiunie, a narrow gorge or opening in the rocks, 
 only a few feet in width, and from TO to 120 feet in height, 
 through which flows a small tributary of the Pemigewass-ret; 
 below this is a cascade of 616 feet in length, wliich in the 
 .spring and fall freshets is an object of great interest. In the 
 same neighborhood is the Pool, (a l«.siu formed by a small 
 fall in the Pemigewasset,) which is alxjut bO feet in diameter, 
 and 40 feet deep, surrounded by mural precipices 150 feet 
 in height. The Flume, the Basin, and the I'ool, all within 
 an agreeable walking distance of the Flume House, make 
 this one of the most agreeable stopping-places among the 
 mountains. Mount Lafayette — only 700 feet inferior In alti- 
 tude to Mount Wa.sbiugton — is also a.sceiided from the same 
 house, which has the further advantage of being within a 
 tive-miles ride of the Franconia Notch. The other detached 
 mountains scattered over New Hampshire, would, in any 
 other state, not overshjwlowed by Mount Washington and 
 his court, merit conspicuous notice. Dixville Notch, about 
 46 miles N. of Lancaster, is said to be but little inferior to 
 the two great passes already described. New Hampshire 
 shares with Vermont the beautiful river Connecticut, whose 
 shores are often grand, and seldom tame. IJellows Falls, in 
 this river, on the S.W. lx>rder of the state, are formed by 
 the contraction of the river bed to about 20 feet on the W. 
 side at low water, through which the stream rushes with 
 great violence. At high water it Hows in the eastern as well 
 as western channel. These beds are separated by a huge 
 rock. The entire descent in half a mile is 42 feet. At 
 Amoskoag. the Merrimack descends 50 feet in three succes- 
 sive pitches In the White Mountain Notch is a cascade 
 which winds down the face oY the mountain, through a fall 
 of 800 feet, giving, after copious niins, an additional inter- 
 est to the scene, as it glides or leaps over the different 
 stages of its descent. There are two interesting falls In the 
 Ammonoosuck, within a pleasant drive from 'the Notch 
 House. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of New Hampshire is severe, and 
 the winters long, but less subject to frecjuent changes tlian 
 in other Northern States of a lower latitude. The suoW 
 lies late among the mountains, and exercises .some effect on 
 the temperature of other parts of the state. In the higher 
 gorges it may be found in patches of half .an acre's extent 
 in July. The snow begins to fall and the rivers to freeze in 
 November. The snow lies into .\pril in the S.. and often 
 till May in the N. The springs are damp and foggy, but 
 the state enjoys a bracing and healthy air, and is remark- 
 ably free from epidemics. 
 
 Si>il and J'rndtictions. — The soil of this state generally is 
 not of a highly fertile character, though New England in- 
 dustry and economy have wrung from its stony bo.som 
 valuable products. The best lands are in the valleys of the 
 rivers, which are occasionall}' overflowed, especially in the 
 valley of the Connecticut. The northern portion is I)ut 
 little cultivated. The hills afford valuable p!istura'.re fo» 
 cattle and sheep. Wheat, rye. oats, Indian corn, liarley 
 buckwheat. Irish potatoes, peas, beans, fruits, butter, cheese 
 hay. hop.s, wool, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey are pro 
 duced in considerable quantities, and some tobacco, wine, 
 grass-seeds, flax, silk, and molivsses. In 1S60 there were in 
 New Hampshire 2..367,034 acres of improved land, (1,.377,591 
 being unimproved.) producing 238,965 bushels of wheat; 
 128,247 of rye; 1,414,02S of Indian corn: 1,329,233 of oats; 
 79,454 of peas and beans : 4,137,543 of Irish potatoes ; 121,103 
 of barley; 89,996 of buekwhetit; 1,160,222 jiounds of wool; 
 6,956,764 of butter; 2,232.092 of cheese; 130.428 of hops; 
 2,255,012 of maple sugar: 49.36 of beeswax ; 125,142 of honey; 
 value of live stock, S10,924,627; orchard iiroducts, S559,931; 
 market products $76,256; and slaughtered animals at 
 $:i,787,5O0. There were in tliis state 41,101 horses, 94,880 
 milch cows, 169,587 other cattle, 310,534 sheep, and 51,933 
 swine. 
 
 Purest Treei. — There is a dense growth of forest trees on 
 the lower slopes of the mountains, consisting of oak, white 
 pine, fir. hemlock, beech, maple, walnut. &c.\ while on the 
 lowlands grow elm. birch, poplar, ash, cherry, locust, horn- 
 beam. &e. The rock maple yields abundance of suga % and 
 the pine, of which there are eeveral varieties, furnis'aes aa 
 
NEW 
 
 -NEW 
 
 atnp'e S"pply of lumber. The latter tree often attains the 
 heiirht of 200 feet. 
 
 Manufactures. — New Hampshire i.s largely enprased in 
 manufiictures. great water-power being furni.';hed by tlie 
 Merrimack. CcK^heco, and other rivers, on wliose banks are 
 the flourishing manufacturing towns of Manche.ster, Dover, 
 Nashua. Nashville, and others. By tlie census of 1860, there 
 were 3211 establishments engaged in mining, manufacturing, 
 and the mechanic arts, each producing $500 ami upwards 
 annually, employing $23,274,094 capitalaud 18,379 mule and 
 13,901 female hands, consuming raw material worth $20.- 
 639,857, and yielding products valued at $37,586,453. Of 
 these 37 were cotton factories, employing $12,539,080 capi- 
 tal and 3808 male and 8901 female hands, consuming raw 
 material wortli $7,101,436, and producing stufls and yarn 
 valued at $13,658,564 ; 39 woollen tiictories, employing $1,- 
 297,300 capital and 789 male and 699 female hands, consum- 
 ing raw material worth $1,469,548, and producing stuffs val- 
 ued at ^2.3S8,143; 337 manufactories of boots and shoes, 
 employing $704,955 capital and 3479 male and 1365 female 
 hands, consuming raw materijd worth .$2,327,371, and pro- 
 ducing hoots and shoes valued at $3,864,866 ; 23 iron foun- 
 dries, employing $o;;5,100 capital and 610 hands, and pro- 
 ducing castings, gas-pipo, Ac, valued at $5S6,419,and 96 tan- 
 neries, employing $486,618 capital and 472 hands, and pro- 
 ducitig leather valued at $1,962,015. Hume-made manufac- 
 tures valued at $251,052 were also produced. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — New Hampshire is crossed by 
 railroads in all directions, by lines uniting Jioston with 
 Montreal and Portland, and Portland again with Montreal. 
 8onie connect with railroails to New York City and Albany, 
 giving the citizens of New Hampshire access to all the 
 intermediate towns of importance iu Vermont, Massachu- 
 eetts, and Connecticut, while others interlock with iron 
 roads leading to most of the important places in New Kng- 
 lanil. In January, 1855, there were in this state 512 miles 
 of railroad completed, aud 34 in course of construction; be- 
 sides 11 miles of canal. 
 
 Otmmtirce. — Though New Hampshire has one of the best 
 harbors in the United States, she has but little foreign com- 
 merce — less indeed than in former years. Nor has she any 
 river favoring internal navigation in ve.ssels larger than 
 keel-boats for any considerable distance. The Connecticut 
 and Meri'imack, by aid of locks, may be ascended, the for- 
 mer for 270 miles from Long Island Sound, and the latter 
 for 40 miles within the state. The foreign exports from 
 New Hampshire in the fiscal year of 1854 amounted only to 
 $1031, and imports to $:j4,505. Tonnage entered in 18-04, 
 3877; clearetl 4167. i)i course this only includes the im- 
 ports and exports of her own ports, but a much larger 
 amount doubtless passes through the ports of neighboring 
 states. This state, iiowever, possesses a considerable amount 
 of shipping, and builds and sends forth a large number of 
 vesstls that are owned elsewhere. Tonnage owned in the 
 Btiite 24,456, of which 1877 were engaged in the cod and 
 mackerel fisheries. The number of vessels built was 2, 
 having an aggregate capacity of 563 tons. The principal 
 articles of export are lumber, live stock, wool, fish, beef, 
 pork, pot and pearl ashes, and granite. 
 
 Educati'in. — Po))ular education is under the direction of 
 county school commissioners, who form a state board of 
 education. According to the census of 1860, there were in 
 New Hampshire 2 colleges, having 390 students, $26,390 in- 
 come, $9370 of which was from endowments ; and 2301 pub- 
 lic schools, having 70,509 pupils, $218,244 income, of which 
 $180,372 was from taxation, $22,386 from. public funds, $2447 
 from endowments; 208 academies aud other schools, having 
 11,4-14 jiupils, $126,331 income, $39,581 from tiixatiou, $23,- 
 991 fioni endowments, and $11,002 from pubhc funds. It 
 has 306 libraries, comprising 237,312 volumes. According 
 to the National Almanac, there wore in this state, in 1862, 
 2352 school districts. The average attendance of scholars 
 during the year was 58,464, aud the whole nmnlier of 
 scholars 4 years old and upward attending school was 
 84,787. The amount of money raised by town tax for the 
 support of schools in that year was $218,628. Tiie total 
 amount of money appropriated for public schools was 
 $274,023. The average wages of male teachers, including 
 board, was $24 a month. The National Almanac reports 
 that this state had, in 1863, 1 college, attended by 307 stu- 
 dents ; 3 theological seminaries, attended by about 100 stu- 
 dents; and 1 medical college, attended by 60 students. 
 
 Re.ligi'ius Denominations. — Of 681 churches in New Hamp- 
 shire in I860, the Baptists owned 92; tree Will Baptists, 97 ; 
 Christians, 33; Congregationalists, 179; Episcopalians, 17; 
 Friends, 12 ; Methodists, 117 ; Presbyterians, 16 ; Roman 
 Catholics, 12; Unionists, 35 ; Unitarians, 15 ; tlniversalists, 
 42; minor sects, 14 ; giving 1 church to every 479 persons. 
 Value of church ])roperty, $1,913,692. 
 
 Periodicals. — There were published in this state in 1860, 
 35 weekly newspapers, 30 of which were political, 3 re- 
 ligicms. and 2 literary. In the Preliminary Report of the 
 Eighth Census, the whole number of copies issued annually 
 is stated at 1,024,400. but it would appear that a number of 
 papers were not refwrted. 
 
 Public Insliiutions.~ fhe Kfar ^iajpsnir" taylnm for 
 tlie Insane at Concord had, on the 1st of May, 1863, 204 
 patients — 94 nuiles and 110 females — 101 having been ad- 
 mitted in the preceding year. The State Prison, wliich is 
 at Concord, had 101 inmates on the 1st of May, 1863, and a 
 library of some 800 yolumes for the use of the prisoners. 
 In 1850, there were in the state 47 public libraries, with 
 42,077 volumes ; 73 school and Sunday-school libraiies, with 
 21,317 volumes; 3 college libraries, with 19,976 volumes: 
 aud 1 church Ubrary, witli 2450 volumes. The state co.i- 
 tributed $6772 in 1863 for educating the deaf, dumb and 
 blind in institutions of other states. The New Hampsliiro 
 Historical Society was incorporated in 1823. [For statistics 
 of libraries in 1860, see iilucatiim.] 
 
 Counties. — New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties, viz., 
 Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, Coos, Grafton, Hillsborough, 
 Merrimack, Rockingham, Straflbrd, and Sullivan. 
 
 Citiu and Towns. — The principal towns in New Hamp- 
 shire are Manchester, with a i)opulation in 1860 of 20,107, 
 (1.3,932 in 1850;) Concord, 10,896; Nashua, 10,065; Ports- 
 mouth, 9o35; Dover, 8502; Somersworth, 4787 : Kecne, 4320; 
 Claremont, 4026; Rochester, 33s4; Exeter. 3809: Gilford, 
 2hll; Sanbornton, 2743 ; and Gre.at Falls. The population 
 mostly includes that of the entire township in which each 
 town or village is sitiuited.* Ciipital Concord. 
 
 Government, Finances, &c. — The governor is elected by the 
 people annually, and receives a salary of $1000 per annum. 
 The Senate consists of 12. and the Hou.se of Representatives 
 of 286 members, also chosen annually by the i>eopI«. The 
 legislature meets on the 1st Wednesday iu June. The 
 judiciary consists — 1, Of a supreme court. oompoRed of one 
 chief aud three associate judges, which holds its sessions 
 twice a year at Concord. 2. Of courts of common pleas, 
 and courte of probate. The chief justice of the supreme 
 court receives .$1400: and each of the others, aud tlje cir- 
 cuit justices of the common pleas. $1200 per auuum. The 
 judges of the common pleas receive $3 per day during the 
 se.«sion of the courts, and ten cents per mile for travel. The 
 superior court has chancery powers, and determines ques- 
 tions of law, and receives petitions for divoice. Two judges 
 of this court, or one superior and one cirf;iut judge, must 
 be i)resent at the trial of capital Ciises. The state debt is 
 small. New Hampshire having been free from debt in 1860. 
 The exi)enditures for 1862-63 were abo'jt $380,000, inclu- 
 ding aid to volunteers' families. $181,fo5. In Dtcember, 
 1863, there were in this state 51 bank?, with an aggregate 
 capital of $4,628,700, a circulation of $4,104,036, aud $283,- 
 624 in specie. 
 
 Pi/puiation. — The original population of New Hampshire 
 was almost exclusively of English discent, and the rural 
 districts still remain without much intermixture; but in 
 the large towns foreigners are creeping in to .some exteut 
 This state had 141.899 inhabitants in 1790; 18.3,762 in 
 1800; 214.360 in 1810; 244.161 in 1820; 269.328 in 1830; 
 284,574 in 1840; 317.976 in 1850. In 1860, 326,073, of wliom 
 325,579 were whites and 494 colored. Population to square 
 mile 35. Representative population 326,073. Of the popu- 
 lation, 256,982'were born in the state, 48,153 in other states, 
 20,938 in foreign countries, of whom 2291 were born in Eng- 
 land, 12,737 in Ireland, 741 in Scotland, 14 in Wales, 4468 in 
 British America, 412 in Germany, 103 in France, aud 172 in 
 otlier foreign countries. Of the population in the leading 
 pursuits, 3r',392 were farmers, 10,152 farm laborers, 9257 
 laborers, 7241 shoemakers, 6487 servants, 6261 factory hands, 
 3266 weavers, 3075 carpenters, 2635 teachers, 1655 black- 
 smiths, 1356 clerks, 1292 spinners, 1282 merchants, 1260 
 machinists, 1246 housekeepers, 1228 stHdent8,1100 mechanics, 
 1006 seamstresses, 1023 painters, 588 physicians, 375 law- 
 yers, 574 masons, 407 tailors. 335 cabinet-makers, 334 coop- 
 ers, lie. In the year ending June 1st, 1860, there occurred 
 44CS deaths, or 139 in every thousand. The number of 
 deaf and dumb was 163, (see Introduction to the volume 
 on Population of the Eighth Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &c.,) 142 
 blind, 506 insane, 336 idiotic. 
 
 HisUn-y. — Now Hampshire was first settled near Ports- 
 mouth iu 1623, aud was several times connected with Mas- 
 sachusetts up ia 1679, when it became a royal province, but 
 renewed its connexion with Massachusetts in 1689, and was 
 for a short time attached to New York ; but finally, in 1741, 
 became an entirely separate province, and so remained till 
 the Revolution. New Hampshire was much harassed by 
 the Indians, and in 1689 a party of them attacked Dover, 
 (in revenge for some executions of part of their number .13 
 years before,) killed many of the whites, and burnt tlie 
 town. Even as late as 1714 there were but 8 townships in 
 the colony. No important action took place on the soil of 
 this state, either in the war of the Revolution or that of 
 1812. 
 
 NEW HAMP/TON, a po8t-town,ship of Belknap co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the left side of the Merrimack River, 33 miles 
 S. by W. of Concord. Pop. 1690. 
 
 • The eilimateil population, in f»65, of Manchester, Portsmouth, 
 Nashua, and Concord, ui4.y bo silled respectively at 23,000, 10,00(4 
 12,300, aud 12,000. 
 
 1307 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 NEW IIAirPTON', a post-Tillage of Orange co., Xew York, on all rides, except in the direction of the harbor, by an 
 
 cm the W. bank of the VValkill Hirer, where it is crupsed by 
 the New York and Erie Railroad, "i miles from New York 
 City. 
 
 NEW HAMPTON, a post-village of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersey, on the New Jersey Central Ila.ilroad, about 16 miles 
 N.N.W. of Flemington. 
 
 NEW HA.Ml'TON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. See 
 IlAXOVER, New Hampshire. 
 
 amphitheatre of hills, two of which, presenting ru;.r.ired and 
 perpendicular precipices from 300 to 400 feet in iiciirht. lire 
 called East and West Roi-ks. Three small streams, the t^uine- 
 piack on the E., with Mill River flowing into it alioiit h.ilf a 
 mile from it« mouth, and the West River on the ri^ht. inter- 
 8i!ct this plain, discharging their waters into tlie liay. Of the 
 two former, the first forms the eastern limit M' the town, 
 and the other of the city. Several bridges have been thrown 
 
 NE\\' HAX'OVEK, a county in the S.E. part of North i acToss these streams, one of which, at the mouth of the 
 Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic at the mouth of Cape j Quinepiack.isacovered drawbridge, leading from the steam- 
 Fear River; area estimated at 1000 square miles. Cape i boat landing to East Haven. The chartered limits of the 
 Fear and South Rivers form the S.W. boundary, and the city extend 3 miles from E. to W.. and 2 miles back from 
 North Branch of the former flows through the county. The the harbor. This area is regularly laid out with streets, 
 Burfaee is level ; the soil is sandy and rather poor, excepting I usually 4 rods broad, intersecting each other at right angles. 
 
 the margins of the rivers. The cx)untv is intersected by the 
 Wnldon and Wilmington Railroad. "Capital, Wilmington. 
 Formed in 1728. Pop. 15,429, of whom 8326 were free, and 
 7103 slaves. 
 
 NEW HANOVER, a township of Burlington co^ New 
 Jersey. Pop. 2r)29. 
 
 NEW HANOVER, a post-township of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania. C4 miles E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1873. 
 
 NEVV HAR'MONY. a post-office of Brown CO., Ohio. 
 
 NEW HARMOXY, a thriving post-village of Posey county. 
 
 Chapel Street, the fashionable promenade, extends from Mill 
 River in a W.N.W. direction, throughout the entire length 
 of the city. 
 
 New Haven is one of the handsomest cities in the United 
 States. In nearly every portion it exhibits a uniform 
 neatness and elegance. The private residences are mostly 
 detached, standing in court-yard.s, beautifully adorned with 
 fruit-trees, ganlens. and shrubliery. In Hill House Avenue, 
 a delijrhtful suburb on the N., the dwellinus are nearly 
 concealed from view amid the profusion of foliage and 
 
 Indiana, on the Wabash River, 15 miles N. of Mount Ver- flowers. Probably in no other city are to Vie found so 
 non. It was first settled in 1814 by Frederick Rapp and a ; many and such lofty elms. Temple Street and .oeverai 
 colony of Germans from Pennsylvania. They purchased 1 others are so thickly shaded as almost entirely to shut out 
 a large tract of rich land, planted orchards and vineyards, j the sun. From the great abundance of the.se tret^s. New 
 erected mills and manufactories, and built about 200 j Haven has been familiajly denominated the "City of Ehns." 
 dwellings. In 1825. Robert Owen purchased the town for Another scarcely less prominent or attractive feature are the 
 the purpose of making an experiment in Socialism. As public squares, the princi|ial of which, commonly called the 
 might have l>een expected, it was entirely unsuccessful. A : '-Green," and lying about I5 miles NW. of the stcamtxiat- 
 plank-road extends to Mount Vernon. Pop. in 1853, about landing, is, with its ornaments, one of the finest in New 
 400; inl860, 8'25. 1 England. It includes an area of about 16 acres, bordered 
 
 NEW HAR'RISBURG, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, j on all sides with majestic elms. Wooster Square is a bean- 
 6 miles N.W. of CarroUton. I tiful enclosure in the eastern part of the city, comprising 5 
 
 NKW HARRISON, a po.st-offlce of Darke CO., Ohio. acres of ground, handsomely laid out and ornaniented- 
 
 NEW H.\RT'FORD, a thriving post-village and township [ Besides these, there are York Square, and others of less pro- 
 
 of Litchfield co.. Connecticut, on an affluent of the Farming- 
 ton River, about 20 miles N.W. by W. of Hartford. It con- 
 tains 2 churches and 8 stores. Pop. of the township, 27;">8. 
 
 NEW HARTFORD, a post-village and township of Oneida 
 CO., New York, near the Chenango Canal, 4 miles W. by S. 
 of Utlca. The village contains several churches and cotton 
 Jactories. Pop. estimated at 1000 ; of the township, 4395. 
 
 NEW HARTFORD, a post-village in Pike co., Illinois, 
 about 80 miles W.S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 NEW HARTFORD CENTRE, a post-village of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, about 20 miles N.W. of Hartford. 
 
 NEWHART'S, a postofflce of Northampton co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 NEWHA'VEN, a small seaport and parish of England, co. 
 
 minence. The city burial-ground lies opposite the northern 
 angle of the old town-plot, and contains about 18 acres, di- 
 vided by avenues and alleys into family lots, 32 feet long 
 and 18 feet broad. It is beautifully adorned with various 
 kinds of trees and shrubs, and In the summer sea.son flow- 
 ers are cultivated along the borders of the walks, and on 
 many of the graves. The entire grounds are securely 
 enclosed on three sides by a high wall of stone masonry, 
 and in front by a massive iron fence. There are al.-^o three 
 or four other cemeteries in different sections of the city. 
 
 -Among the principal public edifices may be mentioned the 
 state house, standing in the western section of the Green. 
 It Is a large stuccoed building, modelled after the Parthenon, 
 and contains, besides the legisl.itive halLs. apartments for 
 
 of Sussex, on the Ouse, at i'.s mouth In the English Chan- the supreme, superior, .and county courts. The new railroad 
 nel. and on a branch of the South Coa*t Railway. Pop. in depot, recently erected in Chapel Street, near Stnt<i Street, 
 1851, 1358. The town is neatly built, has a church, a draw- ; is a fine brick structure, with towers. It is the termi- 
 bridge across the Ouse, small fort, and pretty good harbor. 1 nus of all the railroads conducting to the city. The state 
 It exports agricultural produce, and imports coal and hospital, erectetl in 1832, is a handsome stone e<lifice. well 
 foreign timber. | situated on high ground, about half a mile S.W. of the 
 
 NEWHAVEN, a quoad sacra parish and marine village ; central square. Many of the churches, of which the city 
 of Scotland. 2 miles N. of, and connected with. Edinburgh. \ contains atxmt 22. are justlj- admire^! for their neatness arxl 
 by the Northern Railway. Pop. 2100. There is a good stone elegance. Trinity Church, and St. Paul's Chapel, lieautiful 
 pier and a chain-pier at Trinity 500 feet long. The village ' stone edifices, have their walls and roofs thickly covered with 
 belongs to the city of Edinburgh ; 1 mile W. is Granton. a | creepers. The Ontral Clnirch, North Church, C<iurt and 
 village with a Splendid pier and harbor, erected by tlie Duke College Street Churches (Congregationnl"). and the Methodist 
 of Buccleuch, and frequented by the London steam packets church, are all fine brick buildings, with lofty spires. The 
 and steamboats on the passage of the Edinburgh Dundee j three last have been erectc<l within a few years, 
 and Perth Railway. New Haven has long been celebrated for its literary advan- 
 
 NEW HA'VEN, a county In the S.W. central part of Con- j tages, and ii>r Uie intellectual and moral character of its 
 necticut, has an area of alx)ut 620 square miles. It is 1 citizens. At the college and the various female schools, there 
 bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, and on the S.W. ! are prf)bably not le.ss than a thousand pupils from abroad, 
 by the Housatonic River, and is drained by the Naugatuck In regular attendance. Yale College, which at the present 
 and Qulnepiack Rivers, and other smaller streams. The sui^ j time, and for many years past, has imparted instruction to 
 face Is uneven, and in some parts hilly. The soil is various, ! a greater numlier of academical students tJian any otfcer 
 but generally good. This county has some excellent harbors, j institution of the kind in the United States, was originally 
 affording great advantages for navigation and the fisheries. | founded at Kiilingwortb in the year 1700. and named in 
 The Housatonic Itiver is navigable for steamboats 12 miles honor of its princijial foreign donor. Klihu Yale, governor 
 to Derby. Tlie county is traversed by the New Haven Hart- of the East India Company. It was chartered in 1701; 
 ford and Springfield, the New Haven and Northampton, and removed to Say brook in 171)7. and to New Haven in 1716. 
 the Naugatuck Railroads, and partly intersected by connect- i It has always sustained a high reputation, and at present 
 Ing lines of the New York and New Haven and New ILiven ; embraces five departments, viz.. an academical, a theologicaJ, 
 and New London Railroads. Capital, New Haven. Pop. , a medical college, a law schix>l. and a school for the cultiva- 
 an 1S60, 97,345. I tionof philosophy and the arts, each havinir its own faculty. 
 
 NEW H.WEX. a post-village and township of Addison , The latter department has 4 professors and 46 studenls, who 
 CO , Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, and ; also receive instruction from members of the other faculties. 
 on the N. side of Otter Creek, about 32 miles S.W. by W. of j The buildings of the institution occupy almost an entire 
 Monipelier. Pop. 1419. j square, which lies immediately W. of the public green, and 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a city, port of entry, seat of justice of a ! is separated from it by College Street. Fronting E.S.K. 
 county of it-s own name, and semi-capital of Connecticut, i stands a row of eisrht brick edifices, five of tliem tour stories 
 is situated In a beautiful plain, at the head of New Haven high. containing study and sleeping rooms for the students. 
 Bay. 4 miles from its entrance Into Ix)ng Island Sound. It Of the remaining three, each of which is adorned with a 
 Is 160 miles S.W . of Boston, and 76 miles N.E. of New York, tower or spire, one is the chapel, another the observatory, 
 being in a direct line between the two cities. Lat. 41° IS' and the thir.1. called the Lyceum, Is used for reclt.Htions. Ill 
 13 J., Ion ( 2° 66 30" W. Tlie plain on which New Haven the rear of these Is a second range, oonsistinjc of the chemioa 
 standa Jaclipes gently towards the water, and is environed'i laboratory,TrumbullGallery,oneapartmentofwliichisocoiir 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 pied by the historical and other paintings of Colonel John 
 'I'rumliuU, the other chioHy by the portraits of the officers 
 and benefuctors of the college; and a lari^e buildiug, con- 
 taiuin.; on the first floor the philosophical apparatus, and on 
 tlie second the ciibiiiet of minerals, one of the larjrest and 
 choicest collections in America. Still farther in the rear, 
 neftr the W. side of the square, stands the library building, 
 a costly Gothic structure, (fire-proof,) 160 feet in length, 
 devoted to college and societies' libraries. A little X. of this 
 is another spacious stone edifice, recently completed, calle<l 
 Alumni Hall, in which are apartments for the Linouian and 
 Brothers" Societies, and a large hall for the general purposes 
 of the institution. The analytical laboratory of the philo- 
 sophii-al department is at present in a wooden building near 
 the north college. The Medical College, a handsome granite 
 structure, containing the anatomical museum, library, lec- 
 ture rooms, Ac. is situated at tlie head Of College .Street, 
 alxiut J of a mile X.N.K. of the college proper. There are 
 also several literary associations formed for the benefit of the 
 sitizens. one of which, called the Young .Men's Institute, 
 lias a valuable library, and maintains an able course of 
 lectures. Liberal means are likewi.se provided for the support 
 of populMr education. The Webster Scliool. in George stn'et. 
 is considered one of the best in the state; and a fine edifice, 
 in which to establish another school on a similar plan, has just 
 been completed in the eastern section of the city. There are 
 4 newspaper offices. 'A of which issue daily, semi-weekly, and 
 weekly editions. The other publications are the .American 
 Jonrnal of Science and .\rts, (edited by l'rofe.s.sors Silliman 
 and Dana :) the New-Knglander. a liter,ary and religious quar- 
 terly of elevated character, and the Yale Literary Magazine, 
 conducted by the students of the college. The American 
 Journ,-«l of Science and Arts, issued six times per annum, 
 is a work of high reputation both at home and abroad. 
 
 New Haven has extensive railroad communiration with 
 the interior and cities along the seaboard. A daily line of 
 steamboats also connects it with New York. The facilities 
 of the jiort for marine commerce, however, are somewhat 
 limiteil. its harbf)r. thousrh sufficiently capacious and well 
 protected, being t*50 shallow to admit vessels of a large class. 
 To obviate as far as practicalile this difficulty, a whart^ — the 
 longest in the United .states — has been extended into it 3493 
 fm'.t; yet. from the filling up that is continually going on. 
 tliere is said to be less depth of water now at its termination 
 than when its length was only 20 rods, Further to facilitate 
 the navii'ation of the harbor, the United States governicent 
 have recently made considerable expenditi\res in removing 
 the obstructions at its entrance. A lightlMJu.se. exhibiting 
 a fixed light '.io feet above the level of the sea, has also been 
 erected on Fivemile I'oint, about -l miles S. of the wharf. 
 The foreign commerce of New Haven is chiefly carrie-l on 
 with the VVest India Islands, to which were formerly shipped 
 great numbers of cattle, horses, and mules. Of late, how- 
 ever, this branch of tr.ade has very much declined, no cattle, 
 and but fe* horses, having been sent out for the last 16 
 years, though mules still constitute an important part of 
 ihe foreign e.tports. The shipping of the port. June 30th, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of ti092j tons registered, and 
 13,42.5^ tons enrolled and licensed. Of tlie latter, IS.UTu^ 
 tons were employed in the coast trade, and llGl tons in 
 steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year were 
 110, (tons 21,350,) of which 77 (tons 14,395) were by Ame- 
 rican vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 1U8. (tons 
 20,680.) of which 13,874 were in American bottom,<i. During 
 the year 3 ships, 4 schooners, and 2 sloops, with an aggregate 
 burthen of 1195i tons, were admeasured. The manufactures 
 of New Haven are extensive, and furnish employment to 
 about one-fourth of the entire population. The principal 
 articles pro'luced areairri.ages and clocks, India rubber goods, 
 iron ware, boots, shoes, &c. There are 5 banks in the city, 
 with an aggregate capital of upwards of $2,000,000. and a 
 savings' institution having $S35,112 on deposit. Gsvs is 
 employed to light the streets. It is also contemplated to 
 supply the city with water, to be brought by means of an 
 aqueduct, either from Mill River at Whitneyville, or some 
 other available source. New Haven was settled as an inde- 
 peudeiit colony in April, 1(538, by a company froni London, 
 of whom Theophilus Eaton and the Kev. John Davenport 
 were the leaders. In 1784 it was incorporated as a city. 
 I'op. of the township in 1830, 10,678 ; in 1840, 14,390 ; in 1850, 
 22,529 ; of whom 20,341 resided in the city. Pop. of the city, 
 iu ISfiO, 39,2BT. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a post-village and township of Oswego co., 
 Now York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2073. 
 
 NEW II.WEX, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the loft bank of the I'oughiogheny River, 44 miles S. E. 
 Pittsburg; it has inanulactures of woollen, glass and paper. 
 
 NE^V IIAYEN, a postrvillage of Nelson co.. Kentucky, on 
 the Rolling Fork of Salt River, 54 miles S.^\■. of Frankfort, 
 has 2 churches, several stores, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a village of Hamilton co., Ohio, about 17 
 miies X.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 NEW H.iVliX, a post-village and township of Huron co., 
 Ohio, on the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad, 83 miles N. 
 I'V E if Columbus. Pop. about 600; of the township, 1367. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a post-office of .Macomb co., Michigan. 
 
 NEW H.WEN, a township of Shiawassee co., Jlichigar 
 Pop. 448. 
 
 NEW II.WEX, a post-office of .\llen co.. Indian*. 
 
 NEW H.WEN, a post-village and township of Gallatin 
 CO., Illinois, on the Little Wabash River, about 5 miles frott 
 its month. Pop 200. 
 
 NEW H.WKN, » post-office of Olmstead CO.. Minnesota. 
 
 NEW HAVEN MILLS, a post-village of Addison co., Ver- 
 mont, almut 40 miles S.W. by W. of Montpelier. 
 
 NEW IlElt'RIDES, an island group in the Pacific Ocean, 
 between lat. 14° and 20° S., and Ion. 168° and 170° E., and 
 E. of New Caledonia and the Mallicollo (Jroup. The princi- 
 pal islands are Ambrini, Annatoui, Erromango, Tauna, and 
 Aurora. The natives are of the I'apua race. 
 
 NEW HE'URON, a small postrvillage of Crawford co., llli 
 uois. 
 
 NEW HELVETIA. See Nueva Helveti.^. 
 
 NEW HIIJ,, a post-office of Wake co.. North Carolina 
 
 NEW HILLS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 NEW HOLLAND. See Austr.*u.\. 
 
 NEW HOL'LAND, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 49 miles E. by S. of Harrisliurg. It contains 2 or 
 3 churches, and several stores. 
 
 NEW IIOLL.\ND, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW Hl>LLAND, a post-office of Wabash co.. Indiana. 
 
 Nl'iW HOiysTEIN. a post-office of Calumet co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 NEW IIOI'E, a pleasant post-borough of Uucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on tho Delawiire River, 32 miles by the road N.N.E. 
 of Philadelphia, and 15 miles above Trenton. It is situated 
 in a rich and populous farming district. A fine bridge 
 connects the town witliLiimbertville, on the opposite bank 
 of the river, and with the Belvidere Delaware Railroad. 
 New Hope has 1 academy, a cotton factory, 3 flouring-mills, 
 and a manufactory of agricultural imi)lements. Pop. in 
 1850,1144; in 1860, 1141. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a post-office of Caroline co., Maryland. 
 
 NKW IIOI'K, a postrvillage- of Augusta co., Virginia, 114 
 miles X.W. of Kichmond; has 1 church. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a post-village of Iredell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 NEW I10PE,a post-village of Spartanburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 NKVV HOPE, a post-village of Madi.son CO., Alabama. 
 
 N KW HOPE, a postoffice of Marshall CO., Tennessee. 
 
 NKVV HOPE, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a postrvillage of Brown co., Ohio, on White 
 Oak Creek, alraut 7 miles N. of Georgetown ; has about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a post-officeof Spencer co., Indiana. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a post-office of Waba.sh co., Illinois. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a postrvillage of Lincoln co., Missouri, 55 
 miles N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Water- 
 loo, 5 miles N.W. of Gait, and 9 miles from Guelph. H 
 contains several stores and mills. Pop. about 230. 
 
 NEW HOPE RIVER, of North Can>lina, rises in Orango 
 CO., and falls ii»to Cape Fear Kiver, about 10 miles S.E. of 
 Pittsbo rough. 
 
 NEW liolVTON, a seaport of New Brunswick, co. of Al- 
 bert, on the Cumlwrland Rasin, about 85 miles N.E. of St, 
 John : lat. 45° 4o' N., Ion. 6-1° 27' W.- 
 
 NEW HOUSE, a post-village of York district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 NEW HUD'SON. a post-township on the W. border of 
 Alleghany co.. New Y'ork. Pop. 1316. 
 
 NEW HUDSON, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 NEW HUR'LKY', a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of Xewburg. 
 
 NEW IBE/RIA, a post-village in St. Martin's parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 NEW/ICK. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 NEW'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 8 miles 
 E.S.E. of Rochester. Many Roman antiquities have been 
 found here. 
 
 NEW'INGTON, a post-township of Rockingham co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the PLscataquis River, 40 miles E. by S. of 
 Concord. Pop. 475. 
 
 NEWINGTON, a post-village of Hartford CO.. Connecticut, 
 on the New Haven and Hartford Railroad, 10 miles S. of 
 Hartford. 
 
 NEWINGTON, a parish of Engiand, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NEW1NG1"0N BAG-PATH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 NEWINGTON-NEXT-HYTHE, a parish of England, co. 
 of Kent. 
 
 NEWINGTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Ox- 
 ford. 
 
 NEAV IPS/WICH, a po.«trvillage and township of Hillsbo- 
 rough CO., New Hampshire, about 40 miles S.W. by S. of 
 Concord. The village contains a bank, an academy, and 
 several cotton-mills. P<^. 1701. 
 
 NEW" IN'STITUTE, postoffice, Iredell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 NEW IRE/LAND, an island in the South Pacific, forming 
 the N.E. side of St. George's Channel, lietween lat. 2° 3^ 
 and 5° 2' S., Ion. 160° 30' and 152° 50' E. It is about 200 
 
 1309 
 
KE^Y 
 
 NEW 
 
 mile" long from W.X.W. to E.S.E., by about 20 miles avernpce 
 breadth. The hills rise from 1600 le«t to 2000 feet, and are 
 clotlicd with the most luxuriant forests. Two of its most 
 conspicaus peaks are termed the " Mother and Daughter." 
 The inhabitants belong to the Australian negro race, and 
 aiv reinark.ible tor their excessire jealousy, and the scru- 
 pulous cleanliness of their villages. 
 
 > 1-;\V .1 .\S'l'KR, Greene co., Ohio. See Appexdix. 
 
 NliW JEF'FKIJSON, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, 11 
 miles N.N.K. of Cadiz. 
 
 NKW JhnitvEY, (jer/zee.)one of the Middle States of the 
 North American Confederacy.andoneoftheoriginal thirteen, 
 is ixjunded on the X. by New York; E. by New York (from 
 which it is separated by the Uud.«on River) and the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; S. by Delaware Bay ; and W. by the Delaware Kiver, 
 which separates it from the states of Delaware and Penn- 
 sylvania, It lies between alwut 38'^ 60' and 41° '21' N. lat, 
 and l)etween 7-4^ and 75° 33' W. Ion.; being about 168 miles 
 in extreme length from N. to S., and from 37 to 70 miles in 
 breadth, incluiJing an area of 8320 square miles, or 5,324,800 
 acres, of which 1.914.441 only were improved inlS60. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The southern and middle portions 
 of New .Jersey are mostly flat and sandy, but in the north 
 It becomes hilly, and even rises into low mountains. Some 
 ridges of tlie Alleghany range cross from Pennsylvania, in 
 a N.K. direction, into New York, bearing in New Jersey the 
 local names of Schooley's Mountain, Trowbridge. Itamapo, 
 and Second Mountjiins. The Blue Mountains cross the ex- 
 treme N.W. portion of the state. Below liaritan Bay is a 
 group of hills of from 300 to 400 feet high, called Nevisink 
 Hil's, was^hed by an inlet from Itaritan Bay. commanding 
 a wide sweep of ocean, and furnishing a beacon to mariners, 
 to whom they are generally the first and last seen of the 
 shore of New Jersey, on their voy.-jges in and out of the port 
 of New York. A range of trap rock, varying from 2oo to 
 500 feet high, and known as the Pali-sades, coasts tlie Hudson 
 for 20 miles on the N.E. of the state. The shores of the 
 Atlantic S. of Sandy Hook are lined with a series of inlets 
 and i.slands, which are constantly changing. Tlie country 
 for some distance back is generally marshy or sandy. 
 
 Gtoloff!/. — We abstract from Goodrich's Geograpiiy a por- 
 tion of the following brief sketch of the geology of New 
 Jersey : — The central and southern portions of the state are 
 composed of the new secondary or cretaceous group, covered 
 with sund and gravel, and containing valuable Ix-ds of green 
 Band or marl, so important to the agriculttire (»f this state, 
 and which has worked sucli wonders in the improvement 
 of the soil in latter years, and so enhanced the value of the 
 land. In the central and western parts especially, the marl 
 is abundant, and lies near the surface. In the secondary 
 region are fimnd occasionally tertiary beiis, oomposeti of 
 cLiys containing fossil shclis. In one of these tertiary Ijeds, 
 near Long Braucli. was found a nearly perfect skeleton of 
 the mastodon. About the great l>end in the Delaware, near 
 Borden town, commences a hilly and broken region, the 
 prevailing rock of which is the red sandstone, containing 
 shales, sandstones, and conglomerates in alternation, and 
 covered by a calcareous conglomerate which forms a good 
 building matei'ial, similar to the I'otomac breccia. The Pa- 
 lisade range is composed of gneiss, traversed by dikes of 
 greenstone, while the valleys of West Jer^■ey consist of altei^ 
 Hating strata of slate, argillaceous sandstones, and lime- 
 stone. The Blue Mountains are coniposeil of red and gray 
 sandstones, and the valleys west of them of fossiliferous 
 limestones and calcareous sandstones. 
 
 Mhierals. — The mineral resources of this stat« consist in the 
 extensive beds of marl referred to atiove, in valuable iron de- 
 posits, (liog in the .?.. and hematite and magnetic in the N..) 
 Bine and copjier in the same region. besidt)j<^<i red saiKlstone. 
 (much exported for building.) marble, limestone, slate, a 
 very fine sand, (exported for making glass.) found in the 
 S.W., near Maurice Iliver, extensive beds of peat, copperas. 
 and alum earth. The zino-niines of Sussex county are 
 among the richest in the United States, and are now exten- 
 sively worked. The New Jersey Zinc Companv's Works, in 
 Sussex county, produced 2.425.506 pounds in ISffi, and 
 4.043.415 pounds in 1853. In the same vicinity as the zinc, 
 are rich mines of a peculiarly valuable species of iron ore 
 called Kranklinite. There were in Morris county, in 1853. 
 about 50 furnaces, with 9U fires, each producing "75 tons of 
 blooms and bar iron annuallv: 5 rolling-mills employed 600 
 hands, and workuni iip 16.000' tons of iron in 7 months. 
 
 Hivers. JIai/x. Jslamh. Ac— Washed by the Delaware River 
 and Bay on the W. and S., and by the Hudson River and 
 the Atlantic Ocean on the E.. New Jersrv forms a sort of 
 peninsulji. go to spetik. Were it not that its trade is mono- 
 polize<l by New York and Pliiladelpliia. New Jersey has 
 great advantages in position Tor a Commeirial state. The 
 Delaware is navigable 120 miles from the sea for ocean craft 
 of the smiller kind, and for ships for 96 miles: while on 
 the Atlantic side, for more than half il^ extent there are 
 numerous inlets and lagoons admitting smaller vessels; 
 and on the N.E.. Rarit«n and Newark Bavs. and Iludstm 
 River, accessible to vessels of heavy tonnaire: so that there 
 is nothmg Irat the circumstance menUoHed above t© prevent 
 
 New Jersey becoming a great entrepot of foreign an i i-oust- 
 ing trade. Besides the rivers mentioned as laving tlie sliorod 
 of the state, are a number of smaller streams traversing 
 the interior; the most important of which are the i'a.s.'^aic 
 and Ilackensack, emptying into Newark Bay, in the N.E.; 
 Raritan River, draining the northern and central portions, 
 and pouring its waters into the baj- of the same name; 
 Maurice Kiver. in the S.W., di.scharging it.--elf into the De- 
 laware Bay, and Great Egg Harbor Kiver. emptying directly 
 into the Atlantic Ocean. The*e are severally navigable foi 
 coasters, in the onler named, 10, 15, 17, and the liu-t two 20 
 miles each. Raritan Cay and Arthurkill Sound cut off 
 Staten Island from New Jersey. This island, politically, 
 belongs to New York, but by position, to New Jersey. There 
 are a number of low sandy islands along the Atl.-intic, cut 
 off from the mainland by lagoons. These are generally 
 unfertile, and of little value. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The Atlantic shores of New 
 Jersey are renowned for their sea-bathing resorts. The 
 most imjiortant of these is Cape May, at its soutliern extre- 
 mity, whicli is probably more frequented than any bathing- 
 place in America. Its beach slopes gradu:\lly, and being 
 covered with a fine, hai-d, white sand, forms a deiighifui 
 promenade and drive when the tide is out. Here are aliout 
 10 or 12 hotels, capable of receiving from 200 to 2UU0 guests 
 each; liesides smaller hotels and boarding-houses without 
 number. Long Branch, a few miles below Sandy Hook, 
 ranks next in the number of its visitors ; but Deal, Squan 
 Beach, and Tuckerton are also much trequented. A rail- 
 road ha,s recently been completed to Abseeom Beach, (a 
 popular bathing resort,) 40 miles N.E. of Cape May. 
 Schooley's Slountain, in Morris county, 1100 feet high, 
 with a mineral spring on its summit, and commanding 
 some very fine prospects, has long l*en much visited 
 in the summer season. Brown's Mills, 20 miles E. of 
 Burlington, situated among the pines, is considered par- 
 ticularly beneficial to consumptive patients. Among its 
 natural objects, the Passaic Ealls. in the river of the same 
 name, deserves particular mention. They are situated near 
 the village of Paterson. which owes its importance as a 
 maiiufacturiBg town entirely to these falls, which are 70 
 feet ill perpendicular height, and form (when the river is 
 full) an imposing scene. In the ordinary season of visiting, 
 the water do<>s not run over the falls to any great extent, 
 being drained off by tje mills. It ha.s, however, at all 
 times, a wild and romantic aspect. New Jersey shares with 
 Pennsylvania another still more interesting object, in the 
 pas.sage of the Delaware through the Blue Mountains — 
 generally called the Delaware Water Gap. (See I'tN.v-iVLV.v- 
 xi.\.) In Warren county, 15 miles N. of Belvidere. there is 
 a small mountain lake, perhaps 2 miles in circumference, at 
 an elevation, it is said, of near 14U0 feet above the level of 
 the Delaware River. It is known to be very deep, and 
 alxiunds with sunfi.sli, perch, and other fish. The lake 
 seems to lie almost on the summit of the mountain, and 
 from its immediate vicinity is obtained a magnificent view 
 of the river below, and of the surrounding country for a 
 distance of many miles. The Nevisink llill.s, already 
 noticed, near Sandy Hook, command extensive views loth 
 seaward and landward, and are crowned with a light- 
 house. Weeliawken Heights, near Iloboken. (the (!0m- 
 mencement of the celebrated Palisades.) are the termination 
 of such a promenade as is seldom offered in the vicinity of 
 any great capital. They command a near view of New York 
 City and Harlem, and a more remote one of Staten I.sland 
 and the Narrows, through which may be caught a ftiint 
 glimpse of the o<-ean. 
 
 Climate. — The severity of the climate is somewhat miti- 
 gated in the southern portion by its proximity to the sea; 
 while in the N.it partakes of the characteristics of the S. of 
 New Y'ork and the N. of Pennsylvania. According to the 
 meteorological tables kept at Lambertville. by L. H. Parsons, 
 in the year ending June SO. 1854. the mean hei^rht of the 
 niercurV at 2 P. M. for Julv. was 85^.04: Auuust 84'^.92; 
 September. 7S°.63; October. "52°.42: Novenibt^r'; b3".50: De- 
 cember. 39^.31 : January, 37°.27 : February. 40°.16; March, 
 47'^-76; April. 630.44; !*Iay, 73^.6;i: and June, 84°. Average 
 for the year, 61''.72; maximum, (June 27th.) 98°; minimum, 
 1°.75. (January 3d.) There were 42 perfectly clear d.iys; 
 cloudy, 44; and rain or snow on Kll days. Wafer fell 46.84 
 inches. The peach and cherry blossomed on the 6th of May; 
 the apple on the 9th. 
 
 Srril and Productions. — The soil of New Jersey in the 
 central and southern portions has much of it lieen under- 
 ratwi: though naturally light and sandy, and in many 
 pUices poor, it is very easily improvetl. easily worke I. and 
 by (he aid of the mari which it emlxiwels in large quantities, 
 may be made to produce good crops of wlieat, Indian orn, 
 and potatoes. Where the white sand prevails, as it doe* in 
 some parts of the centre and S.. and near the se.t-coc.st. the 
 soil is worth but little, llie shore on Long Brancn and 
 Deal Beaches is said to be the only fertile territory tmm^ 
 diuteJy on the coast from Maine to Georgia. Thy norti erii 
 portion is well adapted both to tillage and pastnritge, and 
 is of moderate fertility. Some of the productions of this 
 
NEW 
 
 Btate art' of particular importance to the great cities on her 
 borilBrs, as tliey furnish them with the greater portions of 
 their musk and water melons, and a great quantity of sweet 
 potatoes and market vegetables. The staple productions are 
 wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, Irish potatoes, and butter. 
 be»ide8 large quantities of sweet potatoes, peas, beans, wool, 
 buckwheat, orchard and market products, cheese, butter, 
 bay, beeswax, honey, gra.«s-seeds, and flax; and some 
 tobacco, barley, wine, hops, silk, and maple sugar. In 18G0 
 there were in New Jersey 1,914,441 acres of improved land, 
 (1,339,084 b<'ing unimproved,) producing 1,763,218 bushels 
 of wheat ; l,4.3it,497 of rye ; 9,723,^36 of Indian corn ; 4,539,132 
 of oats; 27,674 of peas and beans; 4,171,690 of Irish pota- 
 toes; 1,0.34,832 of sweet potat<)es; 877,386 of buckwlieat; 
 124,613 of grass seeds ; 349,250 pounds of wool ; 10,7 14.447 of 
 butter ; 182,172 of cheese ; 149,485 of tobacco ; 48,651 of flax ; 
 8130 of beeswax ; 185,925 of honey ; 508,726 tons of hay. 
 Value of live stock, .Sl6,134,693 ; orchard products, $129,402 ; 
 market products, $1,541,995; and slaughtered animals, 
 $4,120,275. There were in the state 79,707 horses, 138,818 
 milch cows, and 99,976 otlier cattle. 
 
 Forget Trees. — There are extensive forests of pine in the 
 Bouthern and central parts of the state, much of which is 
 convertixl into charcoal, and sold in the Philadelphia market. 
 In the S. are some valuable cedar swamps. The other 
 forest trees are tho.«e peculiar to the Latitude, a.s various 
 species of oak, hickory, sycamore. sas.«afras, dojrwood, &c. 
 New Jersey has long been celebrated for its peach, and the 
 vicinity of Newark and Eliza bethtown for its apple orchards. 
 Plums, apricots, cherries, Ac, are the other fruits. 
 
 Muinifactures. — New Jersey is extensively eng."»ged in 
 manufactures, for which it enjoys great Cicillties in its 
 abundance of water-power and fuel, and in its nearness to 
 great markets. In 1S60 there were in the state 4173 esta- 
 blishments, each producing S500 and upwards annually, 
 engaged in mining, manufactures, and mechanic arts, em- 
 ploying .•?40,52],048 capital and 43,198 male and 12,829 female 
 hands, consuming raw material worth §41,429,10(1 and pro- 
 ducing annually good.s valued at $7 6,306,104; of tliese 44 
 were cotton factories, employing $1,320,550 capitaiand 1006 
 male and 1524 female hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $l,165,4.35,'and producing goods valued nt $2,217,728; 35 
 woollen factories, employing S683,400 capital and 532 male 
 and 303 female hands, consuming raw material worth $548,- 
 678, and producing stuffs valued at Sl,08o,104; 58 manufac- 
 tories of hats, employing 8752,250 capital and 2010 male and 
 771 female liiinds, and producing hats, &c., valued nt$3,725,- 
 928; 397 flour ami grist-mills, employing $2,719,185 capital 
 and 747 hands, and producing flour and meal valued at 
 $0,047,515; 58 iron foundries, employing $1,651,050 capital, 
 and producing castings valued at $2,198,531 ; 26 manufac- 
 tories of bar, sheet, and railroad iron, the annual products 
 of which were valued at $1,1,17.519, and 21S manufactories 
 of carriages, employing $091,075 capitjU. and producing an- 
 nually carriages valued at $2,264,.5;iO. Home-made nianu- 
 faxtnres, the estimated value of which was $27,588, were 
 also produced in the same year. At Paterson there are 
 mills for the manufacttire of silk, employing some 700 
 hands, and said to be the most extensive in the United 
 States. 
 
 Internal Tmprovements. — Lying in the direct line of com- 
 munication between the two greatest cities of America, as 
 well as in the regular route of travel between the North and 
 South, New Jersey was among the first of the states to be 
 traversed by railway. I'our lines of railroad cross the en- 
 tire stato; one of which unites Jersey City, (a suburb of 
 New York.) through Trenton, with Philadeiphia: a second. 
 Elizal)ethtown with Easton : a third. South Amboy with 
 Camden, opposite Philadelphia, and a fourth run's from 
 Camden to the sea-shore, at Absocom. A liranch from .Jersey 
 City intersects the New York and Erie Railroad, at Kanuvpo, 
 another diverges from the same place to Dover, in Morris 
 county; a branch from Freehold meets the Camden and 
 Amboy Railroad at Jamesburg. and one is in course of con- 
 struction from Camden to Cape May. Trenton is united 
 with Haston, Pennsylvania, and with lielvidere. Resides 
 these there are some short branch roads of a few miles only 
 in length. In .Tan. 1855, there were in this state 437 miles 
 of railw.^y completed. 
 
 New Jersey is also traversed by two canals, having a total 
 length of 147 miles; one of which, connecting New Bruns- 
 wick with Bordcmtown. opens an internal navigation be- 
 tween New Y'ork and Philadelphia, and is the track of an 
 Immense transit trade between the two great cities and other 
 towns further east and south. Easton and Newark are also 
 united liy a canal whicJi is the channel of a great coal trade. 
 The annual report of the State Directors of the Camden 
 and Amboy Railroad for 1854. gives the gross receipts of the 
 Company at $1 .682.436. and the expenditures at $1,132,029. 
 showing an e.tcoss of $552,456. The net earnings of the 
 Delaware and Karitan Canal for the year were };"03.1S6. 
 The whole revenue .accruing to th" state for the year 1854 
 from all sources was $134,071. of which j!61.175 accrued from 
 transit duty ou the railroad : the sum of §44.035 for transit 
 •duty on the canal. During the year the Belvidere Railroad 
 
 NEW 
 
 has been opened to Easton, and the Flemington Raflroad 
 from Flemington to Jjiml)ertville. The number of passen- 
 gers carried ou the road has been as follows: In the Cam- 
 den and Amboy Railroad train.s. between Philadelpliia and 
 New York. 83,447 first class, and 53.748 emigrant passen- 
 gers, exclusive of way-travellers. 
 
 In 1853. the New Jersey Railroad (from Jersey City to 
 Bordentown, via Trenton) carried 2,170,243 passengers, of 
 every grade, way and through passengers, and 48.1(i7 tons 
 of freight The Camden and Amboy Railroad receipt.s for 
 the same year amounted to $1,744,207. 
 
 Commf.rce. — Tiie direct trade of New .Jersey, thouith sur- 
 rounded by navigable waters on all sides but one, is veiy 
 small. Ijeing almost wholly carried on through the ports of 
 New York and Philadelphia, though this stite has several 
 ports of entry. Her internal ami transit trade, however, is 
 very great, being, as before remai-ked, tlie higliway between 
 the two greatest cities in the Union. A large amount of 
 coal, too. crosses the state from the mines of Pennsylva- 
 nia to the city of New York and other places. The British 
 line of steamers has its entrepot at Jersey City, iu this state. 
 The tonnage of New Jersey, in 1863, was 138,046, and the 
 nunil)er of ves.sels built 30, with an aggregate tonnage of 
 4758. Value of foreign imports, $:!61 6 ; of exports, !?53,192; 
 tonnage entered, 1676; tonnage cleared, 7820. 
 
 In 1853, there were transported on the Raritan Con.il 
 (extending across the state from the Delaware River to Ra- 
 ritan Bay) nearly 1,000,000 tons of coal. 13.500.000 feet of 
 timber and lumber, 1,150.074 bushels of grain and feed; 
 93.301 barrels of flour, 34,728 tons of iron, and 143,u00 tons 
 of general merchandise; and in 1854, 1.283,148 tons of coal, 
 and 1.386,860 cubic feet of timber; do. luuU>er, 12,270..3rt6 
 do.; do. grain and feed, 1.069,700 bushels; do. flour. 20t>,097 
 barrels, carried through. Amount of iron, 36.699 tou8. 
 Through merchandise, not included above. 176.;jS2 tons. 
 
 The following Table shows the quantity of way freight 
 carrietl on the Camdou and Amboy Railroad iu the years 
 named: 
 
 Tons. Tons. Tons. 
 
 1835 . 
 
 . 1,451 
 
 1R4T . 
 
 . lfi,892 
 
 1R51 . 
 
 . 21,474 
 
 1S40 . 
 
 . 8,S56 
 
 IMS . 
 
 . 15.095 
 
 185 J . 
 
 . ^1.305 
 
 1K45 . 
 
 . 7.489 
 
 1849 . 
 
 . ll,»15 
 
 1853 . 
 
 . 47.4i4 
 
 1W6 . 
 
 . 13,IBtt 
 
 1K50 . 
 
 . 20,503 
 
 1854 . 
 
 . 43,134 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, there wore 
 in New Jcr.sey 5 colleges, having 775 students, $59,500 in- 
 come, $11,000 of which was endowments ; 1496 public 
 schools, having $110,320 ijupils, $536,^51 income, $331,413 
 of which was from taxation, $108,983 from public funds 
 and $5406 was endowments; 251 academies and other 
 schools, having 12,892 pupils, $262,098 income, $14,080 o' 
 which was from public fuut'.s, $7000 was endovnnents, ana 
 $i312 from taxation ; there are also in the state 725 libra- 
 ries. 402 of which are publl;, embracing 250.485 volumes ; 9 
 public, 277 Sunday-school, 5 college, and 32 chtirch libra- 
 ries, conii)risitig 4;i3,321 v,)lHmes. New Jersey College at 
 Princeton is one of the old ^st seats of learning in the United 
 States, and one of the highest in reputation; here have been 
 educated some of the leading men of the nation. A State 
 Normal School w^as established near Trenton in 1855. The 
 whole number of pupils that had received instruction in 
 tliat institution in 1802 was 611. The number of graduates 
 was 1.57, of which number 115 were engaged in leaching. 
 The whole number of children in the state attending school 
 in 1862 Wiis 132,590; average daily attendance, 58,720. 
 
 lidigious Denominatiims. — Of the 1123 churches in New 
 Jersey in 1860, the Eiiptists owned 130 ; Christians. 10 ; Dutch 
 Reformed, 84; Episcopalian.s, 105 ; Friends, 61 ; Lutherans, 
 17; MethotUsts, 404 ; Presbyterians, 211 ; Roman Catholics, 
 61 ; Unionists, 11 ; the remaining ones are held by the Con- 
 gregationalists, German Reformed, Mormons, and various 
 other minor sects ; 1 church to every 598 persons. Value of 
 church property, $7,762,705. 
 
 Jr'erinUeah. — There were published in New Jersey in 
 1860, 15 daily, 1 bi-weekly, 70 weekly, and 3 monthly 
 newspapers and magazines, with an aggregate annual cir- 
 culation of 12,801,412. 
 
 Public Institutions. — New Jersey has a fine state prison 
 near Trenton, conducted on the solitary system, in which 
 there were in January, 1855, 206 prisoners. The prison 
 yields a revenue to the state. There is a library of 1029 
 volumes, for the use of the prisoners. A house of refuge 
 was commenced at Kingston, in Middlesex county, but after 
 an expenditure of $20,331. the work was discontinued. The 
 noblest institution in New Jersey is her in.«ane asylum, 
 which was opened in May, 1848, and is under excellent 
 management. The number of patients remaining Jan. 1,1863, 
 was 325 — 157 males, and 168 females. The whole number 
 admitted since the opening of the asylum was 2076, of which 
 841 recovered. There were in New Jersey, in 1850, 77 public 
 libraries, with 43.903 volumes: 45 school and Sunday-school, 
 with 12.664; 4 college, with 24.000 volumes; and 2 church 
 libraries, with 338 volumes. The Historical Society of New 
 Jersey, at Newark, has a library of 1811 volumes, »ud has 
 published 7 volumes of transactions. 
 
 I'opiilation. — New Jersey was originally settled by Dufadi 
 
 Ull 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 in the N.K.. English in the central, and Swedes in the south- 
 WBStern part ; hut of these the Kngli.sh portion preilominated. 
 and gave tone to the rest. At present, with tlie same pre- 
 dominancy, it partakes of the usual mixed character of the 
 population of the Union. In 1790, it numbered 18-4.139 
 inhabitants; 2U.949 in 1800; 245.555 in 1810; 277,575 in 
 1820; 320,823 in 1830; 37.3,306 in 1840; 489,6.5o in 1850. In 
 1860, 072,035, of whom 646,699 were whites, 25,318 free col- 
 ored, and 18 slaves. Population to square mile, 80. Rep- 
 resentative population, 672,027. Of the populatson 467,015 
 were born in the state; 80,212 in other states ; 12,tKX) in fo- 
 reign countries, of whom 15,852 were bnrn in England. 62.006 
 in Ireland, 3556 in Scotland, 371 in Wales, 1144 in British 
 America, 33,772 in Germany, 2408 in France, and 3681 in 
 other foreign countries. Of the jiopulation in the leading 
 pursuits 3 1 ,649 were laborers, 30,.325 farmers, 21.843 servants, 
 18,429 farm laborers, 7444 carpenters. 5960 clerks, 5708 shoe- 
 malcers. 4113 apprentices, 3373 blacksmiths, 2951 merchants, 
 2894 tailoresses, 2541 tailors, 2230 seamstresses, 21 98 masons, 
 2086 teachers, 2035 mariners, 2027 factory hands, Ac, &c. 
 In the year ending June Ist, 1860, there occurred 7525 deaths, 
 or 11.4 in every thousand. The number of deaf and dumb 
 ■was 212 (see Introduction to the volume on Population 
 of the Eighth Omstig, pp. liv, Iv, hi, &c.); blind, 208; in- 
 sane, 589 ; idiotic, 365. 
 
 Counties. — New Jersey is divided into 21 counties, viz.: 
 Atlantic, liergen, Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumber- 
 land, Essex, Gloucester, Hudson, Hunterdon, Mercer, Mid- 
 dlesex, Monmouth, Morris.Ocean, Passaic, Salem, Somerset, 
 Sussex, Union, and "Warren. Capital, Trenton. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Notwithstanding New .Jersey lias on 
 its borders.iutheneighboringstatesof New York and Penn- 
 sylvania, tilt two greatest cities in America, it is studded 
 with populous and thriving towns and villages. The largest 
 of these is Newark, with a population in 1860of 71,914, (es- 
 timated at 38,893 in 1850,) besides which there are Jersey 
 City, 29,226; Paterson, 19,586; Trenton, 17,228; Camden, 
 14,358; Elizabeth. 11,567; New Brunswick, 11.256; Hobo- 
 ken, 9662; Orange, 8877; Morristown, about 4000 ; Hudson, 
 7229; Rahway, 7130; Hackensack, 5488 ; Burlington, 5174; 
 Bridgeton, about 4000: Bloomfield,4790; Middletown,4112; 
 Newton, 4055: Bordentown, 4027; Belleville, 3969; Mill- 
 ville, 3932; Phillipsburg, 3741; Princeton, about 3000; 
 Beverly, 1220; Woodbury, 1534 ; Mount Holly, 3000 ; Som- 
 erville, and Fleinington. 
 
 Government, Finances. Banks, &c. — The Governor of New 
 Jersey is elected for three years, by popular vote, and 
 receives $1800 salary and fees. The Senate is composed of 
 20 members, elected for three years, and the House of 
 Representatives of 60, elected annually. The legislature 
 meets tha first Tuesday in January. The judiciary consists 
 — 1. Of a court of errors and appeals, composed of a chan- 
 cellor, the judges of the supreme court, and six other judges 
 appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of 
 the Senate, for 6 years, one judge retiring each year. The 
 pardoning power lies in this court in conjunction with the 
 governor. 2. A court of chancery, which holds 3 sessions 
 annually at Trenton, the chancellor or judge of which is 
 appointed by the governor for 7 years; and, 3. Of a supreme 
 court, composed of one chief and four associate justices, who 
 are nominated by the governor, and appointed by him. witli 
 the advice and consent of the senate. 4. Of circuit courts 
 and courts of oyer and terminer, held by the justices of the 
 supreme court in each county 3 times a year. 5. Of courts 
 of common pleas, composed of 5 judges appointed by the 
 legislature, for 5 years, who receive fees, but no salaries. 
 The other judges receive from §1400 to sJlSo'j per annum. 
 Any white male citizen, 21 years of age, who has resided in 
 the state one year, and in the county five months next pre- 
 ceding an election, is entitled to vote. New Jersey has 5 
 members in the national House of Representatives, and 7 
 votes for President of the United States. The public debt 
 In January, 1863, was $886,100, against which the state had 
 assets in the treasury to the amount of $243,566. The ordi- 
 nary expenditures for 1863 amounted to $186,073. The 
 amount raised by taxes for schools in 1862 w;is $368,966. 
 The amount of bounties paid to volunteers and their fami- 
 liesin 1862 was over $1,000,000. In January, 1863, there were 
 in the state 43 incorporated banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of $7,152,682, a circulation of $8,381,578, and $1,001,489 in 
 Bpecie. There were 11 other banks, which had a circnlatioii 
 of $826,778, and securities deposited in the state treasury to 
 the amount of .$982,333. 
 
 History. — Settlements were made in New Jersey, soon 
 after their arrival in New York, by the Dutch, at Bergen, 
 between the years 1614 and 1624. A Swedish colony was 
 founded in the S.AV. in 1627, nea- the shores of the Dela- 
 ware Kiver. In 1664 this state fell with New York into the 
 hands of the Duke of York, who assigned it to Lord Berke- 
 ley and Sir (}eorge Carteret. In compliment to the latter, 
 who was an inhabitant of the Isle of Jersey, in the English 
 Channel, it received its name. Penn and Carteret divided 
 the state into East and West Jersey, (more properly North 
 and South.) in 1676, Fenn taking West, and Carteret East 
 Jersey. The latter sold his share to twelve Friends in 1683. 
 1312 
 
 The fir.it General Assembly was held in New Jersey, in 1861 : 
 li^t and West Jersey were united eleven years after, aud 
 formed part of New York till 1702. when they were restored 
 to the crown. This colony escaped the inroads of the savages, 
 which so afflicted most of the older settlements. It was, 
 however, the .scene of several engagements in the Revolu- 
 tion, the most important of which were the capture of 900 
 Hessians by Washington, at Trenton. Decemlier 26, 1776, 
 the battle of Princeton, a few days after; and the battle of 
 -Monmouth, in June, 1778, all of which resulted favorably 
 to the American cause, and in all of which Washington 
 was present. The American army wintered at Morristowa 
 in 1776-77. 
 
 NKW JERU'SALEM, post-office. Berks co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW KKNT. a county in the K.S.K. part of Virginia, has 
 an area of 190 square miles. The Pamunkey Kiver forms 
 its boundary on the N.E., and the Chickahominy on the 
 S.W. The surface is moderately hilly, and the soil of mid- 
 dling quality. The Pamunkey or York River is navigable 
 on the border of the countv. Formed in 1654. Capital, 
 New Kent Court House. Pop. 5884, of whom 2510 were 
 free, and 3.'i74 slaves. 
 
 NEW KKNT COURT HOUSE, the capital of New Kent 
 CO., Virginia. .30 miles E. of Richmond. It contains, besides 
 county buildings, a few stores. 
 
 NKW KlNGSrrON, a post-office of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NKAV KINGSTON, a postoffice of Delaware co.. New York. 
 
 NEW'KIRK'S MILLS, post-office, Fulton co.. New York. 
 
 NEW LAN'CASTKR, a post-offic-e of Tipton Co., Indiana. 
 
 NEW L.\NCASTEK, a po.^t-village of Warren co., Illinois, 
 on the road from Peoria to Burlington, in Iowa. 
 
 NEVV'L.\ND, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 NEWL.\NDS, a parish of Scotland, co. and 6 miles N.W. ■ 
 of Peebles. Here are the remains of Drochil Castle, built by 
 Morton, regent of Stx)tland. 
 
 NEWLAXD SIDE, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 NEW LKB'.\NON, a post-township forming the N.E. ex- 
 tremity of Columbia co.. New York. Pop. 2187. 
 
 NEVv LEBANON, a Shaker village of Columbia co.. New 
 York, 2 miles S. of New Lebanon Springs. It contains 10 
 or 12 large dwellings, occupied hy the society in common ; 
 also various smaller dwellings and shops. The Shakers 
 possess over 2000 acras of laud in the vicinity of the village. 
 They manufacture a number of small articles, iu which 
 they exhiliit much ingenuity and skill. 
 
 N EW LK|{.\XOX. a postofflce of Mercer co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 NE\V LEB.A.XOX. a post-vill.age of Camden co., North Ca- 
 rolina, near Pasquotank River, at the S. terminus of Dismal 
 Swamp Can.-il. 155 miles N.E. by E. of Raleigh. 
 
 NEW LEB.\XON. a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW LEB.\NON. a post-village of Sullivan co., Indiana, 
 110 miles S.W. of Indi.inapolis. 
 
 NEW LEBANON, a post-village of De Kalb co., Hlinois, 
 60 miles W.X.W. of Chicago. 
 
 NEW LEBANON CEXTRE.apost-villageofColumhU co- 
 New York. 
 
 NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, a beautiful post-village of 
 Columbia co.. New Y'ork, 25 miles S.E. of Albany. Here 
 are mineral springs and several hotels, much fre(iuented 
 as a summer resort. The village contains a bank, and a 
 large manufactory of thermometers, producing about 25,000 
 annually. Baronielers are also made here. 
 
 NEW LKlN.STER,(lin'ster,)an island of the New Zealand 
 group, (which see.) 
 
 NKW LEN/OX, a post-township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 
 907. 
 
 NEW LE'ON. (Sp. Nueeo Leon, nw.Vvo l.i-on',) a state of 
 the Mexican Confitleration. between lat. 24" and 27° 30' N., 
 and Ion. 99° and 100° 40' W., enclosed by Tamaulipas, San 
 Luis Potosi. Zacatecas. and Cohahuila. Area 16.687 square 
 miles. Pop. 133,361. The surface is generally mountainous; 
 principal river, the Tigre. The soil is fertile. The mineral 
 products comprise le.ad. gold, silver, and salt. The chief 
 towns are Monterey (the capital,) Florida, Saltillo, and 
 Linares. 
 
 NEW LEXaNGTON, a postoffice of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NEW LEXINGTON, a post-village of Tuscaloosa co., Ala- 
 bama, 130 miles N.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 NEW LE.VINGTOX. a vUlage of Highland co., Ohio, 60 
 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 NEW LKXIXGTOX. a post-village of Perry co., Ohio, 50 
 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 812. 
 
 NEW LEXINGTON', a village of Van Buren CO., Iowa, OR 
 Des Moines Itiver. 80 miles S. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 NEW LIIVERTY. a post-village of Owen co., Kentucky, 
 33 miles N. of Frankfort. 
 
 NEW LIBERTY, a small post-village of Pope ca, IIUnoi«, 
 on the Ohio River. 
 
 NEW LIGHT, a post-village of Wake eo.. North Carolina. 
 
 NEW LIM'EKICK. a township of Aroostook co., Maine, 
 125 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 226. 
 
 NEW'LIN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 791. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 NEW LTS'BON, a post-township of Otsego co. New York, 
 16 miles S.W. of Cooperstown. Pop. 1733. 
 
 NEW LISBON, a post-office of Burlington CO., New Jersey. 
 
 NKW lil.SBON, a thriving town, capital of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio, on the Little Beaver River, and on the Sandy 
 and Bfaver Canal, 155 miles X.E. of Columbus, and 56 miles 
 N.W. of PittsburiT. The town is neatly and compactly 
 built. The surrounding country is fertile, populous, and 
 highly improved. The extensive water-power of the river 
 is partially employed in miiis, &c. The Sandy and Beaver 
 C!aual extends from the Ohio Canal at Bolivar to the Ohio 
 Kiver. This town is in the midst of the great wool-growiug 
 resrion of Ohio. It contains 6 churches, - newspaper offices, 
 3 hotels, alioiit 20 stores besides groceries, a large woollen- 
 factorv. and a steam-mill. Pop. about 20OO. 
 
 NEW LISBON, a post-village in Henry co., Indiana, 50 
 miles E. by N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW LISBON, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, 
 89 miles E.N.K. of ludiauapolis. It w.is laid out in 1850. 
 
 NEW LIV'EFtPOOL., a suiall village of Canada East, co. 
 of Dorchester, situated on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence 
 Kiver, 7 miles S. of Quebec. 
 
 NEW LON'DON, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Connecticut, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is 
 partly bounded on the E. by the I'awcatuck, and on the W. 
 by the Connecticut Kiver, and is principally watered by the 
 Thames River (which traverses it nearly N. and S.) and its 
 branches. It borders on I^ng Island Sound for about 25 
 miles, affording great facilities for navigation and the fish- 
 eries, the latter of which are carried on to a considerable 
 extent. The surface is hilly, and in the S.W. part moun- 
 tainous. The soil is fertile, but more adapted to grazing 
 than tillage. The Connecticut River is navigable for steam- 
 boats along part of the western border of tiiis county, and 
 the Thames River is navigable for sloops to Norwich City. 
 Tlie county is traversed by the New London Nortlicrn Rail- 
 road, and partly intersected by the Norwich and Worcester 
 Railroad, and New Haven and New London Raili'oad. Seats 
 of justice, Norwich and New London. Pop. 61,731. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a post-township of Merrimackco., New 
 Hampshire. ."?(! miles W.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 952. 
 
 NKW LONDON, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of 
 New London county, Connecticut, is situated on the right 
 bank of the Thames River, 3 miles from the ocean, and 50 
 miles E. of New Haven. Lat. 41° 22' N., ion. 72° 9' W. It 
 is built on a declivity facing the S. and E. The site being 
 .lonsitlerably encuml)ered with granite rocks, it was not laid 
 out with any great regard to regularity, though within a 
 few years much has been done in the way of grading and 
 other improvements to overcome the original inequalities 
 of the surface. The elevation back of the city affords an 
 extensive and varied prospect. Among the public buildings 
 maj' he mentioneil the custom-house, a fine granite edifice, 
 the court-house, the churches, of which the Baptists have 3, 
 the Congregationalists 2, the Methodists 2, the Episco- 
 palians 1, the Catholics 1, and the Universalists 1, in all 
 10, and tha City Hall. The principal edncational institu- 
 tions are the New London Female Academy, tJie Bartlett 
 High School, and 16 public schools, including tlie different 
 grades. Increased attention has of late been paid to the 
 subject of education, and the schools gonenilly are in a 
 flourishing condition. Four newspapers are published here, 
 of which 2 are dailies. 
 
 The harbor of New London ig one of the best in the 
 United States. It is 3 miles long, 5 fathoms deep, and 
 seldom obstructed with ice. It is environed by hills, and 
 defended by Fort Trumbull and Fort Griswold, the former 
 of which is garrisoned. The inhabitants have long Deeh 
 extenj^ively engaged in the whale fishery, which employs 
 about 1500 men and a large amount of capital. The coast 
 trade and the other fisheries are also very important. The 
 shipping of the port, June 'M, 1852, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 23.281 tons registered, and 18,229j enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the former. 15,961 tons were employed in the 
 whale fishery; of the latter, 11,517} were employed in the 
 coast trade, and 6276 in the cod and mackerel fisheries; 
 12 steamers are also owned, with an aggregate burthen of 
 4253 tons. The receiiits from the whale fishery for the year 
 were $1,349,872. During the year 1853, 21 whalers arrived 
 here, bringing 1107 bbls. of sperm oil, 45,900 of whale oil, 
 and 1.881.200 lbs. of whale-bone; the quantities of the two 
 latter were the greatest received at any port in the United 
 Stiitos, except New Bedford. The value of the foreign im- 
 ports, in 1852. was $28,904, and of the exports. S78.3S3. The 
 vessels built during the year 1852-3 were 2 ships, 6 schoon- 
 ers. 4 .sloops, and 1 steamer. Several extensive manufacturing 
 establishments have recently commenced operations, among 
 which may be mentioned the Alberton and Douglass Ma- 
 chine Company, with a capital of $60,000 ; the New London 
 Foundry and Machine Works, with a capital of $t5,000, the 
 Nameaug Manufacturing Company, formed in 1853, having 
 a capital of S70.000, and the Thames Glass Works. Tlie 
 New London, Willimantic and Palmer Railroad Company 
 was organized in 1848, with a capital of $1,500,000, chiefly 
 owned in New London. There are 5 banks, with an aggre- 
 4H 
 
 gate capital of about $600,000, and a savings institution 
 with $700,144.67 on deposit. Tlie streets are lighted witli 
 gai5. The city has railroad communication with .New Haven 
 and the principal towns of the interior. New I^ondon was 
 settled in 1644, by John AN inlhrop, son of Oovernor Win 
 throp, of Massachusetts. I'op. in IboO, 4336; in 1840, 5519 
 in 1860, 8991 ; in 1860, 10,115. 
 
 NEW IjONDON, a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, 
 on the Erie Canal, 7 or 8 miles W. of Rome. It has several 
 warehouses. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a post-town.ship on the S. border of Ches- 
 ter co., Penn.sylvania. Pop. 943. 
 
 NEW LONDON Or NKW LONDON CROSS ROADS, a post 
 village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 74 miles S.E. of Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a sm.ill village of Mercer eo., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 NKW LONDON, a post-village of Frederick co., Marjland. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a post-village of Campbell co., Virginia, 
 110 miles W. by S. of Kichmond. 
 
 NKW LONDON, a piost-office of Union co., Arkansas. 
 
 NEW LO.NDON, a thriving post-village and township in 
 Huron co., Ohio, on the railroad from ("leveland to Colum- 
 bus, 47 miles S.W. of Cleveland. It is situated in a beautiful 
 and fertile country, and is a place of rapid growth. The 
 village is sometimes called King's Corneus. I'op. 1482. 
 
 NEW London, a pb.st-village of Howard co., Indiana, 8 
 or 9 miles S.W. of Kokomo. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a post-village, capital of Ralls co.. Mis- 
 souri, about 2 miles S. of Salt River, and 98 miles N.N.E. 
 of Jefferson City. It contains a brick court-house, 1 or 2 
 churches, and several stores. 
 
 NKW LONDON, a post-oflice of Ashtabula eo.. Ohio. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, 19 
 miles by railroad W.N.W. of Burlington. See Appendix. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a seaport on the N. coast of Prince Ed- 
 ward's Island, Queen's co., at the W. side of the entrance to 
 Greenville Bay ; in lat. 64° 3.3' N., Ion. 63° 32' W. 
 
 NEW LONDON LIGHT'HOUSE, on the W. side of the 
 entrance to the Thames River, Connecticut. It exhibits a 
 fixed light 80 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 18' 
 54" N., Ion. 72° 5' 48" W. 
 
 NEW LYME, a post-village and township of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio. 195 miles N.E. of Columbus, i'op. 694. 
 
 NEW^LYN', a pari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 NEW MAD'ISON, a thriving post-village of Darke co., 
 Ohio, about 100 miles W. of Columbus. 
 
 NEW M.\DISON, an improving village of Madison co., 
 Indiana, on Pipe Creek, 13 miles N. of Anderson. 
 
 NEW MAD/RID, a county near the S.E. extremity of 
 Mi.s.souri, l)ordering on the Missis,sippi River, which .sepa- 
 rates it from Tennessee and Iventucky, ha.s an area of 880 
 square miles. The Whitewater, an affluent of the St. Fran- 
 cis, flows along the W. border. The surface is an alluvial 
 plain, which does not contain a rock of any description. 
 The soil is highly productive. It was severely injured by 
 tlie earthquakes of 1811 and 1812, by which about half of 
 its area was sunk several feet and covered with water. 'J"he 
 shocks were attended with loud explosions; and chasms 
 were opened in the ground, from which volumes of water 
 and steam were discharged. Islands in the Missi.ssipjii wore 
 sunk; the current of the river was driven back for several 
 hours by the elevation of its bed, and overflowed the adja- 
 cent land. One of the lakes formed at this time is said to 
 be nearly 60 miles long, and several miles wide. The legis- 
 lature of Mis.souri, during the se.=sion of 18.50 and 1851, 
 made an appropriation for the purpose of reclaiming the 
 sunken lands of this and the adjoining counties. Capjital, 
 New Madrid. Pop. 5654, of whom 3877 were free, and 1777 
 
 NKW M.\.DRID, capital of New Madrid co., Missouri, on 
 the Mississippi River, 280 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. It 
 does a large bu.siness in shipping corn, lumber, and cattle 
 for Southern markets. The houses are mostly built of 
 wood, on account of the frequency of earthquakes, by which 
 this town was greatly injured in 1811. A newspaper is 
 published here. Settled in 1780. Pop. 610. 
 
 NEW MAHO'NING, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 NEWMAN'S MILLS. See C.^noe Pl.ice. 
 
 NEW/MAN STOWN, a village of Lebanon co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 37 miles E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 233. 
 
 NEWMANSYILLE, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee. 
 
 NEW MA'RION, a post-village of Ripley co.. Indiana, on 
 Graham's Creek, and on the Michigan Road, 75 miles S.S.E. 
 of Indianapolis. Pop. near 300. 
 
 NEWJIAR/KET, a market-town of England, counties of 
 Suffolk and Cambridge, 13 miles E.N.E. of Cambridge, and 
 65g miles N.N.E. of London, with which it communicates 
 by the Eastern Counties Railway, and a branch from Ches- 
 terford. Pop. in 1851, 3356, nearly half of whom are train- 
 ers, jockies, stable keepers, and grooms. The town is lery 
 well built, having many splendid residences of noble and 
 wealthy patrons of '-The Turf," elegant rooms belonging 
 to the Jockey Club, numerous hotels, and immense ranges 
 
 1313 
 
 J 
 
NEW 
 
 of stflWins;. The famous races of Newmarket are held on 
 ii beautiful heath W. of the town. The course, upwards of 
 4 miles in length, belongs to the Jockey Club, and is con- 
 Piaercd the best in England. The training ground, on a 
 slope S. of the town, is also very fine. Seven race meetings, 
 each lasting 3 days, are held yearly. 
 
 NK\V'M.\UK1;T, a small marketrtown and parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Flinti. 
 
 NKWMARKET, a markettown of Ireland, Munster, co. 
 of Cork. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a post-township of Rockingham co.,New 
 Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine, and Portsmouth and 
 Ctoncord Railroads. 25 miles S.E. of Concord. It is the seat 
 of the New JIarket Manufacturing Company, who have here 
 three large cotton-mills. Pop. 2034. 
 
 NEW MARKET or SXY'DERTOWN, a village of IIuntei> 
 don CO., New Jersey, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, 
 9 miles S. by E. of Flemington. 
 
 NEW M.\KKET, a post-village of Middlesex co., New 
 Jersev, about 7 miles N. of New Brunswick. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a village of Baltimore co., Maryland, 30 
 miles N. of Baltimore. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a post-village of Frederick CO., ;Maryland, 
 near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 10 miles E. by S. of 
 Frederick. 
 
 NEW .MARKET, a post-village of Nelson co., A'irginia, on 
 James River, at the mouth of Tye River, 108 miles W. of 
 Richmond, contains a tobacco warehouse and 2 mills. The 
 postHiffice is named Tye River Warehouse. 
 
 NEW MAl'.KET, a post-village of t>henandoah co., Tir- 
 "ginia. 150 miles N.W. of Richmond. It is delightfully situ- 
 ated in the Great Valley, between the Massanutten and North 
 Mountains. There are several forges and factories in the 
 vicinity, which abounds in iron ore. It contains 3 or 4 
 churches. Pop. 1422. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a post-village in Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Ni;W MARKET, a post- village in Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 NEW MARKET, formerly GUL'LETTSVITXE, a post-vil- 
 lage of Monroe co., Georgia. 35 miles N.W. of Macon. 
 
 NEW M.\UKET. a pnst-village in Madison co., Alabama, 
 about 200 miles N. of Montgomery. 
 
 NEW M.VKKET, a flourishing post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Tennessee, is pleasantly situated on the East Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia Railroad, 26 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville. 
 It stands in a long and very productive valley, and contains 
 llolstein College, chartered in 1832; also a female institute. 
 A railroad depOt will be established here. 
 
 NEW MAllKKT. a post-village of Marion CO., Kcntuckr. 
 on the Rolling Fork of Salt River, 66 mUes S. by W. of 
 Krankfort. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a thriving post-vill.age and township of 
 Highland co., Ohio, 6S miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. of 
 the township, 125o. 
 
 NKW M.\RKET, a village of Harrison co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio River. 35 miles below Louisville. Pop. about 300.' 
 
 NEW MARKET, a post-village in Vigo co., Indiana, 80 
 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW M.\RKET, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a post-village of Platte co., Missouri, 210 
 miles AS'.N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 NEW >I.\RKET, a post-village in Van Buren co., Iowa, 
 near Des Jloines River, 70 miles S.W. bv S. of Iowa City. 
 
 NEW .MAR'KET, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 York, 30 miles N.X.W. of Toronto. It contains several 
 Btoros. hotels, and a foundry. 
 
 NEW.MARKET-OX-FER/GUS, a market-town of Ireland, 
 Munster. co. of Clare. Pop. 1526. 
 
 NEW MAl'vl/BOROUGH. a ppst-township of Berk.=hlre co., 
 M.issachusetts, about 120 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 
 17S2. 
 
 NEW MAR/TINPBURG, a small village of Fayette co., 
 Ohio, on Walnut Creek, about 50 miles S.AV. of Columbus. 
 Laid out iu 18:39. 
 
 NEW MARTINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Wetzel 
 CO., W. Virgini,% on the Ohio River, at the month of Fi.shing 
 Creek, 40 miles below Wheeling. It contains a court-house, 
 a few stores, and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 NEW M.\S',^ILLON, a small village of Wayne co.. Illinois. 
 on the Little Wabash River, is situated near the border of 
 a fine prairie. 
 
 NEW -MATAMOmA, a po.st-o£Rce of Wa.shington co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW JI.VYS'VILLE. a post-village of Putnam co., Indi- 
 ana. 14 miles N.E. of Grecncastle. 
 
 NEW MAYSVILLE. a post-office of Pike co., Illinois. 
 
 NEW MEX'ICO, (Sp. Suevo Mexico or Mejico, nw,Vvo 
 moh'iie-ko; Fr. Knui'cuu iiejciqm, t\oo\ol mjx^eek'; Ger. 
 Xtu-Mea-io). noi-mj.x'e-ko.) a territory of the United Sf.ates 
 of North America, and a portion of the tract actiuired from 
 Mexico bv the treaties of 1848 and 1854, extends from 31° 
 20' to 37'' N. lat., and from 103° to 109° W. Ion., being about 
 400 miles in extreme length from N. to S., and about 350 
 miles in breadth from E. to W., inclnding an area of about 
 124,500 square miles. It is bounded N. by Colorado, E. bv 
 1314 ' ' 
 
 NEW 
 
 Texas, S. by Texas and Mexico, and W. by Arizona. Pr«. 
 vious to 1863 it extended from 31° 20' to" 38° N. lat., and 
 from 103° to 117° W. Ion., and was bounded on the N. by 
 Utah and Colorado, on the E. by Texas and the Indian Ter- 
 ritory, on the S. by Texas and Mexico, and on the W. by 
 California. (*g-,\ll the census statistics of the territory 
 for 1860 have reference, of course, to the boundaries existiu"- 
 previous to 1863.) 
 
 Face nftht Coimtrr/, tfc.— This extensive tract is for the 
 most part a high table-land, crossed by several ranges of 
 mountains, and generally destined to hopeless sterifity. The 
 valleys of the Rio Grande and its tributaries occupy the 
 central part of New Mexico, and lie between and among 
 different ranges of the Rocky Mountain chain, which crosses 
 the territory from N. to S. The western limit of the Rio 
 Grande Vailley is the Sierra Madre Mountains, and the east- 
 ern the Jumanes, the Del Cabello, and other ranges of the 
 Rocky Mountains. Much the larger portion of the territory 
 lies E. of the Sierra Madre Mountains. The mountain 
 ranges in the E. are the Guadalupe, Sacramento, Organ 
 (Sierra de los Organos), Sierra Blanca, Hneca, and otlier 
 divisions which diverge from the main chain of the Rocky 
 Mountains, and pass off into Texas, forming the western 
 boundary of the valley of the Pecos. Mount Taylor, in a 
 S.W. direction from Santa Fe, among the Sierra Madre 
 Mountains, has been computed at 10,000 feet elevation above 
 the valley of the Rio Grande, itself a high table-land of 6000 
 feet in the N. part, 4800 feet at Albuquerque, and 3000 feet 
 at El Paso. AVest of the Sierra Madre are several detached 
 ranges of which we know but little, and which traverse a 
 country for the most part sterile, except in occasional nar- 
 row valleys, which border the streams. 
 
 Minerals.— It is highly probably that New Mexico abounds 
 in the precious metals, but owing to the jealonsy of the 
 aborigiues, and the nnskilfubiess with which, even when 
 worked at all, tliey have been managed, they have not, so 
 far as we are informed, hitherto produced abundantly ; yet 
 gold and silver are kiiown to exist, and mines of both 
 metals have been worked. Gold has been found in several 
 places, and the indications are, that the precious ore will, at 
 a future day, be largely produced hero. Mines of this metal 
 have been worked in a district among the Placer Moun- 
 tains, 40 miles S.W. of Santa Fe; but it is said to be found 
 most abundantly about the San Pedro River, wliich emptier 
 into the Gila from the S. Silver mines, 80 miles N.E. of El 
 Paso, and near Dona Ana, are reputed to be the richest in 
 New Jlexico. Iron occurs in abundance, and gypsum it. 
 large quantities has been found near Algadonos ; "copper is 
 plentiful, and mines of that metal were extensively worked 
 in the vicinity of what is now Fort Webster, previous to 
 1838, when the forays of the Indl;ius caused their abandon- 
 ment. Gold is found in the same vicinity. Some coal is 
 found, arid salt lakes, about 100 miles S.S.E. of Santa Fe, 
 have been resorted to for that necessary culinary article. 
 Recent reports state that silver mines have been discovered 
 about IS miles E. of Fort Fillmore. Le;id is also found. 
 
 liivers. — The Rio Grande, or Rio Bravo del Norte, as it 
 was formerly called, which crosses the entire territory from 
 N. to S., is tlie largesfriver of New Mexico, and drains the 
 great valley which lies between the Sierra Madre Mountains 
 on the W., and the Jumanes, and the Sierra Iluecii or Waco 
 Blonntains on the E. The Pecos River drains the eastern 
 slope of the same mountiins, and passes off into Texas. 
 The Puerco, a river of 200 miles in length, is the principal 
 tributary of the Rio Grande from the W. ; but in the hot 
 season it is often completely evaporated iu the lowei'part 
 of its course, rendering no tribute whjitever to the parent 
 stream. The Canadiiin River has its sources in the N.E. of 
 New Mexico, from which it runs in a S.E. direction, to join 
 tlie Arkansas. The Gila, which rises on the western slope 
 of tlie Sierra Madre, rung almost directly W. to its mouth 
 in the Colorado. The Salinas, one of its tributaries from 
 the N., unites with the San Francisco and falls into the 
 Gila near 112° W. Ion. The San Pedro is the most import- 
 ant affluent from the S. The San Francisco empties itself 
 into the Salinas. The Colorado is formed by the Green and 
 Grand Rivers, which unite in about 36° N. lat., and running 
 S.W. for about 150 miles, receives the Virgen, turns to the 
 S., forming the former W. boundary of the territory, from 
 35° N. lat. to 20 miles below the mouth of the GiUi. (The 
 Colorado, Gila, Salinas, Rio Virgen and San Pedro are not 
 included within the new boundaries of New Mexico.) With 
 the exception of the Colorado, these rivers are of very 
 little importance to navigation, seldom being deep enough 
 for any craft beyond a canoe or flat-boat. Indeed, for a great 
 part of the year, the tributary rivers have either dry chan- 
 nels, or are a succession of pools. Major Emory found the 
 Rio Grande itself but 25 j'iirds wide, and hub-deep at Albu- 
 querque, 300 miles from its source. He also states that it 
 seldom rises more than two feet. Lieutenant Simpson found 
 it 200 yards wide, and four feet deep 150 miles further S., 
 in September, 1849. He afterwards rfientions crossing iu a 
 ferry at Albuquerque. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tnurisf". — Crossed as New Mexico i8 
 by lolty chains of mountains, it cannot (ail to possess many 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 objects of striking interoet in its scenery ; but thpy have 
 been hitherto imperfectly explored west of tlie Rio Grande. 
 Among and beyond the 'Sierra Madre Mountains, are vast 
 caflons ikan-yOns'), i.e. deep channels in the earth, mostly 
 forming tlio beds of streams, often two or three hundred 
 feet in deptli, and almost sliut out from the liglit of day. 
 In the same region are found steep Iduffs of red and white 
 sandstone rock, worn by the action of the elements into 
 very striking resemblances of fortresses, castles, &c. Lieu- 
 tenant Simpson has given sonie sketches of the most re- 
 markable, in his work on New Mexico. One curiosity of the 
 country is the deserted pueblos, or Indian villages, which give 
 evidence of having been the abode of a much more dense 
 population than subsists there at present, (^ee Pupulatirm.) 
 
 "Cascade Gi'otto," says Lieiitenant Whipple, "is too 
 wildly beautiful to pass unnoticed. A series of cascades, 
 formiMl by a mineral spring, which gushes from the moun- 
 tain, leap from cliff to cliff, until they join the Gila, 1000 
 feet below. Beneath the first waterfall is a charming cave, 
 filled with petrifiicti6iis. Among the Organ Mountains 
 (themselves an object of great interest, rising as tliey do 
 3000 feet above the river), a little stream whose source is 
 far witlun a defile, tumbles over the rocks in a single fall of 
 50 feet." The celebrated Captain Walker reports two ex- 
 traordinary falls in the lUo Virgen, one 200 miles from its 
 mouth, with a perjiendicular descent, in one uiiljroken 
 sheet, of 1000 feet, where the stream is narrowed to oO or 40 
 yards, and the caflon rises on each side to a nearly perpen- 
 dicular height of 200 feet ; and a second fall of 200 or ;!00 
 feet, about 30 miles higher up. The same authority thus 
 speaks of the great cafion of the Colc)ra<lo: "One of the 
 most extraordinary natural features on the Continent, which 
 extends for 300 miles above the mouth of the Virgen River, 
 with lofty and almost perpendicular sides, suggesting the 
 ideii that the river had cleft its path entirely through the 
 mountain. The vi'aters wash up against the walls of the 
 precipice, leaving not a foot of space between." From the 
 same source we learn that "the country is entirely cut up 
 with rocky ravines and fissures." A caBon tllat Captain 
 Walker traversed — apparently the bed of a spring-torrent — 
 in one instance entirely closed over his head, forming a nat- 
 ural tunnel 200 feet deep. (The course of the Rio Virgen 
 is now chiefly included within the limits of Arizona.) 
 
 'Climate. — The h.abitable part of the valley of the Rio 
 Gr.ande lies in the latitude of the northern and central por- 
 tions of the Southern States; but the temperature is Very 
 much modified by its great elevation, giving it a temperate 
 but constant climate. The mercury sometimes rises to 100°, 
 but the evenings are always cool. Some of the higher peaks 
 of the mountiiins are covered with perpetual snow. Con- 
 siderable rain falls between July and October, but New 
 Mexico has essentially a dry atmosphere, the soil being 
 most of the year parched whore there is no irrigation. 
 
 Sitil anil Pirxluclions. — We have already chai-acterized the 
 soil as generally hopelessly sterile, but this generalization 
 is not without considerable exceptions, as many parts of the 
 valley of the Rio Grande, .and of other streams, are highly 
 productive, and yield fine crops of Indian corn, wheat, and 
 other grains, besides apples, peaches, melons, apricots, and 
 grapes. Ainong the valleys of the Sierra Blanca, in the 
 N.K. of New Mexico, the pasturage is excellent; and the 
 ■ large vallej- of San Luis in the same region, is one of the 
 most fertile in the territory. But in most places irrigation 
 is necessary to successful agricultural operations. Durir)g 
 the dry season, however, in some districts, even this resource 
 fails, from the total evaporation of the streams. On the 
 table-lands, which are utterly useless for agriculture, there 
 grows a peculiar grass, which in the dry season cures and 
 preserves its nutritious qualities. On this cattle, sheep, 
 horses, and mules feed all the winter, and preserve them- 
 selves in good condition. The mutton of New Mexico is 
 excellent. The Indians on the Gila cultivate cotton, wheat, 
 Indian corn, beans, melons, and other vegetables, by means 
 of irrigation, and a small quantity of buckwheat, wine, 
 butter, potatoes, and molasses. According to the census of 
 1800, there were in New Mexico 149,27 -1 acres of improved 
 land (1,265,6.'55 acres being unimproved), producing 434,309 
 bushels of wheat, 709,304 bushels of Indian corn, 7246 bush- 
 els of oats, 38,514 bushels of peas and beans, 5223 of Irish 
 potatoes, 7044 pounds of tobacco, 492,645 of wool, 37,240 of 
 cheese, 13,259 of butter; live stock valued at $4,499,746; 
 orchard products valued at $19,651 ; inarket-garden pro- 
 ducts valued at $17,654: and slaughtered animals valued at 
 5347,105. 
 
 Fared Trees. — Only a small portion of the surface is 
 covered with forests, and the country is almost entirely 
 destitute of the hard woods. Some of the streams are 
 ringed with cottonwood, and pine of an inferior quality 
 rt';curs on the mountains. Sycamore, ash, cedar, walnut, 
 evergreen oak, and willow, are found in small quantities. 
 
 Jnimat:. — Tho deer, mountain-sheep, wild-hog, antelope, 
 cougar, ocelot, lynx, brown, black, and grizzly bear, coyote, 
 wolf, marmot, skunk, weasel, hare, rabbit, squirrel, beaver, 
 AT'd elk, are the princii)al quadnipeds N. of the Gila; tur- 
 key, geese, brant, swans, ducks, scorpions, and lijsardis are 
 
 met with in this territory, though animal life docs not ap- 
 pear to be more prolific than veget;ible life in this region. 
 
 Manufactures. — Eighty-two establishments, each pro- 
 ducing $500 and upwards annually, were reported by the 
 census of 1860 as engaged in manufactures, mining, and tho 
 mechanic arts, employing $2,00S,.3a0 capital, 1074 hands, and 
 raw material worth $367,892, yielding products valued at 
 $1,249,123. Domestic manufactures were produced to the 
 value of $26,406, 
 
 Education. — On this head there is little to be said at 
 present, but to speak of its absence, and to urge its intro- 
 duction. According to the census rejiort of 1S60, there were 
 ■in New Mexico 1 college with 170 students, 17 i)ublic schools 
 with 235 pupils, and 2 academies with 110 pupils. There 
 were, in 1850, 25,089 adults who could not read and write, 
 of whom 660 were of foreign birth. 
 
 Religious Denominalirms. — In 1860 there were 97 churches, 
 all belonging to the Roman Catholics. Value of chur<:h 
 proi)erty, $429,460. 
 
 I'erindicah. — In 1860 th ere were published in New Mexico, 
 2 weekly newspapers, with an aggregate annual circulation 
 of 59,800 copies. 
 
 Population. — The population of New Mexico is of a very 
 mixed character, but composed for the most part of domes- 
 ticated nomad Indians, with an intermixture of Mexicans 
 and Americans. According to the census of 1860, there 
 were 93,516 inliabitants, of whom 43,699 were white males, 
 and 39,280 females; 45 free colored males, and 4o females; 
 10,452 Indians; 30 were deaf and dumb, 147 blind, "7 insane, 
 and 39 idiots. In the twelve months preceding June 1, 1860, 
 there occurred 1:;05 deaths, or about 19 in every one thou- 
 sand persons. Population to square mile, about -45. Of 
 the whole population, 84,4^7 were born in the territories, 
 2155 in other parts of the United States, 145 in Kngland, 
 827 in Ireland, 49 in Scotland, 509 in Germany, 108 in 
 Francb, and 4815 in Mexico. Of the jiopulation, there were 
 5922 farmers, 917 miners, 287 carpenters, 3n1 laundresses, 
 551 teamsters, 412 shepherds, and 74 in the learned profes- 
 sions. The Indian population, according to the estimate of 
 the Indian bureau at Washington, wjis 45,000 in 1853. 
 
 AccoriUng to Mr. Bartlett, "In the district of country 
 bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, the west by 
 the Colorado River, the south by the river Gila, and extend- 
 ing northward about 300 miles, there exist many Indian 
 tribes which have attained a- higher rank in civilization 
 than any other aborigines of the Nortli American Continent 
 north of the Valley of Mexico. The tribes of which I am 
 speaking cultivate the soil; raise wheat, corn, and other 
 articles for their subsistence; cotton, which they spin and 
 weave into garments to cover their bodies; horses and cat- 
 tle; and the}- erect their own dwellings. In their pottery 
 and household implements, too, they are before all others. 
 
 "There is now in ruins (situated on the Chaco, a branch 
 of the San Juan), the Pueblo Pintado, built of tabular pieces 
 of hard gray limestone, three stories high, and containing 
 on the ground-floor 54 apartments, some of them not more 
 than 5 feet stjuare, and the largest 12 by 6; also the Pueblo 
 Wegi-gi with a circuit of 700 feet, and containing 99 apart- 
 ments on the first floor; the Pueblo Una-vida witli a circuit 
 of 994 feet; tho Ilungo-Pavie with a circuit of 872 feet, and 
 72 rooms upon the ground-floor; and the Pueblo Chettro- 
 Kettle, with a circuit of 1300 feet, and 124 apartments on the 
 ground-floor. These several buildings were of three or four 
 stories, one receding from the other, and all built of stone. 
 Near tlio latter is a ruined edifice, about 1300 feet in circuit, 
 which had been four stories high, with 139 rooms on the 
 ground-floor. Allowing each story to recede as before, and 
 the upper apartments to correspond with those below, this 
 building contained not less thjin 641 apartments. Two miles 
 beyond this are the ruins of a still larger building, Ciilled 
 the PeBasca Blanca, having a circuit of 1700 feet. 
 
 " The Pueblo of Taos, in New Mexico, is one of the most 
 remarkable now existing. It consists of an edifice about 
 400 feet long by 50 wide, and is divided into long ranges of 
 apartmeflts one above the otiier, forming a pyramidal pile 
 of 50 or 60 feet, and five or si.x stories in height. This build- 
 ing affords halJitations for five or six hundred people. 
 
 "The second class, where the tribe or community live in 
 a village, consists of buildings generally of one story, but 
 sometimes of two. When of the latter, the entrance is by 
 Ladders from the outside, as before mentioned. The object 
 of this is to render them perfectly isolated, and to afford 
 them protection from an enemj'. To render these dwellings 
 more secure, villages and large edifices are usually built 
 upon the summit of a rock, or hill, and when this is not 
 convenient, on the open plateau, where there is neither tree, 
 bush, nor rock to conceal an enemy. These people often 
 choose a spot near some eminence which may command a 
 view of the adjacent country, where they may establish a 
 look-out, and place a sentinel to give warning, if an enemy 
 should approach." 
 
 Oiunties. — There are ten counties in New Mexico, viz. : 
 Bernalillo, Dona Ana, Mesilla, Rio Arriba, Santa Anna, 
 Santa B"e, San Miguel, Taos, Valencia, and Socorro. Capital, 
 Santa I'e. 
 
 1315 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Tmans. — The principal settlements (we use this term be- 
 cause the limits of tlie towns are not defined with miith 
 a'^curacy) are Santa Fe, population 4638; Albuquerque, 
 IMi; Mesilla, 2420; Valencia, 1101 ; Las Vegas, 1094; Zufli 
 Or Tufii (an Indian puebla or village), and Tuckelata. 
 
 Gdvtrnnunt. — New Jlexico, in common with all other ter- 
 ritories of the United States, has a governor appointed by 
 th« President and Senate of the United States, who is 
 al; o sui^rintendent of Indian affairs, and receives a SJtlary 
 of $2500 per annum. It has a council of 13 members elected 
 for two years, and a house of representatives of 26 members. 
 elei-teJ annually. The judiciary, appointed by the President 
 of the United S'tates, witli the advice of the Senate, is com- 
 posed of a chief and two associate judges, receiving $2000 
 each per annum. Assessed value of property ia 1850. 
 $5.116.3.474. Banks, none. 
 
 Jlixttiry. — Lvini; in the interior, and possessing no very 
 great Inducements to tempt emigration thither, New Mexico 
 has not been the theatre of many striking events in history. 
 As elsewhere stated, traces exist in the deserted and ruined 
 puel)los of a much more dense Indian or Aztec population 
 in former times than at present. It formed a Mexican pro- 
 vince or department until the conquest of Mexico by the 
 Americans, when, in Sept. 1S50, it was constituted, with a 
 portion of Upper California and Texas, a territory of the 
 United State.*, under its present title. In 1854, its area was 
 still further increased by the purchase of a portion of the 
 N. part of Mexico, thus extending its southern lioundary 
 in one instance to 31° 20' N. latitude. The inhabitants are 
 very much harassed by inroads from the Indians, who fre- 
 quently attack the settlements, murder or c^rry off the men, 
 women, and children, and drive off the Cocks. 
 
 XKW MICII'IGAN' a post-office of Livingston CO., Illinois. 
 
 NEW MID'DLETON, a postMjffice of lUudoIph co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 NEW MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Mahoning co., 
 Ohio, 12 miles E.S.E. of Canfield. 
 
 NEW SlIL't'OKD. a flourishing post-village and township 
 of Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the IIous;itorfic lUver and 
 Kailroad, near the intersection of the latter with the for- 
 mer, and 35 miles N. by W. of Bridgeport. The village is 
 very liandsome; it has broad streets, bordered with tasteful 
 residences, several churches, a bank, and manufactories of 
 carriages, hats, boots and slioes, &c. Pop. of the township, 
 S535. 
 
 NEW MILFORD, a post-office of Orange co.. New York. 
 
 NEW MILFOKD, a small village of Bergen co.. New Jei^ 
 sey, on the llacUensack Uiver, IS miles N. of Jersey City. 
 
 .NEW MILFOI'lD, a post-village and township of Susque- 
 hanna CO.. Pennsylvania, 10 miles K. of Montrose. P. 1929. 
 
 NEW MTLFOltD, a post-village and township in Winne- 
 biigo CO., Illinois, on the Kishwaukee River, about 7 miles 
 S. of Kockfortl. It has a flouring-mill, and about 200 inha- 
 bitants. Pop. of the township, 893. 
 
 NEW MILL, a vill.ige of Scotland, co. of Banff, on the 
 Isla. 8 miles S.E. of Fochabers. Pop. 450. 
 
 NEW'MILLS or TOIi'KY, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 
 on the Burn, IJ- miles E. of Culross. Pop. 420. 
 
 NEW.^IIL^lS. nu-milz', a burgh of barony of Scotland, co. 
 of Ayr, ou the Irvine, 2j miles E. of Galston. Pop. in 1851, 
 2211. 
 
 NEW MILLS, a village and township of England, co. of 
 Derby, on the Guyt, 8 miles E.S.E. of Stockport. It consists 
 principally of a cluster of houses and factories, which ex- 
 tend along the crags and the turnpike road, and has a hand- 
 some distri't church, in the pointed style. Primitive and 
 Weslej'an Methodist, Independent and lioman Catholic 
 chapels. Pop. 3595. 
 
 N EAV MIf ,TON, a post-office of Doddridge co., W. Virginia. 
 
 NEW MILI/rOWX, a postH)ffice of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NEAV'MO.AT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 NEW MOS'COW, a post-offlce of tto.shocton co., Oliio. 
 
 NEW MOUNT PLEAS/ANT, a post-office of Jlonroe co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village in Jay co., In- 
 diana. SO miles N.E. by E. of Indianapoli.s. 
 
 NEW MUNSTER, an island of the New Zealand group. 
 See New Zkaland. 
 
 NEW'N.\N, a thriving post-village, capital of Coweta co., 
 Georgia, on the railroad from Atlanta to La Grange. 40 miles 
 S.W. of the former. It contains a brick cour(>house, 2 
 churches. 2 academies, and a newspaper office. The rail- 
 road, which was opened in 1852, connects at the city of 
 Atlanta with the principal railways of the state. P. 2546. 
 
 NEW'N.\NSA'ILLE. a post-village, capital of Alachua CO., 
 Florida. 120 miles E.S.E. of Tallahassee. 
 
 NEWN'IIAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 and 11 miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, on the Severn. Pop. in 
 1851. 1288. The town was anciently of importance. A sword 
 of st:.te. presented to it by King John, is still preserved. 
 
 Nl'.\\ NHAM. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 NEWNH.\M, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 NKWMIAM, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 NFAVN'H AM COUUT/NEY, parish of England, co. Oxford. 
 IS 16 
 
 NEWNHAJr, KINGS, a parish of England, co. of Wat- 
 wick, 4 miles W.N.W. of liugbv; it ha.« chalyteate springs. 
 
 Ni;WN/ll AM MUIWEN. a parish of England, co. Oxford. 
 
 NEW OIII'O, a post-office of Broome co., New York. 
 
 NEW OKK'.XEY, an island grovip in the South Atlantic, 
 forming a part of .South Shetland, S.E. of Cape Horn. Chief 
 islands. Pomona and Melville. 
 
 NEW OK'LEANS.* (,Fr. SnurdJe-Orlmiis, nooVJlV OR'la'- 
 fiH"'; Ger. NeurOrUuns. noi oR/li-dns.) a city, port of entry, and 
 seatof justice of Orleans pari.«h, Louisiana, is situated on tlie 
 left bank of the Mississippi Kiver. about 100 miles from its 
 mouth; 1663 miles S.W. of New York; 1438 miles S.W. of 
 Washington; 879 miles S.W. by W. of Charleston; 2025 miles 
 S.S.W. of I'ittsburg; 1628 miles S. by W. of Chicago; 1200 
 miles S. of St. Louis; and about 2000 miles S. by E. of the 
 Falls of St. Anthony. Lat. 29° 58' N., Ion. 90° 7' W. New 
 Orleans is built around a bend in the river, from which 
 circumstance it has been denominated the " Cresoeut City." 
 The'site inclines gently from the margin of the .Missi.s.sippi 
 towards the marshy ground in the rear, and is from 2 to 5 
 feet lielow the lev<'l of the river at the usual spring freshets. 
 To prevent inundations, an embankment or levee, about 15 
 feet wide and 6 feet high, h.as been raised, extending 120 
 miles above the city, and to Port Plaquemine, 4:} miles be- 
 low it. This forms a delightful promenade. In i-onsequeuce 
 of the change in the course of the river opposite New Oi^ 
 leans, large quantities of alluvion, swept from the north 
 and held in suspension by the current, are here depositetl. 
 New formations from this cause in front of that portion of 
 the quay most used for the purposes of commence have 
 been so rapid that it has been necessjiry within a few years 
 to build piled wharves jutting out from 50 to 100 feet into 
 the Mississippi. The levee here hiis also been gradually 
 widened, so that an additional tier of warehouses has 
 recently been erected between the city and the river. The 
 old city proper, originally laid out by the French, is in the 
 form of a jiarallelogram, 1320 yards long and 700 yards 
 wide. Above this are what were formerly the faubourgs 
 of St. Mary, .\nunciation, and La Course; below, Marigny, 
 Dounois, and Declouet; and in the rear, Treme and St. 
 John's. Lafayette, till recently under a separate govern- 
 ment, is immediately above the city. In 1836, New Orleans 
 was divided into 3 municipalities by act of the As.sembly, 
 each with distinct municipal powers. Again in .\pril, 1852, 
 these and Lafayette, with the faubourgs and other depend- 
 encies, extending from 6 to 7 miles along tlie river, and 
 about 5 miles back to Lake Pontch.irtrain, were consolidated 
 under one charter, the city assuming the debt.s. 
 
 The streets of New Orleans are of convenient breadth, 
 well paved, and usually intersect each other at right angles. 
 Canal Street is the broadest, being 190j feet in width, with 
 a grassplot in the middle about 25 feet wide, extending 
 throughout its entire length. Most of the buildings are 
 constructed of brick, and are generally low, except in the 
 business portion, where they are usually 5 or 6 stories high. 
 The dwellings in the suburbs, many of them, particularly 
 in Lafayette, are surrounded with spacious yards, beauti- 
 fully decorated with the orange, lemon, magnolia, and other 
 ornament.al trees. A basement about 6 feet high constitutes 
 the onl)' cellar, as none are sunk below the surface on ac- 
 count of the marshy chai-acter of the ground. In different 
 sections of the city are several public squares, among which 
 may be mentioned Jackson Square, formerly Place d".\rmes, 
 occupying the centre of the river front of the old town plot, 
 now the First District. It is ornamented with shell, walks, 
 shrubbery, statuettes, &c., and is mucli frequented for recre- 
 ation. Lafayette Square, in the Second District, is finely 
 laid oxit, and adorned with a profusion of shade-trees. 
 Congo Square, in the rear of the city, is also a handsome 
 enclosure. 
 
 PuUic Buildings. — The United States Custom-house now 
 in process of erection at New Orleans, when completed will 
 be the largest building in the United States, with the ex- 
 ception of the Capitol at AVashington, covering an area of 
 87,333 superficial feet. Its dimensions are — Canal Street 
 front, 334 feet; Custom-house Street, 252 feet; New Levee 
 Street, 310 feet; Old Levee Street, 297 feet; height. 82 feet. 
 The general business room is 116 feet by 90, and has 50 
 windows. The material is from the Quincy quarries of 
 Mas.sachusetts. The United State's Branch Mint in New 
 Orleans is at the corner of Esplanade and New Levee Streets, 
 near the river. It is a massive structure, 282 feet long, 108 
 feet deep, and 3 stories high, with 2 wings, each 81 feet by 
 29. Tlie Municipal Hall, at the corner of St. Charles and 
 Hevia Streets, opposite Lafayette Square, is a l)eautiful 
 marble edifice in the Grecian style of architecture. It is 
 principally occupied with public offices, among which are 
 several of the city government. The Odd Fellows' Hall, 
 erected in 1852, on Camp Street, opposite Lafayette Square, 
 and the Merchants' Exchange on Royal Street, near Canal, 
 are both extensive buildings, chiefly devoted to public uses. 
 Tlie latter contains the City Post Office and Merchanta' 
 Reading Room. 
 
 * See not« to Oblkiks, pa^ 1404. 
 
NEW 
 
 Many of the churches are large and costly structures. 
 The Cliurch of St. Louis, opposite Jacksou Square, is a 
 splimdid edifice, adorned with a lofty tower on either side 
 of the niaiu entrance. The building was erected in 1860, 
 on the site of the old church, which was pulled down. On 
 the right and left of this edifice are 2 handsome buildings 
 in tbo Tuscan and Doric orders, devoted to various purposes 
 of the city government. The Jewish Synagogue, formerly 
 the Canal-street JOpiscopal Church, is ornamented in front 
 with a handsome colonnade. The Presbyterian Church, op- 
 posite Lafayette Square, the new Kpiscopal Church, on 
 Canal Street, and St. Patrick's Church, on Camp Street, are 
 elegant edifices, each adorned with a graceful spire. The 
 latter i.s a conspicuous object to one approaching the city 
 from the river. Of the 35 churches in the city in 1853, 12 
 were Koman Catholic, 7 Episcopal, 6 Presbyterian, 5 Sletho- 
 dist, 3 Lutheran, 2 Baptist; besides 3 Jewish synagogues. 
 
 The hotels of New Orleans are conducted upon a scale of 
 magnitude scarcely equalled in any city of the Union. The 
 St. Charles Hotel, situated on St. Charles Street, was com- 
 pleted in the autumn of 1852, at an entire cost of ui)wards 
 of $600,000. It occupies the site of the former building, 
 destroyed by fire. The hou.«e has been leased for a term of 
 7 years, at the rate of .$30,000 per annum, till 1855, and 
 $40,000 for each succeeding year. The annual rent of the 
 basement is estimated at $16,000. The St Ix)uis Hotel, on 
 St. Louis Street, and the Verandah Hotel, on Common 
 Street, are also costly establishments. The city contains 4 
 or 5 theatres, the principal of which are the St. Charles, the 
 Orleans, and the American. The first of these, situated on 
 St. Charles Street, is 132 feet long by 170 deep, and cost, at 
 the time of its erection, about $350,000. At the Orleans 
 Theatre the dramatic representations are in French. Among 
 tlie most remarkable bank edifices may be meutjoned the 
 City Bank, on Toulouse Street, Canal Bank, on Magazine 
 Street, and the Bank of Louisiana. Several of the market- 
 houses are deserving of notice. St. Mary's Market, in tho 
 Second District, is 480 feet long and 42 feet wide. The 
 Jleat Market, on the Levee, and Washington Market, in 
 the Third District, are also extensive buildings. The cotton 
 presses of New Orleans, about 20 in number, are objects of 
 much interest; each of these usually' occupies an entire 
 block. The centre building of the New Orleans Cotton Press 
 is, 3 stories high, and surmounted by a dome, the summit 
 of which commands a fine view of the city. Not less than 
 15(1.0(10 bales of cotton, on an average, are annually pressed 
 at this establishment. 
 
 JnstUuti(/ns. — The benevolent institutions of New Orleans 
 are among the most extensive and best conducted in the 
 United States. The Charity Hospital, situated on Common 
 Street, between St. Mary and CJironde Streets, is a magnifi- 
 cent structure, 290 feet long, and 3 stories high. It is 
 adorned with a cupola, and enclosed by beautiful grounds. 
 The admissions to the hospital fur the year 1852, as reports 
 by the board of administrators, were 18,470, of which 15,989 
 were discharged, and 1S84 died. Sixteen thousiind medical 
 cases were treated; there were also nearly 2500 surgical pa- 
 tients. The United States Naval Hospital is a handsome 
 (edifice, devoted to the purposes indicated by its title. It 
 has a deliiihtful situation on the opposite side of the river, 
 a short distance above Algiers. Of the other medical esta- 
 blishments may be mentioned Stone's Hospital, in the rear 
 of the city, on Canal Street, and the Fr.inklin Infirmary, 
 fronting on the Pontcharti-ain Hailroad, each a fine build- 
 ing, affording excellent accommodations for the sick. 
 
 The literary and eduaitioual institutions, many of which 
 have been recently established, are for the most part iu a 
 liighly prosperous condition. "The University of Louisiana, 
 organized in 1849, has connected with it a law school and a 
 tlourisbing medical college. The buildings are situated on 
 Common Street, between Baronne and St. Philippi Streets, 
 niid occupy the entire front of the block. The Medical Col- 
 lege stjinding in the centre is 100 feet front and 104 feet 
 de(!p. More than 1200 matriculants for the ensuing .season, 
 ha<l been enrolled on its lists in September, 1853. This de- 
 liartnient was founded in 1835. and lias been fostere<l by 
 the liberal acts of successive legislatures, among which may 
 be mentioned an appropriation of $25,000 for the purchase 
 of apparatus, paintings, drawings, plates, &c.. illustrative 
 of the various branches of medical science. Its museum 
 of anatomy is very extensive. The pathological department 
 is enriched by large collections from England and France, 
 representing di-seases of the eye and skin. The students 
 of the college enjoy every facility for practice in the Charity 
 Hospital, which is tlie largest institution in America for the 
 reception and treatment of patients. 
 
 The number of school-houses in the city (as appears from 
 the mayor's message in 1853) is 40, attended by 10.885 
 <iu|iils. The increase in the number of pupils for the last 
 welve months has been 2094, eciual to 23.9 per cent. Num- 
 l>er of teachers. 211. Of the 40 school-houses, 17 belong to 
 th<' city, and 23 are rented. The amount appropriated for 
 scluxil purposes during the year was $188,020. New Orleans 
 is distinguished for the ability displayetl in the management 
 of its public journals. About 20 newspapers are published 
 
 NEW 
 
 in the city, 9 or 10 of which are dailies. Several are printed 
 in the French language. De Bow's Review, a work of tli* 
 highest character, devoted chiefly to the interests of com- 
 merce, is issued monthly. 
 
 The following statement represents the condition of the 
 eight banks of New Orleans on the 15th of May, 1854. iw- 
 hilities. — Aggregate circulation of $8,127,840; depo.sit.s. 
 $12,077,613. Cash a.ssets, .specie, $8,195,295; loans on depo^ 
 sit, $17,409,767 ; foreign and domestic exchange. .$;?.S57.612. 
 The assessed value of real and personal property in New 
 Orleans, for 1852, amounted to $70,194,930. Of this. 
 $56,103,475 was real estate, $10,494,755 capital, and $3.59G.70Ci 
 slave property. The revenue from the sale of licenses 
 amounted to $105,181. 
 
 The deposits at the mint for the year ending December 
 31, 1852, as given in Hunt's Magazine, were $7,656,909 of 
 United States gold, and .$140,352 of other gold ; total, 
 $7,797,261, against $3,585,032 thi» previous year. The de- 
 posits at the mint for 1854, amounted to $2,450,898, and ths 
 coinage to $4,620,500. 
 
 Onninerce. — New Orleans possesses unrivalled natural 
 advantages for internal trade. The Mis.sissippi Kiver and 
 its tributa-ries afford not less than 15,000 miles of navigable 
 waters, communicating with a vast extent of country, illi- 
 mitable in it« resources, exhaustless in fertility, and em- 
 bracing nearly every variety of climate. Every description 
 of craft is employed in transporting the rich products of 
 the upper regions of the " Father of Waters," to this gi-eat 
 southern emporium. .\t one portion of its levee may bo 
 seen hundreds of flat-boats grounded on the " batture." and 
 filled, some with fat cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheep; 
 others with hay, corn, potatoes, butter, cheese, apples, and 
 cider. The quay here is piled with lumber, pork, flour, and 
 every variety of agricultural produce, as if the Great Valley 
 had emptiol it)< treasures at the door of New Orleans. Far- 
 ther on is the steamboat landing, a distinctive feature of 
 this metropolis. Here all is action — the very water is 
 covered with life. Vessels of immense size move upon its 
 bosom, acknowletlging none of the powers of air. One is 
 rounding-to in the stream, seeking a mooring. She is 
 covered all over, a mountain of cotton — 3000 bales, worth 
 $180,000. Twenty more, freighted with the same national 
 commodity, are discharging their cargoes at the wharves, 
 while huge piles, bale upon bale and story above story, 
 cover the levee. New Orleans is the greatest cotton market 
 in the world. Immediately above and below the flat-lmat 
 and st<'amboat landings is the foreign and coast-wise ship- 
 ])ing, extending two and three tier deep for nearly four 
 miles. Here may be seen vessels from all parts of the 
 world, each bearing at its masthead the ensign of the re- 
 spective nation to which it belongs. 
 
 Notwithst;inding many remarkaVjle evidences of prosper- 
 ity, the merchants and business men of the South, for seve- 
 ral years past, have seriously complained that in commer- 
 cial importance New Orleans was continually falling behind 
 her sister cities at the North and West, and that her former 
 rank could only be regaimxl by the wisest and most liberal 
 management. Upon this subject one of her citizens, in Ja- 
 nuary. 1852, held the following language: — "What, then, 
 must be done for New Orleans? She must, by a wise and 
 liberal stroke of policy, regain a part, if not the whole of 
 the trade she has supinely lost, and open new sources of 
 opulence and power, which are abundant all around her. 
 She can do this by dianging and modifying her laws bearing 
 unecjually and h.irdly upon capital and enterprise — by 
 cheapening her system of government — by affording greater 
 facilities and presenting less restrictions to commerce — by 
 establi.^hing manufactures, opening steamship lines to Eu- 
 rope, and conducting a foreign import trade; and finally, 
 and what is of first importance, she should precede every 
 effort by munificent appropriatirms to railroads branching to 
 lite West, and the North, and the East, from a terminus at her 
 centre, or from termini on such interior streams and rivers as 
 are necessarily tributary to her. Now is the accepted time 
 for action. To-mnrrow will be too lute!" 
 
 Much that is here recommended has already been accom 
 plislied. Her laws have Ijeen modified; the public debt, 
 which in March, 1852, amounted to $7,702,329, $2,000,OOC 
 of which was past due, had, through the improved credit 
 of the consolidated city, April 1, 1853, been reduced tc 
 $3,182,516, while $437,320 still remained in the hands of 
 the commissioners. In addition to the several railroads 
 communicating with various points in the state, are two 
 ext.ensive lines now in process of construction, one c.illcd 
 the New Orleans Opelousas and Great Western Kailroad, 
 extending through Loui.siana into Central Texas, and the 
 other the New Orleans Jacksou and Great Northern Rail- 
 road, designed to connect with the railway system of Teii- 
 nessee and of the North- Western states. A charter has also 
 been granted and a company organized for constructing & 
 road to communicate with Mobile throuirh the Poiitohar- 
 train Kailroad. In all these New Orleans has a primary and 
 paramount interest: and although the increased fnci ities of 
 communication between the Western and the Northern At- 
 lantic cities will doubtless divert a portion of the trade from 
 
 1317 
 
 lU 
 
NEW 
 
 its natural hanri^il this will probably be more than com- 
 pcnsatt-i! bi the growing wealth of the states west of the 
 Mii'sissipf.i, «^hicL will be constantly ad ling to the iilready 
 iue.-:hauslible resources of the vast JIissis.sippi valley. 
 
 The foreign ar.d coastwise arrivals at the port of New 
 Orleans lor tile year ending August 31, 1853, were — ships, 
 TS2; barques, 447; brigs, 2i>5; schooners, 596; steamships, 
 'i44; and steamboats. 3253; total, 5617; being an increase 
 of 4S8 vessels over the previous year. In addition to the 
 above, there were 1044 arrivals of flat-toats, laden with 
 cattle, lumber, and other produce, 175 of which were from 
 Penn.oylvania. The foreign arrivals for the year ending 
 June 30, 1852, according to the statistics furnished by the 
 treasury departmeut, were 972, (tons 423,358,) of which 573 
 (tons 253,009) were by American ve.ssels. The clearances 
 for foreign ports were 1115, (tons 644,482.) of which 718 
 (tons 370,741) were by American vessels. The shipping of 
 the district, at the above-u«imed date, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 81,500J tons registered, and 184,512^ tons enrolled 
 and licensed; total. 266,013 tons. Of the enrolled and 
 licensed tonnaga, 178,766j- tons were employed in the coast- 
 trade, and 162.6361 tons in steam navigation. 
 
 The annexed Table exhibits the principal articles, with 
 their estimated, averaged, and total value, received at New 
 Orleans from the interior, during the two years (inclusive) 
 ending August 31, 1853 : — 
 
 Apples, bbls 
 
 Bacou, as'd, hhds. & cks. 
 Bacon, as'd, bxs. . , , 
 KacoD. hams, bhds,, & tcs. 
 Bucou iu bulk, Iba. . . . 
 Hugging, pieces .... 
 Rale rope, coils .... 
 
 Beans, bbls 
 
 Butter, kgs. and f kins. . 
 
 Kuttur, bbls 
 
 lieeswax, bbls 
 
 Beef, bbls 
 
 Beef, tierces 
 
 Beef, dried, lbs 
 
 Biitfalo robes, pks. . , . 
 
 Cotton. i)ale3 
 
 Cornmeal, bbls 
 
 Corn iu ear, bbls, , , . 
 Corn, shelled, sacks . . 
 Cheese, boxes .... 
 Candles, boxes .... 
 
 Cider, bbls 
 
 Coal, western, bbls, . , 
 DrM apples, peaches, *' . 
 Feathers, bags .... 
 Flaxseed, tierces . . . 
 
 Flour, bbls 
 
 Furs, bhds., bdls., and bxs. 
 
 Hemp, bales 
 
 Hides 
 
 Hay, bales 
 
 Iron, pig, tons , . . . 
 I.ard, bbls, and tcs. . . 
 
 I.ard. kegs 
 
 Leather, bundles . . . 
 l.imc, western, bbls. . . 
 
 Lead, pigs 
 
 Lead, bar, kgs, and bxs, . 
 Lead, white ..-,.. 
 .Molas.<<es. crop, gals. . . 
 Oats, bbls. and sks, . . 
 
 Onions, bbls 
 
 Oil, linseed, tbls. , . . 
 
 Oil, castor, bbls 
 
 Oil, lard, bbls 
 
 Potatoes, bbls 
 
 Pork, tcs. and bbls, . . 
 
 Pork, boxes 
 
 Pork, hhds 
 
 Pork in bulk, lbs. . . . 
 Porter and ale, bbls. . . 
 Packing yarn, reels . . 
 Skins, deer, packs . . , 
 IS. bear, packs . . . 
 
 Shot, kegs 
 
 Soap, boxes 
 
 Staves, M 
 
 Sugar, est. crop, hhds, . 
 Spanish moss, bales . . 
 
 Tallow, bbls 
 
 Tobaoco, leaf, hhds. . . 
 Tobacco, strips, hhds. 
 Tobacco, stems, hhds. 
 Do., chewing, kgs, and bxs. 
 Twin J, bdls. and b.\3, . . 
 
 Vinegar, bbls 
 
 Whiskey 
 
 Window glass, bxs. . . 
 Wheat, bbls. and sks. . . 
 Other vario( s articles, esti- 
 mated at 
 
 483-->R 
 60:U7 
 
 4009 
 4286k 
 
 laiaoo 
 
 64144 
 
 1-2 1553 
 
 94<)4 
 
 44444 
 
 2184 
 
 l<t4 
 
 48565 
 
 302i« 
 
 18!)00 
 1 
 1664864 
 
 1788 
 
 n«-2o 
 r2>.So:)l 
 
 3U49' 
 68796 
 36 
 TOOOOl) 
 4237 
 2042 
 
 17648 
 1014611 
 175000 
 121 
 118243 
 159672 
 
 6:11 »» 
 33s:)8 
 
 210J8 
 
 157 
 
 725 
 
 25700(X)0 
 
 444i956 
 
 17718 
 
 508 
 
 4742 
 
 14K'<5 
 
 204327 
 
 316:)U2 
 
 2074 
 
 2547 
 
 12985 'ilO 
 
 1140 
 
 2811 
 
 30 00 
 3 00 
 41) 00 
 48 00 
 3702 10 00 
 4.11SI24 00 
 63260S100, 
 10050, 130. 
 ITOO 20 00 
 108WJ 25 00 
 4544' 8 00 
 142< 6 00 
 138515! 8 00 
 13408, S 00 
 47238 1 75 
 
 3 00 
 
 70 00 
 
 :tO 00 
 
 65 00 
 
 13 00 
 8 00 
 7 00 
 6 00 
 28 00 
 iO 00 
 13 DO 
 18 50 
 8>i 
 75 00 
 41 00 
 
 3 00 
 75 
 
 1 30 
 
 4 00 
 6 50 
 3 00 
 
 144984 
 
 3524-290 
 
 120270 
 
 2786420 
 
 9401 
 
 a«H72 
 
 972424 
 
 66458 
 
 266664 
 
 6115: 
 
 9700 
 
 6:il34 
 
 569181 
 
 1606 
 
 2775 
 
 68259424 
 
 5.364 
 
 1321ii 
 
 1592540 
 
 157988 
 
 447174 
 
 1 50 
 
 17 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 00 
 40 00 
 ■J6 00 
 
 5 50 
 30 ».> 
 1 25 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 00 
 4 00 
 • 20 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 36 00 
 38 00 
 
 14 00 
 30 00 
 00 
 
 108 
 
 350000 
 
 8948 
 
 816.80 
 
 10232 
 
 3639024 
 
 300000 
 
 300016 
 
 202920 
 
 5250t)0 
 
 4840 
 
 3074318 
 
 878106 
 
 189270 
 
 42297 
 
 841148 
 
 3925 
 
 2900 
 
 5140OOO 
 
 4469.56 
 
 3.5436 
 
 15240 
 
 18019H 
 
 4699 -'0 
 
 408654 
 
 4432288 
 
 62220 
 
 178290 
 
 844077 
 
 11400 
 
 19677 
 
 12750 
 
 435 
 
 6699(1 
 
 20733 
 
 240000 
 
 15452688 
 
 370 JO 
 
 316:12 
 
 6326000 
 
 i:W6.-)00 
 
 34000 
 
 2721.50 
 
 ;46352 
 
 1452 
 
 1108120 
 
 20156 
 46734 
 3626 
 38488 
 2812NO 
 60044 
 9027 
 
 6598 
 
 44786 
 
 17 
 
 171 
 
 41227 
 
 11528 
 
 26100 
 
 1300 
 
 1429183 
 
 2514 
 
 163008 
 
 1397132 
 
 72441 
 
 539)6 
 
 300 
 
 850000 
 
 804 
 
 2065 
 
 519 
 
 927212 
 
 2136 
 
 17149 
 
 12368' 
 
 53434 
 
 62 
 
 1J5496 
 
 157689 
 
 7572 
 
 4-2305 
 
 267561 
 
 1138 
 
 136H 
 
 18300000 
 
 463273 
 
 171S4 
 
 758 
 
 4-291 
 
 14114 
 
 228095 
 
 276606 
 
 303 
 
 2478 
 
 8300000 
 
 406 
 
 2003 
 
 998 
 
 16 
 
 2T04 
 
 5:«)8 
 
 7319 
 
 23654 
 
 4372 
 
 130-; 
 
 75816 
 11741 
 2118 
 4779 
 2331 
 9'. 
 146.352 
 19l.'51 
 64918 
 
 6000000 5500000 
 
 61068 
 
 3505050 
 
 1-26910 
 
 2694160 
 
 2-.'.502 
 
 780572 
 
 677040 
 
 65980 
 
 358-288 
 
 63340 
 
 7695 
 
 494724 
 
 172845 
 
 •2068 
 
 97500 
 
 48592-222 
 
 7542 
 
 114105 
 
 1676558 
 
 25454;< 
 
 3-23616 
 
 9tlO 
 
 4-25000 
 
 4020 
 
 72275 
 
 5190 
 
 8703H18 
 
 1000000 
 
 257235 
 
 247374 
 
 160302 
 
 1860 
 
 3137400 
 
 788445 
 
 189;{00 
 
 5-2881 
 
 856204 
 
 2-2760 
 
 4104 
 
 4026000 
 
 347464 
 
 84368 
 
 19703 
 
 1-20148 
 
 395192 
 
 455190 
 
 44-25696 
 
 10605 
 
 19H240 
 
 616000 
 
 4060 
 
 14651 
 
 24950 
 
 230 
 
 67600 
 
 15924 
 
 278122 
 
 11827.350 
 
 81976 
 
 •26140 
 
 5686200 
 
 14676-25 
 
 4--'360 
 
 9S580 
 
 18728 
 
 •252 
 
 Total value in 1853-4 . 
 Total in 18o-2-1 . . . 
 Total In 1851-2 . . . 
 Total in 1850-1 . . 
 Total in I819-c4> . 
 1318 
 
 . $115,336,793 
 , 134,228,735 
 . 108,051,708 
 . 106,9-24,083 
 , Wi,8t7,873 
 
 NEW 
 
 The falling off in the total receipts from the interior in 
 1S53-4, as compared with the previous year, is mainly attri- 
 butable to the reduced crops of cotton and tobacco; the 
 stock of the former received up to Deccmlwr 23, being only 
 187.528 bales, against 457.4:;!4 bales during the same time 
 the previous year; and of the latter only 7273 hogsheads 
 against the corresponding period iu 1853. The imports of 
 coffee from .Tuly, 1852, to July, 1853. direct from lUo, were 
 344.515 bags; from Rio coastwise. 26,370 bags; and direct 
 from Cuba, 10.628 bags; total, 381,513 bags— Ixiing an in- 
 crease of 27,897 bags over the previous year. The first coffee 
 brought from Kio de Janeiro to this port was in 1835, In 
 18.52 the quantity of Kio coffee taken for consumption in 
 the whole United States was estimated at 845,000 bags, 
 nearly half of which was furnished through the New Ur- 
 leans market. The aggregate salfts of coffee for the year at 
 this depot amounted to upwards of $6,000,0(X). 
 
 The exports of cotton for the year ending August 31, 
 ISo'J; were 772,242 bales to Great Britain; 196,254 to France; 
 75,950 to the N, of Europe ; 134,657 to the S, of Kurope and 
 China; 128,629 to Boston; 101,938 to New York; 15.594 to 
 Philadelphia, and 15.041 to other places in the United 
 States; total. 1,435,815 bales, ag.Hin.'it 997.458 the previous 
 year. The other leading exports were flour. 544.711 barrels ; 
 bacon, 50.303 hogsheads; laiil, 792,643 kegs; corn. 874.774 
 sacks; tobacco, 93,715 hogsheads, (an increase of 39,214 
 hogsheads from the previous year,) of which 76.516 hoirs- 
 heads were for foreign ports ; sugar, 50,793 hogsheads and 
 6534 barrels; mola.sse.s, (up the river excepted.) 583 hogs- 
 heads and 94,107 barrels ; pork, 172.748 barrels; beef, 38,'207 
 barrels; leail, 256,939 pigs, of which 149,781 went to New 
 York; and whiskey, 81,160 barrels. The total value of 
 American produce exported from New Orleans during the 
 year, according to the custom-house records, was $76,344,669, 
 of which amount, $48,076,197 was to foreign countries, and 
 $28,268,327 coastwise. The value of foreign merchandise 
 exported during the same period was $44,780, making a sum 
 total of $76,389,349. The following results have been ob- 
 tained from an official statement of the exports of the 
 growth, produce, and manufactures of the United States, 
 and foreign merchandise from the district of New Orleans, 
 for the year ending June 30, 1853 : — Value of American 
 produce exported to foreign countries in American vessels, 
 $47,628.019 : in foreign ves.^els. $'20,140,607 ; total, $67,768,626. 
 Coastwise. $30,695,466; exports of foreign produce to foreign 
 countries in American vessels, $459,304; in foreign ve-^sels, 
 $64,630; total, $523,934: sum total, $98,988,026. against 
 $76,389,349 for 185'2, and $81,216,925 for 1851. These re- 
 sults, as compared with the previous year, show an increase 
 of $19,692,429 in the exports to foreign countries, and 
 $2,4-27.139 coastwise. 
 
 Algiers, a flourishing village, or rather suburb of New 
 Orleans, is situated opposite to the city, with which it is 
 connected by a ferry. It has several shipyards and manu- 
 facturing establishments. At New Orleans and at these 
 yards were built, during the year ending June 30, 1852, 1 
 brig, 11 schooners, and 4 steamers, with an aggregate bur- 
 then of 1284J tons. 
 
 G:is was first employed to light the city in 1834; and 
 during the same year water was introduced from the 51is- 
 sissippi. It is raised from the river by steam to an elevated 
 reservoir, whence five or six millions of gallons are daily 
 distributed to various parts of the city. 
 
 Any description of New Orleans would be incomplete 
 without some notice of its cemeteries, many of which are 
 unique in plan and method of interment, '•l-.iach is 
 enclosed with a brick wall of arched cavities, (or ovens, as 
 they .are here called.) made just large enough to admit a 
 single coffin, and raised tier upon tier, to a height of about 
 twelve feet, with a thickness of ten. The whole enclosure 
 is divided into plats, with gravelled paths intersecting each 
 other at right angles, and is densely covered with tombs 
 built wholly above ground, and from one to three stories 
 high. This method of sepulture is adopted from necessity, 
 and burial under ground is never attempted, excepting in 
 the 'Potter's Field,' where the stranger without friends, 
 and the poor without money, find an uncertain rest: the 
 water, with which the soil is always saturated, often forcing 
 the coffin and its contents out of its narrow and shallow 
 cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch of heaven." 
 
 From its low situation and warm climate. New Orleans is 
 subject to annual visitations of the yellow fever, which 
 have had the effect of greatly retarding the growth and 
 prosperity of the place. Statistical tables show that oftho.se 
 who are born and reared in the city, as large a proportion 
 live to old age as of the inhabitants of other places that are 
 generally deemed healthy. Hut the yellow fever is particu- 
 larly fatal to the unacclin)ated, and especially to tho.se who 
 have been from infancy accustomed to a northern >-iimnto. 
 This circumstance . operates us a formidable check on the 
 influx of strangers, to which our great comm r<' id cities 
 owe so large a proportion of their population ai J activity 
 During the winter and spring. New Orleans may be regarded 
 as a healthful residence for all, whether natives or strangers ; 
 and hopes were entertained that, with the iniprovemeuts 
 
 ^ 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 in the sanitary regulations, there woulcl be a gradual and 
 9tendy ailvauce in the health of the city during the warm 
 months; but the year 1853 disappointed those hopes, the 
 epidemic having then appeared in a form more malignant 
 than was ever before known. Its introduction, however, 
 it is said, can be traced to an infected vessel from South 
 America, where a fever of an unusually fatal character pre- 
 vailed. It is estimated that not less than 9500 persons fell 
 victims to this terrible scourge during the season. For seve- 
 ral weeks the number of deaths averaged near 200 per day. 
 
 History. — New Orleans was settled by the French in 1717. 
 In 1723 it contained about 100 cabins, and a population not 
 exceeding 200 souls. In 1727 the Jesuits and Ursuline nun.s 
 arrived; the former remained until the expulsion of their 
 order from France, Sjiain, and Xaples, in 1703, compelled 
 them to leave Louisiana ; their entire property was con- 
 fiscated; their lands, which were then .sold by the court for 
 about $186,000, are now probably worth not less than 
 $20,000,000. In 1709 occurred the first visitation of the yellow 
 fever, which was introduced, it is said, by an English vessel 
 with a cargo of slaves from Africa. The first regular com- 
 mercial intercourse between New Orleans and the ports of 
 the United States was commenced in 1777, by Oliver Pollock, 
 a citizen of Baltimore. March 21, 1778, the city was visited 
 by a fierce conflagration, which destroyed 900 houses and a 
 vast amount of other property. In 1785, New Orleans had 
 a population of 4700. The city militia, to the number of 
 700, were organized for drill in 1792. In 1794, the first 
 newspaper, called " Le Jloniteur," was published. In 1702, 
 New Orleans was conveyed to the Spanish, reconveyiid to 
 the French in 1800, and included in the purchase of Louisi- 
 ana by the United States in 1803. At this time it contained 
 a population of SOOO. Its commerce extended to all the West, 
 to the Eastern States, and to Europe. The exports of 1802 
 were 50,000 barrels of flour; 3000 barrels of beef and pork; 
 2000 ho^rsheads of tobacco ; 34,000 bales of cotton ; 4000 hogs- 
 heads of sugar, and 800 casks of molasses. New Orleans is 
 famous in history as the place designated to become the seat 
 of the monarchy intended to have been established by the 
 treason of .\aron Burr. During the mouth of January, 1804, 
 the citizens were in a state of continual alarm: volunteer 
 companies and other troops constantly patrolled the streets, 
 ready to suppress the first attempt at insurrection. This 
 year it was made a port of entry, and the next, (1805,) New 
 ■ Orleans was incorporated as a city. In 1810, seven years 
 after it was received Into the United States, its population 
 had Increased to 17,242. January 8, 1815, General I'aken- 
 ham, commanding the English forces, made an attack on the 
 city, approaching it through Lakes Borgue and Pontchar- 
 train, and was signally defeated by the Americans under 
 General Jackson. The loss of the English in killed and 
 wounded was nearly 3000; the American loss was only 7 
 men killed and 6 wounded. It was not till after peace was 
 established by the Treaty of Ghent, that New Orleans began 
 to reap the full advantages of a steam navigation on the 
 Mississipjji, and to hold that commercial pre-eminence she 
 now enjoys. Named in honor of the Duke of Orleans, re- 
 gent of France during the niinoritv of Louis XV. Pop. in 
 1820, 27,176; 1830, 46,310; 1840,102,193; 1850,126,375; in 
 1S60, 168,675. The great naval victory gained (April 2u) 
 by Com. Farragut oijeued this city to the Union arnij-, by 
 which it was occupied May 1, l.Sti2. 
 
 NEW OX'FORD, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW PAL/ESTINH. a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW I'ALTZ, (pAlts,) a post-village and town.ship of 
 Ulster CO.. New York, on Walkill River, 72 miles S. by W. of 
 Albany. It has a bank and an academy. Pop. 2023. 
 
 NEW PALTZ LAND/] NU, a post-village of Ulster CO., New 
 York, on the II\idson River opposite Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Ni;W PAK'IS, aflouri.shing post-village of Jefferson town- 
 ship, Preble co., Ohio, on the E. fork of Whitewater Kiver, 
 67 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati. It ix)ssesses fine water-power, 
 and contains a woolleu factory and several flouring-mills. 
 Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 NEW PA lilS, a post-village of Elkhart co., Indiana, about 
 7 miles S. of Goshen, the county-seat. Population about 
 200. 
 
 NEW PAT'EKSON,a village of Sussex co., New Jersey, 
 on Swartw'out's Lake. 5 miles W. of Newton. 
 
 NEW PEN/NINGTON. a post-ofiice, Decatur co., Indiana. 
 
 NEW PE'TERSBURG, a post-village of Highland Co., 
 Ohio, 70 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop. over 300. 
 
 NEW PIIILADEL'PIIIA. a village of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the railroad which leads from Pottsville towards 
 Tamaqua. about 5 miles E.N.E. of the former. 
 
 NEW PIIILADELPIII.i, Kentucky, a station on the 
 Covington and Lexington Railroad. 13 miles from Covington. 
 
 NEW PHILADELPHIA, a handsome post-village of Go- 
 shen township, and capital of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the 
 left bank of the Tuscarawas River, 100 miles E,N.E.of Colum- 
 bua It is situated on a beautiful plain, in the midst of a 
 fertile, highly-cultivated country. A branch of the Cleve- 
 land and Pittsburg Railroad terminates here. The Ohio 
 Canal passes within a mile or two of the village. Coal and 
 iron ore are abundant here. It contains 6 churches, 1 bank. 
 
 2 newspaper offices, a large iron foundry and machine-rfhop, 
 
 and several manufactories. Settled in 1804. Pop 1850, 
 
 1415 ; iu 18t>4, about 3000. 
 
 NEW PHILADELPHIA, a post-village of Wa«biiii,'ton o\, 
 Indiana, 90 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW PHILADELPHIA, a post-ofBce of Pike co., Illinoisi 
 
 NEW PHILIPPINES. See Caroli.ve Isla.nds. 
 
 NEW PITT.<'BURO, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio 
 about 90 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 NEW PLA'TO, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 NEW PLYM/OUTH, a settlement of New Zealand. N. 
 island, on its W. coast, 150 miles S.S.W. of Auckland. Pup 
 1155. 
 
 NEW PLYJIOUTII, a small post-village of Vinton co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 NEW POINT, Ohio, a station on the Indianapolis and Cin- 
 cinnati Railroad. 55 miles from Cincinnati. 
 
 NEW POINT COJI'FORT, Chesapeake Bay, the N. side of 
 the entrance to Mobjack Bay, about 18 miles N. of Old 
 Point Comfort. On it is a fixed light, 60 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 NEWPORT, new'port, (L. No>viis Burlr/us,) a parliamentary 
 and muuicipal borough, market-town, and parish of linghind, 
 CO. of Hants, iu the centre of the Isle of Wight, of which it is 
 the capital, on the navigable Medina River, at the head of its 
 navigation, and here crossed by an old stone bridge, 17 miles 
 S.S.E. of Southampton. Pop. of parliamentary borough iu 
 1851, 8047. It is delightfully situated; and has an ancient 
 church, in which was buried Elizabeth, daughter of Charles 
 I., (who died a prisoner in Carisbrooke Castle, after her 
 father's execution,) a grammar school, founded by James 
 I., and within which Charles Land the parliamentary com- 
 missioners concluded the " Treaty of Newport ;" an ancient 
 guildhall and market-house, borough and county jail, 2 
 assembly rooms, a neat theatre, excellent public library, 
 literary and mechanics' institutions. 2 or 3 bank.s. and a 
 manufactory of lace. Newport is tiimous for its agricultural 
 implements. In the vicinity is the grand military depot of 
 Parkhurst Barracks, now in a great measure converted into 
 a national model-prison, and opposite to it a large house of 
 industry for the whole island. Quarter sessions are held here, 
 also an ancient governor's court, having exten.sive power 
 over the whole island. Newport sends 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 NEWPORT, a parliamentary and municipal boroiigh, and 
 river-port town of England, co. of Monmouth, on the Usk, 
 here crossed by an excellent stone bridge, about 4 miles 
 from its mouth, and on the line of the Monmouth and Car- 
 diff Railway, 24 miles S.S.W. of Monmouth. Pop. in 1851, 
 19,323. The chief buildings are the ancient parish church, 
 erected at various epochs, and the ruined castle| built by 
 Robert Fitzroy, son of Henry I., remains of a monastery, a 
 union workhouse, several schools and chapels, maguificeut 
 new docks and wharve.s, with yards for ship-building, irou 
 foundries, and immense exports of coal, iron, and tin, 
 brought to it by canals, or tram railways. The port is ac- 
 ce.ssible to very large vessels. Registered shipping, in 1847, 
 11,042 tons. The borough unites with Monmouth and Usk 
 in sending 1 memlier to the House of Commons. 
 
 NEWPORT, a market-town, seaport, and parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Pembroke, on the Iri.sh Sea, 6 miles E.N.E. of 
 Fishguard. Pop. in 1851, 1716. The town is a nominal 
 municipal borough. Its bay, of .same name, forms an excel- 
 lent harbor, whence slates and agricultural produce are 
 exported. The chief imports are coal and timber. 
 
 NEWPORT, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Salop, on the Strine, 17 miles E.N.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop, 
 2497. It has a branch bank, considerable malt works, and 
 in the vicinity, mines of coal and iron. It is connected by 
 canals with Shrewsbury, Birmingham, and Liverpool. 
 
 NE'SVPORT, a suburb of Launceston, England, co. of 
 Cornwall. 
 
 NEWPORT, a parish of England, co. of Essex, with a 
 station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 5 miles S. of 
 Chesterford. 
 
 NEWPORT, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 
 parish of Forgan. 
 
 NEWPORT, a town of the Netherlands. See Nieuport. 
 
 NEW'PORT, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Rhode Island, has an area of about 125 square miles. It 
 consists of sevenal small islands in Narraganset Bay. with 
 a portion of the mainland on its eastern shore. It enjoys 
 great facilities for navigation and the fi.sheries, and consi- 
 derable attention has recently been paid to manufactures. 
 The surface is moderately uneven, and the .soil generally 
 fertile. Large quantities of coal, and some blacklead, are 
 found in this county. Capital, Newport. Pop. 21.896. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 55 
 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1403. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village and township, capital of Sul- 
 livan CO., New Hampshire, about 35 miles N.W. by W. of 
 Concord; it has a bank, 4 churches, 1 newspaper office,! 
 scythe-factory, 4 woollen factories, and 2 tanneries. P. 2077, 
 
 N EWPORT. a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, neat 
 Memphremagog Lake, 55 miles N.E. of Montpelier. P. 119' 
 
 1319 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 NEWPOKT. a post-town, port of entry, feat if justice of 
 ^^ewpo^t county, Khode Isiand, and semi-capital of the 
 state, is ."situated on the W. shore of Khode Island, 5 miles 
 from the ocean by ship-channel, and 28 miles S. by E. of 
 I'rovidence: lat. -11° 29' X_ Ion. 71° 19' 12" W. The harbor 
 is one of the best on the United States coast, being capa- 
 cious, safe, easy of access, and of sufficient depth for the 
 lar>;est ship.s. It is defended by Fort Wolcott, on Goat Island, 
 and Fort .Adams, a fortificjition of great size and strength, 
 onBrenton'sPoiutjabout H miles S.W. of the town. New- 
 port has a beautiful site on an acclivity facing the harbor. 
 Within a few years the town has been greatly improved, 
 both with regard to its streets and buildings. Its fine sea- 
 air and varied scenery have rendered it one of the most 
 celebrated watering-places in Xew England. Several splen- 
 did hotels have been built, and wealthj' persons from other 
 cities have erected many handsome edifices for summer re- 
 sidence. The principal public buildings are the State-house, 
 a commodious brick structure, adorned with an octagonal 
 cupola, and containing, besides the legislative halls, apart- 
 ments for the several courts of the county, state, and United 
 States, a custom-house, and a market-house. The Redwood 
 Library is a very handsome Doric edifice, built in 1788 by 
 Harrison, one of the architects of Blenheim Hou.se. The 
 library contjiins about 15,(K)0 volumes, besides numerous 
 pictures and busts. There are about 15 churches in New- 
 port of the various denominations. The Friends' meeting- 
 house was erected in the year 1700, at which date, it is said, 
 that about one-half of the entire population belonged to that 
 society. The Synairogue is a fine brick building, kept in 
 repair by endowment, though seldom opened. The Jewish 
 burjing-ground in the same street, has been celebrated by 
 Longfellow in a noble strain of poetic thought. Among the 
 hotels, the Ocean House and the liellovue House may be 
 mentioned as the most e.xtensive. It has manufactories of 
 carriages, cabinet-ware, clocks, oil, soap and candles, calicoes, 
 muslins, &c. The town contains seven banks, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of altout S'HO.OOO, three savings institutions, 
 and an academy. One daily and one weekly newspajier are 
 issued here. 
 
 For a long period after the first settlement of the colonies, 
 Newport, in commercial importance, was the rival of Bos- 
 ton and New York, and, until the Kevolution, it ranked 
 among the first commercial cities of Xew England ; but by 
 that event its commerce wa-s entirely destroyed, and its 
 population reduced from about 10,000 to .5500. Since then 
 it has never lieen able to recover its former rank. The ship- 
 ping of the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 6301 tons registered, and 4699^ tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the former, 1851 tons were employed ia the 
 whale fishery ; and of the latter, 3785y were employed in 
 the coast trade; 560 tons in the cod and mackerel fishe- 
 ries, and 255| tons in steam navigation. The foreign arri- 
 vals for the year were 28 — tons 4833, and the clearances 20, 
 — tons 4337 ; of which 4287 were in American bottoms. Dur- 
 ing the rebellion, Newport has been the seat of the Naval 
 Academy of the Unitetl States. The assessed value of taxa- 
 ble property for the town is about $5,000,000. Newixirt 
 has regular steamboat communication with Pro^^dence and 
 New York. It is also connected with Fall Kiver by an ex- 
 tension of the Boston and Old Colonv Railroad. (For his- 
 tory, see Rhode Island.) Population of the township in 1830 
 8010; in 1840. S:;33; in 1850, 9563; in 1855, about 10,000. 
 and in ISiVi, 10,508. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village and township of Herkimer co., 
 New York, on West Canada Creek, about 85 miles W.N.W. 
 of Albany. The village contains 4 or 5 churches, and 
 several stores and factories. Pop. of the township. 2113. 
 
 NEAVPORT or NANTUXET, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO.. New Jersey, 28 miles S.E. of Salem. 
 
 NEWPORT, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 620. 
 
 NEWPORT, a thriving post-village of Oliver township. 
 Perry co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Jnniata 
 River, and on the Central Railroad. 24 miles N.W. of IlarrLs- 
 burg. It is a place of active business, and is a general depot 
 for grain, which is exported by the Pennsvlvania Canal. 
 Pop. 649. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware, on 
 the AVilmiugton and Baltimore Railroad, 4 miles W. of 
 Wilmington. 
 
 NE\VI'ORT, a post-village in Charles CO., Maryland, 50 
 miles S.W. by S. of Annapolis. 
 
 NEWPORT, a village of Augusta CO., Virginia, 18 mUes 
 W. of Staunton, the county seat, has 2 stores. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-office of Giles co.. Virsinia. 
 
 NEW PORT, a post-village of Wakulla" co., Florida, on 
 App.ilachee Ray, at the mouth of St. Mark's River, about 3 
 m:les alwve St. Mark's. A plank-road is in progress from 
 this place to the boundary of Georgia. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. Pop. 441. 
 
 NKWI'ORT, a post-office of Franklin co., Alatoma. 
 
 Nl-.\\ PORT, a post-office of Attala co.. 5Iississippi. 
 
 NEW PUI;T. a post-office of Greene co.. Arkansas. 
 
 ^''■''^^ 1'9^^' * POst-viUage, capital of Cocke co., Tennessee, 
 
 on the French Broad River, 47 miles E. of Knoxville, con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches and an academy. 
 
 NEWPORT, a flourishing and beautiful city of Campbell 
 CO., Kentucky, is situated on the Ohio River, opposite Cin- 
 cinnati, 80 miles N,N.K. of Frankfort, and ju.st above tho 
 mouth of Licking River, which separates it from Covington. 
 It owes its rapid growth and importance chiefly to its 
 proximity to Cincinnati, and the beauty of its situation. 
 Newport and the villages of Jamestown and Bnxiklyn. 
 occupying about 2000 acres, in a few years will be united 
 as one town, a great part of which will be eouiposed of 
 elegant mansions and cottages of wealthy citizens and per- 
 sons who have retired from busines.s. It contains several 
 extensive rolling-mills, iron foundries, and steam-mills, and 
 a manufactory of silk goods; also 1 bank, 12 churches aud 
 1 newspaper office. Pop. 10,046. 
 
 NEWPORT, a village of Shelby co.. Ohio, on tfie Miami 
 and Erie Canal, 112 miles, by canal, N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-vUlage and town.ship of Washington 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 14 miles above JIarietta. The 
 village has an active business, and contains about 6U0 
 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 1824. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village of ilonroe CO., Michigan, on 
 Lake Erie, 8 miles N.E. of .Monroe City. Oak timber and 
 staves are shipped here. 
 
 NEWI'ORT. a post-village of St. Clair co., Michigan, on 
 the St. Clair River, at the mouth of Belle River. 45 miles 
 N.E. of Detroit. It contains several stores' and mills. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village, capital of Vermilion co., 
 Indiana, on Little Vermilion River, 1 mile from the Waba.sh 
 River, and 75 miles W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 chu'-ches, 
 and a flouri.shing seminary. 
 
 NEWPORT, a flouri.<hing post-village of Wayne co, 
 Indiana, on the plank-road fi-om Richmond to Winchester, 
 10 miles N.N.W. of the former. 
 NEWPORT, a small village of Calhoun co., Illinois. 
 NEWPORT, a village of Greene co.. Illinois, on the left 
 bank of the Illinois River. 14 miles W.X.W. of CarroUton. 
 NEWPORT, a post-township in Lake co., Ulinoi.s. P. 1170. 
 NEWPC)RT, a small village of Franklin co.. Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, 67 miles by land W. of St. Loui.s, waa 
 formerly the county seat 
 NEWPORT, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa. 
 KEWPOKT, a township of Columbia county, Wisconsin. 
 Population 1020. 
 
 NEWPORT, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Hanta,' 
 on an arm of Jlines Bay, opposite Falmouth and ailjoining 
 Windsor the county seat, about 30 miles X.X.W. cf Halifax. 
 NEW POKT/AGK, a post-village of Summit co . Ohio, on 
 the Ohio Canal, and on the Cleveland and ZanetvUle RaU- 
 roa<l. 119 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 NEW /PORT CENTRE, a postoffice of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 NEWPORT CENTRE, a postoffice of Johnson co., Iowa. 
 NEW PORT'LAND, a post-township. Somerset co.. Maine, 
 on Seven Jlile Brook, (which with its tributaries here aflorda 
 good water-power,) abotit 50 miles N. by W. of Augusta. A 
 bridge has been built across the river here, at a cost of 
 S3IXK). The township contains two villages, one called West 
 Village, (name of post-office. Xew Portland.) and the other 
 North Portland. SVest Village has 3 churches and 3 stores. 
 Pop. about 200 ; of the township. 1664. 
 NEW PORTL.\ND, a postK)ffice of Stewart CO.. Tennes,«ee. 
 NEW PORTLAND, a post-village of Ralls co.. Missouri, on 
 Salt River, about 95 miles X.X.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 NEWPORT NEWS, a post-office of Warwick co.. Virginia. 
 NEW'POUT-PAG'XELL. a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Buckingham, on the Ouse. crossed here by 
 two stone bridges, 4 miles E.N.E. of AVolverton. Pop. of 
 the town in 1851, 3312. It has manufactures of lace, em- 
 ploying a large part of the population. 
 
 NEAVPORT PRATT, a seaport-town of Ireland. Con- 
 naught. CO. of Mayo, on the Newport River, 8 miles W.N.W. 
 of Castlebar. Pop. 1091. The harbor is spacious and safe. 
 NEWPORT RIVERS. North and South, two small streams 
 of Liberty co., Georgia, flowing into St. Catharine's Sound. 
 NEWPORT TIP, a market-town of Ireland, co. of Tippe- 
 rary, on the Mulkern, 9^ miles X.E. of Limerick. Pop. 1000. 
 NEW'PORTVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania. 116 miles E. bv S. of Harrisburg. 
 NEW POTO'SI. a post-office of .Mncon co.. Alabama. 
 NEW PRESTON, a post-village of Washington township, 
 Litchfield co.. Connecticut, about 40 miles N.N.W. of New 
 Haven. See ■\V.\shixgton. 
 NEW PRINCET'ON, a post-office of Coshocton co.. Ohia 
 NEW PROS/PECT. a post-village of Bergen co.. New Jot. 
 sey. 22 miles N. by W. of Jersey City. 
 
 NEW PROSPECT, a post-village of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 NEAV PROSPECT, a village in Greene co.. Alabama, 100 
 miles X.W. bv W. of Montgomery. 
 
 NEW PROSPECT, a post-office of Winston co., Mississippi. 
 NEW PROSPECT, a post-office of Wayne co.. Ohio. 
 NEW PROSPECT, a village of Orange co.. Indiana, oi» tho 
 New Albany and Vincennes Turnpike, 8 miles W. of funU 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 NEW PROVIDEXCE, a post-village and township of 
 Union co., New Jersey, on the right bank of the Passaic 
 River, about 13 miles W. of Newark. Pop. 1308. 
 
 NEW PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 Fylvaniii. 
 
 NEW PROVIDEXCB, a post-offlce of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 NEW PROVIDKXCK, a po.<t-village of Montjjromery co., 
 rennessee, on tlie Cumtjerland River, 47 miles by the road 
 N.W. of Nashville. It is a depot for tobacco and other pro- 
 duce, which is forwarded by steamboats down the river. 
 Pop. about tX)U. 
 
 NEW I'ROVIDEXCE, a post-village of Clarke co., Indiana, 
 on the New Albany and Salem Railroad, 19 miles N.X.W. 
 of New Albanv. 
 
 NEW PROVIDENCE, the most important of the Bahama 
 Islands, between Eleuthera and Aiidros; lat. 25° 5' N., 
 Ion. 77° 21' W. It is 17 miles long from E. to W., and 7 
 miles across in its widest part, which is in the middle. It 
 Is mostly flat, and covered with brushwood and extensive 
 lagoong. On the N. side is the harbor and town of Nirssiiu, 
 tlie seat of government of the Bahamas. The harbor is 
 nearly laud-locked, being sheltered on the N. by Hog Island. 
 Kew Providence was colonized by the English in 1029, but 
 they were expelled by the Spaniards in 1041. It subse- 
 quently fell again into the hands of the English, and was 
 again taken by the Spaniards, but was eventually restored 
 to the former at the peace of 1783. 
 
 NEW QUAV, a small seaport of Wales, co. and on the 
 Bay of Cardigan, 15 miles N.N.W. of Lampeter. About 70 
 vessels of 40 or 50 tons belong to the port. 
 
 NEW RETREAT/, a post-offlce of Washington co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 NEW RICII'LAND, a post-offlce of Logan co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW RICII'MOND, a post-office of Crawford co., Penn.syl- 
 vania. 
 
 NE\V RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village of Ohio town- 
 ship, Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 20 miles above 
 Cincinnati. It is the most populous village in the county, 
 It has 9 churches a town hall, a Union school, 10 dry-goods 
 Btores, 1 woollen-factory, 1 brewery, and several steam-mills. 
 Popubition. 2211. 
 
 NEW RIcmiOND, a village of .tlontgomery co., Indiana, 
 12 miles N.N.W. of Crawfordsville. 
 
 NEW RIVEK. of Virginia. See Kavawra. 
 
 NEW lUV/EK, of North Carolina, a small stream which 
 rises near the N.W. corner of Onslow co.. and flowing south- 
 ward, enters the Atlantic through New River Inlet. 
 
 NEW RIVER, of Beaufort district, South Carolina, flows 
 southward, and enters the Atlantic at the S.W. extremity 
 of the state. 
 
 NEW RIVER, of Alabama. See Sipset. 
 
 NKW RIVEli, of Louisiana, flows into Lake Maurepag 
 from the W. 
 
 NE\V RIVER, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida. 
 
 NEW HIVER, a iiost-office of Ascension parish, Ixtuisiana. 
 
 NKW ROAD, a post-office of Delaware co.. New York. 
 
 NEW ROCHE L[/l!;,(ro-sh^ll',) a post-village and township 
 of Westchester CO., New York, on liOng Island Sound, and 
 on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of 
 New York. The village is pleasantly situated, and contains 
 6 or 7 churches, about a dozen stores, and several boarding- 
 houses. Pop. estimated at 2400; of the township, 3519. 
 
 NEW ROCU'ESTER, a post-village of Wood co.. Ohio. 
 
 NEW ROCK'FORD, a village of Jackson co.. Indiana, on 
 the E. fork of White River, and on the railroad from Jeffer- 
 sonville to Ccilunibus, tx) miles S. of Indianapolis. Popu- 
 lation fstiniatud at 300. 
 
 N KW Kdi;. rO, a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky. 
 
 N K\V l!(JSS. a postrvillage in Montgomery co., Indiana, 30 
 miles \.W. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW RU.Ni'LEY, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, 128 
 miles K.N.H of Columbus. 
 
 NEW RUS^SIA, a postrofflce of Essex co., New York. 
 
 NEWK Y. nu're(!, a parliamentary borough, river-port town, 
 and parish of Ireland, Ulster, counties of Down and Armagh, 
 on the Newry Water, here crossed by 8 bridges, 6 miles 
 above its fall in Carlingford Bay, and on the Newry Canal, 
 which forms a navigation between the bay and Longh 
 Neagh, 34 miles S.W. of Belfast. Pop. in 1851. 24,809. It is 
 well built, with the exception of some parts of the old town; 
 has 2 handsome cliurchof!, 2 l.^rge Roman Catholic chapels, a 
 convent, a pvepa'^story seminary for Maynooth College, 
 various minor schools. * town-hall, 2 jails, large Infantry 
 barracks, a union workhouse, assembly rooms, a custom- 
 house, and. a court and market house. The port admits 
 large vessels to Wsrren^^dnt. about 4 miles below the town ; 
 4nd the canal, vessels of 600 tons burden. The principal 
 exports are linen, grain, provisions, cattle, eggs, and butter, 
 Alefly to England, but it trades also with North America, 
 theBalticund the Levant. Registered 8hipping(1847) 21,394 
 'ous. The borough sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 NEWRY, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 50 miles 
 ^.W. of .\ugusta. Pop. 474. 
 
 NEWRY, a post-village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, 125 
 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 NKWRY, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, on the 5lKf 
 catatuc River, 16 miles E. of Brownstown. 
 
 NEWS, a post-office of Calhoun co., Illinois. 
 
 NEW SA'LEM, a post-township of Franklin co., Ma.ssa 
 chusetts, 70 miles AV.N.^V. of Boston. Pop. 957. 
 
 NEW S.\LEM, a post>office of Albany co.. New York. 
 
 NEW SAI,EM, a postrvillage of Payette co., Pen^'sylvania 
 about 50 miles S. of Pittsburg, and 190 miles W. by S. ol 
 Harrisburg, has about 50 houses. 
 
 NEAV SALEM, a post-borough of Salem township. West 
 moreland co., I'enn.sylvania. on the Northern Turnpike from 
 Pittsburg to Harrisburg, 28 miles E. of the former. The 
 post-office is called Salem Cross lioads. Pop. about 300. 
 
 NEW SALE.M, Harrison co., W. Virginia. See Appendix. 
 
 NKW SALEM, a post-village in Randolph co., North 
 Carolin.i. 
 
 NEW SALEM, a post-village of Rusk co., Texas, about 240 
 miles N.E. of Austin. 
 
 NiiWSALKM.a post-villageof Fairfield CO., Ohio, 11 miles 
 N.E. of Lancaster. 
 
 NEW SAljEM, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, 47 
 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW SALE.M, a village of Edwards co., Illinois, 8 miles 
 N. of Albion, the county seat, is settled by Germans. 
 
 NEM' SALEM, a post-village of I'ike co., Illinois. 
 
 NEW SALlSIiURY, (sawlzAbfr-re,) a post-village in Har- 
 rison CO.. Indiana, 110 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW SANT.\ FE, a post-office of Jackson co., Missouri. 
 
 NEW SANTANDElt, a department and town of Mexico. 
 See Tamal'lipas and Nuevo Santander. 
 
 NEW SARUM, a city of England. See SAUsnirRT. 
 
 NEW SCOT'LAND, a post-township of Albany co.. New 
 York, 9 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 3304. 
 
 NEW SCOTTS'VILLE, a post-offlce of Beaver co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NEW SEW/ICKLY, a township of Beaver co., Peun- 
 svlvania. Pop. 1785. 
 
 NEW SIIA'RON, a post-village and township of Franklin 
 CO., Maine, on Sandy River, 6 miles from its mouth, and 28 
 miles N.N.W. of Augusta. The falls of Sandy River here 
 afford a superior water-power, which is partly improved by 
 a large manufactory of siishes, and blinds, by manufactories 
 of bedsteads and chairs, machine-shops, carding-mill, and 
 saw, grist, and shingle-niiUs. The river is crossed here by 
 a large stone briifge, costing about S7000. Tlie village con- 
 tains 4 churches, a library, newspaper office, 5 boot and 
 shoe factories, a tannery, carriage factory, potash factory, 
 and clothing factory employing about 100 females. Fine 
 granite is olitained from a quarry in the vicinity. New 
 Sliaron has a larger amount of capital invested in trade 
 and niannfactures tlian any other township in the county. 
 Since 1850 its business has increased 50 per cent. Popula- 
 tion, 1731. 
 
 N l-;w SUA RON, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey, 
 
 NEW SHKF'KIELD. a post-village of Heaver co., Penngyl- 
 vani.1, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 NEW SHORE'HAM, a post-townsbip of Newport CO., 
 Rhode Island, comprising Block Island, which lies 30 miles 
 S.S.W. of Newport. Pop. 1320. 
 
 NEW SlftE'RIA, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, 
 off the N. coast of Siberia, government of Yakootsk. in which 
 they are comprised, between lat. 73° 12' and 76° 20' N.. and 
 Ion. 135° 20' and 150° 20' E. They consist of Kotelnoi. Fa- 
 dievskoi, New Siberia, Liakhow, and .«ome smaller islands. 
 New Siberia, the most E. of these islands, is 75 miles in 
 length and oO miles in breailth. and presents some curious 
 vegetable and animal fossil remains. It was discovered by 
 Hedenstroem in 1809. 
 
 NEW SJIYR'NA, a post-offlce of Orange co., Florida. 
 
 NEW SOM'ERSET, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 
 143 miles E. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 NEW'SOM'S DEPOT, a postofflce of Southampton co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 NEW'SON, a post-office of Bibb co., Louisiana. 
 
 NEW SOUTH GEORGIA. See South Shkti.and. 
 
 NEW SOUTH SHETLAND. See South Shktianb. 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALKS, (Fr. Nouvellp-GdlUs-du-Stid, noo'- 
 vjll' gin dii sUd.) a colony of Great Britain, forming the 
 whole of the S.E. p.art of Australia, stretching along the 
 South Pacific Ocean, from Hervev Bav, in iat. 26°, to Cape 
 Howe, lat. 37° 31' S.; and W. from Ion. 153° 45' to 146° E,; 
 greatest length from N. to S., about 800 miles; greatest 
 breadth, about 450 miles; area, estimated at 350.000 s(iuar6 
 miles. Only a small portion of this immense territory, 
 extending from about lat. 32° to 36° S.. and from the ocean 
 to Ion. 148° 30' E., is regularly settled. The coast-line 
 presents, in general, bold perpendicular cliffs of sandstone, 
 in horizontal strata. Occasionally the cliffs are interrupted 
 by low sandy beaches, some of which stretch to a considerable 
 distance inland, and appear to have been covered by the sea 
 at no very remote period. The indentations of the coast are 
 more remarkable for their number, and the excellent harbors 
 which they form, tlian for the space which they occupy 
 Next to Hervey Bay, which is by far the largest, but .scarcely 
 included within the limits of the colony, is Moreton Bay, 
 
 1321 
 
NEW 
 
 lilt. 27° ;iO! S., formed between the mainland and Moreton 
 and St} »:lt"roke Islands, the two largest on the coast. S. of 
 tliis, tU? first bay of any note that occurs is Port Stephens, 
 in lat. V-'-P 27' S.. which is followed by a succession of noble 
 natural harbors, destined sooner or later to become great 
 commercial emporiums. The most conspicuous are Port 
 Huutei, Port Macquarie, Broken Bay, Port Jackson, Botany 
 Bay. Jfcrvis Bay, Sussex Haven, and Twofold Bay. 
 
 Phi/sicul F<:aiures. — The surface of the country is much 
 diver.^ified, and presents, in its general features, a succession 
 of hills and valleys, mountains and plains. A mountain 
 range, varying in height from 3000 feet to 6000 feet, extends 
 N. and S. nearly parallel to the coa,st,at the distance of from 
 SO miles to 50 miles inland; in the X. it takes the name of 
 Liverpool Range; in the centre, that of the Blue Mountains; 
 and in the S., that of the Australian Alps. The intervening 
 space between the mountains and the sea is partly broken 
 by spurs and ramifications, but descends from the W. w^ith 
 more or less rapidity, and has a generally undulating sur- 
 fece, intersected by watercourses; well wooded in some 
 places, and in others covered with dense brushwood. 
 
 Geology. — As a general rule, the prevailing rock on the E. 
 eide of the mountains is sandstone, and on the W. gnuiite. 
 Above the granite, quartz and sieuite are seen forcing their 
 vay to the surface; greenstone and porphyry oft«n form 
 lofty summits. On Mount Kosciusko in the S.W., granite 
 forms a base 2000 feet above sea-level, while sienite and 
 quartz attain an additional height of 4500 feet, making the 
 whole elevation of this mount, which seems to be the 
 culminating point of the chain, 6500 feet. On the same 
 mount, mica schist, and chlorite, and argillaceous slates, are 
 thrown into positions almost vertical ; while in other places 
 the strata, though evidently upheaved, remain nearly hori- 
 fontal. In the X., where the chain takes the name of the 
 Liverpool Range, greenstone is seen raising itself in bare arid 
 fantastic peaks to the height of 4700 feet. Further S., at Cul- 
 lenbulk'u, lat. 33'^ 30' S., the chain becomes granitic, but .sends 
 iff towards the E. a very remarkable basaltic spur, which has 
 Shrown the sedimentarj' rocks into the wildest confusion, 
 producing frightful rents and gorges. It is remarkable, 
 that, notwithstanding the numerous indications of tre- 
 mendous volcanic agency in almost every mountain district, 
 no active volcano is known to exist, except in the single 
 Instance of Mount Wingen, situated near the sources of 
 Uunters River. In connexion with the granite, limestone, 
 both granular and foliated, occurs in abundance, and 
 besides being often hollowed out into stalactitic caverns, 
 sometimes passes into a beautiful close-grained marble, as 
 » hite as that of Carrara. This limestone is most extensively 
 developed on the Upper and Lower Ilunter Rivers, and be- 
 tween Wellington and Mount Cauobolas. In some places it 
 becomes of a jetrblack colour, traversed by white veins, and 
 at others, is finely variegated. 
 
 Minerals. — Much of the sandstone E. of the mountains, 
 belongs to the carJwniferous system, and is accompanied 
 with workable seams of excellent coal. One field, to which 
 the name of Newcastle has been appropriately given, is said 
 to vie in quality with that which has made the English New- 
 castle so famous, and contains no fewer than ftve seam.s — 
 two of 5 feet and three of 3 feet in thickness, and are worked 
 to some extent by tlie Australian .Agricultural Company. 
 Other fields, equally valuable, give indications of containing 
 an abundance of iron ore. Copper ore. of the richest quality, 
 has been found in such quantities, that the veins are 
 believed to extend in every direction over many miles of the 
 Wellington districts; and one high hill presents indications 
 of being one solid mass of metal. Numerous varieties? of 
 finer pebbles are found in many district', and are so abund- 
 ant in Hunter's River, that it is said to flow for a consider- 
 able distance over rocks of jasper, beautiful agates, opal, and 
 chalcedony. Tlie first discovery of gold In Australia oc- 
 curred in New South Wales in May. ISol, and the great 
 numljer of places in which it has since been found, indicate 
 its existence, in greater or less (iuantitie.«, over the whole 
 colony — in the S., the centre, and the N. The actual quan- 
 tity of gold hitherto obtained within the proper limits of 
 the colony cannot be accurately a.scertained ; but the amount 
 of gold exported from Sydney, chiefiy. it is to bo presumed, 
 from New South Wales, though partly also from Victoria, 
 yras, up to January 20, 1853, estimated at 3,570,105i.— 
 (See Australia. Minerals, page 134.) 
 
 Hiverx. — The mountain chain above described forms the' 
 great water-shed of the colony. The country continues 
 rugged and mountainous for a considerable distance, and 
 at last assumes the form of an elevated plateau, the greater 
 part of which remains unexplored, W. of the mountain 
 range. Several considerable rivers descend from its W. 
 slope, but have only the early part of their course in New 
 South Wales. The more important are the Murrumbidgee 
 and its tributary Lachlan, which Iwth join the Murray; tlie 
 Boian, .Macquarie, and I'eel. apparently affluents of the 
 Darling and the Ondamine. The comparatively narrow 
 dpace intervening tetween the mountains and the Pacific, 
 leaves little room for the development of large rivers. Many 
 of them are. for a great part of the year, either altogether 
 
 NEW 
 
 dry, or form only a succession of deep ponds or water-holeg. 
 The most deserving of notice are, the Hunter which falls 
 into the tine port of that name at Newcastle, and is n.ivigable 
 for 50 miles above its mouth by small craft of 00 or 40 tons; 
 the Hawkesbury, falling into Broken Bay, and navigable by 
 vessels of 100 tons, as far as AVindsor. a distant e of 14U miles ; 
 the Paramatta, important only as giving a navigable com- 
 munication into Sydney Cove; George lUver, which has its 
 mouth in Botany Bay, and is navigable by small vessels to 
 Liverpool, a distance of 24 miles ; the Shoalhaven, navigable 
 for 20 miles, for vessels of 70 or 80 tons; the Clyde, 
 falling into Bateman's Bay, lat. 35° 45' S., described as a 
 fine, clear, capacious river, with 9 feet water on the bjir, and 
 a deptli within of 7 fathoms ; in the N., the chief rivers are 
 the Hastings, which falls into Port Macquarie, after a course 
 of about 100 miles; and the Clarence, entering Shoal Bay, 
 lat. 29° 30' S.; the last is remarkable for its great breadth 
 and large volume of water compared with most Australian 
 streams, and navigable for large steamers for a considerable 
 distance, and by small craft for nearly 90 miles. 
 
 Climate. — The seasons of New South Wales are the very 
 reverse of those of the United States, the month of January 
 here being midsummer, and that of July the dead of winter. 
 The average annual temperature is 64° ; that of spring being 
 65° 5'; of summer, 72°; of autumn, 60°; and of winter, 55°. 
 It thus appears that the annual average range of the 
 thermometer does not exceed 17°. The air in general is 
 remarkably elastic and salubrious, and instances of great 
 longevity are not uncommon. At Sydney, no fewer than 
 241 days are fine, and only 48 are rainy. It would seem, 
 however, that when rain does fall it descends in almost con- 
 tinuous torrents, and that hence, while the annual fall Is 
 only about 33 inches in New York, it exceeds 52 inches at 
 Port Jackson, and 62 Indies at Port Macquarie. The pre- 
 vailing winds at Sydney are N.E., S-W., and W. Of the.«e, 
 the most annoying are the siroccos or liot W. winds, which 
 are supposed to originate in the central deserts, and raise 
 the temperature to such an intensity, that the thermometer 
 in the shade stands at 117° or 120°. When continuing for 
 any length of time, the green leaves turn yelhiw, the grass 
 becomes dry like hay, the red and blue grape shrivel up and 
 lose their color, and the most promising harvest is frequently 
 ruined. It is s;iid, however, that these hot wind.*, being 
 free from deleterious gases, have no injurious effect oa 
 human healtli. 
 
 Vegetatum, Agriculture, and Manufactures. — For the pecu- 
 liar productions of the vegetable and animal kingdom, see Aus- 
 tralia. The soil, where the substratum is sandstone, has more 
 or less of a clayish texture ; where the substratum is whin- 
 stone, it is invariably a light black mould. Both soils are 
 possessed of gretit natural fertility. Many crops have been 
 taken in succession without nianuriug, and without any 
 apparent diminution of productiveness. The fruits of na- 
 tive growth are neither numerous nor valuable, but the 
 tiest of those of Europe have long l)een acclimated, and are 
 everywhere seen in abundance. In the more southern parts 
 of the colony, the fruits include apples. |>ears. peaches, apri- 
 cots, nectarines, cherries, plums, oranges, figs, grapes, me- 
 lons, mulberries, gooseberries, currants, &c. ; and. in the 
 more northern parts, the banana is equally abnudant. The 
 peach thrives remarkably well, and farmers sometimes feed 
 their pigs with the windfalls of their ordiards. The rear- 
 ing of silk-worms on the mulberry has attracted considera- 
 ble attention ; and the vine, in 1849, was under culture on 887 
 acres, the produce from which was 97.300 gallons of wines 
 of good quality, and 1163 gallons of brandy. In 1852, 82,110 
 acres were in wheat, producing l,407.4ii5 husliels; 25,019 
 acres in maize, producing 717.053 bushels; 6725 acres in 
 barley, producing 133,944 bushels; 2407 acres in oats, pro- 
 ducing 49,069 bushels; 245 acres in rye. yielding 4891 bush- 
 els; 54 acres in millet, yielding 731 "bushels: 4079 acres in 
 potatoes, yielding 13.644 tons ; 731 acres in tob.icco. yielding 
 12.530 cwt. ; 27,598 acres in wheat, barley, and oats for hay, 
 yielding 31.894 tons, and 3028 acres in sown grasses, yielding 
 4711 tons of hay. Tot.il number of acres in crop. 152,057 
 Cotton is grown to a limited extent. The principal revenue, 
 however, is obtained from the pastures, chiefly in the form 
 of wool and tallow. The almost unprecedented increase of 
 live stock appears from the fact, that the number of horses, 
 horned cattle, and sheep, which, in 1825. were respwtively 
 6142. 134.519, and 337.622. had increased to 113,895, 1.752,852, 
 and 11.660.819. respectively in 1848. In the same year, the 
 number of swine was 70.875. The great increase of horses 
 is partly owing to a demand for cavalry and hor.«e artillery 
 in the F^«t Iridies. where the horses of the colony are found 
 well suited for the trying climate. Horned cattle also ar» 
 largely exported, and considerable attention ha» recently 
 l^een paid to the curing of animal food. The only mana- 
 tacture that htis as yet made much progress is that of leathp*" 
 which, in 1848. employed 33 tanneries: and woollens, o) 
 which 175,088 yards were woven in 1847. The whale and 
 seal fisheries, though somewhat diminished of late yeai-a, 
 still form one of the great interests of the colony and ii 
 1848 amounted in value to 68.969<. 
 
 awnnierce.— The total value of goods hmported into New 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Smith VValfiS, in 1851, amounted to 1,563. 931?., and in 1852, 
 to l,y'JJ,i;i»i?. ; the value of exports rose from 1.790.912Z., in 
 ISol, to 4,GU4,03«., in 1852, being an increase of 2,807,122?. 
 Tlie trade i.'* chiefly with Great Britain. Tlie quantity of 
 wool exported in 1828, was 834,3i3 pounds; and in 1848, 
 22,969.7U pounds, valued at 1,240,144?. In 1852, the quan- 
 tity of wool exportiid reached only 11,966.211 ]X)unds, valued 
 at 688,317?. In 1843, the exports of tallow, obtained chleHy 
 by what is called the IxrUing down system, was 6680 cwt., 
 valued at 9639?.; in 1848, 98,213 cwt., valued at 140,579?., and 
 in 18.")2, 130.330 cwt, valued at 174,731?. The number of 
 vessels that arrived in 1851, was 553, (tons 153,002;) in 1852, 
 721, (ti)ns 197,366 ;) the number of clearances in 1851, was 
 503, (tons 139,020,) and in 1852,701, (tons 175.960.) In 1852, 
 direct steam communication was established between New 
 South Wales and Great liritaiu. 
 
 G'lvernmi'.nL &c. — By an act pas.«ed in 1850, Port Phillip, 
 which foraierly depended on New South Wales, was ere<'ted 
 into a separate colony, under the name of Victoria, and in- 
 dependent legislatures established in both. In New South 
 Wale.s the Le;;islative Council consists of such a uuml)er of 
 members as the governor and council shall determine; of 
 which iaeml>ers one-third shall be nominated by the Crown, 
 and two-thirds by the male inhabitants, natural born or 
 naturalized British subjects, 21 years of age, and qualified 
 to vote. The laws enacted within the colony mu.st not be 
 repuj;nant to the laws of Great Britain. In each county 
 are-cnurts of requests; and circuit and sessions courts are 
 neld at Goulburn, Paramatta, Bathurst, Maitlaud, and Syd- 
 ney, which last town is the seat of the supreme court, and 
 the capital of the colony. The colony is sulxllvided into the 
 dioceses of Newcastle, Sydney, and Melbourn(!. The total 
 Orcjinury revenue, in 1851. amounted to 311, .538?., and in 
 1852, to 438,391?., of which 156,939?. was duties on spirits 
 Imported, as well as made in the colony, and 217,021?. from the 
 customs, exclusive of the duties on spirits distilled in the 
 colony. The crown revenue amounttil to 238,502?., and the 
 expenditures to 253,934?. The expenditure for military pur- 
 poses was 7939?. 
 
 Iiiliabitants, Education, &c, — Since the first establishment 
 of the colony, in 1787, the number of convicts sent Into it 
 from Great Britain, up to 1840. when the importation ceased, 
 was 54.383 ; of the.se only 2.387 were living in New South 
 Wales on December 31, 1852. In 1829, capital punishment was 
 Inflicted in 52; and in 1852, only in 5 instances; in 1839, 
 the convicted felonies amounted to 768, and in 1852, to only 
 422. Much of the improvement is probably due to mere 
 physical causes, the abundant supply of the necessaries of 
 life extinguishing many of the strongest incentives to crime 
 in older and more densely peopled countries; but much of 
 it is also due to the enlightened efforts which have been 
 made to communicate instruction, and awaken or strengthen 
 religious impressions. A University was established at Syd-, 
 ney. October 11, 1852. The number of pupils attending school, 
 in 1852. wiis 21,065; in 1846, the number of pensons between 
 the ages of 6 and 21 who could not read, was 36,603; and 
 above 21,21,405; making a total of 38,000, or nearly one- 
 fifth of the then existing population. According to the 
 census of 1852, New South Wales is at present divided into 
 68 counties, and numerous squatting districts. The num- 
 ber of clergymen, in 1852, was 163. and the ecclesiastical 
 revenue, 38,196?. The population, December 31, 1852, was 
 estimated at 208,254. 
 
 llid'irij. — Captain Cook, after sailing round the E. coast 
 of .\ustralia, in 1770. landed on a low swampy tract, to 
 which, from the nnmber of plants found in it, he gave the 
 name of Botany Bay; while to the whole coast along which 
 he bad sailed, he gave the name of New South Wales, from 
 a fancied resemblance in its physical features to that part 
 of .South BriUin. In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip, the first 
 governor, arrived and cast anchor in Botany Bay, having 
 with him 757 convicts. The principal historical events, since 
 that period, have already been mentioned. 
 
 NEW SI'KING'FIELt), a post-village of Mahoning CO., 
 Ohio, 12 miles S.K. of Canfield. 
 
 NEW STAND, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa. 
 
 NEW STANTON, a post-village of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsvlv«nia. 173 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 NBW'STEAD, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 1 
 mile E. of Jlelrose, on the Tweed. Pop. 2.50. Near it are 
 traces of a lloman camp, and remains of an ecclesiastical 
 edifice nf early date. 
 
 NEWSTIiAD, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Erii> CO.. New York. l*op. 8162. 
 
 NEWSTEAD, a post-offlce of Christian co., Kentucky. 
 
 NEWSTEAD ABBEY. England, co. and 8i miles N.W, of 
 NottiiiLrham, in the vicinity of Sherwood Forest, memorable 
 as the family residence of the celebrated poet Byron, founded 
 In 1170. as a priory of Black Canons. It stands on the verge 
 of a small lake, among grounds of great l»auty; and hav- 
 ing been carefully improved by its present owner, it is per- 
 ha;is the finest of the antique monastic jiiles remaining in 
 England. Numerous relics of the poet are carefully pre- 
 served here. The At hey was founded by Henry II., and 
 granted to Sir John Byrou at the Keformation. 
 
 NEW STOr.E. a posf-ofRce of Buckingham co.. Tirginia. 
 
 NEW SWE'DEN, a manufacturing post-village of Clinton 
 CO., New York, on Au S.ible River, 130 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 NEWTEE', a maritime town of British India, presidency 
 of Bombay. 38 miles N.N.W. of Goa. 
 
 NEW TEX'AS, a village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, 5 
 miles from Allentown. 
 
 NEW TIM'BER, a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Sussex. 
 
 NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Camljridge. 
 
 NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of England, co. of Chester, on the 
 Manchester and Sheffield Railway, 5$ miles N.E. of Stockport. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 NEWTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 NEWTON, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has 
 an area of 360 square miles. It is liounded on the S.W. by 
 South River, intersected by the Y'ellow and Alcovy Rivers. 
 The county contains an abundance of fine granite and iron 
 ore. Gold is found in small quantities. It is intersected by 
 the Georgia Railroad. Named in honor of Sergeant John 
 Newton, an officer of the Revolution. Capital. Covington. 
 Pop. 14,320, of whom 7862 were free, and &458 slaves. 
 • NEWTON, a county in the S.E. central part of Mississippi, 
 has an area of about 680 square miles. It is drained by a 
 branch of Chickasawha River. Capital, Decatur. Pop. 9661, 
 of whom 6282 were free, and 3379 slaves. 
 
 NEWTON, a county in the E. central part of Texas, bor- 
 dering on the Sabine River, which separates it from Louisi- 
 ana, has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is drained 
 by Caney and Big Cow Creeks. Capital, Burkeville. Pop. 
 8119, of whom 2106 were free. 
 
 NEWTON, a -county in the N.N.W. of Arkansas, con- 
 tains 800 square miles. It is drained by the head streams 
 of Bulfulo i'ork of White River. Capital, Jasper. Pop. 3393, 
 of whom 3369 were free. 
 
 NEWTON, a county in the S.W. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on the Indian Territory. It has an area of 750 square 
 miles. It is drained by Shoal, Oliver, and Centre Creeks. 
 Lead-mines have recently been opened 6 miles from Neosho, 
 (the capital.) Pop. 9319, of whom 8893 were free. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of Rockingham co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, intersected by the Boston and Maine Railroad, 40 
 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 850 
 
 NEWTON, a flourishing post-town.ship of Middlesex co., 
 JIa.ssachusetts. intersected by two railroads foiming .separate 
 lines connecting Boston and New York, 8 miles W. of the 
 former. It is bounded on the N.W., S.W., and S. by Charles 
 River, on which, in this part of its course, are two flourish- 
 ing manufacturing villages, about two miles ap.irt, called 
 respectively Newto.v Upper F.\r.i,s and Newton Lower Fails. 
 The former has a nail mill, rolling mill, paper mill, cotton 
 factorj'. and machine shop; the latter 7 paper mills and a 
 machine shop. The v.alue of piper annually made amounts 
 to from $600,000 to $800,000, which is about efjual to all the 
 other manufactures. Newton Centre is the seat of a -well- 
 endowed theological seminary, under the control of the Bap- 
 tists; and at West Newton an institution called the West 
 Newton F^ngli.sh and Classical School has bi>en est.-iblished in 
 the building recently occupied by one of the State Normal 
 Schools, (removed, 1853.) There are also 2 other incorpo- 
 rated academies at Auburndale. and 2 high schools in dif- 
 ferent parts of the township, which contains 11 churches, 
 viz.: 4 Congregational, 3 Baptist, 2 Unitarian. 1 .Methodist, 
 and 1 Episcopalian, 2 banks, and a savings institution. There 
 are 11 stations on the above railroads within this town- 
 ship. The many attractions which Newton possesses as a 
 pl.ice of residence, and its facilities for communicMting with 
 Boston, have induced many of the merchants of that city to 
 move here with their families. The population con.sequently 
 increases more rapidly than the business. Pop. in 1840, 
 3340, in 1850, 5258, and in 1860, 8382, which is distributed 
 into seven vill.iges, as follows: — Newton Corner, (post- 
 oflice of Newton.) 1600; Newtonville. 500; West Newton, 
 1.300; Auburndale, 400; Newton Upper Falls, 1400; New- 
 ton Lower Falls, 800; and Newton Centre, 1000. 
 
 NEWTON, township Camden co , New Jersey. Pop. 4055. 
 
 NEWTON, a post^borough and town.ship, capital of Sussex 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Paulinskill Creek, 68 miles N, of 
 Trenton. The borough is pleasantly situated, and contains 
 a new court-house, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 
 I pulilic library, and 2 foundries. Pop. 2274. 
 
 NEWTON, a township, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. P. 916. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-olfice of Kanawha co., W. A'irginia. 
 
 NEWTON, a thrivin" post-village, capital of Cat.iwba co.. 
 North Carolina. 175 miles W. of Raleigh, is situated in a fer- 
 tile and lieautiful counti-y, and has an active trade. The Ger 
 man Reformed Church are about to establish a college here. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-village, capital of Baker co.. Oeorrfa. on 
 Flint River, 130 miles S.S.W. of Milledgeville. Pop. 3225. 
 
 NEWTONT, a small village of Bibb CO., Georgia. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-offlce of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 1323 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 fTEWTOX n post-village, capital of Dale co., Alabama, 
 lJ)out 85 miles S.S.E. of Montgomery. 
 
 NEWTOX, a township of Licking CO., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1310. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of Miami co., Ohio. I'op. 21-18. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Mnsldnguni co., Ohio. Pop. 2340. 
 
 NE\VTON, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 956. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of Trumbull co., Oliio. Pop. 1495. 
 
 NEWTON, thriving village of Union co., Ohio, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Col umbus. 1 1 has 1 or 2 churches ami several .stores. 
 
 NEWTi 'N, a po.st-township in the S.W. part of Calhoun 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 884. 
 
 NEW^TON, a post-township in Jasper co., Indiana. P.410. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-village and township, capital of Jasper 
 CO., Illinois, on the Embarras River. 130 miles E.S.E. of 
 Springfield. The village contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, 1 or 2 churches and several stores. 
 
 NEWTOX, a small village of Greene co., Illinois. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Iowa, 35 
 miles E. of Des Moines. It has 5 churches, 1 bank, &c. See 
 Appendix. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-township in Manitoowoc CO., Wisconsin, 
 on Lake Michigan. Population, 1.390. 
 
 NEWrrON-AB'BOT with NEWTON-BUSHELL. (bo<58h/gl,) 
 a market-tuwn of England, co. of Devon, on the Teign, with 
 a station on the Exeter and Plymouth Railway, 5 miles S.W. 
 of Teiguraouth. Pop. of town in 1851, 3147. 
 
 NEWTON'-OPOX-AYR, a burgh of barony of Scotland, co. 
 and opposite Ayr, on the Ayr, and on the Frith of Clyde. 
 Pop. of the burgh, in 1851, 4814. It has a parish church, and 
 a council-hall, with ship-building docks, rope-walks, manu- 
 factures of sail cloth and cotton fabrics, and several iron 
 and brass foundries. The harbor has been improved, and a 
 lighthouse erected on its N. side. Considerable quantities 
 of coal are exported. The constitution of the burgh, sup- 
 posed to have been originally granted by Robert Bruce, has 
 many curious peculiarities. 
 
 NEWTON BLOS/SOMVILLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bucks. 
 
 NEWTON BRIDGE and NEWnON JUNCTION, England, 
 are stations on the North-Westeru Railway, between War- 
 rington and Liverpool. 
 
 NEWrrON BROMS'HOU), a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 NEWTON BYrrOFT. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NEWTON CEN'TRi:, a post-village in Newton township, 
 Middlesex co., Massachusetts, 8 miles W.S.W. of Boston. 
 Here is the Newton Theological Seminary. See Newtox. 
 
 NEWTUN COR'NER, a village of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 7 miles W. 
 of Boston. It contains several churches and schools. The 
 name of the post-office is Newto.v, which see. P.aboutlOOO. 
 
 NEWTON DEPOT, (dee'po.) a post-office of Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine Raikoad, 
 about 40 miles N. of Boston. 
 
 NEWTON FACTORY, a post-office of Newton co., Georgia, 
 about 50 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 NEWTON FALLS, a post-village of Newton township, 
 Trumbull co., Ohio, on the Mahoning River, and on the 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 50 miles S.E. of Cleveland. 
 It hfis several mills, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 NEWTON FER/RERS, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 NEWl'ON FLOT'.MAN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 NEWTON GROVE, a postoffice of Sampson co., North 
 Carolin.\. 
 
 NEW/TON IIAMAILTON or HAM1LT0NYILLE. a post- 
 borough of Jlifflin CO., Pennsylvania- on the left bank of 
 the Juuiata River, 90 miles by railroad W.N.W. of Ilarris- 
 burg. It is connected by canal and railroad with Pittsburg 
 and Phihulelphia. Pop. 306. 
 
 NEWTO'NIA, a post office of Milkinson co.. Mis.sissippi. 
 
 NEWTON-iN-THE-lSLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 NEWTON KYME, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 NEWTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 NEWl'ON LONG'VILLE, a parish of England, co. Bucks. 
 
 NEWTOX LOWER FALLS, a post-village of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Cliarles I'.iver. 11 miles W. of Boston. 
 It has a church. 7 paper mills, and amachine shop: a branch 
 railroad connects it with the Boston and \Vorc^ster Ra'lroad. 
 
 NEWTON-ix-MACK'ERFIELD, a market--town of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Lancaster, on the Manchester and Liverpool aiMl 
 Grand Junction Railways, 15 miles W.S.W. of Manchester. 
 Pop. in 1851, 3719. It has engine factories, with manufac- 
 tures of fustian and glass works. 
 
 N EWTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 NEWTON, NORTH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 NEWTON NOT/TAGE, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Glamorgan. 
 
 NEWTON. OLD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 NEWTON-os-OUSE, (ooz,) a parish of England, co. of 
 
 York, North Riding. 
 1324 
 
 NEWTON POP'PLEFORD. a chapelry of England, oo. of 
 Devon, on the Otter, here crossed by a three-arched iron 
 bridge. 3 miles W.N.W. of Sidmouth. 
 
 NEWTOX POT/TER, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 NEWrroX PUR'CELL. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NEWTOX RIG'XV, a parish, England, co. Cumberiand. 
 
 NEWTOX-SIIAW or NEWTON-OF-SAUCHIE, (.soK'ee.) a 
 thriving village of Scotland, co. of Clackmannan, 5 miles 
 N.W. of Kincardine. Pop. 798. 
 
 NEWTON SOl^NEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 NEWTOX, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 NEWTON ST. CYRES, (seers,) a pari,sh of England, co. 
 of Devon. 
 
 NEWTON STEW/ART or XEWTOX-DOUGLAS, (dtiglas,) 
 a burgh of barony and town of Scotland, county and S miles 
 N. of Wigton. chiefly on the right bank of tbe Crec. here 
 cros.sed by a handsome stone bridge. Pop. in 1851, 2599. It 
 mostly consists of one street, and has a very elegant Gothic 
 church, endowed and other schools, a town-house, market- 
 house, subscription library, public reading rooms, a masonic 
 lodge, weavers', horticultural, and agricultural sorieties; 
 some manufactures of leather, hand-looms, and a flourish- 
 ing trade in wool with Lancashire, and exports of pork for 
 the English markets. 
 
 NEWTON STEWART, a village of Orange CO., Indiana, 
 112 miles S. bv W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEWTON ST. LOE, (sent-lo',) a pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Somerset, 3^ miles W. of Bath. Remains of a Roman villa 
 have been discovered here. 
 
 NEWTON ST. PET'ROCK, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 NEWTON-!iE.\R-SUD/BURY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 NEWTONSTILLE. a post-office of Attala co., Missis.*iippi. 
 
 NEWTONSVILLE. a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 NEWTON-i.viHE-THISTLES, a parish of England, co. 
 of Warwick. 
 
 NEWl'ON TO'NEY. a parish of EngLind, co. of Wilts. 
 
 NEWTON TRA'CEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 NEWTON-ON-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NEWTON UPPER FALLS, a post-village of Middlesex co., 
 Miissachusetts, on Charles River. 9 miles W. of Boston. It is 
 the terminus of the diaries River Railroad. See Xewiox. 
 
 NEW/TON VAL/EXCE. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 NEWTONVILLE, a post-office of Albany co.. New York 
 
 NEWTOXVILLE. a post-office of Faj'ette co.. .Vlaliama. 
 
 NEWTONVILLE, a post-village of .Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 8 miles W. of Boston. Pop. about 500. 
 
 NEWTON WATER, a parish of England, co. of Hun- 
 Ungdon. 
 
 NEWTON WELSH, a parish of England, co. of Ilt-reford. 
 
 NEWTON WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 * NEWTON-ox-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 NEWTON WO0D,a pari.<ih of England, co. of North .impton. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a parli.imentary borough, market-town, and 
 parish of Xorth Wales, co. and 8 miles S.AV. of Montgomery, 
 on the Severn, here crossed by abridge of three arclies, and 
 on the Montgomery Canal, which connects it with the inte- 
 rior n.ivigation of England. Pop. 3226. It has an iincient 
 church, town-hall, and a flannel-hall, and extensive m.inu- 
 factures of flannel. Newtown unites with .Montgomery, 
 Llanfyllin, Llanidloes. Machynlleth, and Welshpool, in send- 
 ing 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 NEWT(.)WN, a decayed lx)rou-h of the Isle of Wight, 
 parish of C.Tlbourne, 5 miles W.N.W. of Newport. Newtown 
 was burnt bv the French in the reign of Richard II. 
 
 NEWTi:)W"N, a beautiful village of New South Wales, co. 
 of Cumlieriand, 3 miles from Sydney. Pop. 1215. 
 
 NEWTO^VX. a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath. 
 
 NEWTOWXi a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath, with 
 the town of Tyrrell's Pass, and some villages, 
 
 NEWTOWN, a village of Duke's co,, Mas-'achusetts, about 
 75 miles S.E, by S, of Boston, It contains a flourishing 
 academj-, 
 
 NEWTOWN, a post-borough and township of Fairfield co,, 
 Connecticut, on the Housatonic Railroad, 24 miles W,X,W, 
 of New Haven, The borough consists of one long street, 
 and has 4 churches and aU>ut 80 dwellings. Pop. of the 
 township, 357 S. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a post-village and township of Queen's CO., 
 New York, on the East River, alxjut 150 miles S. of Albany. 
 The village has 3 churches. Pop. 13,725. 
 
 NEWTOW N, New Jersey, a stittion on the Camden and 
 Amboy Railroad, 7 miles from Bordentown. 
 
 N EWTOW'N, a township of Cumberland co.,Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 'ZSeS. 
 
 N l:WTOWN. a township of Delaware Co., Pennsylvnnia. 
 Population, 830. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a post-villa.ge of Greene co., Pennsjivauia, 
 on Whitely Creek, about 10 miles S.E. of Wayncsburg. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a pleasant post-borough and township of 
 Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, is situated near Neshaminv Cn'-'k, 
 20 miles N,E, of Philadelphia, Newtown was the co uty 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 neat for several years previous to 1812. It has 2 or 3 places 
 of worship, 1 academy, and a national banlc. Pop. of the 
 townsliip. 1652; of lli'e Uorotigli, 600. 
 
 N KW i'ljWN, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 NKWTOWN, a flourishing post-villapje of Worcester co., 
 Maryland, on the K. side of the Pocoinoke River, 15 miles 
 S.W. of Snow Hill. It is a place of active trade, containing 
 i churches, 6 stores, 2 steam-mills, and 2 hotels. Pop. in 
 ISeO, estimated at 800. 
 
 NEWTOW.V or STE'PIIEXSBURG, a neat and thriving 
 post-village of Frederick co., Virginia, on the turnpike lead- 
 ing from Winchester to Staunton, 8 miles 8. by E. of the 
 former. It is especially noted for the manufacture of war 
 ■50ns. The place w.as settled in 1758. It contains 2 churches, 
 a market-house, and over 100 dwellings. 
 
 NEWTOW.V, a post-village of Kin,£> and Queen co., Vir- 
 ginia, 38 miles N.li. of Richmond, contains 1 church. 
 
 NblWTOWN, a post-village in Hinds co., Mississippi, on 
 Pearl River, 15 miles S. by W. of Jackson. 
 
 N KWTi >\V.\, a post-village of Scott CO., Kentucky, 22 miles 
 E. of Frankfort, haa 2 or 3 churches and about 200 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 N KWTOWN, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 10 miles 
 E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 NEWTi>\VN, a pleasant post-village of Fountain co., In- 
 diana, 14 miles E.X.Ei of Covington, stands on the border 
 of the large and rich Shawanee Prairie. Pop. about 500. 
 
 NEWTOWN ACAD/EMY, a post-office of ilonroe co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 NEW/TOWN-ARDES,(ardz.) a borough, seaport town, and 
 parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down, at the \. extremity of 
 Lough Strangford, 10 miles E. of Belfast. Pop. of town, in 
 1851. 10,750. It is regularly and well built; it has a very 
 ancient church, the ruins of an old castle, and of various 
 monastic buildings; a large endowed school, a spacious 
 town-liall, and infantry barracks. The weaving and em- 
 broidery of damask muslins for Glasgow are carried on to a 
 con.'iiderable extent. 
 
 NE\V'TO\V'N B.\R'RY, a m.arket-town and parish of Ire- 
 land, Leiiister, co. of Wexford, at the confluence of the 
 Clady with the Slaney, 3 miles S. of Clonegal. Pop. of the 
 town, 11.37. 
 
 NEWTOWN-CLONEBURN, (klon'bQrn,) a parish of Ire- 
 land, Leiuster, co. of Meath. 
 
 NEWTOWN CREEK, of Long Island, flows Into the East 
 River, opposite New York. 
 
 NEWTOWN-CROM'MOLIN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Antrim, with a village 3 miles N.E. of Clough. Pop. 
 of the villivge, 175. 
 
 NEWTOVVN-FORBES, (forbz.) a parish of Ireland, T^in- 
 ster, CO. of, J^ongford. 
 
 NEW'TOWN-HAM'ILTON, a market-town and parish of 
 Ireland. Ulster, co. of Armagh. Pop. of the town. 1219. 
 
 NEWTOWX-LEN/NANT, a parish of Ireland, Munster, 
 CO. of Tipperary. 
 
 NEW'TOWN-LTMUVAD/DY, a disfranchised borough and 
 market- town of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 15 miles N.E. of Ixin- 
 donderry, on the Roe, here crossed by a stone. bridge. Pop. 
 of town, in 1851, 3206. It has a handsome church, a ses- 
 sion.s-house, bridewell, union workhouse, distilleries, and a 
 market-house, with an increasing trade in wheat and flax. 
 
 NEWTOWN LIX'FORD, a parish. England, co. Leicester. 
 
 NEWTOWN, MOUNT KEX'NEDY, a market-town of Ire- 
 land. Leinster, co. and 8 miles N.X.W. of Wicklow. Pop. 800. 
 
 NEV\/TOWN-N£.\B-NEW/BURY, a parish of England, co. 
 of Hants. 
 
 NEWTOWN-SQUARE, a post-village of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NEWTOWN-STEWART, (formeriy LIS'LAS.) a market- 
 town of Ireland, Ulster co., Londonderry, on the Mourne, 
 5 miles AV. of Gorton. Pop. 1-105. Near it are remains of a 
 castle of the 5tli ceutury, and various other antiquities, and 
 about Ih miles S.W. of the town is Baron's Court, the seat 
 of the ilarquis of Abercorn. 
 
 NEW TREX'TON, a small village of .Tefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW TRENTON, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana, 
 SO miles N.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 NEW TKl'ER, a post-office of Cook co.. Illinois. 
 
 Ni;W TI!ll'/OLI. a post^village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, So miles E.N.E. of Ilarrisljurg. 
 
 NEAV'TYLE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Dundee, with which and with Forfar and Perth, it 
 is connected by railway. Pop. 12t>4, of whom 465 are in the 
 village. 
 
 NliW ITLM, a post-office of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 NEW UP'TON, a post-office of Gloucester co., Virginia. 
 
 NEW UTRECHT, new u'tr^kt, a township of King's co.. 
 New York, forms the W. extremity of Long Island. Pop. 
 27^1. 
 
 NEW ULSTER, an island of the New Zealand Group, 
 (which see ) 
 
 NEW A ER'X^ON, a post-village in Mount Hope township, 
 Orange CO., New York, about 65 miles N.AV. of New York 
 City. 
 
 NEW VEKNON, a post-village of Morris co.. New Jersey, 
 5 miles S. of Morristown. 
 
 NEW VERNON, Pennsylvania. See Appendix. 
 
 NEW VIEN'NA, a post-village of CUnton co., Oliio, 11 
 miles S.E. of Wilmington. Pop. 56o. 
 
 NEAV VII/LAGE, a post-village of Suffolk co.. New Y'ork 
 
 NEAV A'ILL.\GE, a post-villiige of AVarren co., New Jer- 
 sey, 52 miles N.N.AA'. of Trenton. 
 
 NEW'A'ILLE, a post-village of Herkimer co.. New York 
 about 65 miles AV.N.AV. of Albany. 
 
 NEAVVILLE, a post-borough of Cumberland co., Pennsyl 
 vania, on the Cumberland A'alley and Franklin Itailioad. 12 
 miles S.AA'. of Carlisle. It contains 2 churches and a na- 
 tional bank. Pop. in 185(1, 715; in ISCO, 885. 
 
 NEWAILLE, a post^jffice of Sussex Co., Airginia. 
 
 NEAAVILLE, a llniving post-village of Richlaiul county, 
 Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the Clear Fork of Mohiccaa 
 River, 12 miles S.E. of Mansfield. 
 
 NEAVA'ILLE, a post-village and township in De Kalb co., 
 Indiana. Pop. 711. 
 
 NEWA'ILLE, a village of Wells co., Indiana, on the Wji- 
 bash River, about 100 miles N.E. of Indianapoli.s. 
 
 NEW' A'INE, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa. 
 
 NEW AINE'YARD, a post-township of Franklin CO., 
 Maine, about 48 miles N.AV. of Augusta. Pop. 864. 
 
 NEAV A'lRGIL, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 NEAV AVWKE'FIELD, a post-village of AVashington CO., 
 Alabama, 164 miles S. by AV. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 NEW AVASH'INGTON, a post-village of Clearfield co, 
 Pennsylvania, on the AVest Branch of the Susquehanna 
 River, about 135 miles AA'.N.AA'. of Ilarrisljurg. 
 ' NEW AVASHINGTON, a small post-village of Crawford. 
 CO.. Oliio. Pop. 221. 
 
 NEAV AVASH'INGTON, a pleasant po.st-village of Clarke 
 CO., Indiana, 18 miles S.AV. of Madison. It has a flourishing 
 academy, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 NEAV AVATERFORD, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 NEAV AVAY, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 NEAV AVEST/VILLE. a post-office of I'reble co., Ohio. 
 
 NEAV AVIiy.MlXGTOX, a post-township of Lawrence co., 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. of New Ca.stle. 
 
 N>;W AVIL.AIINGTON, a village of Pennsylvania, on the 
 line between Mercer and Lawrence counties, 8 miles S.AV. 
 of Mercer. 
 
 NEAV AVIN'CIIESTER, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 NEW AVlNCHIvSTER, a post-village of Hendricks co., 
 Indiana. 27 miles AV. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NEW AVIND'SOR, a post-village and township of Orange 
 CO., New York, on the Newburg Branch Railroad, and on the 
 Hudson River, about 85 miles below Albany. It has manu- 
 factures of cottons, woollens, Ac. and is said to be the birth- 
 place of De AVitt Clinton. l'op.'2452. 
 
 NEAV AVIXDSOR, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, 
 about 30 miles N.AV. of Baltimore. 
 
 NEAV AVIXD.SOR, a small village of Carroll co., Mis.souri. 
 
 NEAV AVINE, a village in Dubuque co., Iowa, 25 miles AV. 
 by N. of Dubuque. 
 
 NEAV WOOD'STOCK, a post-village in Cazenovia township, 
 Madison co.. New York, 24 miles S.E. of Syracuse. 
 
 NEAV YE.\R'S ISLAND, two small islands off the S. coast 
 of Australia; lat. 139° 40' S., Ion. 143° 4!t' E. 
 
 NEAV YEAR'S ISLAND. North Australia, is off the coast 
 of .\rnhem's Land, 60 miles N.E. of Port Essiugton; lat. 
 10° 55' S., Ion. 133° 3' E. 
 
 NEAV YEAR'S ISLANDS, South Atlantic, are in lat. 54=" 
 41' S.. Ion. 64° 28' AA'., and were so named by Cook. 
 
 NEAV YEAR'S RANGE. Central Australia, is a mountain 
 tract, lat. 30° 21' S., Ion. 146° 33^' E. 
 
 NEAV YORK, one of the Sliddle States of the United 
 State.s, and the most populous of the confederacy, is bounded 
 on the N. by Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence, and Canada 
 East; on the E. by A'ermont, Massachusetts, and Connecti- 
 cut ; on the S. by the Atlantic, (if we include Long Island,) 
 by New Jersey and Penn.sylvania ; and AV.by Pennsylvania, 
 Lake Erie, and Niagara River. This state is separated on 
 the AV. and N.AA'. from Canada AVest by Lakes Erie and On- 
 tario, and by the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers; and 
 partly from Vermont by Lake Champlain. It lies between 
 40° 30' and 45° N. lat., and between (if we include Long 
 Island, a dependency of the state) 72° and 79° 55' AV. Ion. Its 
 extreme length, from E. to AA'., exclu.sive of Long Island, 
 is about 335 miles, and its greatest breadth, from N. to S., 
 about 308 miles, including an area of 47,000 square miles, 
 or 30,800,000 acres, of which 14,358,403 only were improved 
 in 1860, showing a great capacity for increase of population, 
 even in the older and more densely inhabited states of North 
 America. 
 
 Tace of the Country. — New York presents every variety 
 of surface, from the rich plains of the western part of the 
 state to the rugged mountains of the E. and N.E. Tho 
 Appalachian or Alleghanian chain of mountains enters the 
 S.E. of New York (in two separate ridges) from New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania. That from the former state cros.=es the 
 Hudson River at and around AA'est Point, about 50 miles 
 from its mouth, and forms the far-famed Highlands of the 
 
 132o 
 
NEW 
 
 Hudson wblch hare given this rirer a celebrity only second 
 to the i;hine. After passing the Hudson Rifer, this range 
 pursues a northerly course, under the name of the Taconic 
 or Taglchaunuc mountains, to join the Green Mountains in 
 Connecticut and Massachusetts, \rhere the Highlands are 
 cut through by the Tludsou River, they are perhaps 20 miles 
 in brea,lfh. but seldom reach an altitude of ISCiO feet; 
 thouirh in one instance, on the E. bank of the river, near 
 Fishkill. they attain an elevation of nearly 1700 feet. N.W. 
 of the Highlands, and running nearly parallel, are the Sha/- 
 wangunk Mountains, which are followed in turn by the 
 far-famed Catskill Mountains, which approach the Hudson 
 Uiver from the S.W., run nearly parallel with it for perhaps 
 20 miles, then trend off to the X.W. toward the Mohawk 
 River. In the latter part of their course they are known as 
 the Helderbei^ Hills. The hi,j:hest summit of the chain is 
 ISoundtop, in Greene county, ?.804 feet in altitude. Delaware 
 county is traversed by a ridge called the Oquago Branch. 
 IJut bv far the grandest chain of mountains (or rather 
 assemblage of groups and ranges) lie N. of the Mohawk 
 River, and between Lake Ontario on the W., and Lakes 
 Champlaiu and George on the E. The.se traverse, under 
 various local names, and in different directions, (hut 
 mostly N. and K.E.,) the counties of Herkimer. Fulton, 
 Montgomery, Saratoga, Warren. Essex, Clinton, Franklin, 
 Hamilton, and St. Lawrence. The most important group, 
 chiefly Iving in Essex county, is the .\dirondack, the high- 
 est peak of which, Mount Marcy or Tahawus, has an eleva- 
 tion of 5467 feet, and is the loftiest summit in the state. 
 The Catskill or Helderberg Mountains seem to resume their 
 cour.se beyond the Mohawk River, in Herkimer county, and 
 to extend beyond the St. Lawrence Into Canada, under the 
 name of the Chateaugay Raugt^. There are other ranges of 
 highlands in Oneida and Lewis counties. Speaking of the 
 western p<irtion of the state, (i. e. W. of Lake Cayuga.) Pro- 
 fes.sor Hall remarks — " This district, bordering Lake Ontario 
 on the X., is a low plateau, gradually rising to the S.. for a 
 distance varying from 4 to 8 or 9 mile.«, where we abruptly 
 ascend a terrace, which, at its western extremity, attains a 
 height of 200 feet, but which slope gently down almost to 
 the general level farther E. From the top of this terrace, 
 we pas-s over a broad plateau of nearly level country, slightly 
 depressed towards the centre, but rising gently again to the 
 S., till we come to the h>ase of a second terrace, having a 
 general height of 60 feet or more above the country on the 
 N. Beyond the ten-ace la,«t mentioned, the country is level, 
 and generally even for several miles, when we commence .^ 
 gradual a.scent to higher ground. Although the country to 
 the S. of this is hillv. and in some parts rising to an eleva- 
 tion of 2500 feet above the ocean, and from 600 to 1000 feet 
 above the deepest valleys, yet it must lie remembered that 
 there are no ranges of mountains. We must fancy this 
 whole southern border of the state as having once been a 
 high and broad plateau, and that from denudation, the 
 breaking up of the strata in some places, together with the 
 action of waves and currents, has resulted this irregular 
 and uneven surface." The first ridge, near Lake Ontario, 
 forms the falls of the Genesee at Rochester, and the second 
 ridge those in Alleghany county. 
 
 Geoltigy. — Though New York has undergone the most 
 complete geological survey of any state in the Union, \>y a 
 corps of competent geologists and naturalists, who have 
 ably reported their prt)ceedings in a number of ponderous 
 volumes, the character of our work does not admit of giving 
 more than a brief outline of the geology of the stat*?. Com- 
 mencing in the N.E., the greater portion of the district N. 
 of the Mohawk and E. of l-ake Ontario is primary in forma- 
 tion, with, however, a belt of I'otsdam sandstone on the N.. 
 which is in turn separated from the St. Lawrence by a 
 second belt of calciferous i^lime-producing) sandrock. Be- 
 tween T>.ike Ontario and the primary tract named above, in 
 the order named, proceeding S. to Oswego, are groups of 
 Potsdam sandstone, calciferous sandrock ; Bliick River, 
 Birdseye, and Trenton limestone; Utica slate. Helderberg 
 limestone, (including grits and sandstones.) and gray sand- 
 stone. S. of l,ake Ontario, narrow belts succeed each other 
 in the following onler: — 1. Of the Medina sandstone, (usu- 
 ally a red sandstone, sometimes variegiited, and giving origin 
 to salt springs:) 2. Of the Clinton group, (a variable com- 
 position of sjjndstones. shales, impure limestones, iron ores. 
 Ac,;) 3. Of the Niagara group, (a limestone resting upon 
 shale, and firming the eelebrate<l cataract of that name :) 
 4. Of the Onondaga salt group, (.limestone and slate, with 
 salt springs;) 5. Of Helderberg limestone;, and 6. Of the 
 Hamilton group, (composed of calcaneus, sandy, or fossili- 
 ferous shales.) A witle y.oue of the Port^e and Chemung 
 groups (composed mjiinly. the former of flagstones and 
 shales, and the latter of highly fossiliterous shales and thin 
 bedded sandstones) occupy the S.W. portion of the state, 
 extending into Pennsylvania, and (sending off a narrow arm 
 to near Ciitskill, on the Hudson, where it bends to the S.W.. 
 surrounding on the N. and S.K. a large tract of red sand- 
 stone lying tietween itself and the Susquehanna River. E. 
 of the narrow arm just descrilied. and between it and the 
 Hudson, are narrow 'jclts of the Hamilton group, Ilelder- 
 1-326 
 
 NEW 
 
 berg limestone, Medina sandstone, and gray sandstone 
 ^Vashington, Rensselaer, Columbia. Schenectady, parts of 
 Saratoga, Albany. Montgomery, Putnam, Orange, Ul.ster, 
 and Dutchess counties, are occupied by the Hudson River 
 group, (compo.sed mostly of shules and shaly .sandstone, 
 with thin courses of limestone.) Westchester, most of Put- 
 nam, and parts of Dutchess and Orange counties, are pri- 
 mitive. Long Island is diluvial on the N., and alluvial on 
 the S. side. 
 
 Minerals. — New York, though deficient in coal, ("the geo- 
 logical formation lieing too old for its production.) abounds 
 in that most u.seful of all minerals, iron. Hematite ore* 
 occur in extensive beds in Columbia and Dutchess counties; 
 and magnetic ores in Putnam, Orange, and West'hest«r. 
 Act»rding to Whitney the larger portion of the X. part of 
 New Y'ork, extending from Lake Chnmplain to I^ake Onta- 
 rio, is rich in specular and magnetic onrs, particularly in 
 Essex and Clinton counties. The western counties, too, 
 have valuable deposits of-iron in the strata of the Clinton 
 group. A company has been formed with a capital of 
 $600,000, for working the iron-mines in Rockland county. 
 Coal was discovered in 1854 in Steulien county. L)?."!!! exists 
 in great quantities in St. Lawrence county ; and mines have 
 been recently opened in Ulster. It is also found in Sullivan, 
 Columbia, Washington, Dutchess, Rensselaer, and West- 
 chester counties. Zinc, copper, and titanium exist in seve- 
 ral counties. Molybdenum, m.anganese, arsenic, cerium, 
 silver, cobalt, and bismuth are occasionally fonnd. The 
 central and some of the western counties contain abundance 
 of gypsum, which is largely useil as a manure, and exten- 
 sively exported. Our geological article shows there is no 
 scarcity of lime, especially in tlie central and western coun- 
 ties. Marble of fine quality is exported from Sing-Sing. 
 Sulphuret of iron is found in St. Lawrence, and carburet in 
 Es.sex, Clinton, and Dutchess counties. Gneiss, Simdstone, 
 and limestone, suitable for building, are abundant. New 
 York is especi.nlly celebrated for its mineral springs, parti- 
 cularly its medicinal springs, the most noted of which are 
 those of S.iratoga. Ballston, New Lebanon. Sharon, and 
 .\von Springs. Onondt^a yields annually from 4.000.000 to 
 5.000.000 bushels of table salt : 5,083.369 "bushels were pro- 
 duced in this county alone in 1849. There are also s!»lt 
 springs in Erie, Genesee> and Orleans counties. Natural 
 issues of carbureted hydrogen exist in several coupties. 
 The village of Fredonia. in Chautauqua county, is lighted 
 from one of these, as is the lighthouse of Barcelona, in the 
 same county. 
 
 Riverg. liukes, &c. — New York posses.ses a greater amount 
 of navigable waters than any other state of the Union. On 
 the E. is the Hudson, traversing the stite for about 350 
 miles. 150 of which are navigable for large steamers and 
 schooners, .and 120 for ships; on the N.E., Lake Champliiin, 
 navigalile for 120 mile.s; and on the W. and N.W., Liakes 
 Erie and Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence, all navigable 
 for large steamers, and Ontario and Erie for ships of heavy 
 tonnage. In the S.E. of the state rises the Delaware, and 
 in the interior, the Susquehanna, which pass S. into Penn- 
 sylvania, and float down, in the high waters of spring and 
 autumn, lumber and other products of New York, to the 
 markets of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Mar\iand. The 
 W. of the state is crossed by the Genesee, which furnishes, 
 by its numerous cataracts, immense water-power, though it' 
 is only navigable for small steam or keel boats, and for those 
 only by stages between the falls. The Oswego is the outlet 
 of the central lakes, and affords valuable water-power. The 
 two rivers last mentionetl and the Black River flow into 
 Lake Ontario. The Oswegatchee, Grass. Racket, and St. 
 Regis Rivers, each of about 1.50 miles in length, join the St. 
 Lawrence; and the .Saranac and Au Sable empty themselves 
 into Lake Chaniplain. AH these river* are in the N.E, of 
 the state. The Mohawk, an aflluent of the Hudson, about 
 160 miles in length, drains the central counties of Eastern 
 New York. New Y'ork abounds in small and picturesque 
 lakes. In the E. is Lake George, so celebrated for the 
 grandeur of its scenery; in the centre are Lakes Oneida, 
 Skaneateles. Owasco. Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, and Canan- 
 daigua; in the S,W., Chautauque; and in the N.E., Bl»ck, 
 S.ni-anac. and Long Lakes; besides many other small but 
 beautiful sheets of water. The larger of these lakes v^ry 
 in length from 10 to 38 miles. The principal bays are New 
 York Bav. opening into the Atlantic, and Sacketfs Harbor, 
 at the E. end of "L.ike Ontario. Long Island Sound, 120 
 miles long, .separates Long Island from Connecticut. 
 
 Jshinds. — There are several important islands Monging 
 to this state, chief among which is Long Isl.ind, about 115 
 miles in length, lietween I^ong Island Sound and the At an- 
 tic Ocean, and S. of Connecticut; Staten Isl.and, (emViracini? 
 Richmond county,) between New York B.ay on the E., and 
 Uai-itan Bay and Arthurkill Sound on the S. and W., an4 
 Grand Island, in the Niagara River. 
 
 Ohjects of Interest to Tourists. — Under this heading New 
 York may justly claim a large space. On her western Imr- 
 der, in a river or strait of 34 miles in length, running from 
 Lake Erie to Ontario, and pouring the waters of the Greit 
 Lakes over a precipice of 1C5 feet in perpemUcubir bcigU^ 
 
 t^ 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 thunders the far famed and unriralled cataract of T'iagara, 
 in « br^e pi isence all stand dumb, with no power to de- 
 scribe, but only to wonder and adore. The fall.s are about 
 20 mile.s below the entrance to tlie strait, at the N.E. ex- 
 tremity of Lake Erie, and 14 miles above its junction with 
 Lake Ontario. About 3 miles below its commencement, the 
 river divides into two arms, which embrace an island, called 
 Grand Island, 12 miles long, and from 2 to 7 miles wide. 
 Tiie banks of the upper portion of Niagara River are low, 
 not usually exceeding 20 or 30 feet, and the current is com- 
 paratively moderate. Nearly 3 miles below Grand Island 
 the rapids (scarcely less interesting than the falls them- 
 selves) commence, and after a course of rather more than a 
 half-mile, terminate in the great cataract. Goat Island, a 
 quarter of a mile wide, and half a mile long from N. to S., 
 extends to the very brow of the precipice, and divides the 
 falls into two portions, the higlier of which is on the Ame- 
 rican side, but the greiiter body of water on the Canadian. 
 The American fall is again subdivided, very unequally, by 
 Iris Island, with the greater of these subdivisions nearest 
 the New York shore. Below the falls, the river runs be- 
 tween per])endicular cliffs for 3 or 4 miles, in a channel of 
 from 300 to 800 feet wide, with great force and impetuosity, 
 till it is released from its narrow and rocky bed, below the 
 Queenstown Heights, from whence it flows tranquilly into 
 I-ake Ontario. Between the falls and Queenstown (where 
 navigation commences) occur two rapids, caused partly by 
 the narrowing of the bed of the river, and partly by the 
 rocks at the bottom. At the head of the first rapids, two 
 miles below the falls, the river is spanned by a suspension 
 bridge 800 feet in length, and 230 feet above the water. At 
 the southern extremity of the first rapids, an angle in the 
 river causes a reflex in the current, which forms a number 
 of edUie.s, commonly called "The Whirlpool," more remark- 
 able for the heaping up of the waters in the middle of the 
 river, by the impetus of the current, than for any peculiar 
 violence of the whirlpools themselves. Below this pool is 
 another rapid of about half a mile in extent. 
 
 In any slate but New York its other falls would rank 
 as prime objects of interest. The Cohoes Falls, in the 
 Mohawk, about 3 miles from its mouth, have a perpendicu- 
 lar descent of 70 feet, and when the river is full, in the 
 spring and autumn, form a grand cataract. Little Falls, 
 about 12 miles below Utica, are formed by the passage of 
 the Mohawk through the mountains, where the river de- 
 scends 42 feet in one mile, frowned on from above by the 
 rugged and picturesque walls of this mountain gorge. 
 Fifteen miles N. of Utica, in West Canada Creek, (a tribu- 
 tary of the .'Mohawk.) is a series of cascades and rapids, 
 known as Trenton Falls, that extend over a space of two 
 miles, in a cliaunel which the river has cut from the solid 
 limestone rock to a depth varying from 100 to 150 feet, 
 forming a clean limestone trough, the middle of which 
 only (in summer) is occupied by a narrow stream of water, 
 almost as black as ink. Proceeding up this narrow gorge, 
 with perpendicular sides of solid rock, a series of rapids and 
 fulls are passed at considerable intervals, presenting a great 
 variety of cascades, of from 8 or 10 to 100 feet in height. 
 The Genesee River has a series of cataracts, surpassing in 
 altitude those of the Rhine, the boast of Europe. One, at 
 the city of Rochester, has a perpendicular descent of 97 feet, 
 which gives motion to the machinery of its cehdirated flour- 
 mills and factories. There are other falls within the vici- 
 nity of Rochester, making a total descent of 226 feet. Near 
 its sources in Alleghany county, the Gene.see descends hy 
 S falls of 00. 90. and 110 feet, within the space of 2 niilcs. 
 through a gorge worn in the solid rock to the depth of 400 
 feet. In the neighborhood of Ithaca are a number of cas- 
 rades. one of which has a perpenitlcular pitch of 110 feet. 
 Baker's, Hadley's. Jessup's, and Glen's Falls, all near the 
 sources of the IIud.son River, are well worthy of a visit. 
 There are two interesting fiiUs in the strait leading from 
 Lake George into Lake Champlain, also one near Hudson, 
 another near West Point. Lake George stands prominent 
 among the lakes of the United States for the boldness of its 
 shores, and the transparency of its waters. It is studded 
 with beautiful islands, and shut in by precipitous high- 
 lands, reaching in one instance an elevation of 2000 feet. 
 
 Among the places of fashionable resort, first on the conti- 
 nent of America, stands Saratoga, visited annually, during 
 the summer months, by its thousands in pursuit of health, 
 and by its. tens of thousands seeking pleasure and excitx!- 
 ment. Saratoga Springs are in Saratoga county, in the E. 
 of the state. Its waters are of great variety, and of very 
 active properties. Sharon Sulphur Springs, in Schoharie 
 county, are much visited by invalids, and have the advan- 
 tage over Saratoga in the picturesqueness of the surround- 
 ing scenery. New Leb.anon, celebrated for its warm springs, 
 is situatwl in Rensselaer county, near the boundary of Mas- 
 sachusetts. Avon Springs, 20 miles S. of Rochester, are 
 much resorted to. Ballston Spa, 7 miles from S.iratoga, is 
 less celebrated than formerly. (For full descriptions, see 
 separate articles.) The scenery on the Hudson River has 
 long constituted one of the great attractions of tourists to 
 New York. Directly after leaving New York City, you come 
 
 upon the Palisades, on the New Jersey shore, composed of 
 p(;rpendicular walls of trap-rock of from 200 to 500 feet it! 
 heiuht. These lose thcm-'elves, about .35 miles up the river, 
 in the Highlands Proper, which iiave a base of about 20 miles. 
 Here the Hudson has burst its way at some distant period 
 through the mountains, leaving on each side a rampart of 
 almost perpendicular hills, of from 600 to 1700 feet in eleva- 
 tion above the level of the river. About 100 miles nbnve 
 New Y'ork, we come abreast of the Catskill Mountains, which 
 present a very abrupt front to the river, and run nearly 
 parallel to it for about 20 miles. These mountains are not 
 of great elevation, but their grandeur consists in the ex- 
 tended and unbroken views afforded from the piazza of the 
 Pine-Orchard Jlountain House. (2276 feet above the sea.) up 
 and down the valley of the Hudson for 70 miles in each 
 direction, and across to the Green Mountains, in MassHchu- 
 setts. At Kauterskill Falls, three miles S.W. from the hotel, 
 a small stream is precipitated 180 feet into a circular amphi- 
 theatre of great wildness, from whence it takes a second leap 
 into another chasm. The Adirondack Mountains, the highest 
 in the state, have been as yet but little visited by fashionable 
 tourists. Mount Tahawus, or Marcy, 5400 feet high, com- 
 mands an extensive panortima of mountains, among whicb 
 repose 30 visible lakes and ponds. The completion of the New 
 York and Erie Railway has laid open some fine scenery, but 
 little known to the public heretofore. The passage of the road 
 along the shores of the Delaware Kiver, and through Orange, 
 Rockland, and Sullivan counties, offers the boldest views. 
 In Manlius, Onondago county, are the " Green Lakes," sup- 
 posed to be of volcanic production, one of which is on the 
 top of a hill, with banks 200 feet high, and with beautifully 
 green water to the depth of 400 feet. This lake was once 
 known to rise suddenly and overflow its banks, but the wa- 
 ter .soon receded to its ordinary level. 
 
 Climate. — New York presents considerable diversities of 
 climate. In the N. the winters are long and severe, some- 
 what mitigated in the western part by the proximity of the 
 great lakes and the prevalence of S.W. winds, and varied 
 again in the S.E., below the Cat.skill Mountains, by the 
 effect of the .sea air, which tempers the heats of summer 
 and chills the air of .spring. At Buffalo there is great irre- 
 gularity in the time of the ice leaving the harbor. '• Some 
 12 or 15 years since." writes a correspondent, " their harbor 
 was completely blocked up by ice till May, no steamboat 
 having left the harbor till the 15th of that month: but this 
 is very unusual." According to observations kept b.y Lean- 
 der Wetherell, Esq., at Rochester, during 10 years the ave- 
 rage mean temperature was 47°.36; the highest point of 
 the mercury, 102°; lowest. 9" below zero; average fall of 
 rain and melted snow, 33.30 inches. 
 
 Sriil and Prnrludiwis. — The soil of this great state is very 
 variiius. The western parts, known as the Genesee Flats, 
 and the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk, have excellent 
 .soils, while much of the N.E. of the state is poor and cold. 
 No general description would give a correct idea of the soils, 
 as in the same county may be found parts that arc hilly 
 or mountainous, and comparatively sterile, while the soil 
 of the valleys is a rich alluvion. New York, however, on 
 the whole, may be safely called a fertile state. The excep- 
 tions are mostly in the mountainous portions. The descrii> 
 tions of the counties in this as well as in other states, will 
 best give the qualities of the soil in particular localities. 
 Long Island is easily improved in the western part, though 
 it is not naturally very fertile. It is very important for its 
 market pro<lucts. The eastern portion is poor and sandy. 
 Great attention is paid in this state to scientific agriculture, 
 and endeavors made t» introduce a better mode of culture ; 
 to promote which end, agricultural societies have been 
 formed, and journals establislled devoted to this subject 
 New Y'ork is first of the states of the confederacy in the 
 amount of five stock, oats, Irish potatoes, grass-seeds, or- 
 chard products, products of market gardens, butter, cheese, 
 hay, hops, maple sugar, beeswax, honey, and slaughtered 
 iinimals produced; second in the amount of wool and rye. 
 Besides these, large quantities of Indian corn, wheat, bar- 
 ley, buckwheat, beans, peas, flax, and maple molasses, 
 with some sweet potatoes, tobacco, wine, hemp, and silk 
 were produced. The fruits are apples, pears, grapes, cher- 
 ries, plums, and peaches, with various kinds of berries. 
 In 1800, there were in New York 14,358,403 acres of im- 
 proved land (6,016,555 being unimproved), producing 
 8,681,105 bushels of wheat, 4,786,905 of rye, 20,061,049 of 
 Indian corn, 35,175,134 of oats, 1,609,339 of peas and beans, 
 26,447,394 of Irish potatoes, 4,186,668 of barley, 5,126,307 
 of buckwheat, 188,559 of grass-seeds, 3,564,793 tons of hay, 
 9,454,474 pounds of wool, 103,097,280 of butter, 48,548,289 of 
 cheese, 9,671,931 of hops, 1,518,025 of flax, 10,sl6,419 of 
 maple sugar, 121,020 of beeswax, 2,369,751 of honey; livestock 
 valued at $103,856,296 ; orchard products, $3,726,380 : market 
 products, $3,381,596; and slaughtered animals, 815.841,404. 
 Jihrest Trees. — The forest trees are. several varieties of 
 oak, pine, spruce, tamarack, larch, hemlock, fir, walnut, 
 sugar-maple, chestnut, ash, elm, beech, butternut, syca- 
 more, alder, cedar, locust, laurel, mulberry, sassafras, birch, 
 tilia, poplar, cherry, hornbeam, sumach, cucumber tree. 
 
 1327 
 
NEW 
 
 cwtepple, and thorn. The forests about the Susquehanna 
 and Delaware furni?h large quantities of pine for the Phila- 
 delphia and Baltimore markets. 
 
 Animals. — The forests of New York were formerly ranged 
 1>y the moose, stag, and reindeer; but these are now seldom 
 if ever met with. Among the existing animals are the 
 Ameriran deer, black Ijear, panther, wild-cat, wolf, (gray and 
 bHik) wolverines, otters, minks, beavers, muskrats, ermine 
 weasels, racoons, skunks, marmots, rabbits, hares. s<iuirrels, 
 and a number of tlie smaller quadrupeds. Among the birds 
 are the golden and bald eagle, various species and varieties 
 of hawks, owls, and buzzards, wild turkeys and pigeons, 
 quail, grouse, woodcock, willet, snipe, coot, grebes, dipper, 
 petrel, cormorant, pelican, gannet. skimmer, tern, gull, 
 sheldrake, canvas-back and other wild ducks, teal, widgeon, 
 wild goose, swan, and brant, with an endless variety of the 
 order Passcres, or small birds. 
 
 Manii/j((un;f. — Xew York, though extensively engagi^d 
 in manufactures, does not maintain the relative pre-emi- 
 nence in this respect that she holds in commerce and agri- 
 culture: falling behind Pennsylvania in the amonnt of 
 capital invested, though exceeding that state in the value 
 of manufactured products. In 1860, there were in the 
 state 22.624 establishments^ each producing $.500 and 
 upwards annually, engaged in manufactures, mining, and 
 the mechanic arts, employing $172,8;t5,652 capital and 176,- 
 8Sa male and 53,227 female hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $214,813,053, and yielding products valued at :?378,- 
 870,039. Of these 79 were engaged in the manufacture of 
 cotton, employing $5,383,479 capital and 3107 male and 45.52 
 female hands, consuming raw material worth $3,061,105, 
 and producing annually gootls valued at $6,676,878; 140 
 woollen factori^'S, employing $3,115,700 capital and 2504 male 
 and 1716 female hands ; 1234 flour-mills, emiMoying $11 .312,- 
 0S6 capital, and producing flour and meal valued at $34,- 
 636,764 ; 2277 manufactories of boots and shoes, employing 
 $3,298,323 capital, and producing boots and shoes valued at 
 $10.925,173 ; 184 manufactories of steam-engines. &c.. em- 
 ploying a capital of $5,840,415, and producing engines and 
 nuichinery valued at $10,037,193 ; 727 tanneries, employing 
 $10,866,829 capital and 5948 hands, consuming raw materiiU 
 worth $14,277,863, and producing leather valued at $20,778,- 
 017 ; 195 iron foundries, employing $2,974,036 capital and 
 3480 hands, and producing castings valued at $4,342,244, 10 
 rolling-mills, emplo>'ing $939,750 capital, and producing 
 bar-iron, ic. valued at $2,251,250; 890 manufactories of 
 carriages, employing a capital of 32,263,611, and producing 
 annually carriages valued at $4,117,236; and 563 cabinet 
 shops, producing annually fiu-niture valued at $5,674,427. 
 Home-made manufactures valued at $717,898 were produced 
 in the same year. 
 
 Internal ImprovemenU. — Xew York, headed by her great 
 statesman, De AVitt Clinton, has the honor of taking the 
 lead in iuternal improvements, from which enterprise she 
 Is now reaping an ample reward in her commercial pre- 
 eminence and Wealth. In 1817 was commenced the great 
 work of connecting the waters of the Atlantic with the gre.Ht 
 lakes, by breaking the soil for the Erie and Hudson Canal, 
 which is 364 miles long, and (originally) forty feet wide. It 
 was completed in 1825, at a cost of about $7,000,000. In 
 1853, this and the branch canals delivered at tidewater, pro- 
 perty valued at $73,683,044, and in 1854. SV3,797.064, or in 
 weight 2.505.797 tons in the first year, and 2.465,866 in the 
 lust ; while the clearances from Albanv — for the Champlain 
 Canal alone--am<nmted, in 1853, to $33,733,154. Besides 
 the Champlain Canal, there are various branches connecting 
 with the Erie and Hudson, viz. one from Utica to Bing- 
 hamton; one from Syr.vuseio Oswego; one from Geneva to 
 Montezuma, and one from Rochester to Danville. The other 
 canals are the Delaware and Hudson, connecting the Hudson 
 River with the coal-mines in the N.E. of Pennsvlvania; the 
 Chcuiuug. connecting Seneca Lake with Elmira. and the 
 Crooked Lake, uniting Penn Yan with Dresden. The Black 
 Eiver and Genesee Yalley Canals are not yet fiui.shed. New 
 York owus, therefore, 877 miles of completed canal, with the 
 exception of portions of the Black River and Genesee Aalley 
 Canals. There are, besi.le.s, 119 miles not belonging to the 
 state. In connexion with internal improvements it'may be 
 proper to state, that there are 365 miles of lake coast. 206 miles 
 of interior lake, and 245 miles of river navigation in the 
 *'*5-:, "^^^ '^""** ^'•'t'*^' September 30. 1854, amounted to 
 $18,731,269 ; the canal revenue for the fiscal year ending the 
 same date, $2,773.56(5 — a decrease on former years. The 
 canal tolls varied between $1,056,922 in 1830. and $3,492,541 
 in 1851— the highest amount; but the latter included about 
 $tH:i0,000 railroad tolls. The canalliug of Xew York has been 
 done by the stat«; but private enterprise has added a much 
 greater amount of nul way. According to the census of 1860, 
 till* stat<; had 2701 nillaa r>f •■u:i..„.,,i n.„ » .: > 
 
 NEW 
 
 of any considerable importance, either directlv or throngh 
 braach roads. By union with Canada railro.ids. and rail- 
 roads on tbe S. shore of Lake Erie, a communication is 
 opened with all the lake states. There are various cross 
 railroads from the Central to the Xew York and Erie Hail- 
 way, uniting Buffalo, Lockport. Rochester. Canandaigna, 
 Oswego, Syracuse. Utica. and smaller places, with Ilornels- 
 ville. Corning, Elmira, Owego, Binghamton, and Philadel- 
 phia : the Lost through the coal region of Xnrth-East Penn- 
 sylvania. Ogdensburg, on the St. Lawrence, is connected 
 with Rouse's Point, at the foot of Lake Champlain. openin" a 
 northern route to Niagara and the West. Utica and Rome 
 are connected northwai-dly with Watertown, Cape Yincent, 
 and Og<len8l)urg; and another road contiimes this con- 
 nection to Potsdam and the Xorthern Railroad. Roads are 
 also projected from Alliany to BInghampton, from Sodus 
 Bay, on Lake Ontario — through .Auburn, Ithaca.AVilkesharre, 
 Ac— to I'hiladelphia; and from Buffalo and Attica to Pitts- 
 burg. _ Several branch rAads from Xew York City connect 
 with lines through Long Island. Connecticut. Massachusetts, 
 and Rhoile Island to Boston. In short, the great commercial 
 metropolis of the state enjoys a connected intercourse, by 
 railway, with almost every important town in this or in the 
 neighlx)ring states. There were in New York, in October, 
 1852, 19 plank-roads, with an aggregate of 2106 miles, costing 
 $-j,s60,2y_s. In the preliminary ■rep<jrt on the Eighth Census, 
 the amount of freight transported on the niilroads of Xew 
 York is estimatefl at 3.556,3;W tons. The value of the pro- 
 perty transported was estimated at the enormous sum of 
 $579,681,790. 
 
 Omimerce. — Xew York enjoys great facilities for both 
 foreign and domestic commerce, and surpasses every other 
 state in the United States in the absolute amount of tonnage 
 owned by her citizens, though that of Massachusetts is 
 relatively greater. The tonnage of .\ew York in 1S6.3, WiW 
 l,8S9,19ll tons; of which 848,328 wa.s registered, and •321,714 
 employed in steam navigation. The numlier of vessels built 
 in the state during the same year was 733, of which 118 
 were steamers. I'he total tonnager w'as 114,063. Great 
 as is tlie tonnage of New York, it does not fairly repre- 
 sent her proportion of commerce, since many vessels built 
 and owned in other states, are employed "in the carry- 
 ing trade of her commercial metropolis. The share of 
 this state in the trade of the lakes is immense. There was 
 landed at Buffalo alone from the lakes in 1853. property 
 valued at $36.881.2.30, and at $42,207,409 in 1854: exported 
 in the latter year bv lake. $75.iXX).000: arrived by canal in 
 1853, proiierty valued at $'^^•612,102. and at $77,035,271 in 
 1854: exported $26,936,707 in the last-named year. Total 
 imports at Buffalo, in 18-54, bv lake, can.al. and railway, 
 $149,184,219, and exported $124,204,978. Exports to Canada, 
 $1,071,091; duties collected. $99,633. The can.il trade of 
 IJochester amounted in 18-53. in value to $4,780.4:i!0 cleared, 
 and to $5,128,059 left at that city. A very large transit 
 trade is done over her c.inals and railroads ; the total ton- 
 nage movement of fitiight on the former, in 1853, was 
 4.247,853 tons— equal to 700.000,000 tons for one mile, and 
 over the railroads 2.831,3:56 tons. 
 
 The freight tonnage on the canals for 1854 was 4.165,862 
 tons, a decrease, on 1853, of 81.991 tons; which, however, is 
 more than made up by the increase (316,452) tons on the 
 three trunk railways. The river commerce of .Albany em- 
 ployed 849 vessels, with a tonnage of 88.266 ton.s, in 1854 ; 
 and in the 15 years preceding 1855, the annual tonnage 
 varied from 39,416 to 97,019 tons. 
 
 
 Tons of 2000 lbs. each. 
 
 Value in Dollars. 
 
 Articlei. 
 
 
 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 Furs and peltry . 
 
 425 
 
 283 
 
 $928,833 
 
 652,952 
 
 Products of wood . 
 
 1,821,100 
 
 1,768,462 
 
 13,072,673 
 
 13,731,833 
 
 AGRICULTtJRK: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Product cranimals 
 
 70,612 
 
 78.684 
 
 12.8.39,744 
 
 11.666,296 
 
 Vegetable food . 
 
 1,071,300 
 
 903,::^ 
 
 43,134,406 
 
 3*,33 1,500 
 
 Other agricultural 
 
 
 
 
 
 products . . , 
 
 9,0I2 
 
 10,420 
 
 l,5as.665 
 
 1.9«3.0fi.8 
 
 Manufactures . . 
 
 !30,o:«fi 
 
 258.021 
 
 8.091.10(1 
 
 9.T96.420 
 
 Merchandise . . 
 
 45.S,S27 
 
 406.022 
 
 11.8.317.856 
 
 123.167.863 
 
 Other articles . . 
 
 587,0*1 
 
 740,235 
 
 9,286,29:! 
 
 10,954,3f« 
 
 Total 
 
 4.247,853 
 
 4.165.862 
 
 Si07, 179,570 
 
 S210,-.'84,S12 
 
 Tolls received . . 
 
 83,204,718 
 
 82,778,566 
 
 
 
 Total value, proper- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ty left at tidewater 
 
 $73,688,044 
 
 $73, 797 ,06*1 
 
 1 
 
 Bouthern tier of counties— with Buffalo, via Albanv, Utica, 
 Syracuse, Rochester, and various iutermedi,ate points- with 
 Montreal, by roads partly in New York and partiv in Ver- 
 mont; and. in short, with almost every villa-e in the state 
 
 The foreign imports of the state amounted to $195,427,933 
 in 1853-4, and $192,404,797 in 1862-3; the exports amounted 
 to $122,534,646 in 1853-4, and $247,-507,226 in 1862-3. The 
 tonnage entered for the first period was 3,188,354 ; and fo." 
 the second period 4,947,647 ; the tonnage cleared in 1853—1 
 was 2,95-3,471, and in 1S62-.3, 4,871,409, showing an increase 
 during the last decade of about two-fifths of the entire 
 amount. See New York (City), Alb.int, and Buff.^lo. 
 
 £UuccUion. — This g^eat state has taken an at Uve interest 
 
NEW 
 
 in providinjr an ednoatlon for all olnoses in the elementary 
 branches of learnino;. The Ilnn. Horace JIaiin and Hon. 
 Henrj' Itarnard, the two lii;.'hcst anthoritii's in this country 
 respeotins; any question of education, both <rave it as their 
 opinion, in 1845, that New York was oarryinji on the work 
 of public education more rapidly than any other state in the 
 Union, or any otiier country in the world. AcrorUing to 
 the census of 18i50, there were in New York 17 colleges 
 « ith '^970 students, SI 40,177 income ; of whicli $29,802 was 
 from endowments; 10,6i)0 pnlilic schools, with 677,283 pu- 
 pils. S3,341.0S8 income; of which §1,89.3.02.3 was from taxa- 
 tion: 910 academies and other schools, with 8C,066 jjupils, 
 $1,576,706 income, of which $75,144 was endowmejits : it had 
 also 8360 liliraries comprising 2,436,.'i76 volnnies, of which 
 744 are pnMic. 6321 school, 1140 Sunday-school. 31 college, 
 and 124 church liliraries. According to the National Al- 
 manac this state had, in 186.3, 20 colleges, 11 theoloerical 
 Beminarics, and 10 medical schools. Sixteen of the colleges 
 were attended by 3536 students. 
 
 The Normal scliool, at Albany, went into operation in 
 1814, being among the first institutions of the kind estab- 
 lished in the United States. It instructs annually about 
 275 students, from all parts of the state, in the best method 
 of teaching; 1313 graduates have completed a full course, 
 while 3S54 have attended partial course* since the establish- 
 ment of the school; number of stmlents in 1862, 99 males 
 and 194 females; total, 293. The number of pupils who 
 graduated in 1862 Avas 54, of whom 22 were males and 32 
 females. The number admitted during the year was 190. 
 
 A collegiate institute, termed the Teojilo's College, was 
 established in 1857 at Havana, in Schuyler county. It pos- 
 Bessol, in 1863, property to the amount of S100,000, and was 
 attended by 45 students. The object of this institution is 
 to give a course of instruction fitting the graduates lor the 
 practical pursuits of life. The New York .State Agricultural 
 College Wiis established at Ovid, in Seneca county, in 1859. 
 Besides the Free Academy, in New York (see New York City), 
 there are other free academies in different parts of the state : 
 one at Lockport had 400 pupils during the year 1852, and 
 another is in process of organization af Utica. Geneva Col- 
 lege has become a free college, under the name of the Holiart 
 Free College. Columbia College receives a certain number 
 of pupils from the free schools in New York City every year, 
 and it is proposed to make other colleges and academies par- 
 tially free by state appi-opriations. Among the educational 
 Institutions in New York is the New York Conference Aca- 
 demy, in Charlotteville, Schoharie county, which gives an 
 academical education at a very moderate expense, and under 
 such regulations as to l)o highly advantageous to youth of 
 moderate means. An act was passed in 1853 for the esta- 
 blishment of union free schools. 
 
 The whole .amount apportioned by the Superintendent of 
 Public Schools, in 1854. was $1,055,000, of which $800,000 
 was raised by a general tax ; and $2.55.000 was the income 
 of the School Fund, the principal of which amounted. Janu- 
 ary 1. 1865. to $6,708,351. m.^de up of the Common School 
 Fund. $2,425,211, the United States Deposit Fund, $4,014,520, 
 and the Literary Fund. $268,620. The whole amount ex- 
 pended in 1854, for public schools, was $2,606,609, of which 
 $1 .929.884 was paid to teachers, and $47,057 expended for 
 school libraries, which contained an aggregate of 1,572,270 
 volumes. There were also in the same 3ear 8 colleges with 
 883 students, 7 thtologicnl schools with 250 students. 4 
 medical schools with 692 students, and 1 law school with 
 50 students. Of the adult population in 1850. 98.722 could 
 not read and write; of these 68,052 were of foreign birth. 
 
 Religious Di'.nomiwdinns. — Of 5287 cluiiclieri in New York 
 in 1S60, the Baptists owned 705, Free Will Bapti.sts 75, the 
 Seventh Day Baptists 24, Christians 102, Congregationalists 
 231, Dutch Reformed 287, Episcopalians 411, Friends 110, 
 Univei-s;ili3ts 14S, Jews 20, Lutherans 137, Methodists 1683, 
 Prcjibyterians 715, Roman Catholics 360, Unionists 121, 
 various minor sects 92, giving 1 church to 734 persons. 
 Total value of church propertj', $35,125,257. 
 
 P'ri(idicaU. — There were published in this state in 1860, 
 74 daily, 7 tri-weekly, 10 bi-weekly, and 366 weekly news- 
 papers ; 69 monthly, 10 quarterly, and 6 annual raaga/.ines. 
 The circulation of the d;iily papers was 487,340 a day, of the 
 werjkly 2,600,925 a week, and of the monthly 2,045,000 a 
 montli. The whole annual number was 320,930,884. 
 
 Public Institutions. — New York has 3 penitentiaries, lo- 
 cated at Sing-Sing, at Auburn, and at Clinton, in Clinton 
 county. On the 30tli of September, 1861, they contained 
 2674 convicts, of which 1375 were at Sing-Sing, 797 at Au- 
 burn, and 502 at Clinton. The whole number in September, 
 1863, Wiis 2081. Out of 2674 convicts confined in 1861, 1073 
 were foreigners. The amount expended in the year at Sing- 
 j)ing,was $123,623; at Auburn, $87,251; at Clinton, $63,857 
 The convicts at Sing-Sing earned $125,531 ; those at Auburn, 
 $102,002; and those at Clinton, $39,200. There is a House 
 of Refiige at New York City, which, on the 1st of January, 
 1863, had 475 inmates. During the previous year it received 
 290 boys and 116 girls. The Western House of Refuge at 
 Rochester had, in January, 1863, 402 boys, of whom 179 were 
 received during the previous year. The State Lunatic Asy- 
 41 
 
 NEW 
 
 Inm at Utica, was opened in 1843. In 1S63 there were treated 
 in it 819 patients, of whom 287 were adtnitted during the 
 year. The number remaining, November, 30, 1863, was 514. 
 Since the asylum was opencd.li629 patients have been treated, 
 2634 of whom recovered. This asylum is selt'-sustaining, only 
 receiving from the State Treasury the salaries of its officers 
 "The American Journal of Insanity," a quarterly period! 
 cal, is edited by the medical officers of the State Lunatic 
 Asylum, and now dates an existence of more than twenty 
 years. It is said to be the first periodical devoted exclu- 
 sively to the interests of psychological medicine ever pub- 
 lished. Further provision lor the insane is made at the 
 Blo<jmingdale Asylum, near New York, and at the Flatbush 
 Asylum. There is also an asylum for insane convicts at 
 Auburn, and an asylum for idiots at Syracuse. The Insti- 
 tution for the Blind, at New York, had in 1863, 151 pupils, 7 
 of whom were fi'om New Jersey. 21 pupils were admitted 
 during the year. 20 teachers (13 of wliom are blind) are 
 employed here. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb iu 
 New York City is said to be the most extensive in the world, 
 both with respect to the accommodations and the number 
 of pupils. The number of pupils in Decemb<;r, 1863, was 
 332. The other charitable and public institutiohs will be 
 described in their respective localities. 
 
 Pitjndatinn. — Though originally settled by the Dutch, and 
 having some of its oldest and most respectable families of 
 that descent, the great infusion of New Kngland popula- 
 tion, since the Revolution, has given to the inhabitants of 
 New York more of the characteristics of New England than 
 of Holland. According to the census of 1790. this state had 
 340.120 inhaliitants ; 586,756 in 1800; 959.049 in 1810; 
 1.372812 in 1820; 1,918,608 in 1830; 2,428,921 in 1840; 
 3,094,390 in 1850; and 3,880,735 in 186»J; of whom 3,831,590 
 were whites, 49^005 colored, and 141 Indians. Population 
 to the square mile, 82. Representative population, 3,880,735. 
 Of the population, 2,602,460 were born in the state, 279,635 
 in other states, 998,640 in foreign countries, of whom 106,011 
 werfc l)orn in England, 498,072 in Ireland, 27,041 in Scotland, 
 7998 in Wales, 55,273 in British America, 256,252 in Ger- 
 many, 21 ,826 in France, and 25,567 in other foreign countries, 
 or the population in the leading pursuits, 254,786 were 
 farmers, 159,077 laborers, 166,282 servants, 115,728 farm 
 laborers, 49,597 clerks, 38,897 carpenters, 25,755 shoemakers, 
 21,677 merchants, 19,137 tailors, 18,841 seamstresses, 18,628 
 teachers, 17,763 blacksmiths, 14,101 tailoresses, 12,745 
 painters and varnishors, 12,141 mariners, 12,052 mantua- 
 makers, 12,745 masons, 11,228 apprentices, 9817 grocers, 9385 
 coopers, 9273 boatmen, 8520 butchers, 8774 machinists, 8646 
 carters, 8746 laundresses, &c. In the year ending June 1st, 
 1860, there occmred 46,941 deaths, or 12-2 in every thou- 
 sand. The number of deaf and dumb was 1579, (see I\- 
 TRODUCTio.v to the volume on Prpulation of tlie Kiyldk 
 Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, ic.,) blind, 1768; insane, 4137; and 
 idiotic. 2314. 
 
 Ct>i(M<i«i.— New York is divided into 60 counties, vii.: 
 Albany, Alleghany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chau- 
 fjiuqua, Chemung, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, 
 Delaware, Dutche.'^s, Erie. Essex. Franklin, Fulton, Genesee, 
 Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Kings, Lewis, Liv- 
 ingston, .Madison, Monroe, Montgomery. New York, Niagara, 
 Oneida. Onondaga. Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego. Ot- 
 sego, Putnam, Queens. Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, 
 Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Seneca, St. 
 Lawrence, Steuben, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, 
 Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westchester, Wyo- 
 ming, and Yates. 
 
 cities and Towns. — New York is filled with populous and 
 thriving towns, and her inland cities and villages exhibit, 
 in their great warehouses and elegant private residences, 
 such indications of wealth and taste as are only looked for 
 in seaport towns or great capitals, in other countries. Popu- 
 lation of New York City in 1800, was 805,658. The other 
 important towns are, Brooklyn, with a population of 266,661 ; 
 Buffalo, 81,129; Albany, 62,367; Rochester, 48,204; Troy, 
 39,235; Syracuse, 28,119 ; Oswego, 16,816; Kingston, 16,640; 
 Newburg, 15,196 ; Poughkeepsie, 14,720 ; Lockport, 13,523 ; 
 Yonkers, 11,848 ; Auburn, 10,987 ; Flushing, 10,188 ; Brook- 
 haven. 9923; Schenectady, 9679 ; Fishkill, 9546; Saugerties, 
 9537; Morrisiana, 9245; Owego, 8935; West Troy, 8820; 
 Cohoes, 8800; Elndni, 8682; Binghamton, 8325; Plattsburg, 
 3648; Watertown. 7572; Saratoga (Springs), 7496; Ogdens- 
 burg City, 7409; Hudson, 7187; Canandaigua, 7075; Ithaca, 
 6843; Caslleton, 6778; Niagara, 6603; Malone, 6565; Cats- 
 kill, 6276; Rome, 6246; Middletown, 6243 ; Watervliet, 6229 ; 
 Corning, 6003; Dunkirk, 5616; North Hempstead, 5419; 
 Geneva, about 5600; Canton, 6379; Fulton, about 3500; 
 Batavia, 3316 ; Bath, 5129; besides various others, number- 
 ing each from 2000 to 3000 inhabitants. A new census of 
 the state of New Y'ork has just been taken (1865), the re- 
 sults of which show a great increase in the population of 
 many of the towns, but for the sake of a just comparison 
 with the towns of other states we have preferred to follow 
 the census of 1860. Capital Albany. 
 
 Government, Fmancef, d/:. — New York, almost an empire 
 in resources and population within itself, is ruled by a go- 
 
 1329 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 venior and lieui nant-govemor, each elected by the people 
 for tvTO years, nn-l by a Senate of 32, and a House of Repre- 
 sentatives of 128 members, the former elected for two years, I 
 and the latter annually, by the people. The governor re- 
 ceives a salary of $40(>9 per annum, and the lieutenant- 
 governor Sf* per diem during the sessions of the Senate, of 
 whii'h he is> ex officio president. The members of the legis- 
 lature receire $3 per diem, and $1 for every ten miles travel. 
 The judiciary consists — 1. Of a court for the trial of impeach- 
 ments, comjjosed of the President of the Senate, (who is also 
 president of the court.) and the whole or a majority of the 
 Senate, and the whole or a m.ijority of the court of appeals. 
 If tlie governor is impeached, the lieutenant-governor can- 
 not act as a member of the court. Two-thirds of the mem- 
 bers present must concur for a conviction, and their judg- 
 ment only extends to removal from office. 2. Of a court of 
 appeals, which is composed of eight judges, of whom four 
 ore elected by the people, for S years, and four selected each 
 year from the judges of the supreme court having the short- 
 est time to serve. Of the judges elected by popular vote, 
 one is chosen in every second year, and the one having the 
 shortest time,to serve is chief judge. This court has power 
 to rever.se 'the decisions of the supreme court, or the old 
 supreme court, and court of chancery. 3. Supremo and 
 circuit courts, composed of 32 judges, for the election of 
 whom the state is divided into 8 judicial districts, each one 
 of which elects 4 judges for 8 years; one judge goes out of 
 office every second year. Four terms of the supreme court, 
 at least, are held in each district every year, and one .spe- 
 cial term and two circuit courts. The supreme court has 
 jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review judg- 
 ments of the county courts, but the circuit courts are only 
 for the trial of issues of fact. 4. County, or surrogates' 
 courts, which have the usual jurisdiction of courts of pro- 
 bate. 5. Criminal courts, compo.sed (except in the city and 
 county of New York) of one of the judges of the supreme 
 court, the county judge, and two justices of the peace, chosen 
 members of the court of sessions. In New York city and 
 county, to a judge of the supreme court, this court adds any 
 two of the following officers, viz., judges of the court of 
 common pleas, mayor, recorder, and aldermen. Courts of 
 sessions are composed of one countj' judge and two justices 
 of the peace. 6. Courts of Xew York city and county, viz., 
 a superior court, a court of common pleas, and a marine 
 court. The judges of the court of appeals and the supreme 
 court have salaries of $2500 each : of the superior court of 
 New York city, $3500 ; of the common pleas. $3000, and of 
 the marine court, $2000. The judges of all these courts are 
 elective. Every male citizen of the age of 21 years, who 
 shall have beeu a citizen ten days, (i. c. all foreigners whose 
 citizenship or probation of five years shall have been ma- 
 tured ten days.) and au inhaliitant of the state one year, 
 of the county four months, and of the election district 30 
 days, shall be intitled to a vote. But no man of color may 
 vote, till he has been three years a citizen, and possessed of 
 a freehold estate of the value of $250. 
 
 New York is entitled to 31 members of the national house 
 of representatives and 33 votes for president. 
 
 The assessed value of property in New York for 1854, was 
 $1,364,154,625, and for 1862, $1,454,454,817. The funded 
 debt of the state, September 30, 18^3, was $-29,773,964, of 
 which $23,268,310 was canal debt. The amount of the 
 school fund was $2,694,552. In 1863, $3,000,000 were appro- 
 priated for bounties to volunteers. The tax levied in 1863 
 amounted to $7,272,274. On the 30th of September, 1863, 
 there were in the state 309 banks, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of $109,258,147, a circulation of $35,159,586, and .?:31,071.759 
 in specie. Fortj--one of these were owned by individual 
 bankers. In December, 1S54, there were 324 banks, of 
 which 47 were about closing np, with an aggregate cajiital of 
 $83,268,866, a circulation of $27,917,8.39, and $13,470,879 in 
 coin. In 185.>, 26 savings banks reported to the state gov- 
 ernment $26,391,713 on deposit ; but there were a large num- 
 ber of country institutions which did not report ; and of those 
 niiiking returns, four were not exclusively savings banks. 
 
 History. — Henry Hudson, an Knglishman in the employ 
 of the Dutch East India Company, first ascended the Hudson 
 Uiver in 1609, but no permanent settlement was made till 
 1614. when the Dutch foundi-d Fort Orange, now Albany, and 
 New .\msterdam, now New York City. The English claimed 
 the right of prior discovery, which led to frequent conflicts. 
 in 1664, the colony surrendere<l to the Duke of York, 
 was re-taken by tho'Dutch in 1673, but surrendered finally 
 to the English in 1674. The first h>gislative assernblv was 
 convoked in 1683. New York suWred considerably" from 
 Indian depredatiorrs in the wars wasred between France and 
 England in 1690, 1702. and 1744. In 1090. Schenectady was 
 taken and burnt by the savages, and many of the inhabit- 
 fiuts massacred. The shores of Lake George and Champlain 
 have been made classic by the struggles they have witnessed 
 between the Fivnch and English previous "to the American 
 Revolution. The massacre of the garrison at Fort William 
 Henry by the Indians, in 1757. will long be rememliered in 
 the annals of New York. This state took an active part in 
 the war of independence, was the theatre of many military 
 1830 ' 
 
 engagements, and gave Jay and Hamilton to the couuMls of 
 the nation in that period of trial and doubt. The defeat of 
 Washington on Long Island and at White I'iaini; in the 
 autumn of 1776, the surrender of IJurgoyne in Octol»er. 1777, 
 and the taking of Stony Point by Wayne in July. 1779. are 
 the most important actions that took place on the soil of this 
 state during the Kevolutionary contest. The sanguinary 
 naval battle on Lake Champlain. in the war of 1812. in 
 which McDonough defeated the British after a hard fought 
 action, and several other minor engagements, took place 
 within the limits of New York in the last struggle with 
 Great Britain. 
 
 NEW Y(^KK, (Fr. New-Tarl; nuh'yoRk/; Sp. Xtier-a York, 
 nwi/vS j'ORk ; It. Numa York. noo-o'vA yonk ; L. JS'th-um EI,o- 
 raleum.) the metroiiolis of the above state, the most populous 
 city and the greatest emporium in the New ^\orld, and 
 (with its suburbs, Brooklyn, M'iliiani.aburg. Jersey City, 
 and Hoboken) the third in "point of wealth and population 
 of the cities of Christendom, is sitn;ited on the southern 
 extremity of 5Ianhattan Island, at the junction of the Hud- 
 son and East Rivers, aboxit 18 miles from the Atlantic 
 Ocean; 87 miles N.E. of Philadelphia: 187 miles N.E. of 
 Baltimore; 226 miles N.E. of Washingtoi* ; 1428 miles N.E. 
 of Xew Orleans; 1046 miles E. of St. Louis: 722 miles E. 
 of Cincinnati ; 340 miles S. of Montreal; 145 miles S. of 
 Albany : and 207 miles S.W. ■ of Boston. The city and 
 county have the same limits, composing the whole of Man- 
 hattan Island. 13j miles in length, and about 2 in its great- 
 est breadth. The densely inhabited parts of the city occupy 
 about 4 miles of the southern portion of the i.*land, The 
 City Hall is in lat. 40° 42' 43" N., and 74° 0' 3" W. Ion. 
 Though the site of New York is nearly level, there is suffi- 
 cient descent in the ground from liroadway towards each 
 river to furnish good drainage. 
 
 Otneral Aspuct. — In the old or southern quarter of the 
 city, the streets are for the most part narrow and irregular, 
 but crowded with immense hotels, warehouses, .stores, and 
 the public buildings necessary in a great mart of trade. 
 Many of these are costly structures of m.-irble, granite, or 
 brownstone, from 4 to 8 stories in height; or, if public 
 buildings, displaying various orders of architectural style, 
 adorned with columns, porticoes, Ac. The northern or newer 
 part of the city is reguKarly laid out with wide and spacious 
 streets and avenues, which, in the fashionable ([uarter 
 west of Broadway, are lined with palatial ret^idenres and 
 sumptuous churches of brick, sandstone, and marble, giv- 
 ing a display of wealth nowhere to be found but in the 
 imperial cities of Europe, and unequalled even there, except 
 in the abodes of royalty and nobility. Broadway, the prin- 
 cipal street, and one of the finest "to be seen in anj' city 
 in the World, is 80 feet \\ iile, and about 4 niilfs long. Com- 
 mencing at the Battery, (an open space at the southern 
 extremity of the island.) it extends N.N.E. for about 2J 
 miles to Grace Church, where it bends slighth- to the N.W., 
 and, with a short interruption, (from Union Park.) continues 
 on in this direction beyond the densely built portions of the 
 city. Broadway may be cotnpared to a great river; the 
 streets which terminate in it, and those which it intersects, 
 being tributaries that supply a constantly increasing throng 
 of people and vehicles of every description, as we approach 
 its southern extremity. Perhaps the most important of 
 these affluents is Chatham Street, which forms the outlet 
 of the Bowery, East Broadway, and several other consider- 
 able streets, and terminates at the lower end of the Park. 
 From the cupola of the City Hall, three-fourths of a mile 
 from the Battery, a bird'.s-eye view may be had of New 
 York, its harbor and environs. Looking to the S.. we have 
 beneath us the warehouses, banking establishments, insur- 
 ance offices. Custom-house, Exchange, and other buildings, 
 wherein are transacted the commercial operations of this 
 great centre of trade. Terminating this scene on the S. is 
 the Battery, and beyond it stretches out New York Bay for 
 6 miles, till the view is shut in by the picturesque heights 
 of Staten Island on the S.AV., while on the S. the Narrows 
 open a vista to the Atlantic Ocean. Turning to the S.E. 
 and E., we look over a strait of from one-third ic three- 
 fourths of a mile in breadth, literally crowde<l (on the New 
 York shore) with a dense forest of masts, bearing aloft the 
 flags of every civilized maritime nation on the earth. Be- 
 yond this strait (commonly called the East River, and con- 
 necting New York Bay with Long Island Sound,) is Brook- 
 lyn, itself a large city, presenting in one part a Viold bhtff 
 crowned with stately dwellings, and overlooking the city of 
 New York, its harbor and bay, and Staten Island— taking 
 in a panorama unrivalled in the world, except at Naples, 
 (if indeed we must make that exception,) and, perhaps. Rio 
 Janeiro. Further N., on the same shore with Brooklyn, we 
 have Williamsburg,* a suburb larger than New York at the 
 Revolution, and between them the United Stites Navy-yard 
 and the United States Naval Hospital. On the W. is the 
 noble Hudson, expanding itself to l-J- miles in width ere it 
 is lost in the bay, and separating New York from the 
 flourishing suburbs of Jersey City and Hoboker.. At the 
 
 * Incorporated with Brvokl/n in 1854. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 wharves on this ejAs we may see a scarcely less crowded 
 forest of masts than on the B. shore: and peerinR up amid 
 this leafless forest, may be observed t!ie black jiipes of the 
 preatnst steamers on the globe, wliether we regard tliose 
 that navigate the river and sound, or those tliat traverse 
 the ocean. Turning to the N., we have a sea of houses, 
 chwrclies, and pulilic buildings of various kinds, extending 
 over four miles, terminated by the southern extremity of 
 Central Parle, and on the Jersey shore by the heights of 
 Weehawken. TIii«< bird's-eye view, while it shuts out many 
 defects, snch as filthy and irregtilar streets, mean houses, 
 the abodes of poverty and wretchedness, (which_ alloy the 
 pleasure of visiting every great capital,) conceals also many 
 beao'Jri. The principal seat of business is south of the 
 Cicy ^±p11, although many magnificent stores, both whole- 
 sale ar.d retail, have, within a ffAV years, been established 
 far t'. tlie north of this point. Among the mo^t important 
 Btcfets in the lower (southorn) portion of the city, is a 
 Qa.-r jw one running E. from Broadw;iy. about a quarter of 
 a ir..ile above the Battery. 'This is the Rialto and Lombard 
 Bti'oet of New York — the grand heart whence pulsate the 
 financial movements of North America. This street is 
 lined with banking-honses, insurance and brokers' offices ; 
 and hi're too are the Kxchange and (old) Custom House, 
 Bror.dway, above th" City Hall, is occupied for two miles 
 wi'.l) magnificent stores, interspersed with immense hotels, 
 (such as are seen nowhere but in America,) with theatres, 
 concert and lecture halls, and other jilnci'S of amusement 
 and instruction. The business portion of New York is 
 divided by Canal street. (120 feet wide); which crosses 
 Broadway somewhat ob!if|uely about a mile ami a quarter 
 from the Battery, Above Canal street the buildings devoted 
 to trade are chiefly fashionable retail stores, of every 
 variety, whose shelves are laden with the most costly 
 fabrics. South of Canal street, on Broadway and the inter- 
 secting or adjacent streets, are the importing and wholesale 
 houses fur dry goods, silks, &c., while in the (dder and more 
 southern portions of the city are situated the houses devoted 
 to wholesale groceries, provisions, shipping, Ac. Broadway 
 is much fiequente<l throughout as a fashionable promenade, 
 and with its splendid stores, its crowds of well-dressed 
 ladies, and constant rush of men in the eager ]uirsuit of 
 business, with its incessant throng of elegant equipages, 
 and of vehicles of every kind, it presents a most interesting 
 and animated spectacle. The newer or northern portion 
 is traversed in a north and south direction by ft) spa- 
 cious avenues of 100 feet in breadth, 10 of which fcomniene- 
 ing at a distance of from 2 to 2\4 miles from the Battery, 
 extend the whole length of the island. Four of the shorter 
 avenues, on the East River, are named A, B, C, and P. The 
 rest, excepr Lexington and Sladison Avenues, which ex- 
 tend but a short distance, are named numerically, com- 
 mencing at the cast side and numbering to 14th Avenue. 
 These are crossed at right angles by streets from GO to 100 
 feet in width, and at distances of about 200 feet from eacli 
 other, also named numerically uv to 229th Street, though 
 the dense population does not (iS65) extend much altove 50th 
 street, rifth Avenue, the very centre of fashion, is a street 
 of sumptuous and costly dwellings of large size, a great 
 portion of which are constructed of brown stone, and some 
 of white marble; exhibiting architectural varieties sufficient 
 to gratify the most diverse tivstes. On this street, too, Is a 
 number of costly churches, with towering spires and tur- 
 rets, and, with one or two exceptions, constructed of stone. 
 
 Vf/rnce. — New York is strongly defended both \>y nature 
 and art. The entrance to the upper bay is through a strait 
 called the Narrows, about one mile in width, and is com- 
 manded on the Long Island side by Fort Lafayette, situated 
 in the water 200 yards from shore, and Fort Hamilton on 
 Long Island. The latter is faced with an immense water- 
 battery of recent constinicti'^n. armed with guns of a vast 
 size. Here is mounted the famous 20-inch gun, throwing 
 1020 pound shot; it was con'^trueted at Pittslurg, in ISI-t. 
 On the Staten Island side of the Narrows, nearly opposite, 
 is Fort Richmond, situated on the lieight and communicat- 
 ing Vvdth the water-battery below by subteiTanean passages. 
 The entrance from Long Island Sound is protected by forti- 
 fications on Throg's neck. 
 
 Piihh'c f^qnares, Pmnlmns, (f:c. — New York contains a 
 number of fine parks, squares, &e. Of these by far the 
 most extensive and important is the Central Park, in the 
 northern portion of the city. It is a mile and a ii.alf long 
 and nearly threi^uarters of a mile wide, and is tastefully 
 laid out and embellished at a cost already exceeding fifteen 
 millions of dollars. No more attractive sight can be pre- 
 sented to the stranger visiting New York than this park, 
 with its variegated surface, its rich verdure interspersed 
 with rude masses of native rock, and adorned witli an end- 
 less variety of flowers and ornamental trees ; with its wind- 
 ing footpaths, its elegant bridges in various styles of atclii- 
 tecturft. and its magnificent macadamized roads, wliidi, 
 towards the close ;f the day, when the weather is fine, are 
 constantly thronged with people, and with elegant equipages 
 of every description. Tiie park also contains several beauti- 
 fhl ponds or lakes, which, in winter, are much frequented by 
 
 skaters of both sexes. The entire grounds of the park arn 
 now (1.S6.5) being surrounded by a substantial stone wuJl, 
 6 feet in height. Washington Square, a parallel ocrani of 
 12 acres, Tomjikins Square, Stuyvesanr Square, Union Park, 
 an ov,'U piece of ground with fine jets d'eau, interruptin"' 
 Broadway at Fourteenth Street; Gi-amercy Park, an4 
 Madison Sqiiare, in the N. part of the city, are all witln-' 
 the densely peopled portions of New York." They are not 
 large, but are less needed in this long and comparativolj 
 narrow city, surrounded by its harbor, and refreshed by 
 sea-breezes, than in most other towns of its size. About 
 tliree-fourtlis of a mile from the Battery, is " the Park," a 
 triangular jiiece of gionnd, of about 11 .acres, containing 
 the City Hall, occupied by courts, city offices, &c. Bowling 
 Green, in Broadway, near the Battery, is a small circular 
 space, enclosed by a railing, and having a fountain. The 
 Battery, an open place planted with trees, at tlie southern 
 extremity of Broaxlway, was formerly much frequented as 
 a delightful promenade, but it is now nearly or quite de- 
 serted. Castle Garden, an old fort, adjoining the Battery, 
 was formerly used as a place for public exhibitions, concerts, 
 fairs, &c. 
 
 Crolon Aqttfducl. — Among the public works of New 
 York the Croton aqueduct may be said to hold (he 
 first rank. It is superior to nio'tliing of the kind in 
 modern times, and is only surpassed by the aqueducts of 
 ancient Rome. The water is brought to the city from 
 Croton River, 40^ miles above the distributing reservoir, 
 and iS]A miles from the City Hall. The dam on Croton 
 River is 40 feet high, and 160 above tide. The water is con- 
 veyed in a covered canal of brick and stone, tlirough 16 
 tunnels of an aggregate length of 0S41 feet to Harlem liiver, 
 which it crosses on a bridge 1450 feet long, elevated 11 i 
 feet above tide. About 5 miles above the City Hall is the 
 receiving reservoir, covering 38 acres, and with a capacity 
 for 1.50,000,000 gallons. Between 2 and 3 miles below this, 
 on Fifth Avenue, is the distributing reservoir, a solid piece 
 of masonry, covering 420 feet square, including 4 acres, in 
 two divisions, with massive walls, 44J4 feet high above the 
 street, and 37 feet deep. Capacity, 20,000,000 gallons. In 
 18.54, 2"63/<i miles of pipe had Iteen laid on the island. Total 
 original c'ost of construction, .?9,000,000. The aqueduct 
 can supply 60,000,000 gallons daily. 
 
 Cemfiti-ries. — About 3 miles S.E. of Fulton Ferry, Brook- 
 lyn, is Greenwood Cemetery, occupying an area of 400 acres, 
 forming, perhaps, the most extensive iilace of sepulture in 
 modern times. It is an hours" ride simply to make the 
 circuit of tlie grounds, without threading its alleys, or eJt- 
 annning its great variety of monuments, and other testi- 
 monials to the dead. Tlio grounds are as varied as exten- 
 sive, and are composed of delightful alternations of bill and 
 dale, of wood and water. The cemetery is traversed by 
 winding patlis and avenues, amid every variety of me- 
 morial, from the simplest tombstone to the georgcous 
 mausoleum. There are a nnmlier of other cemeteries in the 
 vicinity of the city, but our limits preclude any particular 
 description of them. 
 
 Public BuihUngs. — New York is fast approaching the capi- 
 tals of Europe in the stateliness of its private mansions, 
 and tlie solidity and grandeur of its public buildings, tliough 
 in many cases they fail in producing their proper effect from 
 the badness of their location. Beginning at the Battery, 
 and proceeding up Broadway, (omitting any mention of the 
 immense warehouses and stores which lino every siep of 
 the way,) we come first to Wall Street, running E. from 
 Broadway, turning down which, a white marble building 
 of the Doric order, after the model of the Parthenon, situ- 
 ated at the corner of Nassau and Broad Streets, first attracts 
 the eye. This is the old Custom-house, now used as a 
 United States suli-treasury office. It stands on sloping 
 ground, fronting Broad Street, and occupies the site of the 
 old Federal Hall, from tlie balcony in front of which Wash- 
 ington delivered his first inaugural address. It is ascended 
 from Wall Street by eighteen marble steps, while the Pino 
 Street frimt h;is but four. The length of the building is 
 200 feet, width 90 feet, and height 80'feet, with a portico at 
 each end, supported by eight massive columns. The great 
 Iiall for the transaction of business is circular, surmounted 
 by a dome, supported by sixteen Corinthian columns 30 feet 
 high. Entire cost of the building, including the grounds, 
 $1,175,000. 
 
 The former Merchants' Exchange, also in Wall Street, is 
 one of the most imposing buildings in the country. It 
 occupies an entire block, 200 feet long, by 144 to 177 feet 
 wide, 77 feet high to the top of the cornice, and 124 to ihe 
 summit of the dome, wliich is a prominent object in tlie 
 view coming up the bay. This structure is of Quincy 
 granite, no wood being used except in the doors and win- 
 dows. Each column of the j)ortlco is composed of a solid 
 block of granite 38 feet high, i]/, feet in diameter, and 
 weighing upwards of 40 tons. Entire cost of building and 
 grounds about l?l,800,000. This building has recently been 
 purchased by the United States government for a Custom- 
 house. Leaving Wall Street, with its comjiact mass of 
 banking-houses, insurance and brokers' offices, mostly of 
 
 1331 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 marWe, granite, or sandstone, we Tirill retur^i to Broadway. 
 As we do so, we have the steeple of Trinity Cliurcli, tlio 
 highest in the United Sfeites, if not in America, immediately 
 in front of us. This church, whicli is built of light red 
 sandstone to the top stono of the steeple, is 189 feet long by 
 Si wide, and 64 feet liiah, and is considered to be one of the 
 finest specimens of iQothic architecture in the United 
 gfcites. The tcfwer, (which is furnished with a fine chime 
 of bella and a clock,) inchiding the spire, is 264 feet in 
 height. The cost of the building is stated at S400,000. 
 Proceeding up Broadway, on the right, in the centre of the 
 Park, stjinds the City Hall, an edifice of mixed Corinthian 
 and Ionic orders, 216 feet long by 105 wide, and 65 feet 
 higli. including the attic. The S. front and the ends are of 
 . white marble, but the N. front is of red sandstone, causing 
 a want of harmony, which considerably impairs the effect 
 of the builiUng. A new City Hall is now (ISCo) in course 
 of erection on Chambers Street, the northern limit of '■ the 
 Park." It is to be of white marble, and it is estimated 
 th.it it will cost $5,000,000. 
 
 Opposite the lower end of the Park is the Astor House, 
 (see H'llel.t,) the American and Irving Houses, and. at the N. 
 end, Stewart's stoi-e. Continuing up Broadway, we have on 
 the left the City Hospital, Prescott ll.ni>e. St. Nicholas, 
 and New York Hotel, on the right the Masonic Hall, Broad- 
 way Theatre. Society Library, Carlton Hoiuie, Callamore 
 House. Church of the Divine Unity, the Metropolitan Hotel, 
 and Church of the Messiah. At the angle made by the de- 
 clination of Broadway to the N.'SV., and 2'4 miles from the 
 Battery, stands Grace Church, an impoising structure of 
 white marble, with a tower and .spire surmounted by a cross 
 of the same material, and producing a marked effect by its 
 peculiar position, visible from almost every ])art of Broad- 
 way. The Odd Fellows" Hall, a large building of brown- 
 stone, corner of Centre and Grand Streets, is an imposing 
 structure, and the principal edifice belonging to the order 
 of that name. The Bible House, occupying the space bounded 
 by Third and Fourth Avenues, aiid Eighth and Ninth 
 Streets, is more note<l for its vast extent and the purijoses 
 to whicli it is devoted, than for any claims it has to archi- 
 tectural effect. This immense brick pile extends 232 feet on 
 Ninth Street, and 77 on Third Avenue, being 6 stories high, 
 and having a street frontage of 700 feet. "In the colossal 
 rooms of tliis vast structure are conducted all the operations 
 of printing, stitching, gilding, binding, &c., necessary in 
 book-making. The Baptists have recently erected a Bible 
 House in Nassau Street. Scattered over the city, in various 
 directions, are different bnilding-a of a public nature, which 
 will be alluded to under the heivd of benevolent societies, 
 churches, &c. The New Armory, built of bluestone, in the 
 Gothic style, extending 131 feet on White, and 8i feet on 
 Elm street, is intended for a receptacle of the artillery of 
 the First Division of New York StJite Militiii. It is con- 
 structed so as to be particularly available as a defense 
 against mobs. There is a second Arsenal 3 or 4 miles N. of 
 the City Hall. 
 
 HiMs.—K peculiar feature of New York is its hotels, 
 which perhaps surpass in number, extent, and in the ex- 
 pensiveness of their equipments, those of any city in the 
 world. Among the most important are the Fifth Avenue, 
 St. James, Hoffman House. Metropolitan, St. Nicholiui. 
 Astor House, Earle's International. Merclwnts", La Farge 
 House, Prescott House. New York Hotel, Smith.soniau 
 House, Astor Place Hotel, St. Denis, Union Pbice, Brandreth 
 House, Gramercy Hotel, Sweneys Hotel, French's Hotel, 
 Lovejoy's, United States, and many others less prominent. 
 The first three mentioned are of recent construction, the 
 most fa.shionable in New York, and contiguously situateil 
 at the int^'rsection of Broadwsiy, Fifth Avenue, Twenty- 
 tliird, and Twenty-fourth Streets. They are of pure white 
 marble, six stories in height, and present an imposing ap- 
 pearance, being situated opposite Madison Square, and in 
 the centre of the most fashionable section of the city. The 
 Astor House, opposite the Park, is a massive structure, of 
 Quincy granite, whose solidity will probably give it a dura/- 
 tion beyond several successions of its more flaring rivals. 
 It is 201 feet on Broadway, 185 and 186 on A'ezey and Bar- 
 clay Streets, is six stories high, and has 326 chambers. 
 
 Strires and WureJinuses. — It has not been usual, in a work 
 of this kind, to take any particular notice of such buildings, 
 but in the United States, where the leading object of pur- 
 suit is commerce and trade, money is expended and taste 
 displayed on stores, warehouses, &c., which in other coun- 
 tries would be devoted to objects of quite a different char- 
 acter. Great injustice would therefore be done to the ap- 
 pearance of our great cities to omit mention of these temples 
 dedicated to trade by the wealthiest portion of our commu- 
 nity, who are no longer content to transact their business 
 in dark and narrow alleys, and in mean warehouses. I'ro- 
 mment among the class of buildings referred to is Stewart's 
 store, a white marble building, 8a feet high, occupying an 
 entire block, 152 feet on Broadway, and 100 feet deep. There 
 JS a irreat hall, 100 feet by 40, and 80 feet high; 2000 panes 
 of plate glass are distributed over the building; those in 
 the windows ou each side the principal entrance aie 134 by 
 
 84 inches. The store is lighted up by 400 gas-bamers. 
 Lord & Taylor's store, in Grand Street, is only secjr.d to 
 Stewart's, and has a front of from 80 to 100 feet. The base- 
 ment is of iron, surmounted by an immense story facd with 
 sandstone. Several other stores, scarcely, if at all, i'jferior 
 to these in magnificence, have been erected within the last 
 few years. 
 
 C/iurclies. — According to New York City Dir'jctory of 
 18f>5, there are 32 Baptist, 5 Congreg-ational, 21 Dutch Ke- 
 formed, 3 Friends, 24 Jewish synagogues, 9 Lr.theran, 35 
 Methodist Episcopal, 3 African Methodist }piscopal, .2 
 Methodist Protestant, 43 Presbyterian, United Presin ter- 
 ian, 1 Associate Reformed Presbyterian, 5 Relonned Pres- 
 byterian, 58 Protestant Ejjiscopal, 32 Roman CaOiolic, 3 
 Unitarian, 4 Universalist, and 25 ot miscellaneous denomin- 
 ations, making a totjil of 311 churches. The most conspicu- 
 ous of these, for architectural effect, are (besides Trinitv and 
 Grace churches, already referred to) the Baptist, corner of 
 Elizabeth and Broome; Trinity Chapel, the Church of the 
 Ascension, Calvary, Holy Communion, Dii Saint Esprit, St. 
 George's — all Episcopal; Presbyterian churches on Uni- 
 versity Place, 5th Avenue and 16th Street, and 5th Avenue 
 and 12th Street ; the Congi-egational church of the Puritans, 
 on Union Square; Dutch Reformed, one on 5th Avenue 
 and 29th Street, and another on Washington Square; the 
 Catholic church of St. Patrick, the Unitarian church of the 
 Messiah, on Broadway, and another on 4tli Avenue; and 
 the Universiilist church of the Divine Unity, on Broadway. 
 
 IfofpUals, Public Charities, Prisims, <£>•. — While there is 
 much of wretclisdness and depravity in New York to depress 
 the mind of the philanthropist, its numerous and richly 
 endowed charitiible institutions restore his eiiuanimity,and 
 present the redeeming side of human nature. First to be 
 enumerated in this list is the New York Hospital, occupying 
 a lot on Brc^adway opposite Pearl Street, with an extensive 
 yard in front. It is of graystone, 124 feet long, 50 feet wide, 
 and 3 stories high, with accommodations for 200 patient.'?, 
 who receive here the most judicious nursing and the most 
 skilful medical treiitment. On the same grounds is the 
 -Marine Department, rebuilt in 1854, in the most complete 
 manner — with reference to the wants of such an institution 
 — of any building of the kind perhaps in the world. It ia 
 126 feet long by 8S wide, and 5 stories high. In 1863 there 
 were treated in the New York Hospital 3147 piitients, of 
 whom 1919 were cured, 421 relieved, leaving in the institu- 
 tion, Dec. 31st, 1863. 304 invalifls. The Blot^mingdale Luna- 
 tic Asylum, a branch of the above, is located near the Hud- 
 son River, about 7 miles N.W. of the City Hall, on an area 
 of about 40 acres, laid out into walks, pleasure-grounds, &c. 
 The building is of hewn stone, composed of a centre and two 
 wings, 211 feet long. There are two detached buildings of 
 brick, one-third the size of the main edifice. A new build- 
 ing, 3 stories high, and 110 feet long by 42 feet wide, has 
 recently been erected. The situation is healthful, and com- 
 manding a fine prospect, calculated to cheer and soothe the 
 mind so far as scenery and air are concerned. This asylum 
 treated 272 patients during the year 18(i3, of whom 53 re- 
 covered. St. Luke's Hospital and St. Vincent's Hospital, 
 in East ISth Street, are under the care of the Sisters of 
 Charity. The New York Institution for the Blind occupies 
 the entire block between Sth and Uth Avenues, ami ;'.3rd and 
 34th Streets. The building is composed of a centre, 117 feet 
 long by 60 wide, and two wings, each 130 feet long b.v 29 
 wide. The entire length is 175 feet, and height 3 stories. 
 It is constructed of blue limestone, in the castellateil Go- 
 thic style. A workshop of brick, 887^ feet long and 60 feet 
 deep, hiis recently been erected on Sth Avenue. The Deaf 
 and Dumb Asylum, in 162nd Street, near Bloomingdale ' 
 Road. The buildings ai-e very commodious, and afford a 
 homo and instruction to each pupil at $180 per annum. 
 
 New York abounds in institutions for the relief of suffer- 
 ing poverty, decrepitufle, and misfortune of every kind; 
 among them maybe mentioned the Anu'iican Female Guar- 
 dian Society and Home for the Friendless, where females 
 out of employment or a home may find shelter, and have 
 their children taken care of. till suitable places can be found 
 for them. It has under its care, in diflerent parts of the 
 city, 5 industrial schools. The Children's Home, situated 
 on Randall's Island, is designed as a home for all the father- 
 less, motherless and neglected children in the city. The 
 Colored Orphan Asylum, temporarily located 'at Carmans- 
 ville. The home of the children of this institution having 
 been destroyed by a mob in July, 1S63, $72,000 hi»s recently 
 been paid by the city as damages, and a new building for 
 the accommodation of the children is about to be erected on 
 the old grounds on I'iith Avenue. Total number admitted 
 since the first opening of the institution, 1310; j>re>ent 
 number of inmates, 209. Another important and charita- 
 ble, extremely useful, institution is the Juvenile Asylum, 
 which provides a home and instruction for the '• poor and 
 erring cliildren" of the motrojwjlis. The last Report says : 
 '■The wants in which our institution originated are per- 
 petually renewed. The work of rescuing, training, »nd 
 raising up the poor and erring children of a great metn po- 
 lls is never done. But if the field is boundless and tbt 1»- 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 bor endless, it is far from fruitless. Every year has its har- 
 vest; every year accumulates proofs of the wisdom tliat 
 founded the Juvenile Asylum. They are seen in that 
 crowning result, the ever-increasing number of prosperous 
 and well-conditioned men and women who have pa-ssed 
 througli its discipline. During the year 1863 we have had 
 an average of 5^9 children constantly under instruction, 
 while more than sixteen hundred have shared, to some ex- 
 tent, in the advantages of the institution. The whole num- 
 ber received since the organization has been 9467." The 
 age of the children ordinarily ranges from 9 to 15 years, 
 there being but a sni;ill proportion younger or older. The 
 New York Oi'i>han Asylum, on lilooniingdale Road, is a fine 
 building, 120 feet by (iO, with 8 acres of ground. The Uml- 
 Bon River Industrial School educates poor children living 
 on the outskirts of the city. The Jews' Widows' and Or- 
 jihans' Asylum, the Lying-in Asylum, Montefiore Widows' 
 and Orphans' Asylum, and the Working Girl's Home, are 
 am(ing the other important asylums in IS'ew York. Closely 
 allied to these are tlie clispensaries, of which there are 6, viz., 
 the New York, the Northern, the Eastern, the Northeai^tern, 
 the Northwestern, and the Demilt, corner of Second Avenue 
 and Twenty-third Street, besides several Ilomoeopathio dis- 
 pensaries. Of the other institutions we may name the New 
 York Eye Infirmarj', the New York Ophthalmic Hospital. 
 The People's Uathing and Washing Establishment is fur- 
 nished with all the materials for washing, drying, and iron- 
 ing clothes, which are let out at throe cents an hour to each 
 individual. There are several establishments for tlie relief 
 of disabled seamen, for providing comtbrtable and suitable 
 boarding for them while in port, and for the education of 
 their children ; among these are the '• Sailor's Home." It 
 has accommodations for 250 boarders. Tliere is also a 
 "Colored Sailor's Home," and a Seaman's Savings Biink. 
 The American Widows' Relief Society, the Mariner's Fam- 
 ily Industrial Society, the Prison Association of New York 
 for furnishing jibices to released convicts, the Home for 
 Females released from Blackwell's Island Penitentiary, the 
 Magdalene Female Asylum, the Five Points (the St. Giles 
 of New York), Mouse of Industr3', the Association for tite 
 Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, which assisted 
 19,9S6 por.sons in January, 1855, besides 42 religious societies 
 with receipts of more than $2,000,000 annually, and 25 
 foreign and other l)eneficial societies, constitute other prac- 
 tical evidences of the private beneficence of this great me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 Almshouse, (6c. — The Board of Commissioners of Public 
 Charities and Correction liave under their charge the fol- 
 lowing institutions: The Almshouse, Bellcvue Hospital, 
 City t'emetery. City Prison, Colored Home, Colored Orphan 
 Asylum, Island Hospital, Nursery Hospital, tlie City Peni- 
 tentiary, Penitentiary llosjjital, (me branch of the Alms- 
 house, Lunatic Asylum, and Workhouse, and the Out-door 
 poor. Bellevue Hospital, situated at the foot of East 27th 
 Street. The total number of admissions to this institution 
 during tlie j'ear 1864 amounted to 6912 (this includes 416 
 births): the total number of patients treated din'ing the 
 year was 7401 ; of these 5997 were discharged as cured or 
 relieved, aiid 846 died. The New York Lunatic Asylum had 
 admitted to it during the year 1864. 147 |)atients; whole 
 numlier under treatment during the year, 401 ; number of* 
 deaths, 57. The Almshouse admitted during the year 1804, 
 3153 persons; the whole number in the institution for the 
 same year was 4.551 ; 2J34 were discharged, and 820 died. 
 Of those admitted, 1891 were foreigners, and 1500 were na- 
 tives of Ireland; n/ the ailnlts mriri- than nine-tenths wei'e 
 foreigners. Of the 1262 native inm.ates, 914 (almost three- 
 fourths) were children. The entire expense of the institu- 
 tion for the year, $S9,.530. There were committed to the 
 various city prisons of New York, during the year 1864, 31,- 
 231 persons, of whom 22,383 (being considerably more than 
 two-thirds of the entire number) were of foreign liirth, and 
 17,740 (rather more than one-half) were natives of Ireland. 
 The most important of the prisons (the First District 
 Prison, Hall of Justice, or Toml)s, as it is popularly called) 
 occupies a low site near the City Hall, but is a building 
 of considerable pretensions, being in the Egyptian style, 
 253 feet by 200, and constructed of light-colored granite. 
 This prison received the greater part of the commitments. 
 A very extensive building has recently been erected on Ran- 
 dall's Island, as a House of Refuge. The length of the boys' 
 department is 590 feet, composed of a centre and two wings — 
 the centre 86 feet, and the wings 6'i feet high ; and a girl's 
 department, 250 feet long, of like breadth and height. Tliere 
 are two centre wings to the boys' department, besides end 
 buildings to eiich wing, 56 by 50 feet, and a number of out- 
 buildings, such as shops and kitchens, &c. Of the Out-door 
 poor, 15,034 persons, including 10,150 children, were in 1S64 
 relieved by donations of money ; and 43,248, of whom 28,0'26 
 were children, were relieved by supplies of fuel. 
 
 Ediiratinn. — The free schools of New York, previous tolSo.S, 
 consisted of two departments, one under the direction of the 
 Public School Society, having 111 schools under their care; 
 and 89 ward Schools under the direction of the Hoard of Edu- 
 cation. But in the year above named, the Public School Socier 
 
 ty was dissolved; and in 1S64 there wsre 257 schools, an fol 
 lows : 1 free academy, or high-school, 49 grammar schools for 
 boys, 48 grammar schools lor girls, 89 primary schools, 10 co 
 lored schools, 12 corporate and asylum schools, and 48 even- 
 ing schools, including 4 for colored people, with (1865) an 
 aggregate attendance of 189,814. The schools named below 
 and connected with the following institutions, draw more 
 or less of their support from the public fund, and have (1865) 
 an aggregate attendance of 11,310, as follows: New York 
 Orphan Asylum, 185; Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, 
 1010; Protestant Half-orphan Asylum, 337; House of Re' 
 fuge, 1034; Leake and Watt's Orphan House, 209; Colored 
 Orphan Asylum, 256; American Female Guardian Society 
 and Home Industrial School, 2321; New York Juvenile 
 Asylum, 991 ; House of Reception of the same, 1137 ; La- 
 dies' Home Missionary Societv, 859; Five Points' House of 
 Industry, 1085 ; Children's Aid Society, 1880. The whole 
 amount drawn from the City Chamberlain in 1864, for all 
 puri)oses connected with education, was {1,450,058.35; in 
 1854 it was $768,813, Crowning the system of public school 
 education is the Free Academy, established in 1848, and 
 combining the characteristics of academy, high-school, poly- 
 technic school and college. This institution is situated cor- 
 ner of Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street. The ground was 
 I)urchased, the buildings erected, furnished with the neces- 
 sary apparatus, library, &c., at a cost of $162,500. The edi- 
 fice, though of brick, is large and imposing, being in Gothic 
 style, with turrets, &o. The annual expense of the academy 
 is now (I860) about $56,000, On January 1st, 1865, there 
 were 365 students attending the institution; there were 
 10,515 volumes in the library, and about 12,0(X) text-books 
 and books of reference. The full course requires 6 years, 
 but it is at the option of the student whether he will pur-^ue 
 a full or partial course; he may also choose between the 
 ancient and modern languages. The faculty consists of 14 
 professors, aided by 13 tutors, whicli latter number is varied 
 as occasion may require. The principal receives $3000, the 
 other professors from S2000 to $25oO per annum, and the 
 tutors receive from $000 to $15(X). The war has doubtless 
 interfered sensildy with the attendance, as it was consider- 
 ably greater ten years ago; in 1854 there were 583 students 
 attending the institute.. There are in this city 3 colleges, 
 2 theological seminaries, and 5 medical schools. Colum- 
 bia College occupies a pile of buildings, the main one of 
 which is 200 feet by 50, surrounded by extensive open 
 grounds, between Barclay and Church Streets. This an- 
 cient seat of learning was founded in 1764, and was called 
 King's College till the Revolution, Number of alumni up 
 to 1852, 1450; students in 1853, 157; and lt),000 volumes in 
 its library. The faculty consists of a president and 12 pro- 
 fessors. 
 
 The University of the City of New York occupies a beau- 
 tiful while marble structure on Washington Square. It is 
 lliO feet long by luO in width, and in the English-CoUego- 
 Gothic style. This college was founded in 1831. In 18(i4 
 the number of iirofessors and tutors was 25; students, 336; 
 and hiis 5000 volumes in the library. Connected with the 
 University is a Medical School, located in Fourteenth Street. 
 This department was founded in 1837, and had 12 profes- 
 sors and 192 students in 1864, It has a fine library and 
 physiological collection, and its graduating class in 1855 
 numbered lu6. The New York College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons was founded in 1S07, It has a good library and 
 anatomical museum. The New York Medical College, a 
 new and flourishing institution, was founded in 1851, It 
 admits 5 students from the I'ree Academy gratuitously. 
 The College of Pharmacy, for the graduation of ap<.)ttieca- 
 ries, closes the list of medical schools. The General Theo- 
 logical Seminary of the ProtesUvnt Episcopol Church in the 
 United Stjites occupies two stone buildings in West Twen- 
 tieth street, each 110 feet by 50, It was founded in 1817, and 
 had 5 professors, and 73 students, and 14,000 volumes in its 
 library, in 1863; and had educiited a total of 784 students. 
 The Union Theological Seminary, No, 9 University Place, is 
 under the direction of Presbyterians, though it receives 
 students from all evangelical denominations. It was 
 founded in 1836, and had 5 professors, 90 students, and 
 25,000 volumes in 1863, and had educated 642 young men. 
 The Rutgers Female Institute occupies a fine builjling in 
 Madison street. This institution was incorporated in 1838, 
 and gives a thormigli e<lucation to young ladies in history, 
 general philosophy, astronomy, chemistry, matheniiitics, 
 and belles-lettres. It has generally about 500 pupils, St, 
 George's Pai'ish Schocd admits about 100 pupils of a lower 
 grade than usually attend the public scliools. The Indus- 
 trial school of the fourth ward receives vagrant children, 
 and is usually attended by from 300 to 400 pupils. 
 
 Libraries. — New York has a number of extensive libraries. 
 The largest collection of books will be in the Astor Library, 
 a new institution, founded by the late John Jacob Astor, 
 who left a fund of !&4O0,000 for that purpose. This library 
 was opened in 1853, in a fine building, 65 feet by 120, erected 
 fur the purpose, in the Moorish style, in Lafayette Place, 
 The building cost about $70,000, and opened with about 
 80,000 volumes, to be increased from time to time from the 
 
 1333 
 
NEW 
 
 XEW 
 
 Interest of the fnnd remaining after the library goes into 
 operation. This library is fre.e to all persons resorting there- 
 to, but books are not to be taken out. It has (1865) about 
 loO,000 Aohunes. The New York Society Library Wiis founded 
 in 1700, and h:vs about 60,000 volumes. It is temporarily 
 looated in the Bible IIou.se. The New York Mercantile Li- 
 brary, founded in 1820, has been recently removed to the 
 late Astur Place Opera House, vrhich has been appropriately 
 fitted up for the purpo.«e. In January, 1855, there were 5515 
 members, a large portion of whom were merchants' clerks, 
 and 42,795 volumes on the shelves, besides 44 daily, 55 
 weekly, 84 monthly, and 50 quarterly publications — 100 of 
 ■which were foreign — in the readin,g-room. It has about 
 65,000 volumes. The Apprentices' Library, located at No. 
 33 Crosby Street, in Mochanica' Hall, has about 20,000 vol- 
 umes. The New York Historical Society has its rooms at 
 present in the buildings of the New York University; but 
 the society are about erectiuR a building on Second Avenue. 
 This iastitution was founded in 1804, and has a valuable 
 librai-y of above 30,000 volumes, including some rare books, 
 pamphlets, maps, charts, and a collection of antiquities, 
 coins, medals, &c. Sir. Peter Cooper is establishing an in- 
 stitution for the purpose of public lectures, reading, and 
 exhibition rooms, Ac, which he intends to be free, and for 
 which he appropriates about $300,000. The edifice, situated 
 opposite the Bible House, is 195 feet on Tliird Avenue, 155 
 on Fourth Avenue, 143 on Eighth, and 86 on Seventh Street, 
 end 5 stories high. The basement and two lower stories 
 are to be rented, the income of which is to support the 
 " People's Union," as the establishment is to be called. The 
 Lyceum of Natnral History, in a part of the building; occu- 
 pied by the medical department of the New Y'ork tluiver- 
 Eity,ha5 a library of 2000 volumes, .and an exten.sive cibinet 
 of natural history. The American Institute of the City of 
 New York was incorporated in 1829. for the encouragement 
 of commerce, agriculture, and manutiicturos. The institute 
 is located at Sol Broadway, where they have a library of 
 7000 volumes, repository for models, reading-room. &c. The 
 Mechanics' Institute, at the corner of Division Street and 
 the Bowery, has a library of 5000 volumes, a reading-room, 
 a valuable collection of philosophical and chemical appara- 
 tus, and a male and female school at fciched. Among the other 
 libraries are the Printers' Free Lilirary, with 3000 volumes ; 
 the libi-ary of the General Theological Seminarv, with 
 U.OOO; the Free Academy, with 3000; New York Law In- 
 stitute, with 4700; and the Library of the New York Hos- 
 pital, with 5800 volumes; be.side3 other libraries, having a 
 total in all of .300,000 volumes. 
 
 Banks. — In October, 1865, there were in New York 68 
 banks, with a capital of $S4,065.013, circulation. $14,812.955 ; 
 specie, 4:11.840,492; due depositors, $221,461,179; loans and 
 Jiscoiints, 8138,251,191. Among the most conspicuous there 
 were also, 56 national banks in September, with a capital of 
 $72,207,00<) ; another was organized in September, capital, 
 $200,000. 
 
 New York has 23 savings banks, viz.: Atlantic, Bleeker 
 Street, Bowery, Broadway. Citizen's. Dry Dock, Ea>-t River, 
 Emigrant Industrial. Franklin, German, Greenwich. Harlem, 
 1 for Merchants' Clerks. Irving, Manhattan, Metropolitan. 
 Market., Mechanics', New York, Seaman's. Sixpenny. Third 
 Avenue. Union Dime : it has also 124 Fire Insurance, 32 Life 
 Insurance, and 13 Marine Insurance Comp.inies. 
 
 Manufacturer. — We have no regular statistics as yet of 
 the particulars of the m.anufactures of New York ; hut if 
 the census report is to be relied on, this city is not only 
 the commercial, but the manufacturing centre of the United 
 States. The census of 1860 gives to New York ?61 .212,757, 
 and 6.5,483 male and 24.721 female hands emjiloyed in man- 
 ufactures, employing 190,177.038 worth of raw niateri.al. and 
 producing machinery, stuffs. &c., to the value of 159.107,369. 
 Among these, the iron foundries and machine shops are 
 conspicuous. From the Xovelty, Allaire and other works 
 are turned out certainlj- the finest specimens of steam ma- 
 chinery for steamboats and steamships produced in the 
 United States, if not in the world. In the business of sugar 
 refinery alone there was invested a capital of $3,949,000, 
 employing raw material worth SI 6.173.510 and producing 
 refined sugar to the value of $19,312,.50O. Ship-building is 
 carried to a degree of perfection unsurpassed in the world, 
 both for beauty of model and speed, particularly in the 
 steamers, acknowledged to be the largest and fleetest in the 
 world, though the contest is very close between the Ameri- 
 can and British vessels in this respect. 
 
 Oimmercf. and Trade.'—It is as the great centre of com- 
 merce for half a continent that New York derives its highest 
 claim to i)re-eminence. Surrounded by one of the most 
 capacious harbors in the world, within two hours' sail of the 
 Atlantic Ocean, communicating with the New England 
 States by Long Island Sound, and with the interior of New 
 York State by the Hudson Hivor, which is in turn con- 
 nected with the great lakes l>y the Erie Canal, it presents 
 facilities for internal and foreign navigation unrivalled by 
 any commerci.al emporium of this or any former period. 
 Nor have her merchants been satisfied to repose on her 
 natural advantages^ but have connected her. bv iron arms I 
 1334 ' ' • 
 
 with every great point, north, south, east, or west, which 
 deposit on her docks and in her depots the cotton and rice 
 of the South, the grain, lead, tobacco, and pork of the West, 
 and the wool, wheat, lumber, and flour of the North pnd 
 East. New York is now only surpassed by London and 
 Liverpool as a seat of trade, and in another centurj- will 
 probably be the commercial centre of the world. Along its 
 whai'ves, in every direction, may be seen forests of masts, 
 where countless vessels of every description, and from every 
 quarter of tlie globe, pour their rich tribute into the lap of 
 this queen of commercial cities. Steamers of such size, 
 splendor, and speed as the world has never before seen, 
 forming regular lines of packets to Liverpool, Southampton, 
 Havre, Glasgow, Bremen, San Francisco, {via Panama and 
 San Juan,) New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, Charleston and 
 all other important points alon.g the coast, arrive at and 
 depart from its docks almost daily, freighted with mer- 
 chandise and crowded with passengers. But we will let 
 figures tell the facts of the case. 
 
 The following were some of the articles received at the 
 port of New York in the yesu-s 1863 and 1S64 : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1863. 
 
 1 
 1661. 
 
 Ashes 
 
 W,l« 
 
 17.181 
 
 4,574,059 
 
 17,937.856 
 
 11.076.035 
 
 14,243.599 
 
 129,611 
 
 3.547 
 
 4,663 
 
 11.187 
 
 11.795 
 
 426.981 
 
 206.519 
 
 46:1,995 
 
 518,537 
 
 798,070 
 
 400.928 
 
 41,144 
 
 261.B14 
 
 15,778 
 
 3,967.717 
 
 13.453,135 
 
 12.J52,23S 
 
 7,164.895 
 
 190,911 
 
 6.760 
 
 4,139 
 
 19. 128 
 
 6,964 
 
 332,454 
 
 209,654 
 
 268,417 
 
 551,153 
 
 756,872 
 
 186,000 
 
 16,104 
 
 289,481 
 
 Wheat Flour 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Crude Turi.,nrii.e.... 
 
 bales 
 
 bbls. 
 
 
 Tar 
 
 Pork 
 
 . 
 
 Beef. 
 
 
 Cut Meats 
 
 Butter 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Lar.l 
 
 .ics. and libls. 
 ke?s 
 
 I.ard 
 
 Whisky 
 
 
 The following were some of the articles exported from 
 the port of New York in the years 1863 and 1864 : — 
 
 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 A shes^pots 
 
 Ashes— rearls 
 
 ....bbls. 
 
 9.146 
 
 1,264 
 
 170, 2;y) 
 
 2,527,338 
 
 15,424.889 
 
 416,369 
 
 7,533.431 
 
 13,945 
 
 22 
 
 884 
 
 4.172 
 
 8.184 
 
 269,634 
 
 510.648 
 
 803.469 
 
 17,344 
 
 192,903 
 
 41.632 
 
 62.868 
 
 183319.060 
 
 23.060.799 
 
 40,781,168 
 
 120,881,862 
 
 43.487,731 
 
 3,542,210 
 
 259,185 
 
 8,847 
 
 l,5a3 
 
 465.667 
 
 l,918..-,93 
 
 12,193,433 
 
 583 
 
 846,831 
 
 26,765 
 
 770 
 
 433 
 
 2.207 
 
 1,771 
 
 421,931 
 
 1,366,159 
 
 129.529 
 
 79,244 
 
 130,672 
 
 36,548 
 
 49,299 
 
 93.800,258 
 
 14,174,861 
 
 49,7.55,842 
 
 53,436.128 
 
 31,987,976 
 
 5,2,50.014 
 
 509,646 
 
 Beesuai 
 
 
 Wheat Flour 
 
 ...bbls. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Rye 
 
 ...bush. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spirits Turpentine 
 
 Rosin 
 
 Tar 
 
 Oils whale 
 
 .. -alls. 
 
 Oils— sperm 
 
 
 Oils— linseed 
 
 Pork 
 
 
 Beef. 
 
 Beef 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Lard 
 
 
 Tobacco— manufactured 
 
 Whalebone 
 
 
 The total amount of petroleum taken for consumption at, 
 and exported from New Y^ork, during 1863 and 1864, was aa 
 follows : 
 
 
 1863. 
 
 1S64. 
 
 Eiporled 
 
 bbls 
 
 488,690 
 314.481 
 
 533,.334 
 •42, 187 
 
 775,567 
 
 
 
 
 803,171 
 
 
 The following table exhibits the value of the most im- 
 portant articles imported into the port of New Y^o k, for the 
 year 1864: 
 
 Alabaster Ornaments $6.9141 ChinawDre t348.7$T 
 
 Baskets 116.485' Earthenware 1,205.473 
 
 Buttons 415.863lGlass . 3S2.1C9 
 
 Cheese 59.207 Glassware 181,540 
 
 GiassBotllet 2t,S56lGlaisi)late . i'A,ii* 
 
 ^ 
 
NEW 
 
 Cigm $7f8.237 
 
 Coal 693,268 
 
 Corks 230.159 
 
 Cotton 11,157,449 
 
 Cocca 155,966 
 
 Coffee 14.613,955 
 
 Dru|?«, Stc— 
 
 Aniline colors »!37,238 
 
 Brilnnlone 221.218 
 
 Camphor.. ., 1U,818 
 
 - ntartar 150,-187 
 
 Cochineal 
 
 G»nibier 
 
 Gum Arabic, 
 
 Indigo 
 
 Ippecacuanha. 
 Licorice root. 
 Licorice paste 
 
 Madder 
 
 Nitrate of Sod 
 on. linseed... 
 Oil, olive 
 
 213,430 
 246,244 
 22:5,221 
 706,!-0« 
 49,696 
 48,433 
 363,S93 
 810.066 
 298,904 
 161,128 
 
 „..,„,..« 202,831 
 
 Opium 311,087 
 
 Paints 4.35,763 
 
 Peruvian bark 267,525 
 
 Quicksilver 134.198 
 
 Saltpetre 122,091 
 
 Soda, bicarbonate.... 206.323 
 
 Soda, sal 109.874 
 
 Soda, caustic 151,949 
 
 Soda, ash 680.056 
 
 Vanilla beans 29.485 
 
 Fancy Goods 1,749,028 
 
 Tans 12,613 
 
 Feathers 281,601 
 
 Fire Crackers 41,847 
 
 FisI 502,472 
 
 Flax 115.016 
 
 Furs 2,053,780 
 
 Banana 41,963 
 
 Citron 70,911 
 
 ■ -1.772 
 
 Iron, hoop ??8,4Gl 
 
 Iron, piir 803,788 
 
 Iron, railroad 3,687,970 
 
 Iron, sheet 383,973 
 
 Iron lubes 148,403 
 
 Iron, other 3,427,850 
 
 Lead, pigs 2,68->,319 
 
 Nails 67.919 
 
 Needles 147,335 
 
 Nickel 124.168 
 
 Plated ware 14,079 
 
 I'latina 96,551 
 
 Percussion caps &1.261 
 
 Saddlery 63,383 
 
 Steel $2,012,197 
 
 Speller 336.&10 
 
 Tin plates 2,904,646 
 
 Tiu slabs 556,778 
 
 Wire «.332 
 
 Zinc 370,675 
 
 Machinery 213,836 
 
 Marble and manuf. do... 94,269 
 
 Molasses 3,496,790 
 
 Oil Paintings 209,482 
 
 Paf>er hangings 30,455 
 
 Perfumery 103,756 
 
 Personal effects 202,602 
 
 Pipes 208,047 
 
 Potatoes 90.080 
 
 Provisions 21,5,289 
 
 Rags 648,054 
 
 Rice 591,77.5 
 
 56,788 
 
 Salt 448,199 
 
 Seeds, unspecified 145,457 
 
 Castnrseed 40,817 
 
 Linseed 914,447 
 
 Dried Fruits 15,510 
 
 Lemons 199,579 
 
 Nuts 637,127 
 
 Orangel 4,37,043 
 
 Plums 60,078 
 
 Prunes 58,196 
 
 Raisin 873,244 
 
 Furniture 16,736 
 
 Grain 15fl,9.36 
 
 Gunny Cloth 51,562 
 
 Guttapercha 47,016 
 
 Hemp 1,533,949 
 
 Honey 127,798 
 
 India rubber 1,196.781 
 
 Ivory 37,637 
 
 Instruments — 
 
 Chemical 1,948 
 
 Mathematical 9,695 
 
 Musical 229,224 
 
 Nautical 8.35 
 
 Optical 95,975 
 
 Surgical 7.575 
 
 Jewelry 726,919 
 
 Watches 1,450,166 
 
 Leather, Hides, &c 
 
 Boots and shoes 25.506 
 
 Bristles 181,812 
 
 Hides, dressed, 1,157,663 
 
 Hides, undressed 5,829,337 
 
 Leather, patent 34.347 
 
 Liquors, wines, &c 3,182,836 
 
 Metals, fee- 
 Brass goods 41,471 
 
 Bronie 60.688 
 
 Copper 680,048 
 
 Copperore .355,563 
 
 Cutlery 1,157,424 
 
 Gun 219,756 
 
 Hardware 578,094 
 
 Soap. 
 Spices — 
 
 Cassia 
 
 Cinnamon. 
 
 150.676 
 
 12,254 
 2,678 
 78,170 
 
 Ginger 63,972 
 
 Mustard 12,140 
 
 Nutmegs 78,617 
 
 Pepper 286,394 
 
 Pimento 39,090 
 
 Stationery, Ac- 
 Books 327,716 
 
 Engravings 89,309 
 
 P,iper 2.36,790 
 
 Other slatioDery 181,640 
 
 Statuary 85,074 
 
 Sugar , 15,938,756 
 
 Tar 106,278 
 
 Tapioca 17,824 
 
 Teazles 2.240 
 
 Trees and plant 24,946 
 
 Tea 8,172,072 
 
 ine 24,842 
 
 Toys 427,246 
 
 Tobacco 625,472 
 
 Turpentine 297,265 
 
 Whalebone 61.844 
 
 Wax 23,159 
 
 Woods — 
 Box wood... 
 Brazil wood. 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Cork 
 
 Ebony 
 
 Fustic 
 
 Lignum vitas.. 
 
 1,886 
 «,406 
 211,067 
 68,143 
 5,817 
 S2,S32 
 12,886 
 Logwood 830,937 
 
 Mahogany 
 
 Sapan ' 
 
 Willov 
 
 Wool... 
 
 84.356 
 
 79,508 
 91,542 
 139,532 
 
 2,960 
 
 26,809 
 
 9,428,409 
 
 The value of the imports and exports of the port of New 
 York for 186-1 was as follows : 
 
 January.... 
 February.. 
 
 March , 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August.... 
 September. 
 October... 
 November. 
 DeceDiber. 
 
 $18,977,394 
 
 $17,609,749 
 
 21,643,937 
 
 17,211,776 
 
 23.667,119 
 
 16,883,236 
 
 26,168,631 
 
 19,751,062 
 
 23,973,144 
 
 21,682,209 
 
 23,926,314 
 
 25.887,531 
 
 22,383,299 
 
 33,5a5,866 
 
 18,223,463 
 
 29,977,982 
 
 10„539,4.59 
 
 21,7.39,828 
 
 10,088,308 
 
 • 20,431,789 
 
 8,597.594 
 
 20,473.699 
 
 9,935,098 
 
 27,410,438 
 
 «?I8,125,760 
 
 $272,648,163 
 
 Entered at New York, from foreign ports, during the 
 year 1863. 
 
 Nation. 
 
 N'.'mber of 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number of 
 Seamen. 
 
 American vessels 
 
 ?S73 
 2959 
 
 1,340,248 
 1,214,610 
 
 36,396 
 
 47,115 
 
 
 Total 
 
 5331 
 
 2,554,858 
 
 83,511 
 
 
 NEMT 
 
 Tlie statement of the vessels entered at the same port, 
 during 185-t, is as follows : 
 
 American vessels. 
 Foreign vessels... 
 
 Total entered.... 
 
 263« 
 1411 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 1,442,282}^ 
 «7,034Ji 
 
 l,919,317>i 
 
 43.779 
 23,296 
 
 67,075 
 
 Cleared at New York, for foreign ports, during the year 1S03. 
 
 Nation. 
 
 Number of 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number of 
 Seamen. 
 
 American vessels., 
 
 1908 
 S125 
 
 1,174,092 
 1,380,773 
 
 31,5.33 
 47,260 
 
 
 Total 
 
 6033 
 
 2,554,864 
 
 78,798 
 
 
 In 1854 the statement was as follows . 
 
 Nation. 
 
 Number of 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number of 
 Seamen. 
 
 American vessels 
 
 1945 
 1333 
 
 1,082,799H 
 445,305 
 
 35,179 
 18,071 
 
 
 
 3278- 
 
 1,528,104« 
 
 63,260 
 
 
 The following is a statement of the tonnage belonging to 
 the port of New York, June, 1863. Registered — Permanent, 
 609,025 ; temporary, 257,420. Enrolled— Permanent, 745,.'a0; 
 temporary, 17,334. Total, 1,624,000. There was besides, 
 97,485 Bte4im tonnage. 
 
 Miscellaneous Statistics. — According to the United States 
 Census of 1860, there were in Now York 813,669 persons ; of 
 whom 391,522 were white males, 409,573 were white females, 
 5,468 were colored males, and 7,106 were colored females. 
 
 Number of marriagfS in a yetir, 3,272 ; number of births, 
 6,424 ; number of deaths, 25,196. 
 
 There are 9 marriages diiily; 17 births; and 69 deaths 
 daily. , 
 
 Of the population, 429,952 wore bom in the United States, 
 and 383,717 were born in foreign countries, of 38 different 
 nationalities. 
 
 There are 54,338 dwellings, and 155,707 families. There 
 are on an average nearly 3 families, or 15 persona to every 
 dwelling. 
 
 The Number of manufacturing establishments in the citv is 4,259 
 
 Capital invested $00,484,307 
 
 Cost of nvr material 88,564,8I» 
 
 M.ale and female hands employed S8,.5&t 
 
 Value of annual product $158,030,561 
 
 Aggregate value of proportv in the city and county of New 
 York for lSt>4,$634,495,040. Taxes for 1864, Si 3,705,092 86. 
 
 The annual expense of lighting the city is $420,000. The 
 New York Gas Company, openiting below Grand Street, has 
 1.30 miles of mains of various sizes. The Manhattan Gas- 
 light Company, operating above Grand Street, has 4S0 miles 
 of street-mains, lights 30,000 street lamps, and supplies gas 
 to over 50,000 stores and dwellings, and manufactures 
 2,000,000,000 feet of gas. 
 
 For the distribution of Croton water, there are 290 miles 
 of pipe laid. 
 
 The City Directory contains 152,552 names. 
 
 The number of streets, avenues, squares, places, etc., bo- 
 low Fifty-fourth Street, is 493. 
 
 The number of piers on the North River is 62, and on the 
 East River. 70 : total, 132. 
 
 The number of copyrights entered during the last year, in 
 the United States District Court in this city, is 11)99. 
 
 Tlie number of depositors in Savings banks in tlie State 
 of New York (the princip.il portion of which arc situated in 
 the city of New York) was, in 
 
 1S6I, depositors 310,698; deposits $67,450,379 
 
 1862, depositors 300,511 : deposits 64.083,150 
 
 1S6.3. depositors 347.184; deposits 76.5aS'.38S 
 
 1864, depositors 400,194; deposits 93,786,394 
 
 The rate of deaths in the city of New York has increased 
 froml in 46i^iii the year 1810. tolin 35 at the present time. 
 
 It is supptjsed thsit for every detith there are 28 cases of 
 sickness ; this would give us 700,000 cases of sickness in New 
 York in one year. It is believed by some eminent physi- 
 cians that, by proper measures, the rate of niortah'ty could 
 
 1335 
 
NEW 
 
 » 
 
 be brought down 30 per cent. ; such a reduction ■would save 
 7,000 lives and 200,000 cases of sickness during the year. 
 
 The number of policemen in the city is 1,S00. The annual 
 cost of their support and incidental expensesis $1,836,120 67. 
 
 Arreiti by the police during the last year for offences 
 
 against the perion 52.976 
 
 •' " property 8.91i «1,888 
 
 Of whom were, malei 38,948 
 
 " femalet 22,9J0 61,888 
 
 Of whom were malei under 15 years of age 3,152 
 
 females " " 437 J,589 
 
 Of perauu) arrested, burn in United States 18,109 
 
 " " born in foreign countries 43,&>9 61,S£8 
 
 Of the persons arrested, could read anil write 17,19^ 
 
 " '■ could not read and write U,046 
 
 " " could read only 650 61,888 
 
 There hare heen arrested by the Metropolitan police, for 
 crimes of violence of a serious character, in 1863 and 1861 
 respectively, as follows : 
 
 1863. 1S6<. 
 
 For felonious assault 343 462 
 
 For assaults on policemen 19 35 
 
 For attempt at rape ^ >.... 23 29 
 
 Forinsuliiug female* in the street.............. S3 88 
 
 For murder 79 48 
 
 Formaiming 8 6 
 
 For manslaughter. „ 1 10 
 
 For rape 21... 14 
 
 For Ibreateniog life 12 30 
 
 NEW 
 
 Total SST 
 
 742 
 
 Lodgings furnished at the police-stations during the year 68,254 
 
 Lost children sent to the central office 3,502 
 
 Lost children restored to parents 3,878 
 
 Abandoned infants found, and. sent to the central office 89 
 
 Number of ConTictions by Court of Special Sesnons • 3,816 
 
 Number of cnuvictjous by Courts of Oyer and Terminer and Gen. 
 
 eral Sessions 451 
 
 Number of persons passing through Almshouse in the year 4,350; 
 
 present number 1,398 
 
 Number of children passing through RandalTs Island in the year, 
 
 8,015; present number 1,033 
 
 Number of persons passing through City Frisoji in the year 32,593 
 
 Of these, present number in Ci'v Prison, 207; in Peni- 
 tentiary. 278; in Workhouse, '815; in Hospital, 601: 
 
 total present number 1,901 
 
 Number of persons iu Lunaiic Asylum during the year, 1,U1; 
 
 present number 771 
 
 Number of persons in Bellevue Hospital during the year,7,645; 
 
 deaths, 864; present number 760 
 
 Numher of boys and girls passing through the House of Refuge 
 
 during the year 1029 
 
 Remaining on hand 644 
 
 Number of boys and girls passing through Juvenile Asvlum 
 
 during the year, 1,633; on hand '. 528 
 
 The annual expenses of the Department of Charities and Cor* 
 
 rections «. $700,000 
 
 There' are about as many Germans in New York as in 
 Hamburg; twice ns many Irish as in Belfast; and twice as 
 many Jews as in all the land of Palestine. 
 
 There are published in New York 155 newspapers and 71 
 magazines. 
 
 There are 300 religions and benevolent societies, hospitals, 
 dispensaries, asj-lums, etc. 
 
 Passengers transported by the different ferry companies 
 during the year, 56,853,500. 
 
 At one place in Broadway there were counted 14,060 car- 
 riages which passed during 12 hours, that is about 20 each 
 minute. 
 
 The New York city meat bill for one year is reckoned as 
 follows, at wholesale prices : 
 
 263,229 beef cattle, 700 lbs., each, 9H cts. per lb. $17,504,728 50 
 
 36.298 caW-5, at $7 25 263,060 50 
 
 622,311 sheep and lambs, at $4 25 2.219.821 75 
 
 1,096,773 hogs, at $9 75 10.693,586 75 
 
 Total (30,681,147 50 
 
 Total number of fires in the city of New York last year 
 268 ; total losses, $1,191,922. 
 
 There are 265 license jtmk-shops ; 33 licensed intelli- 
 geneeoffices; 64 license<l pawnbrokers; 209 licensed second- 
 hand dealers; 397 licensed stages; 431 special coaches; 601 
 hackney coaches; 450 city cars; 6,381 public carts; 631 ex- 
 press wagons; 497 dirt carts; and 773 venders. 
 
 Total, 878 66,086 
 
 By a late report of Captain Lord of the Sanitary police, 
 "The total number of tenement-houses is given at 12,374, 
 with a population of 401.376, of whom 22/)y5 live in cellars, 
 R subl !rrnnet)us population large enough for a small city in 
 Itself. A little more than two-thirds" of the houses, namely, 
 8,546, Kith a population of 253,901, are provided with good 
 means of escape in case of fire; while 3,801 houses, inhab- 
 ited b^f 125,3*^0 persons, are deficient in this respect. The 
 ventilation of 8,126 houses, containing 23S,113 persons, is 
 reported as good and 4,221 honses, contiiining 141,168 per- 
 sons, are batily ventilated. The following is an exhibit of 
 the number of cubic feet to each person: 
 1336 
 
 HaTing from 100 to 300. 
 
 " 300 to 400, 
 
 " 400 to 500. 
 
 •* 500 to 600. 
 
 " 600 to 700. 
 
 " 700 to 600. 
 
 " 800 to 1,000. 
 
 Total 
 
 1,909 
 3,031 
 2,560 
 1 661 
 1,100 
 798 
 t,288 
 
 12,347 
 
 Population. 
 
 102.348 
 78.751 
 4S,342 
 31.752 
 22,281 
 32,809 
 
 379,281 
 
 There have been (1865) 320,846 trees and shrubs of all 
 kinds planted in the Central Park; number planted last 
 ye.ar, 79,904, 
 
 The sum expended last year in the construction and main- 
 tenance of the Central Park, $504,335 60. 
 
 The number of interments in Greenwood Cemetery, up to 
 the last year was 101,591, increasing at the ri.te of 7,000 and 
 more a year. 
 
 The official statement of the Commissioners of Emigra- 
 tion, Otstle-garden, New York, places the number of emi- 
 grants arrived at that place during the yesir 1804, at 1»2.916; 
 showing an increase over the year 1S03 of 25,000, and being 
 as large a number as for any year since 1854. 
 
 It is said that for Januiiry 31 , 1 865, during ten days an exact 
 record was kept of the weight of mail matter "forwarded 
 from the New York Post-oflBce over internal routes. The 
 amount was 418,744 lbs., or more than 20 tons per day. It 
 is estimated that, including foreign steamer mails and aU 
 other matter, tlie clerks in this oiEce receive and send out 
 about 45 tons per day. 
 
 PopM/a/ion.— Perhaps no city in the world numbers so 
 great a variety of foreigners among its i-eaitleiit population 
 as New York, including among them active and enterpris- 
 
 period it becime the largest city in the Union :) 202,589 in 
 1830; 312,710 in 1840; 515,.^47 in 1850; ami S13,669.in 1860. 
 
 G</rernmenl, cfc. — New York is divided into twenty-two 
 wards, and is governed by a mayor and common council. 
 The mayor is elected by popular vote, and holds office for 
 two years. The common council is composed of two bairds, 
 one cjtlled the boiird of aldermen, and the other the board 
 of assistant .•ildermen, one member for each board being 
 elected from every ward annually. 
 
 History. — ^Tlie first knowledge we have of New York Bay 
 and Manhattan Island, the site of the iire.»ent city of New 
 York, is firom Ilenry Hudson, an English navij.'ator in tht 
 emplo}' of the Kat^t India Company of Holland, who visited 
 them in ltX)9. and proceetied up the river which now bears 
 his nam«. No settlement was however made till three 
 years afterwards, when a fort was built on the southern 
 extremity of Manhattan I.'^land by the Dutch, and thus 
 commencetl the settlement of New Anifterdom. which, in 
 1648. containd about 1000 inhabitants. In 16W it was sur^ 
 rendered to the Briti.*h, and came into the hands of the 
 Duke of York, taking the name of New York; but was re- 
 taken by the Dutch nine j'ears afterward.-s. who however 
 held it but a single year. In 1677 there were 384 houses, 
 and iu 1696 the city owned 40 ships, 62 sloops, and GO boats. 
 In 1700 the population was tWO. In 1711 a slave market 
 was established in Mall Street. The New York Gazette, a 
 weekly paper, appeared in 1725, First stage-mute to Phil.v 
 delphia established in 1732, and stages departed for Bo.'ton 
 monthly, taking a fortnight on the route. Negro insur- 
 rections occurred in 1712 and 1741-2. In the former the 
 negroes fired the city, and killed a number of people, for 
 which 119 of them were executed. The imports of 1769 
 amounted to $839,782. Ii> 1V83. after a long jiossession, 
 the Britiiih troops evacuated New York. In 1MI7 the first 
 steamboat was built at this port to navigate the Iludiion. 
 The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 gave a great impetug 
 to New York, and made it the first city of the Union. In 
 1837 the Croton Aqueduct was commenced, and on the 4th 
 of July. 1842. the pure waters of the Croton lUver were l^t 
 into the Distributing Keservoir. 
 
 The years 1853-4 will be memoralde in the history of the 
 city of New York, for the exhibition denominated the 
 World's Fair, held in a spacious iron and glass building, 
 called the Crystal Palace, erected adjacent to the Distri- 
 buting Reservoir. The edifice was in the form of a Greek 
 cross, the length of each diameter of wliich was 3654 feet. 
 The dome was 100 feet in diameter and 123 feiit high. In 
 the construction of the palace 1800 tons of iron. 55.000 
 square feet of glass, and 750.1XH) square feet of lutnlicr were 
 useii. The aggregate flooring c('Vercd ii acres. The jiro- 
 portions of this buildingwen-beaiitiful. and were thought by 
 many to surpass the London Crystal I'alac-e In archllectunil 
 elTect. The exhibition was officially opened Jidy 15. 18o3, 
 in the presence of the President of the Cnited States, and 
 other dignitaries of our country, and of the commisaionta^ 
 from foreign governments. The collectiou comprised ep* 
 
■7m ■- 
 
 NEW 
 
 cimens of the industrial and fine arts from almost every 
 country of Jiurupe, from the British Colonies, West Indies, 
 and Mexico. 
 
 Fires. — New York has eeveral times been visited by very 
 destructive confiasrations; the most remarkable occurred 
 on the nif^ht of December 16, 1835, consuming 648 houses 
 in the most valuable part of the city, and destroying pro- 
 perty to the amount of $20,000,000; another in July, 1845, 
 raged chiefly between Broadway and Broad Street, involving 
 a loss of property to the amount of $7,000,000. 
 
 I'estilences. — 'I'lie yellow fever has several times visited 
 tliis city, and wiu« particularly fatal in 1798. Tlie cholera 
 ravaged ^Cew York in 1832, carrying off 2621 persons, again 
 in 1849, when its victims numbered more than 5000, and a 
 third time in 1S64. when nearly 3000 died of it 
 
 NKW YOKK, a post-office of J-umter co., Alabama. 
 
 NEW YOUK, a post>offlce of Chickasaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 NKW YORK, a post> village of Montgomery co., Tennessee, 
 on the Cumberland Kiver, about 55 miles by land W. by N. 
 of Nashville. 
 
 NEW Y'ORK, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana, 
 on the Ohio Kiver, 8 miles E. of Vevay. 
 
 NEW YOKK, a village of Brown co., Illinois, on Crooked 
 River. 10 miles N.E. of Mount Stirling. 
 
 NEW YOKK, a thriving settlement of Pierce CO., Wash- 
 ington Territory, near Elliott Bay, on the E. side of Admi- 
 ralty Inlet. 
 
 NEW YORK MILLS, a post^vUlage of Oneida co., New 
 York, on Sadanuada Creek, about 95 miles W.N.W. of Al- 
 bany. It has several churches, and a cotton factory, said to 
 be one of the largest in the state. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND, zee'land, (Fr. Kouvelle Zilande, nooVSU 
 z.Vli'ixd'; Ger. XeM-tiiiaml, nor-s.VMnt,) a group of islands 
 belonging to Great Britiiiu. iu the South I'aciiic Ocean, ex- 
 teudiug from 34^^ 22' to 47° 30' S. lat., and from 1GG° to 177° 
 E. Ion. It consists chiefly of two principal islands — the one 
 calleti North Island, New Ulster, or Eaheinomauwe ; and the 
 other Middle Island, New Munster, or Tavai-l'oenamoo ; and 
 of a much smaller island, called New Leiuster, Stewart, or 
 Soijtli Island; length of the whole group from N. to S. 
 measured on a line curving nearly through tlieir centres, 
 about 1200 miies; area estimated at 105,113 square miles. 
 
 New Ulster or Eaiieixomauwe, e-»i-lu'no-mOw'wee, writ- 
 ten al.so IKA-XA-MAUWE, (Er. Tasmanie-durNord, tis^md^nee' 
 dii noR,) the most N. of the group, is separated from 
 New Slunster by Waikua or Cook's Strait, which, where 
 narrowest, is alx)ut 25 miles wide. This i^and is remarka- 
 bly irregular iu shape, and may be considered as consisting 
 of a nucleus or main body, and four great ptiuinsula-s. Its 
 greatest length, from Cape Otou or Cape North to Cape Pal- 
 liser or ICawa-Kawa at its S. extremity, is about 575 miles; 
 and its greatest breadth, from Cape Egremont on the W., 
 to Cape Wai-Apoo or East Cape, about 275 miles; esti- 
 mated area, 48.710 square miles. Of tlie four peninsulas, 
 by far tlie most remarkable extends from Port Taurayga iu 
 the Bay of Plenty on the E., and Port Aotia on the \\ ., in 
 a N.N.W. direction for 280 miles. At its base the width is 
 not more than 55 miles, and near its extremity only about 
 8 miles. In its S. part, it is nearly cut througli by Ilauraki 
 Gulf or the Frith of Thames on the E., and Manukuo or 
 Symond.s' Harbor on the W. ; the only land whicli preserves 
 the continuity of tlie island being the narrow isthmus on 
 which, like that of ancient Corinth, the town of Auckland 
 has been built. Its AV. coast, with the exceptions already 
 mentioned, and the harbor of Kaipara, is almost a continu- 
 ous straight line, whereas the whole of the E. coast is a 
 constant succession of bays and promontories, including the 
 Bay of Islands, Wangari Bay, Wangarou Harbor, Doubtless 
 Bay, <S:c. The second of the four peninsulas stretches 
 E.N.E., between the Bay of I'lenty on tlie N., and Ilawke 
 Bay on the E. It is much more compact than the former, 
 having both a shorter length and a greater width ; and 
 besides llawke Bay itself, has no marked indentation, except 
 that of Poverty Bay on the E. The third peninsula forms 
 the S. extremity of the island, and stri'tches for 130 miles, 
 between Ilawke Bay and the W. part of Cook's Strait, to its 
 termination at Cape Palliser. The fourth peninsula, which 
 projects less than any of the other three, is, in some re- 
 spects, the most conspicuous of all, in consequence of con- 
 taining the lofty volcanic mountain of Egmont or Taranaki, 
 and being partly composed of the streams of lava which at 
 EOQie remote period have flowed from its sides. 
 
 The main body of the island, as well as its peninsulas, 
 has, for the most part, a very rugged and mountainous sur- 
 face; besides being traversed from S. to N. by a great moun- 
 tain chain, which takes successively the names of the Ran- 
 gitoto, the Kua Wahine, and the Tararua Jlountains, and 
 throws off several transverse branches. It presents a num- 
 ber of lofty, if^olatcd peaks, among which the most conspicu- 
 ous are Mount Edgecumbe, towering above the Bay of 
 Plenty to the height of 10.000 feet: and Mount Egmont, 
 which has a height of 8340 feet. Sedimentary rocks, chiefly 
 of gray amdstone, are often seen, both among the ridges of 
 the interior and on the coast, where they frequently form 
 precipitous cliffs ; but the far greater part of the rocks are 
 
 NEW 
 
 crystalline, and so evidently volcanic, that their sides have 
 all the appearance of continuous lava streams ; while the 
 intervening valleys and plains are in many instances lite- 
 rally covered with pumice-stones. In tlie truncated cone ot 
 Tongariro, situated at the height of 6200 feet, the volcanic 
 force is still active. Since 1846, numerous shocks of earth 
 quakes have lieen felt, particularly at Wellington, wher««, 
 in October, 1848, they were so violent as to shatter most of 
 the houses and public buildings. 
 
 Tlie streams whicli descend from the mountains are ex- 
 tremely numerous ; several of them are of considerable 
 extent, tliough in general tliey are mere mountain torrent*, 
 totally unfit for any navigable purjjose, both from the rac 
 pidity of their current, and the rugged nature of their 
 channel, and still more from the immense deposits of shin- 
 gle at their mouths. The largest of the rivers are th« 
 Waikato, augmented by the Waipa; and the Alauawatu. 
 The former rises in the snows and glaciers of Mount Kua- 
 pehu, (9000 feet high,) one of the loftiest summits of the 
 central cliaiu ; it flows circuitously N.N.W., and, after a 
 course of about 250 miles, discharges itself into Waikato 
 Harbor, on the W. coast. It is navigable for lUO miles by 
 vessels of 30 tons. The Slanawatu, rising in the .same cen- 
 tral chain, takes an opposite direction, and falls into Cook'g 
 Strait. At its mouth, it has a width of 300 yards at half- 
 tide ; but is encumbered by a liar which, at ebb, has net 
 more than 7 feet of water. Within, the channel deepens, 
 and is navigable by small vessels for 50 miles. The only 
 other considerable streams are the Wanganui, the I'akura- 
 tahi or Hutt, the Waiwairoa, the Itangitaiki. and Wakatane, 
 which fall into tlie Bay of PJenty ; and the Waiho or Thames. 
 Most of the streams have their sources in lakes, many of 
 them obviously filling the craters of extinct volcanoes; and 
 though generally not of great extent, are so embosomed 
 among mountains and magnificent forests, as to present 
 scenery of extraordinary grandeur and tieauty. Tlie largest 
 is Lake Taupo, of an irregular triangular shape, about 3($ 
 miles long by 25 miles broad, situated near the centre .if 
 the island. Abtjut 35 miles N.E. of it, is l,ftke Koto-itua, 
 which forms a nearly perfect circle of 8 miles in diameter; 
 and is remarkable for the number of hot springs w Iiich rise 
 close to its banks. Wairarapa, and several other lakes near 
 the S. extremity of the island, cover an area of about 60,000 
 acres. In the same locality is one of the most extensive plains 
 of the island, occupying an area of aliove 600 square miles. 
 
 New Muxsiek, Middle Island or Tavai Poknajioo, td-vi/ 
 poo'nd-moo', (Fr. Tavo'i-I'ounainuiou, td^vi/ jKMj^ndm'moo/, or 
 'Ihsiuanie-du-SiMl, tds'mi^nee' dii siid.) is of a much more 
 compact sliape, and may be considered as forming a paral- 
 lelogram, extending about 520 miles from N.N.E. to S.S.W., 
 with a medium breadth of 120 miles; area about 55.00^ 
 square miles. In tlie N., where it Is separated from New 
 Ulster by Cook's Strait, the surface is very rugged, and so 
 much resembles the opposite coiuit as to lead to the conclu- 
 sion that the two islands were at one time contiguous. 
 Except tlie N. coast, and a remarkable spur on the K. called 
 Banks' Peninsula, the coast-line presents but few indenta- 
 tions deserving of notice. The principal are Queen Char- 
 lotto's Sound, Admiralty Bay, and Blind Bay, with its 
 branch Massacre Bay in the N. ; .Millbrd Haven. Doubtful 
 Sound, Breadsea Sound, Dusky Bay, and Chalky Bay, a 
 number of narrow sea-arms, penetrating the land for sev^ 
 ral miles, in the S.W.; Tewywys Bay and Howell Port, on 
 I'oveaux Strait, in the S. ; and Port Otago or Otako, Akaro 
 Harbor in Banks' Peninsula ; and Pegasus Bay on the E. 
 Its interior, as far as it has been explored, presents physical 
 features similar to those of New Ulstor. It is traversed 
 from N. to S. by a lofty central cliain, which is evidently a 
 continuation of that which terminates on the opposite coast 
 of the northern island. This chain has an average height 
 of about 8000 feet* but Mount Cook, near the W. coast, in 
 lat. 4G° 30' S., has two peaks, the one 12,200 feet, and the 
 other 13,200 feet high. The geological structure of New 
 Munster is nearly identical with that of New Ulster. 
 The drainage of the island is effected by numerous streams 
 whicli flow directly E. or W. to the sea, and seldom lose the 
 character of Impetuous mountain torrents. 
 
 New Leinster, Sxewart Island or Rakiura, rd-ke-oo'rd, the 
 third island of the group, and far inferior in dimensions to 
 the other two, lies S. of New Munster, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by Foveaux Strait, about 15 miles wide. It is of a 
 triangular shape, about 46 miles long from N. to S.. with an 
 extreme breadth of 36 miles, and an area estimated at 1400 
 square mile.s. Its shores have a very pleasing appearance, 
 woods extending down to the water's edge, while numerous 
 bays, separated by rocky headlands, indent the coast. The 
 largest of these indentations are, I'aterson's Inlet, a noble 
 harbor on the N.E., and the fine harbor of Pegasus Bay on 
 the S.E. The interior is moiiutainous, but none of the 
 summits exceed 3200 feet. 
 
 A great number of smaller islands belong to the New 
 Zealand group, and are, for the most part, situated at a 
 short distance from the shores of the .North and Middle 
 Islands, though many surround the S. Island. The largest 
 of these are Otea or Great Barrier Island and Shoutnui'ou, 
 
 1337 
 
NEW 
 
 NGA 
 
 in the mouth, and Waiheki Roef, in the interior of the Frith 
 of Thiunrs- Kiipiti or Entry Island, In Cook's Strait; I>'Ur- 
 •fiUe at the N K. entrance of Wind Bay, Kesolution on the 
 p.W. const of the Middle Island, and the Snares on the 
 parallel of 48°, S.S.W. of New I.einster. 
 
 Geohifft/. — It is not probable, from the geological structure 
 of New Zealand, that minerals of much value will be disco- 
 vered. Rumors have repeatedly been heard of rich auriferous 
 deposits, but hitherto gold has not been found in suflRcient 
 quantity to render its extraction profitable. Copper-mines 
 have been opened in the vicinity of Auckland with satisfac- 
 tory results ; sulphur also is very abundant, and titanifer- 
 ous iron is found in various places. There are also indica- 
 tions of tin, lead, silver, bismuth, and nickel. 
 
 Climate. — The characteristic feature in the climates of both 
 the principal islands is humidity. At Auckland the annual 
 quantity of rain is 51.84 inches, whereas in New York it is 
 only about 33 inches. Throughout the N. Island, the mean 
 annual temperature calculated on observations made at the 
 Bay of Islands, Auckland, and Wellington, is rather more 
 than 6()°, and the range of the thermometer is very limited. 
 At the Bay of Islands it is only 20°, varying from 55° in the 
 coldest, to 75° in the warmest months, and at Wellington 
 22°, ranging between 48° and 70°. Sevei"al of the mount;iins 
 are covered with perpetual snow. The prevailing winds are 
 from the N.W. and the S.E., and are accompanied with 
 frequent hurricanes, particularly in Cook's Strait, which 
 acts as an immense funnel through which the tempest rages 
 almost without intermission, and at all seasons. The sum- 
 mer mouths of December and January, and the autumn 
 months of February, March, and April, are the driest. The 
 olimateon the whole is remarkably healthful. 
 
 VegeiUion. — New Zealand, with the adjoining groups of 
 Chatham, Auckland, and Macquarie, constitutes a botanic 
 centre from which a peculiar class of vegetable forms is sup- 
 posed to have issued. The species at present known are 632, 
 nearly equally divided between the monocotyledonous, the 
 cellular, and the dicotyledonous plants. To the cellular be- 
 long numerous varieties of alg(v, Hchens.fungi, and more espe- 
 cially ferns, which, replacing the ^)•a»l^)^«8of other countries, 
 form almost the only vegetation over immense districts. 
 Some of these are more than 30 feet high, and are remark- 
 able for the elegance of their forms. One of the most com- 
 mon is the IHeris esctdenta, the root of which is usetl as food 
 by the natives. Another remarkable plant of great econo- 
 mical value is the flax-plant, (Pliornmtm tenax,) which is 
 found in almost all situations, on the driest hills, in swamps, 
 and on the sea-shore, within reach of the spray. One 
 species of the Phormium has leaves 12 feet, and flower-stalks 
 80 feet long. The finest fl»x is obtained from a cultivated 
 ▼ariety. Of the dicotyledonous plants the most remarkalile 
 belong to the Oonifera and Taxuleee, and furnish valuable 
 de.scriptions of timber. Among others is the Kowrie, Kauri, 
 or Demara Aitstricus, with a smooth gray columnar trunk, 
 from 30 to 40 feet in circuit, and nearly of the same girth 
 through its whole height of from GO to 90 feet. It is con- 
 fined to a comparatively small part of the North Island, and 
 to land which seems specially rugged and unfertile. 
 
 Anitnals.— The animal kingdom is extremely limited. 
 Captain Cook found no trace of any quadrupeds except a 
 •ort of fox dog, and a few rats, and no others have since been 
 discovered. Of the animals which have been introduced, 
 the hog thrives best and multiplies prodigiously, finding 
 abundance of food in the fern root, and occasionally varying 
 it with the oysters and immense cockles strewn xipou the 
 ehore. AH the other common European quadrupeds appear 
 to be easily acclimated. Birds are not remarkable either for 
 variety, song, or plumage, but exhibit in the .\pterix, so called 
 from having no wings, one of the most curious and gigantic 
 class of birds in existence. New Zealand, however, appears 
 to be rich in remarkable fossils of birds. Of these the most 
 extraordinary is the Gigantic Moa, {Dinnmis Giganteus,) 
 Bome species of which must have been from 10 to 14 feet 
 high. The natives affirm that it is not extinct, and that 
 living specimens of it still exist in the almost inaccessible 
 forests of the interior. Several varieties of whales and seals 
 were abundant on the coasts when first visited ; but their 
 capture has been pursued so ruthlessly, without sparing the 
 breeding whale and her young, that the fisheries have been 
 almost destroyed. The coast still teems with minor fish, 
 among which one of the best is the Hapulca, resembling 
 the cod, and weighing from 10 to 70 lbs., and occasionally 
 100 lbs. •' 
 
 Commerce.. — The commerce of New Zealand is chiefly 
 carried on with Great Britain, the British colonies, and the 
 United States. The total value of imports in 1850 amounted 
 to 240.2U3L, and in 1851, to 349,53M.; exports in 1850, to 
 115.414?.. and in 1851 to 8i,158i!. Number of arrivals in 
 1850. 188 ve.ssels, tons 49.747; in 1851, 253 vessels, tons 
 67,85C; (38 vessels, tons 11,387, the former, and 57 vessels, 
 tons 19.055, the latter year, being'from the United States.) 
 Number of clearances in 1850, 194, tons 48.549; in 1851, 236, 
 tons 64.734. 
 
 Inhahitonts.—.'The natives of New Zealand, who are sup- 
 posed to belong to the Malay family, furnish some of the 
 
 finest specimens of the savage race. The men are t»P. 
 strong, and active; the women often haudsonie, and both 
 sexes are almost uniformly well sliajx^l. ^Vith the f xcep- 
 tion of cannibalism and infanticide, whicli, tliough oTice 
 common, have been almo.st extirpated, they Jiave either 
 never been addicted to, or have ceased to practise, the vices 
 common among savage tribes. Their dre.«s consi.^ts of 
 mats of various kinds, made from the native flax, braidei 
 by the hand; some are very co.arse, others finer than carpctK 
 ing. They are filthy in their habits, and Beldom bathe 
 themselves, or wa.«h their clothes, which are usually worn 
 till they drop ott' from age. The New Zealanders iiractise 
 tattooing, and form designs over their botliea of remarkable 
 elegance. They usually live in villages, or " pahs," situated 
 in many cases on an eminence, and generally .surrounded 
 by a palisade, sometimes strengthened so as to form a 
 tolerably strong defence against infantry. Though esteemed 
 intelligent, they evince much less skill than other islanders 
 of the South Pacific, in the construction of their houses, 
 which are small, low, begrimed with soot, aiid everywhere 
 abound with filth. The dwellings of the chiefs are generally 
 larger than those of the people, and are often ornamented 
 in front with rude and grotesque carviri.js. Owing to tlio 
 exertions of the missionaries who have l.ing lalxired among 
 them, the natives have generally exchanged their supersti- 
 tions for Christianity. 
 
 History. — New Zealand was fir.?t dis" overcd by Tasman, 
 in 1642. (whence this group, with aiiveial adjacent i.-slands, 
 is called by some of the French ^geographers, Tasmanie.) 
 Little, however, was known of it till the visits of C(X)k, in 
 1709 and 1774. The first permanent settlement was made in 
 1815, when a missionary station wa-T (f.taWi.-'hed in the Bay 
 of Islands. In 1840 it was erected into a colony, subordinate 
 to the government of Now South Wali.s, from which it was 
 formally separated in 1841, and placed, under its own inde- 
 pendent governor. The principal settlements yet made are 
 these of Auckland, (the capital.) New Plymouth and Well- 
 ington in New Ulster; and of Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago 
 in New Jlunster. The total population is estimated at 
 160.000. The white population in 1851, was 20.656, of whom 
 10.962 were in New Ulster, and 15.694 in New Munster. Of 
 
 the whites, 14.991 were males, and 11,660 females. Inhab 
 
 New Zka'lander. 
 
 NEW ZION, a post-ofiice of Sumter co.. South Carolina. 
 
 NEXOE, (Nexiie.) nJx'iiVh, a sf-aport towu of Denmark, 
 on the E. coast of the island of Bornholm. Pop. 14iX). 
 
 NEXON, nhx^dyt, a market-town of France, department 
 of Haxite-Vienne, 10 miles S. of Limoges. Pop. 2461. 
 
 NEY, nA, a post-oflfic« of Defiance co.. Ohio. 
 
 NEY, a small post-village of De Kalb co.. Illinois. 
 
 NEYVA or NEIVA, ni'e-vd, a town of South America, 
 New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, capital of a 
 province of its own name, on the Magdalen.a, at the influx 
 of the Neyva River, 132 miles S.W. of Bogota. It has a con- 
 siderable trade in cocoa ; the Indians also resort to it foi 
 knives, mirrors, and trinkets. It suffered severely from an 
 earthquake in 1827. 
 
 NEYVA or NEIVA, a town of Ilayti, 70 miles E. of Port- 
 au-Prince, in a plain watered by the river Neyva, which 
 enters Neyva Bay on the S, coast, aftc- a coui-se of 75 miles. 
 A small river of Portugal has this name. 
 
 NEZIIKEN or NEJIN, nA-zheen', written also NESCinN, 
 NIESIllN and NIl'JIN, a town of Russia, government and 
 86 miles S.S.E. of Tchernlgov, on the Oster. Pop. 16,000. It 
 is enclosed by ramparts, and has a cathedi'al. numerou? 
 other churches, some convents, a hospital, a high school, 
 and a college founded in 1789; also manufactures of soap, 
 leather, presei-ves, and liquors. 
 
 NEZ PERCfi. nA p^R'si', (usually pronounced nay per'cy,) 
 or SAPTIN INDIANS, a tribe dwelling in the eastern part 
 of Oregon, between Clark's River, and the N. branch of 
 Saptin or Lewis River. The name, ?!aj percS, signifies, in 
 French, "pierced nose." There does not. however, appear 
 to be any peculiarity in their customs to justify this apjiel- 
 lation. 
 
 NGAMI, n'gJ'mee, a lake In the interior of South Africa, 
 about lat. 20° 30' S., Ion. 23° E. It has been known vaguely 
 from report ever since the establishment of intercourse be- 
 tween the Cape Colony and the Bechuanas. N. of the rivei 
 Orange. In June, 1849, Mr. Cotton Oswell and the Rev. Daniel 
 Livingstone, travelling northward, came upon the Zooga, 
 (Zouga,) a river which flows from the lake alwiit 250 miles, 
 irregularly E. and S.E., until it spreads out into a lagoon, 
 and is wastdl in the sands. Following this river upwards, 
 they arrived at the village of the Batooani. a branch of thu 
 Bamangwato tribe, who are settled on Lake Nirami, in lat 
 20° 23' S., Ion. 23° 30' E. From the shores of the lake, S.W 
 of the village, no land could be descried over it to the W. 
 and N.W. Northwards, its width seemed to be 14 miles. 
 The natives stated that it was a three days' journej', 
 (about 75 miles,) along its S. and W. shore, to the point 
 where a river enters it from the N.W. This river (the Tso) 
 flows so rapidly, that canoes cannot ascend it by paddling. 
 The Zooga, issuing from the lake, is at first a tiny rivr, 
 from 300 to 500 yards wide ; lower down, it becomus arrow r, 
 
NGA 
 
 NIA 
 
 witli hiij'i banks; again it spreads out, divides into rlTulets, 
 and di&upfK.'ar.'i in the plain. 
 
 The Oanks of tlie Zooga are generally of a calcareous tufa, 
 a,nd are lined with trees of stately growth ; some of these 
 appear to be varieties of the Uaobab, (Adansonia ;) with 
 wliicli are also banyans, like those of India; and Palmyra 
 palms, t-onie of the native tribes make cloth of two kinds 
 of cuttiiii, the produce of a tree and bush, and dye it with 
 the iudi.i^o that grows wild everywhere. 
 
 The boatmen of the lake, who chiefly inhabit its banks 
 and islands, are of Hottentot race, apparently from the W. 
 coasts, iiud are called Uakhoba, (serfs;) and also ]$atletle or 
 Uaclecle, evidently a ISechuana attempt to utter the Hot- 
 tentot clucking sound, f/ar/a, (men.) These liakhoba are 
 describetl as superior to the 15echuana in vigor and intel- 
 ligence. The people alx)Ut the lake and further N. live, to 
 a great extent, on fish, which are brought down in abun- 
 dance by the floods. The Bakhoba possess well-made nets, 
 their cordage being spun of wild flax. The root of a kind 
 of flag, |K>unded, yields a farinaceous substance, not much 
 inferior to wheaten flour. The tuberous root of a water-lily 
 is among the articles of food. Besides garden produce, wild 
 fruits, and fish, the natives have also game in plenty, (chiefly 
 anteloijes, hijjpoix)tami, and elephants,) taken in pit-falls 
 along the river. 
 
 The natives stilted to the company that Ngami was merely 
 a reservoir for the surplus waters of a periodic»lly iuundated 
 couutry, about 200 miles further ou, which country they 
 designate by the name of Lipokanoka or " riverg on rjvers." 
 In 1851, therefore, the same enterprising travellers, starting 
 from Kolobeng, a missionary station on one of the sources 
 of the Limpopo, directed their course N.. and, crossing 
 extensive salt-pans, in wliii-h the Zooga seems to termin,ate, 
 arrived at the banks of the Cholw, in lat. 18° 20' S., Ion. 20° 
 E., above 2000 miles from Cape Town. This river, from 12 
 to 15 feet deep, is connected with I.iake Ngami by a canal or 
 transverse channel, named Tamunakle. About 100 miles 
 N.E. of the Cholje, is Sesheke, situated in lat. 17° 28' S., on a 
 large river, from 300 to 500 yards wide, with a great volume 
 of water. Fifty miles above 8esheke, on this river, stands 
 Barotse, the capital of the chief, who is called Sibatoani. 
 Below Sesheke, (Sandbanks,) the river .is joined by the 
 Chdbe; and at the distance of 80 miles, forcing its way 
 through hills, it is precipitated over rocks ; the falls being 
 named Mosi wa thunya, (or Hearing A'apors.) It afterwards 
 receives another river, the Mauinchi, from the N., and then 
 takes the name of Zabeza or Zambeze. All these rivers, 
 namely, the Maninchi, Se.sheke, Chobe, with the Teoge and 
 Tso flowing into Lake Ngami, are represented as being con- 
 nected together by transverse canals, which form one system 
 of waters of great extent, the breadth of the region inter- 
 sected being at lea.st 400 miles. Very little rain falls in the 
 couutry near Lake Ngami, aud the rivers are never affected 
 by it. Here, as in Egypt, the floods descend in the dry 
 season. The waters begin to rise in June, and reach their 
 greatest height in the beginning of August. Tlie source of 
 the Se.shuke, according to the natives, is in Lobale, the same 
 country from which the Lulua, the main branch of the 
 Zaire, itesaoiils in the opposite direction. 
 
 In 1802, I>ake Nga/ini was again visited by a tratling party. 
 The oxen. 37 in number, wagons, and other baggage, were 
 conveyed in canoes, along the river Zooga, 300 miles, to the 
 lake. The party walked round the lake, and found it to be 
 CO mile.s in length, aud 1-1 miles broad. The river Teoge, 
 one of its aflluents, was also ascended for about 150 miles, 
 when the ravages of the Tsetse fly among the cattle com- 
 pelled a return. Everywhere were found traces of Portu- 
 guese traders. 
 
 NGAXAITI. South Pacific. See Bvam M.^rtis's Island. 
 
 NGAX-UOEI, ngJu^ho-i/, or GAN-IIWAY, gdn^hwA/, an 
 inland ))rovince of China, between lat. 29° and 34° N.. and 
 Ion. ll.j° and 119° E., enclosed by Kiang-soo, Che-kiang, 
 Kiang-see, Hoope, and Hoo-nan. Pop. 34.1(58.059. Surface 
 mostly plain, and traversed by the rivers Yang-tse-kiang, 
 iind the Hoai-ho, with its affluents. The products com- 
 prise the precious metals, copper, salt, green tea from 
 the S. districts, to from 6 to 7 million taels annually, 
 ink, varnish, and other produce. 
 
 NOAN-KIXG, ngSn^kiug', the capital of the above pro- 
 vince, is ICO miles S.S.W. oi Nanking. 
 
 NGOIJI^'.A, or NGOOSA, ngoo\sd', a small town of Algerian 
 Sahara, oasis and 19 miles N.E. of Onargla, lat. 32° 22' N., 
 Ion. 4° 20' E., defended by a wall crowned by 23 or 30 small 
 square forts, and entered by 5 gates. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NGUNUAVAM. ngun^ldVdm', a town on Viti Levu. one 
 of the Feejee Islands, near lat. 18° S., Ion. 178° W. In 1848, 
 it was vi.sited by Captaiu Worth, of the Engli.sh war vessel 
 Calypso, to demand the delivery of the murderers of two 
 Europeans; which being refused, the town was bombarded 
 and I'Urneil down. 
 
 NH.i-TliAXG, ni-trang'. NUIATRAXG, ne-aHrdng', or 
 YATP..\.XG, yi'trang', a seaport town of Anam, capital of a 
 province, with a good harbor at a river's mouth, in lat. 12'' 
 19' X., Ion. 109° 20' E. 
 
 NIIO, no or n'hof. written also NOUH, noo, a town of 
 
 British India, district of Agra, lat. 27° 51' N., Ion. 77° 3,V± 
 It has a manufactory of salt from springs in its vicinity. 
 
 NIAGARA, ni-ag'a-rah,* (originally ne-it-gd'ra, or rathf 
 nee-d'gd'rd',) a river of North America, forwiing the outlet o. 
 Lake Erie, and a part of the boundary between the UnitH 
 States and Canada. It commences at Black Hock, 2 U)iles N 
 of Buffalo, and, flowing northward, enters J^ake Ontario after 
 a course of about 34 miles. About 3 miles below its south- 
 ern extremity it divides into two arms, which embrace an 
 island, called Grand Island, 12 miles long, and from 2 to 7 
 miles wide. Two or three miles below Grand Island, the 
 entire waters of the Niagara are precipitated over a ledge 
 of rocks about 160 feet in perpendicular height, forming the 
 Niagara Falls, the most stupendous cataract on the globe. 
 The rapids above the falls have a descent of 57 feet in about 
 half a mile. See New York, page 1327. The river is navi- 
 gable 7 miles to liewiston, and above the falls for small 
 boats from the old Fort Schlosser to Lake Erie, near 20 miles, 
 Two miles below the cataract the river is spanned by a mag- 
 nificent suspension bridge, 800 feet in length. See Sus- 
 
 PKNSIOX BtilDQE. 
 
 NIAGARA, a county in the W. part of Ngw York, has an 
 area of about 490 square miles. It is bounded on the X. by 
 Lake Ontario, \V. by Niagara River, and 8. by Tonnewanda 
 Creek, and is drained by Willinks and Tuscarora Creeks. 
 The surface is undulating in some parts, in others nearly 
 level. The soil is generally fertile. Extensive beds of gyp- 
 sum, or plaster, have been discovered. The county is tra- 
 versed by the Erie Canal, and by the Rochester Lockport 
 and Niagara Falls, and the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Rail- 
 roads, and partly Intersected by several shorter lines. Or- 
 ganized in 1808, having been formed out of part of Genesee 
 county, and named from Niagara River and Falls, which 
 arc situated on its western borders. Capital, Lockport. 
 Pop. 50,399. 
 
 NIAGARA, a town.ship of Niagara county. New Y^ork, on 
 the river of its own name, 16 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 
 6603. 
 
 NIAGARA, formerly NEW/AHK, Canada West, the capital 
 of the unito<l counties of Lincoln and Welland, situated in 
 Lincoln co., on Lake Ontiirio. at the mouth of Niagara River, 
 36 miles from Toronto, and 60 miles from Hamilton. It 
 contains several stores and hotels. Pop. 3000. Niagara it 
 an electoral district, returning one member to the Provin- 
 cial I'arliament. 
 
 NIAG.\H.\ FALLS, » post-village of Niagara county, New 
 York, is situated in the immediate vicinity of tlie great 
 cataract, to which circumstance it owes its origin and in- 
 crease. Distance from Buffalo by railroad, 22 miles; from 
 Rochester, 76 miles. It contains 1 Catholic and 4 Protestant 
 churches. 2 dry-goods stures, and 8 hotels, of which 2 are 
 styled "first class;" also a paper-mill, iron-foundry, a flonr- 
 ing-mill, and 2 largo imldic school-hou.ses. Three or four 
 railroails meet at this point. Population in 1866, estimated 
 at 3000. See Si:gPENKioN Bridge. 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS or FALLS OF NIAGARA. See Nbw 
 York, page 1327. 
 
 NIAMREI, ne'dm-ri' or ne-Sm-ri/e, a large village of 
 West Africa, 25 miles E. by S. of the mouth of the SenegaL 
 Pop. about 3500. 
 
 NIANGUA, ne-ang/gwj, a river of Missouri, rises near the 
 S.E. corner of Dallas co., and, flowing nearly northward, 
 falls into the Osage at Erie, Camden county. It receives the 
 Little Niangua from the left, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 NIAXT'IC, Connecticut, a station ou the New Ilbven and 
 New London Railroad, 10 miles from New London. 
 
 NIAS, or POOLO-XIAS, poo'-lo-ne'^s/, an isUcd of the 
 Malay Archipelago, and one of the largest skirting the W. 
 coast of Sumatra; lat. 1° 30' N., Ion. 97° 16' E. Length 
 70 miles, average breadth 16 miles. The soU is fertile, and 
 produces large quantities of rice. On its E. coa.ft is a village 
 or town of the same name. 
 
 NIAUMELSAKAS, ne-Ow-niJl-si/kds, a r<!markable watei^ 
 fall, Sweden, on the LuleS, la'n of North Bothnia. The 
 river, where about 400 yards broad, procipitates itself over a 
 height of above 100 yards. During winter an immense arch 
 of ice is formed over the fall, and adds to its magnificence. 
 
 * It is a remarkable confirmation of the position laid down in 
 our Introduction, (saction II., 0))S.,) tliat " scarcely an instance 
 can be pointed out wherein anv good poet lias misaccentuated 
 a name with the sonnd of whiefi he ivas familiar;" that Moore, 
 the only eminent English poet that has been in America, and 
 visited Niagara, is the only one (so far as we are aware) who 
 has pronounced this name with its proper aocent, thereby au- 
 thorizing the oonclusion that those who have accentuated it 
 differently, have done so through ignorance, aud not from care- 
 lessness, or in virtue of that imaginary prerogative styled a 
 "poet's license." The name in qnestion occurs several times in 
 Moore's poems, and afways with the same accent ; but we select 
 the following passage, as showing his accentuation in a manner 
 so clear as to leave not the least room for doubt, or equivocation : 
 " 1 could fancy, almost, he and I were a pair 
 Of unhappy young lovers, who thus side by side 
 Were taking, instead of rope, pistol, or dagger, a 
 Desperate dash down the fails of Niagtirn." 
 
 J\ulge Family in i'ari*— I-ettor V 
 13;W 
 
NIA 
 
 inATTi, niMiwR', or AXGOUR, Jn-goor'. the most W. of 
 the I'elew Islauds, North Pacific; lat. G° 53' 55" X., Ion. 134° 
 6' 24' E. Length, from N.E. to S.AV.. about 4 mile*. 
 
 IVIAZEPJiTKOVSlv, ne-d-zi-pi-troTsk/, a market-town of 
 Russia, government of Perm, on the Oofa, 80 miles K.S.K. of 
 Krasno-Oofimsk, with extensive iron works. 
 
 K lliBI.A.NO, nil»-be-d'no, a village of Northern Italy, sitatt- 
 te(I S miles S. of Piacenza. Pup. 7*20. 
 
 NIBBIAXO, a village of Lombardy, delegation and 10 
 miles U.S.E. of Como. 
 
 NIBE, nee'bA, a town of Denmark, province of Jutland, 
 12 miles \V..S.W. of Aalborg. on the Lymfiord. Pop. 1200. 
 
 NIIVLEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 NICiEA, North Italy. See Nice. 
 
 NIC.EA, a city of Asia Minor. See Izseek. 
 
 KICAR.\GUA, (nik-ar4'gwd,) REPUBLIC OF, formerly a 
 state in the Ceutral American Confederation, from which it 
 withdrew in 1852; extends from the Bay of Conchagua, on 
 the Pacific Ocean, to the Mosquito territory, mostly from 
 lat 11° to 13° 45' N., Ion. 83° 40' to 87° 35' W.; h.aving W. 
 the North Psicific Ocean, E. the Caribbean Sea and part of 
 the Mosquito territory, N. the state of Honduras and San 
 Salvador, and S. Costa Rica ; area about 39,000 square miles. 
 A range of hills run along its 'VV. coast, at the distance of a 
 few miles from the sea, attaining no great height until they 
 approach the confines of Costa Rica, where they ri.se to an 
 elevation of from 5000 to ll,tK)0 feet. Between this ridge 
 and the lakes of Nicaragua and Leon, the land is moderately 
 level ; but along the borders of Honduras and San Salvador, 
 lofty ridges again occur, running in various ilirections. The 
 central part of the state is occupied by a vast plain, known 
 as the plain of Nicaragua, comprising the lake of the game 
 name. There are several volcanoes in the state, all towards 
 the sea, standing alone, or but slightly connected with the 
 main ridge ; but none of them are of any great elevation, 
 the highest probably not much exceeding 6000 feet. There 
 are numerous rivers ; but none, except the San Juan, are of 
 much navigable importance; the principal are the Segovia 
 or Kscondido, the Lama or Siquia, all flowing K, The lakes 
 are Nicarairua and Ijeon or Slanagua. Veins of silver and 
 copper, however, exist in many parts, but they remain 
 almost all of them either unexplored, or only superficially 
 worked. Gold. also, is said to occur. 
 
 The climate is, on the whole, healthy, though various. 
 In the interior and mountainous parts, the temperature is 
 more dry and cool than on the coasts, where it is hot, and 
 rather approaching to humid. By far the greater portion 
 of Nicaragua consists of plains and gentle slopes, formed of 
 a rich black loam. Agriculture, however, is at a very low 
 ebb, and but a small portion of the land is made available. 
 The productions are indigo, of which from 800 to 1000 
 Reroons are manufactured yearly; sugar, coffee, cocoa, and 
 cotton, the last of superior quality, and formerly raised in 
 large quantities, but now almost wholly neglected. Maize, 
 rice, beans, and plantains, the staple food of the people, are 
 raised in abundance, and sold very cheap. Some wheat, 
 al-'o, is grown in the mountainous and cooler parte of the 
 country. Fruits of various kinds are plentiful, including 
 excellent oranges and lemons. One of the principal sources 
 of wealth consists in cattle, of which there are great num- 
 bers in all parts, particularly in the districts on the E. side 
 of the lake, where extensive and excellent pasturage is met 
 with. The chief exports are indigo. Brazil-wood, and hides. 
 The imports of British and North American manufactures 
 are estim.<ited in value at $100,000 annually, the British im- 
 ports forming two-thirds of the whole. Some silks, gloves, 
 and wines, are received from France; linens and glasswares 
 from Germany; the other imports are chiefly from Peru, 
 Chili, &c. The chief cities are Leon, (the capital.) Granada, 
 and Nicaragua. Principal port, Realejo. Owing to perpe- 
 tual revolutions, this has become the most wretched and 
 impoverished stjite of Central America, and in 1846, its an- 
 nual public revenue was estimated at only $50,000. Pop. in 
 1850. estimated at 235.000. 
 
 NICAR.AGUA, a town of the Republic of Nicaragua, on 
 the W. shore ut Lake Nicaragua, 38 miles S.E. of Granada. 
 Pop., upwards of SiXK) 
 
 NICAKAGUA, LAKE. (Sp. Lago de yicaragua, Id'go di 
 ne-kd-ri/gwi.) an extensive sheet of water, in the republic 
 of same name. Centrsd America. 90 miles long from N.W. 
 to S.E.; greatest breadth 40 miles: mean breadth 30 miles; 
 128 feet above the Pacific, from which it is separated by a 
 line of active volcanoes. The river San Juan de Nicaragua 
 flows from its S.E. extremity into the Cariblwan Sea. and. 
 at its N.W. extremity. It is connected with the smaller lake 
 of .Managua or l^eon, by the river Penalova. About 100 
 yards from the beach, there is generally a depth of about 2 
 fathouiE ; in other parts, all the intermediate .soundings 
 between 5 and 15 fathoms are found. Water-fowl and ex- 
 cellent fish are abundant: alligators, also, of great size, are 
 numerous. It contains some islands and several groups of 
 islets, all of volcanic origin, of the former. Zapatera. Ome- 
 tepe. and .Madora. are the largest, being several miles in 
 circuit T'.apatera is mountainous, rising nearly to atOO feet 
 in height, and is uninhabited; but Ometepe is occupied by 
 
 NIC 
 
 an industrious race of Indians, who raise maize. Ac, and 
 possess some cattle. Jliidera is joined to Omete|)e by a low 
 neck of land, which is fre«iueutly overflowed ; in fo-m, it id 
 a huge mound of more than 4000 feet high, covered with 
 cediir-wood. The islets are generally conicaliu shape, and 
 seldom exceed 3 or 4 acres in area; they are covered with 
 verdure, and on many of them are cultivated patches of 
 ground; and on such, generally crowning their summits, 
 relieved by a dense green background of plantations, aad 
 surrounded by palms and the papaya with its great, golden 
 fruit, are the picturesque cane huts of the inhabitants. On 
 one of the smaller islands. Pensacola, numerous relics of 
 antiquity have been recently found, consisting of huge, 
 elaborately-^culptu^ed stones, massive idols, and figures of 
 monstrous animals. The material is. in every case, black 
 basalt and the cutting exhibits great freedom and skill; in 
 workmanship and style differing materially from those of Yu- 
 catan. It has long lieen contemplated to establish through 
 it a navigable communication, by means of a .ship canal, be- 
 tween the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A contract for this 
 undertaking was entered into on the 27th of August. 1849, 
 between th(j Republic of Nlcara-;rua and the Atlantic and Pa- 
 cific Ship Canal Company of New York : but. owing to the in- 
 terference of the British government the work has not been 
 commenced. The estimated cost of the canal was $20,000,000; 
 and the time neccssarv for its completion 12 years. 
 
 NICAR.A^GUA, SANJUAN DE. See Gbet Towx. 
 
 NIC.UIIA or NIKARIA, ne-kd-rec/l (anc. /iyana or 
 Ica'ria.) an island of the Grecijm Archipelago, belonging to 
 Turkey, 12 miles W. of Samos; lat 37" 35' N.. Ion. 20° 10' K 
 Area 50 square miles. Pop. 1000. It is famous in mj-thology 
 for the death near it of Icarus, after his reputed aerial tlight, 
 (whence its name.) 
 
 NiC.\STRO, nt^k.i.s'tro. a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra, capital of a district, on the W. side of the 
 Apennines, 24 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 10.000. It is strag- 
 gling and mean, but enclosed by walls, outside of which are 
 many olive grounds and orchards. In its castle. Henry, the 
 son of the Emperor Frederick II.. was confined. It is an 
 archbishop's see. Near it are some mineral baths. It 
 sutfered greatly by the earthquake of 1(88. 
 
 NlC.W.Vltl. one of the Nicobar Islands. See C.^mort.v. 
 
 NIC'COITOO', a post-village of Arkansas co., Arkansas. 
 
 NICE, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Izneek. 
 
 NICE, neess, (Ital. i\'i«a, nit'si;anc. jVi'Cff'u.) an episco- 
 pal city and seaport of Italv, Sardinian States, OS miles 
 S.W. of Turin, lat. 43° 42' N.. Ion. 7° 17' E. It is beautifully 
 situated near the French frontier, in a small plain, which it 
 almost covers, at the foot of the Maritime .Alp's. The waters 
 of the Mediterranean wash its walls on the 8. ; on the N. 
 and the E. the mountiins enclose it, in the form of an am- 
 phitheatre, (and on the W. it is bounded by the Paglion.) 
 The highest in the rear is crowned by an old "castle. enclo.«ed 
 by bastionod walls. The city is divided into the old and new 
 town. The streets of the former are narrow and mean-look- 
 ing, compared with those of the latter, in which the liouses 
 look handsome, being more nuKlern, and painted externally 
 in fresco. Nice has two noble squares, one of them surrounded 
 with porticoes; and adjacent to the other is a raised terriice, 
 which serves as a defence for the town against the sea. and 
 affords a delijrhtful promenade. The Cathe<^lral or church is 
 in the ordinary Italian style, nor have any of the other 
 churches any peculiar architectural merit There are a 
 theatre, hospital, public library, baths, &c.. and a pretty 
 large library, containing manuscripts. Nice possesses some 
 silk, cotton, and paper mills; many oil-mills, and small 
 manufactures of tobacco, leather, soap, and paper. The har- 
 bor or port lies three-fourths of a mile E. of the Paglion ; it is 
 small, and open to the S.E. Betwe»m the piers are only 15 
 feet water, and the anchorage before the town is unsafe. 
 The exports consist principally of oil. wine, and .silk, with 
 essences, perfumes, &c. The number of vessels that entered 
 the port in 1840 was 2600, tonnage 155.764; cleared in the 
 same year, 2583; tonnage 153.635. Nice is much resorted 
 to in winter by foreigners, particularly English, whose num- 
 bers have been estimated at from 5000 to 6tKX), befides 
 French, Germans, Russians, and Poles, and for whom ample 
 accommodation is provided. Nice was ceded, with some ad- 
 jacent territory, to France about 1861, and is now the capital 
 of the de]iartmcnt of the Maritime Aljis. It is the birth- 
 place of the painter Vanloo, and the astronomer Cassiui. 
 Marshal Massena was born in its vicinity. Pop. 25,000. 
 
 NICEPHORIUM. See Rakka. 
 
 NICER. See Nkck.\r. 
 
 NICHOLAS, nik'o-lfis. a county in the central part of W. 
 Virginia, has an area of 600 square miles. The Kanawha 
 River washes its S.W. border; it is traversed from E. to W. 
 by the Gauley River, and also drained by Me.iduw Itirer 
 and Buffalo Creek. The surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 and covered with extensive forests. A large part of the 
 land is unproductive. A railroad is projected, which, when 
 finished, will connect the county with the Ohio River. 
 Formed in IRIS. Capittl, Summerville. Pop. 4627, of whom 
 4473 were free. 
 
 NICHOLAS a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, ha« 
 
NIC 
 
 NIE 
 
 an area estimated a< 300 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Licking Kiver proper, and bounded on the S.W. by the 
 South Licking. The surface is diversified; tlie S. part of 
 the county i.s gently undulating, and very productive; the 
 other parts are more broken. Tlie surface rock is limestone 
 of goal quality. The county is intersected by the railroad 
 liitely coiuniunced between Maysville and Lexington. On 
 the bank of Licking Kiver, la this county, is the JSlue Lick 
 Spring, a watering-place of much celebrity. Formed in 
 17'J'J, and named in honor of Colonel Ueorge Nicholas, an 
 oiiicer in the war of the Revolution. Capital, Carlisle. I'op. 
 ll,0;'.O. (if whom WlTi were free, and 161-1 slaves, 
 
 NICHOLAS, a town of i'lacer county, California, situated 
 on tlie left bank of Feather Kiver, below the mouth of Bear 
 Kiver, and 35 miles iu a straight line nearly N. of Sacra- 
 mento City. 
 NlCUdLAS COURT HOUSE. See Summerville. 
 NICII'OL ASTON, a parish of South ^Valus, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 NICIIOLASVILLE, nik'o-las-vil, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Jessamine county, Kentucky, on a small affluent of 
 Kentucky Kiver, and on the railroad and turnpike from Lex- 
 ington to Dauville, 12 miles S. of the former. Tlie surround- 
 ing country is fertile and well cultivated. It contains a fine 
 court-house, 4 churches, 2 academies, and a deposit bank. 
 I'upillation, SCO. 
 
 MCIIUI^FOREST, nik/pl for'est, a chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Cumljerlaiid. 
 
 NICHOLS, nik'ylz, a post-village and township of Tioga 
 CO.. New Vork, on the Susquehanna Kiver, about 8 miles 
 S.W. of Owego. Pop. 19.32. 
 
 NICHOLSON, nik'9l-E9n, a township of Fayette co., Penn- 
 aylvania. Pop. 1323. 
 
 NICHOLSON, a post-township forming thp N.E. extremity 
 of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1141. 
 
 MCIK )LSON KIVEll, North Australiii, flows into the Gulf 
 of Carpentaria, W. of Albert Kiver. It was discovered by Dr. 
 Leichhardt. 
 
 NICHOLSON'S STOKE, a post-office of Choctaw co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 NICHOLSON VILLE, nikVl-89n-vil, a post-office of Putnam 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 NICHOLSVILLE, nik'plz-vil, a post-village of St. Law- 
 riuce CO., New York, on the E. branch of St. Kegis River, 
 about 31 miles E. by N. of Canton. 
 
 NICHOLSVILLE, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on 
 the ro.ad from Batavia to the Ohio River, about 24 miles E. 
 of Cincinnati. 
 NICK'ATONN a post-office of Penobscot co., Ulaine. 
 NICK'ELLS MILLS, a post-office, Monroe co.,W.Virginia. 
 NICK'ELSVILLE, a post-offlce of Scott co.. Virginia. 
 NICKEKIE, nik'ki-h-ree\ a district of Dutch Guiana, 
 forming the W. portion of Surinam, on the banks of the 
 Corentyu and the shores of the Atlantic. It is chiefly in- 
 habited by English and Scotch settlers. 
 
 NICKOL.\r. nik'ko-lr\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 58 miles 
 S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 3320. 
 
 NIC'OBAK' ISLANDS, (called by the Malays, Ptmht ,Samhil- 
 hng, poo'lo sdm-bil-loug/, " Nine Islands,") a group of islands 
 iu the Indian Ocean, S. of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. (5° 
 40' and 9° 30' N., and Ion. 92= 50' and 94"^ E. They consti- 
 tute, with the -indamaiis, the extension of the great volca- 
 nic band of Sumatra and Java. In the S. group, Great 
 Nicobar has an area of 1258 square miles, and Little Nico- 
 lj!ir 86 square miles. Caniorta, Chowry, and the other 
 islands of the N. group, are all smaller. They are all 
 covered with trees, and very fertile, yielding in abundance 
 cocoa-nuts, oranges, sugar, tobacco, and bamboos. The ani- 
 mals comprise .scorpions, crocodiles, serpents, rats, pigs, dogs, 
 and cats. Mean annual temperature, 70° Fahrenheit. The 
 islands are exposed to frequent hurricanes ; the rainy sea- 
 son lasts for nine months, and the unusual phenomenon of 
 frequent rain iu the dry season (from December to February) 
 renders them most unhealthy. Repeated attempts at colo- 
 ni/,alion have failed, on occount of the prevalence of yellow 
 fever. The group belongs to Denmark. 
 NICOJACK, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee. 
 NICOJACK CAVE. See Oeokgi.\, " Objects of Interest to 
 Tourids.'^ page 741. 
 
 NICOLAS-b'ALIERMONT, nee'ko'U' ddne-jB^mAN"', a 
 town of France, department of Seiue-Inferieure, 6 miles 
 S.E. of Dieppe. Pop. 1956. 
 NIC'OLA'US, a post-town of Sutter co., California. P. 556. 
 NICOLET, nee'ko'lA.'(?) a central county of Canada East, 
 scmprises an area of 487 square miles. The Becancour River 
 Intersects this county, and the St. Lawrence washes its N. 
 torder. Capital, Nicolet. Pop. 19.057. 
 
 NICOLICT, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 
 84 miles N.N.E. of Montreal. It contains several stores, 
 hotels, and a mill. It has a college, with about 130 pupils. 
 NICOLLET, nikVli', a county in the S. central part of 
 Miri »es<-)ta, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is 
 bouide.l on the E. by the Minnesota or St. Petei-'s River, 
 and on tUe S.W. by the same river. The county contains 
 several small lakes. The surface is undulating or level; 
 
 the soil in some parts is productive. This county is not 
 included in the census of 1850. Capital, St. Peter. Popu- 
 lation, 3773. 
 
 NICOLLET LAKE, a small lake in the E. part of Ynab 
 (Juab) county, Utah, about 125 miles S.AV. of Salt Lake City. 
 Length 26 miles; greatest breudth 12 miles. It receives 
 the watere of Nicollet Kiver, but has no outlet. 
 
 Nl(^(tLOSI, ne-ko-lo'see: a town of Sicily, 8 miles N.W. of 
 Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna. Pop. 3ti00. 
 NICO.MEDIA. See IsMEEi/. 
 NICON'ZA, a post-office of Miami CO., Indiana. 
 NICOPOLIS, ne-kop/o-lis, N1C(J1*ULI, ne-kop/o-le, or NICO- 
 POL, ne-ko'pel, (anc. yicoj>>oUs ad Js'trum.) a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, Bulgaria, capital of a sanjak, on the Danube, 
 50 miles W.ofKoostchook. Pop. estimated at lO.OOO. It wh.« 
 founded by Trajan, and occupies a height enclosed by ram- 
 parts, mounting large cannon, and further defended by a 
 castle. It has some large edifices, mo.squos, balhs, Ac, but 
 is generally ill-built, and its trade is not thriving. Here 
 the Turks defeated the Hungarians under Sigismund, 28th 
 September, 1396. 
 
 NICOPOLIS, an ancient city of Epirus; it? remains, con- 
 sisting of a theatre and an amphitheatre, are situated 
 about 3 miles N. of Prevesa. 
 NICOl'OLIS, a town of European Turkey. See Tikxova. 
 NICOPOIjIS, a town of Turkey. See Prevksa. 
 N1C0PO1..LS, a town of fulestine. See Emmaus. 
 NICOSI.\, ne-ko-see'd, a city of Sicily, 14 miles N.E. of 
 Castrogiovanni. Pop. 13,000. It has several church(>s and 
 convents, but few manufactures, and trade in the cattle 
 and corn of the fertile surrounding district. 
 NICOSIA, the capital city of Cyprus. See Lefkosia. 
 NICOTEKA, ne-ko-ti^rd, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra 11., near the Gulf of Gioja, 13 miles S.W. of 
 Tropea. Pop. 3800. It consists of an upper town, with a 
 castle and an epi.«copal palace, and a lower town, chiefiy 
 inhabited by fishermen. It was partially destroyed by the 
 earthiiuake of 1783. 
 
 NlCOi'A, ne-ko'yd, a peninsula, bay, river, and two towns 
 of Central America, state of Costa Jiica. The peninsula, in 
 lat. O-* 40' N., Ion. 85'^ W., bounding westward I lie bay which 
 receives the river; and the two towns respectively fo miles 
 W.N.W. and 96 miles W. of Cartage; the latter on the 
 peninsula, with 3000 inhabitants, engaged in weaving, ship- 
 building, and trading iu sugar, &c. 
 
 NICUM.-V.\, ne-koo-mdii/, or NIMEN, ne-min', a river of 
 China, province of Mantchooria. rises near lat, 52'^ N,, Hows 
 .S.S.W., and joins the Amoor after a course of aljout 220 
 miles. Its chief tributary is the Tcholanki, which joins it 
 on the right. 
 
 NIDA. nee'dd. a river of Russian Poland, flowing S.S.E., 
 joins tlie Vistula on the left, after a course of 75 miles, partly 
 navigable. 
 
 NIDAU or NYDAU, nee'dow, a town of Switzerland, can- 
 ton and 16 miles N.W. of Bern, at tlie N. extremity of the 
 Lake of Bieune. Pop. 1228. 
 
 NIDU, a parish of England, co. of York, AVest Riding. 
 NIDDA. nid'dd, a river of Central Germany, after a S.W. 
 course of 50 miles, joins the Main, at Hochst, 8 miles W. 
 of Fnmkfort. 
 
 N1DD.\, a walled town of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of 
 Ober-IIessen, on the Nidda, 19 miles S.E. of Giessen. Pop. 
 1871. 
 
 NIDDER, nid'der, a river of Germany, rises in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, flows S.W., and joins the Nidda 7 miles N.E. of 
 Frankfort. Total course 45 miles. 
 
 NID/DKY, a village of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, 2 miles 
 W. of Kirkliston, on the Union Canal and the Edinburgh 
 and Glasgow Railway. 
 
 NID-ELV, nid-^lv, a river of Norway, after a S.W. course 
 of about 70 miles falls into the Skager Rack, opposite to the 
 island of Tromoe. 
 
 NIDGULIj, nid*gull', a town of British India, in the Dec- 
 can, dominions of .Mysore, 45 miles E. of Chitteldroog. 
 
 NIDOKI, no-do'kee, a market-town of Russian I'oland, 
 government and 49 miles W.N.W. of Vilna. Pop. IGOO. 
 
 NIDlilAS, nee/dre-ds, a village near the left bank of the Rio 
 del Norte, in the interior of the territory of New Mexico. 
 
 NIEBEKT, nee'bert, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince and 10 miles 'VV.S.W. of Uroningen. Pop. 714. 
 
 NIEBLA, ne-A'uld, (anc. HijM?) a decayed town of Spain, 
 province and 18 miles N.E. of Iluelva, on tlie Rio Tinto. Pop. 
 983. It has a very ancient bridge, a ruined castle, and some 
 other fortifications. Near it are extensive cojiper-mine*. 
 
 NIED. ne-d/, a river of France and Rhenish Prussia, 
 commencing in the department of .Moselle, 12 miles E.N.E. 
 of Jletz. flows N.N.E., and joins the Sarre. Length 45 miles. 
 NIJiDEU, nee^der, a German word, signifying "lower," 
 prefixed to numerous places iu Germany, as Nieder Wesel, 
 NiEUEU IxoELHEiM, &c. For thosc uot und(!rmeutioned, see 
 additional name. 
 
 NIEDEKAULE, nee'der-owUeh, a market-town of IlesM- 
 Cassel, province of Fulda, circle of Hersfeld. Pop. 1311. 
 
 NIEDERBKECHEN, nee'dgr-bresVu, a village of Nassau, 
 bailiwick of Limburg. Pop. 1044. 
 
 1341 
 
 
NIE 
 
 NIKDERBRONX, ne-i'dJK*bronn', a market-to'WTi of 
 Prauoe, department of Bas-KbiQ, 26 miles N.W. of Stras- 
 Umrg. i'op. iu ISoi, o224. It is situaWd in a vaUey of tho 
 Vosges Mountains, aud has well-fre^ueuttid mineral springs, 
 the wat«r of which is collected into two basins covered with 
 a. stone pyramid. It has also establishments for preparing 
 steel and bar-ii-on, heavy articles, of machinery, and large 
 pieces of artillery. ' 
 
 MKUEUGllA.ND, neeMer-grJnt\ a village of Bohemia, 
 (?ir<'le of Leitmeritz, about 01 miles X. of I'rague. Pop. 1618. 
 NIEOliKUALL, nee/ujT-hiir, a town of \Vurtemberg, cir- 
 frle of Jaxt, bailiwick of Kuuzelsau, on the Kocher. 1'. 1663. 
 MKi)i;it-UEs&Ji.\, nee'dyr hes'sen, (-'Lower Hesse,") a 
 province of the electorate of Uesse-Cassel. Area, (with 
 S^chaumliurtt.) 20S0 s(iuare miles. Pop. 366,663. 
 
 MKDEUHOF. nee'dgr-hof, a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Bidschow. Pop. 1117. 
 KIEOEHLANDE. See Xetherlaxbs. 
 MKDKKNEUKIKCII AM IIOCUWAIDE, nee'der-noi'- 
 keeRK am hoK'wI-d^'h, a village of Saxony, circle of Bautzen. 
 Pop. 1969. 
 
 MKl)t:U0LM, nee'der-olm\ a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 Ilheiuhessea. circle of iientz. Pop. 1230. 
 
 MEiiiiKltAD, nee'dur-rat\ a village belonging to the free 
 town of Fraukfort-ou-tiie-Main. Pop. lCO-1. 
 
 MKDKiLSrETTK.V, nee/dei^stJl"ten, a town of Wiirtem- 
 berg. 9 miles S.E. of Mergentheim. I'op. Ij09. 
 
 MEDEKsrOXZlXGKN, iiee'ds-r-stotMug-gn, a village of 
 Wurtemberg, circle of Danube, between the Danube aud 
 Brenz. Pop. loTO. 
 
 KIliDJviiZWEllKEX, nee'dgr-tswiV^n, a village of llesse- 
 Cassei. .Niederhesseu. circle of Cassel. Pop. 1373. 
 
 XlEDEKZ\VO-\lX/i, (.Niederzwouitz,) nec-'ds!r-ts*o^ni{s, a 
 village of J>axony, circle of Zwickau, so near the town of 
 Zwouitz as to be almost its suburb. Pop. 20-45. 
 
 XIEDOKP, nee'doHp, two contiguous villages of the 
 Netherlands, province of North Holland, 9 milti X.E. of 
 Alkmaar. United pop. 1416. 
 
 NlEKliKN, nee'tVru. a town of Germany, Baden, on the 
 KnK, 19 miles E.S.K. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1279. 
 
 NIEIIEIM. uee'biuie, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 18 
 miles E.N.E. of Paderborn. Pop. 1473. 
 
 MEUL, neel, a village of Kheuish Prussia, 6 miles W.X.W. 
 of Cleves. Pop. 1220. 
 MFiJlN or iME^lllN, a townof Russia. See Nezhees. 
 NIEL, neel, a village of ISelgriim, province and 10 miles 
 S. by \V. of Antwerp, on the Kupul. Pop. 2867. 
 
 MELLA-15ELB0, ne^l/U bel'bo, a village of the Sardinian' 
 States, division of Coni, province of Alba, on the Belbo. Pop. 
 i'77. 
 
 NIELLA-TAXAR0,ne4l'iatl-na/ro, a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, division of Coni. province and 16 miles X.E. 
 of Mondovi. on the Taiiaro. Pop. 2010. 
 
 XIEMEC/AX, ne-a-UK>tck'in, written also XIirMEXT- 
 CIIl.N. a markeMowu of Russia, government and lo miles 
 N.X.E. of Vilna. Pop. 1800. 
 
 XIE.MKGK, ueu/mek, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. 27 mile.s S.S. VV. of Potsdam. Pop. 2310. 
 
 MEMKX. nee'men. (Pol. pron. ny^m'eu; Pr. Xiimen, ne- 
 4*m4n'.) or ME.MEl\. mem/el, or mi'mel", (anc. CiiriJnus?) a 
 river of Russian I'olaud, rises in the government of Jliusk, 
 flows X.W. through the government of Grodno, between 
 Vilna and Augustowo, and through East Prussia, and 
 under the name of the Memcl, enters the Curische-llaff by 
 the Itass and Gilge mouths, 30 miles W. of Tilsit, after a 
 total course estimated at 400 miles. Principal aflluouts, 
 tbe Vilia and Szesohuppe. It is always navigable, and is 
 the main channel for the trade of Lithuania aud Volhynia. 
 Near Unxlno a canal connects it with the Bolxjr aud Vistula ; 
 and near Tilsit, Napoleon and Alexander of Russia held a 
 memorable interview on its waters in June, 18o7. 
 
 XIKMK.S. ne-A'nit^s. a town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, 
 18 miles N.N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 3336. 
 
 XIK-MIHOW, ne-A-nie-rov', amarket-town of Austrian Po- 
 land, Galicia, 25 miles \V. of Zolkiew. Pop. 1900. 
 
 XIK.MOKSTZY. ne-A'mokst'zee. or XIEMUKCHTY, ne-i'- 
 moksh'tee. a market-town of Russia, government of Vilna, 
 15 miles W.X.W of Rosstena. Pop. 1700. 
 
 NIEMTSCIIITZ. ne-.>ui'tshits, a market-town of Moravia, 
 11 miles .N.E. of Wischau. Pop. 1400. 
 
 XIE.NBUUG. neeu'booRO. a town of Hanover, 30 miles 
 N.W. of Hanover, capital of the county of Uoya, on the 
 Weser, here crossed by a bridge of stone, and joined by the 
 Meerbacb. on the Hanover and Bremen Railway. Pop. 4100. 
 It has manufactures of lineu and vinegar, some trade in 
 tlmlvr. and a transit trade by the river. 
 
 XIEXBaitG, neen'bvKJRG, or NIEXBOKG, neenljoRO, a 
 town rf Prussia, Westphalia, '25 miles N.W. of MUnster. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 XIEXBUUG MOXCH. (Monch.) neen'bdoEO miinK,. or 
 KLOSTEK-XIEXBUKG. klos't^'^neen'boi.KG. a walled town 
 of Germany, duchy of Anhalt-Kothen, on the Saale, here 
 joined by the Boder, 10 miles X.W. of Kiithen. Pop. lOO'.i. 
 XIEI'PES, n-v^pp', a market-town of France, department 
 of Xord, 18 miles r,. of llazebrouek. Pop. in lSi2, 3582. 
 1342 
 
 NIG 
 
 , NIERS, neeRS, or XEERS, nins. a river of Rhenisti Prus- 
 sia and the Netherlands, after a X.W. course of 60 mileg 
 joins the Meuse, 2 miles W. of Gennep. 
 
 NIERSTEIX, neeR'stine, a market-town of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, on tho Rhine, 9 miles rf.S.E. 
 of .Mentz. Pop. 2-201. In the vicinity numerous Roman 
 coins have been found. 
 NIESHIX, a town of Russia. See Xezheex. 
 NIESKY, ne-^sTtee, a village and Moravian colony of 
 Prussian Silesia, 11 miles N.N.W. of Gorlitz. Pop. 640. 
 
 NIESOOOHATSCHI. ne-i-soo-Kit'shee. written also XIE- 
 SCCHATSCIII and NEISOUKHOIJI, a market t<iwn of 
 Russia, gorernment of Volhynia, 10 miles N.X.E. of Kovel. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 NIESAVIEZ, a town of Russia. See Nestizh. 
 NIETO, a river of Italy. See X'eto. 
 NIEUKIRK, a village of Rhenish Prussia. See Xefkirchen. 
 NIEUPORT, a town of Belgium. See Nieuwpoort. 
 _KIEl'^\', nytiw, or SIEUWE, nyii'wth, a Dutch word, 
 signifying " new," forming the prefix of various names iu 
 tho Netherlands, as Nieuwpoort. (». c. •' New Port,"') Jic. 
 
 NIEUWE-DIEP, llET, h^t nyii'veh-deep, a village of Hol- 
 land, province of North Holland, about 1 mile E. of llelder, 
 with which it is connected by a row of houses. It lies at 
 the entrance to the great Amsterdam Ship C'aual, and pos- 
 sesses a safe harbor. Pop. 3186. 
 
 XIEUWEXDA.M, nyu'«-eu-ddm\ a village of Holland, 
 province of Xorth Holland, S.S.W. of Hoorn. Pop. 829. 
 
 NIEUWENHOORX, nyu'#en-hGRN'\ a village of Holland, 
 province of S. Holland, 3 miles S. of BrieL Pop. 1019. 
 
 NIEUWERlvERK-lX-DUlVELAND, nyu'wer-K^iiK' in 
 doi'vfh-ldut*, a village of the Netherlands, province of Zea- 
 land, 3 miles E. of Zierikzee. Pop. 983. 
 
 XIEUWERKERK-OP-DEX-YSSEL, nyu'*er-KjRK' op dfn 
 is/sel, a village of the Netherlands, province of South Hol- 
 land, 6 miles X.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1170. 
 
 NIEUWERKIKKEX. nyu/wcr-kC'6RKVn. a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of East Elanders, 16 miles S.E. of Ghent 
 Pop. 2484. 
 XIEUWKERK, a town of Netherlands. See Xtkerk. 
 NIEUWKOOP, nyU<?'kop. a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of South lloUand, 12 miles E. of Leyden. P. 1462. 
 NIEU WKUIK, nyliw'koik, a village of the Netberlandsi, 
 province of North Br.ibant. 6 miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. P. 97S. 
 XIEUWOLDK, nyu'wolMeh, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province and 17 miles E. of Groningen. Pop. 1315. 
 
 NIEUWPOORT, nyU\«'p5rt, a small fortified town of the 
 Netherlands, on the Lech, 16 miles E. of Rotterdam. P. 626. 
 NIEUWPOORT, nyuw'p5rt, sometimes called in English 
 NEWPORT, (Fr. Xieuport, ne-uh^poR/; L. ^ufvus rorUus,) a 
 fortified town of Belgium, province of West I'lauders, on the 
 Yperlee, near its mouth in the North Sea, 10 miles s.W. of 
 Ostend. Pop. 3393, engaged in ship- building, rope-m.iking, 
 and fi.shing. A navigable canal connects it with Osiend and 
 Bruges. It has been often besieged, and repeatedly taken by 
 the English and French. 
 
 NIEUW-RHODE or NIEDWKODE, nyU^-ro/deh, a villago 
 of Belgium, province of Brabiint, 22 miles X.E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1065. 
 
 NIEUWSTAD, nyUw'stJtt, a village of the Nethorliinds, 
 province of Limburg, 11 miles N.i;. of .Maestricht. Pop. 799 
 NIEUWVELU, nyiiw'vjlt, a mountain range of South 
 Africa, Cape Colony, between lat. 32^ and 33<^ S., and up- 
 wards of 10,000 feet in elevation. 
 
 NIEVRE, ne-ajvr', a small river of France, department of 
 Nievre, to which it gives its name, joins the Loire on tho 
 right'^at Xevers. Course southward. Length -25 miles. 
 
 NIEVRE, a department in the centre of France, formed 
 of the Old province of Nivernois, and part of Orleannois. 
 Area 2595 square miles. Pop. iu 1861, 332,814. Surface 
 mountainous and infertile in the E., but there are rich 
 plains in the W. It is watered by the Loire, and its afflu- 
 ent the Allier, which separates it from the departments of 
 Cher and Allier. The ionne ri.<es in the department, and 
 the Canal of Nivirnois (Xivernai.s) connects it with the Loire. 
 It has several mineral springs. Chief industry iu iron .ind 
 steel works. Linen, porcelain, and jewellery, are manufac- 
 tured. The department is divided into the arrouilissementg 
 of Nevers, Chateau-Chiuon, Clamecy, the Cosne. Capital, 
 Nevers. 
 NIEZWITSCH, a town of Russia. See Nesvizh. 
 NIGDEH, nig/deh, NIlvDE, uik'deh, orNIDECII. nee/dech, 
 (anc. Qjuiyiiaf) a tiown of Asia Minor, pashalic uf Karamania, 
 47 miles N.E. of Ereglee. Pop. 5000. It is the resi bnce of 
 a pasha, and has 3 fortresses, some mosques, and a Turkish 
 college, some remarkable excavations, and various aiitiiiiii- 
 ties. i'he plain of Nigdeh extends S.W. from it for about 
 50 miles. 
 
 NIGER, nl/jer, or QUOR'RA, written al.so KWARA, KO- 
 WAKA, aud KOUARA, (anc. Xi'yeir, Ai'i/ir, or ^V'/'yts, Or. 
 Ntyip or N«>^«p,) called .JULIB.\,jol/e-b3, in the ni'j.er part 
 of its course, a great river of Western Afriai, or Guineit 
 rises in the country of the Mandingoes, and tiowinir X. and 
 X.E. towards the desert, afterwanls turns S-E. an! S., and 
 enters the sea through many mouths in the bight of Btuin. 
 
NIG 
 
 Its source, accordini? to Major Laing, is at Mount Loma, in 
 Hbout Ion. 9'^ 45' W., lat. 9° 25' N., 1600 feet above sea-level ; 
 but there is good reason for believing that the Niger rises 
 muuh further to S. and Ej in the Kong Mountains. At its 
 source it is called Tembie, that is, '• water," in the Kisse 
 lanj^uage. but lower down in Uambarra, it is entitled JSabaa, 
 "dreat Uiver." or .Joliba, that is, the river of the Joli, or Red 
 Men, who are the inhabitants of Joli-uliendu, (Ked Man's 
 Laud.) the Jallonkandoo of I'ark. It becomes uavigable at 
 liummakoo. 100 miles above Sego in Uamburni, and at the 
 latter place it is about 150 yards wide. Lower down it 
 enters a level country, and divides into several arms enclos- 
 ing extensive islands, on one of which stands Jenne, or 
 Oinue, (properly Giuewa.) the great emporium of Negroland, 
 and from which the whole country bas derived its com- 
 mercial name, (Guinea.) The river then enters a territory 
 In which the i'oolah, i'illani, or i'ellatah, are the rulers, 
 whilo the indigenous population are called Songay, and 
 sjieak the Sonnay or Kissoor (Nklsar) language, within the 
 domain of which the river is called Issa. Ii^ its course down 
 to Giune, the .loliba receives several accessions from the S. 
 Further on, it turns northwards, in a very winding course 
 between low banks, crossing Debo, or lilackwater Lake, and 
 receiving on the right numerous streams from the moun- 
 tainous country of the Songay. At Kabra, the port of 
 Tiuibuctoo, it probably reaches its highest latitude, (about 
 17*^ X.,) it then runs E. along the desert for 6 days, and S.K. 
 for about 15 days to the frontiers of Uoujisa. From Ginne 
 to Sai, opposite to Iloussa, a di.stauce of from 800 to lUOO 
 miles, the Songay language is spoken on the right bank 
 of the river, and from Sai also it extends on the left bank 
 eastwards to A.sben, or Agfadez, on the borders of the 
 desert. 
 
 In the Iloussa country the great river is known as the 
 Gulbi-nkowara, that is, the "Kiver Kwj'ira," or Kowara, 
 (Quorra,) and further S. iu Xyffe, where it is often a league 
 wide or nior», it is entitled the sea or lake of Nyffe, or 
 Kwara, the Lake Kura of Arab geographers. The very 
 active commerce which here animates in the heart of Africa 
 the broad waters of the Kwara, or Quorra, fully justifies the 
 celebrity of its name. Through Iloussa and Xyffe flow 
 several streams from the heights which divide those coun- 
 tries from IJornoo, while on the western side, through 
 Guinea and Bergoo, the Kwiira receives the small rivers 
 which descend from the mountains of the Songay. At the 
 southern extremity of Nyffe, (lat. 7° 46' N.,) the Niger unites 
 with its chief tributary, the Tchadda, descending with a 
 navigable stream from Adamawa, whore it is called the Baro. 
 The united stream then flows S. by \V. betweon Yariba (Yo- 
 riba) on its right bank, and Attah (Iddah) on the left; and 
 here with a changed language, it is called, Ujimini Fufu, or 
 ■\Vhitc' Water; the Tchad-la being styled Ujimini Dudu, or 
 Black Water. The Del(^ of the Niger commences near Abfih, 
 about SO miles above the sea. It is little known; the only 
 chaniiel through it hitherto explored by Europeans, being 
 that of the Nun. which, with an estuary Ij miles wide, con- 
 tracts, a short distance up, to 12 ) yards. The bar, ou which 
 there ie a violent surf, presents a great difBculty to sailing 
 vessels. It is supposed that the Kwara, (Quorra,) or Niger, 
 is connected with the Calabar, by Cross Kiver, and it is cer- 
 tiiin that on the W. there are navigable channels from it to 
 \\'arree and Benin. The whole course of the great river 
 from Mount Loma to the mouth of the Nun. without regard 
 to sinuosities, is about 20U0 miles ; if traced from the moun- 
 tains further S.E., and through all the details of its wind- 
 ings, it would lUU little short of ."000 miles. It was de- 
 sceude<l by Mungo Park from Sego to Boossa, a distance, on 
 the river, probably of from 1500 miles to ISOO miles. On 
 the other band, it has been ascended from the sea by 5Ir. 
 Becroft, in a steamer, as for as Lever, 40 miles or 50 miles 
 from Boossa; the intervening distance is s.aid to be diflicult 
 at all seasons, owing to rocks and rapids. The scenery 
 near the Delta is of the wildest f()rest character. 
 
 NIGG, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine. 
 
 MGG, a maritime parish of Scotland, counties of Ross 
 Bud Cromarty, occupying a peninsula between the friths of 
 Aloray and Crcruiarty, 2j- miles N. of Cromarty. On the 
 roast are traces of a fort of the 12th century, and some obe- 
 lisks, with hieroglyphics. 
 
 NIGHT ISLAND, Australia, off the N.E. coast of Cape 
 York, S. of Cape Direction ; lat. 13° 10' S., Ion. 143° 22* E. ; 
 2 miles long l)y half a mile broad. 
 
 NIGHT'S I'UAIRIE, a po.st-offico of Hamilton co., Illinois. 
 
 NIGIK or XIGltlS. See Niger. 
 
 NIGRITIA, NIGRITIE or NIGRITIEN. See Soodan. 
 
 NIGU.\, nee'gwrl. a small maritime town of Hayti, on its 
 S. coast. 10 miles S.W. of San Domingo, and near the mouth 
 of the river -Nigua, in the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 XIGUAUDA. ne-gw^R'do, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- 
 vince and 3 miles X. of Milan. Pop. 1701. 
 
 NldUKLAS, ne-ga/l^s. a hamlet of Spain. Andalusia, pro- 
 vince and 10 miles from Granada. Pop. 1272. 
 
 XIIIAU. nee'huw', or ONEEOW, o-nee'ow', one of the 
 S.indwich Islands; lat. 22° N., Ion. 160° 35' W.; about 18 
 miles long and 8 miles broad. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NIL 
 
 NIJAR (NIXAR) or NLTAR-Y-nUEBRO. ne-HaR' e nw.V- 
 bro, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles E.X.E. of Al- 
 meria. Pop. 6820. 
 
 N1.JEIIASKE or XTIIKIIASKE, ni'hahas'keh. a village 
 of Holland, province of Friesland, 2 miles VV. of lleerenveiin. 
 Pop. 1105. 
 
 NI.IKERK, a town of Holland. See Ntkerk. 
 
 JViJy^lf. For places with this prefixed name, se\' Nizhneb. 
 
 NIK ARIA, an island of Greece. See Nicaria. 
 
 NIKISII, nee'kish\ or NIKSIKI, nik^see'kee, a village of 
 European Turkey, 34 miles X.K. of Cattaro, on the boundary 
 line betweon Montenegro and Herzegovina. Pop. of district, 
 6000. 
 
 NIKITA, nee'ke-tA\(?) a village of Southern Russia, go- 
 vernment of Taurida, 26 miles S. of Simferopol. It has a 
 fine imperial garden. 
 
 NIKITINSKAIA, ne-ke-tin-ski'd, a market-town of Rus- 
 sia, government and 40 miles E.N.K. of Orenboorg. 
 
 NIKITOVKA or NIKITOAVKA, ne-ke-tov/k(t, a.m.irket- 
 town of Russia, government and 34 miles W.N.VV. of Khar- 
 kov. Pop. 1600. 
 
 NIKIT(-)VKA or NIKITOWKA, a market-town of Russia, 
 government of Voronezh, 30 miles E.N.E. of Valooiki (\'a- 
 luiki). Pop. 1400. 
 
 NIKOBAR ISLANDS. See Nicobar. 
 
 NIKOLAIEV or NIKOLAIEW, ne-ko-ir'ev/, written al.^o 
 NIKOL.MEF, a fortilied town of Russia, government and 39 
 miles X.N.W. of Kherson, at the confluence of the Ingul 
 and the Bug, 20 miles above the mouth of the latter, in the 
 estuary of the Dnieper. Pop. 3.'?,.')04. It was founded in 
 1790, is enclosed by walls, well built, and is the station of a 
 Russian admiral and fleet. Principal edifices, the Cathe- 
 dral, town-hall, admiralty house, with museums and librae 
 ry, scliools for pilots, and for the daughters of soliliers, an 
 observatory, liospitals, and docks. 
 
 NIKOLAIKEN, neehco-lPken, a town of East Prussia, on 
 the Lake Spirding, 12 miles E.S.E. of Sensburg. Pop 2040. 
 
 XIK'OLSBURU, (Ger. pron. nee'kols-bOoRG'.) NIKLAS- 
 BURG, nee'klas-boORG, or MIKULOW, mee'koo-lov, a town 
 of Moravia, 28 miles S. of Briinn. I'op. 8000. among whom 
 are many Jews. It has a splendid castle, and grounds be- 
 longing to Prince Dietrichsteiii, with a library of 20,000 
 volumes, many valuable manuscripts, and collections of 
 natural history; a philosopliical academy, and several other 
 public scliools, and manufactures of woollen cloth, and other 
 stuffs. 
 
 NIKOLSK, ne-kojsk', a town of Russia, government and 
 194 miles E. of Vologda, on the Yoog. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NIKOLSKAIA, NIKOLSKA.JA, ne-kol-ski'4, STANITZA, 
 stil-nit'za, or NOVAIA-KARGATA, no.vi'a kaK-gi'ta, a 
 town of Russia, government and E.S.K. of Orenboorg, on 
 the Ural. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NIK(JOLEKNO, NIKOULIXO or NIKULINO, ne-koo-lee'- 
 no, some small places in Russia, government of Tver, E. 
 of Staritza ; and Russian Poland, governmeut of Moheelev, 
 N.E. of Babinovitchi. 
 
 NIKOPOL, ne-ko'pol, a town of Russia, government and 
 67 miles S.S.W. of Yekaterinoslav, on the Dnieper. P. 3470. 
 
 NIKOPOLI. a town of Turkey. See Xicopolis. 
 
 NIKSAR, nik^sar', (anc. Ncncasarea,) a town of Asia Mi- 
 nor, pashalic of Seevas, 30 miles N.E. of T'okat, on the route 
 to Erzroom. It stands on a gentle eminence at the foot 
 of a more N. range of mountains, surroun<led by orchards ; 
 it comprises about 800 houses, and has a citadel containing 
 the chief bazaars and buildings. 
 
 NIKULINO, a town of Russia. See Nikooleeno. 
 
 NIL, a river of Egypt. See Nile. 
 
 NILAB. neeHib', a small town of the Punjab, on the left 
 bank of the Indus, a short distance below Attock; lat. 33"^ 
 46' N., Ion. 72° 17' E. 
 
 NILE, nil, (Fr. Kile, neel; Ger. Nil, neel; Sp., It, and 
 Port. iV(7o. neelo ; Arab. Bahr Nil, bdH'r neel ; anc. NiUus,) 
 a great river of East Africa, and the moat celebrated river 
 of the ancient world, is formed by two head stroam.s — the 
 Bahr-el-.\zrek (or Blue River) and the Bahr-el-Abiad (or 
 White liiver) — which unite at Khartoom, lat. 15° 37' N, 
 Each of these streams has been claimed as the true source 
 of the river. It receives its last tributary, the Atbara. (anc. 
 Asktblnras.) in lat. 17° 42' N.. at the N. extremity of the pe- 
 ninsular tract, (sometimes calletl the Island of Meroe,) and 
 thence flows N. in a single stream, without the least acces- 
 sion, through 12° degrees of latitude, or, following its wind- 
 ings, at least 1300 miles to the Sea. Below its junction with 
 the Atbara, the Nile has on the W. or left bank the desert 
 of Bahiooda; on the E., Mekheyi-, which is commonly called 
 Berber; lower down, it forms several islands, one of which 
 bears the name of Kandake, (Caudace,) and also one or more 
 cataracts: it then bends W. by S., and passes by Jebel Bar- 
 kal, where stand the remains of a temple, repaired by Tir- 
 haka, (700 li. c.) but probably 1000 years older. Resuming its 
 X. course, it enters the plains of Dongola. and forms several 
 islands of great extent. Quitting these plains by a cataract, 
 the river flows through the districts of Mahas, Sukkot, 
 Wady Kenooz. and Batn-el-Hajar, (the "Glen of Rocks,") at 
 the head of which is the second or great cataract, and enl«r- 
 
 1343 
 
NIL 
 
 lug Egypt at Pbilae — the K-lakh or limit of the Egyptians, 
 It descends the last (the first in ascending) cataract to Syene 
 or Assw.i:i. which is in iat. 24° 6' N. 
 
 From Philje, Iat. 24° 3' X., the Xile flows through Egypt 
 in a single stream, as far as Batn-el-Bakara, the ancient Cer- 
 casorum. at the head of the Delta, in Iat. StP 15' N., where 
 it divides into two brauche.-;. leading respectively to Rosetta, 
 (Ka.sheed.) and Damiecta. (Damiat.) entering the sea iu about 
 Iat. 31° 3d' N. Thus the Xile has a course in Egypt of 
 about 7i degrees, or. following the windings of the stream, 
 of about 700 miles. From the junction of its head streams 
 to its delta, its basin is formed by two parallel chains of 
 mountains, which in some places close upon it and produce 
 the rapids above mentioned, and in others recede and leave 
 fine plains between them and the river. Its banks are gene- 
 rally elevated in Nubia, they are less so in Middle Egypt, 
 and absolutely flat in the Delta. From Asswan to the sea, 
 the average fell is 2 inches to a mile, and its mean velocity 
 is about 3 miles an hour. At the Delta its waters spread 
 out into numerous streams in the form of a triangle, ex- 
 tending at its base on the .Mediterranean, over a space of 
 120 miles, between the W. or Kosetta branch, and the E. or 
 Damietta branch. The two arms of the Xile, which still 
 remain navigable to the sea, are supposed to coincide with 
 tlie two artilioiaj branches of the ancients, namely, the Bol- 
 bitine and i'hatuitic. The other ancient arms, where not 
 wholly effaced by time, are but partially traceable in the 
 various canals of irrigation which intersect the Delta. The 
 ordinary width of the Xile in Egypt, al)ove the Delta, is 
 about Too yards. The branches tlirough the Deltti are much 
 narrower, and so shallow in the dry season, that ves.sels ex- 
 ceeding 40 ions burden, cannot pass through them. During 
 the flood, armed brigs can ascend to Cairo. 
 
 The Xile is the only great tropical river which, by its peri- 
 odical inundations, fertilizes a country surrounded through- 
 out a great part of its couj-.-se by sandy de.«ert«. As rain scarcely 
 ever fells iu the valley of the Xile from the ISth nearly 
 to the 3uth parallel, and very scantily even lower down, the 
 river owes its supplies wholly to the copious ruins of the 
 countries wherein it rises. It begins to iucrea.-* in June, 
 attains its greatest height about the autumnal eijuinox. and 
 theu subsides as gradually as it rose. The ordinary rise, at 
 Cairo, is about 40 feet. During the flood, a great portion of 
 the Delta and of the Valley of Egypt, higher up, is inun- 
 dated. In .Sennaar, also, and Dcmgola extensive tracts are 
 watered immediately by the river; but. iu genenil, the 
 banks of the Xile above Egypt are irrigated by means of 
 the water-wheel. 
 
 The Bahr-el-Azrek or Blue River, unites with the Bahr- 
 el-Abiad or White River, in hit 15° 37' X. Its sources are 
 in Iat. 10°'oS'-X., Ion. 30° 50' E; but its spiral course, traced 
 downwards, through all its windings, will pi-obably exi-eed 
 800 miles. In this distance, it de.s<,'ehds with immense im- 
 petuo.sity, from xn elevation of 9000 feet, to one of 1500 fe»^t 
 collecting the waters of a txisin, the elevated uiai-giu of 
 which has an extent of at least 1000 miles. The Blue River 
 is navigable up to Fazogle, under the 12th parallel, 1500 
 miles at least from Rosetta. 
 
 The sources of the Bahr-el-Abiad or White River are not 
 yet ascertained. Report places them in the mountains of 
 Gomberat, under the equator, about 250 or 300 miles S.E. 
 of Chanker, a point on the river, iu the country of Berry, 
 (■ituated, according to Arnaud's Observations, iu Iat. 4° 42' X. 
 Ion. 31° 40' E. From Berry, the river flows through the 
 countries of the Kyks, Xouers, and soma other pastoral 
 tribes, in a very winding and divided channel, inclining X.W. 
 by X. At the 9tb parallel it suddenly bentis to the E., and 
 expands to a width of 5 or 6 miles, forming an open basin, 
 which has been called Lake Xoo (Xu). A river or drain, 
 entering this lake from the X.W., has been raised into im- 
 portance by speculative geographers, and named the Keilak. 
 Further E., and just as the river resumes its X. course, be- 
 tween the Dinka on the E., and the Shillooks on the W.. it is 
 joined by the Sobat, a considerable stream, which is said to 
 have its sources at no great distance from those of the White 
 River itself. On the W., also, a river, not navigable, named 
 by different tribes the Loori or the Moj, is reported to rise in 
 the Gomberat Mountains, and to join the main stream in 
 Iat. 7°. Lower down, about the 13th parallel, it increa-ses 
 much in width, often resembling a great lake ; and here, 
 as well as between the 8th and 9th parallels, it lias no per- 
 ceptible current, except during the floods. 
 
 The White River has Ijeen navigated at least 1000 miles 
 above its confluence with the Blue River; and the whole 
 distance from its rise in the Gomterat .Alountains to the sea, 
 lo lowing the windings of the channel, probably does not 
 tall short ot 3000 miles. For some hundreds of miles of iU 
 upper course, it seems to be only the chief drain of inter- 
 minable marshes, overgrown with tall reeds. The Sobat 
 and the Loon, the tributaries already mentioned, flowing 
 neariy pjirallel to the main stream, cut it off from acces- 
 Bions on Ijoih sides. As to the river (the Keilak) supposed 
 to enter it in Iat 9°. jliere is, in reality, no evidence I^ its 
 existeuee. In this pirt, as well as lower down, towards its 
 jmictjon with the Blue River, it stagnates iu the dry sea- 
 
 NI» 
 
 son, and becomes offensively fetid. In comparison with tht 
 Blue River, which is an immense torrent, the While Rivei 
 resembles a great standing water. Its floods reach Khar- 
 to<3m, at the junction of the rivers, usually a month cr 
 three weeks later than those of the Blue Uiver. 
 
 It seems quite probable that from the towns which covet 
 its banks, and many other circumstance.s, the Xile of th* 
 ancients, above Jleroe, was the Bahr-el-Azrek, (Blue River,) 
 which is still the Xile of the natives. 
 
 Its sources in the country of the Agows were heard of by 
 Cosm.is ludicopleustes early in the 0th century: and they 
 were represented, with many correct particulars, by Fra 
 Mauro, in the middle of the 15th. The companions of Al- 
 varez visited them early in the 16th century ; and about a 
 century later they were viewed by Pedro Vaez, whose ac- 
 count of them is copied by Tellez, with little change. Then 
 came Bruce, who, treading in the steps of the Jesuit father, 
 boasted of .having discovei-ed the fountains of the Xile. 
 The White River, explored iu 1827. by M. Liuaut, as far as 
 El Ais, was asceoded in 1839 by a Turco-Egyptian Expedi- 
 tion up to Iat. 0° 3U' X., and, in the following year, to Chan- 
 ker, in the country of the Berry, whither trading expeditious 
 are now despatched annually. A fort or factory tias been 
 there erected by European traders, and Roman Catholic 
 
 missionaries are lo<ated iu the vicinity Adj. Njlot'ic. 
 
 XILE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Xew York. 
 NILE, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1176. 
 NILES, nllz, a post-township in the 8.E. part of Caynga 
 CO., New Vork, liordering on ( iwasco Lake. Pop. 2013. 
 
 X'lLES, a postrvillage of Trumbull co. Ohio, on the Maho- 
 ning Kiver, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 5 
 miles S.E. of Warren, contains a furnace, a rolling-mill, and 
 a nail factory. Pop. in 18G0, about OiK). 
 
 X ILES. a post-viliage and township in the S. E. part of Ber- 
 rien CO., Michigan, on the right bank of the St. Josepii"s River, 
 where it is crossed by the Michigan Cen I ral Railroad. 191 miles 
 W. bj' S. of Detroit, and 90 miles E. of Chicago. It is the largest 
 town of the couuty, and the principal market in Western 
 Jlii-liigan. The river is navigable for smail steamboats, and 
 affords abuudanl water-power. Ailes contains a branch of 
 the State University, 5 churches. 2 banks, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and a Union school. Settled in 1S>31. Population 
 in lSt)0, 2826. 
 NILES, a post-tovmship of Delaware co., Indiana. P. 1 170. 
 XILES. a post-township of Cook co.. Illinois. Pop. 1346. 
 NILKAXTHA, nil-kin't'hd, a town of Nepaul, 37 miles 
 N. of Khatmaudoo, Iat. 28° 22' X., Ion. 85° 4' E., and greatly 
 resorted to by Hindoo pilgrims. 
 XILO. a river of Egvpt See Nile. 
 
 XlL-ST.-VlXCENT-&i'.-.MAKTlX, ueel sLn" vIno'sSso/ ails' 
 maK^tiA'o', a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, ou 
 the Xil, 21 miles b.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1348. 
 XILUX, a village of Tiiilxjt. See Xeeluso. 
 XILC'S. See Nile. 
 
 X1M.\K, ne'mar', or NEMAUR, ni^mawr', a district ol 
 India, comprising most part of the ludoie dominions, wi^h 
 portions ot other territories. Area 7000 sqnai-e miles. Pop. 
 250,000. 
 
 XIMBURG, nimTjooRG^ or LYMBURG, lim'booRQ, (Boh. 
 Wicieiniloiv, we-ch.'l'me-lov,) a town of Bohemia, on an islan j 
 formed by the Kibe, Iti miles S.S.E. of Buntziau. Pop. 2700, 
 MM£:gUE orNIMEGUKN. See Xvmwegen. 
 XIMES (XTmes.) or XISMES, neem, (_anc. ^'emau'sus.) a 
 town of France, capital of the department of Gard, on the 
 railway from Beaucaire to Cette, and at the head of a branch 
 iiue to Alais, 30 miles X.E. of Montpellier. Pop. in 1S62, 
 57,129. The older part is irregularly and poorly built, the 
 modern is well laid out, in straight and sjiacious streets. It 
 hits an imposing Gothic Cathedral, an old citadel, and a fine 
 promenade. Xo town in France has so masiy fine Roman re- 
 mains : the most remarkable of these are the Amphitheatre, 
 {les Arenes, l4z dVAn'.J 437 f'jet long, 332 feet broad, and 70 
 feet high ; the beautiful Corinthian temple called the Maison- 
 carrce, (in,VsiN"' kdu'Ri/,) which is restored, and the interior 
 serves for a mviseum of antiquities; and the ruins of a 
 superb nymphaeum, or bath, called the Tempk of Diiina; 
 lo miles X.E, are the remi^ins of a magnificent aqueduct, 
 called the Pont-du-Gard, (p6}i<^dii-gaR.) Ximes is the seat 
 of a bishop, and possesses an appeal court tor the depart- 
 ments of Gard, Lozere, and Vaucluse; courts of first resort 
 and commerce, chamber of commerce and exchange, conseil 
 de prud'-hommes, athenaeum, academie universitaire, college, 
 diocesan seminary, and secondary ecclesiastical school ; 
 schools of design and medicfne, a medical society, an agri 
 cultural society, and a public library of 30,0u0 volumes. 
 
 The manufactures consist principally of silk and cotton 
 goods, fancy and mixed, such as taffetas, shawls, cravats, 
 scarfs, hosier^ , Jic. Cotton handkerchiefs, also, are made to 
 a great extent. There are likewise numttrous tanneries, 
 dye-works, silk, lace-thread, and other spinning mills, 
 and a trade in raw silk, for which this town is tlie great 
 entrepot of the S. of France : wine, vinegar, oleaginous 
 seeds, medicinal and dye plants. &c. Ximes is a very an- 
 cient town, having been subjugated by the Koiuaus 120 
 years B. c; it was successively ravaged by the Franks, Vai»- 
 
NIM 
 
 NIO 
 
 dais, and Normans. In the 14th century, it was ruined by 
 civil and religious wars. It rose from its ashes by the aid 
 of Franci.s I., but in tlie ICtli century it again suffered on 
 account of its inhabitants having embraced I'rotestantism. 
 In 1815, on the restoration of the Bourbons, it was the 
 scene ot a di.-:graceful persecution of the Protestants. NImes 
 Is the birth place of ^icot, who introduced the use of to- 
 bacco {Uiliacuiii yicotiana) into France. 
 
 NI.MKTZKI-GRADETZ. See GraTZ. 
 
 NI5IFI, nini'fee, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Ana- 
 tolia, about 23 miles E.N.E. of Smyrna. Near this town 
 the monument hewn by order of Sesostris, and described 
 by Herodotus, has recently been discovered. It consists of 
 a gigantic human figure, sculptured in ba.s-relief on the face 
 of a rock. 
 
 NI.vriSIIIL'LEN, a creek of Stark co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Tuscarawas Kiver. 
 
 NIMISIlILfiKX, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 2704. 
 
 NIM'ISIL'A, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio. 
 
 Xl.MijA, a town of Afghanistan. See Neemla. 
 
 MMOIiJN'S CROSS ROADS, post-office, Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 NIMI'TSCII, nimt^ih, a town of Pru.«siau Sifesia, 29 milee 
 S.W. of Breslau, on the Lobe. Pop. 2000. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and is one of the most ancient towns of Silesia. 
 
 N'lM'ROU. a post-office of Copiah CO., Mississippi. 
 
 M.MllOOD or NIMKOUD. See Nineveh. 
 
 NlMi-M.\ISliiHE.S, nee^mee' m.Vze-aiR', a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of llainaut, 2 miles N. of Mons, on tlie Ilaine. 
 Pop. 220.O. 
 
 NIM\VKGEN, a town of the Netherlands. See Nymwegen. 
 
 NINE EAGLES, a post-village of Decatur co., Iowa, 145 
 miles S.W. by \V. of Iowa City. 
 
 NINE/IIEAD, a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 NINE'MILE. a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee. 
 
 NINEMTLE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Perry co., Illinois. 
 
 NINETYSIX, a pos^offl(■e and .station of Abbeville dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 41 
 miles from Augusta. 
 
 NIN'EVEII. (Ij. Ni'nus; Gr. Nivoj, iWn<5s,) a celebrated 
 city of anti(iuity. capital of the Assyrian Empire, (See Gene- 
 sis X. 11 ; also Jonah iii. 3, and iv. 11,) the ruins of which are 
 situated in Asia'ic Turkey, pashalic of Mosul, on the left bank 
 of the Tigris, along which, and opposite to tlie town of Mosul, 
 it appears to have extended for a liistanceof about 18 miles, 
 with an average breadth of 12 miles, containing an area of 
 not less than 216 square miles. For ages the position of tlie 
 ancient capital of As.syria was unknown. About the com- 
 mencement of the present century, travellers bad their at- 
 tention arrested by a series of vast mounds along the left 
 bank of the Tigris and to a considerable distance inland, on 
 what was usually supposed to be the site of Nineveh. Their 
 great extent, and other remarkable circumstances, led to the 
 conclusion that they probably occupied the site of Nineveh, 
 if they did not actually contain the remains of its ancient 
 structures; no serious attempt, however, was made to inves- 
 tigate the subject till 1841, when M. Botta, shortly after his 
 appointment as French consul at Mosul, commenced ope- 
 rations on Kouyuujik, immediately opposite to that town. 
 He liad only obtained a few fragments of brick and alabas- 
 ter, when, on information which promised a richer har\'est, 
 he removed to Khorsabad, about 12 miles to the N.E., and 
 was soon rewarded by the discovery of probably the first 
 Assyrian edifice which had been exposed to the view of man 
 since the fall of the Assyrian Empire. The attention of Mr. 
 Layard, who had travelled much in the East, had previou,sly 
 been directed to the mounds, and he had resolved to take 
 the fir.st opportunity of exploring them; but his resolution 
 was still slumbering when the discoveries of M. Botta were 
 made known, whereupon, obtaining the necessary requisites, 
 he proceeded without delay to the lofty mounds of Nimrood, 
 (Nimroud,) situated about 18 miles S.S.E. of Mosul, in the 
 angle formed by the Tigris and the confluence of the Great 
 Zab, and commenced his first operations. His success was 
 immediate and complete. The excavations of the very first 
 day put him in possession of a chamber lined with slabs, in 
 good preservation, and covered with cuneiform or arrow- 
 headed inscriptions, and, ever after, his treasures continued 
 to multiply upon him. Among other things, he has disco- 
 vered gigantic emblematic figures — winged bulls and lions, 
 with human heads, and winged sphinxes, placed as guar- 
 di.ans over the entrances of magnificent palaces. The fire 
 by which the palaces had been destroyed, had so calcined the 
 stone and other materials of which they are composed, that 
 in many cases, on the least exposure to the air, they have 
 crumbled to pieces, sometimes Isefore even an accurate 
 sketch of them could be obtained ; and hence many objects 
 Interesting as works of art, and containing inscriptions in 
 all probability still more interesting, have been seen only 
 to be lost for ever. In other parts, and more especially in 
 the N.W. palace, where the fire has not so much affected 
 the buildings, 28 rooms, in excellent preservation, have 
 been opened, and numerous bas-reliefs, figures, and orna- 
 ments, rich in information as to the state of art and pro- 
 gress of civilization at the period when they were made, 
 have been exhumed. From Nimrood Mr. Layard proceeded 
 4K 
 
 to Kouyunjik, where he has, if possible, been still mora 
 successful. In the courj'e of a month, nine chambers were 
 explored, one of them 130 feet long l)y 3o feet wide, and 
 equally rich with those of Nimrood in bas-reliefs and in- 
 scriptions. 
 
 In 1847, Jlr. Layard returned to England; but, in 1849, 
 he resumed his labors, both at Kouyunjik and Nimrood, 
 which have continued to yield up their treasures as if tbey 
 were never to be exhausted. I'revious to Jlr. Layard's 
 labors, the Assyrian antiquities of tlie British Mu.seum 
 were contained in a ca.se alx)ut three feet square; they now 
 form one of its largest, and are certainly among its most 
 important, collections. 
 
 Apart from tlie value which attaches to these remains 
 considered .simply as antiquities, they possess a far higher 
 ialue on account of the remarkable confirmations wliich 
 the in-scriptions afford of the truth of Scripture history. 
 Our limits, liowever, forbid us to do more than allude to this 
 interesting subject: for further and full information, the 
 reader is referred to the different works of .Mr. Layanl. and 
 other recent publications, treating particularly of these 
 late discoveries, which are undoubtedly among the most 
 wonderful that have been made in modern times. 
 
 NIN'EVEII, a post-village of Broome co.. New York, on 
 the Susfjuehanna River, Iti miles E.N.E. of Binghamton. 
 
 NINEVEH, a posf>-offlce oT Warren co., Virginia. 
 
 NINEVEH, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 879. 
 
 NINEVEH, a posfrvlllage and township of Johnson co., 
 Indiana, 30 miles S. by E. of Iiidian.ipolis. Pop. 1761. 
 
 NINEVEH, a post-office of Adair co., Slissouri. 
 
 NIN'FIIOLD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 NING-HEEA or NING-HIA. ning'hee'd, a city of China, 
 province of Kan-soo, near the Great Wall, 210 miles N.N.E. 
 of Lan-Choo. 
 
 NING-KOOE, NING-KOUE, ning'koo'i/. or NING-KOOE- 
 FOO, NING-KOUE-FOU, ning'koo\'iYoo/, a city of China, 
 province of Ngan-hoei, on an affluent of the Yang-tse-kiang, 
 75 miles S. of Nanking; hit. 31^ N., Ion. 118° 38'' E. 
 
 NINGO, ning'go, a decayed Danish settlement on the 
 Guinea coast, 38 miles E.N.E. of .\ccra, adjacent to which 
 latter is the village of Little Ningo. 
 
 NIXGOOTA or NINGOUTA, ning-goo'tj, a considerable 
 town of Mantchooria. on an affluent of the Amoor, 145 miles 
 N.E. of Kirin-oola, and stated to have been the original seat 
 of the reigning dj'nasty of China. 
 
 NING-PO, formerly LIAMPO, le-am'po, a city of China, 
 province of Che-kiang, and one of the 5 ports recently 
 opened to foreign trade, on tlie Takia, or Ning-po River, the 
 mouth of wliich is directly opposite Chusan, 95 miles E.S.E. 
 of Hang-ohow-foo, on a tongue of land at the influx of an 
 affluent into the river, here cro.ssed by a bridge of boats; 
 lat. 29° 51' N., Ion. 121° 32' E. Pop. estimated at between 
 200.000 and 300.000. The city, 6 miles in circumference, 
 enclosed by walls 25 feet in height, and entered by 6 gates, 
 is surrounded by a fine plain covered with villages and 
 watercourses. It has well supplied shops, a temple of 
 large size, hexagonal tower, 150 feet high; a mia^ionary 
 hospital, opened in 1843; an active trade in junk-building, 
 and a large manufacture of silks for export to Japan. It 
 has lieen reported that about 670 junks come to it annually 
 from Shan-toong and Leao-tong, with oil. provisions, fruits, 
 cap.s, cordage, horns, drugs, rice, and silk; 560 from Fokien 
 and Hai-nan, with sugar, alnm, pfjpper, black tea, indigo, 
 salt, rice, and dye-woods ; from Canton and the Straits, 
 some vessels; and from the interior aljout 4000 small craft 
 yearly ; the total imports being estimated at $7,650,000 an- 
 nually. It exports large quantities of wood and charcoal 
 to Shanghai, the trade of which part it has crippled, from 
 being by several days nearer to the green tea districts. It 
 was taken by the British, without resistance, in 1841. when 
 was captured a ponderous bell, now in the British Museum. 
 
 NINGTHEE, a river of India. See Khyes-Dwem. 
 
 NINOSE, ne-no'si, a village of Japan, island of Kioosioo, 
 near which is a camphor tree mentioned by Ka?mpfer in 
 1091 as celebrated for its size, hollow from age, and supposed 
 to measure 6 fathoms in circumference. It was visited by 
 Siebold in 1826, and found to be still healthy and rich in 
 foliage. He gives 16,884 metres (about 60 feet) as its eip- 
 cumference. 
 
 NINOVE, ne-no'vA, or NINOVEN, ne-no'vjn, a town of 
 Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Dender. 20 miles 
 S.E, of Ghent. Pop. 4500. It has a fine abbey and church, 
 breweries, and manufactories of linen yarn. 
 
 NINUSi See Nineveh. 
 
 NIO, nee'o, (anc. Ins,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 government and 17 miles S.W. of Naxos. Area 20 square 
 miles. Pop. 3700. I^ength 11 miles, breadth 5 miles. The 
 surface is mountainous and rugged, but some cotton, corn, 
 oil. wine, and honey, are produced. Homer is stated to have 
 died, and been buried here, but of his tomb no vestiges 
 remain. On the W. side of the island is the town Nio, with 
 the liest harbor in the Archipelago, aud some remains of tho 
 ancient los. 
 
 NIONS, a town of France, See Ntons. 
 
 1S15 
 
NIO 
 
 NIX 
 
 NIORX n<>i.>B/, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of JDeux-S^vres, on the S^vre-Niortaise, 34 miles E.A'.E. 
 of La Koohelle. Pop. in 1852, 1S.727. It is agreeably 
 situated on the slopes of two hills, enclosed by well-planted 
 promenades. It has an ancient castle, a Gothic church 
 built by the English, a markel/hall, 2 hospitals, barracks, a 
 theatre, large public liljrary, public baths, a communal col- 
 lege, athenajum, and botanic garden, with manufactories of 
 woollen stuffs, gloves, shoes, leatlier, and confectionary ; it is 
 an entrepot for the wines of the Uirondo, timber, wool, hides, 
 and cattle. 
 
 MPE, (neo'p.i,) BAY OF, Cuba, N.E. coast, S.E. of Nar 
 ranjo; lat. 20'"" 45' N., Ion. 75° 30' W., easy of entrance, and 
 capable of holding all the fleets of Europe. 
 
 iSilI'HATES, ne-U/tii, a mountain chain of Armenia, 
 forming an eastward prolongation of the Taurus, and divid- 
 ing the basin of the Tigris from that of the Moonid-chai. 
 
 >; I PH'ON' or X I P^O.V, (i. e. " fountain or source of light,") 
 the principal island of Japan : lat. of S. piu-t, 33° 2G' N.. and 
 Ion. 135° 30' E., separated X. by the Strait of Matsmai from 
 the island of Yesso, S. by narrow straits from the islands of 
 Kioo-Sioo and Sikokf, and S.W. from Corea by the Strait of 
 Corea, 120 miles across. It is of a long, narrow, and curved 
 form, lying JS'.E. and S.W., about 900 miles in length, by 
 280 miles in breadth at the broadest part. The coasts are 
 indented with a great number of bays, especially on the S. 
 side ; and. from the numerous rocks and islands with which 
 they are fringed, and the extreme shallowness of the sea, 
 are very difficult of access. A mountain chain traveniies the 
 island lengthways, its principal peak, Foosiyama, rising to 
 12,000 feet in height; its elevation, however, is mostly mode- 
 rate, and its slopes are cultivated with care. Mphon contains 
 the principal river of Japan, the sacred lake Fakonea. and 
 several volcanoes. The island is superabundantly supplied 
 with hot sulphureous springs; and earthquakes are of fre- 
 quent occurrence. The difference of temperature, in the 
 extreme of summer and winter, is excessive, and storms of 
 rain and thunder are both frequent and terrible; still the 
 Island is generally healthy. The soil has been rendered 
 very productive by the untiring industry of the inhabitants. 
 The palm, the banana, the myrtle, &e.. are found in Mphon. 
 In some parts the sugar-cane is brought to considerable per- 
 fection, and two crops of rice are gathered annually. Near 
 Sendai, a town lying in lat. 38° 16' X., Ion. 140° 50' E., rice 
 is produced in such abundance that the locality is termed 
 the granary of Yeduo. ^Vheat and barley also are grown, 
 the latter mainly for feeding the cattle; the wheat is chiefly 
 used for cakes and soy. Beans are cultivated with great 
 care, as is also the mulberry, for feeding the silk-worm. 
 The principal object of cultivation, however, is the tea-plant, 
 which was introduced from China in the beginning of tlie 
 9th century. Pepper, ginger, aud camphor, vith pearls and 
 ambergris, are also obtained ; and there is an excellent breed 
 of horses. The minerals comprise gold, silver, copper, coal, 
 naphtha, and porcelain clays. Tlie island is subdivideil 
 into 53 provinces; in it ai'e Yeddo and Miako, the two 
 capitals of Japan, and the seaport towns Osaka, Fitats, and 
 I'oyama. 
 
 NIP/ISSIXG\ or NEP/ISSIXG\ LAKE, Canada West, is 
 situated X.E, of Lake Huron, nearly midway between it and 
 the Ottawa River. The shape is irregular; the shores are 
 bold. Length 50 miles, greatest breadth 35 miles. It con- 
 tains many islands, and discharges itself into Georgian Bay 
 (Lake Uuron) by French Kiver, the navigation of which is, 
 however, impeded by numerous rapids ; but eastward it is 
 separated by only a short portage from Turtle Lake and 
 Little Kiver, a tributary of the navigable Ottawa. 
 
 NIP/PEXOSE, a post-township in the S.W. part of Ly- 
 coming CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 430. 
 
 XIPPEXOSE, the name of a remarkable valley in the 
 S,^V , part of Lyooming eo„ Pennsylvania. It is of a regular 
 oval shape, being about 10 miles long and 4 broad, forming 
 a basin surrounded by a rim of high and steep mountains. 
 The only easy access to it is by a deep gap in the Bald Eagle 
 Mountain, opposite Jensey Shore. The bed of this valley is 
 composed of limestone, containing fissures and caverns 
 beneath the soil, into which the streams that descend from 
 the mountain sink and disappear; but. uniting their waters 
 m those subterranean passages, the whole body gushes forth 
 m one enormous spring near the gap in the mountain, pro- 
 ducing a powerful stream, which passes through the gap. 
 and falls into the river above Jersey Shore. 
 
 NlliaOA, neeR/gwd, a town of South America, A'enezuela, 
 province of Carabobo, 50 miles \V'..S,W. of Valencia, 
 
 MK13, ne&'ris.(?) a town of Persia, province of Fars, S5 
 miles L. of Sheeraz, with manufactures of arms, and iron- 
 mines. 
 
 X1S.\0, ne-sil/o, a river of the island of Ilayti, issues 
 from a lake, tlows S.S.E.. and falls mto the sea near a head- 
 VT^. l^? """^ ,°'^'"''' *f'«'' '^ <=»"'•«« of 'ibout 55 miles. 
 MSAl.I. no-s.i'ree, or NICKKO, ne-cli,Vro, an island of the 
 arecian Archip<lago ; lat, 30° 35' 30" X., Ion. 27° 11' B 
 
 AISIIAPOUR, nish^a-poor/, a city of Persia, province of 
 Khorxssan, and in one of its finest vallevs, 40 miles W S W 
 Bt Sleshcd. Pop. estunated at 8000. It U enclosed by a 
 1346 
 
 rampart and trench, about 2 miles in circuit. It is partly 
 in ruins, but has a special trade in turquoises, obtained 
 from mines about 40 miles W.X,VV. Iron and salt are also 
 products of its district. 
 
 XISUXABATO'XA RIVER, rises in the S,W. central part 
 of Iowa; flowing south-westerly, it enters Missouri near ita 
 X'.AV. extremity, and then assuming a S.E, direction, it lallfi 
 into the Missouri River in Atthison couuti', 
 
 JVISHJVU, a prefix to the names of several towns of Rus- 
 sia, for which sc'e Xizhnek, 
 
 XISHOWKA, no-show'rd,a large village of India, Punjab, 
 37 miles X,\V, of Lahore, 
 
 XISI, nee'see, a river of Sicily, intendency of ilessina, 
 enters the Mediterranean near Ali, Length 10 miles, 
 
 XISI, nee'see, a village of Greece, Morea. government of 
 MesBeuia, 7 miles W. of Calamata, 
 XISIB, a village of Svria, See JTizeeb, 
 N1S/IBIX\ X1S/SIBIX\ (nis'se-been/y) or NIZIBIX^ (anc, 
 JVMlhs,) a town or village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and 
 90 miles S,E, of Diai'bekir, It has an ancient triumphal 
 arch, a church of St, James, and some other antiquities. 
 
 XISITA. nee'se-td,, ^auc. AVsis,) an island of Xaples, o miles 
 S,E. of Pozzuoli, in the Gulf of Xaples, Marcus Brutus 
 had a villa on the island, which is new occupied by a qua- 
 rantine establishment, 
 
 XIS'KAYU'X A, a post-township forming the E. extremity 
 of Schenectady co., Xew York. Pop. 789. 
 
 XISMES, neem, a village of Belgium, province and 38 
 miles S.S.W. of Xamur, on the Eau Noire. Pop. 1026. 
 XISMES, a city of Southern France. See Ximes. 
 XISSA, nis/s<t, (anc. JS'cMus, A'aissus or ^'a'siis,) a fortified 
 city of Servia, on the Xissava, an affluent of tlie East Mo- 
 rava, 130 mhos S.E. of Belgrade. Pop. 4000. 
 
 XISS.WA, nis-sd'vd, a river of Servia, after a W. course 
 of SO miles, joins the Morava S miles W. of Xissa, 
 XISSIBIX, a town of Asiatic Turkey, See Xisibin. 
 XlSSUM-FIORl), uis'sooin-fi.yord', au inlet of Denmark, on 
 the W, coast of Jutland, 15 miles N. of Ringkiobiug, 13 miles 
 in length by 4 in breadth, aud with the village of South 
 Xissum on its S, side, 
 
 XISTELRODE, nis/tel-roMeh, a parish and village of the 
 Xetherlauds, province of Xorth Brabant, 12 miles E, of Bois- 
 le-Uuc. Pop. 2136. 
 
 XlTClIEGUOX, nitchVgwc5n', a lake of Labrador, about 
 midway between James' Bay and tlie Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 XITII, a river of Scotland, rises in the county of Ayr, and 
 after a S.E, course of about 60 miles, joins Solway Frith 8 
 miles S. of Dumfries, by an estuary 5 miles in width, 
 
 NITI-GIIAUT or Xj:,TEE GUAUT, nee'tee-gawt/, a pass 
 across the Himalayas, between Thibet and the British dis- 
 trict of Kumaon, aud in one part 16,814 feet in elevation. 
 The village of Xili, on its S, side, is in latitude 30° 47' X,, 
 Ion. 79-' 56' E, 
 
 XITIXAT, nitVuat', or BERKELEY (berklee) SOUND, 
 X'orth America, an extensive inlet filled with islands, on the 
 W, coast of Vancouver's Island ; lat. 48° 50' X., Ion. 125° 24' 
 W. It is about 12 miles wide at its entrance between Terron 
 Point on the N, and Carrasco Point on the S.E, 
 NI'TOX, a parish of the Isle of Might, at its S. extremity. 
 XIT/SIIILL, a village of Scotland, county and 4 miles S,E. 
 of Renfrew. Pop. 800. 
 NIT'TAXY, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 Xiri'AXY MuUXTAlX, Pennsylvania, a ridge extending 
 through the E. part of Centre co., into Union. 
 
 Xli'i'EXAU, uit'teh-uow\ a marketrtown of Bavaria, Up- 
 per Palatinate, on the Regen, here crossed by a bridge, 16 
 miles X.X.E. of Ratisbon. Pop, 1020, 
 
 XITTUITZ, nlt/trits, a village of Prussian ?ilesi.i, govern- 
 ment of Lieguitz, circle of Griinberg. Pop. 1006. 
 XIUKALOF.\, See Xbckalofa. 
 
 NIVE, neev, a river of France, rises in the Pyrenees, and, 
 after a X,X.\V. course of 45 miles, joins the Adour. 
 
 XIVELLE, neeVfill', a village of France, dej artment of 
 Nord, 25 miles E.X.E. of Valenciennes. Pop. 1570. 
 
 XIVELLE, neeVi'U', or XIVOXNE, nce^ouu', a river 
 rising within the limits of Spain, flowing X.AV., falls into 
 the Bay of Biscay, in France. 
 
 XIVELLES, noeV^ll', (Flemish Ni/vd, ni'vgl.) a town of 
 Belgium, province of South Brabant, 17 miles S. of Brussela. 
 Pop. 7920. It has a fine church, with a colossal statue of 
 Jean-de-Nivelles; manufactures of woollen stuffs, coarse 
 lace, cotton and linen cloths. 
 
 XI VERXOIS or XI VERXAIS, neeVSn'ni', au old province 
 of France, near its centre, now composing the department 
 of N icATe, and part of Cher. 'J^he Canal of Xi vernois, ( N iver- 
 nais,) 45 miles in length, connects the Loire with the Youue 
 aud the Seine, 
 XIVERX UX. See Neveks. 
 
 Xl/VEHVILLE, a post-office of Columbia co., Xew York. 
 XIVILLAC, uee^vee\dk/. a village of France, department 
 of Morbihan, 27 miles S.E, of Vauues. Pop. 2890. 
 
 NIVOX.N'E, a river of France and Spain. See Xivelle. 
 XJX/BCRG, a post-village of Coosa co,, AJaljama, 37 miles 
 N, by K, of Montgomery. 
 XIXDORF, Groou, groce nix'doaf, a village of P<ohemia, 
 
NIX 
 
 NIZ 
 
 S3 miles X.N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 5090. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollens aud linens, and mineral bath?. 
 
 NIXDOUi*', Klkix, kliue rux/doRf, a village of Bohemia, 
 adjacent to the above. 
 
 A'IZA, noefzi, a town of Portugal, proving of Aleratejo, 
 21 miles S.W. of I'ortalegre, near the Tagus. Pop. 2250. 
 
 XIZA, or NITZA, nif.td, a village of Jiuropean Turkey, 
 Albania, on the Bay of Delvino, opposite Corfu. 
 
 MZUMPATA.W or XIZW.MPATXA.M', a maritime town 
 of Uritif^h India, presidency of Madras, 30 miles S.S.E. of 
 Guntoor. 
 
 MZAM'3 DOMIXIOXS or IIYDKRABAD, the largest 
 native state in lliudostan, subsidiary to the British, and 
 occupying the centre of the Beccau ; lat. lo'^ to 2F 30' N., 
 Ion. Ib"^ to 81" 30' K., including the old provinc<^s of Hydera- 
 bad and Beoder, with part of Auruiignbad, Candei.-^h, and 
 Berar ; bounded on the X. by portions of the territori<?8 on the 
 Nerlmddah, belonging to the British and to Scindia, together 
 with the British district of Oandeish ; W. by the presidency 
 of Bombay, S. and S.K. by that of Madras. On the E. and 
 X.E. it is partly separated from J}erar or Xagpoor by the 
 rivers Wurdah and Uodavery. Beugth, fi-om N, to S., about 
 3S0 miles ; greatest breadth, from K. to W., 320 miles ; area 
 95,337 square miles. It is chiefly a table-laud, from IMOO feet 
 to 2000 feet above the sea, with a surface hilly and undulat- 
 ing, rather than mountainous. Some granitic ranges, rising 
 occa-sioually to 2500 feet, run X.W. to S.K. ; and abrupt 
 rocky heights, as also dikes and ravines of greenstone, are 
 interspersed throughout this region. The Godavery Kiver 
 flows tortuously through the centre of the country, and 
 the Kistuah similarly winds tlirou.:h its S. part ; other prin- 
 cipal streams are the Payngunga, Manjera, Beemah, and the 
 Toombuddra, which forms a part of the .S. boundary ; all the 
 rivers hold au E. direction. The climate is, on the whole, 
 temperate, and in some parts even cool ; near Hyderabad, 
 in the S., the thermometer often descends as low as 40^^ or 
 So'^ l-'ahrenheit ; at Secunderabad, the aunuiil mean is 81° 
 6'; at Jaulnah, in the hot season, from March to June, the 
 heat ascends to 90^ or 100'=' Fahrenheit. 
 
 The soil is, in most parts, very rich and fertile ; and ex- 
 cept where the tanks Iwive been allowed to decay, the coun- 
 try is very well watered. At least 8 varieties of rice are 
 grown, and two crops are often raised on the same field in 
 Civorable ye;irs. Barley, chenna,' oil plants, cucumbers, 
 gourds, hemp, cotton, sugar-cane, betel, tobacco, sweet pota- 
 toes, and other culiuary vegeUibles, fruits, and aromatic 
 seeds, are the principal articles of culture, together with 
 jowary (Indian millet) and bajree or bajury. (Hnlcus spicor 
 tus ;) which grains form the chief sustenance of the laboring 
 classes. E.xcept along some of the hill ranges, there are no 
 extensive jungles, and large forest-trees scarcely e.xist, except 
 in the X., though date and other palm groves are common. 
 The export of opium, formerly extensive, has ceased since the 
 British have possessed the coast distrii^t in the Deccan. The 
 lands are mostly held by militjiry tenure ; and so great has 
 been the oppression of the jaghiredars, or holders of the 
 feudal fief-!, that in no part of the peninsula are the pea- 
 santry so impoverished. 
 
 The best horses in the Deccan were formerly reared in 
 this territory; their numbers have now greatly decreased. 
 Sheep are pretty numerous. The cattle are generally small ; 
 the export of their hides has latterly ceasetl, a circumstance 
 held to be a fivorable index of the spread of ag;riculture, as 
 leather is used in the construction of nearly every farm 
 implement. The tiger, leopard, panther, bear, antelop<!S, 
 and wild-hogs are numerous; wild buffaloes are met with 
 in the X. Beer and buffalo horns, and the mi/Jalms cichm-ei, 
 an insect with blistering ctualitie.s, reported to be superior 
 to those of cantharides, are animal products of some mer- 
 cantile importance. Iron ore is plentiful, and in the Xirmal 
 Hills it is magnetic. Coal is found near the junction of the 
 rivers Crodttvery and ^Vurdah. Near the Godavery, also, are 
 gome mines of garnets: at Purteeal, near Coudapilly, are 
 diiimoad-mincs, from which the tre;isury of Golconda was 
 formerly supplied; they are mere pits, from 10 to 12 feet 
 deep, and their working is now discontinued. The Xizam 
 possesses a celebrated diamond weighing 1108 grains. At 
 Aurungaba<l. nearly 1000 looms are employetl in the manu- 
 facture of silks and brocades; at Warrangul about 200 
 looms are engaged in carpet- weaving; at Khummun, in the 
 S.K., calico-printing is carried on by means of wooden blocks, 
 as at Masulipatam, &c., in the Madras presidency. Imports 
 from the East India Company's territories are copper, textile 
 fabrics, sugar, spices, sandal- wrtod, and salt: from Cashmere, 
 ihawls; from Malwah, opium; from Marwar, camels and 
 blankets. Chief exports: — steel, cotton, excellent teak tim- 
 ber, and agricultural produce. Although the reigning dy- 
 nasty is Mohammedan, not more than one-tenth of the 
 people are Mussulmen ; except in the capital, where they 
 predominate, the m;ijority of the population are Mahrattas 
 and Telingas, with Bheels in the \V., Gonds in the E., and \ 
 some other wild races. After the capital, (Hyderaba<l.) the \ 
 chief towns are Elhchpoor, Aurungabad, Beeder, Warran- j 
 eul, Jaulnah, Nandair. Kurnool, Golconda, and Secundera- 
 Lad, the place of a British subsidiary force. The famous 1 
 
 sculptured caves of Elora are in the X.'W. part of Ihe Xi- 
 zam's Uomiuions 
 
 This region formed one ot tne great soubahs or viceroyal 
 ties under the Mogul Empire. During the decline of ili.it 
 power, after the irruption of Xiulir t^hali, the soubahdar, 
 Xizam-ul-Mulk, erected it into an independent sovereignty 
 which, at his death, in 1718, extended from the -Nerbuddiih 
 to Trichinopoly, and from Ma,sulipatam to Bejapoor. In 
 1766, after a hostile invasion of the Carn.atic by the Nizam, 
 the British obtuiued from him the cession of the .Northern 
 Circars; and about ISOO the first subsidiary alliance between 
 the East India Company and any Indian state was con- 
 cluded with the Nizam. In 18o8, it was stipulated by 
 ♦>-outy, that, while the Nizam nomimxted his own vizier or 
 premier, the British resident at Ilyderaiiad should appoi;;t 
 the effective minister. In addition to a British force. th« 
 Xizam is bound to support a .subsidiary army of 2750 caval- 
 ry, 5700 infantry, and other troop.s, in all amounting tc 
 9400 men, oilicered from the several Britisli presidencies, 
 and costing annually 30 lacs of rupees, (300,0UOi.) In fur- 
 ther addition, he maintaiiis au irregular army of Rohillas, 
 Arabs, I'atans, &c., comprising from 30,000 to 35,000 men, 
 at a cost of about 64 lacs, or 640,000/. annually, and who 
 are frequently turbulent and clamorous for arre.ars of pay. 
 The expense of the .soldiery is supposed to absorb nearl}' 
 two-thirds of the whole revenue, which has been estimated 
 at 1,500,000^ annually. The population has been variously 
 estimated ; in the llepmt on tlie Tngonumetncal Survey aj 
 India, it is given at 10,666,080. 
 
 NIZEKB or N'LSIB, ne-zeeb', a village of Xorthern Syria, 
 pa.sh.ilic and 63 miles N.E. of Aleppo, W. of the Euphrates. 
 Hero Ibrahim Pasha defeated a Turkish force in 1839. 
 
 NIZIINKDVITZH, N1SHNI:DE\V1TZK, or NIJXEDE- 
 WITZK, nizh/ni-di-vitzk', a town of Russia, government 
 and 33 miles W.S.W. of Voronezh. Pop. 1900. 
 
 XIZHNKE-LOMOV or XlJNIl-LOMuV, nizh'neeMo-mnv', 
 written also NISCHXlI-liK.MUW, nish'nee'lo-mov', a town 
 of Russia, government and &i miles X,\\'. of Penza. Pop. 
 6990. It has an annual fair in July, for leather, furs, wax, 
 and drugs. 
 
 XI/.HXEE-XOVGOnOD or XIJXII-XOVOOROD, nizh'nee^ 
 nov'go-rod', written also NISCHXU or XI.SHNEl-XOVGO- 
 ROD, a government of Central I'ussia, mostly between lat. 
 54° 26' and 57° 6' X., and Ion. 41° 40' and 46° 38' K., having 
 on the E. tlie government of Kazan, S. Tambov, Simbeersk, 
 and Penza, W. A'ladimcer, and on the X. Kostroma. Area 
 18,636 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 1,202,000. Surface mostly 
 level ; soil very fertile. Principal rivers, the Volga^with ils 
 affluents, the Oka, Vetlooga, and Plana, i'orests are exten- 
 sive, the produce of corn considerably exceeds the consump- 
 tion, hemp and flax are cultivated in large quantities, and 
 great numbei-s of cattle and horses are reared. Manufac- 
 tures of coarse linens, canvass, cordage, &c., are considera- 
 ble, as are also the iron works, distilleries, tanneries, soap 
 works, glass works, &c. Principal exports are corn and 
 flour, cattle, horses, leather, tallow, linen, canva.ss, cord.age, 
 iron, timber, potash, and glass. Principal towns. Xizhneo- 
 Xovgorod. liaiakhna, and Arsamas. 
 
 NIZHXEK (XIJNII- or X1SGHXIT-) XOVGOROD, a town 
 of Russia, capital of the government of its own name, near 
 the angle formed by the confluence of the Oka with the 
 Volga, 265 miles E.N.E. of Moscow, Lat. 56° 19' 43" X., 
 Ion. 44° 0' 5S" E. Pop. in 1S.''>S, 36,354; but during the con- 
 tinuance of its great fair, from 200,000 to 300,000 persons 
 ai-e here collected from all parts of Europe and Asia. It 
 consist* of an upper and a lower town; the former, or cifci 
 del, on a height S. of the Volga, is imposing in appearanc-e, 
 and has some good streets, 2 cathedrals, the governmei-.t 
 oflices, several convents, public schools, and churches, with 
 an obelisk 76 teet in height. The lower town, extending, on 
 flat ground, along the Volga, is chiefly built of wood, and 
 communicates by a bridge of boats across the Oka, where 
 are some vast iron and stone bazaars, erectotl by the Empe- 
 ror Alexander, divided into various sections for separate 
 goods, and surrounded l>y the rivers and a canal. Here is 
 held the largest fair in the world, for 8 weeks from the 1st cf 
 July, annually, (removed from Slacariev in 1817.) It is held 
 on a triangular space, formed bj' the junction of the left banlt 
 of the Oka with the right bank of the Volga, and so low as to 
 be often completely inuudateil. This danger is avoided Iiy 
 holding the fair in July and August, the driest .season of the 
 year. At all otlier times the space remains unoccupied, and 
 is as silent and lifeless as if it were in the heart of a steppe; 
 but. as the period for the f?dr approaches, an immense town 
 suddenly starts np as if by magic — not mere booths, where 
 merchandise may be advantageously displayed, but a regu- 
 lar town, with churches, hospitals, barracks, and theatres, 
 built of cour.se of wood, but in a substantial manuer. Sn 
 important is the business of the fair deemed to be. that a 
 handsome building is erected in the centre, in which, dur- 
 ing its continuance, the governor of the town, with a nu- 
 merous tr:iin of officials, resides. The scene on the river, 
 as witness^ from the Oka bridge, is most curious and 
 amusing. So numerous are the vessels of every description, 
 engaged in delivering or seciu'ing cargoes, that the water 
 
 1347 
 
:iiz 
 
 NOG 
 
 lan scarcely be ?eei' , while lu other parts regular towns 
 i>f boats are formed and oocuiaed by a most heterogeneous 
 aquatic cominuuitj', to the number of about 40.UUO souls. 
 The fair is laid out iu regular quarters, each allotted to a 
 particular species of goods. In one quarter, tea; iu another, 
 co.stly shawls, carpets, and siili goods; and in others, skins 
 and furs from almost every animal that lives within the 
 arctic circle. A large quarter is set apart for the sale of 
 biberjan iron, and contains long streets piled on either side 
 with that metal, in every variety of form, raw and manu- 
 factured. The total value of merchandise exposed for sale 
 ^t the fair of 1849 wfts estimated at $01,71u,0oO, of which 
 $.J9.oS0,0U0 was domestic produce, and $12,130,000 foreign. 
 The sales of domestic produce were, — rawmaterials.»;!>,o8d,OOU, 
 provisions $i,29U,0U0, and manufactures $19,900,000, total 
 $33,775,000. Of the foreign merchandise, there were sold 
 $2.4(>8,60O worth of European raw materials; $1,024,000 
 worth of European manufactures; and $7.7Uti,00U worth of 
 Asiatic produce ; total, $ll,28S,0o0. Total sales, $4o,063,000 ; 
 leaving $0,047,000 unsold. At all sea.-<ons, an internal com- 
 merce of almost unparalli.'led extent is in active operation, 
 including every article which the dilferent quarters of the 
 world interchange with each other. Mzhnec-Novgorod has 
 ecclesia.stical !\nd military academies, various other public 
 institutions, and some manufactures of linens and leather. 
 Steamers were established on the Volga to Astrakhan iu 
 1820, and by the Kama to Perm, 1847. 
 
 MZllNEE-TAtJUlhSlv, ^"lJ.NIl-TAGmLSK, or XIJNY- 
 TAGIhSK, nizh'nee td-ghilsk', a town of Kussia, in the 
 Ural llountaius, goverumeut and loo miles Iv. of Perm, is 
 well built, and has hospital.-*, schools, .in observatory, exten- 
 sive forges, and manufactures of machinery. I'op. 22,000. 
 MZIUI.V, a town of Turkey, isee Nisimx. 
 MZMOW, uiz'ne-ov\ a village of Austrian Galicia, 77 
 miles S.S.E. of Lemberg, on the right bank of the Dniester. 
 MZZA, a city of Ittdy. See Nice. 
 
 NlZZA-.AlONi'KRllATO, uif.sd mon-fjR-ld'to, or XIZZA- 
 DEhL,.\-i'AGLlA, nif si ddl'li pll'yd, a town of Piedmont, 
 division and 17 miles S.W. of Alessandria, on the lielbo. 
 Pop. 437ii. It has some industry in silk spinning, and a 
 brisk trade iu wine, raised iu its neighborhood. 
 
 N JUKUNDA, nyoo-roon'di, a river of Sweden, lieu of Hcr- 
 uosanJ, after an K course of 170 miles enters the Gulf of 
 Bothnia, 8 miles S.£. of Sundsvall. At its mouth are the 
 viliage and harbor of Mjurunda. 
 
 2\U'AH, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana. 
 
 NUAiiiLliS, no^il', a markot-towu of France, department 
 of Ui.se, 9 miles S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. 900. 
 
 XUAKOTK or NOACOTE, no'd-kot', (Xuva cata, "the 
 new fort,'') a town of North Uindostan, Nepaul, 17 miles 
 N \V. of Khatmandoo; lat. 27° 53' N., Ion. 85" 50' E. 
 
 .\OALE, no-d'lA, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 14 miles 
 N.E. of Padua. Pop. 3300. 
 
 XOAhliJO or XUALKXO, no-a-l.VHo, a town of Spain, 
 Andalusia, proviuce and 22 miles from Jaeu. Pop. 23^5. 
 
 NUANAGCR, no-d-na-gdr', a town of West Uiudostan, 
 Baroda dominions, in the province of Guzerai, 22 miles S.NV. 
 of Jooria. Lat. 22^^ 56' X., Ion. 70-> 14' E. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and has manufactures of cloth and dye-works. 
 
 XUANK', a post-village in Groton township. New London 
 CO., Connecticut, at the mouth of .Mystic Kiver, 2 miles 
 below Mystic Bridge. It has a church, a ship-yard, and 
 several stores. Pop. about 500. 
 
 NOAPOORA, no-d-poo'ri, a town of West Hindostan, Ba- 
 roda dominions, 00 miles K. of Surat. 
 
 NOB'BEK, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath. 
 
 XOBEM)-JAN, no-b^ml'jan/, a ruined city of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Khoozistau, N. of Kazeroon. 
 
 NO'BLE, a new county in the S.E. part of Ohio, has an 
 area of about 440 square mil>-s. It is drained by Wills, Se- 
 neca, and Duck Creeks. The surface is undulating and well 
 timbered; the soil, being of limestone formation, is durable 
 and highly productive. The county contains quarries of 
 building stone, and large beds of stone-coal. The Central 
 Ohio Kailroad touches the northern border of this county. 
 Noble county was formed in 1851, by a division of Monroe, 
 Morgan, and Guernsey counties. Capital, Sarahsville, Pop. 
 20.751. • 
 
 NOBLE, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, contains 
 430 square railea. It is drained by the Elkhart River. The 
 surface is diversified with slight inequalities. The soil is a 
 fertile, sandy loam. lion ore is tbund in large quantities. 
 Organized in 183(5. CapiUil, Albion. Pop. 14,915. 
 
 NOBLE, a township in Defiance CO., Ohio. Pop. 770. 
 
 NOBLE, a township in Noble CO., Ohio. Pop. 1226. 
 
 Nt iBLK, a township in Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 NOBLE, a township of Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 642. 
 
 NOBLE, a township in Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 1047. 
 
 NOItLE, a township in Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 954. 
 
 NOBLE, a township in Laporte co., Indiana. Pop. 1231. 
 
 NOBLK, a post-township in Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 806. 
 
 NOBLE, a post-township in Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1193. 
 
 NOBLE, a township iu Wabash co., Indiana. -Pop. 3650. 
 
 NOBLE, a post-othce of Richland co., Illinois. 
 
 liU^LEBvjROUGII, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, 
 
 on the E. side of the Damariscotta Kiver, 24 niUes S.E of 
 August.i. Pop. 14:iS. 
 
 NOBLE CENTRE, a post-office of Branch co., Michigan, 
 105 miles S.W. of Lansing. 
 
 NOBLE IRON-WOItKS. a post-office ot Noble co., Indiana, 
 
 NOBLEJAS or NOBLEX.\S, no-blA-ads/, a town of Spain, 
 New Castile, province and E.N.E. of Tole'lo. Pop. 1008. 
 
 NO'BLESTOWN, a post-village of Alleghany co., Peunsyl. 
 Tania, 13 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It has about 300 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 NO'BLESVILLE, a township in Hamilton co., Indiaiuk 
 Pop.19.i4. 
 
 NUBLESVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Ha- 
 milton CO., Indiana, on \\hite liiver, and on tbe Peru and 
 Indianapolis Railroad, 20 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. It 
 is situated on an extensive and fertile plain, and is a place 
 of active business, which has lately b>;eu increased by the 
 opening of the railroad. 'The vili.ige has 3 or 4 churches, a 
 countv .seminarv, a newspaper office, and sevenil hotels. 
 Settled in 1S21. " Pop. iulSRO, 664; in 1863, about 1500. 
 
 NOBLEYILLE. a post-office of Noble co.. Ohio. 
 
 NO'BODY'S TURNOLT, New York, a stoUou on tho Erie 
 Railroad, 88 miles from Binghamton. 
 
 NOBOSQUE (no'bosk') I'OINT, at the entrance of Buz- 
 zard's Bay, on the S.E. coast of Massachusetts. It containa 
 a fixed light, SO feet aliove the level of the sea. Lat. 4P 
 31' 5" N., Ion. 70° 39' 53" W. 
 
 XOBRA, no/bra, or NUBBRA, nuVbri a divi.»ion of 
 Middle Thibet, elevation mostly above 11,000 feet, but popu- 
 lous, well cultivated, and having a fort and village iu lat. 
 34° 38' N., Ion. 77° 10' E. 
 
 NOBRESSART, no'brJs'saB', a village of Belgium, pi-o- 
 vince of Luxemburg, 6 miles N.W. of .\rlon. Pop. 1329. 
 
 NOCEDA DEL VIERZO, uo-thd'od dil vfe-aia/tho, a village 
 of Spain, province and 50 miles from Leon. Pop. 1206. 
 
 NOCEI{.\, no-chi/rd, (anc. Nucrlria C<iindla>ria,)ii decayed 
 town of Central Italy, state of Umbria, 21 miles E. of Peru- 
 gia. Pop. 1114. In antiquity it was famous for a nianufao- 
 tory of wooden vessels. It is the seat of a "oishopric, founded 
 A. J). 402. Near it are some mineral baths. 
 
 NOCERA. a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 
 11 miles N.W. of Nic-astro. Pop. 2300. 
 
 NOCEK A, no-ch,Vrd. a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra II., district and 13 miles N.W, of Nicastro. Pop. 2893. 
 
 NOCERA DEI PAG AN I. no chi'rd dX'e pd-gd'iiee, (anc 
 Sucefria Al/ater'na.) a town of .Naples, province of Priucipato 
 Citra, on the Sarno, 8 miles N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 7400. It 
 stands at the foot of a hill, overlooked by the citadel and 
 walls of the ancient city, has some monasteries, a hospi^, 
 cavalry barracks, several public schools, and manufactures 
 of linen and woollen fabrics. 
 
 NOCETO, no-ch.Vto, a town of Northern Italy, 6 miles 
 W. of Parma, on the Recchio. Pop. 5753. 
 
 NOCU'WAY, a post-office of Raudoli>h co., Georgia. 
 
 NOCI. no'chee, a town of Naples, pi-ovince and 29 miles 
 S.E. of Bari. Pop. 6000. It h,is a large hospital, and an 
 active trade in wine, oil, silk, and corn. 
 
 NOCKWMIX'ON, a town.ship of Bucks co., Pennsylvauia. 
 Pop. 1630. 
 
 NOCK'IIOLT, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 NO CREEK, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 NOC'TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NOIVAW.^Y, a small river of Iowa and Missouri. Rising 
 in the S.W. part of Iowa, it flows southward into Missouri, 
 and forms the boundary between Atchison and Holt counties 
 on the right, and Nodaway and Andrew on the left, until 
 it enters Missouri River, about 20 miles above St. Joseph. 
 
 NODAW A Y, a new county in the N.N.W. part of Mis.souri, 
 bordering on Iowa, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by the Nodaway River, from which 
 the name is derived, and also drained by the head streams of 
 the Little Platte and the One Hundred and Two River. 
 Capital, Mary ville. Pop. 5252, of whoui 5125 were free, and 
 127 slaves. 
 
 NOD.\WAY, a post-office of Andrew co., Missouri. 
 
 NODAW.\Y, a post-office of Page co., Iowa. 
 
 NODUWEZ-LINSMEAU, noMiiVd' l.^Ns'mo', a village of 
 Belgium, province of South Brabant, 30 miles E.S.E. of 
 Brussels. Pop. 1451. 
 
 NOEL, UO-&V, or MONI, mo'nee, an island off the S.W. 
 coast of Java. 
 
 NOEL, an island in the Pacific Ocean, S. of the Sandwich 
 group. 
 
 NOELGUNGE, no-Jl-gunj'. a fortified town of Hindostan, 
 dominions of Oude, 15 miles W.S.W. of Lucknow ; lat. 26° 47' 
 N.. Ion. 80° 33' E. 
 
 NOERDLINGEN. See Norduxoe-V, 
 
 NOESSA-LAUT, no-Js'sd-lawt, a small island of the Malay 
 Archipelago, one of the Moluccas, S, of Ceram ; Kit. 3^ 40' S., 
 Ion. 128° 50' E. The clove culture is actively carried on, 
 and the inhabitants all profess Ch»'«tianity. 
 
 NOFELS, no'fels. a village of .\ustria, Tyrol, circle of Vo- 
 rarlburg. about 2 miles from Feldkirch. 
 
 NOGAISK, no-ghlsk', OBITOSUXEI or ORITOCHNE,!. 
 o-be-tosh-nA'e, a town of Russia, government of laurida. iju 
 
NOG 
 
 NOO 
 
 Uie> y«a of Azof, 65 miles S.S.E. of Orikhov. Pop. 3000, 
 mostly Nogais Tartiirs. 
 
 N( »(jr AKU, no^gdVo', a town of France, department of Gers, 
 on the Midou, 32 miles W.N.W. of Auch. I'op. 1390. 
 
 NOGAT, no'gilt. the K. arm of the river Vistula, as its 
 delta ill Went Prussia, leaves the main stnam 12 miles N. 
 of Marieuwerder, and after a N.N. 15. course of 33 miles, 
 eut'ers the Frische-lialf by several mouths. 
 
 NUGENT, no^zhrtN"', a town of France, department of 
 Haute- \larue, 11 miles N. of Lanicres. Pop. in l}<5i, 3098. 
 
 NUGENT-LK-BEKNAKD, no'i:h6x<'/ leh WR'naR', a town 
 of France, department of Sarthe, 9 miles S K. of Mamers. 
 Pop. 30;i0. * 
 
 NOGENT-Lf>R<)I, no'zhSxo' leh rwl, a town of France, 
 department of Eure-et-Loir, 9 miles S.E. of Drcux, on the 
 left bank of the Eure. Pop. 1320. 
 
 NuGEXT-LK-llOTKOU, uoVhdN"' Ifh roHroo', a town of 
 France, department of Eure-et-Loir, 31 miles W.S.W. of 
 Chartres, on the lluine. Pop. in 1852, 6983. It is built in 
 a curious form, having only 4 streets with a meadow in the 
 centre. It lias a communal college at the foot of a height 
 crowned by the ruins of a huge ancient fortress, which was 
 iuliabited by Sully. Nogent was taken by the English in 1428. 
 
 NOGENT-SUK-.MAKNE, no zlibx"' sliii maRn, a village of 
 France, department of Seine, 5 miles E. of Paris, on the 
 Marne, with manufactures of chemical products, and a 
 steam-engine for supplying the water of the Marne to the 
 neighboring cantons. Pop. 2S34. 
 
 N>AiEN'i'-SUU-SKlNE,no'zhdx<''sUR .sin, a town of France, 
 department of Aube, 29 miles W.N.W. of Troyes, on the 
 left bank of the Seine, and on the railway to Montereau. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3469. It has considerable trade in timber for 
 the provisioning of Paris, and tiour-mills. Near it are the 
 ruins of Paraclet, a monastery f mnded by Abelard in the 
 12th century. It was taken by the Allies in 1814. 
 
 NO Glli>VE, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois. 
 
 NOGUEIRA DO CUAVO, no-g.Ve-rd do kr.l'vo, a town and 
 parish of Portugal, province of Ueira Uaixa, about 40 miles 
 from Coimbra. Pop. 850. 
 
 NOGUERA PALLAllESA, no-g.Vrd pal-li-rVsd, a river of 
 Spain, rises in the Pyrenees, near the Val d'Aran, in Catalo- 
 nia, Hows S.S.W. and joins the Segre 20 miles N.E. oSLerida. 
 Total course about 80 miles. 
 
 NOGL'ERA-RiVAGORANZO, no-g.Vrl re-va-go-rdn'tho, a 
 river of Spain, rising in the Pyrenees, near the Val d'Aran, 
 flows S., forms, for a considerable part of its course, the 
 boundary between Aragon and Catalonia, and falls into the 
 gegre, 15 miles S. of Lerida. Total course 80 miles. 
 
 NV)llCACAR,(y) nOh-kd-kdb', a village of Mexico, Yucatan, 
 lat. 20^ 30' N., ion. 89*^ 35' W., in an extensive plain, with a 
 large church, a town-house, and a large school-house. Near 
 it are remains of an ancient city of same name. Pop. about 
 
 couo. 
 
 NOIIOVALL. no'ho-vaP, or NOUGIIILL, nSii'ill, a parish 
 of Ireland. Eeinster, counties of Westmeath and Longford. 
 
 NOIIOVALL or NOUGIIILL. a parish, Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 NOIIOVALL or NOUGIULL, a parish of Ireland, Muuster, 
 CO. of C<3rk. 
 
 NO'IIi)VALL^-DAL'Y, a parish of Ireland, Munster, coun- 
 ties of Cork and Kerry. 
 
 NO'IIOVALL^-KER/KY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. 
 of Kerry. 
 
 NOIA, two towns of Naples. See Noja. 
 
 NOI IIOLITZ, a town of Bohemia. See IIOLITZ. 
 
 NOIR, nwia, an island of South America, off the S.W. 
 coast of Terra del Fuego, lat. 54'^ 30' S., Ion. 73*^ 5' 40" W., 
 about 600 feet in heigiit. In tlie S.W. it terminates in a 
 lofty rock like a tower or steeple, which bears the name of 
 Cape Noir. On the E. is an excellent roadstead, with a clean, 
 sandy bottom, and safe from all winds between N. and S. 
 by W., but the channel between the island and the main- 
 land is obstructed by numerous rocks, and very dangerous. 
 
 NOIRE-FONTAINE, nwdR fAx«H:ln/, a village of Belgium, 
 province of Luxemburg, 33 miles W.N.W. of .\rlon. P. 1159. 
 
 NOIRMONT, nwdR^niAN'i/, or SCHWAUZENBERG, 
 shwdRt'sen-bjRG', a village and parish of Switzerland, can- 
 ton and io miles S.S.W. of Bern. Pop. 1121. 
 
 NOIRMOOTIERS, nwdR'mooUe-.V, an island of the Atlan- 
 tic, on the coast of France, department of Vendee, separated 
 from the continent by a narrow channel; length 12 miles, 
 greatest breadth 3 miles. It has rich saline marshes; soil 
 very fertile. It was taken by the Dutch in 1674, and by the 
 Vendeans in 1793. Pop. in 1852, 8262. Noirmoutiers, the 
 capital, is situated on the N.E. coast, with a fortress and 
 harbor. Pop. 2338. 
 
 NOISY-LE-GRAND, nwd^zee/ leh grSjfo, (L. Noisiacum,,) a 
 town of France, department of Seine, on the right bank of 
 tJie Marne. about 9 miles from Paris. Pop. 1079. 
 
 NOISY-LE-SEC, nwd'zee/ leh sjk', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Seine, with a station on the Paris and Stras- 
 bourg Railway, 5 miles N.N.E. of Paris. Pop. 1170. 
 
 NO.I.A.. no'yd, or NOIA, a town of Naples, province and 9 
 miles S.E. of Bari. Pop. 5400. 
 
 NOJA or NOIA, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 
 lapital of a canton, 13 miles S.S.\V. of 'i'ursi. Pop. 1350. 
 
 NOKK, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NOKEllE, no^kaia/, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, on the Zandbeek, 15 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 
 1723. 
 
 NOKUNDA, no-kun'dd, or NOKUNDEII. a town of Persia, 
 province and about 30 miles W. of Astrabad, iu the bay of 
 that name, on the S.E. shores of the Caspian. 
 
 NOLA, no'ld, a city of Italy, province of Terra di Lavoroj 
 14 miles E.N.E. of Naples, in a wide and fertile plain. Pop, 
 6400. It has 16 churches, several convents, 2 hospitals, » 
 royal college and seminary, large cavalry barracks, an old 
 palace, and a large market-place. Nola was anciently one 
 of the largest cities of Mayna Grncia, besieged by Hannibal, 
 after the battle of Cannae, and was the j.lace where Augus- 
 tus Csesar and Marcus Agrippa died. But it has few re- 
 mains of antiquity, all its marbles having been used for the 
 construction of modern buildings. 
 
 NOLACIIUC/KY or NOLICHUCKY, a river, rises near 
 the N.W. base of the Blue Ridge, in Yancey co., in the W. 
 part of North Carolina. F'lowing into Tennessee, it enters 
 the French Broad River at th" W. extremity of Greene 
 county. Its general direction is westMtfird, and its whole 
 lengtli is estimated at 150 miles. This river affords im- 
 mense water-power, and flows among mountain ridges which 
 abound in iron ore. 
 
 NO'LAND'S FERRY, a post-oSice of Loudon co., Virginia, 
 161 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 NOLAND'S FORK, of Indiana, rises in Randolph co., flows 
 through Wayne co., and enters the W. fork of Whitewater 
 River, a few miles above Connersville. 
 
 NOL.\ND'S RIVER, Texas, a small stream which rises 
 near the S. lino of Tarrant co., and flows southward into 
 Brazos River. 
 
 NOLAY, no'l.V, a town of France, department of Cote- 
 d'Or, on the Cuzance, 10 miles W.S.W. of Beaune. Pop 
 2241. 
 
 NOL.\Y, a village of France, department of Nievre, 11 
 miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1730. 
 
 NOLI, no'lee, a town of North It.a1y, division of Genoa, 
 province and 8 miles S.S.W. of Savoua, on the Gulf of Ge- 
 noa. Pop. 1975. 
 
 NOLIN CREEK, in the W. central part of Kentucky, 
 rises iu Hardin co., flows S.\V., and enters Green River at 
 Brownsville, in Edmondson county. 
 
 NOLINSK. no-leen.sk' or no-linsk', a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment and 62 miles S. of Viatka. Pop. 1870. 
 
 NO'LINSVILLE or NO'LKNSVILLE, a post-village of 
 Williamson co., Tennes.«ee. 20 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 NO'IjIN, a postrofflco of Hardin co., Kentucky. 
 
 NOL'Tl)N, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 NOLY'E, noHi', a town of Hindost.^n, Gwalior dominions, 
 29 miles W.S.W. of Oojein. Lat. 23° 3' N., Ion. 75° 27' E. 
 
 NOMBl'lLA, nom-biVld, a town of Spain, New Castile, pro- 
 vince of Toledo, near the Alberche, S.E. of Madrid. P. 1233. 
 
 NOMBRlvDE-DIOS, nom'bri d;l dee'oce, a town of the 
 Jlcxican Confederation, department and 60 miles E. of Du- 
 rango. Pop. 6800. Near it are some rich silver-mines. 
 
 NOMBRE-DE-DIOS, nom'br.i dd dee'oce, a port of America, 
 New Granada, deiJartment of IstmOj-on the Caribbean Sea, 
 40 miles N.E. of Panama. 
 
 NO-MENY, no'meh-nee', a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe, capital of a canton, on the Seille, here crossed by 
 a seven-arched bridge, 14 miles N. of Nancy. Pop. 1324. 
 
 NOM'INY GROVE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 NOMO, no'mo, or NOMOS.\KI, no-mo-sd^kee, a remark- 
 able headland, Japan, on the W. of the island of Kioosioo 
 forming the S. side of the Bay of Nagasaki; lat. 32° 35' 
 N., Ion. 129° 43' E. Near this cape is the small island of 
 Kawasima, and to the N.W. the rocks called by the Japanese 
 Mitsu-se, and by the Dutch De Hen metde Kuikens, (or The 
 lien and Chickens.) 
 
 NONA, no/nd, (ane. MnonaT) a decayed town of Dalmatia, 
 9 miles N. of Zara, with a small port, and a bishop's see. 
 Pop. 500. 
 
 NONANCOURT, no'n5N<!'kooR/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Eure, on the Avre, 18 miles S. of Evreux. P. 1410 
 NONANTOLA. no-ndn'to-ld, a town of Nortii Italy, situ-, 
 ated 9 miles N.E. of Modena, on the Panaro. 
 NONC LO'V A, more properly MONCLOVA, Lucas co., Ohio, 
 
 NONCON'NOR, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee. 
 
 NONE, no'nd, a village of Piedmont, division of Turin, 
 province of Pinerolo, 12 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 2538. 
 
 NON'INGTON, a pariish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 N0NNF;NWEIER, non/nen-^viVr, a village of Baden, cir- 
 cle of Jliddle Rliine, on the' Rhine. Pop. 1080. 
 
 NONNENWERTH ISLAND. See RoL.<.ND8WERTn. 
 
 NONP.VREIL, non-pd-rjll', a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 NONTRON, nAxo'trON"', a town of I>ance, department of 
 Dordogne, on the Bandiat, 23 miles N. of Perigiieux. Pop. 
 in 1852, 3758. It has a church, college, and hospital, large 
 hot-blast furnaces, and manufactures of cutlery. 
 
 NOOKAHEEVA, NOUKAIUVA or NUKAllI VA. noo-kd- 
 hee'vd, the largest of the Marquesas Isles, Pacific Ocean 
 near the centre of the group, lat. of W. point, 8° 53' 6., Ion 
 
 1349 
 
NOO 
 
 13!^' WW Length, 18 milt's. The surface is mountainous, 
 and richly .vooded. Pop. 18.000.(?) 
 
 NOOKiUJR, Jioo'kfir', a town of Biiti.sh India, presidency 
 of Uenjral, 1" miles AV.S.W. of Seharunpoor. 
 
 NOOX, N' )UN or NUN. noon, or AKASSA. a-ka-'s-sS', 
 WaD'Y N0<»N, a river of Morocco, formiiiR a part of its S. 
 houndary, outers the Atlantic after a W. course of 130 miles. 
 NOOX, NOUN or NUN, noon, a river of Mantchooria, 
 East Asia, after a generally southward course of 500 miles 
 joins the Soongan.^i about 20 miles N. of Petoone. On its 
 hanks are the towns of Mermen and Tsitsikar. 
 NOONDAY, a po.»t-office of Cohh co.. Grori;ia. 
 NOONIVAK. NOUNIVAK or NUNIVAK. noo'ne-vik', an 
 island of Russian America, in Behrinj; Sea, off Cape Van- 
 couver. Lat. 60° N., Ion. 165° to 167° W. Length, 70 miles ; 
 mean breadth, about 30 miles. 
 
 JVOOIi. See Nor. 
 
 NOORA, NOURA or NURA, noo'rj, a river of Siberiii, 
 rises near the S.W. frontier of the government of Omsk, 
 flows N.W. and unites with the Little Noora from Lake 
 Kurgaldjira, and with the Kuzakutchiu, forming the Ishim. 
 
 NuORAUAD, nooVa-bdd', ('• the abode of light,") a viUage 
 of India, dominion "and 13 miles N.N.W. of Gwalior. 
 
 NOUKCONDY, noor-kou/dee, a town of India, in the Deo- 
 can, 38 miles S.8.W. of Bigapoor, with a large stone fort. 
 
 NOORDBROEK, nORt'brOok, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province and 13 miles E. of (ironingen. 
 
 .NOOKDIIORN, nOut'horu, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province and IS miles W.N.W. of tironingeu. Pop. 808. 
 
 NOOIIDWOLDE, nuRf wol-deh, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Frieslaud, 12 miles S.K. of lleerenveeu. Pop. 
 1792. 
 
 NOORDWYKERUOUT, noRfwi-ker-howt\ a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of South Holland, 8 mile.s N.W. of 
 Levden. Pop. 832. 
 
 NOORDWYK-BINNEN, noRt'wik bin'uen. a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of South Holland, 7 miles N.W. of 
 Leyden. Pop. 2000. Nordwyk or _KoKUWYK-AM-ZtE, uort/- 
 ^ik im zk, is a village near the above. Pop. 700. 
 
 NOOUDZEE. DE. See North Sjja. 
 
 NOOltJA, nooR'ja, a considerable village of Sinde, 14 miles 
 N. of Sehwan, and 3 miles W. from the Indus; lat. 26-^ 32' 
 N., Ion. 67'= 53' E. 
 
 NOJT/KA-SOUND, an inlet of British America, on the 
 ''V. coast of Vancouver Island, lat. 49^ 35' N., Ion. 126° 34' 
 W., forming an excell "nt harbor 10 miles across, with deep 
 water, and numerous i.'dets. 
 
 AOK, nor, or JS'OOU, noor, a Tartar word, signifying 
 Lake, &c. 
 
 NORA, no'ri, a town of Central Sweden, ten and 18 
 miles N.N.W. of Orebro. Pop. 900. 
 
 NO'KA, ai)o.'*t-village and township of Jo Daviess CO., Illi- 
 nois, on the Central Railroad, 30 miles E. of tjalena. Pop. 
 in 18t)0, 950. 
 
 NORBA C^ESAREA. See Alcvntaka. 
 
 NORBERU, noR/bJuu, a mining town of Sweden, lain and 
 36 miles N.N.W. of Westerns. 
 
 NOR'BURY', a chapelry of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 NORBUIIY', a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 NOKliURY, a parhsh of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 NOUBURY^, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 NORCIA, noR'chd, a town of Central Italy, state of Um- 
 bria, IS miles E. of Spoleto. Pop. 3530. It is situated in 
 a high valley, near the source of the Nera, and has trade in 
 wine, oil, and agricultural produce. It is identical with 
 thti ancient JVurlsia, noted by Virgil for the coldness of its 
 climate. 
 
 NORD, noR, a department of France, so named from its 
 position in the N. of that country, formed of the old pro- 
 vince of Klander.s, on the frontiers of Belgium. Area 2170 
 B.iuar« miles. Pop. in 1861, 1,303,380; being, aft*;r the de- 
 partment of Seine, the most populous in France. The sui^ 
 face is generally flat, and watered by numerous streams, 
 among which are the Aa, the Scheldt, and its atBuents the 
 Scarpe and Lys, the Deule and Sambre, all navigable, and 
 generally united by cjinals. It has rich mines of cual, iron, 
 turf, and bitumen. The soil is very fertile, and the best 
 cultivated in France. Fishing is actively pursued on the 
 coasts. The department of Nord is, also, the most indus- 
 trious in France; it is covered with manufa':tures of every 
 kind, of which the most celebrated are thread, cambric, 
 linen, lace, and beet-root sugar. The department is divided 
 into the arrondissenients of Avesnes, Carabrai, Douai, Dun- 
 kerque, Ha/.ebrouck, Lille, and Valenciennes. Capital, LiUe. 
 
 NOUD-AMEUIKA. See North Am£uica. 
 
 NOUDBORG. noRd'hoRO, or NOKBURG, noR'WoKG. a town 
 of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, on the island of Alsen,.13 
 miles E.N.K. of Apenrade. in Sleswick. Pop. 1100. 
 
 NOKDEN, noK'd^n, a town of Hanover, 14 miles N.W. of 
 Anriih. joins the German Ocean bv a canal. ]>up. 5050. 
 
 NOUDUXBURG. noR'den-br:ORG\a town of East Prussia, 
 48 miles S.K. of Kanigsberg. on a small lake. Pop. 2350. 
 
 N01U)i:i;-HAUG, noRMfr-howg\?) a parish of Norway, 
 Btift, and 20 miles N.W. of Christiauia, with a villaKo ou the 
 river Beina. Pop 6400. 
 
 NOR 
 
 NORDERNEY, noE'der-ni\ an island in the Norlii Sea, 
 20 miles N.W. of Aurich. with an area of 4 square mile«. It 
 has sea-batliing establL-^hmcuts, and a fi.vhing pop. of C20. 
 
 NORDEIl OUG, noR'dtT oG, and SUDER 0>Kl, .soo'der oG, 
 are islands of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, in the North 
 Sea, W. of Pelworm. 
 
 N0RDj;k\VY'K, noRMer-wrk\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince and 20 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp. J'op. 1136. 
 
 NORDHALBEN, noRt/hdrben, a market-town of Bavaria, 
 on the Rodach, 30 Ui-'^s N. ofBaireuth. Poj). 1354. 
 
 NORDHAUSEN, m ftl/how'^en, a fortified town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, 38 mile/ N.N.W. of Erfurt, on the Zorge. Pop. 
 17,496. It is enclosed by old walls, flanked by towers, and 
 it has numerous Lutheran churches, a Roman Catholic 
 chapel, 3 hospitals, an orphan asylum, and a theatre. The 
 manufactures comprise woollen and linen cloths, sealing- 
 wax, soap, and leather, and it has numerous distilleries 
 and oil-mills. 
 
 NOllDllEni, noRt'hmio, or NORT'HEIM, a town of Ger- 
 many, Hanover, Vl miles N. of Gottingen, on the Kuhme. 
 Pop. 4033. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures 
 of tobacco. 
 
 NORDHEIM, NORTIIEIM or KALTEN-NORDHEIJI, 
 kdl'tcn-noufhime, a town of Germany, Saxe-Weimar, ou 
 the Fulda, N.E. of Eisenach. Pop. 1480. 
 
 NORDIIEI.M, a village of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, on 
 the iluiu. Pop. 1038. 
 
 NORDHEIM, a village of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, pro- 
 vince of Slarkeuburg, near Heppenheim. Pop. 1U30. 
 
 NORDHEIM, a village of Germany, AVilrtemburg, baili- 
 wick of Brackenheim. Pop. 1242. 
 
 NORDIIORN, noRt/hoRu, a town of Hanover, 44 miles 
 W.N.W. of Osnaburg, ou the Vechte. Pop. 1411. 
 
 NORDKOPING, (Nordkiiping,) a town of Sweden. See 
 
 NORRKJiil'ING. 
 
 NORDKYN, noRt'kiu\ the most N. point of the mainland 
 of Europe, 45 miles E. of North Cape. Lat. 71^ 6' N. 
 
 NORDLAND, noRd/lind, or NORR/LAND, u diocese or 
 great division of Norway, mostly between lat. 05" anil 70° 
 i\., and Ion. 12° and 22° E., having W. the Atlantic. Area, 
 comprising the Loffoden Islands, 14,337 square miles. Pop. 
 65,512. Xhief town, Bodiie. 
 
 NORDLAND or NORRLAND, the N. division of Iceland. 
 
 NORDLINGEN, (NiirdUngen,) or NOERDLINGEX, noRt'- 
 ling-en, almost uuRt/ling-en, a fortified town of Bavaria, on 
 the Goldbach, 50 miles S.W. of Nuremberg, with a station on 
 the railway between Donauworth and Oettiugen. Pop. 6464 
 It is enclo.sed by ancient hastioned ramparts, and was form- 
 erly a free imperial town. It has a hand.some Gothic cathe- 
 dral, with many curious monuments and paintings, and a 
 tower 345 feet in height, .'several other churches, a towii-hall 
 ornamented with fresco paintings, an or])han a.'<yium, and 
 considerable manufactures of leather, linen, and woollen 
 stuffs, carpets, and an extensive trade in feathers, gee.se, and 
 hogs. In 1634, the Austrians and Bavarians defeated the 
 Swedes and their allies here, and in 1796, the French here 
 defeated the Austrians. 
 
 NORDSTRAXD, noKt'strJnd, an island of Denmark, off 
 the W. coast of Sleswick, 15 miles N.E. of the mouth of the 
 Eder. Area 20 sijuare miles. Pop. JJUOO, comprising many 
 descendants of Bx-abanters who settled here about 1652. N. 
 of it is the islet Norustraxdisoh-Moor, noRt/strind-ish moE, 
 foi'merly a part of this island. 
 
 NORE, THE, a part of the estuary of the Englii-h River 
 Thames, E. of Sheerness, is thus named. The Nure light 
 floats on a sandbank, 4 miles N.E. of Sheerness. Lat. 51° 
 29' N., lun. 0° 48' W. 
 
 NORENBERG, no'rgn-bjRG\ a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 
 40 miles E. of Stettin, on Lake Enzig. Pop. 1760. 
 
 NORFOLK, nor'tyk, a largo maritime county of England, 
 having N. and E. the North .Sea, and ^Y. the Wash. Area 
 2116 square miles, or 1,345,240 acres, of which about 1,200,000 
 are in grass or arable. Pop. in ISoi, 442.714. Surface level, 
 or gently undulating. Principal rivers, the Great and Little 
 Ouse, and Yare. Soil in a few parts marshy, but mo.-tly a 
 light sandy loam. Parks, woods, and rabbit warrens are 
 numerous. Vast quantities of turkeys and geese are riared 
 for the Loudon market. Marl is the only mineral of conse- 
 queni^e. The Norfolk Railway, and branches of the East 
 Anglian and East Counties Railway, traverse this county. 
 Chief towns, Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn, and Thetlbrd. Its 
 E. and W. divisions each send 2 members to the House of 
 Commons, and 8 members are sent by the above-named 
 boroughs. Under the Britons, Norfolk formed a part of the 
 territory of the Ice'ni, and under the Saxons, if the king- 
 dom of East Auglia. It gives the title of Premier, Duke, 
 and Peer of England to the Howard family, as desisiudauts 
 of the -Mowbrays. 
 
 NORFOLK, nor'fok, a county in the E. part of 7.\a sachu- 
 sotts, has an area df about 520 square miles. It it, bounded 
 on the N.E. by Massachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor, 
 and is watered by the Charles, Neponset, and other s-'nnller 
 rivers, which furnish valuable water-power. The surface ifl 
 uneven, and in the N.E. mountainous. The soil is fortile, and 
 iu the eastern portions iu a high staty of cultivation, furniab- 
 
 J 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 Ing the pr!nc))>al sources for the supply of fruit and vegeta- 
 bles to the Bot^ton markets. The celebrated Quiucy granite 
 is obtained in this county, and from the quarry a railroad 
 (the first laid in the United Stales) exti^uds to Neponset 
 Kiver. Norfjlk county is traversed by railroads connecting 
 Boston and I'lymouth, with i'ro^idence, and with Wor- 
 cester, and partly intersected by two or three other railroads. 
 Organized in 1793, (having previously formed a part of 
 Suffolk.) and named from Norfolk, a county in England. 
 Capital, Dedbam. Pop. 109.950. 
 
 NOKFOLIC, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, hoi-der- 
 Ing on Xorlh Carolina, has an area of 480 square miles. It 
 is situated on the western shore of Chesapeake I!ay, on the 
 estuary of James River, which is called Hampton Koads. 
 The county is drained by Deep Creek and Klizabeth and 
 North Rivers. The surface is level, and the soil generally 
 eand3' or swampy. A large portion of the Dx.«mal Swamp 
 is comprised wilhin its limits. The county is intersected 
 by the Dismal Swamp Canal, which connects the Chesapeake 
 with Albemarle Sound, and by the Portsmouth and Roanoke 
 Railroad. Capital, Portsmouth. Pop. 30,227, of whom 
 27,223 were free, and 9004 slaves. 
 
 NORFOLK, a post-township of Litchfield co., Connecticut, 
 about 30 miles N.W. by W. of Hartford. Pop. 1S03. 
 
 NORFOLK, a post-township in the N. part of St. Lawrence, 
 CO., New York. Pop. 2329. 
 
 NOUFOLIv, a city and port of entry of Norfolk co., Vir- 
 ginia, is situated on the right or N. bank of Klizabeth Kiver, 
 8 miles from Hampton Roads, 32 miles from the sea, ICO 
 miles by water or 106 miles by laud S.E. of Richmond. 
 Lat. 30° 51' N., Ion. 76° 19' W. The river, which is seven- 
 eighths of a mile wide, separates it from Portsmouth. Next 
 to Richmond, Norfolk is the most populous i:ity of Virginia. 
 It has more foreign commerce than any other place in the 
 Etate, and tt>gether with Portsmouth is the most important 
 naval station in the Union. See Poutsmol'TH. The harbor 
 is large, safe, and easily accessible, admitting vessels of the 
 largest class to come to the wharves. The site of the city is 
 almost a dead level; the plan is somewhat irregular; the 
 streets are wide, mostly well built with brick or stone 
 houses, and lighted with gas. Tlie most conspicuous public 
 buildings are the City Ilall, which has a granite front, a 
 cupola 110 feet high, and a portico of six Tuscan columns; 
 its dimensions are 80 feet by 60 : the Norfolk Military Aca- 
 demy, a Doric structure 91 feet by 47, with a portico of six 
 columns at each end : the Mechanics' Ilall, a Gothic building 
 90 feet by 60: Ashland Hall, and a Baptist church, witl],a 
 steeple 200 feet high. A new custom-house is being elected, 
 at a cost of aliout $140,000. It contains 14 churches, 9 
 seminaries, an hospital, an orphan asylum, 3 Kinks, and 2 
 reading-rooms. Five newspapers are published here. 
 
 The trade of Norfolk is facilitated by the Dismal Swamp 
 Canal, which opens a communication between Chesapeake 
 Btiy and Albemarle Sound, and by the Seaboard and 
 Roanoke Railroad, which connects it with the towns of North 
 and South Carolina. The canal, constructed with great 
 labor through the Dismal Swamp, is navigable by schooners, 
 and brings to this place a very extensive trade in corn and 
 lumber. Within a few years past, many substantial ware- 
 houses and handsome dwellings have been erected, giving 
 evidence of its increased prosperity, con.«equent on these 
 Internal improvement.s. Norfolk communicates witli New 
 York and I'hiladelphia by regular lines of ocean steamers. 
 A railroad is completed from this city to Petersburg. The 
 entrance of the harbor is defended by Forts Calhoun and j 
 Monroe. The capital invested in manufactures is about 
 $570,000, and the value of the annual productions is esti- 
 mated at Sl.140.000. Vast quantities of oysters, vegetables, 
 and poultry are annually shipped here, amounting in value 
 to about ,*»0.000. About ISUO barrels of eggs, valued at 
 $36,000, avid 1,000,000 pounds of r.igs, worth §45,000, were 
 shipped at Norfolk in 1852. The as.sessed value of real estate 
 is S5,),000.0ii0. The shipping of the port, June 30, 18.4. 
 amounted to an aggregate of 13.254 tons registered, and 
 16.180 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 14,636 
 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 1500 tons in 
 steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year were 
 126. (tons. 57,883,) of which 93 (tons, 4892) were by .American 
 vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 129, (tons, 
 24.447.) of which 94 (tons, 17,886) were by American ve.ssels. 
 During the year, 2 vessels, with an aggregate Inirden of 
 1096 tons, were admeasured. Norfolk was laid out in 1705, 
 Incorporated as a iiorough in 1736, and as a city in 1845. 
 In 1776 it was burnt by the British. Pop. in ISuO, 14,326; 
 In I860, 14.620. 
 
 NOR'FOLK. a co. of Canada West, bonlering upon I>ake 
 Erie, comprises an area of 600 square miles. This county 
 Is watered by several small streams Hewing into Lake Erie. 
 Capital, Sinicoe. Pop. 21,281. 
 
 NORFOLK, a township and fort of Canada West, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 54 miles E.S.E. of London, on the N. coast of Lake Erie. 
 
 NOR'FOLK BAY, an inlet on the S.E. coast of Van Die- 
 men's Land, district of Richmond. 20 m. E of Ilobart-Town, 
 and nearly land-locked by Forrestier and Tasman Penin- 
 sulas. It has deep water, and contains several islets. 
 
 NORFOLK ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, between New Zealand 
 and New Caledonia, in lat. 29° S., Ion. 168° 10' E., .ibout 1200 
 miles E.N.E. of Sydney ; length 6 miles, breadth 4 miles. Ic 
 its centre is Mount Pitt. The island is well watered and 
 fertile. Climate healthy. It was discovercu by Captain 
 Cook, and is appropriated as a penal colony tor the most 
 heavily-sentenced British convicts. 
 
 NORFOLK, NEW, a district of Van Dieman's Land, having 
 N.E. and S. the distrietsClyde, Richmoud,:indIlolait-'Io\vn. 
 Area about 1500 square miles. Surface in a great part rockj 
 and barren, but it conipri.«es some fertile tracts along the 
 .Jordan, and the Derwent. which is its chief rivir, and on 
 which are the settlements of Hamilton and New Norfolk, 
 21 miles W.N.W. of Hobart-Town. A hundred and parish of 
 the district have the same name. 
 
 NORFOLK, NEW, a name formerly applied to the coast line 
 of Russian .America, from .^.dniiralty Bay to Baranov Island. 
 
 NORFOLK PLAINS, a district of Van Dieman's Land, 
 having N. Bass' Strait. Area 2250 square miles. I'rlncipal 
 rivers, the Mersey, Rubicon, West River, and Liffey. Prin- 
 cipal towns, Latour and "Westbury. On its coiist are Fort« 
 Frederick and Sorell. 
 
 NORFOLK SOUND, on the coast of Russian America, is 
 a bay on the W. side of King George III. Archipelago, on 
 which is the Russian town of Sitka, or New Archangel. 
 
 NORGE, a country of Europe. See Norway. 
 
 NOR'IIAM or NORHAMjSIURE, nor'am-shir, a parish of 
 England, forming with Islandshire a detached part of the 
 county of Durham, in the N. of the county of Northumber- 
 land, on the Tweed. It has fine ruins of a castle, tamous 
 in the Border wars, and described in Scott's •' Warmion." 
 
 NOR'IC ALl'S, (L. Jl'jies Aor'iccr.) that portion of the 
 great .Vlpine chain stretching from the Rhictian .\!ps. about 
 Ion. 12° 15' E., in an E. direction to Vienna and Presburg, 
 and covering, with its ramifications, Styria, .Salzburg. South 
 Austria, and a part of Carintbi.a. all which provinces were 
 comprised in tlie ancient A'or'tciim. 
 
 N0RIMBERG.\. a town of Germ.iny. See Nuukmbekg. 
 
 NORINSK. no-rinsk'. a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Volhynia. 
 
 NORK.\. noR/k3, a large villase of Russia, government of 
 Saratov. Pop. 4.500. mostly Lutherans. 
 
 NOR'LAND, township of England, co. York. West Riding. 
 
 NOR/LEY, a township of England, co..of Chester. 
 
 NOll'.MAL COLLEGE, a post-'offlce of Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 NOR'JIAX or NORMAN'S ISLAND, one of the Virgin 
 Islands of the West Indies, N.E. of St. John, 2 miles long, 
 and under 1 mile broad; lat. 18° 19' N., Ion. 64° 32' W. On 
 its W. side is JIan-of-War Bay. 
 
 NOR/M-iNBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NORMANBY, a p.irish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 NORMAXBY, a maritime county of Au.stralia, A'ictoria, 
 100 miles W. of I'ort I'hillip. Area 3125 square miles. Pop. 
 2207. Chief towns, Portland, Belfast, and Warnambool. 
 
 NORMANBY-ON-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 NOROI.XNDY, (Fr. Kormamlie, noR'm6N°Mec' ; L. Nor- 
 manhiia or Nnu'slria.) an ancient |)rovince of F'rance, was 
 divided into Upper and Lower Normandy, and was bounded 
 N. and W. by the English Channel. Area 10.634 square 
 miles. On the decline of the Roman Empire, it was seized 
 by the Franks, and afterwards, in the 9th century, wrested 
 from them by the Normans, front whom it has derived its 
 name. When William the Conqueror mounted the English 
 throne, in 1006. it was incorporated with, and continued to 
 form, an important part of the English monarchy. The 
 capital was Rouen till 1204, when it was united to France 
 by Philip Augustus. It was again taken by the Flngli.sh in 
 1419, and retained by them till 1425. when it was .again 
 joined to France under Charles VII. It is now divided into 
 the departments of Scine-Inferieure, Eure. Calvados. Manche, 
 and Orne. Normandy occupied the central portion of the 
 ancient kingdom of Neu'stria, (Fr. Ncudrie.) niisUree',) one 
 of the parts into which the empire of Charlemagne was 
 divided, and which extended from the mouths of the Rhine 
 to the Bay of Biscay. See Osteasib. 
 
 NOR'.MANDY, a post-village of Tipton co., Indiana, about 
 40 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NOR'M.-iN ISLES conipri.se the Channel Islands. .Jersey, 
 Guernsey, &c., which see. They are the sole portions of 
 Normandy yet remaining to England, to which kingdom 
 they have uninterruptedly belonged since the Conquest. 
 
 NORMAN'S HILL, a post-office of -MKany co.. New York. 
 
 NORM.W'S KILL, a sm.ill mill stream, enters the TTndson 
 River, about one and a h.ilf miles below Albany, New York. 
 
 NOR'.MANTON, a parish. of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 NORM.\NT0N, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 N0RM.\NT0N, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 NOR.MANTON, a parish of England, co. of York, AVest 
 Riding, 3j miles E.N.E. of Wakefield, and connected with 
 York, kc. by the North Midland Railway. 
 
 N01O1.A.NT0N-0N-S0AR, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 1361 
 
KOR 
 
 NORM A'iJTON. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Derliy. 
 KOKMANTON ox-TKENT, a parish of Kugland, co. of 
 Notti. 
 
 NOKOr-LE-BOURG. no'rwi/ leh booR, a market-town of 
 I rauce, 'lepartment of Ilaute-Saone, 7 miles E. of Vesoul. 
 Pop. 1233. 
 
 XORR, noR. a market-town of Biugia, gOTernmeut and 
 circle of Yaroslav, on the Volga. I'op. 1500. 
 
 XORREXT-FONTES, uor'rSW fi.Nt, a village of France, 
 department of I'as-de-Calais, 10 miles W.N.W. of Bethune. 
 top. 1480. 
 
 XORRIDGEWOCK, nor'rij-wi.k\ a post-village and town- 
 ship, capital of Somerset co.. Maine, on the Kennebec River, 
 here crossed by a toll-bridge, about 28 miles \. of Augusta. 
 The village contains 2 churches, a court-house, jail, and the 
 Norridgewock Female Academy. The township is crossed 
 by the Somerset and Kennebec Railroad, which is eom- 
 pleted to Skowhcgan, about 5 miles from Norridgewock 
 village. Pop. of tlio township, 1898. 
 
 v NOR'RIESTOWX, a village of Scotland, co. of Perth, 8 
 miles W.X.W. of Stirling. Pop. 750. 
 IsOR'RIS CREKK, a post-office of Lincoln CO., Tennessee. 
 NOKUIS F.\LLiS, a manufacturing village of Cuyahoga 
 CO., Ohio, on a branch of Rocky River. 
 NORRIS FORK, a postoffice of Henry co., Jlissouri. 
 NOR'RISTOWX, a handsome town, capital of >Iontgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Schuylkill 
 River, 91 miles E. of Harrisburg, and 16 miles N.VV. of 
 Philadelphia, viith which it is connected by railroad. The 
 situation is elevated and beautiful; the town is regularly 
 planned, and built in a neat and substantial manner. Brick 
 and stone are the materials employed almost exclusively. 
 The court-house, which was completed in 1S55, is one of 
 the most splendid and costly buildings of its class in the 
 United States. The material is a native marble, of a light 
 gray color. The town contains a handsome county prison, 
 2 banks, a public library, 1 Catholic and 10 Protestant 
 churches, and 3 flourishing boarding-schools, 2 of which 
 have hirge and elegant buildings situated on high ground 
 in the E. part of the town ; 4 newspapers are published here. 
 The Schuylkill River is crossed by two substantial covered 
 bridges, which connect this town with the borough of Bridge- 
 port. Gaslight Wiia introduced during the year 1853. Norris- 
 town is the E. terminus of the Chester Valley lUiilroad, 22 
 miles in length, which intersects the Central Railroad at 
 Downintrtown. The improved navigation of the »iver 
 affords facilities for the trade of this town. The Reading 
 Railroad which passes along the opposite bank of the river, 
 opens a ready communication to the coal-mines of Schuyl- 
 kill county. Nine cotton and woollen factories, 3 rolling- 
 mills, 1 furnace, and 1 nail factory furnish employment to 
 several hundred operatives. Population in 1850.' 602-t : in 
 1860, 8448. 
 
 NORRISTOWN, a post-village in Pope co., Arkansas, on 
 Arkansas River, 65 miles N.W. by W. of Little liock. 
 
 NORRISTOWN, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, 130 
 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 NORRISTOWN, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana. 
 NOR/RISVILLE, a village in Wilcox co., Alabama, 65 
 miles S.W. by ^V. of Jlontgomery. 
 
 NOR'RITOX, a township in Montgomery co., Penngylvar 
 ni.'i, on the Schuylkill, adjoining Norristown. Population, 
 1406. 
 
 NOR'RITONVILLE, a post-villaste of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 mil^p X. of Norristown, 
 
 NORRKJOPIXO, (Norrkjoping,) noR'chii'plng, or NORD: 
 KOPIXG, (Xordkdping,) noRd'chii'ping, a town and port of 
 Sweden, hen of I^inkiiping, on the Jlotala, here crossed by 
 several bridges, near its mouth in the Baltic So miles S.W. 
 of Stockholm. Pop. 21,579. It h.is numerous manufactures 
 of brass and hardwares, linen, cotton, and coarse woollen 
 fabrics, gloves, starch, paper, and leather, sugar refineries, 
 oil-mills, ship-building docks, and a considerable salmon 
 fishery. Its quay is commodious, and admits of vessels 
 coming close to it. 
 NORRLAXD. of Norw.Hy or Iceland. See Norduvd. 
 NORRSKA FIELLEX, noRs'kd fyjl'len. or XORWEGIAN 
 (noR-wee'jan) RANGE, a name .sometimes employed by geo- 
 graphers to designate the ma.ss of mountains, which, com- 
 mencing near the Dovrefield Mountains, occupies more 
 than three-fourths of the S. part of Norway. It there in- 
 cludes the ranges known by the names of Langfield, Sogne- 
 field. Fillefield, Byglefield, and Voklelield. Its loftiest sum- 
 aiits a.e in the N., where Sneo Braen is 7000 feet, 
 
 NORRTLEJE. noRt'KVyA, written also NORTELJE, a sea- 
 port town of Sweden, 1,-en and 37 miles N.E. of Stockholm, 
 on the Baltic. Pop. 1050. 
 
 NOKT, noR. a town of France, department of Lolre-TnfS- 
 vm;T?T *'"! *-'■'*'■?•. ^^ •""«*' ^'•^■••^- "<■ N»"tes. Pop. 1600. 
 xi^HS' * *«^*"^'"P of Harrison co , Ohio. Pop. 1073. 
 t)ll^l]l' * !"""i''l' i" I'"ke CO., Indiana. Pop 728. 
 NORTH, a township in Cook CO., Illinois. Pon 589 
 NORTH ABMX0.TOX. a village of Plymouth co. Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Old Colony Railroad, 1^ mUes S S E of 
 Boston, 
 
 1352 
 
 NOR 
 
 NORTH ACTON, a post-office of York co.. Maine. 
 NORTH .\IVAMS, a flourishing post-village of Adamt 
 township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the Hoosick 
 River, at the northern terminus of the Pitslield and North 
 Adams Railroad. 20 miles N, by E. of I'itstield, and by rail- 
 raad 171 miles W. by N, of Boston, It is one of the largest 
 and mo.st prosperous manufacturing villages in the county. 
 It contains numerous priut works, and cotton and woollen 
 mills, manufactories of boots and shoes, iron. sa.«h, and 
 blinds, Ac; also 6 churches, a bank, a savings institution, 
 and 1 printing-office, issuing a weekly uewsijuper. Pop 
 about 4r,00, 
 NORTH ADAMS, a postvillage of Jefferson co.. New Yort 
 NORTH ADAM.<, a post-office of Hill.stlale co., Michigan. 
 NORTH A'DRIAX, a post-office of Lemtwee co., Michigan, 
 NORTH AI^BAX Y, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 NORTH'ALL, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 NORTHALL, a hamlet of England, co. of Bucks, 3 miles 
 N.N.E. of Ivin^hoe. Pop. 600. 
 
 NORTHAL'LERTON, a parliamentary borough, town, and 
 parish of England, co. and 30 miles N.X.W. of York, West 
 Riding, with a station on the Grbat North of England Rail- 
 way, i'op. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 4995. It 
 stands in the beautiful vale of the Wiske, It sends 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. In the vicinity is •• Stanilai-d 
 Hill," so •ailed from the famous " Battle of the Standard," in 
 which the English defeated the Scotch in 1138. 
 NORTH ALM'OND, a post office, Alleghany co.. New Y'ork. 
 NOR'l'HA.M. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 NORTH AME'XIA, a village of Dutchess CO., New York. 
 NORTH AM KRICA. See Amkrica. paL'e 70. 
 NORTH AMHKRST, (am'erst.) a post-village of Amherst 
 township. Hampshire CO.. ilassachusetts. has sineral factories 
 NOItTHAMl'TOX or NORTIIAMPTOXSIIIRE. north- 
 amp'ton-shir. a central county of England. Area, 9*5 square 
 miles, or 630,400 acres, about half of which is grass land. 
 Pop. in 1851, 212,380. The surface Is finely diversified with 
 gentle hills and vales, richly wooded, and adorned with an 
 unusual number of mansions and parks. Principal rivers, 
 the Nene, Welland, and Ouse. Soil mostly a stiff, productive 
 loam. \Vhoat and beans are the principal crops, but the 
 breeding of heavy black horses, short-horned cattle and 
 sheep, and the feeding of cattle, forms, with the dairy, the 
 chief object of husliandry. The Grand Junction 4>nd Grand 
 Union Canals, and the Loudon and Birmingham, and North- 
 ampton and Peterborough Railways, traverse the county. 
 Chief towns, Northamidon, Peterborough, Higham-Ferrers, 
 Brackley, and Wellingborough. It sends 4 members to the 
 House of Commons for the county, besides 4 for its boroughs. 
 Under the Briton.s, this county was inhabited by the Cori- 
 tani; under the Saxons, it formed a part of .Mercia. 
 
 N0RTH.\MPTOX, a parliamentary and municipal borough 
 and town of England, capital of the above county, on a slirpe, 
 rising from the left bank of the navigable Nene, here cro.^sed 
 by two stone bridges, and on a branch canal, connecting the 
 Nene with the Grand Junction Caual, and on the J'eter- 
 borough branch of the London and North Western Railway, 
 60 miles .\.W, of Ix)ndou. It is built of a reddish stone, 
 obtained in the vicinity; and has four principal streets, 
 meeting in a large open market-place, one of the finest in 
 England. 
 
 The ecclesiastical edifices include 8 churches of the Esta- 
 blishment, and numerous Di.s.senting chapels, of which the 
 Baptists have 5, the Independents 3, the \Vesleyiin Methoil- 
 ists 3, and the Friends, Primitive Methodists, Roman Catho- 
 lics, and Unitarians, 1 each. Among the churches may be 
 mentioned Ail Saiuts', rebuilt in 1680, after the designs of 
 Sir Christopher Wren, and having in the centre a statue of 
 Charles 11.; St. Katharine's, a neat edifice, in the Gothic 
 6t}-le; St. l'eter'.s. admired as one of the most beautiful spe- 
 cimens of decorated Norman; and St. Sepulchre".*, supposed 
 to have been built by the Templars, on the motiel of the 
 Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. Among the 
 Di.ssenting chapels, that of the Independents on (.'.istle Hill 
 deserves notice, as having been, for 20 years, the scene of 
 the lal)or8 of the celebrated Dr. Doildridge, who also presided 
 over a theological academy in the town. The principal lite- 
 rary and educational institutions are the free gr.^mmar, 
 blue-coat, green, national, British, infant, and other schools; 
 the Mechanics' Institute, which possesses a library of 10,000 
 volumes; the Religious and Useful Knowledge Society, with 
 a library of 4000 volumes; an athenseum, an archaeological, 
 and au architectural society. The benevolent institutions 
 include, in addition to the infirmary, a general and lunatic 
 asylum, the Royal Victoria Dispensary, St. John's, and 
 Thoma-s-a-Becket Hospitals, &c. 
 
 The staple manuf icture is boots and shoes, which are made 
 very extensively for the supply of the army, and of the 
 London and other markets, and also for export. The num- 
 ber of hands employed is about 9000, nearly one-third of the 
 whole inhabitants. The currying of leather is also carried 
 on on a large scale. Hosiery and lace, once important 
 branches of industry, have greatly declined. The only other 
 important industrial establishmerts are iron and bra3« 
 foundries, breweries, and paper au'^ corn mills Tile town 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 ha^ seTeral banks and newspapers, barracks, com exchange, 
 yesti.?es of a castle built at the Conquest, and, about half 
 a mile S. of the town, one of the most perf<!ct of the funeral 
 crosses erected by Edward I. in honor of his queen. North- 
 ampton is the principal place of election for the county, and 
 geuds 2 members to the House of Commons. Several par- 
 liaments have been held in Northampton, which, for a brief 
 perioil, was the seat of a university. In 1460, the Karl of 
 Warwick gained here a great victory over the l^ancjistrians. 
 In the meadows on the .N'ene, immediately S. of the town. 
 In 164:2, the town was fortified by Lord Brooke for the Par- 
 liament. In 1675, it was mostly destroyed by fire, i'letcher 
 the dramatist was born here in 1576. Pop. in 1861, 22,813. 
 
 NORTII.\MP'TOX,acounty in the E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on New .lersey, has an area of 370 square miles. 
 The Delaware River forms the entire E. boundary: the 
 Lehigh flows through the S. part of the county, which is 
 drained also by Martin's, Monocafy, Saueon, and Bushkill 
 Creeks. The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain forms its bound- 
 ary on the N.W., and the South Mountain on the S.E. The 
 greater part of the county consists of the valley between 
 these mountains. The surface of the valley is nearly level ; 
 the soil is highly productive, and mostly well cultivated. 
 The valley is occupied by beds of limestone of good quality; 
 the county contains valuable quarries of slate, and several 
 mines of iron are worked. The Delaware Canal and that of 
 the Lehigh meet at Easton, and contribute greatly to the 
 wealth and prosperity of the county. The Central Railroad 
 of New Jersey extends from Easton to New York city, and 
 another railroad connects Easton with Philadelphia. Or- 
 ganized in 1752, and named from Northampton county, 
 England. Capital, Easton. Pop. 47,904. 
 
 NORTIIA.MPTON, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, 
 Is situated on the. eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, and 
 forms tlie S. extremity of the peninsula which extends be- 
 tween that bay and the sea. The length is 36 miles, and 
 the area 320 square miles. It is Indented by numerous 
 Inlets on each side. The surface is level; the soil light and 
 sandy. Northampton was one of the eight original shires 
 fornied in 1634. Capital, Eastville. Pop. 7832, of whom 
 39i;0 were free, and 3872 slaves. 
 
 NORTII.\>H>T()N, a county in the N.N.E. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 
 350 square miles. The -Meherrin River washes the N.E. 
 border, and the Roanoke forms the boundary on the S.W. 
 for a distance of above 50 miles. The surface is diversified; 
 the soil is generally fertile. Roanoke River is navigated by 
 steamboats on the border. The county is intersected by 
 the Sealward and Roanoke Railroad, and by the Greenville 
 and Roanoke Railroad. Capital, Jackson. Forme<l in 1741. 
 Pop. l.S.:!72, <if whom 6568 were free, and 6804 slaves. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a teautiful post-village and township, 
 seat of justice of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on 
 the W. side of Connecticut River, and on the Connecticut 
 River Railroad, at the northern terminus of the New Haven 
 an.l Northampton Railroad. 17 miles N. of Springfield. The 
 village is delightfully situated on rising ground, alx)ut a 
 mile W. of Connecticut River, and contains, besides the 
 county buildings, 9 churches, S banks, witii an aggregate 
 capital of $700,000; a savings institution, an insurance com- 
 pany, a gas-light company, incorporated in 1853, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and the State Hospital for Lunatics. The 
 schools here are very flourishing. West of the village the 
 ground rises into a considerable elevation, called Hound 
 Hill, which is the site of several splendid residences, and 
 has on its summit an extensive water-cure establishment. 
 Northampton is celebrated for its healthy atmosphere, and 
 magnificent scenery — Mount Tom and Mount ilolyoke being 
 in full view. A stream of water flows through the town- 
 ship, aftbrding water-power employed for mills of various 
 kinds. The township is thickly settled, highly cultivated, 
 and has important manufactures of woollen, cotton, and 
 silk goods, iron, paper, sewing-silk, rifles, baskets, &c. The 
 Florence Sowing Machine Company, located here, employ 
 a capital of $240,000. Large quantities of sewing-silk are 
 made here. A bridge 1080 feet long here spans the Con- 
 necticut, connecting Northampton with Hadlev. Settled in 
 1853. Pop. of the township in 1840, 3750 ; in 1850, 5278 ; in 
 1860, 6788. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a post-township forming the N.E. ex- 
 tremity of Fulton CO., New York. Pop. 1937. 
 
 NOIll'H AMPTON. a township of Burlington co., New Jer- 
 sey, about 18 miles S.S.E. of Trenton. Pop. 2997. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, Pennsylvania. See Allentowjj. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 10 miles S.E. of Doylestown. Pop. 2047. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, atown6hip,Summitco., Ohio. Pop. 972. 
 
 NOKTH.IMPTON, a village in the S. part of Saginaw CO., 
 ilichigan. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois. 
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. See Northampton, England. 
 
 NORTH AN'DOVER, a post-village and township of Es- 
 ■ex CO., Massachusetts, 23 miles N. of Boston. Near the 
 Mirthern part of the village is Great Poud, the outlet of 
 
 which flowing into the Merrimack affords water-power. 
 Pop. 2343. 
 
 NORTH AN'NA, a small river in the eastern part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Louisa and Orange counties, flows south-east- 
 ward, forming the boundary between Louisa and Hanover 
 on the right, and Spottsylvania and Caroline on the lefl 
 unites with South Anna River a few miles above Hanover 
 Court-IIouse, and forms the Pamunkey. The North Anna 
 affords a copious supply of water-power. 
 
 NORTH AX'SON, a post-township of Somer.set co., Maine, 
 on the W. side of the Kennebec, 40 miles N. by W. of Augusta. 
 It has manufactures of edged tools and starch. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NORTH AN'VILLE, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1944. 
 
 NORTH AP'i'LETON, a post-oflico of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH ARGYLE. (ar-ghll',) a post-village of Washington 
 CO., New Yorji, 50 miles N.N.E. of Albany. 
 
 NORTH ASII'FORD, a post-village in Ashford township, 
 Windham co.. Connecticut, 17 miles N.N.AV. of Brooklyn. 
 
 NORTH ATTLEBOROUGH, a post-village of Attleborough 
 township. Bristol co., Ma.ssachusetts, .30 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH ALVBURN, Miune. See Appendix. 
 
 NORTH AUGUSTA, a village of De^ Moines co., Iowa, 
 near Des Moines River, 70 miles S. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 NORTH AUSTRALIA, that part of Australia lying N. of 
 lat. 26° S., and E. of Ion. 129° E., having N. the Gulf of Car- 
 pentaria, and W. the Gulfs of Van Diijmen and Cambridge. 
 This vast region has not a single permanent settlement, ths 
 hot and unhealthy government station at Port JJssington, 
 on Coburg Peninsula, having been abandoned in 1849. 
 
 NORTHAW, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 NORTH BAN'GOR, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH BANGOR, a post-oflice of Franklin co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH BARN'STEAD, a post-oflice of Belknap co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 NORTH BAR/RINGTON, a postK)fflce of Strafford co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Nt)RTH BARTON, a post-office of Tioga co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH B.\.Y, a post-office of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH BEAA'ER, (bee'ver.) a township of Lawrence CO, 
 Pennsylvania, on Beaver River. Pop. 2009. 
 
 NORTH BKCK'KT. a post-village of Berkshire co., Mass.v 
 chusetts, on the Western Railroad. 70 miles from Boston. 
 
 NORTH BELGRADE', a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine 
 
 NORTH BEL'LEHICA or BILLKRICA MILLS, a thriving 
 manufacturing ix)st-village of Middlesex county, Mas-sachu- 
 setts, on the Concord River, and on the Boston and Lowell 
 Railroad, 21 miles N. by W. of Boston. It contains a wool- 
 len-mill, turning out 430.000 yards of flannel annually, and 
 dye-works, consuming monthly about 1800 tons of dye- 
 woods. Pop. about 300. 
 
 NORTH BELLKVILLE, (bSll'vil.) a village of Hendricks 
 CO., Indiana, on the Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad, 
 19 miles W. by .S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NORTH BKL'LINGHAM, a post-village of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, about 25 miles S.W^. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH BEL/MONT, a post-office of Waldo CO., Maine. 
 
 NORTH BKND, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama. 
 
 NOIvTH BEND, a post-township of Stark co., Indiana. 
 Pop.4,'>0. 
 
 NORTH BEND, of Hamilton county, Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, 16 miles below Cincinnati. It is a beautiful spot. 
 which derives its interest from having been the residence 
 o( General William Henry Harrison, late President of the 
 United States. The house now occupied by his widow is of 
 wood, and painted white. The tomb of Harrison is a few 
 rods from the bank of the river. 
 
 NORTH BEND, a small village of Champaign co., Illinois. 
 
 NORTH BEND, .Jackson co.. Wisconsin. See Appexmx. 
 
 NORTH BEND JttlLLS, a post-office of Tyler co., West 
 Virginia. 
 
 NORTH BEN'.NINGTON, a post-village of Bennington 
 township, Bennington co., Vermont, on the Western Ver- 
 mont Railroad, and on Paran Creek, a branch of the Wal- 
 lomscoik, about 4 miles N.W. of Bennington Centre. It 
 contains a church, academy, 6 stores, a number of cotton- 
 mills, and several establishments for the manufacture of 
 carpenters' steel squares. The first manufactory of the kind 
 in the United States was established here in 1820. These 
 squares are said to be superior to any imported, and to su- 
 persede the foreign article in the market. Pop. about 300. • 
 
 NORTH BKN'TON, a postoffice of iMahoning co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH BENTONSPORT, a village of Van Buren county, 
 Iowa, on Des Moines River, 75 miles S. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 NORTH BER'GKN, a post-village of Genesee co.. New 
 York, 240 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 NORTH BERGEN, a township of Hudson co.. New Jer- 
 sey, on the Hudson River, and on the Northern Railroad 
 nearly opposite New York City. Pop. 6335. 
 
 NtiRTH BER/NARDSTON, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 NORTH BKRWICK, Scotland. See Berwick. North. 
 
 NORTH BKR'VVICK, a post-township of York co., Maine, 
 on the Portland Saco and Portsmouth Railroad, 90 miles 
 S.W. of Augusto. Pop. 1492. 
 
 1353 
 
NOR 
 
 NOK 
 
 NMiTn Hiim:i'EL, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 NORTH BLACK'STONE. a post-Tillage of \yorcester CO., 
 Wassjtcha' etts, about 40 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH BL.^X'FOItD, a post-village of Hampden co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on or near the Western KailroaJ, about 120 miles 
 W. of Boston. 
 
 XOUTH BLENHEIM, (blSn/hlme.) a post-village of Scho- 
 harie CO., New York, on the Schoharie Hirer, about 40 miles 
 W.S.AV. of Albany. 
 
 NOBTH BLOOM'FIELD, a post-vill.Tge of Ontario CO., New 
 York, on Honeoye Creek, about 210 miles 'W. of Albany. 
 
 NORTH BLOOMFIELD, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 NORTH BLOOMFIELD. a post-office of Trumbull CO., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH BLUE HILL, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH BOOTH'BAY, a post-village of Lincoln CO., JIaiue, 
 
 about Go miles S.E. of Augusta. It contains 2 churches, a 
 
 fine town-house, and 3 stores. 
 
 NOKTH'BOROUGII, a pariah of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 NORTH/BOROUGH, a township of AVorcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 35 miles W. of Boston. Pop.l5C5. 
 
 NORTH BOSQUE (bosk) CREEK, Texas, enters the Brazos 
 Eiver from the N.W., in McLennan co. 
 
 NORTH BOSTON, a postoffiee of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH'BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 NORTH BRANCH, a post^)ffice of Hillsborough co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 NORTH BRANCH, a postoffice of Sullivan co., New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH BRANCH or BAILIE'S, (bVlJz.) a sm.-Ul post-vil- 
 lage and railway station of BriJgewater township, Somerset 
 CO., New Jersey, about 5 miles N.W. of Somerville. 
 
 NORTH BRANCH, a post-office, lialtimore co., Maryland. 
 
 NORTH BRANCH, a post-office, Calaveras co., California. 
 
 NORTH BRANCH, a post<iffice of Madison co., Iowa. 
 
 NORTH BRAN'FORD, a post-township of New Haven co., 
 Connecticut, 8 miles E. by N. of New Haven. Pop. 1060. 
 
 NORTH'BRIDGE, a post-township of AVorcester co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, intersected by the Blackstone River, and by the 
 Providence and Worcester Railroad. It has manufactures 
 of shirtings and prints. Pop. 2633. 
 
 NORTHBRIDGE CENTRE, a post-village of Worcester 
 CO., Mass:u husetts. in the above township, 38 miles S.W. by 
 W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH BRIDGEn^ON, a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 Maine. 
 
 NORTH BRIDGE'WATER. a flourishing post-village and 
 township of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony 
 and Newjjort Railroatl, 21 miles S. of Boston. It contains 
 7 churches, 1 bank, 40 manufactories of boots and shoes, 7 
 of shoemakers' tools, 1 of patent lesither, 2 of musical instru- 
 ments, and 3 of tinware. Population of the township, 
 65S4. 
 
 NORTH BRIDGEWATER, a posfroface of Oneida co., New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH BRIGHTON, bri'tpn, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., Michicran. 
 
 NORTH BROADAI^BIN, a post-village of Broadalbin town- 
 ship. Fultou CO., New York. 
 
 NORTH BROOK/FIELD, a post-township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 2760. 
 
 NORTH BROOKFiELD, a post-office of Madison co.. New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH BROAVN, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH BROWNS/VILLE, a postKjffice of Piscataquis co., 
 Maine. 
 
 NORTH BRUNS/WICK, a township of Middlesex co.. New 
 Jersey, on the liaritan River, contains the city of New Bruns- 
 wick. Pop. 12,301. 
 
 NORTH BUCIiS/PORT, a post-village of Bucksport town- 
 Bhip, Hancock CO., Maine, about 8 miles 8. of Bangor. 
 
 NORTH BUF'FALO, a township of Armstrong co., Peun- 
 sylvaiiia. Pop. 1175. 
 
 NORTH BUT'LER. a township of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. contains Butler, the county seat. 
 
 NORTH CAMBRIDGE, (kim/brij,) a postroffice of LamoUle 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 NORTH tIAMBRIDGE, of JIassachusetts. See Cambridge. 
 .NORTH CAJIBRIDGE, a post-viUage of Cambridge town- 
 ship, Washington co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH CAM'DEN, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH CAM'ERON, a postofflce, Steuben co., New York. 
 
 NORTH CAMERON, a postoffice of Ivent co., Michigan. 
 
 NORIII CAN'TON, a post-viUage of Canton township, 
 
 NORTH CAN'iONMLLE, a post-offi.«s of Umpqua co., 
 Oregon. '^^ ' 
 
 .f^''^'^'^7L^^'**^^.^^'^'^(''^'"'°l''"?-) o°e of the original 
 states of the American Confederacy, is bounded on tlfe N. 
 l)y \irgm.a, E. and S.E. by the Atlantic, S. by South Caro- 
 Ima and Georgia, and N.W. by Tennessee, from which it is 
 lleparated by Iron Mountain and others of the Appalachian 
 chain. It lies between about 33° 53' and 30= 33' .\ lat and 
 between , u° 25' and 84° 30' \V. Ion., being about 450 miles in 
 
 length, and 180 in its greatest breadth, including an area 
 of 60,704 square miles, or about 32.450,600 acres, of which 
 only 6,ol7,2S4 were improved in 1860. 
 
 Face of Vie Onuntry, and Mountains. — The S.E. and E. 
 portion of North Carolina is level and sandy, and often 
 marshy, interspersed with shallow lakes, especially between 
 Albemarle and I'amlico Sounds. A chain of low islands, or 
 sandbanks, lines the whole coa-st, cutting off x series of 
 shallow sounds, or lagoons, of difficult navigation. The 
 Great Dismal Swamp, partly in the N.E. of this state, and 
 partly in Virginia, is a spongy mass, that is said to be 
 higher than the surrounding country, and to liold the 
 water by capillary attraction. The Little Dismal Swamp 
 lies between the two great sounds. The level region ex- 
 tends about 60 miles from the coast, and is succeeded bv 
 the hill country in the centre, which is followed, in turn, 
 by the mountainous region of the west, formed by the pass- 
 age of several ridges of the great Alleghany range in a 
 S.W. direction through the state. These mountains vjiry 
 from 800 to above COOU feet in elevation. Black Mountain is 
 in the N.W. part of the state, and contains Cliiigman's I'sak, 
 6941 feet, and Mount Mitchell. 0732 feet, the highest land 
 E. of the Mississippi River. The other con.Mdeiable peaks 
 are liojin Mountain, 0270 feet. Grandfather Mountain, 57t'8 
 feet, and Grandmother Mountain, 25U0 feet high. That part 
 of the Alleghany range which separates Tennessee from 
 North Carolina goes under various local names, such as 
 Iron, Stone. Smoky, Bald, and Uuaka Mountains. Between 
 these .and the Blue Ridge is a table-land elevated from 2000 
 to 2500 feet above the sea. 
 
 Minerals. — North Carolina is rich in mineral treasures, 
 especially in gold, copper, iron, and coal. The McCuUock 
 gold and copper mine, near Greenslx)rough, has fur some 
 time attracted much attention. K recent report of the pre- 
 sident of the company working the mines claims for it 
 ■• that nothing on this continent, in the shap<i of mining 
 enterprise, can compare with that of the McCullock Copper 
 and Gold Company, in position and resources." This is, no 
 doubt, highly colored, but has, probably, consideral>le foun- 
 dation in fact. Tlie report also states "that the gold refuse 
 will yield, by aid of crushere, $2.75 per bushel on the aver- 
 age, and fresh gold ore $12, and that 3 negroes can take out 
 10 tons of copper ore in a day. The Union Gold .Mine yields 
 about $00 of pure metal to a busliel of ore. ProfessorJack- 
 son (a more impartial authority) considers the copper region 
 of North Carolina unparalleled in richness. There weri 
 coined at the Branch Mint, at Charlotte in this state, be- 
 tween th<i ye.irs 1838 and 1863, (both inclusive.) gold of the 
 value of $3,790.033; — the highest coinage in one year being 
 $390,734 in 1852. Coal, both bituminous and anthracite, 
 exists in large quantities, the former of the best quality! 
 The greatest known coal-fields in North Carolina are tlie 
 Deep River, extending from Granville county S.W. into 
 South Carolina, and the Dan River in Rockingham and 
 Stoke counties. This coal, it is said, can be lirought to 
 tidewater at an expense of $1 per ton, whence it can be 
 easily and cheaply transhipped to the different ports on the 
 Atlantic coast. The coal, however, is most ahundant on 
 the Deep River, and extends at least for .30 miles, is near 
 navigable water, and could be carried easily to any market 
 on the coast. Profes.sor Emmons says of the Deep River 
 coal, "its qualities are such as to give it the highest place 
 in the market, being adapted to all jjurposes for which the 
 bituminous coals are sijecially employed." The same autho- 
 rity remarks, '• iron occupies an important place in North 
 Carolina, and its advantages for making bar-iron of the best 
 quality are verj- great." JIarl is also abundant, being found 
 in the coast counties from Virginia to South Carolina, usfar 
 from tlie coa.«t as Nash county. Large supplies of limestone 
 (from Danbury. in Stokes county, to King's Mountjiin. South 
 Carolina) and freestone (soft, and easy to work, but which 
 hardens on exposure) are furni.shed in'inexliaustible quan- 
 tities on the Dan and Deep Rivers; grindstones of the best 
 quality, and millstones, (as good as the French burr.) on 
 Deep River. Magnetic iron-ore, some silver, lead, manga- 
 nese, gypsum, and salt h.ive also been found. 
 
 Hivers, Lakes, and Sounds. — There are two shallow sounds 
 — Albemarle in the N.E., and Pamlico in the K. of the state 
 — which are cut off from the ocean by long and narrow 
 sandbanks or islands, through which there are inlets to the 
 sea: but these are constantly changing — the old fiPing up 
 with the sliifting sands, and new ones beimr opened by the 
 beating of the surges. The principal at the presert time 
 are Ocracoke and Itoanoke Inlets. Albemarle Soui d ex- 
 tends about 60 miles westward, with a varying breadtli of 
 from 4 to 15 mile.s. It has several arms or bays, and com- 
 municates with Pamlico Sound, which extends 80 miles in a 
 S.W. direction, parallel with the coast, having a somewhat 
 greater breadth than Albemarle Sound, and 20 feet depth 
 of water. The Hatteras Banks, which cut it off fiom the 
 ocean, extend far out to sea in the well-known and danger- 
 ous point of Cape Hatteras. Further down the coast are 
 the prominent points of Cape Lookout and Cape Fear In 
 the low marshy grounds between these sounds are several 
 small lakes. A chain of low islands, or sajidbauks, extendi 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 to fbe Tiouth of Cape Fear River, cutting jff several small 
 BouikIs and lagoons. Xorlli Carolina is traversed by seve- 
 ral oxteiij^ive rivers, all — with the exc<;plion of a few small 
 tributaries of the Tennes?:ee — runuing in a S.E. direction 
 through the state, and diseliargiug themselves into the At- 
 lantic, after courses of from about 200 to 400 miles. Com- 
 mencing on the N.E.. tho Chowan and Koauoke rise in 
 Virginia, and empty into Albemarle S<jund. The Tar and 
 the Neuse ri.se in the N. of North Carolhia, and empty into 
 Pamlico Sound. The Cape I'ear, the lai-gest river that has 
 its whole course in the state, rises iu the N., and empties 
 into the Atlantic at the S. extremity of the state. The Yad- 
 liin and Catawba rise in the N.W., and pass into South Ca- 
 rolina, wliere the former takes the name of the Groat I'edeo, 
 and the latter of tlie \\ateree. The Wacamaw, also an 
 eastern tributary of the Great Pedee, rises in the S. part of 
 this state, liesides these, there are a number of tributa- 
 ries of the Tennessee, Cougaree, and other rivers, already 
 named. The rivers of North Carolina are so obstructed by 
 sandbanks at their moutlis, and by rapids and falls farther 
 up, as not to be navigable for vessels of a large class. The 
 Cape Fear is navigable 40 miles to Wilmington for vessels 
 drawing 10 or 12 feet water, and to Fayetteville for steam- 
 boats. Steamboats ascend the Neuse 120 miles to Waynes- 
 borough. The Tar is navigable for steamboats 100 miles to 
 Tarborough; the Koanoko for small sea-craft 30 miles, and 
 for steamboats 120 miles to Halifax ; and the Chowan for 
 steamboats 75 miles. 
 
 Ohjp.cls of Interest to Tourists. — We cannot pretend to do 
 any ju.stico to North Carolina iu this respect, as the facili- 
 ties for travelling in that state are very poor in the region 
 Df her finest scenery. Of Black Mountain, or Mitcliell's 
 Peak, the highest point E. of the Mississippi, we have but 
 little to state, except its situation between Yancey and Mc- 
 Dowell counties, 20 miles N.E. of Asheville, and its height, 
 6476 feet. It commands a magnificent view of Swannanoa 
 Gap, a pass in the mountain.s between Morgantown and 
 A.shville. Near it are the picturesque Catawba Falls. Pilot 
 Mountain, in Surrey county, rises in the midst of a nearly 
 level country, in a cylindrical form. It received its name 
 from having served as a beacon to guide the path of the In- 
 dians. In Buncombe county, on the French Broad River, 
 iu the midst of wild and romantic mountain scenery, are 
 the 'Warm Springs. Tlie principal hutel at this place is 280 
 feet in length. Painted Rock, a lofty precipice, from 200 to 
 SoO feet high, and a rock called the Chimneys, are in the 
 same vicinity. The Gingercake Uock, in Burke county, on 
 the top of a mountiiin of the same name, is a curious pile 
 of stone in the form of an inverted pyramid, 29 feet high, 
 which supports a natural slab of stone 32 feet long and 2 
 feet thick, projecting about half its length beyond the edge 
 of the inverted pyramid, and resting with the most perfect 
 stability, though apparently just reiuly to fall. The view 
 from this point is very fine, looking down a ravine of from 
 800 to 1200 feet in depth, with a river at its bottom, d.ash- 
 Ing over its rocky bed, and a clilf, called the Hawk's Bill, 
 projecting over it at an elevation of 1500 fi-et. About 5 
 miles from the same point may te seen Table Kock, a conical 
 eminence of 2500 feet, rearing itself from the valley of the 
 Catawba River. 
 
 Cliiiiale. — The climate in the low counties is hot and un- 
 healthy in summer, bilious and intermittent fevers prevail- 
 ing; but the middle and western sections are temperate 
 and healthy. Wheat is harvested in June, and Indian corn 
 in September. According to meteorological observations 
 made at Chapel Hill, by Professor Phillips, in 1851-2, the 
 monthly mean for June was 72"^,82; for July. 79°.46; Au- 
 gust, 70°.05; September, 68°.07 ; October, 59'^.18 ; Novem- 
 ber, 46'^.92 ; December, 39°.45 ; January, 36°.02 ; February, 
 4o°.58; March, 530.72; April, 56°.50; May, 68^84. Mean 
 for the yfear, 58°.46. First frost, October 24. Frogs singing. 
 11th February. Hottest day, July 27—102'^ at 3 p. M. ; cold- 
 est day, January 20 — 22° at 3 P. M. It rained on 102 days ; 
 there were some clouds on 32(3 days: and perfectly clear 40 
 days. The apricot bloomed the 29th of February, and the 
 apple the 12th of JIarch. 
 
 Soil and PnKluctions. — The soil possesses every variety, 
 from the sands and marshes of the coast to the rich allu- 
 vions of the river bottoms. Some of the smaller marshes 
 that have been drained have proved highly productive in 
 rice, cotton, tobacco, and Indian corn. Much of the low 
 Faiidy section, extending 60 miles from the coast. Is covered 
 with extensive forests of pitch pine, that furnish large 
 quantities of lumber, tar. turpentine, and resin, which are 
 exported to the Northern cities. In parts of this region, 
 fotton, rice, and indigo grow well; but the higher grounds 
 are better adapted to wheat, Indian corn, hemp, tobacco, 
 rye, and oats. The staples are Indian corn, tobacco, and 
 sweet potatoes. In the laiter article North Carolina is only 
 exceeded by three states; in tobacco, by five; while it ex- 
 ceeds every other other state in peas and beans. Large 
 iluautities of wlieat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, cotton, wool, 
 rice, fruits, butler, cheese, garden vegetables, hay, flax, 
 grass-seeds, beeswax, honey, and souie barley, buckwheat, 
 wine, hops, hemp, silk, and maple sugar are produced. 
 
 According to the census of 1860, there were 'n North 
 Carolina, 6,517,284 acres of improved land, (17,246,oSS 
 being unimproved), there were produced 4,743,706 bushels 
 of wheat; 436,856of rye; 30,078,5t>4 of Indian corn ; 2,781,860 
 of oats; 1,932,204 of peas and beans; 830,565 of Irish 
 potatoes; 6,140,0.39 of sweet potatoes; 7,593.976 pounds 
 of rice; 32,853,250 of tobacco ; 883,473 of wool; 4,735,49/ 
 of butter; 51,119 of cheese; 216,490 of flax; 170,495 of 
 beeswax; 2,055,969 of honey; 145,514 bales (of 400 pound* 
 each) of cotton; 181,365 tons of hay; 54,064 gallons of 
 wine ; live stock valued at $31,130,805 ; orchard products at 
 $643,688; market products, $75,t63, and slaughtered ani- 
 mals, $10,414,546. 
 
 JtWest Trees. — In the upland country are oaks of several 
 species, hickory, maple, ash, walnut, and lime; in the low 
 country, pine ; and in the swamps also pine, cedar, cypress, 
 with some maple, white oak, poplar, and an undergrowth 
 of vines, briers, ic, so dense as to be impa,ssable. In the 
 drier parts, white and red oaks llourish. Among the fruits 
 are apples, pears, peaches, cherries, grapes, and strawbeirios. 
 
 Manufactures. — Professor Emmons, in his geological re- 
 port of 1852, remarks — " The -water-power is immense, and 
 the improvements on Cape Fear and Deep Rivers will fur- 
 nish water for ."overal Lowells." North Carolina, however, 
 has not yet applied much of her great and extended supply 
 of water-power to manufacturing purpo.ses. By the cen.sus 
 of 1860 she had 3689 establishments engaged in mining, me- 
 chanic arts and manufactures, each producing $500 and up- 
 wards annually and employing $9,693,703 capital a:id 14,217 
 hands, consuming raw material wortli $10,203,228, and pro- 
 ducing annually goods valued at $16,678,698; 39 of these 
 were cotton factories, employing $1,272,750 capital and 1755 
 hands, consuming raw material worth $622,36.3, and pro- 
 ducing annually stuffs valued at $1,046,047 ; 7 woollen fac- 
 tories, employing 223,000 capital, and producing stuffs val- 
 ued at $291,000; 171 tanneries, employing $34.s,959 capital, 
 consuming raw material worth $226,096. and producing 
 leather valued at S413,364 ; 639 flouring and grist-mills, em- 
 ploying $1,719,823 capital, and producing flour and meal 
 valued at $4,354,309 ; 461 turpentine distilleries, employing 
 $1,113,778 capital, consuming raw material worth $2,992,&i7, 
 and producing turpentine valued at $4,358,878; 330 saw- 
 mills, employing$742,420 capital and 1039 hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $494,( 39, and producing lumber valued 
 at §1,074,003; 97 tobacco manufactories, employing capital 
 to the amount of $646,730, and producing tobacco valued at 
 $1,117,099, and 92 manufactories of carriages, employing a 
 cai)it.al of $441,469, and prodticing carriages valued at 
 $589,839. Home-made manufactures valued at $2,045,372 
 were also produced in the same year. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — The great Southern Railroad 
 crosses the entire state of North Carolina, having its termi- 
 nus at Wilmington. There is also a railroad from Gaston 
 to Raleigh, and ono from Weldou to Portsmouth, in Vir- 
 ginia. In 1860, this state had 889 miles of railroad com- 
 pleted, including the North Carolina Railroad, which ex- 
 tends from Goldsboro' via lialeigh, Greensboro', and Salis- 
 bury to Charlotte; and 110 miles of the Wilmington Char- 
 lotte and Ilutherfordton Itailroad, of which ^Vilmington is 
 the East terminus. The Western North Carolina Railroad 
 is completed from Salisbury to Morgantown, and is in 
 progress of construction to Asheville. Railroads are in 
 operation from Wilmington to Manchester, South Carolina, 
 and one from Charlotte, North Carolina, to Columbia, 
 South Carolina. The Dismal S\yamp Canal unites the 
 Piisquotauk with the Elizabeth River, in Virginia. Com- 
 panies have been formed for the improvement of the 
 navigiition of the Cape Fear, Roanoke, and Neuse Rivers, 
 to all of which the state is a subscriber. The Club-foot 
 and Harlow Creek Canal connects the Neuse with Beaufort 
 Harbor. 
 
 Omimerce. — As has been elsewhere stated, the rivers of 
 North Carolina are obstructed at their mouths by shifting 
 sand-bars, which prevent the entrance of large vessels; and 
 hence the commerce of the state is limited to the export of 
 her products to the ports of neighboring states in coasting 
 vessels. Her exports consist mainly of lumber, pitch, tar, 
 and turpentine, with some rice, cotton, and other products. 
 The export of naval stores (pitch, tar, resin, and turpen- 
 tine) exceeds that of any other, if not all the states, in the 
 Union. About 800,000 barrels of turpentine are annually 
 exported. The product of cotton for the three years 1851-2, 
 '3, and '4, was respectively 16.242, 11,524, and 2.J.496 bales of 
 400 pounds each. The tonnage of North Carolina at the 
 terminations of the fiscal years 1852, '3, and '4. was 50,621, 
 56,374, and 57.800, of which about three-fifths was engaged 
 in the coasting trade ; tonnage entered fur the same year.s, 
 32,295, 21,450, and 17,289 tons; cleared 5.3.099, 37,903. and 
 30,832 tons; number of vessels built in the same years 32. ton- 
 nage 2228 ; 22, tonua;.;e 1746 ; and 38. with a tonnage of 2531. 
 Foreign imports for the same periods. $735,858, g271 238, and 
 $214,860; and exports $576,399, $314,142, and $391,897. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in North Carolina 16 colleges, having 1510 students, $101,760 
 income, of wliich $7200 was endowments ; 2994 public schools, 
 
 1355 
 
NOR 
 
 having 105,025 pupils, $268,719 Income, of which $153,979 
 was from public funds, $85,800 from taxation, and S21,462 
 from endowments; 434 academies and other schools, having 
 13,169 pupils, $387,965 income, of which $16,940 w:is from 
 endowments, and $10,620 from public funds. There are 
 also in the st;ite 301 libraries, containing 190,091 volumes, 
 of which 2<i3 were public, 5 school, 21 Sunday-school, 7 col- 
 lege, and 5 church libnirles. 
 
 Ifeliijwus Dennminaiinns. — Of tlie 2270 churches in North 
 Carolina in 1860, the Baptists owned 741, Free Will Biiptists 
 37, Christians 3ii, Episcopalians 81, Friends 22, German Re- 
 formed 15, Lutherans 88, Methodists 966, Presbj-terians 
 4S2, Roman Catholics 7, Unionists 93, minor sects 2, givinjj 
 1 church to every 437 persons. Value of church property, 
 $1,999,227. 
 
 J\ruidicals.—Thero were published in tliis state in 1S60, 
 8 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 4 bi-weekly, 57 weekly, and 4 monthly 
 newspapers and periodicals, of which 60 were political, 6 
 religious, and 7 literary. The whole number of copies 
 issued annually was 4,862,572. 
 
 Public Inslitutums. — A state insane asylum is now in 
 course of erection near Raleigh. A special tax has been 
 levied for this purpo.se, which is expected to yield in four 
 year.s $80,000. The North Carolina Institution for educating 
 the Deaf and Dumb, was commenced at the same place in 
 1848, towards which the state has contributed $30,000. .\c- 
 cording to the census of 18.50. there wore in North Carolina 
 4 public libraries, with 2500 volumes ; 20 school and Sun- 
 day-school, with 3852 volumes; 5 college, with 21,593 vo- 
 lumes; and 9 church libraries, with 1647. 
 
 Pojml.ation. — \t the first national census, in 1790, North 
 Carolina h.id 393,751 inhabitants; 478,103 in 1800; 555.500 
 in 1810; 638.829 in 1820; 737,987 in 1830; 753.419 in 1840, 
 868,903 in 1850; in 1860, 992,62-2, of whom 629,942 were 
 whites, 30,463 free colored, 331,059 slaves, and 115S Indians. 
 Population to square mile, 19 ; representative population, 
 860,197. Of the free population, 634,220 were born in the 
 Btate, 24,044 in other states, 3299 in foreign countries : of 
 whom 729 were born in England, 889 in Ireland, 637 in 
 Scotland, 20 in Wales, 48 in British America, 765 in Ger- 
 many, 44 in France, and 167 in other foreign countries. Of 
 the population in the leading pursuits, 85,198 were farmers, 
 21,092 servants, 19,119 farm laborers, 18,630 laborers, 5019 
 seamstresses, 3217 carpenters, 2675 housekeepers, 3162 
 merchants, 1936 teachers, 1882 overseers, 1706 blacksmiths, 
 1626 clerks, 1547 students, 1320 mechanics, 1310 coopeirs, 
 1123 shoemakers, 1121 mariners. Sec. In the year ending 
 June 1st, 1860, there occurred 12,600 deaths, or 12-9 in every 
 thousand. Of 468 deaf and dumb, 106 were slaves. (See 
 IxTRODCCTiON to the Volume on Popiilali'm of the Eighth 
 Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi.) Of 5^1 blind, 189 were slaves ; of 060 
 Insane, 63 were slaves; of 980 idiotic, 241 were slaves. 
 
 Counties. — North Carolina is divided into 86 counties, viz., 
 Alamance, Alexander, Alleghany, Anson, Ashe, Beaufort, 
 Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarrus, 
 Caldwell, Camden, Carteret, Caswell, Catawba, Cliatham, 
 Cherokee, Chowan. Cleveland, Columbus. Craven, Cumber- 
 land, Currituck, Davidson, Davie, Duplin, Edgecombe. For- 
 sythe, Franklin, Gaston, Gates. Granville, Greene, Guilford, 
 Halifax, Harnett, Haywood, Henderson, Hertford, Hyde, 
 Iredell, Jackson, Johnston, Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln. Mc- 
 Dowell, Macon. Madison , Martin, Mecklenburg, Mont- 
 gomery, Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, Onslow, 
 Orange, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Person. Pitt, Polk, R.-in- 
 dolph, Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Ruther- 
 ford, Sampson, Stanley, Stokes, Surry, Tyrrel, Union, 
 Wake, Wiu-ren, Washington, Wataugii, Wayne, Wilkes, 
 Wilson, Yadkin, Yancey. 
 
 CUies ami Towns. — Wilmington is the largest and most 
 commercial town in the state; population, in 1860,9552; 
 Newborn 5432, Fayetteville 4790. Itileigh 4780, Salisbury 
 2420, Charlotte, 2265. Henderson lOtil, Elizabeth City 1798, 
 Beaufort 1610, Warrenton 1520, Kingston 1333, Tiirboro' 
 1048, Wilson 960, Goldsboro' 885, Oxford 878. 
 
 Gm:ernm,mt, Finances, <tc.— In addition to the asual divi- 
 sions of governmental power, there is in North Carolina a 
 Council of State, consisting of 7 persons, receiving §3 per 
 day while in service, and a like sum for every 30 miles 
 travelling. The governor is elected by the people for two 
 years, and receives $2000 per annum, with the use of a fur- 
 nifhed house. The Senate is composed of 50 members, 
 elected for two yeai-s. by freeholders possessing 50 acres of 
 land each, and the House of Representatives of 120 mem- 
 bers, elected also for two years, by popular vote. The ses- 
 sions of the Legislature are biennial, and commence on the 
 third Jlonday in November. Every white male citizen, over 
 .Jl years of ao;e, and who has resided in the state a vear, is 
 entitled to a vote. The judiciary consists, first, of a su- 
 preme court, composed of a chief justice, and two associ- 
 ates, receiving each $2500 per annum. This court holds 3 
 sessions annually. 2d. Of superior or circuit courts, com- 
 posed of , circuits of 10 counties each, which hold courts 
 twice a year m every county. Tlie judses of the.se courts 
 receive $19o0 B,ilary each. The judges of both courts are 
 Chosen by the legislature, and hold office during good be- 
 
 KOR 
 
 havior. North Carolina is entitled to 8 members in the 
 National Hou.se of Representatives, and to 10 electoral votes 
 for President of the United States. This stat« is undergo- 
 ing a geological and botanical survey, by order of the go- 
 vernment. 
 
 The receipts for 1854 amounted to $1,221,338. and dis- 
 bursements to $1,605,409. The public debt, at the com- 
 mencement of 1855, was $3,409,63.3, of which $731,000 consi.sts 
 of bonds, sold for the benefit of internal improvement com- 
 p.^nie8, viz., §250.000 to the Wilmington and Raleigh Rail- 
 road Company; $111,000 to the Weldon and Gaston Railroad, 
 and Neuse and Tar River Railroad, and $370,000 to the North 
 Carolina Railroad. 
 
 Value of projterty, according to the census of 1850, 
 $212,071,413; estimated or real Viilue, $226,800,472. The 
 state expenses for 1852, amounted to $161,472. Ordinary 
 expenses, exclusive of schools and debt, to $75,000 annually. 
 The state owns about *6(X),000 in railroad and other int^-rnal 
 improvements. In November. 1854, there were in North Ca- 
 rolina 10 banks and 16 branches, with an aggregate capital 
 of $5,205,073, a circulation of $6,667,762, and $1,290,436 in 
 coin. 
 
 History. — Attempts were made, under the auspices of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, to settle North Carolina as early as between 
 1585 and 1589 ; but in one year after no trace of the colony 
 could be found. The first permanent settlement was made 
 on the banks of the Roanoke and Chowan, by some emi- 
 grants from Virginia, in 1653. .John Culpepper rebelled 
 again.<!t the arbitrary government of Miller, in 1678, and 
 held the government for 2 years. In 1693, North and South 
 Carolina were separated. In 1711 the Tuscarora.s. Corees, 
 and other savages attacked and massacred 112 settlers, prin- 
 cipally of the Roanoke and Chowan settlements; but the 
 following year the united forces of the two Carolinas com- 
 pletely routed them, killing 300 savages. The same year 
 the yellow fever raged. In 1729, the pn>prietors sold their 
 rights to the crown. A party of malcontents, in 1771, rose 
 against the royal governor, but after 2 hours' contest, fled 
 with considerable loss. A severe conflict with the North- 
 west Indians occurred in 1774, on the Kanawha River, 
 which resulted in the abandonment of the ground by the 
 savages. North Carolina took an early and active part in 
 the events of the Revolution, and within her borders took 
 place sanguinary conflicts at Guilfonl Court House, Brier 
 Creek, Cedar Springs. Fishing Creek, and other places. The 
 Mecklenburg Derlaration of Independence was made May 
 20, 1775 : so North Carolina has the honor to have first pro- 
 posed a separation from Great Britain. 
 
 NORTH CAR/VER, a postroffice of Plymouth co., "Slas^ar 
 chusetts. 
 
 NORTH CASTINE, (kas-teen',) a post-village of Hancock 
 CO.. Maine, 60 miles E. by N. of Augusta. 
 
 NORTH CASO-LE, a post-township of Westchester co.. New 
 York, 35 miles N.N.K. of New York. Pop. 2487. 
 
 NORTH CEN'TRE 11 ALL. a thriving village of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Bellefonte and Kishicoquillas turnpike, 
 78 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 NORTH CHAP'EL. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 NORTH CHARLES^rON, a post-village in Sullivan cO., 
 New Hampshire, on the Sullivan Railroad, 50 miles W. by 
 N. of Concord. 
 
 NORTH ClIAT'HAM, a post-viUage in Barnstable co, 
 Massachusetts, on Pleasant Bay. 80 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH CllATHAJI, a postrvillage of Columbia co.. New 
 Y'ork, 15 miles S.E. of Albany. 
 
 NORTH CHATHAM, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsyl 
 vania. 
 
 NORTH CHELMSFORD. chJmz'f^rd. a post-village of Mid- 
 dlesex CO.. Massachusetts, 25 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH CHEl/SEA. (chjl'see.) a post-township of Suffolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of 
 Boston. Pop. 921. 
 
 NORTH CHEMUNG, she-mting', » post-office of Chemung 
 CO.. New York. 
 
 NORTH CHESTER, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont 
 
 NORTH CHESTER, a post-office of Hampden c«, Jlassa- 
 chusett'. 
 
 NORTH CHES/TERVILLE, a postoffice of Franklin co., 
 Maine. 
 
 NORTH CHICHESTER, (chitch'es-ter,) a post-villnge in 
 Merrim.ick CO.. New Hampshire, 9 miles E.N.E. of Concord. 
 
 NORTH Ciri'I.r. a post-office of Monroe co.. New York. 
 
 NORTIl'CHURCH. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 NORTH CLAR'ENCE, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH CLAR'ENDON. a post-village of Rutland co., Vf;r. 
 mont, with a station on the Rutland and Burlington Rail- 
 road. 50 miles from Bellow's Falls. 
 
 NORTH CLARK'SON, a postoffice of Monroe co., New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH CLAYrrON. a post-office of Miami co.. Ohio. 
 
 NORTH CODO'RUS, a township of York i-o., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 22.=)7. 
 
 NORTH COHAS/SETT, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 15 miles S. E. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH COHOCTON, a post-office, Steuben oo.. New York, 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 NOr.TII COLE'BROOK, a post-office of Litchfield co., Con- 
 flcc-tii'ut. 
 
 M JKTII COX'CORD. a station on the Boston Concord and 
 Montriiil Haih-oad, 5 miles fi-om Concord. 
 
 XOUTll CON'WAV, a postofRce of Carroll co., New Hamp- 
 Bhire. 
 
 NORTH COPAKE, (ko-paili',) a post-office of Columbia co., 
 New York. 
 
 NOItTIE CORN'WAIiL, a post-village in Cornwall town- 
 ship, Litchfield co., Connecticut, aliout 10 miles N.W. of 
 Litciifiild. It contains an academy an<l a lock factory. 
 
 NuKTlI COVK, a post-village of McDowell co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 NORTH COTE CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Ca- 
 tawba from the N., in Burke county. 
 
 NORTH COV/KNTUY, a township of Chester co., Peunsyl- 
 vaiiia. I'op. 1(».=1S 
 
 NORTH CRAFTS'BURY, a post-office of Orleans co., Yer- 
 mont. 
 
 NORTH CREEK, a pos(><>fflce of Laurens district, Sovh 
 Carolina. 
 
 NORTH CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 NORTH CREEK, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas. 
 
 NORTH CRKEiv, a town.-^hip, Orundy co., Illinois. 
 
 NORTH CROSS CREEK, a small village of Stewart co., 
 Tennes-iee. 
 
 NORTH CUT'LER. a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH DANS'VILLE, a township of Livingston co., New 
 York, contains the village of Dansville. Pop.373S. 
 
 NORTH UAN'VERS, a post-village in Essex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the E.>isex Railroad, 18 miles N.E. by E. of Bos- 
 ton. It liius 6 churches, a bank, above 20 manufactories of 
 boots and shoes, and several of carriages and of hats. 
 
 NORTH DAN'VILLE, a post-village of Caledonia co., Ver- 
 mont, contains a church and 3 stores. 
 
 NORTH DART/.MOUTII, a post-village in Bristol co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 50 miles S. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH DIGUTON, (di'tgn,) a post-office of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 NORTH DIX'MONT, a post-village in Dixniont township, 
 Penobscot county, Maine, about 44 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 It contains 2 stores. 
 
 NORTH UOR'.">ET, a post-office of Bennington CO., Vermont. 
 
 NORTH DO'VER, a postoffice of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. 
 
 Niilirn DUANK.SBUKG, (du-aiuz/biirg,) a post-office of 
 Scliciii'ctady co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH DUNBAIVTON, a post-village in Merrim.ack co.. 
 New Ilauip-hire. 8 miles S.S.W. of Concord. 
 
 NOItTH-EAST, a post-village and township of Dutchess 
 CO., New York, about 95 miles N.N.E. of New York City. 
 The township is intersected by the Harlem Railroad. Pop. 
 1735. 
 
 NORTH-EAST, a flourishing post-borough and township 
 of Erie co.. Pennsylvania, on bake Erie, and on the Buffalo 
 und Erie Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Erie. The village is sur- 
 rouiided by a rich farming country, and is an important 
 port for the sln'pment of staves and lumber. It is included 
 in the collection district of Presque Isle. Pop. in 1850, 387 ; 
 in 1S60, 1854. 
 
 N0ET1I-E.\ST, a post-village of Cecil co., Maryland, on 
 the river of its own name, and on the railroad between 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore, 46 miles N.E. of the latter. 
 
 NORTl l-l';ASI',a township of Orange co.,Indiana. Pop,982. 
 
 NORTH-EAST, a township of Adams CO., Illinois. P. 1122. 
 
 NORTII-EAPT CAPE. See Sevtoo Vo.stokhnoi. 
 
 NORTH-EAST CENTRE, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH EAST'HAM, a post-office of Barnstable cc, Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 NORTH E.-^STON. a post-office, Bristol co.. Massachusetts. 
 
 NORTH EASTOX.npoot-offlce. Washington CO., New York. 
 
 NORTH-EAST PASS or BALIZE, b.vleez/, a village of 
 Plaquemine parish, Louisiana, is situated at the mouth of 
 the Mississippi, on the E. side of the pass of its own name. 
 It is cbicily inhabited by pilots and their families. 
 
 NORTH-EAST RIVER, a small stream of Cecil co., Mary- 
 land, flows into the head of Che.sapeake Bav. 
 
 NORTH-EAST STA'TION, a post-office of Dutchess co.. 
 New Y'ork. 
 
 NORTH EATON, a postoffice of Lorain eo., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH EDUE'COMBE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH EG'REMOXT, a post-village in Berkshire co., 
 .Massachusetts, about 170 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 NORTHEIM, a town of Hanover. See Nobdheim. 
 
 NORTHEL'BA,atownshipofEssexco..New York. P. 366. 
 
 NORTH ELLS'WORTH, a post-village of Hancock co., 
 Maine, about 75 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 NORTHEX, (Niirthen,) niiR/ten, and PE/TERS-SWIFT. a 
 village of Hanover, principality and 7 miles N. of Giittiugen, 
 Uearthe Leine. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NORTH'Eii. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 NORTH END, a post-office of JIatthews co.. A'irginia. 
 
 NORTH EN'EIELD, a post-office of Grafton co.. New 
 nampsUire. 
 
 NORTH ENGLISH, (ing/glish.) post-office. Iowa co.. Towa 
 
 NORTU/ERN CIliCARS, (sir-kars',) a province of Biitisc 
 Indiii, extending along the W. side of the Bay of Bengal, 
 fmm lat. 15^ to 20° N. Area 17.000 square miles. Pop. 
 about 2.095.500. The province was annexed to Briti^ 
 India in 1705, by Lord Clive. 
 
 NORTH'ERN LIB/ERTIES. formerly a district of Phila- 
 delphia CO., now included within the chartered limits of the 
 city of Philadelphia, situated on the Delaware River, im- 
 mediately N. of the city proper. Pop. in 1850, 47,223. Sea 
 Philvdelphia. 
 
 NORTH EVANS, (iv'anz,) a post-office, Erie co., New York. 
 
 NORTH FAIlfFAX, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont. 
 
 NORTH FAIR'FIELD, a post-village of Somerset CO., 
 Maine, 18 miles N. of Augusta. In the vicinity is a prosper- 
 ous society of Friends. 
 
 NOJiTH FAIRFIELD, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH FAIRIIA'VEN, a post-village in Bristol co., Mas- 
 safhusetts. about 55 miles S. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH FAUMOUTH. a post-village in Barnstable co., 
 Mas.sachusetts, about 02 miles S.S.E. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH FARM'IXGTO.V, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 21 miles N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 NORTH PAYETTE, (fi-yStt',) a post-office of Kennebec co., 
 Maine. 
 
 NORTH FAYETTE, a township of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1172. 
 
 NORTH FEiyRISBURQ, a post-village of Addison' co., 
 Vermont, with a station on tile liutland and Burlington 
 Railroad, 15 miles S. of Burlington. It has manufactures 
 of woollens, leather, cabinetware, sash and blinds. &c. 
 
 NORTH/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 NORTHFIELD. a township in Merrimack co., New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Merrimack River, and intersected by the 
 Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad] 153 miles N. of 
 Concord. Pop. 1051. 
 
 NORTHFIELD. a flourishing post-village and township in 
 Washington CO., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 
 about 10 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. The village con- 
 tains 4 woollen factories, a numlier of machine-shops at- 
 tached to the railroad, 2 manul'actories of roofing-slate, 1 
 bank, churches, 17 stores, and 1 academy. Pop. of the 
 township, 4329. 
 
 NORl'HFIEbD. a post-village and township in Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Connecticut River, and on the 
 Vermont and Massachusetts Rjiilroad, 100 miles W. by N, 
 of Boston. It contains 2 churches, a town-hall, public li- 
 brary, and 4 stores. Corn brooms and pails are manufac- 
 tured to a considerable extent. There are 3 ferries here 
 across the Connecticut River, which is also spanned by a 
 biidge. Pop. 1712. 
 
 NORTHFIELD or NORFIELD, a village of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut. 28 miles W.S.W. of New Haven. 
 
 NORTHFIELD. a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, 27 miles AV. by S. of Hartford. 
 
 NORTHFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Richmond 
 CO., New York, on Staten Island. Pop. 4841. 
 
 NOUTIIFIELD, a village of Essax co., New Jersej", 8 mileg 
 W. of Newark ; has 1 church. 
 
 NORTHFIELD, a post-township in the N. part of Summit 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1340. 
 
 NORTHFIELD, a post-township in the N.E. part of Wash- 
 tenaw CO., Michigan. Pop. 1373. 
 
 NORTIIFIELD, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, on 
 the Jlichigan Road, 19 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NORTHFIELD, a po.st-village and township of Cook co,, 
 Illinois, about 20 miles N.X.W. of Chicago. Pop. 1534. 
 
 NORTHFIELD. a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa. 
 
 NORTHFIELD FARMS, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, on the B^attleborough branch of the Ver- 
 mont and Massachusetts Railroad, 82 miles W.N.AV. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH FLAT, a post-office, 'Wyoming co., Penn.»ylvania. 
 
 NORTH'FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the 
 Thames, I5 miles W. of Gravesend. It has docks for ship- 
 building, and adjoining it is Rcsherville, a place of summer 
 resort. 
 
 NORTH FOLDEN, (folMen,) a fiord of Norway, on the 
 N.W. coast of Nordland, opening from the 'VA'est Fiord. Its 
 mouth is about 12 miles wide, and a little beyond it divides 
 into two large branches, called respectively the North and 
 South Folden. The former, communicating by some small 
 passages with the Ilolmack Fiord, isolates a large tract of 
 Nordland. 
 
 NORTH'FORD. a post-village of North Branford township. 
 New Haven eo., Connecticut, 12 miles N.E. of New Haven. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina, 
 214 miles W. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a post-township of Izard co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 313. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a post-office of Mason co., Kentucky. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a township of Gallatin co., Illinois. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a post-office of Ozark co., Mis.-^ouri. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois, 125 
 mileg E. by N. of Springfield. 
 
 1367 
 
NOR 
 
 NORTII VB AN'K'FORT, a post-village of Walclo co., Maine, 
 Ou the Penobscot Kiver, 62 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 NOUTII FllANK'LlX, a post-office of Xew London po., 
 Connecticut. , ,. 
 
 NOKTU FRAXKLIX, a post-village of Delaware co., ^ew 
 rork, 7S miles W.S.W. of Albany. , « , ^ 
 
 KOUTU FRVEBURG, (fri'biirg.) a post-office of Oxford 
 c-».. JIaiue. ^. _ . 
 
 XORTH GAGE, a past-office of Oneida CO., Xew TorK. 
 
 NORTH GAL'WAV, a po.^t-offlce. Saratoga co.. New \ork. 
 
 XOIITII G-4.K'0EX, a po.-t-office, Albemarle co., A irgima. 
 
 XUKTII tiKOKGETOWX, Ohio. See Georoetowx. 
 
 XOKTU GLOUCESTF.R. (glos/t^r.) Cumberland CO., Maine, 
 a station on the Grand Trunk KaUroad, 22 miles from Port- 
 
 XORTH GO'.SniiX. a post-village of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut, about 35 miles W. by N. of Hartford. 
 
 NOKTU UKAX/BV, a post village of Hartford CO., Connec- 
 ticut. 20 miles X.X.W. of Hartford. 
 
 NORTH GR.\X'VILLE. a post-village of VTashington co., 
 New York, aljout 65 miles X.X.E. of Albany. It contains 
 1 bank and several facttTies and mills. 
 
 NORTH GRAY, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH GREECE, a post-office of Monroe co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 NORTH GREEX'FIELD, a post-office of li^aratoga co., Xew 
 
 NORTH GREENWICH, (green'ich.) a post-village of Fair- 
 fi-j'd CO., Connecticut. 45 miles W.S.W. of New Haven. 
 
 NORTH GREENWICH, a post-office of AVashington co.. 
 New York. „ 
 
 NORTH GROrrON, a post-office of Grafton CO., New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 NORTH GROVE, a small village of Ogle co., Hlinois. 
 
 NORTH GUILFORD, (ghil'tord.) a post-village of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut. 12 miles E. by N. of New Haven. 
 
 NORTH GL'ILFOltD, a post-village of Chenango co., New 
 York, about nO miles S. by W. of IJtica. 
 
 NORTH HAD'LEY, a post-village of Hampshire co., 5Ias- 
 sachu.-etts, about 90 miles W. of Boston. The Inhabitants 
 are extensively engaged in the manufacture of corn brooms. 
 
 NORTH H.\M'BUkG, a post-office of Livingston co., 
 Miehi'zan. 
 
 NORTH H.\M'DEX, a post-office of Delaware CO., New Y'ork. 
 
 NORTH H.\MI"TON. a post-office of I'enobscot co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH H.\Ml>TOX, a post-township of Rockingham co., 
 New Hampsliire, 45 miles S.E. by E. of Concord, intersected 
 by tlie Ea,<tern Railroad, l'op.771. 
 
 NORTH HAMPTOX. a post-village of Clarke co., Ohio, 53 
 miles W. of Columbus. I'op. about 200. 
 
 NORTH H.VMl'TOX, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, 
 18 miles X. of I'eoria. 
 
 NORTH H.\X'COCK, a postoffice of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH H.\X'SON. a village of Plymouth CO., Massjichu- 
 setts. on the Old Coloiiv Railroad, 14 miles from Plymouth. 
 
 NORTH HAR'PER^'fIELD, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., New York, about 20 miles N.N.E. of Delhi. 
 
 NORTH HART'LAXD, a post-village of Windsor CO., Ver- 
 mont, with a station on the Vermont Central Railroad, 9 
 miles from Windsor. 
 
 NORTH HA'VEN, a post-township of Knox co., Maine, 
 comprising the Xorth Fo.x Island, in Penoljscot Bay. about 
 75 miles E.S.E. of Augusta, It contains a Baptist church 
 and 5 stores. The fisheries employ 20*) men and 1000 tons 
 of .shipping, which is owned in the island. Incorporated in 
 1846. Pop. '951. 
 
 NORTH H.WEN, a post-village and township of New 
 Haven Co., Connecticut, on Quiiiepiack Rivijr, and on the 
 Hartford and Xew Haven Railroad. 5 miles N. of New Ha- 
 ven. It contains 3 or 4 churches, an academy, and several 
 stores. Large quantities of brick are m.-ule here. Pop. 1499. 
 
 NORTH HAVERHILL.* a post-village of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad. 
 45 miles W. Irv N. of Concord. 
 
 NORTH HAWERSTRAW, a post-office of Rockland co.. 
 New York. 
 
 NORTH HE'BRON. a post-village of Washington co., New 
 York. 5.i miles X.N.K. of Albanv. It has an academy. 
 
 NORTH HK' 'TOR, a post-v"illago of Schuyler co., New 
 York, near Peneca Lake, .ibout 22 miles W.X.W. of Ithaca. 
 
 NORTH IlEIDKLBKRG, (lii'del-berg.) a township of Berks 
 CO.. Pennsvlvania. 10 miles W.X.W. of Reading. Pop. 956. 
 
 NORTIIHKMP'STEAD, a post-township, capital of Queen's 
 
 CO., Xew York, on Long Island, about 20 miles E. of Xew 
 
 Y'ork City. It is interse-ted by the Long Island Railroad, 
 
 and bounded on the X. by Long Island Sound, which here 
 
 forms several bays. It contains the villages of RosLTX, Max- 
 
 lUSSET Vai-Let. Manhasset. and several hamlets. Pop. 5419. 
 
 NORTH HKN'DKRSOX, a post-township of Mercer CO., 
 
 Illinois, 135 miles X.W. of Springfield. 
 
 NORTH IIKR'.MAX, a ixist-office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH HE'RO, a postvillage and township, capital of 
 
 Orand Isle co., Vermont, on an island of its o\vn name in 
 
 Lake Champlain. 60 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 594. 
 
 1S5S 
 
 * See Haverbill, page 834. 
 
 NOR 
 
 NORTH HILL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 NORTH HILL, a post office of Wayne co.. Kentucky. 
 
 NORTH HOtiAX, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 NOItTH HOO'SIC. a post-village of Rensselaer co., New 
 Y'ork, with a station ou the Troy and Boston Railroad, 27 
 miles fi-om Troy. 
 
 NORTH UOPF;, a small post-village of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NORTH HVD'SON. a post-village of Essex co.. New Y'ork, 
 105 miles X. of .\lbiiny. Pop. 297. 
 
 NORTH HUXT'IXGDON, a township of W'estmoreland CO., 
 Pennsvlvania. Pop. 798. 
 
 NORTH HYDEL'ARK, hld'park', a post-village in Hvdo- 
 park township, Lamoille co., Vermont, about 3o miles N. cf 
 .Montpelier. 
 
 NORTH'AM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 NOKTH'ILL, a parish of England, co. of Be-lford. 
 
 NORTH IX'DCSTKY, a postoffice of Franklin co.. Maine. 
 
 NOKXH IXDUSTRY, a post-village of Stark CO., Ohio, on 
 the Nimishillen Creek. 4 miles S. of Canton. 
 
 NORTH'IXGTOX, a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Hants. 
 
 NOKTUIXGTON. a post-village of Cumberland co.. North 
 Carolina, 50 miles S. of Raleigh. 
 
 NORTH JACK'SON. a post-office of Mahoning co.. Ohio. 
 
 NORTH .JAXES'VILLt;,a post-office. Koc^k «>.. Wisconsin. 
 
 NORTH J.A.V'.\, a post-office of Wyoming co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH KEX/XEBUXK PORT, a post-village of York co., 
 Maine. So miles S.S.W. of Augusta. 
 
 NORTH KIiyLIXGLY', a post-village in Windham co., 
 Connecticut, 48 miles E. by X. of Hartford. 
 
 XORTH KIXGS/TOX. a "post-township in Washington CO., 
 Rhode Island, ou Narragauset Bay, intersected by the StO 
 niugtou Railroad, IS miles S. of Providence. It has manu- 
 factures of cotton and woollen good». sash and blinds. &c. 
 It contains Wickford, and several other villages. Pop. 3104. 
 
 NORTH KIXG^TOX. a post-office of De Kalb co.. Uliucis. 
 
 NORTH KORT'RIGHT, a postofflce of Delaware co., New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH LAN'SING, a post-village of Tompkins co., New 
 York, alxjut 14 mile; N. of ithaca. 
 
 NORTH LAW/REXCE, a thriving post-village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., Xew Y'ork, on Deer River, where it is crossed, 35 
 miles E. of Ogdeusburg. It is a place of active busiue.=s, 
 and contains a depot 100 feet by 50, 3 saw-mills, one of which 
 has a gang of 30 saws, and numerous new stores and dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 NORTH'LEACH. a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. and 20 miles E.S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. in ISol, 1352. 
 It has a handsome church, a grammar-school, and some 
 manufactures of woollens. 
 
 NORTH LEB'ANON, a village and towTiship of Lebanon 
 CO., Pennsylvani.i, on the Union Canal. 25 miles E. by N. of 
 Harrisburg, and contiguous to the borough of Lebanon. 
 The extensive furnace at this place is capable of producing 
 near 2'iO tons of pig iron per week. Total pop. 3191. 
 
 NORTH LEEDS, a post-vilKtge of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 with a station on the Androscoggin Railroad, 10 miles from 
 
 NORTH LEOMINSTER. Umlnster, a post^village of Wop. 
 cester co.. Massachusetts, 42 miles W.X.W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH LKV'KRETT. a post-village in I'rankliu CO., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 82 miles W. by X. of Bostou. 
 
 NORTH LEW'ISBURG. a post-office, Champaign CO.. Ohio. 
 
 NORTH LIB'ERTY. apost-office. Mercer co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 NORTH LIBERTY, a thriving post-village of Adams co., 
 Ohio, on the plank-road from Ripley to Locust Grove, 84 
 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Laid out in 1847. 
 
 NORTH LIBERTY, a post-village in the N. part of Knox 
 CO., Ohio. It contains 1 church, and 4 stores. 
 
 NORTH LIBERTY, a post-office of St. .Joseph CO.. Indiana. 
 
 NOKTU LI'.M.i. a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH LIM'IXGTOX, a post-village of York co.. Maine, 
 in the township of Limington, 3 miles N. of Limiugton vil- 
 lage. It contJiins a church, and 2 stores. 
 
 NORTH LINCOLN', link'on, a post/offlce of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, on the Penolacot River. 
 
 NORTH-LINED (northUfnd') LAKE or ISLAND LAKE, a 
 lake of British America, on the '-line" or limit where the 
 woods disappear, in consequence of the high latitude. 
 
 XORTH LIXKL.iEX, (liuk'laiu\j a post-office of Chenacgc 
 CO., Xew York. 
 
 NORTH LITTLETON, a post-office of Grafton ca, New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 NORTH LIVERMORE, a post-village of Androscoggin 
 CO., Maine, 25 miles W. bv N. of Aucusta. 
 
 NORTH LOXDOXDER/RY, a small post-village of Rock- 
 land CO., New Hampshire, ou the Manchester aud Lawrenct 
 Railroad. 25 miles S. by E. of Concord. 
 
 NORTH LOV'ELL, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH LY/M.\N, a post-oilice of Grafton co.. New llamjv 
 shire. 
 
 NORTH LYME, a post-village in New London co, Coti- 
 necticut. 36 miles E. by N.of New Haven. 
 
 NORTH MAD/ISON, a postrvillage of New Hnvea no, 
 Connecticut^ 17 miles E. by N. of New Haven. 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 XOKTII MADISON, a new and thriving post-Tillage of 
 Jefferson co., Imiiana. on the railroiul, 2 miles N.of Matlison 
 City, and S-l miles tf.S.E. of Indianapolis. The upper depot 
 of the railroad is at this place. Pop. in 18S0, 676; in 1860, 
 
 NORTH MAIIO'NING, a township of Indiana co., Penn- 
 Bvlvania. Pop. IX'n. 
 
 ' NORTH MA.N'CFIi;STER. a post-village of Wabash co.. In- 
 diana, on Eel Kiver. about 105 miles X. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NORTH MANHEI.M, man'hime, a township of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles S. of I'ottsville. Pop. 3196. 
 
 NORTH MAN'fJI'S. a post-office. Oubncla^a co.. New York. 
 
 NOltTII M A I ; 1 'A Vl I.LK, a post-office of Hancock co., .Miiine. 
 
 NOItTIl .MAIl'.-llAU,. a post-office, Calhoun co.. Michigan. 
 
 NORTH >1AII.SH'F1ELI), a po.-it-villa-e of I'lymouth co., 
 Jl.issachusetts. on North River, 21 miles S.E. of iSoston. 
 
 NORTH.MA'VKN or NOia'HMA'VINE, a parish of Sco^ 
 land, CO. of Shetland, compriping the N. part of Mainland, 
 and a number of environing islands. Kona's Hill, in this 
 parish, is about 2000 feet in elevation. 
 
 NORTH ME.WDON, a village of Monroe co.. New York, 10 
 miles S. by E. of liocliester. 
 
 NORTH MID'DLEnOROUGH, a post-village in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, 35 miles S. by E. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH .MIU'DLKTON, a township of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. I'op. 1016. 
 
 NORTH .AIIDDLETON, a post-village of Bourbon co.. 
 Kentucky, 10 miles E. of Paris. It contains 1 academy and 
 2 diurclies. 
 
 N0I;TI I MON/MOUTH, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH MONROE, (mpn-ro'.) post-office, Waldo co„ Maine. 
 
 N(tR I'll MO.NTl'E'LIER, a post-office of \\ashiugton co., 
 Veniii>nt. 6 miles N. of Moutpelier. 
 
 NOKTII'MOOR, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NOK I'll MORK'LAND, a township of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 N»JltTH MOUNT' AIN, Pennsylvania, is situated at the N. 
 extremity of Columbia co.. being partly in this and partly 
 in Lycoming county. North Mountain is also the name 
 sometime.^ applied to the northernmost ridge of the Allegha- 
 nies, in Pennsylvania, as contradistinguished from the 
 South Mountain. 
 
 NOHTIl JIOUNJAIN, a post-village of Berkeley CO., W. 
 Virginia, with a station on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, 2ti miN's from Harper's Ferry. 
 
 NORTH MOUNT PLEAS'ANT, a thriving post-village of 
 Marshall co., Mississippi, on the stage-road from Holly Springs 
 to .Memphis, (in Tennessee.) 15 miles N.W. of the former. 
 
 NOinil NASSAU, a post-office of Rensselaer CO., New York. 
 
 NOKl'H NE W'BURU. a post-olBce of I'enobscot CO.. Maine. 
 
 NOl'.TH N KW'BURY, a post-office of Ueauga co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH N EW'PORT, a post-office of Penobscot CO., Maine. 
 
 NORTH NEW PORT'OAXD. a post-village of .Somerset co., 
 Maine, about .50 miles X.M'. of Augusta. It contains 5 stores, 
 and several manufactories. Pop. about 2u0. 
 
 NORTH XEW'RY, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH XIOW SA/LEM, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Ma.ssachusetts, 75 miles W. by N'. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH Nt)It/WAY, a po.st-office of Oxford co.. Maine. 
 
 NORTH XOR/WICH, a po.st-towuship iri the N.E. part of 
 Chenango co., New York, has a village of the s.ime name on 
 the Chenango Canal, 45 miles S.S.W. of Utica. I'op. 1171. 
 
 NORTH NORWICH, a post-office of Huron co.. Ohio. 
 
 NOR'l'H'Ol', a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 Ni>RTH OR'.VXGE, a post-village of Franklin co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 72 miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 
 NOR'THORl'E, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, with 
 a station on the lancolnshire Railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of 
 Gainsborough. 
 
 NORTH OR/WELL, a small post-village of Bradford co., 
 Peiiiisvlvania, about 14 miles N.E. of Towanda. 
 
 NORTH'OVER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 NORTH O.X'FORD, a post-village in Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 50 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH PALER/MO, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH I'Ali'IS. a post-village of Oxford CO., MaiTie, on 
 the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 55 miles N. by W. 
 Ot Portland. 
 
 NORTH I'AR/MA. a post-office of Monroe co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH I'AR'SOXFI ELD, a post-village of York co., ilaine, 
 80 miles S.W. of Augusta. 
 
 NORTH I'EM/BROKK. post-office. Gene.see co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 NORTH PENN. a township within the chartered limits 
 of Philadelphia city, Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. of the 
 Ft-ite House. * 
 
 NOirni Pi:XOn'SCOT, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 NOirni PER'RY. a post-office of Lake co.. Ohio. 
 
 NORTH PINE GROVE, a post-office of Clarion CO., Penn- 
 
 vlv;ll:ia. 
 
 ' XOKTH PITCH'ER, a post-office, Chenango co., New York. 
 
 XOKTH PITT'SON. a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH PLAIXS, a post-town.ship forming the N.E. extre- 
 mity of Ionia co.. Michigan. Pop. 954. 
 
 NORTH PLYMPrrON. a post-village of Plymouth co., Mas- 
 pacha»etts, 32 miles S.S.E. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH POINT, on the N. side ef the entrance to the 
 Patapseo River, Maryland. On it are two lighthouses. 
 
 NORTH POINT, a post-office of Pulaski co., Arkansas. 
 
 NORTH PORT, a postrvillage of Canada West, co. of Prince 
 Edward, situ.'^ted on the Bay of Quintu, 12 miles S.E. of 
 Belleville, and 14 miles from I'icton. Pop. about 225. 
 
 NORTH'PORT, a post-township in Waldo co., Maine, on 
 the W. side of Penobscot Bay, 44 miles E. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 1178. 
 
 NORTHPORT, a post-village of Suffolk co.. New York, on 
 the N. side of Long Island, 40 miles E. by N. of New York. 
 
 NORTHPORT. a post-village in Tuscaloosa co.. Alabama, 
 on Blackwarrior River, 105 miles N.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 NORTHPORT. a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, on the 
 North Fork of the Elkhart River, 9 miles N.E. of Albion. 
 
 NORTH PORTER, a post-office of Oxfoi-d co., JIaiue. 
 
 NORTH POTTS'DAM, a post-office of St. Lawrence CO., 
 New York. See R.vcketville. 
 
 NORTH POW'NAL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH POWNAL, a postroffice of Bennington co., \ er- 
 mont. 
 
 NORTH PRAIRIE, pr.i'ree, a post-village of Knox co., 
 Illinois, 50 miles N.W. by W. of Peoria. 
 
 NORTH PRAIRIE ST.A.TION. a post-village of Waukesha, 
 CO., 'Wisconsin. 31 m. S.W. of Milwankio. It has 70 houses. 
 
 NORTH PRES/COTT, a post-village of Hampshire oo., 
 Massachusetts. 75 miles W. by N. of ISoston. 
 
 NORTH PROS'PECT. a post-office of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH PROV/IDEXCE, a township of Providence CO., 
 Rhode Island, bordering on Massachusetts, 4 miles N. of 
 Providence, intersected by the Boston and Providence Rail- 
 road. It comprises the greater part of the town of Paw- 
 tucket. Pop. 11,818. 
 
 NORTH RAISINVILLE, (r.Vzin-vil,) a post-office of Mon- 
 roe CO., Michican. 
 
 NOltTH RAY'.MOND. a post-office, Cumberland co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH READIXG, (rJd'ing,) a post-village and town.ship 
 of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on Ipswich River, and on 
 the Salem and Lowell Railro.-ul, 17 miles N. of Boston. Inr 
 corpnrated in 1853. Pop. 1203. 
 
 NORTH R E A DING, a post-office of Steuben co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 NORTH REHO'BOTH, a post-village of Bristol co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 38 miles S. by W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH-RE I'P.S, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 NORTH RIDGE, a post-office of Niagara co., New York. 
 
 NOltTH RIDGK'VILLE, a post-offite'of Lorain co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH RIDGliyWAY, a post-office of Orleans co.. New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, a small stream formed by the junction 
 of its E. and W. branches, which rise in Windham co., A'er- 
 mont, falls into Deerfield River, in Franklin county, Mas- 
 saihuvetts. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, a small stream of Plymouth co., in the 
 E. part of Massju'husetts, flows into the .Atlantic Ocean. 
 ■ NORTH RIVER, New York. See Hlhso.n Rivku. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, in the central part of Virginia, ri.ses in 
 Augusta CO., among the -Alleghany .Mountains, Hows south- 
 ward through Rockbridge county, passes by Lexington, and 
 enters .lames River immediately above its passage through 
 the Blue Ridge, near the northern extremity of Bedford 
 county. This stream, in its upper part, is called the Calf- 
 pasture River. The whole length is about 100 miles. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia. This name 
 is frequently applied to the Rappahannock, above the mouth 
 of the Rapidan. It is formed by Iledgmau's and Thorn ton'c 
 Rivers, which unite on the boundary between Culpepper 
 and F'auquier counties. See R.^pp.iHAXXOCK. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, of Hampshire co., W. Virginia, is an 
 affluent of the Great Cacapon River. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, of Rockingham co., Virginia, one of the 
 head streams of the Shenandoah proper, flows south-cast- 
 ward and unites with the Middle and South Rivers, near 
 Port Republic, in the county just named. It furnishes 
 excellent water-power. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, a small stream of Alabau^a, flows into 
 Blackwarrior River, a few miles above Tuscaloosa. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, Iowa, sometimes called UPPER THREE, 
 rises in the W. central part of the state, and enters Des 
 Moines River in Polk county. 
 
 NORTH RIVER, a post-ollice of Tuscaloosa co.. Alabama. 
 
 NORTH RIVER MEET/ING HOUSE, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 NORTH RIVER MILLS, a post-office of Hampshire co., 
 W. Virginia, about 14 miles E. of Romney. 
 
 NORTH ROCH'ESTER, a post-village in Plymouth CO., 
 Massachusetts, 40 miles S. by E of Boston. 
 
 NORTH ROME, a eauill post-village of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NORTH ROY'ALTON, a postofflce of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. 
 
 Nt)RTH RUS/SELL, a post-office of St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH SA'LEM, a postrofflce of Rockingham co., X'ew 
 Hampshire. 
 
 NORTH S.VLESI, a po.st-village and town.ship of West- 
 chester CO., New York, about 110 miies S. by E. of Albany 
 
 1359 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 The Tl;.'sf:e mis seTeraV churches, and an academy. The 
 Harlom Itallroad runs along the >¥. border of the township. 
 Pop 1497. 
 
 NOKTII SALEM, a post-Tillage of Hendricks co,, Indiana, 
 30 miles W.N'.W, of Indianapolis, 
 
 XDUIU SALU'D.A., a post-office of Greenville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 NOKTIC SAN'BORNTON, a post-office of Belkn.ip co,, New 
 Il.impsliire. 
 
 XOUTII SAXDnnCII, a post-village in Carroll co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 XOKTH SANDWICH, a postrvilUago in Barnstable co,, 
 Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod Railroad, 58 miles S.S.E. of 
 Boston. 
 
 NORTH SCITtJATE. (sif u-it.) a post-village in Plymouth 
 CO., Ma-sachusetts, 20 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH SCITU.\TE, a post-village in Providence CO., 
 Rhode Island. 10 miles W. of Providence. It contains an 
 academy, and has extensive print-work.s, and manufactures 
 muslin de laines, &c. 
 
 XOKTH SEA or GER'MAN OCEAN (Ger. DeiUsches Meer, 
 doitsh'.'S malR ; Dutch M>}-d Zee, noRt z^ ; Fr. Mer-du-Nord, 
 maiR dii noR; anc. GermanHeum Ma're or Germanlicus Oce>- 
 anus,) an arm or portion of the Atlantic Ocean, extending 
 from the .Strait of Dover to the Shetland Islands; bounded K. 
 by Norway and Denmark, S, by Hanover, the Netherlands, 
 Belgium, and Prance, and W.by the British Islands; length 
 700 miles, extreme breadth 420 miles. On the N.E. it forms 
 a wide arm called the Skager-rack, 60 miles broad, which 
 separates Norway from Denmark. This again communicates 
 south want with the Cattegat or Kattegat, a great arm of the 
 North Se;t. between Sweden on the E., the Danish Islands on 
 the S.. and the peninsula of .Jutland on the W. The Cattegat 
 communicates with the B.-)ltic by the 3 strait* called the 
 Sound or Ore .Sund. and the Great and Little ISelts, and 
 contains the islands Lessiie, Anholt, and Samsoe, near which 
 latter is the small island of Kyholm, which, since 1831, has 
 been a groat quarantine station for all ships entering the 
 Danish seas. The shores of all the countries tliat surround 
 the X'orth Soa are deeply indented with bays, fiords, inlets, 
 and large estuaries. The water is deepest on the Norwegian 
 side, where the soundings give 190 fathoms; but the mean 
 depth of the whole basin may lie stated at no more than 31 
 fathoms. The bed of this sea is traversed by several enor- 
 mous banks, one of which, occupying a central position, 
 trends from the Frith of Forth, Scotland, in a N.E. direction, 
 to a distance of 110 miles; others run from Denmark and 
 Jutland upwards of 105 miles to the N.W. ; while the greatest 
 of all. the Dogcer Hank, occupies the centre of the sea. from 
 lat. 54° 10' to 57° 24' X.. and Ion. 1° to 6° 7' E. The great 
 oceanic tidal wave, which origin.ates in the .\tlantic, having 
 swept the W. coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, enters 
 the X. extremity of the North Sea, giving high water nearly 
 simultaneously to the opposite shores of Scotland and Nor- 
 way. Pursuing Its course along the- coasts of the former 
 and of England, on which it strikes very directly, and with 
 great force, it rules the tides as far S. as the Thames, making 
 the tour of Great Britain in 18 hours. It determines al.so 
 the tides of Belgium, from Ostend to Dunkirk: and does 
 not cease to affect, though it does not rule, the tides of the 
 continent through the channel. On entering the Nortfi 
 Sea. on the N. of Scotland, the tidal wave does not exceed 
 12 feet, but gra-Jually increases to 14, 16, IS, and on the 
 number, to 20 feet; a difference of height depending on the 
 figure of the shore, the form of the bottom, and the direction 
 of incidence of the wave. The fisheries in this sea are exten- 
 sive, as well on the Dogger Bank, celebrated for its cod 
 fishery, as on all the shores that bound It : they are still 
 greater at it^ X'. extremity, in the direction of the Orkney 
 and Shetland Isles. 
 
 NORTH SEAKS'MONT, a post-village in Waldo CO., Maine. 
 
 NORTH Sfc;AUS'l'()RT, a postoffice of Waldo CO., Maine. 
 
 NORTH SEDCJ'WICK, a postoffice of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH SEWHCKLEY, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Beaver co.. Pennsylvania, on Beaver River. Pop. 1337. 
 
 NORTH SHAl'LEIGH, (shap/lee,) a post-office of York co., 
 Maine. 
 
 NORTHSHF.F'FIELD,apost-officeof Ashtabula CO., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH SHKryDON. a post-office, Wvoming co.. New York. 
 - NORTH SHEXAN/GO, a township of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 861. 
 
 NORTH SHEIVBURNE, a post-office of RuUand co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 NORTH SHORE, a post-office of Richmond co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH SIDNEY, a post-office of Kennebec co.. Maine. 
 
 NvtRTH SLJIVPERY ROCK, a township of Lawrence co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 NORTH SMITH'FIELD, a small post-village of Bradford 
 00.. i'ennsvlvania. 
 
 NORTH' SOMERS, (slim'^rz,) a post-village of Tolland co^ 
 Connecticut, .about 24 miles N.N.E. of Hartford. 
 
 NORTH Sl'AR'TA. a post-office, Livingston co., New York. 
 
 NORTH Sl'EN'CER, a post-village in Worcester CO., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 53 miles W'. by S. of Boston. 
 
 KOKTH SPRING, a postrofflce of Jackson co., Tennessee. 
 1360 
 
 NORTH SPRINQTIELD, a post-offlce of Windsor eo, 
 Vermont. 
 
 NORTH SPRIXGFIELD, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio 
 
 NORTH STAM'FORD. a post-village in Fairfield CO., Con- 
 necticut,' 40 miles S.K. by E. of New Haven. 
 
 NORTH STAR, a post-office, Washingt<iu co.. Pennsj-lvania. 
 
 NORTH STAR, a postrofflce of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH STEPHEXTOWN, (stee/vfn-tOwn,) a post-office of 
 Rensselaer co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH STER/LIXG. a po.stoffice, Cavug» co., New York. 
 
 NORTH STOCK'HOLM, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., 
 New Y^ork, located at Knapp's Station, on the Northern 
 Railroad, about 8 miles N.E. of Potsdam. 
 
 NORTH STO'XINGTON, a post-township of New London 
 CO.. Connecticut. 17 miles N.E. of Xew London. Pop. 191.3. 
 
 XORTH STRABAXE, (stra-bJn',) a township of Washing- 
 ton CO., I'ennsvlvania, Pop. 1213. 
 
 NORTH STliAF/FORD, a post-office of Strafford co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 NORTH STUKELEY, stfiklee. a post-village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Shefford, 24 miles W. of Sherbrooke, and 66 
 miles from Montreal, Pop. of the township, about 2100. 
 
 NORTH SUDBURY, (sud'bere.) a post-village in Middle- 
 sex CO., >Lissachusetts, 23 miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH SULl'HUR, a post-office of Fannin co, Texas. 
 
 NORTH SWANSE.\, swan'see, a post-village in Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, 46 miles S. by W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH TEWKSISURY. a post-village of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, 25 miles X.N.W. of Bostofi. 
 
 XORTH THET'FORD, a post-village of Orange co., Ver- 
 ment, with a station on the Connecticut and Passumpsio 
 Rivers Railroad. 3 miles from Thetford. 
 
 NORTH TOWAX'DA, a post-township of Bradford co^ 
 PeniLSvlvania, alwut 2 miles N. of Towauda. Pop. .'J82. 
 
 NORTH TROY, a post-offlce of Orleans co., Vermont 
 
 NORTH TRU'RO, a post-village in Barnstable co., Ma.«g»- 
 chusetts. 60 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH TURX'BRIDGE, a post-offlce, Oxford co., Vermont 
 
 NORTH TUlfXER. a post-village in Turner township, 
 Oxford CO., Maine, on Martin's Stream, which enters .Seventy 
 Mile River, an affluent of the Androscoggin. It contains 1 
 store, a large shoe factory, saw and grist mill, shingle 
 machine, carding-mill, and machinerv for carriages and 
 sleighs. Pop. al)Out 200. 
 
 NORTH TURNER BRIDGE, a post-village in Turner 
 township, Oxford CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin, which is 
 here crossed by a toll bridge. It contains a store, and 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 NORTH TWO RIVER, of Missouri, a small stream rising 
 in the X.E. part of the stale, and flowing throu^'h Marion 
 CO., into the Missis.sippi, 3 miles above Marion City. The 
 South Two River enters the Mississippi, half a mile farther 
 down. 
 
 XORTHUMBERLAN'D, nor-thum'ber-land, (L. Xorthtcm/- 
 bria.) the most X.county of England, having X.W. Scotland, 
 and E. the North Sea. Area 1952 iiquare miles, or 1.197,4-10 
 acres. alx)ut 150.000 of which are arable. Pop. in 1851. 303,568. 
 Surface in the W. occupied by the Cheviot Mountains and by 
 wild moorlands, spurs of which stretch eastward through 
 the county, but are separated by fine valleys, which on the 
 E, coa.st expand into broad level tracts. Coast line in parte 
 very bold and rugged; in other parts indented by noble 
 estuaries. Chief rivers, the Tyne, Coquet Alne, Blyth, 
 Wansbreck, and Till. The principal mineral is coal, for the 
 export of which, this county is pre-eminently noted. Lead 
 and iron are also wrought. Manufactures chiefly confined 
 to Newcastle. The Newcastle and Carlisle. Great North of 
 England, Newcastle and Berwick, and Caledonian Railways 
 traverse this county, and many small railways connect the 
 coal-pits with the rivers. Principal towns, Newcastle? Tyne- 
 mouth. North Shields, Alnwick, Hexham, and Morpeth. 
 The X, and S. divisions of the county each send 2 members 
 to the House of Common.s, and its boroughs (exclusive of 
 Berwick) send 4 members. Under the Britons Xorthum- 
 berland formed part of the confederacy of the Brigantes: 
 under the Heptarchy it formed a p.irt of the kingdom of 
 Northumbria.- After the conquest, it was granted to the 
 illustrious family of Percy, toade.scendantof whom, through 
 
 a female branch, it still gives the title of Duke. Adj. and 
 
 inhab. XoRTHUJiBRlAy, nor-thum'bre-an. 
 
 NORTHU.M/BERLAND, a county in the E. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of 500 square miles. The 
 West Branch of the Susquehanna River washes its W. bor- 
 der, and the Xorth Branch of that river flows through the 
 midille; these two, uniting at Xorthuml>erland, form the 
 Susquehanna proper. It is also draineti by Shamokin, Ma- 
 hanoy, and Mahantango Creeks. The southern part of the 
 county is traversed by barren mountain ridges, nanieti Sha- 
 mokin Hill, Mahanoy and Line Mountflins. Some of the 
 valleys are highly productive. Extensive beds of anthracite 
 coal are worked near Shamokin, in the S.E. part. Iron or* 
 and limestone are abundant. The North Branch Cana. 
 passes through the county, and connects near Sunbury 
 with the West Branch Canal. This county is intersected 
 by the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, by the Lackawanna 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 and Bloomsburg Kailroad, and by the Northern Central 
 Bailroad. Organized in 1772, and named from Nortlniniber- 
 land, a county of England. Capital, Stinbury. Population 
 28,922. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, a county in the E. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on Chesapeake Bay and on the estuary of the I'o- 
 tomac Kiver, has an area of 150 square miles. Its eastern 
 outline is indented by several inlets, two of which are called 
 the Coan and Wiconiicxj Rivers. The surface Is somewhat 
 undulating, and the soil of medium quality. Formed in 
 lt)4S. Capital, Ileathsville. Pop. 7531, of whom 4092 were 
 free, and ;«3'.t slaves. 
 
 NOUTIIU-MHKKLAND, a postrvillage and township of 
 Coos CO., New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connecticut 
 River, and on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about 
 110 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 736. 
 
 NORTHUMBEIt LAND, a post-township on the E. border 
 of Saratoga co.. New York, on the Hudson River, inter.sected 
 by the Saratoga and ^Vashington Railroad, -10 miles N. by 
 E. of Albany. Pop. 1666. 
 
 NORTIIL'.MBKRLANI), a post-borough of Nortlninibei^ 
 land CO.. Pennsylvania, is built on tlie p'oint of land formed 
 by the confluence of the two branches of the Susquehanna 
 Kiver, and on the Philadelphia and Erie K.R., 56 miles N. of 
 Harrisbnrg. Itoccupies one of the most beautiful situations 
 in the state, combining the charms of river and mountain 
 scenery in a high degree. It contains a town-hall, 7 churches, 
 1 bank, and an academy. The Northern Central Railroad 
 passes through this place. Here are 2 bridges across the 
 branches of the river. Population in 1850, 1041; in 1860, 
 1108. 
 
 NORTirCM'BERLAND, a county of Canada West, lying 
 upon the N. shore of Lake Ontario, compri.ses an area of 
 730 square miles. Rice Lake is in the N. part of this county, 
 and numerous small streams flow thence to Lake Ontario. 
 The county is intersected by 2 railroads leading from Peter- 
 borough to Lake Ontario, and one leading from Kingston 
 to Toronto. Capital, Cobourg. Pop. 31,229. 
 
 NORTHUM'BERLAND. an extensive maritime county of 
 New Brun.^wiik, bordering on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It 
 Is drained by the beautiful river Miramlchi, forming at its 
 mouth the extensive harbor of the same name. The river 
 Is 9 miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for vessels of 
 the largest class 30 miles. Northumberland is one of the 
 best watered and most heavily timbered counties in New 
 Brunswick, and its commerce, already extensive, is annu- 
 ally increasing. Capital, Miramlchi. Pop. in 1851, 15.064. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, a maritime county of New South 
 Wales, F.iist Australia, having on the N. the Hunter River, 
 S. the Hawke.sbury River, and on the E. the ocean. Area 
 2342 square miles. Pop. 13.335. Surface mountainous. 
 Co.al is a higlily important product, and exported from New- 
 castle, on the Hunter; besides which town, this county 
 cont:iins Maitland. Singleton, Morpeth, &c. It returns 2 
 members to the New Soxith Wales Legislative A.ssembly, 1 
 for the county, and 1 for its boroughs. 
 
 NORTHUAi'BERLAND IN/LET. British North .\merica. a 
 bay W. of Cumberland Island, and N. of Frobi.sher Strait, 
 its entrance in lat. 65° N., Ion. 6.')° W. 
 
 NORTHUM'BERLAND ISLANDS, are off the E. coast of 
 Australia; lut. 21° 30' S., Ion. 150° E. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT, of British North America, 
 separates Prince Edward's Island from New Brunswick and 
 Kova Scotia. 
 
 NORTHUMBRTA. See Northumberland. 
 
 NOItTH U'.MOX, a post-office of Lincoln oo., Maine. 
 
 NORTH UNIO.V. a post-office of Washington eo., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH UNIONTOWN, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 NORTH URB.VNA, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH U.VBRIDGE, a post-village of Worcester co., Mas- 
 lacbusetts. 
 
 NORTH TAS'SALBOROUGII, a postKjfflce of Kennebec 
 CO., JIaine. 
 
 NORTH VER/NON, a post-office, Shiawassee co., Michigan. 
 
 NORTH VEPiXON, a village of Vernon township, Jen- 
 nings CO., Indiana, on the Madison and Indianapolis Rail- 
 road, where it is crossed by the Ohio and ilississippi Railroad, 
 V3 miles W. by S. of Cincinnati. Pop. 778. 
 
 NORTH VIL'LAGE, a village of Worcester co., Mas.sachu- 
 Betts, on the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 15 miles from 
 Worcester. 
 
 NORTH'VILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, IS miles X. by E. of Danb'ury. 
 
 NORTHVILLE, a thriving post-village of Cayuga co.. New 
 York, 2 miles E. of Cayuga Lake, and 20 miles S. by W. of 
 Auburn. The name of the post-office is King's Ferry. 
 
 NORTHVILLE, a postrvillage of Fulton co., New York, on 
 the Siicondaga River, 55 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 NORTHVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NORTHVILLE, a village of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, 
 «n a branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 5 miles from Bridge- 
 water. 
 
 NORTHVILLE, a post-village of Plymouth township, 
 Wayne co.. Michigan, on the W. branch of Rouge River, 27 
 ulles W.N.AV. of Detroit. The extensive water-power of 
 4L 
 
 the river gives motion to mills and factories of various kind& 
 The village has seyeral churches. Pop. 020. 
 
 NORTHVILLE,po8t-to\vnship,La Salle co.,Illinois. P.1270. 
 
 NORTHVILLE. a post-vtllace of La Salle co., Hlinols. near 
 Fox River. 65 miles S.S.W. of Chicaen. 
 
 NORTH WAKEFIELD, (w.Ak'feeld,) a post-office of CarroU 
 CO.. New Hampshire. 
 
 NOliTH WAiyOOnOROUCir. a post-village of Lincoln CO., 
 MaioB. 2') miles E.S.E. of .Auirusta. 
 
 NORTH AV A LES. See Wa iks. 
 
 NORTH WARDS'BOROUGH, a post-village of Windham 
 CO., Vermont. It has manufactures of leather, cabinotware, 
 and carriages. 
 
 NORTH WASHINGTON, a post-office, Lincoln CO.. Maine. 
 
 NORTH WASHINGTON, a village of Butler co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 14 miles N.E. by E. of Butler. 
 
 NORTH WASHINGTON, a post-village of Westmoreland 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, 25 miles E. by X. of Pittsburg. 
 
 NOI!Tll"WATERFORD,(wa/tgr-fiird.) a post-officeof Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 XOKTH WAYXE, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH WEARK. Wilr, a )>ost-village of Hillsborough co.. 
 New H.anipshire. on the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivera 
 Railroad. 19 miles from Manchester. 
 
 NORTH-WEST, a post-township, forming the N.W. extre- 
 mity of Williams co., Ohio. Pop. lUiS. 
 
 NORTH-WEST, a township. Orange co., Indiana. P. 840. 
 
 NORTH-WEST BRlD(iE'\VATER, a post-office of Ply- 
 mouth CO.. Massachusetts. 
 
 NORTH-WEST'ERN, a post-office. Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 NORTH-WEST MINE, a post-office of Houghton co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 NORTH-WEST RIVER BRIDGE, a postofflce of Norfolk 
 CO., A'irginia. 
 
 NORTH-WEST TER'RITORY, the name originally given 
 to the Territory of Wisconsin. 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORY, the name sometimes ap- 
 plied to British America, Vi'. of Cauada, the great lakes 
 and Moose River. 
 
 XORTH WETH'ERSFIELD, a post-office of Wyoming eo., 
 New York. 
 
 NORTH WEY5I0UTH, w.Vmoth, a post-village of Norfolk 
 CO., Mas.sachu.setts, on the South Shore Railroad, 18 miles S. 
 by W. of Boston. It has several boot and shoe factories. 
 
 NORTH WH.'VRn'ON, a post-office of Potter co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NORTH WHITE CREEK, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., New York, alxmt 36 miles N.E. of Albany. It contains 
 churches of 4 or 5 denomination.s, and several stores and 
 factories. Pop. alx)ut 800. 
 
 NORTH WHITE'FIELD, a postoffioe of Lincoln co., Maine, 
 
 NORTH WHITE/HALL, a posUownship of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania. 8 miles N.W. of Allentown. Pop. 4152. 
 
 NORTH/WICH, a market-town of England, co. and 17i 
 miles E.N.E. of Chester, on the river Weaver and the Grand 
 Trunk Canal. Pop. in 1851, 1377. It has a large ancient 
 church, grotesquely decorated, a grammar school, a union 
 workhouse, branch bank, large dock-yards for building flats 
 employed in carrying salt, with very extensive manutao 
 tiires and exports of that article obtained from contiguous 
 mines, and very productive brine springs. 
 
 NORTH WIUXA, a post-viUage of Wilna township, Jef 
 ferson co.. New York, about 20 miles E.N.E. of Watertown. 
 
 NORTH Wir^TOX, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH Wl LTON. a postoffice of Fairfield co.. Connecticut 
 
 NORTH WIND'HAM, a post-office. Cumberland CO., Maine. 
 
 NORTH WINDHAM, a post-village of Windham oo., Con- 
 necticut. 30 miles E. by S. of Hartford. 
 
 NORTH WIN'FIELD, a post-office of Herkimer co., New 
 York. 
 
 NORTH WOTJURN, a postoffice of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 NORTHMVOLD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 NORTH WOLF'BOROUGH, a post-office of Carroll co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 NORTH/WOOD, a parish of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 NORTH/WOOD, a township of Rockingham CO., New 
 Hampshire, 20 miles E. of Concord. Pop. 1502. 
 
 NORTHWOOD, a village of Logan co., Ohio, 64 miles N.W. 
 of Columbus, contains a college and female seminary. 
 
 NORTH WOOD'BERRY, a township of Blair CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 NORTH WOOD'STOCK, a post-office of Oxfonl co., Maine. 
 
 NORTH WOODSTOCK, a post-vUlage of Windham co,, 
 Connecticut. 46 miles E.N.E. of Hartford. 
 
 NORTH WRENTH'AM, a post-village of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad. 23 miles 
 S.W. of Boston. 
 
 NORTH YAR/MOUTH, a post-township of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, on Casco Bay, 44 miles S. by W. of Augusta, 
 intersected by the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad. 
 Pop. 1076. 
 
 NORTON, a village and parish of England, co. of Derby, 
 4 miles S. by E. of Sheffield, has a fine old church rf the 
 15th century, Wesleyan and Uuitariau chapels. Sir Francis 
 
 1361 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 Chantrey, the f*iulptor, was born and is buried at Norton, r NORTELL, a post-offlce of Jackson co., Michip;au. 
 
 Po,). in ISfil, 1908. I NOIIWALK, iior'wok, a river of Connecticut, fulls into 
 
 NORTON, a village and parish of England, co. and 16 ^ Long Island Sound, a few miles below Norwalk. 
 
 jciles N.E. of York, on the Derwent, opposite to Malton. N01i\V.'\LIv, a post-borough and townsliip of Fairfield co., 
 
 Pop. 1644. Connecticut, on both sides of Norwalk }{iver, at the junction 
 
 NORTON, a township of England, co. of Hereford. i of the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad with the New York 
 
 NORTON, a township of England, co. of York, West and New Haven Railroad, 32 miles W.S.W. of New Haven 
 
 Riding. 
 
 NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 NORTON, a pari.'^h of England, co. of Kent. 
 NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 NORTON, a parish of lingland, co. of Northampton. 
 NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 NOIvTON, a parish of England, co. of AVorce.ster. 
 
 A'essels drawing 6 feet of water come up to the borough 
 It has 8 churches, 1 newspaper office, 4 or 5 banks, and 3 
 Union school-houses, among which is one of the finest edi- 
 fices in the state. The township contains manufactories of 
 hats, woollen goods, straw goods, locks, &c. Totixl popula- 
 tion, 7582. 
 
 NORWALK, a handsome post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Huron county, Oliio, on tlie Cleveland Norwalk and 
 Toledo Railroad, 100 miles N. by E. of Columbus. The vil- 
 lage extends along a sandy ridge, and is built principally 
 
 NORTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, on a single street, which is shaded with a double row of 
 Ibrmingasuburbof New Malton, with which it is connected maple trees. Much taste is displayed in tlie construction 
 by a bridge over the Derwent. of churches and private residences. The village is also noted 
 
 NORTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. for its educational advantages; the Norwalk Institute and 
 
 NOR'TON, a township of Essex county, Yermont, on the ! the Norwalk Female Seminary are well-conducted and 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad. | flourishing institutions. It contains 2 banks, 2 newspaper 
 
 NORTON, a post-village and township of Bristol co., Mas- j offices, and the machine-shops of the railroad company. 
 
 eachusetts, on the Taunton Branch Railroad, 27 miles S.W 
 of Boston. It contains a thriving female seminary, and hag 
 manufactures of cotton goods and other articles. Pop. 1848. 
 
 NORTON, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, on tho 
 Whetstone River, 34 miles N. of Columbus. 
 , NORTON, a township of Suulmit CO., Ohio. Pop. 1524. 
 
 NORTON, a township in the N.W. part of Ottawa co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 NORrrON-BAVANT', a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 NORTON-BISH'OPS, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NORTON-BRIZE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NORTON-BY-KEM/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 NORTON-CANES, nor'ton-kAnz, a parish of England, co. 
 of Stafiford. 
 
 NORTON-CAN'ON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 NORTON-CENTRE, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio, 120 
 miles N.K. of Columbus. 
 
 NORTON-CHIl'/PING, a parish, borough, and marketr 
 town of England, co. and 20 miles N.N.W. of Oxford. Pop. 
 of borough in 1851, 2932. The town consi.sts of pne large 
 street, with a fine Gothic church, free grammar school, and 
 almshouse. Throe miles W. are some curious Druidical re- 
 mains. 
 
 NORTON-DIS'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 NORTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 NORTON-FITZ/WARREN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 NORTON HILL, a post-office of Greene co.. New York. 
 
 NORTON-HOOK, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NORTON-IN-HALES, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 NORTON-KINGS. See Ki.ng's Norton. 
 
 NOR/TON-LIND'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 NORTON-MAUREWARD, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 
 . NOR/TON-MAN'DEVILLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Essex. 
 
 NOR/TON-MID'SOMER, a village and parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset, 9 miles S.VY. of Bath. Pop. 3509. 
 
 NORTON-ON-THE-MOORS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 NOR/TON-PUD/DING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 NOR'TON SOUND, a large inlet of Behring Sea, Russian 
 America, between lat. 62-^ and 65^^ N., and Ion. 161" and 
 167° \Y. It is formed Ijy Cape Rodney on tho N., and Cape 
 Romanoff on tho S., between which its width is 200 miles. 
 It penetrates inland for atwut 200 miles, gradually narrow- 
 ing till it terminates almost in a point. It was discovered 
 by Captain Cook in 1778. 
 
 NOIt/TON'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Ontario co.. New York. 
 
 NOR/TON ST. PH1I7IP, a small market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Somerset, 6 miles S.S.E. of Batli. 
 
 NORTON-SUB/COURSE, a parish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 NOR'TON 8 VILLE. a postrofflce of Albemarle co.. A'irginia. 
 
 NOR/TON-TAL'GATE, an extra parochiid district of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Middlesex, 1^ miles N.K. of St. Paul's, London. 
 
 NOR'TON-u.NDER-HAMB'DON, a parish of England, co. 
 of Somerset. 
 
 NOR'TONVILLE, a postofflce of Ottawa co., Michigan, 
 about 96 miles N.W. of Lansing. 
 
 NORUICG.'V, a country of Europe. See Norway. 
 
 NORUNGA,no-rring'gd, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, province and district of Bahar, 80 miles S.S.W. 
 of I'atna. 
 
 NORUXGABAD,no-rung-ga-bail', a town of British India, 
 Upper I'rovinces, district and 5 miles S.E. of Mathura. 
 
 NOR'VAL, a nost-village of Canada West. co. of Halton, 
 SI miles W. of Toronto, and 34 miles from Hamilton. Pop. 
 about 3U0. 
 
 NORVHGE and NORVEOIA. See Norway. 
 
 NOIIVEGIEN, NORVEGIANO. See Norway. 
 13f.:J 
 
 Pop. of the township in 1S50, 2013 ; of the village. 1440 ; 
 total population in 1860, 2839. ' 
 
 NORWALK LIGHT, at the entrance of Norwalk Harbor, 
 Connecticut. Lat. 41° 2' 50" N., Ion. 73° 25' 35'' W. 
 
 NORWAY, nor'w.1, (Nor.. Dan. and Sw. Hiorgc, noR'gd ; Gar. 
 Korwegen, noR'<vi'glien ; Dutch, Noorwcijen, noR'wi-ghfu; 
 Fr. Norvigt or Norwige, noR^vaizh'; Sp. Noi~ncga, noR-wA'gJ; 
 It. Nnrvegia, nor-vd'je-d ; L. Norwe>gia; anc. Aerig/miaf) a 
 country forming the N.W. extremity of Euroi>e'. and occupy- 
 ing the N.W. and W. part of the Scandinavian peninsula. 
 It extends from lat. 51° to 71° 11' 40" N., and from Ion. 3° 50' 
 to 30° 50' E. ; bounded on the N.E. by Russian Lapland, E. 
 by Sweden, and washed on all other sides Ijy tlie sea — by 
 the Arctic Ocean on the N.. the Atlantic Ocean and the 
 North Sea on the N.W. and V,'., and by the Skager-liack on 
 the S. It is remarkable among all the countries of Europe 
 for its great lengtli in proportion to its breadth ; from the 
 Naze or Cape Liudesnaes on the S., to a point adjoining the 
 North Cape, the length from S.S.W. to N.N.E. is about 
 lOSO miles ; greatest breadth, measured nearly on the parallel 
 of 60°, is aljout 275 miles; but, towards the N., its breadth 
 in some pl.oces is contracted to 20 miles; area estimated at 
 12.3,386 square miles. 
 
 The coast-line consists, for the most part, of bold precipi- 
 tous cliffs; and is remarkable, both for tlie innumcralile 
 islands by which it is lined, and the bays or fiords, which 
 deeply indent it in all directions, but generally' from W. to 
 E., in tlie direction in which tho great ocean-wave is dashed 
 upon it. The chief of these are — from S. to N., the Bukko 
 fiord, Hardanger, Trondhjem, Saltens, Ofoden, Porsang, and 
 A'aranger fiords. The most extensive gulf on the S. coast 
 is that of Christiania. Numerous peninsulas separate the 
 fiords ; among the most rem irkable of which are Cape Nord- 
 Kyn on the N., and Cape Stadt on the W. coast. Some of 
 the fiords form excellent harbors; but the immense num- 
 Ix'r of mountainous islands and rocky islets which border 
 tile coast, render access difficult. The largest of these archi- 
 pelagoes are the Loffoden Islands, separated from the conti- 
 nent by the Vest-fiord; and, further N., the islands of Ma- 
 geriie, Sorcie, Ringvalsiie, Hvaliie, and Senjen. Between 
 these island groups and the continent, tliere is a wide passage 
 for coasting vessels. 
 
 Face of the Country, Mountains, &c. — The surface of Nor- 
 way is very mountainous, particularly in the AV. and N., 
 where, in many places, are lofty summits, rising abruptly 
 from the surrounding levels; but mountain chains, properly 
 so called, have no existence, and the true character of the 
 surface is tiiat of a series of elevated plateaus, from which 
 mountain masses rise with the greatest irregularity, and so 
 isolated from each other, th.at it is impossible to point out 
 any central axes of which the other mountains in their 
 vicinity can be considered as ramifications. The plateaus 
 referred to seem to admit of being reduced to six : — 1. The 
 Plateau of Finmark. 2. The Plateau of Nordland and 
 Troudlijem, extending to the Trondhjem fiord and Lake 
 Storsjiin. Its loftiest summits are in the vicinity of the icy 
 mountiiin of Sulitelma, the top of which is 6342 feet high. 
 Though not one of the loftiest, yet one of the most re- 
 markable-looking mountains in this plateau, is tliat of 
 Kilhorn, shooting up in a pyramidal form, with a bare, 
 jagged, and sharp peak; at about three-fourths of its height 
 occurs a large perforation, producing a very extraordinary 
 effect when the sun is seen streaming through it. 3. Tho 
 Dovrefield Plateau, with il« lofty peaks of Sneehwt<>n, 
 (8115 feet,) Skrimkolla. Stenkolla, and Nunsfield, the lowest 
 of which is nearly 7000 feet in elevation. 4. The Plateau of 
 Langfield, containing the Galdhoppigen. stated by De L.i 
 Roijuette to be about 8785 feet high, making it the loftiest 
 in tile Scandinavian Peninsula, tliougii this distinction has 
 hitherto been assigned to Skagtiils tind, 8390 feet in lieight. 
 The Ilornelen is a cuiious isolated mass, terminating in % 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 sharp, jaaced peak. 2705 feet high, and nearly orerhansing 
 the sea, at the K. extremity of the island of Uremanger. 
 5. The Plateau of Fillefield. situated between the Soa-ne-Fiord, 
 the Valley of Valdie, the fiords of Kand Tyri and Chiistiania, 
 the Skat;er-Uaitk, and the German Ocean. This plateau is 
 much less elevated than the others already mentioned; the 
 whole country fjradually slopes from the X.. towards the E. 
 and S.E.. and ultimately subsiding so much as *q some places 
 to assume the appearance of moderately elevated plains. Its 
 loftiest summits — the Sliojjshorn, Uogloftsteg, and Oousta 
 — are all about 6000 feet; and several others exceed 5000 
 feet; but the averaj^e heigUt is very much lower. 6. This, 
 which may be called the East Plateau, lying still more in 
 the direction of the general slope, is the lowest of all, and 
 is continued into Sweden, where its direction may be traced 
 by the chain of lakes which stretch across that country, 
 and by several wide valleys, with so little declivity as to 
 render the streams which water them comjiaratively sluggish. 
 In general, however, the face of the country is rugged; tlie 
 valleys are short and abrupt; and the streams, dashing 
 down impetuously through rocky gorges, form numerous 
 cascades; while the fiords, overhung by lofty precipices or 
 towering forests, and the deep and extensive lakes, embo- 
 somed among tlie mountains, furnish alpine scenes of the 
 wildest magnificenco. A'ast glaciers descend from tlie South 
 Plateau; the largest of these are the Folgefoudnn, in Ilar- 
 danger, lat. 60° X., which descends to olOO feet, and tlie Snae- 
 brfen, X. of Sogne-Fiord. The only plains are those formed 
 by the table-lands between the stifts of Aggershuus and 
 Bergen, which extend from 60 to 80 miles in length, and 
 have an elevation of from 3600 to 4620 feet. The isolated 
 mountain peaks on these table-lauds ri.'^e far above the snow 
 line. The principal valleys are confined to the E. side of the 
 peninsula; the longest is the Osterdal, watered by the 
 Glommen, which, with its continuation, the Solii and Oudal, 
 is 280 miles in length. The next in extent aud the most 
 fertile, is the Guldbrandsdal, watered by the Lougen. Nar- 
 row belts between the coasts, and the commencement of the 
 plateaus, are the only low lands in Xorway; the most ex- 
 tensive of these surrounds the Gulf of Trondhjem. 
 
 Geolngy and Minerals. — The prevailing rocks of X'orway 
 are gneiss and mica-slate, of which all the loftier mountains 
 are composed. Granite is of comparatively rare occurrence. 
 On some of the plateaus, blocks of conglomerate occupy a 
 large part of the surface. Porphyry, argillaceous schist, 
 and limestone occur, hut in very limited quantities; and 
 rocks of volcanic f jrmation are so rare, that their existence 
 was at one time altogether denied. It would seem, however, 
 that trap, apparently formed out of aucient lava, is met 
 with; and some geologists have even thought that they 
 have discovered visible traces of volcanoes. The minerals 
 are both numerous and abundant; and where the means 
 of transport exist, can generally be worked to great advan- 
 tage, both from the facilities which the nature of the ground 
 affords for draining mines, without expensive engines, and 
 the inexhaustible supplies of fuel furnished by the forests; 
 the very refuse of which, after the finer timber has been 
 carried away, thus forms an item of no small value. The 
 only mines in operation are tliose of silver, copper, iron, 
 cobalt, nnd chrome. The chief product is iron, the mines 
 of which are situated mostly in the Gulf of Christiunin; 
 the silver-mine of Ivongsberg is. at present, one of the ricliest 
 in Europe, and. next to the copper-mine of Roraas, the most 
 important in tlie kingdom. The other minerals worthy of 
 notice are alum and marble, 
 
 liivers and Lal-rs. — The short distance at which the \V. 
 elope of the E. plateau lies from the W. coast, leaves little 
 room for the development of large rivers, but gives rise to 
 an immense number of minor streams, which proceed di- 
 rectly to the shore, or the numerous fiords which penetrate 
 it. On the E, slope, again, the streams do little more than 
 commence their course in Norway, and do not properly 
 assume the character of rivers till they have run a consider- 
 able part of their course in Sweden. Owing to this, Xorw.ay 
 canuot claim any large river as exclusively her own. The 
 few that are of importance have a S. direction, in accordance 
 with the general slope already referred to, and discharge 
 themselves into the Skager-Rack; of these, the most deserv- 
 ing of notice are the Glommen, and its affluent the Lougan ; 
 the Beina, Lauven, SkienXid, and Torrisdal. Ships enter 
 the mouths of some of these rivers for 5 or 10 miles, but 
 none of them are navigable on account of numerous water- 
 falls, (fos,) which all of them form : of these the more cele- 
 brated are the Sarpenfos on the Glommen, near Frederieks- 
 stad, and the Rukaufos, in the district of Tellemarken, which 
 falls 513 feet perpendicular. Viiringsfos, in the district of 
 Hardanger, has a perpendicular fall of from 870 to 920 feet. 
 Th(! most important rivers in the N. are the Tana, which 
 forms part of the boundary between Russia and Norw.ay, 
 and falls into the Arctic Ocean ; and the Namsen, flowing 
 into the Atlantic. The river systems of Xorway are of the 
 titmost importance in the economy of the country; the 
 smaller streams are employed in driving the machinery of 
 mines, corn and .saw mills, and in floating timber to the 
 lirgei rivers ; these serve also as the chief means of com-. 
 
 munication in winter, when they are covered with strong 
 ice. 
 
 The same causes which prevent Xorway from having large 
 rivers are favorable to the formation of lakes ; tne isolated 
 bases of the mountains constituting numerous and extensive 
 reservoirs, in wliich the waters are, in the first instance, 
 accumulated ; accordingly, they are scattered over every 
 part of the country. Among the principal may be men- 
 tioned the Rys Vand, Snaa'ssen Vand, and Miijsen ,Vand. 
 Many of them are situated at great elevations in the table- 
 land : among these the liygdinsee, from 15 to 20 miles long, 
 is 3490 feet al)Ove the sea. 
 
 Olimatf.. — Nearly one-third of the whole of Norway is situ- 
 ated within the frozen zone, aud the northern extremity 1.^ 
 within tlie region of perpetual snow. A'arious causes, how- 
 ever, contribute to modify the temperature. One of these is 
 the great extent of sea-coast, and the large extent of surface 
 occupied by water, and more especially by the fiords which 
 are in immediate communication with the ocean; the tem- 
 perature of which, naturally higher than that of the land 
 during the season of winter, is further increased by the 
 Gulf stream, the influence of which is sensibly felt on the 
 W. coast. The snow line is much higher here than in cor- 
 ri'.sponding latitudes in other countries: in lat. 61° it is 
 5500 feet; and in lat. 70°, 3500 feet above the sea. In Sibe- 
 ria, the cultivation of grain ceases at lat. 60°; while iu 
 Norway it extends to lat. 70° N. The sea never freezes, 
 even at North Cape, but the shallow water of the Skager- 
 Rack is occasicmally frozen in winter. The following Table 
 gives the mean temperature at several places in Norway, 
 in different latitudes, for the year, for the winter, and for 
 the summer : — 
 
 
 North Latitude. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Summer. | 
 
 North Cape 
 Trondlyem 
 Ullensvang 
 Christiania 
 
 71° 
 
 KP 30- 
 60° 
 
 5!)" 5t' 42" 
 
 32°. 1 
 4-.'0 
 
 230 
 24° 
 30" 
 41° 
 
 440 
 
 69° 
 
 60° 
 
 The year is nearly divided between winter and summer; 
 spring is almo.st unknown, and the autumn is cold and 
 i-igorous; snow covers the ground from the beginning of 
 November till the end of March. In January and February, 
 the temperature is usually from 14° to 18°, and often aa 
 low as 2° Fahrenheit. Summer lasts from May to Septem- 
 ber, during which the temperature is often as high as lOS'^ 
 Fahrenheit. In the month of March the surface is strewed 
 with ashes, earth, or sand, by which means the snow ig 
 melted, and from this process, combined with the great heat 
 and the length of the day. 8 to 12 weeks are .sometimes 
 sufficient for sowing, ripening, and reaping, the crops in the 
 interior. The climate of the W. coast, though milder than 
 that of the S. or the interior, is deteriorated by excessive 
 humidity; the W. wind, blowing over the Atlantic, carries 
 moisture, which is intercepted by the mountains, and pre- 
 cipitated in the form of rain, to the amount of 80 iuches 
 annually; while the E. wind brings extreme drought. 
 
 VeyKtaUon, Agriculture, &c. — 'I'he large portion of the 
 country situated within the limits of perpetual snow, and 
 the sterile and rugged nature of a still larger portion, 
 greatly limits the range of vegetation and of regular cul- 
 ture. Among trees, the pine tribe are the most numerous, 
 and clothe the mountain slopes with magnificent forests. 
 The fir, which is found in lat. 60° 20', at an elevation of 4000 
 feet; and the pine, {pinus sylvestris.) form vast aud valuable 
 forests in Aggershuus, Christiansand, and Trondhjem. The 
 forests of fir extend N. to the polar circle, and those of pine 
 beyond it. The oak forms fine forests in the amts of 
 .Tarl.sberg-Laurvig, and especially in Christiansand. The 
 birch attains the highest northern latitude. F'ruit trees 
 are not indigenous in Xorway, although the wild apple is 
 common in the lower regions, and the clierry is widely 
 distributed. Flowers are successfully cultivated in the gar- 
 dens of the S. and W. AVhere, from the combined causes 
 of a high latitude and great elevation, the ordinary pasture 
 grasses become scanty, mosses supply their place, and furnish 
 a valuable source of subsistence, and even of wealth, in the 
 numerous herds of reindeer which they maintain. 
 
 The principal grain of Xorway is barley, which is grown in 
 the highest northern latitude, and at the greatest elevation : 
 in lat. 59° 25', it is cultivated at a height of 2838 feet ; the ex- 
 treme limit of its culture is lat. 70°, but there it only ripens 
 at an elevation of 65 to 100 feet; its profitable culture is 
 confined to a narrow belt of coast land, and to the agricul- 
 tural colonies of Molselv and liarodal, in X'ordland. Rye 
 is cultivated up to 69° N. latitude; oats to 68°; but wheat 
 not beyond 64° N. latitude, and that only in the most favor- 
 able seasons. Another most valuable crop is potatoes, growu 
 with success even in Finmark. Hemp and flax, particularly 
 the latter, are generally cultivated; and in the S. part of tha 
 country, some tobacco is grown. The quantit}' of land capable 
 of being brought under culture has been roughly estimated 
 at one-sixth of the whole; yet, la 1845, according to the evi- 
 
 1363 
 
NOR 
 
 aence ;f oSHcia" documents, the actual cultivation did not 
 exceed 1 loTtli of the whole. Most of the land thus culti- 
 vated is of a light, .^audy texture, which, even under good 
 juanageniuut, could not yield heavy crops; and under the 
 fintiqiiated routine which the JJorwcgians generally pursue, 
 often fails to return much more than the seed. Ihe grain 
 rai.--od. accordingly, falls very far short of the consumption; 
 and the quantity which reiiuires to be regularly imported 
 has nearly doubled since 1799. • 
 
 One of the most extensive and profitable branches of rural 
 econ luiy is the rearing of cattle, for which many parts of 
 the country are well adapted. The inhabitants, like tlie 
 Swiss, leave the villages, and spend the summer with their 
 flocks and herds in the upper valleys. The breeds, however, 
 are very inferior. The milk of the cows is said to be very 
 rich, and enters largely into the food of the inhabitants; 
 but the produce must be deficient, as lioth butter and 
 cheese, as well as beef, form large and increasing articles of 
 import. .Sheep are less numerous than goats, but yield 
 an abundance of coarse wool ; swiue appear not to be viewed 
 with much favor. The horses are vigorous and sure-footed, 
 but of a diminutive size; the ponies, in wliich large size is 
 of less consequence, or is rather considered a drawback, are 
 among the best of their kind, and are often exported to other 
 countries. Another domestic animal of gre.^t value is the 
 reindeer, which forms the principal stock of the X. provinces. 
 The whole number in the country, in 18-15, was 90,273; of 
 which Fiumark possessed 74,480. This, however, must ne-. 
 cessarily be understood only of those domesticated; many 
 still exist in a wild state, whose numbers, of course, cannot 
 be known. The most destructive wild animals are the brown 
 boar, wolf, and lynx; these, with the fox and others, are 
 hunted for their skins. The eagle is so destructive to sheep 
 and lambs, that a private company is establislieil for its ex- 
 tirpation. Game of all kinds is abundant, and there are no 
 game-laws. The chief objects of the chase are the deer, elk, 
 reindeer, and hare ; the seal, which abounds on all the coasts, 
 the flsh-otter ; and among birds, the grouse and the caperkail- 
 zie. The coast literally swarms with sea-fowl : the wild goose 
 and eider duck are numerous ; the swan appears on the S. 
 const in winter, and ducks of various kinds abound on the 
 coasts and in the lakes and rivers. In the small uninha- 
 bited Isles off the X. coast, vast numbers of the eggs of sea- 
 fowl are procured. 
 
 The fisheries of Norway are of very great value. Wliales 
 still occasionally appear; but are too few to be of much 
 economical imjKJrtance. A far more valuable source of re- 
 venue is furnished by the cod and herring fisheries, which 
 have been estimated to yield a gross amount of nearly 
 $5,000,000. The cod fishery is carried on chiettv in the N.; 
 the herring fishery, from the point of Stadt, la't. 62° 10' N., 
 and all along the coast to the S. Tlie rivers and lakes 
 abound with salmon and sahnon-trout, and make Norway 
 one of the best angling countries in the world. There are 
 extensive beds of oysters on all the coasts, and the pearl 
 oyster is found in many of the rivers. 
 
 .Manufactures.— yia.nnhctuTe!^ have made very little pro- 
 gress. Cotton, woollen, flax, and silk tissues, are produced 
 to some extent, but only for home use, and there are several 
 large tobacco-ftictories and sugar-refineries. Brandy-distil- 
 leries and saw-mills are the only extensive branches of 
 industry; next to these are f Tges and metal foundries, the 
 produce of which is exported in a raw state, except what is 
 used in the manufacture of arms at Kougsberg, and in the 
 manufactures of iron wire .ind nails. The manufactures of 
 cloth, linen, and cottcm, as well as the preparation of skins 
 and leatlier, are almost entirely domestic. The other manu- 
 factures compri.«e those of glass, paper, oil, gunpowder, soap, 
 tobacco, and sugar refining. Owing tn the difficulty of 
 transport, all the seats of industry, and the only towns, are 
 on the coast, and chiefly on the Gulf of Christiania. Ship- 
 building is actively carried on in the ports. 
 
 Commerce. — In the middle ages, the commerce of Norway 
 consisted exclusively in the exportation of fish, and this 
 i^ still the most important article of trade. Next to this 
 is the exjiort of timber, which was commencisd by the 
 I>ncch in the 16th century; and, tistly, the products of the 
 mines and metal forges. The timber exported annually 
 amounts to 200,000 lasts, value 1.C85.000 dollars. Holland 
 IS now the chief market for Norwegian limber. Fish is ex- 
 ported from all the towns on the ^V. coast, but Bergen is 
 the chief entrepot. The most important branches of this 
 trade are dried fish, and salted herrings. The export of 
 mineral pralucts is less than might be expected, from {tie 
 number of mines : the principal are, iron, copper, and silver. 
 The cbi.?f imports are gr.ain, butter, beef, v.arious tissues of 
 wool, cotton, flax, and silk; raw wool, hemp and flax, salt, 
 sugar, coffee, tobacco, wine, brandy, and vinegar. This 
 trade is chiefly concentrated in the towns of Bergen, Chris- 
 tiania, and Trondlijem, though Drammen, Christiansand, 
 and Arend.il. likewise have a considerable share; and em- 
 ploys, in addition to foreign shipping, atout 2730 Norwe-nan 
 vessels of all sizes, carrying about 1W,000 tons, Thi.s°was 
 the amount in 184.5; but as the number of vessels in 1816 
 was only 1 640, and the increase has ever since continued 
 1304 
 
 NOR 
 
 without interruption, a considerable addition to the nnmbor 
 must have been made .since 1845. Be.«ides the sbippini; trade, 
 an internal trade of great importance is carried on with 
 Sweden. Tlie following Table gives the number and ton- 
 nage of ve.ssels which entered and cleared at i>orts in Nor- 
 way, in each of the following years : — 
 
 Years, 
 
 Kntered. 
 
 Cleared. 
 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 IMS 
 1,*46 
 
 1»47 
 1H48 
 1849 
 
 7T97 
 871.5 
 8590 
 7754 
 7969 
 
 805.859 
 &i8,9-i3 
 804.38-2 
 745.4(i6 
 
 772,885 
 
 7S68 
 8593 
 6590 
 7727 
 8160 
 
 808,fl43 
 8-21,812 
 806,9K» 
 72-i,S97 
 806,766 
 
 Commerce in the interior of the country is greatly impeded 
 for want of means of communication: none of the rivers are 
 navigable except ne.ir their mouths. Good roads exist only 
 between the towns of the S. coast and the principal valleys 
 in Nordland and Finniark: the usual communication is by 
 sea. Among the numerous islands on the W. coast, there 
 are violent .and irregular currents, whicli render the coast 
 navigation dangerous. Among these is the celebrated Mai- 
 Strom, or Mal-Striim, the danger from which has been greatly 
 e.xaggerated, since it can, except at particular times, be 
 pa.ssed over even by open boats, Kegular communii-ations 
 have successively been established between the principal 
 towns on the coast from Christiania to H.ammerfest, and 
 steam vessels ply in the Gulf of Clnistiania, and on the 
 Lakes of Miiisen and Tyrifiord, Norway has a national dis- 
 count bank, establi.shed in 1817, which has the exclusive 
 right of issuing iiaper money. 
 
 Divisions, J'npulation. dv. — Norway is divided into five 
 provinces or dioceses, subdivided into seventeen bailiwicks. 
 These, with their area, population, Ac, are exhibited in tlie 
 following Table. 
 
 Provinces 
 or Dioceses. 
 
 Amis or Bailiwicks. 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in 
 1845. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 
 .4gger3huu3 . . 
 
 2,027 
 
 109,432 
 
 Christiania 
 
 
 Sniaalchuen . , 
 
 1, 685 
 
 73.42L: 
 
 Friedrickshall 
 
 Aggershnns 
 
 Hedemarlien . , 
 
 10,389 
 
 87,118 
 
 
 or 
 
 ■ Christiana-amt . 
 
 10,475 
 
 102.730 
 
 
 Chriatiama 
 
 Buskerud . . . 
 
 5,800 
 
 83,918 Drammen 
 
 
 Jarlsberg-Laurvig 
 '.Bradsherg , , . 
 
 896 
 
 63,070, Laurvig 
 
 
 5,419 
 
 7--',89I:Skien 
 
 
 C Nedenaes . . . 
 
 4,650 
 
 53.932, Arendal 
 
 Christiansand 
 
 < Mandal .... 
 
 2,069 
 
 61,918 Christiansand 
 
 
 ( Stavauger . . . 
 
 3,540 
 
 78,210 Stavauger 
 
 
 C Sondre Bergeniiuus 
 
 5,824 
 
 lI6,989iBergen 
 
 Bergen . . 
 
 ■< N'ordre Bergenhuus 
 
 6,7ft-i 
 
 77,9-Hi 
 
 
 ( Romsd.ll .... 
 
 6,058 
 
 81.3l4irhrlstiansund 
 
 Trondlijem 
 
 5 Sondre Trondhjem 
 I \ordre Trondhjem 
 
 7,210 
 
 8,832 
 
 89.3j»;Troudhjem 
 
 66,57u 
 
 
 J Nordland . . . 
 \ Kiumarlt .... 
 
 14,337 
 
 65,512| 
 
 
 27,412 
 
 43,938 Tromsoe 
 
 
 123,386 
 
 1,328,271 
 
 1 
 
 Government. — Norway is a limited hereditary monarchy, 
 united with Sweden as a free, independent indivisible king- 
 dom, under one commmon male sovereign, of the Lutheran, 
 or. as it is called. Evangelical Lutheran religion. The legis- 
 lative assembly, or, as it is called, StftrViing, (from star, great, 
 and thing, court.) is elected by the citizens possessing a certain 
 qualification, and exists for three years, when a new election 
 must take place. It is subdivided into two chamber.s — one, 
 consisting of one-fourtli of the members, and called the 
 Laglhing ; and the other, of the remaining three-fourths, 
 and called the Oddsthing. These chambers meet separately, 
 and eacli nominates its own president and secretary. Every 
 bill must originate in the Odelsthing, but may be proposed 
 either by the members or by the government. The veto of the 
 king becomes ineffectual against any measure which h.isbeen 
 adopted without modification by three successive storthings. 
 
 T'evemtc, Army. rfV. — The revenue and expenditures for 
 18.54 were each estimated .at J3, 290,000. The customs yield 
 nbiut $2,000,000. The debt amounted to $9,661,000. The 
 .irmy .at the above date numbered 23,484 men. The navy 
 comprises 4 frigate.s, 4 corvettes, and 7 smaller vessels, besides 
 5 steamers and 136 gunboats. 
 
 Sdigion and Edticaiion. — The Lutheran is the religion 
 of the state, and is professed by the great body of the people. 
 Other religionists are tolerated, although Jews and Je.-niits 
 are excepted. The government offices are open only to 
 members of the P^stablished church. Education is very 
 generally diffused, and is conducted on a national system, 
 according to which gratuitous instruction, of an elementary 
 kind, is placed within the reach of all capable of receiving it; 
 and all chiMren, of seven years complete, in towns, and 
 eight years in the country, are required to b" in attendance 
 at scliool till confirmation, which usually takes place between 
 the ages of 14 and 17, The law forbids the marriage of any 
 one who cannot procure a certificate of confirmati- 10. and t hi;: 
 
XOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 Is only given to those who can read. Every individual of the 
 age of UO not coufirmcd, is liable to be sent to a house of cor- 
 rection to receive the necessary instruction. The sciiool.s, 
 desiijuated by the name of al/uue skaler, or people's scliools, 
 are stationed in all towns and parishes. In towns, the in- 
 Btruclion is not only elementary, but. in certain degrees, is 
 Fuperior. In the country', the instruction is only elementa- 
 ry; but in the sclioolg themselves, an important di.-tiuction 
 is made, some being what is called Jast skokr. or stationary 
 schools, and others, omganys skoler, or ambulatory schools. 
 The latter, as their name implies, shift about at certain 
 periods of the year from place to place, in the more tliinly- 
 peoijlel and isolated districts; and thus have tlie effect of 
 bringing education to those who. but for this wise and be- 
 nevolent arrangement, would be doomed to live without it. 
 The towns possess, in suldition to these peoples sch(;ols, what 
 are called middle schools, middle and royal schools, burgher 
 schools, hatin or learned scliools, in all of which superior 
 instruction is given. There are also four cathedral schools; 
 one each in the towns of L'hristiania, Bergen, Trondhjcm, 
 and Christiaiisand. There is a military school at Christi- 
 ania, and a school of marine at I'rederikshavn. Six-nor- 
 mal schools are supported by the state. At the head of all 
 the educational establishments is the University of Christi- 
 ani;i. at wliiih complete courses of lectures are delivered, to 
 qualify for the diUerent learned professions, and the higher 
 grades of official employments. There are excellent public 
 libraries, museums, and scientific collections in the different 
 towns. There are hospitals in all the principal towns and 
 in the provinces. Kacli commune is bound to maintain its 
 owi: poor, and mendicity is punished as a crime. The state 
 maintains m.aga/,ines of reserve fir grain, which is supplied 
 to the inhabitants on payment of a fixed amount of interest. 
 
 Inhaiiitanls, Ac. — The population of Norway is divided as 
 follows : — Norwegians Proper or Normaend, 1,309,582 ; Finns 
 or Lapons, 14,4iU; and Qvaens, 4425. The Norwegians Pro- 
 per are generally tall and vigorou.s, and distinguished by 
 the lightness of their hair, particularly in childhood. They 
 show a strong passion for a sea-life, and make excellent sail- 
 ors ; in this respect proving themselves the descendants of 
 those who, under their sea kings, equipped powerful fleets, 
 and spread the terror of their name over all the sliores of 
 Northern Europe. Tbeir most marked national virtues are, 
 high regard for the laws, love of liberty, and respect for re- 
 ligion, unalloyed by degrading superstition. The Finns or 
 La|ions dwell in Nordlaiid. and more especially in Finmark, 
 •ind bear little resemblance ti> the Norwegians Proper. 
 Qvaeiis. though dwelling in the same localities with the 
 Finns, are very easily distinguished from them botji by phy- 
 siial features and haliits; being generally tall and well-pro- 
 portioned, and remarkalile for their cleanliness. A vice, 
 common to all these classes, is an excessive fondness for ar- 
 dent spirits. The Norwegian language, which is sometimes 
 represented as merely a Danish dialect, justlj- claims for 
 itsell a more venerable origin, and is radically identical with 
 the Icelandic, which still bears so much aiTinity to it, that, 
 in some districts of Norway, the inhabitants have no dilH- 
 culty in reading and understanding Icelandic books. In 
 other districts, where Danish or Swedish intiuence has pre- 
 vailed, tlie language has become so adulterated as almost to 
 lose its original character. No works of very high reputa- 
 tion have appeared in it. unless it be allowed to claim the 
 writers of Iceland, which having been originally settled 
 from Norway, must also have derived its language from it. 
 The principal literary productions of Norway are periodicals. 
 
 History. — The early history of the Norwegians is enve- 
 loped in fable. The historic period commences with the 
 reign of ilarald, Harfagar, or llasirfagar, who died in 9o.'?. 
 His son Erick. surnamed Ulodoxe, (Dloody Axe,) because of 
 his cruelties w.is ultimately driven from the throne, and 
 found an .asylum with Athelstan of England. His crown 
 was seized by his brother, Ilako I., who was brought up in 
 England with Athelstiin. and hiid embraced Christianity. 
 He governed wisely, and. for the mo.st part, peacefully, 
 enacting many valuable laws ; and, though he tailed in a 
 direct attempt to make his subjects renounce paganism, 
 undoubtedly paved the way for its final overthrow. The 
 first distinguislied name which occurs among his succe.ssors, 
 is that of Magnus I., surnamed Den Gode, (the Good,) the 
 son of St. Olaf and Alfhild. an English lady of distinguished 
 birth. He was called to the throne, by elction, in 1036; 
 and haviTig, in 1042, succeeded also to the throne of Den- 
 mark, united both under one monarchy. He possessed 
 great talents, military and civil, and studied the interests of 
 his subjects. On his death the crowns of Xorway and Den- 
 mark were again separated. 
 
 In the 12th century, the Norwegians had carried the terror 
 of their arms to distant lands and islands; and swayed tlie 
 eceptre not over Norway merely, but over many parts of the 
 (Xiasts of Britain and the adjacent islands, more especially 
 the Orkneys, on the N.. and the Hebrides on the N.W. of 
 Scotland. In the time of Magnus IV., who reigned towards 
 the close of the loth century, tlie Hebrides and the Isle of 
 Van were ceded to the Scottish King, Alexander III. In 
 1319, the crowns of Norway and Sweden became, for a short 
 
 time, united in the person of Magnus V. The next nam» 
 of importance among the sovereigns of Norway is that of 
 Erick of Pomerania. He succeeded, by separate titles, tr" 
 Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; and in 1397, was formallj 
 crowned king of the three kingdoms of the North. Soon 
 after Sweden again became a separate kiiigdom; but the 
 union between Denmark and Norway was drawn closer and 
 closer, very much to the disadvautajte of the latter, which 
 was robbed of its rights, and iiltimately degraded into a mer; 
 dependency of the former. Its subsequent history for a con- 
 siderable period, becomes merely a part of that of Denmark, 
 
 When the coalition was formed against Napoleon, Sweden 
 stipulated that, in the event of success attending the arms 
 of the Allies, Norway should be united with her under one 
 monarchy, a stipulation which was carried into effect in 
 1814, by the treaty of Kiel. The summary manner in which 
 Norway was tlius bartered away, could not but be extremely 
 mortifying to its inhabitants, and a determination to resist 
 was soon manifested. At a diet held at Eidsvold, and at- 
 tended l)y deputies from all the districts, a limited monarchy, 
 with a strong infusion of the democratic princijile, was 
 almost unanimously adopted as the form of government; 
 and Christian Frederick, who liad previously been the re- 
 gent, and was presumptive heir to the throne of Dennitirk, 
 accepted the crown. His obvious want of ability soon brought 
 matters to a crisis; and the Swedish king, the renowned IJer- 
 nadotto. who had used his military success with great mode- 
 ration, having offered to accept the constitution of Eidsvold, 
 with some slight modificatiou.s, all resistance to him cea.sed; 
 and by the convention of Moss (August, 1814) the two crowns 
 were declared indiiisolubly unite<l, though each kingdom re- 
 tained its separate con.stitution. His foreign origin, and in- 
 ability to speak the language of Norway, notwithstanding the 
 ability and justice of his meiLsures. were serious obstacles to 
 his popularity ; but tliese have disappeared in the person of 
 
 his son. Oscar I., who succeeded to tlie tlirone in 1S44. 
 
 Adj. Norwegian, nor-wee'jan, (Norw. Norsk, noEsk ; Fr. 
 NoRV/^MlKN or Nottwf GlE.v, noRViVzhe-lN"'; Ger. Norwegisch, 
 noR/wAghish; Sp. Norukoo, nor-wA'go; It. Nouwegian, nor- 
 v.A-je-d'no ; L. Norwegia'nus.) Inhab. — In English. French, 
 Spanish, and Latin, the adjective is used also fur the name 
 of tlio inhabitjints, (Norw. Normaend, noa'mjnd, Ger. Noft- 
 WEGEB, noR'vi'A glier.) 
 
 NOIUVVAY, a post-village and township in Oxford CO., 
 Maine, 45 miles Vi . by S. of Augusta. Two papers are issued 
 here. It has also manufactures of iron aud other articles. 
 Pop. ins2. 
 
 NORWAY, a post-village and township of Herkimer CO., 
 New York, 20 miles N.E. of Utica. Pop. 1105. 
 
 NORWAY, a village of White co.. Indiana, on Tippecanoe 
 Uiver. 85 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NORWAY, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinoi.i. 
 
 NORWAY, a post-villagi; and townsliip of Racine co., Wis- 
 ponsin. about 80 miles E.S.E. of Madison. The plank-road 
 from Mihv.Mukee to K'icbi'ster passes near the village. P. 971. 
 
 NORWEGIA. NOKWKGE, NOKWEOEN. See Norway. 
 
 NORWEGIAN, NOKWEGISCH, NOKWEGEK, &c. See 
 Norway. 
 
 NOKWE/GIAN, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 3071. 
 
 NORWICH, nor'rij. (anc. Vcnita Iccnnlnim,) a city, muni- 
 cipal and iiarliamentary borough, and bishop's see of Eng- 
 land, capital of the county of Norfolk, agreeably situated on 
 the sloping banks of the Wensum, which is here crossed by 
 nine bridges, and immeiliately below joins the Yare, 98 miles 
 N.N.K. of London, with wliich it communicates by the 
 Eastern Counties and the Eastern Union Itailway. It was 
 formerly surrounded by w.ills, fragments of which still exist, 
 flanked with numerous towers, and entered by 12 gates. 
 Owing to the quantity of ground occupied by gardens and 
 orchards, Norwich has much more of a rural appearance, 
 and covers a much larger area tlian is usual in places of the 
 same magnitude. Numerous improvements have recently 
 been effected, and many new streets aud handsome rows of 
 houses have risen up in different quarters, particularly in 
 the suburbs beyond the precincts of the ancient walls; but 
 taken as a whole, the city is still very indifferently built. 
 Not a few of its streets are narrow, winding, and are either 
 un paved or p.ived badly; and the houses which line them, 
 or rather overhang them, with their rude pointed gables, 
 are generally of brick, and far more remarkable for their 
 antiquity than for the merits of their architecture. An 
 exception, however, should be made in favor of the market-- 
 place, which ranks as one of the largest and finest in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 Many of the public buildings are well deserving of notice. 
 The Cathedral, founded in 1094, and originally Norman, 
 thougli now exhibiting a Eomewliat incongruous mixture of 
 styles, is a cruciform structure, with a lofty tower and spire, 
 rising from the intersection of the nave and tran.septs tu the 
 height of 315 feet. Few cathedrals surpass it in the imposing 
 effect produced by its interior, in tlie grandeur of its roof, 
 divided by 14 semicircular arches, and rendered almost ui)i(iU8 
 by the 328 figures of scriptural subjects, elaborately sculp- 
 tiu'ed upon it, aud in the embellishments auddiniensious of 
 
 13lJ5 
 
NOR 
 
 its clo:si J A St. Peters Church, ^lancrofl. a large and hand- 
 Dome itruiiform structure of the 15th century, with a noble 
 tower 98 I'ect high, containing a peal of 12 bells, i.s con.sidered 
 one of the finest in the kingdom. Besides the Cathedral 
 and St. Peters. Norwich pos.-es.«es 40 churches, and about 
 22 Dissenting chapels. The other principal building are, 
 the Castle, a noble feudal relic, originally founded by Lffa 
 in 576, and greatly improved, fir.st in t)42 by Anna, and 
 afterwards in 872 liy Alfred the Great, finely situated near 
 the centre of the city, on a lofty eminence with precipitous 
 sides, and still surmounted by it.s mas.*ive donjon tower, 
 but otherwise altered, to adapt it to its present use as a jail ; 
 the Shirehall. built on the inner vallum of the ca.«tle; the 
 bishop's palace, and the deanery, large irregular piles adjoin- 
 ing the cathedral, and like it, approached through what is 
 called the Erpiugbam Gate, a remarkable structure consist- 
 ing of a lofty pointed arch, flanked with semi-octangular 
 buttresses, and enriched with columns, mouldings, and 38 
 male and female statues in canopied niches; the Guildhall, a 
 large building at the N.W. corner of the market, partly fitted 
 up as a court-house, where the a*isizes and quarter sessions 
 are held; St. Andrew's Hall, a noble fabric, originally the 
 nave of the Church of the Black Friars' Convent, but now 
 fitted up so as to form one of the large.<t and nio.'t splendid 
 halls for municipal purposes in Great Britain, and adorned 
 with a lai-ge and interesting collection of civic portraits. 
 Among the institutions may be mentioned the New Jail and 
 House of Correction, presenting a massive front, supported 
 by rusticated Tuscan columns; the Workhouse, originally 
 the choir of the Black Friars' Church; the Corn Exchange, 
 a large building in the Grecian style; the Cavalry Barracks; 
 the Theatre and As.*embly Kooms, the Training College of 
 Pchoolmistresse.«, and tlie Diocesan Training Institution; 
 the Grammar School, situated within the precincts of the 
 cathedral, and occupying what was formerly the charnel- 
 house ; the Government School, for modelling and design ; 
 the Children's IIospit.il, Norman's Charity, City Charity, 
 Briti.-^h and Foreign, National, Infant, and various other 
 pchools; St. Giles', Doughty's, Cook's, and the Norfolk and 
 Norwich Hospitals, the last occupying a spacious structure 
 of red brick, well fitted up for the convenience and comfort 
 of patients; the Lunatic and Blind Asylums; and the 
 Infirmary. In addition to tlie benevolent endowments 
 already mentioned, are numerous parochial, voluntary, and 
 other charities. The city is the seat of a triennial musical 
 festival. The literary and scientific institutions include a 
 public library of al)Out 18,000 volumes; a literary institu- 
 tion, with a well-selected library of about 11,000 volumes, 
 a mechanics' institute, a young man's institute, a people's 
 college, and a museum, occupying a handsome modern 
 l)uilding. and possessed of several valuable collections. 
 There are also several public gardens, Iwwling-greens, &.C. 
 
 "he manufactures of Norwich are very extensive, and 
 employ far the larger part of the population. Worsted gootls, 
 of which a coarse description appears to have been made 
 even before the Norman conquest, were greatly improved 
 by the arrival of Dutch and Flemish settlers at different 
 times; and have ever since continued to form the most 
 important staple of the town, though they have assumed a 
 vast variety ot forms, and become greatly intermixed with 
 cotton, silk, and other materials. The leading articles at 
 present are shawls, crapes, and bombazines ; and to these 
 may be added mousseline de laine and other imitations of 
 French fabrics, light cotton gootls, damask, camlets, gros de 
 Naples, and Bandana handkerchiefs, and I'aramatta cloth, 
 by which bombazine has been greatly superseded. The 
 looms eu\ployed in the town and neighborhood are esti- 
 mated at upwards of 14.000. The other industrial establish- 
 ments include extensive woi-sted tiictories, silk-mills, dye- 
 works, corn-mills, vinegar works, breweries, iron foundries, 
 4c. The trade, in addition to the large export furnished 
 by the above manufactures, and by agricultural produce, 
 consists of considerable imports, chiefly of wine and oil from 
 the continent, and of yarn from Ireland. In carrying on 
 this trade, facilities are afforded both by the railways already 
 mentione<l, by the river, navigated chiefly by wherries of 
 from 15 to 40 tons, and by regular steamers to Yarmouth, 
 and by the Norwich and Lowestoft navigation, by means of 
 which vessels of small tonnage have direct access to the 
 town from the se.a. The weekly market for cattle is the 
 largest in the kingdom, with the single exception of that of 
 London. The town contjiins a branch of the Bank of Eng- j 
 land, several private banks, and a large insurance company. [ 
 Norwich appears to have been founded in 446. On the j 
 departure of the Romans, it was seizeil by the Saxons; and | 
 in 575 had risen to be the capita! of the kingdom of East j 
 Anglia. In 1002, it was atticked by the Danish fleet, com- j 
 mandi'd by Sweyn their king, captured, and laid in ashes. 
 In 1328. the foundation of its jirosperity was laid by Edward 
 111., who made it a staple town for the counties of Norfolk 
 and Suffolk, conferred upon it other important privileges, 
 and indu'-ed great numbers of Flemings to settle in it. A 
 titili grcat<'r numlx-r arrived at a later period during the 
 reign of ElizaWth; and the inhabitants, not only profiting 
 by the lessons thuB taught them, but improviug upon them, 
 littid 
 
 NOS 
 
 ultimately surpassed their masters, and made their manu- 
 factures famous throughout the world. Norwich has given 
 birth to several distinguished individuals — among others. 
 Dr. Matthew I'arker, Archbishop of Canterbury ; Dr. Kay 
 and Dr. Samuel Clark, the celebrated divii:e. It sends 2 
 members to Parliament. I'op. in 1861, 74,414. 
 
 NOUWICH, nor/wich or nor'rich. a post-village and town- 
 ship of Windsor CO., Vermont, on the W. side of the Connec- 
 ticut River, and on tlie Connecticut and I'assumpsic I'.ivera 
 liailroad, 43 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. It is the seat of 
 Norwich University, founded in 1834, and has manufocfurea 
 of boot* and shoes, leather, and cabinet-waxe. Top. 1759. 
 
 NOKWICII, a post-township in Hampshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 103 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 NORWICH, a city and semi-capital of New London co., 
 Connecticut, at the head of navigation on the Thames Kiver, 
 where it receives the Yantic, 13 miles N. of New London; 
 lat. 41° 33' N., Ion. 72° 7' W. This is a beautiful city, built 
 on a steep acclivity tacing the S. and on an extensive plain 
 stretching toward the N. It is noted for its bejiutifnl resi- 
 dences and various manufactures. It contains, besides the 
 county buildings, a high-school, 40 public schools, an acade- 
 my, ly churches, 7 banks, 3 savings bank.s, and 4 insurance 
 companies. One daily and 2 weekly papers are published 
 here. There are nearly 100 manufactories of cotton and 
 woollen goods, paper, fire-arms, machinery, &c., almost all 
 supplied with water-power by falls on the Y'antic and She- 
 tucket rivers, which here unite to form the Thames. The 
 Norwich Arms Company employ al-out 350 men in making 
 fire-arms for the government. The city has comnumication 
 with the seaboard and interior by two lines of railway — the 
 Norwich and Worcester, and the New I^ondon Northern 
 Railroads. Steamers also ply regularly between this place 
 and New York. Pop. of the township'iu 1S30, 5179 ; 1840, 
 7-239 : 1^50. 10,265 ; in 1860. 14,048. 
 
 NORWICH, a flourishing postrvillage and town.sliip, 
 capital of Chenango co., New Y'ork, is situated on the Che- 
 nango River and Canal, 50 miles S.S.W. of Utica. The 
 village is the largest in the county, and contains, besides 
 the county buildings, 4 churches, an academy with about 
 200 students, 2 banks. 3 newspaper offices, 32 stores, a noted 
 manufactory of hammers, employing 50 hands, and a piano 
 factory, turning out one instrument per day. Pop. of the 
 township. 43.'.6; of the village, estimated at 2400. 
 
 NORWICH, a post-village and township of McKean c«.. 
 Pennsvl vania, about 190 miles N.W. of Uarrisburg. l'op.322. 
 NORWICH, a township of Franklin county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation 1495. 
 
 NORWICH, a township of Huron county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation 1-2.50. 
 
 NORWICH, a thriving post-village of Union town.ihip, 
 Muskingum co., Ohio, on the Central Ohio Railroad, and 
 National Road, 74 miles E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches 
 and several stores. Pop. near 400. 
 
 NORWICH FALLS, Connecticut, a station on tlie New 
 London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, 1 mile N. of 
 Norwich. 
 
 NOR'WICIITOWN, a pleasant po.ot-village of New London 
 countv, Coniieoti^-ut, on the New London Northern Rail- 
 road, 2 miles N.W. of Norwich. In the centre is a large 
 triangular public green, fronting which is thd principal 
 church. The village contains several manufactories. 
 
 NORAVICHVILLE. a village of Canada West, co. of Oxford, 
 95 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 17 miles from Woodstock. It 
 contains several stores, hotels, and an iron foundry. Pop. 
 about 450. 
 
 NOIVWOOD, a parochial chapelry of England, co. of Mid- 
 dlesex. 
 
 NORWOOD, Upper and Lower, two large villages of 
 England, co. of Surrey, 6 miles S. of London, with a .station 
 on the London and Croydon Railw.iy. United population 
 6046. They have numerous elegant villa.s. two handsome 
 district churches, a large school of industry for destitute 
 children from the metropolis modern cemetery, and very 
 beautifully laid out public gardens. 
 
 NORWOOD, a post-village in Stanley co.. North Carolina. 
 NORWOOD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Peter- 
 borough. 30 miles N.N.E. of P<'terboi-ough. 
 
 NOS-liEH, nos/bA, NOSSI-Bfi. nos'see-bA. or VARIOU-BE, 
 vi-re-oo'b.i, an island off the N.W. coast of Madagjiscar. be- 
 longing to France, forming the N. entrance of the Bay of 
 Passandava : lat. 13° 20' S., Ion. 48° 20' E. It is the largest 
 island on this part of the coast; has a finely diversified 
 surface, and is evidently of volcanic formation. The best 
 cultivate*.! spots are along the .shore, and produce rice, maize, 
 potatoes, banaii.is, and mauioc far beyond the wants of the 
 inhabitant.'. Pop. 15.178. 
 
 NDSCHKNRODE, (No.*«henrode.) niish'en-roMeh, a village 
 of Prussian Saxony, government of Magdeburg, so near 
 Wernigerode as to be pnperlv its suburb. Pop. 1009. 
 NOSSA-SENHORA-DODKSTERRO. i:'ee 1'e.stebbo. 
 NOSSA SENHORA DA PKMIA.nos^si sjnyo/rii da p.^nya, 
 or TAPAGIPE, ti-pd-zhee'pa. a village of Brazil, near Bahia. 
 NOSSEN, nos'sen, a town of Saxony. 19 ni-les W. of Dres- 
 den, on the Muldu, with a i-uyal residence, i^>f -iAX 
 
NOS 
 
 NOT 
 
 NOSS-IIEAD. a bold rocky point on the E. coast of Scot- 
 laml, CO. of CttitlinuPS, 3i miles N.K. of AVick. Under it is 
 a vast cavern, and westward is a ruined stronghold of the 
 former Karls of Caithness. It lias a lighthouse in lat. 68° 28' 
 iJ8'' N.. Ion. 3^ 3' 5" W., lijrht revolving, elevation 175 feet. 
 
 NOSSI-Iil-;, an island of .Matlagnscar. See Nos-Bkh. 
 
 NOSSI IBK-iUlM, an island near Madagascar. See Sainte 
 Mabie. 
 
 NO.S.-j-ISLAXD, one of the Shetland Islands, E. of Brossay, 
 and separated from it liy a narrow and dangerous sound. 
 Circunifeivnte about 6 miles. 
 
 N(JTAKK.SC(>, no-td-r^s'ko, a village of Naple.9, province 
 Of Abruzzo Ultra I., 10 miles E.S.K. of Teramo. Pop. 1680. 
 
 NO'iWSU lyGA, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama, on 
 the railroad which leads from Montgomery to ^Vest I'oint, 
 47 miles E.X.E. of the former. 
 
 NOT'OKOVE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 N()T'LKY, Black, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 NOTLEY, White, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 NOTO, no'to, a city of Sicily, 16 miles S.VV. of Syracuse. 
 Pop. 10,770. It is beautifully situated on a hill about 2 
 miles from the sea. It has several haud.some churches and 
 convents, a council-house, hospital, lyceuui, and a consider- 
 able trade in corn, wine, oil, and sulphur, the produce of 
 Its neighborhood. About 3 miles W. of the town are ruins of 
 an amphitheatre, and of a gymnasium, almost the only re- 
 mains of ancient Netum. destroyed liy an earthquake in 1693. 
 
 NOTO, a town and a hcailland of Japan, island of Niphon. 
 
 NOTO, V'AL Dl, vdl dee no'to, an old division of Sicily, 
 comprising its S.E. portion. 
 
 NOTRE U.\ME, n6t'r ddui, a post-offico of St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 NOTUE DAME BAY, on the N.E. coast of Newfoundland, 
 is between lat. 49^ 30' and 50° N., and Ion. 56° and 50° W., 
 bounded N. by Cape St. John. 
 
 NOTRE DAME DK BONDKVILLE, not'r Aim deh bANd'- 
 vcel', a village of France, department of Seine-lnferieuro, 
 arrondissemeut of Rouen. Pop. 1918. 
 
 NOTRE DAME DE CENILLY, not'r Alva deh seh-nee'yeo', 
 R village of Erance, department of Manche, arrondissement 
 of Coutances. Pop. 20U0. 
 
 NOTRE DAME DE MONT, not'r ddm d(.h mAN«, a village 
 of Fiance, department of Veudee, arrondissemeut of Les 
 Sables. Pop. 2500. 
 
 N(yrRE DAME DE LIESSE, not'r ddm deh le-Jss', a town 
 of France, department of Aisne, arrondissement of Laou, 
 near the left bank of the Souche. Pop. 1224. 
 
 NOTRE DA.ME DES MILLIERS, not'r ddm d.i meePy.V or 
 moe'yA', a village of the Sardinian States, province of Upper 
 Savov, on the left bank of the Isere, 6 miles E. of Evian. 
 Pop. "1030. 
 
 N0XTAU'.\S.4G.\, notrtij-wa-saw'ga, a river of Canada 
 West, district of Home, after a N. course of more than 60 
 miles, enters Nottawasaga Bay by an inlet at the S. end of 
 Georirinn Bay, Lake Huron. 
 
 N()T'TAWA or NOT'TAWAY, a post-township in the N.E. 
 central part of St. Joseph co.. Michigan. Pop. ilS.5. 
 
 NOTTAWA or NOTTAWAY CREKK. of St. Joseph CO., 
 Blichigan, Hows into the St. Joseph River. 
 
 NOTT.\W.-VY, Virginia, See Nottowat. 
 
 NOTTEROE, (Notterije.) not'teh-roVh. an island of Norway, 
 In Christiania-fiord. immediately S. of Tiinsberg. Length 7 
 miles, average breadth 3 miles. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, not/ting-.jm. or NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, 
 not'ting-amshir, otherwise called the County of N(JTTS. a 
 central county of England, having N. the county of York. 
 Area, 822 square miles. or526.080acres, of which about 470,000 
 are estimatetl to be in grass, or arable. Pop. in IS-il, 270.427. 
 Surface, except in the vale of Trent, diversified with gentle 
 hills, and here anil, there exhibiting considerable remains 
 of its ancient famous royal forest, or Shire-wood. I'rin<^pal 
 rivers, the Trent, and its affluents, the Soar and Idle. Soil 
 mostly a light sandy, or a rich clayey, loam. Limestone 
 and coal are abundant. The county is tlie principal seat 
 of the cotton hosiery and lace manufactures in England. 
 It is traversed by branches of the North >Iidland. Sheffield 
 and Lincoln, and Great Northern Railways. Chief towns, 
 Nottingham, Newark, East Bedford, and Mansfield. It sends 
 10 members to the House of Commons ; viz. 2 for the N. 
 and 2 for the S. divisions of the county, and 6 for its 
 boroughs. This county formed a part of the Saxon kingdom 
 of Merci.i. 
 
 NOTTINGII.^M, a parliamentary and municipal lx>rough 
 and manufacturing town of England, capital of the above 
 county, and a county of itself on the Leen, close to its 
 junction with the Trent, which is here crossed by a bridge 
 of 19 arches, and also on the Nottingham Canal and the 
 Midland Railway, 108 miles N.N.AV. of London. It occu- 
 pies a picturesque site on the broken declivities and at the 
 foot o^ a sandstone rock overlooking the green meadows and 
 vafe of Trent; and, from wnatever quarter it is approached, 
 presents a striking and attractive appearance; its castle 
 alwa>'" forming a conspicuous object. The town, however, 
 U on tne whole visry indifferently built; the houses, most of 
 wliich. are brick, being, especially in the central and ancient 
 
 quarters, huddled together in narrow streets, and often 
 pliiced back to back. New streets and hand.some villas have, 
 however, recently risen up in all quarters, and are still con- 
 tinuing to spread with wonderful rapidity. The burgess- 
 land of about 1000 acres, which formed a belt round the 
 town, has recently been enclosed, under the General En- 
 closure Act, and part of it sold for building-ground ; a large 
 portion has, liowever, Ix-en reserved for pleasure-grounds, 
 promenades, &c., and tastefully planted; and, in ail<lition. 
 18 acres have been formed into an Arboretum for the u.-« 
 of the inhabitants, to whom it is open three days each week. 
 free of charge. Considerable progress lias already (1853) 
 been made in supplying the Arboretum with plants, which 
 are arranged alphabetically. The inhabitants have also tlie 
 free use of a park of 130 acres, belonging to the Duke of 
 Newcastle, which is much resorted to as a promenade by all 
 classes of the community. Another open space much fre- 
 quented as a public resort is the market-place, which, covi-r- 
 ing a triangular area of nearly 6 acres, surrounded liy lofty 
 houses and arcaded .shops, strikingly contrasts with the 
 confined streets in its vicinity, and almost deserves the 
 description given of it by Leland in the reign of Henry VIII., 
 that '-it is the fairest without exception in all England." 
 
 Among the public buildings, the most remarkable is the 
 Castle, which crowns the suinmit of a precipitous rock rising 
 133 feet above the level of the meadows. Its naturally 
 strong position appears to have marked it out for a fort in 
 the time of the Danes, but it first a.ssumed the form of a 
 castle in the time of William the Conqueror, who erected it 
 as a means of overawing and repressing the bold outlaws 
 frequenting the recesses of the old forest. In the great civil 
 war it was selected by Charles I. on whieli to erect his 
 standard; and not long after, when he had evacuated it. it 
 stood a memorable siege, and effectually resisted all the 
 attemjits of the Royalists to regain its posses.'^ion. It wad 
 dismantled during the Protectorate, and subsequently I'e- 
 came the pro|ierty of the Duke of Newcastle, who, in 1674, 
 covered its site witli a largo mansion having nothing of a 
 castle but the name. Even this is now a ruin, and of the 
 ancient castle only a few vestiges now remain. Tlie places 
 of worship include 8 churches, and about 23 Dissenting 
 chajiels: of which 7 are Baptist, 6 Methodist, 4 Independent, 
 and Friends. Unitarian, Roman Catholic. Irvingite. and 
 Swedenliorgian, 1 each. The Jews also have a synagogue, 
 and the Latter-Day Saint.s, or Mormons, hold meetings in an 
 old Methodist chajiel. The other buildings deserving of 
 notice are a large convent, built in 1846; the Exchange; 
 County-hall; Guildhall; Ilouseof Correction, built on the site 
 of a convent of the Knights of St. John; Union Workhouse ; 
 Corn Exchange: the Barracks; As.sembly-rooms: Mechanics' 
 Hall; and a very paltry theatre. In the vicinity of the 
 town, on Sion Hill, a general cemetery, containing 12 acres, 
 was formed in 1836. 
 
 The principal e<l ucation.il and literary institutions are the 
 Free Grammar School, well endowed, and occu)iyiiig a largo 
 and handsome building with a Gothic front: the Blue-coat 
 School, which clothes and educates 60 boys and 20 girls: the 
 People's College, founded by subscription in 1846, to afford 
 superior instruction to the working classes, and 0( cupying 
 a large brick buiMing of (iothic arcliitecturo ; the Unitarian 
 F'ree School, the British, national, infant, and raggcl schools, 
 the Government School of Di'sign, the Mechanics' Institute, 
 the Bromley House Subscription. Law, Artisans' and other 
 libraries. .Vmong the charitable institutions, are the 
 General Hospital, the Dispen.sary. the General Lunatic 
 A.syluin, with accommodation for 160 patients, the Midland 
 In.«litute for the blind. Pluinptre's. Collins's and Lambley's 
 Hospitals, and AVilloughby"s Handley's, and various other 
 almshouses and benevolent foundations. 
 
 The staple manufactures to which the town owes its pros- 
 perity and rapid increase, are hosiery and lace. The former 
 first began to assume importance alwut the middle of the 
 18th century, and tlie latter about 30 years after, in 1778, 
 when the point-net machine was invented. The bobbin-net 
 machine was invented about 1799. but did not come into 
 general use till 1823. These manufactures were long carried 
 on exclusively in the homes of the workmen, but large 
 factories, employing steam-power, have recently been erected, 
 and will soon apparently almost entirely supersede domestic 
 labor. In addition to the staple manufactures, including 
 the machine shops, and other industrial establishments 
 more immediately dependent on them, a considerable num- 
 ber of hands is employed in the cotton and woollen manu- 
 factures, in silk, worsted, and cotton .spinning mills, and in 
 making articles of malleable and cast iron, wire, pins, brass 
 fenders, Ac, The trade in corn and cattle is very important, 
 the malting business is extensively prosecuted, and the 
 breweries have long been famous for their ale. Of four 
 annual fairs, one, called the Goose Fair, is so celebrated, and 
 forms such an era, that a large portion of the inhabitant* 
 date all the events of the year from it. 
 
 Nottingham was in early times a great resort of the Druids. 
 Under tlie Saxon Heptarchy it belonged to the kingdom of 
 Mercia, and after its dissolution ranked as a Danish borough. 
 Several parliaments have been held in if, and from this 
 
 1367 
 
NOT 
 
 v.wn Kichfird ITT. mnrched with his forces to Bosworth field 
 In 1483. ]t comuiuuicates by a canal with the Coduor iron 
 and coal district. Colonel IIutchin.<on, the gallant defender 
 of the castle in the civil war. and Henry Kirke AVhite, were 
 natives of Nottingham. The borough i.s governed by a 
 mayor, 14 aldermen, and 42 councillors, and sends 2 mem- 
 bers to I'arliament. Pop. of Parliamentai-j' borough in 1861. 
 T4,531 ; population, including suburbs of Radford, Sueinton. 
 lljson Green. Ac, upward." of 100,000. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, a post^township in Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire, 23 miles K.S.K. of Concord. Pop. 1297. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, a township of Mercer CO., New Jersey, on 
 the'Delaware Kiver, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal, 
 about 3 miles S. of Trenton. 
 
 NOTTINGH.AM, a township of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 916. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, a post-office of Chester co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, a post-village of I'rince George co., Slary- 
 land'. near llie Patuxent Kiver. 25 miles S.K. of Washington. 
 
 NOTTINGH-VM, a postrtownship in the S.W. central part 
 of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1059. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, a posMownship in Wells co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1056. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, a post-office of Davis co.. Iowa. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM SQUARE, a village of Mercer co., New 
 Jerse3', 6 miles E. of Trenton. 
 
 NOT/TINGUAM TURN'PIKE, a post-office of Rockland co., 
 New York. 
 
 NOT'TING-HILL, England, co. of Middlesex, is a suburban 
 hamlet of Loudon, on the Western Road, 4j miles from St. 
 Paul's, and on the N. side of Holland Park. It comprises 
 a square on elevat«d ground, numerous detached villas, and 
 some handsome terraces. 
 
 NOT'TI NGTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Dorset, parish 
 of Broadway, 2 miles N.W. of Weymouth. Pop. 120. 
 
 NOT'TL.\, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North Carolina. 
 
 NOTrrOWAY or NOTTAWAY, a river in the S.E. part of 
 Virginia, rises in Nottoway co., and flowing in a winding 
 course along the border of Dinwiddle, and through Sussex 
 and Southampton counties, unites with the Meherrin, to 
 form the Chowan River in Gates county, North Carolina, 
 after a course of upwards of 110 miles. 
 
 NOTTOWAY, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, has 
 an area of 330 square miles. The Nottoway River forms its 
 boundary on the S. The surface is uneven; the soil is 
 moderately fertile. The Petersburg and Lynchburg (South 
 Side) Railroad connects with the Richmond and Danville 
 Railroail at Rurkville. in this county. Formed in 1788. and 
 named from the Nottoway Indians. Capital, Nottoway Court 
 House. Pop. 8836, of whom 2368 were frea, and 6468 slaves. 
 
 NOTTO^^■AY COURT HOUSE, capital of Nottoway co., 
 Virginia, on the Southside Railroad. 9 miles from its junc- 
 tion with the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 60 miles 
 S.W. of Richmond. Pop. about 200. 
 
 NOTTS'VILLE, a village of Daviess CO., Kentucky, 13 miles 
 E. of Owensborough. 
 
 NOTTULN, noftooln, a village of Rhenish Prussia, gov- 
 ernment of MUnster. Pop. 1140. 
 
 NOTTWEIL. nott'wil. a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton and 10 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1123. 
 
 NOU.\ILLE, L.<L, lit noo^il', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Creuse, 9 miles S.W. of Aubu.sson. Pop. 1440. 
 
 NOUIC, nooVek', a village of France, department of Uaute- 
 VJenne, "j miles S.W. of Belktc. Pop. 1500. 
 
 NOUKO. an island of Russia. See NuKO. 
 
 NOUN, a river of .Mantchooria. See Noon. 
 
 NOU.V, a cape and river of Morocco. See NoON. 
 
 NOURSE, noors, a river of South-West Africa, falls into the 
 Atlantic near lat. 17 '^ 20' S. It appears to be the same as the 
 Bembaroughe. 
 
 NOUSHEKA, noo-sh.Vrd, a village and fort of Hindostnn, 
 in the Punjab, 20 miles S.E. of Mazufurabad ; lat. 34° 7' N., 
 Ion. 73° 7' E. 
 
 NOUSHEKA, a village of Hindostan. in Sinde, division 
 of Khyerpoor; lat. 27° 48' N.. Ion. 68° 39' E. 
 
 NOUSHERA, several small towns and villages of the Pun- 
 jab. Afirhanistan, &c.. the principal on the Cabool River, 20 
 miles N.W. of Attock, lat. 34° 3' N., Ion. 72° 2' E.. and where 
 the .\fghans were routed by Kunjeet Singh, in 1823. 
 
 NOUVEAU, nooHiV, (feminine NOUVKLLE. nooWU.) a 
 French word signifj-ing new, and forming a part of nume- 
 rous ge<^graphical names in different parts of the world, as 
 NouvELLK-ORLf;AN.s, (New Orleans.) Ac. 
 
 NOUVEAU-BKUNSWICK. See New Brcnswick. 
 
 NOUVEAU-ME.VIQUE. See Nkw Mexico. 
 
 KOUVELLE. See Xouvk.kc. 
 
 NOUVELLE, nooSJll', a villagti and fishing station of 
 Canada East. co. of Bonaventura. at the entrance of a river 
 of the same name Into the Bay of Chaleurs, about 10 miles 
 E.N.E. of New Carlisle. 
 
 NOUVELLh;-BI{ET.\GNE. See New Brit\ix. 
 
 NOUVELI.K.-CALEDJNiE. See New Caledosia. 
 
 NOUVELLE-i:C0SSE. See Nova Scon\. 
 
 NOUVELLE GALLES-DU-SUD. See New South Wales. 
 
 NOU VELI.E-G REN ADE. See Nkw Giu.xAtA- 
 
 NOV 
 
 NOUVELLK-GUTNfiE, (" New Guinea.'") See PAPtJA. 
 
 NOUVELLIK)I!L£anS. See New Orleans. 
 
 NOUVELLE-ZluLANDE. See Nkw Zealand. 
 
 N0UVELLE-7.EMBLE. See Nova Zembla. 
 
 NOUVION. nooS-e-^N"'. a town of Fi-ance, department of 
 Aisne. 24 miles N.E. of St, Quentin. Pop. in 1852. 3296. 
 
 NOUZON, nooV.ANO'. a town of France, department of 
 Ardennes, on the MeiLse, here crossed by a suspension 
 bridge, 20 miles f;.S.E. of Mezit^res. Pop. 2575. 
 
 NO'VA, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 NOVA-FRIBURGO, no'vd fnvbooR'go. a town of Brazil, 
 province and 120 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro. 
 
 NOVAIA, no-vi'S, a market-town of Kus.sJa, government 
 and 87 miles W.S.W. of Koorsk. Pop. 1000. 
 
 NOV ALAISE, no-vi-KAz, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Savoy Proper, 8 miles W. of Chanibery. Popula- 
 tion. 1809. 
 
 NOVALESA, no-vd-l,Vsil, a village of the Sardinian Stfttee, 
 division of Turin. 3 miles N. of Susa. Pop. 985. 
 
 N0V,4RA, no-vd'rd, (anc. yova'ria,) a. city of North Italy, 
 Piedmont, on a hill between the Agogna and Terdoppio, 27 
 miles W. of Milan ; lat. 45° 27' N., lou. 8° 3S' E. Pf,p. 14,395. 
 It is partly enclosed by ramparts and ditvhes, defended by 
 a castle, and has a noble cathedral, with a tine baptistery; 
 about 10 other churche.s, 14 convents, a large hospital, i 
 colleges, a hall of commerce, and theatre, with niauufaeturea 
 of silk and linen fabrics, hats, and leather. 
 
 NOV.\ SCOTIA, no'v.a sko'she-a. (Fr. JVoinvMe-E-Osse, noo^' 
 vJll' A^koss', — originally Aaulie, I'kdMee'; Ger. Xeti-Sclioit- 
 land, noi shotfldnt; — these names signify alike "New Scot- 
 land,'") a colonial province of British North .America, forming 
 a long narrow peninsula, lying nearly parallel to the main- 
 land of New Brunswick, with which it is connected by an 
 isthmus only 15 miles wide, separating the Bay of Fundy 
 from Northumberland Strait. It extends from lat. 43° 26' 
 to 45° 55' N., and from Ion. 61° to 60° 10' W. ; bounded N. by 
 Northumberland Strait, which separates it from I'rince Ed- 
 ward Island; N.E.bytheGutofCanso flowing between it anil 
 the island of Cape Breton, (now included under the govern- 
 ment of Nova Scotia,) S. and S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean, W. 
 by the Bay of Fundy, and N.W. by New Brunswick. Greatest 
 length from S.AV. to N.E., 280 miles; greatest breadth, about 
 120 miles; area, 15,627 square miles, or, including Cape 
 Breton, 18.746 square miles. Its S.E. coast is remarkable for 
 the number of its capacious harbors; there being no fewer 
 than 12 ports capable of receiving ships of the line, and 14 
 of sufficient depth for merchantmen, between Halifax and 
 Cape Canso, a distjince of not more than 110 miles. Ther<* 
 are no mountains of great magnitude or reraarkalile eleva- 
 tion in the province. A broad belt of high and broken 
 land extends along the .\tlautii' shores from Cape Canso to 
 Cape Sable. The breadth of this belt or range varies from 
 20 to 60 miles. Its average height is about 500 feet; it is 
 rugged and uneven, and compo.sed chiefly of granite and 
 primary rock.s. Similar formations occupy nearly two- 
 thirds of the entire peninsula. The surface is undulating 
 throughout, and beautifuUj- picturesque. The hi;hest land 
 is Ardoise Hill, which rises only 810 feet above the level of 
 the sea. From Briar's Island, at the extremity of Digby 
 Neck to Capes Split and Blomidon, a distance of 130 miles 
 along the Bay of Fundy, extends a ridge of mural preci- 
 pices, in many places presenting overhanging masses ot 
 trap rocks from 100 to 600 feet high. The.se frowning crags, 
 with their crowded forests of fir, are first seen by the 
 mariner in crossing the Bay of Fundy ; their height serves to 
 priJtect the interior from the driving fogs of the bay. Be- 
 yond this barrier lies the rich and beautiful valley of the 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Ixih-es. Biii/s, and Jiivers. — Nova Scotia is beautifully 
 diversified with rivers and lakes, covering an area estimated 
 at 3000 square miles. The latter are generally of small 
 extent, but lie thickly scattered over the sui'faec, in some 
 instances as many as lOO occurring within the space of 20 
 square miles. The largest are Lake Kosignol, abo\it 80 miles 
 long ; Great Lake, discharging its wahirs northward through 
 Shubenacadie River to Cotxiquid Baj*; and College I.ake. in 
 the eastern part of the peninsula. The most remarkable 
 body of water in Nova Scotia is Mines Bay, the E. arm of the 
 Bay of Fundy, penetrating .60 miles inland and terminating 
 in Cobequid Bay. The tides here rush in with great impe- 
 tuosity, and form what is called the bore. At the equinoxes 
 they have been known to rise from 60 to 70 feet, while in 
 Halifax Harbor, on the opposite coast, the spring-tides rise 
 only from 6 to 9 feet.* The other principal hays are St. 
 George Bay and Chedabucto Bay in the E., connected by 
 the Gut of Canso, St. Mary's Bay and Town.send Bay in 
 the extreme W. of the peninsula, and JIahone and St. Jlar- 
 garet's Bays on the S. coivst. The principal river is the 
 Annapolis, which rises in the Ganlen of .\cadie. and flows 
 S.W. to the Bay of Fundy, length about 100 miles; the 
 Shubenacadie, which, by means of a c.-inal, opens com- 
 muuicatiou between Cobequid Bay and Halifax Harbor: the 
 musket and the Clyde in the extreme S.V\ of the peninsula, 
 
 » IUuut'8 Coast rUot 
 
NOV 
 
 NOV 
 
 the river Jfersey falling into Liverpool Harbor, and the 
 Musquodoboit and St. Jlary falling into the Atlantic, E. of 
 Halifax ; the latter forms the outlet of College Lake. 
 Most of these rivers are navigable a short distance from 
 their mouthc. Large vessels ascend the Annapolis 40 miles 
 from the sea. Mines Hay receives a multitude of small 
 rivers; the principal of which, called the Avon, is navi- 
 gable. Pictou Harbor in the N. is also the reservoir of a 
 great number of small streams, and the harbors generally, 
 for which the coasts are so remarkable, have one or more 
 Btreams falling into tliem. 
 
 Genlngy ami Minerals. — Nova Scotia is rich in geological 
 resources, all tlie rocks from the crystalline granites up to 
 the new sandstone series being here met with. In the 
 isthmus connecting the peninsula to the mainland, the 
 underlying rocks consist of gray, red, and buff-colored 
 sandstones of the coal measures, containing innumerable 
 Beams of good bituminous coal, many of which are of suffi- 
 cient magnitude to be profitably worked. Lofty cliffs 
 abutting upon the sea-coast at the South Joggins. present 
 the most beautiful sectional profiles of the coal-bearing 
 strata, with curious fossils both of vegetable and animal 
 origin. Large trunks of trees, such as are at present un- 
 known in a living state, are here seen at various points 
 standing at right angles to the sandstone strata. Alternate 
 beds of excellent bituminous coal are seen cropping out 
 along the shore, and the British North America Mining 
 Company has already opened and is now working extensive 
 mines (the Cunilierland 5Iines)inoneof thesecoal-bed.i. The 
 rocks of this coal formation also furnish an abundance of 
 excellent materials for building and for grindstones. Largo 
 quantities of beautiful and compact gray, buff-colored, and 
 blue sandstones are annually exported to the Atlantic 
 cities of the United States, and an immense number of 
 grindstones are sent to all parts of the Union. Coal is else- 
 where found more abundantly in Pictou, New Caledonia, 
 Glasgow, on the East lUver, and ia various parts of the 
 great coal basia wliiih lies on the northern coast of the 
 peninsula. The Albion Mines near Pictou are profitably 
 worked, and contain ten strata of coal; the main coal band 
 being 33 feet in thickness, with 24 feet of good coal. The 
 quantity of coal raised in the province, in 1850, is stated 
 at 114,9'J2 chaldrons. 
 
 In Nova Scotia the coal is very near to her vast beds and 
 veins of irou ore, and to her copper-bearing rocks. Iron 
 ores of the very best quality are abundant near Mines Bay 
 and near Annapolis, at Nictau and Clements, on Digby 
 Neck, and also near the coal-mines of Pictou. Native 
 copper and silver are found in the trap, breccia, and amyg- 
 daloid of the N. mountains of the peninsula, in numerous 
 places from Digby Ne<'k to Cape D'Or; and there are also 
 beds of sandstone which contain rich ores of copper. Ores 
 of lead are found near the Shubenacadie lUver, and in other 
 limestone rocks of the province. Manganese is as abundant 
 as .shore-pebbles at Quaco and other parts of the Bay of 
 Fundy, and veins of tliis ore are also found in the l!me$tone 
 rocks of the province. Gypsum is extensively worked near 
 Windsor and other places, and is exported in large quantities 
 to the United St;ites. The quantity of gypsum quarried in 
 1850 was 79,795 tons ; in the same year there were 28,603 
 casks of lime burned, and nearly 3,000,000 bricks manu- 
 factured. The slate-bills furnish good roofing slates, and 
 hones of a superior quality are obtained in some of the slates 
 of the coal series. Beautiful agate.", amethysts, chalcedonies, 
 ja.«pers. cairngorms, and the entire group of zeolite minerals 
 abound in the amygdaloida! trap along the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Climute.. — Tile climate of Nova Scotia is remarkably tem- 
 perate, considering its northern latitude ; the almost insular 
 position of the province, and the proximity of tbeGulf Stream 
 serving to render the temperature more mild tlian that of 
 Canada. The springs are tedious, but the summer heats 
 being for a brief season e.xcessive, vegetation is siogularly 
 rapid, and the autumn is delightful. Dense fogs are preva- 
 lent along the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Agriculture. — The soil of Nova Scotia varies greatly in 
 quality. Some of the uplands are sandy and poor, while 
 tlie tops of the hills are often highly productive. The por- 
 tion best a^lapted to agricultural pursuits is its north-eastern 
 eection, which rests upon the sandstones, and other rocks of 
 the coal formation. Its most valuable portion, however, is 
 upon the up|ier part of the Bay of Fundy, where there are deep 
 and extensive deposits of rich alluvial matter, thrown down 
 by the action of the extraordinary tides of this extensive bay. 
 lOiese deposits have been reclaimed from the sea by means 
 of dikes: and the "'diked marshes," as they are termed, are 
 the richest and most wonderfully productive portions of Bri- 
 tisli North America. Taken as a whole, the agricultural 
 resources of the country are very great The quantity of 
 land under culture in 1851, was 539,322 acres, of which 
 40.012 acres was diked land. Tlie quantity of agricultural 
 products in bushels, the same year, were as follows: wheat, 
 267,157; barley, 196.097; rye, 67.438; oats, 1..384.4:35; buck- 
 vlieat, 170,301 ; Indian corn, 37.475 ; pea.se and beans. 21,638 ; 
 era-ss-seed, 3686; potjitoes, 1,986,789; turnips. 467.127 ; other 
 roots, 32,325, and 287,837 tons of hay, besides which there 
 
 were made 3,613.890 pounds of butter, 652,096 «■ -heeso 
 and 110,441 of maple sugar. According to tht^so sturns, 
 Nova Scotia, in the pro<luction of wheat, surpassed 5 of thv 
 New England States, and 12 of the more recently settled 
 states and territories; in the growth of oats, .she surpasseo 
 13; in rye, 16; in buckwheat, 23, and in barley, every state 
 and territory in tlie Union, except Ohio and New York. 
 Still the quantity of grain raised falls far short of the home 
 consumption, the deficit being made up by Import-sition 
 from the United States. The apple orchards of the western 
 counties are very product! ve,and extend along the roadside in 
 an unbroken line for 30 miles. Apples and cider are annually 
 exported, and the domestic supply is cheap and abundant 
 
 Great improvements liave recently been made in the live 
 stock, both by means of cattle-shows, and by importations 
 of the best breeds from England. In 1851, there were iu 
 the province 28.789 horses, 156,857 neat cattle, 86,856 milch 
 cows, 282,180 sheep, and 51,531 swine. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures of Nova Scotia are yet 
 but very limited. Coarse cloths, called "homespuns," are 
 made by the peasantry, and are generally worn by that 
 class. Coarse flannels, bod-linen, blankets, and carpets are 
 also manufactured. Tanning is carried on to some extent; 
 and in the towns and villages boots, shoes, .saddlery, har- 
 nesses, household furniture, and agricultural implements are 
 made in large quantities. Bonnets of bleached grass, and 
 hats of straw, are made in many of the rural districts; and 
 in the neighborhood of Halifax tobacco, confectionery, print- 
 ing and wrapping paper, hats, and some other articles, are 
 manufactured. In 1851, there were in Nova Scotia 1153 
 saw-mills, employing 1786 men; 398 grist-mills, employing 
 437 men ; 10 steam-mills, or factories, 237 tanneries, 9 
 foundries, 81 carding and weaving cstjiblishments, 17 brewe- 
 ries and distilleries, and 131 otlier manufacturing establish- 
 ments. Ship-building is very extensively carried on, but 
 no statistics of the amount of business done have hitherto 
 been published up to 1862. 
 
 Fisheries. — The fisheries on the colonial coasts have been 
 prosecuted to a greater ext<mt by the people of Nova Scotia 
 than tliose of any other colony, except Newfoundland. In 
 1851, they employed 812 vess<?l.s, (tons 43,333,) manned by 
 3681 men; 5161 boats, manned by 6713 men, and 30,154 nets 
 and seines. The i)roduce of the fisheries the same year 
 amounted to 190,434 quintals of cod, dried ; 1669 barrels of 
 salmon; 3530 of shad; 100,047 of mackerel; 53,200 of her- 
 ring; 5343 of alewives, and 15,409 boxes of smoked herring, 
 the whole valued at $869,080. There were also obtained 
 189,250 gallons of fish-oil, worth $71,016, making the total 
 value of the produce of the fisheries, in 1851, $939,096. 
 
 Omimerce. — Possessing above 1200 miles of sea-coast, every- 
 where penetrated by the finest bays in the world, and open 
 to navigation throughout the year. Nova Scotia enjnys faci- 
 lities for commerce surpassed by no other country on thr 
 globe. Availing themselves of these advantages, the people- 
 of the province not only conduct a profitable fishery and ar 
 active coasting and foreign trade, but enter largely into the 
 carrying trade of otlier countries, competing successfully on 
 this extended field of rivalry lx)th with the British ship- 
 owners and with the mercantile marine of the United States. 
 The numlier of vessels actually employed in the fisheries, 
 commerce, and the carrying trade, increased from 2583, (tons 
 141,093.) in 1840, to 2943, (tons 189,083,) in 1852, the tonnage 
 being nearly one-third as much as that of France, and 69.000 
 more than that of the Austrian Empire. There are in all 
 43 free ports, for which custom-house officers are appointed. 
 The names of these, with the value of imports and exports 
 at each, for the year ending December 31, 1852, is exhibited 
 in the subjoined Table : 
 
 Canada Creek. . 
 Canso, (Cape). . 
 Church Pcint . . 
 Clemenw Port . 
 Cornwallu . . . . 
 
 DiRbj . . , 
 
 Gujsborough. , 
 
 Morton 
 
 Jogsrins 
 
 Le Have 
 
 Liverpool. . ^ . 
 Londonderry. . 
 Lunenburg. . . 
 Maitland . . . . 
 
 Import 
 
 Exports. 
 
 J21,8C0 
 101 .8iX) 
 8fi,W» 
 99,655 
 49,885 
 
 8,3C5 
 19,885 
 85,230 
 12.220 
 
 9,875 
 75,286 
 67,190 
 10.870 
 2,941,030 
 14,620 
 SO.ISO 
 10.585 
 16.850 
 80.306 
 13.«90 
 
 3.710 
 19,075 
 
 Parrahorough. . 
 
 Port Hood . . . . 
 Port Mcdway . . 
 
 Pnbuico 
 
 Pugwaah 
 
 Ragged Islands. 
 Shi-lburne . . . . 
 Stierbrooke . . . 
 Sheet Harbor . . 
 Ship Harbor, .. 
 Sjdnej, C. B. . . 
 Tatamagoucbe . 
 Tusket. ...... 
 
 Wallace 
 
 Welton 
 
 West Port . . . . 
 Wevtnouth . .'. 
 
 Wilmot 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Yarmouth . . . ■ 
 
 Total 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $10,505 
 
 217,985 
 
 4.245 
 
 1,285 
 
 1,050 
 
 690 
 
 29,2«« 
 
 85,215 
 
 8,240 
 13,505 
 14,780 
 
 8,400 
 80,570 
 43,320 
 a:!.085 
 48,530 
 163,235 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $6,969^96 t4,7^,*0 
 
 Of the total v.alue of imports, g2.137.660 was from Great 
 Britain, SI -21 5,206 from British North America. $109,690 from 
 the British West Indies, $1,739,215 from the United States. 
 $769,095 from other countries: and of the exports, 4-313.375 
 was to Great Britain, $1,760,925 to British North America, 
 $1,065,170 to British West Indies. $1,289,245 to the United 
 States, and $425,175 to other countries. The leading arti- 
 
 1369 
 
NOV 
 
 NOV 
 
 cliu at irn^rrt gjid export, with the value o'f ench, were as 
 follow?: Inipoits. — Cordage, $104,330; cotton manufactures, 
 $1,039,675 , codfish, $227,000 ; fishing tackle. $104,130 ; flour, 
 $l,0oS,y5o hardware, $146,780 ; iron and ironmongery, 
 $127,070 ; molasses, $291,985 ; sugar, $308,440 ; tea, $340,720. 
 Exports.— Butter, $150,310 : coals, (tons 112.669.) $284,535 ; 
 codfish, (quintals 316.705,) $815,040 ; cotton and woollen man- 
 ufactures, $158,225 ; herrings, $327,540 ; horned cattle, (num- 
 ber 4247,) $134,575; mackerel, (97,163^ barrels.) $509,415; 
 molasses, $136,085 ; oils, $156,150 ; potatoes and turnips, 
 (404.S66 bushels,) $140,905; sugar, $275,805, and wood, 
 $122,325. 
 
 The following is the return of shipping for 1S50 : 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Iu\rard. 
 
 Outward. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Great Britain . . 
 British Colouies . 
 United States . . 
 Poreign States . 
 
 139 
 1963 
 2896 
 
 254 
 
 65,b6+ 
 136,99:2 
 281,340 
 
 !5,509 
 
 164 
 21^4 
 2595 
 
 157 
 
 71,589 
 167.915 
 24o,7J6 
 
 15,907 
 
 Total . . 
 
 5255 
 
 509,705 
 
 5102 
 
 501,237 
 
 Bailways. — The work on the North American and Euro- 
 pean Railway was commenced at Halifax on the 8lh of , Tune, 
 1854. A section of 10 miles was under contract, to be opened 
 during the year, and an additional section of 15 miles in 1856. 
 The first 25 miles forms a common trunk for lines running 
 to Amherst, to Windsor, and to Pictou. The main trunk, it 
 is thought, will be constructed to the frontiers of Xew Bruns- 
 wick, where it is to form a junction with the railway now 
 proceeding E. from St. John, as soon as that portion of the 
 line is completed. 
 
 Inhabitants, Government, &c. — The population of Xora Sco- 
 tia is now chiefly composed of a native race, sprung directly 
 Dr indirectly from the three great families of the United 
 Kingdom — English, Irish, and Scotch. The Irish are found 
 in large numbers only in the capital ; the Scotch chiefly in 
 the eastern counties. The western and midland counties 
 are principally occupied by the descendants of American 
 refugees. The county of Lunenburg is inhabited by a race 
 sprung from a body of German and Swiss Protestants, who 
 emigrated from Rotterdam in 1753. There are also several 
 settlements of French Acadians. But the descendants of 
 all form only one race, and are known by but one name, the 
 whole living in perfect harmony. The Indians are still a 
 distinct people; but there are only a few hundreds of them 
 left in the province. The religious divisions here are those 
 of the United Kingdom, and of North America generally. 
 The five largest religious bodies are — Episcopalians, I'res- 
 byterlans, Roman Catholics, Methodists, and Baptists. Of 
 these, the most numerous are the Presbyterians, next the 
 Episcopalians, then the Roman Catholics and Baptists. Edu- 
 cation has been pretty widely and equally diffu.sed among the 
 inhabitants. The public affairs of the colony are administer- 
 ed by a governor, (styled lieutenant-governor,) Council, and 
 House of Assembly ; the last, consisting of 40 members, has 
 entire control over the provincial revenue. The laws are 
 dispensed by a court of king's bench, and district courts, as 
 in Canada. The laws in force are the common and the 
 statute law of England, and the statute law of Nova Scotia. 
 The revenue rose from $270,895 in 1842, to $405,195 in 1852. 
 Public debt, December 31, 1852, $435,446. 
 
 I>irisirins, Plypidation. &c. — Nova Scotia, with Cape Breton, 
 is divided into IS counties, the names, population, and capi- 
 tals of which, according to the census of 1851, were as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Annapolis . . 
 
 J4,2S5 
 
 Annapolis • • 
 
 l.-.'OO 
 
 «Cai.e Breton . 
 
 17,580 
 
 Svdney . . . 
 
 1,000 
 
 Colchester . , 
 
 15,469 
 
 Truro .... 
 
 1,000 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 14,339 
 
 Amherst . . . 
 
 500 
 
 Digby .... 
 
 12.251 
 
 Digby .... 
 
 1,000 
 
 Guj-sborough . 
 
 10,838 
 
 Guvsborongh . 
 
 1,000 
 
 Halifax . . . 
 
 39,113. 
 
 Halifax . . . 
 
 26,000 
 
 Hants .... 
 
 14,330 
 
 Wiudsor . . . 
 
 1,000 
 
 •Inverness . . 
 
 16,917 
 
 Tort Hood . . 
 
 500 
 
 King's .... 
 
 14,138 
 
 Kentville . . . 
 
 500 
 
 Lunenburg . . 
 
 16.395 
 
 Lunenburg . . 
 
 500 
 
 
 25,593 
 
 Pictou .... 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 7,»6 
 
 Liverpool . , 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 in.ssi 
 
 
 l.JOO 
 
 Shelliurne , . 
 
 lO.fi.'S 
 
 Sbelburne • . 
 
 1.000 
 
 Sydney . . . 
 
 13,467 
 
 Antigonish . . 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 300 
 
 Yarmouth . . 
 Total . . . 
 
 13,142 
 
 Yarmouth . . 
 
 600 
 
 276,117 
 
 
 ■nn-"('"'^'~^'°''* ^"'°*'* ^^'' *''"^* visited by the Cabots, in 
 149 1, but was not colonized by Europeans till 1604, when 
 
 _* Situated in the island of Cape Breton. 
 
 De Monts, a Frenchman, and his followers, and s'"n'e JosuitiV 
 attempted for eight years to form settlements in Pen Royal, 
 St. Croix. <ic., but were finally expelled from the country by 
 the English governor and colonists of ^'u-giuia, who claimed 
 the country by right of the discovery of Sebastian Cubot 
 In 1G21, Sir Milliam Alexander ai)plied for, and obtained 
 from James I., a grant of the whole country, which he pro- 
 posed to colonize on an extensive scale, and in 1023 the at- 
 tempt Wiks made ; but the proposed colonists finding the 
 various points where they wished to establish themselves, 
 thronged by foreign a»lventurers, did not think it prudent 
 to attempt a settlement, and therefore returned to England. 
 During the reign of Charles I. the Nova Scotia baronets were 
 created, and their patents ratified in parliament; they were 
 to contribute their aid to the settlement, and to have por- 
 tions of land allotted to them; their number was not to 
 exceed 150. In 1054, Cromwell sent out an armed force, 
 and took pos.sessiou of the country, which remained with 
 the English till 1667, when it was ceded to Prance by the 
 treaty of Breda. But the English from time to time attjicked 
 the French colonists at various pdints, and ravaged their 
 settlements, continuing to harass and annoy them till 1713, 
 
 when the country was finally ceded to England. luhub. 
 
 Nova Scotian, no^va sko'she-jn. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA, 'a village of Ingham eo., Michigan, on 
 Grand River, about 20 miles S. of Lansing. 
 
 NOVATE, Bo-vd'ti, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 and 6 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 1943. 
 
 NOVAWETZ, nol\Sr-whg\ NOVAAVESZ, no'va-<vfss\ or 
 NEUENDORF, noi'en-doKf', a town of Prussia, government 
 of Potsdam, on the'llavel. Pop, 1712. 
 
 NOVA ZEMBLA. uo'va zfuiA)!?, (Russ. Xovaia Zemlia, no- 
 vT'd zJm'le-d ; Fr. KnuveU'e-Zemhlej noo^yilV zftMb'l.) two large 
 islands of the Arctic Ocean, belonging to Russia, and forming 
 a dependency of the government of Archangel ; lat, 71° to 77^ 
 N., Ion. 53° to 77° E. They are separated from each other 
 by the narrow strait, Matotshkin Shar; and from the. isle of 
 A'aigats on the S. by Kara Strait, and from the mainland on 
 the E. by the Sea of Kara; greatest length, N.E. to S.W. 635 
 miles; breadth, 170 miles. The far greater part of the 
 interior is unexplored ; and even the N. and E. coasts, where 
 ice makes aci-ess almost impossible, are verj- imperfectly 
 known. The S.W. and W. coasts which have been examined, 
 are in the former direction gener-illy low and flat; and in 
 the latter, bordered by sandstone cliffs, which, though not 
 elevated, are very precipitous. The general slope of both 
 islands appears to be towards Matotshkin Strait, on which 
 the mouthsof at least 16 small streams have been counted. 
 Lakes also are numerous. The whole territory is wild and 
 desolate in the extreme The coasts swarm with seals, 
 various kinds of fish, and vast fligbt,s of water-fowl. The 
 interior, which is partly covered with stunted shrub.s. short 
 grass, and moss, is frequented by reindeer, white bears, 
 ermines, and Arctic foxes. Nova Zembl.i has no permanent 
 inhabitants, but is visited bj- Russian hunters and fishers. 
 
 N0V£aNT, noVa'6x<i', a villa.se of France, with a station 
 on the Paris and Strasbours Railroad. 16 miles from Nancy. 
 
 NOVEGRAD. no/v!l-gr3d\ or NOVIGRAD. no've-grdd', a 
 village of Austria. Dalmatia. 30 miles N.E. of Zara. P. 860. 
 
 NOVELDA, no-vJl'di. a town of Spain, province and 13 
 miles W. of Alicante. Pop. 8095, p.trtly engaged in distilling, 
 and in manufactures of lace and confectionery. 
 
 NOVELLARA. no-vM-ld'rl, a town of Northern Italy. 16 
 miles N.W. of Modena. Pop. 4070. It is the capital of a 
 principality, annexed to Modena in 1737, and has a hos- 
 pital, jxxiestd's palace, some manufactures of sUk and leather, 
 weekly markets, and a large annual fair. 
 
 NOVELLO, no-v5l'lo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Coni, province of Alba. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 NOVEMIASTO or NOWEMIASTO. no-v^m-ySs'to. a town 
 of Poland, government and 47 miles S.S.AV. of Warsaw. 
 Pop. 2100. It has a fine palace and grounds, and a Capu- 
 chin monasterv. 
 
 NOVEMIASTO or NOWEMIASTO, a town of Poland, pro- 
 vince and 40 miles E.N.E. of Plock. Pop. 500. 
 
 NOVEJIIASTO or NOWEMIASTO. no-vjui-yds'to. a town 
 Of Prussian Poland. 32 miles W.N.W. of Posen. I'on. 2400. 
 
 NOVEMIASTO. a town of Prussian Poland, 32 miles S.E. 
 of Posen. on the Warta. Pop. lOiX). 
 
 NOVEMIASTO or NOWE.MIASTO, no-vfm-yds'to, a. town 
 of Austrian Poland. Galicia. 31 miles E.N.E. of Sanok. 
 
 NOVEMIASTO KORCZYN, no-v^m-ySs/to koR-Vhin, a town 
 of Poland, 39 miles S. of Kielce. on the Vistula. Pop. lluO. 
 
 NOVEMIESTO or NOWEMIESTO, See Neust.^et. 
 
 NOVENTA, no-vJn'tS, a village and parish of Anstria» 
 Italy, government of Venice, province and 16 miles S.W. o| 
 Vicenza. on the Pioveso. Pop. 3890. 
 
 NOVENTA DI P] AVE, no-vjn'ta dee pe-S'v.A. a vilUge o/ 
 Austrian Italy, on the Piave, 17 miles N .E. of Venice. I . 'i^Miy. 
 
 NOVES. no-vis/, a town of Spain, province and 15 raih* 
 N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2460. 
 
 NOA'ES, nov. a maiket-town of France, dei^artmt it o* 
 Bouches<lu-Rhone, on the Durance. 19 miles N.E. of Aries. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2162. It Is enclosed by high walls, flanked by 
 square towers, and has silk-mills. 
 
NOV 
 
 NOW 
 
 NOVGOTIOP nov'goVod, or NO^VOGOROD', a government 
 of Uussiii, bHtweun at. 57° and 01° X., aud Ion. :H)° and 40° 
 E., bai iiig E. the goveruiuents of Vologda and Yaroslav, S. 
 Tver, W. aud >'. Pskov, i<t. Petersburg, and Olonets. Area 
 estimated at 47,350 »iuare miles. I'op. in 1851, 934,633. 
 The surface has a gradual de.sceut towards the N.E. Prin- 
 cipal rivers, the Volkhov, >lsta, Shek.sna, Mologa, and Lo- 
 vat. and it comprises the lakes liielo-Ozero, Vozh, (Voj,) and 
 Ilmen. The chief erop.s are rye, oats, and barley. • A ijuan- 
 tity of hemp and flax are raised for e.xportation, but timljer 
 constitutes the principal product. Few cattle are reared. 
 Many of the population are employed in fishing. The 
 manufacture.s are uuiuiport;vnt. It has a few copper, glass, 
 tile, leather, and woollen cloth factories. Principal towns, 
 Novgorod, Valdai, and Tikhvin. 
 
 KOVUOROL). or VEhlKEH (VKLIKI) NOVGOROD, vA-lee'- 
 kee nov'go'rod, (''Great Novgorod,") a citi' of Russia, capital 
 of a government of the same name, on the Aolkhov, near 
 the point where it issues from Lake lluien, 103 miles S.S.E. 
 of .St. Petersburg. It stands in a plain, aud is divided by 
 the river into two parts, whicli communicate by a handsome 
 wooden bridge of 12 arches, supported by pillars of granite. 
 The portion on the right bank occupies a large e.xteut of sur- 
 face, indicating at ouce its former importance, and present 
 comparative insignificance. It -contains a great number of 
 mean houses or rather huts, and has streets which in many 
 places are grown over with gra.is, and almost without excep- 
 tion unpaved. The only buildings here which attract notice 
 are a kind of palace, forming the Governor's Residence, and a 
 sail-cloth and a tallow factory. The portion of the town on 
 the left bank is surrounded by an earthen rampart, and con- 
 tains in its centre the Kremlin or citjidel. AVithin it is the 
 Cathedral of St. .Sophia, built after the model of St. Sophia 
 at Constantinople; besides which there are sixty-one other 
 churches, the Archbi.shop's Palace, and numerous nun- 
 neries and monasteries, one of which, the Monastery of the 
 Annunciation, is a remarkably elegant structure. The 
 manufactures are of little importance, and consist of sail- 
 cloth, leather, tobacco, caudles, and vinegar. The trade in 
 corn, flax, and hemp, carried on chietiy with the capital, is 
 considerable ; and there are two large annual fairs. Nov- 
 gorod was in early times the capital of an independent state. 
 During the l'2th, 13th, and 14th centuries it was a grand 
 commercial entrepot, and so famous throughout a wide 
 extent of country that a Russian proverb ran, " Who can 
 prevail against the gods and the great Novgorod?" Its 
 population is said to have once amounted to 400,000, and it 
 carried on an extensive trade. So great was Us riches, that 
 in 1480, .lohu 111., after he had conquered the republic of 
 Novgorod, despatched from the city to Moscow throe hun- 
 dred chariots laden with articles of silver and gold. Pop. 
 about 15,000. The Ca.nal op Novgohod, which joins the 
 Msta and Volkhov Rivers, is 5 miles in length, aud obviates 
 the navigation of Lake Ilmen. 
 
 NOVGOROD, NIZIINEE, (or NIJNII.) See Nizhnee- 
 
 NOVGOROD. 
 
 NOVGOROD-SEVERSKOIE, nov'go'rod sA-vjR-sko'yd, or 
 NOVOHOD-SIEVERSKOI, no-vo-rod' se-A-v^R-skoi/, a town 
 of Russia, government aud 109 miles E.N.E. of Tchernigov, 
 on the Desna. Pop. 8000. It has an active trade in corn, 
 hemp, and lime, and three large annual fairs. 
 
 NOVGRAU-VOLVNSKI, novVrdd' vo-lin'skee, or NOVI- 
 GRAD-VOLYXSlv, no-ve-grid' vo-linsk', a town of Russia, 
 government oi" Volhynia, on the Slootch, 02 miles W.N.VV. 
 of Zhitomeer. Pop. 4800. 
 
 NOVI, no/vee, a town of Italy, Sardinia, division of Genoa, 
 In the plain of Marengo, at the foot of the Apennines, 14 
 miles S.E. of Alessandria, with which it is connected by rail- 
 road; lat. 43° 47' N., Ion. 8° 48' E. Pop. 10,278. It has 
 several churches, a college, and hospital, with manufactures 
 of silk thread, and an active trade, it being an entrepot for 
 goods passing between Genoa and Turin. On the adjoining 
 plain, the French, under Joubert, were defeated in 1799 by 
 the Austro-Russian army under Suwarrow. 
 
 NOVI, a town of Italy, 20 miles N. of Modena. Pop. 2500. 
 
 NOVI, a town of Italy, Naples, province of I'rincipato 
 Citra, 18 miles S.S.AV. of Capat-cionuovo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NOVI, no/vee, a town of Bosnia, 40 miles W.N.W. of 
 Banialuka, on tlie Unna. 
 
 NOVI, a maritime town of Hungarian Croatia, 12 miles 
 N.W. of Zengg. and the residence of its bishop. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NO'VI, a post-village aud township of Oakland co., Michi- 
 gan, on the W. branch of liouge Kiver, 25 miles N.W. of 
 Detroit. Pop. 1465. 
 
 NOVI-BAZAR, no/vee bdVaR', a town of Bosnia, on an 
 affluent of the .Morava, 130 miles S.E. of Bosua-Serai. Esti- 
 3nat«d pop. 8000. It bias a castle in its centre, 17 mosques, 
 and some shops, but it is generally wretched and filthy, built 
 of little else than m ud. and none of the windows being glazed. 
 
 NOVIUVOR or NOWIDWOR, no-vid'vor, a market-town of 
 Polai-.d, 3(5 miles N.N.E. of Bialystok, with 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 NOVIGRAD, no-ve-gr2d'. a small seaport town of the Hun- 
 garian Littorale, on the Morlacca Channel, 22 miles S.E. of 
 Fiumo. Pop. 2500. 
 
 NOVIGRAD. ft yiilaci of Austria. See Novegrad. 
 
 NOVIGRAD- VOLYNSK. Russia. See Novgrad- . .'.ixsn. 
 
 NOVILLE-LES-BOIS, no^•eel' lA bwd, a villagB ^f Bel- 
 gium, province and 9 miles N.N.E. of Namur. Pop. 2131. 
 
 NOVIODUNUM. See Nkver-s. 
 'NOVIODUNUM. SeeNtos. 
 
 NOVIOMAGUS, Gaul. See NoTON. 
 
 NOVIOMAGUS, Belgic provinces. See Nymwegew. 
 
 NOVIOMAGUSJ Germany. See Spkyer. 
 
 NOVITA, no-vee'ti, a town of South America, New Gra 
 nada, department of Cauca, 50 miles E. of the Pacific, and 
 130 miles S.W. of Antioquia. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NOVO-ARKIIANGELSK, Ru.ssian America. See SiTKi. 
 
 NOVO-BIELITZA. a town of Russia. See Bielitza. 
 
 NOVOCHECIIMIXSK. See Novosheshminsk. 
 
 NOVOCHOPERSK, a town of Russia. See Novokhopersk 
 
 NOVODMITRIEVSKOE, no-vod-me-tre-^v/sko-A\ or YE 
 LAN, yi-ldn', a town of Russia, government and 105 miles 
 W.S.W. of Saratov. Pop. 2100. 
 
 NOVO-DOOBOSARY or NOVOI-DUBOSSARII. See Doo- 
 
 B08ART. 
 
 NOVOEVANOVKA, no-vo-i-va-novnia, or TCIIERNIAN- 
 KA, chCR-ne-dn'ki, a market-town of Russia, government 
 and 82 miles S.E. of Koorsk, on the Oskol. Pop. 1470. 
 
 NOVOFEDOROVKA or NOWOFEDOROWKA, no-vo-fl-do- 
 rov'kd, or BEZtilllNA, bJ'Z-ghee'nd. a market-town of Rus- 
 sia, government and 93 miles S.E. of Koorsk. Pop. lOSO. 
 
 NOVOGOROD. See Novgorod. 
 
 NOVOGRODEK, no-vo-gro-dek', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 80 miles E. of Grodno, on a tributary of the Ni»- 
 men. Pop. 41o0. It is enclosed by walls, and above the 
 town is an ancient castle. 
 
 NOVOI-OSKOL, no-voi' os-kol', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 92 miles S.E. of Koorsk, on the Oskol. Pop. 5000. 
 
 NOVOKHOPERSK or NOVOCHOPERSK, no-vo-KO-p^Rsk/, 
 a town of Rus.sia, government aud 110 miles E.S.E. of Voro- 
 nezh, on the Vorona. It is enclosed by a fosse and a rampart 
 flanked with four bastions, and in its docks are built vessels 
 to navigate the Black Sea. Pop. 1800. 
 
 NOVOLI, no'vo-le, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 
 district and 7 miles W.N.W. of Leece. Pop. 3100. 
 
 NOVOMESTO, no-vo-m*s/to, or N0Y0M1AST<), no-vom- 
 yds'to, a town of Russia, goverament and 76 miles N.N.E. 
 of Tchernigov, on the Ipoot. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NOVO.MIRGOROD, no/vo-meeR-go-rod', a fortified town of 
 Rus.sia, government and 155 miles N.N.W. of Kherson. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 NOVOMOSKOVSK or NOWOMOSKOWSK, no-vo-mos- 
 hovsk', a fortified town of Russia, government and IS miles 
 N.E. of Y'ekaterinoslav, on the Samara. Pop. 7380. 
 
 NOVOPETROVSKOF^, uo-vo-pii-trov/sko-i\ a marketrtown 
 of liussia, government and 55 miles N.W. of Kherson, on 
 the Bug. Pop. 1730. 
 
 NOVO REDONDO, no'vo ri-don'do, a seaport town and fort 
 of the Portuguese possessions of South-West Africa, at the 
 mouth of the river Redondo in the Atlantic, in lat. 11° 12' 
 S., Ion. 13° 44' 40" E. The town is situated on the summit 
 of a r<Kk 150 feet above the sea. in a fertile district. The 
 population are all free negroes except 8 or 10 Europeans. 
 
 NO\ OKOD-SIEVERSKOI, a town of Russia. See Novgo- 
 kod-Severskoie. 
 
 NOVOROSSISK, no-TO-ros-sisk', a small seaport town of 
 Russia, on the E. coast of the Black Sea. at the mouth of the 
 Tsemesse, and S. of Anapa. The town is built on a slope 
 terminating in lofty heights, and is defended by two forts. 
 
 NOVORZHEV or NOVOIUEV, no-voR-zhOv', written also 
 NOWORSCHEW, no-voR-shJv/, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 68 miles S.E. of Pskov. ]>op. 2000. 
 
 NOVOSELITZA,(?) no-vo-sA-lit/sl, a town of South Russia, 
 province of Bessarabia, 27 miles E.S.E. of Cljotyn. P. 3500. 
 
 NOVOSHESHMINSK, NOVOCHECHMINSK or NOWO- 
 SCHFjSCHMINSK, no-vo-shJsh-minsk', a market-town of 
 Russia, government and 95 miles S.E. of Kazan. Pop. 1800. 
 
 NOVbSIL or NOWOSIL, no-vo-sil'or no-vo-.seel', a town of 
 Russia, government and 86 miles S.W. of Toola. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NOVO-TCHERKASK, no'vo-chSR-kdsk', a town of Russia, 
 capital of the country of the Don Cossacks, on the Don, 240 
 miles E.S.E. of Yekaterinoslav. Pop. 17,800. The town, 
 founded in 1806, is generally well built, and has a fine 
 cathedral, with numerous other churches, a large market- 
 place, and a college with a library of 1200 volumes. 
 
 NOVUM FORUM. See Fornovo. 
 
 NOWAGHUR, no-wd-grir', two small towns of India, 
 Nagpoor dominions, respectively 48 miles S.E., and 47 milea 
 S.W. of Ruttunpoor. 
 
 NOW-AGUR, no-wd-gur', a town of Hindostan, province 
 of Gundwana, on the Mahanuddy River, 110 miles S.W. of 
 Sumbhulpoor, lat. 20° 49' N., Ion. 82° 43' E. 
 
 NOW-CIlOW, now-chOw, an island of China, Gulf of 
 Tonquin, off the N.E. part of the peninsula of Looee-Choo, 
 lat. 20° 58° N., about 6 miles long by 5 miles broad. The 
 harbor, though difficult of entrance, is well sheltered, and 
 has long been a noted resort of Ladrone pirates. 
 
 NOWEMIASTO, several towns of Poland. See Novemi.asto 
 
 NOWEMIESTO. See Neustadt. 
 
 NOWIDWOR, no-Wid/wor, a town of Poland, govern" 
 
 1371 
 
NOW 
 
 NUE 
 
 numt and 16 miles N.W. of Warsaw, at the junction of the 
 Vistula and the But;. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SS'OWO, for numerous Russian and Polish names with 
 this prefix, see Novo and its compounds. 
 
 XOWOSIL, a town of Kussia. See NOTOSIL. 
 
 NOWeUAKHA, now-shar'rd, a town of Sinde, 70 mile» 
 B.K. of lioree, on the route thence to Hyderabad. 
 
 NOWSIIAKR.V, a village of the Punjab. See Xoushera. 
 
 NOWY-GYRIN, a town of Moravia. See Xeutitschein. 
 
 KOW/ZKK, a village of Sinde, Tj miles S.E. of Shikarpoor, 
 lat. 27° 50' N., Ion. 08° 40' E. 
 
 NOXAPAX'TO, a post-office of Winston co., Mississippi. 
 
 KOi'LUKE (KlvtR) or IIUXAWAV CKEEK, of Missis- 
 sippi and Alabama, rises in Choctaw co., of the former, 
 and passing into Alabama, enters theTombigbee in Sumter 
 county, near Gainesville. It is navigable by small steam- 
 boats about 50 miles. 
 
 NOXUBEE, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, bor- 
 dering on Alabama, has an area of about 720 Sfjuara miles. 
 It is intersected by Noxubee Itiver, (called also Runaway 
 Creek,) from which it derive.s its name. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil is a dark-colored, heavy, and adhesive 
 loam, possessing great strength and fertility. The Noxubee 
 River Ls navigable by small steamers. The Mobile and Ohio 
 Bailroad, now in progress, will probably |)ass through the 
 county. Capital, Macon. Pop. 20,667, of whom 5171 were 
 free, and 15.496 slaves. 
 
 NOVA, no'yd, a seaport town of Spain, province of Co- 
 runna, 21 miles W. of Santiago, at the bottom of an inlet 
 called the Ri.\ de Noya, receiving the river Tambre. Pop. 
 1600. It lias a small ship-building yard, fisheries, and a 
 trade in pilchards. 
 
 KOYAL-.MUZILLAC, no'y^l' mu zeeVak/, (or mU'zeerySk/) 
 a Tillage of France, depai'tmeut of Morbihan, 14 miles E.S.E. 
 of Vannes. Pop. 23S0. 
 
 KOYAL-MUZILLAC-PONTIVY, no\vil' mu'zeeryak'piNo'- 
 tee^vee', a marketrtown of France, department of Morblhau, 
 8 miles E. of Poutivy. Pop. in 1852, 3505. 
 
 NOYAL-MUZILLAC-SUR-VILAINE, noVlP mU'zeel'yak/ 
 »Ue vee'bin', a village of France, department of Ille-et-Vi- 
 laiue, 6 miles E. of Renues. Pop. 3307. 
 
 NOYELLK, no^ell', a village of France, with a station on 
 the railway from Boulogne to Amiens. 
 
 NOY'EN, noi\ix=', a market-towu of France, department 
 Of'Sarthe, 17 miles S.W. of Le Mans. Pop. 1247. 
 
 NOYERS, noi^aia', a town of France, department of 
 Yonne. on the Serin, 10 miles S. of Tonnerre. Pop. 1768. 
 It is prettily situated in a fertile vine-country, enclosed by 
 walls, and has mauutactures of serges, coarse flannels, and 
 worsted hosiery. 
 
 NOY'ES' TCRN, a railroad station in Steuben co.. New 
 York, on the New i'ork and Erie Railroad, 2y5 miles tiova 
 New Y'ork City. 
 
 NOYESVILLE, noiz'vil, a postK)ffice of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 NOl'ON, nOh*yA:<"', ^anc. Nuviointagus.) a town of France, 
 department of Uise, 42 miles E.N.E. of Beauvais, with a 
 station on a branch of the Northern Railway, N.E. of Creil, 
 lat 49° 35' N., ion. 3= 1' E. Pop. in 1852, 6322. It is well 
 built, enclosed with gardens, has a large old cathedral, 
 bishop's palace, a hospital, seminary, several handsome 
 public fountains, manufactures of fine linens, tulle, cottou 
 hosiery, leather, and a brisk general trade. Calvin was bom 
 here Ibth July. 1509. 
 
 NOZAXO, nod-zd'iio. a market-town of Italy, duchy, and 
 4' miles W.S.W. of Lucca, on the Serchio. Pop. 24o0. 
 
 KOZ-W, no'zA', a town of France, department of Loire- 
 Inferieure. 24 miles N. of Nantes. Pop. in 1S52, 3309. 
 
 NOZEUOY. ndi'z^h-rwi'. a town of France, department of 
 Jura, IS miles E.S.E. of Poligny. Pop. 800. 
 
 NUIVBIN RlDGE, a postt>tfii"e, llardeman CO., Tennessee. 
 
 NUBBRA, a district of Ladak. See Nobra. 
 
 NUBIA, nu'be-a, (Fr. AuOie, nii'bee' ; Ger. li'ubien, 
 ncHybe-en,) a country of East Africa, on the Red Sea! 
 situated between lat 11° and 24° N., and Ion. 28° and 
 S9° E., bounded E. by the Red Sea, S. by Abyssinia, VT. of 
 Darfoor and the Great Desert, and N. by Egypt Area esti- 
 mated at 35,000 square miles, and population at 4iX),000. It 
 Is divided into Lower Nubia, extending from the frontier 
 of Egypt to Dongola, (lat 18° N.,) and Upper Nubia from 
 Dongola to Abyssinia. Nubia Is situjited almost entirely in 
 the valley of the Nile, which is here so narrow as to leave 
 no space for cultivation on its banks, and the productive 
 districts occur in the gorges between the mountains, and 
 on the islands. A desert of sand and rocks, with some small 
 fertile oases, exteuds E. from Lower Nubia to the Red Sea. In 
 Upper Nubia the country is more varied, Uie Nile here re- 
 ceives its affluent, the Atbara, or Tacazze, 165 wiles below 
 the junction of the White and Blue Rivers; between these j 
 rivers are situated the regions of Shendv. Unlfay. and Sen- 
 naar, which contain vast fertile plains. The ^ilimate of 
 Nubia is extremely hot and dry. but on the whole healthy ; ! 
 the plague is said never to have penotrat^U S.of the second 
 aitaract (lat 22° N.) Besides the animals common to 
 Egypt, Xubia has the giraffe, and several species of ante- \ 
 lopes and birds wliich belong to the central plateau of Af- I 
 
 rica. Agriculture employs most of the population on the 
 lianks of the Nile and its tributaries, and artificial .rriga- 
 tion is resorted to as in Egypt Chief products, durrah, 
 barley, cotton, indigo, tobacco, seuna, coffee, and dales. 
 Cattle, sheep, and goats are reared by the Arabs of tho 
 neighboring deserts. Manufactures are limited to objects, 
 for domestic use. An extensive transit trade is carriei' ou 
 with the interior of Africa and Egypt, in slaves, gold-dust, 
 seuna, and ostrich feathers. Suakin, on the Red .^ea, is the 
 only port. The Nubians belong to the Arabian and Ethio- 
 pian races. They are a handsome people, of dark-brown 
 complexion, bold, frank, cheerful, hud more simple and 
 incorrupt in manners than their neighbors, either up or 
 down the river. In Egypt, where they ai-e culled Beraber, 
 (Berbers.) they are preferred as porters and domestic ser- 
 vants. The pastoral tribes ou the banks of the Tacazze and 
 Upper Nile speak the Arabic language, liemaius of am lent 
 editices occur throughout the whole extent of the valley, but 
 chielly below Dongola. The most remarkable are the Tem- 
 ple ot Ivelabshi, (^anciently 'J'alinis.) the sculptuies of which 
 represent the expeditiou of Sesostris; that of Dakkeh; the 
 excavated Temple of Ipsambool, a little below Wadi-lialfah ; 
 and the Temple of Semne, a little above it In Dongola. 
 some colossal figures of granite lie prostrate in the isle of 
 Argo. Previous to the conquest of N ubia by 1 brabim Pasha, 
 in 1821, it was governed by a multitude of independent 
 chiefs ; since then it has been under the dominiou of Egypt 
 Adj. and inbab., Nubian, nu'be-an. 
 
 NUBLADA, noo-bl4'ui, or SAN BENEDICTO, s.^u bi-n4- 
 deek'to. an island of the North Pacific, Revillagigedo group; 
 lat. 19° 22' 40" N., Ion. 110° 44' W. Length, from N.E. to 
 S.W., 6 miles; breadth about 3 miles. 
 
 NUBLE, noo/bld, a river of Chili, rises in the W. slops of 
 the Cordillera of the Aude.s, near lat. 36° N., flows W.S.W., 
 and after a course of about SO miles unites with the Chilan 
 to form the Itata. 
 
 NCCEKIA CAMELLART.\. See Nocer.a. 
 
 NUCKO. an island of Russia. See NuKO. 
 
 NUDDEA, niid'de-.x, a district of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, in the delta of the Ganges. Area 3105 square 
 miles. Pop. estimated at 1,187,000. Principal town, Nuddea, 
 the capital, ou the lloogly, 54 miles N.^^■. of Calcutta. 
 
 NUDLINGEN, (Nudliugen,) niid'ling-v'n, a village of Ba- 
 varia, near Miiunerstadt Pop. 1220. 
 
 N UECES, nwi'cc'S, a river of Texas, rises in Bexar county, 
 in the ^V. part of the state, and flows into a bay of its own 
 name, near 27° 30' N. lat, and 98° W. Ion. Its course is very 
 circuitous, and the whole length is estimated at 350 miles. 
 It is stated that boats can ascend it 100 miles from its mouth. 
 
 NUECES, a county in the south part of Texas, bordering 
 on the Gtilf of Mexico, contains about 3200 square miles. 
 The Nueces River, from which the n^me is derived, forms 
 its N. boundary; the Laguna del Madre washes its eastern 
 border, and is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by a long 
 narrow island. The surface is nearly level ; the soil sandy 
 and poor, excepting in the vicinitj' of the river. Capital, 
 Corpus Cliristi. Pop. 2906, of whom 2690 were free. 
 
 N UEIL-SOUS-PASSAVANT, nU'Al' soo pJsVd'vo.N"', a mar- 
 ket-town of France, department of Maine et-Loire, on the 
 Layon, 15 miles S.W. of Sauniur. Pop. 1800. 
 
 NUEVA CARTEYA, nw.'t'vd kaR-t.VyS, a villasre of Spain, 
 Andalusia, about 24 miles from Cnrdova. Pop. lOSS. 
 
 NUEVA ECl.I.A, nw.i'vil A'se-n^ a province of the island 
 of Luzon, extending along part of its E. coast Bougabon is 
 the capital. Pop. 23.308. 
 
 NUEVA HELVETIA, nwA'vi Jl-v.Vte i or NEW UEIr 
 VETIA, (hil-vet^she-a.) a former Ameiican st-ttlement or 
 colony in California, near the junction of the Rio Sacramento 
 with the .\merican River, a little above tiie site of the present 
 Sacramento City, founded in 1838-9 by Captain Sutter of 
 Mi.s.souri. It was one of the most important and prosperous 
 of the early settlements in California. See S.\cka.mexio Citv. 
 
 NUE t'A PROVINCIA, nwi'vi pi-o-veeu'se-i a province of 
 the island of Ltizon. 
 
 NUEVA SEGOVIA, nwi/vds.l-go've-a, or NEW SEGO'VIA, 
 a small town of Central America, state of Nicar.igua, on the 
 Segovia River, llo miles N.N.E. of Leon. 
 
 NUEVA SEGOVIA, uwA'vi s.Vgo've-A, or CACERES. kj'. 
 sA-rJ.«, a pretty town on the Tajo, in the N. part of the 
 island of Luzon. 
 
 NUEVA SEGOVIA, a name of the Bluefields River, Cen- 
 tral Anieiica. See Barquesimeto. 
 
 NUEVAS GRANDES. nwA'vds grin'd^s, a port on the^. 
 coast of the island of Cuba. 
 
 N U KVX TABA UCA. See T.tB.AncA. 
 
 NUEV.\ VISCAYA, nwA'vi veeth-ki'A, a province of the 
 island of Luzon. Pop. 22.2:i:i. 
 
 NUEVIT.4.S, l^KS, lis nwA-vee'tis, or NUEVITAiB DEL 
 PRINCIPE, nwA-vee'tis d^l prin'sepA, (or preon'se-pA,) a 
 town on the N.E. coast of Culia, E. of I'uerto Principe, of 
 which it is the port, and with which it is connectt-d by a 
 railroad 44 miles in length. The harbor is about 15 miles in 
 length by half as much in breadth; it« entrance is threa 
 f juiths of a mile across. Its shores are low and s;«ndy. Pc p. 
 in 1853, 820; of the jurisdictiou, 4800, (1742 buiug slavea.) 
 
NUE 
 
 NUR 
 
 NUEVO-LEON, a department of Mexico. See Xew Leox. 
 
 MJEVO-SANXAXDKIi, nw;l/vo sAn-tin-daiR', a town of 
 the Mexican Confederation, situated in the state of Tam- 
 aulipas, on the river .Santander, 120 miles N.W. of Tampico. 
 It is well built and populous. 
 
 NUK'FIKLD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 NU-GAUIKI', nu-i;i-re-^p', a river of South Africa, be- 
 tween the territory of the Cape Colony and the Hottentots, 
 after a N.VV. course joius the Gariep or Orange Itiver, near 
 lat. 29'^ 5' S., Ion. 24^ 23' E. It drains the divisions of 
 Qraaf Reinet, Colesberg, and Cradock. 
 
 NUtiOEENA, ntig-ghee'nd, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Uengal, Upper I'rovinces, 47 miles N.N.W. of 
 Moradahad. 
 
 NUGGUR, nfig'grir. a strongly fortified town of Ilindostan, 
 province of Rajpootana, 67 miles S. of Jeypoor. 
 
 XL'GGUR, a town of Ilindostan, Bundelcund, 81 miles 
 S.S.W. of Chatterp<x)r. 
 
 NUGtIEUU, noo-ghi-doo', a village of the li?land..of Sar- 
 dinia, division of Sassari, province and S. of Ozieri. I'op* 
 1736. 
 
 NUITS, nwee, a town of France, department of Cote-d'Or, 
 on the Meu/.in. and on the Paris and Lyons Railroad, 8 
 miles N.E. of Beaune. Pop. in lSo2, 3317. It is situated in 
 the midst of a fine wine country, and has manufactures 
 of woollen-cloth, serges, klrschwasser, hats, leather, and 
 vinegar. 
 
 NUJIFGIIUU, noo-jif-grir', a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district and 2U miles 
 S.E. of Cawnpoor, on the Ganges. 
 
 NU.niIAl!AD, noo-je-hd-bM', a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, in the district of 
 Moradubad. 92 miles N.E. of Delhi. 
 
 K UK,\III VA, one of Marquesas Islands. See Nookaheeva. 
 
 NUKKRKB. nU'k^R^keh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Klanders. 18 miles S. by W. of Ghent. Pop. 2411. 
 
 NUKO, XOUKO, noo/ko, or iNUCKO. nook'ko, an island 
 cf Russia, .S.W. entrance of the Gulf of Finland, between 
 the mainland of the government of Esthonia and the island 
 of Worms, about 9 miles long by 3 miles wide. Pop. 450. 
 
 NULCUITTY, nul-chit'tee, a Village of British India, pre- 
 sidency and province of Bengal, 8 miles N.W. of Backer- 
 gunge, on an arm of the Ganges. It is the chief trading 
 mart of its district, being frequented by numerous Aracan- 
 ese boats, which bring teak, timber, and iron, and take back 
 In return rice, betel leaf, and cocoa-nuts. It has also a con- 
 traband trade in opium and salt. 
 
 KULDINGAII, ni'il-ding'gd, a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, 74 miles N.N.E. of Calcutta. 
 
 NULES. noo'lis, a town of Spain, province and 12 miles 
 S.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2873. 
 
 NULIIIO'GAN RIVER, a small stream of Essex co., Ver- 
 mont, falls into the Connecticut. 
 
 NULL'S MILLS, a post-office of Fayette co., Indiana. 
 
 NULVI, nool'vee, a village of Sardinia, province and 11 
 miles E.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2780. 
 
 NO'MA. a small post-village of Parke co., Indiana, on the 
 Waba><ii and Erie Canal, 11 miles X. of Terre Haute. 
 
 NU.MANSDORP, a village of Holland. See BuitensluiS. 
 
 NU.M'BEROXE, a post-ofllce of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 NUMBER TWO. a post-office of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 NUMBER THREE, a post-offlce of Aroostook co.. Maine. 
 
 NU.^IIDIA, nu-mid'e-a, (Fr. Numiilie, nii'meeMee'; L. 
 NamiiVia; Gr. fiDvpniia. Koumidia or No/J'J/'ki yoiiiadia,) 
 an ancient country of North Africa, corres|)onding, in 
 the main, with the modern -Vlgeria. The name was given 
 on account of the nomadic or wandering habits of the in- 
 habitants. Adj. and inhab. Numidiajj. nu-mid'e-an. 
 
 NU.MIDIA. nu-mid'e-a, a village of Montour co., Pennsyl- 
 yania, about 17 miles S.E. of Danville. 
 
 NUMIDIE. SeeNcMiDiA. 
 
 NU.MMUL, ntim^mul', a thriving town of the Punjab, on 
 the Indus, 24 miles E. of Kala Bagh; lat. S2^ 55' N., Ion. 
 723 E. 
 
 NUN, a cape and river of Morocco. See Noos. 
 
 NUN, a river of Mantchooria. See Noos. 
 
 NUX, noon, one of the principal branches or outlets of the 
 Niger, passing into the Atlantic from between Capes Nun 
 iind Formosa, about lat. 4° 21' N., Ion. 6° 6' E. See Niger. 
 
 NUX-BURN7HULME, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 NUNDA. commonly pronounced niln-d.V. a beautiful post- 
 Tillage and town.ship of Living.<ton co.. New York, on the 
 Buffalo and New York City Railroad. 67 miles E.S.E. of Buf- 
 falo. The village contains churches of 4 or o denominations, 
 an academy, a newspaper office, and has manufactures of 
 woollens, iion, &c. Pop. of the township, 2849 ; of the vil- 
 lage, iu 1865, about 2000. 
 
 NUNDE.VL, nun-d.\-dl', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, district and 73 miles N.N.W. of Cudilapah. 
 
 NUNDERBAR. nun dJr-b.ar', a town of Briti.><h India, pre- 
 ridency of Bombay, district of Candeish, 87 miles E. of 
 gurat: lat. 21'^ 25' N., Ion. 7i° 15' E. 
 
 NUNDYDROOG, nun-de-droog', a strong hill-fort of South 
 India, dominions of Mysore, 31 miles E. of Bangalore; lat. 
 
 13° 22' N., Ion. 77° 44' E. It was stormed and taken by the 
 British in 1791. 
 
 NUNEATON, nun'e-tpn, a market-town and pari.sh of 
 England, co. of Warwick, witli a stiition on the Trent Tal 
 ley Railway, 14 miles N.AV. of Rugby. I'op. of town in 1851, 
 4859. It has a Gothic church, a grammar school, and a free 
 school. In the vicinity are the ruins of an olil abbey, whid 
 was destroyed in the civil wars by Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 NUNEHAM COURTNAY, England. See New.nham. 
 
 NUXEX, nii'neu, a village of the Netherlaud.s, province 
 of North Brabant, 19 miles S.E. of Einhoveu. Pop. 707. 
 
 NUNEZ, nooWz', or KAKUNDV, kd-kun'dee, a river of 
 West Africa, Seneg.ambia. after a \\. course enters the At- 
 lantic Ocean in lat. 10'^ 40' N,, Ion. 14° 40' M . Us banks are 
 densely wooded, and on them from 70 to 80 miles from the 
 sea are the settlements of Walkeria, C'as.-'a.^ez, and Debucko. 
 
 NUN^GATUCK',a post-offic/j. New Haven co., Connecticut. 
 
 NUMVACK, an island in Behring's Sea. See Noomvak, 
 
 NUN-KEE/LING, a parish of England, co. of i"ork. East 
 Riding. 
 
 N UNKUNONO, nun-koo-no'no, or DUKE OF CLAR/ENCE, 
 an island of the South Pacific Ocean ; lat. 9° 6' S.. Ion. 171° 
 38' W., length, from N. to S., 7 miles, breadth 5 miles. 
 
 NUN'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 NUX'NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Hiding. 
 
 NUN'S ISL.iND, Hebrides, close to lona. 
 
 NUN'TON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 NUORO. nooVro, a town of the island of Sardinia, 78 
 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 3071. It has a cathedral and 
 a Jesuits' college. 
 
 NU/QUIN, a river of Utah territory, falls into Nicollet 
 River. 
 
 NUR. nooR/, a town of Poland, province of Plock, on the 
 Bug, 63 miles E.N.E. of Warsaw. 
 
 NURA, noo'rd, a river of North Italy, rises in the Apen- 
 nines, and after a N.N.E. coui-se of 45 miles joius tue Po, 7 
 miles E. of Piacen/a. 
 
 NURA PONTE, noo'rd pon'tA, a village of North Italy, 
 on the JEmilian Way, and the Nura River, 6 miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 NURAGUO, noo-rS'gwo, a village of the i.sland of Sardinia, 
 province of Isili, in a valley between the Giara-di-Gestum, 
 and the Saradano. Pop. lOOO. 
 
 NURAMINIO, noo-ra-mee'n&o, a town of the island of 
 Sardinia, division and N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1525. 
 
 NUREMBERG, nu'rem-berg, (Ger. Niirnboy, niiRu/bSRa ; 
 Dutch Neurenlmrg , niVrf n-buKG' ; L. and It. Norbnbenja, 
 no-rim-b^R'gd; Sp. Nuremberya. noo-rJm-bSR/gd,) a city of 
 Bavaria, Middle Franconia, the third city in the kingilom, 
 and once the greatest and most wealthy of all the free 
 imperial cities of Germany, on the Pegnitz, the Ludwig 
 Canal, and the Great Bavarian Railway, from Augsburg to 
 the frontiers of Saxony, 95 miles N. of Munich. Lat. 49'- 
 27' N., Ion. 11° a E. It stands in a somewhat sandy, but 
 well-cultivated plain; and from whatever point it may be 
 viewed, but more especially from the surrounding heights, 
 and the towers of several of its churches, presents a very 
 striking appearance. It is surrounded by ancient walls, 
 flanked with towers, and enclosed by a ditch 100 feet wide, 
 and 50 feet deep ; is nearly in the form of a square, and, 
 exclusive of suburbs, has a circuit exceeding 3 miles. The 
 Pegnitz, traversing the town from E. to W., divides it into 
 two nearly equal parts — the N. or Sebaldersuite, and the 
 S. or Lorenzerseite, which communicate by numerous .stone 
 and wooden bridges. The characteristic feature of the town 
 is the venerable air of antiquity which invests it. Its arched 
 gates are flanked by four massive, cylindrical watch-towers; 
 and the stranger who threads its narrow and irregular 
 streets, lined with solid but quaint gable- faced houses, stand- 
 ing entire, as they were originallj' built, might fancy himself 
 carried back several centuries. It is only lately that some 
 of the streets have been widened and renewed, so as to wear 
 a modern appearance. 
 
 Of the public squares, which are numerous, the largest la 
 the Ilaupt, (or Green Market.) adorned with the Beautiful 
 Fountain iu the form of an open Gothic obelisk or fpire; 
 and containing on its W. side the house in which Albert 
 Dlirer and Wilbald Pirckheimer were born. Another square, 
 called the Aegidien Platz, (St. Giles' Square.) is adorned with 
 a statue of Melancthon by Burgschmiet. The most remark- 
 able edifice is St. Sebald's Church, which gives its name to 
 the N. division of the town, a Gothic structure of great 
 elegance externally and internally, with a richly-carved 
 portal, a massive crucifix of bronze, one of the earliest spe- 
 cimens of Nuremberg art, a curious bronze font, numerous 
 old paintings, fine stained glass, and above all, the tomb or 
 shrine of St, Sebald, executed in bronze by Peter Viseher, 
 who, with his five sons, labored upon it for 13 years, and 
 adorned it with nearly 100 figures, among which those of 
 the Apostles are conspicuous for size and beauty. Other 
 buildings deserving of notice are the Church of St. Lorenz, 
 with a fine porch flanked by two lofty towers, and containing 
 a remarkable pix. by Adam Krafft, exquisitely sculptured 
 in white stone, 64 feet in height; the Town-house, an Italian 
 
 1373 
 
NUR 
 
 NYM 
 
 iKii flJM? of three stories, with a fine front, and a great hall, 
 the walls of w hich are decorated with paintings in oil. many 
 of them by DUrer ; the Keichsschloss, or Imperial Castle, in 
 the X.W. corner of the town, towering above all it.s other 
 house:^. and cont«iniug within its court a reniarltable linii!- 
 tree said to h.ire been planted by the hands of Queen Kuni- 
 gnuda. and now above 70U years old; the Aegidien Church, 
 (Church of St. Giles.) a handsome modern Italian building, 
 enclosing a very ancient chapel, originally founded by the 
 Emperor Conrad III. for some Scotch Benedictine monks; 
 the pai-sonage of St. Sebald's, with a beautiful oriel window, 
 and near it tlie Gotliic chapel of St. Maurice, now converted 
 Into a picture-gallery. Nuremberg lias a gymnasium, founded 
 by the reformer Melancthou. whose statue is placed on its 
 frcnt; a scliool of the fine arts, polytechnic school, com- 
 mtrcial academy, and many libraries, museum of natural 
 history, and numerous associations, religious, literary, and 
 artistic. 
 
 Nurembefig ha.s, from the remotest times, been celebrated 
 for its industry, and for the inventions and /.Mil of its arti- 
 sans. Almost all the streets derived their names from 
 the particular brandies of industry carried on in them, 
 and m;iny important inventions had their first existence 
 here. Of tlie.se inventions may be specified wire-drawing, 
 watches, and fire-arm.s. The first paper-mill in tiermany was 
 estiiblished here in 1390. Here also the first gun carriages 
 were made, and the first railway in Germany was opened 
 fioui N uivmberg to Flirth in 1836. It is now the great centre 
 of the manufacture of German wooden clocks and toys, which 
 are circulated to all parts of the globe; its other manu- 
 factures comprise jewellery, trinkets, telescopes, mathe- 
 matical and musical instruments, sealing wax, black-lead 
 pencils, lac(iuered wares, articles in ivory and horn, paper, 
 and parchments. In these various manufactures 13.000 
 people were employed in 1846. Its commerce, favored by its 
 position on the Canal of the Rhine and Danube, is still con- 
 siderable. N uremberg w.is founded in 905, and in 938 it was 
 the seat of the first German diet. It was greatly enlarged 
 by Conrad III., and received several embellishments and 
 important privileges from Frederick Barbarossa. In 1219, 
 it was raised to the rank of a free city of the empire. Its 
 iuhabitanta early embraced the doctrines of the Reformation, 
 and in 1532. the assembly was held here at which the treaty 
 of toleration was signed. In 1806 it was formally taken 
 possession of by Bavaria. JIany distinguished individuals 
 have been born here. Among others may be mentioned the 
 poets Fenzing and Hans Sach.s, the mathematician Behaim, 
 the painter Albert Diirer, whose house is still preserved in 
 the principal sijuare, and the sculptors Peter Yischer and 
 
 Adam KralTt. I'op. 02,797. Inhab. Nu'remberg*£R, (Ger. 
 
 Nu.rnberge.r, nuRn'ti^RGVr.) 
 
 NUR'NEY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Cailow. 
 
 NURXEY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. and S.W. of 
 Kildare. 
 
 NUKXEY, a parish, Irel.siid. 3 miles N.X.W. of Carbery. 
 
 NURI'UR, ntir^pur', atownof the Punjab, at the foot of the 
 Himalaya Mountains, 60 miles N.E. of Amritseer: lat. 32° 12' 
 N., Ion. 75° -to' E. Pop. from 6000 to 8000, comprising many 
 Cashmeriang employed in shawl weaving. It has a stone 
 fort and a gooil bazaar. 
 
 NURKI, nooR'Reo, a village of the island of Sardinia, pro- 
 vince and 8 miles E. of Islh. Pop. 2154. 
 
 NURSINGIIUU, nur'sing-giir'. a town of India, presidency 
 of Bengal, 38 miles X.E. of Saugur. 
 
 NURSINGHUU, a petty state of India, province of Mal- 
 ■wah, 50 miles X.E. of Oojein. 
 
 NURSINGPOOR, a town of India, presidency of Bombay, 
 91 miles E.S.K. of I'oonah. 
 
 NUUS'LIXG, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 KUR'STED. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 NURTIXGKX, (Niirtingen.) nUR'ting-en, a town of Wlir- 
 temberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Neckar, 13 miles 
 S.S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3982. 
 
 NURWUK, a town of India. See X'arwar. 
 
 KUS, noos, or XUZ, nutsf a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division and 8 miles N.E. of Aosta. on the Dora. Pop. 2059. 
 
 NUSCO. noos'ko, a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Ultra, 6 miles S.W. of St. Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 4000. 
 It has a cathedral, and convents. 
 
 XUSLAU, noOs'luw, or NUSlIiAW, noo'se-lJv\ a markets 
 town of Austria, Mnravia, 10 miles S.S.E. of Brunn. P. 1198. 
 
 NUSL<)C1I, noos'loK, a market-town of Baden, circle of 
 Lower Rhine, 6 miles S. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2054. 
 
 NUSSBAOH, nOT.s'b.^K, or ALU.V. d'loon, a village of Aus- 
 tria, Transylvania, about 24 miles from Kronstadt, near the 
 Alt. Pop. 1097. 
 
 NDSSBACII. a village of Transylvania. See Magtaros. 
 
 NUSSDOKP', nfios'doRf, a village of Austria, below the 
 Ens, so near Vienna as to be almost one of its suburlia. P. 2000. 
 
 XUSSDORF. (llun. Also-Dws, OPsho' dee'osh'.) a village 
 of West Hungary, co. and 26 miles X.E. of Presburg. Pop. 
 1096 
 
 NUSSDORF, (Hun. Fdso-Diot, fil'sho^ dee'osh',) adjacent 
 to the above. Pop. 1306. 
 
 ^USSE^•;KABAD, nus*8ee-r4-bid^, or NUS'SERABAD', a 
 1374 
 
 ' town of British India, Upper Provinces, district and 12 
 miles S.E. of Ajmeer. 
 
 NUS'SEERPOOR', a town of Sinde, 18 miles X.E. of Hy- 
 derab.Hd. 
 
 XrSSERABAD or XUSSEERABAD. Soe Mymcxsisoh. 
 
 XUT'ISUSII. a post-office of Warren co.. Xorth Carolina. 
 
 NUT'KIELD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 NUT'H.ALL. a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 NUT'HUUST. a parish of England, co of Sus.sex. 
 
 NUT'EKY, a paiLsh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 XUTTAM or XUTTOM. See Xattam. 
 
 NUTTOM, a town of Indi.%. See Xattam, 
 
 NUYTS, nits(?1. a headland of South Australia, in lat. 32^ 
 2' 18" S.. Ion. 132° 25' E. The Xuyts Archipelago stretches 
 along the coast X. of lat. 33°, and mostly between Ion. 133° 
 ! and 134° E. Principal island, St. Francis. 
 
 XUZ. a village of the Sardinian States. See Xcs. 
 
 XY'.\CK. a post-village of Rockland county, Xew York, 
 on the W. bank of Hudson River, here called the Tappan 
 Sea, 29 miles N, of Xew York City. It contains 4 or 5 
 churches and a bank, and ha,s a laiidlng for steamboats on 
 the river. Two newspapers are published here. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 800. 
 
 XY'ACK TURX'PIKE, a post-office of Rockland co., Xew 
 York. 
 
 NYAMTZ, ne-amts', NEMZA, njm's^. or XIATZU, ne-if- 
 Roo, a town of Sloldavia, (i2 miles X.N.W. of Ya.'sy. It has 
 large annual fairs and markets, and a shrine of the Virgin, 
 which attracts numerous pilgrims. 
 
 NY.^PiPET. nT-dr-pJt/. a town of British India, presidency 
 and 65 miles X.W. of Madras. 
 
 NYASSI, ne-^s'seei ('• the sea,") X'YASSA or MARA■\^.(?) 
 
 (writt<?n also M.\R,\B.VI.) a considerable lake of South East 
 
 I Africa, supposed to extend between Ion. 30° and 35° E.. and 
 
 i its centre being about lat. 10° S., and apparently identical 
 
 with the Lake Maravi of old maps, but our knowledge of 
 
 it is yet very deficient. 
 
 I XY'ATT POIXT LIGHT, on the W. side of Narraganset 
 
 Bay. 9 miles S. of Providence, Rhode Island; lat. 41° 43' 30" 
 
 X.. Ion. 71° 20' 48" W. 
 
 NYBORG or NYEBORG, nli/boRO, (Dan. pron. nu'boRO or 
 nli'eh-bORQ.) a fortified town of Denmark, on the island of 
 Funen, IS miles E.S.E. of Otlense, on the Great Belt. Pop. 
 in 1851, 3059. It is defended by a strong citadel, and has 
 ship-building docks. All vessels which pass the Great Belt 
 pay their dues here. In 1059, the Danes gaiuetl here an 
 important victory over the Swedes, and thereby freed their 
 country from a foreign yoke. 
 
 XY'CKS, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NYE'S (niz) CORXER. a post-village of Somerset co.. Maine, 
 on the W. side of Kennebec P.iver. 8 miles N. of Watenille. 
 
 NYFFE or NIFFI. nif'fee* a kingdom of West Africa, be- 
 tween the Quorra and the Tchadda Rivers. 
 
 NYH.-VMM, nii'hdmm, a port on the E. coast of Sweden, 
 la»n of Geflcborg, at the mouth of the Ljusne in the Gulf 
 of Bothnia. 
 
 XYIXIAIl, Bin'ee-J, a town of West Africa, district of 
 Koranko, N.E. of Sierra Leone ; lat. 8° 45' X., Ion. 11° 28' 
 W.. on the route between Rokelle and Falaba. 
 
 NYIR BATHOR, iteeR boh'toR', a market-town of Hun- 
 parv, CO. of Szabolcz, 30 miles X.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 
 3250. 
 
 XYIREGIIYHAZA, Hee'r&dj'ha'zohN a market-town of 
 East Hungary, co. of Szabolcz. 29 miles X. of Debreczin. 
 Pop. 15.740. It has Roman Catholic, Greek, Lutheran, and 
 Calvinistie churches, and some soda and salt works. 
 
 NYITTR.\, a town of Hungary. See Neutra. 
 
 XYKERK, nr'ktaii, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Gelderland, near the Zuyder Zee, 10 miles S.W. of Har- 
 derwyk. Pop. 3800, 
 
 NYKERK, a village of the X^etherlands. province of Fries- 
 land. N.E. of Dokkum. Pop. 250. 
 
 NYKOPINO, (Xykijping.) or NYKJOPING, nti'chli'ping, 
 (almost nee'chupMng.) a lipn or district of Sweden, in the 
 E., having S.E. the Gulf of Bothnia, X. the I*ikps M.il.ar 
 and Ilielraar. Area 2516 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 120.113. 
 Chief town, Xykijping. 
 
 NYKOPI.NG, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of a 
 ]a;n, on an inlet of the Baltic. 58 miles S.W. of Sfo<'kholm. 
 Pop. 3486. It is one of the finest towns of the kingdom, 
 and has two castles, several churches, and hospitals, with 
 manufactures of brass wares, woollen and cotton stuffs, 
 hosiery, toliacco, paper, and stirch, saw-mills, and ship- 
 buikling docks, and a brisk export trade. 
 
 NYK.JOBING. (Nykjiibing,) nli-kyii'bing, a small seaport 
 town of Denmark, stift and island of Seeland. on the Ise 
 fiord, 38 miles W.N.W. of Copenhagen. I'op. 900. 
 
 XYK.TOBING. a small seaport town of Denmark. Jutland, 
 44 miles W.S.W. of Aalborg, on the Lvm-fiord. Pop. 1106. 
 
 NY'.MET-ROW'LAXD. a parish of Knsrland, co. of Devon. 
 
 NYMPHKXBURG. nim'fen-booRc/, a village of Upper Bar 
 Taria, 4 miles X.N.W. of Munich, with a female asvlum, 
 manufactures of porcelain, and a royal summer resilience, 
 Pop. 1119. 
 
 NYMPS/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Glouco <oi. 
 
KYM 
 
 NYMPTON BISH'OPS, a parish of England, co. of DcTon. 
 
 NYMl'TllN KINGS, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 N'YMWWJKN or MJ.M\Vi;(}KN,nim'wA'!^liJn or nim'wi'- 
 phen, written aisn NI.MKOUl':.^ and NYMKGEN, (Fr. ^'i^ 
 mciju/; nee'imiij;'; Oer. Nimwe.gcn, nim-*.i'f;hi.'n ; anc. No- 
 vii'imlaoios.) a fortified t«wn of the Netherland.s. province of 
 Gueldiirland, on the left l)ank of the \\ual, here crossed by 
 a tiviug bridge, 9i miles S. of Arnhem ; lat, 51° 51' N., lou. 
 b° 51' E. Pop. 22,140. It has a liilly situ, and is irregularly 
 built; the public edifices comprise some Koinan and Carlo- 
 vingian defensive works, with a fine old town-house, and 
 Home handsome churches. It is the seat of a commercial 
 tribunal, agricultural commission, a brunch of the society 
 of public good, and has au extensive manufactory of pale 
 ale. with others of l'ru.ssian blue, glue, and leather. It was 
 formerly a free iiuperiiil town, and is celebrated for the 
 treaty of 1678. It was taken by the French in 1794. 
 
 OAK 
 
 NYNARCOIL, ni-nar-koil/, a town of British India, pro 
 sidency of Madras, 17 miles X.W. of Kamnad. 
 
 NYON or NION, nce'A.N"', (auc. Nwiodaliium.) a town of 
 Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 2\ miles S.W. of Lausauus 
 on the N.AV. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 24(54. 
 
 NYONS, nee'ibx"', a town of France, department of Urume. 
 on the Aigues, 33 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. in ISo"^ 
 3590. It is enclosed by walls,^nd divided into 3 quarters. 
 
 NYSLOTT, nu'slott, written also NEISIILOT and .SAWO 
 LINNA. a town of Finlaud, laen and SO miles M. of Yiborg. 
 Pop. 5U0. 
 
 NYSTED or NYESTED. nU'stfd, (i. e., "New Town,") a 
 small maritime town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the 
 island of Laalaud. Pop. lUuO. 
 
 NYSTAD, nii'stdd. a seapurt town of Finland, l.-en and 38 
 miles N.^V. of Abo, on the Gulf of liothnia. Pop. 2000. 
 
 NYVEL, a town of Belgium. See Mvelles. 
 
 
 
 Oa Hungarian word, signifying "old," prefixed to 
 , many places in Hungary; as, O'Var, (i. e., "Old 
 Fort,") O'Arad, {i. «., " Old Arad,") &c. 
 
 OADIJY. od'bee, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 OAHU, wd/hoo, written also WAIIOO and WOAHOO, one 
 of the Sandwich Islands, Pacific Ocean; lat. 21° 20' N., Ion. 
 157° 37' W.; 40 miles long, by 20 miles broad. It i.s of 
 volcanic origin, and though exhibiting few signs of cultiva- 
 tion, is in some parts fertile, prixlucing indigo, cotton, sugar, 
 Ac, and .some coffee. In the N. there is much fine scenery. 
 Pop. in 1853, 19,126; of whom 1311 were foreigners. 
 
 OAHTOtJAH, an island in the South Pacific. See Upolc. 
 
 OAJAOA or OAXAGA. wA-Hd'ki, written also GUAXACA, 
 a state of the Mexican Confederation, comprising the S. 
 portion of the isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the table-land 
 of Mixteeapan; bounded on the W. by the department of 
 La Puebla, N. by Vera Cruz, E. by Tabasco, Chiiipa. and tlie 
 Central American state of Guatemala, and on the S. by the 
 Pacific: lat. 15° 40' to 1S° 20' xV., Ion. 91° 15' to 98° 15' \V.; 
 length 270 miles along the shores of the Pacific; breadth, 
 at the widest part. 170 miles; area 31,822 square miles. It 
 is of uneven surface, and, in many parts, mountainous; 
 but is one of the most beautiful and best-cultivated districts 
 in Mexico. Its principal rivers are the Alvarado, whi(!h 
 rises near the centre of the state, and. after a winding 
 course, terminates in a lake in Vera Cruz; the liio Grande 
 and \'erde, both of which fall into the Pacific. At the E. 
 end are several smaller streams, most of which fall int<i the 
 Gulf of Tehuantepec. The mines of silver ami gold are not 
 important. The climate is agreeable and sivlubrious. and 
 the soil remarkably fertile. Its productions are wheat, 
 indigo, cochineal, cottou, sugar, honey, cocoa, plantains, 
 and other fruits. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians. Pop. 
 in 1850. 525,101. 
 
 OAJACA or OAXACA, a city of Mexico, capital of the 
 above state, near the Kio Verde, 210 miles S.S.E. of Mexico, 
 4S00 feet above the sea ; lat. 17° 3' N., l<m. 97° 15' \V. It is 
 well built, of an oblong fonn, about 2 miles in length by 1 J 
 miles in breadth, including the suburbs, which are full of 
 gardens and plantations of cochine.il, for which this city is 
 celebrated. It is one of the handsomest cities in the Con- 
 federation. Principal edifices, the Bishop's Palace, Cathe- 
 dral, 2 colleges, numerous convents, and the City-hall. It 
 lias manufactures of chocolate, soap, and perfumery, and 
 au active trade in sugar and cochineal. Pop. 25,000. 
 
 OAK, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio. 
 
 OAKACHICK.VMA. o-k.vchik'.vmaw, a post- village of Yal- 
 lobusha CO.. .Mississippi. 
 
 OAK BLUFF.asmall post-village of Greene CO., .Arkansas. 
 
 0.\K libUFt'S. a post.-ofRce of Carroll co., Louisiana. 
 
 O.A.K B:>\V'KIIY, a pos^offlce of Chambers co., Alabama. 
 
 0.\K CRKEK, a post-village and township in the S.E. p.^rt 
 of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 90 miles E. of Mailison. P. 2222. 
 
 0.\K'DALK, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachusetts, 
 on the Worcester and Nashua Kailroad, 10 miles from Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 0.\KD.\LE, a post-office of Delaware co., Penn.'ylvania. 
 
 OAKDALE, a post-village of Shelby co., Missouri, about 
 100 miles N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 0.\.iv'D.\.M, a post-offioe of Vanderburg co.. Indi-ana. 
 
 0.\KK. ok, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 OAK./KY STIIEAK, a post-offlje of Butler CO., Aliibama. 
 
 OAK'FIELD, a post-village and township of Genesee co^ 
 New York, about 250 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop.l59T. 
 
 OAKFIELD, a post-township of Perry CO., Ohio. 
 
 OAKFIELD, a post-township, Kent Co., Michigan. P. 1078. 
 
 OAKFIELD, a post-village of FrankUu co., JUssoiu-i, 35 
 miles W. by S. of St. Loius. 
 
 OAKFIIiLD. a post-township in the S.W. part of Fond du 
 Lac CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 1146, 
 
 OAK FLAT, a post-office of Pendletou CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 O.IK'FORD, a pari-sh of England, co, of Devon. 
 
 OAK FOll/EST, a postoffice of Cumberland eo., Virginia. 
 
 OAK FOKEST, a post-office of Iredell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 0.\K FOKEST, a postroflice of Franklin co., Indiana 
 
 OAKFUSKEE (ok-fus'kee) CREEK, of Alabama, hows 
 into Tallapoosa River, near the S.W. extremity of Tallaiwosa 
 county. 
 
 OAKFUS'KEE or OAKFUS'KY, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 OAK GKOVE, a post-office of Westmon;land CO., A'irginia. 
 
 O.VK GKOVE, a post-office of Union co., Korth CaroUuh. 
 
 0.\K GKOVE, a postK)ffice of Montgomery co., Alabama. 
 
 OAK GKOVE, Mobile co., Alabama, a station on the Mo- 
 bile and Ohio Railroad, 14 miles from Mobile. 
 
 O.^K GKOVE, a post-office of Jelferson co., Tennessee. 
 
 OAK GROVE, a post-village of Christian co., Kentucky, 
 about 210 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 OAK GROVE, a post-office of Livingston CO., Michigan. 
 
 O.VK GKOVE, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, 21 
 miles S.E. of Independence. 
 
 0.\K GKOVE, a post-office of Lian co., Iowa. 
 
 0.\K GKOVE, a post-village and township in the central 
 part of Dodge co., Wisconsin, about 40 miles N.E. of .Madison. 
 Pop. 2023. 
 
 OAK HALL ACADEMY, a pos^office of Yallobiisha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 O.VKU.\M or OKEHAM, o/kam, a market-town and pa- 
 rish of England, capital of the' county of Rutland, with a 
 station on the East Midland Railway, 11 miles W.X.W. c' 
 Stamford. Pop. of town in 1851, 2800. It is neatly built, 
 has a fine cliurch, a grammar school founded in 1584. and 
 endowed with numerous exhibitions to the universities. 
 It Iws a branch bauk. A canal connects it with Melton- 
 Mowbray. 
 
 0-VK/lI.\M, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachu- 
 setts. 55 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 959. 
 
 O.A.KH.VMl'TON, Ok-hamp/ton, a borough, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Ocke, 22 miles 
 W.N.W. of Exeter. The town is irregularly built, and baa 
 ruins of a castle of the Earls of Devon. 
 
 OAKHAMPTOX, Monk, a parish. England, co. of Devon. 
 
 O.VK HILL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine, with 
 a station on the Kennebec and Portland Railroad, 23 miles 
 from Portland. 
 
 O.VK HILL, a station on the Hudson River Railroad, 6 
 miles S.S.W. of Hudson, New York. 
 
 O.VK HILL, a post-village of Greene co.. New i'ork, 30 
 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 0-VK HILL, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 O.VIi HILL, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia. 
 
 O.VK HILL, a post-office of Granville co., North Carolina. 
 
 O.VK IITLL, a post-village of Newton co., Georgia, 142 
 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 OAK HILL, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama. 
 
 OAK HILL, a postoffice of Overton co., Tennessee. 
 
 O.VK HILL, a post-office of Hardin co., Kentucky. 
 
 OAK HILL, a post-village of Jackson co., Ohio, on the 
 Scioto and Hocking RailroaS, 87 miles S.S.W'. of Columbus, 
 has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 O.VK HILL, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, near the 
 W. shore of Lake Michigan, 32 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 O.VK HILL, a post-offlc< of Jefferson co., Wisconsiu.' 
 
 OAKIXGHAM, England. See Woki.\gh.\m. 
 
 O.VK'IXGTOX, a parish of England, co. aud-4.j miles 
 N.N.W. of Cambridge, with a station on the railway to Wis- 
 beach. 
 
 0-VK'L.VND, a county in the S.E. part of Michignn, con- 
 tains about 900 square miles. It is drained by the sources 
 of Clinttjn, Shiawassee, Flint, and Kouge (or Ked) Rivers. 
 and by W'oodruff Creek. The county is sprinkled over b> 
 multitudes of small lakes of pure waf«r, the largest of 
 
 13i5 
 
OAK 
 
 whi.'h are 1 or 2 miles in extent. The number of these is 
 not less tlian 50. The surface in the N. is hilly ; the S. part 
 18 rolling, and heavily limbered. The soil is generally fer- 
 tile, and well cultivated. Oakland is the most populous 
 couutv in the sta.te, excepting Wayne. By the census of 
 IS.OU, "it produced more wheat, corn, oats, hay, and wool 
 than any other county of ilichlgan. There were raised in 
 tlmt year 5S6,oie bushels of wheat; 48S,Slb of corn ; 278,382 
 of oats ; 63,206 tons of hay ; and 293,981 pounds of wool. It 
 is intersected by the Detroit and Milwaukee Kailroad. Capi- 
 tal, Poutiac. Pop. 38,261. 
 
 OAKLAND, a village of Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 about 25 miles N.W. of Providence. It contains 1 woollen- 
 mill, emploviug 110 hands. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village of Livingston co., New York, 
 about 260 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 OAKL.WD, a post-office of Armstrong CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 OAKLA.ND, a township of Veuaugo CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1076. 
 
 OAKLAND, Chester co., Pennsylvania, a station on the 
 Central Railroad, 30 miles W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-office of Morgan co., W. Virginia. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village of Chatham co.. North Carolina. 
 
 OAKLAND, post-office, iidgetield district. South Carolina. 
 
 OAKL.\^ND, a. post-office of i>audenlale co., Alabama. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post village of Yallobusha CO., Mississippi, 
 139 miles N. of Jacksou. 
 
 OAKLAND, a po^t-offlce of Lavacca CO., Texas. 
 
 OAKL.VND, a post-office of bt. Francis co., Arkansas. 
 
 0AKL.4ND, a posl^village in Fayette CO., Tennessee. 
 
 OAKLAND, Indiana, a station on the Indianapolis and 
 Bellefoutaine Railroad, 14 miles from Indianapolis. 
 
 0.4KL.\ND, a post-office of Clinton co,, Ohio, 
 
 OAKLAND, a pos^village of Fairfield co,, Ohio, 12 miles 
 SW. of Lancaster. The post-office is called Clear Creek, 
 Pop. 200. 
 
 OAKL.\ND, a post-township in the N.E. part of Oakland 
 CO., .Michigan. Pop. 1070. 
 
 JAKLAN D, a post-office of Spencer co,. Indiana. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village of Coles co,, Illinois, 95 miles E. 
 by S. of ^^priugtield. 
 
 JAlvLAND, a post-office of La Clede co., Missouri. 
 
 O.VKL.VND, a post>office of Dubuque co,, Iowa. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village and township in the S.W. part 
 of Jefferson co., Wisconsiti, Pop, 1195. 
 
 0.\KLAND, a post-town of Alameda co., California, on 
 the opposite side of the bay from San F'rancisco, The bay 
 is here about 7 miles wide, and is crossed in half an hour 
 for fifty cents. The location is very desirable for those who 
 are not engaged iu active pursuits. One newspaper is pub- 
 Ushed here. Incorporated a city March 26, Iboi. Pop. in 
 ISOO, 1543. 
 
 OAKLAND, a township of Contra Costa co., California. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-office of Umpqua co,, Oregon. 
 
 O.-VKLAND, a small post-village of Canada West, co, of 
 Oxford, 7 miles S, of Brautford, and 14 miles from Simcoe. 
 It contains several mills and hotels. 
 
 OAK'LAND COL/LKGK, a post-village Of Claiborne co., 
 Mississippi, about 70 miles S.W. of Jackson. It is the seat 
 of Oakland College, founded in 1831, 
 
 O.-VKLAND tiKuVji, a post-office of Prairie co,, Arkansas. 
 
 OAKLAND MILLS, a post-office of Juniata co,, Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 O-V-K L.iWN, a post-office of Nelson co,, Virginia. 
 
 O.VK LAWN, a post-office of Cabarrus co., North Carolina. 
 
 OAK LJiV'KL, a post-olhce of Henry co,, Virginia. 
 
 O-VK LKVEL, a postoffice of Benton CO., Alabama. 
 
 0-AK'LKV, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 OAKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 0.\KLEY, a pari.-ih of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 OAKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 OAKLEY, (jRiiAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 O.VKLEY, Little, a parish of England, co, of Essex. 
 
 0.\KL;CY, a post-office of Mecklenburg CO., Virginia. 
 
 0.\KLEY, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama. 
 
 OAKLEY, a post-office of Macon co., Illinois. 
 
 O.VKLEY, a post-office of Lewis co., Missouri. 
 
 OAKLEY, a post-office of Franklin co., Louisiana. 
 
 OAKMULUEE, a river of Georgia. See Ocmdlgee. 
 
 O.-VK.MULGEE, ok-mul'ghee, a post-office of Bedford co,, 
 Virginia. 
 
 OAKMULOEE CREEK, of Alabama, flows into Cahawba 
 River, about 12 miles N, of Cahawba. 
 
 O.VIOOII.VY/, a postolfice of Covington co,, Mississippi. 
 
 0.\K Oli'ClIAUD, a post-village of Orleans co.. New York, 
 on the creek of the same name, about 40 miles W. by N. of 
 Rochester. 
 
 OAK ORCHARD, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland. 
 
 OAlv OliCilAliD CREEK, in the W. part of New York, 
 rises in Geuesee co.. Hows through Orleans co., and falls into 
 Lake Ontai-io about 10 miles N. of Albion. 
 
 OAltoVi'Ul, ok'o-ver, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 OAK PL.VINS. a postoffice of Livingston co., Michigan. 
 
 0.4K POINT, a post-office of St. {.awrence co.. New York. 
 
 OAK POINT, a post-office of Van Uurun co., Iowa. 
 1376 ' 
 
 OBA 
 
 OAK POINT, a 'post-office of Thurston co., 'Washington 
 
 Territory. 
 
 OAK RIDGE, a postoffice of Guilford co,. North Carolina. 
 
 O.VK RIDOE, a post-office of Meriwetlier co., Georgia. 
 
 OAK RIDGE, a small village of Newton co., Georgia. 
 
 OAK RlDGli, a small post-village of Greene cu,, .Vrkansas. 
 
 OAK RIDGE, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky. 
 
 O.VK RIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio. 
 
 OAK RIDGE, a post-office of Cipe Girardeau co., MissourL 
 
 OAK RI DGE, Illinois, a station on the Galena and Chicago 
 Union Railroad, 8 miles from Chicago. 
 
 OAKS, a small village of Limestone CO., Alabama. 
 
 OAKS, a post-office of Ontario co,, New York, 
 
 OAK'S COlt/NERS, a post-office of Ontario co,. New York. 
 
 OAKSEY, ok'see, a parish of England, co, of Wilts. 
 
 OAK SHADE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 0.\K SH.VDE, a post-office of Culpepper co,, Virginia. 
 
 OAK SPRING, a village in Davis co., Iowa, 85 miles S.W. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 OAK SPRING, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 OAK'S SHOP, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia. 
 
 OAK'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Tuolumne co., California. 
 
 OAKS/VILLE, a post-office of Otsego co.. New York. 
 
 OAKTIIORPE, ok'thorp, a hamlet of England, counties of 
 Leicester and Derby, 3 miles S.W. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. 
 
 OAKTIBBEHA. See Oktiuiieua. 
 
 O.VKT'ON, a post-village of Slassac co., Illinois, 20 milefl 
 \V. by S. of Golconda. 
 
 OAKTUPPA (Ok-tup'pa) CREEK. Alabama, flows through 
 Washington co., and enters Tombigbee liiver from the right. 
 
 OjVKVILL, a post-oflice of New Haven co., Connecticut. 
 
 0.\K'VILIjE, a post-village of Otsego co.. New York, about 
 70 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 OAKVILLE, a post-office of Cumberland CO., Pennsylvania, 
 with a station on tlie Cumberland Valley and Frankhn 
 Railroad, near Shippinsburg. 
 
 OAKVILLE, a post-office of St. Mary's CO., Maryland. 
 
 O.A.KVILLE, a postrvillage of Appomattox co., Virginia, 
 103 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 O.VKVILLE, a post-village of Union co., North Cai'oUna, 
 180 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 O.VKVILLE, a post-village in Lexington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 O.VKA'ILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Alabama, 
 about 110 miles N. by E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 0.\KVILLE, a village of Madison co,, Tennessee, 14 miles 
 N.W. of Jackson. 
 
 OAKVILLE, a post-village in Monroe co., Michigan, 36 
 miles S.AV. by W, of Detroit. 
 
 O.VKVILLE, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, near the 
 Mississippi Itiver, 15 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 OAKVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Canada West, 
 ao. of Halton, situated on the shore of Lake Ontario, at the 
 outlet of the Sixteen-mile Creek, 25 miles S.S.W. of Toronto, 
 and 20 miles from Hamilton. Pop. about 700. 
 
 OAK'WOOD, a post-oflice of Weakly co,, Tennessee. 
 
 OAlv'WOODS, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky. 
 
 OAKWOODS. a post-office of Grant co., Indiana, 
 
 OANNA, Pacific Ocean. See Prince op W.\les 1si,.\nd. 
 
 O.VRE, or, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 O.VRE, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 
 OA.'ilS, o'j-sis or o-A'sis, (Arab. Wah, w;l; Gr, Oaffjj.) a 
 word signifying " a fertile tract surrounded by a desert," but 
 applied especially to those in the Lybian desert, under the 
 Egyptian dominion ; the Great Oasis being 1 20 mil»s W, of 
 Thebes; the Western Oasis 40 miles further W.; and the 
 Lesser Oasis 100 miles S,W. of Fayoom, They were used, it 
 is said, as places of exile under the Romans. 
 
 O.VSIS, a post-village and township of Waushara CO., 
 Wisconsin, 30 miles N.W. of Sacrnnitfuto. 
 
 O.-VTAFU, an island. South Pacific. See Duke of York. 
 
 OATHLAW, Oth'law, (formerly FINHA'VEN,) a parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Forfar. In its vicinity are remains of a 
 large Roman camp. 
 
 O.VTLAND, ot/land, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, 
 on Goose Creek, loO miles N. of Richmond. It has several 
 mills. 
 
 OATL.VNDS, ofl^ndz, a district of Van Dieman's Land. 
 Area 900 sijuare miles. Chief towns, Oatlands, (40 miles N, 
 of Hobart-Town,) and Jericho. 
 
 OAT ME.VL, a post-office of Burnet co,, Texas. 
 
 OAXACA, a state of Mexico. See 0.\Jac.v. 
 
 OB, a river of Russia. See Obi. 
 
 OBAIX, o'bA',a village of Belgium, province of Ilainaut 
 19 miles E,N,E, of .Mons, Pop. 1093.' 
 
 O'BAN, a parliamentary borough and seaport town of 
 Scotland, co, of Argyle, ou'Oban-Bay, 20 miles N.W. of In 
 verary. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851. 1742. It 
 is a handsome, thriving town; the harbor is exceii>;nt, and 
 the bay has a depth of from 12 to 24 fathoms of water. It 
 has manufactures of silk, and straw hats, ami exports pii?- 
 iron, whiskey, wool, fish, kelp, and slates. Steamers ply to 
 Glasgow, Greenock, Tobermory, Inverness, Liverpool, and 
 the Western Islands. The borough unites with Ayr, Irvinn, 
 Campbellton, and Inverary in sending 1 member to tlie 
 
OBA 
 
 OBI 
 
 ITouse of Commons. Three miles X. of the town stand the 
 ruins of the royal palace of Duustaffnage, and to the N.AV. 
 la UuiioUy Castle. 
 
 OliANOS. o-Bi'noce, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, 
 S.S.W. of I'iimplnna. Pop. 1294. 
 
 OIJDOUSK. ob-clnusk', or OBDORSKOI, ob-doR-skoi'. the 
 most N. station in the government of Tobolsk, Siberia, on 
 the Obi. near its mouth ; lat. 66" 30' .\., Ion. 67° 20' E. 
 
 OBDORSK MOU.N'TAINS. See Ural Mountains. 
 
 01515. n river of Siberia. See Obi. 
 
 0-Bl5cSK, a town of Hungary. See Uacz-Broze. 
 
 0I5EID, o-bid' or o-b.Veed. called also EI^OBEID or -AI^ 
 ORIOII). the capital town of Kordofan, in Africa, in a plain, 
 240 miles S.W". of Sennaar. Lat. 13° 11' N., Ion. .30° 8' K. 
 Kstimated pop. 30.000, it having doubled since 1828. The 
 dwellinirs are mostly built of reeds or straw, and in the 
 shape of corn-stacks, and a few of sun-dried bricks. There 
 are 5 mosques in the town, 3 barracks, a hospital, and go- 
 vernor's residence, one of the largest buildings in Obeid ; 
 and a m.irket-place, which, during tlie day, presents a scene 
 of great bustle and animation. As soon as night sets in. 
 there is a furious howling of wild beasts, leopards, and 
 hyenas, all round, who are kept off by strong abattis of 
 tliorns, with which the houses are surrounded, and behind 
 whi(-h the dogs yell them defiance. Water sometimes is 
 very .scarce, and the wells are nearly 100 feet deep. The 
 exports comprise gold, silver, hides, ivory, gum-aral>ic. and 
 slaves. Seven miles S.K. is the village of .Milbess, finely 
 situated, and the summer residence of the government ofR- 
 cers of the pa«ha. 
 
 OBER, o'bf r, (i. e. " upper,") a prefix to the names of 
 numerous places in Germany, ns Ober-Glogau; for those 
 not undermentioned, .see .idditional name. 
 
 OliKH-ACIIER.V, o/her d'K?rn, a village of Baden, circle 
 of Middle Khine, bailiwick of Achern. Pop. 1126. 
 
 OltEllALP, o'bfr-illp\ a pass and small lake of Switzer- 
 land, at the .S.W. extremity of the canton of Uri. 
 
 OBKHItURO, o'ber-baORu^ a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 11 miles X.E. of Bern. Pop. 1907. 
 
 OUEKDEKDIXGEN, Wiirtemhurg. See Dermnoev. 
 
 OlJiiltDOKF. o'lier-doRf\ a village of Bavaria, circle ot 
 Swabia. 37 miles N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1001. 
 
 OliKR-URAlIUlKG, o'bgr drow'booRO, ("Upper Drave- 
 castlo,") a market-town of Illyria, 42 miles W. of Villach, 
 on the Drave, with the ruins of a fortress. Pop. 30l5o. 
 
 0BIC11GE:^TELKN, o'ber-ghfs/t.Vlpn, and OBf^KWALD, 
 o'bgr-wdlt\ the two highest villages in the valley of the 
 Rhone, Upper Aalais, SAvitzerlaud; the former 4300 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 OBEIt-IIASLl, Switzerland. See IIasu. 
 
 OBERIHUSEM, o'bw-howVen. a village of Baden, on the 
 Rhine, and on the railroad from Dusseldorf to Dortmund, 5 
 miles S.AV. of Etteubeim. Pop. 1838. 
 
 OBEHII.■VUi^ EN. a village of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, 
 13 miles S. of Mannheim. Pop. 1186. 
 
 OBER-IIESSKX, o'ber hfs'sen. (i.e. " Upper Ilesse,") the 
 north-eastern ijrnvtiice of Hesse-Darmstadt. Pop. 310,141. 
 
 OBEltilOLFABltUX, o'ber-hoM-bror)n\ a market-town 
 of Lower Austria. 28 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 2C88. 
 
 OBER-K.VUFUNGEN, o'b^r kow'foongVn, a market-town 
 of Ilessi^Cassel, 7 miles R.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 2161. 
 
 OBERKlUCil. o'ber-k6eRK\ an old walled town of Baden, 
 7 miles N.E. of Offenburg. Pop. 1200. 
 
 OBERLATBACU, Neu, noi o'ber-li'biK. a market-town of 
 Austria, Carr.iola, 13 miles W.S.W. of Laybach. Pop. 1346. 
 
 O'BEHLAND, TiiE, (Ger. pron. o/ber-ldnt^— the "Upper 
 country,") in Switzerland, comprises all the canton of Bern 
 S. of the Lake of Thun, with adjacent parts of Unterwalden 
 and Uri. In a more restricted sense it is applied to the 
 valleys of Ilasli, Grindenwald, and Lauterhrunnen. 
 
 O'BEIxLl.N. a flourishing post-village of Lorain co., Ohio, 
 on the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, So miles S.W. of 
 Cleveland, and 8 miles from Elyria. It is remarkable for 
 its collegiate institute, named in honor of John Frederick 
 Obeilin, p.astor of Walbach, Switzerland. This institution, 
 founded in 1834, is under the direction of the Evangelical 
 Cougregatioualists. It occupies 7 commodious buildings, 
 has 20 mstnicturs, a library of about 9000 volumes, and 230 
 graduates from the Theological department, 460 from the 
 'L'oHege department, and 34o from the Young Ladies' depart- 
 "lent. In lS63-i it wa-s attended by 901 stvidents of both 
 sexes. The object of this college is to afford an economical, 
 education bj' combining manual labor with study. No 
 person is excluded from this institution on account of color. 
 The village contains a large brick church, capable of hold- 
 ing 3000 persons, 2 other churches, 1 national bank, 1 news- 
 paper office. 2 book stores, and seveial other stores. When 
 Oberlin College was fiist established, the country was a 
 wilderness, without a single inhabitant. Pop. in 1860, 2115 : 
 in 1865, about 3000. 
 
 OBERMORLEN, o^bgr-moRMgn, a village of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, province of Ober-llessen, 16 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 
 \72S. 
 
 OBKRNAI. o'bfB'nA/, or OBEREHNHEIM, o'bgr-Jn'hime, 
 a town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 14 miles N. of 
 4M 
 
 Sch61estadt. Pop. 4823. It has a communal college, and 
 active manufactures of plain and printed calicoes. In its 
 vicinity is an enclosure known as the Pagans' Camp. 
 
 OBERNBEUG, o'bern-bt'RG\ a market-town of Upper Aus- 
 tria, circle of Inn, on the Inn, 12 miles N.W. of Jtied. Pop- 
 1740. 
 
 OBERNBURG, o'bern-hdoRoV a town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Lower Franeonia, on the Main, 30 miles W.N.W. of WUriS- 
 burg. Pop. 1773. 
 
 OBERNDORF, o^iern-doRr, a town of WUrtemburg, on 
 the Neckar, 43 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 16.54. Its 
 ancient Augustine Abbey is now used for a gun factory and 
 cannon foundry. 
 
 OBERN'IK, a town of Prussian Poland. See Ohornik. 
 
 OBERXKTBCIIEN, o'beni-ke6RK\'n, a town of Germany, 
 Hesse-Ciissel. 9 miles E. of .Minden. Pop. 1862. 
 
 OBERXZELIj, a village of Bavaria. See Hafnerzeli.. 
 
 OBEKI'AIILEX'^, o'bgr-pd'Ien, a market-town of Russia, 
 government of Livonia, 52 miles K.X.E. of Pernau. with a 
 strong castle, which formerly belonged to the Duke of Hol- 
 stein. 
 
 ORERPERFUSS, o'bgr-pSR/foos\ a village of Tyrol, circle 
 of Imst. Pop. 1063. 
 
 OBERRAD, o'beR-nJt\ a village belonging to the free town 
 of Frankfort. It lies on the Main, and on the road to Offen- 
 bach. Pop. 1378. 
 
 OBERRIED, otieR-Reet^, a parish of Switzerland, canton 
 of St. Gall, in its E. part, 4 miles S. uf Altstetten. Pop. 3890. 
 
 OBERRIEDKX, o'beB-ReeMen, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Zurich, on the W. side of the Lake of Zurich. 
 Pop. 762. 
 
 OBERSITZKO, o'ber-sits'ko, written also OBERSITSKO, 
 OBKltSYCKO, and OBERZYKO. a town of Pru.ssian Poland, 
 28 miles N.W. of Poscm. Pop. 2000. 
 
 OBEKSTDORP. o'berst-doKf\ a market-town of Bavaria, 
 on the lller, 29 miles' E.S.E. of Lindan. Pop. 1910. 
 
 OBERSTEIN, o'bfr-stine\ a town of Germany, duchy of 
 Oldenburg. 6 miles E.N.E. of Birkenfeld. Pop. 2261. 
 
 OBEKSTENFELD, o'ber-stJii>fiMt, a village of Wtlrtem- 
 berg. circle of Neckar, S.E. of Heilbronn. Pop. 1432. 
 
 OBERUZWEIL, o'beh-ro(Jt.s'*Tl. a vill.age and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton and 7 miles N.W, of St, Gall. Pop. 2175. 
 
 OBERAVEIL or OBERWYL, o'ber-<*Il\ several places of 
 Switzerland, particularly a village and parish, canton and 
 20 miles S. of Bern. Pop. 1423. 
 
 OBERWEISSBACH, o'bo.r-wi.sM)aK, a village of Schwarz- 
 burg-Rudolstadt, bailiwick and near Rudolstadt. Pop. 1716. 
 
 OBERWESEL, o'ber-ft.'lVsel, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 19 miles S.S.E. of Coblentz.'on the Rhine. Pop. 2300. 
 
 OBERWIESENTHAL, o%r-*ee/zen-tai\ a town of Saxo- 
 ny, 31 miles S. E. of Zwickau." 2800 feet above sea level. I'op. 
 1897. 
 
 OBERWINTER, o'bfr-*in'ter. a villase of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, on the Rhine, 10 miles S.S'.E. of Bonn. Pop. 960. 
 
 OBERWINTERTHUR, o'bei^-»in'tgr-tooR\ a village and 
 parish of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles N.E. of Zurich. 
 Pop. 2089. 
 
 OBEKWTSEL, o'ber-'ftiVel, a town of Nassau, baiHwick 
 of Kiinigstein. on Mount Taunus. Pop. 1952. 
 
 0-BE8SEN0VA. o-bfeh'sh.-V'no'voh', a market-town of 
 Hungary, co, of Torontal, on the Aranka, about 9 miles 
 from Nagy-Szent Miklos. Pop. 7217. 
 
 OBT, Oi$Y, OBE, o'bee, or OB, oh, one of the great rivers 
 of Siberia, governments of Tomsk and Tobolsk. It rises by 
 two principal sources in the Little Altai, near lat. 51° N., 
 Ion. 89° E , flows tortuously N.W. to Samarova. and thence 
 generally N., in a double channel, to the Gulf of Obi, which 
 it enters near lat. 67° N., Ion. 72° E., after a total course of 
 2000 miles. Tributaries, the Irtish with the Tobul and 
 Ishim, the Tom, and the Tchulim, Its b.asin, estimated to 
 comprise l,.j57,000 square miles, is .situated between that of 
 the Yenisei and the Ural Mountains. 
 
 OBI, Gulp of the wide estuary of the above river, form- 
 ing an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, between lat. 67° 30' and 
 T2° .30' N., and Ion. 72° and 77° E. It receives the Obi at its 
 S.E. extremity, and on Its E. it has an arm called Tazovsk 
 Bay, 
 
 OBIDOS, o-bee'doce, a fortified town of Portugal, Estro- 
 madura, E. of Peniche, and 45 miles N. of Lisbon. Pop. 
 3000. It has a citadel, and extennive remains of a Roman 
 aqueduct. An engagement betwe(!n the English and French 
 took place under its walls in 1808. 
 
 OBIDOS. o-bee'doce, a town of Brazil, province of Para, 
 on the loft bank of the Amazon, at the head of its tide- 
 water. Here the river is nan-owed in the Strait of Pajixis 
 to about 1 mile across. Lat. 1° 50' S., Ion. 55° 18' W. It Ls 
 regularly built, and has some trade in cotton and cocoa. 
 Pop. 6000. 
 
 OBTES (o'beez) RIVER, sometimes written O'BED'S or 
 O'BEY'S. of the N. part of Tennessee, ri.ses in B'entress county, 
 among the Cumberland Mountains, and flowing north-west- 
 ward, enters Cumberland River near the N,W. extremity 
 of Overton county. It is navigable by steamboats 60 miles 
 from its mouth, and its whole length is probably above ICO 
 miles. In the upper part of its course it passes through a 
 
 1377 
 
OBI 
 
 OCH 
 
 rteep en( -u the mountain, and is remarkable for beautiful 
 scenerj 
 
 015 11"4, a town of Spain. See Avila. 
 
 OBION, o'be-on, a river in the N.W. part of Tennepsee, Is 
 formed by three branches, the North, South, anil Kuther- 
 ford Forks, which unite in Obion count}-, a few miles S.E. 
 of Xroy. It flows thence south-westward through Dyer 
 county into the Missia-ippi. Its whole length, including 
 cue of the branches, is estimated at 150 miles. 
 
 OBION, a county tbrming the N.AV. extremity of Tennes- 
 see, bordering on Kentucky and Mis.souri. Area estimated 
 at (550 square miles. The Jlissis-sippi forms its entire \V. 
 boundary, and Obion River, from which the name is derived, 
 flows through the county. The surface is nearly level. 
 Cipital, Troy. Pop. 12,817, of whom 10,418 were free, and 
 2a!)9 slaves. 
 
 OBISPO, o-bees'po, a small river of the Isthmiis of Pa- 
 nama, joins the Chagres near Cruces. 
 
 OBITOSIINEI or OBIXOCIINEJ, a town of Russia. See 
 
 KOOAiSK. 
 
 OBLIGADO, o-ble-gj'do, a village of the Argentine Re- 
 public. (La Plata.) on the river Parana, near Buenes Ayres. 
 The combined British and i'rench fleets bombarded it and 
 silenced its batteries, 28th November, 1840. 
 
 OB'LONcJ, a post-village of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 OBLO.NO. a post-office of Crawford co., Illinois. 
 
 OBNOOIVBY, a township of Fulton co., Indiana. P. 394. 
 
 OBOIANor OBOJAN.. See Ouoyan. 
 
 OBOL, o-bol', a river of Russia, in the government of 
 Vitebsk, flows S.W. past Dubovski, and after a course of 
 about 75 miles, joins the Dwina 12 miles above I'olotzk. 
 
 OBOOKUOV, OBOUKIIOT or 0BUCII0\V, o-boo-Kov', a 
 market-town of Russia, government and 25 miles S.S.E. of 
 Kiev. I'op. 2000. 
 
 OBORNE, o'born, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 OBORNIK, o/bor-nik\ OBERNIK, o/ber-nik\ or OBOR- 
 NIKI, o-bor-nee'kee, a town of Prussian Poland, 18 miles 
 K.N.W. of Poseu, on the Warta. Pop. 1550. 
 
 OBOUKHOV, a town of Russia. See Obookhov. 
 
 OBOYAN, OBOIAN or OBOJAN, o-bo-ydn',.a town of 
 Russia, government and 32 miles S. of Koorsk, capital of a 
 circle, at the confluence of the Oboyanka and Psiol. Pop. 
 6500. It was founded in 1(350, as a bulwark against the 
 incursions of the Crim Tartars, and has several churches, 
 schools, and charitable institutions, with a brisk trade in 
 cattle. 
 
 OBUA, ob'ri, a river of Prussian Poland, rises near Kos- 
 min, and after a W. and N.W. course, joins the Warta, a 
 little W. of Schwerin. Length 130 miles. 
 
 0BRA.7Ii,L0 or OBIIAXILLO, o-Bra-ne».l/yo, a town of 
 Peru, department and 60 miles N.E. of Lim:^ in the moun- 
 tains. It consists of about 100 grouud-tloor cottages, enclosed 
 by gardens. 
 
 O'BRIEN, o-bri'gn, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of about 580 square miles. It is drained by one 
 of the branches and some of the affluents of the Little Sioux 
 River, and also by Floyd's River, a tributary of the Missouri. 
 This county is not included in the census of 1850. Named 
 in honor of Smith O'Brien, the Irish patriot. Pop 8. 
 
 O'BRIEN ISLANDS, South Shetland, South Atlantic 
 Ocean, are in lat. 61° 32' S., Ion. 55" 22' \V. 
 
 O'BRIEN'S BRIDGE, a village and parish of Ireland, 
 Munster, co. of Clare, 4 miles S.S.AV. of Kilaloe. The vil- 
 lage stands on the Shannon, which is here crossed by a 
 bridge of 14 arches. Pop. 435. It has a good quay. 
 
 OBRINGA. SeeAAR. 
 
 OBRITZ, o^rits, or OBRECHTS, o^brJKts, a small town 
 or village of Lower Austria, near the Pulkau. Pod. 
 1030. *^ 
 
 OBROWITZ, o'bro-fiits\ a village of Austria, Moravia, so 
 near Brilnn as to be properly one of its suburbs. Pop. 913. 
 
 OB.SCIIA, ob/shJ, or MEGA, md/gS, a river of Russia, 
 rises in the government of Smolensk, flows AV., and joins 
 the Dwina 20 miles above Velizh. Total course 80 miles, 
 part of which is navigable. 
 
 OBSERVATZII. ob-s^r-vdt/see, a cape of East Asia, Gulf 
 Of Anadeer. lat 64° 47' 58" N., Ion. 177° 39' 55" E. 
 
 OBCCIIOW. a town of Russia. See Oiiookhov. 
 
 OBVA, OBWA, ob'vj, or OBVINSK, ob-vinsk'. a town of 
 Russia, government and 57 miles N.W. of Perm, on the 
 Obva, an affluent of the Kama. Pop. 3000. 
 
 OBY, R river of Siberia. See Obi. 
 
 OBY, o'bee, written also UBI, a small island in the Gulf 
 of Siam, 15 miles S. of the point of Cambodia; lat 8° 25' 
 N., Ion. 104° 54' E. 
 
 OBY, sometimes called FALSE OBY, an island in the Gulf 
 of Siam. 48 miles N. of the above; lat. 8° 56' N., Ion. 104° 
 38' E., about IS miles from the mainland. 
 
 OBY, GREAT, an island of Pitt's Passage, Malay Archi- 
 pelago, about 50 miles long, and 10 to 2o miles broad- 
 
 OBY, LITTLE, an island of Pitt's Passage, Malay Archi- 
 pelago, situated ofl- the W. end of Great Oby ; lat 1° 26' S 
 Jon. 127° 17' E. j ' ■> 
 
 OCAN.I o-kdn'yj a town of Spain, province and 30 mileg 
 E. of Toledo. Lat 39^ 56' N., Ion. 3° 31' W. Pop. 4789. It 
 
 is enclosed by ruined walls, and in decay. Principal edi- 
 fices. 4 parish churches, a hospital, cavalry barracks, and au 
 aqueduct of Roman construction. Here, on lUlh Novem- 
 ber, 1809, the Spanish troops under Areizaga were totally 
 defeated by the French under Marshal Mortior. 
 
 OCANA, a village of Spain, province and 31 miles N. ol 
 Almeria. Pop. 20u0. 
 
 OCANA, a town of South America, New Granada, depart- 
 ment of Magdalena, 60 miles N.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 5000. 
 It exports goods by the river Canaveralos. 
 
 (JCCIUOBELLU, ok-kc-o-bfWo, a market-town of Austrian 
 Italy. 13 miles S.W. of Rovigo, on the Po. Pop. 32(X>. 
 
 OCCIM ANO, ot-che-mi'uo, or OCCI.MIANO, ot-chi^me-J'no, 
 a village of Piedmont 12 miles N.N.W. of Alessandria, near 
 the Grana. Pop. 2014. 
 
 OCyCOLD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 OCCOQUAN, ok'ko-kw5n, a river in the N.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, is formed by Broad Run and Cetlai Run, which unite 
 near Bretitsville, in Prince William county. It flows first 
 eastward to the boundary between that county and Fairfax, 
 then runs south-eastward along the lx)uud.iry until it 
 enters the Potomac River, 25 miles below Washington. It 
 has a fall of 72 feet in a distance of 1| miles, affording- fine 
 sites for manufactories. 
 
 OCCOQUAN, a post-village of Prince William co.. Virginia, 
 c-Q the Ocooquan River. 99 miles N. of Richmond. It has 
 extensive water-power, with several mills and a cotton 
 factory. Pop. from 300 to 400. 
 
 OCCUPA/CIA, a post-offlce of Essex co., Virginia. 
 
 OCE.\N, o'shun. a county in the E. part of New Jersey, 
 has an area of about 1150 square miles. It is drained by 
 Metetecunk and Tom's Rivers, and OJar Creek ; its E. 
 border is washed by the Atlantic Oce.in. from whence it 
 derives its name. The sea-coast consists of a sandbeach of 
 from half a mile to a mile wide, through which the tide 
 passes by Barnegat Inlet, and forms two lagoons, or salt- 
 water lakes, called Barnegat Bay and Little Egg Harbor 
 Bay. The surface is generally level, and a large portion 
 covered with pine forests. The soil is of alluvial formation, 
 and consists of clay mingled with sand and gravel. Marl is 
 abundant in various parts of the county, and iron is found 
 in the northern part, where large quantities of the metal 
 are manufactured. Organized in 1850, having been formed 
 from the southern portion of Monmouth countv. Capital, 
 Toms River. Pop. 11.176. 
 
 OCEAN, a new township of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, 
 Bordering on the Atlantic. It includes Sandy Ilook. P. 4316. 
 
 (X;EAN or CUlif;, kooW. an island of the Pacific; lat. 28'' 
 77' N., Ion. 178° 23' 30" E. 
 
 OCE.VN. a group of three islets, sometimes called the 
 Kivadelen or Catherine Islands ; lat 9° 14' N.. Ion. 167° 2' B. 
 
 OCEAN or PA.\NOPA. pi/no^d, an island of the Pacifio 
 Ocean ; lat. 10° 52' 2" S., ion. 168° 24' 25" W. ; 10 to 15 miles 
 in circuit. Pop. 450. 
 
 OCK.\NA, o-she-ah'na. a county in the W. part of Michi- 
 gan, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by Lake Miihigan, and intersected by White 
 River, and also drained by Maskego River, (which flows 
 through the S.E. corner.) with several smaller streams fall- 
 ing into Lake ilichigan. It is saii} to contain excellent 
 land. C.-ipital, Clay Bank. Pop. 1816. 
 
 OCEANIA, o-she-ah/ne-,>, or OCEANICA, o-she-an'e-ka, (Pr. 
 Oci'am'e. oVA\'i^nee',) a name given by modern geographers 
 to a fifth division of the globe, comprising West Oceauia, or 
 Malaisia. (See Malav Archipelago.) Central Oceania, or Aus- 
 tralia, (See AcsTRALiA,) and E. Oceania, or Polynesia, (See 
 Polynesia.) 
 
 O'CEANPORT, a post-office of Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 
 O'CE.tNVILLE. a village of Galloway township, Atlantic 
 CO.. New Jersey, about 16 miles E. of May's Landing, has 1 
 church. 
 
 OCELLUM DDRII. See Fermoselle. 
 
 (XIEOLA, os-e-c/la, a post-office of St. Clair co.. Missouri. 
 
 OCEOLA, a post'-ofRce of St. Jo.seph's CO.. Indiana. 
 
 OCEOLA MILLS, a post-office of Polk co., Mississippi. 
 
 OCIIA, a river of Siberia. See Osha. 
 
 OCIIA. a mountain of Euboea. See Mount St. Elias. 
 
 OCIIAG.WIA, o-chi-gd've-.j, a town of Spain, province of 
 Navarre, 32 miles E.N.E. of Pamplona. Pop. 1342. 
 
 0C1I.\NDI.\N0, o-ch£n-de-d'no. a town of Spain, province 
 of Biscay, S.W. of Bilbao. Pop. 1104. 
 
 OCII.iNSK, a town of Ru.ssia. See Okhansk. 
 
 OCHIL (o'Kll) HILLS, a range of mountains of Scotland, 
 CO. of I'erth, commencing about 2 miles from the river Forth, 
 near Stirling, and extending N.N.E. to the Frith of Tay. 
 I/ength about 24 miles, average breadth about 12 miles. 
 The highest summit, Bencleugh, 2300 feet in height, is at 
 the S.W. end. The Ochils are formed of greenstone and 
 basiUt, and intersect the coal formations on tl-e S., and the 
 old red sandstone on the N.E. They contain silver, copper, 
 and iron ores; 
 
 OCHILTREE. o'Kil-tree, a parish of Scotland, oo. of Ayr. 
 
 0CH0T8K. See Okhotsk. 
 
 (XJHRIDA, oK're-dd, (anc Lynhnidm.) a town of European 
 Turkey, Albania, capital of a pashalic, pu tlio N. bank of 
 
OCH 
 
 ODE 
 
 Lake Ochrida. 100 miles N. of Yanina. Pop. 1000. It is a 
 
 OCUKIBA or UKIIRIDA, LAKE OF, (anc. Lychnitis La- 
 eus.) the principal lake of AlViania, Kuropean Turkey, in 
 lat. 41° N., Ion. iU^ 45' E. Length, from N. to 8., 18 miles, 
 extreme breadth 8 miles. It is surrounded by lofty moun- 
 tains, and is hijjhly picturesque. 
 
 OCILSENUOllf, ok'sen-doRf \ or BOITZA, boit'sd. a village 
 of Austria, Transylvania, ou the frontiers of Wallacliia. 
 top. 1955. 
 
 OCIlSKXFUItT, ok'sRn-fodRt\ (" Ox ford,") a town of Ba- 
 varia, on the Main. 11 miles S.K. of WUrzliurg. Top. 2250. 
 
 OCllSi';.NHAU.SE.\, ok'sen-how'z^n. a yillajje of \\ Urteni- 
 berg, on the Kottum, 8 miles E.S.K. of Biberach. I'op. 1350. 
 It has an ancient Benedictine abbey. 
 
 OOHSE.WVAHDliK, (Uchsenwiirder,) ok'sen-*ARMer, a 
 free town, territory and S.E. of Hamburg, t»n a marshy 
 island of the Elbe. Pop. 2U00. 
 
 OtiHTA, a market-town of Ilussia. See Okhta. 
 
 OCllTltUP. OK'truop, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 25 
 miles X.W. of Miinster, on the Vechte. I'op. 1000. 
 
 UCIL'LA, a small river which rises in the S. part of Geor- 
 gia, passes into Florida, and forms the boundary between 
 Jell'erson and Madison counties, until it enters the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 OCK, a river of England, co. of Berks, after an £. course 
 of 20 miles joins the Thames near Abingdon. 
 
 OCK'BltOOlv, a village and parish of England, co. and 5 
 miles S. by E. of Derby, on the Midland Hallway and the 
 Derby Canal. Adjoining the village is a Moravian settle- 
 ment. I'op. 1705. 
 
 UCKE or OKK, ok, a small river of England, co. of Devon, 
 flows into the Torridge. near Hatherleigh. 
 
 OCKEK, ok'ker, or OKKK, o/ker, a river of Germany, rises 
 in the llarz, flows N. past Brun.swick, and joins the AUer. 
 10 miles W. of Gif horn. length GO miles. The village of 
 Ocker, on the river, 4 miles N.W . of Ilarzbiirg, pop. 424, has 
 copper and bullion refining works. 
 
 UCK'llAM, a parish of llngland, co. of Surrey. 
 
 OClv'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 OCK'LtK;KON'.\EE or OCK'LOClvO'XY RIVER, of Geor- 
 gia and Florida, rises in Irwin county of the fi^rmer, and 
 passing through Florida, flows into Appalachee Bay. between 
 Leon and Gailsden counties. 
 
 OGK^LOCK^NEY, a post-office of Thomas co., Georgia. 
 
 OCL.^SKER, ok-14-seer', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of J5ombay, 5 miles S. of Baroacb, on the Xerbuilda. 
 
 OCLAU (ok'law) CKEEli, of Georgia, enters the Ocmulgee, 
 in Pulaski county. 
 
 OGLE PITCIIAKD, o'kel pitch'.ard, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Hereford. 
 
 OCMULGEE, ok-mCiPgliee, or OAKMUI/3'EE, a river of 
 Georgia, a branch of the Altamnha, formed by three small 
 streams, the South, Yellow,, and L'lcofawhachee branches, 
 which rise in the N. central part and unite near the 8. extre- 
 mity of Newton county. Its general direction is S.S.E. It 
 flows through a hilly, granitic region to the city of Macori, 
 ■where there is a considerable fall, affording extensive water- 
 power, lielow this point it traverses a level and sandy 
 country, in which extensive forests of pine are found. The 
 length of this river probably exceeds 30ti miles. It is navi- 
 gable by small steamboats to JI;icon. The Little Ocmulgee 
 enters the main stream from the N.W., aljout 10 miles above 
 its junction with the Oconee. 
 
 OOMUL'GEEVILLE, a post-village of Telfair CO., Georgia. 
 
 OCO'A, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee. 
 
 OCO'L.\, a post-village of Marion co., Florida, 180 miles 
 S.E. of Tallahassee. 
 
 OCONA, o-ko/ui, a town of Peru, department and 90 miles 
 W. of Arequipa, on the Pacific. 
 
 OCO'-NA LUFTY, a post-office of Haywood co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 OC'O'XEfi. a river of Georgia, rises in the auriferous high- 
 lands of Hall county, in the N.E. part of the state, and 
 flowing in a general S.S.E. direction, passes by .\thens and 
 Milletlgeville, and unites with the Ogeechee to form the Al- 
 tamaha. at the W. extremity of Tatuall county. Small 
 Hteauiers once navigated the river to Milledgeville, which is 
 ftlxiut 300 miles from the sea; but the use of these is now 
 superseded by railways. 
 
 tiCONEE, a post-village of Washington co.. Georgia, on 
 the Central Railroad, 147 miles N VV. of Savannah. 
 
 OCO'-SEE SXA'TION', a post-village of Pickens co., South 
 Carolina. 
 
 OCOXOJI'EWOCS a creek of Wisconsin, rises among the 
 small lakes of Waukesha co., and enters Block River, in Jef- 
 ferson CO., about 8 miles above Watertown. 
 
 OCON'OME woe, a post- village and township of Waukesha 
 CO., Wisconsin, on a creek of its own name, and on the Mil- 
 waukee and St. Paul Railroad, 32 miles W. by K. of Mil- 
 waukee. The village haa 4 churches, 20 stores, 2 mills, 1 
 bank. 1 foundry, and about 250 dwellings. Total pop. 1499. 
 OCON'TO, a small river of Oconto co., Wisconsin, rises in 
 the N.li. part of the state, and flowing first southward and 
 'hen eastward, enters Green Bay. 
 
 OCONTO, a county in the N.E. part of Wisconsin, border 
 iiig on Michigan and Green Bay, contains about 4000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N.K. by the Menomonce River, 
 on the S.E. by Green Bay, and dr.ained by the Oconto and 
 Piijhtego Rivers. The surface is occupied by forests of pine. 
 Oconto was separated from Brown county in 1850. Capital, 
 Oconto. Pop. 3592. 
 
 OCONTO, capital of Oconto co.,M'isconsin. See Appendix. 
 
 OCOPA, o-ko'piL a town of Peru, department and 43 mileii 
 N.N.E. of Iluancavelica. 
 
 OCOPIL'CO CREEK, of Lowndes co., Georgia, flows S.K 
 into the Withl.^coochee River. 
 
 OCOSIN'GO, o-ko-sing'go. a ruined city of the ^fexican Con- 
 federation, state of Chiapas, (55 miles S. K. of Ciudad Real, with 
 remains described in Stephens's Central America. 
 
 OCRAKOKK, o/kra-kok, a post-vill.ige and port of entry of 
 Hyde CO., North Carolina, on an ifland of the same namt, 
 35 miles W.S.AV. of Cape Hivtteras. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30, 1832, amounted to an aggregate of 1540 tons, en- 
 rolled and licensed, all of which was employed, in the coast 
 trade. 
 
 OCRACOKE INLET, North Carolina, an entrance into 
 Pamlico Sound. 
 
 OCRACOKE LIGHTHOUSE, on the W. end of Ocracoke 
 Island, with a revolving light 7a feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 35° 5' 30" N., Ion. 75° 59' W. 
 
 OCRICULUM. See Otricou. 
 
 OCTEVIlyLE, ok'teh-veel', a village of France, department 
 of Manche, 1 mile S.W. of Cherbourg. 
 
 OCTEVILLE, a village of France, department of Seine- 
 Inferieure, 5 miles N. of Havre. 
 
 OCTODURUS. See Martigny (La Ville). 
 
 OCTOGESA. See Mequixe.nza. 
 
 OCTORAU.\, ok-to-rah'ra a creek rising in the S.E. part 
 of I'enn.sylvania, drains Chester and Lanc.ister counties, 
 and enters the Susquehanna near Port Deposit 
 
 OCTORARA, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 OCZ.MCOW. a town of Russia. See Otchakov. 
 
 ODAHR, o-dd'h'r, or ODARHA, odaR/hd, a town of India, 
 kingdom of Ovide, SO miles N. of Lucknow. Pop. 3000. 
 
 ODALENGO, o-dJ-lSn'go, GRANDE, grdu'dil. ("Great,") 
 and PICCOLO, pik'ko-lo. (" Little,") two contiguous villages 
 of I'iedmont, division of Alessandria, province and W. of 
 Casale. United p"p. 1903. 
 
 ODAWARA, o-da-wd'ri, or W0DAWAR.4. wo-dd-warra, a 
 bay of Japan, island of Niphon, forming the entrance by 
 which the town of Yeddo is reached. It lies in lat. 35° 10' 
 N., and Ion. 139° C E. 
 
 OD'COMBE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 OD'DINGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 OD'DINOTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ODDINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ODD-ltODE, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 ODD/VILLE, a post-office of Harrison co.. Kentucky. 
 
 ODELL/, a parish of Flngland. co. of Bedford. 
 
 ODELL', a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, on a 
 railroad 10 miles N.E. of Pontiac. 
 
 ODEMES, a town of Asia Minor. See Demish. 
 
 ODEMIR.\. o-dA-mee'rd, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Alemtejo, 58 miles S.W. of Bcja, on the Odemira, thence 
 navigable to the .sea. Pop. 20O0. The Odemira rises in the 
 Serra de Monchique. and after a W. course of 25 miles, fall* 
 into the Atlantic, 5 miles below Villanova. 
 
 O'DEX, a township of Chicot co., Arkansas. Pop. 1173. 
 
 ODENBACH, o'den-b!iK\ a village of Bavaria, in the Pala- 
 tinate, circle of LauterecUen. Pop. 1113. 
 
 ODENHEIM, o'din-hIme\ a village of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine. 21 miles N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1924. 
 
 ODEXKIKCHEN, o'den-keeRKVn, atown of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, 17 miles AV.S.W. of Dusseldorf. on the Niers. I'op. 1100. 
 
 ODEXSE, o'den-seh, (Dan. Oilins-<>.. i. e. "Odin's Island;'- 
 L. Othenfaia.) a town and seaport of Denmark, capital of the 
 island of F'unen. on the N. bank of the Odense-Aa, near 
 the fiord of same name. It is one of the most important 
 provincial towns in the kingdom, the see of a bishop, and 
 the residence of the authorities on the island. It is well 
 built, has a small royal palace, a large Gothic Cathedral, 
 one of the finest in Denmark, founded in 1086, comjileted 
 in 1301, and the burial-place of several of the Danish kings; 
 two other churches, a fine old council-house or state-hall, a 
 large and richly-endowed hospital, an arsenal, and barracks; 
 important manufactures of cloth, an extensive iron-foundry, 
 and a considerable trade, much facilitated by water commu- 
 nication, and several harbors, one near the town, for vessels 
 drawing only 8 to 15 feet. Odense is said to have been 
 founded by Odin, B. c. 70. It early received the Refornxa- 
 tion, and in the 17th century was thrice ravaged by the 
 plague. Pop. in 1800. 14,255. 
 
 ODENSE-FIORD. o'den-seh fi>ord', on the N. coast of the 
 island of Funen, has a length of atout 9 miles, with a 
 breadth varying from H to nearly 5 miles. Its entrance is 
 about 1000 yards wide, and 18 feet deep. The small canal 
 of t)dense connects the town with the Fiord, but only admits 
 vessels drawing 8 feet. 
 
 1379 
 
 Vi= 
 
ODE 
 
 ODE 
 
 ODEXSIIOLN'. o'dei'S-holm^ an islet at the entrance of 
 the UuU of t'inldud. ^8 miles S.W. of P.evel, with a light- 
 house ir, lat. (i9° 18' 45" N., Ion. 23° 25' 25" E. 
 
 ODENUALD, o'den-walt\ a mountain i-«irion of West 
 Germany. llesse-Darmstadt. extending for 45 miles N. to S., 
 b«t\reen the Neckar and Main liivers, and rising in the 
 Katzenhiickel to 2300 feet above the son. On it are many 
 reujaiusof lioman forts. The Bkrgstrasse, (i.e. "mountain 
 road,") on which are the towns of Laugen, Darmstadt, and 
 Henslielm, borders it on the W. 
 
 ODER, o'der, (aaic. Vialdrus,) a large river of Germany, 
 traversing the centre of the I'russian dominions,, rises in tlie 
 Carpathian Mountains, near Olniutz, Hows N., and afier- 
 wards N.W. through Prussian t-ilesia, Brandenburg, ajid 
 I'omeraiiia, traverse.^ tlie Stettiner Half, and enters the Baltic 
 by 3 branches, the Dievenovy on the E.. the Swine in tlie 
 middle, and the Peene on the W. Length ulxiut 550 miles. 
 It is of great commercial importance, and is navigable for 
 barges, of from 40 to 50 tons, from the Baltic to Bre.^lau. 
 Principal tributaries, the 'W'arta, witli the Kctze, the Bober, 
 Neisse, and Ihna. It is connected with the llavel and Elte 
 by the Fiuow Canal, with the Spree by B'rederick William's 
 Canal at Miillrose, and with the Vistula by a canal from 
 Nakel on the ^etze to Bromberg. 
 
 ODER, a river of Hanover, rises in the Ilarz. and after an 
 E. course of 30 miles joins the Leine near ^'ordheim, the 
 chief town on its banks. 
 
 ODEllAU, o'der-ow', a town of Austrian Silesia, 19 miles 
 S.S.W. of Troppau, on the Oder. Pop. 2890. 
 
 ODEKBEKCt, o'der-bJRG\ a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 54 miles N.E. of Potsdam, ou the Oder. 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 ODEKBERG, a town of Austrian Silesia, 20 miles N.W. of 
 Teschen, on the Oder. Pop. 840. 
 
 OUERNHEIM, o'dern-hime\ or GAU-ODERXIIEIM, gow 
 o/dern-hIme\ a fortified town of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 province of Rheia-IIessen, on the Selz,4 miles N.E.of Alzey. 
 Pop. 1698. 
 
 ODKRXIIEI.M, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, <xn the Glan, 
 22 miles N. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1192. 
 
 ODEKZO, OKlCRt/so, (anc. OpiteHgium,) a town of Austrian 
 Italy, 15 miles E.N.E. of Treviso. Pop. 4700, who manufac- 
 ture hats and liqueurs, and trade in wine. 
 
 ODES'SA, a city and flourishing seaport of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Kherson, on a fine bay formed on the N.W. shore of 
 the Black Sea, between the mouths of the Dnieper and 
 Dniester, about 90 miles W.S.W. of Kherson, and 390 miles 
 N. of Constantinople; lat. iOP 28' 64" N., Ion. 30° 44/ 30" E. 
 The various quarters of this great and constantly increasing 
 ;ity cover a portion of a broad plateau, which, at this point 
 rising nearly perpendicularly from the sea to the height of 
 about 80 feet, spreads out into immense steppes and deserts. 
 Being thus entirely exposed from all quarters. Odessa is en- 
 veloped throughout the summer in whirling clouds of dust. 
 Although the latitude under which it is situated is generally 
 temperate, the winter is more rigorous than is observed else- 
 where under the same latitude; while, on the contrary, in 
 summer, the heat may be compared to that of the torrid 
 zone. This results from the complete nakedness of the 
 country of which Odessa is the capital ; and it may he added, 
 that these unfavorable conditions are common to all the cities 
 upon these endless stepi)es. 
 
 Odessa is enclosed by a wall and a fosse, and is otherwise 
 strongly fortified. It is laid out in squares, with broad, 
 straight streets, well pave<.l, and planted with rows of acacia 
 trees. The houses are generally two stories in height, and 
 are substantially built of a soft calcareous stone. The fine.st 
 buildings are situated in those quarters nearest the sea. A 
 long and niHJestic terrace overlooking the bay is lined with 
 public edifices, hotels, and stately mansions, the full effect of 
 which can only be realized by one approaching the citv from 
 the sea. On the summit of the cliff, throughout its' whole 
 extent, is planted an avenue of young trees with their 
 branches arching together; in the centre of this promenade, 
 and in the midst of a crescent of fine mansions, stands a 
 bronze statue of the Due de Richelieu,* a monument of the 
 gratitude of the city to his creative genius. From the 
 J''ot of the statue descends a gigantic flight of steps, already 
 (1853) far advanced towards completion; when finished, i't 
 will connect, by steps 100 feet wide, the grand terrace with 
 the lower quay, and beneath these steps, which are to be 
 supported by a series of open arches, gradually rising in 
 height, the various carts and conveyances going to and from 
 the port will freely pass. Near the Richelieu Monument is 
 the governor's house, a large mansion, containing, in addi- 
 tion to public oflices. a small but select librarv.and a museum, 
 particu.arly rich in the antiquities dug up from the sites of 
 he numerous colonies which the ancient Greeks planted in 
 this part of the country. 
 In other portions of Odessa there are but a very few build- 
 
 rot..1:,^r „f fh„ „f "•"* T^^^' ■"■'?""* '""'' "Itimately made him 
 v^v 1 , .V ? /• ^"? «;hose judicious administration is uni- 
 mei^ 'ai /^.l^perity^ ^ ^^^'^ '"'"^ "'" foundation of its com- 
 1380 
 
 ings of a striking character, although spacious streets, cire- 
 fuily paveil and planted, traverse the length and Vneadth of 
 the city. A theatre, a number of fine churclies, extensive 
 squares, bazaars, and a few rich-looking shops, attract the 
 atteulion in the midst of a number of houses generally of a 
 very humble character. The more crowded portion of the, 
 city is that adjoining Richelieu Street, the finest and most 
 populous in Ode.s.sa. In numerous shops along this street 
 are spread out for sale the varied produce of every country 
 in Europe, a.sseinbled thither under the fostering protection 
 of the free port of Odessa. ^\moiig the edifices most deserving 
 of notice, may be mentioned the Cathedral or Church of St. 
 Nicholas, the Admiralty, Custom-house, Exchange, the 
 French and Russian theatres, the "le petit Palais Koyal," 
 used as a bazaar, and the princely mansion of Count V\ oron- 
 zow, finely situated at one extremity of the Boulevard. In 
 1846, Odessa possessed 22 churches, 16 barracks, and 30 
 bridges, of which 10 were stone and 14 wood. 
 
 Tlie literary and scientific institutions comprise the Col- 
 lege of Richelieu, founded in 1817, and having, in 1846, 32 
 instructors and 191 students; an ecclesia.stical seminary, a 
 law school, a school for the study of the Oriental language.s, 
 founded expressly for the purpose of ed ucating interpreters ; 
 a scliool for noble youug ladies, the Richelieu Lyceum, or 
 royal school of commerce; a school of navigation, and a 
 botanic garden of celebrity. There are also a hospital and 
 several other benevolent institutions. The city contains 
 the Imperial Bank of Commerce, a tribunal of commerce, 
 chamber of commerce, and an assurance c-onipany. 
 
 In commercial importance, Odessa holds the first rank in 
 the Black Sea. It was declared a free port in 1S17, and has 
 since continued to make almost unexampled progress. Its 
 harbor is formed liy two moles, one of them in the form of a 
 quadrant, with regular parapets and embrasures for cannon, 
 and subdivided by two smaller moles, forming separate docks, 
 capable of containing 300 vessels. One of these is for the re- 
 ception of vessels in quarantine; the two others admit the 
 ships of the imperial navy, and trading vessels not coming 
 from a quarantine port. The harbor atfords good anchorage 
 for ships of a large burthen, but they are much exposed 
 during gales from the ¥j., and especially from the S.E. 'i'hese 
 terrible winds drive impetuous waves into the Bay of Odessa 
 with a fury which nothing can withstand; a succession of 
 these storms continually sweep across the Black Sea. in the 
 direction of its longest diagonal. The harbor is defended by 
 strong works, and has at one extremity the citadel, and at 
 the other the lazaretto. A lighthouse has been erected at 
 the extremity of the longest mole. The trade includes, 
 among other articles, corn, linseed, wool, iron, liides. copper, 
 wax, caviar, isinglass, potash, furs, cordage, sailcloth, tar, 
 beef, butter, and tallow. The last is the second great staple ; 
 but the first, and that for which Odessa is celebrated, is grain. 
 Of this. Great Britain hits long been an imjKsrtant, and, since 
 the repeal of the corn laws, has become by far the most pro- 
 fitable customer. The following Table gives a good idea of 
 the progress of the trade of Odessa : — 
 
 The Number, Tonnagk, and Valuk of Cargoes of VKssEi-g Entkrxo 
 ayid Cleaukd at the 1'ort of Odkssa, in 1840-1849. 
 
 
 
 Kutered. 
 
 Cleared, 
 
 Vessels 
 
 . Tons. 
 
 Val. of Cargoes, 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Val. Of Cargoes. 
 
 IMO 
 
 641 
 
 il54,2U 
 
 $4,800,000 
 
 711 
 
 175,490 
 
 $11,900,000 
 
 un 
 
 568 
 
 il43,J32 
 
 
 558 
 
 141,283 
 
 5,740,000 
 
 1843 
 
 745 
 
 1204,006 
 
 4,110,000 
 
 737 
 
 L01,3'25 
 
 10.280,000 
 
 1844 
 
 919 
 
 •J55,itl6 
 
 4,680,000 
 
 895 
 
 247,673 
 
 16,036,000 
 
 )Wo 
 
 1192 
 
 301,113 
 
 6,430,000 
 
 1181 
 
 297,980 
 
 15,945,000 
 
 1846J 14;5 
 
 369,616 
 
 6,194,000 
 
 1356 
 
 351,738 
 
 20,0l5,0I)0 
 
 1847i Jo81 
 
 417,338 
 
 9,106,000 
 
 1646 
 
 434,010 
 
 31,315,000 
 
 1S4.S 1063 
 
 283,475 
 
 7,173,000 
 
 1041 
 
 277,610 
 
 17,925,000 
 
 1S49' 878 
 
 233,916 
 
 8,035,000 
 
 893 
 
 2,38,779 
 
 13,855,000 
 
 Odessa has two steam navigation companies : one for the 
 Black Sea, the Sea of Azof, and the Dnieper; and the other 
 for Constantinople and the ports of the Danube. It is also 
 proposed to construct a railway to Kharkov, crossing the 
 Dnieper at Ivreineetchong (?) above the rapids. Odessa has 
 but comparatively few manufactures. The principal articles 
 produced are soap and candles, tallow, cordage, spirits, silk 
 and felt hats, cabinetware. and wool-washers. 
 
 The same customs prevail at Odessa as are observed in all 
 the southern countries of Europe — the morning is devoted 
 to business, and the middle of the day to repose. This 
 habit, which the heat of the climate seems to dict.ate, gives 
 a melancholy and deserted appearance to the city during a 
 great part of the day. In the evening, however, outward 
 signs of animation again break forth; the theatre is much 
 frequented, and the cafes and clubs are crowded. There the 
 nobles assemble, further on the merchants — Turks. Arme- 
 nians. Jeft's even; every class has its place of meeting, and 
 in each of these resorts, open to quiet conversation, the Joujj 
 pipe of the East spreacls its perfumed clouds over the 
 assembly. 
 
 The town suffers from the want of good wnt#r In pome 
 instances artesian wells have been sunk to the depth of M^ 
 
ODE 
 
 OFF 
 
 feet without success. In the rear of the city are large tanks. 
 Odessa was founded by Catharine II. in 1792. In 1802, 
 its iiopulation was only 90ii0; in 1837 it had increased to 
 68,80.3; in 1846 it was 70,877; in ISuO, 71,392; and in 1858, 
 104,lfi9. In 1840 tlicie were built 20 great maa:azine.<!. 
 
 ODJiS'-S A ,a post-village of Newcastle co.,Delaware,24 miles 
 N. by W. of Dover. It contains a bank and 3 churches. P. (;86. 
 Oi)KSSA. a township of Ionia co., Micliigah. Pop. 484. 
 
 ODi-.Vl'aOR.. o-dA-poor/, or ODKVl'OKK, o di-pOr/, a state 
 of West lliiidostau, subsidiary to the IJritisli, its celitre near 
 lat. 24° X., Ion. 74° E. Kstimateii» area 11,780 square miles, 
 and pop. 30U.000.(y) The surface is hilly, and well watered. 
 'J'lie products comprise sugar, indigo, tobacco, rice, wheat, 
 timber, iron, copper, lead, and sulphur. In prosperity and 
 power this state is, however. iiiCerior to .leypuor and Jood- 
 poor. Priucipal cities, Odeypoor and Chittoor. Odeypoor, 
 the capital, in a hollow surrounded by rugged hills, 145 
 miles 5>.\V. of Ajmeer, and N.K. of Ahuiedabad, lat. 24° 35' 
 N., Ion. 73° 44' E.. has externally a noble appearance, its 
 marble buildings skirting a lake, from which it is protected 
 by an embankment, and it has extensive manufactures of 
 toys, images, and carvings in stone and marble. 
 
 ODKVl^OlJlt or UDEYl'OKE. a town of Hritish India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, 86 miles N.W. of Sumbhulpoor. 
 
 ODKVPOOR or ODKYl'UKE, a town of the Gwalior do- 
 minions. 27 miles JO. of Seronge. 
 
 O'DIIIAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Hants, near the .South Western Hallway, 22 miles E.N.E. of 
 Wimhcsrer. Pop. ip 1851, 2811. The town has an alms- 
 house, and other cliarities, some remains of a royal palace 
 and park, and in the vicinity, the ruins of a ca,stle in which 
 David I., king of Scotland, was confined for 11 years, after 
 his capture at Neville's Cross. Lilly, the celebrated gram- 
 marian, was born here in 1468. 
 
 ODOIJEKE, oMo'baiii/.(?) a village of considerable size of 
 West Africa. Foota-Damga, on the left bank of the Senegal; 
 lat. 15° 14' i\.. Ion. 12° 42' W. 
 
 ODOIKV or ODOJEV, o-do-yjv', a fortified town of Rus.sia, 
 government and 40 miles S.W. of Toola, on the Oopa. 1*. 3000. 
 
 O'DOR'NEY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry. 
 
 ODOWAR.\. o-do-wd'rd. a maritime town of Japan, i.sland 
 of Niphoii, on the E. coast, 40 miles S.W. of Yeddo, stated 
 to contain lUOO houses. 
 
 ODR.'VN, o'driln, a walled town of Austria, Moravia, 27 
 miles l';..\.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2230. 
 
 ODKINKA, o-drin'k^, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 18 miles S.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 1800. 
 
 ODHZYPOL, od-zhce/pol, or ODRZIWOL. od-zhee'*ol,(?) a 
 town of Poland, palatinate of Saudomier, 16 miles N.E. of 
 Dpoczno. Pop. 700. 
 
 ODS.\K, a town of Hungary. See IIods.\k. 
 
 OD/STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 ,. OK* for names commencing thus, and not found below, see 
 0, as Oerebro. See Urebro. 
 
 (E.\SO. See Oy.\rzun. 
 
 OKBISI'ELDE, o'bi.s-ffil'dgh, a town of Prussia, govern- 
 ment and 34 miles N.W. of Magdeburg, ou the Aller. Pop. 
 1625. 
 
 OEDELKM, o'deh-l?m\ a parish and village of Pelgium, 
 province of W'est i'landers, 6 j miles K.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 
 3500. 
 
 OEDELSIIEIM, o/delshTme\ a village of Ilesse-Cassel, 
 Niederhessen, circle of Hofgeismar. Pop. 1022. 
 
 OEDEN BURG, ii'den-lKioRG', (Hun. fii)2n-o/?y.shoYron/; anc. 
 Snpro'Hium.(^ a town of West Hungary, capital of a county, 
 near Lake Neusiedl. 37 miles S.S.E. of Vienna, with a station 
 on the Raab Branch of the Vienna and Cilly Railway. Pop. 
 4500, chiefly of German descent. Of its ancient fortifica- 
 tions, only a huge watch tower, the loftiest in Hungary, 
 remains. It has sev(!ral fine Roman Catholic churches, a 
 Calvinist church. Dominican and Ursuline convents, Roman 
 Catholic and Lutheran colleges, hospitals, barracks, a riding 
 school, military academy, and theatre, with manufactures 
 of cotton and woollen goods, potash, nitre, tobacco, and re- 
 fined sugar. It is an extensive mart for wine grown in the 
 vicinity, corn, tobacco, wax, honey, and cattle. Numerous 
 Roman antiquities have been discovered in and near the 
 town. 
 
 OEDERAN, o'deh-ri!n\ a town of Saxony, 32 miles N.E. 
 of Zwickau. Pop. 4586, chiefly occupied in woollen and cot- 
 ton weaving. 
 
 OEDHEl.M. odiilme, a village of Wlirtemberg, circle of 
 Neckar. bailiwick of Neekarsulm. Pop. 1592. 
 
 OEDT. (itt. a villasre of Rhenish Prussia, government and 
 18 miles N.W. of Dvisseklorf, on the Niers. Pop. 1195. 
 
 OEKKELT. oo'felt. a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Brabant, 27 miles E. of Boisle-Duc, on the Meuse. 
 Pop. 010. 
 
 OEG.STGEEST. ooGst'nAst\ a village of Holland, province 
 of South Holland, 3 miles N.W'. of Leyden. Pop. '631. 
 
 * It may be observed that in German and most of the Teutonic 
 languages, ce, tie, and «« are respectively equivalent to ji, d. and 
 a. But, ,T3 it is inconvenient to place the two dots above a capi- 
 tal letter; when this diphthong begins a worcj, it is Renerally 
 customary to employ Ae, Oe, Ue, instead of A, 0, and U. 
 
 OEIIRINGEN, e'ring-en, a town of Wtirtemherg. on the 
 Ohr, 14 miles E.N.E. of Heilbronn, with 3150 inhabitauiij. u 
 palace, the residence of the Prince of Hoheiilohe OetiiiLigeu. 
 a lyceum. and manufactures of cottons and carpets. 
 
 OEIRAS, o->Ve-rds. almost way/rds, a town of Portugal 
 province of Estremadura, 9 miles W.S.W. of Lisbon, at the 
 mouth of the Tague, and of the small river (Jeiras. P. SOf 0. 
 
 OEIRAS, o-4'e-rds, a city of Brazil, capital of the province 
 of Piauhi, on an affluent of the Parnahiba, near lat. 7° 5' S.. 
 Ion. 42° 40' W. Pop. 5000. 
 
 OEIRAS, a village of Brazil, province and about 140 miles 
 W.S.W. of Para. 
 
 OELAND, an island of Sweden. See Oi-and. 
 
 OELDE, iil'deh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 25 miles 
 E.S.E. of Munster. Pop. 1700. 
 
 OELEGHE.M, oo'leh-ghJm\ a village of Belgium, province 
 and 9 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1158. 
 
 OELK, a town of East Prussia. See Lick. 
 
 OKLS, ols, a town of Prussian Silesia, 16 miles E.N.E. of 
 Breslau, cdpital of a mediatised principality belonging to the 
 Duke of Brunswick, on the Oels. I'op. 6010. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has a ducal castle, with a liljrary and museums. 
 Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a theatre, a gym- 
 nasium, and manufactures of woollens, linens, and paper. 
 
 OI'ILS, a market- tow n of Moravia, 24 miles N.W. of Briinn. 
 Pop. 1750. 
 
 OELS, bis, or OKLSE, ol'.sfh, a village of Prussia, province 
 of Silesia, government and S.W. of Bre.slau. Pop. 1120. 
 
 OELSNITZ. bls'nits, a town of Saxony, on the right bank 
 of the Elster, 6 miles S.E. of Plauen. Pop. 4187. It has 
 manufactures of woollens, cottons, and leather. 
 
 OENO (o-d'no) ISLAND, I'acific Ocean, 90 miles N. of Pit- 
 cairn's Island, is in lat. 24° 1' S., Ion. 130° 4P W. 
 
 (ENUS. See Inn. 
 
 (ENUSSA. See Sp.\i.mat)0!!E. 
 
 OERDINGEN. a town of Prussia. See Uermngen. 
 
 OEREBRO. See Orebro. 
 
 OKI! ESUXD. See Sou.Ni), The. 
 
 O^SCUS. Spe ISKER. 
 
 OESEL. iJ'.sfl, (Esthonian, KinTf-Saar, kooR'Rph-s.fR,) an 
 island of Russia, government ofLivonia. in the Baltic, mostly 
 between lat. 57° 40' and 5S° 14' N.. and Inn. 21° 40' and 23° K. 
 Area, about 1200 square miles. Pop. 40,000, mostly Luther- 
 ans, with .wme German landed proprietors, and a few Swedes. 
 The surface is generally level; the soil tolerably fertile. 
 Wheat, rye, barley, oats. pe.»s. i-c. are pi-oduced. Rearing 
 cattle, horses, and sheep, and fishing form the principa' 
 occupatir>ns of the inhabitants. Princip.'il town, Arensburg. 
 
 OESSELGEM, iis'sel-r,ii?ni\ a village of Belgium, West 
 Tlanders. on the Lys.'22 miles S.S.E. of Bruses. Pop. 1 183. 
 
 OESTERREICH. OESTRETCH, OESTERIiEICHISCH, 
 Ot:STEFKEICHKR. See Ai'stria. 
 
 OE.STOR K. es'toRp. or OKSDORF. iis'dnnr, a village of Ger- 
 many, principality of Waldeck. E. of Pyrmont. Pop. 1163. 
 
 OESTRICH, os'triK. a market-town of Germany, Nas.sau, 
 on the Rhine, 11 miles W. of Mentz. Pop. 1751. 
 
 OESTRINGEN, (js'tring-yn, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine, 8 miles N.E. of Bruchsal. Pop. 2267. 
 
 0<;TA, ee'ta, a mountain of Greece, government of Phthio- 
 tis, is 9 miles W. of Thermopyte, and consists of a chain, 
 the principal elevations of which are Katabothra and Ani- 
 nos, 7061 feet above the sea, and commanding magnificent 
 views over Hellas, Euboea, and Thessaly. 
 
 OETINGHEN, oo'ting-en, a village of Belgium, Brabant, 
 on the frontier of East I'ianders, 16 miles S.NV. of Brussels, 
 Pop. 1552. 
 
 OETISHEIM, 6'tis-hlme\ a village of WUrtemberg, circle 
 of Neckar. Pop. 1125. 
 
 GETTING, a town of Bavaria. See Alt-Oettixo. 
 
 OETTINGEN, ot'ting-en, a town of Bavaria, on the Wep- 
 nitz, and on the railway." 25 miles S. of Anspach. Pop. 3270, 
 It has 2 palaces of the princes Oettlngen-Spielberg. 
 
 OETTINGEN, Neu, noi ot'ting-jn, a markeWown of Bo- 
 hemia, about 18 miles from Tabor. Pop. 1306. 
 
 OETZ, ots, a village and parish of the Tyrol, 8 miles E.S.E. 
 of Tmst. Pop. 1292. 
 
 OEUDEGHIEN, cd^ghe-lx"', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Ilainaut, 20 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2007. 
 
 OFANTO, o-filn'to, (anc. Aufjklus,) a river of Naples, rises 
 in the province of Principato Ultra, 6 miles E. of Jlonte 
 Mar.ano, flows E,N,E., separating the provinces of Basilicata 
 and Bari from Capitanata, and enters the Adriatic 4 miles 
 N.W. of Barletta. Length 75 miles. On its right bunk 
 near its mouth, was the scene of the famous battle of Gt)i 
 nw. in which the troops of Hannibal totally defeated the 
 Romans, 
 
 OPEN, Hungary. See Buda and Alt-Ofen. 
 
 OFFAGNA, of-fin'yi. a village of Central Italy, in the 
 Marches, 7 miles S.W. of Ancoua, near the Musoiie. Pop. 
 1300. 
 
 OFFANENGO, of-fS-nSn'go. a village of Northern Italy, 
 province of Lodi, on the Serio-Morto. Pop. 2122. 
 
 OF'F.\'S DYKE, an intrenclunent traceable through ths 
 English and AVelsh counties of Herefoid, Shroitshire, Mont- 
 gomery, Denbigh, and Flint, from the Wye to the Dee, con- 
 
 1381 
 
OFF 
 
 stnict«(l by ntti. King of Mercia, to separate England from 
 Ihe Welsh principalitius. 
 OKK'ClIUKCil, a parish of England, co. of \\arwick. 
 Ol'FEXKACil, of'tVn-b^K', a town of llesseDurmstadt, 
 province of Starkeuburg, on the left bank of the Main, here 
 crossed by a bridge of boats. 4 miles S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 
 16,685.It has a castle, the residence of the princes Isenburg- 
 Birstein, several Lutheran churches, schools, and cabinets 
 of natural history. It is the chief manufacturing town of 
 the duchy, having manufactures of hosiery, cotton fabrics, 
 carpets, and other woollen fabrics, carriages, pipes, musical 
 instruments, and jewelry. 
 
 01- FEXBACII, of'fen-bdK\ a village of Bavaria, in the pala- 
 tinate, 5 miles E. of Landau, on the Spiegel. Pop. 19S4. 
 
 OFFENBURO, of'fen-biirg or of'fen-bOoBo\ a town of Ba- 
 den, circle of Middle Khine. ou the Kiuzig, with a statiou 
 on the Basel (Biile) and Mannheim Railway, 17 miles S.S.AV. 
 of Carlsruhe. Fop. 3705. It is enclosed by walls, and has 
 a gymnasium, a Franciscan convent, hospital, theatre, and 
 a brisk transit trade. 
 
 OFFE.NBURI}. a village of Transylvania, on the Aranyos, 
 with adjacent gold, silver, and antimony mines. 
 OF'FEMIAM, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 OF/FEKLANE, a parish of Ireland, Queen's county. 
 OKF'H.'V>L a parish of Fingland, co. of Kent. 
 OFFIDA, of fe-dd,a village of C<'iitral Italy, in the Marches, 
 6 miles N.E. of Ascoli. Pop. 12u0. 
 
 UFFINGEN, of'fingen, or JIARKT-OFFIXGEX, maRkt 
 offing-en, a market-town of Bavaria, 9 miles N.N.E. of 
 jSordliugen. Pop. 689. 
 
 OFFIXGKN, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, 
 N.W. of Biborach. 
 OFF'LKY, GRE.A.T, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 OFFLEY, Hiail, a parish of England, co. of Statford. 
 OFF/ORD CLU'NY, a parish of England, co. of Ilunting- 
 don. 
 
 OFF'ORD DAR/CY, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon, 
 eontiguous to the above. 
 
 OFFR.\NVILLE, of'frAxoH'eel'. a niarket-towij of France, 
 department of Seine-Inferieure, 4 miles S. of Dieppe, l^op. 
 In 1852, 1684. 
 OFF'TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 OFF/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 OU.\HDE.\, o-gaMeu', a province of East Africa, in Adel; 
 lat. 7° to 8° 30' N., Ion. 45° to 49° E. 
 
 OOAL'LY, a small post-village of Chippewa co,, 'Wisconsin. 
 
 OG'BOURN ST. ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 OGBOURX ST. GEORGE, a pari.xh of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 OG'DEN, a post/township of Monroe co., New York. 12 
 
 miles W. of Rochester, intersected Ijy the Erie Canal. P. 2712. 
 
 OGDEN, a township in the S.E. part of Lenawee co., 
 
 Michigan. Pop. 1033. 
 
 OGDEN. a postrvillage in Henry co., Indiana, ou the 
 Indiana Central Railroad, 42 miles E. of Indianapolis. 
 OGDEN, a small village of Cumberland CO., Illinois. 
 OGDEN, a post-village of New Madrid co., Missouri, about 
 140 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis. 
 
 0(iDEN CITY, a village of Weber co., Utah, 185 miles N. 
 of Fillmore City. Pop. 1464. 
 
 OG'DENSBUllG, a flouri;ihing post-town and port of 
 entry of Oswegatchie township, St. Lawrence co.. New York, 
 on the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, 
 and opposite I'rescott. in Canada, about 200 miles N.N.\V. 
 of Albany; lat. 44° 41' N., Ion. 75° 32' W. The Northern 
 Railroad, of which this is the Western terminus, extends to 
 Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain, and connects it with 
 Boston and New Y'ork. Another railroad extends to the 
 Central Railroad at Rome. The village is situated on a plain 
 immediately N. of the Oswegatchie River, is rtgularly liiid 
 out, and handsomely built. The Presbyterians, Baptists, 
 Episcopalians, Methodists, and Roman Catholics liave e;ich 
 one or more churches in the place. It contains 2 banks, an 
 academy, attended by 258 students in 1852, and 6 flourishing 
 graded schools, four of which occupy fine edifices. In 1852 
 a lyceum was established and provided with lectures, a 
 library, and a reading room. Here arc 2 newspaper oflices, 
 each of which issue a daily and a v»'eekly paper. Among 
 the hotels, the Seymour House has a front of 132 feet ou 
 State, and 94 feet on Ford street, and contains, besides 
 public halls, parlors, Ac, 86 sleeping apartments. The 
 Northern Railroad Company have hero a freight and pas- 
 senger station, 305 feet by 84; one freight-house, 402 feet 
 by 82; a fire-proof engine-house for 6 locomotives, and 
 numerous other buildings, among which may be men- 
 tioned tlie grain-house and an elevator, built on piles in 
 14 feet water, and containing 42 bins, each capable of hold- 
 ing 4000 bushels of grain. This elevator was unfortunately 
 burned in 1864. The elevators are driven by a steam-engine 
 of 15 hoi-se-power, and are cjipable of raising from 16,000 
 to 18,000 Inishels. Vessels laden with grain on the upper 
 lakes are here unladen with grcjit facility. In 1852 the 
 Company owne<i 4534 feet of wharves, docks', and piers. The 
 commerce of Ogdensburg is flourishing and extensive. Large 
 quantities of freight find their way into this port from all 
 1382 
 
 OGL 
 
 parts of the Upper Lakes, and of Canada, for tJ-an.smisslon 
 to various marts on the Atlantic seaboard, and lai-ge 
 amounts of merchandise from New Y'ork and Boston are 
 thence distributed through the different lake ports, both of 
 Canada and the United States. 
 
 The following statistics show the comparative imports 
 coastwise at Ogdensburg, in a few of the principal articles, 
 for the years specified. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 •1847. 
 
 1&48. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851. 
 
 Flour, bbU 
 
 5,000 
 
 4,600 
 
 158,600 
 
 375,000 
 
 Whiskev, bbls. . . . 
 
 1,217 
 
 1,157 
 
 45i 
 
 1,291 
 
 Pork, bbl3 
 
 ?,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,612 
 
 2,887 
 
 Beef, bbU 
 
 
 
 2,758 
 
 6,034 
 
 Irau, (Pig,) tons . . 
 
 300 
 
 350 
 
 SIM) 
 
 100 
 
 Coal, tuua 
 
 3,000 
 
 3.054 
 
 490 
 
 371 
 
 Wheat, bui 
 
 V 000 
 
 25.000 
 
 149.310 
 
 S77,7-.:5 
 
 Cora, bus 
 
 S^TO 
 
 4.000 
 
 31,934 
 
 82,458 
 
 Salt, bbU 
 
 lo.noo 
 
 15,000 
 
 10,3«9 
 
 14,287 
 
 Tea, chests .... 
 
 10,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 78 
 
 44 
 
 The total value of imports coastwise in 1851 was $2,424,145; 
 foreign, $214,520; exports coastwise, $918,387; foreign, 
 i618.648. The value of goods arriving at the port in bond, 
 in 1852. was SS0S,732; in 1853, Sl.DU.OSfi; and in lf<54, 
 .^1.922.518. Amount of drawback duty rose from $09,935 
 iu'lSSl, to $505,279 iji 1854. 
 
 The following is the report of the inward and outward 
 bound vessels for 1850 and 1851. 
 
 Vears. 
 
 Number 
 
 or Kiuries. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Number of 
 
 CleHi-auce.<. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Men. 
 
 15.iO 
 l»jl 
 
 699 
 lOOi 
 
 242, 7«0 
 351,427 
 
 12,4B4 
 
 i»,5;w 
 
 B55 
 9T3 
 
 242.931 
 
 359,287 
 
 12,218 
 19,341 
 
 In 1854. 5 steamboats and 7 sail-vessels (total tonn.ige, 
 4210) were owned here. In 1831, the Oswegatchie Naviga- 
 tion Company, with a capital of $5000. was incorpoi-at(?d for 
 the purpose of improving, by means of locks and canals, the 
 navigation of the Oswegatchie River to Black Lake, and the 
 Natural Canal connecling the Oswegatchie with Grn.ss River. 
 Steamboats ply regularly to the various ports on l^ake On- 
 tario. About tlie year 1836. measures were adoi)ted to im- 
 prove the hydraulic power of the Oswegatchie at Ogdensburg, 
 by the purchase of water-privilege and the erection of mills. 
 A canal has been extended down below the bridge, and with 
 the exci'ption of a few weeks in summer, affords au ample 
 supply for the extensive mills and manufactories upon it. 
 The princi|pal articles are tiour, lumber, iron, machinery, 
 leather, &c. Ogdensburg was founded upon the site of Fort 
 Oswegatchie. A destructive fire ou the nights of April 16 
 and 17, 1839, laid nearly half of the town in ashes, destroy- 
 ing property to tlie value of nearly $100,000. Another 
 destructive tire occurred September 1, 1852. Pop. in* 1855, 
 7057: in 1860,7409. 
 
 OGDENSBURG, a village of Sussex co.. New Jersey, about 
 22 miles N.N.W. of Morristown. 
 
 OGEECHEE, o-ghee'chee, a river of Georgia, rises in Talia- 
 ferro or Greene co., flows south-eastward, and enters the 
 Atlantic through Ossabaw Sound, about 20 miles S. of Sar 
 vaunuh: The whole length is estimated at 250 miles. It is 
 navigable by sloops for 30 or 40 miles. 
 
 OtiEl.CHKE, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia. 
 
 OGKMAW, o'ghe-maw, a new county in the E.N.E. part 
 of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Riile River. The county is not named in the census of 
 1860, and has few. if any, civilized inhabitants, 
 
 OGGEBIU, od-j.Vbe-o, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 divisiou of Novara, 6 miles S. of Canobbio, ou Lake Maggiore. 
 Pop. 1030. 
 
 OGGEKSHEIM, og'ghgr8-hime\ a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 
 12 miles N.N.W. of Speyer, with a castle. Pop. 1650. 
 
 OGGIONO. od-jo/no, a town of Kortheru Italy, 13 miles E. 
 of Como. Pop. 2908. 
 
 OGLASA, (IsLA.ND.) See Montechristo. 
 
 OGLE, o'g'l, a county in the N. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 760 square miles. It is intersected by Bock River, 
 dividing it into nearly equal parts: and is also drained by 
 Leaf River, and Elkhorn and Pine Creeks. The surface is 
 undulating, and the .soil very fertile. The county contains 
 exteu.sive rolling prarixs. with a fair prt)portion of timber. 
 It is intersected by the Galena Branch of he Central Rail- 
 road. Named in honor of i-omu uiemberof the Ogle family, 
 which was distinguished among the early S'.ttlers of Uliuoig. 
 Capital. Oregon Cily. Pop. 22,188. 
 
 0G1..E, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania 
 
 OGLE, a post-village of Ogle co., lliiuois, abuui, 17.8 milos 
 N. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 OGLE POINT. North America, lat. 68° 14' N. 
 
 OGLETHOIil'E. o/g'l-tlinvp. a county in tho N.E part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 480 square mi e.<. The Bro'.'l Ifivnr 
 forms part of the northern boundary ; Ute Oconc>e wajihes ilK 
 
OQL 
 
 OIII 
 
 Soutti-westom border, and it is drained by the S. fork of 
 Broad River, and by Beaverdam, Cloud's, Millstone, and 
 Lojit; Creeks. The surface is hilly ; the soil in some parts is 
 fertile. Iron, jasper, agate, and abundance of fine granite 
 are found. On the farm of Oovernor Gilmer thei'e i.< an im- 
 mense mass of trrunite, so nicely balanced on another rock 
 of the siime kind, that a child can move it. Gold has been 
 found on Lon;^ Creek. (White's istatislics.) The creeks above 
 named furni.^l^ immense water-power. It is intersected by 
 the Athens Branch of the Georgia Kailroad. Organized in 
 1703, and named in honor of General .James Oglethorpe, who 
 founded the colony of Georgia in 1733. Capital. Le.xiugton. 
 Pop. l],.'i-10, of whom4 '."5. were free and 751-4 slaves. 
 
 OGLETII')lll'i;, a flourishing city of Macon co., Georgia, 
 on the Flint Kiver, at the terminus of the t-outh-wester^ 
 Railroad; 50 miles S.W. of JIacon. The raih-oad connects 
 at Macon with two of the principal railways of Georgia, and 
 it is proposed to e.xtend it southward to Fort Gaines. Ogle- 
 thorpe was commence! in 1S50, and its growth has been 
 very rapid. It is a place of active trade, and an important 
 depot for cotton. E'op. in 1S60, 45-1. 
 
 OGLKTUOIU'K COLLEGE. See Mii.i.EDr.Evii,LE, Georgia. 
 
 OGUN'QUIT, a post-office of York eo., JIaine. 
 
 OGLIANICO, ol-yii'De-ko, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division and about 20 miles from Turin. I'op. 1200. 
 
 OGIjI.A..sri{0. Al-yd.'f'tro. a village of Sicily, intendancy 
 and 12 miles S.8.E. of Palermo. Pop. 1800. 
 
 OGLIO, 6l'yo, or OLLIO, Alle-o, (anc. Ol/lius.) a river of 
 Xorthren Italy, rises in the Klia;tian Alp.s, flows through 
 the Lake Isco. and after a eour.w of 130 miles, joins the i'o 
 at Torre d'Oglio, 10 miles S.W. of Mantua. During winter 
 it floods the surrounding coiuitry, and the depth of its 
 chainiel exceeds 20 feet. 
 
 OG/MORE. a river of So\4h Wales, rising in the centre 
 of the county of Glamorgan, flows S.S.W. into the Bristol 
 Channel. Chief afliuent, the Ewenny. 
 
 OGOX/NELr.OE or O'GO/MLLOE, a parish of Ireland, 
 Muustpr, CO. of Clare. 
 
 OG0J«O, o-gAu'yo, a cape of Spain, Bay of Biscay, in the 
 E. part of the province of Biscay, 17 miles N.W. of Bilbao ; 
 lat. 43^ 2.3' N., ion. 2° 35' W. 
 
 OGUIJIN. o-goo-leen', a market-town of Austria. Croatia, 
 23 miles S.S.W. of Carlstadt, on the Dobra. I'op. 2400. 
 
 OGUR.VPoORA, o-goo-rd-poo/r3, (Hindoo Agoorapoora,) a 
 town of Rritish India, pre.<idency of Bengal, province of 
 Orissa. 75 miles X.X.W. of Cuttack. 
 
 OG'WELL, East, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 OGWEIiL, WEi5T, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 OGY, oV.hee', a viU.lge of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 
 25 miles .N.N.W. of M<m,s. Pop. 1304. 
 
 OH-VIN, o'lhin', a village of ijelgium, province of Brabant, 
 11 miles S.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2330. 
 
 OIIAXEZ, o-d-uoth', a market-town of Spain, province and 
 19 miles X.W. of Almeria, on the S. slope of the Sierra Xe- 
 vada. Pop. 2340. 
 
 01I.VS.\K.\,a town of Japan. See Osaka. 
 
 OHETERO.A, o-hi-tA-rofa, or ROUROUTON, roo-roo-ton', 
 an island of the South Pacific Ocean; lat. 22° 34' S., Ion. 
 150° 13' W.; about 12 miles in circumference. It was dis- 
 covered by Cook. 
 
 OHIO, o-hi/o, one of the most important rivers in the 
 United States, is formed by the confluence of the Alleghany 
 and Mononi;.ahi'la at Pittsburg, in the western part of Penu- 
 gylvania, and flowing in a south-westerly dire<:tion, dividing 
 Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois on the right from Virginia and 
 Keutuckj' on the left, enters the Missis.sippi 1216 miles from 
 Its mouth. Lat. 37° X'., Ion. 89° 10' W. The French called 
 this stream La IkUe Riviere, ''the beautiful river;" which 
 signification corresponds, it is stated, to the Indian appel- 
 lation " Ohio." The entire length of the Ohio is upwards 
 of 9.50 miles, and of the valley, not following the windings 
 of the stream, about 614 miles. Its principal tributaries 
 are the Muskingum, Great Kanawha, Big Sandy, Scioto, 
 Miami, Green, Iveutucky, Wabash, Cumberland, and Teu- 
 ne.ssee. Of the.se, the most importaut are the last three, of 
 which the Tennessee is the largest. Immediately below the 
 junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela, the Ohio is a 
 placid and beautiful stream, 600 yards wide, which maj- be 
 considered as near its m'olium breadth. At Pittsburg its 
 elevation above the level of the sea is 680 feet ; at the en- 
 trance of the Muskingiim, 541 feet; at the mouth of the 
 Scioto, 4tU feet; opposite Cincinnati, 414 feet; and at its 
 confluence with the Mississippi. 324 feet; making the ave- 
 rage descent less tiian >. inches to the mile. The current is 
 very gentle, being about 3 miles per hour; at high water 
 its velocity is greater, but during the dry season a floating 
 Bubstance would not move more than 2 miles an hour. The 
 only fails of much note are those at Louisville. Kentucky. 
 The obstruction to navigation here has been partially over- 
 come by a canal admitting the passage of small steamboats. 
 The descent is 22i feet in two miles, producing a very rapid 
 current, which, howver. is sometimes ascended by steam- 
 boats at hi'ili water. 
 
 The Ohio River cont^fins as many as 100 considerable 
 felands, bo.*ides a, great number of tow-heads, or low, 
 
 sandy islands, covered with willows, and Incapable of 
 cultivation. The navigation of the river is usually more 
 or less obstructed above Louisville during the dry seas<m, 
 by the numerous sandbars either extending across tlie 
 stream or projecting into it. Steamboats becoming grounded 
 on these, not un frequently are obliged to remain until r* 
 lieved by the periodical rise of the waters. Another oiistade 
 is the floating ice, which usually continues 5 or 6 weeks 
 during the winter season. Like other western rivers, the 
 Ohio is suhJBct to groat elevations and depressions. The 
 average range between high and low water is generally 
 about 50 feet; but in a few instances, as in 1832, the riso 
 has been over 60 feet. 'Wlion at its lowest stag(!, it may be 
 forded in several places between Cincinnati and Pittsburg. 
 The n.avigable waters of the Ohio and its tributary streams 
 are estimated Jit not less than 5000 miles; and the extent 
 of area drained, at 200,000 square miles. Descending the 
 river from Pittsburg, thie scenery is highly picturesque and 
 beautiful. The hills, two and three hundred feet high, and 
 covered with the verdure of an almost unbroken fore.'-t. ap- 
 proach the stream, and confine it on eitlier side. But the,>-e 
 fine features imperceptibly fade away, and long before reach- 
 ing tlie Mississippi, entirely disappear. 
 
 OHIO, one of the Western States of the Xorth American 
 Confederacy, is bounded on the X. by Michigan and Lake 
 Erie, E. by Pennsylvania and Virginia, S. by Virginia and 
 Kentucky, (from which it is separated by the Ohio River,) 
 and W. by Indiana. It lies between 38° 32' and 42^ X. lat., 
 and between 80° 35' and 84° 40' W. ion., being about 200 
 miles in its greatest length from X. to S., and about 195 in ex- 
 treme width, covering an area of about 39,9t>4 square miles, 
 or 25,576,060 acres, of which 12,025,304 were improved in 
 I860. 
 
 Face, nfthe Country. — Although Ohio has no mountains, the 
 centre of the state is elevated about UiOO feet above the level 
 of the sea, and there are other portions from 600 to 800 feet 
 in elevation. A ridge of highlands, north of the miildle of 
 the state, separates the rivers flowing X. into Lake Erie from 
 those running S. into the Ohio River. The tributaries of the 
 Ohio have a much longer course and much greater volume of 
 water than those flowing into Lake Erie. The Ohio slope 
 is interrupted by a second ridge, about the middle of the 
 state, south of which the surface Is diversified by hills and 
 valleys. The summits of the abrupt hills, several hundred 
 feet high, which border the Ohio, (and the rivers of tiie Mis- 
 sissippi Valley generally.) are nearly on a level with the 
 surrounding country, through which the rivers have exca- 
 vated their channels in the lapse of ages. The middle por- 
 tion of the state is generally an elevated plain, with occa- 
 sional marshes, which become more frequent and extensive 
 farther north ; but it is remarkable that these are on the 
 higli grounds, while the banks of the rivers are compara- 
 tively firm land. In the X.W. is .an extensive tract of great 
 fertility, crdled the Bl.ick Swamp, much of which is yet 
 covered with forest. In the centre and X.W. are some prai- 
 ries, though the state was originally well timbered. The 
 plains of Ohio, as well as those of other Western States, are 
 covered with large stones (almost rocks) called boulders, 
 which appear to have been carried by the icebergs of an 
 early sea, and dropped at random as the ice melted. 
 
 OentDipj. — The great bituminous coalfield of Pennsylvania, 
 Virginia, and Kentucky, extends into Oliio from the S.K., 
 occupying the eastern and S.E. portions of the state, from 
 the X. angle of Trumbull county to near Portsmouth, on the 
 Ohio River, and covering an area of 11,900 square miles. 
 Tlie X.W. boundary of this great coal deposit runs near tlie 
 villages of Wooster, Xewark, and Lancaster, forming a slight 
 curve. This is succeeded by a very narrow belt of the under- 
 lying coal conglomerate, which forms a rim round the coal- 
 bed. The Great Chemung and Portage Groups (the former 
 composed of thin bedded sandstones or flagstones, with in- 
 tervening .shales, and frequently beds of limestone rendered 
 impure by organic remains; and the latter of shale, and 
 flagstones, and towards the upper part some thick bedded 
 saudstonej enter the state from New York and Pennsylvania, 
 and fill up the whole bn^adth between the coal-bed. and tho 
 rim of conglomerate spoken of alxivi^, and Lake Erie to the 
 mouth of the Huron River, where they turn almost directly 
 S.. and strike the Ohio River in the S.E. of Adams county. 
 This is followed by a very narrow belt of the Hamilton 
 group, (composed of dull olive or bluish-gray calcareous 
 shales, sometiines changed by the atmosphere to an ashen, 
 and at others to a brown tint.) which passes under Lake 
 Erie from the S. of Buffalo, Xew York, and re-issues in Ohio, 
 W. of Huron River. All the state W. of this is occnpie i by 
 the Helderberg Limestone Group, (which includes some grits 
 aud sandstones,) except in the S.W., in Warren. Butler. iTaui- 
 ilton, Clermont, and parts of Brown, Highland, Clinton, 
 Greene, Montgomery, and Preble counties, whicli are covered 
 with a bed of Black River, Birdseyeand Trenton limestone, 
 surrounded by a rim of the conglomerate coal formation. 
 
 Minerals. — The variety of minerals in Ohio is not lai-ge, but 
 she possesses in great abundance those most impijrtant ones, 
 coal and iron. The amount of bituminous coal dug in l^.")4, 
 in 17 of the principal coal-producing counties, was estimated 
 
 1383 
 
 =i! 
 
OIII 
 
 OIII 
 
 Ht l/{, HO.OW.hushols; and the amount delivered at 6 of the 
 ;:riu<'a pal cities at 15,C.iO,000 bushels; but this is very im- 
 V^rfijet evidence of the abundance of coal iu a state where 
 wood as a fuel is still so cheap. This valuable mineral is 
 jouud in 20 counties, mostly those in the K. and S.K. portions 
 of the state. The coal region commences at the Uhio lUver, 
 Had extends in a belt between the Scioto and Muskingum 
 Kivers, inclining a little E. of X. near to Lake Erie. I'rofessor 
 Mathiir computes the (juautity enibowelled beneath the soil in 
 Tuscarawas county alone, at 80,0tK),000,000 bushels. The 
 iron, which is found running through Lawrence. Gallia, Jack- 
 Bon, Meigs, Vinton, .\thens, and Hocking counties, in a bed 
 100 miles long by 12 wide, is said to be superior to any other 
 in the United States for the finer castings. In 1850 there 
 were shipped by canal 16,179,227 pounds of iron, from dif- 
 ferent ptiints in the state. The blnst.-furnaces along the 
 Scioto and Uocking Valley Railroad have iucreased from 7 
 to 19, since the opening of a portion of that road. In Law- 
 rence county alone 28,000 tons of pig iron were estimated to 
 have been produced in 1853. Salt springs are frequent, 
 (550,-350 bushels of salt were manufactured iu 1S50,) aud 
 marble and lime abound. 
 
 Jiivers, Lakes, &c. — .A.s has been already stated, the Ohio 
 River ooasts the entire southern and S.K. border of the state, 
 opening to it, by its connexion with the Mississippi River, 
 the i»mmerce of the great Mississippi Valley. The Ohio 
 comes abreast of the state to whirh it gives its name, about 
 60 miles below Pittsburg, where the Alleghany and Mo- 
 nongahela lUvers pour together their united tribute to form 
 that be;iutiful and majestic stream, to whose volume the 
 state of Ohio adds the waters of the .Musliingum, Scioto, and 
 Miami, besides .several smaller streams. These rivers have 
 courses varying in length from 110 to 200 miles. The Ohio 
 River is navigable during half the year by steamboats of 
 the first class, to its head, at Pittsburg, and at all seasons, 
 with short exceptions, for boats of lighter draught The 
 Muskiugum River is navigable, by means of dams aud locks, 
 to Zanesville. 70 miles from its mouth, and at times of high- 
 water, 30 miles farther to Coshocton. The Scioto is not 
 navigable to any extent. The Muskingum, Scioto, and 
 Miami enter the Ohio in the order named, (descending 
 from Pittsburg,) and drain the centre and S.^V. of the 
 state. The chief rivers of the northern slope, beginning at 
 the N.W., are the Maumee, the Sandusky, Huron, and Cuy- 
 ahoga, all emptying into Lake Krie, and all (with the ex- 
 ception of the Maumee Hlver, which rises in Indiana) having 
 their entire course within the state. The Maumee River is 
 navigable IS miles for lake steamers, and still farther for 
 small boats. The other rivers Ijave rapid courses, and are 
 chiefly valuable for mill-sites. Lake Erie ooasts the state 
 for about 150 miles on the N.E. and N., affording several 
 harbors. At the VV. end of the lake are Maumee and San- 
 dusky Bays, the principal on the Ohio shore. Sandusky 
 Bay extends alxiut 20 miles inland. There are several small 
 islands iu the W. end of the lake, belonging to Ohio. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Though not lacking in pic- 
 turesque beauty, Ohio has no striking natural phenomena 
 within its limits, and is rather interesting for its economical 
 resources than for its physical wonders. The shores of the 
 Ohio River have been much admired by travellers for their 
 gracefully rounded and lofty hills, and the interior streams 
 have some pleasant cascades, which will be noticed in de- 
 scribing their respective localities. There are, however, 
 some earth-works in the neighborhood of Circleviile, (to 
 ■which they give name,) which have claimed the attention 
 of antiqu.irians for half a century or more. Works of a 
 similar character, of greater or less extent, are scattered 
 over the state. Among the most remarkable is a mound 
 near Marietta, 30 feet high, enclosed by an elliptical wall 
 2.30 by 215 feet: Fort .incient. in Warren county, has nearly 
 4 miles of embankment from 18 to 20 feet high; Clark's 
 Works, in Ross county, iu form of a parallelogram, 2SO0 
 feet bj' 1800 feet, enclosing several smaller works and 
 mounds, which, altogether, m:ike 3.000,000 cubic feet of 
 embankment. &e. ; and many others, which the nature of 
 this work will not allow us to describe. At Bryan, iu Wil- 
 liams county, the inhabitants are favored with natural 
 fountains, supposed to proceed from a subterranean lake. 
 as water, when bored for, is found in great abundance, for 
 several miles round. The fluid is reached at a depth of from 
 40 to 50 feet. The supply is never affected by droughts or 
 rains. Small fish are sometimes thrown up. 
 
 Vlimntc, Siil, and PrmloKtions. — It is under this heading 
 tliat Oliic will exhibit the sources to which she owes a rise, 
 (unexampled in the history of the world except in the 
 t'nited Stat(!s.) in a little more than half a century, from a 
 mere wilderne.-s to rank among the first of the state* of tlie 
 Ameiicaii Confederacy, and t« equal some of the kingdoms 
 of Europe in wealth and populousness. She is posse-sed 
 of tliat happy meilium of soil and climate, which, while 
 not so luxurious as to tempt to indolence and inertness, is 
 yet sufficient to call foi-th and richly reward energy and 
 industry. The climate iu the S. part of the state is mild, 
 and snow seldom lies long enough to make good sleighing; 
 but iu the \. the temperature is as rigorous as iu the same 
 1384 
 
 latitude near the Atlantic. Ohio has sometimes fUfTered 
 from great droughts, but perhaps not to a greater degree on 
 the whole than the neighboring states. 
 
 There is very little of this state that is not available for 
 agricultural purposes; so that it stands among the first in 
 the products of the soil; the very first in wool ; only second 
 in Indian corn, cheese, and live stock ; and third in wheat, 
 oats, Irish potatoes, buckwheat, orchard products, butter, 
 hay. niiiple sugar, and grass-seeds. The soil may be 
 generally characterized as fertile, and much of it highly 
 so, especially on the river bottoms. Besides the pro- 
 ducts named, tobacco and oats are staple articles; barley, 
 rye, peas, beans, buckwheat, fruits, grass-seeds, hops, mo- 
 lasses, beeswax, and honey are produced in large quantities, 
 and sweet potatoes, wine, hemp, and silk to some extent 
 In 1860 there were in Ohio 12,025,.'594 acres of improved land 
 (7,S46,747 being unimproved), producing 15.11y,u47 bushels 
 of wheat ; (83,086 of rye ; 73,543,190 of Indian corn ; 1 5,40H.234 
 of oats; 102,511 of pe:is and beans; 8,695.101 of Irish pota- 
 toes ; 304,445 of sweet potatoes ; 1,663,^68 of barley : 2,370.660 
 of buckwheat; 298.479 of grass seeds; 242.420 of flax seed; 
 25,092,581 pounds of tobacco; 10,608.927 of wool ; 48,543,162 
 of butter; 21.618.893 of cheese; 27,9-^3 of hoiw; 882,423 of 
 flax; 3,345,508 of maple sugar; 53,786 of beeswax; 1,4-59,601 
 ofhoney; 568,617 gallons of wine; 370,512 of maple molases; 
 779,076 of sorghum moliisses; 1,564,502 tons of hav; live- 
 stock valued at $80,384,819 ; orchard products at Sl,929,.309; 
 market products at S907,513 ; and slaughtered animals at 
 $14,725,945. There were in the state 62o,;>46 horaes. 676,585 
 milch cows,63,078 working oxen,895,077 other cattlc.3,646,767 
 sheep, and 2.251,653 swine. Near Cincinnati are extensive 
 vineyards, which nroduced in 1860 353.818 gallons of wine. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The forest trees of Ohio are several varie- 
 ties of oak, hickory, sugar and other maples, beech, poplar, 
 ash, sycamore, pawpaw, buckeye, (which gives its soubri- 
 quet to the state.) dogwood, cherry, elm, hornbeam, and 
 some cypres-s, though evergreens generally do not flourish 
 in the state. Ginseng, (latterly an article of export to 
 China, as a substitute for opium.) valerian, Colombo, snake, 
 and blood roots are medicinal plants indigenous to the state. 
 
 Manufactures. — Ohio has now attained that degree of ad- 
 vancement that enables a state to cultivate other Jhan its 
 agricultural resources. Though her manufactures are ne- 
 cessarily in their infancy, yet in l^GO there were 11,123 es- 
 tablishments in the state, producing cwh $500 and upwards 
 annually, engaged in manufactures, mining, and mechanic 
 arts, employing an aggregate capital of $57,295,303 and 75,- 
 602 hands, consuming raw material valued at $69,800,270, 
 and producing annually goods valued at S121,691,148. Of 
 these 115 were woollen factories, employing $658,750 capital 
 and 728 hands, consuming raw material worth $47 6,833, and 
 producing annually goods valued at S825,231 ; 7 cotton fac- 
 tories, employing $262,00t) capital and 837 hands, consum- 
 ing raw material worth $;i60,t)00, and producing stnft's val- 
 ued at $705,500; 67 iron foundries, employing $1,125,400 
 ciipitiil and 1414 hands, and producing castings valued at 
 $1,588,560; 48 furnaces, employing $3,654,000 capital and 
 3119 hands, and producing pig-iron valued at $2,697,366; 13 
 rolling-mills, employing $961,800 capital and 1326 hands, 
 and producing bar. sheet and railroad iron valued at $2,860,- 
 200; 106 distilleries, emi)loying $2,723,200 capital, consum- 
 ing raw material worth $4,270,466, and producing distilled 
 liquors valued at $6,176,437; 149 breweries, employing 
 81,713,362 capital, and producing malt liquors valued at 
 $1,936,552; 516 tanneries, employing $2,113,878 capital, 
 consuming raw material worth $1,832,080, and producing 
 leather valued at $3,058,097 ; 1223 flour and grist-mills, em- 
 ploying $8,066,196 capitiil, and producing flour and meal 
 valued at $24,772,936; and 302 cabinet shops, producing 
 furniture valued at $2,621,682. Home-made nnuiiifiicturcs 
 valued at $596,197 were also produced in the same year. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In respect to opening ways of 
 internal communication, Ohio has shown a spirit of enter- 
 prise worthy her New England origin. In 1860, there were 
 in the state 2999 miles of railway completed, being the gi-eat- 
 est amount of any state of the Union. The construction 
 and equipment of these railroads cost $111,896,351. A 
 complete line of canal connects the Ohio River at Ports- 
 mouth with Cleveland, on Lake Erie, following the Scioto 
 river nearly to Columbus, then crossing to the Muskingum, 
 which it coasts for perhaps 50 miles, when it crosses to the 
 Cuyahoga, which it follows to Cleveland; thus opening an 
 inland water cnmmunication between the commertial me- 
 tropolis of the Union and the principal city of Ohio. Alxiut 
 100 miles of the canal connecting Toledo with Terre Haute, 
 in Indiana, runs near the Maumee in the N.W. of this stiite. 
 Another canal connects Cincinnati, through Dayton, with 
 the Wabash and Erie Canal; and a third. Cincinnati with 
 Cambridge City. Indiana. Altogether, with the branches, 
 then! are 921 miles of canal in this youthful state. 
 
 Two lines of railway cross the entire state to Sandusky 
 City, and Cleveland on Lake Erie, and 3 from Welbville. 
 Steulienville, and Wheeling, on the Ohio, westward to To- 
 ledo. Fort Wayne, Terre Haute, and Cincinnati, and tlirongh 
 (Xinuexions with other railroado, with Detroit, Chicagii, Ga 
 
OHI 
 
 Icna, Rork Island, Alton, and all important intermediate 
 {ilaces. EiiKtwai'd there Is uninterrupted communication by 
 railway — more or less directly — witli Boston, New York, 
 Philadelphia. Baltimore, and towns and villages innumera- 
 ble on the routes, iind on intersecting roads. ]{ailrouds re- 
 cently completed have nnitetl Cincinnati more directly with 
 Baltimore, Chicago, St. Louis, Fort AVayne, and Toledo. 
 
 The following towns, in addition to those already named 
 within the state, are connected with the commercial empo- 
 rium of Ohio by railway, viz. : Columbus, Dayton, Zanesville, 
 Chilicothe, Springfield, Lancaster, Circleville, Hamilton. Ur- 
 bana, Bellefoutuiue. Kenton, Tiffin, Korwalk, Mansfield, 
 Wooster, Newark, Mast;illon, Akron, and in short, neayly 
 every important village in the state. 
 
 Commeice. — The lake and river trade of Ohio is immense. 
 According to Andrews's licport, Ohio exported of do-" 
 mestio produce in 1851, wheat and flour ecjuivalent to 
 3,000,000 barrels; corn, 5,000,000 bushels; small grains, 
 300,000 ; wool, 7,000,000 pounds ; pork. 300.000 barrels ; lard 
 and lard oil, 130,000 barrels; beef, 50,000 barrels; 10,000,000 
 pounds of cheese, 8,000,000 of butter, 1.500,000 of caudles, 
 300,000 of soap; whiskey, 300,000 barrels; to which, if we 
 add smaller articles and" manufactures, we make a total 
 amount of about $-10,000,000. The aggregate trade of all the 
 ports of Ohio he computes at $120,000,000. Tliis is proba- 
 bly much too low fur 1853, as the trade of the Sandusky dis- 
 trict alone for that year has been given at $05,099,487, an 
 amount nearly treble that of 1851. 
 
 The foreign exports — a mere fraction of the trade of Ohio 
 ^amounted in the liscal year ls63, to $1,849,025, and the 
 imports to $221,947; tonnage entered, 84,707 ; clo;ired, t)5,588 
 tons; vessels built, 79, whose aggregate burthen was 20,088 
 tons; and tonna^'e owned in the state, t76,4.'S6, of which 
 nearly half was steam-tonnage. The imports (mostly do- 
 mestic) of Cincinnati, amounted in tlie years terminating 
 August 31, 185-2-0, 4, respectively, to $41,260,199, $51,230,044, 
 and $05,730,029 ; and the exports to $33,234,809, $;J0,260,108, 
 and $45,432,780; arrivals of steamlwats in the first two 
 years were 3075, and 4058; clearances, 3011, and 4113 steam- 
 boats. There also arrived, in 1853, 6880 flat boats, and 4970 
 in 1854. Tile leading articles imported at Cincinnati were, 
 colfee, flour, hog's lard, merchandise, molasses, pork, iron, 
 sugar, tobac(», whiskey, and lumber; and exported, were 
 beef, butter, cheese, candles, flour, iron, lard, lard oil, pork, 
 starch, sugar, wliiskey, and miscellaneous merchandise. 
 Cleveland's imports, in 1853, were domestic, $54,801,174, and 
 foreign, $170,008 ; exports, domestic, $32,320,521, and foreign, 
 $397,209, besides an estimated trade by railways, amounting 
 to $15,000,000, making a total trade of $101,909,512; and 
 in 1864, the total trade of the same port, by lake, canal, and 
 railway, was §200,039,006, including transit trade. The 
 flour and grain receipts of Toledo, reduced to bu-shels of 
 wheat, varied iu the 8 years preceding, and including 1853, 
 between 1,297,849 bushels, and 3,269,208 bushels. The arri- 
 vals at the s;ime port, in 1853-64, respectively, were (in tons) 
 231.205. and 420.508, and the clearances 103,278. and 89,057. 
 The lard, both solid and in oil, exported from Cincinnati, 
 Toledo. Sandusky, Cleveland, and I'urtsmo.uth, in 1854, was 
 estimated at 29.200,000 pouuds. The number of hogs packed 
 iu Ohio was 547,373, iu 1851-52, and 603,152, in 1852-53. 
 
 Education. — In respect to the great cause of popular educa- 
 tion, Ohio is among the foremost states in the Union. An 
 act was passed, March 14, 1853, reorganizing the entire school 
 system of the state, and providing for the election, once in 
 three years, of a State Commissioner of Common Schools. 
 The state has a school fund of $1,754,322. made up of certain 
 trust funds, the interest of the .sale of the salt land, the 
 balance of the surplus revenue fund, the interest of the 
 same paid to counties, taxes on pedlers' and auction licenses, 
 taxes on lawyers, physicians, banks. Ac; raised by assess- 
 ment for common schools, $1,180,793, and $59,339 for di.strict 
 school libraries and the purchase of apparatus. Special and 
 trust funds iu the treasury, November 15, 1853, .$1,988,323. 
 Total amount appropriated by the state for school purposes 
 in 1854, $2,200,457. The number of youths in the state be- 
 tween the ages of 5 and 21 years, as gathered from the returns 
 of the County Auditors, was 816,408, or. according to the 
 State Board of Education, 817,106. There were 1514 Boards 
 of Education, 11.365 districts, 13,914 common schools, and 
 612,185 pupils. In 1853, there were 52 union schools. The 
 State University had 102 students, August. 1853. According 
 to the American Almanac, there were in 1854, in Ohio, 12 
 colleges with 674 students, 7 theological schools, and 4 
 medical schools. 
 
 According to the census of 1860, there were in Ohio, 45 
 colleges witlx 7077 students, $205,885 income, of whicli 
 $'S2,600 was endowments; 11,783 public schools, having 
 590,549 pupils, $2,551,8-14 income, of which $1,515,720 was 
 from taxation, $870,709 from public funds, and .$69,660 from 
 endowments ; 131 academies and other schools, having 54,035 
 pupils, $274,041 income, of which $63,658 was frcmi taxation, 
 f25,726 from public funds, and $16,617 from endowments. 
 Tliere are also in this state 3082 libraries containing 790,666 
 volumes, of which 4u9 were pul)lic, 1990 school, 500 Sunday- 
 gchool, 21 college, and 9 church libraries. 
 
 OHI 
 
 Rdiginus Denominations. — Of the 5210 churches in 01 o 
 in 1860, the Baptists owned 489. C'lristians 365, Congregatiou- 
 allsts 142, Episcopalians 93, Friends 92, German Ileformed 
 115, Jews 8, Lutherans 374, Metl lOdists 2341, Presbyterians 
 631, United Presbyterians 82, KoDian Catliolics 222, Sweden 
 borgians 5, Unionists 66, Uuiversidists 57. The rest, 128. 
 were owned by minor sects, including Moravians, Dutch 
 Ileformed, Menonites, Tunkers, and Free Clinrch. Thit 
 will give 1 church to every 449 persons. The total value 
 of church property, $12,988,762. 
 
 J'eriiidicaU. — In 1860, there were published in Ohio 24 
 daily, 8 tri-weekly, 4 bi-weekly, and 260 weekly pewsi)apev8; 
 and 41 monthly and 3 annual magazines or reviews. Of 
 tliese 256 were political, 37 religious, and 24 literal y. The 
 number of copies is-sued annually was 71,767,742. 
 
 I'uhllc Insliluiiims. — Ohio luis 4 lunatic asylums, viz., the 
 Soutliern Asylum located at Dayton, tlie Central at Colum- 
 bus, the Northern at Newberg, and the Longview Insane 
 Asylum at Mill Creek, near Cincinnati. The number of 
 patients remaining November 1, 18G2, was 161 in the South- 
 ern, 260 in the Central, 141 in the Northern, and 346 in tlie 
 Longview Asylum; total, 908. Tliere are institutions for 
 the Blind, and for Deaf Jliites at Columbus; 432 blind per- 
 sons were trained in tlie former between 1838 (when it was 
 founded) and 1862. The State Penitentiary at Columbus 
 contiiined 768 prisoners on the 1st of November, 1862. The 
 number committed during the year was 237. Expenditures 
 for the year, $93,444; amount receive<l for the labor of con- 
 victs, $61,504. There is a library of 8000 volumes for the 
 use of tlie convicts. [For the statistics of libraries in 
 1860, see Education.^ In 1850 Ohio liad 6.') public libraries, 
 with 65,703 volumes; 201 school and Sunday-school, with 
 63,573; 22 colleges, with 5ii,6"8; f»i(l 4 cliurch libraries, 
 with 976 volumes. The Ohio Historical Society, origi- 
 nated in 1830, is located at Cincinnati, and has a library 
 of above 1000 volumes. A second deaf and dumb .asylum 
 was recommended by a committee of the legislature in 
 1854. 
 
 Chunties. — There are in Ohio 88 counties, viz., Adams, 
 Allen, Ashland, Ashtabula, Athen.s, Auglaize, Belmont, 
 Brown, Butler, Carroll, Champaign, Clark, Clermont, Clin- 
 ton, Columbiana, Coshocton, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Darke, 
 Defiance, Delaware, Erie, F'airfield, Fayette, Franklin, Ful- 
 ton, Gallia. Geauga, Greene, Guernsey, Hamilton, Hancock, 
 Hardin, Harrison, Henry, Highland, Hocking, Holmes, 
 Huron, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lake, Lawrence, Licking, 
 Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Madi.son, Mahoning, Marion, Medina, 
 Meigs, Mercer, Miami, Monroe, Jlontgomery, Morgan, Blor- 
 row, Muskingum, Noble, Ottawa, Paulding, Perry, Picka- 
 way, Pike, Portage, Preble, Putnam, Kichland, Uos.s. San- 
 dusky, Scioto, Seneca, Shelby, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, 
 Tuscarawas, Union, Van Wert, Ainton, Warren, '\\'ashiui;- 
 ton, Wayne, Williams, Wood, and Wyandott. 
 
 Cities atid Tmvns.— Ohio surpas.ses all the states of the 
 Mi.ssissippi valley in the numlier and populousness of its 
 towns. Cincinnati, called the Qu(!en of the West, is, with the 
 exception of New Orleans, the largest town W. of the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains; and if we include its suburbs in Ken- 
 tucky, we probably need not make that excepticju. It» 
 population in 1860 was 161,044. Cleveland had 43,417; 
 Dayton. '20,081; Columbus, 1S,554; Toledo City, 13,7G>; 
 Zanesville, i'229; Sandusky, 840S; Chillicothe, 7626; Ham- 
 ilton, 72'23; Springfield, 7002; Portsmouth, 0208 ; Stcnben- 
 ville, 6154; Springfield, 554s ; Brooklyn, 5358; Newark, 
 4675; Xenia, 4668; Piqna, 4616; Mansfield, 4581 ; Circleville, 
 43^3; Marietta, 4323; Lancaster City, 4303; Mount Vernon, 
 4202; Canton, 4041; Tiffin, 3992; Delaware, 3889: Salem, 
 3863: Massillon, 3819; Ironton, 3691; Fremont, 3510; 
 Akron, 3477 ; Urbana, 3429 ; Pomeroy, Bellefontaine, and 
 Ravenna. Capital Columbus. 
 
 Papulation. — This state, now the third in point of popula- 
 tion and wealth of the members of the American Confederacy, 
 hud no white settlements till five years after the close of 
 the American Revolution. In 1800 it numbered only 46,365 
 inhabitants; 230,760 in 1810; 5S1,4:;4 in 1820: 937,903 in 
 1830 ; 1,619,467 in 1840 ; 1,980,329 in 1850. In 1860, 2.339,511, 
 of whom 2,302,808 were whites, 36,673 free colored, and 30 
 Indians. Population to the square raile, 68. Representative 
 population, 2,339,611. Of the population, l,52;t,5tjO were 
 born in the state, 481,697 in other states, 328,254 in foreign 
 countries; of whom 32,700 were born in England; 76,826 
 in Ireland; 6635 in Scotland; 8305 in W'ales; 7082 in British 
 America; 168,210 in Germany; 12,^70 in France; 11,078 in 
 Switzerland; 1756 in Holland; 519 in Belgium; 407 in Italy; 
 452 in Russia; 326 in I'oland, and 209 in Sardinia. Of the 
 population in the leading pursuits, 223,485 were farmers, 
 78,623 laborers, 76,484 farm laborers, 33,679 servants, 21,571 
 carpenters, 11,396 shoemakers, 10,962 clerks, 10,501 teach- 
 ers, 10,088 blacksmiths, 8602 merchants, 7160 seamstresses, 
 5912 coopers, 5550 tailors, 4923 students, 4150 apprentices, 
 3706 painters and varnishei-s, 37ti5 masons, 3502 millers, 
 3059 cabinet-makers, 2927 clergymen, 2537 lawyers, 2487 
 machinists, «S:c. In the year ending June 1, 1860, there 
 occurred 24,726 deaths, or 107 in every thousand. The 
 number of deaf and diunl) waa 959 (see Introduction to 
 
 1385 
 
OHI 
 
 om 
 
 the volume on Populatinn of the Eighth Oinsxis, pp. liv, Iv, 
 Ivi, ic); lilitid, 899; insiine, 2-2!'3; idiotic. 1T8S. 
 
 Government, Rinances, Banks, Ac. — The Governor and 
 Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio are elected by the people for 
 two year.:!, the former receiving $1800 per annum, »"d the 
 latter, who is ex officio the president of the .senate, $5 per 
 diem during the session of the legislature. The Senate con- 
 sists of 35. and the House of Kepre.^entatives of 100 mem- 
 ber.«, elected for two years by popular vote. The legislature 
 meets biennially the first Monday in January. A board of 
 public works, consisting of 3 members, is elected for three 
 years, in such a manner that one new member comes in 
 annually. The state cannot contract any debt for internal 
 improvement, nor even for deficits in the revenue, or any 
 other purposes, beyond $750,000, except to repel invasion, or 
 to redeem the pre.«ent outstanding debt. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a supreme court, comprsed of 5 judges, 
 elected by the people for five years, one judge being elected 
 each year. The judges receive $1700 per annum. 2. Of 
 courts of common pleas, divided into nine districts, each of 
 vhlch is subdivided into three, presided over by one judge, 
 elected by the inhabitants of his particular division for five 
 years. 3. Of district courts, composed of the judges of the 
 court of common pleas of the respective districts, and of the 
 judges of the supreme court, any three of whom may hold 
 a court in each county at least once a year. 4. (Ka probate 
 court in each county held by one judge, chosen by the peo- 
 ple for three years. Kvery white male citizen of the United 
 States, 21 years of age, resident in the state one year next 
 preceding an election, and in the county, town, or ward in 
 which he lives such time as the law may prescribe, may be 
 a voter. The assessed value of property in the state for 
 1862, was S8S9,2.S5.2i>2, and the amount of taxes levied 
 (1863) was $4,129,473. The funded public debt in December, 
 is62, was S14,141,H62, of which $13,283,778 wa.s foreign debt. 
 After this debt was reduced by the payment of .'$676,752, 
 there remaineti in the treasury, November 15, 1 863, $423,786. 
 There were in the state in November, 1863, 56 banks with 
 an aggi-cgate capilal of S5,0o2,940, a circnlation of S6,652,311, 
 and $1,828,691 in specie. Ohio sends 19 members to the 
 national House of Kepresentatives, and casts 21 electoral 
 votes for presiilent. 
 
 Histnr;/. — Ohio fully bears out the adage, that prosperous 
 communities have but few materials of history. The settle- 
 ment of this state commencing subsequently to the Uevolu- 
 tion. she had little to do but to subdue the forest, and deve- 
 lop her resources. On .^pril 7, 1788, five years after the 
 close of the Kevolution, a company of New Englanders made 
 the first white settlement in Ohio, at Marietta. A terri- 
 torial government had been established in 1781 over this 
 region, called the territory north-west of the Ohio lUver ; 
 from which, in 1802, the present sovereign state of Ohio was 
 Beparateil. The inhabitants were much annoyed by iucur- 
 Bions of the Indians, who had successively defeated General 
 Harniar and General St. Clair, (the latter with great slaugh- 
 ter of his troops, leaving scarcely one-fourth,) in 1791 and 
 1792, but were themselves in turn utterly routed by General 
 Wayne, in August, 1794. Fort Sandusky, in this state, in the 
 war of 1812, was successfully defended by Major Croghan, a 
 youth of twenty-one years, with 160 men, against an attack 
 by General Proctor, with 500 regulars and as many Indians. 
 
 OHIO, a county in the N. part of W. Viigiiiia, boriUring 
 on Pennsylvania, and on the Ohio River, contains about 140 
 square miles. The Ohio River separates it from the state 
 of Ohio, and it is drained by Wheeling Creek. The surface 
 is hilly ; the soil fertile, well watered, and adapted to pas- 
 turage. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and wool 
 are the .staples. The hills contain rich mines of bituminous 
 co.al. which is extensively used in manufactories. Capital, 
 Wheeling. Pop. 22,422, of whom 22,322 were free, and 100 
 slaves. 
 
 OHIO, a county in the W. central part of Kentucky, has 
 an area estimated at 625 square miles. The Green River 
 bounds it on the S. and W., and Rough Creek flows through 
 it. The surfoce is undulating, and partly covered with 
 dense forests. The soil is moderately fertile. Iron ore and 
 stone-coal are abundant. Green River is navigable by 
 •teamtKjats along the border. Organized in 1798. Capital, 
 Hartford. Pop. 12,209, of whom 10,917 were fiee, and 1292 
 •laves. 
 
 OHIO, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, bordering on 
 the Ohio River, is the smallest in the state, containing about 
 90 square miles. It is drained by Laughery Creek. The 
 surfa,'e is diversified by hills of considenible height, but 
 mostly capable of cultivation, and the soil is good both on 
 the hills and bottoms. The lilue limestone is abundant. 
 Organized in 1844. Capital, Rising Sun. Pop. 5462. 
 
 OHIO, a post-township of Herkimer co., New York, 18 
 Biles N.K. of Utica. Pop. 1135. 
 _ OHIO, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 
 OHIO, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. 
 OHIO, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop 3204. 
 OHIO, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 893. 
 OHIO, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pen. 2170. 
 1386 
 
 OHIO, a township of Bartholomew co., Tndiana. Pop. 480 
 
 OHIO, a townshi)! of Warwick co.. Indiana. Pop. 1259. 
 
 OHIO, a pi>st-offlce of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 
 OHIO CITY, a post-village, formerly a suburb, but now 
 inclnded^within the limits of Clevel.\"xd, which see. 
 
 OHIO'CITV. a thriving post-village of Jlissi.-^sippi co.,. 
 Missouri, on the Mississippi River, opposite the mouth of 
 the Ohio, al>out 170 miles below St. Louis. 
 
 OHIO FAR.M, a post-village of Kendall co., Illinois., 50 
 miles S.M'. of Chicago. 
 
 OHIO GROVE, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, 65 
 miles W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 ■OIII/OPYLE FALLS, on the Yonghiogheny liiver, in Fay- 
 .ette CO., Pennsylvania. These falls form the limit of navi- 
 gation, and are about 60 miles from the mouth of the river. 
 
 OHIO UNIVERSITY. See Athkns, Ohio. 
 
 OHIOVILLE, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 11 miles W.S.W. of Beaver. 
 
 OHIO WESLEYAN UMVKRSITY. See Del.\w.\hf., Ohio. 
 
 OHIVAOA, o-he-vd-o'd, an island in the Pacific. See Do- 
 
 MIMC.\. 
 
 OHLAU or OLAU, o/low, or OLAWA, o-W'kL a town of 
 Prussian Silesia, 17 miles S.E. of Breslau, with a station on 
 the railway to Vienna, on the Oder. Pop. 4800. It has a 
 royal jialace, and manufactures of woollen cloths, paper, 
 vinegar, and tobacco. Its fortifications were demolished in 
 1741. 
 
 OHL'S TOWN, a post-oflfice of Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 
 OIIO<J'PEE, a river of Georgia, which rises in Washing- 
 ton CO.. and flowing S.E., enters the Altamaha about 15 mileij 
 S. of Reidsville. The Little Ohoopee falls into it in Emar 
 nuel county. 
 
 OIIOMURA, o-ho-moo'rl, a town of Japan, i.s!and of Kioo- 
 sioo, province of Fizen, on the E. .side of the hay of same 
 name; lat. 32° 55' 27" N., Ion. V2^° 50' E. Pop. 2u.u00. 
 
 OIIOMURA BAY, is about 20 miles long and 14 miles 
 broad, but so shallow as only to be navigable for sni.iU craft. 
 
 OIIRDRUFF, oR/droOff, a fortified to^i-n of Germany, 
 duchy of Saxe-Coburg, 8 miles S. of Gotha. Pop. 4311. it 
 has a palace, a lyceum. and manufactures of linen and 
 woollen stuffs, and porcelain, and trade in timber and cattle. 
 In the vicinity are iron and copper forges and mines. 
 
 OlIRE, o'rgh, a river of Germany, I'rus.^ian Saxony and 
 Brunswick, joins the Elbe, 13 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, 
 after an E. course of 65 mile.s. 
 
 OHKX. oRn, a small stream of WUrtemherg, an affluent 
 of the Kocher. 
 
 OIAT or OJAT, o-ydf, a river of Russia, rises on the fron- 
 tiers of the governments of Novgorod and Olonets, and flows 
 W.N.W., and after a course of alx)ut 100 miles, joins the 
 Sveer 9 miles above its mouth, in the E. shore of Lake La- 
 doga. 
 
 OI'BO or IBO, ee/bo, a town of the island of Ibo, (which 
 see,) belonging to the Portuguese. S. E. of Africa; lat. 12'-^ 
 20' S., Ion. 40° 30' E. It is defended by a large and two 
 smaller forts, and has a harbor. 
 
 OICII, LOCH, loK oiK, a lake of Scotland, co. of Inverness, 
 forming the summit level of the Caledonian Canal. Length, 
 from N.E, to S.W., 6 miles, average Vireadth 1 mile. It re 
 ceives the Glengarry River, and empties itself into Loch 
 Ness by the river Oich. At the mouth of the Glengarry 
 stand the ruins of an old castle, and near it the present 
 mansion of Invergarry, residence of the late Macdouald of 
 Glengarry. 
 
 OIGXIES, wSn'yee', a village of Belgium, province and 
 32 miles S.S.W. of Xamur. Pop. 1128. 
 
 OIGNON, wdiiVAN"', or OO.VON, an^yAx"', a river of 
 France, between the departments of Haute-Saone and 
 Doub.s. joins the Saone. 9 miles N. of Auxouue, after a 
 W.S.AV. cour.<e of 80 miles. 
 
 Ol'l^EL or OI'KELL. a river of Scotland, rises in the pa- 
 rish of Assynt, co. of Sutherland, and traversing two small 
 lakes, flows mostly eastward into the Frith of Dornoch, 
 after a circuitous course of 32 miles. Princijial alHuents, 
 the Ca.s.sley, Shin, and the Carron. The upper part of itH 
 course is interrupted by a series of wild cataracts, but the 
 lower is navigable by boats from the Sea to Rose llaU. 
 
 OIL CREEK rises in the N.W. part of I'enns} Ivania, and 
 enters the Alleghany River in Venango county. Vast quan- 
 tities of petroleum are obtained by boring through rocki 
 near the banks ot this creek. 
 
 OIL CREEK, of Perry co., Indiana, flows into the Ohit 
 10 miles above Rome. 
 
 OIL CKEEK, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1593. 
 
 OIL .MILLS, a post-office of Clark co., Kentucky. 
 
 OIL MILL VIL'LAGE, a post-village of Hillsborough co.. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 OIL TROUGH, a small post-village of Independence cc 
 Arkansas. 
 
 OIN. a small town of the Punjab, on the Cashmer-^ irou 
 tier, and on the Jhylum. lat. 31° 40' N., Ion. 73° 50' E. 
 
 OIRA. a town of Southern Italy, Naples. See Ori.\. 
 
 OIRSCHOT, oia'sKot. a town of the Netherlands, provlnee 
 of North Brabant, 13 mUes S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 3997 
 
OIS 
 
 OLA 
 
 OISK. vir., aln.ost wTze, (anc. Tsara ?) a river of France, 
 rises by two KtreaniF. one near Chima}- in Belgium, and tlie 
 otlier near Rocroy in Ardennes, (France.) It flows S.W. 
 past Cliauny, (wiiere it becomes navigable,) anrt joins tlie 
 Seine on tbe right aiiove ConUans ; length 158 milfS. Afflu- 
 ents, on the left the Ain.on the riglit the 'i'heraiu. It com- 
 municates by canals with the S^anibre. Scheldt, and Somme. 
 
 OISIO, a di'partmcnt of France, in the y.E., formed of the 
 old provinces of 1 le-de- France anil Picardie. Area 2218 
 square miles. I'op. in 18U1, 401.417. It belongs almoct 
 entirely to the basin of the Seine, and is wat<.'rcd by the 
 Oise and its affluents, the Ain and Tlierain ; the Fpte on the 
 W. separates it from the department of Kure. and the Ourrq 
 traverses it in tiie S.K. Surface generally flat. Agriculture 
 is in a very advanced state, and grain is cultivated more 
 than required for consumption. A\ iue is made of inferior 
 quality, and cider and beer are extensively usei.1. Tile depart- 
 ment contains several large forests, the largest biding that 
 of Compiegne. Cattle and .sheep are numerous. The prin- 
 cipal manufactures are woollen goods, carpets, linens, calico, 
 and lace. The department is divided into the arrondisse- 
 ments of Beauvais, Clermont, ConipiOgne, and Sculis. Capi- 
 tal, Beauvais. 
 
 OTSSKAU, wds'so', a market-town of France, department 
 and 4 miles N. of Mavenne. I'op. in 1852, 3912. 
 
 OISSEL-SUB-SKINK, wd.sVl' suR sin. a village of France, 
 department of Seine-lnferieure, on the I'ari.s and Havre 
 Kailwav, 8 miles S. of Kouen. Pop. in 1852, 3482. 
 
 OISTEKWI.IK or OISTERWYK, ois'tfr-«'ik\ a market- 
 town of Holland, province of North Brabant, 10 miles S.W. 
 of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1560. 
 
 OISY, wa^zee'. a village of France, department of Pas-de- 
 Ca'.ais.n miles K.S.E. of Arras. Pop. in 1852, 2070. 
 
 OITS M1TS(J0, (or MITSU,) oils mit^soo/, or BIWAKO, be- 
 wd'ko. agreat lake of Japan, island of Niphon, situated about 
 10 miles E. of Miako. said to liave been formed in one night. 
 In 286 B. c, by an enormous depression of the ground, which 
 vv^curred simultaneously with the upheaving of the moun- 
 tain Koosiyiima, the loftiest of all the mountains of Japan. 
 It is said to measure about 70 miles from S. to N., and 21 
 miles from H. to W. 
 
 OJAL A VA, o-yi-WvL or OYOLAVA, o-yo-ld/vJ, one of the 
 Navigator's Islands in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 14° 2' 40" S., 
 Ion. 171° 22' W. 
 
 OJAT, a river of Russia. See OlAT. 
 
 O.TE.V or OXFIN, o-hJn', a village of Spain, province and 
 2S miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1800. 
 
 OJIJ.'VKKS orOXIXARES, o-iie-ii4'res. is the namcof two 
 contii;uous ^illages of Spain. S.W. of Granada, on the Genii, 
 
 0.1 1 iU! i. W A Y. See CuiPPF.w.\r. 
 
 0K.\, o'kd. an important river of Central Ru?.«ia, rises in 
 the government and about 40 miles S.W. of Orel, flows 
 through the iiovernmentsof Toola. Kalooga. Moscow. Hiazan, 
 Vladimeer. iind Nizhnee-Novgorod, and joins the Aolga at 
 Nizhnec-Novgorod, after a course of 660 miles. Its basin is 
 estimated to comprise 127.(K)0 square miles, of the richest 
 part of the Russian dominions. It n-ceives the Oopa, Zhiz- 
 dra. (Jizdra,) Moskva, Zna, and Kliazma Rivers. Though 
 rapid, it is navigable for almost its wliole course; and at 
 Toola it is connccte<l with tlie Don by the Ivanovska Canal. 
 
 0K.\. a river of Siberia, government of Irkootsk, joins the 
 Angara at lirutskoi. Course N. 500 miles. 
 
 OKA.MIJNUKL or OKHAMUNDEL. o-kd-mrm'dJl, a dis- 
 trict of West Hindostan, forming the W. part of Guzerat. 
 
 0'KAXA(;'i).\ or OltOXAGON, a river of North America, 
 rises in the British territory, and flowing almost due south 
 falls into the Columbia in about 48° N, lat. I^ength above 
 200 miles. 
 
 OK.\NDA, o-k3n'di, a town of Japan, island of Niphon, 
 50 miles E.N.E. rf Y'etldo. 
 
 OKASAKI. o-k3-sd'kee, a town of Japan, on a river near 
 the Gulf of Ovari. 132 miles S.W, of Yeddo, and stated to 
 have a citadel and ISOO' houses. 
 
 O'KAU or O'KAW, a post-village of Washington co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 14 miles W.N.W. of 
 Nashville. 
 
 OK.^UCHEE. o-kaw'chee. a post-village of Wankesba co., 
 Wifcons-iu. on the outlet of Okauchee Lake. 
 
 OKEIiURN, a parish of England, See Ogbourx. 
 
 OKECIKJHKE, o^ke-cbo'bee, a lake in the southern part 
 of the peninsula of Florida. Length about 20 miles. 
 
 OKEK'CHE CREEK, of Alabama, flows eastward through 
 Sumter co. into the Tombiirbee. 
 
 OKEFINOKEE, oMte-fin-0/kee, written also OKEFONOCO, 
 ari cxten.sive swamp, or rather series of swamps, in the S.E. 
 part of Georgia. The circumference is estimated at 180 
 miles. See Guorgia, 
 
 OKEFOKP-KITZPAINE, ok'ford flts'pdn, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Dorset. 
 
 OKENDOX, (o'kgn-djn,) NORTH, a parish of England, 
 CO. cJ Essex 
 
 OK EXDOX. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 OK ER. a river of Germany, See Ocker, 
 
 OKEWAL'KEE CREEK, of Georgiii, enters the Oconee 
 from the right in Montgomery county. 
 
 OKHANSK, or OCHANSK, o-K^rsk'. a town of Russia 
 government and 40 miles W,S.W. of Perm, on the Kerma 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 OKHOLM, ok-holm', a village of Denmark, duchy of SW 
 wick, with a small harbor on the North Sesi, 5 miles N.W 
 of Brested. 
 
 OKHOTA, o-Ko't3, a river of Siberia, government of Ok- 
 hotsk, after a southward course of about 200 miles from the 
 Stanovoi Mountains, enters the Gulf of Okhotsk, at Ok- 
 hotsk. It is navigable onlv for boats. 
 
 OKHOTSK or OCIKJTSK, o-Kotsk', (Rus. pron. o-notsk',) a 
 province of East Siberia, extending along the W. coast of 
 the Sea of Okhotsk, between lat. 67° and Oe° X., and Ion. 
 133° 30' and 166' E., htvving E. Kamtchatka and the Tchook. 
 tehee country, and ^^'. and X, tlie government of Vakoot.'-k- 
 I^ength from W, to E, 1100 miles, average breadth 150 miles. 
 It is traversed throughout liy the Stanovoi Mountains, anil 
 has only some short rivers, the chief being the Okhota, Cli- 
 mate severe; reindeer and dogs are the only domestic ani- 
 mals. I'rincipal products are furs and timber. 
 
 OKHOTSK, the capital of the above, isa maritime town, on 
 a surf-l«>aten and shingly beacli bordering the Sea of Okhotsk, 
 lat. 59° 20' N., Ion. 143° 14' E. Pop. 800, formerly 2000. It 
 is now a wretched place, constructed of wood, but has a go- 
 vernment house, admiralty hospital, and largo storehouses, 
 it being the principal station of the Russo-American Com- 
 pany, and the chief entrepot for the Kus.siaa trade with 
 Kamtchatka and North West America. 
 
 OKHOTSK, Sk.\of, or MORE OKHOSTSKOE, mo^ri^ o- 
 Kot'sko-A*, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 61° and 
 60° N., and Ion. 137° and 155° E., having E, Kamtchatka, 
 W, and X. the island of Sagliailin. and Eastern Siberia. It 
 receives tlie waters of the Amoor, and many smaller rivers; 
 and at its N.E. end are-the Gulfs of Jijiginsk and Penjinsk. 
 It contains a few islands, and its navigation is generally 
 safe, but its N. shores are frozen up from November to 
 April. 
 
 OKHRIDA, a town of Albania. See OCHRID.A. 
 
 OKHTA or OCHTA, okHL a market-town of Russia, go- 
 vernment and 1 mile E, of St, Petersburg, on the Neva. 
 Pop. 3000, mostly employed in the dock-yards of St. Peters- 
 burg, and in powder-mills, and imperial cannon foundrie.s, 
 
 OKI, o/kee, an island of Japan, off the W. coast of Niphon, 
 lat. 36° 10' N., Ion. 133° E, Length 10 miles, by 5 miles In 
 breadth. 
 
 OKI BEN, o'ke-Wn',(?) an island in the Behrlng Sea, lat. 
 64° 55' N., Ion. 172° 20' E. 
 
 OKLADNIKOVO or OKLADNIKOWO, ok-iadne-ko/vo, a 
 lake of Russia, government of Archangel, 40 miles E. of 
 Mezen ; length, from E.N.E. to W.S.W., about 30 miles, 
 breadth nearly 9 miles. It receives several small streams, 
 and discharges itself by the Loktura into the Peza, an affluent 
 of the Mezen. 
 
 OKNA, ok'nj, a small town of European Turkey, Mol- 
 davia, on the Tatros, 75 miles S.W. of Yassy. 
 
 OKNA. a small town of European Turkey, Great AVallachia, 
 N.E. of Kimpina. 
 
 OKNA-MARE, ok'n,^ md/rd. a small town of European 
 Turkey. Little Wallachia.- 5 miles S.W. of Rimnik, P, 2000. 
 
 OKOLO/XA, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mississippi, 
 abotjt 170 miles N.X.E. of Jack.son. is on the route of the 
 Mobile and Ohio Railroad. It contains a newsp.aper office. 
 
 OKi>XOKO, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia. 
 
 OKOXAGAX. See Okan.agon. 
 
 OK(JSEER or OKOSIR, o'ko-seer', a small uninhabited 
 island of Japan, W. of Yes.so; lat. 42° 4' X., Ion. 139° 24' E. 
 
 OKTIBBEHA, ok-tib'be-haw, a small river of Mississippi, 
 enters the Chickasawha from the N. in Clarke county. 
 
 OKTIBBEHA, a river in the N.E. part of Mississippi, risefl 
 in Pontotoc co., and flowing south easterly, enters the Tom- 
 bigbee in Lowndes co.. a few miles above Columbus. 
 
 OKTIBBEHA, a county in the E. part of .Mississippi, has 
 an area of about 620 square miles. It is watered by the 
 Noxubee River, and the Oktibbeha, from which it derives 
 Its name, flows along its X.E. border. The sfiil is produc- 
 tive. Capital, Stiuksville. Pop. 12,977, of whom 5346 were 
 free, and 7631 slaves. 
 
 OLAMOX, a post-village of Penobscot co,, Maine, on the 
 left bank of the Penobscot River, 90 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 0/L.\ND or OELAND, iVldnt, an island of Sweden, near 
 its S.E, extremity, in the Baltic, separated from the main- 
 land by Kalmar &)und. Length 85 miles, average breadth 
 7 miles. Area 008 square miles. Pop. 31.000, The W. shore 
 is low, the E. hilly; except a small portion of land around 
 the coast, the surface is principally appropriated to pasturage. 
 J'ishing and navigation form the cliief occupations of its 
 inhabitants. The forests are rather extensive. About 300 
 hands are employed in an alum-mine, the most important 
 in Scandinavia, and the produce of which is estimated to 
 be worth $50,000 annually. Principal town, Borgholm, the 
 capital, on its E. side. 
 
 OLAXD, LITTLE, an island of Denmark, duchy of 
 Sleswick, between the mainland and the island Fiihr, 
 
 OL.\RGUES, oHaRg', a town of France, department of 
 Herault, 11 miles N.E. of St. Ponfc on the Saur. I'op. 1298, 
 
 1387 
 
OLA 
 
 JiARlO. See Ol£rox. 
 oLAC, a town of I'russia. See Ohlac. 
 OLBA, f.i'ba. a town of Spain. Aragou. province and about 
 60 miles from Teruel, on the Jlijares. Pop. 1446. 
 
 0L15EGA, ol-ba/gd. a village of Spain, Old Castile, province 
 and 24 miles E. of Soria. I'op. lotiO. 
 
 OLBERMlAU,ol'bern-how\a marketrtown of Saxony, 22 
 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2503. 
 
 OLBERSDOKF, ol'bersclORf\ a walled town of Austrian 
 Silefia, 22 miles X.AS'. of Troppau, on the Oppa. Pop. 700. 
 OLBIA. See Terra Nova. 
 
 OLCENENGO, ol-cbA-nJn'go, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Xovara, 3 miles from Sau Germane. Pop. 
 1020. 
 OLCIXIUM. See Dilcigno. 
 
 OI/COTT, a post-village in Newfane township, Niagara co., 
 Kew York, on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Eighteen Mile 
 Creek, about 14 miles N. of Lockport. It is comprised in 
 the collection district of Niagara, and lias a harbor, several 
 ■warehouses, and considerable trade. 
 OLD or AVULD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 OLD ALEX.A.N'DKIA. a post-oftice of Lincoln co., Missouri. 
 OLDBElt'ROW, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 OLD BRIDGE, a village of Bergen co., New Jersey, on the 
 Hackensack River. 
 
 OLD BHIIXjE, a pos{> village of Middlesex co.. New Jersey, 
 on South Itiver, 6 miles S.E. of New Brunswick. 
 
 OLDBURG, oldlitlrg a towTi of England, co. of Salop, on 
 the Birmingham Canal, 5 miles N.'VV. of Birmingham. It 
 lias several spacious modern streets; Indejieudent, Baptist, 
 *nd Wesleyan chapels, an endowed school, and a prison. 
 Pop. in 1851, 6114. 
 OLD/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 OLDBUKY-ON-THE-HILL, a parish, England, co. of Glou- 
 ccstcr* 
 
 OLD/BURY-AN-SEVERN, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 OLD-CALABAR, a river of Africa. See Caiabak. 
 OLDCASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 OLDCAS/TLE orCLOTYNGE, klo/tiuj. a market-town and 
 parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath. 12 miles W.N.W. 
 of Kells. Pop. of town, in 1851, 1072. It has extensive corn- 
 mills in the vicinity, and the largest yarn trade in the 
 county. 
 OLD CHURCH, a post-office of Hanover co., Virginia. 
 OLIVCOTT, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 OLDEBUORN, ol'doh-bORn^ a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of FriesUind. 12 miles S.E. of Leeuwarden. P. 1630. 
 OLDEBROEK, ol'deh-bniOk', a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Uelderland, 3 miles S.E. of Elburg. Pop. 3770. 
 OLD EC'K1CUK\ a town of Guinea, on the Old Calabar 
 Eiver, lat 6° 40' N., 8"= 10' E. 
 
 OLDEIIOVE, ol'deh-ho'veh, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province and 10 miles N.W. of Groningen. 
 
 OLDEM.iRK, ol'deh-maBk*. a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Overys.«el, N.E. of Kuinre. 
 
 OLDENBURG, ol'den-burg. (Ger. pron. ol'den-bo<>RQ\) a 
 grand-duchy in the N. of Germany, forming the 20th state 
 of the German Confederation; bounded N. by the North 
 Sea or German Ocean, E. by Hanover and Bremen, S. and W. 
 by Hanover; greatest length, from N.to S., 61 miles; greatest 
 breadth 44 miles ; area 2149 square miles. This forms Olden- 
 burg proper; but, in addition to it, the duchy po6ses.«es 
 three separate patches of territory, distinct lioth from it and 
 each other, namely, two in Holstein, forming the princi- 
 pality of Lubeck, with an area of 180 square miles; and 
 Birkenfeld, in the S. of Rhenish Prussia, with an area of 
 143 square miles; thus making the whole area 2472 square 
 miles. Oldenburg proper is flat thrtiugbout, excepting in 
 the S. extremity, wliere some low hills appear. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the AVeser, the Hunte, its utttuent; the Jahde, 
 Haase, Soeste, Vehne, and Leda. There are no lakes of 
 great extent. Storm? often blow from the sea ; and frequent 
 fogs prodncu a cold damp air, wliich oecasionallj' robs even 
 summer of its proper warmth. The surface, in respect to 
 soil, is divided into marshy and sandy land. The former 
 has, in many inst.Hnces, been in.'covered from the sea, and 
 still is only protected from it by means of dikes similar to 
 those erected in Holland and Ifolstein. It consists gene- 
 rally of a heavy alluvium, capable, when properly laid dry, of 
 yielding heavy crops of wheat, beans, and hay. The sandy 
 land is very light, and of little fertility, and not unfrequently 
 is left in a state of nature, forming extensive tracts of bar- 
 ren heath. A considerable part of the sandy districts were 
 once covered with wood. .Much of it has disappeared, but 
 there are still several extensive forests. Agriculture, em- 
 ployed in raii^ing not only ccrn. but rape, hemp, and flax, 
 and including the reaving of horses and cattle, is the prin- 
 cipal source of sul^istence. Manufactures and trade have 
 made comparatively little progress. Oldenburg is governed 
 by a graud-duke. whose power, theoretically, is almost abso- 
 lute. The inhabitants are generally a patient and industri- 
 ous race, but habits of iDtoxication are very prevalent. 
 For administrative purpofes, the duchy proper is dividc<l 
 into seven circles — Oldenburg, Neuenburg, Ovelgiinne, Del- 
 13S8 
 
 OLD 
 
 menhorst. Vechta. Klippenburg. and Jovor. Oldenliurj 's 
 the capital. Pop. in lh.'i2. 2u2,t)it9. Pop. ol Lubeck in l&tO 
 22.140. Pop. of Birkenfeld iu 1849, 30,9ii6. 
 
 OLDENBCitG, a town of Germany, capital of the uboM' 
 grand-duchy. 24 miles W.N.W. of B*remen. on tlie lluntr, 
 which here receiving the Uaaren. forms a barlx r. It has a 
 castle of the grand-duke, a palace of the prince.*, tiie church 
 of St. l.ambert. and several other churches, college, library 
 of 15,000 volumes, picture-galleiy. gymi;a.'-iiim, barracks, 
 normal and military schools, several hospitals; manufac- 
 tures of refined sugar, spap, and musical in.stniments; 
 numerous breweries and distilleries; and a trade in wood, 
 wool, and cattle. Pop. 7829. 
 
 OLDENBURG, ol'den-booRQ\ a town of Denmark, duchy 
 of Holstein, on the Little Briikaue, 30 miles N.N.E. of Lu- 
 beck. Pop. 2400. 
 
 OL/DENBURG, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana, 12 
 miles S.W. of Brookville. 
 
 OLDENDuRF. ol'dfU-doRr, a town of Central Germany, 
 in a detached part of the Ilesse-Cassel territory, on the left 
 bank of the Weser. 20 miles S.W. of Hanover. Poji. 1363. 
 
 OLDENSWORTH. ol'dens-«oKt\ a village of Denmark, 
 duchy of Sleswick, 6 miles S.W. of Husum. A convention 
 was concluded here between Peter the Great and Frederick 
 IV. of Denmark, in 1713. 
 
 OLDEN ZAAL, ol'dfnt-zAP, a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Overvssel. 10 miles E.N.E. of Delden. Pop. 2882. 
 OLDESLOE, (Oldesloe) ol'des-liiVh, or OLDESLO, ol'des-lii', 
 a town of Denmark, duchy of Holstein, on the Trave, 24 miles 
 N.E, of Hamburg. Pop. 3000. Near it are sjiline batbs, and 
 royal salt works, producing annually 7000 tons of salt 
 OLD F.\RM. a post-office of Lawrence co.. Illinois. 
 OLIVFIELD FORK OF ELK, a post-oBice of I'ocahontas 
 CO., \\ . Virginia. 
 
 OLDFIELD POINT LIGHTHOUSE. Ix>ng Island, opposite 
 Stratford. Connecticut, shows a fixed light 67 fitet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 40° 58' 30" N.. Ion. 73" 7' 30" W. 
 OLD FXIRGE, a post-oftice of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 OLD FORT, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 77 
 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 OLD FORT, a post-village. McDowell co.. North Carolina. 
 OLD FRANlv/LlN, a post-oflice of Howard co., Missouri. 
 OLD FUR'NACE. a post-oflice, Gaston co., Nortb Carolina. 
 OLDH.\M. old'.HUi. a parliamentary borough and market- 
 town of England. Lancashire, on an elevated site near the 
 source of the Irk, a liitle above its junction with the Med- 
 lock. and on the North-Western and Lancashire liailways, 
 6 miles N.E. of Manchester, with which it communicates by 
 a canal. It isof comparatively recent origin, and ha.-; sjirung 
 up with wonderful rapidity. chieUy in consequence of the 
 valuable coal-mines in its vicinity, and the facilities thereby 
 afforded for the establishment of numerous and extensive 
 cotton-factories. In 1760 it contained only tiO dwellings, 
 almost all merely straw-thatched huts; and has .'■ince in- 
 creased so as to become a large and leading manufacturing 
 towh. irregular in its construction, but containing many 
 well-built and several handsome sti-eets. The more important 
 public buildings are. the chunhes of St. Mary, (a handsome 
 modern structure, with a square tower, containing 12 fine- 
 toned bells:) St..Tames,and St. I'et<-r: variouschapels belong- 
 ing to the Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, Independents, 
 Moravians, Baptist*, Friends. Kilhamites, Roman Catholics, 
 and Unitarians; and the Town-hall, which is at once hand- 
 some and commodious. The chief educational and literary 
 establishments are the Blue-Coat School, occupying an ele- 
 gant building in the early English style, erected by subscrip- 
 tion, and liberally endowed by bequests of Thomas Ilenshaw, 
 amounting, with accnmulations, to more than UW.OOU/. ; the 
 Free Grammar School ; the National .*nd Infant Schools, for 
 which commodious buildings have recently been erected; 
 the Lyceum. Mechanics' Institute, and Subscription Library. 
 The cotton is by far the most important manufacture of 
 the town, and employs the greater part of the mills, which, 
 including those of the vicinity, amount to about- 150, and 
 are all moved by steam. They are, for the most part only 
 spinning-mills ; but there are also numerous weaving-facto- 
 ries, producing fustians, velveteens, and cotton and woollen 
 corduroys. Hats, which once formed an important staple, 
 are still made to a considerable extent ; and there are seve- 
 ral large machine shops, iron and bra.ss foundries, tanneries, 
 roperies, bleach-work.1, gas-meter works. &e. OldUam is 
 governed by commissioners, under the Police Act of 1828, 
 and was first erected into a lorough by the Reform Act. 
 under which it sends two members to Parliimient. P(p. of 
 the parliamentary borough, including tt)wnships of Cbadder- 
 ton and Crompton, and chapelry of Itoyton. in 1801, 72.334. 
 OLD'HAM, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, liorder- 
 ing on Indiana, has an area estimated at 220 square miles. 
 The Ohio River forms its N.W. boundary. The surface near 
 the river is hilly ; the remainder mostly undulating. The 
 soil is based on limestone. The .county is inter«eeted by the 
 Louisville and Frankfort Railroad. Formed in Ib-iH. and 
 named iu honor of Colonel William Oldham, who was kilbd 
 at St. Clair's defeat by the Indians. Capital, La Grange. 
 Pop. 7283, of whom 4802 were free, and 2431 slave* 
 
OLD 
 
 OLE 
 
 OLDHAM, a post-office of Crittenden co., Arkansas. 
 
 OLD'lIAMBUHG. a post-office of Oldham co.. Kentucky. 
 
 OLD'H.\M'S CKOSS KOADS, a posfcoffice of Westmoreland 
 CO., Virjrinia. 
 
 OLD'l I A .M.STOCK S. a maritime parish of Scotland, counties 
 of Ilaildini^ton and Berwick. 
 
 OLD UICK/OilY, a small post-village of Bradford co., 
 I'ennsylvimia. 
 
 OLD IllCKOKY, a post-office of Botetourt co., Virginia. 
 
 OLD IHCKOKV, a post-office of Simpson co., Mississippi. 
 
 OLD HlC'KOItV, a post-office of Weakly co., Tennessee. 
 
 OLD HICKORY, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 0LD1.-Li:iti;.\, ol'dis-l.Vben, a villaj:e of Saxe-Weimar, on 
 the Unstrut, 24 miles N.N.W. of Weimar. Pop. 1396. 
 
 OLD JKK'FKKSON, a village in Saline co., Missouri, 75 
 miles X.W. hy W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 OLD'L.WD, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 OLD MAN'S, a village of Suffolk co., New Y'ork, on the 
 harbor of its own name. 
 
 OLD MAN'S CKKKK, of New Jersey, forms the (greater 
 part of the boundary between Gloucester and Salem counties. 
 
 OLD MAN'S CRKKK, Iowa, flows into Iowa Kiver, in 
 Johnson co., about 12 miles below the capital. 
 
 OLD .MINES, a post-village in Washington co... Missouri, 
 about liio miles S.E. by E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 OLD MLSSION, mish'un, a post-office of Winneshiek co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 OLD'NEY ISLAND and BAY. Scotland, co. and off the 
 W. coast of Sutherland. The island, 1 mile in length, lies 
 about one-fourth of a mile from the coast. 
 
 OLD POINT COM'FORT. a post-village and watering-place 
 of Elizabeth City co., Virginia, 12 miles N. of Norfolk, situ- 
 ated at the entrance of Ilampt<jn Koads, on James Kiver. 
 I'bo entrance is defended hy fort Monroe. The beach in the 
 vicinity afford.-* excellent bathing-ground. Here is a fixed 
 light. 50 feet above the sea. Lat. 37° N., Ion. 70° 22' W. 
 
 OLD PROVIDENCE, an island of the Caribbean Sea, be- 
 longing to New Granada, 100 miles E. of the Mosijuito coa.st. 
 Lat. of'its centre, 13° 21' N., Ion. 81" 22' W. Length ii miles ; 
 breadth 25 miles. Pop. 350. Surface hilly, but fertile; pro- 
 visions are plentiful, and about 30.000 pounds of cotton, with 
 lortoi.«e-she!i and hides, are exported annually. On its N. 
 side is the village of Isabel, with the chief anchorage. This 
 island was a noted station in the times of the buccaneers. 
 
 OLD RICII'.MOND. a post-office of For.syth co., Virginia. 
 
 OLD K1I"LKY, a post-office of Bond co., Illinois. 
 
 OLD RIV'KR, a township in Arkanf<as co., Arkansa.-i. 
 
 OfjD RIVER, a township in Chicot co., Arkansas. 
 
 OLD SAY/BROOK. a flourishing and wealthy town.ship of 
 Middlesex co., Connecticut, bounded S. by Long Island 
 Sound, and E. by Connecticut Itiver, and intersected hy the 
 New Haven and New London Itailroad, 31 miles E. of New 
 Haven. Two ferries, one fi.ir tlie railroad, connect it with 
 Lyme on the opposite side of the river. Say brook Light house 
 stands at the entrance of the Connecticut, contiguous to 
 tlie liarbor. The shad fisheries of Saybrook are much the 
 most extensive in the state. Commerce and shipliuilding 
 are also leading interests. One of the e.arlie.st settlements 
 in Connecticut was made in the southern part of this town- 
 ship, where are the remains of Old Saybrook Fort, the 
 tomb and monument of Lady Fenwick ; also, the former site 
 of Yale College, continued here from 1707 to 1716, when it 
 was remove<l to New Haven. Old Savbrook Was incorporated 
 from Saybrook in 1862. Pop. 1105. 
 
 OLD TOWN, a tliriving post-village and township of Penol> 
 scot CO., Maine, on the right bank of the Penobscot Kiver, at 
 the northern terminus of the Bangor and Piscataquis Kail- 
 road, 70 miles N.E. of Augusta. It contains 6 churches, an 
 afademy. a bank, and from 25 to 30 stores: The inhabitants 
 are extensively engaged in the lumlier business, about half 
 of the vast quantities of lumber received at Bangor being 
 manufactured in Old Town. The Penobscot here has a fall 
 of about 20 feet in the distance of 100 feet, affording the 
 best water-power on the river. The Penobscot Boom Corpo- 
 ration have works, for the purpose of securing logs floated 
 down the stream, that cost above $100,000. This Is'probably 
 the most extensive organization of the kind in the United 
 States. Two bridges here span the Penobscot; one a covered 
 toll bridge, and the other (now, March 1S55, nearly or quite 
 completed) for the Old Town and Lincoln Kailroad. Pop. of 
 the township. 3860. 
 
 OLD TOWN, a post-village of Alleghany co., Maryland, on 
 the left bank of tiie Potomac Kiver, U miles S.E. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 OLD TOWN, a village in Forsyth co., North Carolina. 
 
 OLD TOWN, a p(>siK)fflce of Stokes co., North Carolina. 
 
 OLD TOWN, a postrvillage of Claiborne co., Tennessee, 40 
 miles in a direct line N. of Knoxville. 
 
 OLD TOWN, a post-office of Greenup co., Kentucky. 
 
 OLD TOW.V. a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas. 
 
 OLD TOWN CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Tombigbee 
 River from the N.W. ne.ir Cotton Giu Port, in Monroe co. 
 
 OLD TOW.V CREEK, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Missis- 
 Bipp" 
 
 OLD TOWN ISLAND, in Penobscot River, about a mile N. 
 
 of the village of Old Town. Penobscot co , Maine. On it is 
 an Indian settlement, containing a numbeiefframt houses, 
 a Catholic chapel, and about 400 Indians. 
 
 OLD WASH'INGTON, a post-village, capital of Washing- 
 ton CO., Alabama. The county sent was located hei-e recently. 
 
 OLEAN, o-)e-an', a post-village and township of Cattarau- 
 gu.s CO., New York, on the Alleghany River, at the .southern 
 terminus of the Genesee Canal, and on tlie New York and 
 Erie Kailroad, 395 miles from New York city. An extensive 
 trade is carried on at this place with the surrounding coun- 
 try. Great quantities of lumber are sent annually, both 
 over the New York aud Erie Kailroad, and down the. Alle- 
 ghany to the Ohio Kiver. Olean contiuiis churches, a town 
 hall, and an academy. It is tlie proposed terminus of several 
 projected railroads. The earliest settUinent made in this 
 region was at Olean. Pop. of tire township, in 1S60, 2706; 
 of the village, about 2200. 
 
 OLEAN, a postoffice of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 OLEANVDtR, a small post-village of Jlarshall co., Xktr 
 bama. 
 
 OLEAROS. See Antiparos. 
 
 OLKERA, o-lee/id, a town of British India, Sinde, 6 miles 
 N. of Khyerpoor. on the route from Shikarpoor. 
 
 OLEGGlO, o-l6d'jo, a town of North Italy, Piedmont, 10 
 miles N. of Novara. Pop. 7420. 
 
 OLEGGlO CASTELLO, o-led'jo kSs-tJl'lo, a commune in 
 the same province, has 805 inhabitants. 
 
 OLEIKO, a town and se.iporl of Spain. See Cddillero. 
 
 OLEIROS, o-liVe-roce, a town and parish of Portug.al, ■ 
 province of Beira Baixa, near Castello-Branco. Pop. 1690. 
 
 OLEKMA, o-lJk'md, a river of Siberia, government of Ya/- 
 kootsk, after a N. course of nearly 400 miles, joius the Lena, 
 opposite the village of Olukminsk. 
 
 OLLKMINSK, o-ltk-minsk'. a town of Siberia, government 
 and 350 miles W.S.W. of Vakootsk, on the Lena; founded ia 
 1783. Pop. 1059. 
 
 OLE'NA, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio. 
 
 OLENA, a small post-village of Henderson co., Illinois, 
 120 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 ■OLENEK, o-l;V-nJk' or o-len-ek', a river of Siberia, govern- 
 ment of Yakootsk, enters the Arctic Ocean, 110 miles AV. of 
 the W. mouth of the Lena, after a N. course of 800 miles. 
 At its mouth is the village of Oost-Olensk, aud on it Mik- 
 hailova. 
 
 OLENII,o-lA'nee,(?) a he-adland AV. of Siberia, government 
 of Tobolsk, on the Arctic Ocean, at the entrance of the Gulf 
 of Obi. lat. 72° 40' N., Ion. 73" 30' E. 
 
 OLENTAN'GY or WHET/STONE KIVER, of Ohio, rises in 
 the N. central part of the state, and flowing southward, 
 enters the Scioto Kiver at Columbus. 
 
 OLEOZ-NA, a Norwegian colony, recently founded by Ole 
 Bull, the celebrated violinist. It is situated in the S.E. cor^ 
 ner of Potter co., Pennsylvania, and comprises a tract of 
 about 14 miles from north to south, and 12 from east to west, 
 or 120,000 acres. Oleona and New Bergen are small villages 
 belonging to the settlement on Kettle Creek, an affluent of 
 the West Branch of Susquehanna River. 
 
 OLl^RONiO'LiVAji"'. sometimes written OLOKON, oMoVAn".', 
 (anc. UUarus or Olario) an. island off the W. coast of Franco, 
 departmentof Charente-Infcrieure, opposite the mouth of the 
 Charente. Lat. 46° 11' N., and Ion. 1° 20' W. Length 20 
 miles, breadth 5 miles, having at its N.W. extremity the 
 lighthouse of Chassiron, which marks the entrance to the 
 Strait of Antioche, dividing it from the island of Re. Pop. 
 16,908. On its S.E. side is the capital town Chateau 
 d'Oleron. 
 
 0L1^R0N, a town of Fr.-vnce. See Oloron. 
 
 0l£R0N (GAVE D',) gdv doMeh-rAx"', a river of France, 
 formed by the junction of the Gaves of Ossan and Aspe, flow- 
 ing N.W. joius the Pau, on the frontiers of the department 
 of Landes. Total course, 45 miles. 
 
 OLESA, o-lA'sd, or OLESA-DE-MONT-SERRAT, o-U'sa dd 
 mont-s^R-uit', (anc. Buhricata ?) a town of Spain, province 
 and 18 miles K.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat, Pop. 
 2634. 
 
 OLESKO, o-lJs'ko, a village of Austrian Poland, Galicia, 
 27 miles E.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 1250. It is the birth- 
 place of King John Sobieski. 
 
 OLESNO, a town of Pru.ssla. See Rosenberg. 
 
 OLETTA, o-lef td, a village of Corsica, 7 miles S.W, of 
 Bastia. 
 
 OLETTE, oHJtt', a village of France, department of Pyr6- 
 nees-Orientales, on the Tet, 9 miles W.S.W. of Prades. Pop, 
 1069. 
 
 OLETZKO. o-lStsHvO, or MARGGRABOWA, maRg-gri-ho/- 
 <^i, a town of East Prussia, 41 miles S.S.E. of Gumbinnen, 
 on Lake Oletzko. Pop. 2950. 
 
 OLEVANO. o-lA-vi/uo, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, 
 comarca and 29 miles E. of Rome. Pop. 3500. It is situated 
 on a rocky hill, amidst fine scenery. Principal etlitices, a 
 castle, a church, and the ruins of an imperial villa. 
 
 OLEVANO, a town of Italy, N'aples, province of Princi- 
 pato Citra, 15 miles E. of Salerno. Pop. 1900. 
 
 OLEVANO, a marke^town of Italy, Piedmont, 4 miles 
 S.S.W. of Mortara. Pop. 1165. 
 
 13S9 
 
dLE 
 
 OLM 
 
 ■iI.EVSK', o-l?Tsli', a mnrket-town of Kussian Poland, go- 
 v'cmineut of Volbynia, 100 miles N.X.W. of Zhitoaieer. 
 Pop. 1600. 
 
 O'f KY, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 10 
 milei! E. of Reading. Pop. W.'iR. 
 
 OLFEX. oVfen. a town of Rhenish Prussia, goremment 
 and 2(1 miles S.^V. of Mtinster. Pop. 1200. 
 
 OLGIATE, ol-je-d'ti a village of Northern Italy, province 
 and () miles W.S.W. of Como. Pop. 1671. 
 
 OLGIATE-OLOXA. ol-je4'tA o-lo'nl, a village of Northern 
 Italy. i)rovince and 18 miles N.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 142.3. 
 
 OLGIXATE, ol-je-nd/ti, a town of Northern Italy, province 
 and 15 miles E. of Como, near the Adda. Pop. 1430. 
 
 OLGOO-V or OLGOUX. See DcLriGNO. 
 
 OLGOPOL. ol-go/pol, a town of Russian Poland, govern- 
 ment of Podolia, 110 miles E.S.E. of Kamieiiice, on the 
 Savranka. Pop. 1700. 
 
 OLUAO, (Olhiio,) ol-yowW, a town and parish of Por- 
 tugal, on the .sea-coast. 4 miles E. of Faro. Pop. 5900. 
 
 OLIAKOS, Gre'ian .\rehipeIago. See Axtip.^ros. 
 
 OLTENA, o-le-.Vnd, a village of the island of Sanlinia, di- 
 vision of Cagliari, 5 miles S.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 2874. 
 
 OLIF.TE. o-lc-.Vt-l, a town of Spain, province and 44 miles 
 N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2012. 
 
 OL'IFANT'S RIVER or EL'EPIIANT'S RI\T:R, a river 
 of South .Africa. Cape Colony, district of Clan William, enters 
 the Atlantic Ocean, in lat. 31° 38' S., Ion. 18° 12' W. Length 
 probably 150 miles. Its mouth is greatly clogged by rocks. 
 Chief affluent.s, the Great Doom and Ilantam. 
 
 OUF.\NT'S RIVER, a river of South Africa. Cape Colony, 
 district of George, tributary to the Gauritz, which it joins 
 after a W. course of 157 miles. 
 
 OLIXDA. o-lin'da or o-leen'dS, a city of Brazil, province 
 of Pernambuco, and formerly its capital, 4 miles X. of l!e- 
 cife. Pop. 8000. It is heautifuUy.situated on a wooded hill, 
 and has many white and massive buildings, with a cathe- 
 dral, and several other fine •iiurches, a bishop's palace, hos- 
 pit.ll, and botanic garden; a school of law, with a public 
 library, and a Jesuit college. See Krcife. 
 
 OLIX'D.V, a post-office of Fayette co.. Alabama. 
 
 O'LIO, a post-office of Hamilton co., Indiana. 
 
 OLIO, a post-office of Stoddard co., Slissouri. 
 
 OLISIPO. See Lisbon. 
 
 OLITE, o-lee'tA, a town of Spain, province of Navarra, 27 
 miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 2748. It has vestiges of old 
 walls, an old royal palace, and two annu.al fairs. 
 
 OLITT.\, o-lit'ti. a town of Russian Poland, government 
 ami 50 miles W.S.W. of A'ilna, on the Niemen. Pop. 2000. 
 
 OLTOOTORSK, OLTOUTORSK, or OLIUTORSK, oMe-oo- 
 toKsk', written also OLUTORSK, OLUTORSKY, and OLU- 
 TOKSKOI, a village of Kamtchatka. on its N.E. coast, at 
 the mouth of the Oliootorsk River, in Oliootorsk Bay, which 
 is bounded E. by Cape Oliootorsk, in lat. 59° 67' N., Ion. 170° 
 19' E. 
 
 OLIVA. o-Iee'vi. (anc. Ad Stat'uasf) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 4,'5 miles N.E. of Alicante, on a hill side, fij miles 
 from the Mediterranean. Pop. 5615. It has a hospital, an 
 ancient palace, and manufactures of hempen and linen 
 cloths. 
 
 OLIVA, a town of the island of Lanzarote, one of the Cana- 
 ries. Pop. 2132. 
 
 OLIV.V. a village of West Prussia, 5 miles N.W. of Dant- 
 zic. Pop. 1765. A peace between the Swedes and Poles was 
 eoncluiled here In 1660, 
 
 OLIVA, a town in the island of Fuerteventura, one of the 
 Canaries, at the foot of a mountain of the same name. • Pop. 
 2132. 
 
 OLIVA DE JEREZ, o-lee'vj dA HJl-rJth', a town of Spain, 
 province and 30 miles S. of IJadajos. Pop. 4098. 
 
 0L1V.\RES, o-le-vj'rjs. a town of Spain, X^ew Castile, pro- 
 vince and 20 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1122. 
 
 0LIV.\RE8, a town of Spain, province and 10 miles W. of 
 Seville. Pop. 1946, 
 
 OrVIVE, a post^township of Ulster co., New York, 12 miles 
 W, of King.-itun. Pop. ui;62. 
 
 OLIVK a townshii) of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1560. 
 
 OLIVE, a post-township of Noble co., Ohio, Pop. 1669, 
 
 OLIVE, a small villiige of Noble Co,, Ohio, about 6 mileti 
 8. of Sarahsville. 
 
 OLIA' K, a township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 991. 
 
 OLIVE, a post-office of Marion co., Indiana. 
 
 OLIVK BRANCH, a post-office of Be Soto co., Mississippi. 
 
 OLIVE BRAXCII. a post-office of Clermont CO.. Ohio. 
 
 OLIVK BRAXCII. a post-office of Holt co., MlssourL 
 
 OLIVE BIUDGE, a post-office of Ulster CO., New York. 
 
 OLTVE GROVK, a post office of Decatur co„ Georgia. 
 
 OLIVK HILL, a post-office of I'erson eo„ North Carolina, 
 
 OLIVK HI Li., a iX)st-office of Carter co., Kentucky. 
 
 OLIVETR.\, o-le-Vi-l'e-rd. a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Geraes, traversed by a stream of the same name, 40 
 mile.s S. of Tamandua. Pop. 1600. 
 
 0L1VKIR.\-D-AZKMEIS. o-le-vA'e-rJ di-zh-mhs^ or dj-z.^- 
 m.V(.'es, a town and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, 
 on thf .\iitua, 24 miles S. of Oporto. Pop. 2000 
 
 OLIVKIRA DO BAIRRO, o-le-vi'e-ri do biR'RO, a village 
 1390 " 
 
 of Portugal, province of Beira. 10 miles S.E. of Avciro. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 OLIVKIRA DO COXDE. o-le-v.Ve-rd do kon'd.A. a village 
 of Portugal, province of Beira, 16 miles S.W. of A'iseu, with 
 2600 inhabitants, and a Irf«lin school. 
 
 OLIVKIRA I»i» HOSPITAL, o-le-vd'e-rS do hos-pe-til/, a 
 town and parish of I'ortugal. province of Beira Bai.\a, about 
 30 miles from Coimbr.a. Pop. 1200. 
 
 OLIVEXZA or OLIVENCA. o-le-vJn'sa, (Sp. pron, o-le- 
 vJn'thi,) a fortified town oT l^pain. proviuce and 16 miles 
 S.S.W. of Badajos. on the left bank of the Guadiana, near 
 the Portuguese frontier. Pop. 7587. It stands in a fertile 
 plain, and has a brisk trade in wines, oil, and corn. From 
 the treaty of its cession to Spain hy Portugal in 1801, Godoy 
 acquired his title of " Prince of Peace," It was taken by 
 the French in 1811, 
 
 OLIVENZA or OLIVEXZA, o-le-vfn'sl, a town of Brazil, 
 province and 130 miles S,S.W. of Bahia, on the Atlantic. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 OLIVER, a township of Mifflin co,, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Juniata River, and on the Central Railroad. Pop. 1684. 
 
 OLIVER, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, inter- 
 sected by the Juniata River and Central Railroad. P. 1436. 
 
 OLIVK/RIAX RIVER, a small stream of Grafton co.. near 
 the centre of New Hampshire, falls into the Connecticut 
 River. 
 
 OiyiVER'S, a post-office of Anderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 OLIVER'S PRAIRIE, a postvillago of Newton eo., Mis- 
 souri. 12 miles E. by X. of Neosho. 
 
 OiyiVESBURG. a small post-village of Richland co., Ohio, 
 76 miles X.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 OLIVET, o^leeVA', a market-town of France, department 
 of Ix)iret, 3 miles S. of Orleans, on the Loirct. Pop. 1179. 
 
 OL'IVET, a post-office of Armstrong eo.. Pennsjlvania, 
 
 OLIVET, a post-office of Russell co.. Alabama. 
 
 OLIVET, a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan. 
 
 OLIVETO, o-le-v4'to, a town of Naples, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, 6i miles E,N,E, of Campagna, Pop. 3700. 
 
 OLIVETO, a town of Naples, province of Ba.silicata, 25 
 miles W.S.W. of Matera, Pop. 900. 
 
 OLIVIERI, o-le-ve-A'ree. a village of Sicily, N, coast, pro- 
 vince and 27 miles W,S.W. of Messina. A little X.AV, are 
 the ruins of Tyndaris. 
 
 OLIVIOPOL. a town of Russia. See Olviopol. 
 
 OLKANSK.MA. o-kdns-ki'd. a fort of Russia, government 
 of Orenlx)org, 9 miles W. of Boozoolook. on the (ilkanka. 
 
 OLKIION. ol'Kon, the principal island in the Lake Baikal, 
 Siberia, government and 140 miles N.W. ofIrkoot.sk. Length, 
 N. to S., 45 miles, breadth 15 miles. 
 
 OLKOVATK.\. ol-ko-vdt/kA, a market-town of Russia, go- 
 vernment and 59 miles E.N.X. of Kharkov. Pop. 1900. 
 
 OLKOVKA or OLIvOWKA. ol-kov'kd, a market-town ot 
 Russia, government ?.n4 130 miles S.S.W. of Saratov. 
 
 OLKUSZ, ol'koosh, or OLKASZ,(?) ol'kdsh, a town of Po- 
 land. 23 miles W.X.W. of Cracow. Pop. 1300. 
 
 OLLAXT, See Holland, 
 
 OLLAP, ol12p, one of the Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean. 
 Lat. 7° 37' 17" N., Ion, 149° 30' E, 
 
 OLLERI.\, ol-yA-ree'd. a town of Spain, province and 45 
 miles S.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 3662. It has 2 parish 
 churches: manufactures of linens, and brandy distilleries. 
 
 OL'LERTOX. a market-town of England, co, of Notts, 
 parish of E<.lwinstowe, 19 miles N.N,E, of Nottingham. 
 Pop. 777. 
 
 OLLIERGUES, oPle-aiRg', a town of France, department 
 of Pi»v-de-Dome, 10 miles N.W, of Ambert, Pop. 2043. 
 
 OLLI'JXIES, olMeeiiVee', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, on the Dender. 17 miles N.N.W, of Mons, Poij. 
 1493, 
 
 OLLTO, a river of Italy, See Oglio, 
 
 OLLIOULES, oPle-ool', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Var, 4 miles W, of Toulon, at the foot of a defiL 
 called the Vaux d'Ollimiies, (vo dorie-ooP.) P, in 1852, 3258. 
 
 OLLIUS, See Or.Lio. 
 
 OLLMUTZ. See Olmut?!. 
 
 OLLOX", oPIAn"'. a village and parish of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Vaud. 2 miles S.E. of Aigle. Pop. 2692. 
 
 0L5I, olm, NiEDER, nee'der. and Ober, o'ber, two conti- 
 guous villages of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, province of 
 Rbenish Ilessen, 7 miles S.S.W, of Mentz. United popula- 
 tion 2:350. 
 
 OLMEDO. ol-mA/Do, a town of Spain, province and 25 milee 
 S. of Valladolid, enclosed by ruined walls, and in decay. 
 Pop. 1855. 
 
 OLMKN, ol'men, a village of Belgium, province and 33 
 miles E. bv S, ofAntwerp, on the Great Nethe. Pop. 1-368. 
 
 OLMETO,ol-mA/to, orOLOMKTO. o-lo-m.A'to, a town of the 
 island of Corsica, 10 miles S.S.E. of .\jaccio. Pop 2010. 
 
 OL.M'STEAD, a post-township in the W. part of Cuyahoga 
 CO,, Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland Columbus and Cin- 
 cinnati Railroad, Pop, 1414. 
 
 OL/MUTZ, (Oer. OlmiU! or OUmvtz, oll'miits: Moravian 
 Holomauc. holo-mowts*; L. OlomuUium or J-'fnirum,) a 
 strongly fortified city of Moravia, (and formerly its caiiital.) 
 on the March, and on the railway from Breslau to Vienna^ 
 
OLM 
 
 40 niilps N.E. of Briinn. Pop., excluding parrison. 12.5fi0. 
 Its fortifi.'atioiis are very extensive, nnil the city is well Imilt. 
 The principal eilifices are a fine Gothic cathedral, with the 
 (omb of its founder. Wenceslaus III. of li(jheuiia. and several 
 other hand.some churches, the archbishop's palace, deanery, 
 town hall, theatre, arsenal, barracks, several hospitals and 
 oriihan a.«yluins, and a larjie conventual establishment. 
 Its university, founded in 1.^81. and restored in 1827. has a 
 library of 60,0(»0 volumes and TUtK?) manuscripts, ami in 
 J84'2 was attended by 5.79 students. Here are also a college, 
 diocesan school, academy for nobles, military and various 
 otlier schools, manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton 
 ftibiics, earthenware. leather, and vincfiar. and a transit 
 trade in cattle. Olmutz was taken by the Swedes in the 30 
 years' war, and besiejjed by Frederick the Great in 1758. La- 
 fayette was confined in it for many years from 1794. It was 
 the place of refuse of tlie late Kmperor of Austria, in his 
 second flight from Vienna, and here he abdicated on 2d 
 December. 1848. 
 
 OLXK. ol'neh, a town of Belgium, province and 8 miles 
 E.S.K. of I/ie|:;e. on the Vesdre. Pop. 3156. 
 
 OL'XKY or CUL'NEV, a marketrtown and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Bucks, on the Ouse. here crossed l)y a 4 arched 
 bridge, 10 miles W.N.W. of Bedford, and with a station on 
 a branch of the London and North- Western Railway. Pop. 
 in 1851, 2.'{29. The town has a large Gothic church, with a 
 lofty spire. Silk weaving, with manufactures of hosiery 
 and lace, employ the jwpulation. The poet Cowper long 
 resided at Weston, in the vicinity. 
 
 ()I/\EY. a post-village within the chartend limits of 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N.E. of the State 
 House. 
 OliXKV. a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland. 
 OljN'HY. a post-ofllce of Pickens co., Alabama. 
 OLNEY, a neat post-village, capital of Kichland co., Illi- 
 nois, on the railroad from St. Louis to A'incennes, 130 miles 
 8.E. of Springfield. It was settled, about 1845, by people 
 from the Eastern Slates. Pop. of Olney township. 1499. 
 
 OLXEY FUIIXACE, a post-office of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 evlvania. 
 
 " OL'XEYVILLE or OLNEYSVILLE, a thriving post-village 
 of Providence co., Rhode Islatul. about li- miles W. of I'ro- 
 videuce. It contains 4 cotton-mills. 
 
 OLOX'A, f)-lo'nd, a river of Lombardy. enters the canal 
 Naviglio Grande, near Slilan. Under the French it gave its 
 name to a department of the Kingdom of Italy. 
 
 OLOXETS orOLOXETZ, o-lo-njts'. a government of North 
 Russia, between lat. 60° and 64° 3U' N., and Ion. 29° and 41= 
 30' E., having N. Archangel, S. Vologda, and W. Finland. 
 Area estimated at 59,567 square miles. Pop. in 1851. 
 263,409. Surface in the N. and W. marshy, and covered 
 with vast forests. Principal rivers, the Oitega. Slmoya. Soona. 
 (Suua,) and Sveer, (Svir.) It cont.ains numerous lakes, the 
 principal being Onega and Vigo. Ilemp and fiax are raised, 
 but not for exportation, and the extensive forests form the 
 principal sources of wealth derived from the land. Iron, 
 copper, silver, marble, and granite, are found, but are little 
 turned to advantage, and except a roynl cannon foundry, 
 and a few tanneries and forges, no manufacturing establish- 
 ments exist here. Raw produce is exporter! to St. Petersburg 
 and Archangel, whence corn, s.ilt, spirits, and colonial and 
 manufacturing goods, are imported. The inhabitants mostly 
 belong to the Greek or Lutheran churches, but some remain 
 Pagans. The government is subdivided into 7 districts. 
 The principal towns are Petrozavodsk, Olonets. and Kargopol. 
 OLOXET.S, the c.ipitnl of the above government, is situated 
 at the confluence of two river.'!, tributaries to Lake Ladoga, 
 110 miles X.E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 3000, exclusive of "its 
 suburbs. It has 8 churches, a custom-house, and various 
 public magazines. The first building-dock in the Russian 
 Empire was established here by Peter the Great, and some 
 vessels are still built at it. . 
 
 OLOXNE, oUonn', a market-town of France, department 
 of Vendee, near the Atlantic. 3 miles N. of Les Sables 
 d'Olonne, with a small port. Pop. 19uo. 
 
 0L0XZ.4C, oUAxa'zik', a town of France, department of 
 Horault, on the Canal du Midi, 15 miles VV.N.AV. of Nar- 
 bonne. Pop. 1347. 
 OLOOSIXOA. See Oroseng.\. 
 
 OLOHOX, oMo'rixo/, or OLfiltON, o'lAVixo/, (anc. lluro,) a 
 town of France, department of Basses-Pyrenees, 15 miles 
 S.W^. of Pan. at the confluence of the .\spe and Ossau. Pop. 
 in 1852, 6388. It is a tribunal of commerce, and has trade 
 in wool, horses, and timber for tl>e marine. 
 OLORON, an island of France. See Ol£rov. 
 OLOT, o-lof, a town of Spain, province and 21 miles N.W. 
 of Gerona, on the Fluvia. Pop. 12,070. It is .situated at the 
 foot of a range of volcanic hills, and has several good squares 
 and streets. 2 parish churches, cavalry barracks, and a 
 hospital, with active manufactures of cotton good* and 
 woollen caps, tanneries, soap factories, and paper-mills. 
 Near it are numerous cavern.s, and extinct volcanic craters. 
 14 distinct cones being found close to the town, the largest 
 1 mile in circumference and 445 feet in depth. A destructive 
 «arthquake occurred here in 1421. 
 
 OMA 
 
 OI/PAK', (ITindoo Uluparn.) a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bomb.ay, 7 miles N. of Surat. 
 
 OLPK, ol/peh. a town of Prussia, Mestphalia, 28 mile? 
 S.S.W. of Arn'slierg. Pop. 1950. 
 
 OL/RICK or OL'RIG, a maritime parish of Scotland, ca 
 of Caithness. 
 
 OL.SA, ol'.sj. a river of Austria, rises near the N.E. extre- 
 mity of Jloravia, flows N.N.W. through Austri."vn Silesia, and 
 joins the Oder on the right after a course of about t'O miles. 
 OLSKNE, olMn' or ol-sA'n<;h, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the Lys, w ith a station on the 
 railway to Tournay, 14 miles S.S.\^ . of Ghent. Pop. 2100. 
 
 OLSIIANA or OLCIIANA, ol shJ'n.i a market-town of 
 Russia, government and 15 miles W.N.AV. of Kharkov. Pop. 
 •2000. 
 
 OLSIIAXA or OLCIIAX^^, a market-town of Russia, go- 
 vernment and 89 miles S.S.K. of Kiev. 
 
 OLSIIAXSK. oPshlnsk', a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 68 miles S.S.W. of Voronezh. Pop. 1700. 
 
 OLSIIAXY or OLSZAXY, ol shi'nee, a market-town of 
 Rus.sian Poland, government, and 40 miles S.E. of Vilna. 
 Pop. 1800. 
 
 OLS.\XSK. ol-s3nsk'. a village of Siberia, government and 
 about 180 miles X.X.E. of Irkootsk. on the road to Yakootsk. 
 OLST, olst, a village of Holland, province of Overyssel, 6 
 miles X. of Deventer. Pop. 823. 
 OLSTYXEB, a town of Prussia. See IIohenstein*. 
 OLSZAXY. See Olsiiany. 
 
 OLTKX, ol/ten, a small but flourishing town of Switzer- 
 land. 20 miles E.X.E. of Soleure. on the Aar. Pop. 1500. 
 
 OLTKXITZA. ol-tg-nifsd. a town of European Turkey, on 
 the Danube, 35 miles S.E. of Bucharest. Here the Turks 
 defeated the Russians in Xoveniber, 1853. 
 
 OLTI. ol'tee, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 70 
 miles X'.E. of Erzroom. on the Olti. It is a very ancient but 
 decayed pl.ice. defended by a citadel, and once the residence 
 of the -\tabegs. who ruled the country. Pop. about 1500. 
 OLTIS. See Lot. 
 
 OLUXSIIAX or OLUNCIIAN, o'lfin'shdn', a mountain of 
 China, province of Yunnan, lat. 23° 20' N., Ion. 100° 4' E. 
 It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 OLUSTICE. a post-office of Columbia co., Florida. 
 0LU.«;TEE CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama 
 OLUTORSKOI. See Oliootor.sk. 
 
 OLVA. ol'vd. a town of Spain, province and 22 miles S.E. 
 of Teruel, on the Mijares. Pop. 1011. 
 
 OLVEXSTADT, ol'veii-s(3tt\ a village of Prussian Saxony, 
 4 miles W.X.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2100. 
 
 OLVKR.\, ol-viVrd. (anc. Ilipa. ?) a town of Spain, province 
 and 67 miles X.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 61 1 6. 
 
 OL'VKSTOX, a pari.sh of England, co, of Gloucester. 
 OLVIOPOL. ol-ve-o/pol. sometimes written OLIVIOP0L,a 
 town of Russia, government and 137 miles N.W. of Kherson, 
 on the Rug. Pop. 2C0U. 
 
 OLYiCi, ol'e-ki, a town of Russia, government of Volhy- 
 nia. about 100 miles N.W. of Zhitomeer. Poji. 3600. 
 
 OLYM/PIA, a thriving town, port of entry, seat of justice 
 of Thurston county, and capital of Washington Territory, is 
 situati-d on the E. side of Tcnalquets or Shute's River, at 
 its entrance into the head of Budd's Inlet, at the S. extre- 
 mity of Pngot Sound. The surrounding country is regarded 
 as one of the best parts of the whole territory. The town 
 is rapidly rising in importance, and is probably destined, at 
 no distant period, to be the commercial centre of an exten- 
 sive region, it contaiueil in 1804, 2 newspaper offices, 5 
 general stores, 2 book-stores. &c. 
 OLYMPIAN SPRIXGS, a post-office of Bath co.. Kentucky. 
 OLYM'PTJS, a post-office of Overton co.. Tennessee. 
 OLYJIPUS, (o-Jim'pus.) (Gr. OXtinwj, Olumpos ; Turk. Ser 
 mnrat-Evi, sA-ma-vdt/ ee'vee. i. e. the " abode of the Celes- 
 tials.") a mountain range of Thessaly, on the border of Jlace- 
 donia. Its summit, famed by Homer and other poets as the 
 throne of the gods, is 30 miles N. of Larissa, in lat. 40° 4' 32" 
 X.. Ion. 22^ 25' E. Estimated heidit. 9745 feet. 
 
 OLY'MPUS, (Mount,) of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 8 miles S.W. 
 of Brusa. 
 
 OLZAI, ol-zT', a village, island of Sardinia, 33 miles N. of 
 Cagliari. Pop. 1060. 
 
 6m, om. a river of Asiatic Russia, government of Tomsk, 
 after a S.W. course of 330 miles, joins the Irti.sh at Omsk. 
 
 OMAGII, o^m^', a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, capital 
 of the county of Tyrone, 27 miles S. of Londonderry. Pop. in 
 1851, 3016. It is on a steep declivity, and mo.stly well built 
 and clean. It has the remains of an old castle, which gave 
 name to the town, an elegant county court-house of Grecian 
 architecture, county jail, barracks, workhouse, fever hospital, 
 with a flourishing linen, corn, and general trade. The town 
 was destroyed by fire in 1689, and again in 1743. 
 OMAGUWS, o-md'gwds. a tribe of Indians in ICcuadrr. 
 OMAHA (o'ma-haw') C1TY% the capital of Nebraska, is 
 situated on the Missouri. See Afw;.\dix. 
 
 OMAX, o'mdn'. (anc. Ornana or U.'iinnnm,) a country of 
 Arabia, in the S.E., between the Persian Gulf and .Arabian 
 Sea, or Sea of Oman, and forming the central part of the 
 Muscat dominions. It is "a desert thickly studded with 
 
 1391 
 
OMA 
 
 ONE 
 
 cases," having among its mountains many fertile valleys, 
 thou'.'h f>nly a small proportion of its extent is cultivable. 
 Towns, Bostak, Muscat, and Minnah (with copper mines.) 
 
 tOl.VN'NiiV. (Cape.) Uussian America, Is the S. point of 
 King George III. ArchipelaOT. at the entrance to Chatham 
 Sound. Lat 56° 10' X., Ion. VU° S4' W. 
 OMAXOO.'V.U, an i.'land of the Pacific Ocean. Sec Maxca. 
 UMA.XUM or OMAXA. See Oman. 
 
 OOIAR. a postrvillage of Jefferson co., New York, about 
 160 miles X.W. of Albany. 
 
 OMATE, o-md'ti, a volcanic summit of the Ande.'. in the 
 S. of i'eru. department, aud 50 miles S.E. of .irequipa. 
 
 OMBAY, om^bl'. an island of the Malay Archipelago, X. 
 of Timor. Lat. S'^ 15' S., Ion. 125^ E. Length from K. to 
 W.. 50 miles; greatest breadth, 30 miles. 
 
 OMBEilGSIIKDEX, om'bergs-hAMen, a village of Sweden, 
 lasn of Carlstad. in the Fryksd-il. on the W. side of a lake. 
 Its annual fair, held for 8 days, is one of the largest in Swe- 
 den, aud attracts from 12.000" to 13,000 persons. 
 OM'BElli^LEY. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 OMBLIE, om'ble-.v. a parish of Xorway. stift of Christian- 
 sand, 23 miles X.W. of Areud.al. 
 
 OMBOE, om'be'fh, an island of Norway, in Bukkeflord, 
 20 miles X.E. of Stavanger. 
 
 O.MBRONE, om-bro'nl, (anc. Pni'bro,) a river of Italy, Tus- 
 cany, enters the .Mediterranean 10 miles below Grossetto, 
 after a course of 75 miles. 
 
 OMEE'X.A., a new county in the N.W. part of Michigan. 
 Area e.stimated at 500 square miles. It« northern border is 
 washed by Grand Traverse Bay of Lake Michigan. 
 O.ME'GA, a post-office of ILnlifax co., Virginia. 
 OMEGA, a post-oflice of Pike co., Ohio. 
 OMEQX.\, o-mJn'yl, a market-town of Piedmont, division 
 of Xovara. at the X. e.xtremity of Lake Orta. Pop. 1459. 
 
 OMEKOX, o-m.A-kon', a river of Siberia, government of Ya- 
 kootsk.joins the Indi.:hirka. after a courseof nearly 100 miles. 
 OMEXAK'S FIOKD or JACOBS BIG IIT, a noted se:it of 
 iceberg growth and distribution, on the W. coast of Green- 
 land, in lat. 70° 40' N. Dr. Kane counted here at one time, 
 from the deck of his vessel, 240 icebergs of primary magni- 
 tude. The inland termination of the fiord has never been 
 reached; by many it is supposed, in connection with the 
 sounds on the opposite coast, to form a continuous water 
 communication through the heart of the peninsula. 
 OMEKKOTE. a town and fort of Sinde. See Amebkotb. 
 0>U;RKUXTUC, o-mJr-kun-tak', (Hindoo,^»Hara Gintaca, 
 a'ml-ra kSa-ti'ki.) a famous place of IIind>x> pilgrimage, 
 in the centre of the Deecan, Indi.a, dominions of Berar, 28 
 miles X.W. of Kuttunpoor. 
 
 OMETA, o-mi'ti, a town of British India, province of Gu 
 rerat. 20 miles E. of Camb.ay. 
 
 OMETEPE. o-m.Vt4-p.V, OMETEPET. o-mS-t.'l-pSt', or OMO- 
 .TEPE. o-mo-tdpA', a volcanic island of Central America, in 
 the Lake Xicaragua, towards its S.W. side. Length. 20 miles; 
 breadth, from 7 to 8 miles. It consists of two granitic moun- 
 tains, one rising to 5252 feet ab»ve the Atlantic. On it are 
 the two villages Ometepe and Muyagalpa, with a population 
 of 1700, and numerous ancient Mexican sepulchres. 
 O'.MEY or UM'MA, a parish of Ireland, ex of Galway. 
 OMMEX, om'meu, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Oveiyssel, on the Vecht, 14 miles E. of Zwolle. P. 2066. 
 OMOA, o-mo'd, a maritime village of Central .\merica, state 
 of Honduras, on the Bay of Honduras, 15 miles E. of the 
 mouth of the river Motagua; lat. 15° 47' X., Ion. 88° 3' W. 
 Most of the imports destined for Guatemala and San Salva- 
 dor, are received at this port. Population chiefly mulattoes. 
 OMOE, o'mo'fh, an islet of Denmark, in the S. part of the 
 Great Belt. Length, 5 miles; breadth. 1 mile. Pop. 200. 
 
 OMOLOX, o'mo-lon', a river of East Siberia, joins the 
 Kolyma, SO miles S.W. of its mouth iu the .\rctic Ocean. 
 OMOTEPE, an island of Central America. See Ometepe, 
 OMOULEV or OMOULEFF, a riverof Prussia. SeeOMOlEW. 
 O-MPO-MPONOCSUC or O.MPOMPAXOO'SUCK KIVER, a 
 fine null-stream, enters the Connecticut in Windsor co., Vt. 
 OMRAH, om'rd, a fortified town of Ilindostan, dominions 
 of Jaloun, 2(5 miles E. of Ditteah. 
 
 0>rRI or OM'RO, post-village, Winnebago CO., Wisconsin, 
 on Fo.\ River, 11 miles W. of Oshkosh. Pine lumber is made 
 here in large quantities. Omri has 3 churclies, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 3 mills. Pop. about 1500 ; of Omro township. 2012. 
 OMSK, Omsk, a fortified town of Asiatic Russi.i, formerly 
 capit.al of a government, now divided between those of To- 
 bolsk .and Tomsk, in a sandy treeless plain, on the Irtish, at 
 the confluence of the Om. Lat. 54° 57' N.. Ion. 73° 40' E. 
 Pop. 11,340. many being European exiles. It has a military 
 Bchotil. founded hy the Emperor Alexander, for 250 pupils, 
 who .are instructed in the Kirgheez and Mongol languages, 
 drawmg, and geography; a Cossack school, a hospital, ma- 
 nufectures of military clothing, and some handsome public 
 buildings. In civil jurisdiction it is subordinate to Tobolsk, 
 ,.." . o.l''***""'y superseded that city as the virtual capital 
 of « est Ml.>ena. and the seat of government -'for the gra- 
 oual subjugation of the Kirgheez." 
 
 ftA?mH''L5'v^ ' "rl^.^Zl^t-J^"^- P""'""- o-moo^Jv.'* written also 
 1392' *^^^*^^^*^*^*^' » '*'■«'■ of ^'^^ Prussia, govern- 
 
 ment of Kanigsherg; flows S.E.. enters Poland, and joins the 
 Narew on the right; total length about 70 miles. 
 
 OMU.X. o*nioon'.(?) a town of Guinea. ca|>ilal of a territory 
 on an island in the Old Calabar or Cross River. Lat. ti"^ y 
 N.. ion. 8° 15' E. Estimated pop. 5000. 
 
 OMZIMKOLO. See Umzimkulu. 
 
 ON A, o'ni. a river of Siberia, rises on the S.W. frontieru 
 of the government of Irkoutsk. flows clrcuitnusly N.X.W., 
 and after a conrse of alout 2^0 miles unites with the Tchoona 
 In forming the Tasieva. an affluent of the Yenisei. 
 
 OXACUS.V, an island in the Pacific. See UrNTta's Island. 
 
 OXAIL. o'nil', a town of Ilindostan. province of .Malwah, 
 Gwalior dominions. 18 miles X. N.W. of Oojein. 
 
 ONALAS'KA, a post-villau'e of La Ciosse co., Wisconsin. 
 
 OXALASKA ISLAXD See Oosalaska, 
 
 OX A LEGO, o-n^-li'go, one of the Marquesas Islands, in 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 OXAN'COCK. a post-village in Accomac co., Virginia, 100 
 miles E. by X'. of Richmond. 
 
 ONAR'GA. Illinois, a village and station on the Illinois 
 Central Railroad. 85 miles from Chicago. See Apfexwx. 
 
 OXASEUSE, an island of the Pacific Ocean. See Husteb 
 
 ISLANnS. 
 
 OR.\TE, on-yj't^, a town of Spain, province of Gnipuscoa, 
 20 miles E.S.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 4236. It has a fine town- 
 hall, 3 parish churches, a hospital, university, and col- 
 lege. Iron is wrought in the neighboring mountains, and 
 within the town are iron foundries, nail factories, aud gun 
 manufactories. 
 
 ONDA, on'dS, a town of Spain, province and 10 miles 
 W.S.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 4517. 
 
 ONI).\R.\. on-dd'rd. a town of Spain, Valencia, province 
 and alx)ut CO miles from Alicante. Pop. 1280. 
 
 OXD.\REE, on'd3-ree\ a small island of Hindostan, out- 
 side the harlx)r of Bombay, about 1 mile fi-om the mainland. 
 
 OXD.\RRO.\, on-dilR-Ro'd. a ni.aritime town of Sjwun. pro- 
 vince of Biscay, 18 miles N.E. of Bilbao, on the Bay of Bis- 
 cay. Pop. 1173. 
 
 bXEA IIALGAN,o-ni'a h&i^gin'. or simply IIALGAN, an 
 island iu the South Pacific, forming the most northern of the 
 large Islands of Loyalty Group. Lat 20° 33' 33" S., Ion. 
 166° 26' 14" E. 
 
 0'XE.\L'S (o-neelz') MILLS, a post-village of Troup co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 OXE AND A HALF DEGREE CHAX'XEL. a passage 
 through the Maldive Islands, in the Indian Ocean. It has 
 a width of about 50 miles, and, being the sjifest channel of 
 the Maldives, is frequently used by vessels proceeding to 
 Ceylon, in the W. monsoon. 
 
 0NE.4T.\. o-nA-3'td, one of the smaller Feejee Islands. 
 Lat. 18° 24' S., Ion. 178° 31' W. 
 
 ONECHO, o-nee'cho, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., Ten- 
 nessee, 30 miles N.W. of Nashville. 
 
 ONECHOW or ON EECIIOW. See Nihau. 
 
 ONE'CO. a post-village and township of Stephenson co., 
 Illinois. 222 miles N. of Sprinsfield. 
 
 O'NECOTE, a chapelry of England, co., of Stafford. 
 
 OXE/GA, (Russian pron. o-nA/gS.) a river of Russia, go- 
 vernments of Olonets and Arctiangel, rises in the Lake 
 Latcha, and, after a N. course of 250 miles. ent«>rs the Gulf 
 of Onega at its S.E. extremity. Numerous falls render it inna- 
 vigable, but in .spring many rafts are floated on it to the sea. 
 
 ONEGA, L.\KE, a lake of Russia, the next in .«ize to that 
 of Ladoga, from which it is distant S5 miles N.E.. in the 
 centre of the government of Olonets, mostlv between lat 
 60° 52' and 62° 53' N.. and Ion. 34° 15' and 36° 12' E. Length 
 140 miles; breadth from 30 to 45 miles. Area estimated at 
 3400 square miles. It is of a very in-egular shape, particu- 
 larly towards the N., where it is much indented, and forms 
 numerous creeks and b.iys. Its shores are generally 
 rocky, and its waters beautifully clear, well supplied with 
 fish ; navigation much impeded by shoals and sandbanks. 
 In it are numerous i.«lands near its N. extremity. It re- 
 ceives 10 streams, the principal of which are the Migra, the 
 Shooya, (Shuia,) the Vodla. and Vytegra. Its only eutlet is 
 the Sveer, by which it discharges its waters into Lake Ladoga; 
 but the Murinskoi Canal, by connecting its afliuent th? 
 Vytegra with the Kayla, an affluent of Lake Bielo, has 
 brought it into communication with the bo.«in of the Volga. 
 
 ONEO.\, a town of Russia, government and 85 miles S.W 
 of Archangel, at the mouth of the Onega River, in the Gulf 
 of Onega. Pop. 1800. 
 
 ONEOLIA, o-njl'yft. a town of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion and 41 miles E.N.E. of Nice, is the capital of a pro 
 vince, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 5500. It has remains 
 of fortifications, destroyed by the French in 1792. some de- 
 caying churches and convents, a college, and a small port 
 Andrea Doria, the celebrated Genoese admiral, was born here. 
 
 ONE HORSE TOWN, a small mining settlement of Shasta 
 CO., California. 
 
 ONE'HOUSE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ONEID.V. o-ni'da. a lake in the N. central part of New 
 York. Its length is about 20 miles; greatest breadth 6 or 
 7 miles. The outlet of this lake, called dneida River. 1? 
 miles long, flows westerly, and joins the Seneca, to form tU« 
 
ONE 
 
 ONS 
 
 Oswego Kirer. Oneida Lake abounds with fish, gnch as 
 salmon, Oswoj;c bass, trout, salmou-trout, pike, &c. The 
 Fhores of the lake are generally low, and the surrounding 
 lands level and fertile. 
 
 ON KII)A, H county in the N.E. central part of New York, 
 has an area of about 1200 square miles. Oneida Lake lies 
 on part of its western border. It is drained by the Jlohawk 
 and Ulack Hivers, and Oneida and Oriskany Creeks, with 
 several smaller streams, which furnish abundant water- 
 power. The inhabitants of this county are largely engaged 
 in manufactures, and the agricultural interests are al-i^o in 
 a flourii'hing condition. 'J'he Long Level on the Krie Canal 
 of fjOj miles passes through it. The surGice is generally 
 undulating, in some parts more hilly, and in others almost 
 level. The soil is of various qualitil^s, but everywhere ridi. 
 In 18.50, this county produced 167,017 tons of hay, 3,9e)3,:!92 
 pounds of liutter, and 5,218,734 of cheese. The quantities 
 of h«y and Imtter were each the greatest produced iiy any 
 county iu the United States, and the quantity of cheese the 
 gri'atest pn^duced by any in the United States, except Her- 
 kimer county. New York. This county contains iron ore, 
 pottiT's clay, gypsum, water-limestone, and marl. It is tra- 
 versed by ihe Erie Canal and the Central New York Rail- 
 i-oad. and partly intersected by,the Black River and Che- 
 nango Canals, and by the Watertown and Kome Rail- 
 road, and the Black River and Utica Railroad, Organ- 
 ized in 1786, having iireviously formed part of Herkimer 
 county. Seats of justice, Rome and AVhitesborough. Pop. 
 10.'),-202. ♦ 
 
 ON KIDA. a township of Katon co.. Michigan. Pop. 1382. 
 
 OXKTDA. a small post-village of Brown co., Wisconsin, on 
 Duck Creek. 
 
 ON KIDA CASTLE, a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, 
 on Oneida Creek, 20 miles W. of Utica. It has 2 or 3 
 churches, and several stores. 
 
 ON KIDA CREKK, of Central New York, flows north-west- 
 ward, and forms the boundary between Madison and Oneida 
 counties, until it enters the Oneida Lake. It is navigable a 
 few miles. 
 
 ONKIDA DEPOT, a post-village and station of Madison co., 
 New York, on the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, and on 
 Oni'ida Creek. 26 miles E. of Syracuse. 
 
 O.NKID.V L.ilvE, a post-office of Mailison co., New Y'ork. 
 
 ONKIDA MILLvS, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 ON KIDA KI V KR. See O.veida Lake. 
 
 ONKIDA VALLEY,a post-office of M.adison co.. New York. 
 
 O'NEIL.STON, o-neels't9n, a small village of Barnwell dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 ONKlvtJTAN. 0-n.vko-tdn', or ONAKUTAN, o^nj-koo-trln', 
 jne of the Koorile Islands, off the S. e.xtremity of Kam- 
 tchatka, between the Pacific Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk ; lat. 
 49° 24' N., Ion. 155° E. Length 30 miles, breadth 15 miles. 
 Near it are 3 extinct volcanoes. 
 
 ONKLEY, ijnlee, a hamlet of England, co. of Northivmpton, 
 parish of Barley, 7 miles N.N.AV. of Daventry. Pop. 600. 
 
 ONEMEN, 0-n.a-mfn', a river of Siberia, flows N.E., and, 
 after a course of about 90 miles, falls into the gulf of the 
 same name, forming the estuary of the Anadeer, (Anadir,) in 
 Dehring's Sea. 
 
 ONEMULE TOWN, a small mining settlement of Shasta 
 CO.. California. 
 
 O'NEON'TA, a post-village and town.shlp of Otsego co.. 
 New Voik, on the Susquehanna River, and on the Albany 
 and Susquehanna Railroad, SO miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 The village contains 4 chuiches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 several fouudries,factories,and mills. Total popnlation,.2158. 
 
 ON'UAR. CIIIP'PINCt, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. (>f Esse.K. on the Roding. here crossed by a 3 arched 
 bridge, lOj^ miles W.S.W. of Chelmsford. It has a market- 
 hou^e. union workhouse, and some vestiges of a castle. 
 
 ONOAK. HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ONOIIIN, on-gheen'. a river of Mongolia, rises about lat. 
 46° N., Ion. 104° E.: flows S.E., and discharges itself into 
 the lake Kooragan-Oolan-Nor, (Kuragan-Ulan-Nor,) on the 
 N. of the Desert of Gobi; total course 200 miles. 
 
 ONGLAIIY, a river of Madagascar. See Daktmouth. 
 
 ONGOLE, ongVol', or ANGULA, dn-gooHa, a town of Bri- 
 ti.-h India, presidency and 170 miles N. of Madras, irregu- 
 larly and meanly built, but having a stone fort on the mar- 
 gin of a fine lake. 
 
 ONGOLOGUR. ong-go-jo-ghhr', a town of Ilindostan, pro- 
 vince of Orissa, 59 miles W. of Cuttack ; lat. 20° 32' N., Ion. 
 85° U' E. 
 
 O'NTBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 ONIIIOW. See NliiAU. 
 
 ONIivSZTI or ONIKSIITI. o-niksh'tee, written also 
 ONIKCIIT. a market-town of Russian Poland, government 
 and 65 miles N.N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1650. 
 
 ONIL, o-neel'. a town of Spain, province and 25 miles 
 N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 2090. 
 
 ONION (un'yun) RIVER, or WINOOSKI, win-noo.s'kee, in 
 the northern part of Vermont, rises in Caledonia co., and 
 running first iu a north-westerly, then in a westerly course, 
 after passing Montpelier. the capital, falls into Lake Cham- 
 Dlain, about 5 miles N.W. of IJurlington. It hag several 
 4N 
 
 falls, in the most remarkable of which the water descend< 
 about 500 feet in 30 rods. That part of the Northern Rail- 
 road betweei- the capital and Builington passes along th<j 
 banks of this stream for nearly the whole distance. 
 
 ONION RIVER, of Wisconsin. risi'S in Sheboygan co., and 
 falls into Sheboygan River, 6 miles from its mouth. 
 
 ONION RIVER, a post-oifice of Shelwygnn co., AVisconKin. 
 
 ONIS, o-neess', or ONS.\, on'.sd, an island of Spain, at the 
 entrance of the Bay of Pontevedr.a, lat. 42° 20' N., Ion. 
 S° 55' W. Length 2 miles, breadth 1 mile. The surface is 
 uneven: the shoies steep, and it lias several harbors de- 
 fended by batteries. 
 
 ONKERZEELE, Ank'er-ziVleh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of E. I'lnnders. on the right hank of the Bender, 27 
 miles S.S.K. of Ghent. Pop. 1157. 
 
 ONNAING, on'nlNo', a town of France, department of 
 Nord, 4 miles N.E. of Valenciennes. Pop. 3420. Chiccory is 
 extensively grown in its vicinity, its cultivation in France 
 having been first attempted here. 
 
 O'NO, the largest of one of the groups of the Friendly 
 Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 18° 55' S., ion. 178° 25' W. 
 
 ONO, a village of Ed^ar co., Illinois, 120 miles E. of 
 Springfield. 
 
 O.VO. a post-office of Lebanon co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 ONOBA. See Uuei.va. 
 
 ONOD. o'nod', a market-town of Hungary, co. of Borsod, 
 on the Sajo, an aftluent of the Theiss, 40 miles N.W. of 
 Debrecziu. Pop. 2840. It is memorable for a sanguinary 
 battle with the Tartars in 1241, and a gathering of liakotzl 
 insurgents in 1707. 
 
 O^NON', a river of Mongolia and Asiatic Russia, govern- 
 ment of Irkootsk, after a N.W. course of .380 miles joins the 
 Ingoda, 40 miles W. of Nertchinsk, to form the Shilka, a 
 tributary of tlie Amoor. 
 
 ONONDAGA* (on-on-dawrga) LAKE, called also SALT 
 L.\KE, in the N.W. central part of New York, and in the 
 centre of the county to which it gives its name. It is a 
 small collection of impure water, 5 or 6 miles long, and 
 perhaps 1^ miles wide. Near the N.E. border are the cele- 
 brated Saline Springs. See Sali.na. 
 
 ONOND.\GA, a county near the centre of New York, has 
 an area of about 800 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the N. by the Oneida Lake and River, and is drained by 
 Seneca River, Chittenango, Onondaga, and Oneida Creeks, 
 and other sm.aller streams. It contains Cro.ss, Onondaga, 
 and Otiseo Lakes, and includes a part of Skaneateles Lake. 
 The Long Level, on the Erie Canal, of C9j miles, ha.s its 
 western extremity near Syracuse, in this county. The sur- 
 face is generally uneven, and in some parts hilly. The soil 
 is principally a fertile calcareous loam. Gypsum, water 
 cement, and limestone are found; and near Onondag:i i.al-u 
 are numerous salt springs, from which great qu.intili.s <<{ 
 salt are manufactured. — See Svracusk. It is intersected by 
 the Erie Canal, and by several railroads, the names of which 
 may be found under the head of Syracuse, the capital. 
 Pop. 90,686. 
 
 ONONDAGA, a post-village and township in the central 
 part of Onondaga co.. New York, 132 miles W. Iry N. of 
 Albany. The village is pleasantly situated on a hill. It 
 was formerly the county seat. It has churches of 3 or 4 
 denominations, a bank, and an academy. Pop. of the 
 township. 5113. 
 
 ONONDAQ.V, a post-townslilp of Ingham co., Michigan. 
 
 ONONDAGA, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana. 
 
 ONONDAGA CASTLE, a post-office of Onondaga co., New 
 York. 
 
 ONONDAG.A CREEK, of Onondaga co.. New York, flows 
 northward and enters the lake of the same nanle. 
 
 ONONDAG.\ VAL'LEY, a post-village of Onondaga co. 
 New York, on Onondaga Creek, 4 or 5 miles S. of Syracuse. 
 It contains an academy, several churches, and mills. Pop. 
 estimated at 900. 
 
 ONORE, o'nor', a seaport town of Ilindostan, province of 
 Canara, lat. 14° 16' N., ion. 75° 82' E. 
 
 O'NOVILLE, a post-office of Cattaraugus Co., New York. 
 
 ONRUST, on'rust. a small island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 off the N. coast of Java, near Batavia, with the Netherlands 
 government ship-building yard. 
 
 ONSLOW, onz'lo, a county in the S.E. part of North Caro- 
 lina, bordering on Onslow Bay. Area estimated at 600 
 square miles. It is intersected by New River. The surfiice 
 is level, and extensively covered by marshes and pine for- 
 ests. "The soil is sandy. Capital, Onslow Court House 
 Formed in 1734, and named in honor of Arthur Onslow 
 speeiki-r of the British House of Commons. Pop. 8856, of, 
 whom 5357 were free, and 3499 slaves. 
 
 ONSLOW, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Colchester 
 on the estuary of Salmon River, opposite Truro, the county 
 seat, about 55 miles N. of Halifax. The inhabitants aia 
 mostly fishermen. 
 
 ONSLOW B.\Y. on the coast of North Carolina, extends 
 for 80 miles between Capes Fear and Lookout. 
 
 * This is a purely Indian word, signifying a " swamp at the 
 foot of a hill." 
 
 1393 
 
oxs 
 
 OOK 
 
 OS SLOW COVnr house, a post-Tillasre, capital of Onslow 
 CO., Nortli Carolina, on New Kiver, 145 miles fe.K. of Kaleigh. 
 
 ONSTWEUDK, Anst/wcd'dj'h. a villajre of the Netherlands, 
 prOTince and 25 miles S.K. of Groningi-n. I'op. Sy3. 
 
 ONTARIO, on-tik/reo, the smallest and most easterly of 
 the five great lakes which communicate with the river St. 
 Lawien'e, is situated between 43'^ 10' and 44^^ 10' N. lat., 
 and Te'' and iHP W. Ion. It divides the state of New York 
 from Canada on the N., the line of its greatest extent 
 running nearly due K. and W. Length about 190 miles; 
 greatest breadth 55 miles. The entire area is estimated at. 
 5400 square miles. The surface is 334 feet below that of 
 Erie, and about 230 above the tide-water in the St. Lawrence 
 and Hudson. Its greatest depth is upwards of 600 feet, and 
 it is navigable in every ^art for vessels of the largest cla.«s. 
 It is never entirely closed with ice, and rarely freezes even 
 in the severest weather, except in shallow places along the 
 shore. Lake Ontario receives its chief supply from the 
 great lakes through Niagara Kiver, though considerable 
 accessions are brought to it by the Genesee, Oswego, and 
 Black Rivers, and numerous smaller streams. It discharges 
 its waters by the St. Lawrence. It is connected with Lake 
 Erie by the Welland Canal, 28 miles long, with about 30 
 cut-stone locks, 150 feet long by 26^ wide, capable of passing 
 propellers and sail craft of about 500 tons burden. In 1851, 
 17 steamers were owned at the various American ports on 
 the lake and emploj-ed on its waters ; and the value of mer- 
 chandise entered and cleared at these ports, was estimated 
 at $30,000,000. Lake Ontario contains a great variety of 
 fine fish, among which may be named the salmon and the 
 Oswego bass. 
 
 ONTARIO, a county in the W. central part of New York, 
 has an area of about 670 square miles. It is partly hounded 
 on the E. by Seneca Lake, and is drained by Canandaigua 
 Outlet, Mud and Flint Creeks, and other smaller streams, 
 which supply motive power to numerous mills. It contains 
 Canandaigua and Iloneoye Lakes. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and in the S. part somewhat hilly. The soil is gene- 
 rally a rich sandy loam, well adapted to the production of 
 fruit. In 1S50, this county produced 1,047.782 pounds of 
 butter, and 402.955 of wool, the greatest quantity produced 
 by anj' county in the state. Water limestone, gypsum, and 
 some iron are found. A branch of the Centiiil Kailroad 
 traverses this county ; the Canandaigua and Elmira Rail- 
 road and the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad meet 
 at the county seat; and the Erie Canal touches its northern 
 border. The limits of this county originally comprised the 
 territory of several of the now adjacent counties, and ex- 
 tended to Lake Ontario, whence its name. Capital, Canan- 
 daigua. I'op. 44,6C3. 
 
 jONTARIO, a county of Canada West, bordering up<in 
 Lake Ontario, has an area of Sol square miles. This county 
 is watered by several small streams flowing into Lake On- 
 tario, also into Lake Simcoe, which forms its north-western 
 boundary. The railroad leading from Kingston to Toronto 
 traverses this county. Capital, Ashawa. Pop. 30,576. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-townshiji forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Wayne co.. New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2320. 
 
 ONTARIO, a small post-village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-office of Iji Grange co.. Indiana. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, 13 miles N. 
 of Knoxville. 
 
 ONTENIENTE, on-ti-ne-Jn't.^ a town of Sptiin, province 
 of Valencia, 11 miles S.W. of San Felipe, on the right bank 
 of the Clariano. Pop. 9508. It has several parish churches, 
 decayed convents, hospital, and college, and a residence of 
 the l)uke of Almo<lovar; also active manufactures of linen 
 and woollen fabrics. 
 
 ONTON.-VG'ON or TENAN/GON, a river of Michigan, the 
 largest affluent of Lake Superior from the S., rises in Onto- 
 nagon county in the Upper Peninsula, and flowing nearly 
 N., enters the lake in lat 46° 62' N. 
 
 ONXONAG'ON, a newl.v formed county of Michigan, forms 
 the western extremity of the Ujiper Peninsnla, l)ordering 
 on Lake Superior. Area estimated at 2300 square miles. 
 The Montreal Kiver forms its S.W. boundary, and separates 
 it from Wisconsin; and it is drained by the Ontonagon Kiver. 
 The surface is hilly or mountainous. The Porcupine Moun- 
 tains, in the N. part, rise about 12lX) feet above the lake. 
 The county contains an abundance of pure copper. Capital, 
 Ontonagon. Pop. in 1860, 4568. 
 
 ONTi.»NAGON, a post-village, capital of Ontonagon co., 
 Michigan, on Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Ontonagon. 
 It has 4 churches and 1 newspaper office. See Appenkix. 
 
 ONT'WA, a township of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 879. 
 
 ON'WARD, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee. 
 
 ONZAIN, A.^•o'zl^<!/, a village of France, on the railroad 
 from Orleans to Tours, 46 miles from Orleans. 
 
 00, o, a village of France, department of Ilaute-Garonne, 
 4 miles AV. of Hagneres-de-Luchon, singularly situated at 
 the foot of the Port, or Col dOo. a pass of t'he Pyrenees, 
 9848 feet above the sea. Near it is a cascade 853 feet hi"h. 
 I'op. 430. many of whom are employed as guides. ° 
 
 OOANEE, oo'a-nee\ a small village of West IlindosUn, 
 province of Guzerat, 50 miles S.E. of'Surat. 
 
 OOANLTN. See Wanlin. 
 
 OOBA, CUBA or UBA, (xAii, a river of Silerin, porem- 
 ment of Tomsk, flows W.S.W.. and joins the Irtish. Length, 
 above 100 miles. 
 
 OOUSA (OUBSA or UBSA) NOR, ooVsJ nor. a lake of the 
 Chinese Empire, Khalkas Territory. Lat. 40° 30' N., Ion. 92° 
 E. Length, 75 miles; breadth, 25 miles. It receives many 
 small rivers. Large sturgeons and other fish are found in it. 
 
 OOCH, ootch. a fortified town of North-West Hindostan, 
 dominions, and 35 miles S.W. of Bh.awlpoor. near the junc- 
 tion of the Chenauh and Sutlej. Lat. 29° 11' N.. lou. 70° 50' 
 E. Pop. 20.000. It has an active trade. 
 
 OOCIIEE, OUCIII or UCIII. oo'chee, written alsoTOUNG- 
 NING, YUN-PIN or FOU-IIOA, a town of Chinese Toorkis- 
 t.in, 230 miles N.E. of Kgshgar. It has an imperial mint. 
 
 OODABAD. OUDABAD or UDABAD, oo-dil-bad', a town 
 of Asiatic Kussia, 38 miles S.E. of Nakhchevan. Pop . 
 6000. (?) 
 
 OOD.A., OUT) .4. or UDA, oo'dj, a river of Siberia, rises in the 
 S.E. slope of the Stanovoi Mountains, flows E.N.E., and falls 
 into a large bay of the Sea of Okhotsk, opposite the island 
 of Feklistoo ; total course 200 miles. 
 
 OODAI, OUDAI or UD.\I, oo-dl', a river of Russia, rises in 
 the S.W. part of the government of Tchernigov. flows S.E., 
 and above Loobny joins the'Soola on the right; total course 
 160 miles. 
 
 OOUANA, oo-d3/n3, a large village of Beloochistan, 18 
 miles E. of Gundava, on the route to Shikarpoor; lat. 2S" 
 30* N., Ion. 67° 49' E. Seven miles, E. of this place are the 
 ruins of Old Oodana. 
 
 OODAPEE, ooMJ-pee', written also T7DIPU, a town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Madras, district of Canara, near 
 the Malabar coast, 32 miles N,N.W. of Mangalore, and 
 having some remarkable Hindoo temples and colleges. • 
 
 OODEENUGGUR. oo^lee-nug'gfir, a collection of ruins in 
 the Punjab, on the Jhylum, (anc.//j/rfa.9pes.) near Julalpoor, 
 conjectured by Burnes to mark the site of Xiccra. founded 
 by .Alexander after his victory over Porus. 
 
 OODEEPOOR, oo-dee-poor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, 100 miles N.E. of Surat; lat. 22° 12' N., 
 Ion. 74° 7' E. It Is reported to comprise 1000 houses. 
 
 OODEEPOOR or ODKYPOOR. a town of Hindostan, 150 
 miles S. of Gwalior; lat. 23° 52' N., Ion. 78^ 9' E. 
 
 OODIPOOR. a town of Hindo-^Jtan. See Oueypoor. 
 
 OCtDINSK. OUDINSK or UUINSK. oo'dinsk' or oonlecnsk', 
 a town of Siberia, government of Irkootsk. on the ()oda, E. 
 of Lake Baikal. SO miles N.E. of Selenghinsk. Pop. 3000. 
 
 OODOO-DA-KOTE. oo'doo-dS-kot. a village of India, in the 
 Punjab. I^t. 3o° 30' N., Ion. 71° 14' E. 
 
 OODSKOI, OUDSKO: or UDSKOI. ood-skoi', a village of 
 East Siberia, on the Ooda, (Uda.) near the Sea of Okhotsk. 
 
 OOFA, OUFA or UFA, oo'fi, a river of European Russia, 
 government of Orenboorg, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows 
 S.W., and joins the Belaia near Oofo. Length. 400 miles. 
 
 OOF.A., OUF.\ or UF.A., a town of Russia, capital of the 
 government of Orenboorg, on the Oofii and the Belaia, 200 
 miles N. of Orenboorg. Pop. 5900. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has a mosque, and manufactures of various descriptions. 
 
 OOGLITCH, OUGLITCII or UGLITCH. oogMi'.eh' or oog'- 
 leetch', a town of Russia, government and 6<J miles W.S.W. 
 of Yaroslav, on the right bank of the Volga. Pop. 8000. 
 It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and has a ruined citadel, 
 a monastery. 30 churches, and several schools. It is men- 
 tioned in Ru.ssian history as early as 121S. 
 
 OOGRA, OUGRA or UGR.\., oo'grl. a river of Rus.«ia, go- 
 vernment of Kalooga. joins the Oka about 9 miles above the 
 town of Kalooga. Total course about 200 miles. 
 
 001, OUI or UI, oo'ee, a river of West Siberia, between 
 the governments of Orenboorg and Tobolsk, rises in the 
 Ural Mountains, and after an E. course of 200 miles, joing 
 the Tobol at Oost-Ooiskaia. 
 
 OOJAK or OUJAK, ooj3k', a bay of the North Pacific 
 Ocean, on the AV. shore of the island of Kodiiik, about 12 
 miles N. of the Russian Company's establishment of Carluok, 
 near lat. 57° 14' N., and Ion. 152° W. ; extending 27 miles 
 S.S.E. 
 
 OO.IEIN, oo'jAn', written also OOJAIN. OUGEIN. OVJEIN 
 and UGEIN, (anc. Ozena?) a fortified city of Central Hin- 
 dostan, 254 miles S.W. of Gwalior, and the former capital of 
 its dominions. Lat. 2.3° 11' N., Ion. 75° 51' E. Its walls are 
 about 6 miles in circumference, the town being compactly 
 built on, though the public ways are stated to be airy, paved, 
 and clean. Principal edifices, several mosques and mauso- 
 leums, the palace of Dowlut Row Sindia. and some Hindoo 
 structures, in one of which is a remarkable s-ulptured image 
 of the bull-god Nuudi, The city has an active trade; im- 
 ports being fine white cloths, turbans, and dyed goods, with 
 assafivtida from Sinde, and European and Chinese produce 
 from Surat; exports, cotton, coarse cloths, Miilwah opium, 
 and diamonds, in transit from Bundelcund to Surat. Around 
 it are various temples and palaces; and 1 mile N extensive 
 remains of a more ancient city have been di.scovered. 
 
 OOKIANG or OU-KIANG, oo'ke-Jng, a considerable 
 river of China, provinces of Koei-chw and Sechuen, joint 
 the Y'aug-tse-kiang, after a N. course oi 500 miles. 
 
OOK 
 
 OOKESTMA, OUKESIMA or UKESTMA, oo-kJ-sec'md, an i 
 inland of Anam, Gulf of Tonquin, lat. 18° 50' N., Ion. 100° 
 20' E.. and 25 milos in circuit. 
 
 OO'LA or XJL'LA, a parish of Ireland, Munstcr, co. of 
 Limerick, witli a station on the Limorick and Waterford 
 Kailwav. 5 miles X.W. of Tipperary. 
 
 OOLAN-, (OULAX- or ULAN-)K1I0T0N, ooMin' koUon', a 
 town of Mongolia, near the Chinese frontier, 120 miles 
 N.N.W. of I'eking. 
 
 O0LAX-, (OULAX-, or TJLAy-)OBO, ooMdn' o/bo\ a moun- 
 tain of Monjjolia, Ivhalkas country. It rises out of a plain 
 200 miles S.E. of Oorga. 
 
 OOLASH, OULASII or XJLASH, ooMSsh', an Armenian 
 village of Asia Minor, pashalic and 17 miles S.E. of Seevas. 
 Near the village are some extensive government salt wvirks. 
 
 ()()I.KD-.JKLr.AT or OULED-DJELL.\T, oo'l^d' jelMdf. a 
 town of Alserian Sahara, 35 miles W. hy S. of Hiskra. 1'. 2750. 
 
 OOIJASSOOTAl, OULIASSOUTAI. or UUASSUTAI. oo'- 
 le-ds-soo-tl', a considenble town of Mongolia, on the Oolias- 
 pootai liiviT, near lat. 47° 35' N., Ion. 96° E. It is the residence 
 of a Mantchon general, and the place of a Tartar garrison. 
 
 OOiymENSI'r,AAT,01t'HSns plat', a village of the Nether- 
 lands. 8outIi Holland, on OverHakkee Island. Pop. 1260. 
 
 OOMA.X, OU.MAN or UMAX, oo^min', a town of Russia, 
 government and 115 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 3500. It is en- 
 closed bv earthern ramparts, and has several churches. 
 
 00!\I.\AK or OU.MX AK. oom^nik', one of the Fox Islands, 
 North Pacific Ocean, S.W. of Oonalaska, 50 miles long, 12 
 miles hroad. It has a volcano which ejects hot water. 
 
 ()OX, oon, a town of Western Hindostan, 15 miles X. of 
 Bahdunpoor. Lat. 24° 15' N.. Ion. 71° 45' E. 
 
 OONALASKA, OOXALASHKA, UXALAPCIIKA orUXA- 
 LASIIKA, oo-na-ldsh'ka, oneof thelarcrest of the Fox Islands. 
 North Pacific 6cean; lat. of Port IlUiluck. 53° 52' X.. Ion! 
 166° 32' W. Length. 75 miles: greatest breadth. 20 miles. 
 Surface mountainous, and rising to the volcano Makon- 
 cliinsk, in its centre. The island is thinly pef)pled, but it 
 can supply ships with all necessaries except wood. 
 
 OOXEI'POOIl, oo'ner-poor', a large Village of Sinde, 20 
 miles X. of Hyderabad, on the route thence to Pehwan. 
 
 OONOA or OUXGA, oon'ga. an island of Russian America, 
 off the S. extremity of the-peninsula of Aliaska. Lat. 55° 
 SO' N., Ion. 160° to "161° W. Length, 25 miles. 
 
 00N1.\U.4, oo-ne-3'rj, a walled town of Hindostan, pro- 
 vince of Rajpontana. Lat. 25° 51' N.. Ion. 75° 52' E. 
 
 OOXILAorOUNTLA.oo-nil'll.avillageofliussia.Finland. 
 
 OOXIMAK or OUNIMAK, oo-ne-mSk', one of the largest 
 of the Fox Islands, Xorth Pacific Ocean. Length. 65 miles; 
 breadth. 25 miles. Surface mountainous and rugged, with 3 
 active volcanoes, the principal rising to S083 feet aliove the sea. 
 
 OONZIfA, OU.XJA, oon'zh.?, or UNSCHA. a river of Russia, 
 Kostroma, after a S. course of 250 miles, joins the Volga. 
 
 OO.N'ZH A, OUX,TA or UNSCHA. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Kostroma, on the above, 12 miles X.E. of ^Lnkariev. 
 
 00P.\, OUPA or UP A, oo'p3, a river of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Tcola, flows W. and S., and joins the Oka 38 miles 
 S. of Kalooga. Course 130 jniles. At Toola it is connected 
 with the Don by a canal, which thus establishes a water 
 communication between the Black and Cas|>ian Seas. 
 
 OORALSK, OURALSK or URALSK, oo-r.^lsk', a town of 
 Bussia, government of Orenboorg, on the Ural, 1.55 miles 
 W,S,W. of Orenlworg. Pop. 13.000, mostly Cossacks of the 
 Ural. It is the residence of their attaman, or chief, and 
 has 5 churches, a war office, and various factories. 
 
 OORALSK, VERKIINliEorURALSK. A-ERKHNIL vJrk'- 
 nee oo-r,ilsk', a town of Russia, government of Orenlworg, 
 capital of a circle, on the Ural, 125 miles E.d.E. of Oofa. 
 Pop. 3S0(). 
 
 OOR.VTEPE. OUR.'VTEPE. or UR.4TEPE, oo-ri-tA'pi writ- 
 ten also 0R.4 TUBE, a town of independent Toorkistan, 
 Bokhara, near the Khokan Frontier, 90 miles N.E. of Sa- 
 marcand. and stated to be as iarge as tliat city. It stands 
 at the foot of a castle-crowned hill, is enclosed bj' walls, has 
 broad stivets. earthen houses, and about 10 mo.sques. Popu- 
 lation mostly Oozlieks. and said by Helmersen to be more 
 polished than those of the capital; they are engaged in 
 manufactures of fine sliawls, cloaks of goats' hair, and cot- 
 ton goods, and have an active trade with Russia and Kho- 
 kan. goods coming from which countries here pay toll. 
 
 )1!CIL\. a raj.ihship of India. See Tirhke. 
 
 OORCH.V. oor'chj, an ancient town of Hindostan, pro- 
 vince of liundelcund. on the BetwahS miles S. of Jhansi; 
 lat. 2.5° 26' N.. Ion. 78° 38' E. 
 
 OORni;OHEM or OORDEGEM, oR'deh-gh?m\ a village 
 of IJelirium.provinceof East Flanders. 9 miles S.E. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 2100. 
 
 ■ OORFA, OURFA, URFA. ooR'f^, written al.»o ORFAII. 
 n'fi. and RO/II.\, (anc. £>fe'.«a.) a fortified town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, 78 miles S.W. of Diarbekir: lat. 37° 8' X.. Ion. 38° 
 la' E. Estimated population 30,000, a mixture of Turks, 
 tlr(>eks. Arabs, .■Vrmenians, and Jews. It stands on both ile- 
 clivities of a valley, is substantially built, and flourishing, 
 having numerous handsome mosques, several Greek and 
 Armenian churches, and bazaars, brisk manufactures of 
 cotton goods, goldsmiths' wares, and morocco leather, con- 
 
 oos 
 
 giderable commerce in British manvifarttiTes. {."■ti'r.o;', 'iy 
 way of .Meppo, a large trade in corn, rais<?d in it< vicinity. 
 and sent to North Syria, and a transit trade between thai 
 country and Mesopotamia. Oorf.\ is supposed to be on or 
 near the site of the Ur of ilie Cliuldees mentioned in Scrip- 
 ture, (Genesis xi.. 28.) 
 
 OORGA, OURGA or URGA. oor^gJ, a city of Mongolia, 
 capital of the Khalkas country, on the Toola, (Tula.) a tribu- 
 tary of the Orkhon, and on the grand route from Kiaklitato 
 Peking, 165 miles S.S.E. of Kiakhta; lat. 4S« X., Ion. 108° E. 
 ■Population many years ago estimated at 7000, of wliom a 
 fifth were priests. It has a large open space, surrounded 
 with temples. Merchant*' quarters are larger than that at 
 Kiakhta. but its buildings are mostly of wood, and many of 
 its inhabitants dwell in tents. It i.-^Sshut in on the S.by the 
 lofty mountain Khan-oola. which tends to render its climato 
 cold and damp. It has a college of .Mongolian priests, and is 
 the seat of the KootooKUtn, or deified Lama of the .Mongols. 
 
 OORGHEX.L OUIiGHKND.). UROENJ or Ul'.GHE.XD.IE, 
 ooR'ghi^iij', written also OROUX J. (New,) a village of Ceutnd 
 Asia, Khiva dominions. on a canal near the Oxu.s, 110 miles 
 X.E. of Khiva, with 500 houses, and formerly of commercial 
 importance. 
 
 OORGIIEXJor OURGIIEXDJ, (Olt>,) a village of Central 
 Asia, Khiva dominions, 67 miles X.W. of Khiva. 
 
 OORIOOPIXSKAIA. OURIOUPINSKAIA or URIUPINS- 
 KAIA, oo-re-oo-pin-ski'd. a markettown of .South Russia, 
 Don-Cossack territory, on the Ivhoper, 24 miles S.E. of Xo- 
 vokhopersk. Here, from the 20th of September to the 15th 
 of Octoijer. is held the largest annual fair in the govern- 
 ment, at which, in 1837, 37.000 persons attended. 
 
 OORLOOJAH, OURLOUD.IAH or URLU.IAH, ooR'loo'jl a 
 ruined city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, near its S.W. coast, 35 
 miles N.E. of Makree. with remains of temples, an aqueduct, 
 and sarcophagi, mostly ornamented with figures of lions. 
 
 OORMA, OURMA or URMA, ooR'niJ, a river of Siberia, 
 issues from a lake in the N.W. of the governmeht of To- 
 bolsk, flows E., and falls into the W. shore of the Gulf of 
 Obi. Total course 90 miles. 
 
 OOROOMEEVAH, OUROUMIYAH, URUMIYAII or 
 URUME.\, oo-roo-mee'y.a, written also URMIAH or OUR- 
 MTAH, a fortifieit town of Nortli Persia, province of Azer- 
 baijan, in a fine plain 12 miles W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah, 
 and 64 miles S.W. of Tabreez. Estimatwl pop. 25,000. It 
 is the see of an Armenian blsliop, supposed to be the The- 
 barma of Strabo. and the reputwl liirth-place of Zoroaster; 
 but it is said to have no remains of antiquity. 
 
 OOROO.MEEYAII, (LAKE OF,) or SllAHEE, shii'hpe\ 30 
 miles S.W. of Tabreez, Is 70 miles long and 30 miles broad. 
 It receives several rivers, contains numerous small islands, 
 and has waters so salt as to be unable to support any but 
 the lowest kinds of animal life. 
 
 OOltOOMTSEE, OUROUMTSEE, URUMPTSI, oo-roomt/- 
 see*, (Chinese Tihoa. te-ho'i.) a city of the Chinese Empire, 
 Soongaria, in a volcanic district immediatelj' N. of the Thian- 
 shan Mountains, on the Eelee River, and on the route be- 
 tween Khamil and Eelee, in kit. 43° 45' X.. Ion. 88° 50' E. It 
 is large and thriving, and has several temples and publiu 
 colleges. It is reported to be the scat of a considerable trade, 
 and a large Chinese garrison. Coal beds exist in its vicinitj'. 
 It is a place of exile for state criminals from the Chinese 
 province of Kan-soo. 
 
 OOltOOP. OUROUP, URUP or OURUP, oo-roop', one of 
 the Koorile Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, claimed l)y 
 Russia, and immediately N. of tlie Japanese island Itooroop. 
 Lat. 45° 3tK N., Ion. 149° 34' E. Length, N.E. to S.W., 50 
 miles, Ijreadth 12 miles. It is a mass of lofty mountain.s, 
 and deep glens, clotlied with long rank grass and large tim- 
 ber trees. The mineral jiroducts comprise copper, sulphur, 
 and quartz. Off its X. side are 4 small islands, producing 
 a good supply of vegetables for shipping. 
 
 OORUX, ooViiu', a town of British India, province of Al- 
 lahabad, 25 miles S.E. of Banda. 
 
 OORZHOOM, 0URJ0U3I. UiUUM, oonVhoom', written 
 also UliSHUM, a town of Russia, government and 85 miles 
 S. of Viatka, on the Oorzhoomka, near its confluence with 
 the Viatka. Pop. 1950. 
 
 OOSA, OUS.\,'or USA. oo's3, a river of Rvis.sia. rises in the 
 W. slope of the Ural Mountains, flows S.S.E., and joins the 
 Petchora. at the town of Oosa. "Total cour.se, 200 miles. 
 
 OOSAKI, oo-s4'kee, a town of Japan, Island of Xiphon, 
 S.E. extremity, near the Kino Channel, 250 miles S.W. of 
 Yeddo. 
 
 OOSBEKS or OOSBECKS. See Oozbeks. 
 
 OOSC.\T. a town of .Asia Minor. See Yoozgat. 
 
 OOSCOTTA, oos-kot'tJ, a town of India, Mysore dominions, 
 18 miles X'.E. of Bansralore. 
 
 OOSH. OUCH; USCH, oosh, or OUCIII. oo^shee. a town of 
 Chinese Toorkistan, near the Khokan frontier, 75 miles W. 
 of Aksoo. Pop. mostly Oozbeks. 
 
 OOSHITSA, OUCHltZA or USCHITZA, oo-shifsil or oo- 
 slieet's.'i. a town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 
 on the Dniester, 23 miles E.S.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 2000. 
 
 OOSHXEI, OUSHXEI or USIIXEI, oosh^nd', a town of 
 North Persia, in the province of Azerbaijan, in a fine plain 
 
 1305 
 
oos 
 
 ♦0 milos *. of Ooromeey.ih. It was formerly important, but 
 now comprises only about 200 bouses. 
 
 OOSIMA, oo-see/mj. a Somali but populous island of Japan, 
 off the S.K. coast of Nivhon. 
 
 OOSIMA, a town of Japan, Xiphon, on its E. coast. 
 OOSMAN, OUSMAN or USMAX, oos-mdn', a town of 
 Russia. 85 miles S.W. of TamhoT, on the Oosman. P. 4000. 
 
 OOSOO'LA, a po;,-t-offlce of Somerset co., Maine. 
 OOS^OOR', a town of India, 15 miles S. of Bangalore. 
 
 OOSOOKEE. OUSOUKI or USUKI, oo'soo'ree'. a river of 
 Man tchooria, joins the Amoor on the right, Lenjfth. 340 miles. 
 OOST, OUST or UST. cost, (probably from the Latin 
 Ostium or Ostia ; Gr. Slcrria, "mouth" or ••mouths,") a 
 Russian prefix to the names of various towns situattjd at the 
 mouth of rivers; as. Oostioog, '■ loog-mouth," (Yoog-mouth;) 
 Oo.ST-:<YSOi.SK, '•Sy.wla-mouth," Ac, situated respectively at 
 the mouth of the Yoog and S3'sola. 
 
 OOSIWCKER, os't3k'l<er, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 2 miles N. by E. of Ghent. Pop. 5200. 
 
 OOSTBUKO. OsVbup.o, a town of the Netherlands. Zealand, 
 island of Cad.'iand, 5 miles E.X.E. of Sluis. Pop. 1428. 
 
 OOSTCA.Ml', Osfkimp^ a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 3 miles S. of Burges, near the railway and 
 canal to Ghent. I'op. 4623. 
 
 OOSTDUY.XKERKE, Ost'doin-kftRKVh. a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of West Flanders, on the canal from Fumes 
 to Xieiiwport, "24 miles M'.S.\V. of Bruges. Pop. 1057. 
 
 OOST-EECLOO, ost i-klo', a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Han'lcrs, 10 miles N. of Ghent. Pop. 1862. 
 
 OU;-TENAU'L.\, a river in the X. part of Georgia, rises in 
 Gilmer co., flows nearly south-westward, and unites with 
 the Etowah at Rome to form the Coosa. 
 
 OOSTERBEEK, os'ter-bAk\ a village of Holland, province 
 of Gelderlanil. 3 miles "W, of Arnhem. Pop. 1524. 
 
 OOSTERHOUT, os't^r-howr, a market-town of the Neth- 
 erlands, province of Xorth Brabant. 5 miles X.E. of Breda. 
 Pop. 77119, including 282 military. It has manufactures of 
 tiles and pottery, and a Latin school. 
 
 OOSTERLAXD, os'ter-liint\ a village of the NetherlanJs, 
 province of Zealand, island of Duiveland, 6 miles E.X.E. of 
 Zierikzee. Pop. 917. 
 
 OOSTERZEELE, os'tfi^z.Vleh. a market-town of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders. 7 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. P. 2850 
 
 OOSTIOOG VELIKKE, OUSTIOUG VELIKI or LSTIUG 
 VELIKI, oos-teoog/ va-lee'kee,{or the "Great Oostioog.") a 
 town of Russia, government of Vologda, at the confluence 
 of the Yoog and Sookhona, affluents of the Dwina. 580 miles 
 E.X.E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 13.000. It is the see of a 
 bishop, and has 3 cathedral.*", "28 other churches, several mo- 
 nasteries and nunneries, a government bank and post-office, 
 a large e.xchauge, with manufactures of taliow, .soap, candles, 
 leather, tiles, jewellery, and silver goods, and some .saw- 
 mills. Its inhabitants carry on a trade with Asia, as far as 
 Kiakhta. in corn, lard, linen, ship timlier, and sail cloth. It 
 has an impor'ant annual fair on the Sth July. 
 
 OOSTIOOZIIXA, OUSTIOUJXA, oos-te-oozh'nj, written 
 also USTIUSCUNA, a town of Russia, government and 200 
 miles X.E. of Xovgorod. on the Mologa. Pop. 2900. 
 
 O0ST.M.\LLE, osfmdrieh, a village of Belgium, province 
 and 15 miles E.X.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1115. 
 
 OOSTXIEUWKERKE, osfnyu'kJRK^h, a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of West Flanders, 20 m'iles S. bv E. of Bru- 
 ges. Pop. 2.347. 
 
 OOSTROM, OUSTROM or U3TR0M, oos'trom'. a village of 
 Austrian Silesia, 8 miles E.S.E. of Teschen, on the A'istula. 
 Pop. 1800. 
 
 OOSX- (OUST- or UST-) SYSOLSK, oost'se-soIskN a town 
 of Russia, government and 4-20 miles N.E. of Vologda, at 
 the confluence of the Sysola and the A'ytchegda. Pop. 2400. 
 
 OO.ST-(OUST-orUST-)OOISKAIA,oostoofrski'd, a fort of 
 Asiatic Russia, government of Oreuboorg, at the confluence 
 of the Ooi (Ui) and the Tobol. 
 
 OOSTVLETEREX, ost/vli'teh-ren, a village of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, on the Yser, 28 miles S.W. of 
 Bruges. Pop. 1038. 
 
 OOSTWIXKEL or OOSTWYXKEL, osfiVin'kgl, a village 
 of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Lleve. P. 1086. 
 
 OOT. Ot, two villages of Beloochistan, 28 miles N. of Lyaree, 
 on the route thence to Belah. 
 
 _ OOTACAMUXD, ooHd-kd-mund', a principal sanatory sta- 
 tion of British India, presidency of Madras, in the Xeil- 
 gherry Hills, nearly in the centre of the My.sore table-land, 
 62 miles E.X.E. of Calicut: lat. 11° 20' N., Ion. 76° 50' E.; 
 elevation 7400 feet, and having a European climate. 
 
 00-T('HOO or OU-TCIIOU, oo'ohoo'. a city of China, pro- 
 i'i."';'', ""^ Quang-sce, capital of a department, 130 miles 
 W.X.W. of Canton. 
 
 OOTKGIIEM, iyteh-gh5m\ a village of Belgium, province 
 pf West Flanders, 7 miles E. of Courtrai. Pop. 2398. 
 
 00-riI<X>.<IIA.\ or OU-THOU-CHAN, oo t'hoo shin, a 
 mountam of Chnia, province of Kan-Soo; lat. 35° 7' N., Ion. 
 104° 5 K. It is covered with perpetual snow 
 
 OOTM.A.RSUM, or OOTMAKS.SUM, Ofmita'sum. a small 
 frontier town of the Xetherlan.ls. province" of Overyssel, 10 
 miles E.X.E. of Almelo. Pop. 1JT4. 
 1396 
 
 OPO 
 
 [ OOTRADROOG, oo'frj-droog', a town of Hindostad, My- 
 sore dominions, 48 miles X.E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 OOTKIVALOOR, oo'tre-v.l-loor'. a town of British India, 
 presidency and 47 miles S.W. of JIadras. 
 
 OOTUL, oo'tuP, a town of Beloochistan. province of Ltjou, 
 
 30 miles S.E. of Belah ; lat. 25° 44' X., Ion. 60° 33' E. P. •HiCA). 
 
 OOVELKA, OUVELKA, or CVELKA, oo-vfl/kit, a r.vor 
 
 of Russia, government of Orenboorg, joins the Ooi at Vrjitsk. 
 
 Total course 90 miles. 
 
 OOZBEKISTAX. See Bokhar.i. 
 
 OOZBKKS. OUZBEKS or UZBECKS, ooz'bcks', written 
 also USBKCKS, a people of Independent Tartary. in Bok- 
 hara, which is sometimes called Oozbekistan, or the ••coun- 
 try of the Oozbeks." 
 
 OOZEN, OUZEX or CZEX, oo-zSu', (Bolchoi. bol-ohoi', 
 and Maloi, md-loi',) two rivers of European Russia, go- 
 vernments of Saratov and Oreuboorg, flow parallel to each 
 otlier, S.K.. for about 250 miles, and from 10 to 30 miles 
 apart, and finally lose themselves in salt lakes, 100 miles 
 from the Caspian. 
 
 OOZIi, OUJ or UJ, oozh. written .ilso USCII and USII, a 
 river of Russia, joins the Pripets, a little above its junction 
 with the Dnieper, after a course of 125 miles. 
 
 Oi'ALEXITZ, o'pd-lA'nits. a town of Prussian Poland, 23 
 miles W.S.AV. of Po.sen. Pop. 1345. 
 
 OPAI/IK.i, a post-office of Walker co., Georgia. 
 
 Ol'ALlX, o-pd lin' or o-pd-leen', a market-town of Ru.ssian 
 Poland, government of Volhynia, on the Bug, 47 miles 
 N.X.W. of Vladimeer. Pop. 1600. 
 
 OP.\RO, o-pd'ro, or RAPA, rd/pi, an island of the Pacific 
 Ocean. Dangerous Archipelago, lat. 27° 38' S., Ion. 144° 3' W. 
 
 OP AT A U, o'pd-t«w\ or OPATOW, o'pd-tov^ a market-town 
 of Austria, Moravia, 11 miles S.E. of Iglau. Pop. 1201. 
 
 Ol'.iTOW, o-pd'tov, a town of Poland, palatinate and 20 
 miles X.W'. of Sandomier, on the Opatowka, (Opatovka,) 
 an affluent of the Vi.stula. Pop. 2360. 
 
 OPBRAKEL, op'brd'kgl. a town of Belgium, province of 
 East F'landers, 8 miles E.S.E. of Audenanle. I'op, 2300. 
 
 OPEl/IKA, a post-village of Russell co., Alabama, on the 
 railroad between Montgomery and West Point, 67 miles 
 X.E. of the former. Another railroad extends to Columbus. 
 
 OPELOUSAS, o-p<>loo's;js, a post-village, capital of St. 
 Landry parish, ]x>iisiana^ on the New Orleans Opeloustui 
 and Great Western Railroad. 60 miles in a direct line W. of 
 Baton Rouge, and 7 miles from the head of navigation on 
 the Courtableau. It is situated in one of the most fertile 
 and picturesque portions of Louisiana. It is the seat of 
 F'ranklin College, founded in 1839, and contains a court- 
 liouse and 2 iiewsiainr olliceg. Free population, 786. 
 
 OPEX POXD, a post-office of Alabama. See W oouviile. 
 
 OP'EXSII.AW, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 O'PEQUAX CREEK, in the X.E. part of Virginia, rises in 
 Frederick county, flows north-eastward, forming the bound- 
 ary of Clarke and Jefferson counties on the right, and F'rede- • 
 rick and Berkeley on the left, until it falls into the Potomac. 
 
 Ol'UESSELT. o-f^s'sflt, a village of Belgium, province of 
 East F'landers, 21 miles S.S.E. of Ghent, i'op. 1236. 
 
 O'PIIIR, an ancient country mentioned in the Scriptures, 
 and renowned from the earliest times for its gold. Some 
 suppose it to be the same as the modern Sofala; others con- 
 jecture that it was situated in the East Indies : probably 
 in the Malay Peninsula, known to the ancients as the 
 '• Golden Chersonesus," (Cliersonesus Aurea.) 
 
 OPIIIR, o'f ir, a gold district of New South Wales, Batburst 
 CO., 118 miles W.X.W. of Sydney. 
 
 CPIIIR, a post-township of La Salle co., Illinois. P. 1229. 
 
 OPHIR, a post-office of Mariposa co., California. 
 
 OPIIIR. -MOUXT, an isolated mountain of the Malay Pe- 
 ninsula, in lat. 2° 30* N., Ion. 102° 28' E.. 45 miles E.X.E. of 
 Malacca, having a tripfe peak, and estimated to rise 5G93 
 feet alx)ve the sea. Most of the gold obtained in the penin- 
 sula is found around its base. 
 
 OPHIR, MOUXT, a mountain of Sumatra, near its W. 
 coast, 70 miles X.W. of Padang. Lat 0°, Ion. 100° E. Esti- 
 mated height 13.800 feet. 
 
 0/PHIRVILLE, a post-office of Placer co., California. 
 
 OPHIUSA. See Formemera. 
 
 OPHOVEX, o-fo'ven, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limbourg, on the left bank of the Meuse, 24 miles X.E. of 
 Hasselt. Pop. 1135. 
 
 OPl, o'pee, a market-town of X'aples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra II., 15 miles S.E. of Lake Fuciuo. Pop. 1800. 
 
 OPIXU.M. See Oppido. 
 
 OPITERGIUM. See Oderzo. 
 
 0PL.\DEX, op'ld-den, a town of RhenLsh Prussia, 15 miles 
 S.Fl. of Dusseldorf, on the Wipper. Pop. 1190. 
 
 OPL.A.IX, a river of Illinois. See Des Plaines. 
 
 OPOCHXIA, o-potch'ne-d.(?) a market-town of Russia, 
 government and 2ii miles X. of Poltava. Pop 3000. 
 
 Ol'OCZXO, o-potch'no, a town of Poland, province c* 
 Sandomier. at the confluence of two rivers, 37 miles W. of 
 Radom. Pop. 4110. 
 
 OPOCZNO, o-ptch/no, OPOTSCHXA or OPPOTSCIIXA, 
 op-potch'nd, a village of Bohemia, X.E. of Kijuiggratz. with 
 a castle. Pop. 1500. 
 
 J 
 
OPO 
 
 ORA 
 
 OPOCZNO or OPOTCHXO, o-potoh'no. s town of Russian 
 Poland. 68 miles S.S.W. of Warsaw, on the loft bank of the 
 Drzewica. A battle was fought here iu 1655, between the 
 Poles and Swedes. Pop. 1475. 
 
 OPOLK, o-po'l.i, a town of Poland, province and 28 miles 
 W.S.W. of Lublin, on an affluent of the Vistula. Pop. 1910. 
 
 OPORTO, o-poR/to, (i. e. "The port,") or POK/TO, (L. PoH- 
 ius Cu>le. or FurUus Ojleiilsis). the second city of Portugal in 
 rank and commercial importance, capitn) of the province of 
 Douro, on the rii^Iit bank of the river Douro, 2 miles from its 
 moutli, and 175 miles N.K. of Lisbon. Lat. 41° 9' X., Ion. S° 
 37' W. This is said to be the cleanliest and most afrreeable 
 city in Portugal. It extends above a mile along the N. bank 
 of the river, and up a steep acclivity; the streets risini? in 
 terraces one above the other, commanding prospects of great 
 beauty. On the opposite side of the Douro are the e.\ten.sive 
 suburbs of Villa Nova do I'orto and O.aya, between which are 
 the immenseVari'houses for storing wine. Oporto is for the 
 most part well built, and is enclosed by walls flanked with 
 towers, and further protecteil by a fort. From the strand 
 rises abroad well-paved street, with causeways on each side, 
 leading to two equally handsome oblicjue streets. On 
 the side of the hill the streets are narrow, crooked, and 
 dirty, but on the summit they are generally spacious and 
 cleanly, and contain many elegant mansions. The houses 
 in some plai-es on the E. side of the town are built on so 
 steep an acclivity as to be accessible only by steps cut in the 
 rock. There are in all 11 public squar«;s, called cumpos. 
 many of which are ornamented with fountains. The most 
 conspicuous public buildings are the General Hospital. 
 Town-hall, with some spacious apartments, a large and fine 
 Cathedral. 80 other churches, 1 of which was founded in 
 559, the Episcopal Palace, many handsome belfries, the 
 English I'actory, (a fine building of white granite.) New 
 Exchange. .Mint, Barracks. Italian Opera-house, and a hand- 
 some new suspension bridge. .Many of llie dwellings have 
 gardens attached, and its public fountains, like most of the 
 older public edifices, are ornamented with arabesfjue carv- 
 ings. One of the most striking architectural objects in 
 Oporto is the Torre dos Chrigos, (Tower of the Clergy,) 
 attached to the church of the same name. Near it is the 
 market called Cordoaria, which is well suppliiKl with fish, 
 ft-uit, and vegetables — the venders all women. The city had 
 formerly numerous convents, but many of these were 
 destroyed during its siege by the troops of Don Pedro in 
 1832. and others have been appropriated to secular purjioses. 
 
 Oporto is the seat of a medical college, and other sujterior 
 schools, and has a foundling hospital, numerous other 
 hospitals, a public library and gallery of paintings, com- 
 mercial as.sociation, several clubs, banks, insurance offices, 
 and a steam navigation company. Many silk factories are 
 established in and around the city, which has also manu- 
 factures of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, shawls, leatlier, 
 earthenwares, and soap, ship-building yards, and iron 
 foundries. Oporto being the chief manufacturing city in 
 Portugal, upwards of 20 English mercantile firms are esta- 
 blished here, who have large warehouses along the bank of 
 the river, and by whom the greater part of the foreign trade 
 is conducted. 
 
 The harbor is safe when once gained, but its entrance 
 is obstructed partly by rocks and partly by a shifting sand- 
 bar. It is accessible however from the sea for vessels of 
 from 200 to 300 tons, and the Douro is navigable for 
 river-craft to 100 miles above the city. The quay extends 
 the whole length of the town, having on one side a street, 
 and on the other a wall, raised for the purpose of fastening 
 ships' cables. The Douro is subject to extraordinary and 
 dangerous freshets by the rains or melting of,4he mountain 
 snows. On these occasions booms are placed on the quay to 
 secure tlie safety of vessels, as no cables will then hold 
 them. The principal trade of Oporto is in wine, white and 
 red, but chiefly the latter. The lesser articles of export are 
 bullion, oil, sumach, lemons, oranges, wool, refined sugar, 
 cream of tartar, salt, leather, cork, and linen. The chief 
 imports are corn, beef, sugar, coffee, deals, woollen and 
 cotton fabrics, and hardware from England ; fish, both from 
 England and Newfoundland; hemp and flax from the Baltic, 
 and rice from the United States. The trade in wine is 
 monopolizetl by the Douro Wine Company. The shipments 
 of red port wine, in 1848, amounted to 30.024 pipes ; of which 
 23,354 were for Great Britain; the remainder went chiefly 
 to Brazil and the United States. In 1849, the shipments 
 amounted to, 41,588 pipes; of which 25,424 were tor Great 
 Britain. Near the city are mines of co.al. copper, and anti- 
 mony, but they are at present little if at all wrought, 
 blood roads connect Oporto with Braga and Viana, and it 
 bus been proposed to construct a railway to Lisbon, and also 
 to extend the line northward to Spain. 
 
 The climate of Oporto is damp and foggy in winter. The 
 unhealthy .season is from the beginning of July to the end 
 of August. The heat during the day is quite oppressive, 
 although a cold wind prevails on the river, and a chilling 
 liea-fog comes up the Douro every evening at the turn of the 
 tide. 
 
 Oporto was capital of Portugal till 1174, when the seat of 
 
 government was transferred to Ijisl)on. Ib 1805, it was 
 taken and sacked by the B'rench, who retained possession of 
 it till 1809, when the British crossed the Douro, and com 
 pelled them to retire. Having sided with Don Miguel, it waif 
 besieged in 1831-2 above a year by the troops of Don Pe<lro, 
 when much of it was destroyed, and its trade was for the 
 time aunihilated. In 1847, it declared in favor of the 
 insurrection again.st the government of Donna Mari.a. Pop 
 estimated at 80,000; of which about 25,000 are in the suburbs, 
 
 OPOK'TO, a piost-office of St. Joseph co.. Michigan. 
 
 OPOS'SUM CHEEK, an affluent of Conewago Creek, ip 
 Adams co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 OPOTCHKA or OPOTSCHKA, o-potch'ka, a town of 
 Russia, government and 79 miles S. of Pskov, on an island 
 formed by the Velikaia. Pop. 2265. 
 
 OPOTCIINO, a town of Russian Poland. See Opoczxo. 
 
 OPOTSCHNA, a town of Bohemia. See Opoczno. 
 
 OPPA, op'pd, a river forming part of the boundary be- 
 tween Prussian and Austrian Silesia, joins the Oder, 8 milei 
 S.W. of Oderberg, after an K.S.E. course of 60 miles. 
 
 OPPELX, op'peln, a government of Prusssia. forming 
 nearly the whole of Upper Silesia; area estimated at 51S4 
 square miles. Pop. in 1849, 905.912. 
 
 OPPELN, op'peln. (Slav. Qppnlie. op-pol'yi,) a town of 
 Prussian Silesia, on the Oder, 51 miles S.E. of Breslau, with 
 which it is connected by railroad. Pop. 7600. It is enclo.sed 
 by walls, and has a strong cnstle on an island formed by 
 the river, an old Gothic cathedral, several other churches, a 
 synagogue, royal salt magazine, society of public gooti, a 
 gymnasium, numerous schooKs, and manufactures of leather, 
 ribbons, linen, and earthenware. 
 
 OPPENAU, op'peh-now\ a walled town of Baden, circle 
 of .Middle Rhine, 11 miles E.N.E. of OfTenburg. P. 2100. 
 
 OPPIC.NHEI.M, op'i)i,'n-hfme\ a town of the grand-duchy 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Khein-Hessen, cayjital of a 
 county, on the lihine, 11 miles S.S.E. of Mentz. l^op. 2."00. 
 It was formerly an imperial free town, of some importance, 
 and it h.as several very fine churches, (that of St. Sebastian 
 Ix'ing one of the most ancient in Germany,) a synagogue, a 
 hospital, and the ancient Castle of Landskron. 
 
 OPI'ENHEIM, op'pi;n-liime\ a post-township forming the 
 W. extremity of I'ulttin co., New York, about TO miles N.W. 
 of Albany. Pop. 2363. 
 
 OPPIDO, op'pe-do, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra I., 10 miles E.S.E. of I'almi. It is the seat of a bishol)- 
 ric. Pop. 2000. It has a cathedral, 8 other churches, and 
 2 large monasteries. 
 
 OPPIDO, (anc. OpHnum.) a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilirata. 13 miles N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3400. 
 
 OPPIDOLO, op-pee'do-lo, is the capital town of Pantellaria, 
 an island in the .Mediteranean. 
 
 0PPOT.<CH.\A, a town of Bohemia. See Opoczno. 
 
 OPPKEBAIS, op'preh-b.V, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, on the tjreat Geete, 22 miles S.E. of Brussels, 
 Pop. 1<)13. 
 
 OPSLO. op'slo, an old town of Norway, now forming an 
 E. suburb of Christiania.. 
 
 i)PUS, o/pof)s, a petty town of Dalmatia, 67 miles S.E. of 
 Spalatro, on the Narenta. Pop. 800. 
 
 O'PUS, an ancient town of Greece, the traces of which are 
 near the channel of Talanta, 25 miles S.E. of Thermopylae. 
 
 OPWVCK or OPWIJK, op'wik, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant, 10 miles N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 3566. 
 
 oyUA'GO RIVHR, New York. S<>e Coquago. 
 
 OUUAWKA, o-kw;l'ka, a flourisliing post-village, capital 
 of Henderson co.. Illinois, on the E bank of the .Mississippi 
 River, 132 miles N.W. of Springfield, and 5 miles from the 
 Peoria and Oquawka Kailroad. It has an active business 
 10 shipping produce; and contains 4 churches and 1 news- 
 paiier office. Pop. 1641. 
 
 OH. OR. a river of Asia, rises in Independent Ta>"tary. near 
 lat. 49° 30' N., Ion. 59° E.. flows N., and, after a course of 
 about 160 miles, joins the left bank of the Ural, near Orsk. 
 
 ORADOUIl ST. GENEST, oVi'dooR/ s^x" zheh'nA/, a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Haute-Vienne. 8 miles N. of 
 Bellac. l>op. 1338. 
 
 OHADOUK-SUR-GLANE, oVdMooR/ siiR glin, a village of 
 France, 15 miles N.E. of Hochechouart. Pop. 1740. 
 
 OHADOUH-SUR-VAYKES, oVd'dooR/ sUa vaiR. a village of 
 Frauee. 6 miles S. of Hochechouart. Pop. in 1852, 3446. 
 
 OHAGAWA, o-rd-gd'wd. a town of Japan, on a bay on tli# 
 S.K. side of the island of Nlphou, about 25 miles S.S.E. of 
 Yeddo. Pop. about 20,000. 
 
 ORAGEUSE, oVd'zhuz', (t. e. "stormy,") an island of th« 
 Pacific, near New Ireland. 
 
 ORAI, oVi', a small town of Uindostan, province of Agra, 
 14 miles S.E. of Jaloun. 
 
 OR-AISON, oV.i'i«!iN«', a market-town of France,, depart- 
 ment of Basses-Alpes, 20 miles S.W. of Digne. Pop. 1890. 
 
 ORAISON or ANTHONY KAAN. an island of the South 
 Pacific, off the E. coast of New Ireland. 15 miles in circuit. 
 
 ORAIvH, oVSk', a pretty town of Wallachia, on the Ja- 
 lomnitza, 7 miles W. of its junction with the Danube, oppo- 
 site Hirschova. 
 
 OIVAMKL^ a post-office of Alleghany co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 la97 
 
ORA 
 
 Or.AX.o^iii', a foi-V fled town of Algeria, capital of its 
 V,'. pz-ovince, 2tiJ miles W.S.W. of Algiers, on the Mediter- 
 rauean; lat. 35° 44' N., Ion. 0° 41' W. Top. in 1S49, 24.845, 
 of >\hom 17.281 were Europeans. It is situated at the foot 
 of a hill called Peak *t. Croix, at the mouth of a small 
 stream in a climate extremely hot, but healthy; its harbor 
 is very bad, but the povt of ilers-el-Kebeer, 3 miles distant, 
 is the best in Algeria, and admits larjro vessels. Oran was 
 taken by the Spaniards in 1509, ruined by an earthquake 
 in 1790, and abandoned in 1792. Under the Spaniards it 
 was greatly embellished, and surrounded by strong fortifi- 
 cations. Of these only the citadel was left erect after an 
 earth<;uake. It was taken by the i'rench in 1830, and occu- 
 pied by them in 1831. 
 
 OK.\N, oVdn', a province of Algeria, bounded on the W. 
 by -Morocco. Area 38,899 square miles. Pop. 000,000. 
 
 O'RAX, a post-village of Onondaga CO., New York, about 
 120 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 OK.\X, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana. 
 
 OKANGK. or'inj, GAREEP or GARIEP, gSr-eep/, a river 
 of South Africa. Hottentot country, is supposed to rise in 
 the mountain chain bounding on the W. the settlement of 
 Port Natal, flows W. and enters the Atlantic near lat. 2S<^ 
 38' S.. Ion. 10° 28' E. Near its mouth it has been found 
 450 yards across in October. Its banks abound with ebony, 
 mimosa, and willow trees, and around it I'ich copper ores 
 are said to exist; but the country between it and the Cape 
 Colony is an irreclaimable desert. Chief affluent, the Vaal. 
 
 ORANGE, or'inj, (Fr. pron. o'rS.Nzh'; anc. Ai-auhio,) a 
 town of France, department of Vaucluse, on the Aigues, 12 
 miles N. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 9824. Streets narrow, 
 crooked, and ill-paved ; but it has some good squares 
 adorned with fouutalTis. several parish churches, a Protes- 
 tant church, communal college, and hospital, with manufac- 
 tures of handkei'cbiefs, colored linens called toiles d'Orani/K, 
 serge, and s':lk twist. Its chief glory, however, is its Roman 
 antiquities, the principal being a splendid triumphal arch, 
 about 64 feet in length, breadth, and height, having three 
 arched passages, the centr.il and largest of which is 28 j feet 
 high, the whole flanked by fluted Corinthian columns, and 
 profusely ornamented with sculptured groups, Ac. There 
 are remains, sflso, of a theatre, and other Roman buildings. 
 Orange wjis long the capital of a principality, which gave 
 title to the family now on the thrones of Holland and Nas- 
 sau. The King of the Netherlands still retains the title 
 of I'rince of Orange; b;it the town and territory were ceded 
 to Louis XIV. at the pea.-e of Utrecht. 
 
 ORANGE, a district in the S.E. of France, which originally 
 formed part of Gallia JVarOcnensis, but now forms part of 
 the department of Vaucluse. Its capital was the above town 
 of Orange. 
 
 OR.^XGl:. or'inj, a county in the E. part of Vermont, has 
 an area of about 640 square 2iiles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by the Connecticut River, and is watered by the First, 
 Second, and Third Branches of White River, and other 
 smaller streams, which furnish motive power to numerous 
 mills. The surfiice is uneven and mountainous in the N; 
 part. The soil is fertile, but more adapted to grazing than 
 tillage. This county abounds in iron ore. slate, and granite, 
 and some lead ore has been found. The Connecticut River 
 (navigable by means of canals round the falls) and the 
 Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad run along its 
 border, and the Vermont Central Railroad crosses its W. ex- 
 tremity. Organized in 1781. Capital, Chelsea. Pop. 26,455. 
 
 ORANGE, a county in the S.E. part of New York, hag an 
 area of aliout 770 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the Hudson River, and on the S. by the state of New Jersey, 
 and is drained by Walkill and Shawangunk Rivers, and 
 other smaller streams, whicjj afford valuable water-power. 
 The surface in the S.E. parts is mountainous, and the Sha- 
 wangunk rapge paE.ses through the western portion. The 
 other parts of the county are generally but moderately un- 
 even. The soil is for the most part fertile, and well adapted 
 to grazing, and the "Orange county butter" is celebrated in 
 the New York markets. Iron ore, marble, limestone, and 
 sandstone are abundant. The Delaware and IIud.«on Canal 
 and the New York and Erie Railroad traverse this county, 
 which is al.«o partly intersected by the Newburg Rranch 
 Railroa'l. Seats of justice. Goshen and Newburg. P. 63,812. 
 
 OUAXGE, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an area 
 of 230 .square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Rapidan, 
 and draineil by the head streams of North Anna River. The 
 surface is hilly and the soil fertile and well watered. The 
 county contains limestone, iron ore, and small quantities of 
 gold are found. It is intersected by the Orange and Alex- 
 andria Railrnail. The name of the county was derived from 
 the color of the soil in the highlands, which were included 
 in its ori'iinal »>oundarles. Capital, Orange Court House. 
 Pop. 10,S.t1. of whom 4740 were free, and 6111 slavi-s. 
 
 ORANGE, a county in the N. central part of North Caro- 
 lina, has an area estimate*! at 650 square miles. The Neuse 
 River flows through the N.E. part. It is also drained by the 
 Eno and Newhojie Rivers. The surface is undulating; the 
 soil fiTtile. Sandstone underlies n part of the surface. The 
 Central Railroad of North Caroliua is to pass through the 
 
 ORA 
 
 county-seat, romied in 1751, and named in honor of Wil- 
 liam, Prince of Orange and King of England. Capital, 
 Hillsborough. Pop. 16,947, of whom 11,839 were free, and 
 5108 slaves. 
 
 ORANGE, a county in the E. part of Florida, a few miles 
 from the Atlantic, has an area estimated at 2700 sq. miles. 
 It is bounded on the N.E. by St. John's River. The surface is 
 level, and is covered with extensive pine forests, interspersed 
 with numerous ponds, cypress swamps, and savannas or 
 grassy plains. Many small eminences called "linmmocks" 
 occur, which produce the Mve-oak and other trees. The soil 
 is generally sandy. The orange and lemon flourish, and the 
 sugar-cane and Indian corn are cultivated. Capital, Mellon- 
 ville. Pop. 987, of whom 824 were free, and 163 slaves. 
 
 ORANGE, a new county in the E.S.E. part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 300 square miles. The Sabine River forms 
 its boundary on the E,, the Neches on the W. and S.W., and 
 SaJnne Lake on the S. The surface is nearly fevel, and con- 
 sists mostly of prairie. Orange county was formed since 
 1850. by a division of Jefferson county, which it resembles 
 in soil and productions. Pop. 1916. 
 
 ORANGE, a county in the S. part of Indi.ana, has an area 
 of 400 square milts. It is drained by Patoka and Lost 
 Rivers, and by Salt Creel;. The surface is hilly in the S., 
 and undulating in the N. part. The soil is mostly fertile. 
 The carboniferous linu-stone underlies the county, in which 
 several caverns are fouii'l. It is plentifully supplied with 
 springs, and the greater part of it is well timbered. The 
 New .\lbany and Salem Railroad pas.ses through the N.E. 
 part. Organized in 1816. Capital, I'aoli. Pop. 12,076. 
 
 ORANGE, a township in Grafton co., New Hampshire, 38 
 miles N.W. of Concord, intersected by the Northern Railroad, 
 Pop. 382. 
 
 ORAXOE, a post-township In Orange co., A'ermont, 11 
 miles S.K. of .Montpelier. Pop 936. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-village and township of Franklin CO., 
 Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, 
 70 miles N.W. of Boston. Pop. 1622. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-township of New H.aven co., Connecticut, 
 intersected by the Wopewaug River, 6 miles W. of New 
 Haven. Pop. 1974. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-town.ship on the E. border of Steuben co., 
 New York, about 200 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2364. 
 
 OR.VNiJE, a flourishing post-town of Essex CO., New Jer- 
 sey, on the Morris and Essex Railroad. 3 miles W.N.W. of 
 Newark. It contains 7 or 8 churches, 2 banks, 1 newsp.iper 
 office, 6 boarding schools, about IS stores, and numerous 
 manufactories of hats and shoes. A horse railroad extends 
 from this pliice to Newark. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 930. 
 
 OR.\NGE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-village in Cherokee co., Georgia, 110 miles 
 N.W. by N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 OR.\NGE, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1735. 
 
 tJR.'VNGE. a village of Ashland co., Ohio, about 90 miles 
 N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 300. 
 
 OR.\NGE, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1284. 
 
 OK.^NGE, Ohio, a station on the Cleveland Columbus and 
 Cincinnati Railroad, 16 miles from Columbus. 
 
 ORANGE, a tt)wn.-'hip of Cuyahoga CO., Cdiio. Pop. 2574. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Delaware CO., Ohio. Pop. 990. 
 
 0R.4NGE, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 987. 
 
 OR.A,NGE. a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Meigs CO.," Ohio. Pop 934. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 941. 
 
 ORANGK, a township of Ionia co., Michigan. J?op. 801. 
 
 ORANGK,a post-township of Fayette co..Iiidiana. Pop.761 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 1277. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Rush '-o.. Indiana. Pop. 1362. 
 
 ORANGE, a small village of Benton co , Missouri 
 
 ORANGE, a po.st-oflice of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 
 ORANGE BAY, Terra del Fuego. E. side. Hardy Penin- 
 sula ; lat. 56° 31' S., Ion. 68° 2' 30" W. It is one of the few 
 excellent harbors on this coast: and. while l.nrge enough to 
 contain a .squadron of line-of-battle ships, is not more com- 
 mo<lious than safe. The depth, clo.se to the shore, is three 
 fathoms, and nowhere exceeds twenty fathoms, with a fine 
 sandv iHjttom. 
 
 ORANGEBURG, or'inj-bnrg, a district in the S.W. central 
 part of South Carolina, has an area of 1438 square miles. It 
 is bounded on tlie N.K. by the Congaree •■•nd Sant<'e Rivers, 
 on the S.W. by the South Edisto. and intersected by the 
 North Edisto. The surface is .somewhat diversified; the 
 soil is moderately fertile. Lumber and turpentine are pro- 
 cure<l from the pine forests of the district. It is intersocted 
 by the South Carolina Railroad, and in part by the Coujn> 
 bia Branch Railroad. Capital. Orangehurir Court Ibmse. 
 Pop. 24,896. of whom 8313 were free, and 16,5S3 slaves. 
 
 ORANtJEBURG. a post-village of Maripn co., Missisf^ppi, 
 80 miles S. by E. of Jackson. 
 
 ORANGEBURG, a post-village of Ma.soi co.. Kentucky, 8 
 miles S.E. of Mavsville. 
 
 t)RAXt;EBUR('i (X)URT HOUSE, capital of Orangeburg 
 district, South Carolina, on the left bank uf North Ediiit^ 
 
ORA 
 
 ORE 
 
 River, 44 inilps S. by E. of ColumMa. It is connected hj 
 riiilrdiiil with Columbia and Ciiai'leston, and has considera- 
 ble business. 
 
 OKA^GE COURT HOUSE, capital of Orange co., Vii-pinia, 
 on the OraD};e and Alexandria i'.ailroad, 80 miles N.W. of 
 Riclmiond. and 92 miles from AVasbinj;ton. It contains 2 
 churches, and aViout 500 inhabitants. Four miles from this 
 place is Montpelier, the former residence of James Madi.son. 
 
 OR'ANGE iACTORY, a pos^office of Orange co., Korth 
 Carolina. 
 
 ORANGE HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Florida. 
 
 OK-^XGi; LAKE, a post-ofiice of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 OR'AXGKl'oUT, a post/-ofRce of Niagara co., New York. 
 
 OltANGli KIVEH, Republic of, a recently settled por- 
 tion of Soiitli Africa, beyond the N.E. frontier of Cape Colo- 
 ny, apparently comprised between the Nu Gariep on the S., 
 and the Ky Gariep or Vaal on the N. ; length 375 miles; 
 area about 50.000 square miles. It is characterized by im- 
 men.'-e flats, covered with a mixture of sweet and sour grass; 
 has numerous stn^ams, suppljing sources both of natural 
 and artificial irrigation ; and is admirably adapted for the 
 rearing of cattle and woolUd sheep. The iuhabitants de- 
 clared their iadependence, and established a republic in 
 1854, previous to which the executive government was in 
 the liands of a liritish resident, who presided also over a 
 legi^'lative council, composed of the resident magistrates and 
 sundry representatives. 
 
 ORANGE SI'I!1\(!S, a post-village of Orange co., Tirginia, 
 104 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 ORANGE .SI'l;iNG.S, a post-office of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 OR'ANGETOWX or OU'ANGE, a township of Rockland 
 CO., New York, on the left bank of the Hud.son River, and 
 on the New York and Eric Railroad, about 28 miles N. of 
 New York. It contains the village of Piermont. Pop. 4769. 
 
 OR'ANGEVILLK, a post-township of Wyoming co., New 
 York, 7 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1438. 
 
 ORANGEVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on Fishing Creek, about 80 miles N.N.E. of Ilarri.sburg. 
 
 ORANGEVILLE. a post office of Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 
 OKANGEVILLE; township, Barry co., Michigan. P. 364. 
 
 ORANGEVILLE, a post-village of Orange Co., Indiana, on 
 Lost River. 8 miles N.W. of I'aoH. 
 
 OltANGEVlUvE, a post-office of Stevenson co., Illinois. 
 
 ORANGO, o-ring'go. the largest and southernmost of the 
 Bissagos Islands of West Africa, lat. 11° 10' N., Ion. 16° W. 
 Length, from E. to W., 25 miles; breadth 10 miles. 
 
 ORANI, o-r3'nee, a village of the island of Sardinia, divi- 
 sion a»d 40 milt^a X. of Cagliari. I'op. 1840. 
 
 ORANIDO, o-rd-nee'do, a valley iu tho N. of Montenegro, 
 near the frontiers of Herzegovina, and the scene of many 
 desperate combats between the Montenegrins and Turks. 
 
 OHANIENBAUM, o-rd'ne-en-bownO, ('• Orangetree,") a 
 town of Germany, duchy of Anhalt-De.ssau, 8 miles E.S.E. 
 of Dessau. Pop. 2010. It has a handsome palace, witii parks 
 and orange groves, (whence its name.) 
 
 ORANIENBAUM, o-r4'ne-en-l)owra\ a town of Russia, 
 government and 19 miles W. of St. Petersburg, on the Gulf 
 of Cronstadt. I'op. 1400. It has a large imperial palace, and 
 a marine hospital. 
 
 OUANIlONliUKO. o-rS/ne-en-bo(5RG\ or RANIENBURG, 
 ri/ne-en-booR()\ a town of Russia, government and 90 miles 
 S.S,E.'of Riazan, with 3080 inhabitants, some remains of 
 fortifications, and a considerable trade in corn. 
 
 OR.^NIENBURG, o-rd'ne-?n-bo6RG, a town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, 20 miles N.N.E. of Potsdam, on 
 the Havel. Pop. 2990. 
 
 ORANMORE, o'ran-mOr/, a town and parish of Ireland, 
 Connaught, county and 6 miles E. of Oalway, at the head 
 of Oranmore Bay. Pop. of town, 800. It has a handsome 
 parish church, a large Roman Catholic chapel, a castle of 
 the 15th century, and a considerable traffic in turf, sea 
 manure, and fish. . 
 
 0RAN8AY ISLAND, one of the Hebrides. See Oronsay. 
 
 ORATOV or ORATOW, o-rS-tov', a market-town of Russia, 
 government and 93 miles S.S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ORAVICZA, o-rd-vit'sd, (Hun. Nemtt-Oravicza, n.i'mjf 
 o'r6h'veet's<ih\) a town of S.E. of Hungary, co. of Krasso. 
 63 miles S.S.E. of Temesvar, with silver, iron, and copper 
 mines. Pop. 3793. 
 
 0KB. orb or oRp, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Fran- 
 conia, on the Orb, 42 miles N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 4469. 
 it has mineral springs and salt miaes, yielding 30,000 cwt. 
 Df salt annually. 
 
 ORB, oKb. (anc. Olhrisf) a river of France, department 
 of Herault. rises near Roumieres, on tho boundary of the 
 department of .\veyron, flows 8. past Beziers, where it is 
 crossed by the Canal du Midi, and 7 miles below enters the 
 Mediterranean after a course of 60 miles. 
 
 0K'I3ANSAY ISLAND, one of the Hebrides, Scotland, E. 
 of the N. I'ciiinsula of Barra. Length three-fourths of a mile. 
 
 C>RI!A.-^SANO. oR-bd.s-si'no, a town of Piedmont, province 
 nd 8 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 2061. 
 
 '"•RBE. ORb or oR/beh, (anc. Ifrbigenum t) a town of Switzeiv 
 innU, canton of Vaud, on the river Orbe, here crossed by two 
 tingle arched bridges, a miles S.^V. of Yverduu. Pop. 2000. 
 
 It lias the remains of an ancient castle, .otnrmed and take 
 by the Swiss in 1475, and which, in the middle ages, wasi a 
 residence of the Burgundian kings. 
 
 ORBEC, OR'bJk', a town of France, department of Calvados, 
 on the Orbec, 11 miles S.E. of Lisicux. Pup. in 1852. 344-1 
 It has manufactures of niousselines de laiue, fine cashmeres-, 
 tapes, and cotton umbrellas. 
 
 OliBEY. oR'b.V. a market-town of France, department of 
 Haut-Rhin, 14 miles W.N.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1S52, 5556 
 It has active manufactures of printed cotton and muslin 
 goods, fine earthenware and glass. 
 
 ORBISO'NIA, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 81 miles W. of Harri.sburg. 
 
 ORBITELLO, oR-be-tMno, or ORBETELLO, on-bA-teino. a 
 fortified town of Tuscany, on a prnniontory, and near the 
 Lake of Orbitello. 49 miles S.E. of Piombino. Pop. 2500, 
 It has a commodious port for small vessels, defended by 
 several batteries. 
 
 ORBITELLO, LAKE OF, of Tuscany, about 5 miles in 
 length by 3 miles in width, communicates S.W. by a narrow 
 outlet with the Mediterranean, and abounds with lish. 
 
 Oli'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ORC.\, oR'kd, a river of the Sardinian States, in Piodmont, 
 flows E,S.E. from the Alps to the Po, which it joins 13 miles 
 N.E. of Turin. Total course, 50 miles. 
 
 ORCADES, or'k.j-dez, ancient name of the Ork.n'ET Isi..\nd3. 
 
 ORCE, oii'thil, a town of Spain, province and SO miles 
 E.N.E. of Grenad.i, near the source of the Orce. an affluent 
 of the Guadalquivir, and having 2310 Inhabitants, a garri- 
 soned fort, and military mag.aziiies. 
 
 ORCIIA, a town of Russia. See Orsiia. 
 
 OR'CHARD, EAST, a pari.«h of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 ORCHARD PORT/MAN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 ORCHARD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Dor-set. 
 
 OR'CHARDLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 OR/CHESTON ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 ORCHESTON ST. MARY, parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ORCHIES, oRVhee', a town of France, department of Nord, 
 14 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, .3508. It is enclosed hy 
 a w;dl and fos.«e, and has manufactures of cotton fabrics, 
 coarse earthenware, and soap. 
 
 OliCHlLLA, OR-cheel'yd, or URCHILLA, ooR-cheel'yi, a 
 small island of the CaribVjean Sea. belonging to Venezuela, 
 80 miles N.W. of Tortuga. Lat. 11*^ 50' N., Ion. 00° 14' W. 
 Length, about S miles; surface low; soil arid. 
 
 ORCHO.MENUS, oi-kom'e-ntis, a mined city of Greere, 
 government of Boeotia. Its remains j^re on the W. .shoreof 
 the Lake Topolias. 7 miles N.E. of Livadia. 
 
 ORCIANO. oR-chd'no. a village of Tuscany, province of 
 Pisa. 11 miles S.E. of Leghorn. Pop. 1650. 
 
 ORClftllES, oR'se-aii!'. a village of France, department of 
 Hautes-Alpes, on the Drac. 14 miles N.E. of Gap. Pop. 1477. 
 
 OHCO, a river of Italy. See Orca, 
 
 OR'COP. a parish of Encland. co. of Ilei-eford. 
 
 OR'CUT CREEK, a small post-village of Bradfc-<-d co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 OR'CUTTVILLE, a village of Staff'ord township. Toll.ind 
 CO., Connecticut, on the New London and Nor; hern Rail- 
 road, 53 miles N. by W. of New London. It contains a 
 woollen factory, sbingle-mill, and saw-mill. 
 
 ORI)ESALL."ord'sal. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 OR'DINARY SPlUNfiS. Shenandoah Co.. Virginia. 
 
 ORDK^UIIILL, or'dik-hiir. i.arish of Scotland, co. of Banff. 
 
 ORD-OF-CAITH'NESS. a stupendous granitic mountain 
 on the N.E. coast of Scotland, between Caithness and huti.- 
 erland, 1200 feet iu heiglit, and crossed by the high road 
 into Caitliness. 
 
 ORDUN.V. oR-doon'y3, a town of Spain, province of Alava, 
 22 miles N.W. of Vitoria, in a fine mountain valley, on the 
 Nervion. Pop. 3400. It is enclcsed by Moorish walls, flanked 
 by towers, and has a hospital, a custom-house for dues on 
 goods entering Castile, and an extensive trade with Bilbao. 
 
 ORE. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 OltEBlKJ or a;REBRO, ii'ri\-broo\ a la'n or province of 
 Sweden, mostly between lat. 59° and C0° N.. and Ion. 14" 
 and 16° E. Area 3264 square miles. Pop. 137.600. Prin- 
 cipal towns. Orebro, Nora. Linde. and Askersund. 
 
 UREBRO. the capit.al of the province of the same name, 
 situated at the W. extremity of Lake Hjelmar. 104 miles 
 W. of Stockholm. Pop. 4317. It is built of timber, bouses 
 painted deep red. streets wide and paved. Its ancient castle 
 is surrounded by handsome promenades. In the principal 
 church is a monument to Engelhardt, and here is also tho 
 small house which was occupied by Gustavns A'asa, at his 
 election to the throne, in 1523. (Ither buildings are the 
 Town-hall. House of Assembly, and a hospital ; and it has 
 manufactures of woollens, wax-cloths, stoi kings, vitriol, and 
 snulT. and an active trade with Stockholm. 
 
 ORE CREEK, of Michigan, enters the Shiawassee River 
 in Gene.'ee county. 
 
 OREEHINA. SeeLnHUA. 
 
 OREE'NO. a town of Uindostau, Bundelcund, 23 miles 
 N.E. of Ditteah. 
 
 1399 
 
ORE 
 
 ORKTIELb, n post-office of I.ehigh po., Pennsylvania. 
 
 OREGON', or'c-gon, a state, forming tlie most western 
 portion of tlie domain of the United States of Nortli Ame- 
 rica, is bounded on tlie N. by Washington Territory, on the 
 B. by Idiiho, on the S. by California and Nevada, and on tlie 
 W. by the Pacific Ocean. It lies between 42° and 46° 20' N. 
 lat., and between 116° 31' and 124° 30' W. Ion., being about 
 395 miles in length from E. to W., and 295 miles in width. 
 The area is estimated at 101,400 square miles. 
 
 Face of the Country, Mountains, rf-c. — Oregon Is usually 
 divided into three portions, viz., the Lower Country, or por- 
 tion next the ocean; the Middle Country, or that part which 
 lies between the Cascade Kange and the Blue Mountains; 
 and tlie Upper Country, or tliat portion whicli lies between 
 the Blue and Kooky Mountains. On appro.aching Oregon 
 from the sea, it presents the same boUl, iron-bound co;ist as 
 California, but with this difference, that the coast nuigc, 
 instead of running parallel with the Pacific, is composed of 
 a series of higlilauds, nearly at right angles with the shore, 
 through whose valleys the streams of the Callapooya or 
 Callapuya Mountiiius (tlie western limit of the Willamette 
 Valley) descend to the ocean. The first section is from 
 75 to 120 miles in breadth, and includes the Willamette, 
 Umpqua, and Rogue River Valleys, the first running psu-- 
 allel with the sea, and the others at right angles to it. The 
 last are S. of the Willamette A'alley. TUe large valleys 
 vary in length from 40 to 150 miles, and from 5 to 85 miles 
 in width. One remarkable feature of the Willamette Valley 
 is the Buttes, high, conicil, insulated hills, about 1000 
 feet in height. The Middle section covers a breadth of 160 
 miles, and is mostly an elevated plateau. The Upper Coun- 
 try occupies the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, and 
 is mostly a sterile and dreary region, covered with lava, 
 through which the rivers cut their channels to a great 
 depth; in many places their rocky beds are inaccessible to 
 man or beast. Oregon may be emphatically called a moun- 
 tainous country. About half-way between the Rocky 
 Mountains and the Pacific are the Blue Mountiuns, running 
 nearly N. and S., but still sending off ridges in different 
 directions. These mountains sometimes rise to the snow 
 region, but are generally from 3000 to 4000 feet in height. 
 The Cascade Range, having the loftiest known peaks of any 
 mountains in the United States, extend from 00° N. latitude 
 (nearly parallel with the Pacific) to the southern part of 
 Old California, at distances (in Oregon) varying from about 
 80 to 140 miles. Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, Mount Pitt 
 or McLaughlin, are the principal peaks in Oregon, of which 
 the first, 14,000 feet in elevation above the sea level, is the 
 highest, and seems to be a dormant volcano, i'inally comes 
 the coast range, called in Oregon the Callapooya Mountains ; 
 these, as has been stated, send off sxjurs at right angles 
 with the ocean. 
 
 Minerals. — The mineral resources of Oregon have scarcely 
 begun to be developed; but gold has been found in various 
 places, from Port Orford to Burnt and Powder Rivers. A 
 number of gold mines have been worked with success E. of 
 the Cascade Range of mountains on the Powder and John 
 Day Rivers. It is stated that the annual product of gold 
 in Oregon has steadily increased for the last five years. 
 Copper ore has been discovered on the John Day River, and 
 the quantity of this ore is said to be inexliaustible. A com- 
 pany has been formed for working a copper mine in tluit 
 part of the state. Fremont found in lat. 4514° N., Ion. 122° 
 W., a sti-atum of coal and forest trees embedded between 
 strata of alternate clay. This mineral is also known to 
 exist in Willamette Valley, 100 miles above Oregon City. 
 
 ItivKTS, Bays, and Lakes. — There is no very considerable 
 bay in Oregon. The Columbia, the greatest river on the 
 Pacific slope of the Continent, forms about three-fourths of 
 the northern boundary, from the point where it strikes the 
 46th parallel to its mouth in the Pacific Ocejin. Its great 
 branch, the Snake or Lewis River, and its tribubiries, the 
 Powder, Malheur, and Owyhee, drain the great valley be- 
 tween the Rocky and Blue MounUiins. Lewis River forms 
 more than half of the eastern boundary, flowing' in a north- 
 erly direction in this part of its course. The Wallawalla, 
 Umatilla, John Day, and Fall Rivers, E. of the Cascade Moun- 
 tains, and the Willamette,W., are the other principal affluents 
 of the Columbia from this state. The Umpqua and Rogue's 
 River (entirely in Oregon), and the Klamath, which pa^es 
 into California, flow directly into the Pacific from the 8.W. 
 of this state. There are several small hikes between the 
 Cascade and Blue Mountains. The principal of these are 
 Klamath, Abert, I'itt's, Salt, ajid Sylaiiilles. The Columbia 
 18 navigable to the Cascade Kange, about 130 miles from 
 the sea, lor large vessels, and above the Qwciides lor steam- 
 boats. The \V illamette is navigable to Portland, and some- 
 times even to the Falls, for ocean craft. Above the Falls, 
 
 ""?■ "f, 'r'"^* ""■■' «"ierii8 uiouiii. TUe Klamath is also 
 navigal.le tor a short dist;uice. There are few capes or hiir- 
 bors on tlie coiist ol Oregon, whieh is remarkably free from 
 great sinuosities. The most important capesare Cape Blanco, 
 or Orlord, Capo ioulweather, and Point Adams. The liar- 
 
 ORE 
 
 bore are the Columliia River, much obstructed by sandbar* 
 and shoals, but admitting vessels of 16 feet draught, and 
 the Umpqua River, which may be ascended by vessels draw- 
 in;i S feet water lor a short distance. 
 
 Objects of Jiiteresl to Tourists. — What we have already said 
 of the mountains is perhaps sufficient, without this head- 
 ing; but Oregon has other objects of interest independent 
 of her sublime mountain scenery — first among which are 
 the Dalles of the Columbia River, a narrowing of the chan- 
 nel to 100 yards between basaltic rocks, for the distance of 
 half a mile, through which the river rushes with great vio- 
 lence, descending 50 feet in two miles. In freshets the wa- 
 ter rises 60 feet, and at such times it is safe to pass in boats, 
 but many serious accidents have occurred from attempts to 
 pass them at low water. Foitj' miles below the Dalles, 
 where the river breaks through the Cascade Rauge, the 
 channel again narrows to 150 yai'ds, where the water de- 
 scends 40 feet in two miles. The Falls of the Willamette, 
 on the river of the same name, are about 25 miles from its 
 mouth, and the same number of feet in height. Here is a 
 favorite salmon fishery, whore that fish is stopped on ita 
 course up the Willamette, in the spawning season. The 
 American Fall, in the Lewis River, near its head waters, is 
 of considerable elevation. From one i>oiut in the AVilla- 
 nietfe Valley, near the Riekreal River, seven peaks of the 
 Cascade Rauge, covered with everlasting snow, can be seen 
 at one view. 
 
 Climate. — In common with the western shore of all con- 
 tinents, Oregon has a milder climate than the eastern side 
 of North America. The coast region is the mildest, and 
 the upper country the most rigorous in temperatm'e. In 
 the first, the winters generally are short, though some snow 
 falls nearly every winter. S. and S.W. winds prevail at thia 
 season, mitigating the severity of the climate. From April 
 to November but little rain falls. At Fort Vancouver, from 
 June to September, the mean temperature was 67°, maxi- 
 mum 98°, uiinimum 51°. Of 106 days, 76 were fair, 19 
 cloudy, and 11 rainy. The winter of 18o2--3 was very severe, 
 and much snow fell, the stock dying by thousands, as they 
 are unhoused, and no fodder is ever prepared. In the mid- 
 dle region, the summers are much drier and the winters 
 colder than E. of the Cascade Mountains, the extremes 
 varying from 18° to 105°. Daily range, 40°. No dews fall 
 here. The upper country is variable, having often in each 
 day all the changes of the seasons, and is therefore unfitted 
 for agricultural operations. Indian corn is liable to be 
 Ciiught by early frosts. The winter winds ai-e from the S. 
 and E., occasionally veering to S.AV. The time of the setting 
 ill of these is very irregular, varying from October 1st to 
 January 1st. They always bring with them copious raiua, 
 which last two or tlu'ee, and even four or five mouths, from 
 November to April, and constitute the rainy season. These 
 storms are more violent on the coast, and more rain falls 
 than in the Willamette Valley. A period of fine weather 
 often occurs in February, sometimes in Marcii, but is gene- 
 rally followed by three or four weeks of culd, chilly rains 
 from the S.W. During the latter part of wiuter there are 
 light falls of snow. Though the winters are chilly, the 
 thermometer seldom sinks to the freezing point. The mer- 
 cury has sometimes fallen to 5° below zero in the Willamette 
 Valley, and to 15° at the Dalles, beyond the Cascade Moun- 
 tains. From what has been said it will be seen tliat there 
 is great irregularity in the winters of Oregon, but mildness 
 is the general characteristic. In the middle region the rains 
 are lighter and less constant, and continue for a shorter 
 period. The country between the Blue and Rocky Moun- 
 tains is very chy, with a great difference between the tem- 
 perature of day and night. 
 
 /:^l and Productions. — It will be inferred from what has 
 been said of the face of the country, that much of Oregon 
 is unfit for tillage ; in the upper country, or eastern portion, 
 it is almost wholly so, as far as known, both from the aridity 
 of the soil and the irregularity of the climate. TUe central 
 portion, though not generally cultivable, affords in many 
 places excellent i>astuiage; but even the pastoral portion 
 is but a small part of the whole. The gre;it resource of the 
 Oregonian farmers is the country W. of the Cascade iiange, 
 especially iu the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue's River 
 Valleys. The former is rarely surjiassed in fertility. Wheat 
 is hei-e the staple ; the cool evenings and the drought in the 
 latter pjirt of summer being unfavoiablo to ludiau coi'n. 
 Besides wheat, oats, barley, turnips, and most of the fruits 
 and vegetables of the Middle States lioiuish. The imligenous 
 fruits are the crab-apple, a large red plum, strawberries, 
 raspbeiTies, and other berries. The bottoms of fit Ooiumbia 
 are a very rich alluvion, but incapable of cultivation, from 
 their liability to be overflowed; they may. however, form 
 good pasture-lands for stock. Those portions which are 
 bejond the reach of overflow (as the district about Fort 
 Vancouver) are exceedingly productive. On the tiiangle 
 formed by the Columbia on the N. and the Pacific on the 
 W., is a tract of land of grejit fertility, extendhg back '2a 
 miles to the mountains. This is not suited to ftlieat, but 
 very fruitful in potatoes, oats, peas, turnips, ai>d other vege- 
 tables, and is excellent lor pasturage. Accuiding to Um 
 
ORE 
 
 census of 1860, tliero were in Oregon 896,414 acres of im- 
 proved laad, (1 ,104,125 being unimproved,) producing 826,776 
 bushels of wlieat; 2704 of rye; 76,122 of Indian corn; 
 885,673 of oiits ; 34,407 of pens and bejins : 303,319 of Irish po- 
 tatoes; 219,012 pounds of wool; 1,000,157 of butter; 105,379 
 of cheese; live stocli valued at $5,940,255; orcliard pro- 
 ducts valued .at $478,479; market products at $75,605 ; and 
 slaughtered animals at $648,465. 
 
 Purest Trees. — Oregon is particulai'Iy celebrated for its 
 forests of gigantic pine. A species of fir, called Lambert's 
 pine, grows in the lower region to an enormous size, some- 
 times attaining a height of nearly 300 feet, and a girth of 
 40 feet, and often from 24 to 36 feet. This is the great tim- 
 ber of the country, and is largely exported to the Sandwich 
 Islands and to California. The other timber is the hemlock, 
 cedar, oak, ash, maple, laurel, pine, willow, balm of Oilead, 
 dogwood, Cottonwood, and alder. The oak, next to the fir, 
 is the most valuable wood, and is found mostly in the Wil- 
 lamette and Umpqua Valleys. In the middle region timber 
 is scarce, and consists mostly of soft wood; pine and fir 
 grow on the Blue Mountains. 
 
 Animals. — The wild animals are deer, black and grizzly 
 bears, elks, foxes, wolves, antelopes, beavers, muskrats, and 
 martens. The beavers are fast diminishing. In spring and 
 fall, geese, ducks, and other waterfowl are abundant. Large 
 quantities of salmon are caught in the Columbia River and 
 its tributaries, and are of excellent qualitj-. Among the 
 other fish are sturgeon, cod, carp, sole, flounders, ray, perch, 
 herring, and smelt, with crabs, clams, oysters, and mussels 
 in abundance. 
 
 Manufactures. — In this department of industry it is liardly 
 to be supposed that this new region has made much "pro- 
 gress, though it has every fiicility for carrying on manu- 
 factures when the time comes for doing so. In 1800 there 
 were 309 estJiblishments engaged in mining, manufacturing, 
 and the mechanic arts, employing $1,337,238, and 96S male 
 and 10 female hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $1,431,952, and yielding products valued at §2,976,761. 
 
 Internal Imprrivanenls are chiefly limited, as yet, to com- 
 mon and plauk road making. l)r. Kvans, geologist to Gov. 
 Stevens' exploring expedition, reports a now route S. of the 
 Missouri Kiver, feasible for a railroad through the Black 
 Keet Pass, down the Bitter Boot Kiver, crossing the moun- 
 tains of the same name to Fort Wallawalla and the Dalles. 
 
 Ciimmnrce. — We have but few facts on this subject. The 
 foreign imports amounted in 1862-3 to $112,903, and the 
 exports to $42,9.13. The number of vessels that entered in 
 that year was 19; the number that cleared 27. Several 
 steamers ply from Portland to different points on the Co- 
 lumbia, besides a regular line of steamers to Siin Francisco. 
 Oregon exports to California lumber, stock, hogs, beef, 
 butter, eggs, chickens, pork, flour, &c. Large quantities of 
 cattle are driven S. to the mines of California. Trade is 
 carried on with Rio Janeiro, Europe, and the Sandwich 
 Islands. 
 
 lUucation. — The census report of 1860 gives to Oregon 5 
 colleges, with 447 students, $12,986 income, of which S5600 
 was endowments; 339 public schools, with 8158 pupils, 
 $49,302 income; 15 colleges and other schools, with 1654 
 pupils ; 11 librariea, embracing 5300 volumes. 
 
 Heligious Denominations. — Of the 75 churches in Oregon 
 in 1860, the Baptists owned 8, the Christians 6, Kpiscop.i- 
 lians 4, Methodists 32, Presbyterians 6, Roman Catholics 7, 
 various minor sects 12, giving one church to every 700 per- 
 sons. Value of church property, $195,695. 
 
 Periodicals. — In 1800 there were published in Oregon 2 
 daily and 12 weekly newspapers, 1 quarterly magazine, and 
 1 annual. The whole number of copies issued annually 
 was 1,074,640. 
 
 Populalifin. — The population of Oregon, including the 
 present Territory of Washington, was in 1850, 13,294, of 
 whom 8133 were white males, 4949 females; 120 colorefl 
 males, and 87 females; besides various tribes of Indians not 
 enumerated, but estimated by the Commissioner of Indian 
 Affairs, in 1853, at 23,000 for Oregon and Washington united. 
 The population, in 1860, was 52,465, of whom 31,451 were 
 white males, and 20,709 white females, besides 128 free col- 
 ored persons and 177 Indians. Population to ten square 
 miles, 2-3; representative population, 62,465. Since 1860 
 large numbers of emigrants have been attracted to this 
 state by discoveries of precious metals. At an election for 
 member of Congress held in June, 1864, 14,821 votes were 
 polled. Of the population, 16,564 were born In the state, 
 30,^79 in other states of the Union, 690 in England, 1266 in 
 Ireland, 249 in Scotland and Wales, 6<i3 in IJritish America, 
 1078 in Germany, 198 in France, 425 in China, and 652 in 
 other countries. Of the population in the leading pursuits, 
 7861 were farmers, 1849 laborers, 1793 miners. 1260 farm 
 laborers, 761 carpenters, 446 merchants, 343 blacksmiths, 
 J12 servants, 206 teachers, 198 clerks, 135 wheelwrights, 125 
 clergymen. 119 teamsters, 115 physicians, Ac. In the year 
 ending June 1st, 1860, there occurred 300 deaths, or 5'8 in 
 every thousand. The number of deaf and dumb was 15 (see 
 IxTRODUCTlON to the volume on Pojndatinn of the Eighth 
 Census, pp. Uv, Iv, Ivi, &c.), blind 9, insane 23, idiotic 15. 
 
 ORE 
 
 Counties. — Oregon is divided into 20 counties, viz.. Baker, 
 Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Curry, Dou 
 glas, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, Linn. Marion, Multnomiih, 
 Polk, Tillamook, Umatilla, Wasco, Washington, and Yam 
 Hill. 
 
 Towns. — The principal towns are Poitland, Oregon City, 
 Salem, Albany, Corvallis, and Eugene City. Capital, Salem. 
 
 Government. — The governor, secretary of state, and trea- 
 surer are elected by the people for 4 years. The senate it 
 composed of 18 members, elected for 4 years ; the house oC 
 representatives is composed of 34 or 37 members, elected 
 for 2 years. The legislature convenes biennially ou tho 
 second Monday in December. 
 
 Ifistory. — Oregon seems to have been first trodden by 
 European feet about 1775. when a Spanish navigator visiteC 
 Juan de Fuca Straits. Cook coiisted along its shores in 
 1778. The Columbia River is believed to have been first 
 made known to the civilized world in 1791, by Captain Gray, 
 of the ship Columbia, of Boston, United States, who saw the 
 mouth of the river, but did not enter it till May of the next 
 year, when he gave it the name of his ship. From this time 
 up t<j 1804, the coast of Oregon Wiis occasionally visited by 
 British and American fur-traders. In that year. President 
 Jefferson sent out an exploring party under Lewis and 
 Clarke, who passed the winter of 1805-0 at the mouth of 
 the Columbia. After this period, overland expeditions by 
 fur-traders became common, and these, with the British 
 Hudson Bay Company, held joint possession of the country 
 (but not without jealous rivalries and bloody contests) till 
 the treaty of 1846, which gave all below 49° N. latitude to 
 the United States. Emigration from the United States, for 
 the purpose of settlement, connnenced in 1839. Its growth 
 for the time is probably retarded by the gold-mines of Cali- 
 fornia attracting nearly all travellers and settlers, but their 
 ultimate prosperity will most likely be mutual, the mining 
 population of the one fmuishing a market for tho agricul- 
 tural products of the other. There is no doubt that in 
 future times Oregon will play an important part in the 
 commerce of the Pacific Ocean, and particularly tlwt of the 
 Polynesian groups. Oregon was admitted into the Union 
 its a state Feb. 14, 1859. 
 
 OR/EGON, a county In the S. part of Missouri, bordering 
 ou Arkansu*, contains about li)5u square miles. It is drained 
 liy tlip sources of the Eleven Points and Spring Kivfers, which 
 flow S.K. into the Big Black River. Capital, Alton or 
 Thomasville. Pop. 30O9. of whom 2!*83 were free. 
 
 OREGON, a post-office of Chautauqua co., New York. 
 
 OREGON, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Peungyl 
 vania. 
 
 OREGON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama. 
 
 OREGON, a postofflce of Rockingham co.. North Carolina. 
 
 OKtXrON, a small village of Yell co., Arkansas. 
 
 OREGON, a post-otfice of Lincoln co., Tennessee. 
 
 ORKGON, a thriving village of Mercer co., Kentucky, on 
 the Kentucky Kiver, at the head of slack-water navigation, 
 about 20 miles S.W. of Lexington. Beef and pork are packed 
 here and shipped in 8t«amboat8. 
 
 OREGON, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 4.36. 
 
 OREGON, a thriving post-village of Seneca co., Ohio, on 
 the railroad from Cincinnati to Sandusky City, 168 miles 
 from the former. Pop. about 400. 
 
 OREGON, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio. 
 
 OREGON, a township of Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 523. 
 
 OREGON, a post-township of Clarke co.. Indiana. P. 12.')3. 
 
 OREGON, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. Pop. 747. 
 
 OREGON, a post-village, capital of Holt co., Missouri, 210 
 miles N.W. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 OREGON, a small village of Lawrence co., Missouri. 
 
 OREGON, a post-village of Dane co., Wisconsin, 12 miles 
 S. of Madison. Pop. of Oregon township, 1259. 
 
 ORKGON CITY, a thriving post-village, capital of Ogle 
 CO., Illinois, on the right bank of Rock River, 176 miles N. 
 by E. of Springfield. It is handsomely situated between 
 the shore and a bluff, which rises in the form of an ampbi- 
 thcati-e, at the distance of about a mile. It contains 2 
 churches, a graded school, and a new.-^paper office. Pop. in 
 1850, .')40; in 1860, 934. 
 
 OREGON CITY, a post-town, capital of Clackamas county, 
 Oregon, on the right bank of the Willamette River, about 
 50 miles below Salem. It is situated in a cailon. (pro- 
 nounced kan-yon' — a narrow river valley shut in by high 
 banks or walls.) and has great manufacturing facilities, a 
 fall in the river at this place affording immense water-power 
 Oregon City was formerly the capital of the territory. One 
 or two newspapers are published here. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 OKKGO'NIA, a post-office of Tuscaloo,sa co., Alabama. 
 
 OREGRUND, o'ri-groond\ a small, but strongly fortified 
 seaport town of Sweden, lasn and 70 miles N.K. of Stock- 
 holm, with a harbor in the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop, 680. 
 
 OUK HILL, a post-offlce of Litchfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 OREKHOV, OKECHOW. o-rA-Kov', or ORIKIIOV, o-re- 
 Kov', a town of Russia, government of Taurida, on th* 
 Konskaia, an affluent of the Dsieper, 73 miles S.S.E. oi 
 Yekaterinoslav. Pop. 1600. 
 
 OREL, {ythV, or OKHK, or-lik/ or or-leek', a sluggish, 
 
 1401 
 
ORB 
 
 mnclily Ive. of Kussia, rises near the S. frontiers of the 
 troT>!rnat!Mt of Kharkov, flows S.W. across the government 
 of Poltava, and joins the Dnieper on the left, 3d miles 
 W.N.W. of Yekaterinoslav ; total course 130 miles. 
 
 ORKL, o-rJl', OKLOV, OKLOW, oRnov', or OKLOF, a go- 
 Ternment of Kussia, mostly between lat. 51° SC and 54° N., 
 and Ion. 33° and 39° K. Area 18,393 square miles. Pop. in 
 1851, 1.406.571. Surfiiee undulating. The rivers are afflu- 
 ents of the Dnieper, Don, and Volga. Soil very fertile, and 
 agriculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. 
 Principal products, after corn and fiour, are hemp, flax, lin- 
 Beed, honey, bristles, timber and cattle, with iron, copper, 
 millstones, nitre, and lar^^e quantities of turf ' The govern- 
 ment is divided into 12 districts. Capital, Orel. 
 
 OREL, a town of Ru-^sia, capital of the government of 
 same name, is situated on the Oka, here joined by the Orel, 
 168 miles N.W. of Voronezh. Pop. ^,630. It is mostly 
 built of wood, enclosed by a palisade, and defended by an 
 ancient citadel ; and it has numerous churches, several 
 convents, an ecclesiastical seminary, college, and various 
 other si'hools and institutions. It is in a most favorable 
 position fir commerce, being connected by rivers and canals 
 with the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas ; and it may be 
 considered the entrepot of the commerce between North 
 and South Russia. It exports much rural produce to Mos- 
 cow and to St. Petersburg, and has manufactures of cotton, 
 woollen cloth, and linen stuffs, with tanneries, distilleries, 
 tallow-houses, rope-walks, &c.. and several important annual 
 fairs. It was nearly destroyed by fire, 7th June, 1848. 
 
 O'REL, a postxjffice of Irwin co., Georgia. 
 
 ORELL.\N'A. See Amazon. 
 
 ORELLANA LA SIERRA. o-rJl-yJ/na Id se-?R'Ra, a village 
 of Spain, province of Badajos, 3 miles S.E. of OreUana la 
 Vieja. 
 
 ORELLAXA LA VIE.TA, o-rM-yi/na Id ve-i'Hj, a market- 
 town of Spain, province and 63 miles E. of Badajos. P. 1990. 
 
 OREMARRAH, a headland of Beloochistan. See Ras- 
 Arcbah. 
 
 ORENBOORQ, ORENBOURG or ORENBURG, o'ren- 
 booRG', a government of Russia, mostly comprised in Europe, 
 but partly in Asia, between lat. 47*^ 10' and 56° 25' N., and 
 Ion. 48° 20' and 65° E., having on the S. and S.E. the Cas- 
 pian Sea, and Klrgheez Territory. Area estimated at 144,924 
 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,712,718, including the Cos- 
 sacks of the Ural. Surface mostly mountainous, its centre 
 being covered with the S. ranges of the Ural, but both in 
 the E. and the S. are extensive desert steppes. Principal 
 rivers, the Ural, Belaia, and Samara in Europe, and in Asia 
 several affluents of the Tobol. Salt lakes are numerous in 
 the steppes. The principal wealth of the population con- 
 sists in cattle, gheep, horses, camels, Ac, herds often com- 
 prising from 200 to 2000 horses, and from 500 to 4000 head 
 of horned cattle. Caviare, made from fish taken in the Ural 
 and other rivers, is an important article of trade. The 
 mineral products consist of gold, copper, iron, salt, aind some 
 sulphur, vitriol, &c. Trade principally with Asia, by means 
 of caravans of camels, of which, In some years, as many as 
 2550 arrive. The government is divided into 12 districts. 
 Capital. Oofa. 
 
 ORENBOOUG or ORENBURG, a fortified city of European 
 Russia, capital of a district in the government of same name, 
 on the Ural, in lat. 51° 48' N., Ion. 55° 12' E. Pop. 6000. ex- 
 cluding a garrison of 9000 men. It is well built and paved. 
 Principal edifices, 2 cathedrals, a Tartar mosque, exchange, 
 the Custom-house, government offices, barracks, and house 
 of correction. It has a museum, and a Jlohammedan school ; 
 and on the opposite bank of the Ural is a large bazaar, the 
 place of an extensive trade with Central Asia, imports con- 
 sisting of silk, gold and silver, jewels, Chinese produce, and 
 colonial goods received overland from India; and exports 
 comprising woollen cloths, leather, pearls, cutlery, Ac. In the 
 vicinity is an immense smelting-house, in which is melted 
 down, in the course of a summer, the tallow of 50,000 sheep. 
 
 ORENOtiUE. See Orinoco. 
 
 OREXSE,o-rin's.i, (anc. Alqum OiVida. Cdicfrumf) a town 
 of Spain, capital of the province of Orense, on the Minho, 
 46 miles S.S.W. of Lugo. Pop. 4840. It is gloomy and Ill- 
 built, but has a large cathedral, and other churches, an or- 
 Shan asylum, hospital, seminary, hou.se of industry, and 
 ighly reputed thermal springs, with manufactures of cho- 
 colate, and a triide in haiiis, both in high repute throughout 
 Spain. A cathedral dedicated to St. Martin, was built so 
 early as 550; but the Moors, in 716, levelled Orense to the 
 ground, and it remained a heap of ruins till 832. when it 
 was rebuilt by Alonzo el Casto. The present Gothic Cathe- 
 dral was erecU'd by Bishop Alonzo in 1220. From Orense, 
 Sor.U inva<led Portugal with 20,000 men, and 78 cannons; 
 »nO thither he retreated two or three months after, hotly 
 pursued by the Duke of Wellington ; his army reduced to 
 19,.5(X) stragglers, unarmed and almost naked. 
 
 OKEXSE, o-r4n'si a province of Spain, Galicia, bound'xl 
 8. by I'ortugal ; area 2588 square miles. Capital, Orense. 
 Pop. about 38(1,000. 
 
 OREIK), o-rA'ro, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 Of Genoa, province and 8 miles from Chlavarl. Pod. 1900 
 1402 ^ 
 
 ORI 
 
 ORESTAONI. See Oristano. 
 
 ORESTE, o-rJs/t-i, a town of the Papal States, 24 miles N. 
 of Rome, on a mountain of the same name, the ancient 
 Soratte. about 2000 feet above the level of the sea. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ORESTIAS. (or HADRANOPOLIS.) See Adrianople. 
 
 OP.F.\ or 01'>F.\II. a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Oorpa. 
 
 OR/FORD, a dec.iyed borough, market-town, and parish of 
 England, co. of Suffolk, at the confluence of the Aide and Ores 
 near their mouth in the North Sea, 18 miles K.N.E. of 
 Ipswich. Pop. 1109. It has a large ancient church, an 
 old town-hall, assembly room, and fine remains of a Norman 
 castle, with some fisheries, chiefly of oysters. The port w:i» 
 formerly of importance, but the sea has receded. The 
 borough is still governed by a mayor, and until disfran- 
 chised by the Reiform Act, sent 2 mcimbers to the House of 
 Commons. In the vicinity are Sudbourne Hall, and 2 light- 
 houses, well known as •' Orford-ness Lights," 83 feet above 
 the sea. Lat. 52° 4' 8" N., Ion. 1° 34' 2" E. 
 
 ORFORD, a post-township of Grafton CO., New Hampshire, 
 on the left bank of the Connecticut River, which is here 
 crossed by a bridge, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic 
 Rivers Railroad, 66 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1406. 
 
 OR'FORDVILLE, a post-village in the above township, 60 
 miles N.W. of Concord. 
 
 ORFUI, or'fwee'. calle<l also RAS HAFOON, rSs hd^foon/, 
 a cape of East Africa, about 100 miles S. of Cape Guardafni. 
 
 OR/G^N CHURCH, post-office. Rowan co.. North Caroliu.-*. 
 
 ORGAOS, SERRA DOS, s^r/rJ doce oR-giM.vss. (Organ 
 Mountains.) a mountain cordillera of Brazil, extends from 
 E. to S.W. in the provinces of Rio de .Janeiro, Sao Paulo, 
 and ^ Santa Catharina. One portion of this chain, more 
 particularly called the Organ Mountains, is situated 40 
 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro, so named from their peaks, ag 
 seen from Rio, resembling the pipes of an organ. Highest 
 point 3800 feet. 
 
 OR/GARSWICK. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ORGAZ, 0R-g3th', (anc. Altltcv'a.) a town of Spain, province 
 and 15 miles S.S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2670. It has a castle 
 and a hospital. 
 
 ORGELET, oR^zhgh-lA', a town of France, department of 
 Jura, near the source of the Velouze, 10 miles S.S.E. of 
 Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. in 1852, 21 23. 
 
 ORGEVAL, 0R'zbeh-v3l', a village of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, 11 miles N.W. of Versailles Pop. 1040. 
 
 ORGH END-AB, a river of Afirhanist.tn. See Uro huxdacb. 
 
 ORGUESAN, or'gheh-sdn'.or URGHESAN, fir'gheb-sin', a 
 river of Afghanistan, rises in the mountains of tjhuznee, 
 flows W., and after a course of above 100 miles, joins the 
 Turnuk, an atfiueut of the Urghundaub. 
 
 ORGIANO, OR-jifno, a market-town of Austrian Italy, go- 
 vernment of Venice, 12 miles S.S.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ORGIVA. a town of Spain. See Objiba. 
 
 ORGON, OR'gANo', a town of France, department of Bouches- 
 du-Rhone, near the left bank of the Durance. 21 miles E.N.E. 
 of Aries. Pop. in 1852. 3089. 
 
 ORGOSOLO, oR-go-so/lo, a village of the island of Sardi- 
 nia, province and 8 miles S.S.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ORI A. o're-d, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles N. 
 of Almeria. Pop. 5670. 
 
 ORIA, o're-a, or URITANA, oo-re-ti'ni. (anc. Vria or 
 Hi/i-ia,) a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 22 miles 
 W.S.W. of Brindisi, on a hill between 2 small lakes. Pop, 
 4300. It has a cathedral, several convents, and a hospital. 
 
 ORIENT. L', a town of France. See Lorient. 
 
 O'RIENT, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, 100 
 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 205. 
 
 ORIENT, a post-village of Suffolk co.. New York, on Oys- 
 ter Pond Harbor, 100 miles K. by N. of New York. 
 
 ORIONY. o'reen^yee', a village of France, department of 
 Aisne, on the 'Thon, 7 miles N.E. of Vervins. Pop. 1457. 
 
 OllIGNY SAINTE BE.NOITE, o^reenVee'sJ,Ntbehnwat/, n 
 village of France, department of Aisne, 8 miles E. of St. 
 Quentin. Pop. in 1852, 2372. 
 
 ORIHUA, one of the S,andwich Lslands. 
 
 ORIHUELA. o-re-wMd, a city of Spain, province and 32 
 miles S.W. of Alicante, on the Segura. Pop. 17.452. It 
 stands at the foot of a ridge of rocks, in a tract termed, 
 from its fertility, "the garden of Spain." Principal build- 
 ings, a cathedral, and 10 other churches, 2 hospitals, a found- 
 ling ifsylum, public granary, and cavalry barracks. It has 
 a University College, with 16 professors, and manufactures 
 of linens and hats, tanneries, corn, and oil-mill.s. 
 
 ORIKHOVA. o-re-Ko'v^. or TKAJANOl'OLlS. trd-jinop/.w 
 lis, a town of European Turkey, Room-Elee, sanjak of GaJ- 
 lipoli. 18 miles N.W. of Ipsala. It is the see of a Qrees. 
 archbishop. 
 
 OKILLIA, o-ril'le-a, a post-village of Canada West. co. of 
 Simcoe, situated at the northern extremity of Lake Slmcoe. 
 85 miles N. of Toronto. Pop. about l.')0. 
 
 OKINO'CO, o-re-no/ko, (i.e. in the Indian language, "coiled 
 serpent,") (Fr. Orenof/ue, oVA'nok\) one of the princi)>al 
 rivers of South America, ranking in size and importance 
 immediately after the Amazon and Plata. It rises in tho 
 Sierra Nevada of Venezueljtn Guiana, winds succelffive/y W., 
 N., and E., through the centre of the Venezuelan teiiitory, 
 
ORl 
 
 ORL 
 
 Rnd eiitors tt.e Atlantic by numerous mouths, in lat. 8° 40' 
 N., and Ion. 01'' W. Totnl course estimated at lOOO mile«, for 
 more than the latter lialf of which, or to the rajiiils of Atures, 
 it is uninterruptedly navigable. Area of its basin 25'J.OOO 
 square miles. The priueipal affluent*, in descending, are, 
 from the left, the united stream of the Atabnpo and Guaviare, 
 which .loins it aViout lat. 4° X.. Ion. 08° 10' \V. ; the Meta at 
 lat. 0'' 20' N.; the Aurauca at lat. 7° 10' N., and the Apure 
 at lat. 7^ 38' N. Three of the tributaries are larger than the 
 l>anulie. Those from the right are the Ventuari, which joins 
 tlie Orinoco about 40 miles E. of the junction of the Atabapo, 
 ths Caura, and the Caroni. which unite with it at lat. 7° 4.i' 
 and 8'^ 6' N. respectively. J5y tlieCassiquiare, ithasa singular 
 navigable communication with the Kio Xegro and Amazon. 
 At 200 leagues from the ocean, its breadth is about 3 miles, 
 ond at Angostura. alx)ut 250 miles from its mouths, to 
 which place the tide reaches, it is 4 miles across, and when 
 lowest, OS fathoms deep. 
 
 Two remarkable rapids occur in the upper part of the 
 Orinoco, called the Atures and Maypures. or Apures, the one 
 iu lat. 5^ 8' N., or about 80 miles below the junction of the 
 Atabapo and Guaviare witli the Orinoco, the other about 36 
 miles lower down. These rapids con.sist of a countless num- 
 ber of little cascades succeeding each otlier like steps, and 
 where numerous islands and rocks so restrict the bed of the 
 river, that out of a brcaiJth of 8000 feet, tliere often only 
 remains an open channel of 20 feet in width. Its waters 
 rbe from April to October, attaining their greatest height in 
 July and August, which in the Upper Orinoco is from 30 to 
 80 feet, and at Angostura from 24 to 25 feet ; but in one con- 
 fined place they are said to rise 120 feet alx)ve the. usual 
 level. The vast plains tlirough which the river flows are 
 at this sea.son to a great e.xtent overflowed. IJoth banks of 
 the stream are densely wooded, and like the river itself full 
 of animal life. The numerous channels by which the Ori- 
 noco latterly finds its way to the .sea, begin to branch oil 
 from the main stream upwards of 100 miles from the coast. 
 The most .S. and widest of these branches runs directly K., 
 and reaches the ocean by the mouth called Itoca de Navios, 
 or Cano Navios, between Point IJarima on the S., and the 
 Islands of Cangrejos on the N., which are more than 20 
 miles apart. In front of this mouth is a bar. on wiiich is 
 17 feet water, and which is supposed to be nearly 3000 fath- 
 ■>ms across. In the month of April, when the water is 
 'owest, the tides ai-e perceiitible in the river as far up as 
 Angostura, a distance of 250 miles from the sea. The other 
 branches, which run N., and divide the delta of the Orinoco 
 into numerous low islands, are imperfectly known. 
 
 OKiNOCO, (Department of,) one of the great divisions of 
 the republic of Venezuela, consisting mainly of what was 
 "brmerly known as OilomWan Guiana, and bounded N. by 
 vhe river Orinoco. Kstimated pop. 185,000. Chief towns, 
 V'arinas, Angostura, (IJolivar city,) and San Fernando de 
 Apure. 
 
 OKIO, o>Te-o. a market-town of Spain, province Guipuzcoa, 
 6 miles W.S.W. of St. Sebastian, at the mouth of the river 
 Orio, in the Bay of liiscay. 
 
 OHIO, a village of Lonibarily, 11 miles S.S.E. of Lodi. 
 
 OKIOLO, o-ree'o-lo, (anc. Fi/rum-Claufdii f) a village of 
 Italy. Pontifical States, 20 miles N.W. of Home. Pop. 1108. 
 
 OUiOIjO, a market-town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 11 miles N.W. of lloseto. Pop. 2t»00. 
 
 OKI'ON, a small post- village of Pike co., Alabama, near 
 the Coneculi Uiver. 
 
 OKION, a post-office of Ashley co., Arkansas. 
 
 OH ION, a post-town.«hip in Oakland co., Michigan. P. 1292. 
 
 ORJON, a post-otTice of Henry co., Illinois. 
 
 ORION, a small post-village in the S. part of Richland co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 ORIS'KANY, a creek in the central part of New York, 
 rises in Madison co., and joins the Mohawk at Oriskany. 
 
 ORISivANY, a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, on the 
 Erie Canal, and the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, 7 miles 
 N.W. of Utica. It has several extensive woollen factories. 
 
 ORISKANY F.\LLS, a post-village of Augusta township, 
 Oneida co., New York, on Oriskany Creek and on the Che- 
 nango Canal, 18 miles S.W. of Utica. It has several facto- 
 ries moved by water-power. 
 
 OKISSA, oris'sd, a province of Hindostan, between lat, 
 18° and 23° N., and Ion. 83° and 87° E., having E. the Bay of 
 bengal, and now wholly included in the Rritish presiden- 
 cies of liengal and Madras, Orissa Proper forming the dis- 
 trict of (Juttack. 
 
 ORISTANO, o-ris-ta'no, or OKISTAGNI, o-ris-tan'yee, a 
 town of the island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, capital 
 of the province of ISusachi. on the Oristano, 3 miles from its 
 mouth, and 55 miles N. N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 10.000. It is 
 situated in a marshy plain, enclosed by lofty walls, and has 
 a handsome cathedral, an archbishop's palace, hospital, and 
 Piarist College. Its port, at the river's mouHi, is large and 
 Pt'cure, protected by a mole ; and near it are 2 corn-ware- 
 hous^ss and a large tower. The exports comprise large quan- 
 tities of corn; also salt, salt fish, and the much-esteemed 
 wine of Vernaccia. 
 
 OKLSTANO. GULF OF. island oi Sardinia, between Capes 
 
 Frasca and San Marco. It is 10 miles in length by 5 milc» 
 in breadth, and receives the river Oiistano or Tirsi, which 
 enters it after a S.W. course of 80 miles. 
 
 ORIVAL, oVee\dl', a village of France, department ot 
 Seine-Inferieure, 12 miles S.S.E, of Rouen, on the left bank 
 of the Seine. Pop. 1014. 
 
 ORIVESI. o-re-vA/see. a lake of Enssia, Finland, contain- 
 ing several large islands. 
 
 ORIX.A, an island of Seychelle Archipelago. See Denis. 
 
 OKI.XIMINA, a river of Brazil. See Thombetas. 
 
 ORIZABA, o-re-zah'ba. a post-office, Tippah co., Mississippi. 
 
 0R17..\liA, o-re-s3'nd, a town of the Mexican CAj,fe(i,>ra- 
 tion, state and 70 miles W.S.W. of Vera Cruz, and 25 miles 
 S. of the volcanic peak of Orizaba, (elevation 17,380 feet.) in 
 a highly fertile and richly wooded valley. It has manufac- 
 tures of coarse cloths, and a large government tobacco fa> 
 torv. Pop. 15.000. 
 
 O'R.IIBA, ORXIBA, oR-nee'Ba. or 0R,JIVA. ORGIVA. or- 
 Hee'vd, a town of .'<pain, pr<ivince and 32 miles 8.E. of Gra- 
 nada, on the Gnadalfeo. Pop. 3220, employed in manufac- 
 tures of earthenware, and in linen weaving. 
 
 OIUITZA, a town of Russia, Sec (»rzhit.sa, 
 
 ORKIIET,oR'Kl, 0RGinEVorORGIEV,oR-ghe-?v', a town 
 of South Russia, province of Bessarabia, 25 miles N. of Kisi>- 
 enov. 
 
 ORKHON, or'Kon', a river of Mongolia, joins the Selenga 
 a few miles S.W. of Kiakhta. in about lat. .50° N.. Ion. 105° 
 30' E., after a N.E. course of nearly 380 miles. Chief afflu- 
 ent, the Khara. 
 
 OltK/NEY ISLANDS, (L. Orcndea, or/kii-dez) an archipo- 
 lago off the N. coast of Scotland, between lat. 58° 47' and 59° 
 20' N., and Ion. 2° 4' and 3° 23' W,, separate"! from the county 
 of Caithness by Pentland Frith. Aggii-gate area (iOO squaro 
 miles, or 384.000 acres, of which alxnit 84.000 are under cul- 
 ture. Pop. in 1861,31,455; of whom 16.757 are in Mainland, 
 anil 14.698 in the North and South isles. There are 67 islands 
 and islets; the principal are Pomona or Mainland. South Ro- 
 naldsliay. Hoy, Flotta, Grff'msay, Eday, Ronsay, Sanda, Sha- 
 pinshay, Stronsay, and Wcstray. Of the whole. alx)ut 27 aro 
 usually inhabited, although the number varies frequently, 
 in consequence of single families taking up their alwides in 
 them for a year or two, and thende.serting them. Hoy is the 
 only island of the group that can be called mountainous, 
 and here tlie highest elevation is but 1600 feet. None of 
 the rest have hills of any considerable hc-ight. Nearly all 
 the larger islands are of exceedingly irregular form; being, 
 in many instances, so worn and penetrated by tlie .sea, as to 
 present rather a series of crooked and shapeless peninsulas, 
 projecting in all directions, than a group of compact insular 
 bo<lies. In some cases, the coa.sts of these islands are flat 
 and sandy; in others, bold and rocky. The.=e precipices are 
 highest on the W, side, reaching, in the island of Hoy, the 
 height of lfX)0 feet perpendicular. Little snow falls in win- 
 ter, but the summers are chill and moist. Mean tempera- 
 ture of year, 4ti°.2; summer, 54°; winter 39°.7 Fahrenheit 
 Annual rain, 29 inches. Agriculture is very backward. 
 Oats, barley, potatoes, and turnips are the chief crops. Most 
 of the land is nominally freehold, but burdened with very 
 heavy payments to the crown, or the Earl of Zetland. A 
 small breed of cattle is reared, and about 60,000 sheep pas- 
 ture on the hills and common moors. Rabbits and poultry 
 are numerous. Hunting for wild birds and egg.s, and fishing, 
 partly employ the population, and about 100,000 lobsters 
 are shipped annually for the London market. The manu- 
 factures of kelp and linen have declined, I'laiting from rye 
 straw, and some distilling, are the principal manufactures. 
 Exports of all produce amounted in 1833, to OO.OOO/. These 
 islands were examined by Agricola a. n. 84. In the middle 
 ages they belonged to Norway, but in 1468 were annexed tc 
 the Scottish crown, and formed an earldom. Chief town,. 
 Kirkwall, which was formerly the see of a bishoiiric. 
 
 ORK'NEY and SHET'LAND, the most N. county of Scot- 
 land, comprising the islands of the above names. Area 1'280 
 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 62,533. The county is divided 
 into 42 pari.shes. Chief towns. Kirkwall and Lerwick. It 
 sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 ORKUB, or-koob',(?) or PREKOP, pr.i-kop', a town of 
 European Turkey, Room-Elee, on the Jlorava, 19 miles S.W, 
 of Nissa. 
 
 ORLAMUNDE, (Oriamiinde,) ORia-mlin^eh, a town of 
 Germany, duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, on the Saale,* here 
 joined by the Orla, 43 miles S.W. of Kahla. Pop. 1164. 
 
 OR/LAND, a post-village and township of Hancock co., 
 Maine, on the E, side of Penob.scot River, 55 miles N.E. by 
 E. of Augusta. It Is one of the most thriving places in the 
 county, the inhabitants being largely engaged in commerce 
 and the lumbering business. Pop. 1787. 
 
 ORLAND, a thriving post-village of Steuben co., Indiana, 
 on Crooked Creek, 10 miles N.W. of Angola. 
 ORLAND, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 ORL.\N/DO, a post-office, Philadelphia co., Pennsylvania. 
 ORLEANNOIS or ORLEANNAIS. oRn.Wn'nA/, an old pro- 
 vince of France, had for its capital Orleans; It now forms the 
 gri'ater part of the departments of Loiret, Eure-et-Loii, and 
 Loir-et-Cher. 
 
 14')3 
 
 z^S* 
 
ORL 
 
 OIIN 
 
 ORLEANS, orHe-anz* tut or-leenz', (Fr. pron. oR'i3'*ox«', 
 Pp. Orieanes. ou-Xk-K-nM, It. Orleana, or-lA-J'ii3,) a city of 
 France, cjipital of the department of Loiret, on the ri.:rht bank 
 nf the Loire, here crossed by a bridge of 9 arches, 68 TaV.e^ 
 S.S.W. of I'aris, witli which it is'connected by railroad. Pop. 
 in ISfii. 50.70S. It is very ancient, and has many fine 
 eciunres, hut is in general ill built. The chief edifices are 
 the Cathedral or Church of St. Croix, one of the fine.«t in 
 France; and the Town-haU. an edifice of the 16th century. 
 It has an Aaidanie Uviversilaire. for the department.s of 
 Loiret, Loir-et-Chcr, and ludre-et-Loire, a national collep:e. 
 a primary normal school, a secondary medical school, a pub- 
 lic libr-iry of 25.000 Tolumes, museums of natuiTil history, 
 a Ixitanic garden, and a theatre. Its industrial establi.«h- 
 ments comprise manufactures of hosiery, woollens, cottons, 
 pottery-ware, vinegar, and saltpetre, sugar refineries, brew- 
 eries, and metal foundries, and it has an extensive com- 
 merce in the wine, brandy, and vinegar of its district. Or- 
 leans was built on the ruins of the ancient Genabum. after- 
 wards Aurdliani. Taken and destroyed by Cwsar, it took 
 the name of Aurdlahii or Aurdiahium in honor of the Km- 
 poror Aurelian, by whom it was embellished. It was capital 
 of the first kingdom of Burgundy, and since the time of 
 Philip de Valois, it gave the title of Duke to a member of the 
 royal family. In 1428. Orleans was besieged for six months 
 by the Kngiish, and delivered by the heroism of Joan of Arc. 
 who hence was called the •' Maid of Orleans." In 1567, it 
 was taken and pillaged by tlie Gilvinists. Eleven councils 
 have been held here. It was the birth-pl.ace of Robert, king 
 of France, of Pothier, and of the physician Petit. 
 
 ORLEANS. FOREST OF, extending N. and N.E. of the 
 town, is one of the largest in France. 
 
 ORLEANS, CANAL OF. connects the Loire, by means of 
 the Canal of Loing, with the Seine. The valley of Orleans 
 was devastated by an inundation of the Loire in 1846. 
 
 OIVLEANS, a county in the N. part of Vermont, has an 
 area of about 700 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 waters of the Lamoille and Missisque Rlver.s and by the 
 Black. Barton, Clyde, and other smaller streams, which 
 afford valuable water-power. It contains numerous ponds, 
 and a part of Lake Meniphremagog lies within its borders. 
 The surface is somewhat uneven, the soil is fertile and easily 
 cultivated, and although almost too cold for Indian corn, 
 produces the ether grains, grasses, and fruits, in abundance. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and grass are the staples. 
 OrlciBs county abounds in iron ore, ehromate of iron, and 
 other valuable minerals. Capital. Irasburg. Pop. 18,981. 
 
 ORLEANS, a county in the W.N.W. part of New York, 
 has an area of 379 square miles. It is Iwunded on the N. 
 by Lake Ontario, and is principally drained by Oak Orchard, 
 Johnson's, and Sandy Creeks, which afford valuable water- 
 power. The surface in the N. part is gently undulating, 
 more elevated in the S.. the Mountain Ridge passing through 
 it. The soil is generally fertile, and adapted to grass and 
 grain. Bog iron ore. and some sulphur and salt springs are 
 found. The Erie Canal and the railroad connecting Rochester 
 and Niagara Falls traverse this county. Organized in 1824. 
 having previously formed part of Genesee county, and named 
 from Orleans, a town of France. Capital, Albion. Pop. 2^.717. 
 
 ORLEANS, a parish in the S.E. part of Ix>uisiana, has an 
 area of about 150 square miles. The Mississippi River forms 
 its boundary on the S.. Lake Pontchartrain on the N., and 
 Lake Borgue on thei E. The surface is level, the greater 
 part consisting of a morass, covered with coarse grass, and 
 overflowed daily by the tide. The river is bordered with 
 fertile, arable land, which produces sugar-cane, Indian corn, 
 and fruits for the New Orleans market. Several railroads 
 are in course of construction, a notice of which may be found 
 in the article Nkw Orleans. Capital, New Orleans. Pop. 
 174,491, of whom 160.iKi7 were free, and 14.484. 
 
 ORLEANS, a postrtownship in Barnstable co., Mas.°a- 
 chu-setti, 75 miles in a direct line, or 100 miles following the 
 windings of the peninsula, S.E. by E. of Boston. It has 
 several manufactories of wooden ware; and in 1851. 5 vessels, 
 (tons 336,) manned by 54 persons, were employed in the 
 mackerel fishery. Pop. 1078. 
 
 ORLEANS, a township of Jefferson co., New York, 14 
 miles N. of Watertown. Pop. 2934. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-village of Ontario co., New York, on 
 Flint Creek, 190 mUes W. of Albany. 
 
 OK LEANS, a postoffice of Alleghany co., Maryland. 
 
 ORLEANS, a poEtK)fHce of Fauquier co., Virginia, 112 
 milos N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 ORLEANS, a township of Ionia CO., Michigan. Pop. 85". 
 
 ORLE.\NS, a post-township of Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 
 ORLEANS, a po.st-village and township of Orange co., 
 Indiana, on the New AUmny and Salem Railroad, 66 miles 
 N.W. of New Albany. Pop. 1798. 
 
 I i*,'*'^ ."!!'■ !""' 8f>eake.-« concur In making this name a trisvl- 
 laUe with the accent on the fir^t. This is evidently the manner 
 )D rnicn Shakspi'nre pronounced Orleans. 
 
 -— . "Th(«<lrendfnl lord 
 
 Retiring from the eioge of Oki.eans." 
 *• Was not the duke of Oblea-NS thy foe?"— 
 , j^, 'Uenry VI., Part I. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-village of Polk co.. Mis.«ouri. on the E. 
 fork of Sac River, about 120 miles S.W. of Jefferson City, 
 
 ORLEANS. ISLE OF. Canada K-i.< situated in the St. Law- 
 rence River. N.W. of Quebec, is 20 miles in length, fri'm S.W. 
 to N.E., and 6 miles in greatest breadth. Soil fertile, and 
 well wooded. 
 
 ORLEANS FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co , 
 New York. 
 
 ORLESTONE. orlz't^n. a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 ORLETON. orl'ton, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 OR'LINGBURY.a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ORLOF or ORLOV. See Orel. 
 
 ORLOF or ORLOA', or-lov'. a town of Russia, government 
 and 28 miles W.S.W. of Viatka, on the Viatka. Pop. SCOO. 
 
 ORIXIF or ORLOV. a town of Iiu.iisia. government and 19 
 miles E.N.E. of Voronezh, on the Oosman. I'op. 3500. It 
 was founded in the 17th centurv. 
 
 ORLOVKA or ORI/JWKA. oR-lovHiJ. a market-town of 
 Russia, government of Tchernigov, 32 miles S.W. of Novgo- 
 rod-Severskoie. Pop. 15t30. 
 
 ORMEA. oR-mA/d, a town of Piedmont, division of Coni, 
 18 miles S. of Mondovi. on the Tanaro. Pop. 4750. It is 
 enclosed by old walls, and has manufactures of linen and 
 hempen cloths. It was nearly depopulated by the plague 
 in 1630. 
 
 ORME'S-IIEAD. (ormz hfd.) GREAT, a peninsular head- 
 land of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon, projecting into the 
 Irish Sea. 5 miles N.N.W". of Conway, and forming the W. 
 side of the inlet called Orme's-Bay, the opposite E. point 
 being Little Orme's-IIead. On each of these headlands is a 
 lighthouse. Lat. of Great Orme's-IIead, 53° 20' N.. Ion. 3° 
 51' 2" W. 
 
 ORME'S (ormz) STORE, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Ten- 
 nessee, 125 miles E. bv S. of Nashville. 
 
 OK'MISTON, a villI^:e and parish of Scotland, co. of Had- 
 dington, on the Tj-ne, 25 miles S. of Tranent. Pop. of vil- 
 lage in 1851. 730. It has an old cross, occupying the site 
 of an ancient Roman Catholic chapel: in the pari.«h is Or 
 miston Hall, belonging to the Earl of Hopetoun. 
 
 ORM'SA ISLAND, one of the Hehridtvs, Scotland. N. of 
 Lunga. from which it is separated by a narrow sound. It is 
 Ij miles in circuit. A lighthouse stands on its W. coast. 
 
 ORMS'BY, a parish of FIngland. co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 ORMSBY. North, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ORMSBY. South, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ORMSBY ST. MARGARET, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ORMSBY ST. MICHAEL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ORM'SIDE, Geeat. a parish of England, co. of W estmore- 
 land. 
 
 ORMS/KIRK, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Lancaster, with a station on the East I>ancashire Rail- 
 way, 13 miles N.N.E. of Liverpool. Pop. of town in 1851, 
 5548. It is well built, has a town-hall, a large church, a 
 grammar school, alm.shou.ses. and manufactyres of cottons, 
 silks, and hats, and in the vjcinitv large collieries. 
 
 OR'MLS or OR'MUZ.* (Persian 7/o)m«)? or /fnrmwi, hor'- 
 mooz/; anc. OxyrisT or Orffana?) an island in the Persian 
 Gulf, on its N. side, near its entrance. 45 miles duo N. of 
 Cape Musseiidom, Arabia, and now belonging to the Sultan 
 (or Imam) of Muscat, who is stated to rent it of the Shah 
 of Persia. Lat. 27° 5' N., Ion. 56° 29' E. It is a mere barren 
 rock about 12 miles in circumference, but important ag 
 having been formerly one of the richest commercial empo- 
 riums in the east. It has an extraordinary appearance from 
 the sea, its mountains being of variegated colors from ex- 
 tensive impregnations of salt, sulphur, iron, and copper, 
 which first-named mineral yields a considerable revenue to 
 the Sultan. On its N. side is a town with a good harbor, 
 and a garrisoned fort, which formerly comprised 4000 houses 
 and 40.000 Inhabitants, but is now in total decay. Ormug 
 was captured in 1607. by the I'ortnguese under Albuquerque, 
 but taken from them by the British and I'ersians in 16J2, 
 when its trade as a depot for the produce of India. China, 
 &c., was transferred to Gombroon. 
 
 ORMUS. GULF OF, a term sometimes applied to the S.E. 
 portion of the i'ersian Gulf. 
 
 ORMUS, STRAITS OF. connects the Persian Gulf with 
 the Arabian Sea. Length about 150 miles, breadth 30 
 miles. 
 
 ORNAIN. OR'nSso'. a river of France, ri.«es rear Ncnvllle, 
 In the department of Haute-Marne. Hows N.W., and join* 
 the Saulx on Its right bank. Length P5 miles. 
 
 ORNANS, 0R'n6s«'. a town of France, department of 
 Doubs. 10 miles S.E. of Besan^on, on the Lou6. Pop- in 
 1852, 34^-3. 
 
 ORNAVASSO. OR-ni-viis'so. a market-town, of Piedmt Jt. 
 division of Nofara, province of Pallauza, 12 miles S.E. of 
 Dome d'Ossola. Pop. 1652. 
 
 •" High on a throne of rnval state, which far 
 Uulihone the we.iltli o( Okstus or of Ind— " 
 
 Milton's Paraditt Lost^ Book II 
 
ORN 
 
 OUT 
 
 ORJiTR, oRn, a department of France, in the N.W., formed 
 of viart of Normandy. Alea 2329 square miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 42:5,0.50. The surface, agreeabl3- (liversifled with ranges 
 i)f low hills, presents along the river courses rich pasture 
 land; a considerable part of it i.s sanJy and sterile. Chief 
 rivers, the Orne, Touijues, llille, Eure, Sarthe, and Mayenne. 
 The principal minerals are iron, black-lead, and j^ranite. 
 Hemp, apples, and pears are abundant. Ilurses, among ttio 
 best in France, are reared in the department, and cattle 
 are extensively fattened for the Paris markets. I'owls and 
 ^gs are important objects of commerce. Its manufactures 
 conipri>ie pins, needles, linens, cotton, and lace. The de- 
 partment is divided into the arrondissements of Alen(;on, 
 Argentiin, Domfront. and Mortagne. Capital, Alencjon. 
 
 OKNE, (anc. OUna?) a small river of France, rises near 
 Seez, in tlie department of Orne, flows past Argeiitan. 
 Kcouche, and Caen, where it becomes navigable, and enters 
 the Englisli Channel. Length 80 miles. 
 
 OKNEVILLE, oru'vil, a post-township of Piscataquis co., 
 Maine, 70 miles N.K. of Augusta. Pop. 512. 
 
 ORNOVASSU, a town of the Sardinian States. See Orna- 
 
 VASSO. 
 
 OKOATIS. See Tab. 
 
 OltO.MOC'TO, a village of New Brunswick, co. of Sunbury, 
 on tlie right bank of the St. John, at the entrance of the 
 Oromocto lUver, about 9 miles S.K. of Fredericton. On the 
 borders of Grand I.ake, on the opposite .«ide of the St. John, 
 are extensive coal-mines, from which large quantities of 
 coal arc annually raised. 
 
 O'llONO, a post-township in Penobscot co., Maine, on the 
 ^y. side of the I'euobscot Kiver, 75 miles N.!']. of Augusta, 
 Intersected by the Bangor and l>i.<cataquis P.ailroad. The 
 inhabitants are extensively engaged in the lumber business. 
 Orono liii.s 1 bank. Pop. 2533. 
 
 OKONO'CO, a post-office of Amherst co.. Virginia. 
 
 OIIONOKO, a township of Berrien co., Michigan. P. 1249. 
 
 0'llONS.A.Y, a small island of the Hebrides, immediately 
 S. of the island of Colonsay, and having on it some tine 
 remains of an ancient priory. 
 
 OIWNTKS. o-ron'tez. (called by the Arabs, EL AASY, el 
 id'w^e, " the rebellious,") a river of Xortli Syria, pashalics 
 of Dam.iscus and Aleppo, rises in Anti-libanus, flows N. 
 through Lake Kadez or lioms, and to near Antakia {Anliocli,) 
 where it suddenly turns W.S.W., and soon enters the Medi- 
 terranean. 40 miles N. of Latakeea, (Latakieh,) after an inna- 
 vigable course of 240 miles. 
 
 OKOPESA, a city of South America. See Cochabamb.v. 
 
 OIIOPESA, o-ro-pi/si, a town of Spain, province and 65 
 miles N.K. of Caceres, with a fine old castle belonging to the 
 Duke of Frias. 
 
 OllOPESA, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles N.E. 
 of Castellon de la Plana, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 OllOPO, o-ro'po, (anc. Orolpus,) a village of Greece, govern- 
 ment of Attica, on the Asopo, near its moutli in the llurlpus, 
 24 miles E. of Theljes, witli remains of ancient fortifications. 
 
 OROSEI, o-ro-sA'e, a village of the island of Sardinia, 18 
 miles E.N.E. of Nuovo, near the mouth of the river Orosei. 
 Its port is almost useless. Pop. 1703. 
 
 OROSENOA, o-ro-sfng'gi, or OLOOSINGA, o-loo-sing/gi, 
 one of the Friendly Islands, South Pacific, belonging to 
 Navigators' Group. Lat. 14° 14' S., Ion. 169° 34' W., about 3 
 miles long. 
 
 OROSIIAZA, o^ro8h'hd'zoh\ a large village of East Hun- 
 gary, county and 27 miles S.W. of Bekes, in a fertile region. 
 .Pop. 9581. 
 
 OROTAVA, o-ro-tl/vj, a town of the Canary Islands, on 
 tlie N. coast of Teneriffe, below the Peak. Pop. 8315. It 
 has several churches and convents, the governor's residence, 
 mole, and citadel. Its harbor is bad, liut it has an active 
 trade in wine, and extensive fisheries. 
 
 OROTELLI, o-ro-t^l'lee, or ORTELLI, OR-tJl'lee, a village 
 of the island of Sardinia, province of Nuoro, on the left 
 oank of the Pirso. Pop. 1385. 
 
 O'ROUKE'S, o-rooks', a post-olfice of St. Tamany parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 OliPH.VNO, OR^fJ-no, a maritime village of European 
 Turkey, Macedonia, on the Gulf of Orpliaiio, 50 miles E. of 
 Salonica. Lat. 46° 49' N., Ion. 23° 55' E. It has a fortress, 
 and its vicinitv is fertile. 
 
 ORPHAXO.'GULF of, called also GULF OF CONTES/SA, 
 (anc. Strymmificus Si'nus,) a gulf of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 N . W. of .\Iount Athos ; greatest length about 20 miles, breadth 
 perhaps 10 miles. 
 
 0R/P1I.\N'S ISLAND, at the entrance to Penobscot River, 
 opposite the town of Bucksport, I'enobscot co., Maine. It is 
 4 miles long, and contains about 5000 acres. 
 
 OR'PniR, a maritime pari.sh of Scotland, Orkney Islands, 
 comprising a part of Mainland, and the small island of Cava. 
 
 01l'Pl\(il'0N, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ORP-LE <1 RAND, oRp leh grSu", a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant. 29 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1473. 
 
 OR'itELL, a town.ship of England, co. of Ivincaster, with 
 a itation on the Lanca-ster and Yorkshire Railway, 2i miles 
 ■yV.ofWigan. Pop. 2478. 
 
 OlVPvERY AND KILMORE', a barony of Ireland, Munster, 
 
 CO. of Cork, in Its N. part. Pop. 34,l.'i4. It gives the titio 
 of Earl to the Boyle family, Earls of Cork. 
 
 OR/lllN, a river of Scotland, rises in the S.E. of the co 
 of Ross, flows mostly E., and joins the Conan, after a cour.-x 
 of alxiut 27 miles. 
 
 OR'ltlN GLEN, a post-ofiice of Delaware co., Iowa. 
 
 OK/RINOTON, a post-township in Penoliscot co., Maine, 
 on the Penobscot River, 5 miles helovr Bangor, and 66 mil -i 
 E. by N. of Augusta. It confciins 1 Congregational and 3 
 Methodist churches, a high school, and 8 stores. The 
 streams afford motive power for 6 saw-mills, which cut 
 annually aliout 2,000.000 feet of lumber, several shingle- 
 mills, lath-niills, and turning-mills, and a paper-mill. There 
 is also a steam saw-mill, turning out about 700,000 feet of 
 lumber annually. About 20 vessels are owned here and 
 employed in the West India and coastwise trade. A fen-y 
 connects Orrington with Hampden, on tlie opposite side of 
 the I'enobscot. Pop. 1950. 
 
 OR'RINGTON COR/NER, a village in the above township, 
 contains a church, 2 stores, and the Orrington post-oflice. 
 
 ORROLI, oR'Ro-le, a filthy village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division and N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop, 1704. 
 
 ORRS'TOWN, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 
 10 niilos from Chambersburg. It is handsomely built 
 Pop. 35(1. 
 
 ORRSVILLE, a post-village. Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ORRSVILLE, a village of Gwinnett co.. Georgia, on tlie 
 Chattahoochee River, 105 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 01; U VI LLE, a post-office, Mecklenburg co., North Carolina. 
 
 Or.liVlliLE, a post-t)flice of Dallas co., Alabama. 
 
 OHRVILLK, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 ORS.V, oR'sd, a village and parish of Sweden, lain and 52 
 uiilt'S N.W. of Falun, on Lake Orsa. 
 
 ORSAltA, oB-sd'rd, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 
 5 mill's N.W. of Bovino. Pop. 4200. 
 
 Olt.^CIIEL, NIEDER, nee'df r oBsli'el, a village of Prussia 
 province of Saxony. Pop. 1C02. 
 
 OR'SET, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 ORSHA, or ORCII.i, or'shd, a town of Russia, government 
 and 44 miles N, of Moheelev, on tlie Dnieper, here joined by 
 the Orzhitza, Pop. 2000. 
 
 ORSK, ousk, a fort of Asiatic Russia, government and 155 
 miles E.S.E. of Orenboorg, on the river t'ral. I'op. 1260. It 
 is a custom-house station Ibr caravans entering European 
 Ru.ssia. Jasper is abundantly obtained in its vicinity. 
 
 ORSOVA, (oR'»o'voh\) NEW, or ADUSKELIA, a-doo.s-k'A/- 
 le-J, a frontier town of Little Wallachia. on an island in the 
 Danulie, 4 miles above the '-Iron-gate," and 36 miles E. of 
 Jloldova, on the borders of Hungary. It is a station for 
 steam packets, and for travellers on the Danube to cross to 
 or from Servia, and re-embark after a land journey to avoid 
 the innavigable p.irt of the river. 
 
 0RS0V,4^ (oR'so'voh\) OLD, a village of Hungary, 3 miles 
 S.W. of New Orsova, on the left bank of the Danube. P. 990. 
 
 ORSOY, oR/soi, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles 
 N,N.W. of Dus.seIdorf. on the Rhine. Pop. 1625. 
 
 ORS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 ORT, oRt, a market-town of Lower Austria, 16 miles E.S.K. 
 of Vienna, on the Danube. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ORTA, oR/ti, a town of the Sardinian States, division and 
 25 miles N.N.W. of Novara, above the ^\'. sliore of Lake 
 Orta. Pop. 1137. 
 
 ORTA, a market-town of Naples, province of Capitanata. 
 13 miles S.E. of Foggia. Pop. 1500. 
 
 OR'T.\, LAKE OF, (anc. Lalctis Culsius ?) of Piedmont, divi- 
 sion of Novara, is 7 miles W. of the Lago Maggiore, into 
 which it discharges its surplus waters. Length 8 miles, 
 breadth Ij miles. It is highly picturesque. 
 
 ORTE, oR/t.A, a decayed town of Italy. I'ontiflcal States. 15 
 miles E. of A'iterbo, on the right bank of the Tiber. P. 2339. 
 
 OR/TELSBURG,(Ger. pron. OR/tels-b06R(i\) a town of East 
 Prussia, 82 miles S.S.E. of Kiinigslierg, beside a lake. It has 
 a castle and 1520 inhabitants. 
 
 ORTENBEHG. oR/ten-b^RoV a town of Germany, grand- 
 duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Ober-IIessen, on the 
 Nidder, 24 miles N.E. of Frankfort. P. 1097. ' 
 
 ORTENBERG.a village of Germany, grand-duchy of Ba- 
 den, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Kinzig. I'op. 981. 
 
 ORTENBURG. oR/ten-b<5oRG\ a market-town of Lower Ba- 
 varia, 10 miles W. of "Passau, with an old castle. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ORTHEZ or ORTIlfiS, OR'iV, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Basses-l'yrenees, on the Gave de Pan. crossed here 
 by an old bridge, 24 miles N.W. of Pau. Pop. in 1852, 9948. It 
 has manufactures of woollen stuffs, copper and iron wire, 
 copper wares, and leather, with a brisk trade in Bayonne 
 hams, goose-feather.s, and cattle. Near this town, on 27th 
 February, 1814, the French under Soult were defeated by 
 the .'Vnglo-Spanish army under Wellington. 
 
 ORTLER, oRt/ler, ORTELER, OR/teh-ler, or ORTLER- 
 SPITZE, oR^er-spiVseh, the loftiest mountain of the Tyrol, 
 and of the Austrian Empire, is situated in the Rhictian Alps, 
 about 10 miles S. of Gliirns. Elevation 12.852 feet. 
 
 ORTNERI, ORt-n.Vree, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division of Cagliari, E.N.E. of Oristano. Pop. 1690. 
 
 OR'TON or O'VERTON, a marketrtown and parish of 
 
 1405 
 
ORT 
 
 OSH 
 
 England, co. of ■Westmoreland, SJ miles S-S-W. of Appleby. 
 Pop. ill 1851, 1456. It is irregularly built; near it is a cop- 
 per mine. 
 
 OK'i'OX, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 OKTO.N-LO.NGUEVXLLJ;, or'ton long'vil, a parish of Eng- 
 lanil. CO. of Hunts. 
 
 OKTOX-ON-rilK-IIILL. a parish of England, co. Leicester. 
 
 OUTO.VWATEKVILLE, a pari:;h of England, co. of Hunts. 
 
 OllTONA, OR-to/ni, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Citra, 8 miles N. of Lauciauo, on the Adriatic, where it has 
 a small port. Pop. 6900. It has a cathedral, and a consi- 
 derable trade in winC. 
 
 OKTOXOVU, oR-to-uo'vo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Genoa, 14 miles from Levante. Pop. 2150. 
 
 OKTOXVILLE, a post>office of Dutchess co., New York. 
 
 ORTl'vAND, oRt/rdnt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 76 miles 
 E. of Merseburg. I'op. 1820. 
 
 ORUBA. an island of the West Indies. See Arub.^. 
 
 OKUXK, o-roo/uA. a village of the island of Sardinia, pro- 
 rince and X.X.E. of Xuoro. Pop. ISOa. 
 
 ORUKO, o-roo'ro. a town of Bolivia, 100 miles N.W. of 
 Sucre, with 5000 inhabitants, and many cbui-ches and con- 
 vents. The department of Oruro, enclosed by those of Po- 
 tosi, Paz, and Lamar, is chiefly in pasturage, on which large 
 numbers of cattle are reared. 
 
 ORUST, o'roost. an island of Sweden, stift and 28 miles 
 N.W. of Gottenburg. in the Cattegat. Length 14 miles, 
 breadth 10 miles. The surface is leve], and the population 
 are employed in raising hops, rearing cattle, and fishing. 
 
 OIWAX. a township of i'ulton co., Illinois. 
 
 ORVIETO, oK-ve-.-i'to, (anc. Urbs Vdtus or Herbalnum.) a 
 cfty of Central Italy, .-tiite of Unibria, at the junction of the 
 Paglia and Cliiana. affluents of the Tiber, 60 miles N.X.W. 
 of Rome. Pop. U210. It stands on a scarped rock, and has 
 a tine cathedral, rich in works of art. archbishop's and papal 
 residences, a remarkable well, and Etruscan remains. 
 
 ORYIGO. oK-vee'go. or OKBIGO, or-Bee'go. a river of Spain, 
 rises in the X. of Leon, flows S., and joins the right bank of 
 the Esla; total course 80 miles. 
 
 OR/VILLE. a village of Ohio, at the junction of the Ohio 
 and Pennsylvania, and the Cleveland Zanesville and Cin- 
 cinnati Railr6ads, 64 miles from Crestline. 
 
 Oll'WELL. a river of England, co. of Suffolk, rises near 
 Felsham, flows generally south-eastward, and joins the 
 Stour at Harwich, the harbor of which town is formed by 
 their unit<.'d estuary. The site of the old town of Orwell, at 
 its mouth, is now covered by the sea. 
 
 ORWELL, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 ORWELL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kinross. 
 
 OK'WELL. a post-town.ship of Rutland co.. Vermont, near 
 Lake Chauiplain. 46 miles S.\V. of Montpelier. It has seve- 
 ral ehurclies, and a bank. 
 
 OK WELL, a post-township in the K.E. part of p.swego co.. 
 New Vork. abdut 160 miles W.X.W. of Albany. Pop. 1435. 
 
 ORWELL, a post-township in the X.E. part of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1420. 
 
 ORWELL, a j>ost-township in the S.W. part of Ashtabula 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 961. 
 
 OR'W IGSBURG. a post-borough of West Branswick town- 
 ship, Schuylkill co., Penn.sylvania. on the railroad leading 
 from Reading to Pottsville, 9 miles S.E. of the latter. It 
 w.is fonui-rly the county-seat. Jt contains 3 churches and 
 1 academy. Pop. 828. 
 
 ORZIIiTSA or OUJITZA. oE-zhit'sd, a market-town of Rus- 
 sia, government and 86 miles W.X.W. of Poltava. Pop. 1450 
 
 OUZIXOVI, oRd-ze-no^'ee, or ORCIXOVI, oR-che-no/vee, a 
 village of Xorthoin Italy, province and IS miles S.W. of 
 Bre.-ciii. near the Oglio. Pup. 4430. 
 
 ORZI-VECCHI, oRd'zee vSk'ltee, a village of Northern 
 Italy, province of Brescia, about 3 miles N.E. of Orzi-Novi, 
 hat a church, sanctuary, ajid oratory, and the remains of an 
 old fortress. Pop. 1322. 
 
 OSACC.\, a town of Japan. See Os.tK.'i. 
 
 OS.iSCO, o-sda^ko. a village of the Sardinian States, Pied- 
 mont, 2 miles S. of Pinerolo, on the right bank of the Clu- 
 Bone. Pop. 1000. 
 
 OSASIO, o-s;l/.=e-o, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion and S. of Turin. Pop. 1400. 
 
 0'S.\Ghy. (Fr. pron. o'zizh'.) a large river, which rises in 
 the E. part of the Indian Territory, and entering Missouri, 
 near the X.AV. (orner of Bates co., falls into the Missouri 
 River 10 miles I elow Jefferson City. Its general direction is 
 nearly eastward, and its whole length is estimated at 500 
 miles. It 1.S the largest nflluent which the Missouri River 
 receives m this state. Boat- of moderate size can ascend 
 ZOO mi es or n.ore, when the water is high. The region 
 draine.1 by this river is occupied by fertile prairies inter- 
 spersed with woodlands. 
 
 OSAGE, a county in the E. central pjirt of Missouri, con- 
 tains about bM square miles. It is bounded on the N. by 
 nL in^r h"7."" *''» ^-^V. by the Osage River, and 
 t . i .mv\,""'r^"'^;"!"^.*'*"'l -^1'"*" «»^«". The sur- 
 
 ^:ii:T:::^k^x^ '■"'"■ ''"^- '''^^ '^^ -'-•» ^^-^ 
 
 OsAGE. a township of Benton co., Arkansas. 
 1400 
 
 L 
 
 OSAGE, a post-township in Carroll co., Arkans,is. 
 
 OSAGE, a post-village of Crawford co., Missouri, 91 miles 
 S.E. of Jeffer.son City. 
 
 OSAGE, a post-offlce of Fremont co., Iowa. 
 
 OSAGE FORK, of Gasconade River, Missouri, rise* in 
 Texas co., and unites with the main stream in the N.E. part 
 of La Clede county. 
 
 OS.\GE FORK of Maramec River. See M.\r.*mec. 
 
 OSAGE INDIANS, a tribe formerly dwelling in the Indian 
 Territory, S. of the Osage River. 
 
 OSAGE MILLS, a post-village in Benton co., Arkansas. 
 
 OSAKA or OSACCA, o-Sil/ki, written also SAKAIR, SA- 
 KAE or OIIOSAKA, a .seaport, and one of the 5 great impe- 
 rial towns of Japan, island of Niphon, on it.-i S.'W. coast, S3 
 miles from Miako, of which it is the port; lat. 34° 40' N., Ion. 
 135° 25' E. It has a strong citadel, and an extensive trade. 
 
 0S.\NIIVPA. a post-office of Chambers co., Alaliama. 
 
 OSBALIVESTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 OSBALD'WICK, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 OSBORN. of Ohio, a station on the Sandusky and Dayton 
 Railroad, 10 miles from Dayton. 
 
 OS/BORNE, the marine residence of the Queen of Great 
 Britain. Isle of Wight. Ij miles from West Cowes. 
 
 OSBORNE, a post-vill.ige of Rock co., Wisconsin, about 28 
 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 OSBORNE ISLANDS, a group in Admiralty Gulf, off thfe 
 N.W. coast of -Australia. 
 
 OSBORN MILL, a district in Harris co.. Georgia. 
 
 OSBORN'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Fulton co.. New York. 
 
 OSBORN'S FORD, a post-office of Scott co., Virtrinia. 
 
 OSBORN'S HOLLOW, a post-village of Broome co., New 
 York, loO miles W, by S. of Albany. 
 
 QSBOURNBY, oz/burn-be, a parish of Englan*, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 OSCA. See IIuEsc.i. 
 
 OSCACASALE. os-kS-ki-sill a village of Austrian Italy, 
 province and 12 miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 1180. 
 
 OSCARSTAD, os'kaR-stddN or ARVIKA, aR-vet'kd. a town 
 of Sweden, lien and 40 miles N.W. of Carlstad. Founded 
 in 1811, and named in honor of the son of Bernadotte. 
 
 OSCEi )LA, os'se-o'la, a recently organized county in the 
 N.W. central part of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. 
 It is hiteisected by the Maskegon River. Pop. in 1860, 27. 
 
 OSCEOL.i, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, bordering 
 on the state of Minnesota, has an area of aliout 535 square 
 miles. It is drained by the head waters of the Little Sioux 
 River, which flows into the Missouri. This county is not 
 included in the census of 1S60. Named in honor of the 
 celebrated Seminole chief, Osceola. 
 
 OSCEOLA, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 . of Lewis CO., New York. Pop. 595. 
 
 OSCEOL.\, a post-office of lioga co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 OSCEOL.V, a post-office of Cherokee co.. Alal>auia. 
 
 OSCEOLA, a post-village, capital of Mississippi co.. Arkan- 
 sas, on the Mississippi River. 87 miles above Jleniphis. 
 
 OSCEOLA, a post-village of Crawford co., Ohio, 70 miles 
 N. of Columbus. 
 
 OSCEOIy.\,atown8hipof Livingston CO., Michigan. P. 1084. 
 
 OSCEILA, a post-township of Stark co.,IlIinois. Pop.]0(T0. 
 
 OSCEOLA.apost-Tillage, capital of St. Clair CO.. Mo., on the 
 Osage, 132 miles M'.S."W. of Jefferson City. It lias a bank. 
 
 OSCEOLA, a post-village, capital of Clarke co., Iowa, about 
 45 miles S. of Des Moines. 
 
 OSCEOL.\, a post-offlce of Fond du Lac co.. Wi-consin. 
 
 OSCEOLA CENTRE, a post-village of Livingston co., 
 Michigan. 50 miles N.W'. by W. of Detroit. 
 
 O.SCEOLA MILLS, a village of St. Croix co., Wisconsin. . 
 
 OSCH. 0SK-, a market-town of the Netherland.s. province 
 of North Brabant. 11 miles N.E. of Boi.«-le-Duc. 
 
 OSCII.'^TZ, o'shats. a town of Saxony, on the railway from 
 Leipsic to Dresden, 31 miles E.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 5300. 
 It is enclosed bv walls, and has manufactures of woollens. 
 
 OSCHERSLEBEN, osh'ers-li'ben, a walled town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, on the Bode, 19 miles W.S.AV. of Magdeburg, 
 with a station on the railway to Brunswick. Pop. 3850. It 
 has a castle, and some manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 OSCUIRI, os-kee'ree, or OSKERI. o.i-k.VriH', a village of 
 the Island of Sardinia, division and 29 miles E.N.E. of Sag- 
 sari. Pop. 1993. 
 
 OSCHITZ. osh'its, a municipal town of Bohemia, 8 miles 
 N.W. of Reichenlierg. Pop. 950. 
 
 OSCO'DA. a new and unorganized county in the N.E. part 
 of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Aux Sable River, which flows from W. to E. The am- 
 sus of 1860 gives no returns for this county. 
 
 OSERO, (anc, Apsorus.) an i.sland of Illyria. See LosstM. 
 
 OSERO, o-s.A/ro. a maritime town of Illyria, on tlie W. cido 
 of the island of Cherso, in the Adriatic, opposite the islind 
 of Lossini, with which it communicates by a bridge. Pop 
 1500. It has a fine cathedral. 
 
 OS'G.VrilORPE, a parish of Enzland. co. of Leiceste-. 
 
 OS/GODBY WITH KIRK'BY. a parish of Englar.d. co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 OSHA, OSCHA or OCHA, o'shi, a liver of Siberia, issne 
 
OSII 
 
 OSS 
 
 from Lake Teniz, government of Tobolsk, and joins the Ir- 
 tish. 30 miles lielow Tara. Total course, 140 miles. 
 
 OS'IIAUKU'TA or HILL'S CORXKKS, a small post-village 
 of Oilurabia co.. Wisconsin, 30 miles N. of Madison. 
 
 OJ^HAWA, o-sh4'wd; a flourishing post-village of Canada 
 West, CO. of York, 33 miles N.K. of Toronto. It contains 
 Beveral stores, hotels, and mills. Pop. ahout 1150. 
 
 (tj'lIKOSII, the capital ot AVinnt-ljiigo co., Wisconsin, is 
 situated on both sides of the Fox River, at its entrance 
 into Lake Winnebago, on ground that slopes gradually to- 
 wards the lake and river, affording good drainage for the 
 whole city. Immediately above this place the river widens 
 out into Lake Butte des Morts. Owing to the proximity of 
 BO much water the heats of summer are much tempered 
 and the nights in particular are always cool and pleasant. 
 Lumber and agricultural machinery are the principal man- 
 fKor continuation, see .Appexmx.] 
 
 OSIIMOONKYN or ACILMOUXEYN, osh-moo-nan', writ- 
 ten also KSCIIMUNEIN or ESUMOUNKYN, a large vil- 
 lage of Egvpt, W. of the Nile, on the site of the ancient 
 UnrmnpfiUs' Magna, lat. 27° 50' N., Ion. about 30° 50' E. I'op. 
 estiaia'ed at from 4000 to 10,000. In its vicinity are some 
 highly interisting ruins. 
 
 CSII'TK.MO. a township, Kalamazoo co., Michigan. P. 1239. 
 
 OSIECZNU, a town of Prussia. See S^ol!CH^EST. 
 
 OSIULIA, o-seel'yd, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Genoa, about 24 miles from Savona. Pop. 1400. 
 
 OSILO, o-see'lo, a village of Sardinia, division of Sassari, 
 6 miles E. of Sa-^sari. Pop. 2000. 
 
 OSl-MA, o-see'm,i. a .small island of Japan, 40 miles AV. of 
 Matsmai. on the island of Y'es.so. 
 
 OSI MX, a bay of Japan. See Odawara. 
 
 OSIMO. os/e-mo, (anc. Auxiinum.) a town of Central Italy, 
 Pontifical States, on a bill near the Musone, 9 miles S. of 
 Ancoiin. Pop. 13.430. 
 
 OSIO-DI-S!Jl'KA, o'se-o dee so/prJ, and OSIO-DI-SOTTO, 
 o'.se-o dee sot'to, two adjacent villages of Northern Italy, 
 province and 7 miles S.S.W. of llergamo. United pop. 2800. 
 
 OSIOOT. a town of Uiipcr Kgyjjt. See SlooT. 
 
 OSKALOo'SA. a ftourisliing i>ost>village, capital of Ma- 
 haska county, lowii, on the Des Mnincs Valley Railroad, 100 
 miles N.W. of Keoknk, and 4 miles N. of the Des Moines 
 River. It has an elevated and healthy situation in the midst 
 of a fertile country. It contained in"lS64, 8 churches, a col- 
 lego, 1 national bank, 1 state bank, and 1 woollen factory. 
 Two newspapers are publi.shed here. The Yearly Mlictiiig 
 of the Society of Friends for the state of Iowa is held here. 
 Laid out in 1844. Population June, 1851, 916; in 1860, 
 4393. 
 
 OSKOL, os-kol', a river of Russia, rises in the government 
 of Koorsk, Hows generally S., and in the government of 
 Kharkov joins the Donets on the left, about 15 miles below 
 Izioom. Total course, partly navigable. 210 miles. 
 
 OSKOL N'OVOI, os-kol' no-voi', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Koor.sk. capital of a district, on the Oskol, an afflu- 
 ent of the Donets 92 miles S.E. of Koorsk. 
 
 OSKOL STAROI, os-kol' .st4-roi'. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Koorsk. on a hill. 70 miles E.S.E. of Koorsk. 
 
 OSLAUAN, os'low-an\'or OSL.\.WA.\Y, os-ia-<N'd'nee, a 
 market-town of Austrian Moravia, 12 miles W.S.W, of 
 Briinn, on the right bank of the Oslawa. Pop. 1162. 
 
 OSMA, os'nid. (anc. Oxnmaf) a town of Spain, province 
 and 26 miles S.W. of Soria, on the Ucera. Pop. 617. It has 
 a fine cathedral, and some Roman antiquities. 
 
 OSMA, (anc. O.^htms.) a river of European Turkey, Bulga- 
 ria, joins the Danube near Xicopolis. Length 100 miles. 
 
 OSM.'VN. os^rnSn'. a town of India, Punjab, between the 
 Indus and .Ihylum Rivers; lat. 33° 53' N., Ion. 72° 52' E. 
 
 0SMA.\-1!.VZ.\R, os-mdn' bi-zar', a town of European 
 Turkey. Buliraria, 32 miles W. of Shoomla. 
 
 OSMAX.IIK OP OSMAXDJIK, os-nidn-jeek', a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Seevas. 54 miles W.X.VV. of Ama- 
 Hia. on the Kizil-irmak, here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. 
 It h.as a ruined fortre.'s. It is unhealthy from its low situ- 
 ation and lad water. 
 
 O.^'.M VSrON, two parishes of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 OS'.MIXOTOX. a pari.'^h of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 OSMOTII'ERLEY, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Ridinc. 
 
 OSMUS. See Osma. 
 
 OSXABRUCK, (Osnabrlick.) See OsN-.\BUlta, 
 
 OSX.\BKUCK, os'ni-briik\ an extensive district or Innd- 
 drostei of Hanover, bounded W% by Holland. Area 2411 
 square miles. Pop. 261,965. 
 
 O.S'.XABUliG. (Ger. Osnabrnck, os'nd-briik\) a town of 
 Hanover, capital of the above district, on the Hase, an 
 affluent of the Ems. 74 miles W.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 
 16,1.S0. It is enclosed by walls, entered by 5 gates, and con- 
 nists of an old and a new town. Principal edifices, the old 
 pjilace. Town-hall, in which the treaty of Westphalia was con- 
 cluded in lt)4S. Court-house, Cathetiral, several Lutheran and 
 Roman Catholic churches, and 2 gymnasia, a Lutheran or- 
 phan asylum, numerous bospital.s, and a workhouse. It 
 has manufactures of woollen cloths, tobacco, chiccory. soap, 
 paper, and leather. Its chief trade, the export of linen 
 
 fabrics, and cattle, is favored by its position en thf< higrh 
 route betweeif Bremen and the Lower Rliine. Osnabvirg 
 was erected into a .see by Charlemagne, in 888; and in 1082 
 it was surrounded >)y walls. The negotiations for the peace 
 of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were 
 carried on here. The l)lshoprio was secularized in 1803, and 
 incorporated with Hanover. 
 
 OS.XABUKG, an island of the Society group, called also 
 MAITEA. (which see.) 
 
 OS'XAliURG. a jiost-village and town.ship in the S.E. part 
 of Stark co., Ohio, 124 miles X.E. of Columbus. Pop. 2ir26. 
 
 OS'XABURGH ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, lat. 21° 54' S-, Ion. 
 138" 59' 34" W., is 14 miles long, and well wooded, 
 
 OSXAIO or OSNAJO, os-nd'yo, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province and 16 miles S.E. of Conio. Pop. 1362. 
 
 OSO'LO, a township in Elkhart co.. Indiana. Pop. 763. 
 
 OSOPl'O, o-sop/po, a t<iwn of Austrian Italy, province of 
 Friuli. 15 miles X.N.W. of Udine. Pop. 1250. 
 
 OSORNO, o-soR/no, a volcano of Patagonia, W. coast, op- 
 posite the island of Chiloe, lat. 41° S.. Ion. 70° 40' W". 
 
 OSORXO, o-soR'no, a river, lake, and ruined town of Chili, 
 province of Valdivia. The river"rises in the large lake at 
 its foot, flows N.W., and enters the Pacific 34 mile* S.W. of 
 Valdivi.a, having the ruins on its bank. 
 
 OSORNO MAYOR. o-soR/no ml-oit/, a village of Spain, 
 Leon, province and 32 miles N. of Pnlencia. 
 
 OSPEDALETTO, os-pA-dd-lft'to, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province and 9 miles S.E. of Lodi, near the Lambro. Pop. 
 1573. 
 
 OSPEDALETTO or OSPITALETTO. a village of Northern 
 Italy, province and 8 miles W. of Brescia. I'op. 1645, 
 
 OS'PRINGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 2 miles 
 U'.S.W. of Feversham. Here are the ruins of a hospital, 
 founded by Henry 111. 
 
 OSS or OS, OS. (formerly OSCII, osK.) a market-town of 
 the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 13 miles N.E. 
 of Bois-li!-Duc.- Pop. 1113. 
 
 OS'SA, (Gr. 0<j-<ra ; modern Kisnolrn.) a mountain of Thcs- 
 saly, on the E. side of the river Pencils, immediately N. 01 
 Mount Pelion, and iKiunding, with the opposite chain of 
 Mount Olympus, the reputed vale of Tempe. 
 
 OSSA, os'.si, a river of West Prussia, joins the Vistula 
 near Graudenz, after a W. course of 45 mile.s. 
 
 OSSA, os'sd, a bay of the Malay Archipelago, on the E. 
 side of Gilolo. with the village of O.^sa on its S. coast. 
 
 OSSA, os'sd, a town of Russia, government and 68 miles 
 S.W. of I'erm. on the Kama. Poji. about 2000. 
 
 OS'SAB.\W' ISLAND, of Bryan co., Georgia, at the mouth 
 of Ogeecliee Kiver. is about 10 miles long. Ossabaw Sound 
 is situated immediately N. of the island. 
 
 OSSABLl K(JV0 or OSSABLIKOWO, os-sd-ble-ko/vo. a town 
 of Russia, government and -S.E. of Vladimeer. Pop. 2860. 
 
 OSSAtiO, os-sd/go, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 and 5 miles S. of Lodi. Pop. 1296. 
 
 OSSAIA, os-si/d, (t. e. '• the bones,") a frontier village ol 
 Tuscany, province of Arezzo, 3 miles S. of Cortona. and N. 
 of the Lake of Perugia, (anc. TUrasyinrlntts.) From the num, 
 ber of human remains found ht^e. it it supposed to t;e the 
 site of the famous victory giiined by the Carthaginians un- 
 der Hannibal, over the Romans under Flaminius, li. c. 217. 
 
 OSSAU, GAVE DE. See Gave D'Ossau. 
 
 OSSA/W.\, a post-office of Clinton co., Michigan. 
 
 OSSEG or OSSEK, os'sik, a village of Bohemia, 22 miles 
 N.AV. of Leitmeritz, with a magnificent abbey, which has a 
 librarv of 40,000 volumes. 
 
 OS'SEO or bS'CEO, a village of Hillsdale co., Michigan, on 
 the Southern Railroad, 5 miles E. of Hillsdale, has about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 OSSERO, an island in the Adriatic Sea. See Lo.s.si\-i. 
 
 OS/SETT, a chapelry of England, co. of Y'ork, West Riding. 
 
 OSSI, os'see. a village of Sardinia, division and 4 miles 
 S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2297. 
 
 OSSIAX, osh'yan, a post-village and township at the N.E. 
 extremity of Alleghany co., New Y'ork, about 233 miles W. 
 by S. of Albany. 
 
 OSSIAN, a village of Wells co., Indiana, 11 miles N. of 
 Bluflfton. 
 
 OSSIAN, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa. 
 
 OS'SIN, a small river of Wisconsin, flows into Rock River, 
 in Dodge co., near the S. end of W innebago Marsh. 
 
 OSSIXG en, os'sing-en, a vilVage and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton and 19 miles N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1177. 
 
 OS'SIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 OS'SIXIXG, a township of Westchester co., New York, ou 
 the Hudson River and on the Hudson River Railroad, 32 
 miles N. of New York. It contains the village of Sing Sing. 
 Total population, 6766. 
 
 OS'SIPEE. a post-village and township, capital of Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the W. side of Ussipee Lake, 45 milet^ 
 N.N.E. of Concord. ' Pop. 1997. 
 
 OSSIPEE LAKE, in the E. part of New Hampshire, id 
 Carroll co. It is nearly circular, being about 6 miles in \U 
 greater, and 4 or 5 miles in its smaller diameter. 
 
 OSSIPEE MOUNTAIN, of Grafton co.. New Hampshire, s 
 range lying Immediately W. of Os.-ipee Lake. 
 
 1407 
 
OSS 
 
 OSSrPEE RITER, forms the outlet of Ossipee I-ake, in 
 Strafford co., New Hampshire, and flowing easterly into 
 Maine, after forming part of the boundary between York 
 and Oxford counties, falls into the Snco River. 
 
 OSS^OXA. os-so'nd. a village and parish of Northern Italy, 
 province of I'avia. 8 miles X. of Abbiate Grasso. Pop. 14<j9. 
 
 OSSORKK, os-so'ree. (Hindoo Asooree or Asiiri.) a large ril- 
 Lige of Hiudostan, Mysore, 23 miles W.N.W. of Xundydroog. 
 Near it is a noble reservoir, connected with the town by an 
 avenue of trees. 
 
 OS'SORY, an old principality and a diocese of Ireland, 
 Leinster, co. of Kilkenny, and Queen's and King's counties. 
 Since 1S33, the Protestant as well as r.oinan Catholic see has 
 had its seat at Kilkenny. 
 
 OSSORY, Upper, formerly a barony in Queen's co., Ireland. 
 
 OSSUN, osVux"/, a town of France, department of Jlautes- 
 Pyreuees, 10 miles S.\V'. of Tarbes. I'op. 29(5-1. Near it 
 a famous battle with the Saracens took place in the 8th 
 century. 
 
 OSSCnA. a town of Spain. See Oscka. 
 
 OSTASIIKOV or OSTASCHKOW, os-tJsh-kov/, a town 
 of Russia, government and lOi miles W.N.W. of Tver, on 
 Lake Salig. Pop. 8990. It is built mostly of wood, but its 
 public edifices are handsome stone structures, and comprise 
 eeveral churches and hospitals, and an extensive bazaar. 
 It has large salt and spirit magazines, malt-houses, tanneries, 
 soap works, and ship-building docks. 
 
 OSTK. os'teh, a river of Hanover, n.^es in the W. of the 
 principality of Liineburg. flows X.W. and enters the estuary 
 of the Kibe, 4 miles N.E. of Otterndorf ; length 80 miles. 
 
 OSTEXD, o»-tSnd', (i'r. Ostende, os't^Nd',) a fortified sea- 
 port town of Belgium, province of West ilanders, on the 
 North Sea. 60 miles N. of the North Foreland (in Kent). Lat. 
 51° 14' 1" N., Ion. 2° 55' 5" E. Pop. 17.159. It is regularly 
 and neatly built, and its houses are painted of dilferent 
 wlors. Principal eilifices, the citadel, and a good bathing- 
 nousc, it being a wat«ring-place sometimes resorte<J to by 
 the Belgian court. It has a large inner harbor, which is 
 however not always accessible; some sugar and salt re- 
 finerie.s, sailcloth, soap, and other factories, rope-walks, 
 building-docks, active cod and herring fisheries, and a large 
 trade in agricultural produce. It has regular steam com- 
 munication with I/Ondon and Dover, and is connected with 
 Antwerp by the great Belgian Railway, and with Bruges 
 by the Osteud" and Bruges Canal. A submarine electric 
 telegraph connects it with England. Ostend was founded in 
 the 9th century, walled in 1445, and regularly fortitied in 
 15S5, by the Prince of Orange. It sustaiuetl a memorable 
 siege from 1001 to 1604, during which it lost about 50.000, 
 and the Spanish besiegers more than 80,000 men. In 1S26, 
 a great part of the town was destroyed by the explosion of 
 a powder-magazine. 
 
 OSTEND, a post-oflRce of Washington CO.. Ohio. 
 
 OSTEXD. a postotfioe of JlcIIenry co., Illinois. 
 
 OSTEXFELD, os'ten-f ^lt\ a village and parish of Denmark, 
 duchy and 16 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick. 
 
 OSTEli, os'ter. or O.STR, os'fr, a river of Russia, rises in 
 the government of Tchernigov, flows W. and joins the Desna, 
 at the town of Oster; total cour.se 100 miles. 
 
 OSTER, cs/ter, a town of Russia, government and 44 miles 
 S.S.W. of Tchernigov, on the Desna, here joined by the 
 Oster. Pop. 2000. 
 
 OSTERBURG. os'ter-booRo\ a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 on the railway from Slagdeburg to Hamburg, 47 miles N. 
 of M.Hgdeburg. Pop. 22S6. 
 
 OSTERBY, os'ter-bU\a small town of Sweden, Iwn and 29 
 miles N.X.E. of UpsaJ. It has foi^es and smelting houses 
 for the iron from the famous adjacent mine of Danneniora. 
 
 OSTERFELD, os'ter-f^lt\ a town of Germanv, Prussian 
 Saxony, '20 miles S.S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 970. 
 
 OSTERHOFEX, os'ter-hoYen. a town of Germany, Bavaria, 
 circle of Lower Bavaria. 15 miles E.N.E. of Landau. P. 592. 
 
 OSTERODE. os'teh-ro'deh, a town of Hanover, on a tribu- 
 tary of the Leine, at the foot of the Harz. 51 miles S.S.E. of 
 Hanover. Pop. 5197. It is enclosed by walls, and has several 
 churches and liospitals, a gymnasium, and a castle now used 
 as a royal granary for the supply of corn to the miners of the 
 Harz. It has active manufactures of woollen and cotton 
 goods, with others of table linens and long cloths, tobacco, 
 soap, white-lead, and metallic and wooden wares, with 
 breweries, distilleries, and tanneries. 
 
 OSTERODE, a town of East Prussia. 75 miles S.S.W. of 
 Kiinigsberg, on Lake Drcwenz. Pop. 2610. 
 
 OSTEROE, os'ter-ii' or os/terniVh. one of the FiSriie Islands. 
 
 OSTER-RIPOER. os'ter ree'sciVr. a seaport town of Noi> 
 way, stift and 60 miles N.E. of Christiansand, on a penin- 
 Bula in the Cattegat. Pop. 1700. It has an export trade 
 In timber and iron. 
 
 OSTERKKICH, a country of Europe. See Austria. 
 
 0.-.TEBSLXD. o.s'ter-soond\ a town of North Sweden, capi- 
 tal of a Ift-n. 112 miles W.S.W. of Hemiisand. Pop. 1600. 
 
 OS■rER^UXD, a la-n of Sweden. Area 19.-208 square miles. 
 I'op. 49.0,1. See .lEMTLASD. 
 
 OSTEIIWICK, os/t»r^ik\ a frontier town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 42 miles W.S.W. of Magdebvrg. Pop. 3350. 
 
 OST 
 
 OSTHAMMER, ost-hjm'mer, a small seaport town of 
 Sweden, Isen and 65 miles N. of Stockholm. Pop. 1000. 
 
 OSTHEIM. GROSS, gi-oce ost/hlme, a village of Bavaria, 
 Lower Franconia, 5 miles S.W. of Aschaffenburg. Pop. 2100. 
 
 OSTHEIM, KLEIX, kline ost/hlme. a village of Bavaria, 
 on the Main. 4 miles X.W. of Aschaffenburg. 
 
 OSTHEIM-VOR-DER HHON, (Rhon,) osfhime voR dJr 
 riin. a town of Saxe-Weimar, principality and 87 miles S.S.W. 
 of Eisenach. It is enclosed with walls, and has a college 
 and hospital. Pop. 2600. 
 
 OSTHOFEX, ost/ho'fen, a market-town of the grand- 
 duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-llessen, near 
 the Rhine, 6 miles N.X.W. of Worms. Pop. -2750. 
 
 OSTIA, os/te-5, a village of Central Italv. Pontitical States, 
 at the S. mouth of the Tiber, 14 miles W.S.W. of Rome. The 
 chief edifice is a castle founded in the 15tli centui-y. The 
 ancient city, li miles distant, was. in former times, the prin- 
 cipal port of Rome, but was wholly destroyed in 'he middle 
 ages. From its site many sculptures have been recovered. 
 
 OSTIAKS, o.s/te-aks". a people in the S. part of Siberiai, 
 between the Irtish and Yeni.sei rivers. 
 
 OSTIANO, os-te-S'no. or USTIANO, oos-te-i'no. a town of 
 Northern Italy, 8 miles N.W. of Canneto. Pop. 3400. 
 
 OSTIGLI.i, 08-teel'yd, (anc. Hoslilia,) a town of Austrian 
 Italy, 17 miles E.S.E. of Mantua, on tlie Po. Pop. 3000. 
 
 OSTR, a river of Russia. See Osier. 
 
 OSTR A. os'trj, OSTR AU, os/trOw. or OSTRAWA, os-tr3'wl, 
 a town of Moravia,.6 miles S.S.M'. of Hradi.^^ch, on an island 
 formed by the March. Pop. 2430. Here is a castle, the pro- 
 perty of Prince Liechtenstein. 
 
 OSTRASIA, o.s-trA'.<he-.H, (Fr. Ostrasie, osHri'zee'.) or AL'S- 
 TRASIA, aws-tr,Vshe-.a, (Fr. Aimtrasie, bsHri'zce/,) the most 
 eastern of the portions into which the empire of Charle- 
 magne was divided by his successors. It appears to have 
 extended from the Meuse on the west to the Biihmerwald 
 Mountains on the east, and to have included the W. part 
 of the archduchy of Austria. The name is derived from the 
 Teutonic ost or oster, "eastern," being from the same root as 
 Austria, (Oesterreich : i. e. "eastern Kingdom.") In like 
 manner Neustria is supposed to be derived from icftt. (Fr. 
 Quest,) the initial iV being prefixed perhaps for the sake of 
 euphony, or for more dearly marking the distinction be- 
 tween this name and Austria or Oytrasia. — Adj. and inhab. 
 OsTR.fciAN, os-trA'she-an, or Austrasiax, aws-trA'she-.?n. 
 
 OSTKAII, os/trow, a town of Moravia, on the Ostrawitza, 
 30 miles N.E. of Weisskirchen. I'op. 1690. 
 
 OSTRAAVITZ. os'tra-*its\ a village of Moravia, on the 
 Ostrawitza, 20 miles from Freiberg. Pop 1317. 
 
 0STR1N.\. os-tree/ud. a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 30 miles E.N.E. of Grodno. Pop. 1700. 
 
 OSTRITZ, os'trits, a town of Saxony, on the NeLsse, 10 
 miles N.E. of Zittau. Pop. 1470. 
 
 OSTROG, os-trog', (i. e. n " palisaded fort,") a town of Rus- 
 sian Poland,governmentof Volhynia. ontheGorin, 100 miles 
 W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 6400. of whom many are Jews. It 
 consists of an old and a new town, and has an ancient castie. 
 
 OSTROGOISK, OSTROGOJSK, os-tro-goisk/, or OSTRA- 
 GASCHESK, os-trd-gd-sh5sk', a town of Russia, government 
 and 59 miles S. of Voronezh, on the Sosna. Pop. 4400. It 
 has large magazines, and extensive horse and cattle fairs. 
 
 OSTROGOmilA, (Ger. Ostergotland, os'ter-got'Unt,) an 
 old province of Sweden, now the laen of Linkiiping. 
 
 OSTROK. os-trok', a remarkable convent of Montenegro, 
 22 miles N.E. of Cattaro, near the borders of Herzegovina. 
 It is built in a spacious cavern, on the side of a cliff, whii h 
 rises 400 feet atove it, and is the great stronghold and chief 
 powder magazine of the Montenegrins. In 1768 it was de- 
 fended by 30 men against 30.000 Turks. 
 
 OSTROLEXKA, os-tro-l^n'kd. a town of Poland, province 
 and 80 miles N.E. of Plock, on the Narew, here crossed by 
 a wooden bridge. Pop. 1850. Near it an engagement look 
 place between the Poles and Russians in 1831. 
 
 OSTROPOL. os-tro'pol, a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 
 government of Volhvnia, 59 miles S.W. of Zhitomeer. P. 1920. 
 
 O.STROV or OSTROW. os-trov', (i.e. "island.") a town of 
 
 Russia, government, and 35 miles S. of Pskov, on an island 
 
 formed by the A'elikaia. here crossed by a handsome bridge. 
 
 Pop. 1500. It is enclosed by walls, and inostly built of wood, 
 
 but has a palace, and a cathedral of the fourteenth century. 
 
 OSTROV, a town of Poland. See Ostrow. 
 
 OSTROA'ITZ. a town of Turkey. See Ostrovizza. 
 
 OSTROVIZZA. o.s-tro-vit/sd, » market-town of Dalmatia, 
 25 miles E.S.E. of Zara. 
 
 OSTROVIZZA. os-tro-vit/sJ. or OSTROVITZ, os'tro-vits'', 
 
 a market-town of European Turkey. Bosnia, on the TJnna. 
 
 OSTROVNO. os-trov'no. a town of Russia, government and 
 
 90 miles N.X.W. of Moheelev. on the South Dwina. Pop. 200a 
 
 Here the Russians were defeated by the French in 1812 
 
 OSTROVO, os-tro/vo. a small town of European TurKey, 
 Macedonia, on the shore of a lake of its own name, 31 miilrf 
 E. by S. of Monastir. ' 
 
 OSTROW. os/trov, a town of Poland, province of Siedler. 
 19 miles S.S.E. of Radzyn. Pop. 1.500. 
 
 OSTROWIEC, os-trdv'yJts. a town of Poland, province of 
 Sandomier, 10 miles N. of Opatow Pop. 20G0. 
 
OST 
 
 OSTROWO, os-tro'<^o. a town of Prussian Poland, 67 miles 
 S E. of Posen. Pop. 4510. It has Lutheran and Roman 
 Catholic churches, and manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 Oc^'lKUM.^A, os-troom'jd, a t<jwn of European Turkey, 
 Macedonia, 5.3 miles S.S.W. of Gliiustendil. 
 
 OSTRZKSZOW, a town of Prussia. See ScniiDBERO. 
 
 0?T.SKK or OESTSKE. (EAST .'^EA.) See Baltic Sea. 
 
 OSTIJXI, os-too'nee. a town of Naples, province of Otranto. 
 24 miles W.N.W. of Krindisi. Pop. 6000. It is a bishop's 
 iee, and has numerous churches and convents. 
 
 OSUN'A, o-.soo'nd, or OSSUN'A, os-soo^ui, a town of Spain, 
 province and 43 miles E. of Seville. Pop. 17,556. It stand.i 
 on the declivity of a hill crowned with a castle; it is sur- 
 rounded by good public walks, and has 4 ho.«pitals. and two 
 sets of barracks; it had formerly a university in considi»ra- 
 ble repute, and it is important as a military post. Trade 
 chiefly in corn, oil, wine, fruit, rush wares, and capers. 
 
 OSVEIA or OSVEJA, o.s-vil'yd, a market-tow^n of Kus.«ia, 
 government and 98 miles >;.W. of Vitebsk, on the Lake 
 Osveja. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 OSnVALDKIUK, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Biding. 
 
 0£'\V'ALTD\riSTLE, township of England, co. Lancaster. 
 
 OSWATO, o»-wi'o, a creek, which rises In the N. p.irt of 
 Pennsylvania, and joins the Alleghany Hivor in Xew York. 
 
 OSWAY'O, a post-township in the N.N.W. part of Potter 
 CO., Pennsylvania.* Pop. 5S1. 
 
 OSWEGATCIIIE, (osVe-gatch'e,) a river of Xew York, rises 
 in Lewis co.. and flowing through St. Lawrence county, 
 empties itself into the St. Lawnince Itiver, at Ogdensburg. 
 Its whole length is about 120 miles. The outlet of Black 
 Lake enters it about 4 miles fi-om its mouth. 
 
 OSWEGATCIIIE, a township and collection district of St. 
 Lawrence co., Xew York, on the St. Lawrence Kiver. Pop. 
 of township, including Ogdensburg, 10.821 . 
 
 PSWE'GO, a river of New York, a stream forming the 
 outlet of all the small lakes in Western Xew York. The 
 Seneca Iliver, after having received the Canandaigua, the 
 Cayuga, and Owasco outlets, the Oneida Kiver, and many 
 other smaller streams, all discharge their waters into the 
 Oswego, which flows in nearly a straight course X.X.W. to 
 Lake Ontario. Length 24 miles; breadth about 200 yards. 
 It is a very powerful stream, and falls, during Its entire 
 course, above 120 feet, of which 34 feet are within the city 
 limits of Oswego. The Oswego Canal is formed principally by 
 ■"• the improvement of the natural course of the (Mwego Kiver. 
 
 OSWEGO, a county in the N.X.E. part of Xew York, has 
 an area of about 960 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.W. by Lake Ontario, and in part on the S. by Oneida Lake 
 and Kiver, and is drained by the Oswego and Salmon Rivers, 
 and other smaller streams, which furnish abundant water- 
 power. The surface is level or undulating ; soil generally 
 fertile. This county contains iron ore and sandstone, and 
 some very valuable salt springs are situated in it. It is tra- 
 versed by the Oswego Canal, by the Syracuse and Oswego 
 Railroad, and by the Rome and Watertown Railroad. Or- 
 ganized In 1816. Seatsof justice, Oswego and Pulaski. Pop. 
 75,958 
 
 OSWEGO, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of Oswego 
 CO., Xew York, is situated on tlie S.E. shore of Lake Ontario, 
 and on both sides of the Oswego Kiver, 35 miles X.N.W. of 
 Syracuse, and 208 miles by canal, 183 miles by the Oswego 
 and Central line of railroads, and 170 miles by the surveyed 
 route of the Oswego and Troy Railroad, W.N.AV. of Albany. 
 Lat. 43" 28' X., Ion. 76° 35' W. It is the most populous and 
 flourishing town (belonging to the United States) on Lake 
 Ontario, and is very advantageously situated for trade. The 
 harbor formed by the mouth of the river is one of the best 
 on the lake, and has been improved by the United States 
 government, with a pier 1259 feet in length on its W. side, 
 and 200 feet on its E. side. It is defended by Fort Ontario, 
 on the eastern bank of the river. The water within the 
 pier is from 10 to 20 feet deep. The principal harbor light 
 is on the pier-head on the W. side of the entrance. The 
 Oswego Canal, and the Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, of 
 which this is the northern terminus, connect at Syracuse 
 with the Erie Canal and the Central Railroad, and also with 
 the Syracuse and Bingbamton Railroad, which communi- 
 cates at Binghamton with the line running S. to Philadel- 
 phia. This line shortens the distance l)etween Oswego and 
 Philadelphia 100 miles, as compared with the lurmer 
 travelled route, and connects the commerce of Lake Ontario 
 with that city by the shortest pos.sible route. 
 
 Oswego is handsomely built with streets about 100 feet 
 wide, intersecting each other at right angles. The river 
 divides it into two neiirly equal parts, which are connected 
 by two bridges above ship navigation. The principal public 
 buildings are the Market-house, with the City Hall, a fine 
 Court House, City Custom-House, Prison, and 10 churches: 
 ?iz., 2 Presbyterian. 2 Episcopal, 2 Baptist, 2 Methodist, and 2 
 Roman Catholic. There is a large building called Doolittle's 
 Block, which contains one of the most extensive halls in 
 the northern part of the state. The city has several large ho- 
 tels. 4 national banks with an aggregate capital of .$725,000, .an 
 insurance company, and agencies of many of the insurance 
 40 
 
 osw 
 
 companies of the state and Xew England, and about 150 
 stores. The schools of the city are free, and organized under 
 a special act of the legislature, with one high school in which 
 the languages and higher branches of education are taught 
 Connected with the school department is a public library, 
 A donation has also recently been received from the Hon. 
 (ieri-it Smith toward.s. e.stabli.-hing another public library. 
 Two daily and two weekly newspapers are published here. 
 
 Oswego posses.oes unrivalled facilities for manufacturing. 
 The river, swelled by the waters of Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca. 
 Onondaga, and several other lakes, besides numerous tribu- 
 tary streams, has a fall of 34 feet within the city limits, fui^ 
 nishing an immense hydraulic power. This has been 
 rendered available by cutting a canal on each side of the 
 river, and is partially employed for numerous flouring-niilU 
 and other establishments, and in elevating grain from vessel* 
 in the harbor. In the summer of 18,')4 there were in Oswege 
 18 flnuring-mills, with an aggregate of 100 run of stone.s, and 
 a capacity for turning out 10,000 barrels of flour every 24 
 hours. In 1851 there were manufactured here 511.000 barrel* 
 of flour, a greater amount than was produced at any other 
 place on the continent, with the exception, perhaps, of 
 Rochester. The mills and warehouses iipon the harbor are 
 capable of elevating from vessels, 40,000 bushebs of grain 
 per hour, and of storing 225.000 bushels. There were tiUo 
 in the city at the above-named date, 4 iron foundries and 
 machine shops, 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, and an 
 establishment which annually consumed alxiut 200,000 
 bushels of Indian corn, in the production of starch, which 
 is noted for its very superior quality. 
 
 The commerce of Oswego is very extensive and rapidly 
 increasing. This port is the greatest wheat market in the 
 state, and its Canadian trade is nearly one-half of the entire 
 commerce of the United States with Canada. The annexed 
 Table exhibits a few of the leading imports for three years 
 ending 1862 : — 
 
 Flour, Lbls.. 
 Wheat, bush 
 Corn, do. 
 Oals, do. 
 Rye. do. 
 Bailey, do. 
 
 121,399 
 
 9.651,564 
 
 6,019,400 
 
 388,416 
 
 244,311 
 
 1,3;%,915 
 
 119,056 
 10,1-21,446 
 
 4,61i,J62 
 116,3*1 
 381,687 
 
 1,173,551 
 
 235,382 
 10,982,132 
 
 4,528,962 
 187.284 
 130,175 
 
 1,050,364 
 
 Among the imports at Oswego in 1863 were 115,292 barrels 
 of flour, 8,785,425 bushels of wheat, 2,676,367 bushels of 
 Indian corn, 423,147 bushels of oats, and 1,824,667 bushels 
 of barley. The exports of flour in 1853, by canal, rail- 
 road, and lake, exceeded a million of barrels. The total 
 value of imports in 1851 amounted to $7,807,448. of which 
 $6,083,030 were coastwise, and Sl.784,412 from Canada. The 
 total value of exports the same year, was $14,678,882, of 
 which $11,471,071 were coa.stwise. and $3,207,811 to Canada, 
 $2,291,911 being the value of domestic, and .$915,900 that of 
 foreign goods to the latter country. The four most important 
 articles exported coastwi.«e, were railroad iron to the value 
 of $1,737,11-0; sugar, $677,270; cofl'ee, $338,080; and .«a!t, 
 $328,941. The Oswego Canal forms one of the principal 
 outlets to the great s.alt district of the state. The entire com- 
 merce of Oswego, including imports and exports, amounted 
 in 1840, to $9,.502.9S0; in 1851, to $22,546,330; and in 1853, 
 to above $40,000,000. 
 
 In 1854 tiiere were about 100 lake vessels of all classes 
 registered and enrolled at the port, having an aggregate 
 burden of about 30.000 tons. The total number of vessels 
 which entered during the year 1863-4 was 2598, with an 
 aggregate of 465,604 tons, employing 23,437 men. The 
 number of arrivals from Canada during the year ending 
 June 30th, 1854, were 593 (tons 65,213), and of clearances 
 573 (tons 61,719). During the year 1863-4, 8 schooners, 239 
 sloops and canal boats, and 3 steamers, were built in the 
 district. 
 
 Oswego is among the oldest settled places on the continent, 
 the French having established a trading post, and erected a 
 fort here soon after the settlement of Quebec. In 1724 it 
 fell into the bands of the English, who in that year erected 
 a fort on the W. side of the river. In 1755 another fort was 
 built upon the E. side of the river, on the high ground at 
 the entrance to the harbor, where Fort Ontario now stands. 
 The garrison at this date numbers 200 men. The next year, 
 17,56, the place was taken by the French under Montcalm, 
 but was subsequently surrendered again to the English, who 
 retained it till given up to the United States under the Jay 
 treaty in 1796. Its remarkable commercial prosperity dates 
 from the opening of the Welland and Oswego Canals. Pop 
 in 1840. 4065; in 1850. 12,205; in 1860,16,816. 
 
 OSWEGO, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, at the 
 outlet of Tippecanoe Lake, 113 miles N. of Indianapolis, 
 Pop. about 250. 
 
 OSWEGO, a handsome and flourishing post-village and 
 township, canital of Kendall co., Illinois, is finely sitnateil 
 
 1409 
 
osw 
 
 OTT 
 
 on the left .-■.'ink of Fox River, 45 miles W.S.'U'. of Chicago. 
 Fox River is a beautiful and rapid stream, affording almost 
 unlimited hydraulic power. The Chicago Burlington and 
 Quincy Railroad passes through or very near tliis place. The 
 village contains a handsome stone court-house, several 
 churches, a large stone edifice for schools, 8 or 10 stores, a 
 mechanics' hal 1, and several mills. Pop. of the village, about 
 1200; of the township, 2109. 
 
 OSWEGO, a post-ofliee of Clackamas county, in the N.W. 
 part of Oregon. 
 
 OSWEGO, a post-township of Oswego county. New York, 
 on Lake Ontario, near the mouth of Oswego River, adjoin- 
 ing Oswego City. 
 
 OSWEGO VILLAGE, a small post-village of Dutchess co.. 
 New York. 
 
 OSWESTRY, oz'es-tre, a municipal borough, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Salop, with a station on the 
 Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, 20 miles N.W. of Shrews- 
 bury. Pop. of borough in 1S51, 4S17. The town, formerly 
 enclosed by walls, has a venerable and picturesque church, 
 an ancient grammar school, a national school, several consi- 
 derable charities, a town-hall, prison, theatre, and some re- 
 mtiiusof a strong castle erected in the reign of Stephen on the 
 site of an earlier structure. Its name is derived from that of 
 Oswald, the Christian king of Northumbria, slain hero in 642. 
 
 OS^VICH'EE, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama. 
 
 OSWIKCIX, Austrian Poland. See ArscnwiTz. 
 
 OSYK, o/sik, written also OSJK and WOSJK, a village of 
 Bohemia, on the Desna, 7 miles from L(>itomischel. P. 1059. 
 
 O'SYTII ST. CHICK, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 OTABALO, a town of Ecuaxior. See Otavalo. 
 
 OTAGO, o-td'go, or OTAKO, o-td'ko. a colonial settlement 
 of New S^alanj, on Otago Bay. on the S.E. side of Middle 
 Island or New Munster, 320 miles S.W. of Port Nicholson, 
 established 1848, and composed chiefly of Scotchmen. Lat. 
 42° 53' S., Ion. 170° 50' E. The soil of the plains is very fer- 
 tile, the pasturage abundant, and all kinds of European 
 crops can be raised. Dunedin, the town, is rapidly on the 
 increase; during the years 1848-9,32 vesscLs. aggregate bur- 
 den 1739 tons, entered, and 39 vessels, aggi'egate burden 
 6310 tons, left. Port Chalmers. Pop. in 1851, 1740. 
 
 OTAII.\, o'td-hd\ one of the Society Islands, Pacific Ocean, 
 N. of Raiatea. 
 
 OTAHEITE, the largest of the Society Islands. See Tahiti. 
 
 OTAKI, o-td'kee. a market-town of Russia, province of Be.s- 
 garabia. on the Dniester, 3 miles S. of Moheelev. Pop.'1570. 
 
 OTAVALO, o-a-vd'lo, or OTABALO, o-ti-Bilo, a town of 
 Ecuador, 40 miles X.N.E. of Quito. It is said to be populous. 
 
 OTCHAKOV. OCZAKOW or OT-^SCHAKOW, ofch-a'knv, 
 written al,«o OTCUAKOF and OTSIIAKOV. (anc. Jxiaca') 
 a town of Russia, government of Kherson, on the right hank 
 of the Dnieper, at its mouth in the Bl.ack Sea, 40 miles E.X.E. 
 of Otlessa. It was besieged and taken by the Russians from 
 the Turks in 1737, and again in 1788. The town has since 
 gone into complete decay. Pop. 1000. 
 
 OTEA, o-WL or GREAT BARRIER ISLAND, in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, off the N.E. coast of New Zealand, forming 
 the E. entrance of Ilauraki Gulf or the Frith of Thames, 
 about 20 miles long, N. to S.. by 8 broad. 
 
 OTE'GO CREKK, of Otsego co.. New York, flows south- 
 ward into the Susquehanna River. 
 
 OTEGO, a post-village and township in the S.W. part of 
 Otsego CO., New York, about 25 miles S.S.AY. of Cooperstown. 
 The village has 3 or 4 churches, 1 bank, and about half a 
 dozen stores. Pop. 1957. 
 
 OT'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 OTII'.\M. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 OTIl'ERY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 OTIPRYS, MOUNT, a mountain chain, forming the N. 
 frontier of Greece, about lat. 39° N., and between Ion. 21 i° 
 and 2.3° E., and connected westward with the Pindus chain. 
 Height from 4500 to 5700 feet. This range conisists mostly 
 of limestone, with much iron ore intermi.Ked. 
 
 WTIS, a post-township of Hancock co.. ilaine, 70 miles 
 E.N'.E. of Augu.sta. Pop. 210. 
 
 OTIS, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, 115 
 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 998. 
 
 OTIS'CO, a small lake in Onondaga co., New York, about 
 4 miles E. of Skaneateles Lake. Length about 4 miles. 
 
 OTISCO. a post-township of Onondaga co.. New York, 15 
 miles S.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 1848. 
 
 OTISCO. a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Ionia CO.. Michigan. Pop. 1349. 
 
 OTISFIELD, a post-township of Cumberland co.. Maine, 
 separated from Harrison on the W. by a fine mill-stream, 
 rallcHl Crookeil River, 36 miles N.N.W. of Portland. P. 1199. 
 
 0T1SV1IJ,E, a post-village of Orange co.. New York, on 
 the New York and Erie Railroad. 85 miles from New York 
 City. .\ame<l in honor of Isaac Otis, its first settlor. The 
 milk trains for New York start from this place. 
 
 OTI VAR.o-te-vaa'. a vilUge of Spain. Andalusia, province 
 »nd about 30 miles from (iranada. Pop. 1313. 
 
 OT'LKY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 «"v, ' y'"' """"-'• f'J miles N.W. of Leeds. Pop. in 1851, 
 46:.:.. ITiH town is boautifally situated In the vale of the 
 
 Wharfe. It is well built, ha.s a spacious church, a smsU 
 grammar school, and a mech.inics' institute. 
 
 OT'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 OTOMACOS. See Ottomacs. 
 
 OTOQUE. o-to'kA, a small island of South America, in the 
 Bay of Panama. Pacific Ocean ; lat. 8° 30' N.. Ion. 80° 20' W. 
 
 OTRAXT0.o-tr,4n'to,(Fr. Otrante, oHrSxt/; anc. ITyrlrurt/. 
 turn.) a seaport town of Naples, on the Strait of Otranto, 
 opposite Cape Linguetta. (in Albania.) 23 miles S.E. of Lecce 
 Lat. 40° 9' X., Ion. 18° 29' E. Pop. 4500. Its castle, the 
 citadel of the town, is rendered famous by the i-nmance of 
 Horace Walpole, and it has an ancient cathedral, an arch- 
 bishop's palace, and some Roman antiquities. In 1480, it 
 was sacked by the Txirks. Under Napoleon, it gave the 
 title of Duke to Fouch§. 
 
 OTRANTO. CAPE, on the Strait of Otranto. which connects 
 the Adriatic with the Mediterranean Sea ; lat. 40° 8' N.. Ion. 
 18° 29' E. 
 
 OTRANTO, STRAIT OF, connects the Adriatic with the 
 Mediterranean Sea ; length about 80 miles, breadth 40 miles. 
 
 OTRANTO, TERRA DI, t^R'ad de o-triin'to, a province of 
 Naples, forming the heel of the boot which Italy so remark- 
 ably resembles. Area 2883 square miles. Csipital, Lecce. 
 Pop. in 1850, 409,000. 
 
 OTRAR, ot-rar', a town of Independent Toorkistan, kha- 
 nat of Khokan. on the Sihon, 93 miles N.W. of Tunkat; lat 
 44° N., Ion. 67° E. 
 
 OTRICOLI, o-tree'ko-le, a village of Central Italy. State 
 of Umbria, 25 miles S.S.W. of Spoleto, on a hill beside the 
 Tiber. Pop. 800. Near it are the remains of the ancient 
 Ocric'ulum, the first Umbrian city which voluntarily sub- 
 mitted to Rome. In its vicinity, December 1798. the French 
 under Macdonald, completely routed a Neapolitan army 
 under Mack. 
 
 OTSCIIAKOW, a town of Russia. See Otchakov. 
 
 OTSDAWA. ots-d^/wa. a post-village of Otsego co.. New 
 York, about 85 miles W'. bv S. of Albfiny. 
 
 OTSE'GO LAKE, a beautiful sheet of water in the E. cen- 
 tral part of New York, and in the N. part of Otsego co., is 
 about 9 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles broad. It is the 
 source of the Susquehanna River. 
 
 OTSEGO, a county in the eastern part of New York, has 
 an area of about 950 sqiiare miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the Unadilla River, and drained by the E. branch of 
 the Susquehanna, and by Butternut, Shenevas. and Otcg(» 
 Creeks, which supply motive power to numerous mills 
 Canaderaga and Otsego Lakes are comprised within its 
 limits. The surface is broken and hilly. 'The soil is various. 
 Iron ore, sand.stone, limestone, and- marble are its principal 
 mineral productions. Capital. Cooperstown. Pop. 50.157. 
 
 OTSEGO, originally called OKKUDDO, an unorganized 
 county in the N. part of Michigan; area estimated at .576 
 square miles. It is tirained by the Sheboygan River, which 
 flows northward into Lake Huron. The census of 1860 fur- 
 nishes no returns for this county. 
 
 OTSEGO, a township of Otsego co.. New York, on the W. 
 side of Otsego Lake. Pop. 2706. 
 
 OTSEGO, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, 73 miles 
 E. of Columbus. 
 
 OTSEGO, a post-township in the S.E. part of .•Vllegan co., 
 Michigan, intersected by the Kalamazoo River. Pop. 1428, 
 
 OTSEGO, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Pop.1107. 
 
 OTSEGO, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 42 miles 
 N.N.W. of Chicago. 
 . OTSEGO, a post-office of Ray co., Missouri. 
 
 OTSEGO, a post-vill.ige and township of Columbia co , 
 Wiisconsin. about 15 miles S.E.'of Portage. Pop. 1068. 
 
 OTSE'LIC, a river rises in Madison co.. near the centre of 
 New York, and flowing nearly south-westward, falls into 
 Tioughnioga River, in IJroome county. 
 
 OTSELIC, a post-township of Chenango co.. New York, 
 about 85 miles W. by S. of .Albany. Pop. 1752. 
 
 OTSIIAKOV, a town of Russia. See Otchakov. 
 
 OTSOD, (Otsiid,) ot'siid'. a village of Hungary, co. of Bckii, 
 on the Kiiriis. 73 miles S.AV. of Pesth. Pop. 4311. 
 
 OTSQUA'OO, a postoffice of ^Montgomery co.. New York 
 
 OTTAIANO, OTTA.IANO,ot-tii-ya/no,orOTTO.TANO. ot-tr 
 y3'no, (anc. Ociavia'num >) a town of Italy, at (he N.E. too 
 of Mount Vesuvius, 12 miles E. of Naples. Pop. 14,000. 
 
 OTTAKRIXG, oft.ik-ring\ written also OTTOKRIN or 
 ADERKLING, a village of Lower Austria, 3 miles W. of 
 Vienna. Pop. 3690. 
 
 OTTAWA, of ta-wA, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Lake Erie.has an area of 256 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Portage River and Toussaint Creek. San- 
 dusky Bay washes its S.E. border. The surface is nearly 
 level; the soil fertile. Indian corn, wheat oats. hay. cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. It is intersected by the railroad 
 from Cleveland to Toledo. C.ipital. Port Clinton. Pop. 7016. 
 
 OTTAWA, a county in the AV. part of Michigan, bordering 
 on Lake Michigan, contains about 800 square miles. It is 
 intersectcHl by the Grand and Maskego Rivers, and also 
 drained by Black River an(» Crockery Creek. Tlie surface 
 is mostly undulating or rolMng. and is corereci with forests 
 of pine and other timber. >he soil is a rich, sandy loam. 
 
OTT 
 
 OTT 
 
 L-iimVior is one of the chief articles of export. Iron ore is 
 foiniil ill the cojint)'. Steamboats navigate the Grand lliver. 
 Capital, Grand Haven. Pop. 13.215. 
 
 OTTAWA, a post-ofBce of Ottawa co., Ohio. 
 
 OTT.WVA, a townsliip of Ottawa Co., Micliigan. Pop. 13.57. 
 
 OTTAWA, a flonrisliing citj-, capital of La Salle Co., Illi- 
 nois, is situated on both sides of the Illinois Hiver, just be- 
 low the mouth of Fox River, and on the Chica.co and Rock 
 Island Railroad, 84 miles W.S.W. of Cliicago. The Illinois 
 and Michigan Canal connects it with Chicago. Ottawa con- 
 tains 7 churches, 3 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and 7 large 
 public school-houses. The city is lighted with gas. There 
 are 8 large steam elevators. The value of the grain, &c., 
 shipped at this port in 1801 was cstimattd at $.3,000,000. The 
 Fox River at this place has a fall of about 29 feet, produ- 
 cing a water-power which is saiil to be unsurpassed by any 
 in the state. Among the manufactories of Ottawa are 1 
 large corn-starch-mill, 4 manufactories of reapers,and 4 flour- 
 ing-mills. Richbedsof coal are found in the vicinity. The 
 supreme court for the north division of the state is held 
 here. Population in 1850,2783; in 1860, 6.041 ; in 1865, about 
 10,000. 
 
 OTTAWA, a post-village and township of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin, 30 miles W. by S. of Slilwaukee. 
 
 OTTAWA or GRAND RIVER, a large river of Canada, 
 rises in lat. 48° SO' N., Ion. 80° W., flows K.S.E., dividing 
 Upper and Lower Canaila, and enters the Lake of the 
 Slountains formed by the St. Lawrence, about 40 miles 
 W. of Montreal, after a total course of at lea>t 800 miles. 
 It traverses Lakes Temisoaming, Grand Lake, and several 
 other small lakes, and is conneotL-d with Lake Ontario by 
 the Rideau Canal. Its navigation is much impeded by 
 rapids and cataracts. Amon'jr these may be mentioned 
 Carillon Falls, a series of rapids 12 miles in length, near 
 Bignald and Chaudiere Falls, (Indian name Kanejo, " tlie 
 Boiling Pot,") about 90 miles fioui its mouth. The fall 
 hew! in no place ex»'eds 40 feet; the rapids extend 6 miles. 
 In its cpurse through the taV>le-land, the banks are gene- 
 rally high, but below the Chaudiere they are muoh less ele- 
 vated, and often inundated. It is now navigable from its 
 juncticm with the St. Lawrence to the la.st falls above named. 
 This river is of great importance, from the immense quan- 
 tity of fine timber cut on its banks, and on those of its 
 tributaries. In its lower part it gives name to a district of 
 Canada West, on its S. bank. 
 
 OTTAWA, a county in the N.AV. part of Canada East, 
 has an area of 31,500 .square miles. The Ottawa river forms 
 it.s S. and S.W. boundary. Tliis county is watered by the 
 rivers I'etit Nation, Lievres, and many small streams. Capi- 
 tal, Avlmer. Pop. 22,903. 
 
 OTTAWA CENTRK, a po.st-oflHce of Ottawa co.. Michigan. 
 
 OTTAWA CITY, a post-office of Ottawa co.. Ohio. 
 
 OTTAWA CRKKK, Ohio, flows into the Auglaize River, 
 near Kalida. in Putnam county. 
 
 OTT.\WA LAKE, a post-office of Monroe co., ilichigan. 
 
 OTTAWA RIVKR, of Ohio, rises near the X. line of Lucas 
 CO., and enters Maumee Ray, at the W. end of Lake Erie. 
 
 OTTKNAU, ot'tvh-now\ a village of Baden, circle of Mid- 
 dle Rhine, bailiwick of Gernsbach. Pop. 1161. 
 
 OTTIiNBACH. ot/ten-b,lK\ a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and 9 miles S.W. of Zurich, on the Reu.ss. It was almost 
 entirely burnt down by three successive tires in 1758, 1789, 
 1790. and has since been rebuilt. Pop. 19.59. 
 
 OTTENHKIM, ot'ten-hlme^, a market-town of Germany, 
 Upper Austria, on the Danube, 6 miles W.N.W'. of Lintz. 
 Pop. 1250. It has a fine castle, and some alum-mines. 
 
 OTTKNIIEIM. a m.irket-town of Baden, circh; of Mid- 
 dle Rhine. 6 miles X.AV. of Lahr. on the Rhine. Pop. 1340. 
 
 OTTKNSEN, ot'ton-sen. a village of Denmark, duchy of 
 Ilolstein, 2 miles W. of Altona. Pop. 1.500. It contains 
 many summer residences of Altona and Hamburg mer- 
 chants. In its church-yard are the tombs of the poet KIop- 
 stook, and of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, who died here 
 after the battle of Jena. 
 
 OTTKNSTEIX. ot'ten-stTne\ a market-town of Germany, 
 • duchy of Brunswick, on the Weser, 5 miles S.W. of Rodcn- 
 werde^. Pop. 1200. 
 
 OTTENSTKIN. a market-town of Germanv. Prussian West- 
 phalia. 30 miles AV.X.W. of Munster. Pop." 940. 
 
 OT'TKR, a river of England, county of Devon, enters the 
 English Channel nearOtterton. Total length 24 miles. 
 
 OTTIOR, a river of Germany, Rhenish Bavaria, joins the 
 Rhine. 
 
 OTTKRBACH. ot/ter-bSK". (O'nrR and Xiedke. nee'der,) two 
 eontiguous villages of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Otter, S. of 
 Landau. Pop. of Ober Otterbach, 1756; of Xieder Otter- 
 bach. 421. 
 
 OTTERBERG, ofter-h^RC.', a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 
 capital of a county, .33 miles X.W. of Speyer. Pop. 25S0. It 
 has Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and Calvinist churches, 
 manufactures of woollen cloth and leather, and trade in 
 cuttle. 
 
 OTTRRBEUREX, a town of Bavaria. See Ottoheurex. 
 
 OTTEitBIEU, a post-office of Wayne co., Missouri. 
 
 OT'TERBOUKXE, a parish of England,, co. of Hants. 
 
 OTTER BRIDGE, a post-office of Bedford co., Tirginia. 
 
 OT'TERBURX, a township of England, co. of Xorthum- 
 berland, 20 miles N.X.W. of Hexham. Otterburn Tower is 
 an intere.'ling ancient mansion. About half a mile from 
 the village is an obelisk marking the spot where Earl Dou- 
 glas fell in the battle of Chevy Chase, in 13S8. 
 
 OT/TERBURNE, a small village, Lafayette eo., Wisconsin. 
 
 OTTER CBEEK ri.«es in Bennington county, in the W.XW. 
 part of Vermont, and tiowing in a X.X.W. course through 
 Rutland county, falls into Lake Ch.-implain in Addison 
 county. At several of the towns on its banks there are ex- 
 cellent mill-seats. Its whole length is about 90 miles, siid 
 It is navigable for large vessels from the lake to Vergennes, 
 about 8 miles from its month. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, Texas, flows into Trinity River from the 
 N. in Anderson county. 
 
 OTTER CBEEK, of Indiana, flows into the Waba.sh .about 
 10 miles N. of Terre Haute. 
 
 OTTEK CREEK, of Monroe CO., Missouri, flows eastward 
 into the X. fork of Salt liiver, a few miles above Florida. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a post-office of Jackson co., Michigan. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a township in Vigo co., Indiana. P. 974. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a post-village of Jersey co., Illinois, 38 
 miles N.X.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 OTTKR CREKK, a jiost^ffice of Jackson co., Iowa. 
 
 OT/TKRDEX. a pari.«h of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 OTTERFORD. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 OT'TKRHAM. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 0TTERHAM1"'T0N. a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 OT/TEIilNGTON, North, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 OTTERINGTON, South, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 OTTER XDORF. ot/tern-doEr, a town of Hanover, 28 miles 
 N,W. of Stade. Pop. iK04. 
 
 OTTER PEAKS, Virginia. See Peaks of Otter. 
 
 OTTEli RIVER, a small stream in the S. part of Virginia, 
 rises in Bedford county, at the l>ase of the celebrated Peaks 
 of Otter, and flowing south-eastward, falls into Staunton 
 River, in Campbell county. 
 
 OTTER RIVER, of Mi.ssouri. See Loutre. 
 
 OTTKliSBEKO, ot/ters-biRG\ a viUage of Hanover, 15 
 miles E.N.E. of Bremen. Pop. 1056. 
 
 OT'TERTON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 QTTER VIL'LAGE. a pos(>village of Ripley co., Indiana, 
 alx)ut .50 miles W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 OTTKRVILLE. a post-office of Orange co.. New York. 
 
 OTTERVILLE, a post-village of Cooper eo., Missouri, 50 
 miles W.X.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 OTTKR VILLE, a post-village of Canada West. co. of Ox- 
 ford, 100 miles S.E. of Toronto, and 19 miles fVom Wood- 
 stock. Pop. alwut 180. 
 
 OTTERY ST. >IARY. a market-town, hundred and pa- 
 H.^'h of England, co. of Devon, on the Otter, 12 miles E.N.E. 
 of Exeter. Pop. of town in 1851, 2534. It has a fine ancient 
 church, a small grammar school, founded by Henry VIII., 
 and remains of the mansion of Sir AValter Raleigh. It is 
 the birth-place of the poet Coleridge. 
 
 OTTIGLIO, ot-teel'yo. a vill.age of Piedmont, division of 
 Alessandria, province and 9 miles S.W. of Ca.sale. Pop. 1757. 
 
 OTTIGXIES, otHeen\yee', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant. 19 miles S.E. of Brus.sels. Pop. 1075. 
 
 OTT.MACH.\U, ott/mdK-ow\ a town of Pru.ssian Silesia, 37 
 miles W.S.W. of Opflpln, on the Neisse. Pop. 2740. 
 
 OTTO, a post-township in the N. part of Cattaraugus co., 
 New York. Pop. 1075. 
 
 OTTO, a posf-village of Fulton co., Illinois, 57 miles S. by 
 E. of knoxville. 
 
 OTTOBEUREX. ot'to-hoiVen. or OTTERBEUREN, ot/ter- 
 boiVgu, a town of Bavaria. 40 miles S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 
 1430. 
 
 OTTOBIANO, ot-to-he-3'no, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Novara, about 6 miles S. of Mortara. 
 Pop. 2150. 
 
 OTTOBTNE, a post-office of Rockingham co.. Virginia. 
 
 OTTOCHACZ. ot'to-Kats\ a market-town of Austria, Cro- 
 atia, 48 miles S.S.W. of Carlstadt. Pop. 500. 
 
 OTTOJANO. See Ottaiano. 
 
 OTTO'KEE, Fulton co., Ohio. See Appendix. 
 
 OTTOMACS or OTTOMAQUES, ofto-mSks', (Sp. Otoma- 
 COS. o-to-md'koce,) a degraded and ferocious race of Indiana 
 in the W. part of Venezuela. 
 
 OTTOMAN EMPIRE. See Turkey. 
 
 OTTOXE. ot-to'nA. a town of the Sardinian States, division 
 and 25 miles X.E. of Genoa, near the TrebbSa. Pop. 4280. 
 
 OTTOMAQUES. See Ottomacs. 
 
 OTTOSCHWANDEX, ot'tosh-«ifnMfn, a village of Baden, 
 circle of Upper Rhine, near Emmendingen. Pop. 1190. 
 
 OTTRIXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, East 
 Riding. 
 
 OTTS'VILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 112 miles E. of Harri.sburg. 
 
 OTTUMWA, oftum-w;i\(?) a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Wajiello CO., Iowa, on the left bank of the Des Moines Riv- 
 er, 75 miles N.W. of Keokuk, and about 80 S.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 1411 
 
OTT 
 
 The Burlingto i and Missouri Railroad here crosses the Des 
 Moines A'allcy Railroad. Ottumwa contains 7 churches. 1 
 bank, and 35 stores. Two newspapers are published here. 
 Pop. in 1S60, 1632 ; in 1S65, about 2.i00. 
 
 ijTTWJilLEIl, ott/wi'ltT, a town of Khenish Prussia, 33 
 itiles S.E. of Treves. I'o'p. 2260. 
 
 OTUMBA, o-toom/bS, a village of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, stat« and 35 miles N.E. of Mexico. 
 
 OXUKA. o-too'ri, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province 
 and S. of (iranada. Pop. 1290. 
 
 OTWAY, PORT, ot/wd, W. coast of Patagonia, about 15 
 milis \.E. of Cape Tresmoutes; lat. 46° 49' 30" S., Ion. 75"^ 
 Ih' 15" W. 
 
 OTWAY WATER is a considerable inland sea of Terra 
 del Fuego. 
 
 OUACHITA, a river of Ark.insas. See Washita. 
 
 OL'ACHITA (pronounced and sometimes written WASIT- 
 ITAW) CITY, a post-village of Union parish. Louisiana, on 
 the Washita River, aliout 200 miles K.N.W. of Raton Rouge. 
 A newspaper is published here. 
 
 OUAIl, El, f 1 oo^id', or OU ED, oo'Sd', a village of Alge- 
 rian Sahara, district of Souf^ 119 miles S. by E. of Biskra. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 OUAD-EL-nABID. See WAD-EL-IlABin. 
 
 OUADINOUN or OUADYNOUX. See Wamxoos. 
 
 OUAD-MEDIXA, a town of Egypt. See Wad-Medina. 
 
 OUAINE, ooViu', or OUAXNE, oo*2nn'. a river of Erance, 
 rises in the department of Yonne. and after a W. course of 
 45 miles joins the Uoing near Montargis, in the department 
 of Loiret. 
 
 OUAIXE or OUANXE, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Yonne. at the source of the river of same name, 12 
 miles S.S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 1233. 
 
 OUALAX, UALAX, oo-J-iau', or STROXG'S ISLAND, an 
 island in the Pacific Ocean. Carolines. Mont Crozet, 2156 feet 
 In height, is in lat. 5° 30' N., Ion. 163° 30' E. Length about 
 10 miles, by 7 in breadth. Estimated pop. under 1000. 
 
 OUAXLIN or OOAXLIX. See Wanu.v. 
 
 OUARGLA, oo-aK'gld; a town of Algerian Sahara, oasis of 
 the same name, 92 miles E. by X. of Gardaia;Jat. 32° 6' N., 
 Ion. 4° 20' E. It is surrounded by a ditch and battle- 
 meuted wall, crowned by 40 two-storied forts, and entcre<l 
 by 6 gates. It contains a citadel and about 500 or 600 
 houses. 
 
 OUASDOTEO. See Wasseu. 
 
 OUCH, a town of Toorkistau, See OosH. 
 
 OUCUE, oosh, (anc. Os'caf) a river of France, department 
 of Cote-d'Or, flows N.E. and S.E. past Dijon, and joins the 
 SaOne near St. Jean-de-Losne. Length 50 miles. The Canal 
 of Burgundy accompanies it throughout, 
 
 OUCHE, an ancient district of Upper Xormandy, France, 
 now included in the departments of Eure and Orne. 
 
 OUCHES, Les, lAz oosh, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Savoy, province of Faucigny, about 3 miles from Chamouni, 
 on the left bank of the Arve, about 3000 feet above the sea. 
 Pop. 1713. 
 
 OUCUOUGANAT, oo'slioo-gd-n3t'.(?) or 5I0UXT ST. AU- 
 QtJSTlX, (.4.Nt o'giLs'tJNo/,) an island of the North Pacific 
 Ocean, off Russia America ; lat 69° 22' X., Ion. 153° W. 
 
 DUCHY, oo^hee/, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud. 
 on the Lake of Geneva, immediately S. of Lausanne, of 
 which it is the port. 
 
 OUCKEXE. owk'kA-neh, a viU^e of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, 17 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 21S5. 
 
 OUCQUES, ook. a village of France, department of Loir- 
 et-Cher, 16 miles N. of Blois. Pop. 1362. 
 
 OUD.\, a river of Siberia. See Ooda. 
 
 OUD.\BAD, a town. Itussian Transcaucasia. See Oodabad. 
 
 OUDAXULL.\, oo-da-niiiaj. a small town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Gauges, a little S. of Rajmahal; 
 lat. 24° 46' X.. Ion. 87° 52' E. Hcre^Tossim Ali Khan erected 
 extensive military works, forced by the British In 1764. 
 
 OUDAY. a kingdom of Africa, See Wadat. 
 
 |.>UDE, owd, (native AyiMya, d-yod'hyd,) a kingdom of 
 Ilindostan. under British proteotion ; lat. 25° 20' to 30° N., 
 Ion. 79° 40' to 82° 30' K.; bour.ded, X. by Xepaul. and else- 
 where surrounded by the X.W. provinces of the presidency 
 of Bengal : length, from X. to S., about 230 miles; greatest 
 breadth. 180 miles ; area, 23,738 stiuare miles. The surface is 
 mostly level, and highly fertile; it is watered by the Goggra, 
 Gfomty, Sye, and other tributaries of the Ganges. Wheat, 
 liarley, rice, sugar, indigo, and others of the richest products 
 Of India, are rai.sed in large quantities; and. in some districts, 
 a vast amount of nitre and other salts eflloresce on the soil. 
 Among the inhabitants are numerous Rajpoots; and many 
 of the population are Mussulmen: the ruling dynastv being I 
 Miihammedan. Oude w.is formerly a Mou'ul province It 
 bwaxae subortlinate tothe British atU-r the battle of Kalpee, 
 In 1,05. In 1819, the Vizier threw off his nominal de- 
 rondenee on the Mogul sovereign, and assumed the title of 
 King 1 olitlcal relations are conducted through the British 
 resident at Lu.know, the capital ; after whi.h citv the chief 
 I'oV'l 970*000'^"''^''' '^'^''' "'""''^«' """i Pert-iubghur. 
 
 OUDE. formerly the capital of the above state, extends fcr 
 
 OUR 
 
 some distAnce along the S. bank of the Goggra. here crossal 
 by an English iron bridge. 77 miles E. of t,ucknow. It is 
 large, and greatly venerated by Hindoos, but much of it is 
 in ruin.«, and all its chief edifices are Mohanime<!an. 
 
 OUDKXARDE. a town of Belgium See Audknarpe. 
 
 OUDEXBOSCH. oo'den-bosK\ a marKet-town of the Xether 
 lands, Xorth Brabant, 11 miles W. of Breda. Pop. 2640. 
 
 OUDEXBOURG, oo'dONo'booR\ a village of Belgium, p«v 
 vince of AVest Flanders, 11 miles W.S.W. of Bruzes. P. 1553. 
 
 OUDERKKRK. ow/der-kJRk\ a village of the Netherlands, 
 South Holland. 6 miles E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1440. 
 
 OUDEHKERK, a village of the Xetherlands, parish of 
 Ouderamstel, Xorth Holland, 3 miles S. of Amsterdam, with 
 a Jewish cemetery. 
 
 OUDE-SCHILD. HET, hit dw'deh-sKilt. a village of Hol- 
 land, province of North Holland, island of Texel. Pop. 1058. 
 
 OUDEWAXKR. ow'deh-*d'ter, a town of the Xetherlands, 
 province of South Holland, on the Yssel, IS miles E,X.E. 
 of Rotterdam. Pop. 2000. Arminius (Hermeusen) wag 
 born here in 1660. 
 
 OUUKYPOUR. Se»0DETP00K. 
 
 OUDGIIIR, ood-gheer', (anc. Vdayaghiri^ a village and 
 port of India, in the Deccan, dominions of Hyderabad. 43 
 miles X.X.W. of Beeder; lat. 18° IS' N., Ion. 77° 16' E. 
 
 OUDIXSK. a town of Siberia. See Oodinsk. 
 
 OUDOX, ooM6so/, a town of France, department of Loire- 
 Inferieui-e, on the right bank of the Loire, 14 miles X.E. of 
 Nantes. Pop. 1600. 
 
 OUDOX, a liver of France, department of Mayenne. joins 
 the Mayenne. 10 miles below Segr^. Length 40 miles. 
 
 0UDSH0<JHX. owd-Zlioun, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of South Holland, on the Old Rhine, 7 miles E. ot 
 Levden. Pop. 1691. 
 
 OUESSAXT ISLAXD, France. See Ush.\st. 
 
 OUF.\. a river and town of Russia. See Oofa. 
 
 OUGIITER, LOUGH. iSn ftu'ter. a lake of Ireland, Ulster, 
 CO. of Cavan. Length 5 miles, breadth 3 miles. Area 3335 
 acres. It is formed by an expansion of the Erne. 
 
 OUGHTERARD, dnVr-ard', a market-town of Ireland, 
 Connaught, co. and 16 miles X.X.W. of Galway. on the W. 
 shore of Lough Corrib. Pop. 650. In the vicinity are good 
 marble quarries of large extent. 
 
 OUGHTERARD, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of KU- 
 dare. 
 
 OUGLITCH, a town of Rusi^ia. See Oogutch. 
 
 OUGRA, a river of Rus.-ia. See Oogra. 
 
 OUGRfcE, oo^grd/, a village of Belgium, province and 3 
 miles S.S.W. of Liege, with which it has communication by 
 railway, on the Meuse. Pop. 1580. 
 
 OUI, a river of Siberia. See Ooi. 
 
 OUJ. a river of Russia. See OozH. 
 
 OU-KI.\XG, a river of China. See Oo-Kiano. 
 
 OULASH, a village of .\sia Minor. See Ooiash. 
 
 OULEAI or OULLEAY (oo-le-I') GROUP, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, consisting of 22 islands, the S. point of the most E. 
 of the group, Raour, in lat. 7° 20' X.. Ion. 143° 5.3' E. 
 
 OULEOUT, ow/le-owt,l?) a post-ofiice of Delaware co., New 
 York. 
 
 OULLIXS, ooI'IIn'o', a village of France, department of 
 Rhone, with a station on the Lyons and St. Etienne Rail- 
 way, 3i miles S. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852. 4566. 
 
 OULTOX, ol'tpn. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 OULTOX. a pari.sh of Enirlnnd. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 OULTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of York. West Riding, 
 parish of Rothweil. 5 miles X.X.E. of Wakefield. Its beau- 
 tiful church is a cathedral in miniature. Dr. Richard Bent- 
 ley, the celebrated scholar and critic, was born here in 1601. 
 
 OULTRE, owl't'r or ool'l'r, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, on the Molenbeek,'24 miles S.S.E. of Ghent 
 Pop. 1760. 
 
 OULX, 00, a village of Piedmont, division of Turin, pro- 
 vince and 12 miles S.W. of Susa, on the Dora, near its source 
 in the Alps. Pop, 1392. 
 
 OUM.\X, a town of Russia. See Oomax. 
 
 OUMXAK and OUXALASKA, two of the Fox Islands, 
 North Pacific Ocean. See Oomxak and Oonalaska. 
 
 OUXD. oond, a town of British India, presidency of Bom- 
 bay, 5 miles N.W. of Poonah. has a fine Hindoo temple. 
 
 OUXDLE. im/dfl, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Northampton, on the Xen, here crossed by 2 g(X)d 
 bridges, 13 miles W.S.W. of Peterborough, and with a station 
 on a branch of the Loudon and Xorth Western Rtiilw.iy. 
 Pop. 3037. The town, nearly environeii by the Xen, is very 
 neatly built ; has a fine spacious church, in the early Eng- 
 lish style; 2 ancient grammar scbools, and poor's hospitals, 
 a union workhouse, branch bank, and good maiket-housa. 
 
 OUNIL.\. a village of Russia. See OosiL.i. 
 
 OUP.\.. a river of Russia. See Oopa. 
 
 OURAL MOUXTAIXS and RIVER. See UR.\fc. 
 
 OUR.\LSK. two towns of Ru.s.Kia. See Oorau-k. 
 
 OURATEPE, a town of Independent Toorkistan. See 
 Ooratepe. 
 
 OURCE. O0II.SS, a river of France, departments of IL-iute- 
 Manie. Cflte-d"Or. and .\ube. after a N.W. course of 40 miles 
 joins the Seine near Bar-sur-Seine. 
 
OUR 
 
 OURCQ, ooRk, a rircr of France, rises In tho department 
 of Aisno, and after a S.VV. course of 30 miles, joins the 
 Marne near Lizy. 
 
 OUJtCa, CANAL OB', (Fr. Canal d'Ourcq, kd'njl' dooRk/,) 
 wliich supplies I'aris witii water, bianclies from the river 
 Ourcq at Seulis, and terminates in the liasin de la Villette, 
 N.E. of I'aris. Total length 584 miles. 
 
 OUllJiM, 0-r^x'i', a town of Portugal, Estremadura, capital 
 of a comarca, ou a hill, 15 miles t^.K. of Leiria. I'op. 3720. 
 'It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle. 
 
 OUIlK.M,o-re.No', a small town of Brazil, province and 
 65 miles K. of Para. 
 
 Git FA. See Oorf.v 
 
 OURtjtA, a city of Mongolia. See Oorqa. 
 
 OUKGUKNJ or OUKGIIEiNDJ, two villa'ges of Central 
 Asia. See Oorouexj. 
 
 OURIOUI'IXSKAIA, a town of South Russia. See Oori- 
 
 OOPINSKAIA. 
 
 OURIQUE, oo-ree'kd or o-ree'kA, a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Alemtejo, 30 miles &.\\\ of lieja. Pop. 2300. in 
 the plain of Ourique, on its N. side, Alphonso I. defeated 
 the .Moors in 1139. 
 
 OUR.IOUM, a town of Russia. See Oorzhoom. 
 
 OUKIiOUJAII. a city of Asia Minor. See Oorloojah. 
 
 OUKMA, a town of Siberia. See Uorma. 
 
 OUUMIA orURMlAlI. See OoROOiiiiEyAH. 
 
 OUROK, oo'roVh, an island of Denmark, in the liso-fiord, 
 an inlet of Seeland, 29 miles W.N.W. of Copenhagen. Length 
 4 miles, breadth 3 miles. 
 
 OUROI.MADOU, ooVoi-rai-doo', a village of West Africa, 
 Seuegambia, on the left bank of the Faleme, about lat. l-i'* 
 30' N., Ion. 12°10' W. 
 
 OURi) PRKTO, O/roprA'to, (formerly A'lLLA RICA,) a city 
 of Brazil, capital of the province of Miiias-Gerues. It is 
 situateil on several hills, at an elevation of 4000 feet 
 above the sea, 200 miles N.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 
 of the district, 8000. It is the residence of the governor 
 of the province, and seat of the provincial as.cembly, and has 
 several churches, a governor's palace, mint, and theatre, a 
 coUegio, or Latin school, with a school of pharmacy and 
 anatomy, a public library and botanic garden, and an agri- 
 cultural normal .school, founded in 1S40. It is supplied with 
 excellent water, and has an active commerce with Rio de 
 Janeiro.- It was founded in 1099, and called Villa Rica, 
 from the rich gold-mines in its vicinity; it was erecteit into 
 a city in 1822, when its original name, Ouro Preto, was re- 
 stored. Its gold-mines, though nearly exhausted, are still 
 worked by Kuglisli companies ; before their decline it had 
 30,000 inhabitants. 
 
 OURUU.MIYAII. See Ooroomeeyah. 
 
 OUKUMPT SI, a city of China. See Oroomtsee. 
 
 OUKOUP, one of the Koorile Islands. See Ooroop. 
 
 OUHTIIK or OURTE, uoRt, a river of Belgium, provinces 
 of Luxembourg and Liege, joins the Meuse, after a ;\. course 
 of 80 miles, for the last 55 of which it is navigable. 
 
 OURVILLE, ooRVeel', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inferieurc, 10 miles \.W. of Vvetot. Pop. 1290. 
 
 OU'RY'S, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 OUSA. a river of Russia. See OosA. 
 
 OUSBY, ooz'bee, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 OUS'DES, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 OUSE, ooz, a river of England, co. of York, is formed by 
 the junction of the Swale and Ure, flows tortuously S. K., and 
 unites with the Trent to form the estuary of the llumber. 
 Total course about UO miles, for the last 45 of which, or to 
 York, it is navigable for large vessels, and for barges as far 
 as Linton. Principal affluents, the Wharfe, Aire, and Don. 
 from the W., and Derwent from the N. 
 
 OUSE, a small river of England, co. of Sussex, enters the 
 English Channel near Seaford. 
 
 OUSE, a river of Canada West districts of Gore and Nia- 
 gara, has a tortuous S.E. course; its basin lying E. of that 
 of the Thames, and enters I^ake Erie at Sherbrooke. Total 
 course at least 130 miles, for the last 30 of which it is navi- 
 gable. It is connected with Lake Ontario by the Wellaud 
 Canal, which commences at its mouth. 
 
 OUSE, GREAT, a river of England, rises near Brackley, 
 and flows very tortuously through the counties of North- 
 ampton, Bucks, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, and Nor- 
 folk, and enters the Wash at King's Lynn, after a course of 
 about 100 miles, for the latter two-thirds of which it is navi- 
 gable. Below St. Ives it has been diverted from its old 
 course past Ely by the New Bedford Canal, a straight rut 
 20 miles in length. Chief affluents, the Ivel, Cam, Larkc, 
 "little Ouse. Stoke, and Nar. all from the E. or S. 
 
 OUSE, IITTLE, or BRANDON RIVER, joins the Great 
 Mse from Suffolk, at the junction of the Stoke New Bed- 
 ford Canal aiid the Wisbeach Canal, which connects the Nen, 
 
 OUSE'BURN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 OUSE BURN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 OUSHXKI, a town of Persia. See Ooshn'ei. 
 
 OUS'LEY'S BAR, a small town of Yuba co., California, 
 is situated on Yuba River, 14 miles above its junction with 
 
 OVE 
 
 Feather River, about 110 miles N.N.E. of Eeuicia. Pop 
 3'JO. 
 
 OUSMAN, a town of Russia. See Oosman. 
 
 OUSuURl, a river of Asia. See Oosooree. 
 
 OUSSOUK, a town of British India. See OosooR. 
 
 OUST, oost, arivernf France, joins the Vilaine near Rerton 
 after a S.E. cour.se of 70 miles. In the mo.st part of its cnuvs<i 
 it is accompanied by the canal between Nantes and Brest. 
 
 OUST, a town of France, department of Ariege, 8 miles S.E. 
 of St. Oirons. Pop. 1650. 
 
 OUfiT. a Russian prefix. See Cost. 
 
 OUSTIOUG, a town of Ru.ssia. See Ooswooo. 
 
 OUSTlOUJNA, a town of liussia. See Oostioozhna. 
 
 1>US'T0N. a (larish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 OUST-OUSlvAIA, a fort of Russia. See Oost-Oosk.\ia. 
 
 OUSTROM, a village of Austrian Silesia. See Oostrom. 
 
 OUST SYSOLSK, a town of Russia. See Oosi Sysolsk. 
 
 OUST VILIOUISK. See ViuooisK, OosT. 
 
 OUTACiA.MIE. oo'ta-ga-mee'.(?) county in the N.E. central 
 part of Wisconsin, contains 675 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Fox (Neeuah) and AVolf Rivers. The surface is 
 nearly level, and mostly covered with forests of pine and 
 other timber, from whieh large quantities of lumber are 
 procured. The soil is moderately productive. The Fox 
 River furnishes abundant water-power. Outagamie w.a?, 
 separated from Brown co. in 1850. Capital, Ai)iileton. P. 95S7. 
 
 OU-TCH ANU-KOU, a city of Chin.a. See Han-Kkoo. 
 
 OUTEIRO, 6-ti'e-ro, a market-town of Portugal, 7 miles 
 S.E. of Bragan^a, with a strong Mooiish castle. Pop. 1600. 
 
 OU'TERBY, a township of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 OU Till lU CHAN. See Oo Thoo SHA>f. 
 
 OUTLAW'S BRIDGE, a postnjffice of Duplin co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 OUT'LET, a post-office of Lake CO.. Indiana. 
 
 OUTRAGH. (5w-trdji', or OUTRATII, Ow-tr^th', a parish 
 of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Leitrim, including the town 
 of Balinamore. 
 
 OUTRAGH or OUTRATII, a parish of Ireland, Munster, 
 CO. of Tipperary. 
 
 OUTRAGH or OUTRATU, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, 
 CO. of Kilkenny. 
 
 OUTREAU, ooHro', a town of France, department of Pas- 
 de-(,'alais, 2 miles S.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 2368. 
 
 OUTREFURENS. ootr'fii'raN"'', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire, half a mile E. of St. Etieune. Pop. 1339. 
 
 OUT'WELL, a parish of England, counties of Cambridge 
 and Norfolk. 
 
 OUT'WOOD, a hamlet of Engl.^nd, co. of Lancaster, on 
 the Irwell and the .Manchester and Bolton Canal, 7 miles 
 N.W. of Manchester. I'op. 2000. 
 
 OUVELKA. a river of Russia. See Ooveika. 
 
 OUYA, oti-yiJ, or OYAK. oV^k', a river of French Guiana, 
 flows N.N.E., and, separating the island of Caj'enne from the 
 mainland, enters the Atlantic, after a course of 70 miles. 
 
 OUZBEKS. SeeOoZBKKS. 
 
 OUZBIN, ooz'beeii', a village of Afghanistan, 35 miles E. 
 of Cabool, in a small elevated valley of the same name. 
 
 OUZKN, two rivers of Rnssia. See OOZE.V. 
 
 OUZOUER LE MARCUf:. ooV.oo-i/ leh maR'sli.V, several 
 villages of France, of which the principal is in the depart- 
 ment of Loiret-Cher, 17 miles W. of Orleans. Pop. 1246. 
 
 OV.'V.D.\. o-vd'di, a market-town of Piedmont, division 
 and '20 miles S. of Alessandria, on the Orbe. Pop. 6177. It 
 was formerly fortified. 
 
 OVAR, o-vaR', a town of Portugal, province of Beira. on 
 the Ovar, at the head of its estuary, 15 miles N. of Avciro. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 OVARI or OWARI (o-vd'ree) BAY OF. called also ISENO 
 U.MI, an inlet on the .S. side of the island of Niphon, Japan. 
 Length 25 miles ; greatest breadth 20 miles. Nagoya, the 
 prin<ipal town on its shores, is the capita,l of the province 
 of Ovari. 
 
 OVEI/iONNE, (Ovelgiinne,) o'vel-giin'neh, a market-town 
 of Oldenburg, on the left bank of the AVeser, 16 miles N.E. 
 of Oldenburg. Pop. 973. 
 
 0' VEXDEN. a township of England, co. York. West Riding. 
 
 OV/EXS (uv'enz) RIVER. S.i:. Australia, joins the Hume 
 to form the Murray, in lat. 34° 48' S., Ion. 146° 15' E., where 
 it is of less size than the Hume liiver, but of equal velocity. 
 
 O'VER, a marketrtown and parish of England, eo. and 15 
 miles E. of Chester. Pop. 3224. 
 
 OVER, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 O'VERALLS. a post-ofRce of Warren co.. Virginia. 
 
 OVERBOELAERE. o'ver-boo-liVreh, a villagt! of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, on the Dender, 15 miles S.E of 
 Audonarde. Pop. 10;J7. 
 
 O'VERBURY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 O'VEUKIELD, a post-offloe of Barbour co., AV. A'irginia. 
 
 OVERFLAKKEE, o'ver-fl3k'keh,au island of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South' Holland, between two arms of the 
 Ithine, (or M.a.as,) the Haring-vliet, and Flakkee, at their 
 entrance into the North Sea. Length 25 miles, breadth 7 
 miles. 
 
 OVERILL. a post-office of Upshur co., West A'irginia. 
 
 OVEIUJSSEL. See Overyssel. 
 
 1413 
 
OVE 
 
 OWE 
 
 on F.lilAvVD ]i01/TE, the name commonlj- given to the 
 tate Ihio Kurope to India, across Kgypt, via Alexandria, 
 Cairo, and Suez, and thence by steamers through the Ked 
 Sea aud Straits of Bali-el-JIaudeb. tteamers from the ports 
 of Englaikl rtud France proceed to Alexandria, stopping ou 
 tJje way to Malta, i'rom Alexandria passengers were for- 
 merly conveyed in boats by the Mahmoodeeyah Canal to 
 Atfeh, thence by steamboats on the Nile to Cairo. From 
 Cairo they are conveyed across the Desert in omnibuses (or 
 ou camels or horses, at their option) to Suez. There are 
 stations for changing horses every few miles; the central 
 station beiug well provided as a hotel. A railroad has re- 
 cently been completed from Alexandria to Cairo. 
 O'VERMANS i'KlUlY, a postroffice, Muscatine co., Iowa. 
 OVEKMEIllK, o'ver-miVeh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, lOmiles E. of Ghent. Pop. 3132. 
 
 OVEKl'ELT, o'ver-p^lO, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limbourg, on the liommel, 19 miles N. of llasselt. Pop. 1400. 
 OVEKSCHIE, o/ver-SKee^, a parish and village of the Ne- 
 fberlauds, province of South Ilollaud, 3 miles S.^Y. of Rot- 
 terdam. Pop. 2440. 
 
 O'VERSnOLZHIIiLE, a small village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 OVERSLAUGH, o'ver-slaw, New York, in the Hudson 
 River, 3 miles below Albany. The channel of the river here 
 is obstructed by sandbars, rendering the navigation difficult 
 at low tide. 
 O'VEllSrONE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 O'VERSTOWEY, a parish of Lnglaud, co. of Somerset. 
 O'VKRSTRAXD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 O'VERTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 OVEllTON, a parish of England, co. I'ork, North Riding. 
 OVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 OVEKTON, a borough and parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Flint, on the Dee, here crossed by an elegant bridge, 15 miles 
 S. of Chester. Pop. of borough in 1851, 1479. It has a 
 venerable church, surrounded by yew trees of great size. 
 The borough unites with Flint, &c.. in sending 1 member 
 to Parliament. It is also a polling-place for the county. 
 
 OVEKTON, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering ou Kentucky, area estimated at TOO square miles. 
 It is intersected by Obie's or Obed's Kiver, an affluent of 
 Cumberland River, which flows along the N.W border. The 
 surface is mountainous, especially in the E. part. The soil 
 is mostly fertile. Iron ore and stone-coal ai-e abundant. It 
 is well timbered, and is amply supplied with water-power. 
 Obie's River is navigable by steamboats 60 miles in this 
 county. Capital, Livingston. Pop. 12,637, of whom 11,550 
 were free, and 1087 slaves. 
 OVERTON, a small village of Claiborne parish, Louisiana. 
 OVEKYSSCH!i-NOTKE-DAME-AU-BOIS, oVeh-reesh' 
 nofr d.im o bwl, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 
 on the Yssche, about 9 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 45S7. 
 
 OVERYSSEL or OVERIJSEL, o/ver-is's,4, a province of 
 the Netherlands, E. of 'the Zuyder Zee, and enclosed land- 
 ward by the provinces of Gelderland, West Friesland, 
 Drenthe, and Ilanover and Rhenish Prussia. Area 1312 
 square miles. Pop. in 1863, 244,541. Surface almost wholly 
 level, and in great part marshy or heath lands, but along 
 the Yssel is some fertile soil, producing rye, buckwheat, 
 hemp, and fruits. Cattle rearing and digging turf, are the 
 principal branches of industry. Manufactures of linen and 
 . c»tton twist and fabrics, wicker wares, mats, and iron goods 
 are carried on, but the exports consist mainly in rural 
 produce. 
 OVER YSSEL. a river of the Netherlands. See Y'ssel. 
 OVETUM. See Oviedo. 
 
 O'VID, a beautiful post-village and township, semi-capital 
 of Seneca co.. New York, on the dividing rid^e between 
 Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, aliout 190 miles W. of Albany. 
 The village is delightfully situated on the W. slope of 
 the dividing ridge, about 3^ miles from either lake. It 
 conmiands a beautiful view of Seneca Lake and the sur- 
 rounding country. It contains a court-house, an incorpo- 
 rated academy, 3 meeting-houses, a newspaper office, 3 
 public-houses, a steam-mill, and 8 stores. Pop. about 700: 
 of the township, 2538. 
 OVID, a postoffice of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 OVID, a post-township in the S.E. part of Branch co., 
 Michigan.* Pop. 1199. 
 OVID, a post-village in Madison co., Indiana. 
 OVID, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois. 
 OVIDIOPOL, o-ve-de-o/pol, (L. Ocidirip'oUs.) a fortified sea- 
 port town of South Russia, government of Kherson, on the 
 estuary of the J)niester. opposite Akerman, and 20 miles 
 S.W . of Odessa. Pop. 1400. It has a custom-hou.-* and a 
 lazaretto, it being a station of the Russian fleet in the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 O'VID LAND'ING. of New York, on the Cayuga and Sus- 
 quehanna Railroad. 36 miles N. of Owego. 
 
 OVIEDO, o-ve-4/Do, (anc. LtiJcus As'turum, afU-rwards 
 OveUum,} a city of Spain, in the N.W., capital of a province. 
 near the conttui-nce of the Ovia and Nora Rivers, 61 miles 
 N.N.W. of Leon, and 57 miles E. of the I'ortuguese frontier; 
 LiL 43^ 22' N., lou. 6"^ 57' W. Pop. J,384. The chief edifices 
 
 are the cathedral, one of the finest in Spain, the ex-college 
 of San Vicente, now used for government offices, the convent 
 of San Pelayo, the university buildings, the castle, and the 
 general and military hospital. Its educational establish- 
 ments comprise the university, with 400 to 5C«) students, 
 and a library of 10,000 volumes, a normal school, and 4 pri- 
 mary schools. It has a theatre, a fortress of the luth cen- 
 tury, and 11 public fountains, supplied with water by 2 
 aqueducts, one of which has 41 arches. Oviedo has manu- 
 factures of arms, hats, and leather. It was the chief place 
 of refuge for the Christian clergy during the early domi- 
 nion of the Moors. In its vicinity are hot mineral springs 
 and baths. 
 
 OVIEDO, a p|t)vince of Spain, Asturia-s, bounded N. by 
 the Bay of Biscay. Area 4216 square miles. Pop. 510.000. 
 
 OVIGLIO, o-veel'3"o, a village of Sardinia, province and 7 
 miles W.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2200. 
 
 0'\'ING, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 OVINO, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 O'VINGDEAN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 CVINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 O'VINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 OVINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 OVINGTOX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 OVO'CA or AVO'CA, a river of Ireland, Leinster, co. of 
 Wjcklow, formed by the " Meeting of the \Aatei-s," Avonbeg 
 and Avonmore, after a S.E. course of 6 miles enters the 
 Irish Sea near Arklow. the chief town on its banks. Ita 
 vale is highly celebra"ted for picturesque beauty. 
 
 OVOLAlI,o'vo-low\oueof the Feejee Islands. iu the South 
 Pacific ; lat. 17° 41' S., Ion. 178° 52' W., about 8 miles long 
 and 7 miles broad. 
 
 OVOS, ILHA DOS, eel'yd doce o'voce, an island of Brazil, 
 N. of the province of Maranhao, at the entrance of the Bay 
 of Cuma: lat. 2=4' S. 
 
 OVROOTCH, OVROUTGH, or OTRUTSCH, o-vrootch', a 
 town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, on the 
 Mariuna, 82 miles N. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 2500. 
 
 OWASCO (o-w6s'ko) LAKE, in the S.E. central part of Ca- 
 yuga CO., New York, is about 11 miles long, and from one- 
 third to three-quarters of a mjle wide. It discharges its 
 waters by an outlet into Seneca River. Its shores abound 
 with picturesque scenery. 
 
 OWASCO, a post-village and township of Cayuga co.. New 
 Y'ork, on the E. shore of Owasco Lake, about 100 miles W. 
 by N. of Albany. I'op. 1351. 
 
 OWASCO CREEK, of Cayuga CO.. New Y'ork, is the outlet 
 of Owa.-^X) Lake, fiowiug into Seneca River. 
 
 OWASCO LAKE, a post-office of Cayuga co.. New York. 
 
 O^VASSO, o-w6s'so, a post-village and township of Shia 
 wa.ssee co., Michigan, on the Shiawassee River. 27 miles N.E. 
 of Lansing. The village has 6 churches, and 1 bank. See 
 Owosso iu Appexdix. 
 
 OWEGO, o-wee'go, a handsome and flourishing post- village 
 and township, capital of Tioga co., New York, at the junction 
 of the Owego Creek with the Susquehanna River, where - 
 the former is crossed by the New York and Erie Railroad, 
 247 miles from New York City. The inhaWtants are 
 extensively engaged in the lumber trade. The village con- 
 tains, besides tne county buildings, 7 churches, 2 banks, an 
 academy, a ladles' seminary, also numerous stores, 2 print- 
 ing-offices issuing newspapers, and several flour, plaster, 
 and woollen mills, besides other esttiblishments. A wooden 
 bridge unites it with the opposite bank of the river. Owe- 
 go is connected with Ithaca, 30 miles distant, by the 
 Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad. Settled in 1791, and 
 incorpoRited in 1827. Pop. of the township, 8935' of the 
 village, about 5000. 
 
 OWE/GO CREEK, of New York, is formed by the East 
 and \Vest Branches, which unite in Tioga county. It flows 
 nearly southward, and enters the E. branch of the Susque- 
 hanna River at Owego. 
 
 OWEN, o'wen. a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, 
 on the Lauter, 18 miles S.E. of Stuttgart. 
 
 O'WEN. a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area 
 estimated at 300 square miles. The Kentucky River bounds 
 it on the W., and the Eagle Creek washes part of its eastern, 
 and all of its north-western border. The surfiice is undu- 
 latini;, and the soil is fertile. The subjacent rock is the blue 
 limestone. The navigation of the Kentucky River has been 
 improved by locks and dams on the border. Formed in 
 1819, and named in honor of Colonel Abram Owen, who fell 
 at the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, Owenton. Pop. 1 2,719, 
 of wliom 11,059 were free, and 1060 slaves. 
 
 OWEN, a county in the S.W. central part of Indiana, 
 contains about 400 square miles. It is drained by the West 
 F'ork of Mhite Kiver. The surface is mostly undulating, 
 excepting the river bottoms, which are large and fertile. 
 The soil of the uplands is also good, and adapted to wheat, 
 corn, oats, and grass. The i-ounty contains extensive beds 
 of coal and iron ore, which yields about 40 per cent, of me- 
 tal. The river is navigiiti-d by small steamers through thig 
 county, during high water. Organized in 1819. Capital, 
 Spencer. Pop. 14.y76. 
 
 OWEN, a. township of Dallas co., Arkansas. 
 
 =^ 
 
OWE 
 
 OWEN, a township of Clarke co., Indiana. Pop. 705. 
 OWKN, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 801. 
 OWEN, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 1662. 
 OWEN, a township of Vauderburg co., Indiana. 
 OWENBOKOUGII, a thriving post-village, capital of Da- 
 viess erf., Kentucky, is situated on the Ohio Kiver, 165 miles 
 below Ixiuisville. The navigation is seldom obstructed 
 either by ice or by low water below this place. Owenbo- 
 rough is the principal shipping port of the county. It con- 
 tains a court-house, 3 churches, an academy, and a branch 
 bank. One newspaper is published here. Pop. 2308. 
 OWENSHOROUGII, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana. 
 0\VEN'.S L.\KE, near the centre of California, is situated 
 in about 30" 05' N. lat., and 117'^ 50' W. Ion. It is about 10 
 miles long by 6 miles wide, and receives Owen's Kiver. 
 OWEN'S MILL, a post-office of Buckingham co., Viririnia. 
 OWEN SOUND, or SYD'ENIL\M, a thriving post villai;e 
 in the township of Sydenham, Waterloo co., Canada West, 
 on Georgian Bay. 110 miles N.W. of Toronto. Pop. HiiO. 
 
 OWEN'S KIVER, a small stream of Mariposa and Tulare 
 counties, California, flows into Owen's Lake. 
 
 O'WENSVILLE, a village of Westchester co., New York, 
 on Croton Hiver, about 112 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 OWENSVILLE, a post-village of Sampson co., North Ca- 
 rolina, 84 miles S.S.E. of Raleigh. 
 OWENSYILLE, a po.st-village of Saline CO., Arkansas. 
 OWENSVILLB, a post-office of Clermont co., Ofcio. 
 OWENSYILLE, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, 9 
 miles S.W. of Princeton. Pop. in 1860, 491. 
 
 OWEXSYiLLE, a small village of Clay co., Slissourl. 
 OWENSYILLE, a village of Canada We.st, co. of Prince 
 Edward, 10 miles S. of Belleville. Pop. about 100. 
 
 O'WENTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Owen CO., 
 Kentucky, 28 miles N. of i'rankfort. It is connected by 
 turnpike with Warsaw, on the Ohio Kiver; it contains 3 
 churches. Settled in 1828. 
 
 O'WKR-MOIGNE. a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 O'WHKSBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 OWIIYllEE. See Hawaii. 
 
 O'WING'S LANDING, a village of Warren co., Missouri. 
 O^VING'S MILLS, a post-village of Baltimore co.. Mary- 
 land, on the Westminster Branch Railroad, 17 miles N.W. 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 O'WINGSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bath CO., Ken- 
 tucky, about 45 miles E. by N. of Lexington, hus a fine 
 court-house and two or three churches. 
 
 OWLA, fSw'ld, or AULA, a decayed town of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Bare'ily, on the S.W. of the Nawaul Nullah. In 
 the environs are various ruins of palaces and mosques. 
 OWL CREEK, Ohio. See Verno.n River. 
 OWL'l'EN, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 OWL PRAI'RIE TOWN, a po.st-village of Daviess co., In- 
 diana, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 16 miles N. of Wash- 
 ington, the county seat. 
 
 OWL'S HEAD, a headland on the W. side of the entrance 
 of Penobscot Bay, Maine. On it is a fixed light, elevated 
 147 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 44° N., Ion. 68° 58' W. 
 OWM'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 OWRA, ow'ri, a town of India, province of Malwah, on 
 the Chumbul, 75 miles S.S.W. of Kotah ; lat. 24° 12' N., Ion. 
 75° 26' E. 
 
 0W7RAM, NORTH, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 OWRAM." SOUTH, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 OWS'LEBURY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 OAVS'LEY. a county situated in the E. central part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 460 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Kentucky River and its three forks, which 
 unite ne.ir the centre. The surface is hilly or mountainous, 
 and mostly covered with forests; the soil is rather poor, ex- 
 cepting near the streams. Coal and lumber are the chief 
 articles of export. Extensive mines of iron ore and stone- 
 coal have been found. Formed in 1842, and named in honor 
 of AVilliam Owsley, late governor of the state. Capital, 
 Booneville. Pop. 5335, of whom 5223 were free, and 112 slaves. 
 OW'STON. a parish of England, co of I,incoln. 
 OWSTON.'a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, West Riding. 
 OW/TIIORNE, a maritime parish of England, co. of Y'ork, 
 East Riding, on the North Sea. The sea has made great 
 Inroads here, and covers a submarine forest. 
 OWI'IIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 OWYHEE, one of the Sandwich Islands. See IIawaii. 
 0WY''1IEE RIYER, in the E. central part of Oregon, rises 
 on the W. slope of the Blue Mountains, and falls into the 
 South Branch of Lewis River. 
 
 OX'BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 OX'BOW, a post-village of Jefferson co.. New York, on 
 Oswegntcbie River, about 28 miles N.N.E. of Watertown. 
 OXBOW, a post-office of Wyoming co.. Pennsylvania. 
 OXBOW, a post-office of Putnam co., Illinois. 
 OX'COMB, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 OX'ENDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 OXP 
 
 OXENDEN, LITTLE, is a locality 2 miles S.W. of Mar'KOt- 
 Ilarborough, England. 
 OX'ENllALL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 O.X'ENUOPE, a hamlet of England, co. of York, WeM 
 Riding. 
 OX'ENTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 O.X/FOKD or OXFORDSHIRE, ox'ford-shir, a central 
 county of Enj;land, having S. the county of Berks, from 
 which it is wholly separated by the Thames. Area 739 square 
 miles, or 472,960 acres, of which upwards of 400,000 arc under 
 cultivation. Pop. in 1851, 170.439. Surface mostly levil. or 
 undulating, except in the S., where it is traversed by the 
 Cbiltern Hills. Soil in the N. a fertile loam, elsewhere gra- 
 velly, or thin. and on a limestone subsoil. I'rimipal rivers, 
 the Thame. Cberwell, Windrush. and Evenlode. afUucnls of 
 the Thames. Barley, wheat, and turnips are the main crops. 
 Dairy produce of excellent quality. Stock of sheep large, 
 especially on the Chiltern Range. 'I'he Oxford Canal, 91 miles 
 in length, traverses the county from N. to S.. connecting the 
 Thames with the Coventry Canal, and through it willi the 
 Mersey, Severn, and Trent, and a branch of the Great West- 
 ern Hailwiiy extends in the same direction. Principal towns, 
 Oxford. Banbury, Wootlstoik. and Uenley. The county sends 
 Smemburs to the House of Commons, and 6 are sent by its 
 boroughs and university. The aboriginal inhabitan ts of tliii" 
 county, the Dobuni. are said to have welcomed their Roman 
 conquerors, and always to have lived contenteilly under 
 them. Roman remains are numerous in the county. 
 
 OX/FORD, (L. Oxo'ma.) a city, parliamentary borough, and 
 the seat of one of the principal universities of England, 
 capital of the county of Oxford, between the junction of the 
 Isis and Cherwell, here crossed by numi^rous bridges, 55 
 miles W.N.W. of Ixindon. on the Great Western Railway, 
 an<l branch. Lat. 51° 45' 55" N., Ion. 1° 15' 29" W. Area of 
 parliamentary borough, 2930 acres. Pop. in 1851, 27.843. 
 It stands in an undulating amphitheatre, surrounded by 
 wooded meadows, and encompassed on the W.. S., and E., by 
 hill.s, but opens towards the N. into a champaign country, 
 and presents a magnificent appearance, with its numerous 
 spires and domes ; that of the Raddiffe Library being tho 
 most conspicuous. The High Street, proceeding from E. to W., 
 and entered by a handsome stone bridge over the Cherwell, 
 is one of the noblest thoroughfares in Europe. In it are 
 Magdalen, -A^ll Souls, Queen's, and University Colleges, and 
 the University Church. At right angles with this street, 
 is another line upwards of 1 mile in length. In this are 
 Chrlstchurch College and the Town Hall, and its N. part is 
 very broad, and ornamented with rows of elms. Tarallel 
 to High Street, is Broad Street, in which are Baliol. Trinity, 
 and Exeter Colleges, the Ashmolean Mu.senm, Clarendon 
 Rooms, Seldonian Theatre, and near it the Academic'il 
 Schools, with tho Bodleian Library and Picture Gallery. 
 Several of the streets are lineil with substantial private 
 residences, and a new and handsome suburb has been built 
 within the last 25 years. 
 
 The Cathedral of Oxford, attached to Christchurch College, 
 and on the site of a priory founded in the 8th century, is 
 an edifice of different styles, between the 12th and ICth 
 centuries, with a spire 146 feet in height. Its see comprises 
 the county of Oxford, and the archileaconries of Berks and 
 Bucks. Revenue of hi.shopric in 1847, 2500?. St. Jlary's 
 Church, used for academical services, has a spire of 180 feet 
 in height, and is a fine structure, though di.sfigured by a 
 heavy porch. Carfax, or St. Martin's, is the corporation 
 church. St. Peter's in the East is the oldest existing church 
 in Oxford, (supposed to have been built about the 9th cen- 
 tury ;) its older parts are Saxon, and it has a crypt of the 
 same architecture. St. Mary Magdalen is a handsome church 
 in the decorated style. St. John's, All Saints', and St Giles', 
 also deserve notice. In the city are also 10 other benefices. 
 Besides the colleges, several of which, as Christchurch, New 
 College. All Souls, Slagdalen, and Queen's, are cf imposing 
 architecture, and have rich internal ornaments; the other 
 principal buildings are the town and county hall, music hull, 
 city bridewell, .sessions hou.«e, and county jail, a Gothic 
 embattled structure on the site of the ancient castle, the 
 market-houses, Radcliffe infirmary, house of industry for 11 
 parishes, many almshou.ses, and chapels for Roman Catliolics, 
 Methodists, Independents, and Baptists. 
 
 Oxford has large diocesan and national schools, numerous 
 charitable endowments, several banks, and it had formerly 
 many flourishing hotels, and was a centre of a good deal of 
 stage coach traffic. It is at present chiefly supported by its 
 University, though it has some transit trade in coals and 
 corn, facilitated by wharves and quays on the Isis. It is 
 governed, exclusive of the University, by a mayor, 9 alder- 
 men, and 30 councillors, and is the seat of quarter and petty 
 sessions, a mayor's court, and court of hustings, and of 
 assizes and monthly courts for the county. It sends 2 mem- 
 bers to the House of Commons for the town, and 2 members 
 for the University. 
 
 The University of Oxford consists of 19 colleges, and 5 halla. 
 Their names and date of foundation are a.s follows • — Uni- 
 versitv College, reputed to have been founded in 872. rev ived 
 in 1249 ; Baliol, foutided between 1263 and 1268, and of \n hicli 
 
 1415 
 
OXF 
 
 OXF 
 
 Wiokllffe WRS once ma-'ter; Morton, founded at Maiden in 
 Surrey, iu 1204, and removetl to Oxford in 1274; Exeter, 
 founded 1314; Oriel, a h.ind.^ome and richly ornamented 
 e<lifiie. dating from 1326; Queen's, founded in 1340, the 
 buildings of which are among the finest in the city; New 
 College, 13S6, with the most gorgeous and elegant chapel in 
 the University; the garden of this college is beautifully laid 
 out. and interspersed with majestic trees ; Lincoln, founded 
 1427 ; All Souls'. 1437, with a noble hall, and a library of 
 40,000 volumes; Magdalen. 1456, at the entrance of the city 
 from London, with much fine Gothic architecture, and a 
 hall th.it has been the banqueting room of many English 
 sovereigns; it is remarkable for the extent and beauty of 
 its meadows, gardens, and walks; but chiefly for its tower, 
 an exquisite specimen of rather late perpendicular, and one 
 of the most gracefully proportioned buildings in the king- 
 dom : Brazen Xose. founded in 1.509 ; Corpus Christi, in 1516 ; 
 Christchurch, originally founded by Cardinal Wolsey in 1525, 
 and with by far the most extensive buildings and grounds 
 belonging to any of the colleges, a AV. front, 382 feet in length, 
 a tower, containing the '• Great Tom," a bell, weighing 17.000 
 pounds; magnificent hall, picture gallery, library, &c. ; 
 Trinity, founded in 1554 ; St. John's, in 1557, with handsome 
 buildings in the X. part of the city ; Jesus, founded in 1571 ; 
 M'adham,in 1613; Pembroke, in 1620; 'Worcester College, in 
 1714; and SI. JIary's, Xew Inn, St. Alban, Magdalen, and St, 
 Edmund's Halls, which two last are unendowed academical 
 houses. Total number of members iu the University in 
 184S, 6020, 
 
 Besides the buildings of each individual college and hall, 
 are others even of a more magnificent description, belonging 
 to all in common, or to the University properly so called. 
 Of these the most remarkable are the Theatre, built by Sir 
 Christopher Wren, and usetl by the University on great 
 public occasions, and, though only 80 feet long by 70 feet 
 broad, so arranged as to accommodate nearly 4000 iiersons; 
 the buildings called the Schools, used for the examination 
 of candidates for degrees, and similar purpo.ses, and con- 
 sisting of a hand.-:ome quadrangle, of late or del>ased Gothic, 
 they partly form a picture-gallery, and parti}- accommodate 
 the" rich treasures of tlie Bodleian Library, which occupies 
 one side of the quadrangle ; the Ashmolean Museum, which, 
 tltough neither in extent nor value what might be expected 
 in such a localit)'. is remarkable as beiug the earliest pulilic 
 museum established in the kingdom, and as containing the 
 ,:ollections of the Tritdescauts, Elias Ashmole, Ac; the K.id- 
 clifTe Library, a splendid structure, crowned by a dome, 
 which forms a conspicuous feature in every view of Oxford, 
 and contrasts somewhat strangely, though not unpleasantly, 
 with the Gothic edifices around it : the KadclifTe Obsi-rvatory, 
 con.sisting of wings and a light and elegant centre, sur- 
 mounted by a tower, in imitation of the Temple of the 
 Vinds at Athens: the Clarendon, originally built a,s a 
 printing-office for Loi-d Clarendon's works, but now used as 
 a geological museum, lecture-rooms, and public ofSces; Uni- 
 versity I'rintiug Office, a very extensive building by Blore: 
 and the Taylor and Randolph Institution, a magnificent 
 range of buildings by Co<'kerell, recentlj' complet*Kl. partly 
 for the custody and exhibition of works of art, and partly 
 as a foundation for the teaching of modern languages. In 
 connexion with the University may lie mentioned the Bo- 
 tanic Garden, probably the oldest, but by no means one of 
 the best, in the kingdom ; but lately much improved, and 
 enriched with the extensive Fielding Herbarium, in addition 
 to the valuable collections. before pos.«essed. 
 
 The University is governed by its own statutes, .idminii*- 
 tered by a chancellor, a resident vice-chancellor, who is a 
 magistrate for Oxford, and the counties of Oxfonl and Berks, 
 2 proctors, and some subordinate officers. The corporate 
 business is conducted by tha House of Congregation, com- 
 pose-l of the resident doctors, heads, and profes-sors of col- 
 leges, and the House of Convocation, comprising all those 
 whose names remain on the Ixwks of the University, whe- 
 ther resident or not. Public professorships are of royal or 
 private endowment ; and in all there are 28 professors and 
 readers, some of whom lecture in the '■ Schools," the build- 
 ings of which have been already noticed. The fellowships 
 and scholarships are chiefly reserved for parties who, by 
 birth or interest, rather than learning, accjuire a title to 
 them ; but at Baliol, Oriel. Lincoln, and Wadham Colleges, 
 they have been thrown open to competition. Most of the 
 colleges have exhibitions, with stipends from public bodies 
 elsewhere, and at Christchurch is a body of sen-ilm-s. similar 
 to the sizars of Cambridge. The Bodleian Library, con- 
 nected with the University, comprises 220,000 volumes, and 
 20,000 manuscripts, and is entitled to a copy of all new 
 works published in the United Kingdom. There are besides 
 aViout 23 other libraries. Total revenues of the University 
 estimated at 4.')7,490f, 
 
 University College claims to have heev founded by Alfred, 
 Tt is certain that Oxford was a seat of learning as early as 
 the time of IMward the Confessor, It was a principal resi- 
 dence of numerous Saxon. Danish, and Norman monarchs. 
 In the civil war, the members of its university sided with 
 the king, and they have generally, to the present day, 
 1416 
 
 espoused high church and tori' principles. The University 
 hiis sent 2 members to the House of Commons since the 
 
 time of Edward I. A student of Oxford is called an Oxo- 
 
 MAN, ox-o'ni'-an. 
 
 OXI'OKD, a county in the 'W. part Df Maine, has an area 
 of atx)Ut 1700 square miles. It is watered by the Andros- 
 coggin, Margallaway. Saco, and other smaller rivers. In 
 the N. part are several lakes connected with Umbagog Lake, 
 one of the principal sources of the Androscoggin River, 
 Some parts, especially in the N. and N.AV., are rough and 
 mountainous, but a large portion is fertile, and well adapted 
 to cultivation, particularly along the banks of its many 
 lakes and rivers, Indian corn, potatoes, wool, and grass 
 are the staples. The Atlantic and St, I^wreuce Kailroad 
 passes through this county. Capital, Paris. Pop. 36,698. 
 
 OXFOBD, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 36 miles 
 S.W. of Augusta, intersected by the Atlantic and St Law- 
 rence Kailroad. Pop, 1281. 
 
 OXFORD, a thriving post^village and township of Wor- 
 cester CO., Massachusetts, on the .Norwich and ^Vorcester 
 Railroad, 11 miles S. by AV. of Worcester, It contains a 
 bank, 6 churches, cottoii-mills, 5 woollen-mills, and num»> 
 roiis boot and shoe factories. Pop. of the township, 3034. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-township of New Haven CO., Connecticut, 
 intersected by the Naugatuck Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of 
 New Haven. Pop. I'2ti9, 
 
 OXt'Oiy), a post- village and township of Chenango co,. 
 New York, on the Chenango River and Canal, 110 nules by 
 land, or 170 miles by canal W, by S, of All/any, The vil- 
 lage is beautifully situated on both sides of the river, here 
 crossed by a bridge, and on the projected railroad from 
 Binghamton to Utica, 33 miles N.N,E. of the former, and 
 60 miles S.S.W, of the latter. It contains churches for 
 the Congregational ists. Baptists, Methodi.st.s, Episcopalians, 
 Uuiversalists, and Catholics; a bank, an acjidemy founded 
 in 1795, 2 priuting-oflices, from which 2 weekly newspapers 
 are issued, "23 stores, and the Oxford Hoe and Edge Tool 
 Company. This company «mploy about 50 hands, and 
 furnish hoes and edge tools, especially the former, to every 
 part of the United States. A new academic edifice and 2 
 boarding nails have recently been erected,- at a cost of 
 $20,000, The stirrounding county is a rich iigricultural 
 region, famous for its butter. Pop. of the townsliip, 3290; 
 of the village, about 1600, 
 
 OXFORD, a postrvillage of Orange co.. New York, on tho 
 New York and Erie Kailroad, 52 miles from New York City. 
 
 OXFORD, a township of Warren co,, New Jersey, on the 
 Delaware, 48 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. It contains Belvi- 
 dere. the county seat, and the small village of Oxford. P. 2350. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-village and township of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the turnpike road from York to Gettysburg, 10 
 miles N.E. of the latter. Pop. 1201. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-liorough of Chester CO., Pennsylr.ania, 69 
 miles S,E, of Ilarrisburg, It is situated in a wealthy and 
 populous neighborhood. Pop. 482. 
 
 OXFORD, a township included within the chartered 
 limits of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 
 River, 6 miles N.E. of the State House. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-village and port of entry of Talbot co., 
 Maryland, at the mouth of Treadhaven Creek, a iiavigabla 
 arm of Chesapeake Bay. 12 miles S.W. of Easton, has a 
 flourishing military academy. It is one of the oldest ports 
 of entry in the state. The shipping of the district, Jupe 
 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 133 tons registered 
 and 12.452 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 19 
 schooners — aggregate burthen of 1320 tons — were built, 
 
 OXFORD, a jiost-oilice of Ritchie co., W, Virginia, 
 
 OXFORD, a flourishing post-village, capital of Granvillb 
 CO., North Carolina, 45 miles N, of Raleigh, and 12 miles W. 
 of the Gaston and Raleigh Railroad, The situation is beau- 
 tiful and healthj', Oxford is a place of some importance for 
 its educational establishments, having in successful opera- 
 tion an academj' for each sex, and a IJaptist female college, 
 which was opened in 1851. It also contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 and 1 newspaper ofRce. Pop. in 1850, 1978 ; in 1860, 878. 
 
 OXFORD, a handsome post-village of Newton CO., Georgia, 
 2 miles N. of the Georgia Railroad, and 132 miles W. of Au- 
 gusta. It is the seat of Emory College, founded in 1837, by 
 the Methodists, 
 
 OXFORD, a thriving post-village of Benton co„ Alabama, 
 on the route of the railroad now in progress from Selma to 
 Gadsden, 110 miles N, by E, of Montgomery. Pop. 300. 
 
 OXFORD, a pleasant and thriving post-village, capital of 
 I-afayette co., Mississippi. 180 miles N, of Jackson. It Is 
 considered one of the healthiest places in the state, Thti 
 State University, which is situated one mile from the vil- 
 lage, is well endowed and flourishing, and the ImiMings are 
 excellent. It has 4 or 5 churches, 2 seniinarits for lioys 
 and 2 for girls ; 2 newspapers are published here. The On*- 
 tral Railroad of Missi.ssippi passes through Oxford. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-village of Scott CO., Kentucky, 22 miles 
 E. liy N. of Frankfort. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-village and township f>f Butler co.. Ohiix 
 on the Junction Railroad. 105 miles W.S.W. of »\ilumbu«. 
 The village is the seat of Miami Uuiveisity, founded in 
 
OXF 
 
 OZO 
 
 1809, which has 6 professors, and a lihrary of 9000 volumes. 
 This institution is supported by the Income arising from a 
 large grant of land from the governmeut. Oxford contains 
 7 cliurches, 3 feiiuilo seminaries, and I newspaper office. 
 Pop. abont 2000; of the township, 2413. 
 
 OXl'OllD, a town.sliip of Coshocton co., Ohio., intersected 
 by tlie Tuscarawas Iliver and Ohio Canal. I'op. 1049. 
 OXFORD, Delaware co., Ohio. See Ashley. 
 OXFOKD, a township of Delaware co.. Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati Kailroad. P. 1133. 
 OXFORD, a township of Erie co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Mansfield and Sandusky City Railroad. Pop. 1487. 
 O.XFORD, a town.«hip of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1857. 
 OXfc'OKD, a villa'.'e of Holmes do., Ohio, on Killbuck Creek, 
 82 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 OXFOItD.a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Tu.scarawas River and Ohio Canal. I'op. 1525. 
 
 OXFOKD, a post-township iu the N.E. part of Oakland 
 CO., Michifjan. Pop. 1402. 
 
 OXFOKD, a tliriving post-village, capital of Benton co., 
 Indiana, 88 miles N.W. of Indianapolis, is surrounded by 
 extensive prairie.s. 
 
 OXFOKD, a post-village of Henry co., Illinois, about 20 
 miles S.W. of Cambridge. 
 
 OXFOKD, a county in the S. part of Canada West, has 
 an area of 710 .square miles. The railroad from Duiidas, at 
 the head of Lake Ontario, to Windsor, on the Detroit River, 
 traverses this county, passing through Woodstock its capital. 
 Pop. 32.038. 
 
 OXFOl'.D, a town of Canada West, 28 miles E.N.E. of Lon- 
 don, on the Thames. 
 
 OXFORD DKPOT, a post-office of Orange co.. New York, 
 on the New York and Erie Railroad, 52 miles from New 
 York. • 
 
 OX'FORD FUR/NACE, a small post-village in Oxford town- 
 ship, \\arren co.. New Jersey, has an iron furnace, and 10 
 or 15 dwellings. 
 OX'KORD VAI/LEY, post-office, Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 OX'lIKY, a hamlet of England, co. and 20 miles W.S.W. 
 of Hertford. Pop. 750. 
 O.V'IIIIiL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 OXIA, ox-ee'a, one of the smaller Ionian islands, off Cape 
 Skropha, Acarnania. Length 4 miles, breadth 1; miles. 
 OXI.E. See Kurzolaki. 
 
 OX'LEY'S TABLE-LAND, Central Australia, an elevated 
 and verdant region, lat. 30° S.. Ion. 145° 43' E. 
 
 OX'NA, one of the Shetland Island.s, Scotland, parish of 
 Tingwall, 4 miles S.W. of Scalloway, 3 miles in circumfe- 
 rence. Pop. 19. 
 
 OX'NAM, formerly OX/ENHAM, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Roxburgh. 
 OX XE.VD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 OX'.N EY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 OXOMEKIA. o.K-o-m.'l-ree'd. a maritime town on the W. 
 «hore of the island of Tinos, Grecian Archipelago. Pop. 2000. 
 OXONIA. See Oxford. 
 
 OX'TEAD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 OXTON, a village of Scotland. See Chan.nel Kirk. 
 OXTON", a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 OXTON, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 OX'US. called also AMOO, AMOU or AMU, i'moo'. .TE- 
 IIOON, JIIIOON, je-hoon', or GIHON, je-hou', and AMOO 
 DAKIA, one of the great rivers of Central Asia. Independent 
 loorkistan, rises in a lake in the table-land of Pameer, in lat. 
 87° 27' N., Ion. 73° 40' E., and 15,600 feet above the sea, flows 
 mostly nortli- west ward, through the dominions of Khoo- 
 loom. Bokhara, and Khiva, and enters the Sea of Aral on its 
 S. side by numerous mouths. Lat. 4.3° N., and Ion. 58° to 59° E. 
 vOtal course estimated at 1300 miles. It receives some con- I 
 nderable affluents, but for the most part it traverses n sandy 
 tnd unproductive region. It formed the N. limit of the do- 
 minions of Cyrus and Alexander. 
 OX'WICH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 OX'WICK. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 OYAK, a river of French Guiana. See OUVA. 
 OYAPOK or OYAI'OC, o'y4-pok', a river of South America, 
 separating Frencli Guiana from Brazil, joius the Atlantic by 
 an estuary 18 miles across. 70 miles S.E. of Cayenne, in lat. 4° 
 N., after a X.E. course of 180 miles, for the last 30 of which it 
 »s navigable. On it, 25 miles from the sea, Is the village of 
 Oj'aiiok or St. Louis. 
 
 OYAUZUN, o-j-aR-thoon', (anc. (Kj'so or (Bas'so.) a town of 
 
 Spain, prc^ince of Guipuzcoa, 7 miles S.E. of St. Sebastian, 
 
 at the foot of a mountain near the river Oyarzun. Pop. 3238. 
 
 OYCKE, o-Tk'keh. a village of Belgium, province of East 
 
 Flanders, 14 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. J321. 
 
 OYE, w3. almost wl, a village of France, department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, 18 miles N.N.W. of St. Omer. Pop. 1640. 
 
 OYE. a commune of France, department of Saone-et- Loire. 
 Pop. 1140. 
 
 OYG HEM. o-I'ghem. a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, on the left bank of the Lys, 19 miles S. of Bruges. 
 Pop. 1221. 
 
 OYLEWORTH, oil'w9rth, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 OYNE, oin. a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. Garioob, 
 6 miles N. of Monymusk. Here are two Druidic temples, one 
 of them of great extent. 
 
 OYOXNAX, o^yon'nd', a market town of France, depart 
 
 mcnt of Ain, 8 miles N.E. of Nantua. Pop. in 1852. 3245 
 
 It has extensive manufactures of horn and wooden artiiles. 
 
 OY'STEIt, an island in the Bay of Bengal, off the Aracan 
 
 coast: lat. 20° 12' N.. lat. 92° 32' E. 
 
 OY'STER, an island in the; China Sea. a little N.E. (.f the 
 island of Quemoy, lat. 24° 38' N.. Ion. 118° 39' E. 
 
 OYSTER BAY, of New York, extends from Long Island 
 Sound into Queen's county. 
 
 OYSTER BAY, a post-village and township of Queen's 
 county. New York, on the bay of that name, about 30 miles 
 E. of New York. The township extends from Long Island 
 Sound to Great South Bay, and is intersected by Long Island 
 Railroad. The village is plca.santly situated, contains 
 churches of 4 or 5 denominations, and has steamboat com- 
 munication with New York. Pop. 9168. 
 
 0YST1;R bay, Tasmania, is on the W. coast of Yan Die- 
 men's Land, iu lat. 42° 40' S., Ion. 148° 2' E., and gives name 
 to a district of that colony. 
 
 OYSTER CI! J;eK, Texas, flows nearly parallel with Brazos 
 River, through Fort Bend and Brazos counties, and enters 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 OYSTER CltEEK. a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas. 
 OYSTER HARBOR, South-AVest Australia, is an inlet of 
 King George's .Sound, 3 miles N.E. of Albany. 
 
 OYSTER ISLAND, British India, province and at the 
 mouth of the Aracan. 
 
 OYSTER ISLAND, of Ireland, Connaught, co. and 4 miles 
 W.N.W. of Sligo, in Sligo Bay, IJ- furlongs fiom the nearest 
 part of the mainland. It has a beacon, and the two light- 
 houses of Sli',ro Port. 
 
 OY'STERMOUTH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan, 5 miles S.S.W. of Swansea, with which it is con- 
 nected by railway. Pop. 1482. 
 OYSTER POND, New York. See Orient. 
 OY'STERVILLE, a post-village of Barnstable township, 
 Barnstable county, Massachu.setts, on the S. side of Capa 
 Cod, 70 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 OZAMA, o-sd'mJ, a river of Ilayti, rises in the central 
 range of the island, flows first S E., then S.AV., and enters 
 the sea at San Domingo, after a course of above 50 miles. 
 OZ.\N, a township in Hempstead co., Arkan.sas. P. 1547. 
 OZ.\R.\. a market-town of Hungary. See OzoR.\. 
 OZARK', a county in the S. part of Missouri, bordering 
 on Arkansiis, contiiins al)Out 700 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the North Fork and Bryant's Fork of White 
 River, which unite in the S. part of the county, and also 
 drained by the Little North Fork of the same river, and 
 Beaver Creek. The surface is hilly, or rather mountainoub 
 and covered by extensive forests of the yellow )iine, which 
 attains a great size. The soil in the valleys and along the 
 streams is fertile. The streams furnish a copious supply of 
 water-power. Capital, Gainesville. Pop. 244 <, of whom 2404 
 were free, and 43 slaves. 
 OZ.\K(v, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi. 
 OZARK, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Arkansas, 
 on the Arkansas River, 121 miles W.N W. of Little Rock. 
 It contains a court-house and several stores. 
 
 OZARK, a post-village of Christian co., Missouri, on Finley 
 Creek, 14 miles S. by E. of Springfield. 
 OZ.\RK. a post-office of .lackson co., Iowa. 
 OZAKK MOUNTAINS, a chain of the United States, W. 
 of the Mississippi, in Arkans;is and Missouri, extending 
 N.E. and S.AV'., between the .\rkansas and Missouri Rivers. 
 
 OZAU'KEE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Wiscon.sin, bor- 
 dering on I.^'ike Michigan, contains about 225 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Milwaukee River, and also drained 
 by Cedar Creek. The surface is rolling and heavily tim- 
 bered; the soil fertile. Formed out of Washington county 
 in 1853. Cajiital, Ozaukee, or Port Washington. Pop. 15,682, 
 OZAUKEE, a village of Wisconsin. See Port Washinotox. 
 OZAUKEE, Jefferson co., Kansas. See .Appendix. 
 OZEGN A. od-z^n'yj, a village of the Sardinian Stateg, dlvt 
 gion of Turin, province and about 10 miles from Ivrea. 
 OZl'.NE. See Oojeim. 
 
 OZEKNAIA, o-zJR-ni'i. two forts of Russia, government 
 of Orenlioorg. on the Ural, the one about 75 miles E.S.E. of 
 Orenboorg, consists of about 200 houses; the other, distin- 
 guishc-d by the name of Nizhneeozernaia, is about 60 miles 
 S.W. of Orenboorg. 
 
 OZIEKI. o-ze-A'ree. or OTHIERI, o-te-A'ree. a town of the 
 island of Sardinia, division of Sassari. capital of a province 
 and district, 29 miles E.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. of commune, 
 7890. It occupies the slopes of several hills and the bottom 
 of a narrow valley, and has a church, 3 convents, and a 
 Jesuit college and hospital. 
 
 OZORA, o'zo'rOh\ or OZARA, o'zoh'roh\ a village of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Tolna. on the Sio, an affluent of the Dauube, 30 
 miles S. of Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. 3406. 
 
 OZOKKOW or OZOIiKOV, o-zoR/kov. a town of Poland, 
 government and 76 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw, on the Bzura- 
 Pop.'SOeO. 
 
 1417 
 
PA 
 
 PAC 
 
 rA., pi, 1 town of China, province of Se-chuen, capital of 
 a di* dct, neat lat. 31° 50' N., Ion. 106° 50' E. 
 
 PA or BA-THAXG or BATAN, blHSng', a town of East 
 Thibet, on the Upper Yang-lse-kiang, near lat. 29° N., Ion. 
 99<^E. 
 
 PAAL, a -village of Beldum. See Pael. 
 
 PAAXOPA, pi-no'pS. or OCEAN ISLAND, In the North 
 Pacific Ocean, in lat. 0° 50' N;, Ion. 1G7° 40' E., of a circular 
 form, about 15 miles in circumference. 
 
 PAAR, pin, a river d Bavaria, rises near Friedburg, flows 
 N.N.E., and joins the Danube on the right, 5 miles below 
 Xngolstadt. Total course, 70 miles. 
 
 PAASDORF, p.is'doRf, or PADORF, pJ'doRf, a village of 
 JiOwer .\ustria, S-frailes N.N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1081. 
 
 PAB'BA or PAB'BAY, au islet of the Hebrides, in Scot- 
 land, CO. of Inverness, at the N.W. end of the Sound of 
 Uarris, 3 J miles N. of Bernera. Length, 2^ miles; breadth, 
 li miles. Pop. 350. It has a peak 1000 feet in height. 
 
 P-iiyB-i, an islet of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of In- 
 Temess, 6i miles S. of Barra, divided from Sandeni by Pabba 
 Sound. Length and breadth, about H miles. Pop. 25. 
 
 PABBA, an islet of the Hebrides, ia Scotland, co. of In- 
 verness, in Broadford Bay. Isle of Skye. Pop. 21. 
 
 PABILLONIS, pi-bil-lo'nis. or PAVILLONIS, pa-vil-lo/nis, 
 a village of the island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, aVwut 
 20 miles S. of Oristano. on the Sairo. Pop. 1309. 
 
 PABLO-DE-LOS-MONTES, pd'blo-dA-loce-mon'tSs, a village 
 of Spain, in New Castile, province, and about 28 miles from 
 Toledo. Pop. 1512. 
 
 PACAJA, pi-kd-zha/, PACAJAZ, pi-U-zhiz', or PACAYA, 
 pi-kd-yi', a river of Brazil, province of Para, joins the estuary 
 S. of the island of Jlarajo, and W. of Oeiras, after a N. 
 course of 150 miles. 
 
 PACA JES or PACAXES. pl-kj'njs, a town of Bolivia, de- 
 partment, and 100 miles S.S.E. of La Paz, capital of a pro- 
 vince, on an affluent of the Desaguadero. 
 
 PACAJKS or PACAXES, SIERRA DE, se^R'nl dA pJ-kS- 
 hJs', not far from the above, connected with the Cordilleras 
 of the Andes, rises to 15.100 feet. 
 
 PACARAI.MA, SIKRRA. See Sierr.4 Pacaraima. 
 
 PAC.\.YA. a river of Brazil. See Pacaja. 
 
 PACAUDlJiRE, LA, id pd'koMe-aiR/, a markettown of 
 France, department of Loire, 13 miles N.W. of Eoanne. 
 Pop. in 1852. 1858. 
 
 PACE, pd\s.V, a village of France, department of Ille-«t- 
 Vilaine. 4$ miles N.W. of Rennes. Pop. 2600. 
 
 PACECO. pd-chi/ko, or PACIIECO (?) a town of Sicily, 4 
 miles S.E. of Trapani. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PACEXTRO, pd-chJn'tro, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra II.. 4 miles E. of Sulmona. P. 2540. 
 
 PA'OES, a post-oflice of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 PACIIA. a river of Russia. See Pasha. 
 
 PACHAC.'VCA, a river of Peru. See Pachucaci.- 
 
 PACHACAMA, pl-cha-kd-md/, or PACIIACAMAC. pl-ohS- 
 ki-mdk', a village of Peru, department, and 18 miles S.E. of 
 Lima, with a ruined t«mple, from which immense treasure 
 was taken by Pizarro. Opposite the coast here are the 
 islands of Pachacama. 
 
 PACIIECO, pi-chA/ko, a modem town of Spain, province, 
 and 18 miles S.E. of Murcia. Pop. 4933. 
 
 PACIIECO, a town of Sicily. See Paceco. 
 
 PACHETE, pd-cheef . a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, province of Bahar, 9 miles N.E. of Rogonautpoor. 
 
 PACIIINO, pJ-kee'ao, a village of Sicily, int«ndancy of 
 Syracuse, district, and 12 miles S. of Nota, 4 miles N.AV. of 
 Cape Passaro, (anc. ftchyfnum Promcmu/rium,) whence the 
 name of the town. Pop. 2000. It has a fort, and a tuuny 
 fishery. 
 
 PACHITEA, pd-che-t.Vd, a river of Peru, rises in the E. 
 elope of the Andes, about lat. 11° S., flows circuitously N., 
 and joins the Ucayale on the left, after a course of 200 miles. 
 
 PACIIIT'LA CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Ichawaynoch- 
 away River in Baker county. 
 
 PACUITTA. a postrvillage of Early co., Georgia. 
 
 PA-CIIOO, pd'choo', a city of China, province of Pe-chee-lee, 
 capital of a district, 50 miles S. of Peking. 
 
 P.iCIIUCA, pd-choo'kd, a town of the .Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, state, and 50 miles N.N.E. of Mexico, on the rout« 
 to Tampico. It has a fine church. In its vicinity are silver- 
 mines, which were firmerly of high importance. 
 
 PACIIUCACA. pd-ehoo-kd/kd, or PACHACACA. pd-chd- 
 kd'ki, a river of Peru, department of Cuzco. rises in Ljike 
 Pachucaea. in the Andes, and joins the Apurimac, after a N. 
 course estimated at IHO miles. 
 PACHYNU.M PllOMONTORIUM. See Cape Passaro. 
 PACXKMC, a county in the W. part of Washington Terri- 
 tory, has an area estimated at above 800 square miles. It 
 is I>ouuded on the W. by the I'acific. from which it takes Its 
 name, and on the S. by tlie Columbia River. Cape Disap- 
 pointment is situated on its W. border. Formed 6ince-1850. 
 Capital, Pacific City. Pop. 420. 
 141S 
 
 PACIFIC, a post-village of Franklin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 PACIFIC CITY, a post-town, capital of Pacific co., Wash 
 ington Territory, on Baker's Bay. an expansion on the N. 
 side of the Columbia River, a mile and a half from the 
 Pacific Oce.an. 
 
 PACIF'IC O'CEAN. or the GREAT SOUTH SEA. (h.Malrt 
 Pdcipcum; Fr. Oclan-Auiiral, oW&Ng' OsHrdl'. Mer-dit-Siid, 
 maiR-dii-stid, or Grand-Ocean-Pacjiqw. grSwd oV.V6xg'-pd'- 
 see'feek'; Sp. Jl/ar Jhci/ico.maR pl-see'fe-ko ; It. Mare Pan- 
 ^co. md'rd pd-chec'fe-ko ; Ger. &'m</.'!''A siid-sA, Gtos.fiT-Ocean, 
 gros'sgr ot/s.'l-dn, or Stilh'S-Meer, stilles-mair:) by far the 
 largest of the great divisions of water on the surface of 
 the globe, extends from the Arctic to the Antarctic Circle, 
 over 133 degrees of latitude; and from the W. coast 
 of America to Australia, Papua, Flores, Sumbawa, Java, 
 Sumatra, and the E. coast of Asia, or through nearly 
 160 degrees of longitude. Area, estimated at 70.000.000 
 square miles, exceeding that of all the dry land on the 
 globe. In its widest part, at the equator, it is 10.000 miles 
 across ; towards the circles its breadth is diminished, espe- 
 cially in the N., where it communicates with the Arctic 
 Ocean by Behring Strait. It is usually divide<l >iy geographi>rs 
 into tlie North and South Pacific, separated from each other 
 by the equator. Another division, marked by great physical 
 features, is into three regions — the first extending from 
 Beliring's Strait, or the Arctic Circle, to the Tropic of Cancer ; 
 the second, or equatorial, including the whole expanse be- 
 tween the tropics; and the third extending from the Tropic 
 of Capricorn to the Antarctic Circle. The most distinguish- 
 ing features of the Pacific are the countless number of com- 
 paratively small islands spread over its surface, more espe- 
 cially of its equatorial region, and the immense chain of 
 volcanoes which stretch almo.st continuously along its 
 shores, forming one vast volcanic circle. In the S. it is 
 Separated from the Antarctic Ocean only by an arbitrary 
 line; but in other directions, both its boundaries and its 
 communications with other oceans are well defined. Its 
 coast-line on the American side, though generally bold, is 
 very little broken by inlets. On the Asiatic side it is very 
 irregular: thechief inlets are the Celebes, China, and Yellow 
 Seas, with the Seas of .Tapan, Okhotsk, and Kamtchatka. 
 Its principal i.sland groups, proceeding from W. to E.. are 
 the Ladrone.s, Carolines, Solomon, Queen Charlotte's, New 
 Hebrides. Feejee. Friendly, Society. Low, Marquesas. Sand- 
 wich, and Galapagos Islands, and New Zealand, besides a 
 vast multitude of .solitary i.«lands, reefs, and .sandbanks. 
 
 The mean level of the Pacific, as ascertained by measure- 
 ments taken in the Bay of Panama and the Gulf of Mexico, 
 is supposed to be 3j feet above that of the Atlantic. Its 
 depth has not heen ascertained, though there seems no reason 
 to doubt it descends much further below than the loftiest 
 mountain heights ascend above its surface. Owing to the 
 vast extent of the Pacific, the operations of nature on its 
 bosom are carried on on the most extensive scale; and the 
 general laws by which tides, wind.s. and currents are regu- 
 lated suffer fewer modifications than in narrow seas. The 
 tidal wave, commencing at the equator, diverges from it 
 towards the poles, and, proceeding with vast velocity, and 
 without obstruction, is scarcely perceptible among the central 
 islands of the Pacific. Hence, in the Low Archipelago, at 
 Bow Island and Tahiti, the ri.se is only 1 foot, and at the 
 Sandwich Islands 2 feet. It is only when, by the proximity 
 of a mainland diminishing the depth of the water, or by any 
 similar cause the natural course of the wave is changed, or 
 obstacles to its progress are interposed, that an accumulation 
 takes place, and high tides are formed. In the Pacific, how- 
 ever, these never attain the maximum heights for which 
 .some parts of the Atlantic and Indi.an Oceans are remarkable. 
 In the solitary instance of Fort Nicolaefsky. in Cook's Inlet, 
 the rise is as high as 28 feet : but on all the W. coast of 
 America it is usually below 10 feet, and only in the Bay of 
 Panama it varies from 12 to 24 feet. 
 
 The prevailing winds' of the Pacific, like those of other 
 great seas, are divided into regular or trade-winds, and 
 variables ; the former blowing from the S.E. on the S.. and 
 from the N.E. on the N. side of the equator, generally within 
 the tropics, tliouzh sometimes extending as f;ir as .30 degrees 
 on either side of it. In the W. and N.W. parts of the Pacific 
 the influence of the monsoonsof the Indian Ocean is strongly 
 felt ; and violent typhoons, for which the China Sea is noted, 
 are not unfrequent. In the E.. along the whole of the W 
 coast of America", the winds differ greatly both in direction 
 and character. Between Behring's S<>a and lat. 30° N., tlie 
 winds blow, in all seasons, in every direction, and no kind 
 of regularity can be traced. From "lat. 30° to 5° N.. the pre- 
 vailing winds strongly resemble mon.soons. blowing gene- 
 rallv. from November to April, from the N.W. and N.E., and 
 from May to October, from the S. or P.AV. and S.E. The 
 regions within the sphere of these winds are subject to 
 violent storms and tornadoes. From lat. 5° N. to 30° S., 
 the prevailing winds have the character of trade-winds; aod 
 
PAC 
 
 PAD 
 
 from lat. "0° S. to Cape Horn, the North and South mon- 
 Boons recommence, often blowing with great violence, par- 
 ticuisrly from the S. As the Cape is approached, the prevail- 
 ing winds become S.W. and N.W., and convert the whole tract 
 within their .sphere into a region of storms and tempests. 
 
 The currents of the Pacific, being exhibited on a much 
 larger scale than tho.se of the Atlantic, are not generally .so 
 strongly marked as the currents of that ocean. The Ant- 
 arctic drift current, flowing apparently from the icy barriers 
 of an antarctic continent, enters the Pacific, and. after pro- 
 ceeding N. to New Zealand, trends E., and retains that 
 direction till it impinges on the W. coast of Patagonia. The 
 ol)stacIe thus encountered divides it into two branches, the 
 smaller of which takes a S. direction, and enters the Atlantic 
 by doubling Cape Horn. The Kirger branch, to which the 
 name of the I'eruvian or Humboldt's Current has been 
 given, proceeds N. along the coa.st of South America, till it 
 meets a new obstacle in the Isthmus of Panama. Thence 
 it turns W., and proceeds, under the name of the South 
 equatorial current, acro.ss the whole width of the Pacitic. 
 without meeting with any obstacle, till its reaches its AV. 
 boundaries, when one part striking the coast of Australia, 
 turns S., and forms the Australian current; another part, 
 forcing its way between the dilTerent i.sl.ands, enters and is lo.st 
 in the Malay Archipelago; and a third part, reflected by the 
 coast of China, turns N.. and, on reaching the Isles of Japan, 
 contributes to form- what is called the Japanese current. 
 The configuration of the islands and the K. coast of Siberia, 
 as well as a strong current which sets in from the N. through 
 Behring's Strait, concur in giving it an I-;, direction, which 
 agains carries it across the Pacific to the North .\merican 
 coast, to be there again deflected, first S. along the shores of 
 the Atlantic, and then K., when it finally becomes merged 
 in what is called the North equatorial current. Between 
 the North and South equatorial currents, another, occupying 
 a i:arrow zone between them, has been traced, and, from 
 pursuing an opposite direction, has received the name of the 
 equatiirial counter-current. The influence of these currents, 
 particularly that of the Peruvian or Humboldt's current, in 
 lowering the tempei-ature of the warmer regions into which 
 It is carried, is very marked. 'While the temperature with- 
 out the current ranges from 7S°-8 to S3°-3 Fahrenheit, it 
 ranges within it from 59°-9 to C0°-8 Fahrenheit; and while 
 the mean temperature of 12° S. is in .air 79°'34, and in ocean 
 793-70 Fahrenheit, that of Callao, under the same latitude, 
 was, during its warmest months, found to have a mean 
 temperature of only 68°-36 in air, and 65°-C6 Fahrenheit 
 in ocean. The differences, amounting respectively to 10°-9S 
 and 14°-4 Fahrenheit, can only be accounted for by the 
 modifying influence of the current. 
 
 The Pacific was seen for the first time by Europeans in 
 1513. V.asco NuBez de Balboa, the Spanish governor of 
 Dajien, proceeding on native information, set out on an ex- 
 ploring expedition across the isthmu.s, and, having ascended 
 a hill, saw the boundless ocean spread out before him. As 
 his view extended chiefly to the S., he gave it the name of 
 the Mar del Zur, or South Sea. It received its present 
 name from the celebrated navigator, Fernando de Jlagel- 
 lan, who sailed across it in 1521. In Jhe eighteenth cen- 
 tury its different parts w-ere explored by Behring, Anson, 
 Byron, Bougainville, Cook, Vancouver, Broughton, La Pe- 
 rou,se, &c. ; in the present century by D'Entreeasteaux, 
 Krusenstern, Beechey, Fitzroy, D'Urville, Wilkes, and Sir 
 James lloss. 
 
 PACKANfl A, pSk-k3ng'g3, a town of the Malay Peninsula, 
 on a river of its own name, in lat. 3° 30' N. 
 
 P.\.CK'INGTON, a parish of England, cos. of Leicester and 
 Derby. 
 
 PACKINGTON, Great, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 
 
 PACKTNGTON, Little, a parish of England, co. Warwick. 
 
 PACK'S FKRHY, a post-office of Monroe co.. Virginia. 
 
 PAClvS'VILLE, a post-ofiice of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PACKWAXJ'KEE. a post-village of Marquette co.. Wis- 
 consin, on the N. shore of Buffido Lake, about 55 miles N. 
 of Madison. It has 3 stores and Imill. Pop. of township, 627. 
 
 PACK'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 P.\CO. pi'ko, a large and handsome village, in the island 
 of Luzon, in the environs of .Manila. Many of the inhabi- 
 tants are artists, house-painters, and builders. Pop. ti500. 
 
 PACOBAIIIBA, pd-ko bd heeOja, a village and parish of 
 Briizil. province of Kio-de-Janeiro, 12 miles W.S.W. of Mage. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 l'-\CA)LET, a river which rises in the Blue Ridge, in the 
 W. part of North Carolina, and flowing through Spartan- 
 burg and Union districts of South Carolina, enters Broad 
 River at Pinckneyville. Its general covirse is E.S.E., and 
 Its length perhaps 100 miles. The South Pacolet is a small 
 stream which enters the former about 12 miles N. of Spartarir 
 burg Conrt-IIouse. 
 
 PACOLICT M^LLS, a post-office of Union district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PAC01i.\. pJ-ko-r3', a river of the Isthmus of Panama, in 
 New Granada, unites with the ludio to form a considerable 
 
 river, which enters the Pacific E. of Panama, an'' is navi- 
 gable for large ships to Sambaja, and for canoes to the town 
 of Pacora. 
 
 PACTOLUS, pak-to'IHs. an ancient river, Cwhose modern 
 name is SARABAT. ft^-ri-HV, or BAOOOLEE. BAOOULY, 
 bi5'gooMee\) in Asia Minor, joins the Ilermus §0 miles E. of 
 Smyrna, and was anciently famous for the gold found in its 
 sands. 
 
 PACTO'LUS, a post-office of Pitt co.. North Carolina. 
 
 PACUIII, p.Vkoo-ee', a small river of Brazil, province of 
 Minas-Geraes, flows AV. about 80 miles, and joins the Sao 
 Francisco on the right. 
 
 PACUIII, a small river of Brazil, forming part of the 
 boundary between the province of M inas-Geraes and Bahia 
 and joins the Rio-A'erde, a tributary of the Sao Francisco. 
 
 P.\CY-SUR-EURE, pS'see'-sfin-UR, a market-town of France, 
 department of Eure, on the Euro, which here becomes navi- 
 gable. 10 miles E. of Evreux. Pop. in 1S52, 1597. 
 
 PADANG, pd'ddng', a Dutch settlement of Sumatra, on 
 its W. coast, in Menancabow Territory, 1 mile from the sea, 
 in lat. 0° 48' S., Ion. 100° 20' E. Opposite the coast here are 
 the rocky irroups named the Padang Isl.inds. 
 
 PAB.VONG. pJMii-ong', or PAD'ANG' MEW, a town of the 
 Burmese dominions, on the W. bank of the Irrawaddy, 10 
 miles S.W. of Prome. 
 
 P.\I)'BURY. a parish of England, co. of Buckingham. 
 
 PAIVDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 forming a N.W. suburb of London, RJ- miles W.N.W. of St. 
 Paul's. Pop. 46,350. It contains Oxford, Cambridge, and 
 Sussex Squares, and Westbourne Terracei also the basin of 
 the I'addington Canal, and the terminus of the Great 
 Western Railway. 
 
 P.\B'niNGTON. a village of Lancaster co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 PAD'BLESWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 PADDOCK-wiTn-MARSH, a hamlet of England, co. of 
 York, near lluddersfield. Pop. 3530. 
 
 PAPBOCK'S GROVE, a post-ofiice of Madi.son co., Illinois. 
 
 PAD'DY MILLS, a post-office of Shenandoah co., A'irginia. 
 
 PADDY'S RUN, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 PAD'DYTOWN, a village of Hampshire co., Virginia, on 
 the North Branch of Potomac River, about 210 miles N.W. 
 of Richmond. 
 
 PADKNGHE, p3-dfn'gS. a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Rrescia. 5 miles from Louato, on the W. side of Lake 
 Garda. Pop. 14S5. 
 
 PADERBORN, pJ'der-boiin\ a town of Prussia, in West- 
 phalia. 41 miles S. of Minden, on the railway from Berlin to 
 the Rhine. Pop. 8720." It is the seat of a bishopric, erected 
 by Charlemagne, who resided hero some time, and has a 
 gymnasium and an ecclesiastical seminary. In the Middle 
 Ages it formed part of the Hanseatic League. 
 
 P.\DERNO. p.d-d?R/no. a village ofNorthernlfaly, province 
 of Milan, 6 miles E. of Monza, on the Seveso, with a church. 
 Pop. 1473. 
 
 PADERNO, a village of Northern Italy, province of Cre- 
 mona, 10 miles E. of Pizzighettone. Pop. 1987, 
 
 PAD'FII'LD, a township of Ilngland, co. of Derby. 
 
 P.^D'^I.\M, a township of Engl.'ind, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PADILL.\. pd-deel'yd, a village of the Mexican Confederar 
 tion, state of Tamaulipas, 12 mileB W.N.W. of New Santan- 
 der. Iturbide, ex-emperor of Mexico, was shot here, 19th 
 July. lS-24. 
 
 PADITTAS, a villiige in the interior of the territory of 
 New IMexico, on the right bank of the Rio del Norte. 
 
 PADORF, a village of Austria. See Paasdorf. 
 
 PADOVA and PADOUE. a town of Italy. See Padua. 
 
 P.\DRI.\, pd'dre-2, a village of Sardini.i, division of Sas- 
 sari. 20 miles S.E. of Alghero. Pop. 1S50. 
 
 PADROES (Padroes) pd-dro/Jxs, or PADRO'NES, a town 
 of Portugal, province of Algarve, 19 miles E. by S. of Ouri- 
 que, on the Oeiras. Pop. 1370. 
 
 P.ADRON, pd-drOn'. (anc. I'ria Fla'via,) a town of Spain, 
 provinceof Corunna, 19 miles S.S.W.of Santiago, on the Siir. 
 Pop. 6090. It has a fine collegiate church. Being the place 
 where, according to monkish tradition, the body of St. 
 James landed itself, it is greatly resorted to in pilgrimage. 
 
 PAD'SHAPOOIV, a village ofHindostan, province, and 87 
 miles S.W. of Bejapoor. on an aflJuent of the Ki.stnah. It is 
 built of stone, and defended by a fort situated on a height 
 near its centre. 
 
 PAD'STOW, (corrupted from Patudc-Stmee.) a seaport, 
 market^town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, on 
 the Camel, at its mouth in St. George's Channel. 29 miles 
 N.N.E.ofFiilmouth. Pop. in 1851,2224. The town is in a rich 
 vale, sheltered by rocky hills, h.as narrow streets, .and many 
 ancient houses, a church of an anti(iue structure, contain- 
 ing monuments of the Prideaux family, a custom-house, 
 with imports of iron and coal, and exports of tin. slates, 
 and vast quantities of sand, which accumulates in the har- 
 bor, and is used for manure. The harbor, which affords the 
 only good shelter on the dangerous tOast between the Land's 
 End and HartLand Point, has fjom 13 to IS feet at spring 
 ebbs, but the access is difRcult. Registered shipping in 
 1847, 6829 tons. The learned Dr. Prideaux was born here 
 in 1648. 
 
 1419 
 
PAD 
 
 PADUA, padua, (Tt. Padova, pl'dord; Fr. P.'dnut, piP- 
 doo'. anc. P^ta'tittni.) a fortified city of Austrian Italy, in the 
 Lomliardo -Venetian kin«rdom, capital of a delegation, 22 
 miles W. of Venice, on the Baechiglione, and on the rail- 
 wav between Vicenza and Venice. Lat. 45° 23' 41" N^ Ion. 
 11° 52' 43" K Pop. 53,584. It is of a triangular form, is 
 surrounded By walls and fosses, and has seven gates. Among 
 the chief objects of interest are the vast and curious place 
 called Pi-atcKldla-ValU, where the fair is held, and which 
 contains an island, encircled by a canal, the banks of which 
 are decorated bv numerous statues: a cathedral, with a 
 monument to Petrarch, the Church of San Antonio richly 
 decorated, the Palace dd Bn or of the University, and many 
 private palaces, a university with a botanic garden, a gym- 
 nasium, and an ecclesiastical seminary, an ob.servatory, a 
 cabinet of natural history, and a library of 100.000 volumes. 
 The celebrated Uuivei-sity of Padua, founded in the thirteenth 
 century, had. in former times, students from every part of 
 Europe, and their number frequently amounted to 18,000. 
 Among these were Ta-sso and Columbus. Padua has manu- 
 factures of silks and ribbons, and its manufacture of cloth 
 was formerly extensive. It was anciently the most import- 
 ant town ofVenetia, it was sacked by Alaric and by Attila. 
 It came under the power of the Venetians in 1405. Under 
 the I'rench it was capital of the department of the Brenta. 
 Livy the Roman historian, and the traveller Belzoni, were 
 
 born here. Adj. and jnhab. Padua>, pad'u-.nn; (It. Pabo- 
 
 TAXO, p3-do-vi'no.) 
 
 PADUA or PADOVA, a delegation of Itily, in the Lom- 
 bardo-Venetian kingdom. Capital, Padua. Area, 836 square 
 miles. Pop. 312,765. 
 
 PAD'UA.a post-township of McLean co., Illinois. P. 765. 
 
 PADU'C.ill, a thriving post-village, capital of McCracken 
 CO., Kentucky, on the Ohio River, just below the mouth 
 of the Tennessee River, and 340 miles below Louisville. 
 The navigation of the river is seldom closed by ice or ob- 
 structed by low water below this point. Paducah is the 
 shipping port for the exports of the county, which consist 
 of tob.icco, pork, mules, horses, &c. It has a fine range of 
 warehouses fronting the river, and contains 4 or 6 churches. 
 2 banks, and 2 or 3 newspaper offices. A marine bospibil is 
 about being erected here. The name of Paducah was derived 
 from an Indian chief who once resided in this vicinity. Pop. 
 in 1850. 242>^; in 1860, 4590. 
 
 PADUL, pi-Dool', a town of Spain, province, and 10 miles 
 S.S.W. of Granada, S. of the Sierra Nevada. Pop. 2700. 
 
 P.\DULA, pi-doo'ld. a town of Naples, province of Princi- 
 pato Citra, 54 miles S.E. of Salerno. In the vicinity is a 
 magnificent Carthusian convent Pop. 8000. 
 
 PADUL.\, a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra I.. 11 miles W. of Teramo. 
 
 PADULI, p3-doo^lee'. a town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 bria Otra. district of Rossano. Pop. 1800. 
 
 P.\DULI, a town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 
 11 miles W. of Ariana Pop. 2900. 
 
 PADUS. S.ee Po. 
 
 PAD'WORTU a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 P^J.ENE, PAE.TAENE, pft-yft'nfh, or PAIJENEJ^ARWI, 
 pI-y.VnA y-Wvee, a lake of Finland, mostlv in the province 
 of Nyland. between lat. 61° and 62° 27' N.." and Ion. 25° and 
 25° 50' E. Length. 90 miles; greatest breadth, 20 mUes. 
 
 P.VEL or PAAL, pSI. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limbourg, 11 miles N.W. of Ilas-selt. Pop. 2093. 
 
 PAES.W'.A. pi-A-si'n3. a market-town of Sardinia. 13 miles 
 W.N.W. of Saluzzo. on the right bank of the Po. Pop. 6118. 
 
 PAESl BASSI. See Netherlands. 
 
 PiE?TAXUS SINUS. See Saijjixo, Guif of. 
 
 P.5:STUM. See Pesto. 
 
 PAETE. pa-.Vti. or PAITA, pi'ti a village of the Philip- 
 pines, on the Island of Luzon, province of Laguna, on the 
 W. shore of I.jike Bay. Pop. 3305. 
 
 PAGAIIMIOU. a town of Burmah. See Pagham-Mew. 
 
 PAGANICO. p2 gd'ne-ko, a town of Italy, in Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 5 miles E. of Aquila. Pop. 2100. 
 
 PAG.\NICO, a small town of Italy, in Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II.. 11 miles X.N.W. of Aquila. 
 
 PAO.\NICO, a small town of It.ily, in Tu-scany, province, 
 and 28 miles S. of Sienna, on the Ombrone. Pop. 1600. 
 
 PAGANO. pj-gi'no, a village of Austrian Italy, 19 miles 
 W.N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 1200. 
 
 PAGE, a county toward the N.E. part of Virginia, con- 
 tains about .300 square miles. This county occupies the 
 entire breadth of the valley between the Massanutten Moun- 
 tain and the Blue Ridge. The Shenandoah River flows 
 through its entire length. The soil is of limestone forma- 
 tion, a-nd is highly productive. Iron ore and fine marble 
 are abundant; copper and lead are also found. Formed in 
 1831, and named in honor of John Page, formerly governor 
 of the state. Capital, Luray. Pop. 8109, of whom 7259 were 
 free, and 850 slaves. 
 
 PAGE, a new county in the S.W. part of Iowa, bordering 
 on Missouri, Ilts an area of about 550 square miles. The 
 Nodaway River flows through it from N. to S. The soil is 
 good. Named in honor of Colonel Page, who was mortally 
 wounded at Palo Alto. Capital, Clarinda. Pop. 4419 
 
 PAI 
 
 PAGE'S CORNER S. a post-office of Herkimer co.. New York 
 
 P.^/GESVILLE, a post-village of NewbeiTy district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PAGE'VILLE, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, 28 
 miles .S.W. of Erie. 
 
 P.\GKVILLE, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 P.AG'IIAM, a ptirish of England, co. of Sus.se.x, 5 miles 
 S.S.E. of Chichester. A marshy iulet of the English Chan- 
 nel here forms a harlor for vessels of 40 tons. 
 
 PAGHAM-MEW or PAGAIIMIOU, prgim'yoo'. a ruined 
 town of Farther India, in the Burmese dominions, on the 
 Irrawaddj', 110 miles S.W. of .\marapoora. Its former im- 
 portance is attested by numerous mouldering temples. 
 
 PAGLESIIAM,p.Vg"helz-.>m. a pari.sh of England, co. Essex. 
 
 PAGLIA, pdl'yl, (anc. JWlia,) a river of Central Italy, 
 rises in the provijice of Sienna, Tuscany, and after a S.E, 
 course of 30 miles, joins the Tiber at Orvieto. 
 
 P.^GLIETA, pal-yil'tl a town of Naple.s. province of 
 Abruzzo Citra, 20 niiles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 34u0. 
 
 PAGLIONE, pdl-yo'nA. a river of the Sai-diiiian States, 
 flows S.S.W., travei-ses the city of Nice, and, a little to the 
 W., falls into the Mediterranean. 
 
 PAGNAXO, pIn-yS'no. a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Como, aliout S miles fi-om Canzo. Pop. 1200. . 
 
 PAGNY-SUR-MOSELLE. pdnVee'-.'-UR-mo'zJll', a village 
 of France, department of Meurthe, on the Paris and Stras- 
 bourg Railroad, 12 milts from Metz. Pop. 1019. 
 
 PAGO, pJ'go, an island of D.almatia, circle of Zara. in the 
 Adriatic, separated from the Croatian mainland by the Mor- 
 lacca Channel, from 2 to 3 miles across. Lat. about 44° SC 
 Ion. 15° E. Length. 37 miles : breadth, 6 miles. Area, 106 
 square miles. Pop. 5000. Ne.ir its centre is the lake or inlet 
 of Zascha. SurCtce arid, but it exports considerable quan- 
 tities of wine and salt. 
 
 P.\GO, the chief town of the above island, on Lake Zascha, 
 near the E. coast. Pop. 3790. 
 
 PAGO, a town of Naples, province' of Principato Ultra, 12 
 miles N.W. of Ariano. Pop. 2200. 
 
 PAGSANJAN. p3g-s.^n-jan', a town ot the Philippine 
 Isl.inds. in Luzon, capital of the province of Laguna, on the 
 Pasig. above JIanila. Pop. 4C66. 
 
 P.\GUENEM.\.. pi-g4-nif'mil, a group of 5 small, low. coral 
 islands in the Piicific Ocean, extent about 5 miles by 3. 
 Tagaik, the Lir":est, is in lat. 7° 4' 40" N.. Ion. 167°5ti' 30" E. 
 
 PAIIANG, pa-liing', a state of the Malay Peninsula, ex- 
 tending along its E. coast, mostly between lat. 2° and 4° N., 
 and Ion. 103° and 104° E. Estimated pop. 40.0o0. mostly 
 Malays and Chinese. The products comprise gold and tin; 
 the latter is mostly' exported to Singapore. The imports 
 thence and from Malacca consist of opium, silk, rice, to- 
 bacco, salt, cloths, iron-wares, and agricultural implements. 
 Principal towns, Pah.ing, Kuantan. and Undowe. 
 
 P.\IIANG, the capit.ai of the above state, is on both sides 
 of a broad and shallow river, which divides the Malay and 
 Chinese qu.irters. about 5 miles from its mouth ; lat. 3° 34' 
 N.. Ion. 103° 24' E. 
 
 PAIIAQU.AR'RY, a township of Warren co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 465. 
 
 P.AIIARPOOR, pi'har-poor', a considerable town of Af- 
 ghanistan, near the Indus. 22 miles N. of Dera Ismaeel- 
 Khan. and scnrcelj- less in size. 
 
 PAHARPOlMt. a village of the Punjab. 24 miles P. of Uia. 
 PAII UTAH (pi u'tl) INDIANS, a tribe dwelling along 
 the S. border of tlie Great Basin. 
 PAIJE.\1->J AR WI, a lake of Finland. See P-CJ^ene. 
 PAII/TON. a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, 5 miles 
 N.N.W. of Rugby. I'op. 602. 
 
 PAIMBCEUF, pXxo'bcrf', a town of France, department of 
 I/oire-Inferieure, 21 miles W. of Nantes, on the left bank of 
 the Loire, near its mouth. Pop. in 1S52. 42.31. It has a 
 communal college, a school of hydrography, and a well-fre- 
 quented harbor, at which large ships unload. It hag 
 building-yards for large vessels and steam-packets. 
 
 PAIM(JGO. pT-mo'go. a market-town of Spain. 42 miles 
 N.N.W. of Huelva. on the route to Seville. Pop. 2.310. 
 
 PAI M POL, pSx='pol', a maritime town of France, depart- 
 ment of C6tes-du-Nord, 22 miles N.W. of St. Biieuc, on the 
 English Channel. Pop. in 1852, 2146. 
 
 P.\IMPONT. p5x<:'pON"'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ille^.>t-Vilaine. 12 miles S.W. of Montfort. P. 3668l 
 PAIN'COURT, (Fr. pron. pAs^'kooR',) a post-village, capital 
 of .\.ssumption parish, Louisiana, on Bayou La Fourche, 15 
 miles below its egre.«s from the Mississippi River, and 67 
 miles S. of Baton Rouge. 
 
 PAINE'S (p.'^nz) HOLLOW, a post-village of Herkimer co., 
 New York, about 75 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 PAINE'S POINT, a post-office of Otrle co.. Illinois. 
 P.\IXESVILLE, pinz'vil, a post-village of Chittenden co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 PAINESVILLE, a post-village of Amelia co., Virginia, 4€ 
 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 P.VINESVILLE. a handsome post-village in Paine.sville 
 township, and capital of Lake co.. Ohio, --^ the railroad from 
 Erie to Cleveland, where it crosses Grand River, 29ndli<« 
 M.£. of Cleveland, and 3 miles from Lake Ene. It is bea* 
 
PAI 
 
 PAK 
 
 tifully situated about 100 feet above the lake on the left 
 bank of the river, which flows in a.deep and picturesque 
 valley. Near the centre of the village is a haudsome public 
 park. Paine«ville is a place of active trade, and is rapidly 
 increasing. The railroad crosses the river on a stone bridge 
 8(X) feet long, resting on 5 piers 75 feet high. It contains 6 
 churches, a Union school, a bank, a newspaper office, the 
 L<ike Krie Female Seminary with 15o pupils, i flouring-mill, 
 2 machine-shops, 1 barrel-factory, 1 iron-foundry, and 20 
 stores. It is also the seat of the Geauga Turnace Compa- 
 ny's wtirks. Total population, 207(5, or according to another 
 statement 4975. 
 
 PAI.NG'TO.V, a pari.sh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 P.A.IXS\VICK, p.inz'wib, a market-town and parish of 
 England, CO., and <) miles S.S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. 3464. 
 The town, on the declivity of a hill, crowned by the ancient 
 Roman camp of KimAury, is irregularly built ; it has a 
 spacious church, an endowed school, and manufactures of 
 woollen cloths. 
 
 PAINT, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 P.4iINT, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. P. 1037. 
 
 PAINT, a towu-ship of Fayette co., Ohio Pop. 1729. 
 
 PAINT, a township of Highland Co.. Ohio. Pop. 2645. 
 
 PAINT, a township of Holmes Co., Ohio. Pop. 1586. 
 
 PAINT, atownsliipof Itoss CO., Ohio. Pop. 1220. 
 
 PAINT, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1490. 
 
 PAIXT CllUKK, of Ohio, rises iu the S.AV. central piirt of 
 the state, and Hows into the Scioto lUver, 3 miles below 
 Chillicothe. Its principal affluents are the Kocky Fork, 
 Uattlesnake Fork, and the North Fork. 
 
 P.^INT CIIKBK, of Oakland co., Michigan, flows into Clin- 
 ton Kiver at Rochester. 
 
 PAINT CIIKKK, a post-oiBce of Kanawha co., W. Virginia. 
 
 PAINT CIIUKK, a post^oflice of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 
 P.AINTKD POST, a post-village of Krwintown.sliip, Steuben 
 CO., New York, at the junction of the Conhocton and Tioga 
 Rivers, and on the Krie Railroad, about 2 miles W. of 
 Corning. It has 2 churches, a bank, 5 stores, and a large 
 iron foundry. Ac. A painted pod here marks the site of a 
 revolutionary battle. Pop. about 800. See Corning. 
 
 PAINTKR CIIKKK, a post-ofBee of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 PAINTKKSVILLK, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio. 
 
 PAI.XT LICK, a post-village of Q.irrard co., Kentucky, 
 has between lOO and 200 inhabitants. 
 
 PAINT ROCK, a pi>st-office of Cocke co., Tennessee. 
 
 PAINT lli)CK, a post-ofliee of .A.llomake8 Co., Iowa. 
 
 PAINT ROCK RlVEIl, of Alabama, enters the Tennessee 
 River from the N.K. about 20 miles S. of Hunt.sville. 
 
 PAINTVILLE, a post-village, capital of Johnson Co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Paint Creek, 140 miles K. by ,4. of Frankfort. It 
 h;is a brick court-house. 5 stores, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 Coal is abundant in the vicinitv. 
 
 PAISKS BA.IOS. See Netherlands. 
 
 PAISIIAWUR. See Peshawer. 
 
 PAI8LKY. pilzlee, a parliamentary and municipal burgh, 
 manufacturing town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Henfrew, 
 7 miles W.S.W. of Glasgow, on the White Cart, about 3 miles 
 above the confluence of the united White and Black Cart 
 with the Clyde, and on the railway from Glasgow to Green- 
 ock and Ayr. Lat. 55° 51' N., Ion. 4° 20' W. Pop. of the 
 parliamentary burgh in 1861, 47,952. It consists of an old 
 town and a new town, the former on the W. and the latter 
 on the E. bank of the river, communicating by three bridges. 
 The old town is indifferent in its appearance, with mean 
 houses, often of a single story, and covered with thatch, 
 standing intermingled with others of a more substantial 
 description. The new town is well built ; all the streets are 
 lighted with gas, and tolerably well paved. The former de- 
 ficiency of water has recently been entirely removed by the 
 introduction of an abundant supply from the hills of Glen'ifler. 
 
 Among the public edifices of Paisley, the first place is due 
 to the abbey, founded iu 1163, by Walter, .son of Alan, the 
 first of the house of the Stewarts, for a priory, with a very 
 liberal endowment ; at the Reformation it was, with the ex- 
 ception of Kelso, the most opulent monastery in the S. of 
 Scotland. Its buildings at this time formed a magnificent 
 pile, with an enclosure of above 1 mile in circuit. Subse- 
 quent to the expulsion of the monks, the abbey had been 
 converted into an almost princely residence; but at present 
 forms little else than an interesting ruin. A portion of the 
 church, however, consisting of a nave and two aisles, sepii- 
 rated from it by ten massive clustered columns, still re- 
 mains, and forms a truly splendid parish church. It con- 
 tains a remarkable monument, called Queen Rleary's Tomb. 
 Besides the abbey, Paisley contains 6 other churches be- 
 longing to the Kstablishment, 6 to the Free Church, 6 to 
 the United Presbyterian, 3 Independent. 2 Baptist churches, 
 1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, 
 1 Ivomau Catholic, 1 Unitarifin, and 1 New Jerusalem. 
 After the abbey church, the only edifices p.irticularly de- 
 Serving of notice are the county buildings, forming a quad- 
 rangular pile in the castellated style, containing in its W. 
 division a court-house, county-hall, town-house, &c., and in 
 its E. range, a house of correction and common jail. The 
 scholastic and literary establishments of Paisley include » 
 
 grammar school, town, infant, ragged, industrial, and various 
 other schools, a government school of design, Neilson's educa- 
 tional institution, Hutchison's Charity School, an athenwum, 
 a mechanics' and a philosophical institute, the latter wini a 
 valuable library of scientific works, and a museum, a lite- 
 rary as.sociation, an artisans' institution, theological, law, 
 and medical schools, and a suliscription librarj'. The Neil 
 «on Institution was founded from a bequest of about 20,000i. 
 left, in 18.39, by John Neilson. Esq., of Netherwood, ancl 
 opened in 1S52; it supplies gratis an English commercial 
 and classical education to the children of parents resideni 
 not less than three yeiu's in Paisley, and who have diea 
 without leaving means to provide a suitable education fot 
 their family. The building is a large, massive edifice in the 
 form of a Greek cross, surmounted by a magnificent dome. 
 The principal charitable institutions are the town's hospi- 
 tal, with a lunatic asylum attached, a dispensary and house 
 of recovery, a society for the education of the deaf and 
 dumb, a widow and orphans' society, a female, benevolent, 
 and various other societies. 
 
 Paisley early distinguished itself by its manufactures, 
 and its staples is still unsurpassed by any town in the 
 kingdom. As early as 1784, silk gauze alone is said to 
 have been produced to the annual value of -"oO.OOO?., and to 
 have employed 5000 looms in the town and vicinity. The 
 shawl trade was first introduced about the beginning of the 
 present century, and though the prosperity of the other 
 branches of manufacture prevented it for a time from at- 
 tracting much attention, it continued steadily to advance; 
 and now. as much from the excellence of the products as 
 from their value, stands at the head of all the other stiples. 
 The shawls, chiefiy in imitation of those of India, are made 
 of silk, soft and spun, cotton and wool, either separately or 
 in mixtures. Genuine Cashmere shawls are manufactured, 
 equal in texture, it is said, to the most celebrated produc- 
 tions of the East, and far superior to them in beauty of de- 
 sign. The other most important articles of manufacture 
 are cotton thread, embroidery, different kinds of tartan 
 cloth, and carpets ; shawl-prititing is also carried on. There 
 are also several cotton factories, a large foundry, with 
 steam-engine manufactories, with machine shops attached' 
 a .silk-throwing mill, an extensive tannery, a siiap-work, 
 several breweries and distilleries, bleachfields. and building- 
 yards, chiefly for river steamers. The port of Paisley is pn> 
 perly at Renfrew Ferry, 3 miles below the town, where the 
 Cart joins the Clyde; the Cart, however, is navigable to Pais- 
 ley for vessels of 80 tons. The Gla.sgow, Paisley, and John- 
 stone Canal passes the town. Coal, ironstone, and fire and • 
 potters'-clay are raised in its vicinity. The burgh ."ends ] 
 member to the House of Commons. The celebrated Pro- 
 fessor Wilson, the American ornithologist, Alexander Wil- 
 son, and Robert Tannahill, the poet, were born here. The 
 town is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman stutiou of 
 Vanilwiii. 
 
 PAIT.-\, a village of the Philippines. See Paete. 
 
 PAJARES-DE-LOS-OTEROS. pa-ud'rJs-dA-loce-o-tVroce, a 
 town of Spain, province, and S.S.E. of Leon. Pop. 1145. 
 
 PAJ.\RITO, pdh-iti-ree'to, a village on the right bank of 
 Rio del Norte, in the territory of New Mexico. 
 
 PAJ.AlRO, pah'H3-ro, a river of California, rises on the 
 slope of the Coast Range, and flowing westerly, falls intc 
 Monterey Bay. It forms the boundary between Monterey 
 and Santa Cruz counties. 
 
 P.\KA, pj'kd, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 57 
 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2300. 
 
 PAKEFIELD, pAk'feeld, a parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 P.\KENU.\M, pd^gn-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 P.\KENH.\M. pi/ken-jra, a village of Canada West, co. of 
 Lanark, on the Mississippi River, 36 miles E.S.E. of Bytown, 
 and 12 miles from Fitzroy Harbor. It contains three mill* 
 and several stores. Pop. about 250. 
 
 PAKLA. pik'ia, (X)SOP or USOP, oo-sop*, a river of North- 
 east Siberia, in the country of the Tchooktchees,after a course 
 of about 200 miles, forms a common estuary with the 
 Tchaoon. in the bay of that n.ime. 
 
 PAK-NA5I, pdk^nim', a town of Siam, on the Menam, 
 about 4 miles from its mouth, in the Gulf of Siam, 20 miles 
 S.E. of Bang-kok, and stated to extend for 2 miles along the 
 bank of the river. 
 
 PAKOSK, pd-kosk', a small town of Prussian Poland, 
 province of Posen, 23 miles S. of Bromberg. Pop. 900. 
 
 PAK-PATTAN, pdk-pdt-tan', or PANK-PET^TEM', a town 
 of the Punjab, near a greatly-frequented ferry over the Ra- 
 vee, and 95 miles S.W. of Lahore; Lit. 30° 20' N., Ion. 7.3° 
 13' E. Here, it is conjectured, the colossal altars were 
 erected by Alexander the Great to mark the E. boundary 
 of his conquests. 
 
 PAKR.\CZ, pdkVdts', a market-town of Slavonia. co., and 
 23 miles W.N.AV. of Posega, on an affluent of the Save. 
 Pop. 1120. It is the see of a Greek bishop. 
 
 PAKROJ.'VNTY, pdkro-yin'tee, a market town of Russian 
 Poland, government, and 119 miles N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1650. 
 
 PAKS, pOksh, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Tolua, 62 
 miles S. of Buda, on the Danube. Pop. 8700. 
 
 1421 
 
PAK 
 
 PAL 
 
 PAKWAV. pSVwJn', a town of China, province of Che- 
 kiang. on the banks of a river which £ills into the bay of 
 Hans-chow. 
 
 •AKWAUKEE. Wisconsin. See Packwadkee. 
 
 PALACIIY. pi-U'chee. or PALLAN'CIIKE. a town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Madras, 23 miles S.E. of Coimba- 
 toor. Here, in 1800, were dug up many coins of Augustus 
 and Tilierius. 
 
 PALACIOS. Los, loce p3-li'the-oce, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 12 miles S. of Seville. Pop. 1S35. 
 
 PAL.VCIO.S. pS-ld'se-oce. a villaze of Matagorda co., Texas, 
 on a p<iint which projects between Mafcigorda and Trespa- 
 lacios Bavs. alx)ut 'ioO miles S.E. of Austin City. 
 
 PALACIOS DE LA VALDUERXA. paii'the-oce dA \i vdl- 
 doo-ia'ni. a town of Sp.iin. province, and 27 miles S.W. of 
 Leon, near the Duerna. Pop. 1746. 
 
 PALACIOS DEL SlI^ pj-ll'theoce dJl seel, a village of 
 Spain, province of Leon, on the Sil. Pop. 1S27. 
 
 PAL^WA (UaXaia) and PAL^'O (UaXaio) are Greek 
 terms sij:nifyin<r •• ancient," and applied to numerous sites 
 and places in the East. 
 
 PAL.f.A. ACII.-VI'A is the name of the remain.s of the an- 
 cient Oymo of Greece, in the Morea. government of Aphaia, 
 18 miles S.W. of I'atras, on the S. side of its gulf. 
 
 P.\LJ;'C>C.A.S'TKO, (t. e. "ancient camp or station,") the 
 remains of two ancient towns of Greece, in Aearnania, near 
 .Stos, and in Phocis. 
 
 PAL J3 JCASTKO, tlie remains of the ancient GyVi'ium of 
 Maina. X. of Slarathouisi, and comprising a theatre and 
 some Ivon^an baths. 
 
 PAL-IJOCASTRO, GULF OF, an inlet on the E. coast of 
 Crete. 
 
 PAL.EOPOLIS, pi-leK)p'o-Iis, (t. e. "ancient city.") (anc. 
 K'lis.) a town of Greece, in the Morea, on the edge of the plain 
 where the Peneus issues from the hills, 8 miles E.S.E. of 
 Gastouni. 
 
 PAL.EOVOUNI, a mountain of Greece. See HElicoy. 
 
 PAL.ESTIXA. See Palestine. 
 
 PALAKSTRO. pl-li-^s'tro, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Xovai-a, province of Lomellina, on the Sesia. 
 Pop. 2103. 
 
 P.A.LAFOLLS. p.i-1,4 f >Ts', a village of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 province, and 40 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1130. 
 
 PALAFUKGEL pi-U-fooR-nJl', or PALAFURGELL (?) a 
 town of Spain, province, and 20 miles E.S.E. of Gerona, near 
 the Mediterranean. Pop. 3700. 
 
 PALAGi)NI.\.. pi-Id go'ne-a, a market-town of Sicily, 20 
 miles S.W. of Catania. Pop.'4000. 
 
 P.VLAIS. Le. leh pi'lV, a seaport town of France, departr 
 ment of Morbihan. on the X. side of the island of Belleisle. 
 Pop. 1790. It has a small port, defended by a citadel, and 
 an active trade in salt and fish. . 
 
 P.\LAIS, Le, a town of France, department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees, near the Bidouze, 25 miles S.E. of Bayonne. 
 Pop. 1619. 
 
 PAL.\ISE.\U, piMi^zo', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine«t-Oise, 11 miles S.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 1716. 
 
 PALA,T.\. pl-13'yi, a town of Tuscany, province, and IS 
 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 1213. 
 
 PALALAWAXG, piMAi-wiag', an important market- 
 town in the island of Sumatra, province of Padang, 
 
 PAL'AMCOTTA, a town of British India, presidency of 
 5Iadi-as. district of Tinnevelly, 45 miles X.X.E. of Cape 
 Comorin. 
 
 PALAMCOTTA, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madra.s, 47 miles S.S.W. of Pondicherry. 
 
 PALAMOS. pi'13-moce'. a fortified maritime town of Spain, 
 province, and 17 miles S.E. of Gerona, Pop. 2000. 
 
 PAL.\.MO\V, palVmow'. a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal. SS miles W.N.W. of Itaniihur, 
 
 PALjiXCIA, pi-lJn'tht>i, (anc. i^^Mn'^io,) a river of Spain, 
 In Valencia, rises about 4 miles W, of Bexis, flows past Jerica, 
 (Xericji) and .Segorbe. and after a S.E. amrse of 45 miles, 
 enters the Mediterranean 4 miles E. of Murviedro. Its wa- 
 ters serve, by means of canals, to irrigate several thousand 
 acres of land, otherwise almost incapable of cultivation. 
 
 PALAXKA, p6hMdn'k0h\ (Neu, noi. Dectsch, doich. and 
 Alt, dlt.> three contiguous villages of South Hungary, co., 
 and 12 miles S.W. of Bacs, on the left bank of the' Danube, 
 with Roman Catholic and Greek churches. United pop. 6697. 
 
 P.VL.VNPORE. pdran-p<5r'. a populous town of Ilindostau. 
 province of Gu7.erat, 12 miles E. of Deesa. It is the capit;il 
 of a small Mohammedan principality tributary to the 
 Gulcowar. Chintz counterpanes are manufactured heie. 
 Pop. .3U.0<K). 
 
 PALWXTOXG', a town of Farther India, in Cassay, 60 
 miles S.E. of Munijjoor. 
 
 PALWI'ETTY. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras 52 miles AV.S.W. of Trichinopoly. 
 
 PAL.VT'IX.Vri-:, (Ger, ly.dz. pfilts.) .an old division of 
 Oermany, consisting, first of the Lower Palatinate, or Palati- 
 nate of the Rhine: chief towns, Mannheim, Heidelberg, 
 Mmmern, and Deux I'onts; and se<ondlv of the Upper 
 Palatinate, in the X. of Bavaria. The whole of the upper, 
 and part of the lower portion, is now incorporated with Ba- 
 1422 
 
 raria: the remainder is divided among the states of Bhe- 
 nish Prussia, Baden, itfid Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 PALATINE, pal'a-tlne, a post-township of Montgomery 
 CO., New York, on the Moliawk River, and on the New Y^ork 
 Central Railroad, about 55 milea W.N.W, of Albanv, Pop. 
 2605. 
 
 P.iL.iTXNE, a thriving post-vill^e of Marion co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the right bank of Monongahela River, opposite 
 Fairmont. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses the 
 river at this place on a tine suspension bridge. Free pop. 452. 
 
 PALATINE, a post-township of Cook CO.. Illinois. P. 1402. 
 
 PALATLNE BRIDGE, a post-village of Montgomery to., 
 New Y'ork, on the left or N. bank of the Mohawk, and on 
 the New Y'ork Central Railroad, about 55 miles W. by N, of 
 Albany. It has a bridge across the river, 
 
 P.4L\\Uii', a river of South Ilindostan, rises in Mysore, 
 flows througli the districts of Arcot and Chingleput, (Madras 
 presidency.) and 'enters the Indian Ocean 42 miles S.W. of 
 Madras, after a course of 190 miles. It separates the dis- 
 tricts of X'orth and South Arcot, 
 
 PALAWAX. p.MI-wan', or PARAGUA, pJ-ra'gwi, an 
 island of the Malay Archipelago, between Borneo and the 
 Philippine Islands, in lat. 8° 37' to 11° 30' X.. Ion. 117° to 
 120° E.. separating the China and Sooloo Seas, .and having 
 S. the B.alabac Pas.sage. Ijength from X.E. to S.W.. about 
 260 miles : average breadth, 30 miles. Surface mountainous 
 in the interior; its coasts are flat, but it has been little 
 explored. Cowries, gold, ebony and other fine woods, are 
 among its products. 
 
 PALAZZAGO, pailt-sJ'go, a village of Northern It.ily, 
 province of Bergamo, 2 miles W. by S. of Almeno. Pop. 1557. 
 
 PAL.4ZZ0, pj-iafso. a town of Xaple.s, province of Basili- 
 cata, 17 miles E.S.E. of Melfi. Pop. 3700. 
 
 PALAZZO-ADRIAXO, pdrlSt'so-a dre-d'no. a town of Sicily, 
 intendaiicv of Palermo. 12 iniles S.S.E. of Corleone. P. 5000. 
 
 PALAZZIlLO. pl-Ut'so-lo. a village of Northern Italy, 
 province of Mil.an, 6 miles S. of Barjassiua, on the Seveso. 
 Pop. 1049. 
 
 P.\L.\ZZ0LO. a village of Austrian Italy, province of 
 Friuli, with 3 churches and an oratory. Pop. 1300. 
 
 PAL.\ZZUOLO, pl-l.at-soo-o'lo. a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles S. of Soi-a, on a hill. Pop. 1250. 
 
 PALAZZUOLO or PALAZZOLO, a town of Sicily, in- 
 tendancy of Symcuse, 13 miles X.W. of Xoto. Pop. 8600. 
 Near it are extensive remains of the ancient Acrm. 
 
 PALAZZUOLO or PALAZZOLO, a village of Northern 
 Italy, province of Brescia, on the Oglio, 5 miles N.W. of 
 Chiari. I'op. 3000. 
 
 PALEMBAXG, panlm-bing', a town in the E. part of 
 Sumatra, capital of a province of its c wn name, extends for 
 about 3 miles along both sides of the Palemliang or Moosee 
 River, here 200 yards across. 50 miles from its mouth in the 
 Strait of Banca. Lat. 2° 47' S., Ion. 102° 26' E. Pop. 25,000, 
 partly inliabiting houses raised on posts, and partly living on 
 rafts moored in the river. It has a sultan's palace, enclosed 
 by a brick wall, and some good dwellings of .\rab and Chinese 
 merchants; its port is one of the best in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago. An active trade is carried on here with .Java. Malacca, 
 Penang. and Rhio, Coal was discovered near it in 1S48. 
 
 P.\Lii;MB.\NG, formerly a kingdom, now a Dutch pro- 
 vince of the island of Sumatra, on the S. coast, bounded E 
 by the Strait of Banca. 
 
 PALEX.4. pi-hl/na, a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Citra, 21 miles S.S.W. of Lanciano, Pop. 2000. 
 
 PALEXCI.\, pd-l^n'the-d, (anc. Pillan'tia.) a city of Spain, 
 capital of a province, and 114 miles N.W. of Madrid, on 
 the Carrion, an affluent of the Pisuerga. Pop. 11,470. It is 
 surrounded by an old wall, is a bishop's see, and has a fine 
 Gothic cathedral; and manufactures of woollens ami leather. 
 
 PALEXCIA, a province, Spain Old Castile, It is fertile, 
 watered by the Carrion, and I'isuerga Rivers, Area, 2766 
 square miles. Pop. about 180.000. 
 
 PALEXQUE. pJ-Mn'kA, a village of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, state of Chiapas, 100 miles E.X.E. of Ciudad-Real, 
 About 7 miles S.W, of it are some of the most extensive 
 and magnificent rnins in Central America. The principal 
 of these, called the " Pal.ace," is 22>1 feet in length, by ISO 
 feet in breadth, with numerous sculptures, &c, 
 
 P.VLEXVILLE, a post-oflice of G reene co., Xew York, 
 
 P.\LE.XZUEL.\, pi-lJn-thwAli, a town of Spain, province 
 of Palencia, on the Orliinza, 26 miles S.W. of Burgos. 
 Pop. 1562. 
 
 PALERMO. pi-l?R'mo, (Fr. Pilenne, paU?Rm'; anc. Panor*- 
 mus,) a fortified city, capital of Sicily, with a port on the N. 
 side of the island, in a rich valley. Lat. of light-house, 3S- 8' 
 2" X., Ion. 13° 22' 2" E. Pop. in 1862, 167,025, It is regarded 
 as the second capital of the kingdom of the Two Sinlies, is 
 built in the form of an amphitheatre, facing the sea. ai.d is en- 
 closed by an old wall. Adjoining the water is the strc-ng fort 
 of Casteilamare. The city is ornamented by nuraeifus fouu 
 tains, and li;is many handsome edifices, among which may be 
 mentioned a cathedral of the tenth century, surmounted 
 with a modern cupola, and containing many fine s- puli hral 
 monuments in porphyry, among which are tlio.^c of the 
 Emperor Frederick II., and of King Roger the Norman ; 
 
PAL 
 
 the nwgniflcent church of St. Peter; a royal palace in the 
 Norraau and Saiacenit; style, and possessinf?, smon;; other 
 oliji'Cts of interest and attraction, the chapel of King Roger, 
 rich in mosaics, the picture-gallery, the armory, and the 
 observatory, from which Piazzi discoveied the planet Ceres ; 
 tlie archiepiscopal palace, the mint, custom-house, public 
 library, and 3 theatres. In 1852, there were 64 convents; 
 of which, 23 were for women, and 41 for men. The port 
 is enclosed by a mole 1300 feet in length, terminated by 
 a li;,'ht-house and a battery ; a second interior port is re- 
 Rerved for the marine. Palermo is the residence of the mili- 
 ary commandant of the island, and has an arsenal and 
 ship-building yards. Its university, founded in 1394, had, 
 some years since, a library of 40,000 volumes, and 735 stu- 
 dents. The town has a botanic garden, and numerous 
 learned societies. The chief benevolent institutions are a 
 royal hospital and a foundling hospital. The manufactures 
 consist chieHy of .silks, cottons, oil-cloth, leather, glass, and 
 .tloves made from a material furnished l^y the pinnamariwi. 
 The trade has the advantage of an excellent roadstead and 
 harljor, and has in recent times greatly increased. The 
 principal articles of e.xport are sumac, wine and spirits, 
 fruit, sulphiir, skins, oil, essences, linseed, cream of tJirtar, 
 liiiuorice, and manna; of import, colonial produce, woollen, 
 cotton, linen, and silk tissues, hardware, earthenware, &c. 
 The fisheries on tho coast are very productive, and carried 
 on with great activity, and give employment to nearly 4000 
 hands. Founded by'the Phenicians, Panormus became the 
 capital of the Carthaginian possessions in Sicily. Il ippears 
 to have been a place of considerable consequence in ancient 
 times; the name, (I'anormus.) signifying ••All-port,"' may Ije 
 regarded as indicating its early commercial importance. It 
 was taken by the Itoraans 250 B.C. ; it was afterwards capital 
 of the .Saracen states in the island. The Normans took the 
 city in 1072. In 1'282 it was the scene of the massacre called 
 the "Sicilian Vespers." The court of Naples resided here 
 from 1S06 to 1815. During an insurrection which took place 
 in January, 184S, the town was bom larded, and partially 
 
 destroyed by the king's forces. .A.dj. and inh.ab. Paler- 
 
 MITAN(:'), pa'Ier'me-tiin?; (It. Palermitano, p4-liR*me-ti'no.) 
 
 PALERMO, a province in the N. of Sicily, bounded .\. by 
 the Tyrrhene Sea. Area, 1988 square miles. Pop. 5.S4,929. 
 
 PALKR/.MO, a post-township of Waldo CO., Maine, 10 
 miles E.N.K. of Augusta. Pop. 1372. 
 
 PALKRMO. a post-township of Oswego co., New York, 18 
 miles K.S.K. of Oswego. Pop. 2088. 
 
 PAliKR'MO, a post-village of Canada West, in the uniteil 
 counties of Wentworth and Halton, 15 miles N. of Hamil- 
 ton, and 32 miles from Toronto. It contains 2 saw mills. 
 Pop. about 200. 
 
 PAhKSTINE, pal'es-tine. (L. PakesWna. PhUisHxa. t^n^Jii- 
 dai'a. sometimes written Jwlea,) or the HOLY LAND, (L. 
 Terra Suncta; Fr. Ttrre Saint', taia slNt; Sp. Tie)-ra SmUi. 
 te-Sn'Ri sdn'td; It. T<^ra Stinta, t^ii/Rd sitn'td.) a coiintry 
 of South-west Asia, comprising the S. part of Syrifi, and 
 forming the modern pashalics of Acre and Gaza, and the 
 S. part of the pashalic of Damascus, extending between lat. 
 30° 40' and 33° 82' N., and Ion. 33° 35' and 35° 4S' E., 
 having N. the pashalic of Tripoli, W. the Mediterranean, 
 andS. andS.E. the Arabian Desert. Length, from .Mount 
 Ilermon in the N. to Kadesh-Barnea in the S., 193 miles; 
 average breadth, 75 miles. Area, 11,000 square miles. Thesur- 
 Cice is generally mountainous, being traversed by branches 
 from the chain of Lebanon, one of which stretches S. in a 
 direction nearly parallel to the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 forming the water-shed between its hasin and that of the 
 Dead Sea; while another, turning more to the E., extends 
 along the left side of the valley of the .lordan. These moun- 
 tains attain their greivtest height (about lO.tlOO feet) in Mount 
 Ilermon, where they first become detached from the princi- 
 pal chain. None of the others exceed 30(K) feet; but many 
 of them have acquired great celebrity from the frequent men- 
 tion made of them in Holy Writ, or the wonderful events 
 of which they have been the theatre. The most remarkable 
 are Carmel. forming a promontory in the Mediterranean, on 
 the S.W. side of the Hay of Acre; Tabor, or the modern 
 Jebel Toor, at the N.E. extremity of the plain of Esdraelon : 
 Ebal and Gerizim, in the valley of Samaria; Oilead .and 
 Nebo or I'isgah, on the E. side of the Jordan ; and Zion, Mo- 
 riali, and the ^^ount of Olives, in and near Jerusalem. The 
 latter has an elevation of '2536 feet. The country generally is 
 of trap fi)rmation, with volcanic rocks in several localities, 
 as in the valley of the Dead Sea. An oolitic limestone and 
 indurated chalk rock prevails, in which are numerous 
 caverns W. of the Jordan, and is common in the locality of 
 JerHs.alem. The mountains are separated by deep valleys 
 or level plains, and the whole country is rich in natural 
 bflauty. The soil is remarkably fertile in the valleys and 
 on the sides of the mountains ; but as the climate refjuires 
 Irrigation, and careful culture is wanting, tlie land is com- 
 paratively desolate and Karren; yet the fertility which it 
 displays wherever it is under regular culture, fully justifies 
 the early description given of it as a land flowing with milk 
 and honey. It is watered by numerous streams, the most 
 important of which is the Jordan, flowing iu a valley re- 
 
 PAL 
 
 markahle for Its depth, the Lake of Tiberias, from which It 
 issues, being 84 feet, and that of the Dead Sea, into which 
 it fiills, being 1337 feet below sea-level. Tlie other principal 
 rivers are the Jarmuth. an affluent of the Jordan, tlie 
 Kishon, which flows into the Mediterranean, and the Nahr 
 Naman, or Belus. The climate in the dry season is very 
 fine, with a blight sky and no rain. Gentle rains, with 
 W. winds, commence in October, and fall regularly in No- 
 Tember and Decemijer. Rain continues at intervals more or 
 less till March, after which none talis during all the har- 
 vest, which is in May and June, or in the summer which 
 succeeds. Winter frosts are slight, except in high positions, 
 where snow occasionally falls; the heat of summer in the 
 low valleys is very great, but not oppressive in other situa- 
 tions. 
 
 The name Palestine, derived from the Hebrew Pdesjhdh, 
 and meaning the land of the Philistines, does not occur in 
 Scripture, and is properly appliKible only to the S.W. part 
 of the country, stretching along the shores of the Mediter- 
 ranean. It appears to have been first used by Greek au- 
 thors, and derived additional currency from its adoption by 
 Josephus and fhilo. Its most ancient name was C.'inaan, 
 which it evidently owed to the descent of its inhabitants 
 from Canaan, the fourth son of Ham, and a grandson of 
 Noah. When thus named, in the time of the patriarchs, il 
 was parce!le(^out among a number of independent tribes or 
 nations: the Kenites, Kenizzites, and Kadmonites, on the 
 E. of the Jordan ; the IIittit«s, Perizzites, Jebusites, and 
 Amorites, in the hill country of the S.; the Canaanites pro- 
 per in the centre, from the Jordan to the (lOast; the Gir- 
 gashites on the E. shore of the Lake of Tiberias; the Hivites 
 on the N., among the ramificatiims of Lebanon; the Philis- 
 tines on the S., and the Phoenicians on the N. coast. In the 
 time of Moses, th»country E. of the Jordan was conquered 
 and divided among the tribes of Reuben and Gad. and the 
 half-tribe of Manasseh. Under Joshua, the work of con- 
 quest was carried on to the W. of the Jordan; and the 
 whole territory, though not to the extent originally pro- 
 mised, allotted to the remaining half tribe of Manass.'h and 
 the otlier ten tribes; the larger portion of the S. filling to 
 the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Under Solomon, the 
 work of conquest appears to have been completed, and all 
 the land which was originally promised was included 
 within the limits of his kingdom. By the folly of his son 
 Rehotxiam, the kingdom was rent in twain, and sulidivided 
 into the separate kingdoms of Judah in the S., and Israel 
 in the N. The latter kingdom w.is often designated by the 
 name of Samaria, its capital. The division of the country 
 into tribes was completely broken up by the captivity, 
 which carried aw.ay ten of them to Babylon, and supplied 
 their place by a new colony. After the destruction of the 
 Babylonian Empire, Palestine fell under the dominion, 
 first of the Persians, and then of the Jlacedonians. In the 
 time of our Saviour, when the Romans had established 
 their ascendancy, it was divided into tlie four provinces of 
 Galilee in the N.j Samaria in the centre, Judiea in the S., 
 and I'eraea, which included all the country E. of the Jordan. 
 Under Constantine, Palestine, now regarded a.s the Holy 
 Land, awjuired new interest, and recovered in some degree 
 from the ailamities by which it had been laid desolate; 
 and in 396, on the divi.sion of the Roman Empire by Theo- 
 dosius, Palestine became a province of the eastern division 
 of the empire. 
 
 In the fifth century, the country was divided ecclesiasti- 
 cally into the first, second, and third Palestine; the 1st, 
 comprising Judica, capital, Ca^sarea: 2d, Samaria, capital, 
 Scythopolis or Bethsheey, Galilee, &c. ; and the 3d the 
 countries E. and S. of the Dead Sea, capital, Petra, over 
 all which sees, Jerusjtlem was subsequently erectiid into 
 a patriarchate. Palestine continued a Roman province 
 till the spread of Islamism, to which it soon fell a prey ; 
 and Omar, iu f)36, after taking possession of its capital, 
 converted it into one of the provinces of his caliphate. 
 The severities exercised towards the Christians having 
 roused the indignation of Europe, gave rise to the Crusades, 
 and Jerusalem became for a time the capital of a Christian 
 kingdom. Ultimately, however, Mohammedanism prevailed, 
 and Palestine sunk into a degraded state ; from which, as 
 yet, it has not shown any symptoms of recovering. The 
 sultans of Egypt ruled it till 1617. when it w.as taken by 
 the Ottoman prince, Selim I., and incorporated with the 
 Turkish Empire. At present, the whole of I'alestine W. of 
 the Jordan is divided into seven districts ; El-Kods. includ- 
 ing Jerusalem, Jericho, .and about 200 villages; Hebron or 
 El-Khiileel. and the S. part of Judea; Gaza, on the S. coast. 
 with the towns of Gaza and Jaffa; Lood (or Lud,) or the en- 
 virons of ancient Lydda; Nabloos or ancient Sychar, and Sa- 
 maria; Areta, including Mount Carmel, and a part of the 
 plain of Esdraelon; and Safed or Saphet, nearly identical 
 with ancient Galilee. 
 
 P.^LESTINE, pal'gs-tine, a post Tillage in Greenbrier CO., 
 W. Virginia, about 12 miles W.S.W. of Lewisburg. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post- office of Henton co., .\labama. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post-ofHce of Adams co, Mississippi. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post-office, Washington parish. Louisiana 
 
 1423 
 
 t= 
 
PAL 
 
 Palestine, a flourishing post-village, capital of Ander- 
 sen CO., Texas, 200 miles N.K. of Austin City, and 10 miles 
 E. of the Tiinitj' lUver. It is pleasantly situated in a fer- 
 tile and undulating region, and is a place of active trade. 
 The steamboats which navigate the Trinity lUver have as- 
 cended as high a-s Magnolia, the landing-place of Palestine. 
 An active emigration has been directed to this vicinity 
 since 1847. It contains 12 stores, 2 large seminaries, and 4 
 or 5 places of worship. A newspaper is published here. 
 Palestine was commenced in 1840. 
 
 PALKSTIXE, a post-village of Hickman co., Tennessee, 68 
 miles from Nashville. 
 
 PALESTINE, a village of Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 Biver, 10 miles above Cluciunati, has a brick-yard and a few 
 stores. Pop. about 300. 
 
 PALESTINE, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania Uailrojid, 165 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PALESTINE, a village of Darke co., Ohio, 100 miles W. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post-village of Pickaway co., Ohio, 20 miles 
 S.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post-village of Shelby co., Ohio, 61 miles 
 W.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post-village in Kosciusko co., Indiana, 100 
 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 PALESTINE, a village of Monroe co., Indiana, 10 miles 
 S.W. of Bloomington. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post-village of Crawford county, Illinois, 
 2 or 3 miles W. of the Wabasli River, and 155 miles E.S.E. 
 of Springfield. It is situated on the border of a prairie, and 
 contains a L'nited States land-office, several churches and 
 stores. Pop. 540. 
 
 PALESTINE, a township in Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 PALESTRINA, p3-lJs-tree'ni, (anc. iS-ffcies'/e,) an episco- 
 pal city of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, 22 miles 
 E.S.E. of Rome. Pop 4630. Its walls present successively the 
 architecture of the Pelasgie era, and of the Roman periods. 
 The modern town is built on the site of the Temple of For- 
 tune, erected by Sylla. It has some interesting churdies, an 
 old palace of the Rarberini family, and a castle, once the 
 chief strouLjhold of the Colonna. to whom the town belonged. 
 
 PALESTRIN A, an island of Italy. See Pelestrin.\. 
 
 PAL'OKAVK, a parish of England, co, of Suffolk. 
 
 PALIIANI'OOR, pdrhln-poor', a fortified town of Ilin- 
 dostan. in the Baroda dominions. 84 miles N.N.W. of Ahraed- 
 abad. lat. 24^ 11' N., Ion. 72° 20' E. Pop. 30,000. (?) It is an 
 important frontier town. 
 
 PAL1.\N0, pd-led'no, a fortified town of Central Italy, in 
 the Pontifical States. 7 miles N.W. of Anagni. Pop. 3688. It 
 is enclosed by strong walls, and accessible only on one side. 
 
 PALIBOTIIRA. See Patna. 
 
 PALKtG FANO, p3-lid-jd/no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto. 13 miles ^V'.N.^V. of Taranto. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PALIGHAUT, British India. See Paulghautcherrt. 
 
 PALIXUKUM PKO.MONTORIUM. See Cape Palinuho. 
 
 PALINUKUS SHOAL, Arabia. See Abd-el-Kooree. 
 
 PALISADES, palVsAdz', of Bergen co.. New Jersey, a 
 range of basaltic rocks, rising precipitously along the W. 
 shore of the Iluason River, to the height of 400 or 500 feet. 
 They extend from Piermont S. about 20 miles. 
 
 PALISEUL pSMee'suP, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Luxembourg 35 miles AV.N.W. of .\rlon. Pop. 1089. 
 
 PALISSE, La. IS pdUeess', a town of France, department 
 of Allier, 27 miles S.E. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, 2696. 
 
 PALK'S (p,awks) STRAIT, is that portion of the Indi.an 
 Ocean separating Ceylon from the mainland of Ilindostan, 
 in lat. 10^ N., Ion. 80° E., and where narrowest 40 miles 
 across. It is bounded S. by the island of Ramisseram, and 
 the shnal called Adam's Bridge; in it are some pearl fisheries. 
 
 PAlXi-EN.Tl. See Cassandra. 
 
 PALLANCIIEE, a town of Ilindostan. See P.ttACHT. 
 
 PALLANTIA, a city of Spain. See Palexcia. 
 
 PALLANTI.i, a river of Spain. See Paia>xia. 
 
 P.^LLANZA, pll-Iin'zS, a town of Piedmont, on a tongue 
 of land in Lago Maggiore, 5 miles E. of Gravellona. Pop. 2044. 
 
 PAL/LAS-KEN'RY. a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO., and 10 miles E.S.E. of Limerick. Pop. 700. 
 
 PALLEE, pjl'lee, a large commercial town of Ilindostan, 
 dominion, and 40 miles S.S.E. of Joodpoor, on an aiiiuent 
 of the Loony Kiver. It is a great entrepot for Malwah opium 
 in its transit to Bombay, &c., and it has a considerable im- 
 port trade in chintz and European manufactures. 
 
 P.VLLIA, p4l'le-a, a town of British India, in Sinde, 84 
 miles S.E. of Hyderabad. 
 
 P.\LLIA. a river of Italy. See P.\gija. 
 
 PAiyLlCE, or I'AI/LAS. a hamlet of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Longford, 1 J miles S.E. of Ballymahon. Oliver Gold- 
 smith was born here in 1731. 
 
 PALLICOONDA, pil-le-koon'da, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, 28 miles W. of Arcot. 
 
 PAl/LIXG, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 PAL'LISF.R, CA1>K, the S. extremity of New Zealand, 
 North Island. Lat. 41^ 38' S., and Ion. 175° 21' E. 
 
 PAL'LISKR ISI-AXDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, 
 Low Archipel^tgo, lat. 10° S., Ion. 145° W. 
 1424 
 
 PAL 
 
 PALL 5IALL, a post-office of Fentress co.. Tennessee. 
 
 PALLO, pSl'loN or RAB'BIT ISLAND, a small island Of 
 JIalay Archipelago, S. of Sangir Island. Lat. 3° 5' N., Ion. 
 125° 30' E. 
 
 PALLIA, p.4l'm3, a village of Portugal, province of Estro 
 madura, 7 miles N.W. of Alcacer do Sal. 
 
 PALMA, pdl'mi, a town of Spain, province, and 26 miles 
 N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 31330. 
 
 PALMA, piVmL a town of Sicily, near its S.W, coast, in 
 tendancy, and 13 miles, S,E. of Qirgenti. Pop. 8000. It lias 
 an active trade in almonds, dried fruits, soda, wine, and 
 sulphur. 
 
 PALMA, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 4 
 miles S. of Nola. Pop. 60<J0. 
 
 PALMA, pdl'niS, a fortified town of the Balearic Islands, 
 capital of the island of Majorca, and of the province of ]?»■ 
 leares, with a fin* harbor in the Bay of Palmas, on its S.W. 
 coast, 1.30 miles S. of Barcelona. lat. 39° 34' N., Ion. 2° 4^ 
 E., in the bosom of a bay, 12 miles long, and 16 miles broad. 
 Pop. 40,514. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, 
 and surrounded by a wall, 36 feet thick, with 13 bastions, and 
 8 gates, 3 fronting the sea, and 6 facing the land, on which 
 side the wall is girt with a dry ditch, while a faussebraye 
 protects the seaward portion. The streets are straight, but 
 mostly narrow ; many of them are paved, and provided with 
 footwalks, laid with tiles. The principal pxiblic buildings 
 are the cathedral, founded by Jaiii\e the Conqueror, the 
 exchange, a splendid structure in the Geruiano-CJothie 
 style, begun in 1426, and finished in 1448; the palace of the 
 governor, and the town-house; the last contains a gallery, 
 with portraits of eminent natives of the island. There are 
 7 parish churches, a great number of convents, several cha- 
 ritalile institutions, a lazaretto, and a general hospital, 
 founded in 1456 by Alonzo V. Among the educational in- 
 stitutions may be specified the Academy of Medicine and 
 Surgery ; another called the Chirurgical, a normal school, 
 for primary instruction; an institute where the higher 
 branches of education are taught; a nautical school: the 
 Colegio de Sapienza, for poor young men who devote them- 
 selves to the church; a school for orphan girls; the Colegio 
 de Crianza, founded in 1510. for the education of young 
 ladies of rank ; the Colegio de Pureza, founded in 1809, also 
 for females, and about 30 private schools. The town has 
 2 public libraries, and a museum of paintings. At the 
 centre of the port rises the celebrated mole, wliich extends 
 from the bastions facing the S. about 500 yards into the sea; 
 on each side of it are the ship-building yards, which employ 
 numerous hands in the construction of the swift lateen 
 vessels, so well known and highly prized in the Mediterra- 
 nean. Two light-houses stand at the entrance of Porto Pi, 
 a narrow road, where the larger vessels anchor. On an 
 eminence, about midw.ay between the city and Porto Pi, is 
 the Castle of Bellver. The entrance to the bay on the side 
 of St. Carlos Point is commanded by a fort. 
 
 Palma is the port for the whole island. On an average of 
 the two years, 1844-5, the number of vessels, with their 
 tonnage, entered, was — vessels. 9S3; tons, 50,493. Departed 
 — vessels, 917 ; tons, 46.882, The manufactures comprise 
 linen, woollen, and silk tissues, soap, glass, brandy, thread, 
 besides a number of oil and flour mills. Palma is the resi- 
 dence of the captain-general of Majorca, 
 
 PALJIA, pSl'mi, one of the Canary Islands in the Atlan- 
 tic, its \V. extremity being in lat. 28° 45' N.. Ion. 17° 50' W. 
 Estimated area, 333 square miles. Pop. 33,089. It is re- 
 markable for its great elevation, several of its peaks being 
 upwards of 7000 feet in height. The valleys are highly fer- 
 tile, and the i.slaud is well-wooded. Principal products, 
 wine, fruits, honey, wax, silk, and sugar. Some tafietas 
 and other fabrics are made; but fishing is a much more 
 general occupation. Principal town.s, Santa Cruz on the E., 
 and Tazacorte on the W. coast. 
 
 PALMA, pdl'md, a small town of New Granada; and a 
 river and cape of Cuba. 
 
 PAL.MA DEL RIO, pJl'md d?l ree'o, a town of Spain, 
 province, and 30 miles S.W. of Cordova, on the Guadalquivir, 
 at its confluence with the Genii, (Xenil.) Pop. 552S. 
 
 I'ALMA NUOVA, pdl'md noo-o'vd, a forliiied town of 
 Austrian Italy, government of Venice, 12 miles S,S,E. of 
 Udine. on the Roja, Pop, 2800. 
 
 PALMAR, pdl-maB', or LUGAR DE SAN JUAN, loo-gaR/ 
 dA .sin Hwdn or Hoo-3n', a town of Spain, province, and 3 
 miles S. of Murcia. Pop. 5951. 
 
 PALMARIA, pdl-md-ree'l, an islet of North Italy, in the 
 Mediterranean, near the promontory of Porto- Yevere, 1 mile 
 long, celebrated for its fine black marble with golden veins. 
 It bounds the Gulf of Spezzia on the S.W, 
 
 PALMAS, a small island of South America. NewGraneda, 
 15 miles N.W. of Buenaventura, in the Bay of Choco, Pacific 
 It was discovered by Pizarro in 1527. 
 
 PALMAS, a river of Zanguel>ar, East Africa, and a hai^ 
 bor of Soutli America, Ecuador, ttnder the equator, 
 
 PALMAS, Las, a city of Grand Canaria. See Las Pauias. 
 
 PALMAS, GULF OF, Sardinia, is on its S.W. coast be- 
 tween this island and Sant Antioco. 
 
 PALMAS POINT, Yucatan, on its W. coast near SisaL 
 
PAL 
 
 PAL 
 
 PATiME, (p3lin,) Laooon op, France, departmpnt of Aiide, 
 
 14 miles S. of Narbonne, is separated from tliR IMwliter- 
 raneaii by only a narrow island, and united with it by 
 the Straits of Jonsrausse atid Frauqui. Leni;th. from N.to 
 S., about 2^ miles: breadth, about 2 miles. On the AV. 
 bank is the villaijce of Palme. 
 
 PALMRIl! A S. pSl-m.VrJs or pSl-m.Ve-r3s, a town of Brazil, 
 province of Sao I'aulo. near Ciiritiba. Pop. 21 -'lO. 
 
 PAIiMKLLA. p3l-m?11i, a town of Portuiial, province of 
 Estreniadura, IS miles S.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 3700. 
 
 PAT/.MKK. a post-Tillafje and township in Ilanipdon CO., 
 Massachusetts, 16 miles E.X.E. of Sprinrfield. Tlie town- 
 ship is Intersected by the Western l?aiIroad, and the New 
 London Northern Railroad forms a junction with the Am- 
 herst and lielchertown Railroad at Palmer Depot. It has 
 several cotton and woollen-mills, manufactures of boots and 
 shoes, castings, &c. In 1853, a state almshouse was esta- 
 blislied here. Pop. 4082. 
 
 PALMER, a village of Michigan. See St. Cum. 
 
 PALAI lOR DEPOT, (dee'po,) a flourishing village of Hamp- 
 den county, Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, at its 
 junction with the New London Northern and the Amherst 
 and Belchertown Railroads, 15 miles E. by N. of Spring- 
 field. A newspaper is published hero. It has several ho- 
 tels and stores. 
 
 PALMER'S LAND, Antarctic Ocean. S. of the Potith She^ 
 land Islands. Lat. (E. extremitv) *i3° 25' S.. Ion. 57° 55' W. 
 
 PALMER'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., 
 Tirsini;!. 
 
 PALMER'.« STORE, a post-office, Weakley co,. Tennessee 
 
 PALMEliSTON (p^'mers-ton) ISLAND, Pacific Oce.in, is 
 In lat. IR'^ 4' S.. Ion, 103° 10' W. 
 
 PALMERSTOX. CAPE, a headland. East Australia, lat. 
 21°30'S.. lon.14<)°.30'E. 
 
 PALMEISSTOWN. pa'mers-tf5wn. a Tillage and parish of 
 Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dublin, adjoining Phenix Park. 
 Pop. of villa^'e 200. It gives the title of viscount to the 
 Temple family, 
 
 P.\LMKT'TO, a small river of Georgia, flows through 
 Laurens countv into the Oconee from the riirht. 
 
 PALMETTO, a post-office of Kershaw co.. South Carolina. 
 
 PA L:\IETtO. a post-village in Campbell co., Georgia, on 
 the Atlanta and La Grange Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of At- 
 lanta. Free pojjulation, 1.526. 
 
 PALMETTO, a post-office of Coweta CO., Georgia. 
 
 PALMETTO, a post-ofRce of Pickens CO., Alabama. 
 
 PALMETTO, a post-ofjice of Pontotoc co., Jlississippl. 
 
 P.\LMI. pdl'mee, a roval city of Naples, province of Ca- 
 labria Ultra I.. 21 miles N.N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 6200. It has 
 a port on the Gulf of Gioja. and an active trade. 
 
 P.\LMOLr. p3l'nio-le, a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Abruzzo Citra. 13 miles S.S.W. of II Yasto. Pop. 2500. 
 
 PALMSTOWX, a small village of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 PALMYRA, pal-ml'ra. ("the " 7J/(7m or" of Scripture; Gr. 
 naA/«,vpa. Palmfira; L. Piilmj/'ra: Fr. Ftilmyre. pSrmoeR'.l 
 a ruined citv in an oa.sis of the Syrian Desert, pashalic, and 
 120 miles N.'E. of Damascus. Lat. 34° 1 8' N.. Ion. 38° 1 3' E. 
 Its remains, which cover a surface of about 3 square miles, 
 are situated near the E. declivity of a mountain range, and 
 consists of a groat number of columns, portions of a Temple 
 of the Svm, occxipying a quadrangular space of 220 square 
 yards, .and which had 390 columns, 60 of which still re- 
 main ; fragments of some other temples, several gateways, 
 traces of an aqueduct, and -numerous .sepulchres on the 
 sides and summits of the adjacent heights, most of which 
 edifices appear to have been constructed during the three 
 first centuries of the Chiistian era. This ancient city was 
 founded by Solomon, and called in Hebrew, T.ahmor. that is, 
 the '• city of palm-trees," of which the Greek Tla\pirpa. is a 
 translation. In the third century, it w.as the capital of Queen 
 Zenol.ia. It continued to be inhabited till it was taken and 
 
 plundered by Timur (Tamerlane) about the year 1400. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. P.^lmtren'E. pal-me-reen'. 
 
 PALMY'U.\, a post-township of Somerset co.. Maine, In- 
 tersected by the Sebasticook River, about 44 miles N.E. by 
 N. of Augusta. Pop. 1597. 
 
 PALMYR.^, a handsome post-village in Palmyra town- 
 ship, Wayne CO., New Yorl}, on the Erie Canal, and on ^lud 
 Creek, half a mile from the Rochester and Syracuse Direct 
 Railroad, and 22 miles E. by S. of Rochester. It contains 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist church, 
 and a Friends' meeting-house; a Union school-house, which 
 cost $ 1 1 ,000 ; 2 banks, several manufactories, and from 30 to 
 40 stores of diflerent kinds. Two weekly newspapers are 
 published liere. Pop. of the township in 1860, 4232 ; of the 
 village, about 3000. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-office of Burlington co., New Jersey. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-village of Lebanon Co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 15 miles E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 3S5. 
 
 PALMYRA, a township of Pike co., Pennsylvania. P. 492. 
 
 PALMYRA, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 2660. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-village, capital of Fluvanna co., Vir^ 
 giuia, on the Rivanna River, 60 miles W. by N. of Rich- 
 4P 
 
 mond. It has a handsome bridge across the river, an(l 
 contains a brick court-house, 1 church, and 2 or 3 mills. 
 
 PALMYRA, a po.st-villase of Halifax co.. North Carolina. 
 about S5 miles E.X.E. of Haleigh. 
 
 P.\LMYPi.\. a post villa-re in Lee co., Georgia, 125 miles 
 S.W. by S. of Miliedgeville.' 
 
 PALMYR.4., a post -office of Warren co., Mississippi. 
 
 P.\LMYRA. a post-village of Montgomery co.. Tennessee, 
 on the Cumberland River, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 P.\LMYR.\. a post-r>ffice of Simpson co., Kentucky. 
 
 PALATYR.^, a small villaire of 'Trimble co., Kentucky. 
 
 PAL"\1YR.\, a post-township in the S.E. part of Portagfl 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1031. 
 
 P.\LMYR.\. a pnst-village of Deerflcld township, Warren 
 CO.. Ohio, on the turnpike from Cincinnati to Colnmbus, 20 
 miles N.E. of the former. It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-village and townfbip of Lenawee co., 
 Michis.an. on the Raisin River, and on the Michicran South- 
 ern and Northern Indiana Railroad, 60 miles S.W. of De- 
 troit. The village contains a few stores and mills. Pop. of 
 the township 1655. 
 
 P.\LMYRA. a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, about 
 10 miles. N. of Corvdon. 
 
 P.\LMYRA, a village of Rush co., Indiana, 10 miles S. of 
 Rushville. 
 
 P.VLMYRA. a flourishing post-village, capital of Marion 
 CO., Missouri, 100 miles N.E. of .Tefferson City. The situa- 
 tion is high and healthy; the water is excellent. Marion 
 City, the landing-pl.ice of Palmyra on the Mississippi, is 6 
 miles distant. 'The railroad wliich e.xtemls from Hannibal 
 tt) St. Joseph passes through Palmyra. This village con- 
 tains 5 large brick churches, several respectable schools, a 
 United States land-oflice, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and 1 
 bank. Pop. in 1850, 1284 ; in 1860, 199li. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-office of Polk co., Iowa. 
 
 P.\LMYRA, a post-villa.ge and township of Jefferson co., 
 Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Pran'ie du Cliien Rail- 
 road, 42 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. The village has 3 
 churches, 4 dry-goods stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. SCO ; of 
 township. 1579. 
 
 PAHIY'RAS POINT, a headland of British India, pre- 
 sidency, and in the Bay of Bengal, near the mouth of the 
 river Braminy, 57 miles S.E. of Balasore. All ships for 
 Calcutta endeavor to make this point, off which they are 
 met bv pilnts. 
 
 PALMYRE. a ruined city of West Asia. See PaI.mth.^. 
 
 PALO. El. IX pSlo. a scattered village of Spain, province, 
 and 2 miles from ^falaga. Pop. 1S46. 
 
 PALO, prllo. a city of Naples, province, and 11 miles S.W. 
 ofBari. Pop. 5500. 
 
 PALO, a market-town of Naples, province of Prlncipato 
 Citra. 9 miles of Campagna. Pop. 2600. 
 
 P.\TyO. pahlo, a post-office of Fayette CO., .Alabama. 
 
 P.4LO, a post-village in Linn co., Iowa, 35 miles N.N.W. 
 of Iowa Citv. 
 
 PALO ALTO. pJ/lo ai'to. a noted battle-field, situated 
 near the S. extremity of Texas, between Point Isabel and 
 Matamoras, about 9 miles N.E. of the latter. Here, on Iho 
 Rth of May. 1846. the Americans. numl)ering 12111. under 
 General Taylor, defeated 6000 ^Mexicans, commanded by Ge- 
 neral Arista. The loss of the former was 32 killed, famong 
 whom was the brave Major Ringgold.) and 47 wounded; 
 that of the latter, 2.';2 killed. 
 
 PALO .ALTO, pahio al'to. a new county in the N.W. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 550 square miles. It is inter.sected 
 in the E. by the Des Moines River, and in the W. by Lizard 
 River, an affluent of the first-mentioned stream, and .also 
 drained by two small tributaries of the Des Moines, one of 
 which rises from a lake In the W. part of the county. It is 
 not included in the census of 18-50. Pop. in 1860, 132. 
 
 PALO ALTO, a post-offlce of Highland co., Virginia. 
 
 PALO ALTO, a post-office of Onslow co., North Carolina. 
 
 P.ALO ALTO, a post-village of Jasper co., Georgia, 44 miles 
 N.W. ofMilledgeville. 
 
 PALO ALTO, a thriving post-village of Chickasaw CO., 
 Mis.eissippi. 22 miles S.E. of Houston. 
 
 P.ALO ALTO, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Tennessee. 
 
 PALO ALTO, a post-office of Hamilton co., Illinois. 
 
 P.ALO ALTO, a post-villace of Louisa co., Iowa, on the 
 Iowa River, 48 miles S.S.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 PALOAN ('pJ-lo-Sn') BAY. a bay of the Malay Archipelago, 
 on the N.W. coast of the island of ^lindoro. It lies S.S.E. of 
 Point Calivite, is of a semi-circular foi-m. with an entrance 
 4 miles wide, and extending N. inland 3 miles. 
 
 PALOMARES-DEI.-CA:mPO, paio-ma'rSsKlM-kam'po. a 
 town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 5 miles N.E. 
 ofCuenca. Pop. 360. 
 
 P.ALOMB.ARA. pS-lom-b3'rl. a market-town of Central 
 Italy, in the Pontifical States, 8 miles N. of Tivoli. P. 2694. 
 
 P.ALOMB.AR.A, in Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 11 
 miles S.W. of Lanciano. Pop. 1500. 
 
 PALO'NA, a post-ofBce of Greenville district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PALOO, PALOU or PALU, p^'loo/, a town of Asiatic Tur 
 
 1425 
 
PAL 
 
 PAN 
 
 key, pashalic, an/ 55 miles \. of Diarbekir, on the Moorad 
 Chai. the E. arm of the Euphrates. Pop. estimated at 1000 
 families of whom 400 are Armenian, and GOO Mohammedan, 
 the former emploj-ed in cotton-weaving, dveinsr. tanning, 
 and other manufacture.s; the latter in agriculture. 
 
 PALOOXSHAII, p3-loon'shd. a town of India, in the 
 Nizam dominion!:. 1.50 miles E.N'.E. of Hyderabad, and 
 seated in a fine valley, but now in decay. 
 
 PALOS, pi/loce, a town on the W. coast of the island of 
 Celebes. It gives its name to ,i fine bay in the Strait of 
 JKcassar, and to an isthmus which joins the X. peninsula 
 to the S. part of Celebe-«. 
 
 PA'LOS, a post-office of iliami co., Indiana, 
 
 PALOS, a post-township of Cook co.. Illinois. Pop. 1019. 
 
 PALOS, PORT OF, Spain. See MooDER. 
 
 PALOTA. p3^1o't<ih\ a villtipe of llungarv, in Thither 
 Theis.s. CO. of Csanad. 26 miles W.X.W. of Arad. Pop. 3667. 
 
 PALOTA, a market-town of Hungary, co.. and 13 miles 
 N.E. of Veszprim. Pop. 4994. It was ravaged by the Turks 
 In 1603. 
 
 PALOX'Y CREEK, Texas, enters the Brazos River from 
 the W., in the X. central part of the state. 
 
 PALPA, pil'pJ, a town of North Hindostan, in Nepanl, 
 near the Gunduck, 68 miles W. of Gorkha. 
 
 PALPA, a maritime village of Peru, department of Lima, 
 province, and GO miles S.E. of lea, on the Rio Grande, near 
 its mouth in the Pacific. 
 
 PALS, p3ls, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 
 19 miles E.S.E. of Gerona. Pop. 1329. 
 
 PALTB or PALTEH, pJl'tA or pil'tJh. (written also 
 TAMBRO) LAKE, a remarkable lake of East Thibet. 30 miles 
 S.W. of Las.sa- It is nearly circular. 40 miles in diameter, 
 and contains a large central island, in which is a Thibetan 
 temple. 
 
 PALUAU, pj'lii'6', a villajre of France, department of In- 
 dre. 20 miles AV.X.W. of Chateauroux, on the Indre. P. 19S0. 
 
 PALU.\U, a village of France, department of Vendee, 12 
 miles N.W. of Bourton- Vendee. Pop. 550. 
 
 PALUD, La, \Sl pJMii', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vaucluse, 13 miles N.X.W. of Orange, on the rail- 
 way from Lyons to A»ignon. Pop. in 1852. 25S6. 
 
 PALCT)!. p3-loo'dee. a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra. 4 miles S.E. of Rossano. Pop. 1770. 
 
 PALVS M J.OTIS. See Azof, Se.v OF. 
 
 PAIjL'7.Z.\, pi-loot'sj, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 
 government of Venice, 33 miles N.W. of I'dine. Pop. 1800. 
 
 PALY AD. pS-le-dd', an inland town of West Hindostan, 
 Baroda dominions!, 64 miles AV.S.W. of Cam bay. 
 
 PAOI.\H, a village of Jones co., Iowa. 85 miles N. by E. 
 oflowaCitv. 
 
 PAMAK ASSAN. p3'm3-k3ss3n'. a town of the Dutch Ea.st 
 Indies, on the S. co;ist of the island of Madura. It is the 
 residence of a native prince. 
 
 PA5I.\LANG, pi'mi-ling', a town and river of Jara. on 
 the N. coast of the province of Ti^al, 75 miles W. of Sa- 
 marang. 
 
 PAMALANG, s cape of Java, 12 miles E.N JE. of the above 
 town. 
 
 PA.MANOEKAN or PAMANUKAN, prm3-noo-kln', n 
 town of the Dutch East Indies, on the N. coast of Java, 70 
 miles E. of Batavia. 
 
 PAM'BER. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 PAMB(X)K (or PAMBUK) KALEH. See IIierapolis. 
 
 P.\MBU. pdm-boo'. a small town of Brazil, province of 
 Bahia, on the river Sao Francisco, 50 miles E.S.E. of Sante 
 Maria. It has an electoral collese, instituted in 1S43. 
 
 PAMEEU. PAMERE or PAMIR, pd-meer', an extensive 
 table-land of Central Asia. Its highest point, called by the 
 natives the "roof of the world," in lat. 37° 27' N.. Ion. 73° 
 40' E.. is 15,B00 feet above the level of the sea. It is bounded 
 S. by the Hindoo Kocish Mountains. Lake Sir-i-Kol, which 
 gives origin to the Oxus River, is situated in Pameer. Here 
 is found the Pameer sheep or rass. 
 
 PAMEL, pfymfl, a village of Belirium. province of Brabant, 
 on the Dender, 12 miles W. of Brussels. Pop. 2840. 
 
 PAMICLIA, a township of Jefferson co.. New York, on 
 Black Rivet, opposite Watertown. Pop. 2789. 
 
 PAMELIA FOUR CORNERS, a postrvilLage of Jefferson 
 CO.,- New York, about 166 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 P.^MIERS, pi'me-A', a town of France, department of 
 Ariege, 10 miles N. of Foix. on the right l«nk of the Ariege. 
 Pop. in 18,V2, 7770. It has a communal college, and was 
 formerly the capital of the comt6 of Foix. 
 
 PAMIH, a table-land of Central Asia. See Pameer. 
 
 PAMLICO, a river of North Carolina, in the upper part 
 of Its «.urse called Tar Rivkr. It rises near the W. bor- 
 der of Gr.-»nville county, and flowing S.E., passes by Tarbo- 
 rough. Greenville, and W.-lshington. and enters the W. ex- 
 tremity of Pamlico Sound, through an estuary which is 
 several miles wide and nearly 40 miles long. It is naviga- 
 ble by small boats to Tarborough. 
 
 L,n7on '/ri ''Jh'"T'II*^^'^'^- ^"'^^ Carolina, a point of 
 lind on the S- side of the entrance to Pamlico RiveV^ about 
 Vi. .^ ; "^ ^ ashlngton. It contains a fixed li-ht 30 feet 
 Buore the level of the sea. " 
 
 142S 
 
 PA5ILIC0 SOUND, situated on the E. coa.«t of North Ca- 
 rolina, is a shallow body of water about 80 miles long, and 
 from 10 to 25 miles wide, separated from the ocean by low 
 and narrow islands. The general depth is aliout 20 ft-et. but 
 numerous shoals occur in it. It communicates vrith Albf>- 
 marie Sound on the N.. and receives the Neu.se and Pamlico 
 Rivers at its W. extremity. It is slightly affected by the 
 tide, which flows throu-'h Ocracoke Inlet. 
 
 PAMPA GRANDE, pjm'pd gran'dA, (the "great plain,'^ 
 South Peru, is a level .sandy desert, between Are<iuipa and 
 the ocean, 2000 feet above the sea, and destitute of water or 
 vegetation. 
 
 PAMPANGA, p.im-p3n'gj. a province of the Philippines, 
 in the isl.and of Luzon, N.W. of Manila. Length, from N, 
 to S., about 60 milos ; breadth, about 45 miles. Capital, 
 Bacolor. Pop. 177.045. 
 
 PAMPARATO. para-pa-ri'to, a Tillage of North Italy, ir 
 Piedmont. 10 miles S. of Mondovi. Pop. 2505. 
 
 P.\MI'AS, pAm'pis, a n.ime given to some of the vast plains 
 of South .\merica, particularly the plains stretching from 
 Terra-del-Fuego N. through Patagonia and part of La Plata, 
 over 27° of lat., or 1900 miles, where they meet El Gran 
 Chaco. and from the E. slope of the Andes to the .shores of 
 the Pl.ita and Atlantic: area. 1,6211,000 squ-ire miles, an ex- 
 tent so great, (hat while their N. margin is bordered by 
 palm-trees, their S. extremity is almo.st continually covered 
 with ice or snow. Immen.se portions of this great plain, 
 particularly N. of the Colorado, and extending for 1000 miles 
 from E. to W., .ire nearly as level as the sea. and without a 
 stone, or any other object, except a solitary tree, (the omli6.) 
 which is seen at vast distances, rising like a great land 
 mark. 
 PAMPAS, a township of De Kalb co.. Illinois. Pop. 1298. 
 PAMPAS DEL St^CUAMEXTO. pduVpasdM sa-krj-mfiv'to, 
 vast plains in the N.E. of Peru, covering an area of alx)ut 
 60.000 S()u.-ire miles. They are traversed from S. to N. by 
 the Ucayale. and though in parts almost without trees, are 
 in others covered with immen.se and magnificent forests. 
 Several parts of them have lieen brought under cultivation, 
 but in general they remain in a .state of nature, and are oc- 
 cupied by various tribes of Indians. 
 
 P.\MPATAR, pJm-pd-taR'. a maritime village of South 
 America, in Venezuela, on the S. side of the island of Mar- 
 garita, fortified, and h.-\ving a pretty good harlor. 
 
 P.\MPELONNE. i)3M'pt-h-lonn', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarn, ou the Via'ur, 14 miles N.N.E. of Alby. Pop. 
 2025. 
 PAMPELUNA, a town of Spain. See P.\MPLCjr.v. 
 P.VMPER. a town of Cashmer^ See Pami'IR. 
 P.\MPILHOZ.\. pdm-peel-yo'za. a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of r.i'ira-l'aixa, N. of Thomar. Pop. 24''.2. 
 PAM'PISFORD. a parish of England, co.. of Cambridce. 
 PAMPLEMOUSSES. pSxi'ple-moi^'. a village of the Mauri- 
 tius, near a stream of the same name, about 7 miles from 
 Port Louis. 
 
 PAMPLONA. pJmplo'na. or PAMPELUNA. pam-pA-loo/- 
 nS. (Fr. I\tmpJune or Pamjidune, pi^upMUn'; anc.Pom'pelon 
 or Pijmpeirq)'olis,) a fortified town of Sjiain, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Navarre, on the -^gra. an affluent of the Ai-agon, 
 195 miles N.N.E. of Madrid, and 20 miles from the French 
 frontier. Pop. 11.000. It has a fine promenade and public 
 fountains, supplied by a noble aquetlut-t. an ancient cathe- 
 dral, palaces of the viceroy and of the bishop, a Latin college, 
 and several other schools. The manufactures comprise paper, 
 leather, and coarse woollens, apd it has an active commerce 
 with France in wool and silk, and a celebratefl annual fair in 
 June. It was taken from the Arabs by Charlemagne in 
 778. In 800 it was made the capital of Navarre, of which 
 Count Garcias took the title of king. The French took it 
 in 180S, and held it till 1813, when it surrendei-ed to the 
 Duke of Wellington. 
 
 PAMPLONA, pdm-plo'nl, a town of South .America, in 
 New Gransida, department of Boyhca. capit.il of the province, 
 on an affluent of the Zulia River. 200 miles N.E. of Bogota. 
 Pop. 3200. It is well built. Principal edifices, its churches 
 and convents, one of which latter is very richly decorated. 
 Near it are mines of gold and silver. 
 
 P.\MPROUX, p5M'proo', a village of France, department 
 of Deux-S^vres, 14 miles N.N.E. of Melle. Pop. 1350. 
 
 PAMPUR, pim'p&r, or PAMPER, pira'per. a town of 
 Cashmere, on the Jhylum. here crossed by a bridge of seve- 
 ral arches, 5 miles W. of Serinagur, and comprising between 
 300 and 400 houses, a b;iza."U". and 2 M(*ammedin shrines. 
 PA.MUN'KEY or PAJIUNKY RIVER, in the S.E. part of 
 Virgini.-u is formed by the union of the North and South 
 Anna Rivers, on the border of Caroline and Hanover coun- 
 ties, and flowing in a genei-al S.E. direction, joins the .Matta- 
 pony to form the York River. Its whole length is prob;ibly 
 not less than 75 miles. This river separates King William 
 county fi-om Hanover and New Kent counties. 
 
 P.^M'REPAU, a small village of Bergen township, Bergen 
 CO.. New Jersey. 
 
 PAXAGUR."pJ-n-'-?fir'. an ancient town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, W. of the ceded districts, 11 miles If. 
 of Gurrah, and having several temples. 
 
PAN 
 
 PANAMA, p3n-a-in3/, a fortified seaport city of South 
 America, in New Granada, capital of the department of 
 Istmo, on the Gulf and S. coast of the Isthmus of Panama. 
 Lat. 8° 56' X., Ion. 79° 31' 2" \V. It stands on a penin.salar 
 tongue of land, across which its streets e.\tend from sea to 
 sea. Pop., with suburbs, aljout (i<)00. It has a beautiful 
 cathedral, various convents, a nunnery, Jesuits' college, and 
 a large edifice, also intended for a coUefre, but which has 
 not been finished. Its harbor is protected by numerous 
 Islets, and alTords secure anchorage. The couiitiy around is 
 rertile. The city has some trade in South American pro- 
 duce, especially gold-dust, pearl.s. shells, hides, and coffee, 
 which are exported to Kurope. chiefly by way of Chagres, on 
 the opposite coast. It is also on the route to California, and 
 Is now a station for the mails between the Atlantic and Pa- 
 cific coasts of the United States, and between Great Britain, 
 I'e'-n. and Chili. It is the Pacific terminus of the Panama 
 Ilailroad, which connects this place with Aspinwall, on the 
 Atlantic side of the Isthmus. This road has just been 
 (February, 1855) completed. 
 
 PAN'AMA'. a post-<iffice of Chautauqua co.. New York. 
 
 PAN AM .\. a post-office of Defiance co.. Ohio. 
 
 PANAMA, ISTHMUS OF, called formerly the ISTHMUS 
 OF DAKIKN, (d.i're-fn or dd-re-Jn',) the connecting link be- 
 tween North and South America, separating the Atlantic 
 from the Pacific Ocean, extends from lat. 7° l!0' to 9^ 40' N., 
 Ion. 77° to 81° W. It also forms a department of New Gr.a- 
 nada, called Istmo. It has the shape of an arc. curving round 
 from K. to AV. for about 3ij0 miles, with a breadth varying 
 from 30 to 70 mile.s, and presenting its convex side to the 
 Caribbean Sea, while its concavity is occupied by the large 
 Bay of i'anama, setting up from the Pacific. This bay, at 
 its mouth, is 105 miles across, and penetrates inland about 
 120 miles. Its shores are, for the most part, low and swampy, 
 aud noted for their unhealthines.s. It contains numerous 
 islands, partirularly on its K. side, where the group called 
 Pearl Islands covers about 400 square mile.s. It is in- 
 dented by several harbors, of which, Panama, in the N., 
 and San Miguel, in the E., are best known. The bay is 
 usually tranciuil, and not disturbed by much wind or sea, 
 but destructive tempests occasionally occur, and during the 
 rainy season W. winds send in a heavy swell. The tide 
 rises from 2 to 4 fithoms. On the N., or convex coast, the 
 most remarkable indentation is the Gulf of Daiien, near its 
 E. extremity: Port Escoces. and, in its immediate vicinity, 
 Caledonia Bay ; and Limon or Navy Bay, a little E. of 
 Chagres. In approaching the N. coast from the Atlantic, 
 a range of lofty heights is seen, stretching apparently in an 
 unbroken chain, .at a short distance from the shore : and it 
 was long sujiposed that the barrier thus presented was 
 char.acteristic of the whole isthmus, and precluded the idea 
 of forming great thoroughfares across it to accommodate the 
 traffic of the two oceans; but it is now ascertained that a 
 large part of the isthmus consists of low hills, valleys, and 
 flat or undulating plains, watered by considerable streanis, 
 generally well covered with excellent timber, and capable 
 of yielding all the more valuable tropical productions in 
 tfileraMe abundance. The minerals are also important, 
 and include, in addition to gold, which was long worked to 
 advantage, rich veins of iron and copper. The most uufa- 
 vor.able feature is its climate. A great quantity of rain 
 falls throughout the year, and in the months of July, Au- 
 gust, and September it rains almost incessantly. A con- 
 nection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the 
 isthmus has at different times been proposed, .and a railway 
 was completed February 17, 1855, extending from As- 
 pinwall, on Navy Bay, to Panama. From recent surveys 
 it has been ascertained that Port Escoces is an excellent 
 harbor, and Caledonia B.ay an ample and commodious road- 
 stead: and to meet the wants, not of any individual state, 
 but of the whole mercantile world, it has also been proposed 
 to cut a gigantic canal, stretching from ocean to ocean, from 
 Port Escoces, in a S.S.W. direction, to the mouth of the Sa- 
 vanna, in the harbor of Darien, communicating with the 
 Gulf of San Miguel. The dimensions proposed are 140 feet 
 wide at the bottom, and .30 feet deep at low tide. The sum- 
 mit level, between the two points, is said to be only 150 
 feet, and the cost of the work is estimated at $00,000,000. 
 The .\tlantic coast of the idthmus was discovered by Chris- 
 topher Columbus in 1502, but the comparatively short dis- 
 tance across it was not ascertained till 1513, when A'asco 
 Nunez di Balboa, Governor of Darien, at the head of a party 
 of which Francisco Pizarro w.as one, set out on an exploring 
 expedition, and. from the top of a hill, obtained the first 
 view of the Pacific. 
 
 P.\N.\MGOODY, p3-nJm-goo'dee, a town of Hindostan. 21 
 miles N.N.E. of Cape Comorin. Lat. 8° 21' N., Ion. 77° 53' E. 
 
 PANANICII. a vill.age of Scotland. See Paxxamch. 
 
 P.\N.\.ON, pd-ni-on', one of the Philippine Islands in the 
 Surigao Passage, between the islands of Leyte and Minda- 
 nao. Lengtli, 18 miles. 
 
 P.ANAR.\GA, pi-ni-ri'gL a town in the S. part of the 
 island of Java, S.E. of Soerakarta. 
 
 PANARANO, pd-nd-rd/no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra, 9 miles N.W. of Avelliuo. Pop. 1300. 
 
 PAN 
 
 PANARIA, p3-nd-ree'd, (ane. ITicsia,) one of the Liimn 
 Islands, in the Mediterranean, 5 miles N.E. of Lipari. It is 
 about 7 miles in circuit, fertile, and well cultivated, and con- 
 tains many volcanic products. On its S. side is a good port. 
 Pop. 200. It has several remains of antiquity. 
 
 P.\N.ARO, pi-n3'ro, (auc. Sculte'na,) a river of North Italy, 
 rises in Monte Cimoiie, and flows N. between the province 
 ofModenaand that of Bologna. It becomes navigable at 
 lionporto, where the Canal of Modena joins it to the Sec 
 chia; .and it enters the Po on the right, 12 miles .N.W. of 
 Ferrara. Length, 75 miles. Under the French it gave the 
 name to a department of the kingdom of Italy, now com- 
 prised in the duchy of Modena. 
 
 PANAROKKAN or PANAROOCANjpd-nd-roo-kdn', a town 
 of Java. 85 miles B.S.E.of Soerabaja. 
 
 PANAUR, a river of India. See Punn.ur. 
 
 P.\N AY or PAN Y, pd-ni'. one of the Philippine Islands, in 
 the Mahiy Archipelago. Lat. 10° 24' N., Ion. 122° 6' E. Esti 
 mated area, 45C0 .square miles. It is fertile, but is stated 
 to be unhealthy, aud is thinly cultivated. On it are the 
 Spanish settlements of Iloilo and Antigua. SeePniLiPPiNKS. 
 
 PANB.\N, pdn'bin'. a village of Hindostan, in the island 
 of Kaniisseram, opi)osite the mainland. 
 
 PANBKIDE, pan'brid', a maritime village and parish of 
 Scotland, co. of F'orfar. 6 miles S.W. of Arbroath. Pop. in 
 1>'51, 1372, of whom about 130 are in the village. In the 
 N.E. of the parish is the mansion of the Earl of I'anmure, 
 and near it are the remains of an ancient feudal castle. 
 
 PANCALIERI, pdn-kd-lt-il'ree, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, 18 miles S. of T>u-in. Pop. 2S38. 
 
 PANCHSHIll,pdnsh-sheer'(?)avalleyof Catool, on the S. 
 side of the Hindoo Koosh, about 70 miles long from .S.W. to 
 N.E. ; breadth, usually Ij miles. It is watered by a stream 
 of the same name. 
 
 PAN'COASTliURG, a post-office of Favette co., Ohio. 
 
 PANCOR VO, pdn-koit/vo, or PANCOU'BO, a town of Spain, 
 province, and 31 miles N.E. of Burgos, in a mountain defile, 
 at the entrance of which was a fortress which the French 
 held from ISOS to 1813, and demolished in 1823. Pop, 1217. 
 
 PAN'CRASSWEEK. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PANCSO V A, pdn'choHdh'. a fortified market-town of South 
 Hungary, in the Banat, the head-quarters of a German 
 regiment, with a steam-packet station on the Danube, 62 
 miles S.S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 11,710. It has Roman 
 Catholic and Greek Churches, mathematical and German 
 schools, and an active trade. 
 
 PA.ND,\CAN, pdn-dd-kdn', a village of the Philippines, in 
 the island of Luzon, province of Tondo. Pop. 4622. 
 
 PANDAT.'i.RIA. See Vendoteke. 
 
 P.\ND1N0, pdn-dee'no.a townof Northern Italy, province, 
 and 8 mill's N,N.K, of Lodi. Pop, 1750. 
 
 PANDO'RA, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee, 
 
 PAN'EAS or BAXIAS, bd'ne-.as. (anc. Casarda Philipipi.) 
 a village. of Palestine, pashalic, and 43" miles W.S.W. of Da- 
 mascus, near the sources of the Jordan. It comprises alout 
 150 houses, and has on its N. side a well-built bridtre, the 
 ruins of the ancient town, a cavern, (the Panium of jose- 
 phus.) and some traces of a temple erected by Herod in 
 honor of Augustus. 
 
 PANGANSANE, PANGANSENE. pdng^gdn-sdn', or PAN- 
 J.ASANG, pdn^yd-.sang', an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 off the S.E, extremity of Celebes, about lat, 5° S,, Ion, 122° 
 30' E, Length, from N, to S., CO miles; aver.age breadth, 16 
 miles. 
 
 PANGAR.AN, pdng'gd-rdn', a village in the island of Cey- 
 lon, on the Mahavill.vgunga, 38 miles S.E. of Kandy. 
 
 PANGASINAN, pdn-gi-se-ndn', a province of the Philip- 
 pines, in the island of Luzon, N,W. of Manila. Pop, 221,805. 
 
 PANG'BORNE. a parish of England, co. of Berks, 
 
 PANGONG, pdngVong', a salt lake in West Thibet, 100 
 miles E, of Leh, 14.000 feet aliove sea-level. Length, 100 
 miles; breadth, from 3 to 4 miles. 
 
 PANGOOTARAN or PANGOUTARAN. pdng-goo-td-rdn', 
 an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the Sooloo group. 
 I.«at. 6° 15' N., Ion. 120° 40' E, Length, 10 miles: bieadth, 
 4 miles. It is of coral formation, and abounds with cocoa, 
 palms, and live-stock. 
 
 PANI.VNY, a town of British Indi.a, See Ponant, 
 
 PANICOCOLO, pd-ne-ko/ko-lo, a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince, and 12 miles N.W, of Naples. Pop. 2250. 
 
 PANIPUT, pdnVpQt/, written also PANNIPUT. (Hindoo 
 Panipata, pd-ne-pd'td,) a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, Upper Provinces, 55 miles N.N.W. of Delhi. l>at, 
 29° 22' N., Ion. 70° 51' E. It is 4 miles in circuit, enclosed 
 by a decayed wall, has a remarkable Mohammedan shrine, 
 and had formerly a coiisideraljle trade. 
 
 PANISSI£RE, pd'nis'se-aiR', a market-town of France, 
 department of Loire, 18 miles N.E. of Montbrison. Pop 
 1160. 
 
 PANJAB or PENJ.4B. a territory of India. See Punjab. 
 
 PANJANG, pdn'jdng/, or POOLO PANJANG, poolo f)ac'. 
 jdng', an isLand off the W. coast of the Mal.ay Peninsula 
 Lat. 9° 18' N., Ion. 103° 36' E. It is 20 miles inlength, from 
 N. to S., by 4 miles in average breadth, and similar in most 
 respects to the island of Juukceylou, from which it is 12 
 
 1427 
 
PAN 
 
 miles E. Some islets in South Madura, North Papua, and 
 Kast Borne-j have the same name. 
 
 rA.> J I.M, pdn'zheeA"', or NEW GOA, go'L a t-own of Por- 
 tuguese Uindostan, 5 miles AV. of Goa, mostly inhabited hy 
 native Cliristians. It is the residence of the Portutruese 
 viceroy, and many of the principal Europeans in the settle- 
 ment. 
 
 PANKER. pdnk'er, a village of Denmark, duchy of IIol- 
 stein. 17 miles E. of Kiel. Pop. 9i0. 
 
 PANKOTA. prtn'ko''toh\ (0 and Uj, oo'ee.) two nearly 
 adjacent villajies in Uungaiy, eo. of, and about 10 miles fram 
 Arad. Pop. 7200. 
 
 PANKOUH, pln-koor', a small island in the Strait of Jla- 
 lacca. Lat. 4P 16' N., Ion. 100° 58' E. 
 
 PANNAII, pin'nd, or PUNNAII, pun'uah. (probably the 
 PLfnuJM of Ptolemy.) a town of British India, in the Bun- 
 delcund table-land, 110 miles S.W. of Allahabad. It is large, 
 has numerous temples, and is known for its diamond-mines, 
 which, in the time of the Emperor Akbar. (about A. D. 1600,) 
 yielded an annual revenue estimated at 80.000^. 
 
 PAN'iV ALL, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, 
 2J miles S.E. of Harrogate, with a station on the Leeds and 
 Thirsk Railway. 
 
 PAXNANICII or PANANICII, pan'na-niK\ a village and 
 celebrated mineral spa of Scotland, co., and 39 milfs W. of 
 Aberdeen, on the Dee. Its waters strongly resemble the 
 German Seltzer waters, and are numerously frequented by 
 invalids, for whose accommodation several houses have been 
 erected by the proprietor. 
 
 PAXNIPUT, a town of British India. See PANiPtrr. 
 
 PAN.NUNIA. See Huxoakt. 
 
 PANO'LA, a county in the N.W. part of Mississippi, has 
 an area of al)out 800 st^uare miles. It is intersected by TiU- 
 lahatchie River, and bounded on the W. by Coldwater 
 Creek. The surface is partly level and partly rolling. The 
 soil is fertile, especially in what are called the swamp-lands. 
 This county forms part of the country ceded to the state by 
 the Chickasaw Indians. It w.vs organized in 1836. Capital, 
 Panola. Pop. 13,794, of whom o237\vere free, and 8557 slaves. 
 
 PANOLA, a county in the E.N.E. part of Texa.s, border- 
 ing on Louisiana, has an area of 840 square miles. It is inttM-- 
 sected by the Sabine River. The surface consists partly of 
 pr.'iiries and partly of woodlands. Capital, Carthage. Pop. 
 8475, of whom 5417 were free. 
 
 PA\OL.\, a post-village, capital of Panola co.. Mississippi, 
 on the Tallahatchie River. 100 miles N. of Jack.son. It is 
 situated in a fertile and well-watered region. It has a new.s- 
 paper office and several churches. 
 
 PANOLA STATION, a post-village of Woodford co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles S. of LaSalle. 
 
 PANOPOLIS. See Akhmym. 
 
 PAN'OUMOS, pd-noi-'mo.s, a maritime town on the N.E. 
 shore of Tinos, in the Grecian Archipelago, with the best 
 harbor in that islandT Pop. 2500. 
 
 PAN0II>1US. Sicily. See P.\lermo. 
 
 PANTALARl.A., an island of Italy. See Pantellaria. 
 
 PANTAR, pdiiHdr', an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 separated on the E. from Ombay by the Strait of Pantar, 
 and on the W. from Lomblein, by the Strait of Alloo. Lat. 
 8° 10' S., Ion. 124 E. Length, from N. to S., 30 miles; breadth, 
 15 miles. 
 
 PANTEAGUE, pan-teeg', a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 PA.XTE'OO, a post-ofRce of Beaufort co.. North Carolina. 
 
 PANTELLARIA, pdn-tjl-li-ree'l written al.so PANT.V 
 LAR1.\, (anc. O^ssj/'ra.) an island of Naples, in the Jlediter- 
 rauean, province of Girgenti, 60 miles from the S.W. coast 
 of Sicily, its chief town being in lat. 36° 61' 15" N., Ion. 11° 54' 
 29" E. Shape oval ; circuit about 30 miles. Pop. 5000. It is 
 wholly of volcanic formation, presenting vestiges of oi-aters. 
 with lava, pumice, hot springs, &c. It produces fine fruit, 
 especially grapes, but not enough corn for its own consump- 
 tion, and its principal product is a fine breed of asses. At 
 its N.W. point, at the head of a cove, is the town of Oppi- 
 dolo, which has a convenient port for small vessels, with 
 some export trade in wine, oil, cotton, orchil, and raisins. 
 
 l^VNT'b'TELU, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PAN'TIIER, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas. 
 
 PANTHKR CREEK, of Kentucky, rises near the N.E. 
 border of Ohio county, and flowing in a N.W. eour.se through 
 Da»ies.s county, enters Green River about 14 miles W.S.W. 
 of Owenbcirough. 
 
 PANTHER CREEK, a post-village of Surrey co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 PANTHER CREEK, a post-viUage of Cass co., Illinois, 
 about 2 miles fi-oni Sangamon River. 
 
 PANTIlEli, CREEK, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa. 
 
 PANTHER FORK, a post-offtce of Greenville district, 
 fciouth Carnlina. 
 
 PANTIU-.R'S CREEK. Ohio, falls into the West Branch 
 of .Miami Hiver, in Miami county. 
 
 I' A NTH E KS G A 1>, a postoflice of Rockbridge CO.. Virginia. 
 
 [•ANTHER SPRINGS, a thriving po.s^village of Jefferson 
 CO.. Teiuitrssee, is finely situated in a fertile valley, and on 
 the road from Jinoxvilie to Jonesborough, 220 miles E. of 
 
 PAP 
 
 Nashvile. Part of the village is in Granger county. It 
 contains an excellent male and female academy. The East 
 Tennes.see and Virginia Railroad, now In progrtSA will pass 
 thi'ough the villaire. 
 
 PA.N'TIIEKSViLLE, a district of De Kalb co., Georgia, has 
 a post-office of the same name. 
 
 PANTICO, a post-office of Cayuga co.. New York. 
 
 PANTICOSA, pdnti»ko'.sd. medicinal baths of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 40 miles N. of Iluesca, 14 miles N.E. of Jaca, near 
 the village of Panticosa. It is one of the highest inhabited 
 spots in the Pvrenees, being about 8500 feet aliove tlie .^ea. 
 
 PANTIN, p6n<'HSs«'. a market-town of Prance, depart- 
 ment of Seine, 2 miles N.E. of Paris, near the Canal de 
 rOurcq. Pop. in 1852, 2341, 
 
 PAN'TON, a p.irish of Emiland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 P.iN'TON, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont. be> 
 tween Lake Chaniplain and Otter Creek, about 38 miles S.Sv, 
 by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 511. 
 
 PANTURA, pdn-too'rd, a maritime village of Ceylon, or 
 the W. coast, 12 miles S. of Colombo. Pop. 1109. 
 
 PANUCO, pd-noo'ko. a town of the Mexican Confederacy, 
 department of A' era Cruz, on the Montezvima or l>annco 
 River. 50 miles from its mouth, near Tamaulipas. It had 
 formerly a trade in fustic, but this has declined. On the 
 banks of its river some curious Mexican antiquities bare 
 been discovered. 
 
 PANAVELL, panVJll', or PAUNWELLY, pawn-wMlee, a 
 town of British India, presidency, and 21 miles E. of Bom- 
 loay. Lat. 18° 59' N.. Ion. 73° 15' E., on a river which flows 
 into its harbor, with an active trade. 
 
 PANY, one of the Philippines. See P.iJS'.w. 
 
 PAO, pd'o, a river of Aenezuela, flows 120 miles S.SJ]., 
 and joins the Conjede. 
 
 PAO (Pao) D'ALHO, pCwNO djl'yo, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 40 miles AV.S.AV. of Peruambuco, on the right bank 
 of the Caparilie. I'op. 14t:0. 
 
 P.\0 D'ASSUCAR, pOwN" dJs-soo/kar, (•' Sugar Loaf") Bra- 
 zil, an enormous rock of pure granite, devoid of vegetation, 
 rising up abruptly from the soa to the height of IKIO feet, 
 on the W. side of the entrance into the Bay of Rio-de-Janeiro. 
 On this rock stands the tort of Sao-.Toao. 
 
 PAO-KllING, p3/o-king' or pCw'king', a town of China^ 
 province of Hix)-nan, capital of a department, in lat. 27° N., 
 Icn. 111° 12' E. 
 
 PAOLA. pd'o-ia. or PAULA, pfiwOd, (anc. FUtycns or Pa- 
 tyoiis.) a city of Naples, jirovince of Calabria Citi-a. on a height 
 near the sea. 13 miles W.N.AA'. of Cosenza. Pop. 5<iOO. It is 
 defended seaward by a fortress and 2 towers: has several 
 churches and convents, 2 hospitals, manufactures of woollen 
 cloths and silks, and earthenware. 
 
 PAOLI. ptA-olee, a post-village and railroad station of Ches- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania, 19 miles AV, by N. of Phil.Hdi-lphia. 
 Near this place General AVayne was surprised. S'pfeniber, 
 1777, by a superior British force under Oeneial (ire}-, on 
 which occasion a numlier of the Americans were massiicred 
 after they had laid down their arms. A monument has 
 been erected on the spot to the memoiy of tliose who tell. 
 
 PAOLI. a post-village and the rapital of Oi-ange co., Indi- 
 ana, on the turnpike from A'incennos to New Albany, 40 
 miles N.AV. of the latter. The village was first .settled in 
 1816. It contains good public buildings, 2 or 3 churches, a 
 county seminary, a bank, and a newspaper office. Pop. of 
 the township, 2207. 
 
 PAO-NING. pi'o-ning', a town of China, province of Se- 
 chuen, capittU of a department. I,at. 31° 32' N.. Ion. 106° E. 
 
 PAOO. PA(iU, pi'oo, PAAV, SANDALAAOOD, or TACA- 
 NOA'A, td-kd-no'va, one of the principal islands of the Pei'jee 
 Archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean. J-at. 17° S., Ion. 179° E. 
 It is stated to be 130 miles in circumference, populous, and 
 densely wooded. Sand.il wood is one of its chief products. 
 
 PAO-TING. pd'o-ting'. a town of China, province of Po-chee- 
 lee. capital of the department, 95 miles S.AV. of Peking. It is 
 second in its province after the capital, .and is the seat of the 
 provincial viceroy. 
 
 PAPA. p4'p<Sh\ a market-town of West Hungary, co., and 
 26 miles N.AV. of A'eszprim, on an aflluent of the Marczal. 
 Pop. 16.409. It has a castle and grounds belonging to 
 Prince Esterhazy ; Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist 
 churches : two synagogues* several convents and hospitals, 
 a gvmnasium. and schools for the poor. 
 
 PA PA-ADASST or PA PA-DONISl A. Seo Pi!TNK!ro.s. 
 
 PAPAGAIO, p3-piS-ghro. or PAPAGAYOS. pii pd-ghi'oce, a 
 group of islets of Bi-azil. off the S.E. coast of the province of 
 Rio-de-Janeiro, between Capes Prio and Busios. 
 
 PAPAG.WO, p3-pd-ghi'o. a gnlf and volcano of Central 
 America, state, and S.AV. of the Lake of N icsmigua ; the gulf 
 an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and the volcano on its N.E 
 shore. It is also the name of the southernmost point of Lan- 
 zarote. Canary Islands. 
 
 PAP.-VL STATES, Italy. See Pontificat. States. 
 
 PAPA'.NA, a village of AVhitlev co., Indiau;i, 10 milea 
 N.AV. of Columbia. 
 
 PAPAXDAYAXG, pa-pdn-dd-yang'. a volcano of Java, 87 
 miles S.E. of Batava. A violent and destructivt eruption 
 oc<;urred in it, August llth and 12th, 1772. 
 
PAP 
 
 PAP 
 
 PAPAXTLA, pj-pjnt/l3, a villase of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state of Vera Cruz. 125 miles S.S.E. of Tampieo. 
 It h.\s a tradt! in maize, tobacco, red-pepper, and vanilla. 
 
 PAl'Alil, pd-pS-ree', a village and parisli of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Hio-Grande-do-Xorte. on a lake of the same name, 4 
 miles S. of Xatal. 
 
 PAPA.SQUIEltO. pi-p3s-ke-.Vro, a town of Mexico, state, 
 and 50 miles W.N.W. of Durango, on tlio Culittin. Pop. 
 abont 3S0U. 
 
 PA'l'A-.STOUR, ohe of the Shetland Islands, in Scotland, 
 parish of Walls, on the S. side of the entrance of St. Magnus 
 Bay. r.ien_'th. 2i miles. I'op. aV^out 400, mostly fishermen. 
 Another small island in Shetland bears ihij name of Pap.\. 
 
 PA'I'A-STRONVSAY. an island of the Orkney KTOup, in 
 Scotland, parish, and X.E. of Stronsay, about 3 miles in 
 circumference. Pop. alx)ut 30. Here are several remains 
 of old ecclesiastical edifices. 
 
 PAl'A-W'KST'l'AY, an island of the Orkney group, in 
 Scotland. U mile.^N'.K.of Westray. Length. ;ii niiles. P.400. 
 
 PAIVCA.STLK-AND-GOAT, a township of Kugland, co. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 PAPKITI, pd-pi-ee'tee, written also PAPIETE, a village 
 of the Society Islands, on the X.W. caast of Tahiti. 
 
 P.VPKNIiUKG. p;l'peu-M6uo\ a town of Hanover. 21 miles 
 S.S.K. of Emden, and united to the Kms by several canals. 
 Pop. .j020. It has ship building docks, and manufactures 
 of tobacco, chicojrv, and linen fabrics. 
 
 PAI'ENDIiKCnt. pd'pen-drL^Kt', a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, ou the Waal, 1 mile S.K. 
 of Dnvt. Pop. 1S5G. 
 
 P.\'l*ER MILLS, a post-office of Baltimore co.. Maryland. 
 
 PA'l'KKMILL VILLAGE, a postrvillago in Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 PAI'EK.MILL VILL.\GE. a vjll.age in Bennington town- 
 Fhip. Bennington co., Vermont, about 115 miles S.W. by S. 
 of .Montpelier. It contains 2 large paper mills. 
 
 P.\'1'K)IT0WX, a post-village of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylv.ania. 7 niiles S. of Carlisle. 
 
 I'A'l'EUVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., Tennessee, 
 290 miles E. by N. of Nashville. 
 
 PAIMI IS. an .ancient city of Cyprus. See B.VFFA. 
 
 P.\ I'l E'l'I. a village of Tahiti. See Papeiti. 
 
 PA'l'INS villi;, a post-village of Bates county, Mis- 
 sonri. on tlie O.sage River, i:iO miles W.S.W. of Jefferson. 
 
 PAI'LEWICK, pap'gl-wick, a parish of England, co. of 
 Nottingham. 
 
 PAl'LtUASIK. See Papua. 
 
 PAPOVKA or PAPOWKA. pi-pov'kl a market-town of 
 Russia, government, and i' miles X.W. of Kharkov. P. 1520. 
 
 PAP0Z7-.\. pi-pot'sd. or I'AI'OZZK, pjl-pot/s.i a, village of 
 Austrian Italy. 5 miles S.S.W. of Adri.a, on the Po. P. 2400. 
 
 P.\l'l'KXIIEIM, pdp'ppn-hlme\ a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Altmiihl, '-n miles S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 21*50. 
 
 P.\l'l{.\. p.i'prd. a small town of Lower Siam, district of 
 Salang. 8 miles W. by N. of Phoonga or Ponga. Lat. 8° 15' 
 N.. Ion. 9S^ l(j' E. 
 
 PAI'R.^BXO. poh'prM'no', a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Trentschin. aliont 24 miles from Szolna. Pop. 2o77. 
 
 P.\l'.S-oF-.TU'R.\. three conical heights near the S. ex- 
 tremity of the island of .Tura, in the Hebrides. B£\.AXOiii, 
 the most lofly, rises to 2420 feet above the sea. 
 
 PAPS-oF-JIATANE, mj-tan', two mountains of Canada 
 East, county of Rimouski. on the S. side of the estuary of 
 the St. Lawrence. Lat. 4S0 4.3' N.. Ion. 67° 30' W. 
 
 PAPUA, pap'oo-a or pi'pi^L PAPOJALAND, or NEW 
 GUIX'KA. {Vr. Pttpouasie. piJ'poo^iV.ee'. or Noiivelle Gainie, 
 noo'vJU' ghee' nA'.) a great Island, immediately S. of the Equ.a- 
 tor. and X. of .Australia, between the .\si;itic Seas on the W., 
 and the Pacific Ocean on the E.. and connecting the Malty 
 Arcliipi'lago on the one side, with the Polynesian groups on 
 the other. The general direction of the island is W..X.W. and 
 E.S.E. Its northernmost point is Cape of Good Hope, in lat. 
 0° 10' S.: its westernmost point. Cape Salu, (Salou.) opposite 
 to Salawatti Island, from which it is .separated by the Straits 
 of Gallowa. about 100 miles S.AV. from Cape of Good Hope, is 
 in Ion. l.jl" 2' E. The most southern point which is also the 
 most eastern point of the island is in lat. 10°34'S., Ion. 151° 12' 
 E. The length of Papua, from Cape Salu to its S.E. extremity, 
 is about 1500 miles. Its breadth varies greatly, deep inlets, at 
 theW. end of the island, dividing it into narrow peninsulas; 
 but from Ion. 1.30° to 146° E., it is compact, and has a breadth 
 of from 200 to 400 miles : its area may therefore be estimated, 
 in round numbera. at 250,000 square miles. This vast island 
 is as yet known chiefly through the reports of navigators, 
 will) have s.iiled along its shores; no Europeans have ex- 
 plored its interior, or penetrated above a mile or two from 
 its sea-shore, and that only at a few points. The country 
 Inland has been observed to rise into mountain chains of 
 considerable height, and app.arently to the snow-line, and 
 most part of the surface yet seen appears to be covered with 
 timlier of large size. In 152S, .Mva de Saavedra touched 
 upon, and gave his name to the N. coasts about the Cape of 
 Good Hope. S.iavedr.i"s Land extends about 100 miles from 
 'he Cape of Good Hope, when the coast turns nearly S. at 
 the commencement of a deep bay. A little S. of the pro- 
 
 montory thus formed, stands the village of Dori. a I'Oint 
 where recent voyagers have gathered much of their iufonn- 
 ation. Cape D'Urville, alxmt 200 miles E. by S. of Dori, 
 forms the E. termination of the great luay, which extends S. 
 about 200 miles, and is named-after Oeelvink, who ran along 
 its E. shores in 17o5. At the bottom of this bay. lat. 4'-" 25' 
 S.. Ion. lo5° 40' E., Xew Guinea is reduced to an isthmus not 
 above 20 miles wide, which may be considered as dividing 
 the island into two portions; the K.. tolerably compact, and 
 extending through 10° of Ion., the W., 5° in length, is more 
 broken. A great inlet, discovered by M'Cluer, in 1791. pene-' 
 trates this portion from W. to E., about 100 milts, reaching 
 to within 40 miles of the W. shores of (Jeelvink's Bay on the 
 opposite side. The S.W. coast of New Guinea, from its W. 
 extremity to the 141st meridian, was formally taken pos- 
 session of by Captain Steenboom for the Dutch, in 1828. 
 The Dourga, a .str.ait about 90 miles long, on this coast, 
 insulates the tract called Prince Frederik Ilendriks Island, 
 which terminates in Capo False; lat. 8° 24' S., Ion. I:i7°a8' 
 E. E. of Torres Strait, (Ion. 14"° E..) which separates New- 
 Guinea from Australia, the co;ist forms a deep bay facinjr 
 the S.. extending through 7 degrees of longitude. On the E. 
 side of this bay the shore is lined f n- abont 150 miles with a 
 barrier of coral reefs from 5 miles to 15 miles distant, -with 
 many opening.s, enclosing within them secure and capacious 
 harbors. This coast is in some parts bold. Mount Astrolabe, 
 the highest summit of a group rising close to the shore, 
 3S()0 feet; but behind these, at a distance of 250 miles in thfe 
 inteiior, a much loftier chain of mountains may be dis 
 tinctly traced in favorable weather. These mountains sink 
 to the shore at Heath B.ay; lat. 10° 30' S., Ion. 150° 40' E. 
 The chief summits are Mount Suckling, lat. 9° 45' S.. Ion. 
 140° E., 11.220 feet high: and Mount Owen Stanley, lat. 8" 
 54' S., Ion. 147° 30' E., 13.-205 feet in height. The W. side 
 of Great Bay, adjacent to Torres Strait, Captain Blackwood 
 found to be a great marshy tial, covered with dense forests, 
 and intersected by innumcralilo fresh-water channels, form- 
 ing a network of canals, of all sizes, from that of a mere 
 ditch, to a width of 5 miles, and depth of 5 fathoms. This 
 coast, for a length of 70 or SO miles, has all the characteristics 
 of the delta of a great river. The whole coast is formed 
 by immense mud-b:inks. extending 10 or 12 miles out to 
 sea, and having a general depth of only two fathoms. The 
 rivers tiowing tlirough these numerous channels seem to be 
 always full, and influence the se;i to a great distance. K 
 long tract of co.ast N. of the Dourga, or Princess Marianne's 
 Strait, as It is now called, has a similar character. Thi^ mud- 
 banks extend .so f:)r out. that even a Ein.'ill vessel, can 
 hardly approach within 10 miles of land. Froifl the istli- 
 mus S. of Geelvink's Bay, high mountains are visible to 
 the E., but as the general direction of these chains seems 
 to be from W. to E., they recede from the S. coast, and soon 
 disappear. The N. coast of .New Guinea is said to be gene- 
 rally mountainous, as well as the W. peninsular portion. 
 
 Climate. — Respecting the climate of Xew Guinea, we pos- 
 sess but few and scattered notices. The atmosphere is said 
 to be as rem.-irkable for its humidity as that of the m-igh 
 boring continent. .-Vnstralia, is for its dryness. This diflei-- 
 ence is to be ascribed, not only to its position close to the 
 line, and within tlie range of the monsoons, and the e(iua- 
 torial stream of v.-ipor, but also to its lofty mountains. 
 Hence it is, tliat Torre.s Strait seems to separate two worlds 
 of totally diiTerent aspects; the one a dry desert, with scanty 
 vegetation, and scarcely a palm-tree; the other, covered 
 with dense and varied forests, and spreading out into vast 
 alluvial plains, formed by the continued deposit of great 
 rivers. 
 
 Pkmh. — The forests of New Guinea abound in trees of 
 gigantic size; among them is the Dri/obaUinopit. or camphor- 
 tree, (of Sumatra.) On the low S.E. shores, the sago-palm 
 lines the banks of the rivers. The natives cultivate, with 
 more or less care, rice, maize, yams, cocoa-nuts, sago, sugar- 
 cane, and at least three species of banana. Wild nutmeg 
 and other spices are found in the woods; but tlie only 
 productions of those forests, sought aftei- at present, are the 
 liark of the Piilmmrie and M^ssoi/, which are cjirried l)y the 
 Malays to Japan and Chin.a. where they are esteemed for 
 their supposed febrifuge and other medicinal properties. 
 
 Animals. — The mammals of Xew Guinea appear to be few 
 in number. Of the species hitherto collected, the greater 
 number belong to the marsupial animals, like tIio.se of Ans- 
 ti-alia. The kangaroos, however, are specifically distinct, 
 and two species {Dtndrnlagns) have the peculiar habit of 
 living in trees. In birds, this island appears to be mora 
 rich : .-ibout 60 species are already known. Brilliant feathers, 
 partii'ularly those of the bird-of-paradise, are among the 
 articles exported by the Malays. The most numerous tribe 
 is that of the parrots, and New Guinea may without impro- 
 priety be called the Land of Cockatoo.s. 
 
 Tnfuxbitants. — The AV. shores of New Guinea have been 
 visited for ages bj' Malays, chiefly from Ceram. who have in 
 some places settled on the coasts, and intermarried with thd 
 natives, whom they call Orang Papua: that is. men with 
 frizzled hair. The Papuans are negroes of small stature, 
 distinguishable from the African negroes bv I he narrow- 
 
 1429 
 
PAP 
 
 PAR 
 
 ness and lateral compression of the head; by the smallness, 
 and almost disappearance of the chin ; by the excessive 
 thickness of the lijis and breadth of the nostrils, the nose 
 Ixyng often curved downwards by the weight of the orua- 
 ttn-nts atfciched to it. The natives of New Guinea, however, 
 art 3viden*ly a m'xed people; greiit variety of features, 
 (Jliay, Je-.vish, and Papuan.) as well as of color, being 
 often Icund in the same community. The general opinion 
 that the inhabitants of the i.sland are in the lowest stage 
 of sav age existence seem- to be unfounded. Even on the 
 •coasts most remote froii those habitually visited by the 
 Malays, the Malayan arts of boat and house-building are 
 ■well understood. The natives at the K. end of the island 
 have large canoes, with outriggers, and douMe lateen sails 
 of matting. Their dwellings, raised above the ground, on 
 four posts, are firmly and neatly constructed; and on the 
 low coast visited by Captain Blackwood, where the people 
 seem to be unusually barbai-ous. there was seen a house 100 
 feet long, with an arched roof of bamboo, well thatched. 
 The men are nearly naked, hideously painted and tattooed. 
 The women wear petticoats made of shreds of pandanus- 
 
 leaf. Adj. Papuan, pap'oo-an;iuhab.P.iPnA, pap/oo-a, and 
 
 Papuan. 
 
 PAPUDO (pii-poo'do) I'.AY, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, 
 in Chili. 45 miles N.E. of Valparaiso. 
 
 PA1"\V0KTII ST. AG'XES, a parish of England, cos. of 
 Cambridge and Huntingdon. 
 
 PAl'UOltTH ST. EV/ERAKD, a pari.sh of England, cos. of 
 Caml)ridge and Huntingdon. 
 
 PAQUKTA. pdkA/tl an island of Brazil, in theBayofRio- 
 de-Jaui>i,ro. about 4 miles long, and | of a mile broad. 
 
 P.\1!A. pi-r,4', (•• father of waters ?") the name originally 
 applied to the. river .\mazon. South America, but now em- 
 ployed to designate its S. arm or estuary, which receives the 
 Tocantins River. It has a direct length of about 200 mile.s, 
 with a breadth varying from 12 to 40 miles, where it is the 
 widest. At its entrance, on its E. side, is the city of Pari. It 
 is in this mouth of the Amazon that the bfire is chiefly 
 Bianife.-ited, the tide rising to high-water in a few minutes 
 before the new and full mw^ns, by a vast wave. 1-5 feet in 
 height followed sometimes by three others, which enter the 
 estuary with irresistible violence. 
 
 P.\li.\, a vast maritime province of Brazil, in the N.. 
 nominally comprising neiirly all the Brazilian territory 
 watered by the Amazon, Kio Negro, and their tributaries, 
 and extending N. from lat. 9° S., and \V. from Ion. 45° W. 
 Area, estim.ited at 983,898 square miles. Pup. 205.000, of 
 whom 10,000 are supposed to be Indians. The greater part 
 of this region is covered with dense primeval forests. Its 
 valuable products are in immense variety; the chief articles 
 of commerce are rii'e, manioc millet, cotton, sugar, caout- 
 chouc, cocoa, sarsaparilla, cloves, balsams, gums, medicinal 
 plants, and Brazil nuts. Para is divided into six comarcas, 
 subdivided into 20 municipal districts, named after the 
 principal towns which they contain. It sends three deputies 
 to the General Legislative .\ssembly, and apjxiints one sena- 
 tor. The Provincial Assembly con.sists of 28 members, and 
 holds its sittings in Pari, (Belem.) In the interior are 
 some scattered villages, mostly on tributaries of the Ama- 
 zon ; along the main stream, the traveller will scarcely see 
 60 houses in 300 miles. 
 
 P.\RA, p3-r4', or BELEM, bA-l^No', a seaport city of Brazil, 
 capital of tlie above province. 70 miles from the Atlantic, lat. 
 of Fort Sao Pedro 1° 28' S., Ion. 4S° 30' 5" VV. Pop. estimated 
 at 10.000, mostly of European descent. It stands on elevated 
 ground, on the S. shore of the Bay of Gu.ijara, on the right 
 bank of the Para, or Tocantins, and has a fine appearance 
 from the river. Chief edifices, the governor's palace, cathedral, 
 several other churches, convents, barracks, arsenal, episcopal 
 palace and seminary, formerly a Jesuits' college ; a prLson, and 
 an unfinished theatre. Vessels of large draft can lie near 
 the city, and the cocoa, caoutchouc, isinglass, rice, and drugs 
 exported from Brazil are chiefly from Para. It has also a 
 trade in cotton, vanilla, annatto. dye-woods, honey, wax. 
 and a great variety of other vegetable and animal products. 
 The trade is mostly with Liverpool, London. Barbadoes, Cay- 
 enne, and the North American, and other Brazilian ports. 
 
 PAR.ABIAGi"), p4-rd-be-i'go. a market-town of Lombardy. 
 13 miles W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PARABIAGO, a village of Naples, province of Otranto, 9 
 miles E. of GallipoH. 
 
 PAltABUTI. p6hV6h'boo'tee\ a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Bacs. 29 miles W. of Peterwardein. Pop. 3409. 
 
 PAKACATU, pj-rd-sa-too', (written also PARAZATU.) a 
 river and city of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes. The 
 river joins the Sao Franci.sco near lat. 16° 20' S., after an E. 
 course of 220 miles. On it. near its head, is the city of 
 ParaQstu, having a Latin school, and mines of gold and 
 dianioiids in its vicinity. It exports sugar and colTee. 
 
 PAKACELS. pd-rd-sJls', a group of islets and reefs of the 
 China Sea. mostly l.etwcen lat. 10° and 17° N., and Ion. 112° 
 and 11.3° 30' E., 1,W miles E. of CochinChina. 
 
 PAKACLET piV^kld/, a h»mlet of France, department 
 Of Aube. 2i miles E.S.K. of Nogent-eur-Seine. Here are the 
 nuns of a convent founded by Abelard in the twelfth 
 
 century, and of which Heloise was abbess for 32 years. 
 The remains of Aljelard were deposited in it in 1142. The 
 tomb of both, a fine specimen of Gothic architecture, haa 
 been removed to the cemetery of P6re-la-Chaiso. Paris. 
 
 PAR'ACLIFTA, a pos^village. and the capital of Sevier 
 CO.. Arkansas. 106 miles S.W.ol Little Rock. 
 
 PAK'ACOMBE. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ]'.\RAD.\.S, pd-rd/i)ds, a town of Spain, province, and 25 
 miles E..S.E. of Seville, deriving its name from the ancient 
 Castle of Paradas, belonging to the Dukes of Arcos. Pop. 
 4.306. 
 
 PAR.\DEIS, p,^'r3-dlce\ a village of Austria, in Styria, 
 circle, and near Juden burg. Pop. 1180. 
 
 PARADE. La, Id pdVdd', a town of France, department of 
 Lot-et-Garonne, 19 miles S.E. of Marniande. Pop. 1121. 
 
 P.A.R'.\DISJi, a post-village and township of Lancaster CO., 
 Penn.sylvania. on the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, 
 10 miles E. of Lancaster. The townsUp is intersected by 
 the Columbia Railroad. Pop. 2081. 
 
 P.\RAUIS£, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 700. 
 
 PARADI.se, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. P. 1209, 
 
 P.\1{ADISE, a post-ollice of Rockingham co., Virginia. 
 
 P.\RADISE, a small village of Macon co., Tennessee. 
 
 PAR.\DISE, a post-oflice of Muhlenbnrg co.. Kentucky. 
 
 P.ARADISE. a small village of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 P.\RADISE, Ohio, a st^ition on the Ohio and Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, 6 miles from Wooster.- 
 
 PARADISE, a post-village in Coles co., Illinois, SO miles 
 E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 PARADISE FURNACE, a post-office of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 PARADISE GROVE, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 PAR.-VDISE VALLEY, a post-office of Monroe co., Penn- 
 sj'lvania. 
 
 PARADOMIN, pd-rd-Jo-min', or pd-rd-do-meen', a mark- 
 et-town of Russia, government, and 10 miles S. of Yilna. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 PAR'ADOX LAKE, in the S. part of Essex oo., New Y'orb. 
 Length. 4 miles. 
 
 PAR^TOMl^M. SeeBARETOOS. 
 
 PARAGAU. pd-rd-gow', a river of South .\merica. rises in 
 Bolivia, and proceeding N.. forms part of the boundary lie- 
 tween that country and Brazil, and joins the Guapore. Lat. 
 13° 39' S. 
 
 PAR.\GU.\,an i.'landof Malay .Archipelago. See Palawan. 
 
 P.\R.\GUA. a river of Venezuela, and department of 
 Orinoco, tributary to the Carony, lias aN. course of 220 miles 
 On it is the town of Barcelonetta. 
 
 PAKAGUAgU or PARAGUAZU. pd-rd-gwd-soo', a river of 
 Brazil, province of Bahia. after a tortuous K. course of 260 
 miles enters the Bay of Todos-os-Santos. 35 miles AV.N.W. of 
 Sao Salvador. Chief affluent, the Jacuhype. 
 
 PARAGU.\NA, pd-rd-gwd'nd. a peninsula of South Ameri- 
 CJ». in Venezuela, department of Zulia. province, and 22 miles 
 N.W. of Coro. extending into the Caribbean Sea. in lat. 12° 
 N., Ion. 70° W. Length and breadth about 40 miles eachi 
 The surface Is mountainous in the centre, whence it slopes 
 gradually to the coasts. 
 
 P.\R.\GU.4Y, pd-rd-gw.V or pd-rd-gwi', a large river of 
 South -America, and one of the principal streams uniting to 
 form the Iji Plata : rises by numerous heads in the Bra- 
 zilian province of Matto-Gro.sso, near the sonices of the 
 Guapore. Tapajos. and Xingfi. tributaries of the Amazon, 
 in lat. 13° S.. Ion. between 55° and 58° AV. It thence 
 flows mostly S., between the territories of Bolivia and the 
 Plata Confederation on the W.. and those of Brazil anj 
 Paraguay eastward; and near Corrientes, lat. 27° 20' S., ii 
 unites with the Paranfi. Length, lOfiO miles: throughout 
 nearly all which, to the influx of the Jaui'fl. it is navigable. 
 It receives from the E. the Porrudos and Tebifin.ary. from 
 the W. the Sipotuba. Jaurti. Galdan. Pllcomayo. and Ver- 
 mejo. Between lat. 17° and 19° S.. it traverses a wide region 
 of swamps, which during the rains form a great inland sea. 
 
 PAR.-VGU.\Y^, a name at one time applied to the whole of 
 the immense regions of South .\meiica, between lat. lii° S., 
 and the Straits of Magellan, and between Chili and Peru on 
 the W., and Brazil on the E. ; but now confined to the re- 
 public of Parairuay, included mostly lietween lat. 19° and 
 27° 35' S.. and Ion. 54° 10' and 58° 40' "VV.. and neariy en- 
 closed by the Parana and Paraguay Rivers, which separate 
 it from the Plata Confederation on the W.. and from the 
 Brazilian province of Sao Paulo on the E. : on the N. it hag 
 the Brazilian province of Matto-Grosso. The space thus en- 
 closed forms a compact territory nearly in the shai)e of a 
 parallelogram, averaging about 470 miles in length, and 200 
 miles in breadth. Area, estimated at 84.000 square miles. 
 
 Mice of the Country, IHrers, it-c. — A mountain range of 
 considerable elevation stretches nearly through the centj-e 
 of the country from N. to S.. between the ParanSand Para- 
 guay, sending the drainage in opposite directions. From 
 the mountain regions the surface first presents a succession 
 of finely diversified lower heights, and then stretches out 
 into rich alluvial plains. Tlie distance from the water- 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 shed to either river scarcely anywhere exceeds 100 miles: 
 hence, the tributaries by which the drainage is effected^ 
 though exceediugly numerous, have comparatively short 
 courses. liy far the largest is the Tibicuari, which, owing 
 to a bend in the wat«r-shed, has its course considerably pro- 
 longed. The I'ai-aguay, which forms the houndary of the 
 republic tlirouglioul its entire extent of about 600 miles, 
 rises ia lirazil, in about lat. 13° S., traversing the rich pro- 
 vinces of .Matto-Urosso and Cuyaba. From the influx of the 
 Jauifl in lat. 1<P to the mouth of the La I'lata, a distance 
 Of 19^ of latitude, measuring in a Etrait iine, there is not a 
 rapid to impede tlie unvigatiou. Tlie Parana rises at two 
 seasons in the year, viz. during the tropii^l rains, and in 
 the summer, from the melting of the suow.s on the Andes ; 
 the heaviest floods talie place during the summer months, 
 commencing with Decemlier. Its average annual rise at this 
 8ea.son is about feet. The Paraguay, owing to its lofty 
 heights and to its narrower channel, rises to a much great- 
 er extent. (Jn the il., near the Jesuit mission of GuaranS, 
 the Parana brealis tlirough a mountain range called Sierra- 
 de .Manicay or Cordillera-de-Maracaya, forming a remarkable 
 cataract. The. river, which above the rapids is 12,000 teet 
 wide, suddenly contracts to ISO feet, and plunges its im- 
 mense flood down a deep rocky gorge; for 100 miles after- 
 wards, it presents little else than a succe.s.sion of falls and 
 rapids; but below Candelaria, where it trends westward, it 
 flows on in a smootli and uninterrupted channel. 
 
 CinrutU, Vi'getation, (£-c.-^The climate, though for the most 
 part tropical, has its excessive heat greatly modified by tlie 
 inequalities of the surface. In July and August, frosts 
 occasionally occur. The whole country is remarkable for its 
 salubrity. The soil is of great fertility, and the vegetation 
 almost unrivalled in its luxuriance. In the forests are 
 found about 60 dilTerent kinds of trees furnishing timber, 
 dye-woods, gums, drugs, perfumes, oils, fruits, &c. A prin- 
 cipal product is the yirha mute. {Ilex PiiraguensU,) or Para- 
 gu.ay tea. an evergreen, the leaf of which is nearly as much 
 used for infusion in this and the neighboring countries of 
 South America, as the Chinese tea is in the United States. 
 The plant grows to the height of about a foot and a half, 
 and has slender branches, with leaves resembling those of 
 Benna. formerly 8,U0O,O0(l pounds of the Paraguay tea 
 were annually exported. The objects of agriculture include 
 the greater part of the most valuable products both of the 
 tropical and temperate zones. On all the alluvial tracts 
 where cultivation is attempted, sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco 
 of superior quality, rice, maize, and culinary vegetables 
 yield a rich return. The large plains feed immen.-^e herds 
 of cattle, which are slaughtered chiefly for their tallow, 
 hides, and horu.s, as articles of export. It is supposed th.it 
 the country is rich in minerals; about 17 leagues U-oai the 
 capital is a mountain called Ami, near which the inhabitants 
 aver there is ollen found small lumps of silver A watch- 
 maker once pre.sented some gold ore, which he extracted 
 from some pebbles that he found in the interior, to Dr. I'ran- 
 cia, the former Dictator, who commanded him not to men- 
 tion it on pain of death. 
 
 Animals, i&c. — The wild animals of Paraguay include the 
 jaguar or tiger, of which there are great numl>ers ; the puma 
 or cougar, called also the American lion; the black bear 
 and ant-eater, the tapir, the cjipibara or watei^pig, river 
 cavies, and various other amphibious animals. Alligators 
 are numerous in the river Paraguay, and liave been seen 
 30 feet in length. The wild boar, deer, and other species 
 of animals less known, inhabit the forests. • Snakes, both 
 large and small, vipers, scorpions, &c., abound, and it is esti- 
 mated that there are 20 dilferent kinds of serpents, of which 
 the rattlesnake is the most common. The boa-constrictor is 
 found in the moist places adjoining the rivoi-s. Among the 
 feathered tribe are the cassowary or American ostrich, the 
 peacock, parrots of various species, papagayos, parroquets, 
 goldfinche.s. nightingales, and nine species of the humming- 
 bird. Wild geese abound in the rivers and lakes, and there 
 is also a bird called the toucan, resembling the crow, but 
 having a very long beak, which is beautifully variegated 
 with streaks of red. yellow, and black. 
 
 Cfimmercc — The trade of Paraguay consists in the export 
 of its tea, tobacco, sugar, cotton, hides, tallow, wax, honey, 
 cattle, horses, mules, wool, leather, <fec. Its commerce has 
 been greatly retarded by the selflsh policy of the govern- 
 ment of Uuenos Ayres, which, Uiking undue .advaiitage of 
 its command of the mouth of the La Plata, the outlet to the 
 Paraguay and Paiana, rigorously excluded all intercourse 
 between the countries tiibutary to these streams and other 
 nations. IJut since the defeat and flight of Kosas. the 
 Dictator of the Argentine Republic, a more liberal policy 
 has prevailed, and in October, 18.52, the navigation of the La 
 Plata. Parana, and Uruguay was declared free to all foreigu 
 vessels under 120 tons register. 
 
 Govarnme.nt. — Paraguay declared itself independent of 
 Sp.iin ill ISlO. From about 1S12 to 1840 its affairs were 
 entirely controlled by Dr. Francia, who being first elected 
 ci'usul. became dictator in 1814, and continued to administer 
 the govi^rnment with great ability till his death, at the ad- 
 vanced age of >>4 years, ily a judicious exercise of arbitrary 
 
 power, ho preserved the country from those dissensions and 
 civil wars from which the other South Americiin states have 
 suffered so deeply. Ills policy of rigorously excluding from 
 his dominions all foreigners, without excention, contributed 
 not only to pret^erve the tranquillity oi tne counti-y, out 
 also to consolidate the different elements of the jxipulatiou 
 into one mass, and to form them into a nation. Immediately 
 after his death, the government of a junta of five wan 
 estjiblished ; subsequently the number was reduced to two ; 
 Carlos Antonio Lopez, (the present president,) acting as 
 civil magistrate, and Mariano Koque Alonzo as the military 
 commandant. In 1840, Lopez was elected president for 
 life. The republic is divided into pariidos or departments, 
 each of which, commanded by a comi.nnrMdo or commis- 
 sioner, chosen by the president, to whom alone he is re- 
 spon.sible. It not uufrequently happens that the commis- 
 sioner becomes a petty tyrant, and exacts in the name of 
 tlje president, not only the services of the poor, but even 
 the property of the wealthy. The army of the republic was 
 lately raised to 40,000 men. 
 
 Education. — Dr. Francia established schools in every sec- 
 tion of the country, .and re(iuired that every white male 
 child should attend the parochial school of the department 
 until it should acquire the first rudiments of an education. 
 The people of Paraguay, thereti)re, are generally better edu- 
 cated than their neighbors in the adjacent provinces of the 
 Argentine I! epublic. The first printing-press was e.stabli.shed 
 by President Lopez in 1843, and is the only one iu the 
 country, the government exacting a heavy license on all 
 such, entorprises, and subjecting them to severe penalties. 
 A governmental organ, called the ■' El Paiaguayo," is Issued 
 weekly. 
 
 Jx'dif/iim. — The religion of the country is Roman Catholic, 
 although in May, 1840, President Lopez issued a decree that 
 no foreigner sliould be molested on account of his religion, 
 but would not grant them a place of worship ; until then it 
 was not safe for any one to express his opinion on religious 
 subjects. 
 
 Population, &c. — The population of Paraguay is variously 
 estimated by different authorities at 300,000. SOO.OuO, and 
 l,2U0.ii0O: it probably does not fall short of 1,000,000. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly the descendants of Kuropeans from 
 the X. of Spain. Caste here is carried to a great citent, and 
 the feeling of aversitm which the white population enter- 
 tain towards the natives, even the despotic power of Dr. 
 Francia was unable to break down. In 1840 the prejudice 
 against the natives and negroes gained such an influence 
 among the dominant party, that a colored jjerson was not 
 allowed to enter a church with .shoes on. Of the aboriginal 
 tribes, the Guaranls, (gw3-rd-nees'.) who inb.-iVjit the Chaco, 
 are the most numerous. The Payaguas, inhabiting the left 
 bank of Paragu.iy River, are chiefly porters. A tiibe called 
 the Tobayasare a common enemy, and the government often 
 has to make vigorous efforts in order to repel their inroads.- 
 Dr. Fi-ancia appears to have succeedinl in bringing these peo- 
 ple into a more perfect state of subordination and civilization 
 than has ever been done before with any nation of American 
 aborigines. The number of Indian villages and missions is 
 very considerable. They generally consist of stone or mud- 
 houKes, covered with tiles, and have a large square in the 
 centre, in which is the priesfs house and a church; the 
 number of inhabitants iu each being seldom less than COO, 
 and often exceeding 2000. 
 
 Ifist'iri/. — Paraguay was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, 
 who .sailed up the Parana iu 1526. Nuesti-a Senora de la 
 Asuncion.(Assumption the present capital,) was founded in 
 looO. In subjugating the country, the native inhabitants 
 were parcelled out as slaves to the conquerors, who tieated 
 them with great cruelty. In 1554 the first bishop of Para- 
 guay brought with him laws .ind regulations for their pro- 
 tection. Two years later, in 1550, Jesuit missionaries made 
 their appearance in Paraguay. and, by exerci.sing gentleness 
 and policy, succeeded in bringing manj' of the Indians under 
 the restraints of civilized life. When this order was expelled 
 from the Spanish dominions in 1707, other priests were ap- 
 pointed to succeed them in Paraguay. The principal towns 
 areAssuniption the capital. Villa Rica, and 5feembuc(i or Pi- 
 lar. Inhab. Paragu.vyan, pi-rdgwi'dn. (Sp. Pakauu.wo, 
 
 pl-rd-gwi'yo.) 
 
 PARAIIIIJA, PARAIIYBA, or PARAIBA. pj-ra-ee'ba, a 
 river of Brazil, province of Parahiba, to which it gives name, 
 joins the Atlantic by an estuary, in lat. 7° 8' S., Ion. 34° 45- 
 \V'., .ifter an eastward course of 270 miles. In summer its 
 bed is dry beyond 20 leagues from its mouth, near which, 
 on its S. bank, is the city of Parahiba. 
 
 PARAHIBA, a maritime province of Brazil, intersected 
 by the 7th parallel of S. latitude, between lat. 0°and 8° S., 
 and Ion. 34° 40' and 3S° 40' W.. having E. the Atlantic Ocean, 
 and inland the provinces of Rio Orande do Norte and Per^ 
 nambuco. Area, estimated at 40,985 square miles. Pop, 
 200,000. The surface is mostly elevated. The principal 
 rivers are the Parahiba and Mamanguape. The chief pro- 
 ducts are cotton and sugar, with Brazil-wood, drugs, and tim- 
 ber. Cattle of European breeds are numerous. The princi- 
 pal exports are cotton, sugar, and rum. Parahiba sends 5 
 
 1431 
 
PAR 
 
 •loputies to the general legislative assembly, and appoints 2 
 senators. The proTincial assemblj-, composed of 28 mem- 
 bers, holds its sittings in the town of Parahiba. The edu- 
 cational establishments include a lyceum or college, and 46 
 primary schools. ., , , 
 
 PARAHIBA, a maritime city of Brazil, capital of a pro- 
 Tinee, and the c<^ntre of it.-; trade, on the right bank of the 
 Parahiba, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 65 miles N.N.W. 
 of Pernambuco. Pop. 15.000. It consist* of a lower and 
 an upper town. The f:)rmer is the commercial quarter; 
 one of its chief edifices is a fine government warehouse. In 
 the upper town, the streets are wide and well paved, the 
 architecture antiquated. Here are Franciscan and other 
 convents, the principal churches, prison, governors, palace, 
 militarv arsenal and treasury, which last is built in an im- 
 posing "style. The trade is chiefly in sugar, cotton, and Bra- 
 zil-wood. Near the citv are some coffee plantations. 
 
 PAR.\H1BA-D0-SUL, pi-rd-ee'liil-dosool. or the SOUTH- 
 ERN" PARAHIBA, a river of Brazil, pi-ovinces of Sao Paulo 
 and Rio de Janeiro, enters tlie Atlantic at Sao Joao de 
 Pniya. in lat. 21° W S.. ion. 4u° 45' W.. after an K. course of 
 600 "miles. Its chief afiiuents are the Pombal, Muriahe. and 
 Paraibuno, with which last it forms all the N. boundary of 
 the province of Rio. 
 
 P.\RAniB.\-DO-S0L. a town of Brazil, province, and 40 
 miles X. of Rio de Janeiro, Pop. 2000. It was made head 
 of an electoral college in 1S40. 
 
 PARAHIBDNA, pd-rl-ee-boo'nj, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 80 miles N.K. of Sao Paulo, Pop, of district, 
 2000,' 
 
 PARAIITTINGA, pJ-rS-ee-tin'gi, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 140 miles X.E. of Sao Paulo, on the left banii of 
 the Parahiba. Pop. 4:KK). 
 
 PARAIIYBA. two rivers of Brazil. See Parahib.\. 
 
 P.\^R.iMARIBO, parVmaiVbo, the ciipital town of Dutch 
 Guiana, on the W, bank of the Surinam, 5 miles fi-om its 
 mouth in the Atlantic, in lat. 5° 49' N., Ion, 55° 22' W, Esti- 
 mated population. 20.000. mostly blacks. It is regularly 
 and well built ; the streets are unpaved, but ornamented 
 with rows of tamarind and orange tree.«. It has Lutheran, 
 Calvinistic. Roman Catholic, and English churches, Portu- 
 guese and German Jewish syna:.rogUL-s. and is the centre of 
 the trade of the colony. Fort Zeelaudia, X, of the town, is 
 the residence of the governor. In a hospital for lepers, on 
 the right bank of the Coppename, 450 patients are main- 
 tained at the expense of the colony. The Kwatta Canal, 
 begun in 1S46, is the first public work executed by free 
 laborers. In 1847, 145 ships entered, and 151 left the port, 
 
 PARA>IATT.\, parVmat'ta, a town of Xew Soutli Wales, 
 CO. of Cumberland- on the I'ar.imatta River. 13 miles W,N,W. 
 of Sydney, with which it communicate.* daily by steamboats. 
 Pop. 44.54. It consists mostly of a single street, at one end 
 of which is the summer residence of the governor of the 
 colony, with extensive grounds. It is the seat of the factory 
 for fem.ile convicts, and it lias also several orphan asylums, 
 schools, liarracks, hospitals, and an ol .servatoi-y. Steamers 
 and coaches ply dail3' between it and Sydney. 
 
 P.VR.\MAT'rA, a river of Xew South Wales, enters Port 
 Jackson after an E, course of 12 miles, 
 
 P.\R.\.MO D".\SSUAY, p4'r3-mo dSs-swI', a pass across 
 the Andes, in Ecuador, l)etween lat, 0° and 2° S, Elevation, 
 15,528 feet. 
 
 PARA.MO DEL SIL, pj'ri-mo dJl seel, a village of Spain, 
 province, and ab<iut 60 miles from Leon. Pop. 1296. 
 
 PARAMO. M(1UXTAIXS OF. See Andes. 
 
 PARAMOOSIIEER. PARAMOUCHIR. or PAR.\MU- 
 SCHIR, pd-ri-moo-sheer'. written also PORAMUSHIR and 
 POROMU.SCHIR. one of the Ivoorile Islands, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, belongina: to Russia, 35 miles S. of K.amtchatka, Lat. 
 60° 50' X„ Ion. 155° iiV E, Length, from X. to, S„ 60 miles; 
 breadth, 20 miles. Surface mountainous, and hire of tim- 
 ber. It abounds with wild ■tnimals, and exports large quan- 
 tities of fox. otter, and wolfskins. 
 
 PAR.KMU, pd-rd-moo', a river of South .\meriea, tributary 
 to the Orinoco, It was partially traced by Sir R. Schom- 
 burgk in 1S39, 
 
 P.\K'AMUS, a village of Itergen co., Xew Jersey, about 7 
 miles X.W, of Ilackeusack, contains a church and a mill, 
 
 PARAMYTHI A or PARAMITHI A.pi rd me-thee'd. a town 
 of European Turkey, in Epirus. 30 miles S.W. of Yanina. 
 Pop. 50110, It cf)nsistB of an upper and a lower town, has an 
 Did castle, g:irrisoned by Turks, and remains of ancient 
 walls. It is n Greek bisliop's see. 
 
 P.VR.\XA, pd-rdnd', a lar^ river of South America, and 
 one of the principal which contribute to form the Plata, 
 rises by numerous he.ids in the Brazilian province of Minas 
 Oeraes, between lat, 2-2° and 2o° S„ and Ion. 45° and 46° W., 
 near the sources of the rivers Doce and Sao Francisco, and 
 les,s than 120 miles from the Atlantic Oceau, It Hows in a 
 S,W, direction, bounding the state of Paraguay on the E. 
 and S., and separating it. with the Brazilian province of 
 MattjvOrosso, from Sao I'aulo. and the Argentine province 
 of Corrientes. Near Corrientes. in lat. 27° 25' S„ it jf.ins the 
 Paraguay River, and confers its own name on tlie united 
 ■treaui. Thence Its course is generally southward to within 
 1432 
 
 PAR 
 
 60 miles of Buenos Ayres, where it unites with the Vm- 
 guay River to form the estu.Hry of the Plata, Its total 
 course is at least 2000 miles. In its upper part it receives 
 numerous large affluents, as the Parana-Uta,* Tiete. Pardo, 
 Paranapanema, and Curitiba; but. owing to falls, it is navi- 
 gable only to the island of Apipe, 100 miles aiove its junc- 
 tion with the Paraguay. It contains numerous fertile 
 islands. Below this point it is navigable for vessels of 300 
 tons, and receives the considerable rivers Salado and Quarto 
 from the \V. Few towns border it in its upper part. In the 
 territory of the Plata Confederation. Candelari.i. It<i, Itati, 
 Corrientes, Siinta Lucia, and Santa Fe. are on its banks. 
 
 Parana is also a name of the Rio Xeoro, (Brazil.) which 
 see. For Parana Citv. see Ba.iapa he Santa F£. 
 
 PAKANAGUA. pd-rdnj-gwd', amaritime town of Brazil, 
 province of Sao Paulo, on a bay of the same name in the 
 Atlantic, 170 miles S.W. of Santos. Pop. 7000. It is mostly 
 built of stone; its former Jesuits' college is now converted 
 into public offices. Its port is fitted for vessels of 40^ tons, 
 
 PAI!A\AHIBA or PARAXAHYB.\. See I'.aknahiba. 
 
 PARAXA-IBA, PARAXAHIBA or PARAXAHYBA. pd- 
 rd-nd-ee'bd, a river of Brazil, province of Goyaz. joins the 
 Curumba to form the Parang. ISO miles S. of Villa-15oa, after 
 a westward course of about 500 miles. On it, near its source, 
 is the town of Paranahiba. 
 
 PARAXAPAXEME. pd rd-nd-pa-nA/mjl, and PARANXAN, 
 pd-rdn-ndn', are consideralile rivers C'f Brazil, provinces of 
 Sao Paulo and Goyaz, respectively tributaries to the ParanS 
 and Tocantins. 
 
 PAR'AX CITY", a village in Marion co., Iowa, 100 miles 
 W, bv S. of Iowa Citv, 
 
 PARAXGLA, pd-rdng'gla. or PARAXG, pdVdng', a moun- 
 t.ain pass of Piti. in the V»'est Himaliivas. which at its summit 
 is :S.5uO feet aliove sea-leA el. L:it. 32= 3u' N.. Ion. 78^ E. 
 
 P.\R.\XPEIt.\, pd-rdn-pi/bd, a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 province of Minas Gei"aes. and joins the Sao Francisco on 
 the right, alxjut 40 miles below the junction of the Para, 
 Total course, about 260 miles. 
 
 P.A.UAPITI, pd-rdpe-tee', a river of Bolivia, which issues 
 from the X.E. extivmity of Lake Grande, flows E.X.E., and 
 after a course of aVout 80 miles falls into Lake Vbai on the S, 
 
 PARATI, p3-rd-tee', a seaport town of Brazil, pro^ince of 
 Rio de Janeiro, 135 miles E.X.E. of Sao Paulo, on the AV. 
 coast of the Bay of Angra. Pop. lO.OiX). It is small, re- 
 gularly built, and has several churches and a grammar 
 school. It has an extensive commerce, and numerous dis- 
 tilleries. 
 
 PARAY-LE-MOXIAL, pdW- leh - mo'nee'dl'. a town of 
 France, department of SaOne-et-Loire. in a rich valley. 7 
 miles W. of Charolles. Pop. ia 1862, 3481. 
 
 PARA7.ATU. See Para^atc, 
 
 PARCfi, paR'si', a market-town of France, department of 
 Sarthe. 11 miles N.W, of La Fleche, on the Sarthe. Pop, in 
 1852,2412. 
 
 P.\RCHEL.VGA CREEK, Georgia, See Patsaliga. 
 
 PAR'CIIER'S CORXERS, a post-office of Fulton co.. Ohio. 
 
 PARCHIM, p.aRK'im, or PARCHEX. paUK'^n. a town of 
 Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. on tlie Kibe. 21 miles 
 S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 6489. It is enclosed by wall.s. sulv 
 divided into an old and new town, and has manufactures 
 of woollen cloths, leatlier. chiccory. straw hats, and tobacco. 
 
 P.\RCHW1TZ. paRK'wits. a walled town of Prussian Sile- 
 sia. 10 miles X.E. of Liegnitz. on the Katzbach. Pop. 1316. 
 
 P.\RCI1''AXY'. a post-village of Morris CO.. Xew Jersey, on 
 the Parcipany River, about 7 miles N. of Morristown, con- 
 tains 2 churcSes, 6 stores, and an academy. Pop. estimated 
 at 300. 
 
 P.\RCZOW. paRt-sov'. a town of Poland, province, and 46 
 milesS.E. of Siedlec. Pop. 2S30. 
 
 P.'VR'DEEVII^LE, a post-village of Columbia co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on Fox River, and on the Mihvaukteand St. Panl R.R., 
 9 m. E of Portage City. It has 3 stores. 1 mill, iiiid 50 houses. 
 
 P.\RDO. paR'do, a river of Brazil, formed by the junction 
 of the Sanguexuga and the Vernielho, in the S. of the pro- 
 vinc-e of Matto-G rosso. After a course of about 280 miles, 
 generally S.E.. it joins the Parana on the right, in lat. 21° 
 36' S. 
 
 P.\RDUBITZ. paR'doo-bits\ a town of Bohemia, circle of 
 Chrudim, on the Ellie, 61 miles E. of Pr.igue. and on the 
 Xortheni States Railway. Pop. 2546. 
 
 PARECHIA. pd-rA-kee^a, or PARO. pd'ro. (anc. Pt'ros.) the 
 capital town of the island' of Paros. Grecian Archipel.igo. on 
 the W. side of the island. It contains numerous fragments 
 of the ancient city, and aliout 4 miles E, are the quarries of 
 the celebrated Parian mai'ble. 
 
 PARECIS, pd-rA-sees', a Cordillera of Brazil, in the X.W. 
 of the province of Matto-Grosso. in lat. 15° to 19° S, 
 
 PAREDES DA BiCIRA, pd-rA/diV d.i hA-ee'rd. a town and 
 parish of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, about -20 mile* 
 S,li of Lamego, Pop. 800. 
 
 * Some geographers call that portion of tlie river whiun it 
 above the junction of the Parana Iha, the Rio Grande, CCB 
 gidering the Paranii to be formed by the anion of t}ie*« tw 
 branches. 
 
PAR 
 
 PAREDES DK NAVA. pS-nVn^s dA nU'vL a town of Spain, 
 province, and 15 miles X.W. of Palenci.i, in a marsh, near 
 the Canal of Campos. Pop. 4062. II has 4 parish churche.s, 
 a hospital, and manufactures of coarse hempen doths. 
 
 PAREDON, p.?-rA-don/, or GRKAT PARKDON KAY, an 
 island of the West Indies, in the old Bahama Channel. N. of 
 Cuba. Lat. 22° 25' N., Ion. 78° 8' W. Length. 10 miles, by 
 2 miles 'n breadth. On its N. side is toleral)le anchorage. 
 
 PAREENUlKiUK. pl-ree-nflg'i,'nr, a ruined city of West 
 Illndostan. the remains of which, near Verawow, a town on 
 the peninsula of Parkur, Runn of Cntch, extend over a space 
 of 2 miles. 
 
 PARENZO. p3-rJn'zo. a fortified seaport town of Istria, 
 on its W. coast, 10 miles X. of Rovigno. Pop. 2li)0. 
 
 PARETO, p.i-r.Vto. a village of the Sardinian States, pro- 
 vince, and S. of .^rijui. Pop. 2860. 
 
 P.4RG.\, par'qrd. a fortified maritime town of European 
 Turkey, in Epiius. on a steep, rocky heij;ht, opposite the 
 bland of Paxo. .1.3 miles AV.N.W. of Arta. Lat. 39° 16' 24" 
 N., Ion. 20° 2.3' .30" E. Pop. 4000. Its native inhabitants, 
 between 1814 and 1810, viporously and successfully resisted 
 Ali Pasha of Yanina. then lived for three years under British 
 protection, and wholly abandoned the town when restored 
 to the Sultan in 1810. 
 
 PAR'HAM, a parish of En<rl.and, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PARIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sutfolk. 
 
 PAR'HA.M'S LANDING, a post-office of Catahoula parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 PARHAil'S STORE, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia. 
 
 PARIA. GULK OF. See Gdlf of Paria. 
 
 PAK'IDA. a villaire on the left bank of the Rio del Norte, 
 In the interior of the Territory of .New Mexico. 
 
 PAMUUSONG', or PIIART, fd'ree. a villase of Bootan, on 
 the frontier of ThiVet. .30 miles N.N.W. of Tassisoodon. 
 
 PARIGXfi L'EVEQUE, paVeen'yA' UV.'lk', a town of 
 France, dep. of Parthe. 9 miles S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 3430. 
 
 PARIM.\. p3-ree'mS. a river of Brazil, the principal head 
 stream of the Rio llranco. See Rio Branto. 
 
 PARIMA. SIERRA, se-Jr'rd pS-ree'ma, or PARIME, pj- 
 ree'mA (?) an irrep:nlar clusterof mountains ofVeneznela. lat. 
 4° to 6° 30' N., Ion. tH° to 67° W., connected on the S.E. 
 with the Sierra Pacaraima. and giving rise to the Orinoco 
 and other larce rivers. Mount Makavaca, the highest point, 
 is above lO.OflO feet high. 
 
 PARI.\AC0C1IA.S. (pa-re-ni-ko'chas.") Lake of. in South 
 Peru, dep.irtment of Ayscucho, S.W. of Pausa. surrounded 
 by high mountain,":. It is 20 miles in length fi-om N.W. to 
 S.E.. tnaversed by the river Pausa. and is stated to be 10,000 
 feet above the sea. Its gives name to a province of Peru. 
 
 PARIN.4CO'TA,amountain peakof Bolivia, near the coast, 
 In hit. 18° 10' S., Ion. 09° 11' W. Height, 22,030 feet. 
 
 P.\RI.'*. pir'ris, (Fr. pron. pdVee'; Ger. pron. pi-riss': It. 
 /'(((•(■g'^pa-ree'jee: Port, and Sp. i^ris. pS-reece'; anc. Lute'lia, 
 or LuteHia Birisin>rum, afterwards Ihrixfii; Gr. AowTijria 
 or AovKijTia:) the metropolis of the French Empire, the 
 great centre of Kuropean civilization and learning, and, 
 after London, the most populous city in Christendom, is situ- 
 ated on both banks of the river Seine, 111 miles tVom its 
 mouth, and 212 miles S.E. of I/indon. Lat. of the Observatory, 
 48° 50' 12" X.. Ion. 2° 20' 22i" E. Mean temperature of the 
 year. 51°-.3: winter, 37°-8 ; summer, (>4°-5 Fahrenheit. Mean 
 annual fall of rain, 25 inches : average number of rainy days, 
 105; days on which snow falls, 12. The city has recently 
 been surrounded bv a line of new fortifications, at an ex- 
 pense of about $10(1.000,000. They consist of a wall a3 feet 
 in heicrht, bastioned and terraced, embracing both banks of 
 the Seine with a continuous enclosure 22 miles in circuit. 
 The wall is lined with a fosse about 20 feet deep, and 
 strengthened by outworks comprising 14 detached forts. 
 These fortifications take in much of the suburbs, and even 
 of the surrounding country, The limits of the city proper 
 are traced by an interior wall, erected at a much earlier date" 
 for fiscal purposes. In this wall are 60 gates or barriers, at 
 which the octroi, or duties on goods brought into Paris, are 
 levied. Many of these barriers are magnificent structures. 
 Among others may be specified the Barrifere de Neuilly. con- 
 sioting of two pavilions, and having in front the splendid 
 triumphal arch De I'Etoile; the Barrifires de Yincennes, de 
 6t. Martin, de Font.ainebleau, de Reuilly. de Chartres, and do 
 Passy. Outside the barriers and their connecting wall, is a 
 large, finely-planted zone, which nearly makes the circuit 
 of the town, forming an excellent, thouih not very much 
 frequented promenade, called Outer Boulevards, to distin- 
 guish them from the Inner Boulevards, whirh form a similar 
 Internal zone; the latter consist, in their finest parts, of a 
 magnificent central thoi-oughfore, bounded on either side 
 by a double row of trees, under which a broad and elevated 
 pathway has been formed, and lined by elegant shops and 
 mansions, the whole forming a scene of animated gaiety and 
 splendor which no other capital in Europe can equal. 
 
 The Seine traverses the city in a W.X.W. direction, and 
 li.Hs a medium breadth of 450 feet, which is about the width 
 of the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, but nearly one-third less 
 than that of the Thames at London. It here forms two is- 
 lands—He £t. Louis and He de la Citfi — on wliich last is situ- 
 
 PAR 
 
 ated the Cathedral Church of Notre Dame. It is lined with 
 quays, built of solid masonry, forming large terraces, with 
 a roadway in the centre and a footpath on either side, gen&- 
 rnlly planted with trees. The qu.ays extend about 11 miles 
 along the river, and, in addition to the splendid walks which 
 they afford, serve the important purpose of protecting tha 
 lower parts of the city from inundations, fronx which, pre- 
 vious to their erection, it often suffered. The number of 
 bridges across the Seine is 27-^ '"f which 16 are of stone. 7 are 
 suspension bridge.s, 3 a combination of stone and iron, and 
 1 is of wood. Those most deseiwing of notice are the Pout 
 d'.'Vusterlitz, or Pont dn Jardin des Plantes, 400 feet long, 
 by 37 feet broad, with stone piers, and 5 arches of cast iron ; 
 the Pont Neuf, an ancient bridge, the longest of all, being 
 1020 feet in length, situated near the centre of the city, and 
 forming one of the principal thorough&res : near the middle 
 of this bridge is a fine equestrian statue of Henry IV. ; thw 
 Pont des .\rts. a light and elegant iron biidge of 9 arches, 
 resting on stone piers; the Pont de la Concorde, or Poiit 
 de Louis XVI., adorned with 12 colos.sal stitues of whitr 
 marble; and the Pont de Jena, a remarkably liandsomft 
 structure, consisting of 5 elllptic.al arches, and decorateo 
 with a cornice imitated from the temple of Mars at Rome, 
 and garlands of oak and laurel. The portion of Paris situ- 
 .ated on the right bank of the Seine is the most exten.sive, 
 and contains the finest squares and monuments, and the 
 greatest number of palaces, public offices, &c. It is al.so the 
 richest and most commercial, its centre being occupied by 
 the Bnnr.w, or Exchange of France. The leff bank of the 
 river contains the Faulxiurg St. Germain, the principal resi- 
 dence of the old noblesse, the P'iys Latin, the seat of the 
 princip.al educational establishments, and the greatest num- 
 ber of hospitals. A great porti(m of this quarter is built 
 from the quarries extending under the river. The exca- 
 vations made in quarrying formed the celebrated cata- 
 combs used as a place of" deposit for the bones taken from 
 the cemeteries .at the time of their suppression. The num- 
 ber of skeletons deposited here was said to be 3.000.000. The 
 space included between the city wall and the fortifi.'d circle 
 comprises the communes of the hanlieur., in which the 
 population has greatly increa.sed within a few years, though 
 a great part of it is still occupied by fields and gardens. 
 
 The houses of Paris are almost all built of white calca- 
 reous stone. Their general height is from 5 to 6 stories, 
 each arranged as a distinct tenement, and reached by a com 
 mon stair. In many cases, however, the stair is not entered 
 immediately from the street, but is preceded by a porte 
 cnclier or carriage entrance leading into a court, round the 
 sides of which the houses rise in lofty piles. 
 
 Slrerts owl S/uares. — The streets in several of the newer 
 parts of the town are straight, wide, airy, and excellently 
 paved, both in the centre for carriages, and on the sides for 
 foot-passengers; but in the older portions, as a genei-al rule, 
 the streets are irregular in the extreme, cutting each other, 
 not in parallel lines, but at nil kinds of angles, and many 
 of them, even in leading thoroughfares, so narrow that cai 
 riages have difficulty in passing. The finest streets, after the 
 Inner Boulevards, which have been already mentioned, are 
 the Rue de Rivoli. on the N. bank of the Seine, the Rue de 
 la Paix, continued across the Place de A'endome, and there- 
 after by the Hue de Castiglione, the Rue Royale, the Rue du 
 Chausse d'.\ntin, and the Rue des Pyramides. There are 
 in Paris about 70 places or squares. By far the finest of 
 these is the Place de Concorde, situated between the gar- 
 dens of the Tuileries on the E., and the still larger, if not 
 finer gardens of the Champs Ely.sees on the AV. ; it opens 
 S. on the Pont Louis XA"I., which leads directly to the Cham- 
 ber of Deputies, and X. on the Rue Royale, terminated by 
 the beautiful colonnade of the Madelaine; it is adorned 
 with fountains and various monuments, of which the most 
 conspicuous is an obelisk transported from Luxor, in Egypt. 
 The other squares deserving of notice are the Place Yen- 
 dome, an irregular octagon lined by lofty edifices of uni- 
 form appearance, the centre occupied by a splendid co- 
 lumn, erected by X^apoleon. modelled from that of Trajan, 
 at Rome, and covered with ba.sreliefs cast from 12(Xi pieces 
 of cannon taken in war; the Place de la Ba.stile, occup3-ing 
 the site of the notorious prison of that name; the Place du 
 Chatelet, with a fountain in its centre, consisting of a cir- 
 cular basi)i 20 feet in diameter, with columns 58 feet high, 
 divided by Viands of bronze gilt, inscribed with Xapoleon's 
 principal victories; and the Place de Carrousel, between tk« 
 Tuileries and the Louvre. 
 
 There are in Paris several splendid triumphal arches, of 
 which the Arc de I'Etoile. before alluded to, is the most re- 
 markable, being indeed the most stupendous structure of 
 the kind ever erected, either in ancient or modern times. 
 It forms a ma.ss. of which the plan is 147 feet by 7.3 feet; the 
 height is 162 feet. The effect of its extraordinary dimensions 
 is greatly enhanced by the simplicity of its form, and by its 
 position; for, .standing quite separate from any other build- 
 ing, it is seen to the very best adv.antage. In the Place du 
 Carrousel is a splendid "triuniphnl arch. 45 feet high by 60 
 feet long and 20 feet broad, designed after the arch of Sep- 
 timlns Severus, at Borne; it consists of a central, and two 
 
 1433 
 
PAR 
 
 ■nia\ler lateral axches, the entablature supported by elffht 
 coluiniis of red marble, over each of which is a statue, while 
 H low attic above the entdWature is crowned with a triumphtil 
 i»r occupied bj' a female figure, and drawn by four bronze 
 horses; the whole formiug one of. the finest mouumeuta of 
 Paris. 
 
 PiMic Buildings.— Varis is perhaps surpassed by no other 
 city in the number and splendor of its public edifices. Of 
 these, however, our limits will permit us to mention only a 
 few. Among the churches, the most celebrated is the Cathe- 
 dral of Notre Dame, situated on one of the islands of the Seine, 
 called the He de la Cite. It is a vast, cruciform structure, 
 with a lofty W. front, flanked by two mas.sive square towers. 
 Three ample portals, composed of a series of retiring arches, 
 covered with figures, conduct to the interior, which consists 
 of a nave with double aisles and transepts, terminating in 
 an octaion. The total length of the church is 390 feet; 
 width of transept- 144 feet; height of vaulting. 102 feet; 
 hei-ht of towers, 204 feet ; width of W. front, 128 feet. The 
 whjle building, with the exception of some comparatively 
 modern alterations, is in an early and pure style of pointed 
 architecture, with ornaments remarkable for their high de- 
 gree of finish and delicacy. The church of La Madelaine is 
 a modern structure of singular magnificence. It stiinds on 
 an elevated platform fronting the N. end of the Kue Kivoli. 
 Its style is purely Grecian. A colonnade of 52 isolated Co- 
 rinthian pillars extends completely around if; and on the 
 ■walls opposite to the spaces between the pillars, is a row of 
 niches filled with colossal statues of saints. The pediment 
 at the S. end, said to be the largest sculptured pediment in 
 existence, exhibits an immense alto-rilievo by Lemaire, 
 covered with figures, many of them of gigantic dimensions. 
 The interior consists of a vast, unbroken nave, lined with 
 rich marbles, and li^^hted fi-om above by four circular aper- 
 tures in a richly-gilded ceiling, supported by majestic Co- 
 rinthian columns. The edifice is surpassingly gorgeous, but 
 has none of the solemn m:yesty which should characterize a 
 church. The church of St Genevieve, once Ijetter known 
 by the name of Pantheon, stands on the S. side of the Seine, 
 near the Jardin des Plantes, and makes a c6n.«picuous ap- 
 pearance, with its large dome 2S2 feet in height. It is nearly 
 in the form of a Greek cross, 288 feet long by 252 feet broad, 
 and is entered by a portico of 22 fluted Corinthian columns 
 60 feet in height, and 6 in diameter, supporting a triangu- 
 htr pediment of vast dimensions. The other churches most 
 deserving of notice are those of St. Denis du St. Sacrament; 
 8t. Etienne du Mont, remarkable fjr its square tower and 
 circular turret a little detached from it, and interesting as 
 the burial-place of Pascal; St. Eustaehe, after Xotre Dame 
 Is the largest church in Paris; St. Germain I'Auxerrois, re- 
 markable for its belfry, from which the signjil for the mas- 
 sacre of St. liartholomew was first tolled ; St. Louis, St. Ger- 
 main des Pres. St. Gervais, with a chapel regarded as the 
 most beautiful in Paris; St. Laurent, Ste. Marguerite. St. 
 Medard, St. .Merri, St. Nicholas du Chardonnet, Xotre Dame 
 de Lorette, a beiiutiful modern church of small dimensions; 
 St. Paul and St. Louis, on an elevated platJbrm, approached 
 by a flight of steps, with a magnificent front, fine colonnade, 
 and a lofty dome; St. Pierre du Gros Caillou; St. Koch, the 
 burial-place of Corneille, and the church of the court during 
 the time of Ixiuis Philippe; St. Severu.s, wHh a tower ter- 
 minating in a singular pyramidal roof; St. Thomas d'Aquiu ; 
 Du Val du Grace, less remarkable for external than for in- 
 ternal b«!auty, with a dome, heavy without, but containing 
 within one of the finest frescoes in France; St. Vincent de 
 Paule, a splendid modern church, finely situated on an emi- 
 nence ; the church of the Sorbonne. so called from having be- 
 longed to the celebrated school of that name, containing the 
 finely-sculptured tomb of the Cardinal de Kichelieu; and St. 
 Sulpiee, a handsome edifice, commenced in the seventeenth, 
 but not finished till the middle of the eighteenth century. 
 The Protestants have several churches, of which the best are 
 those of the Oratoire, and Visitation, formerly belonging to 
 the Koman Catholics, but both ceded by government to the 
 French Calvinists. There are also two English Episcop-al 
 chapels, one of them a modern Gothic edifice, for the use of 
 the emba.ssy ; a Greek chapel, which the Russian embassy 
 attend, and two synagogues. 
 
 i'Utices. — The f uileries, on the right bank of the Seine, 
 near the r^ntre of the city, so called from the tile-works which 
 originally occupied its site, have continued for centuries to 
 be the chief Parisian residence of the sovereigns. This palace 
 was commenced by Catherine de Medicjs in 1564, was en- 
 larged by Henry I V., and Wiis brought nearly to its present 
 form by l^.uis XIV. The extreme length of its facade is 1008 
 feet, and its breadth 108 feet Owing to the inegular man- 
 ner In which it has been built, it is difficult to class it under 
 any particular style of architecture ; but the effect more from 
 th.- great length and varied outline than from any excellence 
 of detail, IS very imposing. The principal front looks W. 
 through the garden to the Place de la Concorde, and couLslsts 
 of a central fi^^ide. with columns on the first, second, and 
 thinj stories, respectively of Ionic, Corinthian, and Compo- 
 Mle orders, and of two pavilions. The flower-garden, imme- 
 Oiately in front, Is railed off, and intended to be private ; but 
 
 PAR 
 
 the rest of the garden or park, laid out in alleys and finely- 
 planted groves, with sheets of water, and numerous groups of 
 statues, is one of the principal holiday re.sorts of the citizens. 
 E. of the Tuileries, and mainly .separated from it by the Place 
 and Rue de Carrousel, stands the Louvre, which was origi- 
 nally built for a palace, and is still called one, though it has 
 long ceased to be a state residence. It is occupied as the 
 great national repositoiy of works of art. It forms the four 
 sides of a square, and presents four external fronts. The 
 principal entrance is by the E, front, which, taken as a 
 whole, ranks as one of the finest pieces of architecture of any 
 age, A striking feature in it is its grand colonnade, coni- 
 po.sed of 28 coupled Corinthian column.s, with a wide gallery* 
 behind. The S. front, fiicing the Seine, bears a considerable 
 resemblance to the E,. and almost vies with it in splendor. 
 The W. and N. fronts are comparatively plain. The-interior, 
 with its contents, will Ije noticed along under the head ot 
 museums. Xot far from the Tuileries and Louvre stands 
 the Palais Koyal, which is entered from the Kue St. llonoro 
 by a Doric arcade and gateway. It forms a court, the \. 
 side of which contains the principal building, while the E. 
 and AV. sides consist of two wings proje<-.tiug towards the 
 street; behind which, again, is the -'Galeiie d'Orleans." a 
 wide and lofty arcade, paved with marble and roofed with 
 glass, and lined on either side with a range of elegant shops. 
 Immediately X. is the garden of the Palais Koyal, forming 
 a rectangle of 700 feet long from X. to S„ by ;;o6 feet broad. 
 It is partly laid out as a flower garden, and iiartly planted 
 with rows of lime-trees. All around the garden are build- 
 ings of uniform architecture, standing on arcades, which 
 form a broad gallery; while the first floor is o<-cupied by 
 shops, which are among the most elegant in Paris. The 
 second floor, to a great extent, was formerly de^■oted to a less 
 reputable use, to gambling and similar infamous establish- 
 ments ; but the most of them have been rooted out, and their 
 place supplied by lestaurants and coffee-shops. Xo space of 
 equal dimensions is so much fre<iuented as the Palais Koyal, 
 and nowhere can a stranger get a readier glimpse of all the 
 phases of Parisian life. Much farther to the W,. at the cor- 
 ner of the Rue du Faubourg St, Ilonore. stands the Elysee 
 Bourbon, which has many interesting associati(/ns connected 
 with it, and has recently been rendered fiimiliar from its 
 occupation by the President, now Emperor. Louis Napoleon, 
 The LuxemlK>urg, on the S, side of the Seine, was built by 
 Marie de Medieia, on the model of the Pitti Palace at Flo- 
 rence, It is a fine structure, remarkable alike for its solidity 
 and the Ijeauty of its proportions; it was the pUice of meet- 
 ing of the Chamber of Peers. whUe that body existed. 
 
 Government and Municipal Buildings. — The Chaml)er of 
 Deputies or Corps Legislatif. is held in the Palais liourbon, 
 so called from having been originally erected by a duchess- 
 dowager of IJourbon, and afterwards occupied by the house 
 of Condo, a branch of that family. Its principal front, look- 
 ing X. towards the Seine, is adorned by a ni:igniftcent por- 
 tico of 12 Corinthian columns, supporting a pediment with 
 an allegorical ba.s-relief, and is approached by a flight of 20 
 steps. Immediately behind is the chamber it.self, a semi- 
 circular hall, ornamented with 24 Ionic columns of white 
 marble, and fitteil up in crimson cloth and gold. The P.ilaia 
 de Justice, where the principal courts of justice are held, is 
 an immense pile of buildings situated on the "W. part of the 
 He de la Cite. The princip.al halls are those of the Court of 
 Cas.sation, formerly the High Chamber of the Parliament, 
 and the Court of Assizes. The Hotel de Ville. situated in 
 the Place de Greve.and notorious for the wholesale murders 
 committed in it during the revolution, forms an ininien,so 
 quadrangle, with 4 splendid facades. The ornaments of the 
 principal front are richly sculpt ured. Over the central porch 
 is a brazen efiuestrian bas-relief of Henry IV„ and in the 
 wall a series of niches filled with statues of the most dis- 
 tinguished Parisian magistrates. The interior court, ap- 
 proached by a flight of steps, is surrounded by an arcade 
 and portico, with Ionic columns; the Grand Salle or Salle 
 du Fronde, is a magnificent chamber or h;ill, occupying the 
 whole length of the central portion of the Imilding. The 
 .\duiiralty, (Hotel de la .Marine.') forming the X.E. .side of the 
 Place de la Conecrde, is a l)eautiful ,structure. which, undf-r 
 its original name of Garde Meuble de la Couroune. was tL* 
 place where the ciown jewels were kept, and, previous to th.« 
 revolution, contained an immense number of valuable anu 
 curious objects. The Mint (Hotel des Monnaies) fronts the 
 Quai Conti, on the S. side of the Seine, and contains an im- 
 mense collection of coins and medals ; the ground-plan in- 
 cludes 8 courts, with ranges of buildings in which all the 
 operations connected with coining are carried on. The Post- 
 Oflice, (Hotel des Postes,) to the E. of the Palais Royal, h.is 
 a handsome front ; but the whole building, though well- 
 arranged, does not possess much architectural merit The 
 Exch.ange, (La Bourse,) in the Kue Vivienne, is a beautiful 
 modern structure, in the form of a parallelogram, 212 by 120 
 feet, completed in 1S26; it is surrounded by a range of 66 
 columns, supporting an entablature and masked attic, and 
 forming a covered gallery, which is approiieUed by a flight 
 of steps extending along the whole of the W. front. The 
 Salle de la Bourse, where business is transacted, is a large 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 lipartm?nt. of the Doric order, supported tiy arcades. The 
 deeply -coved ceiling is divided into 16 compartments covered 
 with fine monochrome drawings, which have the effect of 
 bas-reliefs. The Tribunal de Commerce, and other courts 
 more immediately connected with trade and commerce, are 
 located in this building. The Treasury (lintel des Finances) 
 is an immense edifice in the Uue de liivoli. The Register 
 Office (Hotel des Archives du Hoyaume.) occupies the former 
 palace of the Prince de Soubize, and is more interesting 
 from the value of its records, extending over a period of 1200 
 years, than remarkable fur the merits of its architecture. 
 In connection with the records of the kingdom, may be 
 mentioned its printing establi.'^hment. (Imprimerie Koyale,) 
 occupying the buildings of the Palais Cardinal, so called 
 from having oriirinally belonged to the Cardinal de Itohan. 
 It is one of the large.st and best-regulated estabiishments of 
 the kind in Europe, and possesses so complete an assort- 
 ment of types that it has printed the Lord's Prayer in 150 
 languages. 
 
 Edncaiimial 7n.sit<«iif>n.<.— Considered with reference to 
 its scientific, literary, and educational institutions, Paris 
 surpasses all other cities of the world. The University of 
 Paris, said to have been founded by Charlemagne, and long 
 one of the most celebrated in iiurope, was suppressed at the 
 revolution, and an entirely new system of public education 
 adopted. At the head of this system is placed the Univer- 
 sity of France, which, properly speaking, is only a hoard of 
 education, consisting of a council of nine members, presided 
 over ijy the Minister of Public Instruction, as grand master, 
 and having under it 22 inspectors-general of studies. The 
 largest school of Paris, and the most frequented in tlio 
 •world, (attended in 1846 by "500 students,) is the AcouUmie 
 Univifdtaire, the date of whose origin is unknown. It 
 consists of 5 faculties; viz, sciences, with 10 ordinary and 
 8 supplementaiy professorships; Letters, with 12 ordinary 
 and V supplementiiry; Theology, with 6 ordinary and 5 
 supplementary : Law, n ith 17 ordinary and S supplementary ; 
 and of Medicine, witli 26 ordinary professorships. After the 
 Academy come the College Royal de France, with 27 pro- 
 fessors: the college attju^hed to the Musee d'llistoire Natu- 
 relle, with 15: the colleges de Louis le Grand, Henri IV., 
 Bourbon, St. Louis, and Charlemagne, attended each by 
 about 1000 pupils: the Kcole Polytechnifiue, established in 
 the buildings of the old College de Navarre, a celebrated in- 
 stitution, in which the greatest mathematicians that France 
 has produced have been teachers, and not a few of them have 
 been formed; the Ecole Centralo des Arts et Manufactures, 
 fur the education of engineers, directors of manufactories, 
 builders, &c. : the Ecole Noimale, for training profes.sors of a 
 higher grade, and several Ecoles Normales Elementaires, for 
 ordinary male and female teachers; Ecole des Pouts et 
 Chaussee.s, (School of Bridges and Causeways.) consisting of 
 about 100 pupils, taken from the Ecole Polyte<huiiiue. to be 
 instructed in all the branches of civil engineering; Ecole des 
 Mines, kept in the magnificent Hotel de A'endome. with a 
 full complement of professors in every branch relating to 
 niiuing operations, and a most valuable mineral museum, 
 which fills 15 rooms, and cont;iins the geohigical collection of 
 the Paris Museum, formed by Cuvier and Brogniart; Ecole 
 des Charte.s, in which pala;ography, or the art of deciphering 
 and studying ancient manuscripts is taught; Ecolo des 
 Langues Orientales Vivantes, (School of Living Oriental 
 Languages.) with 7 professors ; Ecole de Pharmacie, with 10 
 professors, and the sole power of licensing apothecaries, who 
 are not allowed to practice till examined here; Ecole Gr.v 
 tuite de Dessin, de Mathematique, et de Sculpture d'Urna- 
 nient, (a kind of mechanics" institute:) Ecole Speciale et 
 Gratuite de Dessin pour les Jeunes I'ersonnes, in wliich 
 young women, intended for the arts or similar professions, 
 have the means of studying figuies, landscapes, tlowers, Ac. ; 
 Palais and Ecole des Beaux Arts, in which gratuitous lec- 
 tures on all subjects connected with the arts are given, by 
 21 professors; Ecole Yeterinaire, a celebrated estalJishment, 
 not in Paris, but at Alfort. in its vicinity ; Conservatoire de 
 Musi<iue et de Declamation, for the instruction of both 
 sexes iu music, singing. Ac, by a numerous bod}' of the first 
 professors, male and female: and numerous primary schools. 
 superior and infant schools, &c. In 1840, Paris had 24 
 daily journals. 11 advertising papers, 202 periodical sheets 
 of journals, reviews, bulletins, and annals of politics, litera- 
 ture, science, arts, and fashions. 
 
 Museums. — At the he.ad of these stands the magnificent 
 collection of the Louvre, the buildings of which have already 
 been described. It forms one of the chief attractions of the 
 capital, and consists of various departments, of which the 
 Museum of Paintings of the Italian. Flemish, and French 
 Schools (Musee des Tableaux des Ecoles Italiennes, Fla- 
 mandes, et Frangiiises) contains above 1400 pictures ; and 
 though justly deprived of many of the masterpieces, which 
 had been brought to it from all parts of Europe by Napoleon, 
 is still one of the finest galleries in existence ; in addition to 
 it. there are the Galerie Fran9aise, appropriated to modern 
 F''euch ])ictures. and a large and excellent Spanish gallery. 
 The Salle de Bijoux contains curious and valuable cups, 
 vases, porcelain, jewelry, cameos, agates, and many remark- 
 
 able articles of verttl, belonging chiefly to tbo ''.riddle AgM 
 Adjoining is the Salle des SeptCheminees, continuing copies 
 of some of Raphael's finest fre.scoes in the Vatican. The 
 Greek Museum (Mu-^eeOreclis p.articularly rich in Etrurian 
 and Grecian vases, and in articles obtained from Ilercula- 
 neum and Pompeii. The l^gypti.an JIuseum is enriched with 
 the fruits of the French researches in Egypt, and. in regard 
 to .ill that relates to domestic life in its minut('r details, is 
 not surpassed by any other collection. The Collection Stand 
 ish — so called from an Englishman of that name, who be- 
 queathed it to Louis Philippe — contains some good original 
 paintings, and a library of rare boolis : among others, the 
 IMble of Cardinal Ximenes, valued at 1000^ From the ante- 
 room of this collection, a small stairca.se leads to the Nav.al 
 Museum, (Mu.see de la Marines.) which contains beautiful 
 models of ves.sels of all classes, both finished and in every 
 stage of construction ; models, also, of the principal naval 
 ports of France; and a museum of Indian arms and orna- 
 ments from the Pacific and North America. The Musee 
 des Dessins contains about 1-300 drawings, including nu- 
 merous specimens of the great masters of all schools. The 
 Musee des Antiques, entered from the vestibule at the 
 bottom of the grand staircase, occupies a series of apart- 
 ments on the ground fioor, and forms a remarkable and 
 interesting collection of about 1100 articles, consisting of 
 statues, bust.s, vase.s, &c. The Musee de la Sculpture Mo- 
 derne contains the best specimens of sculpture and statuary 
 of the modern French school, but is poor in those of foreign 
 artists. 
 
 The Musee du Luxembourg, in the palace of that name, 
 consists of the finest works of living French artists, pur- 
 chased by government. The Musee d'llistoire Naturelle, 
 together with the Jardin des Plantes or Botanical Garden, 
 in which it stands, is one of the mo.st attractive and in- 
 structive places of resort in I'ari.s. The museum, properly 
 so called, is rich in the collections of Cuvier and other dis- 
 tinguished names, and possesses, besides excellent speci- 
 mens in all the branches of natural science, a good mena- 
 gerie. The Musee d'Artillerie occupies five g.alleries ; one 
 containing suits of ancient armor, and the other four, anns, 
 instruments, machine.s, &c. used by the artillery service. 
 The Conservatoire des Artes et Metiers, occupying the ex- 
 tensive buildings which formerly belonged to the Abbey 
 of St. Martin des Champs, contains a mo.st valuable and in- 
 tere.sting collection of machines, models, drawlng.s, kc. re- 
 lating to almost all branches of industry. 
 
 LihrarieK.- — There are 32 libraries in Pari«, of which 9 are 
 public. Of these, the Biblioth^quo Royalo, Imperiale. or 
 Nationale, (for it has borne all these names by turns.) is 
 the noblest institution of the kind ever firmfed. It com- 
 prises 1,400,000 printed bo(]ks and pamjjhlefs, 125,000 vo- 
 lumes of manu.script.'!, many of them extremely rare, and 
 of great interest, and 300,000 maps and charts. In addi- 
 tion to these, there is a collection of engravings, contained 
 in 80,000 volumes or portfolios, with 1,400,000 plates: a 
 gallery of ancient sculpture, in which is the Egyptian 
 zodi.ac of Denderah; and a cabinet ot antiqultie.s, consist- 
 ing of 150,000 coins and medals, and 10,000 gems. The 
 other more important libraries are those of the Arsenal, 
 200,000 volumes, and C300 manuscripts ; St. Genevieve, 
 250,000 volumes, and 3000 manuscripts; Mazarine, at the 
 Institute, 200.000 volumes, and 3700 manu.scripts; De la 
 Ville, 55,000 volumes ; De l'In.stitut, 100,000 volumes; De 
 rUniversite, 50,000 volumes; Du Conseil de PEtat, 80,000 
 volumes; De I'Ecole de Medecine. 30.000 volumes; and 
 Du Musee d'llistoire Naturelle, 30,000 volumes. Libra- 
 ries of greater or less extent, are attached to almost all the 
 public institutions, and the governmentil, judicial, and mu- 
 nicip.il office.^' 
 
 Benevolent Institutions. — The civil hospitals of Paris are 
 divided into three classes — general hospitals, special hospi- 
 tals, and !io.'<pices or alms-houses. The general hospitals are 
 the Hotel Dieu, the most ancient of all the Parisian hospi- 
 hils, situated partly on the S. side of the He de la Cite, 
 and partly on the S. side of the river, here crossed by a 
 covered biidge, forming a very extensive and admirably-ma- 
 naged infirmary, which, on an average, receives annually 
 about 11,000 patients; Ilopital de la Pitie, with COO beds, 
 and an average of above 10.000 patients; the Hopital de la 
 CharitS, with 530 beds, and 8000 patients : and the Hospitals 
 Necker, Cochin, and Beaujon. The chief special hospitals 
 are those of St. Louis for cut.ineous diseases : the Ilopital du 
 -Midi and Ilopital de Lourcine. b'th for syphilitic com- 
 plaints; Ilopital de la Maternity, Ilopital des Enfans Ma- 
 lades, and Hopital des Cliniques. The hospices are the 
 Bicetre or Hospice de la Vieillesse, for old men; and the 
 Salpetri&re or Ho.spice de la A'ieillesse, for aged women ; two 
 similar Hospices des Incurables ; and the Hospice des Enfans 
 Trouves, (foundling hospital.) a large establishment, in 
 which the abuses notorious in regard to fovmdling hospi- 
 tals, are attempted to be remedied, though the} are said to 
 continue almost unabated. In addition to the above classi- 
 fied hospitals, are numerous establishments of a benevolent 
 nature, well deserving of notice. The most celelrated of 
 these is the HStel des Invalides, an immense military hos- 
 
 1435 
 
PAR 
 
 pital, or asylum for old soldiers, capable of receiving 5000 
 pensioners." Its gilded dome makes it one of the most con- 
 spicuous buildinjrs in Paris, and it is also one of the largest 
 and most magnificent, presenting a noble front in three 
 projecting masses, 612 feet long, and four stories high. It 
 has a library of from 17.000 to 18.000 volumes, a collection 
 of models and fortifications; and within is a church, con- 
 taining the tombs of Napoleon, Turenne. and Yauban. Among 
 other benevolent institutions are the Lunatic Asylum. 
 (Maison Koyal de Chareuton :) two blind asylums, the Deaf 
 and Dumb Institute, (Institution Royale des Sourds JIuets,) 
 and a gi-eat variety of societies, both public iind private, for 
 distributing food "and clothing, and reclaiming those who 
 have gone astray. 
 
 Jhrisoiu and Hefiymatory Eifablifhmenls.— The former are 
 nine in number, of which several have acquired a dreadful 
 notoriety from the deeds perpetrated in them during the 
 fury of the gre;it revolution. The princifwil are I^a force, 
 contiiuiug 1'200 separate cells, and distinguished by its 
 classification of prisoners and excellent sanitary regulations : 
 St. Pelagie, recently converted partly into a political prison, 
 and partly into a kind of hulks for convicts whose punish- 
 ment is of short duration; St.Lazare, a general female pri- 
 son, which has usually an average of about 1000, and 
 receives annually about 10.000 prisoners; Depot des Con- 
 damnes for criminals condemned to the hulks or to death, 
 and remarkable for being at once light, airj', and healthy, 
 and yet one of the strongest places of custody ever erected; 
 and "the Maison Centr-ile d'Education Correctionnelle, with 
 very much the air of a feudal castle. The prisons to 
 which a mournful intere.st attaches, are the Palais du Tem- 
 ple, from whiih Louis XVI. was led forth to the scaffold; 
 the Conciergerie, from which ^larie .Antoinette was led forth 
 to the same fete ; and the -ibljaye, the most gloomy of all 
 the Parisian dungeons, and, during the Keign of Terror, a 
 perfect den of horrors. 
 
 Places of Resort and Amusement. — Of the former, several 
 have already been incidentally mentioned, and the onlj- one 
 which seems to call for a more special notice, is the most cele- 
 brated of all — the Champs Klysees. It stretches W. from 
 the Place de la Concorde to the Barri&re de I'Etoile for about 
 li miles, gradually widening from 373 yards to 700 yards. 
 It consists of a central road, lined with trees, and with 
 wide walks and open spaces on each side, crowded, pai-- 
 ticularly on holidays, with all grades of Parisian society, 
 and presenting one of the gayest and liveliest scenes which 
 can well be imagined. The public fetes all take place here; 
 and, even on the most ordinary occasions, all kinds of at- 
 tractions are to be found in the shape of shows, musical 
 bands, panoramas, circuses, &c. The theatres of Paris and 
 its immediate suburbs, afford accommodation for 30,000 
 persons ; and the passion for such amusements pervades all 
 classes of Parisian society. The most important are the 
 Acadfimie Royale de Musique or French Opera, capable of 
 cent-lining about 2i>00 persons ; the Italian Opera, the Opera 
 Comique, the Theatre Fran^ais, the Odeon, the Theatre de 
 la Gaiete, for vaudevilles and melodramas; Theatre des 
 Folies Dramatiques; Theatre du Vaudeville; Theatre des 
 Varietes; Theatre du Palais Royal; The&tre Porte St. 5Iar- 
 tin; Theatre de r.imbigu Comique; Theatre du Pantheon, 
 lemarkable as occupying one of the earliest churches of 
 Paris; and the Cirque Olympique. Xumerous other places 
 of amusement are always open, many of a more rational. 
 but not a few also of a questionable kind. A place of resort, 
 furnishing one of the most interesting and impressive sights 
 of the capital, is the celebrated cemeterj- of Pere-la-Chaise. 
 
 Socielia: — Literary, ScienOJic, dt. — At the head of these 
 stands the Institute de France, which has acquired such 
 celebrity, that the most distinguished European philosophers 
 covet the honor of l>eing admitted to it as foreign associates. 
 It consists of 224 ordinary members, all of whom receive a 
 salary of about $300 annually ; 42 free academicians, without 
 SJtlary ; S3 associates, and 220 correspondents ; it is divided 
 into five sections or academies — the Academic Fran^ais, 
 specially devoted to the French langu.age; the Academic des 
 Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. for general literature, learned 
 langu;iges, and antiquities ; the Academic des Sciences, sub- 
 divided into 11 sections, embracing the different branches 
 of physics, mathematics, natural history, medicine, rural 
 economy, <tc. ; the .\cademie des Beaux Arts, for painting, 
 sculpture, architecture, engraving, and music: and the 
 Academie des Sciences. Morales et Politiques, for historj', 
 moral science, jurisprudence, political economy, and statis- 
 tics. The Institute overshadows most of the other societies, 
 many of which, however, have distinguished thems^lve-s, 
 and are well known under the names of the Antiquart^fl. 
 Philomathic, Natural History, Geographical. Statistical. 
 Philotechnic, Asiatic, Anatomical, Medical, and Agricultural 
 Societies, &c. 
 
 if./n«/<ic<ur«.— Almost every branch of manufacturing 
 Industry is carri(?d on more or less extensively in Paris. It 
 Is especially distinguished for articles of taste and fashion, 
 furniture, jewelry, bronzes, porcelains, ckKks and watches, 
 millinery, perfumery, ic. The government has here two 
 establishments, one known by the name of the Gobelins, 
 1436 ' 
 
 PAR 
 
 celebrated for its tapestry and carpets, made, however, not 
 for s;»le, but the supply of the palaces, and for presents: and 
 that of tobacco, which the government holds as a monopoly, 
 and carries on in a vast establishment on the S. side of tlie 
 Seine, producing about a fifth of all the snuff used in the 
 empire, and yielding an annual profit estimated at 
 $14,000,000. A'ccording to the report of the Chainl>er of 
 Commerce on the industry of Paris for 1847. the totiil manu- 
 factures of the city, exclusive of those of the government, 
 comprised 325 branches, carried on by 64.S16 persons, em- 
 ploying 342,530 workmen. The value of goods produced in 
 the 325 branches, arranged in 13 groups, and the numb» 
 of men employed, are exhibited in the subjoined table: — 
 
 Clothing of all kinds 
 
 Food, bntcher'8 meat, bread, pas- 
 try, &c 
 
 Building 
 
 Furniture ..* 
 
 "Worlt in precious metals 
 
 Fancy articles (articles de Paris). 
 
 Fabrics and threads 
 
 Works in metals 
 
 Chemical products and pottery... 
 
 Carri.iges, fadjlery, ie 
 
 Priuliug. paper, k'c 
 
 Hides and leather 
 
 Carving, baskets. Ac 
 
 |8*S,168,4i8 
 
 45.372.fi 16 
 2H.0S2.5.16 
 JT.429.0+9 
 2S,!)fie,0.i5 
 25.7S1.755 
 tll.li«.(i»5 
 •20.726,320 
 14.909,:J21 
 10.471, 4»5 
 10,234.375 
 8.352.593 
 4,0il6,461 
 
 Total i392,723,6"0 
 
 S.673 
 4,601 
 5.713 
 2.392 
 6 121 
 S.7(i» 
 3,104 
 1.559 
 1.253 
 2,235 
 426 
 1,561 
 
 64,816" 
 
 90,064 
 
 10.428 
 41.603 
 36,1K4 
 16,819 
 S5.679 
 3(i,6«6 
 24.884 
 9,737 
 
 342. LW 
 
 In 184S. during the turmoil of the last revolution, the 
 total value of manufactures in Paris fell to $131.1iW.i''78, or 
 less than half their value the ye.tr previous. Among the 
 rarious articles produced in 1S47. m.ny be specified Vots and 
 shoes, to the value of $R,C5f'.497: jewelrv, $12.177.7C7; 
 articles in gold. $5.S05.22o; l.a'ce. $5,680,991; articles of 
 linen drapery, $7,206,709; articles in bronze, $3.i'9';.796; 
 locks. .«3.720,1C7: gloves of skins. $2.853.t'.59 : refined oil, 
 .42.452.000 ; piano-fortes. $2,2fn,6U ; artificial flowers, 
 $2,211,133: paper-hangings. $2.045,4.30; shawls. $1.079.S96; 
 military equipments, $1,960,270. and perfumery. $1 .<J4>>.370. 
 
 There are in Paris and the bati-lieiie. 18 sugar-refineries, 
 which suppl3' Rouen. Amiens, Rheims. Met?.. Strasbourg, 
 Lyons. &c.. and also the foreign demand. The quantity 
 produced in 1^47. was v.alued at $4.700,0l>0. 
 
 Paris is celebrated for its mathematical and optical instru- 
 ments, and it is one of the chief centres in Europe for the 
 production of works connected with literature and the fine 
 arts. Of the 64,816 manufocturers in Paris. 7117 employed 
 more than 10 workmen, 26,116 employed from 2 to 10, and 
 32,583 employed 1 man, or worked alone. 
 
 Commerce. — A large proportion of the products of Parisian 
 industry is consumed in the metropolis. Especially is this 
 the case with all articles of food, except a portion of the 
 refined sugars, preserves, and pastry. There are some ex- 
 ports of clothing .and furniture, .ilttiough the Paris demand 
 is the principal one. Fashionable articles of female apparel 
 (millinery, dresses, Ac.) were exported in 1847. to the value 
 of $529,341 ; the value manufactured was $2,465,222. and 
 goods of this description valued at $1,516,402 were Imported, 
 making the total consumption $3,452,383. The value of 
 hats exported, amounted to $643.998 : of hats manufactured, 
 $3,352,536: the export of umbrellas and para.sols. amounted 
 to $512,027; the m.anufacture. to $1,481,686. The total 
 value of Parisian manufactures in 1847. as has been seen, 
 was $292,725,670. The total v.alue of exports, as declared .nt 
 the custom-house, was $33,714,437, of which $18.o3o,555 
 was the v.alue of goods not entitled to premium : $15,680,883 
 of goods entitled to premium. A large part of the exports of 
 Paris consist of goods not manufactured in the city, but pur 
 chased at the warehouses of the large manufacturers. 
 
 Paris has a chamber of commerce, with a commercbl 
 library, an exchange, which publishes daily returns: it is 
 also the seat of all the principal financial, industrial, and 
 commercial societies in the country. lis commerce is facili- 
 tated by the river Seine, navigable to Paris for vessels 
 drawing 6 feet water, and connected by canals with the 
 Rhine, the Ix>ire. and the Rhone, by which navigable com- 
 munication is opened from sea to sea. Paris is also the centre 
 of a systein of railways which ramify throughout almost 
 every part of France. The traveller entering the country 
 on the side of the English Channel, has the choice of five dif- 
 ferent railways in reaching the French metropolis, viz. from 
 Dunkirk, Calais. Boulogne. Dieppe, and Havre. .\ grand trunk 
 railway extends E. from Paris to Strasbourg, and thence 
 S. along the valley of the Rhine to Rale. CBasel.) Another 
 great trunk proceeds S. by W. to Orleans, where it forks, on* 
 branch extending S.S.E, to Varennes. the other S.W. to 
 Bordetiux; at Tours it communicates with a railway ex- 
 tending to Nantes. The only railway in France not con- 
 nected with Paris is in the "extreme S.E. portion of the 
 country. It commences at Marseilles, and proceeds rircul- 
 tously N.E. to .\yignon. whence it is to be cairled almost 
 due N. to meet the Paris trunk-line which was in the yeui 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 J 855 nearly or quite completed to Lyons. The estimated 
 revenue of Paris for 1S52 was $9,005,900, and the' expendi- 
 ture. $9,41.3,0(10. 
 
 Hidory. — Tlieoridn of Paris is inToIved in obscurity, but 
 the account to which most credit appears to be {liven, is, 
 that a waiiderincr tribe having settled upon the banks of the 
 Seine, built huts upon the lie de la Cite, to which they re- 
 tired with tlieir flocks and herds when any of the nei>;hbor- 
 ing trilies made incursions upon them. To this natural 
 stronghold they gave the name of Ltiletia, supposed to be 
 derived from the Celtic I'/utrm-hezi, meaning Dwelling of the 
 Waters; while they themselve.s, for some rea.son not well 
 explained, t'jok the name of Ihrirfii. AVhen Julius Csesar 
 conquered Gaul, he accordingly here fi)und a tribe of Parisii, 
 with a capital called Luteti.i, connected with the shore by 
 two bridges. They defended themselves bravely, but were 
 overcome; and Coesar, after rebuilding the town, which liad 
 been nearly destroyed, surrounded it with walls, and further 
 strengthened its defences by erecting two forts at the ex- 
 tremity of the bridges. The Gallic were exchanged f)r l{o- 
 man divinities ; civilization made rapid progress, and in the 
 course of the 500 years of the lloman dominion, Ijutetia rose 
 to he a place of considerable importance, and became the 
 capital of North Gaul. In the beginning of the fifth century 
 It suffered mucli from the northern hordes; and ultimately 
 fell into the hands of theFranks. headed by Clovis. who, hav- 
 ing embraced Christianity, made it his residence in .iOX. Under 
 his descendants it became the capital, first of ft kingdom of 
 the .same name, and then of the kingdom of Neustria. In 
 9S7 a new dynasty was established in the person of Hugo 
 Capet, from whose reign downwards, Paris has continued to 
 be the residence of the Kings of France. In the latter part 
 of the twelfth century, Philip Augustus mounted the 
 throne, and built the castle of the Louvre and .several 
 churches, paved the streets, and enclosed a large part of the 
 buildings with w.alls, flanked with towers. The various 
 schools which had existed separately, becjime united under 
 the common name of University, wliicli now )>egan to occupy 
 a prominent place among the literary establishments of 
 Kurope. Under Charles V. new walls and ditches were 
 erected, with the view more especially of guarding .against 
 the inroads of the English, who made frerjuent incursions 
 into the faulx>urgs. The fortifications failed to produce the 
 desired effect; for in 1420, during the reign of Charles AT., 
 the Knglish made tlie-mselves m.'isters of the city, and wore 
 not dislodged from it for sixteen years. In 14.'i7 and 1438, 
 under Charles VII., Paris was ravaged by pestilence and 
 famine, and such was the desolation, that wolves appaared 
 in herds, and prowled about the streets. Under liouis XI. 
 a course of prosperity again commenced. The area of the 
 city extended over 1414 acres, and its population amounted 
 to 300,000 souls. In 1470 the first printing-presses were 
 Introduced, and the post-office was established. Francis I. 
 demolished the old castle of the Louvre, and commenced a 
 new palace on its site, rebuilt several churches, opened bet- 
 ter communications between the different districts, and 
 made so many improvements that the whole city assumed 
 a new aspect. But the Reformation h.aving commenced, 
 and counted numerous convei-ts in all parts of the king- 
 dom, bigotry and intolerance began to do their work, and 
 the fires of persecution were lighted. l*aris, in consequence, 
 became tlie theatre of many bloody deeds, crowned at 
 length, in 1572, during the reign of Charles IX., by the 
 horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew. During these tran.s- 
 actions the city could not prosper; and though some new 
 edifices, among others the palace of the Tuileries, were begun, 
 yet it was not till after the accession of Henry IV., that the 
 work of embellishment in good earnest again commenced. 
 The Hotel de Ville was begun, the Pont Xeuf finished, 
 great additions were made to the Tuileries, and many 
 new streets and quays built. The works begun were com- 
 pleted, and many others undertaken during the reign of 
 Louis XIII. and XIV.; the latter of whom, notwithstand- 
 ing his lavish 'expenditure at Versailles, was able to rival 
 all that his predecessors had done for the embellishment of 
 Paris. Ijouis XV. had contributed his share of improve- 
 nieuts, and Louis XVI. was proceeding in a better spii-it, in 
 the same cau.se, when the Kevolutiou commenced, during 
 which some of the finest edifices of the city were converted 
 into ruins, and many of the most venerable monuments of 
 art completely destroyed. A stop w.as put to this barliarism, 
 first by the Directory, and afterwards by Bonaparte, by 
 whom, in particular, many works, distinguished alike by 
 utility and splendor, were undertaken and completed. 
 During the restoration of the Bourbons, the work of em- 
 bellishment did not proceed with much rapidity; but since, 
 18.30. (except during the turmoil of the recent revolution,) 
 Paris has made wonderful advances, both in magnificence 
 and general prosperity. Pop. in 1792. 550,000; in 1817, 
 
 715,000; in 1846,1,034,196; in 1861,1,667,841. Adj. and 
 
 Inhab. Parisian, par-ish'an; (Fr. Ptirisien, pd^ree^ze-ix"', 
 (masculine.) and Parisienne, pJ^ree'zeJnn', (feminine.) 
 
 l'.\K/IS. a beautiful post-village and township, se.at of jus- 
 tice of Oxford CO., M.aine, about 40 miles W. of Augusta. 
 Vh« Tillage is situated on a commanding elevation, in tiie 
 
 midst of the most raried and picturesque scenery. T1.9 
 White Mountains, with their summits piercing the cloudu, 
 appear in full view. It contains a handsome court-houst 
 5 churches, 2 academies, and 1 newspaper ofiice. The town 
 ship is intersected by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Hail- 
 road. Pop. 2827. 
 
 PARIS, a post'township in the S.E. part of Oneida co., 
 New York, about 10 miles S. of Utica. It has manni'acturu) 
 of cotton good-s paper, leather, castings, and machinery, 
 and numerous saw mills. Pop. 3762. 
 
 P.ARIS, a post-office of Washington co., Penn.»ylvania. 
 
 PARIS, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, is plea- 
 ■santly situated at the S.E. foot of the Blue Ridge, 131 mileg 
 N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 PARIS, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia. 
 
 PARLS, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mi.ssissippi. 
 
 PARLS, a post-village, capital of Lamar co„ Texas, is 
 about 20 miles S. of lied River, and 300 miles N.N.E. of 
 Austin City. A newspaper is published here. The village 
 is situated in an extensive prairie, the soil of which is ex- 
 tremely fertile and durable. 
 
 PARIS, a post^village, capital of Henry co., Tennessee, 
 no miles W. of Nashville. It is situated "in a rich farming 
 district, and has an active trade. 
 
 PARIS, a post-village, capital of Bourbon CO., Kentucky, 
 on Stoner Creek, and on the Covington ftnd Lexington 
 Railroad, about 40 miles E. of Frankf )rt. It is one of the 
 principal stations on the railroad, and has an active trade. 
 It contains a fine court-house, a branch bank, 6 churches, 
 an academy, a printing-office, and several mills. Two 
 nawspapere are published here, one of which, the " Western 
 Citizen," is among the oldest in the state. Extensive cattle 
 fiiirs are held here on "court days," (the first Monday of 
 each mnnth,) at which, not unfrequently, from $200,000 to 
 .5:500.000 worth of stock are sold. The May.sville and Lexing- 
 ton I'.ailroad. (not yet completed.) diveiges from this point, 
 20 miles N.E. of Lexington. Pop. in 1860, 1440. 
 
 PARIS, a town.ship of I'ortage CO., Ohio. Pop. 909. 
 
 PARIS, a thriving post-vill.ago and township of Stark co., 
 Ohio, 130 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 or 3 chui-ches. 
 Pop. 2:i07. 
 
 PARIS, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 2146. 
 
 PARIS, a post-township in the W. central part of Kent 
 CO., Jlichigan. Pop. 1314. 
 
 P.\UIS, a pleasant post-village of Jennings co., Indiana, 
 17 miles N.W. of Madison. 
 
 I'ARIS. a village of Posey co., Indiana, about 20 miles N. 
 of Mount A'ernon. 
 
 I'ARIS, a post-village, capital of Edgar CO., Hlinois, on 
 the Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, 114 miles E. of Spring- 
 field. Two newspapers are publislied hero. Tiio village 
 contains 7 cliurches, 1 bank, and an academy. Pop. of Paris 
 township, 1930. 
 
 PARIS, a thriving post-village, capital of Monroe co., 
 Missouri, on tiie Middle Fork of Salt River, 40 miles W.S.W. 
 of Ilannihal. It is situated in a rich fiirmiiig district. It 
 contains a court-house, 1 bank, 5 churches, and a newspar 
 per office. Pop. about 1100. 
 
 P.\RIS, a village in Linn co., Iowa, near Wapsipinieon 
 River. 45 miles N. of Iowa City. 
 
 PARIS, a post-village and township of Keno.sha co., Wis- 
 consin. 10 miles X.W. of Kenosha. J'op. 1374. 
 
 PAltIS, a thriving poslrvillage of Canada West, united 
 COS. of Wentworth and Halton, on Grand River, at the in- 
 tersection of the Great Western, and the Buffalo, Brantford, 
 and Goderich Railw.ays, 72 miles N. N.W. of Niagara Falls, 
 and 26 miles W. of Hamilton. Smith's Creek, which here 
 enters Grand River, divides Paris into two parts called the 
 Upper and Lower Villages. Here are agencies for 1 insu- 
 rance and 2 assurance companie.s, a branch bank, churchefi 
 of 4 or 5 denominations, a newspaper office, about 20 stores 
 and manufactories of woollen goods, iron-castings, machi- 
 nei-j'. flour, and beet-root sugar. Pop. about 2500. 
 
 P.\KISI5URG, a post-village, capital of Giles co., Virginia, 
 on the left bank of New River, 240 miles W. of Itichmond. 
 It is situated in a beautiful region and surrounded by 
 picturesque mountain scenery. 
 
 PARISCATTY, a town of Hindostan, in the kingdom of 
 Oude, 25 miles E. of Goruckpoor. 
 
 PARISH, a post-township near the centre of Oswego co. 
 New York, about 27 miles N. of Syracuse. Pop. 2027. 
 
 PARISII. a village of Des Moines co., Iowa, near Skunk 
 River, 65 miles S. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 PARIS HILL, a post-village of Paris township. Oneida co., 
 New York, 8 or io miles S. of Utica. It has several churches, 
 stores, and fiictories. 
 
 PARIS HILL, a village of Scriven CO., Georgia. 
 
 PAR/ISHVTLLE, a post-village and township of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, on St. Regis River, about 20 miles E. 
 of Canton. The village is situated at a point on the river 
 where it is crossed by the old St. Lawrence Turnpike. The 
 stream is here pressed into a channel scarcely 10 feet wide, 
 and has a descent of about 125 feet in the dist.ance of a 
 mile, affording valuable water-power. The village contains 
 several churches, stores, and mills. Pop. of township, 229& 
 
 14S7 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAT?TPim LLE, a post-Tillage of Portage co., Ohio. 
 
 PAIUSII. See Paris. 
 
 PARIT.i, pJ-reo'tJ. a gulf of Central America, on the TV. 
 side of the Gulf of Panama, about 30 miles across, and ex- 
 tending 20 miles inland. 
 
 P.iKITA. p3-ree't3, a maritime town of South AmericA, 
 In Xew Granada, department of Tstmo. on the Gulf of Pa- 
 rita,an i'llc-toftheGuIfof P.inama, ItKjmiles S.W. of Panama. 
 
 PAItlTt'III, p3-reefchee. a market-town of Russia, go- 
 reniment, and 108 miles S.K. of Minsk, on the Beresina. 
 Pop. Hi .J. 
 
 PAIUWARA (p3-re-wi/ra) ISLANDS, in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, 8.E. coast of New Guinea: lat. 9= 12' S., Ion. 146° 50' 
 E. There are three, the l;tr<:est being only f of a mile long. 
 
 PARK, a post-township in the N.W. part of St. Joseph 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 1281. 
 
 P.1KK. a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 PARKANY, p.iR'kafi', a market-town of Hungary, on the 
 Danube, co.. and immediately opposite Gran. Pop. 1374. 
 Here, in 16S3, the Turks were" defeated by the Imperialists 
 »nd Poles. 
 
 PARKK, park, a county in the W. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 440 square miles. It is drained by Sugar and Racoon 
 Creeks, affluents of the A\aba.sh, which forms the W. 
 boundary. The soil is mostly a Mack loam, very fertile, 
 and easily cultivated. The county contains extensive beds 
 of stone coiil. The Wabash and Erie Ginal pa.sses along its 
 W. border. A plank-road has been made through the 
 county. Organized in 1821. Capital. Rockville. Pop. 15,538. 
 
 P.\1!KE. a township of Scott co.. .\rkans.is. 
 
 PARK'KR. a vill.ige and township of Butler CO., Pennsyl- 
 rania. about 18 miles N.N.K. of Pittsburg, Pop. 1170. 
 
 PARK'ERSBURG, a post-village, capital of Wood county, 
 West Virginia, on the Ohio River, at the moutli of the Lit- 
 tle Kanawha, 100 miles below Wheeling, and about 380 
 miles by railroad W. of Baltimore. It is pleasantly situa^ 
 ted, and neatly built. Turnpike roads lead from this town 
 to Staunton and Winchester, and the Northwestern Rail- 
 road, a branch of the Baltimore and Oliio Riiilroad, termi- 
 nates here. Another railroad extends westward from Par- 
 kersbnrg to Cincinnati. It contains a court-house, church- 
 es of 4 or 6 denominations. 2 national banks, a printing- 
 office, and several steam-mills. Wells of rock-oil abound in 
 this vicinltv. Free pop. in 1 ^GO, 2493: in 1865, about 6000. 
 
 PARKEllSBUHU, a post-office of Yell CO., Arkansas. 
 
 PARKEliSBUKG. a post-village of Montgomery co., In- 
 diana, 12 miles S. of Crawfbrdsville. 
 
 PARKEliSBUKG, a post-village of Richland co., Illinois, 
 135 miles S.E. of .■Springfield. 
 
 PARKEKSBURG, a post-office of J.isper co., Iowa. 
 
 PARKER'S CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Bedford co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 P.\.RKER'S HEAD, a pnsf-<iffice of Lincoln co.. Maine. 
 
 PARKER'S SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Posey co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 PARKER'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia, 
 125 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 P.\RK'ERSVlLLE, a post-office, Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PARKERSVILLE, a post-office of St Tawmany" parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 PARKERSVILLE. a posfcoffice of Marion i , Oregon. 
 • PARKESBURG, parks'burg, a post-village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, on tlie Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 44 
 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is a dep.'it foi lumber and 
 coal, and contains a large hotel and machine-ihops belong- 
 ing to the state. Pop. about 400. 
 
 PARKEVILLE. park'vill, a pos^office of Noxubee co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 P.\i!KEVILLE, a village of Parke co., Indiana, 9 or 10 
 miles E.X.E. of Rockville. 
 
 P.iRK'G.iTE, a township of England, co., and 12 miles 
 miles X.W. of Chester, parish of Xeston, on the Dee. here 
 crossed by a ferry to Flint. It has a quay, whence packets 
 sail to Ireland, and many good residences for the accommo- 
 dation of sea-bathers. 
 
 PARK HALL, a post-office of St. Mary's co.. M.vyland. 
 
 PARK'HAM. a parish of EngKand, co. of Devon. 
 
 PAKK'HEAD. a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 2J 
 miles S.S.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 1150. The Glasgow water- 
 works are in its immediate vicinity. 
 
 PARK'HUKST, a postrvilKige of Scott co., Iowa, on the 
 Mississippi River, 65 miles E. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 PAU'iv 10. a post-<iffice of Holt co., Missouri. 
 
 PAUK'ISOX, a small village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PAUK'MAX, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, 
 80 mlle^< X. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 1166. 
 
 PARKMAX. a thriving post-village and township of 
 V* n^* *"'*■' '^^^°' °" * branch of Grand River, 16 miles S.E. 
 of Chardon. It contains several mills moved by watei^ 
 power. Pop. 1007. 
 
 PARKMAX CENTRE, a post-office of PiscaUquis co., 
 Maiue. ^ ' 
 
 J!-^!!i5:9^-^^'^'''''- * tf^^nshlp of England, co. of Durham. 
 ,/M J^.*!' " PO'''-"^'* of Edgefield district. South Carolina. 
 PAUK .>«. a iKJBt'-ffice of Scott co., Arkansas. 
 
 P.\RKS BAR, a mining settlement of Yuba co., Cali- 
 fornia, h.-ls a post-office of its own name. 
 
 P,\RK'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Morgan co., Georgia. 
 
 PARK'S COR'XERS. a post-office of Boone co.. lllSnois. 
 
 PARK'S MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co.. Ohio. 
 
 PARK'S STORE, a post-office of Cabarras co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 PARK'S STORE, a post-office of .Tackson co., Alabama. 
 
 P.iRKS'VILLE, a pixsf-village of Sullivan co., Xew York, 
 4 miles N. of Liberty Village, fcnd alxiut 104 miles N.W. of 
 New York City. It contains 2 stores, a large tannery,' and 
 flouring, saw. and turning mills. 
 
 P.\1;KT0N, a post-village of Baltimore co., Maryland, 
 with a station on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, 
 75 miles N. of Baltimore. 
 
 PARKUR, par-kfir', a district of West Hindostan. on the 
 N. side of the Runn of Outch. lat. 24° 20' X.. Ion. 70^ 52* E. 
 
 P.^^RKUT.\. par-koo'tS. a town of Central Asia, in Little 
 Thibet. Bulti, 22 miles E.S.E. of Iskardoh; Int. 35° 3' N> 
 Ion. 75° 51' E. ■ ^ 
 
 PARK'VILLE. a thriving city of Platte co.. Missouri, ple-v 
 santly situated on the left bank of the .Missouri River. dO 
 miles below Weston. It was founded about the year 1848 
 by George S. Park. Esq. It abounds in valuaMe beds of 
 limestone, of which material the town is chiefly built. It 
 has 3 churches. Pop. in 1855. about 800. 
 
 PARL.\. paROJ, a village of Spain, in New Castile, pro- 
 vince, and 13 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 1097. 
 
 P.\R'LEY, WEST, a parish of Engknd, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PARLINQ POXD, a post-office of Somerset co.. Maine. 
 
 P.\R'LOW. a town of the Malay Archipelago, on the W. 
 coast of the island of Celelies, on a river which flows into 
 Parlow Bay; lat. 1° S. It consists of about 500 houses, and 
 is the residence of a rajah. 
 
 PARMA, par'ma, (L. and It. Parma, paR'md; Fr. Parme, 
 paRm.) a ciiy of It^ily, capital of the province of X>ai-ma. 
 is situated on the Parma, an affluent of the Po. 72 miles 
 S.E. of .Milan. Lat. 44° 4S' 16" N.. Ion. 10° 20' 8 " E. Pop. 
 in 1862, 47,067. It is of a circular form, surrounded hy walls, 
 and entered by five gates, and has a glacis forming a public 
 promenade. The chief public edifices are a cathedral with 
 valuable paintings, the ducal p-ilace with a library of 90,000 
 volumes, an academy of the fine arts, a museum of antiqui- 
 ties, a botanic garden, and a public library of .34.0(J0 vo- 
 lumes. The University of Parma was suppressed in 1831, 
 but it has a school of four faculties, .attended (in 1844) by 
 400 students. Parma has numerous scientific establish- 
 ments, civil and military hospitals, and a school for deaf 
 mutes, established in 1837. The manufactures comprise 
 silk goods, cottons, woollens, lace, earthenware, swtird cut- 
 lery, glass, and musical instruments. The trade con,sists 
 chiefly of corn, silk, pastry, wine, and salted provisions. 
 Parma is the residence of the sovereign, the see of a bishop, 
 the se.at of government of the supreme court, and all the 
 most important offices of the state. It is said to lie of 
 Ktruscan origin, but is first spoken of as a Roman colony. 
 
 PAR/MA, a post-village and township of Monroe co.. New 
 York, on Lake Ontario, on the Ridge Road, about 10 miles 
 W.N.W. of Rochester. Pop. 2902. 
 
 PARMA, a post-township ia the central part of Cuyahoga 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1480. 
 
 P.\RMA, a thriving village and township of Jackson co., 
 Michigan, on the Detroit and Chicago Rjiilroad. about 86 
 miles W. of Detroit. The village contains several flouring 
 mills. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1347. 
 
 PARMA CENTRE, a post-village of .Monroe co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 PAR.MA, DUCHY OF, (Fr. iii(c;i<{ 'Ic Parme, dU'.-hA'dgh 
 paKni; It. Dacalo di Parma, doo-kl'to dee paR'md, a for- 
 mer duchy of Italy, comprising the duchies of Parma pro- 
 per, Piacenza, and Guastalla. and the small principality 
 of I^ndi. • Giwstalla forms a minute fraction of the whole, 
 h.aving an area of only 58| square miles, and is com- 
 pletely isolated from the rest by the duchy of Modeila, 
 which encloses it on all sides except the N,, where it bor- 
 ders on Austrian Italy. The other two duchies, usually 
 comprehended under the common name of Parma, form a 
 contiguous and compact whole. Lat. from 44° 20' to 45° 7' 
 N\ Ion. from 9° 20' to 10° 30' E.; bounded N. by .\ustri,an 
 Italy ; W. and S. by the Sardinian States and Tuscany : and 
 E. by Modeua. Area of Parma proper, 1056 .square miles, 
 and of Pi.acenza, 1051 .square miles: area of whole duchy, 
 iucluding Guastalla, 2766 square miles. 
 
 Parma lies wholly between the .\pennlnes and the S. or 
 right bank of the Po. In the S. it is covered by the .^petnine 
 cliain. the highest summit of which the .\lpe di Succiso, aV 
 tains the heightof 68o7 feet; Ors;iio, 6180 feet; Peuna, 5860 
 feet and Regola, 5773 feet. Several other summits exceed 
 50(10 feet. Slany of the rivers are mere torrents, and all flow 
 N.E. to the Po, which is the only stream availaljle for navi- 
 gation. Alpine lakes are numerous, but .small. The climata 
 is, on the whole, temperate and healthy, with the exception 
 of the districts near the Po, where the atmosphere is im- 
 pregnated by noxious v.ipor8. In the town of I'iai enza, on 
 the banks of the Po, the thermometer gives the following 
 results: — Mean annual temperature, from SS" 30' to 59 ■• 
 
 JL= 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 Fahrenheit ; greatest heat, from 91° to 93° Fahrenheit ; 
 greatest cold, from 25° to 18° Fahrenheit; clear days, 133; 
 rainy, 83; snowy. 14. 
 
 The minerals include iron, copper, salt, (of which about 
 12,300 quint^nls aio made annually.) lithographic stones, mill- 
 stones, wh.^tstonts. beautiful marble, and fine rock-crystals. 
 
 The loftier ninunt.iin rid'.'es are generally covered with 
 forests, chietly of hardwood trees. The lower lands are ex- 
 tensively occupied with vineyards and orchards. The mul- 
 berry yields valualile returns; but the chief source of wealth 
 Is agriculture, which employs the gretiter part of the popu- 
 lation. The soil is remarkably fertile, yielding abundant 
 crops of all the ordinary cereals, together with maize, 
 beans, tobacco, and hemp. Irrigation is generally prac- 
 tised. Great numbers of cattle are reared, partly for feed- 
 ing and partly for the dairy; the latter produces the famous 
 cheeses to which Parma gives its name. The manufactures 
 include silk, linen, and cotton goods, paper, gunpowder, 
 hides, tobacco, brass, and earthenware ; candles, soap, and 
 refined wax. The trade is very limited, and consists chiefly 
 of agricultural produce, cattle, hogs, nut-oil, wine, and 
 lime. 
 
 The government is an absolute monarchy, hereditary in 
 the male line. All power, legislative and executive, resides 
 in the sovereign. The laws consist of a code, promulgated in 
 1S20. and are nearly the same as the Code Napoleon. Justice 
 is administered by five courts, of which the Tribunale Su- 
 premo di Kevisione sits in Parma, and has supreme juris- 
 diction over all the three duchies. The established reli>:ion 
 is the Roman Catholic, professed by almost all the inlaa- 
 bitants; other forms of religion are tolerated. Education is 
 under strict regulation, and is wholly in the hands of the 
 magistrates or the priests. For males tliere are three 
 classes of schools : 1. The Saperiore or FucoUative, intended 
 to furnish a superior professional education; 2. The S:- 
 condarie, which give Instruction in Italian, Latin, and 
 belles- UUres ; 3. The Pri marie, established in all the com- 
 munes, to give gratuitous elementary instruction. Public 
 instruction is provided for females, and is chiefly committed 
 to certain orders of nuns. The whole territory is divided 
 into 2 governments — Parma and Piacenza; and 3 commis- 
 sariats-— Guastalla, Borgo-San-Donnino, and ISorgotaro. Both 
 governments and commiss;iriats are subdivided into com- 
 munes, of which there are 100. The revenue amounts to 
 (1,274,400. The army is estimated at 4148 men. Tlie sum 
 left in the treasury of the state on the death of the Arch- 
 duchess Maria Louisa, 17th December, 1S47, was equal to 
 the indebtedness of the state. In 1854 the debt amounted 
 to $2,368,000. 
 
 Parma anciently formed part of Gallia Cispadana and 
 Liguria. During the decline of the Koman Kmpire, it be- 
 came part of the kingdom of Lombardy. Charlemagne 
 having conquered that kingdom, made a present of Parma 
 to the Pope. Subsequently, both Parma and Piacenzi* be- 
 came independent republics. In 1512. Pope Julius II. re- 
 gained possession; and in 1543, Paul III. erected them into 
 a duchy in favor oC his son, Luigi Farnese, whose line be- 
 came extinct in 1731. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 
 1748, gave possession to Philip, son of Philip V. and Kliza- 
 beth Farne.se. At the commencement of tlie present cen- 
 tury it came into possession of the French, and formed a 
 part of the kingdom ef Italy. After Napoleon's downfall, it 
 fell to the Archduchess Maria Louisa for life, and thereafter 
 
 to the Duke of Lucca. Pop. in 1853, 507,881. -Adj. and 
 
 Inhab. Parmesan, par'me-zan'. (It. PARMESAifO,pau-m.A-sd'no.) 
 
 PARNAC, paR^ndk', a village of France, department of 
 Indre, 22 miles S.K. of Blanc. Pop. 1510. 
 
 PAli,N.\I[IBA. paR-nd-ee'bJ, a river of Brazil, rises near 
 lat. 11° S., Ion. 47° W., flows N.N.E., separating the pro- 
 vinces of Piauhi and Marauhiio. and enters the Atlantic 
 by several mouths, about lah 2° 50' S.. Ion. 41° 35' W. Total 
 course estimated at 750 miles. It drains the whole province 
 of Piauhi, its chief affluents from the S. and E. being the 
 XJrussuhy, Gurguea, Piauhi, Poty, and Piracuruca; from 
 the W. it receives the Balsas. Parnahiba, near its mouth, 
 is the chief of the towns on its banks. 
 
 PARNAIIII5A, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhy, on 
 the E. bank of the Parnahiba, near its mouth. It is an en- 
 trepot Sir cotton and leather. Pop. of the district. 10.000.' 
 
 PARNAHIBA, a town of Brazil, province, and 43 miles 
 W. of Sao I'aulo, on the River Tiete. 
 
 PARNAS^SUS or LIAKIIURA, le-a-Koo'rl, a femous 
 mountain of Greece, government of Phocis. its culminating 
 point in lat. 38° 35' 57" N., Ion. 22° 27' 36" K., 8008 
 feet above the sea. Between this and an adjacent peak 
 is a renowned rivulet known in antiquity as the Castalian 
 Fount;iin, and on the S. declivity of the mountain is the 
 Corycian Cave, a stalaetitic grotto, 3.30 feet in length, by 
 nearly 200 in width Th* summit of Parnassus commands 
 a magnificent view, comprising nearly all Ilellas, the Co- 
 rinthian Gulf, aiiid the N. part of the Morea. 
 
 PARNAS'*US. a post-vill.Hge of Augusta eo., Virginia, on 
 the Warni Spring and Ilarrisonburg Turnpike, 132 miles 
 N.W. of Rii;hmond. 
 
 PAUN'DON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PARNDON LITTLE, a parish of Engli.sh, co. of Essex. 
 
 PARNKLLAII, par-nML (Hindoo, rarnalaya, par-nl-ll/ 
 ?,■) a town of South India, Sattarah dominions, 32 miles W. 
 of Merritch, with the strong fortress Powanghur. 
 
 PARNES. (par'n?z,) NOZEA or NOZIA, no-zee'a, the loftiest 
 mountain in Attica, Greece, on the boundary between At- 
 tica and Bceotia, 16 miles N. of Athens. Height, 4640 feet, 
 
 PARO, a town on the island of Paros. See Pareohia. 
 
 P.VRO, pd'ro, a town of Bootan. in India, 12 miles S.W. cf 
 Tassisudon. It is partially fortified, and has manufactures 
 of images and amis. 
 
 PAROL A or PAROLAII, pJ-rold, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bombay, 44 miles E.N.E. of Gaulna. 
 
 PAROPAMISAN (paVo-pJ-me-sdn') MOUNTAINS, in Af- 
 ghanistan and East Persia, cover an extent of .350 miles in 
 length, from E. to W., by 200 miles, from N. to S., .separates 
 the deserts of Vezd and Toorkistan. and are connected £. 
 with the Hindoo Koosh, and \\. with the Elbrooz Jloun- 
 tainS, S. of the Caspian Sea. In the E. tliey are rugged and 
 broken by narrow valleys ; they nowhere reach to the limit 
 of perpetual snow. Westward the valleys are wider and the 
 hills lower. They are inhabited by Eimauks, Huzarehs, 
 and other tribes, whose chief resources is in their flocks and 
 herds. 
 
 PA'ROS, a fertile island of the Grecian Archipelago, 5 
 miles W. of Naxos, with which, and many smaller islands, 
 it forms the governments of Naxos and I'aros. Lat. of Mount 
 St. Elia.s. 37° N., Ion. 25° 11' E. Area, 100 square miles. 
 Pop. 6000. It produces corn, wine, oil, cotton, and marble; 
 the last of the finest quality, and of which the finest an- 
 cient st;itues were made. The quarries are alniut 4 miles 
 E, of the chief town, Parechia, Port Nassau, on the >'. side, 
 is one of the best harbors in the archipelago. — ^'^''J- I'aki-'I?'. 
 pifre-an. One and a h.alf miles W. is the islet'of Antiparos. 
 
 PAR'OVAN, a post-village of Iron co., Utah Territory, 
 abo'ut 110 miles S.S.W. of Fillmore City. 
 
 P.ARR. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PARHAINDER, pai-rin'dv'r (?) a town of India, in the 
 Deccan, Nizjvm's dominions, 210 miles \V.N,\V. of Hyderabad. 
 
 PARRAS, pJr'kIs. a well-built town of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, in the state of Durango, 32 miles E. of Mapinii. It 
 has alwaj'S been celebrated for its wines and brandies. A 
 speci'js of indigenous vine is much cultivated, and hence ita 
 name, (from parra. a vine trained on sticks or nailed to a 
 wall.) It has 3 churches, and 2 fine alainedai beautifully 
 shaded with trees and ornamented with flowers. This town 
 stretches 2 miles along the side of a hill. There are many 
 old Spanish families here. The houses are of 2 stories, with 
 loner courts. 
 
 PAR'RET, a riverof West England, rises nearBeaminster, 
 CO. of Dorset, flows N. and N.W. through the county of So- 
 merset, and after a course of about 40 miles, enters Brldgo- 
 water Bay. It is navipable for vessels of 200 tons. 
 
 PAR'RISII, a post-offlce of Des Moines co., Iowa. 
 
 PAR'ROTSVILLE, a post-village of Cocke co., Tennessee, 
 on French Broad River, 50 miles E. of Knoxville. 
 
 P.\RRSBOItOUGH, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of 
 Colchester, on a strait connecting Mines Bay with the Bay 
 of Fundy. about 6) miles N. by W. of Halifax. 
 
 PAIVRY, or MAUKI, maw'kee, an Island in the South 
 Pacific Ocean. Lat. 20° ?' S.. Ion. 157° 11' W. It is 2 miles 
 in diameter, and not more than 40 feet above sea-level. 
 
 PARRY'S GROUP, a number of small Islands forming 
 the N. cluster of the Bonin or Arzobispo Islands, in the 
 North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 27° 45' N., Ion. 142° 7' E. Their 
 proximity to Japan, and also to the great spermaceti whaling- 
 ground, renders them important. They were taken posses- 
 sion of for the British crown, and a small settlement has 
 been formed upon them. 
 
 PAR'RYSVILLE, a post-village of Carbon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Lehigh River, 7 miles below Mauch Chunk. 
 Large quantities of coal are shipped here. 
 
 PAR/SON.\GE, a post-office of Williamsburg district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PAR/SONFIELD. a post-township of York co., Maine, in- 
 tersected by the Ossipee River, 80 miles W.S.W. of Augusta. 
 Pod. 2125. 
 
 PAR'SON GROVE, achapelry of England, co! of Cambridge. 
 
 PAR/SONSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Lelnster, co. of 
 Louth. 
 
 PARSONSTOWN, a town of Ireland. See Birr. 
 
 PART.\NNA, par-t2n'nd, a market-town of Sicily, pro- 
 vince, and 19 miles S.E. of i'rapani. Pop. 8000. 
 
 PARTKNHEIM. paR/ten-hIme\ a market town of Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, in Rhein-Hessen, circle of Alzoy. I'op. 1,343. 
 
 PARTENICO, paR-t«n'e-ko, or PARTINICO, paR-tee'ne-ko, 
 a city of Sicily, 14 miles W.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 11,000. 
 It exports wine and oil, and has manufactures of woollen 
 and silk fabrics. 
 
 PARTENKIRCHEN. pan/ten-kggRK'en, a market-town of 
 Bavaria, 49 miles S.S.W. of Munich, l^op. 1055. 
 
 PARTHENAY, paR'teh-ni', a town of France, department 
 of Deux-S6vres, on the Thou, 24 miles N.N.E. of Niort. Pop. 
 in 1852, 5046. It has an hospital and town-hall ; also manu' 
 factures of cloth and leather. 
 
 1439 
 
PAB 
 
 PAKTHKXOPE. See Naples. 
 
 PARTICK, a beautiful Tillage of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 
 on tlie Kelvin, near its confluence with the Clyde, 2 miles 
 N.W. of Glassow. Pop. 2747. It is a farorite summer re- 
 sort for residents of Gla.'sgow, and has extensive flour mills. 
 
 PAKTLN'ICO. a town of .Sicily. See Partexico. 
 
 PAKT'LEY, a small village of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 P.\KTLOWS, a post-office of Spattsylvania co.. Virginia. 
 
 P.\UTNK.KSIIIP. a post-office of Charles co., Maryland. 
 
 PAUT'NEY. a parish of Kndaiid, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 PAK''ri>X, a p;iri.-;h of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire. 
 
 PAHTON. a township of England, co. of Cumberland, on 
 the Irish Sea. on which it has a small quay and harbor, Ij 
 miles .\. of Whitehaven. 
 
 P-iUTinDGH ISLAND, post-offlce, Delaware co., N.York. 
 
 P.VRTIUDGE ISLAND. New Brunswick, is in St. John 
 Harbor, au iulot of the Bay of Fundy. S. of St. John. 
 
 PARTRIDGE ISL.\ND. a Tillage and headland of Nova 
 Scotia, in Parrsborough township. The headland is noted 
 for the Tariety of its minenils. 
 
 P.tllTSCriENDORF, paRt/shgn-doRr, (Moravian, Barlos- 
 toimcf, liar-tos-so-Teet'sA.) a town of Austria, in MoraTi.i, 38 
 miles E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2091. 
 
 F.\ RU. p.i-roo', a river of Brazil, tributary to the Amazon, 
 which it joins in the province, and 2S0 miles W. of Para, 
 After a S.E. course of 350 miles. 
 
 P.AUURO. pd-roo'ro, a town of South PertJ, capital of a 
 province of its own name in the department of Cuzco, 18 
 miles S.S.^V. of Cuzco, on the Apurimac. Pop. of the pro- 
 Tince In l-^-iO, 17.7.32. 
 
 PARVICII, paR'viK, or PARVICIIIO, pai^veeHiee-o, an 
 island of Dalraatia. in the Gulf of Quamero. between the 
 L'lands of Veglia and Arbe, 7 miles S.W. of Zeng. Length, 
 4 miles. 
 
 P.\KnviCK. a parish of Engl.and, co. of Derby. 
 
 PARYS. par'is. a mountain of Wales, co.. and on the N. 
 side of the island of .Vnglesey, S. of the town of Amlwch, 
 which owes all its prosperity to the copper-mines of the 
 mountain. These were, in modern times, first wi-ought in 
 1762, and from 60.000 to 80.000 tons of ore, yielding 3,000 
 tons of metaU were formerly obtained, but the mines are 
 now less pniductive. 
 
 PAS. pj. a village of Prance, department of Pas-de-Calais, 
 on the Quilienne. 16 miles S.AV. of .irras. Pop. S88. 
 
 PAS.VGES or P.A.S.\JE3, pi-si'n5s, a town and port of 
 Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, 3 miles E. of St. Sebastian, in 
 a deep and land-locked haven, in the B.ay of Biscay. Pop. 
 895. It has 2 parish churches, an hospital, and a school of 
 naviJiation. Its once excellent port h.HS been much injured 
 by deposits, but it is still one of the best harbors on the rock- 
 bound coast of North Spain. 
 
 P.\SAnGADA or PASARG.\D.B. See Moorghai'b. 
 
 P-\S.\RO.V, pi-sd-i-on'. a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 province, and N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1-179. 
 
 P.\S.iY, pS-si', a maritime town of Sumatra, on its N. 
 coast. a1x>ut l-W miles E.S.E. of .\cheen. It has a good har- 
 bor, and provisions are to be had in plenty. 
 
 P.A.SCAGOULA, pas'ka-goo^a. a river in the S.E. part of 
 Mississippi, is formed by theChickasawhay and Leaf Rivers, 
 which unite in Greene county, and flowing S., falls into Pas- 
 cagoula Bay, near the S.E. extremity of the state. Small 
 boats can ascend more than 100 miles from its mouth. 
 
 P.\SC.A.GOUL.V, a post-village of Jackson co., Mississippi, 
 on Pasfagoula Bay. at the mouth of Pascagoula River. 175 
 miles S.K. by S. oif .Lickson. 
 
 PASCAGOULA BAY, of the Gulf of Mexico, is .situated at 
 the S.E. extremity of Mississippi, and at the mouth of Pasca- 
 goula River. Low, narrow islands separate it fV-om the Gulf. 
 
 P.\SC1I.^. a river of Russi.<i. , See Pasil^. 
 
 PASCIIENDAELE. pIsK'gn-d|Meh. a market-town of Bel- 
 gium, province of West Flanders, 6J miles N.E. of Ypres. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 PASCO, pSsHso". or CERRO DE PASCO. sJr'ro di pasTto, the 
 principal mining town of North Peru, capital of a province of 
 its own name, in the department of Junin, 130 miles N.E. 
 of Lim.i. at the head of two ravines, 11,000 feet above the 
 sea. The population Tarles at different periods from 400() to 
 perhaps 12.iHXt. It is a miserable place, built of sun-dried 
 bricks. The ground broken up for mining occupies a sp;u-e 
 i mile in le-n^'th by J mile in breadth, quite honeycombed 
 with shafts, most of which are now filled with water. From 
 1825 to 1830. 2,190.555 marks of silver were reduced at its 
 foundry. All iis ores are ferruginous. Though co,al exists 
 In the vicinity, turf, dung, and timber are mostly employed 
 in smelting. Pop. of the province in 1850, 70,411. 
 
 PAS'Ci). a post-office of Dallas co., Mis.souri. 
 
 PAS'COVr..;, fl.iuri.^liing post-village of Burrillville town- 
 ihlp. Providence co.. Rhode Isl.ind. about 20 miles N.W. by 
 W. of Providence. It contains 8 woollen mills, employing 
 600 hands. (J .stores, 5 shingle mills. 1 spindle mill. 1 bank, 
 7 s-\w mills, and 5 grist mills. The construction of a reser- 
 voir is contemplated, which will greatly incre.ise its water- 
 power. Am. Hint of g'xids manufactured per annum, and 
 rales of merchandise, $900,600. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 PASCO, CK UUO, a moautain knot of Pasco and Htunueo, 
 1440 
 
 PAS 
 
 unites two branches of the .\ndes. Summit, 16,000 feet hi 
 elevation. 
 
 PA.SCUARO. pLs-kwa'ro. written also PASQUARO and 
 P.4TZQUAR0, a town of the Mexican Confederation, depart- 
 ment of Michoacan, 28 miles S.W. of Valladolid. on the E. 
 bank of the Lake of Pascuaro. Pop. 6000, partlv employed 
 in adjacent copper-mines. 
 
 PAS-DIVCALAIS. paMehkS'W. a department of France, 
 in the N.E., formed of parts of the old provinces of .^rtoii", 
 Picardie, and Flanders, on the English Chiinnel. (Pas-de- 
 Calais.) between the departments of Nord and Somme. 
 Area, 2505 square miles. Pop. in 1S61, 724,338. The surface is 
 travei-sed from S.E. to N.W. by a chainof hills which separate 
 the basin of the North Sea from that of the Channel, and 
 gives rise to numeroiis rivers, the chief of whiih are the 
 Scarpe and Lys. affluents of the Scheldt, the .\a, which flows 
 to the North Sea. and the Canche, flowing to the English 
 Channel: these are all n.avigaWe .and connected by can.als. 
 The department has several excellent harbors, the chief of 
 which are Calais and Boulogne. Commerce is also facilitated 
 by the Great Northern Railway and its branches. The soil, 
 rich in coiil and turf, is remarkable for the facility with 
 which water is found by means of .\rtesian wells. It is 
 marshy in some parts, but generally fertile in wheat, hemp, 
 lint, tobacco, and oleaginous plants. Manufacturing indus- 
 try is very active iu producing beet-root sugar, linen, and 
 linen thivad. cotton, lace, common woollens, paper, pottery- 
 ware, and leather. The department is divided into the ar- 
 rondissements of Arra»,(^the capital,)Bethune, Boulogne, St. 
 Pol. Montreuil. and St. Omer. 
 
 PAS-DE-CALAIS, the strait which separates England 
 from France. See Dover. Strait op. 
 
 PASEWALK, pa'zeh-waik\ or PASSEWALK, pS-s'seh- 
 *3lk\ a town of Prussia, in Pomerania. 25 miles W.N.W. 
 of .Stettin, on the Ucker. Pop. 5620. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has woollen cloth and leather factories. 
 
 PASHA, PASCIIA, or PACH.A., p3/sh.i a river of Russia, 
 rises in the government of Novgorod, and joins the Sveer 
 (i^vir) in the government of Petersburg, after a course of 130 
 miles. 
 
 P.\SIT.\WN', a post-olBce of La Grange co., Indiana. 
 
 P.\SIG, pJ'seeG', a river of the Philippines, in the island 
 of Luzon, issues by several branches from Lake Bay, flows 
 W., and falls into the bay immediately below the town of 
 Manil.a. after a course of 18 miles. 
 
 P.\SIG. a town of the Philippines, in the isl.and of Luzon, 
 province of Tondo. on the Pa-siir, E. of Manila. Pop. 16,440. 
 
 P.^SIJAN or PASIGAN, pd-.se-niln', two of the .smaUer 
 Philippine Islands, between the islands of I^eyte and Zebu. 
 
 PASIT.\^NO, pd-see-td'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra, on the Gulf of Salerno, 6 miles W. of Amalfi. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 PASITIGRIS. See Karoo:^. 
 
 P.IS'K.A.CK. a post-village of Bergen co.. New Jersey, on 
 the Ilackensack River. 
 
 P.\SM.\N', p3s-niin', an island of Dalmafia, 6 miles S. of 
 Zar.a. in the .Adriatic. Length. 15 miles; breadth. 3} miles. 
 Surface mountainous. Principal products, oil and wine. 
 On it are several villages. 
 
 PASO DEL NORTE. See El Paso del Norte. 
 
 PASO DE OVEJAS, pS'so dA o-vft'iids. on the road leading 
 from Vera Crux to the city of Mexico, about 35 miles N .W. 
 of the former. 
 
 P.\SO. EL. ?1 pi'so. a scattered village of the Canaries, in 
 the i.sland of P.alma. ' Pop. 2327. 
 
 P.\SP.\Y.\, pds-pl'i, a river of Bolivia, rises W. of Potoei, 
 flows S.E., and after a course of nearly 200 miles, joins the 
 Pilcomayo. 
 
 PAS'PEBIAC, a seaport and fishing station of Canada 
 East. CO. of Bonaventura, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 7 miles W. 
 of New Carlisle. * 
 
 PASQUARO. See Pasctaro. 
 
 PA.S'QUOTANK, a river of North Carolina, rises in the 
 Dismal Swamp, near the N. border of the state. Flowing 
 S.E., it forms the boundary between Camden and Pasquo- 
 tank counties, until it enters Albemarle Sound. A canal 
 extends from this riwer to Elizabeth River in Virginia, by 
 which boats can pass from Albemarle Sound to Chesapeake 
 Bay. 
 
 PASQUOTANK, a county in the N.E. part of North Caro- 
 lin.a, bordering on the N. side of Albemarle Sound. Area, 
 estimated at 300 .square miles. The Pasquotank River 
 forms the entire boundary on the N.E. The surfece is 
 nearly level, and in some parts marshy. County seat, Eliza- 
 beth. Pasquotank was originally a part or division, termed 
 the precinct of .\lbemarle county. Formed in 1729. Pop. 
 8940. of whom .WoT were free, ond 2983 slaves. 
 
 PASQUOTANK BRIDGE, a small village of Pasqnotanlc 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 PASSA CAVALLO.pJs'soki-vai'yo. (i. e. " horse pass.") the 
 entrance to Matagordii Bay, wiU admit vessels of 8 or 9 feet 
 drau-jht. 
 
 P.VSSADUM'KEAO, a post-village and township of Pe- 
 nob.scot CO., Maine, on the E. side of the Penobscot, at the 
 month of Passadumkeag, and on the Old Town and Lincoln 
 
PAS 
 
 Rnilroad. (in progress,) about 100 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 Two small stt-amboats, plying on the Penohscot during the 
 spring and summer, touch daily at the village, which con- 
 tains 3 stores, and 3 taverns. Pop. of the township, 360. 
 
 PAS'SAGE, a seaport town of Ireland, in Munster, co., 
 and 6 miles E.S.E. of Waterford, on the e.^tuary of the Suir. 
 Pop. 624. It is irregularly built on a rocky height, and has 
 a pier and block-house. 
 
 PASSAGE FORT, Jamaica, is on Hunt Bay, 6 miles E. of 
 Spanish Town. 
 
 PASSAGE ISLAND, West Indies. See Culedra. 
 
 PASSAGE (or KARAKITA) ISLANDS, two groups of the 
 MalayArchipelago, one off the \V. coast of Sum.itra, near Lit. 
 2° 30' N., the other between Celebes and Sangir. 
 
 PASSAGE, LE, leh pdsVlzh'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 1^ miles from Agen, on the Ga- 
 ronne. Pop. 1233. 
 
 PASS.A.GE. WEST, a seaport town of Ireland, in Munser, 
 CO., and 'k miles E.S.E. of Cork, on the estuary of the Lee, 
 opposite Great Island. Pop. 1721. It has a quay, dock-yard, 
 and many bathing-houses, and is the port of Cork for all 
 large shipping. A village and hamlet in the county of Cork 
 have the same name. 
 
 P.^SSA'IC, a river of Tfew Jersey, rises in ■Morris county, 
 flows first nearly S. for a few miles, then pursues a general 
 N.K. direction on the boundary of Morris and Essex counties, 
 and crosses Passaic county. A short distance below Pater- 
 Bon. it changes its course to the S., and forms the lx)uiuiary 
 between Passaic and Essex counties on the right, and llud- 
 Bon county on the left, until it enters Newark Bay, 3 miles 
 below Newark. The whole length is near 100 miles. ■ Near 
 Paterson it has a perpendicular fall of 50 feet, furnishing an 
 immense water-power. Steamers ascend to Newark, and 
 It is navigable for small sloops about 10 miles farther. 
 
 PASSAIC, a county in the N.N.E. part of New Jersey, has 
 an area of about 270 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the E. b5' the Passaic, and on the S.W. by Pequannook River, 
 and is intersected by the Ringwood. Ramapo. and Passaic 
 Rivers, which afford valuatile water-power. The surface W. 
 of the Ramapo is broken and mountainous. The .soil in the 
 more level portions is fertile, but in the W. part is 1x>tter 
 adapted to grazing than tillage. Magnetic iron ore is found 
 In the W. part of the county, and limestone is abundant. 
 The Morris Canal and the New York and Erie Itailroud in- 
 tersect this county. Orgiiuized in 1837, and named from tlie 
 Passaic River. Capital, Paterson. Pop. 29,013. 
 
 PASSAIC VALLEY, a post-oflRce of >Iorris co.. New .Terser. 
 
 PASSAMAQUODDY. a collection district of Maine. The 
 port of entry is Eastport. 
 
 PASSAM.^QUOD'DY BAY, at the S.E. extremity of Maine, 
 separates tlie United States from the British province of 
 New Brunswick. It extends inland aboitt 15 miles, with 
 an average breadth of perhaps 10 miles, including the 
 estuary of the St. Croix, which flows into it. It is exceed- 
 ingly irregular, contains numerous islands, and abounds 
 In harbors which afford good anchorage, sheltered from all 
 winds. There are t-liree passages leading to the bay, called 
 respectively East, West, and Middle Passages, which are in- 
 dicated by light-houses. The West Pas.sage has an alarm 
 bell. Common tides rise here 25 feet. 
 
 PASSARIANO, a town of Ifcily. See Passeriano. 
 
 PASSAROWAN, PASSAROEAN, PASSAROKWANG, or 
 PASSAROUANG. See PASSOEROEAJf. 
 
 P.\SSARO^VITZ, pis-s3'ro-*its\ a small town or village of 
 Servia, and a judicial capital of its E. division, 13 miles 
 E.S.E. of Semendria. A famous treaty of peace was concluded 
 here between the Imperialists and the Turks, July 21st. 1718. 
 
 P.\SSAU. pis/sow, (anc. Bataha GasHra.) a fortified town 
 of Bavaria, capital of the circle of Lower Danube, at the con- 
 fluence of the Inn and Danube, 92 miles E.N.E. of Munich. 
 Pop. 13,3(50. It is situated in a picturesque defile, and sepa- 
 rated into three parts by the rivers which traverse it, and is 
 defended by 2 fortresses and 8 forts. The chief edifices are 
 the cathedral, the Church of St. Paul, and the old Abbey of 
 St. Nicholas. It has manufactures of tobacco and porcelain, 
 breweries, and tanneries. The treaty of Passau, concluded 
 in 1552, conferred religious liberty oir the Protestants of 
 Germany. 
 
 PA8SCHENDAELE, pIs/sKgn-dlMfh, a village of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, 23 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 
 3016. 
 
 PASS CHRISTIAN, kris-te-an', a post-village of Harrison 
 CO., Mississippi, on a pass of its own name, near the entrance 
 to St. I^ouis Bay, 165 miles S.S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 P.VSSEK, pis'sik, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from 
 Ilochstadt. Pop. 1302. 
 
 P.A.SSEK. a village of Bohemia, in Moravia, 9 miles from 
 Littau. Pop. 1004. 
 
 PAS'SilNUAM, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 
 8 miles S.E. of Towcester. It h-as an entrenchment, sup- 
 posed to have been raised by Edward the Elder, to defend 
 the passage of the Ouse against the Danes. 
 
 PASSENHEIM, pas'sen-hlme\ or PASSYMEK, pls'se- 
 1nJk\ a town of East Prussia, government of KSnigsberg, 21 
 miles E.N.E. of Ilohenstein. Pop. 1275. 
 4Q 
 
 PAT 
 
 PASSERTANO, pls-si-re-a/no, or PASSARIANO, v^»-^' 
 re-3/no, a village of Au.struin Italy, province, and 13 miles 
 S.W. of Udine. Pop. .WlO. Near it is a handsome villa, iu 
 which Bonaparte resided during the preliminaiios of the 
 peace of Oanipo Formio. 
 
 PASSIGNANO, pis-seen-yl'no, a village of Central Italy 
 in the .state of Uiiibria, situated about 14 miles N.W. of Pc 
 riigia, on the N.E. shore of the Lake of Perugia, or Thrasy 
 niene. Near it was fought the famous battle of Tliriisy- 
 mene, ii.c. 217. 
 
 PASSO CABALLO, pa.s'so kd-B3l'yo, in Texas, is the en- 
 trance to Matagorda Bay, SO miles S.W. of the mouth of the 
 Brazos. 
 
 PASSO DEL NORTE, in Mexico. See El Paso del Norte. 
 
 PASSO-DO-LU.MIAR, pds'so-do-loo-me-aK', a town of Brazil, 
 on the isle, and 20 miles E. of Maranhao, on the Sao Joao. 
 
 PASSOEROEAN. pds'soo-roo-dii', written also PASSA- 
 ROBAN, PASi^AROEWANG, PASSAROWAN. PAS.S0O- 
 ROf)AN, PASSOUROUAN, PASSURUAN, PASURUAN. or 
 I'.VSSAROUANO. a province in the E. end of the island of 
 Java, al)out 08 miles long from N. to S., and 40 miles broad. 
 Pop. 310,000. 
 
 PASSOEROEAN, a town of Java, capital of the above 
 province, on the Strait of Madura, about 30 niiks S.S.E. of 
 Soeral.>aya, is intersected by a river here crossed by a large, 
 elegant bridge. 
 
 PAS.SOW, pSs'sov, a village of Prussia, on the railway 
 from Berlin to Stettin, 27 miles from the latter. 
 
 PASSUMP/SIC, a river of Caledonia co., ^■ermont, falls 
 into the Connecticut. 
 
 P.\SSUM1'SIC, a post-village of Barnet township. Cale- 
 donia CO., A'ermont. at the N. terminus of the Connecticut 
 and Passumpsie Rivera Railroad. 30 miles E. of Montpelier. 
 
 PASSUIUJAN. See Passoeroean. 
 
 PASSY', pJs'see'. a market-town of France, department of 
 Seine, and one of the W. suburbs of i'aris. is enclosed within 
 the new fortifications, 7 miles S.S.W. of St. Denis. Pop. in 
 1852, 11,134. It has an earthen-ware manufactory, shot 
 mill, and sugar-refinery. 
 
 PASSY', pis'see'. a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Savoy. 3 miles N.W. of St Gervaise. Pop. 2040. 
 
 I'AS'SY'UNK'. a township within the chartered limits of 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, joining the city on the S.W. 
 Pop. 1607. 
 
 PA.STAZA or PASTAgA, pas-tS'sl, a river of South Ame- 
 rica, in Ecuador, rises in the Andes, and, after a S.E. course 
 of 400 miles, joins the Amazon 25 miles W. of the influx of 
 the Iluallaga. 
 
 PASTENA. p3s-t.Vn3, a town of Naples, province of Terra 
 di Lavoro district of. and N. from Gaeta. Pop. 1625. 
 
 PA.STO, pds'to, a town of South America, in the table-land 
 of the Andes, department of Cauca, 148 miles N.N.E. of Quito. 
 Pop. 7000. It is built at the foot of a volcano, on a site 8577 
 feet above th^ ocean, and surrounded by woods and bogs, in 
 the line of the great Pass from Popayan to Quito. 
 
 PAiVTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 PAS'TON. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 PASTOS-BONS. pds'toa-lxiKO, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Maranhao. 292 miles S.S.W. of St. Luiz, between the Parna- 
 hilja and Itapicuru. 
 
 PASTOS, LOS. See Andes. 
 
 PASTRANA, p3.s-tri/nl, a town of Spain, province, and 
 14 miles S.E. of Guadalajara, in a valley on the Arias. Pop. 
 3021. It has manufactures of silks and paper. 
 
 PASURUAN, a town of Java. See Passoeroean. 
 
 PASZTO, piss'to, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Heves, 
 on the Zagyva, 41 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 4710. 
 
 PATA, piltk, an island of the Eastern Archipelago, im- 
 mediately S. of Sooloo, in lat. 5° 48' N., Ion. 121° 11' E. 
 
 PATA. a town on the N. coast of the island of Luzon, in 
 the Philippines. 
 
 P.^TA. poh't(5h\ a market-town of Central Hungary, oo. 
 of Heves, 6 miles W,N,W. of Gyougyiis. Pop. 2580. 
 
 PATA. an island and town of Africa. See Patta. 
 
 PATAGONIA, pd-td-go/ne-a, (Fr. Patagonie, pdHi'go'nee', 
 Ger. Pat'igrmien, pd-ti-go/ne-gh,) theextreme S. portion of the 
 continent of South America, extending from the Rio Negro, 
 in lat. 39° to the Strait of Magellan, in lat. 53° S. ; bounded 
 E. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata.) from which it is separated by the Rio Negro, W. 
 by the Pacific, and S. by the Strait of Jlagellan, which 
 separates the mainland from Terra del Fuego and the ad- 
 jacent islands. The W. coast, commencing at the Chilian 
 Andes, has an extent estimated at 925 miles, or, including 
 sinuosities, 1700 miles; the Atlantic coast-line is estimated 
 at 1500 miles. The distance from the mouth of the Rio 
 Negro to Cape Virgins, at the E. entrance of the Magellan 
 Channel, measured in a straight line which pas.ses through 
 Cape Three Points, is about 850 miles. Greatest length of 
 the country, following the curve, 1015 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 625 miles; breadth at the S. extremity, 140 miles; 
 average breadth. 350 miles. Estimated area, (including the 
 islands on the W. coast.) 350,000 square miles. 
 
 The Andes are continued S. from Chili throughout 
 Patagonia, gradually declining in height as they approach 
 
 1441 
 
PAT 
 
 the Strait of Magellan ^eio they are not more than from 
 3000 to 4000 feet in elevation, (which is here the limit of per- 
 petual snow.) The culminatint? point of the Patagonian Andes 
 rises SO^O feet. In these mountains are several known vol- 
 canoes. A chain to the S. of the Kio Xegro stretches K. from 
 the Chilian Andes, and at a distance appears white and 
 chalky. The country comprises two distinct regions, differ- 
 ing in surfiwe and clioiate, the one lying on the W. side of 
 the Andes, the other on the E., and, called respectively East 
 and West Patagonia. The latter comprehends a number of 
 large islands, extending from the W. extremity of the Strait 
 of Magellan to Cape Tres Montes, in lat. 47° S. ; the principal 
 of these are Adelaide. Hanover, and Wellington, the last 150 
 miles long, and in some places 60 miles broad. All these is- 
 lands are rocky and high, rising from the shores with » 
 steep acclivity. Their coasts towards the ocean are bare; 
 but those parts which lie opposite the mainland are wooded, 
 and in some places the trees are of vigorous growth. The 
 whole of this region is subject to excessive rains. The W. 
 coast of the mainland is greatly indented, and bordered by 
 the Andes, which here rise to between 3000 and 6000 feet 
 in height. 
 
 East Patagonia, though generally low and level, is not one 
 universal fiat, but a succession of horizontal plains, called 
 pampas, which rise to higher and higher levels, separated 
 by long lines of cliffs or escarpments. The general ascent is 
 but slighti the country being not more than 3000 feet above 
 sea-level at the foot of the Andes. The Patagonian plains 
 are dreary and sterile, and, though here and there inter- 
 sected by streams, the latter fail to fertilize the blighted 
 soil. Thev are strewed throughout their whole extent with 
 huge boulders. The plains, which extend along the coast 
 for hundreds of miles, are tertiary strata, in one great de- 
 posit, above which lies a thick stratum of a white pumiceous 
 substance, extending at least 500 miles, a tenth part of which 
 consists of marine infusoria. Over the whole lies the shingle, 
 (coarse gravel or pebbles,) extending along the coast for 700 
 miles, with a mean breadth of 200 miles, and 50 feet thick. 
 These myriads of pebbles, chiefly of porphyry, have been 
 torn from the rooks of the Andes, and waterworn at a period 
 subsequent to the depo.sition of the tertiary strata. 
 
 The ports on the E. coast are difttcult of access, and afford 
 little security to any but small vessels. The tides here rise 
 from 30 to 50 feet, increasing in height towards the S. The 
 principal known ports are Gallegos, lat. 51° 38' S. ; Port Santa 
 Cruz, lat. 60° 7' S. ; Port San Julian, lat. 49° 12' S. ; Port 
 Desire, lat. 47° 5' S.; Nuevo Gulf, lat. 43° S.; and Port St. 
 Antonio, lat. 41° S. The climate is very cold, especially S. 
 of 45°. Frost frequently occurs as soon as the sun has passed 
 N. of the equator. In .summer the heat is excessive. The 
 transition from the extremes of temperature is rapid; after 
 hot weather, piercing winds, which even the native shuns, 
 often rush in hurricanes over the deserts. Hain seldom falls, 
 except on the AV. coast, during three-fourths of the year, and 
 even during the three winter months very little falls; from 
 time to time it rains two or three days in succession. The 
 prevailing winds are from the W. South of 46° vegetation 
 is nearly extinct, a tree or spot of green herbage appearing 
 here and there only. In some hollow places and ravines a 
 few dark-looking shrubby bushes grow, but no trees can be 
 discerned over the wide stony plains; a few withered shrubs, 
 and a yellow kind of herbage, is all in the way of vegetation 
 that can be seen in these dreary regions. In the more N. 
 parts a solitiiry umbu, the only tree that grows there, is ob- 
 served at vast distances. It is only along the Rio Xogro, on 
 its extreme N. border, that some wheat, maize, pulses, &c. 
 are cultivated. Where vegetation exists, guanacos, cavias, 
 and armadillos are found. There are also pumas, wolves, 
 dogs, foxes, and great numbers of mice; and along the At- 
 lantic coast seals of various kinds are met with. The condor, 
 hawk, a species of ibis, and a few others, are among the scanty 
 number of birds. Fish abound on the coasts. 
 
 The aboriginal natives of East Patagonia, though by no 
 'means so large as they have been described, few of them 
 exceeding six feet and some inches, are a fciU and extremely 
 stout race. Their bodies are bulky, their heads and features 
 large, but the hands and feet are comparatively small. Their 
 limbs are neither so muscular nor so large-boned as their 
 height and apparent bulk would lead one to suppose. Their 
 color is a rich reddish-brown. Nothing is worn upon the 
 head except their rough, lank, and coarse black hair, which 
 is tied above the temples with a fillet of plaited or twisted 
 cinews. A large mantle, made of skins sewed together, 
 loosely gathered about them, hanging from the shoulders to 
 their ankles, adds to the bulkiness of their appearance. In 
 general, the women's stature, physiognomy, and dress, so 
 much resemble those of the men, that, except by their hair. 
 It is difllcuH for a stranger to distinguish them. The mouth 
 Is large and coarsely formed, with thick lips; but the teeth 
 nre often excellent. They are generally of good dispositions, 
 hut. like other Indians, are utterly reckless in moments of 
 passion. Their arms are balls, lances, bows, and arrows. 
 The balls are two or three round stones, lumps of hardened 
 earth or metal : they are connected by thongs of hide, and 
 or* throw n. after a brief rotary motion, with such precision 
 
 PAT 
 
 as to insure the entanglement of their victim. The Pata- 
 gonians are excellent horsemen, and perform extraordinary 
 feats of dexterity on horseback. 
 
 West Patagonia, iu direct contrast to the East country, is 
 wholly a mountain region : the mountains, half sunk in the 
 ocean, are barren towards the sea, and impenetrably wooded 
 inland. The climate is so disagreeable as to render the country 
 almost uninhabitable. Clouds, wind, and rain are continual, 
 and the drenched land is never dried by evaporation before 
 fresh showers fall. No part of the country is cultivated — 
 the inhabitants living on their horses, and by the chase of 
 the wild cattle which are found in the N. di.«trjcts. 
 
 Patagonia was discovered by Magellan in 1692, and more 
 recently explored bj' Captains Fitzroy and King. The in- 
 habitants of this country are called P.^taooni.vns — a name 
 which they received from Magellan, on account of the sup- 
 posed magnitude of their feet, (pafagr/n, pd-td-gon', in Span- 
 ish signifying a "large foot,") which, being wrapped up in 
 skins, probably appeared to him greatly above their actual 
 size. Adj. and iuhab. Patagonian, patVgo'ni-au. 
 
 PATAK, piih^tflk, (Naqt. nCdj, Sakos, shiihVosh'', or Rettel, 
 rJtHJl'.) a market-town of Hungary, on the Bodi'og,^0 miles 
 N.E. of Tokay. Pop. 5088. 
 
 PATAN, paHin'. a village of Cashmere, 25 miles N.-W. of 
 Serinagur. in lat. 34° 7' N., Ion 74° 21' E. 
 
 PATAXAGO, pS-td-ni'go, a town of Eurmah, on the E. 
 Iwnk of the Irrawaddy, 75 miles N. of Prome. North of the 
 town are fiimous wells, reported to yield annually 80,000,000 
 pounds of asphaltum. 
 
 PATANY or PATANI, p2-td'nee, the southernmost pro- 
 vince of Siam, in Farther India, its principal town, of the 
 same name, being on the river Patany, iu lat. 7° N., Ion. 
 101° 35' E. 
 
 PATANY, CAPE. See Cape Patani. 
 
 PATAPS/CO, a river of Maryland, rises in Carroll co., in 
 the N. part of the state. It flows southward until it passes 
 the mouth of the Western Branch, then pursues a south- 
 easteily course, forming the boundary between Baltimore 
 and Anne Arundel counties, and )jassing by the city of Bal- 
 timore, opens into a bay several miles wide. Fourteen miles 
 below the city it enters Chesapeake Bay, after an entire 
 course of near 80 miles. This river passes through a hilly 
 country, and the rapidity of its current renders it of great 
 value for manufactories. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 is constructed along its bank from Elkiidge Landing t'i the 
 mouth of the Western Branch, and then follows the valley 
 of the latter to its source. The Western Branch rises near 
 Ridgeville, Carroll county, flows eastward, and forms the 
 boundary between Carroll and Anne Arundel counties until 
 it unites with the main stream. The Patapseo is navigable 
 for the largest merchant vessels to Baltimore. 
 
 PAT'ARA or PAT'KRA, a ruined city of Asia Minor, cele- 
 brated in antiquity as a principal seat of the worship of 
 Apollo. Its remains, on the coast, 12 miles S. of the ruins 
 of Xanthus, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Makree, (Makri.) com- 
 prise Greek tombs, parts of small temples, a triple arch, a 
 theatre, and ruins of churches. 
 
 PATASKALA, pat-as-kah'la, a posfc<fiace of Licking co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 PATAU'LA, a creek of Georgia, flows S.W. through Ran- 
 dolph county into the Chattahoochee, several miles above 
 Fort Gaines. 
 
 PATAULA, a village of Randolph co., Georgia, 42 miles 
 in a direct line S. of Columbus. 
 
 PATAVIUM. See Padua. 
 
 PATAY, p3^tV. a market-town of France, department of 
 Loiret, 14 miles N. W. of Orleans. Pop. 1200. Here, in 1429, 
 the French, under Joan of Arc, defeated the English under 
 Talbot. 
 
 PATAZ, pj-tis', a town of Peru, department of Libertad, 
 80 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo, capital of a province of its own 
 name, near the MaraBon. Pop. of the province in 1860, 29,394. 
 
 PATCH'AM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PATCH GROVE, u post-village and township of Griint j^o., 
 Wisconsin, about 25 miles N. by \V. of Potosi. Pop. 867. 
 
 PATCH'IN, a post>oflace of Erie co.. Now York. 
 
 PATCH'ING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PA-TCHING-SAN. See Madjicosima Ishnds. 
 
 PATCHOGUE, pat-chag/, a post-vill.age of. Suffolk co.. New 
 York, near the S. shore of Long Island, about 60 miles K 
 of New York. It contains several churches and manufac- 
 tories of cotton, paper, &e. 
 
 PATK'LEY-BRIDGE, a market-town of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding, on the Nidd, parish, and 10 miles W.S.W, 
 of Ripon. It is pretty well built, and has a sutordinato 
 church and a branch bank. 
 
 PAT'ER, or PEMBROKE-DOCK, a suburban town of South 
 Wales, CO. of Pembroke, on Milford Haven, 1 mile N.W. of 
 Pembroke. A government dock-yard, removed to this place 
 from Milford in 1814, covers 60 acres, and iu it some of th« 
 largest ships of the navy have been constructed. It has aa 
 arsenal, and is protected by a fort and jetty. The town i^ , 
 neatly built, and is lighted with gas, has a large market- 
 house, and carries on a thriving trade with Ireland «n4 
 North America. 
 
PAT 
 
 PATERXA, pl-tSR/n3, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 province, and 20 miles N.W. of Almeria. Pop. 1294. 
 
 PATKUXA, a town of Spain, in Valencia, province, and 
 ftbout .38 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1165. 
 
 PATKRNA, a town of .Spain, province, and 3 miles W.N.W. 
 of Valencia, on the Turia. Pop. 1305. 
 
 PATERXA DK hX RIBIEKA. pd-tjR'na d.i IS re-Be-.VrJ, 
 a town of Spain, province, and 23 miles K. of Cadiz. Pop. 
 2436. 
 
 PATERNA DEL CAMI>0, p,*-tiR/na df-l kSm'po, a town of 
 Spain, province, and N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 1670. 
 
 PAT KRNO, pl-t^R-no'. (anc. Hi/Mr Ma'jor,) a city of Sicily, 
 lnt«ndancy. and 10 miles N.AV. of Catania, at the foot of 
 Mount Etna. I'op. 10,800. It has hot chalybeat springs, 
 and a trade in wine, oil, flax, hemp, and timber. 
 
 PATERXO, pd-tjii'no, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Cltra, 5 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PATERNO. a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Ultra. 12 miles E.X.E. of Avellino. Pop. 2700. 
 
 PATERNOS'TERS, GREAT and LITTLE, two dangerous 
 rocks ia the channel between Cape Carteret, on the coast of 
 France, and the island of Jersey, 
 
 PATERNOSTIORS. TIIK LITTLE, or BA'LABALAGAN' 
 rSL.\XDS, are a group in the Strait of Slacassar, in lat. 2° 
 S., Ion. 117° 28' E. 
 
 PATERNUM. See Cariati. 
 
 PAT'KRSOX. a city, the capitrtl of Passaic co., New Jersey, 
 is situ.ited on the riirht bank of the Passaic River, imni(>di- 
 ately below the Falls. 13 miles N. of Newark, and 17 miles 
 N.\V. of New York. Lat. 4U° 55' N., Ion. 74° 10' W. In the 
 extent of its manufictures it ranks as the second city in the 
 ptate, and is the third in population. Hy means of the 
 Morris Canal it communicates with the Atlantic ports and 
 with the Delaware River. The Union Itailroad, formerly 
 the Paterson and Hudson Railroad, connects it with New 
 York City on one hand, and with the Erie Railroad at Suf 
 ferns on the other. The Passaic has here a perpendicular 
 fall of 50 feet, and a total descent of 72 feet, affording an 
 immense water-power, which has been improved by a dam 
 and canals. The scenery in the vicinity of the falls is 
 hi:.'hly picturesque. Paterson is handsomely laid out. Its 
 streets are generally straight, well paved, and lighted with 
 gas. It contains about 15 churches, belonging to the Re- 
 f irmed Dutch, the Methodists, Presbyterians, -Baptists, Epis- 
 copalians, Independents. Primitive Methodists, Catholics, 
 Ac: also 2 banks, 2 newspaper ofllces, several large hotels, 
 an academy, a philosophical society, with a library, and a 
 S'iciety for the advancement of the mechanic arts. The 
 numl>er of cotton fictnries in operation is over 20. The silk 
 mills of .John Royle, Esq.. situated near the falls, are among 
 the most extensive in the United States. They employ 
 about 700 hands, and mannfact'-re weekly IPOO pounds of 
 silk. There are besides 2 large manuf ictories of locomotives, 
 and several of carriages, guns, machinery, paper, and other 
 articles. Two bridges connect this town with the village of 
 Slanchester. on the opposite side of the river. Paterson was 
 fiuiuled in 1791. by an incorporated company, with a capital 
 of one million dollars, the objectof which was to manufacture 
 cotton cloth. The movement, however, was found to be 
 premature, and was abiindoned in 1796. Pop. in 1840, 7596; 
 in ISuO. n.:»S; and in IStiO. 19,586. 
 
 PATKRSON, or YIMMANG. a river of Australia, in New 
 South AVales. co. of Durham, Joins the Hunter Tiiver about 
 20 miles from the sea. Its chief affluent is the -Allya River, 
 below the influx of which the villaire of Paterson stands. 
 
 I'ATERSON, orMARGARETTAra sronp of islands in the 
 Pacific. Mulgrave Archipelago. Lat. 8° .56' N.. Ion. 167° 42' E. 
 
 PATERSON. CAPE, in Australia, is a headland, about 
 midway between Port Philip and AVilson Promontory. 
 
 PATGOXG. p3t-gong', a town of British India, presidency 
 and province of Bemrai, 45 miles X.X.W. of Run^-poor. 
 
 PATII-IIEAD. a town of ScotLand, co. of Fife, pitrish of 
 Dy.sait, forming the E. stiburb of Ivirkcaldy. Pop. of the 
 barony in 1861, 3977. It has a handsome church, endowed 
 and other schfjols. and thriving manufictures of tykes and 
 checks. Gn a lofty precipice near it stands the old castle of 
 Ravenscraig. formerly the seat of the fhmily of St. Clair. 
 
 PATH-UKAD. a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 4i 
 miles S.E. of Dfllkeith. Pop. 84-3. partly colliers. 
 
 PATII-lIi'; AD. a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr. Pop. 325. 
 
 P.\TI.\. pd'te-J. a river of New Granada, rises near Po- 
 payan. flows S.W. and X.W., and falls into the Pacific by 
 several mouths. Total course. 200 miles. 
 
 P.\TlMO,anislandof theGrecian Archipelago. SeePATMos. 
 
 PATIVILCA. pd-tenveel'k J , a maritime village of Peru, 
 department of Lima, at the mouth of the Barranca in the 
 Pacific Ocean, 30 miles N.N.W. of Iluacho. It has some re- 
 •oains of edifices built by the Incas. 
 
 P,\T.IITAX. pdt-ye-tdn' or pdt-je-tdn'. a province on the S. 
 coast of the isl.anil of Jav.a, bounded S. by the Indian 
 Oce.an. about 55 miles long from E. to AV., by 30 miles broad. 
 Patjitan was ceded in 1812 by the sultan to the British. 
 
 P.\T,IITAN'. a village oi .fava, in the alxive province, at 
 the mouth of the river and on the bay of the same name. 
 r^TJlTAN Bay is large and roomy, and open to the S. Be- 
 
 PAT 
 
 hind its E. point is Pollox Bat, which is well sheHerr.1 from 
 the S. wind. 
 
 PAT'MO.S, PATMO, pSt'mo. of SAN GIOVANNI DI PA- 
 TINO, s3n jo-vdn'nee de pd-tee'no, an island off the Vi'. coast 
 of Asia Minor. 20 miles S. of .Samos. Lat. 37° 17' N., Ion. 26° 
 35' E. Pop. 4000. all Greeks, .and mostly seafaring people. It 
 is a bare, irregularly shaped mass of rock, 28 miles in circum- 
 ference, and h,iving on its E. side a deep indentation which 
 forms a secure harbor. The principal town t.akes the name 
 of Patmns, and is sometimes .also called St. .lohn. It stand.-" 
 on the edge of a mountain, confists of about 200 houses, and 
 is reached by a steep and rugged ascent. On a height above 
 the town stands a largo convent, resembling a fortress, 
 being surmounted by several irregular towers. In a grotto 
 belonsring to the convent is the supposed abode where the 
 Apostle John, who had been b.anished by Domitian to the 
 island. A. n. 94, saw the visions which he has recorded in the 
 hook of Revelation, 
 
 PAT'MOS, a post-offlce of Mahoning CO., Ohio. 
 
 PAT'XA. a district of British India, presidency ofBengal, 
 province of liahar,' having N. the Ganges, W. the Sone, 
 separating it from Shahabad, and on the other sides the 
 district of Bahar. Area. 47,125square miles. Pop. 7,615,439. 
 Besides I'atna, the chief towns are Phatuka, Phoolware, and 
 Dinapoor. 
 
 PATN A, fane. PaWioth'ra,) a city of Ilindostan, presidency 
 of Bengal, capital of the province of Bah.ar, and of a district 
 or collectorate,and the seat of one of the seven circuit courts 
 of the presidency, on the riirht bank of the Ganges, about 
 300 miles X.AV. of Calcutta. Lat. 25° 37' X., Ion. 85° 15' E. The 
 city proper, surrounded by decayed Hindoo fortifications, is 
 little more than IJmiles in length, hy about half that extent 
 in breadth ; but, with its large suburbs, Patna stretches 9 
 miles along the Ganges, and presents externally a striking 
 appearance from the river, many large and handsome fliit- 
 roofed houses, with carved balustrades, being interspersid 
 with temples, mosques, Saracenic gateways of red stone, 
 wide ghauts or stairs fi-om the water, and bastions project- 
 ing into the stream ; the whole backed by a heiglit. On its 
 E. side is a large suburb in which are many extensive store- 
 houses, the palace and extensive gardens of Jaffir Khan ; on 
 the AV. is the suburb of P.ankipoor, where are the E.ast India 
 Company's offices, and most of the residences of the European 
 inhabitants. Intern.ally. the city has but one broad .street, 
 the other thoroughfares being adapted only for passengers 
 on horseback, or on elephants. The dwellings of the middle 
 classes have much of a Chinese character, each stage being 
 surrQunded hy a verandah. The adjacent cantonments at 
 Dinapoor are handsome, and well laid out; in addition to ,i 
 nativeforce, a royal regiment is stationed here. Patna is a 
 stronghold of Mohammedani.sm in India; the Mussulmen 
 are more fanatic here than in Bengal. They celebrate their 
 festivals with great magnificence, meeting sometimes around 
 the monument of Shah Arzanl, in the centre of the W. 
 suburb, to the number, it is reported, of 100,000. X large 
 trade is carried on in rice, opium, saltpetre, wheat, indigo, 
 sugar, and provisions generally. Among the m.^nuf^ctures 
 are table-linens, wax candles, lackered wares, talc goods, and 
 I'ird-cages, which Last di.splay much delicate workmanship. 
 .\t H.ajeepoor. on the opposite side of the Ganges, a large 
 fiir is annually hold, to which shawls, pearls, gems, gold 
 ornaments, and all other kinds of Indian produce are brought, 
 and where visiters from the city and elsewhere live in camps, 
 luxuriovisly fitted up during its continuance. The town has 
 a small citadel, a British college, and a Portuguese Roman 
 Catholic church. Pop. of Patna in 18-37, 284.132. 
 
 P.\TX.\, a village and quoad sacra parish of Scotl.and, CO., 
 and n miles S.E. of .\vr. Pop. of the village, 240. 
 
 PAT'XEY, a pari.»h of England, co, of AVilts. 
 
 PATXI.^K. pit'no-3k', a town in the khanat, and 50 miles 
 E.S.E, of Khiv.a. near the left bank of theOxus(Amoo.) It 
 consists of about 100 houses. 
 
 PATO'KA, a creek of Indiana, rises in Orange county., 
 and flowing westward .about 100 miles, enters the AVabash 
 a little below the mouth of AA'hite I'iver, and opposite 
 Mount Carmel. in Illinois. It is navigable for CO miles 
 during a few months of the year. 
 
 P.4T0KA, a township of Dubois CO., Indiana. Pop 2663. 
 
 P.VTOKA, a post-village of Gibson co.. Indiana, on the 
 Evansville and Illinoi.i Railway. 4 miles N. of Princctown. 
 
 PATOKA. a township of Pike co., Indiana. 
 
 PATO.MAC. See Potomac. 
 
 PAT'OX. a small post-villaie of Bollinger co., Missouii. 
 
 PATONES, p.^-to'nJs, a village of Sp.ain, in a mountain 
 defile, province of Soria, 78 miles X^.N.E. of Madrid. In the 
 eighth century this was a place of refujre for the Christians. 
 
 PATOS, LAKE, or LAGO DK LOS PATCS, Id'go d-l loce 
 pVtoce, (i. f. " Duck Lake.") in Brazil, province of Rio Grande 
 do Sul, is an enlargement of the Jacuhy, near its mouth in 
 the Atlantic. Length, about 140 miles; bre.adth, 40 miles 
 It receives several small rivers, and the surplus waters 
 of Lake Mirim. Its shores are generally low. At its N. 
 point is Porto Alegre, and at its S. end the city of Ric 
 Grande do Sul. 
 
 PATRAS. pa-trds', PATRASSO, pj-trds'so, or BALIA- 
 
 1^43 
 
PAT 
 
 PAf 
 
 BARDA, 1- ,i-le-a-biir'cla, fane. Patrw,')a. fortified seaport town 
 01 uieere-. iiid the piiiioipal wat of its foreign trade, in the 
 Slorea, CiipitiU of the povernnient of Acbaia. on the Gulf of 
 Pati-as. lo mites S.AV. of Lepanto. I>at. of the castle, on the 
 site of the ancient Acropolis. 38° 14' 5" N., Ion. 21° 44' E. Pop, 
 18,342. The anciout Patrce stood on the declivity of Jlount 
 V'cidhia. The modern town occupies a portion of the low and 
 unhealthy plain between that hill and the sea. It is regu- 
 larly built, and improving; the house.s are mostly only one 
 story in height, on account of the frequency of earthquakes. 
 One of its churches is traditionally counected with the mar- 
 tyrdom of St. Andrew, and is greatly resorted to by devotees. 
 A ruined Roman aqueduct is one of the few relics of anti- 
 quity in Patras. The principal trade is in currants of tlie 
 best quality, large quantities of which are raised all along 
 the N. shore of the Jlorea. At this town, in 1821, the 
 standard of revolution was first rai.sed in the Morea. 
 
 I'ATREE, pj'tree', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay, district, and 48 miles W.X.W. of Ahmedabad, in 
 lat. 23° 7' N., Ion. 71° 51' E., near the Runn of Cutch, and 
 formerlv of considerable military strength. 
 
 PATKIA, pd-tree'i, (auc. LiieHna Pa'lus.) a lake in the 
 province, and 13 miles N.W. of Naples, about Ij miles in 
 circuit. Near it are the ruins of the ancient LiUrna, and 
 the tomb of Scipio Africanus, who spent here the last seven 
 years of his life. 
 
 PATRICIA. See Cordova. 
 
 PAT'RICK, a county in the S. part of Virgini.% bordering 
 on North Carolina, has an area of 500 square miles. It is 
 drained by Dan, Smith's, North Mayo, and South Mayo 
 Rivers. The surface is mountainous, and remarkable for 
 romantic scenery. Several spurs of the Blu6 Hidge project 
 partly across the county, one of which is called liuU Moun- 
 tain. Much of the soil is productive. Iron ore abounds in 
 the county. Formed out of part of Henry county in 1791, 
 and named in honor of the illustrious orator. Patrick Henry. 
 Capital, Taylorsville. Pop. 9359, of whom 7289 were free, 
 and 2070 slaves. 
 
 PATRICK COURT-nOtJSE. or TAYLORSVILLE. a post- 
 village, capital of Patrick county, Virginia, on the Mayo 
 River, 220 miles S.W. of Richmond, and 8 miles from the 
 Tennessee line. It contains a few stores and about 50 
 dwelliiigs. 
 
 PAT'RICK'S-BOURNE, a parLsh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 PAT'UICKTOWN, a post-town.ship of Lincoln co., Maine, 
 13 miles E. of Augusta. Pop. 552. 
 
 PAT'RICROFT.'a vilLige of Engl.ind, co. of Uncaster, 5 
 miles W. of Manchester. There is here an extensive mauu- 
 tictory of steam engines; also a silk mill, which employs 
 about 1000 hands, a quilt manufictory, and a spinning and 
 Weaving foctory. 
 
 PAT'RINGTON, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of York, in East Riding, on a creek of the II umber, 14 miles 
 E.S.E. of Hull. Pop. in 1851, 1S27. 
 
 PATRIOT, a post-ofRce of Perry co., Tennessee. 
 
 PATRIOT, a small post-village of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 PATRIOT, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana, 48 
 miles below Cincinnati, contains several churches. 
 
 PAT'HISIIOW, a pari.sh of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 P.\TROCIXIO, pi-tro-see'ne-o, a town of Br.^il, province 
 of Miaas Geraes, 80 miles N. of Araxas. Pop. 1500. 
 
 PATROCINIO (or BY'ER'S) ISLAND, in the North Pacific 
 Ocean. Lat 2S°9' N.. Ion. 175° 48' E.. .about 4 miles in circuit. 
 
 PATSAI/IGA, also called PARCIIEI/AGA, a creek of 
 Georgia, flows into the Flint River from the right, about 12 
 miles N. of Lanier. 
 
 PATSALIGA, a small river of Alabama, rises towards 
 the S.E. part of the state, and enters the Conecuh near 
 Montezuma. 
 
 PATSCHKAU, patchniCw, a town of Pru.ssian Silesia, 44 
 miles W.S.W. of Oppeln, on the Nei.<ise. Pop. 3500. It is 
 enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of woollens. 
 
 PATSUN, a town of Central America. See Patzum. 
 
 PACTA, pif tl, or PATA, a seaport town of East Africa, 
 in the Muscat dominions, on the Zanguebar coast, and on an 
 island at the mouth of the Patta, lat. 2° 9' S., Ion. 40° 50' E. 
 It was formerly of much greater import.ance, and held by 
 the Portuguese during most part of the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centurie.s. At present it is a mere village. 
 
 PATTADA, pit-td'dit, a village on the island of Sardinia, 21 
 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3362. 
 
 PATTALENE or PATALENE. See SiXDB. 
 
 PATTAAVATOMIES. See Potawatomies. 
 
 rATTEN, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, about 
 So miles N.N.E. of Bnngor. Pop. 639. 
 jg^^'^^'E^'BURG, a post-office of Hunterdon co.. New 
 
 PATTEN SEN, plt'tfn-sSn\ a town of Germany, 7 mile8 
 S. of Hanover. Pop. 1653. 
 
 V w '''r^?.''^.^' * ^"'^*' of Germany, In Hanover, 12 miles 
 «.n.ot Llineburg. 
 
 CarolhiT^^^ HOME, a post-office of Rutherford co.. North 
 ^ P^AXTEN'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., New 
 1414 
 
 PATTERDALE,a chapelry of England, co. Westmoreland, 
 PAT'TERSON, a post-village and township of Putnam co. 
 New York, on the Harlem Railroad, and on Croton River, 
 03 miles N.N.E. of New York. Pop. 1501. 
 PATTERSON, New Jersey. See Patersos. 
 PATTERSON, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 202. 
 
 PATTERSON, a thriving post-village of Juniata co, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River, and on the Central 
 Railroad, 49 miles N.W. of llarrisburg. it was commenced 
 in 1850. It contains a dep6t and machine shops of the rail- 
 road company. Pop. 544. 
 
 PATTKR.SON, a thriving post-village of Schuylkill co,, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill River, 08 miles N.E. of 
 Harrisburg. It is supported chiefly by the operations in 
 coal. Pop. alx>ut 500. 
 PATTERSON, a town.ship in Darke CO.. Ohio. Pop. 743. 
 PATTERSON, a post-village of Delaware co.. Ohio, on the 
 Scioto River, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 PATTERSON, a post-village of Hardin co.. Ohio, on the 
 Mad River and Erie Railroad. 68 miles S.W. of Sandusky. 
 
 PATTEItSON, a village of St. Genevieve co., Missouri, 60 
 miles S. of St. Louis. 
 
 PATTERSON, a post-office of W;i3-ne co.. Mi.ssouri. 
 PATTERSON'S BLUFF, a post-oflice of Arkansas. 
 PATTERSON'S CREEK, in the N.E. of W. Virginiiv rises 
 in Hardy co., flows north-eastward through Hampshire co., 
 and enters the North Branch of the Potomac, about 8 miles 
 S.E. of Cumberland, in Marjliiud. It furnishes extensive 
 water-power. 
 
 PATTERSON'S DEPOT, a post-office of Hampshire co., 
 tt . Airgiiiia. 
 
 PACTERSOX'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 PACTERSON'S STORE, a post-office of Alamance co, 
 Norih Carolina. 
 
 PATTERSON VILLE, a post-village of St. Mary's parish, 
 Louisiana, on the river Teche, 15 miles below Franklin, has 
 a steamboat landing and several stores. Pop. aliout 600. 
 
 P.^TTESHULL, patsOiiill, a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 PATTI, plt'tee. a maritime city of Sicily, intendancy of 
 Messina, on a height near the Gulf of Patti, on the N. coast 
 of the island, capital of a district, 17 miles S.W. of .Milazzo. 
 Pop. oOOO. It is enclosed by dilapidated walls, and has a 
 Norman castle, now the residence of its bishop, a cathedral, 
 a manufactory of earthenware, and profitable fishery. 
 
 PATTI, ^piftee,) Gulf of, a semicircular bay of Sioilv, 
 20 wiiles across, l^tween the promontory of Milazzo and Cape 
 Calava. On a he;idlaud on its S. side are considerable re- 
 mains of the ancient Tyti'darit. 
 
 P.\TTIALAH, pdt-te-iL'll, a large town of North-west Hin- 
 dostan, capital of a Sikh rajahship, 125 miles N.N.W. of 
 Delhi, enclosed by a mud wall, and having a citadel jrith the 
 residence of its rajah. 
 
 PATTINGIIAM, a parish of England, cos. of Salop and 
 Stafford. 
 PATTISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Xorth,<impton. 
 PAT'TISWIClv. a ijarish of England, co. of Essex. 
 PAT'TON, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 959. 
 PATTON, a to\vtiship of Centre co.. Pemisvlvania, P. 664. 
 PAT'TONSBUKG, a thriving post-village of Botetourt co., 
 Virginia, on the James River, 181 miles W. of Richmond, is 
 connected by a handsome bridge with the village of Bu- 
 chanan. 
 
 PATTON SBURG. a post-office of Daviess co., Missouri. 
 PATTONSVILLE. a post-oftice of Scott co., Virginia. 
 PATTONSVILLE, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio, 
 PATTONSVILLE, a post-offlee. Bedford co.. Pennsylvania. 
 PATUN or JULRA PATUN, jul'r^ pattln'. a modern 
 town of Hindostan, province of Ajmeer, 53 miles S.E. of 
 Kotah. Lat. 24° 32' N., Ion. 76° 16' E. 
 
 I'ATUN, a vUlage of India, in Nepaul, 3 miles S. of Khat- 
 mandoo. 
 
 PATUN, a village of India, in P^jpootana, dominion, and 
 11 miles N.N.E. of Kfftah. on the N. bank of the Chumbul. 
 Lat. 25° 20' N., Ion. 75° 57' E. 
 
 PATURAGES, pa^tii'iizh', a market-town of Belgium, 
 province of Hainaut, 4 miles S.W. of .Mons. Pop. 0108. It 
 has steam-engine factories, and coal-mines in its vicinity. 
 
 P.VfUX'ENT, a river of Maryland, ri.ses about 18 niiles 
 E. of Fredericktown. I'ursuing a .S.S.E. course, it forms 
 thebound.ary between Montgomery, Prince George's, and St. 
 Mary's counties on the right, and Anne Arundel and Cal- 
 vert counties on the left, and flows through an estaary 
 2 or 3 miles wide into Chesapeake Bay. The valley of this 
 river is about 90 miles long, and remarkably naiTOw. Small 
 vessels ascend 40 or 50 miles from its mouth. 
 
 PATl'XENT, a post-office of Anne .\rundel cc, Maryland. 
 PATUXENT CITY, a post-office of Charits «.., Maryland. 
 PATZAU, pit/8<5w, or PACZOW, pitcb'ov, a town of Bo^ 
 hernia. 16 miles E.N.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2021. 
 
 PATZIZIA, pit-see'se-d, a town <if Central America, state 
 of Guatemala, having 8000 inhabitants. 
 
PAT 
 
 PAW 
 
 PATZIIir, p3t-sootn', or PATSUN, p3t-soon', a town of 
 Central America, state, and 40 miles W.X.W. of Guatemala. 
 Pop. 5400. 
 
 PAU, p3, (anc. Patumf) a town of France, capital of the 
 department of 15asses-Pyrenees, 56 miles E.S.K. of Bayonne, 
 on the light bank of the Gave de Pau, over which is a bridge 
 of 7 arches, remarkable for its great elevation. Pop. in 1852, 
 16,196. It has an Acadiinie Wnivrraitaire for the departments 
 of Basses- Pyrenees, L,andes, and Ilautes-Py renees ; a tribunal 
 of commerce, and a national college, with a library of 14,0i)0 
 volumes. It has manufiictures of linens, and trade in hams 
 and Juran^ jn wine. Pau w.as the capital of the old province 
 of B6arn. Henry IV. was born in its ancient royal castle. 
 It is .also the birthplace of Gaston de Foix, and of Qeneriil 
 Bernadotte, afterwards King of Sweden. Pau is pictu- 
 resquely and beautifully situated, and has excellent pro- 
 menades. It is a favorite place of residence for English 
 families. 
 
 PAUOATITAMBO, called also YAMBIRI, y&m-\x-reef, a 
 river of Peru, after a N.N.W. course of nearly 300 miles, 
 joins the right bank of the Apurimac. Its chief affluent is 
 the Vilrabamba. 
 
 PAUCAKTAMRO, p5w-kaR-t3m1io, a town of Peru, capital 
 of a province of its own name, in the department of Cuzco, 
 Is situated in a valley enclosed by the Andes, on the river 
 Paucartiimbo, 60 miles E.N.E. of Cuzco. Pop. of the pro- 
 vince in 1S50, 17,026. 
 
 PAU. GAVE DE. See Gave be Pau. 
 
 PAUOIITOOR. pawgHoor'. a town of India, in Nizam's 
 dominions. 97 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. 
 
 P.\UGUUR, paw^gQr', a town of India, dominions, and 
 132 miles N.E. of Mysore. 
 
 PAUlLTyAC, poVel\yik', a town of France, department of 
 Gironde. 26 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1S52, 390O. 
 It has a good port, and a trade in wine. 
 
 PAUK-PUTTUN, Punj.ab. See Pak-Pattan. 
 
 PAUIi, pawl, or PAG'1I.4.LL, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. East Kiding. 
 
 PAUL DE I.OANDA, ST. See Loanda. 
 
 PAUO'DING, a county in the AV.N.W. part of Georgia, 
 bordi'ring on Al.abama, contains about 400 square miles. 
 The Tallapoosa River rises In the county, which is also 
 drained by the sources of the Euharlee, Cedar, Pumpkin- 
 vine, and Sweetwater Creeks. The surface is traversed from 
 E. to W. by a range of highlands, called the Dug Down 
 Mountains. The valleys of the creeks are mostly fertile, and 
 are sepaiated by sterile and pine-clad ridges. Limestone is 
 abundant in the N.W., and freestone in the S.E. part of the 
 county : it .also contains iron and other v.aluable minerals. 
 Organized in 1832, and named in honor of John Paulding, 
 one of the captors of Major Andre. Capital, Dallas. Pop. 
 10:',K : of whom 64^6 were free, and 572 slaves. 
 
 P.A.ULDING, a county In the W.N.W. part of Ohio, border- 
 ing on Indiana, contains414 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Manmee and Auglaize Rivers, and also drained by 
 the branches of Little Auglaize, and by Blue and Crooked 
 Creeks. The surCice is level, and mostly covered witli dense 
 forests. The county forms part of tlie tract known as the 
 Black Swamp, which is more than 100 miles in length. The 
 soil is a black veget.able mould, remark»bly fertile. It is 
 Intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal, and by the 
 Toledo and Wabash Railroad. Organized in 1820. Capital, 
 Charloe or Paulding. Pop. 4945. 
 
 P.\ULl>ING. a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Missis- 
 lippi, about 100 miles E. by S. of Jaclison. 
 
 PAULDING, a post-village, capital of Paulding to., Ohio, 
 about 68 miles S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 PAU'LERSPURY, a parish of England, co. Northampton. 
 
 PAULGIIAUTCIIERRY.pawl-g.awt-chJr'ree, a town of Bri- 
 tish Indi.a. presidency of Madras, district of Malabar, 35 
 miles W.N.W. of Trichoor. 
 
 PAUrXJIIAUTCHERRY PASS, British India, Is a re- 
 markable opening in the West Ghauts, 20 miles in width, 
 and forming a communication between the Central and 
 W. districts of Madras. 
 
 PAULHAGUKT, pOl'd^gV, a town of France, department 
 of Ilaute-Loire, 9 miles S.E. of Brioude. Pop. 1309. 
 
 PAULI LATINO, pdw'lee Ij-tee/no, or PAULELATTE, 
 pOw-lA-lSftA, a village of Sardinia, province of Busachi. 
 Pop. 2633. 
 
 PAULINA, paw-lee'na, a village of Delaware co., New 
 York, on or near the Erie Railroad, about 160 miles N.W. 
 of New York. 
 
 P.\ULINA, a post-ofBce of Warren co.. New .Tersey. 
 
 PAU'LINSKILU a smiill river in the N.W. part of New 
 Tersey. rises in Sus.sex co., crosses Warren county In a S.W. 
 lirection. and falls into the Delaware at Columbia. It is a 
 valuable mill-stream. 
 
 PAULI PIRRI, p5w1ee pir'ree, a village of Sardinia, divi- 
 Bon of Cairliai-i. N. side of a marsh of the siime name. P. 2250. 
 
 PAULITZA, p5w-lifsi, (anc. P/ijV/ato. afterwards P/iiai(a,) 
 a village of Greece, in the Morea. district of Messenia, on a 
 stream of the same n.ame, N.E. of Kyparlssla. 
 
 PAULLO. piiwl'lo, a town of .\ustrian Italy, province, and 
 12 miles N. by W. of lodL Pop. 1574. 
 
 PAULS^BORO. a postoffice of Gloucester co.. New Jersey. 
 
 PAUI/T()N, a parish of Kngland, co. of .Somerset. 
 
 PAU.MBUN, (pawm'ban',) Pass or Channel of, a strait 
 IJ- miles across, separating the island of Ramisseram fi-on. 
 the mainland of India, 140 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin 
 It is passable by cutters, and it is said that comparatively 
 little expen.se would render it so for ships of large burden. 
 
 PAUNGULL, pawn\gtlll', a town and hill fort of India, in 
 the Deccan. Nizam dominions, 80 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. 
 
 PAUNT'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 PAU^PAC, a post-offlce of Pike co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PAUSA, pCw'sd. a town of Saxony, 24 miles' W".S.W. of 
 Zwickau. Pop. 2425. 
 
 PAUS.4., pCivi'i'i, a town, Peru, department of Arequipa, 
 capital of a province of Parinaeochas 
 
 PAUTI'!, pOw'ti, a river of South America, rises In the 
 S.AV. of Ecuador, flows S.E.. and joins the Amazon, on the 
 left after a coi^irse of about 170 miles. 
 
 PAUWAI'CUN, P.\UWAY'GUN, or PEWAUGO/NEE, a 
 lake of Wisconsin, In the W. part of Winnebago co., is an 
 expansion of Wolf River. Entire length, about 10 miles; 
 greatest breadth, 4 miles. 
 
 PAV/ENII.VM, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 PA VIA, pd-vee'i,* (anc. Ticilnum. afterwards Papia.) a 
 city of Nortliern Italy, capital of tlie province of Pavia, 
 is situated 19 miles S. of Milan, on the left b.ank of the 
 Ticino. Lat. 45° 11' N., Ion. 9° 10' E. Pop. with suburbs, 
 30,480. It is surrounded with walls, and has numerous pub- 
 lic edifices, the chief of which are Its old castle, the ancient 
 residence of the Lombard kings, the celebrated university 
 founded by Charlemagne at the end of the eighth century, 
 and recently restored, and in which Spallanzani and Volta 
 were professors; it had in 1S42, 57 profes.sors and 1484 stu- 
 dents: a library of 50,000 volumes, and a bot;inic garden. 
 Pavia has a roj'al gyuin.asium, a theatre, numerous charit- 
 able institution-s a chamber of commerce, and a trade iu 
 silk, rice, wine, and Parmesan cheese. From its numerous 
 public edifices, It was called " the City of a Hundred 
 Towers." but its magnificence and fiime belong to another 
 age, and it has long been in a state of paralysis and decay. 
 In 1525, Francis I.. King of France, was conquered .and 
 made prisoner by the Imperialists near I'avia. It was t.akeu 
 by the Spaniards in 1746. and by the French in 1790. Pavia 
 has given birth to many distinguished men, among whom 
 are Pope John XIV., and Lanfranc, a celebrated thtwlogian, 
 
 afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. Atlj. and iuhab. 
 
 Pavian, p4-vee'an. 
 
 PAVII/ION, a post-village and township of Genesee co.. 
 New York, about 53 miles S.E. of BufTaio. Pop. 1723. 
 
 PAVILION, a post-township in the S. part of Kalamazoo 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 964. 
 
 P.AVILION. a post-village of Kendall co., Illinois, about 
 50 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 PAVILION CENTRE, a post-village in Pavilion township, 
 Genesee co.. New York. 
 
 PAVILi^ONIS. a village of Sardinia. See Pahilioms. 
 
 PAVILLY, pd'vee'yee' or pJVeePyee', a market-town of 
 France, department of Seine InfiSrieure. on a raihvay, 10 
 miles N.W. of Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 3162. It has manu- 
 factures of linens and paper. 
 
 PAVLOG RAD, pdv-lo-gr.id', a town of RussLa, government, 
 and 36 miles E.N. K. of Yekaterinoslav, on an atBuent of the 
 Dnieper. Pop. 4000. 
 
 PAVLOVK.\, pdv-lov'ki a market-town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Koorsk. 8 miles W.S.W. of Oboyan. Pop. 1680. 
 
 PAVLOVi), piv-lo'vo, a town of Russia, government of 
 Nizhnee-Novgorod, 10 miles S. of Gorbatov, on the Oka. Pop. 
 8000. It has factories of cutlery and iron goods. 
 
 PAVLOVSK, piv-lovsk'. a town of Russia, government, 
 and 20 miles S.S.E. of St. Petersburg, on an affluent of the 
 Neva. Pop. 2540. It has a magnificent imperial palace, 
 with extensive grounds, a citadel, barracks, large alms- 
 houses, and military and civil hospitals. 
 
 PAVLOVSK, a town of Russia, government, and 90 miles 
 S.S.E. of A'oronezh, capital of a district, on the Don. Pop. 
 2000. It is defended by a citadel, and has an active trade. 
 
 PAVIX)VSKAIA or PAVLOWSK.UA. pSv-lov-ski'a, a 
 market- town of Russia, government of Kherson, 35 miles 
 E.N.E of Olviopol. Pop. 1800. 
 
 PAVL0VSK.\I.4, a market-town of Russia, government, 
 and 17 miles S.S.W. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 1600. 
 
 PAVLOVSKAIA or PAVLOVSK.UA KR.EPO.ST, pdv-lov- 
 sUi'J kri-post', a fort of Russia, government of Caucasia, on 
 an affluent of the Terek, 18 miles S.E. of Georgievsk. 
 
 PAVONE, pd-vo'n.i, a vill.age of Northern Italy, province 
 of Brescia, 4 miles S. of Leno. on the Mella. Pop. 1471. 
 
 PAVONE. a town of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Turin, province, and S. of Ivrea. Pop. 2440. 
 
 P.'i.WXDATUCK', a river of Washington co., Rhode Island, 
 formed by the junction of Wood and Charles Rivers. It 
 falls into Long Island Sound, after constituting part of the 
 
 * And now appear, as on a phosphor sea, 
 Numberless barks from Lilian, from PAviA." 
 
 KoGEBs'/toto.Part First. VII. 
 1445 
 
PAW 
 
 bounilary Ix.tween Rhode Island and Connecticut, and is 
 oavigjible a jout i miles from its mouth. 
 
 PAWOATUCK, a thrivinir village, situated on the above 
 ri'er. IJ. miles E. by X. of New London. Ship-building and 
 manufiirtures ar? carried on here to a considerable extent. 
 
 rAWi5EA, pi-jree'ji. a town of Guinea, on the route from 
 the coait to Dahumej'. It is a collection of low square hut.<«, 
 enclosed by a thick wall, and has been estimated to contain 
 16,000 inhabitant.^. 
 
 PAW'LEX. a post-villajre and township in Rutland co., 
 Vermont, on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 77 
 miles S.W.by S. of Montpelier. It contains 5 churches, an 
 academy. 6 stores, and manufactories and mills. Pop. 1639. 
 
 PAWLET RIVER, a fine mill-stream, rises in Bennington 
 CO., in the S.W. part of Vermont, and running through 
 Rutland county, unites with Wood Creek, in New York. 
 
 PAW'LEXT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PAW'LIXGS. a post-village and township of Dutche.ss co., 
 New York, on the ll.irlem Railroad, 67 miles N.N.E. of New 
 York. The village contains a bank and several stores. Pop. 
 of the township, 1743. 
 
 PAW'P.VW, a small river of Mi -higan, rises in VanBuren 
 CO., aud flowing nearly S.W., enters the St. Joseph's, 1 
 mile from its mouth. It is na,vigated by small boats for 75 
 mile.s. 
 
 PAWPAW, a post-office of Morgan CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 PAWPAW, a flourishing post-village, capital of Van Bu- 
 ren co.. Michig.in. is .situated .it the junction of the Ea.st and 
 West Br-anehes of Pawpaw River, on th» Michigan and Cen- 
 tral Hailroad. 70 miles W.S.W. of l.ansing. The surrounding 
 region possesses great resources for farming and the luml>er 
 business, and is settling rapidly. Pawpaw has abundant 
 hydraulic power, and contains 2 flouring mills. 2 iron found- 
 ries, 1 woollen factory, and 2 tanneries, also 5 churches, and 
 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 1094. 
 
 PAWP.^AV, a post-ofRce of Miami co., Indiana. 
 
 PAWPAW, a village and township in De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1017. 
 
 PAWPAW GROVE, a post^iffice of Lee co., Illinois, about 
 75 miles W. by S. of Chicago. 
 
 PAWTUCK'ET. a river of New England, forming part of 
 the boundary between Massachu.setts and Khode Island, 
 falls into Narragansett Bay. At Pawtucket it ha.s a fall of 
 S") feet. See P.\wtucket. .\bove the falls it is called Black- 
 stone River: below, it takes the name of Seekonk. 
 
 PAWTUCKET. a township of Bristol CO., Massachusetts, 
 on the E. side of Pawtucket River, oppo.site Pawtucket, 
 Rhode Island, and about 40 miles S.W. by S. of Boston. 
 Pop. 4200. (S°« next article.) 
 
 PAWTUCKET, a flourishing post-town, situated 4 miles 
 N.N.E. of Providence, partly in North Providence township. 
 Providence co., Rhode Island, and partly in Biistol co., 
 Massachusetts, and on both sides of the Pawtucket River, 
 which here falls some 50 feet in a short distance, affording 
 an extensive hydraulic power. The first cloth manufactory 
 operated by watei^power ever established in this country 
 ■was commenced at Pawtucket in 1790, and for more than 40 
 yeai-s it held the fir.st rank among the manufacturing towns 
 of New England. In 1823, the village and vicinity con- 
 tained, besides numerous other manufactories, 10 cotton- 
 millg, 2 casting furnaces, 2 screw factories. 2 anchor estab- 
 lishments, and 6 machine shops. The manufactures at the 
 present time are very extensive, consisting principally of 
 cotton goods, thread, and machinery, though cabinet-ware, 
 and cari-i.ages are produi-ed to some extent. The prints of 
 the Bunnell Manufacturing Company are noted for their 
 excellence, and here is a fire-engine estalilishment. produc- 
 ing some of the best machines in the country. Pawtucket 
 also has an important commerce. During the year 1852, 
 141 vessels arrived at its whtirves. laden with coal, lumlier, 
 ic. to the amount of 12.798 tons. The village cont-iins 9 
 or 10 churches. 3 banks, 2 saving institutions, a flourishing 
 female Iwarding-school. and two newspaper offlcos. Among 
 the public buildings the Masonic Temple and Manchester 
 Hall m.iy be mentioned as good specimens of architectural 
 K>auty. G.18 was introduced in 1S53. I'awtucket has cnm- 
 munication with Worcester by the Providence and Wor- 
 cester Railroad, and with Boston by the Boston and Provi- 
 dence Railroad. Pop. estimated at 10,000. 
 
 PAWTUX'ET RIVER, rises in the N. part of Rhode 
 Island, and after forming part of the boundary between 
 Kent and Providence counties, unites its waters with Nar- 
 rag;inset Bay, about 5 miles S. of Providence. It is a fine 
 mill-stream. 
 
 PAWTU.XM, a thriving post-village of Kent co.. Rhode 
 Islsnd. situated partly in Warwick .and paHlv in Cranston 
 townships, on both sides of Pawtuxet River, near its mouth, 
 B miles S. of Providence. It has a fine harbor, and is the 
 seat of extensive cotton and woollen manufactories. Pop. 
 hi 1S60, aliout 1800. ^ 
 
 PAWTU.XET, a post-office of Wakulla co., Florida. 
 
 PAX Ai:<JU!>TA. See Badajos. 
 
 PAX JULIA. SeeBEJ.K. 
 
 PAX'O. lanc. /»,ij-/»w.) the smallent of the seven principal 
 louian I»Unds, 10 miles S. of Corfu, and S.W. of the coast of 
 144<J 
 
 PEA 
 
 Acarnania, 5 miles long, from N to S., and 2 miles broad, 
 I'op. 5287. Surface rocky. Principal product, oil of the finest 
 quality. It has its own courts of law, civil and military es- 
 tablisliments, and. in conjunction with Ithaca and Cerigo, 
 sends 4 members to the legislative assembly. In 1852 there 
 were 571 pupils .attending school, of whom' only 25 were fe- 
 males. OntheE. side of the island is the capital village, Gavo. 
 
 PAXO, ANTI, au islet, li miles S.E. of the above. 
 
 PAX'ON'S, post-office Northumberland CO.. Peun.sylvania 
 
 PAXTUN. a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, 50 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 725, lai-gelj 
 engaged in the manufactui-e of boots and shoes. 
 
 PA.XTON, a small village of Columbia co.. Penn.«ylvaniai 
 
 PAXTON, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1695. 
 
 PAX'TON, GnEAT, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 PAXTON, Little, a parish of England, co. of Uuntiugdon. 
 
 PAXUS. SeeP.«o. 
 
 PAX'VILLE,a village of Sumter district. South Carolins. 
 
 PAY DOWN, a post-office of Osage co.. Missouri. 
 
 PAYENDWEN, a valley of Burmah. See HuKOSG. 
 
 PAYERXE, pdVaiRu/, {Ger. I'eterlingm, pA'tfr-Iing'gn.) a 
 town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud. 25 miles N.N.E. of 
 Lusanne, on the Broye. Pop. 2723. It is very ancient, aud 
 has ruins of an abbey founded by Queen Bertha, A. i>. 091. 
 
 PAYNE'S (pAnz) DEPOT, post-office, Scott co.. Kentucky 
 
 PAYNE'S POINT, a village of Ogle co., Illinois, 95 miles 
 W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 PAYNESVILLE, pinz^vill, a post-village of Sumter co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 PAYNESVILLE, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, 92 
 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 PAYX-GA.NGA, pin-gdng/gi, or WAIN-GUNGA, win- 
 gtin'gj, a river of Iliudostan, province of Gundwauah. joins 
 the Wurda, after a course of above 200 miles. 
 
 PAYNS, a village of France, on the railway from Troves 
 to >Iontereau. 7i miles from Troyes. 
 
 P.\YS BAS, ('• Low Countrie.s.") See Netherl.\xds. 
 
 PAYS 1)ES GALLES. See Wales. 
 
 PAYS DES MANDCHOL'X, (or .MANTCHOUS.) See 
 
 M.OJTCHOORIA. 
 
 PAY.S DE VAUD. See Vaud. 
 
 PAY'SON. a post-village and township of Adams co., Illi- 
 nois. 92 miles W. of Springfield. Pop. 1905. 
 
 PAYSON, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Territory. 
 
 PAYTA, pi'ta, a seaport town of Peru, department of 
 Trujillo. between Sechura Bay and Cape Blanco. Lat. 5° 5' 
 30" S., Ion. 81° 8' 30" W. It is built on the .slope and at the 
 foot of a hill, on the S.E. side of the bar, and is the entrepot 
 of the province of Piura. The port is the best on this coast, 
 and is frequented by vessels of all nations, who call here for 
 cargoes of cotton, tork. hid^. and drus.s. Pop. 5000. 
 
 PEABODY B.A^Y, a large body of water intervening be- 
 tween the N. shore of Gn-enland and the newly-discovered 
 land called Washington. At its western curve(lat. 80° 12* W.) 
 it gives exit to a large channel which expands to the north- 
 ward into an open (wlar sea, abonndins in animal life, and 
 presenting a surface of 3000 S(|uare miles, entirely free from 
 ice. with a northern horizon equally free. A north wind of 
 62 hours' duration failed to bring any drift ice into it. 
 
 PEACE'UALE, a post-vill.t-je of Washington co., Rhode 
 Island. :J0 miles S. by W. of I'rovidence. 
 
 PEACE RIVER, a large river of British North America, 
 rises by two heads near 55° N. Int., and 120° to 123° W. 
 Ion., flows at first N.. and after receiving Finlay's Bi-anch! 
 breaks through the Rocky Mountains. It h.is "thencefbrth 
 a generally X.E. course to near Lake Ath.il.>asca. where it 
 again turns N.. and under the name of Sl.tve River enters 
 the Great Slave Lake near lat. 61° N.. Ion. 113° 30' W. Total 
 course, estimated at 1100 miles. It receives the surplus 
 waters of Lake ,\thabasca, and gives name to a wide terri- 
 tory between lat. 55° 40' and 60° N., and Ion. 11-2° and 115° W. 
 
 PE.\CtI'AM. a post-village and township of Caledonia CO., 
 Vermont. 20 miles E. by N. of Montpelier. Pop 1247. 
 
 PEACH BOTTO.M. a post-township of York CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Susquehanna Itiver. Pop. 2250. 
 
 PEACH BOTTOM, a post-office of Grayson CO., Virginia. 
 
 PEACIl CREEK, of Texas, flows into Montgomery county, 
 and enters the San Jacinto Itiver in Harris county. 
 
 PEACH CREEK, Te.xas. is ,an affluent of the river St. Ber 
 nard. districts of Colorado and Mat.agorda. 
 
 PEACH CREEK, of Gonzales county, Texas, flows S.W 
 into Guadalupe River. 
 
 PEACH CREEK, a post-office of Panola co., Missisippi. 
 
 PEACHER'S MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co^ 
 Kentucky. 
 
 PEACH GROVE, a post-office of Fairfax co.. Virgin «. 
 
 PEACH ISLAND, Canada West, is in the S.W. part ol 
 Lake St. Clair. 
 
 PEACn OifCHARD, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Ken 
 tuckjr. 
 
 PEACHTREE.a pogtMiffice. Cherokee co.. North Carolina. 
 
 PEACHTREE, a small village of Horry district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PEACHTREE CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Tar 
 River, near the S.E. border of Nash county. 
 
 J 
 
PEA 
 
 PEACHTREE CREEK, of Georgia, inters the Chattahoo- 
 chee in De Kalb county, a few miles N.W. of Atlanta. 
 
 PEACIITUEE GROVE, a postofflce of Nash co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 TKACflTREK TILLAGE, a po.s^offlce of Tj-ler co., Texas. 
 P£ACiK, pi^dzh', a market-town of France, depai'tmeut of 
 Iftive, 10 miles S.S.W. of Vienue. Pop. la 1852, 1615. 
 
 PEAK, peek, or HIGH PE.\K, a wild and mountainous 
 district of England, in the N.W. angle of the co. of Derby. 
 It abounds in lead, and in extraordinary caverns in the 
 limestone rockn. See Castletox. 
 
 PE.\K FOREST, an extra-parochial liberty in the above 
 district, abounding in limestone quarries. 
 
 PE.VKIRK, pet^kirk, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton, 3J miles S.E. of JIarket Deeping, with a station 
 on the Great Northern and Eastern Lincolnshire Railway. 
 
 PEAKS-OF-E.VGLETAIL, in the E. part of Utah Terri- 
 tory, near the source of Eagletail River, are in about lat. 
 38° 4U' X., Ion. 106° 50' W. 
 
 PE.\KS-OF-0T/TEK, Virginia, are mountain summits, be- 
 tween IJedford and Botetourt counties, oO miles \V. by N. 
 of Lynchburg. They rise about 4200 feet above the level of 
 the sea. 
 
 PE.\KS'VILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 ?EALf;R'S, a post-office of Columbia co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 PEA/PACK or PE'PACK, a post-village of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, about 11 mUes N.N.W. of Somorville. Pop. 100. 
 
 PE.\.RD, pi-aud', (?) an Island in the South Pacific, near 
 the centre of the Gambler group. Lat. 23° 7' 5S" S., Ion. 
 134° 55' 21" W. It is about miles In length. 
 
 PEA RIDGE, a post-village of Union distiict, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PEA RIDGE, a post-office of Benton co., Arkansiis. 
 
 PEA RIDGE, a small village of JIcNairy co., Tennessee. 
 
 PEA RIDGE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Tennes- 
 see, 53 miles N.W. of Nashville. 
 
 PEA'RISBURG, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia. 
 
 PEA RIVER, a small river of Alabama, rises near the 
 S. line of Macon county, and enters the Choctawhatchee at 
 the boundary between Alabama and Florida. 
 
 PEA RIVER, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 PK.A.RL CREEK, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York. 
 
 PEARyiNGTON, a post-village of Hancock co., IMissis- 
 sippi. on Pearl River, about 200 miles S. by E. of Jackson. 
 
 PEARL ISLAND, Newfoundland, is in the Bay of Islands, 
 on its W. coast. 
 
 PEARL ISLANDS, South America, in New Granada, in 
 the Bay of Panama, 60 miles S.E. of Panama, consist of the 
 Islands del Rey, San Jos6, and Pedro Gonzales, with many 
 Islets, and owe their name to a pearl-fishery carried on there. 
 
 PEARL LAGOON, Mosquito Territory, 30 miles N. of 
 Bluefields, is au inlet of the Caribbean Sea, 25 miles in 
 length, by 12 miles in width. Off its entrance are the Pearl 
 Keys. 
 
 PEARL RIVER, of Mississippi, rises in Winston county, 
 in the N.E. central part of the state, and flows S.W. to the 
 city of Jackson. It then flows S.S.E. till it strikes the 
 boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana. From this 
 point it pursues a S. course, and flows through I^ake Borgne 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. Its whole length exceeds 250 miles. 
 The navigation is impeded by sandbars and driftwood, but 
 small boats sometimes ascend as high as Jackson. 
 
 PEARL RIVER, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi. 
 
 PEARL RIVER, China. See Cantox River. 
 
 PEARL RIVER ISLAND, a post-office of St. Tammany 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 PE.\RL A'ALLEY, a post-office of Neshoba co., 5Iisslssippi. 
 
 PEASE, peez, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 3b37. 
 
 PEASEOIORE. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 PEAS/EN HALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 PEAS/MARSII, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PEAT'L.\W, a mountaiu of Scotland, co. of Selkirk. 
 
 PEAT'LING, MAGNA, a parish of England, co. of Lei- 
 
 PE.iTLING,PARVA. a parish of England, CO. of Leicester. 
 
 PEAT'STONE SHOALS, a small village of Newton co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 PEB'MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PEB'WORTH. a parish of Engl.-ind, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 PECWX' (or PEC'CANO BAYOU, of Texas, a small .stream 
 which enters the Color.ado from the N.W. in Travis county. 
 
 PECAN' CREEK, Texas, is formed by Chiimbers and 
 Waxahachi Creeks, which unite In Navarro county. It 
 flows S.E., and enters Trinity River in Freestone county. 
 
 PEC-A.N GROVE, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana. 
 
 PECAN POINT, a post-office of Mississippi co., Arkansas. 
 
 PECATONICA. See Pekatomca. 
 
 PECAZO, p.'l-kS'tho, a town of Spain, in New Castile, pro- 
 vince, and about 36 miles from Cuenea. Pop. 1456. 
 
 PECCAN', a township of Mississippi co.. Arkansa.s. 
 
 PECCIOLI, pjif cho-le, a market-town of Central Italy, in 
 Tuscany, province, and 20 milees S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 2553. 
 
 PECETTO or PECETTO-TORINESE, pA-chctfto-to-i-e-nil'.<!i, 
 a village of North Italy, in Piedmont, division, and 4 miles 
 S.E of Turin. Pop. 2114. 
 
 PED 
 
 PECETTO, pi-chJt'to, a village of the Sardinian State-*, 
 division of Alessandj ia, 3 miles from Valenza. Pou. ISUO. 
 
 PECHCHANOE or PECHTCHANOE. pjK-chd-u./a. ^ mar- 
 ket-town of Russia, government of Poltava, 24 miles S E. of 
 Pereslav. Pop. 1660. 
 
 PE-CIIEE-LEE. piVheeMeo/, CIIEE-LEE, or CHI-LI, cheer- 
 lee', the nortliernmost provinceof China, mostly between lat, 
 35° and 41° 30' N.. and ion. 114° and 120° E., having N. .Mon- 
 golia, E. the(Julf of Pe-chee-lee, and on other sides the pro- 
 vince of Shantoong, Shan-see, and Ho-nan. Pop. in 182.5, 
 27,090,871. It is well w.atered. but is the least productive 
 province of China Proper. It owes its chief importance to 
 containing the capit.ll, Peking, and the great depots of rice 
 and salt for the internal supply of the emjiin'. and of the 
 cattle sent into China from Mongolia. Coal <if inferior quality 
 is raised in considerable quantities. The province is divided 
 into 11 dejiartments. Chief citie.s, Peking and Ynng-piiig. 
 
 PE-CHEE-LEE, (CIIEE-LEE or CHILI.) GULF' OF, an 
 inlet of the Yellow Sea. between lat. 37° 10' and 39° 20' N., 
 and Ion. 118° and 121° E., communicating N.with the Gulf 
 of Leao-Tong. and E. with the Yellow Sea, bounded on other 
 sides by the Chinese provinces (!f Pe-chee-lee and Shan-toong. 
 Length and breadth, about 150 miles each. It receives the 
 Pei-ho River on the W.. and the Chan-tou on the N. 
 
 PECIIINA, pA-chee'nd, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 4 miles from Almiria. on the river Almeria. Pop. 1762. 
 
 PECHLAl'N, pJx'laRn, Gros.s, grocc, and Kleix, kline, 
 two contiguous petty towns of Lower Austria, 19 miles W. 
 of St. Polten. United pop. 1148. 
 
 PECHOR, p.Vchor', a considei-able town of India, 24 milci; 
 S.E. of Gwalior. 
 PECKATONICA. See Pek.^tonica. 
 
 PECKELSHEIM, p^k'fl.s-hlme\ or PEKELSEN, pjk'fl- 
 s5n, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, government, and 50 
 miles S.S.E. of Minden. Pop. 1670. 
 
 I'ECK'HAM, a village of England, co. of Surrey, forming 
 a suburb of the metropolis, aWut 3 miles S.S.p;. of'st. Paul's, 
 London. Pop. 19.444. It has numerous hand.«ome residences. 
 PECKHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 PECKHAM, AVEST. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 PECK'LETON a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 PECIv.S'BURO, a post-office of Hendricks co.. Indiana. 
 PECK'S RUN, a post-office of Barlwur co., W. A'irginia. 
 PECKS'VILLE, a post-village of Dutchess co.. New Ycrk, 
 about 86 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 PECOP/SEN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 617. 
 
 PECORARA, pA-ko-rd'rd, a village of Parma, 25 miles 
 S.W. of Piacenza. Pop. 2804. 
 
 PECOS, p.Vkoce, a large river of New Mexico and Texas, 
 rises in the Rocky Mountains, near 3<i° X. lat.. and 105° 30' 
 W. Ion. Flowing at first S.. and then S.E.. it falls into the 
 Rio Grande, in about 29° 40' N. lat., and 102° W. Ion. The 
 entire length is estimated at 700 miles. 
 
 PECQ. Le, leh p^k, a village of France, department Seine- 
 et-Oise, canton of St. Germain, 7 miles N.X.E. of Versailles, 
 on the left bank of the Seine, and on railway from Paris to 
 St. Germain. The army of the allies crossed the Seine at 
 Le Pecq, July 1, 1815. 
 Pl-;CS, a village of Hungary. See Fuxfrirchen. 
 PECSV,\R, paitchVia', a market-town of South Hungary, 
 10 miles N.E. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 2694. 
 
 PEDAR.^, p!i-dd'rd. a town of Sicily, province, and 7 miles 
 N.N.AV. of Catania, on the S. slope of Etna. I'op. 2068. 
 
 PEDDA BALAPOOR, pJd'dl bd'ld-pooi-'. a town of India, 
 in the Deccan, Mysore dominions, "20 miles N. of Bangalore, 
 with a large fort, and upwards of 2000 houses. 
 
 PED'D.\POOR', a town of British India, presidency of Mad- 
 ras, district, and 26 miles E.N.E. of Rajahmundry. It is 
 well built, and near it are numerous ruined fortifications. 
 The English totally defeiited the French here in 1768. 
 
 PEDEE. Great, a river of South Carolina, rises in the N.W. 
 part of North Carolina, where it is called the Yadkin, until 
 it approaches or crosses the boundary between the two states. 
 It enters .South Carolina several miles above Cheraw. in the 
 N.E. part of the state. Which it traver.ses in a general S.S.E. 
 direction, and enters the Atlantic near 33° 10' N. lat.. through 
 an estuary called Winyaw Bay. It is navigable for sloops 
 about 130 mjles. The Little Pedee rises in Richmond 
 county. North Carolina, and flowing S., falls into the 
 main stream at the S. extremity of Marion distiict. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PEDEE', a post-village of Cedar CO., Iowa, 20 miles E. of 
 Iowa City. 
 
 PEDEJtXALES. p;\-der-nd'lJs, a small river of Texass, rises 
 in Gillespie county, and flowing E., enters the Colorado iu 
 Travis county. 
 
 PEDERNEIKA, pi-dJu-ni'e-rd, a market-town of Portu- 
 gal, province of Estremadura. 5 miles W.N.W. of Alcobaza, 
 on the Bay of Pederneira, which receives the Alcoa, but is 
 shallow and inacees.sible except for fishing boats. Pop. 200O. 
 Near it is the sanctuary of Xossa Senhora de Nazareth, 
 greatly frequented by pilgrims. 
 
 PEDERN< ).S0, El, i\ piS-njR-no'.so. a town of Spain, in New 
 Castile, province, and 51 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1221, 
 
 1447 
 
PED 
 
 PEDIE, pl-deer', a maritime town of Sumatra, on its K. 
 ixmst, 60 n'Ues S.K. of Acheen. 
 
 rED'LAK'S CRKKK, a small village of Iowa co.,^A■isconsin. 
 i'EDLAK'S UILL, a post-village of Chatham co., North 
 Caroliua. 
 PKDLAU'S MILIiS, a postK)fflce of Amherst co., Tirginia. 
 I'ED'MOKE. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 PEDRA-BRANCA. pil^ard-brdu'Iii (i.e. -'white .stone,") a. 
 town of Brazil, proviuce, and 90 miles W.N.W. of Bahia. 
 
 PEDKAZA. pi-drl'sd. a town of South America, in Vene- 
 zuela, province, and 3S miles W. of Yariuas. Pop. 3100, 
 who trade in cocoa, tobacco, and maize. 
 
 PEDREKA, pA-<lra/ri, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- 
 vince, and 58 miles E.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 1247. 
 
 PEIVRICTOX, a post-village of Salem co., New Jersey, on 
 Oldmau's Creek, contains 2 churches and 2 stores. Pop. 
 about 240. 
 
 PEDROABAD, pi'Dro-3-BdD', a town of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, province, ai^d 20 miles from Cordova, Pop. 1596. 
 
 PEDROBKRXARDO. pA'Dro-b^R-naa'do, a town of Spain, 
 proviuce, and 30 miles S.S.W. of Avila. Pop. 2120. 
 
 PEDROCIIKS. pA-DKychfts, (auc. Suliti,) a town of Spain, 
 proviuce, and S3 miles N.N.E. of Cordova. Pop. 1444. It 
 ha." manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 PEDRO-DE-BKRCIAXOS, pd'Dro-d.Vb^R-se-a'noce, a village 
 of Spain, province, and S.S.W. of Leon. Pop. 12S7. 
 
 PEDROGAO-GRAXDE, pi-Dro-gow.NO-grdn'dA, a village of 
 Portug:il, province of Estremadura, comarca. and 27 miles 
 N.E. of Thomar, on the Zezere. here crossed by an extra- 
 ordinary high bridse. Pop. 2020. 
 
 PEDllOGAO PEQUEXO, pd'nro-gowso p.Vki'no, a town 
 and parish of Portugal, on the Zezere, almost opposite to the 
 former. I'op. 1244. 
 
 PEDROL.\, pi-DroOl, a town of Spain, province, and 20 
 miles X.W. of Saragossa, near the Canal of Aragon. Pop. 
 1627. 
 
 PEDROilUIvOZ, pi'Dro-moon-yoth', a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 36 miles X.E. of Ciudad Re;»l. Pop. 195S. 
 
 PEDIloSiERAS, Las, lis pi-Dron-y.Vris, a town of Spain, 
 province, and 53 miles S-S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3260. 
 
 PEDRO.SO, p:l-Dro'so, a market-town of Spain, province, 
 and 18 miles S.W. of Logroilo. Pop. 1097. 
 
 PEDROSi), El, il pi-Dnyso, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 32 miles X.E. of Seville, with flourishing iron-works 
 WTOUijht by English machinery. 
 
 PEEBLES, pee'bflz, PEE/BLESSIIIRE, peeTjel-shir, or 
 TWEED'DALE, aa inland county of Scotland, having X. the 
 county of Edinburgh, E. Selkirk, W. Lanark, aud S. Dumfries. 
 Area.oig square miles, or 204, H30 acres, about one- third arable. 
 «nd two-tifths under grass. Pop. in ISol, 10,73S. Much of the 
 surface is in mountain, moor, and beg, but well-wooded. 
 The Bro.idlaw rises to 2741 feet in height. Principal rivers, 
 the Tweed, with its tributaries, and Clydesdiile and Medwin. 
 Large numbers of Cheviot and Leicester sheep, with cattle, 
 are reared for export to England. Coal is raised in the 
 N.W., and a few manufactures of woollens are carried on. 
 Peebles, the capital, is its only town of importance. The 
 county sends 1 member to the House of Comin^ms. Tweed- 
 dale gives the title of marquis to the Ilay familj-. 
 
 PEEBLES, a royal bui-gh, town, aud parish of .Scotland, 
 capital of the above county, on the Tweed, here cra«sed by a 
 g jod bridw, and joined by the Eddleston, 21 miles S. of Edin- 
 burgh. Pop. in 1851, 2673. The Eddleston divides it into 
 an old and a new town, the latter having many substantial 
 buildings. Peebles has a handsome parish church, remains 
 of various ecclesi;istical and other edifices, a town-house, 
 jail, a well-attended grammar school, .scientific association, 
 reading-r(X)m, subscription library, and manufactures of 
 Tarious kinds. It is a dep6t for thu goods of the suri-ouud- 
 Ing country. Xear it are the remains of Xeidpath Castle. 
 
 PEEBLES, pee'bflz, a township of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 2770. 
 PEEBLES, a postoffice of Adams CO., Indiana. 
 PEEDEK, a post-offlce of .\nson CO.. Xorth Carolina. 
 PEEDEE, a post-office of Marion co,. South Camlina. 
 PEEKS'KILL. a post-village of Cortland township, We-st' 
 Chester co., Xew York, on the E, bank of the Hudson River, 
 and on the Hudson River UailrrKid, 100 miles S, of .\lbany. 
 It is situated a little below the Highlands, and is a place of 
 active business. There are churches of the Dutch Reformed. 
 Kpiscop.ilians, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and 
 Frit-nds. It cx)ntaius a b.-«nk, a newsp;iper oflfice, an aca- 
 demy, and several iron foundries. It has a steamboat- 
 landing, and some trade is carried on by the river. Pod 
 est iii.atcd at 2500 
 
 .. K^.^'^' " '*"Port town of the Isle cf 5Ian, on an inlet on 
 Its \\. coiist 10 miles X.W. of Douglas. Pop. in 1S51, 2342 
 mostly employed in fisheries. It h.-m a harbor admitting 
 «ma 1 vessels, and on a rocky islet remains of a fine feudal 
 cas le. and ruins of a cathedral and an epLscopai palace. 
 X'Ai; r f ■ *•»«='♦«'"'"« uw'sh in the E, part of the 
 Aetherlands, provinces of North Bi-abant and Umburg, oc- 
 
 tii'e Aa* " ^ '^"*™ "*"'*• '**'^'*'» tl^e Meuse and 
 
 ^^^^ -J "Tuuty c'' Canada West, borders upon the N.W, 
 
 PEI 
 
 shore of Lake Ontario. It is watered by the number River, 
 and is traversed by the railroad from Toronto to Goderich. 
 Capital, Brampton. Area, 45S square miles. Pop. 24.816. 
 
 PEEL, a district of West Australia, having \.. W., and 
 S. the districts of Minto, Wicklow, and Hay. 
 
 PEEL, a maritime settlement of AVest Australia, district 
 of Murray, on a point of land, 30 miles S. of the mouth of 
 Swan River, and at the entrance of Peel Inlet, a lagoon, 20 
 miles in length, from X. to S., by 6 miles in its greatest 
 breadth. It receives the Murray River. 
 PEELED (peeld) OAK. a post-office of Bath co.. Kentucky. 
 PEEL 1SL.\NDS. the largest of the Bonin Islands, in the 
 Pacific Ocean, middle group, with Pitton Bay. a consider- 
 able inlet at its X.E. extremity. Lat.27°2'N.,ron. 142°10'E. 
 PEEL PLAIN'S, East Au.stralia, are large patches per- 
 fectly clear of trees, X. of the Darling Downs, lat. 28° S, 
 Ion. 152° E.; they have an average elevation of 1800 feet. 
 PEEL PLAIXS, a tract of West Australia, in Peel district 
 PEEL RIYER, East Australia, identical with the upper 
 course of the Xammoy, rises ne4ir lat. 31° 40' S.i Ion. 151° 
 15' E., and flows mostly X.X.W., at first through a rocky 
 and mountainous region, and afterwards through a plain 
 country. Its chief affluents are the Conadilly and Y'orke 
 Rivere. After long rains its depth, near lat. 30° S., is from 
 12 to 15 feet, after which it is s;iid to lose itself in marshes. 
 PEEL RIVER, British Xorth America, rises in lat. &1° 
 X., Ion. 123° W., flows mostly N,W. in the E. valleys of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and joins the Mackenzie at the com- 
 mencement of its delta. It has here also a branch connect- 
 ing it with Rat River. Gneiss, syenite, limestone, and sand- 
 stone are the chief formations. In the countiy through 
 which it flows, alum and bovey coal are Diet with on its 
 banks, and many furs are brought by the Indians of the 
 region around it, to Fort Good Hope on the Mackenzie. 
 
 PEELS/VILLE, a small village of McDowell co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 PEEI/TREE, a post-office of Harrison co.. W. Virginia. 
 PEEXE, pA'neh, a navigable river of Xorth Germany, 
 rises in the duchy of Mecklei.burg-Schwerin, and enters the 
 Stettiner Haff in Prussia, after an E.X.E. course of 70 miles. 
 Affluents, the Tollen and Trebel. 
 
 PEEXEMUXDE, (Peenemilnde.) p.Vnfh-miinMeh, a vil- 
 lage of Prussia, in Pomerania, near the Baltic, 6 miles N. of 
 Wolga*t. Pop, 409. 
 PEE'PEE, a township of Pike co., Ohio, Pop. 1902. 
 PEER, p.-lR, a town of Belgium, province of Limbourg. 14 
 milesN.X.E., of llasselt. Pop. 1412. 
 
 PEER PUXJAB, peer ptin-jllV, a town cf Sinde. 48 miles 
 X. of Sehwan, 3 miles W. of the right bank of the Indus. 
 PEE'RY'S STORE, a post-ofiiee of Tazewell CO.. Y'inrinia. 
 PEGALA.TAR or PEGALAXAR, p.i-ga-M-H,iK'. a town of 
 Spain, province, and 9 miles S.E. of J.oen. Pop. 2516. 
 
 PEGAU, pi'gSw, a town of Saxony, 14 miles S.S.W. of 
 Leipsic, on the White Elster, Pop. 3593. 
 
 PEGXITZ, p^g'nits, a river of Bavaria, flows S. and W.. 
 and joins tlieRednitz, to form the Regnitz at Piirth, Total 
 course, 60 miles, 
 
 PEGXITZ, a walled town of Bavaria, on the Pegnitz. near 
 its source, 13 miles S.S.W. of Baiivuth. Pop. 792. 
 
 PE60, pd'go, a town of Spain, province, and 38 miles X.E. 
 of Alicante, Pop. 5565. It has manufactures of woollen 
 cloth and ba.sketrwork. The neighborhood is irrigated and 
 highly productive, 
 
 PEGU, pe-goo', (Ft. Plgmi, p.Vgoo',) a country of India 
 beyond the Ganges, formerly a powerful kingdom, subse- 
 quently a province of Bunnah ; in 1S53 it was annexed to 
 the British Indian Empire. It occupies the S. extremity 
 of Buruiah, comprising the whole delta of the Irrawaddy. 
 
 Pop. estimated at about 70,000. Adj. aud inhab. PiiOUA.v, 
 
 pe-goo'an, 
 
 PEGtl, pe-goo', called BAGOO, b.A-goo'. by the natives, a de- 
 cayed city of IndLi-lieyond-the-Ganges. capital of the province 
 and kingdom on the Pegoo River, a tributary of the Irrawaddy, 
 at its delta, 58 miles X.E. of Rangoon. Lnt. 17° 40' X.. Ion. 90° 
 20' E. It is said to have had formerly loO.^KX) inhabitants, 
 but it has been greatly reduced. Among its buildings may 
 he mentioned the temple of Shoe-madoo, the most remarkable 
 edifice in the empire. This temple, raised upon two successive 
 terraces, the lower 1390 feet square, consists of an eight-sided 
 pgoda, each side 162 feet in length, and tapering to SCO ft'et 
 in height, surrounded bj- spires, ornaments, and bells, and 
 surmounted by a golden rod and pennant. Around it are 
 various miniature edifices of the same character. Pegu has 
 several other temples, but now mostly in ruins ; and nearly 
 all the site of the ancient city is under water, owing to ne- 
 glect, though Zaugnomang, on the opposite bank of the 
 river, is said to be a prosperous town. Pegu, with its pro- 
 vinces, was added to the British dominions in 1853. 
 PEICHAOUEIC. See Peshawer. 
 
 PEI-HO, p.Vhy. ("white river.") called al.so the XORTH 
 RIYER. in China, province of Pe-chee-lee. rises near tlie 
 Great W.all, flows S.E., passing E. of Peking, 70 miles P. ot 
 which it rec-eives several tributaries, and enter.*, the Gulf of 
 Pe-chee-lee, lat 38° 33' N. It is navigable for boats for 20 
 miles from Peking. 
 
PBI 
 
 PEL 
 
 PEILATT, pinSw, a village of Prussian Silesia, 33 miles 
 S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1335. 
 
 PEINE, pi'nfh, a town of IXanorer. and 17 miles N.E..of 
 Ilildesheim, ou tho railway to Brunswick. Pop. 2991. It is 
 enclosed by walls. 
 
 PEINGIIKE, pIn-ghee', a town of tlie Burmese domi- 
 nions, on the Irrawaddy, 25 miles S.S.W. of Prome; lat. 18° 
 31' N., Ion. 94° 50' E. 
 
 PEIPUS or PEIPOUS, (pA/e-pooce,) LAKE, (Russ. Tdtood- 
 tlcoe, chood'sko-.'i, or Tchoudskoi-Ozero, chood'eko-A^ o-zVro,) 
 a large lake of Ilussia, between lat. 57° 52' and 59° N., and 
 ion. 20° 55' and 27° 55' E., is surrounded by the govern- 
 ments of Esthonia, Livonia, St. Petersburg, and Pskov. 
 Length, 80 miles; greatest breadth, 32 miles. Shores marshy, 
 sandy, or covered with forests. It receives the Euibach, 
 Kosa, and other rivers, and ou the N. discharges its surplus 
 waters into the Gulf of Jj'inland by the Narova. It is deep, 
 and easy of navigation. In winter its fisheries mostly supply 
 the markets of St. Petersburg. Its S. extremity is termed 
 the Lake of i'skov, to which city it nearly reaches. 
 
 PEIHCE'VILLE, a post-office of Dane co., Wiscon.sin. 
 
 PEISERX, pi'zgrn, or PYZDRV, piz'dree, a frontier town 
 of Poland, province, and 34 miles N.N.W. of Kalisz, on the 
 Warta, here cro.ssed by two bridges. Pop. 2100. 
 
 PEISEY. a village of the Sardinian States. See Pesei. 
 
 PEISIIORK. See Peshawer. 
 
 PEISIiRET-SClIAM, pis'krgt-sh3m\ or PISCOWICE, pis'- 
 ko-*eet*sA, a town of Prussian Silesia, 38 miles S.E. of Op- 
 peln. Pop. 3400. It has manufactures of woollen and 
 linen stuffs, and potteries. 
 
 PEITAPOOH, iii-tdpoor', a town of Hindostan, Baroda do- 
 minions, 20 miles N. of Ahmedabad. 
 
 PEITZ or PEIZ, pits, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 35 miles S. of Frankfort. Pop. 2070. 
 
 PEIZE, pi'zf h, a village of Holland, province of Drenthe, 
 11 miles N. by W. of Assen. Pop. 1161. 
 
 PEKALONGAN, pA-kd-lon-gin/, a town of Java, in a dis- 
 trict of its own name, on the N. side of the island; Int. 6° 
 65' S., Ion. 109° 40' E.. on the river of the same name. Pop. 
 of the residency. 224.000. 
 
 PEKATUN'ICA, a river of Wisconsin and Illinois, is 
 formed by two branches which unite at W'iota, in Wis- 
 consin. It flows S.E. into Illinois, and afterwards turns 
 to the N.E., and enters Kock Kiver at Rockton, in Winne- 
 bago county. It passes through a fertile valley which is 
 bordered by high bluffs, and is navigable for small boats 
 from its month to Wiota. The E. and W. branches rise in 
 Iowa county, in Wisconsin; the former is sometimes called 
 Wassemon Hiver. 
 
 PEKATONICA or PEC' ATON'ICA. a post-village of Win- 
 nebago CO., Illinois, on the Galena and Chicago Union Rail- 
 road, 14 miles W. of Kockford. Pop. 851. 
 
 PEKEL-AA. pAntel-l, or PEKEL.4., pdOieh-ia, (Xikcwe, 
 ny li'veh, and Oui>E, Ow'Tlfh,) two contiguous villages of Hol- 
 land, province, and 21 miles S.E. of Groninaen, on the Aa. 
 Pop. of Xieuwe Pekel-aa, 4048; of Oude Pekel-aa 3908. 
 
 PEKIN, a city of China. Si"e Pekino. 
 
 PK'KIN. a post^viUage of Xuigara co., New York, on the 
 Rochester, Lcckport, and Niagara Falls Railroad, 10 miles 
 W. of Lock port. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-office of Jackson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-oflice of Jessamine co., Kentvicky. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, on the Sandy 
 and Beaver Caual, 138 miles E.X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PEKIX, a post-village of Washington co., Indiana, on the 
 New -Albany and Salem Railroad, 4 miles from Providence. 
 
 PKKIX, a po.st-village, capital of Tazewell Co., Illinois, 
 on the left bank of Illinois River, 12 miles below Peoria, and 
 about 60 miles X. of Springfield. It is the largest place in 
 the county, and has an active business. Large quantities 
 of produce are shipped here by steamboats. Pekin contains 
 a number of churches, an academy, 2 newspaper oflices, and 
 several steam millH. The Illinois River Railroad con- 
 nects it with Peori.a, Chicago, Ac. Population in 1860, 
 S467. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-office of Montgomery co., South Carolina. 
 
 PKKIX, a post-office of Scotland co.. Missouri. 
 
 PEMCIXG' or PEHCIX', (i. «. in Chinese, "the northern 
 capitil;" Fr. I'Haiig or P^^in. pi^kixo'; Port. Pequim, p4- 
 keeN<i'; Pp. Pnquin. pA-keen'; L. Pixhi'num or Pequt'num,) 
 the capital city of China, and modern metropolis of the Chi- 
 nese Empire, capital of the province of Pe-chee-lee. in a sandy 
 plain, between the Pei-ho and its affluent the Hoen-ho, 100 
 miles N.W. of the mouth of the former river, in the Yellow 
 Sea. and 50 miles S. of the great wall of China. Lat. of im- 
 derial observatory, 39° 54'lo" X., Ion. 116° 28' 54" E. Mean 
 innual temperature, 54°-8; winter, 26°-7; summer, 81°-1 
 Fahrenheit. The population has been estimated (probably 
 much too highly) at 2,000,000. It consists of two contiguous 
 cities, each separately encircled by lofty walls, which together 
 are entered by 16 gates. The entire circuit is reckoned at 25 
 miles. The wall is 30 feet high, and 25 feet thick at tlie base, 
 diminishing to 12 feet at the top. It is faced nearly through- 
 >ut with large bricks, laid in a mortar of lime and clay, 
 wliich, in time, becomes almost as durable as stone. Square 
 
 towers, projecting 50 feet from the outer side of the walls 
 occur at intervals of about 60 yards, and the whole is sur- 
 rounded by a ditch. Much of the enclosed space is occupiec' 
 by gardens and enclosures, the liouses seldom being more 
 than one story in height. The S. or Chinese city, the seat of 
 commerce, and residence of the majority of the population, is 
 intersected throughout by four wide and regular thorough- 
 fares, which abound with shops of all descriptions, and are 
 continually filled with a motley crowd. At the points 
 where these streets meet each other are large arches; but 
 except these, and a temple to the god of agriculture, there 
 would soeni to be no edifices in this quarter deserving 
 notice. The hou.ses are of brick, with red-tiled roofs, and 
 the city is unpaved and undrained. The X^orthern, Tartar, 
 or imperial city, consists of three separate enclosures The 
 outer of these, formerly appropriated to the Tartar garrison, 
 is now mostly occupied by Chinese traders; it, however, 
 contains five of the supreme tribunals of the empire. The 
 second enclosure, (IIwano-Ching, " the august city,") is 6 
 miles in circuit, and entered by four large and several 
 smaller gates. In it are extensive puMic granaries, a mili- 
 tary arsenal and seminary, the college and buildings of the 
 Russian embassy, an astronomical and a magnetic observa- 
 tory, the great temples of Ancestors and of Peace, the latter 
 h.aving attached to it an institution for Boodhist lamas; 
 the national college of China, and the residences of the 
 great dignitaries of the empire. The inner enclosure, or 
 " forbidden city," with walls 2 miles in circumference, faced 
 with yellow tiles, and surrounded by a moat faced with 
 masonry, is appropriated to the public and private palaces 
 of the emperor and empress, and has a magnificent temple 
 of the imperial ancestors, pavilions, gardens, a lake, and an 
 artificial mountain. Outside of both cities are open suburbs, 
 which present all the evidences of an industrious people, 
 intent on the pursuit of gain, mercantile bastle pervading 
 every quarter. Peking has religious edifices appropriated 
 to many forms of religion, the principle of toleration being 
 here carried to the utmost extent; among these are a Greek 
 church and convent, Roman Catholic chapel, Islam mosques, 
 BfMjdhist temples, besides temples dedicated to Confucius, 
 (Koong-Foo-Tseu.) and other deified mortals. In the national 
 college. Ilan-lin-yuen. above mentioned, all Chinese learning 
 and literature are concentrated, and it lias professors of 
 Mautchoo and Russian. All religions, though some of them 
 are proscribed, share tho honor of being sanctioned within 
 it.x precincts. Among the other learned and scientific inj^ti- 
 tutions of note are the medical college and the astronomical 
 boai-d. AlK)ut 10 miles W.X.W. of the city is an imperial 
 park, covering at least 12 square miles, and containing 30 
 palaces of the emperor and great officers of the state. Peking 
 has a large printing and bookselling trade, and manufac- 
 tures of coloi-ed glass, idols, and other articles; but its in- 
 habitants chiefly depend for subsistence on employment 
 connected with the court. The Pei-ho is navigable for boats 
 to within 20 miles of Peking, and communicates with the 
 Grand Canal, by which most of the provisions for the supply 
 of the city are cou veyed. The principal part of the provisions 
 recifiired comes from the S. provinces, or from the flocks 
 reared in the X. part of Pe-chee-lee, the adjacent plain pro- 
 ducing but a sniall amount of the food demanded. A con- 
 siderable ])ortion of the taxes levied upon the productions 
 of the whole empire is paid in kind, and is here stored up; 
 the amount of the rice alone in these granaries, at one time 
 oftheyeiir, is enormous; but they are often empty before 
 the new crop is gathered. The large establishment of the 
 emperor, and the numerous persons in the employment of 
 the government, who are paid out of the public revenue, 
 absorb a great portion of the grain. Peking is regarded by 
 the Chinese as one of their most ancient cities ; but it was 
 not made the capital of the country until its conquest by 
 the Mongols, about 1282. 
 
 PEKIXI. pA-kee/nee, a town of European Turkey, in Al- 
 bania, on the S. bank of the Scombi, near its mouth in the 
 Adriatic Sea, 23 miles N.X.W. of Berat. 
 
 PEL.A.GO, pAl8-go, a market-town of Central Italy, in 
 Tuscany, province, and 13 miles E. of Florence. Pop., with 
 vicinity, 5000, who nutnufacture some woollen fabrics. In 
 this commune is the sanctuary of Valombrosa, the richest 
 convent in Tuscany. 
 
 PELAGOSA, pA-lii-go'sJ, a desert island in the Adriatic 
 Sea. alx)ut midway between the promontory of Gargano (in 
 the kingdom of X'aples) and Dalmatia. 
 
 PEL.\SGICUS SINUS. See Volo, Gcu OP. 
 
 PEL'DOX, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PELESTKIXA, pA-lJs-tree'ni, or PALESTRINA, pJ-Us- 
 tree'nd, an island and town of North Ital.v, government 
 and delegation of Venice, the island extending along the 
 shore of the Adriatic, from the Porto-di-Malamocco to the 
 Porto-di-Chioggia, 7i miles in length, and having at its N. 
 extremity Fort San Pietro, and at its S. end the town of 
 Pelestrina. with 4000 inhabitants, 10 miles S. of Venice. 
 
 PELEW' ISLANDS, a group of the Carolines, in the 
 North Pacific Ocean; lat. from 7° to 9° N.. Ion. from 130° to 
 136° E. They are about 20 in number, extend nearly N.N.E 
 and S.S.W. 87 miles, and are completely encircled by reefs. 
 
 1449 
 
PEL 
 
 PEM 
 
 PEI.-sJAM, a post-village and township of Hillsborough 
 co^ ^eiT il irapshire, 38 miles S.S.E. of Concord. It has 
 OJiu ufacf ur m of woollens. Pop. 944. 
 
 PKIjIIAJI, a post-township in Hampshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 77 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 7-18. 
 
 PEi'/IIAM, a post-township in the S. part of Westchester 
 CO., New York, on Long Island Sound, and on the Xew 
 York and New Haven Railroad. Pop. 1025. 
 PELHjVM, a post-village of Grundy co., Tennessee. 
 PKL'HAM, BRENT, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 PELHAM, FURNEAUX, (rfir-neV,) a parish of England, co. 
 of Herts. 
 PELHAM, ST0CK1N0, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 PELIAGODDE. pi-le-S-god'dth, a village of Ceylon, 5 
 miles N.E. of Colombo. Pop. 800. 
 
 PELICAN (p5l'e-kan) ISLAND, an island on the N.E. 
 coast of Australia, in" Princess Charlotte Bay ; lat. 13° 50' S, 
 Ion. 143° 42' E. 
 
 PELING, pVllng', an island of the Malay Archipelago, off 
 the E. coast of Celebes. Length. 50 miles; breadth, 20 miles. 
 PELING, an island'of the Yellow Sea, off the W. coast of 
 Corea; lat. 13° 5' N., Ion. 125° E. 
 
 PELISS.\NNE, pAMee'sJnn', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Bouehes-du-Rh&ne, 15 miles W'.N.W. of Aix. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2010. It has a brisk trade in olive-oil. 
 
 PELLA, p5l'l3, a ruined town of Macedonia, the birth- 
 place of Alexander the Great. Its remains are traceable 6 
 miles S.E. of Yenidje-Vardar. 
 
 PEL'L.A, a post-village of Marlon co., Iowa, 88 miles W. 
 by S. of Iowa City. It was settled mostly by the Dutch. 
 Pop. of Pella township, 1644. 
 
 PELLEGRINO, pSl-lA-gree'no, a town of Northern Italy, 
 22 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. 5312. 
 
 PELLEGRUE, p^righ-grtl', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Gironde, 32 miles E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 
 1852, 1840. 
 
 PELLERIN, LE. leh pJl'leh-rix'!', a market-town of France, 
 department of Loire-Inferieure, with a small port on the 
 Loire, 9 miles W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852. 1750. 
 
 PEI/LEW ISLAND, (Sm Edward.) a group of Australia, 
 near the S.W. coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The largest 
 are named West Island, South-west Island, Nortli Island, 
 Centre, and A'anderlin Island; lat. 15<= 30' S.. Ion. 137° 2' E. 
 PELL'S LANIVING, a small village of Hardin co., Illinois, 
 on the Ohio River. 
 PELLWORM, an island of Denmark. See Pelworm. 
 PELOPONNESUS. See Morea. 
 VELORUS. See Cape Faro. 
 
 PELOTAS. pi-Wtis, or SAO(Sao)FRANCISCO DE PAULA. 
 sSwxa fr3n-sees'ko di p(5wl3. a town of Br.aail. province of Sao 
 Pedro do Rio Grande, 20 miles N.W. of Itio Grande. P. 2419. 
 PEI/SALL, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford, with a 
 station on the South Staffordshire Railway, 7 miles S.W. of 
 Lichfield. 
 PKLSO. See Balatont Lake. 
 PELTON. a post-offlce of Polk co., Tennessee. 
 PKLTON VILLE, a post-village of Steuben co., New York, 
 about 18 miles N. by E. of Bath. 
 PELUMSK, a town of Siberia. See Peltmsk. 
 PELU'SIAC BRANCH, an ancient arm of the Nile, the 
 easternmost of all, at its delta, entered the sea at Pelusium. 
 (near the modern village of Tlneh,) after a N.E. course of 
 120 miles. It is now nearly or quite filled up, the water 
 having sought other channels 
 
 PELU'SIUM, a city of ancient Egypt, at the Pelu.siac 
 mouth (anc. Odium Pdusiacum) of the Nile. Its remains 
 consist of " mounds and a few broken columns," near the 
 Medit<>rranean coast, E. of Lake Menzaleh. 
 
 PEI/VKRKH. (anc. Pfrrer) a vill.age of Asiatic Turkey, 
 pashalic of .Marash, 45 miles S.W. of Malateeyeh. It is still, 
 as in anti.iuity, a point of union of several great roads from 
 Asia Minor. Syria, and the Euphrates. 
 PELVOUM. See Pelworm. 
 
 PELVOUX, pilVoo', a mountain of France, between the 
 departments of Hautes-Alpes and Isfere: lat. 44° 53' 66" N., 
 Ion. 6° 24' 16" E.; height, 13.442 feet. 
 
 PELWORM or PELLWORM, p^l'*oRm, an Island of Den- 
 mark, duchy of Sleswick, in the North Sea. 5 miles N.W. of 
 Nordstrand. Areii, 15 square miles. Pop. 2000. It was the 
 highest portion of the former island of Nordstrand, before 
 the mundation of 1634. 
 
 jn^^}'^^^^^' P^-'imsk', or PELUMSK, (PelUmsk.) p,-V- 
 lUmsk', a sm;ill town of Siberia, government, and 180 miles 
 N.« . of Toliolsk, on the Tavda. 
 
 S!$x/AT!\?L^''^^"^' * P*""'^*" of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 PEMADUM'COOK, a lake of very irregular shape, in the 
 K. part of Piscataquis co.. Maine, receives the waters of 
 
 i^t-IVnT^ V**^^- ^** ""^'f* jo'"" t»»e Penol>scot River. 
 
 1 tMUA p*mV or HUTIIEIIA, hoo't'l-ra\ an Island off 
 the h. coast of Africa, In the Muscat dominions. 30 mileg N. 
 of the island of /.anzlbar. Lat. of K. point, 4° 54' 8., Ion. 39° 
 
 if :,f r"'' ,'. "^ J"""^- ^' produces excellent timber, and 
 plentiful supplies for shipping. ' 
 
 A/'i'"'"i*'/^""*'"y^'^'*'"' "^'^ *<'^n of Congo, in West 
 Africa. Lot. of town, 6° 8., Ion. 14° 30' E 
 1«0 
 
 PEM'BERTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 with a station ou the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 2 
 miles W. of Wigan. Pop. 4394. 
 
 PEM'BERTON, a post-village ami township of Burlington 
 CO , New Jersey, on the Rancocas Creek, 20 miles E. by S. of 
 Trenton. It contains 3 churches, several niannfactories, 4c. 
 Pop. of the village, about 800. Tot.nl po)nilatlon. 2672. 
 
 PEMBERTON, a post-village of Shelby co., Ohio, on the 
 Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad, 16 miles from Bell»- 
 fontaine. 
 PEMBERTON, a post-offlce of Goochland co., Virginia. 
 PEMBINA, pem'be-n.i, a lake in the N. part ot Dakota 
 Territory, about 10 miles long. Its outlet Hows into Rud 
 River. 
 
 PEMBINA, a river of North America, joins the Ath.-ibasca, 
 40 miles N.E. of Fort Assiniboin. 
 
 PEMBINA, a very large county of Minnesota, borderingon 
 the British Possessions. It has an area of aliout 7000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the west by the Red River of the 
 North, and on tiie E. by the Liiko of the Wood.s, and in- 
 cludes p.irt of Red Lake. The surfiic is elevated, and in 
 some parts hilly. The greater part of the region is possessed 
 by the Sioux and Chippewa Indians. Pop. in 1860. 1612. 
 
 PEMBINA, a sottlenient in Pemliina co., Minnesota, on 
 the Red River of the North, where it crosses the N. boun- 
 dary of the Uuitetl States. It contains about 1000 inhabi- 
 tants, who subsist chiefly on the produce of tlie chase. 
 
 PEM'BRIDOE, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Hereford, on the Arrow, 4 miles N.N.W. of ^\■eobley. 
 Pop. in 1851, 1319. 
 
 PEMBROKE, p^m'brMk, or PEMBROKESHIRE. p5m/- 
 broOk-shir, a maritime county, and the westernmost of South 
 Wales, having W. and N. the Irish Sea; and S. the Bristol 
 Channel. Area estimated at 628 square miles, or 101,920 
 acres, of which atiout 140,000 are arable, and 160.000 in pas- 
 ture. Pop. in 1851.94,140. Surfece in the N.E. mountainous; 
 elsewhere undulating. Coast-line bold and deeply indented. 
 Chief bays, Newport, St. Bride's, and Milford Haven. Prin- 
 cipal rivers, the Teify, and East and West Cleddy. The soil 
 is generally fertile, even on the higher hills. The principal 
 crops are wheat, barley, and oats. Butter, cheese, and a fine 
 breed of black cattle are extensively exported. Anthracite 
 coal, lime, slate, and marl are plentiful. Lead ore is also found. 
 The fisheries are valuable. Chief towns, Haverford West. St. 
 David's, Pembroke, and Tenby. The county, exclusive of 
 borough, sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 PESIBROKE, a parliamentary and municipal borough 
 and seaport town of South Wales, co. of I'embroke. on a 
 creek of Milford Haven, 210 miles W. of London. Pop., in- 
 cluding Pater, in 1861, 15,051. 1'he town was formerly en- 
 closed by walls, a part of wliich still remain; but it has 
 now a village-like appearance. On a rocky eminence in the 
 vicinity stand the remains of a .castle of unusual strength 
 and grandeur, founded in the eleventh century, and dis- 
 mantled, after a brave Royalist resistance, in 1 649. Pem- 
 broke is accessible by vessels of 200 tons; but the shipping 
 trade is mostly carried on 1 mile N.AV'., at Pater, where is 
 its dock-yard. It comprises 60 acres, enclosed by a lofty 
 stone wall, and has 12 slips for ship-building. The borough 
 unites with Tenby, Milford, and Wiston. in sending 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. It is a polling-place for the 
 county, and gives the title of earl to the Herbert family. 
 Henry VII. was born here in 1457. ' 
 
 PEM'BROKE, a post-township of Washington co., Maine, 
 about 156 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 2'_'99. 
 
 PEMBROKE, a post-village and township of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Merrimack River, near the 
 Portsmouth and Concord Railroad. 7 miles S.E. of Concord. 
 It contains an academy. Pop. of the township. 1313. 
 
 PEMBROKE, a post-village and township of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, 27 miles S.E. of Boston. The township 
 is intersected by the Old Colony I{ailroad. Pop. 1524. 
 
 PEMBIIOKE, a post-township of Genesee co.. New York, 
 about 2.")0 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 2855. 
 PEMBROKE, a post-oflRce of Giles co., Virgini.t. 
 PEMBROKE, a post-village of Christian co., Kentucky, 
 197 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 PEM'BROIvE, a post-village of Canada M'est, co. of Ren- 
 frew, 86 miles N.W. of Bytown. It contains several hotels, 
 and 2 mills. 
 
 I'EMBROKB, a county comprising the S.E. part of Van 
 Diemen's Land, E. of Storm Bay and Kangaroo River. 
 Chief towns, Buckland, Tenby, and Sorell. 
 
 PEMBROKE, CAPE, on the S. coast of SouthamptcB 
 Island. Hudson's Bay. 
 PE^IBROKE DOCK, a town of South Wales. See Pat/^b. 
 PEMIIURY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 PEMIGEWASSKT, p?mVje-w6s/sit. a river near t«ie 
 centre of New Hampshire, is formed ))y three principal 
 branches, which rise and unite in Grafton county. It joins 
 Winnipisoogee River, on the borders of Jlerrimack no., to 
 forn\ the Merrimack River. 
 
 PEMMSCOT, a Lake near the S.E. extremity of Missouri, 
 lies in'lhe S. part of I'emiscot county, scarcely 2 milei< from 
 the Mississippi River, from which it probably receives imp- 
 
PEM 
 
 piles during high water. It communicates with White- 
 water Hiver by a short outlet. l<ength, a.bout 18 miles; 
 greatest breadth, 5 or 6 miles. 
 
 PE.MISCOT. a county forming the S.E. extremity of Mis- 
 BOuri, borderiug on Arkansas and on the Mississippi Kiver, 
 which separates it from Tennessee, has an area estimated at 
 300 square miles. The surface is level, and mostly occupied 
 by swamps and shallow lakes, among which the largest is 
 Lake Pemiscot, situated in the S. part. ]<'ormo<l out of the 
 8. part of New Madrid co. Capitiil, Gayoso. Pop. 2962. 
 
 PI';M'.M.\QUID. a post-office of Lincoln co., .Maine. 
 
 Pi:.M.MAQUID POINT, on the W. side of the entrance to 
 Georf^e's River, Lincoln co., Maine. On its extremity is a 
 fixed light, 75 feet above the level of the sea, serving both 
 for Bristol and Waldoborough Kivers. Lat. 43'^ 48' N., loa. 
 69^ 29' W. 
 
 PKMPELFORT, pJm'pel-foRt', a village of Prussia, almost 
 close to the walls of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2200. 
 
 PEN', p5n, or PKNO, p^Vno, a lake of Russia, government 
 of Tver, S.W. of Ostashkov. Length from N. to S., about 15 
 miles; greatest breadth, 3 miles, forming the source of the 
 Volga. 
 
 PeSaCASTILLO, pan'yl-kas-teel'yo, ("rock castle,") a 
 Tillage of Spain, province, and 2 miles from Santander. Pop. 
 1041. 
 
 PENACOVA, pd-nj-ko'vd, a village and parish of PortugfJ, 
 province of Douro, 10 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra, on the right 
 , bank nf the Mondego. Pop. 3030. 
 
 PE>f Ai'IEL, p^n-yd-fe-61', a town of Spain, province, and 
 29 miles E.S.E. of Valladolid, near the confluence of the 
 Douio and Durauton. Pop. 3463. It has manufactures of 
 coarse worsted stuffs and leather. 
 
 PKNAFIEL, p.Vni-fe-Jl', or ARRIFANA DE SOUSA, Ir- 
 Re-fA'nd d.i so'sd, a town of Portugal, province of Minbo, on 
 the T.'imegs, 19 miles E.N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 2300. 
 
 PESfAFLOR, p6n-yS-floi!/, a marketrtown of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 42 miles E.N.E. of Seville, on the Guadalciuivlr. 
 It has some Roman antiquities. 
 
 PENAGUILA, or PENAGUILA-Y-ARES, pA-ni/ghe-lS-e- 
 4'rJs. a village of Spain, province of Valencia, 20 miles N. 
 of Alicante. Pop. 1280. 
 
 PENALBA, pA-ndl'bi, a village of Spain, province of 
 Iluesca, 18 miles N.\V. of Mequinenza, near which the 
 troops of Philip V. were defeated. August 15, 1710. 
 
 PENALBA, a mfirket-town of Spain, province, and 42 
 miles S.E. of Saragossa. 
 
 PENAiyLY, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 Pl'.Sf.\LS01lD0, pSn-ydl-soR^do, a town of Spain, in Es- 
 tremaduia, province of Badajos. Pop. 1723. 
 
 PION'ALTII. a parish of England, co. of .Monmouth. 
 
 PKNALVA D'ALVA, pA-ndl'va d^l'v^, a town and parish 
 of Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, about 20 miles E.N.E. 
 ofCoimbr.a. Pop. 1600. 
 
 PENAMACOR, pi-nJ-mi-koR/, a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira, 28 miles N;E. of Castillo Branco. It is 
 walled, and defended by a strong castle. Pop. 2506. 
 
 PEWA.NG', PIN\\NG',or PRINCE OF WALES' ISLAND, 
 (native, IMlo-Pin^ang', or "Areca Island." from the abun- 
 dance of the areca-tree on it.) a British settlement in the Strait 
 of .Malacca, dependent on the presidency of Bengal, consisting 
 of an island situated between lat. 6° and 5° 10' N., Ion. 100° 
 9° and 100° 25' E., off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, 
 from which it is separated by a channel from 2 to 5 miles 
 across. Length, 16 miles; breadth. 11 miles. Area, 160 
 square miles. The surface is densely wooded, and highly 
 picturesque. It Is mountainous in the N.: greatest eleva- 
 tion, 2800 feet; elsewhere it is level or undulating. The 
 climate is very healthy. Temperature from 76° to 90°. The 
 island is well adapted to raising spices, which are exported 
 annually to the vaUie of S"5,000. Cocoauuts, areca, gam- 
 bier, rice, indigo, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar, betel, and 
 ginger are the other principal products, and tin ore is found 
 at the base of the mountains. Before the establishment of 
 Singapore as the chief port of transhipment between Europe, 
 India, and the Eastern seas, Penang had a very extensive 
 transit trade with all the countries of the 51alay Archi- 
 pelago and Chinese Seas, as well as with the ports of British 
 Indi.a, Europe, and America. At present, however, its 
 trading connections are much more limited, being chiefly 
 with the E. coast of Sumatra, Java, and the ports of the 
 I'enasserim provinces, the islands and W. side of the Malay 
 Peninsula, and %vith Singapore. The total exports in 1849 
 amounted to 6,-.i46,600 rupees, ($3,022,870,) and the imports 
 to 7,219,825 rupees, ($3,494,393.) Penang is also the depot 
 for the tin wrought at Junkceylon, and places in the Malay 
 Peninsula; of this metal it exported, in 1850, about 20,000 
 piculs, (1195 tons.) The capital of the island is George 
 Town, which has an excellent harbor, with a depth varying 
 from 5 to 8 fathoms, protected by two commodious piers, 
 and an arsenal, good' barracks, and civil and convict hos- 
 pitals. Pop. of the island, .Tune, 1851, 43.143, of whom 
 347 were English and their descendants; 16,670 Malays, 
 and 15.45'' Chinese. 
 
 PENANTIPODE ISLAND, Padfio. See Antipodes. 
 
 PESf ARANDA DE BRACAMONTE, pju-yl-rin/di dA brl- 
 
 PEN 
 
 kJ-mon'tA, a town of Spain, province, and 27 mnefi s.K. of 
 Salamanca. Pop. 4140. It has nianufa.iuies of --^>^r«<•, 
 wooll'>n fabrics, hats, tape. cord, morocco leather, and shr^w. 
 
 PeSaRANDA DE DUERO. p^n-yd-rdu'da d.4 u.x>-A/r(,, a 
 market-town of Spain, province, and 40 miles S,S.E. of L'ur 
 gos Pop. 694. 
 
 PESTAKOYA, p5n-y3-ro'yl, a village of Spain, province ot 
 Aragon. and 48 miles from Teruel. Pop. 1507. 
 
 PEN'ARTII, two parishes of Wales, co, of Glamorgan. 
 
 PeSaS DE SAN PEDRO, pjn'yds d.A sdn p;l'Dro, a town of 
 Spain, province, and 12 miles S.S.W.of Albacete. Pop. 9876. 
 It has a castle, and is the residence of a military governor. 
 Trade chiefly in the timber of its vicinity. 
 
 PENATANGORE, a village of Canada West, situated in 
 the township of Kincardine, co. of Bruce, on the E. shore of 
 Lake Huron, 130 miles W. by N. of Toronto. 
 
 PENATAGORE, a village of Canada. 
 
 PENAT'AQUIT, a post-offlce of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 PEN'BOYR, a parish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 PEN'BREY, a parish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 PEN'BRYN, a parish of Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 PEN'BUALT. a hamlet of Wales, co, of Brecon. 
 
 PENCAIT'LAND, a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Haddington. 
 
 PENC.A.R/REQ, a paiish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 PENCII.INT, pjn'shdnf, a bayou of Louisiana, commences 
 in Terre Bonne parish, and flows N.W. Into Bayou Chene. 
 
 PEN'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 PEN/COYD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 PENCUN, pSn'koon, a walled town of Prussia, govern- 
 ment, and 16 miles S.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1654. 
 
 PENDAR/VIS'S STORE, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 PENDEN'EN, a parish of Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 PENDEN'NIS CASTLE. England, co. of Cornwall, is on 
 the S. side of the entrance of Falmouth Harbor, on a heigh' 
 300 feet above the sea. It was founded by Uenry VIII 
 and has been enlarged and strengthened. 
 
 PENDEULWyN,p^ndeel'win,or PENDOY'LAN,* pariiji 
 of Wales, CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 PENDJSHEHER, penjVhJh'h'r, or PUNISHEER, ptln-e- 
 shaiW, a river of Afghanistan, descends from the S. side 
 of the Hindoo Koosh. and after a course of about 130 miles, 
 joins the Cabool River on the left. 
 
 PEN'DLEBURY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PEN'DLE-HILL, England, co. of Lancaster, 2 miles from 
 Clitheroe, Height above the sea, ISOO feet. 
 
 PEN'DLETON, a village of England, co. of Lancaster, 
 with a station on the Ljincashire and Yorkshire Railway, 
 2.1 miles W.N.W. of Manchester, of which it forms a suburb. 
 Pop. in 1851, 14,224, employed in manufactures of cotton and 
 silk, and in coUeries. 
 
 PENDLETON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PEN'DLETON, a county in the E. part of We.st Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 620 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the South or principal branch of the Potomac River, and 
 by two affluents of the same, called the North and South 
 Forks. The surface is very mountainous, and densely 
 covered with timber. The main Alleghany Mountain forms 
 its boundary on the N.W., the North Mountain on the S.E., 
 and Jackson's Mountain extends across the county. The 
 mean height of the land is estimated at 2000 feet above the 
 sea. Organized in 1788, and named in honor of Edmund 
 Pendleton, a distinguished statesman of Virginia. Capital, 
 Franklin. Pop. 6164, of whom 5920 were free, and 244 slaves. 
 
 PENDLETON, a former district of South Carolina, form- 
 ing the N.W. extremity of the state, has been divided into 
 two parts, constituting the present districts of Pickens and 
 Anderson. 
 
 PENDLETON, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has 
 an area of 300 square miles. The Ohio River forms its N.E. 
 boundary, separating it from the state of Ohio; it is inter- 
 sected by the Licking River, and also drained by the South 
 Licking River, The surface is undulating, and extensively 
 covered with forests; the soil is fertile. The underlying 
 rock is the blue limestone. The county is intersected by 
 the Covington and Lexington Railroad. Formed in 1798. 
 Capital, Falmouth. Pop. 10,443, of whom 10,019 were free, 
 and 424 slaves. 
 
 PENDLETON, a post-township of Niagara co.. New York, 
 on the Tonawanda Creek, about 17 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo. 
 Pop. 1833. 
 
 PENDLETON, a post-village of Anderson district. South 
 Carolina, on Eighteen Mile Creek, about 120 miles W.N.W. 
 of Columbia. It contains several churches, academies, and 
 a newspaper office. Pop. 864. 
 
 PENDLETON, a village of Hamilton co., Ohio, is a suburb 
 of Cincinnati. 
 
 PENDLETON, a post-ofBce of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 
 PENDLETON, a thriving post-village of Madison CO., In- 
 diana, on Fall Creek, and on the Bellefontaine and Indiana 
 Railroad. 26 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. The creek affords 
 excellent water-power. There are quarries of fine limestone 
 and marble in the vicinity. 
 
 PENDLETON CENTRE, a post-village of Niagara co., New 
 York, about 17 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 1451 
 
PEN 
 
 PENDLETON HILL, s postofflce of New London co^ 
 Connecticut 
 
 PEXDLKTON'S RIVER, of Georgia, a small stream which 
 flows S.E.. and enters the Ohoopee River in Tatnall county, 
 near ReidsTille. 
 
 PEX'DOCK, a parish of England, to. of '^'orcester. 
 
 PEX1>0MER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PEXTiYN. a parish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 PEXEDO/pi-ni'do, a flourishing city of Brazil, proTJnce, 
 and 65 miles S.W. of Alagoas. on the Sao Francisco. Pop. 
 of the district 14.000. mostly Indians, 
 
 PEXEDOXO, pA-ni-do/no, a town and parish of Portuiral, 
 province of Beira Alta, 39 miles N. by W. of Guarda. 
 Pop. 890. 
 
 PEXE'GOS, a parish of Wales, co. of Montgomery. 
 
 PEXELLA, pif-nJl'li, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Belra, on the Deu?a. 15 miles S.E. of Coimbra. Pop. at60. 
 
 PEXELLA, a town and parish of Portugal, province of 
 Beira Alta. 18 miles X. of Traneoso. Pop. 712. 
 
 PE\ETAXGUISIIEXE,PEXETAXGL£SIlIXE,orPEXE- 
 TAXGCSUEXE, penVtang'ghe-sheen', a post-villj^e of Ca- 
 nada West, CO. of Simcoe, 36 miles N.X.W. of Barrie. It 
 contains several stores, and a mill. 
 
 PEXEU'ACH, a village in Dallas co,, Iowa, 145 miles W. 
 by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 PEN KUS. See Salehbria. 
 
 PEXVFIELD, a post-village and township in the E. part 
 of Monroe co^ New York, on Irondequoit Creek. 7 miles E. 
 of Rochester. The village contains churches of 3 or 4 deno- 
 minations, an educational institution, and several &ctories 
 and mills. Pop. about 800; of the township, 3210. 
 
 PEXKIELD, a post-village of Greene co.. Georgia. 47 miles 
 N. of Milledgeville, wag first settled in 18.36, Here is Mercer 
 University, under the direction of the Baptists. Pop.near400 
 
 PEXFIELD, a post-township forming the S.S.E, extre- 
 mity of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 847. 
 
 PEXFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Calhoun co., 
 Michigan. Pop.lOOJ. 
 
 PEXFIELD, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 PEXGE, p4nj, a hamlet of England, co. of Surrey, parish 
 of Battersea. Pop. 300. Almshouses, for decayed watermen, 
 have been recently erected here, 
 
 PEXIIA, pSn'yi a village and parish of Brazil, province 
 of Minas Geraes, on the Itaguahi, 80 miles S. W. of Minas 
 Novas. Pop. 1000. 
 
 PEXIIA, a villdge of Brazil on the E. shore of the island 
 of Itaparica, opposite the town of Bahia. 
 
 PEX'IIOW, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 PEX'HURST. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PEXICUK, pi-nee'shA, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Kstremadura, 13 miles W. of Obidos, on the Atlantic 
 and the S. side of the peninsula of Peniche. Pop. 2600. It 
 is strong lx>th by nature and art. It has a small port, and 
 an active fishery, 
 
 PEXICUICK or PEXXYCUICK, p5nVklik', a burgh of 
 barony, and parish of Scotland, co.. and 10 miles S. of Edin- 
 burgh, on the North Esk, Pop. in 1851, 3003. It is neatly 
 built, has a fine church of Grecian architecture, a subscrip- 
 tion libr.try, a gunpowder fiictory, and extensive paper mills, 
 on the North Esk. 
 
 PEXIG. pA'niG, a town of Saxony, 33 miles S.S.E. of Leip- 
 bIc on the Mulde. Pop. 3956. 
 
 PENIX'SULA, (Tbe,) an abbreviation for the Iberian Pe- 
 ninsula. See Spain. 
 
 PEXIX/SULA. a post-village of Summit co., Ohio, 136 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PeSisCOLA, p^n-yees/ko-li. a fortified town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 38 miles N.E. of C^tellon de la Plana. Pop. 1391. 
 It is perched on a rook rising 240 feet above the Mediter- 
 ranean, and connected with ihe mainland only by a narrow 
 strip of sand. 
 
 PEX.TAB, the "five rivers," of India. See Puxjab. 
 
 PENJIXA, pin-jee'ni (?) a river of East Siberia, rises on 
 the S.K. side of the St.anovoi Mountains, fiows S,E., and 
 &lls into the Bay of Penjinsk after a course of about 160 
 miles. 
 
 PEX.TIXSK, pSn-jlnsk', a gulf of Siberia, on the N.E. side 
 of the Sea of Okhotsk, ibrmed on the W. by a peninsula 
 which separates it from the Gulf of J^iginsk. It is about 
 160 miles long by 30 miles broad. 
 
 PENJIXSK, a small town of East Siberi.a, province of 
 Okhotsk, on the Penjina. near its mouth in the Gulf of 
 P«njicsk, an inlet of the Sea of Okhotsk. 
 
 PKNK AU. pi^n'kaw.or PKX KUM. pftn/kuam, a walled town 
 of Prussia, in Pomeranla. 17 miles W. of Stettin. Pop. 1500. 
 
 PKN'KKTH. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PENK'IIULL. a township of Ensland. co. of Stafford. 
 
 PKX'KKIDGK. a town and parish of EngLand, co., and 
 o miles 8. of Stafford, on the Penk. an affluent of the Trent, 
 and near the Grand Junction Railway. Pop. 3129. The 
 town is supposed to have been the Roman Fiymocrueium, 
 and has a large church, formerly coUeglat*. 
 
 PE.NKUM. a town of Prussia." See Penkau. 
 
 PB.N LI M'.MON. a name sometimes applied to a moantain 
 range of South Walei. 
 14d2 
 
 PEN 
 
 PENLLECH, p?nV7i7Jk, a parish of Wales, co. of Camarvoa 
 
 PEXLLINE, pJn't/iHne, a parish of Wales, co. of Glar 
 morgan. 
 
 PEXMACHNO, p5n-maK'no, a parish of Wales, co. of CaN 
 narvon. 
 
 PEXJIAEN. pJn-mJ'en, (almost pJn-min',) a parish of 
 Wales. CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 PENMAEX-5IAWR, pJn-mA'en-muwR, a mountain of 
 Wales. co„ of Carnarvon, in the vicinity of Aberconway. 
 Elevation, 1400 feet. Its summit is crowned by andeut 
 fortifications. 
 
 PEX'MAIX, a hamlet of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 PEXMAKCn. pSx«'maRsh', a maritime village of West 
 France, department of Finist&re, on a headland in the At- 
 lantic, 16 miles S.W. of Quimper. Pop. 1727. 
 
 PEX'MARK, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 PEN'MOX, a parish of Wales, co. of .Anglesey. 
 
 PEXMOREA, p4n-mo-rA'a, a parish of Wales, co. of Car- 
 narvon. 
 
 PEXMYNYDD, pin-minqiH, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Anglesey. 
 
 PEXX. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 PENN, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 PEX'N, a townsliip of Berks co., Pennsj-lvania. Pop. 1444. 
 
 PENN, a township of Chester co., Pennsj'lvania. Pop.725. 
 , PENN, a township of Hnntingdon co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Huntingdon and Broad Top Railroad. Pop. 969. 
 
 PENN, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 12 miles N. by W. of Lancaster. Pop. 1771. 
 
 PENN, a township of Lycoming co., Pemisylvania, P. 745, 
 
 PE.VN, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1238, ' 
 
 PENX", a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1319. 
 
 PENN, a township of Cass co., Michigan. POp. 1303. 
 
 PENN, a township of .lay co., Indiana. Pop. 1314. 
 
 PENN, a township of St. .Toseph co., Indian.i. Pop. 2260. 
 
 PENNA, pJn'ni, a mountain of Parma, on the confines 
 of the duchv of Piacenza. It has a height of 5860 feet. 
 
 PEXX A i)I BILLI. pJn'ni dee billee. a small city of Italy, 
 in the Pontifical States, 20 miles W.N.W. of Urbino, near 
 the right bank of the Marecchia. Pop. 1370. 
 
 PKN'XAH.iTCn'EE CREEK, of Georgia, enters Flint 
 River near Drayton, in Dooly county. 
 
 PEX'X.\L, a pari.sh of Wales, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 PEX'XAXT, a piirish of Wales, co. of Montgomery. 
 
 PENXAR, p^n-nar', a river of India, presidency of Madras, 
 rises in Mysore, and after an E. course through the dis- 
 tricts of Beilary, Cuddapah, and Nellore, enters the Bay of 
 Bengal, 104 miles N. of Madras. Length, 270 miles. 
 
 PENNARD. East, a parish of England, co. of Somc-rsot. 
 
 PENX'ARD, West, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 Z\ miles W.S.W. of Glastonbury. The fiimous cheese, weigh- 
 ing 11 hundred weight, and presented some years ago to 
 Queen Vieturia. was made in this parish. 
 
 PENNAUTIER, pJn'noHe-A', a market-town of France, 
 department of .\ude, 3 miles N.W. of CarCHs.sonne. P. 1214. 
 
 PKXN DISTRICT, formeriy PEXX TOWXSUIP. a su- 
 burb or district of Philadelphia, now included within its 
 chartered limits, forming a N. portion of the city, adjoining 
 the district of Spring Garden. 
 
 PEXXE, pJnn, a town of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, on a declivity near the Lot, 6 miles E,S.E. of 
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Pop. in 1852. 4464, 
 
 PEXXF;, a town of France, department of Tarn, on the 
 left bank of the Avevron, 15 miles N.W. of Qaillac. Pop. in 
 1852. 2157. 
 
 PKX'XELVILLE. a post^ofllce of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 PKN'NEY'S. a post-oflice of Randolph oo., Missouri. 
 
 PENN'FIELD, a post-oflice of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PEXNFIELD. a post-oflice of Davidson co.. North Carolina. 
 
 PEXXFIELD. a post-office of Calhoun CO., Michigan. 
 
 PEXX FOR'EST. a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, 
 about as miles N.X.W. of AUentown. Pop. 580. 
 
 PENN HILL, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 PEX'XIGEXT. a mountain of England, co. of York, West 
 Ridinsr. 7 miles N. of Settle. Elevation. 2270 feet 
 
 PEXXINE .\LPP. Sf« Alps, page 62. 
 
 PEX'XIXGUAME\ a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton. 
 
 PEX'XIXGTOX, a parish of FlngUand. co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PEXXIXGTOX. a township of England, oo. of Lancaster, 
 
 PEX'XIXGTON. a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey, 
 8 miles N. of Trenton, contains 2 churches and 2 semina- 
 ries. Pop. 500, 
 
 PENNINGTON, a township in Bradley co., Arkansas, 
 Pop. 1216. 
 
 PEXXIXr.TON, a township in Licking eo., Ohio. 
 
 PENNINGTON, a post-office of Houston co., Texas. 
 
 PEXX'IXGTONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Chester 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, on the railroad between Philadelphia and 
 Columbia, 48 miles W. of the former. It is a depflt for coal 
 and lumber, and contains several large stores. 
 
 PEN'.NISTON. a market-town and parish of England, no. 
 of York. West Riding, on the Don. with a station on the 
 Manchester and Sheffield Railway, 6^ miles, W.S.W o« 
 Barnsley. Pop. in 1S61. 6302. 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 PKXN LINE, a post-villajre of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the W. boundary of the state, 2-1 miles W. of Meadville. 
 
 PENXOCKUCIUM. Sue Pexkriboe. 
 
 PEN'N KUN, a postoffice of Indiana CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PEX.\S'IJOROUGII,apost-officeofRitchieco.,\y .Virginia. 
 
 PENNS'BOROUGH, a postroffice of Irwin co., Georgi.i. 
 
 PENNS'BURG, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PEXN'SBUIIY, a township forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Chester co., Pennsylvania, on Brandywine Creek. Pop. 847. 
 
 PEXN'S COVE, a thriving village, or settlement, capital 
 of Island CO., Washington Territory, situated near the centre 
 of Whidby's Island. It has one of the finest harbors in the 
 world, completely sheltered from all the winds tliat prevail 
 in this quarter. 
 
 PEXN'S CHEEK, rises in the central part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and flows into the Susquehanna a few miles below 
 Sunhury. 
 
 PEXN'S CREEK, a post-offlceof Snyderco., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PENXS'GIIOVE, a thriving post-village of Upper Penn's 
 Neck township, S.aleni co„ N ew .Jersey, is Bitiuited on the 
 Delaware River, about 12 miles N. of Salem. It has 2 
 churches, 3 stores, and a steam saw-mill with a ship-yard 
 attached. There are also 2 hotels, which aie much fre- 
 quented in summer by citizens of Philadelphia. 
 
 PEXNSOKOVE, a iKJstvillage of Delaware CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Chester Creek, 3 miles .S.W. of Media. * 
 
 VENN'S NECK, avillageinNew .Jersey. See \V'rLLl.\MSBCna. 
 
 PEXN'S NECK, a former townsliip of Salem co.. New 
 Jersey, now divided into Lower Penn's Ne<-k and Upper 
 . Penn's Neck. Pop. of the former, 1 606 ; of the latter, 2901. 
 
 PENN'S SQUARE, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 PEXN'S STORE, a post-office of Patrick CO., Virginia. 
 
 PENXS'VILLE, a village of Chester CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about S miles S. of Westchester. 
 
 PENNSVILLE, a small village of Penn Township, Clear- 
 field CO.. I'enn.sylvania. 
 
 PENNSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co.. Penn.sylvania. 
 
 ?EXXSVILLE, (formerly IIICKSVILLE,) a village of 
 Lycoming co.. Pennsylvania, 3 miles N. of JIuncy. 
 
 PEX.X.SVILLE, ^ post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, 34 
 miles S. by E. of Zanesville. 
 
 PEXNSYLVANIA, pjn-sil-v4/ne-a, (See Int. \^II.; Fr. 
 Penn.li/lvanie, pJnn'seelVa^nee'; Ger. Pkiinsi/lvanien, pinn- 
 sil-vj'iie-en,) one of the Middle States, and the second in 
 popul;iti(m in the Union, is bounded N. by Lake Erie and 
 New York; E. by New York and New Jersey, from which it 
 is separated by the Delaware River; S. by Delaware, Mary- 
 land, and Virginia; and W. by Virginia and Ohio. It lies 
 between 39° 43' and 42^ 15' N. lat.. and Ijetween 74° 42' and 
 80° 35' W. Ion., being about 310 miles in length, and 160 in 
 width, (except at the angle at Lake Erie, where it is 175.) 
 and containing an area of 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,000 
 acres, of wliicli only 10,463,296 wore improved in ISCO. 
 
 fhceofthe Country. — No state in the Union presents a 
 greater variety of surface than Pennsylvania. Though they 
 Jo not rise to any great elevation, (seldom above '2000 feet,) 
 its mountains spread over about one-fourth of the state in 
 parallel ridges, in a direction generally from N.E. to S.W., 
 and occupy the southern, central, and eastern counties. 
 Though all forming parts of the great Appalachian chain, 
 they are known by various local appellations. Commencing 
 below Easton, on the Delaware, we have the South Moun- 
 tain; then in order, proceeding W. or N.W.. the Blue or 
 Kittatinny Mountains, (both entering the state from New 
 Jersey, and passing S.W. into Jlaryland.) and the Broad 
 Mountiin. which lies S. of the North" Branch of the Susque- 
 hanna. ■ We now cross the river just mentioned, but .still 
 have with us the Broad Mountain, under the name of the 
 Tuscarora : passing which, we come upon another ridge, 
 lying mostly S. of the Juniata River, known as Sideling 
 Hill; which is succeeded in turn by the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains proper, the dividing ridge between the Atlantic slope 
 and the Mississippi A'alley. Descending the very gradual 
 Ohio slope, we cross two inferior but well-defined chains, 
 known as Jjaurel and Chestnut Ridges. As before stated^ 
 these mountains do not rise to a great height: the South 
 Mountain is within 1000, and the Blue Mountain within 
 1500 feet. Broad Mountain is said to rise higher above its 
 immediate base than the Alleghany range, but to be infe- 
 rior to them in elevation above the sea. These different 
 ridges are separated by valleys, now contracted within 
 narrow limits, and now spreading out to a width of from 
 15 to 30 miles. The entire belt in Pennsylvania spreads 
 over a space of 200 miles — the greatest breadth the Alle- 
 ghany range attains in its whole course from Maine to Ala- 
 bama. In the northern part of the state the mountains be- 
 come high and rugged hills ; the W. is also hilly, and the S.E. 
 and N.W. moderately so, but occasionally level. The rivers 
 of the western part of the state, cutting their way through 
 the taJile-land, present sometimes precipitous shores of 
 several hundred feet in height, and many valleys bear evi- 
 dent marks of their having been formed by running water. 
 
 Oeolu^y. — We condense from Trego's work, on Pennsyl- 
 
 vania, a brief sketch of the geology of the state. The S.E. 
 portion of Penn.sylvania, including the soiUVieru p;iit» uf 
 Bucks and Montgomery, the whole of Phil'idelpMH ami 
 Delaware, with the southern parts of Chevter, l."».-\ca» 
 ter, and York counties, is occupied by rocks belongii.-; to 
 the stratified primary class: regular veins of unstraiified 
 rocks, as granite, sienite, &c., traverse parts of the priniary 
 range. North of this trangular belt is the limestmie and 
 marble of Chester and Montgomery counties, and slill more 
 northward a considerable extent of gnei.ss, with talc and 
 mica slate. Proceeding farther N., we come to the red sand- 
 stone, which stretches across the state from tlie Delaware 
 River, above Trenton, to the Maryland line, passing throu'.;h 
 Bucks, .Montgomery, Chester, Berks, Ijancaster. Dauphin, 
 York, and Adams counties. The red sandstone is traversed 
 by numerous dikes of trap-rock or greenstone. The rock is 
 generally composed of feldspar and hornblende, and is an 
 igneous production. Just below Easton commences anoth(>r 
 belt of primary rock, which (like nearly all the other for- 
 mations in the E. and middle of Pennsylvania) stretches 
 S.W. to the Maryland line, having Allentown. Reading, and 
 Gettysburg near its north-western limit. This formation is 
 generally here called the South Jfountain. Overlying the 
 primary rocks is a l>elt of white sandstone, and above this 
 there is a broad belt of limestone, occasionally appearing in 
 Northumberland. Lehigh, Berks, ljeb.anon, Dauphin, Jjan- 
 caster, York, Adams, Cumberland, .and Franklin counties. 
 The same limestone appears in the counties of Centre, Mif- 
 flin, Huntingdon, ami Bedford. The rock next in order 
 overlying tlie limestone is the slate: this belt cro.s.ses 
 Northampton, Lehigh. Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin. Cuml>er- 
 land. and Franklin counties. Ne.xt above the slate is a for- 
 mation composed of hard white and gray, or sonielimes 
 reddish or greenish, silicious sandstones, frequently con- 
 taining large pebbles. This rock constitutes the Kittatinny 
 or Blue Ridge; is seen in the rugged sandstone ridges of 
 .Juniata, Miftiin, Centre, Huntingdon, and Bedf)rd counties, 
 in the Tuscarora Mountains, and in Montour's Kidue, {mm 
 B!o<3msburg to near Northumterland. Upon the sandstone 
 just described rests, generally near the base of the moun- 
 tains, a series of red and variegated shales. Tliis f )rmation 
 contains tlie fossiliferous iron ore, extensively worked iu 
 Columbia county, near the Juniata, and in other parts 
 where this form.ation exists. This group of rocks extends 
 from Danville into Union county. Next in position we have 
 an argillaceous blue limestone, rather slaty, and of model ate 
 thickness, with thin bands of slaty shale. Some bamls 
 contain abundance of fossil organic remains, and occasionally 
 iron ore. This rock is found as far N.E. as the neighbor- 
 hood of Berwick, and in Perry, Juniata, Mifflin, Union, 
 Huntingdon, and Bedford counties. It is also f(>und along 
 the West Branch of the Susquehanna, from Jluncy to 
 Bald Eagle Creek. The formation next in the ascending 
 order is a coarse-grained yellowish-white sandstone, abound- 
 ing in fo.sslLs. It will be generally found accompanying 
 the limestone in Juniata, Mifflin, Union, Huntingdon, and 
 Bedfijrd counties — some iron is found in the range. We now 
 come to a group of alternating strata of dark-gray, green- 
 ish, and olive-colored sl.ates, interstratified with greenish 
 argillaceous sandstones, sometimes with thin layers of lime- 
 stone. JIany of the strata abound in fossil shells, encrinites, 
 and trilobites. This rock covers a Large portion of Monroe, 
 Pike, and Wayne counties, e.xtending to the Susquehanna, 
 between Kittatinny and .Second Mountain. Above the for- 
 mation last described, we find a series of brown red shales 
 and sandstones, interspersed with layers of gray and buff, 
 and forming a good building m.aterial. This formation ex- 
 tends from the Susquehanna, al)0ve the Blue Jlountain, 
 through Monroe county, spreading out in Pike, Wayne, 
 Susfjuehanna, Luzeme, and Bradford counties; also appear- 
 ing on the .Juniata and in Bedford county. Over the red 
 sh.ales and sandstone rest massive beds of coarse, hard gray 
 sandstones, sometimes containing pebbles, with occasional 
 bands of dark greenish slates intermixed. We are now ap- 
 proaching the coal-bearing rocks, and occasionally find black 
 carbonaceous slate, and sometimes even scales of coal itself; 
 still we are several hundred feet below the true coal-bearing 
 series. This formation encloses all the anthracite and 
 bituminous coal region ; but having on top and between it 
 and the coal a series of red shales and sandstones — the 
 strata more or less calcareous. Immediately underneath 
 the coal is a group of massive strata, of coarse silicious con- 
 glomerates, with light-colored sandstones. All search below 
 this last formation for coal must be fruitlejis. The seams of 
 coal are separated by soft, argillaceous, bluish clay, or light- 
 gray sandstone, or by dark-colored slates and shales. 
 
 Minerals. — Penn.sylvania stands first among the United 
 States in the abundance of her coal and iron. Though not 
 possessing a great variety of rare minerals, and none of the 
 precious metals, she has those which have made England 
 the wealthiest and most powerful nation on the globe, while 
 Spain and Portugal, with their gold, silver, aiid diamond- 
 mines, have become poor in national wealth, and have sunk 
 to a low degree of political influence. Owing no doubt to 
 her homely but useful minerals, Pennsylvania has advanced, 
 
 1453 
 
PEN 
 
 between 1840 and 1850, in a gi-eater ratio in population than 
 evea the Empire State, (Xew York.) or that vigorous and 
 youthful giant of the M'est, Ohio. The vast anthracite 
 coalfields of PennsyKania lie mostly between the Delaware 
 and Susquehanna Rivers, about the head-waters of the 
 Lehigh, Schuylkill, and Lackawana. In 1854 this region 
 gent to market 5,919,555 tons of coal; in 1864, the product 
 had iiicre^Tsetl to 10,5«>4,926. Nearly half of this came from 
 Schuylkill county. At BlossburR, in Tioga county, and 
 in Clinton county, are mines of bituminous coal, said to 
 be equal, if not superior, to the Newcastle coal of Eng- 
 land; while the region around Pitfc-burg. the conunence- 
 meiit of the coalfield of the Mississippi Valley, abounds 
 in cojil of the same kind, but little inferior in purity. 
 Caiinel coal of fine quality is found in Beaver county. 
 Tlie bituminous coal niineil in W>.-stern Pennsylvania, in 
 1864, was estimated at 3.000,000 tons. Petroleum abounds 
 in the western part of the state. The best evidences 
 of the quantity and excellence of the iron of Pennsyl- 
 vaniiu is the fact, according to the census rejjort of 1850, 
 that nearly half of the pig, cast, and wrought iron manu- 
 feetured in the Union was from her forges and furnaces. 
 This state al.so abounds in lime, marble, slate, and stone." 
 suitable for building. Marble is particularly abundant in 
 Chester and .Montgomery counties. The most important 
 copper-mines in Pennsylvania, are in the same counties. 
 Zinc is mined in the vicinity of Bethlehem, plumbago in 
 Bucks county.and lead in Chester and Montgomery coun- 
 ties. A btni of this mineral of great richness is reported to 
 have lieen discovered recently in Blair county. Chromium 
 oo-urs in Cluster and Lancaster counties. Scattered over 
 the state are some of the followingminerals: tit.Hniiun, plum- 
 bago, magnetic iron ore. iron pyrites, magnesia, t.-ilc. asbes- 
 tos, barytes. zircon, tourmalin, marl, Ac. Salt springs exist 
 on the ilonongahelix. Kiskeminitas, and Beaver Kivcrs. and 
 in other parts of the state. Nearly ]2.000,uOO bushels of salt 
 were manufacturitl here in ISOtt. Nitre or saltpetre has 
 recently been discovered in an extensive deposite and of 
 great richness, in the central part of the state. There are 
 iseveral medicinal springs, generally chalybeate, the most 
 noted of which are Bedford, in the county of the same 
 name; York, in Adams county: Douliling Gap. in Cuml>er- 
 Idcd ; Yellow Springs, in Chester, and Ephrafci, in Lancaster 
 county. 
 
 JSix'ers, Lal-es. <tt. — The only lake of Importance in this 
 Etate is Lake Erie, which forms its N.W. boundary for about 
 50 miles. The Delawai-e, which rises in the S.E. part of 
 New York, and flows southerly, separates New York and 
 New Jersey frfim Pennsylvania and Delaware, and empties 
 into Delaware Bay. It is navigable for large ships to I'hila- 
 delphia. about 96 miles from the sea, and for sloops and 
 steamboats to Trenton, 30 miles farther up. The Susque- 
 hanna, the lai^rest river in the state, enters Pennsylvania 
 from New York, and flowing southerly for 400 miles, crosses 
 the entire state, dividing it into two unequal portions, hav- 
 ing the larger part on the \V. This river is not navigable, 
 except at high-water in the spring and autumn, when large 
 quantities of timber are floated down it in rafts, and pi-o- 
 duce iu rough boats called arks. Owing to its rapid descent 
 to within a few miles of the Chesapeake Bay, into which it 
 fiows, it is but little affected by the tides. Its principal 
 tributaiies are the West Branch and Juniata from the W., 
 and the Swatara and Conestoga from the E. Between the 
 Sustiuehanna and the Delaware are the Lehigh and Schuyl- 
 kill, affluents of the Delaware, and each about llK) miles in 
 length. The Ohio, which is formed by the union of the 
 Alleghany from the N., and the Monongahela fi-om the S., 
 drains the \V. part of the state, having about 50 miles of 
 its course in Pennsylvania. It is navigable for large steam- 
 ers to its head at Pittsburg. The Alleghany is about 300, 
 and the Monongahela 200 miles in length, and both, at high- 
 water, are navigable, the former 200, and the latter 60 
 miles, for small steamers. The Youghiogheny. a branch of 
 the Monongahela, and the Beaver, a branch of the Ohio, 
 are small rivers. Canals coast most of these rivers, except 
 the Monongahela and Y'oughiogheny, to a greater or less 
 extent. 
 
 Otj'ctt of Interest to Tmirids. — Justice has never been done 
 to the picturesque beauty and grandeur of the scenery of 
 Penusylv.inia, because it has been hitherto difficult of access 
 to thdse who will not travel except in luxurious cars or 
 eteaniboats ; but now that railroads are beginning to traverse 
 her interior, to make accessible the romantic shoi-es of the 
 Juniata, Su.<!quehanna, Schuylkill, and Lehigh Kivers, we 
 may expect to hear others exclaim, as did an English tour- 
 ist. (Hon. C. A. Murray,) '-To my sh.ame be it spoken, I 
 never heard of the J uniata till this day !" The passages of 
 the Delaware, Uhigh, and Schuvlkill Rivers through the 
 Blue Kldge— the first two called the Delaware and Lehigh 
 W ater Uap»— are well worthy a visit from the lover of fine 
 •cenery. The Delaware Water Gap. situated to the N. of 
 Enston, is the most renowned of these. The river here 
 breaks through the mountains, in a gorge about 2 miles iu 
 teiigth, walled in by precipices from 12(X) to 1000 feet in 
 lieijjht, scarcely leaving space for a road between their base 
 1454 
 
 PEN 
 
 and the water. The mountains on the shores of the .TunLita 
 rise to about 1500 feet. The banks of the Su.s<iuehaiina am 
 interesting in almost every part of its course, and often 
 grand. The celebrated Wyoming Valley, on the North 
 Branch, needs only to be named. The Pennsylvania Can.-il 
 passes through a tunnel of 1000 feet, near Bl.iirsville : the 
 Union Canal through one of 729 feet ; the Danville and Potts- 
 ville Railroad through one of 700 feet: the Reading Railroad 
 through 4, severally of 960. 172, 1934, and 1300 feet long, and 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad through the summit of the Al- 
 leghany Mountain by a tunnel 3612 feet long, at an eleva- 
 tion of about 2200 feet above the sea. The Portage Railroad 
 cros.ses the mountain by 10 inclined planes. All the rail- 
 roads named above pa.ss through successions of wild and 
 beautiful country. Bedford Springs are imliedded in pic- 
 turesque scenery which interest* the mind, while the pure 
 air of the mountains aid the medicinal waters in theii' resto- 
 rative qualities. Falling Spring, in Luzerne county, above 
 Pittston: Swatara Falls, 9 miles from Pottsville; theSawkill 
 Falls, in Pike county, near Mllford; the Youghiogheny 
 Rapids, which descend 60 feet in a mile in a wild pass thiough 
 the mountains in Fayette county, and the falls of the Wal- 
 lenpaupack, in Wayne county, are all worthy of a visit from 
 a lover of the beauties of nature. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Pennsylvania is variable, and 
 liable to sudden extremes, having sometimes the heat of the 
 Carolinas, and at others the cold of Canada but in periods 
 generally of only three d.nys. intermingled in summer with 
 sharp winds from the N.W.. and mitigated in winter by 
 the milder breezes from the S.W. Periods of warm weathei 
 sometimes occur in J.anuary and February, when the Ijuds 
 begin to swell. The mountainous region has a greater de- 
 gree of cold, and the snows are deeper and lie longer than 
 in other portions. In the W.. the climate is milder and less 
 variable than in the E. According to observations kept at 
 Philadelphia in 1852, the greatest average cold was in Janu- 
 ary — mean temperature, 31°'9; the greatest average heat in 
 July — mean temperature, 77°. The hottest day was June 
 16. 94°; the most intense cold was January 20. 2° below zero. 
 The mean temperature of the winter months during 26 
 years, was 3.3°; spring months, 51°-8; summer, 73^'3, and 
 autumn, 54°'5. The average amount of rain for 15 years, 
 44-6 inches. The average gives August the greafest. (5-13 
 Inches:) February the least, (2-92 inches.) The greatest 
 amount in any one month was 11-80 inches, in July. 1842; 
 the least, 0. 5 (?) inches, in September, 1846. 
 
 Si/il ami Proiiuctiemf. — Pennsylvania, though destitute of 
 the luxuriant prairies of the West, is eminently an airicnl- 
 tural state, producing more buckwheat, rye, and clover- 
 seed than any member of the confedenicy, more Indian corn 
 than any Northern or Middle State, and more Irish pota- 
 toes, orchard fruits, butter, hay, and oats than any state ex- 
 cept New Y'ork. She is the third in tlie amount of wool, 
 and fifth or sixth in the amount of wheat produced. 
 The best soils are in the limestone and river valleys, and 
 in the depressions among the inoniitains, wliicli have -i 
 rich alluvion of 2 or 3 feet deep. There are large tracts o' 
 excellent land in the bituminous coal region of A\ estern 
 Pennsylvania; hut the N. counties are more bleak and 
 rugged, and not quite so productive. In many places, even 
 the mountains are valuable for pasture. Perhaps in no part 
 of the United States is there more skilful farming than in 
 some of the older counties of Pennsylvania. The staple arti- 
 cles are wheat and Indian corn, but large quantities of oats, 
 rye. barley, buckwheat, grass-seeds, live-stock, orchard 
 fruits, butter, cheese, wool, peas, beans. Irish potatoes, mar- 
 ket produce, tobacco, hay, flax, beeswax, honey, maple-sugar, 
 with some molasses, silk, hops. hemp. wine, and sweet i>oti>- 
 toes ai'e jiroduced. According to the census of 1S< ii there 
 were in Pennsylvania 10,463,296 acres of improvisi land 
 (0,548,844 being unimproved), producing 13,042.165 bushels 
 of wheat; 5,474,7*8 of rye; 28,196,821 of Indian corn; 
 27,-3S7,147 of oats; 123,090 of peas and beans; 11,687,467 of 
 Irish potatoes; 103,187 of sweet potatoes; 530,714 of luir- 
 ley; 5,572,024 of buckwhe.at; 247,351 of cloverseed ; j)7,193 
 of other grass seeds ; 24,198 of flaxseed ; 3,181,.536 pounds of 
 tobacco; 4,752.522 of wool; 58.653.511 of butter; 2,.'i0s.556 
 of cheese; 31 2,368 of flax ; 2,767,335 of maple sugar; 5--'..5i)9of 
 beeswax; 1,402.128 of honey; 2,245,413 tons of hay; value of 
 live stock, S69.672.726 ; orchard products, $1 ,479,9i57 : market 
 products, $1,384,968; and ofslaughtered animals, $13,39U 375. 
 
 Fnrest Trees. — The forest trees of Penn.sylvania consist ol 
 several varieties of oak, walnut, hickory, maple, dogwood, 
 magnolia, cucumber, papaw, American poplar, gum. .syca? 
 more, catalpa, crabapple. birch, locust, sassafras, wild cherry, 
 persimmon, aspen, chestnut, chincapin, lieech, hornbeam, 
 mulberry, ash, willow, elm, linden, several species of pine, 
 spruce, hemlock, larch, cedar, Ac. 
 
 Animals. — Among the mammalia are the I)ear, wildcat 
 panther, wolf, otter, red and gray Ibx. racoon, marten, mink, 
 weasel, skunk, opossum, beaver, (rare.) muskrat. porcupine, 
 ground-hog; flying, red. and gray squirrel : hare, rabbit 
 deer, and elk. Among birds are the bald-eagle, fisbhav k, 
 and other varieties of hawk. owl. whippoorwill, nightb.v^k, 
 swallow, Indian hen, woodcock, wild turkey, partrijfo, 
 
 L 
 
PEN 
 
 pheasant, wild goose and duck, and a great variety of small 
 birds. 
 
 M'lmifactures. — Pennsylvania ranks among tlie fir.st of the 
 sUtes of the Union in the e.xtent and variety of her manu- 
 faotures, for the fabrication of which she has creat facilities 
 in the cheapness and proximity of her coal and iron, as well 
 a-s in the aljundauce of her water-power. This state manu- 
 factured nearly half the iron made in the United States in 
 1850. According to the census of 1860 there were in Penn- 
 sylvania 22.36.3 establishments, producing each SoOO and up- 
 wards annually, engaged in manufactures, mining, and the 
 nieelianic arts, employing $100,055,9^4 capital and 222.1o2 
 hands, consuming raw material worth ;rl53,477,C9S, and 
 producing annually goods valued at $290,121,188. Of these 
 17-1 were cotton factories, employing $9,147,040 capital and 
 14,907 hands, consuming raw material worth $7,298,944, and 
 producing stuffs and yarn valued at $13,502,484; 270 wool- 
 len factories, employing $4,339,310 capitiil, and jiroducing 
 stufl's valued at $8,191,675; 2279 flour and grist-mills, em- 
 ploying $13,517,820 capital, and producing tlour and meal 
 valued at $29,925,573; 125 iron furnaces, employing $12,- 
 723,644 cai>ital and 7597 hands, and producing pig-iron val- 
 ued at $11,262,974; 170 iron foundries, employing 2,708,205 
 capital, and producing ca.stings valued at S^i,12:i.084 ; 87 roll- 
 ing-mills, employing $10,974,013 capital and 10,177 hands, 
 consuming law material worth $8,862,947, and producing 
 annually l)ar-iron, railroad iron, &c., valued at $15,122,842, 
 and 999 tanneries, employing $7,805,791 capital, and pro- 
 ducing annually leather valued at $13,246,951. Home-made 
 manufactures valued at .$544,728 were also produced. It is 
 estimated that 700,000 tons of pig iron were produced in 
 Pennsylvania in 1864. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Pennsylvania early entered with 
 spirit upon the work of improving her internal communica- 
 tions. The first greiit road made in the United States was 
 the turnpike connecting Philadelphia and Pittsburg, and 
 (till the opening of the Hudson and Krie Canal in ls25) the 
 great connecting link between the Kast and the West, on 
 which might l)e seen at any time long lines of Conestoga 
 wagons, heavily laden with merchandise and produce, wend- 
 ing their tardy way over hill and valley, and occupying a 
 much greater length of time in the transit than is now neces- 
 sary for a voyage to Kurope. Pennsylvania commenced, in 
 1825," her extensive system of canals, (but too extensive, un- 
 fortunately, as it led to locating them in places uncalled 
 for by the demands of the time) which clogged the state 
 with a he.avy debt, under which she still labors, while, by 
 the unproductiveness of some of them, she is deprived of 
 the income from whence to liquidate the debt, or even to 
 p.ay its interest, unaided by taxation. But part of this un- 
 productiveness is no doubt caused by the then unforeseen, 
 but now general introduction of railways. Pennsylvania 
 owes a debt of $28,333,792, incurred mainly for purposes 
 of internal improvement. Some of her works that have 
 long lain unfinished, will soon bo completed, wlien it is 
 cx]iccted they will add to the resources of the state, in- 
 stead of, as heretofore, requiring constant outlay. Pennsyl- 
 vania has now a line of canal connecting I'ittsburg and H.ir- 
 rlsburg; one, nearly completed, along the whole course of 
 the Susquehanna within the state, and also on the West 
 Branch ; one from Beaver to Erie, one along the Delaware 
 from Bristol to Kaston, and thence up the Lehigh to the 
 mines: one up the Schuylkill to Pottsville: one along the 
 Lackawana to the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and one 
 uniting the Schuylkill with the Pennsylvania Canal at Mid- 
 dletown — making, in all. about 1030 miles of canal com- 
 pleted, or nearly so, within the state. .According to tlie 
 census of 1S60, Pennsylvania had 2542 miles of railway in 
 operation. The cost of construction and equipment waa 
 $143,471,710. 
 
 Her commercial metropolis is connected by railro.-ul with 
 New York, Baltimore, Pittsburg, and Western Xew York. 
 {via Reading, Tamaqu.a. Catawissa, Willlamsport, and El- 
 mir.t;) with Hagerstown in Maryland, via Harrisburg, Cat 
 lisle, and Chamber.sburg; and with Lancaster. Columbia, 
 York, Norristown, Westchester. Bristol, and various inter 
 mediate towns and villages within the state. Through 
 connections with New Jersey railroads, Easton is united 
 to Philadelphia and New Y'^ork City. Scran ton connects 
 with the Xew Y'ork .and Erie liailroad at Great Bend; Har- 
 risburg directly with Baltimore: Blossburg with Corning, 
 on the Xew Y'ork and Erie Kailroad ; and Harrisburg with 
 the Beading Kailroad at Auburn. There are numerous 
 uhort railroads in the mining districts, llttsburg and 
 Erie connect westward with the great lines through Ohio, 
 Indiana, and other states. Roads are now completed which 
 open a nearly direct communication between Hliiladelphia 
 and the towns of Wheeling, Cleveland, Erie, Syracuse, Os- 
 wego, and various intermediate villages on the different 
 routes; and the towns in the N.E. part of Pennsylvania with 
 the city of New York, through the state of New Jersey. 
 Others unite Pittsburg with Newcastle, Connellsville, Erie, 
 and Kittanning. Amoug the railroads opened in the last 
 decadi- are the Philadelphia and Erie, the Northern Central 
 whicl covr<>i8 harrisburg with Baltimore, Sunbury, Ac, 
 
 PEN 
 
 the Atlantic and Great Western, the East PenTisj-lvania, 
 the Pittsburg and Connellsville and the Oil Creek Railroad. 
 The gross earnings of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad 
 amounted to $10,304,290 in 1n62, $11,891,412 ia 1863, and 
 $14,759,057 in 1864. Expenses for 1804, $9,824,791. This , 
 road carried in 1864, 2,559,884 tons of freight, and 2,268,929 
 liassengers. The Philadelphia and Reading Kailroad trans- 
 ported, in 1804. 4,263,427 tons of freight, including 3,099,240 
 tons of anthracite coal. The gross earnings of this road for 
 the year amounted to $9,269,340, an<l the expenses to 
 $7,533,174. The receipts of the Northern Central in 1864 
 were 2,.582,269, and the receipts of the Philadelphia and 
 Erie Railroad were$l,031,509 in the same year. TbeSchnyl- 
 kill Navigation Company transported, in 1864, 1,.371,520 tons 
 of freight, including above a million tons of anthracite coaL 
 
 Commerce. — Though I'ennsylvania has lost her compara- 
 tive importance in foreign commerce, yet her increase in 
 this respect in the last 30 years has been steady ; while in 
 her coasting, lake, and Ohio River trade, her advances have 
 been immense. The completion of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 way, the most direct and shortest route from the Ea,^tern 
 and Middle States to the creat Mississippi Valley, has greatly 
 Increased the transit trade across her territory. In the yeai 
 1854 the gross receipts on this r^ad amounted to .$3.512.29,5, 
 the tonnage transported amounted to 250.925 tons, and 
 the travel was equivalent to 157.100 through pa.ssengers. 
 The article on the commerce of Philadelphia will sliow 
 the graat increase of her coasting trade. The trade of 
 tne port of Erie amounted, in 1851, to $4,222,997. The ton- 
 nage of the vessels owned in the stale in 18C3, amounted to 
 300,74], of which 94,305 was emjdoyed in steam navig.itibn. 
 During the same year 414 vessels were built with an aggre- 
 gate tonnage of 51,083. The loreign imjjorts were $7,404,234. 
 The imports were $1 8,8.34,410. The exports, consisting mostly 
 of tlour, wheat, Indian com, provisions, tobacco, quercitron 
 bark. lard, butter, ic, amounted to $6,527,990. Tonnage 
 entered. 183.944: cleared. 151,685. (See l'inLAi)ELPFri.\. Pitts- 
 biro, and Erie.) Large quantities of lumber are floated 
 down the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers in the spring 
 and fill. The amount on the former river alone for 1^52, 
 brouirht dowri by canal and rafts, has been estimati'd at 
 250.0C>0.000 feet. It is also computed that 175.000.000 fwt 
 of sawed lumber. 20,000.000 feet of square timber, 200.0: "J.OOO 
 shingles, and 30.0(K),000 laths, are annually sent down the 
 Alle'.;hany. In the ten years between 1845 and 1S54, both 
 inclusive, the amount of lumber .annaally .shipped by the 
 Ijehi;ih Canal varied between 17,944.020 feet and 62.123,751 
 feet — the grejitest amount being in 1852. The number of 
 boats cleared at Bristol, on the Delaware Canal, in 1854. waf 
 10.086. The canal tonnage p.assed over the Columbia R;iil- 
 roaii was. for the same year. 73,475 tons, and for the Penn- 
 sylvania Kailroad Company, 164.475 tons. I'assengers carried 
 for the I'ennsylvania Kailroad Company, 167.965. and emi- 
 grants. 21.793. Total tonnase passed^^over the ro.id, wav and 
 throu'.'h. 437.238. The Httsburg Board of Trade give the 
 annual arrivals and ilepartures at that port at 8576. carry- 
 ing 1.638.160 tons of freight, valued at $19,415,000. 
 
 Educiitinn. — The first general free-scliool system in Penn- 
 sylvania was adopted in 1834, which has since been re- 
 modelled and improved; but still much room is left for 
 amendment before it can fully meet the requirements of the 
 age — though comparatively the system is probably e(iual to 
 any out of New England, and in Philadelphia e(|ual, if not 
 superior, to any in the United States. According to the 
 census of ISOO, Pennsylvania had 24 colleges with 3286 
 students. $243,196 income, of wliich $180,136 was eiidow- 
 nients; 11,597 public schools with 565,303 pupils, $2,495,056 
 income, of which .$2,180,742 w.os from taxation, $249,789 
 from public funds, and $16,297 from endowments ; 487 acade- 
 mies and other scliools, with 33,638 pupils, $640,763 income, 
 of which $42,421 was endowments. $26,525 from public 
 funds, and $8112 from taxati<m. There wore also in this 
 stfite 1416 libraries, 529 of which were public, with 761,299 
 volumes ; 50 school, with 14,095 volumes ; 764 Suuday-sdiool, 
 with :j39,414 volumes; 17 college, and 66 church libraries 
 comprising a total of 1,.344.924 volumes. The medical 
 scliools of Pennsylvania are first in reputation of any on the 
 Western Continent, and are attended annually by about 
 1400 students. According to the National Almanac, tliis 
 state had, in 1863. 20 colleges, 13 theological seminaries, and 
 6 medical colleges. The Agi-icnltnrai College of Peniisyl- 
 vania is If'Cated in Centre county. Tliere are Normal 
 Schools recognized by the state at Millersville, Lancaster 
 county; at Edinboro, Erie county, and at Mansfield, in 
 Tioga county. The number of students registered in the 
 Millersville school in 1862 was 549; the number in that of 
 Edinboro was 130. No report of the attendance at Mans- 
 field has been received. 
 
 lii'ligintis. — Pennsylvania seems to have used to the full 
 extent the privilege so strenuously contended for by her 
 illustrious founder — that of each one wor8hip|>ing according 
 to his inclination: as there were above 40 ditfei-ent sects in 
 Pennsylvania in 1860, occupying 5337 churches, of which the 
 Baptists owned 402, Christians 69, Episcopalian's 203, Con- 
 gregationalists 34, Friends 147, German Reformed 474, Lo- 
 
 1455 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 therans 730, Menonitea 95, Methodists 1573, Moravians 23, 
 i'reslj.vterians 723, Roman Catholics 271, Unionists 144, 
 Universalists 27. The rest are occujiied by Africans, Con- 
 eregationalists. Covenanters, Dutcli Reformed, lnilei>endent, 
 Jews, Seceders, Tunkers, Unitarians, United Bretliren in 
 Chri^st, and other smaller sects. There is 1 church for every 
 643 inhabitants. Value of church property, $22,o81,479. 
 
 Perindicals. — In 1860 there were published in this state 
 29 daily, 1 tri-weeklj', 3 bi-weekly, and 297 weekly news- 
 papers, 28 monthly, 6 quarterly, and 3 annual magazines 
 and reviews; total, 367 periodicals, of which 277 were polit- 
 ical, 43 religious, 22 miscellaneous, and 25 literary. The 
 whole number of copies issued annually was 116.094,480. 
 
 Public IndittUions. — Pennsylvania has always been noted 
 for her charitable institutions; and even in her penal esta- 
 blishments she looks rather to mercy and reformation than 
 to punishment. There are two great penitentiaries in the 
 state, one at Philadelphia, and another at Pittsburg, both 
 on the solitary sj-stem ; but only solitary so far as commu- 
 nication with their fellow-prisoners is concerned, as they are 
 weekly visited by the members of the Prison Discipline 
 Society, who endeavor to cheer, encourage, and instruct 
 them, both in morals and religion, as well as in school 
 learning. During the year 1853, 117 convicts were received 
 In the Eastern Penitentiary, and 143 discharged, leaving in 
 confinement, January 1st, 1854. 267 convicts, of whom 43 
 were colored, 36 foreigners, and 17 entirely illiterat*. Total 
 nnmlier received since the opening of the prison in 1829, 
 SliSO. In the Western Penitentiary, in 1853, there were 201 
 convicts : total in 29 years of its existence, 1740. The con- 
 victs of the Western Penitentiary more than supported 
 themselves by the proceeds of their labor ; but the Eastern 
 was detieient $2248. Montgomery county has withdrawn its 
 prisoners. The two houses of refuge for juvenile delinquents, 
 the deaf and dumb asylum, and blind asylum, all in I'hila- 
 delphia, receive state appropriations. A house of refuge at 
 Pittsburg has just been completed, at an expense of $120,000, 
 capable of containing 230 inmates. An appropriation of 
 $20,000 has been made by the state for the establishment 
 of an asylum for idiots, on condition of a like sum being 
 subscriVied by individuals. Incited by the benevolent 
 exertions of that most noble woman, Dorothea Dix, the 
 state has erected at Harrisburg a state lunatic asylum, 
 at a cost of $50,000, embracing in the structure of the build- 
 ing, and in its discipline, most of the improvements of the 
 age in the treatment and accommodation of the unfortunate 
 class of beings for whom it is intended. During the year 
 1853. 163 patients were received, and 87 discharged ; of whom 
 27 were restored. Remaining in the institution, January, 
 1854, 182 patients. The contributions for charital)le pur- 
 poses by the state in 1854 amounted to $52,761. of which 
 $25,000 was to the Lunatic Asylum, $12,000 to the Blind, 
 and $14,750 to the Deaf and Dumb Asj'lum. Pennsylvania 
 had, in 1850, 90 publiq libraries, with 184.660 volumes; 256 
 school and Sunday-school libraries, with 75,232 volumes; 21 
 college, with 77,050, and 26 church libraries with 26,452 
 volumes. There is a State Historical Society at Philadelphia. 
 i1)i>«ta<iV)w.— Pennsylvania was originally settled by Eng- 
 lish and Welsh Friends, or Quakers, but the population 
 afterwords received large additions of Germans and Irish, 
 and some other foreigners. In some of the middle and 
 eastern counties, the Germans still keep up their own 
 language and customs, and have papers printed and schools 
 taught in their own tongue. By the census of 1790, there 
 were 434,373 inhabitants; 602,365 in 1800; 810.091 in 
 1810; 1,049,458 in 1820; 1,348,233 in 1830; 1,724,033 in 
 1840; in 1850. 2,311,786; inl860, 2,906,215, of whom 2,849,259 
 were whites, 56,949 colored, and 7 Indians. Pop. to tlie square 
 mile. 63. .Representative population, 2,900,115. Of the 
 population, 2,280,004 were born in the state ; 195,706 in other 
 suites of the Union; 430,505 in foreign countries; of whom 
 46,546 were born in England; 201,939 in Ireland; 10137 in 
 Scotland; 13,101 in Wales ; 3484 in British America; 138 244 
 in Germany; 8302 in France; and 8752 in other foreign 
 countries. Of the population in the leading pursuits, 180 613 
 were fanners; 136,963 laborers; 81,233 servants; 69'l04 
 farm laborers ; 29,855 carpenters; 22,612 shoemakers ; 19 208 
 clerks; 18,759 miners; 14,990 blacksmiths; 12,200 seam- 
 stresses; 11,902 apprentices; 11,291 teachers; 10,680 mer- 
 chants; 9429 tailors; 7218 weavers; 6691 masons; 6641 
 inachinisU; 65(i9 factory hands; 6073 tailoresses; 5822 
 inn-keepers; 5489 boatmen; 6597 mantua-makers; 6126 
 painters &c., &c. In the year ending Juno 1st, 1860, there 
 occu.Te<l 30,;241 deaths, or 10-6 in every thousandl The 
 number of deaf and dumb for the same year was 1357 (see 
 Introduction to the volume on PopulaOon of the Eighth 
 l^S42 Wi„\'|c. ' ' ' '•^' ^^**^ ''""'^ ^"^ insane, and 
 
 A<£^"'^l-n;II?I'„/"'^ •'.'J'vided into 66 counti«,, viz., 
 BUi?^ ii™]fn^^ .f ' ,-*"»„*t':?n8. Be«ver, Bedford. Berks 
 
 yu.imia, Lancaster, Lawrence. Lebanon, Lehigh. Luiierne^ 
 Lycomnig McKean, Mercer, Miflliu, Mo'nroC MonKe!^ 
 
 Montour, Xorthumberland, Northampton. Perry, Phila- 
 delphia, Pike, Potter, Schuylkill, Snyiler, Somerset, 
 Sullivan, Susquehannii, Tioga, Union, Venango, Warren, 
 Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland, Wyoming, and 
 York. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The principal city, the metropolis of 
 the state, and only second, in the Union in importance, is 
 PhiUidelphia. Population in 1860, 562,-529; besides which, 
 there are IMttsburg, population 49.217; Alleghany City 
 28,702; Reailing, 23.102; Lanc.ister City, 17,603: Harris- 
 burg, 1.3,405; Pottsville, 9444; Erie Citv, 9419; Scranton 
 9223; Easton, 8944; Norristown, .8848 ; York, 8605; Allen- 
 town, 8025 ; Danville. 6."S5 ; Birmingham, 6046; Elizabeth 
 5991; Carlisle, 5664; Williamsport, 5d64; Carbondale, 5575 • 
 Charahersburg, 52.')5: Columbia, 50:)7; Tamaqua, 4919; St 
 Clair, 4901; Phoenixville,4886; West Chester, 4757 ; Leb^ 
 anon, 4449; Franklin, about 5000 ; Wilkeslmrre, 4253; Johns- 
 town, 4185; Altoona, 3591; HoUidaysburg, 3070; and Oil 
 City, estimated at 12,000. Capital Harrisburg. 
 
 Gwemment, Finanoes, d-c. — The governor of Pennsylvania 
 is elected by the people for three years, but cannot }ye chosen 
 more than six out of any nine consecutive years, and re- 
 ceives a salary of $3000 per annum. The senate consists of 
 33 meilibers, elected for three years, and" a house of repre- 
 sentatives of 100 members, elected annually. One-third of 
 the senate must be chosen each year. The legislature meets 
 
 on the first Tuesday in January. The judiciary con.sists 
 
 1. Of a supreme court, composed of five judjres, elected by 
 the people at large for fifteen years, but so that one judge 
 shall be elected every third year, and the one having the 
 shortest term to serve shall be chief justice. The jurisdic- 
 tion of this court extends over the state: and the judges, 
 by virtue of their offices, are judges of over and terminer 
 and general jail delivery for the several counties. 2. Of 25 
 courts of common pleas, each presided over by one judge, 
 elected for ten years, and one or more associates to each 
 county, elected for five years. The judges of the common 
 pleas of each county are also justices of over and terminer 
 and general jail delivery. 3. Of a district court for Phila- 
 delphia city and county, and one for Alleghany county. 
 The judges of the supreme court and the county courts 
 receive $1000 per annum, except those for Philadelphia and 
 I'ittsburg, who receive from $2000 to $5000 per annum. 
 Every white citizen of the age of 21 years, having resided 
 in the state one year, and in the election district whore he 
 offers to vote ten days immediately preceding such election, 
 and within two years paid a stat^ or county tax, and who 
 shall have been assessed at least ten days before the election, 
 shall enjoy the rights of an elector. The public debt ot 
 Pennsylvania in September, 1865, was $38,6.33,792, or if we 
 deduct the bonds of the Central Railroad and the rhiladel- 
 phia and Erie Railroad, held by the State, $28,343,792. Tlie 
 value of the real estate in Pennsylvania in 1860, was esti- 
 mated at $561,192,980; and th.at of the personal estiite at 
 5158,000,355. The amount receivetl from tax on real and 
 Iiersonal estate in 1863, was $1,733,401. The receipts for 
 the year ending November 30, 1S63, were $4,289,451. E.x- 
 pcnditnres, exclusive of military expenses, scliools and in- 
 terest on loans, about $2,000,000. There were in 1862, 94 
 l)anks with an aggregate capital of $25,917,650, a circular 
 tion of $-27,689,504, and $9,467,2:34 in specie. There were 
 184 national banks in the stiite in September, 1865. 
 
 History. — Pennsylvania is the only instance of an Ame< 
 rican colony founded without bloodshed. The benevolent 
 Penn. when he settled the state in 16S2, with his peaceful 
 as.sociates. the Friends, conciliated the natives by the pur- 
 chase of their territory, and by the kindness and good-will 
 manifested towards them secured their friendship during 
 70 years. Pennsylvania was granted to Wiili.im Penn in 
 liquidation of a debt due his father, Admiral Penn, by the 
 government of Great Britain. In 1699. Delaware, which 
 had before been united to Pennsylvania, was allowed a dis- 
 tinct legislature, but remained subject to the same governor. 
 Previous to the old French and Indian War in 1755, the 
 contests waged between the English and French colonists 
 had not reached Pennsylvania; but in that year occurred 
 the disastrous defeat of Braddock. near Pitt.sburg. in which 
 Washington, then a young man. distinguished himself. In 
 1763 occurred the massacre of the Conestoga Indians, in 
 Lancaster county, by the Paxton Coys. In 1767 was run 
 the famous Mason and Dixon's line, (39° 43',) the southern 
 boundary of Pennsylvania, and which has become proverbial 
 as the dividing line between the North and the South. 
 Pennsylvania took an active part in the Revolutionary 
 contest, and on her soil occurred the battles of Brandywine 
 and Germantown, September and October. 1777. and the 
 massacres of Wyoming and Paoli. and the sutlering winter 
 encampment at Valley Forge in 1777 and '78. .In her 
 metropolis, too, met the first Congresses of the Revolution; 
 and here was the seat, for nearly ten years, of the newly- 
 organized government of 1789. Within her limits, in 1791, 
 occurred the bloodless resistance to the General Govern- 
 ment, in Washington's adminiuistration. called the M'hisky 
 Insurrection; but notwithstanding this defection of • 
 small part of her citlieus, no state in the confederacy hiS 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 been more loyal to the constitution of the federal e;overn- 
 ment in all times of trial than Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania 
 gave Franlilin, Rush, Thompson, and Robert Morris to the 
 councils of the nation in the ISevolution, and the former two, 
 besides Rittenhouse, Fulton, Say, and Morton, to science. 
 Pennsylvania formed a constitution in 1776, suited to her 
 changed character of an independent republican state. A 
 new constitution was formed in 1790, iind again in 1838 ; 
 several alterations have since been made, as a provision in 
 the constitution enables amendments to be effected by the 
 enactments of two legislatures, with the sanction of the 
 people. Benjamin Franklin was president of the executive 
 
 council, i. e. governor, from 1785 to 1788. Inhah. Penx- 
 
 BYliVAN'lAN. pjn'sil-vi'ne-an. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, a postK)fflce of Rock Island co., Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 PENNSYLVA'NIABURG, a village of Ripley co., Indiana, 
 16 miles N.E. of Versailles, has near 200 Inhabitants. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. See GETirsDURO. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA (MEDICAL) COLLEGE. See Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 PENN TOWNSHIP. See Penn District. 
 
 PEW/VILLE, a post-office of Jay co., Indiana. 
 
 PENN YAN, a thriving post-village of Milo township, and 
 capital of Yates co., New York, on the outlet of Crooked 
 Lake, and on the Canandaigua and Klmlra Railroad, 192 
 miles W. of Albany, and 43 miles N. by AV. of Elniira. The 
 Crooked Lake Canal, connecting the Crooked with Seneca 
 Lake, passes through the village, and furnishes abundant 
 water-power, having 27 locks in the distance of 7 miles. 
 Penn Van contains, besides the county bniUlings, 5 churches, 
 2 banks, a union school, several academies, and2 newspaper 
 offices, 70 stores, 2 iron furnaces, 2 plough factories, and 
 several flonvins and aaw-niills. Pop. 23S8. 
 
 PEN'NYPACK CREEK, in the S.E. part of Penn.sylvania, 
 flows throuL'h the N. part of Philadelphia County, and enters 
 the Delaware River near Ilolmesburg. It furnishes water- 
 power for several large factories which are situated on it. 
 
 PENNY'S FKRRY, a post-office of Ilenrv co., Illinois. 
 
 PENOB'SCOT, the largest river in Maine, is formed by 
 two l)ranches, the East and the West, which unite in 
 Penobscot county, near the centre of the state; flowing in a 
 general S.S.^V. course, it meets the tidewater at IJangor, 
 about 60 miles from its mouth. It is navigable for large 
 vessels to Bangor, where the tide rises 17 feet, which ex- 
 traordinary rise is probably produced, in part at least, by 
 the wedge-shaped form of the bay, and the cuiTent from 
 the G ulf Stream. Small steamboats navigate the river above 
 Bangor. At <.lldtown, 12 miles N. of the last named place, 
 are several islands, owned by the Penobscot tribe of In- 
 dians. This river, particularly in its upper portions, affords 
 very valuable water-power. Its length from the junction 
 of its two branches is about 135 miles, or measuring from 
 the source of the West and largest branch, (which is re- 
 garded by many geographei-s as the true Penobscot,) it 
 amounts to 300 miles. Branches. — The West Branch rises 
 near the W. boundary between Maine and Can.ada, in So- 
 merset county, and flowing through Chosuncook and Pema- 
 dumcook Lakes in Piscataquis county, unites with the East 
 Branch in Penobscot county, near the centre of the state. 
 The Eiist Branch, also called the Seboois River, forms the 
 outlet to the Seboois Lakes, in Penobscot county, and flowing 
 S., joins the West Branch. 
 
 PENOBSCOT, a county extending from the centre of Maine 
 to its N. border, has an area of about 3200 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. by the St. John's River: the central 
 and S. parts are drained by the Penobscot and its tributaries, 
 which afford valuable water-power. It is intersected in the 
 N. by the Aroostook River. Much timber is cut in this 
 county, and rafted down the Penobscot. The railroad con- 
 necting Bangor with Oldtown is included within this county. 
 Another railroad extends AV. from Bangor, communicating 
 with that which connects Portland with Augusta and Water- 
 Tille. Organized in 1S16. Capital, Bangor. Pop. 72,731.! 
 
 PENOBSCOT, a post-township and port of entry of Hancock 
 CO., Maine, on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, 57 miles E. 
 by N. of Augusta. The shipping of the district, June 30, 
 1854, amounted to an aggregate of 4885 tons registered, and 
 40,107 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 22,850 tons 
 were employed in the coast trade, 13S0 in the cod fishery, 
 and 3387 in the mackerel fishery. . During the year 20 vessels 
 (tons, 14,268) were built here. Pop. 1557. 
 
 PENCLA, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama. 
 
 PENO'RA. a postroffice of Guthrie co., Iowa. 
 
 PENOMPING, p.-l-nom-ping', a town of Siam, province, 
 and ISO miles S. of Cambodia, on the Me-kong. 
 
 PEN ON DE VELEZ, pSn-y5n' di vi/lith, a fortified mari- 
 time town belonging to Spain, on an elevated rock, on the 
 African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, 80 miles S.E. of Ceuta. 
 Tt was founded by Pedro of Navarre, in 1508. taken by the 
 Moors in 1522. but retaken by the Spaniards in 1664. It is 
 strongly defended by heavy batteries, and has a bomb-proof 
 magazine, ample storehouses, and a state prison. 
 
 PEN'PONT, a village and parish of Scotland, co., and 15 
 nUes N.N.AV. of Dumfries, on the Skarr. Pop. of the village, 
 4K 
 
 500. Here are numerous antiquities, including the rem.alns 
 of an ancient Roman fort. 
 
 PEN'RIIOS, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 PEN'RIIOS LLTGWY, (i/iHg'wee,) a parish of Nort.i 
 Wales, CO. of Anglesey. 
 
 PENRIIYDD, pSn'riTH, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 PEN'RIIYN ISLANDS, a group in the P.acific Ocean. Lat. 
 9° 2' S., Ion. 157° 35' W. They are densely wooded, and 
 populous. 
 
 PENRIIYN, PORT, a township of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnarvon, at the mouth of the Ogwen, in Menai Strait. It 
 has a good quay for vessels of 300 tons, and large exports of 
 slate from a quarry employing about 2000 men. Penrhyn 
 Castle is a superb marble castellated edifice. 
 
 PENRHYS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 PEN'RITII, (often pronounced pce'rith.) a m.arket-town 
 and parish of Engl.and, co. of Cumberland, with a station on 
 the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, 15 miles S.S.E. of Car- 
 lisle. Pop. in 1851, 6068. The town. In a beautiful vale of 
 the Eamont and Lowther, is neatly built, and has a large 
 church, in the cemetery of which is a monument of high 
 antiquity, known as " the Giant's Grave :" a grammar school, 
 founded by Queen Eliz.abeth ; a county court-house, and 
 house of correction, union work-house, an assemblj'-rooni, 
 museum, subscription library, and the renlaiiis of a castle 
 built during the wars of the Roses, and destroyed by order 
 of the commonwealth. It has manufactures of cotton, wool- 
 len, and linen goods. The vicinity is rich in striking scenery 
 and ancient remains, comprising Brougham and Edin Halls, 
 Dacre Castle, and various British antiquities. 
 
 PEN'ROSE a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 PENMIY'N', a parliamentary and municipal borough, and 
 market-town of England, co. of Cornwall, at the head of 
 Falmouth Harbor, and almost adjoining Falmouth on the 
 N.W. Pop. of municipal borough in 1851, 3959. It is built 
 on a declivity, has a custom-house, and consideralile exports 
 of granite. The borough joins with Falmouth in sending 2 
 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 l'ENS.\, a town and government of Russia. See Penza. 
 
 PEN'S.\CO'LA, aport of entry and capital of Escambia co., 
 Florida, is situated on the W. shore of I'ensacola Bay. about 
 10 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. 64 miles E. of Jloliilo, and 
 180 miles in a direct line W. of Tallahassee. The harbor has 
 21 feet of water on the bar, and it is one of the safest in the 
 Gulf. The shore, which is low and sandy, rises gently to 
 the height of about 40 feet. The plan of the town is regular, 
 and the streets are wide. It contains sever.al churches, » 
 market-house, custom-house, and 3 newspaper oflices. The 
 United States government has a naval station here, with a 
 marine hospital. The entrance to the bay is strongly for- 
 tified. (See Pexsacola Bay.) The shipping of the port, June 
 30, 1854, was 799 tons registered, aud 20-54 enrolled and 
 licensed, of which 1332 tons were employed in the coast 
 trade. The foreign arrivals for 18.52 were 20, (tons. 3885.) of 
 which 19 were by American vessels. The clearances for 
 foreign ports were 19 — tons, .3996, of which 3459 were in 
 American bottoms. Pop. in 1850. 21(>4; in 1860, 2876. 
 
 PENSACOLA, a post-village of Leake co.. Mississippi. 
 
 PENSACOLA BAY, in the N.W. part of Florida, at the 
 mouth of the Escambia River. Length, 27 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 12 miles. It has 21 feet of water on the bar, and 
 affords an excellent harbor, being completely sheltered by 
 St. Rosa Island, which extends 14 leagues nearly E. and W. 
 along the front of the bay. On the W. extremity of the 
 island is Fort Pickens, and opposite, on a point co^nmuni- 
 cating with the mainland, is Fort McCrea. There is al.so 
 another fortress, called Fort Barrancas, on the mainland N. 
 of this, near the Naval Hospital. 
 
 PENSACOLA LIGHT-HOUSE, Florida, on an eminence 
 about 40 feet high, at the E. side of the entrance to I'ensa- 
 cola Harbor, about 2 miles N. of Fort JlcCrea. The light is 
 80 feet above the level of the sea. and revolves once in 70 
 seconds. Lat. 30° 19' N.. Ion. 87° 16' 54" W. 
 
 PENSAU'KEE, a small river of Oconto co., Wisconsin, en- 
 ters Green Bay about 6 miles S. of Oconto River. 
 
 PENSAU'KIN CREEK, in the S.W. part of New .Jersey, 
 forms part of the boundary between Burlington and 
 Camden counties, and enters the Delaware 6 miles above 
 Camden. 
 
 PEN'SAX. a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 PENS'CELLWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 PEN'SHAW, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 PENSIIURST, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the 
 Medway, with a station on the South-eastern Railway, 4J 
 miles W.S.W. of Tunbridge. 
 
 PENSmURST PLACE, England, the seat of Lord De Lisle, 
 a descendant of the Sydney family, is a fine old quadnangu- 
 lar mansion, the birthplace of Sir Philip and Algernon 
 Sydney. Penshurst or Penhurst was a residence of the 
 Saxon kings of Kent. It gives the title of baron to Viscount 
 Str.angford. 
 
 PENS'NETT. a village of England, co. of Stafford, on the 
 Stourbridge. Pop. in 1851, 4874. 
 
 PENSrCHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 1457 
 
PEN 
 
 PEXSTON, a Tillage and barony of Scotland, co., and 
 6 miles AV.S.W. of Haddington, with 230 inhabitants, mostly 
 oolliers. The barony belongs to descendants of the Baliol 
 £imiiy, in whoM possession it has been for about 5} cen- 
 turies. 
 
 PEX'STBOWED, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont- 
 gomerv. 
 
 PENTECOST ISLAND, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 
 one of the Cumberland group, off East Australia. Lat. 20° 
 23' 10" S.. Ion. 148° 59' 30" E. 
 
 PENTECOST (or WHITSUNDAY) ISLAND, in the Pa- 
 dfic Ocean. New Hebrides. Lat 15° 6^ S., Ion. 168° 1^ E. 
 
 PENTECOST RIVER, of Canada East, is an affluent of 
 the St. Lawrence. 
 
 PENTELICUS, pfn-t^l'e-k&s, PENTELI, pgn-tilee, or 
 MENDELI, mJn-d.Vlee, MOUNT, Greece, in Attica, 10 miles 
 K.W. of Athens, rises to 3640 feet above the sea. It contains 
 quarries of white marble, greatly renowned in antiquity, 
 and which are still worlved. 
 
 PENTENISIA or PENTENESIA, p?n-tA nee'se-a, a group 
 of islets in the Gulf of ^gina, Greece, 10 miles N.W. of 
 .£gina. 
 
 PEXTER'RY, a pari-sh of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 PEXTIMA, p^n-tee'md, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo-Ultra TI. a miles N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 1900. 
 
 PEXT'LAND f RITII, a sound dividing continental Scot- 
 land from the Orkney Islands, and connecting the Atlantic 
 and German Oceans. Length, from E. to W., 17 miles; 
 breadth, from 6 to 8 miles. Its navigation is the most 
 dangerous of the Scottish seas; a current flows from W. to 
 E. with a velocity of from 3 to 9 miles an hour, which, at 
 the change of tides, is met by opposing currents, causing 
 dangerous eddies and whirlpools. 
 
 PKNTL.\XD HILLS, a range in Scotland, cos. of Peebles, 
 Lanarlc. and Edinburgh, extending for alout 14 miles N.E. 
 to within 4 mile.' S.W. of Edinburgh. Highest Summit, 
 East Carnethy Hill, in the centre of the range, 1878 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 PENT'LAND SKER^RIES. Scotland, comprise two islets 
 and some contiguous rocks, the larger about 4^ miles N. of 
 Duncan sby Head, has a light-house with a higher and a 
 lower light; the former 170 feet above the sea, in lat. 58° 
 41' N., and Ion. 2° 55' W. The latter is 140 feet in height, 
 and 100 feet N.N.E. of the former. Upwards of 4000 loaded 
 vessels, aggregate tonnage, etU.OOO tons, annually pass 
 through the Frith, exclusive of ships of war and vessels in 
 ballast. 
 
 PENT'LOW. a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 PEXT'XEY. a parish of Engl.and. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 PEXT'ON-MEW'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 PENT'KEATII. a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 PEXT'RESS. a post-office of JIonongalLi co., Virginia. , 
 
 PENT'RICH. a pari.sh of Endand, co. of Derby. 
 
 PENT'RIDGE a parish of EngUnd. co. of Dorset 
 
 PENTKOBIX. a jtarish of Xorth Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 PEXTYKCH, pen'tirK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan, with a station on the Taff Vale Railway, 6 miles 
 W.N.W. of Cardiff. 
 
 PEXVEXAX, p5x«Vfh-n8N°', a maritime village of France, 
 department of COtes-du-Nord, near the English Channel, 3 
 miles N.W. of TrSguier. Pop. 2913. 
 
 PEXnVOKTHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PEX-Y-CL.iWDD, pin-e-kldwTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Monmouth. 
 
 PENZA or PENSA, pJn'zd, a government of Russia, mostly 
 between lat. 53° and 55° N., and Ion. 42° 30' and 46° 30' E., 
 enclosed by the governments of Nizhnee-XoTgorod,Simbeersk, 
 Saratov, and Tambov. Area, 14,708 square miles. Pop. in 
 1851. 1,0.58.444. Surfece mostly level. Principal rivers, the 
 Muksha, Soora, and their affluents. Soil fertile, and corn is 
 extensively exported. Cattle, sheep, hogs, and horses are 
 reared. Forests very extensive. The mineral products com- 
 prise iron, ch.ilk, sandstone, sulphur, and vitriol. The manu- 
 Eictures embrace coarse linens and woollen stuffs ; and there 
 are, be*ide.s, soap, glass, beet-root sugar, and leather factories, 
 and iron foundries. Principal towns, Penz.^, Nizhnee-Lomov, 
 and Saransk. 
 
 PENZA, a city of Russia, capital of the above government. 
 Is situated 130 miles N.N.M'. of Saratov, on the Soora, at 
 Its confluence with the Penza. Pop. 25,132. It ha.'? a large 
 cathedral, and 12 other churches, a theological seminar}-, 
 a gymua.sium, and extensive government offices, and mauu- 
 Iketures of le.ather and soap. 
 
 PEN'Z.^XCE', a municip.'il borough, seaport, and the 
 westernmost town of England, co. of "Cornwall, on Mount's 
 Bay. 9 miles E.N.E. of Lands End, and 65 miles W.S.W. of 
 Launceston. Lat of light-house on the pier. 50° 7' N., Ion. 
 fa° 2S' W. Pop. in 1851, 9214. It is situated in a district 
 ""ted for its fertility, fine scenery, and singularly mild, 
 though moist, climate. Mean annual temperature, 51°-7'; 
 summer, 60°-9': winter, 44°-2'; annual rain. 35 inches. It 
 is pretty well built, h.is a sp.icious church, a grammar 
 Bfhool. national school, and school of indu.stry. a new guild- 
 ball and nurktt-house, a jail, union work-house, public 
 library, the hall aud valuable museum of the Cornwall Geo- 
 1458 
 
 PEP 
 
 logical Society, handsome baths, and good boarding-houses 
 for the accommodation of the numerous invalids and resi- 
 dents attracted thither bj- the climate. The principal ex- 
 ports are tin and copper ore, the produce of the neighboring 
 mines, agricultural produce, and pilchards. TTie imports 
 consist of timber, iron, and hemp. Registered shippins in 
 1847. 8722 tons. The harbor, with a pier about SCO feet la 
 length, having at its end a light^hoiise, is accessible by ves- 
 sels of a moderate burden, aud extensive improvements are 
 projected. Sir H. Davy was born in the parish in 1778. In 
 the vicinity are St. Michael's Mount, and several Druidical 
 remains. 
 
 PEN ZING, pjnt^sing. a handsome village of Lower Aus- 
 tria. 3 miles W. of Vienna, on the AVien. It has numerous 
 villas, and manufactures of silk fabrics. Pop. 4135. 
 
 PENZLIN, pjnts-leen', a frontier town of Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin. principalitv, and 43 miles E.S.E. of Gustrow. on 
 a small lake. Pop. 2093. 
 
 PEO'LA MILLS, a post-office of Madison co., Virginia. 
 
 PEO'LI, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. 
 
 PECVLIA. a sm!>ll village of Washington co., Kentuckv. 
 
 PEOPLESA'ILLE, pee'pfls-vil, a postoffice of Carter'co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 PEOI'LETON, pee'pel-t?n, a parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 PEO'RIA, a county in the N.W. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 650 square miles. The Illinois River and 
 Peoria Lake form the S.E. boundary. It is drained by 
 Spoon River, and by Kickapoo, Elbow, and Copperas Creeks. 
 These streams are bordered with tracts of timber-Inn ds, 
 which are separated from each other by beautiful undu- 
 lating prairies. The soil is highh' productive. The county 
 is intersected by the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad. Orga- 
 nized in 1825, and named from the tribe of Indians who 
 possessed the soil. Capit.al. Peoria. Pop. Si;,601. 
 
 PEORIA, a postoffi.ce of Wyoming co., New York. 
 
 PEORIA, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana. 
 
 PE0RI.4, a handsome and flourishing city, capital of Peo- 
 ria CO., Illinoie. on the right or W. bank of the Illinois lUver, 
 at the outlet of Peoria Lake, 70 miles N. of Springfield, and 
 151 miles S.W. of Chicago. It is the most populous town 
 on the river, and one of the most important and commer^ 
 cial in the state. The river is navigable by steamlioats in 
 all stages of wafer, and is the channel of an immense trade 
 In grain, lumber, pork, &c. A number of steamboats make 
 regular passages I>etween St. Louis and Peoria, which also 
 communicates with Chicago, bv means of the Illinois and 
 .Miiliigan Canal. Several railroads extend from Peoria 
 northward, southward, ea.stward, westward, connecting it 
 with Chicjigo, St. Louis, Burlington, Indian.-i, &c. It con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, 24 churches, a city 
 hall, 3 lianks, 7 printing offices, and a telegraph office. We 
 quote tlie following description from the letter of a recent 
 traveller: — "Peoria is the most beautiful town on the river. 
 Situated on rising ground, a broad plateau extending back 
 from the bliifT, it liiis escaped the almost universal inunda- 
 tion. The river here expands into a broad, deep lake. Thig 
 lake is a most beautiful feature in the sceuer}- of the town, 
 and as useful as beautiful, suppljing the iuhaUtauts with 
 ample stores of fish, and in winter with abundance of the 
 purest ice. It is often frozen to such a thickness that 
 heavy teams can pass securely over it. A substantial draw- 
 bridge connects the tovn with the opposite shore of the 
 river. Tlie city is laid out in rectangular blocks, tlie streets 
 being wide and well graded. 'The schools and churches are 
 prosperous, and the society good. A public squai-e has 
 been reserved near the centre. Back of the town extends 
 one of the finest rolling prairies in the state." Four dally 
 newspapers are issued here. Peoria also contains 14 distille- 
 ries, 1 woollen factory, and 1 pottery. La Salle, a Frenchman, 
 established a jwst at tliis place in 1680. The rise of the 
 present town dates from April, 1819. It was incorporated 
 as a city in 1844. Pop. on January 1, 1851, 6212 ; in 1860, 
 14.045. 
 
 PEORIA JUNCTION, Illinois, a station on the Chicago 
 and Mississippi Railroad, 106 miles fi"om Chicago. 
 
 PEOKIA LAKE, Illinois, an expansion of the Illinois 
 River, on the E. border of Peoria county. Length. '22 miles ; 
 greatest breadth, about 3 miles. <See Peoria Citt.'I 
 
 PEO'RIAVILLE, a post-office of Peoria co.. Illinois. 
 
 PEOVER (pee'vfr) INFIVRIOR, a township of Engl.and. 
 
 PEOVER N ETH'ER. a township of England. 
 
 PEOTER SUPE/RIOR, a township of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 PEP.VCK. New Jersey. See Peap.ick. 
 
 PEP.iCTON, a postrofflceof Delaware CO.. New York. 
 
 PEPACTON RIVER, New York. See Poi'ACTOy. 
 
 PEPENAAD. a town of British India. See Peeepna.^d. 
 
 PEPIN, (pip'in.) LAKE, an exp.anslon of the Mississippi 
 River. W. of Wisconsin. Length, near 25 miles; greatest 
 breadth, about 3 miles. 
 
 PEPINSTER SPA, pA'pin-ster spl, Belgium, a station 
 on the railway from Brussels to Cologn<, 84 miles from Brus- 
 sels. 
 
 PEPOKATINQ. a postoffice of Sussex co., Ne^! Jcr ley. 
 
PEP 
 
 PER 
 
 PEPa>ERKLL, a pns^village and township of Sliddlesex 
 
 CO., MaspachuBetts, on Nashua River, and on the AVorcester 
 
 and Nashua Railroad, 37 miles N.W. of Boston. It contains 
 
 an academy, incorporated in 1841. Pop. 1S0.5. 
 
 PKP'PKR-IIAR'ROW, a parish of England co., of Surrey. 
 
 PEPPER'S FKRRY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Virginia. 
 
 PEQUANNOCK, a township of Morris co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 5438. 
 
 PEQUANNOCK or POQUANNOCK, a post-village of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, on the N. side of Farmington River, 
 ahout 12 miles N. by W.of Hartford. It contains 2 cotton 
 mills : also a paper mill, said to be the largest in New 
 England. 
 
 PKQUANXOCK CREEK, in the N. part of New Jersey, 
 rises in Sussex county, flows S.K. along the hound.iry be- 
 tween Passaic and Morris counties, and unites with the 
 Ringwood and Ramapo, near Pompton, to form Pompton 
 River. 
 
 PEQ'UEA or PEC'QUEA CREEK, of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the Susquehanna. 
 
 PKQUENI, pA-kA-nee', a river of South America, New 
 Granada, in the Isthmus of Panama, tributary to the Cha- 
 gi'es River. On its banks some goldmines are wrought. 
 _ PK'QUKST CREEK, in the N.W. part of New Jersey, 
 rises in Sussex county, flows S.W. through Warren county, 
 and falls into the Delaware at Belvidere. It is a rapid 
 stream, draining a limestone valley, and affording abun- 
 dant wafer-power. 
 
 PEQUni or PEQUTN, a dtv of China. See Pekixo. 
 
 PEQUON/NOCK, POQUANOC or POQUANNOC RIVER, 
 Is a small stream of Fairfield co., Connecticut, falls into 
 Bridgeport Harbor. The Ilousatonic Railroad follows its 
 course for nearly its whole length. 
 
 PiyQUOT, a village of New London co., Connecticut, 8 
 miles N.E. by E. of New London. 
 
 PKQUOT, a post-village of Calumet co., Wisconsin, on the 
 E. shore of Winnebago Lake, about 100 miles N.E. of 
 Madison. 
 
 PERA, piS/rJ, a suburb of Constantinople, on the N. side 
 of the " Golden Horn," across which it is connected with 
 the Fanar (city proper) by a bridge of boats erected in 
 1837. It stands on the summit of the hill above Galata and 
 Tophane, is 2 miles in length, chiefly inhabited by Franks, 
 and comprises the residences of the British, Austrian. Prus- 
 sian, and Russian ambassadors, with a Greek and 4 Roman 
 Catholic churches, a Mohammedan college, and a monastery 
 of dervishes. 
 
 PERAK, pA-rdk', a state of the Malay Peninsula, e.xtend- 
 Ing along its W. coast, between lat. 3° 40' and 5° N., having 
 N. Quedah. S. Salangore, and W. the Strait of Malacca. Es- 
 timated pop. 35,000. Principal products, about 8600 piculs 
 of tin annually, rice, and rattans. Its capital, Per.\k, is a 
 small town on a river of the same name. 
 
 PEliAK, pA-rik', a river of Malacca, rises in the S. of the 
 territory of its own name, flows W.S.W. and Cills into the 
 Strait of Malacca. Total course, 80 miles. 
 
 Pi;RALADA. p.A-ri-lifDd, a village of Spain in Catalonia, 
 24 miles N.E. of Gerona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 1295. 
 
 PEKALEDA DE LA MATA, pA-rilA'Di dA Id mj/tl, a 
 town of Spain, near the Tagus, 58 miles E.N.E. of Caceres. 
 Pop. 2800. 
 
 I'ERALTA, pA-r2l't3, a town of Spain, province of Na- 
 varre, on the Arga, 31 miles S. of I'amplona. Pop. 2348. 
 
 PERAL'TO, a village of Valencia co., New Mexico, on the 
 left bank of the Rio del Norte, about 70 miles S.S.W. of 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 PERANZANES, pJ-rin-thA'nfs, a village of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and about 70 miles from Leon. Pop. 1337. 
 
 PEI{ ASTO. pA-rds'to, a maritime town of Dalmatia. 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Cattaro, on the Gulf of Perasto, at the foot of a 
 castle-crowned mountain. Pop. 1800. 
 
 PERAWA, pe-raw'wa, a small town of Hindostan, province 
 of Malwah. Lat. 24° 10' N., Ion. 76° 5' E. 
 
 PERCIIE, pjRsh, an ancient division of France, in the 
 old province of Maine, now divided among the departments 
 of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, and Eure. 
 
 PERCH RIVER, of Jefferson co., New York, flows S.W., 
 and enters Black River near its mouth. 
 
 PEIICII RIVER, a post-village of Jefferson co.. New York, 
 about 175 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 PERCK, p6Rk. a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 
 9 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1069. 
 
 PERCY, per'see or peitVee', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Manche, 15 miles S.S.W. of St. L6. Pop. in 1S52, 
 R25S. 
 
 P'uRCY, per'see, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 N'Ai tnumberland, 22 miles N.W. of Trent Port. It contains 
 soreral stores and mills. Pop. about 350. 
 
 1>ER/CY ISLANDS, a group off the E. coast of Australia, 
 Northumberland I.slands. Lat. 21° 31' S., Ion. 150° IS' E. 
 rhe lai gest is 12 miles in circumference, and rises to up- 
 wards 01 1000 feet in elevation. 
 
 PER'CY'S CREEK, a post-office. Wilkinson co., Mississippi. 
 
 PKKDIDO, per-dee'do, a small river of Alabama and 
 Florida, rises near the N.JiV. extremity of Florida, and forms 
 
 the boundary between Alabama and West Florida, until 
 it empties itself into Perdido Bay. 
 PER DIDO JIONTE. See Mo.vT Perdu. 
 PERDJANSp. pJndj-ySnsk', a seaport town of South Rus- 
 sia, on the Sea of Azof, between Taganrog and Mariopol. Pop. 
 a few years since, 2500. partly Greek and Italian merchants. 
 It is reported to have a better harbor than Taganrog, and 
 being near the German colonies on the Moloschna. it ha.s 
 a rapidly increasing trade in wheat and merino wool. 
 PERDU, 5I0NT. See Mont Perdu. 
 
 PEREIRA, p.A-rA'er3, a town and parish of Portug.al, 
 province of Douro. 6 miles W. of Coimbra. Pop. 1590. 
 
 PEREIRA JUZAM, pA-rA'e-rA zhoo-zam', a town and 
 parish of Portugal, province of Douro, 20 miles S.E. of 
 Oporto. Pop. 928. 
 
 i'EREKOI', pA-ri-kop', or OR-K API, oE-ka'pee, (anc. TiqM- 
 rosf or Taphh-m?) a town and fortress of South Russia, go- 
 vernment of Taurid.a, on the isthmus, 80 miles N.N.W. of 
 Simferopol. Pop. 3300. The fortress E. of the town con- 
 tains a palace, barracks, a mosque, and a Greek church, 
 and is said to be healthy. It was taken from the Turks 
 in 17.36. 
 
 PEREKOP, ISTHMUS OF, an isthmus of Russia, about 20 
 miles long, by not more than 4 miles wide where narrowest. 
 It connects the peninsula of the Crimea with the mainland, 
 and separates the Sea of Azof from the Bl.ick .'^ea, having the 
 Gulf of Sivach, in the former, on the E., and theGulfof Pere- 
 kop, in the latter, on the W. 
 
 PERELLO, pA-rJl'yn. a village of Spain, in Catalonia, pro- 
 vince, and .30 miles S.W. of Tarragona. Perello is .strongly 
 situated, and in the insurrection of 1640 made a vigor- 
 ous resistance to the Castilian army under Vandestraten. 
 Pop. 1144. 
 
 PEREMYSCIIL, pA-r.A-mishT, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, anil 10 miles S. of Kalooga, on the Oka. Pop. 2300. 
 
 PERENCIIIES. pAV5N<=\'^he-A', France, department of Xord, 
 a station on the railway from Hazebrouck to Lille. Pop. 913. 
 PERKPNAAD, p.A-rJp-nAd', PEPENAAD. p.A-p.A-n-id', or 
 PARUPANADA, pd-roo-pd-na'd-i a town of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, 12 miles S.S.E. of Calicut, on the N. 
 bank of a river, by which it exports teak timber. 
 
 PERESLAVL. pfr-A-sldvP, PKREIASLAV or PEREJAS- 
 L.4V, pA-r.A-yas-ldv', a town of Russia, government, and 150 
 miles W.N.W. of Poltava, at the junction of the Alta and 
 Tr obezh. Pop. 7000. It was formerly fortified, and has 
 numerous churches, and a trade in cattle, horses, corn, 
 and raisins. 
 
 PERKSLAVL-ZALIESKI, p^r-A-.sldvl'-zd-le-Ssn^ee. a town 
 of Russia, government, and 70 miles W.N.W. of Vladimeer, 
 on Lake Pleshtchesvo. Pop. 3625. It was formerly fortified. 
 PEKGAAIINO, p5R-gd-mee'no, a town or village of South 
 America. Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) department, and 
 155 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres 
 PERGAMUS. SeeBERG.\MO. 
 
 PERGE, p^R'gheh, a ruined city of Asia Minor. 50 miles 
 E.S.E. of Smyrna, in a beautiful position between two hills, 
 and h.aving extensive rem.ains of a theatre, of the .stadium, 
 and a large palace. About 10 miles distant are the remains, 
 as supposed, of Isirmda, consisting of Cyclopean walls, a sta- 
 dium, and manv ruined edifices. 
 
 PERGINE. pk'ghe-nA, or PEKGEN, pjp'ghen, a market- 
 town of the Tyrol, 7 miles E. of Trient. Pop. 3056. It has a 
 castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth, and in its vicinity 
 an extensive iron-mine is wrought. 
 
 PERGOLA, pjR'go-ld, a town of Central Italj', in the- 
 Marches, 16 milts S.E. of.Urbino, on the Cesano. Pop. 2400. 
 PERIANA, p.A-re-d'nd, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 province, and 30 miles from Malaga. Pop. 2278. 
 
 PERIAPATAil. pjr-ee'd-pd-tdm', a decayed town of India, 
 in the Daccan. dominions of Mysore, 42 miles W. of Serinsrapa- 
 tarn, in lat. 12° 22' N., Ion. 76° 11' E. Sluch sandal-wood is 
 produced in its vicinity. 
 
 PERIAPATAM, a large village of India, W. of Madras, 
 with a Roman Catholic church, and the place of a great Ro- 
 man Catholic festival held annually in June. 
 
 PEHIBOUACA, pIrVe-boo'd-kd', or PERIBUCA, pA-re- 
 boo^kd', a river of Canada East, flows S.S.W., and falls 
 into Lake St. John. 
 
 PERIERS, pA^re-A', a market- town of France, depart- 
 ment of Manche, 9 miles N. of Coutances. Pop. in 1852, 2901. 
 PliRIGORD, pAVee'goR/, (anc. the country of the Petrn- 
 cn'rii or Petroco'rium,) an old division of France, in Guienne, 
 of which the city of Perigueux was the capital. It now 
 forms the department of Dordogne, and part of Gironde. 
 
 PERIGUEUX, pAVee^gih', (anc. Venunfna, afterwards /%- 
 troco'riC.) a town of France, capital of the department of Dor- 
 dogne, on the right bank of the Isle, 41 miles S.E. of Angou- 
 Igme. Pop. in 1852, 13,547. It i,s compo.sed of the old town, 
 and Le Puy St. Front, which, till 1240. was a separate town. 
 The chief edifices are a cathedral of the fourth century, the 
 church of St. Front, and a modern town-hall. It has a com- 
 munal college, a primary normal school, and a library of 
 16.000 volumes. It has manufactures of cutlery and nails, 
 woollen spinning, and tanning, and trade in wood, iron, 
 paper, and liqueurs. It was the capital of the old distriot 
 
 1459 
 
PER 
 
 of Perigoro and has numerous Roman remains. Pfirigueux 
 WHS several times taken and retaken by the English and 
 French in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth cen- 
 turies. 
 
 PKKIJA or PERIXA, pA-ree'ni, a small town of South 
 America, in A'enezuela. department of Zulia. province, and 
 82 miles S.W. of Maracaybo, on the Perija Kiver, 26 miles 
 from its mouth in the Lake of Maraciiybo. 
 
 PERIM, pi-reem', or MEKUX, mA-kfin', an island off the 
 Ai-abian coast, in the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, at the en- 
 IrUnce to the Red Se;t. Lat. of the S. point, 12° 38' N., Ion. 
 iS° 23' E. Leujith, o miles. It is a bare, bleak rock, on 
 whi;h turtles are taken by the Arabs of the coast, for the 
 sake of their shells. 
 
 PERIM, an i.sland in the Gulf of Cambay, llindostan, 10 
 miles S.S.E. of Gogo. 
 
 PERl.NALDO, p4-re-nJl'do, (vmc. Podium Eaindldif) a vil- 
 lage of the Sardinian States, 26 miles E.X.E. of Nice. P. 1660. 
 
 PERl.NEOS, pi-re-nA'oce, or PYRENNEOS, pe-rjn-ni'oce, 
 a mountain range of Rrazil, province of Goyaz, extending 
 from E. to W., nearly in lat. 16° S. 
 
 PER'IN'S MILLS, a post-office of Clermont co^ Ohio. 
 
 PKRI.NTIIL'S. See Eregli. 
 
 PEll'KINS, a township of Sajradahoc co., Maine. Pop. 95. 
 
 PERKINS, a post-township in the X .W. part of Erie co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1436. 
 
 PERKINS' GROYE, a post-village of Bureau CO., Illinois, 
 68 miles N,N.E. of Peoria. 
 
 PElfKIXSVILLE. a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont, 
 on Black River, has an academy and a number of manufac- 
 tories. 
 
 PERKIXSYILLE, a post-office of Goochland co., Tirginia. 
 
 PERKIXSVILLE, a postrvillage of Burke CO., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PERKIXSVILLE, a postrvillage of Madison co., Indiana, 
 on M'hit« River, 10 miles W.X.W. of Anderson, has several 
 mills, and .ibout 200 inhabitants. 
 
 PEKKIOMEX, per^ke-o'men, a creek of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, flows into the Schuylkill River, about 7 miles 
 above Xorristcwn. 
 
 I'ERKIOMEX, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1840. 
 
 PERKIOMEX BRIDGE, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 PERL.\K, pin'lSk'. (Slavonian Prdok, pri/lok,) a market- 
 town of Southwftst Hungary, co. of Szalad, on the Drave, 13 
 miles E.N.K. of W.irasdiii. Pop. 2570. 
 
 PERLAS, ISLAS DE. See Pearl Isla.vds. 
 
 PERLEBERG, pjR'li-bjRG\ a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 69 miles X.W. of Potsdam, on the Stepnitz. 
 Pop. C142. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and chic- 
 cory, breweries and distilleries. 
 
 I'ERLEPE, pjR'li'pA, a town of European Turkey, in Ma- 
 cedonia, 21 miles X.E. of Monastir, on an affluent of the 
 Vardar. It has 500 houses. 
 
 PERM, (Russ. pron. pi'Rra or paiRm,) a government of the 
 Russian dominions, mostly in Europe, but partlj' in Asia, 
 being separated by the Ural Mountains into two unequal 
 portions, between lat. 55° 40' and 62° X., and Ion. 53° 10' and 
 65° E., enclosed by the governments of Vologda, Viatka, 
 Orenlioorg, and Tobolsk. Estimated area, 129,946 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,741,746. Its European or W. portion 
 ig traversed by the Kama, and several of its affluents ; its 
 E. division by affluents of the Tobol. More than three- 
 fourths of the surface is covered by dense forests; the cli- 
 mate is very severe; and, beyond lat, 60° N., the soil is 
 hardly capable of culture. Its mines are stated to employ 
 100.000 hands, and produce large quantities of gold, platina. 
 and copper, with about 98,000 tons of iron, and lS),000 tons of 
 salt annually. The chief townsare Perm, Koongoor, and Kras- 
 no-Oofimsk in Europe, and Yekaterinboorg, Kamishlov, Ala- 
 paevsk, and Shadrinsk in Asia. It was formerly the centre 
 of an extensive and flourishing empire, ruined by the Mon- 
 gols in the thirteenth century. 
 
 PERM, a town of Russia, capital of the above government, 
 is situated on the Kama, 240 miles E.S.E. of Viatka. Pop. 
 about 10,000. It is chiefly built of wood, is the see of an 
 archbishop, and has several churches and hospitals, with 
 a large market-place, and numerous forges. The inha- 
 bitants trade chiefly in metallic produce, and in tea and 
 other Chinese imports by way of Ki;ikhta. 
 
 PER\MACOIL', a town and hill-fort of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, district of South Arcot, 20 miles X.X.W. 
 of Pondicherry. 
 
 n?',!'^'^^-^*^'^'^' P*R-"S/go-l, PERNAGUA, peK-n^'gwi, or 
 PAllANAXIIA, a town of Bi-azil. province of Piauhi, 260 
 mUe» &.W. of Oeiras, on the E. side of Lake Parananha or 
 I'ernagoa. Pop. 4000. 
 
 PERXAMBUCO,piR-nam'boo'ko, a province of Brazil, con- 
 ejsting of a long and narrow strip of territory, stretching 
 m.ra the Atlantic inland, mostly between lat. 7° and 14° 35' 
 8., and Ion. 34° 50' and 47° 20' W., sepai-ated by several con- 
 Unuuus mountain chains from the provinces of Goyaz, 
 Piaulii,reara,and Parahibaon the W. and X., and by the Rio 
 du iao t rancisco on the S. from BahU and Sergipo. Its coast 
 1460 
 
 PER 
 
 line, watered by the Capibaribe, Tpojuca, and TJnna Rivers, 
 has S. the province of Aliigoas. Estimated area, 80,082 square 
 miles. It has many rich sugar and cotton plantations. Other 
 products are timber, dye-woods, hides, druj;s, gold, and gemS, 
 The principal cities and towns are Recife, (its capital,) Olinda, 
 Sant Antonio, and Formozo. Pop. 600.000. 
 
 PERXAMBUCO, a name under which is commonly de- 
 signated the two towns of Recife and Olinda, Brazil. Se« 
 Ou>-i>A and Recife. 
 
 PERXAU, p^ii/now, (Russ. Pimov or Pcmow, pjR-nov',) 
 a fortified seaport town of Russia, government of Livonia, 
 at the entrance of the Pemau into the Gulf of Riga, 99 miles 
 X.X.E. of Riga. Pop. 9000. It is defended by a strong cita- 
 del, and comprises an old and new town, and 2 suburbs, 
 with Lutheran, Esthonian, and Russian churches, and 
 grammar and other schools. Owing to a bar at the mouth 
 of the river, largo ve.ssels require to load and unload in the 
 ro.idstead. 
 
 PERXES, paiRn, (anc. Pater'ncsf) a town of I'rance. depart- 
 ment of Vauduse. 4 miles S. of Carpentras. Pop. 3013. 
 
 PERXIS, p^R'nis, a village of Holland, province of South 
 Holland, on the Merwede, 13 miles W.X.W. of Dordrecht, 
 Pop. 1423. 
 
 PEROXXE, pA'ronn', a fortified town of France, depart- 
 ment of Somme. 21 miles S.W. of Cambrai, on the Somme. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4887. 
 
 PEROSA. pA-ro'si a tovni of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion, and 25 miles W.S.W. of Turin, on theChisone. P. 1500. 
 
 PEROS.\, a village of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Turin, province, and about 5 miles S. of Ivrea. Pop. 750. 
 
 PEROSA. pA-ro/sd, a town of Piedmont, division of Turin, 
 8 miles X.W. of Pinerolo, on the Clusone. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PEROS BAXHOS, pA'roce bdn'yoce, a group of 27 islands 
 in the Chagos Archipelago, Indiai> Ocean, in lat, 5° 14' N- 
 lon. 77° E. 
 
 PEROT', a small bayou in the X.E. part of Louisiana, ia 
 connected on the N. with Lake Washa, and on the S. with 
 Little Lake. 
 
 PEROTE, p.A-ro'tA, a market-town of the Jlexican Con- 
 federation, state, and 88 miles W.X.W. of Vera Cruz, on 
 the route to Mexico. Pop. 2000. Near it is a lofty moun- 
 tain of the same name. See Perote, Cofee de. 
 
 PE'ROTE, a village of Edgefield district, South Carolina. 
 
 PEROTE, a post-office of Pike eo., Alabama. 
 
 PEROTE, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 PEROTE, COFRE DE, ko/frA da p.A-ro't;\, (i.e. "chest of 
 Perote,") a mountain of the Mexican Confederation, state 
 of Vera Cruz, 1 mile S. of the town of Perc*e. Its form is said 
 to bear a striking resemblance to a chest, whence its name. 
 
 PEROUSE, a city of Italv. See Perugia. 
 
 PEROUSE (pe-rooz') ISLAXDS, (Fr.Archip-:! (Je la Pdroi'se, 
 aR^shee^pJl' deh Id p.Vrooz',) a group of small islands near 
 10° S. lat., be'tween 165° and 170° E. Ion. The largest is 
 Saxta Cruz, hence the group is sometimes called ;?i>ta 
 Cruz Islands. La P^rouse, the French navigator, perished 
 here about the year 1790. 
 
 PEROUSE, LAC DE. See PERrciA, Lake of. 
 
 PEROUSE for LA PEROUSE) STRAIT OF, is between 
 the island of lesso and Tarakai, (Saghalien.) 
 
 PERPIGXAX, pjR'peenV6>-o', (L. ArpiViia/>7r(m,) a fortified 
 town of France, department of Pyrenees-Orientales, on the 
 right bank of the Tet, 34 miles S. of Xarbonne. Pop. in 1852, 
 21,783. It is situated in a fertile region. The chief edifices are 
 the citadel, cathedral, and militarj' prison. It lias a tribnn.il 
 of commerce, a communal college, a primary normal school, 
 school of design, a library of 14,000 volumes, and a botanio 
 garden. The manufactures comprise woollens, paper, hats, 
 and it has an extensive commerce in the wines of the coun- 
 try, wool, silk, iron, and corks. Philip the Bold died here 
 in 1285. It was taken by Louis XI. in 1474, and by Louis 
 XIII. in 1642. The French conquered the Spaniards near 
 it in 1793. 
 
 PERQUIM'AXS, a river which rises near the N. border 
 of Xorth Carolina, in the vicinity of the Dismal Swamp, 
 and flows S.E. through the middle of Perquimans county 
 into .\lbemarle Sound. Length, about 60 miles. The largest 
 vessels that navigate the Sound can ascend the river about 
 46 miles from its mouth. 
 
 PEUQUIMAXS, a county in the N.E. part of Xorth Caro- 
 lina, bordering on the X. side of Albemarle Sound, has an 
 area estimated at 250 square miles. Perquimans River flows 
 through the middle of the county into the sound. The sur- 
 face is nearly level ; the soil from the sound to the middle is 
 fertile; the other portion is covered with forests of pine. 
 The Scupernong grape is said to succeed well here. There 
 are profitable shad and herring fisheries on the Pei-quimans 
 River. The earliest permanent settlement of the state was 
 made in this county in 1662. The name was derived from 
 a tribe of aborigines who possessed this portion of the pro- 
 vince. Capital, Hertford. Pop. 7238, of whom 3680 wer« 
 free, and 3568 slaves. 
 
 PERRAIXDA, per-rln'dd, or PARAIXDA, p.j-rln'dl ■ 
 town of India, in llie Deccan, Xizam's dominions, on the K. 
 bank of the Seena, 60 miles X.W. of Xaldroog, in lat IS- 
 IS' N_ Ion. 75° 54' E. 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 PERTRAN AR/WOTHAL, a parish of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 I'KR'RAN UTH'XOE. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 PKH'RAN ZAB/ULOE, a parish of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall, near its X. coast, 6 miles X.W. of Truro. Its church, 
 an interesting structure, was buried by shifting s;indsmany 
 ceuiuries a;j:o. and only exhumed in 1835. The parish has 
 large tin aud copper mines. 
 
 HE1{/I!IN. a township of Union co.. Pennsylvania. P. 2736. 
 
 I'ER/KINE, a small postvillage of 5Iercer co., Penusyl- 
 vaniH. 
 
 PER/RINEVILLE, a post^village of Monmouth co., New- 
 Jersey, about -0 niilos E. of Trenton. 
 
 PEii/RINTON or PER'RINGTON, a post-village and town- 
 ship of Monroe CO., Xew Yorlc, on the Erie Canal, 12 miles 
 E.S.K. of Rochester. Pop. 3015. 
 
 PER'KIVALK. n parish of England, co. of Middle.sex. 
 
 PERROS-GUIRKC, p^R^itos' ghee'r^k', a village of France, 
 department of Cotes-du-Nord, with a large port on the Eng- 
 lish Channel. 37 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. P. in 1852. 2022. 
 
 PEK^KOTT'orPEirROT', an island of Canada East, in 
 the St. Lawrence, S.W. of the island of Montreal, between 
 the Liike of the Two Mountxtins and the Lake of St. Louis. 
 It is about 7 miles long. 
 
 PKK/ROTT, north', a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PERROTT, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 Several Roman relics have been found liere. 
 
 PER'RY, a county in the S.E. central part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, has an area of 540 square miles. The Susquehanna 
 River forms its entire E. lioundary; the N. part of the 
 county is intersected by the .Juniata River, and the S. part 
 by Sherman's Creek. The surface is mountainous, the Blue 
 Mountain extending along the S. border, and Tuscarora 
 Mountain along the N.W. The soil of the arable land is ex- 
 cellent. Limestone and slate are the principal rocks ; the 
 hills contain an abundance of iron ore. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad; an- 
 other canal extends along the E. border. Organized in 1820, 
 and named in honor of Commodore Oliver H. Perry, of the 
 United States navy. Capital. Bloomfield. Pop. 22,793. 
 
 PERRY, a county in the W. central part of Alabama, has 
 an area of 950 square miles. It is intersected by the Ca- 
 hawba River, an affluent of the Alabama. The surface is 
 hilly and undulating; the soil is highly productive. Capi- 
 tal, Marion. Pop. 27,724, of whom 9518 were free, and 18,206 
 slaves. 
 
 PEKRY, a county in the S.E. part of Mississippi, has an 
 area of about 1040 square miles. It is intersected by Leaf 
 River, a branch of the Pasoagoula. The surface is uneven; 
 tlie soil is rather light. Capital, Augusta. Pop. 2606, of 
 whom 1868 were free, and 738 slaves. 
 
 PERRY, a county in the W. central part of Arkansas, has 
 an area of 580 square miles. The Arkansas River bounds it 
 on the N.E., and it is drained by tlie Fourche La Fave. The 
 surface is diversified by hills, which contain marble and 
 other valuaVile materials for building. The soil near the 
 streams is fertile. Capital, Perryville. Pop. 2465, of whom 
 2162 were free. 
 
 PERRY, a county in the W, central part of Tennessee, has 
 an area of 600 square miles. The Tennessee forms its 
 entire W. boundary, and it is intersected by Buffalo River. 
 The surface is moderately uneven, and partly covered by 
 forests. Capital, Linden. Pop. 6042, of whom 6404 were 
 free, and 648 slaves. 
 
 PERRY, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, has an 
 area estimated at 700 square miles. It is drained by the 
 North and Middle Fork.s of Kentucky River. The surface is 
 diversified by valleys and mountains ; the land is mostly too 
 ru?;ged for cultivation, but adapted to wool-growing. Capi- 
 tal, Hazard. Pop. 3950, of whom 3877 were free, and 73 
 slaves. 
 
 PERRY, a county in the S.E. central part of Ohio, con- 
 tains about 400 square miles. It is drained by Rush and 
 Jonathan Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly; the 
 soil is fertile. Tlie Zanesville, Wilmington, and Cincinnati 
 Railroad passes through the county. Capital, Somerset. 
 Pop. 19.678. 
 
 PERRY, a county in the S. part of Indiana, contains 
 about 400 .square miles. The Ohio River bounds it on the 
 &. and S.H. The surface is very hilly, excepting the river- 
 bottoms. The hills contain large beds of coal. The county 
 also has quarries of fine sandstone. Capital. Rome. Pop. 
 11,847. 
 
 I'ERRY. a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area 
 of 420 square miles. It is intersected by Eeaucoup Creek, 
 which flows S. into the Big Muddy River. The county con- 
 sists partly of prairies, and partly of timbered land ; the soil 
 is fertile. Capital. Pinckneyville. Pop. 9552. 
 
 PERRY, a county in the E.S.K. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 4:30 square miles. The Mississippi River, which sepa- 
 rates it from Illinois, forms the boundary on the E. and 
 N.E.; it is also drained by .\pple. Saline, and Cape Cinque 
 Homme Creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified ; the 
 s»ll is generally fertile. Lead and iron abound in the 
 county ; marble also is found in it, and blue limestone is the 
 
 principal rock. The streams are said to fui'nish ample 
 water-power. Capital, Perryville. Pop. 9128, of whoji 83S9 
 were free, and 799 slaves. 
 
 PERRY, a post-township in Washington CO., Maine, 15 
 miles E. by N. of .Augusta. Pop. 1195. 
 
 1>ERI{Y. a post-village and township in the E. part of Wyo- 
 ming CO., New York. aViout .50 miles E. by S. of Buffalo. The 
 village is situated at the outlet of a beautiful pond called 
 Silver Ijike, near 2 miles in length. It contains 4 churches, 
 an academy with above 250 students. 1 furnace, 2 flour mills, 
 and a baiik. Population, 2452; of the village, estimated 
 at 1500. 
 
 PERRY, township, Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. P. 991. 
 
 PEKRY, a townsliip ol Berks co., Pennsylvania Pop. 1526. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. P, 1540. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Fayette Co., Pennsylvania. P. 1414. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Greene Co., Pennsylvania. P. 1010. 
 
 PERllY, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1073. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Lawrence CO., Pennsylvania. P.71G. 
 
 PERRY, a post-village and township of Snyder Co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 40 miles S. of Williamsport. Pop. 1055. 
 
 PERRY, a post-office of Venango CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PEltRY, a thi-iving post-village, capital of Houston co.. 
 Georgia, on Indian Creek, an afliuent of the Ocmulgee. 
 about 33 miles S. by AV. of Macon. It is surrounded by rich 
 plantations of cotton, and has an active business. Perry 
 ••ontaiiiK 3 neat churches. 2 large schools, 5 dry-goods stores, 
 6 other stores, and 2 carriage- shops. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 PERKY, a township of Johnson Co., Arkansas. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 1289. 
 
 PERKY, a townsliip of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1615. 
 
 PERllY, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 2810. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1060. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Columbiana CO., Ohio. Pop. 1295. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Coshocton CO., Ohio. Pop. 1269. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 1153. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1334. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1596. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1729. 
 
 PERRY, a post-township in the N.E. part of Lake co.. 
 Ohio, on the Cleveland and Erie Railrood. Pop, 1254. 
 
 PERRY, a township of I*awrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1260. 
 
 PERKY, a township of Licking Co., Ohio. Pop. 1134. 
 
 PERRY, a township of I,ogan co., Ohio. Pop. 1136. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Monroe Co.. Ohio. Pop. 1315. 
 
 PEKRY, a townsliip of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 2046. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1127. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Muskingum CO., Ohio. Pop. 1102. 
 
 PERRY, a township of I'ickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1324. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 625. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 496. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Ricliland co., Oliio. Pop. 825. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 1150. 
 
 PERRY, a townsliip of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 5296. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1251. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 1292. 
 
 PERRY, a post-township in tlie S.W. part of Shiawasseo 
 CO., Miohigwi. Pop, 670. 
 
 PERRY, a post-township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 1180. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Clay CO., Indiana. Pop. 904. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Delaware Co., Indiana. Pop. 1144. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Lawrence Co., Indiana. Pop. 1196. 
 
 PERRY, a township of .Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 2040. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 2115. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 1486. 
 
 PERKY, a township of Monroe CO., Indiana. Pop. 1435. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Noble CO., Indiana. Pop. 2093. 
 
 I'ERRY. a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. Pop. 1206 
 
 PERRY, a township of Vanderburg co., Indiana. Pop. 1191 
 
 PERRY, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 837. 
 
 PERRY, a neat post-village of Perry township. Pike co., 
 Illinois, 62 miles W. of Springfield. It is situated in a fer- 
 tile prairie. Pop. of township, 1889. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. Pop. 8.37. 
 
 PER'KY-BARR, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford. 
 parish of Handsworth, with a station on the London and 
 North-western Railway, 3^ miles N.W. of Birmingham. 
 Pop. 933. 
 
 PERRY CEN'TRE, a post-village of Wyoming co., New 
 York, about 50 miles E. bv S. of Buffalo. 
 
 PERRY COURT HOUSE, a post-village of Perry co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 PEIirRYMANSVILLE, a post-village of Harford co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 PERRY 5IINE. a post-village of St. Francis co., Missouri. 
 
 PERRYOP'OLIS, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsvl 
 vania, on the Youghiogheny River, about 35 miles S. oi 
 j Pittsburtr. It has a glass factory. 
 
 PEKRYOPOLl S, a small village of Noble co., Ohio. 
 I PERRY'S BRIDGE, a post-village of A'ermilion parish. 
 Louisiana. 
 
 ! PER'RYSBURG, a post-township, forming the N.W. ex- 
 tremity of Cattaraugus co., New York, on the Erie Railroad 
 , Pop. 1439. 
 
 1461 
 
PER 
 
 PEKRYSBU ItG. a sm«ll village of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 PKKKYSliUJi i. a flouiishins: post-villa.se, capital of Wood 
 CO. Ohio, on thu right Ijiink of the Maumee Kiver. opposite 
 Maume« '^"ty, 140 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. The situa- 
 tiou is elevated and heautiful. During a large part of the 
 year. steamV)oats ascend the river to this point. It is on 
 the Dayton and Michigan Itaili-oad. and is the terminu.s of 
 several" plank-roads. A hydraulic canal has recently been 
 made here, by which a tiill of 18 or 20 feet is obtained in 
 the space of 2 r.iles,. The sickness which formerly prevailed 
 in the Maumee Valley has disajipeared since the land has 
 b Jen cleared and cultivated. Perrysburg has a bridge across 
 the river, and contains 7 churches, a union school, and 1 
 newspaper office. Pop. 1194. 
 
 i'JillUySBUKG, a post-viUage of Miami co., Indiana, 78 
 miles X. of Indianapolis. 
 
 PEURY'S COKNER, a post office of Dutchess co., New 
 York. . 
 
 PERRY'S CROSS KOADS, a post-office of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Caroiir.a. 
 
 PEIiUY'S MILLS, a post-village of Clinton CO., New York, 
 about 170 miles \. by E. of AUiany. 
 
 PERKYS MILLS, a post-office of Tatnall co., Georgia, 85 
 miles AV. bv S. of Savannah. 
 
 PEK'ltYSVILLE, a pos^village of AVashington co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 PERRYSVILLE. a post-village of Madison co., New Y'ork, 
 20 miles E. by S. of Syracuse. 
 
 PERRYSVILLE, New Jersey. See PERRT^^LLE. 
 
 PERRYSVILLE or PERRYVILLE, a post-village of Alle- 
 ghany CO., Pennsylvania. 8 miles N. by W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 PERRYSVILLE. a village of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, 
 18 miles S. of Brookville. 
 
 PERRYSVILLE, a small village of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 10 miles N.E. of Oil City. 
 
 PEItRYSVILLE, a village of AVestmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 30 miles E. by N. of Pittsburg. 
 
 PEItRYSVILLE, a village of Ashland co., Oh!b, on the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 27 miles E. of Crestline, 
 about 72 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PER/RYTON, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 50 miles 
 E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PERllY'TON, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois, about 66 
 miles N.E. of Xauvoo. 
 
 PERRYVILLE or PERRYSVILLE, a small post-village 
 of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey, about 33 miles N.N.W. of 
 Trenton. 
 
 PERRYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Juniata River, and 
 on the Central Railroad, 2 miles below Mifflintown. The 
 river is crossed here by a hand.some bridge. Pop. 518. 
 
 PERRYVILLE or PERRYSVILLE, a thriving village of 
 Mifflin CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. of Lewistown. 
 
 PERRYVILLE, a post/village of Cecil co., Maryland, on 
 the PhiUidelphia and Baltimore Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 PEltRYVILLE, a post-village of Pnrry co., Alabama, 
 about 10 miles E. of Marion. 
 
 PERRYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Ar- 
 kan.«as, on the Eourche La Pave River, 30 miles from its 
 entrance into the Arkansas lliver, and 40 miles M'.N.W. of 
 Little Rock. 
 
 PERRYVILLE, a post-village of Decatur co., Tennessee, 
 on the W. bank of the Tennessee River, 100 miles W.S.W. 
 of Nashville. I'op. about 250. 
 
 Pi-.RRYVILLE, or PERRYSVILLE, a post-village of 
 Boyle CO., Kentucky, 42 niiles S. of Frankfurt. It has 2 
 churchiw, and a woollen factory. An indecisive battle Vfiis 
 fought here between Gen. Bragg and Gen. BuiU, Oct. S, IStJJ. 
 
 PERRYVILLE or PERRYSVILLE, a thriving post-vil- 
 lage of Vermilion co., Indi.ma, on the right bank of the 
 Wabash River, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal. 89 miles 
 W.N. W. of Indianapolis. It is favorably situated for busi- 
 ness, and IS the largest village in the county. The Great 
 M estern R.R. pa-sses about 10 miles N. of this place. A 
 newspaper is published here. Pop. 721. 
 
 PERRY'VILLE, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Mis- 
 Bouri, about 10 miles W. of the Mississippi River, and 75 
 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis. It contains a court-house, jail, 
 and a few stores. Pop. 3C6. 
 
 PERSAIM, a town of British India. See Basseix. . 
 
 PERSANTE, pJn'sSn-ti, a liver of Prussia, Pomerania, 
 rises near the village of Persanzig. and after a N.W. course 
 Of ( miles, enters the Baltic at Colberg. It is navigable for 
 the last 18 miles of its course. 
 
 PEKSK. a country of Asia. See Persia. 
 
 PERSEPOLIS, piR-sip/ivlis, (anc. IsUihhar and TalMi- 
 Jemsfnd,) the ancient capital of Persia, the traces of which 
 exist In a fine plain, province of Pars, on an affluent of the 
 Bund emeer River, from 25 to ;50 miles N.E. of Sheeraz. Its 
 ruins cover a wide surface: and on a terraced platform, 1430 
 feet in length, and from 800 to 900 feet in width, are large 
 i^!r^^'"^'4 nwuierous columns, and bas-reliefs, the whole 
 suppohed to be the remains of the palace of Darius, destrovcd 
 lij Alexander. The walls are covered with Inscriptions in 
 
 PER 
 
 arrow-headed characters, and numerous tombs ate cut in 
 the adj;icent mountains. 
 
 PERSERIN, a town of European Turkey. See Phiseexd. 
 
 PER'SIIORE, a market-tow^n of England, co., and 8i miles 
 S.E. of Worcester, on the navigable .\von, here cnwsed by 
 a stone bridge. Pop. of the town in 1851. 2717. The town 
 is well built, and has a large cruciform church, originally n 
 part of an abbey, of which some other remains still exist. 
 
 PERSIA, per'she-a, (Arabic and Persian, Iran. ee'rSn', 
 Fr. /ferae. paiRs; Ger. Pcrsien. pjR/se-gn ; h. Persia ; Gr. 
 Htpaii, Persis,) a country of South-western Asia, comprising 
 lu its widest acceptation the region between the Caspian 
 Sea and the Indian Ocean, from the Oxus and Indus to 
 the Persian Gulf. Its boundaries have undergone many 
 changes, but it is now politically divided into AVestern Per- 
 sia, or dominions of the Persian Shah, whose capital is 
 TeheiJin, and Eastern Persia or Cabool. Per.sia proper lies 
 between lat. 26° and 40° N., and Ion. 44° and 01° E., having 
 W. Asiatic Turkey, N. the Russian government of Tianscau- 
 casia. the Caspian Sea. and the Desert of Kharesm. (Khiva,) 
 E. Afghanistan and Beloochiatan, and S. the Arabian Sea 
 and Persian Gulf. Area, loosely estimated at 450,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 I'/iysical natures. — Pei'sia may be described in gener.al 
 terms as consisting of an extensive central plateau from 
 2500 to 3500 feet in elevation, occupying at least three- 
 quarters of the whole surface; a series of mountain chains, 
 encircling the plateau on all sides except theE.; and an 
 outer border of more or less width, consisting for the most 
 part of gentle slopes, low valleys, and level plains. TheE. 
 part of the plateau forms the groat salt deserts of Khoras.san 
 and Kerman, and is one of the most desolate regions on the 
 globe. It is comprised in that sterile zone which extends 
 from the Atlantic throughout the Sahara of Africa, Arabia, 
 Central Asia, and Mongolia to the mountains on the N. 
 frontier of the Chinese Empire. In the W., saline incrusta- 
 tions are of less frequent occurrence, the surface is more 
 broken, and the plateau, especially along its edges, <;ontnins 
 many irrigated and fertile tract.s. The mountains which 
 enclose the plateau generally have their slopes dotlu'd with 
 a rich and varied vegetation. This, however, is not the case 
 with the S. mountain.s, which, approaching close to the Per- 
 sian Gulf, leave only a narrow tract with a S. exposure, and 
 .so extremely hot as not only to wither up the plants, birt 
 to be scarcely fit for human habitation. It also applies 
 only in part to the plains of the W., where moisture is often 
 in excess, and forms extensive swamps, from which pesti- 
 lential vapors arise. The provinces Iwrdering on the Cas- 
 pian, however, are as beautiful as wood, water, and moun- 
 tains can make them, and offer a strong contrast to the 
 more southern and eastern districts. 
 
 Mountai7>s. — These have already been referred to as form- 
 ing the lofty barriers which encircle the central plateau. 
 The W. chain, branching from the Hindoo Konsh, by which 
 it becomes linked to the Himalayas, traverses Afghanistan, 
 and enters Persia on its N.E. frontier, near Ion. 61° E. N. 
 of the town of Herat, where it forms a mountain region, in 
 some parts 200 miles wide, though in general nnich nar- 
 i-ower. Under the name of the Mountains of Khorassan. it 
 proceeds in a W.N.AV. direction across the N. part of the pro- 
 vince of that name, where its height nowhere exceeds 4.500 
 feet; but as the Caspian is approached, it rises to a much 
 greater elevation. Thechain here takes the name of the Elbrooz 
 Mountains, and on the borders ofthe provinces of Irak-.Ajemee 
 and Mazanderan, attains, in Mount Demavend, the height 
 of 14,695 feet. Prom this mount, which is the culminating 
 point of the range, and exhibits on its declivity une-juivocal 
 signs of volcanic tbrmation. the Elbrooz stretches W.N.W. 
 in three separate ranges, still maintaining an elevation so 
 lofty, that several of its ridges continue covered with snow 
 till the begining of June. The Elbrooz chain, which many 
 consider as terminating nearly opposite to the S.AV. corner 
 of the Ca.spian, is .succeeded by the Ma.ssula Mountains, and 
 then by Jlount Sevellan, which, attaining the height of 
 12,000 feet, throws out numerous ramifications, by whi'h it 
 becomes linked with Jlount Ararat. This celelirated moun- 
 tain, situated as a common property on the boiders of Rus- 
 sia, Persia, and Turkey, possesses the loftiest summit of AVest 
 Asia, and forms tho common link by which the N. and W. 
 ranges of Persia are united. The latter, (AV. range.) com- 
 mencing in the N.AA'., in the mountains of Koordistan, is 
 continued S. in a broad and elevated belt till it reaches lat. 
 34° N., then changes its direction to S.E., and under dif- 
 ferent names spreads out and forms several separate ranges. 
 One of these, proceeding E., forms the S. range already re- 
 ferred to, as separating the great plateau from the shores of 
 the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Genlr^y and Minerals. — The whole of the interior of Per- 
 sia, with very few exceptions, appears to be occupied by 
 strata belonging to the tertiary formation. A belt of se- 
 condary strata stretches from N. to S., near the frontiers oi 
 Afghanistan; and on the AV. of the great plateau, a similar 
 belt has been traced among the mountains Granite anS 
 crystalline schists form a great part of the mountains which 
 extend across the S. of Kerman, but th^se rod s aie mora 
 
 J 
 
PER 
 
 largely developed in the mountain ranges of the N. Tn the 
 Elbrooz, the effects of remote volcanic agency are strongly 
 manifested; and the rocks which bound the alluvial plain 
 of Lake Ooroomeeyah on the W., are also volcanic. A cele- 
 brated mineral peculiar to Persia is the turquoise, the most 
 valuable mines of which, producing gems of surpassing 
 beauty, and in considerable quantities, are in the vicinity of 
 Nishapoor, to the W. of Meshed. Among the metals, iron, 
 argentiferous lead, copper, and antimony, are said to be 
 abundant. Rock-sjilt may be obtained in unlimited quanti- 
 ties in almost every quarter, and sulphur is dug almost solid 
 from the crumbling cone of Mount Demavend. Naphtha is 
 found in many places ; a celebrated gum or bitumen, cjilled 
 mumea, is collected in i'ars ; and not only is marble of the 
 finest quality quarried, but coal is also said to have been dis- 
 covered in Azerbaijan. 
 
 Eivtrs and Lakes. — The absence of sufficient water is one 
 of the great disadvantages suffered in Persia. Except the 
 Aras,forming the N.VV. frontier, the Sefeed-Ilood and Goorgan, 
 *hich enter the Caspian Sea, the ICerah, Karoon, Jerahi, 
 &c., affluents of the Tigris and Shat-el-Arab, in Khoozistan, 
 and the Bund-enieer, in i'ars, the rivers are quite insignifi- 
 Ciint, and by far the greater portion of the country is arid and 
 unproductive. Throughout the central plateau, there is a 
 total absence of running water. From the S. slopes of the 
 mountain ranges, which rise from its N. edge, much water, 
 partly the produce of perpetual snow, necessarily descends 
 in numerous streams, which soon reach the borders of 
 parched and sandy deserts, and are immediately absorbed. 
 The X. slopes are so near the basin of the Caspian, to which 
 tliey all belong, that the water which they supply, though 
 often in such excess as to inundate the plains below, has 
 too short a course to allow it to accumulate into rivers. The 
 principal exception is furnished by the Sefeed-llood or 
 White liiver, which, rising in the mountains of Koordistan, 
 has found or worn for itself a channel, usually several 
 hundred, and sometimes 1000 feet below the general level 
 of the table-land, till it breaks through the mountains of 
 Massula, into a long valley, interposed between two of its 
 ranges, and finally reaches the Caspian Sea by the celebrated 
 Rudbar Pass in the Elbrooz. after a course of about 350 
 miles. In Persia, there are more than 30 salt lakes which 
 have no outlets. Lake Ooroomeeyah, 70 miles long by 32 
 miles broad, receives 14 rivers; yet its waters are so bitter 
 and saline, that no fish can live in them. Near it are some 
 remarkable petrifaction ponds. I^ake Bakhtegan is 00 miles 
 long, and receives all the waters of the vales of Morgaub 
 or Murgaub, Merdasht, and Korbal. Fresh water lakes are 
 numerous, but of limited extent, and are nearly all situated 
 in the province of Mazanderan. 
 
 Climate. — On the central plateau, the climate is intensely 
 cold in winter, and excessively hot in summer. The dry- 
 ness of the atmosphere, however, makes the air generally 
 pure and the sky cloudless. The shores of the Persian 
 Gulf are scorched up in summer by a burning heat, and 
 become so unhealthy, that all the inhabitants who have 
 the means retire to the adjacent mountains. Henry Martin 
 found the thermometer here 125° in the shade. The sur- 
 face of the Civspian Sea being 83 feet lower than the level 
 of the ocean, its shores in summer experience a tropical 
 heat. On the S. side of the X. mountain ranges, snow falls 
 early in X'ovember. In such situations, as at Teheran, ice 
 is seen up to the middle of March ; cold winds from the X. 
 prevail in April, and even during summer great and sud- 
 den changes of temperature are not uncommon. On the X. 
 Bide of the mountains, in the plains of Ohilan and Mazan- 
 deran, the climate is like that of a tropical region, in which 
 a dry and a r.ainy season regularlj' alternate, and vegetation 
 has a luxuriance not often met with in much lower lati- 
 tudes. 
 
 Vegetation, Agriculture, <tc. — The long belt of sandy shores 
 which line the Persian Gulf is nearly as barren as the 
 desert table-land of the interior, except where it is inter- 
 spersed with plantations of date-trees, which here find a 
 genial climate, and grow to great perfection. Among the 
 mountains of Khoozistan, Bakhtiyari, and Looristan, forests 
 of oak and other trees are not uncommon, though in gene- 
 ral they are stunted in their growth, and degenerate into a 
 low jungle. But, on the X. side of the lofty ranges which 
 overlook the Caspian Sea, are dense and magnificent forests 
 of oak, tieech, elm, and walnut, intermingled with box-trees, 
 cypresses, and cedars. Along the slopes extensive open 
 glades often occur, where the ground becomes covered with 
 a rich herbage, on which numerous herds of cattle are reared, 
 chiefly for the dairy. Lower down, though still at some 
 thousand feet above sea-level, wheat and barley are exten- 
 sively cultivated. In the level and rich plains below, vege- 
 tation of every kind is remarkably luxuriant. The sugar- 
 cane and orange come to perfection, and are common ; the 
 pomegranate grows wild, the cotton-plant and mulberry are 
 extensively and successfully cultivated large tracts are oc- 
 cupied >"" the vine, and orchards loaded with exquisite 
 frUits — iigs. apricots, peaches, plums, cherries, apples, and 
 pairs — occur in every quarter. Tho swampy shoi-es of the 
 UHspian are corered with a tall growth of saline plants and 
 
 PER 
 
 canes, available for huilding. and many other domestic pur- 
 poses. In these low plains, the only grain under extcnt-ive 
 and regular culture is rice; and **■& principal auxiliaiy 
 crops are cotton, indigo, sugar, madder,' and tobacco. 
 Another rice district, of large extent, occurs in Azerbaij.in, 
 where large rice-fields, producing rich crops, occupy the 
 greater part of the low tlats which surround Lake Ooroomee- 
 yah. 
 
 In Persia considerable attention is paid to the dairy, but 
 the stock is generally of an inferior description : though black 
 cattle, of great size and beauty, distinguished by the Indian 
 hump, are not uncommon in Mazanderan. Sheep and gouts 
 are much more numerous. The former furnish the far 
 greater part of the animal food which is -used, and no incon- 
 siderable portion of the clothing ; the wool being not only e.x- 
 tensively spun and woven, but often allowed to i-emain on 
 the skins, which are firmed at once into cloaks and jackets. 
 The latter, particularly in the province of Herman, yield a 
 wool little inferior to that of Cashmere. The other domestic 
 animals are asses, generally of a large and superior descrip- 
 tion; mules, remarkalily strong and hardy, and used, more 
 than any other animal, for transport : horses, much improved 
 by crossing with those of Araljia. and famous fur strength, 
 speed, and beauty; and camels, which are natives of Persi.i. 
 The more remarkable wild animals are the lion, occasionally 
 seen in Farsistan, and a few other places; leopards, in- 
 cluding the chetiih, used for hunting; tiger-cats, lynxes, 
 bears, wild boars, hyenas, wolves, jackalls, porcupines, 
 aryali or mount.ain sheep, and inoz or mountain goats. 
 Among the birds are pheasants, fre<iuenting tlie plains on 
 the S.E. corner of the Caspian ; pelicans and bustards along 
 the sandy borders, and often far in the interior of the de- 
 serts; blackbirds, thrushes, and other well-known songsters, 
 but more especially the bulbul or eastern nightingale. 
 Locusts, which often commit fearful raviiges, are included 
 among the destructive in.sects. Fish abound in the Cas- 
 pian an4 on the shores of tlie Persian Gulf. At the mouths 
 of the streams which fall into the former, valuable sturgeon 
 fisheries are carried on, chiefly by Russia. The rivers con- 
 tain few fish: and Ooroomeeyah, tho largest of the lakes, ia 
 wholly destitute of them. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures of Persia are more nu- 
 merous than importiint, though in a few articles they con- 
 tinue to retain some of the celebrity which they acquired 
 in early times. Among them may be mentioned various 
 kinds of silk goods, as taffetas, velvets, and brocades, made 
 extensively at Ispahan, Kashan, Astrabad, Yezd, and other 
 places, not only for home consumption, but export, particu- 
 larly to Turkey and Russia.; carpets and felts in Khorassau 
 and many of the central districts of Irak-Ajemee: Arabian 
 cloaks and woollen stuffs, made in Khoozistan, and in large 
 demand in the country, as well as Arabia; shawls, in imita- 
 tion of those of Cashmere, made of the fine wool of the 
 goats of Kerman ; the fire-anns of Kermanshah ; the swords, 
 daggers, and other cutlery oflspahan, Sheeraz.and Me.shed; 
 the copper-ware of Kashan; the gold brocades of Ispahan. 
 Coarse woollens and cottons, once made to a very great ex- 
 tent, for the clothing of the poorer classes, have in numerous 
 instances been entirely supplanted bj' the cheaper and bet- 
 ter products of Great Britain and Russia. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of the counti-y is extensive, 
 notwithstanding the absence of any roads except such as 
 are traversed by caravans of mules, by which the internal 
 trade is wholly carried on. The principal articles imported 
 from the E. are muslins, leather, lanibs'-skins. stuffs of 
 camels"-h.air, shawls, nanlieen, china, glass, hardware, am- 
 ber, coral, precious stones, saffron, indigo, spices, &c. The 
 exports to the E. are velvets, silk and cotton stuffs, &c. 
 from Ispahan and Yezd; articles in gold and silver, bronze 
 lamps, copperware, &c. from Kashan ; mats, lackered ware, 
 ivory ornaments, dates, lemons, and tobacco from Sheeraz; 
 and shawls and some other articles from Kerman. The 
 total value of exports is estimated at from $15,000,000 to 
 S17,000,000 annually. The Caspian and the Persian Gulf 
 furnish many important items. The traffic of the former, 
 carried on chiefly at the ports of Enzellee. Balfurosh,and 
 Astrabad, is almost entirely monopolized by Russia; that 
 of the latter, formerly carried on chiefiy at the port of Gom- 
 broon, but now much more at that of llassorah, employs 
 a considerable number of vessels, owned for the most part 
 by Armenian, Arab, and Indian traders. By this latter 
 channel, Great BriUiiu sends to Persia broadcloths and other 
 Woollens, cotton goods, shawls, jewelry, arms, cutlery, 
 watches, earthen and glassware, metals, &.Q., receiving in 
 return chiefiy silk, gall-nuts, madder, and other dyes. A 
 large proportion of the British cottons imported at Trebi- 
 zond, on the Black Sea, is intended for the Persian markets. 
 Though Persia has a considerable extent of .«ea-eoast, both 
 along the Caspian and the Persian Gulf, it pns.sesses very 
 few vessels of any description, both its coasting trade and its 
 more distant commerce being almost entirely carried on in 
 foreign bottoms. 
 
 Giwemmfnt. — The sovereign of Persia is an ab.solute and 
 uncontrolled despot. His principal ministers are the 
 vizier azem or grand vizier, and the ameer, a doulah or 
 
 1463 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 lord high treasurer, the former commanding the army In 
 the sovereign's absence, and managing all foreign affairs, 
 unci the latter superintending the collection of the revenue, 
 and whatever relates to the interior; both ministers, though 
 the mere slaves of their master, are. in regard to all other 
 persons, as absolute as himself. Each province is governed 
 by a beglerbeg or sardar. genennlly a piince of the blood or 
 high noble, who appoints his lieutenants or hakims, under 
 whom there is a long series of subordinates. For the ad- 
 ministration of justice there are two classes of courts — one, 
 caMed she ir (jJi. which decides according to the Koran; the 
 other, called tirf. deciding according to customary law. The 
 revenue chiefly derived from land and poll taxes, import 
 and export duties, tributes from nomadic triijes, &c., has 
 hven estimated at from .47,000.000 to $10,000,000. The stand- 
 ing army comprises about 13,000 men, who have received 
 European discipline; but the chief force consists of irregu- 
 lars, who on emergencies may exceed 200,000 men. a large 
 proportion of them being cavalry, who perform feudatory 
 eei-vice. 
 
 InhcdntanU, d-c. — The population is very mixed. The 
 Parsees, who appear to preserve more fully than the rest a 
 purity of descent from the ancient Persians, are now nearly 
 confined to the city of Yezd and some towns in Herman, 
 where they still reUiin lire-worship. The inhabitants of the 
 towns and settled districts generally are descended from 
 Persians, Turks, Tartars. Georgians, Armenians, Arabs, and 
 all the other nations who have at different periods held 
 sway in the country. They are Mohammedans of the Sheeah 
 (Shiah) .sect, rejecting the authority of the three tirst caliphs, 
 on which and other accounts, there is between them and the 
 Turks, Arabs, Bokharese. and most other Mussulmen. a 
 perpetual feud. The nomadic tribes consistof Arabs in the S.; 
 Toorkomans, Jlonguls and Oozbeks in the E. and N.E.; and 
 Koords in the W. They live in tents, subsisting on the pro- 
 duce of their herds and on plunder; and they furnish the 
 most p,irt of the armed force. The Persians are a handsome, 
 active, and generally warlike people. Their complexion 
 ■varies from fiiir to dark olive, having straight, jet black 
 hair, a quick, lively imagination, and agreeable address. 
 They are versatile and pliable, but insincere and immoral 
 in their habits. Polygamy is both authorized and encou- 
 raged, and all the evils which it engenders are everywhere 
 displayed. The intellectual qualities of the Pei-sians are 
 naturally of a high order, and enabled them at a very early 
 period to take a lead in civilization. The Persian forms one 
 of the principal branches of the great femily of Indo-Eu- 
 ropean languages. It is remarkable for its softness and 
 harmony, which admirably adapt it to the lighter forms of 
 poetry. It has the same written character as the Arabic, 
 which in other respects it greatly resembles. The Persians 
 possess numerous works both in literature and science: 
 those in the former bear a liigh reputation ; those in the 
 latter, with the single exception, perhaps, of mathematics, 
 are of a very unsatisfactory and puerile description. 
 
 Population. — The population of Persia is variously given. 
 The following estimate is probably not far from the truth. 
 Modern Persians, comprising a mixture of ancient Persians, 
 Tartars, Araljs. and Georgians, 10.000.000; Parsees, 100.000; 
 Afghans of Cabool, 600.D00; Ghelaky, 50,000; Armenians. 
 70,000; Jews, .35,000; Sabians, or disciples of John, 10,000; 
 nomadic or wandering tribes. (13 in number.) 239.500; Ara- 
 bian tribes and Arabian fishermen. 140.000; and Knords, 
 155,000; total, 11,299,500, besides 28 other Turkish tribes. 
 
 Divisions. — The ancient and modern divisions of Persia, 
 and their chief towns, are exhibited in the subjoined table :— 
 
 Modem Names. 
 
 Ancient Names. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Azerbaij.->n. 
 
 Media Atropatene. 
 
 Tabrcez. 
 
 Irak .\jemee. 
 
 Media Magna, 
 
 Teheran. 
 
 Ardelaii. 
 Looristaa. 
 
 Klymals. 
 Srro-.Medla. 
 
 Senuah. 
 
 Khoozistan, 
 
 Susiana. 
 
 Shooster, 
 
 Fars. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 
 Lari'itan. 
 
 Mesambria. 
 
 I.ar. 
 
 Kermaa. 
 
 Karmauia. 
 
 
 Gbilan. 
 
 County of Gelae. 
 
 Reshd. 
 
 Mazaoderan. 
 
 Countv of Japyri. 
 
 Balfroosh. 
 
 Astra bad. 
 
 Hrrcania. 
 
 
 Khoraasan. 
 
 Aria. 
 
 Nish.apoon 
 
 
 Artacene. 
 
 Yezd. 
 
 Bifltrry. — Few nations have undergone so many remark- 
 able changes, and none, perhaps, (if we except the Chinese.) 
 have continued so long to perform a prominent part on the 
 gri^t stage of the world. At almost the earliest period of 
 authentic history, we find Persia occupving a conspicuous 
 pUce among the surrounding nations. Our limits, how- 
 ever, will permit us only to glance at a few of the most pro- 
 minent dynasties and important events in her long and 
 changeful career. Cyrus the Great, the most renowned and 
 powerful of all the sovereigns who have swayed the Persian 
 Boeptre in 560 B. c. came into possession of the un ited crowns 
 of Persia and Media, and soon extended his dominions over 
 the whole o{\\ estern Asia. He was succeeded. 529 B. c, by 
 d^T; C«">^y'*''-«ho conquered Egjpt. About the ?e.-.r 
 4W B.C., Xerxes, fourth king in succession from Cambyses, 
 
 marched into Greece at the head of the most gigantic arm^ 
 ment which the world has yet beheld: but after a succession 
 of disasters and defeats, he narrowly e.scaped from falling into 
 the h.inds of his enemies, by an almost solitary flight across 
 the Hellespont. From this period may be dated the decline 
 of the Persian power; its downfall was completed by Alex- 
 ander the Great in 833 B.C. After undergoing various vicis- 
 situdes of fortune, the Persian power again rose under the 
 Sassanian dynasty in the early part of the third century of 
 our era, and attained the highest prosperity under the 
 celebrated Chosroes. (Khosru Nushemwan,) who in the first 
 half of the sixth century ruled over realms scarcely less ex- 
 tensive than those possessed by Xerxes. A century later, 
 and the armies of Mohammed had overrun not only Persia, 
 but the greater part of Central and Western Asia. The Sas- 
 sanian dynasty was overthrown, and other changes still 
 more important were effected; among which the most re- 
 markable was the extirpation of the ancient religion of 
 the Persians, and the general adoption of 3Iahommedan- 
 ism. In the beginning of the eleventh century, the Sel- 
 jookian Turks from Central Asia succeeded in placing the 
 Sultan Togrul Bey upon the Persian throne. In the early 
 part of the thirteenth century, the timous Jenghis Khan 
 made his appearance at the head of 700,000 Moguls, and 
 crushing all opposition, ruled Persia with a rod of iron. A 
 century and a half later, Timur or Tamerlane, with his 
 Tartar mj-riads. overran Persia, spreading desolation 
 wherever they appeared. Timur died in 1404. The Soofee 
 dynasty, founded by Ismael Shah in 1502, reached its 
 greatest prosperity during the reign of Abbas the Greats 
 from 15S6 to 1627. The sceptre of Persia was held from 
 1736 to 1747 by Xadir Shah, a general whose prowess and 
 military talents had raised him to the throne. One of his 
 most memorable exploits was the invasion of India in 1739, 
 when he took Delhi, and obtained a booty estimated at 
 more than $150,000,000. His great qualities were counter- 
 l)alanced by cruelty and avarice, and he was assa.ssinated 
 in 1747, A period of confusion followed. In 1795, Aga Mo- 
 hammed Khan Kajar, the founder of t!ie pre.sent Kajar 
 dynasty, ascended the throne. Before he had reigned two 
 years, he was murdered by his attendants, in 1797. He was 
 succeeded by his nephew, Fefh Ali Shah. The most re- 
 markable events of his reign were two disastrous wars with 
 Russia — the one ending in 1813. with the loss of extensive 
 territories on the Caspian; the other in 1828, with the loss 
 of Erivan and all the country N. of the Aras, (Araxes.) In 
 18;J3 he was succeeded by his grandson, Mahommed Mirza. 
 Until the close of the last century. Persia had no diplomatic 
 relations with Western Europe ; but since that period, the 
 sovereigns of Great Britain and Persia have been in friendly 
 alliance; the troops of the shah have been di.sciplined by 
 British officers, and large sums of money have been paid as 
 
 subsidies to the Persian government. Adj. and inliab. 
 
 Persiax, per'sh.Hn or per'-she-.an : (L. Per/siccs.) 
 
 PER'SI A. a post-township in the N'.W. part of Cattaraugus 
 CO.. New York, on the Erie Railroad. Pop. 1955. 
 
 PERSIAN GULF. (anc. J'fr'sicxs Si'vus. or I\y'siaim 
 Ma/}-f,) an arm of the Indian Ocean, between Arabia and 
 Persia. Lat. from 24° to 30° N., Ion. from 48° to 56° 30' K. 
 I^ength. 550 miles : greatest breadth, 220 miles. AtitsX.W. 
 extremity it receives the ?hat-el-.\rab (formed by the union 
 of the Euphnates and Tigris) and the Karoon. It communi- 
 cates E. with the Arabian Sea by a strait 50 miles aci-oss. It 
 contains numerous islands, the principal being Kishm, Op- 
 mus, Busheab, and Karak, off its N. or Persian coast, and the 
 East India Company's and Bahrein Islands, on its Arabian 
 side; around the last named an extensive pearl-fishery exists. 
 The shores are almost everywhere sterile and arid : on them 
 are the cities of Bassorah and liusbire. and the towns of Con- 
 goon. Nakilo, Goml'foon, Zaluirah, El Katif, and Grane, 
 
 PERSTE. per'see. a chapel district of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 comprising the Highland district of Bendochy, and some 
 others. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 PERSIEX. SeePERSu. 
 
 PER'SIFER. n post-townsliipof Knoxco..Illinois. Pop.788. 
 
 PERSIM'.MOX CREEK, a post-ofBce of Cherokee eo. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PER'SON. a county in the X. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Virginia. Area, estimated at 370 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Hycootee River, and the Xeuse rises 
 within its limits. The surface is diversified by hilis of mo- 
 derate size; the soil is generally fertile. Formed in 1791, 
 and named from General Thomas Person, of Granville co„ 
 North Carolina. Capital, Roxborough. Pop. 11,221, of whom 
 6026 were free, and 6195 slaves, 
 
 PERTAUBGHUR. p^r-t.iwb-gftr'. a fortified town of Hin- 
 dostan. province of Malwah: l.at. 24° 2' N., Ion. 74^ 51' E 
 
 PERTAUBGHUR, a town of Hindostan, province of Oude, 
 on the Sye, 90 miles S.E. of Lucknow. Pop. lO.OOO. 
 
 PER'TEXIIALL. a parish of England, co. of Bedford 
 
 PERTH, or PERTIISHIIIE. jierth'shir, a large and im- 
 portant county in the centre of Scotland, E. of the Frith of 
 Tay. Length and bre.sdth about 60 miles each. The area has 
 been estimated at 2688 miles, or 1,656.320 acres, of which up- 
 wards of 1,000,000 acres are arable or adapted to pasture : but 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 according to some anthnHties, the area above given is much 
 below the truth. Pop. in 1S51, 138,660. The surface is ex- 
 tremely diver.^ified. This county comprises both a highland 
 and a lowland region. The Grampians extend through it 
 in a N.E. direction, and are composed of granite and primary 
 slate. The principal mountains are Benlaweis. 3945 feet in 
 height ; Ben-More, 3819 feet in height. The principal lochs 
 are Lochs Tay, Earn. Rannoch, and Ericht. Perthahire is 
 wholly drained by the Tay and its affluents, the Earn, Ac, ex- 
 cept in its S. part, which is watered by the Teith, Allan, and 
 Devon. The Carse of Gowrie, on the Tay, is a deep alluvial 
 clay, and among the most productive land in Britain ; the soil 
 in the mountain districts is mostly light, and chiefly adapted 
 for pasturage; sheep and cattle-breeding being extensively 
 followed. Agriculture has, however, greatly improved, and 
 considerable quantities of wheat, barley, oats, beans, pota- 
 toes, turnips, and fruits are rai.sed for exportation. A large 
 part of the county has within the last century been planted 
 with woods. Some coal is raised in the S.E.; limestone, 
 sandstone, marble, and slate are generally abundant, and 
 lead is fovind in some places. Itailways traverse the E. 
 part of the county, and communicate with Edinburgh, 
 Stirling, Perth, and Dundee, extending N. to Aberdeen. Prin- 
 cipal towns, I'erth, Crieff, and Dumblane. It sends 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. 
 
 PERTH, (h. Perflhia, or Berltha,) a city, royal, parliament- 
 ary, and municipal burgh, and capital of the above county, 
 formerly the metropolis of Scotland, in a plain on the right 
 bank of the Tay, here crossed by a noble l>ridge of 9 arches, 
 880 feet in length, 33 miles N.N.W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56° 
 23' 50" N., Ion. 3° 26' 20" W. Pop. of the city, including 4 
 parishes, in 1851, 22.2.32; of royal burgh, 14.681 ; of parlia- 
 mentary (1861) 25,251. It Is partially enclosed by richly- 
 wooded hills, well and substantially built, and has altogether 
 a wealthy and elegant appearance. On its N. and S. sides are 
 2 spacious parks, called Inches. The principal public edifices 
 are the church of St..Tohn, supposed to have been originally 
 erected in the fifth century, with a square tower 155 feet in 
 height, and divided into three distinct places of worship, nu- 
 merous other churches and chapels, the public reservoir, 
 county buildings, central model prison for Scotland, county 
 infirmary, lunatic asylum, large barracks, the Marshall Mo- 
 nument, appropriated to the public, with a library of 6000 
 volumes, the JIu.seum of the Perth Literary and Antiqua- 
 rian Society, the town-hall, and King James VI.'s Hospital. 
 I'crth has an educational seminary — an elegant structure, a 
 grammar school, an academy, and several other endowed 
 schools. 4 weekly newspapers, 2 local and 4 branch banks, 
 and a custom-house. The Tay is navigable to the city for 
 vessels of considerable burden, and extensive works have 
 been undertaken for forming a new harbor and wetnlock. 
 The general terminus of the Edinburgh and I'erth, the 
 Central, the Scottish Midland, and the Dundee, Perth and 
 Alx'rdeen Railways — an elegant building — is situated in 
 the W. suburbs : and the Dundee Railw.ay cros.^es the Tay 
 by a wooden bridge. The principal manutiactures are those 
 of colored cotton stuffs, gingham.s, shawls, Ac. ; and here 
 are flax-spinning mills, bleachfields, several distilleries, 
 breweries, corn mills, iron foundries, rope-walks, tanneries, 
 and dye-works. The glove trade has declined. Ship-build- 
 ing is an extensive and increasing interest, and the .s.aImon 
 fislieries in the Tay are very valuable, about 225 tons offish 
 being sent to London annually. The foreign exports are 
 trifling, liut the coastwise exports include, besides fish, large 
 quantities of potatoes, chiefly to London, corn, timljer, and 
 slates. In 1851, the registered shipping of the port com- 
 prised 68 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 5535 tons ; the 
 vessels entered were, coastwise, 351, (tons, 20.985 ;) colonial, 
 3, (tons, C81:) and foreign, 54, (tons, 5042;) vessels cleared 
 coastwi.se, 292, (tons, 17,513;) and foreign, 11, aons, 1208.) 
 About 2 miles N. of the city Is Scone, long a royal residence; 
 the palace, rebuilt by its owner, Earl Slansfield, is now an 
 elegant modern mansion. Perth appears to have been an im- 
 portant st.ation under the Romans, at the meeting of three 
 great highw.ays, and it has some remains which have been 
 attributed to Agricola, with various ruins of ecclesiastical 
 buildings. It was also frequently resorted to by the Scottish 
 kings, and was the scene of many historical events, among 
 which may be mentioned its capture and the carrying off of 
 its records by Edward I. of England, in 1298 ; the murder of 
 Jatues I. in 1437 ; the capture of the town by Montrose in 
 1644; its capitulation to Cromwell in 1651; and its occupa- 
 tion, first by the Viscount Dundee in 1689, and afterwards by 
 the Highlanders in 1715 and 1745. Its vicinity is one of the 
 most fertile tracts in Scotland. The burgh sends 1 member 
 'o the House of Commons. 
 
 PERTH, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Fulton CO., New York, 45 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 1085. 
 
 PERTH, a town in the N. part of New Brunswick, capital 
 of the CO. of Victoria. 
 
 PERTH, an inland county of Canada West, near Lake 
 Huron, comprises an area of 698 square miles. Numerous 
 small streams rise in the county, and it is intersected by 
 thoTorontoandGoderich Kailroad. Capital, Stratford. Pop. 
 tn 1852, 15,545. 
 
 PERTH, a post-town of Canada West, capital of tK» 
 united cos. of Lanark and Renfrew, is situated on tlie river 
 Tay, which has been rendered navigable to the Rideau 
 Canal, a distance of 7 miles, by means of 5 locks, capable of 
 admitting barges carrying from 80 to 90 tons. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, churches of 4 or 5 denomina 
 tions, agencies of 4 assurance companies, a branch bank, t 
 newspaper office, about 20 stores, and manufactures of iron- 
 castings, machinery, &c. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 PERTH, a district of West Australia, intersected by lat 
 32° S., Ion. 116° E., having W. the Indian Ocj^an. and on the 
 other sides the districts of Twiss. York, and Murray. It is 
 watered bj' the Swan River, which has, 10 miles from its 
 mouth, the town of I'erth, the capital of the colony. 
 
 PERTH, the capit.al of West Australia, and of the co. of 
 Perth, on the Swan River, 10 miles above its mouth, iu the 
 Indian Ocean; lat. 31° 57' 24" S., Ion. 115° 52' 45" E. 
 
 PJORTJI, a town of Van Diemen's Land, co. of Cornwall, 
 12 miles from Launceston, on the South Esk. 
 
 PERTH AiPBOY'. a post-village and port of entry of 
 Middlesex co.. New Jersey, at the head of Raritan Bay, and 
 at the mnuth of Raritan River, .30 miles N.E. of Trenton, 
 and 25 miles from New York. It is situated in Perth Am- 
 boy township, on the left or N. bank of the Raritan River, 
 and at the S. end of Staten Island Sound, about 2 miles N.E. 
 of South Amboy, where the Camden and Amboy ILailroad 
 connects with st<?amboat8 running to and from is'ew York. 
 The harbor is good and easily accessible. The village contains 
 4 churches, an academy, a lock factory, and a stoneware 
 pottery. The shipping of the port, June 30, 1852, amounted 
 to an aggreg.ate of 21,6.51 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 
 20,853 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 4759 tons 
 in steam navigation. During the year, 8 vessels, with an 
 aggregate burden of 1273 tons, were admeasured. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1784. Pop. of the town.ship. 2302. 
 
 PERTHES, paint, a market-town of France, department 
 of Haute-Marne. 16 miles N.W, of Vasiiy. Pop. 725. 
 
 I'ERTIIOIS, paiRHwd', a former district of I'nance, now 
 foiming parts of the departments of Marne and Haute- 
 JIarne. Vitry-le-Fran§ais was the capital. 
 
 PERTHSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See Perth. 
 
 PERTUIS, pjR^wee', a town of France, department of 
 Vauclnse, near the Durance, 38 miles E.S.E. of Avignon. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4776, 
 
 PERTUIS BRETON, pju'twee' brJ'tAN''', and PERTUIS 
 D'ANTIOCHE, pte'twee' dftuoHe-osh', straits which separate 
 the island of R6 from the W. mainland of France, the depart- 
 ment of Charente-InfSrieure, and from the island of Oleron. 
 
 ]>ERT'WOOD, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 PERU, pe-roo', (Sp. pron. pti-roo', written also in ancient 
 chronicles PiVJi, pe-roo'; Fr. /Vnm, p.Vroo'; Ij. Pfruh-ia,) mi 
 extensive country of South America, stretching from near 
 the equator southward along the AV. side of the continent. 
 The name, as formerly applied, included an immense region 
 not comprised within the limits of the present Peruvian re- 
 public. An exten.sive territory in the S., called Upper Peru, 
 was, after the overthrow of the Spanish power in 1824, 
 formed into an independent state, (in 1825,) and received 
 the appell.ation of Bolivia, in honor of Simon Bolivar, its 
 liberator. No inconsiderable portions of the ancient Peru 
 are now incorporated with the territories of the Argentine 
 Republic and Chili. The province of Quito, (nearly corres- 
 ponding to the present Republic of Ecuador,) previously an 
 independent country, was for a period of more than 200 
 years united with Peru, from which, however, it was sepa- 
 rated in 1718, and annexed to New Granada. (See next 
 
 article.) Adj. and inhab. 'PKnuvi.^N, pe-roo've-an, (Sp. 
 
 Peru.wo, pee-roo-d'no ; L, Percvi.Wus ; Fr. Pf ruvi'en, pa^- 
 rliVe-ft.x"'.) 
 
 PERU, Republic of, (Sp. HepuUica Peruana, rA-pooWle-kl 
 pA-roo-d'nJ; Fr. Repulilique dii Pirou, rk'piih'^leek' i.\up!i'roo>,) 
 called also simply PERU, a state of South America, formed 
 out of the former Spanish vice-royalty of the same name, 
 bounded on the W. and S.W. by the Pacific Ocean, N. by 
 Ecuador, from which it is partly separated by the river 
 Tumbez, E. by Brazil and Bolivia, and S. by Bolivia, a portion 
 of the boundary here being formed by the river Loa. It ex- 
 tends from lat. 3° 35' to 21° 48' S., and from Ion. 68° 10' to 80" 
 41' W. Its shape Is very irregular ; greatest length from N . to 
 S., 1266 miles; from N,W. to S.K., about 1490 miles; greatest 
 breadth, measured on a parallel of latitude, about 360 miles. 
 Between Lake Titicaca and the S. extremity of Peru, where 
 the country is the narrowest, the boundary of Bolivia 
 approaches to within about 50 miles of the Pacific. The 
 coast-line may be estimated at 1950 miles. Area esti- 
 mated at 370.000 square miles, which, however, can be 
 only an approjSmate to the true area, as the boundary on 
 the E. is not definitely settled. Some geographers state the 
 greatest breadth of the country at 700 miles, and estimate 
 its area variously at from 500,000 to 700,000 square miles. 
 But. according to the •' Calendario de la Republica Peruana," 
 published at Lima in 1849, the greatest breadth of Peru is 
 only 105. and the least breadth 15 Spanish leagues, from 
 which data the area cannot possibly exceed 400.000 squar« 
 miles. 
 
 1465 
 
PER 
 
 Face a f the fk^mlry. Mountains, rf-c.— Peru exhibits a great 
 varir y of physical features, and all on the grandest scale. 
 The louhJe Cordillera of the Andes traTerses the country 
 from S.E. to N.AV., separating it into three distinct regions, 
 differing widely from each other in climate, soil, and vegeta- 
 tion. Seen from the coast, these mountains have the appear- 
 ance of a vast wall, apparently impassable. The region be- 
 tween the Pacific Ocean and the Andes has a width varying 
 from 60 to 100 miles, and of its surface, only a very small por- 
 tion is habitable. It is generally rugged, and covered with 
 mountains or hills, from 500 to 10,000 feet in height, consist- 
 ing for the most part of bare rock, wholly divested of life or 
 vegetition. It is only where streams force their way across 
 this tract, from the Andes towards the sea, that verdure makes 
 Its app&irance, and the cultivation of the ground becomes 
 practicable. Hence this region, in which only the transverse 
 Talleys, under favorable circumstances, are tit for the abode of 
 man. is'generally distinguished as Los Valles, (" the valleys.") 
 But the streams from the mountains, though full and rapid 
 above, generally sink into the dry, sandy ground lower down, 
 and seldom reach the sea; while most of them are but occa- 
 Bional torrent?, flowing during the rainy season, (of the 
 highlands,) and dry nine months of the year. On the most 
 fevered portion of the coast, these valleys are,_on an average, 
 12 miles asunder, but they are more frequently separated 
 by intervals of 15 or 20 miles. Towards the N. tliey are 
 situated at greater distances from each other, and between 
 LamKayeque and Sechura there Intervenes a dry desert of 
 90 miles. Above the maritime Cordillera, between the ridges 
 of the .\ndes, n.^ture assumes quite another aspect, and 
 there Las Sierras, as the elevated region is genei-ally called, is 
 now the chief, as it was anciently almost the exclusive seat 
 of the population of Peru. Beyond, or E. of the mountains, 
 the country spreads out into boundless plains, watered by 
 numerous great rivers, (to open these to foreign commerce 
 attempts have recently been made by a company formed in 
 the United States,) and covered to a great extent with im- 
 penetrable forests. For this region there seems to be no 
 general name; but it is sometimes called La Tierra de los 
 Indios Bravos, ("Land of the fierce Indians:") it is im- 
 pertectly known, and many ages will probably elapse before 
 it tiecomes occupied by men of European race. 
 
 The Peruvian Andes and their branches are estimated to 
 occupy 200,000 square miles of surface, and one peak, the 
 Nevado de Chuquibamba, rises to the height of 21.000 feet. 
 Omati, the famous but nearly extinct volcano of Arefiuip,a, 
 (lat. 16° 20' S., Ion. 78° 12' W..) is 20,320 feet high; and to 
 the S., between the parallels of Arica and the river Loa, are 
 several other volcanic cones of great altitude. The two prin- 
 cipal chains of the Andes, viz. the Cordillera of the Coast, 
 With a medium height of 15.000 feet, and the Andes proper, 
 rising to an average of 17.000 feet in elevation, here enclose 
 an extensive tattle-land or sierra, naturally distributed into 
 regions differing widely in character. The chief are the 
 heights of I'asco, of Cuzco, the valleys of the Kio Jauja, 
 and of the MaraBion. The fii-st of these lies at one of those 
 points where the branches of the Andes unite, the ridges 
 sinking into an elevated plain, which has here a general 
 height of 14,000 feet. This region is traversed by chains of 
 hills from 500 to 1000 feet high, and has everywhere a 
 rugged and forbidding aspect. Though the climate is the 
 most disagreeable and comfortless possible, and the Puna, or 
 diflftculty of respiration, is severely felt, yet the veins of the 
 precious metals, with which this region abounds, have 
 attracted to it a comparatively dense population ; and it has 
 been more frequently visited, and more fully described by 
 strangers; than the smiling and luxuriant regions lower 
 down. The table-land of Cuzco, extending from the S. fron- 
 tier of Peru to lat. 12° 30' S., has a length of about 150 miles, 
 and a width of 100 miles. At the city of Cuzco, lat. 1.3° SC 
 S., it has an absolute elevation of 11.3S0 feet, but sinks 
 rapidly towards the N., so that at the banks of the Itio >Ian- 
 taro it is not protmbly more than 8000 feet alx)ve the sea. 
 On the heights of I'asco there is no cultivation whatever. 
 But here, from the S. and most elevated part of Cuzco, where 
 the quinoa {CIdnnpndium quinoa) is cultivated, to the planta- 
 tions of sugar-cane at its N. extremity, we find most of the 
 grains and fruits of Europe in the greatest perfection. The 
 valley of the Jauja adjoins tjie table-land of Pasco, descend- 
 ing rapidly S. about 100 miles, and resembles in general cha- 
 racter the lower portion of Cuzco. It is perhaps the most 
 populous part of Peru, and at the sivme time the least known. 
 The valley of the Marafion. from lat. 10° to 5° S., is for the 
 first 100 mik's little more than a narrow defile descending 
 rapidly ; it then becomes, for 200 miles, a wide and fertile 
 Talley. having a mean absolute height of about 3000 feet 
 The Pon.^o of Bentema, at Its N. termination, is but 1250 feet 
 above thu sea. 
 
 lyile^ and h'ivers.—Oa the table-land of Pasco lie, at no 
 peat distance asunder, the Uke of Llaurlcocha, whence 
 Issues the MaraBon ; the Ijike of Chiquiacoba, 13,200 feet 
 above the sea. from which the Huallaga flows S.E.; and the 
 Lake of Quilu.acocha, which gives birth to the San Juan, 
 tower down culled the Mantaro, and one of the chief tribu- 
 taries of the Apurimac These rivers all unite some hun- 
 1466 
 
 PER 
 
 dreds of miles lower down, greatly incren,spd in magnitude; 
 and together with the Ucaj-ale, which rises further S., and 
 takes a wider sweep to the E., firm the grand but simple 
 river system of Peru. The Maraiion flows for 400 miles be- 
 tween the Cordilleras of the Andes. During the first 150 
 miles of its course in a narrow, rocky valley, it descends 
 about 10,000 feet; thence to the Pongo of Bentema, 1232 feet 
 in height, it flows about 250 miles, with a fall of 1800 feet 
 AVithin this distance it is navigated in canoes And baltas or 
 floats. Below the rapids at Tomependa, do.se to the Pongo 
 of Bentema, the river Bows X.E.. and then E., for 150 miles, 
 till it descends the rapids, 7 miles in length, at the Pongo 
 of Manseriche, whence it may be navigated downwards in 
 small vessels. The Huallaga, on leaving the highlands, tikes 
 a tortuous course of 500 miles, collecting numberless small 
 streams, till it joins the MaraHon, in lat. 5° S., and Ion. 76° 
 W. It flows, for the most part, between hills covered with 
 dense forests, but for the last 100 miles it winds through 
 level, marshy plains. The Ucayale is. after the MaraBon, 
 the greatest of the Peruvian rivers ; at their junction it is in- 
 deed appjirently the greater of the two. It is formed by the 
 Urubamba and Tamlio, the latter uniting the Ajiurimac and 
 Mantiro or Uio Jauja. The Ucay.ile, just Itelow the junction 
 of the Urubambfi and Mantaro. descends a violent rapid 
 called Vuelta del Diablo, (•• Devil's Leap.") It is supposed to 
 be navigable for 500 miles, but its conr.se through tlie plains 
 is little known. Among its chief tributaries from the moun- 
 tains is the I'achHea. which is i-eported to be navigable. Lake 
 Titicaca, after that of Maracaybo the largest lake in South 
 America, is partly in Peru, and partly in Bolivia. 
 
 Climate. — The ver}' peculiar climate of the maritime re- 
 gion of IVru excited the wonder of its European discoverers. 
 On a portion of the coast no rain has fallen witliin the me- 
 morj- of man ; and on most of it a shower of rain is a re- 
 markable phenomenon, generally supposed to be concomi- 
 tant with an earthquake. For six mouths, from Kovemlier 
 to April, the sky is cloudless, and the burning rays of aa 
 almost verticil sun would convert the country into bare 
 rock or dust, if it were not that this is the rainy sea.<M3n in 
 the higher regions, whence copious streams pour down to 
 fertilize and beautify the valleys. These torrents soon dry 
 up on the cessation of the rains in the mountains; but then 
 the sky along the coast l>ecomes overcast, the heat of the 
 sun is intercepted bj- a thick mist, called " garua," which 
 falls like a heavy dew, and freshens the vegetation, while 
 it mitigates the heat. The cool oceanic currents, and the 
 streams of air descending from the snowy heights of the 
 Andes, mitigate the heat of the coa.st, which, on the sea- 
 side, is often excessive. In Lima, COO feet above the sea, the 
 tliermometer varies from 6<)° in winter to S2° in summer. 
 The perfectly rainless region of Peru tei-minates at the 
 height of 400 feet above the sea. Thence, to an elevation of 
 2000 feet, succeeds the zone of cultivated tropical plants — 
 banana, sugar-cane, cotton, and sweet potato; and, above 
 this again, to the height of 10,000 feet, follows the region 
 of the iluropean cereals. From the upper limit fif this zone 
 to tlie heiglit of 14,500 feet, extends the domain of gra.sses, 
 with a character wholly Apine, peat-mosses often covering a 
 greiit extent. Here the oca. (Ojralis tubernsa,) a sweetish 
 root, is the only plant cultivated. The country in general 
 is .available only for sheep pasture. Snow falls in storms at 
 all times of the year ; and these heights, though by no means 
 uninhabited, offer, perhaps, the least agreeable home on tho 
 face of the earth. Still higher up, Alpine plants and lichens 
 continue to flourish to an elevation in sunny a,sppcts of per- 
 haps nearly 17,000 feet; but striking differences of local cli- 
 mate are nowhere more conspicuous than in this upper and 
 tempestuous zone. On the W. side of the Andes tlie prevailing 
 wind during nine months of the year is from the S.W. The 
 S. wind predominates during the other three months. Tlieso 
 winds are both cool and dry. But E. of the Andes, the regu- 
 lar equatoii.ll winds from the E. come loaded with hu- 
 midity, and. checked by the mountains, pour down copious, 
 and in some places perpetual rains. On the \V. slope of the 
 Andes, the native woods nowhere descend to the foot of the 
 mountains. On the E. side, the tall forests cover the low 
 plain, and ascend, with hardly-diminished magnificence, to 
 a height of 5500 feet, where the tropical character of the 
 wood ceases. The temperature on the E. side is higher than 
 on the W., making a difference in the limits of the vegetable 
 zones of aix)ut 2000 feet (6° or 7° Fahrenheit:) and at tho 
 height of 3000 or 4000 feet, la Ceja de la Mnntotla. (■• the brow 
 of tlie mountain,") a? the I'eruvians call it presents one ot 
 the most charming --pots on the earth, enjoying a delicious 
 and ecjuable tempera' <re. matchless fertility, with forest and 
 mountain scenes of ir ompai-able grandeur. This portion of 
 Peru, however, to which the indigenous population of that 
 country seems never to have descended, is still not only for 
 the most part unoccupied, but even very little known. 
 
 Earllfjuahen. — The coast of Peru enjoys a perpetual aerial 
 cajm; its atmosphere is never darkened or di.<turbed by 
 heavy rains, by thunder-storms, or huiTicrnes. But, on the 
 other hand, it is peculiarly sulject to subterranean convul- 
 sions. Earthquakes have frecjnently laid Lima in rnlns, 
 and experience shows that 45 considerabte shocks maj he 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 expected tliere in a year. Desolatinp; earthquakes have 
 bltbertd occurred tw'ice in a peBtury. The last t<X)k place in 
 1S06: that of 1746 was the most destructive. On that occa- 
 sion the sea retired to a creat distance; then suddenly rush- 
 ing back, overwhelmed the town of Callao, (the port of Lima.) 
 the site of which appears to have sunk with the shock. Of its 
 inhaliitants, about 3000, only 16 survived the catastrophe. 
 
 Gi'ology. — Accurate gefiloj^ical observations have as yet 
 embraced but a small portion of the wide surface of Peru. 
 Red .sandstone, frequent on the coast, is also the prevailing 
 rock in the plains of the interior, where it is accomp.anied 
 by vast deposits of rock-suit; the latter occupying, in the 
 valley of the lluallaf^a alone, an area of 1000 square miles. 
 It occurs also on the coast, and is not wanting even on the 
 heights of the Andes. Granite and porphyry, appearing on 
 the coast, extend also to the hifrhlands; but the prevalent 
 rocks on the sierras are trachyte, augite, porphyry, and 
 diorite. The sides Qf the valleys between Titicaca and 
 Cuzco are formed chiefly of clay-slate. Around Arequipa, 
 and thence to Titieaca, the soil is all volcanic. In the S. of 
 I'eru, chiefly in the maritime province of Tarapaca, and in 
 the neighbourhood of Iquique, an extensive depo.sit of salt, 
 nitre, and nitrate of soda exists; the sandy region over 
 which it extends nearly 3° (from lat. 19° to22° S.) is a barren 
 desert. In many parts, the houses and enclosures for cattle 
 are built of blocks of salt. Of the nitrate of soda, the sup- 
 ply of which may !« said to be inexhaustible, 2.'39,8C0 tons 
 were exported from Iquique from 1830 to 1850. The observa- 
 tions of Mr. Darwin have led him to the conclusion that the 
 coast of I'eru has risen 85 feet since it was first inhabited. 
 Since the great earthquake of 17-16, the coast near Lima, which 
 was raised on that occasion, has been constantly sinking. 
 
 Mines. — It is said that gold may be found in all the 
 mountain passes of Peru; and nearly all the rivers from 
 the Andes wash down auriferous sands. The richest gold- 
 mines or diggings are about Iluaylas and Tarma. It is 
 difficult to estimate the amount of gold annually obtained, 
 the business of washing the sands being carried on almost 
 wholly by Indians, without capital or machinery, and with 
 much secrecy. Little of the gold is coined, and probably 
 the larger portion of it is smuggled to the coast. It is 
 known, however, that in four years, (182ft-1829,) duty was 
 paid on 2698' marks, (about $387,000,) which is supposed to 
 be a fourth of the actual produce. In 1840 the gold coined 
 in the country amounted to $465,806. Silver, also, which 
 is the chief metallic product of Peru, is very widely distri- 
 buted, and small mines of it are worked secretly in all parts 
 of the country. Hut the chief mines of silver, which, having 
 attracted the attention of capitalists^ and become centres of 
 industrious population, are those of Ilualgayoc, near Micui- 
 pampa, Ilualanca, in Iluamalies, Cerro de Pasco, Lucanas, 
 and Iluantiijaya. Tlie treasures contained in the Cerro de 
 San Fernando, at Ilualgayoc, were first discovered in 1771. 
 There are now 1400 hocuminas or pits opened in the hill, 
 through which veins of silver run in all directions, Cerro 
 de Pasco is hardly inferior in mineral wealth to I'otosi. The 
 town stands at the heiglit of 13.673 feet al>ove the sea: and 
 the hill on which it is built is hollowed out, .so that, were 
 not eaithquakes here very rare, the whole would be soon re- 
 duced to a heap of ruins. Most of the bocaminas or mouths 
 of the mines are witliin the houses of the miners in the town 
 itself; some of them serve as dwellings. They aie generally 
 shallow, and not above 500 out of some thousand openings 
 deserve the name of shafts. There are two very remarkable 
 veins; one, running from N, to S.. has .an ascertiuncd length 
 of 9(00 feet, with a breadth of 412 feet; the other, stretch- 
 ing from W.N.W to K.S.E., is 6400 feet long, and SSO feet 
 wide, and is suppo.sed to intersect the preceding vein exactly 
 under the market-place in the town. The silver produced 
 from 1630 to 1803 has beeu calculated to amount to 1232 
 millions of Spanish dollars. In eight years (1826-1833) the 
 silver coined m Lima amounted to about $20,000,000, and in 
 1846. §4,842.821 were coined in the country. The great 
 height at which the mines are in many instances situated ; 
 the impos.sibility of conveying machinery to them on the 
 backs of mules; the want of timlxjr. the high price of all 
 the necessaries of life, present great obstacles to carrying on 
 mining operations with profit, even were the needed capital 
 brought to bear; consequently, mining in Peru is still in a 
 very low state. Quicksilver is abundant, and chiefiy found 
 at Huancavelica. in the interior; copper, lead, and iron are 
 also found in various places. In 1825, English miners dis- 
 covered good coal at Cerro de Pasco, at an elevation of 14,700 
 feet. Brown coal is also found on the sandy deserts of the 
 coast, N. of Arica; and in the province of Tarapaca lies a 
 buried forest underneath the sand, the wood of which is 
 neither charred nor petrified. It affords excellent fuel, and 
 is much used in the preparation of saltpetre, the chief pro- 
 duction of that coast. 
 
 Vrgekdion. — In botanical species, Peru is incomparably 
 rieli. o« mg to the various natural regions comprehended in 
 it. each of which has its own flora. West Peru is poor in 
 plants, especially in trees, K of the Andes, the species are 
 exceedingly numerous, and most of them take the arboies- 
 cent form. In the plains, the forests closely resemble those 
 
 of equatorial Brazil. On the higher parts of the East Andes 
 are to be found the representatives of families (as the Gen- 
 tians) which are elsewhere rare in South America. On the 
 W. co.nst, palms are hardly ever found wi.a; the cultivated 
 species are the juboa from Chili, the date-pjilm and the 
 eocoanut. On the K. side, each of these kinds has many 
 and varying representatives: the tree ferns also are peculiar 
 to the lower slopes and plains E. of the Andes. Among 
 the characteristics of the forests on this side may be men- 
 tioned the prevalence of the Cinchonae, which occur no- 
 where else in such numbers and variety. From these 
 forests Peru derives, in general, little advantage. The cin- 
 chona, yielding the Peruvian or ,Tesuif's bark, (called in 
 Peru cascnriUa, the yellow bark of commerce, from which 
 the well-known febrifuge quinine is extracted,) is almost 
 the only article drawn from thera for exportation. Another 
 production, which thrives in the same zone as the cinchona, 
 but extends much lower down, and .succeeds best in the 
 plains and swamps in the hottest places, is the coca, (Ery- 
 t/iroxi/lon coca.) the leaves of which are chewed, as a stimu- 
 lant, by the Indians, and which, being consumed in immense 
 quantities, is a very important article of the inland trade. 
 Tobacco, formerly monopolized by the crown, is now gene- 
 rally cultivated, and, being excellent, finds a ready sale in 
 Chili. The 'Sea-board also produces excellent sugar, which 
 not only supplies home wants, but is largely exported. 
 Cotton also is produced in considerable quantity, and is 
 nearly all exported. Fruits are abundant — the" banana, 
 orange, pine-apple, papaya, cherimoyer* or chirimoya. palta, 
 <tc., as well as culinary vegetables and grains, from the yam 
 and y uca to barley and the coca, which latter grow at an eleva- 
 tion of even 13,000 feet. The vine is cultivated on the W. coast, 
 merely for the production of brandy. Agriculture in Peru is 
 in the lowest condition ; the excessive dryness of the \V. coast, 
 the natural barrenness and devotion to mining which cha- 
 racterize the sierras, the remoteness of the MontaSSa. or E. 
 side of the Andes, with the deficient means of internal 
 communication, all tend to discourage its progress. 
 
 ZiKingij, dx. — Among the animals peculiar to West Peru 
 may be mentioned a species of fox, very destructive to flocks 
 of sheep, a mephitic animal or polecat, a kind of otter, some 
 opossum.s. and gigantic seals. Extensive tracts may be found 
 here in which life seems to be wholly extinct, and not even 
 insects are found in the sand. The birds of West Peru are 
 few, with the exception of the sea-fowl, which inhabit the 
 shores in countless multitudes. A few deer, and wild swine, 
 which attain a great size in the valley of Lima, are the chief 
 mammals ; iguanas and lizards are the princiijal reptiles ; the 
 serpents are small and rare, and, exwpting one species, 
 harmless. The llama is found only on the highlands, where 
 the poor Indiana, unable to purchase or support mules, stiU 
 employ it as a beast of burden. The kindred .species — the 
 guanaco, the alpaca, and the vicuBa — remain wild in the 
 mountains. Above their haunts are to be found only mai^ 
 mots in the hollows, and the condor nestling in the highest 
 rocks. Of the animals inhabiting the forest region, the only 
 one that braves the cold of the sierras is the puma, or lion, 
 as it is often called. It sometimes attacks the .sheep on the 
 highlands, and occasionally extends its excursions even to 
 the coa.st. The E. face of the Andes is as remarkable for its 
 abundance as the W. for its want of animal life. About 
 twenty species of parrots are found in this region, and here 
 also, in the forests, the monkeys are innumerable; only one 
 species, the black coaiti, ascends as high as the Ceja, (about 
 4000 feet.) At this elevation is found also the South Ame- 
 rican bear; the larger animals, the tapir, sloth, ant-eater, 
 armadillo, «S:o. belong to the low forest. Here also insects 
 become numerous, and on the river banks are insupport- 
 able. Alligators swarm in the rivers; and in the inundated 
 plains the Ixia-constrictor attains a terrific size. 
 
 Pastoral husbandry has made as little progress in Peru 
 as agriculture : and, indeed, it is equally repelled by the natu- 
 ral circumstances of the country. In the maritime region, 
 the scarcity of water, as well as of fodder, make it impossible 
 to keep cattle. All the lucerne which can be grown by irri- 
 gation barely suffices for the mules, which are indispensable. 
 On the sierras there is no pasture for cattle. The heights 
 feed sheep, which are here left wholly to poor Indians, who 
 never think of improvement. On the E. side, where nature is 
 more bounteous, the insects, and still more the vampire bat, 
 are fatal to cattle. In Iluamanga and Cuzco alone .ire to be 
 found good herds of cattle, and some attempt .at dairy farming. 
 
 G/inmerce. — Peru exports chiefly precious mefcils. nitrate 
 of soda, alpaca and sheep's wool, cinchona bark, sugar, 
 cotton, chinchilla skins, hides, straw hats, and guano : it 
 imports all kinds of manufactured goods, wines, tcbacco, 
 and spirits. The want of roads interposes great obstacles to 
 intern.al traffic; though, since the independence of Peru, a 
 trade has been carried on with the lirazilian provinces on the 
 .Amazon, chiefly by way of the lluallaira. down which brandy, 
 grain, coca, tobacco, and the chief articles above enumerated, 
 
 * The cherimoyer is the anona cherimolia of naturalists, a 
 downy-leaved species of anona, said to bear a great resemblanoe 
 to the custard-appla of the West Indies. 
 
 1467 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 •re exported. The trade of East Peru by this channel, it is 
 thought, will be greatly increased by the Amazon having been 
 opened to the commerce of the world. October 23, ISol. A 
 treaty was also concluded the same year between Peru and 
 the United States, by which the two governments '■ mutually 
 agree that there shall be reciprocal liberty of commerce and 
 navigation between their respective territories and citizens." 
 The tot,il value of imports from all countries in 1S51 
 amounted to about $12,000,000. By far the most important 
 article of export is specie, of which about $7,500,000 is sent 
 to Kurope annually. Hitherto, about two-thirds of the 
 entire foreign commerce has been carried on with Gi-eat 
 Britain, from which 18,904.000 yards of plain and printed 
 calicoes were imported in 1849. 19.502.897 yards in ISoO, and 
 28,396.194 yards in 1851. The export of guano to Great 
 Britain increased from 14.450 tons in 1845, to 95.083 tons in 
 1850. The entire quantity of this article imported into the 
 United St.ites from all countries, in 1853-54, according to the 
 report on Commerce and Navigation published by the Trea- 
 sury Department, wasl7o.849tons,ofwhichl63,662tons were 
 from Peru. Guano is obtained from apparently inexhaust- 
 ible deposits in the Seal. (Lobos Islands,) Chinchas, Iquique, 
 and other isL^nds along the coast. 
 
 The total value of produce exported to the United States 
 in 1852-53 was $173,441; the value of goods imported from 
 the same country, amounted to $697,577. Among the prin- 
 cipal exports were 3.426,92S lbs. of s.altpetre, 499.970 lbs. of 
 wool, 27.364 chip hats, 8456 hides and skins, 47.145 pigs and 
 bars of copper, and $15,543 worth of tin. The trade between 
 the two countries employed 48 vessels, of which 31 were 
 British, and 10 American ; 2 only were Peruvian. The prin- 
 cipal commercial ports are Callao, Islaj-. Payta, Lambayeque, 
 Trujillo (Truxillo,) Pisco, Arica, and Iquique. 
 
 Iitternal Commumcalion. — A railway 7 miles in length 
 connects Lima with Callao, its port; and the government 
 has undertaken the construction of a railway extending 
 from Arica to Tacna, a distance of 40 miles. These, we 
 believe, are the only works of the kind yet undertaken in 
 Peru. Communication with the interior is chieiiy effected 
 on the backs of mules through the passes in the Andes. 
 Many of these are at great elevations ; most of them are 
 narrow, rugged, steep, and sometimes slippery aud danger- 
 ous, passing through gorges, across yawning chasms, and 
 up almost perpendicular rocks; in many places winding 
 along the brinks of enormous precipices, where the pathway 
 is so limited that it frequently becomes necessary to readjust 
 the burden on the mule"s back, lest the animal should be 
 thrown off his balance and precipitated into the gulf be- 
 low. Among the p,is.ses may be mentioned two leading 
 from Arica to La Paz — one called the Pass of Gualillas. in 
 lat. 17° 50' S., height, 14,750 feet, and the other the Pass of 
 Chullunquiani, 15.160 feet high ; the Pass of Alto de Toledo, 
 in lat. 16° 2' S., leading from Arequipa to Puno. height, 15.590 
 feet ; the Pass of Angostura, 10,620 feet high ; and the Pass 
 of San Mateo, in lat. 11° 48' S.. from Lima to Tarma and 
 Pasco, 15,760 feet in elevation. A great commercial road ex- 
 tends longitudinally along the Andes northward from Tru- 
 jillo, past Quito, to Popayan, a distance of nearly 1000 miles. 
 
 GorenimenL d-c. — The constitution of Peru, adopted in 
 Novemlier, 1839, establishes a popular and representative 
 government The supreme power resides in the legislature, 
 executive, and judiciary. The legislative power is vested 
 in a congress, composed of a senate popularly elected, one- 
 half every four years, and of a chamber of deputies, one- 
 third elected every two years. The chief executive, elected 
 for six years, is styled President of the Kepublic. He is not 
 again eligible to the same office till the expiration of a second 
 tjeriod of six years. The Council of State, composed of 15 
 persons appointed by the President, is a body whose duty 
 it is to watch over the observance of the constitution and 
 laws. Not more than 3 persons from the militarv, and 3 
 ecclesiastics, can be memlMrs of this body at one tiiue. The 
 judicial power is exercised by tribunals and judges. In 
 the capital is a supreme court, in each department a superior 
 court, and in each district courts of original jurisdiction 
 (de primera inttancia) and justices of the peace. In the 
 capital of each department there is also an intendant of 
 police, with his subalterns. To decide ca.ses relating to 
 commerce, mining, ic, there are separate tribunals. 
 
 The army of the republic numbers about 10,000 men : the 
 marine force consists of a frigate. 2 corvettes, and 2 galiots. 
 In 1850 the revenue amounted to $10,594,760. the expendi- 
 tures to $8,987,880. and the public debt to $17/J85.440. 
 
 Heiiginn.—The dominant religion is Roman Catholic, but 
 toleration is grauted to other creeds. The Archbishop of 
 Lima js at the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and has 
 under him 4 suffragan bishops, viz. : of Arequipa, Trmillo. 
 Cui«-o, aud Uuamanga. Religious instruction among the 
 Indians of the interior was furmerly wholly in the hands 
 of Jesuit misKionaries; but since the expul.4on of the order 
 from the Spanish dominions, it has been entrusted to the 
 Franciscans of Lima. The only university in I'eru is that 
 Of San .Marcos, at Lima, the oldest of all the American uni- 
 versities having been founded in 1551. In 1849, it had 
 tMSides the rector, chancellor, At, 26 professors. 
 
 People, rfc. — The inhabitants of Peru are supposed to be 
 about one-half Indians, a fourth white persons or Creoles, 
 and the rest colored people of mixed breeds. The ne'^nwes, 
 being nearly all on the coast, are now reduced to a few 
 thousands. The Peruvian Indiiins. or those descended from 
 the subjects of the Incas, are to be found chieHy in the 
 highlands. They seldom descend to the E. side of the 
 Andes. In physical character they scarcely differ from 
 the Indians of the E. forests, to whom they ai-e superior in 
 civilization. In Puno they have preserved, in some degree, 
 their nationality ; most of the small towns on the highlands 
 are inhabited wholly by them. Their language is .«till the 
 Quichua, though, towards the S.. the Aymara becomes pre- 
 valent. Lai-ge districts occur in which few understand 
 Spanish, the Quichua being adopted even by the Creoles. 
 Agriculture is the favorite occupation of the IndiaHs; but 
 in towns they carry on also some trades in a lazy manner, 
 merely to provide for their wants, »ud never with a view 
 to making fortunes. Their wants are few, and they have 
 little inclination to increase them by adopting the habits 
 of civilized life. They are content with poverty and wretch- 
 edness, and cling pertinaciously to the customs of their 
 ancestors. Only a few of their noble families still possess 
 estates. In the mis.sions of the E. plains, Quichua is the 
 adopted language, the Jesuits having soon perceived the 
 necessity of discouraging a nuiltiplicity of tongues. The 
 Peruvian army, in the wars of the revolution, was composed 
 alinost entirely of Indians, who fought well, and underwent 
 fatigues whicli no European would have encountered. By 
 the laws of the republic, the Indian is on a level in political 
 rights with the white man : yet the Creole, though conscious 
 of his own enervation, still looks down with contempt on 
 the Indian who fought his battles. The Peruvian Creole ia 
 tall, but slender and feel)le: while levity, fickleness, and in- 
 <»pability of mental labor, show his want of moral strength. 
 Education is in a low condition. Among the lower orders 
 it is wholly neglected : and. in the interior, men qualified 
 to fill public offices, by tieing able to read and write, are not 
 always to be found. 
 
 Political Divisions and Population. — Peru is divided into 
 11 departments, subdivided into 65 provinces, the najies 
 and population of which, according to tlie census of 1851, are 
 exhibited in the subjoined table: — 
 
 Nam*. 
 
 Pop, of 
 prOTince. 
 Department Xmxiohms ; 
 capital, Cbachapoj. 
 
 Chacbapo.vu 27.728 
 
 Majnas..'. 15,346 
 
 Pop. of departmeot 43.074 
 Department Akacachs ; 
 capital, Huaraz. 
 
 Conchucos, (Alto) 47,500 
 
 Conch uco;, (Bajo) 54.751 
 
 Hiiari 48.579 
 
 HuavlM &t.(!-6 
 
 Santa.... 6,340 
 
 Fop. or department 241,846 
 Department Arequipa ; 
 capital, Arequipa. 
 
 Arequipa 63.816 
 
 Camana 14.419 
 
 CajUonia 23.443 
 
 Coiidesujos 21.17*2 
 
 Union 17,tioi» 
 
 proT:nc€- 
 Brought forward 3.5.618 
 
 Huancavelica 17.318 
 
 Tayacaja 27,151 
 
 Pop. of department 140,509 
 Department Ayacucho ; 
 capital, Avacucho. 
 
 ' Andahuarlaa 19,184 
 
 Cangallo.". 1:0.027 
 
 Buamanga 29,61 
 
 Huanta 26.358 
 
 Lucanas 17,401 
 
 Pwrinacoohaa. 19,334 
 
 Pop. of department 131,9-'l 
 
 Department Cuico; capi- 
 tal. Cuzco. 
 
 Abancay 21.912 
 
 Antas..'. 31..W0 
 
 Aymaraes 18.228 
 
 Ciilca 16.223 
 
 Canas 37. _ 
 
 Canchls 36.400 
 
 Cbumbivilcas i3,_'50 
 
 Cotabambas 23.241 
 
 Cuzco 41 ,] .V2 
 
 Paruro 17.73" 
 
 Paucartamho 17.026 
 
 Quispicanchi 20.700 
 
 Urubambs S4.9I9 
 
 Pop. of department 339,718 
 
 Dep. HrANCAVKLiCA ; capi- 
 tal, Huancavelica. 
 
 Anjaracs 20.S00 
 
 Castro Virevna 15,348 
 
 Pop. of department S0,117 
 Department Ji-sra j capi- 
 tal. Huinuco. 
 
 Cajatambo 24.799 
 
 Huamalies 32.027 
 
 Huanaco 26.799 
 
 Jauja 93,712 
 
 Pasco 70,411 
 
 Pop. of department 247,748 
 
 Department Libkrtad ; 
 capital, Trujillo. 
 
 Cajamarca 46.123 
 
 Chota 62,597 
 
 Chiclajo 26.123 
 
 Huamnchuco flO.S.>4 
 
 Jacn 8,560 
 
 Lambayeque 24.682 
 
 I'ataz 29.391 
 
 Piura. (literal province) 76.332 
 
 Trujillo 8.221 
 
 Pop. of department 342,885 
 
 Department Lima ; capl, 
 tal. Lima. 
 
 Callao, (litoral province) 8,453 
 
 Caiiete 17,653 
 
 Cauta 16,384 
 
 Chancay 25,600 
 
 Huarochiri 14.400 
 
 lea 41,500 
 
 Lima, (100.000) 125.0(10 
 
 YauyoB 15,264 
 
 Pop. of department 264,254 
 
 Department Moqc'SGDA ; 
 t;apital, Tacna. 
 
 Moquegua 32,380 
 
 Tacna 1S,B4J 
 
 Tarapaca 10,410 
 
 Pop. of department 61,432 
 
 Department Pl'Ko; capi- 
 tal, Puno. 
 
 Azangaro 54,3.^ 
 
 Carabava 22.138 
 
 Chucuito 75.957 
 
 Uuaucane .''■6.765 
 
 Lampa 'i6.46f> 
 
 Pop. of department '.^.eei 
 Total population of Peru, in liMl, 2.279, 085 j in 1859, 2,500.000 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 Sistory, Ancient TnhahUant.'!, tfc. — Peru was by far the 
 greatest and most powerful stiite of America at the time 
 of the discovery of the New World. The empire of the Incas, 
 at the period of tlieir greatest power, extended from about 
 the second parallel N. of the equator, southward throuf^h 
 nearly 40 degrees of latitude, comprising dominions three 
 times the extent of those ruled by the Montezumas. The 
 inhabitants had advanced to a high degree of civilization; 
 in the pursuit of agriculture, they practised irrigation 
 and manured their lands; they understood architecture, 
 sculpture, mining, working the precious metals, and 
 had a regular system of government, founded not by the 
 power of the sword, but by the superiority of wisdom. 
 The Incas were believed to be descended from the sun, 
 and their will was regarded as that of their ancestor and 
 divinity. The Peruvians adored the sun as the supreme 
 deity, under whoso inHuence they also acknowledged vari- 
 ous dependent gods; and instead of offering human vic- 
 tims on their altars, they presented to that glorious 
 luminary a part of the productions of the earth which 
 had come to life and maturity through his genial warmth. 
 
 The great Temple of the Sun, in which I'eruvians perform- 
 ed their adorations, was an edifice of extraoidinary magnifi- 
 cence. The walls, composed of massive blocks of elegantly 
 wrought marble, greenstone, and greenstone-porphyry, were 
 encrusted internally with gold; an immense figure of the sun, 
 covering one side of the building, was ahso of gold, and on 
 each side of it were thrones of gold, on which were placed, 
 In a sitting posture, the Ixidies of the deceased Incas. The 
 value of the jewels that adorned the edifice were estimated 
 at $180,000,000. Cuzco, the capital city of the ancient Peru- 
 vians, was estimated to contain 200.000 inhabitants, and the 
 suburbs as many more. From the market-place issued four 
 great r(>.ads, running towards the extremities of the empire 
 in the direction of the four cardinal points. The line of roads 
 running from N. to S. was 1500 miles in length. One 
 road extended along the sea-shore through the plains, and 
 another was carried along the high ridge of the .\ndes — a 
 work of immense labor. According to De Los Vega, the Pe- 
 ruvian Empire, at the time of its invasion by the Spaniards, 
 had existed iOO years, and twelve Incas had completed their 
 reigns. Its population has been variously estimated at from 
 4,000,000 to 8.000,000. 
 
 The Spaniards were un.acqu.ainted with Peru till they 
 had become masters of Mexico. The first information of 
 the country was obtained from a young caciijue in the 
 neighborhood of the Isthmus of Darien about the year VAl. 
 In 151.3. Vasco NuBez de Balboa crossed the mountiiins 
 which separated the two oceans, and took possession of the 
 Pacific in the name of the King of Castile. He extended 
 his discoveries many leagues southward, but appears not to 
 have reached the territory of Peru. lu 1525, Francisco Pi- 
 zarro, a soldier of mean birth but of a daring spirit, who 
 had accompanied Balboa in the previous expedition, em- 
 barking at Panama with about 100 men, landed in Peru 
 and sp^nt three years in exploring the country. Having 
 returned to Spain with presents of gold and jewels for the 
 king, he was again sent out with orders to effect the con- 
 quest of the newly discovered country. Kecrossing the 
 .ocean, he again embarked at Panama, with 3 ships, about 
 180 men and 27 horses ; soon after landing in Peru, (1532.) Pi- 
 zarro founded, alx)ut 30 leagues S. of Tumbez, a town which 
 he garrisoned and called San Jliguel. He then marched 
 boldly into the heart of the country, enjoining on bis fol- 
 lowers, who now numbered 177, not only to refrain from all 
 acts of hostility, but to use every effort to conciliate the 
 good will of the natives. They were everywhere kindly re- 
 ceived, and at Zaran were met by an envoy with presents 
 from the Inea Atahuallpa, who invited the Spanish chief to 
 an interview at Caxamarca. Pizarro, with an inhuman 
 perfidy scarcely paralleled in the annals of crime, resolved 
 to use the unsuspecting friendship of the Peruvians as an 
 instrument of their destruction. The place appointed for 
 the meeting was an immense plaza or square, surrounded on 
 all sides with high walls or buildings; in the latter, Pizarro 
 and his party were assigned their quarters. When at the 
 time appointed, the inca, accompanied by his nobles and 
 several thousands of his soldiers and other attendants, en- 
 tered the plaza, a volley of artillery and musketry was 
 pour<!d upon them by the Spaniards, who had concealed 
 themselves in the buildings and behind the walls. Then Pi- 
 zarro, at the head of his soldiers, rushed upon their terror- 
 stricken and unresisting victims, massacreing many thou-' 
 Bands of them without mercy ; he succeeded at last in making 
 Atahuallpa his prisoner. Immense sums of gold and silver 
 were offered for his ransom ; Pizarro accepted the ransom, 
 and then, after the mockery of a trial, caused the inca to he 
 inhumanly put to death. In November, 1533, one year after 
 his arrival at Caxamarca, Pizarro entered Cuzco, the capital 
 if Peru. He met with considerable resistance in his tfiarch, 
 tut aided by fire-arms, weapons tenfold more formidable 
 from being unknown to the natives, the Spaniards were 
 everywhere victorious. 
 
 'J'he whole country soon after submitted to the invader, 
 and became, with some reduction, one of the four vice- 
 
 royalties of Spanish America. In 171S, the province, or, 
 as it was called, the kingdom of Quito, was separatecl 
 from Peru, and annexed to the newly-created vice-royalty 
 of New Granada. In 1778, again, the provinces of La 
 Plata, Potosi, Charcas, Chiquitos, and Paraguay were 
 withdrawn, in order to form the vice-royalty of Buenos 
 Ayres. Peru was the last of the Sp.anish American colonies 
 to separate itself fi-om the mother country. Tii 1821. a , 
 patriot force of Chilians and Buenos Ayrians, undt* 
 General San Martin, entered Peru, and after a succession 
 of engagements, obliged the Spaniards to retire into the 
 interior, when the independence of the country was pro- 
 claimed. The contest, however, was obstinately continued, 
 until the decisive battle of Ayacucho in 1824, wnich waa 
 soon followed by the final expulnion of the Spaniards. Its 
 limits remained, for the most part, unchanged by the revo- 
 lution ; the provinces dismembered from it in the N. form- 
 ing at first part of Colombia, and afterwards the republic 
 of Ecuador, while those in the S. were united in Bolivia. 
 In 1836, Peru, harassed by contending factions, solicited the 
 aid of Santa Cruz, President of Bolivia, who came with an 
 army, and succeeded, after a series of sanguinary actions, 
 in tr.Hnquillizing the country: whereupon a confederation 
 was formed, composed of North Peru, South Peru, and Bo- 
 livia, Santa Cruz being named " Supreme Protector." This 
 state of matters continued until 18:i9. when, after a bloody 
 battle fought at Yungay, Santa Cruz was driven out of the 
 country, and the confederation brought to a close; and both 
 countries — Peru and Bolivia — returned to their previous 
 limits and forms of government. Peru has recently been 
 the theatre of one of those revolutions to which the states 
 of Spanish America have been so unhappily subject. An 
 insurrection occurred in the early part of 1854, resulting in 
 the defeat of the President Echenique. At the present date, 
 February, 1855, General Castilla, the revolutionary leader, 
 has possession of the Peruvian capital. 
 
 PEKU, pe-roo', a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 33 
 miles W. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1121. 
 
 PERU, a post-township of Bennington Co., Termout, 80 
 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 543. 
 
 PERU, a post-township of Berkshire co., Jlassachnsettg, 
 112 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 499. 
 
 PERU, a post-village of Eldridge township. Onondaga co.. 
 New York, on the Erie Canal, 8 or 9 miles W.N.W. of Syra- 
 cuse. It contains a church, a forwarding house, a store, a 
 tavern, &c. 
 
 PERU, a post-village and township of Clinton co.. New 
 York, on the Au Sable River, 4 miles W. of Lake Cham- 
 plain, .and about 10 miles S.S.W. of Plattsl'Urg. The village 
 contains several churches, about hiilf a dozen stores, and a 
 number of mills. Pop. about 900 : of the township. 3389. 
 
 PERU, a township of Clearfield co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 PERU, a vill.age of .luniata co., Pennsylvania. 20 miles 
 S.W.of Mifflintown. It was commenced in IS48. Pop. about 
 200. 
 
 PERU, a post-ofBce of Haywood co., North Carolina. 
 
 PERU, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama. . 
 
 PIORU, a post-office of Henderson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 PERU, a post-village and township in the N.W. part of 
 Huron CO., Ohio, 94 miles N. by K. of Columbus. The vil- 
 lage is situated on a branch of Huron River, and has a store, ho- 
 tel, and several churches and mills. Population, of town- 
 ship, 1.S56. 
 
 PERU, a township of Slorrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1070. 
 
 PEKU, a thriving post-vill.ige, capital of Miami co.. In- 
 diana, is situ.ated on the right bank of the Wabash River, 
 and on the Wabash .and Erie Canal, 68 miles N. of Indiana- 
 polis. It is the terminus of the I'eru and Indianapolis 
 Railroad, and is on the Toledo and Wabash Railroad. An- 
 otlier railroad is projected from Peru N., to connect with 
 the Michigan Southern Railroad. Pern contains a fine 
 court-honse, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 1 Catholic and 5 
 Protestant chnrches, a fine union school-house, and a large 
 woollen manufactory. Miami county formed part of the 
 Miami Reserve, which passed from aboriginal hands a few 
 years ago. Since that event, the population has increased 
 rapidly. Pop. in 1850, 1266; in 1860, 2506. 
 
 PERU, a flourishing post-village of La Salle co.. Illinois, 
 is situated on the Illinois River, C8 miles above Peoria, and 
 on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 99 miles S.W. of 
 Chicago. This village, which is near the terminus of the 
 Illinois and Michigan Canal, and at the head of natural 
 navigation on the river, has an active trade, and is rapidly 
 increasing. The river is navigable by steamboats in all 
 stages of water. Stone coal is abundant in the vicinity. 
 Peru contains 6 churches, a national bank, a newspaper 
 office, a city hall, 2 flouring-niills, and a plough factory. 
 The Chicago and Rock Island Railroad intersects the Cen- 
 tr.fl Railroad at this point. The trade of Peru in 1SC4 
 was estimated at about $1,500,000. Population in 1860, 
 3132. 
 
 PERU, a small village of I^awrence co., Illinois. 
 
 PERU, a post-village of Madison co., Iowa, on the W. bank 
 of the Mississippi River, 7 miles N. of Dubuque. 
 
 PEKU BLUFF, a small village of Jefferson co., Arkansas. 
 
 1469 
 
PER 
 
 PEUTTGTA. pA-roo^l, (Fr. Pirouse, piVooz'; anc. Pcru'sia,) 
 l> city of Central Italj', in tlie State of Umbria, capital of a 
 
 1 roviuce, 10 miles E. of the Lake of Perugia, on the S. de- 
 clivity of the Apennines. Pop. 14,885. It is enclosed by 
 wall.'?. The public tmildingg comprise a large cathedral, with 
 several fine paintings, and a library of rare manuscripts, 
 upwards of lOJ other churches, and 50 monastic establish- 
 
 • ments. all more or less adorned with fine works of art, a 
 majestic city-hall, an exchange, now disused, but gorgeously 
 decorated with frescoes, an academy of fine arts, several 
 piivate palaces, a well-endowed university, founded in 1320, 
 with museums of antiquities and minerals, a botanic garden, 
 a college, a public library, a hospital, a lunatic asylum, 2 
 theatres, a ball-court and bull-ring, a splendidly sculptured 
 £)untain, and two celebrated gates of Etruscan architecture. 
 Peru<ria has little manufactures beyond a few soap-works, 
 distilleries of brandy and liquors; it has some trade in 
 wine, oil, corn, fruits, and other provisions; but its fairs in 
 August and November for cattle and merchandise are fre- 
 quented by a concourse of people from all parts of Central 
 Italy, and numerous visitors are attracted to the city by 
 its agreeable society and abundant works of art. 
 
 PERUGIA, LAKE OF, or LAKE THRAS'YMEXE, (It. 
 Ixigo di Perugia, ll'go dee pi-i-oo'jl, and Trasimeno. trd-se- 
 mi'no; ane. Tlirasyme'ntis or Trasimefnifs La'cua; Fr. Lac 
 de Pirouse, lik deh pA^rooz'.) a lake of Central Italy, 10 miles 
 W. of Perugia, is situated in a basin enclosed on every side 
 by the Apennines. It is a fine sheet of water, about 30 miles 
 in circumference, surrounded by gentle eminences covered 
 with oak, pine, and olive plantations, and it contains three 
 islands. Near this lake Hannibal defeated the Romans 
 under Flaminius, 217 B. C. 
 
 PERU MILLS, a post-ofBce of Juniata cc, Pennsylrania. 
 
 PERUSIA. See Percgia. 
 
 PERU'VILLE, a post-village of Tompkins eo., New Tork, 
 about 14 miles X.E. of Ithaca. 
 
 PERUWELS, pA'rii-*Jls\ a town of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut, 16 miles W.X.W. of Mons. Pop. 7465. 
 
 PERYYSE. p.iinVr'zeh, or pfeVeez', a vill.ige of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, on the Yser, 19 miles S.\Y. of 
 Bruges. Pop. 1218. 
 
 PER^YEZ, paiRVd'. a village of Belgium, province of Bra- 
 bant. 25 miles S.E. of Brus.sels. Pop. 2577. 
 
 PERWUTTUM, per-wut/tUm (?) a town of India, in the 
 Decctn, Xizam"s dominions, 83 miles S.E. of Hyderabad; 
 lat. 16° 12' N., Ion. 78° 5' E. It has some remarkable 
 pagodas. 
 
 PERZAGXO. pjRd-zSn'yo, a village of Austria, in Dalmatia, 
 
 2 miles from Cattaro, on the shores of the Adriatic. P. 1200. 
 PESAl.E. pd-s3'l.i, a large village on the island of Ceylon, 
 
 8 mile.^ N.AV. of Manaar. According to tradition, the Roman 
 Catholic missionary, Francis Xavier, first landed here on 
 his mission to India. 
 
 PESARO, p?'s'a-ro or p,Vs3-ro, (anc. Pisaufrum.) a fortified 
 town of Central ttjily, tlie capital of a district, 19 miles N.E. 
 of Urbino, 9n the Fogli,i, at its mouth in the Adriatic. 
 Pop. about 12,000. It is adorned with a fountain and statue 
 of Pope Urlian VIII., and h.as a cathedral and numerous 
 other churches, a legate's palace, a valuable public librarj', 
 several convents, 2 hospital.s, a foundling asylum, and a 
 theatre. 
 
 PESCADORES, pJs-kJ-do'r^s, (t. «. "Fisherman's Islands,") 
 an Island group close upon the coast of Peru, X. from Callao ; 
 lat. 11° 47' S., Ion. 77° 20' W. 
 
 PESCADORES, three groups of the North Pacific, in Mar- 
 shall's Archipelago; lat. (middle group) 11° 19* N., Ion. 
 167° 35' E. 
 
 PESCADORES, an island group of China. See Phesq-IIoo. 
 
 PESCARA, a river of South Italy. See Aterxo. 
 
 PESC.\.U.\, pjs-kd'ra, (anc. Aterlni or Ater>num,) a fortified 
 town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, at the mouth of 
 the Aterno, in the .\driatic, 8 miles N.E. of Chieti. Pop. 2400. 
 
 PESC.\.ROLO, pJs-kd-nyio, a town of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince, and 10 miles E. by N. of Cremona, on the Aspice. 
 Pop. 1509. 
 
 PESCIIAUER. Afgh.anistan. See Peshawer. 
 
 PESCIIE, pJsOiA. or PESCIII, pjs'kee, a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Molise, 4 miles E.N.E. of Isernia. P. 1500. 
 
 PESCIIICI, pfe-kee'chee, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Capitanata, 11 miles \V. of Viesti. Pop. IfiOO. 
 
 PE.SCHIEII A.pfe-ke-i'rd. (anc. ArdeVica or Pi.^i'ria.) a for- 
 tified town of Lombardy, 21 miles .\■.N.^V. of Mantua, on the 
 Mincio. here crossed by a fine bridge at its issue from the 
 Lago di Garda. Pop. 1500. It has a strong citadel, 2 parish 
 churches, a convent, a hospital, an arsenal, with a trade on 
 the lake, and an active fishery, especially of eels, for which 
 it was anciently lamed. It w.as taken by the Sardinian 
 troops under Chiirles Albert. 30th May, 1848. 
 
 PK-iClIlU ASSEROLO, p^sTceo ds-!!.Vrono, a town of 
 Raplrti. province of Abruzzo Ultra II., S.E. of Civita Ducale. 
 Pop. 1S.T.J. 
 
 PJ;S(JA. pVshl or pfsh'l, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 
 province nf r'lorenea, on the Pescia Lucca and Pisa Rail- 
 way Fop. 4080. It is situated among olive-groves and 
 niuUvrry plantations, is enclosed by wuTs, and haa a cathe- 
 
 PES 
 
 dral and 3 convents, a large hospital, a citadel, wd im- 
 portant manufactures of paper, woollen cloth, and silk-twigt. 
 PESCIN.I, pA-shee/ni, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II , 11 miles E.S.E. of .\vezzano, on the B. 
 side ofthe Lake of Fucino. Pop. 3000. It h.as a fine cathedral. 
 PESCO COSTANZO. pis'ko kos-t^n'zo, a town of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 13 miles. S.E. of Sulinoca. 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 PESCO LA MAZZA. p^sHco IS mdf sJ, a town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Ultra. 15 miles AV.N.W. of Ariauo. 
 Pop. 1900. 
 
 PESCO LANCIANO, pfsHto Un-ch^'no. a town of Naples, 
 province of Sannio. 9 miles N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 1000. 
 
 PESCO PAGANO. pfs'ko pdgd'no. a town of Naples, pro 
 vince of Basilicata, 17 miles S.M'. of Melti. Pop. 4000. 
 
 PESCO PENNATARO, pfsTio pJn-nd-td'ro, a town of 
 Naples, province of Molise. N.N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 10C6. 
 
 PESCO SANSONESCO, pjslco pan-; o-nfsn<o. a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., S. of Civita di Penne. 
 Pop. 850. 
 
 PESCO SOLIDO, pJsOto so^le-do, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Terra di Lavoro, 3 miles N.E. of Sora, at the foot of 
 the Apennines. Pop. 2500. 
 
 PESEI or PESEY, pA'sz.d, written also PEISEY. a com- 
 mune of the Sardinian dominions. 16 miles E.N.E. of Mou- 
 tiers. Pop. 1700. Here are the largest lead-mines in Savoy, 
 which, late in the eighteenth century, yielded annually 
 40,000 hundredweight of Iwd, and 4000 marcs of silver, but 
 are now less productive. 
 
 PESEQUEIRO, pA-s-d-kA'e-ro. an islet of Portugal, off th« 
 coast of the province of Alemtejo, 40 miles "\V. of Ourique. 
 It is defended by a strong castle. » 
 
 PESIIAAV', or CLEAR CREEK, of Jlissouri. flows N.E. 
 through Hates co., and enters O-sase River in St, Clair county. 
 
 PESHAAVER, PESHAAVUR. PEICIIAOUER. PESCIIAU- 
 ER. pJshMw'er. written also PAISIIAWUR and PEISHORE, 
 ("the advanced post,") a frontier city of .\tghanistan, 12 
 miles E. of the Khyber Pass, and 40 miles W. of Attock. 
 Lat. 33° 59' N., Ion. 71° 40' E. Pop. about 50.000. It was 
 taken and ruined by Eunjeet Singh during the present 
 century, and has never yet recovered prosperity, much 
 of it still remaining in ruins. Its only remarkable edifices, 
 besides its desecrated mosques, are a magnificent caravan 
 serai, now the residence of the Sikh governor, and a Sikh 
 fort on the site of its ancient citadel. It is. however, well 
 paved, and furnished with water, has a fertile neighborhood, 
 and is in so good a position for commerce, that under a set- ' 
 tied government it bids fair speedily to recover a large 
 share of its former importance. 
 
 The province of Peshawer, now forming a part of the 
 Punjab dominions, 65 miles long, and 50 miles bro.id, 
 watered bj' the Indus, Cabool. and liara Ri> ers. is extremely 
 fertile, producing, by the aid of irrigation and a high tem- 
 perature, two crops in the year, consisting of wheat, barley, 
 pulse, and the finest rice in the world. It was formerfy 
 very populous, but ha.a suffered great devastation from the 
 Sikhs. Annual revenue. 1,000,000 rupees, or $485,000. 
 
 PESIITE'GO, a river of Wisconsin, rises in Oconto co., and 
 flowing S.E., enters Green Bay about 6 miles below the 
 mouth ofthe Menomonee River. 
 
 PESMES or FEMES, paim. a town of France, dep.irtment 
 of Ilaute-SaSne, 10 miles S. of Gray. Pop. in 1852. 25<X). 
 
 PESNITZIIOFEN. pfe'nits-ho'fen. a village of Austria, in 
 Stvria, circle of Marburg. Pop. 1218. 
 
 PE-SOOEE-SflAN, or PE-SOUI-CIIAN. pA-soo/ee-shln'. a 
 mountain of China; lat 28° 26' N., Ion. 108° 34^ E. It is 
 covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 PESOTUM, Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, 142 miles from Chicago. 
 
 PESQUEIRA, p?sk.i'e-ra, a town of Portugal, province ot 
 Beira .Alta, See Sao Jo^o da Pesqueira. 
 
 PESQUEIRA GRANDE. p?.s-k.Ve-ra grdu'dA, a vill.ige of 
 the Mexican Confederation, state of New Leon, 20 miles 
 N.N.W. of Monterey. It was formerly celebrated for its 
 silver-mines and salt-works. 
 
 PESSIONE, pJs-se-o'nft. Italy, a station on the Turin and 
 Genoa Railway. 14 miles from Turin. 
 
 PESTCHANAIA, pjs-chd-nf'l a river of Siberia, rises in 
 the S. of the government of Tomsk, flows N.N.W., and joins 
 the Obi on the left, about 30 miles below Biysk. Total 
 course. ICO miles. 
 
 PESTII. pist. (Hun. pron. pfsht) a royal free city of 
 Hungary, on the left bank of the Danube, imme^iiately 
 opposite liuda, with which it is connected by a bridge of 
 bciats and by a noble suspension bridge, opened January 
 5th. 1849, on the railway from Vienna te Szolnok, 136 miles 
 E.S.E. of Vienna. Population in 1857, 131.705. It is 
 situated on level ground, is about 7 miles in circumference, 
 newly and regularly laid out. and generally Imndscime, 
 except the old town. The principal edifices are the new 
 theatre, the national casino, county hall, the Xeii>j<'l>audf. a 
 vast structure, used as an artillery deinjt. grenadier luirrack.s, 
 Jesuits' and several other convents. Roman Catholic. Greek, 
 Lutheran, Calvinist. and other churches, and several syna- 
 gogues and hospitals. The venerable ancient structtv as of 
 
PES 
 
 the Hungarian eepital are all in Buda ; and Pesth is the 
 "new city," boasting most of its modern conveniences, as 
 gm^d hotels, coffee-houses, and handsome private residencts. 
 The university, the only one in Hungary, has 49 professors, 
 and a library of 60,000 volumes. lu 1846. it was attended 
 by 1000 students. The observatory is situated on the lilocks- 
 bei-g. in Kuda. Here are also a botanic garden, a veterinary 
 hospital, a national museum, with a library rich in Hun- 
 garian manuscripts, and valuable collections of coins, mine- 
 rals, fossils, and antiquities, a Hungarian academy of 
 sciences, Roman Cathulic. Lutheran, and normal schools, an 
 English conventual, and various charitable institutions. 
 I'esth is the seat of the Kiinis^iihe Tafel (•• Iloyal Hoard 
 or Council,") and Septemviral Tafel, which together consti- 
 tute the supreme appeal court of the kingdom. The town 
 has some silk, woollen, leather, oil, and tobacco factories, and 
 dye-works; but its principal manufacture is that of meer- 
 schaum pipe-bowls, larought to it in a rough state from Con- 
 stantinople. Immediately around the city is the Riihos- 
 fdd. a wide plain, on which the Hungarian Diet, the great 
 national assembly of .Magyars, was held for many centuries. 
 The deputies, with their vast retinue of vassals, sometimes 
 amounted to 100.000 men, who remained encamped in tents 
 during the continuance of its sitting. The Kahosfeld is now 
 famous for its annual horse-races. Pesth is supposed to 
 occupy the site of the ancient Transacincum. The old town 
 was enclosed by walls in the thirteenth century. It was held 
 by the Turks for 160 years. Buda and I'esth suffered severely 
 from an inundation of the river in March, 1838. Pesth is a sta- 
 tion for steam-packets, and is connected by a railway with Szol- 
 nok. 56 miles E.S.E.. and with Waitzen, 22 miles northward. 
 
 PE.'TH, a county of Hungary, intersected by the Danube 
 and Theiss. Area, 4049 square miles. Pop. 511,260. Capi- 
 tal, Pesth. 
 
 PESTO, pJs'to, or PESTUM, p^s'tllm, (anc. r(rslum, ori- 
 ginally BisidrilHui.) a ruined town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citr.a. 19 miles S.S.AV. of Campagna. in a plain on 
 the Gulf of Salerno. It was first a Greek colony, and fell 
 under the power of the Romans, B.C. 275. After the fiiU of 
 the Empire it continued to flourish, but was ultimately de- 
 stroyed by the Saracens towards the end of the ninth cen- 
 tury. It still retains part of its walls, consisting of large 
 blocks joined togetiier in the most perfect manner without 
 cement, and one of its four gates, forming an arch 40 feet in 
 height. Among the buildings are a ti-mple of Neptune, the 
 four sides of which have a range of 30 pillars, surmounted 
 by an architrave and frieze of the Doric order; a large and 
 imposing edifice, called the Basili.sk, but supposed to have 
 been a temple of Ceres. 
 
 PETA LI DA or PET ALIDHA, pi-til-lee'Dd (?) a small Island 
 off the W. coast of Crete. 
 
 PHT.A.LIES, p.i'ta-leez\ a group of islands in the Channel 
 of P^ulioea. near its S. extremitv. 
 
 PETAhUMA ( p?!t a-loo'md) CHEEK, a small stre.am in the 
 N.X.U'. part of California, forms part of the Iwund-ary be- 
 tween Marin and Sonoma counties, and fiiUs into San Pablo 
 Bay. 
 
 I'ETALUMA, a post-village of Sonoma co.. California. 
 
 PETA\V'[,A. a pos^offlce of Randolph co., Georgia. 
 
 PETCIIKELEK. a province of Chin.a. See Pe-chee-Lee. 
 
 PETCHK.N'EGUE, or PETSIIENEG, p&tch'njg', pd-chA- 
 n^g'. a town of Russia, government, and 30 miles E. of 
 Kharkov, on the Severnoi-Donets. Pop. 7000. 
 
 PETCHORA or PETSCHORA, pftch'o-rl a river of Euro- 
 pean Russia, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows N.AV. through 
 the governments Vologda and Archangel, and enters the 
 Arctic Ocean by a wide estuary eontaininsr numerous islands, 
 about lat. C8° X.. Ion. between 53° and 54° E. Total course, 
 probably 900 miles. Its principal attiuents are the Izhma 
 from the S.. and the Oosa from the E. 
 
 PKTKGTIl^.M. p:\'teh-ghJm\ a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, lo' miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 23S4. 
 
 PETEN, p.i-tjn', a lake and island of Central America, 
 state, and 190 miles N. of Guatemala. The lake is about 65 
 miles in circumference, and 30 fathoms in depth. It con- 
 tiiins several islands, the principal of wliicli. called Peten, is 
 steep, and lofty. It was formerly the central seat of the It- 
 zax Indians. 
 
 PETEItiJOROUGII or PETERBURGII. pee't?r-btir-rtih, a 
 city, parliamentary borough, parish, and episcopal see of 
 England, co., and •'57 miles N.E. of Northampton, with which 
 It is connected by railway, or the navigalile Nene, here 
 crossed by a wooden bridge. Pop. of the parliamentary bo- 
 rough, in 1861, 11,732. Tlie cathedral, originally the church 
 of an abbey, was founded by Peada, son of Pend.a, fourth 
 king of Mercia. in 655. and destroyed by the Danes in 870. 
 Being rebuilt in 906, the valuable gift* bestowed upon it by 
 Edgar caused the name of the city to be changed to Gulden- 
 hurgh. '-the golden city," which title ultimately gave place 
 to its present name, derived from the saint to whom the 
 church is dedicated. At the Dissolution it was esteemed 
 one of the most splendid religious houses in the kingdom. 
 Its W. front, which forms a sijuare 150 feet in height and 
 breadth, consists of three magnificent pointed arches, 80 
 foet hiijh, surmounted by pediments and pinnacles, and 
 
 PET 
 
 flanked by turrets with spires and pinnacles. The extreme 
 length of the building is 471 feet. It is surrounded by old 
 and interesting monastic edifices, the whole constituting a 
 magnificent pile. The cathedral contains the tomb of Queen 
 Catherine, fir.st wife of Henry VIII. Mary Queen of Scots 
 was also interred here: but her remains were afterwards 
 removed by .Tames I. to Westminster. The parish church 
 has an altjir-piec-e by Sir R. K. Porter, and a beautiful monu- 
 ment by Flaxman. The grammar school has five scholar- 
 ships, and a fellowship to St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 The town-hall, market-house, infirmary, union work-house, 
 jail, house of correction, and a small theatre, are the other 
 chief edifices. Corn and malt are exported by the Nene. 
 The city is under the jurisdiction of the dean and chapter, 
 is a poliing-place for the N. division of the county, and sends 
 2 members to the House of Commons. The see, founded by 
 Henry A'lII., extends over the counties of Ntrthampton, 
 Leicester, and Rutland, and comprised, in 1838, 3IJ5 Ijene- 
 fices. Average annual revenue of dean and chapter. 50001. 
 Dr. Paley was born at Peterborough in 1743. In the vicinity 
 is .Milton Park, the seat of Earl Fitzwilliam, to whose family 
 the city gives the title of viscount. 
 
 PETER JJOROUGH, a county near the N. central part of 
 Canada West, comprises an area of 1005 square mile.s. It 
 contains numerous lakes which give rise to the Otanabee 
 River, and many smaller streams. Several railroad routes 
 diverge from Peterborough in this county. Capital, Peter- 
 borough. Pop. 15.2.37. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH, a post-town of Canada West, capital 
 of the county of Peterborough, on the Otanabee River, at 
 the N. terminus of a railway connecting it with Cobourg on 
 Lake Ontario, and also on the route of proposed railways 
 connecting it with Montreal, Lake Simcoe, and Toronto, 
 at)0ut 75 miles N.E. of the latter. It contains, besides the 
 county buildings, churches of 5 or 6 denominations, agencies 
 of 4 assurance companies, a branch bank, a newspaper office, 
 about 30 stores, and manufactories of steam engines, ma- 
 chinery, iron castings, shingles, woollens, Ac. Pop. about 
 2500. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH or PETERSBOHOUGII, a post-village 
 and township of Hillsborough co.. New H.ampshire. 34 miles 
 S.W. of Concord. It contains 4 or 5 cotton mills and severa. 
 foundries. Pop. 2265. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH, a post-village of Smlthfield town.ship, 
 Madison co.. New York, about 110 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 It has .several churches and an academy. 
 
 PETER BOTTE (bott) MOU.XTAIN, a remarkable pre- 
 cipitous rock in the island of Mauritius, Jn lat. 20° 12' S, 
 Ion. 57° 37' E., and 2600 feet in height. 
 PETERBUHG. See Sunt Peteksbutsg. 
 PETERBUIiOH. England. See PETEr.BORonoH. 
 I'ETER-CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 PETERCULTER, a pari.sh of Scotland, co., and 7 miles 
 S.AV. of Aberdeen, on the N. bank of the Dee. Here .are 
 remains of a Druidical temple and a Roman camp. 
 
 PETER HE.\D, pee'ter-hJd. a parliamentary and munieip.al 
 burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, 'co., and 27 
 miles N.N.E. of Aberdeen, on the point of a flat rocky pro- 
 montory projecting into the North Sea. in lat. 57° 30' 1" N., 
 Ion. 1° 46' 0" W. Pop. of the parliamentary burgh. 7298 ; of 
 the municipal burgh, 4819. It is regularly and well built; 
 the houses are mostly of red granite. The principal public 
 edifices are the parish church, the town-house, and a hand- 
 some granite cross. It has a scientific association, a news- 
 room, a vahiable museum. 2 public libraries, and 4 branch 
 banks. Its harbor, since the completion of the recent im- 
 provements, has been rendered one of the best on the E. 
 coast of Scotland. A light-house, on the opposite corner of 
 the bay, marks the entrance to the port. Some rope-making 
 and ship-building are carried on. The products of the ex- 
 tensive and valuable fisheries form a considerable portion 
 of the exports, which also comprise large quantities of grain, 
 meal, butter, and other domestic produce, fish, oil, and gra- 
 nite; the latter is extensively quarried in the vicinity: 
 55.5P3 barrels of herring were cured here in 1S51, during 
 which year 27 vessels (tons, 7355) were fitted out for the Gi een- 
 land whale and sea fishery. In 1861, 30,481 tons of shipping 
 entered the port, 8599 being employed in foreign trade; and 
 27,.j01 tons of sliipping (8175 tons foreign trade) cleared at 
 the custom-house. The imports consist of timber, lime, bone 
 manure, wool, groceries, flour, salt, and iron. The burgh 
 unites with Elgin, Banff. Cullen, Inverary, and Kintore. in 
 sending one member to the House of Commons. Near tha 
 town are several picturesque ruined fortresses. 
 
 PETERHOF, pi'ter-hof\ an imperial residence of Russia, 
 government, and 16 miles W.S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the 
 Gulf of Finland, commanding noble views of the capital, 
 Cronstadt. and the sea. 
 
 PETEKLINGEN, Switzerland. See P.werne. 
 PETERS, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 48 miles W.S.W. of Cariisle. Pop. 2417. 
 
 PETERS, a vilLnge and township of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 15 miles S.S.'SV. of Pittsburg. I'op. 943. 
 PETERSBOROUGH, New Hampshire. See PETEnEorouOH, 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village and township in the E. 
 
 1471 
 
PET 
 
 part of Rensselaer co^ New York, about 25 miles E. by N. 
 of Albauy. Pop. 3807. 
 
 PETHHSBUKG, a post-office of Cape May CO.. Xew Jersey. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village and township of Adams cc, 
 Pennsylvania, on a turnpike, 13 miles S. of Carlisle. The 
 Tillage" contains a church, academy, and several stores. 
 Pop. of the township, 356. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-borouo;h of West township, Hunt- 
 ingdon CO., Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River, and Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 97 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. in 
 1860, 3:i4. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 4 or 5 miles N.N.W. of Lancaster. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a township of Perry CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 831. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-borough of Penn township, and 
 the largest town of Perry co., Pennsylv.ania, on the W. bank 
 of the Susquehanna River, 1 mile below the mouth of the 
 Juniata, and 15 miles above Harrisburg. It is a place of 
 active trade, which is facilitated by the I'ennsylvania C.'inal 
 and Central Railroad. The Duncannon Iron-Works at this 
 place, consisting of a nail factory and rolling mill, are 
 capable of giving employment to 500 men. Pop. in 1860, 
 8S1. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the National Road, 154 miles W. by S. of Harris- 
 burg. The name of the post-office is Admson'. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a handsome and flourishing post-town 
 and port of entry of Dinwiddle co., Virginia, on the right or 
 S. bank of the Appomattox River, at the cros.sing of the 
 Great Southern Railroad, 22 miles S. of Richmond, and 10 
 miles from James River, at City Point. Lat. 37° 14' N., Ion. 
 77° 20' W. It is the third town of Virginia in respect of 
 population, and possesses extensive facilities for business. 
 Vessels of 100 tons a.scend the river to the town, and tho.se 
 of larger size to Waltham's Landing, 6 miles below. The 
 South Side Railroad has its E. terminus at this place, and 
 the Appomattox Railroad connects it with City Point, at 
 the mouth of the river. The larger vessels engaged in the 
 trade of Petersburg discharge their cargoes at City Point. 
 Large quantities of flour and tobacco are exported from this 
 place. The quantity of tobacco exported in 1851 amounted 
 to 7222 hogsheads; in 1852, to 10.489 hogshe;ids; and in 
 1853, to 11.405 hogsheads. Petersburg is well built, and 
 contains 2 churches of the Presbyterians, 2 of the Method- 
 ists, 2 of the Episcopalians, 1 of the Baptists. 1 of the 
 Catholics, besides several places of worship for colored 
 people. It has also 3 banks, several cotton ftctories, 1 
 woollen factory, 2 rope-walks, 1 iron furnace, 6 forges, and 
 numerous mills of various kinds. Three newspapers are 
 published here. The falls of the river, wljich arrest the 
 ascent of the tide immediately above Petersburg, furnish 
 extensive water-power. Around these falls a canal has been 
 constructed, by which means small boats ascend the river 
 for the distance of about 100 miles. The limits of the bo- 
 rough inclftde the decayed village of Blandford, in Prince 
 George county, which was once superior to I'etersburg in 
 some respects. The remains of its church are among the 
 most interesting and picturesque ruins of Virgini.i. In 
 1815 a greJit fire occurred here, by which near 400 houses 
 were consumed. The shipping of this port. June.30. 1S52, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 484 tons registered, and 2110 
 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter. 2031 tons were 
 employed in the coast trade, and 323 tons in steam naviga- 
 tion. The foreign arrivals for the year were 16, (tons, 
 10,147,) of which 5 (tons, 2773) were by American vevseU. 
 Petersburg was taken by the Union army after a lt)Ug 
 siege about the 2d of April, 1865. Pop. in 1850, 14,010 ; in 
 1860.18.266. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a decayed post>town of Elbert co., Georgia, 
 on the Savannah River, at the mouth of Broad River, about 
 62 miles N.W. of Augusta, was once an important place. It 
 has now only 3 families. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village of Lavacca co.. Texas, on 
 the left bank of the Lavacca River, 100 miles S.E. of Austin 
 City. It was once the county seat. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tennessee, 
 72 miles S. by E. of Nashville. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a thriving postrtown of Boone eo., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio River, 25 miles below Cincinnati, has a 
 good landing, an active trade, and contains 2 churches, and 
 a flouring mill. Incorporated in 1820. Pop. in 1860, about 
 600. 
 
 I ETEUSBURG, a village or railroad station of Monroe 
 eo., Michigan, on the Southern Railroad, 20 miles W. of 
 Monroe City. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a postvHlage, capital of Pike co., Indiana, 
 IS finely situated on an elevated plain, 1 mile S. of White 
 River, and 110 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. The Wabash 
 and Erie Canal passes through it. Pop. 683. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a tlirivlng post-viUage, capital of Menard 
 1472 
 
 PET 
 
 CO., Illinois, on the Sangamon River, 22 miles N.W. of Spring- 
 field. It is on the Tonica and Peterslnirg R.R. Pop. 1196. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village of fioone co., Missouri, 60 
 miles N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a small post-village of Canada West, co. 
 of Waterloo. 6 miles S. of Berlin. Pop. about 80. 
 
 PETERSBURG FOUR CORNERS, a post-village of Rens- 
 selaer CO., New York, in I'etersburg township. 
 
 PETERSBURG SAINT. See Saint Petersbcko. 
 
 PETER'S CREEK, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PETERS' CREEK, a post-office of Stokes co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 PETERS' CREEK, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 PETERSDORF. pA/tgrs-doRr, a village of Austria, in Mo- 
 ravia, circle of Olmutz. Pop. 1131. 
 
 PETERSDORF. a village of Austrian Silo.«ia, circle of 
 Troppau. Pop. 1376. 
 
 PETERSDORF, a village of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles 
 S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Zacken. Pop. 2010. 
 
 PETERSFIELD, a parliamentary borough, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Hants, 17 miles N.N.E. of 
 Portsmouth, on the old London and Port.«mouth Road. 
 Pop. of the parliamentary borough in 1851, 5550. It has a 
 large church, an endowed school, a union work-house, a 
 branch bank, and an equestrian bronze statue of William 
 III. in its market-place. The town has a titular mayor, and 
 sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 PETERSHAGEN, piVtgrs-hiV.hen, a town of Prussia, In 
 Westphalia, 7 miles N.N.E. of Minden, on the left bank of the 
 Weser. Pop. 2110. 
 
 PETERSIIAJI, pee'tfr-sham, a parish of England, co. of 
 Surrey. 
 
 PETERSHAM, pee'ters-ham, a post-village and township 
 of Worcester co., Massachusetts, 67 miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 It has manufactures of carriages, boots and shoes, leather, &c. 
 Pop. 1465. 
 
 PETERS' ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific, in lat 
 68° 57' S.. Ion. 90° 46' W. 
 
 PE/TERS ISLANDS, two small i.slands on the S. coast of 
 Australia, in lat. 32° 21' S., Ion. 133° 39' E 
 
 PE'TERS MOUNT'AIN, in Virginia, is situated on the 
 boundary between Monroe and Giles county. 
 
 PETERSTHAL, p.Vters-t|l\ a village of' Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine. 13 miles E. of Offenburg. Pop. 1510. 
 
 PEH'ERSTONE, two parishes of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 PETERSTONE SUPER ELY, a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 PETERSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 PE'TERSTOWN,apost-village of Monroe CO.. W. Virginia, 
 on Rich Creek, 180 miles in a direct line S. of Wheeling, has 
 a water-power and several mills. 
 
 PETERSVILLE, a village of Washington township, Lehigh 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, contains about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 PETERSVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 15 miles in a direct Hue W. by N. of Enston. 
 
 PETERSVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland, 
 57 miles N. by W. of Washincton. 
 
 PETERSW ALD, pA'tf rs-«ait\ or PETERSWALDE. pA'ters- 
 ftirdeh. a frontier village of Bohemia. 20 miles N.N.W. of 
 Leitmeritz. in the Erzgebirge. Pop. 2200. 
 
 PETERSWALDAU, pA'ters-^dlMCw. a town of Prussian 
 Silesia. 32 miles S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2050. 
 
 PETERWARDEIN. pee'ter-war'diue. (Ger. pron. pA'tfr- 
 ftfe'dine.) or VARADIN. vj'ri-din* or v3r'^-deen\ (Hun. 
 Pete)'var. p.A't^R'viR/,) the capital town of Slavonia. and the 
 strongest fortress on the Danube, is situated on a scarf>ed 
 rock, on the right ItHink of the Danube, oppo,site Neusatz, 
 with which town it is connected by a bridge of baits, de- 
 fended by a strong tele, du pnnt^ii. miles N.W. of Belgrade. 
 Pop. with suburbs, (exclusive of a garrison of 3000 men.) 
 4033. It is the residence of the general eon^mandant of the 
 Slavonian military frontier, and of .several subordinate 
 military authorities: has several churches and schools, and 
 barracks capable of accommodating 10,000 men. It derives 
 its present name from Peter the Hermit, who here mar- 
 shalled the soldiers of the first Crusade. Here, in 1716, the 
 Austrians, under Prince Eugene, defeated the Turks, who 
 then lost their last footing in Central Europe. 
 
 PET'HAM, a parish of Ensrland, co. of Kent. 
 
 PETH'ERICK, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 PETII'ERTON, NORTH, a parish and market-town of 
 England, co. of Somerset, 2^ miles S.S.W. of Bridgewater. 
 
 PETHERTON, SOUTH, a parish and market-town of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Somerset. 4i miles N.N.W. of Crewkeme 
 
 PETH'ERWIN. NORTH, a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Devon. 
 
 PETHERWIN, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. CornTalL 
 
 PETIC. a town of Mexico. See Pitic. 
 
 PETINA, pd-tee'nd, a town of Naples, province of Prlncl- 
 pato Citra, S.E. of Campagna, at the foot of Mount Alburnc 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 PETIONVILLE, pA'te-AxoVeel'. a town of Hayti, recenUy 
 founded, 8 miles E. of Port-au-Prince. 
 
PET 
 
 PEV 
 
 PKTIT CAII.LOU BAYOU, pgh-tee' k JhVoo' 1 1'oo. a small 
 stream of Terie Bonne parish. Louisiana. Hows S. into the 
 Gulf ot .Mexico. It is bordered by rich plantalifiisof suirar. 
 
 PKTIT-CANAL, pjh-tcfykd'ndl'. a town of the i.=land of 
 Guadeloupe, 12 miles N.W. of Moule. on the V.. coast of the 
 goTernment of Cul-de-Sac. Pop. 7600, of whom 0900 are 
 
 PETIT-ENGHIEN, pgh-teef-SN^Vhe 4n< a village of Bel- 
 cium, province of Hainaut, 17 miles X.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 
 2109. 
 
 PKTITE-PIERRE, LA, Id pfh-teef-pe-aiR/, a town and fort 
 of France, department of Ba.s-Khin, in the Vosges Mountains, 
 8 miles N.N.W. of Saverne. Pop. 1249. 
 
 PETIT JEAN (Fr. pron. pghtee' zhby") RIVER, of Arkan- 
 8;us, rises in the W. part of the state, and. flowing eastward, 
 enters the Arkansas near the N. extremity of Perry county. 
 
 PETIT JEAN, a small po.st-village of Yell CO.. Arkansas. 
 
 PETIT-RECHAIN, peh-teeZ-reh-shlx"', a villao:e of Bel- 
 cium. province, and 12 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 1051. 
 
 PETLAUD, ptst-lawd'. or PITLAUD, pit-lawd', a town of 
 India, presidency of Bombay, 20 miles S.E. of Kaira. Lat. 
 22° 02' N., Ion. 72° 57' E. 
 
 PETI-AWAD. p.^t-ia-wad'. or PITLAWUD. pit-la-wud', a 
 town of India, in the Gwalior dominions. 60 miles W.S.W. 
 of Oojein. Lat. 23° 2' N .. Ion. 74° 45' E. 
 
 PETOONE, pi-too'n.'l. or BEDOtTNE. bA-diX)'nA, a town of 
 Mantchooria, on the Sonnparee, 130 miles N.N.VV. of Kirin 
 Oola. It Is a place of exile for Chinese offenders, and is gar- 
 risoned by Tartar troops. 
 
 PETORCA, pA-tou'ka, a small town of Chili, department, 
 and 50 miles N.N.W. of Aconcagvta. 
 
 PK'TRA, (the SJa or Selah, and Jokthrcl of Scripture.) 
 a ruined city of Arabia I'etrrea, in the Wady Moosa. Lat. 
 about 30° 15' N., Ion. 35° 35' E. Its edifices hewn in the 
 solid rock, and other striking objects, are described by Ia- 
 borde. Stephens, and other travellers. 
 
 PKTRA. pi'trd. a town of the island of Majorca, 23 miles 
 E. of Palma. Pop. 2640. 
 
 PE/TKA, a post-village of Saline CO., Missouri, 75 miles 
 N.W. of Jeffer.son City. 
 
 PETRALIA, p;UrJ'le-4, (SoTAXA, so-td'nj. "Lower." and 
 SopRANA, so-prd'nd, "Upper,") two contiguous towns of 
 Sicily, province of Palermo, IS miles S. of Cefalu. Pop. of 
 
 SOTANA PeTRALIA. 0500; of SOPRAXA I'ETRAUA, 4700. 
 
 PETREL, pA-tr?l', a town of Spain, province of A'alencia, 
 •24 miles N.W. of Alirante. Pop. 25-37. 
 
 PETRELLA, pA-trel'ld. a town of Naples, province of Mo- 
 lise, 9 miles N.N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2900. 
 
 PETRIEVESE, pA-tre-A-vd's;l, a market-town of Austria, in 
 Slavoiiia, co. of Verikz, on the Drave, 37 miles S.S.E. of 
 Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 2046. 
 
 PETRI KAU, p.Vtre-kow\ or PIOTRKOW, pe otrOiov. a 
 town of Poland, province, and 76 miles E.S.E. of Kalisz, on 
 the Strada. and on the railway from 'Warsaw to Granica, 90 
 miles from Warsaw. Pop. 2300. It has a castle, formerly a 
 residiiice of the Polish kings. 
 
 PETRIKOV or PETRIK()W, p.A-tre-kov', a market-town 
 of Russia, government of .Minsk, on Ike Pripets, 29 miles 
 W.N.W. of .Mozyr. Pop. 1700. 
 
 PETKIKOTKA, pA-tre-kov'kl, a market-town of Russia, 
 government, and 133 miles N.N.E. of Kherson. Pop. 1550. 
 
 PETRINIA. p:l-ti-ee'ne-d, a town of Austrian Croatia, on 
 the Kulpa, 29 miles S.S.E. of Agnim. Pop. 4964. It is the 
 head-quarters of a detachment of the frontier guard. 
 
 PETKIU, pJt^-e-oo', a town of Siam. on the Bang-pa-Kung, 
 52 miles E. of Bankok. Lat. 13° 45' N.. Ion. 101° 15' E. 
 
 PETROCKSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PETROCOKII. See PfeRiGORD. 
 
 PKTRONEL or PETRONELL, pAHro-nJlV. (auc. Carmin- 
 ttiiH,) a market-town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 24 
 miles E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1102. 
 
 PETROPAULOVSKI, pAtro-pow-lov'skee. or PETRO- 
 PAULSUAEEN, pA-tro-powls'hSffn. the capit.al town of 
 Kamtchatka, on its E. coast, on the N. side of the Bay of 
 Avatcha, in l.it. 53° 0' 27" N., Ion. 158° 40' 12" E. Its port 
 is small, and it has less than 1000 inhabitants, but it is the 
 principal Russian militarv station in this remote province. 
 
 PETROPAULOVSKI. a fortified town of Siberia, govern- 
 ment, and 250 miles S.S.E. of Tobolsk, nn the Ishim. Pop. 
 aliout 4000. It has .an active trade with Bokhara and Khiva. 
 
 PK,Ti;OP0LIS. See Rio Janeiro. 
 
 PETROVACZ. p.AHroVdts', a village of Hungary, co., and 
 17 miles E.S.E. of Bacz. Pop. 5209. 
 
 PETROVITCII or PETROWITSCH, pVtro-<^itch\ a town 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, sanjak, and 80 miles 
 N.W. of Seres, near the Radovitz. an affluent of the Struma. 
 It is enclosed by a brick wall, flanked with towers, and 
 comprises 1200 houses, chiefly inhabited by Turks, who 
 carrj' on .an active trade in tobacco, raised in the vicinity. 
 
 PETROVKA, p.A-trov'kd, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 87 miles S.E. of Voronezh. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 PETROVOSZELO, paHro^•os'sA/lo^ a village of Hungary, 4 
 rfiiles from 0-Becse. Pop. 5573. 
 
 I'ETRGVSK or PETROAVSK. p,A-t.rovsk'. a town of Russia, 
 government, and 68 miles N.N.W. of Saratov, on the Med- 
 48 
 
 vieditza. Pop. 7000. It was founded by Peter the Great ir. 
 1097, and has a citadel, an ancient and ruined fortress, and 
 trade in corn. 
 
 PETROVSK or PETROWSK, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 52 miles S.S.W. ot Yaroslav. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PETROVSKAIA. pA-trov-ski'd, orBUTURLINOVKA. boo- 
 tooR-le-nov'kd, a market-town and fort of Russia, government 
 of Voronezh. 30 miles E.S.E. of Bobrov. Pop. 1700. 
 
 PETROVSKAIA, a market-town and fort of Russia, g( 
 vernment, and 63 miles S.W. of Voronezh. 
 
 PETROVSKOI is the name of petty places in the govern 
 ments of Viatka and Moscow. 
 
 PETROVSKOI-OSTROV. pA-trov/skoi-os-trov', an island ic 
 the Neva, near St. Petersburg, where Peter the Great had a 
 residence. 
 
 PETROVSKOI-POGROJIETZ. pA-trov'skoi-pogro-m?ts'. a 
 market-town of Russia, government, and 120 miles S.S.W. 
 of Voronezh. Pop. l.^OO. 
 
 PETROZAVODSK, pA-tro-zd-vodsk'. a fortified town of 
 Russia, capital of the government of Olonets, on the Lake 
 of Onega, 185 miles N.E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 8000. It 
 has two spacious docks for large vessels, a very extensive 
 imperial cannon foundry, powder mills, and manufactures 
 of silks. 
 
 PETSCIIORA, a river of Rus-sia. See Petchora 
 
 PETSII. pjtch, IPEICK or IPEK, ee-pAk', a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in Albania, sanjak. and 73 miles E.N.E. of 
 Scutari, on one of the liranches of the Drin, which divides 
 it into two parts, and turns numerous mills. Pop. upwards 
 of 12.000, mostly Turks, who have here 10 mosques. Arms 
 are extensively made in the town. 
 
 PETSKA, a town of Hungary. See Petzka. 
 
 PETT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PETTAU, p5t't(5w. (anc. Peln>mo or PotMvio.) a town of 
 Styria, 14 miles S.E. of Marburg, on the Drave. Pop. 1996. 
 It ha-s several convents. On a height above the town is the 
 castle of Ol>cr Pettau. 
 
 PET'TAUGII, a pari.^h of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 I'ET/TERELL-CROOKS, a township of England, co. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 PETTIGOE, pJtHe-goo/, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. 
 of Donegal and Fermanagh, on theTermon, near its mouth 
 in Lough Erne, 13 miles S.E. of Donegal. Pop. 610. It stands 
 amidst wooded hills, and is a station for the numerous pil- 
 grims who resort to Ix)Ugh Derg. 
 
 PET'TINAIN', a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 PETTI NENGO, p^Ue-nen'go, a town of North Italy, in 
 Piedmont, province, and 4 miles N.E. of Biella. Pop. 2.365. 
 
 PET'TIS. a a>unty in the W. central part of Mis.simri. has 
 an area of 650 .square miles. It is drained by flie head 
 streams of La Mine River, namely. Flat Creek, JFuddy Creek, 
 and Heath's Fork, which unite near the N.E. border. Black 
 River, an affluent of La Mine, flows through the N.W. part. 
 The general surface is rolling, and presents extensive prai- 
 ries, with groves of timber distributed along the large 
 streams. The .soil is fertile. Extensive beds of stone coal 
 are found in the county. Named in honor of Spencer Pettis, 
 Secretary of the State of Missouri, killed in a duel by Major 
 Biddle. Capital, Georgetown. Pop. 9392, of whom 751G 
 were free. 
 
 PETTIS, a township in Platte CO.. Missouri. Pop. 3747. 
 
 PETTIS STAND, a small village of Polk co.. Tennessee. 
 
 PET'TISTREE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 PET'TON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 PETTORANO. pjt-to-rd'no. a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II., 5 miles S S.E. of Suimona. Pop. .3100. 
 
 PETTORANO. a market-town of Naples, province of Mo- 
 lise, 19 miles W. of Campobasso. Pop. 1200. 
 
 PET'TY or PET'TIE. a maritime parish of Scotland, 
 chiefly in the county of Invernes.s, along Mor.ny Frith. Here 
 are remains of several Druid circles, and ruins of a barcnial 
 castle of the seventeenth century. In the parish in the vil- 
 lage of Campbelltown. 
 
 PETTY.a post t.iwn.ship of Lawrence CO., Illinois. Pop. 999. 
 
 PETTYCUR. a harbor of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the E. 
 shore of the Frith of Forth, 1 mile S. of Kinghorn, and im- 
 mediately opposite Leith. 
 
 PETTYSVILLE. a post-office of Franklin co.. Tennessee. 
 
 PET'WORTH, a market-town and parish of England, o. 
 of Sussex. 13 miles N.N.E. of Chichester. Pop. of the tow n 
 in 18.51, 2427. The town, pleasantly situated on an emi- 
 nence, has a neat church, containing tombs of the Percy 
 family, anciently the lords of the manor, several schools, 
 and liberally-endowed almshouse.', sessions and market- 
 house, a county house of correction, and bank. In the 
 vicinity is the splendid seat of Colonel Wvndham. 
 
 PETZKA, pJts'Kd, PETSKA or PKCSKA, p^tchTvoh', a 
 market-town of Hungary, co. of Arad, 51 miles E.S.E. of 
 Szegedin. Pop. 13,441. It consists of two separate places, 
 Ratz and Magyar Petzka. 
 
 PEV'ENSEY. a parish of England, co. of Sussex, with a 
 station on the South Coast Railway, 10 miles W.S.W. of IIast>- 
 ings. Here are the ruins of a castle. 
 
 PEVEKAGNO. pA-vA-rdn'yo, a town of North Italv, in Pied- 
 mont, 5 miles S.E of Coni Pop. 6080. 
 
 1473 
 
PEW 
 
 PEWAVGONEE RIVER, of Wisconsin. See Wolf Riveh. 
 PEWA'I'KEE, a post-village and township of Waukesha 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the railroad from Milwaukee to Water- 
 town, 19 miles W. of Milwaukee. The village has 2 churches, 
 2 stores, and 2 mills. Pop. of township, 1553. 
 
 PEWAUKEE LAKE, Wisconsin, in Waukesha county, is 
 4i miles long, and about a mile wide. It is called by the 
 Indians Peewaukee-wee-ning, or •• lake of shells," from the 
 cre.it number of small shells found in the sand along its 
 shore!!. 
 
 PEWSEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 PE-TAN, pA-yin'. a mountiin of China, province of Se- 
 cliuen, in lat. 30° 5' N., Ion. 102° 32' E. It is covered with 
 perpetual snow. 
 
 PEYR AT, pAVi', a village of France, department of Haute- 
 Vienne, 23 miles E. of Limoges. Pop. in 1852, 2755. 
 
 PEYR.AT, a village of France, department of Haute-Vienne, 
 2 miles X.N.W. of BeUac. Pop. 12S0. 
 
 PEVR.\T, a village of France, department of Creuse, 10 
 miles X.E. of Anbusson. Pop. 1640. 
 
 PJiYREIIORADE, pARVrld', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Landes, on the Oave de Pau, 38 miles S.W. of Mont- 
 de-Marsan. Pop. in 1S52, 2734. 
 
 PEYRELEVADE, p4RMeh-vJd', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Correze, near the A'ienne. Pop. in 1852, 2036. 
 
 PEYREMALE, pAR^mil', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Gard, an-ondifsement of Alais. 
 
 PEYRE.STORTES, pARHoRt', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Pyrenfies-Orientales, 4 miles X.W. of Perpignan. 
 The French here defeated a Spanish force on the 17th of Sep- 
 tember, 1793. 
 
 PEYRIAC DE MER, pA're-Ak'deh maiR. a village of France, 
 department of Aude, 8 miles S.S.W. of Xarbonne. Pop. 861. 
 
 PEYRI AC-MIXERVOIS, pAVe-lk'-mee'njRVwa', a market- 
 town of Fi-ance. department of Aude. 12 miles N.E. of Car- 
 cassone. Pop. 1309. 
 
 PEYRINS. pAVij(«', a village of France, department of 
 DrSme, 12 miles N'.N.E. of Valence. Pop. .3015. 
 
 PEYRUIS. pA^Ewee'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Basses-Alpes, 16 miles W.S.W. of Digne. Pop. 873. 
 
 PEYKUS, pA'riiss'. a village of France, department of 
 DrSme. 10 miles E. of Valence. Pop. 976. 
 
 PEYRUSSE. pAVtiss/, a town of France, 4epartment of 
 Aveyron, 11 miles N.N.E. of Villefranehe. Pop. 1000. 
 
 PEVSTER, pi'ster, an island of the Pacific Ocean, Mul- 
 grave Archipelago, in lat. S° 5' S., Ion. 178° E., named after 
 its .\merican discoverer in 1819. 
 
 PEYTON A, pA-to'nl, a post-ofiSce of Boone co.,W. Virginia. 
 
 PEYTON A, a small village of Stewart co., Tennessee. 
 
 PEYTON'S, pA't^nz, a small village of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PEYTON S BURG, pA/t^nz-bflrg. a post-village of Pittsyl- 
 vania CO., Virginia, 145 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 PEYTON'S CREEK, a post-ofRce of Smith CO., Tennessee. 
 
 PEYTONSVILLE, pA'tvuz-vil, a post-village of Williamson 
 CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 PEYTUN. pftan', or PUTTCM, ptit-tQm'. a town of India, 
 Nizam's dominions, on theGodavery, 30 miles S. of -iurung- 
 abad, and formerly noted for its embroidered silk fabrics. 
 
 PEZA. a river of Russia. ri,ses in the government of Arch- 
 angel, about lat. 65° N., and Ion. 50° E., flows E.S.E., and 
 joins the >Iezen. Total course. 140 miles. 
 
 PEZA, L-v or LAPKZA, U-pi'thL a town of Spain, in An- 
 dalusia, province, and 24 miles from Gnm.ada. Pop. 2466. 
 
 PEZREKO RIVER. New York. See PiSECO. 
 
 PEZENAS. pA'zA'ni', (anc. Picincef) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ilerault. 25 miles S.W. of Montpelier, near the 
 right bank of the H^rault. Pop. in 1852, 7375. It has a 
 communal college, and manufactures of chemical pi-oducts. 
 
 PEZ()-D.\-ItEGOA. Portugal. See Hbooa. 
 
 PEZUELA UE LAS TOIUJES, p.A-thwAI^ dA lis tOR'R^s. a 
 town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 30 miles E. of 
 Madrid, near the Tajuna. I'op. 1197. 
 
 PEZZANA, pJt-si'ni, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Novara. province, and S. of A'ercelli. Pop. 2340. 
 
 PEZZASE, pet^sA'sA, or PEZASO, phizi'i^. a village of 
 Northern Italy, province of Brescia. 5 miles S.E. of Bovegno. 
 I'l.p. ll«.3. 
 
 I'FAFFEXnAUSEN, pfaffen-hOw'zfn. a market-town of 
 Bavariii. circle of Sw.ibia. 27 miles S.W. of Augsburg. I\790. 
 
 PFAFFENHEIM, pfjf'tn-hlme'. (Fr. pron. farYgn'Jm'.) 
 d mari^et-town of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 7 miles 
 S.W. of Colmar. Pop. 2012. 
 
 PFAFFENHOFEN, pfAfffu-hoYgn, (Fr. pron. flf'fJnV- 
 ffl.N"'.') a marketriown of France, department of Bas-Rhin, on 
 the Moder, 12 miles N.E. of Saverne. Pop. 1426. 
 
 PFAl-FENHOFEN.pfAf/fen-ho'ftfn.a sm.ill town of Upper 
 Bavari-a. on the Ilm, 28 miles N. of Munich. Pop. 1912. 
 
 I'KA FFENIIOKEN, a village of Upper Bavaria, on the Lau- 
 terach. 11 miles S.W. of Amberg. Pop. 580. 
 
 PFAFFEKS. Switzerland. See Pfeffers. 
 
 I'FAFFI KON. ( Pf affikon.) pf 5rfe-kon\ PFEFFIKEX, pi?f'- 
 fe-knn PFEFFIKON, or PFAFFIKEN. (Pfaffiken.) a village 
 ..f Switzerland, cmton. and 11 miles E. of Zurich, on the 
 N. shore of the small lake of Pfaffikon. Pop. 3000. 
 1474 
 
 PIIA 
 
 PFAFFX.\U, pfiff'ni'w. a village and parish of Switzer 
 land, canton, and 24 miles X.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1871. 
 PF.\LZ. an old divi.sion of Germany. See P.tLATlN.tTE. 
 PFALZDORF, pfdlt.s'doRf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 44 
 miles X.W. of Dusfieldorf Pop. 2910. 
 
 PFALZEL. pfilt'sel, a village of Rhenish Prussia. 3 miles 
 N. of Treves; on the Moselle. Pop. 1050. 
 
 PFARKKIKCH. pfaR/RiRK, or PFARRKIRCHEX. pfaR'- 
 kSSRE'en, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 26 miles AV.S.W. 
 of Passau. Pop. 1572. 
 
 PFARRWEISSACII, pfaR^ftls'sAK, a market-town of Bavar 
 ria, in Lower Franconia, 19 miles N.W. of Bamberg. 
 
 PFEDDEK SHEIM, pf Jd'ders-hime\ a town of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, proviuce of Rhein-llessen, 4 miles W.N.W. of Worms. 
 Pop. 2031. 
 
 PFEFFERS, PFAFFERS, (PfSffers.) pfjf'fgrs. or PVA- 
 VERS, (Pvfivers.) pvj/vers, a watering-place of Switzerland, 
 canton of St. Gall, in a deep gorge. 5 miles S.E. of Sargans. 
 The waters having a temperature of 0S° Fahrenheit, are 
 administered in two buildings adapted to receive from 200 
 to 300 persons, and reached by a rude stair formed of trees, 
 and of steps cut in the» perpendicular rock. On an adjacent 
 height is a Benedictine monastery, founded in 1713, and 
 suppressed in 1S38. A new hotel was built in 1830. 
 
 PFORING, pfo'ring. a market-town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Upper Palatinate, on the left bank of the Danube, 13 miles 
 E.X.E. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 790. It has remains of a Ro- 
 man fort at the commencement of the Teufel.smauer. (- deviFs 
 wall.") a line of masonry extending hence for 150 miles. 
 
 PFORTE, pfoR/teh, or SCHULPFORTE, shooPpfoR'teh, a 
 village of I'russia, province of Saxony, government, and 18 
 miles S.W. of Merseburg, on the Little Saale, with a cele- 
 brated school, at which from ISO to 190 scholars are main- 
 tained and educated gratuitously. 
 
 PFOliTEN. pfoR'tf n, a village of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, 40 miles S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 325. It has the 
 remains of a fine old castle. 
 
 PFORZHEIM. pfoRtsOiIme, (anc./br'ta i/ercm'iVr.') an an- 
 cient city of the grand duchy of Baden, at the confluence 
 of the Enz and Nagold, 16 miles S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 
 13.854. The city proper is enclosed by walls and hn^ a cattle 
 and a fine church, with old grand-ducal vaults. It is the 
 principal manufacturing town of the grand duchy, having 
 manufactures of jewelry employing 900 hands, anil of wo<3l- 
 len cloth, leather, and chemioii products, with copper and 
 iron flirges, trade in timber, oil, wine, and 12 annual cattle 
 £11 rs. 
 
 PFREIMT or PFREIMDT, pfrlmt, a town of Bavaria. 16 
 miles E.N.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1592. It has a Franciscan 
 estaWishment. a high school, and a manufacture of mirrors. 
 
 PFULLENDORF, pf(V.Wen-doRf\ a town of Baden, on 
 Lake llmen, 20 miles N.E. o'f Constance. Pop. 1700. 
 
 PFULLINGEX. pfoolling-en, a town of Wurtemherg, cir- 
 cle of Black Forest, on the Eschatz, 3 miles S.E. of lieut- 
 lingen. Pop. 4017, mostly employed in paper mills and 
 brush factories, and in the cultivation of fruit and wiue. 
 Pfaff was born here in 1651. 
 
 PFUNDS, pfuOnts. a village of Austria, in Tyrol. 22 miles 
 S.S.W. of Imst. on the Inn. Pop. 1319. 
 
 PFUNGSTADT. pfCong'stltt, a market-town of Hesse- 
 Darmstidt, province of Starkenberg. 5 miles S. of Darmstadt 
 Pop. 3050. 
 
 PFYX, pfin. a village and p.arish of Switzerland, canton 
 of Thurgau, on the Thur, 10 miles S.AV. of Constance. 
 Pop. 1005. 
 
 PHAI/.\XX, a post-office of 5Ionmouth co., X'ew .Tersev. 
 
 PHAL.\S.\RXA. fd-lS-saR'nl a ruined city of Crete, near 
 the W. end of the island, its chief remains being walls and 
 towers on an acropolis, close to the shore. 
 
 PH.A'LIA. a small bayou of Tammany parish, Loui.siana, 
 flows into the Chefiinte River. 
 
 PHALSBOURG. fAls'booR', a fortified town of F"r:ince. de- 
 partment of Meurthe, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains, 
 49 miles E. of Xancy. Pop. 2012. It was besieged by the 
 allies in 1814-15. 
 
 PHARI. fi/ree, or PARISDOXG. pi-ris-dong'. a fortress of 
 Thibet, towards the Bootan frontier, in lat. 27° 48' X., Ion. 
 89° 14' E. 
 
 PHAR'ISHAXG, a post-vill.age of Union co., Ohio. 
 
 PHAROS, fil'ros. a peninsula, and anciently an island of 
 Lower Egypt, on which stood.a famous light-house. It forniK 
 the site of the modern city of Alexandria. 
 
 PHAROS or PHARUS. See Lksina. 
 
 PHARR'S MILLS, a postofiice of Moore co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PH.^RSALIA, a town of Thesssly. See Sataige. 
 
 PH.\RS.\'LI.\, a post-townsliip of Chenango CO., New 
 York. 12 miles W.X.W. of Xorwich. Pop. 1261. 
 
 PIIARS.\LIA, a village in Panola co., Mississippi, abrut 
 150 miles X. of Jackson. 
 
 PHA'SIS, RIOX, RHIOX, ree-6n', or F*Z. «z, a riv of 
 Asiatic Russia, anciently regarded as the boundary between 
 Europe and Asi.a, rises in a spur of the Caucasus, traverses 
 Imeritia, and aft a W. course enters t^e Black Sea at it.'^ 
 E. extremity, near P^ti, 34 miles X. of Brtoom. The Eiiro- 
 
PHA 
 
 pcdn pheasant (gallus phasianuf) derives its name from 
 haviiii; been oriirinally imported from the banks of this river, 
 trnl it still frefiuents an island at its mouth. 
 
 I'lIATUKA, f i-too'kd, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Itengal, 10 miles S.E. of Patna, on the S. side of the I'oon- 
 poor IJiver. I'op. 12.0U0, (?) who manufacture cotton cloths, 
 and carry on an active trade. 
 
 PH.VZAXTA. See Ff.zza.v. 
 
 I'll i;A 'ANT BRAXCII, a post-village of Dane co., Wis- 
 ronsiii. h miles W. of Madison. It lia-s 1 tlour mill and 3 stores. 
 
 PHEAS'ANT ISLAND, in the Bidassoa River, between 
 France and Spain, is the place where the treaty of the Pyre- 
 nee« was concluded, September Tth, 1C59. 
 
 PHP^LKCIIK. island in the Persian Gulf. See Feludsh. 
 
 PIIELPS, fdlps, a post-township, forming the N.E. extre- 
 mity of Ontario co.. New York, and intersected by the Au- 
 burn and Uochester Railroad. Its contains numerous flour- 
 inji mills. The post-office is in the village of Vienna. Pop. 
 6586. 
 
 PHELPS, a post-offlce in the S. part of Ashtabula co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 PHELPSTOWN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Ing- 
 ham CO.. Miihigan. 
 
 I'lIKNG-IIOO, fjng-hoo, PESCADORES, p5s-kJ-do'r?.s. or 
 THE FISH'.'';H'S islands, an island group in the channel 
 of Fo-kien, Ciiiua Sea, between the island of Formosa and 
 the mainland. The largest has a tolerable harbor, and is 
 stated to lie garrisoned by Chinese troops. 
 
 PIIE'NIX, a post-offlce of Kent co., Rhode Island. 
 
 PIIEREII, a town of European Turkey. See Febeb. 
 
 PIIIAL.\, fe-S'l3, a small lake of Palestine, panhalic of Da- 
 mascus, 10 miles E.N.E. of Baniai. It is 1 mile in circum- 
 ference, surrounded by wooded hills, and supposed to be the 
 source of a subterranean affluent of the Jordan. 
 
 PIIIGALEIA or PHIGALIA, fe-gd-lee/yi, (called after- 
 wards PHI ALIA, fe-i-lee'J, a ruined city of Greece, in Morea, 
 government of Triphylia. Its remains, on a precipitous height, 
 16 miles N.E. of Kyparissia, consist of walls, towers, and a 
 citadel, presenting orui of the most ancient and curious speci- 
 mens of Grecian military architecture. Within its walls is 
 a part of the village of Paalizza; 4 miles E. are the ruins of 
 a famous temple of Apollo. 
 
 PHILADEL'PHIA, Asia Minor. See AlvShehr. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, Syria. See Amman. 
 
 PHILADKL'PIIIA, a county in the extreme S.E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, contains 120 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S.E. l)y the Delaware River, and intersected by the 
 Schuylkill, and by the Pennypack, Tacony, and Wissahickon 
 Creeks. Darby Creek flows along the W. border. The sur- 
 face is level near the Delaware, and hilly in the other parts. 
 By a recent act of the Legislature, the limits of the city of 
 Philadelphia (which see) have been made co-extensive with 
 those fif the county. Pop. 565,529 
 
 PIIIL'ADEL'PHIA. (Fr. P/,i/ade?p/ii>, feeMSMSPfee'; Sp. 
 and It. Filadeljia, fe-li-dSl'fe-1,) a port of entry, the second 
 city in the United States, and tlie metropolis of Peinisyl- 
 v.auia. is situated between the Delaware and Schnylkill 
 Rivers, about 6 miles aliove their junction, and (following 
 the river and bay) 96 miles from the ocean. It is in 39° i."' 
 N. lat., and 7-5° 10' W. Ion., being 1.36 miles N.K. of Washing- 
 ton City, and 87 miles S.W. of ^ew York. 
 
 General Aspect. — The approach to Philadelphia on tlie De- 
 laware side is not apt to inspire nnich enthusiasm, as the 
 site of the city is level. The view tliat is most likely to im- 
 press a stranger is that whicli meets Iiini on approacliing 
 from the N.W., particnlarly from tlie snnimit of the Inclined 
 Plane, on Hie old Colnrabia Railroad. The ground ascends 
 towards the N.. and furnishes beautiful drives, and fine 
 sites for villas and cottages, particnlarly on the banks of the 
 Schuylkill and Wissahickon, whose beauties liave been sung 
 liy Tom Moore and Fanny Kenilile. 'i'he snbnrlis of West 
 Philadelphia, Hamilton, and Mantua villages, W. of the 
 Schuylkill, and tlio vicinity of Germantown, N. of the dense 
 portion, are thronged with handsome cottages and villas, sur- 
 rounded by beautiful grounds, pleasantly siiad'-d, and inha- 
 bited by persons doing business in the city. The compact 
 portion of Philadelphia occupies the narrowest part of the 
 peninsula (wliere it is only 2 miles wide) between the Dela- 
 ware and Sclinylkill Rivers, but widening, somewhat in the 
 form of a druggist's mortar, N. and S. of Market, its central 
 i<treet. The plan of tliis city, its laid out by Pcnn, is exceed- 
 ingly regular, consisting, according to the original plan of 
 its founder, of 10 streets running from river to i^iver, and 
 crossed by 25 othei-s, at right angles to them. Market and 
 Broad streets, the former running E. and \V., and the latter 
 (on the highest ground between the rivers) N. and S., divide 
 the plot into four nearly equal portions — the longest and 
 most populous, however, is E. of Broad street. About the cen- 
 tre of eacli of these divisions, the wisdom of Penn reserved 
 an open space for a park or public square, as well as one at 
 the intersection of Broad and Market streets, wliicli is sub- 
 divided liy that intersection into 4 smaller squares. Broad 
 street is 113 feet wide, Market street 100, and the other prin- 
 cipal streets from 50 to 66 feet in width. A number of new 
 etr ^:U have been opened, of various lengths, between the 
 
 PHI 
 
 original streets, mostly short, and often narrow, the i;r'jK» 
 streets number W. from the Delaware to Schuylkill, and are 
 named Front, Second. Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, 
 Eighth, &c. The plan of the old city is continued into the 
 newer portions, both N. and S., but with considerable varia- 
 tions, caused in part by tlie widening of the space between 
 the rivers, and partly by caprice Imving marked out tne 
 highways before tlie city had extended itself beyond its ori- 
 ginal limits. There are, iiowever, in the suburbs, soma 
 very spacious avenues and streets, particularly in the N. 
 districts. The densely-inhabited portion of Philadelphia 
 extendi! about 5 miles on the D'laware, from Southwark N. 
 to Richmond, (formerly Port Richmond.) and 2 miles on the 
 Schuylkill, covering an area of about 9 square miles. The 
 great l)ulk of the business is transacted between A'ine and 
 Sprticestreets,E. of Ninth street; but tlie locus of thisbu.si- 
 uess is in Market and Chestnut, E. of Ninth street, and her< 
 are the Exchange, Custom-House, Post-Offlce, tlie nio.st 
 important banks, insurance offices, warehfiuses, stores, &c. 
 Third street now rivals Market street, both in the extent 
 of business done, and in its noble stores, offices, and ware- 
 liouses. This street, between Market and Walnut, i.s tlio 
 brokers' and money-dealers' quarter. The liishionalle 
 quarter, "par excellence." is S. of Market street and W. 
 of Seventh street; but Walnut street is the "ton " street 
 of the (iuarter. This region is tlironged with spacious and 
 elegant residences, built of sandstone, granite, marble, and 
 fine-i)ressed or stuccoed brick, giving abundant evidence 
 of affluence, taste, and luxurious ease and comfort. Arch 
 street, N. of Market, is one of the widest streets in the 
 cit}', and is, perliaps, not inferior to any in point of archi- 
 tecture and the respectability of its residences. 
 
 Public S'fuares. — There is . but one pai-k (Independence 
 Square, in the rear of the State-House) or public square in 
 the dense part of the city, besides the five enumerated iu 
 the general plan, of much iraportiuice. Beyond the Fair- 
 mount water-works (themselves forming a lino promenade, 
 witli an extensive view from the basin) on Lemon Hil' 
 (formerly Pratt's Garden, and once the residence of Robert 
 Morris, of Revolutionary renown) a beautiful park has 
 recently been laid out. The grounds are extensive, and 
 possess a great variety of surface, affording delightlul 
 drives, and commanding picturesque views of the scenery 
 of the Schuylkill. The squares within the city cover each 
 an extent of from 6 to 8 acres, are enclosed by tasteful iron 
 railings, beautifully laid out, and planted with a great 
 variety of trees. Six of tliese squares are named respect- 
 ively Washingt(m, Rittenhouse, Penn, Logan, Franklin, and 
 Jefferson Franklin Square has a fintt fountiiln and basin, 
 with 40 jets of water. 
 
 I'uhlic and other Buildings remarlable for their Architec- 
 ture. — Philadelphia possesses, in Girard College, situated 
 about 2 miles N.W. of the State-House, the finest specimen 
 of Grecian architecture in the United States, if not of mo- 
 dern times. It is in the Corinthian style, the cella or main 
 body of the building being 169 feet in length, by 111 in 
 width, surrounded l)y a magnificent colonnade of 34 columns 
 55 feet high and 6 feet in diameter. This colonnade extends 
 the building to a length of 218 feet, and a breadth of 160 
 tcet. The height is 97 feet. This edifice is entirely fire- 
 proof, tlie outer walls, staircases, floors, and roof being con- 
 structed of marble, and the inner walls ol brick. Tliere are 
 two additional buildings on each side of the main structure, 
 all of marble, and each 125 feet long by 52 feet wide, and two 
 stories high. A sixth building has recently been erected 
 for water purposes, baking, washing, drying, and as a labo' 
 ratory. The whole is surrounded liy a plain stone wall, 10 
 feet high, and enclosing 41 acres of laud, half of which is 
 laid out in gardens, &c., and the rest in grass-plots, jday- 
 ground, and gravel-wallis. The entire cost of buildings, 
 wall, and embellishments of the grounds, was $1,933,>-21.78. 
 Mr. Girard, who made this magnificent bequest, was a native 
 of France, who came poor and friendless to Philadelphia in 
 boyhood, and by industry and good management accumu- 
 lated a fortune of several millions, tlie greater portion of 
 which he left to tlie city for the erection and endowment of 
 the Girard College for Orphans, and for improving the city 
 in various ways. The next most prominent public building 
 is the Custom-House, (formerly the United States Bank.) a 
 fine Doric structure on Chestnut street, built on a raised 
 platform 161 feet long by 87 w ide, and ornamented on both 
 the' Chestnut and Library street fronts by a noble colonnade 
 of 8 fluted Doric columns 27 feet high and 4J4 in diameter. 
 This edifice cost about 8600,000. The great liall is 81 feet 
 long by 48 wide, and ornamented liy Ionic columns sup- 
 porting a semicircular ceiling. There are a number of other 
 buildings connected with the collection of the customs, 
 w-arehousing, &c., on Second, Dock, and Granite streets. 
 The United States Mint, extending from Ciufitnut street to 
 Olive street, fronts 120 feet on Chestnut street, the centre 
 of wliicli is occupied by a portico 62 feet long, supported by 
 6 Ionic columns. There is a similar portico on Olive street. 
 The entire depth to Olive street is about 220 feet, the whole 
 enclosing a square or oblong court. The building was 
 erected at a cost of $200,000. The Merchants' Exchange, at 
 
 1475 
 
PHI 
 
 the intersection of Walnut, Third, and Dock streets, con- 
 structed of miirble. is about 114 feet on Walnut, and 95 feet 
 on Third street. Tlie Third street front has a recessed portico 
 with 4 Corinthian columns. Towards Dock street is a semi- 
 circular colonnade of 8 pillars, in the same st^'le, presenting 
 a fine appearance to one approaching from the K. The 
 semi-rotunda, with a part of the main building, constitutes 
 the great hall of the Exchange, which is also a reading- 
 room. The remainder of the building is let out for insur- 
 ance offices, &c. The State-House, a plain brick building 
 of small architectural pretensions, but of venerable aspect, 
 situated on tlie Chestnut street front of Independence 
 Square, between Fifth and Sixth streets, is among the first 
 places sought out by intelligent visitors to Philadelphia. 
 It was erected between the years 1729 and 1734. In tlie JG. 
 room of this structure sat tlie Congress that issued, July 4, 
 1776, that great American Magna Charta, the Declaration 
 of Independence, which has made this hall historical -— a 
 cherished object with Philadelphians, and a national politi- 
 cal shrine. Though plain in its exterior, its heavily wain- 
 scoted walls and quaint carvings give it an interest in our 
 country, where everything is so new, independent of its 
 historical interest. It is surmounted by a steeple, in which 
 are a clock and a bell, rung on the occurrence of fires and 
 remarkable events. In tlie whigs are the county offices. 
 On the first floor is Independence Hall, and on the second, 
 the chambers now occupied for the meeting of the Select 
 and Common Councils. In the same square, on Sixth and 
 Chestnut streets, is a brick building, (in which Congress 
 met after the adoption of the present Constitution,) now 
 occupied as court rooms. At the other extremity of the 
 square, in Fifth and Chestnut streets, is an exactly similar 
 building, in which are the Mayor's and other city offices. 
 The Musical Fund Hall is a capacious building, said to be 
 the best adapted to concerts of any room in the country. 
 It will seat about 2.300 persons. Conceit Hall, devoted to 
 similar purposes, has a fine front of sandstone. The late 
 Commissioners" Hall, Spring Garden, has a fine portico of 6 
 Corinthian columns, and is .surmounted by a steeple or- 
 nately carved, containing a fire-bell and clock. On the 
 Dohiware Hiver, about IJ^ miles S.E. of the State-House, is 
 the United States Navy Yard, occupying an area of 12 acres. 
 In this yard are two large sluji-houses, respectively 210 and 
 270 feet long, in which have been built some of the finest 
 vessels in the navy; among others, the Pennsylvania, the 
 largest man-of-war in the world. There is a Sectional Float- 
 ing Dock at this yard, which cost SS13,742. }i early oppo- 
 site to the Navy Yard, on the SchuylkillRiver, is the United 
 States Naval Asylum, a fine structure of white marble, com- 
 posed of a centre and two wings, the whole presenting a 
 front of 380 feet. The centre building, which is 175 by 142 
 feet, is ornamented by an Ionic colonnade of 8 columns. 
 The whole is surrounded by beautifully laid out gi'ounds, 
 occupying an area of 25 acres. 
 
 ir/((!a<res.— Philadelphia possesses one of the largest edi- 
 lices in the United states devoted to dramatic representa- 
 tions ; this structure — the Academy of Music — has a front 
 of 140 feet on Broad, and a flank of 238 feet on Locust street. 
 Tlio first story on Broad street is of bro wnstone, ornamented 
 with heads of Thalia, Terpsichore, Apollo, Kuterpe, and 
 Melpomene; the rest of the building is of pressed brick, 
 with brownstone dressings. The auditorium will seat 3000 
 persons. The New Chestnut Street Theatre, and the Walnut 
 and Arch Street Tlieatres, the City Museum in Callowhill 
 street, are the other principal places devoted to theatrical 
 entertainments. 
 
 Stores, Warehouses, <£e. — To omit all notice of the struc- 
 tures devoted in this commercial country to purposes of 
 trade, would be to do great injustice to some of its finest 
 architectural ornaments. I'hiladelphia and New Y'ork 
 abound in edifices of this character, such as astonish for- 
 eigners accustomed to the gloomy and dingy warehouses 
 of Europe, often in narrow and dark lanes and alleys. As 
 the stranger approaches I'hiladelphia on the Delaware side, 
 one of the first objects that strikes his attention is the 
 tower (133 feet high) of Jayne's eight-story Quincy granite 
 building, with a front of mixed Moorish anil Spanish orders, 
 in Chestnut street, below Third. Immediately adjoining it 
 are 5 six-story stores of the same material. But not to 
 enter into detailed descriptions, there are, in the business 
 parts of Market. Cliostnut, and Walnut streets, and in the 
 cross streets in that portion of the city, a large number of 
 insurance, canal, and railroad companies' offices, besides a 
 multitude of stores, with ornamenteil fronts, a large portion 
 of which are of granite, marble-, sjindstone, or iron, in dif- 
 ferent styles of architecture— Tuscan. Byzantine, Grecian, 
 and even Egyptian. Chestnut street is the fashionable 
 pi-oraenade, and here are of course the finest shojis or stores, 
 with their plate-glass windows crowded with jewelrv. por- 
 celain, and glassware, and every article of fashionable or 
 rosf ly fabric to tempt the fancy of the purchaser, or to lure 
 the thoughtless into prodigal expenditure. In this street 
 are the Miigonic Hall, of red sandstone, in a fine style of 
 Gothic; the Continental Hotel, at the corner of Chestnut 
 and Ninth, one of the largest and most admirably furnished 
 1*76 
 
 PHI 
 
 hotels in the United States : the Girard House, with its im- 
 posing sandstone front of six stories; the splendid block of 
 buildings at the corner of Ninth and Chestnut, with white 
 marble front, west of the Continental Hotel; Caldwell's 
 jnarble jewelry store; the Assembly Buildings ; the .Acad- 
 emy of Fine Arts ; the Sunday-school Uuion's new building, 
 with its ornamental front of Quincy gi-anite; Simes" taste- 
 ful structure of Pictou stone; Concert Hall, and the United 
 States Mint — ^wliich brings us to Broad street, where the 
 fashionable promenade at present terminates. 
 
 Hotels. — Philadelphia has always been celebrated for the 
 comfort, neatness, and excellence of the fare other hotels; 
 though till recently more attention has been paid to inter- 
 nal comforts than to external display. In iuldition to 
 those mentioned above, the Washington House, the Ameri- 
 can, and Markoe Houses, all in Chestnut street, the Union 
 and Ashland in Arch, La Pierre (a tasteful edifice) in 
 Broad street, and the Merchants' in Fourth, may all be 
 termed first-class hotels. Besides which, there are a large 
 number of second-class hotels. 
 
 Churches andKiliiiious Institutions. — Philadelphia abounds 
 in places of worship, and contained in 1865 about 365 
 edifices, devoted to religious services, of which 34 were 
 Baptist ; 3 Congregationalds ; 4 Dutch Reformed ; 5 Evan- 
 gelical Association; 14 Friends'; 8 German Reformed; 7 
 Jews; 15 Lutheran; 4 Mariners; 59 Methodist Episcopal; 
 5 New Jerusalem; 76 Presbyterian; 65 Protestant Epis- 
 copal; 34 Roman Catholic; 18 Colored; be.--ides a number 
 belonging to minor denominations. Hecontly a number 
 of costly and highly ornamented churches have been, 
 and are now being erected. The largest and most costly 
 of these, the Catholic church of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 on Logan Square, is of the Roman style, in the form of 
 a cross, and constructed of red sandstone; the front on 
 Eighteenth street has 4 Corinthian columns, 60 feet high 
 and 6 feet in diameter, with a tower at each angle of 110 
 feet; the whole crowned with a dome, swelling up to the 
 height of 210 feet from the ground, and surrounded by a 
 colonnade 30 feet high. Next to this, in point of archi- 
 tectural beauty, is perhaps the church of St. Mark, (Epis- 
 copal.) constructed of a light-red sandstone, with a tower 
 and steeple of exquisite proportions, and of the same 
 material. This church is 150 feet long by 91 wide, includ- 
 ing the tower. Christ church, with a lofty steeple, is 
 very interesting to I'hiladelpliians, from its antique and 
 quaint style. The Church of Calvary, (Presbyterian.) with 
 two towers, and thu Baptist church on Broad and Arch, 
 with a high tower crowned with a steeple, are both built 
 of sandstone. The other most remarkable churches are, St. 
 Stephen's, (Episcopal,) with a granite front and two towers; 
 the church of the Holy Trinity, at the corner of Walnut 
 and Rittenhouso streets; St. Jude's, of sandstone; the 
 (Catholic) Church of the Assumption, in the Gothic style, 
 with two towers, terminated by spires, also of sandstone; 
 and the Presbyterian church on Arch and Kighteenth 
 streets, with a dome 144 feet high, and two bell towers, 
 each 46 feet above the roof. The Presbyterian church. 
 Arch and Tenth streets; St. Peter's: the" Church of the 
 Nativity, and a Baptist church on Chestnut, and one on 
 Fifth street, each of which has a lofty steeple. Christ church. 
 St. Peter's and St. Stephen's have chimes of bells. The Pres- 
 byterian Board of Publication occu])y an elegant store, 
 of light stone, in Chestnut street above Thirteenth, and 
 the American Baptist Publication Society, 530 Arch street, 
 of brown sandstone. The American Sunday-school Union, 
 the Pennsylvania Bible Society, the Philadelphia Bible 
 Society, the Female Bible Society, the Friends' Bible Society, 
 and a number of other similar societies, are the principal 
 religious institutions. 
 
 Cemeteries. — The environs in Philadelphia abound in places 
 of sepulture, foremost among which, for beauty of position, 
 are the two cemeteries of North and South Laurel Hill, situ- 
 ated on the Schuylkill River, 4 miles N.W. of the State 
 1 louse. The shores of the river are here high ly picturesque, 
 commanding extensive and beautiful views. The slopes and 
 precipices on the Schuylkill are thickly wooded. The oldest 
 of the two. North Laurel Hill, occupies about "25 acres, and 
 is crowded with splendid mausoleuiiis. It is entered by an 
 imposing gateway, in the Doric stylo, immediately in front 
 of which, on rising ground, in an alcove, is Thorn's group, 
 representing Old Mortality, his pony, and Sir Walter Scott. 
 South Liiurel Hill is very similar in the character of its 
 grounds, and contains about 30 acres It is separated by 
 an intervening country seat from North Laurel Hill. Wood- 
 land Cemetery, on the W. side of the Schuylkill, between 
 Market street and Gr.iy's Ferry bridges, occupies an area of 
 about SO acres, adorned most pleasantly with alternate hill 
 and dale, and with a Viiriety of trees of venerabh,- growth and 
 umbrageous extent. Besides these are Mount Vernon 
 Cemetery, entrance on Ridge avenue; the Odd Fellows' 
 Cemetery, of 32 acres, with an imposing Egyptian gateway. 
 2 miles N. of the city; Glenwood, adjoining it, of 21 acreii'; 
 Monument Cemetery, on Broad street, with) a a mili- OJ 
 the city, and a number of smaller cemeteries beyoi d thj 
 bounds of the dense populatior 
 
PHI 
 
 Watir- Whrl-s. — Fairmount Water-Works, situated on the 
 Schuylkill River, about 2 miles N.W. of the State House, 
 were, previous to the erecticju of the Croton works, in New 
 York, the envy of tlie otlior cities of the Union — Pliiladelphia 
 having been for a lonu time the only city in the United States 
 Bupplied with water in this way — and are still justly the 
 pride aad boast of Philadelphia, not more for their utility 
 than for the picturesque attractions of the place. It would 
 perhaps be difficult to point out anywhere a spot concentrat- 
 ing in the same space .«o many elements of the beautiful and 
 pitturesque. The rugjiedness of tlie native rock ; the view of 
 the adjacent river and falls ; Fairmount with its four reser- 
 voirs resembling so many silver lakes; the tiowera and rich 
 verdure of the level plat and of the hillsides, added to the 
 sparkling play of numerous fountains with which the 
 grounds are adorned, all combine to form a landscape of ex- 
 quisite and almost unequalled beauty. The present works 
 were commenced in 1S19, by the erection of a dam across the 
 Schuylkill, 1248 feet in length, and in some places 30 feet 
 deep below high water. This water is turned into a forebay 
 419 feet long and 90 feet wide, from whence it falls upon and 
 turns 8 wheels from 16 to 18 feet in diameter, (and 4 tur- 
 bine wheels,) each having its separate pump, with power 
 sufficient to raise 1,.500,0U0 gallons in 24 hours. The water 
 is elevated 92 feet, into 4 reservoirs, on tlie top of a partly 
 natural elevation (but in some parts raised 40 feet above 
 the original hill) immediately at the works, and which 
 gives them their name. These reservoirs contain in the ag- 
 gregate 26,896,636 gallons, and when full have 12'^ feet 
 depth of water, and have supplied as much as 8,850.000 gal- 
 lons in one day. Connected with these works is a reservoir 
 on Corinthian avenue which contains 37,o00,000 gallons. 
 The old city, and districts soutU of it, (in which are laid 125 
 miles of pipe,) are supplied from these works. The total 
 cost, including laying pipes, i'c, up to 1854, was $3,291,405. 
 The former districts of Spring Garden and Northern Liber- 
 ties are supplied from steam-works, located about a mile 
 above Fairmount. The reservoir, which is adjacent to the 
 N.W. angle of the grounds of Girard College, is capable of 
 containing 9,800,0u0 gallons of water, and has supplied 
 nearly 5,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. These works were 
 erected in 1845, at a cost of $159,074.65. Kensington, an- 
 other N. suburb, has similar works on the Delaware River. 
 The water-rents of all the works for 1864 was $610,112. 
 The total amount supplied by the three works, in 1864, was 
 9,787,130,049 gallous. The average amount used per diem 
 in 1804 was 25 million gallons. 
 
 Gas- Works. — The gas-works are only surpassed by the 
 water-works in the increased comfort they bestow on the 
 city. Resides the old city gas-works at the Market-street 
 Bridge, on the Schuylkill, with S gas-holders of 50, 2 of SO, 
 and 1 of 140 feet in diameter, and the gas-works on the 
 Schuylkill below Grays Ferry Bridge, with a g;isometer of 
 160 feet in diameter, and 90 feet high, there are the gas- 
 works in the former districts of Spring Garden, Northern 
 Liberties, :ind Kensington. Connected with the Philadel- 
 phia gas-works there were at the end of 1864, 459 miles of 
 main pipes and 140 miles of service pipes. The whole 
 number of public lamps lighted with gas, was 7,:>51; and 
 the number of burners, public and private, was about 
 595,000. The quantity of gas manufactured in the year 
 was 794,676,000 cubic feet. 
 
 Prisons and Penal Institutions. — The Eastern State Peni- 
 tentiary, situated on Coates' street, about 1'}^ miles N.W. 
 of the Stivte House, occupies an area of about 11 acres, en- 
 closed by a wall 30 feet high. The front is in castellated 
 style, built of dressed stone, and contains the apartments 
 of the officers of the prison. An octagonal building occu- 
 pies the centre of the grounds, from which radiate wings, 
 with a row of cells on each side, and a passage-way which 
 traverses the whole length of each wing. For statistics of 
 the ponitentiaries, see Public Institutions of Pennsylvania. 
 The I'hiladelphia County Pris in is situated about 114 miles 
 S.W. of the Stato House, and has a massive front of Quincy 
 granite, in the Tudor style of English Gothic. Adjoining 
 is the female department, with a front of sandstone, in the 
 Egyptian style. The male department has 408 separate 
 cells, and the female 100, besides an infirmary, and apart- 
 ments for the keepers. This prison is used for the purposes 
 of a penitentiary as well as a county jail and work-house. 
 Tliere were 14,067 commitments in the year 1864. There are 
 two houses of refuge in Philadelphia for the reformation of 
 juvenile delinquents, one for white, and the other for colored 
 children, both under the direction of the same board of 
 managers. New and separate edifices, embracing most of 
 the imiirovements desirable in such structures, have re- 
 cently been erected near Girard College; the white refuge, 
 with accommod;itions for 500 youths, and the colored, for 
 250. In January. 1863, there were in the white department 
 246 boys and 80 girls— total 326. At the same period, 91 
 boys and 45 girls were confined in the colored department, 
 rhe number in both institutions, January 1, 1863, was 462. 
 The labor of the boys produced $8270: the revenue for the 
 year was S51,642; expenditures, $39,788 for maintenance; 
 and $7229 for debts paid. 
 
 PHI 
 
 Almshouses. — The almshouse for the city of Philadelphia 
 is situated S. of .Market street Bridge, on the W. side of tho 
 Schuylkill River. This immense pile of buildings is ot 
 stone, roughcast, constructed in a rectangular form, with 
 a front of 500 feet on the Schuylkill, and occupying and en- 
 closing about 10 acres of ground. The Schuylkill front 
 has a centre building, ornamented by a Tuscan portico of 
 6 columns, 30 feet high and 5 in diameter. The average 
 nimiber of inmates for 1864 was 2455; greatest number it 
 any one month, (in December,) 2719. In January, 1864, 
 there were 2576 inmates. The children's asylum, attached 
 to this institution, received duiing the year 1864, 1897 chil- 
 dren ; the insane department, 390. The Friends' Almhou.->6 
 is supported by the society whose name it beai's, for the use 
 of its own poor. 
 
 Benevolent and Charitable Institutions. — .^mong the be- 
 nevolent institutions, the Pennsylvania Hospital claims a 
 prominent place. It was founded in 1752, and occupies a 
 square of ground between Pine and Spruce streets, and be- 
 tween Eighth and Ninth. The buildings are of brick, con- 
 sisting of a centre, connected with two wings by long wards. 
 The entire length of the main building is 282 feet, besides 
 which there are vfirious out-buildings, and much open 
 space, shaded by lofty sycamores and planted with flowers. 
 In the centre of the grounds, in the S. front, is a bronze 
 statue of William Penn. In 1841, the insane patients were 
 removed to a newly-erected hospital, 2 miles W. of the 
 Schuylkill River, since which time the city hospital has 
 been wholly devoted to those afllicted with bodily ailments. 
 Of such, 2020 were treated in 1864-5, 1330 of which were 
 surgical cjises. Of the patients admitted, 1078 were for- 
 eigners. Admitted since the establishment of the hospital, 
 75,408. The hospital is open for the reception of persons 
 who have been iiyured by accidents, if brought to the house 
 within 24 hours, provided they have occurred within the 
 state of Pennsylvania. Eleven physicians are in daily attend- 
 ance, four of whom are surgeons, and three reside in the 
 house. Not tamong the least of the advantages of this insti- 
 tution are the clinical lectures, which are delivered twice a 
 week, and which are annually attended by more than 300 
 students, who have access to it on paying the small fee of 
 $10, which goes to increa.se the library of the hospital, 
 already numbering about 12,00u volumes. The insane de- 
 partment, before referred to, is located on a fine farm of 
 111 acres, 4 miles W. of the State House, and near 3 from 
 the Schuylkill, and comprises a centre building and two 
 wings, constructed of stone, roughcast, and presenting a 
 front of 436 feet. Besides this, in different parts of the 
 grounds, which are ornamented and furnished with arbors, | 
 circular railroads, ten-pin alleys, Ac, are lodges for the 
 more noisy and violent patients. Since its sejiarate estab- 
 lishment, this depai-tmeut has received 4386 patients, and 
 9183 since its foundation. Total, in both hospitals of every 
 class since 1752, 79,794 patients; treated during the ye.ir, 
 2503. Wills' Hospital, for diseases of the eye and limbs, has 
 extended relief to 2000 persons, since going into operation 
 in 1834, besides out-door relief. The Preston Retreat was 
 built from a fund left by Jonas Preston, M.D., in iy.ii'-, to 
 found a Lying-in Hospitiil; but the funds not being imme- 
 diately available, it was for a number of years occupied as 
 a Foster Home, where poor children were clothed, led and 
 instructed. At present, however, it is fulfilling its original 
 design ; and being veiy amply endowed, it promises to be 
 one of the most useful and successful of all our charitable 
 institutions. The Society for the Employment and In- 
 struction of the Poor gives temporary lodging and boarding 
 to the destitute, furnislies free baths, and dispenses soup and 
 medicines. Connected with the institution is a ragged school, 
 work-rooms, and a store for the sale of provisions at cost 
 prices. There are 4 dispensaries in Philadelphia, viz., the 
 Philadelphia Dispensary, (which had 10,665 patients under 
 care in 1864;) the Northern Dispensary (with which is con- 
 connected a lying-in department), 13,715 ; and in 1865, up- 
 wards of 15,000 ; the Southern Dispensary had in 1865, 4374 ; 
 and the Catherine Street Dispensary, under the care of the 
 Society for the Employment and Instruction of the Poor, had 
 in 1 864, 3456 patients under its care. The Pennsylvania In- 
 stitution for the Instruction of the Blind, had 180 pupils in 
 December, 1862, 155 of whom were from the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania. The Orphans" Asylum instructs and lares for about 
 100 orphans. The Widows' Asylum has about 60 inmates. 
 
 J'he Pennsylvania Deaf and Dumb Asylum had 1^2 pupils in 
 January, 1863, of whom 144 were supported by the State of 
 Pennsylvania. The City Hospital, at Bush Hill, was esta- 
 blished in 1818, as a Pest Hospital, and is always in order to 
 receive persons afflicted with infectious diseases. The St. 
 Josephs IIo.>pital(Catholic)hascapacity for60patients. The 
 Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in Kensington, 
 receives patients irrespective of sect. The Friends have an 
 Asylum for the Insane, near Frankford. Christ Church Hos- 
 pital is for the relief of indigent females of the Episcopal 
 Church. The St. John's Orphan Asylum (Catholic), 2}^ miles 
 N.W. of Market street Bridge, has acconmiodations tor -50 
 orphans. The St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum, (also 
 Catholic,) corner of Spruce and Seventh streets, accommo- 
 
 1477 
 
PHI 
 
 dates abff it lOfl orphans. There are three Magdalen Asj-- 
 luins viz., the M igdalen Asylum, in Tweuty-flrstiihove Race 
 street foundcil in 1800. 2. The House of the Good Shep- 
 herd I Catholic) ; and 3. The Rosine Asylum, at No. 201 North 
 Eighth street, established in 1849. Since its opening, some 
 iiOU women have been inmates of the house, of whom many 
 pave been restored to their friends, others furnished witli 
 places, and some miirried respectably. The Colored Orphan 
 Asylum, in Thirteenth street, maintains and educates about 
 ■0 colored orphans, till places are procured for them. The 
 Union benevolent Association divides itsell into committees, 
 which search out the abodes of ^vretchedness. and adminis- 
 ter relief. Besides those mentioned, are the Provident 
 Society, the Northern Association for the Relief and Em- 
 ployment of Poor Women; the Northern Home for Friend- 
 less Children ; the Union School and Cliildren's Home re- 
 ceives about 120 children annually ; the t'onp Societies and 
 City Trusts, various Beneficial Associations, the Humane 
 Society for the Recovery of l>rowned Persons, the Prison 
 Society, the Colonization Society, various Abolition Socie- 
 ties.Odd Fellows' and Free Masons' Associations,St. George's, 
 St. Andrew's, St. Patrick's, St. David's, and other foreign 
 benevolent associations, St. Anns Widow's Asylum, (Catho- 
 lic ) Roman Catholic Benevolent Society, (an a-ssociation of 
 ladies.) and the Grandam Institute, for the supply of wood 
 to the poor. 
 
 Libraries, Oilleges, Schools, ami Literary Institutes. — 
 Philadelphia had long the honor of possessing the largest 
 library in the United States. But now the Philadelphia 
 Library is surpassed in this respect by the Library of Har- 
 vard College, and the Astor Library in New York. It occu- 
 pies a plain brick edifice in Fifth street below Chestnut, 
 and was founded through the influence of Dr. Franklin, 
 (whose statue adorns a niche in front,) in 1731. The Phila- 
 delphia and Logivnian Libraries are in the same building, 
 and have, united, about 80,000 volumes. Strangers are al- 
 lowed the use of books while in the building. Opposite to 
 the Philadelphia Library are the rooms of the American 
 Philosophical Society, which also owed its origin to Dr. 
 Franklin, in 1743. It has enrolled among its members the 
 names of some of the most distinguished men in the United 
 States, and has had Franklin and Jefferson for presidents. 
 It has a library of 20,000 volumes, and an extensive cabinet 
 of medals, coins, &c., and a large collection of maps, charts, 
 and engravings. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 
 holds its meetings in the Athenaeum building. It has a 
 library of near 2000 volumes, and a collection of coins, &c. 
 The Athenaeum, with a fine front of sandstone, in the 
 Italian style, opposite Washington Square, has about 14,000 
 volumes on its shelves, and is extensively supplied with 
 maps, charts, and periodicals. The Mercantile l^ibrary, in 
 Fifth street, opposite Independence Square, established in 
 1821 for the benefit of merchants' clerks and other j'oung 
 men, has about 40,000 volumes, and is furnished witli 
 numerous periodicals, both lOuropean and American, and 
 with maps, engravings, &c. The Apprentices' Library has 
 about 21,000 volumes. It loaned in lb(>4-5 to 777 boys and 
 1051 girls. Books loaned during the same year, 47,517. The 
 Orthodox Friends have a library of about 7000 volumes, and 
 the Hicksite Friends one with t>300 volumes. There are a 
 number of associations, institutes, colleges, &c.. with con- 
 siderable libraries, in different parts of the city, making a 
 total of about 300,000 volumes The Academy of Natural 
 Sciences, on Broad street, has the largest museum of natural 
 history in America. There are 25,000 specimens in orni- 
 thology alone, and 30,000 in botany. The mineralogical and 
 geological cabinets are also full. The institution possesses 
 l>r. -Morton's celebrated collection of crania. The library 
 (chiefly works of science) numbers near 20,000 volumes, be- 
 sides charts, maps, serials, &c. Many of these volumes are 
 full of plates, scarceand expensive. The Franklin Institute, 
 for tlie promotion of manufactures and the useful arts, 
 holds an annual exhibition of American manufactures, and 
 has a library of about 10,0<X) volumes,chi('fly on scientific sub- 
 jects. Lectures are delivered at cheap rates every winter, on 
 chemistry, mechanical philosophy, &c. A monthly journal, 
 issued by the Institute, is the oldest in the country of a 
 similar character. The Institute has a valuable cabinet of 
 molels and minerals. The Pennsvlvania Acailemy of Fine 
 Arts was established in 1S07, and holds annual exhibitions 
 in May and June, though it is open at other times. In 
 lu'dical science, Phil.idolphia stands first of the cities of 
 America, and her medical schools are attended by students 
 tr.ira not only every portion of the Union, but even from 
 Europe, Canada, Mexico, and South America. The medicid 
 department of the Peunsylvimia University is the oldest 
 nicdjral college in the United States, having been established 
 ml. 6o, and hag numbered among its professors some of the 
 most distinguished names in medical science. The faculty 
 consists of 7 iirof-^ssors, and the class for the course of 1865-6 
 numbered 5'20 students; average, for the last 10 years, alx)nt 
 4oU. '1 here is an anatomical museum connected with this 
 institution, rich in illustrative aids for the student Tot-il 
 number of gradiates up to 1865 7470. The collegiate de- 
 partment of tkis univei-sity was established in 1755 Its 
 
 PHI 
 
 alumni numbered about 1320 in 186.3, and the students that 
 year, 121. The library has SOdO volumes. Connected with 
 this university is also a law department, which had 49 
 students in 1854; the academical department, 74 pupils, and 
 the cliarity school connected with the foundation of the uni- 
 versity, 162 scholiirs. The Jefferson Medical College waa 
 established in 1825. The faculty consists of 7 professors, 
 and the class of lS6i-') numbered 430 students; the whole 
 number of graduates, 49: J6. The Female Medical College 
 of Pennsylvania, founded in 1849, had 39 students attend- 
 ing the class of 1854—5. At the pre.sent time the number 
 is somewhat less. The Eclectic Jledical College of Penn- 
 sylvania was chartered in 1850, and had in 1863, 82 stu- 
 dents. The Philadelphia College of Ph.armacy has 3 pro- 
 fessors, and was established for the instruction of drug- 
 gists and ajwthecaries, its diploma being considered neces- 
 sary for a reputable pursuit of the business of druggist in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Public iSchnols. — The public schools of Philadelphia city 
 and county form a separate district, with a distinct orgiiiii- 
 zation. Twelve public school directors are elected from 
 each ward, except in some of the rural districts, for 3 years, 
 but so that four shall go out of office each year. The school 
 directors of each w.ard elect in turn one of their numlier 
 annually as a member of the board of control of public 
 education. On the 1st of January, 1865, there were 2 high 
 schools, 61 grammar, 70 secondary, 190 primary, and 53 
 unclassified schools. Total in the first district, 376 schools, 
 attended by 74,343 pupils, and taught by 84 male and 1194 
 female teachers. There were on register 3000 children, 
 ■who could not be admitted for want of accommodations. 
 In 1849, night schools, for minors over 14 years of age and 
 for adults, were first opened, and were attended in the 
 vrinter of 185'2-3 by 7772 pupils, (3085 of whom were of for- 
 eign birth, and 176 married pereons.) These schools were 
 open for about 43^months. The total expenditure for all 
 purposes in the first school district, for 1864, was $822,162, 
 of which sum $5'24,750 was paid to teachers, who received 
 salaries varying from $300 to $1500, the latter sum being 
 generally the salary of the principal male teachers of the 
 grammar schools, while the female principal received $750. 
 The Girls' High school, in Sergeant street, is under the direc- 
 tion of a male principal, who receives $1800 salary, and 9 
 assistant female teachers, with salaries of S600 each, be- 
 sides a male music te.icher. Tliis school, whether considered 
 in reference to the qualifications of the teachers, or the 
 completeness and thoroughness of the system of instruction, 
 will compare favorably with the best institutions of tlie 
 kind in our country. The Boys' High School has been 
 in operation since 1838, and has sent forth to the world 
 nearly 3000 young men, some with high qualifications 
 for contributing to the advancement of society. This in- 
 stitution is in fact a college, but giving a more practical 
 training than colleges usually do. The average number 
 of students for the last 10 years has exceeded 500. The 
 building, which is in Broad street near Green, has an ob- 
 servatory, furnished with a powerful telescope, transit in- 
 strument, &c. ; it has also 14 professors. The professors 
 receive from .$1200 to $1800 salary, and the principjil $2250. 
 The average number of students in 1864 was 469. 
 
 There are a few educational institutions of a semi-public 
 character, among which we may mention, the Academy 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church, established in 1785 ; 
 the Theological Seminary of St. Charles J5orromeo, a Cath- 
 olic institution: the Philadelphia Academy of the Visita- 
 tion, also a Catholic institution, for the education of- girls. 
 We place last the Girard College, as peculiar in its nature, 
 partaking of the character of an asylum for orphans, and 
 partly of a school and college. Orphans are admitted be- 
 tween the ages of 6 and 10, and remain (according to 
 merit) in college until between the ages of 14 and 18, 
 when they are to be bound out to some useful occu]iation. 
 In the principal department the pupils are taught the use- 
 ful branches of an English education, the French and 
 Spanish languages, and, as they are prepared for them, 
 higher branches are introduced. The average number of 
 pupils maintained and instructed in this college in the year 
 1864, Wilis 550 The total exi>eiises for the 'year amounted 
 to $112,252. The college officers are a president, 5 male, 
 and 6 female instructors, and a matron. The affairs of the 
 college are managed by a board of directors apjxiinted by 
 the city councils. A School of Design for Women has been 
 in successful operation. 
 
 Philadelphia abounds in private schools of a high char- 
 acter. Among many others that are deserving of high com- 
 mendation, we may mention the Select High School, at IIC 
 North Tenth street, an Institution which is doubtless des- 
 tined to attain a distinguished reputation under the difectiot 
 of its enlightened and enterprising principal, Caleb S. Hat 
 lowell, late of Alexandria, Virginia. 
 
 Banl-s, Insurance Oljices, (tc. — There were in Pliiladel 
 phia city in October, 1865, 29 national banks, pos-^essing 
 an aggregate capital of about $15,000,000; the crcula- 
 tion on the 2d of October. 1865, was $7,440,585; about 20 
 fire insurance companies, besides age/ "^i ^ from other cities 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 in this country and England. There are 8 savings' banlis, 
 one of wliich is an old and long-tried institution, which 
 has done a vast amount of good in the oncouragonient 
 it has given to thrift among the poor ; besides these there 
 are several insurance companies that receive savings' de- 
 posits. 
 
 Manufactures. — There were in Philadelphia in 1860, 111 
 cotton Ikctories, employing a capital of $4,599,500, and 7971 
 hands, consuming raw material worth $3,678,291, and pro- 
 ducing annually stuffs and yarn valued at $7,179,540 ; 31 
 woollen factories, employing capital to the amount of 
 $1,278,300, and 2372 hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $1,786,964, and producing annually goods valued at 
 $3,390,776; 715 manufactories of boots and shoes, employ- 
 ing capital to the amountof $1,914,975, and 8487 hands con- 
 suming raw material worth $2,043,009, and producing annu- 
 ally boots and shoes valued at $5,474,587 : 50 nianulaclories 
 of carriages, employing a capital of $577,800, and producing 
 annually carriages valued at $1,027,271 ; 25 manufactories 
 of chemicals, employing a capital of $2,000,500, and 650 
 hands, and producing annually, chemicals, &c., valued at 
 $2,412,854 ; 344 manufactories of clothing, employing capital 
 to the amount of $4,249,775, and 14,203 hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $5,071,736, and producing annually, 
 clothing valued at $9,962,800; 6 calico printing works, em- 
 l)loyiiig capital to the amount of $864,250, and producing 
 annually, goods valued at $2,557,388; 84 manufactories of 
 ingrain carpets, employing capital to the amount of $840,900, 
 and 2280 hands, consuming raw material worth $1,194,622, 
 and producing annually, carpets valued at $2,001,325 ; 62 
 machine shops.employing capitiil to the amount of $1 ,757 .800, 
 and 2111 hands, consuming raw material worth $947,219, and 
 producing annually, steam engines ami other machinery 
 valued at $2,406,006; 7 glass-works, emi)loying capital to 
 the amount of $615,000, and producing annually, glass-ware 
 valued at $969,000 ; 97 manufactories of hosiery, ic, em- 
 ploying capitiil to the amount of $856,460, and 2613 hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $862,015, and producing 
 hosiery, shirts and drawers valued at $2,003.065 ; 51 manu- 
 factories of jewellery, employing capital to the amount of 
 $774,500, and producing jewellery valued at .$1,364,930: 29 
 flour and grist-mills, employing capital to the amount of 
 $594,960, and producing annually, Jlour and meal valued at 
 $2,996,696: 111 cabinet shops, employing capital to the 
 amount of $890,350, and producing furniture valued at 
 $1,472,690; 49 manufactories of soap and candles, employing 
 capital to the amount of $676,83:3, consuming raw material 
 worth $978,171, and yielding products valued at $1,480,208; 
 and 8 sugar-refineries, employing Capital to the amount of 
 $l,546,000,consuraing raw material worth $4,844,950, and pro- 
 ducing annually sugar valued at $6,356,700. The total 
 amount of capital invested in manufactures in Philadiljjhia 
 was$r3,318,885; total number of hands employed. 98,983; 
 entire annual product, $135,979,777. Messrs. Ilorstmann 
 employ some 3(X) hands in the manufacture of military 
 and ladies' dress trimmings, and Cornelius, Baker & Co., 
 several hundred in the fabrication of chandeliers and gas- 
 fi.xtures. Both thi-se establishmimts, we believe, are un- 
 equalled, in their respective branches of manufacture, in 
 the United States, and occupy immense buildin<j3 in Cherry 
 street, in a good style of ornamental brickwork. Another 
 manufactory in Race street, employs a large number of 
 hands in the same business as the last. Forges, foun- 
 dries, and almost every species of iron manufacture abound 
 in the suburbs of Philadelphia, producing immense num- 
 bers of steam-engines,water and gas-pipe3,&c. Sugar-refining 
 is a very extensive business in Philadelphia. The district of 
 Manayunk is almost wholly engaged in manufacture8,princi- 
 pally of cotton and woollen goods, and carpets. In every part 
 of the suburbs is heard the sound of the loom; and in the 
 same quarters, in private families, are manufactured more 
 shoes for the S. and W. than in any other town or city in 
 the United States. Great quantities of chemicals, medi- 
 cines, paints, &c., and umbrellas and parasols, are made, 
 one house alone claiming to turnout 1000, and another 300 
 a day. Carts, wheelbarrows, and other vehicles, and cabi- 
 net furniture are made and exported extensively to the 
 South, to the West Indies, and California. The manufac- 
 ture of jewellery employs a very large capifcil. Ship-build- 
 ing, to a large extent for other ports, is carried on here 
 especially in steam propellers. 64 steamers, 6 brigs, and 
 14 schooners, were built here in the year ending June 1863. 
 An immense number of hands are employed in book-bind- 
 ing, printing. &c., and the upper stories of warehouses, and 
 buildings back from the street, are thronged with indus- 
 trious artisans. 
 
 Oiiiimerce. — Though Philadelphia ranks at present but 
 fourth among the commercial cities of the United States in 
 .'oreign trade, she is steadily on the increase even in tliis 
 respect, while her coasting trade is extending beyond all 
 parallel. The number of foreign arrivals was 679 in 1852, 
 and 541 in 1865. In the Coasting trade the arrivals have 
 increased from 30,175 iii l';52 to 31,705 in 1865 The arrivals 
 for 1864 were 30,262, of which 565 were from foreign ports. 
 The tonnago of the port for the fiscal year 1863 was 321,435, 
 
 of which 262,406 was enrolled, 1542 licensed, and 2g,.')ri 
 registered. The tonnage entered from foreign ports was 
 194,443 ; tonnage cleared for foreign ports, 201,438. During 
 the same year there entered this port 416 American ves- 
 sels. 
 
 The following is a statement of some of the imports of 
 the city during the years 1863, '64, '65 : 
 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 
 
 1,500 
 11,682 
 30,307 
 66,450 
 
 1,800 
 57,200 
 66,800 
 29,714 
 34,100 
 
 3,747 
 31.532 
 21,421 
 576 
 86,086 
 
 2,800 
 127,737 
 190,316 
 
 1,000 
 47..349 
 11,904 
 
 4,090 
 24,981 
 
 3,300 
 58,6S9 
 36,700 
 54,450 
 
 8,100 
 90,000 
 110.000 
 23,300 
 24,600 
 
 3.320 
 37,980 
 
 7.380 
 
 1,250 
 8.3,200 
 
 3,200 
 61,972 
 377,200 
 
 3,100 
 39,151 
 
 7,392 
 
 1,130 
 13,920 
 
 3,130 
 24,151 
 47,600 
 25,255 
 
 2,870 
 18,630 
 20,100 
 17,169 
 20,800 
 13,963 
 38,003 
 
 2,990 
 
 5,719 
 35,200 
 
 2.600 
 124,800 
 303,130 
 
 3,500 
 59,066 
 25.902 
 
 4,727 
 16,840 
 
 
 
 Fish 
 
 
 
 No 
 
 
 
 Iron 
 
 
 Iron b(i Is 
 
 
 
 
 
 Logwood 
 
 Molasses 
 
 tons.... 
 
 hhds... 
 
 Molasses 
 
 barrels. 
 
 
 
 Rice.^. 
 
 Sail 
 
 pkS'--- 
 
 sacks.. 
 
 
 
 Sii^ar 
 
 
 S"?" 
 
 boxes.. 
 
 s 
 
 hairs... 
 
 
 The following is a statement of the domestic produce ex- 
 ported from this port for the years 1863, '64, '65 : 
 
 Flour barrels. 
 
 Corn Meal barrels. 
 
 Rye Flour barrels. 
 
 Ship Bread barrels. 
 
 Wheat bush... 
 
 Corn bush... 
 
 C loverseed bush . . . 
 
 Beef tierces. 
 
 Beef barrels. 
 
 Fork tierces. 
 
 rork barriils. 
 
 Bacon pounds. 
 
 Lard pounds. 
 
 Candles pounds. 
 
 Soap f pounds. 
 
 Butter pounds. 
 
 Cheese pounds. 
 
 Tallow pounds. 
 
 Coal tons.... 
 
 Bark hhds... 
 
 1863. 
 
 330,853 
 
 50,149 
 
 1,290 
 
 14,093 
 
 624,075 
 
 217,549 
 
 24,646 
 
 4,205 
 
 4,222 
 
 2.974 
 
 13,943 
 
 1,833,391 
 
 6,943,639 
 
 893,010 
 
 345,792 
 
 610,393 
 
 193,339 
 
 5,418,663 
 
 40.762 
 
 1,605 
 
 ISGt. 
 
 294,798 
 
 34,411 
 
 1,026 
 
 10,439 
 
 626,448 
 
 83,050 
 
 1,321 
 
 2,784 
 
 4,391 
 
 6,220 
 
 741,281 
 
 3,443,197 
 
 703,393 
 
 131,732 
 
 224.288 
 
 93,777 
 
 4,155.469 
 
 8,991 
 
 2,076 
 
 9,702 
 
 9,945 
 
 137,359 
 
 3,874 
 
 3,036 
 
 127,655 
 
 800,365 
 
 276.386 
 
 63,250 
 
 149,484 
 
 5,434 
 
 2,016,900 
 
 17,436 
 
 656 
 
 Sugar imported during the years 1863, '64, '65 : 
 
 
 Boxes. 
 
 Hhds. »nd Tierces. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Bags. 
 
 1863 
 
 IS&l 
 
 1865 
 
 11.904 
 7;392 
 25,658 
 
 43,055 
 33,911 
 58,714 
 
 3,618 
 
 938 
 
 3,932 
 
 18,076 
 13,921 
 16,840 
 
 Coffee imported during the years 1862, '63, '64, '65 : 
 
 
 1862. 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 ' 
 
 Bags. 
 
 Bags. 
 
 Bags. 
 
 Bags. 
 
 Laguavra 
 
 27,233 
 17,203 
 
 38 
 
 1,032 
 
 132 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 9,185 
 T66 
 8 
 140 
 447 
 363 
 5 
 
 51,716 
 22,557 
 
 1,677 
 
 2,790 
 
 22 
 
 13,413 
 
 7,600 
 
 58 
 
 3 
 
 260 
 
 2,652 
 172 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 
 
 Maracaibo 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 Port au Prince 
 
 Havana 
 
 Total bags 
 
 " hhds 
 
 " tierces 
 
 •* barrels 
 
 45,802 
 2 
 7 
 24 
 
 11,684 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 116 
 
 78,762 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 276 
 
 24,143 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 124 
 
 The following are the receipts of flour, meal, and grain 
 at the port of Philadelphia during the years 1803, '64, '65 : 
 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 Flour barrels. 
 
 Rye Flour barrels. 
 
 Corn Meal barrels. 
 
 Wheat bush... 
 
 917.100 
 
 7.015 
 
 26,3-10 
 
 2,909.196 
 
 2,081,438 
 
 2,333,000 
 
 903,447 
 
 5,446 
 
 17.774 
 
 2,465,790 
 
 1,601,415 
 
 1,434,670 
 
 714.398 
 
 9,100 
 
 18.290 
 
 1,802,(M0 
 
 1,516.305 
 
 1,527,470 
 
 
 
 The following is a statement of the quantity, value, and 
 destination of tlie exports of petroleum from Philadelphia 
 for the year 1865 : 
 
 1479 
 
PHI 
 
 Grc^t Briuin.. 
 
 Tnice 
 
 Hol'and 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Russia 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Italy 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Rotterdam .... 
 West Indies... 
 Venezuela.... 
 Brazil 
 
 Total, 1S65., 
 " )S64. 
 " 1S63. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 2.303,938 
 
 2,169,472 
 
 85,520 
 
 3,459.664 
 
 9I2,3S6 
 
 1,045,736 
 
 680,519 
 
 53.836 
 
 724.947 
 
 378,186 
 
 112,688 
 
 141,155 
 
 22.867 
 
 12,000 
 
 12,032,934 
 7,666,925 
 4,939,766 
 
 ,393,814 
 875,618 
 54,260 
 ,871,456 
 477,453 
 595,439 
 392,204 
 28,763 
 410,400 
 196,806 
 59,665 
 61,580 
 16,892 
 
 $6,441,274 
 4,294,724 
 1,382,080 
 
 The following are the receipts of petroleum via railroad 
 at this port for the years 1863, '64, '65 : 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 J"iy 
 
 August 
 
 September..... 
 October....,.., 
 
 November 
 
 December....' 
 
 Total, 1865. 
 " 1864. 
 " 1863. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 12,765 
 6,790 
 9,430 
 16,230 
 11,356 
 19,370 
 21,514 
 15,997 
 16,947 
 16,256 
 26.049 
 29,466 
 
 14,975 
 9,715 
 16,720 
 12,420 
 12,855 
 16,329 
 20,869 
 39,116 
 44,198 
 10,980 
 11,411 
 28,330 
 
 202,290 
 
 440, 199 
 420,714 
 596,831 
 
 In 1865 there were received in Philadelphia 95,450 beeves, 
 6540 cows, 136,300 hogs, and 306,000 sheep. 
 
 The total value of exports from the port of Philadelphia 
 for the year ending June 30, 1S65, amounted to§ll,278,603; 
 of imports, $7,164,744. 
 
 The opening of the Pennsylvania Railroad to Pittsburg 
 has given Philadelphia the most direct communication with 
 the Mississippi Valley, and greatly increased her trade with 
 the West. Philadelphia is either directly or indirectly con- 
 necteii by railway with the most important places in the 
 United States, N. and E. of Mobile. She has direct com- 
 munication with New York city, Baltimore, Harrisburg, 
 Reading, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, &c., &c. 
 
 Migcdlunefius Statistics. — Many handsome and commo- 
 dious market-houses have been erected in various parts of 
 the city since the old sheds were removed firom the middle 
 of Market street. The Philadelphia market has long be«i' 
 celebrated for the excellence and abundance of its supplies, 
 particularly its butter, vegetables, and fruits. Several years 
 ago a paid fire department was esfciblished instead of the vol- 
 unteer system. The department now consists of 89 companies, 
 having under their control 39 steam fire engines, 25 hand 
 engines, 113 hose carriages, 7 hook and ladder trucks, and 
 S3 ambulances. The immber of members of the fire com- 
 panies amounts to 12,724. Alarms of fire are signalized and 
 transmitted from the nearest station to the houses of the 
 various companies by means of the electric telegraph. The 
 city Is divided into 7 fire districts, the whole directed by a 
 chief engineer, and by an assistant in each fire district. 
 There were during the year 1865, 435 fires; the loss thus 
 ciiused is estimated at $1,270,000, of which about 381,000 
 was covered by insurance. The importance of tiie police 
 and fire alarm telegraph to the city government can hardly 
 be oveistated, and its operations are carried on with less 
 expense than any other department. It has become such a 
 valuable institution, that it would be an utter impossibility 
 to get along without it. In addition to the prompt trans- 
 mission of intelligence of fires and police matters, the wires 
 are made use of for other purposes, such as the restoration 
 of lost children, the recovery of strayed and stolen animals, 
 notifications to the coroner, &r.. and in this manner thou- 
 8 tiids of the citizens are benefited every ye.ir. The whole 
 amount of rain for the year 1>;65 was 561^ inches, which is 
 li;^ inches more than the average, or 44% inches. The 
 greatest annual raiu-lall known in this vicinity was 58 
 inches in 1859; the \mst amount, 29U inches in 1S25. The 
 mean t<-mperalure of the year was 55i^o degrees, which is two 
 dejtrees warmer than the average of ttie preceding 39 vears. 
 Duriu*; Use year 1864, there occurred 15,875 deaths, the 
 greatoKt number, 19otj, were in August, and the smallest 
 1144, in 0<!tober. 01 the deaths, 648 were by typhoid fever 
 
 PHI 
 
 641 by cholera infantum, 2089 by consumption of the lungs, 
 357 by diphtheria, 249 by dysentery, and 454 by diarrhoea. 
 Of the whole number, 9388 were children. The ratio of 
 deaths to the population, was less than in either of the four 
 great northern cities of the United States, being but little 
 more than half that of New York. The omnibus of former 
 times hiis been superseded by horse railways, which are laid 
 in nearly all the principal streets. Ferry-boats run about 
 every five minutes to Camden, and in summer every half 
 hour to Gloucester and Red liank, every hour to Tacony 
 and Bridesburg, several times a day to Wilmington, Burling- 
 ton, Bristol, and Bordentown, while daily or tri-weekly lines 
 run to various points on the river and bay. There are 10 
 daily and about 40 weeiily newspapers, and 44 scientific and 
 other periodicals, mostly monthly publications. The number 
 of aiTests made by tiie police in 1865 was 39,179; total num- 
 ber of messsiges transmitted by the police telegraph, 54,017 
 The assessed value of real estate in 1862 was $152,228,113, 
 but the estimated value is considerably over $300,000,000. 
 City tax for 1864, §2,933.848. 
 
 Popttiatum. — If we except Paris, Philadelphia nearly 
 equals the largest capitals on the continent of Europe in 
 population, and, at its present rate of increase, will soon 
 sm-p;iss them. In 1684 it had 2500 inhabitants ; 21,767 (ex- 
 clusive of the army and strangers) at a census taken by 
 order of Lord Cornwallis in 1777 or 1778; 42,620 in 1790; 
 70,287 in 1800; 96.2^7 in 1810; 119,325 in 1820, (up to which 
 period it was the largest city in the United States;) 167,325 
 in 1830; 258,037 in 1840; 408,762 in 1850; and 565,529 in 
 1860 ; showing an increase of about 39 per cent, in the 10 
 years preceding the census of 1860. Of the population in 
 1860, 543,344 were white, and 22,185 free colored. Total 
 number born in foreign countries 169,430, of whom about 
 half were natives of Ireland, and about one-fifth of Germany. 
 The peculiar divisions of Philadelphia were formerly such 
 that its suburbs h.od a greater population than the city 
 proper, (t. e. the portion between Vino and South streets, 
 and extending from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill,) 
 which had, in 1850, only 121,370 inhabiUints, while the dis- 
 tricts of Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, Kensington, 
 Southwark, Moyamensing, and West Philadelphia, had 
 more than 224,000. The different dix-isions having been 
 consolidated in 1854, the city now includes the whole county. 
 Opposite Philadelphia, in New Jersey, are Camden and 
 Gloucester, which bear about the same relation to it that 
 Jersey City and Hoboken do to New Y^ork. 
 
 Gcvernment.—The city of Philadelphia is divided into 
 26 wards. The legislative powers are vested in a select 
 and a common council. The fomitir consists of 1 member 
 chosen by the voters of each ward for 3 years ; the terms 
 of service being so arranged that one-third of the council 
 is renewed annually. The common council ha.s 1 repre- 
 sentative from each ward for every 2000 taxable inhabitants, 
 according to the assessment of the preceding ye^ir ; such 
 representatives being elected for 2 years. The mayor is 
 elected by the popular vote for 3 years. He has a veto 
 upon the legislation of the councils, which may be set aside 
 by the votes of two-thii-ds of the representatives in each 
 chamber. He is charged with the appointment, super- 
 vision, and removal of all police officers, and with the exe- 
 cution of the city ordinances. The police force consists of 
 a chief of police, fire marshal, chief of detc-ctives, 8 de- 
 tectives. 7 high constables, 18 lieutenants, 32 sergeants, 35 
 telegraph operators, 15 turnkeys, and 728 patrolmen. The 
 other principal municipal officers are the city controller 
 and city solicitor, elected similarly for 3 years, and the re- 
 ceiver of taxes and city treasurer, who are chasen for 2 
 years. The funded debt of the city, according to the 
 annual message of the mayor, amounted on the 1st of Jan- 
 uary, 1865, to $28,910,484. The receipts from the several 
 departments amounted to $845,468, and from the dividends 
 on investments to $655,264, which, with the income from 
 taxation of $2,933,849, made the aggregate of $4,434,881 for 
 annual revenue in 1864. During the same year, the ex- 
 penses of the city government, including interest on loans, 
 amounted to $5,768,127. The sum of $6,543,501 was dis- 
 bursed in 1864 in bounties to volunteers, aid to their fami- 
 lies, and in other charges occasioned by the war. The city 
 derives a large revenue from rents of city property, water, 
 wharves, markets, <tc. 
 
 /lislory. — Philadelphia was planned and settled by Wil- 
 liam Penn, accompanied by a colony of English Eriends or 
 Quakers, in 1682. after a regular purchase from the Indians, 
 ratified by treaty in due form. The name of Philadelphia 
 (brotherly love) was given by Penn, both in reference to the 
 ancient city of that name in Asia Minor, and from its em- 
 bodying principles he had so much at hwirt. The object of 
 this' celebrated man in planting this new colony was, to use 
 his own words, " to afford an asylum to the good and op- 
 pressed of all nations, to frame a government which might 
 be an example, to show men as free and tts happy as they could 
 be."' Though there w;is considerable contention between 
 Penn and his colony, no very striking events occurred even 
 down to the Revolution. The first Congress preparatory to 
 that event met in Carpenters' Hall, a building still standing, 
 
PIII 
 
 PHI 
 
 ;n a court back of Chostiiut street, botween Third and Fourth 
 ?truct8, September 4, 1774. lu this city met most of tlie Coii- 
 greseos of the Kevoliition, and from hence went forth, in 
 ioubt and forebodings on the part of many, and confident 
 reliance on the part of others, tliat worhl-renowned instru- 
 ment, the Declaration of Independence, which was read from 
 a stand in the Strife House Yard, by Captain John Hopkins, 
 July 4, 1770. The convention that formed the present Con- 
 stitution of the United States met in Philadelpliia, Maj-, 1787. 
 Here resi<led the first President of the UnitctI States, [in a 
 building in Market street, one door E. of Sixth street. S. 
 side ;) and here Congress assembled for nearly 10 years after 
 the adoption of the present constitution. In consetjuence 
 of the disatrous battles of Braudywiue and Oermantown, the 
 British army had possession of this city from September, 
 1777, to June, 1778. In the autumn of 1793. the yellow fever 
 visited Philadelphia, and carried off more than 4000 persons 
 out of a poimlation of a little over 40.000, of whom half, it 
 was thought, had fled the city. This pestilence again visited 
 Philadelphia in 1798, but was not so fatal as in 1793. The 
 Asiatic cholera ravagexl the city in the summer of 18:!2, and 
 swept oflf 771 victims. In 1849 and 1S54 it renewed its 
 ravages, but was less fatal than on its first occurrence. In 
 1838, the Pennsylvania Hall, belonging to the abolitionists, 
 was attacked by a mob and burned, the Shelter for Colored 
 Orphans fired, and the negro quarters attacked. In 1844 
 the city was disquieted by riots in the uorthern and south- 
 ern suburbs, caused by jealousies botween the Protestants 
 and Catholics, in which several Catholic churches were 
 burned. On both occasions the military were called out, 
 and several lives were lost. In 1864 the districts of Jloya- 
 mensing.Southwark, Kensington, Northern Liberties, Spring 
 Garden, and West Philadelphia were consolidated with the 
 citv jirojjcr. Inhab. Philadelphiax, fil-a-tl6rfe-an. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, a post-villK^e of Philadelphia town- 
 -hip. Jefferson co., New York, on Indian Kiver, and tho 
 I'otsdam and Watertown Railroad, about 20 miles N.E. of 
 Watertown. Pop. of the township. 1785. 
 
 PHILADKLPHI.'^, a station of South Carolina, on the 
 Kin'/s .Mountain Kailroad, 4 miles S. of Y'orkville. 
 
 PHILADKLPHIA, a post-office of Darlington district, 
 South Cariilina. 
 
 PHILADKLPHIA, a post-village, ca'pital of Neshoba co., 
 Mi.csissippi, about 80 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 l'HlL.\DELPmA, a post-village of Monroe co.. Tennessee, 
 with a station ou the East Tenuesse and Georgia Kailroad, 
 160 miles KS.E. of Nashville. 
 
 I'lUL.VDKLPHIA. a post^village In Hancock co.. Indiana, 
 with a station on the railroad from Dayton to Indianapolis. 
 
 I'HILAUKLI'HIA. a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, 
 about 95 miles N'.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 I'llILADKLPHIA, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, 
 jn the Des .Moines Kiver, about 8 miles N. of Keosauquo. 
 
 PinL.\DEL'l'UUS, a post^village in Robeson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 PHI'L.^, an island of Upper Egypt, in the Nile, alwve 
 the first cataract, close to the Nubian frontier, 6 miles S.S.W. 
 i'f Asswan. Len;j;th only 400 yards, but it contains some 
 'f the finest Egyptian remains extant, comprising 4 temples, 
 * long colonnade, several obelisks, &e., with a Roman tri- 
 umphal arch, and other antiquities. 
 
 I'lIILANTHROI'Y, a post-office in Butler co.. Ohio. 
 
 I'llIL.VTKS, fe-1.4/t^s, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Epirus. sanjak. and "25 miles S.E. of Delvino. i'op. 4000. (?) 
 
 I'lnVW ISLAND, a British pen.il settlement in the 
 South Pacific, S. of Norfolk Island. Lat. 29° 6' S., Ion. 167° 
 47' E. 
 
 PHILIP ISL.\ND, a small island, about li miles long, 
 and i mile broad, 3J miles from the lauding place, Sydney 
 Bav. 
 
 PHILIP ISLANDS, two small islands of the Carolines, 5 
 miles .-(part. Lat. 8° 6' N.. Ion. 140° 52' E. 
 
 PIIILIPPEVILLE, fee'ieep'veel', a fortified town of Bel- 
 inum, province, and 25 miles S.W. of Namur, on a height in 
 fhe forest of Ardennes. Pop. 1311. Near it are iron-works 
 and stone quarries. 
 
 PIIILIPPEVILLE, fee^leepVeel', a fortified town of Alge- 
 ria, province of Constantine, on the Gulf of Stora. 35 miles 
 VV. of Bona, recently founded by the French. It was nearly 
 destroyed by fire in October, 1849. Pop. 3740. 
 
 PHILIP'PI, a ruined town of European Turkey, in 
 Slacedonia. 10 miles S.E. of Drama. In the plain W. of 
 it, B.C. 42, the memorable actions took place in which the 
 troops of Octavius and Antony defeated those of Brutus and 
 Cassius, and put an end to the republican government of 
 Rome. 
 
 PHILIP'PI, a post-village, capital of Barbour co., W. Vir- 
 <inia, on Tygart's Valley River, about 88 miles S.S.E. of 
 ♦Vhceling. Tlie surrounding country contains coal and 
 ron. 
 
 PHILIPPINE, fee^lip-peen', a fortified village of the Ne- 
 f hevlands, province of Zetland, 6i miles W. of Axel. P. 433. 
 
 PHILIPPINE (fil'ip-pin,) ISL.\NDS, (Sp. /s/a.« PUtpmas, 
 ccs'lds fe-le-pee'nis : Fr. Tstes Philippines, eel fee'leep^peen'; 
 Ger. Philipyinische. Iiudn. fe-lip-pee'uish-eh iu'syln,; a hirge 
 
 and important group in the N. part of tho Malay Archipela 
 go, and, after Cuba, constituting the most valuable colo 
 nial possession of Spain, .situated chietty between lat 5° 
 32' and 19° 38' N., and Ion. 117° and 127° E., having N. 
 and E. the Pacific Ocean, W. the China Sea, and S. the 
 Seas of Sooloo and Celebes. The group comprises at least 
 1200 islands, great and small; the principal being Luzon, 
 Mindanao, and Palawan, with Miudoro, Panay, Marin- 
 diijue, Negros, Zebu. Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Masbate, and 
 many of less size. Total area estimated at 120,000 .square 
 miles. The Spanish dominion is stated to extend over 
 only 62,148 square miles. The shore lines and internal 
 surface of the larger islands are extremely rugged and 
 irregular. Their nvagnificent mountain ranges are clothed 
 with a gigantic and ever-teeming veget;itiou. and between 
 these lie extensive slopes and plains of the richest tropical 
 fertility, watered by numerous lakes and rivers, which 
 afford abundant means of irrigation and transport. The 
 group is within the range of the monsoons, and violent 
 hurricanes are common. From .May to September the W. 
 coasts are deluged with rain, while the October monsoon 
 brings rain to the E. coasts, at other seasons dry. The 
 tropical heats are tempered by perpetual moisture, and by 
 the alternation of the land and sea breeze. The climate on 
 the whole is healthy. Earthquakes are frequent, and often 
 very destructive. Metalliferous mountains everywhere oc- 
 cur. Gold is procured in the sands of the rivers. Ironstone 
 occurs.'yleldlng 8(5 'per cent.- of iroTKT(tld"fTcB^pecimens of 
 copper have been found. Among the numerous volcanoes, 
 extinct or active, abundance of sulphur is found. Coal 
 existe in some spots, but is not worked to any extent: there 
 are >dst deposits of limestone and marble, and the island of 
 Negros produces magnesia and alum. The mountains are 
 coveivd with gigantic timber. Among plants cultivated for 
 use, are the abaca. (Muxa textilis.) the pine-apple. (Bromdi 
 anan'is,) the cabonegro-palm, (Boraasus gnmutus.) for their 
 filaments, the cocoa and other palms, the cotton, coll'ee-tree, 
 the sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco, and the tamarind; cassia, 
 cloves, the wild nutmeg, and the red and black pepper- 
 vines are found in Mindanao. Rice is raised in large quanti- 
 ties, both for home consumption and export. To these may 
 be added maize, wheat, yams, the sweet potatoe, and a variety 
 of delicious fruits, oranges, lemons. Ac. 
 
 The buffalo is employed in tillage and as a beast of bur 
 den. Both it and the ox are found in a wild as well as 
 domesticated state. The Philippines produce small but 
 spirited horses, deer, hogs, goat-s. and sheep; diminutive 
 fo.Kes and gazelles, several varieties of monkeys, wild cats, 
 the tagaa, a kind of flying-cat, &c. The woods are full of 
 game-cocks, pigeons, eagles, pelicans, herons, wild ducks, 
 quails, and the smallest sized falcon known. The jungles 
 swarm with liumming-birds, parrots, and the rhinoceros- 
 bird. {Buci'ro culnu.) On the shores are found sea-swallows, 
 whose nests are so much prized by the Chinese as food. The 
 lakes and rivers teem with crocodiles and fish. Fish also, 
 including crustaceans, are foundingreat vsiriety in the seas; 
 and there is no lack of serpents, leeches, insects, and rep- 
 tiles. 
 
 The textile productions of the Philippines range from the 
 delicate and costly pma muslin, made from the pine-apple 
 fibre, and sinanutys made from it mixed with the abaca 
 filament, to coarse cottons, sai;kiug, and the beautiful mats, 
 matie of the abaca and gomuti-palm fibres. Hats and cord- 
 age are manufactured to a considerable extent ; and .as a 
 governrnt-nt monopoly, cigars, which employ several thou- 
 sand persons at the royal factory at Manila. European art 
 is successfully imitated by the natives in ship-building and 
 coach-building, in the dressing and varnishing of leather, 
 and in the manufacture of cordage. 
 
 The wretclied colonial policy of Old Spain excluded all 
 foreign .«hips and Chinese .settlers from the Philippine Is- 
 lands, and the trade with the Spanish dou)inions in America 
 was also confined to that conducted annually by a single 
 ship. But such restrictions have vanished .since the di.s- 
 solution of the Company of Philippines in .^34, and the 
 colony is now making rapid progress towards prosperity. 
 An extensive trade is carried on, chiefly with Chin.a, Eng- 
 land, the Ujiited States, British India, and Australia, in 
 exporting sugar, tobacco, manilla hemp, indigo, coffee, bird.s'- 
 nests, trepang. dye-woods, liides. ratans. mother-of-pearl 
 gold-dust, &c., andin importing mauufactured cotton goods, 
 marine .stores, wines and liquors, porcelain, cutlery, metalis, 
 drugs. &c. The trade with the United States in 1853 com- 
 prised exports valued at S2.4li5,083, and goods imported to 
 the value of J;65.365. Manila, the seat of the governmeut. 
 is the princip.al centre of trade. 
 
 The supreme civil and military government is in the 
 hands of a governor-general, appointed by the crown. Be- 
 sides being commander-in-chief of the laud and sea forces, 
 he is President of the Supreme Court of Justice, vice-patron, 
 (that is. viceroy,) and sul>delegate judge of couriers, posts. 
 and expres.ses. In the discharge of these functions he 
 is assisted by the ministers and junta.s, with whom he may 
 advise, or to whom he may deleL'ate his powers. .\n alcildi^ 
 mayor or corregidor is appointed directly by the crown for 
 
 1481 
 
PHI 
 
 PHCE 
 
 each v-r the provinces, as administrative, judicial, and fisciU 
 (flicer Kach pueblo is under a native gohei-rMdorcilln, or 
 niayni , p< pulai-ly elected, and these again are assisted by 
 inferior olticers, chosen also from lists presented by the in- 
 habi'iints. 
 
 < I'uMii- revenue is derived chiefly from duties on exports 
 .mil imports: the tobacco nioniip<ily and a capitation tax, 
 n-hich in 1837 was paid by 1.305,U2 adults, of whom 901,924 
 belonged to the island of Luzon. The armed force amounts 
 to al)fiut 7000 men, of whom 700 are Spaniards, and the rest 
 Malays. 
 
 The natives are of a diverse oridn. Wild tribes, some of 
 which are extremely ferocious, still haunt the mountivins. 
 The chief mountain tribes are the Xegritog, (•■diminitive ne- 
 ^r.Hjs.") who have given their name to the island of Xegros, 
 though not confined to it; and .Etas or It.n.s. a dusky or 
 copper-colored race which, like the Dyaks of Borneo, slay 
 men for the sake of procuring their heads ; but the great 
 m!i.ss of the subjects of Spain are divided into the Tagals, 
 inhabiting I,u7,on, and the Bisayans. who inhabit the other 
 islands. These speak, respectively, the Taga and Bisayan 
 tongue, e.ich of which has a variety of dialect.?. The T.igals 
 are more devoted to agricultus-e than the Bisayan.s, who, 
 like the JIalavs. are attached to sea life and fishery. Both 
 Tagals and Bisayans unite the indolence and the ivrtistie 
 , inwnuity of the Hindoos, with the vindictiveness of the 
 ' Malays, and their passion for cock-fighting. The Chinese 
 play an important part in the Philippines. Restricted to 
 tillage by the law, their activity and address make them 
 Indispensable as mechanics, shop-keepers, and tr.aders. 
 They have civil regulatinns. and a police of their own; con- 
 form to the Komish Church, celebrate with gre.at magnifi- 
 cence the festival of their patron, St. Nicholas; .^nd being 
 envied and hated by the Indians, aid the government in 
 maintaining that balance of opposing interests on which 
 it mainly relie.s for the support of its own institutions. 
 Half-castes. Indo-European and Indo-Chinese engross much 
 of the business and wealth of the island. The independent 
 tribes are partly Mohammedans and partly heathen. The 
 subjects of Spain are professedly Roman Catholics, and un- 
 der a hierarchy, with an Archbishop of Manila at its he.id. 
 History. — The Philippines were discovered by Magellan 
 In 1520. and. after repeated expeditions, several of which 
 proved disastrous, were finally anne.xed to the Spanish do- 
 minions, and named after Philip II. They were designed 
 rather as a field of missionary than of commercial enterprise, 
 l^^ atone, if possible, for the unheai-d-of crueltii'S practised by 
 the Spaniards in America. Hence the religiou.<* orders have, 
 from the first, had great influence in the establishment and 
 institutions of the colony, and to them the land chiefly be- 
 longs. In 1762 Manila was taken, and for a short time held 
 by a British fleet. Since the loss of her continental Ameri- 
 can po.«.sessions. the Philippines are now of great importance 
 to Spain, and their productions and trade are in a state of 
 rapid development. 
 
 The total population is estim.ated at 5.000.000. of whom 
 l.lHtO.OOO belong to the Papuan negro race and independent 
 tribes; 3,700,000 are Malay Indians; 5-7,000 half-castes and 
 Chinese, and the remaining 24.1,000, Guropean and native 
 
 PHILIP'POLIS, a village of South Africa, in the Griqua 
 country. It consists of a single street of mud-cottages, a 
 Dut^h missionary chapel, built of stone, and a number of 
 mat-huts. 
 
 PIIILIPPOP'OLIS, (Turk. PaHn, fee^e-bee\) a town of 
 Kuropean Turkey, in Koom-Elee, 86 miles W.N.W. of Adria- 
 nople. on a precipitous island in the Maritza. which here 
 becomes navigable, and is crossed by several bridges. Before 
 I^IS. when it was almost destroyed by an earthquake, it had 
 .30.000 inhabitants. 20 mosques, and numerous Greek and 
 .\rmenian churches, with flourishing manufactures of wool- 
 len, silk, and cotton fabrics, leather, soap, tobacco. &c.. and a 
 considerable transit trade. It still has some manufacturing 
 industry and commerce. 
 
 PHIL'IPS, a county in the E. part of .Arkansas, border- 
 ing on the Mississippi River, which separates it from Missis- 
 sippi; area, 72.') square miles. It is drained by St. Francis 
 River. The surface is level, and the soil fertile. , The south- 
 ern part is liable to inundation, and is partly occupied by 
 Kwamps. Capital. Helena. Pop.l4,7b6; ofwhom 6936 were 
 free, and 8941 slaves. 
 
 IMm,Il»PSBURG, fef/lips-booRG\ a town of B;iden. circle 
 of the Ixiwer Rhine, 16 miles N. of Carlsruhe. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 I'HM/IPSBURG. a village of Warren co.. New Jersey, on 
 the left bank of the Delaware River, opposite EjLston in 
 l'ennsylv.ania. The Morris Canal terminates here, and a 
 substantial stone bridge crosses the Delaware. Pop. 3741. 
 
 PHIM I'SBURO. a post-village of Centre co.. Pennsylvania, 
 on the Erie Turnpike, 28 miles W. of Bellefonte. Pop. about 
 WO. ^ 
 
 PHILTPSBDRG, a post-village of Jefi^erson CO., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio River. 75 miles N.E. by N.of Marietta. 
 
 PHI I.IPSBUKG, a small village of Montgomery co.. Ohio. 
 
 PHILIP'S ISLANDS. Paciflo Ocean, in Low.Archlpelago; 
 'at. K."^ 20' S., Ion. 144° 8' W. 
 
 PHILTT'S RIVER, of Coos co., in the N. part of Ne* 
 Hampshire, a small branch of Upper Amonoosuck P>iver. 
 
 PHILIPSTAD or FILIPSTAD, fee'lip-stM\ a sm.all town 
 of Sweden, capital of an iron-mining district, 35 miles N.E. 
 of Carlstad. Pop. 800. 
 
 PHIL'IPSTOWN. a market-town, (^formerly a parlia- 
 mentary borouirh.) and assize town of Irel.arid, in Leinster, 
 King's CO., on the Grand Canal. 9 miles E.N.E. of TuU.amore. 
 Pop. 1400. Principal public edifices, an old castle, once the 
 residence of King Philip of Spain, now used as barracks; 
 two schools, a sessions-house, and a jail. 
 
 PH1LIP.ST0WN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Louth. 
 
 PHILIPSTOWN, (formerly. NU'GENT,) a parish of Ire- 
 lard, CO. of Louth. 
 
 PHIL'IPS VILLE, now BELMONT, tho capital of Alle- 
 ghany co , New York, on the Genesee River, where it ia 
 crossed by the New York and Erie Railroad, 366 miles from 
 New York city, and 92 AV. by N. of Elmira. It has several 
 barrel factories and a number of stores. The name of this 
 place hiis been changed to Bf.lmoxt. Pop. about 1400. 
 
 PHILIPSVILLE, a small village of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PHILTSBURG. fee/lis-b&RG\ or GRANDE BATE, grftxd 
 b.i, a village of the West Indies, capital of the Dutch portion 
 of the i.sland of St. JIartin. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PHII^LACK. a p.arish of England, co. of Cornwall. It 
 has a smelting-house, and large exports of copper, some of 
 the richest copper-mines in England being in its vicinity. 
 
 PHIL'LEIGH. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 PHILLIP ISLAND, .\ustralia, is opposite the mouth of 
 Western Port, 40 miles S.E. of Port Phillip. Length, 16 
 miles. 
 
 PHIL'LIP, PORT, Australia. S»e Pout Philip. 
 
 PIIIL'LIPS, a post-township in Franklin co.. Maine, on 
 the N. side of Sandy River, about 55 miles N.W. of .\ugusta. 
 Pop. 1698. 
 
 PHIL'LTPSBURG. a postrvilLage of Orange co.. New Y'ork, 
 110 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 PHILLIP8BURG, a po.«t-borough of Beaver co.. Penn.syl- 
 vania. on the left bank of the Ohio River, oppo.«ite the mouth 
 of Beaver River. 28 miles below Pittsburg. Steamlx)at-build- 
 ing is carri.'d on here. Pop. in 1S50, 473, in 1860, 4-34. 
 
 PHII/LIPSBURGir. a post-village of Canada East. co. of 
 Misslsquoi. on the shore of the Missisquoi Bay ; 22 mile!) 
 from St. John's, and 8 miles from Highgate, in Vermont 
 It is a port of entry. 
 
 PHILLIP'S CREEK, a postrofflce of Alleghany co.. New 
 Y'ork. 
 
 PHILLIPS' ISLANDS. See Pmiip Islands. 
 
 PHIL'LTI'SPORT, a post-village of Sullivan co.. New 
 York, on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, about 90 mile.i 
 S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 PHIL'LTPSTOX, a po.st-township in Worcester CO., Massa- 
 chusetts, intersected by Miller's River, 60 miles N.W. by W. 
 of Boston. Pop. 764. 
 
 PHIL'LIPSTOWN. a township of Putnam co.. New Y'ork, 
 on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 
 90 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 4530. 
 
 PHILLIPSTOWN", a po.st-village in White co., Illinois, 
 165 miles S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 PHILLIP'S VILL.^GE, a villase in Phillip's township, 
 Franklin co., M.aine. about 55 miles N.W. of Augusta. It 
 cont.ains several tanneries. 
 
 PHIIVLIPSVILLE, a village in the S.W. p.art of Oswego 
 CO., New York, on Oswego River, which here atfords valuable 
 water power. 
 
 PHILLIPSVILLR, a po.st-office of Erie co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 I'llILO. a post-oflice of Mu.skinsrum co.. Ohio. 
 
 PHII/OMATH. a post-office of Oglethorpe co.. Georgia. 
 
 PHILOMATH, a post-office of Union co.. Indi.ana. 
 
 I'HIL/OMONT. a post-village of London. co..Virginia, 12 
 miles S. of Leesburg. is situated in a rich farming district. 
 
 PHILOP'OLIS. a post-oflice of Bitltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 PHING. a prefixed name of cities in China. See Pin';. 
 
 PHING-Y-SHAN or PHING-Y-CHAN, finc-ee-shin. n 
 mountain of China, province of Quang-See. Ijit. "24'^ 53' N., 
 Ion. 10S° 24' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 PHI PPS'BURG, a post-village and township of Sagadahoe 
 CO., Maine, at the mouth of the Kennebec River, on the W. 
 side, 40 miles S. of .Augustji. Pop. 1770. 
 
 PHOCiT;A.fo-see/a, FOUGES, foo/ghls (?)or FOKI A,fi>l:ee'a, 
 written also PHOCHI.\. FOGLLiRA. a .seaport town or 
 village of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, at the entrance of the 
 Gulf of Fouges, 30 miles N.AV. of Smyrna. It is stated to 
 have a citfidel and 4000 inhabitants. 
 
 PHOC.K.A. OLD, a vill.age of Asia Minor, i\ miles to the 
 S.W. of the above. 
 
 PIUENICI.A, fe-nish'e-a, a post-oflice of Ulster co.. New 
 York. 
 
 PHfENIX. fee'nix. a post-vill.age of Oswego co.. New York, 
 on the Oswego River and Canal, 150 miles W.N.W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 I'lItENTX, a post-office of Armstrong co.. Penn.sylvania. 
 
 PIItENIX. a post-office of Edgefleb' listriit. South Caro 
 Una. 
 
PIIOE 
 
 PnCEMX. a group nf small islands in the South Padflo 
 Ocean, lat 3° 8' to 4° 30' S.. Ion. 171° 8' 30" to 17-1° W W. 
 
 I'lIO-yMXYILLE, a post-office of Windham co., Con- 
 necticut 
 
 I'UCE.NIXVILLE, a flourishing post-borough of Schuyl- 
 kill township. Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the right banlc 
 of the Schuylkill Hiver, at the mouth of French Creek, and 
 on the raihoad between Phil.adelphia and Reading. 27 miles 
 from the former, and 31 miles from the latter. The canal 
 of the Schuylkill Navigation Co. passes through the 
 place. It is the seat of e.xtensive manufactures of iron, cot- 
 ton and machinery. Tlie rolling-mill and furnaces of the 
 Plioenix Iron Company are supposed to he the largest in the 
 Union. Railroad iron, field ordnance, girders, columns, 
 bridges, &c., are made here of iron whicli is obtained in the 
 vicinity, and is of superior quality. Mines of copper and 
 le:'.d have also been opened in the township. Near this 
 tovrn the railroad passes through a tunnel of solid rock, 
 near 2000 feet in length. Phoenixville contains 8 handsome 
 churcliea, a bank, and a newspaper oftice. Pop. in 1850, 2670 ; 
 in ISCJO, 4886. 
 
 PHOOKOK, PHOUKOK or PHUKOK, foo-kok', written 
 also FUKOK and FOKWAK; (native name, KohOwh) 
 an island in the Gulfof Si.am, near its E. coast, lat. 10° X., 
 Ion. 104° E. Length, 34 miles; greatest breadth, 16 miles. 
 Surface elevated and wooded. 
 
 PITOOr/ERA. a town of North-west ITindnstan, 83 miles 
 E.S.E. of Rhawlpoor, with a decaved fort and a good bazaar, 
 
 PII0ONG.\, foong'gj, or PONOA. pong'gi. a town of Lower 
 Pi.iTti. Lat. fio l.r N.. Ion. 98° 25' E. 
 
 TTIOOPTTTN. foo'fin', a town of piam. on the W. shore of 
 theOuIfof Piam.at the mouth of the Thakham. Pop. 1200. 
 
 rnO-YANG. a lake of China. See Po-taxo. 
 
 PHRAAT. See EcpHR.tTES. 
 
 PHUI/WAR'EE. town of Rritish India, presidency of 
 Bengal, stated to comprise 1700 houses, many occupied by 
 Mohammedans of rank and education. 
 
 PIIUXUAN, a city of An.am, See IIu£. 
 
 PIIU-YEX, PHU-YEX-TRAN. foo-yjn-trdn', or PHOC- 
 YAX, foo\v,in', a town of Anam, in Cochin-China, capital of 
 3 province, on the Phu-yen River, 60 miles S. of Quinhon. 
 Lat. 13° 2,3' N.. Ion. 109° E. 
 
 I'lIYL.l?. fllee, a fortress of Greece, famous in its ancient 
 history, and the remains of which occupy a strong position 
 in a pass of Mount Parnes. 13 miles N.N.W. of Athens. 
 
 l'I.\CEXZA, pe-3-chen'zl, (anc. Placentia; Fr. Plaimnce, 
 pHVftNss',') a fortified city of N. Italy, capital of the province 
 of IMacenza, 30 miles W.N.VV. of Parma, near the right bank 
 of the I'o, a little below the influx of the Trebbia, Lat. 45° 2' 
 41" N„ Ion. 9° 41' 48" E. I'op. 39,318. It is enclosed by ram- 
 parts, used for public walks, environed by a wide fosse, de- 
 fended by a citadel, and entered by 5 gates. It presents, 
 however, '-a forlorn and de.serted aspect." with its narrow, 
 irregular streets, and dark, half decaying brick houses. It 
 has one fine square, in which are the magnificent town-hall, 
 ami two equestrian statues of two dukes of Parma: an old 
 dxical palace, now much dilapidated : a Gothic catheilral, 
 with some fine frescoes and pictures : several other chur;-hes. 
 a large hospital, orphan asylums, and numerous other chari- 
 table institutions: a college, with 3 faculties, and a library 
 of .30,000 volumes: an episcopal seminary, government pawn 
 bank, a small theatre, and public library. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollen stuffs and serges, fu.sti.ans. stockings, and 
 hats, and a large fair in April. Pope Gregory X., Cardinal 
 .\lberoni, Pallavicini. and Laurentius Valla, were natives of 
 Piacenza. In its vicinity Hannibal defeated the Romans, 
 B. c. 219. 
 
 PIACiCXZA, DUCHY OF. See Pahma, Ducht of. 
 
 PI AC1X.\, a lake and river of Siberia, See Piasina. 
 
 PI ADEN A. pe-3-dA'nd, a market-town of Lombardy, 17 
 miles E. of Cremona. Pop. 1200. 
 
 PIAGGIXE. pe-dd'je-na, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra. 10 miles N.E. of II Vallo. Pop. 140O. 
 
 PIAXA or PIANA ViVA GRECI, pe-d'ni d.Vee grA/chee, a 
 town of Sicily, 10 miles S.W. of Palermo, I'op, 5000. 
 
 PI.iXA. pe-i'ni, a river of Russia, rises near the N.W. 
 frontiers, government of Simbeei-sk, and, after a total course 
 of 1.50 mile.s. joins the Soora on the left. 
 
 PIAN CASTAGNAJO DEL MONT' AMT.4TA, pe-^n' kSs- 
 t.in-yi'6 i\i\ mont d-me-ifti, a town of Tuscany, 11 miles 
 from Arcidosso. Pop. 2883. 
 
 I'I.\N DI SCO. pe-dn' dee sko. a village of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince of Arezzo, 5 miles E. of V'igline. I'op. 2083. 
 
 Pl.VXELLA, pe-i-uJind. a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra I.. 6 miles W.N.W". of Chieti. Pop. 4300. 
 
 PIANELLO CITERIORE. pe-d-nJl1o che-tA-re-o'rA. (anc. 
 PlaneVcp?) a village of Parma, 15 miles S.W. of Piacenza. 
 Pop. 3328. 
 
 PIANEZZA, pe-d-nJfs3, a villase of the Sardinian States, 
 7 miles W.N.W. of Turin, on the Dora-B.iltea. Pop. 2141. 
 
 PIANFEI, pe-,dn-fa'ee, a village of the Sardinian States. 
 about 6 miles from Mondovi. Pop. 1710. 
 
 PI VNO, pe-3'no. a village of Northern Italy, province of 
 Beigamo, in the S. part of Val Camonica, on the Oglio. Pop. 
 4HT4 
 
 PIC 
 
 PIANO DI SORRENTO, Naples. See Sor.EEVTc-. 
 
 PI ANOS.\. pe-d-no'ad, (anc. Pkina'.da.) an islet of the Meli- 
 terraneaii, 10 miles S. of the W. cape of Elba. The surface 
 is consideralily elevated, and productive. Length, 3i miles; 
 breadth, 2^ miles. The island was left in the power of Na- 
 poleon, after his first abdication, as an annexation to Elba. 
 An agricultural colony was est.ablished on it in 1835. 
 
 PIANOSA. an Islet in the Adriatic Sea, belonging to 
 Naples, province of Capitanata, 14 miles N.E. of the Tremiti 
 Islands. 
 
 PIANURA, pe-d-noo'rd, a town of Naples, province, and 
 4 miles W. of Naples. Pop. 1100. 
 
 PIA'SA, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois. 
 
 PIASCO, pe-ds'ko, a village of the Sardinian States, about 
 6 miles from Sal uzzo. I'op. 1670. 
 
 PIASINA or PIACINA, pe-d-see'nd, a lake and river of 
 Siberia, government of Yeniseisk: the lake, lat. 70° N.. Ion. 
 92° 30' E., is SO miles in length from N. to S., 35 miles in 
 breadth, and 90 miles E, of the Gulf of Y'enisei; the river, 
 flowing from it, enters the Arctic Ocean, near lat. 73° 45' N., 
 Ion. 90° E., after a N. course of 250 miles. 
 
 PIASKI, pe-3.«'kee, a town of I'oland. government, and 14 
 miles S.E. of LuMin. on an affluent of the Wieprz. Pop. 950. 
 
 PIATKI, pe-dt'kee, a market-town of Poland, government 
 of Volhynia. 21 miles S.W. of Zhitomeer. 
 
 PIATT, pi'at. a county in the E. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 270 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 North Fork of Sangamon River, which flows in » S.W. di- 
 rection. The county consists partly of prairie and partly of 
 timbered land; the soil fertile. Named probably in honor 
 of Colonel Piatt, a Western pioneer. Capital, Monticello. 
 Pop. 6127. 
 
 PIAUHI, pe-ow-eeA a river of Brazil, rises in the E. of the 
 province of Minas (fer-aes, proceeds N.E., and joins the 
 Jequitinhonha below Salto Grande. 
 
 PIADHI or PIAUHY. a river of Brazil, province of Piauhi, 
 after a N. course of 300 miles, joins the Caninde on the 
 right. 70 miles N.W. of Oeiras. 
 
 PIAUHI or PIAUHY, a province of Brazil, between lat. 
 2° 42' and 11° 20' S., and Ion. 40° 30' and 47° W., having N. 
 the Atlantic, and N.W. the province of JIaraBao, from which 
 it is separated by the river Parnahiba, to which all its 
 rivers are tributary. Area, estimated at 82,595 square 
 miles. Pop. 80.000. The surface is mostly a plain, with a 
 slope N.W., and consists chiefly of rich pasturages, on wliich 
 large herds of cattle are reared. Timber is scarce. The pro- 
 vince contains some silver, iron, and lead-mines. Chief 
 towns. Oeiras and Parnahiba. 
 
 PI AVE, pe-d/vA, a river of Austrian Italy, rises in the 
 Alps, near l.iientz, flows southerly and enters the Adriatic at 
 Porto-di-Cortellazzo. 22 miles E.N.E. of Venice. Length. 125 
 miles. Under the French it gave name to a department, of 
 which Belluno -was the capital. 
 
 PIAVOZERO, pe-d'vo-zd'ro, a lake of Russia, in the W. of 
 the government of Archangel, aljout 50 miles long by about 
 15 miles broad. It receives the waters of Lake Toppo at its 
 S.E. extremity, find discharges itself at the N.E. into Lake 
 Kovdo. 
 
 PI.iZZA, pe-dfsd. a city of Sicily, province, and 17 miles 
 E.S.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 20,310. It has a cathedral, se- 
 veral other churches, 4 convents, a college and hospital, 
 with some manufactures of woollen cloth and caps, and a 
 bri.sk trade in corn, oil, fruits, and otheragricultural produce. 
 
 1*I.\ZZ0LA. pe-dt/so-ld, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 
 11 miles N.N.W. of Padua, near the Brenta, noted for the 
 vast palace of the Contarini family. 
 
 PICA, pee'kd, or TICA, tee/kd, a village and small river of 
 South Peru, department of Arequipa, near the Pavilion de 
 Pica, a headland on the Pacific Oce.in. .50 miles S.of Iquicjue. 
 
 PIC'ARDY or PICARDIE. (Fr. La Picardif., Id pee'kaaMeo'; 
 L. Picar'dia.) an old province in the N. of France, having 
 N.W. and W'. the English Channel. It is now subdivided 
 among the departments of Aisne, Somme, Oiso, I'as-de-Ca- 
 lais. and Yonne. 
 
 I'lCASENT, pe-kd-slnV, a village of Spain, province, and 
 9 miles from Valencia. Pop. 2121. 
 
 PIC^ATTUNE', a post-ofHce of Warren co., Illinois, 45 miles 
 N.E. of Nauvoo. 
 
 PICCOLA PIODA, a village of Northern Italy. See 
 
 PlOLTELLO. 
 
 PICENTIA See AcERXO. 
 
 PICERNO. pe-ch?ii'no. a town of Naples, province of Ba- 
 .silicata, district, and 8 miles W. of Potenza. Pop. 4000. It 
 has manufactures of silk and woollen goods. 
 
 PICHINCIIA, pe-chin*chd or pe-cheen'chd, a volcano of 
 South America, in Ecuador, in the West Cordillera of the 
 Andes,!! miles W.N.W. of Quito, lat. 0° 11' 32'' S., Ion. 78° 
 55' W., 15.924 feet in elevation, its upper 200 feet being al- 
 ways covered with snow. 
 
 PICHU-PICHU. pe-choo-pe-choo.' a volcano of South Peru, 
 immediately N. of Arequipa, rises to near the limit of per- 
 petual snow. 
 
 PICINISCO, pe-che-nis'ko, a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro. 15 miles E.S.E. of Sora. Pop. 2700. 
 
 PIOK'AWAY, a county in the S. central part of Ohio. ha.s 
 
 1483 
 
PIC 
 
 iin area of ilfi square miUs. It is traversed from X. t« S. 
 ,1V Scioto Kiver. and also drained by Dar^y. Deer, and M'al- 
 nut Creeks. The surface is level, diversified by forests and 
 praiiies. The celebrated I'ickaway Tlains. 3^ miles ?. of 
 '"^rcleville. are said to be the richest in Ohio. This county 
 i« intersected bv the Ohio Canal, and by the Zanesville. 
 Wilmington and Cincinnati Railrotid. Pickaway is a cor- 
 ruption^nr mis-spellini of Piqua, the name of an Indian 
 trilie. Capital, Circle^lle. Pop. 23,469. 
 
 PlCIi A WAY, a township of Pickaway co..Ohio. Pop. 1476. 
 
 PICKAWAY PLAINS, a post-office of Monroe co., W. 
 Viigiuia. 
 
 PICK'EXHAM. XoRTH. a parish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 PICKKXIIAM, South, a parish of England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 PICK'EXS, a district forming the X.W. extremity of 
 South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina and Georgia, 
 has an area of 1060 square miles. The Chatt^xiga Hivet 
 forms its boundary on the N.W.. the Tugaloo, on the S.W.. 
 and the Saluda on the X.E. ; it is drained by the sources of 
 the Kiowee River, and by numerous creeks. The surface 
 in some parts is mountainous, the district occupying the 
 S.E. declivity of the Blue Kidge. Table-Rock Mountain, in 
 the N. part of the district.' rises 4000 feet above the sea, and 
 is a place of great res-ort. A large portion of the soil is fer- 
 tile. Named in honor of General Andrew Pickens, an ofBcer 
 in the war of the Revolution. Capital, Pickens Court-IIouse. 
 Pop. 19.639, of ■whnin l.'i.4U were free, and 4195 slaves. 
 
 PICKENS, a county in the W. part of Alabama, bordering 
 on Mississippi, has an area of 1U20 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Tomliigliee and Sipsey Rivers, which 
 unite on the S. border. It is also drained by Lubbub Crpek. 
 The surface is hilly or undulating: the soil generally fer- 
 tile. Capital, Pickens Cotirt-House. Pop. 22,316. of whom 
 10.1 2;i were free, an I i?.191 slaves. 
 
 PICKENS COURT-HOUSE, capital of Pickens district. 
 South Carolina. 144 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. It is situ- 
 ated near Kiowee River, a branch of the Savannah, in a 
 hillj- district, which abounds in valuable minerals. The 
 village contains a court-house, jail, an academy, and a news- 
 paper office. 
 
 PICK'ENSVILLE. a post-village of Pickens district, South 
 Carolina, 120 miles W.N.W. ofX>)lumbia. 
 
 PICKENSVILLE. a thriving post-village of Pickens co.. 
 Alabama, on the Tombigbee River, about 180 miles W.N.W. 
 of Montgomery. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats. The 
 village contains 2 flourishing seminaries, named the Pick- 
 ensville Female Institute, and Pickensville High School. 
 Pop. in 1*^50. 276. 
 
 PICKERELTOWN, a post-office of Logan co., Ohio. 
 
 PICK'ERIXG, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of York. North Riding, with a station on the York and 
 Xorth Midland Railway, 18 miles S.S.W. of Whitby. Pop. 
 of town, in 1S,^1. 2.511. The town, picturesquely situated, is 
 antiquely built, and has a fine old church, an endowed 
 school, a union work-house, and the ruins of a castle in 
 which Richard II. was confined prior to his removal to 
 Pontefract. The honor of Pickering comprises several ma- 
 nore under the duchy of Lancaster. 
 
 PICK ERIXG, a parish of Upper Canada, district of Home, 
 on the N. shore of Lake Ontario. 
 
 PICKERING, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PICKERIXG CREEK, of Chester co.. Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Schuylkill Kiver about 1 mile below Phoenix- 
 ville. 
 
 PICK'ERXXGTON. a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, 
 about 15 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PICKET'S CORNERS, a post-office of Cass Co.. Michigan. 
 
 PICK'UILL, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 I'ICK'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 PICK'WORTH. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 PICKAVOKTH. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 PICO, pee'ko. one of the .Azores Islands, in the .Atlantic, 
 its volcanic peak 7613 feet in height, in lat. 38° 28' N.. Ion. 
 2S° 26' W. Area, 254 square miles. Pop. 36,000. Surface 
 covered with Lava; the culture of the vine and fi.shing are 
 the chief branches of industry, and provisions are mostly 
 imported from Fayal. Principal towns Lagos, Magdaleua. 
 and San Rocco. 
 
 P1C0L.\TA, a post-office of St. John's co.. Florida. 
 
 PICO TURQUINO, amouut-iinofCuba. ' See Tvrqulvo. 
 
 PICQUIGNY, peek'keenVee'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of S<imme, on the left bank of the Somme, and on the 
 Amiens Railway, 8 miles \.W. of .imiens. Pop. 1540. 
 
 PICTAVl. See Poictiers. 
 
 PICn'ON, the capital of the county of Prince Edward, in 
 Canada West, situated on the Bay of Quiutfi. 40 miles 
 S.S.E. of Kingston, and 22 miles from Belleville. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, churches of 5 denominaUons, 
 agencies of 3 lift assurance companies. 2 branch banks, about 
 15 stores, and manufactories for steam engines, machinery 
 h«n castings, ic. The value of exports in 1851, was $17,808, 
 Df Imports, $U,280, all from the United States. Pop. about 
 1600. 
 
 PICTO0, plk'too', a town of Australia, in New South 
 1484 
 
 PIE 
 
 Wales, CO. of Camden, 46 miles S.W. of Sydney, on the Stouo- 
 quarry Rivulet. 
 
 PICTOU. pik-too', a county of Nova Scotia, bordering on 
 Nortiiumberland Strait. Except an elevation called Mount 
 Tom. the surface is nearly level, and intersected with nume- 
 rous streams, flowing chiefly into Merigomi.^h, Pictou, and 
 Carriboo Harbors, on its coast. The soil is remarkably fertile. 
 The rock that underlies the surface is the Devonian lime- 
 stone. The county contains rich mines of coal and iron ora 
 The coal deposites comprise ten strata ; the main coal band 
 is 33 feet in thickness, with 24 feet of good coal. Next to 
 Halifax, Pictou is the most populous county in Nova Scotia. 
 It is settled mostly by Scotch lliiihlanders. Capital, Pictoii. 
 Pop. in 1851. 25.593. 
 
 PICTOU. a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of Pictfiu 
 count5'. .situated at the head of a harbor of its own name, 
 opening into Northumberland Strait., .^bout 85 miles N.N.K. 
 of Halifax. Lat. 45° 41' N., Ion. 62°40' W. It is situated in 
 a fertile and well-cultivated di-iitrict. containing extensive 
 coal-mines and quarries of building stone. In 1850, 58,368 
 tons of coal were exported from these mines to the United 
 States. The harbor is said to be the finest on the S. shore 
 of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. .\t the S. side of its entrance 
 is a light-house, with a fixed light 65 feet above the sea. 
 The town is well built, and has an academy, library, and 
 a grammar school. The total value of exports in 1S53, 
 am"ciunted to 199,096?., of which 176,110i. was to Great Britain, 
 and 19.602Z. to the United States. 
 
 I'IDAA'UO, a marihuie village of Greece. See Epii).\CRt:s. 
 
 PID'DINGHOE, a piirish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PID'DINGTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 PIDDINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 PID'PLE HINTON. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PIDDLE. NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 PID'DLETOWN. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PID'DLETliENT'HlDE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PID'LEY, a p.arish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 PIED.\D, pe-A-did', a village of Mexico, on the -\capuIco 
 Road, about 1| miles S.W. of the capital. It v.-as occupied 
 as the advanced p'ist of the Americans previous to the at- 
 tack upon Chapultepec. 
 
 Pift DI CAVALLO, pe-U dee kd-vjno, a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division of Turin, about 10 miles N. of 
 Biella. on the Cervo. Pop. 2186. 
 
 PIEDIMONTE, pe-.i-de-mon'tA, a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, 20 miles N.N.E. of Caserta. Pop. 6600. 
 It stands in a fertile plain, at the foot of the .Apennines, 
 and has a royal palace, and manufactures of coarse woollen 
 cloths, caps, and paper. 
 
 PIEDIMONTE DI SAN GERMANO, pe-A-de-mon't.i dee 
 sin jfir-mi'no, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 
 16 miles S.S.E. of Sora. with 1500 inhabitants, several 
 churches, and a large annual fair. 
 
 PIEDMOXT, (peed'mont.) I'rincipalitt of, (It. PifTtwnte, 
 pe-A-mon't.'l, i. e. Pie di Monte, or the " foot of the moun- 
 tain."') a country of Europe, in North Italy, forming the 
 metropolitan .ind central portion of the Sardinian States, 
 of wliich it now forms the divisions of Turin. Coni, Ales- 
 saiidiia. .A.osta. and Novara. Lat. 44° 10' to 46° 25' N., Ion. 
 6° 25' to 9° 10' E. It is bounded N. by SwitzerLind, E. 
 by Switzerland, Austrian Itah\ and the duchy of Parma, 
 S. bv the divisions of Genoa and Nice, W. bj' France, and 
 N.W. by Savoy. Greatest length, from N.N.E. to S S.W., 
 168 miles: greatest breadth, 130 miles. Area, 11,913 square 
 miles. The loftiest ranges of the Alps, the Lepontine and 
 I'ennine, enciicle it on the N. and N.W.. the Grecian and 
 Cottian Alps on the VV., and the Maritime Alps and the 
 .Apennines on the S., by Ltgo Maggiore and the Lake Ti- 
 cino. The space enclos«l within these barrier forms one of 
 the most beautiful and fertile portions in Europe, com- 
 mencing on the N., the S., and the W.. in majestic moun- 
 tains, and thence descending by magnificent terraces and 
 finely undulating slopes to the rich plains of the Po, by 
 which river and its affluents, the Tanaro, Bormida, Clu- 
 sone. Dora. Sesia. <tc., it is wholly drained. Its E. part 
 forms a portion of the great plain of Lombardy, is carefully 
 irrigated, and of high fertility ; much of it is in pasturage, 
 and large herds of cattle are reared, as in the adjacent Mila- 
 nese territor}". A surplus of corn over home consumption 
 is pr'^duced, and supplies the territory bordering on the 
 Medi Tj-anean as far as Toulon. Wheat, maize, barley, 
 rice, hemp, and fruits are the principal crops: wines are of 
 inferior quality, and oil is produced only in sni.iU quantitiee ; 
 the silk is among the best in Italy. The mineral product* 
 comprise iron, lead, copper, marble, sulphur, manganese, 
 cobalt, and small quantities of the precious metals. The 
 principal manufactures are silk fabrics and organzine, ho- 
 siery, woollen and linen goods, brandy and liqueurs, glass 
 and iron wares. The inh.ibitants are nearly all Roman 
 Catholics, except about 20.000 Vaudois Protestants in the 
 Alpine valleys. The chief town? of the Sardinian dominions, 
 are Turin, (the capital.) Alessandria, Asti. Coni, Noiiirv 
 Vercelli, Pinerolo, Susa, and Aosta. The great ri.u'es of 
 the Siraplon. .Mount Cenis, St. Bernard, and the Col de 
 Tenda cross the Alps into Piedmont. Pop. in 1848. 2,):<-i.l32. 
 
PIE 
 
 PIE 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Piedmoxtese. peed'mon-teez' : (It. PlE- 
 
 MOMESK. pe-A-mon-tA's.'i.) 
 
 PI KDMONT, a village of Hampshire co., West Virginia, 
 on the N. Branch of the Potomac Kiver, and on the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Kailroafl. 206 miles W. of Baltimore. It con- 
 tains machine-shops of the railroad company. 
 
 PTKDMONT. a post-village of Harris CO., Georgia, 11.5 miles 
 W.S.W. of MilledgeviDe. 
 
 PIEDMONT STATION, a post-village of Fauquier co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 61 miles W. of Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 PIEDRABUENA. pe-i"Dra-bw,Vnil, a village of Spain, in 
 New Castile, 15 miles W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2600. 
 
 PIEDKAHITA, pe-;l'nrd-ee'td, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 32 miles W.X.W. of Avila. Pop. 847. It has remains 
 "f ancient walls and fortifications. 
 
 PIEDRAS, pe-MlrSs, (i. e. " rocks,") a headland of the Gulf 
 of Mexico, department, and 65 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz. 
 
 PIEDRAS, pe-a'drds, a headland in the Plata Confedera- 
 tion, and estuary, department, and 90 miles S.E. of Buenos 
 Ayres. 
 
 PIEDRAS, pe-cVdris, a town of South America, in Vene- 
 fuela, department of Orinoco, on the river Orinoco, 65 mile 
 VV'.S.W. of Anf;ostura. 
 
 PIEDRAVALES, pe-A-Brd-vilJs, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 23 miles S. of Avila. I'op. 732. 
 
 PIEDS-NOIRS, a tribe of Indians. See Bwckfeet. 
 
 PIELIS, pe-inis, PIEIJSIARVT, PIELISJARWl, pe-i'- 
 lis-yan/vee, written al.so PIELISJOEROI, a lake of Finland, 
 Ispn. and 60 miles E.N.E. of ICuopio, between lat. 62° 55' and 
 63° 35' N., and Ion. 29° and .30° 20' E. Length. 56 mile.s : great- 
 est breadth, 16 miles. The river Piulis carries its .surplus 
 waters S. into Lake Ornovesi. On its E. side is the village 
 of Pielis. 
 
 PIEMONTE. See Piedmont. 
 
 PIEMONTI, pe-A-mon'tee, a town of Naples, province, and 
 S.E. of Naples- Pop. 1200. 
 
 PIENZA. pe-Jn'za. a town of Tuscany, province of Sienna, 
 5 miles S.W. of Montepulciano. Pop. 3000. It has a college 
 and a diocesan seminary, and was erected into a munici- 
 pality and a bishop's see by Pope Pius II., a native of the 
 town. 
 
 PIERCE, a new county in the W. part of Wisconsin, con- 
 tains iiliout 540 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 St. Croix River, and on the S.M'. by the Mississippi, and is 
 drained by the Rush and .^lenomonee Rivers. The surface 
 is diversified by prairies and forests. It was formed in 1851 
 bv a division of St. Croix county. Capital, Ellsworth or 
 Prescott. Pop. 4672. 
 
 PIERCE, a former county in the S.E. central part of Min- 
 nesota. The Minnesota or St. Peters River forms its boun- 
 dary on the S.W., and the North Fork of Crow River on the 
 N.E., and it is drained by the Minni-Wakan, and the South 
 Fork of Crow River. The surface is elevated and rolling: 
 the soil is generally fertile. This county lias been divided, 
 and is now mostly included in the counties of Nicollet, Sil>- 
 ley. and McLeod. 
 
 PIERCE, a new county in the N.W. part of Washington 
 Territory, on tlie E. side of Puget Sound. Named in honor 
 of E.Y-President Franklin Pierce. Formed since 1850. Capi- 
 tal. Steilaooom. Pop. 1115. 
 
 PIERCE, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pfennsylvania. 
 
 PIERCE, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee. 
 
 PIERCE, a post-office of .Tones co., Iowa. 
 
 PIERCE, a po.st-office of Will co.. Illinois. 
 
 l'II5RCET0N, peers'tpu, a post-office of Kosciusko co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 PIERCETOWN, a post-office of Anderson district, South 
 Caiolina. 
 
 PIERCEVILLE, peers'vil, a post-office of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 PIERCEVILLE. a post-office of Bedford co.. Virginia. 
 
 PIERCEVILLE, a post-office of Do Kalb co.. Al.-ibama. 
 
 PIERCEVILLE, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia. 
 
 PIERCEVILLE, a small village of Washtenaw co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 PIERCEVILLE, a post-office of Cleveland county, North 
 Coroliiin- 
 
 PIER'MONT, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 00 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 949. 
 
 PIEIIMONT, a po.st-village of Orangetown township, Roek- 
 lanii CO., New York, on the Hudson River, at the terminus 
 of the Erie liailroad. 24 miles above New York. It is plea- 
 e.iotly situated at the N. extremity of the Palisades, with 
 hi.^h hills in the rear, and has a pier 1 mile long, extending 
 Into the river. Here is an extensive depot and machine 
 shops of the railroad company. The adjacent hills are dotted 
 with cottages or country seats. Pop. estimated at 1800. 
 
 PIERPONT, a post-township in the central part of St. 
 Lawrence co.. New York. The village of East Pierpont is 4 
 miles from Potsdam. Pop. 2267. 
 
 PIERPONT, a post-village and township in the E. part of 
 -Ashtabula county, Uhio, 2l8 miles iN.fJ. ot Columbus. Pop. 
 
 PIERPONT PLACE, a post office of DeWitt co., Texxs. 
 
 PIERRE, La. 13 pe-aip.', an islet of the English Channel, 
 off the coast of the French departn)ent of llie-et-Vilaiu>', 13 
 miles N.E. of St. Malo. It is defended by a fort. 
 
 I'lERRE B.WOU, pe-air bi'oo. a small stream of Missiifi- 
 sippi, rises in Copiah county, and flows into the Missisiin i 
 near the S.W. extremity of Clairborne county. 
 
 PIERRE BUFFIERE, pe-aip,' burfe-aiR', a town of France, 
 department of Haute- Vienne, on the Briance, 10 miles S.S.E 
 of Limoges. Pop. 1012. The celebrated surgeon, Dupuytren. 
 was born here. * 
 
 PIERREFITTE, pe-aiR'feet/, several villages of France, the 
 principal in the department of Meuse on the Aire, 16 miles 
 N.W. of Commerey. Pop. 646. 
 
 PIERREFOND, pe-aiR'fAse', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Oise, 8 miles S.E. of Cumpifegne, with 1510 in- 
 habitants, and a ruinei feudal fortress. 
 
 PIER REPORT, pe-aiR^foR'. a town of France, department 
 of Cantal, 19 miles E.S.E. of Aurillac. Pop. 1275. 
 
 PIERRELATTE, pe-aiu^Idtf, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Drome, 13 miles S. of Montelimart, near the left 
 bank of the Rhone, on the railway from Lyons to Avignon. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3483. 
 
 PIERRE PERTUIS. pe-aiR' pJnHwee', a naturally exca- 
 vated passage in the Jura Mountains, in Switzerland, 19 
 miles N.W. of Bern, on the road between Bienne and Po- 
 rentruy, 40 feet in height, and from 10 to 12 feet in breadth, 
 and in which is a Roman inscription. 
 
 PIERREPONT (peer'pont) MANOR, a post-village of Jef 
 ferson co.. New Y^ork, on the Watertown and Rome Railroad, 
 18 miles S.S.W. of Watertown, and the same distance from 
 Sackett"s Harbor. 
 
 PIERSON, peor's^n, a township of Vigo county, Indiana, 
 Pop. 1241. 
 
 PIERSON, a Po.st-office of Mecosta co.. Michigan. 
 
 PIETERLEN, pee/tgr-lgn, or PERLES, paiRl. a town and 
 parish of Switzerland, canton, and 17 miles N.N.W. of Bern. 
 Pop. 1.332. 
 
 i'lETERMARITZBURG, pee'tfr-mar'its-btlKO, the capital 
 of the British colonial territorv of Natal, in South Africa, 
 50 miles N.W. of Port Natal, l^'op. about 2000. 
 
 PIETOLE, pe-A'to-li, a village and fort of Lombardy, - 
 miles S.E. of Mantua, on the Slincio. I'op. 1000. It occu- 
 pies the site of ancient Andes, tlie birthplace of Virgil. 
 
 1'II;TR.\. pe-A'trd, a small town of the Sardiniiin States, 
 division, and on the Gulf of Genoa, province, and 8 miles 
 N.N.E. of Albenga. Pop. 2056. 
 
 PIETRA ABBONDANTE, pe-i'trd dbnion-ddn/tA. a town 
 of Naples province of Molise, 13 miles N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 PIETRA CAMELA, po-i'trd kJ-mAOi a town of Naple-s, 
 province of Abruzzo IJltra I., 12 miles S.W. of Teramo. 
 I'op. lOiX). 
 
 PIETRA CATELLA, pe-A'tii kil-tJlld. a town of Naples, 
 province of JIolise,14 miles E.N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 3000. 
 
 I'lETItA DE FUSI, pe-A/trd foo'see, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Principato Ultra, IJ miles N.E. of Montefusco. 
 Pop. 4.300. 
 
 PIETRA DI MONTE CORVINO, pe-A'trd de mon'tA koR- 
 vee'no, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 4 milea 
 S.S.E. of Castelnuovo. Pop. 2200. 
 
 PIETRA FERRANZA. pe-A'tri fjR-Rdn'zd, a town of Na- 
 ples, province of Abruzzo Citra. S. of Lanciano. Pop. 500. 
 
 PIETRA FESA. pe-A'trd fA'sd. a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Basilicata. 12 miles S.W. of Pot^nza. Pop. 2400. 
 
 PIETRA GALLA, pe-A'trd gdl'ld. a market-town of Na- 
 ples, province of Basilicata, 8 miles N.N.E. of Potenza. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 PIETRAIN, pe-A'tr^N"', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1311. 
 
 I'lETRALCINA, pe-A'trdl-ehee'nd. a market-town of Na- 
 ples, province of Principato Ultra, 13 miles W.N.W. of 
 Ariano. Pop. 2400. 
 
 PIETRAMALA, pe-A'trd-mdld, a village of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince, and 23 miles N.N.E. of Florence, at the foot of Monte 
 di Fo, in the Apennines. Near it are two remarkable dis- 
 engagements of gas, one of which is perpetually burning. 
 
 PIETR.\MALA. a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra. near the coast S. of Ajello. 
 
 PIETRA MELLARA, pe-A'trd mJl-ld'rd. a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro. at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, li miles N. of Capua. Pop. 1600. 
 
 PIETRA PERTOSA, pe-.A/trd pjn-to'sd, a town of Naples, 
 province of Basilicata, 16 miles E.S.E. of I'otenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PIETRAPERZIA, pe-A'trd-p^Rd'zee-d, a town of Sicily, 5 
 miles S.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 8500, who trade in com, 
 almonds, and pistachios. Near it are some sulphur-mines. 
 
 PIETRA ROJA, pe-A'trd ro'yd. a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, 7 miles E.S.E. of Piedimonte, 
 derives its name from the red marble qu.arried in its vicinity. 
 
 PIETRASANTA, pe-AHrd-sdn'td. a town of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince, and 17 miles N.N.W. of Pisa. Pop. 4470. 
 
 PIETRA STORNINA. pe-.A'trd stoR-nee'nd, a market-town 
 of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 7 miles N.W. of 
 Avellino. I'op. 2C00. 
 
 PIETREBAIS, pe-AHrfh-bA', (Ch.apelle, shd'pJll', or 9t. 
 
 1485 
 
PIE 
 
 PIK 
 
 L.MiRENT, sSn'' JoVSx''.) a town of Belgium. proTince of 
 Biabant, 18 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop, 1169. 
 
 1'IETKO-AD-SII'HI.M, pe-A'troad-see'fim, a vill.ige of Na- 
 ples, province of Principato Citra, X.W. of Salerno. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 PIETRO-A-PATIERXO, pe-i'tro-i-pJ-te-6R'no, (anc.PfUr'- 
 »«»*') a village of Naples, province of .Naples. Pop. 2450. 
 
 PIETRO-AVELLAXA, pe-A'tro-d-vJl-ll'nl. a town of Xar 
 pies, province of Molise, 15 miles X. of Isernia. Pop. 1200. 
 
 PIETRO-IX-CALATIXA. pe-A'tro-in-ki-ld-tee'u4, a town of 
 \aples, province of Otranto, 1i miles S. of Lecoe. George 
 Castriotto, surnamed Scanderbeg, with an arnij- of 15,000, 
 here defeated a tenfold larger army of Turks. Pop. 7750. 
 
 PIETRO-DI-MARDA, pe-4'troKiee-maR'dil, a town of Na- 
 ples, province of Calabria Ultra II., S. of Xicastro, almost en- 
 tirely destroyed bv an earthquake in 1783. 
 
 PIETRO-ix-FINE, pe-4'tro-in-fee'n.l, a town of Xaples, pro- 
 vince of Lavoro, 27 miles S.E. of Sora. It has 2 churches 
 and a hospital. Pop. 1000. 
 
 PIETRO-i.\-LAM.\. pe-i'tro-in-ld'm3, a town of Naples pro- 
 vince of Otranto. S. W. of Lecce. Pop. 1250. 
 
 PIETRO JIOXCORVIXO, pe-i^tro mnn-koR-vee'no, a mar- 
 ket-town of Xaples, province of Capitanata, 17 miles S.W of 
 Severe. Pop. aOOO. 
 
 PIETRO-VAIRANO, pe-A/tro-vi-ri'no, a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 16 miles N. of Capua. 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 PIETRO-VERNOTICO, pe-i'tro-vSR-not'e-ko, a town of 
 Naples, province of Otranto, 10 miles X'.W. of Lecce. Pop. 
 1500. 
 
 PIECX, Les, li pe-uh', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Manche. 12 miles S.W. of Cherbourg. Pop. 1621. 
 
 PIEVE, pe-A/vA, a village of Northern Italy, province, and 
 8 miles S. of Milan, on the Lambro. Pop. 1001. 
 
 PIEVE or PIEVE DEL TECCO, pe-A/vi dM t^kOco, a town 
 of Italv, in the Sardinian dominions, 13 niUes X.W. of Oneg- 
 lia. Pop. 3098. 
 
 PIEVE DEL CAIRO, pe-A'vA del ki'ro, a town of Italy, di- 
 vision of Novara, province of Lomellina, near the Po, 14 
 miles S.S.E. of Mortara. Pop. 2S55. 
 
 PIEVE DI CADORE, a town of Italy. See Cadorb. 
 
 PIEVE D'OLMI, pe-i'vA dol'mee, a town of Italy, in Lom- 
 bardv, 6 miles S.E. of Cremona. Pop. 2600. 
 
 PIEVE PORTO MOROXE, pe-i'vA poR'to mo-ro'ni, a town 
 of Northern Italy, province and E.S.E. of Pavia, on the 
 left bank of the Po. Pop. 3015. 
 
 PIEVE SAN GIACOMO, pe-ATvA sin ji'ko-mo, a vUlage of 
 Northern Italy, province of Cremona. Pop. 1015. 
 
 PIEVE SAN GIOVANNI, pe-4'vA sin jo-vln'nee, a village 
 of Austrian Italy, province, and S.E. of Mantua, near the 
 right bank of the Po. Pop. 1015. 
 
 PIEVE SANTO-STEFAXO, pe-A'vA s3n'to-stA-fA'no, a mar^ 
 ket-town of Tuscany, province of Florence, 16 miles N.E. of 
 Arezzo, on the Tiber, near its source. Pop. 31)00. 
 
 PIF'FARD, a post-oflSce of Livingston co.. New York. 
 
 PIG KON, pij'tin, a township of Vanderburg co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1079. 
 
 PIGKON, a township of Warrick co., Indiana. Pop. 1204. 
 
 PIGEON CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Gibson co., and 
 entei-s the Ohio at Evansville. 
 
 PIGEON CREEK, a post-village of Ralls co., Missouri, 80 
 miles N.E. by N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 PIGEON FORGE, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee. 
 
 PIGEON GROVE, a postoffice of Columbia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 PIGEON ISLANDS, in the Grecian Archipelago, are 4 
 miles S.E. of Milo. 
 
 PIGEON RIVER, of Alabama, rises in Butler co., and en- 
 ters Sepulga River near Brooklyn. 
 
 PIGKOX RIVER, of Indiana and Michigan, rises in Steu- 
 ben county of the former state, and enters the St. Joseph's 
 River in the S.E. corner of Cass county, Michigan. Its di- 
 rection is W.X.W. It furnishes valuable water-power. 
 
 PIGEON RIVER, a postofflce of Haywood co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PIGEON ROOST, a post-office of Choctaw co.. Missi^ippi 
 
 PIGEON RUN, a post-office of Campbell co., VirginLa. 
 
 PIG ISLAND, an island of the South P.icitic Ocean, in 
 Louisiade Archipelago. Lat. ll'^20' N., Ion. 153° 15' E. The 
 natives are dark copper-colored. They are a dangerous race, 
 and not to be trusted. 
 
 PIG'LESTHORXE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 FIONA, peen'yi a market-town of Sardinia, province of 
 San Remo, 27 miles X. of Xlce. Pop. 2770. 
 
 PIG NAN, peenVfisa', a town of France, department of 
 
 - — ^. - V. .u. , ivf uiiic» 0.1:4. VI x>riguoij 
 It has copper-works and paper mills. 
 
 PIGXATARO, peen-yi-ti'ro. a village of Naples, province 
 Of Lavoro. X .W. of Caserta. Pop. 1980. 
 
 mo v/*'w?.'^ * *°''° °,^ Northern Italy. See PiXEROW. 
 _I_IUN0NK,. peen-yo'nA, a villaue of the Siirriininn Sf«« 
 
 .village of the Sardinian States, 
 
 tlvision of Genoa, not far from Levanto. Pop 1895 
 PIJAX or PIDJAX,pee*jin',atown of Chinese Too'rkistan, 
 
 JO miles E. ofTurJan. 
 14S6 
 
 PIJAN or PIDJAN, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 60 
 miles W. of .iksoo (Aksou.) The ruins of Old Pijan (or PM- 
 jan) are 140 miles E.N.E. of Kashgar. 
 
 PIKE, pik, a county in the E..\.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on New Jersey, has an area of 600 square miles. 
 The Delaware River forms its entire boundary ou the X.E. 
 and ou the S.E. ; it is drained also by the Lackawaxen and 
 Shohola Creeks. Bushkill Creek forms part of the S. lx>uud- 
 ary. The surface is uneven and hilly ; the soil is generally 
 thin and stony. A large part of the" county is a wilderness 
 of scrubby oaks. Sandstone and slate are the principal 
 rocks. The Delaware and Hudson Canal traverses the X. 
 part of the county, and the New York and Erie Railroad 
 pas.ses along the X.E. border. Organized in 1814, and named 
 (as well as those which follow) in honor of General Zebulon 
 Pike. Capital. Milford. Pop. 7156. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the W. central part of Georgia, has an 
 area of 390 square miles. It is traversed in the X.W. part 
 by Flint River, which afterwards forms its W. boundary; 
 and also drained by the Big Potato. Elkins, Flat, Rose. aiid 
 South Towaliga Creeks. The S. part of the county is hilly ; 
 the soil is moderately fertile. The rocks which underlie 
 the surface are primary, containing iron ore. It is inter- 
 sected by the Macon and Western Railroad. Organized in 
 1s2j. Cai>ital, Zebulon. Pop. 10,078, of whom o3o0 were 
 free, and 4722 were slaves. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the S.E. part of Alabama, has an area 
 of 1330 square miles. Conecuh River rises in the county. 
 .and Pea River flows through it. The suiface is extensively 
 covered by forests of pine. The soil is moderately fertile. 
 Capital. Troy. Pop. 24,435, of whom 15,CaU were free, and 
 S7S.'i slaves. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, bordering on 
 liOuisiana, has an area of about 780 square miles. Baynu 
 Chitto flows nearly through the middle of the county. The 
 soil is sandy, and not very rich. Capital. HolmesviUe. Pop. 
 11,135, of whom 6200 were tree, and 4935 slaj'es. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas ; area, about 
 660 square miles. It is drained by the Little Missouri 
 River. The surfece is partly occupied by mountains and 
 hills, in which silver, iron, lead, zinc, cobalt, stone coal, and 
 alabaster are found. The highlands are well adapted to the 
 pasturage of sheep, and the lowlands to the growth of grain. 
 Capital, Murfreosborough. Pop. 4025, of whom 3798 were 
 free, and 227 slaves. 
 
 PIKE, a county forming the E. extremity of Kentucky, 
 hordering on Virginia, contains an area estimated at 400 
 square miles. It is drained by the forks of the Di;; Sandy 
 River. The surface is hilly and broken, having the Cum- 
 berland Mountain near the E. border. Extensive beds of 
 bituminous coal, from 5 to 8 feet thick, have been opened, 
 and some iron is found. Formed in 1821. Capital, I'ike- 
 ville. Pop. 7384, of whom 7287 were free, and 97 slaves. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area of 
 about 445 square miles. It is intersected by the Sciotc 
 River and by the Ohio Canal, and also drained by Beaver 
 nnd Sunfish Creeks. The surface is generally hilly, and 
 the soil fertile. Capit.il. Waverly. Pop. 13.*>43. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, contains 
 about 300 square miles. It is intersected by Patoka Creek, 
 and bounded on the X". by White River. The surface is 
 nearly level, and the greater part of the soil is fertile. Coal 
 of good quality is abundant. The county is intersected by 
 the Wabash and Erie Canal. Organized" in 1817. Capitil, 
 Petersburg. Pop. 10,078. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the W. part of Illinois, bordering on 
 Missouri, has an area of about 750 square miles. It exteiids 
 from the Illinois River on the E. to the Mississippi, which 
 forms its S.AV. boundary. It is traversed by a side-channel 
 of the Mississippi, called Snycartee Slough, and also drained 
 by McKee"s. Bay, and Little Muddy Creeks. The surface is 
 rolling, and consists of prairies and forests. The soil is ex- 
 tremely fertile, and extensively cultivated. Stone coal is 
 abundant. A railroad is in progress through this county, 
 from Hannibal to the Illinois river. Pike county is among 
 'he most populous in the state. Capital, Pitts'ficlfl. Pop.27.24y. 
 
 PIKE, a county in the E. part of Missouri, bordering on 
 the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illinois, ini"- 
 tains alKjut 600 square miles. It is intersected by Salt Ri"er, 
 and also drained by Cuivre River, and by Spencers, R;im- 
 sey's. and Buffalo Creeks. The county consists partly of 
 prairies. The soil is generally good. Limestone and sand- 
 stone underlie the surCice. Capital. Bowling Green. I'op 
 18,417, of whom 14,362 were fi-ee, and 4055 slaves. 
 
 PIKK, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 PIKE, a post-vilUge and township of Wyoming co., Xew 
 York, about 45 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. The village cont-iin." 
 4 or 5 churches, several mills, a water-cure establishment, 
 and 3 taverns. Pop. of the township, 1824. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Popula- 
 tion 1178. 
 
 PIKE, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 20 miles W. of Montrose. Pop. 1747. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Clearfield CO., Pennsylvania. Pop 
 U24. 
 
PIK 
 
 KL 
 
 PIKF!, a township of Potter co., Ppnnsj'lvania. Pop. 208. 
 
 PIKK, a towiisliip of Brown Co.. Ohio. Pop. 1211. 
 
 PIKi;, a townsliip of Clark co., Ohio. Pop. 1491. 
 
 PIKR. a township of Cosliocton co., Ohio. Pop. 696. 
 
 PIKK, a townsliip of Kulton co., Oliio. Poj). ii7<>. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Knox CO., Ohio. Pop. 1551. 
 
 PIKE, a township of .Madison co., Ohio. 340. 
 
 PIKK, a post-township in the central part of Perry co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 2503. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 1308. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. I:i64. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Marion co., Indinna. Pop. 2041. 
 
 PIKK, a townsliip of Warren oo.. Indiana. Pop. 877. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Stoddard co., Missouri. Population 
 1586. 
 
 PIKK, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Kenoslia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 PIKK CREEK, a post-offlce of Ripley co., Missouri. 
 
 PIKE MILLS, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 25 miles E. of Coudersport. 
 
 PIKK POND, a post-office of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 PIKK RUN, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PIKK'S PEAK, one of the highest summits o^ the Rocky 
 Mountains, near 38° 25' N. lat., and 105° W. Ion. Height, 
 11,407 feet. 
 
 PIIiESVILLE, Maryland. See Pikeville. 
 
 PIK ETON. Kentucky. See Pikeville. 
 
 PIKE'TON, a post-village of I'ike county, Ohio, situated 
 on the E. bank of Sctoto River, 24 miles from its mouth, 05 
 miles S. of Columbus, and 2 miles E. of the Ohio Canal. 
 Piketon was formerly tlio capital of the county. It con- 
 tains 3 churches, 1 academy, and a number of stores. Laid 
 out in 1814. Population in 18.50, 690; in 1860, 684. 
 
 PIKKTON, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana,.10 miles 
 N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 PIKKTON, a post-office of Stoddard eo., Missouri. 
 
 PIKE TOWNSHIP, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsyl- 
 vanLa. 
 
 PIKE VALLEY, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PIKEVILLE or PIKKSVILLK. a post-village of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland, 10 miles N.W. of Baltimore. 
 
 PIKKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Ala- 
 bama. 3 miles E. from the Buttahatchee River, 68 miles 
 N.N.W. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 PIKKVILLK, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mi-^sissippi, 
 on the road from Houston to Aberdeen, 14 miles from each. 
 
 PIKKVILLK, a post-village, capital of Blud.soe co., Ten- 
 nessee, 112 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. It is situ.-ited on high 
 ground, and lias abundance of stone coal in the vicinity. 
 Pop. about 400. 
 
 PIKEVILLE or PIKETON, a post-village, capital of Pike 
 CO.. Kentucky, on the West Fork of }!ig Sandy River, 160 
 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. The river is navigaVile for boats 
 from this point downward. The village contains numerous 
 stores. Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 PILAHATCH'IE, a post-office of Rankin CO.. Mississippi. 
 
 PIL.^O ARC-\D0,pe-16wNi'' aR-ki'do, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Bahia, on the river Sao Francisco.' Lat. 11° 30' S., 
 Ion. 42° 40' W. Pop. 5000. 
 
 P1L.\.R, pe-laR', a town of Brazil, province of Parahiba, on 
 the left bank of the Parahiba, and 50 miles W. of the city of 
 Parahiba. Pop. 3400. 
 
 PILAR, a town of Paraguay. See Neembuco. 
 
 PILAR, pe-laR', a town of Brazil, province, and 170 miles 
 N. of (ioyaz, almost encircled by the Uruhu and Vermelho, 
 tributaries to the Almas. Pop. 1500. 
 
 PILAR, a parish and village of Brazil, province of Rio 
 de Janeiro, district of Icua^u. on the Pilar. Pop. 3000. 
 
 I'lLARES. CAPO DE L'lS, ki'po da loce pe-ld'r4s, the 
 N.W. extremity of Terra del Fuego. 
 
 PILAS, pee/iis. a town of Spain, province, and 18 miles 
 W.S.W. of Seville. Pop. 2411. 
 
 PILAS, one of the Sooloo Islands, in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago. 
 
 I'lLATE or PILAT. (peeMibO MOUNT, a branch of the 
 Alps, between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Untorwal- 
 ilen, its principal peak, the Tomlishorn, is 5 miles S.W. 
 jf Lucerne, having an elevation of 6998 feet. 
 
 PILATK, peeMdt/, a mountain of France, in the Cdvennes 
 chain, between the departments of Rhone and Loire, 3517 
 feet In height. 
 
 PIL.'^T'KA. a postrvillage, capital of Putnam CO.. Florida, 
 on the left bank of St. John's River, about 200 miles E.S.E. 
 of Tallahassee. Cotton and sugar are shipped here in steam- 
 boats which run to Savannah and Charleston. Pop. 613. 
 
 PILAYA, pe-li'i, or TUPIZA. too-pee'sj. a river of South 
 .America, rises ne;tr the S.W. frontiers of Bolivia, tlows 
 E.N.E. under the n.ame of San Juan, and then under that 
 if Pilava, and after a course of nearly 300 miles joins the 
 right branch of the Pilcomavo. about 20° 30' S. 
 
 PIiyCHKR. a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 PILCOMAYO, pil-komi'o, or AKAGU.^I, i-ri-gwi', a river 
 ;if South America, in Bolivia and Paraguay, ri.'ies near Chu- 
 quisaca. flows S.E. through the Llanns. and joins the Para- 
 guay nearly opposite Asuncion, by two branches, enclosing 
 
 a marshy island, 150 miles in length. The N. (or main'. 
 liranoh. is called Pilcomayo or Araguai Guazu, the S. Aia- 
 guai Mino. Tot.al course estimated at lOiiO miles. Its chief 
 affluents are the Pilaya and Paspaya. It is n.avig.able for 
 boats from the Paragu.ay to Chuquisac.a, the only city on its 
 banks, but shallow for the remainder. 
 
 PILESGROVE. pllz'grove, a township of Salem co.. New 
 Jersey. Pop. 2024. 
 
 PILGRA.VI, pil'grim, a town of Bohemia, 25 miles E.N E. 
 of Tabor. Pop. 3200. who manufacture woollens. 
 
 PILGRAMSDORF, pil'grdm.-^-donr, (Ober, o'ber, and Nib- 
 DER. nee'der,) a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, govern- 
 ment of Liegnitz. Pop. 1269. 
 
 PILGRIM'S REST, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama. 
 
 PIL'HA.M, a parish of Encrland. co. oif Lincoln. 
 
 PILICA, pe-leefsi or PILIT'ZA, a town of Poland, pro- 
 vince of Kielce. on the Pilica, an affluent of the Vistula. 33 
 miles N.N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PILKALLEN, pil'kdl-len, a town of East Prussia, 18 miles 
 N.E. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 1686. 
 
 PILLAR, (pillar,) CAPE, the south-easternmost headland 
 of Tasman's Peninsula, Van Diemen's Land. Lat. 4.3° 12' 
 S., Ion. 148° V E. 
 
 PIULAR POINT, a post-offlce of Jefferson co.. New York. 
 
 PII/L.\TON. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 I'lLLAU. pil'ISw, a maritime town of East Prussia, at the 
 entrance of the Frische-IIaff, 25 miles W. of Kbnigsberg. of 
 which, and of Elbing and Braunsberg, it is the port. Lat. 
 of the light-hou.se, 54° 38' 4" N., Ion. 19° 54' E. Pop. 2720, 
 exclusive of suburbs. The inlet to the Ilaff not having 
 more than 12 feet water, vessels of large burden here un- 
 load or lighten cargo, and it has consequently a thriving 
 trade. 
 
 PII/LERTON HER'SEY, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 
 
 PILLERTON PRI'ORS, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 
 PILLIBHEET, PILIBHIT or PILLIBEET, pil-le-beetA a 
 town of British India, presidency of Bengal, Upper ]*ro- 
 vinces, district, and 30 miles N.E. of Bareily, capital of a col- 
 lectorate, on an affluent of the Ganges, with a fine mosque, 
 and trade in rice. 
 
 I'lL'LlNG, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PIL'LITH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 PILLNITZ, a village of Saxony. See PiLMTZ. 
 
 PIL'LOAV. a post-office of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PIl/LOWVlLLE. a post-office of Weakley co., Tennessee. 
 
 PILLS'BOROUGH, a small village of Pitt co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 I'l LI/TOWN, a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster. co. 
 of Kilkenny, 4 miles E. of Carrick-on-Suir. Pop. 700. It is 
 clean and neat. Adjoining is the seat of the Earl of Bes- 
 borough. lord of the manor. 
 
 I'1L\IK.\U, pil'ne-kow\ a town of Bohemia, 25 miles N.E. 
 of Bidschow. Pop. 966. 
 
 PILNITZ or PILLNITZ, pil'nits, a village of Saxony, on 
 the left bank of the Elbe. 6 miles S.E. of Dresden. It has 
 a royal park and chateau, wliere, on the 25th of .\ugust, 
 1791, was concluded the convention of European powers to 
 maintain the rights of the Bourbons to the throne of 
 France. 
 
 PI'LOT, a post-village and township of Vermilion co., 
 Illinois, about 42 miles N. by W. of Paris. Pop. 1275 
 
 PILOT GROVE, a post-offlce of Grayson co., Texas. 
 
 PILOT GROVE, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois. 
 
 PILOT GROVE, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, 
 about 52 miles N.W. bv W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 PILOT GROVE, a post-office of Lee co.. Icjwa. 
 
 PILOT HILL, the cnpital of Fnlton co., Arkansas. 
 
 PILOT HILL, a post-office of Mason co., Illinois. 
 
 PILOT ISLAND, or FISHERMAN'S ROCK, at the en- 
 trance of the Red Sea, between the Arabian coast and the 
 island of Perim. 
 
 PILOT KNOB. S«> Missouri. " Objects of interest to 
 Tourists." 
 
 PIIiOT KNOB, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky. 
 
 PILOT K.VOB, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana. 
 
 PILOT MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Stokes co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PILOT MOUNTAIN, called also ARARAT, a mountain of 
 Surry CO., North Carolina, between the Ararat and Dan 
 Rivers. It is of a pyramidal form, and one-third of a mile in 
 height. 
 
 PILS'DON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PILSEN, pil'sen, PILZKN, pilt'sen, or PILSNA. pil.srnj, 
 (Neu, noi.) i. e. New Pilsejt. a town of Bohemia, on the Beraun, 
 a tributary of the Elbe. 52 miles W.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 9798. 
 It is one of the best built and most important commercial 
 towns in the kingdom, and has a fine Gothic church, town- 
 hall, a gymnasium, theatre, military and other schools, 
 ilourishing manufactures of woollen goods, morocco leather, 
 iron and horn wares, and alum, a large annual fair, and i\ 
 considerable transit trade with Bavaria. 
 
 PILSEN. PILZKN, or PILSNA, (Alt. lit, or " Old.") a mar- 
 ket-town of Bohemia, 5 miles S.E. of the above town. P. 931. 
 
 1487 
 
PIL 
 
 PIN 
 
 PILiSNO. pils'no. a town of A ustrian Polancl. in Galicia, 12 
 niUfcS K of Tarno, on tbe Wisloka. Pep. liitii). 
 
 PILTKX. pil'ten. a town of Russia. ^OTernment of Cour- 
 land, on thf- wiiidau. 92 miles W.X.W. of Mitau. with a 
 tbrties* buill in 12211 by Waldemar II. of Denmark. Pop. 600. 
 
 PILTOX, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PILTOX, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 riLTO.N. a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 PlLTilN. a pai-ish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PIM'LICO. a suburb of the British metropolis, co. of Mid- 
 llese.'C. and comprised in the liberty of Westminster, imme- 
 liately W. of St. James's Vurk, 2i miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, 
 London. It comprises many elegant streets and squares, 
 with Buckingham Palace and gardens, and occupies all the 
 suburban districts between Westminster and Chelsea. 
 
 PIM'PEKNK, a p.irish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PIX A, pee'nd, a town of Spain, province, and 23 miles S.E. 
 of Saragossa. Pop. 1 7 90 
 
 PIXA DE CAMP.VS. pee'ni dA kdm'pis. a town of Spain, 
 province, and 14 miles X.X.E. of Palcnoia. Pop. 950. 
 
 PIXAKE.TO, pee-nd-r.VHo, a town of Spain, in Xew Castile, 
 province, and S. of Cuenca. Pop. 146S. 
 
 PIXASCA. pe-nds'kd, a village of North Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, division of Turin, province, and 7 milesN.W. of Pine- 
 rolo, on the Clusone. Pop. 2737. 
 
 PINCH'BECK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 PIXCK'NEY, a post-township forming the W. extremity 
 of I/ewis CO.. New York. Pop. 1393. 
 
 PINCKXEY, a village of Kutherford CO., North Carolina, 
 about 2iX) miles W. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 PIXCKXEY. a post-village in Williamson co.. Tenne.ssee. 
 
 PIXCKNEY, a post/villiige of Putnam township. Livings- 
 ton CO.. Michigan, on a branch of Huron Kiver, 45 miles S.E. 
 of I^ansing. It has some water-power, a flouring mill, and 
 a few stores. Pop. in 1860, about 500. 
 
 PINCKXEY. a post-village in AVarren co., Missouri, on 
 Missouri Kiver. 55 miles E. bv N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 PIXCK'XEYVILLE, a post-village in Union district. South 
 Carolin.1, on liroad River, 70 miles X.X.W. of Columbia. 
 
 PIXCKNEYVILLE, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Geor- 
 gia, near the Chattahoochee, 90 miles N.W. of Jlilledgeville. 
 
 PIXCKXEYVILLE, a small post-village of Tallapoosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 PIXCKNEYVILLE, a post-village in Wilkinson co., Mis- 
 sissippi, 135 miles S.W. of Jackson. 
 
 PIXCKXEYVILLE. a post-vill.ige, capital of Perry co, Illi- 
 nois, on Big Beaucoup Creek. 134 miles S. of Springfield. It 
 contains, besides the county buildings, several stores. 
 
 PIXQOX. a bay of Brazil. See Pl.vzox. 
 
 PIXCZOW, pin'chov, a town of Poland, province, and 24 
 miles S.S.W. of Kielce, on the Nidda. Pop. 4300, compris- 
 ing many Jews. Here, in 1702, the Poles were defeated by 
 the Swedes. 
 
 PINDAMONHANGABA, pin-dl mon-an-gi'ba, a town of 
 Brazil, province, and 190 miles X.E. of Sao Paulo, on the 
 right bank of the Parahiba. Pop. of the district. 6000. 
 
 PIXD-DADOX-KHAN, pind dlMan' Kin. a town of the 
 Punjab, near the Jhylum, 110 miles X.W. of Lahore, in lat. 
 32° 36' N., Ion. 72° 52' E. Pop. 6000. The houses are mostly 
 built of earth, in cedar framework. It is a depot for salt, 
 about 40,000 tons of which are annually raised from adja- 
 cent mines, yielding to the government a revenue of lOO.OOioZ. 
 a year. 
 
 PINTJERTOWN, a village of Lee co., Georgia, on Flint 
 River, 110 miles S.W. by S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 PINDUS, pin'dUs, (Gr. VlivSot.) a mountain chain of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, between Albania and Thessaly, connected on 
 the N. with the Dinaric Alps, and on the S. with Mount 
 Othrys, on the frontier of Greece. SIouM Mezzovo, the 
 highest point, has an estim.ited height of 8950 feet. 
 
 PINE, a post-office of Oneida co., New Y'ork. 
 
 PINE, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 
 PINE, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 l.iJl. 
 
 PINE, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 847. 
 
 PINE, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1788. 
 
 PINK, a township of Warren co.. Indiana. I'op. S23. 
 
 PINE, a post-office of Buchanan co.. Iowa. 
 
 PINK APl'LE. a post-office of M'ilcox co., Alab.nma. 
 
 PINE BAR/REX CREEK, Al.abama. flows N.W.. .nnd en- 
 ters Alabama River on the boundary of Wilcox and Dallas 
 counties. 
 
 1 stores, and a steamboat landing 
 
 PINE BLUFF, a thriving post-village. capit.il of Jefferson 
 ?'l. !^ , P™^' ''° '''« "(?''* l^»"'« of Arkansas Kiver.4S miles 
 S.h. of Little Rock. It is situated in a rich cotton-plautin'' 
 region, and contiiins a newspaper office and several stores. 
 Atx>ut 20.000 bales of cotton are shipped here annually in 
 rteamboats. Pop. 1396. •' 
 
 t!lvl!i «V?,™.- * P™"*-'fi"«f?e of Callaway co.. Kentucky. 
 Vli^"' " Po*t-f>"«se of Pula.ski co.. Missouri, on 
 1488 
 
 Big Piney Fork of Gasconade River, 53 miles S. by E. of Jul 
 ferson City. 
 
 PINE BL€FF. a post-office' of Dane co.. 'Wisconsin. 
 
 PIXEBOROUGH, pin'bfir-rllh, a post-office of Marion co., 
 Florida. 
 
 PIXE'BROOK'. a post-village of Moriis co.. New Jersey. 
 
 PINE CREEK, rises in the N. part of Pennsylvania, and 
 enters tbe West Branch of the Susquehanna near Jersey 
 Shore. 
 
 PIXE CREEK, of Crawford co., Arkansas, enters Arkansas 
 River from the X. 
 
 PIXE CR1;EK. a post-office of De Kalb co., Tennessee. 
 
 PINE CKEF-v, of Berrien co., Michigan, enters St. Jo- 
 seph's River. 2 miles from its mouth. 
 
 PIXE CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Benton CO.. and flows 
 into the AVabash. opposite Attica. Stone coal and pine tim- 
 ber are abundant on its banks. 
 
 PINE CREEK, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the left side of the Susquehanna River, about 22 miletf 
 W. Of Williamsport. Pop. Py«. 
 
 PINE CREEK, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, 
 22 miles S. by E. of Clarion. Pop. 729. 
 
 PINE CliEEK. a post-office of Tioga co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 PINE CRKEK. a post-office of Gilmer Co.. W. Viiginia. 
 
 PINE CREEK, a postM)ffice of Calhoun co.. Michigai.. 
 
 PINE CREEK, a post-township in the S.W. part of Ogl< 
 CO.. Illinois. Pop. 1203. 
 
 PIXE FLAT, a post-oflice of Bossier parish. Louisiana. 
 
 PIXEGA. pe-n.VgS, a river of l^ussiar governments of Vo- 
 logda and Archangel, joins the Dwina 12 miles E.S.E. of 
 Kholmogory, after a tortuous X.W. coiirse of 290 miles. 
 
 PIXEGA, a town of Russia, government, and 93 miles 
 E.S,E. of Archangel, capital of a district, on the Pinega. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 PIXE GROA'E, a post-oflice of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 PIXE GROVE, a vill.Hge of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 15 miles S.W. of Carlisle. 
 
 I'IXE GROVE, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 10 
 miles E.S.E. of Jlercer. 
 
 PIXE GROVE, a post-borough and townshij) of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Swatara Creek, at the head of navig.n- 
 tion of the Union Canal, and on the Dauphin and Susque- 
 hanna Railroad. 40 miles N.E. of Harrisl urg. It is the prin- 
 cipal shipping point for the coal which is obtained from the 
 extensive mines of the Swatara coalfield. The st.-Tita vary 
 in depth from 5 to 30 feet. Pop. of the borough, in 1850, 
 646; total population in 1800, -.iMT. 
 
 PINE GROVE, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 938. 
 
 PIN E 6K0VE, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1101. 
 
 PIXE GROVE, a post-office of Wetzel co.. W. A'irginia. 
 
 PIXE GROVE, a post-oflice of Franklin co., Mississippi. 
 
 PINE GROA'E. a post-oflfice of St. Tammany parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 PINE GROA'E, a postoffice of Clarke co., Kentucky. 
 
 PIXE GROVE^a post-office of Wa.shington co.. Tennessee. 
 
 PIXE GROVE, a post-oflice of Gallia co.. Ohio. 
 
 PIXE grove! a town of Sierra co.. California. 
 
 PIXE GROVE, a village of Canada AVest. co. of York. 17 
 miles from Toronto. Pop. about 150. 
 
 PIXE GHOA'E MILLS, a post-village of Centre co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, 90 miles X.W. of Harrisburg. .It contains 3 stores. 
 
 PIXE HALL, a post-office of Stokes co.. North < arolina. 
 
 PINE HILL, a post-office of AA'ashington co.. Rhode Island. 
 
 PIXE HILL, a village of Elba township, Gene.see co.. New 
 York. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and sevei-al stores. 
 
 PINE HILL, a post-office of Ulster co., New A'ork. 
 
 PIXE HILL, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PIXE IIIl.L, a village of Jefferson co., Georgia, 4 mlleti 
 from Loui.sville. 
 
 PIXE HILL, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, about 
 25 miles E.X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PIXE HILL, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama. 
 
 PINE HILL, a post-office of Wa.shita parish. Louisiana. 
 
 PINE HILL, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 PIXE ISL.A.XD. a post-office of Jefferson co.. Texas. 
 
 PIXE ISLAXD, Caribbean .Sea. See IsiE OF Pines. 
 
 PIXE L.\KE. AVisconsin. in AA'auke.sha county. Lengtii, 
 2J miles; breadth. J of a mile. 
 
 PIXE LAKE, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan, 28 
 miles N.AV. of Detroit. ' 
 
 PINE LAND, a post-office of Sleigs CO.. Tennes.see. 
 
 PINE LE'f'EL. a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama. 
 
 PINE LOG. a post-office of Cass co.. Geoi-gia. 
 , PIXE MEAD'(1AV. a thriving jwst-village of New Hartford 
 township. Litchfield co.. Connecticut, about 2.^ miles AV. by 
 N. of Hartford. 
 
 PINE PLAIN, a post-township of Allegan co.. Michigan 
 Pop. 103. 
 
 PIXE PLAIN'S, a post-village and township in the N. part 
 of Dutchess co.. New A'ork. about 50 miles S. by E. of .\lbany. 
 The village contains 1 bank, and has several hundred inha 
 bitant.s. Pop. of the township. 1412. 
 
 PINE PLAINS, a post-office of Ocean co.. Xew Jerw 
 
PIN 
 
 P1\E RIDGE, a post-office of Early eo., Georgia. 
 I PINE KIDGE, a post-office of \Vinn co., Louisiana. 
 
 PINE ItlDGE, a po.st-ofiice of Copiah Co., Mi.ssi.ssippi. 
 
 PINE RIVK15. a small stream of Carroll co., in the E. part 
 ^f New Hampshire, falls into Ossipee Lake. 
 
 PINE RIVER, of Michigan, rises near the border of Gra- 
 tiot CO., and flowing N.E., enters the Tittibawassee in Mid- 
 land county. 
 
 PlNli lUVER, a small stream of Richland co., AVjsconsin, 
 rtowsinto Wisconsin lUver. 
 
 PINE RIVER, a post-township of Waushara po., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 PINEROLO, pe-nA-rol'o, (Fr. Pignernl, peen'yer-ol'; Sp. 
 PifUrnl, peen-y i-rol' ; L. P(n'(ro'i!M»n,)a town of the Sardi- 
 nian States, capital of a province, situated at the foot of the 
 .Alps, 21 miles S.W. of Turin, on the Chisone. Pop. ]3,401. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and mostly ill built, but has a noble 
 S'luare, a fine cathedral, and 3 other churches. 8 convents, a 
 lai<;e hospital, barracks, and manufactures of woollen cloths, 
 paper, and leather. 
 
 PINER'S CROSS ROADS, a post>office of Kenton co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 PINE RUN, a postroffice of Genesee co., Michigan. 
 
 PINERY, a post-office of St. Clair co., Missouri. 
 
 PINE'S BRIDGE, a postofflce of Westchester co., New 
 York. 
 
 PINES, ISLE OF, West Indies. See Isle of Pines. 
 
 PINE STREET, a post-office of Elk co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PINE SWAMP, a post-office of Centre co., Georgia. 
 
 PINETOWN, a postoffice of Cherokee co., Texas. 
 
 PINETREE, a post-c,fflce of Upshur co., Texas. 
 
 PINE V.AL'LEY, a post-office of Chemung co.. New York. 
 
 PINE VALLEY, a post-office of Warren co., Penn.sylvani.i. 
 
 PINE VALLEY, a post-office of Yallabu.sha co., Mississippi. 
 
 PINE VALLEY, a town.<hip of Clark CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 PINE VIEW, a [Kistroffice of Fauquier co., Virginia. 
 
 PINE VIL'LAGE, a post-office of Warren co., Indiana. 
 
 PINEVILLE, piu'vil, a post-office of Gloucester co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 PINEVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PINEVILLE, a postroffice of Mecklenberg co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PINEVILLE, a post-village of Cliarleston district, South 
 Carolina, 75 miles S.E. of Columbia. 
 
 PINEVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Georgia, about 
 30 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PI .\ V, \ 1 LLE, a post-village of Marengo co.. Alabama. 
 
 I'lN KV ILLE. a post-office of Bossier parish. Louisiana. 
 
 PI \ EV ILLE,' a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 
 PINEVILLE, a post-village of McDonald co., Missouri, on 
 Elk River, which is navigable for small boats. 
 
 PINE WOODS, a post-office of Madison co., New York. 
 
 PINEWY, a town of Poland. See Pi.nne. 
 
 PINEY, pee^nA/. a market-town of France, department of 
 Aube. 11 miles N.E. of Troyes. Pop. 1.550. 
 
 Pl'XEY, a post-township of Clarion eo., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1366. 
 
 PINEY, a post township of Johnson co., Arkansas. 
 
 PINEY CREEK, of Arkansa.s, rises near the N. extremity 
 of Pope county, and flows into the Arkansas Kiverfrom the 
 left, on the W. liorder of the same county. Littie Piney 
 Ckeek unites with it about 10 miles S.E. of Clarksville. 
 
 PINEY CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland. 
 
 PINEY FORK, a township of Lawrence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 438. 
 
 PI.NEY GREEN, a small post-village of Onslow co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 PIXEY GROVE, a post-office of Sampson co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PINEY GROVE, a post-office of Hardeman co., Tennessee. 
 
 PINEY IIE.\D. a post-office of Appling co.. Georgia. 
 
 PINEY POINT, at the E. side of the Potomac River, .-ibout 
 14 miles from its mouth. On it is a fixed li^'ht, 25 feet high. 
 
 PINEY RIVER, a small .stream in the W. central p.-jrt of 
 Tennessee, flows into Duck River from the right, in Hick- 
 man county. 
 
 PINEY RIVER, or BIG PINEY, Missouri. See Gasconade. 
 
 PING, a prefix of the names of numerous Chinese cities. 
 
 PING-HOI, ping^hoi', a city of Chin.i. province of Quang- 
 tong. on Harlem Bay, So miles E.N.E. of Macao. 
 
 PlNG-LIA.\(i, ping'le-itng', a city of China, province of 
 Kan-soo, capital of a department, in lat. 35° 34' N., Ion. 106° 
 30' E. 
 
 PING-LO. pingMo', a city of China, province of Qu!ing-see, 
 capital of a department, on an affluent of the Canton River, 
 180 miles W.N.W. of Canton. 
 
 PIN'GREE GROVE, a post-office of Kane co.. Illinois. 
 
 PING-YANG. pingV^ng', a city of China, province of Shan- 
 see, capital of a department, on the Puenho. 135 miles S.W. 
 of Tai-Yuen. the capital of the province, to which it is re- 
 ported to be equal in extent and prosperity. 
 
 PING-YUEN, ping^oo-^n'. a city of China, province of 
 Koei-choo, capital of a department. Lat. 26° 37' N., Ion. 105° 
 to' E. Fine tea is raised in its vicinity. 
 
 PINHEIRO DE BEJIPOSTA, pin-yi'e-ro di be^* p^js'ti. a 
 4T 
 
 PIO 
 
 market-town of Portugal, province of Beira, 40 miles N.W 
 of Coimbra. Pop. 1200. 
 
 PINHEIRO DE MACAO, pin-yA'e-ro di m^-ka/o, a town 
 and parish of Brazil, province of Beira Alta, near Lamego. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 PINHEL. peen-yM', a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 
 8 miles N.W. of Almeida. Pop. 2-300. It is enclosed bj 
 walls, and has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, and a new town 
 hall. 
 
 PIN'HOE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PIN'IIOOK, a small village of Wayne co., Tennessee. 
 
 PIN HOOK, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky. 
 
 PIN HOOK, a post-office of Lawrence co., I)idiana. 
 
 PIN1LL.\. pe-neel'yd, a village of Spain, in Leon, province, 
 and N.E. of Zamora. Pop. 1011. 
 
 PINILLOS, a village of Spain. See PiNAS pel Ret. 
 
 PIN'I.'^HOOK, a post-office of Wiston co.. Mississippi. 
 
 PIN ISL.A ND BAYOU, (bi'oo.) Texas, flows int<i the Neches 
 River from the W.. a few miles N. of Beaumont. 
 
 PINKAFELD. pinWd-fJlt', or PINKAFY, peen'koh/fee, a 
 market-town of West Hungai y, co. of Eisenberg. on the Pinka, 
 20 miles W. of GUns. Pop. 4000. who manufacture some coarse 
 woollens. Here is a noble residence, with zoological gardens. 
 
 PINK HILL, a post-village of Lenoir co.. North Carolina. 
 
 PINK HILL, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi. 
 
 PINKNEY. See PiNCKNET. 
 
 PINNE. pin'neh, or PINEWY, pe-n.A'vee (?) a town of Prus- 
 sian Poland. 29 iniles W.N.W. of Poseii. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PINNEBEKG, pin'neh-bJRG\ a small town of Denmark, 
 duchy of Holstein, capital of a county. 11 miles N.W. of 
 Hamburg, on a small affluent of the Elbe. Pop. 1100. 
 
 PIN'NELLVILLE, a post-office of Jones co.. Mississippi. 
 
 PIN'NER, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, with a 
 station on the North-western Railway, 24 miles N.W. of Ilar- 
 row-on-the-Hill. 
 
 PIN'NEY'S GROVE, a post-office of Ray co., Missouri. 
 
 PINOAK, a po.st^vill.age of Dubuque co., Iowa, 80 miles 
 N.E. by N. of Iowa City. 
 
 PINO DE CHIERI, pee'no dee ke-.Vree, a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division, and 3 miles E.S.E. of Turin. 
 Pop. 1755. 
 
 PINO DE VALENCIA, pee/no A\ vJl-Un'the-J, a village of 
 Spain, in Estremadura, about 45 miles from Caceres. Pop. 
 1860. 
 
 PINO FRANQUENDO, pee'no frdn-kenMo, a village of 
 Spain, in Estremadura, province of Caceres. E. of Cindad 
 Rodrigo, with oil and flour mills. Pop. 876. 
 
 PIN OS. pee'noce. an island in the Caribbean Se.i. Gulf of 
 Darien. Lat. of the N.E. point, 9° 1' 30" N., Ion. 77° 4S' W. 
 
 PINOS DE GENIL, pee'noce ik H.i-neel', or PINILLOS, 
 pe-neel'yoce, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 
 miles E. of Granada. Pop. 896. 
 
 PINOS DEL KEY, pee'nos dSl tk, a village of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, province, and about 20 miles S. of Granada. 
 Pop. 2203. 
 
 PINOS, ISLA DE. See Isle of Pines. 
 
 PINOSb, pe-no'so, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- 
 vinc«, and 29 miles W. of Alicante. Pop. 2301. 
 
 PINOS PUENTE, pee/noce pwjn'tji, a market-town of 
 Spain, province, and 11 miles N.W. of Granada. Pop. 2605. 
 
 PINSK, pinsk, a town of Russia, government, and 143 
 miles S.S.W. of Minsk, on the Pripets. here joined by the 
 Pina. Pop. 5300. It has manufiictures of leather, and a 
 transit trade. 
 
 PINTIA. See Vallabolib. 
 
 PINTL.VLA or PINTEL.VLA. a creek of Alabama, flows 
 into Alabama River from the S.E., 16 miles below Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 PINTLAL.\. a post-office of Montgomerv co., Alabama. 
 
 PINT/LER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Ottawa co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 I'INTO, pin'to. a village of Spain, in New Castile, province, 
 and 14 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 2504. 
 
 PINTUARIA. See Teneriffe. 
 
 PINTUC'KY, a post-office of Hancock co., Mississippi. 
 
 PINXTON. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 PINY. See Pinev. 
 
 PINYAREE or PINYARREE. pin-y3/ree\ a branch of the 
 river Indus, at its delta, enters the ocean by the Sir mouth, 
 15 miles N.W. of the mouth Koree. 
 
 PINZGAU, pints'gow, a district of Upper Austria, circle 
 of Salzburg, consisting chiefly of the upper valleys of the 
 Saula and S.alza. 
 
 PINZON or PINQON, pin-son', a small bay of Brazil, near 
 the island of Maraca; lat. 2° N. 
 
 PIOBK.SI. pe-o-bA/»ee, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, not far from Carignano. Pop. 2214. 
 
 PIOLENC, pe-o'lSN".' a market-town of France, department 
 of Vaucluse, 4 miles N.W. of Orange. Pop. 1900. 
 
 PIOLTELLO, pe-ol-tJllo. or PICCOLA PIODA, pik'ko-M 
 pe-o^dj, a village of Northern Italy, province, and 7 miles 
 E.N.E. ofMil.^I;. Pop. 1745. 
 
 PIi)MBINO. pe-rm-Viee'no, a market-town of Tuscany, 
 province of Pisa, capital of a princip.ality. on the Mediter 
 ranean, opposite the island of Elba, and 12 miles W. of Fol- 
 
 1489 
 
PIO 
 
 PIS 
 
 lonica. Pop 1300. It has a castle, a palace, and a small 
 hartor, and near it are salt-works, and supposed tnices et' 
 the ancient l^ulj/nia. From 180.5 to 181.5 its principality, 
 which fcirnierly comprised the islands of Elba, (fee, belonged 
 to Bacciocchi. on whom it had been bestowed by his brother- 
 in-law, .Napoleon. 
 
 I'lO.MHlNO, CIIAXXEL OF, between the town of Piom- 
 bino and island of Elba, is 6 miles .across. 
 
 PIONEEK', a post-office of Milliams cc. Ohio. 
 
 PIONEER, a post-office of Greene co., Illinoi.s. 
 
 PION'EER GHOVE, a post-village in Cedar co., Iowa, 25 
 miles X.E. of Iowa Citj-. 
 
 PIOXEER JIILLS. a post-office of Caharras co., North 
 Carolina. 155 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 PIONX.A.T, pee'on'nd'. a town of France, department of 
 Creuze, 23 miles N.W. of Riom. Pop. in 1852, 2423. 
 
 PIOXSAT. peeNixo^sd/, a village of France, department of 
 Puy-de-D8me, 29 miles N.W. of Clermont. Pop. 2322. 
 
 PIOSS.'V^SCO, pe-os-sJs'ko, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division, and 13 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. S421. 
 
 PIOVE or PIOVE-DI-SACCO, pe-o'vA-dee sdk'ko, a village 
 of -Austrian Italy, government of Venice, delegation of 
 Padua, on the Brenta Canal, 17 miles S.W. of Venice, with 
 many country residences of Venetians. Pop., with district, 
 6400. 
 
 PIOVENO, pe-o-v.Vno, a village and parish of Austrian 
 Italv, province, and 17 miles N.X.W. of Vicenza, on the 
 Sehfo. Pop. 1300. 
 
 PIPAIX. pee^A', a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 
 9 miles E. ofTournay. Pop. 1S20. 
 
 PIPE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 PIPE CREEK, in ihe N. part of Maryland, rises in Car- 
 roll county, flows westward and south-westward, and enters 
 the Monocacy River, in the N. central part of Frederick 
 county. Little Pipe Creek enters the stream just described, 
 a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 PIPE-CREEK, of Erie CO., Ohio, flows into Sandusky Bay, 
 near Sandusky. 
 
 PIPE CREEK, of Indiana, a good stream for mills, flows 
 from the S. into the Wabash River, 7 miles above Logans- 
 port. 
 
 PIPE CREEK, of Indiana, an affluent of White Eiver, in 
 Madison county. 
 
 PIPE CREEK, a post-township in Madison co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1690. 
 
 PIPECREEK.atownship in Miami co.,Indiana. Pop. 946. 
 
 PI'PER ISLETS, off the X.E. coast of AustraUa, iA Temple 
 Bay : lat. 12° 12' S., Ion. 14:i° 5' E. 
 
 PIPERXO, pe-p^R'no, a town of South Italy, in the Pon- 
 tifical States, on the Amaseno, 15 miles S.W. of Frosinone. 
 Pop. 3700. 
 
 PT'PER'S GAP, a post-office of Carroll co., Virginia. 
 
 J'I'PERSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Penn.«ylvania. 
 
 PIPESTONE, pip'stOn. a post-township of Berrien co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1052. 
 
 PIPLY or PIPLEY, pipHee. a town of British India, presi- 
 dencv of Bengal, 27 miles S. of Cuttack. 
 
 PIPLY or PIPLEY. a town of British India, district of 
 Midnapoor, 93 miles S.W. of Calcutta, and formerly a thriv- 
 ing mart of European commerce. 
 
 PIPRIAC, pee^re-Jk' a village of France, department of 
 lUe-et-Vilaine, 13 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. in 1852, 3209. 
 
 PIQUA, pik'wj, commonly pronounced pik'way. a flour- 
 ishing post-town of Washington township, Miami co., Ohio, 
 beautifully situated on the right (W.) bank of the Great 
 Miami, 76 miles W. of Columbus, and 78 miles X. of Cin- 
 cinnati. It is regularly Liid out with broad streets. The 
 Miami River here makes a curve, leaving a level plateau be- 
 tween its margin and the town, while the opposite bank 
 presents a somewhat abrupt acclivity. The town contjiins 
 about 10 churches, a bank, and a town hall. Two or 3 news- 
 papers are published here. The Miami Canal connects, it 
 with Cincinnati .and Toledo; and the river affords abundant 
 water-power. A large amount of produce is shipped at this 
 place. There are numerous mills and factories of various 
 kinds In operation here, in some of which steam-power is 
 used. The D.ayton and .Michigan Railroad intersects the 
 Columbus, Piqua and Indiana Railroad, at this place. Two 
 bridges across the river connect Piqua with Rossville and 
 Iluntersville. Pop. in 1850, 3277 ; in 1860. 4616. 
 
 PIQUEA, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PIQUIRI, pe-keree'. a river of Brazil, rises in the S.E. 
 part of the province of Matto-Gros.so, flows W., and after a 
 course of 120 miles joins the Sao LourenQO or Porrudos. 
 
 PIRACKUCA. pe-rirkroo^ki, a small town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of PiauUi, 85 miles S. of Parnahiba. Pop. 2000, who 
 tiade in cotton and manioc. 
 
 r V^'^^^'^F"^^^- P'^^'^l^oon^n'. « river of Br.i7.il, rises in 
 lAke ranra. province of .Maranhao, .nnd flowing N.E. for 
 about liX) miles, falls into the Bay of Cuma 
 
 PI R.TIUS or PIR.TiEUS. ni-ree'iis. (Gr. Hipauvi- Piraieus ; 
 It. yorto ic^m« pou'to l,Wn.i. or Ihiio Dracorie, poR'to dri- 
 ko'n.'l; Fr. /V&. peeV.V.) of Greece, in Attica, is the port of 
 Athens, and o miles S.W. of that city, with which it com- 
 municates by a macadamized road. The modern town, wholly 
 1490 ■' 
 
 built since 1834, is on an isthmus connecting with the main 
 land a hilly peninsula, on which are the remains of the tomb 
 of Themistocles. It contained in 1S45 about llXiO houses, 
 with a custom-house, lazaretto, and a new quay. On it< 
 N.W. side is its principal port, (the ancient Aphrndisium.) 
 and on the S.E. side of the peninsula are two other harbors. 
 
 PIRAHI, pe-rl-hee', a river, rises in Brazil, in Serra dos 
 Orgaos, flows N.E., and joins the Parahib;i; total couriw SO 
 miles. 
 
 PIRAHI, a town of Brazil, province, and 52 miles W.N.W. 
 of Rio de Janeiro, on the right bank of the river Pirahi, an 
 affluent' of the Parahiba. Pop. aiOO. 
 
 PIRAINO, pe-ri'no, (anc. Pyracmium,) a town of Sicily, 
 intendency of Messina, on the N. coast, 40 miles W.S.W. of 
 Messina. Pop. 3900, who export oil, wine, and corn. 
 
 PIRANGA, pe-rdn'gS, a town of Brazil, province of Minns 
 Geraes, on the Piranga, 20 miles S.E. of MarLana. Pop. of 
 district. 15,000. 
 
 PIRANHAS, pe-rin-yjts', a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 Serra dos Cairiris. province of Parahiba, flows N.E. and N^ 
 and enters the ocean by three mouths, the Amaragosa on 
 the E., the Conchas on the W., and between the.se two the 
 Cavallos. Total course, 200 miles; chief affluents, Pei.xe, 
 Pianco, and Serido. 
 
 PIR.\XO, pe-r3'no, a seaport town of Istria, on the gulf, 
 and 13 miles S.W. of Triest. Pop. in 1S45. 6250. It has a 
 convenient harbor, citadel, Gothic cathedral, and an export 
 trade in salt, wine, oil, and olives. 
 
 PIRARA, pe-rd/ri, a village of British Guiana, at the E. 
 end of Lake Amucu, and on the watershed between the 
 basins of the Amjizon and Essequibo. Lat. 3° 40' N., Ion. 
 59° 12' W. 
 
 PIRARY, a river of Bolivia. See PnsA 
 
 PI'R.iTE ISLANDS, a group in the Gulf of Tonquin, in 
 the Chinese Sea; Lit. 21° N., lon.l0S° 10' E. 
 
 PIRATINIM, pe-ri-tee-nees»', a town of Brazil, province 
 Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, on the left bank of the river 
 Piratiuim, 75 miles W.N.W. of I!io Grande. Pop. 3'J73. 
 
 PIRATINY^, pe-ri-tee-nee'. a river of Brazil, province of Sao 
 Pedro do Rio Grande, flows N.W. and fiills into the Uruguay, 
 about lat. 28" 10' S., after a cour.se of nearly 140 miles. 
 
 PIRAY', pe-rl', or PIRARY, pe-rj-ree', a rirer of Bolivia, 
 flows N.W. and after a course "of 140 miles joins theGuapal. 
 In the lower part of its course it sometime.s takes the name 
 of Flores. 
 
 PIR'RRIGIIT, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 PI REE. See Pr.veus. 
 
 PIRETIBBI or PIRETIBBE, peeVg-tibAjee. a small lake 
 of British America, near lat. 51° 30' N., Ion. 69° W. 
 
 PIR'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 PIRIATEEX or PIRIATIN, pe^re-J-teen', a town of Rus- 
 sia, government of Poltava, on the Ood.ii, 26 miles N.W. of 
 Loobny. Pop. 2790. 
 
 PIRITU, pe-re-too/, a maritime town of South America, in 
 Venezuela, department of Caraccas, province, and 22 miles 
 S.W. of Barcelona. Nearly opposite to it are the Piritu 
 Islands, in the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 PIR-JELALPOOR, peer'j^l-dl-poor' (?) a town ofthe Punjab, 
 near the confluence of the Ghara (Sutlej) and Chenaub, 40 
 miles S. of Mooltan. It has a good bazaar, and a fine Mo- 
 hjimmedan tomb ; extensive ruins exist in its vicinity. 
 
 PIRMASENS or PIRMASENZ, p€6R'ml-s^nts, a town of 
 Rhenish Bavaria, in the Vosges, 13 miles E.S.E. of Deux- 
 Ponts. Pop. 5596. It is enclosed by walls, well built, and 
 h.is Roman Catholic and Calvinist churches, a synagogue, 
 high .school, and manufactures of tobacco, straw hats, musi- 
 cal instruments, and glasswares. 
 
 PIRNA, pgga'ni, a fortified town of Saxony, on the left 
 bank of the Elbe, and on the railway from Dresden to 
 Prague, 11 miles S.E. of the former. Pop". 5901 . Its citadel is 
 now used a-s an ho.spital. It has manufactures of earthen- 
 ware, tobacco, cotton, linen, and woollen stuffs. Above the 
 town is the old castle of Sonnenstein, now a lunatic a.sylum. 
 Here Frederick the Great obtained a signal tiiumph over 
 the Saxons in 1756. 
 
 PIRNITZ, pggR'nits, a town of MoravLi. 7 miles S.E. of 
 Iglau. Pop. 3470. It has an ancient castle, and manufac- 
 tures of linen and woollen stuffs. 
 
 PIRON. pe-ron'. an island of the LouisLide Archipelago; 
 lat. 11° 20' S., Ion. 153° 25' E., and 5 miles long, and li miles 
 broad. 
 
 PIR-PAN,TAL, peerYin-j3l'(?) a lofly range of mountains, 
 forming part of the S.W. boundary of Cashmere, and sep.v 
 rating it from the Punjab. Entire length about 40 miles. 
 Its highest point is supposed to be .about lat. 33° 40' N., 
 and is estimated to be 15,000 feet above se.a-level. At the 
 S.W. extremity is the pass generally called the Pir-Panjal 
 Pass, about 12,000 feet high. 
 
 PIR-PUTTA, peer-pQt'tS, a celebrated place of pilgrimage 
 in Sinde. on the delta, and one of the arms of the Indus. S.W. 
 of Tattnh. Lat. 24° 34' N.. Ion. 68^ 10' E. 
 
 PIR'TON, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 PIRTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 PIRTON. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 PISA, pet/zl OP pee'si, (auciV«<E wadiAVphiz, Fr. Pise, fiez,) 
 
PIS 
 
 PIT 
 
 u vailed city of Tuscany, capital of a province of its own 
 name, in a marshy but fertile plain, on the Arno. 7 miles 
 from its mouth, and 12 mile.s N'.N.E. of Leghorn, with which 
 and with Lucca it is connected by railways; another railway 
 al.^o extends from i^isa to Florence. Lat. 43° 43' H" N., Ion. 
 1U° 23' 58" E. Pop. 3-3,676. It is about 5 miles in circum- 
 ference, irregularlj' laid out, but its streets are wide, ajid it 
 has many noble edifices. The Arno, within the city, is 
 bordered by fine quays, lined on either side by a majestic 
 thoronjihfare {Lungn VArno,) and crossed by 4 bridi;es, one 
 of which, built of marble, is among the finest in Europe. 
 In one of its squares is the fiimous Campanih (kiiti-pi-nee'- 
 lA.) or leaning tower.tmilt of white marble, and fronted with 
 207 columns; it is 178 feet in lieight. and 50 feet in diameter. 
 the topmost story overhanging the base about 13 feet; but 
 whether this deviation from a perpendicular line is the result 
 of design or accident, is still doubted ; there are also in the 
 same square, the celebrated ceujetery of Campo Srmio,VL(ioTn- 
 ed by sepulchral monuments, and containing a huge mound 
 of earth brought from the Holy Laud in the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and formerly used for a mausoleum ; the baptistry, a 
 polygonal building, 100 feet in diameter; and the cathe- 
 dral — all of which are striking marble edifices. The cathe- 
 dral is one of the noblest ecclesiastical structures in Itiily, 
 built in the form of a Latin cro.ss, richly adorned without 
 and within, and surmounted by a lofty elliptical dome. 
 Among its interior ornaments are some magnificent bronze 
 doors, numerous fine columns, brought from Greece, and a 
 remarkable pulpit, the work of >icolo I'isano, the founder 
 of the I'isan school of sculpture. There are also numerous 
 churches, most of which are richly adorned with works of 
 art. The other principal edifices are the town-hall, a grand- 
 ducal palace, the palace of the academy of fine arts, exten- 
 sJTe buildings of the university, the city-hall, custom-house, 
 prisons, hospitals, the theatre, and an aqueduct, 4 miles in 
 length, which brings water from Asciano. Its old citadel, 
 the Gidera, is now used as a house of correction. The 
 ancient university of I'isa is still the great centre of educa- 
 tion in Tuscany, and has an extensive library, museums of 
 natural history, an astronomical observatory, and a botanic 
 garden. Pisa has a college of nobles, epi.scopal seminary, 
 and many other public schools, and some manufactu; <s of 
 soap, glass, and vitrol. Three miles S. of I'isa are the dairy 
 farms of the grand duke, where 1500 cows and 200 camels 
 are kept. Three and a half miles N . are the Bagni di Pisa, 
 medicinal baths, frequented in summer by many visitors. 
 Pisa was one of the 12 principal cities of Etruria, and from 
 the tenth to the fourteenth century it was the capital of an 
 enterprising republic. It was taken by the French in 1799. 
 
 Pisa was the birthplace of Galileo. Adj. and inhab. Pis.ix, 
 
 pee'zan. 
 
 PLSANG, pee'sjng/, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 in the Gilolo Passage. 
 
 PISANG, an island of the Malay Archipelago, belonging 
 to the Banda Islands. 
 
 PIS.A.NIA, pe-zan'e-j, a vilLage and British factory of 
 West ,\frica. on the Gambia, 200 miles from its mouth. 
 
 PISAURUM. See Pes.^ro. 
 
 PISAURUS. See Fogua. 
 
 PISCAS'SICK RIVER, a small stream of Rockingham and 
 Strafford cos., in the S.E. part of New Hampshire, falls into 
 Lamprey River. 
 
 PISCAT'AQUA RIVER, is formed by the waters of the 
 Salmon Falls, the Cocheco, and several other streams in 
 Strafford CO., New Hampshire, and running a S.S.E. cour.se, 
 falls into the Atlantic Ocean, about 3 miles below Ports- 
 mouth. Through its whole length it forms the boundary 
 between Maine and New Hampshire. 
 
 PISCAT'AQUIS, a river of Maine, rises in Somerset 
 county, and tlowing easterly through Piscataquis county, 
 falls into the Penobscot River, in Penobscot county, near the 
 centre of the state. It is a good mill-stream. Length, 
 about 65 miles. 
 
 PISCATAQUIS, a county forming the N. extremity of 
 Maine, has an area of about 5500 square miles. It contains 
 numerous lakes, the principal of which are Moosehead Lake, 
 the source of the Kennebec Kiver, and Chesuncook Lake. 
 It is drained by the head-waters of the St. John's and 
 Piscataquis Rivers, and traversed by the Penobscot. Most 
 of the northern part of the county is still a densely wooded 
 wilderness. The surface is generally undulating, with 
 some raountaias, of which the principal is Mount Katahdin. 
 The soil is fertile, especially along the Piscataquis River. 
 Organized in 1838. Capittl. Dover. Pop. 15,032. 
 
 PISCAT/AQUOG, a river of Hillsborough co., in the S. 
 part of New Hampshire, falls into the Merrimack River. 
 
 PISCAT'AWA Y, a village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Kew Jersey, about 5 miles from New Brunswick. The vil- 
 lage, formerly the county seat for Somerset and Middlesex 
 roanties, contains 12 or 15 dwellings. I'op. of township. 3186. 
 
 PISCATAWAY, a post-village of Prince George's co., 
 Maryland, on the Piscat-^way Kiver, 16 miles S. of Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 PISCIANO. pe-shd'no. a town of Italy, in the Pontifical 
 States, 26 miles E. of Rome. Pop. 1230. 
 
 PISCIOTT.\., pe-shot'td, a town of Naples, province of 
 PrincipatoCitra, 9miles S. of II Vallo, on the Mediterranoan. 
 with 2300 inhabitants. It has trade in fruit, wine, and oil, 
 and an active fishery. 
 
 PISCO, pees'ko, a maritime town of North Peru, depart 
 ment, and 130 miles S.S.E. of Lima; lat. 13° 43' S., Ion. 76'- 
 17' W., near the mouth of the Pisco River, in the Pacifle 
 Ocean. 
 
 PISCOnJA, a post-office of Lowndes co., Georgia. 
 
 PISCOPI. pi.s'ko-pe, an island off the W. coast of Asia 
 Minor, in Anatolia. 21 miles N.W. of Rhodes. 
 
 PISCOPI, a maratime village of Cyprus, on its S. coast. 24 
 miles E. of Baffa. 
 
 PISE'CO or PlZjyCO, a village of Hamilton co.,New Yoik, 
 at the N.E. end of the lake of its own name. 73 miles N.N.W. 
 of Albany. 
 
 PISECO, (PIZECO or PEZEECO) LAKE, New York, in 
 the S. part of Hamilton county, is 6 miles long, and from 
 Iff to 2 miles wide: it is the source of Sacondaga River. 
 
 PISKK, pee'sSk, or PISECA, pee-zA/k3, a town of Bohemia, 
 capital of the circle of Prachin, on the Watawa, 24 miles 
 W.S.W. of Tabor. Pop. 5446. It is well built, and has a 
 gj'mnasium, a high school, several churches, a military 
 academy, some woollen cloth and nitre fectories, and a brisk 
 transit trade. 
 
 PIS'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 PIS/GAH, an ancient mountain of Palestine, situated, au 
 is supposed, N.E. of the N. extremity of the Dead Sea. 
 
 PISGAH, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 PISGAH, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri. 
 
 PISGAH, a village of Union co., Iowa, 150 miles S.W. by 
 W. of Iowa City. 
 
 PISH'ILL, parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 PISH'ON'S FERRY, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 PISHTAKA, Wisconsin. See Fox River. 
 
 PISIXO. pe-.see'no, (Ger. MiUerburg, mit'tfr-booRO',) a 
 town of lUj-ria, capital of the circle of Istria, in its centre, 34 
 miles S.E. of Triest. Pop. 1615. It has a trade in corn, fruit, 
 and wine. 
 
 PISOGNE, pee-s<f>n'yi, a village of Northern Italy, province, 
 and 23 miles E. N.E. of Bergamo, at the N.E. e.\tremity of 
 Lake Iseo. Pop. 3157. 
 
 PISOU, pe-zoo', written also PISSOU, a river of We.st 
 Africa, Liberia, falling Into the Atlantic near lat. 6° 40' N., 
 Ion. 11° 30' W. 
 
 PISSA, pis/sH, a river of East Prussia, issues from Lake 
 Wysztyten, near the town of that name, on the frontier o*' 
 Poland, flows N.W., unites with the -\^ngerap in forming 
 the Pregel, after a course of about 70 miles. 
 
 PISSEVACHE, peessH'dsh', a famous waterfall of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Valais, on the Sallenche River, near its con- 
 fluence with the Rhone, 4 miles N.W. of Martiguy. Total 
 height 280 feet, and its final leap is 120 feet. 
 
 I'ISSOU, a river of Liberia. See Pisou. 
 
 PTSTICCI, pis-tee'chee, or PISTICCIO. pis-tee'cho, a town 
 of Naples, province of Basilicata, 19 miles S. of Matera, with 
 0200 inhabitants, 3 churches, a large convent, 2 hospitals, 
 and some manufactures of woollen cloths. 
 
 PISI'ILL, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 PISTOJA, pis-to'ya, (Fr. Pistoie, peesHwl/; anc. Pido'ria 
 or PiMrium,) a town of Tuscany, province of Florence, on 
 the left bank of the Ombrone, 21 miles N.W. of Florence, 
 with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 12.3S7. It is 
 enclosed by ramparts and Itastions, defended by a strong 
 citadel, and well-built, having wide streets, lined by an- 
 tique houses. Principal public bull lings, a cathedral, and 
 several other interesting churches, an episcopal palace, 
 several convents, and a fine old town-hall. It has an aca- 
 demy, a museum of natural history, two public libraries, 
 and a theatre, with manufactures of woollen cloth, silk twist, 
 leather, iron wire, and bars, some trade in cattle, raw silk, 
 a.nd straw hats. Pistols are said to have derived their name 
 from Pistoja, which claims the invention of this weapon ; 
 it has still considerable mannfiictures of fire-arms, fine 
 cutlery, and surgical instruments. 
 
 PISUERGA, pe-swja/gd, a river of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 rises in the Cantabrian Mountain.s. flows mostly S.S.W., and 
 joins the Douro, 10 miles below Valladolid, besides which 
 city, Ilerrera and Torqiiemada are on its banks. Length, 
 140 miles, in a part of which the Canal of Castile accompanies 
 it on the W. Affluents, the Arlanzon and Esquera from the 
 E., and Carrion from the N.W. 
 
 PIT. pit, a river of Siberia, rises in the government of 
 Yeniseisk, near lat. 00° N., and Ion. 97° E., flows W.S.W., and 
 joins the Yenisei on the right, 70 miles below the town of 
 Yeniseisk, after a course of 240 miles. 
 
 PIT.^NGUI, pe-tdng-ghee', a town of Brazil, province of 
 Slinas Geraes, 110 miles N.W. of Ouro Preto, nearly 2000 feet 
 above sea-level. Pop. of district. 5000. 
 
 PIT^CAIRN', a village of Scotland, co. of Perth, parish, 
 and 1 mile S. of Dunning, with 310 inhabitants. 
 
 PITCAIRN, a village of Scotland, co. of Perth, parish of 
 Redgorton, 4 miles W.N.W. of Perth, on the Almond, with 
 260 inhabitants. It has flour and spinning mills, and « 
 large bleachfield. 
 
 1491 
 
PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 PITCATRN, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New 
 York. 31 miles S c>.W. of Canton. It contains a valu.-ible de- 
 posit of mairnetic iron ore. Pop. 577. 
 
 PtTCAIIiN' ISLAND, a solitary island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, lat. 25° 3' 6" S., Ion. 130° 8' W. It is 2^ miles in len-th. 
 »nil 1 mile in breadth. It is of volcanic orii^in ; greatest Ueiifht, 
 1040 feet. The shores rise almost perpendicular: in the whole 
 island there Is said to be only one accessible landing-place, 
 at liouuty Biy. Its summit is clothed with a lu.xuriant 
 verdure, and the bases of its lofty cliffs are skirted with 
 thit lily -branching evergreens. The cocoa-nut, plantain, 
 banana, banyan, orange, and bread-fruit trees flourish; and 
 maize, sweet potatoes, yams, susrar-cane, and other tropi- 
 cal plants, are cultivated. The climate is healthful, with 
 the thermometer ranging from 59° to 89° Fahrenheit. Pit- 
 cairn's Island is chietly interesting from its connection with 
 the history of a remarkable colony- founded here in 1790, by 
 the mutineers of the English ship Bounty, and consisting 
 origin.iUy of 9 British sailors, 6 native Tahitian me^, and 
 12 women. In 1S25. 35 years from the lirst settlement, Cap- 
 tain Beechey found here .h most inttM-estiiig and intelligent 
 colony of 66 persons. Under the patriarchal superinten- 
 dence of one of the original mutineers, an Englishman 
 named Adams, the children had been educated and trained 
 up to habits of industry and morality. In July, 1851. the 
 pop. had increased to 160. They live chiefly on yams, pota- 
 toes, and other vegetables, which they raise by their own 
 labor. Annually a chief magistrate and assistant are elected 
 by the votes of the community. They have a church, school, 
 and comfortable cottages, forming a village. The average 
 number of ships which annually visit the island has been 
 for some years atout 10. chiefly American whalers, to whom 
 provisions are supplied in exchange for clothing, &c. The 
 islanders speak and read the English language, are of an 
 active, robust frame of bodj', dark complexion, with pleas- 
 ing countenance.', and hospitable and engaging dispositions. 
 From the remains of buri.il-grounds, the island would 
 appear to have been occupied by inhabitants at a period 
 antecedent to the visit of the mutineers of the Bounty. 
 It was seen by Carteret in 1767, and named by'him after 
 one of his officers. 
 
 PITCH'CO.MBE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 PITCU'COTT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 PITCH'ER, a post-village and township on the W. border 
 of Chenango co.. New York, and on Otsellc Kiver, 16 miles 
 "5V.N.\V. of Norwich. Pop. 1276. 
 
 PITCHER SPRINGS, a post-village of Chenango co., New 
 York, about 125 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 PITCH'EORD. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 PITCH LANDING, a post-village of Hertford co., North 
 Carolina, 110 miles N.E. by E. of Raleigh. 
 
 PITCH'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 PIT'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PITEA, (Pite4,) pit'e-6, a river of North Sweden, Irens of 
 Umei! and Pitei, enters the Gulf of Bothnia near Piteil, 
 after a S.E. course of 180 miles. 
 
 PITEA, (PlteS,) the northernmost and largest laen or pro- 
 vince of Sweden, between lat. 65° and 67° 8' N.. and Ion. 15° 
 15' and 20° 10' E., having W. and N. the Norwegian provinces 
 of Xordland and Finmark, and on the E. Russian Lapland 
 and the Gulf of Bothnia. Area. 32.9.^0 square miles. Pop. 
 46.707. The Lainio and Torned Rivers form its boundary on 
 the side of Russia ; the other rivers are the Lule.4 and Pite.1, 
 and it contains numerous lakes. After I'iteS. its principal 
 Tillages are Luled, Nid-Kalix, Jockmock, Quickjock, and 
 Gellimara. Its N. part is called Pite^-I^ippmark. 
 
 PITEA, (PiteS,) a seaport town of North Sweden, capital 
 of a laen. on the PiteA, near its mouth in the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 110 miles N.N.E. of Umed. Pop. 1-tOO. It has a convenient 
 harlx)r and several ship-building docks. 
 
 PITECCIO, pe-t^t-'cho, (anc. Piticciiim f) a village of Tus- 
 cany. al)Ove the Ombroue. 5 miles N. of Pistoja. Pop. 1600. 
 
 PKTEGLIO, pe-t4l'yo, a village of Tuscany, 20 miles N.^V. 
 of Pistoja. Pop. 3195. 
 
 PITHECUSA. See Ischia. 
 
 PITHIVIERS, pee'teeHe-i', a town of France, department 
 of Loiret, 23 miles N.E. of Orleans. Pop. 3S03. It has 
 manufactures of almond-cakes .and other confectionary, .and 
 a trade in saffron, silk, and honey. 
 
 PITI, pee'tee, a district of Thibet, among the West Him-a- 
 layas, belonging to Great Britiin. and bounded E. by the 
 Chinese territories, from which it is separated by the 
 Parang. 
 
 PITIC, pee-tik', written also PETIC. a town of the Slexi- 
 can Confederation, state of, and on the Sonora, 95 miles S.W. 
 of Arispe, and an entrepot for goods imported through 
 
 n/nV"*^' °° the G ulf of California. Pop. 5000 
 
 I IIIGLIANO. ne-teel-vA/no- r tnorr. nf Ti,e,.o 
 
 l.if/MAJl:'^.,??**^"''* °' Schuylkill CO., Pennsylvania. 
 oHI-i^^*'"' * P"""*" "f England, co. of Somerset. 
 Ill M:,\ . a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 14»2 
 
 PITRE. peet'r'. an islet in the Little Cul-de-Sac. a lay of 
 Guadeloupe, in the French West Indies. S. of Point-^-I'itro. 
 PITRES, a village of France, department of Eure, 7 miloK 
 N.N.E. of Louviers. Pop. 1026. 
 
 PITSCHKN, pitch'?n,a town of Prussian Silesia, 33 miles 
 N.N.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1950. It has Lutheran and Roman 
 Catholic churches. 
 
 PIT'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PITSLI'GO, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Aber- 
 deen. 
 
 PITPLIGO, New, a village of Scotland, parish of Tyrie, 10 
 miles S.W. of Fraserburgh. Pop. in 1S51, 1601. 
 
 PITT, a comity in the E. central part of North Carolina. 
 Area estimated at 650 square miles. It is intersected by Tar 
 River and Contentny Creek. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is generally sandy. The count}- was formed from 
 Beaufiirt as early as 1760, and named in honor of the cele- 
 brated William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham. Capital, 
 (Jreenville. Pop. 16,080, of whom 7607 were free, and 8-473 
 slaves. 
 
 PITT, or MAKIN, mj-keen', an island of the North Pacific 
 Ocean, one of the Gilbert Islands, in lat. 3° 20' 43" N., Ion. 
 172° 57' E. 
 
 PIT'TENWEEM', a royal, parliamentary, and municipal 
 bungh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on 
 the N. shore of tho Frith of Forth. 24 miles N.N.E. of Edin- 
 burgh. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1861, 1450. Its 
 harbor is sm.iU: and fishing and fish-curing are nearly the 
 only occup.itions carried on. The burgh unites with St. 
 Andrew's, the two Anstruthers. Crail, Cupar, and Kilren- 
 ny, in sending 1 member to the Hou.ao of Commons. 
 
 PITTlIEM.'pitt/em, a town of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, 15 miles S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 5400. 
 
 PITTINGTON, a pai-ish of England, co., and 3^ miles 
 E.N.E. of Durham, with a station on the Durham and Sun- 
 derland Railway. 
 
 PITT'MANSVILLE, a small vilKage of Taylor co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 PITTOMACHA, pit-to-ml'Ki a village of Austria, in 
 Croatia. 12 miles from Bettovar. Pop. 1919. 
 
 PITT RIVK.R rises in Shasta co., in the N. part of Cali- 
 fornia, near the foot of the Sierra Nevad.i, and running in a 
 general S.W. course, falls into Sacramento River about 10 
 miles N. of Shasta Citv. 
 
 PITT'S ARCHIPKL/AGO, in the Pacific Ocean, off the 
 coast of British North America, is mostly between lat. 53° 
 and 54° N,, Ion. 130° W. Pitt".s Island, the largest of the 
 group, is alx)ut 75 miles in length from N.W. to S.E. 
 Several other islands in the Pacific have this name. 
 
 PITTS/BOROUGII. a post-village, capital of Chatham co.. 
 North Carolina, 34 miles W. of Raleigh, and a few miles W. 
 of Haw River. It contains a court-house recently built, 2 
 or 3 churthes, an ac^ideniy. and several stores. 
 
 PITTS/BOROUGH. a post-office, Calhoun co.. Mississippi. 
 
 PITTSBOROUGH, a post-village of Hendricks co., Indiana, 
 on AVhitelick Creek, 19 miles N.W. of Indian.apolis. 
 
 P1TT.S'BURG, a post-township of Coos co.. New Hamp- 
 shire. 135 miles N. bv E. of Concord. Pop. 413. 
 
 PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH,* a city, port of entry, atiA 
 seat of justice of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, at the junction 
 of the -Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, which here form 
 the Ohio. 357 miles W. of l^hiladelphia, 477 N.K. by E. of 
 Cincinnati. 1174 E.N.E. of St. Louis, and 223 N.W. of 
 Washington. Lat. 40° 32' N.. Ion. 80° 2' W. The site com- 
 prises the triangular plain enclosed by the .-VUeghany and 
 Monongjvhela Rivers, Grant's Hill, and several other eleva- 
 tions, which terminate the plain on the E, The general 
 outline and many other features of this city bear a striking 
 resemblance to the lower part of New York. Along the 
 Monongahela the streets were laid out at right angles to 
 each other, and extend either parallel or perpendicular to 
 the river. The same plan was also adopted on the Alleghany 
 side, by which arrangement the cross streets meet obliquely 
 a few squares S. of the latter stream. The space included 
 within the.se limits was found insufficient to meet the re- 
 quirements of the rapidly increasing population, which soon 
 extended it.self to the opposite shores. Here have sprung 
 up several large and flourishing towns, the most important 
 of which are Alleghany City iind Manchester, situ.ated di- 
 rectly opposite the junction of the Alleghany River with the 
 Ohio, and Birmingham, on the left bank of the .Monongahela. 
 In commercial ajid social interests, all these are identical 
 with the city proper; and we should do Pittsburg injustice 
 not to consider them as a part of the same cominunity. 
 
 * It is tn be desired tliat t))e h should be omitted in the termination 
 of all American names nf tliis class (as Harrisecrg, Pittsburg, Wil- 
 LIAMSBuno), not merely because it is useless, but because it is liable 
 to mislead tlie reader in regard to the prnouQcialion of such names. It 
 is a fact, perhaps not generally known, that the h in lurgh^ wherever 
 this occurs in Luropean names, is adiied for the express purpose of in- 
 dicating that this affix is to be pronounced in two syllatUs. Not only 
 is the Lurgh in Edinburgh, Jedburgh, and Roxburgh, tn be pro- 
 nounced bOrrOh, but when Hamburg (the faoious free (oivn of Ger- 
 many) is written with the final h. it is intended .0 be cilled "Hambiir- 
 rbh,'* which pronunciation, corresponding in, e neatly thar our« tc* 
 the native German, was formerly very common in EucUiid. 
 
PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 The site of the city is a natural amphitheatre, being en- 
 vironed on all Bides by beautiful hills, rising from 400 to 500 
 feet above the level of the Ohio, and tille.d with coal, iron, 
 and limestone, the woikin<; of which into articles of utility 
 constitutes the chief occupation of the Inh.abitants. These 
 hills are not, except in a few instances, precipitous, and 
 from their skipes and peaks afford a series of rii-h and varied 
 laudsGipes. The scenery is in a most interestinp manner 
 strengthened in color by the fertility of the soil, which con- 
 tinues to the very summits. There is nothinp: of barren- 
 ness visible; vegetation in the forests, meadows, fields, 
 irchards, and ^aidens. exhibits one panorama of abundance 
 and beauty. 
 
 IMttsburs is hand.somely built, principally of brick, and in 
 the eastern section contains many beautiful residences. In- 
 deed, no more delitchtful place of residence could be found 
 than this, were it not for the disagreeable inconveniences 
 arising from the use of bituminous coal. From innumer- 
 able chimneys are belched forth dense volumes of smoke, 
 which till the air for miles around, soiling the garments of 
 persons in the streets, and discoloring the buildings, giving 
 them a dark and sooty appearance. 
 
 Many of tho public edifices of this city are splendid speci- 
 mens of architecture. Of these, however, our limits will 
 permit us to mention only a few. The court-house, occupy- 
 ing the summit of Grant's Hill, is a massive stone structure 
 of the Grecian Doric order, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep, 
 adorned in front with a portico. The dome, which is 37 feet 
 in diameter at the base, and 148 feet from the ground, affords 
 a view in the highest degree varied and picturesque. The 
 entire cost of the building was about ,•$200,000. The new 
 custom-house, at the corner of Smithfleld and Fifth streets, 
 is a large building of freestone, in the Grecian style, just 
 completed at a cost of $115,000. It contains an apartment 
 for the city post-otlice. in addition to those appropriated to 
 the business of the United States customs. I'ittsburg has 
 one of the finest hotels — the Monongahelu House — in the 
 United States, or perhaps in the world. It is a costly brick 
 edifice, square, six stories high, and extends from Smith- 
 field street to Water street, fronting the Monongahela River. 
 Two fine market-houses have recently been erected, one oi 
 which contains a hall for public use, from 200 tf 250 feet 
 long and about 100 feet wide. There are numerous other 
 buildings deserving of notice, among which is the Pittsburg 
 Theatre, a large edifice, with a very handsome front. The 
 Western Penitentiary of Pennsylvania is located in Alle- 
 ghany City, fronting on Ohio street. It is an immense 
 stone building, in the ancient Norman style, and cost, at 
 the time of its erection in 1827, $183,000. In front is a 
 fine lawn. The United States .\rsenal at Lawrenceville, on 
 the left hank of the Alleghany River, about 2j miles above 
 I'ittsburg, isj a very handsome stone edifice, enclosed by 
 spacious and beautifully ornamented grounds. 
 
 There are (1865) in Pittsburg, Birmingham, and Alleghany 
 above 1.30 churches; of which 10 are B.iptist, 16 Catholic, 10 
 Episcopal, 9 Lutheran. 33 Methodist, ami 39 Presbyterian: 
 the remainder being distributed among the smaller sects. 
 Slore than 100 of the above churches belong to Pittsburg 
 Many of these are choice specimens of architectural beauty. 
 The Catholic cathedral, at the corner of Grant ami Fitth 
 streets, near the court-house, is a magnificent brick edifice, 
 adorned with a lofty spire. St. Peter's Church, (Episcopal.) 
 also situated on Grant street, opposite the court-house, is a 
 fine Gothic structure, similar to St. Mark's Church. Locust 
 street, Philadelphia. Occupying the summit of Grant's Hill, 
 these churches and the court-house are imposing objects to 
 one approaching the city from the Ohio. 
 
 The principal benevolent institutions are the Mercy IIos- 
 pit<il, under tlio charge of the Sisters of Mercy, with a 
 spacious building at the head of Stevenson street; the 
 Western Pennsylvania Hospital, a fine brick edifice, in the 
 E. part of Alleghany City; it has a well conducted depart- 
 ment for the insane at Dixmont, 8 miles from the city; a 
 United States Marine Hospital ; the Home for the Friend- 
 less; tho Church Home, designed cliiefly as a home for 
 children of all denominations. The House of Industry, 
 under the care of tlie Sisters of Mercy, has a finely situated 
 and spacious building in Washington street, in Alleghany 
 City; the Pittsburg Infirmary, at the corner of Roberts 
 and Keed streets ; and the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum ; 
 also a House of Jlefuge, ■with a capacity for 450 inmates. 
 
 Among the literary and educational institutions may be 
 mentioned the Western Theological Seminary and the .Alle- 
 ghany City Theological Seminary, both situated in Alle- 
 ghany City. The Western University of Pennsylvania, 
 formerly located here, was destroyed by the great fire of 
 1845, since which it has ceased to exist. AVitliin a few 
 /ears past, an increased interest has been manifested in the 
 •lubject of popular education. There are now upwards of 
 60 scliools in the city, and nearly an equal number in the 
 suburbs, annually attended by some 20,000 pupils. There 
 are in Pittsburg from 15 to 20 newspaper offices. 
 
 Tliere are 16 national banks in Pittsburg, vith a capital 
 of 57.700,000; and 2 national banks in .^.Ueghany, capital, 
 $350,000. There are also several savings' banks. 
 
 The manufactures of Pittsburg are immense, an*' •tpable 
 of being extended almost indefinitely. Indeed, thert- are no 
 known limits to tho elements necessary to their augmenta«- 
 tion. Wool, coal, ores, and agricultural resources all abound 
 in the utmost profusion, and may be obtained with scarcely 
 any expenditure of labor or of I'-apital. In England it re- 
 quires an immense outlay of capital to mine coal, w hich ther< 
 lies from 500 to 2000 feet below the surface ; but in Western 
 Pennsylvania enough coal to turn all the machinery evei 
 constructed may be found in rich beds underlying the hijls 
 at an elevation above the ordinary level of the country. Ii 
 is reached, after a few dollars' outlay, by horizontal drifts, 
 not perpendicular shafts; and the mines thus ojieued are 
 self-draining and seJf-vcniUaling. Directly across from Pitts- 
 burg, the coal lies 200 feet high in the hills, and is sent down 
 in c:irs to the mills and foundries located along their b:ise at 
 the least possible cost. Tlie very best coal used for generating 
 steam is delivered here at the place of consumption at ivi'ni 
 fifty cents to a dollar and a quarter per ton of 2240 pounds. 
 
 The manufjicturing establishments of Alleghany county, 
 which are principally situated in Pittsburg or in the vicinity, 
 amounted in 18C0 to 1191, having an aggregate capital of 
 $20,531,440, and employing 18,228 male and 2265 female 
 hands, and producing annually goods valued at $26,563,379. 
 There were 24 maiiulactories of machinery, steam-engines, 
 Ac, employing a capital of §496,500, and 815 hands, yielding 
 an annual product valued at $1,031,968; 13 rolling-mills, Jic, 
 emi)loyiug u capital of S^j,380,000. and 2323 hands, and i)ro- 
 ducing annually bar, sheet, and railroad iron valued at 
 $3,761,683; 18 glass works, employinga capital of $1,867,000, 
 and producing glassware and window-glass valued at 
 $2,075,143; 5 manufactories of nails, employing a capital 
 of $1,250,000, and producing cut nails valued at $1,140,800; 
 52 flouring-mills, employing a capita] of $452,500, and jno- 
 ducing flour and meal valued at $1,335,741 ; and 5 cotton 
 factories, employing a capital of $925,000, and 1171 hands, 
 and producing goods valued at $1,076,333. 
 
 There were ia Pittsburg, 38 iron foundries with machine 
 shops, turning out between 100 and 2u0 steam-engines an- 
 nually. The whole number of boilers for steam-engines 
 manufactured in the city amounted to near 600 yearly, each 
 weighing about 5000 pounds. Of these foundries, 29 with 
 an aggregate capital of $775,000, consumed 19,276 tons of pig 
 iron annually in tho production of mill-gearing, cotton and 
 sugar mills and presses, copper-mining machinery, railroad 
 castings, chilled wheels, shafts, metallic burial cases, ma- 
 chines for punching, drilling, and planing iron, &c., &c. ; also 
 locks, coffee mills, scales, kc. 
 
 One of the largest establishments is the Fort Pitt Works, 
 which in ls53 consumed 3225 tons of pig and wrought iron, 
 producing, among other things, 10 blast cylinders, 10 first- 
 class steam-engines, and 160 freight cars. Several iron 
 steamers have been built at these works; and from 1842 to 
 1847 tliere were cast, bored, and mounted here 633 canii'n, 
 weighing, in all, 1787 tons, and 22,189 shot and shell. 
 During the war of the rebellion there were manufactured 
 here several of the largest cannon that have ever been 
 made. 
 
 The total amount of pig iron, blooms, and scraps con- 
 sumed in the city in 1853 is estimated as follows ; — For 
 Bteiim-engino foundries, 9250 tons; other foundries, 10,275 
 tons; and rolling-mills, 98,860 tons; total, 127,375 tons. 
 
 The people of Pittsburg are largely interested in the copper- 
 mines of Ijake Superior. Of 16 copper-mining companies, 
 whose aggregate capital was divided into 162,000 shares, 
 102.000 shares, valued at $1,313,750, were owned in this 
 city — the greatest number owned in any one company being 
 15,000 shares, and the least number, 2000. One copper- 
 smelting establishment, consuming 1000 tons of Lake Supe- 
 rior ore annually, is in operation in Pittsburg, and has in 
 connection with it a large copper-rolling mill and an exten- 
 sive brass foundry. There were also 8 other factories for 
 working copper, and 5 separate brass foundries. There is 
 here an establishment called tho " Eagle Steel- Works," with 
 3 converting furnaces, 5 heating furnaces, and 18 smelting 
 furnaces, for the manufacture of cast steel of all varieties. 
 
 There were 13 heavy blacksmithing forges, with a capital 
 of $40.0,000, producing railroad axles, steamboat shafts, su;.rar 
 mills, bridge-work, &c. ; 4 large factories, making annually 
 1600 fire-proof .safes, besides iron shutters, vault doors, Ac; 
 6 establishments using steam in the manufacture of axes, 
 cross-cut .saws, forks and other agricultural implements: 3 
 factories making vices, cotton and tobacco .screws, planing 
 machines, &c. ; 1 establishment turning out from 5 to 7 tons 
 of spikes daily: 2 extensive establishments manufacturing 
 railroad scales, coffee and paint mills, locks, &c. ; 2 rifle-barrel 
 factories ; 4 large white-lead factories ; 3 soda factories, pro- 
 ducing 1500 tons of soda yearly ; 3 linseed-oil mills, yield- 
 ing annually 1600 barrels of oil ; 2 chemical-works for the 
 manufacture of nitric and sulphuric acid; 3 flouring mills, 
 with 19 run of stone, turning out yearly 360,000 barrel" of 
 flour: and 5 large establishments for making crackers and 
 pilot-bread. 
 
 On the Allegh.iny River and its tributaries are numerous 
 salt-works; and in the vicinity of Pittsburg are now h' 
 
 1493 
 
PIT 
 
 i|)t>ration abo. t 40 irells, each producing from 6000 to 30,000 
 bu-ihi>/* )f ualt anuially. There are also about 70 other salt- 
 wells uol worled. 
 
 There vrerf in Pittsburg and the vicinity in June. 1854, 10 
 flint or crystal-glass factories, with 15 furnaces, all in opera- 
 tion day and night; 14 window and plate-glass furnaces, 
 annually producing 145.0013 boxes of glass, worth about 
 $.5S(i.000: and 17 factories turning out 176.000 boxes of glass 
 lotlles, flasks, phials. &c.. worth $38.5.000; besides 8 win- 
 dow-glass and 1 bottle factory, out of blast. There were 5 
 cotton factories, employing 1350 operatives, who work 671 
 looms and 29,300 spindles, producing from 6,350,000 pounds 
 of cotton, cloth, yarn, carpet chains, &c., to the value of 
 f 1.231.000 annually. About 200 looms were to be added the 
 ensuing season. 
 
 There were also in Pittsburg and its vicinity in 1854, 44 
 breweries, (17 employing steam.) which consumed annually 
 350,000 bushels of barley and 200,IK)0 pounds of hops ; 21 recti- 
 fying distilleries, which prepare for market over 40.000 barrels 
 of whisky per annum : 7 large st«am tanneries, and a number 
 of smaller ones ; 13 steam planing mills, with a capitiil of 
 $260,000; 13 steam .saw mills, producing 20,000.000 feet of 
 lumber yearly; 7 large carriage factories, annually turning 
 out 1200 omnibuses, coaches, &c. ; 2 very extensive wagon &c- 
 tories ; several large and 15 smaller establishments for making 
 cabinet ware : 6 piiper mills, 6 rope walks, and 3 extensive est.v 
 blishments ibr sawing and dressing stone. There were also a 
 gre;it number of establishments, not included in the aljove, 
 for making nuts, bolts, iron and copper rivets, spikes, brads, 
 tacks, cards used in cotton and woollen machinery, oil, 
 candles, window shades, oil cloths, woollen goods, sickles, 
 surgical and surveying instruments, chandeliers, lamps, 
 Venetian blinds, ear.then and stone ware. Ac. &c. 
 
 .\ccording to the census of 1850, there were 819 manufac- 
 torii'S in Pittsburg, and 120 in Alleghany City, employing 
 10.253 hands, and producing goods to the value of $11,8S3,427. 
 According to the report of the Chamber of Commerce, the 
 manufactures of Pittsburg in 1864 amounted in value to 
 $20,970,338. Owing to the almost unexampled loW stage of 
 water in the Ohio, rendering it unnavigable for five months, 
 the prevalence of the cholera, pressure in the money mar- 
 .iet. and other causes, business of all kinds was much less 
 active than in previous years. In 1S40 there were in openi- 
 tiou in Pittsburg and Alleghany City -32 furnaces and forges, 
 with a capital of $1,437,000. The' total capital then em- 
 ployed in manufactures was stated at $2,784,594. 
 
 The consumption of coal in Pittsburg for 1854, is estimated 
 as follows : — 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Brought forward 20.215,000 
 
 Gas works (two) 200.001) 
 
 Public buildings I.IO.OOO 
 
 MiscellaQeous eDgiues.. 900.000 
 Steamboats 840.000 
 
 Biubels. 
 
 Domestic uses 12,000,000 
 
 R.Mling mills 6,376,000 
 
 Foundries 540,000 
 
 Glass liouses 600,000- 
 
 Engine and machine 
 
 shops 600,000 
 
 Cotton factories 100,000 
 
 Total consumption . . 
 
 2,305.000 
 
 Exported from Pittsburg to other places 14.103,000 
 
 Total amount in bnshels 36.708.000 
 
 Total amount in tons 4,311,0:^ 
 
 The principal harbor of Pittsburg is furnished by the 
 Uonongahela River, whii-h has a areater depth of water than 
 Uie .\lleghauy. The Ohio is navigable to the conHiience of 
 these streams for boats of light draught, except at short 
 periods of very dry seasons, and a few days of the severest 
 winters. It is not navigable, however, for boats of the 
 largest class during any considerabfe portion "of the year. 
 The steamboats, therefore, constructed at Pittsburg. ar» 
 adapted to the lowest possible draught of wat«r, in order 
 that they may transact business even during the dry sea- 
 son. The commerce of the port is very extensive. Commu- 
 nicating with the Ohio and Missis.sippi Valleys by means of 
 the navigable waters of the Ohio Kiver. and connected by 
 railw.ays and canal.* with the great lakes on the one hand, 
 and with Philadelphia and the .\tlantic on the other. Pitts- 
 burg Is not only the great entrepot fjr the entire trade of 
 Pennsylvania with the West, but merchandise to a large 
 amount from New York, destined for the cuies along the 
 Ohio and Mississippi, annually passes through this empo- 
 rium. Besides its other great advantiiges. Pittsburg is 
 about to derive hnportant benefits from numerous railways 
 which will goon go into operation in various portions of 
 Western Pennsylvania. One of the most importa nt of these 
 is the PitUburg and Olean Kailioad, which will communi- 
 cate with some of the best agricultural counties in the state. 
 To cnnne<;t with this route, another road is about to be con- 
 glructed from Buffalo to Olean, thereby connecting the 
 western termini of the Pennsylvania canals with the we.st- 
 wii termini of the New York canals, and the head of Ohio 
 uarigation with the great port at the e.Hstern terminus of 
 naviiration on Lake Erie. When the various railroads now 
 In pmgress are completed. Pittsburg will be the terminus of 
 nine distinct and independent routes, of which five will be 
 trunk lines. 
 
 Tlie trade of Pittsburg is facilitated by numerous rail- 
 roads, which connect it with Philadelphia via liarriiibure 
 14»4 *' 
 
 PIT 
 
 with Erie, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Colnmbns (Ohio), 
 Kittanning, Connellsville, &c. It is the W. terminus of the 
 Pennsylvania Central Railroad. 357 miles long, and the B. 
 terminus of the Pittsburg,Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 
 468 miles long. It is also a terminus of the following rail- 
 roads: the Alleghany Valley (which is opened to Kittan- 
 ning), the Pittsburg and Connellsville (which extends to 
 Uniontowu, 72 miles), the Pittsburg, Columbus and Cincin- 
 nati, and the Cleveland and Pittsburg Kailroad, 150 miles 
 long. 
 
 Pittsburg is probably the greatest oil market in the 
 world. There were received from opening of navigation in 
 March to December 13, 1865, 884,730 barrels. Half (or 
 more) of the oil of the Venango region comes to Pittsburg. 
 Fully 30 first-class passenger steamers, plying between Oil 
 City and Pittsburg, are engaged in the oil business wholly. 
 There are (1865) 159 steamboats owned in Pittsburg. The 
 coal mined near Pittsburg in 1864 amounted to 48,462,966 
 bushels, of which 18,921,399 were consumed in Pittsburg; 
 the rest was shipped down the river. 
 
 The aggregate tonnage of Pittsburg (enrolled and licensed) 
 in 1S63 amounted to 72.907 tons, of which 49,056 was em- 
 ployed in steam navigation. In steam tonnage, therefore, 
 Pittsburg is the third city in the Union, being surpassed 
 only by New Orleans and New Y'ork. January 1, 1.S54, the 
 steam tonnage of the port is stated at 75,505 tons. 
 
 A comparative statement exhibiting a few of the leading 
 articles exported from Pittsburg by canal for three years : 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Cotton lbs. . 
 
 Hemp lbs . . 
 
 Tobacco, unmanufactured. lbs.. 
 
 Groceries 1 bs . . 
 
 Hardware, -cutlery lbs.. 
 
 Iron, pig lbs.. 
 
 ** castings lbs.. 
 
 ** blooms lbs.. 
 
 Cast steel lbs.. 
 
 Lead lbs.. 
 
 Nails and spikes lbs.. 
 
 Bacon lbs.. 
 
 Beef and pork bbls. 
 
 Butter .....lbs.. 
 
 Flour bbls. 
 
 Lard and lard-oll lbs.. 
 
 Tallow lbs.. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1,670,92-2 
 
 1,165,057 
 
 20,490.918 
 
 1,724,070 
 
 4.33,669 
 
 16,557,572 
 
 607.995 
 
 411.620 
 
 7,364,436 
 
 5.000 
 
 3,033,036 
 
 39,586,694 
 
 10.367 
 
 434,495 
 
 1847. 
 
 1.056,138 
 
 3,311,618 
 
 14.777,059 
 
 1.978,82. 
 
 246,897 
 
 65,537 
 
 250.910 
 
 13,836 
 
 549,416 
 
 188.078 
 
 ■ 51.760 
 
 12,713.427 
 
 41,225 
 
 747.645 
 
 297.940 
 
 5,S19..378 
 
 62,946 
 
 1846. 
 
 1,000,971 
 1,287.886 
 24,696.742 
 1,571.889 
 239,353 
 I 2,675,341 
 
 3,33.702 
 S19.7.36 
 325,085 
 
 82,732 
 21,661,2,36 
 
 19.620 
 800,265 
 156.412 
 2,929,286 
 291,313 
 
 The estimated amount of merchandise arriving and de- 
 parting from Pittsburg annually, in steam and keel boats 
 by the Ohio River, is 740.460 tons, in addition to 50.0(X) tons 
 of lumber, and 847.700 tons of coal in barges and flat-bo.its. 
 making a total tonnage of 1,638.160. The manufactured 
 g(X)ds fabricated at Pittsburg, and exported by way of the 
 river, during the year 18.54, were as follows: — Iron and 
 nails §7,500.000; glass and glassware, $2.050.000 ; ca.stings, 
 $700,000; stoves. $300,000: springs and axles, vices and 
 sprins steel, $566,000; shoveLs. forks, picks, axes. Ac, 
 $.390,000; lock.s, latches, scales. Ac, $350,000; iron safes, 
 $60,000; steam engines, (exclusive of those placed in lioats 
 there,) sugar and cotton mills. Ac, $500,000 ; white and red 
 litharge, $640,000: cotton yarns, sheetings, Ac, $949,000; 
 wagons, carts, wheel-barrows, carriages, Ac, $:350,000; 
 plouahs and ferming implements, $75,000: furniture, 
 $100,000: salt in Kirrels. $80,000: soda ash. $130,000: ale. 
 porter, beer. Ac. $450,000: making a total of $15,184,000 as 
 the value of manufactures shipped by the Ohio River. The 
 value of lumber sent down the river on rafts during the 
 year, was $1,225,000: and the amount of coal shipped bv the 
 same channel. 23,738.906 bushels, or about 791,296 tons. 
 Owing to the long continuance of low water, the trade by 
 the Ohio was much less than in former years. The nunil>er 
 of arrivals and departures at the port annually are, of first 
 class steamers 1712: of second class steamers 3634; and cf 
 keel, barges, and flatboats. 32-30 ; making an aggregate of 
 8576. During the year 1852 there were constructed at the 
 various yards of Pittsburg no less than 69 steamers, with an 
 aggregate burden of 15.000 tons. In 1853, 59 steamers were 
 built here, and during the year 1854 there were built and 
 registered at Pittsburg. 51 passenger steamers, of 11.004 
 tons, and 19 freight and towboats. of 2793 tons, making a 
 total of 13.797 tons, with a carrying capacity of 25.01)0 tons. 
 This is exclusive of 8 boats, with an agirregate of 3500 tons, 
 built, but not registered. The cost of all these biiats was 
 $1,555,338. For many years past, statistics show tb.it there 
 has been completed at the Pittsburg yards, on an average, 
 as many as one boat a week, or 52 annually, all of which 
 have found sufficient and lucrativeemployment on the river 
 Owing to the increased facilities of communication. th» 
 trade of Pittsburg with the lakes is said to have donblea 
 itself every year from 1844 to 1853. The increa.«e of trade 
 within the last year or two. in consequence of the opening 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad, has been equally, if ^~tt more 
 remarkable 
 
 Pittsburg is connected with Alleghany (.Ity I* meanii 
 of thi-ee substantial bridges on piers, and a sus) elision- 
 aqueduct, aud by a suspension-bridge au I steiiiu ferr< 
 
PIT 
 
 PIV 
 
 with liirminffham. Water of the purest quality is intro- 
 duced IVom the AUech^iuy River. The reservoir, oct-upyinif 
 an einineuco N.E. of the courthouse, has a greater elevation 
 proViably than that of any similar reservoir iu America, 
 beiiis 396 feet above the level of the Ohio. It is of great 
 capacity, and supplied by steam-power. Gas, manufactured 
 from bituminous oial, is furnished at a comparatively trifling 
 cost, for liiihting the city. The Alleghany Cemetery, on the 
 Alleghany River 2 miles above Pittsburg, is one of the most 
 beautiful places of the kind in the world. It comprises 
 110 acres, tastefully adorned, and enclosed by a wall of stone 
 masonry. 
 
 Pittsburg is divided into 9 wards, and Alleghany City 
 Into 4, each town being governed by a mayor and common 
 council. 
 
 Hidortj. — Fort Du Quesne, a French trading post, erected 
 in 1751, formerly occupied the site where Pittsburg now 
 stands. In 1758, an English expedition marched against 
 this post, which was then regarded by the youthful Wash- 
 ington as the key of the West. An advanced detachment 
 under Captain Grant having encamped on what is still 
 called Grant's Ilill, was attacked and defeated by a party of 
 French and Indians from Fort Du Quesne. But on the aj)- 
 proach of General Forbes, with a force of 6200 men, the dis- 
 heartened garrison set fire to the fort and descended thu 
 Ohio. The victorious troops, on entering, November 25th, 
 by general acclamation called the place Pittsburg, in honor 
 of William Pitt, then prime minister of England. The town 
 of Pittsburg began to be settled iu 1765. It became a county 
 town in 1791, was incorporated a borough in 1804, and 
 chartered as a city in 181G. April 10. 1845, a great fire con- 
 sumed a large part of Pittsburg, causing .1 destruction of 
 property to the amount of $9,000,000. Notwithstanding 
 this terrible calamity, the city has continued to \nerease in 
 wealth and population almost beyond parallel. Pop. in 
 1810, 4768; in 1820, 7248; in 1830, 12,542; in 1840, 21,115— 
 (Alleghany City at the same date, had 10,089, and J<irming- 
 ham. 1554 inhabitants;) pop. of the city proper, m 1860, 
 49.217— AUegliany City, 28,f02— Birmingham, 3742. By a 
 local census, in January, 1853, Pittsburg and its si'burbs 
 contained a population of 110,241. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a post-village of Johnson cc, Arkansas. 
 
 I'lTTSUURG, a flourishing village of Carrol co., Indinna, 
 on the Wabash Kiver, opposite Delphi. It has great wa'< r- 
 power, produced by a dam across the river, and contains a 
 foundry, woollen factory, and several mills. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a post-village of Hickory co., Missou i. 
 about 85 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on tb " 
 Hght bank of Des Moines River, 78 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 PITTS'FIKLD, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on 
 the Sebasticook River, which here affords a fine water-power, 
 and on the railroad in course of construction from Bangor 
 to Waterville, about 40 miles N.K. of Augusta. Pop. 1496. 
 
 PITTSFIKLD, a post-village and township of Merrimack 
 CO.. New Hampshire, 12 miles N.E. of Concord. It has 
 several churches and a bank. Pop. of the township, 1838. 
 
 PlTTSFl I'.ljD, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, 
 40 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 493. 
 
 PITTSFIKLD, a flourishing post-town of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, at the N. terminus 
 of the Housatonic Railroad, and the S. terminus of the 
 Pittsfield and North Adams R.ailroad, 1.51 miles W. of Boston, 
 and 49 miles E.S.E. of Albany. Lat. 42° 26' 55" N., Ion. 73° 
 15' 36" W. It is delightfully situated at an elevation of up- 
 wards of a thou.sand feet above the level of the sea, and is 
 handsomely laid out with streets intersecting each other at 
 right angles. In the centre is a fine iiublic square, on which 
 front the principal hotels, the Berkshire Medical School, a 
 flourishing institution founded in 1823, and the First Con- 
 gregational Church, completed in 1853. The latter is an 
 elegant stone edifice, in the Gothic style. The South Street 
 Congregational Church is also a fine building. Pittsfield 
 contains 8 churches, viz.: 3 Congregational, 2 Methodist, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Roman Catholic; 2 banks, a 
 savings institution, 3 insurance companies, a gaslight com- 
 pany, 4 newspaper oflRces, 3 railroad depots, and about 60 
 stores. The Young Ladies' Institute, a very flourishing 
 institution, occupies 3 handsome edifices, situate in the 
 midst of spacious and beautifully ornamented grounds. 
 The m.inufactures of Pittsfield are extensive, employing a 
 large amount of capital. The leading articles are woollen 
 and cotton goods, machinery, railroad cars, firearm.s, &c. 
 Incorporated in 1761, and named in honor of William Pitt, 
 Earl of Chatham. Pop. of the township in 1S40, 3747 ; in 
 1S50, 5872; and in 1H60. 804.') 
 
 PITTSFIKLD, a post-township of Otsego co.. New York, on 
 the left bank of the Unadilla River, 86 miles W. of Albany. 
 Pop. 1480. 
 
 PITTSFIELD, a thriving post-village of Warren co.. Penn- 
 Mvlvania, in a township of its own name, on the Big Broken- 
 straw Creek. 220 miles N.W. of Harrlsburg. It has been 
 built since 1S40. Pop. of the township. 10S5. 
 
 PITTSFIELD. a villag*> of Henry co., Georgia, 75 miles 
 W.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 PITTSFIELD, a post-township in the S.W. part of Lorain 
 CO.. Ohio, intersected bv (he A\'est Branch of Black Kivor 
 Pop. 1115. 
 
 PITTSFIELD, a post-township of Washtenaw co., Mkhi- 
 gan. Pop. 1331. 
 
 PITTSFIELD. a post-village of Washtenaw co., Michigan 
 about 40 miles W. by S. of Detroit. 
 
 PITTSFIELD, a neat post-village and township, capital 
 of Pike CO., Illinois, is situated on a prairie, 70 miles W. by 
 S. of Springfield. It is snrrouncled bj- a rich farming coun- 
 try, diversified by prairies and timbered lands. It contains a 
 court-house, several churches, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 Total population, 2137. 
 
 PITTSKIELD.a township of Brown co..Wisconsin. P. 130. 
 
 PITTS/FORD, a post-village and township of Rutland co., 
 Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad. 45 miles 
 S.W. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of boots and 
 shoes, woollen goods, ciirriages, &c. Pop. of the township, 
 1839. 
 
 PITTSFORD, a, post-village and township of Monroe co.. 
 New York, on the Erie Canal and the Rochester and Syra- 
 cuse Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Rochester. The village con- 
 tains 3 or 4 churches, and several warehouses. Pop. of the 
 township. 2028. 
 
 PITTSFORD, a township of Hillsdale co., Michigan, on 
 the Michigan Southern and Indiana Northern Railroads, 10 
 miles from Hillsdale. Pop. 1616. 
 
 PITT.S'GROVE, a post-township of Salem co.. New Jersey, 
 al)out 55 miles S.W. by W. of Trenton. Pop. 939. 
 
 PITT'S ISLAND. See Pitt's ARcniPELAOO. 
 
 PITT'S LAKE, in the P. part of Orc-on. near 11 SOW. Ion., 
 and 42° 10' N. Lit. Length, about 4n mi'es : breadth. 10 miles. 
 
 PITT'S POINT, a post-offlce of Bullitt co.. Kentucky. 
 
 PITT'S STRAIT-, in the Malay Archipel.igo, is between 
 the islands of Salawatty and Battanta, off the N.W. end of 
 Papua. 
 
 PITTSTON, a poslrvilLage and township of Kennebec co.. 
 Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec River, opposite Gardiner, 
 with which it is connected by a fine bridge recently con- 
 structed, and about 7 miles S. by E. of Augusta. It i» 
 noted for its shipbuilding. Pop. 2619. 
 
 PITTSTON, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Luzerne CO., Pennsylvania, on the North Branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna, just below the mouth of the l^ackawanna River, 
 9 or 10 miles alx)ve Wilkesbarre. The village is situated in 
 the Valley of Wyoming, and in the vicinity of rich mines 
 of anthracite coal. It owes its rapid growth chiefly to the 
 mining operations of the Pennsylvania Coal Company. 
 Many of the inhabitants are employed in the iron Bwsiness. 
 Coal and produce are shipped at this place on the West 
 Branch Canal. It has u national bank and a new8pa])er 
 office. A new nulroad connects PIttston with Wilkesbarre, 
 reran ton. &c. Pop. of the township, 3682; of the village, 
 ariout 2000. 
 
 P.JTTSTON FERRY, a postK)ffice of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 F\"'TS'TOWN, a post-village and town.ship of Renssalac 
 CO.. New York, on the AlViany Northern Railroad, 22 miles 
 N.E. of Albany. Pop. 1717. 
 
 PITT?TOWN, a post-village of Hunterdon CO., New Jer- 
 sey, aboii't 8 miles N.W. of Fletaington. 
 
 ■piT:i?r.TOWN, a village of Bullitt co.. Kentucky, at the 
 junction of Salt River with its Rolling Fork, 60 miles 
 W.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 PITTSYLVA'NIA, a county in the S. part of Virginia, 
 bordering ou North Carolina, ban an area of about 1000 
 square miles. The Staunton River forms its N. boundary, 
 the Banister River flows through the middle, and the S. 
 border is crMsed several times by the meanderings of the 
 Dan. The suiface is diversified by v.alleys and hills, and 
 the soil is excellent. It has several manufactories of cabinet- 
 wafe. A mine of iron ore has latolj' been opened here, and 
 is said to be very rich. Limestone is abundant. A railroad 
 has been partlj' constructed from Richmond to Danville, the 
 chief town of the county. Organized in 1767. Capital. Com- 
 petition, or Chatbam. Pop. 32,104, of whom 17,704 wore 
 free, and 14,340 slaves. 
 
 PITTSYLVANI.4. COURT-HOUSE. S«o Competition. 
 
 PITYUS*. See Forme.vter.\. 
 
 PITZTHAL, pits't*l. a village of Tyrol, near Imst, in a 
 long and bleak valley of the same name. Pop. il4S. 
 
 PIUGPUNENT, pe-oog-poo-nJnt', a town of Spain, in the 
 island of Majorca, 6 miles AV. of Palma. Pop. It64. 
 
 PIUNIII. pe-oon-yee', or LIVRAMENTO. If vr^-m^n'to. a 
 town of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, 58 miles W.S.W. 
 of Formiga. 
 
 PIUR.A.. pe-oo'rS, a river of Peru, enters the P?v'iti;- after a 
 W. course of about 120 miles. 
 
 PIUHA, a town of Peru, capital of the littoral j,rorine<> 
 of its own n.nme. in the department of Libirtad, is sit'ia'<id 
 on the Piura. 120 miles N.N.W. of Lambayeque. Pop. oCth? 
 province in 1850, 76,.332. 
 
 PIVERONE. pe-v.i-ro'nA. a village of the Sirdinifm States 
 division of Turin, province of Ivi-e.n. Pop. 1668. 
 
 PIVNICZNA or PIWNICZNA. piir-L'eetVni, r rillagb nl 
 
 14G3 
 
PIX 
 
 Alistriim Polaml in Galicia, circle of Saadec, ou the Poprad, 
 13 mile^ S of Neu-Sandec. Pop. 2156. 
 
 I'lX'LKV. a pa>ish of En-claiid, co. of Hereford. 
 
 PIZ.\KKA, La, Id pe-thin>Kil. a village of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, province, and about 15 miles from Malaga. Pop. 1496. 
 
 PIZKCi) or PIZEECO. See PisECO. 
 
 PIZZIGHETTONK, pit-se-ghJt-to'niS, a fortified town of 
 Northern Italy, in Lombardy, 12 miles W.X.W. of Cremona. 
 on the navigable river Adda. Pop., includinir the suburb 
 of Gerra, on the risrht bank of the river, 4000. It is enclosed 
 by an old wall, with bastions and a deep fosse, and entered 
 by two gates. 
 
 PIZZO, pit'so. a city of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra 
 II.. ilistrict. and 5 miles X.E. of Monteleone, on the Gulf of 
 Santa Eufemia, with 5V00 inhabitants. Murat. the ex-king 
 of Naples, was taken prisoner and shot here in October, 1815. 
 
 PIZZOFEf{.I!.\TO, pitrSO-feR-Ri.'to. a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Citra, 23 miles S.S.W. of Lanciano. P. 1030. 
 
 PIZZOLI. pit-so'lee, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 ntra II., district, and 6 miles N.N.W. of Aquila, on a monn 
 tiin in the East Apennines!, and having 3 churches, a large 
 monastery, and 32i,iO inhabitants. 
 
 PLABENNEC, pli'beu'nSk'. a market^town of France, de- 
 partment of Finistdre, 9 miles N.N.E. of Brest. Pop. in 
 lSo2, 3752. 
 
 PLACANICA, plii-ki'ne-kd. a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra I., 16 miles N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PLACENCI-\. a town of Spain. See I'lasexcia. 
 
 PLACENTIA, a city of North Italy. See Piacexza. 
 
 PLiVOEXTIA, a seaport town of Newfiiundland, on the 
 W. coast of the peninsula extending from the S.E. side of 
 the island, in about lat. 47° 11' 30" X., Ion. 53° 55' W. The 
 harbor has Sj fathoms of water ; and on either side of its 
 entrance, which is not more than 60 fathoms across, stands 
 a ftirt. 
 
 PLACENTIA BAY, a deep inlet on the S. coast of New- 
 foundland, 75 miles in length, and nearly 60 miles in breadth 
 at its entrance between Capes St. Marie and Chapeau Rouge. 
 
 PLACER, pld-saiB', or PLACEL. pli-sjl'. a Spanish word 
 signifying literally, a "laj'er of sand, pebbles, itc. in the 
 bottom of the sea or river." More frequently, however, it 
 is used to denote the layers of sand, earth, &c. formed by 
 the washings of a river, and containing deposits of gold or 
 other metal. 
 
 PLACER, pli-sair', a county towards the N. part of Cali- 
 fornia, bordering on Utah, has an area of about 12<.K) square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Middle Fork of Ame- 
 rican River, and on the N. by Bear River. The surfece iu 
 the E. part is uneven, being traversed by the Sierra Nevada, 
 or Snowy Range. The number of acres under cultivation 
 in 1852 was 679. Gold is abundant, and capital amounting 
 to upward of $l,40«i,000 is invested in mining, principally 
 for this precious metal. Named from the " placers"' which 
 it contains. Capital. Auburn. Pop. 13,270. 
 
 PLACERES, pl3-si'r§s, a village in the interior of New 
 Mexico, on the left bank of the Kio del Norte. 
 
 PLACER MOUNTAIN, in the interior of the Territory of 
 New Mexico, about 20 miles S.VV. of Santa Fe. Lat. about 
 35° 25' N., Ion. 106° 20' W. 
 
 PLACERVILLE. the capital of El Dorado CO.. California, 
 tS miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. It is chiefly a mining set- 
 tlement. Pop. 2466. See Appendix. 
 
 PL.\D1)A or PL.iDA, a low rocky island of Scotland, in 
 the Frith of Clyde, off the S. end of the island of .\rran, 
 with a lightrhouse, in lat. 55° 25' 33" N., Ion. 5° V W., 
 having two fixed lights, 77 and 130 feet above the sea. 
 
 PL.\IN, plin, a post-ofiice of Greenville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PLAIN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1392. 
 
 PLAIN, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 2302. 
 
 PLAIN, a post-township in the S.W. part of Wayne co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 2063. 
 
 PL.\IN, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 1300. 
 
 PL.\IN, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pop. 1.^43 
 
 PLAINE, plAn or plSn, a rtver of France, department ot 
 Vosges. joins the Meurthe. Length. 15 miles. 
 
 PLAINE, a village of France, department of Vosges, Ui 
 miles N.E. of St. Die. Pop. 1935. 
 
 PL.ilNE-H AUTE, plin hot, a village of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Nord, arrondissement of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2052. 
 
 PLAINFAING. pISnoYJxo', a village of France, department 
 of Vosu'es, on the Meurthe, arrondissement of St. Dig. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 4110. 
 
 I'LAIN'FIELD, a post-township of Sullivan co., New 
 Hampshire. 50 miles N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1620. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a post-village and township of Washing- 
 ton CO., Vermont, on Onion River, about 8 miles E. of .Mont- 
 peller. It has some manufactures of carriages, furniture, 
 and starch. Pop. 822. 
 
 I'LAINFIKLD. a postrtownship of Hampshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 110 miles W. by N. of Boston. It contains a town- 
 Iii.us.-, •_ churches, and 2 stores, and has some manufectures 
 of lioxes, broora-handles, palm-leaf hats, &c. Pop. 639. 
 
 1 I.AI.\HhH), a iK.st-villagc and township of Windham 
 » - . Coumcticut. at the intersection of the Providence Hart- 
 l4Uo 
 
 PLA 
 
 ford and Fishkill Railroad, and the Norwich and Worcester 
 Railroad 16 miles N.E. of Norwich. It has an academy and 
 manufactures ofmuslins, cotton goods, Ac. Total population 
 3665. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a post-township of Otsego co., New York, 
 15 miles N.W. of Cooperstown. Pop. 13.54. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a post-village and township of Union co., 
 New Jersey, on Green Brook, and on the Central Railroad, 
 20 miles W.S.W. of Newark, and U miles N. of New Bruns- 
 wick. It is pleasantly situated, and surrounded by u rich 
 farming country. It contains 7 or 8 churches, belonging 
 to the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Friends, and 
 Seventh-day Baptists; 2 boarding schools, a national bank, 
 and several hat factories. One or two newspapers are 
 published here. Laid out in 1735. Population in 1860, 
 3224. 
 
 PL.\INFIELD, a post-oiHce, Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PL.\.1NFIELD, a township of Northampton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1662. 
 
 PL.\1NFIELD, a post-oflice of Washington co., Virginia. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a post-village of Coshocton co.. Ohio, on 
 Wills Creek. 80 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a township of AUegiin Co.. Michigan. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a townsliip of Kent co., Blichigan. Pop. 
 1240. 
 
 PL.'^ INFIELD, a post-oflSce of Livingston co., Michigan. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a post-village of Hendricks co., Indiana, 
 on the Terre Haute and Indianapolis Kailroad, where it 
 crosses White Lick Creek, 14 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 Pop. about 300. 
 
 PL.\1NFIELD, a post-village and township of Will co., 
 Illinois, 155 miles N.E. by N. of Springfield. Pop. 1725. 
 
 PL.MN GROVE, a post-office. Lawrence co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 PL.ilNS, Virginia, a station on the Manassas Gap Rail- 
 road. 48 miles from Alexandria. 
 
 PLAIN.S-OF-.\.'BRAIIAM, a table-land immediately S.W. 
 of the city of Quebec, in Canada East. Here Generals 
 Wolfe and Montcalm, the respective commanders of the Bri- 
 tish and French forces, were killed iu the action, ISth Sep- 
 tember, 1759. 
 
 PLAINS'BOROUGH. a village of Middlesex co., New Jer 
 sey. 14 miles N.E. of Trenton, contains a grist mill and 10 
 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 PLAINS-oF-DU'RA, a post-office of Sumter co., Georgi.1. 
 110 miles S.W. of Jlilledgeville. 
 
 PLAIN'S STORE, a post-office of East Baton Rouge piv 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 PLAINS^VILLE, a post-village of Luzerne co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Susquehanna River, about 6 miles above 
 Wilkesbarre. 
 
 PL.A.IX VIEW, a post-office of King and Queen co.. Virginia. 
 
 PLAINVIKW, a post-office of Macoupin co.. Illinois. 
 
 PL.\INVILLE, a village of Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 20 miles N.W. of Providence. It contains 1 cotton mill, 
 with 2232 spindles and 52 looms. 
 
 PLAINS ILLE, a thriving post-village of Haitfonl co., 
 Counettu ut, at the intersection of the Boston and Erie Rail- 
 road with the New Haven and Nortliampton R.R., 14 miles 
 S.W. of Hartford. It contains 3 churches, 1 mahufactory of 
 hosiery and 2 of carriages. Pop. about 1400. 
 
 PLAIN VILLE. a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 
 about IS miles W.N.W. of Syracuse. 
 
 PLAINVILLE. a village of Somerset co., New Jersey, 20 
 miles N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 1'L.A.INVILLE, a post-village and railway station of Ha- 
 milton CO., Ohio, on the Little Jliami Railroad, 10 miles E. 
 b3' N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 PLAIN WELL, a postoffice of Allegan CO., Mi<higan. 
 
 PL.\ISANCE, pla s6xs.s', a town of France, department of 
 Gers. 26 miles W. of Auch. Pop. 1791. 
 
 PL.41S.\NCE. a village of France, department of Aveyron. 
 arrcjndi.s.sement of St. Affrique. Pop. in 1852. 1791. 
 
 PL.\1ST0W. a post-village and township of Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine R.iilroad, .35 
 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. of the township. S61. 
 
 PL.\IT'FORD. a pari.sh of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 PLAN. pUn, a town of Bohemia. 31 miles fl'.N.W. of Pil- 
 sen. Pop., including suburb, 3939, mostly employed in 
 woollen-<:ioth weaving, and in alum and vitriol works. 
 
 PLANASIA. See PlAXOSA. 
 
 PLANCHER BAS, pl6.\«VhaiR' bd, a village of France, de- 
 partment Of Haute-Saone. 10 miles E.N.K. of Lure. Pop. 12S8. 
 
 PLANCH EK LES MINES. plftNo'shaiK/ Id loeen. a vill.ige 
 of France, department of Haute-Saone, arrondissenieut of 
 Lure. Pop. 14S0. 
 
 PLANCOET, (Plancoet.') pl5x»'ko*4', a market-town of 
 France, depjirtment of Cotes-du-Nord, on the Arguenou, 9 
 miles N.W. of Dinan. Pop. 767. 
 
 PL.\NCy. pWxo^see'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Aube. 8 miles W. of .\rcis, on the Aube. Pop. 1 102. 
 
 I'L.\NES. pld/n^s, a town of Sp.ain, in Valencia, province, 
 and al>out 50 miles from Alicante. Pop. 1146. 
 
 PL.\NIER, pld'ut-.V, a small island of France, in the Gulf 
 of Lvons. 9 miles S.W. of Mareeilles. 
 
 PLANINA, pld-nee'nd, or ALBEN, dlOign. a market-t-w.. 
 
PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 tit' Austria, in Tllyria. government, and 19 miles S.S.W. of 
 Lajbach. Pop. 1^74. 
 
 I'liANITZ, pll/nits, a market-town of Bohemia, 8 miles E. 
 ->f Klattau. I'op. 1600. 
 
 I'LANITZ, a village of Saxony, .3 miles S.S.W. of Zwickau. 
 
 I'LANK RIDGE, a small village of Camden co.. North 
 Carolin."i. 
 
 PLANK-ROAD, a post-office of Onondaga CO.. New York. 
 
 PLANK-I'.OAD, a post-office of Wayne CO., Michigan. 
 
 PLANK-KOAD, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 PLANKSTADT, plduk'stdtt, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Lower Khine. near Schwetzingen. Pop. 1355. 
 
 PLA'NO, a post-office of Collin co., Te.xas. 
 
 PLANTERS, a post-village of Attala co., Mississippi. 
 
 PLANTERS, a township of Chicot co., Arkansas. 
 
 PLANTERS, a post-township of I'hilips co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 6S7. 
 
 PLANTER'S HALL, a post-office of Breckenridge co., 
 Kentuiky. 
 
 PLANTER'S HILL, a post-office of Jennings co., Indiana. 
 
 PLANTKK'S STAND, a postoffice of Madison Co., Georgia. 
 
 PLANTKKSVILLE, a post-village of Perry co., Alabama, 
 on the Alabama and Tennesee Rivers Railroad, 77 miles S. 
 of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 PLANTERSVILLE, a post-office of Morehouse parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 PLAN'TERVl LLE, a village of Georgetown district. South 
 Carolina, near Great Pedee River, about 20 miles N. by E. 
 of Georgetown. It is a place of summer resort. 
 
 PLANTSVILLE, Hartford co.. Connecticut. SeeAPPETOIX. 
 
 PLANTSVILLE, a railroad station of Branford township, 
 New Haven co., Connecticut, on the New Haven and New 
 London Railroad, 7 miles E. by S. of New Haven. 
 
 PLAQUKMIN'E, plak'meon', a parish forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, at 
 the mouth of the Mississippi, by which it is intersected. 
 Area, about ,900 square miles. The surface is elevated only 
 a few feet above the gulf. A large part of the parish, near 
 the Balize, is occuj'ied by extensive marshes, which produce 
 nothing but tall reeds. The soil of the higher portions is 
 fertile. In 1850 this parish produced 1,.')36,740 pounds of 
 rice — the greatest quantity raised in anv parish of the state. 
 Pop. 8404, of whom 3109 were free, and" 5385 slaves. 
 
 PLAQUEMINE, a post-village and former capital of Iber- 
 ville parish, Louisiana, on the right bank of Mississippi 
 River, at the egress of I'laquemine Bayou, 112 miles above 
 New Orleans. It has a steamboat landing, and an active 
 business in shipping cotton. Pop. 1663. 
 
 PLAQUKMiXK BAYOU, plalOmeen' bi'oo, Louisiana, an 
 outlet of Mississippi Hiver, commences at Plaquemine. on 
 the right bank, and flowing S.W., unites with Atchafalaya 
 Bayou. The Mississippi flows into this bayou only in the 
 highest stages. Its whole length is perhaps 10 or 12 miles. 
 
 PLAQUKMIN'E BRU'LEKCa bayou of Louisiana, com- 
 mences near Opelous;is, and flowing S.W., unites with the 
 Mermenteau. 
 
 PL.^QUKMINE BRULEE, a posfcofflce of St. Landry pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 PLASENCIA, pll-sJn'the-a, or PLACENCIA. pld-th^n'- 
 the-3, (anc. Deoblriga or Ambrahia?) a city of Spain, province 
 of Caceres, on the Gerte, here crossed by 3 bridges. 44 miles 
 N.W. of Almaraz. Pop. fiSOO. It is enclosed by old walls 
 and semicircular towers, wi^h .a ruined citadel on the N. 
 It has many substantial edifices, a fine Gothic cathedral, 
 with rich works of art; numerous other churches, convents, 
 and an episcopal paKace: manufactures of hats, leather, 
 woollen, linen, and hempen stuffs, and an aqueduct on 80 
 .♦rohes, by which it is supplied with water. 
 
 PLASENCIA or PLACKNCIA, a town of Spain, province 
 ' Guipuzcoa, on the Deva, 23 miles W. of San Sebastian. 
 Pop. 1665. who manufacture firearms, swords, cutlery, and 
 w^onze work. 
 
 PLASENCIA (or PLACENCIA) DE JALON, a town of 
 Spain, province, and 21 miles W. of Saragossa, on the .Talon 
 CXalon.) It has a large fair tor horses and mules in Septem- 
 oer. 
 
 PLASK, a town of Poland. See Plonsk. 
 
 PLASKI, pWsh'kee, or PLASCH'Kf. a village of Austrian 
 Croatia, in the military frontier, 30 miles S.S.W. of Karlstadt. 
 Pop. 1104. It is the see of a Greek bishop. 
 
 PL.tSSEY, plds'see, a village of British India, presidency 
 and province of Bengal, district of Nuddea. 83 miles N. of 
 Calcutta, and memorable for the great victory obtained 
 there. .Tune 23, 1757, by the troops under Clive, over the 
 drmv of the Bengal viceroy. 
 
 PL.A.SSIA, plds'se-a. a village of North-west Hindostan, on 
 the Sutlej, 43 miles E.N.E. of Loodianah. 
 
 PL.\T. a village of Bohemia. See Platten. 
 
 PI^ATA. an island of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of 
 Ecuad vr, 20 miles S.W. of Cape San Lorenzo. 
 
 I'Ij.^TA, La, 13 pld'td, a town of South America, in New 
 Grai.ada. department of Cundinamarca. province, and 62 
 miles S.S.W. of Neyva. on an affluent of the Magdalena. It 
 stands in a highly fertile vallev, and is stated to be well 
 i.uilt. 
 
 I'L.\TA. La. Ij pli'ti, REPUDtlc of. now more frequentlv 
 called the AliGENTINE (ar'jen-tine) REPUBLIC. (Sp. lit 
 piMicu Argentina. rA-poob'le-kil aB-iii^n-tee'nH : t'r. Hipuh 
 Uqiu Argentine, rA'piib^eek' au'zhftK^Heen'; Ger. Argent* 
 ninche Confcideration. aR-Gh?n-tee'ne-sheh kon-fiJ-di rit-se 
 on',) formerly the CONFEDERATION OF LA PI ATA, » 
 republic in South America, extending over an immen9»» 
 region bounded on the S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean; S. bj 
 the Rio Negro, which separates it from I'atagonia: W. V}' 
 the Cordilleras of Chili and Bolivia: N. by Bolivia; and on 
 the E. it is separated from the Republic of Uruguay, and 
 mostly from Brazil, (a distance of near 700 miles,) by the 
 river Uruguay, and farther N. from Paraguay by the river 
 Parana ; lat. 22=" to 41° S.. Ion. 54^ to 71° 35' W. Greatest 
 length from N. ,to S., 1320 miles; average length, about 
 1200 niiles; greatest breadth, measured on a parallel of lati- 
 tude, 10(X) miles ; leastbreadth. 500 miles: medium breadth, 
 about 690 miles. Estimated area. 820,000 square miles. 
 
 Fi'ce riftlie Country. — This vast tenitory forms an oblong 
 quadrilateral, the W. side of which, for a distance of 1300 
 miles, is Viounded by the Andes. This botindary has never 
 be;»n thoroughly examined. Snowy heights and volcanic 
 peaks have been recognised at a distance; but the well- 
 watered hilly regions and habitable low tracts at the foot of 
 the.se mountains are still for the most part unknown. In 
 some places lateral branches from the high Amies run into 
 the pl.iin to a distance of 150 or 200 miles, and these high 
 grounds have been generally selected for settlements. The 
 E. portion of the state, round the river Paragu.ay, is a hilly 
 country. The plains S. and S.W. of Buenos .^yres, at a dis- 
 tance of 150 miles, become hilly; and chains of hills, (the 
 Sierra Tinta. Sierra Tap.alquen, &C-,) never rising 300 feet 
 .above the plain, extend from S.E. to N. W. ; and farther 
 S.W., the Vontana Mountain, about lat. 380 g^ rf^j i,^„ 640 
 W.. stretches parallel to the l.a.«t-n.anied hills, and joins the 
 Guamini range in the N.W. The highest point of the A'en- 
 tana is about 2500 feet above the plain, which rises from SOO 
 feet to 900 feet above the level of the ocean. But I ho moun- 
 tainous tracts form only a small portion of the whole terri- 
 tory, which generally spreads out into immense and uniform 
 plains. These are generally understood to compiise two re- 
 gions: the northern, watered by the Salado, Vermejo. I'il- 
 eomayo. &c.. forming a part of theGran Chaco, which extends 
 into the E. half of Bolivia; .and the southern, or I'ampas. a 
 pl.ain covered alternately with pasturage and gigantic this- 
 tles, and interspersed with a multitude of salt lakes, sumo 
 of large size. Towards the N.W. part of this republic there 
 is said to be an extensive and elevated region. CHlIed ]>FS 
 poni.APO. '• uninhabited country." a large portion of the sur- 
 face of which is covered with salt. The hot wind from these 
 plains sometimes bli.<;ters the faces and hands of people in 
 the shade. On one occasion. (December. 1825.) the kej's and 
 bolts of the doors in the houses at Santiago del Estero 
 became so hot that they could not be held in the hands. 
 
 niver.'). — From the Andes and from the mountains of 
 Brazil, rivers of great m.agnitude descend, and meeting to- 
 gether, pour their united waters into the ocean through a 
 common outlet. This outlet is the lUo de la Plata, which 
 is in reality not a river .so much as an estuary receiving 
 great rivers. .\t its mouth, between Cape St. Antonio and 
 Cape St. Mary, it has a width of 170 miles. About 50 miles 
 higher up, near Montevideo, where it is reduced t<i a width 
 of 53 miles, its waters are already quite fresh. At liuenos 
 Ayre.s, 150 miles firther up. the land being low. is not 
 visible from the middle of the stream. The current of this 
 great river is perceptible in the Atlantic at a distance of 100 
 miles, or even 200 miles; yet the dejjth of the stream is by 
 no means proportional to its l)r(«dth. Above Montevideo, 
 its navigable channels are narrowed by s;indbauks. and so 
 shallow are its S. shores, that at Buenos Ayres vessels of 
 moderate size are obliged to anchor from 6 to 9 miles from 
 land.' Even boats cannot run faii-ly on shore, but are ob- 
 liged to transfer their passengers to rudely-constructed, 
 large-wheeled carts, which convey them over some hundred 
 yards 01' shallow water. The great rivers which unite to 
 form the La Plata, are the Parand and Uruguay. The for- 
 mer issues from the N.W. by several mouths; the latter de- 
 scends from the N.. in a single channel 6 miles wide at its 
 entrance. Between them they embrace a tract of delt.a 
 about 30 miles in extent, the middle point of it being in 
 about lat. .34° 15' S.. and 45 miles nearly due N. from 
 Buenos Ayres. (Ion. 59° 40' W.) The Uruguay, which is 
 said to take its name from its numerous falls, has a course 
 of 800 miles. It may be ascended in small vessels about 
 2(M) miles, to the Salto Grande, which is a rapid practicable 
 for boats during the floods. 
 
 The ParanS, considered with reference to the m.agnitude 
 and number of its tributaries, is one of the greatest rivers 
 on the American continent. Within the limits of the Ar- 
 gentine Repul)lic, it receives from the W. the Salado. which 
 has a course of 1000 miles; the Rio Vermejo, 750 miles; and 
 the Pilcomayo, 1000 miles in length; and from the E. tlie 
 l'aragu.ay joins it after a course of 1600 miles, in lat. 27° 
 20' S. The length of the ParauA from its sources to its junc- 
 tion with the Paraguay, is above 1500 miles, and thence tii 
 
 1497 
 
PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 the sea, 600 miles more. In breadth and volume of water, it 
 hai. five tiiues the magnitude of the lJ;iragu.Hy, which is itself 
 sui)erior to the greatest European rivers. In the lower part 
 of its course, below its junction with the Paraguay, it is every- 
 where deep, broad, and unobstructed, except iu the delfji, 
 where the deepest channel has often but 2^ fathoms. In 
 general, the rivers which join the Paraguay and Paran4 
 from the E., descend with great rapidity, and offer little fa- 
 cility to navigation. Those from the Andes, on the other 
 hand, wind slowly through an immense extent of level 
 plain! and are available, to a great extent, as moans of in- 
 terual communication. The Salado is said to be navigable 
 down from the neighborhood of Salta. The Pilcomayo has 
 been found to be too shallow at its mouths, even for boats. 
 The Vei-mejo, on the other hand, has been descended from 
 Oran to the P8«in4. a distance estimated,' with the wind- 
 ings of the stream, at 1200 miles. The floods conveyed to the 
 La I'lata by its chief tributaries arrive at different seasons, 
 and tend to equalize its waters throughout the year. The 
 Uruguay is flooded from June to November; the Parana 
 pours down its greatest torrents in December; while the Pa- 
 raguay, swelled by the overflowing of the lake of the Xara- 
 /es, rises regularly from February to June. 
 
 The rivers of the plains which do not belong to the basin 
 jf the Paranfi, have little relative import.ance, and are for 
 the most part wasted by evaporation, and terminate in oc-- 
 cwsional lakes, marshes, or salt-pans. From the hills of Cor- 
 dova, in the middle of the plains, several streams wind in a 
 general S.E. direction, and one or two reach at times the 
 Parand; the rest are dissipated on the level plains. The 
 rivers of San Juan and Mendoza, and the country farther S., 
 adjoining the Andes, seem to be all lost iu lakes; such as 
 the Guauacache. Sentero. Bevedero, and Urre Lanquen or 
 Bitter L.ikiJ, which, as well as their tributary rivers, the 
 Mendoza, Tunuyan, Desaguadt;ro, Diamante, and Chadi 
 Leubu, though represented in maps, are in reality but little 
 known. The level plains immediately S.W. and S. of Buenos 
 Ayres, are drained by another Rio Salado, which is dry the 
 greater part of the year. Farther S., the hills connected 
 with the Sierra del Vulcan, and the Sierra Ventana. send 
 numerous streams to the coast (lat. 39° S.) on the one hand, 
 and on the other to the interior, where they end in salt 
 lakes. Nearly in lat. 39° 50' S., is the mouth of the Kio Colo- 
 rado, (Red River,) called by the natives Cobu Leubu, which 
 lias a S.E. course of 500 or 600 miles. It is a constant stream, 
 but understood not to be navigable above 120 miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 Lakes and Mars?ies.— In this country of vast and level 
 plains, the lakes, lagoons, and marshes, all more or less tem- 
 porary and perii:)dical, are relatively numerous and extensive. 
 As a general rule, the lakes and marshes E. of the Paraguay 
 and Parana a4'e fresh ; on the W. they are, with few exce])- 
 tions, salt. Of the former description, the most remarkable 
 is the Lake of \herk, in the province of Corrientes, extend- 
 ing from the S. bank of the Parang, where it flows W., to 
 the K. bank of the same river faither S. It is said to be 
 filled by infiltration from the great river without any visible 
 connection with it, and at times covers an area of perhaps 
 1000 square miles, but has depth of water only for light 
 canoes, and is covered with aquatic plants. The lakes of 
 the W. and S. plains are all salt; but, besides those which 
 have some degree of permanence, there are countless others 
 which disappear soon after the rainy season has closed, 
 leaving the ground encrusted with salt to the depth of some 
 inches. The saline deposites thus resulting from the eva- 
 poration of tile waters which have washed the surface of the 
 plains, vary in different localities. S. of Buenos Ayres, and 
 also at a diskmce iu the W.. near San Luis, culinary salt 
 (chloride of sodium) is found in great abundance, and is used 
 in curing provisions. In other places are collected sulphate 
 of soda, (Glauber salts,) and sulphate of magnesia, (Ep.<!om 
 or English salts.) From the last, which covers the plain 
 round the fort of Melincue, W.N.VF. of Buenos Ayres, is pre- 
 pared the magnesia of commerce. 
 
 P.xmpas: — If we consider the whole extent of the territory 
 claimed by the Argentine Republic, from the Strait of Ma- 
 geilan to the frontier of Brazil, we shall, find it broadly dis- 
 tinguishable into three regions : the Patagonian plain, ex- 
 tending from the Straitof Magellan to the Rio Negro ; thence 
 the Pampas N. to the Rio Salado: N. of which, and W. of 
 the I'araguay, the desert named the Gran Chaco runs as far 
 as the country of the Chiquitos, within the Brazilian limits. 
 The I'atagonian plain is everywhere covered with coarse 
 shingle, lava, or volcanic ashes, and may >je appropriately 
 called a stony desert. At the mouth of the Rio Negro begins 
 a fine deiiosit of s;ind and clay, which covers the plains 
 lound Buenos Ayres, and some way up the Paranfi,. and 
 clearly marks the extent of the ancient estuary. This is an 
 immeus'- region of pasture land, but not luxuriant. As we 
 ddTance N. to the Pampas and Gran Chaco, the increasing 
 rrwiuency of thorny mimosas and the cactus indicat« the 
 cnaiig. of clmiate. In general, the cultivable land of the 
 tonMerated pi-ovlnces is cnfined to the banks of the rivers. 
 or rather to their mouths, (f >r the banks of the Parani alone 
 an habitiiUe throughout,) and to the country at the source 
 1498 
 
 of the rivers. Tho intermediate tract, between the eastern 
 most offshoots of f he Andes and the Parani, is more or lesti 
 arid and barren, and even the W. states are in some cases' 
 separated from each other, as Cordova and Santiago dej 
 Estero. 
 
 Geulngy. — The rocks which show themselves above the 
 general plain of La Plata, in the provinces of Entre Rioii 
 and Cordova, iu the Ventana Mountain, S. of Buenos Ayres, 
 and iu the islands of the Paran4, are chiefly granitic. In 
 the Ventana, the granite is covered to some extent by 
 rocks of pure white quartz. The Patagonian plains, the 
 Pampas, and Gran Chaco are all characterized by a great di- 
 luvial formation, which consists of a calcareo-argillaceous 
 conglomerate, in horizontal strata; and in the Patagonian 
 pUaius exhibits a succession of terraces rising towards the 
 interior, the E. declivity of each terrace presenting the ap- 
 pearance of an ancient sea-shore. The inner terraces are 
 capped with lava, the blackness of which is strikingly con- 
 trasted with the glaring brightness of the cliffs and plains 
 below. Extensive tracts in the interior are covered with 
 volcanic ashes or with pumice, and the latter is even found 
 stratified on the sea-shore hundreds of miles from the moun- 
 tains. In the lower diluvial strata are found marine re- 
 mains, partly of extinct, partly of existing species. These 
 occur on the Patagonian coast, and for some distance inland; 
 in the cliffs at Bahia Blanca ; iu those of the Parana, at 
 the E. foot of the Cordillera, and even in some instances on 
 the mountains themiselves, at the height of nearly 14.000 
 feet. In the strata above the preceding, are imbedded the 
 fossil remains of extinct mammalia, generally of colossal 
 size, and bearing striking analogies to the existing fauna 
 of Africa. These fossils also have been discovered through- 
 out the plains and Pampas, from Patagonia to the hills of 
 the Chiquitos. From the lower pai't of the Rio Colorado N., 
 the stones disappear, not even a pebble being found in the 
 soil for some hundred miles S. and W. of Buenos Ayres. 
 In this extensive tract, a fine alluvium has been depcsited 
 in the old estuary of the Parani, on the diluvial formation 
 of the Pampas. The deposition of fine sediment still goes 
 on rapidly in the Plata, and in a few centuries, perhaps, 
 that wide but generally shallow estuary will be converted 
 into a delta of low islands, resembling iu soil the plains on 
 its S. shores. 
 
 Mineralogy. — The Aconquija Cordillera, which separates 
 Tucuman from Catamarca, and reaches the limit of per- 
 petual snow, (about 15,000 feet,) abounds in mineral trea- 
 sures, in gold, in silver, and copper ores. The Famatina 
 range also, in the province of Rioja. has the reputation of 
 containing silver ores equalling in richness tiiose of Potosi. 
 A large mass of iron, weighing 1400 pounds, which now 
 figures in the British Museum as meteoric iron, was taken 
 from the plains of Gran Chaco, near the Rio Salado, about 
 200 miles E. of Santiago. When it first arrived at Buenos 
 Ayres, it weighed, perhaps, a ton, and yet it was but a frag- 
 ment of a much larger mass imbedded in the ground. 
 Chemists, guided by analysis, pronounce it to be of meteoric 
 origin; but those who saw the original mass never doubted 
 that it was a ferruginous rock projecting from the ground. 
 Coal is said to be abundant in the S.W. provinces, and sul- 
 phur, alum, mineral-pitch, &c. in the vicinity of the Andes; 
 but few, if any, of these mines are wrought. 
 
 Climate. — In so extensive a region as that embraced by 
 the Argentine Republic, there must neces.sarily be a con- 
 siderable variety of climate; yet there is one feature which, 
 with some slight modification, seems I'eco.gnisable through- 
 out — namely, dryness. The rains carried from high lati- 
 tudes by S.W. winds, are arrested by the Andes. S. of 
 Chili. Those of the equatorial regions from the E. reach 
 but a short way beyond the S. tropic, or are exhausted 
 long before they arrive at the plains of the interior. Thus, 
 while the country S. of Chili and W. of the Andes is 
 deluged, and that E. of the Parani abundantly refreshed 
 with rain, the plain between this river and the Andes suffers 
 from a deficiency of moisture. The drought is gi'eatest in 
 the Patagonian plains. At Carmen, the Spanish settlement 
 on the Rio Negro, in lat. 41° S., and not far from the sea, 
 the rains are still very precarious, and sometimes two years 
 pass over with scarcely a shower. As we advance N. over 
 the plain in the interior, towards the tropic, the humidity 
 of the air increases; but owing to the increased evaporation, 
 and the prevailing levelness of the ground, there is still a 
 deficiency of fresh water. Buenos Ayres, with the country 
 immediately around and some way S. of it, is exposed to 
 frequent and warm N. winds, which, blowing from the 
 tropic down the valley of the Paranfi, over the extensive 
 marshes of Entre Rios, and across the river I'lat.-i, are loaded 
 to excess with vapor. The mean annual temi)erature at 
 Buenos Ayres is about 64° Fahrenheit; the means of sum- 
 mer and winter heat being respectively 72° and 52*^. In 
 ascending the Paranfi. a rapid increase of temperature is 
 experienced: and in the W. provinces, near tho Cordilleras, 
 the local climate varies continually, according to height 
 and exposure. The elevated plains of Mendoza *re cele 
 brated for their agreeableness and salubrity. Though 
 Buenos Ayres stands iu low, level plains, closf to «» si>i|llo« 
 
PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 ■>Ktuiir.', and surrounfled by marshes, it is exempt from the 
 fevers lucidental to such situations. The temperature is 
 e'luable, but the skies are not always calm. The pampfro 
 or S.W. wind sometimes blows with tremendous violence, 
 driving back the waters of the I'lata for miles from the 
 sliore.s, and bearing clouds of dust thai completely inter- 
 cept the li^ht of day. Should rain then fall, as is often the 
 case, the dust descends in a shower of mud. The mouth of 
 the Plata appears to be one of the points on the earth's 
 surface most frequently visited by violent thunder-storms; 
 near its shores, hailstones' and lightning are particularly 
 destructive. 
 
 Zonloyy. — The colossal animals of the Patagonian plains 
 ind the Pampas — the giant armadilloes. (meffatherium and 
 gli/ptodon.) the llama, as lai-ge as a camel. tliS American 
 horse, the elephant, toxodon, and chlaniyphorus — are now 
 extinct; yet, with a few exceptions, animals of the same 
 type, but of diminished size, still remain. The guanaco or 
 wild llama is the characteristic animal of the plains. To- 
 wards the N. it has been displ.accd by colonization and the in- 
 troduction of cattle, though it is still met with, as well as two 
 species of deer. The vicufla. a kindred species, is hunted in 
 the mountains of the W. provinces. The largest of the ro- 
 deutia — the giant of its tribe — is the capybara, {hydrochcerus. 
 or water-pig.) The tapir is met with frequently in the N. 
 part of the state. The cougar or puma, (American lion.) the 
 jaguar or tiger, and the ounce, are more widely distributed. 
 Two species of ostrich roam over the open plains; the larger 
 kind, which is still inferior in size to the ostrich of the Old 
 World, is rarely found S. of the Rio Negro. The blzcacha 
 and tnco-tueo, both allied to the marmot, burrow in the 
 plains; tliey live in numerous communities, and completely 
 undermine the ground, which thus becomes dangerous to 
 horsemen. The armadillo, of several species, and the agouti, 
 are often eaten. Of the birds, the most numerous and re- 
 markable are of the predacious kinds. The condor, gollina- 
 zo, and caracara vulture attack wounded animals. The tur- 
 key-buzzard feeds on seals and shell-fish. Three species of 
 partridge inhabit the Pampas. Farther N. in Salta, the Gran 
 Chaoo, and along the banks of the Parana and Paraguay, 
 parrots become numerous, and the endlessly-varied plumage 
 of the tropical region begins to make its appearance. l!ut 
 the animals indigenous to these vast plains have been ex- 
 pelled, and superseded to a great extent by introduced spe- 
 cies, chiefly the horse and horned ciittle of the Spaniards. 
 It is supposed that the province of Huenos Ayres alone pos- 
 sesses 4,000,000 head of cattle. Millions of oxen wander at 
 large across the plains, or are reared on breeding estates of 
 vast extent. The horses are not quite so numerous; of 
 th->se, the greater number roam in the wild state, in droves 
 of from 0000 to SOOO. The horse of the Pampas is small and 
 coarsely formed, but is active, and possesses great power of 
 endurance. The multiplication of this animal has com- 
 pletely changed the manners of the aboriginal tribe;, who 
 are now wholly equestrian. Mules are bred for sale to Pe- 
 ruvian and other traders. Sheep are numerous in the W. 
 provinces, where the country is elevated ; and wool has be- 
 come an important article of export. The hogs are of an in- 
 ferior breed. 
 
 £<j<(in.i/.— The plains of La Plata collectively present a 
 scanty vegetation, consisting of but few species. N. of the lUo 
 Negro, where the coarse shingle of the S. plains gives way 
 to the soil of the Pampas, herbage is more abundant than 
 in Patagonia ; and even thickets, or as they are there called, 
 woods, composed chiefly of a kind of willow, occur in some 
 places. The deficiency of trees is still apparent in Eutre 
 Kios; but the banks of the Paranfi are clothed with fine 
 timber; and on approaching the tropics, as well as the Cor- 
 dilleras, the vegetation becomes varied and luxuriant. 
 Still, the most conspicuous plants of Gran Chaco are thorny 
 mimosas, and varieties of cactus. It is at the foot of the 
 Cordillera, in Salta and Mendoza, that palm-trees and the 
 usual ornaments of tropical forests are first met with. The 
 indigenous plants, as well as animals of this region, have 
 been to a great extent dispossessed by introduced species. 
 The apple-tree, which now forms great forests S. of Chili, 
 from Valdivia, across the Andes, to the sources of the Kio 
 Negro, has been planted by the Indians farther N. also, at 
 the E. base of the Cordillera. The peach-tree, found more 
 rarely in the same situations, covers the islands towards the 
 mouth of the Parana, and supplies Uuenos Ayres with fuel. 
 It is planted for this purpose, in preference to every other 
 tree, on account of its rapid growth. But the most domi- 
 neering plants are the cardoon, (a wild artichoke,) and the 
 thistle, which occupy thous;inds of square miles W. and N.W. 
 if Buenos Ayres. The thistles, it is stated, grow to such a 
 leight as to conceal a man on horseback, and so rapidly, that 
 travellers, surprised in the interior of tlie thistle region when 
 the plant first shoots up, have little chance of extricating 
 themselves from the miniature forest which in a few days 
 surrounds them. The cactus thickets farther N. are almost 
 equally formidable. In Mendoza and the province of La 
 Ri."'ja the vine finds a congenial soil and cliinate. 
 
 Agriculture, Manufactures, ify:. — The chief wealth of the 
 .Vrceutine Republi-; consifts in its herds and flocks. All 
 
 agricultural processes are in the mogt backward condition. 
 N. of Corriontes, cotton, tobacco, riv, and sugar-cane are 
 raised; maize, wheat, and other grains are the principal 
 articles of culture in the S. ; wheat has latt«rly to some ex- 
 tent become an article of export. In the province of La 
 llinja, from SOOO to lt),000 small barrels of strong wine are 
 made annually, and sent into Cordova and the neighboring 
 provinces, and a good deal of wine and brandy is furnishe-l 
 to Ruenos Ayres from the province of Mendoza. The other 
 products are 7iiuiU or Paraguay tea, cochineal, cocoa, madder, 
 cinchona bark, and the various fruits. The Indians of the 
 Chaco manufacture yarn, ropes, fishing-nets, and other 
 articles from fibies of the aloe, with saddle-cloths, blankets, 
 and other fabrics, which they dye with great skill, and sell 
 to their more civilized neighbors. Similar goods, with 
 morocco leather and turned wares, are made in Coi-dova; 
 but in general manufjictured articles are imported from 
 abroad in return lor raw produce. 
 
 Chmmerce. — The agricultural produce of the Argentine 
 Republic hitherto available for exportation has been of but 
 little importance. The herds of the Pampas furnish an- 
 nually for export above .3,000.000 hides of horned cattle, be- 
 sides about 250,000 horse-hides. The preserved or jerked 
 beef (charqui, i. e. "driwl in the sun") annually exported, 
 amount to about 500,000 hundredweight. The t)ones, horns, 
 and hair of cattle are al.so exported in large quantities, with 
 goat and sheep-skins, fine furs, feathers, &c. The value of 
 tallow annually exported is estimated at $3,500,000, and that 
 of wool at $4,000,000. The wool has been improved of late 
 years, aiid much of it is now of a very fine quality. The 
 total number of hides exported to Great Britain in 1851 
 amounttid to 503,400, and the average number for each of 
 the seven preceding years, 403,284. The total value of all 
 the exports amounts to about $20,000,00'J annually. Among 
 the exports to the United States, in 1852, were 1.247,763 
 raw, and "240 tanned hides : 3020 pounds of tallow ; 7,084.742 
 pounds of wool ; 6717 undressed fur-skins. (Ntdria, Chin- 
 chilhi, <fc. ;) 6875 pounds of cocoa; and 205,103 pounds of 
 saltpetre. The total value of exports to the United States 
 amounted to $2,091,097 ; and in 1853, to $2,186,tUl. Value 
 of imports from the United States, in 185'2. $799,117 ; and in 
 1S53. $881,460. The following table shows the quantity of 
 Briti.sh cottons, silk, linen, and woollen manufactures im- 
 ported into the Argentine Republic during the four years 
 ending 1851 : — 
 
 1848 
 1849 
 leoO 
 1851 
 
 Cotton Ujlnupactubkd. 
 
 Yards. 
 13.999,296 
 23,730,485 
 11,996,173 
 6,592,057 
 
 Calicoes, 
 
 Prill ted aud 
 
 Dyed. 
 
 Yards. 
 7,845,469 
 17,761,223 
 9,043.949 
 6.523,386 
 
 lbs. 
 11,474 
 19,3'i3 
 
 isieio 
 
 Silk, 
 and Silk 
 mixed 
 .Manu- 
 factures. 
 
 29.190 
 195,560 
 62,900 
 
 24,267 
 
 Linens, 
 exclu- 
 sive of 
 Yarn. 
 
 146,4a2 
 137.596 
 74,:<85 
 121,377 
 
 ■Woollen 
 Mixtui-e, 
 exclusive 
 of Yaru. 
 
 762,087 
 1,595.718 
 
 ii,740,sas 
 
 938,195 
 
 The number of vessels employed in the trade of the Argen- 
 tine Republic, in 1849 and 1850, averaged 483 : of these 91 
 belonged to Great Britain, the next greatest number to the 
 United States; then follow Havana, Germany. (Hamburg 
 chiefly.) Brazil, and France, in the order of their shipping. 
 In 1853. the South American and General Navigation Com- 
 pany, established a line of steamers between Birkenhead, 
 (opposite Liverpool, England,) and South America, touching 
 at Buenos Ayres Montevideo, Rio Janeiro, &c. 
 
 Government, <fe. — The government is nominiUly a repub- 
 lic, (but the president or director possesses in reality the 
 powers of a dictator.) The office is at present filled by Gene- 
 ral J. J. Urquiza. The legislature meets at Buenos Ayres. 
 The religion is Roman Catholic. Education throughout the 
 provinces is in a low state. In Buenos Ayres, however, the 
 educational institutions are of a very respectable chai-acter. 
 The revenue of the Argentine Republic in 1850 amounted 
 to $6,093,107, and the expenses to $6,063,645. The public 
 debt at the same date, amounted to the enormous sum of 
 $106,456,403. 
 
 People and Manners. — The indigenous tribesof the Argen- 
 tine Republic belong to three races — the Araueanian, which 
 includes the Patagonians, the Pequenches, and othert, vho 
 now roam over the plains as far N. as the Rio Salado: the 
 Peruvian, speaking the Quichua language,* which now 
 reaches E. from the Cordillera as far as Santiago and the 
 Guarauis, which extends from the Salado of the Parani. a 
 long way N. through Brazil. The Spaniards, though com- 
 paratively few, are now the dominant race. From theit 
 mixture with the native women have sprung up colored 
 races, differing according to the descent of their mothers, 
 and forming, in the remoter districts, the m.ijority of tin 
 population. In Buenos Ayres, aud about the shores of La 
 Plata, negro slaves were formerly numerous; but at present 
 only a few negroes remain, the slave trade having ceased at 
 
 * To this language belongs the word Pampa, which signities s 
 treeless plain. 
 
 1499 
 
FLA 
 
 tf.« reTolulion, and slavery being abolished : but tbeir pro- 
 ij<,ay are still distinguishable auKirig the colored popu- 
 !atiou. To the three rapes here inentiooed. and the various 
 lolored offspring of their intermixture, are to be added the 
 Enropaans of various nations, (chiefly English. French, Ger- 
 man, and Italian.) who, as merchants or emigrant settlers, 
 reside in the confederate provinces, especially in Buenos 
 Avre-s. Here the better class of people are rapidly adopting 
 European dress and manners. The lower orders, who are 
 mostly of mulatto, and still more of .Mestizo descent, unite 
 the dissipation and love of gaming of the superior class, 
 with the simple and rude mode of life of the Gaucho or 
 rustic, who is the true type of the Spanish-American in and 
 around the Pampas. The Gaucho wears a jacket of coarse 
 cloth or sheep-skin, and breeches of the same material, open 
 at the knee. His poncho or mantle is a square woollen 
 cloth, with a slit in the middle to admit the head. Kis 
 b<x>ts are without a seam, being drawn without ripping 
 from the hind-legs of a horse, the angle at the hock-joints, 
 forming the heel of the boot. His ornaments are his spurs 
 with inameuse rowels of silver, and silver buckles on his 
 breast and at his knees ; the handle of the large knife stuck 
 in his waist-belt is also sometimes studded with silver. The 
 women dress like the men in most respects, but their arms 
 and neck are bare, and they are delighted when they can 
 wrap themselves in shawls of the brightest color. The 
 rancho or hut of the Gaucho is constrvicted of sticks inter- 
 woven with osiers, and plastered with mud, the roof covered 
 with str.aw, rushes, or cow-hide; a hide or horse-skin covers 
 the doorway. Within, the onh' vessels or utensils are 
 cow.s'-horns ; a small space paved with sheeps'-trotters serves 
 for a hearth, the skulls of horses for stools. The Gaucho 
 subsists almost wholly on beef and water; pumpkins, and 
 the tiesh of game, if within his reach, are luxuries little 
 valued. He may be said to live on horseback, galloping 
 perpetually over the plains, collecting his herds and droves, 
 taming wild horses, or catching and slaughtering cattle. In 
 such avocations he acquires a marvellous dexterity in 
 throwing the lasso or noose, and the bolas or balls. This 
 wild man, sleeping in the open air, and spending his time 
 in smoking, galloping, or gaming, is one of the most inde- 
 pendent and proudest of mortals, and covers with some 
 traditional courtesy and dignity of demeanor the sentiments 
 of a savage. His unrestrained mode of life, with abundant 
 excitement, and few wants, has its charms ; and there are 
 not a few rich proprietors who live in houses little better 
 than ranches, and adopt all the rude, uncivilized habits 
 of the Gaucho. 
 
 Divisions. — The united provinces of La Plata are 13 in 
 number, and form three groups, namely, the E., or Littoral, 
 the N.. or Central, and the Vt'., which formerly constituted 
 the intendancy of Cuyo. There are no accurate authentic 
 accounts of the population of the confederate provinces. 
 Approximate estimates, in which the independent native 
 tribes are not included, represent it as follows: — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Chief Cities. 
 
 r Buenos Ayres 
 
 320,000 
 20.000 
 30,000 
 40,000 
 90.000 
 25,000 
 50,000 
 45,000 
 30 000 
 SO.OOO 
 20,000 
 45,000 
 25,000 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 
 
 L Corrientes 
 
 Corrientes. 
 
 La Rioja 
 
 La Rioja, 
 .'Santiago. 
 
 Catanmrca 
 
 (.Salta and Jujuy. .. 
 
 rSan Luis 
 
 W. PaorwcKs.. ■( .Mendoza 
 
 Catamarca. 
 Salta. 
 San Luis. 
 Mendoza. 
 
 Total of the Confederation 
 
 
 8-.'0,000 
 
 
 Other and recent estimates reduce this total to 596.000; 
 while the Gothaische Almavadi for 1853 gives a total of about 
 2.000.000, of whom 1.200.000 are Creoles. Spaniards, and 
 half-castes: 200.000 subjected Indians: and 25.000 negroes. 
 History. — In 1535, Don Pedro de Mendoza. on his way to 
 Paragoay, built a fort on the present site of Buenos Ayres. 
 but that was soon destroyed by the Indians: and it was not 
 till 16K0 that Don Juan ile Garay took formal possession of 
 the country, and founded the city of Buenos .\yre8. At that 
 time, and for nearly two centiiries afterwards, the whole 
 wuntry, from the mouth of the Plata to the Pacific Ocean. 
 Paraguay included, was comprised in the vicerovalty of Peru. 
 In 1776 La Plata, comprehending all the Spanish dependen- 
 cies K. of the Cordilleras, was erected into an Independent 
 government. In 1809. the conquest of Spain by the French 
 released the Spanish-American governments from their ties 
 U) the mother-country, and the revolutions which then 
 ensued nariowed the limits of U Plata. Tarija. and some 
 other districts on the Cordilleras, being annexed to Bolivia, 
 while J araguay became Independent. Buenog Avres failed 
 signally In the attempt to establish freedom on a basis of 
 good order and stability. Between 181o and 1835 she had 
 no fewer t han thirty-six changes of government. In 1 824 a 
 peneral congress of the confederated states decided by' a 
 
 PLA 
 
 I large majority in favor of union, in preference to fedei atlon. 
 The vote, however, was practically annulled by the violent 
 I opposition of Buenos Ayres. She was unwilling to renounce 
 I her control over the navigation of the Parana, or to cease tc 
 I be the sole port of entry, and thus '-De.ith to the .savage 
 I unionists" became the popular watchword of the state. In 
 IS35, Don Juan Manuel de Kosas, whose successes, achieved 
 against the Indians in the Pampas, had made him the idol 
 I of the Gaucho population, was elected dictator of Buenos 
 .\yres, with unlimited powers. He posses.sed the stern 
 energy requisite for the management of his half-civilizetl 
 countrymen, but he was as incapable as they of compre- 
 hending the prospective benefits of a liberal and enlight- 
 ened policy. Hence, though secure from within, he pro- 
 voked i.iimerous enemies from without. His obstinate 
 contest with Montevideo gave rise to the blockade of the 
 Buenos Ayrean waters by the British and French, and to 
 the alliance of Brazil with his enemies in Uruguay, and 
 finally to the invasion of Buenos Ayres by Urquiza, the go- 
 vernor of Entre Itios, when Kosas, being defeated, (February, 
 1852.) fled to England. The navigation of the Paranfi. wan 
 thereupon immediately declared open to the commerce of 
 
 the world. Adj. Argentine, ar'jgu-tin ; (Sp. Aroektiko, 
 
 au-H^n-tee'no.) 
 
 PLATiEA, pld-tee'a, (Gr. TlXarata, Plataia,) & ruined city 
 of Greece, in Boeotia, on the W. slope of Mount Citlwron. 7 
 miles S.W. of Thebes. Its remains consist of walls and parts 
 of a citadel. Near it, B. c. 479, the Greeks, under Pausanias, 
 totally defeated and nearly annihilated the grand Persian 
 army under JIardonius, who was killed in the action. 
 
 PLAT.VMOXA. pli-td-mo'u3, {a.nc. Ueradela?) a maritime 
 town of European Turkey, in Thessaly, on the W. coast of 
 the Gulf of Salonica, 5 miles N. of the mouth of the Sa- 
 lympria. Pop. 1500. It has some remains of antiquity, a 
 citadel on a rock, and a Turkish cemetery. 
 
 PLATANA, pli/tS-nd, a maritime town of Asia Minor, 
 pashalic. and 7 miles \V. of Trebizond, with a roadstead which 
 is the winter anchorage of large ships trading to that port. 
 It has a fine old Byzantine church, and about ICO houses, 
 mostly enclosed within gardens. 
 
 PL.\T.-\.NI, pll-td'nee, (anc. C'amicusC) a river of Sicily, in- 
 tendancies of Palermo and Girgeuti, enters the Mediterr.v 
 nean 18 miles \\",N.W. of Girgenti, after a S.AV. course of 60 
 miles, mostly through a cultivated plain. 
 
 PLATANOS, pla-t^noce, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on 
 the S. coast of Samos. It consists of about 300 houses, and 
 has 2 churches. 
 
 PLATA. RIO DE LA. See Rio de l.\ Plata. 
 
 PLATFj or PLATHE, pld'teh, a town of Prussia in Pome- 
 rania. 37 miles N.E. of Stettin, on the Riga. Pop. 1770. It 
 has 2 castles, some manufactiu-es of woollen cloth, and c 
 trade in timber. 
 
 I'LATE, a village, grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 6 miles S.S.E. of Schwerin. 
 
 PLATKA, a village of Pennsylvania. See Lockport. 
 
 PLATEL, plj-tjl', a markettowii of Russian Poland, go- 
 vernment of Ailna, 15 miles W.N.W. of Telsh. Pop. 1500. 
 
 PLA'TO, a post- village of Cattaraugus co., New York, 
 about 40 miles S. by E. of Buffalo. 
 
 PLATO, a post-office of Loiain co., Ohio 
 
 I'LATO, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on the 
 Iroquois River, about 75 miles S. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 PL.\TO, a township in Kane co.. Illinois. Pop. 1008. 
 
 PLATO, pld'to, a village of South America, in New Gra- 
 nada, department of Magdalena, 12 miles S.S.E. of Tenerife. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 PLATTE, a river of Michigan, rises in the N.W. part of 
 the peninsula, and flows into Lake Michigan in lat. 45° N. 
 
 I'L.^TTE. platt, or NEBRAS'KA. the tongest of the af 
 fluents of the Missouri, rises in the Rocky Mountains by 
 two branches, termed the North and SouthForks, which unite 
 about 800 miles from the source of the former, or principal 
 branch. It flows in a general E. course, and empties itself 
 into the Missouri, in about 40° 50' N. lat., and 96° W. Ion. 
 The whole length, including that of the North Fork, is 
 about 1200 miles. As its name Platte (i. e. in French, '• shal- 
 low") signifies, it has little depth of water, and except in 
 floods, can be forded in almost every part. During the dry 
 season, the channel of this river is said to exhibit nothing 
 but B sticcession of shallow pools. In high wafer it has been 
 ascei'ili^d by steamlioats several hundred miles. It is full 
 of islands, some of which are many miles in length, and in 
 pome places it is 3 miles wide. 
 
 PL.ATTE, a river which rises in the S. part of low.i, flows 
 southerly, entering Missouri near the N.W. corner of Gentry 
 county, and falls into the Mis.souri River in Platte county. 
 12 miles above the mouth of Kansas River. It is sometimes 
 called Little Platte. Brandies. — Smith's Fork enters the 
 Platte from the left, in Platte county, several miles N.E. of 
 Platte City. Third Fork enters the main stream on its left 
 bank, in Buchanan county. 
 
 PLATTE, a small river of Wisconsin, flows through 
 Grant co., and enters the Mississippi about 9 miles above 
 Dubuque. Rich mines of lead are opened along »tH banks 
 
 PLATTE, a county In the W.N.W. part of Mistiouri. ha.s 
 
PLA 
 
 on artti of 416 square miles. It is bounded on. the S.W. by 
 the Missouri River, and traversed from N. to S. by Little 
 I'lalte l!ivt-r. from which it derives its name. The surface 
 Is diversified by forests and undulating praides; tlie soil is 
 very productive, and extensively cultivated. According to 
 the census of 1850, Platte county produced more hemp than 
 anj other county in the Union, more wheat and butter than 
 any other in Missouri, and more corn than any other in the 
 Btate, excBpting Buchanan. The produce of that year was 
 1,814,287 bushels of corn; 129,()ti7 of wheat; 435.5 tons of 
 hemp, and 069,811 pounds of butter. This county is inter- 
 sected by the Platte county R.ailn .ad. The inhabitants curry 
 on a profitable trade with the Indian tribes. Capital, 
 Platte City. Population 18,050, of whom 15,037 were free, 
 anil .3.313 slaves. 
 
 PLAT I'E, a township in Andrew co., Missouri. Pop. 3254. 
 
 PLATTE, a township in Buchanan co., Missouri. Pop. 
 881. 
 
 PLATTE CITY, a post-village, capital of Platte co., Mis- 
 souri, is situated on the river of the same name, 200 miles 
 W.N.W. of Jefferson City, and 7 miles E. of the Missouri 
 River. It has 2 churches. Pop. in 1860, 875. 
 
 PLATTE'KILL, a post-village and township of Ulster co., 
 New York, about 80 miles 8. by W. of Albany. Pop. 1018. 
 
 PLATTEN, pldt'ten, PLAT, or BLATNA, a town of Bohe- 
 mia, 14 miles N. of i.bogen, in the Erzgebirge, with iron- 
 mines in operation. Pop. 1800. 
 
 PLATTEX SHE, Hunf^ary. See B.\latont Lake. 
 
 PL.\.TTE RIVER, a post-ofRce of Buchanan co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 PLATTE/VILLE, a thriving post-village of Grant CO.. 
 Wisconsin, on a small ffffluent of Platte River, about 22 
 miles N. of Galena, and 78 miles W.S.W. of Madison. It is 
 surrounded by extensive lead-mines, and is one of the 
 principal places in the county. The land in the vicinity is 
 excellent. Plattevillo was incorporated in 1841. It has an 
 academy, 9 churches, 2 smelting furnaces, 2 iron furnaces, 
 2 woollen factories_, and 1 newspaper ottice. Pop. 2865. 
 
 PLATTLING, pUtfling. a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 
 on the Isar, here crossed bj' a bridge 900 feet in length, 16 
 miles S.E. of Straubing. Pop. 2019. 
 
 PLATTS'ItURG, a post-village and township, port of entry, 
 and capital of Clinton co., Now York, is situated on both 
 sides of the Saranac River, at its entrance into Cumberlaud 
 Bav of Lake Champlain. about 160 miles N. bv E. of Albanv. 
 Lat. 44° 42' N., Ion. 73° 2fi' W. The Plattsburi and Montreal 
 Railroad connects it with Montreal, and steamboats ply to 
 the several ports on Lake Champlain. It has a fine harbor, 
 and the Saranac opens communication with the mineral 
 and lumber regions of the interior. The village is well 
 laia out, and contains 4 Protestant and 2 Roman Catholic 
 churches, 2 national banks, 2 other iianks, a town hall, 
 a custom-house, an academy, 3 newspaper offices, the 
 United States barracks, and several large; manufactories, 
 for which the river affords extensive water-power. Here 
 are 2 flouring mills, 2 machine-shops, 1 iron foimdry, 1 forge, 
 1 woollen factory, 1 tannery and 6 saw-mills, cutting about 
 25,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. The shipping of the 
 district, June 30. 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 6259 
 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 1701 tons were em- 
 ployed in steam navig.ition. A famous naval battle was 
 fought on the bay in September, 1814, which resulted in 
 the capture of the British fleet, and at the same time the 
 Americans, under General .Macoinb, gained a decisive vic- 
 tory over the English in the town. Commodore Macdo- 
 nough commanded on the lake. Population of the town- 
 ship, 3648. 
 
 PLATTS'BURG, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Mis- 
 souri, on Smith's fork of Platte River, about 28 miles S.E. 
 of St. Joseph. Free population, 692. 
 
 PLATTSVILLE, a village in Meriden township. New Ha- 
 ven CO., Connecticut, on the Quinepiack, about 19 miles 
 N.N.E. of New Haven. It contains a large manufivctory of 
 ivory combs. 
 
 PLATTSVILLE. a pOst-offlce of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 PLATT/VILLE. a pnst-ofiiee of Kendall co., Illinois. 
 
 PLATZ. piats. or STRAZ. struts, a m:irket-town of Bohe- 
 mia, 22 miles E.N.E. of Budweis. Pop. 1323. 
 
 PL.\U, plow, a walled town of North Germany, in Meck- 
 lenberg-Schwerin. principality of GUstrow, on Lake Plau, 37 
 miles E.S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 2625. 
 
 PLAU. plow, or PL.^UE. plOw'eh. a lake of Germany, in 
 Mecklenberg-Schwerin, 9 miles long from N. to S.. liy 3 miles 
 broad. It receives the waters of Lake Elsen on the E., and 
 discharges itself on the W. into the Elbe. 
 
 PLAU, a lake of Prussia, province of Brandenburg. It is 
 an expansion of the Havel, and is a main feeder of the Canal 
 of Plaue, connecting the Havel with Elbe. 
 
 PLAUI'!N, plow'en. a town of Saxonv, circle of Zwickau. 
 on the left bank of 'the AThite Elster, 61 miles S.W. of Leip- 
 sic. with a station on the Saxon-Bavarian Railway. Pop. 
 16,166. It is enclosed by walls, and has several chxirches 
 snd hospitals, a royal castle, and a gymnasium.-manufac- 
 tures of linen and cotton goods, and a small pearl-fishery in 
 Ihe river. 
 
 PLE 
 
 PL.\UZ.^T, plo'zJ'. a villa'ze of France, department of 
 Puv-de-D6me. 11 miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1290. 
 
 PLA VIS. See Piave. 
 
 I'LAY'PEN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PLAY'FORD. a parish of En-land. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 PLAZA ARKIBA. plifsS aR-Ket/iid. a village on the left 
 bank of the Rio del Norte, in the interior of the Territory 
 of New Mexico. 
 
 PL.\ZAC. plJV3W. a village of France, department o'Dcr 
 dogne, 6 miles W.S.W. of Montignac. Pop. 1690. 
 
 PLK.A.\, pl.'ln, a village of .Scotland, co., and 6 miles S.S.E. 
 of Stirling. The English encamped hero the night befort 
 their signal defeat at Bannockbnrn. 
 
 PLE.\S'ANT, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 430. 
 
 I'LEAS.\NT, a post-office of Claibonie co., Tennessee. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 2.331. 
 
 PLEASANf, a township of Clark co., Ohio. Pop. 1540. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 2118. 
 
 PLEASAN r, a township of Franklin CO., Ohio. Pop. 1660. 
 
 PL HAS A XT, a township of Hancock, CO., Ohio. Pop. 1151. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 1413. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. t>ll. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1400. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Logan co.. Ohio. Pop. 838. 
 
 PLEASANT, a town.ship of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 1049. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 1115. 
 
 PLEASANT, a post-township in the S.E. part of Putnam 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1374. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1522. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Van Wert co.. Ohio. Pop. 1027. 
 
 PLEASANT, a post-oUico of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 PLEAS.\NT. a township of Allen CO.. Indiana. Pop. 1207 
 
 PLEASA.NT, a township of Grant co., Indiana. I'op. 1660. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Johnson co.. Indiana. P. 2006. 
 
 PLEASANl'. a townshij) of La Porte co., Indiana. P. 1015. 
 
 PLE.\.SANT, a township of Porter co., Indian.i. P. 479. 
 
 PLEASANT, a post-township of Switzerland co., Indiana, 
 Pop. 2193. 
 
 I'LEASANT, a township of Wabiish co., Indiana. P. 2137. 
 
 PLEASANT BROOK, a post-office ofOtsegoco.,New York. 
 
 PLEASANT CREEK.a post-oltice of Taylor co.,W.Virginia. 
 
 PLEASANT DALE, a post-office of Hampshire co., W. 
 Virginia. 
 
 PLEASANT EXCHANGE, a post-village of Henderson 
 CO., Tennessee, 110 miles W.S.W. of Niishville. 
 
 PLEASANT FLAT, a post-office of Mason co., W.Virginia. 
 
 PLEASANT GAP, a postofBce of Centre co., Pennsrlyanla 
 
 PLEASANT GAP, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Vir 
 giuiiv. 
 
 PLEASANT GAP. a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama. 
 
 PLE,\S.\NT Q.\P, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, 65 
 miles S.S.W. of Independence. 
 
 PLEASANT GARDEN, a small village of xMcDowell co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT GREEN, a small village of Daviess co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 PLEASANT GREEN, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, 
 about 90 miles E. by S. of Independence. 
 
 PLEAS.\NT GROVE, a post-village of Morris co.. New 
 Jersey, 21 miles W. of Morristown, contains a church. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of ALamance co., N<.rth 
 Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Greenville district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Pickens co., Alab-ima. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a small village of Macon co.. Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-village of Madison co., Mi.s- 
 sissippi. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of De Soto parish, I^ui- 
 siana. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Maurv co., Tennes.see. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a postoffice of Ohio co.. Kentucky. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Clermont Co.. Ohio. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Jasper co., Indiana. 
 
 PLEASANT GROA'E. a po.st-office of Macoupin co.. lllinoif 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a postroffice of Des Moines eo., Iowa. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a village of Keokuk CO., Iowa, near 
 Skunk River, 40 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Olmstead co., Min- 
 nesota. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Utah eo., Utah Ter- 
 ritoi-v. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE MILLS, a postofflce of Fleming co„ 
 Kentucky. 
 
 PLEASANT HALL, a village of Franklin co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia. 45 miles W.S.W. of Harrisbing. It has about llio in- 
 habitants. 
 
 PLEAS.A.NT HILL, a post-office of New Castle co.. Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 1501 
 
PLE 
 
 PLE 
 
 PL '".ASAXT HILL, a post-office of Fayette co.,W.Viiirfnia. 
 
 PLiJASAXT HILL, a post-office and station of Northamp- 
 ton CO., North Carolina, on tlie Petersburg Railroad, 12 miles 
 N. of Weldon. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-Tillage of Lancaster district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Talbot co., Georgia. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a postK)ffice of Dallas co., Alabama. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of De Soto parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Hopkins co., Texas. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a small post-Tillage of Franklin co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 PLEAS.A.NT HILL, a post-office of Mercer co., Kentucky. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a finely-situated post-Tillage of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Indiana, 58 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-Tillage of Pike co., Ulinois, 
 about SO miles W.S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 PLEAS.A.NT HILL, a post-Tillage of Cass co., Missouri, 
 about 36 miles S.W. of Le.xington. 
 
 PLEAS.-VNT HILL, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon. 
 
 PLEASANT HOPE, a post-office of Polk co.. Missouri. 
 
 PLEASANT ISLAND, a circular isLand in the South Pa- 
 cific Ocean, in lat. 0° 25' S., Ion. 167° 5' E., about 15 miles in 
 circumference. 
 
 PLEASANT LAKE, New York. See L.^ke Pleasant. 
 
 PLEASANT LAKE, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana. 
 
 PLEASANT' L.A.NE, a post-office of Edgefield district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT LEVEL, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia. 
 
 PLEASANT MILLS, a village of Atlantic co., New Jersey, 
 on the Little Egg Harbor Eirer, 15 miles nearly N. of May's 
 Landing, has a small Roman Catholic church. 
 
 PLEASANT MILLS, a post-township of Adams co., In- 
 diana. 
 
 PLEASANT MOUND, a postoffice of Montgomery co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 PLEASANT MOUND, a post-office of Laurens district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT MOUNT, a post-office of TTayne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PLEASANT MOUNT, a postoffice of Pitt co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PLEASANT MOUNTS, a postoffice of Panola co., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 PLEASANT MOUNT, a post-office of Miller co., Missouri. 
 
 PLEASANT OAKS, a postoffice of Brunswick co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 PLEASANTON, a post-Tillage of Itawamba co., Mississippi. 
 
 PLEASANTON, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 PLEASANT PARK, a small post^village of Carroll oo.. 
 Missouri. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAIN, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 PLEAS.\NT PL.4IN, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, 
 45 mUes S.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a post-village of Dutchess co., New 
 fork, 66 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a postoffice of Cumberland co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a post^village of Independence co., 
 Arkansas, about 15 miles S. of Batesville. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a postoffice of Sangamon co., Il- 
 linois. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a post-Tillage of Scott co., Missouri, 
 about 30 miles W. of the mouth of the Ohio River. 
 
 PLEASANT POINT, a post-office of Daviess co., Kentuckv. 
 
 PLEASANT PRAIRIE, a post-village of Greene co., Mis- 
 souri. 22 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 PLEASANT PKAIRIE, a township of Kenosha co., Wis- 
 consin, 7 miles W. of Kenosha. Pop. 1400. 
 
 PLEASANT PRAIRIE, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Iowa. 
 
 PLEASANT RETREAT, a post-office of Lumpkin co , 
 Georgia. 
 
 PLE.iSANT RETREAT, a post-office of Davidson co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 PLEASANT RETREAT, a postoffice of Scotland co., Mis- 
 Bouri. 
 
 ni'S^!^^''^ RTDGE, a postoffice of Greene co.. Alabama. 
 PLEASANT RIDOE. a postoffice of Tippah co.. Mississippi. 
 PLEASANT RIDGE, a post^jffice of Bracken co., Ken- 
 tucky, 
 
 51'S^'^S™ I^TDGE. a post-office of Hamilton co.. Ohio. 
 
 Bi S^i'^S^ RIDGK. a post-office of Greene co.. Indiana. 
 
 ro Illinois ^"^'^^' " *'"'''" post-Tillage of Rock Island 
 
 Ju^^'^'i^J l^^^' » ^"^*g* °f L** «>•' lo'^a- al-out 28 
 miles N. of Keokuk. 
 
 th^ hH^^^nV^.T '^"TS- "^ ^^sWngton CO., Maine, fiills into 
 
 TTi. riv«r .ffnl'r^'" "'?'' "*y- " '^^''P '">«* "f '»>« .Ulantic. 
 
 1«« water-power, is navigable for some dis- 
 
 tance, and on Na.sh's Island, at its entrance, is a light-honee 
 Lat. 44° 25' N.. Ion. 67° 37' VV. 
 
 PLEASANT RUN, a creek of Texas, flows into the Trinity 
 RiTer from the W.. in Dallas county. 
 PLEASANT HUN, a post-office of Dallas co.. Texas. 
 PLEASANT RUN, a small village of Montgomery co, 
 Kentucky. 
 PLEASANT RUN, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 PLEASANT RUN, a township of Liwrence co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1211. 
 
 PLEASANTS, a county in the N.VT, part of W, Virginia, 
 bordering on the Ohio River, which separates it from the 
 stete of Ohio. The surface is hilly ; the soil generally fer 
 tile. Indian corn. whe.at, oats, hay. and cattle are the sta- 
 ples. Formed since 1850. out of parts of Wood, Tyler, and 
 Ritchie counties. Capital, St. JIary's. Pop. 2945. 
 PLEASANT SHADE, a postoffice of Smith CO., Tennessee. 
 PLEASANT SHADE, a post-office of Perrv CO., Illinois. 
 PLEASANT SITE, a post-office of Frankfin co., Alabama. 
 PLEASANT SPRING, a post-office of Kemper co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 PLEASANT SPRING, a post-office of Howard co.. Indiana. 
 PLEASANT SPRING, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 1135. 
 
 PLEASANT SPRINGS, a post-office of Lexington district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT U'NITY, a post-village of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 38 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. 
 PLEAS.^NT VALE, a po.st-office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 PLEASANT VALE, a pcst-village of Pike co., Illinois, 90 
 miles W. bv S. of Springfield. 
 
 PLEASANT VAVLEY, a, pos^fflce of Chittenden co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-village of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-village and township of 
 Dutchess CO., New York, on Wappinger's Creek. 7 miles N.E. 
 of Poughkeepsie. The village contains churches of 4 or .") 
 denominations, about half a dozen stores, and several mills. 
 Pop. of the township, 2343. 
 
 PLEASANT VAiyLEY, a post-office of Sussex co., New 
 JorsGV. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-village of Bucks co., Penn- 
 STlTania. 
 
 " PLEASANT VALLEY, a township of Potter co., Penn- 
 sylTania. Pop. 165. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Fairfax co.. Virginia. 
 PLE.\S.A.NT VALLEY, a post-Tillage of Lancaster district. 
 South Carolina. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Murray co.. Georgia. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Alabama. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Yell co., Arkansas. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Wayne co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a village of Madison co., Ohio, has 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office and station of Jlorgan 
 CO., Ohio, on the Central Ohio Railroad, 50 miles S. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Martin co., Indiana. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Jo DaTiess co., U- 
 linois. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Wright co., Missouri. 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a small post-village of Scott co, 
 Iowa. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-township of M.arquette co, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY MILLS, a postoffice of Nicholas co.. 
 Kentuckv. 
 
 PLEASANT VIEW, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 PLEASANT VIEW,a post-office of Jackson co..W.Virginia. 
 PLEAS.4NT VIEW, a post-office of Darlington district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PLEASANT VIEW, a thriving post-Tillage of Shelby co., 
 Indiana, on the I^awrenceburg and Mississippi Railroad. 15 
 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 PLEASANT VIEW, a post-Tillage of Schuyler co., Illinois, 
 on the road between Ruslnille and the Illinois River. 
 
 PLEAS'ANTVILLE, a post-Tillage of Westchester cc, New 
 York, on the Harlem Railroad, 34 miles N. of New York 
 City. 
 
 PLEASANTVILLE, a postoffice of Bucks co., Pennsyl 
 vania. 
 
 PLEASANTVILLE. a post-Tillage of Venango co., Penn- 
 sylvania, alumt 7 miles S.E. of Titusville. Pop. 2'Jl. 
 PLEASANTVILLE, a postoffice of Harford co., Maryland 
 PLEASANTVILLE, a post-village of Rockingham co^. 
 North Carolina. 
 PLE.\S.\NTVILLE, a village of Hickman co., Tennesijee. 
 PLP:ASANTVILLE, a post^vUlage of Faii-field co.. Ohio, 30 
 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PLEASANTVILLE, a small village of C'^imberiand «v 
 Illinois. 
 
PLE 
 
 PLO 
 
 PLEASANTVILLE, a pofit-village of Fulton co.. Illinois, 
 near Spoon Kirer, about 50 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 PLEASANTVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, 100 
 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 PLEASANT WOODS, a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana. 
 
 PLEASELEY. pleez'lee, a pari.sh of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 PLKASINGTON, pleez'ing-tgn, a township of ^;T)gland. co. 
 of Lancaster. 3 miles W.S.W. of Blackburn, with a station 
 on the East Lancashire Railway. 
 
 PLEASURESVILLE, pljzh'ers-vil, a post-village of Henry 
 CO., Kentucky, on the railroad from Louisville to Frankfort, 
 45 miles E. of the former. 
 
 I'LfjAUX, pl.-i'o', a town of France, department of Cantal, 
 IS miles N.W. of Aurillac. Pop. in 1852. 2801. 
 
 PLlilCIIATEL, pLi'shd't^l', a town of France, department 
 of Ille-et-Vilaine, 23 miles N.E. of Kedon. Pop. in 1S52. 2200. 
 
 PL}5l)ELIAC, plA'dee^Sk'. a village of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Nord, 14 miles W. of Dinan. Pop. in 1852, 2128. 
 
 PLEDU.VN, plAVlr(^jJ°', a village of France, department of 
 C6tes-du-Nord. 4 miles S. of St. lirieuc. Pop. in 1852, 3703. 
 
 PLEIDESHEIM, pll/dgs-hime\ or PLEIDELSIIEIM, pli/- 
 dgls-hime\ a market-town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Neckar, 
 3 miles W.N.W. of Marbach. Pop. 1464. 
 
 PLEINE-F0UGP;RES, plin-foo'zhalR/, a town of France, 
 department of Ille-et-Tilaine, 22 miles E.S.E. of St. Malo. 
 Pop. in 1S52. 3203. 
 
 PLEISNITZ, pliss'nits, a market-town of North Hungary, 
 CO., and 6 miles N.N.E. of Gomiir, on the Sajo. Pop. 2102, 
 partly employed in iron-works. 
 
 PLEISSE, plls'seh, a river of Saxony, joins the White 
 Elster at lieipsic, after a N. course of 50 miles. 
 
 PLEI.STEIN, plis/tine, or BLEI.STEIN, blis'tine, a town 
 of Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, about 12 miles from Weiden. 
 Pop. 1068. 
 
 PLliLAN. plAMSx"', a village of France, department of Ille- 
 et-Vilaine, 20 miles W.S.W. of Kennes. Pop. in 1852, 3555. 
 
 PL15l.\.N, a village of France, department of Cotes-du- 
 Nord. 7 miles W. of Dinan. Pop. 1022. 
 
 PLELO, pl.AMo', a village of France, department of C6tes- 
 du-Noj-d. arrondissemeut of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 4358. 
 
 PLKMET. pLVmA'. a village of France, department of 
 C6t«?s-du-Nord, 7 miles E. of Loudeac. Pop. in 1852. 3019. 
 
 PLEM'MON'S MILL, a small village of Carroll co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 PLE'MONSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 PL15m Y. plA^mee', a village of France, department of Cotes- 
 du-Nord, 12 miles N.N.E. of Loudeac. Pop. in 1852, 3202. 
 
 PLENCIA, plJn'the-J, a small seaport town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Biscay, 14 miles N.W. of Bilbao, at the mouth of 
 the river Placentia. It has a school of navigation, and some 
 docks for building small vessels. Pop. 1103. 
 
 PLEN'ITUDE. a post-office of Anderson co., Texas. 
 
 PLENTY, Bky of. on the N.E. coast of North Island, New 
 Zealand, between Cape Runaway and Point Mercury, a dis- 
 tance of 140 miles, with a central width of about 60 miles. 
 
 PLES, plJs, or PLESSA. plSs'si, sometimes written PLI- 
 OSS and PLIOSO, a town of Russia, 30 miles S.E. of Kostro- 
 ma, on the Volga, with manufactures of woollens. P. 1750 
 
 PLESCflEN, pUsh'en. or PLESZKW, plfsh'gv. a town of 
 Prussia. .54 miles S.E. of Posen. capital of a circle, «With 
 manufactures of woollens and tobacco. Pop. 5086. 
 
 PLESII'EY. a parish of Enirland. co. of Essex. 
 
 PLE'SIS. a post-village of Jefferson co., New York, abont 
 .18 miles S.W. by S. of Ocrdensburg. 
 
 PLKSKOV or PLESKOW. See Pskov. 
 
 PLESS, a town of Illyria. See Futsch. 
 
 PLESSALA, plJs'siMd', a market>town of France, depart- 
 ment of C6tes-du-Nord. arrondissement. Ixiudeac. P. 3324. 
 
 I'LESSE, plJs's.A', a market-town of France, department 
 of Loire-Inferieure. 13 miles N.of Savenay. Pop. 44.35. 
 
 PLESS E. plls'seh. or PLESS. plJss, a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, 68 miles S.E. of Oppeln, capital of a circle, and of a 
 principality belonging to the Prince of Anhalt-Kothen. 
 Pop. 3414. It has a castle, and manufactures woollen cloth, 
 oilcloth, and leather. 
 
 PLESTCIIEIEVO or PLESTSCHEJEWO. plfsVhA-y.Vvo, 
 or KLESTCHINOOZERO, klfet-chee'no-o-zA'ro, called also 
 S.ALESKI, s3-l^s-kee. a small lakeof Russia, government, and 
 70 miles N.W. of Vladimeer, near the be.ad of an affluent of 
 the Volga, and interesting as the place where Peter the 
 Great, in 1691, made his first essays to form the Russian 
 navy. Length, 5 miles; breadth, 4 miles. 
 » PLESTIN. p1JsHJk°'. a village of France, department of 
 C6(es du-Nord, 9 miles S.W. of Lannion. Pop. 1066. 
 
 I'LESZEW. a town of Prussian Poland. See Pleschen. 
 
 PLETTENRERG. plSt'tgn-bjRG\ a town of Prussian West- 
 pbalii, 16 miles S.S.W. of Arnsberg, on the Else. Pop. 
 1675. 
 
 PLETTENBERG BAY, of Cape Colonv, South Africa, dis- 
 trict of George Town, in lat. 34° S., Ion. 23° 20' E. It is 
 tiounded on the S.W. by Seal Cape, and has undulating 
 shores. 
 
 PLEUBIAN or PLEUBIIIAN, plrh'bee'SNo/, a maritime 
 village of France, department of Cotes-du-Nord, 15 miles 
 N.B, of Lannion, on the English Channel. Pop. 1000. 
 
 PLEUMARTIN, pluh'maRHiN"'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Vienne, 12 miles S.E. of Chaterierault. P. 1272. 
 PLEUMEUR, pluh'muR', a village of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Nord, arrondissement of Lannion. Pop. 2650. 
 
 PLEUMEUR, a village of France, department of Cotes- 
 du-Nord, arrondissement of Lannion. Pop. in 18.52. 2556. 
 
 PLEURTUIT, pluRHwee', a village of France, department 
 of llle-et-Vilaine, 5 miles S.W. of St. Malo. Pop. in 1852, 
 4912. 
 
 PLEYBEN, plA"b3Ni=', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistire, 16 miles N.N.E. of Quimper. Pop. in 
 1852, 4901 . 
 
 PLEYBERCHRIST, plA'bJR^kreest/, a village of France, 
 department of Finistfire, 5 miles S.S.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 
 1862. 3430. 
 
 PLEYSTEIN, pli'stine, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 Palatinate, 8 miles N.E. of Leuchtenberg. Pop. 1068. 
 
 PLIEGO, ple-A'go, a town of Spain, province, and 22 miles 
 W. of Murcia. Pop. 3004. 
 
 PLIENINGEN, plee'ning-gn, a village of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Neck.ar, 5 miles S.S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2267. 
 
 PLINLIM'MON, one of the loftiest mountains of Wales, 
 COS. of Montgomery and Cardigan, 12 miles from West Car- 
 digan Bay, and 11 miles W.N.W. of Llanidloes. Elevation, 
 2463 feet. The rivers Severn and Wye have their sources lu 
 this mountain. 
 
 PLIN'Y, a post-office of Putnam co., W. Alrginia. 
 
 PLINY, a post-office of Greenville district. South Carolina. 
 
 PLIUS.\, ple-oo'sj, a river of Ru.ssia. issues from a small 
 lake in the S. of the government St. Petersburg, flows cir- 
 cuitously N.N.W., and after a course of about 120 miles joins 
 the Narova on the confines of St. Petersburg and Revel. 
 
 PLOAGHE. plo-d'gA, a village of the island of Stirdinia, 
 province, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3079. 
 
 PLOCHINGEN, plfiK'ing-gn, a village of Wiirtemberg, cir- 
 cle of Neckar. 6 miles E.S.E. of E.sslingen. Pop. 1759. 
 
 PLOCITZE or PLOCIZZE, plo-chit/sA, a vill.age of Austria, 
 in Dalmatia, 20 miles from Ragusa, on Mont St. Ellas. 
 Pop. 3155. 
 
 PLOCK, plotsk. a city of Poland, capital of a province, on 
 the Vistula. 58 miles W.N.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 13,351. it is 
 enclosed by walls, and consists of an old and a new town. 
 The principal buildings are a cathedral of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, a bishop's palace, theatre, and various government 
 offices. It has also Piarist and other colleges, a seminary, 
 manufactures of leather and skins, and an active transit trade. 
 
 PLOCK'TOii', a ra.iritime village of Scotland, co. of Ros.s, on 
 the W. coast, parish of Lochalsh. Pop. about 450. 
 
 PLOEMEUli, ploVh-muR/, a market-town of France, de- 
 parttnent of Morbihan, 3 miles W. of Lorient. Pop. in 
 1852, 8413. 
 
 PLOEN or PLON, (PlSn.) plSn, a town of Denmark, duchy 
 of Ilol.stein, on a narrow isthmus below the Great and Little 
 Ploen lakes, 17 miles S.E. of Kiel. Pop. with suburbs, 2700. 
 It has a fine Gothic ca.stle. 
 
 PLOEN. L.A.KE OF, Denmark, the largest in Ilolstein. is 
 about 7 miles in length, and 4 miles in breadth. The Little 
 Ploen Lake is the N. portion separated by the narrow isth- 
 mus on which Ploen is situated. 
 
 PLOEKDUT, (Ploerdut.) ploValRMii'. a village of France, 
 department of Morbihan, 15 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 
 2908. 
 
 PLOERMEL, (Ploermel.) plo'?R^m6l', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Morbihan. 25 miles N.E. of A'annes. Pop. in 
 1852, 8413, principally employed in weaving linen and mixed 
 fabrics. It has a communal college. 
 
 PLOEUC. plo\k'. a village of France, department of 
 Cotes-du-Nord, 12 miles S. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 5928. 
 
 PLOEZAL. (Ploezal.) ploVh-zdl. a village of France, de- 
 partment of C6tes-du-Nord. 11 miles N.N.W. of Guingamp. 
 Pop. 3107. 
 
 PLOGOFF, plo'goflf, a village of France, department of 
 Finistdre. 23 miles W.N.W. of Quimper. Pop. 1500. 
 
 PLOJIB DE CANTAL. a mountain of France. SeeC.iNTAL. 
 
 PI/>MBIERES, pliM^be-aia', a town and watering-place 
 of France, depaitment of Vosges, on the Angronne. l4 miles 
 S. of Epinal. Pop. 1330. Its warm saline baths are well 
 frequented. The town has manufiictures of cutlery. 
 
 PLOMBlJiRES, a market-town of IVance, department of 
 Cote-d'Or, on the railway to Lyons, 3 miles W.N.W. of Dijon. 
 Pop. 1273. 
 
 PLON, (PliJn,) a town and lake of Holstein. See Ploen. 
 
 PLONE, plo'neh, a river of Prussia, province* of Branden- 
 burg and Pomerania, joins the IlatF at Damm, 4 miles E. of 
 Stettin, after a N. course of 40 miles. 
 
 PLONSK or PLASK. plANsk, a town of Poland, province, 
 and 30 miles E.N.E. of Plock. on the Plonna. Pop. 3700, 
 mostly Jews. It has a fine C 'rmelite church. 
 
 PLOUARET. ploo^AM'A, a village of France, department of 
 C6tes-du-Nord, 8 miles S. of lannion. Pop. in 1852, 5380. 
 
 PLOUASNE, ploo'an'. a village of France, department of 
 Cotes-du-Nord. 10 miles S. of Dinan. Pop. In 1852. 3000. 
 
 PLOUAY. ploo^A/, a village of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan, n miles N. of Lorient. Pop. in 1852. 4362. 
 
 PLOUBAZLANEC, ploo'bdznd'nlk', a village of France^ 
 
 1503 
 
PLO 
 
 PLY 
 
 iiepartment of Cotes-du-Noid. 1 mile N.N.E. of I'aimpol. 
 I'op. in 1852. 300O. 
 
 PLOUBKZKE, plooHi^zV. a Tillage of France, department 
 iif COtes-du-Nord, 2 miles 3. of Lannion. Pop. iu 1852, 3393. 
 
 1'LOUDALMEZEAU, ploo'd^rmA'zo', a Tillage of France, 
 department of Fiuistere. 13 miles N.N.W. of Brest. Pop. in 
 1852. 3219, 
 
 PLOUDANIEL, plooM3'ne41', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistere. 14 miles N.E. of Brest. Pop. in 1S52, 3500. 
 
 PLOCfiXAN, ploo'A'nftNo'. a village of France, department 
 uf Finistere, 7 miles N.W. of Morlalx. Pop. in 1862, 3u00. 
 
 PLOUilR. ploo\iiR', a village of France, department of 
 Cotes-du-Xord. 6 miles N.E. of Dinan. Pop. in 1852. 4023. 
 
 PLOUESCAT, ploo'fe'k.i', a village of France, department 
 of Finistere. 10 miles W.X.W. of Moilaix. Pop. 3180. 
 
 PLOUGA.STEL-DAOULAS. ploo^gasH^ll'-diWli'. a village 
 of France, department of Finistere, 6 miles E. of Brest, near 
 its barbor. Pop. in 1852. 6065. 
 
 PL0UGAZN(5u, ploo'glz'noo'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistere, near the English Channel, 8 miles 
 N.X.E. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 3735. 
 
 PLOUGONVELIN, plooVAxoHeh-llx"', a village of France, 
 department of Finistere, arrondissement of Brest, near the 
 coast. Pop. in 1852, 1300. 
 
 PLOUGOUTEN, ploo'gooV6N«',a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistere, 7 miles P.E. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852,4419. 
 
 PLOUGOUVET, ploo\goo^v!i/. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of C6tes-du-Xord, arrondissement of Guiugamp. Pop. 
 in 1852. 3500. 
 
 PI/JUGUENAST,plooVeh-ni', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of C6tes-du-Xord, 16 miles S. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 3727. 
 
 PLOUGUERNEAU, ploo^^in'no', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Finistere. arrondissement of Brest. Pop. 6300. 
 
 PLOUGUERXEVEL. pIoo'gajR'n.VvSl/. a village of France, 
 department of C6tes-du-Xord. arrondissement of Guingamp. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3500. 
 
 PLOUHA, ploo'd', a village of France, department of CStes- 
 du-Xord. 13 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 5vt62. 
 
 PLOUIDER, ploo-ee^daiR'. a village of France, department 
 of Finistere, arrondissement of Brest. Pop. in. 1852, .3000. 
 
 PLOUIGXEAU, ploo-een"y6'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finist^i-e, G miles E. of Morlaix. Pop. iu 1862, 5017. 
 
 PLOT; .MOGUER, ploo'mo^eaiR'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finist6re,'9 miles W.X.W. of B-est. P. in 1852. 18u0. 
 
 PLOURIX, plooV^No'. a village of France, department of 
 Finistere. 4 miles S.S.E. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852. 3000. 
 
 PLOUVORX, ploo'vosn'. a village of Frani-e. department 
 of Finistere. 9 miles W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852. 3500, who 
 trade in farm-horses, reputed the best in the department. 
 
 PLOUZAXK, ploo'zA^nA', a village of France, department 
 of Finist&re, 5 miles W. of Bres^. Pop. in 1S52. 26W. 
 
 Pl/OUZfiC, ploo^zik', a village of France, department of 
 C5tes-du-Xord. arrondissement of St. Brieuc. Pop. 4447. 
 
 PLOVER, plftv'er, a post^village and township, capital of 
 Port.age co., Wisconsin, is situated on the Wisconsin liiver. 
 at the mouth of Plover River, 125 miles X. of Madison. 
 The ^Visconsin River is bordered by large forests of pine. 
 and the himber business is carried on here. The ■village con 
 tains 2 hotels and several stores. Its name has been chiinged 
 to ST.\NToy. Pop. of the township in 1860, 895. 
 
 PLOVEK-AKD-HER/ALD ISLAXDS, a group in the Arctic 
 Ocean, about lat. 71° 12' N., and Ion. 170° W. 
 
 PLOVEST, ploVJst/, a town of Wallachla, 32 miles X. of 
 Bucharest. Pop. 30*X). It has a great wool fair. 
 
 PLOWDEX'S MILLS, a post-village of Sumt«r district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PLXJCIv'EMIX. a post-village of Somerset co.. New Jersey, 
 about 6 miles N.X.W. of Somerville. Pop. 200. 
 
 PLUCK'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent, with a 
 station on the South Eastern Railway, 5 miles W.X.W. of 
 Ashford. 
 
 PLUDEXZ, a town of the Tvrol. See Blcde.vz. 
 
 PLUDEKHAUSEX. (PUiderhausen.) plii'der-hOw'zen, a 
 market-town of WUrtemberg. circle of Jaxt, oii the Re'mo. 4 
 miles W. of Lorch, with 1495 inhabitants, and an ancient 
 castle. 
 
 PLUM, a town.ship of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1446. 
 
 PLUM, a post-township forming the X.W. extremity of 
 Venango co., Pennsylvania, Pop. 1294. 
 
 PLUM, a post-office of Cook co.. Illinois. 
 
 PLUMAS, asmall town of Sutter co., California, is situatetl 
 on the right bank of Feather River, nearly opposite the 
 month of Bear River, about 40 miles X. of Sacramento City. 
 
 PLUM BAYOU, (bi'oo) a post-village and township of 
 Jefferson co., Arkansas. 
 
 PLUMB BIi(X>K, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigjin. 
 
 PLUMB CREEK, in Pennsylvania, flows into Craoked 
 Creek, in Armstrong county. 
 
 PLUMB CREEK, a post-office of Caldwell co.. Texas. 
 
 PLUMB ISLAND, a long, narrow island of Essex co.. 
 Mawachusetts, situated between the mouth of Merrimack 
 Klver <m the N.. and Ipswich Bay on the S., and separated 
 tn m th*- mainland by a narrow sound. Length. 81 miles 
 rV-e Nkwburyport Lights. 
 1504 
 
 PLUMB ISLAXD, belonging to Xew York, situated In 
 Long Lsland Sound, near its E. entrance, is about 3 miles 
 long, and 1 mile broad. It contains a revolving light 63 
 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 10' IS" X., Ion. 72° 
 13' 12" W. 
 
 PLUMB'LAXD, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 PLUM CREEK% of Texas, flows into San Marcos River 
 from the X., at the S. extremity of Caldwell county. 
 
 PLUM CREEK, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2014. 
 
 PLUM CREEK, a post-offlce of Clinton co., Missouri. 
 
 PLUME, La. IS pliim. a town of France, department ol 
 Lot-et-Garonne, 8 miles S.W. of Agen. Pop. 1707. 
 
 PLUMELEG. pltimMfk'. a village of France, department 
 of Morbihan, 13 miles S.W\ of Ploe'rmel. Pop. in 1852, 3070. 
 
 PLUMELIAU. plUm'le-o', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Morbihan, 7 miles S. of Pontivy, Pop, 4200. 
 
 PLUMEX AU, plix>'meh-now\ (Moravian, Plumlou, pluom'- 
 Idw.) a town of Moravia, 15 miles S.W. of Olmutz. P. 1118. 
 
 PLU'.MEB. a post-office of Venango co., Penn.svlvania. 
 
 PLUM GROVE, a post-oftice of Fayette CO.. Texas. 
 
 PLUM GROVE, a post-office of Cass CO., Missouri. 
 
 PLUM HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Illinois. 
 
 PLUM'MER'S MILL, a post>oflice of Fleming co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 PLUMPrrOX. a parish of Engl.and, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 PLUMPTOX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PLUMPTOX, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Kidinc. 
 
 PLUMPTOX, WOOD, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle Railway, 
 13 miles S.S.E. of Carlisle. 
 
 PLUJI RIVER, a post-vill.ige of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 
 145 miles W.X.W. of Chicago. 
 
 PLUM'STE.iD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 PLUMSTEAD, a padsh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 PLUMSTEAD, Great, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 PLU.MSTEAD. Little, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 PLUM'STEAD. a village of South Africa, in Cape Colony 
 and district, S. of Cape Town, and the salubrity of which 
 renders it a favorite residence of the colonists. It has se- 
 veral schools, chapels, &c. 
 
 PLUM'STEAD. a township of Ocean eo., Xew Jersey. Pop. 
 2003. 
 
 PLUMSTEAD, a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, ou th<» right side of the Delaware River, 10 miles N. 
 of Dovlestown. Pop. 2720. 
 
 PLUM;STEADVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PLUMTREE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 PLUM'A'ILLE, a post-village of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 170 miles W. by X. of Harrisburg. It has 2 stores. 
 
 PLUXERET, plii^neh-ri', a market-town of France, de>- 
 partment of Morbihan. 19 miles E.S.E. of Lorient. P. 2150, 
 
 PLUXG.4X, ploong-dn', a market-town of Russian Poliind, 
 government of Vilna, 13 miles W. of Telsh. Pop. about 1550. 
 
 PLUX'OAR. a parish of England, co. of Leice.'ster. 
 
 PLUX'KETT'S CREEK, a township of Lycoming CO., 
 Pennsvlvaiiia. Pop. 283. 
 
 PJiUXKETT' S CREEK, a township of Sullivan CO., Penn- 
 svlvania. 
 
 ■ PLUSCAR/DIXE PRI'ORY, an ancient ruin of a Cister- 
 cian priory, Scotland, in a beautifvil valley of the same 
 name, parish, and 5 miles S.W. of Elgin. 
 
 PLU VIGXER. plfiVeeuViR', a town of France, department 
 of Morbihan. 13 miles X.W. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852. 4793. 
 
 PLYM, plim. a river in England, rises in Dartmoor Forest, 
 CO. of Devon, flows S.S.W., and after a course of 18 miles 
 falls into Plvmouth Sound at Plvmouth. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, plim'ath. (L. Tamari Osiia, or Pltimutha.) a 
 parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and 
 nav.ll stiition in England, co. of Devon, on the E. side of a pe- 
 ninsula, between the rivers Plym and Tamar. at the head of 
 Plymouth .Sound, 37 miles S.W. of Exeter, with which it com- 
 municates by railway. Lat. of Mount AVise, 50° 22' X., Ion. 
 4° 10' 2" W. Pop. of borough, which comprises the sul>urb 
 of Stone-house on the W., and the parish of Stoke Damcrel, 
 in 1861, 62,823. The town of Plymouth stands on uneven 
 ground, and is irregul.arly laid out. but the buildings have 
 a substantial appearance. Between it and the sound is the 
 lloe. a fine open space, surmounting a cliff; on it is the cita- 
 del, a b;»stioned fortress, containing a governor's residence, 
 and exten.sive barracks; in this direction some new and 
 handsome streets have been laid out, and many handsonft 
 terraces, ranges of buildings, and detached villas have been 
 erected. The principal edifices in the town are the royal 
 hott'l. and theatre, athenaeum, public library, royal union 
 baths. Freemasons' Hall, e.xchange. new market-place, 
 guildhall, with the jail, .several ho.spitals, and barracks. St. 
 Andrew's Church is large, and has a square embattled 
 tower: there iire also 3 other parish churches, and nume 
 rous dissenting chapels, of which the Independents have 5. 
 the Wesleyan Methodists 3. the Baptists 2, the Plymouth 
 Brethren 2. the Unitarians. Friends, and several other de- 
 nominations, 1 each. Its institutions comnrise a grammar 
 
PLY 
 
 PLY 
 
 Bchool. the Natural History Society of Devon and Cormvall, 
 public, medical, law, and theological libraries, and a me- 
 chanics' institute, and charities amountins to alx)ut 2'M)l. a 
 year. It has a branch of the lianli of Kn;;land, and several 
 other hanks. The structures connected with the naval es- 
 tablishments are outside of the town. The dockyard is. at 
 Devonport. (wliich see,) and is in most respects similar to 
 that of Portsmouth, with the advantage of its various 
 buildings being more substantially constructed of stone, 
 and its docks and roofings of the most solid character; it 
 Las, however, a less extent than that of Portsmouth. In it 
 Is an observatory, commanding a noble view. The naval 
 and royal military hospitals at .Stonehouse, the victualling- 
 oflice at Devil's (or Duval's) Point, the gun-wharf, .and tlie 
 military prison, are all fine stone edifices. Plymouth Harbor 
 Is double, consisting of tlie Ilamoaze, or mouth of the Tamar 
 oppcisite Devonport, adapted for the largest ships of war; 
 and the Catwater, or estuary of the Plym, immediately K. 
 of Plymouth, and on which are the villages of Oreston, Hoo, 
 and Turnchapel. Tlie parts of the port chieHy appropriated 
 to mercantile shipping, are Sutton Pool and Mill 15ay, par- 
 ticularly tlie latter, where extensive wet^docks are being 
 formed, and the large.st vessels lie in safety along its fine 
 pier and pontoon even at low water. The port, however, 
 owes its chief celebrity to its importivnce as a great naval 
 station. See Plymouth Sounh. Plymouth has a large trade 
 witli London. ISristol, Newcastle, and Newport; it imports 
 a good deal of West India colonial produce, and timber from 
 the Baltic and Nortli America, and it has manufactures of 
 sail-cloth, rotined-sugar, glass, soap, and starch, a large dis- 
 tillery, and extensive pilchard and other fisheries, llegistered 
 shipping of the port. 394 vessels; aggregate burden. 3J;.S08 
 tons. The duties collected at the port in 1S47 amounted 
 to 108,055?. 
 
 Plymouth, originally a fishing village, bore under the 
 Saxons the name of Tamarworth, which, after the Conquest, 
 was changed to that of Sutton, or South-Town. On the 
 threatened invasion of the Armada, it equipped, as its quota 
 to the British fleet, which had here its rendezvous, seven 
 ships and a fly-boat, a greiiter number than was furnished 
 by any port except London. lionaparte arrived here in tlie 
 Bellerifphoit in 1815. after he had surrendered himself to the 
 Knglish. Plymouth is governed by a mayor. 12 aldermen, 
 and u6 councillors, and sends 2 members to the Hou.se of 
 Commons. It is the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake, and 
 among its otlier more eminent natives are Sit Thomas Ed- 
 monds, a distinguished statesman during the reign of 
 J.ames I. ; Sir John Hawkins, one of the admirals of the fleet 
 which defeated the Armada; Jacob Bryant the antiquary; 
 and the painters. James Northcote, Prout, and B. Ilaydon. 
 
 PLY.MOUTH, plim'Qth. a county in the E. part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, has an area of about 720 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the K. by the Atlantic Ocean and Cape Cod Bay, 
 and is drained by the Taunton and North Rivers and other 
 smaller streams, which furnish abundant water-power. It 
 has a seacoast of upwards of 30 miles, indented with nume- 
 rous bays, whicli afford excellent harlxirs. The soil is ge- 
 nerally poorer than in the other counties of the state. Ply- 
 mouth county abounds in iron ore of excellent quality. It 
 /s intersected by different railroads centering in Boston. 
 Named from Plymouth, a town of England. Capital, 
 Plvmouth. Pop. 64,768. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a county in the 'W.N.W. part of Iowa, has 
 an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by the Sioux Uivw, and drained by Floyd's Kiver, (an 
 affluent of the Missouri,) with its tributaries. Plymouth 
 CO. is not included in the census of 1850. Pop. in 1860, 148. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, ii post-township of Penobscot co , Maine, 45 
 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 989. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-village and township, semi-capital of 
 Grafton co.. New Hampshire, near the confluence of Pemi- 
 gewasset and Baker's Rivers, and on the Boston, Concord, 
 and Montreal Railroad, 51 miles N. by \V. of Concord. Pop. 
 of the township, 1407. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-township of "VYindsor co., Vermont, 
 55 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1252. 
 
 PLY'MOUTH, a post-town, port of entry, and seat of jus- 
 tice of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, is situated oh Plymouth 
 Bav. at the S. terminus of the E. branch of the Old Colony 
 Railroad, 37 miles S. by E. of Boston. Lat. 41° 57' 26" N., 
 Ion. 70*^ 40' 19" W. It is well laid out, and for the most part 
 compactly built, principally of wood. It is the oldest town 
 in New England, being the first settled by the Pilgrims, yet 
 it is entirely modern in the .style of its buildings; not a 
 single antique dwelling now remains. The most remarkable 
 public edifice is Pilgrim's Hall, erected by the Pilgrim So- 
 :"iety in 1824-5, and situated on Court street, a little N. of 
 3ourt Square. It is constructed of granite, 70 feet by 40, 
 with a Doric portico in front. In the interior is a large hall, 
 containing tne society's cabinet of curiosities, and numerous 
 Historical paintings. The Pilgrim Society, the object of 
 which was to commemorate the landing of the Pilgrim Fa- 
 thers, was org.anized in 1820. The " Forefathers' Kock," or 
 that on which the 101 persons, disembarking from the May- 
 flower, December 22, 1020, first set foot, lies at the head of 
 4U 
 
 Hedges' wharf. The rock is now only about 6i feet acrora 
 its broadest part, with a thickness of 4 feet, so much of H 
 having been removed : it is almost entirely buried in the 
 ground, its surface only being visible. The town contains. 
 besides the county buildings, 4 churches, 2 banks, 2 sav- 
 ing.'* in.stitutions, an insurance company, a gas-light com- 
 pany. 2 newspaper offices, and several good hotels. Among 
 the churches deserving of notice may be mentioned the 
 Gothic edifice of the First Society, and the Church of the 
 Pilgrimage, erected in 1840, near the site occupied by tlie 
 church first Imilt by the pilgrims. Plymouth has several 
 manulactories of cotton, woollen goods, iron. &:c., and is 
 also extensively engaged in the fisheries. The shipping 
 of the port, June 3Uth, 1852. amounted to an aggregate of 
 3308 tons registeied. and 98C6 tons enrolled and licensed. 
 (Jf the latter, 2538 tons were employed in the coast trade, 
 5169 tons in the cod fishery, and 1495 tons in the mackerel 
 fisheries. The foreign ariivals for the year were 5 vessels • 
 clearances the same. The foundation of a national monu- 
 ment to the Forefathers was laid here in 1857. Top. of the 
 township in 1830, 4758; in 1840, 6281; in 1850, 6024; and 
 in 1860, 6272. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-township of Litchfield co.. Connecti- 
 cut, intersected by the Shepaug Kiver and Naugatuck Rail- 
 road, 29 miles N. by W. of New Haven. It contains a 
 flourishing village of Its own name, and two others, in 
 which are extensive manufactories of brass clocks, cotton 
 and woollen goods, pocket cutlery, musical instruments, 
 carriages, and various articles of hardware. Pop. 3244. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-village and township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvtnia, on the right bank of the Su.sqiiehanna Hiver, 
 3 or 4 miles below W'illvesl)arre. It luis rich coal mines and 
 a national bank. Pop. 2393. 
 
 PLYMiJCTH, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, aViout 15 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1689. 
 
 PLY^^IOUT^, a post-village, port of entry, and capital of 
 Washington CO., North Carolina, 160 miles E. of Raleigh, 
 and about 8 miles S. of Roanoke Kiver, where it enters 
 All)emarle Sound. It is connected with the sound by a 
 small inlet, called Nag's Head. It has an active tiade, and 
 is rapidly increasing. The shipping of the port. June 30th, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 2727 tons registered, and 
 1346 tons enrolled and licensed. All of the latter was em- 
 ployed in the coast trade, and 87 tons in steam navigation. 
 During th^ year, 4 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 
 285 tons, were admeasured. A newspaper is published here 
 Pop. in 1850, 951; in 1800. 872. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a postrvillage of Lowndes co., Mississippi, 
 about 140 miles N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. P. 687. 
 
 PLY'MOUTH, a village of Fayette co., Ohio, on a branch 
 of Paint Creek, 46 miles S.W. of Columbus. Laid out in 
 1845. 
 
 PLY'MOUTH. a thriving post-village and township of 
 Richland co., Ohio, on the railroad from Sandusky to New- 
 ark, 36 miles S. of the former. It has a union school. Pop. 
 of the township, 1771 ; of the village, estimated at 700. 
 
 PLYM(JUT1I, a thriving post-village and township of 
 ■\Vayne Co.. Michigan, on the W. branch of Rouge Kiver, 
 25 miles W. by N. of Detroit. Pop. 2193. 
 
 PLY'MOUTH, a post-village, capital of Marshall co , In- 
 diana, on Yellow River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne 
 and Chicago Kiiilroad. 84 miles E.S.E. of Cliicago. It is 
 situated in a fine farming district, and has an active busi- 
 ness. It has 4 Churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 1 
 seminary, and a fine railroad deput. Pop. 1277. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois, 85 
 miles N.W. by 'NY. of Springfield. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a township of Kock co., Wisconsin. P. 1231. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-village and township of Sheboygan 
 co„ Wisconsin. The village is on a railroad 14 miles W. of 
 Sheboygan. It has 4 stores, 3 hotels, and 15 mechanics' 
 shops. Total population, 2106. 
 
 PLYM'OUTH HOLOiOW, a post-village of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the Naugatuck Railroad, about 25 miles 
 S.W. bv W. of Hartford, contains several factories. 
 
 PLY'M'OUTH MEETING, a post-ofBce of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 PLY'MOUTH, NEW, or TARANAKT, tl-rl-naOjee, a town 
 and settlement of New Zealand, on the W. coast of North 
 Island or New Ulster, on a slope between the Hua-Toki and 
 the Henul, 25 miles N.E. of Cape Egniont. 
 
 PLY'MOUTH SOUND, an inlet of the English Channel, 
 between the cos. of Devon and Cornwall. Length, 3 miles ; 
 breadth, 4 miles. At its N.E. and N.W. extremities the 
 Plym and Tamar Rivers enter it, forming respectively the 
 harbors opposite Plymouth and Devonport. On its E. side 
 is Bovisand Bay, and on its W. are Caw.sand Bay and Mount 
 Edgecumbe. It contains several islands, the principal being 
 Mount Batten, with a foitiflcation immediately opposite the 
 Hoe of Plymouth. The sound la chiefly important as a 
 naval station. With the view of protecting the anchorage 
 from the heavy swell brought into the harbor by S.'VV'. 
 winds, the stupendous national work, known as the Ply- 
 mouth Breakwater, was undertaken, and has been nearlj 
 
 1305 
 
PLY 
 
 POG 
 
 completed, at aji expense of about 1,700,000?. It is a granite 
 and marble struHure, built across the entrance, the central 
 portion being 1000 feet in lensth. and an arm or Itant at 
 e!kh extremity 350 yards, making the whole length only 60 
 yards short of a mile. The height is from 56 fe,?t to 80 feet, 
 the top 45 feet bra-id. and from 2 feet to .■? feet alwve the 
 high water of spring tides. On the W. end of the break- 
 water is a lightrhouse, 6S feet above the pl.itform. and visilile 
 lit the distance of 8 miles. The entrance into the sound is 
 guided by the still more celebrated Kddystone light-house, 
 which stands on a large cluster of rocks iu the cliannel op- 
 ix>site to it, at the distance of 14 miles. 
 
 PJiYMPTON. a post-village and township of Plymouth 
 CO.. Massachusetts, on the Old Colony Kailroad, 30 miles S.E. 
 of Boston. Pop. 994. 
 
 PLYMPTOX MAtriilCE or EARL'S, a decayed borough, 
 market-town, and parish of England, co. of Devon. 5 miles 
 E. of Plymouth. Pop. 833. It has a very ancient guildhall, 
 containing a portrait of Sir Jo.shua Reynolds, a native of 
 Plympton, painted by himself, an endowed school, and the 
 ruins of a ca.stle. It is a stann,iry town, and a municipal 
 borousrh bj- prescription. 
 
 PLYM'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PLYMTREE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PO, po. (anc. Pa'diis and End'amis.) the largest river of 
 Italy, in its X. portion, irrigating, with its affluents, the en- 
 tire plain of Piedmont and Lombardy. rises in Monte Yiso, 
 in lat. 44° 38' N.. Ion. 7° 10' E. It flows at lirst N.E. to Turin, 
 where it makes a curve E.S.E. for about 45 miles, then 
 turns N. to receive the waters of the Oglio. and thence flows 
 mostly E. with a very tortuous course to the Adriatic, which 
 it enters by several mouths between lat. 44° 48' and 4.5° 1' 
 N., the principal surnamed the Po della Maestra. della Toll, 
 di Goro. and di Voliino. Total estimated length, 340 miles, 
 of which about 280 are navigable for large barges and river 
 steamers. Principal affluents on (he left, the Clusone, Sesia. 
 Ticino. Olona, Adda, Oglio, and Jlincio ; and on the right, 
 the Maira, Tanaro. Trebbia, Taro, Parma, Sec<-hia, and Pa- 
 npro. The Po is, iu many parts of Lomtiardy. a1x)ve the 
 neighboring plains: below Piacenza it is enclosed by em- 
 bankments formed by its own deposits, and carefully kept 
 up to prevent inundations from floods. Its ordinary width 
 averages 1900 feet; its depth varies, according to the season, 
 from 13 to 36 feet. Its current in the dry season is slug- 
 gish, but in spring and summer rapid and turbulent. Its 
 rapid stream, numerous islands, and the many sand-banks 
 in its lower ptu-t greatly impede navigation ; but it is highly 
 useful in fertilizing the country, and it abounds with stur- 
 geons, salmon, and other fish. 
 
 PO, a group of Islands in theMalav Archipelago. See Eo. 
 
 POAST TOWN, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 POBLA DE CLAKAMANT. po/iili dA klitra-mant', a vil- 
 lage of Spain, in Catalonri, N.W. of Barcelona, Pop, 1186, 
 
 POBLA DE LILLET, fo'v^i dA leel-yjt'. or LA POBLA, 1,^ 
 do'dI.?, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 64 miles 
 N.N,AV, of Barcelona, Pop, 1287. 
 
 POBOLED.A. po-no-lA/na, a town of Spain, province, and 
 25milesW,N,W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1758. 
 
 PCCAHON'TAS, a county in the E. part of West Tir- 
 ginia, has an area of alx)ut 600 square miles. It is drained 
 by the head streams of i\\e Elk, Gauley, and Greenbrier 
 Rivers. The Greenbrier Mountain extends across the county, 
 while the main Alleghany forms its S.E. boundary. A large 
 portion of the land is rocky and sterile, and covered with 
 forests; but the S. part is more productive. A cave has 
 lately been discovered in Elk Jlountain, which, in the num- 
 ber and magnitude of its apartments, is said to be scarcely 
 inferior to the celebrated Weir's Cave. It is called Skeen's 
 Cave. Organized in 1821. and named in honor of the Indian 
 princess, Pocahontas. Capital, liuntersville. Pop.3958, of 
 whom .3706 were free, and 252 slaves. 
 
 POCAHONTAS, a new county towards the N,W. part of 
 Iowa, contains alKiut 550 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Lizard's River, and also drained by two other smaller afflu- 
 ents of the Des Moines. This county is not included in the 
 census of IS.W. Pop. in 1860, 103. 
 
 1*0CAII0XTAS, a post-offlce of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 
 
 POCAHONTAS, a post.village, capital of R.indolph co.. Ar- 
 kans.is, on the right bank of Black Itiver. about 145 miles 
 N.E, of Little Rock, The river is navigable by steamers 
 from this point to its junction with White River, a distance 
 of about loO miles, 
 
 POCAHONTAS, a post-vills^re of Bond co,. Illinois, near 
 Shoal Creek, 10 miles S.W, of Greenville. It has an aca- 
 demy, a fc-w shops, and saw mills in the vicinity 
 
 POCAS'SKT. a pos^village of Barnstable co., 
 eetts. about f« miles S.S.E. of Boston. 
 
 POCHISHATCHEE CRKEK. Alabama. See SocHAP.iTOT. 
 o,!r^u- »'•!";■" '^"''"'"'^e of ^^o^re CO.. North Carolina. 
 P(X.K'L1N<;toN. a market-town and parish of England, 
 «;„"", r, °1"''^ ''•*•''•• "f "*''""'^- '■'"St Riding. Pop. in 1851, 
 
 u , '^l''' *"*" has 2 borough backs and a grammar 
 «,, • " *"?? * "'""o" o" the York and North Midland 
 HaUway, 6 mileg N.W. of Market AVeighton. 
 1506 
 
 CO., Massachn- 
 
 PO'COMOKE, a river which rises near the N, border of 
 Worcester countj', Maryland, and after traversing that 
 county, flows into Pocomoke lia)-, an arm of the Chesapeake. 
 General course, S,S,W.; length, about (30 miles. Sloops as- 
 cend with the tide about 2 miles above Snow Ilill. 
 
 POCONii, po-ko-nA', a small town of Brazil, province of 
 Matto Grosso, on a height, GO miles S,W, of Cuyaba. 
 
 POCOTAL'IGO, a river of Kanawha co., W. Virginia, falls 
 into the Great Kanawh.o. It is navigable fijr boats at high 
 water. 
 
 POCOTALTGO. a postK>ffice of Kanawha co., W. Virginia. 
 
 P<K;0TALIG0. a post-village of Beaufort district, South 
 Carolina. 100 miles 8. by E. of Columbia. 
 
 POCZINKA, a town of Russia. See PoTcmxKl. 
 
 PODEBRAD, a town of Bohemia. Si* Podiebb.id. 
 
 PODENS.\C. poMfix^'slk', a village of France, department 
 of Gironde.on the left bank of the Garonne, and on the rail- 
 way to Cette. 16 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1617. 
 
 PODEXZAXO, po-dJn-zi'uo, a town of Northern Italy, 
 situated near the Xura. seven miles S. of Piacenza, with 2 
 churches, a monastery, and a hospital. Pop. 2400. 
 
 PODGOR.^, pod-go'ri, a village of Austri.i, in Dalmatia, 
 circle of Spalato. Pop. 1259. 
 
 PODGOKITZA, pod-go-rit'sa, a town of European Tur- 
 key, in Albania, .s;uijak, and 38 miles N. of Siutaii. on the 
 Montenegrin frontier. Pop. (XK)0, nearly all Mohammedan? 
 A few miles N. are the remains of the ancient Dindea. con- 
 sisting of mined temples, columns, and the bed of an aque- 
 duct about 12 miles in length. 
 
 PODGORZE, pod-goi:/z,^, or .TOSEPIISTADT, yo'zefstatt', 
 a small t/iwn of Austrian Poland, in Galicia. sepanited by 
 the Vistula from Cracow, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 1997. 
 
 PODHARD. pod'haRt, a market-town of Bohemia, 5 miles 
 N.N.W. of Budweis. on the Moldau. Pop. 1817. 
 
 PODHARD, a town of Bohemia, 3 miles S.W. of Gltshin. 
 Pop. 394. 
 
 PODIERRAD, po'dee-brad\ wriften also PODEBRAD. a 
 town of Bohemia, on the right bank of the Elbe. 4 miles 
 S.E. of Ximburg, on the railway to Prague. Pop. 3050. 
 
 PO DI PKl.MAliO, po dee pre-nid'ro, a river of Italy, state 
 of J^milia, being a continuation of tho Reno, which rises 
 near Pistoja, thence runs N.N.E. 65 miles, and afterwards 
 E.S.E. for 24 miles, as far as Traghetto. where it assumes this 
 name. Its lower course is nearly E.S.E.. past Arge):t.a, and 
 after an entire course of 120 miles, it enters the Adriatic at 
 Porto di Primaro, 13 miles X.E. of Ravenna. 
 
 PODKAMIEN, pod-kSm^in. or pod'kS-meen\ a town of 
 Austrian ({alicia, E. iw N. of Lemberg. Pop. 2.300. 
 
 PODLACHIA. pod-ian<e-l. or PODOLA'CHIA, a fonnw 
 palatinate of IViand. bounded on the X. and E. by tho 
 Bug. and on the W. by the Vistula. It appears, at one time, 
 to have corresponded ticajly to the present pioviuce of 
 Siedlce. but anciently its limits were more extensive. 
 
 PODOLIA, po-do^e-.!. or PODOLSK, po-dOlsk'. a govern- 
 ment of Russian Poland, mostly betweeu lat. 47° 30' and 
 49° 45' N., and Ion. 26° 25' and 30° 48' E.. having W., 
 Galicia. Area, 16,558 sqtiare miles. Pop. 1.577,956, mostly 
 Poles. The principal rivers are the Dniester, forming its 
 S.W. boundary, and the Bug. Surface generally level. 
 Soil fei-tile, and a surplus of corn is raised over home 
 coni?umption; hemp, flax, hops, tobacco, and various fruits 
 are grown; and vineyards and mulberry plantations are 
 increasing. Cattle-rearing is important, and many cattle 
 of fine breeds are sent into Galicia and Germany. The 
 mineral products comprise nitre, lime, and alabaster. 
 Manufactures of woollen cloth, leather, and potash are 
 carried on, and there are many distilleries. The govern- 
 ment is divided into 12 districts. Principal towns, Kamie- 
 niec. Moheelev. and Szarogrod. 
 
 PODOLSK, po-dolsk'. or PODOL. po-doP. a town of Russia, 
 government, and 20 miles S.S.W. of Moscow. Pop, 13tt0. 
 
 PODOR. poMor', a village and fort of West Africa, in Sene- 
 gambia, built by the French in 1743. on the SenegaL Lat. 
 16° 35' N.. Ion. 15° W. The fort is abandoned. 
 
 PODOROSK. po-do-rosk'. a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Grodno. 12 miles S.S.E. of Volkovisk. Pop. 1600. 
 
 POE. a post-office of Beaver co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 POEL or POL. (Pol.) ptil. an island of North Germany, in 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin. in the Gulf of Lubeck. Baltic. 4 miles 
 N. of Wismar. length and l^readth, alout 5 miles each. 
 
 POESTENKILL, poos'ten-kill\ a small river of Rensselaer 
 CO.. New Y'ork. falls into the Hudson at Troy. 
 
 POESTENKILL, a post-village and township of Rensse- 
 laer CO., New York, 11 miles E. of .\.lbany. Pop. 1833. 
 
 POGAR, po-gan', a market-town of Russia, government 
 and 119 mill's N.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 3000. 
 
 POGGETTO THEXlfiKS. pod-j5t/to tA'ne-alR', a town ol 
 the Sardini.in States, and 27 miles X.W.of Nice. Pop. 1168. 
 
 POGGIBONSI. pod-je-bon'see. a town of Tuscany, near 
 the Elsa, 19 miles S. of Florence. Pop. 6003. 
 
 POGGIO, pod'jo. a village of Austrian Italy, province, and 
 18 miles S.E. of Mantua. Pop. 3648. 
 
 I'OGGIO RKALE, pod'jo ti^-inL a town of Sicily, 32 miles 
 S.E. ofTrapani. Pop. 3200. 
 
 POQ/GY ISLES, NoETH and South, two oniSf nous islands 
 
POG 
 
 POI 
 
 of the 5Ialay Archipelago, 60 miles S.W. of Sumatra. Lat. 2° 
 32' S., Ion. 99° 37' E. 
 
 POGIIEER, POGIR or rOOinR, po-srheeE', a market- 
 town of Russian Poland, government of Vilna, 18 miles X.W. 
 of Vilkoraeer. Pop. 1500. 
 
 POGITKL. a sini^ularly picturesque and strongly fortified 
 village of Uerzegovina, on the Narenta, 16 miles 5.S.AV. of 
 Mostar. 
 
 POG'LAND, a postoffice of Jefferson co., New York. 
 
 POGOST. po-gosf, a market-town of Russia, government 
 of Minsk, 28 miles E.X.E. of Igumen. 
 
 POGOST, a market-town of Russia, government of Minsk, 
 18 miles N.E. of Pinsk. 
 
 POGOST, a market-town of Russia, government of Minsk, 
 13 miles S.S.E. of Slootsk. 
 
 POIIAT'COXG or POIIAT'CIIUNK CREEK, of Warren 
 CO., N'ew Jersey, flows S.W., and enters the Delaware Kiver 8 
 mile."! below Easton. 
 
 POICTI ERS, a town of France. See Poitiers. 
 
 POICTOU, a province of France. See PoiTou. 
 
 POIX'DEXTKR, a post-village of Marion co., Georgia, ahout 
 45 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 POIN'DEXTER'S STORE, a post-village of Louisa co., Vir- 
 ginia, 68 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 POIX'SETT, a county in the X'.E. part of Arkansjis, con- 
 tains about 1300 square mile.s. The St. Francis River, navi- 
 gable by steamboats, washes the entire E. border. A Lirge 
 part of the county is occupied by swamps and forests. Capi- 
 tal, llolivar. Pop. 3021, of whom 2535 were free, and lUSO 
 slaves. 
 
 POINT, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Populiition. 1015. 
 
 POINT, a township of Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 705. 
 
 POINT, a township of Calhoun co., Illinois. Pop. 1247. 
 
 POINT ADAMS, Oregon. See Adams' Point. 
 
 POINT A LA IIACIIE. (ah lah hash.) a postrofiice of Pla- 
 quemine parish. Louisiana. 
 
 P01XT-.\-P]TRE, La, Id pwJxt-J-ppet'r, a town of the 
 French AVest India island of Guadeloupe, capital of the ar- 
 riiidissement of Grande Terre, on the Little Cul-de-sac, 18 
 miles N.E. of Basseterre. Pop. 12,103. It was nearly de- 
 stroved by an earthquake in 1843. 
 
 POINT AU FER, (Fr. pron. pw^xt o faiR,) on the E. side 
 of the entrance to Ach.afalaya Bay. Louisiana. On it is a 
 fixed light, about 70 feet above the level of the sea. L.at. 29° 
 19' N., Ion. 91° 22' AV. A floating light is also moored at the 
 entrance to the bay, .about 12 miles E. by S. of Point au Fer. 
 
 POINT BAUSSE, (boss.) a small village of Portage co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 POINT CE'DAPt. a post-office of Hot Spring co.. Ark.ansas. 
 
 POINT COMOIKKCE, a thriving post-village of Green co., 
 Indiana, at the junction of Eel River with the West Fork 
 of White River, about 80 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. The 
 Wabrish and Erie Canal passes near it. 
 
 POINT CRAWFORD, a small village of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 POINT DE G.'^.LLK. pwS.xo deh gdl, or PUNTO GALLO, 
 poon'to gdllo, a fortified seaport town of Ceylon, capital of 
 its 8. province, on a peninsula of its S. coast, 70 miles S.E. of 
 Colombo. Lat. 6° 1' N.. Ion. 80° 14' E. It has a aood harbor. 
 
 POINT DOUGLAS, (dag1.>s.) a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Minnesot.i, on the point formed by the confiuence of the 
 St. Croix with the Mississippi, 20 miles below St. Paul. It 
 has 1 hotel, a steam mill, several stores, and a good landing 
 for steamboats. 
 
 POtXTE AUX TREMBLES EN BAS, pwixt 8 trfiMb'l 
 Sx" bS, a poi:t-viIlage of Can.ada East. co. of Portueuf, on the 
 river St. Lav/rence, 21 miles S. of Quebec. 
 
 POIXTE AUX TREMBLES EN II.'V.UT, pwSxt 5 trjMb'l 
 5x" li5. a p< ?t-village of Canada East, situated on the island 
 of .^Iontrca', 9 miles below the city. Pop. about 1150. 
 
 POINTE CLAIRE, pwSxt klia, a post-village of Canada 
 East, on tJ .i i.«land of Montreal, 16 miles from the city. 
 Pop. about /.50. 
 
 POI.N'TE COUPl^^E, point koo-pee', a parish of Louisiana, 
 situated oi- the W. bank of the Mississippi River, in the 
 S.E. centP't part of the state, contains atiout OiW .square 
 miles. 1),'i Atchafal.aya Ba3'ou, an outlet of Red River, 
 commenc;" near the N. extremity of the parish, and forms 
 the enti'e VL boundary. The surfiice is low, and subject to 
 be oyerrir,w!,J by the river. The soil is fertile. Capital, 
 Pointe Couj^ee. Pop. 17,718, of whom 4815 were free, and 
 12,903 f.Iovot. 
 
 POINVE COUPEE, a post-village, capital of Pointe Cou- 
 ple psiish, liouisiana, on the Mississijjpi Kiver, 25 miles 
 N.N.W. ciTBijioti Rouge. It contains 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 POINTE IJO LAC, (Fr. pron. pwJxt du Uk.) a village of 
 Canada East, co. of St. Maurice, at the E. end of Lake St. 
 Peter, 81 mih^ N.N.E. of Montreal. Pop. about 1100. 
 
 POINTE LEA'I, (Fr. pron. pwAxt H'vee'.l a post-village of 
 Canada East, on the St. Lawrence. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 POINT GAIXINAS. gSl-vee'n^p. the northernmost point 
 Pf South America. Lat. 12° 30' N.. Ion. about 71° 40' W. 
 
 POINT IxroUSTRY, a small village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 POINTTNGTOX, a p.-irish of England, a\ of Somerset. 
 
 POINT ISABEL, (ix,'iy-ho\.) a pos^village and port of en- 
 try of Cameron co.. Te.xas, on a point of land projecting into 
 the Laguna'del Madre. opposite an inlet called the Barra. or 
 Brazos Santiago, and about 30 miles E.X.E. of Brownsville 
 It has a custom-house and a light-house. The sliipping of 
 the port. June .30. 1862, amounted to an aggregate of i06U 
 tons enrolled and licensed, all of which was employed in 
 steam navigation. See Matamoras. 
 
 POINT ISABEL, a village of Pulaski co., Kentucky, on 
 Cumberland River, at the mouth of the South Fork, 97 
 miles S. of Frankfort. 
 
 POINT ISABEL, a post-office of Clermont CO., Ohio. 
 
 POINT IS'ABELLE, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa. 
 
 POINT JEF'FERSON, a post-office of Morehouse parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 POINT JU'DITII, the W. side of the entrance to Narra- 
 gansett Bay, I'.hode Island. It contains a revolving light, 
 00 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 21' 35" N., Ion. 
 71° 29' IS" W. 
 
 POINT LOOK'OUT', on the N. side of the entrance to Po- 
 tomac River, Chesapeake Bay. On it is a fixed light. 
 
 POINT MAGRE, (miig'r?) a post-office of Avoyelles parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 POINT MAiyCOLil. a headliind on the S. coast of Aus- 
 tralia, near lat. 3-3° 48' S., ion. 123° 40' E. 
 
 POINT MEEKS, a post-office of Johnson co.. Arkansas. 
 
 POINT MONTEREY, (mon-te-rA',) a postrofllce of Cass co., 
 Texas. 
 
 POINT PALMYRA, (p.al-ml'ra.) a he.adland and small 
 town of British India, in the Bay of Ueniral, 99 miles S.W. 
 of the mouth of the Iloogly River. Lat. 20° 41' X., Ion. 87° 
 9'E. 
 
 POINT PE'DRO, the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 9° 46' 
 N.. Ion. 80° 20' E. 
 
 POINT PENIX'SULA, a post-village and shipping place 
 in Sackett's Harbor district, Jefferson co., New York, on 
 Lake Ontario. 
 
 POINT PETER, a post-office of Oglethorpe co_ Georgia. 
 
 POINT PETER, a post-office of Searcy co., Arkansas. 
 
 POINT l'LEA.><'ANT, a posfcofflce of Ocean co., New Jersey 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 12() miles E. of Ilarrisbui-g. 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a post-village, capital of Mason co., 
 W. Virginia, on the Ohio Rivyr, just above the mouth of 
 the Kanawlia River, 17-^ miles below AVlieeling. It contains 
 a court-house and several stores. Free population, 519. 
 
 POINT PliE.\S.A.NT, a post-office of Upshur co., Texas. 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio River. 25 miles above Cincinnati. General U. 
 S. Grant was born here. 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a post-office of Ohio co.. Kentucky. 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village of New JIadrid 
 CO., Missouri, situated on the Mississippi River, 8 miles S. 
 of New Madrid. 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a post>village of Mahaska co., Iowa, 
 65 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 POINT PRAIKIE, a small post-village of Franklin co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 POINT R A/, a promontory of France. See Beo-dti-Raz. 
 
 POINT REMOA'E', a township of Conway co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 204. 
 
 POINT REMOVE CREEK, of Arkansas, flows into Ar- 
 kansas River from the N., in Conw.ay county. 
 
 POINT-OF-ROCKS, a post-village of Frederick CO.. Mary- 
 land, on the Potomac, and on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road. G5 miles N.W. by W. of Annapolis. 
 
 POINT ROMANIA, (ro-mi-nee/a.) the S.E. extremity of 
 the Alakay Peninsula. Lat. 1° 22' N., Ion. 104° 10' E. 
 
 P(tINT WORTIl'INGTON, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Missis.sippi. 
 
 P0IR15, pwd'ri', a market-town of West France, depart- 
 ment of A'endee, 7 miles N.W. of Bourbon Vendee. Pop. in 
 1852, 31585. 
 
 POIlllXO, poi-ree'no, a market-town of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 province, and 14 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 5668. 
 
 POISCH WITZ, pui.'^h'vvi ts, Oder, o'ber, and Xieder, nee/der, 
 two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province of Sile- 
 sia, government, and 12 miles S. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1975. 
 
 POISDORF, pois'doRf, a market-town of Lower Austria, 
 40 miles X.E. of Vienna. Pop. 2500. 
 
 I'OISSY, pwds'see', ii town of Fiance, department of Seine- 
 et-Loire, on the left bank of the Seine, and on the railway 
 to Rouen, 10 miles N.X.W. of Ver.sailles. Pop. in 1862, 43ii0. 
 It has a house of correction, and the principal cattle-market 
 for the supply of Paris. 
 
 POITIERS or POICTIEBS, poi-teerz', (Fr. pron. pwiHe-.A/, 
 almost pwrte-A'; aae. Linu^num or Lemolnwii. afterwards 
 Pic'tan.) a town of France, capital of the department of 
 Vienne. on the Clain, and on the railway to Bordeaux, 58 
 miles S.S.W. of Tours. Pop. in 1852, 29,277. It is enclosed 
 by old walls, and has sever,al old churches, a castle, an 
 acadiinie universWxire, a royal college, several schools, hos- 
 pitals, a public library of 26,000 volumes, theatre, botanic 
 garden, manufactures of woollen goods, hosierv. lace, hats, 
 
 1507 
 
POI 
 
 *« aosj *iflde in corn, wofii, and wine, and 3 annual fairs. Poi- 
 tiers, ancieiitl}' the capital of the Pictimu, came by marriage 
 ln«.i the possession of the dukes of Xoimandy, and was for 
 three centuries attached to the crown of Knifland. It was 
 the scene of a signal and most unexpected victory, gained 
 September 9, 13o(). over the French by the Knglish under 
 Edw.ard the Bl.ack Prince, who captured and brought to 
 England John. King of France. 
 
 POJTOU or POICl'OU, poi-too/, (Fr. pron. pwd'too'.') a for- 
 mer province of France, now divided among the departments 
 of Vienna, Deux-S6vres, Vendue, Indre-el-Loire, and Cha- 
 rente. Capital, Fonteuay. 
 
 POIX, pwd. a town of France, department of Nord, 14 
 miles W.N.W. of Avesnes. Pop. 2057. 
 
 POIX, a town of France, department of Somme, 15 miles 
 SJi. of Amiens. Pop. 1194. 
 
 I'OKAG'OX, a township in the X.W. part of Cass co., 
 Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Central Railroad. 
 Pop. I'i49. 
 
 POKE BAYOU, (bl'oo.) a post-village of Independence co., 
 Arkansas, al>out 16 miles N. of Batesville. 
 
 POKEKPSIE. See Poughkeepsie. 
 
 POKE KUX, a post-office of 'Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 POKOXO, poOio-nS, a township of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1010. 
 
 1'0'KOXO CREEK, of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, falls into 
 Brodhead"s Creek. 
 
 POKOXO MOUNTAIN, Penn-'ylvania. situated chiefly in 
 the X.E. part of Carbon and the N'.W. central part of Monroe 
 county. The Pokono ridge may, however, be traced across 
 Jlonroe into Pike county, where, it rises into an elevation 
 called High Knob. 
 
 POIvUOV or POKROW, pok-rov', a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 52 miles W.S.W. of Vladimeer, near the Kli 
 asma. Pop. 1500. 
 
 POKUOVSKAIA or POKROWSKAJA, pok-rov-skl'a, a 
 market-town of Russia, government, and 4 miles S.E. of 
 Saratov, on the Volg.i, with 1500 inhabitants, and large ma- 
 gazines, each containing from 100,000 to 110,009 poods of 
 salt, stored here from the works on Lake Elton. 
 
 POL. (I'ol.) an island in tlie Baltic. See Poel. 
 
 POLA, po'li. (anc. PtJla nr Pi'etas Ju'lia.) a decij'ed mari- 
 time town of lUyria. near the S. extremity of the peninsula 
 of Istria. 19 miles S.S.E. of Rovigno. Pop. 924. It is en- 
 closed by Venetian walls of the fifteenth century, and has a 
 cathedral on the site of an ancient temple, 3 Greek churches, 
 some convents, and one of the best harlwrs on the Adriatic. 
 Under the Emperor Septlmius Severus, it had a pop. of 
 30,000. and contained numerous splendid edifices, while its 
 port was one of the great naval stations of Rome. Its former 
 magnificence is still attested by a iiue amphitheatre, several 
 temples, and other remains. 
 
 i*OL.\. po'ld, a river of Russia, rises in the government of 
 Pskov, flows N., and after a very circuitous course of 120 
 miles joins the Lovat, 9 miles S. of Lake llmen. 
 
 POLA DE LENA, po/l3d,V lA/nS, a town of Spain, in Astu- 
 rias, province, and 16 miles S.E. of Oviedo, at the conflu- 
 ence of the Lena and Xaredo. Pop. 1328. 
 
 POLA DE SIERO, jxAi d.i st^A'ro, a town of Spain, in Astu- 
 rias, province, and 13 miles E.N.E. of Oviedo. Pop. 2500. 
 
 P0L.4X, po-ldn', a town of Spain, in Xew Castile, province, 
 and about 10 miles from Toledo, near the Tagus. Pop. 1326. 
 
 PO'LAXD, Kingdom of, (Polish, Pblsl-a, p61'sk3, meaning 
 " Flat Land :'" L. FtMnia ; Ger. Prilen, ptyien ; Fr. F\ilngne. 
 poMoB'; anc. Sarmatiaf) an extensive counti-y of Central 
 Europe, which existed for many centuries as an inde- 
 pendent and powerful state; but having fitllen a prey to 
 internal dissensions, was violently seized by Austria, Prus- 
 sia, and Russia as a common spoil, partitioned among these- 
 three powers, and incorporated with their dominions. In 
 its greatest prosperity it had a population variously es- 
 timated at from 11,000.000 to 15,000,000: and an area of 
 284,000 square miles, greater than that of France, stretch- 
 ing from the frontiers of Hungary and Turkey to the 
 Baltic, and from Germany far E. into Russia, lat. -47° to 56° 
 N., Ion. 15° to 32° E. The territoi-y thus marked out 
 formed one vast and remarkably compact kingdom, divided 
 into Great and Little Poland on the W., Mas'ovia and Pod- 
 lachia in the centre, Volhynia. Podolia, and the Ukraine in 
 the K..and Lithuania in the N.K.: the principal subdivision 
 was into 31 palatinates and starostys. 
 
 The most characteristic feature of the surface is its uni- 
 formity. With the exception of the Carpathians, forming 
 it* S.W. l)oundary, and a ridge of moderate elevation pene- 
 trating into it from Silesia, it scarcely possesses a single 
 summit deserving the name of hill, but is truly, asits name 
 Implies, "fiat land," presenting the appearance of an almost 
 unbroken plain, composed partly of gently-waving slopes, 
 partly of rich alluvial flats, partly of sandy tracts, so barren 
 as to desel-ve the name of desert", and partly of extensive 
 morasses. The last, contrary to the general rule, occupy the 
 most elevated part of the interior, and consist of a broad 
 belt curving im-gularly in a X.E. direction from the Hun- 
 garian fiontlers into Lithuania, and though only from 400 
 
 POL 
 
 feet to 500 feet abovp sea-level, forming part of the great 
 European water-shed, the waters on the one side of its flow- 
 ing N. to the Baltic, while those on the other side flow S. to 
 the Black Sea. Its principal streams are the Vistula, with 
 its tributaries, ^Vi^■prz. Bug. and Xarew, the M'arta and 
 Prosna. tributaries of the Oder, the Xiemen.aud theDwina, 
 all belonging to the basin of the Baltic; and the Dniester, 
 South Bug. and Dnieper, with its tributary Priptts, belong- 
 ing to the basin of the Black Sea. 
 
 The physical configuration of the counfi-y is admirably 
 adapted to the openitions of agriculture, and the fertility 
 of its alluvial tracts is so great, that it has sometimes been 
 termed the granary of Europe. Its productive powers have 
 never been fairly tested, and its exports of grain, though 
 large, are proliably not a tithe of what they might be under 
 more favorable cireumst;inces. Xext to grain and cattle its 
 most important product is timber, derived from large and 
 noble forests, which occur in several quarters. The mine- 
 rals include the precious metals in limited quantity, iron 
 in abundance, but of indifferent qualit}-; and s;ilt, chiefly in 
 Galicia, where its mines have long been worked on a very 
 extensive scale, and are. to all appearance, inexhaustible; 
 copper, lead, zinc, and coal are also found. Little progress 
 has Iieen made either in manufactures or trade, the former 
 being chiefly confined to articles of primary necessity, par- 
 ticularly coarse woollen and linen cloth, for the weaving of 
 which .Vlniost every family is provided with its domestic loom ; 
 and the latter, which is mostly in the h.ands of the Jews, who 
 are more numerous in Poland than in any other part of 
 Europe, being seldom on an extensive scale, though includ- 
 ing the retail of an almost endless variety of objects. Owing 
 to the inland position of the countrj-, and more especially to 
 the cold winds which blow from Russia on the E., and from 
 the Cai-pathians on the S., the winter of Poland is almost as 
 severe as that of Sweden. The summer is abundantly 
 warm, but the general humidity of the atmosphere, and the 
 miasmii of the marshes, make disease sometimes, under 
 peculiar forms, very prevalent. 
 
 The Poles are the descendants of various Slavonic tribes, 
 who. in the sixth century, having proceeded up the Dnieper, 
 entered the basin of the Aistula. drove out the Finn.s — the 
 original inh.ibitants — and made them.selves masters of the 
 whole country, from the Warta eastward, and arouTid the 
 shores of the Baltic. As a race they possess fine physical 
 forms, and are strong, active, ardent, and daring. Un- 
 fortunately, however, these original qualifies of the race 
 have greatly degenerated in the mass of the people, who, 
 having been degraded by the privileged classes into mere 
 serfs, have sunk to the level of their condition. In this it 
 is e.isy to trace a primary cause of the disasters which have 
 befallen Poland, and enabled her enemies to succeed, by a 
 series of unprincipled aggressions, in blotting her out 
 from the map of Europe. A minority of her people held 
 the vast m.ijority in liondage, and the latter, as if conscious 
 that they had nothing to lose by a change of masters, left 
 the battle of freedom to be fought by those who, instead of 
 allowing it to be enjoyed by all as a common boon, had 
 selfishly and unjustly monopolized it. The prevailing re- 
 ligion of the Poles is the Roman Catholic; but since the 
 Russi.ins became masters of the country, they have labored 
 ince.s.santly and systematicallj- to introduce their own re- 
 ligious system. With similar zeal and perseverance they 
 are also aiming at the extirpation of the Polish tongue by 
 discouraging its cultivation : and not onl3' is Kussia'n intro- 
 duced into the public schools, but the knowledge of it is 
 madean essential requisite for office. Among the numerous 
 degradations to which foreign domination subjects the Poles, 
 there is none to which they appear more sensible than this 
 attempt to complete their national destruction by the extir- 
 pation of their native tongue, which is said to be one of the 
 riche.'^t and sweetest of the Slavonian dialects. 
 
 Poland was first raised to the rank of a kingdom by Otho 
 III., emperor of Germany, in 1025, when Boleslaus Chrobry, 
 who. as early .is S40, had been acknowledged chief of all the 
 Poles dwelling between the Vistula and the AVarta, became its 
 sole monarch, llis reign was long and flourishing, and the 
 Piast dynasty which he foundcl continued for nearly four 
 centuries. Upon the death of Casimir. in 1370. in whom 
 the male line of the Piasts became extinct, his nephew, 
 Louis of Hungary, in order to .secure the succession to his 
 youngest daughter, Hedwig, which he could not do without 
 innovating on the constitution, bestowed upon the nobility 
 privileges with so lavish a hand, as virtually to make them 
 masters of the crown itself. By the marriage of Hedwig 
 with Jagellon, Duke of Lithuania, that duchy became united 
 to Poland, and the kingdom continued to flourish for cen- 
 turies after: yet to this first infringement of the constitu- 
 tion is to be traced the remote cause of the ruin which 
 finally overwhelmed the country. The first actual partition 
 took place in 1772. and stripped Poland at once of about <> 
 third of her whole territory, the respective shares of the 
 spoil being — to Prussia, 13,337; Ausstri.o. 27,000; and li nssia, 
 42,000 square miles. A second partition in 1793 gave Pm»> 
 sia 22,500, and Russia 96,500 square miles. The Poles now 
 awoke from their stupor, and, headed by the heroic Kosct 
 
POL 
 
 POL 
 
 nsko, made noMe efforts to reiraiu their independence. I!ut 
 it Wiis too late; another partition took place in 1795. and the 
 last Kinij; of Poland, degraded into a pensionary of the Rus- 
 sian court, died at St. Petersburg in 179S. A dawn of hope 
 appeared in 1S07, when Ikmaparte. in accordance with the 
 terms of tlie treaty of Tilsit, formed the duchy of AVarsaw, 
 which, being increased in 1 SCO by tlie addition of ^Vest Galicia, 
 extended over an area of fiO.OOO sijuare miles, and contiined 
 3.780.0(10 inhabitants. In ISl.o, the congress of A'ienna, by 
 an arransemont which in the circumstances looks more like 
 insult than frenerosity. erected the city of Cracow, with a 
 t<>rritory of 4RG sinare mile? and a pop. of 96,000. into a 
 free and independent repuVjlic. The sucj?essive partitions 
 bad given Austria 4.5.000 .square mile.s, with 5.000,000 in- 
 habitants; Prussia, .')7,000 .square mile.s, with 2.o.")0.000 in- 
 habitants: and Uussia. 180.000 square miles, with 4,000,000 
 inhabitants. About two-thirds of the Russian share was 
 completely incorporated with the general government, and 
 ceased to retain any distinctive appellation; but the re- 
 mainder, containing about 49,000 square miles, was erected 
 into what was called the Kingdom of Poland, and received a 
 separate constitution from the Kmperor Alexander, drawn 
 up in a more liberal spiritthan might have l)een anticipated. 
 It appears, however, to have been more liberally devised 
 than faithfully executed; and the Poles, taking occasion 
 of the French Revolution of I'^SO, rashly engaged in an 
 insurrection, which has only furni.shed Russia with a pre- 
 text for riveting their chains more closely. The name, 
 Kingdom of Poland, is still given to that portion of the 
 Russian territories, hut the country is now treated, in all 
 respects, as an integral part of the Russian Empire. It is 
 bounded, N. and W. by the territories of Prussia, E. by the 
 Russian governments of Bialystok. Grodno, and Volhynia, 
 and S. by .\ustrian Galicia. It is divided into the govern- 
 ment of Warsaw, the capital, (anc. Masnt;ia and Kiilisz,) 
 Radom. fane. Kielce and Samlnmie.);) huhlia, (anc. J^dhidiia 
 and LuJiHn,) Plock, and Augustowo; has an area of 37,120 
 geographical square miles, and in 1850 had a population of 
 5,008,0*)0. The Republic of Cracow, also, after maintaining 
 a feverish existence till 184(>. was seized by Austria, and in- 
 corporated with her Kingdom of Galicia. Adj. Po'lish; 
 
 Inhab. Pole and Po'lak, (now obsolete.) 
 
 PO'LAXD, a post-township of Androscoggin co., Maine, on 
 the W. side of the Androscoggin River, 36 miles S.W. of 
 Augustiu Pop. 2740. 
 
 rOL.WD, a township in the S.E. part of Chautauqua co., 
 New York. Pop. 1794. 
 
 POTi.^XD. a post-village of Ilerkimor co., New York, on 
 West Can.ada Creek, 15 miles \.K. of Utica. Cotton gbod.s 
 and edge-tools are manufactured here. 
 
 Pitr^AXD, a neat post-village and township of Mahoning 
 CO.. Ohio, on Yellow Creek, 174 miles N.K. of Columbus. 
 The country is rich and poptilous, and is amply supplied 
 with iron and coal. Poland contains 2churches, 1 academy, 
 1 iron foundry, and mills of various kinds. The township is 
 intersected by the Mahoning River and Pennsylvania and 
 Ohio Canal. Pop. 229a. 
 
 POL.WD a pnst-offlce of Clay co., Indiana. 
 
 POLAND CKXTRE. a post-village of Chautauqua co.. New 
 York, about 20 miles S.E. of Maysville. 
 
 POLAND CENTRE, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio. 
 
 POL.\XGKN', po1dng-en,a frontier market-town of Russi.a, 
 government of Courland, on the Baltic, 42 miles W. of Telsh. 
 Pop. 1500. In 1831, the Poles were here defeated by the 
 Russians. 
 
 POLANIEC, po-Un'yMs, or POLANCEC, po-ianfsJts, a 
 town of Poland, province, and 28 miles S.W. of Saudomier. 
 Pop. 1818. 
 
 PO'LAR RE'GTONS, the zones included within the Arctic 
 and Antarctic Circles. The North Polar Regions have ob- 
 tained an interest from the several attempts to find a pas- 
 sage through, either from the N.E. or the N.W. The nearest 
 approach to the North Pole was by Captain Parry, who 
 reached lat. 82° 45' N., Ion. 19° 25' E. Captiin Franklin, in 
 his first expedition, penetrated a considerable way westward, 
 and set out on a second exploration. May 23, 1845. Captain 
 Cook penetrated to the South Pole as far as lat. 67° 30' S., 
 ion. 39° E.. and to lat. 71° 10' S.. in Ion. 110°W. Sir James 
 Ross penetrated to lat. 78° 10' S., in Ion. 170° E., and dis- 
 covered Victoria Land. 
 
 POLAR SEA, NORTH. See Arctic Oce.^n. 
 
 POLAR SEA, SOUTH. See Ant.^rctic Ocean. 
 
 POL.\UN, po'lOwn, (Oder, olhPT, and Nieder, nee'der.) 
 two villaires of Rohemia. 60 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2500. 
 
 POLClt. polK, or POLLICII. polliK. a market-town of 
 Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles W.S.W. of Coblehtz. Pop. 1700. 
 
 POLK'BROOK. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 POLEX. and POLE. Pee Poland. 
 
 PO I- ES E L L A. po-l.'l-s Jia.t, a mar ket-to wn of Austrwn Italy, 
 province of Polesine, on the left bank of the Po, 7 miles 
 ■g.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 1132. 
 
 POLESINE, po-li-see'nA, (L. Polexihmm Sanlivi'ti,) a vil- 
 lage of Italy, on the right bank of the Po, 24 miles N.W. 
 ii Parma. Pop. 2525. 
 
 POLESWORTH, pOIz'w^rth, a parish of England, co. of 
 
 Warwick, with a station on the Trent Talley Railway, i 
 miles N.N.W. of .\therstone. 
 
 POLIA, po'le-d. a town of Naples, province of Calabri;^ 
 Ultra II., S. of Nicastro. Pop. 1500. 
 
 POLI.^NI. po-le-3'nee, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 19 miles S.E. of Minsk. Pop. 1500. 
 
 POLICANDRO, pol-ekdu'dro, an island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, government of Naxos. 16 miles E. of Mi!o 
 Area, 20 square miles. Pop. 2ii0. The surface is rugged, 
 but it yields sufficient corn. Ac. for home consuuiptiou. On 
 it is a village of the s;ime name. 
 
 POLICASTRO, po-le-lcls'tro, (anc. Pyx'w.?, afterwards R/av 
 enUiim.) a maritime town of Najdes, province of Principafo 
 Citra, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Policastra, 22 miles S 
 of Diano. Pop. 7000. It is a bishop's see. and has a Gothic 
 cathedral, and an active fishery. 
 
 POLICASTRO or POLEOCASTRO, po-LWkas'tro. a towr 
 of X'aples, province of Calabria Ultra II., 18 miles W.N.W. 
 of Cotrone. Pop. 4200. 
 
 POLICZKA, po-Ieech'ka, a town of Bohemia, 28 miles S.E 
 of Chrudim. Pop. with suburbs, 3626. 
 
 POLIGN.iC, po'leen'ydk', a village of France, department 
 of Ilaute-Loire, near the Loire, 2 miles N.W. of Le Puy. 
 Pop. 21.34. Near it are the ruins of a celebrated castle. 
 
 POLIGNANO, po-leen-yd'no, a town of Naples, province, 
 and 26 miles E.S.K. of Bari, near the .•Vdriatic. Pop. 4500. 
 
 POLIGNY. po'leen^yee', a town of Fi'ance, department of 
 .Tura, 14 miles N.E. of lA)ns-le-Saulnier. Pop. in 1852, 5718 
 It has a communal college, manufactures of hosiery, earthen- 
 ware, glue, saltpetre, and leather. 
 
 POLILLO, po-lil'lo, or po-leel'yo, one of the Philippine 
 I.slands, in Malay Archipelago. E. of Luzon; lat. 15° 6' N.. 
 Ion. 12-2° 6' E. Length. 30 miles; breadth, 20 miles. Soil 
 fertile. In its centre is Mount Malolo. The village of PoliUo 
 is on its W. side. 
 
 PO'LIXG or POOL'ING, a parish of England, co. of Suf». 
 sex, 2 miles N.N.E. of Little Hampton. Near it are traces of 
 a Roman bath. 
 
 POLISTINA, po-lLs-tcc/ni, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra I., district, and 13 miles E.N.E. of Palmi. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 POLITZ, po'lits, a town of Germany, in Prussia, provine-j 
 of Pomerania, 9 miles N. of Stettin, on the Oder. P. 2320. 
 POLITZ or POLICE, po-leefsA, a town of Bohemia, 28 
 miles N.E. of Koniggratz. Pop. 1.399. 
 
 POLIZZI, po-lif.--ee, a town of Sicily, iutendency of Paler- 
 mo, 17 miles S.W. of Oefalu. Pop. 4000. 
 
 POLK. pCk, a new county in the N.W. part of Georgia, 
 formed since 1851. Pop. in 1860. 6295. 
 
 POLK, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of 
 about 1200 square miles. It is intersected by the Trinity 
 Rivei', navigable for steamboats. The surface is nearly level. 
 Much of the soil is fertile, especially in the valley of Trinity 
 River. Capital, Livingston. Pop. 8300, of whom 4102 were 
 free. 
 
 POLK, a county of Arkansas, situ.ated in the W. part of 
 the state, bordering on the Indian Territory, contains al)Out 
 1150 square miles. It is drained by the sources of the 
 Washita River. The surface is mountainous, and traversed 
 by numerous streams which furnish water-power. The 
 soil and climate are adapted to the growth of wheat, maize 
 ■fee. It is stilted that the highlands are rich in mineralii, 
 amcJng which are iron, lead, silver, &c. Capital, Dallas. 
 Pop. 4262, of whom 4090 were free. 
 
 POLK, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Tenne.ssee, 
 bordering on North Carolina and Georgia: area estimated at 
 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Iliawassee and 
 Amoee Rivers. The surface is mountainous, and mostly 
 covered with forests. Exten.sive de>posits of copper ore have 
 been found in this county. Capital, Benton. Pop. 8726, of 
 whom 8292 were free, and 434 slaves. 
 
 POLK, a county in the S.W. central part of 5Iissouri, has 
 an area of 625 square miles. It is traversed from S. to N. 
 by Pomme de Terre River, intersected in the S.W. part by 
 the East Fork of Sac River, and also drained by Lindley's 
 Creek. The general surface is undulating or level, and ia 
 diversified by prairies and forests. The soil is fertile, and 
 abounds with springs of limestone water. Iron and lead 
 are abundant. Capital, Bolivar. Pop. 9995, of w horn 9453 
 were free, and 512 slaves. 
 
 POLK, a county in the central part of Iowa, has an area 
 of 576 squ.are miles. The Des Moines River flows through 
 the middle in a S.E. direction ; Skunk River traverses the 
 N.E. part; and the S. part is drained by Racoon, North, 
 South, and Middle Rivers. The soil is highly productive. 
 Stone coal is found in several parts of the county. Capital, 
 Des Moines. Pop. 11,625. 
 
 POLK, a new county in the N.W. part of Wisconsip, con- 
 tains about 850 square miles. The St. Croix River forms 
 it.s entire boundary on the W., separating it from Minnesota; 
 it is also drained Ity Apple River. The surface is uneven, 
 and extensively covered with forests in which the pine is 
 found. Formed in 1853, out of the N. part of St. Croix co. 
 Capital, St. Croix Falls. Pop. 1400. 
 POLK, a county in the W. part of Oregon, has an area 
 
 1509 
 
POL 
 
 MtfihiU e J v' about SOO square miles. It is boundeil on the 
 W. by \Iiu Coast Range, and on the E. by the Willainette 
 Kiver. It i? drained by La Creole Kiver, and by the S. fork 
 of the Y rim Hill. The soil in the E. part is fertile. Capital, 
 Dallas. Population, 3625. 
 
 POLK, a t.iwnship of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 915. 
 
 POLK, .a small post-Tillage of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 POLK, a post-office of Union co., Georgia. 
 
 polk! a township in .\rkansas co., Arkansas. Pop. 322. 
 
 POLK, a township in L'allas co.. .\rkansas. Pop. 429. 
 
 POLK, a township in Montgomery co., Arkansas. Pop. 
 3r)8. 
 
 POLK, a township in Newton co., Arkansas. Pop. 137. 
 
 POLK, a post-otlic^ of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 POLK, u tuwn-^Iiip of Crawford co.. Oliio. Pop. 2910. 
 
 POLK, a townsiiip of Monroe Co., Indiana. Pop. 690. 
 
 POLK, a township of Green co., .Missouri. 
 
 POLK, a villasa in Lucas co., Iow.i, ne-ir Charitmi River, 
 110 miles S.W. liy W. of Iowa City. 
 
 POLK, a village in JIahaska co., Iowa, near Des Moines 
 Biver. SO miles W.S.W. of Towa City. 
 
 POLK, a townsiiip of Washington county, Wisconain, 36 
 mlUs N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 2157. 
 
 POLK CITY, a village of Polk co, Iowa, 17 miles N. of 
 Jort Des Moines. 
 
 POLK P.VTCIL a post-office of Warrick co., Indiana. 
 
 POLK PRAIRIE, a small village of Columbi.i co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 POLK RUN. a post-ofRce of Clark co., Indiana. 
 
 POLKS'VILLE, a post-office of Hall co.. Geoi-gia. 
 
 POLKTON. a post-township in the N. part of Ottawa co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 12-22. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a post-office of Onondaga co.. Xew York. 
 
 POLKVILLK, a post-office of Warren co.. New Jersey. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a small post-village of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a post-office. Cleveland CO., North Carolina. 
 
 POLKVILLK. a post-office of Warren co., Kentucky. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a small village of AVhitefield co., Georgia. 
 
 POLKVILLE. a postofllee of Ben ton CO.. .\labama, 5 miles 
 E. of Coosa River. 15 miles S.W. of Jacksonville. Here is an 
 iron furnace and forge. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi. 
 
 POLKVILLE. a small village of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a small vill.ige of Macon CO.. Missouri. 
 
 POLKWITZ, polk'wits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 20 
 miles N. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1800. 
 
 POLLA, poind, (anc. Fi/rum PfipUfii^ a town of Naples. 
 T)rovince of Principjito Citra. in the Val di Diano, on the 
 Tanagro. 10 miles N.X.W. of Sala. Pop. .5000. It has some 
 industry in sewing silk, and weaving coarse woollen cloths 
 And caps. 
 
 POL^LACAS'TY CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into 
 Meherria River a few miles above Winton, in Hertford 
 county. 
 
 POL'LARD'S MILLS, a po.st-offlce of Greenup co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 POLLARD'S TAN-YARD, a post-office of Caldwell co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 POLLE, pol'leh, a village of Hanover, on the left bank of 
 the Weser, 38 miles S.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1231. 
 
 POLLEXZA. pol-lSn'zi, (anc. Billm'tvi.) a town of the is- 
 land of Majorca, on its N. side. 28 miles N.E. of Palnia. Pop. 
 6402. It stands about 2 miles W. of the Bay of PoUenza, 
 and has a handsome church, a Jesuits' college, and active 
 manufactures of fine black woollen cloth. The bay, large 
 and secure, is firmed by two narrow peninsulas, the points 
 of which are called the Capes Formenton and del Pinar. 
 
 POLLERSKIRCIIEN, poiaers^kgeaK^gn, a market-town of 
 Bohemia, circle of Cz:islau. Pop. 959. 
 
 POLLEUR, pol'lcR/, a village of Belgium, province, and 
 16 miles E.S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1557. 
 
 POLLINA. pnl-Iee'nJ. a town and river of Sicily. 
 
 POLLINCHOVE, pol'lin-KoVeh, or POLLI.NCKIIOVE, 
 pollink-ko^vfh, a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, on the Yser, 27 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1740. 
 
 POI/LINGTON, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 lUding. 
 
 POLLNOW, poU'nov. sometimes written POLLNO and POL- 
 NO, a town of Prussia, in I'omerania, 20 miles E.S.E. of 
 Coslin. Pop. 1.390. 
 
 POLLOCK'S, a small post-village of Randolph CO.. Illinois. 
 
 POL'LOCKSIIAWS/, a burgh of barony, and town of Scot- 
 land, CO. of llenfrew. on the White Cart, here crossed by a 
 stone bridge of 2 arches, 1\ miles S.W. of GLisgow. Pop. in 
 1851. 6080. It comprises several streets, and has a neat 
 church, a town-hall, and a branch bank. Weaving silk and 
 cottons by hand and power looms, cotton spinning and 
 bleaching, calico printing, and fancv dyeing, are carried on 
 to a considerable extent The Pollock and Govan Railway 
 connects the coal-fields, 3 miles S. of Glasgow, with that citv. 
 Pt)iyLOCKSVlLLE, a post-vjllage of Jones co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 POLLONE, pol-lo'n.i, a vlUage of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, province, and near Biella. Pop. 1653. 
 1510 
 
 POL 
 
 POLLUTRO, pol-loo'tro. a town of Naples. proTince of 
 Abruzzo Citra, 5 miles W.N.W. of II Vasto. Pop. 1300. 
 
 POL'MONT, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 
 with a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, 4 
 miles E. of Falkirk. It gives the title of baron to the DtUie 
 of Hamilton. 
 
 POLXA. pol'n^. a town of Bohemia. 33 miles S.S.E. of 
 Ozaslau. Pop. 4916, employed in woollen weaving and in 
 large iron-mini s. 
 
 I'OLNO, a town of Prussia. See Pollnow. 
 
 POLO, pi/lo. au island of the Philippines, in the Malay 
 Archipelago, off the W. coast of Luzon. Lat. 15° N., Ion. 
 122° W E. 
 
 POLOCHIC, polo-cheek', a river of Central .^imerica, state 
 of Guatemala, department of Vera Paz. rises in the district 
 of Cob.an, Hows mostlj' E.S.E.. .and after a course of about 
 120 mile.s, entere the Golfo Dulce, whence it is navigable to 
 the vilhige of Pelawan. In one place it is crossed by a 
 curi'ius suspension bridge. 
 
 POLOCK. a town of Russian Poland. See PoiOTZK. 
 
 POLOGNE. a country of Europe. See PoiAxn. 
 
 POLONGIIEKA. po-ion-g!i'r3. a vill.Hge of the Sardinian 
 States. aVK>nt 11 miles N.N.E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 172S. 
 
 POLONIA. See Poland. 
 
 POLONK.\, po-IonHiJ. a m.irket town of Rus,oian Poland, 
 government of Grodno, IS miles I'l.N.E. of Slonim. P. 15S0. 
 
 POLONOE. po-li/niv^ a market-town of Russian Poland, go- 
 vernment of Volhyuia. 51 miles W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 1730. 
 
 POLOP, pi-Iop', a town of Spain, in Valencia, province, 
 and N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1902. 
 
 POLOPOS. po-lo'pace, a village of Spain. Andalusia. al>out 
 4 miles from Granad.a. near the Mt-Jiterranean. I'op. 1680. 
 
 POLOTZK, po-lot.«k', written also POLOCK, a town of 
 Russian Poland, government, and 00 miL\s W.N.W. of Vi- 
 tebsk, at the contiuence of the Dwina and the Polota. Pop 
 9<100. It has a kremlin, or citadel, numerous ancient 
 churches and mona.steries, a .Tesnits' college, and a district 
 school for nobles. It was taken by the Russians from the 
 Poles in 1579. and airain in 1655. 
 
 POLPENAZZE. pol-pA-n.1t'.sA. a village of Northern It.ily, 
 government of Milan, 6 miles S. of Salo. Pop. 1229. 
 
 POLPER'RO, a market-town of England, co. of Cornwall, 
 91 miles S.S.W. of Liskeard. Pop. 699. 
 
 POI/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 POLTAVA, pol-ti'va. also written PULTOWA and PUL 
 TAW.\. a government of South Russia, between kit. 4S° 25' 
 and 51° 6' N., and l.m. 30° 45' and .3i .° 40' E.. enclosed by the 
 governments Tchernigov, Koorsk. Kharkov. Vekaterinuslav, 
 Kherson, and Kiev, from which last two the Dnlep<^r sop* 
 rates it on the W. Area,19.04u.squaremiles. Pop. 1 .66.3,634. 
 The surface is a level plain, with only a few hills on the 
 banks of the Dnieper, of which river the Soola, Psiol. and 
 Vorskla are the affluents. The soil is excellent. Corn is 
 cultivated for exportation. Hemp, flax, red pi>pper. tobacco, 
 and fruits are a}so rai.>.ed. Live stock are reared in Large 
 numbers, and honey and silk are importint products. Manu- 
 factures-have latterly made some progress, and linen, wool- 
 len and cotton fiibrics. leather, and candles are made. 
 
 POLTAV.\, the capital of the above govemment. is situ- 
 ated on the Vorskla. 70 miles W.S.W. of Kharkov. I'op. 
 20,071. It stands on an eminoncs. and is regularly built, 
 though chiefly of wood; it is enclosed by pl.anted walks on 
 the site of its former ramparts. It has a cathedral, a col- 
 lege, a convent, and three large annual faii-s. In*its prln^ 
 cip.ll square is a monument to Pet ei the G re.at. who hero, 
 on the 27th of June. 1709, gained a decisive victory over 
 Charles XII.. then obliged to escape into Turkey. 
 
 POL'TIMORE, a parish of England, m. of Devon. 
 
 PO I/TON, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Kent. 
 
 POLV.\DERA, pol-vJ-d.Vri a village in the interior of 
 New Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio del Norte. 
 
 POI/AVORTH, a parish of Scotland, en. of Berwick, 4 miles 
 S.W. of Dunse. In it is Marchmont 7Iou.se. the seat of Sir 
 Huu'h II. Campbell. Bart., proprietor of the parish. 
 
 POllVNESIA, polVnee'she-.a. {i.e.. "many Lslands.") in- 
 cludes the multitude of i.slan'ds scattered over the Pacifls 
 Ocean, and comprehends a belt chiefly within r!0 degfres on 
 each ftjde of the equator, and from Ion. 135° E. to 135° W 
 Including New Zealand, the boundary extends S. of the 
 e<inator to lat. 47° S. The islands are distributed into 
 numerous groups; and these groups, of an elongated form, 
 have a general direction from N.W. to S.E.. and are composed 
 of one or more larger islands, and numerous smaller ones 
 The principal irroups to the N. of the equator are the Pelew, 
 Ladrone or Jlarian.a. Caroline. Kadack. 5Iar.«haII. Gilbert, 
 and Sandwich Islands. S. of the equator are New Ireland; 
 New Hebrides. New Britain. Feejee, Friendly. Navig-^tor's, 
 Solomon's. Society, MendaCa or .Marquesas. Low .\rrhipelago. 
 Cook's, Austral, and other minor groups, besides num rous 
 detached isl.ands, as Easter and Pitcalru Islands Witj the 
 exception of Hawaii, the largest isl.and of Polynesia, the 
 most considerable of the others range from 20 to CO and 100 
 miles in circumference, while many do not exceed a mile or 
 two in length. The.se islands are all. more »>r !«is. of coral 
 formation, the Low Archipelago, Society Islaudii, Marshall, 
 
POL 
 
 POxM 
 
 and Carolines presenting the regular atoll form, with cir- 
 cul.ir reefs and lagoons. The Friendly. New Ilebiides. Solo- 
 mon's, and Sandwich Islands present fringed reefs, and have 
 ft/^tive rolramoes — the summits of the mountains varying 
 from 2000 to -13.000 feet. In the lower coral islands, the 
 elevations do not exceed 500 feet. In the atoll coral islands, 
 Darwin has supposed that a depression of surface is taking 
 place, and that the volcanic islands are either stationary or 
 rising. 
 
 The temperature of Polynesi.^, owing to the counteracting 
 influence of the ocean, is comparatively moderate, and the 
 climate is delightful and salubrious. .Mean annual tempe- 
 rature of the Sandwich Islands, 77°; temperature of tlie 
 Society Islands, from 70° to 8o°, and rarely 90° Fahrenheit. 
 The S.E. tropical wind generally prevails, but N.W. and S.VV. 
 winds are not uncommon. Thunder-storms and water- 
 spouts are common. Hurricanes are rare, and enrthriuakes 
 slight and not of frequent occurrence. The refreshing cool- 
 ness of the trade-winds, and a regular but not excessive 
 supply of moisture, are favorable to a luxuriant vegetation. 
 The soil in the valleys and in the river-courses is a rich vol- 
 canic mould; on the mountains it is less fertile. Both vege- 
 table and animal productions are limited as to number of 
 species. In the islands of the middle and eastern divisions 
 not more than 5U0 species of plants are found. This num- 
 ber increases towards the "W. and N.W. The bread-fruit, 
 peculiar to this region, the cocoa, banana, plantain, banyan, 
 Bugar-cane. yam. and cotton-plant, paper mulberry, and a 
 species of chestnut, are indigenous. Other trees and plants 
 of tropical climates have been introduced, and ttourish ; and 
 arrow-root, sweet potatoes, the common potato, and maize, are 
 now reared abundantly. There are several species of timber- 
 trees, especially sandal-wood; a few spices, and ornamental 
 flowers, which, however, have little odor or decided color. The 
 islands were all remarkably deficient in animals, thus indi- 
 cating their isolated and comparatively recent origin. Ilogs, 
 dogs, and rats were the only quadrupeds; snakes .ind other 
 reptiles are confined to Navigators' group; vampire bats ai-e 
 found in some of the islands. Land birds are not numerous, 
 owls, parroquets, pigeons, and some pansfrinm forming the 
 most remarkable ; wild ducks and other water-fowls aiii more 
 plentiful. Turtles resort in great numbers to many locali- 
 ties, and fish are plentiful on the coasts. Several species of 
 whiile.s, the cach.alot or sperm whale. Cape whale, hump- 
 back, and black-fish are peculiar to the seas of tlie I'acific, 
 and their capture has been the chief inducement for ships 
 to visit these regions. Oxen have been introduced from 
 New South Wales, and thrive well ; and horses from South 
 America. 
 
 The natives of Polyne.sia are in general a well-formed, tall, 
 active, and intelligent people. They consist of two distinct 
 races, one .apparently of Malay origin, by far the most nu- 
 merous and intellectual. They are spread over all the central 
 and E. portion of Polynesia, and speak one common language, 
 though varying in dialects. The other, a negro or Papuan 
 race, with negro features and color, and crisped, mop-like 
 hair, growing in separate tufts, are confined to tho AV. part 
 of Polynesia, and inhabit partly or wholly New Guinea, 
 New Britain, New Ireland, the Solomon Islands, New Cale- 
 donia, New Hebrides, and pjirt of the Ladrone Islands. 
 They speak a distinct language, and exhibit an intellect of 
 an inferior grade. These were probalily the first settlers of 
 the islands. In some of the I'olynesian islands there is a 
 partial intermixture of the two races, and in otliers an 
 apparent Caucasian intermixture, indicated by the ample 
 beard and prominence of the features. 
 
 Some of the western islands, as the Ladrones. were dis- 
 covered by Magellan in 1521. the Manjuesas by Mendafta in 
 1595, but it was not till 1767 that Wallls. and subsequently 
 Cook, explored and described the le.ading i.slands of this 
 region. Soon after this, missionaries began to settle here, 
 and, after many discouragements, have at last succeeded in 
 promoting Christianity and civilization in some of the prin- 
 cipal islands, though cannibalism and savage ferocity still 
 prevail in the majority. In 18-1:4 there were 45 Ihitish and 
 American missionary stations in Polynesia, the principal 
 being in the Sandwich I.slands, Tahiti, and Society Islands. 
 Friendly Islands, Feejee Islands. New Hebrides, and llervey 
 Islands. The population of these islands varies continually 
 ttom wars, migrations, and occasional pestilence. Tahiti 
 and some others, when first discovered, were conjectured to 
 be greatly more populous than at present; but no proper 
 data exist for affording even an approximation to the real 
 numbers. Probably the population of the whole of Poly- 
 nesia does not exceed a million or a million and a half. (For 
 further information, see the individual groups and islands.) 
 .\dj. and inhab, Polynesian, pi»r-e-nee'she-an. 
 
 POLZIN, polt-seen', a town of Prussia, in I'omerania. 31 
 miles S.W. of Coslin. Pop. 3030. It h;is a castle, mineral 
 baths, and manufactures of woollen cloth, leather, and tO: 
 bacco. 
 
 POMAB.\^MB.^, po-mJ-bSm'bd, a town of Bolivia, depart 
 ment. and 70 miles 3.K. of Chunuisaca. 
 
 POM.\RANCE. a village of Tuscany. See Pomerance. 
 
 POMAllAPE, po-md-ri/pA, a mountain peak of the Andes, 
 
 in Bolivia. Lat. 18° 8' S., Ion. 60° 3' W. Height, 21,700 
 leet. 
 
 POM.ATvIA, a small village of Lexington aistrlct, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PO.M AUI A. a post-office, Newberry district. South Carolinx 
 
 POMAKICO, po-mi're-ko. a town of Naple.s, province oi 
 Basilicata, 11 miles S.S.E. of Matera. Pop. 4'JOO. 
 
 POMAIIO, i)o-md'ro, a town of Parma, Is miles S.W. of 
 Piacenza. Pop. 2119. 
 
 PO.MAT.\, po-md'td, a village of Bolivia, department, and 
 97 miles W'.N.W. of La Paz, on the S.W. shore of Lake Titi- 
 caca. 13,040 feet above se.vlevel. 
 
 POM.\Z, po'maz'. a village of Ilungarv, CO., and 12 miles 
 N. of Pesth. Pop. 2739. 
 
 POMBA (pom'bd) BAY, one of the finest harbors on the 
 E. coast of .\fricji. 150 miles N. of .Moz.imbi(iue. in lat. 12° 
 27' S., Ion. 40° 25' E., 9 miles in length by miles across, 
 with suilicient depth for the largest ships. 
 
 POMBAL, poni-bdl', a town of Portugal, in F.stremadura, 
 on a hill near the Sora, 20 miles N.E. of Leiria. Pop. 5U00. 
 It has 3 churches, a provincial asylum, manufactures of 
 hats, and large weekly markets. 
 
 POMBAL, pom-bdl', a town of Brazil, province, and 140 
 miles N.N.W. of Bahia. 
 
 POMBAL, a town of Brazil, on the Pianco. province, and 
 250 miles W. of I'arahiba. Pop. 4000. 
 
 PO.MBA, VILLA DA, veel'ld dd pom'brt, a town of Brazil, 
 province of Minas Genies, on the left bank of the Pumba. (iO 
 miles E.S.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. of the district, 12.000, 
 chiefly employed in the cultivation of the sugar-cane. 
 
 P0M15EIK(). pom-bi'e-ro, a town and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Minho, ne.ar Guimar.aens. Pop. 786. 
 
 PO.MHEIliO, a town and parish of Portugal, province of 
 Beira ISaixa. near Cea. Pop. 1130. 
 
 PO.MBl.'V. poni'be-d. a village of the Sardinian States, in 
 Piedmont, division of .\ovara. near Borgoticino. Pop. 1109. 
 
 POMEKANCE. pr>-mA-rdn'cliA, POMAKANCE. po-md-rdn'- 
 chA, or RIPOMOKA.NCE, re-pi>mo-rdii'ch,4. a village of 'f us- 
 cany, province of Pisa, in the Maremma, 7 miles S. of Vol- 
 terra. and near the famous bora.x lagoons. Pop. 2000. 
 
 I'OMERANIA, pom-e-rd/ne-a, (/.>?.'■ upon the sea;" Ger. 
 Pommern, pom'm^rn.) a maritime province of Prussia, 
 mostly N. of lat. 53° N., and stretching along the Biillic from 
 ion. 12° 30' to 1S° E., having landward the provinces of West 
 Prussia and Brandenburg, and Mecklenliurg. Area, 12,304 
 square miles. IVjp. 1,389,739, chiefly Protestants. The sur- 
 face is level, and in many parts marshy. The principal 
 rivers are the Oder, I'e.sante. and Stolpe. The coasts are 
 low, sandy, defended by dikes, and bordered by numerous 
 inlets. The island of I'.Ugen is comprised in tlie province. 
 The soil is not very fei-tile. The principal crops are wheat, . 
 barley, rye. oats, potatoes, flax, hemp, and ti>lia<co. Agri- 
 culture and the rearing of cattle and poultry, ship-buildiiig, 
 manufactures of linen and woollen stuffs, iron and glass 
 wares, tanning, brewing, and di.stiliing, are the principal 
 branches of industry. The SJjlmon and sturgeon fisheries 
 are very productive, and smoked geese are important articles 
 of trade. The province consists of the governments of 
 Stettin, Stralsund. and Coslin. Adj. and inhab. Pome- 
 ranian, pom-f r-A'ne-an. 
 
 POMEKIE. an island in the S.E. part of Africa. 
 
 PO.M'EHOON', the northernmost liver of Briiish Guiana, 
 enters the Atlantic 40 miles N.W. of tiie estuary of the Esse- 
 quibo. The tract on the coast around its mouth is of the 
 highest fertility ; and an acre has been known to yield 6000 
 pounds of sugar, or 20,000 pounds of farinaceous food in a 
 year. 
 
 POM'EROY, a village and parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Tyrone, 9 miles N.W. of Dungauuon. Pop. of the village, 
 about 450. 
 
 POM'EROY, a post-oflice of Greenville district, South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PO.MEROY, a post-village of Salisbury township, and 
 capital of Meigs co., Ohio, on the Ohio River. 100 miles S.E. 
 of Columbus. It is built on a narrow strip of land, which 
 is enclosed between the river and a range of rugged and 
 precipitous hills. Including the adjoining villages of Coal- 
 port, Minersville, Carltonville. and .Middleport, which m.ay 
 be regarded as portions of tlie sjnne town, it extends nearly 
 three miles along the river. Pomeroy owes its rapid growth 
 and prosperity chieliy to the abundance and supeiior (juality 
 of the stone coal found in the immediate vicinity. In 1851, 
 above five million bushels were mined and exported froni 
 this place, and tlie trade is increasing. During the summer 
 of 1851, a company was formed here for manufacturing salt, 
 with a capital of $25,000 Two wells were sunk to the 
 depth of lUOO feet, each of which discharges 50 gallons of 
 water per minute, containing 9.5 per cent, of salt. The 
 qualitj- of the article produced is said to be very superior. 
 Since the success of this attempt, five or six other companies 
 have l)een formed, with a like capital; and it is confidently 
 expected that in a short time the manufacture (A salt will 
 be carried on here more extensively than at any other place 
 in the Western States. Pomeroy contains sereral churches. 
 1 or 2 newspaper offices, a national benk, and 2 foundries. 
 
 1011 
 
POM 
 
 Lrtld out in 1841. In 1S50 it contained 16.0S inhabitants ex- 
 clusive of the aiijoining villages. Pop. of the township in 
 ISCO, 7957. 
 
 PGM'FRET, a town of En<rland. See Pon-tefract. 
 
 PCM'FRKT, a post-township of Windsor co., Vermont, 
 intersected by the Vermont Central Kaili-oad, 4o miles S. by 
 E. of Jlontpe'lier. Pop. 1376. 
 
 POMFUKT, a postrvillaie and township of Windham co.. 
 Connecticut, with a station on the Xorwich and Worcester 
 Railroad, and on QuinebauR River, 33 mile.s N. by E. of 
 Norwich. It hits some manufactures of print.s, &c. The 
 township is celebrated as containing the cave iu which 
 Putnani killed the wolf. Pop. 1073. 
 
 POMKRET. a township of Chautaiiqxia CO.. New York, on 
 Lake Erie, is intersected by the Liike Shore Railroad. Popu- 
 lation. 4293. 
 
 POMFRET LANDING, a post-village of Pomfret township, 
 ■Windh.im co., Connecticut, on Quinebaug River. 
 
 I'OMIGLUNO D'ARCO, po-meel-y5'no daii'ko, a town of 
 Naples, province, and 8 miles N.E. of Naples, with 2 hand- 
 some churches, a large monastery, and an hospital. Pop. 
 6900. 
 
 POJISIE DE TERRE (pomm deh tair) RIVER, of Mis- 
 souri, rises in Green co.. and falls into the Osajre, in Benton 
 CO., a few miles S.W. of Wars;iw. Its geuend course is N. 
 by W. 
 
 POMMER<EUL, pom'meh-rcl, a vilkige of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Hainaut, on the Ilaine, 11 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 
 1734. 
 
 POMCVNA, or MAINO-AND, the largest of the Orkney 
 Islands, and nearly in their centre. Its shape is very irre- 
 gular, and it is divided by bays into two principal portions 
 — the W. and largest 16 miles "in length, the E. part 9 miles 
 in length, breadth varying to 7i mile.i. Total area, 160 
 square miles. Pop. 16.141. Its W. coasts are precipitous, 
 but it has several good harbors; and that of Stroumess is 
 the best in North Scotland. The land is mostly in heath 
 and moors, but interspersed with several tracts of fertile 
 soil, with some fresh-water lakes, as those of Stannis, Orphir, 
 and Birsay. The towns of Kirkwall and Stromness, are re- 
 spectively on its E. and S.W. coasts. 
 
 PO.MO'NA, a post-office of St. Charles qo., Missouri. 
 
 POMON'KEY. a post>office of Charles co., Maryland. 
 
 POMORZ.\NY, po-moR-zd'nee', a small town of Austrian 
 Poland, in Galieia, 49 miles E.S.E. af Lemberg. 
 
 POMP.\.Dr)UR, pAsi^piMooR', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Correze, 20 miles N.W. of Tulle." with a national 
 stud, and a clwteau and park, given by Louis XV. to Madame 
 de I'Etoile, and whence she took the title of .Marquise de 
 Pompadour. 
 . POMPANOO'SUC, a post-office of Windsor co., A'ermont. 
 
 POMPEII, pom-pA'yee, an ancient city of Italy, situated 
 near the sea, 15 miles S.E. of Naples, in the year 79 A. D.. 
 it was overwhelmed, together with Ilerculaneum and some 
 other towns, by an eruption of Vesuvius, from the crater of 
 which it is distant about live miles. For more than sixteen 
 centuries its existence apiMjared to be unknown, and its 
 name almost forgotten. But in 1748, some peasants em- 
 ployed in cutting a ditch met with the ruins of Pompeii, 
 which soon became an object of interest and attention. Ex- 
 cavations were commenced in 1755, and h.ive been continued 
 to the present time. About two-tiflhs of the town have been 
 uncovered, whence it appears that it was enclo.sed by walls, 
 entered liy several gat«s, six of which are alivady expo.sed. 
 and had numerous streets paved with lava, low, teri-aced 
 houses of one story, with shops, and shop-signs still plainly 
 visible, several mansions of a superior order, a chalcidicum, 
 or market-pl.ice, two theatres, temples, baths, &c. Every- 
 thing seem.s to be in a state of extraordinary preservation. 
 Not only statues, medals, jewels, and nejirly every kind of 
 household furniture have been found almost unaltered, but 
 even books and paintings m.iy be seen, fitr less injured than 
 might have been supposed, when we take into consideration 
 the violent catastrophe which destroyed the town, and the 
 subsequent lapse of so many ages. Pompeii not having been 
 buried by lava, but with tufa, ashes, and scoriaj, the excava- 
 tions are much more cisily effected here than at Ilercular 
 neum. Many of the sm.iUer objects, statues, urns, utensils, 
 and manuscripts, have been doposite<l in the Museo Borbo- 
 nico of Naples, and the palace at Portici. A French hotel 
 was established at Pompeii in 1849. 
 
 POMM'ERUNG' RIVER, in the W. part of Connecticut, 
 rises in Litchfield co., and falls into the Ilousatonic River in 
 New Haven county. 
 
 POM'PEY, a postrtownship of Onondaga co.. New York, 
 15 miles S.E. of Syracuse, has an academy. Pop. 3931. 
 
 POMM'EY CEN/TRE, a post-village of Pompev township, 
 Onond.iga co.. New York, 146 miles W. of Albany. It is 
 finely situated, and contains several churches. 
 
 POM l> E Y II 1 LL. a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 
 about 15 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. 
 
 PUMI'IANV or POMPIANl. pom-pe-d'nee, a marke^town 
 of Russian Poland, in Vilna, 13 uules N. of Poneviezh. 
 
 I'op. lolK). 
 
 PO.MPONESC0, pom-po-nSs'ko, a vUlage of Austrian Italy, 
 
 PON 
 
 province of Mantua, 3 miles E. of Tiadana, on the left bank 
 of the Po. Pop, 2100. 
 
 POMPTIX.* PALUDES. See Pontine Marshes. 
 
 POMPTOX, a small river in the N.E. part of .New. Jersey, 
 formed by the Pe<iuannock Creek and Ringwood River, flows 
 southward on the txmndarj- of Passaic and Morris counties 
 and enters the Passjiic River. 
 
 POMPTON, a post-village and township of Pas.saic co., New 
 Jersey, about 7U miles N.E. of Trenton. The village con- 
 tains a church and 15 or 18 dwellings. Pop. of the towo- 
 ship. 1591. 
 
 POMPTON PLAINS, a post-office of Morris co.. New Jersey. 
 
 PONANY, po-ni'nee, a commercial town and seaport of 
 British India, at the mouth of the I'onany River, 38 miles 
 S.E. of Calicut. Its population is mostly of Arab descent 
 and it has numerous mosques. It was formerly the .seat of 
 an iixtensive trade, and it still exports teak, cocoanuts, iron, 
 and rice. 
 
 PONANY RIVER, of India, traverses the Paulghaut- 
 cherry Pass, to within 15 miles of which it is navigable in 
 the rainy season. Total course from E. to W., lOO mile'.s. 
 
 PONCE, pon'sA, a town on the S. coast of the island of 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 PONCE DE LEON. pon.ss d?h lee'on, (Sp. pron. pon'sA di 
 lAon'.) a post-office of Ilolmes co.. Florida. 
 
 POND CREEK, a post-office of Greene CO., Missouri. 
 
 POND CREEK MILLS, a post-office of Knox co.. Indiana. 
 
 POND F^D'DY. a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, on 
 the Delaware River, about 109 miles from New York City. 
 The river at this place makes a sudden bend, furming one 
 of those basins called by the ptople here " ponds." Its depth 
 is sufficient to float a man-of-war: yet a few hundred yards 
 above or below, the river ni.ay reiidily be cro.ssed by wading. 
 
 PONDERANO, pon-dA-ri'no, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, province, and near Biella. P. 1513, 
 
 PONDER S END, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex, with 
 a station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 3 miles S. of 
 Walth.am. 
 
 POND FORK, a post-office of Jackson co., Geonriji. 
 
 POND HILL, a post-office of Gibson co.. Tenne.s.see. 
 
 PONDICHERRY. pou'de-shSr/ree, (¥t. IMmlichiry. pANo'- 
 dee'sh.Vree',) a maritime town, and the capital of the French 
 settlements in India, on the Coromaudel coast. 83 miles 
 S.S.W. of Madras. Lat, 11° 55' N., Ion. 79° 49' E. It stands 
 on a sandy plain, and is divided by a canal into a European 
 and a native town, the former of which is regularly laid out 
 and well built, the houses being flat-roofed and stuccoed. 
 It is enclosed by planted boulevards, and in its centre is a 
 handsome sijuare, in which are the government house, Ac. 
 It has new b.aeaars. a European college, an Indian school, a 
 botanic garden, and the high court for the French possessions 
 in Asia. It has no port, but only an open i-oadstead. with 
 a light-hou.se erected in 18:}6. Its district comprises 69.000 
 acres, of which, a few years ago, 28,200 were under cultiva- 
 tion. The territory around the town. 5 miles in length 
 from N. to S., by 4 miles in breadth, is partly watered by 
 the Gingee River, but is not very fertile : some ric<f. indigo, 
 tobacco, betel, cotton, and cocoanuts are raised ; which, with 
 guinees, or fine cotton cloths dyed V)lue, India handker- 
 chiefs, and cotton yarn, form the chief exports, the total 
 value of which, a few years since, amounted to $569,257. and 
 that of the Imports to $(X)4.317. The settlement was pur- 
 chased by the French from the Bejapoor rajah in 1072. and 
 taken by the British in 1761, 1778, 1793, and 1803. Pop. of 
 the territory in 1849, 81,154; of the town, at)Out 4i>.000. 
 
 POND ISL.AND, at the entrance of Kennebec River, 
 Maine. On it is a fixed light. 62 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 4.3° iV N.. Ion. 69° 44' W. 
 
 POND RIVER, a small stream in the W. p,art of Kentucky, 
 flows nnrthivard, and forms the boundary between Hopkins 
 and Muhlenburg counties, until it enters Green River. It 
 is navi/able for flat-bo-its. Length, about 50 miles. 
 
 POND RIVER MILLS, a postoffice of Miller co.. Kentucky. 
 
 POND SETTLEMENT, a postoffice of Steuben co.. New 
 York. 
 
 POND SPRING, a post-office of Walker co., Georuia.. 
 
 POND SPRING, a post-office of William.son co.. TexA. 
 
 POND TOWN, a post-village of Sumter co., Georgia, 48 
 miles S.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 200. 
 
 PON EDELY, po-n.i-d.Vlee. a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Vilna. 63 miles N.N.E. of Vilkomeer. P. 1620. 
 
 PONEVIEZH or PONEVIEJ. po-nA-ve-izh'. written also 
 PONEVIESCH. a town of Russian Poland, government, and 
 84 miles N.N.W. of Vilna, on an affluent of the Niemen. 
 Pop. 3580. It has a Piarist college. 
 
 PONFERRAD.A., pon-f^R-R^/ni, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 47 miles W, of Leon. Pop, 2620. It has a ruined castle, 
 and some hospitals. 
 
 PONG or BONG, the northernmost province of the Bur* 
 me.se dominions, between lat. 26° and 27° N., and Ion. 96° 
 and 99° E.. having E. China, N.Thibet, and W. Upi*r .Assam. 
 Chief town, Moonkhom. 
 
 PONGA, pong'gS, a maritime town of I.ower Si.am, On tU"* 
 W. coast of the Malay peninsula, N. of the isLind of Junk- 
 ceylon. Lat. 8° S' N., Ion. 98° 17' E Though recently 
 
PON 
 
 founded. It has many thousand inhabitants, mostly Malays 
 and Chinese. 
 
 PONGAS, pong'jrds, or PONGO, pong'go, a rirer of West 
 AfrifSi, in Seuegambia, entei-s the Atlantic near lat. 10° S., Ion. 
 14° W. Between it.s mouths are the Pongas Islands. 
 
 PONG-IIOU, or PESCADORES. See Pheng-hoo. 
 
 PONIKLA, po-nik'li, a village of Bohemia, 27 miles N.E. 
 Of Bidschow, on the left bank of the Iser. Pop. ItjOO. 
 
 PONKAS, a tribe of Indians. See Punkahs. 
 
 PONOLA. See Panola, Mississippi. 
 
 PONOKGO. po-noR/go, a town of Java, province of Madion, 
 92 miles S.E. of Samaning. 
 
 PONOVKA or PONOWKA, po-novTia, a market-town of 
 Russia, government of Poltava, 10 miles N. of Mirgorod. 
 Pop. 1510. 
 
 PONS, pAs", a town of France, department of Charente- 
 Inferieure, on tha Seugne, 12 miles S.S.E. of Salntes. Pop. 
 In 1852, 47t)o. It consists of an old and a new town, and 
 has an old castle, 2 churches, and an active trade in wines 
 and brandy. 
 
 PONS, pons, a town of Spain, province, and 42 miles N.E. 
 of Lerida, on the Segre. Pop. 740. 
 
 PONSACCO, pon-sdk'ko, formerly PONTE DI SACOO, pon'- 
 tk dee sAk'ko, a town of Tuscany, 16 miles S.S.E. of Pisa. 
 Pop. 2.558. ' 
 
 PON'SONBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 PONT, (i. e. " bridge,") a prefix to the names of numerous 
 towns and villages of ITrance. See Poste and Puente. 
 
 PONT AC, piNoHdk'. a town of France, depa rtmen t of Basses- 
 Pyrfinees, 15 miles S.E. of Pau. Pop. in 1852, 3212. 
 
 PONT-A-CELLES, pANO-i-Rjll, a vilLige of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Namur, with a station on"the Brussels and Namur 
 Railway. N.W. of Oharleroi. 
 
 PONTA DELGADA, pon'td djl-gi'dl Improperly written 
 PONTE DEIXIADO, the largest town, though not the capi- 
 tal, of the Azores Islands. Lat. 37° 40' N., Ion. 25° 36' W. 
 Pop. 22,000. It is defended on the seaside, W., by the castle 
 of St. Braz, which can mount 90 pieces of cannon, and about 
 3 miles to the E. by the forts of Sao Pedro and Rosto de 
 Cao. The principal buildings are 6 churches, 8 monasteries, 
 and 4 convents, now suppressed, and a neat English chapel. 
 The anchorage in the roadstead has both a bad bottom, and 
 is much exposed : and the harbor is so shallow, that vessels 
 require to be loaded by means of small craft; but still the 
 trade is considerable. It is chiefly in the hands of the 
 British, of whom a considerable number are here resident, 
 including a consul. The chief exports are wheat, maize, 
 and oranges; and the imports cotton and silk tissues, liard- 
 wares, &c 
 
 PONTA DE PEDRAS, pon'tl di p.Vdris, ("point rf 
 rocks,") in Brazil, province of Para, is a projecting point on 
 the Kio Negro, wliere the rocks form curious corridors and 
 chambers. Near it is the village of Airao, with 500 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 PONTA DO CA.TU. pon'td do kl-zhoo/. a s,andy promontory 
 of Brazil, which projects into the Bay of Nitherohi, about 4 
 miles N.W. of Rio Janeiro. 
 
 PONTAFEIi. pon'ta-fir. a village of Austria, in Dlyria, 
 circle of Villach, in a narrow pass. Pop. 1430. 
 
 PONTAIPRKT. a town of Siam. See Cambowa. 
 
 PONTAILLIEll, pANO^ahVi' or pANo'tJryA', a market- 
 town of France, department of Cfite^'Or, on an island in the 
 Sadne, 17 miles E. of Dijon. Pop. 1200. In the Middle Ages 
 It was a residence of the Carlovingian kings. 
 
 PONTAL, pon-tdl', a small town of Brazil, province of 
 Govaz, near the W. bank of the Tocantins River. 
 
 PONT-A-MOUSSON, pAxt i moos'sAxo/. a village of France, 
 department of Meurthe. 15 miles N.N.W. of Nancy, on the 
 Moselle. Pop. in 1852, 7843. It has a communal college and 
 manufactures of earthenware. 
 
 PONTARLI ER. pAso'taR^le-A', a town of France, department 
 of Doubs, 27 miles S.E. of Besangon. at the entrance of a moun- 
 tain pass into Switzerland. Pop. in 1852, 495.3. It has a com- 
 munal college, and manufactures of leather and paper. 
 
 PONTASSIEVE,pon-tas-se-Vvi,orPONTE-A-SIEVE,pon'- 
 tVi-sfrd/vi, a town of Tuscany, 12 miles E. of Florence, on 
 the Sftve. Pop. 1780. 
 
 PONT-AUDKMER, pAs" 5Meh-maiR/, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Eure, capital of an arrondissement, 37 miles 
 N.W. of Evreux, on the Rille, which here Incomes navigable. 
 It has celebrated manufactures of leather. Pop. in 1852, 6310. 
 
 PONT-AVKN, pA\t iVAso', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Finistfere, with a port on the small river Aven, 
 9 miles W. of Quimperle. Pop. in 1852, 1030. 
 
 PONTA VERDE. pAn'ti veR'di, (t. e. "Green Point,") or 
 PONTA DE JAR AQUA, pon'ti dd zhJ-rVgwl, a promontory 
 of Brazil, province of Alagoiis, having tlie port of Piyussara 
 on its N. and that of Jaragua on its S. side. 
 
 PONTCIIARRA. pA.NoVhiR'Ri', a village of France, depart- 
 nent of Isfere. arrondissement of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 
 J662. Near it is a ruined castle, the birth- place of Chevalier 
 6ayanl. 
 
 PONTCHARTRAIN'LAKE, Louisiana, situated about 5 
 miles N. of New Orleans. It communicates with Lake 
 Maurepas on the W, with Lake Borgoe and the Gulf of 
 
 PON 
 
 Mexico on the E., (through the Rigolets,) and with the Mis- 
 sissippi on the S. by St. John's Bayou. The length is 40 
 miles, the greatest width 24 miles, and the greatest depth 
 from 16 to 20 feet. It is navigated by small steamboats, and 
 is accessible from New Orleans by means of a canal. 
 
 PONT-CHaTKAU, pAno fhaHo', a market-town of France, 
 department of Loire-Iuferieure, 8 miles N.W. of Savenay. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3667. 
 
 PONTCIIY, pAxo'shee', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 department of Savoy, province of Faucigny. Pop. 1099. 
 
 PONT-CROIX, pAn« kRwd/. a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Finist^re, 18 miles W.N.W. of Quimper, on the 
 Goyen. Pop. 1416. 
 
 PONT-D'AIN, pAn" dS.N". a town of France, department of 
 Ain, 11 miles S.E. of Bourg, on the Ain, with a fortress for- 
 merly the residence of the princes of Savoy. Pop. 1284. 
 
 PONT D'ARMENTERA. pont daR-mfen-tA'ri, a village of 
 Spain, province, and N.N.E. of Tarragona. Pop. 1400. 
 
 PONT-D]'>BEAUVOISIN, pA.N" deh bOVwiVix"', a town 
 of France, department of Isfere. 11 miles E.S.E. of La Tourdu 
 Pin, on the Quiers, which divides the town into two por- 
 tions. Pop. about 3800. of which 2394 belong to France. 
 
 PONT-DE-CAMARES. See CamarSs. 
 
 PONT-DE-L'ARCUE, pAxo deh laRsh, a town of France, 
 department of Eure, 7 miles N.of Louviers, on the left bank 
 of the Seine, here crossed by an old bridge of 22 arches, and 
 on the railway to Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 1815. 
 
 PONT-DE-VAUX, pAs" dgh v6, a town of France, depart- 
 partment of Ain, 20 miles N.W. of IJourg, on the Reys-souse. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3136. It is the birthplace of General Joubert, 
 and has manufactures of earthenware. 
 
 PONT-DE-VEYLE, p6x» d?h vail, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ain, 17 miles W. of Bourg, on the Veyle. 
 Pop. 1321. 
 
 POXT-DU-CHaTEAXT, pAn« dll shins', a town of France, 
 department of Puy-de-D6me. 9 miles E.N.E. of Clermont, on 
 the Allier. Pop. in 1852, 3t?21. 
 
 PONT-DU-GARD. See Gard, Pont nu. 
 
 PONTE, pon'tA, (from the Latin Pfinx,) a word in Italian 
 and Portuguese signifying a bridge, forming the part of 
 numerous names in the S. of Europe. 
 
 PONTK. pou'tA, a market-town of North Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, division, ani 25 miles N. of Turin, at the confluencfc 
 of the Orca and Saona. Pop. 4138. 
 
 PONTE, a village of Northern Italy, province, and 6 milek 
 N.E. of Sondrio, on the right bank of the Adda. Pop. 2738. 
 
 I'ONTE AL LAMBltO, pon'tA-dl-ldm'bro, a village of 
 Northern Italy, province of Como, 3 miles N. of L'Erba, on 
 the Lambro. Pop. 871. 
 
 PONTE A KIGNANO, pon'tA a reen-yi/no, a village ot 
 Tuscan V, province, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Florence. 
 
 PONTEBA, pon-tA'ba, or PONTEBBA, pon-t^b'ba, a vil- 
 lage of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, 31 miles N. of 
 Udine. Pop. 1700. 
 
 PONTECORVO, pon-ti-koR'vo. (ane. PregeVhef) a town of 
 South Italy, in the Pontifical States, 20 miles S.E. of Frosi- 
 none, in a detached territory surrounded by Naples, on thb 
 left bank of the Garigliano. Pop. 5200. It has a castle and 
 a cathedral. Bernadotte received from Napoleon the title 
 of Prince of Pontecorvo. 
 
 PONTE CURONE, pon'tA koo-ro/nA, a village of North 
 Italy, in Piedmont, division of Ales-sandria. province, and 5 
 miles N.E. of Tortona, on the Curone. Pop. 2180. 
 
 PONTE DELQADO, a town of the Azores. See Ponta 
 Delqada. 
 
 PONTE DE LIMA, pon'tA dA lee'ml, a town of Portugal, 
 province of Minho, on the Lima, here crossed by a bridge 
 of 24 arches, 13 miles N.W. of Braga. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PONTE DELL' OLLIO, pon'tA dill olOe-o, a town of 
 Northern Italy, about 15 miles S. of Piaceuza, on the Nura. 
 Pop. 3578. 
 
 PONTE DE PINHEIRO, pon'.tA dA peen-hA'e-ro, a village 
 of Brazil, province, and 26 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro, on 
 the Macacu. 
 
 PONTEDERA, pon-tVdAVa, PONTEDRA, pon-ti'dr3, or 
 PONTADERA, pon-tA-dA/rA, a town of Tuscany, province, 
 and 13 miles E.S.E. of Pisa, on the Era, at its confluence 
 with the Arno. Poo 3400, who manufacture cotton fabrics. 
 
 PONTE DI LEGNO, pon'tA dee Ijn'yo, a village of North- 
 ern Italy, jiriivitirp and 30 miles N.E. of Bergiuno. 
 
 PONTE DO RIO VERDE, pon'tA do ree^o vjR/dA, a village 
 and parish of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, 15 miles 
 N.E. of Campanha. on the Rio Verde. 
 
 PONTE DO SORO, pon'tA do so'ro. a market-town of Por- 
 tugal, province of Estremadura, on the Soro, 16 miles S.E. 
 ofAbrantes. Pop. 1500. 
 
 PONTE DE BARC.i, pon'tA dA ban'kA. a town of Portu- 
 gal, province of Minho, on the Lima, near Ponte de Lima 
 Pop. 800. 
 
 PONTEFRACT, pom'frgt, (L. Ports Practus, i.t "broken 
 bridge,") a parliamentary and municipal borough, town, 
 and parish of England, co. of York. West Riding, on the 
 Aire, and with a station on the Yorkshire aud Lancashire 
 Railway, 21 miles S.S.W. of York. Pop. in 1851, 11,515. It 
 has spacious streets, and is well built. The principal 
 
 1513 
 
PON 
 
 ft'fficf! are the town-hall, with a jail and court-house, 
 t)^ market-cross, the parish church, dstinj? from the time 
 of Henry I., a Roman Catholic and other dissenting chapels, 
 a grammar school, which has the right to send candidates 
 for Lady E. Hastings' exhibition at Queen's College, 
 Oxford, several other schools, and almshouses. The famous 
 castle of Pomfret, in which Richard II. died, and where 
 Rlvei-s, Grey, and Vaughan were put to death by order of 
 Kichard III., is now in ruins, and its precincts are partly 
 converted into garden-ground. The town has several public 
 libraries and news-rooms. The trade consists chiefly in 
 corn, malt, filtering-stones, and garden produce: the last is 
 sent to York and many large towns of the county. Ponte- 
 ffsrt sends 2 members' to the House of Commons. 
 
 PONTE LAGOSCUUO, pon'tA M-gos-koo'ro, a town of 
 
 Italy, in the state of ^Emilia, 4 miles N. of i'errara, with a 
 
 free port, and extensive transport trade on the Po. Pop. 2140. 
 
 PONTli/LAN'D, a parish of England, co. Northumberland. 
 
 rONTE LANDOLFO, pon'tA lln-dol'fo. a town of Xaples, 
 
 province of Jlolise, 19 miles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 4000. 
 
 PONTELUNGO, pon-t.A-loon'go, a market-town of Lonj- 
 bardv, 6 miles X.N.E. of I'avia. 
 
 PONTELUNGO. CANAL OF, in Lombardy, connects Bo- 
 volenta with the Brent,i. 
 
 ■PONTEN-ROYAN.S, p^Nt 6so roi>3s»', a market-town 
 of France, department of Isdre, 5 miles S. of St. Marcellin. 
 Pop. 1266. 
 
 PONTE SAN PIETRO, pon'ti sin pe-A'tro, a village of 
 Northern Italy, province, and 5 miles E. by S. of Bergamo, 
 on the Brembo. Pop. 1095. 
 PONTESBURY. pont.s'ber-e, a parish of England, co. Salop. 
 PONTK STURA, pon'ti" Htoo'rL a village of North Italy, 
 in Piedmont, division of Alessandria, province, and 5 miles 
 ■yV.N.W. of Casale, on the Po, at the influx of the Stura. 
 Pop. 1841. 
 
 PONTKVEDRA, pon-tA-vi/drl. (!\nc. Fhns Vetiisf) a town 
 of Spain, capital of the province of Pont«vedra, on the Lerey, 
 near its mouth, in the Bay of Pontevedra. and 13 miles 
 N.N.E. of Vigo. Pop. 4549. It is surrounded by walls, and 
 ha.s manufactures of woollen cloth, cotton velvet, muslins, 
 hats, and leatlier. The port is commodious for small ves- 
 sels, and it has a brisk coasting trade, with an extensive 
 pilchard fishery. Pop. of the province iit 1849, 420.000. 
 
 PONTEVICO. pon-td-vee/ko, a marketrtown of Lombardy, 
 19 miles S.S.W. of Brescia, on the Oglio. Pop. 5000. 
 PONT'FAEN. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 PONT-FAVERGER, x>^yo fiVjR^ihA', a market-town of 
 France, department of Marne, 12 miles E.N.E. of Reims. 
 Pop. 1519. 
 
 PONT-GIBAUD. pAxo zhee'bS'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-D6me, 13 miles S.W. of Riom. Pop. 937. 
 PONTTA and PONTIC INSUL^E. See Ponza. 
 PONTIAC, pon'te-alO. a postKjfJice of Erie co.. New York. 
 PONTIAC, a post-office of Huron co.. Ohio. 
 PONTIAC, a flourishing post-vilfage in Pontiac township, 
 and capital of Oakland co., Michigan, is situated on Clinton 
 River, and on the Deti'oit and Milwaukee Ruilroad, 25 milea 
 N.N.W. of I)etroit. It is a place of active business, and one 
 of the pi'incii)al wool markets in the State. The wator- 
 powi-r of the river gives motion to a number of mills. Pon- 
 tiac c^jutains 6 churches, a large public school, 5 hotels, 14 
 di-y-goods stores, a national bank, and ti woollen-factory. 
 Two newspa])er8 are published here. Pop., in 1864, said to be 
 4000. I'opiilation of the township, in 1860, 2675. 
 
 PONTIAC, a post-village, capital of Livingston co., Illi- 
 nois, on Vermillion River, and on the Chicago Alton and 
 St. Louis Railroad, 110 miles N.E. of Springfield. Popula- 
 tion, 7:'.'5. 
 
 PONTIANAK, pon-te-d-nik'. the principal of the Dutch 
 settlements on the W. coast of Borneo, capital of a kingdom 
 of its own name, is situated in a marshy tract on the left 
 hank of the river Capuas, sear its mouth ; lat. 0° 3' S., Ion. 
 logo 20' E. Pop. 19.115. It has a fort, and exports dia- 
 monds, pepper, gold-dust, and edible birds'-nests. It was 
 settled by the Dutch in 1S23. 
 
 PONTICKLLI, pon-te-ch^llee. a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince, and 4 miles E. of Naples, with 4700 inhabitants, 
 chiefly employed in cultivating vegetables for the supply of 
 the capital. ^^ ■' 
 
 PONT' I CO, a post^fiice of Cayuga co.. New York. 
 PONTI DA. a village of Northern Italy. See Pontita. 
 PONTIFICAL STATES. PAPAL STATES, or STATES OF 
 THE CIIURCII, (It. »/-<i Bmtmci* st^/tee pon-tee/feHJhe, 
 «nft d^Wi CMeta,^ sti'tee dM'ld ke-i'sil, or Stati Nomtmi.i 
 std'tee ro-mj/nee; Fr. 6t.,tt!, M 6olimA k'ti; deh l.-lV'leez' ; 
 * « ^," f 'ST? *"^ ^^ pip- ^t"i' Ponr.ficaax*' k'ti/^^p^iioi. 
 teeTeekft', f:i„tt Rommnn.t A'tS/ n'mKs"; Ger. Ki,v/ten- 
 ieaat,tk66R/Ken-st|t\) a former state of Italv. comprising the 
 central part of the Italian Peninsula, bounded N. by Aus- 
 trian Italy: K. bytheA<lri«tlc; S.E. bv Naples: S.W. bv the 
 Jledit^rran«,n; W. by Tuscany, and N.W.by Modena. it ex- 
 tends fr.>m lat. 41° 1.1' to 45° N- Ion. from 10° biY to 14° E 
 
 •"Pontifical States." 
 t " Roiuin Statei." 
 1514 
 
 t " States of the Clinrch.' 
 { " States of the Pope." 
 
 PON 
 
 Its shape fhnn N. to S. Is very irregular; from the mouths 
 of the Po to Cape Circello, its length is about 280 miles; 
 greatest breadth, from Ancona, on the Adriatic, to Clvita 
 Vecchia. on the Mediterranean, 140 miles; least breadth, 
 from the N.E. corner of Tu.«cany to the Adriatic coast 
 nearly on the parallel of Forli, not more than 18 miles 
 Area, including the i.solat-t>d territories nf Benevento and 
 Pontecorvo. enclosed by Naples, and excluding the small 
 territory of San Marino, which forms an independent re* 
 public, 17.210 square miles. 
 
 Physical Fmtures. — The croast-line measures about 370 
 miles, of which 210 miles are on the Adriatic, and 160 miles 
 on the Mediterranean: on lioth seas it is generally fiat 
 and marshy, unbroken by a single bay of any magnitude, 
 and not pos.ses.sed of any tolerable harbors except those of 
 Ancona and Civita Vecchia. The interior is traversed in a 
 S.S.E. direction by the central chain of the .Apennines, 
 which enters it from the N.E. of Tuscanv. and sends several 
 low ramifications both to the E. and W. the loftiest summits 
 of the chain within the Pontiflciil States are in the S.. where 
 Monte Vetora. near Castellucio, rises to the height of 81.33 
 feet; Monte SibilU, 7210 feet; and Monte Pennino, 52.50 
 feet. In the N. the territory comprises a part of the- great 
 plain of the Po, and in the S.W. the undulating plain called 
 the Camp.agna di Roni.a, terminating in the I'ontftie Marshes. 
 Genlogi/.—'rhe whole of the N.E. part of the Pontifical 
 States, extending along the shores of the Adriatic, from the 
 the mouths of the Po, S. to liimini. and inward as far as 
 Bologna and Ferrara, consists of low fiat.s, forming a con- 
 tinuation of the diluvial gravels and alluvials which cover 
 the plains of Loml>ardy. These are succeeded by a belt of 
 tertiary strata, chiefly travertine, sandstones, and marls, 
 which line the whole of the Adriatic shore from Rimini, 
 past Anoona, to the mouth of the Tronto. W. of this is a 
 narrower belt belonging to the upper extremity of the se- 
 condary formation. Farther W., and lower in the series, is 
 a large tract almost entirely occupied by the .Tura lime- 
 stone, extending W. from near Ascoli to the Tiber, and then 
 N. to the vicinity of Borgo San Sepolero. in Tuscany. To 
 the W. of this, asmallxone of the tertiary formation, already 
 mentioned, again intervenes, but soon gives place to a very 
 large development of volcanic rocks. These, composed prin- 
 cipally of trachyte, basalt, and tufa, stretch from Aquapen- 
 dente. in the N.. to the S. of Velletri. extending without in- 
 terruption between the Lakes of Bolsena and Uraccino. and 
 W. from the capital to the shore. At other parts of the 
 shore, the sedimentary rocks and deposites. already men- 
 tioned, again appear: — the Jura limestone at the" S. ex- 
 tremity, where it firms the promontory of Pirceo or Cir- 
 cello; the cretaceous rocks at Civita A'ecchia : the travertine 
 and tertiary marls both at Nettuno and the mouth of the 
 Marta N. ; and the diluvial and alluvial deposites on 
 both sides of the mouth of the Tiber, and to a still larger ex- 
 tent in the Pontine Marshes, and along the coast fi-om Net- 
 tuno to Paola. 
 
 JfiTcrs and LaJces. — The .Apennines, forming the great wa- 
 ter-shed of the country, divide its waters nearly in equal 
 portions between the two seas. The Po, which firms nearly 
 the whole of the N. boundary, the Velano. the Po di Primaro, 
 Ijimone, Montone and Ronco united, Mareccbia, Foglia, 
 Metauro. Musone. Chienti. Tronto. and other smaller stream.s, 
 flow into the Adriatic; and the Tiber, the Marta. and tributa- 
 ries of the Garigliano, into the Mediterranean. None of 
 these rivers, except the Po and the Tiber, are of much navi- 
 gable importance. All the lakes of any conseqtience are on 
 the Mediterranean side of the water-shed. The largest are 
 the Perugia or Trasimeno, the Bolsena. and the Bracciano. 
 After these come the Vico. Pi6 de Luco. Albano, and a num- 
 ber of lagoons along the caa.st. The principal marshes are 
 the Comacchio and the Pontine Marshes. 
 
 Climate. — The climate varies greatly in different quarters. 
 In the Ugazioni (legations.) situated on the N. of the Apen- 
 nines, opposite the snow-clad Alps, the winter is severe; 
 while in the S. the climate is very mild, except in the moun- 
 tain districts; and the region of the Campairna of Rome 
 would be a blooming gtirden. but for the fatal effects of the 
 miasma, which f jrces the cultivators of the soil to seek refuge 
 at night in the few scattered towns near its larders. The 
 influence of the sirocco is often severely felt qn the S. coasts, 
 and would be almost insupportable were it not tempered 
 by breezes from the sea and mountaJn.s. The mean tem- 
 perature of the year at Rome is 60°-4; warmest mouth, 76°; 
 coldest month, 45° Fahrenheit. 
 
 Ar/rlciil/ure. itc. — The soil is in generrl possessed of great 
 natural fertility, and when properly cultivated, yields heavy 
 crops of all the ordinary grains: but it is calculated that 
 only one-third of the surface is under cultivation. Much of 
 the country affords excellent pasturage, which is occupied 
 by great herds of buffaloes. Considerable flocks of sheep 
 and many horses are reared; great numbers of hogs roam 
 in the forests of the Apennin(<s. Agriculture is con J acted 
 in a vei-y slovenly manner, and the implements are of the 
 rudest kind. The chief crops are wheat, maize, pul.se, hemp, 
 wine, oil, and tobacco: oat.s. barley, and rye are grown in 
 the a.Ugauiuni (legations;) in theextremeS., sugar, Indifjc^ 
 
PON 
 
 and cotfnn are cultivated to a small extent, and cork-trees 
 are numeious. The vine is much cultivated, but the wines 
 are of inferior quality. Both the olive and mulberry thrive 
 well, particularly the latter, from which are made large 
 quantities of Kilk, some of it of a (juality not surpa.ssed in 
 Durope. liesldes the ordinary fruits, the orauj^e. citron, and 
 pomegranate are common, and the date is occasionally met 
 with. Chestnuts form a considerable article of food. There 
 are in the Pontifical States, mines of iron, lead, sulphur, 
 alum, vitriol, and other volcanic products; but they are 
 nearly all unproductive, except the mines of iron and sul- 
 phur," the last neur Itimini. There are also quarries of mar- 
 ble and alabaster. Salt is made in the lagoons of Ostia, Co- 
 inacchio, and Cervia, to the amount of more than 84,000,000 
 pounds annually. The fisheries are mostly conducted by 
 the inhaliitants of the kingdom of Naples. 
 
 Manufactures.— yimtniactures have made very little pro- 
 gress, and are chiefly confined to a few domestic articles of 
 primary necessity. Among them may be mentioned the 
 Bausases, crape veils, hempen and linen tissues of Bologna ; 
 the silks of Bologna, Home, and Terugia ; woollens and 
 hosiery of the las't two tawns ; artificial flowers, perfumes, 
 leatller, paper, cream of tartar, confectionery, straw and 
 other hats, wax-tapers, beads, crucifixes, false pearls, 
 jewelry, mosaics, &c. 
 
 Omnmerce. — The trade is very much impeded by the want 
 of naviirable streams, canals, and good roads; the latter 
 often being infested with banditti. The Apennines forming 
 a separation between the N. and S., and the transport of 
 goods across them being practicable only in particular 
 places, and on the backs of mules, prevent the free inter- 
 change of commodities; and hence it not unfrequently 
 happens that the same article which forms an export in the 
 N. figures as an import in the S. In additltm to some of 
 the above manufacture!?, the exports are timber, charcoal, 
 potash, oil, silk, alum, sulphur, gall-nuts, tartar, cork, tal- 
 low, bones, rags, anise, almonds, pozzuol.ina, antiquities, 
 and works of art; the imports are colonial produce, cattle, 
 provisions, including salt fish; met;\ls. chiefly iron from 
 Klba, and lead from Great Britain; woollen and cotton lis- 
 Bues, drugs, &c. The total value of exports in lSo2 
 amounted'to $11,475,000, and of the imports to $11,294,000. 
 The total number of arrivals coastwise in 1852 was 1080, 
 (ton?, ti7.0O6; men, 7439:) and from foreign countries, 12.'{1, 
 (tons. 187,728; men, 20,117:) clearances coastwise, 1082 ves- 
 sels, (tons, 66,679; men, 739.3:) for foreign countries, 1210, 
 (tons, 18'5,.313: men, 27,122.) The merchant marine, in 1861, 
 comprised 863 large vesst^ls, with an aggregate burden of 
 28,2U4 tons; and 567 smaller vessels, whose tonnage is not 
 given. 
 
 Grivernment. — The government is of a very peculiar kind, 
 not easily reilucible to any of the generally recognised 
 forms: though, in its leading feature, it is an elective mo- 
 narchy. The sovereign, who bears the name of papa or 
 pope, must he, at the time of his election, a cardinal-priest, 
 and is chosen for life by his fellow-cardinals, who constitute 
 what is called the Sacred College, and must be all priests. 
 The hierarchical principle thus displayed is not confined 
 to the hi^;her offices, but is continued throughout the whole 
 series — the priesthood being an Indispensable qualification 
 for the tenure of any civil office; though, in regard to some, 
 the priestly character seems to be more nominal than real, 
 as individuals regaided as priests while in office, are some- 
 times not truly in orders, and again become laymen when 
 the office expires. The number of cardinals, in imitation 
 of the evangelists sent out by our Saviour, is limited to 
 70. and all vacancies may be filled up by the pope absolutely, 
 without control; though, in practice, the number is seldom 
 complete. When the pope dies, the cardinal-chamberlain 
 occupies his place till the ninth day, when the funeral takes 
 place. On the tenth day, the cardinals meet in secret con- 
 clave, and so continue till a majority of two-thirds are 
 agreed as to a successor. Even then the election is not de- 
 termined, as Austria. France, and Spain have each a veto on 
 one candidate. In the event of their exercising it, the 
 whole process must again be gone over, and full scope is 
 given for all kinds of intrigue. 
 
 The government is administered by boards or congrega- 
 lioni. presided over by a cardinal-secretary of state as prime 
 minister. The principal congregazioni are the Camera 
 Apostolica. or Treasury, presided over by the cardinal- 
 rhaniberlain, the only minister who holds office for life; 
 the Cancelleria or Chancery — president, the cardinal-chan- 
 cellor: the Dataria, for ecclesiastical benefices; the Buon 
 Governo. for municipal police: the Congregazioue do' Monti, 
 for public debt; the Sacra Consulta, for the political and 
 civil admini^trallon of the provinces; the Segnatura, or 
 Court of Seals: and the Sacra Ruota, or Supreme Court of 
 Justice. The comarca of Home Is presided over by a go- 
 vernor, who has very extensive pfjwers, and can inflict 
 capital punishment: the provinces, orlegazioni and <ic/«^'/- 
 titnii. I y legates and delegates, each assisted by a council, 
 consisting of the goTifaloniere of the chief town, and from 
 two to four councillors, nominated by the pope for five 
 years. The delegations are subdivided into districts, (dis- 
 
 PON 
 
 tretti,) headed by governors, who act as judges, without ap> 
 peal, in all civil cases under 300 scudi. and subject to appeaj 
 in minor criminal cases. The appeal is. in the first instauct*, 
 to the Collegiate Court, which is composed of the delegate, 
 two assessors, an ordinary judge, and a member of the 
 Communal Council, and has primary jurisdiction over the 
 whole delegation. 
 
 .\bove the Collegiate Courts are three superior courts ol 
 appeal. One Is the Segnatura, at Rome; another sit» %(■ 
 Bologna; and the third at Macerata. A still higher court 
 of appeal is the Sacra Kuota, the limit of whose jurisdictioc 
 is not very easily defined, as it once extended over the 
 whole Christian world, and is still very extensive in all 
 countries where the pope's authority is generally rec(%'- 
 nised. It is composed of 12 prelates, 6 of whom are ap- 
 pointed by the pope, 2 by Spain, and 1 each by France, 
 Germany, Tuscany, and Milan. The system of law is ex- 
 tremely defective, since it scouts all the modern improve- 
 ments in jurisprudence, and refuses to recognise any codes 
 but the canon law and corpus juris. 
 
 The exact amount of the papal revenue cannot be ascer- 
 tained. A great part of it is ecclesiastical, of which no ac- 
 count if exhibited. The secular revenue in 1854 amounted 
 to $12,512,500, of which $;),897,500 was derived from the 
 customs; the expenditures reached $14,395,0li0, of which 
 $4,995,600 was for interest on pulilic debt; $1,904,500 for the 
 army ; and $1,681,500 for the interior; excess of expenditures 
 over revenue, $1,852,500. The army in 1854 amounted to 
 17,306 men, and 1417 horses; about 4500 men belonged to 
 two regiments of Swiss. A few gun-brigs and smaller craft, 
 and 2 steamers, compri.se the papal navy. 
 
 Iteligian and Eduadimi. — In the Pontifical States there 
 were, in 1845, 9 archbishoprics, 52 bishoprics, 13 abbacies, 
 1824 monasteries, and 612 convents. The secular clergy 
 were estimated at 35,000; monks, 10,000; nuns, 8000. The 
 Koman Catholic religion is here completely dominant; no 
 other is allowed to be professed by any subject of the pope 
 that has been baptized. The non-perlormance of this rite 
 by the .lews is probably one of the reasons why an excep- 
 tion is made in their favor, permitting them to have 8 
 synagogues. Kducation is conducted by universities, col- 
 leges, seminaries, and elementary schools. The seats of the 
 7 universities, are Bologna, (the most ancient and celebr;'.ted 
 in Italy.) Rome, Perugia, Ferrai-a. Cameiino, Urbino, and 
 Macerata, the last 4 founded in 1824; in 1841 these were at- 
 tended in all by 2400 students. No general provision is 
 made for the education of the lower cla.sses, and the in- 
 struction imparted is of a very inferior order. 
 
 PUilical Divisions,' PiypuluUim, cCc — For administrative 
 purposes, the Pontifical States are divided into 1 comarca, 
 7 legazioni. (legations.) and 12 delegazioni. (delegations,) 
 the names of which, with their area and population, are ex- 
 hibited in the following table : — 
 
 LieiTIOMS AMD DEI.BSATIOtl8. 
 
 Area in 
 
 squiire 
 miiea. 
 
 Popula- 
 tioD iu 
 1843. 
 
 Fopula- 
 tiou ID 
 1850. 
 
 
 1,847 
 
 1,404 
 
 1,144 
 
 745 
 
 732 
 
 1,477 
 
 687 
 
 461 
 
 93e 
 
 338 
 
 343 
 
 500 
 
 1,573 
 
 1,228 
 
 556 
 
 1,176 
 
 .128 
 
 784 
 
 406 
 
 57 
 
 810,233 
 
 348,652 
 218,786 
 202,315 
 168,413 
 237,966 
 57,517 
 
 116,114 
 225,615 
 
 38.415 
 104,116 
 
 84,217 
 210,316 
 121,453 
 
 67,018 
 120,676 
 
 26,141 
 141 .9;i0 
 
 24.312 
 
 23,910 
 
 304,266 
 
 367,340 
 229,862 
 •J08,007 
 175,:W8 
 241.612 
 59,356 
 
 172,893 
 
 2?<t.942 
 38,055 
 
 111,751 
 87,619 
 
 2i2,926 
 
 123,765 
 77,212 
 
 129,074 
 26,450 
 
 148,378 
 20,385 
 23,040 
 
 Legations. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Delegations. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IB. Viterbo 
 
 17. Orvieto 
 
 
 
 
 Area of water and roads 
 
 16,721 
 464 
 25 
 
 2 848,115 
 
 3 006.771 
 
 
 
 17,210 
 
 
 History. — The Pontifical States, as containing the nucleus 
 of the last and greatest of the ancient empires which swayed 
 the world, have a history full of interest; but their exist- 
 ence under the very anomalous form which they now pre- 
 sent, dates only from the middle of the eighth century. 
 Long before this period, the Bishop of Rome had acquired 
 vast ecclesiastical influence, and, under the name of pope, 
 claimed to be the supreme visible bead and spiritual guide 
 of Christendom ; but his temporal possessions lay within a 
 very narrow compass, and he often gufl'ered from the visits 
 of foreign aggressors, who treated him with very little cere- 
 mony. The basis of the pope's temporal power was laid by 
 
 1515 
 
PON 
 
 POO 
 
 the mewssive donations of Pepin. Charlemnjme. antl the 
 Emperor Henry III. ; but it was not consolidated till the 
 reign of Julius II., who died in 1513. During this (six- 
 teenth) centurv, the Reformation commenced, and ulti- 
 mately delivered the better half of Europe from spiritual 
 thraldom. The pope thus not only lost some of the richest 
 sources of his rerenue, but was compelled silently to with- 
 draw several of his rao.'it arrogant pretensions; and in re- 
 gard to temporal authority, to descend from his lofty emi- 
 nence as king of kings, to the comparatively humble sta- 
 tion of sovereifrn of the Pontifical States. At the French 
 Revolution of 1790. the popes lost their possession of Avig- 
 non and Venaissin ; and in 1797 their domain was further 
 diminished by the legations ceded to the Cisalpine Republic. 
 In 1808. Napoleon divided the other states between the 
 kingdom of Italy and the French Empire; but in 1S14. all 
 these territories were restored to the pope, except Avignon. 
 In 1847, Pope Pius IX. established a constitutional parlia- 
 ment, consisting of 99 deputies popularly elected ; but by 
 the revolution of 1848, these arrangements were over- 
 turned, and the pope compelled (Novemijer 24) to flee from 
 Rome. He Wius restored a few months later. Uis subjects 
 revolted in 1860, and annexed to the Kingdom of Italy all 
 the papal states except Roma et Comarca, Velletri, Viterbo, 
 Ci^ita Vecchia, and Frosinone. 
 
 PONTINE (pon'tin) MAHSH'ES, (It. PUlurN Bmtine. p3- 
 loo'dee pon-te^nA; Fr. Marais I^mtins, mi'^rA' p(\so^tSx«'; 
 ane. PtrniptifniB PaMdes.) a marshy tract of Italy, in the S. 
 portion of tlie Campagna di Roma, extending along the 
 coasts of the Mediterranean, from Cisterna on the N., to 
 Terracina on the S., a distance of 25 miles. These marshes 
 existed during the time of the Romans, ^^ho, by the con- 
 struction of the Appian Way, and cutting numerous canals 
 through them, had laid a considerable portion dry; but the 
 general neglect of the work during the latter years of the 
 empire, and the subsequent confusion, allowed them to 
 return almost to their original condition. Several of the 
 popes, and particularly Pius VI., from 1777 to 1781, made 
 many efforts to drain them, and partially succeeded ; but 
 lai-ge tracts still remain almost uninhabited. The region is 
 highly fertile, but extremely pestilenti.il. The Appi.in M'ay 
 (h.Apfpia Vila.) made by the ancient Romans, still forms the 
 road from Rome to Naples. 
 
 PONTIROLO, pon-te-roto, (anc. Ptms AurtoUf) a village of 
 Northern Italy, province, and 3 mUes S.E. of Bergamo, on 
 the Adda. Pop. 1361. 
 PONT'ISBRIGHT. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 PONTITA, pon-tee'ta. or PONTIDA, pon-tee'di. a village 
 of Northern Italy, province of Berga'mo, 1 mile W. of Ca- 
 prine. Pop. 19.36. 
 
 PONTIVY, pAso'teeVee'. a town of France, department of 
 Morbihan, on the left bank of the Blavet. 30 miles N.N.W. 
 of A'annes. Pop. 50tX). chietiy employed in manufiicturing 
 Brittany cloths, leather, and iron tools, and in agricultural 
 produce. It was capital of the ancient duchy of Rohan, and 
 for some time bore the name of Napoleonville. 
 PONT-L'ABBfi, pAs" iab'bi',a market-town of France, de- 
 
 ?artment of Finistlre, 10 miles S.S.W. of Quimper. Pop. in 
 852, 3810. 
 
 PONT-LE-ROI, pAno leh Rwd, or PONT-SUR-SEINE, pAso 
 BliR sAn, a town of France, department of Aube, 4 miles 
 E.N.E. of Nogent-sur-Seine, on the railway to Troyes. 
 Pop. 890. 
 
 PONT-L'ETEQUE, p^N" lAVfk', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Calvados, 25 miles E.N.E. of Caen. Pop. in 1862, 
 2005. 
 
 PONTLEVOY. pAs«M?h-vwa', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of I.oir-et-Cher, 13 miles S.S.W. of Blois. Pop. 1170. 
 
 PONTLIEUE, pA.N«Me-uh'. a village of France, department 
 of Sarthe, 2 miles S. of Mans, on the Huisne. Pop. in 1852, 
 8443. 
 
 PONTOGLTO, pon-tAl'yo, or PONTE AT>L' OGLIO, pon't-l 
 ill 61'yo, a village of Northern Italy, province of Brescia, and 
 4 miles N.W. of Chiarl. on the Oglio. Pop. 1468. 
 
 PONTOISE, pAxoHwAz', a town of France, capital of an 
 arrondissement, department of Seine-et-Oise. and 19 miles 
 N.W. of Paris, on the right bank of theOise. near the North- 
 em Railway. Pop. in 1852, 5637. It has manufactures of 
 chemical products. Many of the kings of France resided 
 here. It was taken by the English in 1419 and in 1437. 
 
 PONTON. Great, a parish oif England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 PONTOX. Little, a parish of Enclaiid.' co. of Lincoln. 
 
 PONTOO'SfCK. a thriving manufacturing village of Berk- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, on the West Branch of the Ilous-a- 
 tonic River, about 115 miles W. by S. of Boston. The nia- 
 Bu&ctnres are prineipallv wofillen cloths. 
 
 PONTOOSUCK. a thriving post-villase of Hancock CO.. Hli- 
 nois, on the Mississippi River, 215 miles above St. Louis. 
 The adjacent country is verv productive, and Improving 
 rapidly. Population of township, 1532. 
 
 PONTOTOC, a county in the X.E. part of Mississippi, has 
 an area of about 950 square miles. It is watered by tlie Tal- 
 lahatchee and Ixxisascoona Risers, and by Old Town Creek 
 which ri.se near the lorders of the countv. The sur&ce is 
 gently ondulstlng; the soU is fertile. "ThU county was 
 1516 
 
 once a part of the Chickasaw territory, and was settled by 
 white people about 18S6. Capital. Poutotoc. Pop. 22,113, 
 of whom 14.517 were free, and 7506 slaves. 
 
 PONTOTOC, a post-villagB. capital of Pontotoc co.. Missis- 
 sippi, 175 miles N. by E. of Jackson. It has a United States 
 land-office, and several stores. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 PONTOTOC, a post-ofilce of Fulton co.. Kentucky. 
 PONTREMOLl. pon-tr6m'ole, a town of Tuscany^ province 
 of Florence, at the S. declivity of the Apennines, 23 miles 
 N.W. of Carrara. Pop. 4000. "it is divided into an upper 
 and lower town : the former is enclosed by massive fortiti(»- 
 tions. and defended by an old castle ; the latter is modern, 
 and adorned with many handsome mansions. It has a 
 cathedral, and considerable industry in weaving silks and 
 linens. 
 
 PONT-SAINT-ESPRIT. pAso s^Nt f s^pree'. a town of France, 
 department of Gard, 20 miles N.N.E. of Vzha. on the rijrht 
 bank of the Rhone, here crossed by a bridge of 24 arches, 
 built in the thirteenth century. Pop. in 1852, 5538. It has 
 a cit.adel. built bv Louis XIII.. and an active commerce. 
 
 PONT-SAINT-MAXENCE. p^N" sAst mAx'ftNss', a town of 
 France, department of Oise, 7 miles N. of Seulis, on the Oise, 
 Pop. in 1852. 2444. 
 
 PONT-SAINT- VINCENT, pAN" sAst Av^sbn"'. a market- 
 town of France, department of .Meurthe, 7 miles S.W. of 
 Nancv, on the Meuse. Pop. 862. 
 
 PONT-SCROFF, pAj;a skroff. a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Slorbihan, 6 miles N.N.W. of Ix)rient, on the 
 right bank of the Scroff. Pop. 1590. 
 
 PONTS-DE-Cfe. pf>yo deh sk, a small town of France, de- 
 partment of Maine-et-Loire, 3 miles S.S.E. of Angers. Pop. 
 in 1852. .3839. 
 
 PONT-SUR-YONNE, pAs« sUr yonn', a town of France, 
 department of Yonne, 6 miles N.N.W. of Sens, on the left 
 t>ank of the Yonne, and on the Paris and Lyons Railway, 
 Pop. in 1862. 2076. 
 PONTUS EUXINUS. See TilACK Sea. 
 PONT-V ALAIN, p<\N« vAMSn"', a market-town of France, 
 department of Sarthe. 12 miles E.N.E. of Ij» Fleche. Pop. 
 in 1852. 2030. Under its wails the English were defeated by 
 Duguesclin. in 1369. 
 
 PONTYPOOL. a marketrtown of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth, 8 miles N.N.W. of Newport, with which it is con- 
 nected by railway. Pop. in 1861.3708. employed in larga 
 coal and iron works. It is picturesquely situated, but in-e- 
 gularly built. 
 
 PONZA, pon'zi, (anc. Fhnftui.) the chief of a group of 
 small islands (anc. Ms^Ha PrmHif^) in the Mediterranean Sea. 
 in Naples, province of Terra di I^ivoro. 29 miles S.W. of Terra- 
 cina. I,at. 40° 53' N.. Ion. 12° 57' 6" E. I>;ngth, from N. to 
 S.. 4 mile?, trr about three-fourths of a mile in lii-eadtb. It 
 has a commodious and well-defended harbor, and governor's 
 house. Under the Romans, it was used as a place of banish- 
 ment for state criminals. Pop. 1500. The other islands are 
 uninhabited. 
 
 PONZAFLORES. pon-sA-flo'rJs, a town and parish of Por- 
 tugal, province of Beira-Baixa, nearThomar. Pop. 12.38. 
 
 PON ZONE. pon-zo'nA. a town of the Sardinian States. 9 
 miles S. by E. of Acqui. Pop. 3177. 
 
 POOCHING-HIEN or POUCHING-IIIEN, pooVhing^he- 
 ?n', a town of China, province of Fo-kien. on a tributary of 
 tlie Min. It is suiTonnded by walls and ramparts appar 
 rently of a verv ancient date, and ty extensive suburbs. 
 Pop. above lO.OOiO. 
 
 POO-CIIOO, POU-TCIIOU, or PU-CIIU. poo-choo'. a city 
 of China, province of Shan-see. c.ipital of a department, on 
 an affluent of the Hoang-ho. Kit. 34° 54' N.. Ion. 110° 5' B. 
 POODOSII. POUDOSII. PUDOSII. poo-dosh'. POOBOGA, 
 POUDOGA. or PUDOGA, poo-do/gA. a town of Russia, govorn- 
 ernment of Olonets, 65 miles E. of Petrozavodsk. Pop. 1600. 
 POO^L.tJEiy. a town of Beloochistan. province of Cutch- 
 Gundava. on the route between the Indus and the Bolan 
 Pass. J.at. 29° 3' N., Ion. 68° 30' E. 
 
 POOLE, p<x)l,a parliament.aiyand municipal borough, sea- 
 port town, andpiirish of England, and a county of itself, in the 
 county of Dorset, on a peninsula at the N. side of Poole Harbor, 
 6| miles S. of Wimborne, and with a station on the Ixmdon 
 and South-west Railway, 18 miles E. of Dorchester. Fop. of 
 the town and county in 1861. 6718. Pop. of the parli.imentary 
 Ijorough, 9265. The principal buildings are the church, a 
 modern structure, a chapel of ease, and some dissenting 
 chapels, the guild-hall with the jail, the exchange, custom- 
 house, public library, and union work-house. The town- 
 peninsula is mostly l)ordered by spacious quays, close to 
 which vessels drawing 14 feet water can anchor. The port 
 has an extensive and increasing commerce with the British 
 American colonies, a coasting trade, and exports of corn to 
 London, and of about 12O,0tX) tons of Purbeck clay to the 
 Staffordshire potteries. In 1851. the coasters which entered 
 were 687. of 46.938 tons: and cleared. 1772. of 82.898 fonik 
 In the colonial and foreisrn trade, the vessels entered went 
 1(4. of 10,930 tons; and cleared. 102. of 11.947 tons. ReRle- 
 tered shipping of the port jn 1847. 13 715 tons. ?ocId i» 
 turns 2 meml^rs to the House of Commous. 
 
POO 
 
 POP 
 
 POOTiE-E'WE, pool-u, a quoad sacra parish of Scotland, in 
 Ross-shire. 
 
 POULIO HARBOR, an inlet in the Krglish Channel, 6 
 miles in lenjrth, 4 miles in its greatest breadth, and having 
 S. the Isle of Purbeck. At its entrance, one-fourth of a mile 
 across, is a shifting sandbar, with only 15 feet water at hiiih- 
 tide; near this are some extensive beds of oysters. The tide 
 here ebbs and flows twice in the 12 hours, owing to geogra- 
 phical peculiarities in the position of the harlxjr. 
 
 POOLK ISLAND, Chesapeake Bay, 17i miles E. by X. of 
 Baltimore. On it is a light-house, exhibiting a fixed light. 
 POOLK-KEYNES, pool-kAnz, a parish of England, co. of 
 M'ilts. 
 
 POOLESYILLE, poolz'vil, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO , ^Maryland, 65 miles AV.N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 POOrACE, pool'kA. a ruined town of Afghanistan, province 
 of Seistan, on the Ilelmund, in lat. 3u° 45' _X., Ion. 62° 20' 
 E. Its remains cover an area of 16 square miles. 
 
 rOOLO, rOULO, or PULO, pooto, a woi-d signifying 
 " island.'' prefixed to the names of many Malay i.slands; aa, 
 PooLO LoNTAR, &c. For those not uudermeutioued, see 
 additional name. 
 
 I'OOLO AY or POOLO WAY, one of the Panda Islands. 
 POOLO BAMAK, poo'lo ll-ne-dk', an island off the S.W. 
 coast of Sumatra, in lat. 2° :50' N., Inn. 96° 50' E. 
 
 POOLO HRA.'^SE, poo/lo brSss. an island off the N."W. ex- 
 tremity of Sumatra, 22 miles W.N.W. of Acbeen. 
 POOLO CAMBING. See Goat Island. 
 I'OOLO CANTOX, poo'lo kanHon'. an island in the China 
 Sea. off the coast of Anam, in lat. 15° 20' N., Ion. 109° E. 
 
 POOLO CIKCER DE MER, poo'lo se-a'saiii/ dfh maiR, an 
 island in the China Sea, 60 miles S. of Cape Padaran, Cochin 
 China. 
 
 POOLO CONDOR, pooAo konMoR/, a cluster of i.slands in 
 the China Sea, 120 miles E. of I'oint Cambodia, the prin- 
 cipal island, 12 miles in length, having a village and good 
 anchorage. 
 
 POOLO D.AMMER, poo'lo djm'mer, an island otT the S. ex- 
 tremity of Gilolo. Circumference, about 30 miles. 
 
 POOLO DATTOO, poo'lo Ah>iool. an island off the W. coast 
 of Borneo, in lat, 0°-7' N., Ion. 108° .37' E. 
 
 POOLO LABUAN, poolo Id-boo-dn', an island off the N.W. 
 coast of Borneo, 50 miles N. of Borneo, and lately taken pos- 
 session of by tile English. 
 
 POOLO LANCAVI. poo/lo Un-kd'yee, an island off the W. 
 coast of the Malay Peninsula, at the mouth of the river 
 Queda. Pop. 3000. 
 
 POOLO LAUT, poolo lawt, on island off the S.E. extremity 
 of the island of Borneo. Length, 50 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 S5 miles. 
 
 POOLO LAUT, LITTLE, a group, 55 miles S.W. of the 
 above island. 
 
 POOLO LONTAR, poo^o Ion-tan', an island of the Indian 
 Ocean, off the S.W. coast of Lower Siam, in lat. 7° 45' N., Ion. 
 99° E. 
 
 POOLO NAN'CY, an island off the W. coast of Sumatra, 
 W. of Acheen. 
 
 POOLO OBY, ofhae, (or UBI. ooOjee.) an island in the 
 China Sea. 20 miles S. of Point Cambodia. 
 POOLO PINANG. See PErfANO. 
 
 POO'LOKOON', and POO'LOWAY', two of the Banda 
 Islands, Malay Archipelago, W. of Banda. 
 
 POOL'S MILLS, a post-office of Jones co., Mississippi. 
 POOL, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 POOLS'VILLE, a pOst-village of Spartanburg district. 
 South Carolina. 
 POOLSVILLE:, a small village of Lincoln co., Georgia. 
 POOLSA'ILLE, a post-village of Warren co.. Indiana. 
 POOLYASH BAY, Isle of Man. See Baivash. 
 POOL'VILLE. a postrvillage of Madison co.. New York, 
 about 95 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It has several factories. 
 POO'NAII, a district of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay. Area, 8281 square miles. Pop. 558,313. 
 
 POONAII. a city of British India, capital of the above dis- 
 trict, on a tributary of the Beem.ah, 75 miles S.E. of Bombay. 
 Pop. from 80,000 to 90,000, but its garrison comprises about 
 15,000 more. It stands about 2.000 feet above the sea, is an 
 agreeable place, and rising in importance; the streets are 
 clean and uniform, and the roads in its vicinity much im- 
 proved. The Peishwa's palace, environed by a large unfi- 
 nished fort, was mostly destroyed by fire in 1827 ; but a part 
 remains, and now serves for a prison. Here are also other 
 native palaces, a Hindoo college, the church, a good library, 
 military baz.aar, civil hospital, barracks, arsenal, and the 
 various government offices. The cantonments, where 127 
 infantry regiments are generally quartered, are on an ele- 
 vated site to the W. E. of the city is a cave-temple of Seeva. 
 POONUKKA, POUNUKKA, PUNUKKA, po^ntik'ki 
 written also POONAKA, a town, and the second capital of 
 Bootan, North Ilindostan, in the great chain of the Hima- 
 layas, 17 miles N.E; of Tassisudon. It is a miserable place ; 
 the winter residence of the Deb-Rajah is its only buUding 
 of consequence. Lat. 27° 58' N., Ion. 89° 54' E. 
 
 POOPO, po-o/po or PO'PO. a village of Bolivia, department, 
 and 106 mUes S. by E. of La Paz. Pop. 1000. 
 
 POOR, POUR, or PUR, poor, a river of Siberia, rises in the 
 N. of the government of Yakootsk, flows E.N Ji., and after 
 a course of about 130 miles joins the Olenek at the town of 
 Maksimova. 
 
 POOR, POUR, or PUR, a river of Siberia, ri.ses in the go- 
 vernment of Tobolsk, about lat. 64° N., flows N. by E., and 
 after a course of above 200 miles, falls into the S.Sv. extre- 
 mity of the Bay of Tazovsk. 
 
 POOR.\, poo/rd. a town of West Beloochistan, in the desert, 
 110 miles E.N.E. of Bunpoor. Pop. 2000. 
 
 POORALLY, poo-rdllee, (anc. Ar'ahii,) a river of Beloo- 
 chistan, province of Loos, enters Sonmeanee Baj-, Indian 
 Ocean, 50 miles N.E. of Kurracliee. after a S. course of about 
 lot) miles. The towns Bela and Lyaree are on its banks. 
 
 POORATEEN, POURATIN, or PURATIN, poo-ii-teeri/, a 
 town of Russi.a, government, and 103 miles N.W. of Poltava, 
 capital of a district, with 1600 inh.abitants. 
 
 POOUBUNDER, poor-btin'der, a maritime town of Ilin- 
 dostan, Baroda dominions, on the S.W. coa.st of the Guzerot 
 Peninsula. Ijit. 21° 39' N., Ion. 69° 48' E. It is large and 
 populous, and is the comraerci.il emporium of the Guzerat 
 Peninsula. 
 
 POOltEE, a town of British India. See Jdoger.n'aut. 
 
 POOR FORK, a post-office of Harlaij co., Kentucky. 
 
 POOR IIILL. a post-office of Sullivan co., Tenne.s.see. 
 
 POOR'STOCK. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 POOlfrON. NORTH, a parish pf England, co. of Dorset, 
 
 POORTVLIET, poRt'fleet/, a village of Holland, province 
 of Zealand, 4 miles W.N.W. of Th(jlen. Pop. 1113. 
 
 POORUNDER, poor-tin'der, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay. 20 miles S.S.E. of Poonah. 
 
 POOR'UNPOOR/, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, Upper Provinces, 48 miles E.N.E. of Bareily. 
 
 POOSIIKUR, poosh'kQr', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district, and 4 miles W. 
 of Ajmeer. It U a celebrated place of Hindoo pilgrimage. 
 
 PO0ST-(P0UST-or PUST-)OZEKSK. poost-o-zalRsk', (Sa- 
 moyede, I'onf?'))7«,yon-go'ree,)the northernmost town of the 
 Samoied country, in European Russia, government of 
 Archangel, on the Petchora, near its month in the Northern 
 Ocean. Pop. 600, who live chiefly by hunting .and fishing. 
 • POOTE, L.A, Id p6f , a market-town of France, department, 
 and 24 miles E.N.E. of Mayenne. Pop. 3352. 
 
 POOTIVL, POUTIYL, or PUTIVL, poo-teev"l/, written 
 also PUTYYL and PUTIWL, a town of Russia, government, 
 and 100 miles W.S.W. of Koorsk, capital of a district, on the 
 Sem. Pop. 9000. It is well built, and though mostly of 
 wood, it has some good public edifices, nearly 20 churches, 2 
 extensive charitable institutions, vitriol Mctories, brick- 
 kilns, and a brisk trade in the rural produce of the vicinity. 
 
 POOTO, POUTO, PUTO, poo'to, or POO-TEON-SHAN, a 
 small, rocky island off the E. extremity of Chusan, coast of 
 China. L;it. 30° 25' N., Ion. 122° 40' E. It has numerous 
 temples, and monasteries of Boodhist priests, many very 
 richly ornamented, and good causeways are carried over all 
 parts of its surface. 
 
 POP.A^, po'pa. an island of the Malay Archipelago, 100 
 miles S.E. of Gilolo, 50 miles in circumference. Lat. 1° 12' 
 S., Ion. 129° 52' E. 
 
 POPACTON or PEPACTON RIVER, a branch of the De- 
 laware, rises among the Cattskill Mountains, in Delaware 
 county. New York, and flowing in a W.S.W. direction for 
 alx)ut 60 miles, unites with the Coquago, the larger branch, 
 at the village of Hancock or Chehocton, on the boundary be- 
 tween New York and Pennsylvania. It is a beautiful and 
 rapid stream, and furnishes valuable motive-power. The 
 New York and Erie Railroad crosses this river near its junc- 
 tion with the Coquago. 
 
 POPAYAN. po-pd-yin', a city of South .\merica, in New 
 Granada, capital of the department of Cauca, in a fertile 
 plain, near the Cauca River, and 6000 feet above the ocean. 
 I^t. 2° 28' 38" N., Ion. 76° 36' W. Pop. 20,000. It is regu- 
 larly laid out and well built, has a cathedral, numerous 
 public edifices, (formerly conventual.) a mint, and two bridges 
 across an atfluent of the Cauca. Its inhabitants are mostly 
 mulattoes and negroes. It had formerly a large trade in 
 the precious metals, but its commerce is now principally in 
 rural produce. A great commercial road, nearly 1003 milea 
 in length, extends S. from Popayan p.ast Quito to Trujiilo, in 
 Peru. Popayan was founded in 1537, being the first city built 
 by Europeans in this region of America. In 1834 it was 
 nearly destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 POPE, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area of 
 370 square miles. The Ohio River, which separates it from 
 Kentucky, forms the S.E. boundary. The county is also 
 drained by Lusk and Big Bay Creeks. The surface is roll- 
 ing; the soil in .some parts is fertile. The county contains 
 a number of mineral springs, arid abundance of iron and 
 lead. Valuable quarries of sandstone are found near the 
 Ohio River. Named in honor of Nathaniel Pope, a delegate 
 to the United States Congress when Illinois was admitted as 
 a sovereign state. Capital. Golconda. Pop. 6742. 
 
 POPE CREEK, a post-oifice of Mercer co., Illinois. 
 
 POPEDOM. Italy. See Poxtifical States. 
 
 POPEBINGHE, po^pSa'^-V, or POPEKINGEN, pop'gr- 
 
 1517 
 
POP 
 
 ring'njn, a town of Belgium, province ofWest Flanders, on 
 a canal, near the French frontier, 6 miles W.S.W. of Ypres. 
 Pop.lO/fll. The principal edifice is a handsome town-hall. 
 It has inaufactui-es of lace, linens, and woollen cloths. 
 
 POPES CORNERS, a postK)ffice of Saratoga co., New 
 York. 
 
 POPE'S MILLS, a post-office of St. Lawrence CO., New 
 York. 
 
 POP'HAM. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 POPILII FORUM. See Forumpopou. 
 
 POP'LAR, a suburban parish of the metropolis of Eng- 
 Lind, CO. of Middlesex, with a station on the London and 
 Blickwall Railway, 4 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London. 
 Pop. in 1S52. 2S.3S4. It eomprL«es the East and West India 
 docks, has numerous places of worship, schools and charities, 
 almshouses for the widows of servants of the East India 
 Company, and yards for ship-building. 
 
 POP'LAll, a post-village of Orangeburg district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 POPL.\R, a post-ofiice of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 POPLAR BLCFF, a small post-vilLage of Butler co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 POPLAR BRANCH, a post-office of Currituck co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 POPL.A.R CORNER, a post-office of Madison co., Tennessee. 
 
 POPLAR CR EEK. of Tennes.see, rises in Anderson county, 
 and enters Oinch River in Roane county. 
 
 POPL.iR CIJEEK, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 POPLAR FLAT, a small post-village of Lewis co.. Ken 
 tnckv. 
 
 PO"PLAR GROTE, a post-village of Iredell co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 POPLAR GROVE, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee, 
 144 miles W. of Nashville. 
 
 POPLAR GROVE, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky. 
 
 POPLAR GROVE, a post-office of Boone co.. Illinois. 
 
 POPLAR HILL, a post-office of Giles CO., A'irginia. 
 
 POPLAR HILL, a post-office of Casey co.. Kentucky. 
 
 POPLAR HILL, a po.st-office of Vigo co., Indiajia. 
 
 POPLAR MARSHES, England. See DOGS. IsLE OF. 
 
 POPLAR MOUNT, a post-office of Greenville co., Virginia 
 
 POPLAR NECK, a post office of Nelson co.. Kentucky. 
 
 POPLAR PLAINS, a post-viUage of Fleming co., Ken- 
 tucky, SO miles E. of Fninkfort. Pop. about 300. 
 
 POPLAR POINT, on the AV. side of Narragansett Bay, 
 about "i miles N.W. of Newport. Rhode Island. 
 
 POPLAR RIDGE, or SMITH'S CORNERS, a post-village 
 of Cayuga co.. New York. 15 miles S. by W. of Auburn. 
 
 POPLAR RIDGE, a post-office of Maury CO., Tennessee. 
 
 POPLAR UIDGE. a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 POPLAR SPUING, a post-village of Fairfield distri-t, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 P0PL.1R SPRINGS, a post-office of Henderson co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 POPLAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Howard co.. :»Iarvland. 
 
 POPLAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia. 
 
 POPLAR SPRINGS, a post office of Pontotoc co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 POP'LARTOWN, a thriving village of Worcester co^ Mary- 
 land, alx)ut 12 miles N.E. of Snow Hill. 
 
 POP'LIN. a poist-townsliip of Rockingham co., New Hamp- 
 thire, .3.3 miles S.S.E. of Concord. 
 
 POPO, a village of Bolivia. See PooPO. 
 
 POPO. po'po, a district of Guinea, nominally included in 
 the territory of Dahomey, with two coast towns or villages. 
 Great and Little Popo. 
 
 POPOCATEPETL, po-po-k3-tA p5tl', (Mexican "smoking 
 mountain.") an active volcano of the Mexican Confederation, 
 state, and 35 miles S.W. of La Puebla, It is a truncated cone, 
 rising Vi 17.720 feet aliove the sea, with a crater 3 miles in 
 circumference, and 1000 feet deep. Tlie principal constitu- 
 ent is porphyritic ob.sidian. Forests cover its base, but at 
 12,693_ feet in height vegetation ceases, and beyond this its 
 slope is a desertof volcanic sand and pumice, mostly covered 
 with snow. 
 
 POPO, GREAT, a town of Guinea, situated between the 
 sea and a biickwater or inlet, 15 miles W. of Whydah. Lat. 
 6°16' N., Ion. 1° 54' E. Pop. 5000, including many Spaniards 
 and Portuguese. It has some manufactures of cotton 
 goods and earthenwares, but is chiefly noted for its traffic in 
 slaves. 
 
 POPO ISLES, Jliil.ay Archipelago, are between Gilolo and 
 Papua, lat. 1° 15' S.. Ion. 12tP 45' E. The largest island. Popo, 
 IS .10 miles in circumference, and produces sago, coooanuts, 
 and salt. ' 
 
 POl'OLI, pop'o-le. a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Lltra II., district, and 8 miles N.N.W. of Sulmona, on the 
 Pesctint. with two hand.some churches. Pop. 3200 
 
 POPPELAU, p()p'pyh-lCw\ a village of Prussian 
 "n n^ ■ "^ "^M*'"' o" the Prinitz.1. Pop. 22(35. 
 
 1 OPI KLSpORF pop'pfls-doRC. a village of Rheni.sh Prus- 
 sia, 1 mile S.W.of Bonn, and h.aving the botanic garden, 
 museum, and laloratory of its university, with porcelain 
 and i-arpet factories. Pop.llSO. 
 
 POPPivNHAUSEN, pop'pjn-hOw'zfn, a village of Bavaria, 
 
 Silesia, 14 
 
 POR 
 
 circle of Lower Franconia, 6 miles "S.W. of Schweinfiirt. 
 Pop. 1179. 
 
 POPPENLAUER, pop'pfn-lowVr, a village of Bavaria, on 
 an affluent of the Saale, 4 miles E.S.E. of MUnuerstadt. 
 Pop. 1219. 
 
 POPPI, pop'pee, a town of Tuscany, province, and 26 mile* 
 E. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 5654. It has a hand- 
 some palace, formerly of the Guidi family, a celebrated 
 abl>ey, Augustine convent, 3 churches, a hospital, public 
 library, and theatre, with manv handsome private houses. 
 
 POP'PLETON. NETHER, a parish of England. Co.. and 4 
 miles N.N.W. of York, with a station on (he East and West 
 Y^ork Railway. 
 
 POPRAD, po'prJd', a river of North Hungary, co. of Zipa, 
 an affluent of the Dunajec. Length. 35 miles. 
 
 POPRAD. a town of Hungary. See DECTSCnENi)ORF. 
 
 POQUAN'OC (or POQUON'NOC) BRIDGE, a post-office ot 
 New London co.. Connecticut. 
 
 POQUETAN'OC. a post-village of New London co., Con- 
 necticut, on Long Island,Sound, at the mouth of the Thames 
 River. 
 
 POQUONNOC, a village of Connecticut, See Peqcaxsock. 
 
 PORA, po'ra, two islands of the Malay .^rchijielago. off the 
 W. coast of Sumatra, between lat. 1° and 2° 30' S., and Ion, 
 9S° 30' and 100° E. The southernmost, or Se Por.i. is 40 
 miles in length, by 15 miles in greatest breadth; and North 
 Pora or Se lieroo. 60 miles in length, bv 30 miles across. 
 
 PORAMUSCHIR, Kocrile Ishmds. See Pabamoosheer. 
 
 PORCA, poR'kd a maritime town of South India, on the 
 Malabar coast, 70 miles N.W. of Trivandrum. Lat. 8° 16' 
 N., Ion. 76° 24' E. It is populous, and inhabited by many 
 Mohammedan, Hindoo, and Christian merchants. Here the 
 Dutch had formerly a factory. 
 
 PORCAltl, poR-kd'ree, a village and parish of Tuscany, 
 duchy of Lucca, near the Lago di Sesto, on an isolated hill, 
 above the Leccio. Pop. 2651. 
 
 POHCE, poR'sA, a river of New Granada, rises in the An- 
 des, flows N.N.W., and joins the Nechi 30 mile^s E.SX. of 
 Caceres. Total course, about 130 miles. 
 
 PORCHE.<TER. a village of Engknd. . See Portchester. 
 
 PORCIIOV. a town of Russia. See Poryhov. 
 
 POR'CO, a mountain knot of the Bolivian Andes, in lat. 
 19° 45' S.. Ion. C6° 30' W. Height. 16,000 feet. From this 
 mountain the Incas derived a large afnount of silver, and 
 here was the first mine wrought by the Spaniards after the 
 conque.«t of Peru. Near it is the town of I'orcp, capital 
 of a province of its own name, department of Potosi. 20 miles 
 S.W. of Potosi. 
 
 PORCOS, ILn.\. BOS, eel'yJ doce poR^koce, a group ct 
 i.slets of Brazil, off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, in the B.iy 
 of Flamengos, 16 miles N.E. of the island of Sao Sebastiao. 
 
 PORCUNA, poR-koo'nl, (anc. O^.ntlco.) a town of Spain, 
 province, and 21 miles W.N.W. of Jacn. Pop. 5272. It has 
 a palace belonging to the Order of Calatrava, and manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloth, serges, and sfi.ip. 
 
 POR'CUPINE RlVER.of Nebraska Territory, falls into the 
 Missouri River near 48° N. lat.. and 104° 50' "W. Ion. 
 
 PORDENONE. poR-d.\-no'u.A, a town of Austrian Italy, 28 
 miles W.S.W. of Udine, Pop. 5000. It has an jictive trade 
 in wine and corn. 
 
 P0I!D1C. poRMeek', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cotes-du-Nord, 5 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 
 1S52, 4080. 
 
 PORE, po'ri, a town of South America, in New Granada, 
 department of Boyaca, on an affluent of the Meta, 114 miles 
 N.l:;. of Bogota. 
 
 PORENTRUY, po'r5x«'trwee', or PORRENTRUI, (Ger. 
 Brunlrut. broon'troot,) a town of Switzerland, canton, and 
 uS miles N.W. of Bern, near the French frontier. Bop. 2500. 
 In 1703-4 it was capital of the French department of Mont 
 Terrible, and was afterwards comprised in the department 
 of H.iut-Rhin. 
 
 PORETCIIIE, po-rltch'yi, written also POKIETCHE and 
 PORETSCHI E. a town of Russia, government, and 40 miles 
 N.N.W. of Smolensk. Pop. 2000. 
 
 POR ETT.\. near Q vita Veechia. See Bagsi Delia Poretta. 
 
 PORETTA, po-r^t'ta, a village ol North Italy, State of 
 .a;niilia, .30 miles S.W. of Bologna. Pop. 2500. 1 1 Las well 
 frequented sulphur baths. 
 
 PORETZK. po-r?tsk^ a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Volhynia, 15 miles S.E. of Vladimeer. Pop. 
 1550. 
 
 PO'RINGLAND, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 PORINGLAND, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 PORKA. poR/ki an Island of Russia, in Lake Peipus. 
 well-wooded, and having several villages. 
 
 PORKHOV, PORCHOV or PORKHOW, poR'Kov', a town 
 of Russix government, and 43 miles E.S.E. of Pskov, on the 
 Shelcn. a tribut.ary of Lake Ilmen. P. 3040. It has a castle. 
 
 PORLEZZA. poR-l5tAs|, a market-town of Northern Italy, 
 16 miles N. of Como, at the N. extremity of Lake Logaao 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 POR'LOCK, a market-town and parish of England, co. oi 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 Pomerspt, on the British Channel, 5i miles W. of >Iinehead. 
 l>op. 854. The town has a harbor, and some imports of coal 
 and lime. 
 
 lIMtN'ASSIO. pon-nds'se-o, a Tillafre of the Sardinian 
 Statos, division of Xice, province, and about 12 miles N.N.W. 
 ofOnesUa. I'op. 1152. 
 
 POli.MC, ponSieek', a small maritime town of France, de- 
 partment of Ijoire-liif6iieure, on the Bay of Bourfriienf. 26 
 miles W.S.W. of Nantes. Pop. 1324. It is frequented for 
 its rlialvbeate sprinirs and for sea-bathing. 
 
 I'O'RO or P;)(yi-0 SKPOIiA. ?:\-pn'r4. ('-island of frood for- 
 tune,") an island of tlie Malay .Archipelago, off the S.W. coast 
 of Sumatra. X.W. of the I'ogj^y Islands. It is about 40 miles 
 in length from X.W. to S.E., by 15 miles in average breadth, 
 and densflv wooded. 
 
 POKDMUSCHIR, one of the Koorile Islands. See P.\ra- 
 
 MOOSHEER. 
 
 P0U09. po'ros, Cane. Sphrefria.) a small island of Greece, at 
 the \V. entrance of the gnlf and 7 miles S. of the i.sland of 
 -Bgina. Its chief town, Poros. is celebrated as the scene of 
 conferences which settled the new Greek monarchy in 
 1828. 
 
 POR'POTSE C.4PE, Maine. See Cape PonpnrsE. 
 
 POKQUKROLfiES, poR'kehroll'. one of the Ilyferes Islands 
 In France, department of Var, in the Mediterranean. Length, 
 I) miles. 
 
 Pi) K RENT RUT, a town of Switzerland. See Porentruv. 
 
 PORREK.V. poR-R.Vi-i. a maket-town of Spain, province, 
 and 23 miles W.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1321. 
 
 POUR El! .\S. a town of Majorca. 21 miles E.S.E. of Palmas. 
 
 PORRUDOS, poR-Roo'doce. or RIO DE SSO LOtJRENgO. 
 ree'o dd snwjfa 10-r4n'so. a river of Brazil, rises in the E. part 
 of the province of Matto Grosso. flows S.W., and joins the 
 Paraguay on the left, in lat. 17° 20' S. ; largest tributary, the 
 Cuyaba. Previou.s to this junction, its channel is much ob- 
 structed by cataracts: but below to its mouth, including a 
 length of 1.50 miles, it is free from falls or violent rapids, 
 and is navigable by country boats, which efnploy eight days 
 in the ascent. 
 
 PORSGRUND. poRs'groont, a town of Norway, stift. and 
 91 miles N.E. of Chris^ian.s;lnd, on an inlet of the Sk.ager- 
 rack. Pop. 17.50. 
 
 P0RT.VCIIITEI.0 DE TUCTO, poR-td-choo-Alo (^^ took'to, 
 one of tlie loftiest passes over the Andes, North Peru, be- 
 tween Tarma and Lima, and 15.700 feet in elevation. 
 
 PORTACOMARO, poR-tS-ko-md'ro, a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, division of Alessandria, province, and 4 miles 
 N.E. ofAsti. Pop. Itr4. 
 
 PORT ADELAIDE. Oid'e-lAd.) a town of South Australia, 
 6 or 6 miles from .\delaide, with whii-h it is connected by 
 an excellent macademized road. Lat. 34° 48' S., ion. 138° 28' 
 E. It is situated on the E. bank of a large creek, whic.'i 
 affords only a bad harbor, and is not considered .safe to load 
 ve.s.sels deeper than 15 or 10 feet. The imports for 1848 
 amounted to 310,1.37^., and the exports to 40o,K78i. Laid 
 out in 1837. Pop. between 8000 and 10.000. 
 
 PORTABOWN', amai-ket-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co., 
 and 10 miles E.N.E. of .•Vrmagh, on the Bann, and on the 
 Ulster Railway. Pop. in 1851, .3091. In its vicinity are 
 many handsome villas and substantial farm-houses. It has 
 manufactures of linen and cotton goods, a large distillery, 
 and a brisk trade in corn. 
 
 POR'T.VFER'RY, a seaport and market town of Ireland, 
 ih Ulster, co. of Down, near the entrance of Lough Strang- 
 ford. 7^ miles E.N.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. in 1851. 2074. 
 
 p6RT'.\GE. a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, contains 
 480 square miles. It is drained by Cuyahoga and Mahoning 
 Hirers. The surface is nearly level. The soil is fertile and 
 well cultivated. The county is intersected by the Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg R.ailroad, and by the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 Canal. Settled- by natives of Mas.sachusetts and Connecti- 
 cut about the year 1799. Capibil, Ravenna. Pop. 24,208. 
 
 PORTAGE, a county in the N. central part of Wisconsin, 
 contains 800 square miles. It is intersected by Wisconsin 
 River, and also drained by Plover River. These streams 
 are bordered by extensive pine forests, forming part of the 
 " Great Pinery" of North AVisconsin, from wliich many mil- 
 lion feet of lumber are procured annuall)', and floated down 
 the river to Galena and St. Louis. A strip of land miles 
 wide, along tlie AVisconsin, was surveyed and settled in 
 1830; and the remainder of the county passed from alioii- 
 ginal hands in 1848. In 1860, 23,350,000 feet of pine lum- 
 l)er were made in this county. Capital, Plover, also called 
 Stanton. Pop. 7507. 
 
 PORTAGE, a township of Livingston co.. New Pork, on 
 the Genesee Kiver. Pop. 1519. 
 
 PORTAGE, a post-ofhce of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PORTAGE, a townsiiip of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 pi )RTAG K, a township of Hancock co.. Ohio. Pop. 835. 
 
 PORTAGE, a township of Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 1089. 
 
 PORTAGE, a township of Summit co., Ohio. The Penn- 
 sylvania and Ohio Canal joins the Ohio canal at Akron, a 
 Tiliage in this townsiiip. Pop. 4805. 
 
 PORTAGE, a thriving post-\ lilage and township of Wood 
 CO.. Ohio, 20 miles S. of Perrysburg. Pop. 883. 
 
 P0RT.4.0E. a post-township in the central part of Kala- 
 mazoo CO., Michigan, intersected by the Portage River 
 Pop. 973. 
 PORTAGE, a township in Porter co.. Indiana. Pop. 647. 
 PORTAGE, a village and township in St. Joseph co.. In- 
 diana, on St. Josepli's River, 150 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 Population 591. 
 
 PORTAGE, capital of Columbia co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, and on the ship-canal 
 coiniecting the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers at the noted 
 Winnebago Portage, 35 miles N. of Madison, and 95 miles 
 N.W. of Milwaukee. It is at the head of navigation on the 
 Wisconsin River, and is a depot for jiine Imnber. Three 
 steamboats with barges for carrying freight ply constantly 
 during the summer l)etween this place and Green Bjiy. The 
 place contains (1865) above 30 stores, 1 new.-ipai)er office, 4 
 bakeries, 3 cabinet and chair factories, 1 foundry, 1 ma- 
 chine-shop, 1 planing-mill, 1 gi-ist-niill, 2 grain elevators, 8 
 hotels, 6 churches, 9 graded public schools, witli afine brick 
 liigh-scliool building, and a large substantial brick court- 
 house. Here the railway company have a round-house, ma- 
 chine-shops, and a fine brick hotel and eating house. Pop. 
 ■loot). I'ortage is on the site of old Fort Winnebago. 
 
 PORTAGE CREEK, of Jackson co., Michigan, enters 
 Grand I'iver, 4 miles below Jack.son Court-llnuse. 
 
 PORT.A.GE DES SIOUX. diV seoo' (or soo.) a village in St. 
 Charles co., MisfjDuri, on Mississippi River, 115 miles E.N.E 
 of .lelTerson City. 
 
 PORTAGE DU FORT, (Fr. pron. poR^tiizh' dll foR.) a post- 
 village of Canjida East. co. of Ottaw.a, situated on the Ottawa 
 River. 01 miles N. of Bytown. Pop. about 2,50. 
 
 PORT AG K FALLS, New York. See Ge.\esee River and 
 Genesee Falls. 
 
 I'ORTAGE LAKE, of Keweenaw Point, Michigan, is very 
 irregular in its form, and extends from iieweenaw Bay 
 across the point to within 2 or 3 miles of the shore of L.ike 
 Superior. The route of this lake lias long Ijeen used by the 
 traders and Indians as a portase: hence the name. 
 
 PORTAGE PRAIRIE, townshili, Columbia co.. Wisconsin. 
 PORTAGE RITER, a small stream of Ohio, rises in Han- 
 cock county, and fiows into Lake Erie at Port Clinton 
 
 PORTAGE RIVER, of Miehig.iii. a small stream which 
 flows through Livingston county into Portage L;ike and 
 Huron River. 
 
 PORTAGE RIVER, of Slichigan. a small stream which 
 enters St. Joseph's River at the village of Three Rivers. 
 POi;TA(iEVILLE, New York. See Genesee Falls. 
 POKTALBERA, poR-tai-b.VrS. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Alessandria, province of Voghera. near 
 the Po. Pop. 1,510. 
 
 POI!T.\LEGRE. poR-t,Vli'gr.i. a town of Portugal, province 
 pf Alemtejn, 49 miles N.N.E. of Evora. Pop. 6800. It has 
 an episcnpal palace. 2 hospitals, a seminary, college, and 
 manufactures of druggets. 
 
 PORT ALEXAN'DKR. a harbor of South-western Africa, 
 in Benguela, on the Atlantic, 40 miles N. of Great Fish Bay. 
 PORT ALLEGHA'NY, a post-village of McKean co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Alleghany River, alx)ut 200 miles N.W. of 
 Ilarrisburg. 
 
 PORT AL'LEN, or POW-OF-ER/ROL. a harbor of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Perth, on the N. bank of the Frith of Tay, li 
 miles S. of Errol. 
 
 PORT AL'LEN. a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, 28 miles 
 S. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 PORT ANTO'NIO. a seaport village of .lamaica, co. of 
 Surrev. on the N. coast, 25 miles N.W. of I'oint Morant. 
 
 PORT.A^ OMBin.ANO, poR'tS om-bre-J/no, a village of 
 Northern Italy, province of Lodi. and so near to Crema, as 
 to be almost its suburb. Pop. 1124. 
 
 PORTAR'LI.NGTON, a parliamentary, municip.al Ixirough, 
 and town of Ireland, in Leinster, King's and Queen's coun- 
 ties, on the Barrow, here crossed by two bridges, on the 
 Great Southern and Western Railway, 40 miles W.S.W. of 
 Dublin. Pop of town in 1851. 27-28. It is one of the K>st 
 built and cleanest covintry towns in Ireland, with 2 h.and- 
 some churches. 2 Roman Catholic chapels, excellent schools, 
 and a handsome market-house, and small manufactures of 
 leather, tobacco, soap, and candles. It sends 1 member to 
 the House of Commons, and gives the title of earl to the 
 Dawson family, proprietors of the borough. 
 
 PORT AU PRINCE. p5rt-o-prlnss.(l-'r.]iron.poR-t5prJNSs.) 
 or PORT REPUBLICAN, (Fr. Prnt Repuhlicam. poR r.i'ptib"- 
 lee^kAx"'.) the capital city and principal seaport of Ilayti, on 
 its AV. coast, at the head of the Bav of Oonaives. Litt. 18° 
 33' N., Ion. 72° 18' AV. Pop. 20.000. (?) It is partially for- 
 tified, irregularly built, and chiefly of wood. The principal 
 edifices are the palace of the state, which has some archi- 
 tectural excellence, the church, arsenal, mint, lyceuni. mili- 
 tary hospital, and courts of law. The vicinity is marshy, 
 and the climate unhealthy. The hariwr is safe, except tho 
 hurricane months, from August to Novemiier. It is the 
 seat of all the superior courts in Ilayti. and of the most part 
 of its foreign trade. The annual value of the imports is 
 about ?1,260.000. 
 PORT BAIL, poK hll, a market-town of France, depart- 
 
 lil9 
 
POR 
 
 ment of Manohe, with a small port on the Knglish Channel, 
 la mil-^s P.W. of Valognes. Pop. in 1852, 2057. 
 
 POUT BAN'XATYNK, a beautiful maritime Till.ige of 
 ScotLnnd, co.. and on the island of Bute, at the head of Kames 
 Bav, If miles X.N.W. of Rothesay. Pop. 300. It is neatly 
 built, and is much frequented in summer for sea-bathing. 
 About 1 mile W. stands the old baronial mansion of Kames 
 Castle. 
 
 PORT BAR'NETT. a TillaRe of Jefferson co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, on a branch of the Redbank Creek, 168 miles W.X.W. 
 of HarrisburK. 
 
 POUT BKAUFORT. (tiO'foRt/,) a harbor of South Africa, 
 In Cape Colony, district, and 60 miles S.K. of Zwellendam, 
 at the mouth of the Breede River in St. Sebastian's Bay. 
 
 PORT BLAN'CUARD, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 rvlvania. 
 
 'port BOWEN, bO'en. British North America, is on 
 Prince Regent Inlet, in lat. 73° 13' N., Ion. 88° 54' W. Here 
 the Ilecla and Furv remained from September to July 
 1824-5. during which period the mean t<jmperature was 
 t°.3S Fahrenheit, the lowest temperature on the 2fith of 
 January, being minus 38°, and the highest, 13th of July, 
 45°.42. 
 
 PORT BOWEN, a natural harbor on the N.E. coast of 
 Austnilia. l.it. 2» 30' S.. Ion. 151° E. 
 
 POPvT BUR/AVELL, a post-Tillage of Canada West, co. of 
 Middlesex, situated at the mouth of Otter Creek, in I>ake 
 Erie. I'i7 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 45 milfes from London. 
 Pop. about 3iX). 
 
 PORT'BURY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PORT BY'RON, a post-Tillage of Jlentz township, Cayuga 
 CO., New York, on the Erie Canal, and on tlie 5icw Y"ork 
 Central Ittilroad, 28 miles W. of Syracuse. It coutiiins 4 
 chnrclies, 1 bank, 1 uewsimper office, and several mills. Poj) 
 estimated at ItiOO. 
 
 PORT liYRi )N, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois, 
 on till' Missis-sippi, 18 miles above Rock Island. Pop. 652. 
 
 PORT CAD'DO, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas. 
 
 PORT CAR'BON, a thriving post-borough of Kast Norwe- 
 gian township, S<.-huvlkill co.. Pennsylvania, on the Schuyl- 
 kill River, at the niouth of Mill Creek, 65 miles N.E. of 
 Harrisburg. and 3 miles N.E. of Pottsville. It is surrounded 
 by rich coal-mines, and carries on an active trade by means 
 of the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, which extends to the 
 mines, and the Schuylkill Navigation, which terminates 
 here. In 1829 there was only 1 house in the place. Pop. in 
 1850. 2142 : ixx 1860, 1904. 
 
 PORT CASTRIES. West Indies. See Castries. 
 
 PORT CAVAiyLO, a post-village of Calhoun co., Texas, is 
 situated on a point of land at the entrance of Matagorda 
 Bay. about 30 miles S.W. of Jiatagorda. 
 
 PORT CHARLOTTE. (sharOot.) a maritime village of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Argyle, in the island of Islay, on the W. coast 
 of Lochindaal. opposite Lairiran Point. Pop. about 400. 
 
 PORTCIIESTER or POR'CIIESTER. a parish and village 
 of England, co. of Hants, on the N. side of Portsmouth Har- 
 bor, with a station on a branch of the London and South- 
 western Railway, Si miles X.N.W. of Portsmouth. Pop. 729. 
 It was the ancient Cacr I^ris, one of the princip.il cities of 
 Britain before the Roman conquest, and h.as a conspicuous 
 castle, with a large square keep, which has been used as a 
 place of detention fi^r French prisoners. 
 
 PORT CHESrrKR, a post-village in Rye township, West- 
 chester CO.. New York, on Byram River, and on the New 
 York and New Haven Railroad, 29 miles N.E. of New York. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, a bank, and several factories. 
 
 PORT CLAR'ENCE, a maritime village of England, co. of 
 Durham, near Stockton, and with a station on the Stockton 
 and Hartlepivil Railway. 
 
 PORT CLAT'SOP, a post-offlce of Clatsop co., Oregon. 
 
 PORT CLINTON, a post-borough of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuylkill River, at the mouth of the 
 Tamaquii, 12 miles by land S.E. of Pottsville. The Reading 
 Railroad passes through it, and the Little Schuylkill and 
 Cat,iwi-sa Railroads terminate here. Pop. 686. 
 
 PORT CLINTON, a post-village, capital of Ottawa co., 
 Ohio, is situated on a bay of Lake Erie, at the mouth of 
 Portage River. 120 miles N. of Columbus. It has a good 
 harbor and light-house. 
 
 PORT CLINTON, a post-office of Lake co.. Hlinois. 
 
 PORT COLBORNE, kol'b&rn, a post-village of Canada 
 West, CO. of Well.ind. situated on the shore of Lake Erie, at 
 the outlet of the Welland Can.il, 108 miles S. of Toronto, 
 and from Buffalo, in the United State?. 20 miles. 
 
 PORT CON'WAY, a post-village of King George CO., Vir- 
 ginia, on the left, bank of the Rappahannock, 60 miles N. 
 by K. of Richmond. 
 
 PORT 0)0 P/ER or TOKO-LABO, toOto-lJOjo, a harbor of 
 New Zealand, on the E. coast of Bank's Peninsula, lat. 43° 
 aC 8., Ion. 172° 54' E. A considerable village of wooden 
 houses has recently arisen here, and an exceUent road 
 romied, conducting to the interior. 
 
 PORT CUANE, a post-township ot Broome Co., New York 
 
 PORT CREmT, a post-Tillage and port of entry of Canada 
 Wert, CO. of York, South Riding, on the N.W. shore of Lake 
 1520 
 
 POR 
 
 Ontario, at the mouth of the river Credit, 15 miles N.E. ol 
 Toronto. The value of exports in 1851. amounted to $201,825, 
 of which $181,2(38 went to the United States. The value of 
 imports was only .$8556, all of which was from the United 
 States. Pop. about 300. 
 
 PORTCROS. poR'kro.s'. one of the Hy&res Islands of France, 
 department of Var, 5 miles E. of PonjueroUes. I,ength, 2] 
 miles: breadth. 1 mile. It is defended bv several forts. 
 
 PORT CURTIS, a h.arbor on the £. coast of Australia, 
 lat. 24° S., Ion. 151° 30' E., named from its discoverer, Sil 
 R. Curtis, in 1802. 
 
 PORT DALHOUSIE. dal-hoo'zee, a pcst-village and port 
 of entry of Canada AVest, co. of Lincoln, situ.ited on the S. 
 shore of Lake Ontario, near its W. end, at the entrance of 
 the Welland Canal. 5 miles N. of St. Catharines, and 36 
 miles E. by S. of Hamilton. The total value of exports in 
 1851, amounted to $356,072, of which $317,296 went to the 
 United States; the imports amounted in value to $98,100. 
 
 PORT DAVEY", Van Diemen's Land. See Datey, Port. 
 
 PORT-DE-BOUC. See Rocc, Port-de. 
 
 PORT-DE-LA-MONTAGXE. (•' Mountain port,") a former 
 name of Port Lours, in the island of Mauritius. 
 
 PORT DE PAIX, Le. leh poR deh pA, a maritime town ol 
 Hayti, on ifs'N. coast, 35 miles W.' of Cape Hiiytien. 
 
 PORT DEPOS'IT, a thriving post-vill.-»ge"of Cecil co., 
 Jlaryl.md. on the left or E. bank of the Su.squehanna. at 
 the lowest falls, 5 miles from the head of the Chesapeake 
 Bay, and 37 miles N.E. of Baltimore. It is one of the 
 principal deixits of the pine lumber which is rafted down 
 the river. It is situated at the head of tide-water, and has 
 facilities for shipping to the Southern markets. Here is an 
 extensive manufactory of sash and doors. Large quarries 
 of granite are worked in the immediate vicinity. It con- 
 tains a bank, and 2 ehnrcbes. Laid out in 1800. Popula- 
 tion, about 1500. 
 
 PORT DESIRE, a river of Patagonia, rises near lat. 49° S^ 
 Ion. 7.5° W.. flows N.E., and falls into a hay of its own name, 
 in the South Atlantic, S. of Cape Blanco: total course, above 
 200 miles. It was examined by Captain King for 16 miles, 
 but is l«lii-ved to be navigable to a much greater distance. 
 
 PORT DESIRE, a bay or harbor of Patagonia, on the K 
 coast, in lat. 47° 45' S, Ion. 65° 55' 30" W., formed by a river 
 of its own name. 
 
 PORT DISCOVERY, a town of Clallam co., Washington 
 Territory, on a bay of the same name at the head of the 
 Gulf of Georgia. 
 
 PORT DO'VER. a post-village and port of entry of Canada 
 West, CO. of Norfolk, situated on the N. shore of L,ike Erie, 
 at the mouth of Patterson Creek, 37 miles S.W. of Hamilton. 
 The totiil value of exports in 1851 amounted to $151,404; 
 and of the imports, to $81,700. Pop. about 600. 
 
 PORT DUX'DAS'. a village and suburb of Gla.sgow. in 
 Scotland, about 1 mile W. of that city, at the end of the 
 Forth and Clyde Canal. It has large warehouses. 
 
 PORT D"URBAN, port door'b.te'. on the N. shore of the 
 inlet of Port Natal, is the port of the British colony of Natal, 
 50 miles S.K. of Pietermaritzhurg. In 1844, its exports, 
 chiefly in butter, hides, ivory, tallow, wool, and natural 
 curiositie.s, amounted in value to 11.094?., and 20 British 
 vessels, aggregate burden 1643 tons, cleared from the porL 
 Value of imports from Cape Town. 40,864?. : of total imports, 
 41.141?. Tot.al custom and port duties, 4319?. 15s. 
 
 PORT EA'SY, a fishing village. of Scotland, co. of Banff, 
 E. of Port Gordon. Pop. about 400. 
 
 PORT EDGAR, a small harbor on the Frith of Forth, co. 
 of Linlithgow, parish of Dalmony, three-quarters of a mile 
 W. of Queensferry. 
 
 PORTEL, poR-tJl', a market-town of Portugal, province of 
 Alemtejo, 20 miles E.S.E. of Evora. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PORT ELGIN, M'ghin. a vill.age of Canada West, on the 
 Callops Canal, in the township of Edwardsburgh, 9 miles 
 from Prescott. and 41 miles from Cornwall. Pop. alx)ut 120. 
 
 PORT ELIZ/ABETH, a seaport town of South Africa, in 
 Cape Colony, with an excellent harlxir. 1 8 miles S.E. of Uiten- 
 hage, (of which it is the port.) on the W. side of Algoa Bay. 
 Pop. 4000, nearly all of English descent. It has a pier pro- 
 jecting 350 feet into the sea, an arsen.il. constructed at a 
 cost of 12,000?., and a fine monument to I^ady Donkin. It 
 is a free port, and the most frequented along the S. coast 
 of the colony. In 1851, its exports amounted to 241,545?. 
 
 PORT ELIZ^ABETH, a post-village of Cumberiand co.. 
 New Jersey, about 36 miles E.S.E. of Salem, has an exten- 
 sive glass manutactory, 2 or 3 churches, and about 1000 in- 
 h.abitants. 
 
 PORT EI/LEN, or PORT ELIJNOR, a fishing village of 
 Scotland, co. of Argyle, on the S.E. coast of the island of 
 Islay, 8 miles S.S.E. of Bowmore, with 200 houses, a distil- 
 lery, a quay, and a light-house. 
 
 PORTENDIC or PORTENDIK, poR't5N"Meek', a French 
 tr.ading station, on the W. coast of Africa, in Sahara, I'H) 
 miles N. of Fort Louis. Lat. 18° 19' N., Ion. 16° 2' W. In 
 1834. its trade in gum, Ac. conducted by other than French 
 merchants, became completely ruined by the maintenance 
 of a strict blockade by the French, and the loss to British 
 subjects settled there has been estimated at 70.000?. 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 POTVTTIR, a wunty In the N.W. part of Tocliaiia, border- 
 ing on Lake Michigan, contains about 400 square mileR. 
 The Kankakee Iliver bounds it on the S., and it is drained 
 by the Caluinick liiver. The surface is undulatinpr, and di- 
 versified with pr.iirios and forests: the soil mostly fertile. 
 It is traversod by the Michijran Central Railroad, the 
 Northern Indiana liailroad. and the Fort Wayne and Chicago 
 Railroad. Organized in 1836. Capital, Valparaiso. Pop. 
 10,313. 
 
 PUllTER, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 90 miles 
 S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1240. 
 
 PORTER, a townsliip of Niagara co., New York, border- 
 ing on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Niagara River. 
 Population 2;i53. 
 
 PORXEK, a township of Clarion CO., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation ItiOo. 
 
 POUTER, a township of Clinton county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population liJS. 
 
 PORTER, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 
 intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. ll-l-l. 
 
 POiri'ER. a township of Jeliersou county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population 61(5. 
 
 PORTEl!, a township of Ljconiing county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population 1996. 
 
 POUTER, a township of Schuylkill CO., Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersected by the Rear Mountain Raili'oad roi|te. 
 
 PuRTER, a post-townsliip in tho E. central part of Dela- 
 wwe CO. Oiiio. Pop. 107y. 
 
 PORTER, a village of Gallia co., Ohio, 10 miles N.W. of 
 Qallipolis. 
 
 Pi IRTER, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1S73. 
 
 PORTER, u township of Cuss co., Michigan. Pop. 1832. 
 
 Porter, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Van Buren co., Michigan. Pup. 9fid. 
 
 PORTER, a township of Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 1046. 
 
 PORTER, a township of Qreeu co.. Missouri. 
 
 POR TER, a township of Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1269. 
 
 POK'TEISFIELD, ji small post-village of Venango oo., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 POHTER RIDGE, a post-office of Susqu^ianna co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 POUTER'S, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland. 
 
 POR/TER'S COR'NElt, a post-office of Saratoga co., New 
 York. 
 
 PORTER'S CROSS ROADS, postK)ffice. Porter co^ Indiana. 
 
 PORTER a FAI.I.S.a post-otfice of Wetzel co.,'\V. Viruinia 
 
 PORTERS SETDLING, (seed'ling,) a post-office of York 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 POIfrKI'iSVl LJAi, a village of New London co., Connecti- 
 cut, about 8 miles N. by W. of New Loudon. It has some 
 manufactures of brass and iron. 
 
 PORTEHSVILLK, a post-borough of Butler CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. ■220 miles W. by N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 PORTKRSVILLE, a p<)st-village of Tipton co., Tennessee, 
 25 miles X.E. of Memphis. 
 
 POKTKRSVTLLE. a post-office of Perry CO., Ohio. 
 
 PORTERSVTLLK.a village of Dubois co., Indiana, on the 
 East Fork of Wliite River, 8 miles N. by W. of Jasper. 
 
 PORTKK.SVILLF,, a post-office of DeKalbco.. Aliibama. 
 
 PORT ES'.SINGTOX, a bay of North Australia, on the E. 
 side of Cobuig Peninsula. On its W. side, 17 miles from Its 
 entrance, in lat. 11° 22' S" S., Ion. 132= 10' 7" E., is the Bri- 
 .tish settlement of Victoria, founded in 1?!39, but now aban- 
 doned. Shores of the bay low and destitute of vegetation. 
 Climate unliealthv. 
 
 PORT ETCU'E.S, of Russian America. !n Prince 'Willlijm's 
 Sound. Lat. 6(1° 21' 12" N., Ion. 146° 32' W. It has an 
 establishment of tho Impefial Russia Fur Company. 
 
 PORT GAL'LANT. a cove of South America, in the Strait 
 of Mairellan. Lat. .53° 41' 45" S., Ion. 72° 0' 51" W. 
 
 PORT GENESKE. New York. See Charmtte. 
 
 PORTGIB'SON, a post-village of Ontario CO., New York, on 
 the Erie Canal, 54 miles W. of Syracuse, has 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several stores. 
 
 PORT GIBSON, a flourishing post-village, capital of CTai- 
 borne CO., Mississippi, on Bayou Pierre, 28 miles from its 
 mouth, and about 05 miles S.W. of Jackson. It is sur- 
 rounded by a rich planting district, and has considerable 
 business. A newspaper is published here. The cotton raised 
 In the vicinitv is shipped here In keel-boats. Pop. In 1850, 
 1036; in 1860", 1453, 
 
 PORT GIBSON, a pos^offlce of Gibson co., Indiana. 
 
 PORT GLAS'GOW, a parliamentary and municipal burgh, 
 river-port, town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on 
 the left bank of the Clyde, and on a branch of the Glasgow 
 and Paisley R.ailway, 3 miles E. of Greenock, and 16 miles 
 W.N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. In 1851, 7017. The town is neat, 
 and substantially built. It has endowed and other schools, 
 public libraries, several branch banks, two large harbors, 
 with good quays, and the largest graving dock in Scotland. 
 Ship-btiilding is extensively carried on, and here are Impor- 
 tant manufactures of sail cloth, coarse linens, and ropes, 
 with some sugar-refineries and flax mills. The town was 
 founded (before the deepening of the Clyde) by the Glasgow 
 siagistrates In 1068, to bo the seaport of Glasgow, and its trade 
 4V 
 
 was long in the hands of Glasgow men^hants, but the hi 
 
 habitants have of late carried on commerce on their owt 
 account, and they now own a large portion of the f hipping 
 It is the chief port on the Clyde for iraportsof North Ameri- 
 can timber. The duties collect^'d here in 184>>, amounted to 
 135. S4s/. Begistored shipping. 12.973 ton.s. The burgh unites 
 with Itenfrew. Rutherglen, Dumbarton, and I\ilmamock,in 
 sending 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 PORT GLAS'GOW, a post-office of Wayne co.. New York. 
 
 PORT GLENONE. glJu'dn', a market-town of Ireland, In 
 Ulster, chiefly in the co. of Antrim, on the liaun, herfc 
 crossed by an elegant bridge, 7 miles S.S.E. of Kilrea. Pop'. 
 900. 
 
 PORT GOR/DON, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of 
 Banff, i miles E.S.E. of tho mouth of the Spey. Pop. 
 about 470. 
 
 PORT GOW'ER. a fishing village of Scotland, on the E. 
 coast of the co. of Sutherland, 3 miles W.S.W. of Helmsdale. 
 Pop. al)out 200. 
 
 PORT (or HARBOR) GRACE, a small maritime town of 
 Newfoundland, on the W. side of Conception Bay, 25 miles 
 N.W. of St. .John. 
 
 PORTII CERI, a town of South Wales. See Pouth Kerry. 
 
 PORTII EINIOX, (I'ne-pn,) a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Glamorgan. 
 
 PORT HEN'RY, a post^vIUage of Essex co.. New York, on 
 the W. shore of Lake Chaniplain, about 110 miles N. by E. 
 of Albany. It has a steamlioat landing. 
 
 PORT HENRY, a port on the W. coast of Patagonia, near 
 Ciipe Tres Puntas: lat. 50° S., Ion. 75° 15' W. The harlwr is 
 spacious, and capableof containing a numerous squadron of 
 the l.irixest ships perfectly secure. 
 
 PORT HKR/MA\, a post-offico of Cecil co.. Maryland. 
 
 PORTII KERRY or PORTII CERI, porth k?r'ree, a little 
 .seaport-town of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 10 miles 
 S.W. of Cardiff. 
 
 PORT HOMER, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 PORT IJiXlD or JES/TICO, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, 
 capital of the co. of Inverness, on a bay at the W. extremity 
 of Cape Breton. Its harlior Is safe for frigates with any wind, 
 and has anchorage in from 4 to 5 fathoms of water. 
 
 PORT HOPE, a po.st-village and township of Columbia co., 
 Wisconsin, at the head of steamboat navigation on the 
 Neenah or Fox River, wiiich affords good water-power. It 
 has a hotel and 2 churches. 
 
 PORT HOPE, a town of Upper Canada, on the N. shore of 
 liake Ontario, 55 miles E. by N. of Toronto. It Is built 
 chiefly on the sides of a hill, commanding fine views of the 
 lake, and has churches of 5 or 6 denominations, 3 branch 
 banks, agencies of 10 assurance, and 3 insurance com- 
 panies, 2 newspaper offices, 2 female seminaries, aliout 30 
 stores, several flouring mills, and manufactures of steam- 
 engines, machinery, ra.?ting9. &c. The total value of exports 
 in 1S51, amounted to $100,408, and of imports to $79,016. 
 Pop. about 2500. 
 
 PORT HOWE, (hdw.) a landing-place on the E. coast of 
 San Salvador, Bahama Islands, supposed to be that where 
 Columbus first set foot in the New World. October 12, 1492. 
 
 PORT HUD'.SON. a postvillage of East Feliciana parisli, 
 Louisiana, on the left bank of the Mississippi River, at the 
 terminus of the Clinton and Port Hudson Railroad, 25 miles 
 above Baton Rouge. It is a place of active business, about 
 30.000 bales of cotton, and 2U00 hogsheads of sugar being 
 shipped here annuiilly. 
 
 PORT IIUN'TER, an inlet of New South Wales, between 
 the CCS. of Gloucester and Northumberland, 75 miles N.N.E. 
 of Sydney. Lat. 32° 55' S., Ion. 151° 48' E. It extends 5 
 miles Inland, receives the Hunter River at Its W. ex- 
 tremity, and has the town of Newcastle on the S. side of its 
 entrance. 
 
 PORT HU'RON, formerly DES'MOND', a thriving post 
 village arid township In St. Clair co., Michigan, on the St. 
 Clair at the mouth of Black River, 2 miles from the S. end of 
 Lake Huron, and 57 miles N.E. of Detroit. Port Huron is 
 the East terminus of the Northern Railroad, which is in 
 progress. It has an active Arade in pine lumber, and con- 
 tains 8 churches, 6 warehouses, 5 hotefe, 2 taimeries, 2 
 livery stables. 2 newspaper offices, several steam-mills, and 
 near 60 stores. Pop. 4371. 
 
 PORTICI, poR/te-che, a town of Naples, 4 miles S.E. of the 
 capital, of which it is a suburb, on the Bay of Naples, at the 
 N. foot of Vesuvius. Pop. 4900. It Is beautifully situated, 
 and lias a large royal palace, adorned with pictures and 
 frescoes from the walls of Pompeii, a museum of antique 
 statues, bronzes, arms, and furniture taken from the buried 
 cities, and a magnificent park and garden. It has also 
 several other fine residences, a large church, a monastery, 
 and riband manufactures. A fine square fronts the harbor, 
 which is defended by a mole; It has an active fishery, and 
 brisk coasting trade. 
 
 I'ORTICO, poR/te-ko, a village of Tuscany, 36 miles NJ!. 
 of Florence, on the Montone. Pop. 2054. 
 
 PORTILLO, poB-teel'yo, a town of Spain, 13 miles S.E. of 
 Valladolid, on a height commanded by a ruined castle. Poo, 
 1467. 
 
 1521 
 
POR 
 
 PORTILLO, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province, 
 and 39 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1500. ' 
 
 PORTIijLO, poR-teel'yo, a mountain pass of tiie Andes, in 
 Chili : lal. 33= 40' S. Height, 14,365 feet, 
 
 PORTIMAO, Portugal. See Villa Nova be Portimao. 
 
 PORT/ISHAM. a parish of En}:land, co. of Dorset. 
 
 POKT'ISIIEAD, a Tillage and parish of Kngland, co. of 
 Somerset, on the Uristol Channel, 7-5- miles W.N.W. of Bris- 
 tol. The villase is sheltered by a headland on the V>\, and 
 is frequented as a watering-place. It has a large floating 
 pier, or breakwater, for the shelter of ocean steamers. 
 
 PORT JACli'SOK, a post-village of Montgomery CO., New 
 Yoriv, on the Mohawk River and Erie Canal, about 15 miles 
 W.N.W. of Schenectady. 
 
 PORT JACK'SON, an inlet of New South Wales, co. of 
 Cumberland, its entrance being between two lofty cliffs, the 
 N. and S. heads, on the lat'er of which is a light-house. 345 
 feet above the sea. in lat. 33" 51' 32" S., Ion. 151° 18' E. It ex- 
 tends 15 miles inland, h.as numerous creeks and bays, and 
 forms one of the finest harbors known, with a dry dock and 
 naval station. The city of Sydney is on its S. side. 
 
 PORT JEF/FERSON. a post-village of Suffolk co.. New 
 York, on the N. side of Long Island, about 200 miles S.S.E. 
 of Albany. 
 
 PORT JEFFERSON, a thriving village of Shelby co., Ohio, 
 on the Miami River, 70 miles W. by N. of Columbus. A 
 feeder of the Miami and Erie Canal terminates here. Pop. 
 about 400. 
 
 PORT JERA'IS, a thriving post-village of Orange oo.. 
 New York, on the New York and J:>ie Railroad. 97 miles 
 from New York City. Named in honor of John B. Jervis, 
 engineer of the Hudson and Delaware Canal, which passes 
 through this place. It has 5 churches, a bunk, and an en- 
 gine-house. It is situated on or near the Delaware River. 
 Pou. in 1865 about 3500. 
 
 PORT KEN'DALL, a post-village of Essex co., New York, 
 on the W. shore of Lake Champlain. 
 
 PORT KEN/NEDY, a post-village of Upper Marion town- 
 ship, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill 
 Kiver, and on the Reading Railro.ad, 4 miles above Norris- 
 town. It contains extensive lime-kilns, and large furnaces 
 for smelting iron ore, which is obtained in the vicinitv. 
 Pop. in 1850, 449. 
 
 PORT KENT, a post-village of Essex co.. New York, on 
 Lake Champlain. about 150 miles N. of Albanv. 
 
 PORT KNOCK'IK. a fishing village of Scotland, co. of 
 Banff. 2 miles W.N.W. of Cullen. Pop. about 750. 
 
 PORT'LAND. Isle of, a peninsula and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Dorset, it is an island only at certjiin times of the 
 tide, extending into the English Channel, 4^ miles from N. 
 to S.. by 2 miles in breadth, cx)unecteti with the mainland 
 by the Chesil bank, a narrow ridge of shingle, lOj miles 
 In length, and terminating on (he S. by Portland-bill, a rocky 
 promontory, with two lighthouses 19S feet above the sea, iu 
 lat. 50° 31' N., Ion. 2° 26' W. Pop. in 1852, 5195. It has ex- 
 cellent stone-quarries, and several ancient remains, with a 
 castle built by Henry VIII. It forms the W. side of Wey- 
 mouth harbor, and gives the title of duke to the Bentinck 
 family. Off its S. extremity, is Portland-race, a dangerous 
 part of the channel, in whicii the tides set E. with great 
 velocity. 
 
 PORT'LAND, the commercial metropolis of Maine, port 
 of entry, and seat of justice of Cuinberlaud co.. on Casco 
 Biy, at the southern terminus of tlie Atlantic and St. Law- 
 rence Riiih-oad, which here connects with railwiys commu- 
 nicating on the E. with Bath, Augusta, Wnterville, Bangor, 
 N. with CiiTixda, and S. with all the principal cities of the 
 Union, 60 miles S.S.W. of Augustji, 105 miles N.E. of 
 Boston, 292 miles S.E. of Montreal, and 317 from Quebec. 
 Lat. 43° 39' 52" N., Ion. 70° 13' 31" W. It is pleasantly sit- 
 uated on a narrow peninsula or tongue of land projecting 
 from the W. shore of Casco Bay. This peninsula is about 3 
 miles in length from E. to W.. and rises at each extremity 
 into considerable elevations, giving the city a beautiful ap- 
 pearance as it is approached from the sea. Its breadth 
 ayer;iges about three-quarters of a mile, though it is much 
 wider than this at its ea-stern termination, and al-o at its 
 junction with the mainland. The liarl.or i8 one of the best 
 on the Atlantic coast, the anchorage being protected on every 
 Bido by land, the communication with the ocean easy and 
 direct, and the depth .sufficient tor the largest ships. Although 
 in a northern latitude, it is never closed bv ico except iu the 
 Biost extreme cold weather, and then only for a few days. 
 Ihe principal entrance lies between the mainland on tlie 
 S.W. and House Island on the N.E.; it is defended by Fort 
 ^reble on the former. Fort Scammel on the latter, and Fort 
 Uorges. Iho city, with but few exceptions, is regularly laid 
 out, and handsomely built, chiefly of brick. Several of the 
 ?fr, ."^'' 'emarkablo for their elegance. Congress street 
 Hill «,'^',l,"",i-^'! t^'"-""gl'<'^''«. an.l extends from Munjoy's 
 illl „ , f H to.»'-''l"l''',ll « "ill on the W., following the 
 ndge of the peninsula throughout its entire length! In 
 Scarcely any other city are to be found so many ben lifu" 
 
 2fTwtcttt^rl'l7,"""**f ""*f ""*« -^^ "^'t kls^ha,: 3500 
 Of these somered throughout the Vivrious piirts of the town. 
 
 POR 
 
 Among the public buildings of Portland, are a splendid 
 City Hall, built in 1859, of drab-colored sandstone, sur- 
 mounted by a lofty dome ; a spacious granite Custom Ilouse, 
 used also for the United States Courts and Po-st Olfice, both 
 imposing structures; an Atheuasum, a Natural History 
 buikUng. and a granite Mechanics' Hall. The churches at 
 the commencement of lSi.5 were as follows, viz. 9 Trinita* 
 rian Cougregationalists, 2 Unitai'ian Congregationalists, 2 
 Universalist, 2 Baptist (Calvinistic), 2 Protestant Episcop:il, 
 4 Methodist Episcopal, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 i'reewill Bai>- 
 tist, 1 Christian, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Quaker. Total, 27. 
 
 Portland contains several flourishing scientific and literary 
 institutions, among which may be mentioned the Portland 
 Society of Natural History, having for its object to create 
 an interest and diffuse information in regard to tlie natural 
 sciences. It has a valuaiile cabinet of natural history, con- 
 sisting of specimens of the ornithology of the state ; sheila 
 of more than 4U00 different species; mineralogical and geo- 
 logical specimens, fishes, reptiles, &c. It numbers about 
 275 members. Organized in 1S43. The Portland Athenieum, 
 incorporated in 1826, has about 140 proprietors, and a library 
 of 11,000 volumes. Besides the above, may be named the 
 Mercantile Association, with a rajiidly increasing library 
 and thelNIaiuo Charitable Mechanic Association. The num- 
 ber of public schools in the city is 27; teachers, SO; average 
 number of pupils in attendance. 3600 ; amount of money 
 expended for school purposes for the year 1864, $35,803. 
 The school-houses are generally substantial brick editiccs, 
 constructed upon the most approved plan. A commodious 
 building has recently been erected for the state retbrm 
 school. In 1855, a spacious Maiine Hospital Wiis erected of 
 brick, on an eligible site, at a cost of $80,000. In 1864, there 
 were 16 newspapers published iu Portland, 4 of them daily, 
 2 tri-weekly, and 10 weekly. 
 
 Portland enjoys excellent facilities both for ocean com- 
 merce and inland tnwle. In addition to its superior harbor 
 advantages, it has railway communication with tlie seaboard 
 for many hundred miles, and with the various important 
 sections of the interior. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
 Railroad connects Portland with Montreal in Canada, there- 
 by forming a direct channel for the introduction of the rich 
 commerce of the river St, Lawrence, and of the great lakes 
 to this Atlantic city. There are also several other railroads 
 radiating from tliis point. The shipping of the port, June 
 30, 1860, amounted to an aggregate of 81,399 tons registered, 
 and 23,766 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 17,620 
 tons were employed in the coast trade, 5430 tons iu the cod 
 and mackerel fisheries, and 3970 tons in steam navigation 
 The foreign arrivals for the year 1864, were 507; foreign 
 clearances, 654. Total arrivals from foreign' and domestic 
 ports, 3490. The foreign clearances in 1854 were 443, 
 (tons, 69,893,) of wliich 50,742 tons were in American bot- 
 toms. One of the chief articles of import is molasses, o* 
 which there were landed upon the wharves in 1852 iipwartls 
 of 7,000,000 gallons. The receipts of this article for 1850 
 were 104 cargoes, consisting of 35,788 hogsheads, 1660 
 tierces, and 771 barrels; and for the first four months of 
 1853 the receipts of molasses were greater than for the en- 
 tire year 1850. The receipts for 1864 were 3,914,364 gallons. 
 The imports of sugar for 1851 amounted to 2,0;)7,63;i pounds; 
 of salt, 150,000 bushels; of railroad iron, 9,8.56,496 pounds; 
 of flour, about 260,000 baiTels ; and of corn, 200,000 bushels. 
 In 1864, the imports of sugar were 7230 hogsheads, 3508 
 boxes, and 763 tierces and barrels ; of salt, 200,0tt0 bushels ; 
 of flour, 250,000 biu-rels ; and of corn, 300,000 bushels. The 
 total value of the imports for 1852. amounted to about 
 S1,000,000; and of the exports, §800,000. The imports of 
 foreign merchandise for 1864 we<e valued at )S-3,01s,063 ; of 
 domestic exports, $3,824,591. Amount received for duties, 
 $842,481. 
 
 The manufoctures of Portland are peculiar to a commer- 
 cial city. Ship-building has been long and successfully 
 carried on. During the year ending June 30, 1852, 44 ves- 
 sels, (30 of them sliips,) with an aggregate burden of 16,293 
 tons, were admeasured. The shipping built duriiig.tlic year 
 1853, amounted to 17,550 tons. Tliere were 34 vessels built 
 in 1864, measuring 13,690 tons. The most important manu- 
 facturing establisliments are the Portland Company, for 
 making locomotives, railroad cars,&c., chartered in 1S46, with 
 a capital of 8250,000, and the Portland Sugar Ilouse, owned 
 by the firm of J. B. Brown & Sons, which employs about 200 
 hands, and consumes from 150 to 180 hogsheads of molasses 
 daily. Additional raanufacturing companies: Duck Com- 
 pany, manufactured 467,495 j-ards in 18t34; Glass Company, 
 manufjiitures all kinds of glass; Shovel Company, carry on 
 a very extensive business with all sectiuus of the country, 
 Australia and South America. There is a horse railroad, 
 opened in 1863, with a capital of S300,000, which is very 
 successful. Tliere are 7 banks, aggregate capital f2,i350,000, 
 4 of them National ; 2 insunuice compinies, S20:i,()00 capi- 
 tal each. The average annual temperature of Purtbudis 
 43° 23' Fahr. Aver;igo fall of water ai:-iually, 4? inches. 
 Me;in barometric pressiue Saj/^ feet aUjve the sesi, 29.9. 
 Highest point of land in the city, 175 feet. There ;ue UoM 
 [For continuation, see Appe.ndix.] 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 PORTLAND, a thriyitig post-Tillage and township of Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Connecticut, on the left bank of Connecticut 
 River, nearly opposite Middletown, about 15 miles S.K. byS. 
 of Hartford. Near by, and bordering on the river, are the 
 famous Portland quarries, from which building material is 
 annuiilly exported to the value of half a million of dolfars. 
 About 2')0(J men are here employed witliin an area not ex- 
 ceeding 100 .icres. The stone is of a beautiful reddish color, 
 and of a very superior quality; being soft, it is easily work- 
 ed, and yet is remarkable for its durability, as it increases in 
 hardness with time. Named from the celebratsd English 
 quarries. Pop. of the township, 3657. 
 
 PORTLAND, a post-township of Chautauqua co.. New 
 York, on Lake Krie, intersected by the Lake Shore Railroad. 
 Pop. 1984. 
 
 PORTLAND, K post-village in D<allas co., Alabama, on Ala- 
 bama River, 60 miles W.S.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 PORTLAND, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River 3 miles below Ix)uisville, and at the foot of 
 the rapids. It is at the lower termination of the canal made 
 around the rapids, and lias considerable Imsiness. P, 1706, 
 
 PORTLAND, a town.>;hip of Erie co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the lake Shore, Mansfield and Sandusky, and the Mad 
 River and L^iko Erie Railroads. Pop. in 1800, exclusive ot 
 Sandusky City. ;i98. 
 
 PORTLaNI), a small village of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 PORTLAND, a i)Ost-villago and township of Ionia co., 
 Michigan, oh Grand River, 21 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. 
 Population IHSiJ. 
 
 PORTLAND, apostrvillage of Fountain co.. Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River and canal, 7 miles above Covington. 
 
 PORTLAND, a post-village, capital of Jay co., Indiana, on 
 the Salaraonie River, and on the plank-road from Winchester 
 to Fort Waynp, 90 miles K.N.E. of Indianapolis. Laid out 
 in "1837. 
 
 PORTLAND, a thriving village of Putnam co., Indiana, 
 on Raccoon Creek, 15 miles N.AV. of Greencastle. 
 
 POKTLAND, a post-village in Whitesides co., Illinois, on 
 Rock River. 140 miles N. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 POlvTLAND, a post-village of Callaway CO., Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, 30 miles below Jefferson City. It has a 
 good landing, and several stores, 
 
 PORTL.^ND. a post-village of A'an Bnren co., Iowa, on 
 the river Des Moines, about 72 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 POl!TLAND,a post-to wu8hip,Dodgeco.,Wi8Consin. P.1313. 
 
 PORTLAND, a post-town of Multnomah co., Oregon, on 
 the Willamette River, at the bead of ship navigation, 15 
 miles from its motitli. It is the largest luid most rommer- 
 ;ial town in Oregon. It contains the state penitentiary, 
 Poi) in ISOO. 2874. See Appknuix. 
 
 PORTLAND, a post-village of Canada West, situated on 
 the liideau Lake, in the township of Bastard, 31 miles from 
 Brockville, 50 miles from Kingston. Pop. about 150. 
 
 PORT'LAND, a neat township of A ustr.ilia. in Victoria, on 
 Portland li.ay, about 170 miles W.S.W, of Melbourne. It is 
 a place of active and increasing trade. 
 
 I'ORTLAND RAY, a wide iniet of Australia, its centre in 
 lat, 38° 25' S., Ion. 142° K., bounded W. by Cape Nelson, and 
 containing Lady Julia Percy Island. 
 
 P0RTLANDCUANNI;L, off the W. coast ofNorth America, 
 stretches inland, in lat. 55° N., Ion. 130° W., and separates 
 Russian and British America. 
 
 . PORTLAND HEAD, a small point of land on the W. side 
 of the entrance to Portland Harbor. A light-house. 85 feet 
 hiah, contiiuing a fixed light, stands near its extremity. 
 Lat. 4.3° 30' N., Ion. 70° 12' W. 
 
 PORTLAND ISLANDS, a small group in the Pacific, W. 
 of New Hanover, and so uamed by Carteret in 1767. Lat. 
 2° 38' S., Ion. 149° 29' E. 
 
 PORTLAND MILLS, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana, 
 
 PORTLAND POINT, the S, extremity of Jamaica, and 
 termination of Portland Ridge and peninsula, Lat. 17° 
 43' N., Ion. 77° 10' W. Off the E. coast are the Portland 
 Keys. 
 
 PORT'LANDVILLE, apost-village of Otsego co.. New York, 
 on the Siisquehanna, 68 miles S. of All)any. 
 
 PORT LAVACCA, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., 
 Texas, on the W. side of Lavaeca Bay, about 160 miles S.S,E, 
 of Austin. 
 
 PORTHiAW', a small manufacturing town of Ireland, 
 In Munster co., and 9 miles W.N.W. of Waterford, on an 
 aflluent of the Suir. Pop. 3647, mostly employed in exten- 
 sive and flourishing cotton factories. W. of the town is the 
 Marquis of Waterford's splendid demesne of Curraghmore. 
 
 PORT LAWRENCE, a township of Lucas co., Ohio, on 
 the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. exclusive of Toledo, 134, 
 
 POIITLEMOUTH, (por'tel-mQth.) EAST, a parish of Eug- 
 •and, CO, of Devon. 
 
 PORT LE'ON, a port of entry of AVakulla co., Florida, on 
 ♦he E. side of the AVakulIa River, about 20 miles S.S,K. of 
 Tallahassee. The shipping, June 30, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 118 tons enrolled aud licensed, all of which was 
 smployed in the coast tnide. 
 
 PORT LESCHENAULT, West Australia. See Leschznauit, 
 Poet. 
 
 PORT LETHEN, lee'iiien, a small maritime village of 
 Scotland, co. of Kincardine, 6i miles N N.E. of Stone- 
 haven. 
 
 PORT LEYDEN, (ll'den.) a post-village of Lewis co., New 
 York, about 110 miles W.N.AV. of Albany. 
 
 PORT LINCOLN, (link'^n,) a settlement of South Aus- 
 tralia, on the W, side of Spencer Gulf, lat. 34° 45' S., Ion. 
 135° 50' E. It hits a good roadstead and harbor, but the 
 country around it being barren, it was in 1845, inhabited by 
 only about 30 tamilies. 
 
 POKT LO'GAN, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of 
 Wigton, at the head of Portnessock Bay, 11 miles S.S.E. of 
 Stranraer. Pop. 2-30. 
 
 PORT LOUIS, port loo'is, (Fr. pron. poR looV,) a fortified 
 seaport town of France, department of Morbilian, 2^ miles 
 S. of Lorient, on a peninsula at the entrance of its bay. Por. 
 in 1862. 2974. It is defended by a citadel on a neighbonng 
 rock, and has an arsenal. The port is of a size and depth 
 sufficient for frigates, and is frequented by a considerable 
 number of merchant ships. Tlie fishery and trade in pil- 
 chards form the chief occupation of the poorer classes. It 
 was founded by Louis XI 11.. in 1(;35. 
 
 PORT LOU'iS, or PORT NORTHAVKST, the capital town 
 of tile island of M.aurltiu.s, at the head of a bay, on its N.W. 
 side. Lat. 20° 9' 0" S., Ion. 57° 28' 41" E. Pop. 35,CKtO. It 
 has a citadel, completed in 1843. good barracks, a baza.ar, a 
 theatre, a public library, and botanic garden ; threequarters 
 of a mile distant is an hospital on a projecting rock. The 
 town and harbor are strongly fortified, but the entrance to 
 the latter i- difficult. 
 
 PORT LOUIS, a maritime town of Guadeloupe, AA'est In- 
 dies, on the Oruat CuI-de-Sac, 12 miles N. of Point-k-Pitre. 
 I'op., with vicinity, 4<i88. It is well built, and has a small 
 harbor, defended by forts. 
 
 PORT LOUISA, (loo-ee'za,') a post-Tillage of Louisa co,, 
 Iowa. 40 miles S.E. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 PORT MACQUARIE, Australia. See M.\cQc.\RlE Port. 
 
 PORTM AHOl/MACK, pOrt-mit-hO'mak, a village and small 
 seaport of Scotland, cos. of Ross and Cromarty, on a penin- 
 sula on the S. side of the Dornoch Frith, 14 miles N.N.E. of 
 Cromarty. Pop. 600. 
 
 PORT MA HON, (mabOn'.) (Sp. Pufrfo Mnlwn, pwfR'to 
 mil-hOn'; nwc. I'nrltu.s Magn>ni!i^ a ftwtified town of Spain, 
 capital of Minorca, one of the Balearic Islands, on its S. .Mde, 
 in lat. 39° 52' 32" N.. Ion. 4° 20' 59" E. Pop. 13,102. 1 1 is (he 
 residence of the military governor and of the bishop of Mi- 
 norca. Its port is one of the best and most commodious 
 in the Mediterranean. Mahon was taken by the English in 
 1708, and by the Spaniards and French in 1756. Restored 
 to England in 1703; it was again taken by the French and 
 Spaniards in 1782. It was captured once more by the Eng- 
 lish in 1798, but ceded at the peace of 1802. 
 
 PORT M AIT/LAND, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Ilaldimand, on Grand River, 6 miles S. of Dunnville. Pop. 
 about 1.30. 
 
 PORT MARl'A, a seaport village of Jamaica, co. of Mid- 
 dlesex, on its N. coast, 25 miles E. of St. Ann's. 
 
 PORTMAR/NOCK. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, with 
 a station on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway, 8i wiles 
 N.N.E. of Dublin. 
 
 PORT MARY BAY, a creek of Scotland, stewartry of 
 Kirkcudbright, 6 miles E.S.E. of the entrance to Kirkcud- 
 bright Bay, where Marj', Queen of Scots, embarked in her 
 fiight to England. 
 
 PORT MER'CER, a pos<>ofRce of Mercer CO., New .Jersey. 
 
 PORT MET'AVAY or MILL VILLAGE, a seaport-town of 
 Nova Scoti.a, in Queen's co.. at the head of a capacious harVior 
 setting up from the Atlantic, aliout 65 miles S.AA'. of Halifax. 
 It is a place of considerable and rising importance in conse- 
 quence of its facilities for navigjition and the fisheries. 
 
 PORT MITCH'ELL. a village of Noble co., Indiana, on 
 the South Fork of the Elkhart River, 123 miles N,N.E. of 
 Indianapolis, was formerly the seat of justice, 
 
 PORT.MOAK. porOmOk', a parish of Scotland, co. Kinross, 
 between Loch Leven and Fifeshire. 
 
 PORT MUIAiRAVK. a harbor on the E side of Admiralty 
 Bay, in Russian America. L.at. 59° 33' N., Ion. 149° 43' AV. 
 
 PORTNAIIA'VEN, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Ap- 
 gyle, at the S.W. extremity of the island of Islay. Pop. 1271. 
 Oipposite the village is a small island, with aliirht-house 160 
 fet't above high water, in lat. 53° 41' N., and Ion. 6° 29' W. 
 
 PORT NAIiANJO. See Puerto NAR\x.ro. 
 
 PORT NATAL, {nk-iiV.) an inlet of Natal, in East Africa. 
 Lat. of tlie cape at the entrance. 20° 63' S., Ion. 31° 2' E. On 
 the coast, between it and the Cape Colony, are the 1st, 2d| 
 and 3d Points of Natnl. about 80 miles apart. 
 
 PORT NEL'SON, a village of Canada AVest. co. of Ilalton, 
 situated on Lake Ontario, 82 miles S.S.W. of Toronto, and 
 15 miles from Hamilton. Pop. about 250. 
 
 PORTNEUF, (Fr. pron. pOrt'nuf poR^nuf',) a county of 
 Can.ida East, on the N. shore of tha St. Lawrence, having 
 the county of Quebec on the N.E. It contains Lake AVaya- 
 gamack and Lake Edward, and is watered by Batiscao 
 River, aud numerous smaller streams. Capital, Portneuf. 
 Area, 10,440 square miles. Pop. 19,366. 
 
 1623 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 rORTN'f.UF, a postvillafte of Canada East co. of Port- 
 wnif. situ!it«d Kt the junction of Portneuf Kiver with the 
 river St. Lawren-je. 
 
 PORT N ICIIOLSON, (nik'ol-son.) a harbor of New Zealatict. 
 in Cook's Strait, at the S. extremity of North Island, with 
 Wc'liiiijiton on its W. side. 
 
 POKT NOR'RiS. a village of Cumberland co.. New Jersey, 
 on th'- right side of Maurice Kiver, about 80 miles S. by W. 
 of Trenton. 
 PORT NORTHWEST. Mauritius. See Port Louis. 
 PORTO, a city of Portuj^al. See Oporto. 
 PORTO. poR'to, a village of Spain, province, and about 65 
 miles from Zamora. Pop. 1069. 
 
 PORTO, poR'to. (anc. PoHtus Traja'nmf) a ruinetl city and 
 port of Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca, and 14 miles 
 S.W. of Rome, on the Tiber. Here are the basins formed 
 by Claudius and Trajan, with remains of moles, magazines, 
 and huildinji-docks, and traces of the ancient city. It was 
 finally aljaudoned in the ninth century. 
 
 PORTO AlyEGRK. pou'to il.i'gi-A. a city of Brazil, capital 
 of the province, of Sao Pedro do ItioGraude, 160 miles N.N.E. 
 of Rio Grande, at the N. end of the Lake of Patos. Pop., 
 with suburbs, 1:2.000. It w.is founded in 174.'5. by a colony 
 from the Azore.s. It has an hospital and several schools. 
 Its trade was fiourishinir till ISoo, when it was interrupted 
 by the disturbed state of the country. 
 
 "PORTO ALEGRE. a small maritime town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Bahia. 120 miles S.S.W. of Porto Seituro. Pop. liKX>. 
 PORTO ALKGRE.atown of Brazil, province of Rio Grande 
 do Norte. 190 miles W. of Natal. Pop. 4(i00. 
 
 PORTO ATACAMES. poK/to a-tj-k^m^s, (?p. Puerto Afa- 
 cames. pwjR'to J-ti-ki'mls.) a harbor of South America, In 
 Ecuador, on the Pacific, 100 miles N.W. of Quito. 
 
 POR'TO JiVAJLO. a (nirxul mora parish, parlijimentary and 
 muncipal burph, seaport town, and fashionalile summer re- 
 sort of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, in a plain on the S. bank 
 of the Frith of Forth, with a station on the North British 
 Railway, 3 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of parliamentary 
 bur};h in 1S51, 3497. It has an excellent suite of hot and 
 cold salt-water baths, assembly rooms, a branch bank, and 
 brick-works, potteries, and srlass, soap, lead, and mustard 
 fectories. The burirh unites with Iji^ith and Musselbunih 
 in sendino; 1 memlier to the House of Commons. The burgh 
 was founded hi 1762, and is governed by a provost and two 
 bailies. 
 PORTO BELLO.town of New Granada, See Puerto Bfilo. 
 PORTO BELLO. poR'to bol'lo, or GAKOUPAS. gS-ra'pis. 
 a town of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina. on a bay of 
 the .same name, 25 miles S. of Desterro. Lat. 27° 8' S., Ion. 
 63° 24' E. 
 
 PORTO BUFFOLE. poR/to boof'fo-l.i a villiore of Austrian 
 Italy, government of Venice, 20 miles N.E. of Treviso, on the 
 W. bank of the Livenza. 
 PORTO CA BELLO, a town of Venezuela. See Pcebto 
 
 C.tBElI.0. 
 
 PORTO CALVO, poR'to k^l'vo. formerly BOM-SUCCESSO. 
 bAso-sook-ses'so, a town of Brazil, provin.-e. and 50 miles 
 N.E. of Alagoas. Pop. of district, 8000, eng.aged in agricul- 
 ture and the manufacture of sugar. 
 
 PORTO D'AXZO. a town of Italv. Pee Axzo. 
 
 PORTO-DAS-CAIXAS. poR'to djs ki'shis, a town of Bra- 
 zil, province of Rio de Janeiro, with a port on the Rio Aldeia, 
 an affluent of the Maca^u. 37 miles S. of Maca^u. It is an 
 entrepot for the sugar and coffee nf the district. 
 
 PORTO-DAS-PEDRAS, poR'to dis p.Vdrls, a town of Bra- 
 zil, province, and 47 miles N.E. of Alagoas, on the left bank 
 of the Mansruape. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PORTO-DE-MOZ, poR/to d.^ moz', a maritime town of 
 Brazil, province of Para, on the right bank of the Xingu, at 
 its conlluence with the Amazon, 40 miles S,W. of Gurupa. 
 Pop. of the district 40(»0. 
 
 PORTO DI BROXDOLO. See BROxnoto. 
 
 PORTO ERCOLE, poR'to *R'ko-li, (anc. HerlnHit B>Htuf,) 
 a petty town of Tuscany, province, and 26 miles S. of Gros- 
 settn.ontbeE. side of the peninsula of Mount .'Vraentaro. 
 
 PORTO FELIZ, poR/to fA-lees/, a town of Brazil, province, 
 and 50 miles W.X.W. of Sao Paulo, on the left bank of the 
 n«te. Pop, of the district. 10.000. 
 
 PORTO FERRAJO, poR/to ft^R-R^'vo. the capital town of 
 Bba, in Tuscany, province of Pisa, on the N. side of the 
 Wand of Elba, Pop. 4.i00. It stands at the extremity of a 
 tongue of land, enclosing a fine harbor. 210 foet a1>ove the 
 sea, enclosed within fortifications, and defended bv several 
 batteries. It is well built, and has a government house. 2 
 targe churches, a seminary, town-hall, barracks, and mili- 
 tary hospital, with a few unimportant manufactures, and a 
 large export trade in iron from mines in the vicinity. It 
 was the residence of Napoleon from May, 18U, tUl Febru- 
 ary. 1S15. 
 
 J'ORTO FIXO, (Promontory,) See Fwo. 
 POItTO FIXO, poR/to fee'no, a seaport town of North ItaK 
 in the Sardinian .States, 15 miles E,S.B. of Genoa, on a pro- 
 montory in the Mediterranean. Pop. 1.338 
 
 PORTJJF-Sl'AI.V. a town of the West Indies, capital of 
 the Inland of fnuidad, on its W. coast near the mouth of 
 
 the Caronv Rirer. Fort St. David beinii In lat. 10° 3S' 7" N 
 Ion. 61° 32' W. Pop. 11.693. It is one of the handsomest 
 towns in the West Indie.s. being built wholly of stone or 
 brick, and having wide thoroughfares, Protestant and Ro- 
 man Catholic churches. Presbyterian and Methodist chapelg, 
 a gfxjd harlior, and an active trade, especially with Colombia. 
 Near it are St, James's Barracks, built in one of the mo«l 
 pestilential spots in the island, 
 
 PORTO GRAXDE, poR'to grinMA, a seaport town of the 
 Cape Verd Islands, on the X.W. side of the Island of St, Vin- 
 cent, eon.sisting of tJO dirty and uncomfortable mud huts. 
 
 PORTilGRUARO, poR*to-i:nx>-i'ro. a town of Austrian 
 Italy, 27 miles S.W. of Udine. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PORTi > T M P E I! I A L. poR/to eem-p.i-re-dl', or PORTO R E AL, 
 poR'to r;\-dl', a town of Brazil, province, and 40 miles N.N.E. 
 of Goyaz. on the Tocantins. 
 
 PORTO LAGO. poR'to U'go, a small town of West Africa, 
 in a detached portion of British terrritory, on the Sierra 
 Leone River, 50 miles E.N.E. of Freetown. 
 
 PORTt>LE. poR'to-lfl, an inland town of Tstria, goTem- 
 ment and aimiles S.S.E. of Ttiest Pop. 2300. 
 
 IMlKT OiyiVER. a small village of Simpson co.. Kentucky. 
 
 PORTO LONGONE poB'tolon-go'n.i (tmr.. Pin^tits Lanlffui,) 
 a small bav on the E. side of the island of Elba. 
 
 PORTO "lOXGONE. poR'to lon-go/nri, a port and small 
 town of the Ionian island of Paxo. on its N.W. side. 
 
 PORTO LOXGOXE. a town of the island of Elba, in the 
 Mediterranean, on its E. side. 5 miles S.E. of Porto-Ferrajo. 
 Pop. 1701). 
 
 PORTO ^IAGGIORE, poR/to miid-jo'rA. a niaHtime yillage 
 of North Italy, in the State of iEmilia, on the Adriatic, 4 
 miles E. of Comacchio. Pop. 2S00. 
 
 PORTO -MAURIZIO, poR'to mOw-rid'ze-o, a town of Nortll 
 Italy, in the Sardinian States, on the .Meliterranean, pro- 
 vince, and 2 miles W.S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 6481, who trade 
 in oil. 
 
 PORTOXF^ poR-to'nA. a village of Tuscany. 1 mile fVom 
 Pisa, of which it may almost be called a suburb. Pop. 2950. 
 
 Pl^RTO NOVO, pok'to no'vo. a maritime town of Jndia, be- 
 longing to the French, on the Camatic co.ast. .30 nn'les S. of 
 Pondicherry. and N. of Tranquelmr. Lat. 11° 30' N., Ion. 
 79° 50' E. It was formerly of considerable importance, but 
 ruined in 1782 by Ilyder Ali, whose army was in the same 
 year defeated near it hy the ti-oops under Sir Evre Coote. 
 
 PORT OXT.VRIO. a post-village of Oswego co.". New York, 
 on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Salmon River, 170 miles 
 W.N.W. of .Albany. It has an improved harljor. 
 
 PORTO PRAVA. poR'to pri'l. a town of the Cape Verd Is- 
 lands on the S.E. coast of the island of Santiairo. It stands 
 on a height, and h.as some good pnblic buildings, but it 
 is filthy, and its markets are ill supplied. Trade chiefly in 
 salt, orchil, and slaves, the traffic in which last is carried on 
 to a great extent, and here the fraudulent Portueuese ship 
 papers are prepared for the American and Spanish slavers. 
 
 PORTO PRINCIPR See Pi'erto Principe. 
 
 PORTil !;E. poR'to tL a town of Croatia, on the Gulf of 
 Quamero. 8 miles S.E. of Flume. Pop. lUH). 
 
 PORTO REAL, a town of Brazil. .See Porto Imperial. 
 
 PORTO R EC A NATL a town of Italy. See Rec.anati. 
 
 PORT OR'FORD, a village of Curry co., Oregon. See 
 AppExnix. 
 
 PORTO RICO, pOR'to ree'ko. (Sp. Pitfrtn liicn. pwjB'to res'- 
 ko. i. t. •• rich port.'') one of the Spanish West India Islands, 
 the fourth in size of the Antilles. E. of Hayti.and W. of the 
 Virgin I.slands: lat (S.W. ptdnt) 17° 56' N.'. Ion. 67° 10' W. ; 
 90 miles long from E. to W.. and 36 miles broad. A range 
 of lofty mountains covered with wood runs through the 
 island from E. to W„ averaging alx)Ut 1500 feet in height; 
 its loftiest ])eak is S678 feet high. In the interior are ex- 
 tensive savannah.s. on which numerous herds are pastured ; 
 and along the coasts, tracts of level, fertile land, varying in 
 some places from 5 to 10 miles wide; but in others the 
 mountains appraach much ne.irer to the sea. Nearly the 
 whole of the N. coast is lined with navigable lagoons, some 
 of them 10 miles long: and many of the rivers can be navi- 
 gated to the fix)t of the mountains, a distance of 5 or 6 
 miles. There are numerous bays and creeks, deep enough 
 for ve,s8els of considerable burden: but the N. coast is sub- 
 ject to tremendous ground seas, which l>eat against the 
 cliffs with great violence. Only three harlx)rs are safe all 
 the year round, namely. Guanica and llovas on the S. 
 coast and San Juan on the N. There are no serpents or 
 other reptiles on the island : but numerous lai-ge rats often 
 do grait injury to the sugar-cane. The clim.ate is generally 
 more salubrious than the other islands of the Antilles. 
 Gold is found in small lumps and in dust in the streams 
 flowing from the heights. Copper, iron. lead, and conl have 
 also l>een found; and there an' two salines «r salt-ponds, 
 worked by the government which yield annually about 160 
 tons of sitlt Porto Rico is wholly an agricultural island; 
 its products are sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, cotton, excel- 
 lent tobacco, hides, live stock, dye-woods, licrnum-vitsE', and 
 timber, ground provisions, rice, salt &c. The work on the 
 £irms is effected both by free and slave labor: the slaves are 
 treated much better here than in most other colonies. Th* 
 
POB 
 
 POR 
 
 annexed table exhibits the quantity of the principal articles 
 exported in 1851 : — 
 
 Bugar lbs. ..118.416,300 
 
 Coftee '• ... 112,111,900 
 
 6,*78.100 
 
 45.978 
 
 6.'!-2,700 
 
 866,600 
 
 347 
 
 5,881 
 
 172 
 
 Cocoa-nuts 40.3fi.'t 
 
 Cocoa lbs... a,000 
 
 Oxhorns 6,925 
 
 Oranges M 1,669 
 
 Plantains 675 
 
 Cigars 34,800 
 
 !,.igDum-vit3e tons.. 4 
 
 Logwood " .. 178 
 
 Pimento lbs... 6,x00 
 
 Anotta "... 7,862 
 
 600 
 
 1,429 1 Caster Oil qts.. 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Molassei hhds. 
 
 Hides lbs. .. 
 
 Cotton " ... 
 
 Kum hhds. 
 
 Oxen 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 Bar Water, galls. 
 
 Corn bushs. 
 
 The total value of produce exported from Porto Rico, in 
 1839. waa $6,516,(311; in 1S4G, ,$6,797,200; and in 1851, 
 $5,761,974. The total value imported in 1839 wa.s ,$5,462,206: 
 in 1846, $6,.^56,500; and in 1851, .$6,073,870. Of the total 
 commerce of Porto Rico, in 1851, 4;i% per cent, of the ex- 
 ports, and VJ]4 per cent, of the imports was from the United 
 State.s; fi]/^ per cent, of the exports, and 3254 per cent, of 
 the imports with the West India Islands not belonging 
 to Spain; 9% per cent, of the exports, and 21 J4 per cent, 
 of the imports with Spain; 21?^ per cent, of the exports, 
 and ^^^ per cent, of the imports with Gn^at Britain ; (i^ per 
 cent, of the exports, and 4% per cent, of the imports with 
 British North America; 7% per cent, of the exports, and 
 1]/^ per cent, of the imports with Germany; % per cent, of 
 the exports, and 4 per cent, of the imports with Cuba; and 
 smaller proportions with France, Sardinia, and Austria. 
 The customs revenue in 1851 was $1,069,418, agninst 
 $1,189.(X»0 in 1850. The total number of vessels that ar- 
 rived iu 1851 was 1324, (tons, 160,5iJ8,) of which 42 per cent, 
 was American; '2,2% percent. Spanish: and '2\% percent. 
 British. The value of exports to the United States, in 1852, 
 amounted to $3,001,223, and in 1853 to $2,800,936; the im- 
 ports from the same country, in 1852, was $1,055,075, and 
 in 1S53, §864,544. Porto Rico is (joverned by a captain- 
 general, who is president of the royal audiencia. and is as- 
 sisted by a junta of military officers. It is divided into 7 
 departments. Principal towns, San Juan de Porto Rico, 
 Maya'iues, Ponea. atidGuayama. Porto Rico was discovered 
 by Columbus in 1493. In 1509 it was invaded by the Spaniards 
 from Hay ti,* who in a few years extermin.ited the n.itives, 
 numberinjr about 700,0(K). Kstimated pop., ai'cordiup to a 
 late official report. 600.000; of whom about 60,000 are slaves. 
 
 Inhab. I'uBTonKiUENO. poR-to-re-kin'yo; plural, Pobtoki- 
 
 QUENOS. poR-to-re-kan'yoee. 
 
 PORTO SAL RKY. poii/to sdl ri. a town of Boavista, in 
 the Cape Verd Islands, on its \Y. coast. 
 
 POKTO SAN STKFANO. poR'to sin st^Pa-no, (ancPorllus 
 Domitia/nuf,) tifeaport town of Tu.scany, on the N.W. coast 
 of the peninsula formed by Mount Argentaro, about 6 
 miles W.S.W. of Orbitello. Pop. 2p78. 
 
 PORTO SANTO, poR'lo s3n'to, one of the Madeira I.slands, 
 In the Atlantic Ocean, 26 miles N.E. of Madeira. Lat. 33° 
 6' N., Ion. 16° 19'. W. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 3 miles. 
 Pop. in 1842, 6000. Surface mountainous; soil of volcanic 
 orii;;in, parched, and destitute of timber; princip.al products, 
 wine of inferior quality, maize, barley, and fruits. 
 
 PORTO SKGURO, pou/to s.A-goo'ro. a maritime town of 
 Brazil, province of Espiiito Santo, capilal of the comarca, 
 lat. 16° 26' 9" S., Ion. 38° 58' W., on the left bank of the 
 Buranhen, at its mouth in the Atlantic. It hag several 
 iiospitals and schools. Its town-house was formerly a .7e- 
 Buits' college, and its church is one of the oldest in Brazil. 
 Its port, comprising the villages of Pontinha, Marcos, and 
 Pacata, is defended by a fort. Its trade is chiefly with 
 Bahia and Rio. 
 
 PORTO VKCCHIO, poR'to vJk'keK), a fortified town of the 
 island of Corsica, on an inlet of its E. coast, 15 miles N.N.E. 
 of Bonifacio. Pop. 2015. It has the best port in the island, 
 but it is so unhealthy, owing to adjacent salt-marshes, 
 that its inhabitants mostly leave it during the summer 
 months. 
 
 PORTO VENERE, poR'to vJn'A-r.-l, (anc. Ven'erix Forftvs.) 
 a town and port of North Italy, in the Sardinian States, 
 division, and 44 miles S.E. of Genoa, on a marble rock, 
 at the S. extremity of the promontory forming the W. 
 boundary of the Gulf of Spezzia, and separated only by a 
 narrow channel from the island of Palmaria. Pop. 2294. 
 It has a small port defended by a battery, and an active 
 anchovy-fis hery. 
 
 PORT PAT'RICK, a seaport town, burgh of barony, and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Wigtown, on the Irish Channel. 
 6i miles S.S.W. of Stranraer. Pop. of town, in 1851. 103S. 
 It derives its present importance from being the nearest 
 port to Ireland. Its harbor is protected by two piers, and 
 has a light-house, in lat. 54° 60' 18" N., Ion. 5° & 45" W. 
 Two government steam-packets ply between it and Donagha- 
 dee. On May 23, 1853, a line of electric telegraph was laid 
 across the channel from Port Patrick to Donaghadee. Port 
 Patrick was long famous as the "'Gretna Green" of Ireland. 
 
 PORT PENN, a village of Lycoming co., Pennsylvaniii, 
 on the West Branch of the Susfiuehanna River, 13 miles E. 
 of Williamspnrt. The West Branch Canal passes through 
 it, and boat-building is carried on. 
 
 PORT PENN, a post-village of Newcastle co.. Delaware, on 
 UeJaware Bay, opposite Iteedy Island, alxiut 30 miles N. of 
 Dover. It has 1 hotel and 4 or 5 stores. 
 
 PORT PER/RY, a posfcKjfflce of Allegh.any co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 POUT PERRY, a small post-village of Perry co.. Mi.ssourl, 
 
 on the Mississippi River, about 60 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis. 
 
 PORT PIIIL'LIP. a bay on the S. coast of Australia ; lat 
 
 of Point Nepean, at its entrance, 38° 18' S., Ion. 144° 42' 7' 
 
 E. Length and breadth, alout .35 miles each; entrance 
 
 nearly 2 miles across, and it is capable of receiving all tli« 
 
 navies of civilized nations. A light-house has been erected 
 
 2 miles within its entrance. At its W. side is an inlet. 
 
 near the head of which is the town of Geelong: and on itg 
 
 N. side it receives the Yarra-yarra River, on the banks of 
 
 whicli is the town of Melbourne, capital of the colony of 
 
 Victoria, to which Port Phillip, until lately, gave name. A 
 
 railway, the tirst ever constrnct(;d in Australia, was opened 
 
 between Port Phillip and MoUiourne in 1854. See Victoria. 
 
 PORT PLATE, (iild'tA.) a seaport town of Ilayti. capital 
 
 of an arrondissement, on the N. coast, 12 miles N.W. of 
 
 Santiago. 
 
 PORT PRAYA, Cape Verde Isles. See Porto Prata. 
 
 PORT PROV/IDENCE, a post-office of Slontgomery co., 
 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 PORTQUEROLLES. an i.sland of France in the Mediter- 
 ranean. See Porqukroi.lf.s. 
 PORT RAFFLES, Australia. See Raffles Bat. 
 PORT'REATII, a small seaport town of England, co. of 
 Cornwall, on the Atlantic, 4 miles N. of Redruth. It has a 
 pier and basin which can accommodate 25 vessels of 100 
 tons, and at which about 25.000 tons of copper ore are an- 
 nually exported to Swansea. The inlet to the harbor is de- 
 fended l)y two batteries. 
 
 PORT'REE, a maritime village and pari.sh of Scotland, 
 CO. of lnvernes.s, comprising the K. part of the island of 
 Skye. and the islands of Rasay, Rona, and Fladda. Pop. of 
 the village. 800. It stands at the head of Loch Portree, and 
 is capital of the Skye group of the Hebridean islands. It 
 has a neat church, a jail, a branch bank, and a good 
 harbor. 
 
 PORT REPUB'LIC. formerly GRAVELLY LAND'INO. a 
 post-village of Atlantic co.. New Jersey, on Nacote Creek, 
 al)Out 15 miles E.N.E. of May's I..anding. 
 
 PORT liEl'UHLlC, a post-village of Calvert co.. Maryland 
 PORT REPUBLIC, a post-village of Rockingham co., Vip. 
 ginia, on the Shenandoah, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 PORT REPUBLICAN, Ilayti. See Poht-au-Prince. 
 PORT RICII'.MOND. a post-village of Richmond CO., New 
 York, on the N. side of Staten Island. 
 PORT RICHMOND. Pennsvlvania. See Richmond. 
 PORT ROB'IN.SON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 M'elland. situated on the Welland Canal, 12 miles S.E. of St. 
 Catharine's. It contains several stores, hotels, and mills. 
 Pop. about 400. 
 
 PORT ROWAN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Nor- 
 folk, situated on Lake Erie, 120 miles from Toronto, and 62 
 miles from London. It contains a steam mill. Pop. about 
 250. 
 
 PORT ROY'AL, a fortified town of Jam.aica, co. of Surrey, 
 at the extremity of a long sandy tongue of land which 
 Ixiunds Kingston Harbor on the S., 3 miles S.W. of King- 
 ston. Lat. of Fort Charles, 17° 56' N., Ion. 76= 51' W. It 
 has a royal naval dockyard, naval ho.spital, and barracks. 
 
 PORT ROY'AL, a post-village of Juniata co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Tuscarora Creek. 3 miles S. of Miftiintown. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, a post-village of Caroline co., Virginia, on 
 the right liank of Rappahannock River, 22 miles below 
 Fredericksburg. Grain and tobacco are shipped here in 
 steamboats, for whicli there is a good landing. Pop. 600. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, a postrvillage of Montgomery co., Ten- 
 nessee, on Red River, about 40 miles N.W. of Nashville. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, a post-village of Henry co., Kentucky, 
 about 50 miles E.N.E. of Louisville, has 2 stores. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, a small village of Morgan co., Indiana, on 
 White River. 16 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 PORTRUSH', a small seaport town of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Antrim, at the extremity of a narrow peninsula, near 
 the Skerry Ishinds, 5 miles N. of Coleraine. Pop. 600. It 
 is resorted to for sea-bathing, has a well-protected harbor, 
 and is frequented by the steamers plying between the N. 
 co.a.st of Ireland and the Clyde and Mersey. 
 
 PORT- SAINTE- MARIE, poR s^Nt mS'ree', a town of 
 France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne. 11 
 miles W.N.W. of Agen. Pop. in 1852, 3022. It has a 
 small port. 
 
 PORT-SAINT-PERE, poR sSn" paiR, a market-town of 
 France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 17 miles S.E. of 
 I'aimboeuf Pop. in 1852, 1826. 
 
 PORT SANTA BARBARA, (shx'ii hivTbl-rh) a natural 
 harbor on the W. coast of Patagonia, at the N. end of Cam* 
 pafla Island: lat 48° S., Ion. 7.5° GO' W. 
 
 PORT SAR'NIA, a po=t-village of Canada West co. of 
 Lambton, situated on the St. Clair Kiver, near Lalie Huron, 
 
 1525 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 62 TsA .65 frum London, and 70 miles from Detroit. It con- 
 tains seTeral ptores and hotels. Pop. about 800. 
 
 I'ORTS'POMN lULL, in England, co. of IL-jnts, extends 
 along the coast for 7 miles from E. to W., opposite the 
 islands of Pcrtsea and Ilay linfj. and the harbors of Langston 
 and Portsmc uth. Height, tiOO feet. 
 
 POKTSEA, port/see, a parish and town of England, co. of 
 Hants, the parish comprising most part of the island of 
 Portsea. Pi^i. in 1S51, 61,707. The town, feeing Portsmouth 
 Harbor, on' the W. side of the island, immediately N. of 
 Portsmouth, is regularly fortified on the E., entered by two 
 nobie gates, and comprises some good thoroughfai-es. 3 
 cbapels of ease, numerous dissenting places of worship, the 
 engineering depot for the S.VV. of England, and Portsmouth 
 Dockyard, which occupies more than one-third of the space 
 within the walls. 
 
 PORTSE.\ ISL.tXD, in England, lies between Portsmouth 
 and Langston Harbors, separated at its N. exti-emity from 
 the mainland by a narrow channel crossed by a bridge, and 
 by the South Coast and South-western Railways. Length 
 and breadth, i miles each. Pop. 72,126. All its S.W. half 
 is occupied by the towns of Portsmouth and Portsea. with 
 their suburbs; liesides which, it contains the hamlets of 
 Fratton. Milton, Kopnor, Kingston, and Hilsea. 
 
 PORT SE.A.TO.\, (see'ton.) a thriving village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Haddington, on the Frith of Forth, 2 miles E. of Pres- 
 tonpans. Pop. 270. 
 
 PORT SHEL'DON, a village of Ottawa co.. Michigan, on 
 Lake Mii^higan, about 200 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 PORT SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. See Sir Fiu.i>cis Diuke's 
 Bay. 
 
 PORTSKEWETT, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 PORTS'LADE. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, ports'mttth. (L. l^jrftui Aljg'nus,) a par- 
 liamentary and muuicipal borough, seaport town, and the 
 principal naval station of England, co. of Hants, at the S.W. 
 extremity of Portsea Island, and at the entrance to its 
 Cimous harbor, 22 miles S.E. of Southampton, and 95 miles 
 S.W. of London, on the Brighton and South Coast Railway; 
 besides which it is reached by a branch of the London and 
 South-western Railway. Lat. of otiservatory, 60^ 48' N^ 
 Ion. 1° 16' W. Area of borough, including also the town 
 and parish of Portsea. 509li acres. Pop. in 1S41. 53.027 : in 
 1861, 94,546. The town, which is the most perfect fortress 
 in Great Britain, is enclosed by bastioned ramparts, faced 
 with masonry, planted with elms, surrounded by trenches 
 and outworks, and entered by four can-iage-ways. It lias a 
 good main street, and much of it is well built and im- 
 proving, though many of its by-streets are of a very in- 
 lerior character, and its houses and public buildings are 
 nearly all of brick. On its W. side is an insular quarter 
 termed the " Point," bounding its commercial port, and a 
 seat of very active traffic in time of war: in this quarter, 
 facing the mouth of the harbor, some very extensive addi- 
 tions have recently been made to the fortifications between 
 the •■ Platform"' and the "Round Tower." 
 
 The principal buildings within the walls are the parish 
 church, with a cupola and vane 120 feet in height, garrison. 
 Wesleyan, Independent, and Unitarian chapels; governors' 
 hou.^e, town-hall and jail, new maiket-house. marine and 
 other extensive barracks, the buildings of the Philosophical 
 Society, new almshouses. Green-row Ball-rooms, the theatre, 
 Work-house, and some large breweries. The town of Portsea 
 forms its X. suburb, and is separated from it by a mill-dam 
 creek, but enclosed within an additional line of fortiJica- 
 tiona connected with those of Portsmouth. Within this 
 town is the naval dockyard, containing basins, wet and 
 dry docks, large warehouses, anchor forges, iron and cop- 
 per mills, rope-hotises. and every department necessary in 
 the construction and outfit of ships of war. In the dock- 
 yard are also the royal naval college, a chapel, and the i-esl- 
 deuce of the port-admiral; upwards of 2000 workmen are 
 employed in this yard; the area added to it on the N.E. is 
 intended partly for the formation of building-docks for war 
 steamers. Between the dockyard and the town of Ports- 
 mouth is the gun-wharf or arsenal, containing an armory 
 with 25.IK)0 stand of small arms, extensive artillery and 
 ammunition dermis, and good quays bordering on the har- 
 bor. E. of the town ramparts and" outworks, are Sout.hsea 
 Common and the suburb of Southsea, now frequented in 
 summer as a watering-place: on the shore facing Spithei\d 
 and the Isle of Wight are Southsea Castle, and farther E., 
 Cumljerland and some other forts, which, with Blockhouse 
 and Mon.kton Forts, on the mainland towards the S.W., 
 protect Spithead and the approach to the harbor. Besides 
 Portsea and Southsea, the large suburb of Landport. which 
 extends ahnost to the centre of I'ort.-sea Island, is included 
 In the borough, on the extreme limits of which are the bar- 
 racks of Tipner and Hilsea. Haslar Hospital, and the vic- 
 tualling department at Gosport. are dependencies of Ports- 
 mouth. The public institutions conipri.se a free grammar 
 school. St. Pauls Acjidemy. a mechanics' institution, a 
 savings' bank, a general hospital, and a female penitentiary. 
 
 Port.-imoath ct)mmunicates with Chichester and London 
 by a large canal; with Gosport, by a floating bridge across 
 1626 
 
 the mouth of the harbor; and by steam-packets with Ilydo, 
 Cowes. Southampton, Plymouth, Havre, and Dublin. Ita 
 trade. Ijoth coastwi.se and foreign, is of considerable extent; 
 the former consisting chiefly of coals from the Welsh and 
 Newc-istle coal-tields. cattle and sheep from the Isle of Wight 
 and the W. of England, and large quantities of corn and 
 provisions from Ireland; and the latter of wine from dif- 
 ferent parts of the Continent, eggs from France, and timber 
 from the Baltic. In 1851 the registered shipping of the 
 port amounted to 13.063 tons; the vessels entered in the 
 coast trade were 1274, (108.698 tons,) and cleared. 840, 
 (38.395 tons;) and in the colonial and foreign trade, 
 entered, 264. (24,923 tons.) and cleared, 163, (14,723 tons.) 
 Portsmouth is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle as exist- 
 ing in 501. During the reign of Alfred, a fleet of nine ships, 
 fitted at the port, signally defeated the Danes, who had long 
 infest«i the coast; and immediately before the Conquest, a 
 large fleet was fitted out here to intercept the Norman arma- 
 ment. .\bout 12.'J6. Henry III. assembled a large army 
 at Portsmouth, with a view to the invasion of France: and 
 in 1377 a counter-attempt was made by the French, vlio, 
 though ultimately defeated with great loss, succeeded in 
 burning a large part of the town. This disaster appears 
 to have shown the necessity of fortifying the place; and 
 the work.s, originally commenced by Edward IV.. have con- 
 tinued to be improved and extended during a series of suc- 
 cessive reigns, till they have become all but impregnable. 
 The municipal and parliamentary borough, including the 
 whole of the island of Port.sea. except a small portion be- 
 longing to the pitiish of Wymering and the Salterns, is 
 governed by a mayor. 14 aldermen, and 42 councillors, and 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 PoRTSMOiTH Harbor, an inlet of the English Channel, 
 Vi. of Port.sea I.«land, about 4 miles in length, by 5 or 6 
 miles in greatest breadth. At its entrance it is only 22") 
 yards across ; but within it the whole British navy might 
 ride in perfect security. A new basin for steamlxjats was 
 completed in 184S. It contains several small island.s, and 
 on its shores, besides the town and esfablishmenis of 
 Port.smouth and Portsea, are Gosport, Fareham. and Port- 
 chester. 
 
 PORTS'.MOUTH. a city. p.-.rt of entry, and seifii-capital of 
 Rockingham co.. New iiampshii-e. 54 mile.= N. by E. of Bos- 
 ton, is situated on the right bank of the Piscataqua River, 
 alxiut 3 miles from the ocean, and at the terminus of the 
 Eastern, the Concord, and the Portl.-ind and Saco Railroads, 
 bv which it has communication with nearly every section 
 of .New England. Lat.4:i°4'35" N., Ion. 70°45'5O" W. This 
 city, the commercial metropolis and only seaport of the state, 
 is built on a beautiful peninsula, formed by the I'iscataqua, 
 and connected by bridges with Kittery in Maine, and with 
 Newcastle on Grand Island- The harbor, which lies between 
 the town and the mouth of the river, is capacious, deep, 
 ea.sy of access, and much frequented by vessels in bad 
 weather: 4S0 have lieen counted here atone time; and it is 
 estimated that 2000 could easily find convenient anchorage. 
 The formation of sandljars or ice is rendered impossible by 
 the rapid tides, which, centuries since, have carried every 
 earthy substance out to sea, leaving a smooth rock bottom, 
 with a depth of water varying from 36 to 76 feet. The prin- 
 cipal entrance is between the mainland and the E. side of 
 Great Island, and is defended by Fort JlcClary on the 
 former, and Fort Constitution on the N.W. point of tha 
 latter. The city stands on a gentle acclivity overlooking the 
 harbor, and is remarkable for its healthy atmosphere and 
 fine gardens. Many of the streets are adorned with a pro- 
 fusion of shade-trees. The principal pubUc buildings are 
 the State Ar.«enal. the .\then«um. and two market-houses. 
 Besides these, there are nine churches, some of whiih are 
 elegant structures. The chief ohj^-ct of interest, however, 
 is the United States navy-yard at Kittery. on an isl.nnd 
 near the E. side of the river. Among other things, it 
 contains 3 immense shiivhouses, and a floating balance- 
 dock, constructed at a cost of about $S0O.0OO. It is 350 
 feet by 105. and has 24 pumps, worked by 2 steam-engines. 
 The North America, the first ship^ofthe-line launched in 
 the Western Hemisphere, was built on Badger's Island, 
 in this harbor, durinii the Revolution. The literary ad- 
 vantages of Portsmouth are liighly respectable. The Athe- 
 naeum has a well-selected library of about 10,000 volumes, 
 and a cabinet of curiosities. The schools are numerous, 
 and well conducted. One daily and 3 weekly newsjiapers 
 are published hero. One of these," New Hampshire Gazette,'' 
 is said to be the oldest in America, having been first issued 
 in 1756. The forts above named are being rebuilt, and a 
 lottery has been erected on an island between them. 
 
 Portsmonth has less commerce naw than formerly, though 
 it is still the centre of an important trade, both foreign and 
 coastwise. The shipping of t he port. June 30, 1S54, amount<xl 
 to an aggi-egate of 19.918 tons registered, and 892U tons en- 
 rolled and licensed. Of the latter, 6724 tons Were employcil 
 in the coast trade, and the remainder in the cod and macke- 
 rel fisheries. The foreign arrivals for the year were 39, 
 tons, 3877, of wliich 1327 were in American lK>tt«m_8. The 
 clearances fur foreign ports were S3, (tons, 41 W ) The im- 
 
POR 
 
 ports amounted to $99,605 ; the exports to $66,927 ; and the 
 duties collected to about $30,000. During the same year, 11 
 vessels, (9 of them ships,) with an agj,'regate burden of 
 11,912 tons, were i^dmeasured. Some of the finest-built ships, 
 both for the mercantile and naval service have been built 
 at Portsmouth. Among them is the Kearsurgo. 
 
 Mauufactui'ing is extensively carried on. Among the 
 most important corporations may be mentioned the Ports- 
 mouth Steam Factory, giving employment to about 400 
 hunils, who produce an immense quantity of spool-cotton, 
 and the Rockingliiun Mills, manufacturing tape, &c. The 
 leading articles of manufacture are ropes, spool-cotton, 
 hosiery, iron castings, shoes, &c. The city is supplied by 
 means of pipes witli excellent water, from a fountain in the 
 suburb. It contains 1 national bank, and 4 other banks. 
 Portsmouth has a large amount of Ciipital invested in rail- 
 roads, navigation, manufactures, &c., in other places ; and 
 though it has suffered in former j-ears from disastrous fires, 
 and lias been compelled to relinquish to the larger cities 
 some of its former extensive trade, still it has steadily in- 
 creased in wealth. Pop. in 1S60, 9739; in ISOO, 9335. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, a post-to%vnship in Newport county, 
 Rhode Island, 6 miles N.N.K. of Newport. I'opulation 
 204^. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, a post^township of Dauphin co., Penngyl- 
 Tania. Pop. 882. 
 
 PURTSJIOUTII, a seaport and important naval depdt of 
 the United States, and c;\pital of Norfolk co., Virginia, on 
 the left bank of Elizabeth River, opposite the city of 
 Norfolk, 8 miles from Hampton Roads, and 160 miles by 
 water S.E. of Richmond. Lat. 36° 50' N., Ion. 76° 19' W. 
 The river, which is al)Out half a mile wide, forms a s.ife and 
 e.xcellent harbftr, accessible to ves.sels of the largest size, in 
 which several ships of war are usually lying at anchor. ' The 
 General Government has at Gosport, a suburb of Ports- 
 mouth, a large and costly dry-dock, which is c;ipable of ad- 
 mitting the largest shiiis. Slore than 1000 hands are .some- 
 times employed in the consi ruction of vessels at the navy- 
 yard. Besides the United States naval hospital in the 
 viciuity, a largo and showy building of stuccoed brick, 
 Portsmouth contains a court-house. 6 churches, a branch 
 of the Dank of A'iiginia, and the Virginia Literary, Scientific, 
 and Military Academy. The town is situated on level 
 ground immediately below the junction of the South and 
 Kast Branches of the river. The streets are straight and 
 rectangular. Portsmouth is the terminus of the Seaboard 
 and Roanoke Railroad, which, with connecting lines, opens 
 a commuuiofttion with Charleston, South Carolina^ Since 
 the reconstruction of this railro.id the town has increased 
 considerably in population and business. Ferry-boats ply 
 constantly from Portsmouth to Norfolk, and a daily line of 
 steamboats coininunicate with Richmond. Founded in 
 17.5-_>. Population 9496. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, a post-village of Carteret co., North Caro- 
 lina, on the S. side of Ocracoke Inlet, about 05 miles E. of 
 Newbern. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, a flourishing post-village, capital of Scioto 
 CO., Ohio, is beautifully .situated on the Ohio River, just 
 above the mouth of the Scioto, and at the terminus of the 
 Ohio and Erie Canal, 115 miles above Cincinn.iti, and 90 
 miles S. of Columbus. It stands on a plain of moderate 
 extent, partly enclosed by hills. Steamboats ply regularly 
 between this town and Cincinnati and other river ports. 
 Portsmouth is a place of considerable activity in business, 
 and is steadily increasing in population and importance. 
 The Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad terminates here. 
 Tlie village conUiins a coiirt-honse, 1 national bank, 6 or 8 
 churches. 2 lai-ge and conunodious school-houses, with about 
 700 pui)ils, 2 iron-foundries, 1 nail-factory, and 1 forge. 
 Two or 3 newspiipers are issue<l here. Iron ore, stone coal, 
 and fine building stone are abundant in the vicinity. Pop. 
 in 1850, 4011 ; in 1860, 6268. 
 
 POUTSMOUTil, a tliriving post-vilUtge of Bay co., Mich- 
 igan, on the right bank of Saginaw River, ti miles from its 
 mouth, and 110 miles N.N.W. of Detroit. Large quantitietj 
 of pine lumber are sawn here and exported. Pop. 169. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, a village of Carroll co., Illinois, on the 
 Mis-sissippi River, about 180 miles N. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 PORT'SOY, a burgh of barony, and seaport town of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Banff, on the W. side of the estuary of the Durn, 
 5 miles E. of Cullen. Pop. in 1851, 2062. It has a small har- 
 bor and a brisk trade. 
 
 PORT STAX'Li; Y, a post-village of Canada "West. co. of Mid- 
 dle.sex, on Lake Erie, 26 miles from London, and 157 miles 
 from Toronto. It contains stores, hotels, factories, and mills. 
 
 PORT STEPHENS, (stee'vens.) a harbor of New South 
 Wales, CO. of Gloucester, 18 miles N.E. of Port Hunter. Lat. 
 of Baroinee Point, 32° 40' 7" S.. Ion. 152° 4' 2" El It extends 
 IS miles inland; breadth, 5 miles. It receives the Karuah 
 River, and on its N. bank m Carrington. 
 
 PORT STEWART, a mantmie town of Ireland, In Ulster, 
 CO. of Londonderry. 4 miles N.N.W. of Coleraine. Pop. 600. 
 
 PORT-SUR-SAONK, poR siiR son. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-SaOne, on the Saone, 7 miles N.W. of Ve- 
 aouL Pop. iu 1852, 297T. 
 
 POR 
 
 PORT TOBACCO, a post-village, capital of Charles co., Ma- 
 ryland, is situated at the head of a bay which sets up from 
 the Potomac River, about .30 miles S. of Washington. It; 
 contains a court-house, jail, and a newspaper office. 
 
 PORT TOWN'SEND, a thriving settlement, capital of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Washington Territory, on Puget's Sound. It has 
 a postroflfice of its own name. Pop. 264. 
 
 PORTUDAL, poRHoo-ddl'. a maritime village of West 
 Africa, in Seneganibia, on the Atlantic. 35 miles S.E. of Cape 
 Verd. It exports hides, ivory, and gold-dust. 
 
 PORTUGAL, por'tu-ggil, (Port, and Sp. pron. poR-t/io-gJl', 
 Ger. pron. poR'too-gdP ; Fr. pron. poR'tU'gdl': anc. Liisila/- 
 nia,) a kingdom in the S.W. of Europe, forming the W. 
 part of the Spanish peninsula. It Is bounded on the E. and 
 N. by Spain, and on the W. and S. by the Atl.intic. between 
 lat. 30° 55' and 42° 7' N.. and Ion. 6° 15' and 9° 30' W. 
 Its shape is nearly a parallelogram. Greatest length, from 
 N. to S., 345 miles; greatest breadth, 140 miles, 'f he coast- 
 line has an extent of about 500 miles ; It is but little broken, 
 and does not present a single bay of great magnitude. At 
 Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point of the peninsula, it 
 becomes somewhat irregular, and terms two bays by the in- 
 terjection of the remarkable promontory which terminates 
 in lape Espichel. It is occasionally bold, and rises to a great 
 height, particularly at Cabo da Roca, where it presents a 
 range of giddy cliffs ; but for the far greater part it is low and 
 marshy, and in many places lined by sands and reefs, which 
 mal<e tlie navigation dangerous. I'he number of harbors, 
 large and .small, exceeds 20, but the only ones of importance 
 are those of Lisbon, Oporto, Setubal, Faro, Figueira. Aveiro, 
 and Viana. 
 
 Pliyaical Features. — The physical geography of Portugal 
 resembles that of Spain. The interior is generally moun- 
 tainous, a number of ranges stretching across the country, 
 either in W., S.W., or S.S.VV. directions, forming a succes- 
 sion of independent river basins, while their ramifications, 
 penetrating in all directions, form the w.ater-sheds of numer- 
 ous subsidiary streams, and enclose many wild and beauti- 
 ful valleys. The loftiest range is the Serra d'Rstrella, a 
 continuation of the central chain which stretches across 
 Spain between Old and New Castile, and between Leon and 
 Estremadura. Near the town of G uarda it forks, one brjinch 
 proceeding N. and another S.E., while the main chain attains 
 its culminating point of 7524 feet, about 5 miles W. of the 
 town of Covilhao, and is there continued in a S.S.M'. direc- 
 tion to its termination in the lofty cliffs of Caljo da Roca. 
 Nearly parallel tp this chain, and at no great distance from It 
 on the N., is the Serra de .\lcoba. and on the S. the Serra JIo- 
 radal. In the N.W.. a branch of the Spanish .Sierra Mamed, 
 taking the name of Penagacho, enters Portugal, and attains 
 one of the loftiest heights of the kingdom in Mount (iavieii-a. 
 At the op|K>site extremity, the Serra Monchique. stretching 
 across the country at a short distance from the S. shore, 
 attains, at its W. extremity in Mount Foia. the height of 
 4050 feet. Owing to the rugged nature of the surf^ice. the 
 plains are few in number, and of limited extent, but there 
 are many valleys, e(juBlly r&markable for their beauty and 
 fertility. The princip.al plains are those of Almeida and the 
 Terra de Bragan/Ji; the former in the province of Beira 
 Alta, and the latter in that of Tras os Montes. The chief 
 valleys are those of Ch.ives, Villarica, and Besteiro.s. 
 
 Genlw/ij. — Granite generally forms the nucleus of the 
 mountains, overlaid iu the N. by micaceous schist, and 
 other primitive rocks. In the S., psirticularly in the Serra 
 Monchique, primitive limestone is very abundant. Vol- 
 canic formations are very apparent in the Serra de Calrtei- 
 rao. formerly a continuation of that of Monchique. The 
 mineralogical treasures seem more remarkable for their 
 variety than for their value, though siome are worked to ad- 
 vantage. They include argentiferous lead, iron, copper, co- 
 balt, bismuth, antimony, fine marble, slate, salt, saltpetre, 
 lithographic stones, millstones, and porcelain-earth. Some 
 gold also is wa.«hed from the sands of the Douro. Mondego, 
 and other streams, and in several serras. particularly those 
 of Estrella and Gerez ; and many valuable pebbles and rock- 
 crystals are found in different places. 
 
 Rivers. — No rivers of importance take their rise in Portu- 
 gal, and yet few countries, in proportion to their extent, arg 
 better supplied with laige and navigable streams, the Minho 
 in the N. forming, in the lower part of its course, the l)ound- 
 ary between Portugal and Spain; the Douro, first skirting 
 the E. frontier in a S.W. direction, and then pursuing its 
 course W. to the ocean at Oporto ; the Tagus, flowing in a 
 general S.W. direction, and Guadiana, all enter the country 
 from Spain. The latter river, in the lower part of its course, 
 flows nearly S.. and for some dist.ince from its mouth forms 
 the boundary between Portugal and Spain. The Voug.H, 
 .Alondego. and Sado have their course wholly in Portugal. 
 Numerous small lakes are scattered over the surface and 
 embosomed in the mountains. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is gr.atly modified by the proximity 
 of the .sea and the height of the mountains, the former tem- 
 pering the excessive heat of summer by refreshing breezes, 
 and the latter making the winter more rigorous than is 
 usual in countries under the same latitude. In general, 
 
 1527 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 however, the winter is short and mild, and in some places 
 uever completely interrupts the course of vegetation. Here 
 the inhabitants eujoj' the benefit of a double spring. Early 
 in February, the vegetation is in full vigor: the plants shoot 
 forth, rapidly attain maturity, and if not harvested, wither 
 away. During the month of July the heat is often extreme, 
 and rain seldom falling, the whole country, jwrticularly 
 along the coast, assumes a very parched appeaiance. The 
 drought generally continues throughout August, and far 
 into September; but at last the sky, which had been pre- 
 viously serene, becomes overc.ist, and copious showers de- 
 scend. The second spring now begins, and the fields again 
 become covered with flowers and verdure. AVinter usually 
 Bets in about the end of Noveml>er. In the mountainous 
 districts the loftier summits obtain a covering of snow, and 
 retain it for a gre^iter or less period, according to their alti- 
 tude; but iu ail the country S. of the Douro, and at a mode- 
 rate elevation, snow generally melts witliin a mouth. The 
 climate, in general healthy, is especially ."so in the elevated 
 coast regions, and on the plateaus of the interior ; the ex- 
 ceptions are the vicinity of the salt marshes, and parts of 
 the banks of the Tagus and Mondego. Meau temperature 
 of the year at Coiuibra, 62°; Lisbon. Ol°'3 Fahrenheit. From 
 October to April deluges of rain continue to fall, and violent 
 hurricanes and thunderstorms are not unfrequent. At this 
 season, too, shocks of earthquakes are sometimes felt, par- 
 ticularly in the vicinity of the metropolis, where the dis- 
 asters occasioned in 1751, were fearfiU almost beyond de- 
 scription. 
 
 Vegetation, AgricuJtttre. i£c. — There are few countries pos- 
 sessing a more varied Flora than Portugal. The number 
 of species is estimated to exceed 40u0. Many of the moun- 
 tains are covered with fine forests, among wliich both the 
 ordinary species, the ank, or Quercus robiir, and the cork- 
 tree, or QiuTcus suber, is conspicuous. In the central pro- 
 vinces, at a moderate elevation, magnificent chestnut trees 
 abound ; and in the S., Ijoth the date and the American aloe 
 thrive well. Fruits of excellent quality are common in every 
 quarter, though it is only in the warmer and better-shel- 
 tered di.stricts that the orange, lemon, and olive are culti- 
 vated with success on an extensive scale. The mulberry is 
 admirably adapted to the climate, and yields a considerable 
 quantity of excellent silk. But the most important branch 
 of industry is the cultivation of the vine. The well-known 
 port wines, the produce of the vineyards watered by the up- 
 per Douro, forms the staple export. The olive thrives, but 
 the oil is of an inferior quality. But agriculture, properly 
 so called, is at a very low ebb, and Portugaltails, in ordinary 
 years, to raise cere;ils in sufficient quantity to meet its own 
 consumption. Wheat, barley, oats, tlax, and hemp are cul- 
 tivated, in the elevated tracts, and rice in the lowlands. 
 Among domestic animals, the first place is due to the mule, 
 of which very superior breeds have long been possessed, and 
 are carefully preserved. Sheep, goats, and hogs are very 
 numerous, but little attention is paid to their improvement. 
 Horned cattle are few, and of a very inferior description. 
 Game is not abundant, and the fisheries on the coast, though 
 naturally productive, and at one time carried on to a great 
 extent, have fallen off so much that the greater quantity of 
 the fish used is obtained by importation. 
 
 ilanufacturas. — The manufactures of Portugal employ only 
 a few large establishments ; but almost every family supplies 
 itself with the articles of primary necessity, .'imong the 
 manufactures produced to some e.xtent for sale may be men- 
 tioned armor at LislKm, woollen cloth and other woollen stuffs 
 at Portalegre. Covilhao, and Fundao; porcelain at Vista Ale- 
 gre; delft and ordinary e;u-thenware at Lisbon, Oporto. Co- 
 iubra, Beja. Kstremoz, ic; prints and lace at Lisbon and 
 Oporto; cotton twist at Thomar; silks at Braganzii, Chacim, 
 Oporto, Ac: copper and tin ware at Lisbon and other places; 
 corks, ribands, embroidery, hats, confectionary, fine soap, 
 jewelry, and the cutting of precious stones, glass, paper, 
 wicker-work, and totacco. Ship-building also is well under- 
 stood, and a Uirge number of vessels are constructed at Lis- 
 bon, Figueira, Oporto, and Villa do Conde. 
 
 Ominicrce.— The length of sea-coast, with the harbors 
 found upon it, and the n.ivigable rivers, furnish great facili- 
 ties for commerce; but all the other means of internal com- 
 munication are very defective. The trade has suffered much 
 by the loss of Brazil, but it still continues to be of consider- 
 able importance. The principal exports are wine, brandy, 
 vinegv, salt, oil, pork, fruit, particularly chestnuts, wa'l- 
 nuts. almonds, olives, oranges, and lemons; silk, wool, cork, 
 Bumaoh. kermes, leeches, bones, glass, and porcelain. The 
 princip«. imports arc wheat, rve, barley, and m.-iize, foreign 
 timber, salt provisions, particularly cod; colonial produce, 
 woollen, cotton, linen, and silk tissues, iron, steel, and vari- 
 ous other meUils; coal, tar. and pitch, dyes and drugs. 
 
 The annexed table exhibits the total value of imports and 
 exports for the years 1843, 1S48, and 1S51 :— v^ »- »"" 
 
 ^**"- ImporU. F.xporu. Total. 
 
 • $8.811. .'.as $..'2,794,617 
 
 . l-',5«-.',«9 24.5S8.6o7 
 
 11,879,591 16,156.515 
 
 The JbUowicg exhibiu the principal countrie* with which 
 U28 
 
 Portugal has commercial relations, the value cf the trade 
 with each in 1851, and value of imports from each re-ex- 
 ported : — 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Frauce 
 
 Great Rritaio and her Coloaiet 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Xetherlaads 
 
 Ru.^ia 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Umt«a States 
 
 Imported, j Exported. Re-exp'd 
 
 •l«0,592 
 352,'JSO 
 
 2,046,«9 
 667.000 
 
 9,755,084 
 1J4.74» 
 144.956 , 
 461 .0B6 
 SOB, 754 
 »40.8-.;S 
 404,637 
 
 *ilS,578 
 
 l,877,i73 
 8t4.5no 
 
 4.427.698 
 216, 2W> 
 111.993 
 255,649 
 908,611 
 107,ai4 
 66:;,292 
 
 $5,537 
 
 1843.. 
 1848.. 
 1851.. 
 
 $13.6^2.778... 
 
 12.006, (08... 
 
 14,276,»-.a.., 
 
 The principal commercial ports are Lisbon, (tlie capital.) 
 Oporto, Setubal, Faro, Figueira, and Viana. The exports to 
 the United States in 1854, amounted in value to $2o0,203, 
 and the imports from the same country to $411,155. \o 
 railways have its yet been constructed in Portugal: .several 
 have been proposed, one to extend from Lislxin to a point 
 between Campo Grande and B.eiiifica, thence by the coast as 
 far as Cascaes, taking in the small sea-l)atliing towns. An- 
 other propo.sal is to continue this line N, by Coimbra to 
 Oporto, and thence by Bragauza to Spain. It is also pro- 
 posed to construct a railway from Lisbon through Alemtejo 
 by Evora to Elvas and Bitilajos. 
 
 Divisions, QJloniti, Popuhition, d-c. — Portugal is divided 
 into 8 provinces, subdivided into 17 districts, the names, 
 area, and population of which, together with the names, 
 area, and population of the Portuguese colonies, are exhi- 
 bited in the subjoined table: — 
 
 Aric^ and Population of Pitrivgal. including tit Foreign I\)»- 
 session /, 1850, 
 
 Alemtejo 
 
 Algarre 
 
 Beira-Alta,.. 
 Beira-Baixa. 
 
 Doaro . 
 
 •■{ 
 
 Estremadura 
 
 Minho 
 
 Tras-oa-Montoa, 
 
 Evora 
 
 Porlalcfre , 
 
 Beja 
 
 Faro 
 
 Vigeu 
 
 Castello Branco . 
 
 Ouarda 
 
 Ardro 
 
 Coimbra 
 
 Oporto 
 
 T.eiria 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Soutarem 
 
 Braga 
 
 Viaua 
 
 Braganza 
 
 Villa Eeal 
 
 Total. 
 
 Coloniet. 
 ICtDEiKA and AzoBis, 
 
 Madeira aad Por- 
 to Saa to 
 
 Funchal . 
 
 } 
 i 
 
 East District of 
 Ponta Delgada 
 
 Central Azoi«s, 
 Angra do Ue- 
 roismo 
 
 Western District 
 of Uorta 
 
 Afsica. 
 
 CapeVerd Islands 
 
 Guinea, Bissao, Ac 
 
 Islands of St. Thomas, Principe. Ac. 
 Angola Benguela, and dependencies 
 Mozambique, and dependencies 
 
 Asia, 
 India— Gon, Bardez, and Saisette,.. 
 
 Kew Acqulaitioas 
 
 Damao 
 
 Diu 
 
 OCEiNICA AND CHINA. 
 
 Macao 
 
 Timor, Solor, Mldora, Ac 
 
 Area in 
 sq. miles. 
 
 2,612 
 2,xm 
 5,014 
 2,151 
 1.^91 
 2,J74 
 2,U8 
 1.45S 
 1.3.6 
 1,088 
 L.^lo 
 
 s.eti 
 
 ■2.St9 
 1,088 
 956 
 2,384 
 1,644 
 
 l,6,<i6 
 36,000 
 
 204,000 
 288,000 
 
 530,112 
 1,452 
 
 12 
 27,504 
 
 83,286 
 80212 
 
 i-'i,;«;i 
 
 141.027 
 
 2».!I17 
 ]3-.M!7 
 ISH.RSJ 
 :4.'.!t91 
 256,798 
 3ft--,i)i:i 
 138,418 
 4.55,217 
 154.M0 
 199,640 
 187,791 
 U'5.437 
 
 is;i,f94 
 
 343,tr2 
 
 U.oSO 
 589,127 
 800.000 
 
 997,139 
 
 248.2IT 
 115,571 
 33.950 
 10,850 
 
 408,540 
 
 29.587 
 91S.4I2 
 
 Summari/. 
 
 ! Area in 
 sq. miles. 
 
 European Continent j 35,268 
 
 Azores , 1,488 
 
 Africa bUO.Ui 
 
 Asia and Oceanica { 19,064 
 
 Total 595,931 
 
 Fop iol850. 
 
 3,471, -W I 
 643,571 
 
 9»7.l;» 
 1,:5J6,545 ! 
 
POR 
 
 POS 
 
 Cknemment, Religion, do. — The government is an heredi- 
 tary constitutional monarchy. The legislative power is 
 vested jointly in the sovereign, and an upper and a Icwer 
 chamber; both chambers are elective; they meet and dis- 
 solve at regular periods without the intervention of the 
 crown; and when both are agreed as to any particular mea- 
 sure or enactuient, are not subject to its veto. Judgment is 
 administered by a great number of inferior judges, whose 
 decisions are sulyect to revision in 17 district courts. A 
 court of appeal, with extensive jurisdiction, sits at Oporto; 
 and a supreme court, w ith jurisdiction over the whole king- 
 dom, at Lisbon. The established religion is the Konian Ca- 
 tholic, which is completely in the ascendant. Protestantism 
 being almost unknown. Ecclesiastical affairs are adminis- 
 tered by a patriarch at Lisbon, 2 archbishops at Braga and 
 Evora, and 14 bishops. The iuQuisition was abolished iu 
 1821, and its enormous revenues applied to tlie st^ite. 
 
 Education in Portugal is in a very low state. There are 
 about 120fl elementary schools, a nornial seminary, OoO 
 classical schools, 27 lyceums, 1 university at Coimbra, with 
 feculties of theology, law, medicine, mathematics, and phi- 
 losophy, several schools of medicine, polytechnic and naval 
 academies, military schools, schools of mines, of architec- 
 ture, painting, design, &c. 
 
 The language of the Portuguese may be regarded as a dia- 
 lect of Latin, and is closely allied to the Spanish. Its powers 
 have not been much tested, but in the Lmwl of Cainnens it 
 has proved itself not unequal to epic poetry of a high order. 
 
 Army, Navy, and Ji'erenue. — The peace establishment in 
 1853 amounted to 25.642 men, ,ind 2926 horses, which in time 
 of war might be increa.sed to 49,954 men. The colonial army 
 comprised 8522 men, with a reserve of 20,977. By act of 
 April 15, 1864, the standing army of Portugal, exclusive of 
 olHcers, was fixed at 24,000 men, with a reserve of 13,767 
 men. The n.ivy consists of one ship-of-the-line, carrying SO 
 guns, 1 frigate with 50 guns, 6 corvettes with 18 guns each, 
 and 38 other vessels, carrying in all 190 guns. Total number 
 of vessels, 46; guns, 428, In the budget for 1855, the re- 
 venue was estimated at $14,186,829. $2,982,944 Vieing from 
 direct, and S6.95l,S42 from indirect taxes, and $836,037 from 
 the colonies; and the expenditures at $14,286,928. Of the 
 latter $0,016,795 was for interest on the public debt, 
 $3,185,526 for the war department, $917,645 for the navy, 
 and $1,277,594 for public works. The public debt. July 30, 
 1853, amounted to $SS,071.047, of which $40,217,401 was due 
 to subjects of Portugal, and $47,850,646 to f jreigners. 
 
 History. — Portugal forms the far larger part of the ancient 
 province of Lusitania, said to have been so called from the 
 Luzi, an indigenous tribe who dwelt between the Tagus 
 and the Douro. Phoenician and Grecian colonies appear to 
 have been planted on its coasts at a very early period, and 
 the Carthagenians subsequently formed several establish- 
 ments. About 200 B. c. the Romans became sole masters, 
 and continued in possession for nearly six centuries, during 
 which they completely changed the habits of the natives, 
 introduced their own language, and executed numerous 
 works, the ruins of many of which still remain. In the 
 fifth century the Suevi, Vandals, and Visigoths became pos- 
 sessors. In the beginning of the eighth century Portugal 
 shared the fate of Spain, and was overrun by the -Moors. 
 The former inhabitants, descendants of the northern in- 
 vaders, retired to the more inaccessible districts, and suc- 
 ceeded in maintaining their Independence. After a long 
 struggle, during which many battles were fought, and many 
 Illustrious deeds achieved, they regained the ascendant, and 
 the Portuguese monarchy was formally established by the 
 Cortes at Lamego in 1143. In 1385 a new dynasty was 
 *bund>'d under John I. IVith him commenced the long 
 series of maritime discoveries, which ultimately placed Por- 
 tugal at the head of a great coloni.il empire. Ue personal ly 
 undertook an expedition to the coast of Africa, and made a 
 conquest of Ceuta and part of the adjoining country. The 
 spirit of enterprise thus excited became a kind of national 
 passion, and the expeditions fitted out were crowned with 
 brilliant success. In 1418, Madeira was discovered ; in 1432, 
 the Azores ; and in 1486, after a succession of adventurers 
 had explored the greater part of the W. coast of Africa, the 
 Cape of Good Hope was beheld by Bartholomew Diaz. Vasco 
 ie Oama, following in the same track, was still more suc- 
 eessful. In 1497 he doubled the ciipe, and continuing his 
 course E., reached the shores of Malabar. A still more for- 
 tunate discovery was made in 1500 by Pedro Alvarez Cabral, 
 or Cabreira, who, while bent on a different course, was 
 driven by a storm to the coast of Brazil, and thus led to the 
 formation of a settlement, which has since grown up to be 
 an independent empire. After these discoveries, and the 
 treasures obtained from them, had raised Portugal to the 
 highest pitch of prosperity, a disputed succession brought 
 it to the verge of ruin, and subjected it to the thraldom of 
 li hated foreign yoke under Philip II., King of Spain. This 
 nsurpation, after lasting for 60 years, was tei-mined in 1640, 
 by a general rising, headed by the Duke of Braganza, who, 
 on the expulsion of the Spaniards, ascended the throne un- 
 der the name of John IV. On the invasion of the French 
 In 1807, the royal family went to Brazil. From 1827 to 
 
 1833, the throne was usuqied by D m Miguel ; in 1836 sever 
 changes were introduced, and the existing constitution wa» 
 established. The erection of Brazil into an independenl 
 empire, in 1826, robbed Portugal of the richest jewel of he» 
 crown, leaving her scarcely a show of her former colonial 
 
 gi-eatuess. Adj. and iuhab. Pobtugvese; (Port. Pokto- 
 
 OUEZ, poH-too'gAs/; Sp. I'oRTUOUES, poR-too-gh?s' ; Fr. Pos- 
 TLQAIS. poRHU'g.'i'; Ger. PORTUClESlr^CH, poic-too-ghee'zish.) 
 
 POIITUGALETE, poR-too-gd-lA/tA, a town and river-port 
 of Spain, province of Biscay. 7 miles N.N.W. of Bilbao, on 
 the Nerva, near its entrance into the Slediterranean. 
 Pop. 1200. It has several batteries for the defence of tha 
 port, which belongs to Bllljao, sea-borne vessels not being 
 able to go higher up the river. 
 
 POUTUGUKSA, poR-too-gA'sA, a river of South -America, 
 in Venezuela, after a S.S.E. coui-ge of at least 200 miles, 
 joins the .\pure at San Fernando. Its principal affluents 
 are the Cojeda, Guanaiito, and GuJinaparo. 
 
 POltTUM'NA, a market-town of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 CO. of Galway, 17 miles E..S.E. of Longhrea. Pop. 1643. Im- 
 mediately S. of the town is the noble demense of Portumna 
 Castle, the property of the Marquis of Clanricarde. 
 
 POliT U'MON, a post-ofRce of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 POKTUS AUGUSTI. See FiUMiciNO. 
 
 POKTUS BRUNDULUS. See Brondoio, Pqrto m. 
 
 PORTUS DOMITIANUS. See Porto Sa.n Stefa so. 
 
 PORTUS ET FANU.M VENERIS. See Port Vknprrs. 
 
 PORTUS LIBURNI, or POKTUS IIEKCUUS LIDUKNL 
 See Lf.giior.x. 
 
 PORTUS LONGUS. See Porto Lonoonfa 
 
 PORTUS MONCECI or POKTUS IIERCULIS MONOECI. 
 See ^Monaco. 
 
 PORT VALAIS, poR vi'14', (anc, Jbj-<us FaWfetw.') a vit 
 lage of Switzerland, canton of Valais, on a flat formed by de- 
 posits of the Rhone, 1^ miles from the Lake of Geneva, 
 though in the time of the Romans it stood on the margin 
 of the lake. Near it the Helvetians, under Divico, defeated 
 the Roman forces under Lucius Cassius. b. c. 107. 
 
 PORT VENDRES, poR vtad'r, (anc. llrr'iusHFa'nvmrtnfe 
 m,) a seaport town of France, department of Pyr6n6es- 
 Orientales, on the Mediterranean, w ith a harbor formed by 
 a projecting tongue of land, 17 miles S.E. of Perpignan, 
 Pop. in 1862, 2026. Its port, protected by several forts and 
 redoubts on adjacent heights, is deep enough for frigates, 
 and the only place between Marseilles and Spain adapted for 
 a harbor of refuge. 
 
 PORT'VILLE, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of Cattaraugus co.. New York. Pop. 1625. 
 
 PORT WASHINGTON, a small vUlage of Washington co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 PORT WASinNGTON, a thriving post-village of Tusca- 
 rawas CO., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas River, and on the Ohio 
 Canal, 90 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PORT WASU'INGTON or OZAU'KEE. capital of Ozaukeo 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the AV. shore of Lake Michigan, 31 miles 
 N. of Milwauliee, and 90 miles E.N.E. of MadLson. The 
 name of the post-office is Ozaukee. The produce of the 
 county is mostly shipped here in steamboats. The village 
 contains 2 newspaper olticcs, 1 bank, 3 churclies, 3 mills, 4 
 wheelwright sliops, 1 iron-foundry, 2 breweries, and about 
 10 stores. Population in 1840, 50; in 1S60, 766; and in 
 1860, 25f)0. 
 
 PORT WII/LIAM, a thriving village and seaport of Scot- 
 land, CO., and 9 miles S.W. of Wigtown, on the E. coast of 
 Luce Bay. Pop. 634. 
 
 PORT WII7LIAM, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, S> 
 miles N. of Wilmington. Pop. iil2. 
 
 PORT WILLIAM, a post-office of Franklin co., Blis.souri, 
 45 miles W by S. of St. Louis. 
 
 POSADAS, po-s^ods, a town of Spain, province, and 19 
 miles W.S.W. of Cordova, on the Guadalquiver. Pop. 3736. 
 
 POSCANTE, po»-kdn'ti a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Bergamo, 3 miles E. of Zogno. Pop. 1300. 
 
 POSCIIPXJA or POSCEGA. See Posega. 
 
 POSCIIEGON. po-sheh-gon/, written also POSCHEKHON 
 and POSCHECHONJE. a town of Ilussia, government, and 
 69 miles N.W. of Yaroslav. Pop. 3030. It has extensive salt 
 magazines. 
 
 POSCIIIAVO, pos-ke-a'vo, (Ger. I^tschlav, pooshljv,) a 
 small town of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, on the Italian 
 side of the .\lps. 16 miles S.W. of Bormio, in the Valtellina. 
 
 POSCIIIAVO, Lake of, Switzerland, immediately S.E. of 
 the above town, is 3 miles long, and 1 J miles broad. 
 
 POSEGA or P0SCHEGA,po-8hA'gi. written also POXEGA, 
 a town of Austria, Slavoni.a, capital of a county, on the 
 right bank of the Orlyava. 16 miles E.N.E. of Neu-Gradiska. 
 It was taken from the Turks in 1787. Pop. 6850. 
 
 POSEX, po'zen, or POZNAN, poz'iiSn, (L. Pns'na,) a for- 
 tified city of Prussia, capital of the grand duchy of Posen, 
 on the Warta, at termination of the railway from Stettin, 
 100 miles E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 43,879, exclusive 
 of 7353 military. It is walled and entered by 4 gates, and 
 has a citadel on an adjacent height. It has a cathedral, 23 
 Roman Catholic, and 2 Protestant churches, and nianinfao- 
 tures of tobacco and leather. Poeen was the capital of an- 
 
 1529 
 
POS 
 
 olenl Poland In 1807 it was the capital of a department in 
 the ai-and dnchy of Warsaw. 
 
 POSEN, Guam) Dcchy of, (L. T^snn'nia.) a proTince of 
 Prussia, inriaded in what is termed Prussian Poland, and 
 lyins mostly between lat. 51° 30' and 53° SC N_ and Ion. 15° 
 SO' and 19° £., having E. Russian Poland, and N. Prussia. 
 Area, 12.248 sfjuare miles. Pop. (mostly Poles) l,a'i2.iJl'i. of 
 whom two-thirds are Roman Catholics, and the rest Protest- 
 ants and Jews. It comprises the two governments of Posen 
 and Bi-omher^. 
 
 POSEY, pc/xee. a county in the S.W. extremity of Indiana, 
 contains 3tt0 square mile"s. The Ohio River bounds it on 
 the S., and the W.abash on the W. The surface is mostly 
 undulating, excepting the broad and extensive bottom-lands, 
 which are subject to annual inundation, and are extremely 
 fertile. Coal is abundant The timber lands occupy about 
 three-fifths of the surface, A plank-road, 16 miles long, ex- 
 tends from New Harmony to Mount Vernon, the county 
 Beat. Organized in 1814. and named in honor of General 
 Thomas Posey, Governor of Indiana Territory. Pop. 16,167. 
 ' POSEY, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 1721. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Payette cc, Indiana. Pop. 1080. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Franklin co.. Indiana. Pop. 9-41. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1483. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Switzerland co., Indiana. Pop. 20S7. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Washington co., Indiana. Pop. 1301. 
 
 POSEYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Posey co., In- 
 diana., about 20 miles N.N j;. of Mount Vemonu It has 
 several stores. 
 
 POSIDONIA. See Pesto. 
 
 POSILIPPO, po-se-lip'po. (anc. I^imlt/pum.) a hill of South 
 Italy, immediately adjoining the city of Naples, on the W.. 
 and through which a tunnel, the '-Grotto of Posilippo," 2316 
 feet in length, 22 feet in breadth, and 89 feet in height, and 
 of very remote antiquity, forms a part of the road from 
 Naples to Pozzuoli. 
 
 POSTJNGFORD. a parish of Engl.and. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 POSONIU.M or POSONY. See PRESiiUito. 
 
 POSSAGNO. pos-sSn'yo. a village of Austrian Italy, 23 
 miles N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 2.500. It was the birthplace of 
 Canova. and has a temple in imitation of the Parthenon, 
 oentainins models of his works. 
 
 POSSESS'ION, a bold, cliffy headland of South Amorica, 
 on the W. shore of the Strait of Magellan, about 360 feet 
 above the sea. Lat 52° 17' S.. Ion. 68° 56' 30" W. 
 
 POSSESSION, a bay of South America, near the above, 
 »ith good anchorage, curves into the N.. round the cape, 
 and extends as far as the entrance of the First Narrow. 
 
 POSSNECK, (Piissneck.) pos'n^k. a walled town of Central 
 Germany, in Saxe-Meiningen, principality, and 11 miles 
 E.N.E. of Saalfeld, on an affluent of the Oris. Pop. 3668. 
 
 POST-or- ARKANSAS. See Abka.\sas Post. 
 
 POST CREEK, a postofBce of Chemung co.. New York. 
 
 POSTELBERG, pos'tel-bJp.G*, a town of Bohemia, 8 miles 
 N.N.E. of Saatz. on the'left hank of the Eger. Pop. 9S8. 
 
 POSTIGLIONE. pos-teel-yo'nA. a town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, 27 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 3700. It 
 has .an old castle. 
 
 POST'LING. a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 POST MILL VIL/LAGE,a post-village. Orange eo.,Vermont, 
 
 POST OAK, a post-ofRce of Iredell co!. North Carolina. 
 
 POST OAK, a post-office of Yallobusha co., Mississippi. 
 
 POST O.A.K, a post-township of Johnson co., Missouri. 
 Pop. 1622. 
 
 POST OAK. a small post-Tillage of Johnson CO., Missouri, 
 about .55 miles S.E. of Independence. 
 
 POST 0.\K, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas. 
 
 POST OAK SPIUNGS, a post-office, Roane co., Tennessee. 
 
 POSTOINA. pos-toi'ni. a market-town of Austria, in II- 
 lyria. near Adelsberg. on the Poik. Pop. 1356. 
 
 POST'VILLE. a post-village of Herkimer co., New York, 
 20 miles N.N.E. of Ctica. 
 
 POSTVILLE, a small post-village of Logaa co., Illinois, 
 about "0 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 POSTVILLE, a post- village of AUomakee co., Iowa, 105 
 miles N. of Iowa City. 
 
 POST'WICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 POSZ.NECK. pws'nJk, a town of Saxe-Melnlngen, district 
 of Saalfeld. Pop. 3668. 
 
 POTATO CREEK, of Upson co., Georgia, flows S.W. Into 
 Flint River. 
 
 POTATO CREEK, a post-office of Ashe co.. North Carolina. 
 
 POTAWATAMIE or POTTAWATTOMIE, pot'ta-wat'to- 
 me, a county In the W.S.W. part of Iowa, bordering on N'e- 
 hriiska Territory, has an area of 700 square miles. The Mis- 
 souri River, navisable by steamboats, forms the boundary 
 on the W.: the West Branch of Nishnabatona River flows 
 through the E. part, and Boyer River through the N.M'. part. 
 The surface is diversified with fine scenery, and presents a 
 fcir proportion of prairie and timlwr. The soil Is fertile, 
 adapted to grain and grass. This county is the most popu- 
 lous in the W. part of the state, and Is settling rapidly. 
 Named from the Pottawattomie Indians, who were removed 
 1630 
 
 POT 
 
 from the territory about the year 1845. Capital, Council 
 Bluffs. Pop. 4968. 
 
 PirrAWAT'AMIES or POrTAWATTOMIES, a tribe of 
 Indians formerly dwelling about Lake Ilurcn and in In- 
 diana. They h.-ive l>een removed to the W. of the Missi.'^sippl. 
 
 POTCHAEV or PilTSCHAEW, NO VOL no-voi' po-chl-Jv', 
 a town of Russian Poland, government of A'olhvnia, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Kremenets. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 POTCIIINKI or POTSCIIINKL po-chinHvee, written also 
 POCZINKA. po-chin'k3. a town of Russia, government, and 
 120 miles S.S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. on an affluent of the 
 Alateer, (Alatyr.) Pop. 4000. It has a large depot for military 
 horses. 
 
 POTEAU (po'ty) RIVER, Arkansas, rises in Scott county, 
 and falls into the .Arkansas River at Fort Smith. 
 
 POTECA'SI, a post-office of Northampton co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 POTENGI, po-tJn-zhee', or POTINGT, po-teen-zhee', often 
 improperly called RIO GR.\NDE. ree'o griln'da. a river of 
 Brazil, rises in the Serra dos Cairiris Novos. flows in a N.E. di- 
 rection, and falls into the sea about 22 miles S. of Cape St. 
 Roque. Its channel h.os considerable depth in the rainy 
 season, but in the highlands is obstructed by rock.s, and in 
 the lowlands incumbered by sand-luinks. Coasting vessels 
 get up to near Natal, and canoes to the source. 
 
 POTENZA, po-tJn'zi, (anc. BMn'tii.) a fortified town of 
 N.aples, capital of the province of Biisiliaita.. on the E. de- 
 clivity of the Apennines, 57 miles E.S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 
 in 1S50, 12,SC2. It has a fine cathedral of Doric architec- 
 ture, 6 convents, a royal college, episcopal seminary, 2 hos- 
 pitals, manufactures of serge, woollen cloth, caarse cotton 
 goods, leather, and earthenware. 
 
 POTENZ.\. a small river i^f Central Italy, which ri.«e» in 
 Monte Pennino, flows E.N.E. a1)out 50 miles, and enters the 
 Adriatic at Porto Recanati. 2i miles E.S.E. of Loivt:). 
 
 POTHERIE, po^t.A^ree'. a village of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire. 5 miles N. of CondS. Pop. 1754. 
 
 POTI or POTHI. po'tee, a fort of Asiatic Russia, govern- 
 ment of Ti-anscaucasia, district of Imi'retia, on the S. bank 
 of the Phasis. near its mouth in the Black Sea. It is a mili^ 
 tary post of Importance, and has an export trade in wine, 
 honey, wax. wool, silk, and skins. It was finally ceded to 
 Russia In 1829. 
 
 POTI, po-tee', or CARATUEZ. kl-ri-too-&y. a river of 
 Brazil, province of Piauhi, flows S.AV. and N.W.. and joins 
 the right bank of the Parnahiba. Total course, 200 miles. 
 It is navisable in the latter part. 
 
 POTI. POTY. po-tee'. or PUTI. poo-tee/, a mercantile tc\vn 
 of Brazil, province of Piauhi. 120 miles N. of Oeiias. on the 
 left bank of the PaniahiKa. at the junction of the river Poti. 
 
 POTINGI. a river of Brazil. See Potf.noi. 
 
 P0T0OI.\C, a Large river of Virginia and Jlaryland, is 
 formed by the North and S<iuth Brancbe.s, which unite on 
 the \. border of Virginia, alxiut 20 miles S.E. of Cumber- 
 land. It flows first N.E. to Hancock, passing through several 
 ridges of mountains, then pursues a S.E. direction, and re- 
 ceives from the right its largest aflluent, the Shenandcah, 
 just before its passage through the Blue Rid-'e at Ilai-pers 
 Ferry. The volume of the Shenandoah at their confluence 
 is but little inferior to that of the main .stream. Flowing 
 thence S.E. nearly 100 miles to Georgetown, it falls over the 
 edge of the primitive formation, .and changes its course to 
 the S. and S.W. for a distance of about 50 miles. Again re- 
 suming its general direction. It exp.ands into an estuary of 
 6 or 8 miles in width, and flows into Chesapeake Bav, about 
 38° N. lat., and 76° 10' W. Ion. The length, exclusive of the 
 branches, is estimated at 350 miles. The tide a.soends to 
 Georsetown. in the District of Columbia. 120 miles from its 
 mouth. The principal towns on its banks are Cumberland, 
 Georgetown, Washington, and Alexandria. It is navigable 
 for the largest vessels to Washiniiton City. The Che,sapeake 
 and Ohio Canal extends along this river from Cumberland 
 to Georgetown. The Potomac, through its whole course, 
 forms the boundary between Maryland and Virginia. For 
 a description of the Potomac Falls, see Maryland, '• OhjccU 
 of Interest tn Tonriftx." 
 
 POTOMAC CREEK, in the E. part of Virginia, flews 
 through Stafford county into the Potomac River. It is na- 
 vigable by schooners for several miles. 
 
 POTOSI, po-to-see' or po-to'see, a department of Bolivia, 
 having W. South Peru, and on other sides the depii'tments 
 of Oruro, Chuquisaca, and Tarija. Estimated arei, 31,800 
 square miles. Pop. 250.000. of whom one-half are IndLans. 
 The surface is mouutainou.s, frequently rising above the 
 limit of vegetation. It contains' the riche.«t silver-mines in 
 South America. It is divided into the provinces of Cha- 
 yanta, Chtchas. Potosi. Lipes. and Porco. Chief city, Potosi. 
 
 POTOSI. a city of Bolivia, situated on the N. declh Ity of 
 the Cerro de Potosi, 70 miles S.AV. of Chuquisaca. i:iev!»- 
 tion. 13.330 feet Pop. 22,850. llariy in the .'^venteenth 
 century it Is believed to have had from 100.000 to 150,000 
 inhabitants. It stands on uneven ground, and has in lis 
 centre a spacious square, in which are the government-house, 
 town-house, jail, treasury, and other public offices, with some 
 religious edifices, and an obelisk erected in 1825, in hoi s t 
 
POT 
 
 POT 
 
 of BoHrar. The houses are generally of stone or brick. The 
 vicinity is barren and cheerless, and all articles of merchan- 
 dise are dear. In the conical summit of tlie Corro are more 
 than 5000 Boca-minas or openings, made in search of sliver- 
 ore. The top of the mountain is completely honey-combed 
 and exhausted; lower do\vTi springs become numerous, and 
 the richest mines are now filled with water. At the mint of 
 Potosi, in 1S40, gold to the value of $222,970, and silver to 
 $252,168 were coined. From 1545 to 17S9, the mines of Po- 
 tosi are supposed to have yielded gold and silver to the 
 value of safijSOO.OOO. The Cerro pe Potosi is IS miles in 
 circumference, with an elevation of 16.152 feet. 
 
 POTO'SI, a post-village, capital of Washington co., Mis- 
 ■ouri, about 70 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. It contains, be- 
 sides the county liuildings, 4 churches, and an academy. 
 lUcli mines of lead (in the form of sulphurct) and of iron are 
 worked in the vicinity. Tbe lead ore yields 70 or 80 per 
 cent, of metal. Pine lumber is manufactured here. 
 POTOSI, a small village of Crawford co., Wisconsin. 
 POTOSI, a flourishing town of Potosi township, Grant co., 
 Wisconsin, on Grant IJiver, near its entrance into the Mis- 
 sissippi, 15 miles above Dubuque. It is situated iu a nar- 
 row, deep, and picturesque valley or ravine, about 3 miles 
 in length, through which a stream of good water flows. The 
 town is divided into three portions or villages, namely, Dub- 
 lin, Lafayette, and Van Buren. It is the largest place in 
 the county except Platteville, and is likely to become n)ore 
 important as the principal depot of the mineral region of 
 Wiscimsin. Large quantities of lead are mined in the county, 
 and shipped at Potosi in steamboats. The principal part of 
 the town is about 2 miles from the steamboat landing, which 
 Is at the mouth of Grant River. A weeklv newspaper is 
 published here. Pop. 2084. 
 P0T8CII.\K\V, NOVOI. See Potchaev, Novoi. 
 POTSCIIINKI. a town of Russia. See PoTcni.NKL 
 P0TS1).\M, pots'dim, a city of Prussia, c.apit.al of a govern- 
 ment of its own name, and tlie second royal residence of the 
 kingdom, at the continence of the Ruthe with the Ilavel, " 
 and on the Berlin and Magdeburg Railway, 17 miles S.W. 
 of Berlin. Pop. ."IS.OOO. It is one of the tinest and most 
 regularly built cities in Germany. It consist? of an old and 
 a new town, (separated by the Havel Canal.) and several 
 suburbs; partly walled, and entered by 5 land and 4 water 
 gates. It has many fine buildings, ornamented with statuary, 
 and many elegant squares, in one of which is a marble 
 obelisk 76 feet high, with the names of the rulers of Prus- 
 sia. The chief buildings are the royal castle and council- 
 house, the garrison, church, and theatre. It has a gymn.a- 
 siuni. a seminary, a school for military cadets, a geographical 
 school, and an institution for the education of orphans of 
 the military. In 1861, its garrison had 6955 men. It h.-is 
 a largo manufactory of fire-arms, sugar refinery, and cotton 
 and silk manufactures. It is tlie birthpl.ace of Alexander 
 von Humboldt. In its immediate vicinity is the palace of 
 Sans-soiicL (i. e. "free from care,") the favorite residence of 
 Frederick the Great, the new palace, a splendid building in 
 a fine park, and the Pfaueninsel, (" l*eacock Island,") an 
 island in the Havel, with a summer-house, a menagerie, 
 palinhouse, and flower gardens. 
 
 POTSDA.M, a government of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. Area, 6120 square miles. Pop. 1,226.866. 
 
 POTSDA.M, a thriving post-village and township of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, on Racket River, which is here crossed 
 by a bridge, and on the Potsdam and Watertown Railroad, 
 11 miles E.N.K. of Canton. The village is handsomely laid 
 out with a square in the centre, on which stands the town 
 house. It contiiins 5 or 6 churches, a bank, 2 large stone 
 academic builJing.s, 12 dry goods stores, besides many others, 
 3 hotels, and a printing ofBce, issuing a weekly newspaper. 
 The St. Lawrence Academy here, is a flourishing institution, 
 under the control of the regents of the Xew York University. 
 The inhabitants are mostly engaged in trade and manufac- 
 tures, the river affording an abundant water-power. There 
 are in the village and vicinity, 5 large gang saw mills, em- 
 ploying alxjut 600 hands in the production of lumber for 
 New York and Boston markets. The logs are floated down 
 the river, in some cases, a distance of 100 miles. The vil- 
 lage also contains a large flouring mill, 4 cabinet fijctories, 2 
 finisliing machine shops, a foundry and,furnace, 1 trip-ham- 
 mer, 2 coopering establishments, 2 wheelwright shops, a 
 woollen factory, 1 cloth dressing and carding Cictory, and 2 
 tanneries, besides factories for pearl-ashes, plaster, carriages, 
 chairs, tanning-mills, hoes, &c. A new bank (national) was 
 organized liere in 1865. The township is traversed by the 
 Nortliern Railroad, with Wliich the Watertown and Potsdam 
 Railroad forms a connection above the flourishing village of 
 Kacketville or North Potsdam. Pop. of the township, 6737 ; 
 of the village, about 2500 
 POTS'GROVK. a parish oi England, co. of Bedford. 
 POTTAWATTOMIE. See Pot.\wat.\mie. 
 POTTEXDORF, pof/tfu-doar, a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, 20 miles S. of Vienna. Pop. 2S40. 
 
 POTTKNSThllN. poften-stine', or BODENSTEIN, bo'den- 
 8tiue\ a market-town of Lower Austria, 22 miles S.W," of 
 Vienna.. Pop. 700 
 
 POTTER, a county in the N. part of Pennsylvania, hot> 
 dering on New York, has an area of 1100 square miles. 
 This county is one of the most elevated in the state, ft rming 
 part of the dividing ridge l)etweeD the waters which flow 
 into the Ohio on the S., and the St. I,awreuce on the N. 
 The Genesee River rises in it and flows N.; the Alleghany 
 rises near the middle .and flows W. It is al.so drained by 
 Pine, Oswayo, and Kettle Creeks. The surface is uneven, 
 and mostly covered by thick forests. The soil is well 
 adapted to grazing. Stone coal and iron ore are found. 
 Formed in 1804, and named in honor of General James Pot 
 ter, an officer in the war of the Revolution. Capital, Couders- 
 port. Pop. 11,470. 
 
 POTTER, a post-township In the N. part of Yates co., New 
 Y'ork. Pop. 2151. 
 
 POTl'ER, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania, about 
 12 miles S.S.K. of Bollefonte. Pop. 2223. 
 
 POT'TER HAN'WORTU, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 POTTERIES, The, several towns and villages of England, 
 CO. of Stafford, where china and stoneware manufacturee 
 are carried on, comprising Stoko-upon-Trent, Hanley, Shel- 
 ton, Etruria, and Fenton Cobridgo, included in the borough 
 of Stoke. 
 POTTERNE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 POTTERXEWTON, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 POTTER'S CREEK, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey. 
 POTTER'S HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 POTTER'S HOI/LOW, a post-village in the S.W. part of 
 Albany co.. New York, about 32 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 It has 2 stores, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 POTTER'S MILLS, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 73 miles N.W. of Harrisburg, contains a woollen fac- 
 tory and grist mill. 
 POTTERSPURY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 POTrrERSVILLE, a post-offico of Cheshire co.. New Ilamp. 
 shire. 
 
 POTTERSVILLE, a post-village of Warren co.. New York, 
 on Schroon River, about 25 miles N. by W. of Caldwell. 
 
 POTTEltSVILLE, a post-village of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersev. about 33 miles N. of Trenton. 
 POTTERSVILLE, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri. 
 POTTERVir>LE, a post-ofliee of Kent co.. Rhode Island. 
 POTTERVILLE, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsyt 
 vania. 
 POTTERVILLE, a postoflRee of JIahoning co., Ohio. 
 POTTES, pott or potts, a village of Belgium, province of 
 H'ainaut, 10 miles N. of Tournay, on the right bank of the 
 Scheldt. Pop. 2106. 
 
 POrrMES, (Pottmes.) pott/mjs, a town of Upper Bavaria, 
 N.N.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 1200. 
 
 POTTON, a parish and small market-town of England, 
 CO.. and 11 miles E. of Bedford. Pop. in 1851. 1922. 
 
 POTTS' CREEK, in the S.W. central part of Virifinia, 
 rises in Monroe county, flows N.E., and enters Jacksous 
 River ne,ar Covington, in Alleghany county. 
 POTTSGROVE. Pennsylvania. See Pottstowx. 
 POTTS/GROVE, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the left bank of the Schuylkill River, and inter- 
 sected by the Reading Railroad. Pop. 4233. 
 
 POTTSGROVE, a small post-village of Northumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 66 miles N. of Harrisburg. 
 
 POTTS' MILLS, a post-village of Jessamine co. Kentucky. 
 POTTS/TOWN or POrrS'GROVE, a thriving post-borough 
 of Pottsgrove township. Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the lett bank of Schuylkill River, and on the Philadelphia 
 and Reading Railroad, 37 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia. 
 The Schuylkill Canal runs on the other side of the river, 
 which is crossed liere by a bridge. Pottstown contains 8 
 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, 1 bank, and 
 many neat dwellings of brick and stone. Here are 2 roll- 
 ing-mills, a car-factory, a plow-factory, and 2 large shops 
 owned by the railroad company. Incorporated in 1815. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1664; in 1860, 2380. 
 
 POTTS'VILLE, a handsome town of Norwegian township, 
 capital of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, at the terminus 
 of the Philadelphia and Reading Itailroad, 93 miles N.W. of 
 Philadelphia, and 35 miles from Reading. It is situated on 
 the Schuylkill River, just aix>ve its passage through Sharp 
 Mountain, and at the mouth of Norwegian Creek. It is re- 
 markable on account of the rapidity of its growth, the pic- 
 turesque beauty of its situation and the immense trade in 
 co.al of which it is the centre. The ground is uneven, and 
 rises so abruptlj' in some places that sites for building could 
 onlj- be obtained by levelling the mountain or walling the 
 bank of the river. Above tlie junction of the streams, the 
 valley widens, and affords space for several streets, some of 
 which are nearly level. The principal business is trans- 
 acted on Centre street, which extends along the right bank 
 of Norwegian Creek. The town is generally well built, and 
 contains a large proportion of brick houses The principal 
 pnblic buildings are the court-honse, town-hall, the jail, 4 
 banks, 21 churches, and Union Hall. The jail is a costly 
 
 1531 
 
POT 
 
 ertlflc*, fiwed with sandEtone. Pottsville has a larsre and re- 
 Bpectable academy, besiaes many private seminaries. Gas is 
 used to light the streets. Among the manufactories are 6 
 machine-shops, 1 rolling mill, 1 woollen factory, and 1 car- 
 pet factory. Four or five newspapers are published here. 
 The coal is conveyed to this place from numerous mines in 
 the vicinitv by branch railroads. The greater part of it is 
 gent, to market by the Philadelphia and Heading Kailroad, 
 and the other part by the Schuylkill Navigation. The coal 
 trade increases rapidly from year to year. The produce of 
 the Schuvlkill coalfit-ld in ISol, was 2,184,240 tons: in 1863 
 It amounted to 3.751.342 tons. The mountain ridgee 
 which surround Pottsville are too rugged and sterile for cul- 
 tivation, but this region has become by means of Its mineral 
 resources one of the most populous parts of the state, and 
 already present.s a large number of thriving towns andvil- 
 Uges. Pottsville was commenced in 1826. The seat of jus- 
 tice was established here in 1847. Pop. in 1840, 4345; and 
 in 1860, 7515 : iu 18(50, 9444. 
 
 POTTSVILLK, a small post-village of Washington eo., 
 Iowa. 
 
 POUANCE. poo-osflViV or pwdx<='s4', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Maine-«trLou^, 33 miles K.AV. of Angers. Pop. 
 in 1852. 2895. 
 
 POUCH CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Tennessee. 
 
 POUCIIIXG-HIEN, a town of China, gee Pooching-hiex. 
 
 POUCQUES, pook, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 
 on a stream of the same name, 12 miles W. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 1222. 
 
 POUDOG.i, a town of Russi.n. See Poodosh. 
 
 POUDOSH, a town of Russia. See Poodosh. 
 
 POUGIIILL, po'il. a parish of Engl.».nd, co. of Devon. 
 
 POUGIIILL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 POUGIIKEEPSIE, po-kip'see, sometimes written PO- 
 KEBPSIE. a handsome city, capital of Dutchess CO., New 
 York, on the E. bank of the Hudson River, and on the rail- 
 road of that name. 76 miles N. of New York, and 70 miles S. 
 of Albany. Lat 40° 41' N., Ion. 73° 55' W. It is situated 
 on a plain, and regularly laid out. the principal street extend- 
 ing eastward from the river. It is the largest town between 
 New York and Albany. It contains about 16 churches, be- 
 longing to the Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, Baptists, 
 Presbyterians. Methodists. Friends, Universalists, and Catho- 
 lics; the State and National Law School, the Dutchess 
 County Academy, and the Poughkeepsie Female Academy. 
 Three or four newspapers are published here. The city 
 contains 4 banks. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural 
 country, and is the centre of an active trade. A numl)er 
 of steamlxfflts and sailing vessels are owned here. Pough- 
 keepsie has a variety of manufactories, the most important 
 Productions of which are cotton goods, machinery, farming 
 nplements, carriiiges, iron-ware, guns, carpets, earthenware, 
 flour, and leather. A valuable quarry of marble has reoently 
 been discovered in the >icinity. "lncorporate«l in 1801. 
 Po])iiIation of township in 1850, 13,944 ; of the citv. in 18(50, 
 14,726. 
 
 POUGIIKEEPSIE. a post-vill.age in Allen co.. Indiana. 
 
 POUGIIQUAG, pokwdg/, a postofflce of Dutchess co.. New 
 York. 
 
 POUGUES. pooG, a market-town of France, department 
 of Nievre. 7 miles N.N.W. of Nevers, with mineral baths. 
 Pop. in 1852. 1178. 
 
 POUILLON, poo'yAs"' or poory5>'*', a market-town of 
 Prance, department of Landes. 30 miles S.W. of Mont-de- 
 Marsan. Pop. in 1852, 3460. Near it is a thermal spring. 
 
 POUILLY-EN-.MONT.\GXE, pou'yeo (or poolVeeO t\-<> 
 mAso'taH'. a town of France, department of Cote-d'-Or, 21 
 miles N.W. of Beaune. Pop. 1177. 
 
 POUILLY-SUK-CIIARUEU, poo'yee (or pool'yeeO sue 
 shaR^e-uh', a town of France, department of Loire, 7 miles 
 N. of Roanne, on the Loire. Pop. 1534. 
 
 POUILLY-SUR-LOIRE, poo^ea (or pooPyeeO sue Iw.aR, 
 a town of France, department of NiSvre, on the Loire, 22 
 miles N.N.W. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852, 3169. 
 
 POUINIPETE, pwee^ne-p^V, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 
 In the Carolines. Ut. 6° 52' N., Ion. 158° 24' E. It is about 
 60 miles in circumference, and in its centre is about 2860 feet 
 
 'nk ^"''**"''^ fertile. Pop. about 2000. of the Papuan race. 
 
 POULAINES. pooMAn' or pooMftn', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Tndre. 21 miles N.N.W. of Issoudnn. Pop. 2028. 
 
 PqUI.nERGAT. poolMjRVa', a yillaee of France, depart- 
 "SXt^'tt "'*'■''• '' " "'''^'' W.N.W. of Qnimper. Pop. 2267. 
 
 POULTGNY. pnoMeen'yee'. a villaire of France, department 
 
 D^?-'"''" "" *'**' ^"'''- ■* '"'^^'' ^'- °f ^ Blanc. Pop. 2048. 
 «.. . K''^-^^'- P^l'l<^>'°'- « villsffe of France, department of 
 Finist«re. 15 miles W.N.W. of Quimper. Pop. 2723. 
 ^^^.''^''^'^U EN. pooMaV(!,^•o^ a town of France, department 
 Of Finistire. 5 miles N.W. of Carhaix. Pop. in 18.52. 3723. 
 ohiefly employed in lead-mines and refineries. Two mines 
 yield annually 4.v> tons of lead, and 1.540 pounds of silver. 
 
 tOVLO or PULO. pno/lo. Cfrom the Greek navUi, tx'ulof.) 
 amodern Greek term, sismifving '-little." forming a prefix to 
 the names of many islets in the Grecian Archipelago; as 
 Bktbo Porto. '- Little Skyro:" Thaso Poilo. " Little Thaso " 
 
 PODLSIIOT, a parish of England, co. of WllU 
 1632 
 
 POW 
 
 POULTNEY. polt'nee, a village tn Rutland co., Yermont, 
 on the Kutland and Washington Railroad, 6) miles S.W. of 
 Montpclier. It contains 1 bank, .'i churches, a Normal In- 
 stitute, &c. Pop. of the township, 2278. See West Poult.nbi. 
 
 POULTNEY, a pf^st-ofBce of Delaware co.. Iowa. 
 
 POULTNEY RIVER, a fine mill-sti-eam of Rutland (»., 
 Vermont, falls into au arm of Lake Champlain. 
 
 POULTON. pol'ton, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO., and S.S.W. of Lancaster, on the Wyre and Preston 
 Railway. Pop. 7273. 
 
 POULTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 POULTON, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 POULTON. a towm^hip of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 POULTON-Le-SAND, a chapelry of England, co. of l>an- 
 caster, with a station on the Morecambe Branch of the North 
 Western Railway. Pop. 700. 
 
 Pt'JDMARON. poo'ma-rfm'. a river of Briti.sh Gui;ina, flowg 
 N.N.E.. then N.N.W., and after a course of about luO miles, 
 falls, into the Atlantic near Cape ^^assau. 
 
 POUND, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia. 
 
 POUND/RIDGE, a post-village and township in the E. 
 part of Westchester co.. New York, about 120 miles S. of 
 Albany. Pop. 1471. 
 
 POUND'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 P0U.NUKK.4, a town of Ilindostin. See Pooxukka. 
 
 POUR, a river of Siberia. See Poor. 
 
 I'OUR.\TI N, a town of Russia. See Poor.\tix. 
 
 POURRIERES, poofiVe-aiR'. a town of France, department 
 of Var. 7 miles AV.N.W. of St Maximin. Pop. 1820. 
 
 POUSOALEGRE, f>6'so a-U'gra. a town of Brazil, province 
 of Minas Geraes, on a height, 230 miles S.S.W. of Ouro Preto. 
 Pop. of the district, 4000. 
 
 POUSS.\N. poos'sSxo', a town of France, department of 
 Herault 13 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 1931. 
 
 POUST-OZERSK, a town of Russia. See Poost-Ozersk. 
 
 POU-TCIIOU, a city of China. See Poo-Choo. 
 
 POUTIVL. a town of Russia. See Pootivl. 
 
 POUTi>, an island of China. See Pooto. 
 
 POUTROYE. poo'tRw^, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of llaut-Rhin, 13_ miles W.N.W.of Colm.ar. Pop. 2631. 
 
 POUZ.\UGES, poo'zozh'. a town of France, department of 
 Vendee. 20 miles N. of Fonteuay. Pop. 1131. 
 
 POUZIN, Le. leh poo'zJx«' a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ardfeche, on the Rhone, 7 miles E. of Privas. Pop. 
 in 1852, 2062. 
 
 POVENETZ, po-v4-nJts', or POVIENETZ, pov-y.^-nfts/, 
 a town of Ru.s.«ia. government of Olonetz. on the N. bank of 
 Lake Onega, 70 miles N. of Petrozavodsk. Pop. 1530. 
 
 POVERTY niLL, a postoffice of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 POVERTY HILL, a postoffice of Jones co., Georrfa. 
 
 POYIGLIO, po-veel'vo, {\..Pi'pe'lium.) a town of North- 
 ern Italv, 13 miles E.N.K. of Parma. Pop. a334. 
 
 POVOA DE MEADAS, po-vo'l d.i mA-S-dis. a town and 
 parish of Portugiil, province of Beira Baixa, N. of Portalegre. 
 Pop. 7700. 
 
 POVOA DE RIO DE 5IINH0S, po-vo'd dJ reeV d.A meen'- 
 yoce, a town and parish of Portugal, province of Beini 
 Baixa. near Castello Branco. Pop. 6<J0. 
 
 POVOA DE SANTA CARISTINA. po-vo'd d.A sdn'td kj- 
 ris-tee'ni. a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 9 miles 
 N.W. of Coirabra, near the Frio. Pop. 610. 
 
 POVOA DE VARZIM, po-vo'3 Ak vaR-zee.vo'. a town of 
 Portugal, province of Douro, near the sea-coast, about 18 
 miles from Braga. Pop. 6200. 
 
 POVOLIDE, po-vo-lee'd.i, a town and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Beira .\lta. 8 miles S.W. of A'iseu. Pop. 1306. 
 
 POW, numerous slu;rgish streams in Scotland, the princi- 
 pal being the Pow of Cummertrees, co. of Dumfries, travers- 
 ing the W. side of the Howe of Annandale, to the Solway 
 Frith. 3 miles W. of the Ann.an estuary. 
 
 POW.\GURII. a town of India. See Chcmpaneer. 
 
 POW.\IC'KUN. a post-office of Winneltaso co.. AVisconsln. 
 
 POAV'DERHAM, a parish of England, co"! of Devon. 
 
 POWDER RIVER, in the E. central part of Mis.sonri 
 Territory, ri.ses among the Black Hills, and flowing In a gene- 
 ral northerly direction, fills into the Yellowstone River. 
 
 POAVDER RIVE!!, a small stream of Oregon, falls into 
 the South Branch of Snake River. 
 
 POAV'EBSCOURT or STAG^ONII/. a parish of Irelanii, in 
 Leinster. co. of AVicklow. It gives the title of viscount to 
 the AA'ingfield family, whose superb seat adjoins the vill.ige. 
 
 POAVDER SPRING GAP, a post-office of Grainger co., 
 Tenne.«.see. 
 
 POWDER SPRINGS, a post-villaee of Cobb co.. Georgia, 
 12 miles S.AY. of Marietta, has 2 churches, and 300 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 POAV'ELL. a township in Green co., Arkansas. 
 
 POAVELLS CREEK, of Dauphin co.. Pennsylvania, flows 
 into the Susquehanna River from the left. 
 
 POWELL'S CREEK, of (Ihio. enters the Auglaize River 
 near its mouth, about 2 miles from Defiance. 
 
 POAV'ELL'S GROUP, or SOUTH ORK'NEA'. a group of is 
 lands in the .\ntirctic Ocean; lat 60° 37' S., Ion. 44° S^' W., 
 and E. of New Shetland. 
 
POW 
 
 POWELL'S MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia. 
 POWELL'S POINT, a post-office of Cun-ituck co., Xorth 
 Carolina. 
 
 POWELL'S RIVER, rises amoni the Cumberland or Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, in Lee co., in the S.W. part of Virjiinia, 
 and tlowinj; S.W. into Tennessee, unites with Clinch River, 
 in Anderson county. 
 
 POWELL'S TAVKRN, a post-office of Goochland co., Vir- 
 ginia. \a miles W.of Richmond. 
 POW'KLI/rON. a post-office of Brunswicli co., Virginia. 
 POWELLTON, a post-Tillage in Richmond co., North 
 Carolina. 
 POWKLLTON, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas. 
 POW ELLTON . a sm.-ill post- village of Hancock co., Georgia, 
 38 milfs N.K. of Milledgeville. 
 POW'EKSVILLE, a posfroffice of Houston CO., Georgia. 
 POWKKSVILLK. a post-village of Bracken co., Kentucky. 
 POW'EltVILLB. a post-village oif Jlorri.s co.. New Jersey, 
 12 miles N.E. by .\. of Morristown. 
 
 POWESIIIKK. p«w'e-sheek\ a new county in the S.E. 
 central part of Iowa, has an area of 676 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head-streams of English River, and by Beaver 
 and Prairie Creeks, affluents of Iowa River, which touches 
 Its N.E. extremity. It is traversed by the Mississipjii and 
 Mist-ouri Railroad. Stone coal is found here. The soil is 
 fertile. Named in honur of I'owosliiek, an Indian chief. 
 Caiiitiil. Mi.ntranma. Pop. 5li68. 
 
 POW'II.\TAX'. a county, situated in the S.E. central part 
 of Virginia, contains 2S0 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N.by the .James River, and on the S. by the Appomattox. 
 The surface is generally level. S'jme portions of the soil 
 have been exhausted by long cultivation. Other parts are 
 fertile, especially near the streams. The James River 
 Canal passes along the border. Organized in 1777. and named 
 in honor of Powhatan, an Indian chief, the father of the 
 celebrated Pocahontas. Capital, Scottsviile. Pop. 8392, of 
 whom 2989 were free, and o-Wo slaves. 
 P(>WHATAN, a post-office of Union CO.. North Carolina. 
 POWHATA.V, a post-village of Lawrence CO., Arkansas, 
 ahout 9 miles N. by E. of Smithville. 
 POWHATAN COURT-HOUSE. See ScoTT.s\nLLE. 
 POWHATAN POINT, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 PO'VVICK. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 POWIS. piiw'is, the ancient British name of an eastern 
 portion of Wales. It gives the title of earl to the Olive 
 family, whose seat. Powis Castle, is 1 mile from Welshpool. 
 
 PuVVL'S VALLEY, a postrofflce of Dauphin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 POW'NAL, a post-township in Cumberland co., Maine, on 
 the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 3-t miles S.W. of 
 Augusta. Pop. 1053. 
 
 POWN.\L. a post-township in Bennington co., A'ermont, 
 130 miles S.W. of ilontpelier. Pop. 1731. 
 POWNAI^FEE, a township of Kngland, co. of Chester. 
 POW'XEE. a fortified town of India. Berar dominions. .36 
 miles S.E. of Nagpoor. It was taken by the British in 1818. 
 POW'OW RIVER, a line mill-stream rising in Rocking- 
 ham CO., New Hampshire, and falling into the Jlerrimack a 
 few miles atove Newburyport. 
 
 POXIM, po-sheeN"', a town of Brazil, province, and 25 
 miles S.S.W. of Alagoas, on the right bank of the Poxim. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 POX'W'ELL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 POYAIS, pwd'y-VOO a river and district of Central Ameri- 
 ca, in Mosf^uito Territory, with a settlement on the river. 
 Lat. 15° 10' N., Ion. 85° 10' W. 
 
 POYALES DEL HOYO, po-yal^s dJl o'yo. a town of 
 {tpain, in New Castile, province, and W.N.W. of Toledo. 
 Pop. 1032. 
 
 PO-YANG, po'-yang', or PHO-VANG, p'ho'yflng', a large 
 lake of China, province of Kiang-see, in its N. part. Lat. 
 28° 50' to 30° N., Ion. 116° to 116° 40' E. Length, 80 miles ; 
 greatest breadth, 40 miles. It discharges its surplus waters 
 northward into the Yang-tse-kiang. 
 
 P(:)YXETTE. poi-nJtf, a post-office of Columbia CO., Wis- 
 consin, 21 miles N. of Madison. It has good water-power, 
 and about 160 inhabitants. 
 POYN'INGS, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex. 
 POYN'TON, a chapelry of England, ro. of Chester, with a 
 gtation on the Manchester and Macclesfield Railway, 6 miles 
 N. of Manchester. 
 
 POYSDORP, pois'doRp, POYSDORP. or POISDORF, pois/- 
 doRf. a market-town of Lower Austri:i, 26 miles N.N.E. of 
 Korneuburg. Pop. 2500. 
 POY !^II"PI, Waushara CO., Wisconsin. See Appexbix. 
 POZA DE LA SAL, po'thi da. Id sdl, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, aud 20 miles N.N.K. of Burgos. Pop. 2070. 
 
 POZ.A. DK L.\ SAL,atown of Spain, provinceofValladoUd, 
 5 miles N.K. of Medina del Campo. 
 
 P0Z.4LDEZ, po-thJl-dSth', a town of Spain, in Leon, pro- 
 vince, and S. of Valladolid. Pop. 1726. 
 
 POZO ALCON, po'tho il-k5u', a village of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, province, and 34 miles E.of J.nen. Pop. 1726. 
 
 POZOBLANCO. po-tho-bldn'ko, a town of Spain, province, 
 ( ad 32 miles N £. of Cordova, in the Sierra Morena. Pop. 
 
 PRA 
 
 6748. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and dy5- 
 
 POZO-ESTRECIIIO, po'tho ?i5-trA'chee-o, a village of Spain, 
 in Murcia. province, and about 8 miles from Cartagena 
 I'op. about 1200. 
 
 POZOIIONDO. poHho-hon'do, a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 20 miles S. of Albiv;ete. Pop. 2820. 
 
 POZO RUBIO, po-tho roo'be-o, a town of Spain, In New 
 Castile, province, and S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. liiS6. 
 
 POZUELO, po-thw40o, or po-thoo-ilo, a village of Spain, 
 Murcia. province, and 15 miles S.W. of Albacete. Pop. 2746. 
 
 POZUELO, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, province, 
 and 45 miles from Caceres. Pop. 1424. 
 
 POZUELO DE CALATRAVA. po-thwAlo dA ka-lS-trS'vS. a 
 village of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 6 miles S.E, 
 of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2240. 
 
 POZUELO DEL KEY, po-fhwAlo dJl rA, a town of Spain, 
 in New Castile, province, and E. of Jladrid. Pop. 1223. 
 
 POZZ.iLLO, pot-/,4'ia.a small, but thriving seaport of Sicily, 
 province of Svracuse, district, and 9 miles S.H. of Modica. 
 
 POZZO DIGOTO, pofso dee go'to. a town of Sicily. 7 miles 
 S. of Milazzo. Pop. 3500. Near it are the ruins of ancient 
 Tyn'daris. 
 
 POZZOLENOO. pot-so-lSn'go. a village of Northern Italy, 
 province of Brescia, 8 miles S.K. of Lonato. Pop. 2o41. 
 
 POZZOLO FORMIGARO. pot'so-lo foR-me-gd'ro, a town of 
 the Sardinian States, 2S miles N.W. of Genoa. Pop. 3721. 
 
 POZZ(J MAOtJIOUE. pot'sa m^d-jo'ri, a village of the is- 
 land of .'Jardini.i. 21 miles E.S.E. of Alirhero. Pop. 2560. 
 
 POZZUOLI, pot-soo-o'lee, or PUZZUOLI, poot-soo-o'lee, 
 (anc. Puteoli, > an episcopal town of Italy, on a gnlf of its own 
 name, 7 miles S.W. of Naples. Pop. 8400. In ancient times 
 it was an iuiport.int city ; its environs were crowded with 
 villas of the wealthy Romans. Near it are Lake Averno, 
 the Solfatara, fi-om which sulphur is extensively obtained, 
 and the celebrated Grotto del Cane. Its vicinity is interest- 
 ing to geologists. 
 
 POZZUOLO, pot-Boo-oHo, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Milan, and 4 miles S.E. of Gorgonzoln. Pop. 1257. 
 
 PRA, pri, a village of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Genoa, near Voltri. Pop. 3898. 
 
 PRACHEUTZ, priK's-h-lits\ or PRACHATITZ. priK'^- 
 tits\ a town of Bohemia, on an affluent of the Banitz, 2ij 
 miles S.S.W. of Pisek. Pop. 2470. It has a castle. 
 
 PKACHIN, prSK'in. a circle in the S.W. part of Bohemia 
 named after the pretty town and ruined castle of Pi-aohno 
 adj.acent to Horazdiowitz. Chief town, Pisok. 
 
 PRADALUNGA.prJl-dd-loon'ga, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province, aud 6 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 
 1201. 
 
 PRADANOS DE OJEDA, (or OXEDA.) pr.l-ni'noce di 
 o-uk'oL a village of Spain, in Leon, province, and about 45 
 miles from Palencia. Pop. 1086. 
 
 PR-iDELLES, prdMMl', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-I^ire, 19 miles S. of I.,e Puy. Pop. in 1852. 1582. 
 
 PRADKS. pr3d, a townof France. dep;irtment of Pyr^n^es- 
 Orientales, on the Tet. 24 miles W.S.W. of Perpignan. Pop 
 in 1852. 3307. It has a very handsome church, an asylum, 
 seminary.and manufacturesof coarse cloth, woollen hosiery, 
 and paper. 
 
 PRADO. prJ'do. a market^town of Portugal, province of 
 Minho. on the Cavado. 3 miles N.W. of Rraga. Pop. 7000. (?) 
 It has a thriving salmon and trout fishery, a manufactory 
 of earthenwares, and monthly fairs. 
 
 PRADO, prA'do, a town of Brazil, province of Espirit^o 
 Santo, 70 miles S. of Porto Seguro, at the mouth of the 
 river Jucurucu. 
 
 PK.\DO. a small town and seaport of Brazil, province o* 
 Biihia, 120 miles S. of Porto Seguro. 
 
 PRADO, a town of Brazil, province of Para, 55 miles W. 
 of Montalegre. 
 
 PR.\DO. El, Jl pr^DO. a market-town of Spain, province, 
 and 28 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PRADO DEL REY, pri'no dSl iL a market-town of Spain, 
 province of Cadiz. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PRADOLUENGO, prd-do-lwjn'go. or prJ'no-loo-Sng'go, a 
 town of Spain, in Old Castile, province, and 2 miles S.E. of 
 Bunros. Pop. 1390. 
 
 PR ADOS, prj'doce, or SAN JUAN SANTULLANO, sSn 
 Hoo-dn' sdn-tool-yd'no, a village and parish of Spain, in the 
 Asturias, province, and scarcely 1 mile N. of Oviedo. Pop. 
 1400. 
 PR.ENESTE. See Pai.estrina. 
 
 PR.E.SIDIUM JULIUM. See S.\NT.4REM. 
 PR3i:ST0E, (PrajstoBi) prJs'tii'eh, a small maritime town 
 of Denmark, island of Seeland, on Prrcstoe Bay, in the 
 Baltic, 13 miles E.S.E. of Nystad. Chief exports, corn and 
 lime. 
 
 PRAGA, prj/gd, a town of Poland, government, and op- 
 posite Warsaw, from which it is parted by the Vistula, here 
 crossed by a bridge. Pop. 4000. In 1656, the Poles were 
 defeated here by Gustavus of Sweden ; and on the 29th of 
 November, 1830, the Grand Duke Constantine was forced to 
 retreat hence with his forces, at the commencement of the 
 unsuccessful resistance of the Poles to the Ru.ssians. 
 
 1533 
 
PRA 
 
 PRAGTJR, praip. (Oer. Pra^, prio; h.Pra'^a.) a city of 
 Europe, capital of the kinirdom of Bohemia, near its centre, 
 on the Moldau. 160 miles N.N.W. of Vienna, and 75 miles 
 S.S.E. of Dresden. Lat. of obserratorv 49° 5' 19" X., Ion. 14° 
 25' 22" E. Population in 1S57. 142,588. Mean temperar 
 hire of the year 50°; winter, 31°-9; summer, 67° Fahren- 
 heit. It stands in a basiu-shaped valley, surrounded by 
 five hills. OH the slopes of which the houses rise in suc- 
 cessive tiers from the water's edge; it is about twelve 
 miles In circumference, and is enclosed by fortifications. 
 The Mold.iu. which flows N. through the city, is crossed 
 near the middle by the celebrated stone bridfie 1S55 feet 
 Ions, ornamented with groups of statuary, and having a 
 lofty tower at each end. built in the fifteenth century: and 
 at the S. end of the Kleinseite crossed by a modern chain 
 bridge which rests on the small island called '• Little Ve- 
 nice^' On the rijrht bank of the river is the Altstadt, (old 
 town.) with the Judenstadt. (Jews' quarter,) and the Xeu- 
 stadt. (new town :) and on the left tank, the Hradschin and 
 the Kleinseite; the villaee of Wissehrad, on the right, and 
 that of Sniichow. on the left bank, are included iu its 
 bounds. Prague, peculiar in its architecture, and from its 
 numerous domes, spires, and turrets, has quite an orient.al 
 aspect. The finest quarters are the Xeustadt. the Klein- 
 seite. and the Urndschin; the Altstadt is gloomy, and the 
 Judenstadt filthy. Principal buildings : — 1. In the Alstadt. 
 the Theinkirche, with the tomb of Tycho Brahe. the town- 
 house with a remarkable clock, the royal library, observa- 
 tory, and many scientific est;iblishments, the buildings of 
 the old university, the church of St. Gallas. in which Ilnss 
 preached. — 2. In the Judenstadt. the Jewish synagogue. — 
 3. In the Neustidt, the new town-house, the military hos- 
 pital, and several churches with fine paintings. — t. In the 
 Kleinseite, the church of St. Nichol.as, church of St. Thomas, 
 and the artillery barracks. — 5. In the Hradschin, the former 
 palace of the Bohemian kings, a massive and imposing 
 structure. The cathedral church of St. Vitus, a richly de- 
 corated Gothic building, cont.nining the tomb of St. John of 
 Nepomuk. with a silver shrine weighing 37 hundred weight, 
 ami those of many Bohemian kings. — 6. In ^Vissehrad. the 
 church of St. I'eter and St. Kaul. and the royal armoury. 
 In the village of Smichow. is the noble botanic garden. 
 Prague has many learned and scientific societies ; the uni- 
 versity founded by Charles IV. in 1.34S, is remarkable as 
 the first school of lejirning established In Germany; in 
 1842. it had 71 professors, and 2741 students. Prague has 
 3 gymnasia, a nornvil school, a school for the blind, cabi- 
 nets of natural history, several large public libraries, and 
 many public hospitals. Its manufactures comprise printed 
 cottons, linens, silks, and woollens. It is the centre of the 
 sommerce of Bohemia, its transit trade being focilitated by 
 the navigation of the Moldau and by railways, which con- 
 nect it \vith Olmiitz and Vienna on the E. and S.. and with 
 Pilsen on the S.W. Prague was taken by the French in 
 1741. and by the Prussians in 1744; it was Ix)mbarded. and 
 was the scene of atrocious cruelties, on the ICth of June, 
 184S. It is the birthplace of Jerome of I'rague. 
 
 PRAHU6TA, prj-hoos'ti, a town of Europejin Turkey, in 
 Room-Elee, 75 miles E.X.E. of Salonica, with about 500 
 houses, enclosed by a wall 15 feet high. 
 
 PKAIRIE. prA'ree. a county in the E. central part of Ar- 
 kansas, contains about 1060 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by White Itiver. navigable by steamboats at all 
 seasons, and on the X. by Cypress and Des .\rc Bjiyou. The 
 surface is ne.irly level, and diversified by extensive prairies, 
 and by forests which contain the oak. ash, walnut, cypress, 
 and ciedar. The soil is generally fertile. Capital, Browns- 
 ville. ro|). 8S54, of whom tOlo were free. 
 
 PRATKIE, a township in Arkansas co., Arkansas. 
 
 PRAIRIB. a township in Carroll co., Arkansas. 
 
 PRAIRIK, a township in Franklin co.. Arkansas. 
 
 PR.MRIE, a township in Madison co., Arkansas. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township in Marion co.. Arkansas. 
 
 PRAIRIK. a township in Neivton co.. Arkansas. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township in Pr.airie co., .Arkansas. 
 
 PR.\IRIE, a townsbip,in Washington co., Arkansas. Pop. 
 1830. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township in Franklin CO., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Colunibng and Xenia Railroad. I'op. 1374. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township of Holmes co„ Ohio. Pop. 1512. 
 
 PRAI KIE, a township of Henry co.. Indian.'^. Pop. 1557. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a p..st-..ffice of Henry co., Illinois. 
 
 PR.^IRIE. a post-oflice of Lewis co , Missouri. 
 
 PRAlKIE.a townshipof RHndolphco.,Misgouri. P.2899. 
 
 PRAIRIE BIRD, a posU>fflce of Shelby oo.. Illinois. 
 
 PKAIRIB BLUFF, a post-office of Wilcox CO., Alabama. 
 
 PRAIRIE COTT.VGE. a post-offlce of Colorado co., Texas. 
 
 PRAI RIE CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Tombigbee on 
 tbe M. bortler of Mai-ango county. 
 
 PRAIRIK CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Daviess 
 couniy into the West Fork of White River, altout 6 miles 
 from Washington. 
 
 I'RAIRIK CREEK. Iowa, rises in Benton county, and 
 Bows into Red C<!.lar River, in Linn county 
 
 I'KAIRIE CREEK, « pogtroffice of Dallas co~ Texas. 
 Iu34 
 
 PRA 
 
 PRAIRIE CREEK, a small village of Tell co., Arkansas. 
 
 PRAIRIE CREEK, a post-township of Vigo co., Indiana. 
 
 PRAIRIE CREEK, a post-oflice of U>gan co.. Illinois. 
 
 PRAIRIE CREEK, a post-cfiRce of Iowa co., Iowa. 
 
 PRAIRIE DEPOT, a post-office of Wood co.. Ohio. 
 
 PRAIRIK DU CHI EN. prA'ree du sheen. (Fr. pron. pri^ 
 ree' dii she-^NO a beaxitiful post-village, capital of Craw- 
 ford CO.. Wisconsin, is finely situated on the Mississippi, 4 
 miles alxjve the mouth of Wisconsin Kiver, and about 100 
 miles W. of Madison. It is one of the oldest towns of the 
 state. It is the W. terminus of the Milwankee and Praii-ie 
 Du Chien Rjiilroad. The site is a level plain or jirairie, 8 
 or 8 miles long, and 1 or 2 miles wide, enclosed on the E. by 
 rocky blufls. It contains 6 churches, 2 n«'\vBpai)er offices, I 
 U. S. Hospital, and a machine-shop of the Railroad. P. 2.S98. 
 
 PRAIRIK DU LONG, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois. 
 
 PRAIRIE DU HOC HliR. prA'ree du ro'sher, a post-nllage 
 of Randolph co., Illinois, 14 miles N.W. of KaskaskLa. The 
 naTne is derived from a rocky bluff which rises behind it. 
 
 PRAIRIE DU SAC, a post-village of Sank co.. Wisconsin, 
 on the Wi.sconsin River, 25 miles N.W. of Madison. It has 
 1 church, an academy, 2 steiUii-mills, and 5 dry-goods stores. 
 Here is a bridge over the river. Pop. about 600. 
 
 PRAIRIE FIELD, a post-ofBce of Rock Island co.. IlUnola 
 
 PRAIRIE FORK, a post-ofRce of Slontgomery co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 PRAIRIE GROVE, a post-office of Clark co.. low.i. 
 
 PRAIRIE LEA. a postroffice of Caldwell co.. Texas. 
 
 PK.ilRIE MER ROUGE. prA'ree maia roozh, a post-offlce 
 of Morehouse parish. Louisiana. 
 
 PRAIRIE MOUND, a post-office of Pike co.. Missouri. 
 
 PRAIRIE MOUNT, a post-village of Chickasaw eo„ Mi* 
 sis.sippi. 18 miles X,E. of Houston. It is situated in a highly 
 productive country. 
 
 PRAIRIE PLAINS, a postoffice of Grimes co.. Texas. 
 
 PRAIRIE POINT, a post-office of Noxubee co., Missi* 
 sippi. 
 
 PRAIRIE RONDE. (rSnd.) a post-township forming the 
 S.W. extremity of Kalamazoo co., Michig.in. Pop. 10.36. 
 
 PKAIRIETON, pri're-ton, a post>village of Vigo co.. Indi- 
 ana, on the border of Honey Creek Prairie, 7 miles S.S.W. 
 of Terre Haute. Pop. 572. 
 
 PR.\IRIETON. a small village of Lawrence co.. Illinois. 
 
 PRAIHIEVILLE, prA're-vil. a post-village of Barry co, 
 Michigan, about 58 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. 
 
 PRAIRIEVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., Indiana, 
 on the railroad from Lafayette to Indianapolis, 12 miles S.W. 
 of Frankfort. 
 
 PRAIRIEA'ILLE. a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, 
 about 6(> miles N.W. of St. Ixiuis. 
 
 PRAIRIEVILLE, a township in Milwaukee co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 PRALBOINO. prll-bo-ee'no. (written also PRATO-AL- 
 BOINO.) a town of Northern Italy, province of Brescia, 7 
 miles S. of Leno. on the Mella. Pop. 2467. 
 
 PRALLS'VILLE. a post-village of Hunterdon Co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware River, about 5 miles above Lam- 
 bertville. has 2 or 3 stores. There is a fine bridge across the 
 river at this place. 
 
 PRAL()GNAN-P.A.LAY, priMonVdN-»'-p^']A', a village of 
 the Sardinian States, province of Tarantaise, 12 miles S.K 
 of Jloutiers. Pop. 1043. 
 
 PR.\L0RMO. pr3-loR'mo. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division, and 18 miles S.S.E. of Turin. Pop. 1115. 
 
 PR.\MOLLO. pri-mol'lo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Pinerolo, near San Seconda. Pop. 1414. 
 
 PKAROSTINO. pi-k-ros-tee/no, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, province of Pinerolo, 1 mile from 
 San Secondo. Pop. 1.575. 
 
 PR.\SC<JRSANO. prds-koR-sd/no. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Tuj-in, province, and about 16 miles 
 W.S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 1494. 
 
 PRASLIN. prSs^leen'. an Island of the Indian Ocean, one 
 of the Seychelles, lat. 4° 17' 16" S., Ion. 55° 44' 1.5" E. The 
 French took formal possession of the island in 1768, but did 
 not form any settlement on it. 
 
 PR.ASTOE. (Prastiie.) a town of Denmark. See Pr.bstSb. 
 
 PRASZKA. prdsh'kl. or PRAUSKA, prows'kd. a town of 
 Poland, province, and 60 miles S.S.li of Kalisz. on tho 
 Prosna. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PR.\TA. prS'tJ, a village of Naple.s. province of Prind- 
 pato-Ultra, 6 miles S. of Montefuwo. Pop. 1790. 
 
 PR.\TA, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 
 W.N.W. of Piedimonte, Pop. 13.50. 
 
 PKAT.^^S, pritis, a cluster of islands, sho.'ils, and rocks 
 of considerable extent in the China Sea. Lat 23° 50" N., 
 Ion. 116° 45' E.. stretching about IS miles from N. to S., and 
 from 9 miles to 12 miles from K. to W. 
 
 PRAT DE LLOBREG.A.T, Kl. H prit da lo-brA-gitA a 
 town of Spain, in Catalonia. prt>vince. and about i miles 
 from Barcelon.a, near the Llobregat. Pop. 1615. 
 
 PHATDIP. prjt-deep'. a village of Sjiain. in Catalonia, 
 province, and 14 miles from Tarragona. Pop. 1500, 
 
 PRATO, pri'to. a town of Central Italy, in Tuscany, pro- 
 vince, and 10 miles N.W. of Florence, on an affluent of the 
 
PRA 
 
 PRE 
 
 Arno. Pop. 11,933. It is enclosed by walls and ditches, 
 has a noble .scjuare. a cathedral of marble, with a six-storied 
 tower, hospitals, and asylums, tlie Cico.^nini College, an an- 
 cient prajtorian palace, now a prison. 2 workhouses, a thea- 
 tre, manutactures of straw plait, woollen cloth, silk thread, 
 hats, and soap, with tanneries and extensive copper-works 
 for smelting and manufacturing metal. 
 
 PKATOLA, pr^-to'ld, a village of Naples, province of 
 Abruzxo Ultra II., 2i mile.s X.'NV'.of Sulmona. I'op. 3700. 
 
 PKATO VECCIIIO, pri'to v^k'keK). a village of Central 
 Italy, 24 miles E. of Florence, ou the Aruo, enclosed by 
 walls. Pop. 3500. It is connected with Florence by railway. 
 
 PKATS I)K LLU.SANES, prdts <Xk loo-sa'u^.s. a town of 
 Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 40 miles N.N.VV. of Bar- 
 celona. Pod. 1327. 
 
 PKATS liM .MOLLO. pri deh morio/, a fortified town of 
 France, department of Pyrfenees-Orieutales, on the Tech. 14 
 miles S.W. of Coret. Pop. in 1S52, 3270. It is enclosed by 
 a wall tlanked with towers, and has manufactures of coarse 
 woollen fabrics, hosiery, and blankets. In its neighborhood, 
 at Lii Preste, are hot sulphur baths, hotels, and lodging- 
 bouses. 
 
 PI'.ATT. a postoffice of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 PR.^TXKL.N'. prit't^ln. a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Landschaft, 6 miles K.S.K. of Bale, (Basel.) 
 Pop. 1124. 
 
 PKATT.S'IiUBfi. a post-village and townfihipof Steuben co.. 
 New Yirk. alxmt .50 miles S.S.K. of Hochi'Ster. It contains 
 the Franklin Academy, with aliout 150 students, i'op. 2790. 
 
 PR AT TSIiU Uii, a post-villasre of Orange co., North Carolina. 
 
 PKATTSBURO, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, 45 
 miles N.K. of Columbus. 
 
 PKATTSI5UHG, a post-office of P.iplev co., Indiana. 
 
 PRATT'S UOLLOW, a post-office o'f Madison co.. New 
 York. 
 
 PRATT'S LANDING, a village of Perry co., Jlissouri, on 
 the Mississippi. CO miles S. by K. of St. Louis. 
 
 PR.Vi'TS'VlLLIi, a thriving post^village in Prattsville 
 township, Greene co.. New York, on Schoharie Creek, about 
 50 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It contains 3 churches, an 
 ac.\demy, a newspaper office, and manufacturing estalilish- 
 mentsof various kinds, including several glove factories. It 
 was formerly the seat of the most extensive tannery in the 
 United States, belonging to Zadock Pratt, Ksq. Pop. of the 
 township, 1511. 
 
 PRATTSVILLE, a village of Alleghany co., Maryland, 13 
 miles E. of Cumberland. 
 
 PKATTSVILLK. a village of Monroe co., Georgia, on the 
 Central Railroad, IG miles N.\V'. of Macon. 
 
 PR.-VTTSVILLK, a h.andsome and thriving postvillage of 
 Autaug!i CO.. Alabama, on a small affluent of the .'Vlabama 
 River. 14 miles N.W. of Montgomery. The village contains 
 
 3 churches. 4 stores, 2 .vhools, .1 cotton-mill, and 1 manu- 
 tactory of cotton-gins. Tlie cotton-mill is 150 feet long, and 
 
 4 st(jries high. The other factory produces annually 000 
 cotton-gins, which are regarded as superior articles. Pop. 
 estimated at 6000. 
 
 PRATTSVILLE, a post-office of Vinton co., Ohio. 
 
 PRAULE (prawl) POINT, a headland of Enirland. pro- 
 jecting on the English Channel, 4 miles AV'.N.XV'. of Start 
 Point, and E. of Bolt Head. 
 
 PRAUSNITZ. prows'nits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 18 
 miles W.X.W. of I'reslau. Pop. 2450. 
 
 PR.^USMTZ, BoH.MiscH, Wmlsh prOws'nits, a Tillage of 
 Bohemia. 8 miles from Arnau. Pop. 2050. 
 
 PRAUSNITZ, Dkutsch. doiteh prOws'nits, a village of 
 Bohemia, circle of Kiiniggratz, near extensive forests. It has 
 a church, and a mill. Pop. 1220. 
 
 PRAU.ST. prowst. a village of East Prussia, goremment, 
 and 6 miles S. of Dantisie. Pop. 1131. 
 
 PRAV.\D1, prii'v,i-dee\ a town of European Turkey, in 
 Bulgaria, 2S miles S.E. of Shonmla, on the river Pi-avadi, 
 which enters the Black Sea at A'arna. The Russians here 
 defeated the Turks in 1829. 
 
 PR A VI A, prd've-d, a market-town of Spain, province, and 
 14 miles N.\V. of Oviudo. on the \alon, which is navigable 
 to it from the sea. Pop. 1153. 
 
 PRAVA, I'ORTO. See PoRTO Prata. 
 
 PRAVSS.\.C. prAsVdk'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lot, 13 miles W.N.'^V. of Cahors. Pop. in 1852. 2048. 
 
 PR.VYSS.4S, pras"s^. a town of France, department of 
 Lot-et-Garonne. 8 miles N.AV. of Agen. Pop. ih 1862, 1718. 
 
 PKAZZO. prlfso, a village of the Sardinian States, 24 
 miles W. of Coui, on the Macra. 
 
 PRE.A.NGER, prA'dug'hjr, a Dutirh residency of Java, in 
 the S.W. part of the island. Pop. 700.000. 
 
 PREBLE, prJWfL a otmnty in the W.S.W. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Indiana, has an area of 430 square miles. It 
 is drained by Franklin. St. Clair's, and Fourmile Creeks, 
 affluents of the (jreat Miami. The surfiice is level or undu- 
 lating : the soil is of limestone fornvition. and very produo- 
 five. The county has large r4uarries of good limestone, and 
 is liVierally su|iplii'd with water-power. It is intersected by 
 the Dayton and Richmond, and the Hamilton. Eaton and 
 Richmond Railroads. Capital, Eaton. Pop. 21,820. 
 
 PREBLE, a post-village and township of Cortland co. 
 New York, on the Syracuse and Binghamton Raik'oad, 
 alwut 130 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1277. 
 
 PREBLE, a small village of Choctaw co., Alabama. 
 
 PItEBLE, a township of Pike co., Ohio. 
 
 PREBLE, a township in Ad.'ims co., Indiana. Pop. 887. 
 
 PRl^CHEUR, Lk. leh pra'shiiR'. a market-town and pjirisb 
 of the island of Martinique, on its W. coa,st, 43 miles N.W. 
 of St. Pierre. Pop. 3403. 
 
 PR£cIONE, pri^seeB', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Sarthe, 12 miles W.N.W. of La Fleche. Pop. in 
 1862. 3053. 
 
 PRE'CINCT.apost-villageofBooneco., Illinois, on the rail- 
 road from Beloit to Chicago. 80 miles W.N.AV. of the latter. 
 
 PRE-EMP/TION, a post-office of Mercer co., lIlinoLs, 155 
 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 PR BEN-CHURCH, a pari.sh of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 PREES, a parish of England, co. oif Salop. 
 
 PREE'S.\LL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PREEZ, pr.Vs>ts, or POItETZ, iKi'r^ts. a m.arket-town of 
 Denmark, duchy of Ilolstein, ou a small lake, 8 miles S.S.E. 
 of Kiel. Pop. 4750. It has a seminary for noble ladies, a 
 female orphan asylum, and a library. 
 
 I'REGEL, prA'ghfl, a river of East Prussia, formed by the 
 union of the Angerap and Pissa, Hows W., and enters the 
 Frische-Half at its N.E. extremity, after a course of 120 
 miles, tor the last 45 of which it is navigable. Principa. 
 affluents, the Dist.i from the N.. and Alle from the S. 
 
 PREIGNAC. prAn\v3k'. a town of France, department of 
 Gironde, 21 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1314. 
 
 PRE.JANO or PREXANO. pi-i-iiS'no, a town of Spain, in 
 Old Castile, province, and 30 miles S.E. of Logrofio. Pop, 
 1008. 
 
 PRELAUTSCH, prA'Iowtch, or PRELAUOY. pr.-1-low'- 
 tsee, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles W.N.W. of Chrudim, on 
 the Elbe. Pop. 1590. 
 
 PREMEIRA. pr.i-mA'e-rS. a group of rocks on the Malabar 
 const, lat. 13° 11' N., Ion. 74° 38' E. 
 
 PRE.MEIRA ISLANDS, the southernmost of the long 
 chain of islands extending along Angosta, East .A^frica. and 
 Mozainliiciue Channel, about lat. 17° S., Ion. 39° 50' E. 
 
 PRKMERY'. prA^un(h-ree', a town of France.'department 
 of Ni6vre, 16 miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852. 2;j25. 
 
 PREMIA DE MAR, prA'me-i d?h mau, or PHEMIA DE 
 AB.\,JO. prA'me-d d.A d-bj'no, a village of Spain, in Cata- 
 lonia, province, and about 8 miles from Barcelona. -Pop. 
 1115. 
 
 PREillTI, prJm'e-tee\ fl town of European Turkey, in 
 Epirus. 65 miles E.S.E. of .\vlona, on the Voyussa. Each 
 house is separately enclosed by a high defensive wall, and 
 hen- is also a Turkish citadel. 
 
 PRK.M'NAY. a. p,arish of Scotland, co. of .Aberdeen. 
 
 PUEX'DERGAST, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 bi-oke. 
 
 PKEN'TISS VALE, a post-office of JIoKe;in co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PRENY', pr.Vnee, or PRENN, prjnn, a town of Poland, 
 province of Augustow, on the Memel, 27 miles E.N.B. of 
 Mariampol. Pop. 2600. 
 
 PRENZLOW, prJnts'lov, or PRENZLAU, prJntslow, a 
 town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg. 71 miles N.N.E. 
 of Potsdam, on the Ucker. Pop. 12.751. It has a Calvinist 
 and t> Lutheran churches, schools, hospitals, a valuable pub- 
 lic library, manufactures of linens, woollens, and tobacco, 
 breweries, tanneries, and trade in corn and cattle. In 1806, 
 20.000 Prussian troops having escaped from the battle of 
 Jena, surrendered here to the French. 
 
 PREP'ARI.S' ISLES, a group in the Bfiy of Bengal, alwut 
 midway between the Andaman Islands and Cape Negrals. 
 Lat. 14° 50' N., Ion. 93° 25' E. Two are named the Cow 
 and Calf. 
 
 PRERAU, prri'rSw, or PRZRROW. pzhA'rov, a town of 
 Moravia, on an affluent of the Slarch, on the Betschwa, 15 
 miles S.E.of Olmiitz, with which it is connected by railway. 
 Pop. 3400. 
 
 PK15-SAINT-DIDIER, pr.A sSno deeMe-4'. a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division, and 18 miles W.N.W. of Aosta, 
 at the foot of Jlont Bianc. Pop. 1009. 
 
 PKESBA, prJstii, a small town of European Turkey, in 
 Room-Elee, 16 miles S.E. of Ochrida, on the \V. side of the 
 Lake of Presba, which is 7 miles in leng\h, and 3 miles in 
 breadth. 
 
 PRES'BURG or PRESS'BURG, (Ger. pron. pr^s'LoOiso ; 
 Hun. Ihsnnf/, po^shoR'; anc. Ihsolnium.) a town and the legis- 
 lativecapital of Hungary, capitalof acounty of itsown name, 
 on the Panutie. here crossed by a bridge of boats. 34 miles 
 E.S.E. of Vienna, with which city and with Tymau it com- 
 municates by railway. Pop 43,-")63, excluding garrison and 
 strangers. The principal structures are. a mined castle, on 
 a height above the town, burnt by the French in isn. but 
 memorable as the scene of the appeal made, in 1741. by 
 Mni-ia Theresa to the Hungarian states; the hall of (lie diet, 
 a Gothic cathedral, in which the kings of Hungary weiv 
 crowned: the county hall, a German theatre, barracks, and 
 archbishop's palace. It has a Roman Catholic academy, and 
 
 1536 
 
PRE 
 
 a Calvlnlr-t college, both with good libraries, a Roman Catho- 
 lic high college and seminary, a college for poor students, and 
 geveral hospitals, one supported by the Jews, who are nu- 
 merous here, and have many charitable institutions. The 
 principal manufitctures are "silk and woollen goods, nitre, 
 rosogllo. tobacco, and leather. It has a large transit trade 
 in cora. linen, and Hungarian wines. The treaty, giving 
 Venice to the French, and Tyrol to BaTari.i, was concluded 
 here iu ls05. 
 
 PKES'COT. a market- town and parish of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, 8 miles E.N.E. of Liverpool. Pop. of the town in 
 ISol, 733.3, employed in watch-making, cotton and Hax mills, 
 potteries, and collieries. 
 
 PRES'COTT, a post-township of Hampshire co., Mas.sa- 
 chusetts. li miles W. of Boston. Pop. 611. 
 
 PRESCOTT. a post-village of Pierce CO., Wisconsin, at the 
 confluence of the St. Croix with the Mississippi River, aI>out 
 26<) miles above Diibui]ne. It contains a bank, and several 
 mills and factories. Pop. 1031. See Appendix. 
 
 PRES'COTT, a county of Canada West, situated at Us E. 
 extremity, is bounded by the Ottawa River on the N., and 
 comprises an area of 476 square miles. Capital, L'Original. 
 Pop. 10.4.S7. 
 
 PRESCOTT, a post-town of Canada West, situated In the 
 united counties of I.«eds and Granville, on the St. Lawrence 
 River, 130 miles P.W. of Montreal, and VZ miles from Brock- 
 TlUe. It has agencies of 6 assurance companies, 4 churches, 
 about '20 stores, and 1 iron foundry and machine shop. A 
 newspaper is publi.<hed liere. Pop. alx)ut 2400. 
 
 PRESEriLlE, pr4-s.-il'y!i, a village of Northern Italj', pro- 
 Tince. and 12 miles X.E. of Brescia. Pop. 1254. 
 
 PRESERVATION IIAIVBOU, a fine l)»y of New Zealand, 
 near the S.W. extremity of the Middle Island. Lat. 46=" S., 
 Ion. 166= 30' E. 
 
 PRESll'CTE. a parish of Eneland, co. of Wilts. 
 
 PRES'IDENT FUR'NACE, a' post-office of Venango co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 PRESIDIO DE SAO JOAO (Sao Joiio) BAPTISTA, pri- 
 «ee'de-o dA s<iws« zho-Ows" bdp-tiis'ti, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of -Minas Geraes, 110 miles E.S.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 
 of the district, 4000. 
 
 PR ESLlTs, prail. a village of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, 
 36 miles E. of Mous. It is supposed to be the locality where 
 Julius Caesar (B.C. 67) defeated the Nervii, of whom C0,000 
 perished. Pop. 949. 
 
 PRESXOGORVSK, prf»-no-goRvsk', or PRESXOOOR- 
 KOVSKAIA. pr^s no-goR-kov-ski'i. a fort of .\siatic Russia, 
 (rovernment of Omsk, on the Upper Tobol, 145 miles AV. of 
 PetropauloTski. formini a post of the military line of Ishim. 
 
 PRESNOVSK AI A., pres-nov-skl'l. another fort of the same 
 line. 80 miles W. of Petropaulovski. 
 
 PRESQUE ISLE, prSsk'eel', (i. e. "peninsula,"') a newly 
 formed county iu the N.E. part of Michigan, bordering on 
 Lake Huron. Area, estimated at 700 square miles. Thesur- 
 face has but little elevation above the lake. It includes a 
 peninsula extending into Liike Huron. Pop. 26. 
 
 PRESQUB ISLE, a postofflce of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 PRESQUE ISLE, Pennsylvania. See Erie. 
 
 PKKS.SAIH. pre-s'-Ci-lt. a walled market-town of Bavaria. 
 20 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1756. 
 
 PRESSBURG, a town of Hungary. See Presbubq. 
 
 PRESTRURY, prest'ber-ree. a parish of England, co.. and 
 34 miles E.N.E. of Chester, and with a station on the Man- 
 chester and Macclesfield liaihvay, 2 miles N. of Macclesfield. 
 
 PRESTBURY'. a parish of Eneland. co. of Gloucester. 
 
 PRESTEIGN E. presHAu'.a parliamentary borough, market- 
 town, and parish of England and Wales, cos. of Hereford 
 and Radnor, on the Lu;^. 12 miles W.N.W. of Leominster. 
 Pop. of borough in 1851. 1617. The town, pleasautly situ- 
 atel and neatly built, has an endowed school, a county 
 ses.sions-house. a jail and house of correction, aud at its N. 
 end a circular mound laid out in public walks, and sur- 
 mounted by a pavilion. It unites with Radnor iu sending 
 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 PRES'Tt>N, a parliamentary borough and market-town 
 of England, c), of Lancaster. 28 miles N.E. of Liverpool, 
 agrk-eably situated on a height above the right liank of the 
 Rilible, near the head of its estuary, and on the North Union 
 and several other branch railways. Pop. of the borough in 
 ISCl, 82,9(51. The principal streets, though irregularly 
 formed, are spacious, and provided with side parapets. The 
 houses are almost all substantiallv built of bri.-k, and the 
 whole town is well lighted with ga.s. The environs exhibit 
 much pleasing scenery, are adorned with numerous hand- 
 tome villas, and furnish several tine public walks. The ec- 
 clesiastical edifices include 10 churches and 20 Dissenting 
 chapels. Among the Ibrmer, Christ Church is admired for 
 the puritv of its Norman style: and the parish church is 
 now (1863) being rebuilt in the Decoratod style of the four- 
 teenth century, with a spire 106 feet high. Among the 
 PissenUng ( hapeLs are 6 Roman Catholic, 3 Baptist 2 Inde- 
 pend.nt. 2 W esWyan Methodist, and one each of the Hun- 
 liU'.;aoii Methodists, Primitive Methodists. Associate Method 
 Uts. I rimltive Episco^tfilians. Swedenborgian, and Unitarian. 
 £be .-lormons or Latter-Day Saints have also a place of 
 163e *^ 
 
 PRE 
 
 meeting. The other more important buildings are the town- 
 hall, a handsome brick edifice in the centre of the town ; the 
 court-house, in the Doric style: the house of cTrection, tlw 
 custom-hou.se, com exchange, extensive barracks, work- 
 house, theatre, assembly-i-ooms, two bridges, one of them a 
 handsome stiiicture of five arches, and a magnficcnt railway 
 viaduct, spanning the river. 
 
 The scholastic and literary establishments include a free 
 grammar-school, occupying a spacious stone structure, in 
 the collegiate style: the blue-coat, commercial or middle, 
 and various national and infant schools ; the Literary and 
 Philosophical Institution, occupying an elegant building In 
 the Tudor style, and provided with a libraiT and museum; 
 the Mechanics' Institute, or Institution for the Diffusion 
 of Knowledge, accommodated in a h.mdsome Gre<i»n edi- 
 fice, and justly regarded as one of th? greatest ornaments 
 of the place; and various public libraries. The benevolent 
 institutions include several lienefit and provident institu- 
 tion.s, a dispensary. ladles' charity, visiting and Samaritan 
 societies. &c. 
 
 The original staple manufecture of the town was linen, 
 which is still woven to some extent, but has been completely 
 eclipsed by that of cotton, which, first introduced in 1777, 
 now employs 54 mills for spinning and weaving, and annu- 
 ally consumes above 150.000 bales of cotton. The other 
 principjil mills are — six for worsted, two for flax, and a 
 large steam saw-mill. There are also several m.ichine-shops 
 on an extensive scale, iron and brass fnundries. breweries 
 and malting establishments, roperies, tanneries. Ac. The 
 trade is greatly facilitated by the river, which, by means of 
 dredging and many expensive improvements, has been ren- 
 dered navigable, at ordinary springs, for vessels of 300 tons, 
 to Preston Quays, where extensive bonding warehouses 
 havebeen erected: and iilso by extensive railwjiy communi- 
 cation, by which the town has I>een brought int-i immediate 
 connection with the most import.ant inland localities. The 
 principal imports are corn from Ireland, iron from Scotland, 
 and timber from the Baltic and America. In 1851. the 
 vessels registered nt the port were, under 50 tons. 73 sailing 
 vessels. caiTving 2695 ton.s, and 3 steamers, carrying 85 tons; 
 and above 50 tons. 4-3 sailing vessels, carrying 41 17 tons, and 
 3 steamers, carrying 456 tons. In the coasting trade. !^72 
 vessels ("29.314 tons) entered, and 791 (.37.037 tons) cleared; 
 in the foreign trade the vessels entered were 30, (3001 tons,) 
 and cleared also 30. (.3004 tons.) 
 
 Preston is said to have risen on the decay of Ribohester, 
 the lioman Higodunum, .situated .alwut 11 miles farther up 
 the river. Its name, originally Priests' Town, it owed to 
 the numlier of religious houses which it contained. In 
 1323 it was taken and burnt down by Robert Bruce. Every 
 twentieth year, a jubilee, called '• l*reston Guild." is held 
 here for a month from the last week in August. It i-eturns 
 two meml*rs to Parliament, and is governed by a mayor. 11 
 other aldermen, and .36 councillors. The only native of the 
 town deserving of special mention is Sir Richard Arkwright, 
 the inventor of the "spinning-jennv." 
 
 PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PRESTON, two parishes of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 PRESTON, two p.irishes of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 PREST<')N. a parish of Eneland, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PRESTON, a parish of Engn-md. co. of Rutland. 
 
 PRESTON, a parish of Emrland, co, of Somerset. 
 
 PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 PRESn>N. a parish of Endand. co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 PRESTON, a decayed village of Scotland, co. of Hadding- 
 ton, 8 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 57. 
 
 PRESTON, a village of ScotUnd, co. of Edinburgh, 5 mile* 
 E.S.E. of Dalkeith. 
 
 PRESTON, a county in the N.E. part of West Virginia, 
 bordering on Pennsjivania and Maryland : area, about 600 
 square miles. It is drained by the Cheat River. The sur- 
 face is mostly occupied by a valley which is enclosed by 
 Chestnut Kidge on the W„ and the Alleghany Ridge on the 
 E, The soil produces excellent pasture, and in some parts 
 grain succeeds well. Limestone, sandstone, and slate, alter- 
 nate with beds of coal: iron ore is abundant. The streams 
 aflford a vast amount of water-power. The Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad, which has recently been opened through this 
 section, has given an impulse to the improvement of the 
 county. Formed in 1818, and named in honor of James B, 
 Preston, at that time goTernor of Virginia. Capital, Kiog- 
 wood. Pop. 13,312, of whom 13,246 were free, and 67 slaves. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village and township of New London 
 CO , Connecticut, about 3 miles E. of Norwich. Pop. 20S2. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-township near the centre of Chenango 
 CO., New York, on Chenango River. I'oji. 1013. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village and township of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. by W. of Honesdale. Pop. 1518. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-office of Y'allobusha co.. >lissis.<ippi. 
 
 PRE.>>TON, a thriving post- village of Grayson co., Texas, 
 on Red River, about 18 miles N. of Sherman, the county 
 seat. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, and is thn 
 principal shippine point for the countv. 
 
 PRESTON, a village of Wharton co.; Texa-s, 41 mile* N. o* 
 Matagorda. 
 
PRE 
 
 PR KSTON, a post-office of Pulaski co., Arkansas. 
 
 I'UKSTON, a village of Carroll co., Kentucky, on the Ohio 
 KiTer, just below the mouth of the Kentucky Kiver, which 
 separates it from Carrollton. 
 
 PItESTON, a post-offlce of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 PRK.'^TON, a townsliip of Platte co., Missouri. Pop. 1327. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village, cujjital of l-'illmore co., Minne- 
 sota, about 116 miles S.K. of St. Paul. See Appendix. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-offiee of Lane co., Oregon. 
 
 PRESTON, a town of Canada East. co. of Waterloo, with 
 a Lutheran and a Roman Catholic church, a flour mill, dis- 
 tillery, pottery, tannery, and three breweries. A' newspaper 
 i." published here. The inhabitants are chietiy Germans. 
 l\)p. in 1852, llSd. 
 
 PRESTOX-RAi.i'OTT, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 PRESTON-RT</SETT, a parish of England, co. of Rucks. 
 
 PRESrrONBUIiG, a post-village, capital of Floyd co.. Ken- 
 tucky, on the West Fork of Big Sandy River, about 120 
 miles E.S.E. of Lexington. Pop. about 200. 
 
 PRESTON CAl'E. a headland of Northwest Australia. 
 
 PRESTON CAPES, parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 PRESTON DEA.N'ERY.a pari.sh of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 PRESTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PRESTON GUb'RALS. a parish of Engl.ind, co. of .Salop. 
 
 PRESTON-o>-T(iE-IIILL, a parish of England, CO. of Chester. 
 
 PRESTON HOLLOW, a post-village of Albany co.. New 
 fork, on Catskill Creek, about -30 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 It lias 2 churches, 4 stores, a flouring mill and tannery. 
 Pop. aVxiut 160. 
 
 PKES'TONKIRK. a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington. 
 It has an old castle, formerly the property of the Earl of 
 Bothwell. 
 
 PRESTON LONG, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 PRKS'TONP.VNS', a burgh of barony, seaport town, and 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington, on the Frith of Forth. 
 85 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the town in 1851, lf40. 
 Its port, Morrison's Haven, is half a mile W. of the town. 
 Near it was fought the battle between the Royalist army 
 and the Pretender's, in 1745. 
 
 PRE.S'TON QUAR/TER, a township of England, co. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 PRESTON QUARTER, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 PRESTON RIVER, of West Australia, district of Welling- 
 ton, after a N.W. course enters Lescheuault Bay, S.\\[. of 
 Australind. 
 
 PKESTON-ON-STOUR, a parish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 PRESTONVILLE. a post-offlce of Carroll co.. Kentucky. 
 
 PRESTON-ON-TUE- WILD-MOORS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Salop. 
 
 PRESTON-ON-WYE. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 PREST/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 PREST'WICK or PRIESTAVICK, a burgh of barony of 
 Scotland, co. of Avr, 1 miles S.S.W. of Monktown. P. 1200. 
 
 PRESTWOLI) or PRESTWOULD, prisf wild, a parish of 
 England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 PRETO, prA'to, a river of Brazil, in the province of Minas 
 Geraes, flows E., and unites with the Parahiba-do-Sul. Total 
 course, 150 miles. 
 
 PRETO, a river of Brazil, rises in the S.E. part of the pro- 
 vince of Goya:'., flows W.N.W. and joins the Marauhao. 
 Total course, 15 1 miles. 
 
 PRETO, a rivv'r of Brazil, joins the Rio Grande on the left, 
 100 miles alx)ve itsj unction with the Sao Francisco. Length, 
 100 miles. 
 
 PRETSCH, piStch. or PRETZSCH, prStsh, a town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, 43 miles N.E. of Merseburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 
 1850. 
 
 PRETTIN, prtt-teen', a town of Prussian Saxony, 45 miles 
 E.N.E. of Merseburg. on the Elbe. Pop. 1636. 
 
 PRETZSCH, a town of Pru.ssian Saxony. See Pretsch. 
 
 PREUILLY, prih^eeVee' or pruh'eery«e', a town of France, 
 department of ludre-et-Loire, 19 miles S.W. of Loches. Pop. 
 in 1852, 2374. 
 
 PREUSSEN. a kingdom of Europe. See Prussia. 
 
 PREUSSISCH-HOLLAND, prois'sish-hol'ldnt, a town of 
 East Prussia, 5i.i miles S.W. of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 3465. 
 
 PREVESA,* pri'vi-sd, or PREVISA, a fortified town of 
 Euronean Turkey, in Epirus, on the N. side of the entrance 
 to the Gulf of Arta, 18 miles S.W. of Arta. Lat. 38° 56' N., 
 Ion. 20° 44' E. Pop. about 4000. It is defended by a few 
 flirts, meanly built, partly out of the ruins of Nicopolis, 3 
 miles northward. 
 
 PREVESA, BAY OF, between the sea and the Gulf of 
 Irta, is about 4 miles in length. 
 
 PREW'IXX'S KNOB, a post-office of B.arren co., Kentucky. 
 
 PREZ-EN-PAIL, prAz ox" pM, a market-town of France, 
 department, and 21 miles N.E. of Mayenue. Pop. in 1852, 
 5736. It has a large market for cattle. 
 
 ' Remember the moment when Preves.v fell. 
 The ahrieks of the conquered and conqueror's yell." 
 Childe Harold, canto ii. 
 4W 
 
 PRI 
 
 PRTAMAN, pre-d-mJn', a maritime town of Sumatra, on 
 its W. coast. 20 miles X. of PaJang. 
 
 PRIBYLOV, PRIBYLOW, pre-be-lov', or PRIBYLOFF' IS- 
 LANDS, a group in Behring Sea, Lat. 57° N., ion. 170° W,. 
 and consisting of the islands of St. Paul and St. George, 
 with several i.slets. They were discovered by the Russiai 
 navigator Pribylov in 1786, since which time three millions 
 of sea-bear skins are reported to have been taken on them, 
 besides otter and seal skins. 
 
 PRICE, a town.ship of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PRICE, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Indiana. 
 
 PRICE'BURG. a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 PRICE'S CHURCH, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia. 
 
 PRICETOWN, a post-village of Berks co., Penn.sylv»nia, 
 10 miles N.E. of Reading. 
 
 PRICETOWN, a post-office of Highland CO.. Ohio. 
 
 PRICE'VILLE, a post-office of W.ayne co., Penn,*ylvania. 
 
 PRID'DY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PRIDDY'S HARD, an islet in Portsmouth harbor, off the 
 N. side of Gosport. On it is a powder-magazine. 
 
 PRIDROISK, pre-droisk', a market-town of Russian Po- 
 land, government of Vitebsk, 19 miles W.N.W. of Driss;i. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 PRIEBUS, pree'boos, a town of Prussian Silesia, 67 milen 
 W.N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Neisse. Pop. 1062. 
 
 PRIEGO, pre-A'go, a town of Spain, province, and 36 miles 
 S.E. of Cordova, in the Sierra de Algarrinejo. Pop. 13,464. 
 It has 14 public fountains, an old castle, and Roman and 
 Moorish remains. 
 
 PRIEGO. a town of Spain, province, and 24 miles N.N.W. 
 of Cuenca. Pop. 1290. 
 
 PRIE'LAMAN'S. a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 PRIEPOL, pre-A/pol, or PREl'OL, pi-.Vpol, a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in Bosnia, 50 miles W.N.W. of Novi-Bazar. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 PRIEST'HOLM, or PUF'FIN, an islet of North Wales, co., 
 and off the N.E. co.ist of Anglesey, about one mile from the 
 shore. It is frequented by numerous sea-birds, and has 
 some rabijit-warrens. 
 
 PRIESTWICK. a burgh of Scotland. See Prestwick. 
 
 PRILOOKA, PRILOUKA or PRILUKA, pre-loo/ki a mar- 
 ket-town of Russia, government of Kiev, 20 miles S. of 
 Makhnovka. Pop. 1550. 
 
 PRILOOKL PRILOUKI or PRILUKI. pre-loo'kee, a town 
 of Russia, government, and 123 miles N.W. of Poltava. Pop. 
 3250. 
 
 PRIMALUNA, pre-m3-loo'n3, a village and pari.ih of 
 Northern Italy, province of Como, 3 miles N.W. of Inti'obWo, 
 on the Pioverna. I'op. 14('0. 
 
 PRI.MKRO, pre-mi/ro, a river of South America, in Buenos 
 Ayres, rises in the province and N.W. of Cordova, and, after 
 a course of al>out 130 miles, is lost in a marshy lake. 
 
 PRIMISLAU, prim'is-l«w, or PRZIBISLAW, pzhe-be-sUv', 
 a town of Bohemia, 28 miles S.E. of Czaslau. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PRIMKENAU, prim'kfh-n(5w\ a town of Prussia, in Si- 
 lesia, government, and N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1519. 
 
 PRIM'ROSE, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, SO miles S. 
 by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 PRIMROSE, a post-township of Dane county, Wisconsin, 
 about 24 miles S.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches. I'op. 
 in 1860, 889. 
 
 PRINCE AL'BERT, a village of Canada West. co. of York, 
 46 miles N. of Toronto. It contains 2 or D hotels, and seve- 
 ral stores and saw«nills. Pop. aliout 200. 
 
 PRINCE CHARLES' ISLAND, off the W. coast of Spitz- 
 bergen, is in lat. 7S° 30' N., Ion. 11° E. 
 
 PRINCE ED'WARD, a county in the S.S.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Appomatto.x River, and drained by Harris, 
 Briery. Bush, and Sandy Creeks. The surface is somewhat 
 diversified ; the soil is naturally good, but impoverished in 
 some degree by a bad system of cultivation. Copper, stone 
 coai, and marl, are found. This county is intersected by 
 two lines of railway leading to Richmond, Danville, and 
 Lynchburg. Capital, Prince Edward Court-House. Pop. 
 11,844, of whom 4503 were free, and 7341 slaves. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD, a postroffice of Gilmer co., Georgia, 
 160 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD, a county of Canada West, situated 
 on the N. of Lake Ontario, comprising an area of 334 s(juare 
 miles. It is mostly compo.sed of a peninsula nearly sur- 
 rounded by Lake Ontario and several small bays. Capital, 
 Picton. Pop. 18,887. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD COURT-HOUSE, a sm.Hll post-village, 
 capital of Prince Edward co.. Virginia. 75 miles W.S.W. of 
 Richmond. It contains, besides the county building, 1 or 2 
 churches, and 2 academies. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, formerly called thelSLAND 
 OF ST. JOHN, (Fr. Jsh de Saint Jean, eel deh sJn" zhftx',) 
 a large island of British America, in the S.part of Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, E. of Cape Breton; lat. 45° 50' to 47° 20' N., Ion. 62= 
 to 64° 20' W. ; washed by the gulf on the N.. and separated by 
 Northumberland Strait from New Brunswick on the E., and 
 Nova Scotia on the S. ; greatest length, measured on a line 
 curving through its centre, about 130 miles. Its greatest 
 
 1537 
 
PRI 
 
 PRl 
 
 breadth ':> 34 miles : in its narrowest part near the centre it is 
 only 4 mil(?> wide. The coast-line presents a remarkaWe suc- 
 cession of large bays and projecting headlands. Of the latter 
 the mo.st piorainent are North Cape on the N.W., West Cape 
 on the .S.W., and East Cape on the N.E. ; the largest bays are 
 those of liichmond on the N.W., Egmont on the S.W., Hills- 
 borough on the S., and Cardigan on the E. The.se bays, by 
 penetrating into the land from opposite directions, form 
 narrow isthumses. which make a natural division of the 
 Island into three distinct peninsulas. This natural division 
 has been adopted as the basis of a nearly corresponding 
 civil division into Prince's county in the W., Queen's 
 county in the centre, and King's county in the E. The 
 surface undulates gently, nowhere rising so high as to be- 
 come mountainous, or sinking so low as to form a mono- 
 tonous fiat. At one time the whole island was covered with 
 B dense forest of beech, birch, maple, popular, spruce, fir, 
 hemlock, larch, and cedar; and though destructive tires, 
 lumbering, and cultivation have made large gaps ift it. a 
 considerable part of the original forest still remains. The 
 whole island is eminently agricultural and pastoral. The» 
 soil consists generally of a light reddish loam, sometimes 
 approaching to a strong clay, but more frequently of a light 
 and sandy t«xture. The prevailing rock is a reddish sand- 
 stone, but a large part of the surface is alluvial, and entirely 
 free from stone. No minerals of the least consequence have 
 yet been discovered, and even limestone and gypsum appear 
 to be wanting. 
 
 The climate is much milder than that of the adjoining 
 continent, and the air, generally free from the fogs which 
 spread along the shores of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, is 
 remarkably salubrious. The winter is long and cold; but 
 the summer, without being oppressively hot, is eminently 
 fitted to promote the growth and maturity of all the ordinary 
 ceieals. Throughout the greater part of July, August, and 
 September, the thermometer during the hotter hours of the 
 day Seldom varies more than from 75° to 80° Fahrenheit, 
 while the night air is soft, wholesome, and agreeable. The 
 principal crops are wheat, barley, and oats, all of these 
 abundant and of excellent quality ; pease and beans are 
 equally good, and potatoes and turnips are nowhere sur- 
 passed. According to the census of 18-18, the quantity 
 of arable land then under cultivation was 215,389 acres. 
 The produce raised was afe follows: — wheat, 219,787 bushels; 
 barley. 75,521 bushels; oats, 746,383 bushels; potatoes. 
 731.575 bushels: turnips. 153,933 bushels: clover-seed, 14,900 
 pounds; and hay, 45,123 tons. The .stock of the island 
 comprised, 12,845 horses. 49,310 neat cattle, 92.875 sheep, 
 and 19,683 hogs. The fisheries of Prince Edward Island are 
 very productive. In 1852, upwards of 200 American schooners 
 were in one of the harbors of the island. The textile 
 manufactures are chiefly confined to linen and flannels for 
 domestic use. In 1848, there were 27 carding mills, 13 brew- 
 eries and distilleries, 116 grist mills, 139 riw mills, and 246 
 threshing machines. Ship-building has within a few years, 
 become a very important branch of industry. In 1849, there 
 were built in thei.sland 88 vessels— tons, 15.902; in 1850. 93 
 vessels— tons, 14,367; and in 1851, 89 vessels — tons. 15.677. 
 A large proportion of the vessels built here are sold in New- 
 foundland, for seal and other fisheries. December 31, 1851, 
 323 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 31,410 tons arrived 
 in the island. 
 
 The annexed t.able exhibits the extent of the commerce of 
 Prince Edward Island, and the countries with which it is 
 carried on : — 
 
 Countries. 
 
 1849. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Imports. Exports, 
 
 Imports. 1 Exports. 
 
 
 |£192,030 
 
 300,280 
 
 1,140 
 
 82,580 
 
 $82,890 
 
 174,940 
 
 2,5,35 
 
 32,410 
 
 S279,898 
 
 308,409 
 
 565 
 
 41,603 
 
 884,996 
 
 181,343 
 
 4.165 
 
 55,385 
 
 B. N. American Colonies... 
 British West Indies 
 
 
 
 
 S325,989 
 
 
 
 
 
 The t«tai value of exports in 1851 was Jo60.465. The prin- 
 cipal articles sent to the United States this year, were 222,109 
 bushels of oats, 17,929 of barley. 45,942 of potatoes, 3090 of 
 turnips, 1700 pounds of wool, 1786 barrels of pickled fish, 
 660 quintals of dried fish, 60cwt. of iron, and 221 5 hackmatac 
 knees. The total value of exports to the United States in 
 1851, amounted to $119,236. 
 
 Prince Edward Island is considered as a dependency of 
 Canada, but in the civil administration of its aft'airs acts as 
 an independent government. It is administered by an 
 executive, usually composed of nine members, wholly nomi- 
 nated by the Crown. The legislature, composed of six 
 members, is also nominated by the Crown ; but the Assem- 
 bly, consisting of 24 members, is chosen by the people. 
 Justice is administered according to the law of England. 
 The total number of churches in 1848, was 109; attended 
 by the various religious denominations, as follows : Roman 
 Catholics, 27.147: Church of England. 6630; Church of 
 Scotland. SS95; Dissenters, 10.507: Wesleyan Methodists, 
 .".059 Baptists, 29(J0; other denominations, 1710; total. 
 1538 
 
 62. "IS. .\n academy endowed with 200/. annually, and A 
 national school, are established at Cha rlotte Town ; 137 71. were 
 I expended upon the latter in 1851. There has recently been 
 I established throughout the island a .system of free schools, 
 the number of which amounttoabout 100; for their support 
 6000/. were appropriated in 1853. The revenue of the island 
 in 1852. amounted to 15,264?., and in 1853, to 20,855, while 
 the expenditures reached only 14.856/, 
 
 In the latter end of the year 1852, telegraphic communica- 
 tion was established between Prince Edward Island, the 
 neighboring province, and the United States, by means of a 
 submarine- cable, extending from Cape Travers to Cane Tor- 
 men tina, in New Brunswick, a distance of only 9' miles. 
 The distance from Charlotte Town to Cape Travers is 27 
 miles and important communications have been regularly 
 passing by this route to and from the farthest extremity of 
 the American continent. Wires are also extended from 
 Charlotte Town to the E. point of the island, upwards of 50 
 miles, and from thence a submarine cable is soon to commu- 
 nicate with Newfoundland — a distance of 150 miles. 
 
 Who discovered Prince Edward Island is not accurately 
 known ; but Cabot is supposed to have seen it immediately 
 after he had discovered Newfoundland. Champlain gives it 
 the name of St. John, by which it continued long to be 
 desigu.tted, and accurately describes both its situation and 
 extent. It was afterwards included by the French in their 
 vast and undefined territory of New France, and in 1663 
 was granted as a feudal tenure to a Sieur Doublet, a French 
 naval officer. Little progress was made in settlingthe island 
 till after the peace of Utrecht in 1715. when its ifertility al- 
 lured great numbers of Acadians from Cape Breton. It was 
 tflken by the British in 1745, restored by the peace of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. retaken, and finally annexed to Britain in 1758. 
 Pop. in 1841, 47,034; in 1848, 62,678, and in 1854, the Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of the island estimates it at 90,000. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, an island of Upper Canada, 
 Midland district, on the W. side of Lake Ontario, separated 
 from the mainland by the bay of Quinte. Length, 36 miles; 
 breadth very irregular, and varies to 20 miles. 
 
 PKINCE FREDERICK HARBOR, an inlet on the N.W. 
 coast of Australia; lat.lo°S., Ion. 125° E. Coasts steep, and 
 full of islets. 
 
 PRINCE FREDERICK SOUND, in Kussi.an America, is in 
 lat. 57° 6' N.. Ion. 133° 48' W. 
 
 PRINCE FRED'ERICKTOWN, a post-village, capital of 
 Calvert co., Marvland, 35 miles S. by W. of Annapoli.s. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE, a county in the S. part of Maryland, 
 bordering on the District of Columbia, and on the Potomac 
 River, which separates it from Yirginia, contains about 600 
 siiuare miles. The Potomac washes its western border, the 
 Patuxent forms its boundary on the E. and N.E. ; it is also 
 drained by the West Branch of Patuxent River, and by 
 Anacosta and Piscataway Creeks. The surface is moderately 
 hilly; the soil is generally productive. In 1850, this county 
 produced more tobacco than any other in the Union, and 
 more Indian corn than any other in the state. The quanti- 
 ties raised were 1,590,045 Ijushels of corn : 8,380,851 pounds 
 of tobacco. The underlying strata are shell, marl, and 
 cemented sand resembling sandstone: large quantities of 
 iron are found. The county is intersected by the Baltimore 
 and Washington Railroad. ' Organized in 1695. Capital, 
 Upper Marlboi'ough. Pop. 23,327, of whom 10,848 were free, 
 and 12,479 slaves. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of about 300 square miles. James River forms 
 its northern boundary ; the Appomattox flows along its N.AV. 
 border until it enters the former stream, and it is also 
 drained by the sources of Blackwater lliver. The surface 
 is moderately hilly: the soil of middling quality. The 
 Appomattox Railroad passes along the border of the county, 
 and James River is navigable by steamboats in this part of 
 its course. Capital, Prince George Conrt-llouse. Pop. 8411, 
 of whom 3414 were free, and 4997 slaves. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE COURT-HOUSE, a post-Tillage, capi- 
 tal of Prince George co., Virginia, 24 miles S.S.E. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 PRINCE HENRY ISLAND. See Prince Wiluam Henry 
 Island. 
 
 PRINCE LE/OPOLD ISLAND, in British North Americ.i, 
 is at the W. end of Barrow Strait. Lnt. 74° 5' N., Ion. 90^ W. 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES ARCHIPEL'AGO, in Russian 
 America, is mostly between lat. 54° 25' and 56° 30' N., and 
 Ion. 132° and 134° W., 40 miles N. of Queen Charlotte Is- 
 land. 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, 
 Low Archipelago, is in lat. 15° 16' 30" S., Ion. 147° 22' VV., 
 and called also Dean, or Oanna Island. 
 
 PRINCE OF AVALES ISLAND, an island of Mal.ay Archi- 
 pelago, in the Strait of Sunda, between .Java and Sumatra, 
 lat. 6° 30' S., Ion. 105° 12' E. On it is a town n!.med Sama- 
 dang. 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, a group in the Torres 
 Strait, off Cape York, at the N.E. extremity of tht Gulf of 
 Carpentaria. Lat. 10° 20' S. 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, British India. Sec Pe.-janO. 
 
PRI 
 
 PRl 
 
 PRtXCE RE'GENT BAY, on the W. coast of Greenland, 
 is in lat. 76° N., Ion. G6° AV. 
 
 I'KINCH REGENT INLET, in Britisli North America, 
 between lat. 72° and 74° N.. Ion. 88° and 95° "\V., leads from 
 Barrow Straitinto BoothinGulf, and was discovered in 1819. 
 
 PRINCE REGENT RIVER, in Northwestern Australia, 
 enters the Indian Ocean in lat. 15° 17' S.. Ion. 124° 50' E. 
 
 PRINCE RU'PERT BAY, in British West Indies, is on 
 the N.W. coast of the island of Dominica, bounded north- 
 ward by Prince Rupert's Head, and has the town of Ports- 
 mouth on its E. coast. 
 
 PRIN'CES, a county occupying the N.W. part of Prince 
 Edward Island. Capital, I'rincefown. Pop. in 1S4S, 15,142. 
 
 PRINCE'S ISLAND, an island of Malay Archipelago, at 
 the S. entrance to the Strait of Sunda. 
 
 PRINCK'S ISLAND, (Port. Jlha do Prhicipe. eel'yd do 
 preen'se-p.i.) an island belonging to Portugal, in the bight of 
 Biafra, Gulf of Guinea, 140 miles S.S.W. of Fernando Po. 
 Lat. 1° .39' N., Ion. 7° 26' E. Length, from N. to S., 10 miles ; 
 breadth, 5 miles. Surface mountainous, and in the centre 
 it rises to 3000 feet in height. Good crops of colfee and pro- 
 visions are raised; but not many years ago the principal 
 trade of the inhabitants was said to be in slaves. Chief 
 fort and harbor, St. Antonio, on its E. coast. 
 
 PRINCES' ISLANDS, (Gr. itnttovrjaot, DemSnesdi,) Sea of 
 Marmora, 13 miles S. of Constantinople, near the coast of 
 Asia Minor, consisting of 9 islands, the largest being PuiN- 
 Kipos and Chalki. Surface mountainous, with fertile val- 
 leys, in which corn, fruits, and wine are raised, and cattle 
 are reared for consumption in the Turki.sh capital. Nu- 
 merous visitors resort to them, attracted by the beauty of 
 their scenery and agreeable climate. 
 
 PIUN'CKSS ANNE, a county forming tho S.E. extremity 
 I'l Virginia, bordering on North Carolina and the Atlantic. 
 The area is about 420 square miles. The Chesapeake Bay 
 washes it.'f N. border; Cape Henry forms the N.iO. extremity. 
 Tho surface is level ; the soil sandy. Large quantities of 
 firewood and lumber (pine and cypress) are procured from 
 the forests for the Norfolk market. Formed from Norfolk in 
 1G91. Capital, Princess Anne Court-IIouse. Pop. 7714, of 
 whom 4528 were free, and 3186 slaves. 
 
 PRINCESS ANNK, a post-village, capital of Somerset co., 
 Maryland, on Manokin River, near the head of tide-water 
 and navigation, 18 miles from its mouth, and about 100 
 miles S.E. of Annapolis. It contains a brick court-house, a 
 jail, bank, 2 newspaper ofHces. and several churches. 
 
 PRINCESS ANNE COURT-IIOUSE, a post-village, capital 
 of Princess Anne co., Virginia, 137 miles S.E. of Richmond. 
 It contains 2 churolies. 
 
 PRINCESS CHARLOTTE (shar'l9t) BAY, on the N.E. 
 coast of Australia, is in lat. 14° 29' S., Ion. 144° E., and has 
 a breadth of 30 miles. Over its head is a level-topped hill, 
 named bj' Captain Cook, Jones' Table Land. 
 
 PRINCESS KOY'AL HAR'BOR, in West Australia, dis- 
 trict of Plant^igenet, a bay of King George's Sound, capable 
 of receiving the largest ships. On its N. side is the town 
 of Albany. 
 
 PRINCESS ROYAL ISLANDS, are situated in British 
 North America, in the Pacitic Ocean, N. of Vancouver Lsl.and. 
 
 PRINCETON, prlnss'ton, a post-township of Wa.shington 
 CO., Maine, 140 miles N.E. by E. of -Augusta. Pop. 626. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-township of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 45 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 1201. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-township of Schenectady co., New 
 York. See Prixcetqwn. 
 
 PRINCETON, a pleasant post-borough of Princeton town- 
 ship, Mercer co., New Jersey. 40 miles^'.E. of Philadelphia, 
 and 10 miles N.E. of Trenton. It is situated on an elevated 
 ridge which rises by long and gradual acclivity, and com- 
 mands an extensive prospect towards the E. The New Jer- 
 sey Railroad and the Delaware and Raritan Canal pass 
 about 1 mile S.E. of the town. It is the seat of the Prince- 
 ton College, which ranks among the first literary institu- 
 tions of the country, and was founded by the Presbyterians 
 at Elizabethtown in 1746, and removed to Princeton in 
 1757. The college edifice, called Nassau Hall, is 176 feet 
 long, 50 feet wide, and 4 stories high. Princeton contains 
 several churches, a bank, and a theological seminary of the 
 Presbyterian Chui-ch, founded abfiut the year 1813. A 
 weekly newspaper, and the Princeton Review, a literary 
 and religious periodical of high character, are published 
 here. A battle was fought here, January 3, 1777, between 
 Washington ana Colonel Mawhood. Pop. of the township, 
 8726 ; of the borough, about 3000. 
 
 I'KINCI'^TON, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-village, capital of Jlercer co., W. Vir- 
 ginia, about 80 miles S.S.E. of Charleston. It has 2 churches. 
 
 I'RINCETON, a post-office of Jack.son co., Al.abama. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-borough, capital of Washington co., 
 Mississippi, on Mis.sissippi River, 90 miles N.W. of Jackson. 
 
 PRINCETON, a township of Dallas co., Arkansas. Pop. 
 1163. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post^village. capital of Dallas CO., Arkan- 
 >viS. about 75 miles S. by W. of Little Rock. 
 
 Pi'JJS'CETON, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co., Ken- 
 
 tucky, about 230 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It is snt 
 rounded by a fertile region, and ha.s considerable trade 
 It is the seat of Cumberland College, founded in 1825. and 
 contains 4 churches, an academy, and a bank. Two lewa. 
 papers are published here. Pop. in 1860, about IDvu... 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 21 miloi 
 N. by E. cf Cincinnati. 
 
 PRINCETON, a small village of Mahoning co., Ohio. 
 
 PRINCETON, a thriving post-village, capital of Gib.oon 
 CO.. Indiana, on the Evansville and Vincennes Railroad, 25 
 miles S. of Vincennes. The situation is fine, and the sur- 
 rounding country is highly productive. Princeton has 5 
 churches, 2 newsp-iper offices, and 2 seminaries. Pdp. in 
 1850,8011; in IStO, 1397. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-village, capital of Bureau co., Illinois, 
 ill a fertile prairie, on the Chicago and Quiiicy Railroad, 
 107 miles AV.S.W. of Chicago. Population, 2473. 
 
 PRINCETON, a village of Cass CO., Illinois, 30 miles W. 
 by N. of Springfield. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-villago, capital of Mercer co., Mis- 
 souri, about 160 miles N.N.W. of Jeflerson City. Pop. 249. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, on the Mis- 
 sissippi River, 21 miles above Davenport. See Appendix. 
 
 PRINCI'^TON, a post-village of Green Lake CO., Wisconsin, 
 38 miles W. by N. of Fond du Lac. Pop. about 500. 
 
 PRINCE'TOWN, a post-township of Schenectady co., NeTr 
 York, 20 miles N.W. of Albany. It has an academy with 
 250 students. Pop. 996. . 
 
 PRINCHI'OWN, a seaport town of Prince Edward Island, 
 capital of Prince co., on the S. side of the entrance to Rich- 
 mond Bay. 35 miles N.W. of Charlotte Town. 
 
 PRINCErviLLE, a thriving post-village of Peoria co., 
 Illinois, 20 miles N.W. of Peoria. 
 
 PRINCE WIL/LIAM, a county in the N.E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, contains about 325 square miles. The Potomac 
 River forms its boundary on the S.E., and the Occof[uan on 
 the N.E. ; it is also drained by Cedar Run, Broad Run, and 
 Quantico Creek. The surface is hilly, especially near the 
 Potomac; the soil is sandy. The county is intersected by 
 the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and in part by the 
 Manassas Gap Railroad. Formed in 1730. Capital, Brents- 
 ville. Pop. 8.565, of whom 6209 were free, and 2.356 slaves. 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM, a po.«t-oflice of Carroll co., Indiana. 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM HEN'RY,. or LOSTANGFV ISLAND, 
 an island of tho South Pacific Ocean, in the Low Archi- 
 peLago; lat. (N.E. point) 18° 4.3' S., Ion. 141° 42' W. 
 
 PRINCE W^ILLIAM HENRY, or MATTHIAS, ma-thi'as, 
 an island of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. of New Hanover; lat. 
 1° 28' S.. Ion. 149° E., 60 miles in circumference. 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM ISLAND, an island of the Feejee 
 group, in the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, in Russian America, on its 
 S. coast, between lat. 60° and 61° 20' N., and Ion. 146° and 
 148° W. It contains Montague Island, and numerous 
 smaller islands, but is without a good harbor. 
 
 PRINCIPATO CITRA, prin-che-pa/to chee'tr^, a maritime 
 province of the state of Najjlos, extending along the Medi- 
 terranean, comprises an area of 2271 sipiai-e miles, 'i he 
 Sele River, a considerable stream, passes through this pro- 
 vince, and with its affluents waters many fertile valleys, 
 covered with luxuriant vegetation. Chief city, Salerno. 
 Pop. in 1862,528,256. 
 
 PRINCIPATO ULTRA. prin-chfvpMo ool'tri, an inland 
 province of the state of Naples, contiguous to the above, 
 comprises an area of 1302 square miles. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, and is well watered bv the Calore, Bifemo, and 
 Tamaro Rivers. Chief town. Avellino. Pop. in 1862, 355,621. 
 
 PRINCIPE IMPERIAL, preen'se-p.'l eem-p.^-re-41', a small 
 town of Brazil, province of Piauhi. 105 miles N.E. of Oeir.as. 
 
 PRINCIP'IO, a post-office of Cecil co., M.aryland. 
 
 PRINCIPIO (prin-.=ip'e-o) FURNACE, a post-office of Cecil 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 PRINGLE'S CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Lauder- 
 dale CO., Mississippi. 
 
 PRINKIPOS, prin/ke-pos, PAPA-ADASSI. pa'pM-d.ls/soe, 
 or PAPA DONISIA, pS/pd do-nee'se-3. a town of Turkey, on 
 an island of the same name of the group of Prince's Islands 
 in the Sea of Marmora, 12 miles S.E. of Constantinople. Pop. 
 .3000. 
 
 PRIOCCA, pre-okHtd, a village of North Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, division of Coni, 23 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 1933. 
 
 PRIOLA, pre-oli. a village of North Italy, province, and 
 14 miles S.S.E. of Mondovi, on the Tanaro. Pop. 1515. 
 
 PRI'OR, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry. 
 
 PRIOR'S LEE. a chapelry of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 PRIPBTS or PRIPET, (Polish, Prypic, prip'^ts,) a river 
 of Russian Poland, chiefly in the government of Minsk, 
 after a N. and E. course of 350 miles, joins the Dnieper, on 
 the W.. 43 miles N. of Kiev. It is navigable from its mouth 
 to Pinsk. 
 
 PRIPRI, pree'pree, a town of Siam, on a small river, 80 
 miles S.W. of Bangkok. 
 
 PRISREND, pris rJnd', or PER'SERIN'. a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in Albania, capital of a sanjak, on the Rieka. 
 4 miles from its confluence with the Drin. and SOmiles £ 
 
 1539 
 
PRI 
 
 PRO 
 
 of Sortari. Pop. from 15.000 to 20,000. It is the see of 
 (ireek and Koman Catholic bishops, and has a citadel, the 
 residence of i Turkish gorernor, lai*ge manufactures of fire- 
 ttrms, and an active trade with adjacent towns. 
 
 PltlSTEN, jiris'ten, a market-town of Russia, government 
 of Kharkhov, 9 miles S. of Koopiansk. on the Oskol. P. 1600. 
 
 PRISTINA, pris-tee'ud, or PIRISTIXA, pe-ris-tee/nS, a 
 town of European Turkey, in Room-EIee, 42 miles N.N.W. 
 of Uskup. Pop. from 10.0LK3 to 12,000. It is enclosed bj' earth 
 ra,mparts, towers, and palisades, and is .said to contain hand- 
 tome mosques, large bazaars, and some baths. Jiear it is 
 the tomb of Sultan Amurath I. 
 
 PKIS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 Pi'UT'TLEWELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PKITZERBE. prit's5R-beh, a town of Prussia, province, 
 and ^ miles X.W. of Brandenburg, on the Havel. Pop. 1005. 
 
 PRrrZW.4.LK, prit.s'ftdlk, a walled town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg, 65 miles N.W. of Potsdam, on the 
 Domnitz. Pop. 3900. 
 
 PKIVAS, preVS.ss', a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Ardeche, 26 miles S.W. of A'alence. Pop. in 
 1S62, 5258. It has manufactures of blankets and coarse 
 woollen goods. 
 
 PRPVATEER', a post-viUage of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PRIV'ETT, a parish of Endand. co. of Hants. 
 
 PUIYITZ. pree'vits,or PRIVIDIA, pree'veeMeeCh', a town 
 of North Hungary, co., and 40 miles N.E. of Xeutra, with a 
 Piarist college, and a trade in corn. Pop. 47o0. 
 
 PItIZE HtLL, a small village of Johnson co., Missouri. 
 
 PRIZIAC, pree'ze-Sk', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of.Morbihan, 20 miles AV. of Pontivy. Pop. 2060. 
 
 PlUZZl, prifsee, a town of Sicily, province, and 28 miles 
 S.S.E. of P.-»lermo. Pop. 7500. 
 
 PROBOLIXGO, pro-bo-lin'go, or POERBOLIXGO, poor- 
 bo-liu'go, a town and district of Java, province of Bezoeki, 
 48 miles S.E. of Soerabaya. 
 
 PRO'BY ISLAND, an island in the Pacific Ocean, belong- 
 ing to the Friendly Isles. 
 
 PROCIDA, prtVche-dd, (anc. Prc/cJiyta,) an island at the 
 N.AV. extremity of the Bay of Naples, in South Italy, N.E. 
 of Ischia, and separated from the mainland by a channel Ij 
 miles across. Lat. 40° 45' 50" N., Ion. 14° E. Length, 
 3 miles; breadth, 1^ miles. It has on its S.E. side a bay, 
 on which is the chief town of the same name, having a 
 royal palace, occasionally resorted to by the court, 8 
 churches, a convent, and an orphan asylum, with an active 
 Ssherv, and a brisk coasting trade. Pop. 13,000. 
 
 PROCTOR, a post-office of Wetzel co., W. Virginia. 
 
 I'ISOCTOR, a thriving post-village of Owsley co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Kentucky River, at the mouth of the South 
 Fork, about 100 miles S.E. of Frankford. Bituminous coal 
 found in the adjoining hills is exported by the river. The 
 village has also an active trade in lumber. 
 
 PROCTOR, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan. 
 
 PROCTOR'S CREEK, a post-office, Chesterfield co..AMrginia. 
 
 PROCTOR'S STORE, a post-office of Monroe co., Georgia. 
 
 PROCTORSVILLE, a post-village of Windsor CO., Ver- 
 mont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 75 miles E. 
 of Montpelior. It contains several churches, and 1 bank. 
 
 PROCTORSVILLE, a village of St. Bernard parish. Louisi- 
 ana, on Lake Borgne, at the E. terminus of the Mexican 
 Gulf Railroad. 
 
 PROCTORSVILLE, a village of Crawford co., Indiana, on 
 Great Blue River, 110 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 PRODANO, pro-dd'no, (anc. Brota or JProte,) one of Ihe 
 smaller Ionian Islands, off the W. coast of the Morea, in 
 Greece, 12 miles N.W. of Navarln. Length, 2 mUes ; breadth, 
 I mile. 
 
 PROENgA NOVA, pro-^n'sj no'vd. a town of Portugal, 
 province of Beira Baixa, 25 miles W. of Castello Branco. 
 Pop. 2504 
 
 PROENgA VELIIA. pro-Jn'si veVyJ, a town of Portu- 
 gal, province of Beira Baixa, 21 mUes N.E. of CasteUo 
 Branco. Pop. 700. 
 
 PROG'RESS, a new post-town of Burlington co., New Jer- 
 sey, on the Delaware, at the mouth of Rancocas Creek 11 
 miles above Camden. ' 
 
 PROLOG, proUog/, a mountain range on the frontiers of 
 Ualmana and Herzegovina, belonging to the Dinaric Alps. 
 Ihe loftiest peaks— Orieu, 6332 feet; Diuara. 0040 feet; and 
 1 astovo, 6929 feet— are covered with snow during great part 
 of the year. 
 
 PROME, prOm, or PRLpree, (?) a town of the Burmese do- 
 m nions, on the E. bank of the Irrawaddy, here 1 mile across, 
 -40 miles NN.M . of Itangoon. Lat. 18° 50' N.. Ion. 95° 6' E. 
 w„n\.* ,J^ in circumference, and enclosed by a brick 
 wall, stockade, and ditch, outside of which are some exten- 
 
 re many gardens and rice-grounds 
 IK >.\I1'/1'0N, a post-borough of Waj 
 
 ayneco.. Pennsylvania, 
 
 1540 
 
 PRONSK. pronsk, a town of Russia, government, and 31 
 miles S. of Riazan, capita] of a district, on the Prouia. Pop. 
 (including suburbs.) 6700, chiefly agricultural. The town 
 proper, founded in the twelfth century, and mostly built 
 of wood, has S churches. 
 
 PROPII'ETSTiiWN, a post-village of Whitesides co., IIH- 
 nois, on Rock River, 15 miles from its mouth. It has n 
 fine water-power. 
 
 PROPIHA. pro-pee'l. or URUBU DE BAIXA. oo-roo-boo 
 d:l bl'shS, a market-town of Brazil, province, and 85 miles 
 N.N.E. of Sergipe, on the river Sao Francisco. 
 
 PROPOISK, pro-poi.sk', a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 42 oiiles S.E. of Moheelev. Pop. IbOO. 
 
 PROPONTIS. See Marmora. 
 
 PROSKOOROV, PROSKOUROV or PROSKUROV, pros- 
 koo-rov'. a town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 
 on the Bug. 53 miles N. of Kamieniec. 
 
 PROSNA, pro.s'nd, or PROSZNA, prosh'na, a river of 
 Europe, after a N. course of 100 miles between Silesia and 
 Poland, joins the Warta, 38 miles S.E. of Posen. 
 
 PROS'PECT. a post-township of Waldo co.. Maine, on 
 Penobscot River, 52 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1005. 
 
 PROSPECT, a post-township of New Haven co.. Conne<-ti- 
 cut, 15 miles N. of New Haven. Matches are made liere on 
 an extensive scale. Pop. 374. 
 
 PliOSPECT, a post-vill.age of Oneida co.. New York, on 
 West Canada Creek, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It 
 has .an academy with about 100 students. 
 
 PROSPECT, a post-borough of Butler co., Pennsvlvania, 
 220 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg. Pop. 272. 
 
 PROSPECT, a post-office of Prince Edward co., A'irginia, 
 80 miles S.M'. of Richmond. 
 
 PROSPECT, a post-office of Burieson CO., Texas. 
 
 PROSPECT, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee. 
 
 PROSPECT, a post-township of Marion co.. Ohio. Poji. 1195 
 
 PROSPECT FERRY, a post-office of W.ildo co., Maine. 
 
 PROSPECT GROVE, a post-office of Scotland CO.. Mis.souri. 
 
 PROSPECT HALL, a post-office of Bladen co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 PROSPECT HARBOR, a post-office of Hancock CO.. Maine. 
 
 PROSPECT HILL, a post-office of Fairfax co.. Virginia. 
 
 PROSPECT HILL, a post-office of Caswell co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 PROSPECT HILL, a small post-village of Ray co., Mis- 
 souri, 26 miles N.N.E. of Independence. 
 
 PROSPECT HILL, a post-villa-e of Waukesha co., Wis- 
 consin, on the Milwaukee and Janesville Plank-ra-jd, 70 
 miles S.E. of Madi.son. 
 
 PROSPECT LAKE, a post-office of Van Buren co., Michigan. 
 
 PROS^PECTVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 PROSPERITY, a small post-village of Washington co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 PRO"SPERITY, a post-office of Moore co.. North Carolina. 
 
 PROSPERITY, a post-village of Newberry district. South 
 Carolina, on the Greenville .and Columbia Railroad. 7 miles 
 from Newberry. See Frog Level. 
 
 PROSPERITY, a post-office of Falls co., Texas. 
 
 PROSPERITY', a post-office of Madison co., Iowa. 
 
 PROSSNITZ, pross'nits. a town of JIbravia. 13 miles S.W. 
 of Olmutz. Pop. 8000. It is enclosed by walLs, has maiiu- 
 foctures of woollen cloth, cashmeres, linen and cotton stuffs, 
 and extensive distilleries and breweries. 
 
 PROTA or PROTE. See Prodaxo. 
 
 PROTIWANOW, pro-te-«d-nov', a village of Austria, in 
 Moravia. 22 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 1136. 
 
 PROTOPOPOYKA'or PROTOPOPOWKA, pro-to-po-pov/kj, 
 a town of Russia, srovernment of Kharkov, on the Donetz, 
 17 miles W.N.W. of Izioom. Pop. 1700. 
 
 PROTVA or PROTWA, prof v|. a river of Russia, rises in 
 the government of Smolensk, flows S.E., and joins the Oka, 
 9 miles above Serpookhov, after a course of about 100 miles. 
 
 PROVAGLIO, pi-o-vdl'yo, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Brescia, about 2 miles S. of Iseo. Pop. 1217. 
 
 PROVEN, pro'ven. a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, 33 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1584. 
 
 PRO'A'EN, a small village and port on the W. coast of 
 Greenland, 50 miles S. of Upernavik. It is the residence 
 of a Danish royal inspector. 
 
 PR0YENQ.\'L, pio'v6>'^'s31'. an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean, off the S. coast of Asia Minor; lat. 36° 10' N., Ion. 33° 
 47' E. 
 
 PROVENCE, pro''v5Nss', an old province in the S.E. part 
 of France, now forming the departments of Bouches-du- 
 RhOne, Var, Basses-Alpes. and the E. partof Vauchise. The 
 country which the Romans called Pimincia composed the 
 whole of the countries or districts beyond the limits of 
 Italy, which they had brought under their dominion. In the 
 ninth century it gave n.Huie to the kingdom of Burgundy, 
 or Provence, afterwards called Aries. Its capital was Aix. 
 See Burgundy. Adj. and inhab. Provex^al. pro'vfec'sdl'. 
 
 PROVENCIO, pro-vjn'the-o, a town of Spain, in New 
 Castile, province, and 50 miles S.S.W. "fCuenca. P'^p 13-32 
 
 PROVEN SALS, a village of Spain. See Sax BIakti di 
 
 PUOVENSAT^. 
 
PRO 
 
 PROVKZENDE, pro-vi-zf n'dA. a town and parish of Por- 
 ftiir'il, province of Tras-os-Montes, 10 miles from Villa Real. 
 Pop. 9(10. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, prov'e-denss, a county forming tho N. 
 extremity of Khode I.%laud,'has an area of about 3S0 square 
 miles. It is bounded in part on the E. by Blackstone 
 River, and on the S. by Pawtuxet River, and is principally 
 drained bj' these streams and their branches, which afford 
 extensive water-power. The commercial facilities of this 
 county are great, and the inhaliitants are largely engaged 
 in manufactures. The surface is rough and uneven. The 
 soil is generally fertile and well-cultivated. The county is j 
 intersected by the Stonington, the Hartford and Fislikill, ] 
 and the Providence and Worcester Railroa<ls, tho latter road 
 running on the line of the former Rlackst«ne Canal. It is | 
 by far the most populous of the counties in Rhotle Island, 
 and the agiicultural products are very consideraljle, in- j 
 cludhig -270,804 bushels of Irisli potjitoes and 132,388 of 
 Indian corn. Capital, Providence. Pop. 107,799. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice 
 of Providence co.. Rhode Island, and semi-capital of the 
 state, is situated at the head of navigation on the N.W. arm 
 of Narraganset Bay, or Providence Itiver, as it is called, 35 
 miles from the ocean, 43 miles S.S.W. of Boston, and about 
 175 miles N.E. of New York. Lat. 41° 49' 22" N., Ion. 71° 
 24' 48" W. The river divides the city into two nearly equal 
 parts, which are connected by several substantial bridges, 
 one of which is about 140 feet wide. The site is very irregular, 
 portions of it rising into prominent elevations, the highest 
 of which, on the W., is 78 feet, and on the E. 204 feet above 
 the level of the harbor. On account of the inequalities of 
 the surface, but little regard was paid to regularity in lay- 
 ing out the streets, though from time to time many of them 
 have been variously improved. Near the centre of the busi- 
 ness portion of the city is a delightful sheet of water, of an 
 elliptic form, about a mile in circumference, constituting 
 the head-waters of Naranganset Bay. Around this basin, 
 which is enclosed by a wall of stone masonry, the city au- 
 thorities have laid out a fine public park or promenade, 80 
 feet in width, and adorned it with a variety of shade-h-ees, 
 gravelled walks, &c. The private edifices are built mostly 
 of wood, though in the construction of a few, brick, 
 granite, and other material have been used. The latter 
 are for the most part spacious and elegant dwellings, finely 
 situated. 
 
 Many of the public buildings are extensive and costly 
 structures. The Arcade, a beautiful granite etlifice, situated 
 on the W. side of the river, cost at the time of its erection, 
 in 182*t. $130,000. It is 226 fvet long. 80 feet deep, and 3 
 stories high, extending from Broad street to Westminster. 
 Kach front is adorned with a Doric portico, consisting of 
 six massive granite pillars, each a single block. The build- 
 ing is divided into 3 stories, containing upwards of 80 
 shops, the whole lighted by a glass roof. " What Cheer" 
 building on Market Square, is a fine freestone edifice, chiefly 
 occupied with public offices, and with a Masonic hall in tho 
 upper story. "Tho title ('• What Cheer ') is derived from the 
 first salutation which the natives made to Koger Williams 
 and his party of settlers on landing at Shite Hock. Among 
 the other public buildings may bo mentioned the State- 
 house, a brick structure, and tlie market-house, on Market 
 Square, containing, in tho second and tiiird stories, va- 
 rious offices of the city government. Tho Savings Bank, 
 a granite structure, and several red and olive sandstone 
 blocks on Weybosset and Westminster streets, are deserv- 
 ing of notice. The railroad depots in Providence, both 
 for passengers and m<!rcliandise, are extensive and commo- 
 dious buildings, situated in the lousiness portion of the city, 
 near eacli otlxer, and so arranged that piisscngers or freight 
 can piiss from one to the otlier witliout changing cars. A 
 new custom-house with post-otfice and court-rooms, lias been 
 erected at a cost of $250,000. The most remarkable church 
 edifices are the First Congiegational Church, built of gran- 
 ite, Grace Church, a Gothic structure, St. John's, a stone 
 building, the Beneficent Congregational, the Westminster 
 Congregational, and St. Peter's and St. Patrick's churclies. 
 The First Baptist Church, the oldest in America, was organ- 
 ized in 1639. The whole number of churches of the various 
 denominations ii> the city is about 54, 
 
 The benevolent and disciplinary institutions of Provi- 
 dence .are numerous, and conducted upon the most ap- 
 proved systems. The Butler Hospital for the Insane, in- 
 corporated in 1844. under the title of the Rhode Island 
 Hospital for the Insane, is situated on the W. bank of See- 
 konk Kiver, which here expands to near a mile in breadth, 
 affording a delightful prospect. Attached to the institution 
 ire extensive grounds, comprising about 60 acres under 
 cultivation, and 56 of native woodland. The number of 
 patients in the hospital at the commencement of 1864 waa 
 130. .Admitted during the year, 37 ; discharged, 31 ; died, 8. 
 The entire sum contributed towards the erection and sup- 
 port of the hospital up to 1851. amounted to near $150,000, 
 of which .$30,000 was bequeathed by the late Nicholas Brown, 
 of Providence, and .$40,000 by Cyrus Butler, Esq., from whom 
 the institution derives its name. The invested funds of the 
 
 PRO 
 
 hospital amount to $70,000. The building was first opened 
 for the reception of patients Dec. 1, 1847. Expenses for th« 
 year 1854, $38,116.65. 'Ihe Dexter Asylum for the accom- 
 modation of the poor is located on the elevated land K. of 
 the river. It is a substantial brick building, 170 feet long 
 including the wings, and 3 stories high. Tlie groun<is, com 
 prising about 40 acres, are enclosed by a stone wall, lai'i. ii> 
 cement, 10 feet high, costing upwards of $20,000. The Re- 
 form School, estiiblished in 1850, for the discipline of juve- 
 nile offenders of both sexes under 18 years of age, occupi « 
 the buiWing formerly known as the i'ockwotten House id 
 the S.E. section of the city. It is under the direction of » 
 board of trustees, elected annually by the City Council, and 
 provides accommodation for over 200 inmates. For the year 
 ending Nov. 30, 1804, the admissions were 198, discharges, 
 188 ; number in the school at the end of the year, 153 boys, 
 65 girls. The State Prison is also situated in Provlilence, 
 and in January, 1865, contiiined 41 convicts. The prison 
 has been self-supporting for several years past. A " Home 
 for Aged AVomen" has recently been erected near the Re- 
 form School at an expense of about $30,000. The Children's 
 Friend Society has also recently completed a spacious and 
 elegant edifice in the N W'. portion of the city. 
 
 Providence is distinguished for its literary and education- 
 al institutions. Brown University (under the direction of 
 the Baptists), founded in Warren in 1764 and removed to 
 Providence in 1770, is situated on the elevated ground E. of 
 the river, commanding an extensive, varied, and beautiful 
 prospect. It comprises 5 principal buildings, namely. Man- 
 ning Hall, containing the library and chapel; Rhode Island 
 Hall, contiiining the cabinet, philosophical apparatus, and 
 lecture-rooms; University Hall and Hope College, occupied 
 by tho students, and the Chemical Laboratory, recently erect- 
 ed and containing the most approved apparatus for instruc- 
 tion in chemistry. The Athenasum, incorporated in 1836, 
 has a reading-room and a valuable library of 27,095 volumes, 
 (Feb, 1, 1865.) The building, an elegant stone structure, 
 was erected in 1837, on Benefit street. The Mechanics' As- 
 sociation, Franklin Lyceum, Franklin Society, and other so- 
 cieties, also possess valuable libraries. The Yearly Meeting 
 Boarding-School, (belonging to the Society of Friends), occu- 
 pies a lot of 43 acres lying in the E. part of the city, joining 
 the Dexter Asylum Farm on the N. Belonging to it are 2 
 largo buildings of brick, one 2, the other 3 stories in height. 
 The institution is liberally endowed, and in a prosperous 
 condition. A legacy of $100,000 was bequeathed to it by the 
 late Obadiah Brown, Esq. It accommodates 180 pupils, 90 
 of each sex. The public schools of Providence are a cre- 
 dit to the city. There are 27 school buililings, valued at 
 $247,925. The schools are 1 high-school, 7 grammar, 20 in- 
 termediate, and 24 primary schools. Number of pupils re- 
 gistered for the year ending June, 1864, was 7,694. Tlic ex- 
 penses for the year ending Sept. 30, 1864, were $79,857. 
 There are 8 or 9 newspapers published in the city, 4 of which 
 are dailies. Providence has, as it needs, a very strong and 
 efficient fire department, with 4 steam fire-engines and 7 
 hand-engines with all the necessary appendages. The ex- 
 pense of the fire department for the year ending Sept. 30, 
 1864, was $55,514. There are 5 railroads terminati ng in Pro- 
 vidence, viz. : the Providence and Stonington, Hartford Pro- 
 vidence and Fishkill Providence and Worcester, Boston and 
 Providence, and Providence Warren and Bristol. 
 
 Providence is advantageously situated for commerce. Its 
 harbor is safe, and admits vessels of SKIO tons. Formerly tho 
 port carried on an extensive trade with Canton and the East 
 Indies; but since the introduction of manufacture8,its foreign 
 commerce has considerably declined. The foreign arrivals 
 for the year ending Sept. 30, 1864, were 115 (tons 26,685), of 
 which 43 (tons 8719) were American vessels. The clear- 
 ances for foreign ports during the same period were 88 (tons 
 21,243), of which 25 (tons 5784) were American vessels. The 
 coastwise arrivals for the same year were 5,662. The prin- 
 cipal articles of foreign merchandise now imported are mo- 
 lasses, sugar, coal, salt, and iron, with an occasional cargo 
 from Africa, consisting of ivory, gum, tortoise-shell, cloves, 
 dates, &c. The principal articles received coastwise during 
 the vear 1864, were cotton, 107,428 bales, against 87,303 bales 
 in 1863; 56,708 bales in 1862,andl59,878 bales inl860. Some 
 of the other articles received coastwise in 1864 were flour. 
 351,036 barrels ; corn, 1,119,024 bushels ; oats, 80,270 bushels ; 
 wheat, 131,887 bushels; coal, 222,-435 tons, 'Ihe btisiness of 
 Providence in cloths and other manufactured articles, is very 
 large. During the year 1864 the sales of printing cloths 
 alone amounted to 2,697,150 pieces, or about 52,104 mil'-^of 
 cloth, and this was a falling off from the previous year of 
 1,225,650 ideces. The sales of real estate in the city in 1804 
 amounted to S2,999,57'2. 
 
 The manufactures of Providence are very extensive and 
 varied, and employ a large amount of capital. One of the 
 most important articles is jewelry, for which there are 75 
 establi-shments. This manufacture is subject to gre:it fluc- 
 tuations, sometimes producing goods to the amount of about 
 $3,000,000 in a year ; at other times being almost closed. 
 There are numerous foundries and machine-shops, several 
 very extensive ; 2 lai'ge manufactories of wood-screws which 
 
 1541 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 make more than 4,000,000 gross iiiiunally. There are 2 large 
 establishments for the manufacture of muskets, and 1 for 
 cannon and cannon-balls. Cotton and woollen goods, loco- 
 motives, steam-engines, machinery of all kinds, stoves, butts 
 and hinges, nails, pick-axes, and other articles of iron; nu- 
 merous articles made of brass, copper, tin, and wire ; edge- 
 tools, cabinet-ware, carriages, boots and shoes, &c., are pro- 
 duced in large quantities. There are also several large es- 
 tablishments for grintUng grain, sawingand planing lumber, 
 and working in marble. In addition to water-power, about 
 100 stationary steam-engines are kept in constant operation, 
 with 310 steam boilei-s. 
 
 On the 21st day of January, 1865,_ there were 37 state 
 banks in Providence, with a capital stock of ; 16,097,200; 
 circulation, $1,344,900; deposits, $-5,030,200; specie in bank, 
 $329,800. In addition to the above, there are 3 national 
 banks in Providence, with a capital of about $1,500,000. 
 There are also 5 savings banks, with deposits amounting to 
 $7,468,692.9", (Nov. 21, 1S64.) The city is divided into 7 wards, 
 and governed by a mayor, board of aldermen, and common 
 council composed of 28 persons, 4 from each ward, elected 
 annually. The ordinary expenses of the government for 
 the year ending Sept. 30, 1864, were $426,400, and the extra 
 war expenses, &c., were $206,206. 
 
 The registration of births, marriages and deaths in Provi- 
 dence is very complete. During nine years, from 1855 to 
 1 863, the ijroportion to population was 1 birth in 31 ; 1 person 
 married in 42, and 1 death in 50. The mortality is less than 
 in most cities. 
 
 Pro\idence was settled by Roger Williams in 1636. A 
 local government was organized in 1640, and in 1649 the 
 settlement was incorporated as a town. The iirst houses 
 were erected near St. John's Church, on what is now North 
 Main street. A spring in that vicinitj' still bears the name 
 of the founder; and his remains, which were buried on the 
 hill above the spring, have recently been exhumed to be 
 placed in a monument proposed to be erected to his memo- 
 ry. Providence suffered severely dui-ing King Phili()'s War. 
 At one time it was nearly destroyed by fire, and almost en- 
 tirely deserted by its inhabitants. Since the Revolution, its 
 prosperit3',with very slight exceptions, has been uniterrupt- 
 ed. In wealth and population it has long been the second 
 city in New England. For the last 20 years its growth has 
 been rapid. Pop. in 1840, 23,172; in 1850, 41.513; in 1855, 
 47,785; in 1860, 50,666; in 1865, about 55,000. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-township on the W. border of Sara- 
 toga CO., New York. Pop. 1443. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post^-borough and township of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre. The 
 borough is situated on the right bank of Lackawanna River. 
 In the vicinity of rich coal-mines. The manufacture of axes 
 is carried on htre extensively. It is connectod by a rail- 
 road with Wilkesbarre and Carbondale. Pop. 4090." 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Halifax co.. Virginia. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Mecklenburg oo., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a postK)ffice of Sumter co., Georgia. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Pickens co.. Alabama. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Carroll co., Missis.«ippi. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-village, capital of Carrol! parish, 
 Louisiana, on the Mississippi, and on a small lake of its own 
 name, 430 miles above New Orleans. Pop. 582 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Searcy co., Arkansas. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Hopkins co., Kentucky, 
 about 216 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-village and township of Lucas co., 
 Ohio, on the Maumee River, and on the Wabash and Erie 
 Canal. 25 miles S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 690. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, Indiana, a station on the New Albany 
 and Salem Railroad, 19 miles N. of New Albany. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, 42 
 miles N. of Peoria. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a po.st-village of Boone co.. Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River. 27 miles above Jefferson City. It is the 
 landing-place for Columbia. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a small lake of British America, near 65° 
 N. lat.. and 113° AV. Ion. 
 
 PHOVIDENCE, a fort of British North America, situated 
 on the N. side of Great Slave Lake. Lat. about 62° 30' N., 
 Ion. 114° W. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, an island in the Indian Ocean, 240 miles 
 X.N.E. of Madagascar, in lat. 9° 10' S., Ion. 51° 5' E., about 2 
 miles long from N. to S. 
 
 PROVIDENCE or OLD PROVIDENCE, an i.sland in the 
 Caribbean Se.a. 100 miles E. of the Mosquito coast. Lat. 13° 
 21' N., Ion. 81° 22' W. Length, 10 miles; breadth. 4 miles. 
 It is fertile, but uninhabited. 
 
 PROVIDENCE CHAN'NELS separate several of the Ba- 
 hama Islands. See New Providence. 
 
 PROVIDENCE HILL, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas. 
 
 PROAIDENCE LAKE, of Carroll parish. Louisiana, lies 
 ■jbout 1 mile W. of Mississippi Itiver, which perhaps once 
 flowed through the bed of the lake. Length, about 6 miles. 
 1542 
 
 PR0V1NCET0WN, a post-township of Barnstable no., 
 Mas.sachu.selts, on the extreme point of Cape Cod, 50 iiiilea 
 E.S.E. of Boston. In the extent of the m.ackerel fishery 
 carried on here, this port ranks as the fourth in the .state 
 being surpassed only by Gloucester, Welltieet, and New- 
 burypoi-t. In 1851, 60 vessels, (tons, 43-32,) owned here, 
 were engaged in the mackerel fishery, employing 1588 men 
 and boys. During the year 1S52, 17,640 barrels of mackerel 
 were insi>ected at this port. I'op. 3206. 
 
 PROVINCE WELLESLEY, wjlj/lee, a British settlement 
 on the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, immediately oppo.'site 
 Peuang. (Prince of Wales' Island.) It consists of a strip of 
 country 35 miles in length by 4 miles in breadth. Area, 
 140 square miles. Pop. 47,545, mostly Miilays. It is under 
 the Bengal presidency, and governed by an assistant to the 
 British resident in I'enang. 
 
 PROVINS, pro^-Hxo', a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marne. 29 miles E. of Jlelun. Pop. in 1S52. 6961. 
 It is enclosed by high walls, and has a communal college, a 
 tribunal of commerce, and a trade in grain and wool. In its 
 vicinity roses are e.xtensively cultivated for medicine and 
 perfumery. In the Middle Ages, Provins was rich from ith 
 commeree and manufactures. 
 
 PROVI'SO. a post-offiie of Cook co.. Illinois. 
 
 PRO'VO CITY, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, about 60 
 miles S.S.E. of Salt Lake City. Pop. 2030. 
 
 PRUD'HOE, a township of England, co. of Northumber 
 land, with a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 
 7 miles E.S.E. of Corbridge. 
 
 PRUM, (Priim,) priim. a town of Rhenish Prussia. 33 
 miles N.N.W. of Treves. Pop. 2250. It had formerly a 
 Benedictine abbey, founded by Pepin, and in which the 
 emperor Lothaire died in .\.D. 853. 
 
 PRUNA, proo/n^. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and 40 miles S.E. of Seville. Pop. 3276. 
 
 PRUNNERSDORF, pi-Oon'ners-doRr, or BRUNNERS- 
 DORF. brd<5n'ners-doRf\ a Tillage of Bohemia, 12 mUes 
 W.N.W. of Saatz. Pop. 1076. 
 
 PRUNTY'S, a post-office of Patrick co., AMrdnia. 
 
 PRUNTYTOWN. Virginia. See Wiiuamspokt. 
 
 PRUSA, a city of A.sia Minor. See Brus,\. 
 
 PRUSSIA, prfish'ya or proo'she-a, (Ger. Pi-nissen. prois'- 
 sen : Dutch. iVMj.ts^w, prois'sen , Fr. P>^;.<;.<«, priiss: h. Pnis'- 
 sia.)R kingdom of central Europe, consisting of two territories 
 completely isolated from each other, and of several small 
 territories, also isolated. The eastern and far more extensive 
 of the two large divisions is situated between lat. 49° 50' 
 and 55° 50' N.. and Ion. 9° W and 22° 50' E.: bounded. N. 
 by the Baltic Sea; N.E., K.. and S.E. by Russia: S. by Aus- 
 tria, Saxony, and the Saxon duchies; and W. by Hes.se- 
 Cassel, Anhalt, Brunswick, Hanover, and Mecklenburg 
 This territory is divided into the six provinces of Prussia 
 Proper, including East and AVest Prussia, Posen. Branden- 
 burg, Pomerania, Silesia, and ?axony; and has an area of 
 86.849 square miles. The western lai-ge division is situated 
 between lat. 49° 10' and 52° 30' N., and Ion. 5° 50' and 9° 25' 
 E. : bounded. N. by Hanover and Holland; W. by Holland, 
 Belgium, and Luxemburg: S. by France, isolated portions 
 of Oldenliurg and Homburg, and Rhenish Bavaria ; and E. 
 by Hesse-Darm.stadt, Na.'is.-iu. Hesse-Cassel, AValdeck, Bruns- 
 wick, and Lippe-Detmold. It is divided into the two pix>vince9 
 of Westphalia and the Rhenish Province, and lias an area of 
 22,465 square miles. Of the smaller isolated territories, three 
 are enclosed by the Saxon duchies, a fourth by Bav.iria, and 
 a fifth by Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau. To 
 Prussia also belongs the pi-incip;ility of NeufchSttl, now 
 forming one of the Swiss cantons. 
 
 As the two great divisions above referred to are not 
 naturally, but only politically connected, it will he ueces- 
 sarj' to treat of them separately in describing their physical 
 features. 
 
 Eastern Drvisiox. — The eastern division may be de- 
 scribed, for the most part, as a vast plain, considerably 
 elevated in the S. and S.W., and thence descending at first 
 rapidly, and afterwards very gradually, towards the Baltic 
 and the German Ocean. Tbo most elevated portion is on 
 the S. frontiers of Sile.sia. where the Riesengebirge and the 
 Sudetes (Sudeten) form the boundary between it .and Bo- 
 hemia and Moravia, and send northward several ramifici- 
 tions, which average about 2220 feet in height, forming wild 
 and romantic scenery. In the S.AV., ramifications of the 
 Thuringian forest, and of the Harz, cover a considerable poi^ 
 tion of the S. part of the province of Saxony, but here the 
 average height does not exceed 1000 feet, and soon dimi- 
 nishes to less than 500 feet. The largt* space ext<?iiding l>e- 
 tween the N. foot of these mountain districts, and the shores 
 of the Baltic, though generally low, is. in many places, 
 finely diversified, and rich in scenes of rural beauty. Ulti- 
 mately, however, in approaching the shores of tne Baltic, 
 the general level becomes so low, th.at large tracts are saved 
 from inundation only by low sand-hills, or banks of gravel, 
 which the waves have thrown up. Behind these hills ex 
 tensive lagoons or HafIs have been formed, communicatinp 
 with the sea by narrow outlets, and givin( to the «hore ont 
 of its characteristic features. The whole .oast. "Kf^ndins 
 
PRU 
 
 PRD 
 
 for about 500 miles, is flat and uninteresting. Very few 
 unduliitious occur to break its monotony; no bold cliffs 
 appear, and good harbors are extremely rare. The only 
 large gulf is that of Dantzic, within which the town of the 
 same name pos.sesses by far the most frequented port. To- 
 wards tlie N'.W. the monotony of the coast is broken by the 
 island of Kiigen. which becomes elevated towards the N., 
 where it terminates in the hill of Arkona, about 300 feet in 
 height, overhanging the sea. 
 
 Rivers and LakeJt. — The whole of the eastern part of Prus- 
 sia belongs to the basins of the Baltic Sea and the German 
 Ocean. The share received by the latter is comparatively 
 small. Its princijial river is the Kibe, which, entering from 
 the N. of Saxony, traverses it in a N.M.W. direction, form- 
 ing, in this part of its course, a number of remarkable 
 bends. It receives here tlie Elster, Ilavel, Mulde, and Saale. 
 Minute portions in the W. of tlie province of Saxony Vjelong 
 to the river systems of the Weser and the Werra. The 
 share of drainage received by the Baltic constitutes about 
 five-sixths of the whole, aTid is conveyed to it by a number 
 of large and indf-pendent streams. Of these, commencing 
 with the E. boundary of the b.asin of the Kibe, the most im- 
 portant is the Oder, the only large river which can be con- 
 sidered wholly Prussian. It flows circuitously N.N.W., re- 
 ceiving the JIalapane, Bartsch. and, above all, the Warta, 
 augmented by the Netze; and the Neisseof Silesia, the Bober, 
 and the Neisse of Gorlitz. Next in importance to the Oder, 
 .ind communiaiting with it by a canal between the Braa and 
 the Netze, is the Vistula or Weichsel, of which only the 
 lower part belongs to Prussia. Entering the country from 
 Russian Poland, it flows in a N. direction without receiving 
 any large affluent, and throws olF two large branches which 
 enter the Frische-llaff, while the m;tin stream continues its 
 course past Dantzic, entering the G ulf of that name at Weich- 
 sehuiinde. To the E. of the Aistula the first river of im- 
 portance is the P.issarge, and after it. still Cirther E., the 
 Pregel, with its tributary AUe. The last river on the E. is 
 the Niemen, or Memel, which has only a small part of its 
 lower course in Prussia, but penetrating far into Russia, 
 forms one of its important navigable outlets. 
 
 Lakes abound in almost every province, but more especi- 
 ally in those of Prussia proper, including Kast and West 
 Prussia, and of Pomerania and Brandenburg. The large 
 lagoons of Stettiner-IIaff, Frische-IIatf, and Curische-Haff, 
 with many others of a .similar description, line the coast. 
 The inland lakes are far too numerous to admit of specifica- 
 tion. In Kast Prussia alone 115 lakes have been counted, 
 though their extent individually is .so small, that the whole 
 area occupied by them is not more than 317 stjuare miles. 
 West Prussia counts aS inland lakee, each only averaging 
 about I5 square miles. Pomerania, 66. Posen 27, Brandenburg 
 131, Saxony 6. and Silesia none deserving of the name. 
 Many of these lakes are well supplied with fish, but generally 
 posses.s few attractions, either ia themselves, or iu the 
 scenery around them. 
 
 G'tohigy. — In the mountainous districts of the E. part of 
 Prussia the loftier summits are composed of granite, gneiss, 
 mica schist, porphyry, diorlte, &c. These are most largely 
 developed in the mountains of Silesia; they are also seen in 
 the circle of Schleusingen, in the .Saxon government of 
 Erfurt, in the Brockeu. forming part of the Il.arz, and in 
 isolated spots in the vicinity of the town of Ilalle. Tran- 
 sition rocks, graywacke, clay-slate, and limestone extend 
 along the frontiers of Austrian Silesia, into the Upper 
 Silesia of Prussia, as far as the Oder, and also N. of the 
 Kieseiigebirge. iu the districts of Schweidnitz and Wal- 
 denViurg, and W. to the Queiss. Rocks of the same for- 
 mation occupy a considerable part of the flatter districts 
 of Prussian Saxony, more especially in the vicinity of 
 Magdeburg, and iilong the banks of the Ohre. Secondary 
 formations, comp sed of mountain limestone and the various 
 stratii of the carlxniiferous system, occur in Silesia, chiefly 
 in two localities in Upper Silesia along the frontiers of 
 Kracow and Russian Poland, and among the mountains in 
 the county of Glatz. and towards the Riosengebirge. Rocks 
 still higher in the serie.s. and including the new red sand- 
 stone, and others, enter Prussian Silesia from Poland on the 
 E., and extend W. to the Oder, near Krappitz, and to a con- 
 siderable distance inland. They also occupy an extensive 
 tract in the province of Saxony, covering part of the tor- 
 laces of the Thuringian forest, and stretching along the N. 
 and E. foot of the llarz, to the banks of the Satvle. Elster, 
 and Elbe. Chalk and its accompanying beds occur in many 
 difl'erent localities, more especially on the N. side of the 
 llarz. aud in Silesia, both in its higher districts, and on the 
 frontiers of Poland. Chalk also appears near Inowraelaw, in 
 the province of P<isen. near Templin, and Prenzlow. in the 
 government of Potsd.am, ne.ar Gutzkow, in the government 
 of ferraisund, and lastly in the island of Riigen, where it 
 forma the romantic cliffs of Stubbenkammer and Arkona. 
 Tertiary formations, overlying the chalk, and including 
 .sfaras of lignite, appear at the foot of the Harz, and in other 
 pkces. Volcanic i-ocks. belonging to the tertiary period, are 
 of I are occurvsnce, aud are almost confined to the govern- 
 ment, ol LiegQitz. 
 
 Climate. — The E. part of Prussia, extending over 6" of l.^t. 
 and nearly 13° of Ion., and consisting in one direction of 
 lofty mountains, and in another of low flats stretching 
 along an inland sea. aud enclosing btjtween them large 
 tracts of undulating land, must necessa-ily present con- 
 siderable diversities of climate. At Krfurt. in lat. 50° 59' N., 
 and about 900 feet above the sea, the mean temperature 
 of the year is 52° 1': of winter 34°, and of summer 71° 20' 
 Fahrenheit. At Berlin, in lat. 52° .30' N., but at a much 
 lower level, only 1.30 feet above the sea, the annual tem- 
 perature is about 4° lower; here both the extremes of 
 winter, cold, and summer heat are somewhat greater. At 
 Stralsund. in lat. 54° 19' N.. but at a level rather under 50 
 feet, the mean of the ye.ir is 51° 48'; of winter 32° 30', and of 
 summer 08° 30' Fahrenheit. The average of a number of 
 places situated between the highest and lowest latitudes, 
 gives a mean annual temperature of 52° Fahrenheit. Ai 
 Berlin, about 160 days of the year are rainy. 34 obscured with 
 mist, and 17 stormy. On the coast of the Baltic the stormy 
 days amount on an average to .30, the greater part of them 
 in summer; and the quantity of r.ain is also much in- 
 creased. The least rain falls in Silesia and the ea.st€rn 
 provinces. The prevailing winds are W. and S.W. 
 
 Wf:sTKHN Division. — The western division, consi.sting ot 
 Westphalia and the Rhenish Province, differs so much from 
 the eastern division a-s, in many respects, to present a 
 striking contrast to it. Its mountain.s, though much less 
 elevated than those on the frontiers of Silesia, are not con- 
 fined to a particular locality, but stretch across the country 
 in all directions, and form numerous valleys, one of which, 
 that of the Rhine, hero occupies no inconsiderable portion 
 of the whole surface, and, in point of fertility and beauty, is 
 not surpassed by any other valley in Kurope, In the N. a 
 mountain range of moderate elevation, forming a continu.a- 
 tion of the AVesergebirge, traverses the governments of 
 Minden and Munster. To the S. of it, the Teutoburger- 
 Wald extends in a N.W. direction, and near Bielefield attains 
 its greatest elevation, not exceeding 1030 feet. This is suc- 
 ceeded, to the S., by a low range, known by the name of the 
 Haar or Ilaarstrang, the highest point of which is scarcely 
 700 feiit. This range, commences between Brilon anil 
 Stadtberg. It stretches W. along the banks of the Mohne 
 and Ruhr, presenting to both rivers a number of bold and 
 romantic precipices. Still farther S. are the Sauerland or 
 Stiderland Mountains. They attain the highest elevation, 
 2625 feet in the Astenberg. and several other summits ex- 
 ceeds 2000 feet. The last range, on the E. or right bank of 
 the Rhino, is the Westerwald, which reaches the height of 
 2000 feet. A part of this range, forming its W. termination, 
 presents the remarkable summits known by the name of 
 the Siel>engebirge. On the left bank of the Rhine, the 
 principal mountains are the Eifelgebirge. which extend 
 from the river W. for about 45 miles, and, though generally 
 low. attain the height of 1690 feet; and the Hundsriick, 
 occupying a large space between the Mo.selle and the Nahe, 
 and attaining, in the loftiest summits of the Iderwald and 
 Hochwiild, the respective heights of 22IVJ feet and 1560 feet. 
 
 Iiivers. — The principal river of West Prussia is the Rhine, 
 which, entering it on the S.K.. first forms the boundary on 
 the side of Nasswu. and then traverses it in a N.N.W. direc- 
 tion, quitting the country on the frontiers of Holland. It 
 is augmented in this part of its course by the Lahn. the 
 Sieg, the Wipper or Wupper, the Ruhr, the Einsche, and the 
 Lippe; and on the left by the Nahe. the Moselle, with its tri- 
 butary Saar, and the Erft. In the N.W. a consider.able space 
 is drained by the Meuse, and its tributaries the Ruhr aud 
 Niers. The rest of the drainage, forming a minute portion 
 from the N. aud E., is shared by the Ems and the Weser. 
 The most rem.arkable lake is Laachersee. about 6 miles from 
 Andernach, occupying, apparently, the ciater of an extinct 
 volcano, and, though of small extent, above 214 feet deep. 
 
 Gmlofji/. — The prevailing rocks, particularly in the S., are 
 volcanic, .and consist chiefly of basalt, augite. porphyry, and 
 similar volcanic products of the tertiary period. Graywacke, 
 transition limestone, and clay-slate are also of common oc- 
 currence. The secondary formation, and more especially 
 mountain limestone, and the overlying strata of the car- 
 boniferous system, are largely developed in the N. The 
 new red sandstone, with its accompanying rocks and fossils, 
 occupies a considerable part of the higher districts in the 
 government of Minden, and also occurs on p.arts of the 
 Kifel, and along the Moselle and Saar. in the government 
 of Treves. Lias and oolite are found in the N. among the 
 hills which lie between the Weser and the frontiers of Ha- 
 nover. The chalk formation has its largest development in 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Climate. — Within the same ranges of latitude, and at 
 nearly equal heights above the sea-level, the climate of the 
 W". is superior to that of the E. division of Prussia. The 
 mean annual temperature is about 1° higher; the winter 
 is milder, and the summer cooler, and the i-ange of the 
 thermometer is accordingly confined within narrower 
 limits. The fall of rain, however, is greater, averaging 2(' 
 Inches in the W., and only 15 inches in Silesia and the K. 
 provinces. 
 
 1.543 
 
PRU 
 
 PRO 
 
 A^unilture. — The whole of Prussia is situated between 
 tlie parallels of latitude under which all the ordinary ce- 
 reals are easily matured, and there is nothing in the eleva- 
 tion of the surface, except in a few particular localities, 
 to unfit it for general cultivation. The portion of surface 
 absolutely waste does not exceed l-50th of the whole. 
 The woodland, chiefly occupying the loftier districts, has 
 been estimated at rather more than l-4th : the arable land 
 at 5-12ths; artificL-il meadows, l-llth; natural pastures, 
 2-15ths; and gardens and vineyards, l-4'.'d. The soil in- 
 cludes all varieties, from light sands to the most obdurate 
 clays, but has been subdivided into the three classes of wheat- 
 land, light loams of middling quality, and sandy or stony 
 land. The wheat-land, which is in most cases remarkably 
 productive, is found chiefly in the Prussian provinces near 
 the frontiers of Poland. ' The loams of middling quality 
 prevail in the government of Bromlierg. the X- part of Sile- 
 sia, generallv throughout the province of Brandenburg, in 
 the E. h.alf of the government of Merseburg. the X. of Magde- 
 burg, the E. part of Minden, the whole of the government 
 of Miinster, and la.=tly in the government of Coblentz. The 
 sandy and stony land of barren quality is found in large 
 continuous flats in the governments of Gumbinnen and 
 Konigsberg. It prevails generally along the shores of the 
 Baltic and the frontiers of Silesia. In the interior of the 
 province of Brandenburg, too, though the very heart of 
 Prussia, and in the environs of the capital, the soil be- 
 longs, decidedly to this class, consisting of immense tracts 
 of sand which spread out like a se:i, while occasional patches 
 of middling, or even fertile wheat-land, rise up and appear 
 like islands in the midst of it. 
 
 On the first soil described, wheat, the prevailing crop, 
 alternates chiefly with Iwy and beans. The yearly produce 
 of wheat is estimated at 2,000,000 quarters ; and, after satis- 
 fying the home consumption, leaves, on an average, a sur- 
 plus of about 500,000 quarters for export. The produce of 
 rye, barley, and oats is estimated at above 6.000,000 quar- 
 ters: but the consumption of these kinds of grain being far 
 greater than tb.at of wheat, leaves only about the same 
 quantity of 500.000 quarters for export. Another very im- 
 portant crop, the culture of which is more or less exten- 
 sive in every district, is that of potatoes. Of these, aljove 
 13,000,000 bushels are consumed by the distilleries alone. 
 Hemp and flax are also very important crops, more espe- 
 cially the former, which furnishes large supplies for the 
 home manufactures, though a great quantity still requires 
 to be imported. Tobacco, also, to the extent of above 
 20,000.000 pounds, is annually raised. Anise and cummin 
 are cultivated on a large scale, particularly in Saxony and 
 Brandenburg. Oil-plants are also important object.s of cul- 
 ture, both for their oil and for their seed. Linseed forms 
 a prominent article of export from East Prussia; while 
 almost equally lai-ge exports of clover, and other hay-.seeds. 
 take place from Brandenburg and the Rhenish provinces. 
 To the latter province, al.<0, the culture of the vine is chiefly 
 confined. The largest space occupied by vineyards is in the 
 governments of Coblentz and Treves. Beet-root is cultivatO'l 
 to a great extent, and has risen from 12(35 tons, in 18:!2. to 
 1,012.678 tons, in 1*52. a large proportion of which is used 
 In the manufacture of sugar. The system of agriculture 
 pursued in Prussia, though much improved in recent 
 times, falLs far short of that common in the best-culti- 
 vated districts of England, and is surpassed by many of 
 those on the Continent Much has been done by the 
 government to improve the breeds of domestic animals, 
 more especially horses, by the establishment of breeding- 
 studs in different localities, on a general system. The total 
 number of horses in the whole kingdom, in 1849. was 
 1,575.40T; cattle, 5.361.655; sh^ep. 16.2S6.928; and swine, 
 2,466.316. The Prussian fisheries are an important source 
 of revenue. The whole produce is estimated at about 
 $5,000,000. of which little more than a fourth is obtained 
 from the sea. 
 
 Minerals. — These include among metals, silver, iron. lead, 
 copper, zinc, cobalt, arsenic, antimonj', and manganese; 
 and among other minerals, salt, alum, copperas, coal, lig- 
 nite, roofing-slate, gypsum, millstone, limestone, and seve- 
 ral varieties of excellent building-stone. The silver, found 
 only in connection with copper, is worked chiefly in the 
 province of Saxony, in Westphalia, and at Tarnowitz, In 
 Upper Silesia. The yield has for a long time been gra- 
 lually diminishing, but still amounts to about one-six- 
 teenth of the whole produce of Europe. Iron is very gene- 
 rally diffused; copper is found in the three localities above 
 mentioned for silver, and yields about 30,000 tons of ore; 
 lead occurs in Silesia, the Rhenish Province, Westphaliii. and 
 Saxony; zinc in the s;ime localities, except Saxony; cobalt 
 in Westphalia and Saxony : arsenic in Silesia ; the annual 
 produce of antimony is about 90, and manganese about 
 120 tons. Salt is found in all the provinces except Prussia 
 Proper, Posen, Brandenburg, and Silesia; but the qiAntity 
 obtained falls far short of the consumption. Coal is worked 
 In Silesia, Westphalia, and the Rhenish Province, by nearly 
 400 pits. Amber is found in considerable quantities along 
 the shores rf the Baltic. 
 1544 
 
 fhmparafivt State of the Product of the Prussian Mines in 
 1831, 184.3, and 1852. 
 
 
 1831. 
 
 18»3. 
 
 1 
 1852. 1 
 
 Iron 
 
 
 I«2.870 
 
 9,812 
 
 785 
 
 1.647 
 
 5.«'.'7 
 
 1,981.673 
 
 157.459 
 
 80. -.'07 
 
 1,561 
 
 1.9s6 
 
 99,349 
 
 11,238 
 
 l,3a«> 
 
 644 
 
 13.981 
 
 11 265,879 
 
 3 150,554 
 
 91,799 
 
 2,401 
 
 1.860 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 17,44* ; 
 4,640 , 
 
 68S 
 
 28,667 1 
 
 15,701,118 1 
 
 6,683,»3T 
 
 101,581 , 
 
 2,556 , 
 
 I.T21 1 
 
 
 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Coals 
 
 qr 
 
 Salt 
 
 Alum 
 
 tons 
 
 
 
 Manufticfures. — These, of late years, have m.-ide great pro- 
 gress, and are very important. They are not confined to 
 any p.(rticular districts, but are generally diffused over all 
 the provinces. At the head of the ordinary tissues standg 
 linen, which employs above SlO.tXK) looms. The num- 
 ber of looms in factories is on\f about .34.000. Of these. 
 Silesia alone has more than one-third, and Brandenburg 
 and Westphalia, which rank next to it. each about one- 
 seventh. .^11 the rest of the looms, to the number of 
 about 276.000, are domestic, and are chiefly employed in 
 the manufacture of goods of a coarser description. The 
 tissue next in importance is cotton, which employs about 
 70.00(J looms: its chief seat is on the Rhine. The woollen 
 manufacture employs 26.000 looms, of which scarcely one 
 third are domestic: it h.is its chief seats in Brandenburg 
 and the Rhenish Province. Silk and mixed silk goods 
 employ about 24.000 looms, of which four-fifths belong 
 to the government of Du.sseldorf; the greater p-art of the 
 remainder are at Berlin. Hosiery employs about 220i) looms, 
 and ribbons about 6000. Vast quantities of yarn, worsted, 
 and cotton-twist are spun. The first is chiefly spun by 
 hand, the flax mills throughout the kingdom numbering 
 only IV, with about 29,000 spindles, almost all in Silesi.a. 
 The worsted is chiefly, and the cotton entirely, spun by 
 machinery. The former, carried on in 2061 establishments, 
 with 457.102 spindles, has its principal seat in the province 
 of Brandenburg. 
 
 The manufactures in metal rank next in importance, and 
 are suppo.sed to furnish the subsistence of 330,000 persons. 
 In iron and steel ware, the first place belongs to the Rhen- 
 ish Province, and the Westphalian government of Arn.sberg. 
 Solingen is noted for its fine s-iws and tools; Aix-la-Char 
 pelle, Burtscheid, Alten.i. and Iserlohn for needles and 
 pins : and Remscheid and Hagen for looks and various simi- 
 lar kinds of hardware. In the same localities, al.so. brass- 
 ware, including wire and thimbles, are made on a very ex- 
 tensive scale. Berlin has long been fimed for its fine cast- 
 ings, many of which, whether as articles of ornament or 
 utility, are unsurpassed. Among these may be mentioned 
 type-founding, which, as well as printing, forms an im- 
 portant branch of industry. The leather manufacture is 
 also important, and includes, in addition to ordinary leather, 
 the finer varieties of red and white cordovan, and parch- 
 ment. Pottery, in all its varieties, is extensively manu- 
 factured. For porcelain and the finer kinds of ware. Berlin 
 and St. Martin, near Treves, are the most celebrated localities. 
 Common pottery is made in all the provinces, more espe- 
 cially in those of the E. and centre. Gla.«s is manufactured 
 in the governments of Treves, Minden. and Oppeln. The 
 most important paper mills are in Silesia, Saxony, and 
 Westphalia. The other manufactures carried on to such an 
 extent as to be of national importance, .ire refined sugar, 
 chocolate, chiccory. chemical products, and tobacco. Of 
 these, tobacco is the most important, for which are exten- 
 sive factories in the Rhenish Province, in Brandenburg, and 
 Saxony. About 9.500.(XK) quintals of beet-root are used in 
 the production of 650.000 hundredweijht of sugar. The 
 last manufactures deserving of notice are beer and spirits, 
 the consumption of which is immense, and might with 
 great advantase be very much diminished. The number 
 of breweries exceeds 9000. that of distilleries 8000. The 
 Rhenish Province has about one-third of the distilleries, and 
 Silesia rather more than one-fourth. The whole produce is 
 about 45.000.000 gallons, and the value above $12,500,000. 
 Of the breweries, the Rhenish Province has above one-fourth, 
 Westphalia and Silesia each one-sixth, and fatony one 
 eighth. The pi-oduce is about 244.000.000 quarts, nearly 
 60,000.000 imperial gallons, and is valued atabout $9,000,000. 
 According to a report published by the Prussian govern- 
 ment alKiut the close of 1852. there were in operation in the 
 country 2207 spinning mills, .MSS manufiictories. dye- 
 works, and cotton printing establishments. 39,253 mills of 
 different kinds, 12.690 Large metal-works. 17.165 brewerie* 
 and distilleries, and 4535 other manufactories of different 
 kinds: making a total of 81. .308 establishments. 
 
 Vnmmi''ro'.. Internal (hmmunicatinn. dv. — The princip-il ex- 
 ports of Prussia are crain, flax, linseed, rape, turnip, and 
 clover-seed, timber, lime, gypsum, brandy, coal, earthen- 
 ware, linen, wool, woollen cloth. ho.siery, and tinci he 
 principal imports are cotton and cotton-twist, colonial 
 produce, particularly raw sugar for refinine potash, iron 
 
PRU 
 
 PRU 
 
 mw hides, wine, herrings, salt, ic. The establishment of 
 the Zollvereiii, by giving a free interchange of communica- 
 tion between the different states belonging to it, has gre;itly 
 increased tlie commercial importance of each. Since the 
 commencement of the present war, Prussia has been the en- 
 trepot of the entire foreign trade of Hussia; and, conse- 
 quently, her ports have exhibited an unexampled degree of 
 activity. During the month of May, 185-1, 500 cartloads of 
 hemp and flax frequently arrived at Jlemel in A day ; and on 
 the 4th of that month 180 vessels were lying in the harlx)r 
 of the town, and in the river Dange, unable to discharge 
 their cargoes, the landing places all being occupied. The 
 shipping which arrived at the ports of Prussia iu ISol 
 reached the number of 1497 sailing and 00 steam vessels, the 
 former having an aggregate of 158,324 tons burden. Among 
 the foreign vessels which trade to Prussian ports, the tonnage 
 of Great Britain is about one-third more than that of any 
 other nation. The second place is occupied by the Dutch, 
 and the third by the Danes. In some of the ports of Prussia 
 ship-building is carried on with activity. Stettin builds 
 about one-third of the whole, and also possesses a much 
 larger tonnage than any^ other Prussian port. 
 
 Possessing a coast-line of 350 miles on the Baltic, and 
 numerous navigable streams, Prussia enjoys superior natural 
 facilities for commercial intercourse, and these have been 
 very greatly extended by excellent roads, canals, and rail- 
 ways. The last mode of communication has already made 
 great progress, 1050 miles of railway having been completed 
 in 1850, and 1812 in 1853. In the E. part of Prussia, and from 
 Berlin as a centre, lines extend N.W. to Hamburg, N.K. to 
 Stettin, a. to Posen, S.E. to Breslau and thence to Vienna, S. 
 to Leipsie and Dresden, and W. through Magdeburg and 
 Hanover, and thence to Cologne, the last town forming a 
 centre for the railways of the W. part of Prussia, though here 
 the system is less developed, partly because the natural con- 
 formation of the country makes it more difficult, while the 
 admirable means of communication afforded by the Rliine 
 renders it less neces.sary. The chief line of railways here is 
 W. of Cologne, through Aix-laChapelle to Brussels. In 1851 
 the length of electric telegraph lines exceeded that of the rail- 
 ways in operation. The external communic<^tions of Prussia 
 are more defective than its internal, the shores of the Baltic 
 being shallow, and deficient in good harbors. 
 
 Gdvernment. — Prussia is a monarchy, hereditary in the 
 male line, and from the absence of recognised constitutional 
 checks, was in theory absolute. A more constitutional form 
 of government had long been earnestly desired, and had also 
 been distinctly promised, but various pretexts were from 
 time to time assigned for its delay. At length, in May, 1848, 
 a National Assembly was summoned, and a constitution 
 adopted, which vested the legislative power jointly in the 
 king and two houses. It, however, had a very short and 
 stormy existence, and the old constitution, nearly in its 
 original form, has been maintained. The new electoral law. 
 officially published on 3lst May, 1849, makes the second 
 chamber to consist of .^O deputies, chosen by a suffrage 
 which gives one elector for every 250 .souls of the popula- 
 tion. As a member of the Germanic Confederation, Pru.s.-^ia 
 holds the second place, and has four votes in the Plenum. 
 The only part of its territories not included in the Con- 
 federation are Prussia Proper, or the united provinces of 
 East and West Prussia, and the province of Posen. The con 
 tiugent of troops which Prussia furnishes is 79,484 men. 
 
 Juslice. — This is administered in most of the provinces 
 according to a general code or Lan/lrecM established in 1794, 
 but in the greater part of the Itbine province according to 
 the French code — subject, however, to certain modifications. 
 For each code, a supreme court sits at Berlin, the one called 
 the Geheime Ober Tribunal, which judges in the last resort 
 wherever the landreeht is in force, and the other called the 
 Kheinische Uevisions and Kassations Hof, which has similar 
 jurisdiction in all cases decided according to the French 
 code. Over each province is a superior court of appeal, 
 called Ober-Landesgericht, with the power of reviewing all 
 cases decided within the province; and in each government 
 is an Obergericht, possessing the right of reviewing the 
 cases decided within the government in the courts of pri- 
 mary resort. These last courts consist of a vast number of 
 local jurisdictions, within which justice is said to be for the 
 most part administered cheaply, expeditiously, and fairly, 
 by judges chiefly appointed by the crown, but partly 
 also by private parties in possession of certjiiu patrimonial 
 rights. 
 
 Religinn. — There is, properly speaking, no state religion 
 in Prussia. That of the royal family and of the majority 
 of the people is Calvinism; but all public employments are 
 (Xjually accessible to Christians of every denomination. The 
 year 1817, which was the three hundredth anniversary of 
 ihe Reformation, was remarkable for the union of the Cal- 
 \inists atid Lutherans, in Prussia and in some other parts 
 of Germany. Into one religious body, under the name of 
 Evangelical Christians. These amounted in 1849 to 9.987,277, 
 the Komau Catholics to 6,063,186, the .Tews to 218.773. the 
 Baptists to 14.508. and Greeks and Mohammedans to 1269. 
 The Protestants are governed by consistories, at the head 
 
 of which are 306 superintendents. The Roman Catholics 
 are governed by two archbishops and six bishops. 
 
 Kdiicaiiiin. — Prus.sia has tiiken the lead of Europe in th( 
 establishment of a complete system of national education 
 The mass of ignorance to be found in almost every othei 
 country on the continent has no existence here. With rare 
 exceptions, every individual in Prussia can both read and 
 write. This happy result has been obtained first by esta- 
 blishing an adequate number of schools in all parts of the 
 monarchy, and then enforcing attendance by a law, which 
 provides that every child, from the age of five years, unless 
 certified to be receiving a suitable education at home, or In 
 a private seminary, must be in attendance at a njitional 
 .school, until such time as the course of instruction therein 
 provided has been completed. This course occupies alx)ut 
 eight years, so that it may be regarded as a general rule 
 that all Prus.sian children between the ages of six and four- 
 teen are at school. The different clas.ses of schools are: — 
 1. The elementary school, at which the great majority of the 
 people receive their education: 2. The city school, which is 
 always attached to a gymnasium; 3. The gymnasium, in 
 which Latin and Greeli are taught. In most of the small 
 towns are normal schools for the training of teachers. 
 Prussia also possesses the celebrated universities of Berlin, 
 Halle, and Bonn, besides those of Bieslau. Oreifswalde, and 
 Kiiiiigsherg, and numerous literary and learned societies. 
 The universities are all under the control of the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The following table shows the numb(>r of schools of various 
 kinds, of teachers and pupils, in 1S49. — 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Teachers. 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 
 505 
 385 
 
 in 
 
 46 
 
 80,8fi5 
 •.!,:«9 
 1,913 
 1,664 
 
 2,45.3,062 
 69,i(02 
 5:!,570 
 29,474 
 
 Middle and higher School.... 
 
 Gymnasia 
 
 
 2,605,408 
 2,411 
 
 
 7 ;:::: 
 
 
 
 
 
 In 1849, the number of children between six and fourteen 
 years of age, was 3.223.302, of whom, as seen in the above 
 table, 2,605.408 were at school, leaving a balance of 617.954 
 to be accounted for partly by private teaching, partly by the 
 Cict that many do not enter school till they are above six 
 years old. and many leaving before they are fourteen ; and 
 many, doubtless, received no education during the year iu 
 question. 
 
 Army and Xavy. — The regvilar army, during peace, con- 
 si.sts of 129,117 men, or, with the reserve, 226.925, and 
 .30,545 horses, and is kept up partly by voluntary enlist- 
 ment, and partly by a conscription which obliges every 
 citizen, after att.aining his twentieth year, to serve in the 
 regular army for three years, and for two years thereaftel 
 in the war reserve ; when, in the event of war breaking out, 
 or other emergencies, he ni,ay again bo compelled to join the 
 regular army. After the lapse of these five years he enters 
 the LiinilweJir. or provincial army, which is compo.sed of two 
 bans, a first and a second, in the former of which he con- 
 tinues till he has completed his thirty-second year, and in 
 the latter till h« has completed hjs thirty-ninth year, thus 
 making the whole period during which he is liable to be 
 called upon for the defence of his country amount to 20 
 yeiirs. The total force of the L;indwehr is 349,812. The 
 Landftitrm includes all the males in the monarchy, from the 
 ages of 17 to 50, not belonging either to the regular army or 
 Landwehr. It is called out only in cases of the most urgent 
 necessity, when the national existence may be threatened 
 by invasion. The navy, in 1854. comprised 1 war frigate 
 with 48 guns, 2 screw frigates with 40 guns each, 1 screw 
 coivette with 20 guns, 2 other corvettes, each with 12 gun.s, 
 and 48 smaller vessels, making in all 54 vessels carrying 288 
 guns. 
 
 Utvenue. — The total revenue of Prussia, according to the 
 budget of 1S54, is $75,593,048. of which $16,209,965 was de 
 rived from direct taxes. $19,623,829 from indirect taxes, and 
 ■95.790.152 from the post-office and telegraph departments. 
 The total expenditures, according to the same estimate, is 
 $72,147,895, of which $19,623,829 is f^r the army, $.371,700 
 for the navy. $13,019,386 for commerce and public works, 
 $.3,791,034 for education.and $7.517. 2r>5 for interest on the pul> 
 lie debt, which at this d.ate, (1854,) amounted to $152,569,815. 
 
 Propk. — The far greater part of the people are Germans, 
 but in several quarters the Lithuanian and Slavonian 
 .stocks preponderate. Thus, in the N'.K. corner of the king- 
 dom, Lithuanian Is spoken, read, written, and taught. The 
 Slaves occupy the S. parts of Gumbinnen, Konigsl^erg. and 
 Marienwerder, the greater part of Posen. and no inctm- 
 siderable part of Silesia. Their number within Prussia has 
 been estimated at at least 2,500,000. The number of French, 
 found chiefly in the W. part of Prussia, but partly also in 
 the province of Brandenburg, (where they are descendants 
 of the French Protestants, who found an a.sylum here from 
 the tvranny of Louis XIV.,) amounts to about 74,000. Thf 
 .Jews are 218.773. 
 
 1545 
 
PRU 
 
 PTl 
 
 Oiviskins, /hpidatton, etc. — The names, areas, and popula- 
 tion of ll>e principal divisious of Prussia, are exhibited in 
 the following table : — 
 
 Brandenburg -5 
 
 '■■{ 
 
 Koiiigslierg 
 
 Gumbiiinen 
 
 Dftutsic 
 
 Marienwercler ... 
 
 Popen 
 
 Broinberg 
 
 Potadam, with 
 Berlin 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Stettin 
 
 Cosliu 
 
 Stralsund 
 
 Bresiau 
 
 Oppeln 
 
 Liegnitz 
 
 Mugdeburg 
 
 , Merseburg 
 
 ' Erfurt 
 
 Muuster 
 
 Minden 
 
 Arnsberg 
 
 Cologne 
 
 DiuselJorf 
 
 Coblentz 
 
 Treves, or Trier . 
 
 Aix-la-Chapellc. 
 
 Area in 
 .sq. m. 
 
 8,708 
 
 e.sfio 
 
 6,816 
 1,WA 
 
 4,584 
 8,292 
 
 6U,(>47 
 404,667 
 621.046 
 897,.3.S9 
 454,675 
 1,268,935 
 
 7.500 
 
 860,087 
 
 5,09i 
 
 562.127 
 
 5.312 
 
 448,516 
 
 1.700 
 
 187.058 
 
 5,i»2 
 
 1,174.679 
 
 5.184 
 
 965,912 
 
 5,344 
 
 921,002 
 
 4,484 
 
 691,377 
 
 4,0-'8 
 
 742.644 
 
 1,.316 
 
 347.279 
 
 2,820 
 
 421 ,935 
 
 2,040 
 
 463,229 
 
 2,988 
 
 579,757 
 
 1.544 
 
 497,3.30 
 
 2.096 
 
 907.151 
 
 2,300 
 
 502.984 
 
 2.796 
 
 492,182 
 
 1.612 
 
 411,525 
 
 109,314 ' 16,285,016 
 
 llt.S. 
 
 670,792 
 601,016 
 208,686 
 301,003 
 244,117 
 178,803 
 
 1,232,828 
 B4.3,780 
 553,554 
 437,042 
 186,290 
 698.436 
 
 i)6.»72 
 774,440 
 676,331 
 737.950 
 247.3.32 
 
 39.558 
 270,463 
 322,576 
 
 71,010 
 352,619 
 15.9,716 
 
 69,139 
 
 13,424 
 
 9,9,S7,277 
 
 Pop. of Prussia in 1740, 3,000,000: 1790, 6.000.000; 1815 
 10.250,000 : 1840, 16.112,948 ; 1849. 16,2S5,016, (as seen above :) 
 and in 1S52, 16,935,420. Pop. to sctuare mile, (in 1852,) 156 
 nearly. Pop. in 1861, 18,491,220. 
 
 Histnry. — In the end of the tenth centurj', the shores of 
 the Baltic were iuh.abited by a number of tribes chiefly of 
 Alan extraction, from one of which, called Borus^i. who 
 occupied the more E. parts, the name of Prussia is supposed 
 to be derived. These tribes were living in heathenism 
 when Adalbert, Bishop of Prague, made strenuous efforts 
 for their conversion. Christianity, however, did not Rain a 
 decided ascendant till 1164. This ascendancy was again 
 lost; but in the middle of the thirteenth century the 
 Teutonic knights subjugated East Prussia, and converted 
 the people to Christianity. Albert of Brandenburg, grand- 
 master of the order, appropriated the country in 1525. Ills 
 family augmented these possessions : and Frederick, one of 
 his descendants, obtained the title of king in 1701. lie 
 acquired the principality of Neufchatel in Switzerland. By 
 the treaty of Utrecht. William I. obtained a portion of the 
 duchy of Qelders. He acquired the duchy of Limburg. and 
 took from Sweden the greater part of Pomerania. This 
 prince encouraged foreigners, who introduced many valu- 
 able manufactures, carefully husbanded the re.sources of the 
 country, and greatly improved its agriculture; but is better 
 known for the capricious and tyrannical conduct which he 
 pursued towards his family, and n'lore especially towards his 
 son and successor, Frederick, surnamed the Great, who came 
 to the throne in the year 1740. Under him Prussia became 
 one of the leading powers of Europe. lie added greatly to 
 its extent by the conquest of Silesia, and a proceeding of even 
 a less justifiable nature, the partition of Poland. Buring 
 his reign, the territory of the monarchy wjis ne,arly doubled 
 and the population, which at his accession did not exceed 
 2.500,000, rose to more than 6,000.000. He died in 1786, and 
 was succeeded by Frederick William II., who gave good 
 hopes at the commencement of his reign, but ultim.ttely 
 betrayed a despotic tendency, and deprived Prussia of much 
 of the European influence which she bad acquired under 
 his predecessor. A great accession of tenitoiy. however, 
 was obtained, particularly by tlie dismemberment of Poland, 
 which, only partially carried into effect under Frederick the 
 Great, was now completed. But while thus employed in 
 perfidiously dismembering an independent kingdom, his 
 own territories became suddenly exposed to a similar fate 
 by the breaking out of the French Itevolution and its sub- 
 sequent progress. By the treaty of Tilsit in 1807. Prus.sia was 
 deprived of all her possessions between the Khine and the 
 Elbe, and the greater part of Prussian Poland: but in 1S15, 
 after the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna restored 
 all these estates, except a part of Poland, and at the same 
 time irranted to Prussia a part of Saxony, and the duchy of 
 
 the Ivower Rhine. Adj. and inhab. Prussian, pru.sh'yan 
 
 jr proo/sban; Ger. Preussisch, prois'sish; Fr. PBLiSSiEN, 
 prlis'se'aN'''. 
 
 PRUSSIA, East, or DUCAL PRUSSIA, a province of 
 Prussia, now compnsed in Prussia Proper. It long belonged 
 to the knights of the Teutonic order. Albert of Branden- 
 burg, grand-master of the order, was created duke, under 
 the sovereignty of Poland, in 1525; afterwards it gave its 
 name to the kingdom of Prussia, in which it now forms the 
 regencies of Kbnigslierg and Oumbinnen. 
 
 PRUSSIA. Wkst, or ROYAL PRUSSIA, a province of 
 Prussia, now conjprised in Prussia Proper, forming the two 
 1546 
 
 governments of Dantzic and Slarienwerder. It formerlj' 
 belonged to Poland, at which time Dantzic was its capitaL 
 
 PRUSSIAN POLAND, an exten.sive region in the E. part 
 of Prussia. The phrase appears to be somewhat loosely em- 
 ployed by geographical wi'iters. In its most extensive ap- 
 plication, it properly comprises all the Prussian territory 
 that formerly belonged to Poland, including the duchy of 
 Posen, and the greater pait, if not all, of West and East 
 Prussia. 
 
 PRUSSIA PROPER, a province of Prussia, formed by the 
 union of East and West Prussia. Capitjil, KiinigslxTg. It 
 is divided into the governments of Konigsberg, G umbinneu, 
 Dantzic. and Marienwenler. 
 
 PRUSSIA, RHENISH, a province in the W. part of Prus- 
 sia. Capital. Cologne. It was formed by the union of the 
 two provinces of Cleve-Berg and Ijower Rhine. 
 
 PRUSZANY, proo-shd'nee, or PRU.SCHANZ. proo'shants, 
 a town of Russian Poland, government, and 79 miles S.S.E. 
 of Grodno. Pop. 2120. 
 
 PRUTH, pruth. (Ger. pron; proof.) a river of East Europe, 
 rises in the Carpathian Mountains, flows at first E.. through 
 Galicia and the Bukowina, and afterwards S.S.E. between 
 Moldavia and Bes.serabia, and at Reni. 75 miles from the 
 Black Sea. joins the Danube, of which it is the last great 
 affluent on the left. Total course, .'5(0 miles. 
 
 PRY'i^R'S VALE, a post-office of .\mherst co., Virginia. 
 
 PRYPKC or PRYPETZ. .See Pp.ipet.s. 
 
 PRZASZNIC or PRZASZNITZ. pzh.lsh'nits, a town ol 
 Poland, capit.al of a county. 59 miles N.E. of Plock. Pop. 8500 
 
 PRZELAUTSCH, pzhiV'lOwtch, a town of Bohemia, 11 
 miles N.AV. of Chrudim. on the Elbe. Pop. 1700. 
 
 PRZEMYSL, pzh^m'isl, or PREMISLIA. pr.'i-mis'Ie-i a 
 town of Austri.an Galicia, on the right bank of the San, 51 
 miles W. of Lemberg. Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by walls, and 
 has ruins of a castle. Itoman Catholic and Greek Unittid 
 churches, a Benedictine monastery, an hospital, a gymna 
 slum, and manufactures of linens and leather. 
 
 PRZESTITZ. pzhJs/tits. or BRZESTITZ. bzhJs/tits, a town 
 of Bohemia. 12 miles N. of Klattau. Pop. 1023. 
 
 PRZEWORSK. pzh.VftoRsk, a town of Austiian Poland, in 
 Galicia. 22 miles E. of Rzeszow. Pop. 29.'>0. 
 
 PRZIBRAM, pzhee'brSm. a town of Bohemia. 21 miles 
 S.S.W. of lieraun. Pop. 4100. It has a castle, manufactures ol 
 woollen cloth, potash-works. Jind rich silver and lead-mines. 
 
 PRZISCHOWITZ. pzhish'o-wits. a village of Bohemia, 
 28 miles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1910. 
 
 PRZY.SUCriA. pzhe-soo'Ka, a town of Poland, province of 
 Sandomier, 24 miles W.S.W. of Radom. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PS.AR.A. an i.sl.and of Greece. See Ipsaka. 
 
 PSILORATI.pse-lo-rd'tee, MOUNT, (anc. Mount Ma.) the 
 most lofty mountain of Ci^ete, near its centre, has an eleva- 
 tion of 7674 feet. Mount Ida was anciently closely con- 
 nected with the worship of Zeus (.lupiter.) w ho is said Vi 
 have been brought up in a cave in this mountain. 
 
 PSIOL. pse-ol', PSIOUL. pse-ool'. or PSLA. psld, a river of 
 Russia, governments of Koorsk. Kharkov, and Poltava, after 
 a S.S.W. course of 300 miles, joins the Dnieper, 10 miles E.S.E. 
 of Krementchoog. 
 
 PSKOV or PSKOW, pskov, written also PSKOF, a govern- 
 ment of Russia, between lat. 56° and 58° N.. and Ion. 27° 15' 
 and 32° E., enclosed by the governmonts of St. Petersburg, 
 Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Vitebsk, and Livonia. Area, 
 17.318 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 057,283. The surface is 
 mostly tiat. The rivers are numerous, but none large. At 
 its N.W. extremity is the I-ake of Pskov, connected with 
 that of Peipus. Marshes are numerous. The soil is infer- 
 tile: the forests extensive. The government is subdivided 
 into 8 districts. The principal towns are Pskov, the capital, 
 Toropetz. and A'elikee-IiOoki. 
 
 PSKOV, or PLESKOV. pljs-kov', the capital of the above 
 government, on the Velikaia, near its mouth in Lake Pskov, 
 is 162 miles S.W. of St. Peti>rsburg. Pop. 9000 : but it is said to 
 have been formerly 60,000. It is partly built of stone, and 
 comprises the kremlin or citadel, the middle town, and the 
 great town, all enclosed by earthen ramparts. The princi- 
 pal buildings are the archbishop's residence and the consis- 
 tory, a cathedrjil, 1 Lutheran and numerous Greek cliurchos, 
 several convents, and schools. It has manufactures of lea- 
 ther, a considerable export trade, and an annual fair, at 
 which large quantities of woollen, silk, and cotton fabrica, 
 leather, books, jewelry, &e. are sold. This town is men- 
 tioned in Russian history as early as a. d. 903. 
 
 PSKOV, LAKE OF, in Ru.s.sia. between Ibe grvernment* 
 of Pskov and St. Petersburg, is a S. arm of Lake Peipus, 22 
 miles in length; greatest breadth, 12 milts. It receives the 
 Velikaia River on the S.E. 
 
 PTCIIALSKO. p'chAl'sko, or PTCHAMSKOE, p'chdui'- 
 sko-A\ a river and lake of Siberia, in the N.W. part of the 
 government of Yenisci.sk. The lake, situated E. of the 
 Bay of Tavosk, is about 35 miles long by 15 miles b:-oad, 
 and contains several islands. The river issues from tl e 
 lake, flows N., and after a course of .about 150 miles, *:i\» 
 into the Bay of Tidanski. in the .Arctic Ocean, between the 
 mnuths of the Ol)i and Yenisei. 
 
 PTITCH or PTISCH, p'titch', or pteech. a river of 1 .««-V. 
 
PTI 
 
 rises ill the government of Minsk, flows S.E. and S.. and joins 
 the Pripfits '20 miles above Mozyr. Total course. 200 miles. 
 I'TITOII or PTITSCH. p'titeli', a market-town of Russian 
 Pi:)land. government of Volhyuia, 8 miles S.S.AV. of Dubno. 
 I'op. 1500. 
 l^TOLEMATS, in North Africa. See Tolomet.\. 
 I'TOlvEMAlS. in Egypt. See Hexshieh, Et. 
 PTOLEMAIS' in Syria. See .\crb. 
 
 PUB'LIC SQU.\RE, a post-office of Greene cc, Georgia, 60 
 miles N.E. of Milledgeville. 
 PUB'LOW, a parish of England, eo. of Somerset. 
 PU'BOTINE, a small village of Clarke co., Illinois. 
 PUCCULOK, puk'ku-lc/, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal. o7 miles N.W. of Dacca. 
 PU-CIIING-HIEN, a town of China. See Poo-ching-hien. 
 PUCHO, (Puch6,) poo'Ko', a market-town of North Ilun- 
 g.iry, CO., and 19 miles N.E. of Trentschin. on the Waag. 
 Pop. 19-tS. 
 
 PUCU-PURI, pooch-poo'ree, a town of Siara, on the W. 
 coast of the Gulf of Siam. Lat. 12° 45' N.. Ion. 100° E. 
 
 PUCKAWA (puk'a-wA^) LAKE, in Wisconsin, an expan- 
 sion of Net^nah River, in the S. central part of Marquette 
 county, is about 7 miles long and 2 miles wide. 
 
 PUCK'ETAS', a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PUOK'INCTON. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 PlJOIv'lJOnilUUCU. a parish of England, CO. of Gloucester. 
 I'lni'DI X(iT()X, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 PUDDliNGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Devon, 6i 
 miles N. of Crediton, with a station on the Great Western 
 Kailwav. 
 
 PUD'DLESTONE-wiTH-WIIITE, a pari.sh of England, co. 
 of Hereford. 
 
 PUDKWITZ, poo'deh-*its\ or PUBIEDZISKA, poo-be-5d- 
 zis'kd. a town of Prussia, province, and 15 miles E.N.E. of 
 Posen. between two small lakes. Pop. 1519. 
 
 PUDLKIX, pood'llne, or PODOLIN, a market-town of 
 North Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Poprad, 9 miles N.N.E. 
 of Kesmark. Pop. 2300. It has an ancient castle, Uoman 
 Cfttholic and Piarist colleges, and ne;ir it is a chapel often 
 resorted to in pilgrimage. 
 PUnoSH. a town of Russia. See Pooi^osn. 
 PU D'SEY. a township of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 PUDUCOTTA. poo-doo-kofta, a town of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, 57 miles N.E. of Madura. It is 
 regularly and well built, and has a Hindoo palace, having 
 been the capital of an independent rajahship. 
 
 PUlUiLA. \i\sdhni. or poo-SVld, or PUEBLO, Spanish 
 words denoting a '• collection of people," also, a '• town or vil- 
 lage," forming a part of numerous names in Spain and 
 Spanish America. 
 
 PUEBLA, pwSbll or LA PUEBLA. M pwiblS, a st.ate of 
 the Mexican Crmfederation, between lat. 16° 20' and 20° 15' 
 N., and Ion. 97° and 99° 15' W., enclosed by the states of 
 Mexico, A' era Cruz, and Oajaca. Area^ 12,0+2 sijuare miles. 
 Pop. in 185.3, 580.000. Its central part belongs to the 
 Anahuac table-land, and within it is the volcano of Popo- 
 catepetl, the highest mountain in Mexico. The Nasca River 
 traverses it nearly throuiihout. It contains the towns of 
 La Puebla. Cholula, and Tehuacan. 
 
 PUEBLA. La. or LA PUEBLA DE LOS ANGELES, M 
 pwSiyid di loce ,ing'nA-lJs, (the '■ city of the angels," so named 
 from its beautiful situation.) the capital of the above state, is 
 situated on a declivity, 76 miles E.S.E. of Mexico. Pop. 50.000. 
 It is regularly built and well paved ; the houses are of stone, 
 and many with iron balconies and painted fronts. It has a 
 vast number of richly decorated religious edifices, an epis- 
 copal and two other colleges, and manufactures of glass, 
 earthenwares, and soap. 
 
 PUKBLA, La, or POBLAT. pob-ldt/, a small town of Ma- 
 jorca, 27 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 3012. 
 
 PUEB'LA, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Pennsylv.ania Canal. 28 miles N. of Greensburg. 
 PUEBL.\, a pnst-office of Brown co.. Ohio. 
 PUEBLA D\'\.LCOCER, La, IS pweM^ ddl-ko-thaiR, a small 
 tx)wn of Spain, at the foot of the Sierra d'Alcocer, province, 
 and 87 miles E. of Bad.'ijos. Pop. 2612. 
 
 PUEBLA DE ALMUKADIEL. La, M pw?bia di il-moo- 
 
 rj-ne-f'l'. a town of Spain. 50 miles S.E. of Toledo. P. 1985. 
 
 PUEBLA DE ARENOSO, La, \l xivWM AS. d-rj-no'so. a 
 
 town of Spain, province, and 31 miles N.W. of Castellon 
 
 de la Plana. Pop. 2158. 
 
 PUEBLA DE ARGANZON, La. M pwJiyid dA Kv.-^An- 
 thSn', a small town of Spain, province of Alava, 9 miles 
 N.E. of Miranda. Near this the battle of Vitoria commenced 
 inl8)» 
 
 PUEBLA DE CAZABA, La, IJ pwSbnd di kd-tha'Ba, a 
 town of Spain. 35 miles S.E. of Seville. Pop. 2S82. 
 
 PUEBLA DE DON FADRIQUE. La, 13 pvslhni di don 
 fi-Dree'kA, a town of Spain, province, and 77 miles N.E. of 
 Granada, at the foot of Mount Calar. Pop. 6565. It has 4 
 oarisb churches, manufactures of woven fabrics, and an aj- 
 nve trade, in timber. 
 
 PUEBLA DE DON FADRIQUE, a village of Spain, in 
 New Castile, province of Toledo. Pop. 2243. 
 
 PUE 
 
 PUEBLA DE GUZMAN, La. la pwfVia dil gooth-mdn', a 
 town of Spain, .30 miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 3855. 
 PUKBLA DE IIIJAR, La, a town of Spain. See HuAR. 
 PUEBLA DE LA CALZADA, La, 13 pw6bad di \k kal 
 tha'ni a town of Spain, 16 miles E. of Bad.ajos. Pop. 2160. 
 PUEBLA DE LA REVNA. La. 13 pwJlVli dA 13 rd'njl, a 
 town of Spain, 40 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2200. 
 
 PUEBL.\ DEL DEAN, La, lit pw.^l)'l3 djl dA-dn', a town 
 of Spain, province of Corunna, 29 miles S.W. of Santiago. 
 Pop. 1840. 
 
 PUEBLA DEL DUQUE, La. 13 pwfb'ld djl doo'k.A. or LA 
 PUEBLA DE RUG AT, 13 pwcblS dA roogdt', a town of 
 Spain, province, and 36 miles from Valencia. Pop. 1003. 
 
 PUEBLA DEL MAESTRE, L.A, Id pwjbld dJl md-Js'trA, fl 
 town of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 70 miles S 
 of Badajos. Pop. 1154. 
 
 PUEBLA DE LOS INF.\.NTES, La, Id pw^bld dA loce een- 
 fdn'tJs, a town of Spain, province of Seville, 19 miles N.W. 
 of Ecija. It has some Roman antiquities. 
 
 PUEBLA DE MOXTALVAN, La, 13 pw^b'ld di mon-tdt 
 vdn'. a town of Spain, province, and 17 miles W. of Toledo, 
 on the Tagus. Pop. 4333. It has a picturesque castle, and 
 a palace of the dukes of Uceda. 
 
 PUEBLA DE SANABKIA, La. Id pwJbld dA sd-na'Dre-d, 
 a town of Spain, 53 miles N.W. of Zamora. Pop. 849. 
 
 PUEBLA DE SANCHO PEREZ, La, Id pwSbHd dA sdn'cho 
 p.A'reth, a town of Spain, province, and 36 miles S.E. of 
 Badajos. Pop. 1892. 
 
 PUEBLA DE SILLO, La, Id pwjl/l3 dA seel'yo, a town 
 of Spain, province, and about .30 miles from Leon. P. 1138. 
 
 PUEBLA DE VALLBONA, La, 13 pwJb'ld dA vdl-bo/nd. a 
 village of Spain, province, and 10 miles N.W. of Valencia, 
 on the Turia. Pop. 2102. 
 
 PUEBLA DE VALVEKDE, La. 13 pw^bOd dA vdl-T^it/d.A, 
 a town of Spain, in Aragon, 13 miles S.E. of Tei-uel. Pop. 
 1380. 
 
 PUEBLA JUNTO A CORIA. La. Id pwjbad Hoon/to d ko/- 
 re-d, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 10 miles S.S.W. of Se- 
 ville, on the right bank of the Guadalquivir. Pop. 1303. 
 
 PUEBLA NUEVA, La. Id pwMVld nwA'vd, a village of 
 Spain, in New Castile. 46 miles W. of Toledo. Pop. 2354. 
 
 PUEBLA NUEVA DEL MAR, La, Id pwJWld nwA'vd dJl 
 mdR, (" the new village of the sea,") a vill;ige of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 2 miles E. of Valencia, on the sea-coast, and on 
 the' left bank of the Tarca. At no very distant date, the site 
 of this village was covered by the sea; and more recently it 
 was occupied by only a few cabins of fishermen. Pop. 4857. 
 
 PUEBLA PEAKS, in the N. interior of the Territory of 
 New Slexico, are in lat. about 36° 25' N., Ion. 105° 40' W. 
 
 PUEBLO. See PUEBLO NUEVO. See T.AMWCO. 
 
 PUEBLO VIEJO, pwJWlo ve-.Vno. ("old town,") a mari- 
 time town of the Mexican Confederaticm. department of Vera 
 Cruz, 6 miles S.E. of Tampieo, on I>ake Tampico. I'op. 1500, 
 who export large quantities of salted prawns to the interior. 
 The town is meanly built ; its harbor is shallow, and it has 
 now little foreign trade. 
 
 PUELCHES, pwM'chJs. a tribe of Indians in Patagonia. 
 
 PUENTA GORDA, pwSn'td goR'dl a settlement of Caribs, 
 in the British Honduras, 150 miles S. of B.alize. 
 
 PT'ENTE, pwJn'tA or poo-Jn't.A, a Spanish word signifying 
 '•a 1jridge,"-a prefix to the names of numerous towns of 
 Sp.iin. See Poxte. 
 
 PUENTE DE EUME, pwSn'tA dA A'oo-mA, a town of Spain, 
 province, and 13 miles E. of Corunna, on the Eume, here 
 crossed by a long, ancient bridge. Pop. 2170. 
 
 PUENi'E DE GENIL, pwJn'tA dA nA-neel', a town of 
 Spain, province, and 27 miles S. of Cordova, on the Genii. 
 Pop. 6408, engaged in woollen weaving, and in oil and 
 earthenware factories. 
 
 PUENTE DEL ARZOBISPO. pwJn'tA dfl da-tno-bees'po, a 
 town of Spain, province of Toledo, near the Tagus, 18 miles 
 S.W. of Talavera. Pop. 979. 
 
 PUKNTE DEL CONGOSTO, pw?n'tA dSl kon-gos'to, a town 
 of Spain, 43 miles W. of Avila, on the Tormes. Pop. 2000. 
 
 PUENTE LA REINA, pwJn'tA Id rA/ud, a town of Spain, 
 in Navarre, province, and 13 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona, on 
 the Arga. here crossed by four bridges. Pop. 3700. 
 
 PUE.NTE NACIONAL, pwJn'tA nd-se-o-ndl', a village of 
 Mexico, on the road leading from Vera Cruz to the capital, 
 aVjout 45 miles N.W. of the former. It is situated on a 
 small stream, here crossed by a bridge, and contains an old 
 fort. A skirmLsh took place here, Augu.st 11, 1847, between 
 a detachment of the American army and a party of Mexican 
 guerrilleros, in which the former had 11 men killed and 40 
 wounded. 
 
 PUENTES DE GARCIA RODRIGUEZ, pwjn'tjs dA gaR-' 
 thee'd ro-nree'gh?th, a town of Spain, province, and 24 miles 
 E.N.E. of Corunna. Pop. 1496. 
 
 PUERCO. pw jR^io, a river of New Mexico, rising near 36° 
 20' N. lat. and 107° 15' W. Ion. It flows southerly, and 
 joins the Bio Grande in about 34° 22' N. lat. Length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 PUERS, pu^aiR/, a market-town of Belgium, province, and 
 12 miles S.S.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 4000. ' 
 
 PUERTO, pw§R/to or poo-^R/to, a Spanish word signifying 
 
 1547 
 
PUE 
 
 PUL 
 
 -port," forming the prefix to many names in Spain and 
 South America. &c. 
 
 PUERTO BKLLO, p«4R'to b^l'yo, (i.e. "fine harbor,") a 
 seaport town of South America, in New Granada, depart- 
 ment, and 40 mile.s N.X.W. of Panama, on the X. side of its 
 Isthmus. It is surrounded by mountains, and unhealthy, 
 but the excellence of the harbor (whence its name) rendered 
 it formerly of high commercial importance: it was taken 
 by Admiral Vernon in 1739, at which time it was strongly 
 fortified. It has now greatly declined. 
 
 PUERTO CABKLLO, pw Ja'to kl ejl'yo, (or kJ-vJl'yo.) a sea- 
 port town of South .Vinerica, in Venezuela, province of Canv 
 eas. in theGulf of Triste, 20 miles X.W. of Valencia, of which 
 it is the port. The town stands on an island connected with 
 the mainland by a bridge. It is unhealthy, but has a good 
 harbor, and w.as formerly the seat of a considerable trade. 
 A railroad is projected from Puerto Cabello to San Felipe. 
 
 PUERTO DE LA CRUZ DE GRATA VA, pwjft'to dA U 
 kroos d.^ o-ro-tj'vd, a seaport town of the Canary Islands, 
 on the S. coast of the island of Teneriffe. It has paved and 
 clean streets. 5 squares, in one of which is a pretty aiameda. 
 It wiis declared a free port in 1852. The anchorage is bad. 
 Wine, brandy, almonds, cochineal, silk, and barilla are ex- 
 ported ; and sugar, coffee, indigo, cocoa, hides, staves, oil, 
 rice, &c., are imported. Pop. 34.59. 
 PUERTO DE LA MAR or PORT LA MAR. See Cobua. 
 PUERTO DEL PADRK. pwea'to dM pi/drA. a harbor on 
 the N.E. coast of the island of Cuba. L:it. 21° 17' N., Ion. 
 . 76° 42' W. It has a long and narrow entrance, but after- 
 wards widens, being 9 miles long from E. to W. It affords 
 e.xcellent anchorage, fit for anv class or number of vessels. 
 
 PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA. pw^R/to dA sSn'ta ma-ree'l, 
 a city of Spain, province, and 7 miles X.E. of Cadiz, on the 
 right bank of the Guadalete. near its mouth in the Bay of 
 Cadiz. Pop. 17.9.30. It is the principal place for the export 
 of the wines of .Terez. (Xeres.) 7 miles X.E. Many extensive 
 English and French winemerchants are established here. 
 
 PUERTO LLANO. pw?R/to H'no. a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 21 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 281 2. 
 
 PUERTO MARIN, pwjn'fo niA-reen', a town of Spain, 
 province, and 12 miles S.W. of Lugo, on the Minho, here 
 crossed bv a magnificent bridae. Pop. 553. 
 
 PUERTO XAKAX.TO. pwjR'to nj-rlng'no. (i.e. "Port 
 Orange.") on the N.E. coast of Cuba, about 50 miles E._of 
 Puerto del Pndre. It has a good harbor. 
 
 PUERTO PRINCIPE. pweR'to preen'se-pA. PORTO PRIN- 
 CIPE, poR/to preen'sepA. or SAXT.\ MARIA DE PUERTO 
 PRIXCIPE, sln't3 miree'a dA pw^R'to preen'se-pA, an inland 
 city of Cuba, capital of its central department, 36 miles S.S.W. 
 of its port. Las Xuevita«,on the X. caast. between the rivulets 
 of Tinima and J.atibonico. The climate is hot and humid. 
 Pop. of jurisdiction in 1853, 32,996 whites, 6165 free blacks, 
 aad 9S51 slaves. A railway, 44 miles in length, connects 
 Puerto Principe with XueTitas. 
 
 PUERTO RtAL. pwjR/to rA-dl', a seaport town of Spain, 
 province of Cadiz, on the bay. and 6 miles E. of Cadiz. Pop! 
 3S71. It h.as manufactures of leather. 
 PUERTO RICO. See Porto Rico. 
 
 PUERTO SERRAXO. pw^R'to s^R-Ri'no, a town of Spain, 
 in Andalusia, province, and 50 miles from Cadiz, on the 
 Guad;ilete. Pop. 1559. 
 
 PUKRTO VIEJO. pwjR'to ve-.A'no, (" old port.") a town of 
 South .\mericji, in Ecuador, department, and 85 miles X.X.W. 
 of Guayaquil, on a small river flowing into the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 PUF'FIN ISLAXD, a rocky islet of Ireland, in Munster, 
 eo. of Kerry, in St. Finnan's Bay, 3 miles S.E. of Breahead, 
 in Valentia Island. 
 
 PU'GET SOUXD is the name of a bay of very irregular 
 shape, at the N.AV. extremity of Washington Territory, com- 
 municating through .\.dmiralty Inlet with the Straits of 
 Juan de Fuca. 
 
 PUGIIMAX poog-min', PEMGIIAX. p?m-g3n'. or PAM- 
 GH.V.N, pAm-gJn'. a mountain range of .\.f,'hauistan. subor- 
 dinate to that of Hindoo Koosh, stretchinir along its S. base 
 for about 100 miles. Lat. 34° 40' N., Ion. 68° 40' E. Its 
 highest summit is supposed to be from 10,000 feet to 13,000 
 feet. 
 PUGirS, a post-ofiRce of Madison co.. Louisiana. 
 PUGIIS HILL, a postoffice of Franklin co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PUGII'TOWN, a small post-village of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 68 miles E.S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 PUG LI A, pool'yi a small river of Italy, joins the Tiber 
 at Orvieto. 
 
 SH^^'i'J'*^' ^*' * '■'»«''"' "f South Italy. See Apuua. 
 PUG^LEY'S DEPOT. Tompkins <-o.. New York, a station on 
 oiVln irA?"*^ Susquehanna Railroad, 13 miles from Ithaca. 
 lUlLELEY. pwee's^ih-l.V a town of France, department 
 ' m-T°- ^ "'"**'' '^•^^- of «a"l:ic. Pop. in 18.V2. 2145 
 
 PLIG, poo'ig, a town of Sp.Hin. province, and 12 miles N.E. 
 pnT^P^VM^n .'^ ''"' ''"'^^*'' ^^^ "'?<iit«"i-ranean. Pop. 2050. 
 ipiGCERDA,poo-ig-thJr./da. a fortified frontier t»wn of 
 
 &y^^n:L""',?o';.' u^r^' '•'"• °^ ^^'^"^' ^' *^« ^-^ °^ 
 
 1548 
 
 PUI^"E.4.UX. pweezO', a tovra of France, depaitment of 
 Loiret. 42 miles E. of Pithiviers. Pop. 1S76. 
 
 PUISSERGUIER, pwees\sjR^ghee-aiR/, a village of France, 
 department of Herault. 9 miles X.N.W. of Beziers. Pop. 1745 
 PU./OLS. pii^zhol'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Lot-et-Garonne, 13 miles N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1570. 
 
 PUL.\, poo'ld. a maritime town of Sardinia, division, and 
 15 miles S.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1235. 
 
 PUL.\SKI, pu-las'kee, a county in the S.S.W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, confciins about 250 square miles. It is intersected by 
 New River, which also flows along the E. border. Little 
 River, .an atfluent of the former, forms pjirt of its E. bound- 
 ary. The county occupies a part of the great valley be- 
 tween Walker's .Mountain on the N.W., and the Blue Ridge 
 on the S.E. The soil is generally good, adapted to grain 
 and grass. The county cont.ains" abundance of iron and 
 stone coal. It is Intersected by the Virginia and Tennessee 
 Railroad. Organized in 1839. and named in honor of the 
 Polish count, I'ulaBkl. Capital, Newbern. Pop. 5416, of 
 whom 3827 were free, and loS9 slaves. 
 
 PULASKI, a county in the S. central part ot Georgia. h,as 
 an area of 54« square mile.s. It is intersected by the Oo- 
 mulgee River, and also drained by Cedar, Cypress, and 
 Reedy Creeks. The surface of the upper part is rolling, and 
 of the lower p.art level. The sr>il is generally inferior. Soft 
 limestone underlies the surfiice. Pine timber is abundant. 
 (Jrgsmized in 1808. Cajiital. Hawkinsville. Pop. 8744, of 
 whom 46.38 were free, and 410(5 slaves. 
 
 PUL.\SKI, a county in the central part of Arkansas, con- 
 tains about 1200 square miles. It is intersected by the Ar- 
 kans:i.s River, navigable by steamboats, and also drained by 
 Big -Mammelle Creek, and by Fourche and Meto Bavous. 
 The surface is level in the S.. and hilly in the N. aiid W. 
 part The soil is moderately fertile. A" rich mine of lead 
 and silver lias been opened 10 miles N. of ^iittle Rock. 
 In the vicinity of this town are valuable qu.arries of slat«, 
 and of granite very like the Quincy granite, but not 
 so hard. .4. company has been formed by a number of gen- 
 tlemen from Cincinnati to work the slate quarry. Little 
 Rockisthecounty-seatandcapital of Arkansas. Pop.ll,69d, 
 of whom S]94 were free, and 3505 slaves. 
 
 PUXASKI, a county in the S. central part of Kentucky, 
 contains an area estimated at 650 square miles. The Cum- 
 berland River bounds it on the S., and Rock Castle River 
 on the E. The surface is hilly or mountainous, excepting 
 the N. part, which is gently undulating. Pulaski alxmnds 
 in minerals, the most valuable of which are iron, lead, and 
 stone coal. About 400.000 bushels of co<al are annually ex 
 ported by the Cumlierland River, which is navigable for 
 sni.Hll steamboats. Formed in 1798. Capital. Somerset. 
 Pop. 17.201. of wnom l.i.S71 were free, .qnd 1.3.30 slaves. 
 
 PUL.\.SKI, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains about 430 square miles. It is intersected by Tippe- 
 canoe River, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is 
 mostly level, with a few low sandy ridges. About one-half 
 of the county is prairie, and the other portion produces a 
 scittered growth of oak and hickory, usually termed " oak 
 openings." The soil is productive. A railroad extends 
 through the county from Chicago to Logansyort. Organized 
 in 1S3>.t Capital, Winnaniac. Pop. 5711. 
 
 PUL.^^SKI. a county in the S. part of Illinois, contains 
 about ISO square miles. The Ohio River, which separates 
 it from Kentucky, firms itj boundary on the S.E., and Cash 
 River on the N.W. The surface is partly covered with 
 forests. The soil of the river-bottoms is fertile. It is inter- 
 sected by the Illinois Central Railroad. Capiti.l, Caledonia. 
 Pop. 394,3. 
 
 PUL.\SKf, a county in the S. central part of Jlissouri. has 
 an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Gasconade River, flowing in a N.E. direction, and also drained 
 in the S. part by the Bobidoux and Big Piney Fork, and 
 Little Piney Creek, which flow into the Gasconade. The 
 surface is hilly ; the soil generally fertile. Limestone un- 
 derlies a part of the land. The county is copiously supplied 
 with water-power. Capital. Waynesville. Pop. 3835, of 
 whom 3779 were free, and 56 slaves. 
 
 PUL.-VSKI. a post-village, semi-capital of Oswego co.. New 
 York, situated in Richland township, on S.almon River, i 
 miles from Lake Ontario, and 150 miles W.X.W. of Albany 
 It contains a courthouse, several churches, 1 newspaper 
 office. 1 bank, and manufactures of iron, wool, and other 
 matei iais. Pop. estimated at 1000. 
 
 PUL. A SKI, a post-village and township of Lawrence co. 
 Peun.sylvania, on the Shenango Biver, and on the Beaver 
 and Erie Canal, 66 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1505. 
 PUL.\SKI. a post-oflfice of Scott co.. Mississippi. 
 PULASKI, a post-village of Panola co., Texas, on the .Sa- 
 bine River, a few miles E. of Carthage. 
 
 PUL.\SKI. a thriving post-villa/e. capit.al of Giles en.. 
 Tennessee, is situated on a branch of Elk River. 75 miles S- 
 of X.ashville. It is a place of active business, and cont.ains 
 a cotton factory moved by steam, a bank, and several flou- 
 rishing scliotils. Pop. estimated at 1400. 
 
 PULASKI, a post-township of Williams co., Ohio. Vop^ 
 including Bryan, 2258. 
 
PUL 
 
 PUN 
 
 PUIjASKI, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Jackson co., Michi]j;an. I'op. 1100. 
 
 I'ULASKI, a post-offlee of Pulaslci co., Ir.di.ina. 
 
 PULA?K1. a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois, 85 miles 
 N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 PUl/ASKI. a post-office of Davis co.. Iowa. 
 
 PULiASKI. a post-village and township of Iowa co., Wis- 
 rousin, on \\ isconsin Kiver, about 28 miles N.N.W. of Mine- 
 ral Point. P<.p. 1000. 
 
 PULASKI CKKEK. of Pulaski CO., Georgia, flows into the 
 Ocmiil^ree from the right. 
 
 PUI.AJ^'KIVILLK, a po.st-village of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 PULAAVY. p<»-ld'vvee, a town of Poland, government, and 
 30 niile.s N.AV. of Lublin, on the right bank of the A'istula. 
 Pop. 3U00. 
 
 PUL'BOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 PUL'FORI), a parish of England, co., and H miles S.S.W. 
 of Chester, with a station on the Shrewsbury aud'Chester 
 P.ailwav. 
 
 PUL'IIAM, a town of England, co. of Norfolk, 3^ miles 
 N.W. of Ilarleston. Pop. in 1851, 1414. 
 
 PULHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 PULICAT, paPe-kaf, (Hindoo. Vuliacula, vd-le-i-koo'ta.) 
 a maritime toHU of India, formerly belonging to the Dutch, 
 20 miles N. of JIadras. Lat. 13° 25' N., Ion. 80° 24' E.. at the 
 S. entrance of Pulicat Lake, an inlet of the sea, 35 miles 
 m length, and 12 miles in breadth, bounded seaward by 
 a long, narrow island. 
 
 PULKAU. pool'kow, or BULKA. bCoinvd, a market-town 
 of Lower Austria, at the foot of theMannhartsberg. P. 1856. 
 
 PULT/AW-W, a post-office of Franklin parish, Lousiana. 
 
 PUL'I,0.\UfLL, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 PULLY, puriee', a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 
 I mile E. of Lau.sanne. Pop. 1000. 
 
 PULO, a prefix to names of many islands in the Indian 
 Ocean. See PooLO. 
 
 PULO AXAPIII. poo^o J-nd'fee. an islet in the Grecian 
 Archipelago, 15 miles S.E. of Santoriui. 
 
 PULO PENANG. Strait of Malacca. See Pen'.4.no. 
 
 PULO ■\VAY or PULO AY. See PooLO Wat. 
 
 PULSANO. poolsS/no, or PULZAXO. pool-zd/no, a village 
 of Naples, province of Otranto, 10 miles S.E. of Taranto. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 PULSXITZ or PULSSNITZ, pilfil.s'nits, a town of Saxony, 
 16 miles N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 2000. 'The Emperor Alex- 
 ander of Kussia and the King of Prussia had a conference 
 here in 181.3. 
 
 PULTXKV. pfilfnee, a post-township of Steuben co., New 
 York, oil the \V. side of Crooked Lake. Pop. 1470. 
 
 PULTXEY. a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 3143. 
 
 PULLVXE Y VILLE, a post-village of Wayne CO., New York, 
 on Lake Ont;irio, 28 miles E.X.E. of Rochester. It has a 
 landing and warehouses. 
 
 PULTOW A. a town and government, Poland. See Polt.wa. 
 
 PULTUSK, pool'toosk, written also PULTOWSK. a town 
 of Poland, province, and 60 miles E.X.E. of Plock, capital of 
 a county, on an i.sland formed by the Xarew. Pop. 45t)0. 
 It is well built, and has a bishop's palace, a collegiate church, 
 a nunnery, and a synag<igue, with a brisk trade in corn. 
 Here, in 1703, Charles XIX. conquered the Saxons, and on 
 the 2(jth December, 1S06, the French gained a victory over 
 the Ku?sians. 
 
 PUL'VEl'.BATCH CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Salop. 
 
 PUL'VEirS CORNERS, a postofRce of Dutchess co.. New 
 York. 
 
 PUMP'KTX. a post-office of Southampton co., Tirginia. 
 
 PUMP'KIXPILK, a post-office of Paulding Co., Georgia. 
 
 PUMI'KIX PINK, a post-office of Polk Co., Georgia. 
 
 PU.M l''KlXTOWX,a post-villageof Pickens district. South 
 CaniliuH. lib miles W.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 PUM I'KIXTOWX, a post-office of Randolph CO., Georgia. 
 
 PUMP'RINYTXE, a post-office of Paulding co., Georgia. 
 
 PUMPKIXYIXE CREEK, of Georgia, flows into the Eto- 
 wah, a lew miles S. of Cartersville. in Cass county. 
 
 PUXA, poond', improperly written PUNO, an island off 
 the AV. coast of South America, in Ecuador, department, and 
 40 miles S.W. of Guayaquil, in the Gulf of Guayaquil. 
 Length, from N. to S., 30 miles ; breadth, 10 miles. The 
 surface is well wooded. On its N. side is the village of Puna, 
 with a t' .lerable harbor. 
 
 PUXCH, p&nch. a small town of the Punjab, in lat. 33° 
 51' N., lou. 73° 53' E., near the frontier of Cashmere, where 
 crossed by the Punch Pass, 8500 feet in elevation. 
 
 PUXCH'KON. a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky. 
 
 PUXCHSHIR. pttnch'sheer', or PUN.TSHIR, pQnj'sheer', 
 s valley of Afghanistan, stretching S.W. along the S. side 
 >f Hindoo Koosh, for about 60 miles, from the Khawak Pass. 
 Lat. 35° 42' N.. Ion. 69° 53' E. A river of the same name, 
 flowing through the centre of the valley, is fed by numerous 
 streams from its sides. The soil is naturally so sterile that 
 there is scarcely a single tree of spontaneous growth: but 
 lareful culture has covered the surface with groves and or- 
 chards of mulberry and other fruit-trees, and every spot 
 capable i-f yielding grain is turned to account. The inhabit- 
 
 ants, considered to be of Peisiaii descent, are expert in the 
 use of firearms, and make good soldiers; and it has lx*eu 
 estimated that they could muster 10.000 fighting men. 
 
 PUNCK'XOLL. a parish of Kngland. co. of Dorset. 
 
 PUN^DERPOOR', a town of India, dominions, and S9 miles 
 E. of Sattarah, on the Beem.ah. Lat. 17° 42' N., Ion. 75° 2^ E 
 It is regularly and well built, aiid has several palaces. Pop 
 25,000. (?) 
 
 PUNGANOOR, pftn-gd-noor', a fortified town of British 
 India, presidencv of Sladras. CO miles N.AV. of Arcot. 
 
 PUN'GO CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 PUNGOTE.\GUE, ptlngVo-teeg', a post-village of Accomack 
 CO., Virginia. 12 miles S.W. of .\ccomack Court^House. It 
 has 2 churches and a mill. 
 
 PUXGUDUTIVE, pfing-goo-doo-teev/, a small 'i.sland S.W. 
 of .Taifnapatam, on the N. end of Ceylon, about 10 miles in 
 circumference. Pop. 2415. 
 
 PUXHETE, poon-yA/tA, a market-town and military post 
 of Portugal, province of Estrem.idura. on the Tagus, at the 
 head of its navigation, 9 miles W.X.W. of Abrautes. Pop. 
 1100. It exports raisins and other fruits. 
 
 PUNISHEER, a river of Afghanistan. See Pendjsheher. 
 
 PUNITZ, poo'nits. (Polish, Powiec, pAv'yits,) a town of 
 Prussian Poland, government, .and 44 miles S. of Posen. 
 Pop. 1620, partly employed in linen-weaving and in brewing. 
 
 PUNJAB, ptin-jdb'. or PUNJ.\UB, an extensive territory 
 of North-west Hindostan. embracing the country watered by 
 the " five great w.aters," of which the Indus is the most west- 
 erly, and the Sutlej the most easterly. The outline of the dis- 
 trict is angular, the apex being at the point where the Indus 
 and the Punjnud meet, in lat. 28° 55' N., Ion. 70° 2S' E. The 
 X. is an elevated region, formed by the Bolor, Thibet, and 
 West Himalaya Mountains, and from whence issue six rivers, 
 which flow S. through a level and low-lying region. The 
 livers are the Indus. Jhvlum. Clieiiaub. Ravee. Beas, with 
 theSutlej. Length, from N.E. to S.W., from Nobrain I.^dakh 
 to the confluence of the Indus and Punjnud, about 600 
 miles. Breadth, from Rampoor to Derbend, 350 miles. Pop. 
 estimated at 4,740,000, consi.sting of Sikhs, Ca.shmerians, and 
 Afghans. The N. part of the state is a range of mountains, 
 with an elevation of from 20.000 to 27,000 feet. The W. 
 range, enclosing the valley of the Indus, is of granite and 
 primary rocks. The Rup.shu Spiti aud adj.acent part of 
 Ladakh. are of secondary strata, with organic remains: the 
 East Cashmerian are volcanic and basaltic, with limestones. 
 South of lat. 34°, the country rapidly .slopes to the alluvial 
 plain of the Punjab, which extends for several hiuidred 
 miles without any considerable eminence except the salt 
 ranges at the base of the Himalayas, which contain im- 
 mense beds of rock-salt, as also alum, sulphur, nitre, coal, 
 and gypsum. The great plain is divided by the intersec- 
 tion of its rivers into 5 doahs. Tlie Sfil in general is samly 
 and barren, but with many fertile spots intermixed, and 
 there are abundant means of irrigation. The summer tem- 
 perature of the plains is excessively hot and dry ; winter 
 cool, and not unfrequently frost. Temperature at Lahore, 
 in .Tune, about 112° Fahrenheit. 
 
 The vegetation of the Punjab resembles that of East India. 
 The sugar-cane, palm, orange, and other fruit-trees flourish, 
 and all kinds of grain crops are raised, as also opium, indigo, 
 and tobacco. Camels, buffaloes, and horses are reared in 
 the extensive pasture-lands, but riiral industry is by nc 
 means generally practised. Silk and cotton fabrics are ma- 
 nufactured in the towns, as also carpets, shawls, and warlike 
 arms. A considerable transit trade is carried on in goods im 
 ported from East India and carried W.: bullion, silk, drugs, 
 and dyes being received in return. The population is of a 
 mixed kind. In the N. are Thibetan Mongolians, and the 
 remains of foi-mer Afghan conquerors are scattered over the 
 whole country ; the great majority of the people are Punjab 
 Jats, descendants of Hindoo Rajpoot .Jats; the Khalsa Sikh 
 population may amount to 500,000. Their religion, origi- 
 nally supi)Osed to have been a pure deisai, is now a modifi- 
 cation of Hindooism. They have no castes, and the military 
 profession is open to all. Their morals are depraved and 
 sensual. In person the Sikhs resemble the Ilindoos, but 
 are of more robust and active habits than the natives of 
 Middle India, and they excel in warlike enterprise. The 
 Sikh government, a military despotism, extended over the 
 whole of the Punjab, Cashmere, Ladakh, and Balkh. Peshawer 
 W. of the Indus, and the Derajat as far S. as the frontier of 
 Sinde. The revenue was formerly estimated at about 
 2,500,000?. annually. Runjeet Singh had an army of 75,000 
 men. The principal towns are Lahore, the capital, .imritseer, 
 Serinagur, Mooltan, Peshawer. Jnllinder, and Jelalpoor. 
 
 The Punjab was the scene of Alex!>nder the Great's ori- 
 ental conquests. .\t the beginning of the tenth century 
 it was oveiTun by Mohammed of Ghuznee, "the destroyei'." 
 Subsequently it was conquered by the Afghans, and in 
 1526 by Baber the Mogul Concineror. Under the late Run- 
 jeet Singh, the power and boundaries of the kingdom were 
 gre.atly extended ; and on his death, in 1839, and the subse- 
 quent massacres of his nearest heirs, the country became 
 the scene of anarchy. An unprovoked invasion of the British 
 
 1549 
 
FUN 
 
 PUT 
 
 lerriti. ie? E. of the Sutlej by a powerful army of the Sikhs 
 In 1S44. led to a seiies of British viftories at Moodkee, Kerb- 
 ieshahj Aliwal. and Sabraon, and their submission by treaty 
 in 1816. This treaty was agjiin broken by Shere Singh in 
 1818, and the Sikh force was finally defeated and dispersed 
 at Guzerat, February 21. 1S49. The Punjab was then form- 
 ally annexed to the British possessions in India. 
 
 PUXJ DKEN, panj deen, written also PUNJ-DEH and 
 PEXJDEH. a Turcoman station.^ry camp, in Khorassan, on 
 the route from Herat to Jlerv. 130 miles N. of Herat. Lat. 
 3G'' i' N., Ion. 62° 41' E. Puiij Deen is a frontier post of the 
 Khan of Khova. 
 
 PUN.TGaOK, pQnj'goor', a town of Belooehistan. province 
 of Mekran. on the Doostee, 74 miles X.\.E. of Kedje. 
 
 PUNJXtlD. puiij'nud'. a name applied to the conjoined 
 stream of thu flhani and Chenanb Hivers. which unites with 
 the Indus after a S.W. course of about 60 miles. At Ooch it 
 is half a mile wide at low water, and 15 or 20 feet deep. 
 
 PUXKAIIS or POXKAS. pfinkMs, a tribe of Indians for- 
 merly dwelling in the S.E. part of the present Nebraska 
 Territory. 
 
 PUX'XAH or PAX'/XAH, a rajahship of Hindostan, pro- 
 vince of Allahabad, subsidiary to the British, and having 
 an area of 6SS square miles. Pop. 67.500. It pays to the 
 Bengal government a tribute of 11,000 rupees annually, and 
 maintains a force of 200 cavalry and 700 infantry. It con- 
 tains the famous diamond-mines of P.vnsah. 
 
 PUN X AIR, pu.n-nAi-', or PAX AUK, pa-nawr', a river of 
 South India, rises in Mysore, traverses the British districts 
 of Salem and South Arcot, and enters the sea at Cuddalore, 
 93 miles S.S.W. of Madras, after an E. course of 220 miles. 
 The towns of Ryacotta and Kistnaghur are on its banks. 
 
 PUXO, poo/no. a department of Peru, mostly between lat. 
 14° and 18° S., and Ion. 69° and 72° W., having E. Bolivia, 
 and on other sides the departments of Cuzco and Arequipa. 
 Estimated area, 21.540 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 285,661. 
 It is nearly enclosed by eordilleras of the Andes, comprises 
 the greater part of the Lake Titicaca, and was formerly fa- 
 mous for the number and wealth of its silver mines. The 
 chief towns .are Puno, Chucuito, Asangaro, and Lampa. 
 
 PUNO, a city of South Peru, capital of a department and 
 province, on the Bay of Puno, on the W. shore of Lake Titi- 
 iMca, 130 miles E.X.E. of Arequipa, and 12,870 feet above the 
 *ea. Pop. 9000. 
 
 PUXTA DE LOS REYES, poon'td dk loce rifyls, a post- 
 office of Marion co., California. 
 
 PUXTA DE PIEDRA, poon'ti dJ pe-i^drl, (t. e. "Stony 
 Point,") a maritime town of South America, in Venezuela, 
 department, and 70 miles E. of Cumana, at the head of the 
 Gulf of Paria. It stands on a fine elevated plain, and has 
 risen into importance wholly within the present century. 
 
 PUXTA DI STILO, poou'td dee stee'lo, (anc. OocMthum or 
 Cocin'tum.) a point or cape of Italy, iu Calabria Ultra, on the 
 S.E. coast, in lat. 38° 2S° N.. Ion. 16° 36' E. 
 
 PUXTA ESPADA. poon'ti ^s-pi'Dd, a promontory at the 
 E. end of the island of Hayti, in lat. 12° 4' N., Ion. 71° 10' W. 
 
 PUXTA LLAXA, poon'td Id'ni, a town of the Canary 
 Islands, on a rugged site, on the E. side of the island of 
 I'alma. Pop. 1938. 
 
 PUXTA LORNA, poon'ti loR/nJ, the VT. promontory form- 
 ing the entrance to the port of San Diego, on the Pacific 
 coast of the United States, in lat. 32° 39' 30" N., Ion. 117° 
 15' 17" W. 
 
 PUXTAS AREXMS, poon'tis l-Ainls, the principal port 
 of Costa Rica, Central America, on the Gulf of Nicoya. It 
 has a good harbor and a rapidlyriucreasing trade, as it com- 
 municates by an excellent road with a great part of the in- 
 terior. In 1845 it exported 50,000 quintals of coffee. 
 
 PUXUKK.\, a town of Hindostan. See Poo.n'UKK.*.. 
 
 PUXXUTAWXEY, a post-village of Jefferson co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 130 miles W'.N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 PUR. two rivers of Siberia. See Poor. 
 
 PUR.iCE, poo-rd-sA'. a mountnin peak of the Andes, in 
 New Granada ; lat. 2° 20' X. Height. 17,034 feet. 
 
 PURACE, or PUSAMKIO, poo-sjm'be-o, a village of South 
 America, New Qranada, 12 miles E.S.E. of Popayan, on the 
 volcano of Purace, by an eruption of which, In 1827, it was 
 temporarily destroyed. 
 
 PUR.vnx, a town of Rus.sia. See Poorateen. 
 
 PUIVBECK, ISLE OF. a peninsular district of England, 
 CO. of Dorset, between the river Frome and the English 
 Channel, terminating in St. Alban's Head. Length. 10 
 miles; breadth, about 7 miles. Corfe Castle is in this 
 district 
 
 PUUCELL, par-sMl', an isl.ind off the W. coast of Pata- 
 Ronia, from which it is separated by a deep channel about 
 U miles wide, in lat. 46° 55' 20" S., ion. 74° 39' 55" W. 
 PfU'CiXLSVILLE, a post-office of Loudon co., Virginia. 
 PURCHEX.\, pooR-ch.Vui. a town of Spain, province, and 
 .» miles X.X.E. of .^Imeria, on the right bank of the Almau- 
 lor. Pop. 1596. 
 
 PUR'DY, a post-village, c.ipital of SIcXairy CO., Tennessee, 
 13« miles W.S.W. of Xashville. 
 
 PURDY CREEK, a post-village of Steuben co., New York, 
 about 22 miles W.S.W. of Bath. 
 1660 
 
 PURDY ISLAND, off the S. coast of Australia, belongs to 
 the Xuyts Archipelago. 
 
 PURDY ISLAXDS, a group of islands in the South Pac! 
 fie. S. of the Admiralty Islands, about lat. 2° 51' S.. Ion. 1460 
 15' E. 
 
 PUR'DY'S STATION, a pos^vilIage of Westchester co., 
 Xew York, on the Harlem Railroad, 50 miles N.N.E. ol New 
 York. 
 
 PURTLEET. a township of England, co. of Essex, situ 
 ated on an eminence beside the Thames, 15 miles E. of Lon 
 don. Pop. 704. It has a small pier for steamers, and a large 
 government bomb-proof powder magazine. 
 
 PUR'GITSVILLE,:! post-office, Hamiishiro co.. W.Virginia. 
 
 PURIFICACIOX, poo-re-fe-kd-se-on', a town of South 
 America, in Xew Granada, department of Cuudinamarc-i, ou 
 the -Ma.'dalena, 72 miles S.W. of Bogota. 
 
 PUldFICACION, poo-re-fe-kd-se-6n', a town of the ilexican 
 Confederation, 95 miles W.X.W. of CoUma. 
 
 PU'RITOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PURK.\SSA, pfir-kds'sd, a town of Britii.h India, presi- 
 dency of Bombav, district of Candeish, on the Taptee, 84 
 miles E.N.E. of Surat, in lat. 21° 29' N., lon. 74° 22' E. It 
 is now in decay, but numerous ruined temples attest its 
 former importance. 
 
 PUR'LEI(5II, a pari.'sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PUR'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 PUKMEREXD. puR/mgh-r§nt\ a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of.North Holland, on the North Holland Canal, 10 
 miles X'. of Anist<.Tdam. Pop. 3372. It has large markets 
 for cattle and cheese. 
 
 PURNEAH, pur'ne-a, a town of British India, capital of 
 a district of its own name, 230 miles X.W. of Calcutta, in 
 l,at. 25° 45' N., lon. 88° 23' E. Pop. estimated at 40,000. It 
 is isaid to occupy 9 square miles, being rather an assembLaga 
 of villages than a cjinpaet town. A good deal of indigo 
 is raised in its vicinity. 
 
 PURNEAH, a district of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. Area, 74G0 s<|uare mUes. Pop. 1.362,li55. 
 
 PURRUAII, p&r'rooVh, a town of British India, presl 
 dency of Bengal, district, and 45 miles S.S.W. of Dinagepoor 
 iu lat. 25° 20' N., lon. 88° 14' E. It has extensive ruins of 
 mosques and other buildings. 
 
 PURRU.A.H, a town of Biitish Indi.% presidency of Bengal, 
 district of Burdwan, 32 miles N.N.W. of Calcutta. 
 
 PURS'LEY, a post-office of Greene co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 PUIVTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, with a sta- 
 tion on the Great Western Railway, 4j miles W.N.W. of 
 Swindon. 
 
 PURUS, poo'rooce, or PURU, poo-roo', CUCHIA'ARA, koo- 
 che-vi/rd,ariver of South America, rises in Peru, flows X.E., 
 and after a course of 400 miles, joins the Amazon in lat. 4° 
 S., lon. 61° W. It traverses the least-known part of the 
 -American continent. At its junction with the .\mazon it is 
 scarcely inferior in size to that river. Length, estimated at 
 from 400 to 500 miles. 
 
 PURUVESI, poo-roo-vA'see, a lake of Russia, in Finland, 
 in the S. of the circle of Kuopio. It is about 24 miles long, 
 by 15 miles broad. 
 
 PUR'VIS, a post-office of Sullivan co.. New I'^ork. 
 
 PURAVAN, ptir-wdn', a village of .Afghanistan, in a valley 
 of the s.ame name, on the S. side of Hindoo Koosh, in lat. 
 35° 9' N.. lon. 69° 16' E. It acquired some celebrity during 
 the military operations in Afghanistan in 1840, as the scene 
 of a severe check sustained by the British. 
 
 PUS.VMBIO, a vill.age of South America. See Pcr.we. 
 
 PU'SEY. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 PU'SEYVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 PUSHMATAHA, ptlsh'ma-ta-haw', a post-offloe orChoctaw 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 PUSI.VXO, poD-se-d'no, a village of Northern Italy, 10 miles 
 E. of Como, on the Lake of Pusiano, which is about 3 miles 
 long by 1 mile in bre.idth, 160 feet deep, and 840 feet abova 
 the jVdriatic. 
 
 PUSOPK, LADAN Y, IChMdit' pii'shopk', a village of Hun- 
 gary, Thither Theiss, CO. of Szabolcs, 7 miles S.W. of Na 
 dudvar. Pop. 3463. 
 
 PUSPOKY. (Puspoky.) pUs'po'kee, (Ger. Buschdorf. Wish'- 
 doRf.) a market-town of West Hungary, co., and 6 miles S.E. 
 of Presburg. Pop. 121S. 
 
 PUSTERTH AL, poos'tei-tdP, a district iu the E. part of the 
 Tyrol, watered by the head streams of the Drave and Adiga. 
 Chief town. Bruneck. 
 
 I'UST-OZERSK, a town of Russia. See Poost-Ozersk. 
 
 PUT.\, poo'td. a small town of Yolo co., Califcjrnia. 
 
 PUTA RIVER, Californi.i, rises in Napa county, runs in 
 an E. direction through the beautiful Berryessa Valley, 
 and at last wastes its waters in the Tule marshes. 
 
 PUT.WL, a town of Russia. See Pootivl. 
 
 PUTBUS. prOt/boos, a market-town of Prussia, in the 
 island of RUgen. 5 miles S.E. of Bergen. Pop. 1340. 
 
 PU-TCHU, a city of China. See Poo-ciioo. 
 
 PUTliAUX, pU^t5', avill.tge of France, department of Seine, 
 11 miles W. of Pari.s. on the left bank of the S; ine. and jn 
 the Paris and Versailles Railw.ay. Pop. iu lSo"i, 4346 
 
PUT 
 
 PUTKOLANUS SINUS. See Naples. Bat of. 
 
 PUTKOLI. See Pozzuoli. 
 
 PUT'KOKD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PUTEOKD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PUTIGXANO, poo-teeu-yd/no, afown of Naples, province, 
 ind -23 miles S.K. of Bari. Pop. 9000. , 
 
 PUT'LKY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 PUTLITZ, pout'llts, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, 9 miles N.W. of Pritzwalk. Pop. 1520. 
 
 PUT'NAM, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has an 
 area of about 2^0 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the State of Connecticut, and on the AV. by the llud.son, and 
 is principally drained by Croton River and Peekskill Creek, 
 which afford some water-power. The surface is uneven and 
 hillv. and in the W. part mountainou.s. the elevated ridge 
 called the Ilighland-s passing through it. The soil is gene- 
 rally fertile. Iron ore of excellent quality is abundant, and 
 large quantities are manufactured. The West Point foun- 
 dry is one of the most e.\tensive in the United State.s. Plum- 
 bago, sulphur, and iron pyrites are also found. The Hud- 
 son River is navigable for ships along the entire W. border. 
 The Harlem Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad tra- 
 verse the county from N. to S. Organized in 1812, and 
 named in honor of General Israel Putnam, an officer in the 
 Revolution. Capital, Carmel. Pop. 14 002. 
 
 PUT.N A M, a county in the W. part of W. YirRiiiia, touching 
 the Ohio River, contains 350 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Great Kanawha River, navigable by steamboats. The 
 surface is occupied by valleys and hills ; the soil is generally 
 fertile. The hills contain immense beds of iron ore and 
 bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Covington and 
 Ohio Railroad, not yet finished. It was organized in 1S48, 
 including parts of Mason and Kanawha counties. Capital 
 Winfield. Pop. 6301, of whom 5721 were free, and 680 
 slaves. 
 
 I'UTNA JI, a county in the central part of Georgia, has an 
 area of about 360 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the Oconee River, intersected by Little River, and al.so 
 drained by Crooked, Indian, and other creeks. The surface 
 is somewhat diversified, and partly covered with forests of 
 oak, pine, and other trees. The soil is of the description 
 called " mulatto," well adapted to cotton, but impoverished 
 by a bad system of cultivation. Copper and iron have been 
 found, and granite is abundant. A railroad has been opened 
 from Eatonton to the Central Railroad at Gordon. Organ- 
 ized in 1807. Capital, Eatonton. Pop. 10,125, of whom 2987 
 were free, and 713S slaves. 
 
 PUTNAM, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, bordering 
 on the Atlantic, has an area of 840 square miles. It is In- 
 tersected by St. John's River, and also drained by the Ock- 
 lawha. The surfiice is but little higher than the sea, and 
 consists mostly of marshes, grassy plains, and pine forests. 
 The soil is sumly. Capital, I'ilatka. Pop. 2712, of whcm 
 1005 were free. 
 
 PUTNAM, a county in the N.E. central part of Tennessee, 
 has an area estimated at 500 square miles. It is drained by 
 small aflluents of Curaterland River. The surface is un- 
 even and partly covered with forests. The county was 
 formed since 1850. out of parts of Jackson and White coun- 
 ties. Capital, Monticello. Pop. 855S. 
 
 PUTXAM, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, has an area 
 of about 480 square mile.s. It is intersected by the Auglaize 
 River, and also drained by Blanchard's Fork and the Ottawa 
 River, affluents of the former. The surface is level, and ex- 
 tensively covered with good timber. A large part of the 
 county is occupied by the Black Swamp; the soil, when 
 drained, is very productive. It is intersected by the iliami 
 Extension Canal, and by the route of the Dayton and Michi- 
 gan Railroad. Capital, Kalida. Pop 12,808. 
 
 PUTNAM, a county in the W. central pirt of Indiana, 
 contains 480 square miles. It is drained by the Eel River, 
 an aflluent of White River. The surface is partly level, and 
 partly undulating. The soil is mostly a black loam, and in 
 some parts calcareous, and is well adapted to grain or grass. 
 In IS.jO this county yielded 85,837 pounds of wool, being the 
 greatest quantity produced by any county in the state. 
 Quarries of valuable limestone have been opened. It is in- 
 tersected by the Indianapolis and Terre Haute, and the 
 Louisville ly'ow .Albanv and Chicago Railroads. Capital, 
 Greencastle. Pop. 20,681. 
 
 PUTNAM, a county in the N. central part of Illinois, has 
 an area of 200 square miles. It is intersected by the Illinois 
 River, navigable by steamboats. The surface is nearly level 
 or undulating ; the soil is highly productive, and easily cul- 
 tivated. The county contaiiw! extensive prairies, and is 
 liberally supplied with timber. Stone coal is found in this 
 county. It is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 Organized in 1831. Capital, Hennepin. Pop. 5587. 
 
 PUTN.4.M, a new county in the N. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Iowa, has an area of about 290 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by Chariton River, flowing from N. to 
 S.. and intersected by Shoal Creek. The surface is diversi- 
 fied with prairies and woodlands. Capital, Putnamville. 
 Po]). 9207, of whom 9176 were free, and 31 slaves. 
 
 l'UTN.\M, a pojt-townsUip forming the N. extremity of 
 
 PTJY 
 
 Washington co , New York, bordering on Lakes George «iid 
 Champiain. Pop. 754. 
 
 PUTNAM, a village of Ohio. Sec Zaxestille. 
 
 PUTNAM, a township in the S.W. part of Livingston c<v., 
 Michi-an. Pop. 1213. 
 
 PUTNA.M VALLEY, a post-township of Putnam cc, New 
 York. 50 miles N. by E. of New York. Pop. 1583. 
 
 PUT'NAMYILLE, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana, 
 is plea.santly situated on the National Road, 40 miles W.S.W. 
 of Indianapolis. The extension of the Albany and Salem 
 l{ailroad passes through this village, i'op. in 1860, 251. 
 
 PUTNAMVILLE, a post-village, capital of Putnam co. 
 Missouri, about 150 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 PUT'.N'EY, a village and parish of England, co. of Surrey, 
 on the Thames, opposite Fulhnm, with which it is connected 
 by a wooden bridge, and on the London and Richmond Kail- 
 way, Oi miles W.S.W. of St. Pauls, Loudon. Pop. in 1851, 
 52S0. The village has many good residences, a conspicuous 
 church, and various inns facing the river. Rowing and 
 sailing matches are here often held. Steamers ply con- 
 stantly between it and London. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 
 and principal agent of Henry VIII. in the spoliation of the 
 monasteries, and Gibbon, the historian, were natives of 
 Putney. 
 
 PUTNEY, a post-township in Windham co., Vermont, on 
 the N. side of the Connecticut River, and on the Vermont 
 A'alley Railroad. 105 miles S. by E. of Slontpelier. Pop. 11G3. 
 
 PUT'NEYVILLE, a small post-village of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 PUTRID SEA, Russia. See SivAsn. 
 
 PUTTK, put/teh, a village of Belgium, province, and 10 
 miles S.E. by E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2702. 
 
 PUTTEK. ptltHee'. a town of the Punjab, 12 miles W. of 
 the lie:is, and 38 miles S.E. of Lahore. Pop. about 5000. It 
 is well built, and has a government stud. 
 
 PUTTELANG K, piitH? h-lSNzh', or PUTTLINOEN, pUtt'- 
 ling-fn, a town of Fr.ince, department of Moselle, 9 miles 
 S.W. of Sarreguemines. Pop. 2642. 
 
 PUTTEN. put/ten, an island of the Netherlands, province 
 of South Ilolland.'formed by the Meuse, 8 miles S.W. of Rot- 
 terdam. 
 
 PITTTEN, a village of the Netherlands, province of Gelder- 
 land. 6 miles S. of Harderwick. Pop. 3233. 
 
 PUT'TENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 PUTTEN HAM. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 PUTTERSHOEK, pQt'ters-hook\ or PIETERSIIOEK, 
 pee/tfrs-hook\ a village of IloUand, province of South Hol- 
 land. 4 miles W. by S. of Dort. Pop. 1585. 
 
 PUTTOOLA-KILLA. See Flttoolah-Kilia. 
 
 PUTTS'VILLE, a post-office of Essex Co.. New York. 
 
 PUTT'UGUN'PUS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 PUTTUN SOMNAUTH, Hindostan. See Somn.\cth. 
 
 PUTUMAYO, poo-too-ml'o, or IQA, ee'si, a river of South 
 America, in licuador, rises by many heads near Pasto, flows 
 E.. and joins the Amazon at Iga. Total course, 700 miles. 
 
 PUTKALO, poot-zd'lo, a small island of Finland, in the 
 N. part of Lake Ladoga. 
 
 PUTZIG, (pudf/sio) Bat of, the W. arm of the Gulf of 
 Dantzic, separated from the Baltic by a long and narrow 
 tongue of land. Length, from S.E. to N.AV., 20 miles. 
 
 PUTZIG, a town of West Prussia, 26 miles N.N.W. of 
 Dantzic. on the Gulf of Dantzic. Pop. 2180. 
 
 PUX'TON, a parish of England, co. of .Somerset. 
 
 PUY, Le, leh pwee, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Loire, 68 miles S.W. of Lyons, near the left 
 bank of the Loire. Pop. in 1852, 15,723. It is built in the 
 form of an amphitheatre, on the S. slope of Mount Anis. 
 Crowning the mount, and overtopping the houses, is a ver- 
 tical rock with a tabular summit called Rocher deCorneille, 
 containing tlie ruins of a castle. Of still more remarkable 
 appearance, though much less lofty, is the Rocher-de-St. 
 Jlichel, an isolated conical rock of basaltic tufti, rising 
 abruptly from the stream of the Borne to the height of 265 
 feet, with a thickness at the base of 500 feet, and at the top 
 of only 45 or 50 feet. This rock is surmounted by a small 
 chapel in the Romanesque style, approached by a winding 
 stair, partly cut in the rock. The chief part of the town, 
 consisting of white houses, rising in a succession of terraces, 
 clusters round the larger rock, and in like manner the 
 suburb, called Aiguille, is built around the other. The prin- 
 cipal edifices are the cathedral, a heavy, ungainly building 
 in the Romanesque style, occupying the highest part of the 
 town; the church of St. Laurent, a large edifice, containing 
 the ashes of the celebrated Constable Du Guesdin; the the- 
 atre, occupying an octagonal building, fabled to have once 
 been a temple of Diana; the prefecture, a new edifice; and 
 the museum, cout.aining a considerable number of Roman 
 remains, and other local curiosities. Le Puy has a national 
 college, a normal school, and a library of 8000 volumes. It 
 is the see of a bishop, possesses a court of first resort and 
 commerce, a consulting chamber of manufactures, a dio- 
 cesan seminary, and an agricultural society. The town ha>' 
 manufactures of lace, woollens, and a bell foundry. It wis 
 the capital of the old district of Velay, and was the fclrth 
 place of Cardinal Polignac. 
 
 1561 
 
PUY 
 
 PYR 
 
 PTJYCERDA. a town of Spain. See Pogcerpa. 
 
 PUY DE DOME, pwee deh dom, a mountain of France, 
 near the centre of the department to which it gives name. 
 Height above the sea, 4806 feet. It is the chief peak of a 
 volcanic group of mountains, covering about 80 square 
 miles, and attached on the S. by a series of basaltic peaks or 
 pui/s to the great mnss of Mont-Dor. It is almost bare of 
 trees, but has good pasturage on its sides, and corn land at 
 its base. 
 
 PUY DE DOME, a department in the S.E. of France, 
 formed of part of Auvergne;area 3039 square m. Pop. in 
 1S61, 576,409. The surface is mountainous, and contains a 
 irreat numtier of pui/s or peaks, the chief of which are the 
 Mont-Dor and the I'uy-de-D6me. These mountains are of 
 volcanic oiigin, and contain numerous extinct craters, the 
 lava, formerly emitted from which, is used for building Hnd 
 pavius. Between the mountains extend rich valleys, and 
 that of Limagne is celebrated for its fine vegetation. The 
 principal rivers are the Allier, and its affluent, the Dore. 
 The chief mineral pre ducts are coal, antimony, silver, alum, 
 lead, iron, and marble. Tliere are numerous mineral springs 
 in the department, the most celebrated of which is that of 
 JIont-Dor. The principal manufactures are linens, wool- 
 lens, and paper. Many of the population of the sterile dis- 
 tricts emijirate every year. The department is divided into 
 the arrondissemenfs of Ambert, Clermont, ls.soire, Riom, 
 and Thiers. Capital. Clermont-Ferrand. 
 
 PUY' GUILL.\UME. pwee ghee'yom' or gheePyom', a mar- 
 bet-town of France, department of Puy-de-Dome, 8 miles 
 X.N.W. of Thiers. Pop. 1673. 
 
 PUY-LA-KOQUE, pwee-l3-rok, a market-town of France, 
 department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 19 miles X.E. of Montauban. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2354. 
 
 PUYLAUKENS, pweeMO'rfis"'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarn, 13 miles S.E. of Lavaur. Pop. in 18.i2, 0178. 
 It was formerly fortified by the Protestants, but dismantled 
 by Louis XIII. 
 
 PUY L'fiVEQUE, pwee lA'vSk', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lot, 15 miles N.W. of Cahors, on the right bank of 
 the Lot. Pop. 1125. 
 
 PUY'MIROL, pwee^meeVol', a town of France, department 
 of Lot-et-Garonne, 8 miles E. of Agen. Pop. 1036. It has 
 ruins of a fortress, formerly an important stronghold. 
 
 PUZOL, poo-thol'. a village of Spain, province, and 13 
 miles N.N.E. of Valencia. Pop. 2493. 
 
 PUZZU MAJOR, piiot'soo nti-oR', a village of the i.slandof 
 Sardinia, province, and 22 miles E.S.E. of Alghero. P. 1925. 
 
 PUZZUOLl, a town of Naples. See Pozzrou. 
 
 PWLLHELI, poo/'iZ-h-Alee, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, and small seaport town of North Wales, on Cardi- 
 gan Bay, CO., and 19 miles S.S.W. of Carnarvon. Pop. of 
 borough in 1851, 2709. It has a union work-house, a branch 
 bank, a good harbor for vessels of 60 tons, and is frequented 
 by sea-bathers. The port is subordinate to Beaumaris. The 
 borough was incorpf.rated by Edward the Black Prince. It 
 unites with Carnarvon. Bangor. Conway, Criccietfi. and 
 Kevin, in sending 1 member to the House" of Commons. 
 
 PWLL-Y-CROCHAN, poo*AZ-e-kro'Kan, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Pembroke. 
 
 PYEO'iMBE. pi'kom. a parish of England, co. of Sus.^ex. 
 
 PYKED-STANE, piTved-stain, or HELL'S CLEUGII, (kluH) 
 a mountain of Scotland, co, of Peebles, parish of Kirkurd. 
 Elevation, 2100 feet. 
 
 PYLE-AND-KEN'FIG, a parish of South "Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 PYL1>R00D-BAR or PYLE-RUDBAR, pn rood' bar', a 
 town of Persia, province of Ghilan, in a pass of the Elbrooz 
 Mountains, 35 miles S.W. of Reshd. 
 
 PYLESVILLE, pilz'vil. a post-office. Harford co.. Maryland. 
 
 PYLLE. pill, a i\irish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 PYLSTAART, pfl'stJrt. or SOL.i. sonS. an i.sland of the 
 Pacific Ocean, S.S.W. of the Friendly Isles, in lat. 22° 0' S., 
 Ion. 176° 4' W. 
 
 PY'MATU'NING or PAYMATOON'ING, a post-township 
 of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N.W. of Mercer. 
 Pop. 2407. 
 
 PYN ACKER, pi'ndk'ker. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of South Holland. 3 miles E. of Delft. Pop. 1298. 
 
 PYR'AMID LAKE, is situated near the W. border of Utah 
 Territory, partly in Yuab. (or Juab.) and partly in Toi-ele 
 X)unti«s. length. 35 miles; greatest breadth, about 15 
 miles. It derives its name from a remarkable rock in the 
 shape of a pyramid about 600 feet high, which forms an 
 \K\nDi near its K. shore. The waters of this lake are 
 brackish. 
 
 PYRAMIDS, plrVmidz, The. (Fr. Leg Pi/ramides. ]A pee'- 
 ra meed'.) the name given to a number of remarkable sepul- 
 chral monuments .amounting in all to aI>ove 60.) erected 
 
 •n /.l""'.*!"* Egyptians. The most deserving of notice are 
 ^} , i**v •'■■??"''" "f ^hee'ieh. (Gizeh or Jizeh:) these are 
 bituated about 12 miles in a direct line S.W. of Cairo, and 5 
 or h miles from tibeezeh. and consist of two large, and seve- 
 ral smaller pyramids. The Great Pyramid, otherwise called 
 the lynmid of Cheops, (kee'ops,) has a square base, each 
 side of which measures 073 feet; the Terticil height is 456 
 
 feet. On the top is a platform rather more than 32 fe«l 
 sijuare. Werethe pyramid continued to an apex, the height 
 would be atiout 479 feet. Many of the stones of which it ii> 
 built, are nearly 4 feet thick, 8 or 9 feet long, and above 6 
 feet wide. The Great Pyramid contains near its centre seve- 
 ral considerable chambers, though small compared with the 
 I size of the entire structure. In one of these is a sarcopha- 
 I gus, once enclosing, it is supposed, the body of the king 
 Cheops, who lived about 900 yeai-s B. c. The Pyramid of 
 Cephren, the second in size, has a base 684 feet Sfjuare. with 
 a vertical height of 456 feet. The Pyramids of Gheezeh 
 stand on a terrace or plateau of limestone rock, and the 
 greater part of the stones, being of the same materi.-*!. are 
 supposed to have been obtained from quarries in the imme- 
 diate vicinity. AH the pyramids are situated on the W. side 
 of the Nile. Many of those not included in the group above 
 described, are inconspicuous; some of the smaller ones 
 have in the lapse of ages become partially or entirely covered 
 with the sands from the desert. A number of them, built 
 of sun-dried brick, have crumbled into a mass of unsightly 
 ruins. 
 
 PYRA5IUS. a river of Asia Minor. See Jtroo^t. 
 
 PYRENEES, plr'en-eez. (Fr.Pyrtrtees. peeV.Vn.V; Sp. Piri- 
 ww.t. pe-re-u.Voce: Ger. i'v»"fwa«'w, pe-re-nA'en ; Jj. Pyrenafi 
 ilon't't. or Pijr^nt; Gr. Ilvpijfr;! Purine.) a lofty moun- 
 tain chain forming the boundary between France and Spain, 
 and sti-etching across the whole of the isthmus which con- 
 nects the Spanish peninsula with the rest of the European 
 continent, and abuts with one extremity at the Mediterra- 
 nean, and the other at the Atlantic. Its length, from Cape 
 Creux, N. of the Gulf of Rosas, to the point or promontory 
 near Fontarabia, is nearly 270 miles ; and its breadth near 
 the centre, where it is greatest, scarcely exceeds a third of the 
 length, or 90 miles. On the W.. the chain is continued, 
 under the name of the Cantabrian Mountains, across the N. 
 of Spain, nearlj' to Cape Finisterre, though the direction of 
 the Pyrenees is E.S.E. and W.N.W. They do not lie in the 
 same straight line, but rather consist of two lines, which 
 form parallel ridges alx)ut 20 miles distant from each other, 
 except near the centre, where they become united by means 
 of a remarkable rectangular elbow, in which some of the 
 loftiest summits are found. Both on the N. and S. sides, 
 numerous branches are thrown olT. generally at right angles 
 to the principal axis, and subside rapidly as they recede 
 from it. forming various tiansverse, but very few longitudi- 
 nal valleys. The chain rises both from the E. and W. to- 
 wards the centre. The descent on the S. side is much more 
 abrupt than on the N., has much fewer lakes, but far 
 surpasses it in the boldness and grandeur of its scenery. 
 Nest to the Alps, the Pyrenees are in general the highest 
 mountains of Europe; the summit of the chain forms a 
 curved line, with a mean altitude of 7990 feet. As already 
 observed, the loftiest summits of the chain are near its 
 centre. Its culminating point, PicNethou.or Maladetta, situ- 
 ated there, h.is the height of 11,168 feet, and a great number 
 of pe.iks in the same locality exceed 8500 feet. To the E. of 
 the centre, the chain lowers so rapidly that its average height 
 soon becomes little more than 2000 feet. To the AV., the 
 height diminishes much more gradually, and manv peaks 
 have heights varying from 5000 to 7000 feet, and even 8000 
 feet. The principal passes in the I'yrenees, formed by the 
 meeting of valleys from opposite sides of the axis, take, in 
 the E. part of the chain the name of Cols, and towards the 
 centre that of Ports. In all, there are said to be 75 passes, 
 of which 28 may be crossed on horseback, and 7 in wheeled 
 carriages. The most frequented are those of Pertus and La 
 Perche in the E.. and St. Jean Pied de Port in the W. The 
 primary formation is less extensive than in the Alps; it con- 
 sists of granite, micaceous schist, and primitive limestone, 
 which form .t continuous Kand stretching three-fourths 
 acros-s the isthmus. The bulk of the system is composed 
 of secondary rocks which are arranged in vertical bands 
 flanking the older rocks, and consist of clay-slate, gray- 
 wacke. and blue limestone. The oolite and chalk forma- 
 tions occur on the lower part of the chain. The Pyrenees 
 contain iron ores ; copper and argentiferous lead ore were 
 formerly worked, but are now abandoned. Several of the 
 streams are auriferous, but no gold or silver mines are 
 worked. The Valley of Cardona contains a remarkable de- 
 posit of rock-salt, one of the beds measuring 390 by 750 feet 
 
 Snow lies deep in the Pyrenees during a great part of the 
 year, and is perpetual on the higher points. The elevation 
 of the snow-line is 8000 feet. From the Marbore to Mala- 
 detta. the summits are covered witii broad bands of ice, yet 
 no true glaciers have been discovered. Corn grows in some 
 of the upper valleys, maize is cultivated at the village of 
 Lescar, (Lower I'yrenees.") at an elevation of 3280 fe«t, and 
 the pine-tree grows at 10,870 feet above the sea. The bear 
 is found in the high desert regions near the snow-line, and 
 the Ivnx ascends to 8300 feet. The principal summits ar« 
 Pic Nethou, (Maladetta.) 11,168 feet: Mont Perdu. 10.950 
 feet; the Vignemale, 10,820 feet; Pic du Midi, 9540 feet; and 
 Le Canigou, 9137 feet. 
 
 The principal passes of the Pyrenees are, from E. to W., 
 Port d'Oo, 9843 fee* 'be Brecbe de Roland, 9500 feet: Et>- 
 
PYR 
 
 taulje. 8402 feet: Tourmjilet, 7143 feet; and GaTarnie. 7654 
 feet aliove the level of the sea. There are about 50 in all, 
 of which the fMllowins are fit for e^rriages: — 1. The Col de 
 I'ertiis, between Perpiirnan and Jonquera, passable at all 
 seasons; 'I. The I'ass of I'uymoriens, between the valley of 
 Pe<!;re and that of the Ariege; 3. The Port de Confranc, be- 
 tween Sarajrossa and Pau; 4. The Port of lloncevaux, be- 
 tween I'amplona and St. Jean; 5. The Pass of the Bidassao, 
 between Vittoria and I5ayonne. The chief rivers risinjj: in 
 the Pyrenees are the Adour, Garonne, and Aude, flowing 
 N., and the Llobrejiiat, and numerous affluents of the Ebro, 
 flowing f!. The Pyrenees give their name to 3 departments 
 of France. 
 
 PYl! KNEES, AUSTR.4LTAN. See Austrauax Pyrexees. 
 
 PVllfiNEK.S-ORIENTALES, peeVA'uAz-oVe-6N°HSl', a de- 
 partment in the S. of France, is bounded V,. by the Mediter- 
 ranean, and comprised in the old province of Roussillon and 
 Laut'uedoc. Area. 1571 square miles. Pop. in 1S61, 181,763. 
 The I'yrenees on the S. separate the department from Spain, 
 and connect it with their contreforts; the hi'^hest point in 
 the department is Canigou, 91.57 feet high. The chief rivers 
 are the Tet, Uly, and Aude, flowing E. to the Mediterranean, 
 the Ariege, affluent of the Garonne, and the Segre, affluent 
 of the Ebro. On the coast are the marshes of Leucate and 
 
 QUA 
 
 St. Nazaire. and the ports Collioure. Port Vendres. Bagnols:. 
 and Xouvelle. The soil contains iron, antimony, fine mar- 
 ble, and mineral springs. The orange grows here on espv 
 liers. The wines of lioussillon are esteemed. The manu- 
 factures are unimportant. The department is divided into 
 the arrondissements of Ceret, Perpignan, and Prades, 
 Capital, 
 
 PYKGO, pir'go or p66r'go, a village of Greece, in Morea, 
 government of Elis, 17 miles P.S.E. of Gastonni, near the 
 coast. It has a good bazaar, and some export trade in 
 rural produce, and imports of European manufactured 
 go<ids. 
 
 PYPlTTZ. pee'rits, a town of Prussia, Pomerania. 24 miles 
 S.K. of Stettin. Pop. 4650. It has manufactures of woollen 
 cloth and leather. Near it is the Ottobrun Spring, so called 
 from Otto. liishop of Hamberg. who here christened the 
 first Pomeranian converts in 1124. 
 
 PYKMONT, pMa'mont. a town of Central Germany, in 
 ^Valdeck Pyrmont, capital of the detached principality of 
 Pyrniont. in a valley. 32 miles S.W. of Hanover. Pdp. 1205. 
 
 PYIt'MONT, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 • P Y/\V011TIIY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 PYXUS. See Policastro. 
 
 PYZDllY, a town of Poland. See Peisern. 
 
 Q 
 
 QA TIER All, a city of Egypt. See Cairo. 
 QEN'E, a town of Egypt. See Keneh. 
 
 yOCKYR. a town of Egypt. See Kos-seir. 
 
 QUA, kwd, a mountain of Guinea, E. of the Cameroons 
 estuary, 64 miles N.W. of the peak of Cameroon. Lat. b° 12' 
 N., Ion. 8° 50' E. Height 5000 feet. 
 
 QLTACO, kwi'ko, a maritime village and headland of 
 British North America, on the S. coast of New Brunswick, 
 25 miles E.N.E. of St. .John. 
 
 QUACO, a light-house containing a revolving light, is on 
 a small rock otf Quaco Head, on the Bay of Fundy, on the 
 coast of New Brunswick, in lat. 46° 18° N., Ion. 65° 32' 30" W. 
 
 QU.VDE. a seaport of Arabia. See Grase. 
 
 CJUADRA and AANCOUVER ISLAND. See Vancouver. 
 
 QUADRATA. See Cresoentino. 
 
 QU.^DRKI/LE, kwi-drillil, a village of Naples, province 
 jf Terra di Lavero, 6 miles E.N.E. of Nola. Pop. 1500. 
 
 QUAD'l'.rXG, a parish of England, co, of Lincoln. 
 
 QUAEDMEOIIKLEN or QUAADMECIIELEN, kw|d- 
 mJK'eh-leii, a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 16 
 miles N.W. of llasselt. Pop! 112.5. 
 
 QU.EXANGER or QUANAXGER (Quananger) FIORD, 
 kwA'nrlncrVr fe-oRd', a lake of Norway, in Finmark, 30 miles 
 S.W. of Altengaard. 
 
 QUA IN' n IN, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 QUAKAKK (kwA-kaik') CREEK, of Carbon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, Hows into tlio Lehigh River. 
 
 QUAKEXBi'.UCK, (Quakenbriick,) kwitk'gn-brUk^ a town 
 of Hanover, 29 miles N. of Osnaburg. Pop. 2191. 
 
 QUA'KER lit nVTOM, a post-office of I,awreuce co., Ohio. 
 
 QUAKER HILL, a post-village of Dutchess co., New York, 
 about 90 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 QUAKER SPRINGS, a post-ofHce, Saratoga co.. New York. 
 
 QU.VKER SPRINGS, a village in Columbia co., Georgia, 
 80 miles X.E. bv E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 QUAKER STR KET. a post-office of Schenectady, New York. 
 
 QUA'KERTOWN, or FAIR^VIEW', a post-village of Hun- 
 terdon CO., New Jersey, is situated about T miles W. by N. 
 of Flemington. It has 2 churches, 7 stores, 1 iron-foundry, 
 and a niachiiK^sln >ii lor making stoves, plows,&c. P.about 900. 
 
 QU.\KK[;T0WN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. .jS miles l)v railroad N. of Philadelphia. Pop. 528. 
 
 QUAKERTOWN, a postrOfUce of Butler co., Kentucky. 
 
 QUALISCIIT, kwd'lisht, (writen also KWALLISCU?) a 
 village of Bohemia, 16 miles N.N.E. of Koniggratz. 
 
 QU.\L'LATOWN, a post^village in Haywood co., North 
 Carolina. 3' lO miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 QU.\LOEX, an island of Norway. See Hvaloe. 
 
 QUALQUI, kwSl'kee, a small town of Chili, in South 
 America, department, and 20 miles E.S.E. of Concepcion, on 
 the liidbio. 
 
 QU.\MPAXISSA, kwdm-pd-nis/sl, a large market-town of 
 Dahomey, 207 miles N. by E. of Abomey, lat. 10° 40' N., Ion. 
 2° 30' E. Pop. 12,000. 
 
 QUAXG-IUNH, kwjng'bin'h, QUANG-AI, kwjng'i', and- 
 QUAXG-N.VN, kwing^nin', are provinces of Eastern Asia, 
 of the empire Anam. in Cochin-China. 
 
 QUANG-PING or KOUANG-PING, kwdng^ng', a city of 
 China, province of Pe-chee-lee, capital of the department, 240 
 miles S.S.W. of Peking. It has numerous temples. 
 
 QUANG-PIXG, a city of Chisa, third rank, province of 
 Koei-choo. 80 miles E.N.E. of Koei-yang. 
 
 QUANG-SEE, QUANG-SI, KWANG-SI or KOUANG-SI, 
 twing'see', (i. e. '• the western extent, or western province,") 
 H province of China, between lat. 22° and 26° N., and Ion. 
 4X 
 
 105° and 112° .30' E., h.aving S.W. Tonquin, and on other 
 sides the provinces of Quang-tong, Iloo-nan, Sec. Pop. 
 7,3l:!,895. Surface mostly mountainous. It is ore of the least 
 peopled of the Chinese provinces. Nearly all its rivers join 
 the Choo-kiang, which has an E. cour.se, and ultimately be- 
 comes the Canton River. Principal products, cassia, grain, 
 metals, and gems. Chief city. Khing-yuan. . 
 
 QUANG-SEE, QUAXG-SI or KWAXG-.ST, kwSng-see. a 
 city of China, province of \'un;Ean, capital of the depart- 
 ment, 75 miles S.E. of Y'un-nan. 
 
 QUAXG-SIX-FOO or KOUAXG-SIN-FOU, kwangVin'foo/, 
 a town of China, province of Kiang-see. Lat. 28° 30' N., Ion. 
 118° 10' E.; it is walled and communicates by a fine bridge 
 of boats, with the other side of the river. 
 
 QUANG-TONG, kwing'tong', KOUANG-TOtJNG, or 
 KWANG-TUNG, kwang'toong', [i. e. '= the eastern extent or 
 eastern province,") a province of China, between lat. 20° 
 and 25° 30' N.. and Ion. 108° and 117° E., having W. and N. 
 Quang-see. Iloo-nan, Kiang-see. and Fo-kien, and E. and S. 
 the China Sea and Gulf of Tonquin, which are separnted by 
 its peninsula of Ilooee-tchoo. (Hnui-tchou.) stretching to- 
 wards Hai-nan. Pop. 19,147,030. The surface is varied ; soil 
 fertile; and it has excellent water communication. Next to 
 rice, its principal products are sugar, inferior green tea. cas- 
 sia, betel nut, iron, cheap silks,cottons, and grass-cloths, glass, 
 stone, and lacquered wares, with a great variety of other 
 goods made in Canton, tlio capital, and chief seat of the trade. 
 
 QUANO, kwd'no, a maritime town of Japan, on the E. 
 coast of the island of Niphon, 56 miles E. of Miako. 
 
 QUAX'TICO, a post-village in Somerset co., Maryland, 93 
 miles S.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 QUANTO. kwdn'to, one of the 5 divi-sions of Niphon. 
 
 QUAXTOCK HILLS, a range in England, co. of Soraor- 
 set, extending S.E. from the Bristol Channel, near Watchet, 
 to between Bridgewater and Taunton. Greatest height 
 1428 feet. 
 
 QUAXTOOKSIIEAD, EAST, a pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 QUANTOCKSHEAD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 QIJAR.\NTE, kJViNf, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilerault, 13 miles W. of Bfiziers. Pop. 1266. 
 
 QUAREGXON, kd'r Jn Vjn"', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Hainaut, 4 miles W.S.W. of Mons, with coal-mines. 
 Pop. 2300. 
 
 QUAREMONT, k3R^m6N°', a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 20 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2050. 
 
 QUARi'F, kwarf, a quoad sucra parish of Scotland, in 
 Shetland, comprising part of Mainland, with several small 
 islands off its W. coast. 
 
 QUARGNENTO. kwaRn-ySn'to, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Alessandria, near Felizzano. Pop. 2410. 
 
 QUARITZ, kwi'rits, a market-town of Prussian Silesia, 
 31 miles N.N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1790. 
 
 QUARLES, kwarlz, a post-village of Racine co., Wisconsin, 
 about 90 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 QU.^R'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 QUARN'DON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 QUARNERO, (kwdR-niVro.) GULF OF, in the Adriatic Sea, 
 between Istria and the Ilungari.an Littorale, is 15 miles in 
 length and breadth. It is nearly enclosed seaward by the 
 islands of Cherso and Veglia, and communicates with the 
 Adriatic by 3 channels. 
 
 QUARN'FORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 QUAROUBLE, kd'roob'l', a town of France, departmeni 
 
 1563 
 
QUA 
 
 of Void, 5 miles E.N.E. of Valenciennes, on the Belgian fron- 
 tliu-. Pop. 2286. 
 
 QUAKK£-Lfc»-TOMBES, kwjR'RAli-tAMV, a village of 
 France, depaitment of Yonne, 9 n.iles S.S.E. of Avallon. 
 Pop. 2340. 
 
 QUAK'RELTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 1 
 mile S. of Johnstone. Pop. 300. 
 
 QUAR'RBJiDON, a parish of England, co of Bucks. 
 
 QUARRI or KOUARRI, kwar'ree, a town of Central 
 Africa, in Hous&a, 96 miles E. of Saccatoo. Pop. 6000. (?} It 
 is enclosed by an earth rampart. 
 
 QUAR'RINGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 QUARRIXOTOX, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 QnAR'RYVILLE,a post-office of Tolland co.. Connecticut. 
 
 QUARRYYILLE, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 QUART, (?f) a village of the Sardinian States, division, 
 and 3 miles E. of Aosta, on the Dora. Pop. 2078. 
 
 QU.\RTEX, kw4R/t?n. a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 23 miles S.S.AV. of St. Gall, on a mountain spur above 
 the Laka of Wallenstadt. In 1465, the Swiss here defeated 
 the .\ustrians. Pop. 1535. 
 
 QUARTO, kwto'to, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata.) South .\merica, department of Cordov.i, flows S.E., 
 and loses itself in a marsh, after a coui-se of about 2S0 miles. 
 
 QUARTO, kwdR'to, or QUARTU, kwjR/too, a town of the 
 island of .Sardinia, 4 miles E.X.E. of Cagliari, in an un- 
 healthy salt-marsh of its own name. Pop. 574S. 
 
 QUARTUCCIO, kwjR-toofcho, a village of the island of 
 Sardiuia. 1 mile X. of Quarto. Pop. 1801. 
 
 QUAHTZ'BtiRG, a post-office of Mariposa co.. California. 
 
 QU.\SQUETOX, kwasOte-ton' (?) a post-village of Buchanan 
 CO., Iowa, on Wapsipinicon River, 55 miles X. by W. of Iowa 
 
 aty. 
 
 QUAT'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 QC.\TnLAMBA. kwat-l.-ima.l K.\TnLAMBA, kSt-Um'- 
 hL, or DRAKEXBERG, drd'ken-bjKG\ a mountain range of 
 South Africa, which stretches from X. to S. along the W. 
 frontiers of Xat.il. In the S., where loftiest, they attain to 
 the height of at least SOOO feet, and are covered with snow 
 for at least four months. 
 
 QUATRE BRAS, kiifr hri, (i. t. "four arms," that is. four 
 hands pointing the waj',) a village of Belgium, province of 
 South Brabant. 3 miles S.S.E. of Genappe, and 10 miles from 
 the village of Waterloo, at the intersection of routes from 
 Brussels to Charleroi, and Xamur to Xivelles, (whence its 
 name.) On the ICth ot June. 1815, it was the theatre of an 
 indecisive action between the French and the English, with 
 their allies, in which the Duke of Brunswick fell. 
 
 QU-iTRl>FRERES, kitr fraia, (i. e. " Four Brothers,") a 
 group of islets belonging to the Koorile Islands, between 
 Simooseer (Simusir) and Ooroop; they are mere barren loftj- 
 rocks, and though origiu.illy supposed to be fi)ur. they are 
 only three in number. The southernmost, called Tscherpoy 
 or Torpoy. is an extinct volcano. 
 
 QUATRETOXDA, kwd-tri-ton'di, a market-town of Spain, 
 province of Yalencia, 8 miles E.X.E. of San Felipe. 
 
 QUATT. kwit, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 QUATTRO VILLE, kwlt/tro veellA, (" four vilLages,") four 
 separate villages of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, 
 near Mantua. Pop. 2505. 
 
 QUAY, a post-office of Claiborne co., Louisian.a. 
 
 QUAZZOLO, kwit/so-lo, a viUage of the Sardinian States, 
 division, and 21 miles X.W, of Turin. Pop, 3852. 
 
 QUEBEC, a post-office of Sumter co,, Georgia. 
 
 QUEBEC, a post-office of Madison parish. Louisiana. 
 
 QUEBEC, kwe-b^k'; (Fr. ^«««;c, ki^Wk'; \.. Qufbecum,.) 
 a city and port of Canada Eitst, and alter Montreal, the 
 most populous city in British North America, on the-left 
 bank of the river St. Lawrence, which here receives the St. 
 Charles, about 340 miles from the ocean, and 97 miles X.E, 
 by X, of the Grand Trunk Railway at Richmond, with 
 which it communicates by a railway opened in 1854. It is 
 323 miles X.X.AV. of Portland, Maine, and 180 miles X.E. of 
 Montre.-il. Lat. (of X.E. bastion) 40° 49* 6" X.. Ion. 71° 13' 45" 
 W. ; mean temperature 39°,winter 10°, summer 6S° Fahr. The 
 city has a remarkably picturesque situation between the 
 two rivers, at the X.K extremity of a narrow but elevated 
 table-land, which, for about 8 miles, forms the left bank of 
 the St. I^awrence. Cape Diamond, the extremitv of the 
 table-land, is 333 feet ateve the level of the river, to which 
 it presents a nearly precipitous tjice; the descent of the St. 
 Charles is more gradual. ITie distance from one river to 
 the other across the ridge, is rather more than a mile. Op- 
 posite Cape Diamond, the St Lawrence is contracted to a 
 breadth of only 1314 yards; but immediately below, at the 
 confluence of the St, Charles, it spreads out into a broad and 
 beautiful basin more than 2500 vards wide, forming a capa- 
 cious and excellent harbor. The spring tides rise to 18 feet. 
 Quebec is divided into two parts called the Upper and 
 lower Towns. The Upper Town occupies the highest part 
 or the promontory; it is surroundi>d with walls, and othei^ 
 wtee strongly fortified. The citadel which crowns the sum- 
 mit of Cape Diamond, covers, with its numerous works, an 
 area of 4U acres, and from its position, is probabi v the strong- 
 Mt fortress in America. The walls are entered by 5 gates, 
 \itiA 
 
 QUE 
 
 1 of which, called the Palace Gate, leads to Ashley Barracks, 
 capable of accommodating 2iK)0 soldiers, St. Louis Gate on 
 the S,AV., conducts to the Plains of Abraham, famous as the 
 scene of AVolfe's victory and death in 1759, and of the death 
 of Montgomery in Decemter, 1775. Above the spot where 
 the latter fell, is now the Inclined Plain, 500 feet in length, 
 u.sed by the government in conveying stores and other 
 articles of great weight to the fortress. X.E, of the Plains 
 of Abraham, adjoining the walls on the S,W,. is the large 
 suburb of St. John, and farther X., bordering the river St. 
 Charles, that of St, Roche, The only entrance on the side 
 of the St Lawrence, is by the Prescott Gate, throusrh which 
 the commercial transactions are carried on. The a.sceut 
 is either by a steep and narrow-winding street, or by a flurht 
 of steps. 
 
 The Lower Town, which is the seat of commerce, is built 
 around the ba.'ie of Cape Diamond, where, in many places, 
 the rock has been cut away to make room for the' houses. 
 On the side of the St. Charles, the waters at flood-tide 
 formerly wa.shed the very foot of the rock, but from time to 
 time wharf after wharf has been projected towards low-water 
 ,mark, and foundations made sufficiently solid on which to 
 build whole streets, where boats, and even Tessels of con- 
 siderable burden once rode at anchor. The I'anks of both 
 rivers are now lined with warehouses and wharfs, the latter 
 jutting about 2l>0 feet into the stream, and along which the 
 water is of sufficient depth to admit vessels of the largest 
 .size. The streets are generally irregular and narrow, but 
 are for the most part well paved and lighted. The houses 
 are principally of stone and brick, 2 or 3 stories high, the 
 older ones with steep and quaint-looking roofs. A great im- 
 provement has been effected in the general appearance of the 
 city since the great fire of 1845, which destroyed nearly 2000 
 houses. During the year 1854. a plentiful supply of water 
 was introduced from the St. Charles. In the Upper Town 
 are several squares and public walks, ccmmanding views 
 unrivalled for their varied and picturesque lieauty. In 
 one stands an elegant monument, erected to the joint me- 
 mory of Genorals Wolfe and Montcalm, the English and 
 French comm.inders who fell at the taking of Quebec in 
 1759. It consists of an obelisk resting on a granite pedestal, 
 the whole 65 feet high. A monument. 40 feet in height, 
 marks the spot where General Wolfe fell on the Plains of 
 .\braham ; and the rock on which he expii-ed is also 
 pointed out. 
 
 Among the public buildings of Quebec, may b<> mentioned 
 the New Parliament IIo\ise, now in cour.'se of erection, on the 
 site ofthe former building destroyed by fire in February, 1854; 
 the Roman Catholic Cathedral. an irregular building, "cap.-jlile 
 of containing 4tKX) persons, and covering, with the nunnery 
 attached, an area of 8 acres: the Episcop.al Cathedral, sur- 
 mounted by a lofty spire; and the Scotch Free Church, in 
 the Grecian style, also adorned with a spire, cccnpying ele- 
 vated positions in the Upper Town : these buildings form 
 very conspicuous objects, and are seen from a great distance. 
 There are, in all, about 20 churches in Quebec. The resi- 
 dent clergy in 1852, numbered 75, of whom 58 were Roman 
 Catholic. The.se were mostly connected with the various 
 colleges and other similar institutions of the city. Of the 
 Protestant clergy, 11 belonged to the Chui-ch of England. 
 
 The educational institutions comprise 3 Roman Catholic 
 colleges, viz.: the Quebec Seminary, with chairs of theology, 
 moral and natural philosophy, rhetoric, mathemathics, Ac, 
 in which there were 12 instructors ; St. Anne"s College, with 
 9 Instructors; and the Seminary of Xicolet, with 5: the 
 Ursuline Convent, an extensive establishment, founded in 
 1641; several nunneries; the Qiiebec School of Medicine, 
 with a president and 9 professors; IheQuelic High School, 
 and 22 academies and private schools. There are also the 
 Canadian and the ilecbanics' Institute, each provided with 
 a library and reading-room : the Literarj' and Historical 
 Societs", the oldest chartered institution of the kind in 
 Canada, having been founded in 1824. and possessing valu- 
 able "Records of the Realm'" in 80 or 90 folios, and a Inrge 
 collection of historical manuscripts : but nearly the whole 
 of its museum, and a great part of its library were destroyed 
 by fire with the Parliament Buildings in February. 1854; 
 the Quel>ec Library Association; the Advoi'ates' Library; 
 the Quebec Board of Trade, and the Mei-chants" Exchange, 
 the Litter a reading-room, well supplied with newspapers and 
 periodicals. Eight newspapers are published in the city, 3 
 of which are in the French language. The ]>rincipal ^leno- 
 volent institutions are the Marine Hospital, the Quebec 
 Hotel Dieu, and the Lunatic Hospital ; the latter, in ]e.'>2, 
 had 175 patients. The Quebec Rank was established m 
 1818, besides which, there are 3 tiranch banks, 2 savings 
 banks, and agencies of 15 as-suran-^e companies, 
 
 'J'he manufactures of Quel«c, with the exception of ship- 
 building, are not extensive. The principal articles pro- 
 duced are castings, machinery, nails, leather, mu.sical instru- 
 ments, paper, and candles. There are here about 25 ship- 
 building yards, and 9 or 10 floating docks, capable of receiv- 
 ing vessels ofthe largest cla.s8. In 1864. there were built at 
 these j'ards 43 square-rigged vessels, with an aggreg.ite of 
 44,165 tons, 25 schooners of 2625 tons, and 8 steamers of 
 
QUE 
 
 BIR tons: total. 76 vessels, -with an asrcreKate burden of 
 47,30.8 tons. The tonnacje built at Quebec in 1851, was 
 40.567, and in 1848, 19,909. 
 
 Quebec is the most ancient and impottant port of Canada. 
 To facilit;it« the piloting of vessels navigatinu; the St. Law- 
 rence to this point, an institution called Trinity House, was 
 incorporated in the reign of George III., and in ISo'J, num- 
 bered 293 pilots. A pilot is first taken on board about 150 
 miles below the city. The great staple of export is timber. 
 Slontreal being the port where the agricultural exports are 
 chiefly exchanged for supplies of foreign goods. The timber 
 is furnished principally by the Ottiiwa Kiver, which, willi 
 its tributaries, drains an area of over lO.OoO square miles, 
 covered for the must part with fields of the finest phie, 
 spruce, oak, and elm. As the rafts come down the river 
 they are collected into what are called cm-es. and secured 
 by lx)oms moored along the banks, the timVier being partly 
 atioat, partly aground, according to the rise or fall of the tides. 
 These coves extend almost continuously along the left bank 
 of the St. I*awrence, for a distance of six miles atx)ve the 
 town, throughout the whole of which, at certain seasons, 
 may be seen a mass of logs, with a breadth varying from 150 
 to 200 yards. There are also extensive timber and deal- 
 sawing establishments near the town, on the right bank of 
 the St. Lawrence. The sums expended in the timber and 
 saw-mills here have been estimated at $f3.00().000 ; in 184(5, 
 the arrivals from the interior were, white pine, 24.705.287 
 feet; red pine. 6.270,("00 feet: pine deals. 1,316.401 pieces; 
 spruce deals. 916.933 pieces; oak, 2,756,754 feet; elm. 2,472.31)3 
 feet; ash. 250.432 feet; birch, 241,683 feet; and tamarack, 
 593,584 feet. These and the other kinds received, reduced 
 to board-me;»sure, with the 00.000,000 feet of sawed-deals 
 rafted down the river, give a total of above 500.000,000 feet. 
 The other important exports are fish and fish-oil, ashes, 
 grain. &c. The total value of the exports in 1848, amounted 
 to $5,399,.595, and in 1851, to J5.623.988. The imports con- 
 sisting chiefiy of cotton, woollen, silk, and linen manufac- 
 tures, iror, steel, and other hardware, fishing-tackle, paint- 
 ers' colors, &c., rose in value from $871,668 in 1841, to 
 $2,296,832 in 1848; to $3,3.35,616 in 1851; to $5,795,770 in 
 1853 ; and to $9,222,774 in 1854. For many years past an 
 immense tide of immigration has been directed to Canada, 
 the greater portion of which centres in Quebec. The following 
 table shows the number and tonnageof vessel.", with theirpa.s- 
 sengers. that arrived at the port from 1840 to 1854. inclusive. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage, 
 
 Passen- 
 gers. 
 
 Years, 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 ^--^-rgr- 
 
 IRKi.. 
 1S47.. 
 
 ISW.. 
 1649.. 
 
 1,179 
 1,011 
 
 1,061 
 
 573,nn 
 
 474,.i4.T 
 4Jfi,968 
 431,yj3 
 
 97,.')8i 
 28,'.!61 
 36,494 
 
 1S,50,. 
 18.51.. 
 
 185-2.. 
 1853.. 
 1854.. 
 
 1,079 
 
 1,185 
 1,0,55 
 
 1,188 
 1.5«3 
 
 4.11,294 
 503,034 
 4.54, 10-i 
 531,t>48 
 600,838 
 
 32.. '94 
 41,899 
 39.176 
 3(i.(>92 
 33,183 
 
 Of the passengers in 1854. 1S.175 were from England ; 
 16.168 from Ireland; 6446 from Scotland ; 11,337 from Con- 
 tinental Europe, and 857 from lower ports. All but 300 or 
 400 were steerage passengers, and 3421 were paupere. who 
 received in the aggregate on landing $13,835. Of the 1.563 
 vessels that arrived at Quebec in 1854, 178 passed up to Mon- 
 treal, where the number of arrivals for the year was 254 
 vessels (tons, 80,892.) Of these, 98 returned in bsjllast to 
 Quebec to load, and 27 partly laden to complete their cargo. 
 
 The following is a statement of the number of foreign 
 ships engaged in the Quebec trade: 
 
 
 1851. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Ships.! Tons. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Tons, 
 
 Norwav 
 
 United States 
 
 47 
 35 
 21 
 3 
 2 
 
 's 
 i 
 
 17,640 
 •10,061 
 6,677 
 
 989 
 478 
 
 3,663 
 212 
 
 58 
 51 
 
 '3 
 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 32 
 
 21,537 
 34,172 
 
 979 
 4B7 
 
 131 
 
 5!)9 
 
 10,314 
 
 93 
 55 
 26 
 7 
 
 "i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 33,4,59 
 89,174 
 9,146 
 
 Sweden 
 
 1,016 
 
 Mecklenburg 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1,083 
 
 
 1,496 
 
 
 451 
 
 Holland 
 
 217 
 
 Spain 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 
 
 177 
 
 50.7i6 
 
 152 1 68.774 
 
 192 
 
 86,190 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The number of vessels of all classes that cleared from 
 Quebec in 1854, was 1504 — tons, 664,345, 
 
 Number of vessels that have cleared at Quebec for eacli 
 of the British North American I'rovinces : 
 
 
 18,53. 
 
 1834. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 104 
 46 
 34 
 5 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 5,617 
 
 2,778 
 
 3,575 
 
 804 
 
 244 
 
 176 
 
 76 
 27 
 24 
 10 
 9 
 2 
 
 4,179 
 1,989 
 2,336, 
 
 
 683 
 
 
 535 
 
 
 110 
 
 Total 
 
 
 200 
 
 12.694 
 
 148 
 
 9,832 
 
 QUE 
 
 These vessels were employed in the transport of flour and 
 provisions to the above provinces; and, in return. Inouirb* 
 back coal, fi.sh, and AVest India produce. The tailing off n, 
 the exports of 1854. is p.artial!y accounted tor from the high 
 price of flour, and the circumstance that the trade between 
 Montreal and those provinces greatly increased. 
 
 The inhabitants of Quebec are mostly of French descent; 
 the French language is chiefly used, and d large majority of 
 the people pi-ofess the Koman Catholic relisiun. An i".i'..iu 
 village was established atQuebecin 1.5o+, .■/ ja,.via.-r,Oartier, 
 but it was not till 1608. that Samuel de Champlain founded 
 the town. It was taken by the English in lii2'J: restored to 
 the French in 10.32, and again captured by the English in 
 1759, to whom it was formally ceded at the treaty of faris in 
 1763. An unsucces.sful attempt was made by the.\mericans 
 to carry the city by as.sault on the night of December 31, 
 1775, when General Montgomery was slain. Queliec is an 
 electoral district, returning two membei's to the Provincial 
 Parliament. Pop. in 1832. 27,562 ; in 1844, 34,500 ; and in 
 1852, 42.0.52; in 1861, 51,100. 
 
 QUEUROIIO, kA-broOjo, or CARROBO,ka-bro'bo, a village 
 of lirazil, province of I'eniambuco, on the Sao Francisco, 
 276 miles AV.X.W. of Porto Seguro. Pop. 2000. 
 
 QUE'CHEK, OT'TA QUE/CIIEK, or WA'TER QUE'CIIEE, 
 a river of Windsor co., Vermont, falls into the Connecti- 
 cut Kiver. 
 
 QUECIIEE VILLAGE, a manufacturing post-village in 
 AVindsor co„ Vermont, .50 miles S, by E, of Mnntpelier. 
 
 QUEDA, QUEDAII, kA'di KED'DA or KED'AII, a state 
 of the Malay Peninsula, chiefly between lat. 5°40' and 7°N,. 
 and Ion. 99° 40' to 101° E., having W, the Strait of M.alacca, 
 and on other sides the States I.igor, Pat.any, Perak, ic. Area, 
 about 4500 square miles; estimated pop. 21,000, its inhabi- 
 tants having greatly diminished since it was conquered by 
 the Siamese in 1821. It comprises numerous grass}' plains, 
 and is well-wooded. The products compri.'e tin, gold, rice, 
 rattans, dammar, tortoise-shells, hides, and skins ; and for- 
 merly large quantities of Citttle and poultry were exi)orted 
 to Penang. which island, with the province of Wellesle}', 
 was ceded to the British by the chief of Quetlah. The capi- 
 tal town, Quedah, is on the mouth of the river in lat. 0° 6' 
 S„ Ion. 100° 20' E, ; and about 15 miles farther southward is 
 Quedah Peak, 5000 feet in height. 
 
 QUKDG'LKY, a parish of F^ngland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 QUKDLl.NBUKG, kwfd'lin-b«,-,RG', a town of Prusian 
 Saxony, 31 miles S.W. of .Magdeburg, capital of the circle of 
 Ascherslebon, on the Bode, a tributary of the Saale, Pop, 
 14,222. It is enclosed by turreted walls, and its ancient 
 castle was formerly the residence of the Abbesses of Quedlin- 
 burg. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs, distilleries, 
 and sugar refineries, and a brisk trade in cattle. Klopstock 
 was Imrn here. .Tulv 2. 1724. and Karl Hitter, .\ugu.st7. 1779. 
 
 QUEEN AnKL.-VTDK ISLANDS. See Ai>f.l\ii>f. Islands. 
 
 QUEKN ANNE, (ann,) a county in the E. part of Maryland, 
 bordering on Delaware, lias an area of about 400 square 
 miles. It lies on the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay, bounded 
 on the N.W, by Chester liiver, and on the S.K. by Tuckahoe 
 River, no part being more than 12 miles from navigable 
 w.'iter. The surface is gently rolling, and free fi-om rocks ; 
 the soil is fertile. The toy and inlets abound in fish and 
 oysters. Marl is abundant, and is used to fertilize the land. 
 Formed in 1706. Capital, Ceiitreville. Pop. 15,961, of whom 
 11.787 were free, and 4174 slaves. 
 
 (JUEEN ANNE, a post-vill.tge of Prince George co., Mary- 
 land, on the Patuxent River, 14 miles AV'.S.W. of .\nnapoIis. 
 
 QUEEN'BOROUGU, a decayed borough of England, co. 
 of Kent, on the Medway, near its mouth, 2 miles S. of 
 Sheerness. Pop. in 1861, 772. 
 
 QUEBN CHARLOTTE (sharlot) ISLAND, an island in 
 the South Pacific Ocean. L;it. 19° 17' S., Ion. 138° 42' W. 
 
 QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISL.\NDS. an island and numerous 
 islets of British North America, in the Pacific Ocean, mostly 
 between lat. 52° and 54° N., and Ion. 131° and 13-3° W., 50 
 miles from the mainland. Length of principal island, 165 
 niiles; breadth, 60 miles. The coasts are low; the surface 
 inland is mountanous and wooded. 
 
 QUEi;n CHARLOTTK ISL.^NDS, agroup in the South 
 Pacific Ocean, between the iSlallieollo and .Solomon Islands. 
 
 QUKBN CHARLOTTE SOU.ND. on the W. coast of North 
 America, is the N. portion of the strait which separates 
 Vancouver Island from the mainland. Lat. of entrance 51° 
 55' N., Ion. 131° 2' W. 
 
 QUEEN'S, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has kq 
 area of about 420 square miles. It is situated in the western 
 part of Long Island, and is bounded on the N. by Long 
 Island Sound, and on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean, Its 
 shores are indented with numerous bays and inlets, which 
 afford .some excellent harbors, and great facilities for n.iv'- 
 gation and for fisheries. The surftce is slightlv uneven. 
 Harbor Hill, in North Hempstead, is the greatest elevation. 
 The soil, when well cultivated, is very productive, and sup- 
 plies large quantities of fruit and vegetables to the New 
 York markets. The Long Island Railroad traverses this 
 county from E, to W. Organized in 1683. Capital, North 
 Hempstead. Pop. 57,391. 
 
 1555 
 
QUE 
 
 Q"EKN"S, a county occupying the middle part of Princ 
 Etitfard IslHud. Capital, Charlotte Towu. Pop. in 1S48, 
 32X11. 
 
 QUKEX'S. a rx)un1y in the S.W. part of Nova Scotia, 
 bounded ou the S. by the .\tl.intic. The coast is deeply in- 
 deiited and bordered by a ruj:?ed ridire, extending many 
 miles inl.ind. The interior of the county is beautiful);/ 
 diversitied with Talleys, rivers, and lakes. Capital, Liver- 
 pool. Pop. in 1851. 72S6. 
 
 QUEENS, a county in the S.centr.il part of Xew Brunswick, 
 intersected by the river St. John. Around Grand Lake in this 
 county, are several seams of bituminous co:il, from which 
 coals are raised for home consumption and export. Steam- 
 baits and vessels of 100 tons burden navigate the St. John 
 throui^h the county to Fredericton, 90 miles from its mouth. 
 Capital, G:i-etown. Pop. iu 1851, 10.60t. 
 
 QUKEN.S'CERRY, a mountain of Scotland, co., and 14 
 miles X. of Dumfries. "2140 feet above the sea. It formerly 
 gave the title of earl, marquis, and duke to the Douglas 
 fiimilv. 
 
 QU'eEXS^BOROUGH. a post-village of Anderson district, 
 South Carolin.a. 110 miles AV.X.AV. of Columbus. 
 
 QDEEXSBCKY. kweenz'ber-e, a post-town.'ihip of Warren 
 CO., Xi'W York, on the Uudsou Iliver, 48 miles X. of Albany. 
 Pop. 7146. 
 
 QUEEX'S COUXTY, an inland county of Ireland, in Lein- 
 stcr. Are.a, 6G4 square miles, or 424.854 acres, of which 
 S42,422 are arable, 69.2S9 uncultivat<}d, and ll.'iSO in plan- 
 tations. Pop. in 1S41. 153,930; in 1851, 111,623. The sur- 
 face is mostly flat, rising in the X.W. into the Sliebhloom 
 Mountains. The principal rivers are the Rirrow and Xore. 
 The soil is fertile, intei-spersed with large tracts of bog. 
 Coal, iron, copper, manganese, marl, and fuller's-earth are 
 met with. Here are some manufactures of woollen, linen, 
 arid cotton stuffs, but the principal exports are farm pro- 
 duce, and cattle to Uubh'n and England. The Grand Canal 
 and Gre;it South and W&stern Railway p.a.'ss through the 
 county. The principal towns are Maryborough, Mountmel- 
 lick, and Mouutrath. It sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 QUEEXS'D.A.LE, a post-village of Robeson co., North Ca- 
 rolina, 110 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 QUEEXS'FERRY, South, a parliamentary and munici- 
 pal bui-gh, seaport towu, and parish of Scotland, co. of Lin- 
 lithgow, on the S. shore of the Frith of Forth, 9 miles W.X.W. 
 of Edinburgh. Pop. iu 1S51, 1195. It is chiefly d-.'pendent 
 on the ferry established here across the Forth. The harbor 
 is formed by two piers, enclosing a pentagonal basin. The 
 burgh unites with Dunfermline, Inverkeithing, Culross. 
 and Stirling in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 On its W. side stands Hopotouu House, the mansion of the 
 Earl of Ilopetouu. 
 
 QUEK.N'SFKRRY, North, a seaport town of Scotland, on 
 the Frith of Forth, here 2 miles across, opposite the above, 
 in the co. of Fife. Pop. 500. 
 
 QUEEN'S FORELAND, (foraand.) an island of British 
 North America. Lat. 62° oU' N., Ion. 65° W. 
 
 QUEEX;s RIVER, a small stream of Washington co., 
 Rhode Island, falls into Charles River. 
 
 QUEEN'S RUX,a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the West Branch of the Su.squehanna River, .3 miles above 
 Lo('k Haven. . Coal is mined here, and exported by canal. 
 QUEEXSTOWX, a town of Ireland. See CovB. 
 QUEEXSTOWN, a post-village and river port of Canada 
 West, on the W. bank of the Niagara River, about 5 miles 
 N. of its falls. The total value of imports in 1851 amounted 
 to $70,170, andthe exports to $28,444. Pop. about 400. 
 
 QUEEXSTOWN, a .small post> village of Queen Anne co., 
 Maryland, about 30 miles E. of Annapolis. 
 
 QUEEXS'VILLE. a village of Jennings co., Indian.% on 
 the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 28 miles N.W. of 
 Madison. 
 QUEIC.\, kwee'ka, two rivers of Scotland, co. of Kinross. 
 QUEICII, kwiK, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, after an E. 
 course of ;!0 miles, joins the Rhine near Germersheim. 
 QUEIClIOa or QUEITCHOU. See Koei-choo. 
 QUEl-LIXG or QUEILIX, a city of China. See Kwn-LIN. 
 QUEIMADA (kd-e-md'di) ISLANDS, two islets of Brazil, 
 province of Sao Paulo, off the coast, 40 miles S.W. of Santos. 
 Lat. 24° 2S' S., Ion. 46° 40' W. 
 
 QUEIXTON, kwiu'ton, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 QUEISS, kwlce, a river of Prussian Silesia, government 
 of Lieguitz, after a N. course of 65 miles joins the Bober 6 
 ""nil i.'i r ■ "f.*P™ttau. It passes Greifenberg and Lauban. 
 
 QUEL, kel, a town of Spain, province, and 28 miles S.E. 
 of LogroSo. Pop. 1792. 
 
 QUELAINES, ki'lAu', a village of France, department of 
 Mayenne. 8 miles N.W. of Chateau-Gontier. Pop. 2048. 
 .u x.'^,';^'^'^'^'^' kw4l'part\ (?) an island at theentriinceof 
 ; ,% -l!^* '^*' ** ■"""* ^- "^ ^'^»^ Lat- 33° 29' N., Ion. 
 ru-. '-^^f-'t'i' *5 miles: breadth, 12 mile.s. Elevation 
 
 of highest peak, 0544 feet. It is well wooded, but the soil is 
 light, of volcanic formation, and the necessaries of life are 
 «ic»oUly raised. A good many cattle are reared. The island 
 16M 
 
 QUE 
 
 is .subordinate to the Corean government, and Is u.sed as a 
 penal settlement. 
 
 QUELPAERT, kM-pd-aint/. (?) a royal p.alace if Portugal 
 province of Estremadura, 7 miles N.Vv. of Listion. 
 
 QUELUZ. k.'l-loos'. a towu of Brazil, province of Minas 
 Geraes. 20 miles S.S.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. of district. 6OO0. 
 QCEMAD.\, kimJ'dS, a ruined city of the .Mexican Con- 
 federation, state of Zacat<?cas, with some massive reiuainn, 
 covering about 6 acres. 
 
 QUEM'AIIO'Nl.XG, a township in the N. central p.irt of 
 Somersiit CO.. Pennsvlvania. Pop. 1499. 
 
 QU EMWIIO'XIXG CREEK, of Somerset co, Pennsylvania, 
 flows into Stony Creek. 
 
 QU£m£X1:VEX, kA'm.Vnfh-v5s<", a village of France, 8 
 miles X. of Quiniper. Pop. 1266. 
 
 QUEMIXES, ki'meen', an islet off the N.W. coast of 
 Fr.Tnce, department of Finistere. 17 miles W. of Brest. 
 
 QUE.XD, k6.N=, a village of France, department of Somme, 
 17 miles N.X.W. of Abbeville. Pop. 1750. 
 
 QUEX'DON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 2 miles 
 from Elsenham Station, on the Eastern Counties Railway. 
 QUENIBOROUGH, kwen'e-b6r-ruh, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Leicester. 
 QUEN'XINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 QUENSTADT, kwJn'stltt, a village of Prussia, 3 miles 
 N.N.E. of Ilalberstadt. Pop. 1195. 
 
 QUENU, k.A-noo', an island on the S. coa.stof Chili, and 
 N.E. of the island of Chiloe. Lat. 41° 46' S., Ion. 7.3° 10' W. 
 QUEQU.\Y, kd-kwl'. ariverof Urugu.ay. inSouth .\merica, 
 after a W. course of 100 miles joins the Uruguay River. 26 
 miles X. of Concepcion de la China. Principal aiBueut. the 
 Quebracho. 
 QUER.\SCO, a town of Piedmont. See Cnr-R.^sco. 
 QUERBACH. kwSu'bjK, a village of Prussian Silesia, go- 
 vernment, and .35 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1000. 
 
 QUERCET.V. kweR-ch.Vti, a village of Tuscany, province 
 of Pisa, aliout 2 miles from the sea-c<wst. Pop. 2455. 
 
 QUERCY, kaiu^see', an old district of France, compiised 
 inGuijnne, Its capital was Cahons. It now forms most part 
 of the department of I>ot. and a portion of Tarn-et-(iaronne. 
 QUERETARO, kJ-nl'tlro, a strife of the Jlexi -an Con- 
 federation, enclosed by the states of Slexico, Michoacan, 
 Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, and Vera Cruz, .\rea, 2444 
 square mile.s. Pop. in 1854, 132.124. It is wholly on the 
 .\.nahuac table-land, and the mountain of Calpulalpan ri.ses 
 to upwards of SOOO feet in height. The products are maize 
 and cotton, with most European grains and fruits ; and it 
 h.is mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron, with maunfac- 
 tures of woollen cloth, soap, pottery, and iron-wares. Chief 
 towns, Queretaro and Cadereita, 
 
 QUERET.iRO, the capit.al of the above state, is in a fine 
 valley. 110 miles N.W. of Mexico. I.,at. 20° 36' 39" N.. Ion. 
 100° 10' 15" W. It is well built, and supplied with water 
 by a fine aqueduct, 10 miles in length. The principal build- 
 ings are mostly of a religious character, and compri.se a large 
 convent,anda Franciscan monastery, withexteusivegardens. 
 Queretaro has the appearance of a busy manufacturing city; 
 it possesses numerous factories of coarse woollens, for army 
 clothing, &e. Its trade, after suffering much from the un- 
 settled state of the government, has begun to revive. The 
 peace between Mexico and the United States was ratified 
 here by the Mexican Congress, in 1S4S. Pop. 29.702. 
 
 QUE/REUS GROVE, a post-office of Switzerland co., In- 
 dLma. 
 
 QU ERFURT, kwjR'fr.oRt, or QUERNFURT, kwjRn'fDCRt, 
 a walled town of Prussian Saxony, IS miles W. of Merseburg, 
 on the Quern, an affluent of the Saale. Pop. 3550. 
 
 QUERIMBA (k-i-reemO)!) ISLANDS, a chain of islands 
 extending along the E. coa.st of Africa, between lat. 10° 30' 
 and 11° 30* S., near Ion. 40° .30' E., comprised in the Portu- 
 guese territory of Mozambique. They are all low, and 
 formed of coral, with long flat reefs extending E. The prin- 
 cip,al are Aswatad.%. Ibo, Matemmo, Favno, and Querimba, 
 (the southernmost of the group,) with some scattered houses 
 and a chureh. 
 
 QUERO, kd'ro. a market-town of Spain, province, and 47 
 miles E.S.E. of Toledo. 
 
 QUERO, ki'ro, a small river of Central America, State of 
 Honduras. 
 
 QUERO, kwil'ro, a village of North Italy, on the Piave, 7 
 miles S. of Feltre. 
 
 QUERPIEX, kjR^pe-6x«', a village of Frsince. department 
 of Finistere, 6 miles N.N.E. of Quimperle. Pop. in 1S52, 3282. 
 QUERQUEVILLE, kfekVeel', avillage and fort of France, 
 department of Manche, on its N. coast, 4 miles N.W. of Cher- 
 bourg. Pop. 918. 
 
 QUEi;ZOLA.kw«i!t'so-ia,a village of North Italy, situated 
 15 miles M'.S.W. of Modeua. Pop. 2400. Near it are some 
 petroleum springs. 
 
 QUESAD.\, ki-sJ'Dl, a town of Spain, on the Sierra de Cv 
 zorla, province, and 40 miles E. of Jaen. Pop. 4503. 
 QUESALTEXAXGO, America. See Qi;EZ\LTE>AX.in 
 QUESALTEPEQUE, k.-1-.sdl-ti-pA'kil, a town of C«ntral 
 America, state, and 83 miles E.X.E. of GuatKUviii. d -oaH 
 ment of Vera Paz. Pop. about 40<X. 
 
QUE 
 
 QUESNOT, Lb, if h kJs'nwd', a fortified town of France, 
 department of Xord, tietween the Ecaillon and the Konelle, 9 
 miles S.K. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 3531. It has an 
 arsenal, large barracks, military and civil hospitals, and ma- 
 nufactures of iron-wares, cotton thread, and leather. 
 
 QUKSNOY-SUR-DEULK, k^^s^nwd'suR del, a market-town 
 of France, department of Nord, 6 miles N.W. of Lille, on the 
 Deule. I'op. in 1852. 42.38. 
 
 QCKSSOY, kJs\sw3/, a village of France, department of 
 C6tes-du-\ord. 8 miles S.K. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2810. 
 
 QUKSTKMnKKT, kJsHSM'baiR', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Morhihan, 13 miles E.S.K. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852, 
 3803. 
 
 QUETIITOCK. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 QUKTTA, a town of IJeloochistan. See SifAWL. 
 
 QUETTEIIOU, kftt'hoo' or kJtH?h-hoo', a market-town of 
 France, department of Manche, near the English Channel, 
 9 miles N.K. of Vnlognes. Pop. 1734. 
 
 QUKVAUCAMPS, kAV5M<fl.\»', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Ilainaut. 12 miles W. by N. of Mons. Pop. 2237. 
 
 QUKVEN, keUVdxo', a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan. 4 miles N.W. of Lorient. Pop. 1700. 
 
 QU K VI LLY, Grand, gr3.\" kgh-vee'yee'. a village of France, 
 department of Seine-Iuferieure, arrondissement of Rouen. 
 Pop. 1585. 
 
 QUEVILLY, Le Petit, Ifh pfh-teet' keh-veeVee', a village 
 of France, department of Seine-Inferieure. Pop. in 1852, 
 3105. 
 
 QUEYRAC, kAVdk', a village of France, department of 
 Gironde, 4 miles X. of Lesparre. Pop. 1990. 
 
 QUEZALTKNANOO or QUESALTKXANGO, ki-sAl-tA- 
 ndn'go. a city of Central America, state, and 115 miles W.N.W. 
 of Guatemala, and capital of a department of the same name. 
 I'op. 14.000, who manufacture cotton and woollen fabrics, and 
 carry on an active trade. It is handsomely built, well paved, 
 and has a richly decorated cathedral, several other churches, 
 and a noble city-hall. In its vicinity are numerous interest- 
 ing antiquities, and remarkable volcanic appear.tnces. 
 
 QUIABOX, ke-J-bOn'. commonly called CH ABON, chd-ban', 
 a village of the Dominican Republic, at the E. end of the 
 island of Ilayti, about 90 miles E. by N. of the city of San 
 Domingo. It is a small place at the mouth of a stream of 
 the same name, which is partially navigable. Off it is an 
 open roadstead, with good anchorage ground in 8 or 9 Ci- 
 thoms. 
 
 QUIA (kee'a?) COUNTRY, a territory of West Africa, im- 
 mediately E. of the peninsula of Sierra Ijeone, between the 
 RokelleandCasamanza Rivers, and comprising about 1300 
 square miles of rich alluvial land, which yields large crops 
 of rice, maize, and yams. 
 
 QUI.\IOS, ke-I'oce, a town and parish of Portugal, about 
 25 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 4500. 
 
 QUIB'BY CREKK, of Sumter co., Alabama, flows into the 
 Tombijbee Jtiver from the right. 
 
 QUIBDO. a town of South America. See Citara. 
 
 QUIBKUOX, kee*beh-rA.N<^ or kee^brAx"', a peninsula of 
 France, in Bi-ittany, dep.^rtment of Morbihan, S.S.E, of Lo- 
 rient and N.N.E. of Belleisle. Lat. 47° 26' 30" N., Ion. 2° 4' 
 15" W. It is 7 miles in length, from N. to S., by 2 miles in 
 width, and united to the continent by a low isthmus, de- 
 fended by Fort I'enthifevre. The surface is sandy and bare, 
 and it is remarkable cbietiy as having been the last resort, 
 Jn the revolutionary period of 1795, of about 7000 royalists, 
 who were surrounded, and after an obstinate resistance 
 obliged to surrender to the repuliliean troops under Generiil 
 Iloche. The town of Quiberon, at its extreme S. end, has a 
 small port. Pop. 3013. 
 
 QUI BO, kec'bo, improperly written QUIBDO, an island 
 of South America, New Granada, department of Istmo, pro- 
 vince of Veragua, in the Pacific, at the entrance of Monti jo 
 Bay. Lat. 7° 25' N, Ion. 81° 54' W. Length and breadth, 
 20 miles each. 
 
 QUIQ.\MAO. kee-sd-mftwNo'. a market-town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Rio de Janeiro. 21 miles S. of Campos. Pop. 2.500. 
 
 QUICARA, ke-kd/rd, or IIICARON. ee-kd-ron', a group of 
 small islands of New Granada, in the North Pacific, S. of 
 Quibo. and near the W. entrance of Montijo Bay. Lat. 7° 
 10' 50" X.. Ion. 81° 46' 18" W. 
 
 QUICATLAX, ke-kdt-ldn/,a town of the Mexican Confede- 
 l-ation, state, and 44 miles X. of Oajaca. 
 
 QUlCIIli, kee'ch.'l, a market-town of Central America, 
 state, and 25 miles X.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 2500. 
 
 QUICK'S RUN. a small village of Lewis co., Kentucky. 
 
 QUID'DEXHAM, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 QUIEPPE, ke-^p'pA. an island and fort of Brazil, province, 
 and 70 miles S.S.W. of Bahia, at the entrance of the Bay of 
 Camamu. 
 
 QUIERZY, ke-aiRVee', a village of France, department of 
 Aisne. on the left bank of the Oi.se, 20 miles W. of Laon. It 
 was formerly an important city, and h;id a palace of tke 
 Carlovingiaa kings, where Charles Martel died, and where 
 Charlemagne and his sjiccepsors held numerous councils. 
 
 QU]'^"^ DELL, a post-office of Harrison co.. Virginia. 
 
 QU1EVR.\^IX. ke-aVr^No'. a market-town of Belgium, pro- 
 rtnce of Haiuaut, on the French frontier, 12 miles W.S.W. 
 
 QUI 
 
 of Mons. at the .junction of the Belgian and French Rail 
 ways. Pop. 2000. 
 
 QUIEVY, ke-iVee', a village of France, department ol 
 Nord, 11 miles E. of Cambrai, with several breweries, ano 
 extensive manufactures of linen and cotton goods. Pop. in 
 1852. 2785. 
 
 QUI-FOO. a town of Anam. See Phu-tex. 
 
 QUILIAXO, kwe-le-d/no, or QUIGLIAXO, kweel-yd'no, a 
 village of the Sardinian States, division of Geno.a. province, 
 and near Savona. Twci sanguinary battles were fought here 
 in the beginning of the present century between the Aus- 
 trian.s and French. Pop. 3025. 
 
 QUILIMAXE, ke-le-md'nd, or QUILLIMAXE. a maritime 
 town of East Africa, capital of a government of tlie Portu- 
 guese colony of Mozambique, on the left hank of the Quili- 
 mane River, the North Branch of the Zambezi, 15 miles 
 from its mouth, and 12 miles from the sea. Lat. 17° 51' 8" 
 S., Ion. 37° 1' E. In 1842, besides a company of soldiers, ita 
 free population amounted to 130, 12 of whom were Euro- 
 peans. It is stated to be most unhealthy. The principal 
 edifices are the fort, a church, and some brick houses. It 
 has a trade in gold and ivory, but its principal traffic is in 
 slaves; and It is said that a few years ago no less than 5000 
 slaves were annually exported to Rio Janeiro from this 
 mart. Coal of good quality Is reported to be plentiful at 
 Quilimane, but it is at present unwrought. 
 
 QUI-LIN, a city of China. See Kweilin. 
 
 QUILL.^X. kee^yS.N"' or keePy^^"'- a town of France, de- 
 partment of Aude, 13 miles S. of Limoux. li in 1852, 2152. 
 
 QUI LLEBOEUF, keePbuf, a town and river-port of France, 
 department of Eure, on the left bank of the Seine, at the 
 commencement of its estuary, with a light-house, 7 miles N 
 of Pont-Audenier. Pop. ItiOO. Opposite Quillebceuf the n.i- 
 vigation of the Seine is impeded, and there is a pilot station 
 and a salv.a<j:e depdt here, with a staff of about 110 pilots. 
 
 QUILLIJIANE, a town of Africa. See Qin.iMAXE. 
 
 QUIiyUXSVILLE, a post-village of Scott co., Virginia, 
 320 miles W. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 QUILLOTA, keel yo'td. a town of Chili, province, and 50 
 miles N.W. of Santiago, on the Aconcagua, 20 miles from 
 the Pacific, in a plain bounded S.W. by a peak, which is a 
 conspicuous sea-mark for the harbor of Valparaiso. Esti- 
 mated pop. 10.000. It is reported to be 3 leagues in circuit, 
 and has a main street upwards of a league in length. The 
 hotises are of sun-dried brick, only one story in heiu'ht. 
 
 QUILOA. kee^lo-d. or KEEL/WA, written also KILWAII. 
 a town of East Africa, in Zanguebar, on an island off the 
 coast, 6 miles in length, and between which and the main- 
 land is a secure harl)or. Lat. of fort, 8° 57' S., Ion. 39° 34' 
 2" E. The fort, which is strong, and enclosed by a moat, is 
 the residence of a governor under the Imam of Muscat. It 
 was held by the Portuguese for a short period early in the 
 sixteenth centuiT', previous to which it was an "important 
 town. It is now a mere village, but its former extent is in- 
 dicated by numerous ruins. 
 
 QUILOX, kwee'lon', or COULAN. kooMan'. a seaport town 
 of South India, in the Travancore dominions, on the Mala- 
 bar coast, 37 miles W.N.W. of Trivandrum. with an active 
 export trade in pepper, cotton, cardamoms. Ac. It has seve- 
 ral Roman Catholic churches, and an ancient temple of 
 Seeva. 
 
 QUIMPER. kSM'paiR', or QUIMPER CORBXTIX. kSji^ 
 paiR' koVoN'o'tSx"', a town of France, capital of the deflart- 
 ment of Finistdre. on the Odet, 10 miles from the Atlantic, 
 and .32 miles S.S.E. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 10.904. It is 
 divided into an old and new town, the former, on the river 
 side, is fortified, and has quays flanked by ancient houses; 
 the latter extends over some gentle eminences, the whole 
 being overlooked by precipitous and wooded heights. The 
 public buildings are a town-hall, hospital, and barracks. It 
 has a communal college, a seminary. pul)lic library of 7000 
 volumes, theatre, and baths. Chief industry, manufactures 
 of hats and porcelains, ship-building, and a trade in wheat, 
 wax, linen, and hempen fabrics, butter, horses, and pil- 
 chards, of which last it has an extensive fishery. Its port 
 is small, and not accessible to vessels of more than 150 toni 
 burden. 
 
 QUlMPERLt5, kSM'p?RMA', a town of France, department 
 of Finistfere, at the confluence of the E116 and Isole, which 
 here form a small port for vessels of 50 tons, 27 miles E.S.E. 
 of Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 6114. 
 
 QUIX. a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 QUINCE or SQUINCE, a small island olT the S.W. const 
 of Ireland, in Munster, co, of Cork, about 5 furlongs S.W. 
 of the entrance to Glandore H.arbor. 
 
 QUIXCETTO, kwin-chJt'to, or QUINCINEITO, kwin-ch«5- 
 nWtci. a village of Piedmont, 8 miles N.W. of Ivrea. P. 1460. 
 
 QUIXCY, kJxo'see'. a market-town of France, department 
 of S?eine-et-Marne. 4 miles S. of Meaux. Pop. 2040. 
 
 QUIX'CY, a post-village and town.ship of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, bordering on Quincy Bay. in Boston Harbor, 
 and intersected by the Old Colony Railroad. 8 miles S. by 
 E. of Boston. It is celebratffd for its quarries of granite, 
 commonly known as Quincy granite, which is exported in 
 great quantities to all parts of the Union. About 1000 per- 
 
 1567 
 
QUI 
 
 sons are constantly smployed in working it. Blocks have 
 (itteti boeu quarriei/ weighing as high as SOO tons. The 
 first niilroad coustrvcted in America was here put in opera- 
 tion in lS2(i for the purpose of tran?p«irting the granite 
 from its bed to tidi-wat<ir, in Xeponset Uiver, a di.stance 
 of y miles. The viil.ige, which is considered remarkably 
 beautilul, is .situated on an elevated plain near the centre 
 of the township. In a stone church, completed in 182S. at 
 a cost of $-tO,iWO, is a beautiful marble monument, erected 
 to the memory of John .\dams and his wife. The tow n- 
 house, a fine granite edifice, 85 feet by 55, is deserving of 
 notice. 'I'lie village also contains S churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 2 banks, a savings institution, and an insu- 
 rance company. Quincy is celebrated as the birthplace of 
 several of the most eminent men who have borne a part in 
 the affairs of the nation. Among these may l)e mentioned 
 John Hancock, Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the two Adamses. 
 The e.state of the Quincy family in this town is one of the 
 tiuest in New Knirland. Incorporated in 1792. Top. in 1830, 
 2201 : in 1840, S4Sl> ; in 1850, 5017 ; in 1860, 6778. 
 
 QUINCV. New York, a station on the Buffalo and Erie 
 Kailro.ad. 25 miles S.W. of Buffalo. 
 
 yOIXCY, a post-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles S.E. Chambersburg. Pop. 2685; of 
 the village, about 400. 
 
 QUl.NCY. a post-village, capital of Gadsden co., Florida, is 
 on the main road from Pensacola to Tallahassee, 22 miles 
 N.X.AV. of the latter. It has an active trade in tobacco. Its 
 flourishing condition is caused partly by the excellence of 
 its schools, by Its healthy situation, and tlie mildness of the 
 climate, whi.'h attracts invalids from the more northern 
 states. Within the last three years the number of such 
 visitors has gre.itly increased. The dist;ince from the Gulf 
 (30 miles; is such that the sea-breeze is tempered and agree- 
 ably modified. It contains 3 churches, 1 academy, 1 select 
 school, 2 hotels, 2 eibinet-shops, 1 gin shop, (^to supply cot- 
 ton-gins.) Pop. in 1853, near lOOO. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-village of Monroe co., Mississippi, about 
 12 miles N.E. of Abei-deen. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-village of Gibson co., Tennessee, 145 miles 
 W.S.AV. of Na.shville. 
 
 QUl.NCY, a flourishing post-village of Logan co.. Ohio, on 
 the Bellefoutaine and Indi.ana liailroad. OS miles AV.N.AV. 
 of Columbus. The Miami Kiver here furnishes fine water- 
 power. Pop. 500. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-township in the N.E. p.irt of Branch co., 
 Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Southern and North- 
 ern Indiana llailroad. Pop. 1362. 
 
 QUINCY, Indiana, a station on the New Albany and 
 Salem Railroad, 175 miles from New Albany. 
 
 QUINCY, a beautiful city, capital of Adams county, 
 Illinois, on the Mississippi River, 170 miles above St. 
 Louis, and 104 miles west of Springfield. It is situated 
 on a limestone bluff, 125 feet above the river, of which it 
 commands an extensive view It has a large public 
 square, a good court-house, 24 churches, 10 public halls, 2 
 nation.al banks, an armory, and 4 U. S. hospitals. Two 
 daily and 4 weekly newspapers are issued iiere. Quincy 
 carries on an active tratle by steamboats on the Missis- 
 sippi. It is the terminus of the Chicago Burlington and 
 Quincy Riilroad, and of the Quincy and Palmyra Railroad. 
 Tlie country in the vicinity is a rich and rolling prairie, 
 and one of the most highly cultivated parts of the State. 
 Quincy also contains 3 large tobacco factories, 4 carriage fac- 
 tories, 4 large foundries, 6 machine-shops, 6 steam mills for 
 grain, 2 steam saw-mills, 2 planing-machine.s, 3 door, ssish 
 and blind factories, besides numerous other establishments. 
 About 100,000 hogs are packed here annually. Population 
 in 1840, about 2000; in 1850, OaOl; in 1860, 13,718; and in 
 1864 16.672. 
 
 QLFINCY, a small post-villasre of Hickory co., Missouri. 
 
 QUINCY POINT, a beautiful post-village of Norfolk co.. 
 Massachusett-s at the confluence of Town and AVeymouth 
 Rivers, 2 miles E. of Quincy, and about 9 miles S. by E. of 
 Boston. It has an excellent harbor, and is engaged in the 
 fisheries and ship-building. 
 
 QUINDICI, kwin'de-che. a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra dil^voro, 7 miles K. of Nola, in a valley. Pop. 2410. 
 
 QUINDIU, keeu-de-oo', a portion of the East Cordillera 
 of the Andes, South America, in New Granada, separating 
 the basins of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers'. In it is a 
 volcano about loO miles W.S.W. of Bogota, near which is 
 the dangerous Pass of Quin diu. between Cartago and Ibagua. 
 Elevation of its summit. 11.500 feet. 
 
 QUIN'EB AUG' or QUINWEBAUG'. a river of Connecticut, 
 rises in Tolland county, and flows N. into Massachusetts, 
 U re-enters Connecticut, and unites with the Shetucket 
 River in New London county. 
 
 QUINEBAUG, a manufacturing post-village of Pomfret 
 and ilKimpson townships. Windham co.. Connecticut, on 
 the QuinelKiug River, and on the Norwich and Worcester 
 Railroad, about 45 miles N.E. by E. of Hartford. It con- 
 tains 2 churches and 12 stores. Pop. about 1500 
 
 QUI.N;El'lACK'orQUIN\\IPIAC, a riverof Connecticut, 
 lises in Hartford county, and falls into Long Island Sound 
 1558 
 
 QUI 
 
 at New Haven, after a course of about 30 miles. The rail- 
 road lietween New Haven and Hartford foLows its counte 
 for .alKjut 12 miles. 
 
 QUINGENTOLK, kwin-jjn'to-li, a village of Northero 
 Itily. 6 miles W. of Revere. Pop. 2086. 
 
 QUINGEY, kix'^zhi', a town of Fr.ince, department of 
 Doubs, on the Loue, 11 miles S.W. of Besar.^on. Pop. 1000. 
 QUINHON. keen*hon'(?)a town and fiueharliorof An.am; 
 the town, capital of a province, on a river entering the har- 
 bor, about lu miles farther E. L.nt. 13° 44' N., Ion. 109° 11' Ji 
 QUINILUBAN (kee-ne-loo-b3n') ISLANDS, a group of 
 the Philippines, in the Malay Archipelago, between I'anar 
 and Palawan. Lat. 11° m' N., Ion. Ii20° 47' E. 
 
 QU1NT.\NA, keen-td'nj, a town of Spain, province, and 
 45 miles E.S.K. of Bad.ijos. Pop. 3'2{i0. 
 
 QUINTANA, a post-ofiice of Brazoria co., Texas, 
 QUINTANAR DE LA Or.DEN, keen-td-uaR' di 13 OR'dfn, 
 a town of Spain, province of Toledo, 17 miles W. of Belmonte. 
 Pop. 5974. who manufacture blankets and other woollen 
 goods, and trade in merino sheep at large weekly markets. 
 QUINTANAR DEL REY, keen-td-naR/ Ahl tL a market- 
 town of Spain, province, and 50 miles S.S.E. of Cuenca. 
 Pop. 1440. 
 
 QUINTANILLA DE LA SOMOZA, keen-ti-neel'ya di 12 
 so-mo'th3, a town of Spain, province, and 13 miles W. of 
 Leon. I'op. 1269. 
 
 QUINTIN. kix'^H^s"'. a town of France, department of 
 Coti-s-du-Nord, 9 miles S.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1 852. 3947. 
 It has a large castle, mineral spiings, and manufoctures of 
 fine linens and cambrics. 
 
 QUINTIN DE MEDIONA. SAN, sin keen-teen' d-l mA- 
 ix>o'ud, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 35 
 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1813. 
 
 QUINTO, keen'to, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles 
 S.E. of Saragossa, on the Ebro. Pop. 1373. 
 
 QUINTO. kwin'to, a village of Austrian Italy, province, 
 and 4 miles N Ji. of Verona, with 1800 inhabitants, and the 
 sanctuary of Santa Maria della Stella. 
 
 QUINTO. kwin'to, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Ticino, in Val Laventiua, 22 miles N.N.W, of Belliuzoua 
 Pop. 186;^. 
 
 QUINTO. keen'to, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata.) in South America, departments of San Luis and Cor- 
 dova, after a S.E. course of 250 miles loses itself in a marsh 
 near lat. 34° S., Ion. 63° W. 
 
 QUINTO-AL-MARE, kwin'to^ai-mi'rii. n vilkge of the Sar- 
 dinian States, about 6 miles E.S.E. of Genoa. I'op. 1504. 
 QUIN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 QUIXZ.iNO, kwin-zd'no, a town of Northern Itiily, 19 
 miles S.S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 3200. 
 
 QUINZYVILLE, a post-otiice of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 svlvania. 
 
 "QUIOTEPEC, ke^>fcl-p5k'. or CERRO DE LAS JUNTAS, 
 sJr'ro dA Ids Hoon'tds. a village of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, state, and about 90 miles N. of Oaj.aca, near thp 
 junction of Quiotepec and Salado. 
 QUI-PARLE. a lake of Minnesota. See L\c Qn P.iRLP 
 QUI-PIIU or QUI-FOO, Anani. See Phu-ten. 
 QUIRIGUA, keree'gwA. a ruined city of Central America, 
 State of Guatemala, on the Montagna River. It ha-! sculp 
 tured idols and monumental remains similar to those of 
 Copan. Near it is a small hamlet of the .same name. 
 
 QUIRIQUIN A, ke^re-kee'nd. an island of Chili, department 
 and 10 miles N. of Concepcion. at the entrance of its baj'. 
 QUIROS ISLANDS. See Nkw Hebrihes. 
 QUIRPON. keSa^poN"^ (!) an isl.and off the N. extremity of 
 Newfoundland, British North .America, at the entrance of 
 Belleisle Strait, in lat. 51° 40' N., Ion. 55° 16' AV. 
 QUIS.\AI.A., a country of .\frica. See Qiizama. 
 QUISSAC, kees'sAk', a town of France, department of Gard, 
 on the AMdourle, 19 miles AV.N.AV. of Ntmes. Pop. 1560. 
 
 QUISTEI.LO. kwis-tel'lo, a vill.nge of Lombardy, 14 miles 
 S.E. of Mantua. The Austrians defeated the French here 
 in 17.S4. 
 
 QUITEA'E, ke-tVvA, a town of East Afnca. on the Sofala, 
 a few miles above the town of that name, in lat. 20° S., Ion. 
 32° 30' E. 
 
 QUIT'.AI.^N, a post-village, e.ipital of Clarke co., Missis- 
 sippi. 14'1 miles E. by S. of jack.son. 
 
 Q U 1 T.AI A .\. a post-village, capital of AYood co., Texas, about 
 275 miles N.E. of Austin. 
 
 QUIT.M.AN, a sm.all village of A'an Buren co., Arkansas, 
 about 75 miles N. of Little Rock. 
 
 QUITO, kee'to. the capital city of the republic of Ecuador, 
 South America, in a ravine. E. of the volcano of Pichiiicha, 
 150 miles N.N.E. of Guayaquil ; elevation. 9543 feet. Lat.O° 
 13' 27" S., Ion. 78° 50' AV. Pop. variou.sly estii.iat«l at from 
 50,000 to 70.000. It is well built, and h.-is several handsome 
 .squares, in one of which .are the cathedral, town-hall, j-alaces 
 of the archbishop and President of the repub'.c. and a fine 
 bronze fountain. The ex-.Tesuits" College contaii s a public 
 library and hallj?. now appropriated to the unive\ dty. The 
 other principal structures are the churches &nd converts, ■ 
 work-house, orphan a.sylum, and large hospital. }uit< hat! 
 manufitclures of coarse cotton and woollen go,)d>, iaca, 
 
 :=;^ 
 
QUI 
 
 hosiery, jewelry, and confectionery, and a large trade in com 
 und other agricultural produce, whicli are sent by way of 
 Guayariuil into Central America, in return for iudi;{0, iron, 
 and steel, and to Peru in return for brandy, wine, oil, and the 
 precious metals. Tlie imports comprise all kinds of Kurnpe.-in 
 manufactured goods, and those of the finest quality find a 
 ready siUe, many inhabitants of this city being wealthy. 
 The markets are well supplied with provisions, and large 
 quantities of cheese are made in the vicinity. Kleven snow- 
 capped mountains are in view from Quito, and a)x)ut 10 
 miles X.E. is a plain cho.sen in 1736 by the French and 
 Spanish astronomers fur measuring a dejrreeof the meridian. 
 Quito was taken by the Spaniards in 1534, and incorporattid 
 as a city by Charles V. in 1541. It has repeatedly sulfoi'cd 
 from earthqual;es. 
 
 QUITO, a postoffice of Talbot cc, Georgia. 
 
 QUITO, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansa.s. 
 
 QUIT'QUIOC\ a village of Plymouth township, Sheboygan 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the JIullet Kiver, 85 miles N.K. of Madi- 
 son. It contains a fine hotel, a saw mill, and several stores. 
 
 PvAC 
 
 QUITTA. kwil'ta. or PRTXCK'S TO'Wy. formerly a Danish, 
 now a British fort and town in North Guinea, lat. o° 55' '>* 
 X.. Ion. 0° 69' 45" E. Pop. 5000. 
 
 QUIVER, a post-oflRce of Mason co., Illinois. 
 
 QUIZAMA or QUISAJIA. ke-nVnij, a alstrict of Lower 
 Guinea, South-west Africa, between the rivers Coanza and 
 lionga. The surface is mount:iiuous. Its products are wax, 
 honey, and salt. 
 
 QUCkiUE, kwog, a post-vill.ige of Suffolk co., Xew York, 
 on Shinnecok Bay. on the S. shore of Long Island, near itH 
 E. end, about 75 miles E. of New York. 
 
 QUOIN, (kwoin.) Great and Little, two rocky islets in 
 the entrance of the Persian Gulf, 12 miles N.E. of Cape 
 Mussendom. 
 
 QUOIN, the name of islands off the N.E. coast of Austra- 
 lia, and the E. coast of A'an Diemcn's f^and. 
 
 QUONOCHONTAUG'. a post-office ofWasUington CO., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 QUORN'DON, a township of England, co. of Leicester 
 
 QUOIUIA, a river of Africa. See Nigek. 
 
 E 
 
 RAAB, rjb or rSp, (Tlun. Oi/or, dyoR; anc. Arahn?) a na- 
 vigable river of Hungary, rises in Styria, and enters 
 the Danube near Ka.ab. Length, ISO miles. 
 
 RAAB, or N AGY-G YOU. (GyOr,)n<>dj-dyoR, (uncArahrma f) 
 atown of Hungary, capital of a county, 67 miles W.X.W. of 
 Buda, on the Kaab. at its confluence with an arm of the 
 Danulje. Lat. 47° 41' N., Ion. 17° 40' E. Pop. 18,000. It was 
 formerly fortified, and has a cathedral and several other 
 churches, a royal academy, and gymnasium; also manufac- 
 tures of tobacco, and an extensive trade. It is a steam- 
 packet Jtation. In June, 1809, the French defeated the 
 Austrians under its walls. 
 
 RAALTE, rdl't^h, a town of the Netherlands, province of 
 Overy-ssel. 11 miles S.S.K. of Zwolle. Pop. 6005. 
 
 RAAMSDONK, rilms/donk, a village of Iloli.and, province 
 of North Brabant, fo miles N.N.E. of Breda. Pop. 1009. It 
 was one of 27 villages which were totally swept away by a 
 flood, November 18, 1421. 
 
 RAASAY, one of the Hebrides, Scotland. See Rasay. 
 
 RAASZE, ri'shd, a village of Austri.i, in Moravia, 11 miles 
 S.AV. of TroppTiu, on the Mora. Pop. 1S20. 
 
 RABAGH, El, 6! rd^bilg', a town of Arabia, in Ilejaz, 110 
 miles N,N.\V. of Mecca, on the route to Medina, near the 
 Bed Sea. 
 
 RAUASTEXS. ra^bis'tSxa', a town of South-west France, 
 department of Hautes-Pyrenees, 12 miles N.E. of Tarbes. 
 Pop. 1000. It suffered greatly during the religious wars, 
 particularly from the atrocity of Mouluc, who, in revenge 
 for a wound in the face, which obliged liim ever afterwards 
 to wear a mask, massacred its iuhabitivnts without distinc- 
 tion of age or SjX, threw 60 Protestant deputies headlong 
 from a tower, and laid the town in ashes. 
 
 RABASTKXS. a town of France, dep.artment of Tarn, 23 
 miles W.S.W. of Alby, on the Tarn. I'op. in 1852, 5651. 
 
 RABATT or RABAT, rd'bdt', a fortified maritime town of 
 Morocco, kingdom of Fez, on the S. side of the Bu-Kegreb, at 
 Its mouth, immediately opposite Sale, 20 miles S.S.W. of 
 Mebediah. Pop. 27,0o0. of whom 7000 are Jews. It has 
 pretty strong walls and batteries, a citadel, numerous 
 mosques and minarets, stone mausoleums, and well-sup- 
 plied markets. The water near it is deep enough for a fri- 
 gate to come almost close to its walls. It has manufactures 
 of superior carpets, an export trade in wool and corn, and 
 considerable traffic. It was formerly the centre of the Eu- 
 ropean trade with Morocco. Outside of the city are numer- 
 ous walled orchards and gardens, beyond which, on the S.E., 
 are the conspicuous tower of Sma-IIassan, and the remains 
 of Sala or Sheila, a frontier Roman station. In November, 
 1851, it was Ixjmbarded by a French squadron under Rear- 
 Admiral Dubourdieu. 
 
 RABBA, r^iyhd, a large and populous town of Central 
 Africa, in Nigritia, on the Niger, In lat. 9° 15' N., Ion. 5° 20' 
 E. It has a large trade in slaves, ivory, and goods of both 
 native and foreign manuEveture. 
 
 R.\.BBA, a collection of ruins in Syria, pashalic of Damas- 
 cus, E. of the Dead Sea, and 9 miles N. of Kerek. Here are 
 the remains of a temple, several Corinthian columns, Ac. 
 considered to mark the site of Rabbath Jloab, the Arenpnlis 
 of the \jteeKs, and the Ar of Moab mentioned in Scripture. 
 
 RABBAII, or RABBATII-AMMON. See Ammax. 
 
 KABBIT ISLAND, .Malay ArchipeLago. See Pallo. 
 KAB'BIT ISLANDS, a sm.tU group in the .Egean Sea, at 
 the mouth of the Dardanelles. 
 
 RAB'BIT RIVER, of Allegan co., Michigan, flows into the 
 Kalamazoo River, 7 miles from its mouth. 
 
 RAB'BITSVILLE, a post-village of Logan CO., Kentucky. 
 RABBIT TOVVX, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. 
 RABEXAU, rd'beh-now\ a town of Saxony, 7 miles S.W. 
 . Dresden Pop. 701. 
 
 R.4BENSTEIX, rj'ben-stine', a town of Bohemia, circle 
 of I'ilsen. Pop. 51.3. 
 
 R.-VBIL, rd-beel'. a town of the island of Boavista, Cape 
 Verd Islands, on its W. side, 4 miles E. of Porto Sal Rey. 
 Pop. 1043. It stands on a terrace, 45 feet above the sea, on 
 a height above which are the hamlets of Moradinha and 
 Estacia de Bjiixo. 
 
 RABIXAL, r4-be-n3l', a town of Central America, Stat« of 
 Guatemala, province, and 50 miles S.W. of Vera Paz. Pop. 
 about 6500. 
 
 R.VBISCH.\U, rJ'bish-6w\ a town of Prussia, government, 
 and S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1363. 
 
 RABNABAD, rdb-nS-bSd'. a low. sandy island of Ilindos- 
 tan, B.ay of Bengal, off the Sunderbunds, at the AV. entrance 
 of the E. mouth of the (ianges. separated from the mainland 
 by a narrow channel or river of the same name. It is about 
 16 miles long by 6 miles broad. 
 
 RA'BUN, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Oeorgi.a, 
 bordering on Xorth Carolina, and separated from South Ca- 
 rolina by the Chattooga River, which forms the S.E. liound- 
 ary, has an area of about 330 square miles. It is dtained 
 by the sources of the Little Tennessee and Tallulah Kivers. 
 The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests. 
 The principal peaks of the Blue Ridge in this county are 
 named the Pinnacle, Tallulah, and Bald Mountains. Iron 
 is abundant, and gold has been found. The Rabun Gap 
 Railroad is projected through the county. Named in 
 honor of William Rabun, formerly governor of Georgia. 
 Capital, Clayton. Pop. 3271, of wlium 3005 were tree, and 
 206 slaves. 
 
 RA'BY, a township of England, co. of Durham. 5 miles 
 N.N.E. of Barnard-Castle. The magnificent baronial Castle 
 of Raby covers an acre of ground; it w.as one of the earliest 
 seats of the Neville family, .tnd in its great hall. 90 feet in 
 length, 700 knight.s, all retainers of that powerful family, are 
 said to have been feasted at one time. It has belonged to 
 the family of Vane since the reign of Charles I., and is now 
 the seat of the Duke of Cleveland. 
 
 R.\C.WAX, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim. 
 
 RACCA, a town on the Euphrates. See Rakka. 
 
 RACCAXO. rdk-ki'no, or RACCAXO-EX-FERRARESE, 
 rd-ki'no Jx f JR-id-r.Vs.i, a village of Austrian Italy, delega- 
 tion, and 74 miles S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 1600. 
 
 RACCOXIGI, rdk-ko-nee'jee, or RACONIGT, a town of 
 Xorth It.Hly, in Piedmont, on the Maira,2l miles S. of Turin. 
 Pop. 10,102. It has a royal park and chateau, and manu- 
 factures of silk fabrics and twist, and woollen cloths. 
 
 RACE OF ALDERNEY, (awl'der-ne.) is chiefly in the 
 strait between the island of Alder'ney and Cape La Iloguo, 
 France, but the tide often sets up the Channel furiously on 
 both the N. and S. side of Alderney. 
 
 RACE OF PORT'LAXD, on the English coast, nearly oppo- 
 site, lies off the peninsula of Portland bill. 
 
 RACE POIXT, a headland at the S.E. extremity of New- 
 foundland. 
 
 RACHECOURT, rSsh'kooR', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Luxembourg, on a stream of the same name, 5 miles 
 S.S.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1185. 
 
 R.\.CHE-TCIIURIN. ra-sh,Vchoo-reen/(?) a lama city of 
 Mongolia, 360 miles W. of Peking. It consists of several 
 large edifices, surrounded by a great nnniber of small 
 houses. Three elegant and m.ajestic Boodhist temples rise 
 in the centre of the establishment. On the avenue of the 
 principal temple is a square tower of colos.sal proportions, 
 and on the four angles are four monstrous dragons sculp- 
 tured in granite. 
 
 R.\CHKOV or RATSCHKOW, rSch-kov'. a town of Russia, 
 government of Podolia. between lofty hills, 118 miles E.SJi 
 of Kamieniec. Pop. 1600. 
 
 1559 
 
KAC 
 
 BACHOVA, ri-Ko'vJ. or ARACnOVA, a-r3-Ko'vJ, a large 
 Village of Qre€i«, government of Boeotia, 10 miles E.S.E. of 
 Salona. on the slope of Parnassus, celebrated for the excel- 
 lence of its wine, aud the longevity of its inhabitants. Near 
 it U the Corycian cive. 
 
 ilACIN'E, ris-seen', a county in the S.E. part of Wiscon- 
 sin, bordering on Lake Michijran, contains about ZbO square 
 miles. It is intersected by the itoot and Pishtaka Rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level, and is mostly occupied by prai- 
 ries, which are interspersed with oak-openings, or plains pro- 
 ducing a scatteied growth of oak and hickory. The soil is 
 Ciilcareous and fertile. Whe.it. Indian corn, oats and grass 
 are the staples. Lime.stone is the principal rock. Organized 
 In 1S36. The name is derived from Root River, the French 
 word Itacine signifying " root." It is intersected by the Chi- 
 cago and Milvraukee Railroad, and the Racine and Beloit 
 R.R. Capital, Racine. Pop. 21,.360. 
 
 RACINK, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 RACINK, a city ot Wisconsin, and capital of Racine co, 
 is beautifully situated on the W. shore of Lake Michigan at 
 the mouth of Root River, 'lb miles S. by E. of Milwankie, and 
 62 miles N. of Chicago. It is the second city of the State 
 In population and commerce, and has one of the best harbors 
 on the lake, formed by the mouth of the river, which ad- 
 mits vessels di'awing 12 feet of water. The city is built uiwn 
 a plane elevated about. 40 feet above the surface of the lake. 
 The soil is a dry,sandy loam, beautifully adapted for the sites 
 of private residences. It is beautifully laid out in blocks 
 with wide streets, and contains a number of fine public 
 buildings, among which is the Racine College founded by 
 the Episcopal Church. Racine contains 14 Protestant and 
 2 Catholic churches, 2 banks and 1 banking office; 3 news- 
 papers are published here. Racine has 7 warehouses already 
 in operation, a large elevator about to be erected, and about 
 100 mercantile houses in various branches. Here are seve- 
 ral foundries and machine-shops, largely engiiged in the 
 manufacture of steam-engines and boilers, and various agri- 
 cultural implements, among which may be mentioned a 
 manulactory of threshing-machines. There are 4 flouring- 
 mills and 10 tanneries. The city has 1 large high-school 
 brick building as well as 5 other large and commodious 
 Bcliool-houses, 3 of which are brick ; these schools are all suj)- 
 plied with competent and efficient teachers, which, with the 
 Racine College, furnish educational advantages not inferior 
 to any other town in the Northwest. The Racine aud Missis- 
 [For continuation, see Ai'PeniiIx.] 
 
 R.4CK'EN'F0RD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 R.^CK'BT RIVER forms the outlet of Long Lake, In Ha- 
 milton county, N'ew York, and pursuing a winding course 
 through Franklin and St. Lawrence counties, fells into thj 
 St. Lawrence River about 30 miles N.N.E. of Potsdam, after 
 a course of 120 miles. It affords extensive water-power. 
 
 R.\CKET RIVER, post-offlce. St. Uawrence co., New York. 
 
 R.ACK'ETVILLE, a flourishing village of St. L;iwrence co.. 
 New York, on Racket River, where it is crossed by the North- 
 ern Railroad, 5 or 6 miles N. by E. of Potsdam. A dam and 
 a bridge were constructed across the river here in 1852, 
 during which year the vill.age was laid out. Since then, an 
 extensive forwarding and mercantile Interest has sprung 
 up, and the returns of the railroad, it is said, show an 
 amount of business done not surpjissed by any town on the 
 route, except Ogdensburg. A hotel 3 stories "high has been 
 built here, also a large gang-saw mill on each side of the 
 river; and other establishments on an extensive scale have 
 been erecte<l. The village is situated in a rich and growing 
 country, with which it communicates, both N. and S., by a 
 plank-road. It has also telegraphic communication with the 
 principal cities of the United States. The post-office is called 
 North Potsdam. 
 
 R.ACK'UEATII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RACiJON', a small village, Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RACOuN, a post-office of Preston co., W. Virginia. 
 
 RACOON, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1809. 
 
 RACOONf, a post-offlce of Marion co., Illinois. 
 
 R.^COON CREEK, of Gloucester co.. New Jersey, enters 
 the Delaware River about IS miles below Camden. Sloops 
 ascend 8 miles to Swedesborough. 
 
 RACOON CREEK, rises in the S.W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 and joins the Ohio River a little below Beaver. 
 
 R.ACOOX CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Hocking co., and falls 
 Into the Ohio River about 8 miles below Gallipolis. 
 
 RACOON CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Boone co., and falls 
 Into the Wabash about 7 miles W. of Rockville, In Parke 
 county, after a course of nearly 70 miles. It flows through 
 a rich and beautiful farming rezion, and furnishes extensive 
 water-power. The Little Racoon enters it from the N.E., 15 
 miles trom its mouth. 
 
 ^J^'^iT^^ CREEK, of La Crosse co.. Wisconsin, flows into 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 RACOON FORD, a post-village of Culpepper co., Virginia, 
 on the Rapidan River, 90 miles N.N.W. of Richmond, con- 
 tains sevenil mills. ' 
 
 RACOON FORK of Licking River, Ohio, joins the main 
 Ktream at Newark. 
 
 RACOON ISLAND, a post-offlce of GalUa co., Ohio. 
 16tH) 
 
 RAD 
 
 RACOON RIVER, Iowa, rises in Sac or Buenavista 
 county, and empties Itself into Des Moines River at Fort Den 
 Moines. 
 
 RACOON VALLEY, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee. 
 
 R.ACTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 R ACZ, njts, BECSE. or O-BECSE. o b.'l'cha\ a market-town 
 of Hungary, co., and 43 miles E.N.E. of Bats, with Roman 
 Catholic and Greek churches, on the right bank of the Theisi*. 
 Pop. 11.132. 
 
 RACZ-KEVE, rats-kirvA\ an island in the Danube. 28 
 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles broad. Its N, point in 
 immediately S. of Pe.sth. 
 
 R.ACZ-KEVE, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 22 
 miles S.S.W. of Pesth, on the above island. Pop. 4200. 
 
 RACZKI. rich'kee, a town of Poland, government, and 12 
 miles N.N.W. of .\ugu.stowo. 
 
 RADACK. rMhi, and R ALICK. rinik, two p:iranel ch,ain8 
 of islands of Marshall's .Archipelago, in the North Pacific, 
 stretehin? from S.S.E. to N.N.W., between lat. 4° 39' and 11° 
 48' N„ and Ion. 166° and 172° E. 
 
 R.ADAM A, rl'di-m3\ mountains of Madagascar, in the N. 
 part. 
 
 RADA-NET.-CHIANTI, rJ'di-n^l-ke-an'tee, or CASTET.-DI- 
 RAD.A, kis-tJl'dee-ri'dd, a village of Tuscany, 16 miles N. of 
 Sienna. Pop. 2876, 
 
 R.AD.AUNE, ri'dOw'neh, a river of West Prussia, flows 
 very eireuitously E.N.E., and joins the Motlau a little above 
 Dantzic, after a course of 30 miles. 
 
 RAD.AUTZ. rd'dSwts, a market-town of Austrian PoLtud, 
 In Bukowina. 10 miles S.W. of Sereth. Pop. 1!K)0. 
 
 RAIVBOURNE. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 R.AIVCLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 RADCLIFFE BHIIV.E, a station on the East Lancashire 
 Railway, between Manchester and Burv. 
 
 RAD'DINGTON, a parish of England", co. of Somerset 
 
 RADE, rj/dj-h, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 25 miles E. of 
 Dusseldorf Pop. 1092. 
 
 RADEBURG, rJ'deh-b5oRG\ or RADEBERG, rJ'd?h-WRG', 
 a town of Saxony, 9 miles N.E. of Dresden, on the Roder. 
 Pop. 2311. It has important manufactures of ribbons and 
 gloves. 
 
 R.ADENIN, rfM?h-neen', a village of Bohemia, 9 miles 
 S.S.E. of Tiibor. Pop. 101.3. 
 
 RAIVFORD, a parish of England, co. of Nottingb.am. It 
 has a station on the Peterborough and Leicester Railway, 
 2i miles W. of Nottingham. 
 
 RAD/FORD-SEM'ELE, a parish of England, co. of War- 
 wick. 
 
 RAIVFORDSVILLE. a postofflce of Perry co.. Alabama. 
 
 RADI, ri'dee, a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, 4 
 miles from Liebenau. Pop. 1580. 
 
 R.\DICEN.A, rJ-do-chA'nd. a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra I., ll miles E. of Palmi. Pop. 27uO. 
 
 R.ADICOF.ANI, rJ-Je-Ko-fd'nee. a market-town of Tuscany, 
 province, and 36 miles S.S.E. of Sienna, on the slope of a vol- 
 canic mountain of the same name. Pop. 2(500. 
 
 RADICONDOLI, rdde-kon'di>le. or RIDICONDALI, re- 
 de-kon'di-lee, a village of Central Italy, in Tuscany, pro- 
 vince of Sienna, 13 miles S.E. of Voltera. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RAD' I POLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 RADKERSBURG, rad'kfrs-b6(5RG\ a town of Styria, 87 
 miles S.E. of Griitz, on an island in the Mur. Pop. 2400. 
 
 RAD'LEY. a pari.sh of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 RADMANSDORF. rJd'mins-doRr, written al.soRODOLZA 
 and RADOULZA, a town of Illyria, 26 miles N.W. of Lay- 
 bach, on the Save. Pop. 600. 
 
 RADMAR. rdd'mdR, a village of Austria, in Styria, 30 
 miles W.N.W. of Bruck. Pop. 1066. 
 
 R.^DNA. rdd'ndh', written also RODNA, a village of Tran- 
 sylvania. 23 miles N.N.E.'of Bistritz, on the Ssimosch. It 
 was in early times a place of considerable importance, but 
 was destroyed on an incursion of the Tartars in 1242, 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 RAD'N.AGE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 R.4DNAU, a village of Austria. See Radnoth. 
 
 RADNITZ, rad'nits, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.E. 
 ofPilsen. Pop. 221 s. 
 
 RAIVNOR or RADNORSHIRE, rad'nor-shir, a county of 
 South Wales, having N. the cos. of Slontgomery and Salop. 
 .\rea. 425 square miles, of which more than one-half is said 
 to be moorland and bog. Pop. in 1S52. 24.716. The surface, 
 except in the S.E., is bleak and mountainous. Princi- 
 pal rivers, the Wye, Arrow, and Lugg. Sheep and cattle 
 are the staple product of the county. Chief town.s, Pre8- 
 teign. New Radnor, .and Knighton. The county sends 1 
 member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of 
 earl to the Bouverie family. 
 
 R.\DNOR, New, a parliamentary borough, market-town, 
 and parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 13 miles N.N.E. 
 of Brecknock. Pop of parliamentary borough, .n 1S61, 
 2345 The town consists chiefly of one irregtilarly-built 
 street. The borough, with Prest«igu. Knighton, Cefii-Llys, 
 Knucklas, and Rhayader, sends 1 member to the House iif 
 Commons. 
 
 RADNOR, Old, a parish of Wales, co. of Radnoi 
 
r 
 
 RAD 
 
 RADIfOR, a post-townsliip of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, 
 interBected by the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 8 miles 
 S. of Norristown. Pop. 1230. 
 
 RADNOR, a post-towiisliip forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Delaware co., Ohio. Po)). 1342. 
 
 RADNOTH, rad'not, RADNAU, rM'nOw, or JERNOT, 
 yjR'not, a village of Austiia, in Transylvania, co. of Kokel- 
 burg, on the Maros, 44 miles N. of Ilermannstadt. Pop. 1700. 
 RADOBOJ, rd'do-boy\ a village of Austria, in Croatia, co., 
 and about 30 miles from Warasdin. Pop. 1 169. 
 KADOCH KOVlTCirr. See RADOSrr Kovitciii. 
 RADOKALA, r^-do-kS'ia. or KIMSKI-KOK.SAKOFF, rim'- 
 Bkee-kor-sd-koff', a group of islands of the North Pacific, in 
 Marshall's Archipelago, extending about 54 miles from 
 K.N.E. to W.S.W.: hit. 11° 8' 20" and 11° 26' 45" N., ion. 
 166° 26' 30" and 167° 14' 20" E. The islands are principally 
 two — a larger, about 26 miles long, trending N.K. and S.W., 
 with an entrance to its lagoon on the S. ; and a less, situ- 
 ated to the S. of it, and 14 miles long by 3 miles wide. 
 
 RADOLFSZELL, ra'dolf-tsMr, a walled town of Baden, 
 circle of the Lake, on the Uuter-see, 17 miles N.W. of Con- 
 stance. Pop. 1220. 
 
 RADOLI.V, rd-do-leen', a town of Pmssian Poland, go- 
 vernment of Bromberg, 3 miles S.E. of Schiinianke. P. 627. 
 
 RADOM, ri'dom, a town of Poland, capital of a waywode, 
 on the Radomks, 67 miles from Warsaw. Pop. 5700. It is 
 the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has Roman Ca- 
 tholic churches, and Piarist and Lutheran colleges. 
 
 RADO.MIR, rd-do-meer', a town of European Turkey, In 
 Hoom-KIee, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ghiustendil. 
 
 RADOMSK, ri-domsk', or RADOMSKO, ra-dom'sko, a 
 town of Poland, province, and 18 miles S.E. of Kalisz, on 
 the railway to Warsaw. Pop. 1816. 
 
 R.\DO.MYSL. rd'do-misT, a town of Russia, government, 
 and a9 miles W.N.W. of Kiev, on the Teterev. Pop. 3300. 
 
 RADOMYSL. a town of Russian Poland, government of 
 Volhynia. 20 miles N.W. of Dubno. Pop. -JOOO. 
 
 RADOMYSL, a town of Austri.an Poland, in Galleia, 18 
 miles X.E. of Tarnow. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RADOSU KOVITCIII, RADOCH KOVITCIIT, or RA- 
 DOSCU KOVITSCHI, rd-dosh' ko-vit'chee. a market-town of 
 Russia, government, and 24 miles N.W. of Minsk. Pop. 1550. 
 
 R.\d6ULZ.\, a town of lUyria. See R.^dmansdorp. 
 
 RADOVITZ, rd'do-vits\ a town of European Turkey, in 
 Macedonia, 50 miles S.W. of Ghiustendil, on the Radovitz 
 River, an affluent of the Kara-soo, (anc. Strymon,) and on 
 the great route from Room-Elee into Albania. It has a 
 trade in corn and wine. 
 
 RADSTADT, rdd'stitt, (Ger. pron. rafstltt,) a town of 
 Upper Austria, 35 miles S.E. of Salzburg, on the Ems. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 RAD'STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset A 
 railway connects it with Mitford. 
 
 R.ViysXOX, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 RADWAN, rdd'wan, (Hun. liadvany. rOdVdfl',) a market- 
 town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, on the Gran, 2 miles S.AV. of 
 Neu.sohl. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RAD' WAY. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 RAD'WELL, a p.-vrish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 RAD'WIXTER. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 RADZIVILOV, rdd-ze-ve-lov', or RADZIVOLOV, rjd-zo'- 
 vo-lov', a frontier town of Russian Poland, government of 
 Volhynia, 115 miles W.N.W. of Kamieniec. 
 
 RADZYX, rJd'zin, a town of Poland, province, and 30 
 miles S.S.E. of Siedlec, capital of a county. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RAE, rM, or ROY BARELI, (bi-r.A'lee,) a town of Ilin- 
 dostan, in Oude, 48 miles S.3.K. of Lucknow. It has an 
 extensive fort, which, with the town, is altogether in a de- 
 cayed condition. Pop. 8000. 
 
 RAEFFSKOY. ri-effs*koi'. a group of islands in the Low 
 Archipelago; lat. 16° 43' S., Ion. 144° 11' W. They are 
 three in number, and are very small ; only one of them con- 
 tains a few inhabitants. They appear to be the same as 
 the Sea-gull group of Wilkes' United States Exploring Ex- 
 pedition. 
 
 RAF A, rj'fi, (anc. Ralphin.) a town of Palestine, near the 
 frontier of Egypt, 4 or 6 miles from the Jlediternmean. 
 
 RAF'FLES B.IY, an inlet on the N. coast of the Coburg 
 Peninsula, in North Australia, 13 miles E. of Port Essing- 
 ton; lat. 11° 10' S., Ion. 132° 20' E. A British settlement, 
 named Port Raffles, established here in 1847, was aban- 
 doned in 1849. 
 
 RAB''FORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin. 2 miles 
 S.E. of Forres. Here are the superb mansion of Altyre. the 
 residence of Sir W. C. Gordon, and Burgle Castle, a struc- 
 ture of the seventeenth century. 
 
 RAFSUND. (KSfsund.) r^f'soond, a lake of Sweden, laen, 
 and 26 miles S.E. of Ostersund. Greatest length from N.W. 
 to S.E., 24 miles; breadth, about 9 miles. It has a large 
 island and a village of the same name on its E. shore, and 
 discharges itself at the S.E. into the Njurunda. 
 
 R.\FZ, rdfts. a parish of Switzerland, canton of Zurich, 
 2i miles N. of Kglisau. Pop. 1150. 
 
 R.VGATZ, rj'gdts, a town and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 30 miles S. by E. of St. Gall, at the mouth of 
 
 RAH 
 
 the gorge throngh which the Tamina rushes in its coom 
 to jointhe Rhine. Pop. 13;37. 
 
 RAG'D.^LE. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 RAG ENDOIJF, rd'ghjn-dORf*, or RA.IKA, rl'k0h\ a market 
 town of West Hungary, co., and 11 miles N.N.W. of Wiesa. 
 burg, on the Danube. Pop. 3;3oO. 
 
 RAG'GED MOUNTAINS, an elevated range on the border 
 between Grafton and Merrimack counties, New Hampshire 
 Height, about 2000 feet. 
 
 R.^GUIB, rd'gheeb', a village of Arabia, on Its S.E. coast 
 12 miles N.E. of Kas Makallah. It has an ancient mosque. 
 
 RAGHLEY, rdh'lee or raw'lee, or AU(mLEY, awb'lee,^ 
 peninsula and fishing village of Ireland, in Connaught on 
 its N.W. coast, co.. and 9 miles N.W. of Sligo. Pup. of the 
 village, 170. Here are the ruins of Artarmon Castle. 
 
 RAGHOOGHUR or RAIKiO(KlUlfH. See Kaoooohur. 
 
 RAGIAN, rd-ghe-dn', or RHUGIAN, rOg'e-dn', a town 
 ship of Persia, province of Ears, 3 miles W, of Behbehan. 
 
 RAG'LAND, a village and pari.sh of England, co.. and 
 miles W.S.W. of Monmouth. Pop. 766. About 1 mile from 
 the village are the ruins of Ragland Castle, the ancient seat 
 of the Somerset family. 
 
 RAGLESVILLE, r«g'glz-vil, a post-offlce of Davie.sg co., 
 Indiana, 
 
 RAGNIT, rdg'nit, a town of East Prussia, 30 miles N. of 
 Gumbinnen, on the Niemen. Pop. 2850. 
 
 RAGOL, rd-gol', a town of Spiiin, in Andalusia, province, 
 and 18 miles from Almeria. Pop. 1217. 
 
 RAGOOGHUR, RAGHOOGHUR, rd-goo-gQr', or RAH- 
 OOOGUIUI, a town of Central Hindostan, province of Mal- 
 w.ah, capital of a large district, l;i3 miles S.S.W. of Gwalior. 
 
 RAGOV or RAGOW, rd-gov', a market-town of Russian 
 Poland, government of Vilna, 25 miles N.N.W. of Vilkomeer. 
 Pop. 1520. 
 
 R.\GUIIN, rd'goon, a town of Germany, in Anh.alt-Dessau, 
 on the Mulde, 8 miles S. of Dessiiu. Pop. 1589. 
 
 R.VGUSA, rd-goo'sd, a river of Sicily, after a S. course of 
 25 miles, enters the Mediterranean 12 miles S.S.W. of IModica. 
 
 R.\GUSA, a town of Sicily, intendency of Syr.ieuse, co., 
 and 3 miles W. of Modiea, on the W, bank of the river 
 Ragusa. Pop. 21,705. Its inhabitants are industrious, and 
 have manufactures of woollens and silks, with a trade in 
 corn, oil, wine, and cheese. Near it stood the ancient ilybla 
 Hircea. 
 
 RAGUSA, rd-goo'sd, or RAUGIA. rd-oo'ja or rOw'j.i, (Slav. 
 Dubrovnik, doo-brov'uik; Turk. Pnprnimik, p4-prov-nik' or 
 pd-prov-neek',) a seaport city of Dalaiatia, capital of a cir- 
 cle, on a peninsula of the Adriatic, 38 miles W.N.W. of 
 Cattaro. Lat. of the mole fort, 42° 38' 9" N., Ion. 18° 7' E. 
 Pop. 6000. It is partly enclosed by old walls, flanked by 
 ma.ssive round-towers, and has a most imposing appear 
 anco. The houses are chiefly in the Italian style. It has a, 
 cathedral, with fine works of art, a large Gothic custom- 
 house, a palace of the former rectors of the Republic, a 
 guard-house, with a conspicuous belfrey, barracks for 1200 
 troops, a lyceum. and various other public schools, a lazaretto, 
 a theatre, and in its vicinity numerous elegant villas. The 
 iport, immediately S. of the city, is fitted only for small ves- 
 sels; but the harbor of Gravosa, N. of the peninsula, will 
 receive ships of the line: both are defended by forts. Its 
 trade, once important, has greatly declined. It is visited 
 every year by earthquakes, and suffered severely from that 
 of 1667, by which a fifth part of the population lost their 
 lives. It has manufactures of silks, leather, and rosoglio, 
 which, with oil, anchovies, and the products of Herzego- 
 vina, constitute the chief exports. Ragusa, founded about 
 the middle of the seventh century, continued to be a re- 
 public under the successive protection of the Greeks, Vene- 
 tians, and Turks, until 1806, when it was erected by Napo- 
 leon into a duchy for Marshal Marmont. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 Raqdsan. rd-goo'san. 
 
 RAGUSA VECCHIA, rd-goo'sd vjk'ke-d. ("Old Ragusa,") 
 a village on the Adriatic, 7 miles S.E. of the above town, wag 
 the ancient Epidaurus, destroyed by the Croats in 656. It 
 has many vestiges of antiquity. 
 
 R All ABEU, ri-hi'bfeh, a castle of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic 
 of Bagdad, on the W. bank of the Euphrates, between Rak- 
 kah and Anah, near the site of an ancient city conjectured 
 to have been the Rehoboth of Scripture. 
 
 RAHAD, rd-hdd', a river of Abyssinia and Nubia, joins 
 the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, 67 miles N. of Sennaar, 
 after a N.W. course of 260 miles. 
 RAHAN or RAGHAN a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 RAH AN' or RAGHAN, ra-Han', a parish of Ireland, King"! 
 county. 
 
 R.^HDEN. rd'den, a market^town of Prussia, in West- 
 phalia. 16 miles N'.W. of Minden. Pop. 1200. 
 
 RAIIDUNPOOR, rd-dtln-poor/. a town of West HindostaU; 
 dominions, and 136 miles N.W. of Baroda, capital of a rajah- 
 ship, in a wide plain close to the Runn of Cutch. l^at. 2;> 
 52' N., Ion. 71° 38' E. It is enclosed by a brick wall witb 
 towers, and in 1820 comprised 4000 hou.ses. 
 
 RAHEIA, rd-hl'a, a town of Hindostan, in Bundeluund^ 
 14 miles S.E. of J.aloun. 
 RAH'ENY or RATHENY, rath'e-ne, a vUlage and parish 
 
 1561 
 
RAH 
 
 of Irelaud, oo., and 4 miles N.E. of Dublin, on the X. side 
 of its bay, and with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda 
 Railway. I'o). of its village, 2o0. 
 
 KAIIMANiKAII or KAHMANIKII, rdn-md-nee'gh, a 
 town of Lower Egypt, province of Bahari, 25 miles S.S.E. of 
 Kosetta, on the Kosetta branch of the Nile. It was taken by 
 the English from the French in 1801. 
 
 RAIIO, iS.'ho\ a village of HuJgary, 18 mUes N.E.of Szi- 
 geth. Top. 2W7. 
 
 RAHOOX', a village and parish of Ireland, co. of Galway. 
 The parish contains a part of the town of Galway. 
 
 RAUOON, r3-hoon', or RHAX, r'hin, a town of the Pun- 
 jab, in British India, between the Sutlej and Boas, 13 miles 
 K .E of Loodianah. It has manufactures of cotton goods. 
 
 RAIIOURY, rd-hoo^ree, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bombay, 18 miles N. of Ahmednujgur. 
 
 RAIIO VA, rd-ho'va, orORAVA, o-r3'v4. atown of European 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, sanjak, and 65 miles E.S.E. of Widdin, 
 on the Danube, here crossed by a ferry. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RAIIWAY, raw'wi, a small river in the N.E. part of New 
 Jersey, rises in Essex co., flows nearly S. to Rahway, and 
 then forms the boundary between Union and Middlesex 
 counties until it enters Staten Island Sound. Vessels of SO 
 tons ascend it to Rahway. 
 
 R.A.UWAY, a post^village of Union and Middlesex counties, 
 New Jersey, is situated on the Rahway ]!iver, and on the 
 New Jersey Railroad, 10 miles S.S.W. of Newark, and S8 
 miles N'.E. of Trenton. It is divided by the river into Upper 
 and Lower Rahway, the former of which is in Rahway 
 township, and the latter (formerly called Bridgeton) in 
 Woodbridge township, Middlesex county. It contains 9 
 churches, belonging to the Presbyterians, Methodists, Bap- 
 tists, Friends, and colored people ; also 2 national banks, an 
 insui-ance office, and 2 newspaper offices. There is a board- 
 ing school for girls, named the Rahway Female Institute, a 
 classical boarding school for boys, and a tine Union school, 
 erected in 1852. Rahway is noted chietly for the manufac- 
 ture of carriages, hats, stoves, stoneware, &c. : 3000 carriages 
 were made lii;re annually for the Southern markets. It has a 
 large muslin-printing establishment, an iron foundry, and 
 a manufactory of felt cloth. Schooners ascend the river to 
 this place. Settled about the year 1720. Pop. in 1860, 
 7130. 
 
 RAIATEA, rl-i-tVa, or LAIATEA, ll-i-tk'i, (the Ulitea of 
 Cook,) one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific, 130 miles 
 N.W. of Tahiti ; kit. 16° 50' S., Ion. 151° 24' W. Circuit, about 
 40 miles. It has many good anchorages, sheltered by a coral 
 reef tliat encloses this and the neighboring island of Fula. 
 Priucip;tl products, arrow-root and cocoa-nuts. Here is a 
 missionary station. 
 
 RAICUOR, rrchor', RAICIIOOR, rrchoor', or RACIIOOR, 
 rJ-cho<ir', a town of India, in Nizam's dominions, between 
 the Kistnah and Toombuddra Rivers, 110 miles S.W. of 
 Hyderabad: lat. 16° 12' N., Ion. 77° 25' E. It is large, irre- 
 gularly built, with the strongest fort in this part of India. 
 
 RAID.A.H, ri'dd, a seaport tdwn of Arabia, on its S.E. 
 coast; lat. 15° N., Ion. 60° 30' E. Pop. 700. Principal ex- 
 ports, frankincense, aloes, ambergris, and shark-fins. 
 
 RAIDROOG, a town of llindosSn. See Rtdrooo. 
 
 RAI-KOKK. ri-ko/kA, written also RAU-KOKO and RACII- 
 KOKE, one of the Koorile Islands, in the Pacific Oce;in, lie- 
 longing to Russia, and near the centre of the group; lat. 
 48° 16' N., Ion. 153° 15' E. Length and breadth, about 15 
 miles ftich. The surfiice is rocky and mountainous, and it 
 contains an active volcano. 
 
 RAILROADS. A general account of these will be found 
 under the head of the different states and countries in 
 which they are situated. 
 
 RAIN or RIIAIN, rin, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the 
 Lech, 23 miles N. of Augsburg. Pop. 1050. Before it the 
 Austrian general Tilly was mortally wounded in 1632. 
 
 RAIN'BOW, a post-office of Hartford co., Connecticut. 
 
 RAINE, rAn, a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 RAINE (rAn) ISLET, an islet in the Great Barrier Reef; 
 lat. 11° 36' S., Ion. 144° 2' 15" E., 1000 yards long, by 500 yards 
 wide. A beacon, the summit of which is 75 feet above sea- 
 level, has been erected upon it, marking the best entrance 
 through the outer reef towards Torres Strait 
 
 RA INK'S (rdnz) TAVERN, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 RAIN'FORD. a chapelry of Epgland, co. of Lancaster, b\ 
 miles N.N.E. of Prescot, with a station on the Lancashire 
 and Yorkshire Railway. 
 
 RAIX'UAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 R.UXHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RAIMIAM, StDUTII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 5 » I vAV^^'' ^^'^'^^ a Pa^sli of Kngland, oo. of Norfolk. 
 
 i.K ' * township of England, co. of Lanaister, 
 
 with a station on the Manchester Railway, 9 miles N.E. of 
 Liverpool. 
 
 R.UN I BR, rA'neer, a nost-offlee of Washington oo_ Oregon. 
 
 RAIMKR. MfJUNT. See Mount Rainieiu 
 
 S A lv'cmAu'i^?w; t^ ""•*'•' ''*' *:nKlat"l. CO. of Chester. 
 
 KAINS'BOROUGII, a ost-village of Highland co., Ohio, 
 89 imleo E. of Cincinnati. 
 1562 
 
 RAJ 
 
 RAINS/BURO, a post-village of Bedford co., Pennsylvanih. 
 on Cove Creek, about 8 mik-s S. of Bedford 
 
 RAINS'CLIFF, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 RAINS'VILLE, a post-village of Warren co., Indiina, on 
 Pine Creek, 87 miles N.W. of Indianapolip. 
 
 RAIN'TON, EAST, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 RAINTON, west, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 RAI'NY LAKE, (Fr. Lac de la Tluk, Idk d' Id plu^ee',) in 
 North Araeric.1, 160 miles W. of Ijjke Superior, forms part 
 of the boundary between the British aijd United States- 
 territories, and has on its S. side a fort of the American Fur 
 Company. It di.schargos its surplus waters W. into the 
 Lake of the Woods, by Rai.nt River, 100 miles in length. 
 Its banks are covered with pine forests. 
 
 RAI'SEN MARKET, a parish and m.arket-town of Eng- 
 land, CO., and 14 miles N.N.E. of Lincoln. Pop. 2022. 
 
 RAISEN, MIDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 R-\ISEN, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RAI'SIN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Lenawee co., 
 Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Southern Railroad. 
 Pop. 1545. 
 
 RAISIN RIVER, of Michigan, ri.ses in Hillsdale county. 
 Its general direction is nearly E., and its whole length is 
 probably 140 miles. The water-power on this river is very 
 extensive. The current is rapid, the banks are high, and 
 the valley through which it flows is noted for fertility. 
 After passing by Adrian and Monroe, it enteis Lake Erie 2 
 miles from the latter place. 
 
 RAI'SINVILLE, a township in the E. part of Monroe co., 
 Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Southern Railroad. 
 Pop. 1448. 
 
 K.\ISMES, rAm or rem, a town of France, department of 
 Nord, with a station on the Northern Railway, 3 miles 
 N.W. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 3078. It has coal- 
 mines and iron-works. 
 
 RAISSEEN, rLs'seen', a decayed town and hill-fort of In- 
 dia, in the Gwalior dominions, 22 miles N.E, of Bhopaul. 
 
 R.\rni'BY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 R.\1V.\, ri'vd, a town of Poland, on the Radka, govern- 
 ment, and 46 miles S.W. of Warsjiw. Pop. 1800. It was 
 formerly a strong fortress, and has an ancient castle. 
 
 R.\JAGRIH.i, rd-jd-gree/a, a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, 16 miles S. of Bahar, on the lofty site of 
 an old fortress. It is a place of pilgrimage, where 50,000 
 Hindoos sometimes assemble. 
 
 RAJAHMU.NDRY, rd-jd-man'dree, a town of British !»• 
 dia, capital of a district of its own name, on the Godavery, 
 about 43 miles from its mouth, and 73 miles N.E. of Ma- 
 sulipatam; lat. ltj° 25' N., Ion. 81° 54' E. It stands on a 
 height, and has a fort and a terraced bazaar, with numerous 
 mosques, and other indications of Mohammedan ascendancy. 
 
 RAJAHMUNDRY, a maritime district of Briti.sh India, 
 presidency of Madras. Area, 6050 square milBS. Pop.1,012,036. 
 
 RAJAKERA, rdjdka'rd, a town of Central Iliudostan, 
 in the Bhurtpoor dominions, 24 miles S. of Agra. 
 
 RAJAMAIIAL, rd'jd-md-hdl', written also RAJEMAHAL 
 and RAJMUII.4L, ("the royal re.«idenco,'") a city of British 
 India, presidency and province of Bengal, district of Bogli- 
 poor, on the Ganges, 66 miles N.W. of Moorshedabad. Esti- 
 mated pop. 30,000. It consists of a long street of stone and 
 mud houses, with about a dozen market-places. 
 
 RAJ AN AG UR. rd-jd-nd-gtir', (Hindoo Rajanaijra. rd-jd-nd'- 
 grd,) a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, on the 
 Ganges, 23 miles W.S.W. of Dacca. 
 
 RAJANAGIIR, a village of British India, presidency cf 
 Madras, 11 miles N.N.W. of Rajahmuudry. 
 
 RAJANO, rd-yd/no, a town of Naples, province of Abruzz; 
 Ultra II., 6 miles N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 1550. 
 
 RAJAPULPETTA, rd'jd-paipit/td, a town of Ilindostac 
 province, and 60 miles S. of Hyderabad ; lat. 10° 27' N., Ion 
 7S° 37' E. 
 
 RAJAWUR, rd'jJ-wUr', written also RAJAURI, or RA 
 JOUR, a town of the Punjab, in British India, on the Ch» 
 naub, 120 miles N. of Lahore. 
 
 RAJDEER, rdj'deer', a town of Hindostan. province of 
 Candeish, strongly situated on a precipitous mountain, only 
 accessible by a narrow foot-path cut through the i^ock, and 
 secured by gates. Though plentifully supplied with water 
 and provisions sufficient for a year, when besieged by the 
 British in 1818, it was eyacuated by the garrison as soon as 
 the mortar batteries opened, and gained without the loss of 
 a single man. 
 
 R.iJECX, rdV^ts', a market-town of Hungary, co. of Trent- 
 schin, on an affluent of the Waag, 34 miles N.'W. of Neusohl. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 RAJESHAHYE, rrjfh-shd-hi', or RAJSHAHYE., r^'shd- 
 hi', a district of British India, presidency, and in the cjnix* 
 of the province of Bengal, between lat. 24° and 25° N., Ion. 
 88° 30' and 90° E., having S. the main stream of the Gai g'-s. 
 Area, 2812 square miles. Pop. 950,000. The chief towu'- \tt 
 Bauleah, and Hurrial. 
 
 RAJGUUR. rdjV'ar', or RAJ'GURK', a fortified town -f 
 India, 175 miles S.W. of Gwalior. 
 
 RAJGHUR, a tt wn of India, in Buudelcuad, on Jh< 
 Cane, 100 miles S.E. of Jhansi. 
 
 =J' 
 
RAJ 
 
 RAM 
 
 RA.TGITUR, a town of India, In Gurhwal. 45 miles N.E. 
 of Tlinb.tilah. 
 
 R A.T( )D K, rit-jod'. a town of Ilindostan, province of Mai wah, 
 46 miles W. hy S. of Oojein. Lat. 2:5° 3' N., Ion. 75^ 9' K. 
 
 RAJOO, rd'joo', a town of Central India, in the Berar do- 
 minions, on the Mahanuddy, 27 miles S. of Ryepoor. It has 
 numerous paj^ndas, and a large annual festival. 
 
 RA.TOORA, rj-joo^rj. a town of Ilindostan, presidency of 
 Bombay, Guzerat peninsula, 53 miles N.E. of the promon- 
 tory of" Diu Head. T>at. 21° 2' N., Ion. 71° 40' E. 
 
 R AJPEI'LA, ri5j-p?p1J. a decayed town of West Ilindostan, 
 dominions, and 55 miles S.S.E. of Baroda. 
 
 RAJi'OOR, rij-poor', a town of Ilindostan, province of 
 Bejapoor, district of Concan, 96 miles N.N.W of Goa. 
 
 R.\,T1'00R. a town of Ilindostan, province of Malwah, 18 
 miles from Kooksee. 
 
 RAJPOOT.WA, a city or province of India. See Ajmeer. 
 
 RA.TSIIAirYE. See Rajeshahtk. 
 
 RAKAS-TA t, a lake of Thibet. See Ravana-IIhada. 
 
 R.\K1IAING. a province of India. See Aracan. 
 
 RAKITUA, (?) r£-ke-too'i, a market-town of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 59 miles S.S.W. of Koorsk, on an affluent of 
 the Psiol. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RAKITUA, (?) a market-town of Russia, government of 
 Pskov, 19 miles N.K. of Ostrov. 
 
 RAKKA. RAKKAH, or RACCA, rak'kS, (ane. Niceplinl- 
 rium,) a small town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of same 
 name, on the Euphrates, 92 miles S.E. of Bir. It has some 
 remains of antiquity. 
 
 RAK.VEE, rSk'nee, a village of Afjrh.anistan, 40 mjles W. 
 of Dera Ghazee Khan, on the road to Candahar. where the 
 Sangad Pass intersects the Sakhee Sarwar Pass. It is a small 
 place of about 40 huts, lying on a stream. A road, practicable 
 for wheel carriases, leads from Raknee to Candahar. 
 
 RAKONITZ, ra'ko-nit.s\ written also ROKOW.NMK, a town 
 of Bohemia, on two small rivers, 30 miles W. of Prague. 
 Pop. 2646. 
 
 RAKOV or RAKOW, rJ'kov, a town of Poland, province, 
 and 34 miles W. of Sandomier. Pop. 1520. 
 
 R.\KOA^ or R.\KOW, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 20 miles W.N.W. of iMinsk. 
 
 RAICWITZ, rdk'Wits, or RAKONIEWICE, rd-kon-y.^ 
 *eet/sA, a town of Prussian Poland, 34 miles S.W. of Posen. 
 i-op. 1700. 
 
 RALDING, rjl'ding, a mountain of North Ilindostan, in 
 the Himalayas, on the Sutlej. Lat. 31° 29' N., Ion. 78° 22' E. 
 Ilei.L'ht, 21,411 feet. 
 
 R.\r>DONE, rdl-do'n.i, a village of Austrian Italy, 8 miles 
 S.E. of Verona. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RALEIGH, raw'lee, a county in the S. part of West 
 Virj^iuia, contains about 380 square miles. It is traversed 
 in the K. part by New River, and also drained by the head 
 streams of Coal River. The slope of the county is toward 
 the N.W. The surface is mountainous, and mostly over- 
 spreail with forests. The route of the Covington and Ohio 
 Railroad passes along the N.E. border. Formed out of part 
 of Fayette county, and named in honor of the celebrated 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, who planted a colony on the Roanoke 
 aliout 1685. Capital, Beckley. Pop. 3307, of whom 3310 
 were fi'ee, jind 57 slaves. 
 
 R.\LK1G1I, rawlee, a city, capital of North Carolina, and 
 seat of justiee of Wake co.. a few miles W. of Neuse River, 
 148 miles N. by W. of Wilmington, 60 miles N.N.E. of Fayette- 
 ville. and 286 miles from Washington. Lat. 35° 47' N., Ion. 
 78° 4S' W. The situation is elevated and healthy. An open 
 area of ten acres, named Union Square, occupies the centre 
 of the city, from which four principal streets, 99 foet wide, 
 extend in different directions. The State-house, situated in 
 Union Square, is among the largest and most splendid Capi- 
 tols in the United States. It is built of granite, and sur- 
 rounded with massive columns of the same material, after 
 the model of the Parthenon, and surmounted by a handsome 
 dome. The dimensions are 166 feet long by 90 wide, and 
 tht cost above .$500,000. The former State-house, which con- 
 tained a marble statue of Washington, by Canova, was 
 destroyed by fire in 1831. The North Carolina Institution 
 for the Deaf and Dumb has recently boen established at this 
 place. The foundation of the State Lunatic .Asylum has also 
 been laid on Dix's Hill, in the W. part of the town. Raleigh 
 also contains a court-house, a marliet-house. two banks, and 
 churches of the Presbyterians, -Episcopalians, Baptists, 
 Methodists, and Roman Catholics ; about 12 newspapers are 
 published here. Rjileigh is the terminus of the Raleigh and 
 Gaston Railroad, which, with other lines, forms a direct 
 communication with Richmond and Norfolk, Virginia. The 
 North Carolina Railroad, now in progress, passes through 
 this '■ity, connecting it with those of South Carolina, on one 
 hand, and with the seaports of North Carolina on the other. 
 Pop. in 1850, 4518; in 1860, 4780. 
 
 RALEIGH, a post-village, capital of Smith co., Missis- 
 »ippi. about 50 miles E. by S. of Jackson. It is surrounded 
 by pine barrens. 
 
 R.^LEIGH, a post-village, capital of Shelbvco., Tennessee, 
 on Wolf River, 200 miles W.S.W. of Xa.shvjlle, and 9 or 10 
 Diilpa N.E. of Memphis. It is situated in a fertile cotton- 
 
 growing district, on the railroad route from Memphis to 
 Nashville. 
 
 RALEIGH, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky, on tho 
 Ohio River, 215 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 RALEIGH, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, 10 miles 
 N.N.E. of Rushville. 
 
 RALEIGH, a postrvillage and township, capital ot Saline 
 CO., Illinois, on the Middle Fork of Saline Creek, 175 miles 
 S.S.E. of Spiingfield. 
 
 RALEIGH COURT-HOUSE, W. Virginia. See Beckley. 
 
 RALICK ISLANDS, North P.acific. See Raback. 
 
 RALLS, rawlz, a county in the E.N.E. part of Missouri, 
 contains about 430 square miles. It is bttunded on the N.E. 
 by the Mississippi, which separates it from Illinois, traversed 
 from W. to E. by Salt River, and also drained by Spencer's 
 and Lick Creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified, and 
 the soil generally good. Limestone underlies the greater 
 part of the county. Stone coal and iron ore are found in it. 
 Ciiiiitul,,New Lunduu. Pop. 8u'J2, of whom ObOl were free, 
 and 1791 slaves. 
 
 RAL'LY HILL, a post-ofRee of 5Iaury co., Tennessee. 
 
 RALPH'TON, a post-office of Fulton co., Kentucky. 
 
 RALSTON, rawLs'ton, a post-village of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Lj'coming Creek, and on the railroad between 
 Willianisport and Elmira, 25 miles N. of the former. 
 
 Rj\.MA, rd'md, or RAMAL.\, rd-mdad, a town of Palestine, 
 26 miles N.N.W. of Jerusalem. It is supiwsed to be the 
 ancient Arimathea. Pop. 2000. 
 
 R.\M AH, rd'md; or ER-RAM, JrVdm', a village of Palestine, 
 5 miles N. of Jerusalem. 
 
 RAMALES, rinid'lJs, a village of Spain, province, and 26 
 miles S.E. of Santander. Along with the neighboring fort 
 of Guardamino, it was obstinately held by Maroto, the 
 Carlist general. In 1837, but he was at length forced to sur- 
 render to Espartero, who was created Duke of Vittoria, 
 for his services on this occasion. On evacuating, the Carlists 
 set lire to the town, which still remains a heap of ruins. 
 Pop. 805. 
 
 R.\M^APO', a small river rising In Orange co., New York, 
 flows .southward through Bergen and Passaic counties of 
 New Jersey, and enters Pomptou River, about 8 miles N.W. 
 of Paterson. It is a good mill-stream. 
 
 R.iMAPO, a township of Rockland co., New York. Pop. 
 3435. 
 
 RAMAPO WORKS, a post-village in the above township, 
 on R.amapo River, and ou the Erie Railroad, 44 miles N. bj' 
 W. of New York. It hag a rolling mill and a manufactory 
 of files and other articles. 
 
 R.\M1!.\E, a town of Ecuador. SeeCUENCA. 
 
 •RAMIJfi, rdm-bi, or GIL'LET, one of the Feejee Islands; 
 lat. 10° 24' S., Ion. 179° 53' 40" W. It is lofty and weU- 
 wooded, with many deep bights, one of which, on the S.E 
 side affords good anchorage. There is a large settlement on 
 
 RAMBERVILLERS, rSsrbfeVeVi', a town of France, d» 
 partmeut of Vosges, on .the Mortagne, 16 miles N.E. of 
 Epiual. Pop. in 1852, 4S41. It has manufactures of linen 
 and cotton-thread, woollen hosiery, earthenwares, iron- 
 works, and paper mills, in its vicinity. 
 
 RAMBLA, La, Id rdm'bld, a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 14 miles S. of Cordova. Pop. 9040. It has several 
 convents, and some woollen manufactures. 
 
 RA.VI15LA, La, a town of the island of Teneriffe, on the 
 W. coast. Pop. 1413. 
 
 RAMBODDK, rdm-bod'd,i, a sanitarium in the central 
 province of Ceylon, 34 miles from Kandy, at an elevation of 
 3320 feet. 
 
 RAMBOUILLET, r5M'booVi', or r5M^boory.V, a town 
 of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, capital of the depart- 
 ment, 17 miles S.W. of Versailles, on the railway from Paris 
 to Chartres. Pop. in 1852, 4130. It has a fine cliate,au, 
 formerly a royal residence, in which Francis I. died in 1547. 
 It was occupied by Charles X. on his way to Cherbourg, in 
 July, 1830. The first merinos imported into France were 
 at its model farm, established by Louis XVI. 
 
 RAMDROOG, rdm-droog', a town of Ilindostan, presi- 
 dency of JIadras, 43 miles S.E. of Bellary. Lat. 14° 44' N, 
 Ion. 77° 31' E. 
 
 RAME, raim, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. The 
 Rame head is a promontary bounding the entrance to 
 Plymouth Sound on tie W. ; lat. 50° 19' N., Ion. 4° 13' W. 
 
 RAM'ELTON, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Donegal, on the W. side of Lough Swilly, 6 miles S.W. of 
 R.athmunen. Pop. 1428. 
 
 RA'MER. a post-offlce of Montgomery co., Alabiima. 
 
 RAMERUPT, rd'meh-rilpf, a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Aube, 7 iuiles E. of Arcis-sur-.4^ube. Pop. 58S. 
 
 RAM'ESES, a post-offlce of Darlington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 R.\MET, rd'mil', a village of Belgium, province, and 7 
 miles S.W, of Liege, on the Meuse. Pop. 1472. 
 
 RAM ETTA, rd-m^ftd, a walled tewn of Sicily, 8 miles W 
 of Messina. Pop. 263. ^^ 
 
 R AMQ.\ON. r3m-gd-6n', a villa^ pf Ilindostan. presidency 
 of Bengal, district of Kumaou, 1 ' miles S. of Almora. 
 
 1563 
 
RAM 
 
 JIAUQERRY, r3m-gh?r'ree, a town of Hindostan, pro- 
 f Ince of Mvsore. 4S miles N.E. of Serin.crapatam. 
 
 RAMGUAUT, ramVawt/, a town of Hindostan, province, 
 and X. bv E. of Agra, on the rijtht bank of the Ganges. 
 
 UAMGUAUT, a pass of Hindostan. leading from the 
 province of Bejapoor over the ^Vest Ghauts, to the Portu- 
 guese territories on the JIalabar coast, of which Goa is the 
 capital. The ascent from the E. to the summit of the pass, 
 which has a height of about 2200 feet, is very gradual, but 
 the descent on the W. side is very steep. 
 
 KAMGIIUR. rim'jrur'. a town of Rritish India, capital of 
 the district of its own name, on the Dummodah, 200 miles 
 N.W. of Calcutta, and S. of the route to Benares. 
 
 EAMGIIUR. a larse district of British India, presidency 
 of Bensnil. comprisin;: all the S. part of the province of Ba- 
 har. between lat. 22° and 26° N., and Ion. 83° and 87° E. 
 Area estimated at 22.500 square miles. 
 
 RAMGHCR, a town of British India, in the Upper Pro- 
 Tinces, S. of Almora. 
 
 RAMGUNGA. rdm-srfing'pra, written also RAM.AGUXOA, 
 a river of British India, presidency of Bengal, after a W. 
 and S. course of 250 miles joins the Ganges 5 miles N.E. 
 of Kanoje. 
 
 R.\MGUR, rJm'gtlr', a town of Hindostan, province of 
 Orissa, on the Mahanuddy, 106 miles W. of Cuttack. Lat. 
 20° 26' N., Ion. 84° 26' E. 
 
 RAM HEAD, a promontorv of New South Wales, 30 miles 
 &W. of Cape Howe. Lat. 37° 40' S., Ion. 149° 30' E. 
 
 RAM HORMOOZ, RAM IIORMODZ or RAM HORMUZ, 
 rim hor-mooz', a town of Persi.1, province of Khoozistan, 
 82 miles S.E. of Shooster, on the route thence to Sheeraz, 
 and on an affluent of the Jerahi. 
 
 R.VMILLIES, ram'e-leez, (Fr. pron. Ri'meeryeo' or ni^mee'*- 
 yee',) a village of Belgium, province of South Brabant. 19 
 miles S.S.E. of Louvain. Here the Duke of Marlborough 
 defeated the French, May 23, 1706. 
 
 RAMIREZ, ri-mee'rJs, a wooded island in the lake of 
 Tamia'iua. Mexico. State of Vera Cruz, S.W. of Tampico. 
 RAMIREZ. DIEGO ISLANDS. See Diego Ramirm. 
 RAMISSERAM. rl-mis'sfh-ram, or RAMIS'ERUM. an 
 Island in the Gulf of Manaar, off the S. extremity of Hin- 
 dostan; lat. 9° IS' N.. Ion. 79° 22' E. Estimated length, 11 
 miles; average breadth, 6 miles. The surface is low, sandy, 
 and jungly. It has a remarkable temple much resorted to 
 in pilgrimage, and is the scene of many Hindoo fables, and 
 a noted poiut in Hindoo astronomy. The chief port, Paum- 
 bum, is on its W. side. Until 14S0, it was connected with 
 the mainland by a neck of land, the vestiges of which render 
 the channel innavigable except for small vessels. 
 R.\.MLE.\II, mountains of Arabia. See Shammar. 
 KAM'LEH, a town of Palestine, pashalic of Gaza, 22 miles 
 W.N.W. of Jerusalem, on the route to Jaffa. Pop. about 
 8000. It stands on a slope facing fhe E., and has many well- 
 built stone houses, several mosques, some vaulted cisterns, 
 one of the largest Latin convents in Palestine, and a Sara- 
 cenic t-ower commanding a fine view. Its vicinity is covered 
 with gardens and olive plantations. 
 
 RAMN.\D, rim-nad', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Madras, on the Vayah River, 125 miles N.E. of Cape 
 Comorin. Lat. 9° 13' N., Ion. 78° 56' E. It has a fort, a 
 palace, and a Protestant church. 
 
 RAMNAGUR or RAMN'AGHUR, ram-ni-gar/, a town of 
 Hindostan. presidency of Bengal, 5 miles S.E. of Benares. 
 
 RAMXAGUR or RAMN.\GHUR, a town of the Punjab, 
 on an affluent of the Cheuaub, 90 miles N.E. of Lahore. It 
 has lately been much enlarged and improved, and has two 
 eastles. 
 
 RAMNE, rim'nee, a snowy mountain of the Himalayas, 
 In the N. of the province of Kumaon, 50 miles N. of .\lmora. 
 Lat 30° 20' N., Ion. 79° 38' E. Estimated height, 22,768 feet 
 above sea-level. 
 
 RAMN UGGUR. rim-nlig'gfir, a walled town of the Punj-nb, 
 on the Chenaub, 62 miles N.W. of Lahore; lat. 32° 20' N., 
 Ion. 73° 38' E. Here the Sikh army was defeated by the 
 . British, October, 1848. 
 
 RA'.MOAN or RATH'MOAN, a p.irish of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Antrim. It comprises the town of Ballycastle, with 
 Kenl«ine headland, and the mountnin of Knocklayd. 
 
 R.VMOO, rd-moo', a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, district 
 of Chittagong, on a large river of the same name, 250 miles 
 E.S.E.ofGilcutta. 
 RAM'PISHAM. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 RAMPOOR, rdm^poor', a town of India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 40 miles N.W. of Bareilv. and 105 miles E. of Delhi. 
 Lat 28° 50' N., Ion. 78° 54' E. It is large and populous, en- 
 closed by a bamb<x) hedge, and has two palaces, and a fine 
 mosque and mausoleum. 
 
 RAMPOOR, a town of India, in Gurhwal. capital of the 
 district of P.ussaher, on the S. bank of the Sutlej, 50 miles 
 E.N.E. of Bela*p<x)r. Lat 31° 27' N., Ion. 77° 38' E. It is a 
 lavorite place of Hindoo pilgrimage, and has some com- 
 merciil importance. The houses are built in squares around 
 court-yards, and r-xifed with slate, but being built in the 
 cavity of a glittering rock, it is one of the hottest places in 
 North Indi.H. 
 1664 
 
 RAN 
 
 RAMPOOR, a town of India, dominion, and 112 rnUee B. 
 of Odeypoor. 
 
 RAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 RAMl-'TON, a parish of England, co. of Ciunbridge. 
 
 RAM^REE', an island of British India, in Aracan, N.E. of 
 Chedulia. Length. 50 miles: greatest lireadth. 16 miles. It 
 gives name to a province, and on it is the town of Yembia. 
 
 RAMSAY or RAMSEY, ram'zee, a seaport and market- 
 town of the I.sle of JIan, on its N.E. coast, at the mouth of 
 the Ramsav River, in a bay of the 8:tme n.inie, 13 miles 
 N.N.E. of Douglas. Pop. in 1851, 2701. It has wide, well- 
 paved streets, a stone Viridge of 3 arches, a chapel, court- 
 house, several good hotels, and a pier, with a large hening- 
 fishery. The vicinity is fertile, picturesque, and adom^ 
 with handsome residences. 
 
 R.\MSAY, a village and township of Canada West, co. of 
 Lanark, on the Canadian Mississippi, an affluent of the 
 Ottawa. 66 miles N.N.W. of Kingston. It has Presbyterian, 
 Methodist, and Roman Catholic churches, and is the most 
 thickly settled township in the distri>t. having a woollen 
 factory and manufacture." of articles in wood, a s.aw and a 
 flour mill, and a large trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 
 in 1S52, 3256. 
 
 R.\M'S.4.YBURG. a post- village of Warren co., New Jersey, 
 5 miles N. of Belvideiv. 
 
 R.\MS'BURY, a village and ecclesiastical parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Lancaster, 5 miles N. of Bury, on the Ii-well and 
 East Lancashire Railway. 
 
 RAMS'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 RAMS'DON-(or RAMSDEN-) BEL/HOUSE, a parish of 
 England, co. of Essex. 
 
 RAMSDON-CRAYS. a parish of EngLand, co. of Essex. 
 
 R.IMSDORF. rdms'doRf a village of Prussia, in West- 
 phalLa. government, and 33 milesW.S.W. of Munster, on the 
 Aa. Pop. 1060. 
 
 RAM'SEY, a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 10 miles N.N.E. of Huntingdon. Pop. in 1851, 2641. 
 The town stands at the lose of a hill on the margin of the 
 fens, and has an ancient church, two endowed schools, and 
 some remains of an abbey founded iu 969. The Lake of 
 Ramseymere, is in the vicinity. 
 
 RAMSEY, a p;irish of Enirland, co. of Essex. 
 
 R AMSEY, Isle of Man. See Ramsay. 
 
 R.\MSEY. a county in the E. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area about 200 square miles. The Mississippi River forms 
 its boundivry on the S. It contains several small lakes. The 
 surface is elevated, and consists of prairies and forests. 
 Steamlxjats navigate the Mississippi on the border. The 
 area of this county ha.s been greiitly reduced within the last 
 few vears by the formation of other counties from it. Capi- 
 tal, St. Paul's. Pop. in 1S60, 12,150. 
 
 RAMSEY ISLE, an islet off the coast of South Wales, co, 
 of Pembroke, at the X. p<ii,nt of St. Bride's Bay, 3 miles W. 
 of St. David's : length, 2 miles. 
 
 R.iSIS'G.iTE, a seaport-town, watering-place, and parish 
 of England, co. of Kent, on the E. coa.st of the Isle of 
 Thanet, 67 miles E.S.E. of London, and 15 miles E.N.E. of 
 Canterbury. Pop. in 1851, 11,838. The town is situated on 
 the declivity and summits of two hills, and on the interval, 
 ori/ate. t>etween them. It is for the most part showily built, 
 and well-paviKl and lighted. It has a modern Gothic church, 
 market and custom-house, a bank, Kirracks, assembly rooms, 
 baths, bazaars, andother adjunctsof a place of summer n^sort 
 Its harbor, the largest artificial haven in England, begun 
 by Smeaton in 1750, and completed by Rennie. is formed by 
 two stone piers projecting from 1500 to 2000 feet into the 
 sea. encloses an inner basin, and is bordered by wet and dry 
 docks; vessels of 300 tons burden enter it at ordinary tides; 
 a li;;htrhou.se stands at its entrance, and it is guarded by- 
 batteries. Ramsgate is a memlier of the cinque port of 
 Sandwich, and has some coasting tr.ide. fisheries, and im- 
 ports of eggs, fruit, and other provisions from France and 
 the Netherlands. Registered shipping in 1S48. 7144 tons. 
 Its cliffs command a fine view over the Downs Roadstead. 
 
 R.\M'SHEG, a seaport town of Nova Sc-otia. co. of Cum- 
 berland, on a small estuary at the he.id of Wallace Bay, 
 opposite Fredericktown. and about S3 miles N. of Halifax. 
 
 R.A.MS'UOLT. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 R.A.M'S ISLAND, a small island of Ireland, eo. of Antrim, 
 the largest in Lough Nejigh. about li miles from the shore, 
 and 8s miles S. by W. of jVntrim. 
 
 RAMST.\DT. rim'stjtt. (Upper and Lower.'i two contigu- 
 ous vilLages of the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, pro- 
 vince of Starkenburg. on the Modau, 5 miles S.E. of 
 Darmstadt. United pop. 2600. 
 
 RAMSTEIX, rjm'stine, a village of Bavaria, in the Palatl 
 nate, near LandstuhL Pop. 1080. 
 
 RAil'SYDE. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 8 
 miles S.S.W. of Ulverston. with a station on the Whitehaven 
 and Furness Railwav. Pop. 561. 
 
 RAXAI, ri'nf, written also LANAI, WnT, one of the 
 Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. W of .'Mowee: lat.20O 
 44' X.. Ion. 156° 53' W. Length. 20 miles ; breadth. 10 miles. 
 
 RAN ALEHURG, ran'.il-Iitirg. apo.i!t-viila\:eof Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina, 174 miles S.W. of Raleijrh. 
 
RAN 
 
 RAN 
 
 RAN'Br, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RANCAGDA, rin-kd'p;wi, an old province of Chili, in 
 South America, now subdivided between the proviiices of 
 Aconcagua and Colchagua, and having for its capital Itan- 
 Ciigua or Tiiana. 
 
 KAN'CE, rdxss, a river of France, departments of Ille-et- 
 Yilaine, and C6tes-du-Xord, after a N. course of 50 miles, 
 enters the English Channel at St. Malo. It is navigable for 
 small, vessels from the sea to Dinan, near whifh begins the 
 canal of Ille and Kance. connecting it with tlie river Vilaine. 
 
 K.^NCE, a river of France, department of Aveyron, tribu- 
 tary to the Tarn. Length, 2o mites. 
 
 KAN'Oli, rdNSS, a village of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, 
 Cn the Kppe. 30 miles S..S.E. of -Alons. Top. 1148. 
 
 RA.VCHKIl. a post-office of Hall co., Georgia. 
 
 UANCO'CUS or KANCO'CAS, a creek of New Jersey, is 
 formed by the North and South Branches, which unite 
 about 3 miles W. of Mount Holly. Flowing westward, and 
 northwestward, it enters the Delaware; 7 miles below Bur- 
 lington. Small ves.sels ascend from its mouth to Mount 
 Holly on the North Branch, and to Lumberton on the other. 
 
 RANCOCUS. a post-office and railroad station of Burling- 
 ton CO.. Xew Jersey. 1 2 miles from Camden. 
 
 R.VNCOX, r6N"VAx»', a town of France, department of 
 Haute-Vieane, 
 2091. 
 
 , on the Oartempe, 6 miles E. of Bellac. Pop. 
 
 RAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RAN'DALLSTOW.M, a village of Baltimore co., Maryland, 
 15 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore. 
 
 RAN'DALLSVILLE, a post-village of Robeson co., North 
 Carolina. 8.5 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 RAN'DALSTOWN, a market-town and formerly a parli- 
 mentary borough of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and 5 miles 
 W.N.W. of Antrim, on the Main, near its mouth in Lough 
 Neagh. Pop. 600. It has barracks, and some calico weaving. 
 Adjoining it is the fine domain of Shane's Castle, the seat 
 of Karl O'Neill. It is connected by a branch railway witli 
 Belfast and Ballimena. 
 
 RANDANS, r6N"M6N">', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-DOme, on a wooded height, 21 miles N.N.E. 
 of Clermont. Pop. U'.J7. 
 
 RANDAZZO, r3n-ddt'so, a town of Sicily, intendency of 
 Catani;i, at the N.W. foot of Mount Etna. Pop. 3300. 
 
 RAN'DEIJATII, r.in'deh-rat\ a village of Rhenish Prussi.i, 
 18 miles N.N.E. of Ai.\-la-Chapelle. Pop. 700. 
 
 RANDERS, riln'dgrs, a town of Denmark, Jutland, 22 
 miles N.N.W. of Aarhuus, with a port at the mouth of the 
 Quden-Aa in theOattegat. Pop. in 1851, 7738. It has ship- 
 building docKS and manufactures of gloves. 
 
 RANDEltSACKElv, rjn'der-s^k'kfr, a m.arket-town of 
 Bavaria, on the .Main, 3 miles S.E. of AViiraburg. Pop. 1320. 
 
 K.'VN'DOLPH, a county in the E. part of West Virginia, 
 is about 00 miles in length, and 35 miles wide. It con- 
 tains about 2200 square miles. It is drained liy the 
 head-streams of the Buchanan, Cheat, and Tygart's Valley 
 Rivers, branches of the Monongahela ; it is traversed in 
 the S.W. part by Elk River. The surface is hilly and moun- 
 tainous, the county occupying the north-western declivity 
 of the Alleghany Range. The soil is generally fertile. Stone 
 coal, iron, limestone, sandstone, and slate are abundant. 
 Salt Is procured from some of its springs. Named in honor 
 of Peyton Randolph, President of the Continental Congress. 
 Capital, Beverly. Pop. 1990, of whom -1807 were free, and 
 183 slaves. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a county In the central part of North Caro- 
 lina; area estimated at S80 square miles. It i.s intersected 
 by Deep and Uharie Rivers. The surface i.s diversified by 
 hills and valleys; the soil is generally fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, tobacco, and cattle are the staples. E.xtensive 
 beds of slate underlie a part of the surface. The county is 
 intersected by the F.ayetteville and Salem Plank-road. 
 '■ Funned in 1779. Capital, Asbboroiigh. Pop. 10,793, of 
 whom 15,148 were free, and 1645 slaves. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on the Chattahoochee, which separates it from 
 Alabama, contains about 400 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Patawla Creek, and also drained by the Ilodchodkee and 
 Pacbitla Creeks. The surCice is nearly level, and partly 
 covered with pine timber; the soil is fertile. The county 
 contiins several extensive caves. Organized in 1828. Capi- 
 tal. Ciithbert. Pop. 9571, of whom 5104 were free, and 440T 
 slavoa. 
 
 R.\NDOLPH, a county in the E. part of Al,>ibama, border- 
 ing on Georgia, has an area of 970 square miles. The Talla- 
 poosa River, flowing through the county, is joined by the 
 Little Tallapoosa, near the centre. The surface is uneven ; 
 the soil is generally fertile. A gold mine is worked in the 
 county. Capital, McDonald. Pop. 20,059, of whom 18,155 
 were free. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a county In the N.E. part of Arkansas, bor- 
 dering on Jlissouri. contains about 8S0 square miles. It is 
 intersected bv Black River, and drained by the Eleven 
 Points and Current Rivers, affluents of the former. The 
 surface is undulating; the soil on the river-bottoms is very 
 tertile. Steamboats can ascend, during more than half the 
 
 year, to Pocahontas, the county-seat. Pop. 6261, of whom 
 5902 were free, and 35U slaves. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a county in the E. p.art of Indiana, bordei- 
 ing on Ohio, contains 440 square miles. It is drained bv 
 the Whitewater, Misslssinewa, and White Rivers, of whioli 
 the first and second rise within it. The surface is nearly 
 level; the .soil is fertile. There are a few wet prairies in the 
 county. It is intersected by the Bellefontaine and Indiana- 
 polis Railroad. The Dayton and Union Kaihoad also termi- 
 nates in this county. Capital, Winchester. I'op. 18,997. 
 
 RANDOLl'H, a county in the S.W. part of Illinois, bor- 
 dering on Jlissouri, has an area of 000 Sfiuare njiles. It is 
 bounded on the S.W. by the Mississippi, and intersected by 
 the Kaskaskia, which enters the first-named stream on the 
 S. border of the county. The surface is undulating and 
 hilly ; the soil is fertile and well timbered. Fine marble is 
 found in it. Randolph is among the oldest counties of the 
 state. La Salle established a post at Kask.askia, in this 
 county, in 1673. Capital, Chester. Pop. 17,205. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a county in the N. central part of Missouri, 
 has an area of 430 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 East Fork of Chariton River, and also drained by the Elk 
 Fork of Salt River, by the sources of Bonne Femme River, 
 and by Silver Creek. The .surface is undulating, and diver- 
 sified by prairies and forests; the soil is remarkably fertile. 
 Limestone is abundant, and coal is found. It is intersected 
 by the North Missouri Railroad. Capital, Unntoville. Pop. 
 11,407, of whom 8788 were free, and 20i9 slaves. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-township in Coos CO., New Hampshire, 
 89 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 113. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-village and township of Orange co., 
 Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 2S miles S. of 
 ^lontpelier. It contains several churches and an academy. 
 The inhabitants are e.xtensively engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of carriages. Pop. 2502. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-towni^hip of Norfolk co., Massachu- 
 setts, on tho Old Colony and Newport Railroad, 15 miles S. 
 of Boston. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the manu- 
 facture of boots and shoe.'!, for which there are about 50 es- 
 tablishments, employing 1200 hands, who produce goods to 
 the value of about 81,700,000 annually. Here are 2 large steam 
 mills for the manufiicture of boot-boxes. In the township are 5 
 churches — 3 Congregational,l Baptist.and 1 Roman Catholic ; 
 25 stores, and an elegant town-house, called Stetson Hall, in 
 honor of the lion. Amasa Stetson, by whom it was presented 
 to the town. It is 90 feet by 60, and contains a bank, a 
 savings' in.stitution. and the Stet.son High School, a flour- 
 ishing institution for boys, magnificently endowed by the 
 honorable gentleman above named. There are two villages 
 in the township, Ciilled East Randolph and AVest Randolph, 
 about a mile and a half apart, having the railroad midway 
 between tho two. The population of the former in 1864, 
 was about 1500; of tho latter, in which is situated the 
 tow n-house, about 4000 ; and of the township, in 1850, 4741 ; 
 in 1860,5760. 
 
 RANDOLl'H, a thriving post-village and township of Cat- 
 taraugus CO., New York, on the Atlantic and Great West- 
 ern llailroad, 160 miles W. of Elmira, 18 miles from the Erie 
 Railroad, and about 50 miles S. by W. of Buffalo. The vil- 
 lage contains 4 churches, viz., Congregationalist, MetVod- 
 ist, Baptist, and Roman Catholic; a flourishing .academy, a 
 newspaper office. 3 good hotels, 14 stores of different kinds, 
 a steam saw mill, and a soap factory. About a mile E. is 
 the Tillage of East Randolph, on a neatly terraced-hill 
 midway between the two, stands the academy. This institu- 
 tion ranks among the best in Western New York, and usu- 
 ally numbers from 150 to 200 students. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 1954. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a township of Morris co.. New Jersey, about 
 7 miles N.W. of Morristown. Pop. 3173. 
 
 R.\NDOLPII. a post-township of Crawford co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 12 miles E. of .Mcadville. Pop. 1597. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-office of Bibb co., Alabama. 
 
 R.\NDOLPH, a post-office of Pontotoc CO.. Missis.sippL 
 
 RANDOLPH, a decayed post-village of Tipton co., Tennes- 
 see, on the Jlississippi River, 33 miles N. of Memphis. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-office of Barren co., Kentuck3'. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop 
 2076. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a postrtownshlp in the S.W. part of Portago 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 168G. . 
 
 RANDOLPH, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, 85 mileu 
 E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a town.ship of Tippecanoe co., ■ Indiana. 
 Pop. 984. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-village and township of Columbia co., 
 Wisconsin. 44 miles N.W. of Madison. Pop. 1165. 
 
 RAN'DOLPH CKN'TRE, post-office. Broome Co.. New York 
 
 RANDOLPH CENTRE, a post-office of Columbia co.. Wis 
 consin. 
 
 RAN'DOLPH M A'CON COL'LEGE, a post^fflce of Mecklen 
 burg CO., Virginia. The College at this place was foundwl 
 in 1S32, and had, in 1852, 80 students, and a library of 8000 
 volumes. 
 
 RANDOLPH'S GROVE, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois. 
 
 156& 
 
EAN 
 
 RAP 
 
 RA?rDOV CREEK, of Monroe co., Alabama, flows into 
 the Alabama. 
 
 ]IAND0\V. rin'Joy, a river of Prussia, flows drcuitously N., 
 »nd joias the Ucker in the provinceof Pomerania. Length, 
 about 70 miles, a cnnsidei-altle part of which has been con- 
 verted into a canal, and made available for navigation. 
 
 RAXD'W'ICK. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 RAND'WOKTII. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 RANEA, (liane^,) r2'nA-o. a river of Sweden, rises in Lu- 
 leS Liippmark, in Xorth Bothnia, flows S.S.E., and after a 
 course of about 130 miles, falls into the Gulf of Bothnia, IS 
 miles X. of LuleS. 
 
 RAXE.\1I, rd'ni'd. a town of Hindostan, province of Aj- 
 meer, 14 miles W, of Sirsah. Near it is an immense jheel 
 or shallow lake, 
 
 RAXELAGII, raii'elah; a suburb of the Irish metropolis, 
 IJ miles S.S.E. of Dublin Castle. It is well built, and gives 
 the title of viscount to the Jones fiimily. 
 
 RAXEPOOR, rd-nee-poor', a manufacturing town of Sinde, 
 45 miles S.W. of Hyderabad. Pop. 5000, mostly engaged in 
 cotton weaving. It is irregularly built, but clean, healthy, 
 and agreeable — qualities unusual in the towns of Sinde. 
 
 RAX'ES. rdn, a vill.age of France, department of Orne, 11 
 miles S.W. of Araentan. Pop. in 18,52. 2581. 
 
 RA'XEySBURQ, a small post-village of Washington co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 RAXHJAMATTY, a decayed town of British India, presi- 
 dency and province of Bengal, near the Brahmapootra, 53 
 miles E.X.K. of Rungpoor. 
 
 RAXGATipA, rdu-gd-tee'ra, or SOUTH-EAST ISLAND, 
 one of the three which form the group of Chatham Islands, 
 in the South Pacific, in lat. 44° 20' S., Ion. 176= 29' E. 
 
 RAXG E. a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 1275. 
 
 RAXGEXDIXGEN, rdng'fn-ding'en, a village of South 
 Germany, in llohenzolleru-IIechingen, on the Starzel, 4 
 miles X.'W. of Ilechingen. Pop. 1700. 
 
 RAXGI-IIAUTE.riNg'Ehe-hoy(?)orPITT,anlsland of the 
 South Pacific. Chatham group, in lat. 44° 15' S., Ion. 176° 50' 
 E. Greatest length from N. to S., 7 miles ; breadth, about .3 
 miles. It is thickly wooded, and inhabited by a party of 
 aborigines from Chatham Island, 
 
 RAXGI-TOTO, rdng-ghe-to'to, the westernmost of the 
 group of Islands forming the X.W. entrance to the Road of 
 Auckland. Xorth Island. Xew Zealand. Lat. 30° 45' S., Ion. 
 174° 50' E. It is of volcanic origin. Highest peak, 920 feet 
 above the sea. In its centre is a very perfect crater, about 
 150 feet deep. 
 
 RAXGOOX or RAXGOUN, rJiigVoon', the principal com- 
 mercial town of the Burmese dominions, on the East Branch 
 of the Irrawaddv. at its delta, about 25 miles from the se.a, 
 aud 58 miles S.S.W. of Pegu. Lat. 16° 47' X^, Ion. 96° 10' E. 
 Pop. 20.000. It extends on a dead flat along the river, con- 
 sisting of several parallel streets lined with reed huts, a few 
 European houses being the only substantial buildings. 
 Ships of 1200 tons burden c,in reach the town, which has a 
 considerable trade with Hindostan and Penang, exporting 
 teak, catechu, lac, wax, ivory, raw cotton, bullion, gems, and 
 ponies; and importing Indian and British cotton piece- 
 goods, British woollens, and other manufactures. The ex- 
 ports and imports are estimated each to amount to $l.o<K).(K»0 
 annually. Alwut 2 miles X. is an abrupt hill, surmounted 
 by the celebrated Shoe-Dagon temple, 33S feet in height, and 
 one of the principal religious edifices in the empire. 
 
 RAXI-GAT, rJ'nee-gat/, or RAXI-GARK, Afghanistan, an 
 Isolated height W. of the Indus, above Attock, rising about 
 1000 feet above the surrounding plain. It is crowned by a 
 ruined firlress. and supposed to be the celebrated Aonius 
 captured by Alexander the Great. 
 
 RAX'KI.V, a county in the S.YT. central part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 640 square miles. The Pearl 
 River washes its X.W. border for a distance of more than 50 
 miles. The surface is mostly covered with pine forest*; the 
 soil is generally fertile. A railroad extends from the county 
 seat to Vicksburg. aud is to be continued eastward. Named 
 In honor of Christopher Rankin, member of Congress from 
 Mi-ssissippi. Capital. Brandon. Pop. 13,635, of whom 6532 
 were free, and 7103 slaves. 
 
 RANKWEIL, rank'wH, a market-town of the Tyrol, in 
 Vorarlljerg. 3 miles X.E. of Feldkirch. Pop. 2029. 
 
 RAXX, r3un, a town of Austria, in Styria, on a height 
 above the left bank of the Save, 17 miles W.X.W. of Agram. 
 It has an old castle with numerous towers, and a Franciscan 
 monastery. It is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman 
 I^ovidunum. Pop. 1060, 
 
 RAXXOCII, LOCH, Iok ran'iiDK. a lake of Scotland, co. of 
 Perth, E. of Rannooh Moor, 16 miles W.S.W. of Blair Athol. 
 Length, 9 miles; breadth, 2 miles. It is enclosed by hitrh 
 mountains, and contains two i.slands. Its superfluous 
 waters are carried E. into an aflluent of the Tay. The vil- 
 lages of Georges Town and Kiuloch-Uannoch, are at either 
 extremity. 
 
 RAXSAHT. rln's.^Ht, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Halnaut. 3 miles X.X.E. of Charleroi. 
 
 RANSBKIOK, rdns'bAk. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, 6 miles X. c>f Brussels, It is famous for a ereat 
 1666 
 
 battle fought here in 1143, for the territory of Godfrey ITI., 
 Duke of Brabant, when the lords of Diest." liierbeck, Wescr* 
 mael, and Wenimel defeated those of Gimberghen and 
 Mechlin. (Malines.) 
 
 RAX'SOM, a post-township of Luzerne co., Pennsvlvania. 
 Pop. 509. 
 
 RAXSOM, a post-township of Hillsdale co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1154. 
 
 RAXSOM'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Nash co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 56 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 RAN'SOMVILLE, a post- village of Porter township. Nia- 
 gara CO., New York, about 25 miles N.N.AV. of Bulfalo. It 
 contains 2 stores and 2 churches. Pop. aliout 200. 
 
 R.A.XST, rJnst. a market-town of Belgium, province, and 
 7 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp. 
 
 RAXTAMPOOR, rdn-tlm-poor', a town of Hindostan. do- 
 minions, and 70 miles S.E. of Jeypoor, with one of the 
 strongest hill-forts in India, 
 
 RAXTOX, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 RAN'TOROLES/, a posUillage of Colleton district, South 
 Carolina, 
 
 RANTOUL, ran-tool', a post-village of Cbampjjign co., Il- 
 linois, on the Chicago Branch of the Central Railroad, 10 
 miles X. of Urbanna, 
 
 RAXTZAU, rant'.s6w, a village and lordship of Denmark, 
 duchy of Holstein, on three little islands formed by the 
 liarmsteJter or Langeleraue. about 23 miles E.X.E. of GlUck- 
 stadt. Pop. of village, 100. •' 
 
 R.\XZO, rdn'zo, a village of the Sardinian Stat<?s. division 
 of Nice, province of Onegiia, near Pieve. Pop. 1223. 
 
 RAOX L'ETAPE, ri'iy' leh-tdiV. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vosges, on the Meurthe, 10 miles N.X.W. of St. DiS. 
 Pop. in 1852." 3692. 
 
 RAPALLO, ri-pillo, a .seaport town of the Sardinian do- 
 minions, division, and 15 miles E.S.tl. of Genoa, finely situ- 
 ated on a bay of the Mediterranean. Pop. 10.000. It "is ren- 
 dered extremely picturesque by its churches and a lofty 
 belfry; the houses are mostly built on arcades. In its colle- 
 giate church are some good paintings and curious in.scrip- 
 tions. The increase of tlie town has, in the present century, 
 been very rapid. It has a thriving trade in olive oil, and a 
 manufacture of lace. 
 
 RAPHIA. a (own of Palestine. See Rafa. 
 
 RAPHOE. rah'fo, an episcopal market-town, parish, and 
 barony of Ii-eland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, bi miles W.N'.W. 
 of Lifford. Pop. of town, 1362. The town is well built, and 
 has a market-place, with a plain cathedral, episcopal |ialace, 
 deanery, free school, and a public library. A monastery i? 
 said to have been founded here by St. Columb of lona. 
 
 RAPHOE, rah'fo, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 4184. 
 
 RAPHTI. rSf'tee, a harbor of Greece, on the E. coast of 
 Attic.a,16milesE.S.E.of Athens. Length and breadth, alx)ut 
 2 miles. It is believed to have been the ancient Paivrmus, 
 aud on its X.W. shore are the supposed ruins of Piasicv. 
 
 RAP'IDAX' or RAP'IDAXX, a post-vill.age of Madison co,, 
 Virgini.a, 102 miles N.W. of Richmond, It contains 3 
 churches, and several stores, 
 
 RAP'IDAX' RIVER, of Virginia, rises on the S,E. base of 
 the Blue Ridge. Flowing S., and then E., it forms the 
 boundary between Green and Orange counties on the right, 
 and Madison and Culpepper on the left, and unites with the 
 Rappahannock about 10 miles above Fredericksburg, Its 
 length is estimated at SO miles. 
 
 RAPIDAN STATION, a itost-ofBce of Culpepper co., Tir- 
 ginia. 
 
 RAPIDES, r3*peed', a parish in the W. part of Louisiana, 
 bordering on Texas, has an area of about 2100 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the X.E. by Little River, and intersected by 
 Calcasieu and Red Rivers. The surface is nearly level ; the 
 soil near the streams is very productive. A lai-ge part of the 
 parish is covered with forests of pine. Capital. Alexandria. 
 Pop. 25,3ro, of whom 10,002 were free, and 15.358 slaves. 
 
 RAP'IDS, a post-office of Niagara co., New York. 
 
 R.^PIDS, a post-office of Portage co., Ohio. 
 
 RAPIDS, a post-office of Boone co., lowii, 
 
 RAPIXO, rd-pee/no, or R,\PINI, rj-pee'nee, a town of Nar 
 pies, province of Ahruzzo-Citra, S, of Chieti. Pop, ISOO. 
 
 RAP'LOCH, rap'loK. a village of Scotland, co., and parish 
 of Stirling, three-fourths of a mile from Stirling Bridge, and 
 immediately S.W. of Stirling Castle. Pop. 317. 
 
 R.\l>OL.\XO, rd-po-ld'no, a village of Tuscany, IS miled 
 from Sienna. Pop. 3335. 
 
 R A POLL A, rS-polOJ. a town of Naples, province of Basili- 
 cata. 1i miles S.E. of Melfi. Pop. 3200. 
 
 R A I'OXE. rd-po'nA, a market-town of Naples, 10 miles S.W. 
 of Melfi. Pop. 1900. 
 
 RAPOZOS, rd-po'zoce, a village and parish of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Minas Geraes, 60 miles N.N.AV. of Ouro-Preto. 
 Pop. 500. 
 
 RAPPAn.A.N'NOCK, a river in the E. part of Virginia, i» 
 formed at the E. extremity of Culpepper county, by the con- 
 fluence of the Xorth and Rapidan Kivers. Flowing in a S.K. 
 course, it falls over the primitive ledge, and meets the oceatt- 
 tides at Fredericksburg, where it affords extensive water- 
 
 »w= 
 
RAP 
 
 RAT 
 
 power. It now becomes a navigable stream, and after form- 
 ing tne boundary between several counties on each hand, 
 enters Jhesapeake Bay between Windaiitl and Stingray 
 Points. Its general direction is S.E., and its whole length 
 aljout 125 miles. A canal, 45 miles long, has within a few 
 years been opened along the river, above the falls, to the 
 mouth of Carter's Cro«^k. 
 
 KAl'l'AIIANNOCK, a county in the N.E. central part of 
 Virginia, is situated on the S.E. declivity of the Blue lUdge. 
 The area is about 240 S(iuare miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.K by a branch of the Rappahannock, (sometimes called 
 North River.) from which it derives its name; and Hazel 
 Kiver flows along the S. border. The soil is generally fertile. 
 The county is traversed by several turnpike-roads. Formed 
 from Culjiepper in 1831. Capital, Washington. Pop. 8S50, 
 of whom .mM were free, and 3-520 slaves. 
 
 R.\.Pr'AIIANNOCK. Virginia, a station on the Orange and 
 Alexauflria Railroad, 37 miles from Gordonsville. 
 
 RAPIAIIANNOCK ACADEMY, a post-office of Caroline 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 R.VrPEXAtJ. rAp'peh-n3w\ a town of Baden, circle of Un- 
 ter-Rhein. bailiwick of Xeckar-Bischofsheim. Pop. 1038. 
 
 RAPPERSeilWYL, rdp'per-shwir, or RAPPERSWEIL, 
 r3p'p^rs-wil\ a town of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, on 
 the Lake of Zurich, here crossed by a rude wooden bridge 
 three-fourths of a mile in length. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RAPPERSWEIL, r3p'pfrs-*ir, a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 9 miles N. by W. of Bern. P. 1719. 
 
 KAl'PS B.\RREN, a post-oflfice of Fulton co., Arkansas. 
 
 RAI'KI, ra'pree. a large town of Siam, on the Meklong, 40 
 miles W. of Bangkok. 
 
 R.^PTKE or R.\1TY', rJp'tee, a river of British India, pre- 
 eideucy of Bengal, joins the Ganges after a S.E. course of 
 270 miles. 
 
 RAI{.\KA, r3-r^J, an Island of the Pacific Ocean, Low 
 Archipelago, lat. 16° 6' 25" S., Ion. 144° 57' 40" W. Length, 
 15 miles. 
 
 RARAPIRA. SeeFEiiRElRA. 
 
 RARATOXGA, rd'rd-tong'ga, and ROROTONGA, roVo- 
 tong'gj, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, belonging to 
 the group of Cook's Islands, in lat. 21° 13' S., Ion. 100° 6' 33" 
 W. It is about 30 miles in circuit. The inhabitants, about 
 4000, have been converted to Christianity, and made great 
 progress in civilization. They live chiefly in the three vil- 
 lages of .\varua in the N., Atania in the S.E., and .\rognaui 
 in the S.AV. Raratonga was devastated by the great hurri- 
 cane of >Iarch, 1S46. 
 
 RARDKN, a post-office of Scioto CO., Ohio. 
 
 i;.4RIT.\N or RARITON, rjr'it-on, a river of New Jersey, 
 is formed by the North and South Branches, which unite in 
 Somerset county, about 5 miles W. of Somerville. It flows 
 in a general E. direction, passes by New Brunswick, crosses 
 Middlesex county, and empties itself into Raritan I!ay at 
 Amboy. The main stream is about 33 miles long, and is navi- 
 gable by steamboats 15 miles to New Brunswick. JirancIieK. — 
 The North Branch rises in Slorris county, and flows S. The 
 South Branch also rises in Morris county, and flows in a cir- 
 cuitous course through Hunterdon county. It is rather 
 longer than the main stream. 
 
 RARITAN, a township of Hunterdon co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2270. 
 
 R.^IUTAN, a township of Monmouth co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2979. 
 
 RARITAN, a manufacturing post-village of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, is situated on tlie Raritan River, and on the 
 New Jersey Central Railroad, about 1 mile W. of Somerville. 
 It has 2 churches, 3 stores, 1 cloth factory, 1 car factory, 2 
 iron foundries, 2 machine-shops, 1 carriage factory, and 2 
 grist-mills. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 RARITAN BAY, at the mouth of Raritan River, Is situ- 
 ated between Staten Island, New York, and Monmouth co.. 
 New Jersey. Length, near 15 miles ; greatest breadth, about 
 10 miles. 
 
 RARITAN LANDING, a village of 5Iiddlesex co., New 
 Jersey, on the Raritan River. 27 miles N.E. of Trenton. The 
 Raritan is crossed at this place by a wooden bridge. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 IZAS, rjs, (i.e. " ahe.ad" or "headland,") the prefix to the 
 names of numerous capes of Africa and West Asia. 
 
 RAS-AL-HAD, rits'rll-had', a cape at the E. extremity of 
 Arabia, in lat. 22° 33' N.. Ion. 59° 55' E. 
 
 R.I^AUUBAII, rlsa-roon)! or OREMARmAII, a re- 
 markable headland on the coast of Beloochistan, in the 
 Arabian Sea, in lat. 25° 8' N., Ion. 64° 35' E. 
 
 R.4.SASNA, rd-sJs'nd, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 54 miles N.N.E. of Moheelev, on the Dnieper. 
 Pop. 1600. 
 
 RASAY or RAAS.\Y (rj's.^) ISLAND, an island of the 
 inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, between Skye 
 •ind the mainland, 1 mile N.E. of Skye. Length. 12 miles; 
 breadth, 2 miles. Are^a, 28 square miles. Pop. 540. Here 
 are the ruius of the old castle of Brochel. 
 
 RAS.4.Y or BLACK WATER, a river of Scotland, co. of 
 Ross, rises on the E. side of Dirry-more, and flows S.E. and 
 joins the Conan. 
 
 RAS B.4GASnO0orRAS BAGASim, r^s bl-gi-shoo/, a 
 rocky cape of Southeast .\rabia, SOU feet in height. L»t. 14^ 
 49' 10" N., Ion. 5U° 9' 30" E. 
 
 RAS BERNASS, rds b?M--nlss', or CAPE VCSE, a head- 
 land on the W. side of the Red Sea, 20 miles N.E. of the 
 ruins of Berenice. 
 
 RASCII.4U,ri'.show, a village of Saxonv, circle of Zwickau, 
 IS miles S.E. of GrUnhain. Pop. 2278. 
 
 RASCIIISCHTSCU. a town of Russia. See RozniTCH. 
 
 RAS-ELARIAD. rils H in v^hW r- White Cape.") a pro- 
 montory of Palestine. 7 miles S.S.W. of Tyre. The rock 
 is a soft limestone, almost as white as chalk. 
 
 RAS-EI^KIIYMA, (or KIITMA.) r^s l\ kee'mar?1 a forti- 
 fied town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf. S.E. of El Katif. 
 Lat. 25° 48' N.. Ion. 5C.° 4' E. Formerly a resort for pirates. 
 
 R.\S0I{ AD. rJs'griJd'. town of Eiiropean Turkey, in Bulira- 
 ria. 33 miles S.E. of Ronstchnok. on the route from Shoomla. 
 
 RASHAR/KIN. a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 
 R.VSINES. r3 see'njs. a village of Spain, province of San- 
 tander. on the road from Castile to Laredo. Pop. 1658. 
 
 R.\S'KELF. a chapelrv and railway station of England, 
 CO. of York. North Ridini. 4 miles N.N.W. of York. 
 
 RAS MOHAMMED, rds mo-him'mfd, the southernmost 
 point of the peninsula of Sinai, in the Red Sea, between 
 the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah. Lat. 27° 50' N., Ion. 34° 15' E. 
 
 RAS MUSSENDOM. See Mdsse.vdom, Cape. 
 
 RASl'ENAU, rds'peh-n6w\ a village of Bohemia, 39 miles 
 N. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1415. 
 
 RASS, El, h\ rSss, a town of Arabia, in Nedjed, 230 miles 
 W..\.W. of El-Derayeh, and E.N.E. of Medina. 
 
 RASSEGOO, RASSEGU, rds-se-goo', or RASHATJ, rS'show, 
 one of the Koorile I.slands. belonging to liussia, near the 
 centre of the group. Lat. 47° 60' N., Ion. 153° 30' E. Length 
 and breadth, about 20 miles each. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. The shores are rocky, and interspersed with sandy 
 bays. Products, good timber, and large quantities of beaver, 
 seal, and other skins. 
 
 R.\SSEIN, r3s-s.^n', a lake of Europ<>an Turkey, in North 
 Bulgaria, between the Danu'oe and the Black Sea, with 
 wliich latter it is connected by two mouths. Length, from 
 E. to W., 27 miles; bre:idth. from 5 to 2l) miles. 
 
 RASSELWITZ. DEOTSCH, doitch rds'sel-wits', a village 
 of Prussia, provinceof Silesia, government of Oppeln, on the 
 Ilotzenplotz. Pop. 1777. 
 
 R.\SS0VA, r3s-so'vi, a town of European Turkey, in Bul- 
 garia, on the Danube, at its great N. bend, 40 miles W. of 
 Kustendji, on the Black Sea. Between it and Kustendji 
 extend the remains of a fortified barrier constructed by the 
 Emperor Trajan. 
 
 RASSYP.NAIA, r^s-sip-nd'yl, or RASSUPNAJA, rSs-siip- 
 nj'yj? a fort of Russia, government, and C6 miles W.S.W. 
 of Orenboorg. 
 
 UASTADT, rSs'tdtt, a strongly fortified town of Baden. 14 
 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe, near the right bank of the Rhine, 
 and on the railway from Mannheim to Basel. I'op. C.'iOO. 
 In 1714, a treiity of peace was concluded here between 
 France and .\ustria; and 1798-99, a conference was held 
 here between the two same powers, at the conclusion of 
 which two plenipotentiaries of France were assiissinated. 
 Its fortifications were commenced in 1841. 
 
 R.\STEDE, rJs't.Vdeh, a village of North-west Germany, 
 grand duchy, 8 miles N. of Oldenburg. Pop. 909. 
 
 RASTENIJERG, rds'ten-b?iir.\ a town of Germany, in Saxo- 
 AVeimar. 14 miles N.N.I';, of Weimar. Pop. 1012. 
 
 RASTENBUitG, rds'tgn-bCoRG', a town of East Prus.sia, 64 
 miles S.E. of KBniggherg. Pop. 4340. 
 
 R.\ST0W1C.\, rjs-to-veefsd, a river of Poland, an aflSuent 
 of the Dnieper. 
 
 RAS'XRICK, a chapelry of England, co. of Y'ork, West 
 Riding. 
 
 R ASZKOV, r3sh-kov', a town of Prussian Poland. 60 miles 
 S.E. ofPosen. Pop. 1540. 
 
 RAT or KRY^CI (krit'see?) ISLANDS, in the Aleutian 
 Archipelago, comprising five islands of considerable size, 
 namely, Semisopochnoi, Amtchitka, Kryci or Rat Island, 
 Kiska, and Booldyr. Kryci Island is in lat. 61° 45' N., Ion. 
 180° 40' W. 
 
 R.\TiE. See Leicester. 
 
 RATASS' or RATIIASS', a parish of Irel.and. co. of Kerry. 
 
 R.\T'BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 RAT'CLIFFE, a chapelry of England, co. of Jliddlesox. 
 
 RATCLIFFE-ON-SOAR, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 R.\TCLIFFE-ON-TRENT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 RATCLIFFE-ox-THE-WREAK, a parish of Mngland, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 RAT/CLIFFSBURG, a post-office of Vinton CO., Ohio. 
 
 RATH, rdt, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government, and 
 near Dusseldorf. Pop. 1480. 
 
 RATH, rath, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare. 
 
 RATH, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co., 5 miles 
 S.W. of Frankford. 
 
 R.\THANGAN. rath-ang'gan, a market-town and parish 
 of Ireland; in Leinster, co., and 5 miles N.N.W. of Kildare, 
 
 15G7 
 
RAT 
 
 on fho Blackwood River, and a branch of the Grand Canal. 
 Pop. 10S3. 
 
 KATILVSTECK or R.\TIIAS'BUCK, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Leinster. chieflj' in Queen's county. 
 
 RATII.\SPECK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Westmeath. 
 
 RATIIASPECK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Wexford. 
 
 R.1.TII'B0XEVItLE, a post-village of Addison township, 
 Steuben co., New York, on the Xew Yorliand Erie Railroad, 
 317 miles from Xew York City. It is the depot for the dis- 
 trict lyin^ S., and takes its name from the principal pro- 
 prietor. Pop. about 500. 
 
 RATirBOUK'XEY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 
 lare. 
 
 RATITBRAX', a parish of Ireland, co. of Wlcklow. 
 
 RATII'BUX, a post-village of Mitchell tu>rnship, Sheboy- 
 gan CO.. Wisconsiu, 80 miles X.E. of Madison. 
 
 R.\TirC.\Y'AN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 
 RATirCLA'RIX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 R.\TIICL1XE, rath'klln', a parish and barony of Ireland, 
 In Leinster. co. of Longford. 
 
 R.\TIICOX'XEL, a parish Of Ireland, in Leinater, co. of 
 Westmeath. 
 
 R ATIICOX'XEL BOG. Ireland, on the N. side of the Grand 
 Canal, has an area of 2505 acres. 
 
 R.\TII'COX'RATII, a village, parish, and barony of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, co. of Westmeath. The village is SJ miles 
 W. of MuUingar. Here are numerous antiquities, and the 
 residence of the D' Alton family. 
 
 R ATHCOOLE, rath'kool', a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Kilkenny. 
 
 R ATHCOOLE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 RATIICOOLE. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 RATIICOO'XAY. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 R.iTHCORE, rath'kor', a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Meath, on the Royal Canal, and comprising the town 
 
 of EXFIELD. 
 
 RATI1C0R/>L4CK, a market-town and pari.sh of Ireland, 
 and formerly a pailiamentary borough, in Mtfnster, co., and 
 15 miles .\.X.E. of Cork, on the X. bank of the river Bride. 
 Pop. of the town, about 1300. 
 
 RATIICOKMACK or RATIIGOR/MUCK, a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Munster, co. of Watertbrd. 
 
 RATTPDOWX' CASTLE, a ruin on the E. coast of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, co. of Wicklow, 2 miles S. of Brayhead. 
 Rathpown is the name of two contiguous baronies. 
 
 KATilDOW'XEY, a market-town and parish of Ireland, 
 in Leinster, Queen's co. Pop. of the town, 1414. 
 
 RaTII'DRU-M', a market-town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. co., and 8 miles W.S.W. of Wicklow, on the Avon- 
 more. Pop. of the town in 1851. 947. 
 
 R.VTXI'EN, a maritime parish of S'^tland, co. of Aber- 
 deen, on the Xorth Sea, S.S.E. of Fra.«erburgh. Here are 
 remains of two old baronial castles, and two fishins: villages. 
 
 RATIIEXOW, r.Vteh-nov\ or RATIIEXAU, rd'tfh-uuw^ 
 a town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg. .34 miles 
 W.X.W. of Potsdam.. on the Hard. Pop. 5.350. It comprises 
 an old and a new town, the latter enclosed by walls. It has 
 manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, gloves, leather, 
 and optical instruments ; and a stjitue erected to commemo- 
 rate the victory of Frederick William over the Swedes in 
 1675. 
 
 RATIIFARX'lIAM, a large village and parish of Ireland, 
 in Leinster. CO.. and 3 miles S. of Dublin. Pop.in 1851, 5555. 
 It comprises numerous handsome residences and demesnes, 
 a neat church, and Rathfarnham Castle, the property of the 
 Marquis of Ely, now converted into a dairy. 
 
 RATIIFKl'LAND, a niarket-town of Ireland, in Ul.ster, 
 CO. of Down. 9 miles E.X.E. of Xewry. Pop. in 1851, 2053. 
 
 RATIIYiAR'. a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 2 
 miles S. of Dublin, and having numerous villas, muslin, 
 calico, and print-works, and limestone quarries. 
 
 RATIPGRAFF' or RATIFGARVE', a parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, co. of Westmeath. 
 
 RATIIKEALE. rath'kail'. a market-town and parish of 
 Ireland, in Munster. co., and 17 miles W.S.W. of Limerick. 
 on the E. bank of the Deel, a tributary of the Sh.tnnon^ 
 The parish includes many descendants of German Pro- 
 testants, termed " I'alatines," established here by the South- 
 well family, whose .seat. Castle Matress, is immediately S. of 
 Rathkeale. Pop. of the town. 4201. 
 
 RATHKEN'XAX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 RATHKEX'XY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. 
 
 RATirLIX', RACIILIN, raKain, or R.A.GHERY. rah'- 
 phfr-ree. an island off the X. coast of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 forming a parish of the county of Antrim, in the Xorth 
 Channel, 3 miles N.W. of Fairhead. Lat. of church, 55° 17' 
 6" X.. ion. 6° 11' W. Pop. 1010. Like the Gianfs Caufajway, 
 on the opposite coast, it is of basaltic formation. Among 
 its antiquities Is a ruined castle, which, in 1306, afforded a 
 refuge to Kobert Bruce. 
 
 KATHLIX OBIRNE, rath^in' a bjrn', a group of Islets 
 Ju Ireland, off Teelenhead, in Ulster, on the X. side of the 
 entrance to Donegal Bay. 
 16C8 
 
 RAT 
 
 RATHMELTOX, a town of Ireland. See Ra.meitot». 
 
 RATIPMIXE.S', a suburb of Dublin, on its S. side, li mflee 
 S. of Dublin Castle. Pop. about 2500. It has a modern re- 
 sidence on the site of a battle-tield, where the republiusng 
 totally defeated the forces of the Marquis of Ormonde in lt>49. 
 
 RATHMOL'YOX, a parish of Ireland, co. of ileath. 
 
 RATIFMOKE', a parish of Irel.ind, co, of Cariow. 
 
 RATilMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare. 
 
 RATIIMOKE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. cf Meath. 
 
 RATIIMOKE, a t>og of Ireland, in Munster, co, of Kerry, 
 with an area of 1371 acre.' 
 
 RATirMUL'LEX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down, 
 
 RATirXEW'. a maritime parish of Ireland, co, of Wicklow. 
 
 RATIIO', a parish of Scotland, co„ and 8 miles S.W. of 
 Edinburgh, on the Union Canal, and with a station on the 
 Ediiibuiiih and Glasgow Railway. 
 
 RATirO'WEX, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co, of 
 Westmeath. on the route from Dublin to Siigo, 12 miles 
 N.X.W. of Mulliiigar. Pop. 500. 
 
 RATIIREAG H. rJthVd', aparish of Ireland, co. of Longford. 
 
 RATIIltEAGlL a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 RATHRO'XAX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Lynerick. 
 
 R.\THROX.\X, a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 RATIISAL'LAII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow. 
 
 R.\TnS.\M!.\X, a parish of Ireland, Queen's co. 
 
 R.\T1I'VEX. a maritime pai-ish of Scotland, co. of Banff, 
 on Moray Frith. 
 
 R-iTIIVll/LY', a village, parish, and barony of Ireland, 
 in Leinster co., and 10 miles E.X.E. of Cariow. Pop. of tlie 
 village, 400. 
 
 RATIBOR, ra/te-boR\ written also RACIBORZ, rjt'se- 
 bor.z\ a walled town of Prussian Silesia, government, and 
 44 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. capital of a circle, on the. left 
 bank of the Oder, and on the Railway from lireslau to 
 A'ienna. Pop. 7810. It has a castle, and manufactures of 
 woollen and linen stuffs, porcelain, tobacco, hosiery, and 
 leather. It gives its name to a principality, of which it is 
 the capital. 
 
 R ATIEBORITZ, ri'ty-i-bo'rits, a market-town of Bohwnia, 
 6 miles X.E. of Talx>r, Pop. 1024. 
 
 RATIXGEX, rd'ting-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 6 
 miles X.E. of Du-'seldurf, with 4068 inhabitants, mostly em- 
 ployed in cotton spinning. 
 
 RAT'ISBOX, (Ger. Stgenshurg. ri'ghens-brORO^; Fr. J?a- 
 tisbonnt, rd'tees'bonn'; ane. Jiefjilnum, or Cas'tra lie/fOna,) 
 a town of Bavaria, capital of the circle of Regen, 67 miles 
 X.X.E. of Munich, on the right bank of theD.inube, opposite 
 the mouth of the Regen, and at the head of a railway to Xu- 
 remberg. Pop. (1861 ) 27,875, inchuUng military. Mean tem- 
 perature of the year, 47°'6; winter, 31°-7; summer, 64°-3 
 Fahrenheit. It is walled, and entered by 6 gates. The 
 chief edifices are a cathedral, built in 1375, a tine town- 
 house, in which the diet of the empire was held from 1662 
 to 1806, the old episcopal palace, in which is a monu- 
 ment to Kepler, and a fine stone bridge over the Danulie, 
 1100 feet long. It has a steam-pacliet station, a con- 
 siderable commerce on the DanulJe, and manufactures 
 of porcelain, tobacco, leather, and steel goods. Ratisbon 
 was long the capital of Bavaria, and afterwards a free impe- 
 rial city till 1806. The Roman Catholics liere formed a league 
 against the Protestants in 1624. Xear it, in 1809. Xapoleon 
 was wounded in a battle in which he forced the Austrians 
 to retreat, A Roman wall extended from lieginum to Ocio- 
 nia. Af/(frtppin(i. (Cologne.) 
 
 RA'T'LEY. a parish cf End.md, co. of Warwick, 
 
 RAT'LIXGIKWE. a parish of Endand, co. of Salop. 
 
 RATMAXOV ISLAND, one of the Diomede Islands, in 
 the Behring Sea, Lat, 65° 51' X., Ion, 169° 63' W, 
 
 RATXAPOORA, rit-nS-poo'rd, ("the city of gems,") a 
 town of Ceylon, on a river navigable for boats, 45 miles S,E. 
 of Colombo. It has a barracks, and has been found more 
 healthy for British troops than any other station in Ceylon, 
 except I'oint de Galle. 
 
 RATXO, rdfno, a market-town of Russiiin Poland, govern- 
 ment of Yolhvnia, 30 miles N,X.W, of Hovel, Pop. 1800, 
 
 R.\TX)ATlt', a village, parish, and formerly parli.amentaij 
 borouirh of IreLind, in Ijcinster. co. of Meath, 14 miles X.N.W. 
 of Dublin. Pop. of village. 500. 
 
 RATOMAGUS or ROTOMAGUS. See Roue?j. 
 
 RATOXEAU, ri'to'no', a fortified i.sland off the S. coast of 
 France, department of Bouches-du-Rhone, X. of the island 
 of Pomdgue, and 2 miles W.S.W. of Marseilles, the road- 
 stead of which city it defends. Length, 3 miles; breadth } 
 mile. 
 
 RATOX (ratOnO MOUXTAIXS, in the E. interior of the 
 territory of Xew Mexico, in lat. about 37° X.. Ion. 104° SC W 
 
 RATSCHKOW, a town of Russia, See R.\chkov. 
 
 RATTEXBERG, rdt't^n-bjRC,\ a walled town of the Tyrol, 
 circle of Lower Innthal. on the right bank of the Inn, 28 
 miles E.X.E. of Innspruck. Pop, 1050. 
 
 BATTERY, a parish of England, co, of Devon. 
 
 RAT'TLESUEN. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RATTLESNAKE. Ohio, a station on the Cincinnati and 
 Zanesville Railroad. 71 miles from Cincinnati. 
 
 RATTLESNAKE, a post-office of White co., Illinolf. 
 
RAT 
 
 RATTLESXAKE CREEK, of Owen co., Indiana, flows 
 into White lUver. 
 
 KATTIjESNAKE fork, of Taint Creek, Ohio, joins the 
 main stream on the S.W. border of l{oss county. 
 
 RArXOiy. a parisli of Ireland, in 5Iunster, co. of KeiTy. 
 
 RATTltAY. a parish of Scotland, ,co. of Perth. 
 
 RATTKAV HEAD, a dau;j;erous promontory of Scotland, 
 CO. of Aberdeen, 7 miles E. of"Kinnaird"s Head. 
 
 RATZ ALMAS, rdts Sl'mush\. a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Stuhlweissenburs;, near Adony. Pop. '2190. 
 
 KATZ BOSZORMKNY, (lioszormeny,) rits biis'soR^mjR', a 
 town of South-east Hungary, co. of Rihar, capital of the Hai- 
 ducken district, 11 miles W.N.W. of Orosswardein. Pop. 
 IT.WX). 
 
 HATZEBUHR, r2t/seh-bouR\ written also RATZEBUHE. 
 n town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 51 miles S.S.E. of Coslin, 
 Pop. 1590. 
 
 RATZKBURG, (rat/seh-b('>6Ro\) Lake of, a lake of Den- 
 mark and Mecklenburg, 6 miles long, and 1^^ miles broad. 
 Its surplus waters are carried by the Wackenitz, a navigable 
 river, to the Trave. 
 
 RATZKB^UKG, written al.so RACISBURG, a town of Den- 
 mark, ducliy of Lauenburg, 12 miles S.K. of Lubeck, on a 
 small island of the Lake of Ratzeburg. Pop. 30S8. Although 
 the seat of administration of the Danish duchy of Lauen- 
 burg, the N. quarter belongs to the principality of Ratze- 
 burg, a dependency of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, which possesses 
 the cathedral. 
 
 RATZEBUUG, Principality of, a principality of Mecklen- 
 bui-g, has an area of 130 square miles, and a population of 
 14,896. 
 
 RAUCEBY, (rawss'by,) North, a parish of England, co. 
 of Lincoln. 
 
 IJ.VUCKBY, SiiUTn, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RAUCOUUT, ro'kooR', a village of France, department of 
 Ardennes, 15 miles, S.E. of Mezi^res. Pop. 1505. 
 
 RAUDKX. rOw'dfn, a vilLige of Prussia, government, and 
 S.E. of Oppeln. on the Hudka. Pop. 1000. 
 
 RAUDK.\M, rowd-kj'nee, a market-town of Russian Po- 
 land, government, and 133 miles N'.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RAUD-MTZ. rOwd'nits, a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 
 16 miles S.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 3200. It has a tine castle. 
 
 RAUDTEN, rowd'tgn, or RAUDEN, row'dgn, a town of 
 Prussia, in Silesia, 43 miles N.W.of Breslau, on the Schwarz- 
 wasser. Pop. 1225. 
 
 RAUENSTEIN, r6w'fn-stlne\ a village of Central Ger- 
 many, duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, 3 miles N.E. of Schalkau, 
 with an ancient castle and a porcelain factory. 
 
 R.'VUENliJTElN, a village of Central Germany, in Saxony, 
 circle of Leipsic, in the Erzgebirge. 
 
 RAUGIA. See Ragusa. 
 
 R.\UMO. row'mo, a se.iport town of Finland, on a bay of 
 the Gulf of Bothnia. Iren, and 55 miles N.W. of Abo. P. 1700. 
 
 R.4UND10S, rawndz, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 RAURAXUM. See ROM. 
 
 RAURIS. r6w'ris, a market-town of Upper Austria, 40 
 miles S. of Salzburg, on an affluent of the Salza. Pop. 1060, 
 partly employed in gold and silver-mines. 
 
 RAUSCIIA. row/shd, a village of Prussian Silesia, with a 
 station on the Berlin and Glogau Railway, 16 miles N.W. 
 ofBuntzlau. Pop. 1054. 
 
 RAUSCHEXBEKG,row'shen-bjRG\atownofHes,se-Cassel, 
 province of Ober-Hessen, on the Wohra, 9 miles E.N.E. of 
 Marburg. Pup. 1528. 
 
 RAUSCH (rawsh) GAP, Pennsylvania, a station on the 
 Dauphin and Susquehanna Railroad, 30 miles from Auburn. 
 
 RAUSIUM or KAUSIA. See R.agusa. 
 
 RACSXITZ, Xeu. noi rdws'nits, a market-town of Austria, 
 12miles E. of Briinn. Pop. 2070. 
 
 RAUTSCHKA, rOwtshOid, or HRUSKA, hroos^ki a vil- 
 lage of Austria, in Moravia, about 30 miles from Weiss- 
 kirchen. Pop. 1431. 
 
 RAVAX.\-HRADA, rS,-yi'ni-VTi'di, or RAKAS-TAL, ri'- 
 kis-tdl', one of the sacred lakes of Thibet, in the tract of 
 Kailas, at the source of the Sutlej River. Lat. 30° 40' N.. 
 Ion. 81° 10' E., 15,200 feet above the sea, at the S. foot of 
 Gangdisii, a peak 22.000 feet in height, and a few miles W. 
 of the other sacred lake, Jlanasarowar, the surplus waters 
 of which it receives. It is about 20 miles in length, from 
 N. to S.. by an average breadth of 5 miles. 
 
 RAVANUSA, rd-vj-noo'si, a market-town of Sicily, 21 
 miles E.S.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 6400. It has a trade in oil, 
 almonds, and pistachio nuts. 
 
 R.WEE, ri'\ee\ (anc. Hydraaltes.) one of the " five rivers" 
 ■i the Punjab, rises near Chumba. Lat. 32° 30' N., Ion. 76° 
 E. It tlows S.W. and joins the Chenaub, 35 miles N. of 
 Mooltan. Esiimated length, 370 miles. Course tortuous, 
 and banks steep. The city of L.ahore, and the towns of 
 TJhuniba. Meanee, and Chowchuck, are on its banks. 
 
 R.A.VELEY, riv'lee, Great, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 RAVKLLO, r3-vJl1o, a town of Naples, province of Princi- 
 pato Citra. 11 miles E.X.E. of Salerno. Pop. 1400. 
 
 RAA'ELY, Little, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 4Y 
 
 RAV 
 
 RAA'EN CREEK, a post-office of Harrison w., Kentucky 
 
 RA'VENDALE. EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RAVENDALE, WEST, a iiarish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RA'VEXGL.\SS\ a sm.ill market-town and seaport of Eng. 
 Land, co. of Cumberland, 42 miles S.S.W. of Carlisle, with a 
 station on the Whitthaven and Furness Railway. It is 
 well built, and has a good harbor and valuable oyster- 
 fisheries. 
 
 RAVENINGHAM, a parish of England, co^ of Norfolk. 
 
 RAVEXXA, ri-ven'na, (Fr. L'avenne, rdH'Cnn'; anc. ifo 
 ven'na,) d city of Central Italy, in the State of Emilia, capital 
 of a province of its own name, and of the Roniagna, in a 
 marshy plain, on the Jlontone, 5 miles from its port on the 
 Adriatic, and 16 miles N.E. of Forli. Lat. 44° 25' N.. Ion. 
 12° 11' E. Pop. 19,118. It is enclosed by walls about 3 
 miles in circuit, and entered by 5 handsome gates. It is 
 richer in antiquities of the early Middle Ages than any 
 other Italian city, having been the residence of the empe- 
 rors of the West from the time of Honorius. and the capit.il 
 of ItJtly under Odoacer, Theodoric. and the succeeding Gothic 
 kings, the Byzantine monarchs. and the Lombards. Its an- 
 cient monuments are nearly all Christian. The cathedral, 
 founded ill the fourth century, has fine paintings by Guido, 
 and remarkable antiquities. The other churches, the bap- 
 tistery, the mausoleum of Placidia, containing the tombs of 
 thatempress, of Honoriu.s, and Valentinian III., are all richly 
 ornamented with mos;iics. The other objects of interest are 
 the archbishop's palace, communal hall, a rich library with 
 40.0IX) volumes, the museum, academy of fine arts, hospital, 
 theatre, the leaning tower fortress, remains of the pal.ice of 
 Theodoric, and the tomb of Dante. About 1 mile N. of the 
 city is the tomb of Theodoric, now the church of Santa Ma- 
 ria Rotondo. A pillar, also outside the city, commemorates 
 the dtath of Ga.ston de Foix, and the victory of Louis XII. 
 of France, and the Duke of Ferrara, over Pope Julius II. 
 and the Spaniards, in 1512. It is said that the tomb of 
 Odoacer, King of the Ileruli, has recently been discovered 
 at Itavenna by some workmen, who found the body encased 
 in a suit of armor of gold. A monumental inscription con- 
 firms the fact of its being the tomb of Odoacer. Bavenna 
 has some manufactures of silks, and a tr.ade in wine and 
 agricultural produce, facilitated by a large canal connecting 
 it with the Adriatic. Along the coast of that sea extends 
 for 25 miles a fine forest, wliich supplied a great deal of tim- 
 ber for ship-building, in the time of the ancient Romans, 
 under whom Ravenna was the chief port of the empire on 
 
 the Adriatic. Adj. and inhab. Uavennese. rav'fn-neez/; 
 
 (It. Bavennf.se, rit-vln-nil'sA or Ravennate, rd-vfn-ni't.4.) 
 
 RAVENNA, province of Italy, bordering on the Adriatic. 
 Area 732 square miles. Capital, Ravenna. Population ir 
 1850, 175,.3.'i8. 
 
 RAVEN'NA. a handsome post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Portage co., Ohio, on the railroad between Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg, 38 miles S.E. of the former. The Atlantic 
 and Great 'VVestern Railroad, recently finished, intersects 
 the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad at thi* jilace. Large 
 quantities of butter, cheese, wool, and grain are shipped 
 here. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal connects Ravenna 
 with Pittsburg and Cleveland,and affords water-power at this 
 place. The village contains a handsome court-house,2 banks, 
 5 churches, an academy, and 1 newspaper oftice. The manu- 
 facture of carriages is carried on extensively. Settled in 
 1799. Population of the township in 1850, 2240; and in 
 1860, 1777. 
 
 RAVENNA, a post-township of Muskegon co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 367. 
 
 RAVEXNE. a city of Italy. See Ravenna. 
 
 RAVEN ROCK, a post-ofRce of Hunterdon co.. New .Tersey. 
 
 RAVENSBUKG, rd'vens-MORG', a town of AViirtemberg, 
 circle of Danube, on the" Schussen. and on the Wiirtemberg 
 Railway, 22 miles E.X.E. of Constance. Pop. 4439. It has 
 manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, paper, and seal- 
 ing-wax, and a consideraVile transit trade. 
 
 "RA'VEXSDEX, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 RA'VENSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 RA'VEN'S NEST, a post-ofBce of Washington co., Virginia. 
 
 RAVEXSTEIX, rd'ven-stine\ or RAVESTEIX, li'veh- 
 stine*, a town of the Netherlands, province of Xorth Bra- 
 bant, on the Meuse, 5 miles X.W. of Grave, with 812 inha- 
 bitants, an old fort, and a Latin school. 
 
 RA'VEXSTIIORPE, parish of England, co. Northampton. 
 
 RA'VEXSTOXE, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Derby. 
 
 RAVEXSTOXE, a parish of Kngland, co. of Leicester. 
 
 RAVEXSTOXE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 RA'VEXSTOXEDALE, a parish of England, co. of West- 
 moreland. 
 
 RA'VEXSWOOD, a post-village of Queen's co.. New York, 
 on East River, opposite Blackwell's Island. It has steam- 
 boat communication with New York. 
 
 R.4.VEXSW00D. a post-village of Jackson county. West 
 Virginia, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of Sand Creek, 
 15 miles N.W. of Ripley. 
 
 RA'VEXSWORTH, a township of England, co. of York. 
 North Riding, 4* miles X.X.W. of Richmond. Pop. .332 It 
 
 1569 
 
KAV 
 
 glveg tli« atle >{ \a.iOQ •o the Liddel &mily, whose seat is 
 Ui the vi !lnity. 
 
 RAVlfiRES, rAVe-aiR', a marketrtown of France, depart- 
 ment of Yonne, lU miles S.E. of Tonnerre. Pop. 1226. 
 
 RAVNAGOIl.A., riv-nd-go'ri, a market-town of Austria, In 
 Croatia (s^unty, and S.W. of A;?ram. Pop. 1057. 
 
 RAW A, ri'*J, a town of Poland, government, and 45 
 miles S.W. of Warsaw, on the Rawka. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RAW A. a market-town of Austrian Poland, in Galieia, 32 
 miles N X.W. of Lembers. 
 
 RAWAK. ri-wik'. an island of the Eastern ArcBipelaso, 
 off the X. side of the island of Waigeoo. Lat. 0° 1' 14" S., 
 Ion. 131° E. 
 
 RAWCLIFFE, raw^kliff, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 York. West Riding. 3^ miles E.X.E. of Snaith, with a station 
 on the Lancaster and Yorkshire Railway, W. of Qoole. 
 
 RAAV'CLIFFE, NETH'ER, a town.ship of England, co. of 
 Lanca-oter. 
 
 KAM''CLIFFE, UP'PER, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 RAW'DEX, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding. 
 
 RAWDOX, a thriving village and township of Canada 
 West, CO. of Hastings, on a small stream, a tributary of the 
 Trent, about 58 miles W.X.W. of Kingston. It has a dis- 
 tillery. 2 tanneries, a saw and flour mill. Pop. of the vil- 
 lage. 400: of the township, in 1S52, 3097. 
 
 KAW'DO.X, a village and township of Canada East, co of 
 Leinster, 42 miles N. of Montreal. 
 
 RAWII^PIXDE, rS'wil pin'dee, or RAWUL PIXrOEE, a 
 large fortified town of the Punjab, 47 miles E.S.E. of At- 
 tock. Lat. 33° 35' N., Ion. 73° 15' E. It consists of flat-roofed 
 earthen houses, with a palace built by Shah Soojah, a ba- 
 zaar, and a brisk transit trade. 
 
 R AWITSCII or R AWICZ, r3'*itch, a walled town of Prus- 
 sian Poland, 55 miles S. of Posen. P. 10,049. It has manu- 
 factures of woollen cloth, linens, leather, tobacco, and salt. 
 
 RAW'LIXOSBURG, a post-village in Rockingham co., 
 North Carolina, 103 miles X.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 R.A.W'LIXGSVILLE, a post-vill.age of De Kalb co., Ala- 
 bama. ISO miles X. by E. of Montgomery. 
 
 RAWLIXSVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 RAAVMARSH, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 RAW'RETII, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 RAW'.*OX, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 R.\AVSOX, a post-office of Cattaraugus co.. Xew York. 
 
 R.*.W'SOXVILLE. a village in the E. part of Fulton co.. 
 New York, in Broadalbin township. It contains several 
 churches and factories. 
 
 RAWSOXVII.LE, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio. 
 
 BAWSOXVILLE, a post-villa;;e in Wayne co., Michigan, 
 86 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 RAWTOXSTALL-BOOTir, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lancaster, nea% Ilastingdon, with a station on the Rosen- 
 dale branch of the East Lancashire Railway. 
 
 R.AY, a county in the W.X.W. part of Missouri, contains 
 about 560 square miles. The Missouri River forms the 
 entire S. boundary, and it is traversed by Fishing and 
 Crooked Creeks. The surface is undulating, and consists 
 partly of prairies, and partly of forests. The soil is fertile 
 both on the river-bottoms and on the uplands. Limestone 
 and bituminous coal are abundant. Named in honor of 
 
 Rav. a member of the Convention to form the State 
 
 Constitution. Cajiital, Richmond. Pop. 14,092, of whom 
 12.04.T were free, and 2047 slaves. 
 
 RAY, a postrtownship in the N. part of Macomb co.. Mi- 
 chigan, intersected by the N. branch of Clinton River. Pop. 
 1544. ^ 
 
 R.^Y. a township in Franklin co., Indiana. Pop. 1796. 
 
 RAY CENTRE, a postoffice of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 
 R.\YGEKN, rl'ghern. a market-town of Moravia, 8 miles 
 6. of BrUnn. on the Schwarza. Pop. 786. 
 
 RAYGROD, rl'grod. a town of Poland, government, and 
 14 miles S.W. of Angustowo,on Lake Ravgrod. Pop. 1950. 
 An engagement between the Poles and Russians took place 
 here on the 2Sth of Mav, 1831. 
 
 RAYGUXGE, ri-gfinj', or RAYAGANI, a town of British 
 India, presidency, and province of Bengal, districtofDinage- 
 poor. It is said to comprise 1000 dwellings. 
 
 R.iYLEIGII. rUlee, a parish of En-land, co. of Essex. 
 
 RAY'.MERTOWX, a post-office of Rensselaer CO., New 
 \ ork. 
 
 RAYMOCIIY, ri-moK'ee, a parish of Ireland, iu Ulster, 
 CO. of Donegal. 
 
 R.\Y'MOND. a post-village and township in Cumberland 
 on.. Maine, 22 miles N.W. of Portland. The township is 
 bounded on the S.W. by SebagoLake. It contjiins 3 churches, 
 a high K-hool. and 6 stores. The inhaljitants are largely 
 enpt-'ed in the lumber business. The principal timber is 
 wlilttMiak. <-elel)rated for its excellent qualities. There are 
 three g-od wat«!r-powers parti.^lly occupied by lumber-mills. 
 Pop. 1229. 
 
 UAYMOXD, a post-township In Rockingham co. New 
 
 REA 
 
 namp.shire. contains a village situated on the Concord and 
 Portsmouth Railroad, 23 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1269., 
 
 R.AYMOXD, a post-village, capital of Hinds co., Misidii- 
 sippi, 16 miles S.W. of Jackson, .and 8 miles S. of the Vicks- 
 burg and Jack.son Railroad, with which it is connected by 
 a branch railroad. Pop. 558. 
 
 RAYMOXD, a post-office of Union co., Ohio. 
 
 RAYMOXD, a thriving post-village and township of 'Rtk- 
 cine CO.. Wisconsin, aliout 90 miles S.E. of Madison, and 10 
 miles W. of Lake Michigan. It contains 2 churches, and 
 about 150 dwellings. Pop. of the township. 1274. 
 
 R.4YM0XDS, a post-office of Potter co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 RAY'.MOXD TER/RACE, a town of Xew South Wales, co. 
 of Gloucester, on the E. bank of the Hunter River, 20 miles 
 from Xewcastle. Pop. 263. 
 
 BAY'MOXDVILLE, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New 
 York. 
 
 RAYMUN'TUIKyXY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Donegal. 
 
 R.4YXE, rAn, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberde«n, on 
 the Urie, 8 miles N.W. of Inverury. In the vicinity of the 
 village are a supposed Roman road, and Druidic antiquities. 
 
 RAYXE, rAn, a township of Indiana co.. Pennsylvania, 
 about 42 miles N.W. by N. of Greensburg. Pop. 1595. 
 
 R.\YX'n.\M, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 RAYXII.A.M, a township in Bristol co., Massachusetts, on 
 the Taunton Railroad, 33 miles S. of Boston. Pop. 1746. 
 
 RAY'XORTOWN, a village of Queen's co., New York, near 
 Hempstead Bay. 
 
 RAY'S FORK, a postoffice of Scott co., Kentucky. 
 
 RAY'S HILL, a small mountain ridge extending across 
 the Maryland line into the S. part of Bedford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 RAY'S HILL, a post-office of Bedford co.. Pennsylvania.- 
 
 RAYSTOWX BRAXCII. See Juxuta River. 
 
 R.tYS'VILLE, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia. 
 
 R.\YSVILLE. a thriving post-village of Henry co., In- 
 diana, on the Blue River, wliere it is crossed by the Central 
 Railroad, 36 miles E. of Indianapolis. It has a fine and im- 
 proved water-power. 
 
 R.AYrrOWN, a post-village of Taliaferro co., Georgia, 62 
 miles X.X.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 R.^^Y'VILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Mississippi. 
 
 RAYWICK, a post-village of Marion CO., Kentucky, on 
 the Rolling Fork of Salt River, 72 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 RAZ, Le, leh rdz, or BEC DU RAZ, b?k dii Az. a head- 
 land of France, in Brittany, department of I'inist^re. on tlie 
 Atlantic, opposite the island of Sein, 25 miles S.S.W. of 
 Brest I^t. of light-house, 259 feet above the sea. 4S° 2' N., 
 Ion. 4044' AV. 
 
 RAZA, r;('za. or GATO, gl'to. an island of Brazil, in front 
 of the entrance of the Bay of Nitherohi or Rio de Janeiro. 
 A'essels pass on either side, the depth of water being on the 
 N. side from 13 to 20 fathoms; and that on the S. side not 
 much less. The width of the channel on the former side is 
 6 miles, and on the latter, 4 miles. 
 
 R.AZJ^S, rJ'zA', a district of France which was a dependency 
 of the former province of I>anguedoc, and had Limoux for 
 its capital. It consisted of Razes proper, and Sault, now 
 included in the department of Aude : and of Fenouillfedes, 
 now forming the arrondissements of Prades and Perpignan, 
 in the department of Pvren^e.'-Orientales. 
 
 RAZO. ri'zo, or R.\ZA, r^'zS, one of the Cape Verd 
 Islands, in the Atlantic, S.E. of -Branco. Lat. 10° 3S' N., Ion. 
 24° 37' W. It, is barren and uninhabited. 
 
 Rfi, or RHl5, rA, an island off the W. coast of France, de- 
 partment of Charente-Inferieure, in the Gulf of Gascony, 
 separated on the N. from the department of Vendee by the 
 strait called Pirtuis Bre/on,(pjR^twee' hreh-t6xg'.)and on the 
 S. from the He d'Oleron by that ot Pirtuis (rJntwclie.{;piK^- 
 twee' dftxg^te-osh'.) length, 18 miles ; breadth, 4 miles. It 
 hag valuable salines. 
 
 REA'BURX'S CREEK, of Laurens district. South Caro- 
 lina, flows into Reedy River from the left, a few miles from 
 its entrance into Saluda River. 
 
 RE.\D'FIELD. a postvillage and township of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1510. 
 
 REAIVFIELD or RED'FIELD, a township in the N.E. 
 part of Osweso co., Xew Y'ork. Pop. 10S7. 
 
 READFIELD DEPOT, a post-office, Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 READIXG, rJd'ing. a parliamentiry, municipal Ixirough, 
 and market-town of England, capital of the county of Berks, 
 on the Kennet. near its junction with the Thames, and in 
 the Great Western Railwiiy, 38 miles W.S.W. of London. 
 Pop. in 1S61, 24,965. It has spacious main streets, well paved 
 and lighted, and many handsome residences, several bridgei 
 across different branches of the Kennet, 3 ancient parish 
 churches, and places of worship for the Baptists, Independ- 
 ents, Wesleyans, Society of Friends, and Roman C-itholics; 
 a grammar school, founded in the reign of Henry VII., of 
 which Dr. Valpy was formerly master, a lilue-coal school, 
 founded in 1046, a national school, almshouses, a county 
 hospital, and spacious county jail and house of ci Trection, 
 a town-hall, small borough jail, originally a priory, eic^l- 
 
ilii'A. 
 
 lent libri'iy and rvews-room. a museum, mechanics' insti- 
 tute, several learned societies, a small theatre, baths, and 
 some remains of a magnificent abbey, founded by Henry I., 
 a part of the close of which contains the Forbery, a beauti- 
 ful public walk. Reading lias some manufactures of silk 
 and velvets, large flour-mills and breweries, iron-foundries, 
 and very extensive exports of com, malt, -timber, wool, 
 cheese, Ac, by the Thames, and by the Kennet and Avon 
 Canal, which connects it with Bristol. It is also connected 
 with Guildford, Dorking, and Ueigate, by a branch of the 
 Soufh-easteru Itailway. It sends 2 members to the House 
 of Conmions. Parliaments were held here in the thirteenth 
 and fifteenth ceuturies. Archbishop Laud was born here 
 in 157.3. 
 
 It KAB'ING, rJd'ing, a post-township in Windsor co., Ver- 
 mont. 54 miles S. of Montpelier. I'op. 1159. 
 
 KEADING, a post-township in Middlesex co., Massachu- 
 setts. 13 miles N. of Boston, intersected by tlie Boston and 
 Maine Railroad. It confciins 2 thriving villages. 1 in the N. 
 and the other in the S. part. The inliabitants are exten- 
 fivelv engaged in the manufacture of cabinet ware, boots 
 and .shoes. I'op. 2662. 
 
 KKADING. a village and township in Fairfield co., Con- 
 r.ecticut, on the Saugatuck River, 26 miles W. of New Haven, 
 it h:is ninnufiictures of carriages, castings, and saws. P. 1 652. 
 
 RK.\DING, a post-township in Schuyler county, New 
 York, on Seneca Lake. Pop. 1453. 
 
 RK.\DINO, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania, about 
 13 'miles N.K. of Gettysburg. Pop. 1281. 
 
 KE.\DING. rSd'ing,a handsome city of Pennsylvania, capi- 
 tal of Berks co., on the left, or K. bank of Schuylkill Kiver. 
 and on the Philadelphia, Heading and Pottsville Railroad. 
 52 miles K. of llarrisVmrg, and 52 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. 
 This flourishing town, the third of the state in respect to 
 popxilation and manufactures, is beautifully situated on a 
 plain, which rises gradually from the river, and is enclosed 
 on the K. by an eminence named Penn's Mount. The city 
 Is compactly built, and intersect<>d by straight and rectan- 
 gular streets, which are remarkably clean and smooth. The 
 most frequented of these are covered with a hai'd, white 
 gravel, derived from the sandstone of the adjacent hill, 
 firming a compact and duralile ro.ad. Among the conspi- 
 cuous public buildings, are the Court-hou.se. which occupies 
 a commanding situation, and has a handsome portico of 
 sandstone; the German Lnthorun Church, remarkable for 
 its steeple, about 200 feet in lieight, and the new Kpiscopal 
 Church, a beautiful building of Berks county sandstone, 
 wiiicli lins a steeple 202 feet high. Reading contains 23 
 chnrclies, 1 academy, 2 market-houses, 4 banks, and several 
 public libraries. Two daily and six weekly newspapers are 
 pulilished here, of which 3 (weekly) are in the German 
 language. The streets and many of the buildings are 
 lighted with gas, and supplied with spring-water, conveyed 
 through iron jiipes. The river is crossed here by 2 bridges, 
 one of which is about 600 feet in length. Reading is a place 
 of active trade, and is the market for a rich and populous 
 agricultural district. The Schuylkill Canal and the rail- 
 road above-named open a ready communication With Phila- 
 delphia on the one hand, and with the Schuylkill coal 
 region on the other. The Lebanon Valley Railroad con- 
 nects Reading with Ilarrisburg, and the East Pennsylvania 
 Railroad extends to Allentown. This town is largely en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of iron, steam engines, hats, shoes, 
 and various other articles. The machine-shops of the rail- 
 road company employ about 1100 men. It has also 2 largo 
 rolling-mills, 2 or 3 anthracite furnaces, a nail factory, a 
 cotton-mill, several fojtndries, 3 steam forges, and 2 flouring- 
 mills, in all of which steam-power is used. Reading was 
 laid out by Thomas and Richard Penn, in 1748, and named 
 from the town of Reading, in England. It was incorporated 
 as a borough in 178.3, and as a city in 1847. Pop. in 1840, 
 8410: in IS.iO, 15,743; in 1860, 2.3,162. 
 
 RKADTXG. a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 10 miles 
 N.E. of Piiirinnati. Pop. 12.30. 
 
 ItKADING, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 2973. 
 
 PiEADIXG, a post-township in the W. part of Hillsdale 
 CO.. Mi.hiLran. Pop. 1617. 
 
 RHADIXG, a village of Lawrence co., Indiana, 82 miles 
 S. by \V. of Indianapolis. 
 
 RK \ DING, a post-tnshp., Livingston co.,Illinots. P.1145. 
 
 RKADIXG CENTRE, a post-village of Reading townshi(«, 
 Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 ItEADINGTON, a post-township of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersey, intersected by the South Branch of the Raritan 
 River. 8 miles N.E. of Flemington. Pop. 3074. 
 
 READING VILLE, a small village of Washtenaw co., Mi- 
 chigan. 
 
 READSBOROUGII. a post-township in Bennington co., 
 Vermont, 120 miles S, by W. of Montpelier. Pop. '.i30. 
 
 READ'S CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Neuse 
 River at the N. extremity of Wake county. 
 
 RE.\D'S CREEK, a township in Lawrence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 507. 
 
 KEADS/VILLE, a village of Albany co., New York, 16 
 miX'S S.W. of Albany. 
 
 RK.\D'^'TLLE. ^MasSachusett.s, a station on the Boston 
 anS Providence Railroad. 8 miles from Boston. 
 
 READ'VVILLE, a post-village of Rutherford oa Tennes- 
 see. 42 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 RP;AGANSVILLE, rpe'ganx-vil. a village of Westmoreland 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, 16 miles S. of Greensburg. 
 
 REAL, ni-dl', a river of Brazil, forming the boundary be- 
 tween the provinces of Bahia and Sergipe. It flows geno 
 rally from W. to E., and its channel is constantly nb.^tructed 
 by cataracts; but for the Last 35 miles it is free from failS) 
 and has a wide and deep tidal channel. Length, 100 miles. 
 Its mouth, about 25 miles N.E. of the Itapicuru, is in lat. 
 11° 28' 4" S. 
 
 REAL DEL IMONTE, rk-AV dM mon't^, a town of Mexico, 
 department, and 56 miles N.N.E. of Mexii-o, 9000 feet alxive 
 sea-level A few miles N.E., is the celebrated ca.scade of 
 Reiila. 
 
 REALEJO or REALEXO, rA-i-Wm, a seaport town of 
 Central America, State of Nicaragua, on a bay of the Pacific 
 Ocean. 20 miles N.W. of Leon, with which city it commu- 
 nicates by a good road. Lat. 1"2° 27' N., Ion. 87° 9' W. Pop. 
 •30(X). The harbor is capacious and safe, and vessels can come 
 to within 1 mile of the town, which is mean, straggling, and 
 backed by a forest. Exports mahogany, cedar, and other 
 timber, raw sugar, cotton to Costa Rica, about 1000 tons of 
 Brazil-wood to Great Britain and the United States, and 
 1000 bales of indigo annually; but its trade is reported to be 
 declining. 
 
 REALEJO DE ABAJO, rk-i-Wm dii i-hH/BO, (-'Lower 
 Realejo,") a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe, in 
 the delicious valley of Orotava. about 2 miles from the sea. 
 It has a town-house, prison, an elementary school, a granary, 
 church, several suppressed convents, also 2 flour-mills, and 
 a brandy distillery. Pop. 22:37. 
 
 REALEJO DE ARRIBA, rA-d-lA'Ho di aR-Bee'ni ("Upper 
 Realejo,") a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe, at 
 the fix)t of a high chain of hills. It has a church, several 
 priniary schools, and 2 flour-mills. Pop. 33C5. 
 
 RE.VLJIONT. ri'i'lrniAxo', a town of France, department 
 of Tarn. 10 miles S. of Albi. Pop. in 185'2, 2741. 
 
 r£.\LVILI,E, r.Vdrveel', a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-*t-Garonne, 8 miles N.N.E. of Montauban, on the 
 Aveyron. I'op. 2678. 
 
 RE.\MS'TO\VN, a post-villjige of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 42 miles E. by S. of Harri.sburg. 
 
 RKARS'BY. a parish of England, co.. and 7^ miles N.N.E 
 of Leii.-ester, witli a station on the Peterborough and Lei 
 cester Railway. 
 
 REATE. See RiETl. 
 
 RE.\U VILLE, roVeeP, a village of France, department of 
 Drome, arrondissement of MontSlimart. Pop. 1114. 
 
 REA'VILhE, a post-office of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey. 
 
 REAY. r.^, a maritime parish of Scotland, cos. of Caithness 
 and Sutherland, 9 miles W.8.W. of Thurso. "Lord Heat's 
 Country," comprising the parishes of Durness. Tongue, 
 Edderachyllis. in the N.W. of Sutherland, is a wild tract of 
 800 square miles. 
 
 REIiAIS, rfh-b.V, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Marne, 6 miles E,N.E. of Coulommiers. Pop. 1124. It 
 was formerly fortified, and had a military school suppres.sed 
 in 1793. 
 
 REBAIX, reh-b.-l'. a village of Belgium, province of Hai- 
 naut, on the Dendre, 18 miles E.N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 
 1083. 
 
 REBECQ-ROGNON. reh-bSk'-ronVAN"', a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of Brabant, on the Senne, 16 miles S.S.W. of 
 Brussels. Pop. 2840. 
 
 RE'BERSBURG, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 18 miles E. of I5ellefonte. 
 
 REBRISURA, nl-bre-so'ra, or KIS-REBRA, kish-rA'broh\ 
 a village of Austria, in Transylvania, 16 miles from Bistritz. 
 Pop. 1.500. 
 
 REBSTEIN, rjp'stine. a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 cantdii, and S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1611. 
 
 RECANATI. rA-kS-nit'tee, a town of Central It;ily, in the 
 Marches and in the province of Macerata, on tlie Afusone, 4 
 miles S.W. of Loreto. Pop. 4500. It has a cathedral, a town- 
 hall rich in works of art, and an aqueduct by which water 
 is supplied to Loreto. In the Middle Ages it was an im- 
 portant military post. 
 
 RECCA, rJk'ki, or REICA, ril'k^. a river of Austria, in 
 Illyria, rises in the government of Laybach, flows S.W. then 
 N.W., and at the village of Canziano, 18 miles E.N.E. o' 
 Triest, plunges into a chasm, and entirely disappears. Tot«^ 
 course, about .30 miles. 
 
 HECCO, rSk'ko, a market-town of Northern Italy, in the 
 Sardinian dominions. 11 miles E.S.E. of Genaa. on the Medi- 
 terranean. Pop. 4557, who export oil and fruits, and build 
 small vessels. 
 
 PvECEY-SUR-OUR'CE, reh-sA' suR ooRss, a village of 
 France, department of Cote-d'Or, on the Ource, 14 miles 
 E.S.E. of Chatillon-sur-Seine. Pop. 1007. 
 
 RECHE, ril/Keh or rJK'eh. a village of Prassi.i, in West- 
 phalia, government of Miinster, circle of Tecklenburg 
 Pop. 1540. 
 
 1571 
 
RECnERCirECrshsbairshO AKCHTPELAGO, off the S.W. 
 coast of Australia, is mostly between lat. 34° and 35° S., Ion. 
 12-i° E. 
 
 KECIIERCIIE BAY. near the S. extremity of Van Die- 
 miiu's Land, lat. 43° 35' S., Ion. 147° 5' E. 
 
 RECHERCHE ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 11° 40' 
 3" S., Ion. 166° 45' E. 
 
 RECHICOURT Le Chateau, rfh-shee'kooR' Ifh-shS'to', a 
 Tillage of France, department of Meurthe, 11 miles S.W. 
 of Sarrebourg, on the railway from Paris to Strasbourg. 
 Pop. 1070. 
 
 KECniTZA, a town of Russian Poland. See Rezhitsa. 
 KECIINITZ. rJK'nits, or ROHONCZ. ro'honts'. a market- 
 town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburtr, 8 miles S.W. of 
 Glins. Pop. 5000. It has a noble residence, with a library 
 and picture gallery. 
 
 KECHTEXIlACil, r5K'tgn-b3K\ a Tillage of BaTaria, pala- 
 tinate, and near Bergzabern. Pop. 1097. 
 
 KECIFE.rA-see'fi.orARRECIFK,aR-RA-see'fi,(t.e."reef;" 
 or Cidade do Rtcife, se-dd'dA do-rA-see'fi, i. «. " City of the 
 IJeef;" called also PERXAMBUCO, peR-ndm-boo/ko.) a city 
 of Brazil, capital of the proTluce of Pernambuco, on the 
 Atlantic. Lat. S° 3' 6" X., Ion. 34° 51' 7" W. It consists of 
 three distinct quai-ters: — I. The town of San Pedro GonQalTes, 
 on a s;indy peninsula; 2. The Tillage of Sao Sacramento, 
 on the island of Santo Antonio, between the rivers Biberibe 
 and Capibaribe, and connected with the continent by two 
 bridges; 3. The Till.age of Sacramento or Boa Vista. Pop. 
 12,000 free, arid 6000 slaTes. In 1810 it was only 5391. The 
 port is defended by four forts, and the harbor is protected 
 by an extensiTe reef of rocks. It is only fit for Tessels 
 drawing less than 12 feet of water. The chief buildings are 
 the Governor's Palace, the Episcopal Palace, and the New 
 Hospital ; it has two Latin and several other schools. It is 
 unprovided with potable water; but in 1S42 the first stone 
 of an aqueduct was laid to convey water from the Rio Prata, 
 a distance of five miles. It has a considerable ti-ade with 
 European ports. The chief exports are cotton, sugar, and 
 dye-wood. Pop. of the district of Recife, 38,000; Olinda, 4 
 miles X. of Recife, was formerly the capital of the province 
 of Pernambuco. 
 
 RECIGL1.\X0, ri-cheel-yi/no, a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Citra. 20 miles E. of Campagna. 
 
 RECKEM. rJk'kem, or RECKIIEIM, rJk'hime, a town of 
 Belgian Limbourg, 5 miles X.X.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1100. 
 
 RECKEM, a frontier village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, on the Lys. 5 miles S.W. of Courtrai. 
 
 RECKEXDORF, rJk'ken-doRr, a village of Bavaria, 8 
 miles X.X.W. of Bamberg. Pop. 1154. 
 
 RECK'LESSTOWN, a po.st-village of Burlington co.. New 
 Jersey. 5 miles S.E. of Bordentown, contains 1 or 2 stores, 
 and alx)ut 80 inhabitants. 
 
 RECKLIXGH.\USKX, rJkling-huw'zen, a town of Prussia, 
 in Westphalia. 31 miles S.W. of Jlilnster. Pop. 3010. 
 
 RECLUS, ri'klu', and VERSOIE, v^R'swd', a village of 
 the Sai-dinian States, in Savoy, at the foot of Little St. Ber- 
 nard, near the left bank of the Isere. It is poorly built, 
 with side pavements raised from two to three feet, to pre- 
 vent the water, in descending from the mountain torrents, 
 from penetrating into the houses. Pop. 1850. 
 
 RECOAltO, ri-ko-3'ro, a Tillage of North Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice, 19 miles N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 4000. It 
 has chalybeate springs, the waters of wliich are bottled and 
 exported in large quantities. 
 
 RECOVERY, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 826. 
 
 RECRUIT, re-krut/, a postofliice of Allen co., Indiana. 
 
 RECTOR, a post-office of Hamilton co., Illinois. 
 
 KJ'XnOR COLLEGE, of Taylor co., W. Virginia, was 
 founded in 18.39, and in 1852 had 50 students, and 2500 
 volumes in it^ library. 
 
 RECT^ORTOWN STATION, a post-village of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia, on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 130 miles N. by W. 
 of Richmond. 
 
 RECULET, rgh-kU'Li', the loftiest point of the Jura Jfoun- 
 tains. in France, department of Ain, 10 miles W.N.W. of 
 Geneva. 
 
 RECUI/^'ER. a maritime parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 REDA.VG, rd-dJng', an island in the Gulf of Siam, E. of 
 the -Malay Peninsula. Lat 5° 60' N., Ion. 103° E. 
 
 RED B.\ N K, a village and steamboat landing of Gloucester 
 CO., New Jer.s»>y, on the E. bank of the Delaware River, 5 
 Bules below Philadelphia. 
 
 RED BANK, a post-village of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, and on Nevisink 
 River, 26 miles S. of New York. It contains a bank and 
 several factories, and has some coasting trade. 
 
 RED BANK, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. i;m)5. 
 
 P '^^IBM^^'^' * ^^"''^'P "f Clarion, co^ Pennsylvania. 
 
 nt'R ?.A\:'?/ » Post-offlce of Lawrence co., Arkansas. 
 
 RKD BAXK CltEEK, in the W. central part of Pennsyl- 
 vanlLv. tlowR nearly westward, along the boundary between 
 CtarJon and Armstrong counties, until it enters' the AUe- 
 gliauy River. 
 1572 
 
 RED 
 
 RED BANK CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Coldwat» 
 River in De Soto county'. 
 
 RED BAXK FURNACE, a post-offlce of Armstrong co, 
 Pennsylvani.a. 
 
 RED K.AXKS, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi. 
 
 RED B.ARX, a small village of Cumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 RED BEACH, a post-offlce of Washington co.. Maine. 
 
 RED'BERT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 RED BLUFF, a post-office of Wythe co.. Virginia. 
 
 RED BLUFF, a post-village, capital of Tehama co., Cali- 
 fornia, on Sacramento river. Pop. 1.391. See Appesmi. 
 
 RED BLUFF, a post-offlce of De Soto co., Louisiana. 
 
 RED BLUFF, a post-office of Coffee co„ Georgia. 
 
 RED B0IL/IX6 SPRIXG,a smaU post-village of Macon 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 REICBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 REDBOURX, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RED15R1DGE, a villjjge of England, co.. and 3 miles N.W. 
 of Southampton, on the Anton, with a sUitiou on the Dor- 
 chester line of the South-west«rn Railway. 
 
 RED BRIDGE, a post-offlce of Ulster co., New York. 
 
 RED BRIDGE, a post-office of Hawkins CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 RED BUD, a post-office of Gordon co., Georgia. ■ 
 
 RED BUD, a post-offlce of Randolph co., Illinois. 
 
 RED BUD, a post-office of Ozark co., Missouri. 
 
 RED'CAR, a wateriug-place of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding, 6 miles N. of Guisborough, with a station on the 
 Stockton and Darlington Railway. Pop. 700. 
 
 RED CEa)AR, a Tillage of Cedar co., Iowa, 20 miles E. of 
 Iowa City. 
 
 RED CED.AR MILLS, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa. 
 
 RED CEDAR RIVER, of Michigiin, rises in Livingston 
 county, and falls into the Grand River at Lansing, where it 
 is about 35 yards wide. Small boats can ascend 25 miles. 
 
 RED CEDAR RIVER, of Minnesota and Iowa, rises in 
 the S. part of the former, and flows south-eastward into 
 Mitchell CO., Iowa. From this point its general direction is 
 S.S.E., nearly parallel with the Wapsipinicon River, which 
 in seTeral places is about 12 miles distant. It passes almost 
 entirely across the state, and approaches within 10 miles of 
 the Missis.sippi, when it turns to the S.W., and falls into the 
 Iowa River, about 15 miles above Wapello. Its whole length 
 is probably above 3U0 miles.. It furnishes considerable water- 
 power. 
 
 RED CEDAR RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises near the N.W. 
 extremity of the state, and flowing southward, forms the 
 boundary between Chippewa and St. Croix counties, and 
 enters the Chippewa River, (of which it is the largest 
 affluent.) 36 miles from its mouth. The channel is said to 
 be deep from the mouth to the lower rapids, about 50 miles. 
 
 RED CLAY, a post-village of AVhitefield co., Georgia, 245 
 miles X.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 REDCL.W CHEKK ri.ses in Chester co., Penn.sylvania, 
 flows south-eastward, and unites with Whiteclay Creek, in 
 New Castle co.. Delaware, to form the Christiana. 
 
 RED CREEK, of Mississippi, flows into Black Creek, in 
 Jackson county. 
 
 RED CREEK, in the N. part of California, after separating 
 Sha.sta and Colusi counties through its whole length, falls 
 into the Sacramento River, about 40 miles below Shasta City. 
 
 RED CREEK, a flourishing post-village of Wolcott town- 
 ship, Wayne co.. New York, on a creek of its own name, 
 about 160 miles N.W. by AV. of Albany. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 incorporated academy, with 150 pupils, 3 stores, 
 and several factories. Pop. 429. 
 
 RED DEER, a river of British .America, rises on the E. 
 side of the Rocky Mountains, expands into a lake of same 
 name, flows S.E., and after a course of SO miles joins the 
 Saskatchawan in lat. 50° 40' N., Ion. 110° 5' W. 
 
 RED'DIES RIVER, a post-office of WUkes co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 REIVDING, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling. 2^ miles 
 E.S.E. of Falkirk. Pop. 700. mostly colliers. 
 REDDING, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 REDDING, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 1561. 
 
 REDDING RIDGE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 REIVDIX'GTON, a neat post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 
 near the East Fork of White River, and 16 miles N.E. of 
 Brownstown, contains 1 church and 3 stores. P. about 300. 
 
 RED'DISII. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 RED/DITCH, a large village of England, co. of Worcester, 
 12 miles S.S.W. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1851. 4802, mostly 
 employed in the manufacture of needles and fish-hooks, for 
 which this is the chief seat in England. The Tillage is situ- 
 ated in a fine district, and is remarkably well built. It has 
 Episcopal and Roman C.itholic chapels, and 2 branch banks. 
 In the vicinity is llewell, a beautiful seat of the Clive fomily, 
 
 REDKXE, riMeh-nA'. a village of France, department of 
 Finistfere. 3} mile's E.S.E. of Qiiimperle. Pop. 12S9. 
 
 RIVDEXHALL, a parish of England, co of Norfolk 
 
 RED F.ALLS, a post-office of Greene CO., New York 
 
 RED'FIELD, a post-township of Oswe;-> co., Nsw T'jrk. 
 about 40 miles N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 108T. 
 
RED 
 
 KED 
 
 EEDTORD, a post-village of Clinton co., New York, on 
 the Saranac River, about 180 miles N. of Albany. It has a 
 glass lactory and several stores. 
 
 RKD'FOKD, a post-vill.ige and township of Wayne co., 
 Michigan, on the North Branch of Rouge River, 13 miles 
 N.W. of Deti-oit. It lias several mills and stores. Pop. 1842. 
 
 RED FOKK, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas. 
 
 REDCJOR'TON, a parish of Scotland, co. of I'erth. 
 
 KED/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RKDG'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 RED HILL, a post-office of Taney co.. North Carolina. 
 
 RED IIILL, a post-office, Kershaw district. South Carolina. 
 
 RED III LL. a post-office of Murray co., Georgia, 2-iO miles 
 N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 RED HILL, a small village of Clarke co., Alabama. 
 
 RED IIILL, a postroffice of .Marshall co., Alabama. 
 
 RICD HILL, a postoffice of Wayne co., .Mississippi. 
 
 RED UII^L, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee. 
 
 RED IIILL, a post-office of Ilardiu co., Kentucky. 
 
 RED HOOK, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Dutchess co., New York, on the Hudson River, about 50 
 miles S. of Albany. It contains the villages of Lower and 
 Upper Red Hook. Pop. of the township. S9U. 
 
 RED HOUSE, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia, 112 
 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 KKDINHA, r.A-deen'yd, a town and parish of Portugal, 17 
 miles 8. of Coimbra. Pop. 1586. 
 
 R EI)I.\II.\, a village of Portugal, province of Estremadura, 
 8 miles N.N.E. of I'omlial. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RE'DrSIIAM. GREAT, a parish of England, oo. of Suffolk. 
 
 REDITZ, rA'dits. a village of Bohemia, C miles from Par- 
 dubitz. Pop. lytiO. 
 
 RED JACKET, a post-office of Erie co., New York. 
 
 RKD LAKE, in tlio northern i)art of Minnesota, is 
 about 37 miles in length, and 16 miles in its greatest 
 breadth. The 48th parallel of N. latitude grazes its S. edge; 
 and it is intersected by the 96th meridian of W. longitude. 
 It resembles two lakes joined together by a narrow strait 
 of water. 
 
 RED LAKE, a post-office of Pembina co., Minnesota. 
 
 RED LAND, a post-office of Pike co., Arkansas. 
 
 RED'LAND, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi. 
 
 REDL.^ND, a township of Hempstead co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 516. 
 
 RED'LINCir. a chapelry of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 RED'LING FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RED LION, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, 9 
 miles S.W. of .Mount Holly. 
 
 RED LION, a hundred and post-village of New Castle co., 
 Delaware, on the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, 12 
 miles S.W. of Wilmington. Pop. of the hundred, 949, 
 
 RED LION, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio. 
 
 RED'MAN, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama. 
 
 RED-.MAR'SHALL, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 RED'MILE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 RED .MILLS, a post-office of Putnam co.. New York. 
 
 RED MOUND, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee, 
 114 miles from Nashville. 
 
 RED MOUNT'AIN, a postoffice of Orange co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 RED'MOUTH, a post-office of Washitaw co., Louisiana. 
 
 RED'NERSVILLE, a village of Canada West, Prince Ed- 
 ward CO., in the township of Amoliasburg, situated on the 
 Bay of Quiiite, 22 miles N.W. of Picton. Pop. 175. 
 
 RED'NESS, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 REDNITZ. r?d'nits, a river of Bavari.% after a N. course 
 of 50 mile.s, joins the Pegnitz at FUrth. to form the Regnitz. 
 It communicates with the Altmiihl by the canal of the Main 
 and D.inube. See Altmuhl. 
 
 RED 0.\K, a post-office of Favette co., Georgia. 
 
 RED OAK, a post-office of Ellis co., Texas. 
 
 RED OAK, a postoffice of Prairie co., Arkansas. 
 
 RED OAK, a post-office of Cedar Co., Iowa. 
 
 RED OAK CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Flint River in 
 Merriwether county. 
 
 RED OAK CREEK, of Ellis co., Texas, flows eastward into 
 Trinity River. It is also called Bois d'.\.rc Creek. 
 
 R ED OAK GROVE, a post-office of Burlington co.. New 
 Jersey. 
 
 RED OAK GROVE, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virgini.^. 
 
 RED OjVK grove, a post-office of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 REDON, reh-dAN"', a town of France, department of Ille-et- 
 Vilaiue, on the right bank of the Vilaine, on which it has a 
 port for vessels of 200 tons, 38 miles N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 
 iu 1852, 5582. It has manufactures of serge, docks for build- 
 ing small vessels, and an active trade in timber and ii-oa by 
 the canal between Nantes and Brest. 
 
 REDONDA, ri-donMJ, an islet of the British West Indies, 
 between Nevis and Montserrat. Lat. 16° 55' N., Ion. 62° 
 19' W. 
 
 REDONDA, an islet of the British West Indies, off the N. 
 ■atremity of Grenada. 
 
 REDONDA, ri-dou'd3, an island of Brazil, in front of the 
 
 entrance of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, W. of the island of 
 Raza. 
 
 REDONDELA, ri-Don-dilfh, a town of Spain, province of 
 Pontevedra, at the mouth of the Redondela, iu the Buy o» 
 Vigo, on which it has a port. 7 miles N.E. of Vigo. P. 2790 
 
 REDONDESCO, rd-don-dJs/ko, or RODONDESCO, ro-don- 
 dJs/ko, a village of Northern Italy, province, and 14 miles 
 W. of Mantua. Pop. 1803. 
 
 REDONDO, ri-dou'do, a town of Portugal, province of 
 Alemtejo, 22 miles E. of Evora, with 3000 inhabitants. 
 
 REDONDO, NOVO, a Portuguese fort in Lower Guinea, on 
 the Atlantic, 65 miles N.N.E. of Benguel.a, 
 
 REDOOT KALE or REDOUT KALfi, rA-doot/ ki-lA', a fort 
 of the Russian dominions, in Transcaucasia, in a marshy 
 position, at the mouth of the Kal6 or Kalla, in the Black 
 Sea, 20 miles N. of Poti, 
 
 RED PL.ilNS, a post-office of Yadkin co., North Carolina. 
 
 RED RIVER, (Fr. Uii-iire Unuge, reeVe-aiB/ roozh ; Sp. A'to 
 Onlnradn, lee'o ko-lo-ri'do.) the southernmost of the great 
 tributaries of the Mississippi, rises, according to Captain 
 Marcy, (whose report on his exploration of that river we 
 mostly follow.) in two branches, called the North and South 
 Forks, which unite near l.at. 34° 31' N., and 100° W. Ion. ; the 
 principal or Southern branch having its source in lat. 34" 
 42' N.. 103° 7' 10" W., in New Mexico, (just beyond the W, 
 boundary of Texas:) and the North Fork in lat. 35° 35' 3" 
 N., Ion, 101° 55' W., within a degree of the N, boundary of 
 Texas. After the junction of the two forks the stream 
 varies but little from a due E. course, till it reaches Fulton 
 in Arkansas, where it turns to the S., and pursues that di- 
 rection, with a slight inclination to the E., till near Natchi- 
 toches, from whence it runs a little S. of E. till it disem- 
 bogues in the Mississippi River, in about lat. 31° N., and Ion. 
 91° 50' W. 
 
 The main or southern branch has its sources in deep and 
 narrow fissures, in the N.K. part of the Llano Estacado. (an 
 elevated and barren pl.ain,) at an altitude of 2450 feet above 
 the sea. For the first 60 miles the escarpments rise from 500 to 
 800 feet, so directly from the water's edge that iu many in- 
 stances Captain Marcy's party were obliged to take he chan- 
 nel of thestream in their exploration. After leaving the Llano 
 Estacado, the river, (says Captain Marcy.) " flows through 
 an arid prairie country, almost entirely destitute of trees, 
 over a broad bed of light shifting sands, for a distance of 
 some 500 mile.s, following its sinuosities. It then enters a 
 country covered with gigantic forest trees, growing upon a 
 .soil of the most pre-eminent fertility; here the borders con- 
 tract, and the water for a great portion of the year washes 
 Ixith bank.s, carrying the loose alluvium from one side, and 
 depositing it on the other, in su(rh a manner as to produce 
 constant changes in the channel, and to render navigation 
 difficult. This character continues throughout the remain- 
 der of its course to the delta of the Mississippi : and in this 
 section it is subject to heavy inundations, which often flood 
 the bottoms to such a degree as to destroy the crops, and oc- 
 ctsionally, on subsiding, leaving a deposit of white sand, ren- 
 dering the soil barren and worthless," The entire length of 
 the river including the South Fork, is estimttted by Captain 
 Marcy at 2100 miles. The length of the main stre.Mm is esti- 
 mated at above 1200 miles. During eight months of the 
 year, steam-packets regularly navigate it from its mouth to 
 Shreveport, a distance of about 500 miles, and the naviga- 
 tion is good in all stages of water to .Alexandria. The por- 
 tion of this river above the Raft is also navigable by small 
 boats for about 3U0 miles, except in low water. Captain 
 Marcy remarks : — " From what I have seen of the upper Red 
 River, I am confident that at a medium stage it miglit be 
 ascended to the confluence of the main branches liy small 
 steamers, such as ply on some of the tributaries of the Missis- 
 sippi." 
 
 Shortly after leaving its .so\irces, the South Fork passes for 
 100 miles over a vast tied of gypsum, which gives the water 
 of the river a very bitter and disagreeable taste, increasing 
 rather than diminishing thirst. The exploring expedition 
 suffered much from this cause while in this region. W. of 
 the 101st degree of W. longitude there is little arable land, 
 except on the North Fork. The principal affluents of the 
 Red River are the Little AVashita and the Big Washita, 
 both from the N. The Red River ''Cut-off," at its mouth, 
 is a new channel, formed by cutting a short trench 
 through a neck of land cau.sed by a bend in the Mis- 
 sissippi. Red River forms the N, boundary of Texas fiom 
 94° to 100° W, Ion. The Great Haft, wldch is the most 
 serious drawback to the prosperity of the upper part of tho 
 Red River Valley, consists of an immense mass of drift-wood 
 and trees, which have been brought down several hundred 
 miles by the current and lodged here, obstructing the chan- 
 nel for a distance of 70 miles, and inundating the adjacent 
 country. In 18;$4-5, it was removed by the General Govern, 
 meut at an expense of $300,000, but another has since been 
 formed. The lower part of the Raft is now about 30 miles 
 above Shreveport. During high-water, small Ijoats pass 
 round the Raft by means of the lateral channels or lakes 
 which are then formed. 
 
 RED RIVER, in the N, part of Middle Tennessee, rises 
 
 1573 
 
KED 
 
 ne.ir tlie Z. V.i lor of .'.obei tsan co., and flowing W^ enters 
 the CumoeiUr J Kiv •!• at Clarksville. 
 
 RED KIVER, of Kentu-ky. a small stream which rises 
 In Mvrg.in CO., and flowing W., forms the boundary 'be- 
 tween C'.ark and Estill counties, until it enters the Ken- 
 tucky K.Ter. 
 
 KED HIVER, of Michigan, rises in Oakland co., and flows 
 Into Clinton River, 6 miles above Mount Clemens. 
 
 RED RIVER, of the North, rises in Elbow Lake, in the 
 west of Minnesota, in about 47° 7' N. lat., an(l 95° 25' W. 
 Ion., and tiowing in a-general S., then in a S.W., and after- 
 wards in a X.W. direction, at last runs nearly N., and cross- 
 ing the X. bound.iry of the United States, falls into Lake 
 Winnipeg, in Canada. Entire length, about "00 miles. In 
 the first 100 miles of its course, it forms the line of connec- 
 tion between a multitude of small lakes, which seem to be 
 disposed along this stream like l)eads upon a thread. 
 
 RED RIVER, a county in the X.E. part of Texas, border- 
 ing on the Indian Territory, contains 1100 square miles. 
 The Red River bounds it on the X- and the Sulphur Fork 
 washes its S. border. The valley of the Red River is occu- 
 pied by e.\tensive prairies, among which tracts of fine tim- 
 l)er are distributed: the soil is scarcely surpassed in fer- 
 tility and durability. Cotton, Indi.in corn, and grass are 
 the st;»ples. Many cattle .ind horses are reared here for ex- 
 portation. Red River is navigable for steamboats along the 
 X. border. Caiiital, Clarksville. I'op. Sooo, of whom 5496 
 were free, and o0.j9 slaves. 
 
 RED KITBR, a township of Lafayette co^ Arkansas. 
 Pop. 023. 
 
 RED RIVER, a township of Tan Buren co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 294. 
 
 RED RIVER, a township of White co., Arkansas. Pop. 190. 
 
 RKD RIA'EU. a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee. 
 
 RED RIVER IROX-WOP.KS, a post-village of Estill co., 
 Kentucky, about 40 miles S.E. of Lexington. A large quan- 
 tity of bar-iron and nails is manufactured here. 
 
 KED RIVER LAXDIXG, a postoffice of Pointe Coup6e 
 pari.sh, Louisiana. 
 
 RED ROCK, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penpsylvania. 
 
 KKD ROCK, a post-office of Upshur co.. Texas. 
 
 RED ROCK, a thriving post-village of Clarion CO., Iowa, 
 on the Des Moines River, 94 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 Pop. about 350. 
 
 RED ROCK, a post-village of Ramsey co., Minnesota, on 
 the left bank of the Mississippi River, 6 mile." below St. 
 Paul. It derives its name from a granite boulder, which 
 the Indians have painted red. The place was settled in 1S37. 
 
 REDRUTH, rid'ruth. a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Cornwall, 9 miles AV.X.W. of Falmouth. Pop. 
 of town, in 1851, 7095, extensively employed in the rich cop- 
 per and tin mines of the city, the ore of which is trans- 
 ported by railways connecting with the Fal and with St. 
 Ives" Day. The town has 2 churches, a modern grammar 
 school, a union work-house, an elegant clock-tower, a read- 
 ing-room, a branch bank, and a small theatre. It is con- 
 nected wi4h Ilavle by the West Cornwall Railwav. 
 
 RED SEA. or ARA'BIAX GULF, (Fr. Mer Rouge, m.aiR 
 roozh. or Ooife Arabiqut, golf i'ri'beek'; Ger. liotlies Mier, 
 ro'tes maiR. or Arabiic/ien Meerbusen, 3-?i^ish-en maiR'boo- 
 zfn; It Mar Bosso, mdR ros'so; Sp. Mar Hojo, maR ro'Ho; 
 anc. Eri/tJtrw'um Mit>re, or Ma>re Ititlbrum; Gr. EpvOpa 
 idaXaaaa. Endhra Thalassa,) an extensive inland sea com- 
 municating with the Indian Ocean by the Strait of Bab- 
 el-Mandeb, and stretching in a X.X.W. direction between 
 Arabia on the E., and -■Vbyssinia. Xubia, and Egypt on the 
 W., and only separated from the Mediterranean on the X. 
 by the Isthmus of Suez, which, where narrowest, does not 
 exceed 80 miles across : it forms a very long and compara- 
 tively narrow expanse, about 1450 miles in length. The 
 breadth, where widest, as on the tropic of Cancer, does not 
 exceed 2iX) miles, and in general it averages about 180 
 miles, but dimiui.shes gradually both at it.i S. and X. ex- 
 tremities, having at the former, across the strait, a width 
 of only 14i miles, xvhich is further subdivided by the island 
 of I'erim into two channels, a larger, on the E., of 11 miles, 
 and a less, on the W., of li miles. At the X. extremity, the 
 Rod Sea divides into two branches, one of which, forming 
 the Gulf of .\kaba. penetrates X. by E. into Arabia for 
 about 10<J miles, with .in average breadth of alx)ut 15 miles ; 
 while the other, forming the Gulf of Suez, follows the gene- 
 ral direction of the sea, and psnetrates between Arabia and 
 Egypt about 200 miles, with an average breadth of 20 miles. 
 la the fork between these two branches is the celebrated 
 McMnt Sinai, or Jebel Moosa. (-Mount of Moses.") The 
 shores bf)th on the E. and W. consist generally of a low tract, 
 for the most part i^andy. though .sometimes swampy, varying 
 in width from 10 to 30 miles, and suddenly terminated by 
 the abutments of a lofly tableland of from 3000 to 6000 
 feet hi;ih. The Reil Sea may thus be considered as t¥;cupy- 
 ing the bottom of an immense longitudinal valley, which 
 proliably at one lime extended between the table-lands 
 without interruption, hut ha.s since been partiallv filled up 
 by conil workings, whi.h. extending in parallel lines at a 
 wort distance from either coast, have subdivided the sea 
 la74 
 
 REE 
 
 into three different channels, and have also studded Its 
 shores with numerous sm.ill i.<ilands. It is .suppcse^l by 
 some to have derived its name from the large quantities of 
 red coral and pink-colored fuel which it yields: but it i» 
 with more probability derived from the ancient Jditmaa, 
 " sea of Edom" — Edom signifying '• red." 
 
 In the main channel the depth sometimes exceeds 230 
 fathoms, and is suppo.sui to average at least 100 fatbomg, 
 but diminishes towards the extremities, where the depth 
 in general is from 40 to 50 fathoms. In. the Gulf of Suez 
 this depth gradually decreases to 30 fathoms, and at the 
 harbor of Suez is only 3 fathoms; in the Gulf of Akaba, OD 
 the contrary, the depth is about the s.ame as in the main 
 channel. The currents of the Red Sea are entiivly the re- 
 sult of its prevailing winds. From October to ^May, when 
 the wind blows generally with great constancy from the S., 
 a strong current sets in from the Strait of Bal)-el-Mandeb, 
 and produces a general rise in the water of alKiut 2 feet; 
 from May to October the N. wind continues to blow, not 
 without interruption, but with such force and constancy 
 as both to give the current a S. direction, and carry off the 
 2 feet of level which had been previously accumulated. 
 These winds, however, proceeding either directlj- X'. or S., 
 affect only the main body of the sea, and leave a consider 
 able belt along the coast, subject to alternations of land 
 and sea breezes, and not unfreiiuently to sudden squalls. 
 The chief dangers to navigation, however, arise not so 
 much from these, as from the number of sh.iUow reefs, the 
 presence of which no previous intimation is given, as the 
 sea never breaks upon them. This absence of breakers is 
 attempted to be accounted for by the porous nature of the 
 coral, whioh offei-s so little resistance to the sea that it dif- 
 fuses itself through it without commotion, as if it were 
 passing through a sieve. The principal harbors of the Red 
 Sea are, on the African coast, Suez. Kosseir. Suakin. and 
 M.issowa; and on the Arabian coast. Jidda, Yemlx>, and IIo- 
 deida. The Red Sea has lately become important as a chan- 
 nel of commerce in connection witli what is termed the 
 "Overland Route" from Europe to India. Sec SrEZ. 
 
 The Jews and Phoenicians appear to have carried on an 
 extensive trade upon this sen; and after the destruction of 
 the Persian Empire, it resumed its importance as the prin- 
 cipal route of traffic between Europe and the Ealt, which 
 distinction it retained until the discovery of the passage 
 round the Cape of Good Hope. The trade from shore to 
 shore at present is not of much importance, consisting 
 chiefly of the transport of pilgrims, considerable numbers 
 of slaves, and some grain from Egypt ; but a much more 
 important trade has recently risen up in con.sequence of the 
 opening up of the old route from Europe to India across the 
 Isthmus of Suez, and .along the Red Sea. It was that part 
 of the Red i^e.a. called the Gulf of Suez, that the Israelites 
 crossed in their flight from Egj-pt. 
 
 BED SIIO.\LS. apost-oflice of Stokes co.. North Carolina. 
 
 RED SPRIXGS, a post-office of Robeson co., Xorth Can> 
 lina. 
 
 REDSTOXE. a post-township of Fayette CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles X.W. of Uniontown. Pop. 1155. 
 
 REDSTONE CREEK, of F.ayette co., Pennsylvania, falls 
 into the Mononiz.ahela River near Brownsville. 
 
 RED SUL'PIIUK SPRIXGS, a post-village of Monroe CO., 
 Virginia, on Indian Creek. 240 miles W. of Richmond, and 
 38 miles S.W. of White Sulphur Springs. It is situated in 
 a small v.alley among the Alleghany Mountains, and is a 
 place of fiishionable resort, having be^n improved by the 
 erection of expensive buildings. The temperature of the 
 
 RED SULPHUR SPRIXGS, a post-oflRce of Hardin co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 RED SWEET SPRIXGS, a post-office of Alk-ghany co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 RED WIXG, a post-village, capital of Goodhue co., Minne- 
 sota, on the right bank of the Mississippi. 55 miles below 
 St. Paul. It has 7 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and the Ilainline University. Pop. 12.il. See AiTEXMl. 
 
 REDWITZ, rSd'wits, a market-to\vn of Bavari.i, 23 miles 
 E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1580. 
 
 RED'WOOD, a post-village of Jefferson co., Xew York, 
 about 24 miles X.N.E. of Watertown. 
 
 REED, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 REED, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 REED, a township of Dani)hin co.. Pennsylvania. P. 434. 
 
 REET). a township of Seneca co.. Ohi... Pop. 1631. 
 
 REED, a township of Mill CO.. Illinois. 
 
 REED CREEK, a post-office, Randolph co., Xorth Carolina. 
 
 REED'II.\M, a parish of England, co. of Xorfol"t, with a 
 station on the Eastern Counties Railway, llj miles K.S.E. 
 of Xorwicn. 
 
 REED ISL.WD. a pnst-ofRce of Pulaski co.. Tirilnia. 
 
 REEDS'BURG, a post-village of Wayne co.,Ohir,10mUei 
 W.X.W. of AVooster. 
 
 REEDSBURG, a post-village and townshir of fSiuk co., 
 Wisconsin, on Barraboo Hiver, 60 miles N.AV. of Xiilison. 
 The village has 5 stores. 2 mills, 1 church, 1 cai ■>iage lictory. 
 and about 900 inhabitants. Total population iliil. 
 
REE 
 
 REG 
 
 RKED'S CORNKRS, a post-office of Ontario co., New York. 
 
 REKD'S CK KKK, a post-village of Lawrence co., Aikausas, 
 several miles S.W. of Smithfield. 
 
 REED'S EEKRY, a post-office of Hillsborough CO., Xew 
 Hampshire, with a station on the Concord Railroad, 9 miles 
 from Nashua. 
 
 liEED'S GltOVE, a small post-villafre of ■VVill co., Illinois. 
 
 REEDS LANDING, a post-office of Wabashaw co., Minue- 
 Bota Territory. 
 
 REI;D"S mills, a pos^office of Vinton co., Ohio. 
 
 REED'S SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Panola co.. Texas. 
 
 REEDS'VILLE, a thriving post-village of Mifflin co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the turnpike between Lewistown and 
 Bellefonte, about 8 miles N. of the former. 
 
 REED'TOWN, a post-office of Sen?ca CO.. Ohio. 
 
 REE'DY Bit .\NCII, a post-office, Moore co., North Carolina. 
 
 REEDY CltEEK, a post-office of Marion district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 RIOEDY CKEEK, a post-village of Jefferson co., Georgia, 
 50 miles in a direct line N.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 REKDY CI!EEK,asmall village of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 REEDY FOKK, of Cape Fear River, North Carolina, flows 
 through Guilford co., and unites witli the main stream in 
 Alamance county. 
 
 REKDY ISLAND, at the head of Delaware Bay. At its 
 extreme S. point is a fixed light. 65 feet above the sea. 
 
 REEDY ISLAND RIVER, in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, 
 rises in the lilue Kidge, flows N.W. through Carroll co., and 
 enters New Kiver. Length, about 70 miles; greatest width, 
 25 yards. It furnishes immen.se water-power. 
 
 REEDY RII'I'LE, a post-office of Wirt co., W. Virginia. 
 
 REEDY RIVER, a small stream of South Carolina, rising 
 a few miles from Greenville, near the N.W. border of the 
 state, flows nearly 8. by E., and enters the Saluda on the 
 line between Laurens and Abbeville districts. 
 
 REE'DYVILLE, a post-office of Wirt co.. W. Virginia. 
 
 REEDYVILLE, a po.st-village of Hidalgo co., Texa.s. on 
 the Rio Grande, above Brownsville', contained In 1S53, about 
 400 inhabitants. 
 
 REEK, rAk, a village of Holland, province of North Bra- 
 bant, 17 miles E. of Bois-Ie-Duc. Pop. 798. 
 
 REEL FOOT, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee. 
 
 REE, LOUGH, 16ii ree, a lake of Ireland, near its centre, 
 between Leinsterand Connaught, formed by an expjinsion of 
 the Shannon at Lanesborough. It is 1.5 miles in length from 
 N. to S., by S miles in greatest breadth. The outline is very 
 irregular. Estimated area, 42 square miles; greatest depth, 
 75 feet. It contains many islets, and receives the river Inny. 
 
 REELS'VILLE, a post-office of I'utnam co.. Indiana. 
 
 REEM'S CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 REEP'HAM, a parish of England, oo., and 5 miles E.N.E. 
 of Lincoln, with a station on the Manchester, Sheffield and 
 Lincoln Railway. 
 
 REEPII.\M. a parish and market-town of England, co. of 
 Norfolk, 13 miks N.N.W. of Norwich. Pop. 400. 
 
 REES, rAs, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 41 miles N.N.W. 
 of Dusseldorf. on the Rhine. Pop. 3.342. It was taken by 
 the Dutch in 1614, and by the French in 1678. 
 
 REES' CORNER, a post-office of Kent co., Maryland. 
 
 REESE'S MILL, a post-office of Boone co., Indiana. 
 
 REES' STATION, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 REETII, rAt, a village of Belgium, province, and 10 miles 
 S. of Antwerp, on the road to Boom. Pop. 12li2. 
 
 REETII, reeth, a market-town of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding, 8 miles AV.S.W. of Richmond. Pop. of town, 
 in 1851, 1344. It h.is 2 endowed schools. 
 
 REE'f Z. r.its, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, on the Ihna. 42 miles E.S.E. of Stettin. Pop. 2400. 
 
 REETZ, a village of frussia. 9 miles W.S.W. of Belzig. 
 
 REEVE, a township of Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 1648. 
 
 REEVESBY (reevz/bee) ISLAND, South Australia, in 
 Spencer's Gulf, 20 miles N.E. of Port Lincoln, is 4 miles long. 
 
 REEVETON, reev't9n, a post-office, Ulster co.. New York. 
 
 REEZAH, RIZAH, ree'zd, or RIZEII, ree'zgh, a maritime 
 village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 35 miles E. of Trebi- 
 tond, with a bazaar, and a manufacture of fine hempen 
 fabrics. 
 
 REFORil', a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama. 
 
 REFORM, a post--office of Calaway co., Missouri. 
 
 REF0Y03 DE BASTO. rA-fo'yoee ilk bis'to, a t«wn and 
 parish of Portugal, province of Minho, near the Tamega, 
 about 25 miles from Braga. 
 
 REFOYOS DE RIBA D'AVE, re-fo/yoce d.i-ree'ba d'^/vii, 
 a town of Portugal, province of Minho, 15 miles from Oporto. 
 Pop. 580. 
 
 REFU'GIO, (Sp. pron. ri-foo/ne-o.) a county in the S.S.E. 
 part of Tex.is, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area 
 Df about 1300 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by 
 the Guadalupe River, on the 8.W. by the Arkansas, and in- 
 tersected by the San Antonio and Mission Rivers. The 
 county contains a large proportion of prairie. The name is 
 derived fi-om a Mexican mir«ionary establishment. Capit;il, 
 Refugio Pop 1600. of whoiu ioOG were free. 
 
 REFUGIO, a post-village, capital of Refugio co , Texas, on 
 Mission River, about 40 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, co)> 
 tains but few houses. 
 
 REGA, r.Vgd, a river of Prussia, province of Pomeranti, 
 formed by the Old and the New Rega, about 6 miles S.W. 
 of Schievelbein. The united stream flows N.N.W., but wry 
 circuitously, and falls into the Baltic, after a course of about 
 70 miles. 
 
 REGALBUTO, ri-gSl-boo'to, a town of Sicilv, 25 miles 
 W.N.W. of Catania. Pop. 6200. It has a royal college. 
 
 REGALMUTO, rigSl-moo'to, a town of Sicily, intendency, 
 and 10 miles N.E. of Girgenti. 
 
 REGAN, ri'gdn', a small fortified town of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Kirman, near the Beloochee frontier; lat. 2S° 50' N., 
 Ion. 59° 8' E. 
 
 REGELLO, ri-jino, a village of Tuscany, 18 miles E.S.E. 
 6f Florence, in the Upper Val d'Arno, on the S. side of Jlouut 
 A'allombrosa, near the torrent Bota. Pop. 9952. 
 
 REGEX, ri'ghfn, a river of Bavaria, rises in the Biihmer- 
 Wald, flows generally W. and S., and enters the Danube on 
 the right, at Stadt-am-Hof, opposite Regensburg, (Ratislxin.) 
 Length, 68 miles. 
 
 REGEN, a market-town of Bavaria, on the Regen, 3iJ 
 miles N.N.W. of Pas.'iau. Pop. 12'J0. 
 
 REGENSBURG, a town of Bavaria. See Ratlsbon. 
 
 REGBNSPERG, r.Vghens-pfRG\ and REGENSTORF. rJ/- 
 ghenz-toRf\ two contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 10 miles N.W. of Zurich. 
 
 REGENSTAUF, nl/ghyns-tCwr, a market-town of Bavaria, 
 on the Regen, 8 miles .N'.N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1570. 
 
 REGENT'S, ree'jfnts, an inlet of British America. 
 
 REGENT'S SWORD, a remarkable promontory of China, 
 province of Leao-tong, which divides the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee 
 from the Yellow Sea; lat. S9° N. 
 
 REGENWALDE, rVghfn-frardeh, n town of Prussia, in 
 Pomerania, 42 miles N.E. of Stettin, on the Rega. Pop. 21.';0. 
 
 REGGIO, rSd'jo, (ane. Nhe'gium or Hhe'gium Julium,) the_ 
 southernmost city and seaport of Italy, in Naples, capital of' 
 the province of Calabria Ultra II., 8 miles S.E. of Messina, on 
 the E. side of its strait. Lat. 38° 6' N., Ion. 1.5° 40' E. Pop. 
 in 1862, 15,692. It is surrounded by a fine country, fortified, 
 and well supplied with water. It is the see of an arch- 
 bishop, and has a cathedral, several convents, a royal college, 
 an ho.spital, a foundling asylum, a theatre, a civil and crimi- 
 nal court, manufactures of silks, gloves, hosiery, and articles 
 from the thread of the shellfish ^x'nnd maritima, an annual 
 fair, lasting from the 1st to the 15th of Septeml)er, and an 
 export trad* in wine oil, citron, and olives, the produce of 
 its vicinity. In .incient times this was one of the most re- 
 nowned cities of M.agna Griccia, and was celebrated for its 
 wines. It is the birthplace of Agathocles, the philosophers 
 Hippi.as and Hipparchus, and of several poets and sculp- 
 tors. It was ruined by the eai-thqu.ake of 1783. 
 
 REGGIO, (anc. Be'gium Lfp'idi,) a fortified city of North 
 Italy, situated 14 miles W.N.W. of Modena, on the Mmi- 
 !ian Way, and connected with the Po by the river Crostolo 
 and the navigable canal of Ta.ssone. Pop. 21*174. It. is 
 Well built and handsome: the streets are bordered with 
 arcades. It has a cathedral, with numerous convents, a 
 citadel, a cityj^hall. a theatre, a college, a public library 
 with .30,000 volumes, a museum of antiquities, manufactures 
 of silks, hempen fabrics, horn, wooden, and ivory articles, 
 a trade in cattle and agricultural produce, and a fair during 
 the entire mouth of May. It is the birth-pl.ace of Ariosto 
 and Correggio. Under Napoleon it gave the title of duke to 
 Marshal Oudinot. 
 
 REGGIOLO, rJd-jo'lo, a village of North Italy, duchy, and 
 6 miles E. of Guastnlla. 
 
 REGI.^. See Tlemce\. 
 
 REGIL, rA-Heel', a village of Spain, in Biscay, province of 
 Guipuzcoa. at the foot of Mount Ilernio, about 10 miles from 
 Tolosa. Pop. 1545. 
 
 REOINU.M or REGTNA. See R.iTi.snox. 
 
 REGIS, ri'ghis, a small town of Saxony, 18 miles S.S.E. 
 of Leipsic. on the Pleis.se. Pop. 623. 
 
 REGIUM or REGIUM LEPIDI, North Italy. See Reggio. 
 
 REGLA, rJg'lJ, a fortified suburb of Havana, in Cuba, on 
 the opposite side of its bay. It is well built, has large go- 
 vernment warehouses, and a spacious hospital. It is the 
 principal seat of the Havana slave trade. 
 
 REG'NIER'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio. 
 
 REGNITZ, rJg'uits, a river of Bavaria, formed by the 
 union of the Rednitz and Pegnitz at Fiirth. flows N. past 
 Forchheim, Erlangen, and Bamberg, and joins the Main 3 
 miles N.W. of Bamberg, after a navigable course of 35 miles. 
 Chief aflluent, the Aisch, from the Vi'. 
 
 REG NUM. See Chichester. 
 
 REGNY. rjn'yee', a village of France, department of 
 Loire, 6 miles E.S.E. of Roanne. Pop. 1392. 
 
 REGO.\, riV-go/i a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 
 on the Douro. 3 miles N. of Lamego. It is increasing in im- 
 portance, and has large wine stores, it being the place of an 
 annual fair for the purchase of port wines. 
 
 REGUINY, r:lVhee'neo'. a village of France, department 
 of Morbihan, 16 miles W.N.W. of Ploermel. Pop. 1136. 
 
 1575 
 
REG 
 
 REI 
 
 RficnSHEIM, rAVhees'h?m', a Tillage of France, depart- 
 ment of llaut-Khin, on the Ille. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ItEH.i. a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Oc^FA. 
 
 REHAU, rAOiow, or RFXTHAU. t^k'6w, a market-town of 
 Bavaria, on the Griinebach. 17 miles X.W. of Eger. Pop. 
 1000. 
 
 REHBURG, rAtiMRG, a town of Hanover. 22 miles W.N.W. 
 of Hanover. Pop. 1325. 
 
 REIIDE.V, rd/den, a town of West Prussia, 24 miles S. of 
 Marienwerder. Pop. 1300. 
 
 REIIETOBEL, ri'fhto'bel. a town and parish of Switzei^ 
 land, canton, and N.E. of .\ppenzell. Pop. 1958. 
 
 REII.ME, ri'mgh, a villaire of Prussia, in Westphalia, 6 
 miles S.W. of Miiiden, on the Weser, with a station on the 
 Berlin and Cologne liailway. Pop. 1590. 
 
 REIIMUTPOOK, r.Vmut-poor'. a town of Ilindostan, pre- 
 ilJeucy of Bombay, province of Bejapoor. on an affluent of 
 the Kistnah, about li miles from Sattarah. It contains seve- 
 liil Hindoo temples. 
 
 REHN.4, rk'aL a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 17 
 miles E.S.E. of Lubeck. Pop. "2579. 
 
 REHfVBOTH, a post-village and township of Bristol cOt 
 Massachusetts, on Wanen Kiver, 41 miles S. by W. of Bos- 
 ton. Pup. 1932. 
 
 REHOBOTH, a hundred of Delaware. See Lewes. 
 
 REHOBOTH, a post-village of Lunenburg co., Virginia, 
 85 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 REHOBOTH. a post village of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. SO miles W. of Columbia. 
 
 REHOBOTH. a post-village of Wilkes co., Georgia, 75 
 wiles X.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 REHOBOTH. a postoffice of Wilcox co., Alabama. 
 
 REFIOBOTIL a post-village of Perry co.. Ohio. 
 
 REHOBOTH BAY. in the S.E. part of Delaware, extends 
 from the Atlantic into Sussex county. 
 
 REHO'BOTHVILLE, a village of Morgan CO., Georgia, 57 
 miles N. by W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 • REHRERSBURG, ri/rers-btlrg, a small village of Berks 
 eo.. Penn.sylvania. about 25 miles N.W. of Reading. 
 
 RETBEKSDORF, rn>ers-doKr, a town of Saxony, 4 miles 
 E. ofZitlau. Pop. 1012. 
 
 REICHELSHEIM, rl'Kfls-hime', a market-town of Ger- 
 many, ill the grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of 
 Starkenburg, 14 miles S.E. of Darmsfcidt. at the left of a 
 height, surmounted by the castle of Iteichenberg. P. 1210. 
 
 REICHELSHEIM, a market-town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Nassau. 19 miles X.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 751. 
 
 REICHENAU, ri'Keh-nOw\ or MITTELZELL, miftel- 
 tsjll', an island of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, 
 circle of Lake, in the Untersee, 3j miles N.W. of Constance. 
 Length, 3 miles; breadth, 1 mile. Pop. 1460. The surface 
 is fertile, and on it is a Benedictine abbey, in the church of 
 which the Emperor Charles the I'at was buried, in 888. 
 
 REICHENAU, (Bohemian, Siuikemcisk-y, sow'ke-nitch'- 
 skee.) a town of Germany, in Bohemia. 19 miles E.S.E. of 
 KSniggriitz, on an affluent of the Wilde-Adler. Pop. 3900. 
 It baji a fine castle, and manu&tctures of linen and woollen 
 £ibricE. 
 
 REICHENAU, a town of Germany, in Saxony, circle of 
 Bautzen. 7 miles E. of Zittau. Pop. 3«>63, mostly employed 
 In manufiictures of linen and ribbons. 
 
 REICHENAU, a hamlet of Switzerl.-ind. canton of Orisons, 
 at the junction of the two heads of the Rhine. (Vorder and 
 Hinter Rhein.) 6 miles W.S.W. of Chur. having a chateau, 
 formerly used for a school, in which Louis-Philippe, then 
 Duke de Chart res, found an asylum as an usher in 1793. 
 
 REICHENAU, or REICHEX, ri'K?n. a village of Bohe- 
 mia, 25 miles N.E. of Buntzlau, on both sides of the Mo- 
 hilka. Pop. 2292. 
 
 REICHENAU, or REICHEN. a village of Bohemia, circle 
 of Leitmeritz, 56 miles N.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1016. 
 
 REICHENAU, or RICHNOW, riK'nov (?) a village of Aus- 
 tria, in :Moravia, Pep. 1659. 
 
 _REICHEN.\U, Alt, ilt. ri'Ke-n(5w\ a village of Pru.ssia, in 
 Silesia, government, and 22 miles S. of Liegnitz. I'op. 1812. 
 
 REICllENB.tCH, rI'Kfn-baK\ a river of Switzerland, 
 canton of Bern, joins the Aar opposite Meiringen. It de- 
 icends nearly 20«.!0 feet in a succession of falls, near the last 
 of which are baths and a large hotel. 
 
 REICH EX BACH, a town of Prussia, government, and W. 
 of Liegnitz. Pop. 1133. 
 
 REICUENBACH, a town of Saxony, with a station on 
 the Saxon Bavarian Railroad. 11 miles X.N.K. of Plauen. 
 Pop. 10,198. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, cafih- 
 nteres, cotton and linen stuffs. 
 
 REICHEN BACH, a town of Prussian SUesia, 31 miles S.W. 
 of Breslau. on the I'eilau. Pop. 6310. It is enclosed by 
 strong walls, and has several Roman Catholic and Lutheran 
 churches, a synagogue, and manutactures of woollen cloth, 
 muslins, cotton stuffs, canvas, and gloves. 
 
 ItElCH EN BACH, a town of BavarL-i, on the Regen, 7 miles 
 W. of Boding. Pop. iao8. 
 
 REICH KNBERG, ri'sfn-ljiRo'. or LIBERK, lee'bjRk, a 
 town of Bohemia, on the Nei««e, 58 mUes N,E. of I'rague. in 
 lat. 50° 46' X., Ion. 15° 6' E. Pop. 13,600. It has 2 casUcs, 
 1576 
 
 several churches, a royal and a normal school, a new thea- 
 tre. and a large brewery, with important manufactures of 
 woollen, cotton, and linen stuffs, and yarn, and numerous 
 dyeins houses in its vicinity. 
 
 REICHENHALL, ri'Ken-hair, a town of Upper Bavaria, 
 on the Saal, 8 miles S.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 26<iO. In it« 
 vicinity are salt work.s, which furnish annually 12,000 toni 
 of salt. It was nearly destro)'ed by fire in 18:54. 
 
 REICHENSACHSEN, ri'Ken-slk'sen, a village of Iless* 
 Cassel. province of Medei^Hessen, on the Sunter, 4 miles 
 S.W. of Eschwege. Pop. 1689. 
 
 REICHEXSTEIN, ri'Ken-stine\ a town of Prussian Sile- 
 sia. 48 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pon. .'OOo. 
 
 REICHEXSTEIN. Unter, iVm'ter rlK'en-stine\ RAQ- 
 STEIX. r.Vstine, or RKCK.STE1N, rJk'stine. a town of Bo- 
 hemia, on the WotJiwa, 21 miles S.S.E. of Klattau. 
 
 REICHSHOFEN or REICHSHOFFEX, riks'hoffJn', 
 (Ger. pron. riks'ho^fen.) a town of France, department of Ba»- 
 Rhin, 14 miles S.M'. of Wissembourg. Pop. 2ti26. 
 
 REICHSTADT, riK'stitt, or ZAKOPY, zd-ka'pee, a town 
 of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, 45 miles N.N.E. of Prague. 
 Pop. 1900. It has a fine castle, and a Capuchin convent. In 
 1818 it was erected into a duchy for the son of Napoleon. 
 
 REICHSTADT. rlK'stJtt, (Ober, o/ber, and Nieder, nee'- 
 der,) two contiguous villages of Saxony, circle of Dresden, 
 bailiwick, and near Dippoldiswalde, Pop. 1056. 
 
 REICHTIIAL, riK't|I, a town of Prussia, government, 
 and 35 miles E. of Breslau. on the Studnitza. Pop. 1123. 
 
 REID, La, M rit, a village of Belgium, province, and 16 
 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1S98. 
 
 REID. reed, a town.ship of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1631. 
 
 REIDEN or REYDEN, ri'den, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Lucerne, 7 miles N.W, of Sursee. Pop. 1490. 
 
 REID'S. reedz, a river of Oregon. 
 
 REIDSBURG, reedzOjnrg, a post-villiige of Clarion co,, 
 Pennsylvania, on Pinev Creek. 4 or 5 miles S. of Clarion. 
 
 REIDS/VILLE, a posVofflce of Albany co„ New Y'ork, 
 
 REIDSVILLE, a post-village of Rockingham co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 REIDSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Tatnall co., Geor- 
 gia, is situated on a sandy hill, 65 miles W. of S.Hvaniiah, 
 
 REIGATE, ri'gate, a parliamentary borough, market-town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Surrey, on a liranch of the 
 Mole, 6 miles E. of Dorking. 21 miles S.S.W. of London, and 
 about 1} miles from the Redhill Station, on the London and 
 Brighton, and South-ea.st Railw.ays. Pop. of parliamentary 
 borough in 1S61, 9975. It is situated on a roi-k of white 
 sand, in the beautiful district of Holmesdale, and is remark- 
 ably neat and clean, having an unusual niimber of h.ind- 
 some residences, a church containing a library and many 
 costly monuments, a small grammar school, a large national 
 school, a town-h.ill, market-house, and some groundworks 
 of a castle, including a cave in which the barons al-e said to 
 have met and arranged the articles of .J/lif/na Charta. At 
 the S. end of the town, on the site of an old priory, is the 
 elegant mansion of Earl Somers. Fullers'-earth. and fine 
 sand used in the manufacture of glns.s, are articles of con> 
 mei-ce. It sends 1 memlier to the House of Commons. 
 
 REIGHTON, ree'tou, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 RETGLE'S MILLS, New Jersey. See Rif.glestiue. 
 
 REI'GLESVILLE. a village of Bucks co.. Pennsylvania, 
 on the Delaware River, 8 miles below Easton. It has a 
 bridge over the river. 
 
 REIGNAC. rAn^lk'. a villasre of France, departmeni of 
 Charente, 3 miles S.S.W. of Biirbezieux. Pop. 1272. 
 
 REIGNAC, a vill.age of Fr.ince, department of Gironde, 
 arrondis.sement of Blaye. Pop. in 1852, 2216, 
 
 REIGNAC, a village of France, department of Indr«-et 
 Loire, near the Indre, 15 miles S.E. of Toui-s. 
 
 REIONIER, rainV^', a village of the Sardinian dominions, 
 in Savoy, near the Arve, 7 miles S.E. of Geneva. Pop. 1709. 
 
 REIGOLDSWEIL, rl'golts <vn\ a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton of Basel Landschaft, 12 miles S.S.E. o* 
 Ba.sel, in a valley, 1650 feet above the sea. Pop. 1108. 
 
 REIlilAVIK. ri'ke-a-vik\ or REYK.TaYIK, iTk'yI-vik* 
 written also REIKI AVIG, the capital town of Iceland, nea> 
 its S.W. coast, in lat. 64° 8' 40" N., Ion. 21° 50' W. Pop. 900. 
 It is a bishop's see, the seat of the Icelandic society, and hat 
 an observatory and librarj'. 
 
 REIL, ril, a village of Prussia, government of Treves, on 
 the Moselle. Pop. 1488. 
 
 REILAXE, rilMIn'. a small town of France, department 
 of Basses- .\lpes. 8 miles S.W. of Forcalquier. Pop. 1379. 
 
 REILINGEN, rl'ling-gn. a village of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine, bailiwick of Schwetzingen. Pop. 1371. 
 
 REILLO, rAl'yo or rA'eel-yo. a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 18 miles S.E. of Cuenc-i, with a ruined castle and 
 a noble residence. 
 
 REILY, a post-township of Bntler co., Ohio. Pop. 1636. 
 
 REIMS or RHEIMS. reemz, (Fr. pron. rAxz; anv. Duro 
 coii/j/rum, afterwards Ife'mi.) a city of France, dejiartment of 
 Marne. 25 miles N.W. of Chilons. on the Yesle, and in the 
 Canal of the Aisne and Marne. Lat. 49° 15' N., Ion. 4° 3'B. 
 Pop. in 1S61, 55,80S. It is situated in an ext«.u]>ive hasin. 
 
REI 
 
 REN 
 
 surrounded by slopes covered with vineyards. It is enclosed 
 with walls flanked with towers, and generally well built. 
 The streets are spacious and tolerably regular, and .several 
 of the squares are large and handsome. The ramparts, 
 which have a circuit of nearly 3 miles, are planted, and form 
 an excellent promenade. The principal edifices are the Ca- 
 thedral, one of the finest Gothic structures of the thirteenth 
 century now existing in Kurope, 466 feet long, and 121 feet 
 high, surmounted by two massive towers, and adorned with 
 a richly-sculptured portal and fa9ade; the Church of St. 
 Remy, originally belonging to a Benedictine monastery, the 
 oldest, and still, with the exception of the cathedral, the 
 finest church in Reims; and the Porte de Mars, one of the 
 gates originally built by the Romans as a triumphal arch in 
 honor of Caesar and Augustus, and recently repaired, ren- 
 dering It a truly splendid structure. The town is orna- 
 mented with numerous fountains, and has many ancient 
 mansions, among which is the hotel of the counts of Cham- 
 pagne. It has numerous manufactories of cloth, ca.ssimeres, 
 flannels, merinoes, and confections, and a trade in the excel- 
 lent wine of its vicinity. It was the birthplace of Colbert, 
 Gobelin, and Linguet. Clovis was baptized at Reims, a. d. 
 496, .after the battle of Tolbiac. Philip Augustus was conse- 
 crated here in 1179, and all his successors have been also 
 consecrated at Reims till the revolution of 1830, with the 
 exception of Henry 1\'., Napoleon, and Louis XVIII. It is 
 renowned in the history of the Middle Ages for the main- 
 tenance of its liberties against the bishops. Before the revo- 
 lution of 1793, it had a celebrated university, and many 
 councils have been held here. 
 
 REINACII, rl'niK, or RYNACH, ree'njK, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 12 miles S.S.E. of Aargau. 
 Pop. 2600. It has com wareliouses, and cotton-printing 
 works. 
 
 REINACII, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 5 miles 
 S. of Basel. 
 
 REINDEER, rdn'deer, a post-office of Nodaway co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 REINERZ, ri'nkts, DUSSNICK (?) doCs'nik. or DUR- 
 NIK (?) doon/nik, a town of Prussian Silesia, 58 miles S.S.W. 
 of Breslau,on the Weistritz. Pop. 2360. It lias manufactures 
 of woollens and linens. In its vicinity are several springs, 
 which attract many visitors. 
 
 REINET, Cape Colony. See Gra.\p-Reiset. 
 
 REINFELD, rln'fJlt, a village of Denmark, duchy of IIol- 
 stein, 11 miles W.S.W. of Lubeck. Pop. 900. 
 
 REINIIEIM, rlu'hime, a town of Ilesse-Darmstadt, pro- 
 vince of Starkenburg, near Dieburg. Pop. 1196. 
 
 REIN'IIOLDSVILLE, a post-village of Lancaster CO., Penn- 
 gylvania, 41 miles E.S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 REINSDORF, rin.s'doRf. a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, bailiwick of Wilderfels. Pop. 1003. 
 
 REIXSES(rinz'ez) CREEK, of Tennessee, rises In Wayne 
 county, and flows through Hardin county into the Tennes- 
 see River. 
 
 REIXSTEDT, rIn'stMt, a village of Saxe-Altenburg, near 
 Kahla. on the Selka. Pop 1154. 
 
 REIXSWALDE, rins/*dlMeh, a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg, government of Frankfort, circle of 
 Sorau. Pop. 1152. 
 
 RKISCH, or NEU REISCH, nol rish, a market-town of 
 Austria, in Moravia, circle of Iglau. Pop. 1040. 
 
 REISCHDORF, rIsh'doRf, or REICIISDORF, rlKs'donf, a 
 village of Bohemia, 12 miles from Saatz. Pop. 1918. 
 
 REISEN, ri'zen, (Polish Hydzyna, rid-zin'i.) a town of 
 Prussian Poland. 44 miles S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1340. 
 
 REISTTERSTOWN, a post-village of Baltimore co., Mary- 
 land. 17 miles N.W. of Baltimore. 
 
 REITENDORF, ri'tgn doRr, a village of Austria, in Mora- 
 via, circle of Olmutz. Pop. 1640. 
 
 liEITII, rit, a village of the Tyrol, circle of Schwartz. 
 Pop. 1123. 
 
 RELAY' HOUSE, Maryland, a station on the Baltimore 
 and Susquehanna Railroad, 7 miles from Baltimore. 
 
 RELFE, rSlf. a post-office of Pulaski co., Missouri. 
 
 RELF'S BLUFF, a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas. 
 
 RELLEU, rJl-yi-oo', a town of Spain, province, and 20 
 miles N.E. of Alicante,. with a ruined castle. Pop. 2435. 
 
 REM.^GEN, Rhenish Prussia. See Rhkixmagex. 
 
 REMALARD, reh-md'laR', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Orne, on the Iluine, 13 miles S.E. of Mortagne. 
 Pop. in 1852, 1845. 
 
 REMBANG, rJm'b^ng', a Dutch residency of the island 
 of Java. Pop. 400,000. 
 
 REMBANG, a town of Java, capital of a province, on a deep 
 bay, on the N. coast, W. of the Rembang River, and 60 miles 
 W.N.W.of Samarang, in lat, 6° 40' 30" S., Ion. 111°17'E. Its 
 harbor, one of the best in the island, is protected by a point 
 named Oedjong-Boender, which stretches far into the sea, 
 »nd by some islands, among which are the Two Brothers. 
 
 REMD.V, rem'dd. a small town of Germany, duchy, and 16 
 miles S.S.U'. of Weimar, on the Rinne. Pop. 935. 
 
 REMEDXOS, r.-l-ma'd6-oce, a town of South America, New 
 Qranada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and 83 
 UiilM N.E. of Antioquia. Keuedios is also the name of a 
 
 small town of Cuba, a fort and cape of Central America, and 
 a church near Mexico; and adjacent to the last are the re 
 puted remains of the palace of Montezuma. 
 
 REM'ENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 REML See Reims. 
 
 REMICH, ri'mlK, a town of the Netherlands, province, 
 and 11 miles S.E. of Luxembourg, on the Moselle. Pop. 2300. 
 
 REMIGOLY, rtl-me-go'Iee, a market-town of Russian Po- 
 land, government, and 75 miles N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1500 
 
 REM'INGTON, a post-office of Alleghany CO., PennsylvaniiW 
 
 REMIRE, ri'meer', an island group of F'rench Guiana, 4 
 miles E. of Cayenne. A village of the same name is on the 
 opposite mainland. 
 
 RE.MIKEMONT, rfh^meeRNnAs«', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Vosges, on the left bank of the Moselle, 13 miles 
 S.E. of Epinal. Pop. in 1862, 5349. It has a fine abbey ori- 
 ginally founded about A. D. 620, a communal college, public 
 library, and manufactures of cotton goods, velvet, and iron 
 wares. 
 
 REMLINGEN, rJmling-jn, a town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Lower Franconia, 11 miles VV. of WUrzburg, with two noblf 
 residences. Pop. 1088. 
 
 REMOUCHAMPS, reh-moo'shSN"', a village of Belgium, 
 province, and 12 miles S.S.E. of Liege. It has a very re- 
 markable double grotto, nearly 1 mile long, containing a 
 great variety of beautiful stalactites. In its mouth, at what 
 is called the Li»c d'Entre, numerous fossils, bones of lions, 
 hyenas, bears, and other animals, were found in 1828. 
 
 REMOULINS, rfh-moo'lixo', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Gard, on the river Gard, here crossed by a sus- 
 pension bridge, 12 miles N.E. of Ntmes. Pop. 1370. Here 
 commences the Roman aqueduct, anciently carried across 
 the river by the famous Pont-de-Gard, 1 mile W.N.W. of the 
 town. 
 
 RE.MPS/TON. a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 RE.MPTEND0RF,r4mp'tt;n-doRr, a village of Germany, in 
 Reuss-Greitz, bailiwick of Uurgk. Pop. 1356. 
 
 REMS, rJms, a river of Wurtemburg, rising in a hilly dis- 
 trict, not far from its E. frontiers, flows W.N.W. past the 
 towns of Essingen, Gmilnd, and Schorudorf, and joins the 
 Neckar at Ludwigsburg, after a course of 50 miles. 
 
 RE.MSCHEID, r^m'shit, a town of Rhenish Pru.<;sia, 18 
 miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 16,412. It hag extensive 
 manufactures of all kinds of iron wares, which are sent to 
 Russia and America. 
 
 REM'SEN, a post-village of Remsen township. Oneida co., 
 New Y'ork, 18 miles N. by E. of Utica. It contains several 
 churches and mills. Pop. of the township, 2070. 
 
 REMUSAT, ri'mii^s^, a market-town of France, depart 
 ment of Drome, 11 miles E.N.E. of Lyons. Pop. 681. 
 
 RENAC, reh-nik', a village of France, department of lUe- 
 et-Vilaine, 7 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 1358. 
 
 RENAGE. rgh-nAzh', a village of France, department of 
 Is6re, 14 miles N.N.E. of St. Marcellin. Pop. 1494. 
 
 RENAISON, rgh-n.VzAN"', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Loire. 7 miles W. of Roanne. Pop. 1973. 
 
 RENAIX. rgh-nA', (Flemish Honset ron'seh.) a town of Bel- 
 gium, province of East Flanders, 21 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 11,9(.I5. It has a ruined castle, 3 public squares, each 
 adorned with a fountain; 3 churches and 2 chapels, a town- 
 house, hospital, orphan asylum, con.seil de prud"hommes, a 
 superior primary government, and several communal and 
 private schools, a musical society, and different benevolent 
 institutions, particularly one which bears t lie name of Frdres 
 des Bonnes (Euvres. There are also breweries, distilleries, 
 tanneries, salt-refineries, dye-works, bleachfields, thre.ad 
 mills, brick and tile-works, manufactures of linen, cotton, 
 and woollen fabrics, yarn, tobacco, and chiecory, and a large 
 trade in linens. Renaix dates from the eighth century. In 
 1478, and again in 1519, it was almost destroyed by fire. 
 
 RENAULT', re-ny (?) a post-village of Monroe co., Illinois, 
 128 miles S. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 RENCHEN, rJnK'gn, a town of Baden, on the Rench, 9 
 miles N.N.E. of Offenburg, with a station on the l!a.sel and 
 Mannheim Railway. Pop. 2573. On the 28th of June, 1796, 
 Moreau here defeated the Austrians, and entered Swabia. 
 
 RENCU.M, a village of Holland. See Renkum. 
 
 RENIVCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Qloucester. 
 
 RENDE, r^n'deh, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 6 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 3800. 
 
 RENDEUX, r6\"Muh', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Luxembourg, on the Ourthe, 36 miles N. of Arlon. Pop. 
 1011. 
 
 RENDEZVOUS (ren'deh-vooz') ISLAND, off the S.W. coast 
 of Borneo, N.W. of Point Sambar, in lat. 2° 40' S., Ion. 
 110° 9' E. 
 
 REND'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 
 RENDINAKA, r^n-de-n^rd. a village of Naples, province 
 of Abruzzo Ultra II.. 14 miles S. of Avezzano. 
 
 RENDLESHAM, rju'delz-ham, a parish of England, co. o/ 
 Suffolk. 
 
 RENDSBURG. rlndsljofiRO, (Dan. Smdshorg, rSnds'boRO,) 
 a strongly-fortified town of Denmark, province of Holstein, 
 on ail island in the Eyder, at the commencement of the 
 Kiel Canal, and with a station on the Kiel and Altona Rail- 
 
 1577 
 
REN 
 
 way 18 miles W. of Kiel. Lat. 64° 19' N., Ion. 9" 40' E. 
 Pop 10,400 II has extensive fortifications, and is divided 
 Into an old and a new town, well and regularly built. The 
 prin Mp.ll public, edifices are the Church of St. Mary, arsenal, 
 military provision depot, and large barracks; it has garrison 
 and numerous other schools, several houses of charity, a 
 house of correclion, work-house, manufactures of stockings, 
 earthenware; and tobacco, and a brisk trade in timber. It 
 was taken by the Imperialists in 1627, by the Swedes in 
 1643, and by "tbe Prussian and Confederate troops in 1848. 
 
 RKX'FREW, or RENFREWSIIIRK, rJu'fru-shir, formerly 
 STRATIIGRYFE, strlth'grlf. a small maritime county of 
 Scotland, having N. and W. the river and Frith of Clyde. 
 Area. 225 squ.ire miles, or 144,000 acres, of which about 
 100,000 are arable, and 20,000 in grass. Pop. in 1851, 161,091. 
 The surface is mostly fiat, except in the W., where there is 
 a large extent of hill and moor. The principal rivers are the 
 White-Cart, Black-Cart, and Gryfe. Coal, limestone, and 
 freestone abound. The manufactures are important, chiefly 
 of cotton stuffs and shawls, at Paisley, Pollockshaws, Neil- 
 ston. &c. . The principal towns are Renfrew, (the capital,) 
 Paisley, Greenock, and Port Glasgow. The county sends 1 
 member to the House of Commons. In the twelfth century, 
 this county was the seat of the Stewart or Stuart family, so 
 called from their office of Stewards of Scotland, and after- 
 wards possessors of the crown. 
 
 REXTREW, a roy.il, parliamentary, and municipal burgh, 
 and parish of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the 
 left bank of the Clyde, 5 miles W.N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 
 of parliamentary burgh in 1851, 2977 ; of the town, 2722. It 
 is well lighted and paved. The principal edifices are the 
 parish church, town-hall, and jail. It was connected with 
 the Clyde by a canal in 1786, and in 1835 a commodious 
 quay was built on the river, opposite the town. The inha- 
 bitants are chiefly employed in weaving silks and muslins 
 for Glasgow manufacturers, in a bleachfield, distillery, and 
 In the extensive foundry and ship-building yards on the 
 Clyde. The burgh unites with Port Glasgow, Dumbarton, 
 Rutherglen, and Kilmarnock in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 REX'FRKW, a county of Canada West, bordering on the 
 Ottawa River, has an area of 1133 square miles. Pop. in 
 1851,9415. 
 
 RENFREW, a village of Canada West, on the Bonne Chore, 
 which here forms a magnificent fall, about 70 miles N. of 
 Kingston. It has 2 churches, a grammar school, a foundry, 
 tannery, carding, saw, and tiour mills, and exports large 
 qualities of pot .ash. ' 
 
 RENGERSDORF, r?ng'ers-doKr, a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Silesia, government of Breslau, circle of Glatz. 
 Pop. 10S6. 
 REN'HOLD. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 REXI or REX Y, ri'nee, a market-town of Russia, province 
 of Bessaraliia. at the confluence of the Pruth and Danube. 
 106 miles S.S.AV. of Kishenev. Pop. 6000. 
 REX'ICK MILLS, a post-ofllce of Lafayette co., Mississippi. 
 REXIXGELST, r4'ning-Hjlst\ a market-town of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, ."3 miles S.W. of Bruges. P. 2145. 
 RENINGIIE, rA'ning-neh, a market-town of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, 8 miles N.W. of Ypres. 
 
 RKXKU.M or REXCUM, r^nk'ktim, a village of Holland, 
 province of Gelderland. 8 miles W. of Arnhem, near the 
 Rhine. Pop. 919. 
 
 REX'XEL ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, S. of the Solomon 
 Islands, in lat. 11° 30' S., Ion. 160° 30' E. 
 
 REXNEROD, r^n'neh-rot\ a village of Nassau, about 40 
 miles N. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1419. 
 
 REXXES, rJnn, (anc. CrmdaUe.) a city of France, capital 
 of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, agreeably situated on 
 the acclivity and at the foot of a hill, on the Canal of Hie 
 and Ranee, at the conttuence of the Ille and Vilaine, 60 
 miles X. of Nantes. Lat. 48° 7' N., Ion. 1° 41' W. It is tra- 
 versed from E. to W. by the Yilaine, which divides it into 
 the high and the low town, and is crossed by three bridges. 
 The latter, the smaller of the two, on the left bank, is on a 
 flat so low as oft«n to suffer from inundation. It is very 
 poorly built. The houses in it, as well as those in the adjoin- 
 ing suburbs, are mostly of wood, and the streets are narrow 
 and winding. The high town lies between the right bank 
 of the Vilaine and the left bank of the Ille, and strikinglv 
 contrasts with the low town by the elegance of its build- 
 ings, and its spacious, reguLar streets. It owes its present 
 Improved ^condition to a dreadful conflagration, which took 
 place in 1720, and in the course of the seven days during 
 which it raged, laid the greater part of the high town in 
 ashes. The same event, however, which has thus given it 
 the appearance of a handsome modern town, has deprived it 
 of much of its historical interest, by destroying almost' all 
 Its ancient edifices. It has a cathedral, acadimie univcrsitaie 
 fcr the departments of Ille-etrVltaine, Cotes-du-Nord, Finis- 
 tire, Morbihan. and Loire-Inferieure; a school of artillery, 
 an arsenal, a seminary, schools of law and medicine, a na- 
 tional college, and a provincial normal school with a library 
 or JO,W)0 volumes. It has a tribunal of commerce, and an 
 •xe«n8lve trade in butter, honey, wax, and linen goods. Du 
 1&78 
 
 REP 
 
 OuescHn. Sainte Foix, Glnguenfi, Lanjninais were born here. 
 The Duke of Lancaster besieged it unsuccessfully in 1357 
 Henry II. of France hold a parliament here iu 1555. Pcdi 
 in 1852, 39,505. 
 
 REXNIXGEN, rju'ning-gn, a village of WUrtemberg, 13 
 miles W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1743. 
 
 RENO, rA'no, (anc. Rht'nus,) a river of Central Italy in 
 the State of Jimilia, provinces of Bologna and Ferrara, 
 rises in the Apennines of Tuscany, and after a X. course of 
 about 75 miles, past Poretta, Vergato, and Cento, joins the 
 Po-diPrimaro 14 miles S. of Ferrara. It is navigable only 
 for about 25 miles in winter. A canal from it traverses the 
 city of Bologna. 
 
 RENO. See RnixE. 
 
 REX'ROCK. a post-office of Morgan co.. Ohio. 
 
 RENSSEL.\ER, r^n'sel-er, a county in the E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 630 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Hudson, and is drained by the Iloosick 
 and Kinderhook Rivers, with several smaller stieams. The 
 surface is generally hilly and broken, and in the E. part 
 mountainous, often thickly covered with pine and other 
 timber. 'In its numerous valleys, which are sometimes very 
 exten.sive, the soil is generally of excellent quality. In 1850 
 this county produced (102,590 bushels of potatoes, the greatest ■ 
 quantity raised iu any county in the state. Iron ore, roof 
 slate, and Epsom salts are found, but they are not very 
 abundant. 'The public works are the Hud.'on River Rail- 
 roads, Albany Northern, Troy and Boston, Troy and Green- 
 bush, and Western Railroads. Organized in 1791, and 
 named in honor of the Van Rensseltier family. Capital, Ti-oy. 
 Pop. 86,-328. 
 
 RENSSELAER, a village of Sand Lake township, Rensse- 
 laer CO., New York, 12 miles E. by S. of Albany. It has 3 
 churches, and several stores. Pop. 535. 
 
 RENSSEL.\ER. a post-village, capital of Jasper co., In- 
 diana, at the rapids of Iroquois River, 100 miles N.N.W. of 
 Indianapolis. It is situated in the Seven-Mile Prairie. The 
 river affords good water-power. 
 
 RENSSELAER FALLS, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., 
 New York. 
 
 REXS'SELAERVILLE, a post-village and townfliip at the 
 S.W. extremity of Albany co., New York, 23 miles \X. by S. 
 of Albany. The village is situated on Fox's Creek, which 
 here affords an excellent water-power. It has 4 churches, an 
 academy, 5 stores, a flonring-mill, and a woollen factory. 
 Pop. about 300. The township also contains the villages of 
 Preston Hollow, Patter's Hollow, and MetUisa. Pop. 3008. 
 
 REXTERIA, rJn-ti-ree'd, a town of Spain, in Biscay, pro- 
 vince of Guipuzcoa, on the Oyarzun, near its mouth in the 
 Bay of Passages. It is walled, has 5 gates, an ancient and 
 spacious church, an Augustine nunnery, a hantlsome town- 
 hall, and court-house. Pop. 1057. 
 
 REN'TON, a village of Scotland, co., and ? miles N. of 
 Dumbarton, on the I^even. Pop. in 1851, 2398. It was 
 founded in 1782, has various schools, and a large subscrip- 
 tion library. 
 
 REXTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Berwick, parish of 
 Coldingham, on the Eye. 
 
 REXTSCH, rSntch. or HOCIIREXTSCII, hOK'rJntch, a 
 village of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz. Pop. 1056. 
 
 RENTY, rSNoHee/, a market-town of France, department 
 of Pa.s-de-Calais, 12 miles S.S.W. of St. Omer, where Henry II. 
 defeated the Spaniards in 1554. 
 
 REXWEZ, rS.Nc'vi'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Ardennes. 7 miles X.W. of Mezi6res. Pop. 650. 
 
 REXnVICK, a parish of England, cd. of Cumberland. 
 
 REXY, a town of Russia. See Reni. 
 
 REOLE, La, Id r.Vol', a town of FYance, department of 
 Gironde, on the left bank of the Garonne, and on the rail- 
 way to Cette, 30 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 4080 
 It has a communal college, and manufactures of hats, le» 
 ther, and cutlery. 
 
 REPENTIGXY, reh-p5>''teen'ye€', a village of Canad» 
 East, in the co. of Leinster. situated on the St. Lawrence, 17 
 miles X.E. of Monti^eal. Pop. about 900. 
 
 REPKI, r^p'kee. a market-town of Russia, government, 
 and 26 miles N.N.W. of Tchernigov. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 REPPEX, rjp'pgn, a town of Prussia, proviilce of Bran- 
 denburg, 12 miles E. of Frankfort. Pop. 3200. 
 
 RF:1"PS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 REPPS, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 REPS, rJpsh, or K0HAL05I, (Kohalom.) ko'hS'Iom'. a mar- 
 ket-town of Transylvania, on the Rossbach, 19 miles S.S.W 
 of Udvarhely. Pop. 2200. It has saline springs. 
 
 REIVTON, or REP'IXGTOX, a village and parish of En« 
 land, CO., and 7 miles S.S.W. of Derby. Pop. in 1851, 22.32. 
 It has a handsome church, and an endowed grammar school, 
 originally a priory founded soon after the Conquest. Rep- 
 ton is supposed to be the Roman Kepandunum. 
 
 REl'UB'LIC, a post-office of Surry co.. North Carolina. 
 
 REPUBLIC, a thriving "post-village of Pcipio tow o.ship, 
 Seneca co., Ohio, on the Mad River and T^ake Krie Railroad, 
 29 miles S.AV. of Sandusky. Has a union school, a machine 
 shop, and is an important depCt for produce. Pop. in 1860, 
 about 1200. 
 
REP 
 
 REU 
 
 REPUB'LTCAN', a post-omce of Columbia co., Georgia. 
 
 REl'UiililCAN, a post-office of D.trke co., Ohio. 
 
 REl'UULICAN, a township of Jefferson CO., Indiana. 
 Pop. W.I2. 
 
 RKI'lJULICAN, a post-offlce of Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 REPUBlilOAN GKOVK.a post-office, Halifax CO., Virginia. 
 
 REI'UBIilCAN MILLS, a post-office, Fairfax CO., A'irgiiiia. 
 
 REPULSE' BAY, British North America, is on the S. side 
 of Melhille Peninsula, in lat. C6° N., Ion. 86° to 87° W. 
 
 REPULSE BAY, East Australia, in lat. 20° 36' S., Ion. 
 148° 4;i' E. At its mouth are Repulse Islands. 
 
 REQUeSa, ri-kAu'yd, (anc. Loretiim?) a town of Spain, 
 on the Oliana, province, and 43 miles W.N.W. of Cuenoa. 
 Pop. 11.000. It is pleasantly situated, and has 2 Gothic 
 churches, a college, convents, and mauufactui-es of silks. 
 
 REQUISTA, ri'kees'td/, a town of France, department of 
 Aveyron, 21 miles S. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852, 4380. 
 
 REKIZ, rA-rees', a town and pari.sh of Portugal, province 
 of Beira Alt;», about miles N. of Viseu. Pop. 750. 
 
 REll/RICK or RER'WICK, a maritime parish of Scotland, 
 stewartry of Kirkcudbright, on Solway Frith. In it are the 
 villa,i,'es of Auchencairn, Dundrennan, and Port Mary. 
 
 RKllYMOKE, r^rVmor', a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 Queens co., 6 miles W.N.W. of .Mountmellick. Its S. part 
 comprises a part of the Slievebloom JVIountnins. 
 
 RKS.\OA, resah'ka, a village of Monroe cr«., Pennsylvania, 
 on Buslikill Creek, 132 miles N.E. of Uarrisburg. 
 
 RE8ACA, a post-village of Gordon co., Georgia, on the 
 Chiittanuoga and Atlanta Railroad, 84 miles N.N.W'. of 
 Atlanta. A battle was fought here between Gon. Sherman 
 and Gen. Johnston, May lo, 1864. 
 
 RESACA DE LA PALMA, ri-sj/kil dA \'i pdl'mi, a noted 
 battle-field on the route from Point Isabel to Matamoras, 
 about 4 miles N. of Matamoras. Here, on the 9th of Jlay, 
 1846, the MexicJins, numbering upwards of 6000, under 
 General ArL«ta. were totally defeated by about 2000 Ameri- 
 cans, commanded by General Taylor. The loss of the latter 
 was .39 killed and 82 wounded; that of the former included 
 about 500 in killed and wounded, with the loss of all their 
 artillery and furniture. 
 
 RESCOBIE. rJs-ko'bee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfixr. 
 Rescobie Ixjoh is an expansion of Lunan Water. 
 
 RESERV E, re-z^rv', a township of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, (in the Ohio Biver, contains Alleghany City. 
 
 RE.SEKVE, a post-office of St. Joseph co., .Michigan. 
 
 RESERVE, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana. 
 
 RESIID or RE.SHT, r^sht, a town of Persia, capital of a 
 province of Ghilan, between two small rivers, 16 miles S.E. 
 of its port Enzellee, on the Caspian Sea. Though in a very 
 unhealthy situation, it is stated to be well-built, nourish- 
 ing, and peopled by at least 50,000 per.sons. It imports 
 large quantities of Russian manufactured goods for con- 
 sumption ill Ghilan. and exports silks, fruits,and gall nuts. 
 
 RESllITZA or REJITZA, Ru.ssiau Poland. See Rszhit.sa. 
 
 RESUTABAD, rSsh-td-bdd', a village of Persia, on the Se- 
 feed-rood, 15 miles E. of Reshd. 
 
 REglNA, ri-see'nd, a market-town of Naples, province, 
 and 6 miles S.E. of Naples. Pop. 8900. It is situated at the 
 W. foot of Mount Vesuvius, and built over the ruins of 
 Ilerculaiieum. It has 2 churches, an Augustine convent, 
 many villas, and some remains of antiquity. 
 
 RESINAR, ri-zee-naR/, or ROSINAR, ro-se-naR/, written 
 also ROSSINAR, (Ger. StUdttrdmrf, st^f tgr-doRr,) a village 
 cf Transylvania, in Saxon land, on the Stebes, co., and 8 
 miles S.W. of Hermannstadt. Pop. C056. It is the see of a 
 Ureek-Wallachian bishop. 
 
 RESITZA, a town of Russia. See Rezhitsa. 
 
 RESOLIS. a parish of Scotland. See Kirkmichael. 
 
 RESOLU'TION RAY, is on the W. side of Santa Christina, 
 one of the Marquesas Islands. 
 
 RESOLU'TIO.X 1SL.\ND, in British North America, is at 
 the entrance of Hudson's Strait: lat. 61° 30' N., Ion. 65° W; 
 Length and breadth nearly 40 miles each. On its E. side is 
 Cape Resolution. 
 
 RESOLUTION ISLAND, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 
 In Dangerous Archipelago. Lat. 17° 22' S., Ion. 141° 35' W. 
 
 RESOLUTION ISLAND, a lagoon island in Low Archipe- 
 lago. Lat. 17° 25' S., Ion. 143° 24' W. 
 
 RESOLUTION, PORT, in Tanna Island, one of the New 
 Hebrides. 
 
 RESSAXT, rJs'sJnf, a village of Morocco. E. of Mount 
 Atlas, and in the vlciniliy of the town of Tafilet. 
 
 RESSONS-SUR-MATS.rJs's(iN0 siiR m4',avillageofFrance, 
 department of Oise, 9 miles N.N.W. of Complegne. P. 1014. 
 
 RESTALRIG, r^s-tjl-reeg'. a village of Scotland, CO., and 
 IJ miles E.N.E. of Edinbuigh. Pop. 92. 
 
 RESTIGNY, rJsHeen'yee', a village of France, department 
 of Indre-et-Loire. 7 miles N. of Chinon. Pop. 1979. 
 
 RESTIGOUCIlfi, r^sH^e'goo'shi/, a river of British North 
 America, forms the N. boundary of New Brunswick, on the 
 N.W. sei)arating it from Canada East. It falls into the Bay 
 of Chaleur after a N.E. course of about 200 miles. Its Indian 
 name, liestignucld, is said to signify the " river which divides 
 like the hand.'' in allusion to its separating above tide into 
 five principal streams or branches. These drain an area of 
 
 about 400O square miles of fertile and well-timbor«>d country 
 The entrance to the river from the Bay of Chaleur is 3 miles 
 wide, and 9 fathoms deep. Tlie tide tlows up it 24 miles, ol 
 whicli 18 are navigable for the largest ships. The principal 
 towns on its banks are Dalhousie at its mouth, and Camp- 
 belltown at the head of navigation. 
 
 RE.STIGOUCIIK, an extensive county in the N. of New 
 Brunswick, bordering on the Bay of Chaleur. The surface 
 is extremely diversified with mountains and valleys, and is 
 intersected by numerous rivers. The soil is fertile and 
 heavily timbered. Large quantities of timl>er are exported 
 annually from Dalhousie, the capital. Pop. in 1854, 4161. 
 
 RE.STON, a station on the North British Railway, in Soob- 
 land. Hi miles N.W. of Berwick. 
 
 REST'ON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 REST'ON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln 
 
 RESTORA'TION ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, off the 
 E. coast of Australia; lat. 12'^ 37' 30" S., Ion. 143° 27' E., ia 
 a granitic rock, first visited by Captain Bligh in the Bounty, 
 in 1789. 
 
 RESTORMEL CASTLE, England. See LosTWiTHiEL. 
 
 RESULTAN.\, rA-sool-ti'nd, a market-town of Sicily, 14 
 miles N. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 2.)00. 
 
 RETCHITSA or RETSCIIITZA, rd-chifsi, (Pol. Hzeczyca, 
 zh.i-chit'sS,) a town of Russia, government, and 158 miles 
 S.E. of Min.sk, on the Dnieper. Pop. 25U0. 
 
 RETCUNOI, rfech-noi', a cape of Siberia, E. coast, at the 
 mouth of the Anadeer, (Anadyr.) Lat. 68° 48' 44" N., Ion, 
 176° 45' 69" E. 
 
 RETEMO, atown of Crete. See Retimo. 
 
 RET'FORD, East, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of Notts, on 
 the Idle, here crossed by a bridge of 5 arches, connecting It 
 with the suburb of West Retford. 18 miles N.N.W. of Newark, 
 and with a station on the Hull, Sheffield, and Manchester 
 Railway. Pop. in 1851,-46,0o4. It is well-built, and has a 
 handsome Gothic church ; a free grammar school, founded 
 by Edward VI.; a poor's hospital, union work-house, town- 
 hall, news-rooms, two branch luiuks, and a snmll theatre. 
 The borough sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 RETFORD, West , a parish of England, co. of .Notts. 
 
 RETIIEL, rgh'tJl', a town of Fi-auce, department of 
 Ardennes, on the right bank of the Aisne. 23 miles S.W. of 
 Mezidres. Pop. in 1862, 8:i(X). It was formerly fortified, 
 and has a communal college, and extensive manufactures of 
 merinos and cashmeres. Its trade is facilitated by the canal 
 of Ardennes. 
 
 RETHELOIS, rgh-tA^i', or RETHELAIS, an ancient dis- 
 trict of France, belonged to the province of Champjtgne, and 
 now forms the S.W. part of the department of Ardennes; 
 Rethel was its capital. 
 
 RETHEM, r.Vtgm, a village of Hanover, government of 
 Luneburg, 33 miles N.W. of Hanover, on the AUer. Pop. 
 1.340. 
 
 RETHY,r!l-tI' or riHee', or RETIIY-WARBEECK, r.-l-fl 
 wda/baik\ a village of Belgium, province of Antwerp, 7 milea 
 S.E. of Tunihout. Pop. of parish, 2300. 
 
 RETIJIO or RETEMO, re-tee'mo, (anc. liithyvx'na.) a sea- 
 port town of Crete, on its N. coast, 38 miles W. of Caudia. 
 Pop. 3000, mostly Turks. Its bazaars, streets, and fort 
 have wholly a Turjiish appearance. Its harbor is now very 
 shallow, and in 1841 only 34 vessels, with an aggregate 
 burden of 1199 tons, entered the port. 
 
 RETINA, rA-tee'nd. a post-offlce of Hopkins co., Texas. 
 
 RETOURNAC, rfh-tooR'udk') a market-town of France, 
 department of Haute-Loire, on the left bank of the Loire. 
 Pop. In 1852, 3433. 
 
 RETREAT', a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 RETREAT, a post-office of Grimes co., Texas. 
 
 RETSCIIITZA, a town of Ru.ssia. See Retchitsa. 
 
 RETTENDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 RETZ, rets, an old district of France, in Brittany, no* 
 comprised in the deiiartment of Loire-lnferieure. 
 
 RETZ, rJts, or ROTZ, (Rotz.) rots, a walled town of Lower 
 Austria, 43 miles N.E. of A'ienna, near the borders of Mora- 
 via. Pop. 2777. It was formerly fortified; excellent wine 
 is produced in its vicinity. 
 
 RETZBACH, rets'bdK, a market-town of- Bavaria, on a 
 heisiht above the Main, over which there is a ferry, 9 miles 
 N .Vv. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1080. 
 
 REUBEN, ru'ben, a tribe of Israelites, took their portion 
 of the promised land E. of Jordan, between Aruon on the 
 S., and Jazer on the N., and having Gilead on the E. 
 
 REUGNY', run'yee', a village of France, department of 
 Indre-et-Loire, 10 miles N.E. of Tours. Pop. 1217. 
 
 REUILLTf, ruhYee/ or ruPyee', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of lndr6, 10 miles N.E. of Issoudun, on the railway to 
 Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 2586. 
 
 REULMARE, roil'm5-ri, (Ilun. Nagy-Aranyos, nOdj Ch^ 
 ron'yosh',) a village of Transylvania, co, of Lower Weissen- 
 burg, on a small river, 12 miles N.N.W. of Abrudbanya. 
 Pop. about 3000. 
 
 REUNION, ILE DE LA, eel d'lj rA*u'ne-ANa', a name 
 given to the island of Bourbon in l'^G3, and resumed since 
 the French Revolution of 1848. 
 
 1579 
 
REU 
 
 REUS, rJ'ooce, a manufacturing town of Spain, province, 
 and 9 miles W. of Tarragona. Pop. 25,04:3. It consi.sts of 
 an older portion founded in the twelfth century, and a new 
 and regularly built quarter which rose up about the end of 
 the last century, on the settlement there of some enter- 
 prising English merchants. It has good inns and coffee- 
 houses, numerous churches, hospitals, barracks, a theatre, 
 manufactures of silk, cotton, and linen fabrics and twist, 
 Boap, leather, glass, spirits, &c. A canal connects it with its 
 fort. Salon, 5 miles distant. 
 
 UEUSCII. roish. (Alt, ilt, and Neu, noi.) two contiguous 
 marketrtowns of MoravLa, circle, and about 17 miles S. of 
 Iglau. United pop. 1510. The former has an abbey. 
 
 REUSS, roice. ariver of Switzerland, canton of Uri, nearly 
 the whole of which it drains, rises on the S. side of Mount 
 St Gothard, and enters the S. extremity of the I>ake of Lu- 
 cerne after a N. coui-se of 30 miles, during which it de- 
 scends 4500 feet. 
 
 BEUSS, ruce, (Ger. pron. roice or roiss,) three principall- 
 of Central Germany, somewhat intermingled with other 
 tories, but lying between Saxony, Bavaria, and the 
 on duchies, and belonging to an older and a younger line, 
 former of which holds the 30th, and the latter the 31st 
 place in the Germanic Condederation ; area of the whole 
 principalities, 640 square miles. The territory of the older 
 line, usually called the principality of Keuss-Greitz, consists 
 of the lordships of Greitz and Burgk, and has an area of 149 
 square miles. These lordships are separated from each 
 other, the oae being traversed by the Elster, while the other 
 lies along both banks of the Saale. The territories of the 
 younger line form the two principalities of Reuss-Schleitz, 
 and Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf, the former having an area 
 of 128 square miles, and the latter an area of 203 square 
 miles, and in addition to these principalities, include the 
 lordship of Gera and the domain of Saalburg, which, to- 
 gether, have an area of 160 square miles. These territories 
 are, on the whole, fertile, and well-wooded, raise sufllcient 
 grain to supply the consumption. The most important 
 crops are potatoes and flax ; hops also are partially grown ; 
 great numbers of horned cattle and sheep are reared. They 
 possess, among their minerals, iron, which is partially 
 worked; and roofing slates, which are extensively quarried. 
 The two princip.ilities of the younger line, though belonging 
 to two different branches, rank only as one state, having only 
 a single vote in the plenum of the Confederation. In the 
 Representative Assembly, the whole principalities only share 
 one vote along with those of Hohenzollern, Lichtenstein, 
 Waldeck, and Lippe. The representatives of the elder line 
 were raised to the rank of princes in 1778 — those of the 
 younger line ranked only as counts till 1790 and 1806. 
 Both lines, as well as the great majority of their subjects, 
 are Protestants. Pop. 114,983. 
 
 REUSSENDORF, rois'sgn-doRr. a village of Prussi.o, go- 
 vernment, and S.W. of Bi-esbu. Pop. 1321. 
 
 REUSS-GREITZ, and REUSS-SCHLEITZ. See Redss. 
 
 REUTIGKN, roi'tig-en, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, 4 miles S. of Th'un. Pop. 1200. 
 
 REUTLINGEN. roit'ling-?n, a fortified town of VTUrtem- 
 berg. on the Eschatz. 20 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 13,449. 
 It is enclosed by old walls, has several churches, one with a 
 tower 320 feet high, a town-hall, a well-endowed hospitil. an 
 orphan asylum, manufactures of leather, lace, paper, clocks, 
 
 REVEL. rJv'el, or REVAL. riylil, (Rus. Kolyvan, ko-le- 
 vin'; Esthonian, Talline, tM'le-xiL) a strongly fortified sea- 
 port town of Russia, government of Esthonia, on a small bay 
 on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland. 200 miles W.S.W. of 
 St. Petersburg. Lat. of cathedral, 59° 26' 6" N., Ion. 24° 45' 
 2" E. Pop. 24,650. The city-proper, enclosed by ancient bas- 
 tioned walls, and defended by a strong castle on a heiglit. 
 Is irregularly built and small ; but the suburbs extend for 
 some distance along the shore. The principal edifices are a 
 sm.all imperial palace, the admiralty, a town-hall, Lutheran, 
 Roman Catholic, and Greek churches, a theatre, clul>house.«, 
 collegiate episcopal seminary, &e. It has numerous schools, 
 and 3 or 4 public libraries; and it is much resorted to as a 
 watering-place. The harbor has been materially improved, 
 and its roadstead is well sheltered by islands. Large quan- 
 tities of corn, spirits, hemp, flax, timber, and other Baltic 
 goods, are exported, in exchange for colonial produce, salt 
 cheese, wine, tobacco, fruits, dye-stuffs, cotton-yarn, and 
 other manufactured goods, with herrings, from Holland and 
 Norway. The town and castle were founded by Valdemar 
 II., King of Denmark, in 1218, and afterwards sold to the 
 Teutonic kniuhts. The Russians took it from the Swedes in 
 1710. It was formerly the great emporium of the Hanseatic 
 League for the trade with Novgorod. 
 
 REVEL, rfh-viH', a town of France, department of Haute- 
 Garonne, 29 miles E.g. E. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852. 5900. 
 It has manufactures of linen, leather, cotton-thread, and 
 nosierv, and dve-works. 
 REVEL, GOVEKXMENT OF. See EsTRojnA. 
 REVELLO, rA-v*no, b town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 
 division, and 20 miles N.N.W. of Coni, on k hill near the 
 Lead of tlie I'o. I'op. 6210. 
 1580 
 
 REZ 
 
 REV'ELSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 REVERE, ri-vd'rd, a market-town of Lombardy, 17 milea 
 E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. 
 
 REVES, rk'\6s. a village of Belgium, province of Hainaat, 
 on the Rampe. 25 miles E. of Mons. I'op. 1418. 
 
 REVESBY, reevz'bee. a parLsh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 REVIGNY, reh-veen'yee', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Meuse. 9 miles W.N.W. of Bar-le-Due. P. 1140. 
 
 REV^ILEE', a post-ofiice of Scott co.. Arkansas. 
 
 REVILLA-GIGEDO, rA-veel'yd-He-HA'no, an island of Ru* 
 sian America, between lat. 55° and 66° N., lou. 131° VC. 
 Length, 50 miles: breadth, 25 miles. 
 
 REVILLA-GIGEDO, ra-veel'y^-He-Hi'Do, a rocky island- 
 group in the Pacific Ocean, 2fi0 miles S. of California ; lat. 
 ly° N., Ion. 110° W., and consisting of the island of Socorro, 
 with some islets. 
 
 REVILLE, reh-veel', a town of Fr.ance. department of 
 Manche. 13 miles X.E. of Valognes. Pop. 1900. 
 
 REVIN, rfh-vix"', a town of France, department of Ar- 
 dennes, on the Sleuse, 6 miles E. of Rocroy. Pop. 24y7. 
 
 REWAH, rd/wil, a stnte of Hindostan, comprising a part 
 of Bogilcund, mostly between lat. 24° and 42*^ 30' N.. and 
 Ion. 81° and 82° E., enclosed by the territory of the Bengal 
 presidency, to which it is subsidiary. Area. 10.310 S(|uar« 
 miles. The surface is a table land, much of which is culti- 
 vated. The principal towns are Rewah and Bandoogur. 
 
 REW.\II, capital of the above state, 70 miles S.W. of 
 Allahahbad, with a large stone fort, and extensive suburbs. 
 Lat. 24° 34' N., Ion. 81° 19' E. 
 
 REVVARY, rd-w3/ree. a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, and 47 miles S.W. of Delhi. 
 
 REWE. ru, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 REVVERSDORF, rA'*ers-doRf\ a village of Austria, in 
 Moravia, circle of Prerau, near Ilotzenplotz. Pop. 2644. 
 
 BEX'FORD FL.VTS, a post-office of Saratoga co., New 
 York. 
 
 REYDEN, a villacre of Switzerland. See Reiden. 
 
 REY'DON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 REYES, rkiyhs, or CHINCHACOCHA,cheen-cha-ko'cha. a 
 lake of Peru, forming one of the principal sources of the 
 Amazon, is situated in lat. 10° 25' S.. Ion. 75° 40' W. 
 
 REYES, Los. loce nl/yjs. a town of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Magdalena, 100 miles S.E. of Santa 
 Marta. Near it are silver, lead, and copper mines. 
 
 REYKJAVIK, a town of Iceland. See Reikiavik. 
 
 REY'MERSTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 REYNAGII, rd'nih, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 King's CO. Here are the ruins of several old barouical 
 castles and ecclesiastical edifices. 
 
 REY'NALL'S BASIN, a postofflce of Niagara co., NeW 
 York. 
 
 REYNET. a division of South Africa. See Gkaaf-Reixet. 
 
 REYNOLDS, rSn'oIz. a new county in the S. E. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 660 square miles. It is drained by 
 the head-streams of Big Black River. The surfiiee is uneven, 
 and partly covered with forests of pine. Named in honor 
 of Thomas Reynolds, a former Governor of Missouri. Capi- 
 tal, Lesterville or Centreville. Pop. 3173, of whom 3135 
 were free, and 38 slaves. 
 
 REYNOLDS, a postofllce of Taylor co., Georgia. 
 
 REYNOLDS, a post-oflfice of White co., Indiana. 
 
 REYNOLDS. Iowa, a station on the New Albany and 
 Salem Railroad. 9 miles from Bradford. 
 
 REYN0LDSBUR6. rSn'olz-btirg, a village of Humphreys 
 CO.. Tennessee, on the E. bank of the Tennessee River. 75 
 miles W. of Nashville. It was formerlv the county seat. 
 
 REYNOLDSBURG. a thriving post'Village of Franklin co., 
 Ohio, on the National Road, 10 miles E. of Columbus. The 
 Central Ohio Railroad passes through or very near it. Pop. 
 inlS60,aboui 600. 
 
 REYNOLDSTON, rjn'olz-ton. a parish of South Wales, 
 CO. of Glamorgan, 12 miles W.S.W. of Swansea. Here is a 
 large cavern, and the Druidical relic called Arthur's Stone. 
 
 REYNOLDSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 REYNOLDSVILLE, rJn'^lz-vil, a village of Norfolk town- 
 ship, St. Lawrence co.. New York, near Racket River. 
 
 REYNOLDSVILLE. a post-village of Tompkins co., New 
 York, about 16 miles W. by N.of Ithaca. 
 
 REYNOLDSVILLE, a postoflice of Jefferson co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 REYNOLDSVILLE, apost-office,Harrison co.,AV.Virpinia. 
 
 REYNOLDSVILLE, a post-office of Houston co., Geomia. 
 
 REYNOLDSVILLE. a village of Pike co., Ohio, 8 miles K 
 of Piketon. 
 
 REYNOSA or REINOSA, rA-e-no'siL a mountain range of 
 Spain, extends from the Cantabrian Mountains to n.ar 
 Burgos. 
 
 REYNOSA, a town of Spain, province, and 36mil.s S S W. 
 of Sanfander. Pop. 1541. 
 
 REYNOSA, rA-no'sa, a post-office of Laurens district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 RE7i.\T. rJt'sJt. two small streams of Bavaria, afli lents of 
 the Rednits, which give name to tlie circ.e of 1 c*at, or 
 Middle Francouia. 
 
REZ 
 
 KEZl5, reh-zA' a market'town of France, department of 
 Loire-Inferieure, near the left bank of the Loire, X mile S.W. 
 of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 0644. 
 
 RKZKXDE, r.i-zJn'di, a Tillaafe and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Beira Alta, 11 miles W.S.W. of Lamego. Pop. 
 2290. 
 
 REZKXDE, rA-zJn'd3, a town of Brazil, capital of a co- 
 marca. province, and 92 miles W.N.W. of lUo de Janeiro, with 
 an electoral college. Pop. 6000. 
 
 RKZIIITSA, KEJITZ.4. rd-zhifsi, or rA-zheefsS. written 
 also KE.^IIITZA and llESITZA, a town of Kussiau Poland, 
 government, and 145 miles N.W. of Vitebsk. 
 
 KEZZA TO, r^t-si'to, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, 5 miles E.S.E. of Brescia. Pop. 1S28. 
 
 KKZZO, rJt'so, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 .f Nice, province of Oneglia, on the Chiusa. Pop. 1102. 
 
 ItllA'OES. a ruined city of Persia, the remains of which 
 are a little S. of Teheran. 
 
 KHAYADAR. written also RHAYADER and RIIAYDR, 
 hri'a-<lar. a parlimentary borough and market-town of 
 South Wales, CO. of Radnor, on the Wye, here crossed by a 
 bridge, 14 miles W.N.W. of New Radnor. Pop. in 1851, lOu". 
 It has a handsome town-hall, chapel, and small grammar 
 school. It joins with Radnor, Cefn-Llys, Knighton, Knuck- 
 las, and Presteign, in sending one member to the House of 
 Commrin.s. 
 
 ]{IIAYAD.\R, a pari.sh of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 RIIBA, rA, a county in the S.E. central part of Tennessee; 
 area estimated at 500 square miles. The Tennessee River, 
 navigable by steamboats, forms the S.E. boundary. The 
 county is traversed by a ridge of the Cumtierland Moun- 
 tains. Extensive beds of stone coal are found. Capital, 
 Washington, Pop. 4991, of whom 437 6- were free, and 615 
 slaves. 
 
 RUEATOWX, r.Vtijwn, a pst-village of Green co., Ten- 
 nessee, 240 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 RHKD.i, rA'dd, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 40 miles 
 S.W. of Minden. on the Ems. Pop. 2320. 
 
 RHEKDE, rA'deh. RHEDEN or REEDEX, rA/dgn. a vil- 
 lage of the Netherlands, province of Oelderland, 6 miles 
 E.N.K. of Arnhem. 
 
 RUE liN KN, a village of the Netherlands. See Rhesen. 
 
 RH1:GIUM. See Reooio. 
 
 RHEIDT. RHKID, RIIEYDT or RHEYD, ritt, a town of 
 Rhenish Prussia, government, and N.W. of Cologne, on the 
 Niers. Pop. 3570. 
 
 RIIEIM.S, a city of France. See Reims. 
 
 RHKIN, a river of Europe. See Rhine or Rhix. 
 
 RHKIN, rine, a town of East Prussia, 51 miles S.S.W. of 
 Gumbinneu, on Lake Rhein. Pop. 1370. 
 
 RIIEINAU. ri'nOw. a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Zurich, on a peninsula formed by the Rhine, 4 miles S. of 
 Schaffhausen, on an island, on which there is a rich Bene- 
 dictine abbey, with a library, and a fine church. 
 
 RIIEINBACII. rlu'bdK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 21 
 miles S. of Cologne. Pop. 1700. 
 
 RHKINBEK. rin'b^k, a village of Denmark, duchy of 
 riolstein, capital of a bailwick of its own name, 9 miles S.E. 
 of Hamburg. 
 
 RIIEINBKRG. rin'bSRG, a town of Rheni.sh Prussia, 24 
 miles X.N.W. of Dusseldorf. on the Rhine. Pop. 2400. It 
 was strongly fortitied until 1703, and has sustained nume- 
 rous sieges. 
 
 RIIEINBOLLEX. (Rheinttillen.) rin'boflen, a village of 
 Rhenish Prussia. 25 miles S. of CoWentz. Pop. 1001. 
 
 RHKINBREITBACH, rin^brlt/biK. a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, government, and 25 miles N.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 
 1095. 
 
 RIIEIXE, ri'neh, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia. 23 
 miles X.N.W. of SlUnster, capital of a principality of Rheiue- 
 Wolbeck, on the Ems. Pop. 2400. 
 
 BHEINECK or RIIEINEGG, ri'njk. a small town of 
 Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, on the Rhine, near its en- 
 trance into the Lake of Constance. Pop. 1400. 
 
 RIIKINFEI.DKN, rin'feld'gn, a town of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Aargau. 10 miles E. of Basel, on the Rhine, here 
 forming several rapids. Pop. 1400. Near it is the ruined 
 castle of Srein, on an island in the river. 
 
 RUEIXFKLS. rin'f^s, (i.e. "Rhine Rock.") a ruined for- 
 tress of Rhenish Prussia, on an island in the Rhine, near 
 St. Goar. founded in 1245, and dismantled in 1795. 
 
 RnEING.\U. rin'gow. (i. e. •■ Rhine country,") a valley in 
 the S. of Nassau, between the Rhine and Mount Taunus. 
 The chief town is Elfeld. The district is celebrated for Its 
 rich vinevards. 
 
 RIIEIN-HESSEN, rinOigs'sen, or RHEXISH- HESSE, 
 (hjss.) the westernmost province of Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 oounded E. by the Rhine. Area, 530 square miles. Pop. 
 225,445. The "surface is mostly fertile, this being one of the 
 most productive parts of Germany. 
 
 RHKIXMAGEX, rln'md'ghgn.orREMAGEX, rA'mi*gh?n, 
 a town of Rhenish Prussia, 23 miles X.AV. of Coblentz, on the 
 Rhine. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RHFJNSBERG, rlns/bjKG, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 48 miles N. of Potsdam. Pop. 2168. It has a 
 
 KHf 
 
 royal castle, with a vast park. -Here Frederick the Groat 
 spent his youth. 
 
 JiHEINTHAL, rin'tSl, (i.e. "the valley of the Rhine,")a 
 district of Switzerland. 
 
 KHFnXZABKRN, rinHsJ'bem, a market-town of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, on the Erlbach, 9 miles S.E. of Landau. P. 1985. 
 
 RIIEME, rA'meh, a town of Prussia, province of West- 
 phalia, government, and 8 miles S.W. of Mindon, on the 
 Weser. Pop. 1912. 
 
 RHENEN or RHEEXEX, rA'njn, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Utrecht, on the left bank of the Rhine, 9 
 miles E. of Wyk-by-Duurstede. Pop. 3044. It has a Gothic 
 church, and an active trade in tobacco. 
 
 RHENISH BAVARIA, or PALATINATE. See Bavaria 
 
 RHENISH HESSE, Hesse-Darmstadt. See Rhei-vUesses. 
 
 RHENISH PRUSSIA, in Germany. See Prissia. 
 
 RHEXS, rJns, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government, 
 and 5 miles S, of Coblentz, on the Rhine, over which there 
 is here a ferry. It is an old place, built almost entirely of 
 wood, and has a Roman Catholic church. Xiar it stood 
 formerly the Konig.sstuhl, (king's seat,) where the elector* 
 used to meet and deliberate on the affairs of the empire. 
 Many treaties of peace were concludwl. and emperors elected 
 and dethroned here. It was pulled down in 1807, but was 
 rebuilt partly from the old materials in 1843. Pop. 1400. 
 
 RHKNUS, in Italy. See Reno. 
 
 RHKNU.S, a celebrated river of Europe. See Rhine. 
 
 RHETT LAKE is situated in the N. part of California, in 
 about 41° 50' N. lat, and 121° 30' W. Ion. It is perhaps 12 
 miles long by 8 miles wide. Its outlet unites with the 
 Klamath River. 
 
 RH1';YDT or RHEYD, a town of Germany. ?ee Rheidt. 
 
 RHIN, RHYN, rin, or RHKIN, rTn, a river of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg, joins the Havel 20 miles N.N.W. of 
 Brandenburg, after a S.W. course of CO miles, through 
 numerous small lakes. See Rhine. 
 
 lUIlNAU. ree'no', a villase of Franco, department of Bas- 
 Rhin, ISmiles N.E. of Schelestadt. Pop. 1438. 
 
 RHINE, rin,(Ger.i^/icm; Dutch. Ifliyn: both pronounced 
 as the English Rhi.ne; Fr. Jihin, r^NO; Sp. Jiiii. reen ; It. 
 Rinn. r.A'uo; anc. liliejnus.) a celebrated river of Europe, 
 formed in Switzerland by the union of two small streams, 
 the Hinter and A'order Rhein. The first springs from the 
 glacier of Rheiuwald, and the second ri.ses on the N. side of 
 Mount St. Gothard. at a height of 7050 feet; these meet at 
 Reichenau, in the canton of Grisons. The united stream 
 flows generally N. past Mayenfeld, and enters the Lake of 
 Constance on the S.E., near Rheineck; at Stein it quits the 
 lake at its W. extremity, flows W. past .'schaffhausen and 
 Laufenburg, separating Switzerland from Bavaria, At Basel, 
 where the Upper Rhine terminates, with an elevation of 755 
 feet and a breadth of 550 feet, it turns to the N,, and flows 
 past Breisjich and Strasbourg, Speyer, and Mannheim, where 
 its bed is 300 feet above the sea, between the tei'ritories of 
 B.aden on the E., and France and lihenish Bavaria on the 
 W. From Worms to Mentz it traverses the Hessian territo- 
 ries. At .Mentz it receives the Main, and flows W. to Bingen, 
 where it turns to the X.W., passing Coblentz, Bonn, Cologne, 
 and Dusseldorf Wfsel and Emmerich, bnlnw which it divides 
 into two principal arms, the larger of which, called the WaaI 
 or Wahai. fane. VahallU.) joins the Alense. (or >iaas.) The 
 other, which still retains the name of Rhine, falls into the 
 North Sea in 52° 13' N. lat. The principal affluents of the 
 Rhine are. on the right, the Kinzig. Neckar. Main, Lahn, 
 Ruhr, and Lippe: and on the left, the Thur, Aar, 111, and 
 Moselle, The total length of the Rhine, following Ita 
 windings, is alxiut 9f!0 miles, and its basin comprises an 
 area of 65,280 square miles. The breadth of the Rhine, and 
 the character of its channel, dilfer much at different parts 
 of its long course. Its breadth at Basel is 750 feet ; between 
 Straslx)urg and Speyer, from 1000 to 1200 feet; at Mentz, 
 from 1500 to 1700 feet; and at Schenken.schanz, where it 
 enters the Netherlands, 2150 feet. Its depth varies from 5 
 to 28 feet, and at Dusseldorf amounts even to 50 feet. The 
 elevation of the Rhine above sea-level is, at the Col d'Ober 
 Alp, 9967 feet; at Reichenau, 2021 feet: at Constance. 1335 
 feet; at Basel, 771 feet; at Kehl. 4i'3 feet; and at Cologne. 
 121 feet. From the Lake of Constance to Basel it has a verj 
 rocky bed, but, lower down, contains numerous islands, 
 partly composed of .sand and clay. From Breisach several 
 of the islands are clothed with herbage, and even admit of 
 cultivation; between Strasbourg and Germersheim they 
 form thickets of brushwood. The Rhine abounds with fish, 
 including salmon and salmon-ti-out. but more especially 
 sturgeon, lampreys, pike, and carp. Wild fowl also alx)und 
 on its banks and countless islands. Some gold is contained 
 among the .sands brought down into it from the mountains 
 of Switzerland and of the Black Forest. 
 
 The Rhine first becomes navigable at Chur, (Coire.) in the 
 Grisons; but the navigation is not continuous till below 
 Schaffhausen; and the trafiic in lo.aded vessels is not im- 
 portant above Speyer. From Strasbourg to Mentz, the bur- 
 den of the vessels in which it is carried on is from 100 to 126 
 tons; from Mentz to Cologne, 125 to 200 tons; and from 
 Cologne to Holland, from 300 to 450 tons. In the Nether- 
 
 1681 
 
RHI 
 
 RHO 
 
 lands, it is connected by canals with its several branches and 
 with i he sea. The areat North Canal Jinit^s it with the Meuse 
 and the Nethe. affluents of the Scheldt: and the Canal of the 
 Rhone and Rhine in France connects it with the Rhone by 
 the .Saone. A canal also connects it with the Seine. In B;i- 
 varia it communicates with the Danube by means of the 
 Main, and the Altmiihl and Ludwigs Canal. The nayiira- 
 tion is rendered dan;rerous by waterfalls, more especially 
 those of Schaffhausen of Zurzach, (near the mouth of the 
 Wutach,) of Laufenburg. and of Rheinfelden ; it is also ren- 
 dered dangerous by the Bingerloch, near Biugen, where the 
 stream becomes suddenly narrowed and confined between 
 lofty precipices, and by similar ca uses, though in a'less degree, 
 a.t Bacharach, St. Goar, and at Unkel. 
 
 The Rhine is distinguished alike by the beauty of its 
 scenery, and the rich fields and vineyards which clothe its 
 banks. No river in Germany, more especially since the in- 
 troduction of steam-vessels, attracts so many tourists. From 
 Basel to Mentz it flows through a wide valley, bounded on 
 the left by the Vosges. and on the right by the Black Forest 
 and the mountains along the Bergsti-asse. From Montz the 
 mountain ridges approach the stream at first only on the 
 right bsnk, where they form the Rheingau; but at Bingen 
 they Ijegin to hem in the left bank also, and continue from 
 thence to Konigswinter to present a succession of lofty 
 mountain summits, bold precipices, and wild, romantic 
 views. Pleasant towns and villages lie nestled at the foot 
 of lofty hills: above them, on all sides, rise rocky steep* and 
 slopes, clothed with vines: and every now and then the 
 castles and fastnesses of feudal times are seen frowning 
 from precipices apparently inaccessible. At times the chain 
 o"f ridges on eitlier side opens out, and allows the eye to 
 wander into romantic valleys, along which tributaries of 
 greater or less m-ignitude dash down, or wind gradually to 
 the parent stream. On the river itself much additional 
 variety and beauty are given to the scenery by the constant 
 recurrence of picturesque and verdant islands. 
 
 The Rhine gives name to three circles of Baden, to a pro- 
 vince of Uesse-Darmstadt, a province of Rivaria, two de- 
 partments of France, and a province of Prussia. Adj. 
 
 IIhen'ish. 
 
 RHINE, a township in the N.W. part of Sheboygan oo., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 1359. 
 
 RIIINKBKCK. rin'bJk. a post-village of Rhinebeck town- 
 ship. Dutchess CO., New York, on the lludson River Railro,Hd. 
 55 miles S. of Albany, and 2 miles E. of Hudson River. It 
 contains 5 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, 1 bank, 
 the Union Iron Works, and several factories. Pop. in 1860 
 estimated at l.'iOO. Pop. of the township. 32S9. 
 
 RHINEBKCK LANDING, a village of Dutchess co.. New 
 York, on the E. bank of the Hudson River, 91 miles N. of 
 New York. 
 
 RHINE 00NFED?:RATI0N. SeeGEr.MAXT. 
 
 RIIINEIi.\ND, rin'land. a post-office of Montgomery CO., 
 Missouri. 
 
 RHINE, LOWER, an old circle of Germany, on the left 
 bank of the Rhine, now comprised mostly in' Ilesse-Dami- 
 Etadt. Rhenish Bitvari.a, and Rheni.oh Prussia. 
 
 RHINE. UPPER, an old circle of Germ.wy. on the right 
 bank of the Rhine, enclosed by the circles of Loyer Rhine, 
 M'estphalia, Lower and Upper Sa.xony, and F'ranconia. now 
 mostly included in the dominions of Hesse-Darmstadt and 
 Electoral IIe.e.se. The Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine is 
 a name sometimes applied to the provinces of Prussia W. of 
 the Weser, forming the provinces of Westphalia and Rhenish 
 Prussia. 
 
 RHIXNS, (rlns.) RHYNS or RINNS OF GAI/LOWAY. 
 (anc. CliersmieMims Knronltum.) a peninsula of the S. W. coast 
 of .Scotland, co. of Wigtown, mostly separated from the rest 
 of the county by Loch Ryan and Luce Bay. but connected in 
 Its centre by a low isthmus 7 miles across. Length, from 
 N.N.W. to S.S.E.. 28 miles; its bre.idth varies from 2 to 5 
 miles. Area, 116 square miles. It terminates on the S. 
 in the Mull of Galloway, and comprises 5 parishes, a part of 
 Inch, and the towns or villages of Portpatrick, Kirkmaiden, 
 Stoneykirk. Kirkcolm, and Stranraer. 
 
 RHINOW. ree/nov. a town of Prussi.n. province of Bran- 
 denburg. 30 miles N.W. of Potsdam, on the Rhin, near its 
 junction with the Havel. P( p. 525. 
 
 RHIO. RIO. ree'o. or RKiUW, reCw«', a province of the 
 Dutch possessions in the Malay Archipelago, comprises the 
 Rio Aixhipelsgo and the Linga Islands. It is bounded on 
 the N. l>y the Straits of Singapore and Malacca, and on the 
 K. by the China Sea. 
 
 RHIO, KIO or RIOUW. an island group of the Malay 
 Archiiwliuio. in the Dutch possessions, Iving chiefly S. and 
 K of Singap.ire. The chief island is Bintang. sometimes 
 iLlso calliKj i;bio. besides which the group includes Galang, 
 Uampang. and Itattam, and numerous smaller islands. 
 
 RHIO. RlO or UIOUW. a seaport town of Malay Archi- 
 pelago, oO miles S.K. of Singapore, on the small" islet of 
 Poolo 1 inang. which lies in an indentation on the S. side of 
 Blntang. It is defended by a fort, and has many pood 
 buildings, among which are the governors house, a stone 
 Prote«Uirt church, and a achooL lU haven Is spacious : and 
 
 in it, during October and November, may be seen from SO 
 to 100 large and small vessels. It was declared a frcje port 
 in 1824. 
 
 RHIW. h'ree'oo. a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon. 
 
 RHIWABON, hrew-ah'bpn, or RUABON, a parish of 
 North Wales, co. of Denbigh. 
 
 RHO or RO. a market-town of Austrian Italy, 8 milea 
 W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RHOADS POINT, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois. 
 
 RHODDA. rod'di, or RODDA, an island of Egypt, in the 
 Nile, ininiedi;itely opposite Cairo. 2 miles in length. It con- 
 tiins the Pasha's gardens, in which the teak and othertimber- 
 trees are acclimated, pleasure-grounds open to the public, a 
 powder magazine, and the famous ancient Nilometer. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND, rSd I'land, the smallest of the states 
 of the American Confederacy, is bounded on the N. and 
 E. by Massachusetts, on the S. by the Atlantic, .and W. by 
 the State of Connecticut. It lies between 41° 18' and 42° 
 N. lat., and between 71° 8' and 71° 52' W. Ion., being about 
 47 miles in extreme length from N. to S.. and 37 in greatest 
 bi-eadth from E. to W^., including an area of 1306 miles, or 
 835.840 acres, 335,128 of which were improved in 1860. One- 
 tenth of the state is occupied by Narr.aganset Bay. 
 
 J'Tiice of the Country. — Rhode Island is generally hilly and 
 rough, but has no elevations approaching to what is gene- 
 rally understood by mountain.". Mount Hope, in the E. 
 part of the state, Woonsocket Hills, in the N., and Hopkins' 
 Hill, near the middle of the state, are the most considerable 
 elevations, but even they are of no great height. Near the 
 Atlantic, and on the borders of Narraganset Bay, is con- 
 siderable level land. 
 
 Minerals. — Anthracite coal, to some extent, has been found, 
 but, either because inferior in quality or quantity, has not 
 been extensively mined. A vein of this valuable mineral 
 was encountered in 1854, in sinking wells in Pawtucket, 
 which was apparently as good as Penn.sylvania coal. Iron, 
 too, is found, and limestone, marble, and serpentine, but this 
 state is not remarkable for mineral productions. 
 
 Jtifers, Beys, and Mamls. — There are no large rivers in 
 Rhode Island ; the principal streams are the Pawtucket and 
 Pawtuxet, the first entering the N.E. part of the state from 
 Sla.ssachuiietts, and both emptying hi to Narraganset Bay. 
 The Pawcatuck and its branches, f.'>»ving into the Atlantic, 
 drain the S.W. part of the state. Narraganset Bay. a noble 
 sheet of water, crowded with picture.sque islands, projects 
 into the state for 30 miles in a northerly direction. Its 
 width is about 12 miles, including the islands. It has 
 several arms,"mostly on the E. side, bearing different names, 
 as Bristol Bay, Providence Bay, &c. It is navigable to Pro- 
 vidence for large vessels : and the harbor of Newport is one 
 of the deepest and best in the United States. Though the 
 rivers of this state are small, their rapid descents furnish 
 great water-power, which has built up several manufae- 
 turing towns, such as Pawtucket, Slatei-sville, <itc., on their 
 banks. 
 
 Islomls. — Rhode Island ha.s several islands, the principal 
 of which h.as an area of about 37 stjuare miles, and gives its 
 name to the state. Block I.sland, in the Atlantic, alxjut 10 
 miles from the coast, and Canonicut and Prudence Islands, 
 both in Narraganset Bay, are the other most important 
 islands. 
 
 Objeeta of Interest to Tourist<t.—OTi the S.W. shore of the ' 
 island of Rhode Island stands Newport, the most fashionable 
 bathing-place on the Atlantic ?oast. though the number of 
 visitants is not so great as at Cape M.-iy. The island affords 
 fine rides and fine views, and the bay excellent fishing. It 
 is said that 60 varieties of fin .ind shell-fish are caught here. 
 On Canonicut Island are the ruins of a circular fort, occupy- 
 ing an eminence at the entrance of the bay. 
 
 Climate, Soil, .and Productiims. — The proximity of Rhode 
 Island to the sea has the effect to temper the severity of 
 winter, as well as to mitigate the heats of summer. Its 
 climate is very similar to Mas.sachu.setts and Connecticut. 
 The soil is moderately fertile, but rough and difficult of 
 cultivation in many parts. The soil upon the islands is 
 better than on the mainland. The i.sland of Rhode Island 
 is particularly noted for its cattle, sheep, butter, and cheese. 
 The farmer in all parts of the state devotes his attention 
 more to grazing and the dairy than to tillage. According 
 to the census of I860, there were in Rhode Island 335,128 
 acres of improved land (186,096 being unimproved^ prmlu- 
 cing 1131 Imshels of wheat; 28.259 of rye; 461,497 of Indian 
 corn; i^,453 of t>ats ; 542,909 of Irish potatoes; 40.99:J of 
 barley; 3573 of buckwheat; 7698 ofpe«j! and beans; 5458 of 
 gniss-seeds : 90,699 pounds of wool; 1.021.767 of butter; 
 181,511 of cheese; 82.722 tons of hay; besides conside-able 
 quantities of beesw^ax. lioney. wine, flax, Ac. Value of 
 orchard products $83,691 (Rhode Island is celebrated f)r its 
 apples; market products $140,291; live stock $2,042,044, and 
 slaughtered animals :j7 11,723. 
 
 There are no ext&nsive forests in Rhode Island. The 
 principal forest trees are oak, chestnut and walnut, wi'.h 
 some pine and ced.ir. 
 
 Manufactures. — Rhode Island, from its abundant supfly 
 of water-power, has become extensively enga;{el in mann- 
 
 ^-: 
 
ilHO 
 
 focturing;. and the first cotton mill in the tJnited States 
 was erected within her limits. There were, in 1S50, 853 
 establishments in the state, producing $500 a year and up- 
 wards, enfi.iired in mininj, manufactures, and the mechanic 
 arts, employing $12,0'23,176 capifcU, 12,837 male and 8044 
 female liands, consuming raw material worth $13,183,889, 
 and yielding products valued at ,$22,093,258. In proportion to 
 her population, this state rank.s first in the product of her 
 cotton, and second in that of her woollen manufactures. 
 According to the census of 18G0 there were in this state 
 1191 estalilishnients, producing .SoOO and upwards annually, 
 engaged in mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts, 
 employing $24,278,295 capital and 32,490 hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $19,858,615, and yielding products val- 
 ued at $40,711,296. Of these 150 were cotton factories, em- 
 ploying $10,029,200 capital and 14,035 hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $5,703,223, and producing stuffs and yarn 
 valued at $12,003,691 ; 51 woollen factories, employing $3,- 
 138,000 capital and 4180 hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $:3,987,458, and producing stuffs valued at $6,795,685 ; 
 77 manufactories of jewelry, employing $ljll2.900 capital, 
 and prodiu;ing annually goods valued at $2,251,282; 22 of 
 machinery, &c., employing $696,400 capital, and producing 
 steam-engines, &c., valued at $924,175 ; 2 manufactories of 
 screws, employing $1,004,000 capital, and producing screws 
 valued at $1,092,000, and 5 calico-printing works, employing 
 $773,000 capital, and producing prints valued at $2,314,400. 
 Home-made manufactures valued at $7,824 \\eii' jiroiliiced. 
 
 Omimeixe. — Rhode Island is actively engaged in the coast- 
 ing trade, and has besides some foreign commerce. The foreign 
 imports of this state in 1862-3 amounted to $430,.'>45, and 
 the exports to $101,222; tonnage entered, 28,929; cleared, 
 18,319. The tonnage owned in the state was 41,671, of 
 which 11,440 was registered tonnage, and 30,231 enrolled 
 licensed, of which 5064 wiis steam tonnage. Of this ton- 
 nage 626 were employed in the whale fishery. Number of 
 vessels built 4, with an aggregate burden of 1825. The ex- 
 ports consist principally of manufactured cottons and wool- 
 lens, some butter, cheese, and apples. 
 
 Internal Improremenls. — In January, 1855, there were in 
 Rhode Island 50 miles of railway completed. Providence is 
 connected with Boston, Worcester, Hartford, and Stouing- 
 ton, by direct lines of railway. 
 
 Education, — Great attention has been paid to education in 
 this state. Brown University, at Providence, is a flourish- 
 ing iustitution..and has made some important changes in 
 the system of instruction and mode of conferring degrees, 
 with the intent of'allowing young men to select their studies 
 with reference to future plans or tastes, without going 
 through a full course. It had 252 students in 1854. The 
 school fund of the state, invested in bank stock, amounted 
 In 1854 to $61,386. About $50,000 isannually paid from the 
 state treasury for public instruction. In 1853, the average 
 attencUnce of scholars was 18,098, and number registered, 
 25.905. According to the censusof lS60,11iere were iu Kliodo 
 Island 1 college, with 212 students. $22,500 income, of wliicli 
 $14,p00 was endowments; 420 public schools, having 25,670 
 pupils, $158,953 income, of which $93,479 was from taxation, 
 $47,890 froiii public funds, and 781 from endowments; 58 
 academies and other schools, having 3127 pupils, $54,374 in- 
 come, of which $6500 was from endowments, and .$2725 from 
 taxation. There are also 302 libraries containing 465,419 
 volumes, of wliich 169 are public, 16 sdiool, 100 Sunday- 
 school, 1 college, and 16 chiirch libraries. 
 
 lidigious Dcnimiinalions. — Of tlie 310 churches in Rliode 
 Island in 1800, the Baptists owned 71, Christians 9, Congre- 
 gationalists 26, Episcopalians 43, Friends 20, Metliodists 36, 
 Koman Catholics 23, various minor sects 72 ; giving 1 church 
 to every 563 persons. Total value of church property 
 $3,308,350, 
 
 Public Inslitutirms. — The State Prison at Providence had, in 
 January, 1863, 60 inmates ; iu 1854 only 49. The convicts are 
 lirincipaily employed in cabinet-work. The income for 1853 
 nearly equalled the expenses. The Butler Hospital for the 
 Insane, at Providence, had 132 patients remaining at the end 
 of 1S62, during which year 36 were admitted and 17 recovered. 
 The stite appropriates $1000 annually to this institution, 
 and also $2500 annually to the education of the deaf, dumli. 
 blind, and idiotic in the institutions of other states. A re 
 form school was established at Providence In 1850. and there 
 had been received up to November, 1853, 208 inmates. The 
 children labor 7j hours, and attend school 5 hours out of 
 every 24. In 1850, Rho<le Island had 26 public libraries. 
 with 42.007 volumes; 62 school and Sunday-school, with 
 29.579; 1 college, with Sl.OOp; and 7 church libraries, with 
 1756 volumes. Rhode Island has an Historical Society at 
 Providence, incorporated iu 1822. which has a library of 
 nearly 3000 volumes, and has published 5 volumes of collec- 
 tions. 
 
 Periodicals. — There were published in this state in 1860, 5 
 daily, 1 bi-weekly, 19 ■••eekly newspapers, and 1 monthly peri- 
 odical. The whole annual number of copies wsis 5,28J,2S0. 
 
 P'tpidation. — In 1790, there were 69.110 inhabit,ants; 
 69.122 in 1800: 77,031 in 1810; 83,059 in 1820; 97.199 in 
 IS;}0; 108,830 In 1840; 147,545 in 1S50. In 1860, 174,620, of 
 
 flllO 
 
 whom 170,&49 were whites, 3952 free colored, 19 IniJi.ina 
 Population to the square mile 133. Roirresentative popui*- 
 tion 174,620. Of the population 109.965 were born in th«- 
 state, 27,261 in other states of the Union, 37,:;94 in foreign 
 countries, of whom 6356 were born in Kngland, 25,285 in 
 Ireland, 1517 in Scotland, 19 in Wales, 2830 in British Ame- 
 rica, 815 in Germany, 123 in Vrance, and 449 in other foreign 
 countries. Of the population in the leading pursuits, 7360 
 were laborers, 6S75 farmers, 4982 factory hands, 4916 ser- 
 vants, 4397 weavers, 3510 farm laborers, 2137 carpenters, 
 1838 spinners, 1783 clerks, 1630 machinists, 1407 jewelers, 
 1085 mariners, 754 merchants, 753 teachers, 738 painters, 
 692 mantua-makers, 653 Idacksmiths, 646 masons, 566 gro- 
 cers, 388 apprentices, 412 millers, 410 moulders, 370 laun- 
 dresses, 337 seamstresses, &c., &c. In the year ending June 
 1st, 1860, there occurred 2479 deaths, or 14.4 in every thous- 
 and. The number of deaf and dumb during tlie same 
 period was 56 (see Introduction to the volume on Popula- 
 tion of the Eighth Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, etc) blind 85, 
 insane 28S, idiotic 101. 
 
 G'Uiitii'S. — Rhode Island is divided into 5 counties, viz. : 
 Bristol, Kent, Newport, Providence and Washington. Block 
 Island, in the Atlantic ocean, together with several small 
 islands in Narragauset Bay, we included in Newport 
 otmnty. 
 
 Cities and Tojuws.— Providence, with a population of 
 50,660 is the largest town in Rhode Island. The other prin- 
 cipal towns are Smithfield, population 13,283; North Provi- 
 dence 11,818; Newport 10,508 ; Warwick 8910; Bristol 5271* 
 South Kingston 4717; Coventry 4217 ; Kast Greenwich 2S82, 
 Pawtucket about 12,000; Pascoiig about 2000; and Tiverton 
 1927. 
 
 Government, Finances, dc. — The executive power is lodged 
 in a governor and lieutenant-governor, elected annually by 
 the people, and receiving, the former $1000. and the latter 
 $200 per annum. The legislative power consists of a senate 
 of 31, and a house of representatives of 72 memlters, both 
 elected annually by the people. The leffi.«lature meets on 
 the first Tuesday in May and the last Monday in October. 
 The secretaiy of state, treasurer, and attorney -general are 
 all elected annually by popular vote. The governor and 
 lieutenant-governor are ex-ofticio members of the senate. 
 The judiciary consists of a supreme court, composted of 1 
 chief and 3 associate judges, one of whom holds a court of 
 common pleas in each county. The judges hold office until 
 removed by a joint resolution of both bouses. The chief 
 justice receives $900 per annum, and the ^.s.sociates $550 
 each. Rhode Island has no state debt, except the portion 
 of her loan of the United States surplus fund, which amounts 
 to $.382,335.23. Ordinary expenses. $50,000, exclusive of 
 debt and schools. School fund, $56,017.37. A.sses.sed value 
 of property in 1850, $77,758,974. The number of banks in 
 the state in December, 1803, was about 88, with an aggregate 
 capital of$20,977,979, a circulation of $0,983,202, and $47 8,731 
 in spvcie. In November, 1802, there were 21 savings-banks, 
 with 37,774 depo.sitors and deposits amounting to $9,560,441. 
 
 History. — Ithode Island was first settled at Providence, in 
 1630, by the enlightened Roger Williams, who had been 
 banished from the Massachusetts colony for alleged religious 
 and political heresies. To Lord Baltimore, Penn. and Wil- 
 liams is gAerally accorded the honor of being the first to 
 establish govermuents admitting the principles of religious 
 toleration. In 1638, William Coddington and seventeen 
 others, being persecuted in Massachusetts on account of their 
 religious tenets, followed Roger Williams, and settled at New- 
 port. A third settlement was formed at Warwick in 1642, 
 by a party under Samuel Groton. Uach of these companie.s 
 purchased their lauds of the Narr.igansets, and continued 
 an independent association until united by a civil charter 
 in 1643, under the title of " Pi-ovidenc* Plantations." In 
 1663, Charles II. granted a new charter, which, with a few 
 changes, formed the basis of the government until the adop- 
 tion of the present constitution in May. 1843. In the early 
 part of 1842, the " suffrage party." as it was termed, proceed- 
 ing illegally, framed a new constitution, and adopted it as the 
 basis of legislation. Having elected a senate, house of repre- 
 sentatives, and Thomas W. Dorr a governor, they attempted 
 to maintain their authority by force of arms, but were dis- 
 pensed by the military of the state. A convention, legally 
 called, assembled in the September following, and after con- 
 sultation agreed upon the present constitution, which, being 
 submitted to ♦he people, was adopted almost unanimously. 
 
 Rhode Island early took an active part iu the cause of 
 American independence. The Stamp Act was resisted by her 
 with great firmness: and when the importation of military 
 stores was prohibited by the English government, the in- 
 habitants seized the cannon in the public batteries, and the 
 General Assembly passed resolutions for arming the people. 
 In December. 1776, Rhode Island was invaded by the British, 
 under General Clinton, who occupied it till near the close of 
 the war. General Sullivan, aided by the French war-ships, 
 made several unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the enemy, 
 and in the autumn of 1778 laid siege to Newport, but was 
 finally oblig'td to abandon the project 
 
 Towards the close of 1779 the British troops were withdrawn 
 
 1583 
 
RHO 
 
 from BhoJe Island, a\id in 1780 Rochambeau arrived with'a 
 fcrce of 6000 French auxiliaries. Tho I'roTidence I'lantations 
 joined with the other colonies in holding the old Continental 
 Conjiress, and was among the first to direct her delegates to 
 sign the Articles of Confederation, to which she adhei-ed with 
 greiit pertinacity. But at length, after all her asso<riates had 
 adopted the Constitution of the United Stotes, she yielded, 
 and was admitted as the thirteenth state, Jlay 29, 1790. 
 
 RIIODEN, rcydpn, a town of Central Germany, principality 
 of Waldeck, 24 miles W.N.AV. of Cassel. Pop. 1839. 
 
 RHODE RIVER, a post-office, Anne Arundel co., Maryland. 
 
 RIIODKS, rodz. (Fr. Rhodet, rod: Ger. lihndos, ro'dos; It. 
 Eodi, ro'dee; Sp.Koclas,Tc/dis; h. JiliMus ; Gr.'Voioi, lih6- 
 dis.) an island of Asiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, off the 
 S.W. coast of Asia Minor, between lat.35° 53' and 36° 28' N., 
 and Ion. 27° 40' and 28° 12' E. Length, 46 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, 18 miles. Area, 420 square miles. Pop. estimated at 
 30,000, of whom about 8000 are Turks, 3000 Jews, and the re- 
 mainder Greeks, with a few Franks. It is traversed bya moun- 
 tain chain, covered with forests, which have long supplied 
 good timber for ship-building. Its valleys are well watered, 
 and highly fertile. The principal exportiare wax, honey, figs, 
 oranges, lemons, pomegranates, wine, valonia bark, onions, 
 and manufactured silk; in addition to which, sponge, tim- 
 ber, slioes, and red-leather are among its products. The 
 principal imports are colonial produce, American cotton, 
 German woollens, iron, nails, shot, tin, paper, soap, salt- 
 fish, cordage, glass, and earthenwares, hardware and cutlery, 
 and French fancy articles, principally by way of Smyrna 
 and Syria, and coals direct from England, for the supply of 
 the Mediterranean steam-packets, and horses, mules, cattle, 
 sheep, poultrj', hides, skins, wool, carpets, and corn, from 
 the opposite coast of Asia Minor. In the year, from July 
 1840 to July 1841, 1360 vessels arrived in the island for com- 
 mercial purposes. Rhodes is governed by a pasha, imme- 
 diately subordinate to the capidan pasha, and whose juris- 
 diction extends over the Turkish Sporades. and the naval 
 station of Marmorice. Adj. and iuhab. Riioman, ro'de-an. 
 
 RHODES, a stiongly fortified city and seaport of Asiatic 
 Turkey, capital of the island of Rhodes, at its N.E. extre- 
 mity. 13 miles S.E.of the nearest promontory of Asia Minor. 
 Lat. of mole, 36° 26' 9" N., Ion. 28° 13' E. Pop. about 15.0(X). 
 of whom 8000 are Turks, and 3000 Jews. It is enclosetl by 
 walls, built by the Knights of St. John, and on the land 
 side it is strengthened by ravelins and a moat. On the N.E. 
 side two piers project to enclose a harlx)r, having in its centre 
 from 16 to 18 feet water, and on its N. side is another jjort 
 of nearly equal depth. The city has 9 large and 24 small 
 mosques, a Jews' quarter, and several synagogues, the an- 
 cient hospital of the knights, now used as a barrack, an ar- 
 mory, and upwards of 10,000 houses, many of which are 
 untenanted. Out.^ide of the walls, on the N., are the pasha's 
 pal.ace, the dock-yard, and a Roman Catholic quarter, with 
 a chapel and school. South of the city are the Greek suburbs, 
 with about 3000 inhabitants, and 9 or 10 churches. On the 
 adjacent heights are many scattered villas. Rhodes has 3 Mo- 
 hammedan colleges, a Turkish library of 1000 volumes, v.a- 
 rious Turkish and Greek schools, and some brisk manufac- 
 tures of red leather, and shoes for exportation. It is the 
 residence of a Greek consul, and French vice-(jonsuI, and 
 several vice-consular agents. In antiquity it was one of the 
 most celebrated of Greek cities, and it boasted of the famous 
 brazen Colossus — one of the seven wonders of the world — 
 which stood at the entrance of its harljor. After the de- 
 struction of its republic, it belonged successively to the 
 Romans, the Greek emperors, the Genoese, and the Knights 
 of St. John of Jerusalem, which last held it from 1308 to 
 1522. when, after a heroic resistance, it capitulated to the 
 Turks under Solyman the Magnificent. 
 
 RHODES, Inner and Outer. Switzerland. See Appenzell. 
 
 RHODEZ, a town of France. See Rodez. 
 
 RHODOPE JIOUNTAIN. See Despoto-D.\gh. 
 
 RHODT, a village of Bavaria, palatinate, and near Eden- 
 koben. Pop. 1492. 
 
 RIIOE or ROOE, roo (?) MicKi.E, one of the Shetland Islands, 
 Scotland, near the head of St. Magnus Bay. Length, about 
 2i miles, by 2 miles broad. Pop. 214. 
 
 RHOE, Little, an islet in the vicinity of the above, with 11 
 InhaViitants. 
 
 RHON, (Rhon,) r8n, or RII0N-GEBIR6E, (Rhbn-Gebirge.) 
 r8n-ga-b«6R'fia, a mountain chain of Central Germany, in 
 North-west Bavaria and Hesse-Cassel, separates the basins 
 of the rivers Fulda and Werra from those of the Kinzig and 
 Main. In it are the traces of many extinct volcanoes. 
 
 RHONE, rOn, (Fr. B)t6ne, ron ; Ger. Rhfme, ro/n^h ; It. and 
 Bp. Rmlano, ro'da-no ; anc. RhManus,) a large river of Europe, 
 rises in Switzerland, in the Rhone Glacier, on the W. of 
 Mount St. Gothard, between the mountains of Furka and 
 Orimsel, at an elevation of 5500 feet, flows S.W. past Brieg 
 and Sion to Martigny, where it turns sharply to the N.W?. 
 and enters the Lake of Geneva near its S.E. extremity. At 
 Geneva it leaves the S.W. part of the lake. It enters France 
 through the Jura Mountains, and Hows S. past Seyssel, 
 where it becomes navigable. Its course is now tortuously 
 W. to Lyons, where it receives the SaSne, and it then flows 
 
 RIA 
 
 nearly due S. past St. Genis, where its bed is 640 feet abore 
 the sea, Vienne, Tournon, Valence, Avignon, Beaucaire, to 
 Aries, where it separates into several branches, forming a 
 delta called the He de la Camargue, and enters the Gulf of 
 Lyons, in the Mediterranean. Principal affluents on the right, 
 the Ain, Saone, Ardeche, and Gard; on the left, the liSre, 
 Drome, and Durance. Its fall is much gretiter than that of 
 the Rhine, and consequently its navigation is difficult and 
 dangerous. It is connected with the Loire by means of tlie 
 Saone and the Canal du Centre. The Canal of Burgundy 
 iinites it to the Yonne and Seine, and that of the Rhone 
 and Rhine connects it with the Rhine. Distance, from 
 source to mouth, 2S5 miles ; following windings, 634 miles; 
 extent of basin. 30.000 square miles. About 225 miles of itg 
 course is in Switzerland, and 420 miles in Fi-ance. It is na- 
 vigable about 360 miles. The Rhone formerly disappeared 
 at a place called the Perte du RhSne, on the frontier of 
 France, but the rock which covered it has been removed. 
 
 RHONE, (Rhone,) a department of France, in the S.E., 
 formed of the old province of Lyonnois, bounded E. by the 
 Rhone and ."^aone. Area, 1066 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 
 662,493. It is partly covered by the mountains uniting 
 the Vosges and C6vennes, and contains the summits of 
 Mont d'Or and Pilat. The soil is rich in mines of copper, iron, 
 and coal. It produces excellent wine, the most esteemed 
 of which is that of Cote-Rotie, Condrieux, and Beaujolais. 
 The goat-milk cheese of Mont d'Or is in high repute. This 
 is one of the most industrious departments of France. The 
 silks of Lyons are sent to all parts of the world, and an im- 
 mense quantity of muslins are manufactured at Tarare. 
 The other branches of industry comprise cotton and linen 
 spinning and weaving, hat making, glass and paper making. 
 The railway from Lyons to St. Etienne was one of the first 
 constructed in France. The department is divided into the 
 arrondissements of Lyons (the capital) and Villefranche. 
 
 RHONE, BOUCHES DU. See Bouciies-du-Riione. 
 
 RHONI, ro/nee. a town of Transcaucasian Russia, Imeritia, 
 on the Koocha, (Kucha.) 
 
 RHOON, ron, written also RHON, a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince of South Holland, 15 miles W.N.W. of Dort. Pop. 1253. 
 
 RHOSCILLY, h'ros-kiWt'tee, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Glamorgan. 
 
 RIIOS-COL'YN, a parish of North Wales co. of Anglesey. 
 
 RHOS-DU, h'ros dee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- 
 digan; 
 
 KHOS-GLYDDWR, h'ros gljTH'oor, a pari.sh of South 
 Wales. CO. of Pembroke. 
 
 RHOS-JI A K K KT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 RHOSPEIRIO or RHOSPEIRIO, h'ros-pi're-o, a parish of 
 North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 RHOTAS. ro'tis. or ROTAS-GIIUR, ro'tSs-gtir, written also 
 ROIL\TAS or ROTAS-GUR, a town and fort of British In- 
 dia, )>residency of Bengal. 110 miles S.E. of i^atr.a, with 
 some Hindoo temples, and many Mohammedan remains. 
 
 KllUDDLAN, h'riTil'l!in, orRHYDDLAN. h-riTHlan, a con- 
 tributing parliamentary borough and parish of North Wales, 
 CO. of F'lint. In the beautiful vale of Chvyd. 3 miles N.N.W. 
 of St. Asaph. Pop. of borough in 1851, 1472. It has few 
 remains of its ancient importance, except the ruins of a 
 noble castle built by FMward I., who made the town a 
 liorough, and held in it the parliament of 1283. It unites 
 with I'lint, St. Asaph, Holywell, Mold, Ac, in sending 1 
 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 liHli'IjKN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 RHUN, rUn, or POO'LO RHUN,one of theMolucca Islands, 
 in the Banda group. It lies 11 miles ^V'. of Great Banda, 
 and is about 3 miles long. 
 
 1! HUTU YN. a town of Wales. See RtJTniN. 
 
 RHYD-Y-BOITH/AN, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan, parish of Eglwys-Llan, W. of Caerphilly. 
 
 RHYD-Y-BREW, h'rjd-o-brew, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Brecon. 
 
 ItllYL. rjl. a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint, at the 
 mouth of the Clwyd. It has a station on the Chester and 
 Holyhe.ad Railway, 13 miles E.N.E. of Conway, and steamers 
 from Liverpool to Holyhead usually touch here. 
 
 JiHYN. a river of Europe. See Rhine or Rhix. 
 
 JtllYND, rind, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 HHYNDACUS or EDRENOS, gd'rA-noB\ a river of Asia 
 Minor, in Anatolia, rises about 40 miles S.W'. of Kutaieb, 
 flows mostly N.W., and after having traversed the Lake 
 Abullionte, on its W. side, enters the Sea of Marmora, 20 
 miles W. of Moodania. Total course, about 150 miles. 
 
 RIIY'NIE and ES'SIE, a united parish of Scotland, co. 
 of .'Vberdeen. 
 
 RIAILL6, re-Sh'yA', or re-Jryi', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Loire-Inferieure, 24 miles N.K. of Nantes. Pop. 
 li^OO. 
 
 RIAJSK, a town of Russia. See Riazhsk. 
 
 RIANO Y LA PUERTA, re-ilno e Id pw^R/tl, a town of 
 Spnin. province, and 39 miles N.E. of l^eon. Pop. 1215. 
 
 RIANS, re-dx«', a market-town of France, department of 
 Var. 20 miles N.W. of Brignolle. Pop. in 1852, 2078. 
 
 RIARDO, re-aR'do, a market-town of Naples, province cf 
 Terra diLavoro, 11 miles N.N.W. of Capua. Pop 1800. 
 
RIA 
 
 RTC 
 
 RIASTN. Russia. See Riazan. 
 
 lUATOVO or KIATOWO, re-d-to'ro. a market-town of Rus- 
 sian Poland, i;"^'^'"ii»ient of Vilna, 50 miles W.N.W. of llos- 
 siena. I'op. 1530. 
 
 lUAUJO, re-ow'no, a market-town of Spahi, province of 
 Corunna, on the sea, 27 miles S.W. of Santiago. Pop. 1790. 
 
 KIAZA. re-d'thi, a river of Spain, province of Segovia, in 
 Old Castile, flows N.N.W., and joins the Douro. Length, 
 about 45 miles. 
 
 ]iTAZ.\, a town of Spain, province, and 3-3 miles E.X.E. 
 of Segovia, on the small river Jtiaza. Pop. 3738. 
 
 RIAZAN or KIASAN, re-^-zdn', (Oer. Rjasan, ryl-zan',) 
 a government of Russia, between lat. 53° and 55° 35' N., 
 and Ion. 3S° and -11° 20' E., enclosed by the governments 
 of Moscow, Yladimeer, Tambov, and Toola. Area, 16,400 
 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,308,472. The surface is 
 generally level. The principal river, the Oka, divides It 
 into two unequal and widely differing portions, the S., 
 and larger, fertile and healthy; the N. low, marshy, and 
 mostly uncultivated. The chief products are hops, tobacco, 
 garden produce, rye, and fruits. The pasture lands are ex- 
 tensive, and the graziers of the Ukraine bring hither large 
 herds to feed. The government has a superior breed of 
 horses. The manufactures are of glass and hardware, 
 woollen, cotton, and linen stuffs, and cord.age. It has nu- 
 merous distilleries. Principal towns, Uiazan, Zaraisk, and 
 Kasimov. 
 
 KI.\Z.\.N or RIASAN, a town of Russia, capital of the above 
 government, is situated on the Trubesh, a tributary of the 
 Oka, 110 miles S.E. of Moscow. Pop. 9000. It has greatly in- 
 creased in size and importance within the last 50 years, and 
 consists of two distinct portions; first, a fortress, enclosed 
 by an earthen rampart, and having the cathedrals, episcopal 
 palace, formerly the residence of the princes of Riazan, 
 and the consistory; and the town-proper, with numerous 
 churches, government offices, convents, a seminary, with a 
 public library, hospital, college, to which a society of arts 
 was attached in lS2f), school of drawing and architecture, 
 founded in 1S24, and .some other schools and charities. Old 
 RiAZ vx. destroyed by the Tartars in 1568, is a village about 
 30 miles S.E. 
 
 RIAZIISK or RTAJSK, re-Szhk', a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 52 miles S.S.E. of Riazan, on the RSsa. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 RIBADAVIA, re-na-Di've-t, or RIVADABIA, re-vJ-Dj'- 
 Be-d, a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles S.W. ofOrense, 
 on the right bank of the Avia, an affluent of the Minho. 
 Pop. 2211. 
 
 KIBAREO, re-Bd-Di'o, a town of Spain, province, and 19 
 miles N.N.K. of Lugo, on the l?ay of lii.scay. Pop. 2789. 
 
 RIBAFLECIIA. ro-Bl-lWchL or RIBAFRECIIA, re-B.i-friV- 
 chi, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, province, and 7 miles 
 S.S.I^. of Logroilo, on the Leza. Pop. 1435. 
 
 RIBARRO.IA or RIBAllllOXA. re-uaa-Ro/aa, a town of 
 Spain, in Catalonia, 50 miles \V. of Tarragona, on the Ebro. 
 Pop. 1388. 
 
 RIB.^RRO.TA, a town of Spain, province, and 12 miles 
 N.W. of Valencia, on the Turia. Pop. 1803. 
 
 R[B.\S, ree'b.ds, a town of Spain, in Catjiloniti, province, 
 and about 50 miles from Gerona. Pop. 798. 
 
 RIBBESFORD, rib.s'ford, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 RIB'BLK, a river of England, rises In the district of Cra- 
 ven, in the W. part of the county of York, flows S. and W. 
 through the central part of the county of Lancaster, and 
 enters the Irish Sea 15 miles W. of Preston, by an estuary 7 
 miles across. Principal affluent, the Calder, in Lancashire, 
 from the S.K. 
 
 RIB'CIIESTER, a parish of Engltind, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 RIBE, ree'hfh, or RIPEX, ree'pen, a town of Denmark, 
 in North Jutland, near the North 'Sea, 29 miles W.N.W. of 
 Iladersleben. Pop. 2600. It is the residence of a bishop, 
 and has a cathedral, built at the beginning of the twelfth 
 century. 
 
 RIB'EAUVILL15, ree'boVeeryi', or RABSCIIWER, rJV- 
 shvaiR(?) (Ger. Rappnhiveiler, rdp'polts-^ngr,) a town of 
 France, department of Haut-Rhin, on the Strasbourg Rail- 
 way. 5 J miles S.S.W. of Schelestadt. Pop. in 1852, 7338. 
 
 RIBECOURT, reeb'kooR/, a village of France, department 
 of 0i.se. 8 miles N.E. of Compiegne, on the railway to Creil. 
 Pop. 582. 
 
 RIBEIRA GRANDE, re-bA/e-ri grdn'dA, a town on the N. 
 coast of the island of St. Michael, in the Azores, 15 miles 
 N.E. of Ponta Delgada. Pop. 3000. 
 
 RIBKIR.A. GRANDE, a town of Cape Verde Islands. See 
 Bantt.^go. 
 
 RIBEIR.A.0, (Ribeirao,) re-bA-rdwN«', or re-bA-e-r6wN°', 
 SAPA DO KIBEIKAO, sS-pd do re-bi-rowNo/, a town of 
 Br.azil. province of Santa Catharina, 8 miles S. of Desterro. 
 pop. 2000. 
 
 RIBEIRAO. or SAO JOSE DO RIBEIRAO, sCwno zho zV- 
 do re-b.i-rowNo', a village and parish of Brazil, province of 
 Matto Orosso, 24 miles below the junction of the Guapore 
 and Mamore. 
 
 RIBEIRAO DO CARMO, re-bi-rowN"/ do kaR/mo, an auri- 
 4Z 
 
 ferous stream of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes. It rises 
 near the town of Mariana, flows W.. and joius the GuUa 
 cho after a course of 110 miles. 
 
 RIBEMONT, ree'bfh-mAN"', a town of France, department 
 of Aisne. near the (Use, 17 miles N.N.W. of Laon. Pop. in 
 1 852. 3098. It has manufactures of linen and cotton fabrics. 
 Condorcet was Ixirn here in 1743. 
 
 IllBI>:i!.\, re-b.Vrd, a town of Sicily, intendanoy, and 23 
 miles W.N.W. of Oirgenti. on the Calatabellota. Pop. 4800. 
 
 KIBERA ALTA, re-itA'rd dl'td, a village of Spain, in Jld 
 Castile.^provinceof Alava. a little S.E. of Vitoria. Pop. 1150. 
 
 K1B]'^K.\C, ree^bd'-rdk', a town of France, department of 
 Dordogne, near the left bank of the Dronne, IS miles W.N W. 
 of Periirueux. Pop. 1416. 
 
 RIBERA DE AB.iJO, re-Bd-rd dd d-bd'no, a village of 
 Spain, in Old Castile, province, and about 4 miles from 
 Oviedo, on the Nalon. Pop. 1321. 
 
 RIBiniA DEL FRESNO, re-Bd'rd dJl frds/no, a village of 
 Spain, province of Badajos, on the Fresno. Pop. 2420. 
 
 RIBIERES, ree'bc-aia', a market-town of Frani'e, depart- 
 ment of Ilautes-Alpes, 26 miles S.S.W. of Gap. Pop. 1397. 
 
 R1BI>EII, ribnjh, (the lUmah of Scripture,) a village of 
 Syria, pashalic of Damascus, on the Orontes, S.S.W. of Hums. 
 
 RIB'LET'S, a post-offlce of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 RIBNITZ, rilVnits, a town of North Germany, in Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin. duchy, and 34 miles N.N.E. of Gustrow, at 
 the mouth'of theRecknitz, in a bay of the Baltic. Pop. 2684. 
 
 RIBORDONK, re-boR-do'nd. ft village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, province of Ivrea. Pop. 1427. 
 
 RfB'STONE, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 Rl'ISY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RICAN, rit-sdn'(?) or RICANY, rit-sd'nee (?) a town of 
 Bohemia, circle of Kaurzim. Pop. 1009. 
 
 RIC'CALL. a parish of England, eo. of York. Ea.st Riding. 
 
 RICCARTON, a village and parish of Scotland, eo. of Ayr, 
 on the Irvine, which separates it from Kilmarnock, of which 
 the village is a suburb. Pop. in 1851, 4.583. 
 
 RICCI.A., rit'chd. a town of Naples, province of Moli.se, 
 ISmiles S.E. of Campoliasso. Pop. 5800. It h.as a collegiate 
 and many other churches. 
 
 RICCO, rik'ko, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, 5 miles N.N.W. of Spezia. Pop. 2375. 
 
 RICK, a county in the S.E. part of Miune.sota, bordering 
 on Iowa, contains about 600 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Cannon River, and contains several small lakes. The 
 surface is undulating or level; the soil in some parts ia 
 fertile. This county was formed in 1852 or '53, by a divi- 
 sion of Wabashaw county. Capital, Faribault. Pop. 7543. 
 
 RICE, a post-to^vnship of Cattaraugns co., New York. 
 
 RICE, a township of Sandusky co., Oliio. Pop. 943. 
 
 RICEBOROUGH, a post-village of Lil>erty co., Georgia, on 
 North Newport River, 32 miles S.S.W. of Savannah. It is 
 the principal shipping port of the county, and contains 3 or 
 4 stores. 
 
 RICK CITY, a post-village of Kent co., Rhode Island, 19 
 miles W. by S. of Providence. 
 
 RICK CREEK, of South Carolina, flows E. into the Wa- 
 teree. a little above Camden. 
 
 RICE CREEK, of Michigan, flows into the Kalamazoo at 
 Marshall, in Calhoun county. 
 
 RICE CREKK, a post-office of Calhoun co.. ^Michigan. 
 
 RICE DEPOT, (dee'po,) a post-office of Prince Edward CO., 
 Virginia. 
 
 RICI'l LAKE, Canada West, district of Now Castle, is 20 
 miles in length, by 3 miles in average breadth. It receives 
 from the N. the surplus wafers of 8evor.al lakes, and pours 
 its own by the Trent into Quinte Bay, Lake Ontario. 
 
 RICE'S LAND'ING, post-offlce, Greene co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RICE'S STORE, a post-office, Westmoreland co., Virginia. 
 
 RTCE'VILLB, a post-office of Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 
 RICEVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Oil Creek, 20 miles N.E. of Meadville. It is well supplied 
 with water-power. Pop. near 150. 
 
 RICEVILLE, a thriving post^village of Pittsylvania co., 
 Virginia, on Banister River, about 150 miles S.W. of Rich- 
 mond. It has 2 stores. 
 
 RICEVILLE, a small village of Hancock co., Mississippi. 
 
 RICEVILLE, a post-village of McMinn co., Tennessee, 
 with a station on the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, 
 20 miles from Cleveland. 
 
 RIOEYS, Lr.s. Id ree'sA', three contiguous villages of France, 
 forming together a town, in the department of Aube, on the 
 Lalgnes, surrounded by vine-clad hills, 7i miles S. of Bar- 
 sur-Seine. Pop. 1852, 3558. 
 
 RICH, a post-office of Cook co.. Illinois. 
 
 RICII'ARD'S CASTLE, a parish of England, cos. of Here- 
 ford and Salop. 
 
 RICH'ARDSON, a postofflce of Vermilion co., Illinois 
 
 RICH.\RDSON. a post-office of Montgomery CO.. Tenne.ssee 
 
 RICHARDSON'S CREEK, of North Carolina, flows through 
 Anson eovinty into Rockv River, from the S.W. 
 
 RICHARDSON'S CREEK, a post-offlce of Union co., North 
 Carolina, 167 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 RICHARDSON'S RIVER, British North America, enters 
 
 1585 
 
RIO 
 
 R<tck's Inlet, in the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 67° 54' X., Ion. 
 115° 66' W. .,,.... 
 
 lUCII'ARDSOXVlLLE, a post-villase of Edgefield distnct, 
 Fouth Carolina. 55 miles W. of Columbia. 
 
 KICII.tUDSONYlLLE, a post-office of Jefferson CO., Tenn- 
 syTHuia. 
 
 KICIIARDSOXVILLE. a post-villase of Culpepper co., Vir- 
 ginia. 95 miles X.N.W. of Kieiimoud. 
 
 RICII'BOKOUGH, a decayed village of England, eo. of 
 Kent, on the Stour. 2 miles X.N.W. of Sandwich, with ves- 
 tiges of a castle on the .site of the Roman station of Mliutu- 
 pium. It was ruined by the Danes in 1010. 
 
 KICH'BOROUGH, a post-village of Buclts CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 114 miles E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 KICHBURG. a post-village of Alleghany co., New York, 
 about 300 miles W.S.W. of Albany, has an academy. 
 
 RICH CREEK, a post-oflice of Logan co., W. Virginia. 
 
 RICIIE. reesh, an island in the Pacific Ocean, off the E. 
 end of Papua. Lat, 8° 2' S., Ion. 147° 57' E. 
 
 RICHE. reesh. a village of France, department of Indre- 
 et-Loire, adjacent to Tours, and having the remains of the 
 Castle of Plessis-le-Tours, where the gloomy Louis XI. spent 
 the latter part of his life. 
 
 RICHELIEU, reeshVh-lu' or reesh'le-t;h', a town of 
 France, department of Indre-et-Loire. 11 miles S.S.E. of Chi- 
 non. Pop. in 1852, 2649. It was the birthplace of Cardinal 
 de Richelieu. . 
 
 RICHELIEU, ree'she-lu', a post-office of Logan co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 RICHELIEU, ree'she-lu'.a county of Canada East, bounded 
 N. by the river St. Lawrence, W. by the Richelieu or Sorel 
 Kiver, and intersected by the Grand Trunk Railway. Area, 
 373 square miles. Capital, Sorel. Pop. in 1851. 25,686. 
 
 RICHELIEU, SO'REL/, ST. JOHN, or CHAMBLY, shSsi'- 
 blee/, a river of Canada East, district of Montreal, leaves 
 Lake Champlain at its X. extremity, and after a X. course 
 of about 80 miles, enters the river St. Lawrence at Lake 
 St. Peter. It is broader and more rapid in the former than 
 in the latter part of its course. Near its centre it expands 
 into the basin of Chambly. 
 
 RICHELIEU ISLANDS, are situated in Lake St. Peter, 
 (St. Pierre.) at the mouth of the above, in the St. Lawrence. 
 
 RICH'FIELD, a post-township forming the X. extremity 
 of Otsego co„ Xew York. Pop. 1648. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a post-office of Juniata eo., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RICHFIELD^ a township in the S.E. part of Henry co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 272. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a township forming the X.W. extremity of 
 Lucas CO.. Ohio. Pop. 691. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a po.st-village .ind township of Summit co., 
 Ohio. 134 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1053. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a post-township of Genesee eo., Michigan. 
 Pop. 062. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a town.ship of Lapeer co., Michigan. 
 
 RICHFIELD, p.ist-township. Adams co., Illinois. P.1489. 
 
 RICHFIKLD, a small village of Clay co., Missouri. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a post-township of VVasliiii<;tuu co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 1920. See Appb.nbix. 
 
 RICHFIELD SPRINGS, a post-village of Otsego co., New 
 York, about 75 miles W. of Albany. It has a sulphur spring, 
 and contains 2 churches. 
 
 RICH'FORD, a post-township of Fi-anklin co., Vermont, 
 on the E. side of ilissisque River, 50 miles X. by W. of 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1338. 
 
 RICHFORD, a post-village and township of Tioga co.. New 
 York, on East Owego Creek, about 140 miles W. by S. of 
 Albany. Pop. of the village, about 300 : of the township, 
 1404. 
 
 RICH FORK, a postoffice of Davidson co., North Carolina. 
 
 RICH HILL, a market-town of Ireland, in L^ster, co., and 
 4 miles E.N.E. of Armagh, on the road to Belfa-st. Pop. 800. 
 It has a station on the Belfast and Armagh Railway. 
 
 RICH HILL, a township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Greene co.. Pennsylvania. Pop. 24^5. 
 
 RICH HILL, a post-township in the S.E. part of Mus- 
 kingum co.. Ohio. Pop. 1371. 
 
 KICHIBUCTO, rishVbak'to, a port of entry of Kent co., 
 New Brunswick, at the mouth of the river of the same 
 name, about 120 miles N.E. of St. John. The Richibucto 
 River is navigable for vessels of the largest size above 15 
 miles from its entrance into the gulf, where it forms a safe 
 and commodious harbor. The shipment of timber and deals 
 at this port is annually becoming more and more im- 
 portant. The number of foreign arrivals in 1851, was 106, 
 (tons, 16,'86.) and of clearances 105, (tons. 18,305.) Value 
 of imports. $109,0<X»; exports, $133,155. 
 
 RICHLAND, richland, a district in the central part of 
 South Can .lina, has an area of 465 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by the Wateree. and on the S.W. by Bi-oad and 
 Congaree Rivers. The first and last of these unite at the 
 B.E. extremity of the district. The surface is moderately 
 hilly, and partly covered with pine forests. The soil is 
 mostly excellent The Congaree and Wateree Rivers are 
 navigabl.' by steamboats on the borders of the district 
 xhree rail way lines terminate at Columbia, in tiiis district, 
 
 EIC 
 
 namely, the Columbia Branch, the Greenville and Colombia, 
 and the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroads. Capital, 
 Columbia. Pop. 18,G07, of whom 7302 were free, and 11,005 
 slaves. 
 
 RICIIL.^ND, a county in the N. or N. central part of Ohio, 
 contains about 450 square miles. It is drained by the Black 
 and Clear Forks of the Walhonding River, which "rise within ' 
 its limits. The surface is partly level and partly undu- 
 lating. The soil is generally excellent and well timbered. 
 The county is intersected by 3 railroads, viz. the Cleveland 
 and Cincinnati, the Sandusky and Newark, and the Penn- 
 sylvania and Ohio. Organized in 1813. Capital. Mansfield. 
 Pop. 31,158. 
 
 RICHLAND, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, has 
 an area of about 310 square miles. The Little Wabash River 
 touches the S.W. extremity, and Fox Creek flows through 
 the county from X. to S. ; it is also drained by Bonpas Creek. 
 The .surface is undulating; the soil is productive. The 
 county contains a large proportion of prairie. Capital, 01- 
 ney. Pop. 49711. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-vill.^ge and township of Oswego co., 
 New York, on Lake Ontario, and on the liome and VVater- 
 town Railroad, 42 miles N.W. of Rome. The township also 
 contains Pulaski, the county-seat. Pop. 412S. 
 
 RICITLAND, a township of Bucks county, Pennsvlv.ania. 
 Pop. 2602. 
 
 RICIIL.\NT), a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1657. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 061. 
 
 RICHLAND, a village and township at the S.E. extremity 
 of Venango co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1121. 
 
 RICIIL.A.ND, a post-office of Tazewell co., A'irginia. 
 
 RICHL.iXD. a post-village of Stewart co., Georgia, 150 
 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-village of Holmes co., Mississippi. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-township in Jefferson co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 1134. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township in Madison co., Arkansas. P. 736. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township in Newton co., .\rkansas. P. 96. 
 
 RICHL.VND, a township in Phillips co., Arkansas. P. 8-51 
 
 RICHLAND, a township in Searcy co., Arkansas. P. 128. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Washington co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 4S9. 
 
 RICHLAND, a po.st-village in Giles co., Tennessee. 
 
 RICHLAX'D, a village in Henderson co.. Kentucky, near 
 Green River. 165 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 RICHL.^ND, a town.sliip in Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 1802. 
 
 RICHLAND, Ohio, a station on the Ohio and Pennsyl- 
 vania Railro.ad, 4 miles from Crestline. 
 
 R ICHL AND, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 4148. 
 
 iaCIIL.\ND, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 16S9. 
 
 KICIIL.A.ND, a township of Darke CO., Ohio. Pop. 914. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 908 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 1451. 
 
 RICHLAND, atown.<hipofGuernsey co.,Ohio. Pop. 1676. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RICHLAND, a flourishing village and township, of Logan 
 CO., Ohio, on the railroad from Cincinnati to Sanduskj', also 
 on the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, 126 miles from 
 tlie former. Pop. of the township, 1163; of the village, 
 about 200. 
 
 RICHLAND, a pos^office of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1717. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Wyandot co., Ohio. Pop.1014. 
 
 RICIIL.\ND, a post-township in the N.E. part of Kala- 
 mazoo CO., Micliig-an. Pop. 1331. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of .\dams co., Indiana. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of De Kalb co., Indiana. P. 1544. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1827. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Fulton co., Indiana, rop.1038. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Grant co., ImUana. Pop. 983. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1640. 
 
 RICin.AND, a tov^-nship of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 686. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Madison co , Indiana. P. 926. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 1005. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Monroe co., Indiana. Po.p 1173. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-village and township of Rush co., In- 
 diana. 9 or 10 miles S.S.E. of Rushville. Pop. 1311. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 653. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, 12 
 miles N.W. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Gasconade co., Missouri. 
 Pop. 665. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-village of Greene co., Missouri, about 
 10 miles N. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 RICHLAND, a thriving ])ostrVillage of Keokuk co., Iowa, 
 50 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. It is situated in a fertile 
 farming district, which is improving rapidly, and it has 
 several stores. Pop. of Richland township, l-tio. 
 
 RICHLAND CENTRE, capital of. Ilichlan.i county, Wis- 
 consin, 128 miles W.N.W. of Milwf nkee. It is situated on 
 Pine Creek, and on a prairie in Riciiland township. It 
 
RIC 
 
 RK 
 
 has Rlinndnnt wnter-power, ami several mills. Pop. of 
 lowiishiji, 1075. 
 
 lilCIILAND OKN'IRE. a post-office, Tie Knlb co., Indiana. 
 
 RICH LAND CITY, a post-village of Uichl.ind eo., Wiscon- 
 »jn, on the Wisconsin Hiver, 50 ni.W. of Madison. P. about 200. 
 
 lUCIILAND CKKKK, of Xavai-ro co., Texas, rising in the 
 W. part of the county, ent<?rs Pecan Creek, near the E. 
 border. 
 
 RICIILANP CRKKK. in the S. part of Tennessee, flows 
 S. and enters Elk Itiver, in Giles county, at Klkton. 
 
 lUCHI.AM) CKOSS'INGS, post-oiUce. Navarro co., Texas. 
 
 KICIfLAND G1{0VK. a post-Tillage of .Mercer co., Illinois, 
 13 miles S.S.I-;, of Rock Island. 
 
 RfCII'LANDS, a post-office of Onslow co.. North Carolina. 
 
 RICII'LANDTOW.V. a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 103 miles E. of Ilarrisburs. 
 
 RICII'MOXI). a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 town, and parish of Knirland, co. of York. North Riding, on 
 the Swale, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. 42 
 miles, N.W. of York, with which it is connected by the 
 Great North of England Railway, and a short branch. Pop. 
 of parliamentary borough in ISol. 49()9. It is picturesquely 
 situated on a bold eminence, half-encircled by the Swale, 
 Irregularly, but well built. The chief buildings are the 
 fine old church, a large Roman Catholic chapel, an excellent 
 free grammar school, a large hotel, and imposing ruins of a 
 castle, built, together with the town, at the Conquest, by 
 Alan, Earl of Ih'etagne. It covers 6 afres. and has a keep 
 about 100 feet in height. It now belonsrs to the Duke of 
 Richmond, on whose ancestors it was conferred by Charles II. 
 Near it are also fine remains of a monasterv', Richmond has 
 n scientific society, mechanics' institute, and banking com- 
 pany. An ecclesiastical and civil court, for the extensive 
 district of Richmoiidshire. are held here. The borough 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 RICHMOXT). a town and parish of Kngland, co. of Surrey, 
 on the right y)ank of the Thames, here crossed by a hand- 
 some stone bridge of 4 arches, 10 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, 
 London, with which city it is connected by a branch of the 
 South-western H.nilway. X'op. of the town, in 1851, 9005. 
 On the sides and summit of a ridge facing the river are 
 many handsome villas, and several superior hotels, resorted 
 to in summer by numerous visitors from the metropolis; 
 and here also Richmond commands one of the finest pros- 
 pects in the vicinity of liondon. and has beauties which 
 e.irned for it the designation of the Enolish Tivoti, In its 
 church are the tomlisof the poet Thomson and the tragedian 
 Kean, It has a national school, several amplv-endowed sets 
 of almshouses, a very handsome Wesley.an college, and some 
 remainsof a royal palace, rebuilt by Henry VII., who named 
 the place after his pati'rnal earldom in Yorkshire: and who, 
 as well as Queen Elizabeth, died here, Richmond Park, 
 adjoining the town on the S„ is 8 miles in circuit, well 
 woodfd, stocked with deer, and open to the public, 
 
 RICII'MOXI), the southernmost county of New York, has 
 an area of about 60 square miles. It comprises the whole 
 of Staten Island, and is divided into four townships. It is 
 liounded N, by Xewai'k Ray and the Kills, W, by Staten 
 Island .Sound, S. by Raritan Bay, and E, by the Hudson 
 River, all of which afford great tacilities for navigation and 
 the fisheries. The surface is uneven and hilly ; Richmond 
 Hill is the greatest elevation. The soil is generally good, 
 and has a great a<lvantage in being so near the New Y'ork 
 market. Iron-ore <and some other minerals have been found. 
 This county was named from Richmond, a town of Eng- 
 land, Capital, Richmond, Pop, 2."),4M2, 
 
 RICHMOND, a county in the E, part of Virginia, has an 
 area of 140 square miles, and a length of ,30 miles. The 
 Rappahannock River forms its entire boundary on the S.AV. 
 The surface is nearly level. The soil has lately been im- 
 proved by the use of guano. Firewood is one of the chief 
 articles of export, and large numbers of the inhabitants find 
 lucrative employment in the ovster business. Organized in 
 _ 1692. Capital, AVarsaw. Pop." in 1850, 6856, of whom 4390 
 ■ were free, and 2466 slaves. 
 
 RICIIMOXD, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on South Carolina : area estimated at 900 square 
 miles. Lumber River forms its Ixiundary on the E., and 
 the Yadkin on the \V„ and Little River "flows through a 
 part of the county. The surface is undulating. It is tra- 
 versed by a number of small streams which furnish fine 
 motive-power. Formed in 1779, Capital, Rockingham, 
 Pup. 11,009, of whom 6556 were free, and .■>4ri.T slaves. 
 
 RICllMO.N'D, a county in the E. part of Georiria. border- 
 ing on the Savannah River, which .separates it from South 
 Carolina, contains about 340 square miles. It is drained by 
 Brier, Butler's, MacBean's, and Spirit Creeks. The surface 
 is uneven, e.xcepting in the vicinity of the river, the soil is 
 generally poor. Granite, sienite. novaculite. and burrstone 
 ■ire found. The Savannah River .affords extensive water- 
 power at Augusta, and Is navigalile by steamboats from 
 that point to its mouth. The county is intersected by the 
 Georgia Railroad. This division of the state was formerly 
 called Augusta District : the present name was given in 1777, 
 in honor of the Duke of Richmond, a warm friend of Ameri- 
 
 can liberty. Capital, Augusta. Pop. 21,284, of whom 12.S9,'' 
 were free, and 8389 slaves. 
 
 RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Sagadahoc CO., Maine, on the Kennebec and Portland Rail- 
 road, 17 miles S. of Augusta. The villige contains 4 
 churches, a bank, a brass-foundry, machine-shop, sash 
 and blind factory, and other establishments. Ship-building 
 is very extensively carried on; 16 ships and 1 brig wera 
 constructed here in 1853, Pop. of the township in 1850, 
 2050; in 1860, 27-39, which is chiefly in the village. 
 
 RICJI.MOND, a i)Ost-townshipofCheshireco., New Hamp- 
 shire, 53 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 1015. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village and township of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad and Onion 
 River, 23 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has manufactures 
 of machinery, carriages, furniture, woollen goods, leather, 
 Ac, Pop. of the town,ship, 1400. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village and township of Berkshire co,. 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, and the Ilousatouic 
 River, 159 miles W, of Boston. Pop, 914. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township in Washington CO., Rhode Island, 
 on the Stonington and Providence Railroad, 28 miles S,S.W. 
 of Providence. It has manufactures of cotton goods, muslins, 
 delaines, thread, &c. Pop, 1964. 
 
 lilClIMOXD. New York, a station on the Western Rail- 
 road, 41 miles from Albany, 
 
 RICmiOXT), a township, Ontario co.. New Y'ork. P 1650. 
 
 RICHJIOXD, a beautiful post-village, capital of Richmond 
 CO., New York, is situated on Staten Island, about 160 miles 
 S, by W. of Albany, It consists principally of villas, en- 
 closed by beautifully ornamented griuinds, occupying the 
 N, and N,W, slope of the island, in full view of New York 
 City and the shipping in the harbor, 
 
 RICHMOND, township, Berks co„ Pennsylvania. P. 2875. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township of Crawford co., Pennsjdvania. 
 Pop. 1640, 
 
 RICHJIOND, a post-village of Northampton co,, Pennsyl- 
 vania, 2 miles W. of the Delaware River, and 12 miles N. of 
 Easton. It contains several stores, 
 
 RICHMOND, or PORT RICHMOND, a suburb of Phila- 
 delphia, on the Delaware River, 2 miles above the city pro- 
 per. It is a depOt for the coal brought down the Reading 
 Railroad, In 1852, the number of vessels loaded with coal 
 at this port amounted to 9047, viz,: 8 ships, 94 liarks, 571 
 brigs, 5482 schooners. 334 sloops, and 2759 barge.s. Pop. in 
 1850, 5750. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, about 
 43 miles X. by W. of Williamsport. Pop. Ib96. 
 
 RICHMOXD, a small village of Tioga CO., Penn.sylvani.a. 
 
 RICHMOND, a city, pfirt fif entry, capit.il of Virginia, and 
 seat of ju.stice of Henrico county, is situated on the left or 
 N.K. bank of .Tames River, at the lower falls. ■a\i4 at the 
 head of tide-water, about 100 miles in a .straight line S. by 
 W. of Washington. The distance by railroad is 130 miles 
 from Washimrton; 168 from Baltimore, and 22 N, of Peters- 
 burg, Lat, of the Capitol, 37° 32' 17" N,, Ion, 77° 27' 28" W. 
 It is the largest town in A'irginia, and one of the most 
 beautiful in the Union, The situation of the city and the 
 scenery of the environs are much admired, combining, in a 
 high degree, the elements of grandeur, be.auty, and variety. 
 The river, winding among verdant hills which rise with 
 graceful swells and undulations, is interrupted by nume- 
 rous islands and granite rocks, among which it tumVdes and 
 foams for a distance of several rnile-s. The city is built on 
 sever.ll hills, the most considenible of which are Shockoe 
 and Richmond Hills, separated from each other by Shockoe 
 Creek. It is laid out with general regularity in rectangular 
 blocks. About 12 parallel streets, neatly 3 miles in length, 
 extend N.W. and S.E.. and were originally distinguished 
 by the letters of the alphabet, A street being next the river; 
 other names, however, are now generally used. The princi- 
 pal tlioroughfare of business and fashion is Main or E street. 
 Those which intersect it are named from the ordinal num- 
 bers, Fii-st, Second, Third, Ac, The Capitol and other 
 public buildings are situated on Shockoe Hill; the top of 
 which is an elevated plain in the W, part of the city. This 
 is the fashionable quarter, and is considered the most de- 
 sirable for private residences. The Capitol, fiom its size 
 and elevated position, is the most conspicuous object in 
 Richmond. It stands in the centre of a public square, of 
 about 8 acres, is adorned with a portico of Ionic columns 
 and contains a marble stitue of Washington, by Houdon, 
 taken from life, and considered a perfect likeness. The City 
 Hall is an elegant and co.stly building in the Doric st^Ie, at 
 an angle of Capitol Square. The Penitentiary, which stands 
 near the river, in the W, suburbs of the city, has a front .300 
 feet in length, and is 110 feet deep. The number of prisoners 
 in September, 1853, was 270. The city contains also a court- 
 house, a jail, an armory 320 feet long Tiy 280 wide, 2 market- 
 houses, a theatre, an orphan asylum, and a masonic hall. 
 A new custom-house is being erected at a cost of about 
 $400,000. 
 
 There are 3 banks, with an aggregate capital of *!2,114.000, 
 and several insurance offices. The public press consists of 
 16 or 17 papers and periodicals, 6 or 7 of which are issued 
 
 1587 
 
RIC 
 
 RIC 
 
 daily.. Tliere are about 30 churches, belonging to the Bap- 
 tists, Episcopiilians, Methodists, PresbyteriiUis, Friends, 
 Lutherans, Campbeliites, Uuiversalists, and Catholics; also 
 2 Hebrew synagogues. The Monumental Church (Episco- 
 l)al) occupies the site of the theatre which waa burned in 
 1811, on which occasion the Governer of Virginia and more 
 fian 60 others perished. Among the institutions of this 
 c ty may be mentioned the Virginia Historical and Philoso- 
 phical Society, Richmond College, founded by the Baptists 
 in 1S.32; St Vincent's College, under the direction of the 
 Catholics, and the Medical Department of Hampden and 
 Sydney College, estjvblished here in 1838; the-e<Ufice of the 
 latter is a fine specimen of the Egyptian style of archi- 
 tecture. The water of the river is raised by forcing pumps 
 into 3 reservoirs, containing 1,000,000 gallons each, and 
 thence distributed over the city. Three bridges across the 
 river connect the city with Manchester and Spring Hill. 
 
 For some 3'ears past Kichmond ha.s rapidly increased in 
 population and business. The James River and Kanawha 
 Canal, of which this is the E. terminus, is completed to Bu- 
 chanan, al)Out 200 miles, and is progressing to Covin;;ton. 
 on Jaekson"s River. It was commenced in 1834, and had 
 co.«t, in lSo2, $10,714,306. The I'ichmond and Peteisbmg 
 Railroad connects here with the Richmond and Fredericks- 
 burg Raihoad, forming part of the great southern mail 
 route. The Central Railroad, after leaving Richmond, makes 
 an extensive detour to the X.. and then turning westward, 
 penetrates the central part of the state. It is completed to 
 Staunton, about 125 miles, and is to be extended to the 
 Ohio River, at Guyandotte; and the Richmond and Dan- 
 ville Railroad, of which 73 miles were completed in 1853, 
 extends S.W., connecting with the raiiro.ad systems of Ten- 
 nessee and Georgia. The river Is navigable to this port for 
 vessels drawing 10 feet of water, and those drawing 15 feet 
 come within 3 miles of the town. Semi-weekly lines of 
 ocean steamers communicate with New York and Philadel- 
 phia, and steamboats ply daily to Btdtimore and Norfolk. 
 
 The following table exhibits the amount of tonnage, esti- 
 mated value thereof, and freight paid on the same, imported 
 Into Richmond, by canal and railroad, during the year 
 1852:— 
 
 JaniRs Biver Canal 
 
 Richmond and Fredericksburg 
 Railroad 
 
 Riclimond and Petersburg Railroad 
 Richmond and D.inville Railroad.. 
 Virginia Central Railroad 
 
 4,807 
 27,932 
 o3,4-'l 
 
 285,000 
 l,26-',i48 
 
 %7,3-'B 
 1.000,000 
 
 256,987 $10,660,422 $353,861 
 
 19,252 
 24,752 
 S7.919 
 55,989 
 
 The chief articles of export are tobacco, wheat, and flour. 
 The quantity of tobacco inspected here in 1851. was 15.678 
 hogsheads, and in 1852 it amounted to 24.119 hogsheads. 
 The exports of th.at year were 13,771 hogsheads, viz.: to 
 Great Britain, 5416 hogsheads: France, 3558; Italy, 1910; 
 Bremen, 1432 • Holland, lU25; Belgium, 430. The shipping 
 of the di.strict. June 30. 1^54. amounted to an aggregate of 
 5172 tons registered, and 0700 tons enrolled and licensed. 
 Of the latter all were employed in the cna.st trjide, and 1421 
 tons in steam navigation, the foreiirn arrivals for the vear 
 were 24, ftons, 3759,) of which 11 (tons. 2012) were by .Ame- 
 rican vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 74. 
 (tons, 24.4i>4.') of which 51 (ton.s, 17.059) were by American 
 vessels. During the year 4 vessels, with an aggi-egate burden 
 of 833 tons, were admeasured. 
 
 Richmond po.>;sesses an immense water-power derived 
 from the falls of James River, which, from the commence- 
 ment of the rapids, a few miles above the city, descends 
 about 100 feet to the tide-level. Few places in the stite, or 
 in the whole country, possess greater natural advantages 
 for productive industry, which has recently attracted much 
 attention. The principal articles produced here are flour, 
 tobacco, cotton and woollen goods, paper, machinery, and 
 iron ware. The brand of the City Flour Mills has acquired, 
 perhaps, more celebrity than any other in the countrv. The 
 Gallego and Ilaxall Mills are 5 or 6 stories high, 94 feet 
 long, and about SO feet wide. Richmond contains about 40 
 tobacco factories, .some of which are very extensive, and 
 wveral rolling-mills and cotton-factories. This city was 
 founded by an act of Assembly in May, 1742. and liecame 
 the capital of the state in 17i9-80. In 1787 it contained 
 about SOO houses. Pop. in 1800, 6737; in 1810, 9785; in 
 1820, 12,067; in 1830, 16,060; in 1840, 20,153; in 1850, 
 27,5.0, and in 1860, 37,910 of whom 23,635 were white per- 
 sons, Ufi'M slaves, and 2.576 persons of color. It was tiiken 
 by the Union army, after a long and most obstinate defense, 
 on the 2d of April, 1865. 
 
 , J?^™^*^\^' " Post-f W«ge of Dallas co., Alabama, about 
 100 miles S.. by E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 «InlR!'^^'S' * P^'*""'"*' of Itawamba co., Missi,s.sippi, 
 KJl^llMOND, a post-village, capiUl of Madisou parish, 
 louisiana on Roundaway Bayou. 300 miles by water N. of 
 Uatou Koige, has a courthouse, and a newspaper office. 
 158S 
 
 RICHJIOXD, a post-village, capital of Fort Bend co., 
 Texas, on the right bank of the Brazos River, 170 miles 
 S.E. of Austin City. The river is navigable up to this point 
 in high water. 
 
 RICHMOND, a town.ship in Desha co., Arkan-sag. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township in Prairie Co., Arkan.sas. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village of Bedford co., Tennessee, 70 
 miles S.S.E. of Na.shville. 
 
 RICll.MOND, a handsome post-village, capit.il of MadUoa 
 CO., Kentucky. 50 miles S.S.K. of Frankfort. It is sur- 
 rounded by a Ijeautiful and fertile country, and contains a 
 court-house. 4 churches, an academy, a public library, 1 
 newspaper office, and a branch bank. Settled in 1785. Pop. 
 in 1853. estimated at 1500. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township of Ashtabula CO., Ohio. Pop. 965. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township of Huron co., OIuo. Pop. 992. 
 
 lilCHMOXD, a post-village of Salem toAvnship, Jefferson 
 CO., Oliio, 11 miles X.AV. of Steubenville. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 .academy, and a newspaper othce. Poj). 692. 
 
 RICHMOND, a village of Lake co.. Ohio, on Grand River, 
 
 1 mile from Lake Erie. A large village sprang up here sud- 
 denly, aliout 1836. but soon after rapidly declined. Many 
 of the buildings have since been taken down or removed to 
 Paiiiesville, 2 miles above. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-town.«hip forming the N.E. part of 
 Macomb co., Michigan. Pop.lCSo. 
 
 RICHMOND, a village of Decatur co., Indiana, 55 miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village of Wayne town- 
 ship, Wayne co., Indiana, is pleasantly situated on the East 
 Fork of Whitewater River, where it is crossed by the Na- 
 tional Road and Central Railroad, 68 miles E. of ludiana- 
 poli.s, and 64 miles N,N.W, of Cincinnati, It is the centre 
 of an active trade, and reniarkaV)le for its flourishing manu- 
 factures of cotton, wool, paper, flour, and iron, for which 
 the river affords abundant motive-power. It is believed 
 that no town in the state employs more labor in this branch 
 of industry. The Central Railroad extends to Indianapolis 
 on one hand, and connects on the other with the lailroadg 
 of Ohio. The Cincinnati and Chicago Air Line Railroad 
 also passes through Richmond. Richmond contains 2 
 banks, 1 public library, 10 churches, 2 printing offices, 
 
 2 fire companies and engines, and Oj stores. The Indi- 
 ana yearly meeting of the Society of Friends is held here. 
 There are 2 large boarding-schools in the vicinity. The 
 townsliip contained in 1851, 3 cotton factories, 4 woollei 
 factories, 1 paper mill, 13 flouring milLs. 3 oil mills, 11 saw 
 mills, and 2 iron foundries. The manufa'cture of cnrriages, 
 threshing machines, and farming implements is carried on 
 here extensively. The surrounding country is the most 
 populous and highly cultivated part of the state. Pop. in 
 1853. bv a local census. 3S0O; in 1860, 6603. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village of Brown co., Illinoi.s, .ibout 3 
 miles M'. of Illinois River, and 70 miles AV. by N. of Spring- 
 field. 
 
 RICHMOND, a small village of Coles co.. Illinois. 
 
 RICHMOND, a thriving post-village of McIIeniy co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Fox River Valley Railroad. 75 miles N,W. of 
 Chicago. It has several mills. Pop. of township 1378. 
 
 RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village, capifcil of Ray co., 
 Mis.souri, 150 miles N.W. of Jefferson City, and 7 miles N. 
 of Missouri River. It is surrounded by a very fertile re- 
 gion. It has a bank. Pop. 3123. 
 
 RICHMOND, a small post-village of Washington co., Iowa. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-office of Winona co., Minnesota. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village and township of Walworth 
 CO., Wisconsin, 49 miles W.S.W, of Milwaukee, Pop. 1016. 
 
 RICHOIOND, a village of Canada West, in the township 
 of Goulburn, co. of Carleton. on the Goodwood River, 73 
 miles N.N.E. of Kingston. It is a thriving place, with se- 
 veral churches of different sect.s. a grammar school, a dis- 
 tillery. 2 tanneries, and a saw. fulling, and flour mills. Pop. 
 in 1852. 1135. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village of Canada West, in the town- 
 ship of Bavham, co. of Middlesex, 37 miles from London. • 
 Pop. about 250. 
 
 RICHMOND, a thriving post-village of Canada East, in 
 the township of Shipton. co. of Sherbrooke. on a branch of 
 the St. Francis River, and at the junction of the Quebec and 
 Richmond Railway with the Grand Trunk Railway, 90 
 miles E. of Montreal, and 100 S.S.W. of Quebec. A bridge 
 across the St. Francis connects it with Melbourne. 
 
 RICHMOND, a county of Nova Scotia, occupying the S. 
 portion of the island of Cape Breton, Madame, and other 
 smaller islands adjoining. Capital, Arichat. Pop. in 1851, 
 10.381. 
 
 RICHMOND, a village of New Brunswick, co. of York, 
 about 52 miles W. bv N. of Fredericton. 
 
 RICHMOND, a town of New South W.iles, co. of Cumber- 
 land, 39 miles N.W. of Sydney. Pop. 800. 
 
 RICH.MOND, a town of Australia, in Victoria, on the 
 Yarra. near Melbourne, 
 
 RICHMOND, a district of Van Diemen's Land, ,separated 
 W, from the districts of New Norfolk and Holiart Town by 
 Derwent River and estuary, and having E, and S, Storm 
 
RIC 
 
 RID 
 
 Bay ana the ocpan. Area, 1050 square miles. The shores 
 are very irregul.tr. It comprises i'orestier's and Tasinan's 
 Peniasulas, aud Marion Island, with Ralph, Frederielc- 
 Henry, Norfolk, and Mariou Bays, and I'ittwater. Surface 
 mostly mountainous. 
 
 KICIIVrOND, a town of the above district, is on the Coal 
 River, 11 miles N.R. of IIobart-Town. It has a court-house, 
 jail, and some inns. Other settlements are Sorell, lirighton, 
 and Bajrdad. 
 
 KICIIMOXP CEXTRE. a post-office of . Ashtabula co.,Ohio. 
 
 RICU'MOXD tXlK'NER, a post-offlce of Sagadahock Co., 
 Maine. 
 
 KlCriMOND DALE, a post-viUage of Ross co., Ohio, 13 
 miles 8.E. of Chillicothe. 
 
 RICII.M().\I) FACTORY, a post-office of Richmond CO., 
 Georgia, 10 milos S.'of Auj;usta. 
 
 RICU.HOXO HILL, a post-offlce of Surry co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 RICIIMOXD HILL, a village of Canada West, co. of York, 
 16 miles N. of 'J'oronto. It has several mills driven bv steam. 
 
 RICHMOND MILLi^, a postxiffice of Ontario co.. New York. 
 
 RICIIMOXD RIVER, in East Au.stralia, enters the Pacific 
 Ocean alwut 60 miles S. of Moreton Ray, and is navis^able 
 for small vessels for 70 miles from its mouth. Its valley is 
 Baid to be well suited for the culture of wheat. 
 
 KICH.MOND VALLEY, a post-office of Richmond co., 
 New York. 
 
 RICH'.MOXDVILLR, a post-village and township of Scho- 
 harie CO., New York, about 48 miles W. of Albany. I'op. 2023. 
 
 RICH I'ATCIL a post-offlce of Alleghany co., Virginia. 
 
 RICH SQUARE, a post-offlco of Northampton co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 RICIITENBERO, riK't?n-bJRG\ a town of Prussia, 12 
 miles S.U'. of Stralsund, on a small lake. Pop. 1379. 
 
 RICHTEXSWEIL, nK't^ns-ftir, or RICIITERSWEIL, 
 riK't«rs-*il\ a village of Switzerland. 13 miles S.E. of Zurich, 
 on the S. shore of its lake. Pop. 3080. 
 
 RICH'TOX, Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road, 28 miles from Chicago. 
 
 RICH VAI^LEY, a pos^offlce of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 RICH V.\LLEY, a post-office of Bedford co., Tennessee. 
 
 RICH VIEWj a post-village of Washington co., Illinois, 
 with a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, 8 miles N.E. 
 of Xashville.' 
 
 RICH'VILLE, a postvillage of St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York, Tiear the Potsdam and SVatertown Railroad, 18 miles 
 S.W. of Canton. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores, a tannery, 
 a grist mill, and 3 saw mills. 
 
 RICHVILLE, New York, a station on the Elmira. Ca- 
 nandaigua, and Niagara Falls Railroad, 11 miles from 
 Batavia. 
 
 KICIIVILLE. a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 RTCII'WOOD, a post-township of Izard co., Arkansas. 
 
 lUClIWOOD, a township of Lawrence CO., Arkansas. 
 
 RICHWOOD, a post-village of Union co , Ohio, 44 miles 
 N.AV. of Columbus. 
 
 RICHWOOD, a totvnt^hip of Richland co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 770. 
 
 RICH WOODS, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 RlCinVOODS, a post-village of Izard co., Arkansas, 120 
 miles N. of Little Rock. 
 
 RICHWOODS. a post-offlce of Delaware co.. Indiana. 
 
 RICIv'rXGHALL, IXFE'RIOR, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 RICKIXGHALL, SUPE'RIOR, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 RICK'LTXG. a parish of Encrland, co. of Essex. 
 
 RICKOIANSWORTH or RiCK'MEKSWORTH, a market- 
 town and parish of England, co. of Herts, on the Colne and 
 the Grand Junction Canal, 10 miles S.W. of St. Alban's. 
 Pop. in 1851, 4S51, mostly employed in manufactures of silk 
 and straw-plHit. paper and flour mills. 
 
 RICIv'OE'S BLUFF, a post-office of Gadsden CO.. Florida. 
 
 RICK'REAL. a post-office of Polk co„ Oregon. 
 
 RTCLA. rik'ld, (anc. Nertobriga?) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Saragossa, 15 miles X.E. of Calatayud Pop. 1303. 
 
 RICOCERXO, re-ko-sjR'no, or RICOVERNOVICK, re-ko- 
 v5R'no-vik. a river of Turkey in Europe, rises in the moun- 
 tain range between Montenegro and Dalmatia, flows S.E. 
 past Cettigne, after a course of nearly 60, miles, and falls 
 into the lake of Scutari. 
 
 RICOTE. re-ko'tA. a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles 
 \.W. of Murcia. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RtDDERKERK, rid'der-k5Rk\ a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, in the island of Yssel- 
 «nonde,6 miles S.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 4277. 
 
 RID'DIXOS, a village and township of England, co. of 
 Derby, 3 miles S. of Alfreton, on the Cromford Canal. It has 
 a handsome church with a tower and spire, extensive eol- 
 I(;fi('S. blast furnaces, aud other important iron works. Pop. 
 4500. 
 
 RIDDLE'S CROSS-ROADS, a postoffice of Butler co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 RID'DLESWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RIDEATT (reeMV) RIVER and CANAL, in Canada E.ast, 
 connects Kingston on Lake Ontario with the Ottawa River, 
 immediately below Chaudi^re Falls. The canal is partly 
 formed by the Cataraqui River, which flows to Kingston 
 from Lake Rideau, in lat. 44° 40' N., Ion. 70° 15' W. 
 
 RIDGE, a parish of Engl;ind. co. of Herts. 
 
 RIDGE, a post-office of Livingston to.. Now York. 
 
 RIDGE, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland. 
 
 RIDGE, a post-office of Edgefield district. South Carolina 
 
 RIDGE, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 RIDGE, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 828. 
 
 RIDGE, a town.ship of Wyandot co.. Ohio, Pop. 58.3. 
 
 RIDGEBURY, rlj'bgre. a post^village of Fairfield Co., Con 
 necticut, 35 miles W. by N. of Xew Haven. 
 
 RIDGEBURY, a post-villago of Orange co., New Yorl^ 
 about 110 miles S.S.W. of Albany, 
 
 RIDGEBURY, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 20 miles N.N.^V. of Towand.a. Pop. 1785. 
 
 RIDGE FARM, a post-village of Vermilion CO., Illinois, 
 16 miles S. of D.anville. 
 
 RIDGEFIELD, rjj'feeld, a post-village and township of 
 Fairfield co., Connecticut, on the Danbury and Norwalk 
 Railroad, 12 miles from Norwalk, and about 35 miles W. of 
 New Haven, contains several churches, an academy, ana 
 manufactories of c.irriages, furniture, castings, leather, &c. 
 Pop. of the township. 2213. 
 
 RIDGEFIELD, a township in the N.W, part of Huron co., 
 Ohio, intersected by the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad, 
 and the Cleveland. Norwalk and Toledo K.ailroad. Pop. 2385. 
 
 RIDGE GROVE, a posUiffice of .Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 RIDGE HALL, a post-office of Raltiniore co., Maryland. 
 
 RIIX3EL.\XD. rlj'land, a post-office of Henry co.. Ohio. 
 
 RIDGELEY, rlj'lee,' a post-office of .Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 RIDGELY, rij'lee. a post-village of Madison CO., Illinois, 
 64 miles S. by AV. of Springfield. 
 
 RIDGEMOXT, rlj'mont. a parish of England, co. of Bed- 
 foi-d. 2J miles N.E. of Woburn, with a station on a branch 
 of the I.K)ndon and North-we.stern Railway. 
 
 RIDGE POST, a post-office of Davidson CO., Tennrssee. 
 
 RIDGE PRAIRIE, (pr.Vroo,) a post-office of Saline co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 RIDGE SPRING, a post-village of Pitt co.. North Carolina. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, rij'vil. a post-village of Carroll co., Mary- 
 land, on the Baltimore .tnd Ohio Railroad. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a post-offlce of ILampshire CO., W.Tirginia. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a post-village of Colleton district, South 
 Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of 
 Charleston. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a post-village of Butler co,, Alabama, 50 
 miles S,W, of Montgomery. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 424. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a township of Lor.ain co., Ohio. Pop. 1441. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a post-village of Warren CO., Ohio, about 
 38 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a post-oftice of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE, a post-township of Monroe co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Pop. 489. 
 
 RIDGEVILLE CORNERS, a post-offlce of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, rlj'wA, a post-township of Orleans co.. New 
 York, on the Erie Canal, 260 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 
 4706. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a small vill.age of Bradford co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post>village, aipital of Elk co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Clarion River, and on the Philadelphia and 
 Erie Railroad, 100 miles N.W. of Harrisbnrg, and 124 miles 
 S.E. of Erie. It was laid out in 1843. The chief business 
 of the place is the manufacture a7id transportation of lum- 
 ber. It contains 1 newspaper office. Pop. 579. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a postofflee of Henry CO., Virginia. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post-village of Fairfield district, Soutli 
 Carolina. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post-office of Muskincrum co.. Ohio. 
 
 RI DO EWAY, a township of Iowa co.,Wisconsin. Pop. 1983. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post-township in tlie N.E. part of Lenawee 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 8S0. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post-vill.age of Warren CO., North Caro- 
 lina, on the Gaston and R.aleigh Railroad. 58 miles N.N.E. 
 of Raleigh. The Roanoke Valley Railroad terminates here. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, 
 about 60 miles S.W. of Detroit. Pop. about 300. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post-village and township of Iowa co. 
 Wisconsin, 32 miles W. by S. of Madison. Pop. 1983. 
 
 RIDGEWOOD, rij'wdod, a post>office of Fairfield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 RIDGEWORTH, rlj'worth, a small village of Colleton dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 RIDGLEY, rlj'lee, a post-village of Platte co.j Missouri, 3!; 
 miles N. N.W. of Independence. 
 
 RIIVLEY. a parish of England, co, of Kent. 
 
 RID'LEY, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1324. 
 
 RID'LEYSVILLE. a post-office of Gadsden co., Florida. 
 
 RID'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RIDLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 1589 
 
RID 
 
 RIDMAR'LEr-D'J B'lTOT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wore. step. . 
 
 RI'/)OT'r'S. a post village of Stephenson co., lUinois, 110 
 miles N'.W. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 K1E'\V*.RE, MAYESYX, (mAT'sin,) a parish of England, 
 CO. of (-tafford. 
 
 Rn)'.VARE. PIPE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 RIEU. reet, a market-town of Upper Austria, capital 
 circle of Inn, 25 miles S. of Pass.iu. Pop. 2600. It h.is 
 manufactures of linens and woollens, and a brisk transit 
 trade. 
 
 RIED. a villacte of Tyrol, circle of Imst, \<ith a church 
 and Capuchin mionastery. The inhabitants distinguished 
 themselves in the Tyrolese war in 1799. Pop. 720. 
 
 IIIEDLIXGEX. reet/ling-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, on 
 the Danube, 28 miles S.W. oV Ulm. Pop. 1779. 
 
 RIEGEL, ree/ghel, a market-town of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Rhino, onth'e Eltz, and on the Mannheim and Basel 
 Railway. U miles X.X.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1S41. 
 
 RIEGELSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Bee REiaLESViLLE. 
 
 RIKGKKSIiUUG, ree'Khers-bo6nG\ a small market-tojm of 
 Austri.t. in Styria, 24 miles E.S.E. of Gratz. containing a re- 
 m.irkable feudal fortre.ss of the ."yime name, which crowns a 
 mass of volcanic rocks 400 feet above the level of the Ra;tb. 
 
 HIEGKRSClIIiAG, ree'ghfrs-shldo\ a village of Bohemia, 
 about 2-1 miles S.E. of Talx)r. Pop. 2056. 
 
 RIEGLESVILLE, ree'gl'z-vil, t RIEGLE'S MILLS, a 
 flourishing village of Warren co., Xew .Tersey, on the Bel- 
 videre and Delaware Railroad, nearly 40 miles N.X.W. of 
 Trenton. 
 
 RIEGO DE LA VEGA, re-.Vgo d\ \i vi/gJ, a village of 
 Spain, province, and 36 miles S.W. of Leon, on the side of a 
 hill. Pop. 1620. 
 
 RIEHKX, ree'en, a villiige of Switzerland, canton, and 3 
 miles N . E. of Basel. Pop. 1 100. 
 
 RIEK.\. re-.Vki, a town of Europe.an Turkey, in Montene- 
 gro. capit!»l of a district of the same name, on a small stream 
 which falls into the X.W. extremity of Lake Squtari, 11 miles 
 S.E. ofCattaro. 
 
 RIELLO. re-^l'yo. a village of Spain, province, and about 
 60 miles W.S.W. of Leon. Pop. 1314. 
 
 RIEXECK, a town of Bavaria. See RiSECK. 
 
 RIEX'ZI. a post-village of Tishemingo co., Mississippi, 240 
 miles X'.X'.E. of Jackson. It has 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 RIERA, re-4'rd, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, 
 and 9 miles X.E. of Tarragona, in a plain between the Gaya 
 and La Xon. Pop. 1240. 
 
 RIES.i, ree'zi, a town of Saxony, circle of Dresden, at 
 its junction with the Elbe, and on the Dresden Railway, 12 
 miles X.W. of Meis.sen. Pop. 2267. 
 
 BIESEXBURO, ree'zen-b6ono\ (Polish Prabutha. pri-boo'- 
 tl.) a walled town of West Prussia, 11 miles E. of Marien- 
 •werder. Pop. 3100. 
 
 RIESEXGEBIRGE. ree'zen-ga-b66RG'fh. ("giant moun- 
 tains,") a mountain range separating Bohemia from Prus- 
 sian Silesia, continuous E. with the Sudeten-gebirge, and 
 W. with the Erz-geWrge. Length from .V.W. to S.E., 50 
 ailes. Principal height, the Riesenkoppe, 5400 feet in ele- 
 vation. The Elbe rises on its S. side. 
 
 RIESI. re-A'see. a market-town of Sicily, 14 miles S. of 
 Caltanisetta. Pop. 6<X)0. Near it are some sulphur-mines. 
 
 RIETBERG. reet'bfiRG, or RITTBERG, ritt/b^RG, a town 
 of Prussia, in Westphalia, 40 miles S.S.W. of Minden, on 
 the Ems. Pop. 2(X50. 
 
 RIETCIIKI. re^tchHcee, a market-town of Ru.ssia. go- 
 vernment of Minsk, 10 miles X.N.E. of Vileika. Pop. 1800. 
 
 RIETI, re-A/te. (anc. Jieafte,)n town of Central Italy, in 
 the State of Umbria. on the Velino. 42 mili's X.N.E. of 
 Rome. Pop. 10.920. It was erected into a bishopric in the 
 fifth century, and its principal edifices are ecclesiastical. 
 
 RIEUMKS. re-um', a market-town of France, department 
 of Haute-Garonne. 10 miles W.S.W. of Muret. Pop. 2068. 
 
 RIEUPEVROUX. re-ih^pA>oo', a market-town of France, 
 department of Aveyron, 15 miles W.S.W. of Rodez. Pop. in 
 1S52, .3170. 
 
 RIEUX, re-Dh'. a town of France, department of Haute- 
 Garonne. 26 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852. 2.305. 
 
 RIEUX. a market-town of Fi-ance. department of Morbi- 
 han, on the Vilaine, 80 miles E. of Vannes. Pop. 2800. 
 
 RIEUX, a village of France, department of Nord, arron- 
 dissement ofCambrai. Pop. 1900. 
 
 RIKZ, re-,A', (anc. Birii.) a town of France, department 
 of Basses-Alpes, 20 miles S.S.W. of Digne. Pop. in 1S52. 
 2661. Under the Romans it h.'\d the rank of a colony: it 
 has some remains of antiquity, and was the seat of councUs 
 In A. ». 430 and 1285. 
 
 RIGA, ree'gi. an important fortified citv. and the second 
 commercial port of European Russia, capital of Livonia, on 
 the DUn.i, here crossed in summer bv a temporary bridge 
 of boats. 24im feet in length, about 5 niiles aliove its mouth. 
 Ill the Gulf onti.ra. and 312 miles .'i.W. of St. Petersburg. 
 Lat. oeo 57' N.. Ion. 24° 6' 30-/ E. A railwav. 13S miles in 
 length, has been projected from Riga to Dunaburg. whem it 
 will oonnect with the great line ofrajlway in course of con- 
 1690 
 
 RIG 
 
 struction from St. Petersburg to Warsaw. The city is situatfil 
 on a sandy tilt, surrounded by hills, on which numerou? fint 
 villas make a cheerful and showy appearance. It consists of 
 the town proper, and suburbs more extensive than the town 
 itself The communication across the river is kept up by a 
 bridge of boats, about 500 yards long. Riga is surrounded 
 both by walls and liastions. and is defended by a citadel. 
 The older part o'^the town, still confined within earthen walls, 
 consists of narrow, winding street.*, huddled together with- 
 out any regularity. The more modern parts of the town are 
 much better built, and contain three good squares. Along 
 the river, on both sides, are spacious quays, which afford 
 excellent promenades; and the esplan.ide and gardens, loth 
 within and near the town, are well laid out. The principa! 
 structures are the cathedral, rel>uilt in 1547 ; the church of 
 St. Peter, with a tower 440 feet in height: the castle, with .^ 
 chancery and residence of the general and civil governors, 
 hall of the provincial states, town-house, exchange, arsenal, 
 and a magnificent column with a colossjil bronze statue of 
 Victory, erected in 1817. It has several colleges, a school 
 of navigation, and various other schools, a public library, 
 with 15,000 volumes and numerous rare manuscripts, a 
 cabinet of natural historj'. an oliservatory, and a society 
 of Lithuanian literature. In 1835 it had 25 manufiictories 
 of cotton cloth and rugs, sugar refineries, tobatco fat- lories, 
 and breweries. Quays stretch for 1 mile along the river; 
 but the inner harbor does not admit vessels drawing more 
 than from 12 to 15 feet water; ships of larger burden 
 load and unload at Bolder-aa, a small port outside of the 
 bar, at the mouth of the Diina, where is the custom-house. 
 Its principal merchants are of German descent. Corn used 
 to be the principiil article of export, but it is now .super- 
 seded by flax and fla.t-seed; besides which, hemp, linseed, 
 wool, hides, tallow, timber, tobacco, spare, and feathers are 
 the chief exports. The following table of the vessels that 
 entered the port of Riga in 1847—49, .shows at the same 
 time the countries chiefly iuterest4.-d in its trade : — 
 
 
 1*.:. 
 
 184S. ! 
 
 1649. 
 
 
 VcskIs. 
 
 Toni. 
 
 Vea»elJ. 
 
 Tons, j 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tone 
 
 Belgian 
 
 4 
 
 7^2 
 
 2 
 
 .3»» 
 
 3 
 
 370 
 
 British 
 
 676 
 
 101.430 
 
 5S0 
 
 94.7IW 
 
 645 
 
 101.6.311 
 
 
 307 
 
 281 
 
 19. 7W 
 31,4<i2 
 
 33 
 174 
 
 3,40l> 
 21. Olio ! 
 
 56 
 ■Md 
 
 5.376 
 i9.520 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 :n 
 
 4.11<> 
 
 10 
 
 1.177 1 
 
 68 
 
 8.M2 
 
 Hanoverian .... 
 
 271. 
 
 19,4ftS 
 
 41 
 
 1,792 
 
 .38 
 
 3.610 
 
 Hause Towns... 
 
 49 
 
 5,702 
 
 20 
 
 2.400 
 
 16 
 
 2.6:t9 
 
 Mcclclenburg... 
 
 224 
 
 si.ass 
 
 It 
 
 1,680 
 
 55 
 
 8.380 
 
 Norwegian 
 
 146 
 
 12.4,34 
 
 with Swedish, i 
 
 with Swedish. 
 
 Oldenburg 
 
 58 
 
 4,,340 
 
 3 
 
 600 
 
 9 
 
 1,404 
 
 Portuffue^e .... 
 
 3 
 
 708 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 Prussian 
 
 180 
 
 11,144 
 
 19 
 
 1,520 
 
 8 
 
 1.248 
 
 Spanish 
 
 5 
 
 -B8 
 
 4 
 
 646 
 
 1 
 
 113 
 
 Swedisll 
 
 1(B 
 
 10,570 
 
 101 
 
 13,500 
 
 181 
 
 17,376 
 
 United States.. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 750 
 
 2 
 
 750 
 
 Russian 
 
 iii 
 
 2"l,'3-'0 
 
 244 
 
 19,520 
 
 396 
 
 47.520 
 
 Total 
 
 2455 
 
 285.332 1 
 
 1232 
 
 163.105 
 
 1724 
 
 228.983 
 
 Riga is the residence of a governor, and the seat of a supe- 
 rior court of appeal, and of several other courts and public 
 oifices. It was founded a.b. 1200, and was one of the chief 
 Ilanseatic towns. Pop. in 1858, 72,136. 
 
 RI'GA, a post-township of Monroe co^ New York, inter- 
 sected by the Rochester and Buffalo Railroad, 18 miles 
 W.S.W. of Rochester. Pop. 2177. 
 
 RIGA, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 RIGA, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Lenawee co., Micliigan. Poji. C64. 
 
 RIGA GULF. See Gtn.F of Riga. 
 
 RIG.iUD, reeVo'. a village and seigniory of Canada East. 
 CO. of Vaudreuil, on the Riviere a iaGralsse, 45 miles W.S.^VL 
 of Montreal. It is the .saat of Rigaud College and of the 
 Risaud Female School. Pop. 450. 
 
 RIGG'S CROSS ROADS, iwst-r.ffice. AVilli.tmson co.. Tenn. 
 
 RIGIII CULM, ree'ghee koolm. or RIGI, ree'ghee, a moun- 
 tain of Switzerland, canton, and 8 miles W. of Schwytz. lie- 
 tween the Lakes of Zugand Lucenie. 5905 feet above the sea. 
 It commands m.-uruificcut views ; (.n its summit is an inn. and 
 on its E. side a chapel, resorted to by numerous pilgrims. 
 
 RIGLIOXE, reel-yo'nA, a parish and vill.age of Tuscany, 3 
 miles E. of Pisa, near the left liank of the Arno. 
 
 RIGX.\C. reenlySk', a town of France, department of 
 Avevron, 14 miles W.X.AV. of Hodez. Pop. in 1S52, 2005. 
 
 RIGXAXO, reen-yi'no, a village of Italy, in Xaples, pro- 
 vince of Capitanata. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RIGXAXO. a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 22 
 miles X. of Rome. 
 
 1!IGX.\X0. a village of Italy, in Tuscany, province, and 
 11 miles E.S.E. of Florence, on the Arno, Pop. 3500. 
 
 RIGXY LE FEROX. reen\vee' leh feh-rAxo'. a village of 
 France, department of Aul>e, 21 miles W.S.M'. of Troyes. 
 Pop. 1250. 
 
 RIGOLATO. re-eo-lA'to. a market-town of Austrian Italy, 
 38 miles X.X.W. of Udine. 
 
 RIG'OLETS BAYOU, (lil'oo,) of Jefferson parlsl\, U aislana, 
 flows between Lake Washa and Little I ike. 
 
 ^ 
 
RIG 
 
 RIN 
 
 RrGOLKTS BAYOCr, of Rapides parish, Louisiana, unites 
 tvith Red River a little alx)ve Alexandi'ia. 
 
 RUi'OLKTS DE BON DIEU. (deh bAx du,) of I^ouisiana, 
 Is a lateral channel of Hed I'.iver, which leaves the river 
 libout 3 miles N.of Natchitoches, and after a south-eastward 
 course of perhaps 50 uiiU^s, rejoins the main-stream on the 
 8.E. border of Natchitoches parish. 
 
 HIGS'BY, a parish of Knj^land, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RIGTON, a town.ship of England, co. of York, In West 
 Riding, C miles E.N.E. of Otley. Rigton-Crao is a lofty 
 rocky eminence commanding a fine view of Wharfdale. 
 
 RlGUl'INO, re-goo-tee'no, a village of Tuscany, S.E. of 
 Arezzo. 
 
 RiaYICZ.\, ridVeet/sOh\ or H.4.RI LEYOEN, hd'ree II'- 
 ghen, a villaire of Hungary, co. of Racs, 43 miles N.W. of 
 Kara. Pop. 3131. 
 
 RlllUltSf. re-hQr'see, a town of the Punjab, on the Che- 
 naub. i)(t miles N.N.E. of Lahore. 
 
 lUJANOVK.A., re-yd-nov'ki, a market-town of Russia, 
 government, and 91 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 1600. 
 
 RUN. a river of Europe. See Rhine. 
 
 RIJ I', a villa^'e of Holland. See Ryp. 
 
 RI.I.^.SKX. a town of Holland. See Rtssex. 
 
 RIJ.<\VI.1K, a village of Holland. See Ryswick. 
 
 RIKA, a town of Austria. See Fiume. 
 
 RI'LEY, a township of Oxford co., Maine, 66 miles W. by 
 N.of Augusta. 
 
 RILEY, a township of Yoll co., Arkansas. 
 
 RILEY, a townstiip of Pntn:iiii co., Ohio. Pop. 1047. 
 
 RILEY', a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 1198. 
 
 RILEY, a post-township in theS.W. part of Clinton co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 605. 
 
 RILEY, a township of St. Clair co., Michigan. Pop. 9.38. 
 
 RILEY, a post-1 ovvnship of Vigo co., Indiana, Pop. 1.3.56. 
 
 RILEY, a post-village and town.ship of McIIcnry co., Illi- 
 nois, 65 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago. Pop. 801. 
 
 RILEY CENTRE, a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio. 
 
 RI'LEYVILLE, a post-village of Wayne CO., Pennsylvania, 
 191 miles N.E. of Harri.sburg. 
 
 RILLAEK, ril'ljtr, a vill.age of Belgium, province of Bra- 
 bant, '26 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1505. 
 
 RILLE, reel, a river of i'rance, departments of Orne and 
 Eure, joins the estuary of the Seine on the left, after a N. 
 course of 75 miles. It is navigable for barges, iu the last 8 
 miles, from Pont Audemer. 
 
 UliyLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, in East 
 Riding, 4j miles E.N.E. of New Malton, on the Whitby and 
 Scarborough branch of North Midland Railway. 
 
 RI'LOUGHS, a district of Lumpkin co., Georgia. Pop. 288. 
 
 RILSK, a town of Russia. See Utlsk. 
 
 RILU. re'loo, a small fortified town of the East Punjab, 
 108 mile's N.E. of I*ahore. 
 
 RIM AC. re-mdk', a river of North Peru, enters the Pacific 
 at Callao, 4 miles W.of Lima. Total course about 75 miles. 
 
 RIMA SZOMBATH, ree'ma somnxif, or GROSS STEF- 
 FELSDORF, groce st4f'fels-doRf\ a market town of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Gomor, 72 miles N.E. of Pesth, on the RIma. P. 
 8027. 
 
 RIMBACII, rim'bJK, a market-town of Ilesse-Damstadt, 
 province of Starkenhurg, near Lindenfels. Pop. 1229. 
 
 RIMCII.\N Y (?) rim-cli^nee. a market-town of Russi.an Po- 
 land, government, and 72 miles N.N.E. of Vilna. Pop. 1600. 
 
 RI'MEltSBUKG, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RIMGAR, rim'gaR, a village of Bavaria, In Lower Frau- 
 conia. near Wiirzburg. Pop, 1620. 
 
 RIM'INGTON, a township of England, co. of Y^ork, in 
 West Riding. 
 
 RIMINI, ree'me-ne, or RIMINO, ree'me-no, (anc. ylWTOj- 
 nmn,) a city of Central Italy, on the Adriatic Sea, about 28 
 miles E.S.E. of Forli, at the junction of the Flaminian and 
 .aimilian Ways. Lat. 44° 41' N., Ion. 12° 33' E. Pop. 16,850. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and well built; Its principal edifices 
 are a cathedral and other chiU'ches. with good paintings; 
 town-hall, government palace in the principal square, in 
 which is a statute of Pope I'aul V.; theatre. Gamlialunga 
 Palace, with a library of 30,000 volumns open to the public; 
 a decaying cjistle of the Malatesta, and several remains of 
 antiquity, including a triumphal arch, and a bridge over 
 the Marecchia, both built under Augustus, and portion of 
 an a'nphitheatre. Its port, though shallow, is frequented 
 by numerous fishing vessels, and it has an active trade in 
 fish, manufactures of silk, glass, and earthenwares. It 
 was file seat of a great ecclesiastical council in a.b. 3-59. 
 
 RI.MITAIIA, re-me-tj'ri, or RIMITERA. re-me-tA'ra, an 
 Island In the Pacific Ocean, S. of the Society Islands. Lat. 
 22037'S.. Ion. 115° 30' W. 
 
 RIM'MON or RUM'MON, a village of Palestine, pashallc 
 of Gaza, 13 mili'S N.N.E. of Jerusalem. 
 
 RIMMON OF Zeiiulox, or RUM/MANEH. a village of Pa- 
 lestine, pashalic of Kcre, 6 miles N. of Nazareth. 
 
 RIMNIK, rim'nik, a town of Wallachi.i, on the RImnik, 
 66 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Here the Austrians and Rus- 
 rians. under Suwarrow, defeated the Turks In 1789. 
 
 RIMNIK, a town of Wallachia, on the Aloota, 100 miles 
 N.W. of Bucharest, and 48 miles N.of Slatiua, 
 
 RTMONT, rce'mi^N'"', a town of France, department of 
 Ariege, on a height, 16 miles W.of Foix. Pop. 2250. 
 
 RIMOUSKI, re-moos'kee, a county of Canada East, conk- 
 prises an area of 8200 sqjiare miles. The St. Lawrence foi-ms 
 its N. boundary. Pop. 26.882. Capital, Rimmiski. 
 
 RIMOUSKI. re-moo.s'kee, a village and seigniory of Ca- 
 nada East, capital of the above county, on the S. shore of the 
 St. Lawrence, 180 miles below Quebec, Pop. about 4000. 
 
 RIMPTON. a pari.sh of Entrli.Tid, co, of Somerset. 
 
 RINCON-DE-SOTO, rin-kOn'-dA-so'lo, a town of Spain, in 
 Old Castile, 17 miles S, of Logroilo, on the Ebro, Pop. 1087. 
 
 RINCUR/RAN or RINCO'RAN, a parish of Ireland, iu 
 Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 RINDE, rind, a river of Ilindostan. ri.ses In the province 
 of Agra, 45 miles N.E. of the town of that name, flows S. S.E. 
 past Korah,and after a course of 166 miles joins the Jumna, 
 12 miles W. of Futtehpoor. 
 
 RINDGE. a pnst-township of Cheshire co., New Hamp- 
 shire, 45 miles S.W. of Concord. It is noted for the manu- 
 facture of wooden ware. Pop. 1231. 
 
 RINECK, ree/nJk, or REINECK, rl'nSk. a town of Ba- 
 varia, on the right bank of the Sinn, 25 miles N,N,W, 01 
 Wiirzburg, Pop. 1542. 
 
 RINGAGONACH, rIn'ga-go'naK, a parish of Ireland, In 
 Munster, co. of Waterford.' 
 
 RINGAUS'G.\, or DUNNEOAI/, a small Island of Ireland. 
 CO. of Cork, 4 miles S.W. of Skibbei-een, 2 miles long, by 1 
 mile broad. 
 
 RINGEBO, rlng'eh-bo, a parish of Norway, stift of Chris- 
 tlania, on the Loiigen. 
 
 RINGELSDOltF, r!ng'els-doRf\ a village of Lower Austri.i, 
 near Rabbelsburg, at the couftuence of the Zaya and March. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 RING ELSHATN, rlng'els-hln\ a village of Bohemia, circlo 
 of Buntzlau, 5 miles fivm Gabel. Pop. 1287. 
 
 RTXG'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RINGGENREIiG, rink-enhjno, a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 27 miles S.E. of Bern, on the S.W. 
 shore of Lake Brienz; at one extremity of the village are 
 the remains of an old castle of the Lords of Ringgenherg, 
 destroyed In 1352, In a feud with the Inhabit.-«uts of the 
 village. Pop. 1134. 
 
 RING'GOLD, a new county In the S.S.W. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Missouri, has an area of a1x)Ut 640 .square miles. 
 It is traversed from N. to S. by the East and V\'(«t Forks 
 of Grand River. The soil is stated to be fertile, but deficient 
 in timber. Capital, Mount Ayr. Pop. 2923. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-township of Jefferson co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 909. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a villa'/e of Schuvlklll co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Little Schuylkill Railroad. 
 
 ]{lNG(tOLD. a post-offlce of Washington co., Maryland. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-office of Pittsylvania co.. Virginia. 
 
 RI.VIitiOLD, a jKist-offlce of Cherokee co., Alabama. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-office of Bienville parish, Louisiana. 
 
 RIN(tGOLD, a post-offlce of Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-office of Morgan Co., Ohio. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-office of Ii.i Granse co., Indiana. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-offlce of Cook cb., Illinois, 33 miles 
 W.N. W.of Ghicaso. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-office of Platte CO., Missouri. 
 
 RINGGOLD, n post-villnge of Catoosa co.. Georiria. on the 
 Western and Atlantic Railroad, 287 miles from Ausrusta. 
 
 RINGKIOBING, (Ringkiiiliing,) or RINGKJOBING, 
 (Ringkjotilng.) ring'kyS^bing, a seaport'-town on the W. coast 
 of Jutland, and on the E. side of Ringkiobing-fiord, 56 miles 
 N.W. of Kibe. Pop. 12(H). 
 
 RTNGKlOBING-FIOItD. ring^kyii^jing-fooRd', a lasoon of 
 Denmark, 28 miles in length from N, to S. : gre:itest bre.idth, 
 9 miles. It is separated from the North Sea by a strip of 
 land 1 mile across. 
 
 RING'LAND, a parish of Enirland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RING'.MER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 RING'MORE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 RINGOES, ring'gOz. a post-village of Hunterdon co., New 
 Jersey, 6 miles S. of Flemington. has several stores. 
 
 RI.N'G'ROVE, a maritime pari.sh of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO, of Cork, 2 miles S. of Kinsale. Here are the ruins of 
 Ringrove Castle, which gives the title of baron to Lord 
 Kin.sale. 
 
 RING'SEND, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. 1^ miles E. of 
 Dublin Castle. It adjoins Irishtown, and forms one of the 
 lowest quarters of the Irish metropolis, but it has a good 
 bridge across the Dodder, and various wet and other docks. 
 
 RING.S'HALL. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RINGSHEIM, rings'hlme, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhein, bailiwick of Kttenheim. Pop. 1343, 
 
 RING'S MILLS, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 RING'STEAD, a parish of England, co, of Northampton, 
 on tVie London and North-west Railway, 4J miles N,N.E. of 
 Higham Ferrers. 
 
 RINfJSTE.'VD, Gre.\t. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RI\GSTE.\D. Little, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 
 
 RINGSTED, ring'stfd, a town of Denmark, on the island 
 of Seeland, 36 miles W,S.W. of Copenhagen. Poo. 1200. It 
 
 159i 
 
RIN 
 
 is very ancient, and was of considerable importance in the 
 twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 
 
 RING' VIIyL,E,a post-office of Hampshire ccMassachusetts. 
 
 KING'WOLD, a parish of England, eo. of Kent. 
 
 RIXG'WOOD, a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 18 miles W.S.W. of Southampton, on the Avon, and 
 on the Dorchester Branch of the South-Western Railway. 
 IVjp. in ISol. 3'J28. 
 
 RIXG'WOOD, a small river which rises in Orange co., New 
 York, flows S. through Passaic county, New Jersey, and 
 unit«s with Pequannock Creek near I'ompton. 
 
 RIXGWOOD. a villase of Passaic co., Xew Jersey, on the 
 Ringwood River, 2^ miles from Ilackensack, contains a store 
 and several forges. 
 
 BIXGWOOD, a post'-offic* of Halifax CO., North Carolina. 
 
 RINGW()OD, a post-office of Jlcllenry co., Illinois. 
 
 KIXKEXIS. rin'keh-nis. a village of Denmark, duchy of 
 Sleswick, on the X. side of i'lensburg Fiord, 9 miles N.E. of 
 Flensburg. Pop. of parish. I'^iOO. 
 
 RIXKJOBIXG, a town of Denmark. See RiXGKloBlSG. 
 
 RIXO'SA. a post-village of Iroquois co.. Illinois, on the 
 Iroquois River, about 60 miles S.S.K. of Chicago. 
 
 RINTELX, rin't^lu. a fortified town of Hesse-Cassel, pro- 
 vince of Nieder-Ilessen, on the Weser, here joined by the 
 Exeter, and crossed by a bridge of boiits, 10 miles S.E. of 
 Minden. 
 
 MIO. ree'o, a Spanish and Portuguese word signifying 
 " river," forming the prefix to numerous names. For names 
 with this prefix, not tbund below, see the additional name. 
 
 RIO, a city of Brazil. See Rio Jaxeiro. 
 
 RI'O, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia, 126 miles W. by 
 N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 RIO, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois. 
 
 RIO. a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 RIO -A-LTO E BASSO, ree'o ll'to A bas/so. a commune of Tus- 
 cany, island of Elba, 6 miles N. of Porto Longone. Pop. 3802. 
 
 RIO ARRIBA, ree'o ar-ree'sl, a large county in the N. and 
 N.W. part« of New Mexico, bordering on Utah and Cali- 
 fornia. It is drained by the Rio Colorado and the Rio del 
 Norte, with their numerous tributaries. The Sierra Madre 
 range of mountains traverses the E. part of the county. The 
 W. and central portion is inhabited only by savage tribes of 
 Indians. In IS.oO this county produced 15,070 pounds of 
 wool, the giv.atest quantity produced by any county of the 
 territory. Capital. Cuchillo. Pop. 9849t 
 
 RIOBAMBA, XUEVO, nwi/vo re-o-bim'ba. a town of 
 South America, in Ecuador, 84 miles N.E. of Guayaquil, 
 and 9 miles from the ruins of Riobambo Vieja, (Old Rio- 
 bamba,) which is at the foot of Chimboraao, and was de- 
 stroyed by an earthquake in 1797. 
 
 RIO, BAY OF, South America. See Rio J.\yEnio. 
 
 RIO BOXITO, ree'o bo-nee'to, a town of Rrazil, province, 
 and 23 miles E.N.K of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. of the dis- 
 trict, 8tX)0. 
 
 RIO BRANCO, ree'o brjn'ko. (i.e. "AVhite River,") or PARI- 
 MA, pl-ree'mi. a river of Brazil, province of Par4, rises near 
 the source of the Orinoco, in lat. .3° N., Ion. 64° W., runs at 
 first E., to its junction with the Takutu, and thence flows 
 mostly S.S.W. to the Rio Negro, which it joins as its princi- 
 pal affluent by several mouths. 70 miles S.K. of Bareellos. 
 Total course, 700 miles. The principal tributaries are the 
 Itacucu or Takutu, Jlacaj.ihi, and Catrimani. In lat. 1° 4o' 
 N., its navigation is impeded by a series of falls and rapids, 
 formed by ledges of granite rock. The aggregate perpen- 
 dicular descent of these, throughout 7 miles, is estimated at 
 60 feet ; and at the largest — the Caruwanna — canoes must 
 be unloaded. Its waters are opjique and whitish, whence its 
 name. On it are forts St. Joaquim, and the towns of Carmo 
 and Santa Maria Xova. The upper part of the river San 
 Miguel, in Brazil, has the same name. 
 
 RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE. Si« Rio GiLiNDE. 
 
 RIO COLORADO. See Colorado River. 
 
 RIO COLORADO CHIQUITO, ree'o ko-lo-r;Vdo che-kee'to, 
 (i. e. the " Little Colorado.") a river of Now Mexico, rises in 
 about 35° N. lat., and 108° W. Ion. Flowing W., it falls into 
 the Colorado in alx)ut 35° 15' N. lat., and 113° 20' W. Ion. 
 Entire length, near 500 miles. 
 
 RIO DAS MORTES, ree'o dis moR'tfs. a river of Brazil, 
 province of Matto Grosso, joins the Araguay. Course, N. 
 and E.. 500 miles. 
 
 RIO DE CONTAS. ree'o di kon't^s, a small town of Brazil, 
 province, and 230 miles S.S.W. of Bahia, near the head of the 
 wer Contas or Jussiape, which flows E. 220 miles to the At- 
 lantic Ocean. Near its mouth is the village of Contas. 
 
 RIO DE JANEIRO, ree'o dA zhd-uA'e-ro. the metropolitan 
 province of Brazil, bounded on the N. by the province of 
 Espirito Santo, the Parahiba, and the Serra da Manti- 
 queir.a, which separates it from .Minas Oer.-U'S; on the W. 
 fu** ?y^' ^^ ^^^ province of Sao Paulo; and S. and E. by 
 7,^ i^*!?"',"^ *!^*^' '^'^^ square miles. Lat. 21° 16' to 
 22° 23 S . Ion. 41° to 44° 50' W. The surfoce is low along 
 r .i!"^. ' interior Is mostly mountainous, consisting 
 
 or the Surra do Mar. Organ Mountains, and their ramificv 
 tions. The pnnclpiil river is the Parahiba. The soil is 
 extremely firlile The products comprise sugar, coffee, 
 
 KIO 
 
 cocoa, cotton, maize, rice, indigo, and fine wiX)d3. For ad- 
 ministrative purposes. Rio de Janeiro is divided into eight 
 coniarcas — Angra dos Reis. Oabo Frio, Ciuupos dos Oolta- 
 caze.s, Cantagallo, Itaboratri, Nitherohi, Re/.ende, an 1 Vas- 
 sour.is. It sends 10 deputies to the general legislative issem- 
 bly, and appoints 5 senators. The provincial assembly, of 36 
 members, meets in Nitherohi. After the capital. Tlio Janeiro, 
 (or Rio de .Janeiro.) the principal towns are Villa do Cabo, 
 Cantagallo. SJin Joilo da Prava. and TiOrena. Pop. S.tO.OOO. 
 
 RIO DE JANEIRO, a city of Brazil. See Rio J.oeiro. 
 
 RIO DE LA HACHA. See Rio IIacha. 
 
 RIO DE LA PASIOX, ree'o dA Id pj-se-6n'. a river of Cen- 
 tral America, rises in the L,^ke Lncandon. in British Hon- 
 duras, flows W., and 72 miles N.W. of Cobau, (Guatemala,) 
 having been joined by the rivers St. Isabel, Mantaquece, 
 and Sacapulas. acquire.^ the name of Usuma.siuta, (which 
 see.1 During the rains it is often half a league across. 
 
 RIO DE LA PLATA, ree'o dA ML plA'ta, or the PL.A.TE 
 RIVER, one of the great rivers, or rather a great estuary 
 of South America, In the Argentine Republic, formed by 
 the junction of the Paran4 and Uruguay Rivers, in lat. 34"^ 
 S., Ion. 58° 30' W.. its Ijasin lying S. of those of the .\mazon, 
 Tocantins, and Sao Francisco, and its numerous tributaries 
 draining most part of the I^a Plata, Paraguay, and Uruguay 
 territories, with considerable portions of Bolivia and Brazil, 
 The estuary resulting from their union Is 200 miles in 
 length from N.W. to S.E., and where it joins the Atlantic 
 Ocean, is 170 miles across, (between .Maldonado an 1 Cape San 
 Antonio:) its centre being about lat 35° 30' S.. Ion. 56° W. 
 Its muddy waters cin be traced in the ocean 200 miles from 
 its mouth. The tot.il length of the I>a Plata, Parani, and 
 the I'araguay has been estimated at nearly 2500 miles; and 
 from the ocean to the Island of Apipe. in the Parani, at 
 least 1250 luiles. there is a continuous and safe navigation 
 for vessels of 300 tons. The Aguapehi, an affluent of the 
 Paraguay, near lat. 15° 40' S., Ion. 59° 2o' W., is separated 
 only by a portage of 3 miles fi-om the Alegre, a tributary of 
 Guapore, and were a canal to be made to connect the two 
 streams, a complete system of internal navigation through- 
 out nearly all South America would exist. 
 
 RIO DE LA PL.\TA, Confedeeatio.v of. See Plata, La. 
 
 RIO DE LAS CASAS GRANDAS, ree'o dA lis kA'sls griaf. 
 dAs, a river of the Mexican Confederation, state of Chih uahus, 
 enters the Lake Guzman aft«r a N. course of 100 miles. On 
 it, towards its source, is the ruined Azteck town, called Laa 
 Casas Grandas, (" The great houses.") 
 
 RIO DKL NORTE, Texas. See liio Graxde. 
 
 RIO DE LOS AMERICANOS. See American River. 
 
 RIO DE LOS MARTIRES, ree'o dA loce maR'te-rJs, or 
 RIVER OF MARTYRS, a river of Californi.a. rises in the 
 S.E. p.irt of the state, near the border of New Mexico, and 
 flowing In a general S.W. couise, falls into the Pacific Ocean 
 near the N. boundary of San Diego county, in about 33° iiC 
 N. latitude. 
 
 RIO DEL REY, ree'o dil rA, a large, shallow bay, in the 
 Bight of Blafra, in Guinea. E. of the Old Calabar River, and 
 opposite the island of Fernando Po. 
 
 RIO DK MIXIIO.?, ree'o dA meen'yoce. a town of Portugal, 
 province of Beira Alta,10 miles from Viseu. Pop. 850. 
 
 RIO DE SAX JUAX ree'o dA sAn iioo-An', (or Hwdn.) a 
 river of Xew Mexico, rises near 37° X. lat. and 107° 30' W. 
 Ion. Flowing W. it joinsGrand River, the principal branch 
 of the Colorado. Entire length, about 350 miles. 
 
 RIO DE SAO LOUREXgo, Brazil. See Porbudos. 
 
 RIO DK SKGOVIA. See Cape River. 
 
 RIO DOCE. a river of Brazil. See DocE. 
 
 RIO DULCE, river of the Argentine Republic. See DciCE. 
 
 RIO DULCE, ree'o dool'sA, (i. e. " sweet river.") the outlet 
 of the Golfo Dulce, in Central America, State of Honduras, 
 enters the Caribbean Sea in Lit. 15° 60' N., Ion. 88° 46' 20" 
 W., after a winding course of 23 miles, during which it ex- 
 pands into El Golfete, or the Little G alf, 9 miles In length, by 
 2 miles across. At its mouth Is a bar with less than 6 feet 
 water. Its btinks are skirted by abrupt wooded heights, 
 rising about 300 feet. The Upper Rio Dulce enters the gulf 
 from the W. 
 
 IvIO FRIO, ree'o free'o, (i. e. " cold river,") a river of Texas, 
 which flows S.E. through a part of Bexar county, and en- 
 ters Rio Nueces at the N. extremity of Nueces county. 
 
 RIO GORDO, ree'o goR'do, a village of Spain, In Andalo- 
 sia, province, and 4 miles N.E. of Malaga. Pop. 24H6. 
 
 RIO GltANDE, ree'o grdn'dA, a river of West .Africa, in 
 Seuegambia. rises in Foota Jallon, near Labee. Lat. 11° 20* 
 N., Ion. 11° W. It flows W., and enters the Atlantic by an es- 
 tuary 10 miles across, between the Nuitez and Casamanaa 
 Rivers. It communicates by an arm with the Jeba River, 
 20 or 30 miles farther N. Oii it are the towns of K.ide and 
 Bis.s.agos; and opposite its mouth are the BIs.sagos Islands. 
 The whole country between It and the Nuilez is supposed to 
 be a collection of islands, divided by Its branches, manj of 
 which remain unexplored. Its banks are densely wooded, 
 and studded with iuimense ant hills; the country watered 
 by it is populous, and produces gold, ivory, wax, bides, and 
 horses. 
 
 KIO GRANDE, a river of Africa. See Jkka 
 
fasc: 
 
 KIO 
 
 RIO GRANDE, ri'o grSnd* (Sp. pron. ree^o giin'dA,) RIO 
 DKL NOllTE, irodJlnort,orree/od61 noiVti, RIO GRANDE 
 DEL NORTE, (,«p. pron. ree'o grdn'di d&l noii'tl "Great 
 River of tho North,") or RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE, (,«p. 
 pron. ree'o bri'vo d^l noR/ti, i. e. " rapid river of tlie 
 North,") an ioiportaut river of North America, rises In the 
 Rocky Mountains near lat. .38^ N., and Ion. lO0° 30' W. Its 
 general course is at first S.E., then E. and S.S.E., and lastly 
 nearly E. It falls into the Gulf of Mexico near 25° N lat. 
 and 97° W. Ion. The length is estimated at ISOO miles. 
 The Rio Grande is for the most part very shallow, and navi- 
 gation is impeded liy rapids and sand-bars. Small steamers 
 have ascended to Kinjrsbury's Rapids, abfiut -l-iO miles from 
 the sea. Near 900 miles from its mouth is the "Grand In- 
 dian Crossing."' where the Apaches and Comanches ford the 
 river ihere only 3 or •! feet deep) in their predatory incur- 
 sions into Mexico. It forms the boundary between Texas 
 and Mexico. 
 
 RIO GRANDE, a post-offlce of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 RIO GliANDE, Central America. See Hondo. 
 
 RIO GRANDE, ree'o grdn'di, a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 Serra de Maiitiqueira, in the S. of the province of Minas 
 Geraes, near the frontiers of the province of Rio de Janeiro, 
 and flowing first N. then W.N.W. through Minas Geraes to 
 the frontiers of Sao Paulo, when it receives its first import- 
 ant tributary, the Sapucahi, thence pursues a \V. course, 
 receiving the Para, joins the Paranaiba to form tlie Parana, 
 after a direct course of about 600 miles. Its channel is ob- 
 structed by numerous cataracts. 
 
 RIO GRANDE, a river of Brazil, joins the left bank of the 
 Sao Francisco, at the town of Barra-do-Rio-Grande. Its whole 
 course is about 250 miles, of whirh no less than 130 miles 
 m.iy be navigated uninterruptedly. 
 
 RIO GRA.NDE, a river of South Americ.% in Bolivia, rises 
 by several heads near Cochabamba, flows E. and N., separat- 
 ing the departments of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz from 
 those of Oruro and Sucr6. ic, and near lat. 15° 10' S. re- 
 ceives the Chapari, after which it is called the JIamore. Its 
 affluents are the Chaolani, Piray, and YapsicHni. 
 
 RIO GRANDE, a river of New Granada, department of 
 Istmo, rises X.W. of Panama, about 2 miles from which 
 city it enters the Pacific Ocean. It receives several streams, 
 Is navigable for the last 5 miles of its course, and admits 
 the entrance of large vessels at high water. Its head is 
 near the Obispo, an afUuent of the Cruces. 
 
 RIO GliANDE, a river of the Mexican Confederation, 
 states of Querotaro, Guanajuato, Miehoacan. and Jali.«co, en- 
 ters the Pacific at San Bias, after a N.W. course of 400 miles 
 across the Anahuae table-land. It is greatly interrupted by 
 cataracts, and is very rapid. Its affluents are the Lerma, 
 &c. It traverses a part of the Lake of Chapala. 
 
 RIO GR.\NDE, a river of the Mosquito Territory, in Cen- 
 tral America, enters the Caribbean Sea, 30 miles N. of Pearl 
 Key Lagoon. It is s;iid to be navigable for boats 200 miles. 
 
 RIO GKANDE CITY, a post-village, port of entry, and 
 capital of Starr co., Texas, on the left bank of the Rio G rande, 
 about 560 miles S. by W. of Austin City. Steimlioats run 
 regularly between this place and the mouth of the river. 
 It has considerable trade, and contains a custom-house. 
 Free popnlatlon i'VJ. 
 
 RiO GRANDE DE LA PLATA, a river of Bolivia. See 
 
 GUAPEV. 
 
 RIO GRANDE DO BELMONTE. See JEQtiTixHONH.v. 
 
 RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, ree'o grdn'di do non'ti 
 {i.e. "Rio Grande of the North,") a maritime province of 
 Brazil, situated between lat. 4° 32' and 7° IS' S., and Ion. 36° 
 and 3S0 40' W., having N. and E. the Atlantic. Area, 22,784 
 square miles. Its name is derived from a river which, after 
 in E. course, enters the Atlantic at NatiU. The other rivers 
 are the Seiido and Appody. The surftice is level near the 
 coast, but uneven inland. The products comprise the best 
 Brazil wood, cotton, sugar, rice, drugs, salt, and large num- 
 bers of cattle. For administrative purposes, this province is 
 divided into two comarcas — Natal and Assu. Its provincial 
 assembly, composed of 20 members, holds its sittings at 
 Natal. Besides Natal, the capital, it contains the towns of 
 Villa Flor, A rez. Anacu, Porto Alegre, Villa Nova da Princeza, 
 and Villa Nova do Principe. During 5 years the number of 
 slaves has risen in this province from 5000 to 15,000. Pop. 
 110,000. 
 
 RIO GRANDE DO SUL, ree'o grin'dA do sool, (te. "Rio 
 Srande of the South,") a town of Brazil, province of Sao 
 Pedro do Rio Grande, on a low peninsula at the S. extremity 
 
 • The prnnnnciation of these names, which may be said to belong 
 BOW to the United States, ought to be anglicized for the same 
 reason that the names of Detroit, Wisconsin, and Texas are 
 anglicized, th.it is because the great majority of persons who 
 have occasion to use them, speak the English langu,ige. Those, 
 however, who prefer the foreign pronunoi.ation, should he care- 
 ful to be consistent, and not pronounce one half of the name 
 after tho Spanish mode and then auglicize the remainder. We 
 should either saj rVo tU^l nort or ree'o deJ norHny, and not ree^o 
 ■lei nort, as we too frequently hear. In like manner Kio Grande 
 should be pronounced either ri'o grand or reelo granlday, and not 
 rwlo grand. 
 
 RIO 
 
 of Lake Patos. with a light-house in lat. 32° 7' 3., Ion. 52=" 8' 
 W. Pop. 3590. From its low situation it is subjected to 
 inundation. It has a considerable trade on the lake, in 
 which .SOO or 400 small vessels are engaged. In 1851 it 
 exported 25fi.500 s.alted hides to Great Britain. 
 
 RIO GRANDE DO SUL. See Sto Pethio do Sn,. 
 
 RIO IIACIIA, ree'o d'chi, (or hd/cha.) or RIO DE LA 
 IIACIIA, ree'o dA Id d'chd, a river of South America, in New 
 Granada, dep.artment of Magdalena, enters the Caribltean Sea 
 OOniiles E.N. E. of Santa Marta. after a N. course of 120 mDes. 
 
 RIO II.\CIIA, a town of South America, in New Granada, 
 200 miles E.N.E. of Cartagena, in lat. 11° 33' N., Ion. 72° 52^ 
 30" W., with a small port at the mouth of the Rio Uacha in 
 the Caribbejin Sea. 
 
 RIO HONDO, ree'o hon'do. {i.e. "deep river,") a smaU 
 river of .\merica, forming the X. limit of British Honduras. 
 
 RIOJA or RIOXA, re-o'iid. a village of Spain, in Andalu- 
 sia, province, and about 8 miles from Almeria. Pop. 1069. 
 
 RIOJA, L.i, Id re-o'iid, Spain, is a region comprising most 
 of the province of Logroilo and p.art of Soria. It is not a po 
 Htical division, and is named from the Oja, an affluent of 
 the Ebro. 
 
 RIOJA, re-o/nd, a town of the Argentine Republic, (L» 
 Plata,) capital of a province of its own name, is situated in 
 a wide plain, 118 miles S.S.W. of Catamarca. Lat. 29° S., 
 Ion. 67° 50' W. Pop. from 3000 to 4000. 
 
 RIOJA, L\, Id re-o'nd, a province of the Argentine Re- 
 public, in South America, between lat. 27° 5u' and 31' S., 
 and extending from Ion. 00° 20' W. to the Andes, and on 
 other sides having the provinces of Catamarca, Cordova, 
 and San .luan. Estimated pop. 19,000. AVheat is raised, 
 and wine and brandy exported, but its remote inland situa- 
 tion places many obstacles in the way of its trade. The pria- 
 cipal towns are Rioja, Chilecito. and Quandacol. 
 
 RIO JANEIRO, ri'o ia-uee'ro, or RIO DE JANEIRO, 
 (Port. pron. ree'o dA zha-ni'e-ro,) often called simply RIO, 
 ri'o, the capital of Brazil, and the large.st and most im- 
 portant city of South America, is most beautifully, as 
 well as most advantageously situated on the W. side of 
 a bay of its own name. Lat. of Fort Villaganliao, 22° 
 54' 42" S., Ion. 43° 9' AV. The beauty of this bay \a 
 scarcely ilvalled by that of Naples. The first object which 
 presents itself on nearing the coast is the Pao d'Assucar, 
 (" Sugar Loaf,") which is so called from its re.semblauce to 
 a sugar-loaf, rising 1000 feet from the sea. Though this Is 
 the first, it is not the principal or only object on this peerless 
 sheet of water, which is surrounded by high bills and moun- 
 tains of every variety of form. 
 
 Approached through an entrance of about 1 mile in 
 widtli, the bay expands as it extends N., in one instance to 
 11 miles, studded with beautiful islands, the largest of 
 which. Ilha do Governador, (eel'yd do go-vjR-nd-dou', "Go 
 vernor's Island,") is 6 miles long. From the summit of Cor» 
 covado, 3000 feet high, and 3J miles S. by W. of the city, 
 a most extensive view may be enjoyed, including every 
 variety of scene, mountain, city, plain, lalce, b.-»y.and ocean. 
 According to Hatfield's recent work on Brazil, to which 
 we are largely indebted, this mountain is a gigantic mono- 
 lith, comparable to the gnomon of a sun-dial; and though 
 its sides are generally clothed with forests, and matta or 
 j ungle, it may be ascended on horseback. From the springs 
 which arise on and around this mountain, come the waters 
 that feed the splendid aqueduct which supplies the capitaL 
 Still farther to the S.W., and perhaps 10 miles from the 
 town, is the Gavia, a yet more remarkable mountain, with 
 a fiat summit, called by the Engli.sh Table Mountain, and 
 by the Portuguese Square Topsail, which article of rigging 
 it greatly resembles ; this has not yet been ascended. Far 
 to the N., the view is terminated by the Organ Mount,ains, 
 so called from their peculiar structure. Opening into the 
 outer harbor is Botafogo Bay, adorned v ".th buildings of a 
 superior description, with beautiful gardens planted with 
 bananas, oranges, lemons, palm-trees, Ac. Here foreign mer- 
 chants reside, to enjoy the cool sea-breezes. On a small 
 biiy, 3 miles N.W. of the city, is Sao Christovao, a rur.al 
 palace of the emperor; but the sovereign and court have 
 also residences at Petropolis, which is reached by a short 
 sjiil to Mana, across the bay, .ind thence by a railway of 10 
 miles — the only one in the empire. It is probably no exag- 
 geration to say that no city in the world unites in so great 
 a degree the advantages of commercial position — the harbor 
 being one of the best in the world, and large enough for all 
 its navies — with such a combination of mountain, lake, b.ay, 
 and ocean to give it picturesque beauty. The climate, 
 though hot. is tempered by its proximity to the sea, and its 
 near approach to the temperate zone. The mean tempera- 
 ture, as ob.«erved during 30 years, was 73° ; the maximum, 
 (in December, the hottest month,) was 89^°; minimum, 70°; 
 mean, 79°: in July, (the coldest month,) maximum, 79°; 
 minimum, 66°; mean, 73J°. 
 
 The immediate locality of the town itself is just within 
 the narrow opening of the harbor, on an elevated tongue of 
 land, of an oblong shape. Next the shore the site is flat, 
 but includes within its scope five hills, with their interven- 
 ing valleys. The more ancient part, to the N.E.. is traversea 
 
 1593 
 
RIO 
 
 by 8 streets, "traight and nairow, but paraHel, and crossed 
 by a multiti.de of others at right angles ; here the houses are 
 high. In the new town, erected mostly since the removal 
 Of the roval fjimily hither in 180S, they are more handsome, 
 being built generally of granite. The two towns are sepa- 
 rated by the Campo de Santa Anna, a public square. Though 
 the houses on the hills are conspicuous at a distance, and 
 make a fine display, yet so large a portion are in the valleys 
 as to give the appearance of less extent than the city actu- 
 ally occupies. 
 
 The old town is on the flat portion first named, while the 
 new part is on and between the hills. The streets in both 
 portions, where the inequality of the ground will admit of 
 it, cross each other generally at right angles; and though 
 mostly so narrow as not to allow of the passage of two vehi- 
 cles at once, this is not without advantages in so hot a cli- 
 mate, bv the shelter it affords from the intense rays of the 
 gun. On the N. the hills approach so closely to the water as 
 to leave room for only a single street. The pavements are 
 generally not good, and in the level parts of the town are 
 without drainage, and very imperfectly cleaned. In paits, 
 however, there are granite pavements in the centre of the 
 streets, and raised sidewalks for foot passengers. Though 
 the harbor is so excellent that even pilots are not needed, 
 little has been done by art to facilitate the loading and un- 
 loading of vessels, which is performed mostly by means 
 of lighters; government, however, has at last awaiened to 
 the importance of the matter, and Is erecting a quay or 
 wharf between the .Military and Kaval Arsenals, at which 
 IG vessels will be enabled to unload at once. The harbor is 
 Well detended by Fort St. Juan, on a wooded peninsular emi- 
 nence, on the W. side of the enti-ance, and by Fort Santa 
 Cruz on the opposite side, while almost in front of the town 
 is Fort Villaganhao,onasmall island. 
 
 Public Buildings a/id Indiiulions. — The Bank Exchange, 
 Custom-House, and Naval Arsenal — greatly extended re- 
 cently — are in the Rua Direita, ^straight street.) the widest 
 street. The Imperial Palace, a plain brick building; the 
 Old Palace, now used for public offices, on the shore; the 
 Senate-House, a plain but large structure, (Palacio do 
 Senado Imperi.il;) the Town-House, (Palacio Municipal,) 
 also a plain but commanding edifice; the Public Hospital, 
 erected in 1841, on a most magnificent scale, on a small 
 bay near the entrance of the port; the National Library, 
 with 80,000 printed volumes, and many valuable manu- 
 scripts; a well-supported opera-house; a theatre; a mu- 
 seum, rich in cabinet-s of mineralogy, entomology, and orni- 
 thology; and about 50 churches, of no great extiernal archi- 
 tectural merit, but sumptuously decorated within, ai-e 
 among the more prominent public buildings of this city. 
 Of the structures devoted to religious worship, the most con- 
 spicuous are the octagonal church of Xossa Seuhora da GlorLi, 
 finely situated on a rounded promontorj' of the same name; 
 the church of Sao Francisco, with two round towers, and a 
 hospice attached ; the Church of the Cross, and the Church 
 of Candellaria, one of the largest in the city, with a fine 
 fiigade and two of the loftiest lowers in Brnsil ; the convent 
 of Sao Bento. a massive structure, with grated windows, 
 but richly decorated in the interior: the convent of St. An- 
 thony, a gorgeou.s edifice, with two immense chapels, and a 
 vast cloister; and the nunnery of St. Theresa, on a hill 
 opposite to it, are the principal religious houses. Among 
 the benevolent establishments are the Casa da MLserecordia. 
 founded in 15S2, and richly endowed ; the Hospital of Inva- 
 lids, and the hospitals of Lazarus and Doudos. The educa- 
 tional astablishments are the Imperial College of Don Pedro 
 II., the College of Sao Josfi, schools of medicine and surgery, 
 the Military and Naval Academy, many public schools, and 
 » fine botanic garden. The princip.il criminal establishment 
 is the House of Correction, but there are besides two large 
 prisons, and a number of smaller ones. The national mint 
 and post-offlce are situated in this city. The Kio market is a 
 fine, large building, and is well supplied with fish, oranges, 
 bananas, piue-apples, ic, and with some game. There are 
 several public squares, the principal of which has been already 
 named. The best street is the Rua d'Ouvidor, which is 
 mostly French, with well-supplied shops, in which nearly 
 every thing that can be liought in Paris and London may 
 be had. A gas company has been formed, and in 1853 pipes 
 Were laid and lamps erected over nearly one-half of the city. 
 But one of the noblest wcrrks. both for Its architectural effect 
 and for Its utility, is the aqueduct supplying the city with 
 water from the region on and around Mount Corcovado. 
 
 Ckmimerce. — Although possessing one of the best harbors 
 in the world, Rio Janeiro does not communicate with the in- 
 terior by any great river, nor has she any canal or railroad 
 to supply its place; still her extensive commerce is vearly 
 increasing; and when railways shall have been made— and 
 companies have alrejidy been formed for that purpose— her 
 trade musit increase In a rapid ratio. Situated on the bor- 
 ders of two zones, with the products of both within her 
 reach, she needs nothing but a spirit of enterprise In her 
 citizens to rank her among the first commercial centres In 
 the world. Her exports at present consist mainly of coffee, 
 bide*, sugar, rice, cotton, rosewood, rum, tobacco, horns, 
 1694 ' 
 
 RIO 
 
 ipec.icuanha, tapioca, Ac; and her imports of silk, linen, 
 woollen, and cotton goods, chiefly from England and France ; 
 iron, wrought or in bars, from England and Sweden; cables, 
 cordage, and sailcloth, chiefly from Ku.ssia ; and flour from 
 the Cnited States. The total number of bags and barrels 
 of coffee exported In the ye;ir 1847, was l,t>50,300 ; in 1S4'*, 
 1.700.544; in 1849. 1.451.715; in 1850. 1.392..361: in 1S51, 
 1.993,255: in 1852, 1.899,861: in 1853. 1,657,520. The tot.-U 
 number of cases of sugar exported in 1847. was S136; in 
 1848. 2371; in 1849, 3212; ia 18.50, 6465; in 1851. 4752; in 
 1852. 9012; in 1853. 2667. The total number of hides ex- 
 ported in 1847, was 268.492; in 1848, 348,917 : in 1849. 299.262; 
 in 1850, 196,706; in 1851, 173.746; in 1852. 210.223; in 1853, 
 75,852. In addition to the above, there were exported, In 
 1853, 21.808 boxes and barrels of coffee ; 17,550 bags of sugar ; 
 5049 half-tanned hides ; 222,577 horns ; 1050 pipes of rum ; 
 25,825 rolls of tobacco; 9935 bags of rice: 32.610 planks of 
 jacai-anda: 7085 barrels of tapioca; and 71,080 pounds of 
 ipecacuauha. The shipments of coffee to the United States 
 between 1833 and 1853. inclusive, varied from 236.708 at the 
 first date, to 853.02:3 bags at the last date; but the Inuvst 
 amount was 127.032 bags in 18.37, and the /lighest 960,850 in 
 
 1852. The total export varied from 97,500 — amount ex- 
 ported in 1820 — to l,'i57,520 iu 1853; bnt the greatest amount 
 exported was 1,993,255 bags in 1851. The total imports from 
 Great Britain amounted. In 1849, to 2.444.715?.; in 1850, 
 2..544.S37?.; in 1S51. 3,518,684/.; and in 1852. to 3,464.394J, 
 The largest importations, by far, were of cotton goods, then 
 next in order, woollen and linen goods, iron and steel, hard- 
 ware and cutlery, butter, earthenware, apparel, silk goods, 
 &c. The exports to Great Britain of cotton varied, in the 
 4 ye.irs ending with 1852, between 19,3:39.104 and 30,738,133 
 pounds; of coffee, between 1.779.799 and 7, ^"88.638 pounds ; 
 of sugar, between 289,999 and 720.424 hundredweights: of 
 cocoa, between 1,204.572 and 2.244.713 pounds; of hides, 
 between 94,733 and 207,199 hundredweights : and of rose- 
 wood, between 3022 and 3676 tons. Of hides and tallow, th? 
 ratio was rapidly decreasing, the smalle.st number being at 
 the late.<t date. The total value of imports from the United 
 States amounted, in 1852, to $2,782,179, and in 1853. to 
 $3,734,190, of which last two-thirds was in wheat flour; the 
 other principal items were tob.iceo,wax,turpent ine.furnlture, 
 soap, gunpowder, nails, castings, cotton manufactures, gold 
 and silver coin. ($.302,333,) and miscellaneous manufactures. 
 Vessels arrived in 1852. (exclusive of vessels merely touching,) 
 793, (burden, 198.053 tons:) in 1853, 750 vessels, (burden, 
 186,984 tons.) Cleared in 1852. 1173 vessels, (bui-den. 448.851 
 tons:) in 185.3,1004 vessels, (burden, .387,470 tons:) of which 
 last, 782 vessels had a foreign destination. Coasting trade fo» 
 
 1853, entered, exclusive of 341 steaml^oats. 20',U vessels, (bur- 
 den, 207,872 tons;) and cleared, exclu.sive of 3:30 steamboats, 
 2036 vessels, (burden, 202,994 tons.) In the s.ime year, 84 
 vessels (burden. 25,502 tons) were engaged in the Liverpool 
 trade. The commerce of the port for the month of Novem- 
 ber. 1854, shows that 146 vessels arrived, of wliich 33 were 
 English, 31 American, 14 Portuguese. 11 Swedish. 10 French, 
 9 Danish, 7 Spanish. 5 Belgian, 5 Bremen, 5 Hamburg, 4 
 Noiwegian, 4 Sardinian, 2 Chilian, 2 Hanoverian. 2 Oriental, 
 1 Argentine, and 1 Dutch, Customs revenxie for 185.3, 
 12,479,437 reis, or about $7,000,000. i,$1.200,000 less than 1852.) 
 The consulado revenue for 18.53 was about :J1. 200.000. Capi- 
 tal of joint stock companies paid in, about $1 l.OOO.iXW. The 
 slave-trade is rapidly diminishing, K'ir.g discountenanced 
 by the government, and especially by the emperor. The 
 import of .slaves sank. In the entire empire, from 60.000 in 
 1848 to but 700 in 1852. A line of steamers has recently 
 bein established between Rio Janeiro and Liverpool, which 
 connects with another line to the Rio de la Plata. There is 
 also a monthly line to Southampton. 
 
 Manufactures are few and unimportant, except those of 
 leather and glass, and their fabrication is directed by foreign 
 skill ; yet the government has done all if could to favor 
 home-made manufactures. 
 
 I^iptdation. — Rio Janeiro presents every variety of race 
 and shade of color in her population, from the .iet-l>lack slave 
 to the fair Englishman or Gei-man. At the commencement 
 of the present century, the blacks and colored persons far 
 surpas.sed the whites in number, whereas the latter now 
 predominate. This result has been brought abtuit by the 
 influx of emigrants from England, Fr.ince. the Netherlands, 
 Germany. Italy, and Portugal and its dependencies, who have 
 contributed largely to its wealth and importance by their 
 industry and skill; some as merchants, and others as me- 
 chanics. There has never been an exact census taken of 
 the population of Rio. and, of course, all the indefinitene.s8 
 that usually attaches to mere e.stimates, will be applicable 
 to any statement of its population. On the arrival of the 
 royal family from Portugal, in 1808, the numlmr was given 
 at 50,000, and in 1815 at 100,000. In 1853, Hatfield estimates 
 it at from 3oO,iX to 400,000, while fhe Alraanach de Gotha 
 states it at only 296,136 in 1855. Elwes, In his Tour Round 
 the World, speaks of "the population as about equalling 
 that of Liverpool." i. t. nearly 4iKi,000, 
 
 History. — Rio Janeiro, (Januarj- Rivfer,) or its vicinity, 
 was first settled in 1555, by the French (cliiefly Protestant) 
 
RIO 
 
 RIP 
 
 rtTusreoi? Thtir leader, TiHefra?;noTi, haying proved a rene- 
 gade til liis faith, had almost ruined the settlement by in- 
 ternal tliKsension, when a Portu;;uese force appeared and 
 Romplfted the destruction, in 1567. The conqiierors laid the 
 foundation of a new city, which they called Sao Sehastiilo. 
 On the arrival of the Portuguese court at lUo In ISOS, the 
 Beat fif j;overnment waa removed hither from Bahia, since 
 which period the city has advanced by rapid strides. Of 
 later years this city, with other ports of Brazil, has suffered 
 severely from yellow fever, heightened, doubtless, by the 
 lilthy condition of the streets, and the densely-populated 
 houses. 
 
 BIO JANKTRO, a province of Brazil. See RiO be jANErao. 
 
 RIO JAQUESILA. See Yaquesila. 
 
 RIO LEOXA. ree'o lA-o'ni, a small stream of Texas, flows 
 S.E. and enters llio Frio in the S. part of Bexar county. 
 
 RIO LLANO, ree'o Id/no, a small river of Texas, rises iu 
 Bexar countv. and flows K. into the Colorado. 
 
 RIO LOBOS, reeVlo/boce, (Wolf River,) a village of Spain, 
 In Estremadura, about 40 miles from Caceres, near the Ala- 
 gon. Pop. 1095. 
 
 KIOLS, re-ol', a village of France, department of Hfirault, 
 arrondiasement of St. Pons. Pop. in 1K52, 2560. 
 
 RIO.M, re-ix"', a town of France, department of Puy-de- 
 D5me, on a hill, 8 miles N.N.E. of Clermont. Pop. In 1852, 
 12,386. It is well built, and paved mostly with basalt and 
 lava, from the quarries of Volvic. It has a communal col- 
 lege, a library of 10,000 volumes, and manufactures of linen 
 and cotton fabrics, brandy, and leather. It is the birthplace 
 of Gregory of Tours, and of Anne Dubourg. 
 
 RIO MAGGIOUE, ree'o mad-jo/ri, a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, 5 miles W. of Spezia, on the Gulf of Genoa. 
 Pop. 2704. 
 
 RIO MAYOR, ree'o ml-oR', a market-town of Portugal, in 
 Estremadura, 43 miles E.N.E. of Lisbon. 
 
 RIOM-ES-MOXTAONE, re-0N<''-i-m('iN«'tlH'. a market- 
 town of France, department of Cantal, 16 miles E.N.E. of 
 Mauriac. I'op. in 1S52. 2717. 
 
 RlOX, re-flN"'. a village of France, department of Landes, 
 18 miles N.M'. of St. Sever. Pop. 1587. 
 
 RION or RIOM RIVER. See Phasis. 
 
 RIO NEGRO, ree'o nA'gro, ("Black River,") a river of 
 South .\merica, in New Granada, flows S.W., and falls into 
 the upper part of the Slagdalena, in lat. 2° 38' N., Ion. 75° 
 25' W. 
 
 KIO NEGRO, a river of South America, in New Granada, 
 an affluent of the Metsi, which it joins a little below its 
 sources at Porto JIarayal. Lat. 4° 8' N., Ion. 74° W. 
 
 RIO NKGHO, a river of South America, in Paraguay, 
 joins the Tebicuary at lat. 26° 25 S. 
 
 RIO NEGRO, PARANA, pa-rj-ni', orGTIATNIA. gwr'ne-S, 
 a rivtr of New Granada and Brazil, is the principal tributary 
 of the .\ma7.on, on the N. side, and under the name of 
 Ouainia, rises in New Granada, near lat. 2° N., Ion. 72° W. 
 It flows generally E.S.E., enters the province of Para, and 
 joins the Amazon in lat. 3° 10' S., Ion. 59° W. Its total 
 course has been estimated at 1000 miles. The principal 
 aflBuents are the Ubaupes, Cababuri, Padaviri, and Rio 
 Branco. At its mouth it is scarcely IJ miles in breadth, 
 but a little higher up it is nearly 9 miles, and opposite 
 Barcellos, 15 miles across. It contains numerous islands, 
 and has a remarkable communication Avith the Orinoco by 
 the navijable Cassiquiare. See Cassiqciare. 
 _ RIO NEGRO or SAUCES. s«w's?s. a river of South Ame- 
 rica, forming the whole boundary between the territory of 
 the Plata Confederation and Patagonia. It appears to rise 
 in a lake at the foot of the Chilian Andes, and after an E. 
 course of 600 or 700 miles, enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 
 41° 4' S.. Ion, 62° 50' W., 90 miles S.W. of the mouth of the 
 river Colorado. A,t its mouth it is 2 miles across, but at 
 Carmen. 16 miles inland, its breadth is less than 300 yards, 
 and 4 miles higher it becomes wholly unfit to be navigated 
 by the smallest merchant vessels. Its bed abounds with 
 Bhoals and islands. Its course is rapid, and 4J miles from its 
 moulh is a dangerous bar. The soil of its banks, in the lower 
 part of its coui-se, is fertile, and around Carmen wheat and 
 barley are raised, and many sheep and excellent horses are 
 reared. The names sa!(c«(" willows") was given on account of 
 the number of these trees found on the banks of this river. 
 
 RIO NEGRO, a river of Uruguay, the cential part of 
 which it drains, enters the Uruguay River SO miles N. of 
 Buenos Ayres. after a W. course of 250 miles. 
 
 RIO NEGRO, a river of the Plata Confederation, depart- 
 ment of Salta, tributary to the Vermejo. 
 
 RIO NEGRO, a town of Colombia, in New Granada, de- 
 partment of Magdalena, province of Antioquia, 20 miles 
 E.S.E. of Medellin. 
 
 RIONERO, reo-nJ'ro. (i. e. " Black Rivulet.") a town of 
 Naples, province of Basilicata, 5 miles S. of Melfi. Pop. 9600, 
 who manufacture wooden tobacco boxes, and trade in oil 
 und wine. It has a collegiate and several other churches. 
 
 RIONERO. a market-town of Naples, province of Molise, 
 9 miles N.W. of Isernia. Pop. 1400. 
 
 RIONS. re-Aji"', a town of France, department of Gironde, 
 16 mlhs S.S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1169, 
 
 RIOPAR, re-o-paR', a town of Spain, province, and 45 miles 
 S.W. of Albacete. Pop. 964. 
 
 RIO PARDO, ree'o paR'do, a town of Brazil, province oi 
 Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, on a river of the same name, neai 
 its confluence with the Jacuhy, 80 miles W. of Porto Alogre, 
 
 RIOi'RETO, the name of Several rivHimji Brazil. BeePRETO. 
 
 RIO PRETO, ree'o pri'to, a town of Brazil, nrovince, and 
 380 miles W.N.W. of Bahia, at the confluence" of the Preto 
 with the Rio Grande, an aiHuent of the Silo Francisco. 
 
 RIO PRETO, a village and pari.sh of Brazil, province cf 
 Minas Geraes, on the Preto, one of the earliest affluents of 
 the Araguahi. 35 miles N.E. of Diamantina. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RIO SALADA. Argentine Republic. See Salado. 
 
 RIO SALADILLO, Argentine Republic. See Salamllo. 
 
 RIO SAN PEDRO, ree'o sdn p.Vdro. a small river of Texas, 
 flows S. into the Rio Grande at the N.W. extremity of 
 McKinley county. 
 
 KIO SECO, Mesina be, mA-see'nJ dk ree'o s.-l'ko, a town 
 of Spain, in Leon, province, and 20 miles N.W. of A'alladolid, 
 beside the river of .same name. It was formerly of much 
 importance, having been a kind of emporium in the four- 
 teenth century, but its industry and commerce have greatly 
 declined. The Spaniards, 50,000 strong, under Blake and 
 Cuesta, were defeated here in 1S08 by Bessi^res, with 12,000 
 F'reuch, and lost 6000 killed and wounded, this loss of tho 
 French being under 500. Rio Seco was mercileSsly sacked 
 by the conquerors. Pop. 3777. 
 
 RIO TINTO, ree'o teen'to, (/. e. "Colored River,") a river 
 of Spain, province of Ilnelvjx, rises near Aracena, and flows 
 to the Mediterranean, which it enters in the Bay of Iluelva. 
 Length, 60 miles. Ne.T.r its mouth is the port of Palos, 
 whence Columbus sailed on his voyage of discovery. 
 
 RIO TINTO, ree'o teen'to, a river of Central America, in 
 the Mosquito Territory, after a N. course of 120 miles, enters 
 the sea E. of Cape Cameron. Lat. 15° 54' N., Ion. 84° 55' W. 
 
 RIO TINTO, Las Minas be, Us mee'nJs d;l ree/o teen'to, 
 (t. e. " the mines of the Rio Tinto,") a town of Spain, In An- 
 dalusia, province, and 36 miles N.E. of Iluelva. Pop. 937. 
 It has in its vicinity mines of iron, lead, and copper, which 
 have been worked from a very early period, to which cir- 
 cumstance it owes its name. 
 
 RIO TINTO, ree'o teen'to, a town and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Douro, 4 miles from Oporto, Pop. 3300. 
 
 RIOU. re-oo/, an islet off the S. coast of i'rance, depart- 
 ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, 7 miles S. of Marseilles. 
 
 RIOUW, Malay Archipelaoro. See Rnio. 
 
 RIO VERMEJO, a river of the Argentine Republic. See 
 Vermkjo River. 
 
 RIO A'ERMELHO, ree'o vfR-mJl'yo, a village and parish 
 of Brazil, province, and island of Santa Catharina, near 27° 
 SW S. lat. Pop. 1200. 
 
 RIO VERMELIIO, a market-town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Oeiaes, SO miles E.N.E. of Serro, on the Barreiro, an 
 affluent of the Vermelho. Pop. 4000. 
 
 RIO VERMELO, a river of Brazil. See Vermelho. 
 
 RIO VIKGEN, ree'o veeR'nJn, of Utah and New Mexico, 
 rises at the S. base of the Wahsatch Mountains, flows S., 
 and falls into the Colorado near lat. 35° 30' N. 
 
 RIOXA. SeeRiOJA. 
 
 RIOZ, ree-o/, a market-town of France, department of 
 Ilaute-SaSne, 14 miles S.S,W. of Veisoul. Pop. 1027. 
 
 Ill PA BOTl'ONI, ree'pi bot-to'nee, a market-town of Italy, 
 in Naples, province of Molise, 12 miles N.N.E. of Campobasso. 
 Pop. 3200. 
 
 KIPA CANDIDA, ree'pd kjn'de-dl, a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Basilicata, 6 miles S.S.E. of Melfl. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 RIPA DI CIIIETI, ree'pJ dee ke-.Vtee, a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Abrnzzo Citra, 3 miles E. of Chieti. 
 
 RIPA FRATTA, ree'pl frdt'ta, a village of Tuscany, 
 province, and 6 miles N. of Pisa, with a fine feudal fortress. 
 
 RIPAGLIA, re-pai'yi or RIPAILLE, ree^M', a village 
 of Savoy, province of Chablais, 20 miles E.N.E. of Geneva,, 
 on the S. shore of its lake, with a farm-house, formerly a 
 convent, to which Amadeus A'lII., Duke of Savoy, subse- 
 quently Pope Felix V., retired after his renunciation of both 
 the dignities he had held. 
 
 RIPALIMOSANA, re-p3-le-mosi'no, a town of Naples, 
 province of Molise, 2 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 3S90. 
 
 RIPARBELLA, re-paK-Wl'ld, or RIPALBELLA, re-pSl-bM'- 
 IJ, a village of Tuscany, 38 miles fiom Pisa. Pop. 1293. 
 
 RIPATRANSONE. re-pd-triln-so/nA, a walled town of Italy, 
 in the Pontifical States, 12 miles S.S.E, of Fermo. Pop, 5120. 
 
 RIPE, a parish of Engl.and, co, of Sussex. 
 
 RIPEN, a town of Denmark. See Ribe. 
 
 RIPLEY, riplee, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of York, West Riding, on the Nidd, here crossed by a 
 bridge, 5 miles W.N.W. of Knaresborough, with a station 
 on the Leeds and Thirsk Railway. Pop. in 1851, 1286. 
 
 RIPLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey, 6 miles 
 N.E. of Guildford, with a village on the old Portsmouth road. 
 
 RIl'LEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 RIP'LEY, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, contains 
 about 450 square miles. It is drained by Laughery Creek, 
 and Graham's Tork of White River. The surface is nearly 
 
 1595 
 
RIP 
 
 leyel, except some steep hills near the water- courses. A 
 portion of the land is of limestone formation, and is well 
 adapted to grain. Named in honor of General Hipley. an 
 officer in the war of 1812. Gipital, Versailles. Pop. I<i,a54. 
 
 KIPLKY, a county in the S.S.E. part of Missouri, border- 
 ing on Arkansas, has an area of tisO square miles. It is 
 traversed from N. to S. by Current Kiver, and al?o drained 
 by Little Black River, Fourche, Dumas, and Davis's Creek. 
 The surface is uneven and hilly : the soil near the streams 
 Is moderately fertile. The highlands produce yellow-pine 
 timber. Capital, Doniphan. Pop. 37 iV, of whom 3669 were 
 free, and 7S slaves. 
 
 RIPLEY, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, about 
 55 miles X.B. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 655. 
 
 RIPLEY, a post-village and township in the W. part of 
 Chautauqua co., New York, about 66 miles S.W. of Buffalo. 
 The town.-hip is bouniled on the X.W. by Lake Erie, on the 
 W. by I'eunsylvania, and is intersected by the Buffalo and 
 State Line Railroad. Pop. 2013. 
 
 RIPLEY, a. village, capital of Jackson co., W. Virginia, 
 on Mill Creek, about 36 miles N. of Charleston. 
 
 RIPLEY, a thriving postrvillage, capital of Tippah co., 
 Mississippi. 210 miles X. by E. of Jackson. It is situated 
 in a rich farming district, near the Mobile and Ohio Kail- 
 road, not yet finished. It contains several churches and 
 Eeminaries. and a newspaper office. 
 
 RIPLEY, a post-village, capital of Lauderdale co_ Ten- 
 nessee, 105 miles W. of Nashville. It contains a court-house, 
 jafl, academy, and a few stores. 
 
 RIPLEY, formerly STAUNTON, a flourishing post-village 
 of Union township. Brown co„ Ohio, is beautifully situated 
 on the Ohio River, 56 miles above Cincinnati. It Ls the 
 largest town in the county, and is the centre of an active 
 trade. It is built on a narrow strip of land which is con- 
 fined between the river and a steep declivity. A plank-road 
 has been laid from this town to Locust Grove. Ripley con- 
 tains 6 chui-che.s, 1 printing office. 1 foundry, a few mills, and 
 1 bank. The female seminary and high school have i-ecently 
 been replaced by a union school. Settled in 1S12. Pop. in 
 1850, 1780; in 1860, 2715. 
 
 RIPLEY, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1283. 
 
 RIPLEY, a township of Huron co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. Pop.1247. 
 
 RIPLEY, a post-township of Montgomery co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1.345. 
 
 RIPLEY, a township of Rush co.. Indiana. Pop. 1-139. 
 
 RIPLEY, a post-village of Brown co., Illinois, about 8 
 miles N.E. of Mount Sterling. 
 
 KIPLEY S, a post-office of Tyler co.. W. Virginia. 
 
 BIP'LEYVILLE. a post-village of Huron co., Ohio. 
 
 RIPOLL, re-pol', a town of Spain, province, and 32 miles 
 W.N.W. ofGerona,on theTer. Pop. 3000. Its Benedictine 
 convent contains many curious tombs. 
 
 RIPOLLET, re-pol-yJt', a village of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 province, and 8 miles from Barcelona, on a river of the same 
 name. Pop. 1231. 
 
 RIPOMORANCE, a village of Tuscany. See Pomeeasck. 
 
 RIP'ON or RIP'PON, a city, parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, and parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, 
 on the Ure, here crossed by a bridge of seventeen arches, 23 
 miles W.N.W. of York, and with a station on the Leeds and 
 Thirsk Branch of the North British Railway, 10 miles S.W. 
 of Thirsk. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 0080. 
 The town is pleasantly situated, and handsomely, though 
 Irregularly built. Its spacious market-place lias in its centre 
 a lofty obelisk. The cathedral, built iu the fourteenth and 
 llfteenth centuries, is esteemed one of the best-proportioned 
 churches in England; length, 266 feet; length of transepts, 
 132 feet. Ripnn has an episcopal palace, an elegant modem 
 Gothic parish church, a free grammar school, large national 
 endowed blue-coat schools, several ancient poor's hospit.als 
 and money charities, a very handsome town-hall, with 
 assembly rooms, a council-house, jail and house of correc- 
 tion, public rooms with a library, a mechanics' institute, 
 and several branch banks, with some manufactures of flax, 
 a manuGictory of saddle-trees, and large markets for wool, 
 com, and butter. Ripon sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. The minster, now a cathedral, was founded be- 
 fcre 661, when the celebrated St. Wilfred was ablot. In 
 1405. Henry IV. held his court at Ripon. Bishop Porteus 
 was bom here in 1731. In the vicinity is Fountaines Abl»y 
 and Xewby Hall. 
 
 RIP'ON, a post-village of Fond du Lac co.. Wisconsin, on 
 the inlet of Green Luke, and on a railroad 81 miles N.W. of 
 Milwaukee. Brockway College (Presbvterian) is located at 
 this place. It contains 7 churches, 2 biinks, and sash, chair, 
 cal met and woollen factories. Pop. of Ripon township 2025. 
 
 RIPONUNY or RIPUNUNY. See Rcpunhnt. 
 
 RIPOSTO, re-pos'to, a modern town of Sicily, on its E 
 c<r«Kt, 10 miles S.W. of Taormina. Pop. 3000. It has risen 
 Wliolly within the present century, and has a harbor pro- 
 tected by a fort. 
 
 SlJul'iy*^'-^^^- * ^^'^^^ of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 KIP'I'LK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 OIPPLE, a parUh of England, oo. of Kent 
 UW6 
 
 RIU 
 
 RIPPOLDSAU. rip'polt-s«w\ a village ot Baden, circle of 
 Middle Rhine, in the Schapbachthal, 31 miles E.S.E. of 
 Strasbourg. Pop. 81S. 
 
 Rll*'POX. a p«iBt-otfice of .Tefferson co., Virginia. 
 
 RII"PONi)EN, chapelry, England, co. York. West Riding. 
 
 RIl'TOX, a post-township of .\ddison co., Vennout, about 
 28 miles S.W. bv S. of .Moutpelier. Pop. 570. 
 
 RIPrrON, ABBOTS, a parish. England, co. Huntingdon 
 
 RIl'TilN. KING'S, a parish of England, co. of Iluntit-gdon 
 
 RlQUEWllIK, reekeh-veeK', a market-town of France, 
 department of Ilaut-Rhin. 6 miles N.X.W.of Colmar. P. 1836. 
 
 RIQUIER-ES-1'LAINS. ree'ke-A' A pliN«', a village of 
 France, department of Seine-Iuferieure, 3 miles S.S.W. of 
 St. Valery. 
 
 RIS, ree, a small town of France, department of Puy-de- 
 Ddme, 10 miles N. of Thiers. Pop. 1512. 
 
 RIS. a village of France, with a station on the Paris and 
 Corbeil Railwaj". 15 miles from Paris. 
 
 RISANO, re-si'no, a village of Dalmatia. 7 miles N.N.W. 
 of Cattaro, on the Gulf of Cattaro. Pop. 1100. 
 
 RIS^BOROUGll, MONKS, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 
 
 RISBOROUGH. PRINCES, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Bucks. 7 miles S.S.W. of Aylesbury. Pop. in 
 1851, 2317. 
 
 RIS'BY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RIS/CA, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. Hera 
 are large iron-works. 
 
 RISCLE, reek'l, a town of France, department of Gers, 26 
 miles W.N.W. of Mii-ande. Pop. in 1852, 1761. 
 
 RIS'DON, a thriving post-village of W.a.«hington township, 
 Hancock co.. Ohio, 93 miles N. by W. of Columbus. It is 
 situated p-irtly in the counties of Seneca and Wood. 
 
 RISDON. a post-village of St. Clair co.. Illinois, near Kas- 
 kaskia, 116 miles S. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 RISE, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 RISKHULME, rlz'holm. a parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 RISELEY, rlzlee, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 RISHANGLES. re-sh.Hng'flz, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 RISHTON. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 RISII'WORTH. township. England, co. York. West Riding. 
 
 RI'SING FAWN, a post-village. Dadeco„ Georgia. 352 miles 
 N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 RISING SUN, a post-village included within the limits of 
 Philadelphia, Pennsvlvania. 5 miles N. of the State-house. 
 
 RISING SUN, a pf.st-office of Cecil co.. Maryland. 
 
 RISING SUN, a h.andsome post-village, capital of Ohio 
 CO.. Indiana, is finely situated on a high bank of the Ohio 
 River, 36 miles below Cincinnati. It contains good public 
 buildings, several churches, an academy, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. It carries on an active trade, and has 1 iron foundry, 
 1 woollen factory, and 1 cotton factor}- which employs about 
 100 operatives. Pop. in 1S.50, ltJ72: in 1860, 1733. 
 
 RISING SUN. a post-office of Macoupin co.. Illinois. 
 
 RISING SUN, a post-office of Polk co.. Iowa. 
 
 RISINGA'ILLE. a post-office of Steuben co^ New York. 
 
 RISLEY COUNTY, Iowa. See Webster. 
 
 RIS'SINGTON, Great, a parish of England, co. Gloucester 
 
 RISSINGTON. Little, a parish of Enirlaiid, co. G loucester. 
 
 RISSINGTON-MICK. a parish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 RISTOGOUCHE. See RESTioorcnE. 
 
 RISTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RISTON. LONG, a parish of England, co. York, East Riding. 
 
 RITCHIE, ritch'ee, a county in the X. part of W. Virginia, 
 has an area of 4S0 square miles. It is traversed by Hughe* 
 River and its North Fork. The surface is hiUy and broken, 
 and mostly covered with forests. The county is intersected 
 by the North-western Turnpike, and by the Parkersbui-g 
 Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Formed in 
 1S43, and named in honor of Thomas Ritchie, editor of the 
 Richmond Enquirer. Capital, ILirrisville. Pop. CS47, of 
 whom 6S0il were free. 
 
 RITCHIE COURT-HOUSE, W.Virginia. See IIarrisville. 
 
 RITCH'IEVILLE. a post-villageof Dinwiddle co^ Virginia, 
 41 miles S. of Richmond. 
 
 RITT.^NA, rit-fi'ni. a Tillage of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Coni. near Borgo-San-Dalmazzo. Pop. 1020. 
 
 RITTENHOUSE. a village of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, aliout 4 miles N.W. of Norristown. 
 
 RITrrENHOUSETOWN, a village or suburb of Philadel- 
 phia, Pennsylvanw, included within the chartered limita 
 of the city, .about 2 miles W. of Germantown, has a valuable 
 stone quarry. The celebrated astronomer, David Kitten- 
 house, was born here in 1732. 
 
 RlTTERSVILLE.apost-officeofT/ehigh oo.. Pennsvlv.inia. 
 
 RITZEBUTTEL, (Ritzebiittel,) rit/zeh-buetfl. a free town 
 of North-west Germany, territory of Hamburg, at the mouth 
 of the Elbe, in the North Sea, 2 miles S. of Cuxhaven. 
 Pop. 1745. 
 
 RIUDECASaS. reoo-nA-kdn'yas. a town of Spain, in Cat* 
 loni.i. province, and 16 miles fi-om Tarragona. Pop. 1190. 
 
 RIUDECOLS. re-oo-p.'i-kols', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 province, and 18 miles N.W. of Tarragona. Pup. 1289. 
 
 RIUDEVITTLES (,?) re-oo-dA-veet-tl?s/. a t-.wn of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, about 24 miles from Barcelona. Pop l3lL 
 
RIU 
 
 ROA 
 
 RIUDOM?', re-oodoms', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 10 
 miles W.N.W. of Tairatjona. Pop. 3247. 
 
 UIVA, ree'vi, or KEIF, rife, a town of the Tyrol. 10 miles 
 W.S.W. of Koveredo, plea.sajitly situated at the N. extremity 
 of Lake Garda. Pop. 2000. It ha.s a ca.stle, a fine church, 
 resorted to iu piljitrimage, and some monasteries. Its port 
 is the larj^est on the lake, and is frequented by a considerable 
 nuQiber of vessels. Its fisheries are productive, and its 
 vicinity furnishes in abundance olives, oranjjes, and lemons. 
 
 KI\A, a villajre of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 8 miles 
 S. of Lugano, and on the S. extremity of its lake. P. lUOO. 
 
 KIVA, ree'Td, a TillHge of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont, on the Sesia, 10 miles W.X.W. of Varallo. 
 
 KIVA, a village ol Italy, at the N. extremity of the Lake 
 of Couio. 
 
 KIVADAUIA, a town of Spain. See Riiiadavia. 
 
 KIA'ADKO, re-vd-B.-i'o, a seaport of Spain, in Galieia, pro- 
 vince, and 37 miles N.E. of Lugo, at the mouth of the Eo, 
 on the E. boundary of Galieia. Lat. 43° 34' X., Ion. 7° \V. 
 Rivadeo was taken and sacked in 1S35 by tlie English under 
 Sir Thomas Percy. Pop. 2638. 
 
 KIV.\-UK-SEIi'LA, ree'vd-di-sJl'yJ, a maritime town of 
 Spain, province, and 35 miles E.N.E. of Oviedo, on the Sella, 
 near its moutli in the Bav of Biscay. 
 
 KI\'A-DI-CII1EKI, ree'Vd dee ke-d'ree, a village of North 
 Italy. Sardinian States, 10 miles E.S.E. of Turin. Pop. 2697. 
 
 KIVA-DI-.MAZZANO, ree^vd dee mat-sd'no, a village of 
 North Italy, 20 miles E. of Ales.s:indria, on an affluent of the 
 Po. Pop. 2002. 
 
 RIVAl'KiiCIIA, re-vi-fn-i/chi a town of Spain, province, 
 and 7 miles S.S.B. of LogroBo. on the Leza Pop. 14H5. 
 
 KIVALTA, re-vdl'ti, a village of North Italy, in Lom- 
 bardy. 5 miles W.N.W. of Mantua, near the Miiicio. 
 
 RIVALTA-UI-ACQUI, re-vill'td dee dk'kwee. a village of 
 Piedmont, 4 miles N.E. of Acqui. on the Rormida. I'. 1885. 
 
 RI VALTA-DI-TORINO, re vdl'td dee to-ree'no. a village of 
 North Italy, 8 miles W.S.W. of Turin. Pop. 1774. 
 
 RIV AN AZZAXO, re-vd-ndt-sd'no. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, province, and near Voghera. Pop. 2002. 
 
 RIVAN'NA, a small river in the E. central part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge, iu All)emarle 
 county, flows S.K. through Fluvanna county, and enters 
 the James River at Oilumbia. By means of dams and locks, 
 it is navigal)le to the South-west Mountain, in Albemarle 
 county, a distauee of above 30 miles. 
 
 RIVAKA, i-e-vd'rd, a vilLige of tlio Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion, and 22 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 1024. 
 
 RIVAROLO, i-e-vd-ro'lo, a town of North Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, 19 miles N. of Turin, on an affluent of the Po. Pop. 
 6032. 
 
 RIVAROLO, re-vd-ro'Io. a town of the Sardinian States, 
 division, and 3 miles N.N.W. of Genoa. Pop. 5684. 
 
 RIVAROLO-DEL-Rp;, re-vd-ro'lo-dM-rd, or HIVAROIXV 
 DEXTltO,rt^vd-ro'lo-d5n'tro,a village and parish of Xorthern 
 Italy, pr( ivinoe, and about 5 miles from Cremona. Pop. 2500. 
 
 RIVAROLO FUORI. re-vd-rolo-foo-o're, a village of Nor- 
 thern Italy. 1« miles W.S W. of Mantua. Pop. ;!174. 
 
 RIVE-DE QIER, reev-dgh-zhe-a', a town of France, dopart- 
 went of I^oire, on the <5ier, an affluent of the Rhone, at the 
 head of the Canal of Givors. and on the St. Etienne and Lyons 
 Railway, 121 miles X.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 13,186. 
 It has extensive manufactures of glas.s-Vfare.s, steel, hard- 
 wares, and steam-engine factories. Near it are silk mills, 
 distilleries, and extensive coalfields. 
 
 RIVEIRA, re-vA'e-rd, a small seaport of Spain, in Gali- 
 eia, province, and 67 miles S.S.W. of Corunna, surrounded 
 by the Bay of Arosa and the sea. Pop. 2292. 
 
 RIVELLO, re-v^l'lo, a town of Naples, province of Ba.'ili- 
 cata, 4 miles S. of Lagonegro, on a hill on the Trecchina. 
 Pop. 6140. 
 
 RIV'KNHALL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 RIVER, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 RIVKR, a post-office of Clarion co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 KIVElt, a post-office of Stark co., Indiana. 
 
 IU VEI'.DA LE, a new village on the E. side of the Hudson, 
 14 miles N. of New York, and 3 miles below Yonkers. 
 
 RlV/EltllKAD, a libertv of Enaland. co. of Kent. 
 
 R1VI;RHEAD, a post-village and township, capital of Suf- 
 folk CO., New Y'ork, at the head of Peconic Bay, and on the 
 Long Island Railroad, 74 miles E. by N. of New Y'ork. The 
 village contains, besides the county buildings, several 
 churches, and an academy. Pop. of the tovf nship in 1850, 
 2540; in 1800,3044. 
 
 RIVER HILL, a small village of White co., Tennessee. 
 
 KI VERKOAD FORKS, a post-office of Livingston CO., New 
 Tork. 
 
 RIVERSIDE, a post-office of Ulster co.. New York. 
 
 RIVERSIDE, a post-office of Cumberland CO., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 RIVER STYX, a post-office of iledina co.. Ohio. 
 
 RIVERTON, a thriving village of Burlington co., New 
 Jer.sey. pleasantly situated on the Delaware, 8 miles above 
 Pluladelpha. It has grown up within a few years, and 
 consists of neat cottages, chiefly occupied by persons doing 
 business in Philadelphia. • - 
 
 RTVERTOWN, a post-village of Campbell co.. Georg!,i, en 
 Chattahoochee River, 105 miles N.W.by W. of Milledgevillo. 
 
 ItlVER TRENT or PORT THENT. Canada West, a 
 thriving village in tlie town.ship of Murray, co. of Northum- 
 berland, situated on the river Trent. 12 miles W. of Belle- 
 ville. Pop. .ibout 1000. A steamer leaves daily, in summer 
 for Belleville and Kingston. 
 
 RIVES, reev, a market-town of France, department oj 
 Is6re. 16 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852. 2339. 
 
 RI VES, reevz, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio, 79 milet* 
 N.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 RIVES, a township of .Tackson co., Michigan. Pop. 1154 
 
 RIVES, a former county of Missouri. See IIenrt. 
 
 RIVESA LTES. reev'sdit', a market-town of France, depart 
 ment of Pyrtn6es-0rientales, 6 miles N. of Psi-piguan. Pop 
 in 1852. 3839. 
 
 RIVESVILLE, rivz'vill, a post-village of Marion co., Vir 
 ginia, 2'»2 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 RIVIERA. re-ve-<VrJ: a district of Switzerland, canton of 
 Ticino. Chief town. Biasca. 
 
 1!IVIE1;A-DI-GEN0A, re-ve-A^rd-dee-jSn'o-d, a name' givep 
 to two portions of the coast of the Mediterranean, in the 
 midst of which Genoa is situated. The E. part is called 
 Riviera di Levante. and the W. part Rieviera di Ponente. 
 
 RIVIERE-A-JACQUES, reeVe-ain' d zhdk. a river of Jlin- 
 nesota. rises in Pembina county, and flowing S., fiiUs into 
 the Missfiuri. Entire length, abuut &«) miles. 
 
 RI VIKlUi-AU-B(£UF, ree\-e-aiii/ 6 buf 8 .small stream in 
 the E. part of Missouri, flows through Franklin county, 
 and enters the Missouri River from the right hand, near 
 Newjiort. 
 
 RIVIERE-AU-CUIVRE. reeVe-ain' 6 kweev'r', or COPPER 
 RIVER, of Missouri, rises in Audrain county, and flowing 
 in an E.S.E. direction, enters the Jli.ssissippi between Lin- 
 coln and St. Charles county. It is a good stream for mills 
 The Eagle Fork enters it from the right, on the boundary 
 between the counties al)Ove nameil. 
 
 RI VI ERE DES ACADIENS, ree've-aiR' d;iz d'kdMe-ilNg', of 
 Louisiana, flows E. through Ascensiou parish, into Lake 
 Maurepis. 
 
 RIVIEKE DU LOUP EN BAS. reeVe-aiu/ dii loo 6x0 bd, a 
 village and seigniory of Canada East, situated on the S. 
 shore of the St. Lawrence, 114 miles below Queiiec. Pop. 
 of Seigniory, about 2500. 
 
 R1V|£;rE DU LOUP EN IIAUT, reeVe-ain/ dii 1oo5ng hO, 
 a village and seigniory of Canada East, co. of St. JIaurice, 
 situated on the N. shore of Lake St. Peter, 58 miles N.E. of 
 Montreal. 
 
 RIVlfiUE QUELLE, ree've-aiR' oo'^Il', a village and 
 seigniory of Canada East, co. of L'Islet, situated on the S. 
 shore of the St. Lawrence, 80 miles below Quebec. Pop. 
 of seigniory, about 3600.. 
 
 RIVIErE PILtlTE, ree've-aiR' pee'lSf, a market-town on 
 the S. coa.st of Martinique. Pop. 3841. 
 
 RIVlitlRE SALEE. ree've-aiR' sdUA', the strait which 
 separates Guadeloupe inU) two islands. 
 
 RIVlfeliE SAL£e, a miuket-town on the S.W. coast of 
 Martinique. I'op. 2371. 
 
 RI VIXGTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 RIVISOXDOLI, re-ve-.son'do-le, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., S.E. of Sulmoua, on a hill. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 RIVOLI, ree'vo-le, a town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 
 S. of the Dora-Kipaira, 8 miles W. of Turin, with which it 
 communicates by a continuous avenue. I'op. 5195. It has 
 a palace, numerous villas, and a fine botanic garden, with 
 manufactures of silks and woollen fabrics. 
 
 RIVOLT, a village of Northern Italy. 12 miles N.W. of Ve- 
 rona, on the Adige. Here the French defeated the Austri- 
 ans, on the 14th .lanuary, 1797, on which occasion Mas-sena 
 received the title of Duke of Rivoli. 
 
 RIVOLTA, re-vol'td, a Tillage of Lombardy, near the 
 Adda. 15 miles E. of Jlilan. Pop. 3582. 
 
 RIVOLTELLA, re-vol-tMId, a village of Northern Italy, 
 19 miles E. of Brescia, on the S. shore of Lake Garda. P. 1467. 
 
 RIX. a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 KIXENSART. rix'gn-saRtV a viU.ige of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, on the Lasne,15 miles S.E. of Brussels. P.1346. 
 
 RIX'EYVILLE, a post-village of Culpepper co., A'irginia, 
 100 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 RIXIIEIM, rlx'hime, (Fr. pron. reex^Jm',) written also 
 REXEX, a village of France, department of llaut-Rhin, 
 with a station on the Strasbourg and Basel (Bale) Railway, 
 3j miles E. of Miilhausen. Pop. in 1852, 2970. 
 
 RIX'S MILLS, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 RIX'TOX, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 RIZAH or RIZEH, Asiatic Turkey. See Reezaii. 
 
 RJASAN, a town and government of Russia. See Rl\z.\n. 
 
 RJEV, a town of Russia. See Rzhev. 
 
 ROA, ro/d, a town of Spain, province, and 49 miles S.S.W. 
 of Burgos, on the Douro. Pop. 2000. It has rtinains of a 
 palace, in which Ximenes died, in 1517. 
 
 ROADE, rod, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 
 with a station on the North-western Railway. 
 
 ROADE, a i>ari8li of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 1597 
 
 J 
 
ROA 
 
 ROB 
 
 ROAD HAT,L. a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 ROADSTOWX. a post-rillaire of Cumberland co., New Jer- 
 sey, about 6 miles W. of I'ridgeton, contains 2 stores, a 
 church, and about 40 dwellings. 
 
 ROAD'VILLK. a post-villaire of Charleston district, South 
 Carolina, 110 miles S.E. of Columbia. 
 
 ROADVILLE. a post-office of Anderson co., Texas. 
 
 RCAG L(X;l£, loK, r6g, a large and intricate inlet of the 
 Fea, on the W. coast tif J>ewis Island, Hebrides, Scotland, 
 a'lout 12 miles iu length, and 8 miles in breadth. 
 
 ROANK, rou, a county in the H. central part of Tennes- 
 see, has an ai-ea estimated at BOO square miles. It is inter- 
 Kected by the Tennt-s,<;ee Hiver, auj its two branches, the 
 Clinch and llolston. which unite at Kingston. The Cum- 
 berland Mountain extends along or near the W. border. The 
 soil is fertile. Extensive beds of stone coal and iron ore are 
 found. 'J'he rivers above named are navigable by steam- 
 boats. Capital, Kingston. Pop. 13,583, of whom 11,-835 
 were free, and 17-tS slaves. 
 
 K0.\ N E. a township of La&vette co.. Arisansas. Pop. 989. 
 
 ROAN Mountain, of North Carolina, lies N. of Black 
 Mount.-iin. Alout nine miles of its extent has nearly a 
 uniform height, the most elevated point being 6270 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 ROAN MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Carter co.. Tennessee. 
 
 ROANNE. itj^dfi'- (anc. lUKlum'na.) a iovrn of France, de- 
 partment of l-oire, 40 miles N.W. of Lyons, on the left bank 
 of the Loire, which here becomes navigable. Pop. in 1SS2, 
 13,397. It has a chamber of arts and manufactures, and a 
 communal college. t?ituated at the terminus of the railway 
 from St. Etienne and Lyons, and at the head of the Canal 
 of the Loire. Roanne is the entrepot of an extensive com- 
 merce, and has manufactures of cottons, muslins, paper, and 
 jewelry. It was nearly destroyed by an inundation in 1846. 
 
 ROANOKE, ro'an-6k'. a river of Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina, is formed by two principal branches, the Staunton and 
 Dan. which rise in the S. part of Virginia, and unite at Clarks- 
 ville, in ,Me<klenburg county, constituting the lower Roan- 
 oke. Flowing in an E.S.E. direction, it enters North Carolina, 
 and meets the tide-water at AVeldon. after passing over a 
 series of rapids. Uelow this point, its general course is S.K., 
 arid it enters the W. extremity of Albemarle Sound at the 
 mouth of Chowan Kiver. It fs a remarkably rapid stream, 
 ^he fertile botloqis of which are subject to frequent inunda- 
 tions. The length of the main stream is estimated at 250 
 wiles; but if we include the Staunton, which bv some geo- 
 graphers is regarded as the Roanoke proper, it will probably 
 exceed 450 miles. The lower falls of this river at \Veldon. 
 which form the limit of steamlxiat navigation, are about 150 
 miles from its month. By means of a canal around these 
 Cills. bateaux can ascend to Danville, on the Dan River. 
 
 ROANOIvE. a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, has 
 an area of 180 square miles. It is intersected by the Staun- 
 ton liiver. The county forms part of the great Valley of 
 Virginia, situated between the Blue Ilidge on the S.E., "and 
 another ridge of the AUeghanies on the N.W. The soil is 
 highly productive. The rock which underlies the surface is 
 a fineliniestone. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad passes 
 through the county. Formed in 1838. Capital, Salem. Pop. 
 8048, of whom 5405 were free, and 2643 slaves. 
 
 ROANOKE, a post-village of Genesee co.. New York, on 
 Allen's Creek, atout 30 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. 
 
 ROANOKE. Virginia, a station on the Richmond and Dan- 
 ville Railmad, 90 miles from Richmond. 
 
 ROANOIvE, a post-village of Randolph co.. Alabam.i. 
 
 ROANOKE, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Indiana. 
 
 RO.^NOKE, a post-village of Randolph co., Jlissouri, 75 
 miles N.N.W. of .Teffer.«on City. 
 
 ROANOKE BHIDOE. a post-village of Charlotte co., Vir- 
 ginia, 89 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 RO.^N'S CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co.. Tennessee. 
 
 ROAPOA, ro-d-po'd, TREVEN'NEN, HOUAPOOU, hxw'i- 
 po-oo/, or ADAMS ISLAND, one of the Marquesas or Men- 
 daSa Islands in the Pacific, 68 miles W. of Sauta Christina. 
 Lat. 9° 20' S.. ion. 14° ti' \Y. Length. 10 miles. The surfiice 
 rises to upwards of 2500 feet, and in it are many fertile 
 valleys. On its W. side is the e.xcellent anchorage' of Port 
 Jarvis. 
 
 ROARHNa CREEK, of Pennsylvania, fills info the North 
 Branch of the Sus(iuehanna a few miles above Danville. 
 
 ROARING CHEEK, a post-office of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ROARING CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Yadkin 
 from the N., in Wilkes county. 
 
 ROAIUNG CREEK, a post-township of Montour co., Penn- 
 ^«A""^ al'oiit 10 miles S. by W. of PottsviUe. 
 
 ivv ■^ill^^'j,' ^^ '■'''''^•'' I'o^t-officc.Randolph co.,W.Virginia. 
 
 uRa mvS i'^'^I^^f- « Postoffice of Trigg co.. Kentucky. 
 
 itOARlNG W ATER BAY, of Ireland, in Munsfer, co. of 
 
 »7i. w t",**" '"'""<! ff" 9 miles behind Cape Clear. 
 
 t. ^ ; .. • ° *"''"ship of Gasconade co.. Missouri. 
 
 P. 1529. 
 
 nionti. 
 
 ;^.!; 1 J '.? x^v?.""*'"'''^'"*""" "*' ^ »'•*'» Italy- «» wed- 
 
 3nt, 18 miles N.N.M . of Vercelli. Pop 2.547 
 i.'A^i'^T^'iu""""'' ^^''"*'* '"*''-•» '"'«»*. See Rdatas. 
 
 ,.'nl • " P""^*^ of South Wales, co. of Glamorgim. 
 
 ROBB. a township in Posey co.. Indiana. Pop.l5«0 
 
 ROB'BEN ISLAND, an islet off the Cape of Good Hope, at 
 the entrance of False Bay, lat. 33° 48' S., Ion. 18*^ 22' E. It in 
 used as a penal station. 
 
 ROBBIATE. rob-be-a/ti, or ROBIATO, ro-be-d'to, a village 
 of Northern It.alv, province of Como, at the foot of Mount 
 Orobio. Pop. 1012. 
 
 ROIVBIN'S REEF, New York Bay, off the upper end of 
 Staten I.^land. contains a light-house. 
 
 ROIVBINSTON, a post4ownship in Washington cc. JIalne, 
 140 mile.s N.E. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 1113. 
 
 ROBBIO, TOlVbe-o, a market-town of North Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, 11 miles S.W. of Novara. Pop. .5350. 
 
 ROBE'S 3MILLS, a post-office of Gibson co.. Indiana. 
 
 ROBE. rOb. a river of Ireland, in Connaught. co. of Mavo, 
 rises near Clare, and after a W. course of 26 miles, enters 
 Lough Mask, 2 miles W. of Ballinrobe. 
 
 ROBECCO, ro-ljik'ko, a market-town of Lombardy. on the 
 Oglio. 7 miles N. of Cremona. 
 
 ROBECQ, ro'bJk'. a village of France, department of Pas- 
 de-Calais. 5 miles N.W. of Bethune. Pop. 1434. 
 
 RO'BEEN', a pari.eh of Ireland, co. of Mayo. 
 
 ROBEL. (Rohel.) ro'btM. a town of Mecklenbure-Schwerin, 
 duchy, and 34 miles S.E. of Giistrow, on the Lake Miiritz. 
 Pop. 3210. 
 
 ROBELLA, ro-b?11l, a villi^e of the Sardinian States, di- 
 vision of Alessandria, province of .\sti. Pop. 1262. 
 
 ROB'ERSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Bledsoe 
 CO.. Te»nes.see. 
 
 ROBERT, Le, leh-ro^baiR', a town on the E. coast of the 
 island of Martinique. Pop. 4444. 
 
 ROB'EliT BAYOU, (til'oo.) of Louisiana, is connected with 
 Red River, near .\lexandria. 
 
 ROBERT ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean. See Marquesas. 
 
 ROB'EltTON. a parish of Scotland, cos. of Selkirk and 
 Roxburgh, 6 miles W. of Hawick. Here are remains of 
 sever.al Roman camps. 
 
 ROBERTS' CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co.. New 
 York. 
 
 ROB'P'RTSON. a county in the N. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on Kentucky; area estimated at 500 square miles. 
 It is intersected l)y Red River, and also drained by Syca- 
 more Ci-eek. The surface is uneven: the soil produces grain 
 and tobacco. Capital, Springfield. Pop. 15,205, of wliom 
 10.404 were free, aud 4861 slaves. 
 
 itOBERTSON. a county in the E. central part of Texas, 
 contains about 840 square miles. The Brazos River tonus 
 its Iwundary on the S.W., and the Navasoto on the K. The 
 surface is undulating. Named in honor of St»Tling C 
 Robertson, an empresario of Texas. Capital, Franklin. Pop. 
 4997, of whom 2739 were free, 
 
 ROBERTSON, a district in Lumpkin co.. Georgia. 
 
 ROBERTSON'S STORE, a post-office of Pitt.sylvania CO., 
 Virsrinia. 
 
 ROIJ'EUTSTOWN, or CASTLE ROB'ERT, a parish of Ire- 
 land, iu Munster. co. of Limerick. 
 
 ROBERl'STOWN. a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath. 
 
 ROB'ERTSVILLE. a village of Indiana co- Pennsylvania, 
 about 70 miles N.E. of Pitt.sburir. 
 
 ROBERTSVILLE, a post-village in Beaufort district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 ROBEliTSVILLE. a post-office of Panola co.. Mississippi. 
 
 ROBERTSVILLE, a post-village of Anderson co., Tennes- 
 see. 166 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 ROBERTSVILLE, a village of Stark co., Ohio, G8 miles 
 S.S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 ROB'ESON, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on South Carolina: area estimated at 900 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Lumber River and its affluents. 
 The surface is nearly level ; the soil is generally sjindy. 
 Indian corn and cotton are cultivated. -Lumber, turpentine, 
 and other products of the pine are exported in large quanti- 
 ties. A plank-road has lately been laid through the county, 
 by which produce is exported to Fayetteville. Formed in 
 1786, and named in honor of Colonel Robeson, of North Ca- 
 rolina. Capital, LuniUerton. Pop. 15, l'>9, of whom 10,0;>1 
 were free, and 54.')5 t-laves. 
 
 ROBESON, a p6.«t-t<iwn3liip of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles S. of Reading. Pop. 2461. 
 
 ROBESON, a post-office of Brunswick co.. North Carolina. 
 
 ROBI.\C, ro-be-ik', a village of F'rance, department of 
 Gard, 12 miles N. of Alais. Pop. 1515. 
 
 ROBIATO, a town of Italy. See RonniATE. 
 
 ROBIDEAUX, ro'beeM6',"(R0BID0UX?) a sn.all village 
 of Texas co.. Missouri. 
 
 ROBIDOU.X (ro-beeMooO FORK. Missouri, an affluent of 
 the Gasconade, flows N., and enters that river in Pulaski 
 CO., ne!\r Waynesville. 
 
 IWBILANTE. nvbe-lln't.A, a market-town of Nortli Italy, 
 in Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2278. 
 
 ROBI'NA. a post-office of Panola co.. Mississippi. 
 
 ROB'IN HOODS BAY. a fine inlet of the North Sea. <B 
 the E. coast of England, co. of York. North Ridin?, 6 n>i!ea 
 S.S.E. of Whitby, with a fishing village. 
 
 ROBIN'S NEST, a post-offlce of Peoria eo., Hi' oois. 
 
ROB 
 
 KORIX?OX, a towi ship of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 21 (M). 
 
 KOIilXSOX, a village and township of Washington co., 
 Pennsvlvania, about 20 miles 8S.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 840 
 
 KOJ'STN'SON, a township of Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 1420. 
 
 KOlilNSON, a post-village, capital of Crawford co., Illi- 
 nois, about l+O miles S. E. of Springlield. Poj). 316. 
 
 ItOlilN SON, a township ofGreene CO., Missouri. Pop.lO.?;?. 
 
 JlOiilNSON CREKK. a post-office of Pike co., Kentucky. 
 
 UOBIXSON'S, Kentucky, a station on the Covington and 
 Lexington Railroad. 11 miles from Cynthiana. 
 
 KOHINSON'S, Ohio, a station on the Columbus, Pjqua 
 and Indiana Railroad, 2-5 miles from Columbus. 
 
 KOIUXSON'S, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 KOIilNSOX'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Benton co, 
 
 KOIilNSOX'S MILLS, a post-office of Menard co., Illinois. 
 KOUINSO.X'S RIVKR, a small stream in the X.E. central 
 part of Virginia, rises in Madison co.. tiows S.I'l., and enters 
 Kapidan Rivar on the boundary between that county and 
 Orange. 
 KOIUXSON'S SPRIXG. post-office, Autauga co.. Alabama. 
 ROIUXSON'S STORK, post-office, Lincoln co.. Tennessee. 
 nO'lUOS, a station on the Richmond and Danville Rail- 
 road, 10 miles from Richmond. 
 KOIV180N VILLK, a post-office. Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 ROBiiA, La, \k ro/uli. a village of Spain, province, and 13 
 miles X.W. of Leon. Pop. 1395. 
 
 Ri )RLKUA, ro-nli'Bd, a village of Spain, in .Leon, prevince 
 Salamanca, 16 miles S. of Ciudad-Rodrigo. Pop. 138S. 
 
 Ji()l!l,i:DO, ro-i!l;i'0O, a town of Spain, in Valencia, pro- 
 vince, and ;J6 miles from Allxicete. Pop. 1025. 
 
 ROIfliKDO DK CIIAVELA, ro-uLVoo ihi c\\i-vmi, a town 
 of Spiiin, in New Castile, province, and 21 miles W. of 
 Madrid. Pop. 1075. 
 
 ROB'OROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 R0I5 ROY, a postofflce of Jefferson co., Arkans.as. 
 ROB ROY, a post-village of Fountain co., Indiana, on 
 Shawnee Creek, 12 miles X.E. of Covington. 
 
 ROBURENTO, ro-boo-rjn'to, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Coni, province of .Mondovi. It was once 
 defended by a strong castle, now iu ruius, and has a fine 
 palace, and 2 churches. Pop. Ib07. 
 
 KO'BY'S CORN ER, Xew Hampshire, a station on the Mer- 
 rimack and Connecticut Rivers Railroad, 22 miles from 
 Concord. 
 
 ROCALBENGA, ro-kdl-bJn'gJ, a town of Tuscany, 18 
 miles E.N.E. of Grossettn, on the Albenga. Pop. 3600. 
 
 ROCA.MADOUK. ro'kd^miMooK/, a market-town of France, 
 department of Lot, 13 miles E.N.E. of Gourdon. I'op. 14S2. 
 
 RUCA PARTIDA, ro/kd paR-tee'dl ('-Divided Rock,") the 
 westernmost of the Revilla-gigedo Islands in the N. Pacific. 
 ROCAS. ro'kds. (('.e. "Rocks,") an island of the Atlantic, 
 125 miles N.E. of Cape St. Rot^ue. Lat. 3° 55' 3.. Ion. 33<^ 43' W. 
 JiOCCA. rok'kd, an Italian word signifying "rook" or 
 "fortress," forming the name or a part of the name of nu- 
 merous small towns and villages of Italy and Sicily. 
 
 ROCCA. rok'ki, a town of Sicily, iuteudancy, and 10 miles 
 W. of Messina. 
 
 ROCCA AMORICA, rok/kS i-moR'e-ka, a town of Naples, 
 province of AbrUKZO Citra. S.S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 1000. 
 
 KOCCA BIAXCA, rokTsa be-dn'ki, ("White Rock," or 
 "Wliito l(rtn*s,'; a tuwn of Northern Italy, 10 miles 
 
 N.N.W. of Pai- Pop. IHiO. 
 
 ROCCA BIGLIERA, rokOvd beel-yi'ri, a town of Naples, 
 In the .Sardinian dominion, division, province, and 23 miles 
 N. of Nice. i'op. 1S02. 
 
 ROCCA BRUNA. rok'kd broo'nA, (i. e. "Brown Rock,") a 
 town of Naples, in Piedmont, 13 miles W.N.W. of Coni. Pop. 
 2015. 
 
 ROCCA CASALE. rok^kl kS-sila, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 5 miles X.X.W. of Sulmona. 
 
 ROCCA CONTRADA, rck'kd kon-trd'ild, a town of Italy, 
 in the Manhes. -Jn niil.'.s W.S.W. of Ancoiia. Pop. 2600. 
 
 ROCCA D'AMFISA, rok'kd ddm-fee'sd. a town of Naples, 
 prSvince of Calabria Ultra I., 4 miles N.W. of Monteleone. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 ROCCA D'ARAZZO, rok'kd dd-rdt'so. a town of the Sar- 
 dinian States, Piedmont, 20 miles W. of Alessandria, near 
 the Tanaro. Pop. 1703. 
 
 ROCCA D'ASPIDE, rok'kd dds'pe-dd, a town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Citra, 16 miles S. of Campagna. Pop. 
 4000. 
 
 KOCCA DE BALDI, rok'kd di bdl'dee. a town of the Sar- 
 dinian States, in Piedmont, division of Coni, province, and 
 i miles N.W. of Mondovi. Pop. 2290. 
 
 KOCCA DELL'ASPRO, rok'kd dfeU ds'pro, a town of Naples, 
 in Principato Citra, district S. of Campagna. Pop. 3200. 
 
 KOCCA D'EVAXDRO, rok'kd d.Vvdn'dro, a town of Naple.s, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, 26 miles S.S.E. of Sora, on the 
 Garigliano. It is defend-*! by a castle. Pop. 1320. 
 
 ROCCA DI CORIC. rok'kd dee ko're-o, a town of the Sar- 
 dinian Status. IS miles N.X.W. of Turin. Pop. 2092. 
 
 KOCA 1)1 JIEZZO, rok'kd-dee mJd'zo, a town of Naples, 
 in Abruzzo Ultra II., 10 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. IIUO. 
 
 ROC 
 
 KOCCA DI NETO, rok'kd dee nd'to, a town of Naples, in 
 Calabria Ultra I.. 13 miles N.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 3000. 
 
 RUCC.4. DI PAPA, rok'kd dee pd'pd, a village of the Pon- 
 tifical States, 15 miles S.E. of R'Mue, on the site of the aur 
 cieiit Fabia. Pop. 2100. It belongs to the Colonna family. 
 
 R0CC.4. FORTE, rok'kd foii'ti. {i. e. "Strong Fortress,") a 
 village of the Siirdinian Sfcites. provinee, and near Novl. 
 It owes its name to a strong castle, extensive ruins of which 
 still remain. Pop. 1296. _ 
 
 KOCCA FORTE, a village of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont, 7 miles S. W. of .Mondovi, with a castle. Pop. 2084. 
 
 ROCCA GLORIOSA, rok'kd glo-re-o'sJ. a town of Naples, 
 iu Principato Citra. S.E. of II Vallo. on Mount Bulgaria. 
 
 KOCCA GRIMALDA, rok'kd gremdl'dd, a town of the 
 Sardinian States, 18 miles S. of Alessandria. Pop. 2140. 
 
 KOCCA GUGLIKLMA, rok'kd gool-yJl'mi. a town of 
 Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles E.N.E. of Fondi. 
 
 KOCCA IMPERIALE, rok'kd im-pA-re-a'lA, a town of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Citra, beside the Gulf of Tac 
 ranto, 7 miles N. of Roseto. Pop- -*'""• 
 
 ROCCA MAXDOLFI, rok'kd mdn-dol'fee, a town of 
 Naples, province of Molise, 6 miles W. of Bojano. Pop. 34(X). 
 ROCCA MONFINI. rok'kd mon-fee/ueo, a town of Naples, 
 in Terra di lavoro. 23 miles N.W, of Caserta. Pop. 3000. 
 
 RdCCA MONTEPIANO, rok'kd mon-tA-pe-d'no, a town of 
 N.apies, province of Abruzzo Citra, S.S.W. of Chieti, P. 1500. 
 ROCCA NOVA, rok'kd nol\L a town of Naples, province 
 of Basilicata, E.N.E. of Lagoiiegro. Pop, 1780. 
 
 ROCCA P.A.LOM ISA, rok'kd pd-lom'bd, a town of Naples, 
 in Siciljs 27 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ROCC.\ PIEMONTE, rok'kd pe-.i-mon'td, a town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Citra, 7 miles N.N.W, of Salerno. 
 
 ROCCA RAS.4.. rok'kd rd'sd, a town of Naples, Abruzzo 
 Ultra II., S.E. of Salmona, Pop, 1200. 
 
 ROCCA KOMANA, rok'kd ro-md'ud, a town of Naples, in 
 Terra di Lavoro, N,N.W. of Caserta. i'op, 1000. 
 
 ROCCA SAN CA.SCIANO, rok'kd sdn kd-shd'no, a vilLage 
 of Tuscany, .37 miles N.E. of Florence, at the confluence of 
 the Ridazzo with the Montone. I'op. 2852. 
 
 ROCCA SAN FELICE, rok'kd sdn fi-lee'chd, a town of 
 Ttalv, state of Naples, proviiu e of Principato Ultra, 2 miles 
 N. Sant' Angclo-dei-Lombardi. Near it is the Lake Amsanc- 
 tus of Virgil. ..,,.,, 
 
 ROCCA SAN GIOVANNI, rok'kd s.1n jo-vdn'nee. a town 
 of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, E. of Lanciano, on a 
 hill near the Adriatic, Pop, 1400. 
 
 KOCCA SECCA. rok'kd stk'kd, a town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di I^avoro, 12 miles S, of Sora, Pop. 2300. 
 
 KOCCA Sl'AKVERA, rok'kd spaR-vA'rd, a village of the 
 Sardinian State.s division of Coni. near the Stura. It was 
 once surrounded by walls, of which portions still remain, 
 and has an old castle in ruins. Pop. 1059, 
 
 ItOCCA STKADA, rok'kd strd'dd, a walled town of Tu»- 
 canv, 17 miles N.N,E. of Grossetto. Pop. 1086. 
 
 IIUCCAl VF;RAN0. rok'kd vd-ra'no, a town of the S.ardi 
 nian States. 29 miles S.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 1790. 
 
 ROCCA VIONE, rok'kd ve-o'nA, a town of the Saidiuian 
 States, 6 miles S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2I")74. 
 
 R(JCCELLA. rot-chJl'ld, a market-town of Sicily. 37 
 miles S.AV. of Messina, at the foot of Mount Etna. 
 
 RUCCKLLA. a market-town of Sicily, 8 miles W.S.W. of 
 Cefaln. on the Jletliterranean. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RiJCCELLA. La, Id rot-chjlld. a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra I, on the Mediterranean, 9 miles N.E. of 
 Gerace. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ROCCIIETTA. rok-kM'td. ("Little Rock." or "Little For- 
 tress,") a town of N.apies, province of Principato Ultra, 18 
 miles N.E. of Sant' Angelo-dei-Lombardi. Pop. 4500. 
 
 KOCCHETTA DEL TANARO. See Rochktta del Tasaro 
 ROCCIIETTA LIGURE, rok-kJt'td lee'goo r.-V. a town of 
 the Sardinian States, division, and 22 miles N.N.E. of Ge- 
 noa. ■ It is entered by two gates, has a court of justice, and 
 an old castle. Pop. 1215. , „. «■ , 
 
 ROCESTER. ros'tfr, a parish of England, coi of Staftord, 
 4 miles N.N.E'. of Uttoxeter, on the banks of the Dove, over 
 which an elegant stone bridge is built, and with a station 
 on the Churnet Valley Branch of the North Stafford RaU- 
 way. 4 miles N. of Uttoxeter. 
 
 ROCHDALE, rotch'del, a parliamentary borough, manu- 
 facturing town, and parish of England, in Lanca-shire, 10 
 miles N.N.E. of JIanchester, on both sides of the Koch, here 
 crossed by five bridges; on the Rochdale Canal, the Oilder 
 and Ilebble Navisation, and the Manchester and Leeds 
 Kailw.iy, It is irregularly built, and consists for the most 
 part of narrow and inconvenient streets; but great improve- 
 ments have recently been made. Neaily all the streets are 
 well paved and lighted with gas, and an abundant supply 
 of water is obtained from four reservoirs in the vicinity. 
 Most of the houses are built of brick, but a few of the best 
 are built of stone obtained from quarries in the vicinity. 
 The places of worship in connection with the Establish- 
 ment, within the parish, are about 16; but of these, only 4 
 are within the borough. The most deservhig of notice is 
 the original parish church, a venerable structure of thj; 
 twelfth century, finely situated on a lofty height, and ap 
 
 1599 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 prCBohed from the lower part of the town by a flight of 122 
 Bt<ps. Of the numerous dissenting chapels, the Wesleyan 
 Methodists, Association Methodists, VrimitiTe Methodists, 
 Hnutingdon Methodists, Presbyterians, Friends, Konian 
 Catholii's, and Unitarians, hare 1 each; Baptists and Inde- 
 pendents. 2 each. 
 
 The staple nianu&ctures are woollen goods, chiefly baize, 
 flannels, blankets, and kerseys; and cotton eood.s, chiefly 
 calicoes; the whole employing about lO.tXW person.s. There 
 are also various cotton mills, at which warps and yarn are 
 spun. The only other manufactures of importance are hats, 
 which employ a large number of persons of both sexes; 
 Iron, for which there are several foundries ; machine-shops, 
 &c. In the vicinity are freestone quarries, for building and 
 pavement, iron-mines, and extensive collieries. Kochdale 
 is a place of considerable antiquity, and had a Roman sta- 
 tion in its vicinity ; but its history presents no event of in- 
 tere.st. Its woollen manufactures appear to have been in- 
 troduced by the Flemings in the reign of Edward III., and 
 having continued to flourish, is mentioned as fiimous in the 
 reign of Elizabeth. It was first constituted a borough by 
 the Reform Act, and sends a member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Rochdale gives the title of baron to the Byron fa- 
 mily, who long held the manor. Pop. of the parliamentary 
 borough, in 1861. ."iSJM, 
 
 ){OC!IE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 KOCIIK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 UOCIIE. rosh'. a Frem-h word (like the Italian Bocca,) 
 signifying "rock" or ''fortress," forming a pi-efix to nume- 
 rous names of communes, towns, and villages of »ance : — 
 
 ROCHE. La, li rosh, a town of the Sardinian States, in 
 Savoy. .T miles W.S.W. of Bonneville, on the .Arve. Pop. 3140, 
 
 ROCEIE-BEAUCOURT. La, Id rosh' bO'krK)u/, a town of 
 France, department of Dordogne, 13 miles W.S.W. of Nou- 
 tron. Pop. 10S8. 
 
 ROCHE-CHALATS. La, ll rosh'sh.Vl.-l'. a town of France, 
 department of Dordogne, 17 miles W.S.W. of Riberac, on the 
 railwav from Tours to Bordeaux. Pop. 1030. 
 
 R(X:"HECn0UART. rosh'shoo'an', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-Vienne, on an affluent of the Vienne, 20 
 miles W. of Limoges, Pop. in 1852, 4198. 
 
 ROCHECORIJON, rosh*koB'bi.\o', a village of France, de- 
 partment of ludre-et-Loire, 3 miles E. of Tours. Pop. in 
 1852, 1722. 
 
 ROCHIi-DF.-GLTJX, rosh dfh glli»«, a town of France, de- 
 partment of UiTjme. arrondissement of Valence. Pop. 2103. 
 
 ROCHE EX BKEML.rosh 6s« brA'neel', a town gf France, 
 department of Cote-d'Or, arrondissement of Semur. Pop. 
 2499. 
 
 ROCHEFORT, rosh'foR', or rotch'f9rt, a m.iritime town of 
 France, uearitsW. coast, department of Charente-Inferieure, 
 18 miles S.S.E. of La Roehelle. on the Charente, 7 miles from 
 its mouth. Lat. of the hospital, 46° 56' 6" N.. Ion. 0° 57' 7" W. 
 Pop. in ls52, 24.3-30. Rochefort is fortified, and forms the 
 third milit-sry port of France. It is surrounded by ram- 
 parts planted with trees, and has a tribunal of commerce, a 
 school of hydrography, a national college, one library of 
 14,000 volumes and another of 10,000 volumes, a botanic 
 garden, and a maritime mnseum. In the milit,ary port the 
 largest vessels float at all times. Attached to it ai-e a prison 
 for 1000 convicts, and a naval hospitil. The commercial 
 port admits vessel of 800 tons close to the quays. The 
 arsenal, one of the largest in France, has immense maga- 
 zines, cannon foundries, and ship-building docks. Roche- 
 fort was only a small town when Louis XIV. commenced 
 its extension in 1606. 
 
 ROCHEFORT, rosh^foRt/, a vill.age of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 6 miles S.W. of Neufch&tel. 
 
 ROCHE POUT, rosVfoR/, a town of Belgium, province, and 
 27 miles .S.E. of Namur. Pop. 1300. 
 
 ROCHEFORT, a village of France, department of Jura, on 
 the niilwav frt>m Miilhausen to Dijon, 4 miles X.E. of Dole. 
 
 ROCHEFOUCAULD, La, li. rosh'foo'ko', a town of France, 
 department hf Charente, on the Tardou6re, 13 miles N.E. 
 of Angouleme, and at the foot of a height, crowned by the 
 ch&teau in which La Rochefoucauld was born in 1613. Pop. 
 in 1852. 2845. 
 
 ROCHE-GUYON, rosh^ ghe-ix"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, 8 miles N.N.W, of 
 Nantes. Pop. 867. It has an old castle. 
 
 ROCni>L'ABEILLE, rosh ia"b.il'. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-Vienne, 6 miles X.X.E. of St. Yrieix. 
 Pop. 1367. 
 
 ROCHELLE, La, IJ ro'shlll', a fortified seaport town of 
 Pran( e, capital of the department of Charente-Inferieure, on 
 tlie Atlantic, nearlv midway between Nantes and Bordeaux, 
 lilt of tower, 46° 9' 24" N., Ion. 1° 9" 16" W. Pop. in 1852, 
 16,507. It is entered by seven g.ates; the streets are mostly 
 bordered by arcades. Tlie principal edifices are the cathedral, 
 town-hall, exchange, courts of justice, hospital, arsenal, 
 docks, and a good bathing establishment. A new inner 
 harbor opens from an outer port, capable of receiving vessels 
 of from 400 to 500 tons; the roadstead is protected by the 
 Ulands of R6 and OUron. La Roehelle is a bUhop's see, 
 and the capital of a military division. It has a diocesan 
 1600 
 
 seminary, schools of navigation and drawing, a pnblic 
 library of 2i),000 volumes, a botanic garden, a cabinet of n*. 
 tnral history, manufactures of glass, earthenware, and cot- 
 ton-twist, sugar refineries, building-docks, and an extensive 
 trade in wines, brandies, and colonial produce. In the reli- 
 gious wars it wa.s long a stronghold of the Protestants; but 
 it was finally taken by Louis XIII. in 1628. It is the birth* 
 place of Reaumur, born here in 16S3. 
 
 IKX'HEMAURE, rosh'mSR', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Ardfeche, near the right bank of the Rhone, 12 
 miles .'*.E. of Privag. Pop. 1473. 
 
 ROCHE PERCE E, rosh p^R\s.4, or rS.sh per'see, a small 
 river of Bix>ne co.. Jlissouri, flows into Missouri River from 
 the left near Providence. It is a valuable stream for mills. 
 The name signifies " pierced rock." 
 
 ROCHE PORT, i-5ch'port (?) a post-village of Boone CO., Mis- 
 souri, on the Missouri River, at the mouth of Manitou 
 Creek. 40 miles N.W, of Jefferson City. It has a steamboat 
 landing. Pop. 736. 
 
 ROCHE-POSAY, La, II rosh po'ztl', a town of France, de- 
 p.artment of Aienne, at the confluence of the Gartempe with 
 the Creuse, 13 miles E.S.E. of Chatellerault. Pop. 1416. 
 
 ROCHE-SAMSON, rosh ssiiS'sf>y<^'. a market-town of France, 
 department of Drfime, arrondissement of Valence. P. 1073. 
 
 R0C1I'E.STER, a city, parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, and river-port of England, co. of Kent. 28 miles 
 E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London, and 7 miles S.E. of Oravesend, 
 with which it is connected by railway. Pop. of parlia- 
 mentary borough, in 1861, 16,672. It is finely situated on 
 a l)end "of the >fedway. here crossed by a noble bridge of 11 
 arches, erected in the reign of King John: and with 
 Chatham on the E., and Stroud on theW.. it picture.squely 
 surrounds Chatham Harbor. Its long, narrow, and wind- 
 ing main street contains many antique houses. The cathe- 
 dral, mostly constructed by Gundulph. the first bishop 
 after the Conquest, presents in its recently-repaired interior 
 one of the finest specimens of Norman and early English 
 architecture: length, 383 feet. The p-ammar school, 
 founded in 1542, is supported by the dean and chapter, and 
 has six exhibitions to the universities. The principal cha- 
 rities are St. Catherine's Hospital for Poor Women, founded 
 in 1315; Watt's Hospital for the nichtly entertainment of 
 six poor travellers; and Hayward's House of Industry. 
 The town-hall is a handsome brick edifice, built in 1687. 
 Here are also a custmn-honse, theatre, asseml)ly-room, 
 liaths, two miidern forts, several remains of ancient walls, 
 gateways, and monastic structures, and on a rock rising 
 from the river, m.ajestic ruins of a Norman castle, built by 
 Bishop Gundulph. Coal is extensively imported for the 
 supply of the interior of the county, and hops are ex- 
 ported. Vessels of heavy burden come up to the bridge, 
 ilegistered shipping in 1848, 17,626 tons. It has a produe- 
 live oj'ster-fishery belonging to the corporation, and ship- 
 building is ctrried on to .some extent. It sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. The bishopric is, next to Can- 
 terbury, the most ancient in England, having been founded 
 by St, -■Vugustine in 604. 
 
 R<X'H'E.STER, a post--»-ilIage and town.ship. semi capital 
 of Strafford co.. New Hampshire, about 30 miles E. by N. of 
 Concord. The vill.Hge contains a bank, and is the seat of 
 various woollen and other manufactories, among which 
 may be mentioned an extensive establishment for making 
 blankets. The Cocheco Railroad, and the threat Falls and 
 Conway Railraid. through which it communicates with va- 
 rious sections of the state, .ndd much to its importance. 
 Pop. of the township in l^WO, 2431 ; in 1860, 3a84. 
 
 ROCHE.STER, a township of Wind,sor co., Vermont, 32 
 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1507. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a post-township of Plymouth co., Slassa- 
 chusetts, at the head of Rochester narlx)r, in Buzzard's 
 Bay, and on the Cape Cod Branch Railroad. 50 miles S. by 
 E. of Boston. It has considerable ship-building, and seve- 
 ral vessels engaged in the whale fisheries. In 1853, there 
 were 7 arrivals, bringing 1816 barrels of sperm-oil, 42 of 
 whaleoil, and 4900 pounds of whalebone. Pop. 12-32. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a city, capital of Monroe co , New York, is 
 situated on both sides of Genesee River, 7 miles from its 
 entrance into Luke Ontario, 230 miles bv railroad W. by N. 
 of Albany, and 68 miles E.N.E. of Buffalo. Lat. 43° 8' N., 
 Ion. 77° 51' W. Rochester is the largest town on the great 
 thoroughfare above alluded to, excei)ting Albany and Buf- 
 falo, and is a place of rapid growth, and remarkable for it* 
 e.xtensive n;anufactures of flour and other articles. 'I'he 
 site of this city is nearly level. The coqxmite limits occupy 
 an area of 8 square miles, more than half of which is com- 
 pactly built. The streets vary from 60 to SO feet in width, 
 and are generally straight and well paved. The principal 
 business streets are faced by fine bk)cks of marble, stone 
 and brick, and some of these buildings ai-e very costly aiid 
 elegant. The public buildings ate all of stone or brick, 
 and are generally cre<Utable to the oity. The Court-house 
 and City Hall is an elegant buil.ling, which c-:-st $80,000. 
 The Arcade is a valuable piece of property, and contains tho 
 post-office, coUector'g, and other Federal offices. The Uu; 
 Tersity of Rocnesier was organized in 1860; its grounds 
 
ROC 
 
 co.Tipnse 24 acros ; the edifice of brown stone was completed 
 ill I'-SQ; vuliio of property, S" 5,000; endowment, §200,000. 
 Tliere are 8 professors, and an average of 150 ^tudents. 
 Rochester Theological Seminary, under control of tlie Bap- 
 tists, has an endowment of $100,000, 4 professors, and about 
 50 students. There are 2 Commercial Colleges, 3 Collegiate 
 Institutes, 1 Free Academy, several ladies' seminaries, 18 pul> 
 lie schools, with ovei 7000 scholars, and niaiij' i)rivate and 
 denoiuinational schools. Thi're is a Free Library of 10,000 
 volumes. The Rochester Athenaeum has a library of 
 12,000 volumes, and 2000 members. The Sunday School 
 Union is composed of 30 schools, with 7790 pupils, and has 
 about 10,000 volumes in libraries. There are 2 Oridian Asy- 
 lums, an Industrial School, Home for the Friendless, an 
 extensive Almshouse, an Insane Asylum with over 00 in- 
 mates. St. Mary's Hospital is an immense structure, new, 
 of cut stone, with accommodations for 1000 patients, under 
 the direction of one of the ablest and most distinguished 
 surgeons in the state. Dr. Edward M. Moore. City Hos- 
 pital, also new, is of brick, and has over 100 patients. 
 There are 5 daily, 3 semi-weekly, 4 weekly, and 2 monthly 
 papers, including 2 German dailies. The churches are, 
 many of them, new, costly and elegant ; the better class 
 rang'ing in value for §00,000 to $100,000. The Catholics have 
 8, Presbyterians 6, Methodists 6, Kpiscopalians 4, liaptists 
 3, Lutherans 3, Friends 2, other denominations 9. 'There 
 is a Jewish Synagogue. 
 
 The large hotels are the Brackett, Osburn, Congress Ilall, 
 Waverly, Clinton, National, American, and Ayres. Roches- 
 ter Gas Company has a capital of $300,000, 29 miles of 
 mains. There are 1000 public lamps in the streets and 
 pai-ks. There are about 15 miles of street railway in the city. 
 
 Tlio navigable water of the Genesee comes into tlie city 
 limits, but the trade is mostly done at the mouth of the 
 river, 7 miles from the city by rail. Three daily lines of 
 steamers run to and from the docks, and there is considerar 
 ble trade by sail-craft. Wheat and lumber come in by lake 
 from the West and from Canada, and mauuiiictures and pro- 
 duce are shipped hence. Tlie canal trade is large. The Krie 
 Canal passes directly through the city, crossing tlie river by 
 a cut-stone aqueduct, which cost 1600,000. 'The Genesee 
 Yalky Canal enters the Erie Canal at this place and extends 
 southward to the Alleghany River. The raih-oad bu.^iness 
 of Rochester is large. The New York Central Company 
 has 5 lines radiating from here, viz., one to Syracuse direct, 
 auotlier to Syracuse, via Auburn, a tliird to Buffalo direct, 
 a fourtli to Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls and Bulfalo, 
 and a fifth to Charlotte, the harbor. Its passenger depot is 
 an immense structure of brick, which will shelter 8 long 
 trains. The Erie Railway Company has a line running to 
 Corning where it intersects the main line, east and west. 
 At Arno it also intersects a line to Bullalo. Seventy pas- 
 senger trains arrive at and depart from Rochester each day. 
 Tlie Western llouse of Refuge, a state reform school, loca- 
 ted hero, is an immense pile of buildings. It contains 
 nearly 500 boys and youths under discii)line and instruction. 
 
 Rochester is the headquarters of the Western Union Tele- 
 graph Company, the largest corporation of its kind in the 
 world. Capital, $22,000,000. Its lines run from New York 
 to San Francisco, branching over most of the Middle and 
 Western States. The office of the company is a tine build- 
 ing on Exchange street. 
 
 The unlimited water-power derivetl from the Genesee 
 River has been a principal cause of the prosperity of Roches- 
 ter, the Houring-mills of which ai* probably the most ex- 
 tensive in the United States. The river within a course of 
 3 miles has a total descent of 226 feet, with three perpen- 
 dicular lalls of 95, 20, and 75 feet. 'The first of these is 
 within the limits of the city, a little N. of the centre, and is 
 considered one of the most beautiful cataracts in the state. 
 Below the upper falls the broad river flows through a ravine 
 more than 100 feet deep. 
 
 The flour trade leads in value the manufactures of the 
 city. There are 22 mills, containing 122 runs of stones, and 
 each run can produce 60 barrels of flour per day, an aggre- 
 gate of 7320 barrels per day. The annual product of the 
 mills is aliout 1,000,000 barrels. The manulactures aside from 
 flour, are sold chiefly at the West and in Canada. 'Tlie shoe 
 trade is heavy, the manufactories turning out the value of 
 $3,000,000 per annum. Value of clothing made here $4,000,000 ; 
 cabi netware and chairs, $2,000,000; edge-tools, $1,000,000. 
 There is a large paper-mill, extensive foundries, and ma- 
 chine-shops, tanneries, baiTel-factories, woollen-mills, and 
 1 cotton-mill. Locomotives are made at the shops of the 
 Central Railroad Company. The dry-goods trade amounts 
 to $:>,00ti,000 per annum. The grocery and hardware 
 houses are large and numerous. The trade in produce 
 collected here for shipment to other markets is large, the 
 rich country about pouring its products by rail and canal 
 to this point. The nursery trade of Rochester is unrivalled 
 by any locality in the world. Fruit and ornamental trees 
 are shipped to every state and to foreign countries. Annual 
 jiroducts, $2,000,000. The pioneer nursery firm, Elwanger 
 tc Barry have 1000 acres under cultivation, and they some- 
 times sell $200,000 worth of trees and plants in a year. 
 6A 
 
 ROC 
 
 Rochester was settled in 1812, and took its name from 
 Colonel Nathaniel Hochester, one of the early settlors. It 
 was chartered as a city in 1S:U. Pop. in 1S20, 1502; in 1840, 
 20,191 ; in 1850, 36,403 ; in ISOO, 4S,2(M ; in 1S65, about 60,000. 
 
 ROCIIKSTER, a township of Ulster Co., New York, 16 
 miles S.W. of Kingston. Population. 4539. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the lelt bank of Beaver River, at its entrance into the 
 Ohio, and on the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Rail 
 road, 25 miles X.W. of Pittsburg. A good bridge acros# 
 Beaver River connects the village with Bridgewater. Popv 
 lation ill 1860. 1376. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a po.st-office of Butler CO., Kentucky. 
 
 ROCHESTKR, a thrivin.^ village of Columbiana co.. Ohio, 
 on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, and on the Cleveland and 
 Plttsburir Railro.id. 140 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 ROCIIKSTER. a post-village and township of Lorain co., 
 Ohio, on the railroad between Cleveland and Columbus, 94 
 miles N.N.E. of the latter. Pop 822. 
 
 ROCHKSTKIt, a small village of XoHe co., Ohio. 
 
 ROCIIKSTER, a thriving village of Stark co.. Ohio, on the 
 Tuscarawas River and the Ohio Canal, about 110 miles N.K. 
 of Columbus. The adjoining village of Navarre has a post- 
 oflice of its own name. 
 
 ROCHIOSTER, a post-villau'e of Warren co., Ohio, on the 
 railroad between Cincinnati and Wilmington, alxiut 30 
 miles N.E. of the former. Pop. in 1860, about 400. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a thriving post-village, Avon township,Oak- 
 land CO., Michigan, on Paint Creek, at its entrance into Clin- 
 ton Riv*. 28 m.N. of Detroit. It con tains 2 churches, 4 stores, 
 2 flour mills, 1 foundry, and a large public school-house. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, on the 
 Whitewater Canal, 76 miles E.S E. of Indi.inapoHs. 
 
 ROCHIOSTER, a post-vill.age .ind township, capital of Ful- 
 ton CO., Indiana, on the Michigan Roiid, and on Mill Creek, 
 92 miles N. of Indianapolis. The village has 2 churches 
 and several stores. Pop. of the township, 1681. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a thriving post-village of Noble co.. Indi.in.i, 
 on the Elkhart River, about l.lO miles N.X.E. of Indian.i- 
 polis. It has an excellent water-power, and a forge in which 
 bar-iron is made. 
 
 ROCHE.STKR, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, on 
 the Sang.imon River. miles S.E. of Springfield. The river 
 affords water-power for mill.s. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a post-village and township of Andrew co., 
 5Iissouri, on the Platte River, 6i. miles N. by W. of Inde- 
 pendence. Pop. 2030. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a thriving vilbge of Cedar co., Iowa, on 
 the Cedaf River, 20 miles E. of Iowa City. It contains 5 
 stores. Pop. 771. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a thriving post-village and township of r.v 
 cine CO., Wisconsin, is situated on tiie Pisht.aka or Fox Itiver, 
 at the mouth of the Muskego, and on the plank-road lie- 
 tween RacineCity and Elkhorn, 24 miles W. of the former. It 
 has a fine water-power, which is employed in flouring mills. 
 It contains also 2 manufactories of ploughs. 2 of harness, 1 
 of carriages, 6 stores, 3 hot«ls, an iron foundry, and a fan- 
 ning-mili factory. Population of the towuihip, 933; of the 
 village, about 500. 
 
 ROCH/ESTER COI/ONY, a thriving village of Clinton co., 
 Michigan, on the Majilc River, about 28 m, N. by E. of Lan- 
 sing. It has 1 Houiing-mill ami 1 saw-mill, and 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 ROCHESTER DEPOT, a post-office of I^rain co., Ohio. 
 
 ROCHESTER MILLS, a post-office of Wnba.sh co., Illinois, 
 
 ROCH'ESTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Tipperary. 
 
 ROCIIESTOWN, or BAL'LEY WII/I.IAM, a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Munster. co. of Limerict. 
 
 ROCHESTOWN, a hamlet of Irehand, In Leinster, co. of 
 Dublin, ii miles E.S.E. of Dundrum. 
 
 ROCHE-SUR-LOIRE, rosh-stlR-lwiR, a town of France, de- 
 partment of ilaine-et-Loir, 6 miles S.W. of Angers. P. 10:39. 
 
 ROCHETTA DEL TAXAKO. ro-kfftd d'l td-n^'ro, a mai^ 
 ket-town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 9 miles E.S.E. of Asti. 
 Pop. 3028. 
 
 ROCHETTE, La, M ro'sh Jf , a town of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Savoy Proper, about 16 miles S.E. of Chambery, 
 on the Gelon. Pop. 1253. 
 
 ROCH'FORD. a market-town and pari.sh of Encland. co. 
 of Essex, loj- miles S.E. of Chelmsford. Pop. in 1851. 1704. 
 The town, indifferently built, has a large ancient church, 
 and a union work-hourfe. 
 
 ROCHFOr.D. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 ROCHLITZ. roKHits, a town of Oerraany, in Saxony, on 
 the Mulde, 16 miles N.N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 4104. It 
 has a roval castle on a heitrht above the town. 
 
 ROCliLITZ, a town of Germany, in Bohemia, 34 miles 
 N. of Bidschow. Pop. 2067. 
 
 ROCK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 ROCK, a chapelry and township of England, co. of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 ROCK, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering 
 on Illinois, contains about 770 square miles. It is traversed 
 from N. to S. by Rock River, into which flow several largo 
 streams. The surface is undulating, and the soil highly 
 
 1601 
 
 J 
 
ROC 
 
 productive. Rock Prairie, the larpest in the stite. occupies 
 uearlr half of the county, extending from the river east- 
 ward. The most abundant rock of the counts' is the blue 
 limestone. Kock River is a fine stream, flowing through 
 B valley remarkable for beauty and fertility, and affording 
 abundaut water-power. The public improvements are the 
 Chicjigo and Northwestern Rjulroad, the Beloit and Madison 
 R-iilroad, the Rjiciue and Mississippi Railroad, and the Mil- 
 waukee and I'rairie du Chien Railroad. Organized in 1*^9, 
 and named from its principal streiun. The settlement began 
 in 1836, and has progressed with great rapidity. Capitiil, 
 Janesville. Pupnlation. 36.690. 
 
 ROCK, a post-office of Plymouth co., Massachusetts. 
 
 ROCK, a small post^village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROCK, a post-office of Pope co., Illinois. 
 
 ROCK, a township in the central part of Rock CO., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 1106. 
 
 ROCKAWAY, a post-village of Queen's co.. New Tork, on 
 Rockaway Bay, which sets up into the S. side of Long Island, 
 about 24 miles E.S.E. of New York. 
 
 ROCK.A.\VA Y. an important post-town of Rockaway town- 
 ship, near the centre of Morris co.. New Jersey, is situated 
 on the Rockaway Rjver, and on the Morris Canal, about 9 
 miles X. of Morristown. This town is situated in the richest 
 iron region of the state, and has extensive manufactories of 
 that useful metal. There are several forges, rolling mills, 
 foundries, and steel furnaces. The Mount Hope mining 
 property, near this place, was sold a .short time since for 
 $80,000. The Morris and Kssex Railroad passes through 
 this town. Rockaway has 1 bank. Pop. 3551. , 
 
 ROCK.\W.\Y, a post-office of Hot Springs co., Arkansas. 
 
 ROCKAWAY BEACU, of Queen's co.. New York, is a pe- 
 ninsula extending between Jamaica Bay and the ocean. 
 Here is a fashionable watering-place, with hotels and board- 
 ing houses, about 20 miles S.K. of New York. 
 
 ROCKAWAY RIVER, of New Jersey, rises in Jlorris 
 county, flows S. and E.. and enters the I'assaic on tlie 1x)und- 
 ary between Essex and Morris counties, about 5 miles S.S.E. 
 of Boonton. 
 
 ROCKBEARE. rokOjir, a parish of England.co. of Devon. 
 
 ROCK BOTTOM, post-office, .Middlesex CO.. Massachusetts. 
 
 ROCKBOURXE, rok'bUrn, a parish of England, co. Hants. 
 
 ROCK'BRIDGE, a county in the central part of Virginia, 
 has an area of about 7S0 square miles. It is intersected by 
 North River, which flows into James River, near the S ex- 
 tremity of the county, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. The 
 eounty forms part of the great valley of A'irrinia, which is 
 bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge. The soil has a 
 basis of fine limestone, and is highly productive. The .Tames 
 River Canal passes through theS. part of the county. Formed 
 In 1778, and named from the luitural bridge, nf rocl; a de- 
 scription of which will be found under Virgi.via, pp. 2047 -S. 
 Pop. 17,248, of whom 13,26.H were free, and 3986 slaves. 
 
 ROCKBRIDGE, a post-village of Gwiunett CO., Georgia, 
 15 miles S. of Lawrenceville. 
 
 ROCKBRIDGE, a post-office of Greene co.. Illinoia. 
 
 R< )CKBRIDtiE, a ])03t-village of Ozark county, Missouri, 
 on Bryant's Fork of White River, 150 miles S. of Jefferson 
 City. It is situated in a hilly region, in which pine timber 
 is abundant. 
 
 ROCKBRIDGE, Richland co.. Wisconsin. See Appendix. 
 
 ROCK CAMP, a post-office of Braxton co., W.Virginia. 
 
 ROCK CASTLE, rok kas'sgl, a county in the S.E. central 
 part of Kentucky, contains an area of about 300 square 
 miles. It is drained by Dick's and Rockcastle Rivers, from 
 the latter of which the name is derived. The surface is 
 hilly, and the soil mostly poor. Coal is found in several 
 parts of the county, but not used to much extent. Orga- 
 nized in 1810. Capital, Mount Vernon. Population, 5343, 
 of whom 4986 were free, and 357 slaves. 
 
 ROCK CASTLE, a post-village of Patrick CO., Virginia, 190 
 miles S.W. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 ROCIv CASTLE, a post-village of Tri^g co., Kentucky, on 
 Cumberlatal River, about 240 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 ROCKCASTLE, a small river in the S.E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, forms the Ixjundary between laurel county on the 
 one hand, and Rockcastle and Pulaski counties on the 
 other, and enters the Cumbei-iand River. Its general course 
 is S.S.W. 
 
 ROCK CITY, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 ROCK CITY MILLS, post-office. Saratoga co.. New York. 
 
 ROCKCLIFFE. rok'kliff. a parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland, with a station on the Caledonian Railway, 44 miles 
 N.W. of Carlisle. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in Adams county, 
 and flows into the Monocacy River. 
 
 ROCK CHEEK, rises in Montgomery co.. Maryland, flows 
 P., and falls into the Potomac at Georgetown, in the District 
 of Columbia. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, of Texas, flows through the Upper Cross 
 Timbers into the Brazos River. 
 
 ItOCK CKEEK, of Indiana, enters the Wabash on the 
 left liank. 10 miles above Delphi. 
 
 ROCK CHEEK, a post ofiice of Somerset CO.. Maryland. 
 
 EOCK CHEEK, a postofnce of Orange co.. North Carolina. 
 1602 
 
 ROC 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a small village of Murrav co.. Georgia. 
 ROCK CREEK, a postK)ffice of Franklin co.. Alabama. 
 ROCK CREEK, a post-office of Yell co., Ark.insas. 
 ROCK CREEK, a small village of Bedford co., Tennessee 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a post-village of Lewis co^ Kentucky, 126 
 miles E.N.E. of Frankfiirt. 
 
 ROCK CKEEK. a thriving village of Ashtabula co.. Ohio, 
 on Rock Creek, about 200 miles N.E. of Columbus. It liaa 
 2 or 3 churches, and several mills. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a post-township of Bartholomew co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 1134. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a township of Wells co., Indiana. P.112T 
 
 ROCIv CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co.. Illinois. 
 
 ROCiv CREEK, a post-office of Cedar co., Indiana. 
 
 ROCIv'D.\LE, a post-office of Chenango co.. New York. 
 
 R0CKD.4.LE, a post-township of Crawford co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 15 miles N.W. by N. of Meadville. Pop. 1638. 
 
 ROCKD.\LE, a small village of Newton co., Georgia. 
 
 ROCKD.\LE, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama. 
 
 ROCKDALE, Ohio, a station on the Central Ohio Railroad, 
 41 miles from Columbus. 
 
 ROCIvENIIAUSEX, rok'ken-how'zen, a town of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, 13 miles N. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1783. 
 
 ROCK'FIELD, a p.irish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 ROCK'FISir, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia. 
 
 ROCKFISII, a vill.age of Cumlierland co.. North Carolina, 
 on Rockfish Creek, 7 miles S. of Fayetteville. It contains a 
 cotton factory. 
 
 ROCKFISH CREEK, of Cumberiand co., North Carolina, 
 enters Cape Fear River from the W., atwut 10 miles below 
 Fayetteville. 
 
 ROCK'FOKD, a post-ofTice of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. 
 
 ROCKFOHD. a pcstvillage, capital of Surry co.. N. Caro- 
 lina, on the Yadkin. 145 miles W. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 ItOCKFOIiD, a post-village, capital of Coosa co., Alabama, 
 40 miles N. by E. of Montgomery. The surrounding coun- 
 try is hilly, and amply supplied with water-power, and con- 
 tains valu.ible quarries of granite, marble. &c. 
 
 ROCKFOHD. a flourishing post-village of J.icksor: co., In- 
 diana, on the Driftwood or Ea.st Fork of AVhite River, and 
 on the JefTersonville a^d Columbus Railroad. fiO miles S. of 
 Indianapolis. The river affords valuable water-power at 
 this place.. 
 
 ROCKFORD, a village of Wells co., Indiana, 100 miles 
 N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ROCKFOHD. a flourishing city, capital of Winnebago CO., 
 Illinois, is finely situated on Ixith sides of Rock River, and 
 on the Chicago and Galena Railroad, 92 miles AV.N.W. of 
 Chicago. Rcckfoi-d is the centre of an active business, and 
 has abundant water-power. It has nearly all Iteen built 
 since 1836. Its growth was constant and modente until 
 1S60, when it began to increase with great rapidity. This 
 was mainly caused by a prospect of the early completion ot 
 the railroad. Rockfoi-d contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, 15 churches, 3 national banks, 2 other banks, 2 wool 
 len factories, and 1 malleable iron foundry. Three uewspa 
 pers are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 2093 ; in 1800, 6979, 
 
 ROCK GROVE, post-office, Richmond co.. North Carolina. 
 
 ROCK GROVE, a post-village and township of- Stephen- 
 son CO.. Illinois, about 55 miles E. bv N. of Galena. 
 
 ROCK HALL, a post-village of Kent co., Maryland, on 
 the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. 25 miles N.E. of .Annapolis. 
 
 ROCKHAMPTON. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 R<X^K HA'VEN, a post-village of Meade co., Kentucky, 
 is situated at the Narrows on the Ohio River. 
 
 ROCK'HILL. a townsliip of Bucks co., Penusvlvania. Pop. 
 3115. 
 
 ROCKIIILL, a small village of Greene co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROCKHILL, a post-office of York district. South Carolina. 
 
 ROCKHILL, a post-village of St. Louis co., Jlissourl, 10 
 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. 
 
 ROCKHILL, a post-office of Collin county, Texas. 
 
 ROCK MILL, a post-otlice of Pope county, Arkansas. 
 
 ROCK'HOLDS, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 ROCKIIOLDS. a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky. 
 
 ROCK'HiiUSE, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 
 ROCKHOUSE, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 
 ROCK'HOUSE PRAIRIE, (prA'ree,) a post-village of Bu- 
 chanan CO., Missouri. 44 miles N.N.W. of Independence. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM, rdk'ing-am, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co., and 22 miles N.N.E. of Northampton, in 
 Rockingham Forest, Pop. about 300. Here are the remains 
 of a castle, within the court of which is the mansion of 
 Lord Sondes. The forest, formerly of great extent, is now 
 enclosed. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 New Hampshire, has an area of about 750 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the ocean, being the only county 
 of New Hampshire which has any extent of se.i-co.ist. It is 
 watered by the Liimprey, Beaver, and Exeter Rivers. Great 
 Bay, connecting with PiscataquaRiverand M:\^.-iabesicLake, 
 are the princip.-U collections of water ; besides w hich, how- 
 ever, there are numerous small lakes or ponds. The surface 
 is uneven, and somewhat hilly in the N. part 'ihe soil id 
 productive, and under good ciUtivstioil. TbW county ia la- 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 tersected br railroads connectins; Boston with Manchester, 
 Portiaiirt. and Portsmouth, and by that connecting Ports- 
 mouth and Concord. County towns. Portsmouth and Exe- 
 ter. Pop. 50 122. 
 
 KOCKr.Ntill.VM, a county in the N.E. central part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an aiea of 900 square miles. It is intersected in 
 the S.E. part by the Shenandoah Kiver proper, and also 
 drained l>v the Xorth Fork of that Kiver, and by Dry and 
 North Hivers, which rise within its limit.?. The county oc- 
 cupies part of the Gre.at Valley which is bounded on the 
 S.K. by the lilue Kidge, and on the N.W. by the North 
 Mountain. The soil is generally very fertile. According to 
 the census of 1850, this county produced more wheat and 
 more hay than any other county in the state. There were 
 raised that year 608.3o0 bushels of wheat, and 16,067 tons 
 of h.ay. A (juarry of marble has been opened near the 
 county-seat, and limestone is abundant. The North Kiver 
 furnishes extensive water-power. Onjanized in 1788. Capi- 
 tal, Harrisonburg. Population, 23,-108, of whom 21,021 
 were free, und Zi'^7 slaves. 
 
 KOCKINOIIAM, a county in the X. part of North Caro- 
 lina, bordering on Virginia; area estimated at 600 square 
 miles. It is iutersocted l»y tlie Dan River, and also drained 
 by tlie souices of Ilaw River, a branch of the Cape Fear, 
 liie surface is elevated and hilly; the soil is generally pro- 
 ductive. Iron ore is found in the countv. Formed in 1785. 
 Capital, Wentworth. Population, 16,740; of whom 10,428 
 were free, and 6.318 slaves. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM, a post/village and township of Windham 
 CO., Vermont, on Williams' Kiver, and on the Rutland and 
 Burlington Railroad. 82 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. It 
 contains a newspaper office, a bank, 3 or 4 woollen mills, 6 
 boot and shoe factories, an iron foundry. &c. Pop. of the 
 township, 2904. 
 
 I'OCKINOHAM, a post-village, capital of Richmond co.. 
 North Caroliiiii, 5 miles K. of the Yadkin River, and 106 
 miles S.W. of Raleigh. It has good water-power in the 
 vicinity, employed in a cotton factorv and several mills. 
 
 ROCKING HAM, a village of Scott co., Iowa, on the W. 
 bank of the Mississippi River, 5.i miles E.S.K. of Iowa City. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM BAY. a spaciousojid beautiful harbor on 
 the N.K. coast of Australia, in lat. 18° 10' S. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND, .an island in the .Mississippi River, nearly 
 opposite the city of Rock Island in Illinois. It is about 3 
 miles in length. Fort Armstrong is situated on the S. ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND, a county in the W.N.W. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on the Mississippi, wliich separates it from low.a. 
 has an area of about 850 square miles. It is situated on 
 both sides of Rock River, which forms part of the S.K. 
 boundary. It derives its name from an island in the 
 channel of the Missis-sippi. The greatest length is about 70 
 miles, following tiie course of the river ; the breadth varies 
 from 3 to 15 miles. The surface is diver.sified: the soil is 
 good. The county contains abundance of stone coal and 
 limestone. Rock River affords immense water-power near 
 its mouth. The Chicago and Rock Island Railro.ad has its 
 W. terminus in this county. Capital, Kock Island City. 
 Pop. 21,005. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND, a po.st-offlce of Austin CO., Texas. 
 
 ROCK ISIi.\ND. a post-office of Warren co.. Tennessee. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND CITY, capital of Kock Island co., Illinois, 
 on the Mississi])pi River. 2 miles above the mouth of Rock 
 River, and 182 miles W. by S. of Chicago. It is .situated .at 
 the foot of the Upper Rapids, which extend nearly 15 miles, 
 and in low stages of water obstruct the passage of loaded 
 vessels. The place derives its name fitim an island 3 miles 
 In length, the S. extremity of which is nearly opposite the 
 to\v1i. The main and navigable channel is on the W. side 
 of the island, while that on the E. has been dammed so as 
 to produce an immense water-power aliove. and a good 
 harlxir below. The island presents a perpendicular front 
 of limestone 20 or 30 feet high, and is partly covered with 
 woods, which afford an agreeable retreat in the heat of 
 summer. Kock Island is remarkable for its flouiishlng 
 munufiictiires. It contains 10 churches, 2 banks, a large 
 Union school house, a p.aper mill, and a plow factory. Two 
 daily newspapers are issued here. A bridge across the 
 ri\er connects it with Davenport, Iowa. It is the W. ter- 
 minus of the Chicago and Rock Island R;\iIroa(L Popular 
 tion in 1860, 5130; in 1865, about 7500. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND RAPIDS, of Illinois, extend up the Mis- 
 gisflpp' Kiver. from the city of Kock Island, about 15 miles. 
 See Kock Island City. 
 
 ROCK L.\KE, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROCK LAKE, Wisconsin, a small lake in the township 
 of Lake Mills, in Jefferson county. Length, 2| miles; 
 (ireadth, 1^ miles. It derives its name from a great number 
 of rocks along the shore, thrown up by the expansion of the 
 ice in winter into a ridge, which is in many places several 
 feet high. 
 
 ROCKLAND, rock'laiid, a parish of Englnnd co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ROCK 'LAND, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has 
 on area of .ibout 470 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the IIud.son River, and on the S.W. by New Jersey, and 
 
 is principally watered by the TIaekensack and Passaic Rivers, 
 which afford some water-power. It contains several small 
 ponds well stocked with fish, and from which large quanti- 
 ties of ice are obtained for the New York market. The su^ 
 face is uneven, .and in some parts mountainous, on account 
 of the elevated range called the Highlands pa.ssing throuah 
 the county. The soil of the valleys is rich and productive, 
 and on the uplands often fertile and well adapted to irrazing. 
 Iron ore and sandstone are abundant. The New York and 
 Erie Railroad passes through the W. part of the county. 
 Organized in 1798, having previously formed part of Orange 
 county. Capital, CUukslown. I'oj). 22,492. 
 
 ROCKLAND (formerly EAST THOM'ASTON), a thriving 
 city, the capital of Knox co., Maine, on the S.W. side of 
 Penobscot liay, about 40 miles S.E. of Augusta. It lias 8 
 churches, 3 banks, 2 insurance offices, 3 newspaper otlices, 
 a fine public library, and 80 stores. What is termed the 
 graded system of schools has been established here. AVater 
 is brought into the city by the Jackson \\'ater-Works, 3 
 miles in length, costing $35,000. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 engaged in ship-building, and tlio manufacture of lime f'roili 
 the immense limestone quarries in the vicinity. About 
 800,000 casks of lime of a superior (piality arc exported an- 
 nually. Twenty-tln-ee vessels, of wliich 8 or 9 were l.-irge 
 ships, were constructed here in 1853. The Red Jacket — the 
 largest morchant sliip afloat (tons, 2434), with the excep- 
 tion of tlie Hepublic — was built at this port. There is also 
 here a largo iron foundry and machine-shop. Rockland has 
 a telegraph station, and steamboats plj'ing between Boston 
 and Bangor touch at its wharves. Incorporated in 1S4S. and 
 chartered as a city in 1 S54. Pop. in 1850, 5052 ; in 1 S60. 7316. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode Island. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a po.st-township forming the N. extremity 
 of Sullivan co.. New York. Pop. 1616. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a townsJiip of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1707. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a post-township of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the left side of the Alleghany River, 12 miles S.E. 
 of Franklin. Population, 1075. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a post-township of Ontonagon Co., Michigan. 
 
 ROCKLAND ALL S.4.INTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ROCKLAND LAKE, of Rockland co.. New Y'ork. about .30 
 miles N. of New Y'oik. It is 4 or 5 miles in circumference. 
 Its waters are very pure, and it furnishes large supplies of 
 the finest ice to New York City. 
 
 ROCKLAND L.\KK, post-office, Rockland co.. New York. 
 
 ROCKLAND M 1 LLS, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia, 
 
 KOCKL.WD MILLS, a post-office. Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 ROCK'LAND ST. AN'DKEW, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ROCK'LAND ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ROCK LICK, a post-office of Hancock co., Georgia. 
 
 ROCK >n LLS. a post-office of Rappahannock co., Virginia. 
 
 ROCK 5IILLS, a post-village of Anderson di.strict, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ROCK JIILLS, a post-office of Hancock co.. Georiria. 
 
 ROCK 511 LLS, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama. 
 
 ROCK MOUNTAIN. See Stone Mountain. 
 
 ROCK'POINT, a post-office of Independence CO., Arkansas. 
 
 ROCK'PORT, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 KOCKPOItT. a post-village and township of Essex co., 
 Mas-sachiisetts' 32 miles N.E. of Boston. It contains 6 
 churches, a bank, a large cotton factory, and a savings in- 
 stitution. The fisheries are carried on to some extent; 
 boots and shoes and furniture are also manufactured. The 
 township abounds with quarries of fine granite, contiguous 
 to the sea. In 1S64, .about 75 vessels, owned here, were em- 
 ploye<l in the mackerel fishery and coasting trade. The 
 Kockport Granite Company has a capital of $100,000. Popu- 
 lation of tlie township, .3237. 
 
 ROCKPOKT, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a small village of Attala co.. Mi(fiissippi. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a post-village, capital of Hot Spring CO., 
 Arkansas, on the Washita River, about 50 miles W.S.W. of 
 Little Rock, and at the head of navigation. A well-built 
 lattice bridge, 300 feet long, has been thrown across the 
 river here, at a cost of ,^20,000. 
 
 ■ ROCKPORT, a village of Allen co., Ohio, 10 miles N.N.E. 
 of Lima. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a post-village and township of Cuyahoga co., 
 Ohio, on Lake Erie, and on the Cleveland andColiimbus 
 Railroad. 7 miles S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 1793. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a post-village, capital of Spencer co., Indiana, 
 is situated on a high bluff of the Ohio River, 50 miles aliove 
 Evansville. The name is derived frMn a hanging rock, 
 known as Lady AV'ashingtou's Rock. Kockport has 5 
 churches, 1 bank, 1 academy, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 
 in 1860, 834 ; iu 1865 said to be 1800. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, on Sny- 
 cartee Slough, a side-channel of the Mississippi River, 80 
 miles W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 RoCK PRAIRIE (pri'ree), a post-office of Dade count}', 
 Missouri. 
 
 1603 
 
ROC 
 
 200 K PUATKTE, a postrvillage of Kock co., Wisconsin, 
 tbout 8 milbS fc'. of Janesville. 
 
 ROCK QUAR'KY. a post-office of Pope co., Illinois. 
 
 KOCK KI VKK. a post-oflfice of Warren co.. Tennessee. 
 
 ROCK RIVER, of Wisconsin and Illinois, rises in Fond 
 du Lae county, of the former state. 8 or 10 miles S. of Lake 
 Wiunebaoro, and flowing first southward and afterwards 
 south-we.stward, i^ enters the state cff Illinois at Beloit. and 
 falls into the Mississippi a little below the town of Rock 
 Island. Its whole length is estimated at about 330 miles. 
 The current is obstructed by rapids in sereral places : but 
 it might be made navigable at a moderate expense. Small 
 steamboats have ascended as far as Jefferson, Wisconsin, 225 
 miles. The river passes by the towns of Janesville, Beloit, 
 Rockford, and Dixou, and flows through a valley, or, to 
 spwik more properly, an extensive plain, which is noted for 
 its fertility and beautiful scenery. The whole descent of 
 the current is ascertained to be about 379 feet. 
 
 ROCK KIVEIJ. a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin. 
 
 KOCK'ROK, a township of Monroe co., .\ikansas. P. 312. 
 
 ROCK RU>'. a post-office of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 Ri)CK RUN, a post-township of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 10.37. 
 
 ROCK RUX. a small village of Will co., Illinois. 
 
 ROCKS'BUliG. a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey. 
 
 ROCKS^FOKD. a post-office of Tusrarawas CO., Ohio. 
 
 ROCK SPRI.NO, a post-office of Patrick co.. Georgia. 
 
 ROCK SPKI.Xti. a post-otlice of Omnge co.. North Carolina. 
 
 ROCK SPRI.VG. a post-office of Walker CO.. Georgia. 
 
 ROCK SPRING, a post-offlce of St. Clair co.. Illinois. 
 
 ROCK SPRINGS, a post-offlce of Cecil co., Maryland. 
 
 ROCK ST.\a'IO\. Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod RaU- 
 road, -W miles from Boston. 
 
 KOCK STRE.\^.M, a post-village of Yates co., New York. 
 on the Canandaigua and Elmir»»Railroad, 27 miles H. of 
 Elmira. 
 
 ROCKTOX, Herkimer co., New Y^ork. See LrrrLE Falls. 
 
 R<XJK'TO.\, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Winnebago Co.. Illinois, on Rock River, on the Racine and 
 Mis.sissippi Railroad. 16 miles N. of Rockford. It contains 
 3 churches, 3 paper-mills. 2 flour-mills, and a manufactory 
 of reapers. Pop. about 600; of the township, 9i7. 
 
 ROOKTOWX, a village of Hunterdon co. New Jersey, 
 about 7 miles S. of Flemington. 
 
 ROCK VAL'LEY, post-office, Hampden co., Massachusetts. 
 
 ROCK VALLEY, a post-office of Marshall CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 ROCK'VILLE, a post-village of Norfolk CO.. M.ussachusetts, 
 on a branch of the Norfolk County Railroad, 26 miles S. of 
 Boston. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Rhode 
 Island, has several carriage factories. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Vernon town- 
 ship, Tolland co., Connecticut, on Ilockanum River, which 
 here furnishes excellent water-power, about 14 miles N.E. 
 of Hartford. It contains 4 churches, viz. : 2 Congregational, 
 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist, 2 banks and 1 newspaper office. 
 About $900,000 capital is invested in woollen and Cotton 
 manufactures. Rockville is one of the most enterprising 
 pla<'es in Northern Connecticut. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co., New York, 
 about .55 miles S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-vill.ige of Chester co., Penn.sylvania, 
 68 miles P'.S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co., 
 Maryland, 10 mites N.N.W. of Washington City. It contains 
 a court-house, a jail, 5 churches, and 1 academy. A news- 
 paper is published here. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-office of Hanover co., A'lrglnia. 
 
 ROCKVILLE. a post-village of Rowan CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-office of Lexington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ROCKVILLE. a post-village of Putnam co., Georgia, 11 
 miles E. of Eatonton. It has 1 church and 2 stores. 
 
 KOCKVIM.E. a post village of Monroe CO., Tennessee, 164 
 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 ROCKVILLE. a post-village of Adams co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, about 90 miles above Cincinnati. It has mills 
 for sawing stone, which is quarried in the vicinity. 
 
 ROCKVILLE. a thriving post-village, capital of Parke CO., 
 Indiana, Is pleasantly situated on the plank-road from 
 Indianapiilis to Springfield, Illinois,- 60 miles W. of the 
 former, and on the Evansvillo and Crawfordsville Railroad. 
 It is surrounded by a rich farming district, which contains 
 extensive beds of coal. It has 4 churches, 1 bank, 2 news- 
 P«PPi" offices, and a steam gi-ist-mill. Population. 72«. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, on the 
 Kankakee. 102 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 »T IJ.Op'^^^'-I''''- « post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, 60 miles 
 N..N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 ROCK'VILLE, a village of Canada East. co. of Beauhar- 
 noU, 4<1 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 300. 
 
 1, ^^S.W'.'^l* '^'■•>'T'<K, p.»t-office. Queens co.. New York. 
 ROCMILbE SWITCH. Pennsylvania, a station on the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles from Harrisburg. 
 R0CK'W1;lL, post-offlce, Pickens dUtrlct, South Carolina. 
 
 ROC 
 
 ROCKWF.LL. a post-village of Bond co., Illinois, on tht 
 West Branch of Shoal Creek, 70 miles S. of Springfield, hatf 
 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 ROCK'WOOD. a post-office of Fulton co., New York. 
 
 ROCKHT BAYOU, (bi'oo,) a p.ist-village and township of 
 Izard CO., .Arkansas, about 10 miles E. of Mount Olive. 
 
 ROCKHf COM'FOUT. a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 
 ROCKY COMFORT CREEK, of Georgia, flows into the 
 Ogeei'hee River near Louisville. 
 
 ROCKY CREEK, of Chester district. South Carolina, 
 enters the Wateree River on the right, near Rocky Mount. 
 
 R WKY CREEK, of Tatnall co., Georgia, flows into Ohoopee 
 River. 
 
 ROCKY CREEK, a post-office of Iredtll co.. North Carolina. 
 
 ROCKY CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Mi.«.-issippi. 
 
 ROCKY FORD, a post-offlce of Pontotoc co.. Missi.'^sippi. 
 
 ROCKY FORK, of Paint Creek. Ohio, joins that stream on 
 the line between Highland and Ross counties. 
 
 ROCKY GAP, a post-office of Tazewell co.. Virginia. 
 
 ROCKY HILL, a post-village and township of Hartford 
 CO., Conneotiiut. on the W. .side of the Connectiiut Itiver, 7 
 miles S. of Hartford. Pop. 1102. 
 
 R(.>CKY HILL, a post-village of Somer-set co.. New .Tersey, 
 on the Millstone River and the Delaware and liaritan Canal, 
 4 miles X. of Princeton, contains 2 stores, 3 mills, and about 
 25 dwellings. 
 
 ROCKY HILL, a post-offlce of F.iyctte co., W.Virginia. 
 
 ROCKY HILL, a post-office of Lavacca CO., Texas. 
 
 ROCKY HILL, a post-office of Barren co.. Kentuckv. 
 
 RlKKY HILL, a post-office of Jackson co.. Ohio. 
 
 ROCICrr ISLAND or LOTmN, an island of the South 
 Pacific, off the X'. coast of Papua, in lat. 5^ 20' S.. Ion. 147"^ 
 36' E. It presents an immense cone of from 3000 to 4000 feet 
 in height, with a large hollow on its N.E. side, indicating the 
 situation of an ancient crater. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., 
 A'irginia. about 180 miles W. by S. of Richmond. It hag 
 sevenal stores, and an extensive iron furnace in the vicinity. 
 Pop. about 300. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village of Edgecomlie co.. North 
 Carolina, on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. 56 miles 
 E. of Raleigh. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village of Fairfield district, South 
 Caroliiua. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village in Meriwether co., Georgi.1, 
 95 miles W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNT, a post-office of Kemper co., Mi.«.sissippL 
 
 ROCKY MOUXT. a post-offlce of Bossier parish. Louisiana 
 
 ROCKY MOU.NT. a post-office of Jack sou co.. Tennes.see. 
 
 RWKY MOUNT, a post-village of Miller co'., Missouri. 30 
 miles S.W. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAINS, "(Fr. Montaffnes Bnclmu^es, mon'- 
 tait' ro^shcz'; Qer. F'Uertgebirge, fSl'sen-ga-M6R'ga.) called 
 also the CHIPPEWAYAN (chip-pe-wA'an) MOUNTAINS, a 
 chain in the central and N. part of North America; com- 
 mencing in New Mexico, in about 32° 30' N. lat., near Fort 
 Webster; it ext»inds nearly N.N.W. throughout the N. 
 portion of the continent to the Polar Ocean, terminating 
 W. of the mouth of JIackenzie's River,in lat. 69° N.. Ion. 135" 
 W. This range, in connection with the Andes, of which it 
 may be said to be a continuation, forms the longest, and, 
 according to Humboldt, the most uniform chain of mountains 
 on the globe. Somewhat more than half of the entire chain 
 belongs to North America ; the name. Rocky Mountains, 
 being usually applied to that portion only which is com- 
 prised within the United States and British America, 
 although the exact limit of this mountain range towards 
 the S. can scarcely be said to be determined. The entire 
 length, however, of the chain, following the windings, may 
 be stated in round numbers at 3000 miles. The E.bound.ary 
 of the Rockv Mountains in l.at. 38° N.. is in 107° 20' W. Ion.; 
 in lat. 40° N., 108° 30' W. Ion.: lat. 6:j° N., 124° 40' W. Ion.; 
 lat. 68° N., 130° 30' W. Ion. Notwithstanding this genertO 
 trending to the W., the continent widens so much more in 
 the same direction, that this chain, which, in South and 
 Central America, and Mexico, is comparatively a coast range, 
 is several hundred Ic.tgues inland in the United States and 
 British -America. The highest known peaks within the United 
 States are Fremonfs. 1.3.570 feet; and Pike's Peak, 11.497 feet 
 high; and Mount Brown and Mount Hooker, in British 
 America, near 53° N. lat., the former about 16,000. and the 
 latter 15.690 feet above the sea-level. We are very imperfectly 
 aciiuainted with this system of mountains; the general alti- 
 tude of the range, however, is supposed to vary from 10.000 
 to 14.000 feet; the Rev. Mr. Parker states that peaks h.ive 
 been measured of 18.000 feet in elevation. The E. slope of 
 the Rooky Mountains is remarkable for its gradual declina- 
 tion. The a.scent fixjm Fort Leavenworth, in lat. 39° 21' N., 
 and Ion. 94° 44' W., to t he South P.ass, (the greav highway from 
 Missouri to Utah and Oregon.) in lat. about 42° 30' N., and 
 Ion. 109° 30' W., is a little more than 6000 feet in a distance 
 of 932 miles by the usual route. The elevation of the South 
 Pas.s, which is a remarkable depression in the principal 
 chain from about 15 to 20 miles wide. Is about 75lXi feet 
 above the sea. This rise, as might be inferred from what 
 
ROC 
 
 ROD 
 
 has been said above, is exceedingly gentle; so much so, 
 indeed, that the ascent is almost imperceptible by any 
 exce])t a scientific observer. 
 
 Uranches. — The following notice of the ramifications of 
 the Itocky Mountains is condensed from Iluuiljoldt's "As- 
 pects of Nature:"' — --From about lat. 22° N. the Cordillera 
 ofAnahuac divides into three chains. 1. The K. chain, that 
 of I'otofii and Texas, is continued northward into Arkansas 
 and Missouri, under the name of Ozark Mountains ; thence 
 by a succession of hills through Wisconsin to Lake Superior. 
 2. The central chain of Durango and New Mexico, taking 
 the name of Ilocky Mountains. From this chain, an im- 
 porfcmt branch (called the^lSlack Hills) detaches itself in 
 about 40'' N. lat., and extends at first nearly E., and then 
 N., forming the dividing ridge between the tributaries of the 
 Yellowstone and those of tlae Missouri on the E., and the 
 tributaries of the Platte on the S., spreading out in the 
 highlands of Nebraska and Minnesota, wheVe they constitute 
 the watershed between the streams which fiow to the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and (hose flowing to the Polar Sea. The highest 
 known summit of this branch is about 8000 feet alxive the 
 sea. 3. The VV. range pa.sses through Ciualoa and Sonora, 
 being linked by spurs with the mountains of California." 
 On each side of the Kio Grande, in New Mexico, there are 
 several parallel lidges, with the same general course as the 
 central ridge, taking the local names of SieiTa lilanea, 
 Sacramento Mountains, Organ Mountains, &c. on the E. 
 side of the river, and San Juan, Jomez Mountains, Zufii 
 Mountains, Ac. on the W. This plan of local naming 
 continues thrcmghout the chain, which is in fact a system 
 rather than a range of mountains. 
 
 Plakaiu, d-c. — Between the highest ridge of the Rocky 
 Mountains on the E., and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade 
 Eange on tlie W .. is a vast region of tjible land, which in its 
 widest part extends through 14 degrees of longitude; that is, 
 about 700 miles from E. to AV. Humboldt, in his "Aspects 
 of Nature." (editiim of 1849.) already alluded to, observes 
 that the Rocky .Mountains between .'57° and 43"^ present lofty 
 plains, of an extent hardly met with in any other part of 
 the globe; having a breadth from E. to W. twice as great 
 as the plateaus of Mexico. In the W. part of the great cen- 
 tral plateaus alx)ve described, lies the Great liasin. otherwise 
 called Fremnnt's Basin, from its having been first explored 
 by Colonel Fremont. It is situated between the Sierra Ne- 
 Tad.% and Wahsatch Mountains, and is bounded on every 
 side with hi-h hills or mountains. It is about 500 miles in 
 extent, from E. to W.. and 350 from N. to S. Only a part of 
 it has been thoroughly explored; it is, however, known to 
 contain a number of lakes and rivers, none of whose waters 
 ever reach tlie ocean, being probably taken up by evaporation 
 or lost in the sand of tlie more arid districts. .\s far as 
 known, the lakes of this liasin are silt, except Ut.ih Lake. 
 The largest of these, the Great Salt i^ake, is filled with a satu- 
 rated solution of common salt; it has an elevation of 4200 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 Pasxs. — Probably no mountains of the same altitude can 
 be so readily traversed as the Rocky Mountain chain, owing 
 to the great breadth of its base, and its gentle acclivit)'. 
 Among the most remarkable of the numerous passes may 
 be mentioned that leading from the heiid-waters of the 
 Athabasca to those of theColunibia. between Mount Brown 
 and Mount Hooker, and called the .\thabasca Portage; it h.as 
 a height of 7300 feet, and has only been used by the traders 
 of the Hudson Bay Company, as the principal pass into the 
 basin of Columbia; Cadet's Pass, near the N. boundary of the 
 United States; the well-known South Pass, already alluded 
 to; the old Santa Fe trail from Independence to the town 
 of Santa F6, .and the El Paso route in the S. of New ^lexico. 
 Governor Stevens of Wa-^^hington Territory, .says of that por- 
 tion about the sources of the MLssouri, "that it is broken 
 Into spurs, and filled with valleys, furni.shing several good 
 passes much lower than the celebrated South Pass, one by 
 barometric measurement. 1500 feet lower." Fremont, in the 
 winter of 18.53—4. explored a route from the mouth of the 
 Kanzas to the pass of the Huerfano River, throu^'h the 
 Sierra Blanca, in New Mexico, thence acro.ss the valley of 
 San Luis, up that of Siih-Watcli. through the Central Chain 
 of the Rocky Mountains by the Cooch.a-too-pe Pass. 
 
 Much attention has recently been directed towards ascer- 
 taining the most suitable passes across the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, with a view to the location of the contemplated Pacific 
 Railroad. For the following important items of information, 
 tve are indebted to the courtesy of Henry V. Poor, E.sq., the 
 able editor of the American Railroad . Journal: — "The pro- 
 posed Northern route for the Pacific RaiIro.ad would c-ross 
 the Rocky Jlountains near the sources of the Missouri and 
 Columbia, at an elevation of about 6000 feet above the sea ; 
 the elevation of the summit of the South P.ass is 7490 feet; 
 'lie Bear Mountain Summit, 1000 feet higher ; the Central 
 t)ute would cross by the Coocha-too-pe Pass, in lat. 38°, at 
 tm elevation of 11.082 feet, or iiy the Sangre de Christo Pass, 
 flt 8,800 teet; the Southern route, proposed to cross near the 
 32d parallel of N. lat., would traverse the great plateau 
 where an interval seems to occur between the termination 
 Of the Sierra Madre and the commencement of the Rocky 
 
 Mountains proper, at an elevation, probably, nowhere great<« 
 than 5000 feet." (See Bulletin of the New York Geogra 
 phical Society, art. V. 1854.) 
 
 Amid the valleys and gorges of this stupendous systeok 
 of mountains, some of the lai'gest rivers of the globe hav» 
 their birth. Of these, the .\thabasca, Peace, and Mackenzie* 
 find their outlet in the Polar Sea; the Sasbitchawan in the 
 Atlantic, through Hudson's Bay; the Missouri and its 
 many tributaries, the Platte, Arkansas, and lied Rivers, 
 gliding gently down its long E. slopes, find an exit in the 
 Mississippi, and thence into the Gulf of Mexico; while the 
 ]{io Del Norte, the Colorado, and the Columbia, (with Lewis 
 River, its principal tributary, forming in itself a mighty 
 stream,) take opposite directions ; the first tlirough the v.ailey 
 of New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico; the second through 
 the deserts of Utah and the western part of New Mexico to 
 the Gulf of California; while the last, from the N., bursting 
 through the Cascade and coast ranges.- rushes to join the 
 mighty Pacific, bearing the only waters that reach that ocean 
 directly from this range. Erman observes, "that it is re- 
 markable, that if an arch of a great circle were prolonged 
 from the Aldan Mountains in Siberia, it would pa.ss throuirh 
 the principal peaks of the Rocky Mountains, between 40° 
 and 55° N. lat. 
 
 Gfologtj. -rOi the geological structure of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains as yet very little is known. The highest parts visited 
 by Fremont were composed of rocks of granite and gneiss, 
 shooting up into sharp and jagged peaks. A'olcanic rocks 
 are known to exist in many places on the slopes or sides of 
 these mountains. According to the most recent reports 
 there is, between the head of Madison River and the upper 
 waters of the Yellowstone, a volcanic region of perhaps 100 
 .square miles in extent, in which some of the volcanoes are 
 said to have lately been in a state of eruption. Hot springs 
 are fi>und, not only in this region, but in various other places 
 on the E. and W. declivities of the Rocky Mountain Range. 
 Near 42° .37' N. lat., and 111° 45' W. Ion., there are a number 
 of fountains, the waters of which elTervesce with the carbonic 
 acid that they contain. From this circumstance they have 
 received the name of " Beer, or Soda Springs." The most 
 remarkable of these throws up a jet Weau of about three 
 feet high, accompanied with a subterraneous noise, which. 
 t/)gether with the rushing of the water, resembles the sound 
 of a steanilKiat in motion, whence it has been termed the 
 "Steamboat Spring." (Fremont,) 
 
 ROCKY NARROWS, a post'0%e of Monroe co., Ohie. 
 
 ROCKY PLAINS, a post-ofiice of Newton co., Georgia. 
 
 ROCKY POINT,- a thriving village of Monroe co., W. 
 Virginia. 240 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 ROCKY POINT, a po.st-office of Scott CO., Virginia. 
 
 ROCKY POINT, a post-oflice of Attala co., Mississippi. 
 
 ROCKY POINT, a post-village of Independence co., Ar- 
 kansas, about 8 miles S.E. of Balesville. 
 
 ROCKY POINT MILLS, a post-ofiice of Botetourt co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 ROCKY POND, a post-office of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ROCKY RIDGE, a post-office of 'Anderson district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ROCKY RIVER, of North Carolina, a small .stream, flowg 
 through Cabarras co., and then turning, foi-ms the boundary 
 between Stanley and .\n.son, until it enters the Yadkin. 
 
 ROCKY RIVER, of Chatham co., North Carolina, entera 
 Deep River from the N.W. 
 
 ROCKY RIVER, of South Carolina, a sm.all stream, rise» 
 in Anderson district, and flowing S., enters the Savann.ah. 
 
 ROCKY RIVER, a small stream in the E. central part of 
 Tennessee, forms the boundary between Warren and Van 
 Buren co's., and enters the Caney Fork of Cumberland Ri\ er. 
 
 ROCKY RIVER, Ohio, a .small stream, rises in Medina 
 CO.. and enters I.ake Erie about 10 miles W. of Cleveland. 
 
 ROCKY RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream, falls Intc 
 the St. Joseph's, in St. Joseph county. • 
 
 ROCKY r.UN, post-tnshp., U.ancock co., Illinois. Pop. 797. 
 
 ROCKY RUN, a post-otiice of Columbia co.. AVisconsin. 
 
 ROCKY SPRING, a post-village of Jackson co., Alabama, 
 188 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 ROCKY SPUING, a post-village. Claiborne CO.. Mississippi. 
 
 ROCKY SPRING, a post-oflice of Granger co., Tennessee. 
 
 ROCKY AVELL, a post-office of Lexington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 ROCOUR, ro'kooR/, a village of Belgium, province, and 2 
 miles N.N.W. of Liege. It is famous for the battle fought in 
 its plains in 1746, when the French, under Marshal S.axe. 
 defeated the allies under Duke Charles of Lorraine. Pop. 520l 
 
 ROC'ROY' or ROC'ROI', (Fr. pron. ro'knvi) a frontiei for- 
 tified town of France, department of Ardennes, in the forest 
 of Ardennes, 15 miles N.AY. of Mezi&res. Pop. 1164. It has 
 a military hospit.il and a custom-hou.se. The Duke of 
 Enghien, afterwards the "Grand Conde,"' here defeated the 
 Spaniards in 1643. 
 
 R0D.4, to/])d. a town of Spain, province, and 38 miles N.K 
 of Barcelona, on the Ter. 
 
 . ROD.l, a town of Spain, province, and 56 miles S. c/ 
 Cuenca. Pop. 2400. 
 
 1605 
 
ROD 
 
 BODA n'iS., A town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Alten- 
 burg. 8 raiL«< E.S>.E of Jena. Pop. 2357. 
 
 KODA, a town of iVrabia. See Kodah. 
 
 EODA, an isla)id in the Nile. See Khodda. 
 
 RODACII, ro'diK, a town of Saxe-Coburg. 10 miles W.^.W. 
 of Coburg. on a river of its own name. Pop. 1572. 
 
 RO'DAII, ROIJA, rML or RODDA, rod'dl, a town of 
 Arabia, in Yemen, 8 miles X.X.W. of Sjiua, and a residence 
 of many of its merchant.s. It has fine gardens and vine- 
 j-ards. and is governed by an ameer, who occupies its citadel. 
 
 RODALBEX, i-o-ddl'bSn, or ROtllALBEN, ro-t,il'b^u, a 
 village of Bavaria, ia the Palatinate, near Pirmaseus. Pop. 
 1509. 
 
 RODAXO. a river of Europe. See Rhine. 
 
 KODAS, an i.slaud of Turkey. See Rhobks. 
 
 KODAUK, roMawk', a town of Central Asia, in Little 
 Thiliet, about 120 miles S.E. of Leh, and having an -active 
 trade in shawl woo), and salt from adjacent lakes. 
 
 ROI^'BOKXE-CIIE'XEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ROrVBOROUGU, a chapolry and tything of England, co. 
 of Gloucester. 
 
 RODBYE or RODBY, rod'bii, a maritime town of Den- 
 mark, on the S. coast of the island of Laaland, 7 miles 
 S.S.W. of Maribo. Pop. 1200. 
 
 RODDA; a town of Arabia. See Rodah. 
 
 RODDA, an island in the Xile. See Rhodda. 
 
 ROD'DiiX'. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 RODDEXAU. (Roddenau.) rod'deh-n<5w\ a vill;ige of Hesse- 
 Cassel, in Ober-Uessen, near Fraukeuburg, on the Eder. Pop. 
 1003. 
 
 RODDIXO, rod-dee'no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Coni, province of Alb.H. Pop. 1106. 
 
 RODELIIEIJI, ro'dj-l-hime^ a market-town of Germany, 
 in Hesse-Darmstadt, pi-ovince of Otier-IIesseu, on the Xidda, 
 4 miles W.X.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1538. 
 
 RODELSEX, (Rodelsen,) ro'dji-sgn, a village of Bavaria, 
 in Lower Francouia. Pop. 802. 
 
 RODEMACK, roMeh-mdk', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Moselle, S miles X.X.E. of Thionville. Pop. 
 1087. 
 
 RODEX, RIIODEX, ro'den, or ROOX, ron, a village of 
 Bolland, province of Drenthe, 12 miles X.W, of Assen. P. 863. 
 
 RODEX, ro'den, a village of Rhenish Prxxssia, 30 miles S. 
 of Treves, near the riL:bt luink of the Saar. Pop. 1009. 
 
 RODEXBEUG. ro'den-b4i:G\ a town of Hes.se-Cassel, in 
 Niedty-Hessen, 17 miles W.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1129. 
 
 RODEXGO, ro-djn'go, a' village of Northern Italy, go- 
 vemment of Milan, 3 miles X.E.of Ospedaletto. Pop. 112'.t. 
 
 RODE. XORTII. a township of England, co. of Chester, 
 with a station on the Xorth Stafford Railway, 44 miles S.W. 
 of Maccleslield. 
 
 RODEXSLEBEX, ro'dens-l.Vben, (Gros3, groce. and Kleix. 
 kiln.) a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, g'overnmeut 
 of Ma'_'de).urg. Pop. 1007. 
 
 RODEWALD, ro/deh-wait*. a village of Hanover, 11 miles 
 N. of Xeustadt-am-KUbenberge. Pop. 1600. 
 
 RODEZ or RHODEZ, ro'da', (anc. S-aodiJiium,) a town of 
 France, capital of the depitrtment of .iveyron, S5 miles N.W. 
 Of Montpellier. on the right t)ank of the" Aveyron. Pop. in 
 1852. 10,280. It has a national college, with a library of 
 16,000 volumes, a Gothic cathedral, and trade in wool and 
 cheese. 
 
 RODHEIM-AX-DER-BIEBER, rodOiirae in d^R beeOjfr, 
 a village of Hesse-D.irmstadt. near Gies.5en. Pop. 827. 
 
 RODHEIM-VOlt-DEIMIOIIE, (Iliihe,) rod'hime von deR 
 ho'jh. a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, circle of Friedberg. 
 Pop. l.-iSO. 
 
 RODI, an Island of Turkey, See Rhodes. 
 
 RODI, ro'dee, a maritime town of Naples, province of 
 Capitanata, on the X. coast of the Qarganian Promontory, 
 in the .\diiatic Sea. Pop. 3200. 
 
 RODIEZMO, ro-de-^th'mo, a village of Spain, province, 
 and X.^T. of Leon. Pop. 1845. 
 
 RODIGO, ro-dee'go, a village of Northern Italy, 9 miles 
 N.AV. of Mantua. I'op. 1500. 
 
 RODIGO, a village of Lombafdy, 7 miles N.W. of Mantua. 
 
 RO'DIXO, a river of England, co. of Es.«ex, rises near 
 punmow, flows mostly S.S.W. past Chipping Onuar, and be- 
 tween Epping and Hiunaut Forests, and near Barking joins 
 the Thiuies, whence it is navigable to llfjrd. 
 
 RODIXG, n^ding, a village of Bavari.a. circle of Upper 
 Palatiii.ite. on the Regen, 23 miles X.E.of Ratisbon. P.1190. 
 
 ROOINGEX, (Itijdingen.") rii'ding-en. a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, IS miles X.E. of Aix-la Chapelle. 
 
 g*'f*'I>>'f"'TOX, a parUh of England co. of Salop. 
 
 KOD'MAX, a post-village and township of .lefferson co., 
 ^ew \ork, on Sandy Creek, about 10 miles S.of Watertown. 
 Pop. IsOS, 
 
 l^nnm^??'^^- * P*""^"^ of England. CO.. of Gloucester. 
 
 Snn »iM;l';.*.P,'*'''^^ of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 wnnv . ''^'.l-^^'- * P'*"''*' of Kn?land, CO. of Kent. 
 lol^Mn"''^ '"!.'';;, °'" KADXA, rnd'n.-.h, (Ger. i.Vxfcra, ro'- 
 K^r^'-^u^^^".."^ Transylvani.a. 26 miles X.E. of Bistritz. 
 
 «nTl/vl-?"^*'-'' TP. ?i"*^ '" K'^l'l' "!'■«■•' "Id i'-on mines. 
 leOfl* P"*'"^'""'"^ °'" J<Jfler8on co., Mississippi, on 
 
 ROG 
 
 the Mississippi River, 40 miles above Natchez. It has seve- 
 ral stores and warehouses, and a newspaper office. Pop. 486. 
 
 ROPNEY, a post-ofRce of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 R0D0LZ.4, a town of Illvria, See R.iDM.iSSDORF. 
 
 RODOMUM. See RorEx". 
 
 RODOSTO, RHODOSTO.ro-dos'to. written al.soRODO?.nO 
 (Turk. Teleer-Dtigh. anc. Bisan'tlie, afterward W.a-dns'ti/m oi 
 lil)(edestu$.) a fortified maritime town of European Turkey, 
 in Room-Elee. sanjak, and GO miles X.E. of Gallipoli, on the 
 Sea of Marmora, and the great route W. of Constantinople. 
 It has large caravanserais, khans, and public baths, with 5 
 Greek and 2 Aimenian churches ; but it lias latterly declined 
 in importance. 
 
 RODRIGUES or RODRIGUE, roMreeg', (Port, Rndrigw!, 
 ro'dree'ghfe,) an island of the Indian Ocean, $30 miles 
 E,X,E. of the Mauritius, of which it is a dependency. L;it. 
 19<^4' S., Ion. 63° 25' E. Length, 12 miles; breadth, from 3 
 to 6 miles. Surface mostly mountainous, but it has about 
 9000 acres of cultivable land. 
 
 RODU.MXA, See Roaxxk. 
 
 RO'DUSTER, a .small village of Butler co.. Kentnckv. 
 
 RlEDtEE or RODOE. (liiidiie.) ro'diiVh. an island off the 
 coast of Xorwav. in lat. 66° 40' N., Ion. 13° 10' E. 
 
 ROEDSKIOEK, riid'ske-oVr, a small island in the Gulf 
 of Finland. 
 
 ROER, a river of Germany. See Ruhr. 
 
 ROEUMOXD. rooR-niAnt/. or ROER,MOXDE. ^on^.-ml^n'dph, 
 (Fr. liuremnndf,. rilR'mAxd'l a town of the Xethcrlands. pro- 
 vince of Linibnrg. on the Aleuse. at the influx of the Roer, 
 (Ruhr.) 27 miles X,E. of Maestritcht. Pop. in 1S50, 7172. 
 Its fortifications were di.sm.antled under Joseph II.. bu* it 
 is still the residence of a military commandant. It has 
 manufactures of woollen stuffs, soap, lealher. beer, vinegar, 
 and a con.siderable general and transit trade. 
 
 ROESFIELD, roz'feeld, a post-office of Catahoula parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 ROESKILDE or ROSKILDE, rfts'kil'deh, a town of Den- 
 mark, island and stift of Seeland, with a port, 19 miles 
 W.S.W. of Copenhagen, with which it is connected by rail- 
 way, at tlie head of an inlet of the Ise-fiord. Pop. in 1850, 
 .3805. It was the residence of the Danish kings in the 
 Middle Ages, and has a royal castle, a cathedral, the oldest, 
 finest, and most celebrated in Denmark, with tombs of 
 many of its kings. 
 
 R(ECLX, ruh, a town of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, 8 
 miles E,X.E. of Mons. Pop. 2701. 
 
 ROFR.\XO, ro-frd'no, a market-town of Xaples. province 
 of Principiito Citra. 13 miles S.S.W. of Diano. Pop. 2100. 
 
 RO'GART, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland. 
 
 ROGASEX, ro/gd-zen, ROGAZXO, ro-glz'no, or ROGOZXO, 
 a town of Prussian Iceland. 24 miles N. of Posen, on a Large 
 lake, and on the Wetna. Pop. 4430. 
 
 ROGATCHEV or ROGATSCHEW. ro-gj-chf v'. a market- 
 town of Ru.ssia, government, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Mohee- 
 lev, at the confluence of the Droots and the Dnieper. Pop. 
 2500. 
 
 RO'GATE. a parish of England, co. of Susisex. 
 
 ROGATSCHEW. a town of Russia. See Roc.iTcnKV. 
 
 ROGER'S (riij'ers) BUIDGE, a post-village of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 ROGEllS FAIIM. a post-village of McLane co., Illinois, C6 
 miles X.E. of Sprinsrfield. 
 
 IKXJERS LAXD'IXG, a village of Perry co.. Missouri. 
 
 ROGER'S RUX, a post-office of Stark co., Indltna. 
 
 ROGER'S STORK, a post-office. Wake co.. Xnrtd Carolina. 
 
 ROG'ERSTOX, a hamlet of England, co, of Monmouth. 
 
 ROG'EItSVILLE, a village of Steuben co., Xew York, con- 
 tains the Itogei-sville Union Seminary. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE, a post-olfice of Greene co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE, a post-oflice of Halifax co., Virifini.i. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE. a post-village of Anderson district. South 
 Carolina. 131 miles W.X.W. of Columbia. The name of the 
 post-office was recently changed to ETi;RiiR}XX. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE, a post-village of Lauderdale co.. Ala- 
 bama, 24 miles E. of Florence. Pop. about 300. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capitaj of Haw- 
 kins CO., Tenne.ssee, is situated near the Holstim River, 255 
 miles E, of Xashville. Steamboat navigation has lately been 
 opened on the Holston from Knoxviile to King.sport. which 
 is alx)ve Rogersville. The village contains a Unnk. and a 
 collegiate institute under the control of the Odd Fellows, 
 iiaving about 200 pupils. A newspaper is published here. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE, a small village in the S.E. part of Madi- 
 son CO.. Kentnckv. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE. a small village of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 RO(?ERSVILLE, a post-village of Tuscarawas co, Ohio, 
 !>bout 90 miles E.X.K. of Columbus. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE, a post-office of Henry co.. Indiana. 
 
 ROGO WEIL, rok'wii, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 27 miles X.E. of Bern. 
 
 ROGIET, roj'yet (?) a parish of England. co.»if Monmouth. 
 
 ROGLUXt). rdil-yi'no, a town of Xaples, p ivince of Ca- 
 labria Citra, 9 miles S. of Co.senza. Pop. 1900 
 
 ROGLIAXO, a town at the N. extremity if Corsica, 17 
 miles X. of Bastia. Pop. 152f . 
 
HOG 
 
 ROM 
 
 ROOXAC, ronYik'j France, a station on the railway from 
 Marseilles to Aviguon, 17 miles from Marseilles. 
 
 KOGN'ONAS, ronVo^ti^! France, a station on the railroad 
 from -Marseilles to Avignon, 3| miles fmra Avignon. 
 
 ROXiONAUTPODK', a town of British India, presidency, 
 and province of Bengal, 130 miles X.W. of Calcutta, on the 
 route to Benares. Lat. 23° 32' N., Ion. 86° ii' E. 
 
 EOGUKS KTVER, East Africa. See JmiA. 
 
 liOUAX, ro'Sx"', a town of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan. on the Ouse, 28 miles N. of Vannes. Pop. 501. 
 
 Roll AX, an old division of France, in Bretagne, with the 
 title of duchy, now comprised in the department of Mor- 
 bihan. 
 
 ROIIAX-ROHAX, ro'6s«/ ro'5s«/ or FROXTEXAY, foNf nA, 
 or frAxo'teh-n.i', a village of France, department of Deux- 
 Sivres. 6 miles S.W. of Xlort. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ROU.VTY'X. nvhd'tin, a town of Austrian Poland, in Ga- 
 lieiii. 1.5 miles W-.^.W. of Brzezany. Pop. 2726. 
 
 ROIIILCUXD, ro-hil-kund/, a region of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal. Upper Provinces, between lat. 28° and 
 29° X.; and Ion. 78° and 80° E.; watered by the Ganges, 
 Ramgunga, &c. It is named from the Rohillas, an Afghan 
 tribe, who emigrated to it in the eighteenth century. 
 
 ROmT.SClI, ro'hitsh, or ROGATCZ, ro-gdts', a market- 
 town of Austria, in Styria, 30 miles X.X.W. of Agram. It 
 has chalybeate springs, the waters of which are extensively 
 exported. 
 
 ROIIONCZ. a town of Hungary. See Rechxitz. 
 
 KOIIOZXA, ro-hoz'nd, or ROSEX. ro/zgn, a village of Bo- 
 Lemia. circle of Chrudim, 10 miles from Briisau. Pop. 1306. 
 
 ROHRB.\CII, roii/bdK, avill.ige and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 22 miles X.E. of Bern. Pop. 4831. 
 
 ROIIRERSVILLE, ror'grs'vill, a post-village In Washing- 
 ton CO., Maryland, 80 miles W.X.AV. of Annapoli-s. 
 
 ROIIRSBUIIG, rors'burg, a post-village of Columbia CO., 
 Pennsylv.ania. 88 miles X.X.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 ROIIRSDORF, roiis'doRf a village of Germany, in Prussian 
 Silesia, 27 miles S.W. of Liognitz, on the Bober. Pop. luOU. 
 
 ROIIRSDOKF, a village of Germany, in Saxoiiy, 13 miles 
 N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 2008. 
 
 ROIIRSDOllF, a village of Germany, circle of Zwickau, 
 district of nheninitz. Pop. 1175. 
 
 R()IIl!SD:)i!P, (Riihr.sdorf) riiRs'donf a village of Bohe- 
 mia, circk- of Buntzlau, 6 miles from Heide. Pop. 1033. 
 
 ROINICZ, roi'nitch, or ROQXITZ, rog'nits, (Alt, dlt, and 
 Neu, noi,) two nearly contiguous villages of Bohemia, in 
 KSniggratz, 2 miles from Trutenau. Pop. 1100. 
 
 ROISDORF, rois'doRf, Prussia, a station on the railroad 
 from Cologne to Bonn, 12 miles from Cologne. 
 
 ROISElj, rwlV,fl', a village of France, department of 
 Somme. 7 miles E. of Peroiine. Pop. 1591. 
 
 ROI.SIX. rwdV.ix°', a village and commune of Belgium, 
 province of Ilainaut, on the Uonelle, 16 miles S.S.W. of 
 Mons. Pop. 14'J1. 
 
 ROIS'SY, (Fr. pron. rwds'see',) an island of the South Pa- 
 cific, belonging to Schouten group, off the N. coast of Papua, 
 lat. 8° 12' S., Ion. 14-1° 3' E. 
 
 ROISSY, rwds^see', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise. arrondissement of Pontoise. Pop. 965. 
 
 ROITZSCII, roitsh, a village of Prussian S;ixony, 19 miles 
 N.E. of Mer.seburg. Pop. 1300. 
 
 ROJALES or ROXAL ES. ro-nJ'lJs, a market-town of Spain, 
 province, and 23 miles S.W.of Alicanto, on the Seguro. 
 
 RO.T.\XK.\, ro-ydn'kd, a inarket-town of Russian Poland, 
 government, and 37 miles E.3.E. of Grodno. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ROJANO, ro-yd'no, a market-town of Xaples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II., 6 miles X.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 1600. 
 
 RO.rE.STVEXK.\. a town of Russia. See Rozhestvexka. 
 
 RO.TESTVEXKOE.atown of Russia. See Rozbestvenkoe. 
 
 ROJESTVEXO. a town of Russia. See Roziiestve.vo. 
 
 RO.IEV, a town of Russia. See RozuEV. 
 
 ROJO, ro'vo, a village of Xaples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra II., S.W. of Aquila. Pop. 1050. 
 
 ROJO, a village of Xaples, province of Abruzzo Citra, dis- 
 trict, and 23 miles S. of Lanciano. Pop. 800. 
 
 ROKEBY, rok'bee. a parish of England, co. of York, Xorth 
 Riding, on the Tees, 2 miles S.S.E. of Barnard Castle. Here 
 are the picturesque ruins of Eggleston Abbey, founded in 
 the reign of Henry II. The romantic scenery of Rokeby 
 has been described by Sir AValter Scott. 
 
 ROKE'BY. a post-ofSce of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 ROKEl.LE, ro'kMl', a river of West .\frica, in Senegambi.a, 
 after a W. course, estimated at 250 miles, joins the Atlantic 
 by a wide estuary at Sierra Leone. 
 
 ROKITZ.A.X. ro'kit-sdn\ (Bohemian. 7?o7,icjany, ro-ke-chi'- 
 nee,) a town of Bohemia, 10 miles E. of Pilsen, on the Klada- 
 wa. Pop. 2800. 
 
 RO'LAXD. a post-office of White co.. Illinois. 
 
 ROLAXDSWERTII, ro^lilnds wjRt\ or XOXXEXWERTH, 
 non'nen-^^Rt'. Prussia, an island in the Rhine, government 
 of Coblentz. near Kouigswinter, containing the old Benedic- 
 tine nunnery of Xf.nnenwerth. Opposite to it is the Roder- 
 berg, one of the most interesting volcanoes on the Rhine. 
 On a ridge connected with it, stand* the remains of the castle 
 of Kolaudseck, so called, according to tradition, because of 
 
 the long residence of Roland, the famous nephpT/ of CharlC' 
 magiie. who could look down from it on the nunnery in 
 which his unfortunate bride was immured. Thiir story is 
 the subject of one of Schiller's most beautiful ballads — T/u 
 Knight of Tixigimberg. 
 
 RULESVILLE, rol/.'vil, a post-village of Wake co., Xorth 
 Carolina. 10 miles X.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 RULLE, rol'lfh, a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud. 
 on tlie Lake of Geneva, 16 miles S.W. of Lausanne. P. tOO 
 
 ROLLEROISE, rorifh-bwdz'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the left bank of the Seine, with a 
 tunnel under the Rouen Railway. 
 
 ROLLEOHEM, rol'leh-ghJm\"a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, 5 miles S. of Courtrai. Pop. 1.500. 
 
 ROL'LEUSVILLE, a post-village of Sandusky co., Ohio, 42 
 miles X. of Columbus. . . 
 
 ROLLES15Y, rol/.'l)ee, a parish of England, co, of Xorfolk. 
 
 RObLE.STOX, rolz'ton, a parish of England, co. of Xotts. 
 
 ROLLE.STOX, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 KOLLESTOXE, r611z'ton,a paiish of England, co.of Wilts. 
 
 ROJj'LIX, a post-township in the X.W. part of Lenawee ca, 
 Michigan. Pop. 1343. 
 
 ROLLING (rOlIng) FORK, a small vill.age of Casey .co, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 ROLLI.NG FORK, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky. 
 
 ItOLLl NG PRAIRIE, a postofHce of Marion co., Arkansas. 
 
 ROLL'IXGSFORD, a new county of Strafford co.. New 
 H.ampshire, on the Salmon Falls River, and on the IJoston 
 and Maine Railroad, 71 miles X.E. of Boston. The Great 
 Falls Branch Railroad partly intersects it. Pop. 2069. 
 
 ROL-'LIXS STORE, a post-village of Moore co., North 
 Cai-olina. 
 
 ROL'LIXSVILLE, a post-office of Darlington district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 ROLLO, rol'yo, a mountain of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- 
 vince of Alicante, between Xovelda and Aspe. It is com- 
 posed entirely of variegated umrble, the color of which is 
 dilferout in different places. On the S.E. it is l)lood-color, 
 with dull white veins ; in the X.W. yellow, with generally 
 dark veins, beautifully intertwined, and in other places it 
 has c.^rds of livid hue. and very beautiful black spots. 
 
 ROLLO. rollo, or ROLO, ro'lo, a town of Xortlicrn Italy, 
 goverimient of Milan, province, and 18 miles E.S.E. of 
 Mantua. Pop. 2065. 
 
 ROLIjOUG, rol'loog(?) a village of Xorway. stift of Aggei-s- 
 huus, on the Louven, 54 miles W. of Christiania. 
 
 ROLL'IIIGIIT, Great, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ROLLRTGHT, Little, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 ROL/VEXDEX, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ROM, a village of Austria. See Kladek. 
 
 ROM, rAj**, (anc. Jiuura>nuin,) a village of Franco, de- 
 partment of Deux-S6vres, 13 miles E.N.E. of Mello. Pop. 
 173S. 
 
 ROM or ROMA, a city of Italy. See Rome. 
 
 ROMA, ro'md, an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the 
 Banda Sea, 50 miles X.E. of Timor, 40 miles in circuit. Lat. 
 7°42'S., Ion. 127° 20' E. 
 
 RO'M.4. a post-village and port of entry of Starr co., Texas, 
 on the left bank of the Rio Grande, aliout 550 miles S. by 
 W. of Austin City. It is the head of regular steam naviga- 
 tion, and contains a custom-liouse. Free population, 479. 
 
 ROM AG N A, ro-mdn'yd, a province of Contiiil Italy, and 
 one of the earliest possessions of the Romnn bishops, on the 
 Adriatic, between the Venotia and the March of Ancona, 
 and now forming the provinces of Bologna, Terrara, Ravenna 
 and Forli. 
 
 ROM.iGXAXO, ro-mJn-yd'no. a market-town of Piedmont, 
 18 miles X.W. of Xovara, on the Sesia. Pop. 2510. 
 
 ROM.\OX.\XO, a village of Xaples, province of Principato 
 Citri\. 20 miles E. of Campagna. 
 
 R0M.\GX.\T, ro'mdn\vd', a village of France, department 
 of Puy-de-Dome. Pop. 1900. 
 
 ROM.\GXESE, ro-mdn-y.-l'sA, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, province, and miles N.X.W. of Bobbio. l*op. 1822. 
 
 ROM.\GXIEU, ro^mdn\vLh', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Is^re. arrondissement of La-Tour-du-Pin. Pop. 1931. 
 
 RO'.MALD-KIRK, a pari.sh of England, co. of York, in 
 Xorth Ri<ling. 
 
 ROMAN. ro'mSn. a town of Moldavi.a. at the confluence of 
 the Aloldava and Sereth, 36 miles S.W. of Yassy. It is a 
 Greek bishop's see. and has some Roman antiquities. 
 
 nOMJX. See Rome. 
 
 R0M.4NCE. a post-office of Ternon co., Wisconsin. 
 
 ROM.\XCIIE, ro^mS-Vsh', a small river of France, depart- 
 ment of lIautes-.A.lpes, joins the Drac, near Vezille, after a W. 
 course of 40 miles. 
 
 R0M.4.XEXG0, ro-md-n5n'go, a village of Northern Italy, 
 21 miles X,W. of Cremona, Pop. 1560. 
 
 ROMAXIA. See Room-Elee. 
 
 ROMANO, ro-md'no. a fortified town of Lombardy, 13 
 miles S.S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 4000. It has au old castle, a 
 college, and several chui-ches. 
 
 ROMAXO. a village of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 
 near the Serio. Pop. 2304. 
 
 ROMAyO. See Rome. 
 
 1607 
 
KOM 
 
 nOMANO KEY, an island off the coast of Cuba. See Cato 
 Romano. 
 
 KO.MANOV or ROMAXOW, ro-niJ-nov', a w.-jlled to rn 
 of Russia, government, and 24 miles N.W. of Varoslav, on 
 the Tolpa. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ROMAXOVKA or KOMAXOWKA. ro-mJ-nov'kl a mar- 
 ket-town of Russia, government, and 90 miles S. of Kiev. 
 Pop. 1570. 
 
 ROMANS, ro'mSxo', a town of France, department of 
 DrOme, on the riarht bank of the Isere. across which it cwm- 
 municates with "Bourg-du-l^ea,L'e. 10 miles N.E. of Valence. 
 Pop. in 1S62, 10.869. It is enclo.sed by old walls, and entered 
 by 5 gates. It has a communal college, silk and woollen 
 manufactures, tanneries, and an active trade. 
 
 ROM.AXSIIORN, ro'min.«-hoRn\ a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, c.inton of Thurgau. on a tongue of land on the 
 S.W. side of the lake, and 11 miles S.E. of the town of Con- 
 Ktance. Pop. 1281. 
 
 ROMANSLEIGII, ro'm.^nzle, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 RC.M.AXSVILLE. a village of Cliester co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles W. of AVest Chester. 
 
 ROMAXZOV, ro-mdn-7.ov', or RO'MAXZOFF', several is- 
 lands of the Pacitic. in the I,ow and MnlL'rave .Archip<>!agos. 
 
 ROMAXZOV or ROMAXZOW, i-o-mdu-zov', a headl.and of 
 Russian America. 
 
 ROifAXZOV. a bav of Yessn. in Japan. 
 
 ROSlAO. a town of Brazil. See Sao RomIo. 
 
 ROMBLOX, rom-blon', one of the smaller Philippine 
 Islands, in the Pacitic Ocean. E. of Tablas. 
 
 ROME. rOm, (L., It., Sp., and Port. Koma. ro'md: Fr. Home, 
 rom: Ger. Rom. rom: Dutch Jiome, ro'meh, Turk. Boom; 
 Gr. Voiftr]. Rome.) the mo.st celebrated city of the world, either 
 in ancient or modern times, the capital of the Pontifical 
 States, and the ecclesiasticHl metropnlis of Catholic Christen- 
 dom, is situated on the Tiber, 17 miles X.E. of its mouth in 
 the Mediterranean. Lat. of St. Peter's, 41° 54' 6" N., Ion. 
 12° 27' 14" E. : elevation of the site of St. Peter's above the 
 eea, 95feet; of the Roman College. 19-3 feet. The city is built 
 on marshy ground, at the f x)t of a range of low hills, and 
 is separated by the Tiber into two unequ.il portions, which 
 are divided into 14 rioni. (regions or districts.) Of these, 12 
 are in Rome Proper, or the space on the E. or left bank of 
 the river, and only 2 on the W. or right, lank, called the Leo- 
 nine City, or Trastavere,* containing the Vatican and the 
 Castle of St. Angelo (or Sant' Angelo.) It is enclosed by 
 walls, whi,.'h are generally understood to occupy the site of 
 those constructed by Aurelian. They are 15 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and are pierced for 18 gates. 6 of which are 
 closed up. The tinest .are the Porta del Popolo on the X., 
 and the Porto San Giovanni on the S. of the city. Little 
 more than one-third of the area within the walls is inha- 
 bited, most of the spjtce S. of the capitol being used for 
 gardens and vineyards. The most populous part of the 
 modern city occupies the site of the ancient Gimpu.'s MaHius, 
 a plain extending between the Capitoline, Quirinal, and Pin- 
 cian IlilLs. The Tiber, within the walls, h.as a winding 
 course of 3 miles. It is navigable only for small provision- 
 boats. After heavy rains it frefiuently ri.«es 20 or 30 feet, 
 and inundates a great part of the city. Xear the middle of 
 its course it forms an island, called San Bartolomeo. 90<J feet 
 long and 300 feet broad, connected with the mainland by 
 two bridges; besides which, the only others are the Ponte 
 Sisto and the Ponte Sant' Augelo. the latter connecting the 
 city with the Castle of St. Angelo. the citadel of Rome, 
 which serves for a state prison and a hou.se of correction. 
 The three principjil thoroughCires of Rome diverge from the 
 Piazza del Popolo, a large square at its X. extremity; the 
 central of these, the Corso, extends in a direct line S.S.K. 
 for aViout a mile. There are in all 506 streets, 275 lane.s, and 
 148 squares, of all dimensions : most of these are ornamented 
 with richly sculptured fountains, of which there are in Rome 
 150. These are supplied with excellent water by three aque- 
 ducts. The finest is called Acqua Vergine. (Sk'kwa vjii/- 
 je-nA;) the others are Acqua Felice (fV lee'chl.) and Acqua 
 Pola. Xotwithstanding itsarchitectural and itrtistical riches, 
 modern Rome has a sad and desolate aspect. Most of the 
 streets are narrow, dirty, and unpaved; in the.ee the fintst 
 palaces and the most wretched hovels are often seen side bv 
 side. Xear the Capitoline Mount is the GMto. the Jews' 
 quarter, a crowded, filthy space, enclosed by walls, the two 
 gates of which are under charge nf the police. The situa- 
 tion of Rome is unhealthy, especially in summer, from the 
 effects of malaria; but, from the mildness of its winter 
 climate, it is a favorite resort for invalids. The mean tem- 
 perature of the year is 60°-4: of winter, 46°-- : of summer, 
 /3 2 Fahrenheit, Frost seldom lasts over the night, and 
 snowfalls on an average li days in the year; but in the 
 severe season of 1S12, the ponds were frozen over for several 
 days. 
 
 Rome has 364 churches, most of which are remarkable 
 tor their architecture and splendid decorations. At the 
 
 f .?''.'•. """»* ^ »'•<>• »n<l perhaps most frequently, applied to a 
 CabdiTuion .if TVcUMtilMrttu Borne. ,-»*■*■ 
 
 1608 
 
 KOM 
 
 head of these stands the celebrated Cathedral of St. Peter, 
 which is not only the largest and most beautiful church 
 that has ever been erected, but is, without exception, the 
 noblest work of architecture ever produced by man.* It 
 stands on the right Imnk of the Tiber, near the W. extremity 
 of the Borgo, between the Janiculum and the Vatican. ItH 
 ajjproach is through a magnificent piazza, the buildings 
 i»long which are concealed by a superb colonnade, forming 
 two semicircular porticoes, consL^ting of 284 column.s, with 
 an entablature on which stand 192 .statues nf .saints, each 11 
 feet in height. The main body of the building consists of a 
 Greek cross, with a dome of gigantic dimensions, rising 
 from its centre, and borne up by four colossal piers. This 
 dome,t projected by Michael Angelo. may be regarded as the 
 boldest and most astonishing effort of human architecture. 
 On entering the interior, a scene solemn, grand, and har- 
 monious almo.«t beyond conception, bursts upon the view. 
 The extreme lengths within the walls are 607 feet in tha 
 central Ixidy, and 445 feet in the transepts: the height from 
 the pavement to the cross is 458 feet. Owing to these im- 
 mense proportion.s. objects within the area lose somewhat 
 of their effect by contrast, and appear comparatively diminu- 
 tive. Thus, the Baldacchino. a splendid bronze canopy over 
 the high altar, and immediateh* under the dome, though 
 120 feet high, appears not more than 30 feet : and the Chair 
 of St. Peter, behind the altar, seems scarcely to rise from 
 the pavement, though 70 feet above it. The same effect is 
 perhaps still more strikingly manifested in regard to the 
 magnificent mo.saic paintings on the interior of the great 
 dome, which, seen from below, ai-e so much dimiui.shed, that 
 the pen in the hand of the prophet in one of the lower com- 
 partments, .seems to be le.ss than 18 inches in length, though 
 in reality 6 feet. The floor of St. Paul's at London, the 
 largest church in Great Britain, covers an area of 2 acres; 
 that of St. Peter's, 6 acres. The cost of erection is still more 
 disproportioned. That of St. Paul's was not more than 
 $:3,750,000: that of St. Peter's, including its monuments 
 and embellishments, is estimated at from 60 to 80 millions. 
 The edifice was begun under Pope Julius II. in 1506. on the 
 site of an old church of the same name. It was planned 
 and commenced by Bramante, but altered and carried on by 
 Raphael and Jlichael .Angelo Buonarotti. St. Peter's was 
 dedicated on the 18th of November, 1626. St. John Lateran, 
 (San Giovanni Laterano.) an ancient edifice in which the 
 Popes were crowned, is regarded as the mother-church of 
 the "Eternal Cit}-." It is situated near the S. wall, on an 
 isolated spot, remarkable as the place where five cjuncils 
 wliich bear the name of the church have been held. Its 
 facade, composed of four large columns and six pilasters, sus- 
 taining a massive entablature .ind balustrade, on which are 
 colossal statues of our Saviour and ten saints, is considered 
 a fine specimen of the architecture of the last century : while 
 its Corsini Chapel, on which elaborate ornament and gilding, 
 columns of the finest marbles, bas-reliefs, and even gems, 
 have been lavished with the greatest profusion, is without 
 a parallel. From one of its balconies the Pope's benediction 
 to the people is pronounced on Ascension-day, Santa Maria 
 Maggiore. which ranks third among the basilicas, is supposed 
 to occupy the site of a temple of .tuno Lncina, and to h.ave 
 derived from it the S6 Ionic pillars of white marble which 
 support its central nave; its interior, adorned with these 
 pillars, and enriched with tasteful and costly decorations, is 
 one of the finest of its cl.iss in exi.«tence. In front of it is a 
 beautiful Corinthian column of- white marble. 47 feet high, 
 exclusive of the base and capital. This firmed a part of the 
 splendid ba.silica of Constantine. but is Ix'lieved to belong 
 to a much earlier period. .K bronze statue of the Virgin on 
 its top has given it the name of the Colonna della A'ergine. 
 Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, the fourth of the Roman ba- 
 silicas, takes its name from its supposed possession of a por- 
 tion of the true cros.s. and a quantity of earth which was 
 brought from Jerusalem, and mixed with its foundation. 
 It is richer in relics than in architectural merit, but po.ssesses 
 some fine columns of Egyptian granite, and is not without 
 historical interest as the church in which the popes used 
 annually to considerate the celebra'ted Golden Rose. 
 
 Among the other churches may he spe<'ified Sant.a Agnese, 
 (s3n't3 3n-yA/.s,i,) presenting one of the purest and most ele- 
 gant specimens of the Greek cros.s, said to stand on the spot 
 where St. Agnes was publicly expo.sed, after being put to 
 the torture ; St. Agostino, with an elegant but simple front 
 of travertine, taken from the Coliseum, the earliest cupola 
 that was constructed in Rome, and a celebrated fresco by 
 Raphael, representing Is,ai.ah and two angels; S.in*' Andrea 
 della Fratta, rendered I'onspicuous by its fantastic cujy'la and 
 steeple, and remarkable f!)r its ceremonies on Good Friday, 
 called the Tre Ore; St, Antonio Abate and Ara Oeli, the 
 former supposed to occupy the site of a temple of IQaDa, and 
 
 • Byron, apostrophizing this unrivalled structure, s»j»— 
 "But thou, of temples old or altars new 
 Standest alone, with nothing like to tbe"." 
 t " The vast and wondrous doa»« 
 To which Diana's marvel was a <^11." 
 
 Childe Banld, canto it 
 
ROM 
 
 Jhe latter, which is of preat antiquity, that of a temple of 
 fupiter.butclaimingnoticeon thesomewhat singularirround 
 of b(4ng internally and externally the ugliest of all the I'o- 
 Jian churches: San Bartolomeo, built on the island of that 
 name in the Tiber, on the site of the celebrated temple of 
 /Esculapius, and containing 24 granite columns supposed to 
 have belonged to it; San Bernardo, a remarkable circular 
 building, originally one of the halls or temples which fronted 
 the outer wall of Diocletian's baths; San Bonosa, in the 
 Trastevere, said to be the burial-place of Kienzi ; Santa Maria 
 degli Angeli, (sjn'ti mi-ree'd ddl'yee iln'jA-le.) originally the 
 I'inacotheca. or great hall of Diocletian's baths, converted 
 into a church by Michael Angelo, and one of the most im- 
 posing which Home possesses ; Santa Maria a Cosmedin, said 
 to have been built originally in the tliird century, on the 
 site of the temple of Cieres and Proserpine; Santa Maria di 
 Loreto, crowned by a double dome, and enriched with a 
 statue by Fiammingo considered one of the greatest produc- 
 tions of modi'rn art, and an altar-piece by Perugino ; Santa 
 Maria sopra Minerva, sq called from occupying the site of a 
 temple of that goddess, remarkable as theonly Oothic church 
 in Kome, and celebrated for its fuU-lengtii statue of our Sa- 
 viour by Michael Angelo; Santa Maria della Pace, cx'lebrated 
 for its paintings, particularly the Four Sibyls, considered 
 among the most perfect works of Jlaphael; Santa Maria in 
 Trastevere, said to be the first church in Rome publicly set 
 apart for worship ; Santa Maria in Valicella. sometimes called 
 Chiesa Nuova. one of the largest and most imposing of the 
 Roman churches: Sant' Onofrio, interesting as the burial- 
 place of Tas.so; San Paolo alle tre Fontane, (sdn pl/o-lo il1,-V 
 trA fon-td'nA.) outside the walls, on a spot alleged to be that 
 where St. Paul was beheaded; San Pietro in Montorio, finely 
 situated on a platform, from which, perhaps, the best view 
 of modern l!ome is obtained, and near where St. Peter is 
 said to have been beheaded; San Pietro In Vlncoli, (sdn pe- 
 A/tro in vin'kole.) a majestic edifice, celebrated for its statue 
 of Moses, one of the greatest creations of Slichael Angelo ; San 
 Prassede. numbering among its relics a wlumn of oriental 
 jasper brought from Jerusalem, and alleged to be the ver3- 
 column at which our Saviour was scourged, and a portrait 
 of Ilim, once in the posses.sion of St. Peter; Santa Sabina 
 on the Aventine, occupying the supposed site of the temple 
 of Juno Uegina; San Tommaso degli Inglesi. (s3n tom-md'so 
 (l.-ll'yee in-glii/see.) in the Trastevere. said to have been 
 founded in 775 by Offa, Iting of the East Saxons, now dedi- 
 c;ited to Thomas k Becket, one of whose arms is exhibited as 
 a relic, and containing curious portraits of Roman Catholics 
 who were put to death during the reigns of Henry VIII. 
 and Elizabeth. 
 
 Pahicfs, (Cc. — The A^atican, situated on the hill of the same 
 name, in the N.W. part of the city, and at one point con- 
 nected with St. Peter's, is the largest palace in Europe. It 
 was probably commenced as early as the time of Con- 
 stantine, and in the eighth century had become of con- 
 siderable consequence, being occupied by Charlemagne at 
 his coronation. The popes first l)egan to reside in it after 
 their return from Avignon, in 1377, one inducement being 
 the vicinity of the Castle of St. Angelo, with which it com- 
 municates by a covered gallery. From this time they vied 
 with e.ach other in extending and embellishing it, till the 
 Pontificate of Alexander VI., to whom was reserved the 
 task of completing fne old palace, nearly in its present form. 
 The Sistine chapel, the Loggie. (lod'jA.) the museum, the 
 library, and the new palace, which now constitutes the most 
 conspicuous portion of the whole pile, are all of later origin. 
 The whole covers an immense space, and is rather a collec- 
 tion of Separate buildings than a single structure. Owing 
 to this, its exact dimensions are not easily ascertained ; but 
 the length is estimated at 1151 feet, and the breadth at 7(i7 
 feet. This vast building is said to contain 8 grand stair- 
 cases, 200 smaller staircases, 20 courts, and 4422 apartments. 
 The most celebrated portions are the Scala Regia, (sk3l3 r.V- 
 je-i.) leading to the Sala Regia, or hall of audience, a splen- 
 did apartment, covereij with frescoes illustrating various 
 events in Papal history, a conspicuous place being appro- 
 priated to the Massacre of St. Bartholomew; the Capella 
 Sistina, or Sistine Chapel, a lofty, oblong apartment, about 
 150 feet long and 60 feet broad, covered with frescoes by Mi- 
 chael Angelo. among which the l..ast Judgment. 60 by 30 
 feet, is most conspicuous, and celebrated as the place where 
 the cardinals meet in conclave to elect a pope, and where 
 many of the most gorgeous ceremonies of the Romish church 
 are performed; the Loggie. a splendid portico of three stories, 
 completed from the designs of Bramante by Raphael, whose 
 magnificent frescoes constitute its greatest ornament: the 
 Sfanze of Raphael, or four chambers adjoining the liOggie. and 
 equally adorned by the same master-hand; the picture- 
 gallery, containing a collection which, though small in ex- 
 tent, there being not more than 50 pictures, is unsurpassed 
 in real value ; the museum, consisting of a series of galleries. 
 In which the noblest treasures of art which the *orld pos- 
 Eesses have been amassed, including, among others, the 
 Laocoon and Apollo Belvidere: the library, surpassed by 
 many collections in the number of its volumes, but by none 
 In the know n value of some, and the presumed value of more 
 
 ROM 
 
 of its manuscripts. This famous library is estimat=>,! to com- 
 prise 100,000 printed books and 25,000 manuscripts, of which 
 .2300 are oriental. The superb palace of the Qu irinal, or 
 palace of Monte Cavallo, long the usual summer residence of 
 the Pope, is surrounded by exten.sive gardens; ati.iched to 
 it is the p.\lace called the Dataria Apostolica, (d(i-tS-ref/3 
 d-po.s-tol'e-kd,) whence the pontifical bulls weie issued. lu 
 the square of the Quirlnal stands the palace of the ('onsulta, 
 the seat of the supreme triliunal. The palace of Salviati 
 contains the archives of Rome. 
 
 Another palace, or rather series of palaces, crowns ths 
 summit of the Capitol, and bears the name of the Piazza del 
 Campidoglio. It is approached from the Corso by a flight 
 of steps, at the foot of which two Egyptian lionessL-s, and at 
 the summit two coIos.sal statues of Castor and Pollux. st.ind- 
 ing beside their horses, are conspicuous. In the centre of 
 the piazza is a bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurellus, 
 the hor.se of which is so full of life, that Michael Angelo, ou 
 seeing it. is said to have bid it caniina, "go." Occupying 
 sides of the same square are the senatorial palace, in which 
 the senator of "Rome holds his court; the palace of the Con- 
 servatori, containing the Promoteca or collection of busts; 
 the Capitoline Museum, with many intere.sting object.s, but 
 few master-pieces of sculpture, except those in the Ilall of 
 the Dying Gladiator, and a picture-gallery, more extensive 
 than that of the Vatican, though the paintings individually 
 are of far less intrinsic merit. 
 
 There are upwards of CO splendid private palaces in Rome. 
 The finest of the.se are the Barberini Palace, the Doria Palace, 
 remarkable for its extent and its gallery of paintings, the 
 Colonna Palace for Its garden.s, the Rospigliosi and Farne.se 
 Palaces, the latter celebrated for its arcliitecture. the Pal.ace 
 of Prince Canino for its Etruscan museum. The palaces 
 called ri7/((S, though mostly within the limits of the city, are 
 situated amidst orange and citron groves, and ornamented 
 with fountains and statues. The most magnificent of these 
 are the A'illa Borghese. on the Pinciun Hill, outside of the 
 Porta del Popolo; the Villa Jledici, formerly celebrated for its 
 Venus, now a school of design for young French artists; 
 and that of Prince Ludovicl. 
 
 Khicational Institution!:, Ldtraries, (C-c. — Of the many 
 scientific and literary establishments, the University of 
 Rome holds the first rank as one of the principal in It.ilv, 
 and one of the oldest In Europe. It occupies a liujldirig 
 begun by Leo X., from designs of Michael Angelo: has 42 
 professors, and is attended by alx)ut 1000 students. The 
 professors are paid by fixed s.alarie.s, and their lectures are 
 gratuitous. The ground floor of the building is <iccupiid 
 by the Scuole delle Belle Arti, (skoo-o'li diMI.'l bfllA an/tee,) 
 in which 11 professors of the Academy of,St. Luke lecture on 
 sculpture, and other branches connected with the fine arts; 
 and on the third floor is the school of engineers. Attached 
 to the University are a lilirary and museum ; and dependent 
 upon It, though at a considerable distance, is a botanic gar- 
 den, adjoining the S.alvlati Palace In the Trastevere. The 
 chief of the others are the Roman College, founded by the 
 Jesuits, with a rich library and mu.seums of natural history 
 and antiquities, and the College of the Propaganda, in which 
 natives of India, Abyssinia, Armenia, and Greece, are in- 
 structed. The printing-office attached to the establishment 
 is rich in Oriental types, and has furnished fine specimens 
 of typography In many languages. Besides the above, there 
 are English, Iri.-;h. Scotch, and 17 other colleges. In the in- 
 stitution of the Ripa Grande, 1000 children are instructed in 
 arts and trades; and there are numerous schools of paint- 
 ing, sculpture, and architecture. The principal academies 
 are tliat called D' Arcadia, one of the oldest and most cele- 
 brated in Europe, the Academy of Natural History, with an 
 observatory, and the academies of theology, archaeology, the 
 Tiberlna, and others. Next to the library of the Vatican, 
 the chief public libraries are the Casanatense, in the Convent 
 of Minerva, with 120,000 volumes, and the Angelica library, 
 with 84,820 printed volumes, and 2945 manuscripts. Besides 
 the museums of the Vatican and the Capitol, the public 
 collections comprise museums of anatomy, natural history, 
 mineralogy, antiquities, and mosaics; and there are nu- 
 merous and valuable private collections. 
 
 HofpitaU and Ohuritiex. — Among the numerous hospitals 
 In Rome may be mentioned the Spirito Santo, a richly- 
 endowed institution, situated on the right bank of the 
 Tiber. It combines a foundling hospital, a lunatic asylum, 
 and an ordinary Infirm.ary. The foundling hospital receives 
 about 800 infants annually, and is in such repute, that in- 
 mates reach it from all parts of the Pontifical States, and 
 even. It is .said, from the kingdom of Naples. The La Con- 
 solazlone, or surgical hospital, receives all the cases of 
 stabbing. There are also the hospitals of San Giovanni, 
 cliiefl3' for cases of fever, and reputed the best conducted in 
 Rome; San Callicano, occupying a fine building in the Tras- 
 tevere, for cutaneous di.eeases ; Benfratelli, chiefly for acute ; 
 and San Glacomo, (sdn jd'ko-mo,) near the Corso, for in- 
 curable diseases. Another immense establishment is the 
 hospital of San Michele, combining a house of correction for 
 juvenile culprits and women, a house of Industry for chil- 
 dren, an asylum for the aged, and a gratuitous school of art, 
 
ROM 
 
 in \\liich the children of the poor are taught drawing, paint- 
 ing, arcyiiteoture, music, statuary, &c. Among other insti- 
 tutions called charitable, are numerous societies, partly 
 supported by government, for bestowing marriage dowries, 
 and making presents to girls taking the veil. Nearly three- 
 fourths of the women married receive these dowries, which, 
 ontau average, amount to about $40,000 per annum. 
 
 Manufactures, TioaU, tfi;.— The chief industry of the in- 
 habitants of Rome is connected with the production of 
 articles of virtd, and the supply of the numerous artists, 
 invalids, and other visitors. Its few manufactures are con- 
 iined to woollen and silk fabrics, hats, gloves, parchment, 
 strings for musical instruments, artificial feathers, falt-e 
 pearls, mosaics, jewelry, and trinkets. The trade is princi- 
 pally in these articles, and in alum, vitriol, puzzolana, olive- 
 oil, pictures, and antiques. Many of the population are 
 occupied in attendance on the ecclesiastical courts. In 
 1846, there were in Home 32 cardinals, 29 bishops, 124 pre- 
 lates, 1738 secular clergy, 2488 regular clergy, and 1743 
 nuns. 
 
 Amusements, d-Ct — The public amusements consist of thea- 
 trical representations, concerts, religious processions, &a. 
 There are at present 8 theatres, the finest of which is the 
 Apollo, on the Tiber, near the Bridge of St. Augelo. The 
 season of Lent at Rome is regularly preceded by a Carnival, 
 a scene of grotesque display, exhibited chiefly in the Corso, 
 The horseraces of the Corso form another amusement, 
 during which the whole city seems to be congregated within 
 It, to see horses without riders, urged on to their utmost 
 speed by means of balls and plates of metal bristling with 
 sharp spikes suspended from their backs. Next to the Car- 
 nival, in point of gayety. is what is called the October festival, 
 continued during all the Thursdays and Sundays of the 
 month, when the people crowd to ilonte Testaccio and. the 
 Borghese Gardens, to divert themselves with dancing and 
 games. To walk in the streets of Rome is quite unfashion- 
 able; a carriage and a box at the opera are indispensable, 
 even to those of the noblesse, whose limited income denies 
 them a comfortable meal. The evening parties in private 
 liouses are often very numerously attended, filling a suite of 
 spacious apartments. Here is no luxury of the tiible, but 
 music, conversation, dancing, and, for the more elderly part 
 of the company, cards. 
 
 Antiquities. — Our limits will scarcely permit us to mention 
 even the principal among the multitude of m.iguificent 
 ruins, which, to the traveller, constitute the great attrac- 
 Uon of Rome. The ancient Forum was situated iu the 
 'nterval between the Capitoline and the Palatine, in a small 
 Irregular space now called Campo Vaccino, (kdm'po vdt- 
 •hee'no,) from its appropriation as a cattle-market. Its exact 
 position is still disputed, though fragments of temples and 
 other edifices, which formed its principal ornaments, remain. 
 A.nother foruni, known as that of Trajan, is conspicuously 
 pointed out by the magnificent pillar which bears his name, 
 and stands in the midst of its ruins. The I'alace of the 
 Caesars, which stood on the Palatine, is now a mere mass of 
 ruins, so shapeless and undefined, that no idea of the form 
 and limits of the celebrated structure can be obtained from 
 them. The most celebrated temples are those of .JCsculapius, 
 on the island of the Tiber, of which only a few remains are 
 visible among the buildings of the Convent of San Bartolo- 
 meo; of Antoninus and Faustina, situated in the Forum, 
 and now incorporated with the church of San Loi-enzo in 
 Miranda; of Antoninus Pius, now represented chiefly by 
 eleven marble citlumns of its portico, forming part of the 
 present Dogana di Terra, or custom-house ; of Ceres and 
 Proserpine, .already mentioned as the site and part of the 
 church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin ; of Concord, only re- 
 cently brought to light, on the side of the Capitoline; of 
 . Fortuna Virilis, near the Ponte Rotto, now occupied as the 
 Armenian church, and presenting one of the purest .speci- 
 mens of the Ionic in Rome; of Jupiter Capitolinus, once the 
 most magnificent of all, the pride and wonder of ancient 
 Rome, as it looked proudly down from the summit of the 
 Capitol, but now only dubiously traced in part of its foun- 
 dations; of Minerva Medica. still forming a picturesque 
 ruin on the P^squiline. near the Porta JIaggiore: of Pallas 
 Minerva, still a beautiful ruin, consisting chiefly of two 
 Corinthian columns, supporting a magnificent pntablature. 
 and a continued frieze with an attic above, contj«4ning a full- 
 length figure of the goddess; of Saturn, on the side of the 
 Capitoline above the Forum, and forming one of its pictu- 
 resque ruins; and above all, of the Pantheon, situated in a 
 small, dirty piazza, between the Corso and the Piazza Xa- 
 Tona. but at once one )f the most magnificent and be.st-pre- 
 •erved monuments of ancient Roman architecture. Its ex- 
 eellent preservation is undoubtedly owing to its early con- 
 vers on into a ChristI in church, "under the name of Sta 
 Maria Rotonda. It is entered by a noble portico, 110 feet 
 long by 40 feet deep, composed of 16 Corinthi.an columns of 
 OrienUil granite, with capitals and bases of Greek marble, 
 and consists in its interior of a rotunda 143 feet in diameter, 
 crowned by a dome, the height of which is also 143 feet. 
 TUe doors are of bronze, hung on bronze pilasters, and the 
 pavement Is of porphyry, pavonazetto, and giallo antico, 
 
 ROM 
 
 airanged in round and .square slabs. The most interesting 
 object within is Raphael's tomb. 
 
 The other antiquities most deserving of notice are arches 
 pillars, baths, aqueducts, and amphitheatres. One specimen 
 of each will suffice. The first is the arch of Coiistantine, 
 built on what is called the Via Triumphali.s, and one of the 
 most elaborate and imposing monuments of the city, though 
 in several parts indicative of the decline of art. The noblest 
 pillar is the column of Trajan, already referred to, 120 feet 
 high, composed of 34 pieces of white marble, covered over 
 i with matchless sculptures, giving the hij^tory of Trajan's 
 I achievements, .ind containing, among others, no fewer than 
 I 2500 human figures. The most perfect of the baths are those 
 of Caracalla, situated under the E. slopes of the Aventiue, 
 and occupying an area of at least 1 mile in circuit. Their 
 ornaments have all disappeared; yet few sights are more 
 impressive than their mountainous ruins and dizzy arches 
 encircled by flowery glades and thickets of odorifejous blos- 
 soming trees. The aqueduct* are justly regarded as the 
 most stupendous of the Roman wftrks; but most of them, 
 though originally brought within the walls, have their most 
 magnificent remains considerably beyond them. That of the 
 Aqua Julia, which pursued a course of 40 miles, has a line 
 of arches 6 miles long, which stretches across the Canipagna, 
 and is still used for bringing water into the city. The am- 
 phitheatres furnish, in the Coliseum, the grandest of all the 
 Roman ruins. This structure, called also the Flavian Am- 
 phitheatre, which was the wonder of ancient Rome, and is 
 now the most august and impo.«ing ruin in the world, con- 
 sists of a vast ellip.se, 620 teet in length, and olo feet in it? 
 greatest breadth. In the centre is an open elliptical space 
 or arena, about 290 feet in length, and ISO feet iu breadth. 
 Around this arena are the seats of the spectators, which 
 rise, tier above tier, the higher ones still receding, till they 
 almost reach the top of the outer wall, which is alxiut 160 
 feet in height. This immense amphitheatre is said to have 
 had seats for above 80,000 spectators, and standing-room for 
 20.000 more. It gives a dreadful idea of the times, when we 
 call to mind that the main part of the amusement consisted 
 iu the mutual butchery of trained gladiators, and iu the 
 exposure of heathen criminals and Cliristiiin martyrs (o be 
 torn to pieces by wild beasts. 
 
 History. — The history of Rome is, properly speaking, iden- 
 tified with that of the Roman empire, which could not even 
 be exhibited in a dry register of events within moderate 
 limits. In a more restricted sense, however, the city itself 
 may be considered as having an individual history, consist- 
 ing chiefly of an account of its first foundation, and of the 
 various augmentations and embellishments wliich it re- 
 ceived during the successive stages by which it rose to be 
 not only the mistress of the world, considered as the capital 
 of a kind of univei-sal empire, but to be al.«o for centuries 
 the grandest, the richest, and the most populous of liuro- 
 pean cities. Though much that historians have gravely 
 related iu regard to the origin of the city is mere fable, it 
 cannot be questioned that it was founded by Romulus, 753 
 years b. c. Its site was the Palatine Hill, and its houses, 
 consisting of humble huts, were enclosed by a rude wall, of a 
 quadrangular form, pierced by three or four gates. Like all 
 ancient Itiilian cities, Rome appears to have had a clear un- 
 occupied space both within and without the walls, known 
 by the name of pomcerium. New walls, enclosing the whole 
 city, were begun by Tarquinius Priscus, and completed by 
 Servius Tullius, about 570 b. c. These walls embraced a 
 circuit of about 5 miles, and continued for 800 years to form 
 the recognised limits of the city, though it cannot be doubted 
 that extensive and populous suburbs were formed in various 
 parts of the vicinity. The number of gates in the Servian 
 walls, according "to Pliny, amounted during A'espasian's 
 reign to 37. The Emperor Aurelian, having resolved, a. d. 
 271, to miike the walls commensurate with the area actually 
 or virtually occupied, removed those of Servius, and erected 
 others, which, though afterwards destroyed, are understood 
 to have been nearly in the line of those now existing, built 
 by the Emperor Ilonorius, a, d. 402. The most important 
 change since made was the enclosure of the Borgo by Leo 
 IV., A. D. 850. 
 
 The city was taken by Alaric in 410. and b3' Genseric in 
 455. It passed successively under the domination of the 
 Ostrogoths and the Emperors of the East; it was given to 
 the popes by Pepin and Charlemagne in the eighth cen- 
 tury, and then became the capital of the States of the 
 Church. From 1S09 till 1814. it was the capital of the de- 
 partment of Rome in the French limpire. Iu 1S4S, an in- 
 surrection broke out after the assassination of Count Rossi, 
 the Pope's prime minister, on the 15th of November; the 
 Pope fled in disgui.^e on the 24th. A republican form of go- 
 vernrnent was attempted in 1849, when, on the 8th ot 
 February, the National Assembly declared the Pope di- 
 vested of .all temporal power; but this was overturned b5 
 the intervention of a French force, which has since had 
 pos.session of Rome. 
 
 The population of Rome at different periods is an in- 
 teresting question, but from want of data cannot be satis- 
 factorily answered. Some have estimated the ("pulatlon 
 
KOM 
 
 of ancipnt Rome, when the Empire was in the height of 
 itH prosperity and power, as hi;^h as three millions. Pop. in 
 1833. 170.701; in 1846, 180.000, includln;; 18.050 strangers; 
 and in IHOM 201,161. Adj. Komax; (It.Sp. and Port. Ro- 
 mano, ro-nil'no, feminine Romana, ro-md'nd; t'r. RoMAlx, 
 rohni.N"'. fdminine, Romaine. ro^min' or ro'mjn'; Ger. l!o- 
 MlscH, riymish: Dutch Roomsche, rSm's^h;) Iiibab. — In Kng- 
 lish. i'rench, Italian, Spanish, and Portuucuese the adjective 
 is also used for the inhabitant; (Ger. RoiiEii, ri^mer; Dutch 
 lloMEtN, i-o-min'.) 
 
 ROME, rom, a post-township of Kennebec CO., Maine, 18 
 milfs N. by W. of Au)j;usta. Pop. 864. 
 
 ROME, a post'Villaije and township, semi-capital of Oneida 
 CO., New York, situated on the Mohawk River and the Erie 
 CaiiJil, at a point where the Rome, VTatertown, and Og- 
 densburg Railroad forms a junction with the New York 
 Central Railroad, 100 miles W.N.W. of Albany, and 
 14 miles N.W. of Utica. The Black River Canal also 
 here forms a junction with the Erie Canal, and plank-roads 
 extend to Oswego, Taberg, Utica, and other towns. The 
 village is on the summit-level between the Hudson and 
 Lake Ontario; the Mohawk flowing through its E. part, 
 enters the former; while Wood Creek running through the 
 W. part, about three-fourths of a mile from the Mohawk, 
 mingles its waters with the latter. It is a place of active 
 trade, and contains a large and handsomecourtrhouse. a jail, 
 11 churelies, 4 large hotels, 3 banks, above 100 stores, a 
 flourishing acailemy, whose principal edifice is one of the 
 finest ornaments of tlie place. Two weekly newspapers are 
 published hero. Rome also contains 2 grist-mills, 2 large 
 planing-mills, 1 car tiictury, 1 large iron foundry, 3 brewe- 
 ries, an extensive boai-iiuilding etablishment and dry- 
 dock, and several large lumber-yards, tliis being one of 
 tlie finest lumber markets in Central New York. Sup- 
 ■plies of lumber are obtained largely for Canada. There 
 are also here two large forwarding houses, and several 
 extensive buildings connected with the railroads, giving 
 the place a lively and business-like appearance possessed by 
 few inland towns. The streams furnish a valuable water- 
 power, at present but little improved. Rome occupies the 
 site of old Fort Stanwix. which, with Fort IJull, also within 
 its limits, is celebrated in the early history of the state as 
 among tlie strongest forts on the then northern frontier. Pop. 
 in ISoO, 7918; in lS;>b, 10,075; in 1860, 6246, or, according 
 to one statement. 11,755. 
 
 ROME, a post-village and township of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 9 miles N.N.E. of Towanda. Pop. 1450. 
 ROME, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. P. 1051. 
 ROME, a flourishing city, capital of Floyd co., Georgia, on 
 the confluence of the Etowah and Oostenaula, which forms 
 the Coo.sa River, 170 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It is 
 situated on .several hills, wliich command an extensive view 
 of mountain scenery. Steamboats of moderate size navigate 
 the Coosa River, and can ascend as far as this place. A 
 branch railroad, about 20 miles long, was opened from Rome 
 to the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at Kingston, in 1847, 
 since which event the town has rapidly increased. About 
 20,000 bales of cotton are shipped here annually. Rome 
 was chosen as the county seat in 1834, and incorporated as 
 a city in 1817. It contains 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 
 1860. 4010. 
 ROMK, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas. 
 ROMK. a post-village of Smith co., Tennessee, on the 
 Cumberland River, 45 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 ROM K, a post-village of Adams co.. Ohio, on the Ohio River, 
 84 miles above Cincinnati, has an active trade in lumber. 
 Mines of iron ore have been opened in the vicinity. 
 
 ROME, a post-village and township of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 
 on Grand River. 190 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 636. 
 ROME, a town-ship of Atliena co., Ohio. Pop. 1581. 
 ROM E. a township of Lawrence co., ( )hio. Pop. 1638. 
 ROME, a village of Richland co., Ohio, 12 miles N. of 
 Ma nsfield. 
 
 ROME, a flourishing village of I.iOndon township, Seneca 
 CO., Ohio, 110 miles N. of Columbus. A plank-road connects 
 It with the mouth of Sandu.sky River. Pop. about 550. 
 ROME, a post-township, Lenawee co., Michigan. P. 1612. 
 ROME, a pleasant post^village, capital of Perry co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Ohio River, 100 miles below Louisville, and 100 
 miles above Evansville, has 1 bank. First settled in 1811. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 ROME, a post-village of Jefiferson co., Illinois, a few miles 
 N. of Mount Vernon. 
 
 ROM E. a village of Peoria CO., Illinois, on the W. bank of 
 Peoria Lake, 85 miles N.by E. of Springfield. 
 
 ROME, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, on Skunk River, 
 86 miles W.N.W. of Burlington. 
 
 RO.ME. a post-village of Jefferson CO., Wisconsin, on Duck 
 C -vxilc, about 10 miles E. of .Tefterson. It has 2 mills and 2 
 stores. 
 ROM FAN. See Rome. 
 
 ROMEN, ro-mJn/, a river of Russia, rises in the S. of the 
 government of Tcheniigov,and flowing S.E., joins the Soola 
 after a course of 90 miles. 
 KOMEN or ROMN U (? ) rom'noo, a town of Russia, govern- 
 
 ROJK 
 
 I ment, and 90 miles N.X.W. of Poltava, on the ^uo!», hsre 
 joined by the Romen. Pop. 2300. A fair is held here yearly, 
 from the 15th to the 31st of May, at which goods to the 
 amount of nearly 2 millions of rubles a're sometimes sold,. 
 and 8000 persons attend as buj'ers, for whose at commodaliou 
 there is not a single hotel nor respectable lodgings. 
 
 ROMENAY, ro'mgh-ni', a small town of France, defjart- 
 ment of SaOne-et-Loire, 10 miles E.S.E. of Tournus. Pop. iu • 
 1852, 8516. 
 
 ROMENTINO, ro-mJn-tee'no, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Novara, near Oalicate. Pop. 1716. 
 
 RO'.MEO, a thriving post-village of Jlaconib CO., Michigan, 
 1 mile from the North Branch of Clinton River, and 20 miles 
 N.W. of Mount Clemens, with which it is connected by a 
 plank-road. It has an academy, a newspaper office, an iron 
 foundry, and several stores. Pop. in 1860. about 1200. 
 
 ROMEO, a post-office of McIIenrv co., Illinois. 
 
 HOME It, {RSmer.) See Rome. 
 
 ROMER.IL, ro-m.A-rdl', a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 province, and 24 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 1320. 
 
 ROMERSTADT, ro/mer-statt\ (5Ioravian, Jinmarzow, 
 zhee-man/zov,) a town of Moravia, 24 miles N. ot Olmiitz. 
 Pop. 1800. 
 
 ROM'FORD, rtim'fgrd, a market-town and parish of Eng 
 land, CO. of Essex, on tlie Eastern Counties Itailway, 14 miles 
 E.N.E. of St. I'aul's, L<5ndon. Pop. of the town in 1851,3791. 
 The town has an ancient church, a national school, alms- 
 houses, a union work-house, town-hall, jail, market-house, 
 and large cavalry barracks. 
 
 KOMHILD, (Romhild,) romTiilt, a walled town of Ger- 
 many, in Saxe-Meiuiugen, 13 miles S.S.E. of Meiningen. 
 Pop. 1583. 
 
 KOM ILLY SUR ANDELLE, ro'meeVee' (or iVmeeryeeO 
 siiR SnoMJI'. a town of France, department of Eure, 9 miles 
 N.W. of Les Andelys. Pop. 1118. 
 
 ROMILLY SUR SEINE, ro'mee'yee' (or ro'meeryeeO siiR 
 s.in, a town of France, department of Aube, on the left 
 bank of the Seine, and on the railway from Montereau 
 to Troyes, 10 miles E. of Nogent-sur-.Seine. Pop. in 1852, 
 3738. It has a fine chateau, with some manufactures of 
 cotton hosiery and cordage. Near it is the atibey of Selli^res, 
 in which Voltaire was first buried, till removed to Paris iu 
 1791. 
 
 ROAI'ILY, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 RO'MINES' MILLS, a pcst-office of Harrison co., Virginia. 
 
 liOMISCH, (liSmiscli.) See Rome. 
 
 RO.^IMEDAIi, rom'meh-dal\ a parish and village of Nor- 
 way, stift of Aggershuus, amt of Ilodemark. 
 
 ROM'NEY, New, a cinque port, decayed borough, market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the English 
 Channel, 22 miles S.S.W. of Canterbury. Pop. in 1851, 1053. 
 Its harbor was long ago destroyed by an irruption of the 
 sea. It is a prescriptive municipal borough, and a polling- 
 place for the E. division of the county. 
 
 ROMNEY, Old, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 ROM'NEY, a post-village, capital of Hampshire Co., W. 
 Virginia, on the South Branch of the Potomac, about 180 
 miles W. of Baltimore. It contiiins 1 bank. Pop. 559. 
 
 ROMNEY, a post-village of Tippecanoe CO., Indiana, on 
 the New Albany and Salem Railroad, 12 miles S. of Lafar 
 yette. 
 
 ROM'NEY-MARSH, a level tract of about 24,000 acres of 
 rich sheep pasture in England, co. of Kent, secured against 
 the sea by an immense embankment, under the manage- 
 ment of a corporation. Romney gives the title of earl to 
 the Marsham family. 
 
 KO.MNU, a town of Russia. See Romen. 
 
 ROMOE, (RomOe,) ro'mo\or rc/mtih^yeh, an island of Den- 
 mark, off the W. coast of the dvichy of Sleswick, 4 miles N.E. 
 of the island of Sylt. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 2 miles. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 ROMONT. ro'Tahy', a town of Switzerland, canton, and 
 
 12 miles S.W. of Freyburg, on the Glan. Pop. 1300. 
 R0M0(3S, ro-mos', a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 
 13 miles S.S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1610. 
 ROMORANTIN, ro'moVd.N»Hiso', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Loire-et-Cher, on the Saudre, at the confluence 
 of the Morantin, 25 miles S.E. of Blois. Pop. in 1852, 7962. 
 It has a tribunal of commeree, a communal college, and ma- 
 nufactures of woollen stuffs, cards, tape, and leather, and 
 trade in printed cottons and wood. It was formerly the capi- 
 tal of Sologne. and has an old castle, and a spacious prison. 
 It was taken by the Black Prince in 1356; and here, in 1650, 
 the Chancellor rilopital issued the famous edict of Romoran- 
 tin, preventing the Inquisition in France. 
 
 ROM ROD, rom'rod, or rom'rot, a- town of Germany, In 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, 27 miles E.N.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1689. 
 
 ROMSDAL, roms'dal, a district and village of Norway, 
 stift of Trondhjem, extending from the Sneehaeten W. and 
 N.W. to the Atlantic. Area, 5948 square miles. Pop. 81,314. 
 It comprises the Romsdal Fiord, an inlet of the sea, 60 miles 
 in length, and on an arm of which is the village of Roms. 
 dal. The chief town is Molde. 
 
 ROMSEE, rflK^'s^', a village of Belgium, province, and 4 
 miles E.S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1438. 
 
 1611 
 
 J 
 
ROM 
 
 RO.M'SET or EUM'SEY, a municlpl borough, town, and 
 parish of England, cc and 8 miles X.X.W. of Southampton, 
 with which it is connect^jd hy the Andover Canal, and by a 
 branch of the South-western Railway. Pop. of the borough, 
 in 1851, 20S0. The town has a venerable cruciform church, 
 originally part of a nunnery, founded by Edward the Elder, 
 but the present structure is a Norman edifice; a charity 
 BcHool, almshouse.'!, and a branch bank. . 
 
 ROMSOE. (RomsSe.) rom'so'eh. an islet of Denmark, in 
 the Great Belt, 3 miles N'.E. of Euuen. 
 
 ROM'DLUS, a post-townslup in the central p.irt of Seneca 
 CO., New York, extending from Cayuga to Seneca Lake. 
 Pop. 2170. 
 
 ROMULUS, a post-office of Tuscaloo.sa co., Alabama. 
 
 ROMULUS, a post-township in the S. part of Wayne co., 
 Michiiran. Pop. 1113. 
 
 ROSlULUS CENTRE, a post-office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 
 ROM'ULUSVTLLK. a post-village of Seneca co.. New York, 
 10 miles S. of Waterloo. It has 2 meetiug-houees, 2 stores, 
 and about 1-50 inhabitants. 
 
 RO'NA, an island of the Hebrides. Scotland, co. of In- 
 Terness. 1 mile N. of Rasay. Pop. 160. Length, 5 miles ; 
 breadth, 1 mile. 
 
 RON.!, an island of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, 1 mile 
 8. of North Uist. Pop. 9. Length, 2 miles. 
 
 RONA, an island of the Hebrides, in the Atlantic, 40 miles 
 N. of Lewis, in lat. 59° 10' N., Ion. 5° 51' W. 
 
 RO'NALD, a post-township in the N.E. part of Ionia co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 892. 
 
 RONALD CENTRE, a post-office of Ionia co.. Michigan. 
 
 RON'ALDSHAY, North, the northernmost island of the 
 Orkneys, Scotland, 2^ miles N.N.W.of Taftness. Area, about 
 4 si^uare miles. Pop. 481. X beacon on its S. promontory is 
 in lat. 59° 29' N., and Ion. 2° 26' W. 
 
 RON.\LDSHAY, South, an island of the Orkneys, Scot- 
 land, is, excepting Pentland Skerries, the southernmost 
 i.sland of the group, 6 miles N.N.E. of Duncansby IIe;id. 
 Length, 8 miles. Area, about 18 square miles. Pop. (in- 
 cluding Burray Island.) 3194. St. Jlargaret's Hope, on the 
 N.co.ist, has a safe and convenient harbor. 
 
 RONCAL, ron-kil', a valley of Spain, in Navarre, watered 
 by the E.sca, and having a village 37 miles E. of Pamplona. 
 
 " ROXCESV.A.LL ES, ron'se-vdllf B, (Sp. IfoncesraVes, ron-th Js- 
 T^l'yJs; Er. Roncevaux, rAxs^vO' or rAs'=Veh-v6',) a flintier 
 village of Spain, in Navarre, province, and 22 miles N.E. of 
 Pamplona, in a gorge of the Pyrenees. Here, it is tradi- 
 tionally said, the rear-guard of Charlemagne's army, under 
 Roland, was defeated and destroyed in 778; and the subject 
 is celebrated in many Spanish romances. 
 
 RONCH.IMP, r(i>"*sh8x«', a town of France, department 
 of Haute-Saone, 8 miles E. of Lure. Pop. 10G9. 
 
 RONCIGLIONE, ron-cheelyo'n.i, a town of Central It.aly. 
 Pontifical States, 11 miles S.S.E. of Viterbo, on the Lake of 
 Vico. Pop. 4600. engaged in paper mills, and thriving iron- 
 works, where Elba iron is wrought. 
 
 RONCO, ron'ko, or BIDENTE, beKiSn'tl, (anc. Stdem,) a 
 river of Central Italy, takes its rise in Ttiscany, and, after 
 a N.N.E. course of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic, 5 miles E. 
 of Rjivenna. 
 
 RONCX), ronnco, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 
 near the source of the Ticino River. 
 
 RONCO, ron'ko. a village of North Italy, government of 
 Venice, 14 mile* S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop. 2000. 
 
 RONCO-BIELLESE, ron'ko be-M-ld'sA, a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, province, and 7 miles E. of Biella. Pop. 1345. 
 
 RONCO-IN-CANAVESE, ron'ko in kd-na-vi'sd, a village of 
 the Sardinian States. 17 miles W. of Ivrea. Pop. 1954. 
 
 ROXCQ, rANk, a village of France, department of Nord, 7 
 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 1140. The French here defeated the 
 Au.strians in 1794. 
 
 ROXDA. ron'di a city of Spain, province of Malaga, at the 
 foot of the Sierra Konda. a prolongation of the Sierra Nevada, 
 42milesN.ofCiibraltar. Pop. 15,943. It occupies precipitous 
 heights, on the Guadiaro, across the bed of which, from 200 
 to 300 feet above the river, are three bridges, one liaving a 
 single arch 110 feet in span. The old citv, encircled by 
 Moorish fortifications, has a ruined Moorish palace. The 
 new town, also on a contracted space, enclosed by cliffs, is 
 regularly laid out. and has one of the finest bull-rings in 
 Spain, a celebrated breeding stud, and a theatre. The 
 churches arenumerous. aud highly decorated. It has manu- 
 &cturea of woollen cloths, flannel, leather, silk stuffs, nu- 
 merous water mills, an active trade, and a fair on the 20th 
 of May, which is fre<iueated by a large concourse of people, 
 often including English merchants from Gibraltar. It is re- 
 nowned for its R,ilubrity, and the longevity of its inha- 
 bitants. In (he fourteenth century it was the capitai of the 
 Moorish chief Abo^vMelik. Ronda was taken by surprise 
 by Ferdinand, in 14S5. In 1810 and 1812 it w.as occupied 
 Vj^x.ill"''''- '*?" 0° retiring blew up the castle. 
 
 KO.NDI.s^ONE, ron-dls-so'ni, or ItONDIZZONE, ron-dit- 
 stfrnV, a market-town of Piedmont, 18 miles N.E of Turin 
 near the Dura-Baltea. I'op. 19:i3 
 
 SJ^v'P?.-..?,P"'"^"'™ °^ '>afayette co., Arkansas. 
 
 im '"'*'^""^*' a post-village of Kingston township. 
 
 ROO 
 
 Ulster CO., New York, on Rondout Creek, 1 mile from its en- 
 trance into the Hudson River, 90 m. N. of New York. Large 
 quantities of coal are received here by the Delaware and 
 Hudson Canal, which terminates near tliis point. Rondout 
 contains S churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper oflices, and several 
 8hii>yards, niachiue-shops, &c. It has22steainers running 
 to New York and Albany. Pop. about 7000. See KlXGSTOS. 
 
 RONDOUT CREEK, in the S.E. part of New York, rises 
 in Sullivan co., and enters the Hudson River at Eddyville. 
 The Delaware and Hudson Canal follows the valley of this 
 stream. 
 
 RONGY, riN^'zhee', a vUlage of Belgium, province of 
 Haiuaut, on the Elnon, in a marshy district, 7 miles S. of 
 Tournav. Pop. 1100. 
 
 RONKONKO'MA, a be-autiful pond of Suffolk co.. Long 
 Island, New York, near the Long Island Railroad. It is 
 nearly circular, and Ij miles in diameter. 
 
 RONNE, (Roune,) ron'neh, a seaport town of Denmark, 
 stift of Seeland, on the W. coast of the Lsland of Bornholra, 
 in the Baltic, of which it is the capital. Pop. 4300. Its port 
 is defended liy batteries, and it has a town-liall. grammar 
 school, and hospital, ship-building docks, manufactures of 
 woollen cloth, and tobacco. 
 
 RONNEBURG, rou'neh-bo<"iRG\ a walled town of Germ.any, 
 in Sa.xe-.\ltenliurg, 4 ni'iles E.S.E. of Gera. Pop. 5001. It is 
 well built, and has a ducal paLice. It has manufactures of 
 woollen cloth, porcelain, earthenware, and leather. In the 
 vicinity are mineral baths. 
 
 RONXEBY, ron'neh-bu\ a market-town of Sweden. Ijen, 
 and 12 miles N.AY. of Carlski-ona, on the Ronneby-A.1, near 
 its mouth in the B.altic. Pop. 1000. 
 
 RONNOW, rou'nov, or IIRONOW, h'ro'nov, a market- 
 town of Bobemi.a, 16 miles E. by S. of Czaslau. Pop. 1475. 
 
 K0XQUI£kES, rA.N'='ke-air.', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut, on the Somme, 16 miles N.E. of Mons. P. 1310. 
 
 ROX'SAY-Axi>-EG'LISHAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Orkney, comprising the islands of Ronsay, Eglishaj'. Weir, 
 and Enhallow, and two holms in small pasture i.slands. 
 
 ROXSBERG. ronstiiBO, or RONSSPEIJG. ron.s'pjRC. a mar- 
 ket-town of Bohemia. 23 miles W.N.W. of Klattau. P. 1928. 
 
 RONSDORF. i-ons'doRf. a town of Rhenish Prussia, 3 miles 
 S.E. of Elberfeld. Pop. 3690. 
 
 RONSE, a town of Belgium. See Rex.ms. 
 
 RONSECO. ron-s.Vko, a village of the Sardinian St.ttes, 34 
 miles X.E. of Turin. Pop. I'^IO. 
 
 ROOBLEVKA, ROUBLEVKA or RUBLEWKA, roob-lJv'- 
 ki, a market-town of Russia, government, and 5C miles 
 W.S.W. of Kharkov, on an affluent of the Vorskla. J'. 1500. 
 
 ROOBTSERA, ROUBTSERA or RUBTSERA. roob-ts-Vrd, 
 a market-town of Russi.a, government of Kharkov, on the 
 Oskol, 10 miles E. of Izioom. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ROODBAR, ROUDBAR or RUDBAR, rood'bar', a town 
 of Persia, province of Ghilan, near a strong defile of the 
 same name, 35 miles S. of Reshd, on the Sefeed-Rood. by 
 which it exports a good deal of oil, olives, and soap to Asiatic 
 Ru.ssia. 
 
 ROODBAR, ROUDBAR or RUDE.A.R, a village and dis- 
 trict of Rus.«ian Transcaucasia, province of Shirvan. 
 
 ROODNIA, ROUDNI.\ or RUDNIA. rood'ne-S, a market- 
 town of Russia, government, and 70 miles N.N.E. of Mo- 
 heelev. on the Beresiua. Pop. 1600. 
 
 ROODNIKI. ROUDNIKI or RUDXTKI, rood-nee'kee, a 
 market-town of Ru.«sia, government, and 15 miles S. of Vilna, 
 on the Meretchank.a, an affluent of the Niemen. Pop. 1550. 
 
 ROODOMEEN, ROUDOMIN or RCDOMIN, roo-dr-meen', 
 a m.arket-town of Russian Poland, government, and 7 uiilea 
 S.E. of Vilna. Pop. 15.50. 
 
 ROOKONI, ROUKONI or RUKOXI, roo-ko'nee, a market- 
 town of Russian Poland, government, and 8 miles E.S.E. of 
 Vilna. Pop. 1800. 
 
 ROOK'S CREEK, a small post-village of Livingston co., 
 Illinois, on the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 130 miles 
 from Chicago. 
 
 ROOK'S ISL.\ND, Pacific Ocean, is between Papua and 
 New Britain, in lat. 5° 29' S., Ion. 147° 46' E. 
 
 ROOM-ELEE. ROUM-ILI. RUMILI. room'-e-lee', ROOME- 
 LIA, ROUMELIA or RUMELIA, roo-mee1e-a, the metropoli- 
 tan province of the Turkish Empire, at the S.E. extremity 
 of Europe, between lat. 40° and 43' N., and Ion. 2U° 40' and 
 29° E.. divided from Asia Slinor on the S.E. by the Sea ?f 
 Marmora and the Straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, 
 having W. Macedonia, N.the Balkan, separating it from Bul- 
 garia, S. the iEgean, and E. the Bl.ack Sea. E.stiinated area, 
 28.000 square miles. Pop. 2.200,0{'0. Two mountain chains, 
 offsets from the Balkan, travene Its surface from X.W. to 
 S.E., bounding the ba.«in of the .Maritz.i. which river drains 
 the mo.st part of its centre: thes« chains terminate in the 
 peninsulas of Gallipoli and Const-mtinople. It is suV'divided 
 into the sauj.aks of Viza, Kirk-kiii (seh. Tchirmen. Gallipoli; 
 and besides the towns oftho.se names, it comprises Constat 
 finople..Vdrianople. Pbilip)xipoIis. Tatar- l{azardjik,KvN«nlilc, 
 Selimnia. Eskee .sara. Demotica. and Enos. Rooiu-Elee jr. 
 eludes the territory of ancient T/micia and Macalonm. 
 
 ROOM-ELEE (or RUMILI) HISSAR, room'e-leeMn\s-sar', 
 (" Castle of Europe,") a fortress of European Turkey on 
 
EOO 
 
 EOS 
 
 the Bosporus, 6 miles N.E. of Constantinople, immediately 
 opposite AnatoIia-IIissar, (" Castle of Asia,") and founded by 
 Mohammed II., in 14.'il. 
 
 R00M-1':LKE-KAWAK, a fort of European Turkey, 5 miles 
 N. of Room-EIee-IIis.«ar. 
 
 ROOM-KALAII. IIOUM-KALAII or RDM-KALAH. room- 
 ki'Mh, (('. e. ''Castle of Rome.") a town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 on the Euphrates, 50 miles S.S.E. of Samosat. It was at one 
 time, it is said, the capital of Lesser Armenia. The name 
 Hoom, " Rome," is often loosely applied by the Turks, to 
 places containing a Roman or Byzantine colony. See RooM- 
 Kleb. 
 
 ROOirSCn. See Rome. 
 
 ROON. a villaw of Holland. See Rot)E!». 
 
 ROONYAH. ROUNYAH, ROO.MAIIIEH or ROTJMA- 
 niEII, roo-inj-heiyyeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, 
 and about 120 miles S. of Bai^dad, on an affluent of the 
 Euphrates. It consists of alwut 400 houses. 
 
 ROOSA, ROUSA or RUSA. roo'sS, a town of Rusf4a. ko- 
 vernment, and 56 miles W. of Moscow, on an affluent of the 
 Moskwa. Pop. '2.')00. It is defended by a strong citadel, and 
 has a larije salt mauazine. and two annual feirs. 
 
 R()0SI;BEKK. Oost. Ost ro'seh-b.Vkeh. a Tillage of Bel- 
 gium, province of West Flanders, on the Lys, 8 miles N.N.E. 
 of Courtrai. 
 
 ROOSEBEKE, West, ftjst ro'seh-bi'keh. or ROSBECQ, 
 rosHi?k', a village of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 14 
 miles N.W. of Courtrai, and where the Fi-ench defeated the 
 Flemings in 1-H8'2. 
 
 ROOSENDAATi, ro'zen-dJr, a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of ^'orth Brabant, ~14 miles W.S.W. of Breda. I'op. 
 2861. 
 
 ROOSS, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 ROOSTCIIOOK, ROU.StCIIOUK or RUSTSCIIUK, rnos'- 
 chook'. written also ROUTCIIOUK, RU.SCZUK, and RUST- 
 SCIIUK, a fortitied city of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on 
 a steep bank of the Danube, 55 miles E. of Xicopolis. Pop. 
 30,000. It is the residence of a bey, has a citadel, numerous 
 small mosfiues, and some trade ; but it is a wretched place, 
 and has not " a single good bazaar or cafe, or a single respect- 
 able edifice of any description." 
 
 ROOT, a post-township of Montgomery co.. New York, on 
 the Erie Canal, 40 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 2622. 
 
 ROOT, a township of Adams co., Indiana. I'op. 1377. 
 
 ROOT, a post-village of Allen co., Indiana, on St. Mary's 
 River, 110 miles N.E. by N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ROOT CREEK, a pos't-offiae of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 
 about 11 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 ROOTH'ING, AB'BOTS. a parish of Enaland, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 ROOTIIING. A YTIIORP, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ROOTHIXG, BEAUCIIAMP, (bee/ch^m.) a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Essex. 
 
 ROOTHINQ, BERN'ERS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Essex. 
 
 ROOTIIING, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 ROOTIIING, LE AD'EN, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 ROOTIIING, MAR'GARET, a parish of England, co. of 
 Essex. 
 
 ROOTIIING, WHITE, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Essex 
 
 ROOT RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises a few miles W, of .Mil- 
 waukee, in Waukesha county, and after a S.E. course of 
 about 35 miles, enters Liike Michigan at Racine City. The 
 rapids near this place afford a valualile water-power. 
 
 ROOTS'TOWN, a post-township in the S.W. part of Portage 
 CO.. Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Rail- 
 road. Pop. 1283. 
 
 ROOZIIANA. ROU.JANA or RU3CIIAN.4., roo-zhUnl, a 
 market-town of Russian Poland, government, and 68 miles 
 S.Ii of Grodno. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ROPCZY'CE or ROBCZYCE, rop-chif s.i a town of Austria, 
 in Galicia, 27 miles E. of Tarnow, on an affluent of the Wis- 
 loka. Pop. 1200. 
 
 ROPESLEY, rOpslee. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ROPEQUIZ. See Roquepiz, 
 
 ROP'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Hants, 
 
 R0PPI.1L0, rop'po-lo. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, province, and 11 miles S, of Biella, a little 
 E. of the Lake of Viverone. Pop. 1249. 
 
 ROPSHA or ROPSCHA, rop'shj, a village of Russia, go- 
 vernment, and 25 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg, with an im- 
 lerial palace in which Peter the Great died, in 1725. 
 
 ROQUR. La, Id rok, a headland of France, department of 
 Seine-Iiiferieure, on the Seine estuary, 7 miles N,N.W. of 
 Pont-.\uden!er, 
 
 ROQUEBROU, La, Id rok'broo/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cautal. on the Cdre, 12 miles W. of Aurillac. P, 1375. 
 
 ROQUEBRUNE, rok'briin', a market-town ni France, de- 
 p«irtuient of Var, 5 miles W, of Frejus, Pop. ^00. 
 
 ROQUEBRUSSAXE, La. Id rok"briis\sdn', a market-town 
 of France, department of Var, 15 miles N. of Toulon. Pop. 
 1411. 
 
 ROQUECOR, roVkoR', a town of Frame, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, 15 miles N.N.W. of Moissac. Pop. 1275. 
 
 ROQUECOUKBE, rok'kooRiy, a market-town of France, 
 department of Tarn, 19 miles S,S.E. of Alby. Pop. 2053. 
 
 ROQUEFORT, rok'foR', a town of France, department of 
 Landes, on the Douze, 13 miles N.E. of Mont-de-Marsan 
 Pop. in 1S52, 1721. It has manufactures of earthenwares. 
 
 ROQUEFORT, a market-town of France, department of 
 Aude, 22 miles S. of Limoux. Pop. 796. 
 
 ROQUEL.\URE, rokMoti/, a town of France, department cf 
 Gers. 3 miles from Auch. 
 
 ROQUE.MAURE, roM<eh-m6R/ or rok'mOn/, a town -ot 
 France, department of Gard. near the Rhone, 25 miles N.E 
 of Ntmes. Pop. in 1852, 3205. 
 
 ROQUEPIZ, ro-keh-peez', erroneously written ROPEQUIZ 
 
 an island in the Indian Ocean, lat. 9° 56' N., Ion. 65° 14' Fi. 
 
 . ROQUES, Los, loce ro'kJs, a group of islands in the C» 
 
 ribbean Sea.' belonging to Venezuela. Lat. 11° 57' 40" N„ 
 
 Ion. 67° 40' W. 
 
 ROQUET AS, ro-ki'tds, a maritime village of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 11 miles S.W. of Almeria, on the Bay of Almerja, 
 with .salt-works. Pop. 2072. 
 
 ROQUE-TIMBAUT, rok-t^NO^W. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 8 miles N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1293. 
 
 ROQUEVAIRE. rolOv.W. a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Bouches-du-Rhone, 11 miles E.N.E. of Mar- 
 -seilles. Pop. 1534. 
 
 l{01!.-i.\S, (Itoraas.) ro'ros, a mining town of Norway, stift, 
 and 67 miles S.E of Trondhjem, on an affluent of the Glom- 
 men, near its source. Pop, 30li0. It yields annually a great 
 .amount of copper ore. From its position, on a table-land 
 from 6000 to 7000 feet in height, its climate is all but per- 
 petual winter. 
 
 ROKAIMA, ro-ri'md. a mountain of British Guiana, Lat, 
 5° .'50' N., Ion, 61° 10' W,, and estimated to be 7500 feet above 
 the sea. It gives origin to rivers tributary to the basins of 
 the Orinoco, Amazon, and Essequibo. and which forms on 
 its sides magnificent falls, for 1400 to 1500 feet in height. 
 
 ROI!I!.\CII, roa'bdk', a market-town of France, dep.art- 
 ment of Moselle, 9 miles S.E. of Sarreguemines, Pop, 1208. 
 
 ROKEE, ro'ree, or LOIIUREE, lo'hoo-ree\ a town of Sinde, 
 on the left bank of the Indus, 20 miles S.S.E. of Shikarpoor. 
 Lat. 27° 42' N., Ion. 08° 5.3' E. Pop, about KOOO. It occu- 
 pies a declivity, and is outwardly good looking. The houses 
 are lofty and flat roofed; and here are mosques, a large 
 serai or inn, and some bazaars : but the stieets are narrow, 
 and the town is filthy. The inhabitants manufacture coarse 
 paper, leather, silks, and cotton fabrics, and work in gold, 
 silver, and jewelry, 
 
 ROR0T0NG.\, an island of the Pacific. See RAjiATO>fOA. 
 
 RORSCHACH, ron/shdK, a town of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 7 miles N,E, of St. Gall, with a harbor on the Lake of 
 Constance. 
 
 ROS, ros, or ROSSA, ros'sd, a river of Russia, rises in the 
 government of Kiev, and joins the right Iwnk of the Dnelper 
 a little above Tcherkasi, Total course, about 160 miles, 
 
 ROSA SIORADA, ro/sd mo-rd'nd, a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state of Cinaloa, S,E,of Culiacan. Pop. 4000. 
 Around it coffee, citron, and indigo grow wild. 
 
 ROSARIO, ro-sd're-o, a small island of the Arzobispo 
 group, in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 14° 6' S., Ion. 141° W.- 
 
 ROSARIO. ro-sd're-o, a river of the Mexican Confederation, 
 state of Cinaloa. A village of Texas has tlie same name. 
 
 R()S.\RIO, ro-sd're-o, a town of the Argentine Republic, 
 (La Plata.) in South America, department, and 190 miles 
 N.W. of Buenos Ayres, on the W, bank of the Parang, 
 
 ROSARIO, ro-sd're-o, or SANAMARO, sdn-d-md/ro, a vil- 
 lage in the Island of Teneriffe, on a beautiful plain, not far 
 from Laguna. Pop. 1609. 
 
 ROSARIO DE CUCUT A, ro-sd're-o dA koo-koo'td. atown of 
 South America, in New Granada, department of Boyaca. on 
 the river Zulia. Pop. 5000. It is the depot for the produce 
 of the surrounding country. 
 
 ROSARNO. ro-san'no. a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra I., 6 miles N.E.bf Gioja. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ROSAS, ro/sds, (anc, Slinda or HlindopeJ) a seaport-town 
 of Spain, province, and 27 miles N.E. of Gerona, on the N, 
 shore of the Gulf of Rosas, Pop. 2580, Its fortifications 
 were mostly destroyed by the French in 180S, 
 
 ROSASCO, ro-sds'ko, a village of the Sardinian States, di- 
 vision of Novara. province of Lomellina. Pop. 1665. 
 
 ROSATE, ro-sd'tA, a market-town of North Italy, in Lom- 
 bardv, 13 miles N.W, of Pavia, 
 
 IKi'SA TURN'OUT, a railroad station in Pike co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the New York and Erie Railroad. 108 miles 
 from New York City. 
 
 ROSBER'CON or ROSEBER/CON, a village and paiish of 
 Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kilkenny, on the W, side of the 
 Barrow opposite New Ross, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 
 1000, It has extensive stores and quays, Glocomb distillery, 
 and picturesque remains of a monastery, 
 
 ROS'BOROUGH, a village of Lawrence co., Tennessee, 8S 
 miles S.S.W. of Nashville, is the seat of a cotton factory. 
 
 ROSCARBERY, a town of Irel.and. See Ross. 
 
 ROSCHITZ, (Roschitz,) rS'shits, or RESPITZ, rf.s/pits, a 
 market-town of Lower Austria, 30 miles N.W. of Komeu- 
 burg. Pop. 1267. . 
 
 ROSCHTIN, rosh-teen', a village of Moravia, circle of Hni- 
 disch, near Strilek. Pop. 1185. 
 
 1613 
 
EC'S 
 
 KOSCrA.VO, ros-chJ'no a town of Naples, province of 
 ibruKzo Ultra I., S.E. of Civita di Penne, on the Pescara. 
 Pop. 1160. 
 
 KOSCiAXllM or ROSCIA NAVALIS. See Rossaxo. 
 
 ROSCKl.NO, ro-sheen'yo, a town of Naples, province of 
 Priucipato Ultra, S.K. of Oampa^na. Pop. 1025. 
 
 R0SC0I5I K. a parish of Scotland. See Rescobib. 
 
 ROSCOE, ro-s'ko, a pos^office of Todd co., Kentucky. 
 
 ROSCOK. a flouri.shins poist-village of Coshocton en.. Ohio, 
 on the Muskingum River, 75 miles N.E. of Columbus. It 
 rontiins a union school. Grain and other articles are 
 shipped on the Ohio Canal at this place. Pop. 637. 
 
 ROSCOE. a thrivinsr post-village and township of Winne- 
 bago CO., Illinois, on Kock River, 12 miles above Rockford. 
 The village has water-power, and contains a large woollen 
 factory and several stores. Population, about 400; of the 
 township, 7C)6. 
 
 ROSCOE, a sm.^11 post-village of Henry co., Missouri, 130 
 miles \V. by S. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ROSCOFF. ros'koff', a maritime village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistere, on a tongue of laud extending into the 
 English Channel. 13 miles X.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1862, 
 3651. Here Maiy Queen of Scots embarked to espouse the 
 French dauphin in 1558. 
 
 ROSCO.M'.MON, an inland county of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, bounded on the E. by the river Shannon, and by 
 Its affluent, the Suck, on the W. Area. 950 .square miles. 
 The surface is mostly undulating; mountainous in the N., 
 and Hat in the E. The soil is generally very fertile. Pop. 
 1851, 174,492. The principal towns are Roscommon, Boyle, 
 Castlereagh, Stokestown, and a part of Athlone. It sends 
 2 members to the lIou.se of Commons. 
 
 ROSCO.MMON, a market-town, parish, and formerly par- 
 li.amentary borough of Ireland, capital of the above county, 
 with a station on the Dublin and Mullingar Railwa3', 17 
 miles X.X.W. of .A.thlone. Pop. of town, 3439. The princi- 
 pal edifices are the parish church, Roman Catholic chapel, 
 new courthouse, jail, and county infirm.ary, with remains 
 of a castle and a fine abbey of the thirteenth centurj'. Its 
 manu&ctures comprise coarse woollens, tlannfel, shoes, and 
 earthenwares; and the town has an increasing corn trade. 
 It gives the title of earl to the Dillon family. 
 
 ROSCOM'.MOX, an unorganized county in the X. central 
 part of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is drained 
 by the sources of Maskegon and Au Sable Rivers. This 
 county is not named in the census of 1850. 
 
 EOSCRE.A., ros-kri', a market-town and p,arish of Ireland, 
 In Munster, co. of Tipperary, near its X.W. extremity, 7 
 miles W. of RorrLs-in-Ossorj'. Pop. of town in 1841, 5275 ; in 
 1851, 3:iS9. It is finely situated, being enclosed by moun- 
 tains, has a church, which formed part of an abbey founded 
 in the seventh century, several chapels, barracks, court and 
 market-house, bridewell, fever hospital, and work-house, a 
 curious ancient pillar, and other antiquities. 
 
 ROSE, Le, Id ro/sA. a town of Xaples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 7 miles X. of Cosenza. Pop. 1650. 
 
 ROSE, a post-village and toAvnship of Wayne co.. New 
 York, 8 miles X.E. of Lyons. The village contains 3 churches, 
 2 stores, 1 steam saw mill, 2 hotels, 1 tannery, and 2 stave 
 factories. Pop. of the townsliip, 2119. 
 
 ROSE, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, contains 
 Brookville, the county-seat. Pop. 828. 
 
 ROSE, a post-township in the W. central part of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 12S6. 
 
 ROSB, a post-township in the N.W. part of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1166. 
 
 ROSE ASH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 ROSEAU, ro'zo', the principal town of the island of Do- 
 minica, in the British West Indies, on its W. coast Lat. 
 15" 18' 4" X., Ion. 61° 24' 7" W. Pop. 5000. It has an arse- 
 nal and an excellent harbor. 
 
 ROSEBOOM. rOz'boom, a post-township of Otsego co., New 
 York. I'oi). 1S70. 
 
 R(JSERUR(}. roz'btirg. a,^ost-village of Perry co, Pennsyl- 
 vania, 38 niilen W. of Ilarflsburg. 
 
 ROSEBUKG, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 ROSE CitEEK, a post-office of JlcXairy co., Tennessee. 
 
 ROSEDALK. (ro//dal.) West, a chapelry and township of 
 England, co. of York. Xorth Riding. 
 
 ROSED.^LE, roz'dal, a post-office of Kennebec oo., Maine. 
 
 ROSEDALE, a post-offlee of Russell co., Virginia. 
 
 ROSEDALK. (if Ohio. See Liverpool. 
 
 KOSEIIEAKTY, roz'har'tee. a fishing village and burgh 
 of barony of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on the Moray Frith, 
 
 S" -^ ^^' *'*' *"''«serburgh. Pop. in 1851, 844. 
 
 Sl^iS 'i'i"'' '"I^I^' » post-office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 
 KOSh IIILI^ a post-office of Lee co., Airginia. 
 
 iJ^-o i'^^'^' " post-office of Amite co., Mississippi. 
 
 ROSE HILL, a post-office of Harris co.. Texas. 
 
 v'^t^' HIH/' * Post-offl'-e of L.aurel co., Kentucky. 
 
 KUhh HILL, a post-village of Jasper co., Illinois, on the 
 
 i,^'!;*?. '.'?■■' ' °"'^'^ ^- ^y ^^'- of Xewton. 
 
 Rnsi^ I I ■ ' * ri.""". '■"'''^'*' "f Johnson co., Missouri, 
 in „ 7 l' v- b" * jlJ"^ 'np post-viUage of Mahaska co., Iowa, 
 10 miles E. N . E. of Oskaloosa. ~. w., *« n a, 
 
 16U ' 
 
 ROS 
 
 ROSE ISLAND, an island of the Bahamas, E. of New Pro. 
 
 videuce. 
 
 ROSE ISLAXD. in the Pacific Ocean, one of the Xavl- 
 gators' Islands. Lat. 14° 32' 47" S., Ion. 169° W. 
 
 ROSELAXD, rozland. a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia. 
 ROSEL.\XD, a post-office of Collin co., Texas. 
 ROSELL, ro-sel'. a market-town of Spain, province, and 
 43 miles X.X.E. of Ca.stellon de la Plana. Pop. 2425. 
 
 ROSELLO. ro-sM'lo. a market-town of Xaples, jirovince of 
 Abruzzo Citr.i. 24 miles S. of Lanciano. Pop. lOtlO. 
 
 ROSEJt.VItKIE. rox^mar'kee. a parish. Scotland, co. Roes, 
 ROSEMARY (roz'm:l-re) ISLAND, Dampier ArchipcUgc, 
 West Australia. Lat. 20^ 28" 15" S., Ion. 116° 30' K. 
 ROSE MILLS, a post-offlce of .\mherst co., Virginia. 
 ROSysX AL'LIS. a parish, Ireland, in Leinster. Queens ca 
 ROSEXAU, ro'zeh-nrpw\ or ROZXAWA, roz'nd-wi, (Hun. 
 Rosnyohanya, ros'nyoMidn'yoh\) a town of Xorth Hungary, 
 CO.. and 15 miles X.E.of GomBr, on the Sajo. Pop. liOO^). It 
 is the .see of a bishop, and has Roman Catholic and Lutheran 
 churches, an episcopal .seminary, a Franciscan convent, Ro- 
 man Catholic and Lutheran colleges, high-schools, and 
 manufactures of woollen cloth and linen, stoneware, leather,' 
 and paper. 
 
 ROSEXAU, (Hun. Romyo, ros'nyo\) a town of Tran- 
 sylvjini.i. in Saxon land, on an affluent of the Aloota, ( Aluta.) 
 7 nnles S. of Kronstadt. Pop. 4010. It has a strong castle, 
 and Roman Catholic and Greek churches. 
 
 ROSEX.\U, a village of Lower Austria, 5 miles AV. of 
 Zwettel. with a noble residence and fine gi-ounds. 
 
 ROSEXAU, a village of Austria, duchy of SaxeCoburg, 5 
 miles X.E. of Coburg, with a summer residence of the duke. 
 ROS EX BERG. ro'zen-bSRo\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 25 
 miles E.X.E. of Oppeln, at the source of the Stober. Pop 
 2-300. It has manufactures of leather, lineus, woollens. &c. 
 ROSENBKRG. (Polish, Sasz. soosh,) a town of West Prus- 
 sia, 17 miles E. of .Marieuwerder. Pop. 23S9. 
 
 ROSEXUERG, (Hun. RmmbfH; rozm'b^Rk',) a market- 
 town of Xorth Hungary, co. of Lipt.au, at the continence of 
 the Waag and Revucz;i. 23 miles X.X.E. of Xeusohl. Pop. 
 2532. It has Piarist and Roman Catholic colleges. 
 
 ROSEX BERG, a town of Bohemia, 22 miles S.S.W. of Dud- 
 weis. Pop. 1223. 
 
 ROSE.X BURG.riXzen-booRGNGEOSS. groce, and Kleis. klTne. 
 two nearly contiguous villages of Prussi;u province of S.axony. 
 government, and 16 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the Saale. 
 Pop. 1656. 
 
 RO'SEXD.\LE, a post-viUage <«nd township of Ulster co., 
 Xew York, on Rondout Creek, about 60 miles S. by AV. of 
 Albany. It contains a mill for preparing hydraulic cement, 
 which is found in the vicinity. Pop. of the township. 2826. 
 ROSEXD.^LE. a post-village and township of Fond du 
 Lac CO.. AA'iscon.sin, 77 miles X.AV. of .Milwaukee. It con- 
 tains 3 stores. 2 hotels, and 6 manuf!ict<iries. Pop. of the 
 township. 1176. 
 
 ROSEXDORF, ro'zen-doRr. a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Leitmeritz, about 20' miles from .\usscgg, at the foot of the 
 Rosenberg, aliove the Elbe. Pop. 1386. 
 
 ROSE'XE.\TH. a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton. 
 ROSE'X EATH. a post-office of Halifax co.. North Carolina, 
 112 miles X.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 ROSEXFELD. ro'zen-fMt\ a town of AVUrtemberg. circle 
 of Black Forest. 19 miles N.E. of Rottweil. Pop. 1302. 
 
 ROSENHEIM, nVzeu-hime'. a town of Upper Bavaria, on 
 the Inn, S2 miles S.E. of Munich. Pop. 224ll. 
 
 ROSEXTHAL, ro'zen-tir, or ROZMITTAL, rSz'mit-tilr, a 
 town of Bohemia, on the Lomnitz. 23 miles X.X.AV. of PTsek. 
 ROSEXTHAL. a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, pro- 
 vince of Ober Hessen, 12 miles N.N.E. of Marburg. P. 1597. 
 ROSEXTHAL, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles S of Budweis. 
 Pop. 572. 
 ROSE POINT, a postofHce of Lawrence co.. Pennsylvania. 
 ROSETO, ro-s.Vto. a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Capitanata, 11 miles AV. ofTroja. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ROSETO, a market-towii of Xaples. province of Cal.*bria 
 Citi-a, on the Gulf of Taranto. 21 miles N.E. of Cassano. 
 Pop. 800. 
 ROSETREE, a post-office of Delaware co., Pennsvlvania. 
 ROSETTA. TO-zWtL (Arab. Roilind or Er-Rasheed. rl* 
 sheed'; Fr. Rosetif, TO'zitt>; It. Rosctta, roNsJt/ti,) a seaport 
 town of Ix)wer Egypt, capital of a province, on the AV. arm 
 of the Xile, at its "delta. 40 miles N.E. of Alexandria. Lat 
 31° 25' N., Ion. 30° 28' E. Previous to the opening of the 
 Mahmoodeeyeh Canal, which connects Alexandria with the 
 Nile, it had 26,000 inhabitants: p()p. now only about 4000. 
 It has still a thriving general trade, and some manufactures 
 of sail-cloth, leather, and iron goods for the dockyards of 
 Alexandria. ,The town is pleasantly situated, and neatly 
 built; it is in repute for salubrity, and attracts manv sum- 
 mer visitors. It was founded in 870. near the siteof tho 
 ancient BoUntinum ; and here, in 179fl. w.ns discovered the 
 fiimous "Rosetta stone," which furnished the key to the 
 Egyptian hieroglyphics; it is now in the British Aluseuin. 
 Rosetta was taken by the French in 17y8, and besieged by 
 the English in 1807. 
 ROSiyVILLE, a postoffice of Franklin oo , Arkanaa*. 
 
ROS 
 
 ROS 
 
 ROSEVTT-iLE, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 
 KOSKVriJylO. a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, 65 
 miles K. of Colunibu.s. 
 
 HO.SKVirJjK, a post-offlce of Macomb co., Micliigan. 
 
 IIOSEVILLE, a post>village of Parke co., Indiana, on Rac- 
 coon Creek. 70 miles W. of Indianapolis, has a flouring mill. 
 
 KOSEVl L[>E. a post-tnshp. of Warren co., Illinois. 1*. H8i. 
 
 ROSGI.\TO. ros-jit/to, written also KOSGIAT, a village of 
 Austria, in Dalmafia, about 1 mile from Kagusa. Pop. 1166. 
 
 IIOSIIEIM. roz'Jm', a walled town of I'rance, depai tment 
 Ot B.is-l!hin, at the foot of the Vosges .Mountains, 1-1 miles 
 S.AV. of Strasbourg. I'op. in 1852, o'J'l. 
 
 ROSICI,-ARE. roV-klair', a post-village of Hardin co., Illi- 
 nois, about 1 mile from the Ohio Kiver, and 22 miles S.W. 
 of Shawneetown. 
 
 RCSr KN N A, a town of Ru.'ssia. See RossiEXA. 
 
 ROSlfeUES, n/ze-ain', a town of France, department of 
 Ilaute-Loire, 8 miles N.X.E. of Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 
 2S51. , 
 
 RO.?IIiRES, a town of France, department of Somme, 18 
 miles E^.E, of Anuens, Pop. in 1852, 2502. 
 ' ROSIER ES AUX SALINES, ro'ze-ain/ 6 sJ'leen', a town 
 of France, department of Mcurthe, 9 miles S.E. of Xaney. on 
 the left bank of the Meuithe, and on the railway to Stras- 
 bourg. Pop. in 1852, 2359. It had lately one of the best 
 studs in France. * 
 
 HOSIERS, liKS, lA ro'ze-4', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Maiue-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Loire, 
 and on the Nantes and Tours Railway, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Angers. Pop. lOSO. 
 
 ROSIGN ANO, ro-seen-yj/no, a market-town of North Italy, 
 In Piedmont, division, and 16 miles N.W. of Alessiindria. 
 Pop. 2:J10. 
 
 ROSIGNANO, a vill.age of Tuscany, on the top of a hill of 
 the same name, within a ■view of the sea, about 17 miles 
 Vom Leghorn. Pop. -WOl. 
 
 ROSINAII. a vill.age of Transylvania. See Resisau. 
 
 ROSINGYN, an island, Malay Archipelago. See B.VSB.A. 
 
 ROS'KIL'DE, a town of Denmark. See RffiSKiLM. 
 
 ROSL.VU. ros'lOw, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Anhalt-Kothen, on the Elbe, at the inllux of the Roslau, 4 
 miles N. of Dessau. Pop. 1600. 
 
 ROSLAA'L, ros/ldv'l', or ROSLOVL, ros-lov"l', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 69 miles S.S.E. of Smolensk. 
 Pop. 3965. 
 
 R(>SLE.\, ros'lA, or ROYSLEA, rois/li, a village of Ire- 
 land, iu Ulster, co. of Fesmanagh, on the Finn, 4 miles 
 N.N.E. of Clones. Pop. 414. 
 
 RO.'^'LESTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 ROS'LIN. a qnrtnil sacra parish and village of Scotland. 
 CO.. and 7 miU'S S.E. of Edinburgh. It has ruins of the 
 celehr^ited Roslin Chapel, containing the tombs of many of 
 the Earls of Orkney and Roslin. 
 
 ROS'LIN, a post-village of Marquette co., Wisconsin, 97 
 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 ROS'LYN,formerlv nE:MPPTF..\D TIARROR. a pnst-Tilla<re 
 cituated on I^ong Island, in North Il.-mpsbad township. 
 Queens co.. New York, at the head of a deep inlet setting up 
 from Long Island Sound, about 23 miles E.N.E. of Brooklyn. 
 
 ROSLYN. a post-office of Montgomery co.. Maryland. 
 
 RO?M.\NINIIAL. ros-m3-neen-y3!'. a small fortified town 
 of Portugal, province of Beira, 65 miles S.S.E. of Ouarda. 
 
 I10SN.\U, ros'nOw, or ROZNOW, roz-nov', a market-town 
 of Moravia, 20 miles E.S.E. of Weisskirchen. Pop. 2275. 
 
 ROSNY, ros'nee', a village of France, department of Seine, 
 •with one of the detached forts near Paris. 
 
 ROSN\'-SUK-SEINE, ros^nee' siiR s.^n, a village of France, 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles W. of Mantes, on the 
 left bank of the Seine, and on the railway from Paris to 
 Roueu. Pop. 700. Near it is the line chfiteau in which 
 Sully, minister of Henry IV., was born. 
 
 ROSOUX, ro'zoo', Belgium, a station on the railway from 
 Brussels to Liege. 52 miles fiom Brussels. 
 
 ROSS, iu Ireland, the largest island in the lower Lake of 
 Killarney, in Munster, 2 miles S. of Killarney. On it are 
 the remains of a strong castle. 
 
 ROSS, a bog of Ireland, iu Leinster, Queen's co., 3 miles 
 W.N.W. of Maryborough.' 
 
 ROSS, a harbor of Ireland, co. of Mayo, on the E. side of 
 Broadhaveu. 
 
 ROSS, a lake and village of Ireland, co. of Clare. 
 
 ROSS, a market-town and parish of England, CO., and 12 
 miles S.S.E. of Hereford. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 2674. 
 The town, situated on a rocky eminence above the Wye, 
 has many good houses, and a church, in which was buried 
 the benevolent Kyrle, Pope's celebrated "Man of Ross," 
 yiha died iu 1724, and whose portrait is still preserved in 
 his house, now an inn. The town contains a union work- 
 bouse, market-house, branch bank, mechanics' institute, &c. 
 
 ROSS, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway. 
 
 BOSS, a barony of Irel.and, co. of Galway. 
 
 ROSS, or ROSS-CAR/BERY, a market-town, parish, and 
 episcopal see of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, the town 
 on an eminence, near its shallow "harbor, 7 miles W.S.W. of 
 ClouakUty. Pop. o' town in 1851, about 1000. It is in- 
 
 i^'.fferently built, has a cathedra], Roman Catholic chapel, 
 bridewell, market and court-houses, coin stores, and the 
 ruins of a monastery on an adjacent rocky height. The see, 
 comprising 32 parishes in the same county, is united to tlie 
 diocese of Cork and Cloyne. 
 
 ROSS, New, a' pailiamentary ana municipal boroush, 
 river-port, town, and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co, of 
 ^Vexford, on the Bari-ow, across which it communicates 
 with its suburb Rosbercon. liy a wooden bridge 150 feet in 
 length. 13 miles N.N.E. of Waterford, and 17 miles N.S.W 
 of Ennisc'orthy. Pop. of the parliamentary l)orough, in 
 1S51, 9098. It is mostly well built, and endo.sed by old 
 walls, and has a quay 650 yards in length, which vessels 
 of 600 tons can reach at high tidi'S. Principjil edifices, the 
 churches and chapels, mon.-istic establishments, an in- 
 firmary, and various hospitals; several market-houses, 
 the Sessions-house, barrack.s, jail, custom-house, and some 
 traces of an ancient abbey. The exports comprise corn, 
 Hour, wool, butter, cattle, and bacon. The chief imports 
 are fish from Newfoundland, and timber from the Baltic. 
 The customs revenue increased from 14,29U. in 1846. to 
 31,282/. in 1S48. It .sends 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons, ^i gives the title of earl to the Parsons family. 
 
 ROSS, a county iu the S. central part of Ohio, contains 
 730 square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto River, 
 and also drained by Paint Creek. The surface is finely 
 diver.sified by hills and valleys; the soil is rich and well 
 cultivated. The valley of the Scioto in particular is noted 
 for its fertility and beauty. In 18.50 this county produced 
 2.840,443 bu.«hels of corn — the greatest quantity produced 
 by any county in the United States, excepting Sangamon 
 CO., Illinois. The Scioto and its affluents afford abundant 
 motive-power. It is intersected liy the Airietta and Cin- 
 cinnati Railroad, and by the Ohio Canal. Ross co. was 
 settled in 1796, by emigrants from A'irginia and Kentucky. 
 Capita], Chillicothe. l\>p. 35,071. 
 
 ROSS, a township of .\lleghany co., Pennsylvania. P. 1798. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 882. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RO>S, a post-offlco of Andor.son co., Tennessee. 
 
 ROSS, a post-township in the S. W. part of Butler co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1702. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Greene co., intersected by the Colum- . 
 bus and Xenia Railroad. Pop. 1162. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop. 861. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 1547. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 1513. 
 
 ROSSA, ros'si, a market-town of Russia, government, and 
 35 miles S.E. of Grodno. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 ROSSANA, ros-K^nJ, a village of Piedmont, province, and 
 8 miles S.S.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 2079. 
 
 ROSSANO, ros-si'no, (anc. liosciafnum or lins'da Nnva^is 
 TIturinrum.) a city of Naples, province of Oalabria Citra, 
 near the Gulf of Taranto, 17 miles M'.N.AV. of Cariati. It 
 has a cathedral, and is the see of an archbishop. It is re- 
 markable as the birthplace of three popes, viz., St. Zosimus 
 Amarelli, John A'll. and XVII. It (s a very ancient place, 
 and is said to have been founded by the (Enotrii, and after 
 it had fallen into decay, to have been restored and colonized 
 by the Romans. It was taken by ass:iult and pillaged by 
 Totila. King of the Huns. This city has long been noted as 
 an abode of learning, and especially as the seat of the famous 
 academy of SpensUrati. Among the many distinguished 
 men to whom Rossano has given birth, besides those named 
 above, may be mentioned Alexander de .\marelli. a renowned 
 knight templar of the 12th century, who dit'd bravely in de- 
 fence of the holy sepulchre, and Count Leonardo de Ama- 
 relli, one of the most eminent jurisconsults in the 17th cen- 
 tury. Pop, variously estimated from 10.000 to 18,000. 
 
 ROSSBACH, ross'bdK. or RASBACII, rds'bdK. a village of 
 Bohemia, 27 miles W.N.W. of Elbogen. Pop. 2954. 
 
 ROSSBACH, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 province of Ober-IIessen, on the Rossbach, at the foot of the 
 Taunus Mountain. 13 miles N. of Frankfort. Pop. 230. 
 
 ROSSB.\CH, a village of Germany, in Prussian Saxony, 
 government of Merseburg, 17 miles S. of Halle. Here, on 
 the 5th Novembe;-, 17.57, Frederick the Great defeated the 
 French and ImpSi.alists. 
 
 ROSSBERG, a mountain of Switzerland. See Goldau. 
 
 ROSS/BURG, a small post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 
 55 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ROSS-AXD-CROM'ARTY, a county extending across the N. 
 part of Scotland, from sea to sea, between the Minsh on the 
 W., and the Moray Frith on the E.. and including, in de- 
 tached portions, Cromarty, and the islands of Skye, Lewis, 
 Ac. in the Hebrides, its mainland portion having N. Suther- 
 land, and S. Inverness-shire. Area estimated at 2885 square 
 miles, of which 560 square miles are in the Hebrides, 344 
 belong to Cromarty, and 9| to Nairn. Pop. in 1851,82.707 
 Cromarty, Beauly, and Dornoch Frith.'! indent it on the E., 
 and Ix)chs Broom, Greinord, Ewe, Gairloch, Torridon. and 
 Alsh on the W. Granite and primary schists form the N. 
 and middle parts of the county. The sea-coasts, and a con- 
 siderable way inland, are composed of old red sandstonew 
 It is in the centre of a wild region of mountains. moorS; 
 
 1615 ■ 
 
ROS 
 
 aud lakes, traversed by the Conon, Orin, Beauly, and other 
 email rivers, along which are extensive tracts of fertile soil. 
 In some parts much good wheat is raised, and many planta- 
 tions of trees have been made; but the greater part of the 
 county is appropriated to sheep and cattle farming. Prin- 
 cipal towns. Dingwall, Tain, and Cromarty. It sends 1 
 member to the House of Commons. See Cromarty. 
 
 ROSS'DUOIT', a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 KOSS'DUKF'. a p.arish of Ireland, co. of Waterford. 
 
 RO.JSKAtJ. ros'so', a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 KOSSiiL. ros'sfl, a town of East Prussia. 62 miles S.E. 
 of Konit^sberg. Pop. 900. 
 
 EOS'SiiL. an Island of the South Pacific Ocean, in Louisiade 
 Archipelaso: lat. 11° 22' S., Ion. 15t° 26' E.: 22 miles long 
 from E. to VT.. and lOJ miles greatest breadth. 
 
 ROS.>' GROVE, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, 70 
 miles \r. by S. of Chicaw. 
 
 ROSS HILL, a small village of Walker co., Georgia. 
 
 ROSSIE. ros'see, a post-village and township of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, on Indian River, 25 miles S.S.W. of Og- 
 densburg. It contains establishments for smelting and 
 forging iron, and a machine shop. Mines of iron and lead 
 are worked here. Pop. 1609. 
 
 ROSSIEXA, ros-se-A'ni or ROSIEXXA, ro-se-fn'nj, (Po- 
 lisli. Rosskuie. ross-yju'yi,) a town of Russia, government, 
 and 100 miles W.X.AV. of Vilna, on the Dubissa. Pop. 5770. 
 It is the see of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Samogitia, and 
 has .several churches and a Piarist college. 
 
 ROSSIGLIONE, ros-seel-yo'u.H, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division, and 18 miles X.W. of Genoa, on the Stura 
 Kossiglione. Pop. 2567. 
 
 ROSSIGXOL (■ig'seen'yol') LAKE, in Xova Scotia, Queen's 
 CO., 30 miles S.S.rT of Annapolis, about 11 miles in length. 
 From it flows the Mersey River, at the mouth of which is 
 the vill.-iL'O of Rossignol, or Liverpool. 
 
 ROS'SIN'GTOX, a parish of England, co. of York. West 
 Riding. 
 
 ROSSIX'TER, a pari.sh of Ireland, cos. Sligo and Leitrim. 
 
 ROSS'KEEX', a maritime pai-ish of Scotland, co. of Ros.s, 
 on Cromarty Frith. 
 
 ROSSL.\, ros'sll, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 miles W. 
 of S.ingerhausen. Pop. 1660. 
 
 ROSS'L.^XD, a post-office of Monroe co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROSSLAU, ross'ldw, a town of Anhalt-Kothen. on the 
 Elbe, at the confluence of the Rosslau, and on the Berlin 
 and Anh.alt Railway, 28 miles S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1526. 
 
 ROSSLEBKX, ross'l.Vben. a market-town of Prussian 
 Saxonv, 25 miles W. of Merseburg, on the Unstrut. P. 1S15. 
 
 ROSSMERE or ROSSMIRE.ross'meer, a parish of Ireland, 
 In Munster. co. of Waterford, 
 
 ROSSO, ros'.«o, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, on the Bisaguo. Pop. 2349. 
 
 ROS'SORY. a pari.«h of Ireland, co, of Fermanagh. 
 
 ROSS'S CORXER, a post-office of York co., Maine. 
 
 ROSS'S FER'RY, a post-office of Livingston co,, Kentucky, 
 
 ROSSTOWX, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee. 
 
 ROSSTK E VOR, .i seifport of Ireland, See Rostrevor. 
 
 ROSSUM, ros'silm, a villace of Holland, province of 
 Qelderland on the Wajvl, 10 miles S.S.W, of TieL Popula- 
 tion S45. 
 
 ROSS'VILLE. a post-village of Richmond co,. New York, 
 pleasantly situated on Staten Island Sound, about 20 miles 
 S,W. of Xew York, 
 
 ROSSVILLE. a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 14 
 miles X.W. of York. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a post-village in Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a post-office of Chester district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a post-village in Walker co,, Georgia, about 
 200 miles X.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 ROSSVILLE. a post-oliice of Sumpter co., Alabama, 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a former ixjst-village of Butler co,, Ohio, on 
 the W. bank of .Miami River, and on the Cincinnati, Hamil- 
 ton, and Daytou Railroad, 20 miles X. of Cincinnati, A 
 bridge across the river connects it with Hamilton, the 
 capital of the county. It is situated in a rich farming dis- 
 trict, and has abundant water-power, which is employed in 
 machinery for various purposes. The Cincinnati and Chi- 
 cago Air Line Riilroad passes through this place. Ross- 
 ville has been incorporated with Hamilton. 
 
 ROSSVILLE. a village in Miami co^ Ohio, on the Miami 
 River, opposite Piqua. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a thriving post-villase and township of CTin- 
 ton CO., Indiana, on the Middle Fork of Wildcat River, 63 
 miles X.W . of Indianapolis, 
 
 5'^i''^J-^^'''^- " P'^st-oftice of Allomakee eo,, Iowa, 
 
 5,^^S\t.^x!''' " P"«t-offlce of Fayette co., Tennessee, 
 
 KUSSW hlX, ross'*fn, a town of Saxony, on the Mii 
 ruiles \> .X .W , of Xossen, Pop. 4'J72. 
 
 n,/!,?„l^'^^' ;«""'' m''''^-"c',°^'""''°'^'» of South Arabia, do- 
 Sid weil'buiU °^ •^^"'"'*' """^ ^^^^ to beUi^e 
 85 mn;^U4')rf'^C;!*"pt*^4' ^"""^ of Pn^i-- Poland, 
 KOSTHERX. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 Iblo 
 
 I Jlulde, 5 
 
 ROT 
 
 EOSTTOCK, a commercial city and seaport of West Ger- 
 many, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. on the Warnow. 9 milea 
 from its mouth in the Baltic, and at the termination of a 
 branch of the Hamburg and Berlin Railwav, 44 miles X.E. 
 of Schwerin. Lat. 54° 5' X., Ion. 10° 14' E. Pop. 26.149. It 
 is enclosed bj* ancient walls, and consists of an old, a mid- 
 dle, and a new town, with several suliurl>s. The principal 
 edifices are a palace, freqxiently the residence of the grand 
 dukes, numerous churches, .several hospitals, a town-hall, 
 and theatre. In one of the principal squares is a statue of 
 ! Blucher, a native of Rostock. It has a university, founded 
 I in 1419, with a library of 85,000 volumes, theological and 
 I other schools, an anatomical theatre, laboratorj-, botanic 
 \ garden, and various .scientific collections. Here are also a 
 I society of natural history, and other associations, and a 
 I commercial institute. It h.as numerous manufiictures of 
 woollen cloth, soap, chiccory, with extensive breweries, dis- 
 tilleries, vinegar, color, and chemical factories, and sugar- 
 I refineries. The trade is extensive; the exports con.sist 
 principally of superior red wheat, barley, pease, rape-seed, 
 oats, wool, rags, oil-cake, rape-oil, bones, flax, horses, cattle, . 
 and provisions. The imports comprise colonial produce, 
 wines, and m.Huufactured goods. In 1845. 231 vessels and 
 32 lighters belonged to the port. The number of arrivals in 
 1847, W.1S 747, and clearances, 762; in 1850, the number of 
 arrivals was only 489, and clearances 503. The depth of the 
 water in the river is from 8 to 9 feet, and vessels above that 
 draught loiid and unload at Wameniiinde, its outport. 
 Rostock is mentioned in history as early as 1161, and was 
 annexed to Mecklenburg in 1323. It was long one of the 
 Hanse Towns, and retained, until lately, some exclusive pri- 
 vileges. 
 
 ROSTOK, a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 4 miles 
 from Starkenbach. Pop. 1017. 
 
 ROSTOK, a village of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz, on the 
 Moldau, 8 miles from Prague, Pop. 642. 
 
 ROSTOV. ROSTOW, ros-tov', written also ROSTOFF, or 
 DMITUIA-ROSTOFSKAGO. dme-tre-J ros-tofs-ki'go, a town 
 of Russia, government, .and 225 miles E.S.E. of Yekaterino- 
 slav, on the right bank of the Don, 22 miles above its mouth 
 in the Sea of Azof. Pop. 8000. It is well built, and de- 
 fended by a strong fortress, the residence of the command- 
 ant. It has numerous depots of provisions for the army, 
 the fortresses of the Caucasus, and the E. coast of the Black 
 Sea. and is a principal entrepot for the trade of the vast 
 countries traversed by the Don. It has a large annual fair. 
 
 ROSTOV, ROSTOW or ROSTOFF, a town of Ru>sia, go- 
 vernment, and 37 miles S.S,W, of Y'aroslav, capital of a 
 circle, on Lake Xero, Pop. 6000. It is enclosed by earthen 
 ramparts, and is the see of a Greek archbishop. The princi- 
 pal edifices are an ancient cathedral, with numerous tombs 
 of its archbishops, several convent.s, episcopal palaces, and 
 a seminary. It has various manufactures of linens, vitriol, 
 and colors, and an active commei-ce. Its annual fair is 
 often frequented by about 45.000 persons ; and at it goods 
 to the amount of 8,500,000 rubles are sometimes sold. This 
 town is mentioned in historv as early as a. d. 991. 
 
 ROSTR.VVER, a post-township forming the S.W. extre- 
 mity of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, Pop, 2450, 
 
 ROSTKEXEX, ros'treh-nSN"', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of C6tes-du-Xord, 25 miles S.S.W. of Guiugamp. Pop. 
 1168. 
 
 ROSTREVOR or ROSSTREVOR, ros-tree'vor, a sm-all 
 maritime town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, on the X, 
 side of Carlingford Bay, 8 miles E.S.E, of Xewry, with which 
 it Is connected by railway. Pop, 650. Its position is highly 
 beautiful : it is resorted to by many visiters in summer, 
 
 ROS'WELL, a post-village of Cobb CO., GeorgLa, on 
 Viekery's Creek, 13 miles X,E, of Marietta. Here is a cotton 
 factory which emplovs 150 operatives. 
 
 ROT.\, ro'ti an island of the Pacific Ocean, Lat, 14° y 
 N,, Ion. 145° IS' E., 12 miles long, and 5| miles broad, 
 
 ROTA, ro'til, a maritime town of Spain, province, and 6 
 miles X,X,W, of Cadiz, Pop, 79S7, It has a castle, and a 
 small harbor for eoiisting vessels. Chief industry, agricul- 
 ture and fishing. 
 
 ROT.\S, ro'tds, a fort of the Punjab, near the Jhylum, 104 
 miles X.X,W, of Lahore, but lately stated to be in an in- 
 efficient state of defence, 
 
 ROTASGUR, ro-tds-gQr', a town and fort of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, on the Sone, 110 niilos S.W. of Patna. 
 
 ROTELLO, ro-tjllo, a town of Xaples. province of Molise, 
 7 miles S.E. of Larino. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 ROTEXBURG, a town of Germany. See Rothexburo. 
 
 ROTEXBURG, ro'tgn-lxioRG", a town of Hanover, govern;^ 
 ment of Stade, 62 miles X.X.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1556. 
 
 ROTGEX, rot'ghfn. a village of Rhenish Prus.sia, 10 miles 
 S.S.E. of .\ix-la-Chapelle. on the Vesdre. Pop. 15*50. 
 
 ROTH, rot, a river of Wiirtemhurg, joins the Danube on 
 the right, 7 miles S.S.^y. of Ulm. Length, 38 miles. 
 
 ROTH, a walled town of Bavaria, on the Rednitz. and 
 on the railroad from XOrdlingen to Xurembenr, 15 miles S. 
 of Xuremberg Pop. 24o6.- It has a castle, a high school, 
 and manufactures of cutlery, gold and silver lace, aud 
 iflass. 
 
ROT 
 
 ROTHA, ro'tJ, a town of Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of ! 
 I^ipsic, on the I'leisse. Pop. 1195. ! 
 
 KOTHAU,' ro'Uiw, (Oder, o'bjr, and Unter, Si'm'ter.) a I 
 villat^e of Bohemia, 10 miles N.W. of Klbogen. Pop. I'ZS. j 
 
 llOTH'BURY, roth'bfr-e, a marltetrtown and parish of | 
 Enjrland, co. of Northumberland, on the Coquet, 11 miles i 
 W.S.W. of Alnwick. Pop. of the trwnship, 895. It is pic- j 
 turesquely situated in a deep glen. j 
 
 ROTII DOBRAWITZ. a town of Bohemia. See Dobrawitz. [ 
 
 KOTIIKiNBDCM, ro'ten-booK\ a village of Bavaria, Lower i 
 Franconia, 27 miles W.N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1038. 
 
 BOTFIKNBUKG, ro't^n-boorg', a town oif Prussian Silesia, i 
 B4 miles W. of Liegnitz, on the Neis.se. Pop. 10fi8. 
 
 ItOTIIENBUKG, ro'tgn-burg or ro'tfn-Wr.Ro'. orROTEN- j 
 BURO, ro^tgn-bofiRG, a town of Germany, in IIes.«e-Cassel, 
 province of Nieder-IIessen, on the Fulda. 24 miles S.S.E. of 
 Cassel. Pop. 3fi,i0. It consists of an old and a new town, 
 connected by a bridge, and has the castle of the LandgraTe 
 of Hesse, and several educational establishments. 
 
 ROTIIENBUKG, a town of Germany, in Hanover, 15 miles 
 N.E. of Verden. on the Wilmme. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ROTHENBURG.a town of Germany, in Prussian Saxony, 
 23 miles N.N.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 11.30. 
 
 ROTHENBURG, ro'tgn-booRo\ a vilLage of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 3 miles N.W. of Lucerne, 
 
 ROTIIENBURO-ax-der-TACBER, ro/tfn-MORQ'-Jn-dSr- 
 tfiw'ber, a walled town of Bavaria, on the Tauber, 31 miles 
 S.S.E.' of WUrzburg. Pop. 5231. It has a high school, and 
 manufactures of woollen cloth. It was formerly a free city 
 of the empire. 
 
 ROTIIKNFELS, ro'tfn-fJla\ a market-town of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Rhine, on the Murg, 6 miles E.S.E. of Ra- 
 Etadt. Pop. 1357. 
 
 ROTH KNF ELS. a market- town of Bavaria, circle of Lower 
 Franconia. 17 miles W.N.W. of Wiirzburg, Pop. 908. 
 
 ROTHENKIRCFIEN, ro'tgn-k66KKVi. or RODENKIR- 
 CHKN, ro/dgn-keeRK^gn, a village of North-western Ger- 
 many, In Oldenburg, 5 miles N.E, of Ovelgiinne, on the 
 Weser. Pop. 2100, 
 
 ROTHKNMAN.>f, a town of Austria. See Rottexmann, 
 
 ROTUENTHURM, ro'ten-tooRm\ (i.e. "Red Tower,") a 
 pass of Europe, between Transylvania and Wallachi.a. 17 
 miles S.S.E. of Hermannstadt. and deriving its name from 
 a conspicuous red tower, among "whitewashed modern 
 fortifications." 
 
 ROTUENTHURM, ro't?n-t6uRm\ a village of Switzerland, 
 tanton, !ind 6 miles N. of Sfhwytz. Near it is Morgarton, 
 the scene of a total defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss, on 
 the 15th of November, 1315. 
 
 KOTHER, roTii'f r, a small river of England, co. of Sussex, 
 enters the English Channel at Rye, the harbor of which 
 town it forms. 
 
 ROTHER, a rivulet of England, co. of Surrey, enters the 
 Thames at Kotherhithe. 
 
 KOTH'ERBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 KOTH'ERFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ROTH'EHFIELD-GREYS. a parish of England, co. Oxford. 
 
 ROTII'ERFIELD-PEP'PARD, a parish of Eugland, co, of 
 Oxford, 
 
 ROTHERHAM, roTH'er-am, a manufacturing t-^wn, parish, 
 and township of England, co. of York, AVest Riding, on the 
 right bank of the Don, across which it communicates by a 
 five-arched bridge with its suburb Masborough and on the 
 North Midland Railway, 6 miles N.E. of Sheffield, Pop. of 
 the township in 1851, 6325. It has a fine church with a 
 lofty spire, erected and made collegiate by Archbishop Ro- 
 therham in the reign of Edward IV., various other churches, 
 many chapels of Dissenttirs, a court-house, market-house, 
 and public librarj', a college of the ludependants, a literary 
 institution, opened in 185.3, a grammar school, with exhibi- 
 tions to the universities, other endowed schools, almshouses, 
 a workhouse, and on its old bridge is an ancient chapel now 
 used for a prison. Rotherham has manufactures of all 
 kinds of iron goods, including cannon.s, machinery, and 
 bridge works. It has also manufactures of starch, rope, 
 twine, glass, and soap, large breweries, and flax mills: its 
 Industry and trade being facilitated by abundant supplies 
 of coal in the vicinity, and the navigation of the Don. It 
 is governed by a body of the Inhjibitants, and has weekly 
 and midsummer sessions. Near it is Wentworth Castle, 
 the seat of Earl Fitzwilliam. 
 
 ROTHERHITHE, roTH'g r-hrTH,often pronounced and writ- 
 ten RED'RIFF. a parish of England, formerly a S.E suburb 
 of the metropolis, co, of Surrey, on the Thames. 2J miles S.E, 
 of St, Paul's, London, It consists mostly of inferior streets, 
 and of dock-yards for shipbuilding, &c.. in which, and in 
 vhip chandlery, its population is -chiefly employed. Here 
 B the S, entrance to the Thames Tunnel. 
 
 ROTII'ERSTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 ROTH'ERWTCK, a parish of Ensland, co. of Hants. 
 
 ROTH'ERWOOD, a postroffice of Wautauga co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 ROTHERWOOD, a post-office of Carroll co., Georgia, about 
 /30 miles W. by N. of Milledgeville. 
 5B 
 
 ROT 
 
 ROTHES, roths, a parish of Scotland, oo„ and 9 miles 
 S.S.E. of Elgin. In the vicinity is Rothes Castle, the an- 
 cient .seat of the Leslie family. 
 
 ROTHESAY, roth's.^, a rnyal burgh, seaport town, and 
 parish of Scotland, capital of the co. of Bute, at the head of a 
 beautiful bay on the E. side of the island, 30 miles W, of 
 Glasgow, Pop, of burgh in 1851, 7104. It is modernly 
 built, and is much resorted to by se,a-bathers and invalids. 
 The principal public edifices, are 2 churches and numerous 
 chapels, a ruined castle of the 11 th century, excellent schools, 
 county and town-hall.s, and custom and excise offices. It 
 has public libraries, reading-rooms, banks, and insurance 
 companies, large cotton mills, some ship-building docks, and 
 import.ant herring, salmon, haddock, whiting, and sole 
 fisheries. John Earl of Bute, the favorite of George III., 
 and Matthew Stewart, the mathematician, were born heie 
 
 ROTHHAAR GEBIRGE, rot'hdr gheh-li66R'ghph. a mouu- 
 t."iin range in the E. part of Prussia, Rhenish Province, 
 stretches nearlv 45 miles, from S.W. to N.E. 
 
 ROTHIEM AY, roth'e-mi\ a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff, 
 6 miles N.N.E. of Huntly. It has a Druid temple, and 
 Rothiomay House, a seat of the Earl of Fife, 
 
 ROTH'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 ROTIIMUHLE, (Rgthmiihle.) rot'mii^leh, a village partly 
 in Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, and partly in Moravia, circle 
 of Briinn, near Policzka. Pop. 1476. 
 
 ROTHS'VJLLE, a small post-village of Lancaster co,, Penn- 
 sylvania, 
 
 ■ ROTH WASSER, r6t'ftl»'s?r, a village of Moravia, 35 miles 
 N,W. ofOlmutz. Pop. 2433. 
 
 ROTIIWASSKR, a vill.ige of Bohemia, 10 miles N.N.E. of 
 Landskron. Pop. 2964. 
 
 ROTH'WELL, a village and parish of England, co, of 
 Northampton, 4 miles W.N.W, of Kettering, Ithasa church 
 under which is an immense charnel-house, full of bones 
 of unknown antiquity, an old market-house, now disused, 
 and a poor's hospiUtl. 
 
 ROTHWET.L, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ROTH WELL, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 ROTH'WICK'S MILLS, a small village of Mifflin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 
 
 ROTOMA6US, See Rouex, 
 
 ROTONDA, ro-ton'd3, a town of Naples, province of Basl- 
 licata, 19 miles S.E. of I^gonegro. Pop. 3400, 
 
 ROTONI)ELL.\, ro-ton-d?l'l£ a town of Naples, province 
 of Basilicata, adjacent to the above, 
 
 ROTSCHENSALM, rot'shgn-saim', a fort of Rus.siji, N. 
 side of the Gulf of Finland, 12 miles S.S.W. of Fredericks- 
 hamm. It is erected on one of the small islands which stud 
 the moxith of the Kymmene. and forms a strong defence of 
 the harbor, which is an important station of the Russian 
 navy. Pop. 800. 
 
 ROTSELAER, rot^sfh-ldr', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, on the Dvle, r7 miles N.15. of Brussels. P. 1916. 
 
 ROTTEE, roftee, ROTTI. ROTTE or ROTTO, an isUnd 
 of the Malav Archipelago, off the S.'W. extremity of Timor, 
 I>at. 10° 40' S., Ion, 123° E. Length, 50 miles ; breadth, 20 
 miles. The products are rice, maize, millet, sweet potatoes, 
 cotton, and ebony. The Dutch have an establishment on 
 the island, at the N.E. extremity of which is the village of 
 Rangong. with a harbor perfectly secure, 
 
 ROTTEN BURG, rOt/tfu-bOCno*, a town of Wiirtemberg. nn 
 the Neck.ar, 12 miles W. of Retitlingen. Pop. COOO. It is 
 the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has manufactures 
 of leather .and paper. 
 
 ROT/TENMANN' or ROTHENMANN, rS'ten-mann', a 
 town of Styria, on an affluent of the Enns, 20 miles N.W, 
 of .Judenburg. Pop. 757, 
 
 ROTTERDAM, rofter-dSm\ (Dutch pron, rotHer-ddm'; L. 
 Snte.rodalraum.) an important commercial city of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, at the confluence of the 
 Rottewith theMaasor Meuse,40milesS.S.W. of Amsterdam. 
 Lat, 51° 55' 3" N., Ion, 4° 2U' 5" E, Pop, in 186.3, 112,728. 
 Mean temperature of the year, 51° : winter, 36°'9; summer, 
 05° Fahrenheit. It is built in the form of an isosceles tri- 
 angle, the base and longest side of which is next the riveri 
 the land sides beinff surrounded by the old fortifications, 
 beyond which are situated the populous suburbs. The city 
 has as many canals as streets, across which communication 
 is maintained by innumerable drawbridges; it is also tra- 
 versed by the Rottc. a small stream, at the junction of which 
 with the Meuse there is a large dyke or dam, whence the 
 name Kotterdam. Many of the canals are planted with trees, 
 imparting to them a pleasing aspect; several are so deep as 
 to form excellent harbors, and admit the largest .ships to lie 
 alongside the warehouses in the middle of the town. The 
 water in them is kept fresh and clean by the action of the 
 tide, which rises here from 10 to 12 feet. The river, opposite 
 the town, is from 30 to 40 feet deep, and bordering it is a fine 
 quay, ]i miles long, called the Boompjes. (little trees.) fi-om k 
 line of elms, planted in 1615. now grown to a large size. 
 Many of the houses are quaiut-looking and gabled edifices, 
 overhanging their foundations. The principal bxiildinga 
 being along the chief canals or havens, the other streets, 
 
 1617 
 
ROT 
 
 thon^rh all are well lighted with gas, have a less seemly 
 Rppeaiauce 
 
 There are several market-places, among which may be 
 mentioned the Groote-market, (Great market,) having in the 
 centre a metal statue in honor of Erasmus, who was a na- 
 tive of the city; the flax, the sea-lish and the river-tish, the 
 pig, poultry, vegetable, butter and cheese markets. The prin- 
 cipal buildings are the town-hall, court-house, house of correc- 
 tion, the excUiinge, the old East India house, the government 
 dock-yards, arsenal, rope-walks, a mont-de-pieU, &c. There are 
 four Calvinistic churches— theGrootekerk.f-' Great Church,") 
 or Church of St. Laurens, founded in 1414, and finished in 
 1472. It contains monuments to De Witt, Kortenaar, and 
 De Brakei, and has (since it was improved in 1844) one of 
 the iinest organs in the world, having 90 stops and 6500 
 pipes, and esteemed by some superior even to that of Haar- 
 lem. The other Calvinistic churches are Prinsekerk, 
 (Prince's Church.) Zuiderkerk, (South Church,) and Ooster 
 or Meuwkerk. (East or New Church.) Besides these, there 
 are French, English Presbyterian, Scotch Reformed, English 
 Episcopalian, Christian Dissenter, Remonstrant. Baptist, and 
 several Roman Catholic churches. The benevolent, literary, 
 and scientific institutions include a hospital for aged women 
 and another for old men, two orphan hospitals, a general 
 hospital, a poors-house, and many friendly and benevolent 
 societies. It is the seat of the central prison of the Nether- 
 lands; has an exchange, with a library and a collection of 
 philosophical instruments; a Latin school, called the Eras- 
 mus Gymnasium; schools of medicine and navigation, five 
 town schools, and numerous others; societies of the fine 
 arts, and of science, of literature, and of music. 
 
 Rotterdam is more favorably situated for trade than Am- 
 eterdam ; its canals admit the largest East and West Indian 
 ves.sels; a ship canal has been cut across the isle .of Voorn; 
 and it communicates by canals with Delft and the Hague, 
 by railway with the Hague and Amsterdam, and with Ger- 
 many by steamers on the Rhine. Since 1S30 its commerce 
 has increased more rapidly than that of any other town in 
 the Netherlands. It sends to the Dutch Eastern posses- 
 sions, and to the West Indies, provisions of all kinds, spirits, 
 wines, mineral waters, and manufactured goods, in return 
 for coffee, sugar, spices, cotton, dye-woods, &c. To England 
 and Scotland, with which it carries on an extensive and lu- 
 crative trade, it sends cheese, butter, flax, madder, garden 
 and other seeds, fruits, ducks, and large numbers of sheep 
 and cattle. With America and with France, Spain, Portu- 
 gal, and the North states of Europe ; it has also a consider- 
 able trade. The number of vessels engaged in the foreign 
 trade, increased from 1833 (tons 365,641) inward.s, and 1913 
 (tons 374,162) outwards, in 1846, to 2127 (tons 449,196) in- 
 wards, and 2095 (tons 466,952) outwards, in 1851. Along 
 the Rhine it sends to Germany and Switzerland sugar, cot- 
 fee, cotton, dye-woods, indigo,- spices, Dutch tobacco, rape- 
 seed, madder, butter, cheese, fish, &c., in return for wheat, 
 rye. Moselle and Rhine wine, pipe-clay, pottery-ware, Berlin- 
 blue, chemical stuffs, &c. 
 
 Besides its extensive commerce, Rotterdam has 42 distil- 
 leries, several brewei-ies, and vinegar-works, 5 tan-works, 
 10 candle-works, 7 dye-works, 5 sugar-refineries, numerous 
 bleachfields; and corn, oil, trass, snuff, and saw mills; a 
 shot-factory, and 8 ship-building yards. It has likewise 
 steam communication with London, Leith, Hull, Yarmouth, 
 Dunkirk, Havre, Antwerp, &c., and 11 steam-towing com- 
 panies. There are more English residents here than in any 
 other town in the Netherlands. 
 
 Rotterdam is the birthplace of the celebi-ated Erasmus, of 
 the naval heroes Egbert Kotenaar, Jan van Bnikel, and 
 Cornelius Tromp, and of Jan Hendrik van der Palm, a dis- 
 tinguished Oriental scholar, an eminent orator, and one of 
 the best prose writers Holland has produced. 
 
 ROTTERDAM, a post-township of Schenectady CO., New 
 York, on the Mohawk River, 20 miles N.W. of Albany. P. 2234. 
 
 ROTTI, an island, Malay Archipelago. See Rottek. 
 
 ROTTINGDEAN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ROTT'NEST (RAT-NEST) ISLAND, West Australia, co. 
 of Perth, is opposite the mouth of Swan River. Kat. 31° 57' 
 S., Ion. 115° 25' E. Length, 10 miles; breadth, 4 miles. 
 
 ROTTO. an island, Malay Archipelago. See Rottee. 
 
 ROTTOFRENO, rot-to-fri'no, a village of Central Italv, 
 6 miles W. of Piacenza, on the Loggia. The united French 
 and Spaniards were here defeated by the Austriaus in 1746. 
 I'opulaticm, 316.3. 
 
 ROTTUM rot'ttlm, or ROTTUMEROOG, rof tiim-fh-r5g', 
 an island of the Netherlands, province of Groningen, in the 
 North Sea, 4 miles S.W. of Borkum. Pop. 1726. 
 
 ROTTUM, a river of Wurtemberg, joins the Danube on the 
 right, about 7 miles above Ulm. Length, 32 miles. 
 
 ROTTUM, a village of the Netherlands, province of Fries- 
 l»nd, near Heerenveen. Pop. 209. 
 
 RO'rrUM, a village of the Netherlands, province of Gro- 
 ningen, 14 miles N.W. of Appingedam. Pop. 250. 
 
 ROTTWEIL, rot/ftll a town of Wiirtemberg, on a height 
 behlde the Neckar, 14 miles S. of Sulz. Pop 3710 It is 
 enclosed by walls, and has a gymnasium, an hospital, an 
 exchange, schools aad a considerable trade. 
 Ibl8 
 
 ROU 
 
 ROTTJirA, ROTUMAH, ro-too'mah. ROTUAM, ro-lo-VJai, 
 orGREN'VILLE ISLAND, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 
 N.W. of the Friendly Islands. Lat. V2P 30' S.. Ion. 177'' SC 
 E. Circumference, 18 miles. The surface is mountainous; 
 the soil volcanic, and in many parts carefully cultivnted, the 
 inhabitants appearing to be more advanced in social arta 
 than those of most other parts of Polvuesia. 
 
 ROTZ, (Rbtz.) rots, RETZ, rjts, or RETZA. rgt/zl a tovts 
 of Lower Austria, on the Thaya, 43 miles N.N.W. of Vienna. 
 Pop. 1900. It has a castle and a Dominican convent. 
 
 ROTZ, (Rotz.) a town of Bavaria, on the Schwarzach, 30 
 miles N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1253. 
 
 ROUANS, roo'6>"', a village of Fr.ance, department of Loire 
 Inferieure, 10 miles S.E. of Paimboeuf. Pop. 4499. 
 
 ROUBAIX, roo^bA, a flourishing manutacturing town of 
 France, department of Nord, on the canal of Roubaix, and 
 on the Northern Railway, 6 miles N. of Lille. Pop. in 1S52, 
 34,698. It has a chamber of manufactures, and is one of 
 the most industrious and thriving towns in France. It is 
 abundantly supplied with wattir by Artesian wells. Its 
 manufitctures comprise woollen and cotton fabrics, furni 
 ture cloth, carpets, and twist. Roubaix has also many dye- 
 works and tanneries. Its work-people are in better circum- 
 stances than those of most other manufacturing towns in 
 the country. 
 
 ROUBION, roo"be-As=', a river of France, department of 
 Drome, joins the Rhone at Montelimart, after a W. course 
 of 30 miles. 
 
 ROUBLEVKA, a town of Russia. See Rooblevka. 
 
 ROUBTSERA, a town of Russia. See Roobtsera. 
 
 ROUCOURT, roo^kooR', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, 18 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 1390. 
 
 ROUDBAR, a town of Persia. See Roodbae. 
 
 BOUDBAR, a village of Russia. See Roodbae. 
 
 ROUDMA, a town of Russia. See Roodnia. 
 
 ROUDNIKI, a town of Rus.sia. See Roodniki. 
 
 ROUDOMIN, a town of Russia. See RooDOMKf. 
 
 ROUEN, rcKyen, (Fr. pron. rwdN; anc. Ilatornhgns or Ho- 
 tomhigus,) a city of I'rance, capital of the department of Seine 
 Inferieure, on the right bank of the Seine, here crossed bj 
 a stone bridge, connecting it with its suburb, St. Sever, and 
 by a new iron bridge, 68 miles N.W. of Paris, and 56 miles 
 E.S.E. of Havre, with which it is connected by railway. Lat, 
 49° 26' N., Ion. 1° 6' E. Pop. in 1861, 102,(>i9. It stands in 
 a valley, on a gentle acclivity facing the S.. and is built in the 
 shape of^an irregular oval, the contour of which is marked out 
 by the site of the old ramparts, which have been levelli-d down 
 and converted into finely-planted boulevards. In addition 
 to the town proper, on the right bank of the river, there are 
 several suburbs, of which that of St. Sever, on the left bank, 
 is the most extensive. When viewed from the adjoining 
 heights, particularly from the hill of St. Catherine on the 
 S.E., no provincial town in France presents a more magnifi- 
 cent and venerable aspect. A closer inspection, however, 
 does not tend to heighten the impression. The streets, in 
 the older portion, though long and tolerably straight, are 
 narrow, dark, and dirty ; and the houses, for the most part 
 of wood, and often faced with slate, are poorly built, and so 
 lofty and crowded as to exclude a free ciiculation of air. 
 Many of these bouses, however, are interesting from their 
 antiquity ; and in the W. part of the town, which is of more 
 modern con.struction, there are several handsome streets, 
 with elegant mansions of stone. To these must be added 
 the rows of houses along the magnificent quays by which 
 the banks of the river are lined. 
 
 Among the public edifices the first place is due to the 
 cathedral, a vast and imposing structure erected during a 
 succession of centuries. Its W. front, forming one side of 
 the fruit and flower-market, is flanked by two lofty towers, 
 in different styles of architecture, and is almost covered 
 with images and sculptures. The interior is 435 feet long, 
 104 feet broad, and 89^ feet high. It is in the early pointed 
 style, and has three remarkably fine rose-windows in the 
 nave and transepts. The choir has on its pavement small 
 lozenge-shaped tablets of marble, marking the spots where 
 the heart of Richard Coeurde Lion, and the bodies of his bro- 
 ther Henry, his uncle Geoffi-oy Plantagenet, and John Duke 
 of Bedford, Regent of Normandy, were interred. The other 
 edifices most deserving of notice are the archbishop's palace, 
 immediately adjoining the cathedral: the abbey of St. Ouen, 
 with a church, regarded as one of the most perfect Gothic 
 edifices in the world; the church of St. Maclou, a fine speci- 
 men of florid Gothic; the Hotel de Ville, origin.ally part of 
 the abbey of St. Ouen, and containing, in addition to the 
 municipal buildings, a public library of 33.000 volumes, and 
 a picture-gallery; the Palais-de-Justice; the Museum, pai^ 
 ticularly rich in works of art, and other antiquities of the 
 Middle Ages; and the Halles, a vast edifice, forming three 
 sides of a parallelogram, and containing a stries of halls, in 
 which the principal manvifactures of the town are weekly 
 exposed for sale. In the Place de la Pucelle is a monument 
 erected to the Maid of Orleans, on the spot where the ho 
 roine was so infaniou.sly committed to the flames. 
 
 The staple manufactures are cottons, in a great varisty 
 of forms, produced to such aa exteut its to make Roaeu tbtt 
 
ROU 
 
 ROU 
 
 Manchester of Prance. It is also famous for its confectionery. 
 The other principal articles are broad-cloth, combs, fine 
 liqueurs, chemical products, &c. There are also tanneries, 
 su^ar-refineries, copper and iron foundries. The situation 
 of the town on the railway from Paris to Havre, and on an 
 important navigrable river, accessible by large vessels, is 
 verj' favorable for trade. The principal articles are corn, 
 flour, wine, brandy, salt provisions, train-oil. colonial pro- 
 due*, and the various articles of its manufacture, particu- 
 larly a species of striped and checked cotton goods called 
 rouenrKries. 
 
 Rouen is the see of an archbishop, the seat of courts of 
 primary jurisdiction and commerce, and of a court of appeal 
 for the departments of Seine Inferieure and Eure, and pos- 
 sesses a chamber of commerce and exchange, conseil dn priuV- 
 hoinmft, mint, agricultural society, college, a^diinic uni- 
 versitaire. diocesan .seminary, third-class school of hydrogra- 
 phy, academy of science and art, and school of painting, 
 sculpture, and architecture. It is a place of gre;it antiquity, 
 and existed before the conquest of Oaul by the Itomans, 
 under whom it toolt the name ot Kotnmagus, which it retained 
 for several centuries. In the ninth century it was pillaged 
 by the Normans, who made it their capital. After the Nor- 
 man conquest it long continued in the possession of the Eng- 
 lish, who finally lost it in 1449, eighteen years after they had 
 disgraced themselves by their inhuman sacrifice of Joan of 
 Arc. Many eminent men have been born here, among 
 others, Corneille, the father of French tragedy, and Fon- 
 tenelle. 
 
 R0UKRGUT5, roo-aiRg' or rwfeg, an ancient district of 
 France, in the E. part of the province of Guienne. It was 
 divided into Haute-Marche, Basse-Marche, and Comte. Ro- 
 dez was its capital. It is now included in the department 
 of Aveyron. 
 
 ROUEZ, RwJz (?) a village of France, department of Sarthe, 
 17 miles N.W. of Lemans. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ROUFFACH, roorfdk', a walled town of France, depart- 
 ment of Haut-Rhln, on the Strasbourg and Hasel fHale) 
 Railw.ay, 9 miles S. of Colmar. Pop. in 1S52. 3630. It 
 stands around a height, on which is the Castle of Isenbourg, 
 a residence of several of the Merovingian kings. It has 
 manufactures of cotton goods. 
 
 ROUG^fi, roo^zhA', a market-town of France, department 
 of Loire-Inferieure, 6 miles N.W. of Chateaubriant. Pop. in 
 1852, 2710. 
 
 ROUGE BAYOU, roozh bi'oo, of Louisiana, traverses parts 
 of Avoyelles and St. Landry parishes, and communicates 
 with Achafalava Bayou. 
 
 ROUGEMONT, roozh'mA\o', or RETCIIMUND, rJtch^- 
 mti\o', a market-town of France, department of Boubs, 22 
 miles N.E. of Besan9on. Pop. 1372. 
 
 ROUGKMONT, roozh^mAx"', a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Vaud, on the Saane, 28 miles £. of Lausanne. Pop. 
 1100. 
 
 ROUGE (roozh) RIVER, of Michigan, is formed by three 
 branches, the North, West, and South, which rise in Oak- 
 land and Washtenaw counties, and unite about 10 miles W. 
 of Detroit. The river then flows into the Detroit River, 5 
 miles below the city just named. It is navigable tor small 
 vessels to Dearbornville, alx)ut 10 miles. 
 
 ROUGH AM, ro'am (?) a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ROUGH AM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ROUGH CHEEK, in the W. part of Kentucky, rises near 
 the boundary between Hardin and Grayson counties, and 
 flowing in a direction W. by S., enters Green River on the 
 boundary between Ohio and Daviess counties. Length, 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 ROUGH CREEK, a post-village of Charlotte co., Virginia, 
 105 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 ROUGH CRKEK, a post-office of Grayson co., Kentucky. 
 
 ROUGH LEE. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY, rUff and rM'dee, a postofflce of 
 Bteuben co., New York. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY, a postoffice of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-village of Fayette co., Georgia, 
 on the Macon and Western Railrojid. 11 miles S. of Atlanta. 
 
 ROUGH-.^ND-READY, a post-ofilce of Chambers co., Ala- 
 bama, with a station on the Montgomery and West Point 
 Railroad. 20 miles from West Point. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-office of Warren co., Ten- 
 ues.see. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-village of Anderson co., Ken- 
 tticky, on the turnpike from Liouisville to Crab Orchard. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-village of Hancock co., Illi- 
 nois, 33 miles N.N.E. of Quincy. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-town of Nevada co., Califor- 
 nia. Pop. in 1853, about 800; in 1860, 1719. 
 
 ROUGH-AND-READY MILLS, a postoffice of Henry co., 
 Virginia 
 
 ROUGHTON. rtlf'ton, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ROUOHTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ROUGNAT, roon^yd/, a village of France, department of 
 Creuse, 7 miles E,N.E. of Aubusson. Pop. 2200. 
 
 EOUILLAC, roo^yik' or rool'yak', a market-town of 
 
 France, department of Charente, 13 miles N.N.W. of AngoTl- 
 lenie. Pop.,in 1S52. 2088. 
 
 ROUILLE, roo\v.V or rool\yA', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Vienne. 17 miles S.W. of Poitiers. P. in 1852, 2(i04. 
 
 ROUJAN, roo'zhSNo', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilerault. 13 miles N.N.E. of Beziers. Pop. 1740. 
 
 KOU.TANA, a town of Russia. See Roozhana. 
 
 ROUKONI, a town of Russia. See RoofiOSl. 
 
 ROULERS, rooMi', (Flemish Bousselaer, rOws'sA-l^R/,) a 
 town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on an aftlueni 
 of the Lys, and on the railway from Bruges to Courtrai. 13 
 miles N.W. of Courtrai. Pop. 12,433. It has a gymnasium, 
 and manufactures of linens. 
 
 ROUfjETTE, rooM^tf, a post-township of Potter co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 8 miles W. of Coudersport. Pop. 479. 
 
 ROULSTONE, rol'stpn, a parish of England, co. Hereford 
 
 ROU>L a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey. See Seevas. 
 
 ROUMELIA or ROUM-ILI. See Room-Elee. 
 
 ROUM-KALAH, Asiatic Turkey. See Room-Kalah. 
 
 ROUNCTON, (rilnk't^n?) WEST, a parish of England, co. 
 of York, North Riding. 
 
 ROUND'AWAY BAYOU, (bl'oo.) of Louisiana, traverses 
 Madison parish a few miles W. of the Mississippi, with w hich 
 it communicates in high water. It is connected towards 
 the S. with Bayou Vidal. 
 
 ROUND BOt'TOM, a post-office of Wayne cc, W.Virginia. 
 
 ROUND GROVE, a small post-village of Carroll co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 ROUND GROVE, a township of Marion co., Missouri. 
 Pop. 1313. 
 
 ROUND'HAY, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, 3 miles N.E. of Leeds. It has a picturesque church 
 and almshouses, and consists almost entirely of handsome 
 mansions with gardens and spacious grounds. 
 
 ROUND'HEAD. a post-village and township of Hardin co., 
 Ohio. 14 miles S.W. of Kenton. Pop. of the township, 778; 
 of the villasre about 200. 
 
 ROUND IIILL, a posf^village of Fairfield CO., Connecticut, 
 50 miles S.W. by W. of New Haven. 
 
 ROUND HILL, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROUND HILL, a post-office of Orange CO., North Carolina. 
 
 ROUND HILL, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia. 
 
 ROUND HILL, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama 
 
 ROUND HILL, a posfcoffice of Cooper co., Missouri. 
 
 ROUND L.iKE, a small lake of Hamilton co.. New York, 
 has its outlet into Lake Pleasant. 
 
 ROUND POND, a post-office of Lincoln CO., Maine. 
 
 ROUND POND, a post-village of Wayne co., Mississippi. 
 
 ROUND POND, a township of Independence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 346. 
 
 ROUND PRAIRIE, (pri/ree,) a small vUUge of Shelby co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 ROUND PRAIRIE, a small village of Andrew co., Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 ROUND PRAIRIE, a post-village of Dallas co., Missouri, 
 82 miles S.W. of .lefferson Oty. 
 
 ROUND PRAIRIE, a village of Vernon co., Wisconsin. 
 
 ROUND PRAIRIE, a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon. 
 
 ROUND TENT, a post-office of Yuba co., California. 
 
 ROUND TOP, a po.st-office of B'ayette co., Texas. 
 
 ROUNY.^H, a town of .\si.atic Turkey. .See Roonyah. 
 
 ROUPHIA, roo-fe'a. (anc. AlplieJus.) n river of Greece, in the 
 IMorea. is formed by the junction of the Carbonaro, Ladon, 
 and Dogana Rivers, drains the whole table-land of Arcadia, 
 and enters the Mediterranean on the W. coast of the Morea, 
 near Cape Kafacolo. Total course from the head of the Car- 
 bonaro. upwards of 100 miles. 
 
 ROURE. roor, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Turin, 18 miles N.W. of Pinerolo. on the Clusone. P. 2942. 
 
 ROUUOUTOU, an island, South Pacific. See Oheteroa, 
 
 ROUSA, a town of Russia. St>e RooSA. 
 
 ROU'SAY, roo'si. one of the Orkney Islands, in Scotland, 5J 
 miles S. of the headland of Skea. in Westray. Length ft-om 
 E. to W., 4 miles ; breadth, 3 miles. Th^, shores on the W. 
 are rocky and precipitous; elsewhere low and sloping: and 
 on its S. side is a tolerable inn. With Eglishay, Weir, and 
 Enhallow Islands, it forms a parish. Pop. 1294. 
 
 ROUSE'S (rowsVez) POINT, a flourishing post-village of 
 Clinton co.. New York, at the head of Lake Champlain, at 
 the extreme N.E. corner of the st.ate. The Vermont Central, 
 the Northern, and the Champlain and St. Lawrence Rail- 
 roads all meet at this point. The cars of the former road 
 here cross the lake by a bridge upwards of 5000 feet long, 
 the centre of which, about 300 feet in length, consists of a 
 species of boat or floating bridge, so arranged that the pass- 
 ing of the cars is not affected by any rise or fall in the 
 water. Except while the cars are crossing, it is kept open 
 or swung round, so as not to interrupt navigation on the 
 lake. The cost of the bridge was about $300,000. The de- 
 pot in which all these roads terminate is an immense 
 building, the upper part of which is occupied as a hoteL 
 The frontier is here defended by Fort Montgomery. 
 
 ROUS'HAM, a parish of England, county of Oxford. 
 
 ROUSSEAU, roo^so', a post-village of Morgan countj, 
 Ohio, 35 miles S. of Zanesville. 
 
 1619 
 
ROU 
 
 ROX 
 
 SOTJSSEtABR, a town of Belgium. See Roulers. 
 
 ROUSSKS. Le8, li rooss, a frontier Tillage of France, de- 
 pirtment of Jura, 20 miles N. of Geneva, with a custom- 
 aou!». and manufactures of watches. Pop. in 1S52, 2395. 
 
 KOUSSILLOX, roo'seery*!**' or roo'see*y(is«', an old pro- 
 vince of South France, separated from Spain by the Pyre- 
 nees. Perpignan was its c.npital, as it is of the modern de- 
 partment of Pyrenees-Orieutales, with which Koussillon is 
 nearly identical. 
 
 RODSSILLON, a market-town of France, department of 
 Isere, 11 miles S. of Vienue. Pop. ItiOO. 
 
 ROUTCHOUK. See Roostchook. 
 
 ROUTH, rooth. a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Biding. 
 
 ROUTOT, roo'to/, a market^town of France, department 
 of Eure. 10 miles E. of Pon^Audemer. Pop. 1101. 
 
 ROUVILLE. rooVeel', a county of Canada East, bordering 
 on Lake Champlain. comprises an area of 429 square miles. 
 Pop. 27.0.31. This county is inter.sected by the Boston, Con- 
 cord, and Montrail Railroad, and the Sorell River washes 
 its western border. Capital. Clarenceville. 
 
 ROUVRAY, roo'vri'. a village of France, department of 
 CSte-d'Or, 12 miles W.S.W. of Semur. Pop. 1166. 
 
 ROUX. roo, a village of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, on 
 the railroad from Brussels to Charleroi, 2 miles X.N.W. of 
 Charleroi. Pop. 2610. 
 
 ROUY, rooVe', a market-town of France, department of 
 Nifevre. 17 miles E. of Xevers. Pop. 1447. 
 
 ROVATO, ro-v3'to, a market-town of Lombardy, 11 miles 
 ■W.N.W. of Brescia. 
 
 ROVEGNO, ro-vjn'yo, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Genoa, province, and 15 miles S.S.E. of Bobbio, 
 on the Trebbia. Pop. 23S6. 
 
 ROVELLASCA, ro-vSl-li^'ki, a village of Xorthem Italy, 
 province, and about 9 miles S. of Como. Pop. 1600. 
 
 RCyVER, a post-offlce of Bedford co., Tennessee. 
 
 ROVERBELLA, ro-vjR-bJnd, a market-town of Austrian 
 Italy, in Lombardy. 8 miles N. of Mantua. 
 
 ROVERCHEARA, ro-vJR-ke-S'rd, a market-town of Aus- 
 trian Italy, 16 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. 
 
 UOVERE. ro-v.Vri, a marketrtown of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II., 15 miles S.E. of Aquila. 
 
 ROVER EDO, ro-vi-ri'do. (Ger. Mover^-ith, ro'veh-rit\) a 
 town of the Tyrol, on the frontiers of A ustrian Ital}', on the 
 Lens, near its junction with the Adige, 13 miles S.W. of 
 Trent. Pop. 8000. It is well built, and commanded by a 
 strong castle. It has a gymnasium, an English conventual 
 establishment, and a seminary, with a public library, silk 
 mills, and mjinufactures of leather and tobacco. 
 
 R0VE1{ED0. ro-v.i-rVdo, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Grisons, S. of the Alps. 5 miles E.N.E. of Bellinzona. 
 
 ROVESCALA, ro-Tjs-kd'M, a village of the Sai-dinUn 
 States, division of Alessandria, province of Voghera. P. 1858. 
 
 ROVEZZANO, ro-vJt-sd/no, (L. J^ovetianum.) a commune 
 of Tuscany, about 3 miles E. of Florence. Pop. 4600. 
 
 ROVIOXO, ro-veen'yo, or TREVIGXO, tri-veen'yo, a sea- 
 port town of Illyria, on the W. coast of Istria, 39 miles 
 S.S.W. of Triest. It is situated on a rocky promontory, on 
 the Adriatic, and has two harbors, ship-building yards for 
 vessels of 300 tons, manufactures of sail-cloth, an extensive 
 tunny-flshery, and trade in wine and olives. It has a cathe- 
 drjil. a normai school, and 2 hospitals. In 1845, 168 ships 
 and 60 fishing-boats belonged to the port. Pop. 10,688. 
 
 ROVIGO, ro-vee'go, a town of AustrLin Italy, government 
 of Venice, on the Adigetto, here crossed by 4 stone bridges. 
 38 miles S.W. of A'^enice. Pop. 9600. Its walls, in part de^ 
 stroyed, are pierced by 6 gateways, and it has a castle, nu- 
 merous churches, convents, and charitable institutions, 2 
 theatres, an academy of arts, and a commi.s.sion of works for 
 the Polesine district, of which it is the Kipital. It is the 
 residence of the Bishop of Adria. Under Xapoleon it gave 
 the title of duke to General Savary. 
 
 ROVILLB, rooVeel'. a village of France, department of 
 Meurthe, near the Moselle, 15 miles S.S.E. of Xancy. 
 
 ROVNO. See Rowno. 
 
 ROW, r5, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on Loch 
 Gare. Here are remains of several old baronial castles. 
 
 ROWAN, rO-W, a county in the W. central part of Xortb 
 Carolina. Area estimated at 450 squ.ire miles. The Yadkin 
 River forms the boundary on the E., and South Yadkin on 
 the X. The surface is hilly: the soil is generally fertile. 
 The Yadkin furnishes extensive motive-power on the bor- 
 der of the county. ' It is intersected by the Western Turn- 
 pike, extending from Salisbury W. toQeorgia. and by the 
 rout« of the Central Railroad of Xorth Carolina. The S. 
 tmrt of the county is comprised in the eold region. Formed 
 in 1753. Capital, Salisbury. Pop. 147589, of whom 10,659 
 were free, and 3930 slaves. 
 
 ROWAXDIZ, ROWAXDUZ. row-inMiz. or RAVAXDTZ. 
 a fortified town of Turkish Koordistan. pashalic, and 75 
 mile* N.E of Mosul, on an alBuent of the Greater Zab; lat. 
 36 ' 47' N.. Ion. 44° 30' E. It comprises from 1000 to 1300 
 hoi.Bes, with a crowded population, and is encircled everv- 
 wliere. except on the river side, with a wall flanked by 
 round towers: besides which, it has a castle, the residence 
 lflE20 
 
 of its bey. The Rowandiz River flows through a deep limep 
 stone rjiviue to the Zab. 10 miles distiut. The peak ot 
 Rowandiz. Kendilau chain, is 30 miles E.X.E. 
 
 ROWBEIVROW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 BOWDE, i-od. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ROWD'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 ROWE, 1-6, a post-village and township of Franklin co, 
 Massachusetts, 108 miles X.W. of Boston. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollen goods. Pop. 619. 
 
 ROWEX, ro'*gn, (Obee, cljer, and Uxter, 66n'tfr,) two 
 contiguous villages of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim. Pop- 
 ulation 1567. 
 
 ROWE'NA. a post-office of Ru.ssell co., Kentucky. 
 
 ROWEXSKO, ro-*Sn'sko, a marketrtown of Bohemia, 18 
 miles X.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1564. 
 
 RO'WER.'a village and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. 
 of Kilkenny. 4 miles X. of Xew Ro.s8. Pop 3776. 
 
 ROWE'.S"(rOz^ CORNER, Xew Hampshire, a station on the 
 Portsmouth and Concord Railroad. 13 miles from Concord. 
 
 ROWESVILLE, roz'vil. a post-village of Bedford co., Ten- 
 nessee. 6S miles S. by E. of Nashville. 
 
 ROW'IXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 ROWLAXD"S (i-yiands) SPRIXGS, a fashionable water- 
 ing-pl.ice of Cass co., Georgi.a. situated 56 miles N.W. of At- 
 lanta, and 6 miles from the Western and Atlantic Railroad. 
 
 ROWLAXDSVILLE, ro'l.jnds-vil, a post-village of Cecil 
 CO.. Maryland, 73 miles N.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 ROWLAXDSVILLE, a post-office of Stanley co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 ROWLESBURG. rolz^burg (?) a village and station of Pres 
 ton CO., Virginia, is finely situated on the Cheat River, 
 where it is crossed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 126 
 miles from Wheeling. The river is navigable 40 miles above 
 this village, and it also affords abundant water-power. 
 
 ROWLEY, rMee, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 ROWLEY, a post^village and township of Essex CO.. Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Eastern KaUroad. 29 miles N.X.E. of Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1278. 
 
 ROWLEY, REGIS, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 ROW'XER, a parish and hamlet of England, co. of Hants, 
 3 miles S. of Fareham. 
 
 ROWN'O, rov'no, a town of Russian Poland, governtnent 
 of Volhyuia, near several lakes, 115 miles W.X.W. of Zhiio- 
 meer, (Jitomlr.) Pop. 9240. 
 
 ROW'S, or ROWS'BURG, a post-village of Ashland co., 
 Ohio, 94 miles N.X.E. of Columbus, contains about 60 
 houses. 
 
 ROWSLEY, (rOzlee,) GREAT, a chapelry and township of . 
 England, co. of Derby, 3j miles S.K. of Bakewell. It has a 
 station on the Midland Junction Railway. 
 
 ROWSrrOX, a parish of England, eo. of Lincoln. 
 
 ROWZAH, rOw'zi, a town of India, in the Deccan, in 
 Nizam's dominions, X.W. of Aurungabad. near the caves 
 of Flora, and having fine remains of Mohammedan and 
 other edifices, including the tomb of Aurungzebe. 
 
 ROXALAXA, a post-office of Kanawha co., AV. Virginia. 
 
 ROX.\X'A. a post-township of Eaton co., Michigan. P. 790. 
 
 ROX'BOROUGIl, formerly a township of Philadelphia co., 
 Pennsylvania, now included within the limits of the con- 
 solidated city of Philadelphia, about 7 miles X. by AV. of the 
 State-house. Pop. in 1850. 2660. 
 
 ROXBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Person co.. Xorth 
 Carolina, near the source of Neuse River, 60 miles N.N.AA". of 
 Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, few stores, and 
 about 350 inhabitants. 
 
 ROXBURGH, roxljtir-reh, or BOXBURGHSIirRE. roV- 
 bfir-reh-shir, an inland and frontier county of Sotlnnd, 
 having E. and S. the English counties of Northumberland 
 and Cumberland. Area, 715 square miles. Pop. in 1^-51, 
 51,642. Surface hilly in the S. and AV., elsewhere mostly a 
 tolerably fertile plain. Principal rivers, the Teviot, which 
 intersects it throughout, and the Tweed in the X. Coal, 
 lime, marl, and fi-eestone are the chief mineral products. 
 The principal manufactures are of woollens. Its N. part is 
 intersected by the North British Railway and branches. 
 Principal towns. Jedburgh, the capital. Kelso, Hawick, and 
 Melrose. The county sends 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Under the Romans it formed a part of Aaleutiji, 
 and afterwards it was a part of the Saxon kingdom of North- 
 umbria. 
 
 ROX'BURGH. a county of New South Wales, enclosed by 
 the COS. of AVellington, Philip, Hunter, Cook, AVestmore- 
 land. and Bathurst. Area, 1520 square miles. Pop. 2:553. 
 Chief towns, Kelso and Rydal. AA'ith the co. of Wellington 
 it sends 1 member to the Legi.slative Assembly. 
 
 ROXBURY. roxTi^r-e, a post-township of Oxford co., 
 Maine, 44 miles N.AA". by W. of Augusta. Pop. 251. 
 
 ROXBURY, a post-township of Cheshire Co., Xew Hamp- 
 shire. 37 miles S.AA'. of Concord. Pop. 212. 
 
 ROXBURY, a post-village and township of AVashington 
 CO.. A'ermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 17 miles 
 S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1060. 
 
 ROXBURY. a beautiful city of Norfolk <».. M.i.ssachuso'.ts. 
 on the Boston and Providence Railioad 3 miles S. of Ikx?- 
 
ROX 
 
 RUB 
 
 ton, wltli which it is connected by what is termed "Boston 
 Neck." Leading over this neck are three avenues, which 
 are traversed by numerous lines of stages plying between 
 t)ie two cities. Mu('h of the site now occupied by Hoxbury 
 was originally rocky and very irregular, but of late has 
 been greatly improved. Portions of it are quite elevated, 
 affording fine views of Boston and the surrounding scenery. 
 It would perhaps be difficult to find concentrated in any 
 city of equal extent such a diversity of surface, or so many 
 elements of the picturesque. The private edifices, all of 
 which are neat, and some very elegant, are, for tiie most 
 part, enclosed by spacious grounds adorned with flower- 
 gardens and a profusion of shrubl)ery ; indeed, few places 
 have been more improved by the horticulturist. For seve- 
 ral years past the city has been flourishing, owing in part 
 to its having become a favorite place of residence to peisons 
 doing business in Boston. Its wealth and interests are 
 closely connected with that city, and it might with pio- 
 priety, perhaps, be regarded as a suburb of the metropolis. 
 It has, however, considerable trade of its own, and is also 
 extensively engaged in manufacturing. The most im- 
 portant articles produced are steam-engines, steam-boilers, 
 flre-engines. iron eastings, chemical preparations, cirpet- 
 ings, various kinds of fringe, tassels, cordage, leather. &c. 
 It has 2 banks, with a circulation of over $i()0,UOO, 11 
 churches, 2 savings institutions, an insurance company, 
 and a giis-light company, incorporated in 1852, with a capi- 
 tal of $;>00,000. Two newspapers are published here. A 
 beautiful burial-place, called the Korest Hills Cemetery, 
 has recently been laid out on the Dedhain Turnpike, a short 
 distance back of the city. It comprises an area ol about loO 
 acres, diversified with nearly every variety of surface, and va- 
 riously adorned with winding pathways, plants, shrubbery, 
 Ac. The entrance to the grounds is by a tine Egyptian 
 gateway. Boston and Roxbury were both incorporated the 
 same year. 1630. The latter was chartered as a city in 1846. 
 Pop. in 1790. 2226: in 1810, 3669: iu 1S30, 5217; in 1840, 
 90S9 ; iu ISoO, 18,273 ; and in 1860, 25,137. 
 
 ROXBUliy. a post-village and township of Litchfield cc, 
 Connecticut, about 35 miles S.W. by VV. of Ilartford. Hats 
 are manufactured here to a considerable extent. Pop. 992. 
 
 KOXBUUY. a post-township forming the K. extremity of 
 Delaware county, New York. Pop. 2558. 
 
 ROXRUKY, a post-township of Morris CO., New Jersey, 
 47 miles N. of Trenton. Pop. 2865. 
 
 ROXBURY, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, 4 miles 
 S. of Bel-idere, cont;(ins 3 mills and a foundry. 
 
 ROXRvIUY. a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 
 14 miles N. of Chambersburg. Pop. near 200. 
 
 RO.X.BURY, a township of Wasliington co., Ohio. 
 
 ROXBURY, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Dane CO., Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River, about 15 
 miles N.W. of Madison. Pop. 1234. 
 
 ROX'HY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ROX'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ROX'O, a post^village of Marquette co., Wisconsin, 79 
 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 ROX'OBEL, a post-oflice of Bertie co., North Qirolina. 
 
 ROX'TON, a parish of England, eo. of Bedford. 
 
 R()XTO.V, a vijlage and township of Canada East, co. of 
 Shelford, 16 miles from Granby. Pop. of township, Oj50. 
 
 ROX'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ROY, a small river of Scotland, rises 5 miles E. of the S. 
 end of Loch Oich, flows S.W.. and joins the Spean after a 
 course of 16 miles. It traverses the famous vale of Cilenroy. 
 
 Ri'»Y, a small isUnd of Ireland, co. of Donegal, in Mulroy 
 Lough, about 23 miles N.W. of Londonderry, half a mile In 
 length. 
 
 ROV'AL, a tflwnsnip of White co., Arkansas. 
 
 ROYAL CKXTKE. a post-village of Cass co., Indiana. 
 
 ROYAL O.^K, a postoffice of Talbot co., Maryland. 
 
 ROYAL 0.\K, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Oakland co., Michigan, on the railroad ftom Detroit to Pon- 
 tiac. 12 miles N.W. of Detroit. The village has a steam saw 
 mill, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 1222. 
 
 R0Y.\^L O.^KS, a post-office of Cumberland CO.. Virginia. 
 
 ROY' -ALSTON, a post-village and township of Worcester 
 00.. M.assachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Rail- 
 road. 65 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 1486. 
 
 ROY'ALTON, a post-village and township of Windsor co., 
 Vermont, on \\'hit« River, and on the Vermont Central Rail- 
 road, 34 miles S. of .Montpelier. The village contains several 
 churches, and an academy. Pop. of the township. 1739. 
 
 ROYALTO.V, a post-township in the S.K. part of Niagara 
 CO . New York, intersected by the Erie Canal. It contains 
 ^rinxs ol inflammable gas. Pop. 4793. 
 
 ROV.\ LTON, a township of Cuvahoga eo., Ohio. P. 1297. 
 
 ROYALTO.V, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, alwut 24 
 niles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 ROYALTON, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 748. 
 
 ROYALTON, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, 14 miles 
 N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ROY.VN. roVdxo'. a maritime town of France, department 
 of CUarente-Inferieuie. at the mouth of the Giroude. 20 miles 
 6 W. of Salutes. Pop. in 1852, 3329. It has a small harbor 
 
 defended by a fort, pilchard and other fisheries, and bathing 
 establishments. 
 
 ROYAU.MONT, roi^o^mi'is"', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seino-et-Oise, with a cotton factory established it. 
 an abbey founded by Louis IX. 
 
 ROYBON, rwd'bA.vo', a market-town of France, department 
 of I?6re, 22 miles W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1853, 2294, partly 
 engaged in steel-works. 
 
 ilOY'DON, a parish of England, co. of Essex, with a star 
 tion on the Eastern Counties Railway, 3 miles E. of Brox- 
 bourne. 
 
 ROYDON, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ROYDON, a parisk of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ROY'E, rw3. a town of France, department of Somme, on 
 the Ar^-e, 23 miles E.S.E. of Afaiien.s. Pop. in 1852, 3776. It 
 has manufactures of beet-root sugar, and woollen hosiery. 
 It was formerly fortified, and has sustained 11 sieges. 
 
 ROYJ^RE, roi^alR', a village of France, department of 
 Creuse, 23 miles S. of Gueret. Pop. in 1852. 2503. 
 
 ROY'ERS FORD, a po8t><)flice of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 ROYSTON, a market-town and parish of England, cos. of 
 Cambridge and Herts, 13 miles S.S.W. of Cambridge. Pop. 
 in 1851, 2061. The town, situated among chalk downs, has 
 a venerable church, originally part of a priory ; a union 
 work-house, and market-house, under which a cui'ious an- 
 cient cave has been discovered. 
 
 ROYSTON. a parish of England, co. of York, AVest Riding, 
 with a station on a branch of the North Midland Railway, 
 16^ miles N.N.W. of Rotherham. 
 
 ROYS/TON. a village of Randolph CO., Indi.ana, on the 
 railroad from Bellefwntaine to Indianapolis, 70 miles N.E.of 
 the latter. Laid out in 1850. 
 
 ROY'TON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 ROY'TON, a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana. 
 
 ROZA or ROWZAH, rolzi. (" a tomb.") a town of Hindos- 
 tan, in the Nizam's dominions, province of Aurungabad, 
 and on the road from that city to the caves of Ellora, 6i 
 miles W.N.W. of Dowletabad. with which town it is coa- 
 nected by a good rmid, lined with Mohammedan tombs. 
 
 ROZDIALOWITZ, roz-de-a-lo/ftits. a town of Bohemia, cir- 
 cle of Buntzlau. and 36 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1177. 
 
 ROZELL', a village of Indiana, on the New Albany and 
 Salem Railroad. 21 miles S. of .Michig.an City. 
 
 ROZENBURG, ro/zen-btliiG\ a fertile island of the Ne- 
 therlands, province of South Ilolland, in the Meuse, 8 miles 
 S.W. of Rotterdam. Length. 6 miles: breadth. IJ miles. 
 
 ROZHESTVENKA or i{().7ESTVKXKA,ro-zhJst-v5n'ka. a 
 market-town of Russia, government of Koorsk, 12 miles W. 
 of Staroi-Oskol. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 ROZHESTVENKOE or ROJESTVENKOE, ro-zhfet-vjn'- 
 ko-i, a market-town of Russia, government of Simbeersk, 32 
 miles E.S.E. of Stavropol. Pop. aljout 1500. 
 
 ROZHESTVENO or ' ROJESTVENO, ro-zh?st-vd'no, a 
 market-town of Russia, government, and 49 miles S.S.W. 
 of St. Petersburgh. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ROZHEV or ROJEV. ro-zhcv'. a market-town of Russia, 
 government, and 38 miles W. of Kiev. Pop. 1500. 
 
 KOZIIITCH. ro-zhitch'. or ro-zheetch', written also RA, 
 SCIIISCUTSCH or ROJICtlE, a market-town of Russian 
 Poland, government of Volhvnia. on the Styr, 13 miles 
 N.N.W. of Lootsk. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 ROZNAU, rots/now, a market-town of Austria, in Mora- 
 vii. 19 miles E.S.E. ot Weisskirchen. Pop. 2944. 
 
 ROZOY or (ROSAY, ro'z.4) EN BRIE, ro'zwi' 8N=-bre'. a 
 small town of France, department of Seine^t>Marne, 17 miles 
 N.E. of Meluu. Pop. 1513. 
 
 ROZOY or ROSAY SUR SERRE, roizA/ sUr saiR, a small 
 town of France, department of Aisue, 25 miles N.E. of Laon. 
 Pop. 1725. 
 
 ROZZO. rot'so, a village of Austria, in Istria, about 24 
 miles from Pisino. Pop. 1100. 
 
 RSHEV, a town of Russia. See RzHEV. 
 
 RTINA, a village of Bohemia. See IIebtix. 
 
 RUABON. a town of North Wales. See Rhiwabov. 
 
 RUAD, roo'M', (anc. Aradus and Ari-acl,) a small fortified 
 island off the coast of Syria. S.W. of Tortosa. 
 
 RUAN. (roo-au',) LANG'IIORNE, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Cornwall. 
 
 RUAN. MA'JOR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 RU.-VN. Ml'NOR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall 
 
 RU'ARDINE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 RU'.VRK. a small post-village of Lawrence co., Illinois. 
 
 RUATAN. Too-i-tknt. or ROATAN, ro-S-tin', an Island in 
 the Bay of Honduras, at present belonging to the English, 
 off the N. coast of Central America, in lat. 16° 24' N.. Ion. 
 S6°19'W. Length. 30 miles; bre.^dth. 8 miles. Pop. 4000. (?) 
 The surface is moderately elevated, and well wooded but in 
 the W. consisting of grassy plains; the shores abound with 
 turtles and fish. Near its S. extremity is a good harbor, 
 with batteries erected by the English before abandoning the 
 island, after their first occupation. 
 
 RUBELAND. (Riibeland.) rii'lieh-iant\ a village of Ger. 
 many, in Brunswick. 7 miles S.W. of Hlankenburg, on the 
 Bodo. Pop. 578. In its vicinity are important imn works. 
 
 1621 
 
RUB 
 
 RTTBENACH, (Rftbenacli,') rii'beh-nSK^ a village of Rhen- 
 jsli PiUSaia, government, and W.N.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 
 1083. 
 
 R0RI, roo-bee/, a villajxe of Spain, in Catalonia, province, 
 and about 10 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1816. 
 
 RUlfIA.\A, roo-be-d/na, a market-town of Piedmont, divi- 
 sion 01 Turin, province, and 18 miles K. of Susa. Pop. 3179. 
 
 RU'BICO>f, (It. II Bubicone, il roo-be-ko'nA,) a river of 
 Central Italy, rises on the borders of Tuscany, between 
 Mounts Tiffl and Sarsina, and flows E. to the Adriatic, which 
 it enters 9 miles N.W. of llimiui. Length, 20 miles. It 
 was anciently regarded as the boundary between Italy Proper 
 ond Cisalpine Gaul. It is celebrated in history on account 
 of Caesar's passage across it at the head of his army, by which 
 act he declared war against the republic. 
 
 RU'BICON, a small' river of Wisconsin, rises in Washing- 
 ton CO.. and enters Rock River in Dodge county. 
 
 RUBICON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Dodge CO., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 1675. 
 
 RUBIELOS, roo-be-i'loee, a market-town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 19 miles S.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2476. 
 
 RUBIELOS BAJOS, roo-be-iloce bd'noce, a town of Spain, 
 In New Castile, 32 miles from Cuenca, on a height above the 
 Jucar. Pop. 1867. 
 
 RUBIERA, roo-be-i/r3, a town of North Italy, duchy, and 
 7 miles W.N.W. of Modena, on the Secchia, here crossed by 
 a Roman bridge. 
 
 RUBIESZOW, a town, Russian Poland. See Heubieszow. 
 
 RUBIO, El, &\ roo'be-o, or PUEBLA DEL RUBIO, pwJb'- 
 Ij dM roc/be-o, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and about 55 miles from Seville. Pop. 1500. 
 
 RUBITE, roo-bee'ti, a village of Spain, In Andalusia, pro- 
 vince, and about 35 miles from Granada. Pop. 982. 
 
 RUBLEVKA or RUBLEWKA, Russia. See Rooblevka. 
 
 RUBRUM MARE. See Red Sea. 
 
 RUBTSERA, a town of Russia. See Roobtsera. 
 
 RUCKERSDORF, (Rlickersdorf,) rUk'kers-doRf\ a village 
 of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, on the Rasnitzbach. Pop. 
 1096. 
 
 RUCKERSDORF, (Rlickersdorf,) a village of Prussian 
 Silesia, 43 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 
 1053. 
 
 RUC'KER'S PRAIRIE, (pr.Vree,) a post-ofBce of Franklin 
 CO.. Missouri. 
 
 RUCK'ER'S REPOSE, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia. 
 
 RUCK'ERSVILLE, a post-village of Greene CO., Virginia, 
 
 RUCKERSVILLE, a post>village of Elbert co., Georgia, 97 
 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 RUCKERSVILLE,a post-village of Tippah co., Mississippi, 
 2S0 miles N. of Jackson, contains 2 or 3 st6r*es. 
 
 RUCK'ERVILLE. a post-office of Clark co., Kentucky. 
 
 RUCKINGE, rfik'iuj, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 RUCK'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RUCK'MANVILLE,a post-offlce of Highland co., Virginia. 
 
 RUCKS'VILLE, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KUDBAR, a village of Russia. See Roodbar. 
 
 RUDBAR. a town of Persia. See Roodbar. 
 
 RUD'BAXTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 RUD'BlViN-CLEVE'LAND, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, North Riding. 
 
 RUDTJELL, a town.ship of Independence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 1174. 
 
 RUD'DELL'S MILLS, a post-village of Bourbon co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Hinkston Creek, 42 miles E. of Frankfort. It 
 contains 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 RUDDERVOORDE, rlid'der-v5RMfh, a village of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, 7 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 4:320. 
 
 RUD'DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 RUDE, roo'deh, a village and parish of Austria, in Croa- 
 tia, CO. of .\gram. Pop. 1.344. 
 
 RUDELSDORF, roo'dels-doRr, a village of Bohemia, circle 
 of Chrudim. about 13 miles from Leitomischel. Pop. 1450. 
 
 RUDELSTADT, roo'del-statt\ a town of Prussian Silesia. 
 24 miles S. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 1200. There are 
 copper and arsenic mines in its vicinity. 
 
 IIUDELZAU, roo'dell-Bt.w\ or RUDELCZATT, roo'del- 
 chflw\ a village of Austria, in Moravia, on the Oder, 12 miles 
 from Weisskirchen. Pop. 964. 
 
 RUDEN, roo'dgn, a small island of Prussia, in the Baltic, 
 government, and 36 miles E.S.E. of Stralsund. It was at 
 one time separated from RUgen by a small stream; but in 
 1309 a violent storm broke through, and formed a channel 
 of considerable width between them. It is about 2 miles 
 long 
 
 RUDENIIAUSEN, (RUdenhausen,)rU'dgn-h6w'!ien, a mar- 
 ket-town of Bavaria, 17 miles E. of WUrzburg. Pop. 954. 
 
 RUDERSBEKG, roo'dgrs-bJRG\ a village of W'tirtemberg, 
 circle of Jaxt, above the Wioslauf. Pop. 1268. 
 
 RUDERSWYL, roo'd?rs-*lr, or RUDl'lKSWEIL, roo'ders- 
 *n\ a parish and village of Switzerland, canton, and' 13 
 miles E.N.E. of Bern, on the Emmen. Pop. 2256. 
 
 RUDKSHKIM, (Rudesheim.) rU'd?s-hIme\ a town of Ger- 
 many, in Nassau, on the right bank of the Rhine, in the 
 Kheingau. opposite Bingen, 15 miles S.W. of Wiesb;iden. 
 Pop. 2500. There are 4 ancient feudal castles in the vicinity. 
 1622 
 
 RUG 
 
 RUDE'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Lewis co.. Virginia. 
 RUD'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 RUDGELEY, rfy'lee, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO., and 8 miles E.S.E. of Stafford, on the S.W. bank 
 of the Trent, here cros.sed by an aqueduct of the Trunk Canal, 
 and on the Trent Valley Branch of the London and North- 
 western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3054. The town has an 
 ancient church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a grammar sclinoJ, 
 alms-houses, and other charities, manufactures of felt and 
 hats, chemical-works, iron-forges, and near it some extensive 
 collieries. 
 RUDO'WICK. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 RUD'IIAM, East, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUDIL-VM, West, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUDIANO, roo-de-d'no, a village of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, 5 miles S.W. of Chiari. Pop. 1470. 
 
 RUDIG, roo'dio. or WRUTEK, vroo'tjk, a town of Bo- 
 hemia, S.S.W. of Saatz. Pop. lOGO. 
 
 RUDKIOBING, (Kudkiobing.) RUDKJ0BIN6, (Rudkjo- 
 bing.) rood'kyo'bing\ or LAFVINDSKJOBING, (L.ifvinds- 
 kjiibing,) iSfvinds-kyiVbing, a seaport-town of Denmark, on 
 the W. coast of the island of Langeland, 9 miles S.E. of 
 Svendborg. Pop. 2200. It is enclosed by walls, and has 
 some ship-building docks. 
 
 RUDNIA, a town of Russia. See Roodxia. 
 
 RUDNIKI, a town of Russia. See Roodniki. 
 
 RUDOLFSTADT, roo/dolt-state, a village of Bohemia, 4 
 miles from Budweis. Pop. 870. 
 
 RUDOLSTADT. roo/dol-stdtt', a town of Germany, on the 
 Saale, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, 18 miles S. 
 of Weimar. Pop. 5743. It is enclosed by walls, and has a 
 castle, the usual residence of the prince; a library of 40,000 
 volumes, a gymnasium, a cathedral, and picture gallery. It 
 has manufactures of woollen cloth and porcelain. 
 
 RUDOMIN, a town of Russia. See Roodomiji. 
 
 RUI^STON, a parish of England, co. of York, in East 
 Riding. 
 
 RUE, rli, a river of France, department of Cantal, joing 
 the Dordogne, near Bort, after a N.W. course of 25 miles. 
 
 RUE, a town of France, department of Somme, with a 
 station on the Paris and Boulogne Rtiilway, 14 miles N.W. 
 of Abbeville. Pop. in 1852, 2262. 
 
 RUE, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 20 miles S.W. 
 of Freyburg. 
 
 RUECAS, roo-i'k^s or rwa'kds, a river of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, joins the Guadiaua, near Medellin, after a S.W. 
 course of 40 miles. 
 
 RUEDA DEL ALMIRANTE, roo-A'cS dJl Jl-me-ran'td, a 
 small town of Spain, province, and 15 miles E.S.E. of Leon, 
 on the Esla. 
 
 RUEDA DE MEDINA, twA'dE dA mi-dee'ni, a small town 
 of Spain. 25 miles S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 2501. 
 
 RUEGLIO, roo-Al'yo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, province, and 7 miles W. of Ivrea. Pop. 
 1963. 
 
 RUEIL, rwAI, or RUEL, a village of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, at the foot of the vine-clad Mont Valfirien, 
 near the Seipe, 5 miles W. of P.aris, on the railway to St. 
 Germains. Pop. in 1852, 4581. Here is the chateau of 
 Malmaison, the residence of the Empress Josephine. 
 
 RUELLE, rwjl, a village of France, department of Cha- 
 rente, 5 miles N.E.of AngoulSme, with a large cannon foun- 
 dry. Pop. 1508. 
 
 RUESGAU, riis/gSw, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton, and E. of Bern, on the Emmen. Pop. 2028. 
 
 RUFFANO. roof-fd'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto, 16 miles E.S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 1690. 
 
 RUFFEC, riiff 6k', a town of France, department of Cha- 
 rente, on the railway from Tours to Bordeaux, 26 miles N. of 
 AngoulSme. Pop. in 1852, 3654. It has an active trade in 
 cheese, truffles, corn, and chestnuts, and 12 annual fairs. 
 Several councils have been held here. 
 
 RUFFELSIIEIM, (RUfTelsheim,) riiPfels-himeN a market- 
 town of Hesse-Darmstadt, in Starkenburg, circle of Gross- 
 gerau. Pop. 1522. 
 
 RUFFEY, riirtii/, a village of France, department of Jura, 
 arrondissement of Ijons-le-Saulnier, Pop. 1452. 
 
 RUFFIAC, rurfe-dk', a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan. 7 miles S.S.E. of Ploermel. Pop. 1721, 
 
 RUFFIGNI5, riirfeen^yi', a village of France, department 
 of Loire-lnf6rieure, 5 miles N.W\ of Chateaubriant. 
 
 RUF'FOKD, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, 5i miles 
 N.N.E. of Ormskirk, with a station on the East Lancashire 
 Railway. 
 
 RUF'FORTH, a parish of England, jo. of York. 
 
 RUFISQUE, rti'feesk', a maritime town of West Africa, a 
 little E, of Cape Verd, and stated to have an active trade 
 with the adjacent fort of Goree. 
 
 RUFO, roo'fo, a town of Naples, proviu-* of Principato 
 Citra, W.N.W. of Sala. Pop. 2320. 
 
 RUG'BY, a market-town and parish in thf, centre of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Warwick, on the London and North-western 
 Railway, at the divergence of the Trent Valley Branch, and 
 S. terminus of the .Alidland Railway, and terminus of a 
 branch of the Great Western Railway, 80 miles HJV.W of 
 
RUG 
 
 RUN 
 
 Fx^ndon. Pop. of the town in 1851, 6313. The town Is situ- 
 ated on an eminence S. of the Avon, has some vestiges of a 
 ciistle built in the reign of Stephen, an ancient church, and 
 a celebrated public school, founded in the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth. This was rebuilt in 1808 in the Tudor stylo, and 
 consists mostly of a fine quadrangle with cloisters, an ele- 
 gant detached chapel; it has about 300 scholar.s, 50 of 
 whom are on the foundation, an endowment now produoing 
 about oOOOl. per annum, 14 valuable exhibitions to the uni- 
 versities, and a dependent alms-house. It is distinguished 
 us the scene of the educational and literary labors of the 
 late Dr. Arnold. The town has little trade beyond that 
 caused by railw.ay trafBc and supply of the school. 
 KUGKLKY, England. See Kudgelet. 
 RUGKN, (Riigen.) rli'ghen, an i.sland in the Baltic, belong- 
 In;? to Prussia, government of Pomerania, separated from 
 the mainland only by a strait from a half a mile to 2 miles 
 broad. Lat. of lighthouse at its N. extremity 53° 41' 12" N., 
 Ion. 13° .31' 27" E. Area, 361 square miles. Pop. 37.000. It is 
 very irregular in shape, and indented by a .series of bays and 
 creeks, but posses.ses no good harbor. The surface exhibits 
 a beautiful variety of hill and dale, and has many well- 
 wooded slopes and wild, romantic ravines. The Stulibenitz 
 is situated at the N.E. extremity of the island, and has a 
 height of about 550 feet, forming a bold and precipitous 
 chalky cliff, from the top of which a flight of steps, liewn in 
 the rock, leads down to the sea-shore. The soil is of remark- 
 able fertility, equally adapted to agriculture and to grass. 
 Grain and cattle are exported to a considerable amount. 
 The fisheries, also, are very valuable. In early times KUgen 
 was held sacred to the goddess Hertha, and a small lake, 
 surrounded by trees, is still pointed out as having been her 
 principal abode. During the Thirty Year.s' War, the Swedes 
 gained possession of the island, and retained it till 1815, 
 whiMi it was ceded to Prussia. Capitil. Bergen. Among its 
 an tiquities are mounds termed the Ilunnergriiber, or " Tombs 
 of the Huns." 
 
 UUGKNWALDE, (Rllgenwalde,) rli'ghfn-^illMph, a town 
 of Prussia, province of Pomerania, 19 miles N.N.E. of C5slin, 
 on the Wipper, near its mouth in the Baltic. Pop. 4250. It 
 has a castle, two hospitals, and sea-bathing establishments, 
 with manufactures of linen, woollen, and sail cloths, dis- 
 tilleries, and docks for building coasting ves.sels. 
 
 BUGOISBEJIG, (liUggisburg,) rug'ghis-bjRQ\ a village 
 and pari.sh of Switzerland, canton, and 9 miles S. of Bern. 
 Pop. 25)78. 
 
 IIUGGLES, rSg'g'Iz. a post-town.ship forming the N.W. 
 extremity of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 912. 
 
 HUGLES, riig'l, a town of France, department of Eure, on 
 the Kille, 24 miles S.W. of Evreux. Pop. in 1852, 1972. It 
 has manufiictures of pins and needles. 
 
 KUIILA, roo'li, a village of Germany, in Saxe-Weimar, 
 7 miles S.S.E. of Eisenach. Pop. 3500, on the Ruhe, which 
 Be|iarates it into 2 parts, the E. of which belongs to Saxe- 
 Coliuri. and has 2120 of the above population. 
 
 RUIIL.-VND, roo'llnt. a town of Prussian Silesia, on the 
 Elster. 18 miles W.N.W. of Hoyergwerda. Pop. 1430. 
 
 RUIIME, roo'meh, a river of Germany, rises in Prussian 
 Saxony, flows N.N.W.. and joins the Leine a little N.W. of 
 Nordheim. Total course about 30 mile.s. 
 
 RUIIIl. rooR, a river of Pru.ssia, in Westphalia, after a 
 very tortuous W. course of nearly 130 miles past Arnsberg, 
 Noheim, and Hattiugen, joins the Rhine at Ruhrort, 15 
 miles S. of Wesel. 
 
 KUtIR or ROER. rooR, a river of West Germany and 
 the N'ethcrlands, joins the Jleuse on the right at Roermond. 
 Tntal course. 90 miles. It is subject to extensive inunda- 
 tions. Under the French, it gave name to a department, 
 aijiit.al of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 RUTIRORT, rooii/oRt, a town of Rhenish Prussi.a. 16 miles 
 N. of Dussoldorf, i^ the railway to Minden, and at the con- 
 fluence of the Ruhr with the Rhine. Pop. 3352. It has 
 manufactures of cotton fabrics, steamship building docks, 
 and a transit trade. 
 
 RUILI.fi SUR LOIR. rwee'yA' (or rweePyAO sUr Iwte, a 
 village of France, department of Sarthe, 13 miles S.S.W. of 
 St. Calai.s. Pop. 1455. 
 
 RUINEN, roi'nen, or RUNEN, rii'nen, a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 17 miles S.S.W. of Assen. 
 Pop. 1059. 
 
 RUINF^IWOLD, roi'ner-*olt\ a village of the Nether- 
 province of Dreuthe, 24 miles S.S.W. of Assen, on the Wold 
 A a. Pop. 1245. 
 
 RUINES, rii-een', or rween, a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Cantal, 6 miles E.S.E. of St. Flour. Pop. 944. 
 
 RUISHTON, rish'ton. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 KUISLIP, ris'lip, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 RUIVAES, roo-e-v3/jNS, a village and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Traa-^s-Moutes, 24 miles from Chaves. Pop. 
 1280. 
 
 UU.TANa, a town of RusfU. See Roozhana. 
 
 RUKONI, a town of Russia. See RooKoxi. 
 
 RULLES, rtill, a village of Belgium, province of Luxem- 
 bourg, on a stream of its own name, 12 miles W. of Arlon. 
 Pop. 1304. 
 
 RUM. r&m, a mountainous island of the Inner IIebrid"3, 
 in Scotland, co. of Argyle. parish of Small Islands, 16 niilos 
 N.N.W. of Ardnamurchan Point. Length, 8 miles; breadth. 
 7 miles. Area, 22.000 acres. Pop. 124. Elevatioi. .i lieu- 
 More, 2300 feet. The soil is moorland, and unprofitable. 
 
 RUM, room, a town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburg 
 on the left bank of the Raab, 10 miles S.S.W. of Sarvar. 
 
 KUMA, roo'mS. a market^town of Austria, in Slavonia 
 35 miles N.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 0370. 
 
 RU'.M.\. a post-village of Randolph co., Illinois, 14 mile? 
 N. of Kaska.skia. 
 
 RUMBEKE, riim'bA'keh, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 16^ miles S. of Bruges, on the Maudel-Beke 
 Pop. 6724. 
 
 RUMBOLDSWYKE, rfimajgld-s-wlk, a parish of England. 
 CO. of Sussex. 
 
 RUMBOWE, riim-bow'g, an inland state of the Malay 
 Peninsula, lat. 2° 49' N., Ion. 102° 30' E., enclosed by Naning, 
 Johole and Sangalore. Area 400 square miles. Estimated 
 pop. 9000. 
 
 RUMBURG, roSmfbdom, or RAUNEBURG, row'nch- 
 bodRG^, a town of Bohemijl, 42 miles N.N.W. of Bunt/.lau, 
 capital of a principality belonging to the Princes of Liechten- 
 stein. Pop. 4900. It has a castle, manufactures of woollen, 
 linen, damask, and cotton fabrics, and pipe-sticks. 
 
 RUM'BURGIl, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RUME or RUMKS, riim. a village of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut, 5 miles S.W. of Tournay. on the French frontier. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 RU.MEGIES, rii'mfh-zhee', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, arrondi.ssement of Valenciennes. Pop. 1700. 
 
 RUMES. a village of Belgium. See Rume. 
 
 RUM'FORD, a posMownship of Oxford CO., Maine. 35 
 miles W.N.W. of Augusta, intersected by Androscoggin 
 River. Pop. 1375. 
 
 RUMFORD ACADEMY, a postofflce of King William's 
 CO.. Virginia. 
 
 RUMFORD CENTRE, a post-office of Oxford co.. Maine. 
 
 RUMFORD POINT, a p<ist-nffice of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 RU.MI.4NCA, roo-medn'kd, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Novara, province of Pallauza, near Orna- 
 vasso. on the Tosa. Pop. 1377. 
 
 RUMIGNY, rll'meen'yee'. a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Ardennes, on the Aulje. 14 miles S.W. of Ro- 
 croy. Pop. 766. The astronomer La Caille was born here in 
 1713. 
 
 RUM-ILI or RU.MELTA. See Room-Elee. 
 
 RUMILLY, rti^meeVee/, or ril'meeryee', a town of Savoy, 
 on an affluent of the Rhone, 9 miles W.S.W. of Auueey. 
 Pop. 4118. 
 
 RUMILLY, a village of France, department of Nord, 3 
 miles S. of Cambray. Pop. in 1852, 2955. 
 
 RUMINGHEM, rii'm^No^ghi-m', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Pas-de-Calais, arrondissement of St. Omer. Pop. 
 1110. 
 
 RUM-KALAH. Asiatic Turkey. See Room-K.\lah. 
 
 RUM LAKE, of British North America. See Co.\twot-To. 
 
 BUM'LEY, a t«wn.ship in Harrison co., Ohio. Pop 1093. 
 
 RUMMELSBURG, rodm'mfls-b6r)RG\ a town of I'russia, 
 in Pomerania. .35 miles E.S.E. of Coslin. Pop. 3120. 
 
 RUM'MERFIELD CREEK, a post-ofifice of Bradford co., 
 Pennsvlv.ania. 
 
 RUMMON, a village of P.ilestine. See Rimmon. 
 
 RUM'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 RUJI'NEY, a post-village and town.ship in Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal 
 Railroad, 59 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. of the town- 
 ship. 1103. 
 
 RUMPST, r&mpst, a village of Belgium, province, and 12 
 miles S. of Antwerp, at the confluence of the Dyle with the 
 Rupel. Pop. 22.33. 
 
 RUMSEY, a town of England. See Romset. 
 
 RUM'SEY, a post-village of McLean county, Kentucky, 
 on Green River, about 160 miles in a direct line S.W. ot 
 Frankfort. It has 1 church, sever.al stores, 2 saw mills, and 
 2 grist mills. Pop. 373. 
 
 "RUMSZISZKI, room-shish'kee, a market-town of Russian 
 Poland, sovernment of Vilna, on the Niemen, 14 miles 
 E.S.E. of Kovno. Pop. 1600. 
 
 RUM'WORTH. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 RUNAWAY CREEK. See Noxubee River. 
 
 RUN'CORN. a town and parish of England, co., and 13 
 miles N.E. of Chester, near the head of the Jlersey estuary, 
 and with a station on a branch of the London and North- 
 western Railway. Pop. of the town in 1851, 8049. The 
 town has docks, valuable st<5ne quarries in the vicinity, and 
 considerable trade arising from Its position at the termini 
 of the Bridgewater, Trent and Mersey, and Mersey and 
 Irwell Canals. It is also frequented for sea-bathing. 
 
 RUNCTON. North, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUNCTON,' South, a parish of England, co. of Norfrlk. 
 
 RUN'DELL'S, a post-office of Crawford co., Penn.syl- 
 vania. 
 
 RUNGHEN, (Riingen,) riing'en, or RINGTI'EN. a village 
 of Russia, government of Livonia, near lake Virtserv, 29 
 
 1623 
 
 J 
 
KUN 
 
 RUS 
 
 EMies S.W. of Dorpat. Birthplace of Catherine I., wife of 
 Peter the Great. 
 
 RUNGrPOOR. rGng'pooi-', a town of British India, capital 
 of a district of its own name, 125 miles N.K. of Moorsheda- 
 had. Ljit. 25° 43' N., Ion. 89° 22' E. Many years ago it 
 was composed of several distinct villages, with about 3000 
 houses. 
 
 RU.N'OPOOR, a district of British India, presidency, and 
 province of Bengal, having N. Sikkim and Bootam, E. Assam. 
 Area, 4112 sfiuare miles. Pop. 1,214.800. 
 
 RUNG POOR, a town of Britl-sh India, capital of Upper 
 Assam, in lat. 26° 55' X., Ion. 94° 30 E.. on the Dikho River, 
 enclosed by walls, and having a palace and several mosciues. 
 
 RU.\''H.A.LL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUX'IIAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUNKEL. rfln'kel, a town of Nassau, on the Lahn, here 
 crossed by a bridge! 21 miles N. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1052. 
 
 RUNN, a remarkable tract of India. See CcTCH. 
 
 RUNNIE-KA-KOTE. rftn'oee-kd-kot, a large fort of Slnde, 
 near the Indus. 45 miles N.N.W. of Hyderabad. 
 
 RUX'.XINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 RUN'NING W.4TER RIVER, of Missouri Territory, rises 
 in the Black Hills, and flowing at first S.E. and then E., 
 falls into the Missouri River in about lat. 42° 40' N., and 
 Ion 9S° 30' W. 
 
 RUX'NYMEDE, a beautiful meadow on the S. bank of 
 the Thames, England, co. of Surrey, W. of the town of Eg- 
 ham, and memorable as the place where the barons, In 
 1215. compelled King John to grant Magna Chart-a. 
 
 RUNOVICII, roo'no-viK\ village of .\ustria, in Dalmatia, 
 circle of Spalatro, about 30 miles from Macarsca. Pop. 1202. 
 
 RUXS'WIOK. a hamlet, of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding, 6i miles N.W. of Whitby, on the margin of the 
 North Sea. which here forms an inlet called Runswick Bay. 
 
 RUNTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUN'WELli, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 RITOTI, roo-o'tee, a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Ba-silicata, 11 miles N.N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 RUPEL, ril'pel, a river of Belgium, formed by the union 
 of the Nethe and Dyle at lUiuipst, lias a N.E. course of 6 
 miles, and joins the Scheldt 8 miles S.W. of .Antwerp. 
 
 RUPKLMO.NDE, rii'pJl'uiAxd'or rtl^pel-mAii'deh. a town of 
 Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, opposite 
 the intiux of the Rupel. 9 miles S.W. of .\ntwerp. Pop. 2600. 
 
 RU'PERT, a post-village and township of Bennington co., 
 Vermont, on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 86 
 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1103. 
 
 RUPERT, a flourishing post-village of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Catawis.sa liailroad. where it crosses the 
 North Branch Canal and is joined by the Bloomsburg and 
 Lackawanna Railroad. 10 miles N.E. of Danville. 
 
 RU'PERT RIVER, a river of British North America, 
 issues from the W. extremity of Lake Mistissinny. and, after 
 a W. course of about 30(i miles, falls into ,Tame.s"s Bny. 
 
 RUPPERSDORF, roop'pers-doRr, or RUPRECHl'SDORF, 
 roo'pr^Kts-doRf\ a village of Bohemia, circle of Koulggrfitz, 
 on the Steine, 6 miles from Brunau. Pop. 1039. 
 
 RUPPERSDORF or RUPRECHTSDORF. a village of Bo- 
 hemia, eircleof Buntzlau, 24 miles from Gitschin. Pop. 1708. 
 
 RUPPERSDORF, HOHEN.ho'fnrdop'pers-doRfNa market- 
 town of Lower Austria, near Gaunersdorf. Pop. 1489. 
 
 RUPPIN, NEC.noi riSop-peen', (t. e.'' New Ruppin,") a town 
 of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, government of Pots- 
 dam, c;ipital of circle, on the W. side of Lake Ruppin, 39 
 miles N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 9941. It has a ca-stle. a large 
 and fine church, a council-hall, a gymnasium, hospital, 
 prison, barracks, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, gloves, 
 leather, tobacco, and chiccory. Its trade is greatly facilitated 
 by the Ruppin Canal lietween the Havel and the Rhine. 
 
 RUPPIN. Alt dit, (i. e. "old,") a town of Prussia. 2 miles 
 N.E. of Neu Ruppin. Pop. 1753. 
 
 RUPUNUNY, rup-oo-noo'nee, written also RUPONUNY, 
 RIPONUNY or RIPUNCNY. a river of British Guiana, and 
 the principal tributary of the Essequibo, which it joins 
 about 200 miles from the coast, in lat. 3° N., Ion. 58° 12' W., 
 after a N. course of 250 miles. It forms several falls over 
 granite ledges: Its waters are turbid, and the vegetation on 
 Its banks is far les? luxuriant than that on the Essequibo. 
 
 RURA. See Ruhr. 
 
 RU'll.\L. 4 small post^village of Clermont co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio River. Pop. 139. 
 
 RURAL, .1 po«it-office of Jasper co.. Missouri. 
 
 RUXAL HALL, a post-office of Forsyth co., North Ca- 
 rolina 
 
 RURAL HILL, a post^ofBce of Jefferson co.. New York. 
 
 U'jP..*L HILL, a post-office of Conecuh co.. Alabama. 
 
 F.rR.\L HILL, a post-office of Wilson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 HU'KAL RKTKE.Vf, a post-office of Wvthe co., Virginia. 
 
 AURAL RETKE.\T, a post-office of Cole co., Illinois. 
 
 RURAL RIDGE, a po«t-offlce of Alleghany co., Pennsvl- 
 nania. e .- > j 
 
 ?iH','^Ar^^ '^^^' * P'^s'-^fflPe of Whitefield co., Georgia. 
 RUK.\LVALE. ^ pocMffice of tapeer co.. Michigan. 
 RLIl.\L VAI/LEY, a post-office of Armstrong oo., Penn- 
 Bylvania. ' 
 
 1621 
 
 I RURAL VIL'LAGE, a post-village of Armstrong eo,, Penn 
 .sylvania. 12 or 13 miles E. of Kittaning. 
 
 RUItEE, roo'ree. a town of Sinde. on the route between 
 Luckput and Hvderabad. with a magnificent mosque. Pop 
 about loOO. Lat. 24° 22' N., Ion. 68"' 30' E. 
 RUREMOND. a town of the Netherlands. See Roermcsb 
 RURIC or RURICK (roo'rik) ISLES, a group in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, Palliser Islands, between lat. 15° 10' and 15<^ 3ff 
 S.. Ion. about 151° E. They were discovered by Kotzetue, 
 in 1816. 
 
 RUS, roos. a town of Spain, province, and 25 miles N.B, 
 of Jaen, with remains of a .Moorish castle. Pop. 1917. 
 
 RUS.\, a town of Ru.ssia. See Roosa. 
 
 RUSCOMBE. rfisTiCim. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 RUS/COMB MAN'OR, a township of Berks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1566. 
 
 RUSEHAN.\. a town of Russia. See RoozH.\N.'k. 
 
 RUSH, a seaport and market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Dublin, on a beadl.and projecting into the Irish Sea, 
 and with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway, 
 14 miles N.E. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 1496. It has a small 
 harbor, with a pier and coast-guard station. 
 
 RUSH, a county in the S.E. central pajt of Indiana, con- 
 tains 410 square miles. It is dr,iined by Blue River, and 
 Flat Rock Creek. The surface is level, or gently undulatintt, 
 and the soil is uniformly fertile. In a state of nature the 
 county was occupied liy dense forests. In 1850, this county 
 pi-oduced 1,685,994 bushels of^corn, the greatest quantity 
 produced by any county in the state, except Tippec.inoe. 
 Three railroads meet at KushvlUe in this county. Organized 
 in 1822. and named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, of 
 Pennsylvania. Capital. Ru.shville. Pop. 16,193. 
 
 RUSH, a post'Village and township of )Ionroe co.. New 
 York, on Genesee River, 12 miles S. by W. of Rochester. 
 Pop. 1613. 
 
 RUSH, a township of Centre co., Penn.sylvnnia. Pop. 680. 
 
 RUSH, a township of Dauphin co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 RUSH, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop, 1219. 
 
 RUSH, a township of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1076. 
 
 RUSH, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl 
 vania, about 11 miles S. by W. of Montrose. Pop. 1471. 
 
 KUSIi, a township of Champaign Co.. Ohio. Pop. 1822. 
 
 BUSH, a post-township in the 8. E. part of Tuscarawas 
 county, Ohio. Pop. 1070. 
 
 RUSH, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Michi-zan. 
 
 RUSH, a post-village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 150 miUs 
 W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 RUSH, a township in Buchanan co., Missouri. Pop.1389 
 
 I^USH'.\LL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUSH.^LL. a parish of England, co. of Stafford, with a 
 station on the North Stafford Railway, 1| miles N.E. of 
 WaUsall. 
 
 RUSH.\LL. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 RUSI1'.\W.\Y, a post-office of .Menard co , Illinois. 
 
 RUSII'B nTOM, a post-office of Holt co., Mi.ssourL 
 
 llU.'^ll'RRODK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RUSH'HURY. a pari.sh of England, co. of Siilop. 
 
 RUSH CREEK, of Fairfield co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Hockhoeking River, below Lanca.ster. 
 
 RUSH CREEK, Ohio, .an affluent of Scioto River, which 
 it enters in Marion county. 
 
 RUSH CREEK, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 
 2175. 
 
 RUSH CREEK, a post-township in the N.E. part of Logan 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1870. 
 
 RUSH CREEK, a po.xt-office of Union co., Ohio 
 
 RUSH'DKN, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 RUSHDKN. a parish of England, co. of .Northampton. 
 
 RUSH'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUSH'FORD, a post-village and township of Alleghany 
 CO., New York, about 50 miles S.E. of Buffalo. The village 
 contains churches of 3 or 4 denominations, and several 
 stores and milLs. Pop. of the township, 1839. 
 
 RUSHFORD, a township of Winnebago CO., Wisconsia 
 Pop. 1650. 
 
 RUSH L.4KE, Wisconsin, near the S.W. extremity of Win- 
 nebago county, in Rushford township, is about 5 miles long, 
 and 2 wide. 
 
 RUSH L.\KE, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wi.scimsin, 
 
 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. See Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 KUSH'.MERE, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 RUSII'OCK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester 
 
 RUSH RIA'ER, of Wisconsin, a small stream which risee 
 in St. Croix county, and flows S. into Lake Pepin. 
 
 RUSH RIVER, a'posi-tuwiiahip and village in theS. part 
 of St. Croi.v countv, Wisconsin. Pop 24j. 
 
 RUSILSVLV.V.NIAor RUSHYLVA'NIA. (see Int., VIII.) 
 a post-village of Rush Creek township. Lrgan co., Ohio, ou 
 the Bellefontaine and Indiana liailroad, 125 miles N.N.Kof 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 RUSlffON. a parish of England, co of Northampton 
 
 RUSHTON TAR/RANT, a parisli of England, w d 
 Dorset. 
 
KC8 
 
 RUS 
 
 RUSH TOWKR, a village of Jefferson co.. Missouri, on the 
 Mississippi Itiver, 36 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. 
 
 IvUs^ll'TOWX, a post-viUaje of Northumberland CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. f>6 miles N. of Harrishurg. 
 
 RUSH CLUE, riish'fXm, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 RUSHVILLE, a post-village of Yates co., New York, on 
 TV'est River, 205 miles W. of Albany. It is situated on the 
 border between Yates and Outario counties, and contains 3 
 churches, 1 academy, 10 stores, 1 public hall, 1 steam tlour- 
 mill, 1 machine-shop, 1 saw-mijl, &c. I'op. about 1000. 
 
 RUSHVILLE, a post-village of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 159 miles N.N.E. of Harrishurg. 
 
 RUSHVILLE, a post-office of Appling CO., Georgia. 
 
 RUSHVILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, 150 
 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. The Zanesville and Cincinnati 
 Railroad passes very near it. 
 
 RUSHVILLE, a thriving pos(>town, capital of Rush co., 
 Indiana, on Flatrock Creek, at the terminus of the Shelby- 
 ville and Rushville Itailroad, 40 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 It has an active trade, and is rapidly improving since the 
 completion of tlie above-Uiimed Railroad, which connects 
 with the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad at Shelby- 
 ville. Rushville is noted for its fine public buildings, 
 among which are a court-house, 4 churches and a baulc. 
 One newspaper is publisiied here. Pop. 1434. 
 
 RUSllVILLK, a thriving post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Schuyler co., Illinois, is pleasantly situated on tlie 
 border of a prairie, 60 miles W.N.W. of Springfield and 10 
 miles N.W. of the Illinois River. It is the centre of an 
 active trade. It contains 5 churches, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Poni 1,571. 
 
 RUSHYLVANIA. See Rcshstlvasia. 
 
 RUSIA, a country of Europe. See Russia. 
 
 RUSK, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of 
 about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Sabine River, and drained by the Angelina River. The sur- 
 face is diversified with prairies and woodlands; the soil is 
 productive. In 1850 this county produced 270.353 bushels 
 of corn — a greater quantity than was raised in any other 
 county in the state, except Harrison. It is also the most 
 ]Kipulou3 county in the state. It was named in honor of 
 G.iieral Thom:is J. Rusk, United States senator from Texas. 
 Capital, licndorson. Pop. 16,803, of whom 9671 were free, 
 and 0132 slaves. 
 
 RUSK, a postrofflce of Montgomery co., Texas. 
 
 RUSK, a post-office of Surry co., North Carolina. 
 
 RUSK, a thriving post-village, capital of Cherokee co., 
 Texas, 233 miles N.E. of Austin. It is situated in a fertile 
 farming region, and is a place of active business, containing 
 a court-house, several churches, and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 RUSK, a post-office of Haywood co., Tennessee. 
 
 RUSKA POYANA, roo.s/koh* po'*yd'noh\ the highest sum- 
 mit of the Carpathians, is situated near the S.E. extremity 
 of Hungary, lat. 46° 40' N.. Ion. 22° 30' E. ; height, 9909 
 teet. 
 
 RUSKINQTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 RUSKOI, a town of European Turkey. See Keshan. 
 
 RUS'PER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 RUSS, rcidss, a market-ti)wn of East Prussia, near the 
 mouth of the Niemea, in the Curische-Haff. 26 miles N.W. 
 of Tilsit. Pop. 2159. 
 
 RUSSA. STAROI, a town of Russia. See Staraia Roossa. 
 
 RUSS'DALE STAND, a small village of Lauderdale co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 RUSSDORF. rMss'doRfr a village of Saxe-Altenburg, near 
 Altenburg. Pop. 1931. 
 
 RUSSEIGNIES, rii8'sain\vA', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, oh the Rogne. near the frontiers of 
 Hainaut. 21 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1024. 
 
 RUSSELHEIM, rCids'selhimeN or RUSSELSHEIM, r06s'- 
 ggls-hime^. a market-town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 on tlie Main, 13 miles W.S.W. of Darmstadt. Population 
 1422. 
 
 RUS'SELT.,, a county near the Southwest extremity of 
 Virginia, has an aiea of about 500 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by Clinch River, and also drained by the sources 
 of the West Fork of Sandy River. Guest's River forms part 
 of the S.W. boundaiy. The Clinch Mountain extends along 
 the S.E. border. A large portion of the county is moun- 
 tainous and sterile, but the valleys contain some good land. 
 Iron ore, stone coal, and marble are found. Large quan- 
 tities of maple-sugar are made in the county. Named in 
 honor of General William Russell, one of its principal citl- 
 aeug. Capital, Lebanon. Pop. 10,280, of whom 9181 were 
 free, and 1099 siaves. 
 
 RUSSELL, a county in the E. part of Alabama, bordering 
 on Georgia, has an area of about 900 square miles. The 
 Chattahoochee River forms the entire E. boundary. The 
 county is also drained by the Uchee, Wacoochee. and Cowe- 
 kee Creeks. The surface is uneven, and pre.sents almost 
 every variety of soil. In 1850 this county produced 119.150 
 pounds of rice — the greatest quantity of that article pro- 
 duced in any county of the state. The Montgomery and 
 West I'oint Railroad traverses the N.W. part, and another 
 
 railroad has been surveyed through the county from the 
 river to Mobile. Formed from part of the Creek IniUan ter- 
 ritory, and organized in 1833. Capital, Crawford. Popula 
 tion 26,092, of whom 10,954 were free, and 15,638 slaves. 
 
 RUSSELL, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, has an 
 area estimated at 240 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Cumberland River, navigablfe by keel-boats. 'J'he surface is 
 hilly, and the land mostly too rough for cultivation, excpt- 
 ing the river-lx)ttoms, which are very fertile. Organized in 
 1826, and named in honor of Colonel William Rus.sell. a 
 member of the Kentucky legislature. Capital, Jamestown. 
 Pop. 6024. of whom 5465 were free, and -'jriO .slaves. 
 
 RUSSELL, a county in the E. part of Canada West, com 
 prises an area of 379 square miles. The Ottawa River washef 
 its X. border, and the Petit Nation waters the S. part. Pop. 
 2870. 
 
 RUSSELL, a post-village and township of Hampden CO., 
 >Iassachusetts. on the Western Railroad. 116 miles W. by S. 
 of Boston. Pop. 605. 
 
 RUSSELL, a post-village and town.=hip of St. Lawrence CO., 
 New York, on Gra.os River, about 14 miles S. of Canton. A 
 stone building erected here about the year ISIO was .sold in 
 1850. and it has since been proposed to convert it into a high 
 school. Population, 2380. 
 
 RUSSKLL, a post-township in the W. part of Geauga CO., 
 Ohio. Population, y59. 
 
 RUSSELL, a township of Putnam CO.. Indiana. Pop. 1294. 
 
 RUS'SELLBURG, a post-village of Warren co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Conewango Creek, 7 or 8 miles N. of Warren. 
 
 RUSSELL HILL, a post-office of ^Vyoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vani.a. 
 
 RUSSELL PLACE, a post-office of Kershaw district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 RUSSELL'S, a district of Muscogee co., Georgia. 
 
 RUSSELL'S MILLS, a post-office of Tvler co., W.Virginia. 
 
 RUSSKLL'S MILLS, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana 
 
 RUS.SELL'S PLACE, a post-office of Lawrence CO., Ohic 
 
 RUSSELL'S STATION, a postroffice of Highland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 RUS/SELLTOWN, a post-village of Canada East, co. oj 
 Beauharnois. SOjmiles S.W. of Montreal. 
 
 RUS'SELLVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 65 miles E.S.E. of Harrishurg. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Georgia, 21 
 miles W. of Macon. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-villago, capital of Franklin co . 
 Alabama, on Cedar Creek, about 220 miles N.N.W. of Mont- 
 gomery. It contains a court-house, a jail, and several 
 stores. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a village of Claiborne parish, Louisiana, 
 210 miles N.W. by N. of Baton Rouge. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-office of Pope CO., Arkansas. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of .Jeffer.son co., Tennes- 
 see, is situated in the New Market A'alley, on the route of 
 the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, 230 miles E. of 
 Nashville. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village, capital of Logan county, 
 Kentucky, on the Memphis Branch Railroad, 143 miles S. 
 W. of Louisville. It is surrounded by a beautiful and fer- 
 tile country, and contains 3 churches, 2 academies, abo.e 
 26 stores, 1 newspaper office, 1 oil-mill, and 1 bank. Laid 
 out in 1810. Pop. 1089. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, 100 
 miles S. by W. of Columbus, and 10 miles from the Oliic 
 River. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a township of Clinton county, In- 
 diana, 
 
 B4JSSELLVILLLE, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana, 
 17 miles N.W. of Greencastle. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE. a post-village of Lawrence co., Illinois, 
 on the Wabash River. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Cole co., Mis.'iouri, 15 
 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. •" 
 
 RUS'SELSBUKG. a post-office of Warren co.. Pennsylvania 
 
 RUSSEY. riis'sA'. a village of France, department of Doubs, 
 as miles from Montb^liard. Pop. in 1852. 1060. 
 
 RUSS1.\, rrish'e-.Ti orroo'she-a,(Ru8s. Poccin. Pr>.i>iya, ros- 
 see'y.^orRussiya(?)Fr./^M.f.s(>,rli8'see';Ger./?ws.'!?a7!f7,r5(".s'l.'(nt-, 
 Sp. Husia, roo'se-3; It. Bussia, roo.s'se-3.) formerly called MUS- 
 COVY, mtls'ko-ve. probably the most exten.sive empire that 
 has ever existed, either in ancient or modern times, extends, 
 in Europe, Asia, and America, from lat. 38° to 78° 20' N., 
 and from Ion. 18° E. eastward to l.S2° W. It is bounded on 
 the N. by the Arctic Ocean; W. by Sweden, the Baltic Sea, 
 Prussia, Austria, and Moldavia; S. by European Turkey, the 
 Black Sea. Asiatic Turkey, Persia. Independent Tartary. 
 the Chinese Empire, and the Pacific: and E. by British 
 America. Commencing not far from the W. shores of Eu- 
 rope, it stretches continuously, fir.st across the whole of that 
 continent, next over the whole continent of Asia, and lastly, 
 crossing Behring's Strait, finds no limit till it comes in con- 
 t.act with British America, after having pas,sed over 30 de- 
 grees more than half the circuit of the globe, or. in all. ah^ut 
 210 degrees of longitude. Owing, however, to the hiirh lati- 
 tude on which this cc irse must be traced, the whde length 
 
 1625 
 
RUS 
 
 RUS 
 
 from E to W. is less than the number f desrees miiiht lead 
 u» to sufp"S<?, and is estimated at not more than 7000 miles. 
 The ffrea(e>.t breadth is in Kurope. near the Asiatic lioundary, 
 where the distance, from the southernmost point in the Cau- 
 casus Mountains to the northernmost in the White Sea, is 
 about 40iX) miles; theavera£.'e breadth falls far short of this, 
 and probably does not exceed 1500 miles. Its surface is esti- 
 mated to comprise one-thirtieth of the whole superfices of 
 the globe, one-seventh of its land, and more than double 
 the whole area of Europe ; the total area being given, accord- 
 ing to the nearest approximations which can be made, at 
 7,S21,125 square miles. Of these, the proportions belonging 
 to Euiope, Asia, and Ameri(.'a, and their respective popula- 
 tion, are exhibited in the following table : — 
 
 Area, and Populatinn of the Russian Empire. 
 
 European Russia 
 
 Asiatic RussiA — 
 
 Siberia, (including a portion of the 
 Kirgheez, ) 
 
 Transcaucasiau Provinces 
 
 Russian America 
 
 Total 
 
 Area, in 
 square miles. 
 
 4,812,389 
 81,-2;w 
 394,000 
 
 2,887,184 
 
 2,1-H,.)84 
 
 61,000 
 
 7,430.125 ; 65,220.580 
 
 The continuity of the empire, at least of the Asiatic and 
 European portions of it, might seem to suggest the propriety 
 of vie^ring it as one great whole, and of proceeding accord- 
 ingly to give a detailed description of it in a single article; 
 but, on the other hand, its immense m.^gnitude, and the 
 distinct names commonly used to designate these portions, 
 make it more convenient to consider them separately under 
 the four heads of European Russia, Siberia, Transcaucasiau 
 Russia, and Russian America, 
 
 EoROPEAN Russia has the same boundaries on the N,and W. 
 as those given above for the empire. Its S, boundaries also 
 are the same as far K, as the eastern shores of the Black Se.i, 
 beyond which they are formed by the Caucasus Mountains, 
 The E. boundary is not so well defined. In its upper part, 
 the Ural Mountains form such a conspicuous natural bar- 
 rier, that their title to fix the frontiers of Europe and Asia, 
 so far, at least, as the governments of Archangel and Vologda 
 extend, has been almost univer.sally recognized. To tlie S, 
 of this, the boundary may be said to l>e almost arbitrary. 
 Some continue to follow the Ural chain ,southward till it 
 reaches the sources of the river Ural, and then the course of 
 this river to its mouth in the Caspian ; tliis boundary has 
 the advantage of l)eiug at once simple and definite. Others, 
 hi forming the boundary, quit the Ural chain much earlier, 
 and, commencing at the sources of the Vishera, follow it 
 downwards to its junction with the Kama, then the Kama 
 to its junction with the Volga, and finally follow the Volga 
 to its mouth. This boundary, though less simple thiin the 
 former, has like it the merit of being well defined, and pei-- 
 haps surpasi.ses it by the prominence which it gives to the 
 Volga, whose mighty flood would seem almost to entitle it to 
 be the boundary of a continent. The Russian government, 
 however, has entirely discarded both of these boundaries, and 
 produced coufusion by forming two of its largest govern- 
 ments, I'erm and Orenboorg, out of territories which do not 
 bi'long exclusively to either Europe or Asia, but partly to 
 both. In these circumstances, it seems preferable to con- 
 sider these governments as belonging to Europe, within 
 whose limits their capitals are situated. European Russia, 
 an thus defined, is bounded on the E, by the governments 
 of TolioLsk and Omsk, and the Ural Mountains, and on the 
 S.E. by Independent Tartary. the Caspian Sea, and Asia'tic 
 Turkey. Pop. in 1858, 59,330,752. 
 
 Pace of the Oounlrr/.—The surface of Russia may be con- 
 sidered as one vast plain, enclosed by the Ural Mountains 
 on the E., the Caucasus on the S., and partly by the Carpa- 
 thians on the \^. ; it opens to the Caspian Sea on the S.E., 
 and the level countries of Xorth Germany on the \V. 
 Throughout this vast extent it does not contain a single 
 mountain; the highest point, between the Baltic and the 
 Black Sea, near Kremenets, is 1328 feet in height; the Baltic 
 provinces have a mean elevation of 1000 feet above the 
 Baltic, The centre of the country is occupied by a dome- 
 shaped elevation traversed by the Valdai IliUs, the average 
 height of which is from 800 to 900 feet, and the summit 1100 
 feet above the sea: these sink rapidly to the S,E,, where they 
 are lost in marshes. This elevation, extends across Russia 
 in an irreguhir waving line, mainly in a N.E. direction, com- 
 mencing on the frontiers of Poland, and terminating on the 
 W. side of the Ural Mountains, near lat, 62° N. It forms 
 the E, continuation of the great watershed which divides 
 the whole continent of Europe into a N. and a S, basin. In 
 the E., the Ural chain, though nowhere exceeding 7tX)0 feet, 
 peems much more elevated from its high latitude, and con- 
 sequent covering of perpetual snow; in the 8., the moun- 
 lains of Taurid,^, lining the S. shoi-es of the Crimea, have a 
 height of about 4000 feet. With these exceptions, the only 
 other parts of European Russia, which, according to the 
 limits above assigned to it, do not belong to its two immense 
 1626 
 
 plains, are those districts of Perm and Orenboorg which lire 
 situated on the E. side of the Ural Mountiiins, and slope 
 towards the vast steppes of Asia. 
 
 Geology. — Till recently, the geological formations of Russia 
 had been very imperfectly explored, and the most erroneous 
 ideas were entertained in regai-d to them. The more accu- 
 rate information now possessed is mainly due to Sir Rode- 
 rick Murchison and his coadjutors. Their united work on 
 Russia, and the map and illustrative sections which accom- 
 pany it, furnish all the geological information that can be 
 required. A vast tract of gneiss and other crystalline 
 schists, penetrated by granite, e-xtends W. from the Gulf of 
 Bothnia, and N. from the Gulf of Finland, over the whole 
 principality of the latter name, the W. part of the govern- 
 ment of Olonets, and the greater part of the government of 
 Arehangel. The onlj- other region in which a similar develop- 
 ment occurs is in the S., where a large granite steppe, com- 
 mencing ne.ir Ovrootch, in the N,E. part of the government 
 ofV'olhynia, stretches in a S,E, direction, covering the far 
 greater portion of the government of Kiev, as much of the go- 
 vernment of Podolsk as lies N, of the Bug. the N, half of 
 thegovernment of Kherson, the W, and S, of Yekaterinoslav, 
 and a part of Taurida, terminating just before reaching the 
 shores of the Sea of Azof, from which it is excluded by a 
 narrow belt of tertiary maris and limi^toue. In the E., 
 however, and along the whole crest of the Ural Mountains, 
 from their commencement on the shores of the Arctic 
 Ocean, and almost continuously S. to their last ramifica- 
 tions, gi-anite of more recent origin than that iilready men- 
 tioned occurs, in connection with other eruptive rocks of 
 greenstone, porphyry, sienite, serpentine, &c. These rocks 
 are overlaid on both sides of the chain by iftetamorphic 
 .schists, forming long and narrow belts nearly parallel with 
 its principal axis. Immediately to the W. appears a simi- 
 lar belt of siluHan strata, which, where lowest in the series, 
 is in the state of chloritic and talco.se schists. The only other 
 locality in_ which the Silurian system receives a marked 
 development, is on the S, shores of the Gulf of Finland, 
 where it stretches from its W, extremity, E, along the go- 
 vernments of Esthonia and St, Petersburg, and is then con- 
 tinued across the isthmus between the E, extremity of the 
 gulf and Lake Ladoga, and along the S. and S,E, shores of 
 that lake. 
 
 In immediate contact with this Silurian formation on the 
 S,, but on a much more exten.sive scale of development, ap- 
 pears the Devonian system, or old red sandstone, as it in 
 sometimes called. The main body of this formation com- 
 mences near the S.E, shores of the Baltic, and gradually 
 widens out with its N.E. and S.E, sides, so as to assume the 
 shape of a wedge; then forking, .sends one of its branches 
 N,E, across Lake Onega, and along Archangel Bay, to the 
 N,W, extremity of Mezen Bay, and the other S.E, to the 
 N,W,frontiers of Voronezh, Itthus covers continuously the 
 whole of the governments of Coui'laud, Livonia, Vitebsk, 
 and Pskov, and parts of Vilna, Minsk, Moheelev, and Smo- 
 lensk on the one side, and of Petersburg and Novgorod on 
 the other; while its N,E, branch traverses Olonets, and 
 penetrates into Archangel; and its S.E, branch stretches 
 over considerable parts of Kalooga, Orel, and Toola, The 
 same formation occurs in a belt stretching S.S,E, from the 
 E, shore of the Gulf of Tcheskaia, in the Arctic Oce.'in, and 
 in a longer but narrower belt on the W, side of the Ural 
 chain, wliere it immediately overlies the Silurian formation 
 already mentioned. 
 
 The formation next in order is the carboniferous. The 
 main body of it lies within the .n1x)ve fork of the old red sand- 
 stone, and in immediate contact with it, and then keeping 
 par.aUel with the N.E. branch of the fork, is continued in 
 the same direction to its termination in Mezen J$ay. H 
 occupies the whole of the government of Tver, the capita i 
 of which is situated near its centre; and large parts of Smo 
 lensk, Kalooga, Toola, and Rtazan on the one side, and ot 
 Novgorod and Olonets on the other. The government of 
 Moscow is situated in the very heart of it, and that of 
 Vladimeer on its E. side. The carboniferous system occurs 
 in two other distant and isolated localities; the one in the 
 S., a little N. of the Sea of Azof, where it occupies the E. 
 part of the government of Yekaterinoslav, and the W. ex- 
 tremity of that of Don Cossacks, and where, too, the coal 
 forming the characteristic mineral of the system, is par- 
 tially worked by pits; the other locality is on the W. side 
 of the Ural chain, where, in the ascending soiMes, it succeeds 
 the Silurian and Devonian systems, and has a larger de- 
 velopment than either of them. 
 
 This development of the carboniferous system on the sidf 
 of the Ural chain, and the still larger development above 
 described as existing In the governments of Smolensk, Ka- 
 looga, Ac, form the opposite boundaries of a system which 
 in European Ru.ssia is magnificently developed: and to 
 which, from the large space that it covers in Perm and 
 the contiguous government.s. Sir R, Murchison has pro- 
 posed to give the name of the Permian system. Its rocks 
 belong to the upper part of the coal measures, and consist 
 chiefly of magnesian limestone and new red sandstone. 
 The latter name is still often applied to tha whole system. 1i\ 
 
RUS 
 
 RFS 
 
 BussJa, the main body of it, thoujrh somewhat irregular in 
 (ibape, may be coDsidered as an immense tiian;;le. the three 
 angles of which have tlieir respective vertices at Onstioozhna, 
 in the f;overnnient of Novgorod; Mezen, near the bay of the 
 same name, in the government of Archangel ; and Orsk, on 
 tlie Ural, in the government of Orenboorg. Vast as this 
 space appears, it must still be increased by supposing that 
 the line which joins Mezen and Orsk, and forms the longest 
 fide of the triangle, is not perfectly straight, but curves K., 
 so as to include the districts around the towns of Tcherdeen, 
 (Tscherdiu.) Solikansk, I'erm, and Oofa. A glance at the 
 map will show that the Permian system, as traced by these 
 limits, must extend over the whole of the governments of 
 Kostroma, Viatka, and Kazan, and large parts of Arch- 
 angel, Vologda, Y»ros]av,N izhnee-Xovgorod,Simbeersk,Oren- 
 boorg. and Perm. Its continuity over the whole of the space 
 is undoubted ; but in the N. of the governments of Kostroma 
 and Viatka. and more e.specially in the part of Vologda be- 
 tween the towns of Nikolsk and Oost-Sisolsk, it disappears 
 for a time beneath strata belonging to the Jurassic or oolitic 
 system. This system is developed partially in several other 
 localities, and very largely in the N.E. of the government 
 of Archangel. Immediately above it, in the geological series. 
 Is the cretaceous system, of which the principal localities 
 are Tcbernigov, Orel, Koorsk, Kharkov, and Voronezh, near 
 the centre; Volhynia and a small part of Poland in the W. ; 
 and a long tract along the N. base of the Caucasus. 
 
 The rocks next in succession belong to the tertiary forma- 
 tion, which in both its eocene and meiocene periods is very 
 largely developed. Strata of the eocene period, commencing 
 In the K. in the government of Simbeersk, stretch W. over 
 the greater part of the governments of Penza and Tambov, 
 then, after a considerable interruption, reappear on the 
 frontiers of Koorsk and Kharkov, cover the far greater 
 part of the governments of Tcbernigov and Poltava, and are 
 thence continued without interruption into the govern- 
 ments of Moheelev, Minsk, Grodno, and finally into Poland. 
 The meiocene period has its chief developments in Volhynia, 
 I'odolsk.- and Kessarabia. Beds of still more recent forma- 
 tion may be traced in the limestones, marls, and clays on 
 the N.W. shores of the Illack Sea. on the far greater part of 
 the peninsula of the Crimea, on the K. and N. shores of the 
 Sea of Azof, on the low flats along the W. and N. shores of 
 the Caspian, and the low sandy steppes of Astrakhan. Mere 
 alluvial deposits, of comparatively recent date, are to be 
 found in a greater or less degree at the mouths of all the 
 rivers, and are particularly discernible in the great estuary 
 of the Petchora. As a curious and interesting fact con- 
 nected with geology, may be mentioned the vast numbers 
 of erratic blocks and similar drift spread over the greiiter 
 part of N'orth Russia, and evidently transported into it from 
 Finland, Lapland, and Sweden. 
 
 Minerals. — These are lx)th numerous and very valuable. 
 Gold is obtained in large quantities, both by mining and 
 wa.shing. on the slopes of the Ural Mountains, and the 
 streams which descend from them. All of these, however, 
 with a very few exceptions, are found on the E. side of the 
 chain, and, therefore, belong more properly to Asiatic than 
 to European Russia. The produce of the gold mines of 
 Russia, in 1847, was estimated at $JO.O00.o6o ; in 1S49, it 
 reached only $17,400,000. Copper is found both in the 
 Valdai and the Ural ilountains. To the W. of the latter, in 
 all the low country of Perm, are vast cupriferous defxisits, 
 from which large quantities of copper are annually ob- 
 tained, under the most favorable circumstances, the work- 
 ings themselves being not only comparatively easy, but all 
 the materials necessary for smelting, and more especially 
 unlimited supplies of fuel, existing in their immediate vici- 
 nity. The governments of Olonets, Viatka, Kazan, Vo- 
 logda, and Orenboorg have also their copper-mines. Iron, 
 the most widely diffused of all tiie Russian metals, and 
 the most extensively and protitably worked, is found not 
 only among the mountains, but extensive beds of bog-iron 
 ore exi.st in the lowest marshy grounds. The princip.al seat 
 of the iron manufacture is in the government of Perm ; but 
 important workings are carried on. and great numbers of 
 blast-furn.aees have been erected, in many other quarters. 
 Lead is more sp.aringly diffused, and is worked chiefly in 
 the Ural chain, and .some parts of Poland, particularly in 
 the vicinity of Cracow and Sandomier. It sometimes con- 
 tains such a per-centage of silver as to make it worth ex- 
 tracting. Platina has long been worked in the Ural chain, 
 lu the most productive mines of that metal which are known 
 tr- exist in the world. Salt is found in such abundance, 
 both in brine-pits and mines, that it may he considered 
 altogether inexhaustible. In almost every part of the vast 
 extent of surface alreiidy described as belonging geologically 
 to the Permian system, it is found, and in numerous locali- 
 ties is extensively and profitably worked. Saltpetre is o\}- 
 tained chiefly in the government of .Astrakhan. 
 
 From the vast extent of country which has been shown to 
 be Occupied by the carboniferous system, it may be reasonably 
 concluded that there must be many extensive caal-tields. It 
 would seem, however, that Russia, in this respect, bears a 
 considerable resemblance to Ireland, where the large de- 
 
 velopments of the carboniferous system are chiefly confinefl 
 to its lower strata, and is much more remarkable for its im- 
 mense masses of mountain-limestone than its orodnctivp 
 seams of coal. The upper portion of the system, trhich aione 
 contains the coal-measures for which West Europe, and 
 more especially Great Britain, is distinguish^, has no de- 
 cided representiitive in Russia. The chief fields of coal yet 
 ascertained to exist are among the Valdai Hills, where the 
 coal is generally so thin and poor as hardly to merit the 
 name; in the government of Moscow, where seams from 3 
 to 6 feet thick are seen cropping out in many ravines, but 
 Lsof an inferior quality; and in an extensive tract between 
 the Dnieper and the Don, chiefly in that part of it watered 
 by the Donetz. This last coal-district is said by Murchison 
 to be by far the richest in the Russian Empire, and extends 
 over an area of not less than 11,000 square miles. It has 
 been very imperfectly explored, but does not seem entitled 
 to raise very high expectations. It is worked in .several 
 localities, and more especially at Alexandrovsk, in a seam 
 about 7 feet thick, composed of a .soft bituminou.s coal, con- 
 taining a great deal of sulphur, both in lumps of pyrites, 
 and in the much more injurious form of fre(juent thin fila- 
 ments, wrought, as it were, into its very texture. In some 
 other localities, the quality of the coal seems to improve; but 
 except in those governments where wood is scarce, it is evi- 
 d(\nt that the known coal-fields of Russia cannot be turned 
 to much account. It is probable, however, that besides the 
 known coal-fields, others of greater value, though, from 
 their greater depth, requiring more expensive fittings, exist 
 in other quarters, more especially in those governments 
 where the Permian system is most largely developed. For 
 the smelting of metal.s, the boundless forests furnish a more 
 valuable material; and ages must elapse before these can 
 be so much thinned as to make either the search for coal, 
 or the working of it, objects of much importance. The 
 only other mineral products deserving of notice are quar- 
 ries of granite and marble, both of which, of excellent 
 quality, are found near the shores, and to the N.E. of Lake 
 Ladoga. 
 
 JO'rers, Lakea, <£c. — The broad central ridge above referred • 
 to. forming the great watershed of the country, sends the 
 waters on the N. side of it either to tlie Arctic Ocean or to 
 the Baltic, and those on the S. side to the Black Sea or to 
 the Caspian. These, therefore, form the four great ba.sins 
 to which all the rivers of European Russia belong. These 
 rivers are remarkable both for their number and their 
 magnitude. Beginning with the basin of the Arctic Ocean, 
 and proceeding from E. to W., we find first the Petchor.i, 
 which, after receiving its waters chiefly from the W. slopes 
 of the Ural Mountiiins, by a number of important affluents, 
 accumulates them into one great flood, which then flows 
 almost due N., and empties itself into the Arctic by a wide 
 estuary, remarkable for the number of islands which the 
 alluvial deposits of the river have formed within it. The 
 Petchora is the only large river of European Russia which 
 thus sends its waters directly to the Arctic Ocean; all the 
 others are received by it indirectly through the medium 
 of the White Sea. Their names are the Mezen, North 
 Dwina, and Onega. By far the most important of the three 
 is the Dwina, which, receiving its supplies in nearly equ.al 
 quantities from the E. by the Vitchegda, and from the W. 
 by the Soochona, flows N.W. in a very circuitous course, 
 continually augmented by large affluents, and falls into the 
 Gulf of Archangel, a little below the well known port of 
 that name. The surface drained by the rivers of this basin 
 is almost entirely confined to the two extensive govern- 
 ments of Archangel and Vologda. 
 
 The basin next in order is that of the Baltic. Its prin- 
 cipal rivers are the ICemi and the Torne3. (the latter com- 
 mon to both Russia and Sweden,) which fall into the Gulf 
 of Bothnia; the Kymmene, the Neva, and the Narva or 
 Narowa, which fell into the Gulf of Finland : the Aa and 
 the South Dwina, which flow into the Gulf of Riga: the 
 Niemen or Meniel, which enters Prussia before terminating 
 its course: and the West Bug. an affluent of the Vistula. 
 To the basin of the Black Sea belong the Dniester, the South 
 Bug. and the Dnieper, all which have their mouths at a 
 short distance from each other, in the neighborhood of the 
 rising seaport of Odessa: the Don, falling into the N.E. ex- 
 tremity of the Sea of Azof; and the Koob;>n, which, deriving 
 its chief supplies from Circassia, and forming a great part of 
 its boundary, must continue to be a Russian river more in 
 name than in reality, so long as the Circassians maintain 
 their noble struggle for independence. The last basin, that 
 of the Caspian, is in some respects the most remarkable of 
 all ; though Europe sends it at most only two large rivers, 
 the Ural and the Volga, hoih supplied in part from Asiatic 
 sources; the latter not only surp.asses all other Russian 
 rivers, but is one of the greatest rivers of Europe. The E. 
 parts of the governments of Perm and Orenboorg belong to 
 the basin of the Obi, which receives .several large affluentii 
 from their slopes on the E. side of the Ural chain. 
 
 The lakes of Russia are on a scale of maL'nitude fully 
 commensurate with that of its rivers. To .?ay nothing ol 
 the Caspian itself — which, being wholly surrounded by lau(]. 
 
 1627 
 
RUS 
 
 RUS 
 
 and evoK ini-apable, from the lowness of its level, of dis- 
 charging itself into any other sea, is truly a lake — Kussia 
 ran loast of others of vast extent, which, from lying wholly 
 within its limits, are peculiarly its own. To the ba.sin of 
 the Baltic belong the Ladoga, the la.-gest lake in Europe, 
 the Onega, the Peipus, and the llmen. Finland, too, which 
 towards its S. extremity is a mere network of lakes, sends 
 all its waters to the Baltic. Almost all the other lakes of 
 any consequence belong to the basin of the Volga. Their 
 dimensions are much inferior to those already mentioned; 
 but in any other country less amply provi.led, such lakes 
 as the BieioOzero, in the government of .N'ovirorod, and the 
 Koobinskoe, in the government of Vologda, would not pas.s 
 unnoticed. In the S. are several large salt^lakes, among 
 which may be mentioned the Klton, in the government of 
 Saratov, a'nd the Baskootchask. (B.askutchask.) iu that of 
 A.«trakhan. Canals connect the Rattle with the Caspian and 
 with the Black Sea; also the White Sea with the Caspian. An 
 extensive inland communication is opened iu various direc- 
 tions, and a traveller may pass fi-om St. Petersburg to 
 Selmginsk, in Siberia, with only a few miles of portage. 
 Among the numerous islands belonging to the empire, the 
 cliief are the group of Nova Zembla (Novaia Zemlia, •' new 
 land,") in the .\rctic Ocejin, the archipelago of Spitzbergea 
 Kalguev, (Kalgouef.) and Valgats Islands. 
 
 Climiik. — A. country extending over at least .35 degrees 
 of latitude, from the warmer regions of the temperate, far 
 into the regions of the frozen rone, must exhibit very 
 marked diversities of climat*. It is usual, accordingly, to 
 consider it in four distinct divisions : a polar region, in- 
 cluding all the country N. of lat, 67°; a cold region, ex- 
 tending from lat. 67° to 57° X.: a temperate region, from 
 lat. 57° to 50° N.; and a warm region, from lat. 50° to 37° 
 N. Another division, founded on the vegetation of the 
 different regions, has been proposed: 1. The region of ice, 
 where vegetation is all hut extinct; 2. The region of tun- 
 dras, or moorland steppes: 3. The region of forests and pas- 
 tures; 4. The region where barley ripens: 5. The region of 
 rye .ind fla.x; 6. The region of wheat and orchards: 7. The 
 region of maize and vines; and S. The region of the olive 
 and the sugar-cane. The plains of the X., exposed to the 
 winds of the .A.rctic Ocean, are much colder than the other 
 countries of Europe in corresponding latitudes: and in 
 general it m.ay be observed in regard to the climate, that 
 its charjvcteristic features are a grejiter coldness and va- 
 riableness than is common under the same latitudes in the 
 more westerly portions of Europe. The mean annual tem- 
 perature of the upper part .of the Norwegian coast, to its 
 extremity at the North Cape, is above the freezing point; 
 whereas a c-onsiderable portion of Kussia. within the same, 
 and even in a lower latitude, is below it. This is true of the 
 whole of Russian l^pland as far S. as 66°; and to the E. of 
 the M'hite Sea. the thermal line, indicating a mean annual 
 temperature of freezing, descends so rapidly, that on reach- 
 ing the Ural Mount.tins, it is found to be as low as 60°, 
 
 The region to which the name of cold has been given, has 
 a mean annual temperature varying lietween 32° and 40°, 
 but very unequally divided throughout the year, the cold 
 In winter often sinking the thermometer to 30° below zero, 
 or 62° below freezing; while the summer heat often raises it 
 above 80°. At St. Petersburg, considerably below the centre 
 of this region, the mean annual temperature is rather above 
 40°; on the other band, th.it of Kazan, situated at the very 
 S. extremity of the region, but much farther inland, is 
 rather below 36°. The temperate region, lying between 
 lat. 57° and 50° N.. has a mean annual temperature vary- 
 ing from 40° to 5(1°, and includes within it the far finest 
 part of the Russian territory, though even here the ther- 
 mometer has a very wide range, the summer heat which 
 sutliees to grow melons and similar fruits in the open field 
 being often succeeded by very rigorous winters. The warm 
 region, extending from 50° S., well merits the name, from 
 its extreme summer heats, the thermometer in .Tune and 
 July standing commonly alout 100°, and often consider- 
 ably higher. It is not. however, free from the remarkable 
 contrasts which a Russian summer and a RussLan winter 
 exhibit: for the Sea of Azof, situated almost in the heart 
 of this region, usually freezes about the lieginning of Xo- 
 vember, and is seldom open again before the begiuuing of 
 April. 
 
 In the Interior, S.S.E. and S. winds prevail ; while W. and 
 N.W. winds are most common on the coasts. In all the 
 countries tx)rdering on the shores of the Baltic Sea and the 
 Arctic Ocean, and bounded on the W. and N. by the basin 
 of the Volga, the air is charged with a superabundance of 
 moisture, which descends in mists, and frequent falls of 
 rain or snow. Towards the centre, and still farther E.. the 
 excess of moisture disappears, though enough still re- 
 mains to keep vegetation in full vigor even at the hottest 
 season Still farther S. the want of rain is often felt, and 
 long-continued droughts do frequent mischief In the 
 Ibiltic provinces, the average annual fali of rain is from 
 15 to 20 inches. Snow fall* earlv in winter :. the average 
 number of days in the year on which snow falls at St. Pe- 
 Ujsburg. is 70. In general, however, the cUinat«« of xll the 
 1628 
 
 regions are not vmfavorable to health, and except in parti- 
 cular district*, where the insalubrity can easily be traced tc 
 local causes, disease is by no means prevalent, and human 
 life often attains its longest allotted term. 
 
 Vegetation, Agriculture, rfc. — Russia pos.sesses a vast num- 
 ber of phanerogamous plants ; but as the examination which 
 botanists have made is acknowledged to be very imperfect, 
 it is probable that many yet remain to be discovered. A 
 considerable proportion of the surface still continues aimrst 
 in a state of nature; and, where it ig well wooded, there is 
 room to question whether any other mode of occupation 
 could be made to prove equally productive. Forests, how- 
 ever, are found chiefly in the more N. governments, parti- 
 cularly Archangel, Vologda, and Perm. In many of the 
 central and S. governments, a deficienc}' of timber is se- 
 riously felt, .nnd many extraordinary expedients are re- 
 sorted to in order to obtain adequate supplies of fuel. The 
 governments most im)>erfectly provided with wood are Es- 
 thonia, Bessarabia, Kherson. Yekaterinoslav,aud .\strakhan. 
 The prevailing trees of the N. forests are fir. larch, alder, and 
 birch. The oak is seldom found l>eyond lat. 61°; few fruit- 
 trees are found beyond lat. 56°; and their regular culture 
 cannot be profitably carded on X.of the 53d parallel. In this 
 latitude apples, pears, and plums becfime tolerably abundant ; 
 and still farther S., peaches, apricots, quinces, almonds. .•>nd 
 pomegranates are common fruits. The vine and mulberry, 
 also, are exten.sively cultivated, and considerable quantities 
 both of wine and silk are obtained. In the Crimea, exten- 
 sive vineyards have been formed from plants selected w^ith 
 the utmost care, and several of the wines have already ac- 
 quired a high name. Other governments have imitated the 
 example, and the export of wine promises to become an ob- 
 ject of great national importance. Among the principal dis- 
 tricts in which the culture of the vine is regarded as an 
 object of primary interest may be mentioned Bessarabia, 
 Kherson, Kiev, Astrakhan, and the Don Cossacks. In the 
 last are made large quantities of a wine resembling cham- 
 pagne, which finds a ready sale in St. Petersburg, Moscow, 
 and many of the larger towns. 
 
 But notwithstanding the profitable returns of the above 
 objects of culture, it is to agriculture, properly so called, 
 that Russia must long continue to look for the richest 
 .source of national prosperitj'. .\fter deducting all the re- 
 gions where the rigors of the climate, without making tlie 
 growth .and ripening of grain ab.solutely iuipos.sible. are in- 
 compatible with its culture as a regular branch of industry, 
 va.st tracts of land remain, where the soil is almost of inex- 
 haustible fertility, and all the cereals are produced in such 
 abundance as not only to meet the home consumption, but 
 leave a large surplus for export. The most important crops 
 raised for food are rye, wheat, biirley, oats, buckwheat, 
 maize, and potatoes; and for other purposes, hemp, flax, 
 hops, tobacco, and beet-root for sugar. The principal wheat 
 districts are parts of Poland, particularly the governments 
 of Warsaw. Radom, and Lublin ; the fertile, alluvial tracts 
 along the lianks of the N. rivers; and the governments of 
 Volhynia, Podolsk, Kiev, and Poltava. Rye. from its na- 
 tural adaptation to the soil, and its almost universal use as 
 an article of food, is cultivated in every quarter up to lat. 
 65°. The value of rye .annuijlly produced is estimated at 
 $117,000,000. Barley ripens in lat. 67°, but is in far less 
 general repute than rya Oats are extensively grown in 
 several governments, and more especially in the rich alluvial 
 tracts of Archangel, where the peasants, after satisfying 
 their own wants, grind the .surplus into meal, and export it 
 in considerable quantities to the coast of Norway. Maize 
 forms one of the most important crops of Bessarabia, where 
 a return of sixty-fold is said not to be uncommon. Potatoes 
 are largely grown in Saratov, in Poland, and in the districts 
 which border the Baltic: in the last partly for food, but 
 much more for the supply of numerous distilleries. 
 
 Both hemp and flax are staple products, and are exported 
 in great quantities. The former is grown to an immen.se 
 extent in all the governments which border on the Ural 
 chain, and on both sides of the upper course of the Volga, 
 particularly in the governments of Tver, Yaroslav, and Kos- 
 troma. Flax is also cultiv.ated to a great extent in the 
 same districts, but more especially in the governments of 
 Olonets. Vologda. Livonia, and the S. parts of Finland. Both 
 their fibre and their seed form most important articles of 
 exprtt from the ports of Riga. St. Petersburg, and .Arch- 
 angel. Kitclien-gardens. in many parts, attract consider- 
 able attention, and cabbages. turnip.s. carrots, and onions 
 are occasionally cultivated on an extensive scale; in some 
 of the distri<'ts bordering on the S. steppes, the watermel'>n 
 thrives amazingly. att,-tining immen.se size with little oil- 
 ture, and, while in sea.son, forms a principal food of the 
 lower classes. In .\strakhan, on the banks of the Volga, 
 liquorice grows with a luxuriance unknown elsewhere, and 
 furnishes juice sufficient to form an important article of ex- 
 port. Before leaving this part of the subject, it is proper to 
 observe, that though Russia is decidedly an agricultural 
 country, its progress in the science of agriculture h.v 
 hitherto been slow, and fheamiountof prodive obtniiied 01 
 owing much more to the natuntl fertility of the soil Hian t«. 
 
KUS 
 
 RUS 
 
 any ability displayed in extracting it. Tliere is, perhaps, no 
 oounti-y in Kurope in which so mucli of grain is obtained at 
 so small an expense of sliill and labor. In Livonia, however, 
 and the Paltic proviuoes generally, and in some of the more 
 celelirated nheat districts of the Ukraine, an improved hus- 
 bandry has been introduced, and goTernment. by the ap- 
 pointment of agricultural chairs in the universities, and 
 the formation of model farms, is laudably endeavoring to 
 extend it to other quarters. 
 
 Zoohigy. — Animals in Russia, both domestic and wild, 
 are extremely numerous. Among the former are horses 
 of various breeds, of which those in the N. are generally 
 small, but hardy; those of the central and S. provinces 
 large and well-adapted for draught; and those of the Cos- 
 Backs remarkable for their spii-it and endurance of fatigue, 
 and their admirable adaptation for light cavalry. In seve- 
 ral of the steppes, horses still run wild. Cattle are much 
 used, particularly in the S., for agricultural operations, and 
 exist in such numbers, that tallow and hides form very im- 
 portant articles of export. The best breeds are tho.se of the 
 Ukraine, Archangel, Bessarabia, and Grodno. In Livonia 
 a great number of excellent cows are kept for the dairy, and 
 much good cheese is made. The sheep are chiefly of three 
 breeds: the original Russian, which is found in vast num- 
 bers in every part of the country, and though generally in- 
 ferior, producing very indifferent wool, it has been of late 
 greatly improved by crossing with the merino and Saxon ; 
 the K hi rgheez breed, remarkable for large size, a darkish red 
 color, long but coarse wool, and more especially for their 
 ponderous tails, from which 30 or 40 pounds of tallow are 
 obtained; these exist in vast numbers on the steppes of 
 the Volga; and the Circassian breed, not confined to the 
 Caucasian provinces, but widely diffused in the Crimea, 
 and among the Cossacks of the Black Sea and of the Don. 
 The improved breeds of sheep are found especially in the 
 Baltic governments of Livonia, Esthonia, and Courland, 
 but are rapidly spreading into other quarters. Goats are 
 numerous in the S., where they are valued chiefly for their 
 skins, whicii are u.sed in making morocco leather. In I'o- 
 dolsk and Yekaterinoslav some Angora goats are kept for 
 their fleeces, which are remarkably tine, and manufactured 
 into shawls. In the N. regions, bordeiiug on the Arctic 
 Ocean, large herds of reindeer are kept ; and in the S., at 
 the opposite extremity, among the Tartars of the Crimea 
 and the inhabitants of the Caucasus, the camel is numerous. 
 The bison is found near the sources of the Narew. Among 
 wild animals may be mentioned the bear, the wolf, the wild 
 hog. and various animals which are hunted for their furs. 
 The bristles of the wild boar form an important article of 
 export. Wild fowl abound, particularly near the mouths 
 of rivers ; among other may be mentioned the pelican, 
 w hich frequents the shores of the Black Sea. Both on the 
 coasts and in the rivers a great number of productive 
 fislieries are carried on. In the Arctic Ocean whales are oc- 
 casionally seen, and vast numbers of seals are taken. The 
 rivers of the Caspian, particularly the Ural and Volga, and 
 the Sea of Azof, are celebrated for their sturgeons. In the 
 same quarters are also imporUint salmon-fisheries. 
 
 Manufachires. — In a country where so much land remains 
 to be taken into cultivation, and the population is very 
 much scattered, manufactures cannot be expected to be car- 
 ried on upon an extensive scale, except in a few leading 
 towns Considering the unfa voi-able circumstances, the pro- 
 gress of Russia in manufactures is much greater than could 
 have been anticipated, and certainly much greater than it 
 could have been, had not a succession of monarchs, com- 
 mencing with Peter the Great, done the utmost to promote 
 it, both by the establishment of large model manufactories 
 and various other modes of encouragement. The branches 
 in which most progress has been made are leather, both 
 ordinary and morocco, the latter particularly at Astrakhan, 
 Torzhok in the government of Tver, Jvazan, and Taurida. in 
 all of which the article produced is unsurpassed in any other 
 country in Europe; cotton-twist and cotton goods at St. 
 Petersburg. JIoscow, and in the governments of Vladimeer, 
 Kostroma, and Astrakhan ; woollen and linen goods in 
 many piii ts of Poland, governments of Kiev, Yekaterinoslav, 
 JIoscow. Kalooga, and most of the provincial towns ; silks, 
 particularly at St. Petersburg and JIoscow; sailcloth, at 
 these two capitals, and also in the governments of Arch- 
 angel, Riazan, and Novgorod: fine Cashmere shawls, in the 
 governments of I'enza and Yekaterinoslav ; fine carpets, at 
 Kamenskoi. Smolensk, and Koorsk : cordage, at Archangel, 
 and in the government of Orel; metals, more especially iron 
 and copper, in the government of Perm, and many other 
 localities ; fire-arms, swords, and other cutlery, in the go- 
 vernment of Toola ; plate-glass and crystal, at St. Peters- 
 burg, Toola, and Tver; tapestry, at Issa and St. Petersburg; 
 paper, at Moscow, St. Petersburg, Y'aroslav, Kalooga, and in 
 Livonia: carriages, jewelry, and porcelain, also at St. Peters- 
 burg and Moscow; hosiery, at Sarepta. and various other 
 places; and oil, wax, candles, soap, glue, tobacco, window- 
 glass, glass bottles, &c., in almost every important town. 
 The rapid increase of the cotton manufactures is shown by 
 the quantity of raw cotton consumed, which, in 1831, 
 
 amounted to 4.000.000 i>ounds; In 1842, to 1S.477,144 
 pounds; and, in 1852, had risen to 73,398.440 pounds. In 
 1842. Russia imported 21,760,380 pounds of cotton twist from 
 Britain ; but, in 1850, the quantity had fallen off to 4,370,57fl 
 pounds. 
 
 Internal Oymmiinication, Cnmmerce, <tc. — Considering the 
 vast extent of country, the foreign commerce of Rus,siiv is not 
 extensive; the seaports are very few, being almost confined 
 to Archangel, in the Arctic Ocean ; St. Petersburg and Rig.i, 
 in the Baltic ; Odessa, and a few others of less importance, 
 in the Black Sea ; Taganrog, in the Se.i of Azof; and As- 
 trakhan, Bakoo, and Kizliar, in the Caspian. The great dis- 
 tances at which the seas containing these ports are situated 
 from each other, and from the interior of the country, must 
 have confined the foreign trade within very narrow limits, 
 had not a remarkable number of internal feeders been pro- 
 vided, partly by nature and partly by art — by nature, in the 
 magnificent streams which wind across the country in all 
 directions, and owing to the general flatness of the svirfaee, 
 are eminently adapted for navigation — and by art. in the 
 great .system of canals by which the different basins to 
 which these rivers belong have been made to communicate 
 with each other, so as to give a continuous navigation from 
 the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and from the Baltic to the 
 Caspian ; together with a net-work of branch canals, by which 
 all the great towns of the interior have ready access to their 
 outports and to each other. The valuable communications 
 thus provided are about to receive a v.ast accession from the 
 railway system, for which the configuration of the country 
 affords unwonted facilities. One important trunk line, con- 
 necting St. Petersburg with Moscow, has already been com- 
 pleted; and theGerman lines connect eastward with Warsaw. 
 A railway C68 miles in length is al,so in course of construc- 
 tion from St, Petersburg to Warsaw, and a company has 
 been formed at Riga for building a branch road which is to 
 unite this .seaport with Diinaburg. and thus connect 
 Riga with the capitals of Russia and Poland. The track has 
 been surveyed, and is stated to be 138 miles in length. 
 Another line in contemplation is to unite Diinaburg by 
 Smolensk with Moscow, by which the ancient Russian capi- 
 tal will become connected witli Warsaw. In the S. of the 
 empire, it is contemplated to construct a road from Kharoff 
 to Odess;i. crossing the Dnieper at Kreinectchong; and it 
 has also been proposed to construct two additional lines of 
 railway in Poland — one from Warsaw to Bromberg, and the 
 other from Warsaw to Posen. The line from Warsaw to 
 Myolvitz. a little more than 200 miles in length, puts the 
 capital of Poland in communication by railw.ay with Vienna 
 and Berlin, and consequently with Paris. When the line 
 from Warsaw to St. Petersburg is opened for travel, which 
 it is expected will be, unless interrupted by the present 
 war, in at)0ut three years, the immense distance which 
 separates France from Russia, may be travelled over in 4 
 or 5 days. The first railway was completed in Ru.ssia in 
 1836, and extends from St. Petersburg to Tsarskozela and 
 Pavlovski, two imperial residences, distant from the capital 
 17 miles. 
 
 The outer foreign trade of Russia is canied on chiefly with 
 Great Britain, and partially, but to a far less extent, with 
 Sweden, Holland, Italy, Austria, Turkey, Greece, Denmaik, 
 and Prussia; the inland foreign trade is carried on princi- 
 pall)' with Persia and China, from the latter of which she 
 import.s, through the frontier mart of Kiachta, 4.700.000 
 pounds of tea annually ; .ilso silks, nankeens. porceHiin. &c. ; 
 arid exports in return, furs, leather, woollen and linen 
 fabrics, cattle and reindeer-horns. An inland trade, strictly 
 so called, and carried on principally by means of faiis, and 
 to a much greater extent than any other, has its most im- 
 portant entrepots at St. Petersburg, Moscow. Morshansk, 
 Kalooga, Toola, Koorsk. Nizhnee-Xovgorod, Kazan, Perm, 
 Orenboorg. .and Astrakhan. 
 
 The following tables furnish a means of estimating the 
 extent of the foreign trade of Russia, and of the movement 
 of shipping in her commercial ports. The great excess, 
 both in exports and shipping, in 1847. is accounted for by 
 the quantity of grain supplied to West Europe in conse- 
 quence of the potato-rot: — 
 
 Total Value of the Impmis and Eocpnrts nf the Jfvsifian Empire 
 from and to Foreign Countries, Poland, and Finland, from 
 1700 to 1851. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $3.n45.ooo 
 
 Exports, 
 
 $3,720,000 
 
 Years, 
 
 Imports, 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $67,575,000 
 
 1-fiO.. 
 
 1842.. 
 
 $66,965,000 
 
 17fi8.. 
 
 5,140,000 
 
 5,6,50,000 
 
 1843.. 
 
 6;i,965,0fl0 
 
 7O,'.'65.0OO 
 
 1775.. 
 
 4,985.000 
 
 6,4.30,000 
 
 1844.. 
 
 6'.',125.000 
 
 74,160,000 
 
 1796.. 
 
 9,400,000 
 
 10,300,000 
 
 1845.. 
 
 65,8,35,000 
 
 73,280,000 
 
 1807.. 
 
 10,:iOO,000 
 
 12.500.000 
 
 1846.. 
 
 68,870.000 
 
 81,315,000 
 
 1815.. 
 
 21,140.000 
 
 34,010,000 
 
 1847.. 
 
 70,600,000 
 
 117,670,000 
 
 lS-2-2.. 
 
 31,500,000 
 
 3.8,250,000 
 
 1848,. 
 
 71,865,000 
 
 69,9:10,000 
 
 18:n.. 
 
 4fi,7iX),000 
 
 51,450,000 
 
 1849.. 
 
 73.0--'5,000 
 
 65,:i0O,00O 
 
 1834.. 
 
 46,950,000 
 
 45,180,000 
 
 1S50.. 
 
 77.100,000 
 
 76,115,000 
 
 
 
 
 1831.. 
 
 77,975,000 
 
 73,340,000 
 
 The exports, it will be seen, have exceeded the imports, 
 with the exception of 1834, up to 1848, since which, the im- 
 ports have been considerably in excess. 
 
 16^ 
 
RUS 
 
 RUS 
 
 The foi/owing taWe shows the quantities of the principal 
 articles iMported and exported in 1842, 1847, and 1848 : — 
 
 Sheeps word.... 
 
 uffs.. 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 .lbs.. 
 
 Raw sugar cwt.. 
 
 Refi ued sugar cwt. . 
 
 Macbiuery aud tools 
 
 Wine and liquors 
 
 Silk, manufactured 
 
 Liuea, maaufactured 
 
 ..tons. 
 
 ExposTa, 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Flax tons.. 
 
 Tallow cwt .. 
 
 Wool lbs... 
 
 Linseed and hempseed..qrs. .. 
 
 "■ ber, de.11s, &c 
 
 G--Tiin qrs... 
 
 Flour 
 
 1,000,368 
 889,016 
 618,062 
 
 409,000 
 4,6^8,000 
 3,175,000 
 
 274,000 
 
 38,771 
 
 48,849 
 
 1,088,017 
 
 20,878,772 
 
 7'2,290 
 
 1,675,000 
 
 1,609,366 
 
 ol-.'.OOO 
 
 a.0-'-J,696 
 
 906,757 
 
 •-'59,855 
 
 217,888 
 
 1,492,000 
 
 5,I:i5,000 
 
 3,215.000 
 
 400,000 
 
 43,903 
 37,777 
 1,270,240 
 15,657,480 
 990,775 
 2,975.000 
 7,5,13,847 
 4,620,000 
 
 1848. 
 
 •2,094,264 
 
 879,215 
 
 4S9,209 
 
 112,810 
 
 1,164,000 
 
 5,712,000 
 
 2,643,000 
 
 349,000 
 
 38,743 
 
 60,007 
 
 1,271,599 
 
 8,593.056 
 
 865.514 
 
 1,975,000 
 
 2,843,397 
 
 293,000 
 
 The cotton used in Russian manufactures is chiefly grown 
 in the United States, and has hitlierto been principally re- 
 ceived through British ports. The following tabular state- 
 ment shows the rapid increase in the importations of cotton 
 for a period of 38 years : — 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 18-24-26 
 
 2,270,7-20 
 3.927,200 
 4,6.39.840 
 6.847,560 
 11,311,960 
 14,230,960 
 
 
 20 980.440 
 
 1827-'29 
 
 
 31 -205 960 
 
 1&30-32 
 
 
 
 18:<S-33 
 
 
 58,428,480 
 73,398,440 
 
 18,36-38 
 
 1852 
 
 1839-41 
 
 The value of furs annually imported, amounted to about 
 $8'20.000, not including those received from .\sia. 
 
 The annexed table exhibits the trade of Russia with Great 
 Britain for the years specified, during a period of 88 years : — 
 
 1760.. 
 1780.. 
 1802.. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $ 490,000 
 1,450,000 
 6,400,000 
 11,640,000 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $2,750,000 
 5,9-25,000 
 10,310,000 
 11,295,000 
 
 1.337.. 
 1840. . 
 1847.. 
 1848.. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $8,430,000 
 8,012,000 
 9,2-20,000 
 9,6-25,000 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $19,a32,000 
 26,755,000 
 36,815,000 
 31,6-20,000 
 
 The quantities of the principal articles exported to the 
 United Kingdom in 1852 and 1853, are shown in the sub- 
 joined table: — 
 Exports from Russia into the United Kingdom in 1852 and 18.53. 
 
 Wheat and tio ur . . qrs . . . 
 
 Oats 
 
 Other grain 
 
 Tallow cwt... 
 
 Linseed qrs... 
 
 Bristles lbs... . 
 
 Flax cwt .. 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Wool lbs... 
 
 Iron, unwTought..tons.. 
 
 Copper tons.. 
 
 Timber, hewn.... loads. 
 Timber, sawn ....loads. 
 
 378.a 
 2.477,7 
 
 1.287,S 
 8:f8,3 
 
 Aggregate Exports. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 731,571 
 
 305,738 
 
 •262,348 
 
 609,197 
 
 518,667 
 
 1,459,303 
 
 918,5-23 
 
 543,965 
 
 5,363,772 
 
 1,792 
 
 1,-278 
 
 28,289 
 
 189,779 
 
 1,070,901 
 
 379,059 
 
 263,655 
 
 847.-267 
 
 765.015 
 
 2,477,789 
 
 1,287,988 
 
 836,473 
 
 9,054,443 
 
 5,079 
 
 1,630 
 
 45,421 
 
 245,583 
 
 The principal import* from Great Britain, are raw cotton, 
 woollen and cotton fabrics, eotton-twist, woollen yarn, hard- 
 ware, and colonial produce. The aTer.tge quantity of cotton 
 received for the years ending 185'2, was 43.051,680 pounds. 
 The importations of woollen and cotton fabrics, and cotton- 
 twist from Great Britain, owing to the protective policy 
 adopted by Russia, has. of late yeans, greatly fallen off, the 
 latter having decreased from 21.760.380 pounds in 1842. to 
 13.901.142 in 1848. The total value of woollen goods im- 
 ported in 1844, was $3,095,000: in 1848, only $1-665.000. 
 The importations of cotton manufactures have diminished 
 at the rate of nearly $1,000,000 a year. The value of cotton 
 mauuCtctures imported in 1848. amounted to $3,0'25,000, of 
 which $2,075,000 was for Great Britain. 
 
 The commerce of Russia with France, at.dlSerent periods, 
 has been as follows : — 
 
 Years. Imports. Exports. Total. 
 
 1792 $ •268,400 $ 644,200 $ 912,600 
 
 18»4 2,000,000 2,600.000 4,600,000 
 
 1850 3,600,000 4,000,000 7,600.000 
 
 A bout half of the imports from France, consist of wines. 
 
 The imports from the United States have been as follows : 
 In 1842. $.386,000; in 1845, $63-2,000: in 1851. Sl.611.000: in 
 1S52. $1. -200.000; and in 1853, $2,456,000. The exports to 
 the United States in 1851, amounted in value to $1.392.000 ; 
 in 1852. to $1..581,O00: in 1853. to $1,278,000. The imports 
 in 1851. comprised, among other articles, cotton to the 
 value of $1,297,000; tobacco to the value of $130,000- rice 
 valued at $21,000 ; and in 185-2, 2,560,000 pounds of raw 
 1630 
 
 sugar, and 480.000 pounds of coffee. Among the exporte fa 
 1852, were 25.021 huudredsweight of hemp. 8^2(:iS of flax, 
 2.856.459 pounds of cordage. 9541 pieces of sail-duck, 283,633 
 pounds of bristles, and 5,185.225 pounds of sheet-iron. 
 
 In 1848, Russia imported from Xurkev in Asia, goods to 
 the value of $682,000. two-thirds of which consisted of cot 
 ton fabrics. The imports from Persia amounted in value to 
 $3,132,000, two-thirds of which was for cotton, silk, and 
 woollen litbrics: from the Kirgheez Steppes the imports 
 amounted to $1,145,000. about half of which was for cattle. 
 The imports from Tashkend amounted to $380.000 : from 
 Khokan. $33,500 ; from China, $4. 440,tX)0: from other Asia 
 tic countries, $332,000, making a total of $10,144,500. 
 
 The exports to these countries in 1848, were as follows: — 
 To Turkey, in Asia, $380,000; to Persia, $515.000 : to Kirgheez 
 Steppes, $1,190,000; Khiva, $30,000; Bokhara. $195,000; 
 Tashkend, $192,000; Khokan, $3680; China, $4,329,000. 
 Total exports to Asiatic countries, $6,834,680. 
 
 We have no means of ascertaining the amount of busi- 
 ness annually transacted at the Russian fairs, which are 
 attended by a multitude of persons from all parts of Asia, 
 and from most parts of South-eastern Europe. The total 
 value of goods collected at the great fair of Xizhnee Novgorod 
 in 1849, was estimated at $51,710,000. of which $.39,580,000 
 was the value of domestic, and $12,1.30.000 foreign niei^ 
 chandi.se. The total sales amounted to S-lo,063,000. It is 
 estimated that in 1851, goods to the value of $1,945,000 
 were exposed for s-ale at the fairs in the Crimea. 
 
 The total foreign commerce of the Crimea and ports in the 
 Sea of Azof for 1841 and 1851, is shown in the subjoined 
 table:— 
 
 1841. 1851. 
 
 Porta In the Crimea $617,600 $349,500 
 
 Ports in the Sea of Azof. 5,459,200 6,816,800 
 
 The coa.st trade is estimated at three times this amount. 
 
 In the following table is shown the relative proportion of 
 the foreign commei-ce of Russia in 1852, shared by each sea 
 Ixirdering on her European territories : — 
 
 Arrivals. Clearances. 
 
 Ports in the Baltic Sea 3627 3507 
 
 " White Sea 827 845 
 
 " Black Sea and Sea of Azof. 3929 3889 
 
 " Caspian Sea -272 266 
 
 8JJ55. 
 
 8507 
 
 The following t.ihle shows the various flags under which 
 the commerce of Russia, in 1852, was carried on : — 
 
 No. of vessels. 
 
 English Bag... 2020 
 
 Russian 11-25 
 
 Turkish 1072 
 
 Greek 660 
 
 Dutch 513 
 
 Swedish 470 
 
 Sardinian 453 
 
 No. of vessels. 
 
 Austrian Bag 383 
 
 Prussian 380 
 
 Danish 361 
 
 Mecklenburg 291 
 
 Hanoverian 258 
 
 Frankfort 18« 
 
 All others 483 
 
 Total Number and Tonnage of Vessels Entered and Cleared at 
 the Northern and Southern Ports of the Jitissian Empire in 
 1842-1848 :— 
 
 1842. 
 1843. 
 1844. 
 1845, 
 1846. 
 1847. 
 1848. 
 
 4,927 
 4,971 
 5,843 
 5,926 
 7,125 
 11.366 
 6,401 
 
 943,866 
 1,107,784 
 1,135.404 
 1,308,472 
 1,936,068 
 1,323,060 
 
 Tons. 
 
 866,054 
 918,490 
 1,090.004 
 1,145,822 
 1,345,7-28 
 1,998,668 
 1,177,994 
 
 Goivmment. and Laws — At the head of the nation is 
 the emperor or czar, with the title of SamoderzhetzorAuto- 
 crat, indicating that he is absolutely supreme, indebted to 
 none for his power, and accountable to none in the exerci.se 
 of it. All such forms of despotism, however, are controlled, 
 to some extent, by custom and public opinion; though, in 
 every individual reign, the p.-rsonal character of the sove- 
 reign must, in a great measure, determine that of the admi- 
 nistration. Ilenee. under such a monarch as Paul I., the 
 most extravagant decrees, the dictates of a mind bordering 
 on insanity, had all the force of law, and exposed every 
 subject, who ventured to disregard them, to the penalties 
 of rebellion ; while, on the contrary, under the late Alex- 
 ander, the whole administration assumed almost a constitu- 
 tional form, and the emperor himself publicly disclaimed 
 despotism, by declaring that he was bound to rule according 
 to law, and that, in the event of his issuing any decree not 
 in accordance with it, the Senate wjis entitled to remonstrate. 
 In administering the government, the princip-al authority 
 is the Imperial Council, for the most part presided over by 
 the emperor in person, or a delegate of his sole appointment 
 It is divided into five departments — legislative, military, 
 civil, ecclesiastical, and financial, and one for Poland. Each 
 department consists of five members. All matters coming 
 under deliberation are decided by a majority o) votes, either 
 by the departments separately, or by the nhote acting as 
 one body. 
 
RUS 
 
 RUS 
 
 The bo*r next in importance to the Council is the ?enat«, 
 which is also presided over by the emperor in person. It is 
 the supreme judicial tribunal, and issues decrees wliich 
 have tile force of law, unless the emperor interpose to pre- 
 vent their execution. It is divided into eij;ht departments, 
 each of which is an appeal court of last resort for certain 
 provinces and {governments. The decision of each depart- 
 ment must be supported by a majority of two-thirds of the 
 members present; and, when this majority cannot be ol> 
 tained, a general meeting of all the departments is called to 
 decide. The procedure is not public, and the whole plead- 
 ings are in writing, each case being decided on a statement 
 drawn up by the secretary, and certified by the party as cor- 
 rect. The third great body in the administration of govern- 
 ment is the Synod, or supreme ecclesiastical court. The 
 executive power is intrusted to what is called the College or 
 Committee of Ministers, who are 11 in numl)er, and distri- 
 buted, as usual in other governments, into different offices, 
 for home and foreign affairs, war, finance, &c. The civil 
 afl'airs of each government are presided over by a civil go- 
 vernor; the military affairs of two or more governments 
 grouped together, by a military governor. To guide and 
 give uniformity to decisions in lejjal cases, a voluminous 
 code, called the Svod Zakonov, or Corpus Juris, has been 
 drawn up, and declared to contain the law of Russia, in so 
 far as not modified by the laws and privileges of particular 
 provinces. It contains an abstract of all the laws and ordi- 
 nances issued by the different emperors fiom 1649 down- 
 ward, and forms 16 large volumes. The laws and ordinances 
 in full, but reaching only to 1832, are contained in 56 
 volumes; of this immense collection, 8 volumes belong to 
 the first seven years of the reign of the Emperor Nicholas. 
 
 Army and Navy. — The army consists of 77G battalions of 
 infantry, 583 squadrons of cavalry, and 290 l>atteries of 
 artillery, of aix)ve 2000 guns, mustering in all a nominal 
 effective force of about 800,000 men; though there is reason 
 to l)elieve that, as this estimate is made on the assumption 
 that the complement is in every case complete, the actual 
 force falls considerably short of this, and does not exceed 
 700,000. The Gotha Almanac for 1865, stjites it at 699,000 
 men. It is raised almost entirely by conscription from 
 the classes of peasants and artisans, every male of proper 
 ige being held liable to service. The levies during peace 
 oeliim exceed the proportion of 1 to 500 males; but during 
 war this proportion has been doubled, and even trebled. 
 The exemptions from .service are very numerous, including 
 nobles, clergy, magistrates, students, and merchants belong- 
 ing to different guilds; but the privileges attached to service 
 are so numerous that, notwithstandiug the notorious severity 
 of discipline, many voluntarily seek is as an honorable, and, 
 at least prospectively, as a profit<'ible empl«yment. In the 
 case of serfs, in particular, as it confers freedom, it can only 
 be looked upon as a valuable boon. The army is divided 
 Into regular and irregular troops. In the more select regi- 
 ments, men and horses are classified in the most minute 
 manner as to resemblance. In one cavalry regiment the 
 horses are all black, in another all bay, &c. The men are 
 arranged according to the color of their hair and beard, or 
 of their eyes, and the general shape of their features; so 
 that in one regiment all have aquiline noses, and black ey»s 
 aud banrds, and in another all have cock-noses, blue eyes, 
 and red beards. The Circassians in the Russian service 
 belong to subdued tribes, inhabiting the plains at the foot 
 of the Caucasus Mountains. 
 
 The navy is much more formidable than might be ex- 
 pected, when th<} disadvantages under which Russia labors, 
 In regard to maritime affairs, are considered. The Arctic 
 Ocean is the only open sea to which she has uncontrolled 
 access. In the Baltic, her vessels must lie nearly half the 
 year frozen up in dock, and cannot reach the ocean without 
 passing the sound, which Sweden and Denmark united 
 could shut up, or a hostile fleet outside effectually blockade. 
 In like manner, the Straits of Constantinople and the Dar- 
 danelles, in possession of an enemy, completely bar the out- 
 let into the Mediterranean. The Caspian, the only other 
 sea, is merely an inland lake, lying below the level of the 
 j;eneral ocean, and hence necessarily excluded from all direct 
 communication with it. According to the latest returns, 
 the navy in the lialtic and Black Seas consists of 60 sliips 
 of the line, of from 70 to 120 guns each; 37 frigates, of from 
 40 to 60 guns; 70 corvettes, brigs, and brigantines; and 
 40 steam vessels ; the wiiole armed with 9000 guns, manned 
 by 42.000 seamen, and carrying 200,000 marines, inciuding 
 artillerymen. Besides these, tliere is a large numhwr of gun- 
 boats, galleys. &o. in the Caspian Sea, and in the Sea of Ok- 
 hotsk. Nothing can exceed the hardiness, and the cool, 
 almost stoical, courage of the sailors ; but the length of time 
 during which they are compelled to remain idle in their 
 frozen ports, the comparatively narrow limits and smooth- 
 ness of the waters within which all their training must be 
 conducted, and various other untoward circumstances, ne- 
 cessarily make them deficient in that dexterity of manage- 
 meut which contributes so much to success in naval war- 
 fere, and can only l« acquired by long experience on the 
 wide ocean. 
 
 I Uevenue, d-c. — The revenue of Russia In 1850, amonntod 
 • to $87,209,270 ; of which $57,883,092 was derived from the 
 j crown lands, and $21,880,080 from the excise duties and 
 j monopolies on manufacture of spirituous liquors. The 
 public debt in 1S5.3, amounted ^o $567.772,ti40. 
 
 loHtical IHvisions, Poputatiim, die. — Thq names, areas, and 
 population of the principal administrative divisions of Rus- 
 sia are exhibited in the following table : — 
 
 Governments of European Russia — their Area and POpuUt' 
 Hon, in 1851. 
 
 Gbrat Russia. 
 
 Moscow 
 
 Smolensk 
 
 Pskov 
 
 Tver 
 
 Novgorod 
 
 Olonets 
 
 Archangel and Nova Zcmbia, and the 
 
 Islands of Vaigats and Kalguev 
 
 Vologda 
 
 Yaroslar 
 
 Kostroma 
 
 Vladinieer 
 
 Nizhnee- Novgorod 
 
 , Tambov 
 
 Voronezh 
 
 Koorsk 
 
 Kalooga 
 
 Toola 
 
 Kiazan 
 
 Little Rdssia. 
 
 Kiev 
 
 Tchcrnigov 
 
 Poltava 
 
 Kharkov 
 
 South Russia. 
 
 Taurida 
 
 Cherson 
 
 Yekaterinoslav, with Taganrog, tonn 
 
 and district 
 
 . Tchcrnomorskl Cossacks 
 
 . Ressnrabia 
 
 . Don Cossacks 
 
 West Russia. 
 
 Podolsk 
 
 , Vol h^uia 
 
 Mohcelev 
 
 Vitebsk 
 
 , Vilna 
 
 , G rodno 
 
 , Kovno 
 
 Baltic PEonncKS. 
 
 Courland 
 
 , I.lvonia, with the Islands of Orel and 
 
 Moon 
 
 . Ksthouia 
 
 , St. Petersburg 
 
 Grand Duchy of Finland. 
 
 Njland 
 
 Abo-I»iornburg, with the island of 
 
 Aland 
 
 Ta vasteh u us 
 
 Viborg 
 
 , Kuopio 
 
 , St. Michael 
 
 , Vitsa, with islands of Valgrund, &c... 
 
 . Uleaborg 
 
 Kingdom of Kazan. 
 
 , Perm 
 
 . Viatka 
 
 Kazan 
 
 , Sinibeersk 
 
 , Penza 
 
 Kingdom of Astbakhan. 
 
 Saratov 
 
 . Astrakhan 
 
 Orenboorg, with the Ural Cossacks. . . 
 
 Samara 
 
 , Caucasus, since 1847, named the gov- 
 
 erumeut of Stavropol 
 
 Kingdom of Poland, 
 
 , Radom 
 
 Lublin 
 
 Warsaw 
 
 Plock ; 
 
 , Augustowo 
 
 City of Warsaw; 
 
 Area It 
 sq. miles. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Great Rnssia 
 
 Little Russia 
 
 South Russia 
 
 West Russia 
 
 Baltic Provinces.. 
 
 Finland 
 
 Kazan 
 
 Astrakhan 
 
 Poland 
 
 12,609 
 21,814 
 17.:(18 
 26,176 
 47,356 
 59,567 
 
 349,389 
 148.674 
 I4,l-,i0 
 ai,62D 
 18,445 
 18,765 
 25,725 
 25,878 
 17,510 
 18,,193 
 12.274 
 
 19,556 
 21,396 
 19,185 
 21,076 
 
 25,856 
 28,501 
 
 25,810 
 14.829 
 18,.'t.58 
 62,974 
 
 16,558 
 27,742 
 34,716 
 18,934 
 17,336 
 16,434 
 14,817 
 16,220 
 
 10,608 
 
 18,260 
 8,054 
 
 20,887 
 
 4,456 
 
 ]0,2S.S 
 7,654 
 16,464 
 17,393 
 9,188 
 16,551 
 64,855 
 
 129,946 
 53,493 
 24,136 
 
 28,137 
 14,768 
 
 75,425 
 61,197 
 144,924 
 
 41,874 
 
 7,289 
 
 893.913 
 81,213 
 176,3-29 
 162,757 
 57,809 
 746,849 
 250 .480 
 323,420 
 49,734 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,142,504 
 
 Populaiio 
 in 1851. 
 
 1,348,041 
 
 1,069,650 
 
 657, --'83 
 
 1,3.59,9.-0 
 
 934,6:<3 
 
 263,409 
 
 234,064 
 
 864.268 
 943,426 
 1,020,628 
 1,168.303 
 1,126,493 
 1,666,505 
 1,629,741 
 1,666,215 
 1,406,571 
 941.402 
 1,092.473 
 1,308,472 
 
 1.636.839 
 1,374.746 
 1,663,«!W 
 1,336,188 
 
 902,363 
 166.121 
 874,044 
 793,758 
 
 1,577.966 
 1,469.442 
 93."i,3l5 
 837..537 
 742,811 
 787,609 
 795 KOI 
 875,196 
 
 M9,270 
 
 821.4.57 
 2R9.80O 
 566,409 
 
 292.0;« 
 152.5-'6 
 273.011 
 196,155 
 148,039 
 257.824 
 157,010 
 
 1,741,746 
 l,81.s,752 
 1,347.352 
 
 1,024.286 
 1,058,444 
 
 1,444.496 
 
 386.763 
 1,712.718 
 1,320,108 
 
 535,447 
 
 939,344 
 1,02,«.816 
 1,544.780 
 548,406 
 626..5!M 
 164,115 
 
 30,700.497 
 6,046.467 
 4,231..329 
 8,021.510 
 2,216.936 
 1.636.915 
 6,990,580 
 5,399,.532 
 4,852,055 
 
 60,098,821 
 
 •„« By a ukase, December 18, 1850, parts of the governments ofOrrt*- 
 boorg, Saratov, and .liniheersk were formed into the government 01 
 Samara. Area, 53,010 square miles. 
 
 1631 
 
RUS 
 
 Fyriplt — Politieally considered, the people are divided into 
 the tour classes of cleriry. nobility, merchants and bui-L'hers, 
 and peasants. The cleriry are regular and secular. The re- 
 eular clergy belong to some monastic order, and are bound 
 to some particular rule of life. They take the lead in the 
 church, and monopolize all its higher preferments. The 
 secular are the proper parish clergy, and not only may marry, 
 but must be married before they can hold a parochial cure. 
 The nobility are so either by birth, or by personal service in 
 a civil or military capacity. To furnish accurate means of 
 determining what persons are entitled to rank in the latter 
 division, all the officers of army, navy, and state have been 
 divided into 14 grades. Every one of these grades, even the 
 lowest, which is that of ensign in the army, or a college re- 
 gistrar in the civil service, is a noble; but, so long as he 
 rises no higher than the seventh grade, he is a noble only 
 for life, and cannot transmit his nobility to descendants; 
 but the moment he attains the eighth grade, that of major 
 in the army, or navy captain, or college assessor, his nobility 
 ciecomes hereditary. In this way the class of nobility is 
 continually receiving large accessions, and absorbing a great 
 share of all the talent in the country. 
 
 The third class consists of merchants and burghers. The 
 merchants are arranged in three guilds, according to the 
 annual tax which the individuals l>elonging to each pay to the 
 state, as a trading license. Merchants of the first guild pay 
 $500, and are under no limitation, either as to the kind of 
 nianufiicturing and commercial enterprises in which they en- 
 gage, or to the amount of capital which they may employ in 
 them : those of the second guild p.ay $200, but are subject to a 
 number of limitations : among others, they cannot enter into 
 any contract for more than $10,000, nor keep either a banking 
 or an insurance office ; those of tie third guild pay only $50, 
 and may carry on any retail trade, or any manufacture, pro- 
 vided that, in the latter case, they do not employ above 32 
 workmen. The burghers pay from .*5 to $15, according to the 
 cla.ss of town they inhabit, and the number of workmen, not 
 exceeding 16, whom they may employ. Burghers paying no 
 license may, within specified limitations, engage in ordinary 
 manufactures or retail trades. All burghers pay capitation- 
 tax, are liable to military conscription, and may suffer cor- 
 poral punishment. To these maj' be added a fourth class, 
 consisting of peasants or serfs, the lowest of all, and by far 
 the most numerous. Of these it is estimated that 16,000,000 
 wore crown-peasants and 22,000,000 serfs belonging to pri- 
 vate estates. The project of abolishing serfdom appears to 
 have been contemplated by previous emperors; it was 
 finally accomplished by Alexander II. An imperial mani- 
 festo dated March 3 (N'ew Style), or February 19 (Old Style), 
 1861, declared that at the expiration of 2 years all serfs 
 should be free. On March 3, 1863, the intermediate period 
 navir" terminated, serfdom definitively expired throughout 
 the Russian Empire, The event was celebrated with the 
 greatest solemnity. 
 
 Another classification of the people may be called the eth- 
 nographical, or that which arranges them according to their 
 original stocks or races. These, taken in their most general 
 acceptation, are only two, the Caucasian and the Mongolian ; 
 but under each a considerable number of varieties are traced. 
 The Caucasian stock includes SlavonLans. Germans, Finns, 
 Tartars, Greeks, and Jews. The Mongolian stock is repre- 
 sented almost exclusively by the Calmucks, who occupy 
 some of the S.E. steppes, but have lost many of their dis- 
 tinctive features by intermarrying with Caucasian varieties. 
 Of the Caucasian sbick. the Slavonians, under the names of 
 liussians, Poles, Lithuanians and Lettes, Wallachians and 
 Servians, form about nine-tenths. Of these, again, the Rus- 
 sians proper form the great body of the population, and are 
 e«;imated at about 4(:i.000,000, They occupy, without inter- 
 mixture, thecentral provinces between the Dnif per and Volga, 
 form a vast majority in the N_ between the Ural Mountains 
 and the White Sea, and in the S., between the Don and the 
 Dniester, and are found, more or less intermingled with 
 other varieties, in all other parts of the country. The Poles 
 are met with in the greatest number in their own unfortu- 
 nate country. In that part of it which, in the dismember- 
 ment, fell to the share of Russia, they amount to about 
 7,000,000. The Lithuanians are found chietiy in North Po- 
 land, and in the government* of Vilna audMinsk. They 
 are estimated at about 1.500.000. Still farther N. are the 
 Lettes. or. as they are often called. Koors. from livins chiefly 
 In C.nirland. They are also the chief occupants of Livonia, 
 are wholly devoted to agricultural pursuits, and may amount 
 to &<Xt.O0O. The Wallachians. and among them a few Ser- 
 vians, are found only in Bessarabia, between the Dniester 
 and Pruth. Their language is a curious mixture of Latin, 
 trwk. Italian, and Turkish. They, too, do not exceed 
 5f.'0.000. 
 
 The Tschudes. or Finns, forming a second family of the 
 C»uca.sian stock, from the flatness of their features bear a 
 considerable re.semblance to the Mongolian, but have he%-a 
 recognised »« Caucasian chiefly from their liirht hair and 
 blue eyes They are settled on both sides of the Gulf of 
 Finland, but on the N. of the Gulf form the two marked 
 divisions of tmns Proper and Laplanders, the termer Uvine 
 1632 " 
 
 RUS 
 
 3. and the latter N. of lat. 05°. To the S. of the gulf, the 
 Finns occupy the far greater part of Esthonia. and a small 
 part of Livonia. Widely separated from the West Finns, 
 though the mode of separation is not known, a great number 
 of Tchudik or Finnish tribes are found occupying the W. 
 slopes of the Ural Mountains and the banks of the Middle 
 Volga, under the names of Syrianes. Permians, Voguls, 
 Votiaks, Tchuvasses, Tcheremisses, Mordwius. and Teptiares, 
 The most numerous are the Tchuvasses and Tcheremisses, 
 who live together on both sides of the Volga, in the neigh- 
 borhood of Kazan, and are estim.ated at 500.000. All the 
 others do not exceed the same number. 
 
 The third great branch of Caucasians inhabiting Russia 
 are the Tartars, who here form four distinct tril>es: — the 
 Tartars of Kazan, in some respects the most civilized nation 
 in Russia, though the great majority of them still cling to 
 Mohammedanism, the whole numbering alwut 230.000; the 
 Bashkeers, i Bashkirs.) inhabiting both sides of theUral Moun- 
 tains from iat. 56° to 54° N., still given to wandering life, and 
 amounting to about 130,000; the Nogais, occupying a large 
 part of the Crimea and the steppe to the N. of it, and dis- 
 persed over the country E. of the Sea of Azof and the N. 
 base of the Caucasus, amount in all to about 600.0iX>: the 
 Metcheriaks, forming a few small tribes, not exceeding 20.000 
 persons, live amongthe Bfi.shkeers. TheGemian or Teutonic 
 race inhabiting Russi.a consist chiefly of Germans and Swedes, 
 intermixed with a few Danes. The Germans are dispersed 
 over the Baltic provinces S. of the Gulf of Finl.and, among 
 the Letts and Esthonians, where they constitute the greater 
 part of the nobility. They are also numerous both in Peters- 
 burg .and Moscow: and a considerable number of German 
 colonists are settled in the government of Saratov, and other 
 parts of the Middle Volga. The Swedes are numerous both 
 along the E. shores of the Gulf of Bothnia and the X. shores 
 of the Gulf of Finland. Their number in these localities, 
 and more partially in Esthonia, is supposed to exceed 
 100,000. The Greeks, dispersed over all the S. provinces 
 as merchants, and in the Crimea, where they are the .sole 
 occupants of several villages, are estimated at about 500.000. 
 The Jews are seldom found in the central and N. provinces, 
 but are very numerous in ancient Pol.and. particularly in 
 the governments of Vilna, Grodno, A"olhynia, and Podolsk, 
 where they form the far greater part of the urban popula- 
 tion. Their number is suppiised to exceed 1,000,000. 
 
 Language. — From the number of tribes and races just 
 mentioned, it is evident that many different languages, and 
 a vast variety of dialects, must be spoken. The Russian, 
 however, as the proper language of the country, is the ver- 
 nacular of at least four-fifths of the inhabit.ints. It is based 
 on the ancient Slavonic. \<\\X has been much modified by the 
 introduction of Greek, Tartar, and Mongolian terms. It h.as 
 an alphabet of thirty-seven letters, a written and printed 
 character of a peculiar form, and a' pronunciation which it is 
 hardly possible for any but natives to master. Its flexions 
 are both numerous and irregular, m.aking the att.-jinment of 
 it by a foreigner extremely difficult ; but it is soft, rich, and 
 sonorous, and, though long greatly neglected, and hitherto 
 much richer in translations than in original works, it has 
 shown itself fit to be the vehicle of almost every kind of 
 literature, and, from the .ittention now paid to it, will pro- 
 bably ere long free itself from one very marked stigma by 
 becoming the court Language, which honor has been long 
 usurped by the French. 
 
 Kdigion. — A considerable proportion of the less civilized 
 tribes continue more or less addicted to their heathen super- 
 stitions; the Jews in all parts of the country, except the 
 centre, from which they are specially excluded, have their 
 synagogues, and freely perform their religious rites ; Luther- 
 anism is professed by the great body of Germans and Swedes; 
 and the Roman Catholics form a preponderating m.ajority in 
 Poland, These, however, are the only important deductions 
 to be made from thejilmost universal ascendency of the Greek 
 church, which possesses numerous important privileges as 
 the religion of the state, and is strong in the affections of 
 the great body of the people, who give a very implicit assent 
 to all its dogmas. In the general toleration of all other sects 
 it contrasts favorably with Popery, though it lays itself open 
 to the charge of intolerance tewards its own members by 
 refusing to allow them, under any circumstances, to quit its 
 communion. The Greek church strongly resembles the 
 Roman in doctrine, but differs essentially from it in govern- 
 ment and discipline: by rejecting the claims of the Po]ie, 
 acknowledging the emperor as its temporal head, and sub- 
 mitting to be governed by a supreme synod, composed partly 
 of lay members: in permitting, or rather requiring, the 
 marriage of the secular clergy; forbidding the use of images 
 or corporeal representations of any kind, except picture.s, 
 which it uses lavishly; .and, more important than all. in 
 permitting the free circulation of the Scriptures in the vulgar 
 tongue. In form it is an episcopacy, composed of forty dio- 
 ceses, of which four are governed by metropolitans, sixteen 
 by archbishops, and twenty by bishops. 
 
 Education. — Though Russia still ranks among the more 
 imperfectly educated countries of Europe, the government 
 has long taken a distinguished lead in the cau.s« of educS' 
 
IIUS 
 
 Hon, and promulgated a complete national system, which, 
 though not yet carried Into full effect, has made great pro- 
 gress. The basis of this system was laid by Peter the Great, 
 »nd promoted by Catherine II., but is indebted for its fuller 
 developmtuts to Alexander and Nicholas. Since 184S. how- 
 ever, the Russian jlmth have been considerably restricted 
 in their range of studies by the measures taken by the 
 gcvernuient to prevent it<s subjects coming in contact with 
 the opinions that have extended over other countries of 
 Europe. In many in.'^titutions theology has taken the place 
 of philosophy ; and the official report of l*.o1 assumes as 
 its basis the emperors own idea, that •' reliiiious teaching 
 constitutes^ the only solid foundation of all useful instruc- 
 tion." 
 
 The whole country is divided into 8 university districts, 
 vix. : St. I'etersburg. Mo.scow, Kharkov, Kiev. Kazan. Dnrp.at, 
 Odessa. Vilna. and \yarsaw. in each of which is a university, 
 except in Vilna an'd Warsaw, where they were sujipressed 
 in 1832. Each district extends over several governments, 
 all the public schools of which are under the superintendence 
 of the university. There are, tiesides the 6 universities. 1 
 head normal school at St. Petersburg, 3 lyceums. 77 gym- 
 nasia, 433 district school.e, 1068 town, and 592 pension or 
 boarding schools, besides 15fO schools of the above grades 
 In Poland, the whole attended by about 20<).000 pupils. 
 
 Military Schools receive the special attentioi* of the 
 Emperor. They comprise three classes: — 1. Schools of 
 Cadets, or Military Colleges, with alKiut 9000 students; 2. 
 Naval Schools, attended by 40(K) students; and. 3. Schools 
 for the children of soldiers in the service, or of those who die 
 in war, with about 170,000 pupils. Numerous important im- 
 provements have recently been introduced into the military 
 instruction of the empire both in scientific and practical 
 study and in morals. The guiding principle in their ad- 
 ministration is respect for the throne and the altar. 
 
 Ecclesiastical schools are of two grades. The higher semi- 
 naries are strictly theological schools. They comprise 21 
 belonging to the Greek Church. 13 to the Catholic, 14 to the 
 Armenian. 8 to the Lutheran. 11 to the Mohammedan, and 
 2 to the .Tews — the whole attended by over 4000 students. 
 There are al.so 682 schools for the sons ofithe clergy, attended 
 by aliove 70.000 pupils. 
 
 In the scliools under the Minister of Finance about 8000 
 pupils are instructed in the art of mining, commerce. Ac. ; 
 besides which, about 2500 are taught mining in private 
 schools. 
 
 Under the Minister of the Interior are schools of wedicine, 
 surgery, and pharmacy, independent of the Universities; 
 also, schools for agriculture, for subalterns in the civil ser- 
 vice, for orphans, Ac, with above 15.000 pupils. The other 
 schools under ministers of the government are — 3 law schools, 
 with 600 students, independent of the University; several 
 agricultural colleges, and 26!t6 village sthools. giving instruc- 
 tion to 18,900 pupils; schools of civil engineering, attended 
 by 665 students ; of modern languages, with 800 students; 
 academies of Fine Arts, music. Ac. with over 1000 students; 
 and schools under the reigning empress, which include, 
 besides schools for young ladies, schools for the deaf dumb, 
 and blind, foundling hospitals, and several houses of in- 
 dustry, the whole containing al)Ove 90.000 pupils. There are 
 also schools aided by the government in the German colonies, 
 in Tartary. &c.. attended by over 50.000 pupils. The total 
 number of pupils instructed in the above classes of schools 
 Is about 600,000, besides whom it is estimated that about 
 as many more receive a home education, making an aggre- 
 gate of 1.200.000 under instruction. To give unity and vigor 
 to the school system, a special ministry of public Instruc- 
 tion has been appointed, and now forms one of the great 
 departments of the state. 
 
 History. — The earliest annals of Rus.sia only furnish occa- 
 sional glimpses of Scythian and other barbarous hordes 
 roaming over its surface, and do not begin to bear marks of 
 authenticity till the middle of the ninth century. About 
 that time a Baltic freebooter, named Hurik, probably a Dane, 
 having been called in to aid the people of Novgorod, pursued 
 the course then common with his cla.ss, and made himself 
 master of a great part of the country. He w.as slain a.I). 
 883. by Oleg. who treacherously seized Kiev, and made it the 
 seat of government. About 904. he fitted out a tieet of 2000 
 canoes, embarked 80.000 men, and sailed from the mouth 
 of the Dnieper to attack Constantinople, but was prevented 
 by a tempt-st. A second expedition in 941, under Igor, the 
 Kon of Kurik. was defeated. In 980, a new era commenced 
 by the accession of Yladimeer, known in histoi-y by the name 
 of St. Vladimeer the Great. He married Anna, sister of the 
 Greek Emperor, Basil II., and in 988 embraced Christianity. 
 His example was quickly followed by almost all his sub- 
 jects. He is the first Russian sovereign who assumed the 
 title of Veliki-Kniay. or Grand Puke. At his death, in 1015, 
 lie left numerous sons, who quarrelled in dividing his do- 
 minions, and commenced a series of internal feuds, which 
 continued, with little interruption, to distract the country 
 for abi>ut two centuries. The first appearance of unanimity 
 was produced by a great common danger. The Tartars, 
 who, under Jenghis-Khan, had overrun many countries j 
 6C 
 
 KUS 
 
 and overthrown many dynasties of Asia, appeared under 
 his son Tooshi, (Toushi.) on the S.E. frontiers of Russia, to 
 the number of .500,000, and shortly after, on the river Kalk 
 near the Sea of Azof, gained a signal victory over the com- 
 bined Kus.sian princes. The sudden death of Tooshi pre- 
 vented the Tartars from'completing their conquest till 1236, 
 when they returned headed by Hatoo. (Baton.) Tooshi's son. 
 wasted the country with fire and sword, and l>rought it en- 
 tirely under their yoke. For two centuries and a half tlie 
 Tartars of Kapchak. whose khans now fixed their Golden 
 Horde or imperial residence on the banks of the Vnlga. held 
 Russia in bondage, and tliough allowing the native princes 
 to rule as their vassal.s. suljected them to the most humMi 
 ating treatment. On the annu.al visit of the khans' npi > 
 sentatives to receive tribute, the Uussi.an rulers were ref|uireU 
 to lead their horses by the bridle, and feed them with con 
 out of their cup of state. During this disastrous period the 
 only part of the country which remained free was Novgorod, 
 which, having at an earlier period become an indepeiident 
 republic, had acquired great commercial importance, joined 
 the Hanse league, and increased in population to nearly 
 500.000. In 1361. when the direct line of ]!atou became 
 extinct, and the Tartar throne was claimed by rival com- 
 petitors, the Russians were encouraged to resist, and in 1380 
 Temnik-Mami. one of the competitors, was encountered and 
 signally defeated by Demetrius IV. The T.arttr power, 
 however, .still remained unshaken, and Demetrius, notwith- 
 standing his victory, was obliged to sue for peace. At length 
 the Tartars of Kapchak met the celebr.Hted Timor, who. in 
 two invasions of the Russian territory, one iu 1389 and 
 another in 1395, inflicted on them blows fi-om which tliey 
 never recovered. The Russians were now able to war with 
 the Tartars on more equal terms. By the victories of Ivan or 
 John III., who began to rule in 1462. their vassalage was 
 thrown off, and in 1480 the Golden Horde itself ceased to 
 exist. 
 
 The reign of Ivan commences a new epoch in Rus.sian 
 history. He not only subdued the Tartars, but defeated the 
 Poles and Lithuanians, reunited the minor principalities, 
 and cafitured Novgorod. His name and deeds became well 
 known in the West, and aml>assadors from European powers 
 were seen for the first time in his capital of Moscow. In 
 internal administration he proved himself a releiitless des- 
 pot, liut the vastness and splendor of his achievements 
 entitle him to be regarded as the founder of the Russian 
 Empire. He died in 1533. his son and successor. Ivan IV., 
 who was then only four years old. assumed the reins in 
 1643. and substituted the title of Cz.ar for that of Veliki 
 Kniaz. He is known in history by the surname of the Terrible, 
 and yet l)y his energetic measure.s. both at liome and aliroad, 
 he rai.sed the country to an unexampled height of pros- 
 perity. He died in 1584, having added Siberia to the empire. 
 On the death of his son Feodor, in 1598. the male line of 
 the freebooter, Rurik. who.se dynasty had furni.shed 56 
 sovereigns, and endured above seven centuries, became 
 exinct. For many years the country was ruled by the tyrant 
 Boris, and afterwards became the prey of anarchy, till 1613, 
 when the national spirit took fire, and Michael Romanof, 
 (liomanow.) a descendent in the female line from the house 
 of Rurik. was. after a .severe struggle, placed on the throne. 
 From him the present ruling dynasty is directly descended. 
 At his death in 1645, he was succeeded by his .son, Alexis. 
 This sovereign was twice married, and left sons by both 
 wives — Feodor and Iv.an by the first, and Peter by the second. 
 Feodor reigned from 1676 to 1682, and dying without issue, 
 was succeeded by Ivan and i'eter, as joint sovereigns, under 
 the guardianship of Sophia. Iv.an's full, and of course IVter's 
 half-sister. Ivan was weak both in mind and body, and 
 Sophia endeavored, by excluding Peter from all rule, to 
 monopolize the whole powers of government. The attempt 
 proved a failure; Sophia was confined in a monastery, Ivan 
 abdicated, and Peter, in 1689, became sole czar. Neither 
 his private nor his public life is free from blemi.sihes: 1 iit 
 when the state in which he found Russia is contrasted with 
 that in which he left it, it mu.st be admitted that no sove- 
 reign ever acquired by a juster title the surnames of Great 
 and Father of his country. 
 
 Peter, by his last command, conferred the succession on 
 his widow, originally a Livonian peasant, who a.scended the 
 throne in 1725, under tlie name of Catherine I., and after 
 reigning scarcely two years, was succeeded by Peter II., 
 grandson of Peter the Great, who, after three years, was 
 succeeded by Anne. half-sLster to Peter the Great. Anne 
 died in 1740. after having bequeathed the succession to her 
 grand-nephew, Ivan, a mere infant: but in consequence of a 
 revolt the bequest was disregarded, and Elizabeth, Peter 
 the Great's daughter, was called to the throne. During her 
 reign Russia for the first time took a direct share in Euro- 
 pean politics, and sent an army westwaid beyond her own 
 frontiers. She died in 1762, and was succeeded by her 
 nephew, Peter III., whose reign and life were terminated six 
 months after by a conspiracy, to which his wife is Iielieved 
 to have lieen privy. She, by the acclamation of the army 
 and people, mounted the throne, under thf title of Catiieritie 
 II., and pursued a course of policy remarkable alike for its 
 
 1633 
 
BUS 
 
 nnscrunlnusheKsand its » ic^-ess. The most important eTent« 
 of her reign »re the wars with the Turks, in which the 
 Russian arms were most triumphant, and the dismember- 
 ment of Poland. Catlierine was succeeded in 1796 bj' her 
 Bon, Paul, whose fickle policy and extravagant fi-eaks had 
 raised strong doubts as to his sanity, when a baud of con- 
 spirators deprived him of his life in ISOl. lie was .succeeded 
 by his sou, Alexander. His personal virtues, the wisdom 
 of his internal administration, and the glorious defeat of a 
 most formidable and unprincipled aggression on the national 
 Independence, make his reigu one of the most illustrious in 
 the annals of the empire, and keep his memory in grateful 
 remembrance. He died in 1825, without issue, and, in con- 
 sequence of an arrangement by which his second brother 
 Oonstantine renounced the succession, was succeeded by 
 his tliird brother, Nicholas, under whom Russia acquired a 
 more companding influence in European politics than she 
 ever possessed before, and under whom the hereditary 
 policy of aggrandizement was sedulously continued. 
 
 The following table will show the ai-ea of the empire at 
 different periods : 
 
 Years. 
 
 Area in iq. m. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Area in sq. m. 
 
 
 394.000 
 
 792.000 
 2,676.000 
 5.630.000 
 
 1725 
 
 
 
 1763 
 
 6,816,000 
 
 
 1825 
 
 1689 
 
 1855 
 
 7.821.546 
 
 In 1853 France and England formed an alliance with 
 Turkey for the purpose, as tliey alleged, of resisting the ag- 
 gressions of Russia. Active hostilities commenced early in 
 1854. March 2d, 1855, the emperor Nicholas died, after a short 
 and severe illness. His eldest son, Alexander II., succeeded 
 to the throne. After a most obstinate defense, Sevastopol 
 was taken by assault September 1855, which was virtually 
 the termination of the war. The fiii;il abolition of serfdom 
 
 took place in March, 1863 (see p. 1632, first column). 
 
 Adj. Russian, roo'shun or rusli'Qn; (Russ. Kuskot, roos'koi, 
 feminine, Rhskata, roos-kii; Fr. Russe, rUss; Ger. Rus- 
 6ISCH, roos'sisch ; inhab. Russian and Russ, (poetical,) (Russ. 
 RossiYAXiN, ros-see'yi^neen, roos-see'd^neeu ; Fr. Ki;ss£; 
 Ger. RusSE, roos'sch.^ 
 
 BUSSIA, Black, a former division of Lithuania, now forms 
 a considerable part of the Russian government of Minsk. 
 
 RUSSIA, Great,* is the N. and niiddle portion of the Rus- 
 sian Empire, extending from the Frozen Ocean, to about the 
 middle of the course of the Don. 
 
 RUSSI.\, Little,* the name of that part of Russia lying 
 S. of Great Russia. 
 
 RUSSIA, New. a region in the S. of the Russian Empire, 
 comprising the territories of the Ctossacks. 
 
 RUSSIA, Red, formerly an independent duchy belonging 
 to Poland, now forms a part of Austrian aud Russian Poland 
 
 RUSSIA, White, was a portion of Lithuania, now forming 
 several Russian governments. 
 
 RUS'SIA, a postrvillage aud township of Herkimer co., 
 Ntw York, al>out 14 miles N.E. of Utica. Pop. 2389. 
 
 RUSSIA, a township, Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 3417. 
 
 RUSSIA-L\-ASIA, embraces Siberia, or the whole of the 
 North Asia, E. of the principal crest of the Ural ilouutains, 
 (see Siberia;) and the region of the Caucasus, comprising 
 all the countries situated between the Black aud the Caspian 
 Seas, forming a great general government, the capital of 
 which is Tiflis. It is subdivided into 12 provinces, and in- 
 cludes several regions which are only nominally subject to 
 Ruissia, besides many countries which do not recoguise the 
 authority of, and are constantly at war with, that power. 
 See Caspian, Caucasus, Daghesta.v, Georgia. 
 
 RUSSIAN AMERICA, roo'shan a-m^r'e-ka, according to 
 the treaties with the Unit«d St^ites' and Great Britain, in 
 1821-5, comprehends all the American coast of the Pacific 
 and the adjacent Lslands N. of the parallel of 54° 40' N. 
 lat; and the whole of the mainland \Y. of the meridian of 
 141° VV. Ion., which passes through Mount St. Elias. It is 
 bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean. K. by British America. S. 
 by the Pacific and W. by the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, and 
 Behring's Strait, whi.-h separate it from the Hussian posses- 
 sions in -Isia, the distance across from C;ipe Prince of Wales 
 to East Cape being only 36 miles. With the exception of the 
 narrow strip extending in a S.E. direction along the coast 
 nearly 400 miles, and the reranrkablepeninsulaof Alia.ska, it 
 forms a tolerably comp.ict mass, with an average length and 
 broidth of about GOO miles each. Its greatest length N. and 
 5. from the southern extremity of Aliaska to Point Barrow 
 Is alK ut 1100 miles; greatest breadth, measured on the 
 Arctic Circle, which passes through Cape Prince of Wales, is 
 about 800 miles : the longest line that can be drawn across 
 the country is from Cape Prince of Wales to its southern 
 extremity lat. 54° 40', a distance of about 1600 miles, 
 Estiraated area, 394,000 square miles. The partof the maia- 
 jaua &. of .Mount St. Elias consists of a narrow belt, which 
 Ig continued along a mouutaiu rid ge parallel to the coast. 
 
 Rn^l' !.?.'t„n** *"'' .'"if"'*""" »' ""="= "«^«''»1 divi.ions of 
 HnHftia, ftce taule, page 1631. 
 
 1634 
 
 RUS 
 
 and has nowhere a greater width than about 33 miles. Th« 
 interior of the country is very little known; but from 
 several expeditions, it appears that throughout its W. part 
 it is elevated and uneven, while the part extending along 
 the -irctic Ocean is invariably flat, with the exception of a 
 small portion lying between 141° and 152° W. Ion. The 
 coasts of the mainland and the islands have almost all been 
 carefully explored. The N. coast was first discovered in the 
 course of the present century. Captain Cook, in 17,78. during 
 his last voyage, reached Icy Cape. lat. 70° 20' N.. and 1(!1<^ 
 46' W. ; and it was supposed, from the large masses of ice 
 there met with, even in summer, that fartlier progrefs was 
 impossible. In 182(5. however. Captain Beechy proceeded E, 
 as far as North Cape, or Point Barrow, lat. 71* 23' 31" X.. 
 Ion. 156° 21' 32" W.; while at the SJime time the lamented 
 Sir John Franklin, then Captain Franklin, traced the coast 
 W. from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Return Reef. lat. 
 70° 20' N., Ion. 14»° 52' W. The interveniiig space between 
 Point Barrow aud Return Reef was first explored in 1837. by 
 Dease and Simpson, officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 The whole of the N. coast of Russian America, from De- 
 marcation Point W. to Point Barrow, its northernmost ex- 
 tremity, stretches with tolerable regularity in a W.N.W. 
 direction, and is, with the exception of a small part in the 
 E., a dead flat, often nearly on a level with the sea, aud 
 never more than from 10 to 20 feet above it. From Point 
 Barrow the coast takes a uniform direction, from X.E. to 
 S.W., rising gradually towards Cape Lisburn, which is ShO 
 feet liigh. It here turns S,, forming, between the two large 
 inlets of Kotzebue Sound and Norton Sound, the remarkable 
 peninsula of Prince of Wales, which projects into Behring's 
 Strait, and terminates in an elevated promontory, forming 
 the most-western point of North America. From Norton 
 Sound it turns first S.W.. then S.S.E., becoming indented 
 by several large bays, including those of Bristol Bay and 
 Cook's Inlet, on the opposite side of the long and narrow 
 peninsula of Aliaska ; and is lined almost throughout by 
 several groups of large islands, of which the most important 
 belong to the .\leuti.an, Kodiak. and King George III, Archi- 
 pelagos. The greater part of the coast last described is very 
 bold, presenting a succession of lofty volcanic peaks, two of 
 which, on the W. coast of Cook"s Inlet, have the respective 
 heights of 11.270 feet and 12.066 feet. The climate of Rus- 
 sian .\merica is not so cold as either the E. parts of the same 
 continent, or the E. part of the continent of Asia, under 
 the same latitudes. It is. however, far too risorous to admit 
 of agricultural operations ; and the whole value of the ter- 
 ritory is derived from the products of its fisheries or of the 
 cha.ee. The latter have been placed under the rigid mo- 
 noptdy by the Russian government, which has confei'red the 
 sole privilege of trafficking in them on the Russian Ameri- 
 can Company. This has led to remonstrances on the part 
 both of the United, Stiites and Great Britain, which have 
 been so far successful that a leai^e has been granted to t"he 
 Hudson's Bay Company, giving them the exclusive posses- 
 sion of the mainland of Russian America, from 50° 40' N., 
 to Cape Spencer, in lat. 58° 13' N., and the exclusive privi- 
 lege of supplying the Russians with agricultural produce 
 and provisions. 
 
 The principal settlement is New .\.rchangel. a small town 
 with 1000 inhabitants, on the island of Sitka, the largest of 
 the group of George III., which is called Baranov by the 
 Ru.ssians, and was named George III. by Vancouver. It ia 
 the .seat of the governor of all the establishments of Russian 
 America, and has fortifications, magazine.*, and a governor's 
 rasidence. all built of wood. The ordinary squadron station- 
 ed on its coasts consists of 2 fi-igates and 2 corvettes. The 
 Russian American Company, incorporated 1799, for fishing 
 aud hunting fur-bearing animals, whose chief establishments 
 are here, have 60 ships of all sizes engaged in the collection 
 and conveyance of peltry. Besides these possessions, Russia 
 had formerly a small colony called Bodega, in California. N. 
 of San Francisco. It now belongs to the United States, Its port 
 is small, but was once iiufKjrtant for the Ru.ssian fur trade. 
 
 The population of Russi.in America is estimated at 61,000, 
 of whom perhaps 6000 are Russians. Creoles. Kodiaks, and 
 Aleoots. The remainder, above 50,000 in number, enjoy a 
 greater or less degree of independence, and consist almost 
 entirely of Ksquimaux. 
 
 RU'SSIAN PO'LAND, comprises, besides the kingdom of 
 Poland, as e.stablished in 1815, the governments of Viliia, 
 Courland. A'itebsk, Molieelev, Minsk, Grodno, Vnlhj nja, 
 Kiev, Podolia, and the province of Bialystok. formerly com- 
 posing Lithuania, Samogitia, and the Ukraine. See PolaM). 
 
 RUSSIAN RIVER, California, rises iu Mendocino co., 
 flows southward to Healdsburg. thence flows sonthwestward 
 and enters the Pacific in Sonoma county. Length aljout 125 
 miles. It is .sjiid that the valley of the Russian River pro- 
 duces more nmize than all the rest of the state. 
 
 RUSSIAN TARTARY, comprises the E. part of Europe, 
 and the W. of Asiatic Russia, and forms the governments 
 of Perm, Viatka. Kazan, Simbeersk, Penza, Saratov, Oren- 
 boorg. and Astrakhan. 
 
 RUSSIAVILLK, rtish'a-vil. a post-vill.ipe of Clinton CO., 
 Indiana, ou Honey Creels IS miles N.E of FrankJ'>rt. It 
 
RUS 
 
 RUV 
 
 BontaSnR 3 stores, 1 steam saw mill, and one flouring mill. 
 Pop. in 1863, 400 
 
 RUSSIE, a country of Europe. See Russia. 
 
 KUSSIKON, roos'se-kon, a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 5 miles S. of Zurich. Pop. 1933. 
 
 KUSSISCH. See Russia. 
 
 RUSSLAND, a country of Europe. See Russia. 
 
 RUSSWEIL, roos'*Il, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 9 miles W.N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 4156. 
 
 RUST, rSost, a market-village of Baden, circle of Upper 
 Rhine, near the right bank of the Rhine, 18 miles W.S.W. 
 of Offenburg. Pop. 1830. 
 
 RUST or RUSTH, roosht, a town of West Hungary, co., 
 and 10 miles N.N.E.of Oedenburg,on Lake Neusiedl. P. 1199. 
 
 RUSTCHUK or RUSCZUK. See Roostchook. 
 
 RUST'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 RUS'TOX, East, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 RUSTON, South, a parish of England, co. of .N'orfolk. 
 
 RUSn^ON PAR/VA, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Biding. 
 
 R US/WARP, a township of England, co. of York, North 
 Biding, \\ miles S.W. of Whitby, with a station on the 
 Whitby Branch of the York and North Midland Railway. 
 
 BUTE, roo'tA, (anc. Arialdunum?) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Cordova, in a fine valley, 7 miles S.S.E. of Lucena. 
 Pop. 7840. At a short distance are observe<l traces of an an- 
 cient town, supposed to have been of the Gothic period ; and 
 on the summit of the hill, which commands the town, is a 
 fortress with the inscription: "Clodobeas IV.. liing of the 
 Goths, caused this fort to be built, and spent on it 30,000 
 pieces of gold." Agriculture, manufactures of linens, coarse 
 cloths, and sack-cloths, are carried on, and there are 15 flour 
 mill.s. 27 oil mills, a fuller's mill, and 18 stills for brandy. 
 
 RUTENI. See Kodez. 
 
 RUTERSVILLE, a post^villageofFayette CO., Texas, about 
 6 miles N.E. of the Colorado River at I>a Grange. 
 
 RUTGER'S COLLEGE See New RnuxswicK. New Jersey. 
 
 RUTIIEN, (RUthen,) rU'ten, or RUDEN. rooMfn, a town 
 0fPrussia,AVestphalia.l8miiesE.N.E. of Arnsberg. P. 1950. 
 
 RUTIIEKFORD, ruTH'?r-ford. a county in the S.W. part 
 of North Carolina, bordering on .South Carolina. Area, esti- 
 mated at 550 square miles. It is drained by Broad Kiver. a 
 branch of the Congaree. The surface is hilly or monntain- 
 ous, especially near the W. border, which extends along the 
 Blue Ridge; apart of the soil is fertile. Formed in 1779, 
 and niimed in honor of General Griffith Rutherford, of North 
 Carolina. Capital, Rutherfordton. Pop. 11,573, of whom 
 9182 were fro(^, and 2391 slaves. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, a county in the central part of Tennessee, 
 has an area estimated at COO square miles. It is intersected 
 by Stone's River, an affluent of the Cumbei land. The sur- 
 face is agreeably diversified; the soil is highly productive, 
 well watered, and extensively cultivated. It is intersected 
 liy the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Oipital, 5Iur- 
 freesborough. Pop. 27,918, of whom 14,934 were free, and 
 12,984 slaves. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, a township of Martin co., Indiana. P. 943. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, a posfcoffice of Switzerland co., Indiana. 
 
 RUTH'ERFOKDTON, a post-village, capital of Rutherford 
 CO., North Carolina, 216 miles AV. of Raleigh. It contains a 
 court-house, an academy, and newspaper office. 
 
 RUTHERGLEN, rtig'len, a parliamentary and municipal 
 burgh and parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, on the Clyde, 3 
 miles S.E. of Glasgow, and on a railw.ay. Pop. of parlia- 
 mentary burgh in 1851, 6514. It is very ancient, and was 
 formerly of importance. Glasgow h.aving been included within 
 its municipal boundaries in the twelfth century ; at present 
 it consists chiefly of one well-paved street, but, except the 
 parish church and town-hall, it has no publi.' edifices. Its 
 former considerable trade on the river has been absorbed by 
 Glasgow, and the inhabitants are chiefly employed in weav- 
 ing muslins for GLasgow manufacturers, and in print and 
 dye-works. The burgh unites with Kilmarnock, Dumbar- 
 ton, Port Glasgow, and Renfrew, in sending 1 member to 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 RUTH'ER GLENN, a po.st-office of Caroline co., Virginw. 
 
 RUTIPERVILLE, a village of St. Lawrence co.. New York, 
 15 miles N. of Canton. 
 
 RUTHIN, RHUTHYN, or BHUDDIN, roo/THin, (Welsh 
 pron. h'riTH'in, the " red fortress,") a p.arliameutary and mu- 
 nicipal borough, market-town, and parish of North Wales, on 
 the Clwyd, co., and 7 miles S.E. of Denbigh. I'op. of pailia- 
 mentary borough, in 1851, 3373. It has an ancient church, 
 formerly collegiate, and an excellent grammar school, with 
 six exhibitions to the university, a hospital for decayed 
 house-keepers, a handsome county hall and jail, town-liall, 
 race-course, and beautiful remains of a castle, presented by 
 Edward I. to the &mily of its present owners. It unites with 
 Denbigh, Holt, and Wrexham in sending 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. It gives the title of baroness to Lady 
 Grey de Ruthin. 
 
 RUTHSBUIJO, ruths'burg. a vilLage of Queen Anne co., 
 Maryland. 42 miles E. of Annapolis. It has 1 iron foundry. 
 
 RUTHSVILLE, ruths'vil, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 RUTHTEN. a parish of Scotland, co. of Forrar. 
 
 RUTII'WELL. a maritime parish of Scotland, co. or Dum- 
 frii>3. with a village and station on the Gla.sgow and Carlisle 
 Railway, 9| miles E.S.E. of Dumfries. 
 
 RUTI (RUti) or RUTHY, (Riithy.) rU'tee. a vilLage and 
 parish of Switzerland, canton, and 12 miles S.E. of St. GalL 
 Pop. 1438. 
 
 RUTI or RUTHY, a village and parish of Switzerland 
 canton, and 17 miles S.E. of Zurich. I'op. 1112. 
 
 RUTIGLIANO, roo-teel-yJ/nn. a market-town of Nnpleti, 
 province of Bari. 7 miles W.N.W. of Conversano. It is on- 
 closed by walls and ditches, and has a collegiate church. 
 Pop. 6000. 
 
 •RUT'LAM, a town of India, in the Gwalior dominions. 4S 
 miles W.N.W. of Oojein. Lnt. 23° 19' N., Ion. 75° 5' E. 
 
 RUT'LAND or RUTLANDSHIRE, rtitland-shir, the small- 
 est county of England, bounded on thu S.E. by the river Wel- 
 land. Area, 150 square miles. Pop.in 1851,22.983. Thesurface 
 is undulating, and finely diversified with parks. The chief 
 towns are Oakham and Uppingham. It sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. It gives the title of duke to the 
 Manners family. 
 
 RUT/LAND, a county in the S.AV. central part of Vei^ 
 mont, h.as an area of alxiut 960 square miles. It is in part 
 bounded on the W. by Lake Cliamplain, and is drained 
 principally by Otter Creek and its branches, which supply 
 water-power for numerous mills. It contains several small 
 lakes and ponds, among which may bo mentioned Lake Aus- 
 tin and Bombazine Lake. The suiface is elevated, and in 
 the E. part mountainous. The soil is fertile, especially along 
 the valley of Otter Creek. In 1860 this county produced 
 623,199 pounds of wool, the greatest quantity produced by 
 any county in the United States, except Washington county, 
 Pennsylvania, This county abounds in iron ore and excel- 
 lent marble. The railroad connecting Bellow's Falls and 
 Burlington, traverses this county, which is also partly in- 
 tersected by those connecting Rutland with Troy, Saratoga, 
 and Bennington. Organized in 1781. Capital, Rutland. 
 Pop. 36,946. 
 
 RUTLAND, a handsome post-village, seat of justice of Rut- 
 land CO., Vermont, pleasantly situated on Otter Creek, and 
 on the line of three important railroads, viz. tlie Rutland 
 and Burlington, the Rutland and AVashington, and the 
 AVestem A'^ermont Railroad. 67 miles S.S.E. of Burlington, 
 and about 55 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It contains, be 
 sides the county buildings, 5 clmrches, 2 banks, a town-hall, 
 2 newspaper offices, an academy, a splendid railroad depot, 
 and the machine-shops and engine-houses of the Westert 
 A'ermont Railroad. It is also the centre of trade for a larg» 
 section of country. There are in the township 5 churches, 
 23 stores, and 16 manufactories and mills, one of wlxich, for 
 the sawing of marble, is very extensive, and propelled by 
 steam. Three new villages have sprung up in the township 
 since 1846. Pop. iu 1840, 2708 ; 1860, 7577. 
 
 BUTLAND, a post-township of AA'orcester co., Massiichu- 
 setts, 60 miles W. by N. of Bogton. Pop. 1076. 
 
 BUTLAND, a post-township of Jefferson co.. New York, 
 8 miles S.E. of AVatertown. Pop. 2097. 
 
 BUTLAND, a post-township of Tioga CO., Pennsylvania, 
 20 miles E.N.E. of Wellsborough. Pop. 1156. 
 
 BUTLAND, a post-office of Harrison co., Kentucky. 
 
 BUTL.\ND, a post-village and township of Meigs co., Ohio, 
 on Lcuiing Creek, about 95 miles S.E. of Columbus. P. 2172. 
 
 RUTLAND, a township in the N.AV. part of Barry co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 689. 
 
 RUTLAND, a township of Kane oo., Illinois. Pop. 1013. 
 
 RUTLAND, a post-township and village iu the S.E. part 
 of Dane oo., AVisconsin. Pop. 1181. 
 
 RUTLAND ISLAND. Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Doneg.al, is 
 immediately E. of North Arran. 
 
 RUTLAND ISLAND, East Indies, an island in the Bay 
 of Bengal, S. of Great .\ndaman Island. 
 
 RUT'LEDGE, a village iu the AA'. part of Cattaraugus co., 
 New York. 
 
 RUTLEDGE. a post-village, capital of Granger co.. Ten- 
 nessee, in Richland A'alley, near the foot of Clinch Moun- 
 tain. 216 miles E. of Nashville. It has an academy. The 
 valley is fertile, and the mountain contains abundance of 
 iron and other ores. 
 
 RUTLEDGE. a post-village, capit.al of JIcDonald co., Mis- 
 souri, on Elk River. 22.=) miles S.AV. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 RUTNAGHERRA'. rut*na-gh5r'ree, a town of India, pre- 
 sidency, and 140 miles S. of Bomb.ay, on the Malabar coast. 
 
 RUTN.\GHERRY, a town of India, presidency of Mysore, 
 58 miles S.E. of Chitteldroog. 
 
 RUTTUNGUR, r&tHftn-gnr', a town of North-west Hin- 
 dostan. 25 miles E.S.E. of Odeypoor. 
 
 RUTTUNI'OOR. rfttHtin-poor', a town of Hindostiin, in 
 the Berar dominions. 210 miles E.N.E. of Nagpoor. Lilt. 22° 
 21' N.. Ion. 82° 25' E. 
 
 RUTTUNPOOR, a town of Hindostan. dominions, and 40 
 miles S. of Barod.a. Lat. 21° 24' N.. Ion. 73" 20' E. 
 
 RUA'O, roo'vo, a walled town of Naples, province, and 2] 
 miles AV. of Bari. Pop. 8000. It has a cathedral some con- 
 vents, and a diocesan seminary. 
 
 1633 
 
RUV 
 
 KZI 
 
 RUVO, a rillage of Naples. Drovinee of B.isllicata, 10 miles 
 e.S.AV. ofMelfi. Pop. 2330. 
 
 RUYEN. roi'f n, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flander.?. 20 miles S.S.W. of Ghent, on the Scheldt. P. 2t51S. 
 
 RUYSBROKCK, rois'brOdk, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Antwerp, with a station on the Paris and Brussels Kail- 
 wav. 3f miles S.S.W. of Brussels. 
 
 RUYSSELEDE, rois's^l-lAMeh. a market-town of Belgium, 
 OroTince of West Flanders. 14 miles S.S.E. of Bruges. 
 
 RUYTOX-OF-THE-ELEV'EN TOWNS, a parish of England, 
 •o. of Salop. 
 
 RUZ.iFA, roo-thi'fd, a village of Sp.ain, so near Valencia 
 that it may be considered its suburb, on a plain near the 
 1 uria. Pop. about 1700. 
 
 RYACXJTTA, ri-4-kot't3. a town and hill fortress of British 
 India, presidency of iMadras. 60 miles N. by W. of Salem, 
 on the Puanair, near the Mysore frontier. Lat. 12° 28' N., 
 ion. 78° & E. 
 
 RYAN, LOCH, ISk ri'ln, a bay of Scotland, in its S.W. 
 part, commences at the entrance of the Frith of Clyde, 
 nearly opposite the Mull of Kintyre, and projects 10 miles 
 S.S.E. Average breadth, about 2 miles. It forms a safe and 
 commodious harbor for the largest fleet. 
 
 RY'.iN'S STORE, a post-Kjfflce, Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 RY'.^NSVILLE, a small village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RY'AX'S WELL, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi. 
 
 RY'ARSH. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 RYBINSK, rib-insk'. written also RUBIXSK, a large town 
 of Russia, government, and 52 miles N.AV. of Yaroslav, on 
 the right bank of the Volga. Pop. 10.000. It is a great 
 centre of the internal commerce of the empire. The prin- 
 cipal edifices are a fine exchange, two cathedrals, numerous 
 other churches and chapels, a large conventual building, a 
 covered exercising ground, an arsen.al. the courts of justice, 
 several extensive bazaars, and noble residences, a theatre, 
 irphan and other asylums, hospitals, almshouses, and a 
 nouse of correction. It has breweries, distilleries, salt-works, 
 oil and other mills, soap and candle fiictories, potteries, &e. 
 The chief article of commerce is corn, sent to St. Petersburg. 
 Riga, Dantzic, KBnjg.sberg, &c. Two large annual ftirs are 
 held here. Twenty thousand barges arrive annually with 
 poods to the value 250,000,000 rubles. It was destroyed by 
 fire in 1^06. 
 
 RYBNIK. riVnik. a town of Prussian Silesia, 50 miles 
 S.S.E. of Oppeln, on the Rudka. Pop. 2730. 
 
 RY'BURGH, Great, a pari.^h of England, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 RYBURGII. Little, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 
 3i miles E.S.E. of Fakenham. has a station on the Dereham 
 and Fakenham Branch of the Eastern Counties Railway. 
 
 RYCKEVORSEL, rikTveh-voR'sel, a village of Belgium, 
 province of Antwerp, 9 miles W, of Turnhout, Pop. 1277. 
 
 RY^D-iL. a chapelry of England, co. of Westmoreland, on 
 the Leven. 2 miles N.W. of .\mbleside. It is celebrated for 
 its small but beautiful lake, and was the residence of the 
 late poet Wordsworth, whose picturesque dwelling com- 
 mands a prospect of great splendor. Rydal Hall, the seat of 
 Lady de Fleming, is in a park presenting fine forest scenery. 
 
 RYDE, rid. a maritime town and watering-place of Eng- 
 land, on the N. coiist of the Isle of Wight, parish of New- 
 church, 5 miles S.W. of Portsmouth, from which its white 
 villas, intsrspersed with foliage, give it a beautiful appear- 
 ance. Pop. in 1851. 7147. It is built on an acclivity rising 
 from the sea. It has a handsome main street, several fine 
 modern terraces, and numerous elegant detached residences, 
 a highly ornamented modern Gothic church, a theatre, 
 assembly rooms, and a wooden pier extending 750 yards 
 into the sea. at which the numerous steamers between 
 Southaniptcm and Portsmouth land passengers at all states 
 of the tide. The environs alwund in delightful scenery. 
 
 RYDKOOG or RAIDROOG. rTdroog', a town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, 2(3 miles S. of Bellary. Lat. 14° 
 49' N.. Ion. 76° 56' E. Its port, on an abrupt rock, 1200 feet 
 in height, contains a ruined palace, and some Hindoo tem- 
 ples; other temples, especially one of Krishna, exist in the 
 town, which is of considerable extent. 
 
 RYE, rl, a parliamentary and municipal borough, cinque 
 port, town, and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the 
 Rother, atiout 2 miles from its mouth in the English Chan- 
 nel, and on the line of the Hastings and Dover Railway, 10 
 miles W.N.W. of Hastings, and 62J miles E.S.E. of London. 
 Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 8541. It is built 
 on a rock, on the edge of an extensive marsh. The chief 
 structures are the remains of its ancient walls and gates, a 
 large cruciform church of Norman and early English archi- 
 tecture, grammar school, town-hall and market-house, a cas- 
 tle built by William de Ipres in the twelfth century, and 
 now faced with a battery, and used as a jail: a public 
 library, and small theatre. The town stood anciently on 
 the sea. The present harbor is formed by a new canal ad- 
 mitting vessels of 200 tons. The exports are wool, corn, 
 Uml)er, bark, and hops. Imports, co.al. and manufactured 
 KOods. The borough, including Winchelsea. sends 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. 
 
 RYE. a post-township in Rockingham co.. New Hampshire, 
 on the Atlantic coast, 47 mUcJ E.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1199. 
 1636 ^ 
 
 I'EGUUR, rl-gur', a town of British India, presidency, 
 65 miles S.E. of Bombay, in lat. 1S° 12' N., Ion. 73° 
 
 RYE, a post-village and tcwnship of Westchester eo.. New 
 York, on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 27 miles 
 N.E. of New Y'ork. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several 
 stores. Pop. of the township, 4447. 
 
 RY'E, a township of Perry co., Penn.sj-lvania, intersected 
 by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 702. 
 
 RYEBAUGH, rl-bawg/, (Hindoo, Jiai Bagh, rl bdg, the 
 " R.ajah's garden,") a town of South India, capital of a dis- 
 trict, dominions, and 85 miles S.S.E. of Sattarah, near the 
 Kistnah. 
 
 RYE COVE, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia. 
 
 RYEGATE. a town of England. See Reigate. 
 
 RYE/GATE, a post-village and township of C.-iledonia ca, 
 Vermont, on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Rail- 
 road. 23 miles E. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 109S. 
 
 RYl " ' " ------ 
 
 and 65 
 28' E. 
 
 RYEGHUR, a town of British Indi-a, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, province of Gundwanah,50milesN.W.of Sumbhulpoor. 
 
 RYEPOOR, rrpoor', a town of Central India, in the Berar 
 dominions, 150 miles E. of Nagpoor, in lat. 21° 15' N., loo. 
 82° 13' E. 
 
 RY''EKSON'S, a village of Passaic co.. New Jersey, on the 
 Pequannock River, about 9 miles N.W. of Patterson, con- 
 tains 2 stores, a furnace, 3 mills, a church, and an academy. 
 
 RY'ERSON'S STATION, a small village of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 RY''ERSS, a village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 4 miles 
 S.S.E. of Blossburg, is the S. terminus of the Tioga (or BJpss- 
 burg and Corning) Railroad. 
 
 RYE A'ALLEY, a post-office of Smvth co., Virginia. 
 
 RY'HALL. a parish of England, co", of Rutland. 
 
 RY'LAXD'S DEPOT, a post-village of Greenville CO., Vii^ 
 ginia. on the Petersburg Rjiilroad, 54 miles from Petersburg. 
 
 RY'LSK or RII..SK, rilsk, written also RULSK. (Rulsk,) 
 a town of Russia, government, and 62 miles W.S.W. of 
 Koorsk, on the Sem. Pop. 7000. It has numerous churches, 
 and two large annual fairs. 
 
 RY'.MANOV or RYM ANOW, rl-mi-nov', a town of Austrian 
 Poland, in Galicia, 15 miles W. of Sanok. 
 
 RYME-INTRIN'SICA, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 RYMENHAM, rl'men-him', or RYMENA.M (?) a* village of 
 Belgium, province of Antwerp, 5 miles E.S.E. of Mechlin. 
 
 RYM PS, rimp.s, a village of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 bourg, 6 miles N.E. of Tongres. 
 
 RYP or RIJP, rip, a village of the Netherlands, in North 
 Holland. 13 miles N. of Amsterdam. 
 
 RY'PIN, rip'in, a town of Poland, province, and 39 miles 
 N.N.W. of Plock, on an affluent of the Drewenz. Pop. 20S0. 
 It was formerl' strongly fortified, and has comb, leather, 
 and woollen cloth factories. 
 
 RYSBERGEN or RIJSBERGEN, risn)jRGVn, a village of 
 the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 6 miles S.W. of 
 Breda. 
 
 RYSSEL, a city of France. See Lille. 
 
 RYSSEN or RIJSSEN, rLVsen, a town of the Netheriands, 
 province of Overvssel, 23 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 2700. 
 
 RYSWICK, RYSWYK or RIJSWIJK, riz'wik, (Dutch 
 pron. rlce'ftik.) a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 South Holland, 2 miles S.E. of the Hague. Pop. 2324. The 
 fcmous peace concluded here in 1697, between France on the 
 one part, and Germany, England. Spain, and Holland on the 
 other, is commemorated bv a pyramidal monument. 
 
 RYTCHA, ritch'd, one of the" E. branches which the Volga 
 throws off in the lower part of its course before reaching 
 the Caspian. It commences about 24 miles N. of Astrakhan, 
 and has a length of about 40 miles. 
 
 RYTHER-wiTH-O'ZENDIKE, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding, 
 
 RY'TON, a parish of England, co. of Durham. S. of the 
 Tyne, on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 6 miles E. of 
 Newcastle. 
 
 RYTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 RYTON-ON-DUNS'MOOR, a parish of England, co. of Wa:^ 
 
 RYTON WOOD'SIDE, a township of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 RZEDITZ, zhi'dits, Ober, o'ber. and Un'ter, oon'ter, a vil- 
 lage of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, 4 miles W. of Holits. 
 Pop. 1430. 
 
 RZEPIN, zhA'pin, or RIPPIN, rip'pin. a village of Bohe- 
 mia, circle of Buntzlau, 16 miles from Brandeis. Pop. 1850. 
 
 RZESZOW, zhesh'ov, or RESZOW. rJs'.sov, a town of 
 Austrian Galicia, on the Wislok. 43 miles E. of Tarnov. Pop. 
 4494. It is well built, and has a gymnasium, a castle, aud 
 manufactures of woollen cloth and linens. 
 
 RZHEV, KJEA'. Rzh^v. or RSHEV, a town of Russian 
 government, and 74 miles S.W. of Tver, on the A'olga, which 
 divides it into two parts. Pop. 9000, It has numerou* 
 churches, salt and corn magazines, large exports of corn, ana 
 two great annual fairs. It was loriuerly governed by its 
 own princes, 
 
 RZICZ.4U. zhe&'chdw, a town of Bohemia, circle of Kaor- 
 zim. Pop. 1026. 
 
SAA 
 
 SAB 
 
 S 
 
 SAADEH, a town of Arabia. See Sada. 
 SAAL, sll. a market-town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 6 
 miles E.S.E. of Neustadt. Pop. 1068. 
 
 SAALBUIIG, sJl'booRG, a town of Germany, principality 
 of Reuss, 30 mile's S.W. of Gera, on the Saale. Pop. 1207. 
 
 SAALE, Framkische, fr4n'ki.sh-eh sSleh, (anc. SciHu,) a 
 river of Germany, in Bavaria, joins the Main at Qemiin- 
 den, after a S.W. course of 70 miles. 
 
 SAALE, SACHstscHB, sdK'sish-eh silfh, or THUKTNG- 
 ISCHE, too'rins-ish^fh, (anc. .Si'fa,) a riverof Germany, rises 
 in Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia. in the Ficlitelgebirfre, 
 14 miles S.W. of Hof, flows very tortuously .V. through the 
 Saxon duchies, Prussian Saxony, Aniialt, Ac, and joins the 
 Elbe 18 miles S.E. of Magdeburs;. Total course, 212 miles, 
 It is navigable for large vessels from the El'je to Halle. 
 
 SAALE, sl/l?h, or SAAL.\, si'ld, SALZBURGEK, .sdlts'- 
 b<W5Rf;^er, a river of Germany, in Upper .Austria and Bavaria, 
 flows X.W. past Lofer and Keichenhall, and joins the Salza 
 
 4 miles N'.W. of Salzburg. Total course, 70 miles. 
 SA.A.LFELD, s|l'fdlt, a town of Central Germany, in Saxe- 
 
 Meiningen, on the Sa.ale, 41 miles E. of Meiningen. Lat. .50° 
 37' N., Ion. 11° 24' E. Pop. 4369. It has an old castle, with 
 manufactures of woollen cloth, linen, tobacco, chiccory, 
 potash, vinegar, gunpowder, and leather, and a considerable 
 cattle trade. Near it are .some iron-mines. Here Prince 
 Louis Frederick of Prussia was defeated and killed by the 
 French in 1806. 
 
 SAALFELD. Alt, ilt sdl'fJlt, a village of Germany, on 
 the Saale, imraediatelv opposite Saalfeld. 
 
 SAALFELD, s|l'fjit, a town of East Prussia, 71 miles 
 
 5 W. of Kiinigsberg, on the Maringsee. Pop. 2000. 
 SAALFKLDKN, siI'f?!Men, a market-town of Upper Aus- 
 tria, on the Saale, 2S miles'S.S.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 1222. 
 
 S.\A\E, si'ngh. (Fr. S'lrine. siVeen',) a river of Switzer- 
 land, cantons of Bern and Freyburg. after a N. course of 65 
 miles joins the Aar, 10 miles W.N.W. of Bern. It is navi- 
 gable from the Aar to B'reyburg for boats. 
 
 S.H.NKN, si'nen, (Fr. Gimsenatj, zhfe^sgh-nA',) a market- 
 town of Switzerland, canton, and 32 miles S.W. of Bern, on 
 the Upper Saane. Pop. of parish. .3.300. 
 
 SAAH, a river of France and Prussia. See Sarre. 
 
 S.\AR, sSr. (Bohemian Z/liur, zdee/aR,) a town of -Moravia, 
 on the Bohemian frontier, 18 miles N.E. of Iglau. P. 2902. 
 
 SAARBRUCK, (Saarbriick.) s|R/brUk, a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 40 miles S.S.E. of Treves, on the Saar, here crossed 
 by a stone bridge connecting it with its suburb, St. Johann. 
 Lat. 49° 14' N., Ion. 7° E. Pop. 8624. It has a gymnasium, 
 and manufactures of woollen cloths. Mines of iron and 
 coal are extensively worked in the vicinity. It was founded 
 in the tenth century, was given to the church of Metz by 
 the Emperor Henry III., and subsequently govermsd by its 
 own counts till 1380, when it came by marriage into the 
 family of Nassau. It was afterwards fortified, and suffered 
 much by war. In 1676 it was almost entirely burnt down, 
 and its fortifications dismantled. 
 
 S.A.ARBUUG, sdr'b<J«R(!. a town of Rhenish Prussia, 11 
 miles S.S.W. of Treves, on the Saar. Pop. 2060. 
 
 SAARDAM. a town of Holland. See Zaandam. 
 
 SA.A.R-LtlUIS. 4R-lt>o''s, (Er. pron. san-loo'ee,) or SARRE- 
 LOUfS. a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the frontier of France. 
 30 miles S.S.E. of Treves, on the SaiTe. Pop. 4380. It was 
 founded by Ix)uis XIV., and was strongly fortified by Vauban. 
 It belonged to France till 1S15, and forms an important bor- 
 der fortress. It has manufactures of arms, with lead and 
 iron mines in its vicinity. Saar-Louis was the birthplace of 
 Marshal Ney. 
 
 S A .\ R N . sdnn. a village of Rhenish Prussia, 14 miles N.N.E . 
 of Dusseldorf on the Ruhr. Pop. 2320. 
 
 SAAR-UNIOX. SAAR-UNION BONQUEXOM, sdR-U^ne- 
 Aso'bA.No'keh-niso', or SAARE-WERDEN, sa'reh-<*lK/den. a 
 town of France, department of Ba.s-Rhin, 18 miles N.W. of 
 Eaverne, on the Sarre. Pop. 1852. 3694. 
 
 S.\ARWELLINGE\. siR'«el'ling-en, a market-town of 
 Rhenish Prussia. 29 miles" S.S.E. of Treves. Pop. 1467. 
 
 SAATZ, sdts, (Bohemian }!kitecz, xi/Uch,) LUCZlvO, lootch'- 
 ko,or BOROTINKO. bo-ro-tink'o, a town of Bohemia, on the 
 Eger, here crossed by a handsome iron chain suspension 
 bridge. 43 miles W.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 4990. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has a collegiate church, a Capuchin monastery, 
 and a gymnnsium. with a trade in wines and hops. 
 
 S.\BA. aifhi. one of the Dutch West India Islands, 18 
 miles N.W. of St. Eustatius, of which it is a dependency, in 
 Jat. 17° 39' N., Ion. 63° 19' W. Area. 15 square miles. Pop. 
 1617. It is inaccessible, except on its S. side. 
 
 SABADELL, si-ui-dJI', a town of Spain, province, and 10 
 miles N. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 4720. It has 
 manufactures of woollen cloth, muslins, and paper. 
 
 S.VBANJ.\H, s3-b4n'jd. a town and small lake of Asia 
 Minor, in .Vnatolia. The town. (anc. Soplinn.) 20 miles E. of 
 Ismeed, is ''a mere travelling station, full of coffee-houses 
 and stables, with nbout 500 houses, and 2 mosques." On its 
 
 E. side is the lake, an oval basin, about 6 miles in lengtlv 
 and 3 or 4 miles in breadth. 
 
 SAB.\RA, si-\<K'rL a city of Brazil, province of MinM 
 Geraes, on the right bank of the Rio-das- Velhas, an affluent of 
 the Sao Francisco, 2300 feet above the sea, 40 miles N.N.W 
 of ()uro Preto. Pop. 50(K). The town of Sahara rec eivei the 
 title of " most faithful"' in 1832, and was elevated to the rank 
 of a city in 1843. 
 
 SABASIA VADA. See S.WONA. 
 SABAT. a town of Arabia. See Zebid. 
 S ABATHOO, sd-bi-thoo'. a small town of North-west India, 
 30 miles S.S.E. of Belaspoor, on the Sutlej, and formerly a 
 station for a Gorkha battalion. 
 SAB.\TUS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 SAB'BATH REST, a pr.sf-office of Blair co., Pennsvlvania. 
 SABBIO DI SOPRA, slWbeo dee so'pri, and SABBIO DJ 
 SOTTO, sib'l)e-o dee softo, two contiguous villages of Nor- 
 thern Italy, government of Milan, province, and 13 miles 
 N.E. of Brescia, on the opposite sides of the Chiese. P. 1129. 
 
 SABBIONETTA. sib-be-o-njf ti, a town of Lombardy, 18 
 miles S.W. of Mantua. Pop. 7000. It has a ca.«tle, and was 
 the capital of a principality given by Napoleon to his sister 
 Pauline, in 1806. 
 
 SAB^DEN, a village of England, in Lancashire, on a tri- 
 butary of the Calder, 4 miles N.W. of Burnley. Pop. 1160. 
 
 SABIiyLISVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., Mary- 
 land. 95 miles N.W. of Annapolis., 
 
 SABIN.A., sd-bee'nd. an old province of the Pontifical 
 States, in Central Itiily. now comprised in the Comarca di 
 Roma, and delegations of Rieti and Spoleto. 
 
 SABI'NA, a post-village of Clinton co.. Ohio, on the Cin- 
 cinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesvilie Railroad, 62 miles S.W. 
 of Columbus. Pop. 265. 
 
 S.\BIN A, a village of New Mexico, near the right bank of 
 the Rio del Norte. 
 
 S.\B1NAS, si-Bee'nis, a river of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, statjBS of Cohahuila and New Leon, joins the Rio 
 Grande. On it is the village of Sabinas. 
 
 SABINE, a parish in the W. part of Louisiana, bordering 
 on Texas, has an ari^a of about 1300 square miles. The 
 Sabine River forms the entire W. boundary. The surface is 
 nearly level, and is mostly occupied by prairies. Seat of 
 justice, Manny. Pop. 5828, of whom 4115 were free, and 
 1713 slaves. 
 
 SABINE, a county in the E. part of Texas, bordering on 
 the Sabine River, which separates it from Louisiana. Area, 
 about (X)0 square miles. It is drained by I'atroon and Palo 
 Gucho Bayous. The soil is mostly very fertile, producing 
 cotton and Indian corn, which are exported by steamtioats 
 on the Sabine ISiver during high water. Capital, Milan. 
 Pop. 2750, of whom 1600 were free. 
 
 SABINE, a township of Washtenaw co., Michigan. Pop. 
 1631. 
 
 SABINE CITY, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Texas, at 
 the outlet of Sabine Lake. 75 miles E.N.E. of Galveston. 
 
 SABINE LAKE is an exp.°.os;on of Sabine Kiver, about ,"» 
 miles fiom its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, at the S,W. 
 extremity of Louisiana. Length, about 18 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, about 9 miles. 
 
 SABINE (sd-beenO RIVER, rises in Hunt co., Texas, and 
 flows in an E.S.E. direction, until it strikes the E. boundary 
 of the state. From this point it pursues a general S. eoui'se, 
 forming the houndary between Texas and Louisiana, and 
 passes through Sabine Lake into the Gulf of Mexico. The 
 whole length is estimated at 500 miles. It is said to be very 
 shallow at its mouth, but is navigable by small boats ia 
 high water in some parts of its course. 
 
 SABINETOWN, sa-lieen'tOwn, a post-village of Sabine co., 
 Texas, on the Sabine River, 10 miles E. of Milan. It is the 
 principal shipping-point for the cotton r.-tised in the county. 
 
 SABINO, a town of Northern Italy. See ISEO. 
 
 S.IBINO, si-bee'no, a village on the left bank of the Rio 
 del Norte, in the interior of New Jlexico. 
 
 SAB'INSVILLE, a post-ofSce of Tioga co.. Pennsvlvania, 
 
 SABIONCELLO. sd-be-on-chM'lo, (anc. HiVlU.) a niountain- 
 ous peninsula of Dalmatia, 25 miles N.W. of Ragusa. extend* 
 ing into the Adriatic between the islands of Curzola and 
 Lesina. Length. 43 miles ; average breadth, 4, 
 . S.iBIOTE. sd-be-o'ti. a town of Spain, province, and 35 
 miles N.E. of Jaen. JPop. 2652. 
 
 SABIS. See Sambre. 
 
 SABLE, sd'blV, a town of France, department of Sarthe, 
 on the Sarthe, at its confluence with the Erve, and here 
 crossed by a bridge of black marble. 27 miles W.S.W. of Le 
 Mans. Pop. in 1852, 5282. who manufacture gloves, and 
 trade in marble, quarried in the vicinity. 
 
 SABLE ISLAND, a small island of the Atlantic Ocean, 
 l5-ing directly in the track of vessels sailing between the 
 northern ports of America and Europe, 90 miles S.E. of Nova 
 Scotia. Lat. 43° 59' N.. Ion. 59° 47' W. It is Ipw and sandy, 
 about 25 miles in length, and li in breadth, and has beeu 
 
 1637 
 
SAB 
 
 the scene tf namerciis and melancholy shipwrecks. A com- 
 pany of men, furnished with provisions and other necessaries 
 for the purjjose of relieving shipwrecked mariners, are sup- 
 ported at an annual expense of $4000. The island is covered 
 with grass and wild pease, sustaining by its spontaneous pro- 
 duction about 500 wild hor.ses and many cattle. The fisheries 
 in its vicinity have recently been prosecuted with success. 
 Cape Sable Island is off the S.W. extremity of Nova Scotia. 
 
 SA'BLE BIYER, of Michigan, rises in the N. part of the 
 l)eninsula, and, flowing in a direction E.S.E., enters the 
 lower part of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 SABLE RIVER, of Michigan. See Sandt River. 
 
 SABLES, or SABLES-D'OLOXNE, Les, lA slb'l do'lonn', a 
 tcwn and seaport of France, on the Bay of Biscay, 21 miles 
 S.W. of Bourbon-Vendee. Pop. in 1852, 5983. It stands 
 partly on a sandy peninsula, and partly on an elevated 
 rock, with a port for vessels under 150 tons, and an active 
 pilchard fishery. 
 
 SABLONVILLE, sJb'l6N»Veel', a village of France, form- 
 ing a N.W. suburb of Paris, adjoining the new fortifications. 
 
 SABOR, sd-BOF/, a river of Spain, rising in Leon, joins the 
 Douro on the right, in Portugal, aifter a course of 75 miles. 
 
 SABOUGLY, s^-boog1ee, a small post-village of Yallobusha 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 SABRAO, an island of the MalayArchipelago. See Abenara. 
 
 SABRES, s3b'r, a market-town of France, department of 
 Landes. 19 miles N.N.W. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 2524. 
 
 SA'BRIDGEWORTH, a parish of England, co., and lOJ 
 miles E.X.E. of Hertford, with a station on the Northern 
 and Eastern Counties Railway, 2Si miles N.E. of London. 
 
 SABRINA, sd-bree'nd, a volcanic island of the Azores, 
 thrown up in 1810 to the height of 400 feet above the sea, 
 near St. Michael. It has since been wholly submerged. 
 
 SABRINA or SABRIANA. See Severn. 
 
 SABRINA ^STUARIUM. See Bristol Channel. 
 
 SABRI'NA LAND, in the Antarctic Ocean, is an undefined 
 tract of land seen by Balleny in 1839, in lat. 75° S., Ion. 
 117° E. 
 
 SABU6AL, si-boo-g2l', a town of Portugal, province of 
 Beii-a Baixa, 23 miles S.E. of Braga. Pop. 830. 
 
 SABU'LA, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, on the Mis- 
 Bissippi. 32 miles below Galena. 
 
 SABY, (Saby,) sA/bii, S^BYE or SABYE, (Sabye.) s.V- 
 bil^f'i- * town of Denmark, in Jutland, at the mouth of a 
 small river of its own name, in the Cattegat. Pop. 800. 
 
 SABYNIN A, sS-be-nee'nd, a marketrtown of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Koorsk, 16 miles N.N.E. of Bielgorod. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SABZAWAR, sab-zd-wdr', or SUBZAWAR, sub-zS-war', a 
 fortified town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 65 miles W. 
 of Nishapoor. It is 2j miles in circumference, populous, and 
 has a citadel and a good bazaar. Its vicinity consists of open 
 downs, bare of wood, bnt said to produce quantities of corn. 
 
 SAC, sawk, a new county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of about 576 stjuare miles. It is drained by the sources 
 of Soldier and Boyer Rivers, affluents of the Missouri. This 
 county is not included in the census of 1850. The name is 
 derived from one of the aboriginal tribes which possessed 
 the soil. Pop. 246. 
 
 SACAPULAS, sd-ka-poonas, a market-town of Central 
 America, state, and 110 miles N.W. of Guatemala. 
 
 SACARAP'PA or SACCARAP/PA, a post-village of Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine, on the Presnmpseot River, and on the 
 York and Cumberland Railroad, about 50 miles S.W. by W. 
 of Augusta, contains saw-mills and manufactories. 
 
 SACATAPEQUES. Central America. See Sacaiepec 
 
 SACATECOLUCA, s^-ka-tA-ko-loo/ka, a town of Central 
 America, state, and 28 miles S.E. of San Salvador, on the 
 low coast of the Pacific, at the foot of a volcano of its own 
 name, remarkable for its grottoes and hot springs. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SACATEPEC, sl-ki-tA-p^k'. sometimes written SACATA- 
 PEQUES and ZACATAPEQUES, a town of Central America, 
 state of Guatemala, capital of a district of its own name, 
 stretching along the Pacific Ocean, W. of Guatemala. Pop. 
 SOOO. 
 
 SACAVEM, sJ-kS-vJso', a village and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Estremadura, on the W. side of the estuary of 
 the Tagus, at the mouth of the Friellas, 7 miles N. of Lis- 
 bon. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SACCATOO, SACKATOO, SACKATOXJ or SAKATU, s^k- 
 k3-!oo', a large and populous town of Central Africa, in 
 Houssa, on an affluent of the Quorra, in lat. 13° N.. Ion. 6° 
 E. It is enclosed by lofty walls, and entered by twelve 
 gates. In its centre is a large square, with a royal residence ; 
 ani it has several mosques, manufactures of blue cloth, and 
 trade with the countries from Ashantee to Tripoli, from 
 which latter it receives raw silk, glass wares, and perfumery. 
 Here the traveller Clapperton died on the 13th of April. 1827 ; 
 he was buried at the village of Jungari. distant 5 miles S.E. 
 
 SACCO, sik'ko. a river of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 
 after a S.W. course of 40 miles, joins the Garigliano 4 miles 
 S. of Frosinone. 
 
 SACCO, a town of Naples, province of Princlpato Citra, 
 miles W. of Diano. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SACCONDEE, sdk-kon'dee, a small maritime province of 
 Tipper Guinea, on the Gold Coast, W. of Ahanta. Besides its 
 16.38 
 
 SAC 
 
 capital. Saccondee, it contains several villages. Pop. esti- 
 mated at oOOO fighting men. 
 
 SACCONEX, sak'ko'n^x', (Great and Little,) two villages 
 forming two parishes of Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles 
 N.W. of Geneva. Pop. 2504. 
 
 SACEDON, sd-thi-don', (anc. Thermidaf) a town of Spain, 
 province, and 27 miles S.E. of Guadalajara, near the Ta;j:us. 
 Pop. 2875. It has a royal palace, barracks, and saline baths, 
 frequented from June to September. 
 
 SACERAM, a town of Toorkist.nn. See Saium. 
 
 SAC-ANI> VOX AGENCY, a post-office of Kauzas Territory. 
 
 SA'CHEM'S HEAD, a noted wat«riug-place of New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, 3 miles W.S.W. of Guilford, and 13 miles 
 E. by S. of New Haven. In early times an Indian chief was 
 captured here, from which circumstance the place derived 
 its name. The New Haven and New London Railroad passes 
 about half a mile N. of the hotel. 
 
 SACHS A, sik'sd, (see Int. XVII., 19, Obs.,) a town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, 48 miles N.N.W. of Erfm-t, at the foot of the 
 Harz. Pop. 1708. 
 
 SACHSEN, in Germany. See Saxe — Saxony. 
 
 SACirSEN-ALTENBURG. See Saxe-Altenburg. 
 
 SACIISENBERG, sdk'sen-bJRG\ a town of Germany, prin- 
 cipality of Waldeck. 11 m'iles S.S.W. of Corbach. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SACHSENBURG. .sak'sen-brCRG\ (see Int. XYIT., 19 Ous..) 
 a market-town of the Austrian Empire, in Ulyria, 27 miles 
 N.W. of Villach, on the Drave. defended by three castles. 
 In the vicinity are numerous Roman antiquities. 
 
 SACnSEN-COBURG. See Saxe-Cobukg. 
 
 SACHSENHAGEN, slk'sgn-ha^ghgn, a town of Germany, 
 in Hesse-Cassel, province of N ieder-IIesstn, 15 miles N.E. of 
 Kiuteln. Pop. Ifi^O. 
 
 SACnSENilAUSEN,s3k'sen-hOwVgn,a town of Germany, 
 principality, and 3 miles N.W. of Waldeck. Pop. 946. 
 
 SACHSEN-WEIMAR. See Saxe-Weimar. 
 
 SACHSLEN, sdks'len, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Unterwalden, on the E. bank of the Lake of Sarnen, 2 miles 
 S.E. of Sarnen. In its parish church is buried the canonized 
 Swiss hero, Nicholas von der Flue. 
 
 S.'VCILE, s3-chee'lA, a walled town of Austrian Italy, 38 
 miles N.N.E. of A'enice, on the Livenza. Pop. 4600. 
 
 SACKATOO or SACKATOU. See Saccatoo. 
 
 SACKER, sdk'ker, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, in the Saugur and Nerbuddah territoi-y, 34 miles 
 W.S.W. of Jabbalpoor. 
 
 SACK'ET'S. a post-ofBce of Macomb co., Michigan. 
 
 SACK'ETT'S HARBOR, a post-village and port of entry 
 of Jeffer.son co.. New York, is situated in Houndsfield town- 
 ship, on the S. shore of Black River Bay, about 8 miles E. of 
 Lake Ont^irio, and 170 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Lat. 43° 
 55' N., Ion. 75° 57' W. It has by far the best harbor on the 
 lake for ship-building, and as a naval station and commercial 
 depot. A tongue of land, extending from the lower part of 
 the village, in the shape_of a crescent, divides it into an 
 outer harbor and an inner harbor. The latter has a depth 
 of water suffleient for the largest ships within two fathoms 
 of the shore. The same depth of water extends to Black 
 River, where there is another excellent position for ship- 
 building. The adjacent conntry is a fine agricultural region, 
 while its abundant water-power renders it well adapted to 
 the growth of manufactures ; yet the trade of Saeket Vs Harbor 
 seems to Ije on the decline. The declared value of exports 
 and imports in 1846 was $2,735,091. in 1847, $2,141,445, and 
 in 1851, $879,165; of the latter, $55-3,927 was the value of 
 imports, and $325,238 of exports. The enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage of the district in 1852 amounted to 7083 tons, all of 
 which was employed in the coasting trade. The number of 
 arrivals from tureign ports during that year was 206, (143,107 
 tons.) The village contains 1 bank, a newspaper office, and 
 several machine shops and mills. The Sackett's Harbor and 
 Ellisburg Railroad, of which it is the N. terminu.s, has been 
 torn up or abandoned. Here is a military post of the 
 United States, named Madison Barracks, not garrisoned at 
 present. Sackett's Harbor was first settled m 1801. At the 
 commencement of the war of 1812 it became a considerable 
 naval station and military dep6t. Pop. near 2000. 
 
 SACKINGEN, sAkldng-en, a town of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Rhine, on the right bank of the Rhine, here crossed 
 by a bridge, 51 miles S.S.E. of Freiburg. I'op. 1500. 
 
 SACO, saw'ko, an important river of New England, rises 
 among the White Mountains, in Coos county. New Hamp- 
 shire, and flowing through Oxford county, Maine, tails into 
 [ the Atlantic Ocean in York county. There are .seva- 
 1 r.il falls on this river, the principal of which are the Great 
 j Falls, of 72 feet, and Saco Falls, at the town of Saco. aljout 
 j 4 miles from the ocean, where the water djscends 42 feet, 
 affording a valuable water-power. This river is s-ubject to 
 I freshets, the ordinary rise in the spring being fiioi 10 to 15 
 1 feet; and it has Vieen known to rise much higher, oecasjon- 
 I ing great loss of life and property. 
 
 I SACO, a thriving ix)st-town and port of entry of York co., 
 
 Maine, on the E. or left bank of the Saco Ri ter, about 6 
 
 miles from its mouth, and on the Eastern Fail i «d, 13 miUyi 
 
 S.W. of Portland. The industry of this plac* and of Biddo- 
 
 , ford, a flourishing village on the opposite ,side "tf the river, 
 
SAC 
 
 is <-hlHfly diret-ted to commerce and to cotton manufactures, 
 each of which employs a large amount of capital. A fall of 
 42 teot in the 8aco River here furnishes excellent water- 
 power, which is extensively used for Rawing and driving 
 machinery. There were in 1865, 11 cotton mills in opera- 
 tion at the.se falls — 5 on the Saco, and 6 on the Biddeford 
 side — containinj; ahout 55,000 spindles and 2S00 looms. 
 The York Maiiufacturinf; Company, incorporated in 18.il, 
 have a capital of *;l,5.50.000. and employ LSOO hands, who 
 work 24,986 spindles and 780 looms, producing annually 
 6.200.000 yards of colored cottons. The most extensive cot^ 
 poration, however, is the Saco Water-Power Company, organ- 
 ized in 1839, with a capital of $1,500.01)0, since increased to 
 $.'.')00,000. The operations of this company, fill 1848. were 
 confined to the erection of factoi-ies. That year they com- 
 menced the first of four mills, to be erected with all possible 
 despatch, for their own use, each to be 240 tieet long, 75 feet 
 wide, and 5 stories hit;h — the largest, probably, in the state. 
 Their machine shop is 271 feet long. 46 wide, and ?> stories 
 hiith. The Laconia Comp;iny have $l,.500,()O0 capital, and 
 employ near 2000 hands. There are also vario\is m.-mufac- 
 tories of woollen goods, hardware. Ac. One of the largest 
 foundries in the state is that of the Water Power Co., in 
 which upwards of 1000 tons of pig-iron are annually con- 
 sumed. Aliout 5.000.000 feet of boards, shingles, laths, 
 he.iding. and other kinds of lumber are annually turned out 
 at the various saw mills hero In operation, the shipping 
 of the district, .lurie 30. 18.S4, amounted to an .aggregate of 
 25>')2 tons registered, and 2462 tons enrolled and licensed. Of 
 tlie latter, 2277 tons were employed in tlie coast trade, and 
 ls8 in the mackerel fi.shery. The foreign arrivals for the 
 year was 1 vessel: clear.ances. 4 vessels. Daring the pe- 
 riod above specified. 1 ship and 1 schooner, with an aggre- 
 gate burden of 1293 tons, were admeasured. During the 
 year 18.53, 6891 tons of shipping were built here; and in 
 April, 1854, the enrolled and licensed tonnage was 5160. 
 There are here 4 banks — 2 in Saco and 2 in Hiddeford — 3 
 savings institutions, an insurance company, a giis company, 
 12 churches- — 6 in Saco and 6 in Biddeford— 3 literary asso- 
 ciations, viz., the Mechanics' Institute, (Saco,) organized 
 December 9, 18-tl, volumes in the Library, 3500 : the Saco 
 AthenfBum, with a library of 2000 volumes, and the York 
 Library, containing about 1000 volumes; 2 public high- 
 schools, and 2 newspaper offices — 1 in Saco and 1 in Bidde- 
 ford. About $5500 are expended annually on the schools 
 of this place. Since 1844, a new cemetery, called the 
 ■'Laurel Hill Cemetery," has been laid out u-^on the Mount 
 Auburn plan near the town. Siico is a place of public resort, 
 and has 4 hotels near the sea and 2 in the centre. Pop. of 
 Saco township in 1840, 4408; in 1860. 6223; of Biddeford in 
 1840,2.-i74: in 1850.6095; ofboth villagesinl865,aboutl6,000. 
 
 SACOMAN'GO RIVER rises in Warren co.. New York, 
 and winding through Hamilton and Fulton counties, falls 
 into the Hudson River about 15 mjlesS.W. of Lake George. 
 
 S.\C(IMB. sa'kom, a piu-ish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 SACO RIVER. Maine, a station on the York and Cumber- 
 land Railroad, 18 miles from Portland. 
 
 SACKAMBN'TO, a county in the N. central part of Cali- 
 fornia, h,as an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by tlie Sacramento River, on the S. by the San 
 Joaquin and Moquelumne Rivers and Dry Creek, and inter- 
 sected by the American River. The soil of this county is 
 generally fertile, and. in proportion to its size, perhaps more 
 extensively cultivated than that of any other county in the 
 state. Gold is found, but not in great abundance. Capital, 
 Sacramento City. Pop. 24,142. 
 
 SACR.4MEXT0. a river of California. See Appenwx. 
 
 SACRAMENTO, a post-village of Waushara co., 'Wiscon- 
 sin, on Vox River, about 80 miles N. by E. of Madison. It 
 is the principal shipping point in the county. Laid out in 
 IS^il. It contains 3 stores, and 3 hotels. 
 
 SACRAMENTO CITY,a port of entry and important com- 
 mercial town, and the present capital of California, is situated 
 on the left bank of Sacramento River, a little below the mouth 
 of the American River, in the midst of a level and fertile 
 country, 120 miles by Wiiter N.E. of San Francisco, which is 
 about 75 wiles distant in a direct line. Lat. 38° 34' N., Ion. 
 121° 26' W. It is regularly laid out, the street nearest the 
 river l)eing called Front street, the next Second, and so on; 
 tiiese are crossetl by others at right angles, distinguished 
 by tlie letters of the alphabet. The direction of the latter 
 IS E. and W. The principal places of business are near the 
 Sacramento River, between First and Sixth streets and be- 
 tween H and L streets. The houses and stores in this part 
 of the city are mostly built of brick. In other parts the 
 dwellings are generally of wood, neatly painted and adorned 
 with tine gardens. The city is lighted with gas. It is the 
 second city in the state in respect to population and trade. 
 Ab a centre of commerce, Sacramento City possesses great 
 advantages. It is accessible for steamers and sailing ves- 
 iels. at all seasons of the year, wnile not only the Sacra- 
 mento River itself, but its important atJluent, the Feather 
 River, b navigaole for small steamboats far above, into the 
 mterlui of the country. These advantages a;ive rendered 
 this town the principal enuepot lor supplying with provi- 
 
 SAD 
 
 sions the great mining region of the north. The foundations 
 ot a new capitol wei-e laid about 1n03. Since the flood of 
 1861-2. which caJised gre^t damage here, a substiintial levee 
 has been constructed around the city. Sacramento has a 
 graded system of public schools, at the head of which is a 
 liigh school, a classical school for boys, a seminary for 
 ladies, and 1 public library; also 2 foundries. Three daily 
 newspapers are published here. This place is the 8.W. top 
 minus of the Central Pacific Railroad (in progress), and ot 
 the ."'acramento Valley Railroiul, which is completed to 
 Folsom, 22 miles from which point another road is opened 
 to Lincoln. It has daily communication by steamboat with 
 San Francisco. On account of its central situation the 
 political and other state conventions are usually held here. 
 The estimated value of real and personal property in the 
 city is about $12,000,000. Sacramento City was founded in 
 the «i)ring of 1849, the central part of the town being about 
 1 mile below Sutter's Fort, near the left bank of the Ame- 
 rican River, belonging to the settb^ment formerly known as 
 Nueva Helvetia. The population of Sacramento, in 1860, 
 was 13.785; in 1865 it is estimated at 18.000. 
 
 SACRIFTCIOS, sikre-fee'se-oce, a small island in the 
 Gulf of Mexico, 3 miles S. of Vera Cruz, celebmted as the 
 place of sacrifice xinder the ancient Aztec religion, hence 
 its name. It has .some remains of temples, &c. 
 
 S.^CRIFICIOS. a small green island, in the Pacific, on 
 the W. coast of Jlexico, about i mile long. Lat. 16° 40' N., 
 Ion. 98° 6' W. 
 
 S.^C (sawk) RIVER, of Missouri, rises in Ij,awrence co.. and 
 flowing northward, falls into the Osage, near the middle of 
 St. Clair county, a little .above Osceola. The East Fork rises 
 in (ireen county, and enters the river from the right in 
 Cedar countv. 
 
 SACRU^I "FLUMEN. See Tvvignano. 
 
 SACRUM PROMONTORIUM. See Cape St. Vi.vcent. 
 
 SACS (pronounced, and often written S.\UKS) and 
 FOXES, kindred and as.sociated tribes of Indians, formerly 
 dwelling in the 8. part of Iowa, now occupying lands in the 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 SACTON. a post-ofBceof Clarke co.. Illinois. 
 
 SACUI, SACUHI. sa-koo-ee'. or SUS8UHI, soos-soo-ee'. a 
 river of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, after a S.H. course 
 of about 250 miles joins the Doce. It is navigable for about 
 200 miles. 
 
 SADA. si'dl or SAADEH, .«a'dgh, a walled town of Arabia, 
 in Yemen, 145 miles N. of Sana. 
 
 SADA, si'da, or SANTA MARIA DE SADA, sin'tj mi- 
 ree'i dA sd'dj. a town of Spain, province, and 8 miles E. of 
 Corunna. on the Bay of Betanzos. Pop. 1912. 
 
 SADABA, sa-i>a'Bi, orSADAVA. sd-Dj'vi. a town of Spain, 
 in Aragon. province, and 42 miles N.W. of Saragossa, on an 
 affluent of the Arvo. 
 
 SADAO. a river of Portugal. See SAtDAO. 
 
 SADAQUADA, sadVkwa'da. or SAU'QUOIT, a creek of 
 Oneida co., New York, enters the Mohawk River at Whites- 
 borough. 
 
 SAD'DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 S.^D^DLE, an island of South America, off the coast of 
 Terra del Fuego. I^t. 5,5° 2:3' 50" S., Ion. 68° 4' 30" W. 
 
 S.\D'DLE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle. 
 
 S.\D'DLEBACK, a mountain in Cumberland, England, 
 4i miles N.E. of Keswick. Elevation, 2787 feet. 
 
 SADDLEBACK, an island in Hudson Strait, in British 
 North America. 
 
 SAD'DLEHACK MOUN/TAIN, in Franklin co., Maine. 
 Height, about 4000 feet. 
 
 SAD'DLEIIEAD, is the N. extremity of Achil Island, W. 
 of Ireland. 
 
 SAD'DLE ISLAND, several i.slets of the China Sea. 
 
 SAD'DLE MOUN'TAIN, Massachusetts, in Berkshire co., 
 the hiirhest in the state, has an elevation of about 3500 feet. 
 
 S.^DDLE PEAK, a mountain of Great Andaman Island, 
 in the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 SADDLE RIVER, of New Jersey, fells into the Passaio 
 in Hudson county. 
 
 S.4DDLE RIVER, a post-township of Bergen co.. New 
 Jersev. on the left side of the Passaic River, about 70 miles 
 N.E. bv N. of Trenton. Pop. 1007. 
 
 SADDLE'S CREEK, a post-office of Anderson co.. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SAD'DLEWORTH. an extensive chapelry of England. cO. 
 of York, West Riding, 11 miles W.S.W. of Huddersfield. ' 
 
 SADDUKEEN, sad-doo-k.\n'. an island of the Sea of Bab- 
 el-Mandeb. in West Asia, N. of Zeyla. 
 
 SAD'LERSVILLE, avillage of Queen Anne CO., Maryland. 
 
 SADLERSVILLE, a post-office, Robertson co., Tennessee. 
 
 SADO. .si'do. an island in the Sea of Japan, W. of N$- 
 phon. Lat.38°20'N., Ion. 1.38°30'E. Estimated area. 720 
 square miles. It is fertile, populous, and produces gold. 
 
 S.\.DRAS. s3-dr^s/, a maritime town of India, near the 
 mouth of the Palaur, 40 miles S.S.W. of Madras. Lat. 12° 
 31' N.. Ion. 80° 14' E. It formerly belonged to the Dutch, 
 and was of commercial importance, but has decayed. 
 
 S.\.DREE. s4'dree\a town of West Ilindostan, dominions, 
 and 50 miles S.E. of Odeypoor. 
 
 1639 
 
SAD 
 
 SADSBTTllT, sadz'b?r-e. a post-township of Chester co., 
 Pennsvlvania, about 19 miles AV. of West Cliester. Pop. 2oS9. 
 
 SADSBUKY, a township of Crawford CO., Penusylvania, 
 intersected by the Beaver and Erie Canal. Pop. 1136. 
 
 SADSBL'RY, a townsliip of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 Intersected by the Columbia Railroad. Pop. 1739. 
 
 SAD.SBURYVILLE, sadz'b^r-e-vir, a post-village of Chester 
 00., Pennsylvania, 39 miles W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 SADSKA, a town of Bohemia. See Sazka. 
 
 S^BYE, a town of Denmark. See Sabt. 
 
 SAEED or SAID, sdeed', the name of Upper Egyptr »"<! i" 
 the time of the historian, Albulfeda, was applied to Egypt 
 S. of Old Cairo, but the W. half of the region is now called 
 Vostani. 
 
 SiEFVAR-AX, sdf'vaR Jn, a river of Sweden. Isen of VmeA, 
 after a S.E. course of 100 miles, enters the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 10 miles E. of Umei. 
 
 SAEGERSTOWN, s4-ghers-town, a post-borough of Craw- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, and on the Atlantic 
 and Greiit Western Railroad, 6 miles N.N.E. of Meadville. 
 It is rapidly improving, by means of the water-power and 
 navigation of French Creek. Pop. 352. 
 
 SAEGERSVILLE, s.Vghfrs-vil, a posfc-village of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Jordan Creek, 69 miles N.N.W. of Philar 
 delphia. 
 
 S.\ELICES, si-A-iee'thJs, a town of Spain, province, and 
 31 miles W.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2010. 
 
 S.t;TABIS or SETABIS. See Sax Felipe de .Tativa. 
 
 S.J:TER, SATEK, (Sater.) S.ETIIEU or BATHER. (PS- 
 • ther,) si'tgr. a town of North Sweden, laen. and 18 miles 
 S.S.E. of Falun. Pop. 572. 
 
 SAFAKES. a seaport town of Tvinis. See Sfax. 
 
 SAFED. sl-fM'. SAFET. si-f?!'. or SAFAD. (une.Ja'pJia,) 
 a town of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 12 milaf N.N.W. of 
 Tabareeyah. It was lately a thriving town of SOOO or 9000 
 inhabitant.s, on the declivity of a st«ep hill, crowned by a 
 Gothic castle, but it was wholly ruined by an airthquake. 
 January 1, 1837, which destroved 5000 of its population. 
 
 SAFE HAR'BOR, a post-viilage of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna, 10 miles S.W. of Lancaster. 
 Here are e.xtensive iron furnaces and rolling mills, produc- 
 ing railroad iron. Pop. 920. 
 
 SAFET, a town of Palestine. See Safed. 
 
 SAFFEE. SAFFl, sdtVfeeN AZAFFI, d^zdrfee', or ASFI. ^s'- 
 fee\ (anc. Sofia .') a fortified seaport town of North Africa, 
 orovinee. and 107 miles N.W. of Morocco. Lat. 32° 20' N.. 
 ion. 9° 12' W. Pop. 12.000, including about 3000 Jews. It 
 is situated in a sterile ravine, enclosed by massive walls, 
 and it has a palace, aud near it a small fort. Its roadstead 
 is salt) only in summer. It belonged to the Portuguese from 
 1508 till 1641, and was formerly an emporium for the trade 
 with Europe, but it declined with the rise of Moa.idore. 
 
 SAFFELAERE. sdrfa-ldVeh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Kast Flanders, 8 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. of the 
 parish. 2ii50. 
 
 SAFF'KON-WAiyDEN, a municipal borough, market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Essex, 24 miles N.N.W. 
 of Chelmsford, and 2 miles from the Newport st:\tion of the 
 Northern and iiistera Counties Railway. Pop. of the 
 borough in 1851, 6911. It is built around the foot of a 
 tongue of land, on which is the church, a conspicuous and 
 handsome edifice, containing a fine altar-piece. The town 
 is neat, and has a spacious market-place, a good town-hall, 
 a gi-ammar school, with an exhibition to Queen's OiUege, 
 Cambridge, numerous charities, some commerce in malt, 
 barley, and cjittle, and an extensive retail trade. Saffron 
 was formerly raised in large quantities near it, whence its 
 name. Near it are the remains of a castle. 
 
 SAGA, sd'gi, a town of .Tapan, in the island of Kioo-Sioo, 
 atpital of the province of Fizen. and the most important 
 town in the island. Lat. 33° 15' N., lou. 130° 18' E. The 
 town is traversed by many brooks, and a considerable 
 number of channels; the principal of the latter, that of 
 Sentonofutsi, is nearly .50 miles long, and uniting the Gulf 
 of Simabara with the Northern Sea, is of great importance 
 to the inland commerce of Kioo-Sioo, of which Saga is the 
 centre. 
 
 SAGALIX. an i.sland of Asia. See Saghalibs. 
 
 SAGAN, si'gdn, or ZEG.\.\. ts.Vgin. a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, 48 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, on the right bank of the 
 Bober, and on the railway from Berlin to Glogau. Pop. 
 66tt6. It is enclosed by doubje walls, and has a castle, a 
 gymnasium. Roman Catholic and Lutheran schools, three 
 hospitals, and manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, 
 printiid cottons, sealing-wax, and glass wares; trade in corn 
 and cattle. The Prussians were defeiited here by the Rus- 
 sians iu 1759. 
 
 S.\G.\.liD, sd'giat, a village of Prussia, in Pomerania. on 
 
 SAG 11 ALIEN, sd-gd-lee'sn, SAGHALIN, SAG.VLIN, sigd- 
 lOW * 
 
 SAG 
 
 leen', T.4RAKAI. or TARRAKAT, ti-rikP, written also 
 S.iKIIALIEN, a long and narrow island o(I the E. coast of 
 Asia, between hat. 46° and 54° 30' N., and Ion. 141° 50' and 
 144° E., separated fropa the mainland by f heGulfs of Tartary 
 and Siighalin, and S. from Yes.so by the Strait of La Perouse; 
 its N. part belongs to the Chinese, and the S. to the Japanese. 
 Estimated area, 47,5iX) square miles. The surface in the S. 
 is mountainous, in the N. level and sandy. Imt its intei ior iil 
 little known. Its inhabitants sut)sist mostly by rishing 
 
 S.iGILA.LIEN-OOLA, sd-gdlee'fn oo/la, or SAGHALIN- 
 OOLA, sd-gd-leen' oo'li, a town of Mantchooria, generally 
 considered its capital, on the Anioor; lat. 50° n!. Ion. 127° 
 E. It is stated to be rich and populous, and to hav« a large 
 trade in furs, but has not been visited by Euiooenn.s. 
 
 SAGHALIEN (or S.A.GIIALIN) RIVER. See Am.mr.' 
 
 SAG HAR/BOR, a post-village and port of entry of Suffolk 
 CO., New York, is situated in Southampton township, and 
 on a small bay which communicates with Gardiner's and 
 Great Peconic B.ays, about 100 miles E. by N. of New York. 
 It contains 4 or 6 churches, a bank, a savings bank, and an 
 academy. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in trade 
 and in the whale fishery. The shipping of this port, Decem- 
 ber, 1864, amounted to 1882 tons registered, and 1716 en- 
 rolled and licensed — total, 359S, of which 1S29 were em- 
 ployed in the whale fishery, and 1768 in the coasting trade. 
 There is a steam cotton factory, a steam sugar-mill, and a 
 hosiery factory. Estimated population 2500. 
 
 SAGIIIPOLY, a town of Hungary. See IpiUYSAgh. 
 
 S.VGHUNY. a river of Canada East. See Saguexat. 
 
 SAGHUR, sd-gUW, a town of Hiudostan, in Bundelcund, 
 33 miles S.E. of Teary. 
 
 S.\G'INAW, a river of Michigan, is formed in the county 
 of the same name, in the E. central part of the state, by the 
 confluence of the Flint and Shiawassee. It Hows nearly N., 
 and empties itself into the head of Saginaw Bay. " Its 
 branches and tribuLiries, flowing from all the cardinal 
 points, drain a large portion of the peninsula. The main 
 stream is about 30 miles long, and its depth varies from 25 
 to 30 feet. Large steamers ascend this river from the lak« 
 to Saginaw City, 24 miles from i(s mouth. 
 
 SAGINAW, a_ county in the E. part of Michigan, about 5 
 miles from the 'bay of its own mime, contains about SCO 
 square miles. It is traver.sed by the Saginaw and its 
 branches, the Flint and Shiawassee Rivers. It is also 
 drained by the Cass, Tittibawassee, and Mishtegayoc Rivers, 
 and by Beaverdam and other creeks. The surface is level 
 and undulating; the soil is a dark sandy loam, nearly 2 feet 
 deep. Pine lumber and fish are the principal exports. Wate*-- 
 power is abundant, and the Saginaw River is navigable for 
 large steamboats. Capital, Saginaw City. Pop. 12,693. 
 
 S.\GINAW, a post-township in the N. part of Saginaw co., 
 Michigan. Pop., excluding Saginaw City, 879. 
 
 S.\G INAW B.\.Y, of Lake Huron, the la'rgest body of water 
 which indents the peninsula of Miihigan, is .situated in the 
 E. part of the state. It is about 60 miles in length and 30 
 in its greatest breadth, and affords good navigation and 
 safe harbors for large vessels. 
 
 SAGINAW CITY, of Michigan, capital of the county of 
 this name, is on the left bank of Saginaw River. 22 miles 
 from its mouth, and about 100 by railroad, N.N.W. of De- 
 troit. It is elevated about 30 feet above the water, and 
 commands a beautiful prospect of the river. It contains 6 
 churches and 1 bank. The river is navigable for vessels 
 drawing 10 feet of water. The four branches of this river, 
 which unite 4 miles above Saginaw, converge tow;irds this 
 place from all the cardinal points, and afford intercourse by 
 boats with a large portion of the state. A newspaper is 
 published here. Siilt and lumber are largely exported. 
 Pop. in 1860, 1699 ; in 1865, about 3500. 
 
 SAGLI.\.NO, sdl-yd'no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, province of Biella. Pop. 1801. 
 
 SA'GO, a post-office of Lewis CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 SAGOAREMA, sd-go-d-rA/md, a village of Brazil, province, 
 and 45 miles E. of Rio de Janeiro, at the E. extremity of the 
 lagoon of Sagoarema. 
 
 SAGONE. sah-g5n', a post-office of Dupatte co., Illinois. 
 
 SAGOONOOI, SAGOUNOUI, sd-goo-noo'ee. written also 
 SAGUNY, sd-gcx/nee, a market-town of Rus.sia. government 
 of Voronezh, 20 miles W.N.W. of Pavlov.sk. Top. 1000. 
 
 S.-VGOR. an island in the Bay of Bengal. See Saugl'r. 
 
 S.\GRES, sd/gri^s, a small fortified seaport town of Por- 
 tugal, province of Algarves, on a peninsula of the S. coast, 
 4 miles S.E. of Cape St. Vincent. It was founded in 1410 by 
 the crtlebrated Prince Henriquez of Portugal, who here 
 established a school of navigation, aud fitted out discovery 
 expeditions. 
 
 SAGRCS. See Sanoro. 
 
 SAGUA LA GRANDE, .sd/gwd (almost sd'wd) Id grdn'd.i a 
 river of Cuba, emptying ifself into the sea on the N coast 
 of the island. It is navigable for schooners near 20 miles. 
 
 SAGUA LA GRANDE.'sd'gwd or sd'wd Id grdii'd.i a thriv- 
 ing town of Cuba, situated at the head of navigation on 
 the above river. Pop. atout 2000. 
 
 SAGUENAY, sdg'a'nA', written sometimes SAGHUXY. a 
 large river of Canada East, and one of the principal tributaries 
 
SAG 
 
 SAI 
 
 of the St. Lawrence, the estuary of which it enters 120 miles 
 N.E. of Quebec, in lat. 4S° 6' N., Ion. 69° 3S' W.. and into 
 wliich it brings the surplus waters of Lake ?t. John. Total 
 course, 100 miles. The Saguenay is remarkable even among 
 American rivers for its wild and picturesque scenery. (See 
 Canada, page 350.) It flows between precipitous heights, 
 and in its upper part forms numerous cataracts, and is fre- 
 quently from 2 to 3 miles across. In its lower part it is less 
 wide, but very deep; and large ships ascend it more than fiO 
 miles, to load with deals and timtser from the few settlements 
 along its banks. 
 
 SAGUENAY, a county near the S.E. extremity of Canada 
 East. Area. 75,000 square miles. The St. Lawrence forms its 
 b.E. boundary. Capital, Elx)ulemen8. Pop. in 1852, 20,783. 
 
 SAGUNTUM. See Murviedro. 
 
 SAUUNY, a market-town of Russia. See Saooonooi. 
 
 SAGUR, a town of British India. See Sauocr. 
 
 S.\(iY, si'zhee', a market-town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Louhaus. Pop. 2649. 
 
 SAIIAGUN, s3-i-goon', a town of Spain, province, and 31 
 miles E.S.E. of Leon, with 2312 inhabitants, the remains of 
 a castle, and other fortifications, and a famous Benedictine 
 abbey, in which are the tombs of Alphonso VI. and his five 
 wives. It has many mills, and manufactures of woollens 
 and linens. 
 
 SAHAMA, NEVADO DE, ni-vl/do di sl-hi'ml. a moun- 
 tiiin of the Andes, in Peru; lat. 18° 7' S., Ion. 68° 62' W. 
 Height, 22.350 feet. 
 
 SA'riAM-TO'NY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SAHAKA, si-hiffi. or s^'ha-r^. or ZAIIAKA, zS-hil'ri 
 (more corroi'tly S.\HRA or SAflllllA, sjh'h'rd.) called also 
 the GREAT DESKRT, (Fr. Cfratul Dinert. grfi.N" dA'zaiR'; 
 Ger. Die. Witsfe, dee ^iis'teh, i. e. " the desert;" L. Dfser'tum 
 Mag'niim,) a vast region of North-east Africa, extending from 
 the Atlantic coast on the W. to the valley of the Nile on the 
 E., between 15° and 35° X. lat.. and 1.5° W. and 36° E. Ion. 
 Length from E. to W., about 3000 miles ; average bre<idth, 
 about 900 miles,. Area, 2.700,000~square miles. The limits 
 of the Groat Desert towards the N. and S. do not admit of 
 being fixed with precision. On the E. it commences at the 
 Libyan Hills, which, in Egypt, confine the valley of the Nile 
 on the W. On the S., its natural boundary depends on the 
 extension northwiird of the rains, the lineof which, taken col- 
 lectively, may be said to lie in lat, 17° N. But there are 
 many circumstances of local configuration, which affect both 
 the extension of the rains, and their influence on the cha- 
 racter of the adjacent country. In general, the Sahara has 
 on the S. a broad seam of country, too dry for cultivation, yet 
 abounding in excellent pasturage for several months in the 
 year, witii sufficiency of water In wells, and occasionally 
 trees, chiefly mimosas and the doum-palm. (Cacifera T/ie- 
 baica.) The de.sert of Bahiyuda, adjoining the Nile, W. of 
 Meroe, is of this description, resembling a rich park at one 
 season of the year, (about midsummer,) while at another it 
 is little better than an artd and desolate waste. Such, also, 
 seem to bo the N. districts of Darfoor and Waday. On tlie 
 frontiers of Bornoo, also, and of lIouss,a, the valley of Kaw- 
 war, and the country named Asben, of which Agadez is the 
 capital, partake at once of the characters of desert and of 
 oasis, or interspersed fertile land. B'arther W., the desert 
 seems to reach S. to the banks of the Isa. or river of Timbuc- 
 too. The town of Timbuctoo, about S miles from the river. 
 Is surroundeil by desert. But at a distance of a few days' 
 journey to the N.E. and N. are the oases of Mabi-ook and 
 Arawan. which seem, however, to be of the poorest descrip- 
 tion. Farther VV. lies Taudeny,whence rock-salt is obtained. 
 Teghaza, formerly celebrated for its saltmines, is situated 
 farther N., on the road to Tafilelt. Not far from Taudeny, 
 probiibly to the S.W., is Wal4ta or (in the plurall Iwalftteu, 
 one of the chief oases of the W. desert. S.VV. of VVal4ta are 
 Tisheet and Taghaut, the latter hut .seven days from Kaarta: 
 thence the gum-tree forests extend W. along the right bank 
 of the Senegal; but towards the seaside sterility predomi- 
 nates, and (he bare sandy desert spreads S. of the Senegal, 
 even beyond Cape Verd. The N. limit of the Sahara is still 
 more irregular than the S. Wady Noon may be assumed to 
 be its commencement on the W.. whence its general direc- 
 tion is nearly on the same parallel, approaching the Medi- 
 teranean as it extends E.. till on the Gulf of Sidra it reaches 
 the margin of the sea. The oases of the Tooat, Fezzan, and 
 Seewah. (Siwah.) are near or on the N. limit. 
 
 The S.-ihara is traversed in many directions by caravan 
 routes; travellers on which undergo the most intense suf- 
 feiings from thirst, and from exposure to the Simoon, or 
 hot dry wind from the S. and E.. which usually lasts from 
 10 to 12 hours: during its continuance the air is impreg- 
 nated with fine sand, and the sun is barely perceptible. 
 Rain appears to fall in torrents at intervals of 5, 10, or 20 
 years. In summer, the he.at during the day is excessive, but 
 the nights are freijuently cold : in winter the temperature is 
 sometimes considerably below the freezing point. Ice has 
 been found in Fejfzan. and also on the Nile, in Upper Egypt. 
 
 Gfolog;/. — The Great Desert may be generally described as 
 an elevated tableland covered with large blocks of stone, 
 hard baked earth, gravel, or loose sand ; in many places it 
 
 is incrusted with salt. Granite seems to he the rocl 
 which most frequently breaks through the sandstone cover 
 ing of the waste. Towards Egypt, limestone comes into 
 view. The Tripolitan Ilamada is divided from E. to \\ . by 
 a volcanic line, marked by at least one well-preserved crater, 
 Tooggoort (Tuggurt.) Connected with this system, are the 
 numerous hot springs, which issue forth copiously in many 
 places towards the interior, particularly at Ghat. (Ion. lO'^ 
 30' E..) and spread luxuriance around them. Ferruginouf 
 sandstone is common, and many rocky sp<its. chiefly in thf 
 VV. desert. S. of Wady Noon, are said to contain iron. Cop- 
 per was once obtained in abundance from the hills N. of 
 Agadez; but at present the only minenil which incre.ise.» 
 the re.sources of the Sahara, is salt, excavated at Taudeny, 
 on the route from Timbuctoo to Wady Noon, and at Bilna. in 
 the country of the Tibboos. E. of the route from Bornoo to 
 Tripoli. 
 
 The barrenness of Sahara is obviou.sly owing to the almost 
 total absence of rain; for undoubtedly if rain fell abundantly 
 even on those parts that consist wholly of sand, without 
 any fertilizing ingredient, some species of plants woulo 
 spring up. and by their decay, would in the course of year* 
 cover the surface with a vegetable mould. 
 
 ZotiUifpi and Vegrtntion. — In the desert, properly .so called, 
 there is little of animal or of vegetable lite. The large ani- 
 mals which characterize South Africa are here wholly want- 
 ing. A few species of antelopes are met with in favored 
 spots. The lion avoids the parched country. Lizards. jer» 
 boas, and serpents of many kinds, retain undisturbed pos- 
 session of the burning sands. The land-tortJjise, of great 
 size, is .said to be common towards the S., where 1)ushes 
 grow; there the arak. or Salreddra J\.rsica, generally pre- 
 vails. Prickly sainfoin, with other tough and humble 
 plants, are comprehended under the Arab name of lui.iliisli, 
 or herbage. As the country improves, the Acacia ferru- 
 ginea appears; then the talha. (Acacia Arahica.) anA other 
 trees, till the doum and date-palms mark the limits of the 
 desert. Yet the date-palm itself usually tlirives best be- 
 yond the limit of the rains. In Fezzan and other tracts, 
 where the date-groves constitute the wealth of the inha- 
 bitants, heavy rains often prove fatal to tho trees, by dis- 
 solving .and carrying to their roots the salt formed ou the 
 surface of the ground. 
 
 S.MIAHUNPOOR. District of, India. See Seharunpoob. 
 
 SAI, si, a large town of Senegambia, state of Bambarra, 
 on the Joliba, between Sego and Yamina. 
 
 SAIANSK, si-insk/, or SAYAN8KIE. sI-an'ske-A. a forti- 
 fied post of Silx»ria. government of Yenisei.sk, on the Yeni- 
 sei. 70 miles S. of Abakansk. About 90 miles farther S. are 
 the Saiunsk Mountains, forming a part of the frontier be- 
 tween the Russian and Chine.se Empires. 
 
 S.MD, the name of Upper Egypt. See Saeed. 
 
 S.\IDA or SAYDA, si'di, a town of Saxony, circle of 
 Leipsic. 17 miles 8.S.E. of Freiberg. Pop. 1166. 
 
 S.4IDA. sl'di, (Fr. Siirde, sid; anc. Si'don,) a maritime 
 town of Syria, pashalic of Acre, on the N. side of a steep 
 promontory, extending into the Mediterranean, lat. 3;i° 'iV 
 N.. Ion. 35° 21' E., 18 miles S. of Beyroot. Pop. 6000. prin- 
 cipally Mohammedans and Greeks. It is badly laid out 
 but it contains many good houses, several large inns, and 
 well-supplied hazaars, and its vicinity abounds with orchards 
 and plantations. It is defended by a castle, built in the 
 time of the Crusades, and its peninsular side is shut off from 
 the mainland bj' walls kept in repair. Its harbor was, in the 
 sixteenth century, rendered unfit for any but .small vessels, 
 and its commerce h.as declined commensurately with the 
 rise of Beyroot; yet it has still .some trade in .silk, fruit, 
 oil. and gall-nuts. The original city of Sidon, some traces 
 of which are supposed to exist aliout 2 miles inland, was a 
 city of the highest antiquity, and is called the -'great Zidon" 
 in .Joshua, and is mentioned by Homer. It was subsequently 
 eclipsed in importance by Tyre; but it remained a place of 
 consequence long after the Christian era. 
 
 SAIF. a village of Arabia. See Fartash. 
 
 SAIGHTON, si'ton, or .SAUGUTON-on-the-IIILL, a town- 
 ship of England, co, of Chester. 
 
 SAI-GON. si-2on'. or SAl-GUN, si-gtln', called by the na- 
 tives LOOKNOOEE or LOUKNOUI. look'noo'ee'. &.e.. a city 
 and river-port of Anam, in Farther India, capital and chief 
 commercial emporium of its S. province of Tsiampa. on the 
 river of Sai-gon, 36 miles from the China Sea. Lat. 10° 47' N., 
 Ion. 106° 45' E. Pop. estimated at 180,000, including many 
 Chinese. It consists of two towns, connected by a-straggling 
 suburb; Pingeh. with the citadel, is on the W. side of the 
 Sai-gon ; the commercial town is on a tributary stream, navi- 
 gable for large boats. It is regularly built, and intersected 
 l>y canals, some of which are lined with quays of stone and 
 brickwoik. The houses are mostly of earth, of one story, 
 and thatched with palm-leaves. The citadel, fortified in a 
 European fashion, contains barracks, officers' quarters, and 
 the governors residence. Sai-gon has a naval yard and 
 arsenal, where some good junks have been built, a royal 
 palace, and large rice magazines. It communicates «ith the 
 Me-kong (Cambodia) by a canal 23 miles in length, and ha? 
 a foreign trade, chiefly with Siam and China. The markets 
 
 1641 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI; 
 
 are well supplied with provisions, especially fish, and the 
 en\ ire lb' aru I'artile and Ciiret'ully cultivated. 
 
 SAI JUIl. tiMiur', a tawu and stron); fortress of Hindostan, 
 (JoDiiD ons. and about 68 miles from Jeypoor. 
 
 S.VIl/AUK, (si'lOwf.) (MiTTKL, mit/tel, Ober, o'ber, and 
 Unier, oon't^r.) three contiffuous villasres of Bavaria, in 
 Lower Francouia, near Aschaifenburg. Pop. 1008. 
 
 SAIL CllEKK. a post-oftice of Hamilton co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SAILIM, srieem/, or SAGE HAM, si-si-rim', a town of 
 Chinese Toorkistan. province of Khoten. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAILliANS, si'ydx'^'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Drume, 21 miles S.E. of Valence, on the Drome. 
 Pop. 1943. 
 
 SAI LOOR, sl-lopr', a town of India, in the Deccan, Nizam's 
 doininion.s, o5 miles N.X.E. of Aurunt?abad. 
 
 SAllVOK'S REST, a postolfice of Montgomery co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 SAIMA (sl'md) LAKE, the largest lake of Finland, Iren, 
 and 30 miles N.W. of Viborg, its centre being about lat. 
 61° 20' N., Ion. '2H° E. Its shape is very irregular. Length 
 from N. to S., 45 miles ; gieat^ist breadth. 30 miles. It con- 
 tains many islands, is connected N. with numerous other 
 lakes, and discharges its surplus waters on the S.E. by the 
 Woxen, into Lake Ladoga. 
 
 SAIXGIIIX-EN-MELAN'TOIS, siN^'gAx"' Sn" meh-ldN"^- 
 twi/, a village of Franco, department of Nord, arrondisse- 
 ment of Lille. Pop. 1 ('46. 
 
 SAI.\GIIIN-EN-\VEPPES, sLvo^g^.v' 6x0 vjpp, a village 
 of France, department of Nord, arrondissemeut of Lille. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAIN-KALEII, sin-klOfh, written al.so SIENKULLAII, 
 a village of North Persia, province of Azerbaijan, near the 
 junction of two branches of the Jaghatoo, 92 miles S.S.E. of 
 Tabreez, at the foot of an artificial mound of high antiquity, 
 crowned by a strong modern fort. 
 
 SAINS, rKs". a Tillage of France, department of Aisne, 19 
 miles N. of Laon. Pop. in 1852. 2505. 
 
 SAIN'S, a village of France, department of Somme, 5 miles 
 S.E. of Amiens. Pop. 850. 
 
 SAINSK or ZAINSK, zlnsk. a fortified town of Russia, 
 gOTernment of Orenboorg, 50 miles S.W. of Meuzelinsk, on 
 the Sai or Zai. Pop. 1600. 
 
 X®" It is important to observe, that in accordance with 
 the general plan adopted in this work, all European names — 
 except those of a comparatively few well-known places that 
 have acquired an established English spelling and pronun- 
 ciation — arc given as they are written in the language of the 
 respective countries to which they belong, those of Russia 
 and Turkey only being excepted for reasons elsewhere given. 
 (See Introduction, XI; page 14; also, the remarks under 
 " Russia," page 21.) Accordingly, names with the prefix of 
 Saint before a feminine name in France or the French 
 colonies, should be written Sainte, the final e of this prefix 
 being taken into account in the alphabetical arrangement 
 precisely as if it were a part of the name itself. Thus S.iinte- 
 Akne and Sainte-Croix, &c., as well as Saint-Etienne, (St. 
 Stephen,) would come between Saint Dunstan and Saint 
 Florext. Names with this prefix in Germany, should be 
 given under Sanct ; those of Spani.sh and Italian, if mascu- 
 line, for the most part under San, if feminine under Santa; 
 Portuguese, S.AO (Santo before a name beginning with a 
 vowel, as Santo Antonio;) feminine, Santa. Masculine 
 names, however, in Italian beginning with a vowel, hava 
 Sant', as Sant' Andrea, Sant' Onofrio. In a few instances 
 Santo is employed as a prefix to SpauLsh masculine names, 
 as Santo Dominoo. Santo Tomas; the former, however, will 
 be found under its usual English spelling, San Domingo. 
 Dutch names have either Sanct or Sant, but more usually 
 the latter. Hungarian names have Szent. 
 
 SAINT-AKFRIQUK, sixt drfreek', a town of France, de- 
 partment of -Avevron, on the Sorgue. 29 miles S.S.E. of Ro- 
 dez. Pop. in 1852, 0618. 
 
 SAINT AGNES, .sent ag'niz. the southernmost of the 
 S<'.illy Islands, on the coast, and included in the co. of Corn- 
 wall : lat. 49° 53' 6" N ., Ion. 6° 20' 7" W. On one of the loftiest 
 hills .1 light-house was erected in 1680. 
 
 S.AINT AG'N KS, a parish and town of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall, on the Bristol (Channel, 9 miles N.W. of Truro. The 
 harbor can only be entered at high water. Opie, the painter, 
 was born here In 1761. St. Agnes' Beacon, in the vicinity, 
 rises to the height of 664 feet. 
 
 SAINT-AIGNAN, sSxt An'yftNo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Loir-et-Cher, 22 miles S. of Blois, on the Cher, with 
 manufactures of cloth. Pop. in 1S52, 2434 
 
 8AINT-AIGNAN-SUR-R0E, s^Nt AuVSn"' sUb ro^A/, a 
 town of France, department, and 38 miles S.S.W. of Mayenne. 
 Pop. 674. 
 
 SAINTA1M£. s^Nt i'mA/, a post-village and parish of 
 touada East, co. of Richelieu, 50 mUes N.E. of Montreal 
 1642 
 
 The village contains several chui ches, stores, and mills- 
 Pop, of the parish, 3-iOO. 
 
 S.AINT-ALBAN, sixt irbfixo', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarn, E.S.E. of Alby. Pop. 700. 
 
 SAINT-ALB.AN, a town of France, department of Cotes- 
 du-Nord. Pop. 1370. 
 
 SAINT-ALBAN, a town of France, department of Isdre. 
 Pop. 1050. 
 
 SAINT-ALBAN, a town of France, department of Loz^ra 
 Pop. in 1852, 2249. 
 
 SAINT ALBAN'S, sgnt awl'banz, a borough and town of 
 England, co. of Hertford. 10 miles N.W. of Loudon. 65 miles 
 N.E. of the Watford station of the London and Birmingham 
 Railway. Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 7000. The liorough 
 comprises the site of the ancient town of Verulamium, 
 {Ourolanion of Ptolemy.) supposed to have been founded by 
 the Britons before Loudon. In the vicinity was an aucierit 
 abbey of Benedictines. 
 
 SAINT AL'BAN'S,ap<ist-townshipof Somerset CO., Maine, 
 about 50 miles N,E. of Augusta. Pop. 1808. 
 
 SAINT ALBAN'S, a flourishing post-village and town- 
 ship, seat of justice of Franklin co., Vernion t, on the Ver- 
 mont Central Railroad, about 3 miles E. of Lake CJhamplain, 
 and 24 miles N. by E. of Burlington. The village has an 
 elevated and pleasant situation, with a handsome public 
 square in the centre. It contains, besides the county 
 hidldings, 3 or 4 churches, 2 banks, an academy, and 2 news- 
 paper officers. Pop. 3637. 
 
 SAINT ALBAN'S, a township in the W. central part of 
 Licking CO., Ohio. Pop. 1381. 
 
 SAINT ALBAN'S, a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois, 
 100 miles N.W. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 SAINT ALBAN'S BAY, a post-village of Franklin eo., 
 Vermont, on Lake Champlain, about 24 miles N. of Bur- 
 lington. It has a good wharf, and is a place of consider- 
 able trade. 
 
 SAINT ALBAN'S HEAD, a conspicuous promontory of 
 England, on the coast of Dorsetshire, parish of Worth-Ma- 
 travers. Summit. 441 feet above sea-level, with ruins of a 
 chapel of the twelfth century on the top. Sometimes called 
 Si. Adhelm's Head. L;it. 50=^ N., Ion. 2° 10' W. 
 
 SAINT Al/LEN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAlNT-ALfHONSE. sLxt arf6.Nz', a village of Canada East, 
 CO. of Leinster, 46 miles N.W. of Jlontreal. 
 
 SAINT- AMAND, sjnt i'mind', (Fr. pron. siNt i'mbyo',) a 
 town of France, department of Cher, 20 miles S.S.E, of 
 Bourges, on the Cher, at the mouth of the -Marmande, Pop. 
 in 1852, 8232, It has a communal college, tauneries, aud 
 extensive commerce in wood, iron, and wool. 
 
 SAINT-A.MAND, a village of France, department of Haute- 
 Vienne, arrondis.sement of Bellae, Pop. 1300. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, a village of France, department of Lot- 
 et-Garonne, arrondissemeut of Agen. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, a town of France, department of Nifivre, 
 arrondissemeut of Cosne. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, a town of France, department of Puy- 
 de-Dome, arrondissemeut of Ambert. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, a town of France, department of Deux- 
 S6vres, arrondissement of Bressuire. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, a town of France, department of Puy-de- 
 Dome, arrondissemeut of Clermont. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND or SAINT-AMAND-LES-EAUX. s^Nt 
 d*m6x»' liz 6', (anc. Amandfipolis^} a town of France, depart- 
 mentof Nord, 6miles N.N.W.of Valenciennes. on theScarpe. 
 Pop. in 1862. 9527. It has a communal college, and is much 
 frequented for its thermal baths. It is the centre of the 
 cultivation of flax for the manutiicture of cambrics, with an 
 active industry, manufactures of woollens, cottons, linseed- 
 oil, soap, leather, and porcelain, and fine ruins of an ancient 
 Benedictine abbey. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, a village of France, department of 
 Manche, arrondissement of St. L6. Pop 1400. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, a village of France, department ofMarne, 
 arrondissement of Vitry-le-Fran^ais. Pop. 1250. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND BRUILLE, sKx^-i.'m&y'' briiVel', a village 
 of France, department of Nord, arrondissemeut of Valon- 
 cienues. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-AMANDIN, sSxt a'm8N«MiN"'. a vill-ige of France, 
 department of Caht;»l. arrondi.s.sement of Murat. Pop. ItftX 
 
 SAINT-AMANS, s^Nt i^mto"', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Aveyron, an-ondissement of Espalion. Pi^p. 
 1000. 
 
 SAINT- AM AN S, a village of France, department of Loz&r*, 
 arrondissemeut of Mende. Pop. 300. 
 
 SAINT-.\MANS. a village of France, department of Tarn, 
 arrondissement of Castres, on the There, Pop. in 1852, 2749. 
 
 SAINT-AMANS, a village of France, department of Chs- 
 rente, arrondissement of AngoulSme. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT-AMANS, a village of France, department of Char 
 rente, arrondis.sement of Montmoreau. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAINT-AMARIN, s^xt S'miViNo', (Ger, Sand Amary, 
 .siukt i'mi-ree\) a village of F'ranoe. dephrtment of Uaut- 
 Rhin, 18 miles N,E. of Belfort, Pop. in 1852, 2166. It is the 
 centre of extensive cotton factories. 
 
 SAIN T-AMBROISE-DE-KILD ARE, sijt ia. brwjj/ dfb 
 
SAI 
 
 keefilai'. a villas^e of Canada East, co. of Leitister. 55 miles 
 N.W. of .Montreal. U has a church and several stores. 
 
 SAINT-AMBHOIX, sixt byo'hrwi'. a town of France, de- 
 partment of (iard, 11 mile.s K.E. of .\lais. I'op. in 1852. 3724. 
 
 S.\1NT AMBKOSK. s^-nt am'brS/,. an island of the Pacific 
 Ocean, in lat. •26« 21' S., Ion. 80° 10' AV. 
 
 SAINT-AMOUR, siNt jl^noon/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Jura, 19 miles S.S.VV. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 
 193'.(. It has extensive iron f(>undries and tanneries, and is 
 celebrated for the numVier of sieves it has sustained. 
 
 SAIXT-.A.MOUI{. a village of France, department of SaOne- 
 et-Loire. 7 miles from Ma(.'on. Pop. 8(X). 
 
 SAINT-ANCI KNT, s^Nt SNo'se^N"', a post-village of Canada 
 Kast, CO. of lieauharnois, on the right bank of the St. Law- 
 rence, 68 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 400. 
 
 SAINT-ANDfiOL-DE-BOUHLENG, slxt 6n«UVo1' dgh 
 booRUSN"', a village of France, department of Ard&che. Pop. 
 1600. 
 
 SAINT-ANDl^:OL-DE-FOURCIIADES, s^Nt SsoMi'oU deh 
 fooR'shdd', a village of France, department of Ard^che. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 S.\I.\TANDRl5. s^Nt SN^Mr.V, a post-village and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of Kamouraska, on the St. Lawrence, 100 
 miles below Quebec. The village contains a church and 
 several stores. Pop. of the parish. 2900. 
 
 SA1NT-ANDR£-DE-CUBZAC, siNt dNoMri' d?h kUVzJk', 
 a town of France, department of Gironde, 12 miles N.E. of 
 Bordeaux, near the Dofdogne. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SAINT-ANDR£-DE-SANG0XIS, sixt SN'o'dnV dfh sSs"'- 
 go^nee'. a town of France, department of Herault. Pop. 2679. 
 St. Andr^ is also the name of many villages in France. 
 
 SAiNT AN'DKliVV, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 SAINT AN'DREW, British America, a seap«irt town of 
 Prince Edward Island. Kings co., on Cardigan Bay, which sets 
 up into the S.E. part of the island. Lat. 46° 10' N., Ion. 62° 35' 
 W. The in habitants of this and the neighboring settlements, 
 chiefly emigrants from the \V. of Scotland and the Hebrides, 
 are principally employed in ship-building and the exporta- 
 tion of timber. 
 
 SAINT AN'DREW BLUNS/DOX, a pari.sh of England, co. 
 of Wilts. 
 
 SAINT AN/DREW ILK'ETSIIALL, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAINT ANDREW, MFNOR, a parish of Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. St. Andrew is the name of other parishes in the 
 island of Guernsey; the cities of London, Canterbury, Chi- 
 chester, Norwich, Wells, and York; the towns of Cam- 
 bridge, Droitwich. Hertford. Plymouth, &c. 
 
 SAINT ANDREWS, an inlet on the coast of Guinea. 
 
 SAINT AN'DREW'S, a pjirish and seaport city of Scot- 
 land, on the E. coast of Fifeshire, 39 miles N.N.E. of Edin- 
 . burgh. Pop. of the p.arish. in 1851, 5107. The population 
 consists chiefly of families attracted to its educational insti- 
 tutions. It was created a royal burgh tn 1140, and a city 
 and archbishop's see in 1471. The university is the oldest 
 In Scotland, founded In 1411. St. Leonard's College was 
 founded in 1512, St. Mary's in 1537, and St. Salvator's in 
 1455. St. Leonard and St. Salvator, now united, has 8 pro- 
 fessors. St. Mary's is the divinity college. This city was the 
 scene of many of the most remarkable political and religious 
 events in the history of Scotland. It was also a place of 
 considerable trade, but fell into decay. The Rev. Andrew 
 Bell, a native of this city, founded the Madras College, 
 which was built after his death in 1832: it is a school of 
 general instruction, including classes on the Madras system 
 of education, and has about 800 pupils. The castle of St. 
 Andrew's was built in the twelfth century, and stood upon 
 a point of land projecting into the sea. Here James III. 
 was born. St. Andrew's unites with Cupar, Crail, the .Vn- 
 struthers, Kilrenny, and Pitteuweem in sending a member 
 to Parliament. 
 
 SAINT AN'DREW'S, a post-office. Orange CO.. New York. 
 
 SAINT ANDREW'S, a pleasant post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., Florida, on the bay of the same name, about 10 
 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, into which the bay opens. 
 The situation is very healthy and pleasant. The bay, which 
 is almost entirely landlocked, forms a fine harbor, with 12 
 feet of water over the bar. The place is frequented in sum- 
 mer by planters, on account of its salubrity and the beauty 
 of the bay. The post-office is called St. Andrew^'s Bay. 
 
 S.-\.INT AN'DREW'S, a seaport town of New Brunswick, 
 CROital of Charlotte co., at tlie N.E. extremity of Passama- 
 quoddy Bay, on a narrow slip of low land fronting the sea, 
 60 miles W. by S. of St. John, and 3 miles from the shores 
 of the United States. Lat. (S. point, light) 45° 4' 3" N., 
 Ion. 67° 3' W. It consists of two principal streets, which run 
 parallel to each other, and of several smaller ones crossing 
 them at right angles. The houses are all of a substantial 
 and respectable appearance. There are several churches, a 
 oourt-house, a jail, a grammar school, a chamber of com- 
 merce, an agricultural and emigiant society, a savings' 
 bank, a Bible society, barracks, and many handsome pri- 
 vate buildings. It is conveniently situated for commerce, 
 and especially for the fishing trade, which is carried on here 
 to a "^rge extent. The lumber trade and ship-buildiug also 
 
 SAI 
 
 employ a large poi-tion of the inhabitants. The barbar is 
 entered by two passes leading from the mouth of the river 
 Scoodic, and has a depth sufficient for ves.sels of any size. 
 A harbor-master and branch pilots are always in attend, 
 ance, to assist vessels in entering. In 1850, 465 vessels, 
 (tons, 42.676,) arrived at this port, bringing cargoes valued 
 at .$225,000, and 360 vessels, (tons, 34,419,) with cargoes 
 valued at $270,000, cleared for foreign ports. December 31, 
 1851, 807 vessels, (tons, 121,996,) were owned and regi* 
 tered at this port. During the year, 6 vessels were built. The 
 lumber trade is also carried on here to some extent. A rail- 
 road is in course of construction, connecting St. Andrew's 
 with Woodstock, a distance of about 80 miles. Pop. about 8000. 
 SAINT AN'DREWS, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Two Mountains, on the North River, or Riviere du Nord, 3 
 miles from its junction with the Ottawa, and 45 miles W. of 
 Montreal. It contains 4 churches, assurance and insurance 
 agencies. 6 stores, and numerous boot and shoe shops, mills^ 
 and factories. Pop. in 1850, 1103. 
 
 SAINT ANDREW'S BAY, a bay of very irregular shape, 
 situated in Washington county, on the S. coast of Florida. 
 Length, near 25 miles. 
 
 SAINT ANDREW'S CHANNEL-and-SOUND, near the 
 Strait of Conception, W. of Patiigonia. 
 
 SAINT ANDREW'S ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, bo. 
 tween Papua and the Pellew Islands, are in lat. 5° 32' N., 
 Ion. 12S° W. 
 
 SAINT-ANGEL, s^Nt !)v<>'7.hiV, a village of France, pro- 
 vince of Corr^ze, 4 miles S.W. of Ussel. Pop. 1500. 
 SAINT ANN, a lake of Canada. See Sai.m Anne. 
 SAINT ANN, a port of British America, on the E. coast 
 of Cape Breton. 
 
 SAINT ANN, the former name of Fredericton, New Bruns- 
 wick. See Frederictox. 
 
 SAINT ANN, a maritime village and pari.sh of Jamaica, 
 CO. of Middlesex. The village is on the N. coast, 20 miles 
 W. of Port Maria. 
 
 SAINT-ANNE, numerous places in France and the French 
 colonies. See Sainte-Axxe. 
 
 SAINT-ANNE, sAst inn. a town of the French Antilles, 
 on the E. coast of the island of Marie Galante. 
 SAINT ANNE, Central America. See Santa Anna. 
 SAINT ANNE, a town, bay.' and island of Nookaheeva, 
 one of the Marquesas. Lat. 8° 56' S., Ion. 140° 6' E. 
 
 SAINT ANNE. (Fr. Sainle-Anne, sixt 3nn,) a river of 
 Canada East, after a S.W. course, estimated at 120 miles, 
 joins the St. Lawrence on its N. l>ank, about 50 miles W.S.W. 
 of Quebec. At Its mouth it is 1200 feet across. Shallows 
 and numerous rapids impede its navigation. 
 
 SAINT ANNE, a lake of British North America, 60 miles 
 N. of I^ake Superior, into which it discharges itself by a 
 small river. Length and breadth, alxiut 20 miles. 
 
 SAINT ANNE, Sfnt ann', (Fr. Sainte Anne, .sjxt dnn,) a 
 town of Canada East, situated on the S. bank of the St. 
 Lawrence. Lat. 49° N., Ion. 06° 25' W. There are several 
 rivers of the same name in this terrritory. 
 SAINT ANNE, Brazil. See Santa Anna. 
 SAINT-ANNE-DE-LA-PERADE. See Sainte-Anne-de-la- 
 Peraoe. 
 SAINT-ANNE-DU-NORD. See Sainte-Anne-du-Nord. 
 SAINT-ANNE MOUNTAINS, Canada East, are in lat 
 48° N., Ion. 66° W., 3973 feet high. 
 
 SAINT ANNE'S, sjnt anz, a post-village of Canada East, 
 in the parish of St. Anne's, Bout da I'Isle, 24 miles from Mon- 
 treal. Pop. 300. 
 
 SAINT ANNE'S, a village of Canada West, co. of Halton, 
 township of Nelson. I'op. about 200. 
 
 SAINT ANN'S IIKAD, a promontory of South Wales, co. 
 of Pembroke, at the W. side of the entrance of Milford Ha- 
 ven. See Dale. 
 SAINT ANN'S PORT, Ireland. See Killouoh. 
 SAINT-ANSELME, s^Nt 6n°'s4Im', a pfjst^vill.age of Canada 
 East, CO. of Bellechasse, 18 miles E. of Quebec. It contains 
 a church, an iron foundry, a cotton and woollen factory, and 
 engineering and mill-wright works. 
 
 SAINT-ANTHEM E, sixt fixoHaim', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Puy-de-D6me, on the Ance, 9 miles E. of Am- 
 bert. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAINT ANTHONY, s?nt in'to-ne, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Co);^wall. 
 
 SAINT ANTHONY, sent an'to-ne, a post-town of Henne- 
 pin CO., Minnesota, is finely situated on the left bank of the 
 Mississippi River, at the Falls of St. Anthony, 8 miles by land 
 above St. Paul's. Lat. 44° 48' 40" N., Ion. 93° 10' W. The 
 Mississippi here has a perpendicular fall of about 18 feet, the 
 first which ocoirs in ascending the river. The site of the 
 village is an elevated plain, rising by a gradual acclivity, 
 and commanding a fine view of the falls. Situated at the 
 head of navigation on the Mississij)pi, and in the immediate 
 vicinity of an unlimited water-power, St. Anthony can 
 scarcely fail to become an important city. The University 
 of Minnesota is established here. The town contains 5 or 6 
 churches, about 20 stores, and numeixjus saw mills, besides 
 other mills and manufactories. It is on the St. Paul and 
 Pacific Railroad. The post-offlce is called St. Anthony's 
 
 1613 
 
SAI 
 
 JFalls. Pjpulation in 1850, 750; in 1854, about 2000; in 
 1860, 3258. 
 
 8AINT ANTHONY CITY, a village of Ramsey co., Min- 
 nesota, on the Mississippi, immediately below and adjoining 
 St. Anthony. It has a steamboat landing, a warehouse, 
 and an observatory on a bluff about 200 feet above the level 
 of the river. Laid out in ISSO. 
 
 SAINT ANTHONY-is-ROSELAND, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Cornwall. 
 
 8AINT-ANT0INE, 83,Nt SN«Hwin', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Isere, bi miles N.W. of St. Marcellin. Pop. 
 2000. It tikes its name from a celebrated abbey, the church 
 of which is still preserved. There are several villages in 
 France of the same name. 
 
 SAINT ANTOINE, a village of Canada East, co. of Ver- 
 ch^res, 35 miles from Montreal. 
 
 SAINT ANTOINE DE LA BAIE. See La Bate dtj Febore. 
 
 SAINT-ANTOINE-DE-TILLY, (Fr. pron. slNt ilN°Hwin' 
 d?h teepee'.) a village and parish of Canada East, co. of Lotbi- 
 ni*re, on the S. bank of the St. Lawrence, 24 miles S.W. of 
 Quebec. The village contains a church, and several stores 
 and mills. I'op. of the parish, about 3000. 
 
 SAINT ANTONIEN. See Sanct Antomex. 
 
 SAINT ANTONI-iN-DER-HEIDE. See Sanct Antom-in-dek 
 Heide. 
 
 SAINT-ANTONIN. sSNt jNo'to*nftN<:', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, 21 miles N.E. of Montauban, 
 on the ri-rht bank of the Aveyron. with tanneries, linen 
 m.inufactures. and dve-works. Pop. in 18-52. 5407. 
 
 SAINT ANTONY, in Spain and the Spanish colonies. See 
 Saw Antonio. 
 
 SAINT ANTONY, in Portugal. See S.anto Antonio. 
 
 SAINT AR/MAND, a post-township forming the JJ.W. ex- 
 tremity of Essex CO., New York. Pop. 331. 
 
 SAINT-ARM EL, sS,Nt aR^'niM'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, with a small port on the coast. It ex- 
 ports salt. 
 
 SAINT-ARNOULT-EN-IVELINE, sixt dR^noo' bn eeVgh- 
 leen/, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 8 miles 
 S.E. ofRambouillet. Pop. 1420. 
 
 SAINT AR'VANS, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 S.\TNT ASA PII, (az'af.) a parish and episcopal city of North 
 Wales, CO. of Flint, 208'mile8 distant from London. The only 
 building of note is the cathedr.al. Pop. in 185;!, 2041. 
 
 SAINT-ASTIER. sist as't«-i', a town of France, 9i mil«s 
 S.W. of P6rigueux. Pop. in 1852, 2826. 
 
 SAINT ATU'AN, a parUh of South Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 SAINT AU'BERT. a post-office of Callaw.ay co., Missouri. 
 
 SAINT-AUBIN, stmt o'biN"', is the name of many vil- 
 lages in France. 
 
 SAINT AUBIN, asmall maritime town and fortress in 
 the island of Jersey, on the W. side of St. Helen's Bay, 3 
 miles W. of St. Heller. Pop. 2131. 
 
 SAINT AUBIN. s^Nt &hk}i<'l, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 10 miles S.W. of Neufchatel. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAINT-AUBIN-DU-CORMIEU, s^Nt o'biN"' du koR'me-A', 
 a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 11 miles S.W. 
 ofFougferes. Pop. 1S96. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTIN, a river and bay of Labrador, in Bri- 
 tish North Amerii^i, near the S. entrance of the Strait of 
 Belleisle. Ljit- 51° 15' N., Ion. 50° W. 
 
 SAINT-AUGOSTIN-DE-MONTRfiAL, s^Nt O'giisHiN"' dfh 
 mAN'^trA^il', a village of Canada East, co. of Two Mountains, 
 27 miles W. of Montreal. 
 
 SAINT-AUGUSTIN-DE-QUEBEC, s^Nt 5^gUsHJN°Mf^l ki^ 
 bSk', a village and_ parish of Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, 
 14 miles from Quefiec. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTINE. Brazil. See Santo AoosTiNHO. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTINE, a bay on the S.W. coast of Mada- 
 gascar. I^t. 2:1° 35' S.. Ion. 43° 45' E. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTINE, Texas. See San Auqustine. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTINE, (aw'ga«-teen\) a city, port of entry, 
 and capital of St. John's co., Florida, 200 miles E. by S. of 
 Tallahassee, and 160 miles S. of Savannah. Lat.29° 48' 30" 
 N ., Ion. 81° 35' W. It is one of the largest places in the state, 
 and ha« the distinction of being the oldest town in the United 
 States. It is situated on the N. shore of Matanzas Sound, 2 
 miles from the sea. from which it is separated by the island 
 of Anastasia. The site is a plain only a few feet higher than 
 the level of the ocean. The streets vary from 10 to 18 feet 
 In width ; the houses have mostly two stories, the upper 
 
 Crojeoting over the street. It contains, besides the county 
 uildingB, 1 Roman Catholic and 3 Protestant churches, 1 
 newspaper oflftce, 1 United States land-office, and about 500 
 dwellings, some of which are in a dilapidated state. The 
 harbor is safe and commodious, but the bar at tlie entrance 
 prevents the approach of large ships, having only 9 or 10 
 f««t of water at low tide. The mildness of the climate, and 
 the refreshing breezes from the sea, render this a favorite 
 winter residence fur invalid*. The orange, lemon, olive, and 
 date-palm flourish in this vicinity, and fish and game are 
 abundant. The town is defended bv Fort Marion, erected 
 b> the Spaniards miire than luO years ago. and formerly 
 aUvd the CauUe of SL Mwk. Steamboat* ply frequently 
 ISM 
 
 SAI 
 
 between this place and Savannah. It was settled by the 
 Spaniards altout 1565. Pop. 1914. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTINE, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, 
 49 miles W. of Peoria. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTINE LIGHTHOUSE, on the N. end of 
 St. Anastasia Island, E, of St. John's county. Florida. It is 
 70 feet high, exclusive of the lantern, which is 7 feet, and 
 shows a fixed light. Lat. 29° 52' 10" N., Ion. 81° 25' W. 
 
 SAINT-AULAY. s^Nt o'lA', a town of France, department 
 of Dordogne. on the Dronne, 10 miles S.W, of Uiherae. P. 1300. 
 
 SAIN'l' AUSTELL, a town and pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Cornwall, 13 miles N.N.E. of Truro. Pop. in 1851, 3565 Tho 
 town is situated on the E. side of a hill. The streets are narrow 
 and uupaved. There are some manufactories of woollens, 
 but the chief trade is the exportation of tin and copper from 
 the mines in the vicinity. The pilchard fishery is also ex- 
 tensively carried on in the Bay of Austell. 
 
 SAINT-AVOLD, sixt ^'vo', a town of France, department 
 of Moselle, on the Kossel, 18 miles W. of Sarreguemines. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4021, It has manufactures of Prussian blue, 
 tanneries, and dye-works. 
 
 SAINT-BALIZE, sks" bd'leez', a village and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, 9 miles from Cap Sante. Pop. 
 about 500. 
 
 SAINT-BARB ANT. sIn" baR'bSNo'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Haute- Vjenne, 9 miles W.N.W. of Bellac P. 1300. 
 
 SAINT-BARNABE,sL\«baR^a4^bii',a village of France, de- 
 partment of Cotes- du-Nord, arrondissement of Loudeac 
 Pop. 1047. 
 
 SAINT-BARNABE, a village of France, department of 
 Bouches-du-Khone, arrondissementof. Marseilles. Pop. 1026. 
 
 SAXNT-BARNABfi. six" baRhid'bi', a village of Canada 
 East, CO. of St. Maurice, about 6 miles from St. Anne d'Ya- 
 machiche. Pop. of the seignorv. about 1000. 
 
 SAINT-BAKTIIELEMI,.siNo'baRH<Vleh-mee',apost-viIlag8 
 of Canada East. co. of Berthier, 56 miles N.N Jl. of Montreal. 
 Pop. of the parish, about 2000. 
 
 SAINT-BARTH£leMY, sAno baRHi'lgh-mee', a town of 
 France, department of Lotret-Garonne, arrondissement of 
 Marmande. Pop. 1422. 
 
 SAINT-BARTHELEMY, a village of France, department 
 of Maine-et-I,oire. arrondissement of Angers. Pop. 1074. 
 
 SAINT-BARTHfXEMY. a village of France, department 
 of Manche. arrondissement of Mortain. Pop. 664. 
 
 SAINT- BAIiTIl£LE.MY-DE-GROAIN, s^N" baRHA'lgm 
 mee' deh gro'Ax='. a village of France, department of Isere, 
 arrondissement of Grenoble,. with a remarkable Fontaine 
 Ardente. (" Burning Fountain,") from which a great quan- 
 titv of gas escapes and burns spontaneously. 
 
 SAINT-BARTHELEMY-DK-SfxniLIENNE, s^N" baR<- 
 ti'leh-mee' deh s.Vshee'le-^nn', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Is&re, arrondissement of Grenoble. Pop. 998. 
 
 SAINT-BARTH15LEMY-DE-VALS, sl.v» baR^tA'Ieh-mee' 
 dfh vil, a vill.age of France, department of Drome, arrondis- 
 sement of Valence. Pop. 1050. 
 
 SAINT-BARTII]^:LEMY-LE-PIN, s^n" baR^tA'leh-mee' Ifh 
 piN<=', a village of France, department of ArdSche, arrondis- 
 sement of Tournon. Pop. 1214. 
 
 SAINT-BARTHfiLEMY-LESTRA, sJn" baR'tiMeh-mee' 
 iJs'trA', a village of France, department of Loire, arrondisse- 
 ment of Montbrison. Pop. 842. 
 
 SAINT BARTIIOL'OMEW, (Sw. BariolomUus, bar-to-lo 
 mi'Cis,) an island of the West Indies, and the only colony 
 of Sweden in America, 30 miles W. of St. Christopher. Lat. 
 of E. point, 17° 53' N., Ion. 62° 52' W. Area. 35 square mile?. 
 Pop. 18,000. Its shape is very irregular. The soil is fertile, 
 though the island is remarkably destitute of fresh water. 
 The products are sugar, tobacco, cotton, and cocoa. Being 
 surrounded by rocks and shoals it is difficult of access, but 
 the Careenage. (Le Carinage,) on its W. side, is a good har- 
 bor, and near it is Gustavia. the capital of the island. It 
 was ceded by France to Sweden in 1784. 
 
 SAINT BARTHOLOMEW. France. See Saint-Bartii^i.fmt. 
 
 SAINT BARTHOLOMEW, Italy. See Sax Bartolommf.o. 
 
 SAINT BARTHOLOMEW. Spain. See San BartolomI. 
 
 SAINT BARTIIOL'OMEW HYDE, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Southampton. 
 
 SAINT BATHAN'S ABTiEY, parish, Scotland, co. Berwick. 
 
 SAINT-BAUZILLE-DE-PUTOIS. six" liO'zeel' deh pilHwd', 
 a tnwn of France, department of Herault, 32 miles N.N.W. 
 of Montpelljer. Pop. in 1852, 2022. 
 
 SA 1 NT-BE.\T, sSn" b.VS'. a town of France, department of 
 Hauto-Garonne, on the Garonne, near Its source, here crossed 
 by a stone bridge. 17 miles S. of Saint Qaudens. Pop. 1874. 
 
 SAINT BEATENBERG. See Sanct Beatexiiero. 
 
 SAINT BEES,a village and parish of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland, 3 miles W.N.W. of Egremont, on the cojvst. A 
 monastery, founded here by St. Bega about 650, was destroy- 
 ed by the Danes, and rebuilt in the thirteenth century The 
 E. part of this building was fitted up as a theological ct-llege 
 in 1817. This institution is under the management of a 
 corporation of 7 governors, has several exhibitions and 
 fellowships In Oxford University, and has long been a dis- 
 tinguished seminary. The village is very ancient, and stands 
 on the side of the bay formed by the South Uea lland. 
 
SAT 
 
 SAI 
 
 S\TNT TtEES HKAD, or the CLTFF OF BAR'ATH, Enq;- 
 bnd. is a soa-mark for vessels, in the N.E. part of the Irish 
 Sea. Lat. of the lighthouse, 54° 30' 50" X., Ion 3° 3S' 7" W. 
 
 SAIXT liKXEDICTO, island of the Pacific. See Xuni.ADA. 
 
 SAIXT-BBNOrr.sSNOheh^Qwa', a town of the island of 
 Bourbon, on its N.E. side! 23 miles S.E. of St. Denis. Pop. 
 11,376. of whom 741H are slaves. 
 
 SAINT-BEXOIT, sLNobeh-nwJ', a post-village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Two .Mountains, 36 miles W. of Montreal. It 
 contains a church, and several stores and mills. 
 
 SAIXT-BEXOlT-DE-LEYSSIEU.«i.N» bfh-nwd/ deh ISs'se- 
 ch'. a village of France, deijartmeut of Ain, 7 miles S.E. 
 ofBelley. Pop. 1200 
 
 SAIXT-BEXOXT-DU-SAXJLT, s^Nobeh-nwa' dU s5. a town 
 of France, department of Indre, arroudlssement of Le Blanc. 
 Pop. 1250. 
 
 SAIXT-BENOIT-SUR-LOIRE.sa.Nobeh-nwa' siiR Iwdii, a 
 town of France, department Of Lolret, arrondissement of 
 Gien. Pop. 1600. 
 
 S.4.IXT-BERXARD, sgnt ber-nard', (Fr. pron. sIn" b^R'- 
 naii/; anc. Afons Jolvisf) a remarkable mountain pass in the 
 chain of the Alps, between Piedmont and the Valais. It 
 owes its modern name to the great celebrity of the Hospice, 
 said to have been founded by Bernard de Menthon in 862, 
 far the succor of travellers, who have been assisted to the 
 number of 600 in one day. The hospice, a strong stone 
 building, is situated on the summit of the pass, 11 miles 
 N.N.W. of Aosta, and 17 miles S.S.E. of Martigny, at an 
 elevation of 8150 feet above the level of the sea. It is the 
 highest habitation in the Alps, and the cold is so intense 
 that a small lake in its vicinity is frozen over nine months 
 In the year. During the whole year, the philanthropic in- 
 mates, monks of the Order of St. Augustine, with their 
 valuable dogs, hold themselves in readiness to assist tr.a- 
 veller? arrested by the snow, which in winter accumulates 
 to a depth of from 10 to 40 feet. In the chapel is a monu- 
 ment to General Desaix, erected by Napoleon in 1805. This 
 gorge, which was traversed by Roman armies, by Charle- 
 magne, and by Frederick Barbarossa. is chielly celebrated 
 for the passage of Bonaparte at the head of the French army 
 of .30,000 men. with cavalry and artillery, from the 15th to 
 the 21st of .May, 1800. The road has beeu i-eeeutly much 
 Improved, and rendered passable for cars. 
 
 SAIXT BERN-\HD', a parish of Louisiana, situated in the 
 S.E. part of the state, on the Gulf of .Mexico. The area is 
 620 square miles. Lake Borgne w.ashes the N.W. border. 
 The surface is level; the soil of the higher portions is fertile, 
 producing sugar and molasses. Pop. 4076, of whom 1838 
 were free, and 2240 slaves. 
 
 SAIXT BEItX.iKD, a post-offlce of Cl.ay co., Missouri. 
 
 S.iIXT BERXARD, Little, a mountain of the Oraian 
 Alps, S. of .Mont Blanc, Elevation of the convent. 7076 feet. 
 
 SAINT BERXARDIN, and SAINT BERNARDINO. See 
 S.AN' Bernardino. 
 
 S AIXT-BERTRAND-DE-COMMINGES, shy" hin'M^^deh 
 'tom^mixzh, a town of France, department of Ilaute-Oa- 
 ronne, 9 miles S.W. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 909. It was 
 founded in 1100. on thtf site of Ltigdanam Omvnarum, de- 
 stroyed by the Burgundians in the sixth ceutury. In it are 
 quarries of fine marble. 
 
 SAINT BL.\1SE, sUn" bliz' or blSz, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 3 miles N.E. of Neufchatel, on the N. Irank of 
 the lake, produces esteemed wine. Pop. 1000. Near it is 
 MONTMIRAIL, a community of Moravi.an brothers. 
 
 S.IINT BLASIEN, a village of Baden. See Sasct Blasien. 
 
 SAINT BLA'ZEY, apari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-BONNET-LE-CH.\TEAU. .sIno bon'na' leh sh^to', 
 a town of France, department of Loire, 13 miles S. of Mout- 
 brison. Pop. in 1852. 2108. 
 
 SAINT BOS'WELL'S, a parish of Scotland, co. of Rox- 
 burgh. St. Boswell's fair, July 18th, is the largest in South 
 Scotland for sheep. 
 
 SAINT BRANCIIIER, sKs" brftNo'she-i', a town of Swit- 
 »e.-land, 4i miles S.E. of Martigny, on the left bank of the 
 Dranse, on the route of the Great St. Bernard, with ruins of 
 tee ancient fortresses of St. John and Etiez. 
 
 5 AINT BREADE, (breed.) a parish. EugUnd, co. Coruwall. 
 
 SAINT BRELADE. (Kr. pron. sLn" brgh-ldd',) a villaje of 
 Jersey, on St. Brelade's Bay. on the S.W. coast of the island, 
 arM Ih miles S.W. of St. Aubin. Pop. 2170. 
 
 SAINT BRE/QOK. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT BREW'ARD, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT Bill' A V EL'S, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 S.^INT-BRICE, B^NO breece. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Haute-Vienne, arrondissement of Rochechouart. 
 Pop. 1127. 
 
 SAIXT BRIDE, a parish of England, city of London, 
 ohietly between Fleet street and Blackfriar's bridge. 
 
 SAINT BRIDE, a parish of England, co.of Pembroke. 
 
 SAINT BRIDE, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 SAINT BRIDE'S BAY, Wales, an inlet of the Iri.sh Sea. at 
 the W, extremity of the county of Pembroke. Length and 
 breadth, about 8 miles each. At its entrance are Ramsey 
 and Skomer Islands. St. David's and St. Bride's are the 
 principal places on its shores. 
 
 SATNT BRIDE'S MA'JOR, a parish of Wales, co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 SAINT BRIDE'S MI'NOR, a parish of Wales, co. ol' Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 SAINT BRIDE'S NETII'ERWEXT, a pari.sh of England, 
 CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 SAIXT BRIDE'S WENTILOOG, a parish of England, co. 
 of Monmouth. 
 
 SAINT BRIDGET, brij'gt. a village and parish of Canada 
 East, CO. of Rouville, 40 miles from Montreal. Pop. about 
 1600. 
 
 SAINT-BRIEUCorBRIEUX, siN" bre-uh', (anc. Brirxntmr) 
 a town of France, department of C6tes-du-Nord, 238 niilea 
 W.S.W. of Paris, on the Gouet, 2i miles from its mouth in 
 the Bay of St. Brieuc. Lat. 48° 31' 1" X., Ion. 2° 45' 0" W. 
 Pop. in 1862, 14,053. The most remarkable objects are a 
 cathedral of the thirteenth century, a granite bridge of 3 
 arches over the Gouet. and a statue of Du Guescliu. It has 
 a communal college, public library, a chamber of commerce, 
 and a considerable export trade in butter and cider. Its 
 port is at the village of Legue, 1 mile lower on the Gouet, 
 where there is a custom-house, building yards fi)r shi|>s of 
 from 300 to 400 tons, and an extensive expert and import 
 trade. St. Brieuc owes its modem name to an abbey founded 
 in the fifth or sixth century, by St. Bileuc, the Apostle 
 of the Bretaime. 
 
 SAINT BU'DOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAIXT'BURY. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SAINT BUR'YAN. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-CALAIS, sJ^o-kS'lA', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Sarthe. 26 miles E.S.E. of Le Mans, on the Anille. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3846. It has a commerce, and manufactures 
 of woollen and cotton. 
 
 SAINT-CASI.MIRE, bSn"' kd'see^meeR', a village and parish 
 of Canada East, co. of Port Xeuf on the river Ste. Anne, 9 
 miles from .Sainte Anne de la P6rade. Pop. about 700. 
 
 SAIXT CATIIARIXE, kath'fr-in, (Fr. SminteCutherine, 
 sJ.Nt kdt^reen'.) a village and parish of Canada East, c6. of 
 Port Xeuf, 16 miles fi-om Quebec. Pop. about 650. 
 
 SAINT-CATHARINE LO.MBEEK. ki'taVee'n' lom'baik, 
 a village of'Belgium, province of Brabant, 11 miles W. of 
 Brussels. Pop, 12,!6. 
 
 SAINT C.\TII'ARINES,a flourishing post-town of Canada 
 West. CO. of Ijincoln. on the Wetland Canal, and on the 
 Great Western Railway, So miles E. by S. of Hamilton, and 
 12 miles N.W. of Niagara. From its favorable situation it 
 has Ijocome the centre of a lai-ge and rapidly increasing 
 trade. It contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, 3 
 branch banks, agencies of 6 assurance and 6 insurance com- 
 panies, the Grantham Academy, a reading-room, with a 
 library, 3 printing-offiws, from which weekly newspapers are 
 issued, and about 4 stores. There are in the town 5 or 6 
 large flouring mills, several saw and planing mills, foundries, 
 and machine .shops, producing, among other things, steam- 
 engines. There are also soap and candle factories, tanneries, 
 and breweries. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 SAIXT CATHARIXE'S, Canada West, a .station on the 
 Great Western Railroad. 11 miles from Niagara Falls. 
 
 SAIXT CATH'ARIXE'S ISLAXD, off the coast ofLiterty 
 CO., Georgia, separated from the mainland by St. Catharine's 
 Sound, ijength, near 11 miles; greatest breadth, about 5 
 miles. 
 
 SAI.NT-CERE, si>«-sfh-rA'. a town of France, department 
 of Lot. arrt>ndissement of Figeac, 35 miles N.E. of Cahors. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4406. On its N. side is a curiously-fortified 
 Isolated rock. 
 
 SAIXT-CERGUES, sIn" saiRg, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Vaud. 7i miles N. of Nyon, at the foot of Mount 
 Dole, where guides and mules are furnished for its ascent. 
 
 SAINT-CERXIX, sJn" s^R'n^N"', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Cantal, 8 miles X. of Aurillac, Pop, in l>i52, 2848. 
 
 SAINT-C:fiSAIRE, sSl.v" sAV.Ar/. a post-vill.age and parish 
 of Canada East. co. of St. Ilyacinthe. 33 miles E. of .Montreal. 
 The village contains a church, and several stores, factories, 
 and mills. Pop. alwut 2000. 
 
 SAIXT-CHAMAS, six" shJ'raas', a town of South France, 
 department of Bouches-du-Rhone, on the N. bank of the 
 ladoon of Borre. and on the railway of Avignon, 24 miles 
 NiW. of Marseilles. Pop. in 18.52, 2825. It is divided into 
 two parts by a hill, through which runs a tunnel 200 feet 
 in length. Both portions are well built, and the E. is en- 
 closed by ramparts. It has a handsome church, a large 
 powder magazine, whence Toulon is supplied, and a trade 
 in oil and olives, which are shipped from this port. Near 
 it is the Pont Flavien. a Roman bridge of a single arch, 65 
 feet in length, at each end of which is a triumphal arch. 
 
 SAIXT-CHAMOXD, six" sha^niAN"', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ijoire, at the confluence of the Gier and the 
 Ban Rivers, and on the railway from Lyons to St. Etienne, 
 7 miles X.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 8897. It is well 
 built, and thriving; it has a handsome parish church, good 
 public baths, a chamber of manufactures, numerous looms 
 for cotton and silk fibrics. ribands, laces, Ac. It has con- 
 siderable cast-iron aud uail-works, and in its vicinity many 
 coal-mines. 
 
 164» 
 
SAI 
 
 SAINT-€HAPTES, sls« shJpt. a town of France, depart- 
 BJenti/f Card, 12 miles S.E. of Lzis. Pop. 732. 
 
 SAINT CHARLKS. (chailz.) a parish in the S.K. part of 
 L .uisi.-tna. about 10 miles W. of Xew Orleans, contains 340 
 squaro miles. It is intersected by the Mississippi, and 
 bounded on several sides by Lakes Pontchartrain, Des AUe- 
 mnnds, aud Washa. The surface is flat; the soil of the 
 hisUer parts is productive. Seat of justice. St. Charles Court 
 House. PopulaUoa 5,297, of whom 1115 were free, and 
 41S2 slaves. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES, a couuty in the E. part of Missouri, 
 occupies a neck of land formed by the confluence of the Mis- 
 souri with the Mississippi River; area, about 480 square 
 miles. The Mississippi River forms the boundary on the 
 N.E., and separates it from Illinois. It is also drained by 
 Culvre River, and hv Dardenne, and Femme Osage Creeks. 
 The surface is alternately hilly, rolling, and level. A range 
 of highlsnds terminates about 8 miles below St. Charles, in 
 a beautiful and romantic pile of naked bluffs, called the 
 "Mammelles." The soil is generally fertile. Limestone 
 generally underlies the county. Extensive mines of stone 
 coal are worked in several places. Capital. St. Charles. Pop. 
 10,-5-2:i, of whom 14,342 were free, ana 2181 slaves. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES, a post-village cf Johnson co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 S.\INT CHARLES, a small post-Tillage of Arkansas co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES, a post-office of Butler co.. Ohio. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES, a handsome and flourishing post-vil- 
 lage and township of Kane co., Illinois, on Fox River, 42 
 miles W. of Chicago. The village is pleasantly situated on 
 the inclined planes which gently rise from each side of the 
 river, which is a beautiful and rapid streata, with a prairie 
 on the W. side, and woodlands on the other. St. Charles is 
 the largest village in the county, except Aurora and Elgin. 
 A branch railroad connects it with the Chicago and Galena 
 Railroad. Since the completion of this road, it commands 
 the trade of the country between the Fox and Rock Rivers. 
 The Air-line Railroad ft-om Chicago to the Mississippi River 
 passes about 3 miles S. of St. Charles. The extensive water- 
 power of the river gives motion to numerous paper-mills, 
 flouring-mil!s,and other manufactories, which line the banks 
 for the space of about half a mile. One or two newspapers are 
 published here. Laid out in 1836. Total population 1822. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES or SAINT CHARLES COURT-HOUSE, 
 an incorporated city, capital of St. Charles co., Missouri, on 
 the left bank of the Missouri River, 22 miles from its mouth, 
 144 miles below Jefferson City, and six miles by land S. of 
 the Mississippi River. The situation is elevated and beauti- 
 ful. The rocky bluffs in this vicinity present delightful 
 views of the adjacent rivers. Quarries of limestone and 
 sandstone, and mines of stone coal have been opened near the 
 town. It contains 8 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 1 bank, 
 and 2 woollen factories. P. in 1860, 32:}9 ; in 1865, about 5500. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES, a post-village and parish of Canada 
 East, CO. of St. Hyacinthe. on the Grand Trunk Railway, 36 
 miles E. by N. of Montreal. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES COLLEGE, Grand Coteau, Lonisiana. 
 See Tabl/i of OnlUfjes, Appexdix. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES COURT-HOUSE. See Saint Charles. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES LAKE, Canada East. 12 miles N.N.W. 
 of Quebec, is 5 mUes in length, and gives rise to a river of 
 the same name, which joins the St. Lawrence at Quebec, 
 after, a S.E. course of 15 miles. 
 
 SAINT-CHKF. six" shif. a town of France, department 
 of Isire, 34 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAINT-CHELY, sJv sheh-Ie©', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of LozSre, 22 miles W.X.W. of Mende. Pop. 1 500. 
 
 SAINT-CHELY-D'AUBRAC, sJn« shfh-lee' dffbrdk', a 
 town of France, department of Aveyron, 25 miles N.E. of 
 Rodez. 
 
 SAINT CHTNIAN, sAno shee^e^xo'. a town of France, 
 department of II6rault, 48 miles W.S.W. of Montpellier. 
 Pop. in 1S52. 4059. It has extensive manufactories of cloth 
 for the Levant, and tanneries. 
 
 SAINT-CHRISTOPHK, sAx-« krees'tof, numerous villases 
 of France, the principal in the department of Indpe-et-Loire, 
 18 miles N N'.W. of Tours. Pop. 15.tO. 
 
 SAINT OHRISTOPHER(kris'to-fer) or SAINT KITT'S, 
 one of the British West India Islands, in the Leeward itroup. 
 Lat of Fort Smith. 17° 17' 7" N.. Ion. 60° 42' 2" W.. 46 miles 
 W.N.W of Antigua. Length, from N.W. to S.E.. 20 miles: 
 breadth 5 miles, except at its S.E. extremity, where a nar- 
 row tongue of land extends towards the island of Nevis. 
 Pop., whites, 1612; colored. 21.521. beine 342 persons to each 
 vqaare mile. The island is an irregular oblong, traversed 
 
 jH** centre from N. to S. by a mountain ridge of volcanic 
 origin. In the middle of which rises the perpendicular cra"gy 
 summit of Mount Misery, elevation 371 1 feet, and overhang- 
 Ine the crater of an extinct volcano. From this central 
 mge the Und gradually and uniformly slop.>s to the sea. 
 It has a rich, fertile, and highly cultivated .«il : pasture 
 and woodlands ascend almost to the mountain summits. 
 Four rivers water this Island, and in the N.E. there are 
 •ereral aalt pooda, producing abundanoe of lalt The soU, 
 
 SAI 
 
 composed of loam, cl.ay. and volcanic ashes. In some places 
 has a depth of 75 feet, resting on gravel. Brimstone Hill 
 consists of granite, limestone, and primary schists. Sul- 
 phur is found in the central range, and some indications of 
 silver ore. The climate is dry and healthy. Mean annual 
 temperature of the coast, 80°; but the mornings and even- 
 ings are cooled by sea-breezes. The coldest month is Febru- 
 ary, the warmest. August. The prevailing winds are N.E. 
 and S.E. ; rains are frequent, but not in excess: hurrirtinea 
 occur occasionally, and a terrific and fatal one nearly de- 
 stroyed the island in 1722. The scenery, especially the vale 
 of Basseterre, is rich and beautiful.. The soil is particu- 
 larly adapted for sugar plantations. In 1S46, 91,022 cwts. 
 of sugar, with 21,714 cwts. of mola-s.ses were exported to 
 Great Britain. In 1851. the total exports amounted in v.ilue 
 to 126.610?., and the imports to 112.748?. The chief towns are 
 Basseterre, the capital, and Sandy Point. Besides the parish 
 churches, there are 3 Methodist congregations, and several 
 schools. Public revenue in 1851. 17.902?. : expenditures, 
 14.672?. This island was discovered by Columbus in 1493, 
 and was then densely peopled by Caribs. In 1625, it was 
 simultaneously taken possession of by colonies of English 
 and French, and divided into upper and lower portions. 
 From that period it l^ecame the scene of frequent and bloody 
 contests between the two nations, till at last it was finally 
 ceded to the British in 1783. 
 
 SAINT-CIERS. sJx° se-.V. several villages of France, the 
 principal of which is St. Ciers-la-Lande, department of Gi- 
 ronde. 13 miles N.N.E. of Blaye. 
 
 S.MNT-CLAIR. sSxo klAR, a town of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Oise. on the left bank of the Epte, 34 miles N.W. 
 of Versailles. It has a hermitage, resorted to ty numerous 
 devotees, and the remains of a castle, in which, in A. n. 912, 
 the treaty was concluded between Charles the Simple and 
 the Norman chief Rollo. by which the latter acquired that 
 part of Neustria since termed Normandy. 
 
 SAINT-CL.\IR, a market-town of France, department of 
 Manche, 6 miles N.E. of St. M. Pop. 800. 
 
 SAINT-CLAIR or SAINT-CLAR, a market-town of France, 
 department of Gers, 8 miles E.S.E. of I-ectoure. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a county towards the N.E. part of Ala- 
 bama, has an area of 725 square miles. The Coosa River 
 forms its entire S.E. boundary for a distance of about 50 
 miles. The county is also traversed by Canoe Creek. The 
 .surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests of 
 oaks and other timber. The soil is adapted to grain and 
 grass. Extensive beds of bituminous coal are found, but 
 they have not yet been worked to much extent. Sm.all 
 steamboats navigate the Coosa from this county upwards to 
 Rome, in Georgia. Capititl, Asheville. Pop. 11,013, of whom 
 9245 were free, and 1768 slaves. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a county in the E. part of Michigan, bor- 
 dering on Like Huron and St. Clair Rivers, which separate 
 it from Canada West. Area, about 700 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Belle and Black Rivers, washed on the S. by 
 Lake St. Clair, and also drained by Mill Creek. The surface 
 is undulating, and in part heavily timbered with pine and 
 other trees. The soil is fertile in the S.. and s.andv in the N. 
 and W. Organized in 1821. Capital, St. Clair. Pop. 26,604. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a county in the S.W. part of Illinois, bor- 
 dering on Missouri, has an area of 6-50 square miles. It is 
 situated on the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, and in- 
 tersected in the S.E. part iiy K,askaskia River, and in the N.W. 
 part by Cahokia Creek. It is also drained by Silver and 
 Richland Creeks. The surfiice is undulating, and in some 
 places level, consisting p.artly of prairie and partly of tim- 
 bered land. The soil is excellent. Large quantities of pro- 
 visions are raised lor the markets of St. Louis. The route 
 of the Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad passes through the 
 county. Coal-mines are numerous, and are rich and exten- 
 sively worked, particularly along the Mississippi River. A 
 larse portion of the population consists of German.s. Named 
 in honor of General .\vthur St. Clair, governor of Ohio when 
 it was a territory. Capital. Belleville. Pop. .37,694. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri, 
 has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Osage River, and also drained by Sac River, and by Wai»- 
 blow, Peshaw. and Monaghan Creeks. The surface is some- 
 what diversified, and consists partly of prairies and partly 
 of timbered land. Capital, Osceola. Pop. 6812, of whom 
 6238 were fr<w. and 574 slaves. 
 
 ■ SAINT CLAIR, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2173. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a flourishing post-borough of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsvlvania. 62 miles N.E.ofHarrisbun:, 98 miles N.W. 
 of Philadelphia, and 4 miles N. of Pottsville. It owes ifi« 
 existence and prosperity to the rich mines of anthrarit« 
 coal which surround it. " The origin of the town Is quit*? re- 
 "•ent. and its srrowth has been very rapid. The population 
 in 1845 was 605; in 1850 it amounted to 2016, and in 1800 
 to 4901. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a village of Burke co., Georgia, 'jS miles 
 E. by N ofMilleilgeville. 
 
 S.\I.\T CL.ilR, a post-office of Hawkins co.. Tennessee 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a post-township in the central part of 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 Butler CO., Ohio, intersected by the Cincinnati, Ilamilton, 
 and Dayton Railroad. Pop. 1268. 
 
 SAINT CLAIK. a post-txswnship in the S.E. part of Co- 
 lumbiana CO., Ohio, intersected by the Sandy and Beaver 
 Canal. Pop. 1028. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, formerly PALMER, a post-village and 
 township, capital of St. Clair co., Michigan, on the rlrer of 
 the same name, at the mouth of Pine River, 50 miles N.E. 
 of Detroit. The village contains a court-house, a newspaper 
 office, a number of stores, and several tlouring and saw 
 mills. Pop. of the township, 1687. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR CITY, a village of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad. 44 miles E. of 
 Pittsburg, and 12 miles from Greensburg, Pop. 956. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, LAKE, between Canada West and the 
 state of Michigan. Lat. 42° 30' N.. Ion. 82° 30' W. It is 30 
 miles in length, and 24 miles in its greatest, and 12 miles in 
 its mean breadth. Area. 300 square miles. Depth, 20 feet. 
 Height above the sea, 671 feet, or 6 feet higher than Lake 
 Erie. It contains many islands, receives the Thames. Clin- 
 ton, Great Bear Creek, and other rivers, and communicates 
 on the S.W. by Detroit River with Lake Erie. On the N. it 
 is entered by St. Clair River, which brings to it the surplus 
 waters of the great lakes Superior. Michigan, and Huron. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR RIVER, of Michigan, is the outlet of I^ke 
 Huron, which gradually contracts towards its.S. e-xtremity, 
 until it assumes the form of a river, with an average width 
 of half a mile. After a S. course of about 40 miles, forming 
 part of the boundary between Canada West and the United 
 States, it enters Lake St. Clair. It is navigable by large 
 
 SAINT CLAIRSVILLE, a postoffice of Bedford CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SAINT CLAIRSVILLE, a handsome post-village, capital 
 of Belmont co., Ohio, on the National Roiid. 11 miles W. of 
 Wheeling, and 110 miles E. of Columbus. It is situated on 
 hilly ground, in the midst of a rich farming country. The 
 Central Rjillroad passes about 5 miles south of this place. 
 It contains 4 churches, 1 bank, and a seminary for girls. 
 Two newspapers are published here. Population in 1860, 
 990. 
 
 SAINT-CLAUD, sJso klS, a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Charente, 12 miles W.S.W. of Confolens. on the 
 Son. Pop. 200. 
 
 SAINT-CLAUDE, s^N'o klod, a town of France, department 
 of Jura, 25 miles S.E. of Lous-le-Saulnier. at the confluence 
 of the Bienne and Tacon. Pop. in 1852, 5897. It is well 
 built, and ornamented with fountains, and is the seat of a 
 chamljer of manufactures and arts. The manufactures com- 
 prise articles in horn, ivory, and wood, buttons, ninsical- 
 boxes and instruments, toys, jewelry, watches, hardwares, 
 crape, and cotton fabrics. 
 
 SAINT CLEAR'S or SAINT CLARE'S, a borough and 
 parish of South Wales, 9 miles S.W. of Carmarthen. P. 1107. 
 
 SAINT CI/KER. a parish of Enirland, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-CLl^MKNT, s.^NO klA^mSN"'. a village of France, 
 department of Correze, 6 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1600. 
 
 S.4INT-CIjEMKNT. a village of France, department of 
 Manche. 2i miles N.E. of Mortain. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAINT CLE.M'KNT DANES, a parish of the English me- 
 tropolis, with a church' in the Strand, a little W. ol Tem- 
 ple-ljar. 
 
 SAINT-CLT^:MENT-DE-M0NTAGNE, sJ.N<> klA^mftNo' deh 
 in5x°^tili', a village of France, department of Allier, 13 miles 
 S.S.E. of La Palisse. 
 
 SAINT-CLEMKNT-DES-LEVEES. sIn" kli'mftxo' dk leh- 
 tA. a village of France, department.of Maine-et-Loire, on the 
 Loire, 7 miles N.W. of Saumur. 
 
 SAINT CLKM'ENTS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT CLEMENTS, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SAINT CLEMENT'S BAY, a post-office of St. Mary's co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 SAINT CLETH'ER. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-CLOUD, sent kl(5wd, (Fr. pron. sis': kloo,) a town 
 of F'rance, department of Seine-et-Oise, 6^ miles W. of Paris, 
 on the slope of a hill near the left bank of the Seine, and 
 on the railway from Paris to Versailles. Pop. in 1852, 3828. 
 The fine chateau of St. Cloud, originally tlie property of the 
 duke of Orleans, was long the favorite residence of the kings 
 of France. It has an extensive park and elegant fountains. 
 The fair or fete of St. Cloud is one of the most frequented in 
 the environs of Paris. Henry IV. was assassinated at St. 
 Cloud by Jacques Clement in 1589. Bonaparte here broke 
 up the assembly of 500. and caused himself to be proclaimed 
 tir.st consul on the 9th of November. 1799: and here, in 
 July. 1830. Charles X. signed the ordonnances which cost 
 him his throne. 
 
 SAINT ClvOUD. a post-office of Heard co., Georgia. 
 
 SAINT COLOMBAN DE VILLARS, six" ko'lAM^bSso' deh 
 vee'yaa/, a village of Savoy, province of Maurienne. 6j miles 
 N.W. of St. Jean de Maurienne, on the Glaudon. Pop. 1883. 
 SAI NT-CO LOMBB. sj.v" ko'lAMW, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of RhSne. 16 miles S. of Lyons, on the Rhdne. opposite 
 Vienne. Pop. 800. Numerous communes and villages of 
 France have the same nam«. 
 
 SAINT COLUMB MAJOR, koVIlm m.Vjor, a markeUow* 
 and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, ;J2 mnes S.W. of 
 Launceston It is the head of a poor-law union, and the seat 
 of petty sessions and a branch bank. 
 
 SAINT COL'UMB MI'NOR, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-COME, sJno kom, a town of France, department 
 of Aveyron, 19 miles N.E. of Rodez. Pop. 1100. 
 
 8AINT-C0SME, skm" kom., a town of France, department 
 of Sarthe, 7 miles S.E. of M.itters. 
 
 SAINT CRISTOVAL DE LA LAGUNA, kris-to-vSV d.i IJ 
 lil-goo'nj, !in island of Teneriffe, on its N. side, in a high and 
 healthv plain, with 6532 inhabitants. 
 
 SAI.NT CROIX, s?nt kroi'. al.so called PAS'SAM AQUODTiY 
 and SCIIOODIC RIVER, rises from Grand Lake, on the bor- 
 der between Maine and New Brunswick, and flowing in a 
 general S.S.E. direction, although in awery winding course, 
 falls into Passamaquoddy Bay. It forms the boundary for 
 its whole course between the United States and New Brnn»- 
 wick. The whole length is about 75 miles. 
 
 SAINT CROIX, a river of Wisconsin, rises in Douglas 
 CO., near the W. end of Lake Superior, and flows S.W. until 
 it reaches the E. liqe of Minnesota. From this point it 
 pursues a general S. cour.se, forming the boundary between 
 that territory and the state of Wi.sconsin. and falls into the 
 Mississippi River 38 miles below St. Paul's. The whole 
 length is about 200 miles, and it is 100 yards wide at its 
 mouth. St Croix Lake, an expansion of this river, is 36 
 miles long, and 3 or 4 miles wide; it is not more than 1 
 mile from the mouth of the river. Several falls occur in the 
 St. Croix, about the middle of its course. 
 
 SAINT CROI.X, a county in the N.W. part of Wisconsin, 
 bordering on Jlinnesota, contains an area of alxjut 750 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by St. Croix River 
 and Lake, which separate it from Minnesota, and drained 
 by Willow and .\p]ilc Rivers. The surface is mostly over- 
 spread with forests of jiine. Capital, Hudson. Population 
 5.392. 
 
 SAINT CROIX FALLS, a post-village, capital of Polk co., 
 Wisconsin, on St. Croix River, at the head of steanilpoat 
 navigation, about 240 miles in a direct line N.W. of Madison. 
 It is estimated that 4.000,000 feet of pine lumber are made 
 here annu.allv. Pop. 3.'i4. 
 
 SAINT CROSS. SOUTII-ELM'IIAM, or SAND'CROFT, a 
 parish of Kngland. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAINT CRO.SS, a famous hospital and church of England. 
 1 mile S. of Winchester, and included in that city. The 
 hospital, founded in 1132, maintains a master, steward, chap- 
 lain, and 13 poor brethren, and provides refreshments for 
 every wayfarer who calls for it at the gate. 
 
 SAINT CYPRIAN (sip're-an) BAY. an inlet of the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean, on the W. coast of Africa, immediately N. of Cape 
 Barbas. Lat. 22° 35' N.. Ion. 17° W. It receives the river 
 St. Cvprian. 50 miles in length. 
 
 SAINT-CYPRIKN, sis" see'pre-S.v"', a village of France, 
 department of Dordogne. arrondissoment, and 9 miles W. of 
 Sarlat. I'op. in 1852, 2426. 
 
 SAINT-CYPRIEN, a village of France, department of 
 Aveyron, 16 miles N.N.W. of Roder,. Pop. 2300. 
 
 SAINT-CYR, s^NO seen, a village of France, department 
 of Si'ine-et-Oise. arrondissement. and 2i miles W. of Versailles. 
 Its famous militia snhools established in 1803, occupies part 
 of the royal abbey founded by Louis XIV. in 1086. 
 
 SAINT-CYR, a village of France, department of Seine-et- 
 Mame, arrondissement of Coulommiers. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAINT-CYR, a village of France, department of Var, 
 arrondissement of Toulon. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAINTCYH-AU-.MONT-D'OR. sUno seen 5 mfty" doR, a 
 village of France, department of Rh8ne, near the right bank 
 of the Saone. 3 miles N. of Lvons. Pop. in 1852, 1887. 
 
 SAINT-CYR-DU-BAILLEU'L.- sSx" .seeR deh bAh'yuh', a 
 village of France, department of Manche. arrondissement of 
 Mortain. Pop. in 1852. 2133. 
 
 SAINT-CYR-EN-PAIL. s4n« seeR Sn" pM, a village of 
 France, department of Mayenne, canton of Prez-en-PaiL 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAINT CY'RUS. a parish of Scotl.and. co. of Kincardine. 
 Most part of the parish is well cultivated, and in the North 
 Esk is a good salmon fishery. 
 
 SAINT-D'AUBlGNfi. sAno dO'beenVA'. a village of France, 
 dep.artment of lUe-et-Vilaine, arrondissement off Rennes. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 SAINT DA'VID, a seaport on the S.W. coast of Princ« 
 Edward Island. Queen's co., on Halifax Bay, in lat. 4G° 23' 
 N.. Ion. 63° 42' W. 
 
 SAINT DAVID, one of the Bermuda Tsland.s. Lat. 32° 
 10' N., Ion. 64° 20' W. : also parishes in llayti and .laniaica. 
 
 SAINT D.WIDS.a decayed episcopal city of South Wales, 
 CO. of Pembroke, near it,s W. extremity, on the Allan. 1 mile 
 from its mouth, on N. side of St. Bride's Bay, 15 miles 
 AV.N.W. of Ilaverford-West. I'op. in 1851. 2460. Its cathe- 
 dral. 307 feet in length internally, has a lofty tower, a fine 
 Gothic chapel, the monuments of St. David, Bishop .\nselm, 
 Oiraldus Cambrensis. Tudor Karl of Richmond, the father 
 of Henry Vll., with the ruined college of St. Mai v. founded 
 
 1647 
 
SAI 
 
 by John of Gaunt, the bishop's palace, which stands in an 
 area enclostHj by walls I'^Oti yai-ds in circuit. 
 
 SAINT DAVID'S, a parish of South Wales, eo. of Brecon. 
 
 SAI.NT DAVID'S, a villaee of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the 
 N. side of the Frith of Forth. Pop. 160. 
 
 SAINT D.A.VIDS HEAD, the westernmost point of Wales, 
 In lat. 51° 50' N. Ion. 5° 15' W. 
 
 SAINT DAY, a town of England, co. of Cornwall, on an 
 eminence, 7 miles W. of Truro. The people are chiefly em- 
 ployed in mining. Pop. about fiOOO. 
 
 SJIINT DK(yUM AN. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 S.VINT-DE.V'IS, (Fr. pron. s1.n° dgh-nee',) atown of France, 
 department of Seine, with a station on the Railway du 
 Nord, 5i miles N.of the centre of Paris. Pop. in 1852. 15,702. 
 It is well built, and has a theatre, public library, numerous 
 manufactures, and several annual f;iirs; but it is chiefly 
 celebrated for its church, which, from the seventh century, 
 was the principal burial-place of the kings of France. This 
 is a noble Gothic edifice, 41oi feet in length, 106i feet 
 in breadth, with two towers, and a spire 85 feet in height : 
 in the vaults are some of its ancient tombs, which escaped 
 destruction in the first Kevolution. Its ancient abbey is 
 now used as a house of instruction, founded by Napoleoh, 
 for the daughters of members of the legion of honor. The 
 Canal of St. Denis is a short branch of the Canal of d'Ourcq. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS, a village of France, department of Cha- 
 rente Inferieure, in the island of Oleron, with a small port. 
 
 S.ilNT-DENIS, sIno deh-nee/, a Tillage of Belgium, pro- 
 Tince of Hainaut, 4^ mites N.E. of Mons, with cottou-spin- 
 ning works in the ancient abbey. 
 
 S--VINT-DENIS. sIno deh-nee', capital town of the French 
 colony of the island of Bourbon, in the Indian Ocean, on the 
 N. coast of the island, at the mouth of the river St. Denis. Lat. 
 20° 52' S.,lon.S5°30'24"E. Pop. with the district, 19.140, of 
 whom 10,096 are slaves. It is the residence of the governor 
 of the island, the seat of a high court, and has a college, 
 hospital, botanic garden, a bank established in 1826 with a 
 capital of 1.000,000 francs, and an active general trade. It 
 is situated on an exposed roadstead, the best in the island. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-DANJOU, si.N" deh-nee' d6.\«'zhoo/, a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Mayenne, 12 miles E. of 
 Chateau-Gontler. Pop. in 1852, 2830. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-DE-GASTINES, Ay dfh-nee' dfh gis'- 
 teen'. a village of France, department, and 11 miles W.N.W. 
 of Mavenne. Pop. in 1852. 3500. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-DE-JOUIIET, pS,no deh-nee' deh zhoo'A/, a 
 TilKige of France, department of Indre, 7 miles S.W. of La 
 Chatre. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-DE-PILLE. sKy deh-neo' deh pee\vA', a 
 Tillage of France, department of Gironde, bi miles' N. of 
 Libonrne. Pop. in 1852. 2fi52. 
 
 SAINT-DESIS-DE-QCfiBEC. eKy dehhiee' deh kA'bSk', a 
 post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Kamouraska, 
 on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 84 miles N.E. of Quebec. 
 Pop. about 1700. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS DORQUES, sJn" deh-nee' doBk, a village 
 of France, department of Sarthe, 21 miles W. of Le Mans. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2316. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-EN-VAL, six* d?h-nee' 8no vil, a Tillage 
 of France, department of Loiret, 10 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-LE-CHEVASSE, sis" deh-nee/ Igh sheh- 
 vlss', a village of France, department of Vendee, arrondisse- 
 ment of Bourbon- Vendee, canton of VoirS-sur-Bourbon. Pop. 
 1256. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-L&GAST. slso dgh-nee' Ifh gist a village 
 of France, department of Manche, 10 miles S.S.E. of Coutances. 
 Pop. 1859. 
 
 SAINTDENIS-LE-TETU, sAn« dgh-nee' Igh vi^U'. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Manche, 4 miles S. of Cou- 
 tances. Pop. 500. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-SUR-LOIRE. sJxo deh-neo* sttR Iwia, a 
 Tillage (jf France, department of Ix)ir-et-Cher, arrondisse- 
 ment. and 4 miles N.E. of Blois. with mineral springs. 
 
 SAINT-DENIS-SUR-SARTHON. s4.\o dph-uee' silR saR'- 
 tJso', a village of France, department of Orne, 6 milee N.W. 
 of .\len90n. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAINT DEN'NIS. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT DENNIS, a post-office of Baltimore CO., Maryland. 
 
 SAINT DENNIS BAYOU, (bi'oo,) of Ixiuisiana, traTerses 
 the parish of Jefferson, and flows into Rarataria Bay. 
 
 SAINT DEV'EREU.X. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 SAINT-DIDIER-AC-MONT-DOU, sis" deeMe-.V 8 mAx» 
 doR. a vill.ige of France, department of KhOne, 6 miles N. 
 of Lyons. Pop. 1800. 
 
 S.MNT-DIDIER-DE-CHALARONNE. sijc deeMe-A/ dgh 
 ehi'li'ronn'. a village of France, department of Ain, 16 miles 
 N. of Trevoux. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-DIDIER-DE-LATOUR, sJx« dee'de^l' deh U tooR, 
 • village of France, department of Isire, arrondissement of 
 I.* Tourdu-Pin. Pop. 1318. 
 
 SA1NT-U1DIER-L.\.SEAUVE.bSIv deeMe..Via sOv.atown 
 Of France, department of Haute-Loire, 14 miles N.E. of 
 Yssengeaux. I'op. 20(X). 
 
 SAlNT-DIDIEK-SUK-DOUIiON, Aa' dee'de^ sUr doo'- 
 1&48 
 
 SAI 
 
 lAx"'. a Tillage of France, department of Haute-Loire, 8 mtlea 
 E. of Brioude. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-DIDIER-SUR-ROCHEFORT, sis" deeMe-.V sUb 
 roshYoR', a village of France, department of Loire, 16 mile» 
 N.W. of Montbrison. Pop. 1500. 
 
 S.\INT-Dl£, siso de-A', (anc. Sanctum Dendattimf) a town 
 of France, department of Vosges, capital of an arrondisse- 
 ment, and 24 miles E.N.E. of Epinal, on the Meurthe. Pop 
 in 1852. 8059. It has a commercial college, cotton spinning, 
 iron-forges, and wire-work.s. In its vicinity are iron and 
 copper mines and marble quarries. 
 
 SAINT-Dlfi. a town of France, department of Loir-et- 
 Cher, on the left bank of the Loire, 8 miles N Ji. of Blois. 
 Pop. 1261. 
 
 S.\INT-DIEY, a town of France. See S.unt Dif . 
 
 SAINT-DIZIER, stuio dee'ze-.V, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Haute-Marne, on the right bank of the Slarne, 
 where it becomes navigable 10 miles N. of Va.ssy. Pop. in 
 1852, 7429. It is handsome, and Wiis formerlj' fortified ; it 
 has a communal college, a fine new town-hall, an hospital, 
 and a ruined castle; docks for building vessels, cotton and 
 iron factories, and an active export trade in iron and timber. 
 In 1544, it sustained a memorable siege by the Emperor 
 Charles V.; and in 1814. the French troops here twice de- 
 feated a part of the allied army. 
 
 S.ilNT-DIZIER, a village of France, department of Creuse. 
 5 miles N. of Bourgaueuf. 
 
 SAINT DOti'.MEL. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing. The 
 village has the ruins of a fine abbev. 
 
 SAINT DOGS'WELL, a parish of" South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke, with a medical spring. 
 
 SAINT DOMINGO. See Sas Domixgo. 
 
 SAINT DOM'INICK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall 
 
 SA INT-DON AT-LE-ROMAN. eSxa do^nd' leh ro'mftjj"', a 
 town of France, department of Drome, 13 miles N. of Valence. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2350. 
 
 SAINT DO/NATTS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glam- 
 organ, on the Bristol Channel. 5 mil«s S.W. of Cowbridge. 
 The church, in a beautiful secluded dell, contains sever.il 
 monuments of the Stradlings, who for 7 centuries occupied 
 the fine ancient castle, part of which is still inh-ibited. 
 
 SAINT DO'NATTS, WELSH, a parish of Wales, co. of 
 Glamorgan. 
 ■ SAINT DUNSn:AN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SAINTE-ADELE, s^Nt JMAl', or AB/ERCROMBIE, a vil- 
 lage and township of Canada Ea.st co. of Two Mountains, 40 
 miles W. of Montreal. Pop. about 600. 
 
 S.4INTE-ANNE, sAxt Ann, a mountain of France, depart- 
 ment of Orne, 8 miles from Alen9on, with a chapel fre- 
 quented by a vast number of pilgrims. 
 
 S.-VINTli-.iNNE. a maritime vill.-ige of Guadeloupe, on the 
 S. coast of Grande Terre, 12 miles E.S.E. of Point-a-Pltre. 
 
 S.\INTE ANNE, a village of Martinique, ne.ir the S. ex- 
 tremity of the island. Someotherpari.shesof theWe.st Indies, 
 and one in the island of Alderney. have the same name. 
 
 SAINTE ANNE, the names of several towns of Canada. 
 See S.UNT Anne. 
 
 SAINTE-ANNE-DE-LA-P£RADE, slst Ann deh U pA^- 
 rdd', a post-village of Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, on the 
 river St. Anne. 57 miles W. by N. qf Quebec. 
 
 SAINTE-ANNE-DE-LA-POCATIERE. s^Nt Ann deh U po'- 
 kA^te-aJR/, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co, of 
 Kamouraska, on the S. shore of the St. L;iwrence, 75 miles 
 below Quebec. The village is beautifully situated, and con- 
 tains, besides a church and several stores, a college, one of 
 the most extensive in Canada East, usually attended by 
 about 1.50 students. Pop. of the parish, 2800. 
 
 SAINTE-ANNE-DES-PLAINES, sAxt Ann dA plAn, a vil- 
 lage and parish of Canada East, co. of Terrebonne, 26 miles 
 N.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 1600. 
 
 S.AINTE ANNE-DU-M.\CHlCnE, sJst Ann dU' mA'sheesh', 
 a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of St. Maurice, 
 on the river Machiche, 75 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. 
 about 2000, 
 
 SAINTE-ANNE-DU-NORD, sSlst ann dU noR, a village and 
 parish of Canada East. co. of Montmorenci, on the N. shore 
 of the St. Lawrence. 18 miles below Quebec. Pop. about 900. 
 
 S-UNTE-BAUME, sistbOm. a mountain =;i the S.E. of 
 France, department of Var, canton ol St, Maximin. Height, 
 2850 feet. 
 
 S.\INTE-CROIX, sSst krwA, a vinage of France, depart- 
 ment of Gironde. 22 miles S.E. of Borde.iux. Pop 1126. 
 
 SAINTE-CROIX, a village of France, departmentof Haut- 
 Rhin. 4 miles S. of Colmar. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SAINTE CROIX, a vilL-jge of Switzeriand. canton of Vaud, 
 on the French frontier. 7 miles W. of Granson. Pop. 2900, 
 manv of whom are engaged in watch and lace-making. 
 
 S.\INTE CROIX, a village of Canada Kist on the 3. 
 bank of the river St. Lawrence, 25 miles S.W. of Quebec. 
 
 SAINTE CROIX, or SANTA CKUZ. sAii'tA kroos. the 
 southernmost and largest of the Virgin Islands, and the 
 most impi^rtant of the Danish posse,ssions in the West In- 
 dies. Area, 100 square miles. Pop. 25.600, of whom 18.400 
 were slaves. Capital, Cbristianstad. It was possessed s=.i- 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 oessively by the Dutch, EnprUsh, Spanish, and French, and 
 was sold to Denmark in 1733. 
 
 SAINTE-CROIXAUX-MINES, sAst krwd o meen, a Til- 
 lage of France, department of A'osges, 15 miles N.W. of 
 Colmar. I'op. in 1S.')2. 3(557. 
 
 SAINTKCROIX-DE-VOLVESTRE, sHxt krwj deh toI'- 
 vJst'r', a village of France, department of Ariege, 9 miles N. 
 of St. Girons. Pop. 1761. 
 
 SAINT ED'WAUD. a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Huntingdon, 24 miles S.E. of Montreal. I'op. 200. 
 
 SAINTE-FAMILl>r:-D'ORLKANS, hJxt fa'meel doR'lA'ftN'"', 
 a village and pari.sh of Canada East, co. of Montuiorenci, 18 
 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. about 900. 
 
 SAINTK-Fi lY, s^Nt fwd. a town of France, department of 
 Giroude, on the left bank of the Dordogne, 38 miles K. of 
 Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852. 3139. 
 
 SAIXTE-FOY, stKyo fwd, a town of France, department of 
 Rhone, 2 miles S.S.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852. 3410. 
 
 SAIXTFXJEMME (or OEM.MESj D'ANDIGNE, bSnI 
 ihjuira' d5N"'doeH, a village of "France, department of Maine- 
 et-Loire. 20 miles N.W. of Angers. Pop. 1180. 
 
 SAlNTE-CiEMME (or GE.MMES) LE-ROBERT, sJut 
 zhJmm' leh ro^baia, a village of France, department of 
 Mayenne,'20 miles N.E. of Laval. Pop. in 1852, 2.379. 
 
 SAIXTE-GEMME (or GEMME.S; SUR-LOIUE, sljit 
 BhJmm', silB Iwdit, a village of France, department of Malne- 
 et-Loire. arrondissemeiit of Angers. Pop. 1115. 
 
 SAINTE-GENESE-RIIODK. s1n« zheh-nAz/ rod, a village 
 of Belgium, province of Brabant, 7 miles S. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 2300. 
 
 SAINTE-GEXEVIEVE, s^Nt zheh-n?h-ve-4v', a village of 
 France, department of Aveyron, 19 miles N. of Espalion. 
 Pop. 1839. 
 
 SAINTE-GEXEVrKVE, a village of France, department 
 of Oise, 11 miles S S.K. of Beauvais. Pop. 1124. * 
 
 SAINTH-GEXEVTIOVi;-DE-BATISCAN, sixt zheh-neh- 
 ve-aiv' deti Ki'tees^kft.N"', a post-villago and parish of Canada 
 East, CO. of Champlain.on the river Batiscan. P. about 1200. 
 
 SAINTE-1U;lR\E. si.vt i'lSn' or A'lain', several villages 
 of France, departments of Morbilian, Loz6re, Seine-Infe- 
 rieure, Vosges, Gironde, Ac, and one in Savoy, 6 miles 
 S..S.M'. of Conflans. 
 
 SAINTE-II^LiiNE. s^.vt AM.in', a village and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of Uimouski, on the. S. shore of the St. 
 Lawrence. 103 miles ix^low Quebec. 
 
 SAlNTE-IMNORINE-LA-CilARDONXE, slst ho'no'reen' 
 li shaaMoun', a village of France, department of Orne, 17 
 miles N.N.E. of Domfront. Pop. 1541. 
 
 SAINT ELENA, (Sp. fHnta EU-na, sdn'ti A-lA/ni,) a point 
 and maritime village of South America, in Ecuador, depart- 
 ment of Guayafiuil. province of Manabi; the point, in lat. 
 2° 12' S., Ion. 81° W., and the village on the Bay of St. 
 Elena. 30 miles S.E. 
 
 SAINT ELI7MBKTII, a post-village and parish of Canada 
 East, CO. of Berthier, 45 miles N.E. of Montre.al. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAINT-£lOY, sl\Nt AMwi/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of l'uy-de-D6me. is in an extensive coal basin, the 
 mines of wiiich furnish annually 40,000 quintals. 
 
 SAINTE-LUCE, sAxt liis, a small town on the S. coast of 
 the French West India island of Martinique, 13 miles S.E. 
 of Fort Royal. Pop. 122ti. 
 
 SAINT EL'VIS. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 SAINTE MARGUKRITE, sSst maRVhgh-reeV a river of 
 Canada East, joins the Saguenay, 14 miles from its mouth 
 In the St. Lawrence estuarv. 
 
 SAINTE MARGUERITE, the largest of the Isles Lerins, 
 on the coast of France. See LtRiNs. 
 
 SAINTE-M ARIE. sAxt mlVee', an island on the E. coast of 
 Madagascar, (called by the natives, Nbssn-Ihraheem or jN'b.s.fi- 
 Ibrahim, no.s'see' ib'ri-heem.') Lat. 16° 48' S., Ion. 50° E. 
 Length from N. to S.. 30 miles ; breadth. 5 miles. Pop. 5000. 
 The French here have an establishment. 
 
 S.'VINTE-M.\RIE, s4xt mdVee'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Basses-Pyrenees, near Oleron. Pop. in 1852, 3939. 
 
 SAINTE-MARIE, a commune in the French colony of the 
 Island of Bourbon, on its N. coast. Pop. 5527. 
 
 SAINTE-MARIE, a town of the French colony of the 
 bland of Martinique, on its N.E. side. Pop. 4854. 
 
 SAINTE-MARIE. a village of the island of Guadeloupe, 
 division, and 3 miles N. of Capesterre. 
 
 SAINTE-MARIE-AUDENHOVE. sixt maVee* oMJnVv', a 
 Tillage of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 8 miles E. of 
 Audenarde. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINTE-MARIE-AUX-MINES, sJxt miVee'S meen, (Ger. 
 Mariakirch. md-ree'd-k6Siik^,) a town of France, department 
 of Ilaut-Jlhin. on the Liepvrette, 14 miles N.W. of Colmar. 
 Pop. in 1852, 11.613. It has an active manufacture of cotton 
 hosiery, calicoes, and printed goods. 
 
 SAINTt^MAi'JE-DK-LA-BEAUCE, sJn-" vaVre^ deh-ld 
 boss, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Dor- 
 chester. .30 miles from Quebec. Pop. 3200. 
 
 SAINTE-MARIE-DE-MONNOIR. saN" md'ree'deh mon^- 
 nwjR'. a post-viU.ige and parish of Canada East, co. of Rou- 
 ville. 26 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SAINTE-MAURE, A^i mOR, a small town of France, de- 
 5D 
 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire. on the Manse. IS miles E.S.ti 
 of Chinon, on the railroad from Bordeaux to Paris. Pop. in 
 1852. 2744. 
 
 SAINTE-MAURE, a town of France, department of lllo- 
 et-Vilaine, 17 miles N. of Redon. Pop. in 1852, 4271. 
 
 SAINTE-MENEIIOULD. s^Nt mJn^hoo' a tijwn of France 
 department of Marne, on the Aisne. at the influx of tht 
 Auve, 28 miles E.N.E. of Chfilons. Pop. in 1S52. 4.347. It 
 was destroyed by fire in 1719, and since regularly built.. It 
 has a forest board, an agricultur.al council, a seminary, and 
 manufactures of glass, earthenwares, and leather. It waa 
 formerly fortified, and was taken by Louis XIV. in 1653. 
 
 SAINTE-M FlRl'ViOGLISE, sAxt mAu A'gleez'. a market- 
 town of France, department of Manche, 9 miles S.E. of 
 Volognes. Pop. 1740. 
 
 SAINT-EMILTON, tAst A'meeMeH\N'>', a town of France, 
 department of Gironde. 3 miles S.E. of Litiourne. Pop. in 
 1852, 2828. It is celebrated for its wines, and has a ruined 
 castle. 
 
 SAINT ERME. a river of England, rising in Dartmoor, co. 
 of Devon, and flowing S. into the English Channel, 4^ miles 
 S.S.W. of Btodbury. 
 
 SAINT ERME, a parish of England, co. of Cornw.all. 
 
 SAINTE ROSE, sAxt roz. a maritime town of Guadeloupe, 
 on its N. coast, 10 miles S.W. of Port Louis. Pop. 4156, 
 of whom ,33.39 are slaves. 
 
 SAINTE ROSE, a town of the island of Bourbon, on the 
 E. coast. 31 miles S.E. of St. Denis. Pop. 1878. 
 
 SAINT ERTll, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT ER'VAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINTES, K^Nt, (anc. Meiliolulrmm.) a town of France, 
 capital of an arrondissement, department of Charente-In- 
 ferieure. 38 miles S.E. of La Rochelle. on the left bank of the 
 Charente. Lat. 45° 45' N.. Ion. 0°38' W. Pop. in IS.Vi. 11.560. 
 Its streets are narrow and crooked, and It is ill-built, but 
 has a fine cathedral, and a communal college, with a library 
 of 2.5,000 volume.s. It has a tribunal of commerce, and an 
 extensive trade in Cognac brandy, made in its vicinity. It 
 has several Roman remains, comprising a triumphal arch, 
 and the ruins of an amphitheatre and a circus. It was the 
 capital of the old province of Saii4ogne. St. Louis defeated 
 the English here in 1242. 
 
 S.VINTKS. Les. lA sA.Nt. some small islands of the French 
 West Indies, off the S. extremity of Guadeloupe, of which 
 they are dependencies. Aggregate area. 5 square miles. 
 Pop. 1100. I'he products comprise manioc, sweet 7X)tatoes, 
 cotton, tobacco, and poultry. Among them is one of the liest 
 roadsteads in the West Indies. They were discovered by 
 Columbus, November 4, 1495. 
 
 SAINTES-.MARIES. Les. lA sS-rtmaVee/. a town of France, 
 department of Bouches-du-RhOne, in a sandy pl.ain. near 
 the mouth of the Little Khoue, 18 miles S.S.W. of Arks. 
 Pop. 910. 
 
 SAINT-ESPAIN. silNt ^s^p^No/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Ijoire, 18 miles S.S.W. of Tours. l*«)p. in 
 1852, 2010. 
 
 SAINT-ESPRIT. sA?»t Js'pree'. a seaport town of France, 
 department of Landes, on the right bank of the Adour, 
 opposite Bayonne. of which it is a suburb. Pop. in .1852, 
 6Syl. It has a citadel, commanding the town and port of 
 Bavonne. 
 
 SAINT-ESPRIT, sSlst fs'pree'. a post-village and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of Leiuster, 42 miles N.W. of Montreal. 
 Pop. about 2200. 
 
 SAINT-EST]^:PIIE, sSxt ^s'tif ', a village of France, departr 
 ment of Gironde, 30 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 872. 
 
 SAINTFVrERRE. sAxt t.^K. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Gironde. arrondissement of Lil)Ourne. Pop. 2055. 
 
 SAINTE-TERRE. (- Holv Land.") See Paikstise. 
 
 SAINTE-TIIERESE-DE-BLAINVILLE, sANt tA^raiz' d?h 
 blJN«'veel', a post-village and seigniory of Canada East, co. 
 of Terrebonne. 18 miles N.N.W. of Montreal. 
 
 S^\INT-ETIENNE, sANt-.Vto-^n', (i. e. "St. Stephen,") a 
 town of France, department of Loire, on the Furens, a small 
 afflvient of the Loire, in the centre of one of th« most valuable 
 coal-fields of France. 32 miles S.W. of Lyons, with which it is 
 connected by railway. Pop. in 1861, 92,250. It has sprung 
 up in recent limes with almost unexampled rapidity, and, 
 though not regularly built, contains several spacious streets, 
 formed of lofty and substantial houses nf freestone, originally 
 white, but rendered dingy and black by the clouds of smoke 
 which numerous iron-works are continually pouring forth. 
 The finest street, which is in the line of the great public 
 road from Paris to Marseilles, passes almost through the 
 middle of the town, and is lined with rows of trees. The 
 town is lighted with gas. The principal edifices are the 
 HOt«l de Ville, comprising the town-hall, exchange, and a 
 museum of the local manufactures: a court-house, a theatre, 
 a public library, a handsome obelisk fountain, and the termini 
 of the two railways to Lyons and Eoanne. The town has a 
 court of first resort and commerce, a consulting chamber of 
 manufiicturers, a conseil de. prud'h.rmimes. a national college, 
 a school of mines, a chemical laboratory, and a public lilirary. 
 St. Etienne has been called the French Birmingham. It h.a.i 
 rapidly acquired prosperity in the two very dissimilar m» 
 
 1&49 
 
SAI 
 
 nnfactures of iron -whres nnd silk ribhons. The manufac- 
 ture of hardware, includinp; fire-arms and all kinds of cutlery, 
 with files, nails, cast-iron, and steel, employs about 7000 work- 
 men, who, in addition toother articles, produce annu.ally, in 
 time of peace. 40.000 st.ind of arms, but in a case of necessity 
 mizht K' able to produc* nearly 300.0OO. The manufacture 
 of ribbons is the more important staple, and employ.s. with 
 the town and in the adjoininir districts about 40,000 per- 
 sons. ' The number of looms is estimated at iO.OiX), and the 
 Talue of the annual produce at $10,000,000. It has also 
 manufactures of other silk goods, lace, embroidery, muslins, 
 cotton yarn. glas.s. leather, paper, and lampblack. The coal, 
 to »rhich St. Etienne is indebted for the main source of its j 
 presperity, besides meeting the consumption within the 
 town, forms a very important branch of trade, both furnissh- 
 Ing the supplies of several bl.^st furnaces and other extensive 
 iron -works, and a general export of a1»ut 500,000 tons. 
 
 SAIXT-l^:TIENNE-Dl'>BAIGORRy, sixt i'te-^nu' dfh 
 bA'^goR'Ree'. a town of France, department of Basses-Pyrfi- 
 nfees, on the Spanish frontier, 23 miles S.S.E. of Bayonne. 
 Pop. in 18.i'2. 32i)6. It has iron mines and marble quarries. 
 
 SAIN'T-fiTIENNM-:-Dh)-LUODARfcS, sist AHe-enu' deh 
 lUg'dS^rAs'. a town of France, department of Ardeche, 31 miles 
 W. of Priva-s. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-/5TIENXE-DE-M0XTLUC, sast .AHe-Inn' deh 
 mAso'lUk'. a town of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 
 10 miles N.W. of Xantes. Pop. in 18o2. 4778. 
 
 SAIXT-l^TIEXXE-D&ROUVKAY, sJxt i'te^nn' dgh 
 roovVi/, a town of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, 
 near the Seine. 4 miles S. of Rouen. Pop. 1500. 
 
 S.AIXT-fiTlEXXE-DE-SAIXT-GEOIRS. slxt i'te-Jnn' deh 
 8ix« zhwiR, a town of France, department of Isere, 20 miles 
 N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1S52, 2051. 
 
 SAIXT EUFEMIA. See Santa Euphemia. 
 
 SAIXTE URSAXXE, sAst UR^sinn', or URSTTZ, ooR'sits, a 
 town of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the Doubs, 6 miles 
 S.E. of Porentruv. Pop. 1300. Near it are an old castle, and 
 the grotto of St.Ursitz. 
 
 S.AINTE-URSULE, sist uR'siil'. a village of Canada East, 
 CO. of St. Maurice, on the Rivifere-du-Loup, 63 miles N.E. of 
 Montreal. 
 
 SAIXT-EUSTACIIE, sjst chVtish'. a post-village of Can.ada 
 Ea.«t. CO. of Two Mountains, 21 miles S.W. of Montreal 
 
 SAIXT EUSTATIUS, u-stA'she-&s, one of the British West 
 India Islands, in the Leeward group, 12 miles X.W. of St. 
 Christopher. Area, 190 square miles. Pop. 1903. It is 
 mount'iinous. and has two extinct volcanoes. The climate 
 in healthy, but earthquakes and hurricanes are frequent. 
 
 SAIXT E'\ AI>. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 S.VIXT EWE. u. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAIXT FA'OAX, a parish of South Wale.s. co. of Gla- 
 morgan, in the vale of the Elwy, 5 miles W. of Cardiff. It 
 has a modern castle. In 1648, the royalists were here de- 
 feated by the parliament.nry troops. 
 
 SAIXT FAITH, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 SAIXT-FAR(iEAU. sSno fiiRV.ho'. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Yonne. 26 miles E.S.E. of Auxerre. agreeably 
 situated on the Lninj. Here is a fine old dilapidated castle 
 with a spacious park, once the residence of Mademoiselle 
 Monlpensier. cousin of Louis XIV., built in the fifteenth 
 century, but now onlv partly habitable, having been much 
 damaged by fire in 1752. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SAINT-F^LICIEN, bSx" fA'lee^se-iN-e', a town of France, 
 department of Ardeche, 10 miles W. of Tournon. Pop. 2025. 
 
 SAIXT-FELIX. sKs" f:iMee.x', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaute-Garonne, 23 miles S,E. of Toulouse. Pop. 
 2911. 
 
 SAINT FE'LIX. an island In the South Pacific Ocean, W. 
 of Copiapo. in Chili. Lat. 26° 21' S., Ion. 79° 35' W. 
 
 S.tlXT FK'LTX, a cape on the S. coast of Madagascar. 
 
 SAIXT-FELIX-Dl>Si)RGUE. sLv> fA'leex' deh soRg, a 
 town of France, department of Aveyron, 7 miles S.E. of St. 
 Affrique. Pop. 1890. 
 
 SAIXT-FELIX-Dh>VALOIS, sSn-o fgV^fex' deh v.Vlwa', a 
 pcwt-village ;ind parish of Canada East. co. of 'Berthier, 51 
 miles X.X.E. of Montre.al. Pop. about .3500. 
 
 SAIXT FER'GDS, a maritime parish of Scotland, compre- 
 hended In the county of Banff, but situated in tlie county 
 of .^tierdeen, with a village 4 miles X.W. of Peterhead. It 
 contains the ruined ca.stle and village of Inverugie. 
 
 SAIXT-FERKOL. sLn" f?R'Rnl', a vill-ige and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of Montmorenci, 3U miles X.X.E. of Quebec. 
 
 SAINT FIDEN. See Tablat. 
 
 SAINT'FIELD, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, CO. of Down, 9 miles S.S.E. of Belfast. Pop. of the 
 town. 900. It has a thriving trade in linens, calicoes, cordu- 
 roys, and other fabrics. 
 
 SAINT'FIELD. a postoflice of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 8AINT-FLAVIE. sJn- fllVee', a post-village and parish of 
 Canada J^st. co. of Karaourasko. on the S. shore of the St. 
 Lawrence. 110 milus below Quel)ec. Pop. 2SiXI. 
 
 SAINT FLA'VIEX, (Fr. pron. six« fld've-Jx'''.) Canada 
 East, a ftfltion on the Richmond and Quebec Railroad, 28 
 miles from (Juel>ec. 
 
 SAlXT^Kl/)KEXT, sia** floWs^, a TU1fl<{e of France, de- 
 
 SAI 
 
 partment of Cher, on the Cher, 9 miles S.W. of Bour^eA 
 Pop. 1«89. 
 
 S.\IXT-FLOREXT. six"' flo'rSx"', (It. Sm Fitrremo, sSn 
 fe-o-r^n'zo,) a fortified seaport town ol^ Corsica, on its X. side, 
 on the Gulf of St. Florent, 7 miles W. of Bastia. It was 
 taken by the Enali.sh after a lengthened siege in 1793. 
 
 SAIXt-FLOKEXTIX. sAn" floVd.\'="tlNO', a town of France, 
 department of Yonne. at the conltuence of the .\rmance and 
 Arman^on. and on the Paris and Lyons Railw.iy. 15 miles 
 N.X.E. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852. 2636. 
 
 SAINT-FLOREXT-LE-VIEIL, sS.vo floVSxo' leh ve-.AI', a 
 town of France, department of JIaine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 
 21 miles W.S.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 2318. The Ten- 
 dean w^ar commenced here in 1793. 
 
 SAIXT FLORIAX, flo/re-an", a village of Upper Austria, 
 circle of Traiin. 12 miles X.X'.W. of Steyer, near the Danube, 
 with a rich Augustine abbey^. 
 
 S.\IXT-FLOUR. fAx" fiooR, (rhyming with poor.) a town 
 of France, department of Cantal, 33 miles E.X.K. of Aurillac. 
 Pop. in 1852, 5786. It stands on a scarped basaltic rock near 
 the right bank of the Auzon, and has a communal college, 
 a public library, and trade in corn. 
 
 SAIXT-FORGEUX. sSx" foR'zhuh', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Rhone. 14 miles S.W. of Tillefmnche. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAIXT-FORTUXADE, s.4x<! foR'tu'nAd', a marketrtown of 
 France, department of Corrfize, 4 miles S. of Tulle. P. 2200 
 
 SAIXT-FORTUXAT. six" fou'tii'n^', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ardeche. 7 miles X.X.E. of Privas. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAIXT FOY, a town of France. See S.uxte-Fot. 
 
 S.\IXT FRANCIS, France. See S.uxt-Fraxqois. 
 
 SAIXT FRAX'CIS, a headland of South Africa, in Cape 
 Colony, W. of St. Francis Bay. Lat. 34° 10' S.. Ion. 24° 53' E. 
 
 SAIXT FRAX'CIS, a county in the E. part of Ark.ansas, 
 between the White and Saint Francis Rivers, contains alxiut 
 9(l(J .square miles. 1 1 is drained by the Cache River. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, the soil fertile. The White and St. Francis 
 Rivers are navigable along the borders. Capital, Mount 
 Vernon. Pop. 8672, of whom 6051 were free. 
 
 SAIXT FRAXCIS, Missouri. See Saixt Frax^ois. 
 
 SAIXT FRAXCIS, a township of Green co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 453. 
 
 SAIXT FRAXCIS, a township of Phillips co.. Arkansas. 
 Pop. 1376. 
 
 S.AIXT FRAXCIS. a post-yillage of St. Francis co., Arkan- 
 sas, on the river of its own name, 115 miles E.X.E. of Little 
 Rock. 
 
 SAIXT FRAXCIS, a lake of Canada East and Wert, 
 formed by the St. Lawrence, 35 miles S.W. of Montreal 
 Length. 28 miles: breadth. 2 miles. 
 
 SAINT FRAXCTSCO, California. See San Fraxcisco. 
 
 SAINT FRAXCISCO. river of Brazil. See S^o Fraxcisco. 
 
 SAIXT FRAXCIS ISLAXDS, a group of islands off the S, 
 coast of .\ustralia. in Movt's Archipelago. Lat. (X. extre- 
 mity) 32° 32' Sv Ion. 1:53° 17' E. 
 
 SAINT FRAXCIS RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas, 
 rises in the county of its own name, in Missouri, and flows 
 S. to the X.E. corner of Arkansas. Entering this state, it 
 falls into the Mis.^issippi River libout 10 miles alxtve Helena. 
 In the lower part of its course it passes through extensive 
 tracts, which are suliject to inundation, and partly occupied 
 by cypress swamps. The whole length is estimated at more 
 than 450 miles, for 150 of which it is navigable in .some 
 sea,sons of the year. Trout and other fish are abundant in 
 this river. 
 
 SAIXT FR AX'CTS^TLLE, capital of West Feliciana parish, 
 Louisiana. 30 miles X. of Baton Rouge, and 1 mile E. of the 
 Mississippi River, with which it is connected by Bayou 
 Sara. It has a newspaper office. A railroad 26 miles long 
 extends X'. to Woodville. in Mississippi. 
 
 SAIXT FRANCISVILLE, a post-yillage of L.awrence CO., 
 Illinois, on the Wabash River, about 170 miles S.E. of Spring- 
 field. 
 
 SAIXT FRAXCISVILLE. a thriving post-village of Oark 
 CO., Missouri, on the Des Moines River, about 10 miles 
 W.X.W. of Keokuk. Free population 455. 
 
 S.\IXT-FRAX50IS, sSx" fi-Ss«'swJ', a town of the French 
 West Indies, on the island of Guadeloupe, on the S.E. coast 
 of Orande-Terre. 18 miles E. of Point-k-Pitre. Pop. 6598, of 
 whom 5603 are slaves. 
 
 SAIXT-FRAXQOIS, a commune of the French island of 
 Martinique, with a good port on the E. coast. Pop. 5066, of 
 whom 4272 are slaves. 
 
 SAIXT FRAXgOIS. sent fr.an'sis, (Fr. pron. s!\x« frSs*'- 
 sw3'.) a county in the E.S.E. pjirt of Missouri, has an area 
 of abnutSoO square miles. It is traversed from S. to X". by 
 Big River, an affluentof the Maramec River, and al*o drained 
 by the sources of the St Francis, flowing S. The surface U 
 hilly and broken, and partly covered by forests of pine and 
 other timber. The .soil is moderately fertile. The celebrated 
 Iron Mountain is partly included within it Extensive 
 iron-works are in operation near the mines, and a plmk-road 
 extends from them to the Mississippi River. Capi'al. Far- 
 mington. Pop. 7249, of whom 6372 were fr.e, ; -od 877 
 
 SAIXT-FRAN^IS-D'ORLfiANS, sKso frS> ''swd' don'li^ 
 
SAI 
 
 SAX 
 
 Sn«', a villajie and parish of Canada East. co. of Montmorenoi. 
 on the Island of Orleans, in the St. Lawrence, 24 miles lielow 
 Queliec. Pop. .500. 
 
 SAlXT-Fl{ANgoiS-DU-T,AC, sSno frS.No'swJ' dU Idk, a vil- 
 lage and seigniory of Canada Kast, co. of Nieolet, on Lake 
 St. Peter. Pop. ahmt 7000. of whom 300 are Indians. 
 
 SAINT FRANCOIS RIVEIl rises in Canada, and Hows S. 
 until it meets tlie N'.W. boundary of Maine, when it turns 
 and runs K.. and it unites with the Walloostook Kiver to 
 form the St. John's. It constitutes the N. boundary of the 
 Btate for most of its lenirth. 
 
 SAINT-FRANg01S-KIVH>RK-DU-SUD, sSn« frS-V'swi/ 
 reeH'e-aiR/ dll sUd, a villaire and parish of Canada East, co. 
 of Bellechasse, 29 miles N.X.K. of Quebec. The village con- 
 tains a church, a convent, and several stores. Pop. IGtiO. 
 
 SAINT-FRONT. sAn" frAx", a village of France, department 
 of Ilaute-Loire, 12 miles K.S.E. of Le Puv. Pop. 2600. 
 
 SAINT-FRONT, a village of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Qaronne. 2^ miles N.E. of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. 112-1. 
 
 SAINT-FKONT, a village of France, department of Orne, 
 1 mile S.E. of Domfront. 
 
 SAINT-FULGKNT, s^x" fiil'zh3N«'. a town of France, de- 
 partment of Vendee, 12 miles N.E. of Bourbon- Vendee. Pop. 
 134.5. 
 
 SAINT GALL, sent g.ll, (Fr. pron. sts<> giUl; Ger. Srinct 
 Galkn, sdnkt gSl'len,) a canton in the 'H.V.. of Switzer- 
 land, bounded on the N. by the canton of Thurgau and 
 'the Lake of Constance, E. by the Khine. between lat, 4ti° 
 53' and 47° 30' N., and Ion. S° 47' and 9° 37' E. Area. 749 
 square miles. In the S. it forms part of one of the loftiest 
 Alpine districts of Switzerland. The whole surface be- 
 longs to the biisin of the Khine, but is divided into three 
 distinct minor basins, the greater part of which is included 
 In the canton. The only lake of importance, besides Lake 
 Con.stance, is Ij.ake Zurich; but there are many small 
 lakes, remarkable for their elevation and the m.agnifi- 
 eent scenery around them. The climate Is generally 
 6f Alpine severity. Among the strata of sandstone, beds 
 of lignite are often found; but there are no minerals 
 of any consequence. The more mountainous districts, 
 within the limits of vegetation, are generally covered with 
 wood or good pasture; on the lower slopes vineyards and 
 orchards are seen in everj' quarter. The principal products 
 aro wine, fruit, corn, maize, hemp, and flax. Cotton and 
 linen goods, particularly fine muslins, are extensively made 
 in iieveral districts. This canton was admitted to the Con- 
 fedo.'-ation in 1803, and is the fourteenth in rank. The con- 
 stitution is democratlcal ; but though every citizen of 21 
 years not under legal incapacity, has a vote for members of 
 theGreatCounciI,composedofl50representatives,nonecansit 
 in it withiiut paying about $15 annually of direct taxes. 
 For .1 di'iinistrative purpn.ses, the canton is divided into If) 
 districts, of which St. Gull is the capital. Pop. in 1860, 
 180,411 
 
 SAINT GALL. (Oer. Sanct GnlUn,) a town of Switzerland, 
 capital of the above canton, in an elevated valley, on the 
 left bank of the Steinach, IS miles S.E. of Constance. 2152 
 feet above sea-level. It is still surrounded by antique walls, 
 flanked with towers; but the ditches have been filled up, 
 and converted into gardens. It is tolerably well built and 
 paved, is well supplied with fountains, contiins a cathedral, 
 once an old aibey church, but completely modernized; an 
 old monastery, three town churches, a large town-house, a 
 library, casino, house of correction, and orphan hospital. It 
 has extensive uianufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton 
 goods, fine muvlins, and prints, and an important trade, 
 partly furnished by the canton itself, and by the cantons of 
 Appenzell and Thurgau, of which it is the entrepot. The 
 environs are very be.iutiful, and contain many fine walks, 
 commanding fine views. St. Gall is said to owe its existence 
 to a Scotch monk, who, in the early part of the seventh 
 century, left his convent in lona, and, after travelling over 
 a gre,at part of Europe, finally settled on the banks of the 
 Steinach, then covered with forests, in which bears and 
 wolves had their haunts, founded an abbey, and made it the 
 nucleus of civilization to the surrounding districts. Pop. 
 in ISCiO. 14.532. 
 
 SAINT-GALMIER, rSn" garme-.V, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Loire, on the railway between Andrezieux and 
 Roanne. 12 miles E. of Montbrison. Pop. in 1852, 2952. It 
 has manufactures of lace and chamois leather, and the 
 mineral spring of Fontfort, (anc. Aqun Segeata;?) 
 
 SAINT-G AUDENS, siN" g5M8x<!', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilaute-Qaronne. on a hill near the left bank of the 
 Garonne, in the Pyrenees, 55 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 
 In 1 852, 5059. It has one of the most ancient churches in 
 France, a communal college, and manufactures of serge and 
 tape, sawing, fulling, and paper mills, and an active trade in 
 agricultural prodm-e. 
 
 SAINT-GAULTIER, .sSxo g51He-A'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Indre, on the Creuse, 17 miles S.W. of Chilteau- 
 roux. Pop. 1622. 
 
 SAINT-OENEST, sSx" zheh-nA/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Vienne, 8 miles \V. of Ch&tellerault. Pop. 13S5. 
 
 cAINT-GENEST-CHAMPANELLE, sLvo zhfh-ni' shftx«'- 
 
 I pj-n?ll', a village of France, J^•partmont of Puy-de-I)8me, or 
 rondissement of Clermont, {'op. 20110. 
 
 SAINT-GENEST-LERPT, sax" zheh-nA' l^Rpt, a village ot 
 France, department of Loire, arrondissement of St. Etienne 
 Pop. 1308. 
 
 SAINT-6ENEST-MALIFAUX. sixo zheh-n.V mdMee'tV. n 
 village of IVance, department of Loire, miles S.S.E. of St. 
 Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 3301. 
 
 SAINT OENEVIEVK, jinVveev', a county in the E.S.E. 
 part of Missouri, has an area estimated at HiO square mile.s. 
 It is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi River, which 
 separates it from Illinois, and drained by Rivifere aux Vases, 
 Isle au Rois, Saline, and Establishment Creeks. The surfitce 
 is hilly and broken; the soil of the river-bottoms and valleys 
 is fertile. Extensive mines of lead and copper, and quarries 
 of marble are worked. A plank-road about 42 miles long 
 extends from the county seat to the Iron Jlcmntain. Capi- 
 till, St. Genevieve. Pop. 8029, of whom 7412 were free, and 
 617 slaves. 
 
 SAINT GENEVIEVE, a post^village. capital of St. Gene- 
 vieve county, Missouri, on the Mississippi Kiver, 61 miles 
 below St. Louis. Some improvement has taken place re- 
 cently since It became the shipping-point for the produfts 
 of the iron-works at Iron Mountain. A plank- road 42 miles 
 long has been commenced between these works and the 
 town. St. Genevieve exports large quantities of copper, 
 lead, limestone, and white sand, the last of which is usel 
 in the glass-works of Boston and Pittsburg, and is a very 
 superior article. It contains a bank and 2 flouring mills. 
 Settled about 1755. Pop. 1910. 
 
 SAINT G KNEVIKVK. Canada. See Sainte-Oexevi£ve. 
 
 SAINT-G KNGOUX. sJx" zh6x'''goo', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Saone-et^Loire, 22 miles N.N.W. of Macon. Pop. 
 ICOO. 
 
 SAIXT-GENIEZ (or GKNIES,1 saxo-zhgh-ne-A', a village of 
 France, department of Dordogne, 7 miles N.N.E. of Sarlat. 
 Pop.*1457. 
 
 S.\INT-GENIEZ, a town of France, department of Avey- 
 ron. on the Lot, 22 miles E.N.E. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852, 
 
 SAINT-GENIEZ-DE-MALGOIRES, six" zheh-ne-A/ deh- 
 mirgwda', a town of France, department of Gard, 11 miles 
 S.W. ofUzfes. Pop 1.308. 
 
 S.\INT-GKNI.S. s^xo zheh-nee', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Charente-Inffirieure, 6 miles W.N.W. of Jonzac. 
 Pop. 90.3. 
 
 SAINT-GENIS-DIIIERSAC, sSn» zheh-nee/ de-^R^sik', a 
 village of France, department of Charente, 9 miles N.W. of 
 Anirouleme. Pop. 1410. 
 
 SAINT-GKNIS-LAVAL. .sSx" zhgh-nee/ iSSiV, a town of 
 France, department of Rhone, 5 miles S. of Lyons, on the 
 railway thence to St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 2518. It has 
 manufactures of fine carpets, paper hangings, colors, ink, 
 buttons, and other articles, for which Lyons is the chief 
 mart. 
 
 SAINT-GENIS-TERRR-NOIRE, six" zh?h-nee' t?B nwin, 
 a village of France, department of Loire, 12 miles N.E. of St. 
 Etienne. I'op. 1452. 
 
 SAINT-GENIX. six" zhfh-nee', a village of Savoy, on the 
 French frontier, 14 miles W. of Chamb^ry, on the Guiers. 
 Pop. 1786. 
 
 SAINT GEN'NYS. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-GENOIX. s&.\o zheh-nwA', a village of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, 6j miles S.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 
 3648. 
 
 SAINT-G EOIRE, s^xo-zhwjR/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Isftre, 19 miles N.N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 
 4350. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 S.^^INT GEORGE, a post-township of Knox co., Maine, on 
 tiin Atlantic. 45 miles S.E. of .^.ugnsta. Pop. 2716. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a post-town.ship of Chittenden co., Ver- 
 mont. 35 miles W.N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 121. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 
 10 miles N.E. of Iluy, with coal and alum mlues, 4 brewe- 
 ries, and 3 Hour mills. Pop. 3831. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a bay and harbor of Newfoundland, on 
 the W. coast. The bay extends inward E.N.E. about 54 
 miles, and receives the river St. George, which falls into the 
 head of the harbor of the same name, in which the bay ter- 
 minates on the E. 
 
 SAINT GEi^RGK, a bay of Nova Scotia, on the N.E. coast, 
 about 20 miles wide at the entrance, and where it penetrates 
 farthest into the laud, about 18 miles in length from Cape 
 St. George. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a town of the West Indies, on the 
 island of Grenada, on the S.S.W. caast. It is divided into 
 two parts, one being called Bay Toww. and the other thy 
 Carenage. The harbor is one of the best in the West Indies. 
 The fort is in lat. 12° 2' 64" N., Ion. 61° 48' W. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE. BraziL See Sao .Torge dos Ilheos. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, one of the principal of the Bermuds 
 Islands. N.E. of Bermuda, is strongly fortified, and forms 
 the chief military depot in the Bermudas. 
 
 SAINT GE0K(3E, a town on the E. side of the .iht.ve 
 
 1661 
 
SAl 
 
 Island, on.^ of the Bermudas, on a gentle declivity, which 
 rr mts ILe harbor, containing about 500 houses built of free- 
 H>.ine. 1 'op. 2800. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, the strait or channel which separates 
 N jw Ireland from New Britain. 
 
 55.\INT OEOROE. a channel between the Great and Little 
 Nirohar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, about 15 or IS miles 
 long, and from 3 to 6 miles wide, extending E.N.E. and 
 WS.W. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, an island of British Honduras, in the 
 Jlav of Honduras, opposite the mouth of the river Balize. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, one of the Pribylov Islands, Bearing 
 Boa. It is sranitic, and rises to .300 feet in height. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, is the name of a parish in Jamaica, co. 
 of Surrey, N of Kingston, and of several other parishes in 
 the British West India Islands. 
 
 S.\INT GEORfJE. a postvillage of Canada West, cos. of 
 Hiilton and Weutworth, 22 miles W.S.W. of Hamilton. 
 Pop. 2.50. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, atown of Upper Guinea. See Freetown. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, in Italy. See Sak Gioegio. 
 
 SAINT OEORG E^ in Portuguese colonies. See Sao .Torge. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE-AM-LEE, Bavaria. See S.\nct Georg- 
 am-Lee. 
 
 ^' \INT-GEORGE(orGEORGES)-BUTAA'ENT. saN"zhoRzh 
 bil'tdVdNo', a village of Franc*, department, and 3 miles W. 
 of Mayenne. Pop. in 1S52. 2441. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, CAPK. the name of headlands in Thes- 
 saly. Rhodes. Kerzuelen's Land, and New Ireland. 
 
 S.\INT-(iEORGE-D'AULNAY. sJn" zhoRzh do'nA', a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Calvados, 10 miles N.E. of Vire. 
 Pop. 1625. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE (or GEORGKS> DE-LUSENgON, six" 
 rhoRzh deh Iu^z6n"VAn'"'. a village of France, department 
 of Aveyron. arrondissement and canton of Milhau. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAI'NT-GE0RGI'>DE-M0NS, s&xo zhoRzh deh mAN«ja vil- 
 \a'xe of France, department of Puy-de-Dome, 11 miles W.N.W. 
 of Riom. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAINT-GE0RGE-DE-5I0NTAIGU, s%y<> zhoRzh deh mAN"'- 
 ti'gii'. a village of France, department of Vendee, 18 miles 
 N. of Bourhon-A'endce. Pop. in 1S52, 2265. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE-DE-NOINE, sJno zhoRzh d?h nw^n, a 
 villaire of France, department of Deux-S6vres, 12 miles S. of 
 Parthenav. Pop. 1520. 
 
 SAINT-GEOUGE-BE-RENEINS, sftxa zhoRzh deh reh- 
 dAn"', a village of France, department of Rhone, 4 miles N. 
 of Villefi-anche. Pop. in 1S52. 3029. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE-DE-ROUELLEY, sUn" zhoRzh deh roo-eP- 
 W, a village of France, department of Manche, 12 miles 
 E.S.E. of :Mortain. Pop. 1660. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE-D'ESPERANCHE, six" zhoRzh dJs'p.V- 
 rSNsh', a market-town of France, department of Is6re, 9 miles 
 E.N.E. of Vienne. Pop in 18.o2, 2290. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE-D'OL^RON, sHx" zhoRzh doM-Vr^N'o', a 
 Tillage of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, 15 
 miles N.W. of Marennes. Pop. in 1852, 407S. 
 
 SAINT-GEOKGI<>EN-COUZAN, sJn'o zhoRzh iy koo'zftNor, 
 a village of France, department of Loire, 10 miles N.W. of 
 Montbrison. Pop. 1047. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, GULF OF, an inlet of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, on the E. coast of Patagonia, between lat. 45° and 
 47° S., and Ion. 65° and 67° W. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE ISLAND, an island in the Mozambique 
 Channel, 2 miles N. of St. Jago, in lat. 15° 2' 12" S., Ion. 40° 
 48/ 30" E. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, Solomon group, in lat. 8° 32' S., Ion. 159° 40' E. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE ISLAND, one of the Azores. Se« Sa** 
 
 JOROB. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE ISLANDS, India, a group of small 
 islands off the coast of Malabar, in lat. 15° 21' N., Ion. 73° 
 45' E. 
 
 .. S AINT-GEORGE-LE-Q AULTIER, sJn" zhoRzh Igh gOPte-d', 
 a village of France, department of Sarthe, 22 miles W. of 
 Maraers. Pop. 14;?9. 
 
 SAINT-GEORG E-LF^POUGE. sIn* zhoRzh leh poozh, a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Creuse, 10 miles E.N.E. of 
 Bourganeuf IVip. 1400. 
 
 HAINTGEORGE-LES-BAILLARGEAUX. sJno zhoRzh li 
 bah'yaR'zhO', a village of France, department of Vienne, 8 
 miles N.N.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1028. 
 
 SAINT G EORG EN. See Saxct Georgen. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE'S, a post-villa-je of Newcjtstle co., Dela- 
 ware, on the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal. 16 miles S.S.W. 
 of Wilmington. It has 3 churches, and 2 hotels. Pop. iu 
 1860, 269. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE'S, a postofBce of Coileton district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE'S BANK, is in the Atlantic, off the E. 
 coast of tli<< United States. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE'S CHANNEL, (anc. rerffinHtm MaheT) 
 that part of the Atlantic which separates the S.W. of Em'- 
 land from Ireland, extending from the island of Holyhead 
 to >t. D.ivids. and from Dublin to Wexford. Its breadth 
 varies lVt>m 40 to 70 miles. 
 1«52 
 
 SAI 
 
 SATNT-GEORGES-DE-REINTEMBAULT. sUn" ihoRzh 
 deh r3»t«'tft>i'bo'. a market-town of France, deparimeat 
 of Ille-et-Vil:iine, 10 miles N. of Fougeres. Pop. in 1852, 
 3408. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE'S ISLAND, off the coast of Florida, in the 
 Gulf of Mexico, opposite the mouth of the river Appalachl- 
 cola. Length, from E. to Vi ., 22 miles; breadth 5 miles. St. 
 George's Strait, separating it from the mainland, is from 6 
 to 7 or 8 miles across. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-CHER, sAx» zhoRzh siiR shaiR, » vil- 
 lage of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, arrondissement 
 of Blois. Pop. 1970. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-ERVE, six" zhoRzh siiR Jrv. a Til- 
 lage of France, department of Mayenne, 22 miles E.NJi. of 
 Laval. Pop. 1301. 
 
 SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-LOIRE, sW zhoRzh stiR Iw^R, a 
 market^town of France, department of Maine-et-L<jire, 10 
 miles' W.S.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 2725. 
 
 SAINT-GERAND-LE-PUY, sSso zheh-rfts"' leh pwee/, a 
 market-town of France, department of Allier, 5 miles W. of 
 La Palisse. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN, sent jer'man. or SAINT-GERMAIN- 
 EN-L.AYE. (Fr. pron. s4xo zhjR'mJxo' 6n" \k.) a town of 
 France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the border of the 
 forest of St. Germain, 7 miles N. of Versailles, and 10 miles 
 W.N.W. of Paris, with which it is connected by railway. 
 Pop. in 1852. 12,027. It is well built, and has a house of 
 education of the Legion of Honor, a public library, corn- 
 hall, manufactures of horse-hair goods, numerous tanneries, 
 some woollen factories, and an active retail trade. Its mag- 
 nificent chateau, founded b)' Charles V., and eml)ellished by 
 Francis I., Charles IX., Henry IV., Louis XII.. and Louis 
 XIV., who afterwards abandoned it, is now used as a bar- 
 rack and military prison. James II. of England died there, 
 September 16, 1701. The Forest of St. Germain comprises 
 nearly 8900 acres. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN, sSn" zhJR'mSso', a town of France, 
 department of Loiret. 6 miles S.E. of Slontargis. Pop. 1095. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN, a town of France, department of Lot, 
 arrondissement of Gourdon. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN, a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et'Loire. arrondissement of Beaupreau. Pop. 1499. 
 
 SAINT-CiERMAIN-DE-CALBERTE, sLn" zh§n'm,^N<:' dfh 
 kdPbaiRt', a town of France, department of Lozfere. 13 miles- 
 S.E. of Florae. Pop. in 1852, 1900. 
 
 SAINT-tJERMAIN-DE-JOUX, si>'0 zhSR^mAx"' deh zhoo.a 
 town of F' ranee, department of Ain, arrondissement of Xan- 
 tua. Pop. 1193. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-DE-LA-COUDRE, s^x" zhSR^mSx"' deh 
 13 kood'r. a town of France, department of Ome, 17 miles S. 
 of Montagne. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-DES-CHAMPS, sAno zh?R*maN«/ di 
 zh6x«. a town of France, department of Yonne. 5 mUes S. 
 of Avallon. Pop. 1196. 
 
 SAINT-GEKMAIN-DES-PRfiS, sJxo zhjR'mSx"' di prJ, a 
 town of France, department of Dordogne, arrondi.ssement 
 of Perigueux. Pop. Iii40. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-DU-B0Ti5, sJxo zhJR'mfix"' dil bwS, a 
 town of France, department of Saone-et-Loire, 8 miles N. of 
 I»uhans. Pop. in 18.52, 2568. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-DU-PLAIN, sSs" zhjR'mUxo' dll plSjf«, 
 a town of France, department of Sa6ne^et-Loire, 17 miles 
 E.S.E. of ChSlons-sur-Saone. Pop. 132:3. 
 
 SAINT-GERM AIN-EN-COGLES.sS.vozhfR^maxo/Sxofcog'l, 
 a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 4 miles 
 N.N.W. of Foutrferes. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-<JERSiaIN-EN-LAYE. See Saint-Germ Ai\. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-MONTAGNE, .s^x" zhhi\n%s^ 6n« 
 mAxo't^B'. a town of France, department of Jura, arrondisse- 
 ment of Poligny. Pop. 3500. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-LA-PRADE, sSx" zhSR'mSxo' leh prjd, 
 a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, arrondisse- 
 ment of Le Puv. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-LAVAL. sAfPOzhjR'mSxo/iavai', a town 
 of France, department of I/)ire, arrondissement, and 15 
 miles S. of Roanne. with manufactures of porcelain. P. 1769. 
 
 S.AINT-GERMAIN-L'EMBRON, si\N° zhiWrnLv"' Idx""^- 
 brAxo/. a town of France, department of Puy-de-Ddme, 5 
 miles S. of Issoire. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT-aERMAIN-LES-BELLES, sJx<" zh.VmiVx"/ \k bJU, 
 a town of France, department of Ilaute-Vienne, 16 miles 
 E.N.E. of St.Yrieix. Pop. 2200. 
 
 SAINT-GERMAIN-L'HERM,sSlN"zhSR'mAN°'lfem,atowu 
 of France, department of Puy-de-D8uie, 12 miles S.W. of 
 Ambert. Pop. 1009. 
 
 SAINT-fiERM AIN-SUR-A Y. sJxo zh5R'mAx°' sllR h. a town 
 of France, department of Blanche. 15 miles N.N.W. of Cou- 
 tances, on the bay of the same name, at the mouth of the 
 Ay. l>op. 1091. It has a small port, and exports agricul- 
 tural produce to England. 
 
 SAINT GER'MAN. a disfranchised borough and town of 
 England, co. of Cornwall, in a dell, on a creek of the river 
 Lynher. 9 miles W. of Plymouth. It has a fine parish 
 church, formerly a part of a cathedral, which in Saxon times 
 was the seat of a Cornish bishopric, i'op in 1351, 29G7. 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAINT-QEI{frRi:DE, (Fr. Samte-Grrtrude, s3lxt zh?R'- 
 trlid'.) a village of Canada East, co. of Mcolet, 90 miles S.W. 
 of Qunbec. Pop. 250. 
 
 SAINT-OEUUDIS. .sAn" zhfh-rUMee', a post-villaze and 
 parish of Canada East, co. of Bellechasse, 24 miles N.E. of 
 Quebec. • Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAIXT-OKKVALS, sSlx" zhen'v-V, a village of France, de- 
 partm.-nt of IlCrault, 22 mile." N.X.E. of I5e/,iei-s. I'op. 1600. 
 
 SAl.\T-G Kit VAI.S. a ^-illage of France, department ofPuy- 
 df-IWme. 11 miles NAV. of Ambert. Pop. 1284. 
 
 S.^INT-CrKllVATS. a village of Franc*, department of 
 Vendee, 2-t miles N'.X.W. of Les Sable.s. Pop. 1249. 
 
 SAI.NT-tiKUVAIS, a village of France, department of 
 Vieniie. arroiidissement of Ch3.tellerauU. Pop. 1254. 
 
 8.\I\T-(iKI!VAIS, a town of France, department of Puy- 
 de-UOme, 17 miles N.W. of Ulom. Pop. in 1852, 2(504. 
 
 SAI.\T-<!EKVAIS, s^N" zWnVA', a market-town of Savoy, 
 provinc'e of Kaucigny, on the Arve, 22 miles N.W. of Bonne- 
 ville. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SArNT-Cm.^LATX, sSno ghees'laN"', a fortified town of 
 Belgium, province of Ilainaut, on the Ilaine, and the Canal 
 of Mons. 6 miles W. of .Mons, of which it was formeily re- 
 garded as (he bulwark. Pop. 1956. 
 
 SAIN'WJILDAS-DE-RUIS, sftija zheel'dd' deh ril-ee' (or 
 rwee,) a village of France, department of Morbihan, near the 
 sea, 11 miles S.S.W. of Vannes, with llfs2 inhabitants, and 
 the remains of an abbey, which was the retreat of Abelard 
 in 1125. 
 
 SAIXT-GTLDAS-DES-BOIS, s\x<> zheelMJ' d.i bwi. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 12 miles 
 N.N.W. of 8avenay. Pop. 1474. 
 
 SAINT OILK.S, (jilz,) a di.strict of England, co. of Middle- 
 Bex, in the centre of the metropolis. Pop. in 1851, 55,214. 
 
 SAT NT C.TLES, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SAINT GILES, a postrvillage and pari.eh of Canada East, 
 CO. of Dorchester. 15 miles from St. Nicholas. I'op. 1200. 
 
 SAINT GILES-ON-THE-MEATII, a parish of England, co. 
 of Devon. 
 
 SAINT OILE.S, WIM'BORNE, a parish of England, 2 
 miles W.S.W. of Cranborne. 
 
 SAINT-fHLIiES, s^N" zheel, a town of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, near the Dutch frontier, 21 miles N.E. 
 of Ghent. Pop. 3500. 
 
 SAINT-GILLES, a village of Belgium, province of South 
 Braliant. 2 miles S. ot Brussels. 
 
 SALNT-GILLES-LES-BOUCIIERIES, s^s" zheel li boo'- 
 sheh-ree', a town of France, department of Gard, on the 
 Canal of Beaucaire, II miles S.S.E. of NImes. Pop. in 1852, 
 6985. It has a fine abbey church of the eleventh century, 
 and an active trade in wine, brandy. <tc. 
 
 SAINT-GI LI.ES-LEZ-TEU.MONDE, sLv zheel lA tSR^mAsd', 
 a village of Belirlum. province of East Flanders, 1 mile E. 
 of Ternionde. Pop. 2824. 
 
 SAINT-GILLKS-SUKVIE, .sJxo zheel «uR ve-<V. a town of 
 France, department of Vendee, on the Vie, 10 miles N.N.W. 
 of Les Sables. Pop. 1001. 
 
 SAINT GINOOLPII. sixo zhSNo'gOlf or zhaN^'go', a vil- 
 lage of Switzerland, on the S. bank of the Lake of Geneva, 12 
 miles S.K. of Lausanne, and divided by the Morge into two 
 arts, the smaller of which is in the canton of Valais or 
 iVallis. and the larger in Savoy. Pop. 598. 
 
 SAINT-GIUONS, sSx" zhee^rdix"', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ariege. on the riiiht bank of the Salat, 23 miles 
 W. of Foix. Pop. in 1852, 3981. 
 
 SAINT GLU'VIAS. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-GOBAIN, s^x" go^b^No'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Aisne, 10 miles W.N.W. of Laon. Pop. 1419. It 
 has a mannfactory of looking-glasses. 
 
 SAINT GOK'RAN, a parish of Encrland, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-GUfoiOIRE, sSx" grA'gw^R', a village of France, 
 department of Ille-et-A'ilaine, 2J miles N. of Rennes. Pop. 
 1237. 
 
 SAINT-0REG0IRE-DE-5I0NN0IR, sA.n« gr.-l-gwaR' deh 
 mon^nwdR'. a post-village and parish of Canada East. co. of 
 Rouville, 34 miles E.S.E. of Montreal. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 SAIXT-tlREGOIRE-LE-GRAND. sSn" gr.VgwaR'leh grSx"', 
 H post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 90 
 miles S.W. of Quebec. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAINT GREGORY, in Italy. See Sax Grf.oorio. 
 
 SAINT GREGORY, in France. See SAlxT-GRfiobiRE. 
 
 SAINT GUILLAtME D'UPTON, sAx" ghee\vdm' dilp'- 
 tix»'. a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Drum- 
 SJond. about 40 miles from Montreal. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 SAINT-HAON-LE-CHaTEL, six" ha^ox"' leh sha'tMV, a 
 •own of France, department of Loire, 8 miles W.N.W. of 
 Roanne. Pop. 707. 
 
 SAINT IIAR'MON, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Radnor. 
 
 SAINT-IIEAND, sSxt h.Vftx"'. a town of France, depart- 
 aient of Loire. 6 miles N. of St. Etienno. Pop. 1200. 
 
 S.\INT II El/EN. a small pnst-village of Cedar co., Missouri, 
 .17 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 S.\INT IIKLEN, a post-office of Washinston co., Oregon. 
 
 SAINT-HELKX(?) sjxt AMSxe', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of C6tesdu-Nord, 3 miles E.N.E. of Diaan. Pop. 1445. 
 
 ^: 
 
 SAINT HELENA, hel-ee'na*. (Fr. Satnk TTHinf, sKtW 
 AM6n'; Sp. Siaita Klrna, s^n'td i-WnL) an i.sland of the Souti 
 Atlantic Ocean, belonging to the British; lat. (Diana's Peak) 
 15° 57' S., Ion. 5° 42' W., about 700 miles S.E. of the island 
 of Ascension, 1400 miles M'. of the W. coast of South .Africa, 
 and 2000 miles Irom the E. coast of Brazil. Greatest length, 
 fi-om Barn Point, in the N.E., to West Point, IO5 miles* 
 greatest breadth, from Sugar Loaf Point, in the N.. to the 
 Barn, in the S., 7 miles. Area, about 47 square miles. Its 
 position, in the direct line of the great ocean thoroughfare 
 from Eurojie to the East, has made it a most important 
 halting station for vessels performing that lengthened 
 voyage, while it has acfiuired great celebiity from bein» 
 the place of Napoleon's banishment, and where he resided 
 from 1816 till his death. May 5, 1821. When seen from a 
 distance, it has the appearance of a lofty pyramidal mass, 
 of a dark-gray color, rising abruptly from the surface of the 
 ocejin, and presenting no signs of vegetation; but when 
 □ore nearly approached, though its precipitous and almost 
 inaccessible coasts become still more striking, and on all 
 sides, but particularly on the N., enormous beetling cliffs 
 are seen almost perpendicular, varying in height from 600 
 to 1200 feet, a number of openings are discovered, forming 
 the mouths of narrow valleys or ravines, leading gradually 
 up to a central plateau. On the shore, at all of these open- 
 ings where a landing might be effected, small forts and 
 other military works have been erected, for the purpose of 
 making it a secure prison-house. 
 
 The island is of volcanic origin, and consi^sts of rugged 
 mountains, interspersed with numerous ravines, in one 
 of which, on its N.W. shore, is James Town, the residence 
 of the principal authorities. Its h.«rbor affords excellent 
 anchorage in 12 fathoms water, and is defended by strong 
 batteries. The central plateau is traversed from E. to W. 
 by a limestone ridge, dividing the island into two unequal 
 portio'hs, and attaining in Diana's Peak, near its centre, the 
 height of 2700 feet— the highest summit in the island. The 
 portion on the S. of this ridge is the more abrupt and 
 rugged of the two, and consists of an almost continuous 
 succession of rugged hills and peaks, several of which as- 
 sume curious and fantastic forms. Of these, two of the 
 most remarkable are situated near the S. coast, and, from 
 some imaginary resemblances, have received the names of 
 Lot and IvOt's Wife. They are both formed of strangely- 
 contorted columnar basalt, with their summits respectively 
 1444 and 1423 feet above sea-level; the former rising 197 
 feet, and the latter 100 feet above its base. Along the coast, 
 at this part of the island, W. of .Sandy Bay, there stretches, ' 
 for a considerable distance, a stratum of horizontal columnar 
 basalt, forming a stupendous wall from 50 to 180 feet high. 
 An isolated portion of this stratum forms what is called 
 the Chimney; a remarkable column of horizontal hexa- 
 gonal basalt, 64 feet high. The pfirtion of the island N. of 
 the ridge is also rugged, but contains several tolerably level 
 tracts, which; during the season when moisture is aV)UMdant, 
 are covered with rich verdure. The largest of these tracts 
 is that of Longwood, where Napoleon had his residence. 
 
 The island is watered by numerous brooks, and about 
 one-fifth part of its surface is fertile; but the vegetation, 
 instead of being tropical, is decidedly European. Many of 
 the hills are crowned with irregular plantations of Scotch 
 firs, while their sloping banks are often covered with the 
 common gor.se or whin. Of the 756 species of plants now 
 found on the i.sland, only 52 are native. Goats are plentiful 
 
 * Some persons, aiming to be more accurate than ordinary 
 speakers, place the accent on tlie first syllable of this n.ame — 
 IIel'ena. This is unquestionably the correct aeeeutiiation of 
 the name of St. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great; 
 and though it is probable that the island derived its appellation 
 originally from her, not only is the present pronunciation of its 
 name so thoroughly established that it would be idle to attempt 
 to change it, but this very pronunciation (as will be seen below) 
 is supported by the analogy of the original Greek itself. It ia 
 perhaps scarcely necessary to corroborate, by other authority, 
 what is so universally sanctioned by the practice of our best 
 speakers ; yre may, however, be permitted to cite two passages 
 from two distinguished English poets. 
 
 " Arran ! a single-crested TenerifTe, 
 A St. Helena next in shape and hue. 
 Varying her crowded peaks and ridges blue." 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 " St. Helena's dungeon keep 
 Scowls defiance o'er the deep; 
 "i'here a hero's relics sleep." — MoNTGOMERr. 
 It is not difficult to explain why St. Hele.va departs from the 
 general rule of classical pronunciation. Not only tlie modem 
 Greeks, but the Italians and Spaniards, generally follow the 
 accent and nnt the quantity of names of Greek derivation. Now 
 as the Greeks placed the accent on the penultima of Helena, 
 ('EXei/i).) the Spanish name in accordance with the rule just 
 mentioned takes the same accent, (Elena,) and the English, con- 
 forming to their general practice of adopting the foreign accentu- 
 ation of an Anglicized name, pronounce it Hele'xa. The name, 
 Sophia, {"Loi^ia) the penultima of which is short, althongh it 
 takes the accent in Greek, is an example of precisely the same 
 kind ; it is universally accentuated, not only in English, but 
 in every other European tongue, on the penultima. See TiKiSTO. 
 
 1653 
 
SAI 
 
 i)> tlie up '.nfl. The climate is temperate, and invalids 
 fi im tbs h.'t regi us of the East re<-over rapidly under its 
 gi uial influence Mean temperature of the jear, 61°-3; 
 winter. 58<^-4, summer, 63°-8. Earthqualies have frequently 
 btvn felt; and e^ea in the absence of storm, both at sea and 
 on the island, strange hearings are not uncommon in the 
 surrounding watei-s, the result, evidently, of subterranean 
 commotion. One of the most remarkable of these took 
 pl:i.-e. February 17, 1849, when the sea suddenly became 
 fti;itated. as if by a heavy storm, and several vessels were 
 torn froin their mcoriiigs, and dashed upon the beach. The 
 island is tar from being able to supply its own wants, and 
 the only trafiic consists in furnishing commodities to the 
 callinz vessels. The number of vessels that made the i.sland 
 in IS'W was 860; in 1S52, 896. The revenue of 1848 
 amounted to 16,535?.; of 1849, to 15,921/. Of the latter sum, 
 8940/. was derived from customs, and 2014/. from licenses. 
 The total expenditure of 1849 was 23,867/. The island has 
 been made over to the British government by the East 
 India Company. Pop. 4977, of whom nearly one-half are 
 ■whites. 
 
 S.MNT IIELE'XA, a pari.sh of Louisiana, bordering on 
 Mississippi, contains about 540 square miles. It is drained 
 by Tickfah Kiver, and bounded on the W. by the Amite. 
 The surface presents no great elevations; the soil along the 
 streams is fertile. The parish is traversed by the New Or- 
 leans and Northern Railroad. Capital, Greensburg. Vop. 
 7130. of whom 3419 were free, and 3711 slaves. 
 
 SAINT IIEl.KNW, a post-village of St. Helena parish, 
 Louisiana, 35 miles N.E. by E. of Baton liouge. 
 
 SAINT HELENA PORT, (Sp. Puerto Santu Elena, pwjn/- 
 to sdn't3 A-lA'ni,) E. coast of Patagonia, an inlet intermediate 
 between the Gulfe of St. George and St. Mathias (San Ma- 
 tias.) 
 
 SAINT HEI^EN'S, a town and chapelry of England, co. 
 of Lancaster, on a branch of the Meisey, parish, and Z\ 
 miles E.N.E. of Prescot, with which it communicates by 
 railway. Pop. in 1851. 4860, engaged in raising-coal, and in 
 extensive plate-glass, bottle, and other factories, and in cop- 
 per-works. It has a new church, various handsome chapels, 
 a new town-hall, a markethouse, and a branch bank. 
 
 SAINT HELEN'S, a parish of England, at the E. ex- 
 tremity of the Isle of 'SVigbt, 8 miles E.N.E. of Newport. 
 Its old church was demolished by encroachments of the sea, 
 and a new church was erected in 1719. The roadstead of 
 St Helen's is the E. entrance to Spithead. 
 
 SAINT HELEN'S, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Wexford. 
 
 SAINT HELEN'S MOUNTAIN, Oregon, a peak of the 
 Cascade Range, N. by E. of Fort Vancouver. Height, about 
 13,0(K1 feet. It is a volcano, and has recently been in a state 
 of eruption. 
 
 SAI XT HEl/IER'S, (Fr. Saint-Haier, sA.Nt iUe-A',) the 
 capital town of the island of Jersey, on its S. coast, at the E. 
 Bide of St. Aubin's Bay. Lat. 49° 11' 3" N., Ion. 2° 6' W. Pop. 
 of the town, 21,il40. It stands between two rocky heights, 
 on the E. of which is the citadel. Fort Regent, overlooking 
 the inner harlwr, and constructed about 1800, at a cost of 
 about $4,000,000, The town is pretty well built, especially 
 its newer portions on the N, and N.E. ; it has a central 
 paved square, in which are the parish church, court-house, 
 reading-rooms, hotels, a good and well-supplied market- 
 house, the theatre, jail, and several chapels. On a rocky 
 island, off the shore, is Elizabeth .Castle, a fortress of im- 
 posing appearance. The town is the residence of many re- 
 tired officers of the British army and navy, foreigners, and 
 families of limited income from Great Britain. It has an 
 active trade with England, France, and the West Indies, 
 and it is the seat of the states, or representative parliament 
 of Jersey. 
 
 SAINT HEI/LAN'S, one of the small Scilly Islands, off 
 the coast of Cornwall, in England, >',W. of the island of 
 Tresco. 
 
 SAINT-HENRI-DE-MASCOUCHE, sast h5N<=Vefi/ deh 
 mJs'koosh', a post-village and parish of Canada East, co, of 
 Leinster, 24 miles N.AV, of .Montreal, Pop, about 2C00. 
 
 SAINT-HEN KI-DE-QUEBliC,Ki.\t hd.N«'ree/ deh kAMxV, 
 a village of Canada East, co, of Dorchester, 12 miles from 
 Quei)ec, Pop. 2H50, 
 
 SAINT HKN'ItY'S, a post-office of Mercer co„ Ohio, 
 SAlNT-HEItBL.\IN, s^xt jR'blix"/, a village of France, 
 
 de|>artment of Loire-Inferieure, 6 miles W. of Nantes, 
 
 Pop. 2200. 
 SAINT-HERBI/IN, sJst jR'bttxo'. a village of France, 
 
 department of Lolre-Inferieure, 5 miles N,E. of Anceuis. 
 
 Pop, 2600. 
 SAINT HERMAGOR, (hJii'mJ-gor',) a petty town of lUy- 
 
 ria, on the Gall. 23 miles W, of Villach, 
 SAINT-HEKMAS, sA.Nt jR'uii', a village of Can.ida East, 
 
 eo.of Two Mountains, is situated on the Lake of Two Moun- 
 
 talnn. 3fi miles from Montreal. 
 
 SAINT-IIKKMINE, siNt Jii'meen', a town of France, de- 
 partment of A endiJe, 13 miles N.W. of Fontenay-le<)omte. 
 
 Pop. l.iOO, ' 
 
 SAINT HERMOOENES, hSMnoye-nea, an island of the 
 1654 
 
 SAI 
 
 North Pacific Ocean, off the coa.st of Russian America, N.E. 
 of Kodiak ; lat. 58° 10' N., Ion. 152° 3' W, It was dis- 
 covered by Behring, and visited by Cook and Krusenstern. 
 
 SAINT-HERNIN, sJx" hWntliN"', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Finistfere. 21 miles E. of Chateaulin, Pop. 1250. 
 
 SAINT-HERVE, sA.\<: h^R'v.V, a village of France, dep.art- 
 ment of C6tes-du-Nord, 7 miles X.N.W. of Loudeac. Pop. 
 1301.. 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE, Asi ee'l.iR'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cbarente-Inferieure, t miles S. of St. Jean d'Angely. 
 Pop. 1321. 
 
 S.ilNT-HILAIRE.a town of France, department of Aude, 
 3 miles E,N.E. of Limoux. Pop, 983. 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE, a town of France, department of Indre. 
 canton of Le Blanc. Pop. 1010. 
 
 SAINT-IIILAIRE, a town of France, department of Nord, 
 8 miles E. of Cambraj. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT HILAIRE, sent hil-air', a station on the Gr.and 
 Trunk Railway, 17 niiles from Montreal, 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE, sAxt hee'lSr', a post-vill.age of Canada 
 East, CO. of Rouville, 24 miles S.E. of Montreal, with which 
 it is connected bv railway. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAINT-HILAIUE-DE-LA-COTE, s^Nt ee'ltW deh iS k6t, 
 a town of France, department of Isere, 22 miles E.S,E. of 
 Vienne, Pop. 1259. 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE-!) E-RIOZ, sSxt een.W deh re-o*. a town 
 of France, department of Vendee, 17 miles N.N,\V. of Lea 
 Sables, Pop, 2:J00, 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE-DES-LANDES, sSxt ee'lAR/ di Ifixd, a 
 town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 7 miles "W. of 
 Foug6res. Pop, 1700, 
 
 SAINT-HILAIR&DES-LOGES, sSnI ee'lAls/ di lozh, a 
 town of France, department of Vendee, 7 miles E, of Font«- 
 nay. Pop. in 1852, 2778. 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE-DE-TALMONT, sJxt ee'lAii/ deh t.^P- 
 mixo', a town of France, department of Vendfie, 9 miles 
 E.S.E. of Les Sables. Pop. 2420. 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE-DU-IIARCOUET, sixt ee'UR' du haR^- 
 koo-A', a town of France, department of Manche, 9 milea 
 S,W. of Mortsin. Pop. in 1862. 4132. 
 
 SAINT-IIILAIRE-LOULAY, sLvt eenAR/ loo'lA', a town 
 of France, department of Vendee, 22 miles N.N.E. of Bour- 
 bon-Vendee. Pop. 1845. 
 
 SAINT-HILAIRE-SAINT-MESMIN, sist ee'lAR/ sSx« 
 mJz'miN"'. a town of France, department of Loiret, 4 milfea 
 S.W. of Orleans, on the left bank of the Loire. Pop. 12S0. 
 
 SAINT HIiyARY. a parish of Wales, co, of Glamorgan. 
 
 SAINT-HI PPOLYTE, sLNt eep'po'leet'. a town of France, 
 department of Gard, 13 miles E.S.E. of Le Vigan. I'op. in 
 1852, 6720, It is partly fortified, and has an old castle, and 
 manufactures of woollen cloths for the army, silks, and cot- 
 ton hosiery. 
 
 SAINT-HIPPOLYTE, a town of France, department of 
 Haut-Rhin, on the Strasbourg and Basel (Bale) Railway, 4 
 miles S.S.W, of Schelestadt. Pop, in 1852. 2382. 
 
 SAINT-HIPi'OLYTE, a town of France, department of 
 Doubs, on the Doubs, at the influx of the Dessoubre, 13 
 miles S, of Montbeliard, Pop, 826, 
 
 SAINT-HONORE, sL\t o'no'ri'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Nifevre, 11 miles S,S.W. of Chateau-Chinon. 
 Pop. 1U51. It h.is sulphur baths, .and some antiquities. 
 
 SAINT-II0N0RINE-L.\-CHARD0NNE-LA-GU1LLAUME, 
 sJxt ho'no'reen' H shaR'donn' lA ghee'yom', a village of 
 France, department of Orne, 16 miles W,N.W, of Argentan. 
 Pop. 1274. 
 
 SAINT-IIOSTIEN. R^s" hosHe-fn', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-Loire, arrondissement of Le Puy. Pop. 
 1830, 
 
 SAINT HUBERT, a town of Prussia, See Saxct Hcbebt. 
 
 SAINT-HUBERT, sSs" hunmiR', a town of Belgium, ia 
 Luxembourg, in the Ardennes, 17 miles W. of Bastogne. 
 Pop. 1670. 
 
 SAINT HYACINTHE, sent hi'a-sinth, (Fr. pron. sInO 
 ee'dVSut',) a county in the S. part of Canada East, intersected 
 by the Grand Trunk Railway, Are.-*. 477 square miles. Capi- 
 tal. St. Ilyacinthe. Pop. in 1852. 30,623. 
 
 SAINT HYACINTHE, a po.st-town of Canada East, capi- 
 tal of the county of St. Ilyacinthe, on the river Yamaska, 
 and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 30 miles E.N.E. of 
 Montreal. The principal public buildings and institutions, 
 are the Parish Church, St. Ilyacinthe College, the Hospital 
 of the Sisters of Charity, the Congregational Nunnery, and 
 school fijr young ladie.s. station-hou.oe, court house, jail, and 
 theatre. The college has about 20 professors, and is at- 
 tended by above 2uO students. There are also in the town 
 about 20 stores, and several iron foundries, tanneries, and 
 other manufactures. Pop. 1852, 3313. 
 
 SAINT ICN ACE', a village of Mackinac co., Michigan, on 
 the Straits of Mackinac, is inhabited mostly bv fishermen. 
 
 SAINT IGN.\CK sJm een^ySs', a township of Canada 
 East, 40 miles N.N,W, of Quebec, 
 
 SAINT IGNA/CIO, an island at the he*d of U - Gulf cf 
 California, 
 
 SAINT-IGN.\T, s^st een*yJ'- a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-Ue-Dome, 8 miles E.N.E, of iliora. Pop, 200<). 
 
 -J^ 
 
SAI 
 
 SAINT-IQNT,»lxt cen'yee', a village of France, department 
 of Khflne. 5 miles N.W. of Vjllefianche. Pop. in 1S52, 2683. 
 
 SAINT Ifi'LA, a post-office of Ware CO., Georgia. 
 
 SAINT-ILLIDE, s&xt ee^eed', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Cantal, arrondissement, and 10 miles S.W. of Auril- 
 lac. I'op. 1880. 
 
 SA.INT-TLI'IZE, sixt eel'peez', a village of France, de- 
 partment of IIaut«-Loire, on the Allier, 7 miles S. of ISrioude. 
 Pop. 2487. 
 
 SAINT IMIER, sAxt ee'me-i', (Ger. Scinct Tmmer, sjnkt 
 Itt'mer.) a parish and village of Switzerland, canton of Bern, 
 12 miles W. of Brienne. Top. 1372. 
 
 SAINT IN'IGOES, a post-village of St. Mary co., Mary- 
 land. (30 miles S. by E. of Annapolis. 
 
 SAINT-Il!l5Nfi, B^Nt eeVA'n.V, a posf^village and parish 
 of Canada ]*;ast, co. of Saguenay, on the N. shore of the 
 River St. Lawrence, 78 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. about 
 1000. 
 
 SAINT ISU'MAEL'S, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 SAINT-TSIDORE, (iz'e-ddr',) or SAINT- ISIDORE -DE- 
 MONTREAL, (Fr. pron. sLvt ee'zeeMoR' dgh moN«HrA-ai',) a 
 village of Canada East, co. of Huntingdon, with a station 
 ou the Montreal and New York Railroad, 16 miles from 
 Montreal. I'op. aVjout 100. 
 
 SAINT-ISIDORE-DE-QUEBEC, sAst ee'zoeMon/ deh k.A'- 
 bek', a village of Canada East, co. of Dorchester, 21 miles 
 from Quebec. 
 
 SAINT-LSMER, sixt eez'maiR', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Ls^re, 7 miles N.N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1325. 
 
 SAINT IS'SELS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke, on Carmarthen Bay. 
 
 SAINT IS'SEY. a pari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT IVES, (Ivz.) a parliamentary bornngh, seaport 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, on its X. 
 coast. 7 J miles N.E. of Penzance. Pop. of the parliamentary 
 borough in IR.'Jl, 0872. The town is pictures(iuely situated 
 on the W. side of St. Ives' Bay; it has a spacious church, 
 some dissenting chapels, a town-hall, a jail, a literary 
 institution, a custom-house, and a harbor protected by a 
 pier built in 1770. It has a thriving pilchard-flsh.TV, 
 and exports of copper, tin. and slates from its vicinity. 
 Formerly it .sent two members to the House of Commons; 
 It now returns one. 
 
 S.\INT IVES, a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 5 miles E. of Huntingdon, on the railway to Cambridge, 
 and on the Ouse, here crossed by a handsome bridge of six 
 arches. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 2522. 
 
 SAINT JACINTO, Texas. See San Jacinto. 
 
 SAINT JA'COB, (Ger. Scuict Jalnb, silNkt yi'kop,) a hamlet 
 of Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles S.E. of Basel. Its vici- 
 nity, entitled the " Swiss Thermopyla;," was, on the 26th 
 August, 1444. the scene of a desperate action, in which 1600 
 Swiss sustained, for 10 hours, a fight against the French 
 army of Louis XI., ten times as numerous, and out of which 
 only 10 Swiss escaped. The wine raised here is termed 
 Sc/iw<:uer-Uut. ('• Swiss blood.") 
 
 SAINT JACOB, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois. 
 
 SAINT JACOBI PAKOCIIIE. See S.ant Jacobi Pa- 
 ECicniE. 
 
 S.\INT-JACQUES, sSn" zh-lk. (Saint James.) a village of 
 France, di'partment of Calvados, arrondissenent of Lisieux. 
 Pop. in 1S.5?. 2170. 
 
 SAINT-JACQUES, a village of France, department of Can- 
 tal. arrondissement of Aurillac. Pop. lOOO. 
 
 SAINT JACQUES, France, department of Manche. See 
 Saint Jamfs. 
 
 SAINT-JACQUES-DE-L'ACHIGAN, sSn" zhjk dgh I3'she'- 
 g3N', a postrvillage and parish of Canada East, co. of Lein- 
 Bter, 36 miles N.W. of Mimtreal. The village is the seat of 
 the Convent of Sacre Coeur of St. Jacques de I'Archigan, 
 with about 150 pupils. It also contains an assurance agency, 
 and several churches and stores. Pop. 8000. 
 
 SAINT-JACQUES-LE MINEUR, s^N" zUdkleh mee'nUR/, 
 a village of Canada East, co. of Huntingdon, 21 miles S. of 
 Montreal. Pop. 300. 
 
 SAINT-JACQUES-SUR-DARNETAL. sSn« zhiik sUr daRn'- 
 tSl', a village of France, department of Seine-Iufeiieure, 4 
 miles E. of Uouen. Pop. 1246. 
 
 SAINT-.TAEN-MASNUY. sJn= zh^NO mas'nwee/, a village 
 of Belgium, province of Haiuaut, 6 miles N. of Mons. 
 Pop. 1409. 
 
 SAINT J AGO. See Santi.ago. 
 
 S.\INT-JAL, sJn" zhdl, a village of France, department of 
 Cori'^ze. 10 N.W. of Tulle. Pop. ICOO. 
 
 SAINT-JAMES, (Fr. Scdni-Jacqxen, sSn" zhSk,) a town of 
 France, department of Manche, 12 miles S. of Avranches. 
 Pop. in l,So2, 3363. It was fortified by William the Con- 
 queror. 
 
 SAINT JAMES, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SAINT JAMES, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 SAINT J.VMES, a parish of Ireland, comprising a part of 
 the city of Dublin. 
 
 SATNT-J A M KS, in France. See S-UNT-.Tacques. 
 
 SAINT JAJIES, in Italy. See Sa^* Giacomo. 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAINT JAMES, lu Spain and Spanish color.ies. See 
 Saxtiaoo. 
 
 SAINT JAMES, a parish in the S v.. part of T^ulsiana. on 
 both sides of the Mississippi, contains 3.30 f^-juare miles. 
 Lake Maurepas touches the N.E. extremity of the pansh. 
 The surface is flat ; the soil alluviiU and ftr,ile, producing 
 sugar, mola.sses, and Indian corn. The p'artatinns .ire 
 chiefly contincd tothebanksof theriver. Capital. iJringiers. 
 Pop. 11.499. of whom 3400 were free, and 8000 slaves. 
 
 SAINT JAMES, (Fr. Saint-Jacques. sJl-N" zhSk) a river of 
 Canada East, district of Quebec. After a S.E. course of 23 
 miles it joins the St. Lawrence 10 miles N.E. of the mouth 
 of the Saguenay. 
 
 SAINT J.\.MES, a parish of .Tamaica, co. of Cornwall, com- 
 prising the bay and town of Montego. 
 
 S.MNT .TAMES, a British fort of Senegjml)ia, on a sm.all 
 island of the Gambia, 25 miles from its m'>Tith. 
 
 SAINT JAMES COLLEGE, Washington co.. Maryland, 
 founded in 1842, is attended by about 00 students. It is 
 under the direction of the Episcopalians. 
 
 SAINT JAN, s&nt yjn. or SAINT J(;HN, a small island 
 of the Danish West Indies, immediately E. of St. Thomas. 
 Area, 42 square miles. Pop. 2560. Christiansburg is the 
 only town. 
 
 SAINT-JANVIER, sSn" zhftN^VivA', a village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Terrebonne, 28 miles N.W. of Montreal. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-BONNEFOND. s^NO zhfiN" bonn'fANO. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Loire, 3 miles N.E. of St. 
 Etienne. Pop. in IS.Vi, 63.^7. 
 
 SAINT- JEAN -CIIKVSOSTOME -DE -MONTREAL, sSn« 
 zhdN" kre^sos'tOm' deh ni(\N«'tr;\Ml. a post-village of Canada 
 East, CO. of Beauharnols. 40 miles S.W. of Montreal. P. 5(i0. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-CHHVSO.STO.Mf>DK-QUEBEC, sAn" zh8N« 
 kre'sos'torn' deh k.A'b^k', a village of Canada East, co. of Dor- 
 chester. 10 miles from Quebec. 
 
 SAINT JEAN D'ACHE. See ArUE. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-D'ANGf:LY, six" zhfiN" di\x»'zh,Vle(^. a town 
 of France, department of Charente-Inft-rieure. on the navi- 
 gable river Boutonne. 15 miles N.N.E. of Salutes, having 2 
 parish churches, a hospital, communal college, theatre, and 
 public baths. Pop. in 1S52. 6413, employed in weaving serges, 
 distilling brandy, making gunpowder, and in the Cognac- 
 brandy trade. 
 
 SAINT JEAN D'ARVES, si\N'' zhfao danv, a market-towr 
 of Savoy, province, and 6 miles S.W. of St. Jean de Mau- 
 rienne. Pop. 1951. 
 
 SAINT JEAN D'AULPII, s1n« zhSN" dO, a market-town of 
 Savoy, province of Chablais, 13 miles S.E. of Thonon. Pop. 
 2258. 
 
 SAINT JEAN DE BELLEVILLE, sSn" zhSNodeh bfllVeel', 
 a market-town of Savoy, province of Tarantaise, 4 miles 
 S.S.W. ofMoutiers. Pop. 1411. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-DE-BOISSEAU, si^N" zh^N" deh bwas'sV, a 
 village of France, department of Loire-Inferieure. ou the 
 Loire. 15 miles E.S.E. of Paimticeuf. Pon. 2200. 
 
 SAINT-.IEAN-DE-BOURNAY. sJno zMs« deh booR'nV. a 
 village of France, department of Is6re, 12 miles E. of VIenne. 
 Pop. in 1R.-.2. 3298. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-DE-BRl^VELAY. sAn" zh5N<= deh brd'veh-lA', 
 a villaffe of France, department of Morbihan. near the Claye, 
 15 miles W.S.W. of Ploermel. Pop. in 1852. 2411. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-DE-FOS. sJn» zhSN" deh fos. a village of 
 France, department of Ilerault. 9 miles E.of Lod&ve. P. 1540. 
 
 SATNTJEAN-DE-LIVEKSAY. sSn° zhSx" deh lee'v^RVA', 
 a village of France, department of Charente-luferieure, 15 
 miles N.E. of La Rochelle. Pop. in 1852, 2296. 
 
 SAINT-,TEAN-DE-LOSNE. sSx" zhftN" deh Ian. (also called 
 BELLE-DEFENSE, bfll dl'fSNs.s'. i.e. "good or brave de- 
 fence." from two famous siegi>s which its inhabitants suc- 
 cessfully sustained in 1273 and 1636.) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Cote-d'Or, on the right liank of the ?a5ne. at its 
 junction with the Canal of Burgundy, 19 miles E.N.E. of 
 IJeaune. Pop. in 1852, 2266. employed in woollen-weaving 
 and making hats. It has 4 annual fairs for cattle and cloth. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-DE-LUZ, sJn^ zhftx" deh liiz, a town of 
 France, department of Basses-Pyrenf es. at the mouth of the 
 Nivelle, 11 miles S.W of Bayonne, pretty well built, de- 
 fended by 3 forts, and formerly a port of some importance, 
 but now a mere fishimr-town. Pop. in 1852. 2847. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-DE-MARSACQ, sSn° zhftx" deh maR'sSk', a 
 village of France, department of Landes, 11 miles W.S.W. of 
 Dax. Pop. 12tU. 
 
 SAINT JEAN DE MAURIENNE. sSn" zhi^N" deh mOVe- 
 Jnu', or SAN GIOVANNI DI MORIANA, s3n jo-v.4n'net! 
 dee mo-re-2'n^, a market-town ofV Savoy, on tlie Arc, at the 
 influx of the .\ri-an. and on the route from France bv Mount 
 Cenis into It.aly, 30 miles S.E. of Chambery. Pop. 3084. Its 
 external appearance is picturesque, but it is, internally, 
 gloomy ami ill built. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-DE-MONT, sSn» zhfe" deh m^N"', a village 
 of France, department of Vendue, near the Atlantic, 33 miles 
 N.N.W. of SabUs-d'Olonne. Pop. in 1S52. 4038. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-DES-CH AILLONS, sSx" zb6x° d;l.«hSh>AN<=', 
 a post-village of Canada East, co. of Lotbinifere, on the St, 
 Lawrence, 56 miles S.W. of Quebec. 
 
 1655 
 
SAI 
 
 Si^TNT-JEAXDKS-OLLlftRES. slxozhSx" d/\z orie-aiR/, a 
 Tillage of Franco, department of Pu.v-de-Dome, 13 miles S.E. 
 01 Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. in 1852, 2427. 
 
 SAIM'-JKA.N-DE-VALEKISCLE, sLn" zhSx" deh TdMeh- 
 reesk"!', a villatre of France, department of Gard. on the 
 Auzonnet, 14 miles X.X.K. of Alais, with 18S0 inhabitants. 
 
 SAINT JEAN D-ORLl^ANS, si.v« zhSx" doRUA'o>°', a post- 
 villajre and parish of Canada East. eo. of Moutmorenci, in 
 the island of Orleans, on the St. Lawrence, 21 miles N.E. of 
 Quebec. Pop. 12u0. 
 
 SAI.\T-J KAN-DU-BKUEL. sLv" zhfix" dU brii'Jl', a village 
 of France, department of Arevron, 14 miles E.S.E. of Millau. 
 Pop. 1450. 
 
 SAINX-JEAX-DU-DOIGT, sJx° zhdxs dU dvrL a vill.age of 
 France, department of Finist^re. 9 miles N.E. of Jlorlaix. 
 Pop. 1402. 
 
 SAINT-.TEAX-DU-GARD, s,\.v<> zhJ-N" dii gaR, a village of 
 France, department of Gard. on the Gordon d".\ndu/.e. ar- 
 rondissement, and 9 miles W. of .\lais. Pop. iu 1^62, 4487. 
 
 SAINT-.IKA.V-E.\-I10YANS, six" zh6.\o 6ya roi'S.x"', a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Drome, 19 miles E.N.E. of Va- 
 lence, on the right bank of the Liimne. Pop. in lSo2, 2661. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-LA-BUSSIERE, sAx" zh5x« li biis'se-aiR/, 
 a vill.Hge of France, department of Rhone, 10 miles W. of 
 Villefranche. Pop. 1770. 
 
 SAI.\TJEAN-LE-VIEUX, sis" zh6>" leh ve-uh', a village 
 of France, department of Ain, on the Oiselon, 12 miles S.W. 
 of Nantua. Pop. 1590. 
 
 SAINTJEAN-MOLENBEEK, six« zhiSy" molSso-b.4k, 
 (Dutch. Sunt Jan MuUnbeek, sdnt yin nioMgn baik'.) a town 
 of Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the Senne, and 
 
 Fartly traversed by the canals of Charleroi and Willebroek. 
 t is surrounded by elegant villas, and contains a hand.some 
 church, and the excellent geogntphical establishment of 
 Philip Vanderraaelen. Pop. 7300. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-PIKD-DE-POKT, sSxo zhSx-o pe-A' deh poR, 
 a village of France, department of Basses-Pyrenees, on the 
 Nive. 44 miles W.S.W. of Pau, enclosed by a wall, and de- 
 fended by a citadel commanding the passes into Spain. Pop. 
 In 1852, 3082. 
 
 SAINTJKAN'-PORT^TOLI, sSs« zhSx" poR zhoMee', a post- 
 village and parish of Canada Ea.st. co. of L'Islet. on the g. 
 shore of the St. Lawrence, 60 miles N.E. of Queljec. Pop. 
 3500. 
 
 SAINT-JEAN-SOLEYMIEUX, sSx" zh8x« so'la'me-ih', a 
 Tillage of France, department of Loire, arrondissement of 
 Montbrison. Pop. 1390. 
 
 SAINT-,IEA\-SUI{-MAYENNE. sJx» zh5.v= sUa miVJun', 
 a village of France, department of Mayenne, on the Mayenne, 
 1 miles N. of I>aval. I'op. 1490. 
 
 SAI.VT J KOI RE, s4x» zhwaR/(?) a market-town of Savoy, 
 province of Kaucigny. 4 miles N.E. of Bonneville. Pop. 1798. 
 
 SAINT-.IE110MK, (Fr. pron. si.N" zhi-rom'.) a post-village 
 of Canada East. co. of Two Mountains, 36 miles from Mon- 
 treal. Pop. of t he parish , 5500. 
 
 SAINT-J KUKE or JKUKRE. sSx" zhuR.a village of France, 
 department of Uaute-Loire, 4 miles E. of Yssengeaux. Pop. 
 in 1852. 2862. 
 
 SAINT-JOACHIM, %\v zho^i^kixo/, a village of France, 
 department of Loire-Inferieure, 12 miles W.N. W. of Savenav. 
 Pop. 32S0. 
 
 SAINT JOACHIM, sis" zho^a'kJ.xo', a post-village and 
 parish of Canada East. co. of Montmorenci, on the N. shore 
 of the St. Lawrence, 10 miles from Quebec It contains 
 ■everal churches and stores. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAINT JOACHIM. Paraguav. See San Joaquiv. 
 
 SAINT-,I0B-I.\T-OO0R', s^nt y6b int goR, a village of Bel- 
 gium, province, and 9 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 311. 
 
 SAINT JOH.W.N, .several towns and villages of Germany. 
 See Sanct Johax.v. 
 
 SAINT JOH.V, (Ger. Sind Johann, slnkt yo-hJnn'; 
 Hun. Stent Janns. s^nt y4/ndsh\) a village of Hungary, co. 
 31 miles X. of Presburg. The population are mostly Roman 
 Catholics and Jews. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, partly 
 tn Devon. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo. 
 
 SAI.VT JOH.V, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland^ co. of Roscommon. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, chiefly in 
 the CO. of Kildare. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, in France. See Saint-Jeax. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, in It.ily. See San Giov.a-vni. 
 Jo !♦ J^"-'*'. in Spain and Spanish colonies. See San 
 
 l*!v^ ^fJlJ^- !" J'"'-t«=^ and Brazil. See SIo JoXo. 
 a.lvi •'"» IX- in tJermany. See SvNCT Joha.n.v. 
 H A v? .1! v' * Pf.V"*™ "f Hertford CO.. North Carolina. 
 HAl.NT .loHN a village of Unke co., Illinois on the W. 
 there of Lake Mlcbijjan, 26 mUes N. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 I6i0 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a postoffice of Dodge oo., Mis.souri. 
 SAINT JOHN, one of the Danish West India Islands. 
 See S.UST Jan. 
 
 SAINT JOHN or SAINT JOHN'S, a city and seaport of 
 New Brunswick, in British North America, capital of St, 
 John county, is picturesquely situated at the mouth of a 
 river of its own name, on a rocky peninsula projecting into 
 the harbor, about 135 miles N.W. of Halifax, Nova Scotia, with 
 which it has telegraphic communiQiition, and is also being 
 connected by railway. Lat. (Partridge Island liirhf* 45° 1-V 
 6" N.. Ion. 66° 3' 30" W. The city is regularly laid out, and 
 well built. It stands on a declivity, and when appro-icbed 
 from the sea, has an imposing appearance. Some of its 
 streets are inconveniently steep. A projecting rock divides 
 it into two parts, called respectively the upper and lower 
 coves; in, the former are situated the principal wharfs and 
 warehouses. The buildings are now mostly ofbrick or stone, 
 and many of the public structures have a respectable and 
 even elegant appearance. The principal edifices are the Epis- 
 copal and Presbyterian churches, the .Alarlne Hospital, two 
 handsome ranges of barracks, a stone court-house, a provin- 
 cial prison, and the government store-houses. There are in 
 all aliout 18 churches, belonging to the Episcopalians, Pres- 
 byterians, Baptists, Methodists, Roman Catholics, i-e. The 
 town has a grammar school, a central Madras school, two 
 public libraries, several newspaper offices, an emigrant hos- 
 pital, various religious and charitable societies, several 
 b;inks. a savings bank, 3 or 4 insur.^nce companies, and a 
 chiimlwr of commerce. Carleton, a thriving suburb on the 
 W. side of the harbor, is included within the city corpora- 
 tion. 
 
 The harbor of St. John is capacious, safe, and never ob- 
 structed with ice. Its entrance, about 2 miles S. of the 
 city, is protected by Partridge Island, on which are a battery 
 and a light-house, the lantern 166 feet above the level of the 
 sea. The pass.age W. of the island has in it 10 f^et of water, 
 that to the E. 10 feet, and abreast of the city there are from 
 7 to 22 fathoms; ixjth sides of the entrance are composed of 
 sharp rocks, which become dry at low water. About^ of a 
 mile N. of the light-house is a vertical beacon, fixed on the 
 edge of a rocky ledge which forms the W. side of the chan- 
 nel, and has deep water close to it. On the E. side of the 
 channel, below the town, a breakwater has been constructed 
 to interc^-pt the violence of the waves, occasioned by south- 
 erly gales. The entrance of the river St. John into the 
 harbor, about 1 i miles above the city, is through a rocky 
 gorge 80 yards wide and 400 yards long, occasiiming very 
 remarkable falls. The ordinary rise of the tide in the har- 
 bor is about 21 feet; at the vem,al equinox it rises 25 feet 
 At low water the waters of the river are about 12 feet higher 
 than those of the harbor; at liigh water the waters of the 
 harbor are about o feet a1)ove those of the river, hence the 
 phenomena of a fall outwards and inwards at every tide. 
 Above the fiills the tide seldom rises more than 4 feet. When 
 the waters of the harlwr and river are on a level vessels can 
 pass the falls." and this can be effected only during a period 
 of 16 or 20 minutes at each ebb and flow of the'tide. At 
 times of great freshets, occasioned by the sudden melting 
 of the snow, the tides do not rise to the level of the river, 
 and consequently it is not possible for vessels to ascend the 
 falls. The depth of the falls is ordinarily about 17 feet. 
 
 St. John is the entrepSt of a wide extent of country, 
 abounding in agricultural resources, minerals, and valuable 
 timber. In 1S52, there were floated down the river St. 
 John lOO.tWO tons of white-pine timber, 10,000 tons of h.ick- 
 matack, 50.000.000 white-pine logs, 2i).000.000 spruce logs, 
 50.000.000 feet of pine boards, 15.000,000 shingles, and 
 5,000.000 pieces of clapboard, the whole valued at $1,945,000. 
 In 1851, tiniljer. lumber, cSrc, cut in the state of .Maine, was 
 floated down the St. John and shipped for the United States 
 under certificate of origin to the value of $158,165, an in- 
 crea.se of $69,990 over the previous year. The total quantity 
 of timber and luml)er shipped at the port of St. John in 
 1852, was as follows :— Pine timber, 87,688 tons; birch, 9114 
 tons; hackmatack knees, 620: and sawn lumber. 129.109.000 
 feet. The following is the total value of the imports and 
 exports for the years 1860 and 1851 : — 
 1850. 1851. 
 
 Imports S3,9(i6.T35 t3,23«.-65 Decrease, ST'iS 970 
 
 E.\i>oits 2,18a,i»j 2,570,130 Increase, 381,6,15 
 
 In 1851 the imports firom the United States amounted to 
 $1,458,205, and the exports to $312,895. The most import- 
 ant imports from this country were flour, valued at $224,978 ; 
 wheat, at §205.556; corn and mesil. at $71,048 ; and tobacco, 
 at $68,350. And in return the chief exports were lumber .and 
 timljer to the value of $58,200; fish, $45,380; and potatoes, 
 $6180. The total number of British and foreign vessels tha* 
 arrived at St. John in 1852, was 1740, (tons. 334,267 ;J 
 cleared, 1746, (tons, 362.917,) The number of vessels bo- 
 longing to the port, December 31, 1851. was 518, (tons. 94,810.) 
 One of the most important branches of industry at .St. John 
 is ship-building. The numtier of vessels built here in 18ol. 
 was 72. (tons, 37,607:) and in 1852, 87, (tons, 45.123.) Ol 
 the new ships built in 1851, 10,.'532 tons were for owners in 
 the United Kingdom, and 11,398 for otnerport*, making 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 an asgregate of 21,730 tons of shipping, valued at $B00.OO0 
 exported, but not inchuh'd in the export returns. The fishe- 
 ries in tlie harbor in 1850 employed 200 boats and 500 men, 
 who took 40.000 salmon, 14.000 barrels of alewives, and 1200 
 barrels of shad. In ISol, it is estimated that not less than 
 60.000 persons were transported between St. John's and Fro- 
 derictoii by steamers plyin;; on the river. The distance is 
 80 miles, and steamer.s also ascend 65 miles farther, to 
 Woodstock. 
 
 St. John was founded hy American loyalists, who left 
 the Uniled States at the close of the lievolution. Pop. in 
 18S4, 12.885; in 1S44. 19.500; and in 1852, 22.745. 
 
 SAINT JOHN or SAINT JOHN'S UIVKK, (Indian, Loosh^- 
 UxilJ, " tho Ion;.; river,") the principal river of New Bruns- 
 wick, in British North America, rises under the name of the 
 South-west Branch, at the Metjarmette I'ortage in the high- 
 lands which sepaiate Maine from Canada, near the sourees 
 of the Connecticut. It first flows due N.E. to the junction 
 of the St. Francis, (lat. 47° 10' N., Ion. 68° 54' W..) a distance 
 of about 150 miles, of which course alxiut 100 miles, com- 
 mencinjr at the influx of the North-west Branch, is known 
 as the WaIIoosto'>k Kiver. Below the entrance of the St. 
 Francis, the St.. John flows in an irre;tular E.S.E. course to 
 the Grand Falls, (lat. 47° 5' N., Ion. 67° 45' E.,) where the 
 river has a perpendicular descent of 70 or 80 feet, abounding 
 in picturesque scenery ; thence its direction is nearly S., to 
 about lat. 46° N., where it bends suddenly E., and flows in 
 this general direction for about 100 miles to the entrance of 
 the outlet to Grand Lake, below which the river flows in a 
 broad channel due S. to Kingston, and then S.S.W. to its 
 mouth in St. John Ilarlxir. Its entire length is estimated 
 at 450 miles. To the Grand Falls. 225 miles from the 
 sea, its course is wholly within British territory. From a 
 point about 3 miles above the falls, where the E. boundary 
 of Maine intersects the St. John, to the entrance of the St. 
 Fraocis. a distance of 75 miles, the boundary between Maine 
 and New Brunswick is found in the middle channel, or 
 deepest water of the river. From the mouth of the St. 
 Francis to about lat. 46° 26' N., Ion. 70° 4' W., a distance of 
 112 miles, the river has its course wholly in Maine; but 
 from the point Last mentioned to the Monument at the 
 source of the river on tho Metjarmette Portage, a distance 
 of about 38 miles, the right bank only is in Maine, the left 
 bank in Canada. The principal affluents of tlie St. John, 
 besides those already mentioned, are the Oromocto, Aroos- 
 took, and Alag;«sh, from the \V., and the Kenebekasis, Wa- 
 shedemoak, Salmon, Naskwaak, Tobique, and Madawaska, 
 from the E. Vessels of 120 tons ascend the St. John to 
 F'redericton. 80 miles from the Bay of Fundy ; small steamers 
 ply to Woodstock, 65 mile.s farther, and occasionally make 
 trips to the Grand Falls. In 1849, the legislature of New 
 Brunswick appropriated $40,000 to be expended at the rate 
 of $8000 a year in improving the navigation of the St. John 
 between Fredericton and the Grand Falls. The improve- 
 ments were commenced in 1850, and it is thought that in a 
 few years the river below the falls will be quite free from 
 obstructions. Above the Grand Falls the St. John has l)een 
 navigated by a steamer 40 miles, to the mouth of the river 
 Madawaska, and from this point boats and canoes ascend 
 almost to its sources. It is estimated that the St. John and 
 its tributaries afford 1300 miles of navigable waters. The 
 area drained is computed at 17,0( 10.000 acres, of which 9.000,000 
 are in New Brunswick. 2.000,0i,)0 in Canada, and 6.000.000 
 in the United States. A great portion of this is occupied by 
 dense forests of pine, hackmatack, and other timber, of 
 which vast quantities are annually rafted down the river. 
 The valley is remarkable for Its fertility and picturesque 
 beauty. The St. John and its tributjiries afford an incal- 
 culable amount of water-power; and, in 1861, 218 saw mills 
 were in operation along their banks. For a notice of the 
 falls at the mouth of the St. John, see St. Johk, (city.) 
 
 SAINT JOII.N. a river of Canada East, joins the St. 
 I.^wrence with Assumption river, N. of the island of Mon- 
 treal, after a course estimated at 20 miles. 
 
 S.A.INT JOHN, a river of Canada East, joins the es- 
 tuary of the St. Lawrence at Mingan, opposite the island of 
 Anticosfi, after a S. course of 60 miles. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a lake of Canada East, 120 miles N. of 
 Quebec, about 30 miles in length and breadth, receives seve- 
 ral rivers, and on its S.E. side discharges its waters by the 
 Saguenay. 
 
 SAINT JOHN or SAINT JOHN'S, a maritime county of 
 New Brunswick, bordering on the Bay of Fundy, and inter- 
 isected by the river St. John, which, at its mouth, forms one 
 of the finest harbors on the coast. It is also drained by the 
 Kenebekasis. Humboldt, and other rivers. The surface is 
 igreeat)ly diversified with hills and valleys. The soil is fer- 
 tile, and agriculture has made some advances; the chief in- 
 dustry of the inhal>itants. however, is directed to commerce, 
 ship-building, and the fisheries. St. John is the most popu- 
 rous countv in New Brunswick. Capital, St. John. Pop. 
 in 1851. 3S.475. 
 
 SAINT JOHN or SAINT JOHN'S, the most ea.stern seji- 
 twrt of North America, capital of the colony of Newfound- 
 land, near the extremity of the easternmost of the numerous 
 
 peninsulas which project from the E. portion of the island, 
 1665 miles W. by S. of Galway, Ireland, this being the short- 
 est distance between any two seaports of Europe and Ame- 
 rica. Lat. 47° 33' 6" N., Ion. 52° 43' W. This being the neai^ 
 e.st American port to the Jiuropean continent, and directly 
 in the track of steamers plying Ijotween the British Island^ 
 and the United States, it is proposed to make it a point Oi 
 call for one line of these steamer.s. With this view, tele- 
 graphic wires are now being formed from St. John to Cape 
 Kay, the S.W. extremity of the island, thence to be continued 
 by means of a suVmiarine cable 150 miles long, to the E. capo 
 of Prince Edward Island, to which wires are now being ex- 
 tended from Charlotte Town, the latter place having been 
 connected with the telegraphic system of the continent in 
 Novemlier. 1852. It is alleged that a fast steamer might cross 
 from Galway to St. John in five days, and that information 
 from all parts of Europe could be diffused all over the 
 United States — from Moscow to San Francisco — witliin six 
 days. The harbor of St. John is one of the very best. It is 
 enclosed by two mountains, between the E. points of which 
 is the entrance, called "The Narrows,"' only 95 fathoms wide 
 in its narrowest p;irt, and 100 fathoms long. This entrance 
 is defended by numerous batteries and fortifications. It 
 has 12 fathoms water in mid channel, but only one vessel 
 can pass at a time. Within there is ample space for ship- 
 ping in good anchorage, with perfect shelter. There art no 
 ]>erceptil)le tidea.* A light on Cape Spear is visible 20 miles 
 at sea; there is also a harbor light. In foggy weather an 
 eighteen-jHiund gun is fired every half hoxir, enabling ves- 
 sels to enter the .Narrows at all times, the water being deep 
 and the shore bold. 
 
 The town is situated on an acclivity, a-nd consists chiefly 
 of one street, about one mile in length, rather irregularly 
 built, but containing many good shops and stores ; the former 
 mostly of stone, 'fho houses in this part of the town are 
 small, and mostly built of brick ; but in the upper parts 
 they are of wood, and are very awkwardly dispr>sed. St. 
 John, however, ha.s, upon the whole, l)een much improved 
 since the great fire of 1846, both as regards the style of 
 building and the width and regularity of the streets. It is 
 lighted with gas, and well supplied with water brought 
 from a pond on an adjoining eminence, called Signal Hill. 
 The public buildings, exclusive of tlie (churches, are the 
 government-house, a large plain structure, erected at a cost 
 of $175,000 ; house of assembly, a handsome building ot 
 granite; St. John's Church, a fine stone cathedral recently 
 erected by the Iloman Catholics; a lunatic asylum, hospital, 
 and the market and custom-houses, the upper story of the 
 former being used as a court-room. There are nine places 
 of worship — throe Episcopal, one Established Church of 
 Scotland, one Free Church, one Methodist, one Union Pres- 
 byterian, and two Roman Catholic. The educational institu- 
 tions comprise two schools in connection with tho Church 
 of England, one belonging to the Established Church of 
 Scotland, and two to the lioman Catholic Church. There 
 are several religious and lienevolent societies, a mechanics' in- 
 stitute, with a museum, library, and reading-room attached; 
 and an agricultural society; a large factory occupied for 
 making nets, a brewery, distillery, flour mill, and foundry, 
 a botanic garden, marine promenade, and three cemeteries. 
 
 The trade of St. John consists chiefly in supplying the 
 fishermen (most of whom are lioman Catholics) witli cloth- 
 ing, provisions, and fishing and hunting gear. During the 
 spring season, the harbor is thronged with merchant ves- 
 sels from London, Liverpool, Poole, and Greenock, laden 
 with dry-goods, and salt for curing fish, &c. ; from Hamburg 
 and Copenhagen with biscuits, butter, pork, glassware, 
 leathernware, and hosiery; from the United States with 
 butter, pork, beef, and Hour; from Spain and Portugal with 
 salt, wines, and preserves; and from Barbadoes. and some 
 of the other West India Islands, with sugar, molasses, and 
 rum. The value of the imports from the United States in 
 1851, was $736,335; from Canada, .$300,322; Germany, 
 $;J10,200; Spain and Portugal. $112,575; British West In- 
 dies. $82,325; Spanish West Indies, $100,295; Denmark, 
 $50,760. The export fish trade commences early in August, 
 i'he ports to which the British vessels are consigned with 
 fish are Bilboa. Oporto. Cadiz, Figuera, Leghorn, Naples, 
 Barbadoes, and the Brazils. Besides its fisheries, St. John 
 is extensively engaged in sealing; from 150 to 200 schooners 
 and brigs, varying from 70 to 120 tons, are collected in the 
 harbor in the months of February and March, preparatory 
 to proceeding to the scaling ground. The quantities offish, 
 oil, &c. exported in 1851. were as follows : — Dried cod, 629,271 
 quintals; salmon, 3129 tierces; herrings, 14,079 barrels; 
 setil and whale oil. 5411 tuns; cod oil. 2273 tuns; blubber, 
 265 tuns; and seal skins, 382.083, of which '381.333 went to 
 the United Kingdom. In addition to the above qviantity of 
 dried codfisli exported, there were 181,000 (luintals in store 
 ready forexportation in January. 1852. The number of vessels 
 that arrived at St. John w 1851, was 842, (tons, 103,016;) 
 
 * Testimony of Captain John Cousins before the Legislative 
 Assembly of N'e« foundlaud. in 184.5, with reference to the advan- 
 tages of St. John as a port of call for Atlantic steamers. 
 
 1667 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 clAjred. 703, 'tons, 91,191.) Of the arrivals, 138 were from 
 Gre^t BrtaJ i, 377 from British North Amerioan colonies, 
 and 99 frori the United States. Great numbers of dogs are 
 employed in St. John in drigging cartamarans loaded with 
 •wood.' The British government was established at St. John 
 as ejirly as 1583, by the gallant Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Pop. 
 Ib 1841, rj.OOO; iu 1846, 19,000; and in 1852, 21.000. 
 
 SAIXT JOHN, a fortified town of the island of Antigua, 
 on a bay of its W. coast. 
 
 SAINT JOHN or SAIXT JEAN BAPTISTE, sSx" zh5>o 
 bip'teest'. a village and fort of Canada East, district, and 
 24 miles S.E. of Jlontreal. on the river Richelieu. 
 
 SAIXT JOHN BAPTISTE, (bJpHeesf or bap'tist.) a parish 
 in the S.E. part of Loui^^iana, bordering on Lakes Maurepas 
 and I'ontchartrain, contains about 200 square miles. It is in- 
 teisected by the Mississippi. The surface is flat. The arable 
 land is confined to the margins of the river. Capital, Bonnet 
 Carre. Pf>p. 7930, of whom 3a"6 were free, and 4594 slaves. 
 
 SAIXT JOHN, II/KETSHALL, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 SAIXT JOHN'S or SAINT JOIINSTTOWN, a village of Sus- 
 sex CO.. Delaware. 28 miles S. of Dover. 
 
 S.MXT JOHN'S, a county in the N.E. p,art of Florida, bor- 
 dering on the Atlantic, contains about 990 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the navigable river of the same name. 
 The surface is level, and but little elevated above the sea. 
 The soil i.s sandy and poor. A large part of the county is oc- 
 cupied by marches and pine barrens. Capital, St. Augustine. 
 Pop. 3038, of whom 2035 were free. 
 
 SAIXT JOIIX'S. a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio, about 
 90 miles W.X.W. of Columbus. 
 
 SAIXT JOIIX'S, a post-village and township of Lake co., 
 Indiana, 145 miles X.W. by N. of Indianapolis. Pop. 1034. 
 
 S.\INT JOHN'S, a new county in the S.W.part of Canada 
 East. Capital, St. Jaan. Pop. 15.226. 
 
 SAIXT JOIIX'S, or DORCHESTER, a post-town of Canada 
 East, CO. of Ch.imbly, on the river Richelieu, 27 miles S.E. 
 of Montreal, with which it is connected by raijway. It con- 
 tains 5 or 6 churches, 2 assurance agencies, a newspaper 
 office, about 25 stores, and has manufictures of iron cast- 
 ings, leather, pottery, Ac The total value of exports at St. 
 John's, in 1851, amounted to $905,276, and the imports to 
 $1,948,560. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SAIXT JOIIX'S BAY, on the W. coast of Newfoundland, 
 receives the Castor River. 
 
 SAINT JOHNS'BURY, the capital of Caledonia co., Ver- 
 mont, on the right bank of the Passumpsic, which affords 
 water-power, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers 
 Railroad, about 35 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It contains 2 
 Congregational Churches, a flourishing academy, a news- 
 paper offli'e, a first class hotel, and from 25 to 30 stores. 
 Messrs. E. & F. Fairbanks have here the most extensive 
 manufactory of patent weighing-scales in the United States. 
 There are also in St. Johnsbury, 4 foundries with machine 
 shops, besides other establishments. Incorporated in 1852. 
 PoTi. :U6Q. 
 
 SAIXT JOHNSBURY CENTRE, a post-village of Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont, on the left bank of the Passumpsic River, 2 
 miles N. of St. Johnsbury. It contains 3 churches. 5 stores, 
 2 carriage manufactories, and several mills. Pop. alx)ut 300. 
 
 SAINT JOHXSBURY EAST, a post-village of Caledonia 
 CO., A'ermont. on both sides of Moose River, an aflluent of 
 the I'assumpsic, 5 miles N.E. of St. Johnsbury. It hiis 2 
 churches. 5 stores, and a liotel. Pop. alwut 600. 
 
 SAIXT JOnX'S COIJ.EOE. See Fordham. New York. 
 
 SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE. See Ansapolis. M.trvland. 
 
 SAIXT JOHN'S CREEK. Franklin co., Missonri. joins the 
 Missouri River from the right. It is a pood mill-stream. 
 
 SAIXT JOHN'S ISLAND. See CH.iNQ-CHEDN-CHAli. 
 
 SAIXT JOHX'S LIGHT-HOUSE, at the entrance of St. 
 John's River, Florida, exhibits a fixed light 65 feet high. 
 Lat. 30° 21' X.. Ion. 81° 3.3' W. 
 
 SAIXT JOHX'S LIGHTHOUSE, Lake Pontchartrain, at 
 the entrance of the Bayou St. John, 5 miles N. of New Or- 
 leans. It shows a fixed light 48 feet above the level of the 
 lake. 
 
 SAIXT JOHN'S RIVER, Florida, has Us sources in a 
 marshy tract, in the central part of the peninsula. It pur- 
 sues a N.\V. course to the mouth of the Ocklawaha. after 
 which it flows nearly N. to J.icksonville. Turning thence 
 toward the E., it enters the Atlantic in lat, 30° 20* N. Its 
 whole length is estlaiated at above 200 miles. Steamboats 
 regulariy navigate this river from Its mouth to I'ilatka. 
 Vessels requiring 8 feet of water can ascend to LakeGe<irge, 
 • distance of lu7 miles. The country through which it 
 pisoes oonsists cliieHy of pine barrens and cypress swamps. 
 
 SAINT JOIIXSTOWX. Delaware. See St. John's. 
 
 SAINT JOHXS'VILLE. a post-village and township of 
 Montgomery co.. New York, on the N. bank of the Mohawk 
 Klver. and on the New York Central Railroad. 6.3 miles 
 W. by X. of Albany. The village contains 2 churches, 
 one Dutch Reformed, the other belonging to the Lutherans. 
 Heth'.diRts, and UniverKallsts; 6 stores, and 3 groceries- 
 a tannery, a distillery, and a manufactory of pitchforks. 
 Population of the townshiij 1688. 
 1668 
 
 S.\INT JOHN WrrniN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster 
 CO. of \Vaterford. 
 
 SAINT JOHN WITHOUT, a parish of Ireland, in Mnn- 
 ster, CO. of Waterford. 
 
 S.\IXT JO'SliPH. a county in the S.S.W. part of Michigan, 
 bordering on Indiana, contains 528 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the St. Joseph River, (of Lake Michigan.) and 
 also drained by Portage, Pr.airie, Pigeon, and Fawn Rivers, 
 which terminate in it. The surface is gently undulating, 
 and is diversified by prairies and " oak openings," the soil 
 of which is extremely fertile. The county is intersected by 
 the Michigan Southern Railroad. Capital, Centreville. Pop. 
 21,262. 
 
 SAINT JOSEPH, a county in the N. part of Indiana, bor- 
 dering on Michigan, contains 470 square miles. It is drained 
 by the St. Joseph's and Kankakee Rivei-s. The sui-face is 
 nearly level, and is diversified by prairies, oak openings, and 
 forests. The soil is extremely fertile and easily cuUivat«d. 
 The county contains marl, and abundance of iron-ore, and 
 is liberally supplied with watei^power. It is intersected by 
 the railroad which connects Chicago with 'I'oledo. Org!iniz«d 
 in 1830. Capital, South Bend. Pop. 18,455. 
 
 SAINT JOSEPH, a post-village, capital of Tensas parish, 
 Louisi.ina, on the right bank of the Mississippi River. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH, a township of Williams co.. Ohio. Pop. 
 1242. 
 
 SAINT JOSEPH, a post-township in Allen co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1065. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH, a post-village and township of Berrien 
 CO., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of St. Joseph's 
 River, 194 miles W. of Detroit. The village carries on an 
 active trade in lumber and fruit to supply the boats of the 
 lake and the Chicago market. The bridire which ci-osses the 
 river at this place cost $15,000. Pop. 1410. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH, a flourishing city, capital of Buchanan 
 CO., Mi.ssouri, is situated on the left (E.'i bank of the Mis- 
 souri River, 340 miles above Jefferson City, and 498 miles 
 by water from St. Louis. It is the most commercial and 
 populous town of Western Missouri, and one of the chief 
 p<ilnts of departure in the emigration to Oregon, California, 
 Ac. It is the W. terminus of a railroad extending to Hanni- 
 bal, on the Mississippi. The town was laid out in 1843. It 
 contains 10 churches, 1 synagogue, 2 banks, 5 other banking 
 offices, 3 savings banks, 12 wholesale stores, about 120 retail 
 stores, several steam mills, 1 iron foundry, 1 large woollen 
 factory, several manufactories of carriages and wagons, and 
 3 large pork houses; it has 3 daily and 5 weekly newspapers. 
 Railroads are in progress in several directions from this 
 point. Pop. in 1860, 8932; in ISa^i, about 15,000. 
 
 SAINT .tOSEPH, a lake of British North America, in lat 
 61°10'N,.lon.90°30'to9lO30'W. Length. 35 miles; average 
 breadth. TO miles. It receives the Catlake River, and dis- 
 charges its waters bv the .Albanv River, into James's Bav. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH," an island of Canada West, in the chan- 
 nel lietween Lakes Superior and Huron. Lat. 46° 15' N., 
 Ion. 84° 10' W, Length and breadth, about 15 miles each. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH. (.<p. San Jml. sin-no-s.V,^ a peninsula in 
 the Gulf of St. Mathias, (San Matias,) on the E. coast of Pa- 
 tagonia. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH, one of the Seychelles Islands of the 
 Indian Ocean. \a\. 5° 45' S.. Ion. 51° 61' E. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH or FORT SAIXT JOSEPH. Pee Oaiam. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPfl DE MASKINri>>GE, sSno zho'sJf d?h 
 m3s'kee'ivix'''zh!l',orM.\SKIX0XGE,a post-village of Canada 
 East. CO. of St. Maurice, on the X. bank of the St. Lawrence, 
 60 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. of the parish, 4500. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH'S, a postofflce of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvaniii. ■ 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH'S, a post^village. capital of Calhoun co., 
 Florida, on St. Joseph's Bav. of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 S.\IXT JOSEPHS, a post-office of Champaisn co.. Illinois. 
 
 SAINT JOSEPH'S BAY, an arm of the Guif of Mexico, is 
 situated in Calhoun co.. on the S. coast of Florida. It is 
 formed by a narrow, crooked peninsula, extending from the 
 mainland to Cape St. Joseph, the S. extremity of which 
 forms Cape St. Bias. Length, near 25 miles; greatest breadth, 
 about 10 miles. 
 
 SAIXT JOSEPH'S COLLEGE. Sec BAKDSTOwy. Kentucky 
 
 SAINT JOSEPH'S GROVE, a viUage in Dubuque co.i 
 Iowa. 10 miles S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 SAINT JOSEPH'S RIVER, of Michigan and Indiana, 
 rises in Hillsdale CO.. Michigan, and after making a circuit 
 into Indiana, it turns towards the X'.W. and enters ths 
 former state, and flows through Berrien county into Lake 
 Michigan, at the village of St. Joseph. Its general direction 
 is nearly W., and its course is very serpentine. The length 
 is estimated at 250 miles, which is greater than that of any 
 other stream in the state except Grand River. It has an 
 equable current, and is navigated by sm.all steamboats from 
 its mouth to Constantine. about 1'20 miles. The chief towns 
 on its banks are Constantine. Elkhart. South Bend, and 
 Xiles. The country through which It flows is undulating 
 and extremely fertile. There Is a gO"(» I'arbor at it,s mouth, 
 where the river is one-fourth cf a mile wide, »n<J frs>ui 9 tu 
 14 feet deep. 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAIXT jnSEPITS RIVER, of the Maumee, rises in Hills- 
 dale CO.. Michigan, and flowing in a general S.W. course 
 across the N.\V. corner of Ohio, unites with the St. Mary's 
 River to form the Jlriumee. at Fort Wayne, in Indiana. 
 
 SAIXT-JOUAX, six" zhoo'd.N"', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 4 mile.s S.E. of St. Malo. Pop. 
 1774. 
 
 SAr\T-.IOUAN-DE-L'ILLE, sSxo zhwSx"' dgh leel. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of C6tes-du-Nord, on the Ranee, 
 14 miles S.W. of Dinan. Pop. 670. 
 
 S.\I.\T-JOUI\, sIn'o zhwLv"', a market-town of France, 
 department of Seine InfSrieure, 12 miles X. of Havre, near 
 the English Channel. Pop. 1540. 
 
 SAINT-JOUIN, a village of France, department of Deux- 
 Sfevres, 19 miles N.N.E. of Parthenay. Pop. 13(;0. 
 
 SAINT-,TULIA-I)F>ORACAP0U, sJno zhttno-i/deh graMd^ 
 poo', a town of France, department of Uaute-Garonne, 9 
 miles \.E. of A'lUefranche. Pop. 1015. 
 
 SAINT JULIAN, Malta. See S.\N' Gicuano. 
 
 SAINT .lU'LIAX, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 SAINT JU'IJ AN. (Sp. San Julian, .sin noo-le-dn',) a harbor 
 on the K. coast of Patagonia. Lat. 49° 8' S. 
 
 SAIXT JU'LIAN, an island of the Malay Archipelago, W. 
 of Borneo. 
 
 SAIXT JULIEN, sJno zhUMe-ls<^, a market-town of Savoy, 
 6 mile.s S.W. of Geneva. 
 
 SAIXT JULIEX, sJno zhu'le-Ss"', a village of Savoy, 3 
 miles S.K.of St. Jean de JIaurienne. 
 
 SAINT-JULIEX-AUX-BOIS, rAn» zhfiMe-S.No' 6 bwd, a 
 town of France, department of Corrfize, 20 miles E.S.E. of 
 Tulle. Pop. lem. 
 
 SAINT-JULIEN-DAXCE, bAno zhune-JN"' dfixss, a town 
 of France, department of Ilaute-Loire, on the Ance, arron- 
 dissement of I.ie Puy. Pop. 1240. 
 
 SAIXT-JULlEN-DK-CIIAPTEUIIi, sSx" zhti'le-^N"' dfh 
 ghlpHul. a town of France, department of Ilaute-Loire, near 
 the Sumfene. 8 miles E. of J>e Puy. Pop. 3(X)0. 
 
 SAI NT-.TULI EX-DE-Cl VRY, sS x" zhUMe-Jxo' deh seevVee/, 
 a town of France, department of SaOue-et-Loire, 5 miles 
 S.S.W. of Charolles. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT,IULIEX-DE-COXCEI.LES, s^N» zhii'le-Jx"' dfh 
 k6N°\s5ll', a town of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 
 8 miles E.X.E. of Xantes. Pop. in 1S52, 3907. 
 
 SA1NT-,TULIEX-DI';-C0PEL, six" zhilMe-Jx"' deh ko'pM', 
 a town of I'rance, department of Puv-du-Uome, 12 miles 
 E.S. E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. in. 1852, 2208. 
 
 SAINT^IULIEX-DK-REIOXAC, six* zhUMe-Hx"' dfh r.W- 
 ydk', a town of France, department of Gironde, on the 
 Gironde. 14 miles S. of Lesparre. Pop. 1340. 
 
 SAIXT-JUl.lEN-DK-VOUVAXTES, sixo zhiiVSuo' deh 
 voo'v6xt', a town of Fi-ance, department of Lolre-Inf^rieure, 
 near the Don. 33 miles N.E. of Nantes. I'op. in 1852. 1710. 
 
 SAINT-JULIEX-Ua-SAULT, sJ.\o zhUMe-Jx"' dil s6. a 
 town of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, on the 
 Yonne, 20 miles X.W. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852. 2453. 
 
 SAINT-JUMEX-EN-JARRET, six" zhU'le-i.x"' fix" zhaR^- 
 r.V. a town of France, department of Loire, on the Gier, 7 
 miles X.E. of St. Etionne. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SAIXT-JULIl'^X-LA-lSUOUSSE. s.^x" zhune-Sxo'U hrooss, 
 a town of France, di'partment of Ard6che, 24 miles W.S.W. 
 ofTournon. Pop. 12t)0. 
 
 SAINT-JDLIEN-I,E-PET1T, sSx" zhU'le-Jxo' l?h pfh-tee', 
 a town of France, department of Ilaute-Vienue, 21 miles E. 
 of Limoges. Pop. 1390. 
 
 SAINT-JULIEN-.MOLIIESABATE, sJxo zhUMe-Jx»' mol'- 
 is'.i'bit', a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, 15 
 miles E.X.E. of Y.ssenL'eaux. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAINT-JULIEN-MOLIX-MOLETTE. sSx" zhUUe-^x"' mo''- 
 lAx"' mo^l^tt', a town of France, department of Loire, on the 
 Ternoir. 12 miles S.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. \mo. 
 
 SAINT-JULIEX-PuftS-BORT. si^xo zhUMc^^X"' prA boR, a 
 town of France, department of Cori-fize, near the Dordogne, 
 10 miles S.S.E. of Ussel. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAINT-JULIEX-SUR-SARTIIE, sLx" zhU'le-ix"' sUr saRt, 
 a town of France, department of Orne, 9 miles W. of Mor- 
 tagne. Pop. 14ti0. 
 
 SAINT JU'LIOT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-.IIINIEN. six" zhii^ne-Ax"', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Haute- Vienne, on the right bank of the Vienne, 
 at its confluence with the Glane, Smiles X.E. of Roche- 
 chouart. Pop. in 1852, 5900. It stands prettily on a slope, 
 is enclosed by well planted hmtlerards. and has a very fine 
 parish church, a departmental school, and active manufkc- 
 ture.s of serge, blankets, and quiltings. leather-gloves, hat.s, 
 and earthenware, .a trade in mules, and large monthly Ciirs. 
 
 SAIXT-JUNIEX, a small village of France, department 
 of Creuse, 
 
 S.\1NT-JUNIEX, a small village of France, department 
 ot Ilauti^Vienne. 
 
 SAINT-JUST. sSx" zhUst, a village of France, depjirtment 
 of Aveyron, on the Virtur. IS miles S.W. of Rodez. P. 1600. 
 
 SAI.NT-JUST, a village of France, department of Charente- 
 lnf6i ieure. 9 mile.s S.S.W. of Marennes. Pop. 1940. 
 
 S.\IXT-.IUST, a village of France, department of lUe-et- 
 ViJaine, 9 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAIXT-JUST, a village of France, department of Mama 
 on the Livon. 34 miles S. of Epernay. 
 
 S.\IXT-.IUST, a village of France, department of Haute- 
 Vienne. arrondis-sement of I^imoges. I'op. 1190. 
 
 SAINT JUST, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. Dr. 
 Borlase, the learned antiquary, was born liere in 1096. 
 
 SAINT-.TUST-D'AVRAY. six" zhilst dd'vr.V, a village of 
 France, department of Rhone, 12 miles W. of Villefranche. 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAIXT-JUST-DE-BAFFRR, Ay<> zhUst dfh UiT'r', a vJl 
 lage of France, department of Puy-de-D6me, 5^ miles S,S.E. 
 of Ambert. Pop, in 1852. 2090. 
 
 SAlXT-JUST-EX-CIIAtSSEE. sSxo zhiist Sx" shOs'si', a 
 village of France, department of Oise. on the Aure, and on 
 the railroad from Creil to Amiens, 8 miles N. of Clermont 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAINT-JUST-EN-CHEVALET, kJn« zhUst Sx" sheh-vi'li/, 
 a village of France, department of Loire, 14 miles S.W. of 
 Itoanne. Pop. in 1852, 2665. 
 
 SAIXT-JUSTIN, sixo zhU.s'tAxo', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Lande.s, on the Douze, 14 miles E.N.E. of Mont- 
 de-MarS!in. Pop. 1660. 
 ■ SAIXT-JUST-LA-PEXDUE. sSx" zhilst U p8x«MU'. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Roanne. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2818. 
 
 SA1NT-JU.ST-MALM0NT. sSx" zhdst mdrmAxo', a village 
 of France, department of Haut«-Loire, 16 miles N.N.E. of 
 Yssengeaux. I'op. 1840. 
 
 SAlXT-JUST-I'RfeS-nRIOUDE, sJxo zhU.st prA bre-ood', 
 a village of France, department of Ilaute-Loire, arrondisso- 
 ment of Brioude. Pop. 1470. 
 
 SAINT.lUST-l'RftS-CHOMELIX, sIno zhilst prA sho'mfh- 
 lee', a village of France, department of Ilaute-Loire, ar- 
 rondis.sement of Le Puy. Pop, 1650. 
 
 SA1XT-JUST-SUR-IX)IRE. .six" zhilst sUu IwJr. a village 
 of France, department of Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Montbrison. 
 Pop. 12:n. 
 
 SAIXT KEA, kee, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT KEAN or KEYNE, keen, a parish of England, co. 
 of Cornwall. 
 
 SAIXT KEV'ERNE. a parish of England, co, of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT KEW, a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT KILT).*, an island in the Atlantic. 82 miles W. 
 of Harris. (Hebrides.) Lat. 57° 48' 32" N., Ion. 8° ,"2' 2'' W. 
 Area, about 4000 acres. Pop. in 1849, 109, who all live in a 
 village near the S.E. coa.st. 
 
 SAINT KRUIS, sJut krols. a Tillage of the Netherlands, 
 province of Zealand, on the Belgian frontier, 5 miles E.S.E. 
 ofSluis. Pop. 61.3, 
 
 SAINT LAM/BERT, a village of Canada East, on the St. 
 Ijiwrence, opposite Montreal, 
 
 SAIXT-LAMBERT-DE-LA-POTERIE. six" lAM^baiR d^h 
 
 11 po'teh-ree', a market-town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire. arrondissement of Angers. Pop. 1273. 
 
 SAINT-LAMBERT-DES-LEVI^:ES, six" lAM'liaiii' d.-l leh- 
 v.V, a market-town of France, department of Maine-et-I^oire, 
 3 miles N. of Paumur. Pop. 1726. 
 
 SAIXT-LAMBERT-DU-LATTAY. sSx« IftM'bain/ dU llt'- 
 t.V. a market-town of France, department of Maino-et-Loire, 
 
 12 miles S.S.W, of Angers. 
 
 SAINT LAN1)RY, a parish in the S.W, part of Louisiana, 
 contains 2200 square miles. It is bounded on the E, by 
 Atchafalaya, and drained by the Cortjibleau and Teche 
 Bayous. The parish has a high, rolling, and picturesque 
 surface, and a very productive soil. Tlie Atchafalaya and 
 Cortableau are navigable by steamboats in high water. A 
 railroad is in cour.se of construction from New Orleans to 
 Opelousas, the capital of the parish. Pop. 23,104, of whom 
 11,668 were free, and 11,436 slaves. 
 
 SAINT-LATTIER, sSx" Uf te-A'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Isfere, 7 miles S.W, of St, Marcellin. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT LAU'RENCE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 SAINT LAURENCE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SAINT LAURENCE, a parish of England, co, of Suffolk. 
 
 SAINT LAURENCE, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 SAINT-LAURENT, (It. San LormM, s3n lo-r?n'zo,) a vil- 
 lage of Corsica, arrondissement of Corte, Pop, 623, 
 
 SAINT-LAUREXT. sSx<! ISVAx-"'. (t. e. " Saint Lawrence,") 
 a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 16 mileis 
 X.AV. of Ghent. Pop. 2.580. 
 
 SAIXT-LAUREXT. sAxo 15V5n°', a village and parish of 
 Canada East. co. of Montmorenci, on the island of Orleans, 
 in the St, Lawrence. 15 miles X.E. of Quebec. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAIXT-LAUREXT, sAx« loVftx*', a post-village of Canada 
 East, on the island of Montreal. 6 miles from the citv. 
 
 SAINT-LAURENT-DE-CERDA, six" lo"r8x<=' deh steMd', 
 a town of France, department of Pvrenees-Orientales, 10 
 miles S.W. of Ceret. Pop. in 1852. 2422. 
 
 SAIXT-LAURKNT-DE-CHAMOUSET, sJ.N" loVSxo' deh 
 shi'moo'zA', a town of France, department of Rh&ne, 17 
 miles W, of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 1 650. 
 
 SAIXT-LAURENT-RE-L'AIN. sljJ'' lSV8x«' d?h lix«, a 
 town of France, department of Ain, arrondissement of Bourg. 
 Pop. 1370. 
 
 1659 
 
SAI 
 
 8A1.VT-/.AURENT-DE-LA-PLAINE, sJv 1oV5n-«' deh ll 
 plAn. a town of France, department of Maiue-et-Loire, ar- 
 rondissement of Beaupreau. Pop. 1530. 
 
 SAINT-LAUHEXT-DE-LA-SALANGUE, saN" lo^rdN"' df h 
 li si'ld-N'sf', a town of France, department of Pi'ren6es-0ri- 
 entales, near the mouth of the Gly, 1 miles X.E. of Per- 
 pijinan. Pop. In 1S52. 4063., 
 
 SAIXT-L.\CREXT-DK-.MKDOC, sJn" 15V5xo' dghmAMok', 
 a town of France, department of Glronde, 25 miles X.X.W. 
 of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852. 3003. 
 
 SAIXT-L.\UREXT-DE-XESTE. sax" 13'rds»' dgb n&t a 
 town of France, department of Ilautes-Pj-renees, near the 
 Neste, Umile-s E.X.E. of Biisrneres. Pop. 1409. 
 
 SAIXTLAUREXT-DES-BAIXS, sks" loV6>"' da h&yo, a 
 town of France, department of Ard^ehe, 16 miles W.X.W. 
 of Largentiere. celebrated for its saline thermal baths. 
 
 SAIXT-L.4UREXT-U'0LT. sks" 16V6.W do. a town of 
 France, department of Aveyron, on the Lot, 24 miles N. of 
 Millau. Pop. -2130. 
 
 SAIXT-L.\UREXT-DORLKAXS, sSN' lo'rfijfo' doR'14'5N«', 
 a Tillage and parish of Canada East, co. of Montmorenei, on 
 the Island of Orleans, 15 miles from Quebec. Pop. about 
 900. 
 
 SAIXT-LAUREXT-DU-PAPE. sSn« IoVSn-o/ dU pip, a town 
 of France, department of Ard&che, on the Erieux, at its 
 junction with the Rhone, 9 miles X.E. of Privas. Pop. 1250. 
 
 SAIXT-LAURKXT-DU-POXT, sJs" lo'r6x«'du p3N0. a town 
 of France, department of Isfere, 14 miles N. of Grenoble. Pop. 
 in 1852, 18S6. 
 
 SAIXT-LAUREN'T-EX-ROYAXS, sS.V loV^.v"' 6n« roi'Sxo', 
 a town of France, department of Drome, 23 miles E.X.E. of 
 Valence. Pop. 1240. 
 
 SAIXT-LAUREXT-SUR-GORRE, sJyo lo'rSx"' sUr ror, a 
 town of France, department of Haute- Vienne, on the Gorre, 
 14 miles W.S.W. of Limoges. Pop. in 1S52. 2552. 
 
 SAIXT-LAUREXT-SUR-SEVRE, sJno lo'r6.\«/ sUr sjv'r, a 
 town of France. de|)artment of Vendee, on the S^vre Xan- 
 taise. 3 miles S.E. of Jlortagne. Pop. 1066. 
 
 SAIXT LAWKEXCK, a parish of England. IslB of Wight, 
 
 SAIXT LAWREXCE. a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 SAIXT LAWREXCE. in France. See S.unt-Laurent. 
 
 SAIXT LAWREXCE, in Italy, Spain, and Spanish Ame- 
 rica. See San Lobeszo. 
 
 SAIXT LAWREXCE. Portugal, Brazil. See SXo Lourex^. 
 
 SAIXT L.A.W'REXCE, (¥r. Saint Laurent, sJso 10V6.no'; 
 Ger. Sand Lnrenzflusn, sjnkt lo'rents-110oss\) one of the 
 largest rivers of Xorth America, issues from Lake Ontario 
 in about 44° 10' X. lat., and 76° 30' W. Ion., and flowing in 
 a N.E. direction, forming, in a part of its course, the boundary 
 between Xew York and Canada, falls into the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence by a broad estuary, in alx)ut 49° 30' X. lat., and 
 64° W. Ion. Viewing this river in connection with the great 
 Western lakes, of which it forms the outlet, it may be said to 
 rise at the sources of the St. Louis, which flows into Lake Su- 
 perior. It has received different names in different parts of its 
 course ; between Uake Superior and Huron it is called the St. 
 Mary; between I>ake Huron and Erie, the St, Clair and De- 
 troit ; between Lake Erie and Ontario, the Niagara ; between 
 Lake Ontario and the sea, it takes the name of St. Lawrence. 
 Its whole length, including the chain of lakes, is estimated 
 at 2200 miles. The distance from Lake Ontario to the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence is about 750 miles. It is navigable for ships 
 of the line to Quebec, and for vessels of 600 tons to Mon- 
 treal. Between Montreal and the lake the navigation is 
 considerably impeded by rapids, the most important of 
 which are the Cedar and the Lachine Rapids, the latter 9 
 miles above Montre.il. The total elevation between tide- 
 water and Lake Ontario is about 230 feet. This is over- 
 come by 7 canals varying from 1 mile to 12 miles in length, 
 (but in the aggregate, only 41 miles of canal.) having locks 
 200 feet long between the gates, and 45 feet wide, with an 
 excavated trunk from liK) to 140 feet wide on the surface, 
 and a depth of 10 feet of water. Owing to the regular in- 
 clination of the rapids, steamers drawing 7 feet of water 
 descend without the aid of canals ; the passage from the 
 head of the lake to Montreal is made by a freighted steamer 
 in 4S hours; the upward trip requires about 60 hours. 
 From Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, an elevation of 330 feet is 
 overcome by a canal 28 miles in length, with about .30 stone 
 cut locks 150 feet long by 26i feet wide. These locks will 
 pass a craft of about 500 tons burden, while those of the St. 
 lAwrenctt have double this capacity. The total cost of the 
 eanals connected with the navigation is estimated at 
 $12,000,000. Numlier of vessels that passed the St. Law- 
 rence Canal in 1851, 6056. (tons. 505.197.) Welland Canal, 
 ^1 veRSels; tons, 363.221. P.y means of the Sorel or Kiche- 
 ct . '"^ Chambly Canal, large vessels pass from the 
 
 bt. Lawrence to Uke Chaniplaln, which communicates 
 through the Champlaln Canal with the navigable waters 
 or the Hudson. The princip.-U affluents of the St. I-aw- 
 rence are the Ottawa. 800 miles long, forming the boundary 
 between Canada l-Jist and Canada West, and the St. Mau- 
 rice. Bastiw-an. and Saguenay, from 200 to 400 miles in 
 length. The breadth of the St. Uwrence is very uniHjual, 
 varying from less than a mile to 3 or 4 miles. Across its 
 1660 
 
 SAI 
 
 month, from Cape Gasp6. the distance is above 100 mDea. 
 This stream contains numerous LsLinds: in an expansion 
 of the river near its egress from Lake Ontario there is a 
 multitudinous group, called the "Thousand Islands." pre- 
 senting to the traveller an endless variety of charming 
 scenery. This portion of the river is sometimes called the 
 "Lake of the Thousand Islands," (Fr. L<(c-<ks-MaU-Ilef, 
 I3k d.i meel eel.) The St. Lawrence, with its tiibutaries, 
 drains an area estimated at 335,515 square miles, of which 
 90.000 are covered bv the waters of the five great lakes. 
 
 SAINT LAWREXCE. a county in the X.X.E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 2SI00 square miles, being the 
 largest county in the state. It is bounded on the N.W. by 
 the St. Lawrence, and is drained by the Oswegatchie, Grass, 
 Racket, and St. Regis Rivers, and other smaller stre.am.s, 
 which supply njptive-power to numerous mills. It has 
 several small lakes, the piincipal of which is Black Lake. A 
 large part of this county is still but thinly settled, and is 
 heavily wooded. In the town of Canton, a natural canal, 
 about 6 miles in length and navigable for lioat.s, connects 
 Oswegatchie and Grass Rivers. The surface is uneven, and 
 in the S.W. pjirt hilly. The soil is generally fertile. In 1S50 
 this county produced 1.23G.504 lbs. of maple sugar, the gi'eat- 
 est quantity produced by an)- county in the United States. 
 Iron ore. lead, and marble are abundant. The St. Lawrence 
 River, by means of canals around the different falls and 
 rapids, is navigable along the border. The county is tra- 
 versed by the railroad connecting Ogdensburg with Rouse's 
 Point, and partly intersected by the Watertown and Pots- 
 dam Railroad. Capital, Canton. Pop. 83,689. 
 
 SAINT LAWRENCE, a post-oflSce of Jefferson co., New 
 York. 
 
 SAINT LAWRENCE, a post-village of Chatham co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SAINT LAWRENCE, or CLARK ISLAND, an island in 
 Behring Sea, in lat. 63° N., Ion. 170° W. Length, from E. to 
 W.. 80 miles : breadth, 30 miles. 
 
 SAINT LAWRENCE, GULF OF. See Gulf or St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 SAINT-LAZ.IRI. sSn" Id'zS'ree', a village and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of Bellechasse, 33 miles E. of Quebec. Pop. 
 about 800. 
 
 SAINT LAZZARO-DEGLI-ARMENI.(iat'sa'ro dail'yee aR- 
 ma'nee.)asmall island in the lagoon of A'enice, with a cele- 
 brated convent and an Armenian college. 
 
 SAINT-LEG ER,siNO leh-zhd'. a villa;* of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Luxembourg,* on the Ton, 9 miles S.AV. of Arlon. 
 Pop. 1805. 
 
 SAINT-LECiER, a village of Belgium, province of llainaut, 
 39 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1260. 
 
 SAINT LEGER. a post-office of Ozark co., Mis.souri. 
 
 SAIXT-LEOER-DI^FOUCHERET. ,sAn« leh-zh.V deh foo'- 
 shph-r.V, a village of France, department of Yonne, 10 miles 
 S.E. of Avallon. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAIXT-LEGER M.^GXAZEIX (?) sSn" leh-zh.V mln'yil'- 
 zA'. a village of France, department of Haute-Vienne, 14 
 miles N.E. of Bellac. Pop. 162:}. 
 
 SAINT-LEGER-SUR-D'HEUNE. sSx« leh-zhA' siiR don, 
 a village of France, department of Saone^t-Loire, 12 miles 
 W.N.W. of Chftlon-sur-Saone. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SAINT LKGIER. sSn« leh-zhe^A/, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of ^jiiid. about .3 miles from Vevay. I'op. 771. 
 
 S.\INT-LK.OX. sSx" I.VAn"', numerous villages of France; 
 the principaj being St. L£on, department of Allier, 25 miles 
 from Palisse. 
 
 SAIXTLl^.ONARD. sixg-liVnau', town of France, departs 
 ment of Haute-Vienne. 11 miles E. of Limoges. Pop. 3808. 
 
 SAINT-LfiOX ARD. a village of France, department of Loir^ 
 et-Cher. 17 miles N. of Blois. Pop. 1170. 
 
 SAIXT LEOXARD. l^n'ard. a pari.«h of England, co. of 
 Devon, forming a suburb of Exeter on the S.E. Here is the 
 West of England Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 
 
 SAINT LEOXARD, ISn'ard, a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Fife. 
 
 SAINT-L^ONARD-DES-BLOIS. UVnsR' dA blwd. a village 
 of France, department of Sarthe,andon the river Sarthe, 20 
 miles W. of Mamers. Pop. 1810. 
 
 SAINT LEONARD (lSn'ai-d) MIDa)LETOX, a markets 
 town and parish of England, co. of I>ancaster, agreeably 
 situated at the confluence of two small streams. 5 milo(« 
 X.X.E. of Manchester. It has a fine old church, seveml 
 Dissenting places of worship, a grammar, a national, and 
 several other schools : a mechanics' institute, a handsome 
 market-hou.-ie, and extensive silk and cotton fact-iries, in 
 which a large proportion of the inhabitants are employed. 
 A branch of the Manchester and l^eeds Railway has its 
 terminus in the market-place, and alxmt li miles £. the 
 Rockdale Caval pa.sses. Pop. of the town in 1851, 5740. 
 
 SAIXT LEOXARDO. See Sa.v Leonardo. 
 
 SAIXT LEONARD'S. Sfnt l^n'ardz. a parish and watering- 
 place of Engl.ind. co. of Sussex, immediately adjoining Hast 
 ings, on the S.W. The town, commenced aliou' 15 yenrs 
 ago. has now l)ecome a thriving and favorite I'lcality foi 
 visitors, and it has a handsome new church and tbr various 
 appliances of a place of summer resort. Pop. iu 1851 13iO. 
 
SAI 
 
 SAINT LEONARD'S, iJn'ardz, a post-Tillage of Calvert 
 CO., Maryland. 45 mile.s S. of Annapolis. 
 
 SAIN'i" LKONAUD'S FOREST. Kn};land. co. of Sussex, 1} 
 miles E. of Horsham, occupies about 10,000 acres, and is an 
 enclosed part of the ancient Andredswald. or Wood of An- 
 derida, which in the Roman and Saxon period occupied all 
 the tract called the weald of Sussex, Surrey, and Kent. 
 
 SAINT LEONIIARD, several towns of Germany. See 
 
 SANCT LE0?fHARI>. 
 
 SAINT LEON LE GRAND, sAn" 16n» leh frrSs"' a post^vil- 
 lage of Canada East, co. of St. Maurice, 1 mile from Sainte- 
 Ur.sule. Here are excellent mineral springs and hotels. 
 
 SAINT-LEU, sIn" luh, a town and quarter of the island 
 of Bourbon, on its W. coast. 10 miles S. of St. Paul. 
 
 SAINT-LEU-D'ESSERENT, stiy<> Inh dtsVeh-rflxo', a mar- 
 ke^town of France, department of Oise. and on the river 
 Oise, with a station on the Paris and BrAsels Railway, 3 
 miles S..S.\V. of Creil. 
 
 SAINT-LEU TAVERNY, sK^o luh tlVSn^nee', a village of 
 France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 8 miles FJ.S.E. of Pon- 
 toise. Pop. 1182. It has a fine chateau and park, which 
 belonged successively to the Bonaparte, Orleans, and Bour- 
 bon-Conde families. 
 
 SAINT-LE'V.\N, a maritime parish of England, co. of 
 Cornwall, at the S. extremity of the peninsula, Land's End. 
 It has au ancient well and oratory, and " The Logan Stone," 
 a rocking mass of granite, poised on an elevated rock. 
 
 SAINT LIN, .s^N" IJn'o. a village and parish of Canada 
 East, CO. of Leinster. 21 miles N.W. of -Montreal. Pop. 1,500. 
 
 S.\1NT-LIVKADE, sis" lee'vrdd', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Lot-et-Garonne, near the Lot, 4 miles W.S.W. of 
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. 3209. 
 
 S.\1NT-LIVRADE, a town of France, department of Ilaut- 
 Sarrone. arrondissument of Toulouse. 
 
 SAINT-LIZIER, sJiN" lee*ze-iV', {ane. Omsoranni ^ a town 
 of France, department of Ariege, on the right bank of the 
 galat. 1 mile N. of St. Girons. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SAINT-LO, sIn" lo, (anc^Bn'oreca .') a town of France, capi- 
 tal of the department of Manche, on the Vire. here cros.'ied 
 by a handsome bridge, 158 miles W. by N. of Paris. The 
 centre part stands upon a rock, and throws out in didereut 
 directions ' or 8 streets, which are all more or less steep, 
 and lined with very indifferent houses. The manufactures 
 are drugger. employing 2400 workmen in the town and 
 neighborhood; ribbons, lace, linen, and leather. There are 
 also some bleach-tields and dye-works. St. Lo is the seat of 
 courts, of first resort and commerce, a consulting chamber 
 of manufactures, and a communal college. Pop. in 1846, 
 83a9. 
 
 S.VINT-LOUBES, .sUn" loo'b.V, a market-town of France, 
 department of Gironde, 8 miles N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 
 2541. 
 
 S.\INT-LOUTS, kKs" looVe', a town of France, department 
 of Ilaut-Rhin, on the railway from Strasbourg to Basel, ( IS&le.) 
 4 miles N.W. of Basel, with an important custom-house, and 
 some large iron-works. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, a county in the E. part of Missouri, occu- 
 pies a point of land formed by the confluence of the Mis- 
 Bouri with the Mississippi River, the latter of which sepa- 
 rates it from Illinois on the E. The Maramec River traverses 
 the S. part, and enters the Mississippi on the boundary. It 
 is also drained by the River des Peres, and by Gravois and 
 Bonhomme Creeks. The surface is pleasantly diversified; 
 the soil has a substratum of good limestone, and is highly 
 productive. In 1850 the county produced 14.169 tons of 
 hay, a greater quantity than was produced in any other 
 county in the state. Extensive mines of stone coal and 
 quarries of marble are worked, and iron is found in the W. 
 part. This county, which is by far the most populous and 
 wealthy in the state, is intersected by tlje Pacific Rivilroad, 
 and tUe Nortli Missouri Railroad. Capital, St. Louis. Pop. 
 190..'>24, of whom 186,178 were free, and 4346 slaves. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, sgnt loo'is, a village of Bartholomew CO., 
 Indi.ana, 11 miles N.E. of Columbus, the county town. Pop. 
 about 100. 
 
 S.\INT LOUIS, sgnt loo'is or sjnt loo'ee. (Fr. pron. six" 
 looVe'.) a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of St. Louis 
 county, Missouri, is situated on the right bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi lliver, 20 miles below the entrance of the Missouri, 
 174 above the mouth of the Ohio, 744 below the Falls of St. 
 Anthony, 1194 above New Orleans, and 128 miles E. of Jef- 
 ferson City. Lat.380 37'28"N.,lon.90°lo'16"W. The site 
 rises from the river by two plateavis of limestone formation, 
 the first 20 and the other 60 feet above the floods of the Mis- 
 •issippi. The ascent to the first plateau, or bottom as it may 
 be termed, is somewhat abrupt ; the second rises more gra- 
 dually, and spreads out into an extensive plain, affording 
 fine views of the city and river. St. Louis extends in all 
 nearly 7 miles by the curve of the Mississippi, and about 
 3 miles back ; the thickly-settled portion, however, is only 
 2 or 21 miles in length, following the river, and about Ij 
 miles in breadth. The city is well laid out, the streets 
 being tor the most part 00 feet wide, and, with but few excep- 
 tions, intersecting each other at right angles. Front street, 
 extending along the levee, is upwards of 100 feet wide, and 
 
 SAI 
 
 built up on the side facing the river, with a range of maggivs 
 stone warehouses, which make an imposing appearance a* 
 the city is approached by water. Front. Main, and Second 
 streets, parallel to each other and to the river, are the .seat 
 of the principal wholesale business. The latter is occupied 
 with heavy grocery, iron, receiving, and shipping houses. 
 Fourth street, the fashionable promenade, contains the finest 
 retail stores. The streets parallel to Front and Main streets 
 are designated Second street. Third, Fourth. Fifth, and so 
 on ; and those on the right and left of Market street, ex- 
 tending at right angles with the river, are mostly named 
 from various forest trees, similar to the streets of Philadel- 
 phia. Large expenditures have been made from time to 
 time in grading and otherwise improving the streets and 
 alleys of St. I>ouis. As yet, but slight provision has been 
 made for public squares. One handsome enclosure, however 
 called Lafayette Square, has recently been laid out in the S 
 section of the city, about 2 miles S.W. of the court-house 
 St. Louis is handsomely built, especially the new portion ol 
 the city; the principal material is brick, though limestone 
 is employed to some extent. 
 
 Public Building/:. — It may be doubted whether any city 
 of the Union has improved more rapidly than this in the 
 style of its public buildings. But 24 years ago a court-house 
 was erected at a cost of $'14,000: it was then considered a 
 handsome edifice, and suffl<'iftit for all future purpose.s. 
 AVithin a few ye.ars, however, this building has given place 
 to a new structure, now nearly completed, the cost of which 
 will .scarcely fall short of half a million of driU.irs. It is con- 
 structed of Genevieve limestone, and occupies an entire 
 sijuai-e bounded by Market, Chestnut, Fourth and Fifth 
 streets. The style of architecture somewhat resembles that 
 of the Capitol at Washington. The fronts are adorned with 
 porticos, and in the interior is a rotunda, lighted from the 
 dome. The ■• Market and Townhouse," erected at a cost of 
 S20.000, has been pulled down, and the "Centre Market 
 Buildings." a handsome block, now occupies their place. 
 A new City Hall is about to be erected, of a size and style 
 corresponding to the present pro.-<pects of the city. A new 
 cu.stom-house is now being built, at an estimated cost of 
 about $'5j>0,000. Of the 4 churches— the Catholic, the Presby- 
 teri.in. the Episcopal, and the Baptist — which were all the 
 town contained in 1829. not a vestige now remains; but in 
 their stead had arisen, in 1850, 49 others, viz. 12 Catholic 12 
 Methodist, 8 Presbyterian, 5 Episcopal. 2 Unitarian, 2 Ev.in- 
 gelical. and 1 Boatmens', besides 2 Jewish synagogues. At 
 the present time the number of churches in St. Louis is 
 probably not less than 60. several of which have cost above 
 $100,000. Of the.se, St. George's, (Episcopal.) at the corner 
 of Locust and Seventh streets, the Catholic Cathedral, on 
 Walnut street between Second and Third, and the Church 
 of the Mes.siah, a magnificent Gothic edifice recently erected 
 by the Unitarians, at the corner of Olive and Ninth streets, 
 are regarded as the finest. The Catbedntl is 130 feet long, 
 and 84 feet wide, with a front of polished freestone 68 feet 
 high, adorned with a Doric portico. In the tower is a chime 
 of bells, the heaviest of which weighs 2000 pounds. The 
 United States arsenal, situated on Arsenal street, in the ex- 
 treme S.E. section of the city, is a large and imposing edifice, 
 enclosed by handsomely-ornamented grounds. Jefferson 
 Barracks are located about 13 miles below, on the bank of 
 the MississippL 
 
 Ifoteh. — The princip>al hotels in St. I/)uis are the Planters' 
 House, on Fourth .street, between Pine and Chestnut; the 
 United States Hotel, at the corner of Market and Third 
 streets; the A'irginia Hotel, corner of Main and Green streets; 
 the Sli.ssouri Hotel, corner of M.ain and Morgan streets ; and 
 the Monroe House, at the corner of Second and Olive streets. 
 The Planters' House is one of the largest and finest hotels 
 in the West, and occupies the entire Iront between Pine 
 and Chestnut streets. Another first-class hotel is also being 
 erected. 
 
 Institutinns. — ,\mong the benevolent institutions may bo 
 mentioned the City Hospital, the Marine Hospital, for which 
 a new building has just been erected, 3 miles below St. 
 Louis; the Sisters' Hospital, the Home for the Friendless, 
 and the Orphan Asylums. The Home for the Friendless, 
 designed for the benefit of aged indigent females, and opened 
 October 4th, 1853, U situated on the Carondelet road, about 
 4 miles from the court-house. The edifice, formerly " Swiss 
 College," consists of a stone centre, 75 feet in length, and 
 two frame wings, each from 30 to 40 feet in length ; the 
 whole two stories high. The premises comprise about 8 
 acres of ground, variously diversified with walks and shade- 
 trees. About $40,000 have been raised for the support of 
 the institution. The City Hospital has long lieen distm- 
 guished for the excellent accommodations which it affords 
 to the sick, but of late has been found inadequate to the 
 wants of the rapidly-increasing population. Its extension, 
 therefore, as well as the erection of new and suitable build- 
 ings for the quarantine, is earnestly recommended in the 
 mayor's message of October, 1853. A new edifice, intended 
 as a House of Refuge, has recently been completed, and the 
 building formerly occupied as the '-Smallpox Ho.spital," 
 situated on land in the St. Louis Common, known as the Old 
 
 1661 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 Couniy Farm, has also been fitted up for the reception of a 
 juvenile reform school. 
 
 The literary and educational institutions of St. Louis 
 have, considering their recent origin, attained a high degree 
 of excellence. The, University oi' St. Louis, organized in 
 1S32, under the direction of the Catholics, is a well-ordered, 
 well-sustained, and most efficient institution. The medical 
 college connected with it is also very flourishing. During 
 the term f>r 1S52-3, it was attended by 72 students; and on 
 the 1st of October, 1S53, it is said that the number of matri- 
 culants enrolled for the ensuing season, was four times 
 greater than any previous year. The medical department 
 of the Missouri University is also located here. It was 
 founded in 1S40, and during the winter of 1852-3, 92 stu- 
 dents attended its lectures. The members of both these 
 colleges enjoy excellent advantages for practice in the City 
 Hospital. The Mei-cantile Library Association of St. Loui^ 
 was organized in 1S46, and incorporated in 1851. The build- 
 ing Ls of brick, in the Italian style, 105 feet by 127, and 4 
 stories high. The united size of the library and reading- 
 room is SO feet by 64. The lecture-room, 80 feet by 44, is in 
 the second story, and in the third is a grand hall, the largest 
 and finest perhaps in the whole West, being 105 feet long 
 and SO feet wide. The entire cost of building, including the 
 site, is estimated at S'J.i.OOO. The librarj' contains upwards 
 of 12.000 volumes, besides «bout 100 magazines and other 
 periodicals, apart from its newspapers. Any person of mer- 
 cantile pursuits is admitted as a member of the a.ssociation : 
 clerks paying $2 initiation fee and 75 cents quarterly, and 
 proprietors $5 initiation fee and $2.60 qxnirterly. The citi- 
 zens of St. Louis have given especUl attention to the cause 
 of popular education. Their schools are the pride of the 
 ciiy, and attended by upwards of 5000 pupils; the property 
 Is valued at $500,000, and the annual income amounts tn 
 about $50,000. A large number of pupils are also educated 
 in the private seminaries of the city, and in the convents. 
 The buildings of the latter are conspicuous and handsome 
 edifices. 
 
 St. Louis has about 25 publication oflfices. issuing new.s- 
 papers and other periodicals. Seven or eight newspapers 
 are published daily ; and several have weekly, and two — the 
 Times and the Republican — have tri-weekly and weekly edi- 
 tions. Four or five are printed in the German language. 
 The press is generally characterized by ability, and several 
 of its issues have a wide circulation. 
 
 Sexil K-:tute. Imprnvenwntg, <fc. — The value of real estate 
 In St. Louis has advanced at an astonishingly rapid rate. In 
 1822 the trustees of the First Presbyterian church purchased 
 a lot fronting 150 feet on Fourth street, and 90 feet on Wash- 
 ington avenue and St. Charles street, for $-300. In April, 
 1S53, the ground was leased for a term of 50 years, at the 
 rate of $4000 per annum. Since then, seven splendid stores 
 have been erected on it, at a cost of $50,000. The lot at the 
 corner of Third and Chestnut streets, extending 120 feet on 
 the former, and 150 feet along the latter, was sold in 1826 for 
 $400. It is now valued at $30,000. exclusive of the improve- 
 ments. In 1831, Judge Lucas conveyed to Samuel Wiggins 
 a lot 90 feet front and 1.35 deep, at the corner of Fifth and 
 Chestnut streets, upon which Christ Church now stands, 
 for the sum of $1600. The value of the same ground is now 
 estimated at $22,000. In 18.33, a block situated between 
 Fourth and Fifth streets, and Locust and St. Charles streets. 
 was sold for $t)000; it is now said, to be worth $182,000. In 
 1835, the Trustees of the Unitarian church purchased a lot 
 at the corner of Fourth and Pine streets, 127 feet deep, and 
 60 feet front on Fourth street, for $2000. or $33.33 per front 
 foot. Two years ago it was sold for $24,000, or $400 per front 
 foot, and in 1853 it was supposed to be worth $600 per front 
 foot. In 1844, a meadow belonging to Judge Carr was laid 
 off into lots, and sold at auction, on ten years' credit, at 
 prices varying from $8 to $18 per lot. What was then a 
 meadow now contains a population of not less than 4000 
 Ktulg, and the lots are valued at four times their original 
 cost. Heal estate investments on Front and Main streets 
 vary from $700 to $800 per front foot ; and. on Second street, 
 lots which five years ago could be bought for $100 or $150 
 per front foot, now sell for $500. 
 
 There has also been a corresponding advance In real estate 
 lying without the city. Land which in 1842-3 sold at prices 
 varying from $75 to $150 per acre, now brings from $12<W 
 to $2000. In 1847-8, two estates in the S. part of the city 
 were disposed of in lots, the .«ales of which ranged from $1.50 
 to $4 per front foot. Now the same property sells as high as 
 $40 per flHit. And finally, six years ago land that could lie 
 purchased in the common, S. of the citv, for about $75 per 
 acre, now commands $1000, and but little is to be obtained 
 even at that price. Tlie city of St. Louis owns 600 acres of 
 these Linds. and has claims upon as much more. 
 
 The revenue of the city twentv years ago, as ascertained 
 tnm the assessment list, was $4765.98. In 1853 the as.ses.sed 
 va uaticu of property, though falling far below its real 
 value was $30,397,186. upon which a tax of $413,670 is col- 
 eote<l, independent of $46,000 arising from the sale of 
 l'rL"?!„, f P*-' "ssesfwl »»Iue of merchandise amounted to 
 $8,< 44,, 86.64. an Increase of $2,299,606.57 over 1862. The 
 1602 
 
 highest tax paid by a*y individual in 1S29 was $532; now. 
 one gentleman, J. H. Lucas, Esq.. pays in his own name a 
 city tax of $14,000; nor does this include the whole of hLl 
 assessment, as much of his property is held conjointly with 
 others. 
 
 The water-works, which in 1829 were of very inconsidei* 
 able importance, embraced, in 1853, above 35 miles of pipe. 
 The main reservoir, built in 1849, is capable of containing 
 8.000,000 gallons of water, being 250 feet square, and 15 
 feet deep. It occupies the S.W. quarter of an enclosure 660 
 feet on a side, situated at the head of Ulive street, to which 
 water is forced from the river by stationary engines, a dis- 
 tance of If miles. Since the above date, a new reservoir has 
 been constructed, the water from which is superior in purity 
 to that furnished from the old one. It Im." also been con- 
 templated to erect a water-tower on the site of the old re- 
 servoir on Broadway, of suflicient capacity to be a valuable 
 adjunct in the event of large fires. Gas-works were put in 
 operation about S ye.ars since, and their magnitude may be 
 inferred from the fact that, in 1853, 33 miles of street-pipe 
 were laid throughout the city. 
 
 The levee, which 20 years ago was a mere mud bank, with 
 transverse ways to the waters edge, has since undergone 
 very Important changes. Great expenditures have been 
 made in filling up and otherwise improving it directly in 
 front of the city; and at a se.ssion of the governmental au- 
 thorities, In the spring of 1853, an appropriation of $200,000 
 was made, one half to be expended N. of Cherry, and the 
 other half S. of I'lum street. Extensive improvements in 
 the h.irbor are also lieing made. The expenditures for this 
 purpose, from April 11 to October, 1853, amounted to $.50,266. 
 A roadway has recently been constructed from the Illinois 
 shore to and across Blood Island. It is three feet above 
 hi^h-water mark, and cost about $150,000. 
 
 3fanitfacture.<. — The manufacturing establishments of St. 
 Louis county, which are principally situated in St. Louis, or 
 in the imraediiite vicinity, amounted in 1860 to 1126. having 
 an aggregiite capital of $12,733,948, and employing 10.923 
 male and 1>^14 female hands, and producing gooils to the 
 value of $27,610,070 yearl}'. There were 23 establishments 
 for the manufacture of machinery, &c., employing a capifcil 
 of $1,071,900, and 1332 hands, yielding an annual product of 
 $1,.509,111. There was 1 establishment for refining sugar, 
 having a capital of $1,000,000, and yielding a pro'iluct of 
 $1,800,000 annually. There were 18 flour-mills, with a capi- 
 tal of $999,000, employing raw material worth $4,2<)9,Ij80, 
 and 246 hands, with an annu.al product of $4,',t79.S45 ; 42 
 establishments for the manufacture of various kinds of 
 liquor, with an aggregate capital of $1,013,800. employing 
 313 hands, and producing the value of $1,762,600. The 
 manufactures of St. Louis, although in their infancy, are 
 indeed hardly less important than her commerce. For seve- 
 ral years psist the flouring liusiness has been carried on 
 here more exteiisivel}' than in any other city of the far 
 West. The proiiiict of the 19 mills of the citV in 1851, 
 amounted to 408,099 barrels ; and in 18,53, to 457,076 barrels ; 
 their daily capacity being estimated at above 3000 barrels. 
 The manufacture of dilTcrent kinds of chemicals aiul oils is 
 extensively Ciirricd on. But however important these several 
 interests may be in themselves, they can hardly be reganled 
 as the most important to St. Louis. Indeed, there can be 
 no doubt that the development of the vast mineral resources 
 of the region tributary to her, is destined to exert a control- 
 ling influence upon the future of this metropolis. Iler ma- 
 nufactures of iron already exceed those of any other city 
 on the Mississippi, If not in the West. Numerous foundries 
 annually turn out stoves and other castings to a large 
 amount. Bailing, machinery, and steam-engines are exten- 
 sively manufactured. A large establishment for the pro- 
 duction of locomotives went into operation in 1853. Mining 
 opeititions have already been commenced at Iron Mountain: 
 from this source Messrs. Chouteau, Valli & Harrisonfcbtain 
 the material for their extensive rolling mill. Coopering and 
 the packing of meat are likewise important branches of 
 busine.ss: the latter, for 1852. comprised 47,000 hog.s. and 
 about 3000 barrels of beef. The above statements indicate 
 only a few of the leading manufactures of St. Louis. Accord- 
 ing to the census returns of 1850, the number of establish- 
 ments In operation In the city exceeded 13,000, comprising 
 about 100 different manufactures, which amounted in value 
 to upwards of $15,000,000. Since then, nearly every hraiscU 
 of this species of industry has been greatly extended — pro- 
 bably doubled. 
 
 Shipping. Oimrm^ee, etc. — Each stream which cuntributes 
 to the commerce of St, Louis has Its regular packets, and, 
 for the most part, a separate place of landing. The Mis- 
 souri, the Illinois, and the Upper Mississippi h.ave hs fine 
 craft as float on the Western waters, while the dowii-rive>', 
 or New Orleans traders, are scarcely excelled in size, wiuij- 
 ment, speed, and construction, the St. Louis boat* alsri 
 visit the Ohio, the Wabash, the Tennessee, and other 
 streams. With such an Immense inland navigation, the 
 commerce of the port requires a large number of ftvamers, 
 and its tonnage In this respect exceeds that of every other 
 Western city. The following table exhibits the nu-nthly 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 atriral of steamTjoats at St. Louis from the various rivers 
 and places specified, for 1852 : — 
 
 January.... 
 February... 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 Juue 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September. 
 October .... 
 November.. 
 December. . 
 
 Total.... 
 
 s 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ri 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 
 o 
 
 Bi 
 
 
 t. 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 c. 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !5 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 88 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 47 
 
 80 
 
 45 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 78 
 
 72 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 74 
 
 94 
 
 82 
 
 57 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 44 
 
 73 
 
 57 
 
 38 
 
 27 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 56 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 42 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 34 
 
 55 
 
 94 
 
 101 
 
 84 
 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 40 
 
 97 
 
 68 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 66 
 
 49 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 330 
 
 520 
 
 858 
 
 705 
 
 317 
 
 223 
 
 The aggregate arrivals of steamboats at St. Louis during 
 the year 1850. was 2907; 1851, 2625; and 18.52. 3184. The 
 sliipping owned in the district, June 30, 1S52, according to 
 the custom-house returns, amounted to an aggregate of 
 37.8B2 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 32,64t) were em- 
 ployed in steam navigation. In 1854, the slilpping amounted 
 to an aggregate of 48.575 tons, of which 41.980 were em- 
 ployed in steam navigation. During the year. 9 steamboats, 
 witii an aggregate burden of 3079 tons, were built. 
 
 The statistics connected with the Imsiness of the city for 
 the last four years reveal several very interesting facts. On 
 some articles the amounts of imports have largely increased, 
 while upon other important articles, as lead, beef pork. &e. 
 the falling off has been he.avy. The following comparative 
 table, prepared by a committee of the Chamber of Commerce 
 at St. Ijouis, will exhibit a few of the leading articles of im- 
 port for the four consecutive seasons ending December 
 31,1854:— 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Bale rope coils.. 
 
 Beer bbls. . . 
 
 Bacon casks.. 
 
 Barley bush. . 
 
 Corn bush.. 
 
 Coffee bags. . 
 
 Flour bbls... 
 
 Peaches, dry. . . .sacks.. 
 
 Hemp bales. . 
 
 Hides No ... . 
 
 Iron (pig) tons... 
 
 Lead pigs... 
 
 Oats bush.. 
 
 Pork in bulk.... pieces. 
 
 Sugar hhds.. 
 
 Tobacco hhds.. 
 
 Wheat bush.. 
 
 Whisky bbls.. 
 
 Wool bales.. 
 
 1851. 
 
 34,941 
 
 11,862 
 
 17,781 
 
 15n,.174 
 
 1,475,748 
 
 98.568 
 
 230,470 
 
 20,573 
 
 65.500 
 
 101,197 
 
 6,612 
 
 528,781 
 
 888.438 
 
 812,475 
 
 28.522 
 
 21,698 
 
 1,839,558 
 
 50,275 
 
 1,731 
 
 1852. 
 
 42,905 
 
 11,635 
 
 12,852 
 
 101,225 
 
 735,458 
 
 119,370 
 
 227,894 
 
 11,749 
 
 50,885 
 
 100.284 
 
 9,176 
 
 4-'3.627 
 
 840,850 
 
 530,855 
 
 31,477 
 
 14,488 
 
 1,689,438 
 
 69,240 
 
 1,248 
 
 1853. 
 
 67,231 
 
 4,556 
 
 10,923 
 
 124,884 
 
 1,048,120 
 
 108,512 
 
 289,585 
 
 20,109 
 
 6:1,562 
 
 97,it»2 
 
 10,114 
 
 455,990 
 
 1,235.000 
 
 554,101 
 
 51. .524 
 
 10,446 
 
 2,381 ..378 
 
 73,513 
 
 2,214 
 
 1854. 
 
 49,921 
 
 4,001 
 
 9,962 
 
 130,650 
 
 1,784,189 
 
 120,429 
 
 29i,4fil 
 
 85.753 
 
 73,825 
 
 72,481 
 
 13,491 
 
 329,943 
 
 1,777,873 
 
 471.901 
 
 60,923 
 
 9,907 
 
 2,340,217 
 
 ai,377 
 
 1,048 
 
 The receipts by river at the port of St. Louis, for the year 
 1853, are shown in the subjoined table : — 
 
 Hair, packages 4,760 
 
 Hay, bales 22,245 
 
 Hemp, bales 6:i,:{50' 
 
 Hides 101,440 
 
 Hogs 20,433 
 
 Hops, bales 1,1-14 
 
 HorsL-s 1,173 
 
 Honey, packages 302 
 
 Ir 
 
 Ale. barrels 10,134 
 
 Barley, sacks 62,080 
 
 Beans, packages 9,768 
 
 Bran, sacks 38,156 
 
 Brooms, dozens 20,063 
 
 Butter, packages 9,324 
 
 Bark, sacks 6,278 
 
 Batting, bales 5,509 
 
 Bagging, rolls 2,326 
 
 Beef, barrels 6.514 
 
 BuBalo Robes, packages.. 9,193 
 
 Buffalo Robes, pieces 1,624 
 
 Burr-stones 1,721 
 
 Baskets, nests 1,018 
 
 Corn,Back8 459,192 
 
 Cheese, boxes 27,246 
 
 Cotton, bales 913 
 
 Cooperages, pieces 98.141 
 
 Cattle, head 3,171 
 
 Coffee, sacks 104,467 
 
 Coal, casks 2,311 
 
 Cement, barrels 7,020 
 
 Corn-meal, packages 947 
 
 Cotton yarn, bags 8,681 
 
 Candles, boxes 2,705 
 
 Cigars, boxes 621 
 
 Crackers, barrels 623 
 
 Cornmills 796 
 
 Chains, dozens 
 
 Castings, pieces 
 
 Demijohns 2,842 
 
 Eggs, packages 2,814 
 
 Fish, packages 8,427 
 
 Flour, barrels 200,203 
 
 Flour, sacks 3,893 
 
 Fruit dried, sacks 26,149 
 
 Fruit dried, barrels 11,350 
 
 Furniture, pac.kaees 5,800 
 
 Grease, packages. 1,246 
 
 Glass, bo.xes 21,269 
 
 Grindstones 3 S29 
 
 Gunnies, b<Oe«&bun'Ues. 12,854 
 
 aunpowder 11,020 
 
 ird, tierces Il,5(i0 
 
 Lard, barrels 23,242 
 
 Lard, cans, &c 3.K38 
 
 Lead, pigs 442,218 
 
 Leather, rolls 14.(i66 
 
 Lime, barrels 8,3is 
 
 Liquors, packages 9.98* 
 
 Meats, packages L'0,".;80 
 
 Meats, pieces 7,779 
 
 Meats, hulk 493,286 
 
 Meats, tierces 228 
 
 Molas.scs, barrels 53,544 
 
 Marble, packages 3,960 
 
 Marble-du:it, barrels 205 
 
 Moss, bales 721 
 
 Malt, packages 803 
 
 Nails, kegs 68.967 
 
 Oats, sacks 464,062 
 
 Onions, sacks 27,007 
 
 Oysters, packages 6,291 
 
 Oil, packages 2,889 
 
 Paper, buudles 68.969 
 
 Pipes, boxes 1.005 
 
 Plaster 1,252 
 
 Ploughs 1,104 
 
 Potatoes, packages 72,224 
 
 Pork, barrels 71,519 
 
 Pork, bbls. .casks, tierces. 4,285 
 
 Pork and Lard, barrels.. 732 
 
 Pork and Lard, tierces... 2,184 
 
 Poultry, coops 771 
 
 Rags, sacks 4,467 
 
 Raisins, boxes 10,149 
 
 Rice, tierces 2,862 
 
 Rope, coils 68,437 
 
 Rosin and Pitch, barrels. 5,089 
 
 Saddle-trees 1.091 
 
 Saleratus, packages 1,333 
 
 Salt, sacks 203,969 
 
 Salt, barrels 68,832 
 
 Sand, barrels 579 
 
 Seed, packages 21,;188 
 
 Sheep 3,324 
 
 Shorts, sacks 4,425 
 
 Skins, Furs, and Peltries, 
 
 bundles 9,412 
 
 Soap, boxes 7,771 
 
 Soda Ash, packages 1,085 
 
 Starch, boxes 4.135 
 
 Sugar, hogsheads 50,774 
 
 Sugar, barrels 13,973 
 
 Sugar, boxes and bags.... «C,1S) 
 
 Syrup, barrels 808 
 
 Tallow, packages J,8M 
 
 Tar, barrels 6,959 
 
 Tin, boxes 12,112 
 
 Tobacco, hogsheads 10,102 
 
 Tobacco, boxes . 10,5'28 
 
 Totjacco, buudles, &c 970 
 
 Tow, bales 412 
 
 Turpentine, barrels 1,2U2 
 
 Twine, saclts 127 
 
 Wax, packages 447 
 
 Wheat, sacks 1,009,4.16 
 
 Wheat, barrels 17,207 
 
 Whisky, barrels 49,870 
 
 Wine, packages 11,923 
 
 Wool, sacks 1,15J 
 
 The total amount of coal received at St. Louis in 1853, is es- 
 timated at 2,837,818 bush.; sawn lumber, 36,412,451 ft.; shin- 
 gles, 30,462,700 ; logs purchased at the city mills, 29,686.808 ft. 
 
 The importations of dry-goods into St. Louis for the year 
 1852, were estimated at $7,000,000, and the sales at $8,500,000. 
 Tliis. however, only lias reference to the wholesale business. 
 Including the retail trade of the city, the entire imports 
 were estimated at $10,500,000, and the sales at $13,000,000. 
 
 Receipts of flour and grain for 4 years : 
 
 1861 
 1862 
 I8C3 
 
 Flour, bbls. Wheat, bush. 
 
 443,196 
 484,000 
 647.419 
 689,241 
 
 3,55,5,878 
 2,654,738 
 3,830,336 
 2,703,378 
 
 Corn, bush. 
 
 4,209,794 
 4,515,040 
 1,734,219 
 1,299,830 
 
 Oats, bush. 
 
 1,789,234 
 1,733,157 
 3,133.043 
 
 2,771,848 
 
 TliM Biink of the State of Missouri was, till lately, th« 
 only chartered banking institution in St. Louis, or in Mis- 
 souri. It had live branches, viz. one at Kiiyette, one at 
 Jackson, one at Lexington, one at I'almyra, and one at 
 Springfield. The entire capitiil was $1,200,000. The local 
 discounts of the city bank of St. Louis for 1853, amounted 
 to $5,592,271, and tiie excliange purchased, to $6,343,433; 
 making the total business of the bank for tiie year, 
 $11,935,70 i. The amount of exchanges sold by the bank 
 of Mi.s.souri and private bankers of the city was estimated 
 at S38,0u0,000. 
 
 St. Louis had in October, 1S65, 7 national banks, wi th a capi- 
 tal of $3,239,000. The whole number ot bouds outstanding 
 against St. Louis in October,1853, amounted to $2,735,296, and 
 the interest on tiie same for the year, to $165,103.75. The en- 
 tire revenue of the city, from April 11 to October 4, 1853, 
 amounted to $414,252.32. and the expenditures for the same 
 period, to $412,914.22. Of the latter sum. $44,938.92 was for 
 improving and cleaning the streets ; $24,475.64 for wharf 
 improvements : 19.611.54, the cost of tlie police department ; 
 $17,583.60 for lighting the city ; $11,879.99 for the City lloa- 
 pitiil; and $7302..3O, the expenses nf the fire department. 
 
 The natural advantages which St. Louis enjoys as a com- 
 mercial emporium are probably not surpassed by those of 
 .any inland port in the world. Situated midway between 
 two oceans, and near the geographical centre of the finest 
 agricultural region on the globe, almost at the very focus 
 towards which converge the Mississippi, the Missouri, the 
 Ohio, and the Illinois Kivers, there can be no doubt that .she 
 is destined, at no distant period, to become the great re- 
 ceiving and distributing depot of most of the vast region 
 drained by these streams. Having already reached an en- 
 viable position among her. sister cities, she is looking west- 
 ward, with a system of railways intemled not only to bring 
 to her markets the agricultural and mineral treasures of the 
 Missouri basin, but eventually to extend beyond the Rocky 
 Mountains to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and finally 
 to the golden shores of the Pacific Ocean. Iler connection 
 with the Atlantic cities, through Cincinnati and Chicago, is 
 already secured beyond contingency. Railroads penetrating 
 various parts of the state are in operation. St. Louis is the K. 
 terminus of the Pacific Railroad, which is completed to Kan- 
 sas City, on the Missouri River. The North Missouri Kail- 
 road connects this city with St. Joseph, 305 miles distant. 
 The South- West Branch of the Pacific Railroad is completed 
 to RoUa, 113 miles, and is to be extended to Springfield, &c. 
 The Ohio and .Mississippi Railroad, 340 miles long, opens a 
 direct communication with Cincinnati. St. Louis is also tho 
 N. terminus of the Iron Mountain Railroad, wliich e.vteiids to 
 Pilot Knob, 87 miles. The openingof these various railways, 
 and others proposed, will give St. Louis ready access to im- 
 mense deposits of iron, coal, lead, and copper ores, within a 
 circuit of 90 miles, equal to tlie wants of the whole Missis- 
 •ippi Valley for centuries to come, and which have not to this 
 time been brought into use, simply because of the difficulty 
 and expense of reaching a market. Therefore, with all the 
 commercial facilities which this metropolis now enjoys — 
 Cicilities which have hitherto been productive of prosperity 
 almost beyond example — what may .she not become when 
 the vast system of railways here contemplated sh.all have 
 gone into operation ! 
 
 Hi.ftnry. — Among the many sites which the vast domain 
 of uninhabited territory in the Mississippi Valley presented 
 for founding a city, that on which St. Louis now stands was 
 selected by Laclede, February 15th. 1764, as one possessing 
 
 1663 
 
 u= 
 
SAI 
 
 Mcoiliar adrantages for the fur trade, and for defence against 
 the Indians. The confluence of the different rivers in the 
 Immediate neighborhood was a desideratum in the estima- 
 tion of the trapper ; it has become of vast importance to the 
 place in e.stablishinu; it as a centre for agricultural and ma- 
 nufacturing enterprises. The statistics of these early times 
 show that for 15 successive years, ending in 1S04. the ave- 
 rage anuual yalue of the furs collected at this port amounted 
 to $203,750. The number of deer .sliins was 15S.000; of 
 beaver, 30,900; of otter. 8000; of bear, 5100, and of buffalo, 
 *»0. The population at this period was between 1500 and 
 2000, one-half of whom were absent a great part of each 
 year as trappers and voyageurs. It will readily be perceived 
 that the elements which gave the settlement exi.stence were 
 not of a character adequate to foster it beyond the limits of 
 a frontier village; and .tccordingly, as late as 1820. we find 
 the accession of population had not swelled the original 
 very materially. Up to this d.ite the census only shows an 
 advance to 45^8. Military expeditions and establishments, 
 together with a spai-se immigration, confined to those pecu- 
 liar temperaments which delight in the wild and adven- 
 turous, still kept up a progressive improvement, which cen- 
 tering here for personal security as well as for trade, still 
 fixed it as the sent of a commerci;U and manufacturing me- 
 tropolis, destined in a few years to become an object of in- 
 terest throughout the world. On the 11th of August, 1768, 
 a Spanish officer by the name of Kious, with a company of 
 Spanish troops, took possession of St. Louis and Upper Ix>ui- 
 siana, as it was termed, in the name of his Catholic majesty, 
 under whose government it remained until its final transfer 
 to the United Suites, March 26, 1804. In 1S13, the first 
 brick house was erected : in 1817, the first steamboat arrived 
 — both important events, but neither of which became fre- 
 quent until several yeiirs alter. In 1822, St. Louis was 
 chartered as a city, under the title given by Laclede, in 
 honor of Louis X'V. of France. From 1825 to 1S30, the 
 influx of population from Illinois began to be of import- 
 ance. From this state the commerce of St. Louis received 
 its first great impulse, and from this state it still derives a 
 large portion of its support. With 1829 the keel-boat en- 
 tirely disappeared. The steamer Yellowstone about this 
 time ascended to the Great Falls, and was succeeded by the 
 Assinalwine and others. Dry-goods houses were already 
 established, and these sent out retail branches to Spring- 
 field, and other places in Illinois. Extensive warehouses 
 began to be erected, some of which are still standing, having 
 survived the great fire. They rose from their solid lime- 
 stone foundations, built on a scale which shows that the im- 
 pressions of the present were vividly portrayed to the minds 
 of the people of that day. 
 
 The population of St. Louis in 1830 was 6694. showing an 
 increase of only 2096 in ten years. In 1840 it had much 
 more than doubled, having reached 16,469. Between these 
 periods, therefore, we are to look for the commencement of 
 that vast increase which has so distinguished the growth of 
 this city. Fop. in 1850. 75,204 free, and 2650 slaves : total, 
 77,850. Of these. 23.774 were born in Germany ; 11,257 in 
 Ireland; 29.33 in England; and 2450 in other foreign coun- 
 tries : making an aggregate of 40,414 natives of foreign coun- 
 tries, and 37.4.36 natives of the United St.ites. By a local 
 census of 1852, St. Louis contained a population of 94,819 : 
 and if to this we add the population of the suburbs, it would 
 swell the number to upwards of 100,000 souls. Population 
 in 1860, 1P0.773. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, (looas,) a lake of Canada East, formed by 
 an expansion of the river St. Lawrence, 7 miles S.W. of Mon- 
 treal. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth, 7 miles. The 
 river Ottawa enters it by two channels on its W. side. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, an island in the S.W. part of the Strait of 
 Magellan. 
 
 SAIXT LOUTS, sgnt loo^is, (Fr. pron. sSx« loo'ee',)' an is- 
 land of West Africa, in Senegambia, belonging to the French. 
 It is situated at the mouth of the Senegal Kiver, in lat. 16° 
 2' N., Ion. 16=> 31' W., is low, and about l\ mUes in length. 
 Pop. 14.600. 
 
 SAIXT LOUIS, or ANDAR, fts^daur, a town on St. Louis 
 Island, capital of the French possessions in Senegambia, has 
 a pop. of 12,000. of whom three-fourths are negro slaves. 
 
 SAIXT Wms, si.\« loo'ee', « town of Uaytl, on the S. 
 eoast, 12 miles E.N.E. of Cayes. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, a town of Hayti, on the N. coast, E. of 
 Port^le-Paix. 
 
 SAI XT- LOUIS, a town, fonneriy the capital of the island 
 of Bourbon, 20 mUes S.S.E. of St. Paul, near the S.W. coast. 
 Pop. 9285. 
 
 SAIXT-LOUIS. a commune of the French island of Marie- 
 aalante. in the West Indies. Pop. 2723 
 
 SAINT LOUIS (loo^is) KIVER. rises in It*.sca co., Minne- 
 »t«, and falls into the W. extremity of Lake Superior. It 
 mmw part of the biundary between Minnesota and Wis- 
 consin. The navigation is much impeded by cascades and 
 rapids. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 S.UXT LOU'ISVILLE, a post^vlUage of Licking co., Ohio, 
 on the railroad between Skoduaky and Newark, 7 milea N. 
 of thi) latter. 
 16M 
 
 SAI 
 
 SATNT-LOTTP, sJyo loo. a vilLage of France, dspartmentof 
 Haute-Saone, 16 miles X.W. of Lure. Pop. in 1852. 2752. 
 
 SAINT-LOUP. a village of France, department of Khdne. 
 12 miles S.W, of Villefranche. Pop. 1980. 
 
 SAIXT-LOUP, a village of France, department of Deui- 
 Sfevres. at the confluence of the Thoue and Cebron, 10 miles 
 N.E. of Parthenay. Pop. 1644. 
 
 SAINT LOUKENgO-DO-BAIRRO. See Sao Lourenco do 
 Bairro. 
 
 SAINT-LUBIN-DESJOXCIIERETS, sJn^ loo'bSN""/ dA 
 zhSx^'sheh-ri/, a market-town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loir, on the Arve, 12 miles W. of Dreux. P. 1640. 
 
 SAINT LUC. sJno lUk, a village and parish of Canada 
 East, CO. of Chambly. 6 miles from St. John's. Pop. 800. 
 
 SAINT LUCE. i-Jso Hiss, a post-village of Canada East, 
 CO. of Kamouraska,72 miles N'.E. of Quebec. 
 
 SAINT LUCIA, sent loo-see's, often pronounced sent loo- 
 zee'. (Fr. &nnte-Lude, sAxt lii'see'.) one of the BritLs'h West 
 India Island.s, in the Windward group, 21 miles N. by E. of 
 St. Vincent and 20 miles S. of Martinique; lat. (N. point) 
 14° 5' N.. Ion. 60° 57' W.; greatest length, from N. to S.. 27 
 miles; greatest breadth, 14 miles. Area, about 270 squaY-e 
 miles. It is of volcanic origin, and. with exception of the 
 plains of Gros Islet and Vieuxfort, the one near its N., and 
 the other near its S. extremity, has a rugged, and moun- 
 tainous surface. Many of the heights assume very fiintastio 
 sh.ipes; and several of them leave no doubt as to their 
 having been, probably at no very remote period, active cra- 
 ters. In one of them, called Soufriere, the acting of volcanic 
 agency is still attested by the sulphurous vapors whii-h are 
 continually rising from it. Two of the most remarkable 
 cones are the Great and Little Pitons, rising suddenly from 
 the water on the S.W. shore. The greater part of the island 
 is covered with dense and gloomy forests: but the valleys 
 and lower heights are well cultivated, and remarkably pro- 
 ductive. The decomposed lava, of which the soil consists, 
 possesses almost inexhaustible fertility. St. Lucia has the 
 reputation of l>eing the most in.salubrious of all the West 
 India Islands. The dense forests, and the rank vegetation 
 of the swamps, are evidently the great cau.se of disease; but 
 more recently, since many of the former have been cleared, 
 and several of the latter laid dry. the salubrity has been 
 greatly improved. The Island is infested with a venomous 
 reptile called '■ the ratrtail," from the bite of which great 
 numliers annually lose their lives. The phr:ise. •• he died 
 of the serpent," Is as common as that he died of the fever. 
 The staple product of St. Lucia is the sugar-cane, from which, 
 in 1849, there were made and exported 67.405 hundred- 
 weight of sugar, 10,037 hundredireightof molasses, and 2472 
 gallons of rum. The exports of sugar in 1852 amountfvl to 
 5120 hogsheads, 260 tierces. 2606 barrels, and 63.517 hun- 
 dredweight : the whole valued at 44,462/. The only other 
 article deserving of notice, is cocoa, of which, in 1849, the 
 produce was 7928 pounds. At one tiaie coffee was cultivated 
 to such an extent, that, in 1842, the produce amounted to 
 151,837 pounds. In the following year, however, it sunk 
 to 2312 pounds ; and though, in 1844, it suddenly started 
 to 3.3,814 pounds, it fell as rapidly in subsequent years; 
 and. if now cultivated at all, is on so insignificant a scale, 
 that it no longer appears in the list of exportiil In 1837, 
 previous to the abolition of slavery, the export of sugar was 
 only 41,850 hundredweight. The value of exports in 1S62 
 was 6762J. St. Lucia is divided into 9 parishes. The govern- 
 ment is vested in a governor, executive council, consisting 
 of 4 members, and a legislative council, composed of 12. 
 The ecclesiastical estal>listiment consists of 3 clergyman of 
 the Church of England, and 9 Roman Catholic priests. The 
 moral and social condition of the inhabitiints is very low; 
 concubinage is so common that marriage forms the excep- 
 tion rather than the rule. The whole number of children 
 attending school in 1852, was only 993. The revenue of the 
 island in 1852, amounted to 13.746/.. and the expenditures 
 to 12.520/. The English first settled in St. Lucia in 16:^7, 
 but were eypelled tlie following year. The French held it 
 from 1763 to 1803, and the existing laws relative to property, 
 Ac. are French. The chief towns are Castries, the capit^ 
 Soufriere. and Vieuxfort. Pop. in 1851. 24.:n8. 
 
 SAINT LUCIE, loo-see', a county of Florida, in the S.E. 
 part of the peninsula, bordering on the Atlantic. It is 
 intersected by Kissinee River, and contains LakeOkechot)ee, 
 Thich is about 30 miles in diameter. St. Lucie Sound 
 washes the E. border. The surface is flat, and but little 
 higher than the .sea. The county contains extensive forests 
 of pine. Pop. 246. 'fhenameof this county has recently been 
 changed to Brevard, in honor of Dr. Brevard, author of the 
 Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence of May 20, 1776. 
 SAINT LUKK. a post-office of Dallas co., Missouri. 
 SAIXT-LUNAIKE, sJn» lu'niR', a market-town of France, 
 department of Ille*t-Vilaine, on the English Channel, 4 
 miles W. of St. Malo. Pop. 1000. 
 
 AINT-LYS, siN" leece, a marketrtown of France, depart- 
 ment of Haute-Garonne, 7 miles N.W. of Muret. Pop. 12"J.J. 
 SAINT LYTH'AN'S, a pari.sh of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 SAINT MAARTENSDYKE. s*nt msR'tfnSHlik', a village 
 of the Netherlands, on the island of Tholea. 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAIXT MA'BYN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SATNT-MAnAIRE, sJn" md^kiii', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Gironde, on the Garonne. 9 miles W. of La Keole. 
 Pop. 1513. 
 
 SAINT-MACAIRE, a village of France, department of 
 Maine-et/Lnire, arrondissement of Beaupreau. I'op. 2200. 
 
 SAINT MAD'OES or MAD'OIS, apa^-ish of Scotland, co. of 
 Perth. 
 
 SAINT MAO'NUS, Bat of, a spacious bay on the W. 
 coast of the mainland of Shetland, in Scotland, between the 
 headlands of Eshaness on the N., and that of Sandness on 
 the S. It is Si miles in width at its entrance, expands to 
 11 miles, and run.s 7 miles inland. The island of I'apa-Stour 
 is at its mouth. The bay contains safe and excellent anchor- 
 age for the largest fleet. 
 
 SAINT-JIAl'XENT, sIn" mJx'6.\o', (L. MairentiopoHs Picln- 
 num,) a town of France, department of Deux-S^vres, 13 
 miles E.N.E. of Niort, with a communal college. I'op. in 
 1852, 4121. 
 
 S AINT-M ALO, sfnt mi'lo or sJn" md'lo', a fortified .seaport 
 town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, capital of an 
 ■ arrondi.ssement, on the English Channel, near the mouth 
 of the Kance, 40 miles X.N.W. of Kennes. I'op. In 1852, 
 9500. It is situated on a peninsula, connected by a cause- 
 way with the mainland; is defended by strong bastioned 
 wails, and a castle. The chief buildiiip are a cathedral, a 
 bishop's palace, town-hall, communal college, exchange, 
 theatre, chamber of commerce, school of navigation, and 
 naval arsenal. It has a commodious and secure harbor, dry 
 at low water, but 40 f>et deep in spring tides, to which has 
 lately been added a large floating dock. It has extensive 
 rope-walks, manufictures of fishing nets and hooks, pully- 
 blorks and other marine fitting.s, snuff, and soap; an active 
 provision trade with the colonies, a brisk coasting trade, and 
 many vessels employed in the mackerel, ood, and whale 
 fisheries. It was the birth-place of Jacques Cartier, (the dis- 
 coverer of Canada.) and Chateaubriand. 
 
 SAINT-MAMKT. pLno mi"m;V. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Gard. 9 miles N.W. of Nlmes. Pop. 002. 
 
 SAIXT-M.VNDfi. sAn» mftxo'da'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine, near the Wood of Vincennes, 4miles E.S.E.of 
 Paris, and close to its walls. Pop. in 1852, 3587. 
 
 SAINT .MAilC, slNOmauk, a post-village and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of Verchfere.s, 31 miles from Montreal. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT-MARC. sSn" mank, a town of Ilayti, on its W. 
 coast, 44 miles N.N.W. of Port-au-Prince. It exports coffee, 
 indigo, and cotton. 
 
 SAINT-MAII(VLf.-Bian'C, AIn-o maRk l?h blSso, a town of 
 France, department of llle-et-Vilaine, 9 miles W. of Fougdres. 
 
 SAINT-MAUCKL, sixo maR^SiM', a market-town of France, 
 department of Indre. on the Creuse, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ch&- 
 teauroux. Pop. in 1852, 2680. 
 
 SAI.\T-M AKCEIj, a town of France, department of Ardftcho, 
 28 miles -S. of Privas. Pop. in 1S62, 2.':44. 
 
 SAIN"T-MAI!CEI.rDE-FELINES, sL\o man'sM' deh ffh'- 
 leen', a village of France, department of Loire, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Roanne. Pop. 1460. 
 
 SAINT-MAUGKLLIN, sJ^ maRVsJriAxo'. a town of France, 
 department of Isfeve. capital of .an arrondissement, near the 
 Is6re. 21 miles W.S.VV. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 3460. It 
 is enclosed by walls, is well built, and h.is planted walks, a 
 large central square, with a noble fountain, a public library, 
 and .active trade. 
 
 S.A.INT-MAI!CF;LIJN, a village of France, department of 
 Loire. 9 miles ^^.i;. of Montbrison. Pop. 1740. 
 
 SAlNT-MAitCOUF, sAs" mdR^koof, two islets off the N. 
 coast of France, department of Manche, in the English 
 Channel, 8 miles S.S. H. of Cape La Ilogue, and defending its 
 roadstead. They were taken by the English in 1795, but 
 restored to France at the Peace of Amiens. 
 
 SAINT-MARDS-EN-OTIIR, s^N" m.aR7, Sno ot, a town of 
 France, department of Aube, on the St. Mard.s, near the 
 forest of Othe. 16 miles S.S.W. of Troves. Pop. 1080. 
 
 SAINT MAK'GAKKT, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 SAINT MAKGAUET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAINT MARGARET, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 SAINT MAR'GARET, two parishes of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ater, CO. of Wexford. 
 
 SAINT MARGARET, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 SAINT MAR'GARET-AT-CLIFFE, a parish of England, co. 
 of Kent. 
 
 SAINT MAR'GARET ELM'IIAM, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 SAINT M.\.RGHERITA DI R.^PALLO, maR-gA-ree'ta dee 
 rS-pino, a village of the Sardinian States, division of Genoa, 
 province of Chiav.ari, near Rapallo, beautifully situated near 
 the Gulf of Genoa. It h.as a large square paved with stones 
 of various colors, so as to form a kind of mosaic, a handsome 
 collegiate church \vith an imposing facade. Doric below, and 
 composite above, an old castle of a square form, situated 
 near the sea, and still available for defence, an hospital, and 
 a communal school. Pop. 6226. 
 
 SAINT-MARIA-AUDENHOVE. See SAlNTE-MAiilE-AnDEN- 
 uovt. 
 
 SAINT MARIE, m.a-ree', a post-village of Jasper co., Illj 
 nois, on the Enibarras River, 120 miles S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 SAINT-MARIE-LIERDE, sIn" mdVee leaiRd', a village oJ 
 Belgium, province of East Flanderii, 16 miles S. of Ghent 
 Pop. 2070. 
 
 SAINT 5IARK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, com 
 prising a part of the city of Dublin. 
 
 S.\INT MARK, a po.st-office of Greene co., Missouri. 
 
 S.\INT MARK'S, post-village, port of entry, and capital of 
 Wakulla co.. Florida, on St. Mark's River, near its junction 
 with the Wakulla, 6 miles from App.alachee Bay, and 28 
 miles S. of Tallahassee, with which it is connected by rail- 
 road. Vessels drawing 7 or 8 feet water can ascend fiom th» 
 Gulf to this pliice, which is the port of Tallahassee, lu 
 June, 1854, 1363 tons of shipping were registered in the dis- 
 trict. The United States government is about to erect 
 here a new custom-house, and a marine hospit;>l. 
 
 SAINT .MARK'S LIGHT-IIUUSE, showing a fixed light 
 73 feet high, is on the E. side of the entrance to St. Mark's 
 Harbor, Appalachee Bay, Florida. Lat. 30° 4' X., Ion. S4<^ 
 20' W. 
 
 SAINT MARK'S RIVER, a sm.all stream of Florida, ri.ses 
 in Leon co., flows S.E., and enters the Appalachee River, an 
 arm of Appalachee Bay. It is navigable l)y small Ijoats. 
 
 SAINT-MARS-D'EGRENE, s^x" maR dehgr^n', a villago 
 of Fiance, department of Orne, 4 miles S.\\'. of Domfrout. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2210. 
 
 SAINT-MAUS-DE-L.\-BRIRRE, As" m.an deh 13 bre-alR', 
 a village of France, department of Sarthe, 8 miles lO.N.E. of 
 Le .Mans. Pop. 1580. 
 
 SAINT-MAHS-D'OUTILLK, sSx" m.an dooMee\vA or doo'- 
 teery.-l'. a village of France, department of Sarthe, arron- 
 dissement of Le Mans. Pop. in 1852, 2415. 
 
 SA1NT-MARS-L.\-JAILLE, sI.n" maR Id zhSI. a village of 
 France, department of I»ire-Inferieure, 16 miles S.E. of 
 Chateaubriant. Pop. in 1852, 1331. 
 
 SAINT-MARS-SOUS-BALLON. As" m.aR soo bai'lAs"'. a 
 village of France, department of Siirthe. arrondissement of 
 Le JIan.s. I'op. 1640. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, an Island of England, in the N.E. pp.rt 
 of the Scilly group, about 2 miles long. I'op. about 2S0. 
 
 SAINT iMARTIN, two parishes of England, co. of Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, a psirish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of North.amp- 
 ton. Burghley House (Marquis of Exeter) is in this parish. 
 
 S.\INT M.\RTI.\, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkennv. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, a parish of .Scotland, co. of Perth, ilere 
 are the remains of several druidical temples. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, (sJn" maR't^N"'.) Canal op, in France, 
 department of Seine, forms a branch of the Canal de I'Ourcq, 
 and crosses the N.E. portion of Paris. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, a village of Austria, in the Tyrol, circle 
 of Brur.eck. Pop. 1911. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, a village of Austria, in Styria, S.E. of 
 Marburg, on the Di-ave. Pop. 1211. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN, a market-town of Upper Austria, circle 
 of Inn, 8 miles from Ried. Pop. 730. 
 
 S.\I.NT M.-VRTIN, sKs" maR'tLv', a post-village and parish 
 of Canada East, co. of Terrebonne, 12 miles from Jlontreal. 
 Pop. 3850. 
 
 SAINT MARn-IN, (Fr. pron. sSn» m3R'tJN«'.) one of the 
 West India Islands, the N. part belonging to the Fiench, 
 and the S. to the Dutch, between Anguilla and St. Bar- 
 tholomew. Lat. of Le Marigot (French) 18° 4' N., Ion. 53° 
 10' W. Area, about 30 square miles. The surface is hilly; 
 the climate is tolerably healthy. It is well watered, and in 
 its S. part are some lagoons from which the Dutch obtain 
 large quantities of salt. Of the French portion, about one- 
 third part is under culture. The chief products are sugar 
 and rum. Many cattle are reared. The S. part is less fer- 
 tile and wooded; the principal products are sugar, rum. and 
 .salt; wliich is exported to neighboring islands and to North 
 .4merica. The French and Duti'h made a settlement on this 
 i.'iland in 1638; they were expelled by the Spaniards, who 
 themselves abandoned it in 1650. The French and Dutch 
 subsequently resumed possession, and divided it between 
 them. Pop. of the N. or French division in 1S49, 3773; of 
 the Dutch or S. division, 4000. 
 
 SAINT MARrriN. sdn maR-teen'. (Sun MarHn.) an island 
 off the W. coast of Patagonia, S. of Madre de Dios. Lat 50° 
 40' S., Ion. 75° 26' W. 
 
 SAINT-MARTIN-AUX-BUNEAtjX, sSx" m.aRHLv-:' 5 bU^ 
 no*, a town of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, closi 
 to the English Channel. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAINT MARTIN BEAUHARNOIS. six" maR'tAN=' b6^ 
 shaR'nwJ'. a post-village of Canada East, co. of Beauhar- 
 nois. on the river Chateaugay, 30 miles S.W. of Montreal. 
 Pop. 500. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIN-D'AUXIGNY, sJn" m.aRH.^x"/ dOx'een'- 
 yee', a town of France, department of Cher, on the Moulon, 
 arrondissement of Bourgc>s. Pop. in 1852, 2501. 
 
 SAINT-MARTIN-DE-B]5tIIISY. sAno maRHJx"/deh bJ'tee^ 
 zee/, a town of France, department of Oise, arrondissement 
 of Senlis. Pop. 1460. 
 
 1665 
 
SAI 
 
 SArVr MARTI .N'DE-0)rRTISOLS, sSy ihrrHSx*' deh 
 kooR'tee'sol'. a town of France, department of Marae. 7 miles 
 E.X.E. of Chalons-sur-Mavne. I'op. 1960. 
 
 SAIXT-MAI'.TIN-DE-LANDELLE, sJxo maR'tAx*' deh 
 I5s«Mfll'. a town of France, department of Manche, 15 miles 
 S.W. of >Iortain. Pop. 2000. 
 
 S AI XT-.M A IITIX-D F^LOXDRES. sSs" maR't.^.V' d?h lAxd'r, 
 a town of France, department of Uerault. arrondissement 
 of Montpellier. Pop. 1143. 
 
 SAIXT-MAKTIX-DE-QUEYRIERES, sSs" maR'tayo' dfh 
 ki-re-aiR', a town of France, department of llautes-AIpes, 
 on the Durance. 5 miles S.S.W. of BrianQon. Pop. 1350. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-R£. sJ.\o maR'ta.\<^ deh rA. a town of 
 Prance, department of Cliarente-Iuferieure, 11 miles X'.X.W. 
 of La Ro<-helle, on the E. coast of the island of Re, in the 
 Atlantic, having a good port and roadstead, a citadel, arsenal, 
 hospital, and prison. Pop. in 1S52. 2885. 
 
 SAIXT-MAKTIX-DE-SALLEX, sAx" maRHJv'' deh sjr- 
 15s«'. a town of France, department of Calvados, arrondisse- 
 ment of Oien. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAIXT-.MARTIX-DE-SE1GXAUX, sSs" maB'tJxo' deh sAn'- 
 yo', a town of France, department of Landes, 20 miles S.W. 
 of Dax. Pop. in 1852, 2592. 
 
 SAIXT-.MARTIX-DE-SOCLAX, s4.\« maR'tAx'' dfh soo'- 
 18x«', a town of France, department of Ariejje, 6 miles S.E. 
 of St. Girons. Pop. 1830. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DES-TRAUX, sSs« maR'tSx"' dk tro, a 
 town of France, department of Loire, 17 miles K.W. of 
 Koanne. Pop. 25'X). 
 
 SAIXT-MAUTIX-DE-TOtJRX'OX, six" maR'tAx-"' deh tooR'- 
 nis«', a town of France, department of Indre, on the Creuse, 
 34 miles W. of Chate,auroux. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-VALAMAS, six-o maRHSx-o' deh \i>- 
 li^mis'. a town of France, department of ArdSche, 17 miles 
 N.W. of Privas. Pop. 1973. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-VALQALGUES, s-Ax" maR^Ax""' deh 
 vil'^lrgi', a town of France, department of Gard, 3 miles 
 N. of Alais. Pop. 925. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-VALMEROUX. sJx-« m.aR'tJxo' deh 
 Tjl'meh-roo', a town of France, department of Caiital, arron- 
 dissement of Mauriac. Pop. 1540. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DU-MOXT, six" maR'tSx"":' dU mAN«, a 
 town of France, department of Ain, 8 miles S.E. of Bourg. 
 Pop. 1720. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DTRIAGE, sSx-« maRHSx-<=' dU're-izh', 
 a town of France, department of Isfire, 7 miles S.E. of Gre- 
 noble. Pop. in 1S52, 2400. 
 
 SAIXT-MARTIX-DU-VIEUX-BELLEME, (BellSme,) sJx-« 
 maR'tls"/ dii ve-ch' Wriaim', a town of France, department 
 of Orne. arrondissement of ilortagne. Pop. .3012. 
 
 SAIXT-MAKTIX-EXUUESSE, six" maR'tAx"' by brJss. a 
 town of France, department of SaOne-et-Loire, arrondisse- 
 ment of Ch&lons. Pop. in 1852, 1938. 
 
 SAIXT-MAKTIX-EX-IIAUT, sS.n" maRHAx<=' 6s' ho, a 
 town of France, department of Rh6ne, 14 miles S.W. of 
 Lyons. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 SAIXT-MAliTXN-6S-TIGXES, sJx^ maRHAxo' A veeH'. 
 ft town of France, department of Aube, arrondissement of 
 Troyes. Pop. in 1852, 3G51. 
 
 SA1XT-MARTIX-LA-SAUVET15, sSx-o maKH.Ax-o' 13 sOtHA', 
 a town of France, department of Loire, 17 miles S.W. of 
 Bosnne. P<ip. 1500. 
 
 SAIXT-MAUTIX-LE-BEAU, sJx-« maRHAx-«' leh ho. a 
 town of France, department of Indi-e-et-Loire, near the 
 Cher, arrondissement of Tours. Pop. 1345. 
 
 SAIXT MARI'IX'S, a parish in the S. part of Louisiana, 
 bordering on Chetimaches (Grand) Lake, contains 750 s.iuare 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by Grand River, and inter- 
 sected by Atchafalaya and Teche Bayous. The surface is 
 level ; the .soil along the streams is very productire. In 1850 
 this pju-ish produced 517,401 bushels' of Indian corn, being 
 the greatest quantity of that article raised in any one parish 
 of the state except -Assumption parish. The railroad which 
 has l>een commenced from Xew Orleans to Opelousas is ex- 
 pected to pass through this parish. Capital, St. Martins- 
 ville. Pop. 12 (>74, of wh' .in 5.316 were free, and 7;i58 slaves. 
 SAIXT SIARTIX'S, a post-village of Worcester co., Mary- 
 land, on the river of its own name, about 120 i;iiles S.E. of 
 Annapolis. Grain and lumber are shipped here in sloops. 
 
 SAIXT MAKTIX'S, a smaU village of Orangeburg district, 
 Bouth Carolina. 
 
 SAIXT .MAKTIX'S KEYS, isUnds of Florida, in the Gulf 
 of Mexico, in lat. 2S° 42' X., Ion. 83= 30' IV. 
 
 SAIXT MAKTIX'S RIVEK. a stream in the S.E. part of 
 Maryland, traverses part of Worcester county, and flows 
 Into Sinepuxent .'^ound. It is navi'^able for sl<xvps 12 miles. 
 SAIXT MAiyTIX.SVILLK, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of St. Martin's parish. Louisiana, on the right Kink of the 
 river Teohe. 125 miles W.S.W. of Baton Rouge. Large 
 •learners .iscend the river 200 miles. Pop. in 18.^3, 1400. 
 
 SAIXT MAKTOUY, sAx-o maR*to're«^, a town of France, 
 
 aepartinent of Haute<3.ironne, on the left bank of the 
 
 Oaronne. 11 miles E.X.E. of St. Gaudens. I'op. 1200. 
 
 SAINT M.KRY, In France and French colonies. 
 
 &UXIE-.M ir.if. 
 
 1666 
 
 See 
 
 SAI 
 
 ' SAIXT MARY, in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. See SATfA 
 Maria. 
 S.AIXT MARY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 SAIXT M.\RY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 SAIXT MARY, a thriving post-village of Mills co.. Iowa, 
 ^ mile E. of the left bank of the Missouri, on a fine level 
 prairie. 230 miles nearly W. of Iowa City. Here is a steam 
 feiry to Belleview, the best cro.«sing-place on the river abore 
 St. Joseph. A weekly paper, the St. Mary Gazette. Is pub 
 lished here. 
 
 SAIXT MARY, a cluster of small islands in the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, on the S. coast of Ijabrador. Lat. 50^ 2(/ N_ 
 Ion. 6<»o W. 
 
 SAIXT MARY, (Port. Santa Maria, sin'tl mj-ree'^,) the 
 southernmost of the Azores, in lat. 36^ 58' 30" X, Ion. 25° 
 6' 12" W., 7 miles long, and 5 miles broad. It contains the 
 small town of Villa do Porto, and several hamlets. P. 466(>. 
 SAIXT MAKY, a small island on the E. coast of Africa, 
 in Delagoa Bav. sometimes called IXYACK, in lat. 25° 58' 
 S., Ion. 33° 2- 5" E., 7 miles long and 3i miles broad. 
 
 S.4IXT MARY, a eroup of long flat isles in Hindostan, 
 between lat. 13° 28' and 13° 17' X., the outermost of the. 
 range being 5 miles from the shore. 
 
 SAIXT .MARY, a small island of Madagascar, at the head 
 of Antongil Bay, on the X.E. coast. Lat. 15° 30' S., Ion. 49° 
 45' E. 
 
 SAIXT MARY, an island on the N.E. coast of Madagascar, 
 in lat. (X. point) 1C° 40' 30" S., Ion. 50° 4' 45" E., 31 miles 
 long, and between 2 and 3 miles broad. The French have a 
 settlement here. Pop. in 1849. 5709. 
 
 SAIXT MARY CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 SAIXT MARY CHURCH, a parish of South Wales, co. of 
 Glamorgan. 
 
 SAIXT MARY-HILL, a pari.sh of South Wales, co. of 
 Glamonran. 
 
 SAIXT MARY'S, s county in the S. part of Maryland, 
 bordering on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouths of Potomac 
 and Patuxent Rivers, has an area of about 250 s<:iuare miles. 
 It occupies the S. extremity of the division of the state 
 called the Western Shore, and consists of a neck of land 
 between the Patuxent on the N.E., and the bro-ad estuary 
 of the Potomac, which sep-nrates it from Virginia on the S.W. 
 It is indented in every direction by navigable creeks or 
 inlets, so that every part is within a few miles of the tide- 
 water. The surface is nearly level; the soil mwlerately 
 fertile. Settled about the vear 16-34. Capital. I*onardtown. 
 Pop. 15.213. of whom 8664" were free, and 6549 slaves. 
 
 SAIXT .MARYS, a parish in the S. part of I>ouisiana, 
 bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, contains aliout 860 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the XJ3. by Lake Chetimaches, 
 and watered by the Atchafalaya and Teche Bayous. The 
 surface is flat; the soil is alluvial and fertile. In 1860 this 
 parish produced 24.765 hogsheads of sugar, being the great- 
 est quantity made in any one county in the United States. 
 Capital. Franklin. The New Orleans and Opelousas nro- 
 jected Railroad will pass through this parish. Pop. 16,816, 
 of whom 3759 were tree, and 13,05" slaves. 
 SAIXT MARY S, a post-office of Chester co.,Pennsvlvania. 
 SAIXT MARY S, a ■tillage of Elk co., Pennsylvania. 
 SAIXT MARY'S, a collection district of Marvlaud. 
 SAIXT MARY S, a post-village, Pleasants co..W. Virginia. 
 SAIXT MARY'S, a post-village and port of entry of Camden 
 CO., Georgia, is beautifully situated on St. Mary's River. 9 
 miles from the sea. The harbor is accessible to the largest 
 ves.sels. The .situation is healthy, and the climate is favorable 
 to persons of weak lungs. It is the chief town of the county, 
 and contains a court-hou.se. an academy. 5 churches. ,ind 10 
 stores. The shipping of the district, J une 30. 1854. amounted 
 to an aggregate of .398 tons registered, and 793 tons enrolled 
 and licensed. Of the latter, 718 were employed in the coast 
 trade. Pop. 650. 
 
 SAIXT MARY'S, a thriving post-village and township of 
 .\uglaize CO., Ohio, on the Miami Canal, and on St. Mary's 
 River. 105 miles W.X.W. of Columbus. It was formerly the 
 capital of Jlercer county. About 3 miles W. of the village 
 is an artificial, lake or reservoir, 9 miles long and 3 or 4 
 broad, formed in 1845, to supply the canal. It lies on the 
 summit-level betwe«'n the Ohio River and Lake Erie. Pop, 
 of the township, 1188. 
 
 SAINT MAKY'S, a township of Adams CO., Indiana. Pop. 
 931. 
 
 SAINT MARY^S, a post-office of Tigo co., Indiana. 
 SAINT MARYS, a post-township of Hancock co., lllinMS. 
 SAINT MARYS, a post-village of Lynn co., Iowa, about 
 20 miles N. by E. of Iowa City. 
 S.\IXT M.\RYS, a post-office of Monroe co., Wisconsin. 
 SAIXT M.ARY'S, a post-village of Canada West, co. ot 
 Perth. 25 miles from London. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 several stores and factories of various kinds. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAIXT MARY'S, the largest of the Scilly Islands, off the 
 W. coast of Cornwall. 2J miles in length. Pop. l.">15. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S, CIIAiyWELL a parish of England, OOt 
 
 SAIXT MARY'S COLLEGE. See Baitmore, Maryland- 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 SATXT MAKVS ISLE, a peninsula of Scotland, on the 
 I>>e stewartry of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S LA.ND'INU, a post-village of St. Gene- 
 vieve CO., Missouri, on the Mississippi, 70 miles below St. 
 Louis. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S LIGUTIIOUSK. on the N. point of Amelia 
 Lsland, at the entrance to St. Jlary's River, i'lorida. It 
 shows a revolving light 50 feet high. Lilt. 30° 40' N., Ion. 
 81° 30' VV. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S LOCH, (loK,) a fine lake of Scotland, co., 
 and 13 miles W'.S.W. of Selkirk. Length, 15 miles; breadth, 
 1 mile. Yarrow Water tlows from its E. end. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S K I VKR, nf Georgia and Florida, rises in 
 the S.E. part of the former state, and flows S. to the border 
 of Florida. During the whole of its sub.sequent course, it 
 forms the boundary betwtou the two states until it enters 
 the Atlantic. Its whole lengtii is about UK) miles. Its 
 mouth forms a good harbor, with 13 feet of water over the 
 bar at low tide. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S RIVER rises in the W. part of Ohio, 
 and fiowing into Indiana, unites with the St. Joseph's River 
 at Fort Wavne to form the .Maumee. 
 
 SAINT .MARY'S STliAIT separates Canada West from 
 the upper peninsula of .Michigan, and connects Lake Supe- 
 rior with Lake Huron. It commences at the S.K. eNtremity 
 of the former lake, and after a general S.K. course of (53 
 miles, enters Lake Huron by three channels. At some 
 places it spreads out into little lakes; at others, rushes 
 through narrow rapids, or winds around beautiful islands. 
 Its entire length is navigable by vessels drawing eight feet 
 of water up to within one mile of Lake Superior. At this 
 point, navigation is arrested by the falls — the ■' Snult" of the 
 river — having a descent of 'II feet within three-fourths of .a 
 mile. Congress offered the State of Michigan 750.000 acres 
 of land to construct a ship-canal around these rapids: and 
 the State of Jlichigan contracted to give these lands, free of 
 taxation, tiir five years, to Krastus Corning and others, in 
 consideration th.at they build the canal Viy the lOth of May, 
 1S55. The work is now (April) nearly or quite completed, 
 and its opening to navigation will form the last link in the 
 chain of communication between the great lakes, and add 
 1700 miles of coast to our trade. The work in size and style 
 is superior to any of its kind on this continent. The locks 
 are suppos(fd to be the largest in tlie world. The comliined 
 lengtii of the two sides and wings of the two locks toge- 
 tlier is nearly one-third of a mile, all of solid msisonry, 25 
 feet liigh, 10 feet thick at the Vjase, with buttresses at every 
 twelve feet six feet in width, all faced with cut white lime- 
 stone, equal, if not superior, to the best of this state. The 
 gates are each 40 feet wide. The caual is 100 feet wide at 
 the top of the water, .and 115 feet wide at the topof its banks. 
 The depth of water in it is Vl feet. The main body of the 
 canal is excavated through rock. 
 
 SAINT MARY WKS'TUN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Southampton. 
 
 SAINT MARY WEST'PORT, a parish of England, co. of 
 "Wilts. 
 
 S.\INT-MATiriAS, sJs" mAHe-A'. a post-village and parish 
 of Canada East, co. of Rouville, 21 miles from Montreal. 
 I'op. 2iJ0<}. 
 
 SAINT-MATIIIEU. sS\o mi'tf^uh', a market-town of 
 France, department of Ilaute-Vienne, on the Tardoire, 8 
 miles S.S.W. of Rochechouart. Pop. in 185'2, 2448. 
 
 SAINT-MATHURIN, s;\no mi'tUVi^xo', a market-town of 
 France, department of Maine-et-Lolre. on the railway from 
 Tours to Angers, on the Loire, 14 miles E.S.E. of Angers. 
 Pop. 1650. 
 
 SAINT M.-VTTHEW, a post-village of Orangeburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SAINT MATTHEW, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 SAINT MATTHEW, (math'u.) an island of the Mergui 
 Archipelago, in Farther India, off the W. coast of the isth- 
 mus of Kraw ; lat, 10° N., Ion. 9S° E. Length, IS miles. 
 The surface is mountainous and densely wooded. On its 
 N. side it has a large harbor. 
 
 SAINT MATTHKW ISLAND. See Gore Island. 
 
 SAINT MAUGIIANS, (mdw'gans,) a parish of England, 
 CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 SAINT-MAUR, sSs« m5R. a commune of France, depart- 
 ment of Indre, 2 miles W.S.W. of Chateauroux. I'op. 1251. 
 
 S.-VINT-MAUR, a commune of France, department of 
 Seine, 11 miles N.E. of Sceaux, with a village, near the 
 Canal of St. Maur, | of a mile in length, mostly under 
 ground, which shortens by 9 miles the navigation of the 
 Marne, near Paris. 
 
 SAINT-MAURICE, sis" mSVeess^, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Creuse, arroudissement of Aubusson. Pop. 
 0)00. 
 
 SAIXT-5IAURICE. a village of France, department of 
 ETiy-de-D6me, arroudissement of Riom. Pop. 1640. 
 
 SAINT-.MAURICE. a village of France, department of 
 Vosges, 15 miles S E. of Remiremont. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAINT MAURICE, (anc. Agaunitmf) a town of Switzei^ 
 land, canton of Valais, on the left bank of the Rhone, 14 
 
 I miles S.E. of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1050. It has a 
 council-house, an hospital, and an abbey, founded In tha 
 fifth centui-y, and containing many curiosities. Thebridga 
 of St. JIaurice, crossing the Rhone here, unites the cantons 
 of Valais and Vaud. 
 ! SAINT MAURICE, Savoy. See BouRO Saint Maurice. 
 i SAINT M.VU'RICE, a post-office. Winn parish, Louisiana. 
 
 SAINT MAURICE, (Fr. pron. s^N" mo^'eess',) a river of 
 Canada East, district of Three Rivers, rises in a chain of 
 lakes ; lat. 48° 40' N., l(m. 74° 30' W., flows S.E., and .joinh 
 the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 400 miles. 
 Its principal affluents are the Ribbon .and Vermilion Rivers 
 from the W., and Windigo and Croche from the E. It ex- 
 pands into numerous lakes, and is navigable for boats about 
 120 mile.s. Its banks are generally high, in some places 
 from 200 to lOOO feet, and covered with gi-oups of majestic 
 trees. It has a great variety of falls and cjiscades, and is 
 adorned with a number of beautiful islands. 
 
 SAINT MAURICE, a county of Canada East, bounded on 
 the S. by the expansion of the St. Lawrence known as l«ake 
 St. Peter. Area, 7300 square miles. Capital, Three Rivers. 
 Pop. in 1852. 27.562. 
 
 S.\I.NT-MAUK1CE, sJn" moVeece', a post-village of Canada 
 East. CO. of St. Maurice. 84 miles S.W. of Quebec. It is the 
 seat of the St. Maurice forges. 
 
 SAINT-MAURICE-DE-LIGNON, sIn" moVeess' deh leen'- 
 yAx"', a village of Frantre, department of Ilaute-Loire, 5 miles 
 N. of Yssengeaux. Pop. in 18.52. 2102. 
 
 SAINT-.MAURICE-DES-NOUES. sftN" m6\-eess' dA nooW, 
 a village of France, department of Vendee, arrondissement 
 of Fontenay-le-Comte. Pop. 1280. 
 
 SAINT-.VlAURICE-EN-GUURGOIS, utty" mOVeess' 6ji« 
 gooR^wit'. a village of France, department of Loire, 15 mile.s 
 S.S.E. of Montl)ris()n. Pop. in 1852, 2516. 
 
 SAINT-M.\UR1CE-SUR-L0IRE, s^N" mSVeess' sliR IwdR, 
 a village of France, department of Loire, arroudissement of 
 Roanne. Pop. I'dOO. 
 
 SAI.NT MAWE'S, a disfranchised borough and petty 
 seaport-town of England, co. of Cornwall, 8 miles S.S.E. of 
 Truro. Pop. 950. 
 
 . SAINT-MAXIMIN, sSno mAxVmlNo', a town of France, 
 department of Var, near the source of the Argens. 11 miles 
 W.N.W. of Rrignoles. Pop. in 1852,3644. It is enclosed 
 by walls, has a handsome cliurch. a school of industry, and 
 manufiicturesof woollen cloth. Near it are extensive marble 
 quarries. 
 
 SAINT-MAYEUX. sSno md'yih', a village of France, dtr 
 partment of COte.s-du-Nord. 12 miles N.W. of Loudeac. Pop. 
 1530. 
 
 SAINT-.MlCDARD-DE-GURgON, six" miMaR' dfh gtiR^- 
 si!>N<;', a village of France, dep.'irtment of Dordogne, 15 milea 
 W.N.W. of Hergerac. Pop. 1520. 
 
 SAlNT-Mf;DAI!D-EN-.)ALLE. sAyo m.VdaR' on" zhdn, a 
 village of France, department of Gironde, near the Jalle. S 
 miles N.W. of Hordeaux. Pop. 1(500. 
 
 SAIXT-Ml^E.X, sftx" niA*6N'' a village of France, depart- 
 ment of llle-et-Vilaine, 10 miles W.N.W. of Montfort. Pop. 
 in 1852, 3830. 
 
 SAINT -MEiyLONS, a parish of England. CO. of Monmouth. 
 
 S.\INT MEK'RYN. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-MESMEN-LE-VIEUX, s^x« m.Vmftx<i' leh ve-rh', 
 a vilhige of France, department of Vendee, 25 miles N. of 
 Fontenay. Pop. 1220. 
 
 SAINT-MESMIN, sS.v« mJn'mSNo', a village of Fnance, 
 with a stiition on the railway from Troyes to Montereau, 13 
 miles from Troyes. 
 
 SAINT MEW/AN. a parish of England, co. of Cornwali. 
 
 SAINT Ml'CHAEL, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL, a jvarish of England, co. of Hants, ad- 
 joining, and partly included in the city of Winchester. 
 
 SAINT MICH.VEL, a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL, mee'Kj-JP, a market-town of Austria, 
 in Tyrol, on the Adige, 9 miles N. of Trient, with an abbey, 
 founded in 1145. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL in France. See S.liNT-MicnEl,. 
 
 S.\INT MICHAEL, Spain, and Spanish America. See 
 Sax Miguel. 
 
 SAINT-MICHAEL, .sJn<> mi'kel: (Fr. Saint Michel, s^no 
 mee'shJl',) a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of 
 Rellechasse, 15 miles from Quebec. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL, (mi'k.A-el or mi^kyl ;) (Port. Sao MigvAl, 
 s5wN° me-gh61',) the largest of the Azores in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, lat. 37° 44' N., Ion. 25° 30' W. Length, from E. to 
 W., 36 miles. Area, 224 square miles. Pop. 80.809. The 
 surface is mostly mountainous, the Agoa de Pao, in its 
 centre, rising to 3066 feet iij height. The soil is volcanic, 
 and the island has often sufFere 1 from earthquakes. It con- 
 tains many miner.al springs and several lakes. Orange gar- 
 dens are estimated to comprise 2100, and vineysrds 2400 
 acres ; about 90,000 boxes of oranges, value $200,000, are an- 
 nually exported. Other products are maize, wheat, beans, 
 and wine. The manufactures are confined to druggets and 
 coarse pottery ; articles of clothing are mostly imported from 
 
 1C67 
 
SAI 
 
 (ireat Britain. Tlio coast is studded with town? and vil- 
 lages, the principal being Ponta Delgada, Alagoa, Villa 
 Franca, and Morro da.s Capellas. 
 
 SAINT MI'dl-AEL BKD'WAUDINE, a parish of England, 
 CO.. and adjoining the city of Worcester, within the parlia- 
 mentary bound.s of which it is included. 
 
 SAINT -MICUAEL CAK'UAISE, a parish of England, co. 
 of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL CREECH, a parish and village of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Somerset. 3 miles E..\.E. of Taunton, on the 
 Tone. The Chard and Bridgewater Canal, and also the 
 Bristol and Exeter Railway pass through the village. Pop. 
 12&tj. 
 
 SAINT III/CHAEL ELM'HAM, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 S.A.INT MICHAELIS, mee'Ei-aMis, a village of Saxony, 
 circle of Dresden, near Freibei-g. Pop. 12Si3. 
 
 SAINT .MICHAEL PEN'KEVIL, a parish of England, co. 
 of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL'S, miTvels. a postrvUlage of Taltot co., 
 Maryland, on St. Mieh-iel's River, a navigable inlet of 
 Chesjipeake Bay, 57 miles S.E. of Annapolis, and 12 miles W. 
 of Eastou. It is a place of active trade. Pop. 863. 
 
 S.\INT MI'CHAELS. (IIicuixiiROOKE.) a village of Canada 
 East. CO. of lieauharnois. 52 miles S.W. of .Montreal. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly eniraired in the lumber business. 
 
 SAINT MICHAEL'S BAY. on the E. eoast of Labrador, 
 in British North America, in lat, 62° 56' N., Ion. 55° 30' "W. 
 
 SAINT JIICHAEL'S CHURCH, a parish of England, jo. 
 of Somerset. 
 
 S.VINT MI'CH.'VEL'S MOUNT, a venerable granite rock, in 
 Mount's Bay. Cornwall, co. of England. | of a mile S. of Mara- 
 zion. Lat. 50° 7' N., Ion. 5° 28' 5" \V. It rises in a pyramidal 
 form, partially covered with buildings, surmounted by a 
 chapel founded in the fifth century, and surrounded by the 
 sea at hiih-water. It is supposed to be the Ocrinum of Ptole- 
 my, and must probably the lUuis. whence in former times tin 
 was shipped from Cornwall. On it a priory was founded by 
 Edward the Confessor, and it was a tbrtified post of import- 
 ance during the parliamentary war. Pop. of village, 170. 
 See Mont Saint Michel. 
 
 SAINT MICHAELS RIVER, of Talbot co., Maryland, 
 flows first S.S.W., and then curving, takes a northerly course, 
 tailing into Chesiipeake Bay nearly opposite the S. end of 
 Kent Isl.and. 
 
 SAINT-MICHEL. sJn-o mee'shel', a village of France, with 
 a station on the railway from Paris to Orleiins, 18 miles from 
 Paris. 
 
 SAINT-MICHEL, a village of France, department of 
 Di-Ouie. I" miles N.N.E. of Valence. Pop. 1660. 
 
 S.VINT MICHEL, a market-town of Savoy, province, and 
 7 miles E.S.E. of St. Jean de Maurieune, on the Are. Pop. 
 1860. 
 
 SAINT-:M1CIIEL. sSxo mee'shJl', a village of Belgium, in 
 West Flanders. 2 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. IIIS. 
 
 SAINT-.MICHEL-EN-L'HERM1T.V.GE. sSn" mee/sh?! 6x» 
 ijR'me-t^zh', a village of France, department of A'endee. 22 
 miles W.S.W. of Fontenay-le-Comte, with a small port. Pop. 
 
 SATNT-JITCHEL-E.\-TIllfiRACIIR. sJso mee'shSl Sx" 
 te-A^-ish'. a village of France, department of Aisne, near 
 the source of the Oise, 13 miles N.E. of Vervins. Pop. 
 S00(i. 
 
 SAINT-MICHEL-MOXT-MALCHUS. sJn" mee'shJl' mAN» 
 mirkiis'. or MONT-MEi;CURE, vabs" m^R'ktiR', a town of 
 France, department of Ventlee, 25 miles from Font«nay-le- 
 Comte, with the migestic ruins of the Abbey de la Graiue- 
 tiere. Pop. 1217. 
 
 S.\INT-.MIHIEL. !!ilN« meeVJl'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment, and on the Meuse, 9 miles N.N.W. of Commercy. 
 I'op. in 1852, 5274. It was formerly enclosed by walls, and 
 defended by a rastle on a neighboring hill. It has several 
 old churches, and manufactures of cotton cloth and yarn. 
 
 SAINT MIN'VKR. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-MONIQUE. sJn» niA^neek', a village and parish of 
 Canada East, co. of .\icolet, 19-1 miles S.W. of Quebec. 
 
 SAINT MOKITZ. (mo'rits.) or SANCT MOKITZ, sdnkt 
 mo'rits. a village of SwitzeTland, with celebrated mineral 
 baths, in the Upper Engadine, 2S miles S.E. of Chur. 
 
 SAINT MUI/LINS, a parish of Ireland, cog. of Carlow and 
 Wat^rford. It contains the villages of Tinnahinch and 
 Baliymurphv. 
 
 SAINT MUNGO, (mftng'go.) a parish of .Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries, in Annandale. Pop. 618. Here is Ca.stlemilk, 
 originally a fottress built by the Bruces, now a modernized 
 residence. 
 
 S.UNT MUN'GO, NORTH, or IN'NERHIGII, a parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Lanark, comprised within the city of Glas- 
 Kow. 
 
 8AIXT-NAZAIRE, siNO hA'zAr', a town and seaport of 
 France, department of I/oire-lnferieure, close to the mouth 
 ?Q»., ''"''■''• °° "* ^- **'*^' ^ """«* ^^'- of Mantes. Pop. in 
 
 SAINT-NAZAIRE. a village of France, department of 
 Tar, 6 miles W of Toulon. Pop. 1542. 
 1668 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAINT-NECT-VIRE, s^n" nik'tin/, a market-town of 
 France, department of Puy-de-D6me. 18 miles W. of Issoire 
 It is celebrated for its mineral springs. 
 
 SAINT NEOTS, sent neets. a market-town and pirish of 
 England, co., and 8 miles S.W. of Huntingdon, on the line 
 of the Great Northern Railway, and on the E. bank of the 
 Ouse, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. Pop. of the 
 town in 1851. 2951. 
 
 SAINT NEOTS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, nik'olas, an island of England, in 
 Plymouth Sound. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of England, in the Isle of 
 Wisrht. adjoining Newport. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 SAINT .NICHOLAS, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, in Italy. See San Nicolo. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, in Germany. See S.i.\CT NicOLAUB. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS, nik'o-l.?s. aharbor on the N.W. side 
 of the island of Zea. in the Grecian Archipelago. 
 
 SAINT NICH'OLAS. a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Dorchester, on the St. Lawrence. 10 miles from Quebec. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS. (Port. S?o X!cn!ao. sowNO ne-ko-Ii'o,) 
 one of the Cape Verd Islands, .sitn.ited l>etween S.anta Lucia 
 and Santiago. Lat. 16° 35' N., Ion. 24° 15' W. Length, 30 
 miles: bretidth, 13 miles. The surEice is mountainous. It 
 h.as a harbor on its S. side, near which is a small town, the 
 residence of a governor and a Portuguese bishop. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS CHANNEL, on the N. side of Cuba, 
 60 miles in lensrth bv 33 miles in bre.adth. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS HARBOR, in Lower Canada, on the 
 N. aide of the St. Litwrence estuary, in lat. 49° 18' N., Ion. 
 67° 40' W. 
 
 SAINT NICHOLAS POINT, the N.W. extremity of the 
 island of Java, on the Strait of Snnda, in lat. 6° 52' S.. Ion, 
 106° 2' E. 
 
 SAINT NICH'OLAS SYD/LING, a parish of England, co. 
 of Dor.set. 
 
 SAINT-NICOLAS, (Fr. pron. six" nee'koMJ') or NICO- 
 L.\AS, a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the 
 railway from Antwerp to Ghent, 20 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 20.0S8. It has a fine town-hall, a church, with good 
 paintings, an hospital, several orphan asylums, a prison, a 
 large market/place. a tribunal of commerce. Latin and other 
 public schools, manufactures of cotton, woollen, and silk 
 fabrics, hosiery, hats, soap, leather, and tobacco, dye- 
 houses, salt-refineries, breweries, and potteries, a large 
 market for flax, and a large annual fair. 
 
 SAINT-NICOLAS, a village of Belgium, province, and 
 3 miles W. of Liege, near the i"ailway from Liege to Tirle- 
 mont. Pop. 1545. 
 
 SAINT NICOLAS, a headland and village of Hayti, on 
 the N.W. side of the island. 
 
 SAINT-NICOLAS-DC-PORT. sSjfo nee'ko'ld' dii poR, a 
 town of France, department of Meurthe, 7 miles E.S.E. of 
 Nancy, on the left bank of the Meurthe. Pop. in 1S52. .3422. 
 
 SAINT-NICOLAS-DU-PORT. a village of France, dep.art- 
 ment of Manche, arrondissement of Avranches. Pop. 1028. 
 
 SAINT-NICOLAS-DU-PORT, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Tarn-et-Garonne. ari"ondisseinent of Castel-Sarrasin, 
 on the left b.ank of the Garonne. Pop. 1607. 
 
 SAINT-NICOLO-PRi^S-GUANVILLE. sS-X" nee'ko'Io' prA 
 grdx°*voeI/ a town of France, department of Manche, 16 
 miles N.W. of Avranches. Pop. 1028. 
 
 S.\INT NINI.\NS, nin'e-.ins, (commonly called SjVINT 
 RIN'GANS.) a parish of Scotland, co., and 2 miles S. of Stir- 
 ling. It contains the villages of St. Ninians and Bannock- 
 burn. In this parish three memorable battles were fotight : — 
 1st, on the 13th of September, 1297, between the troops of 
 Wallace and the English, whom they totally routed; 2d. the 
 famous battle of Bannockburn; and 3d. .Tune 11. 14S8. in 
 which James III. of Scotland was defeated and killed by his 
 insurgent nobles. 
 
 SAINT-NIZIER-D'AZERGUES, sSn" nee'ze-.V diVaiRg', a 
 market-town of France, department of Rhone, 14 miles 
 W,N.W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SAINT-NIZIEK-DE-FORNAS. si.V" nee'ze A' deh foR^nJ/, a 
 village of France, department of Loire, 16 miles S. of Mont- 
 brison. Pop. 1276. 
 
 SAINT-NIZIER-LE-BOUCHOUX, sSx-o nee'ze-.V leh boo'^ 
 shoe/, a village of France, department of Ain, 17 miles S.W. 
 of Bourg. Pop. left's. 
 
 S.\INT NORBER r, six" noR'baiR'. a small village of Ca- 
 nada East, CO. of Berthier, 54 miles N. of Montreal. 
 
 SAINT CLAVE, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 SAINT-O'MER, (Fr. pron. sAxt o'maift'; L. Fa'num Jwio- 
 mart.) a fortified town of France, department of Pa.s-de-Ca- 
 lais, on the Aa. at the mouth of the Canal of Neuf-Iossee, 
 and on the railway from Arras and Lille to Calais, 22 miles 
 S.E. of Calais. Pop. in 1852, 22.064. It Is surrounded by 
 irregular fortifications, and defended by the F^r) \, tre- 
 Dame. It has a tribunal of commerce, a communal co!Ie{*. 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 « ji*. '. iibrnry of 20,000 volumes, a cathedral of the fourteenth 
 ODiury, with the tomb of its founder. St. Omer: and manu- 
 & ti i-es of coarse woollen.s. pipes, and paper. St. Omer was 
 U. 't by Louis XIV. in 1077. Durini; the first Kevolutinn, 
 ■.t*,es called .Mop.in La >1o.\ta«ne, (moViNo' Ij m(!iN°HdH'.) 
 t w,»s the birthplace of the Abbe Segur. 
 
 SAINT O'.MER, a pleasant postrvillage and township of 
 .i-ecatiT' CO., Indiana, on the Indianapolis and Cincinnati 
 i'.a »; oad, and the Michi:j;an (plank) Uoad, .36 miles S.K of 
 Indianapolis. I'op. of the village, about 400. 
 
 SAINT O.MEK. a post-office of Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 SAINTi )NGE, sJN"H6x/,h', an old province of France, in the 
 W. It now forms the greater portion of the department of 
 Charente-Inferieure, and parts of those of Charente and 
 Deux-S^vres. Its capital was Saintes. 
 
 SAINT-OUKN-D&li.i-RuyEKIK, s.^Nt wSx"' deh Id ro'- 
 yghree'. a village of France, department of lUeet-Vilaine, 
 11 miles N.W. of Fou;:6res. I'op. 2000. 
 
 SAI.VT-OUEN-DES-TOITS, sixt wS.\o/ dA tw.i a village 
 of France, depitrtment of Mayenne, 8 miles N.W. of Laval. 
 Vop. 11 hi). 
 
 SA1N.T-0UEN-L'AU.M0XE, sSst wft.W lo'mon', a village 
 of France, department of Seine-et-lJise, 2 miles S. of I'ontoise. 
 Pop. 1500. Near it is the ruined abbey of .Ma-uhuisson. 
 
 SAINT-OUENSUK-SEINE, s^Nt wSn"' sur sin, a village 
 of France, 4 miles N. of Faris, on the right bank of the 
 Seine, with a chateau, where Louis XVIII. signed the 
 "Declaration of St. Ouen," May 2, 1S14. 
 
 SAINT OURS. s^Nt ooR, a post-village and parish of Ca- 
 nada East. CO. of Richelieu. 3*5 miles from Montreal. P. :i(K)0. 
 
 SAINT-l'AL-I)E-CUALANCON,s,\x<'pai deh ."hinteo'sA.N"', 
 a market-town of France, department of Ilaute-Loire, 10 
 mi^s N..\.W. of Yssengeaux. Pop. in 1852. 24S5. 
 
 SAINT-PALrDE-MONS, six" pdl d^h mAx». a village of 
 France, department of Haute-Ijoire, lu miles N.E. of Yssen- 
 geaux. Pop. in 1S52. 2080. 
 
 SAINT PAN'CRAS, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Middlesex, 
 comprising a large part of the N. division of the metropoU-s, 
 and extending northward so as to include a poi-tion of the 
 town of Ilighgate, with the suburbs of Camden Town, Kent- 
 ish Town. Somers Town, &c. Pop. in 1851, 106,9515. Its 
 "old" church, lately rebuilt, is supposed to occupy the site 
 of one of the most ancient Christian temples in Britain, and 
 in the cemetery surrounding it are many interesting tombs. 
 The new church in the New Road is an elegant structure, 
 with attached vestries, supported by caryatides. In this 
 parish are a University College. Ilall, and Hospital, the 
 small-pr.x and fever hospitals, a beautiful Scottish church, 
 with two towers. King's Cross, a portion of the Regent's 
 Park and Canal, and the termini of the London and North- 
 western and the Ureal Northern Railways. 
 
 SAINT-PAPOUL. sJx" pJ'pool'. a towu of France, depart- 
 ment of Auda. 4 miles E. of Castelnaudary. Pop. 12ii5. 
 
 SAI.NT-I'ARDDUX, .six" paRMoo'. a market^town of France, 
 department of Dordogue, 4 miles S.E. of Nontroa. Pop. iu 
 lSi)2. 18(10. 
 
 SAINT-PARDOUX. a market-town of France, department 
 of Deux-Sdvres, ft miles S.W. of I'arthenay. Pop. in 1S52, 1720. 
 
 S.MNT PAR'IS, a thriving post-village of Champaign co.. 
 Ohio, on the railroad from Urbanna to Piqua, 58 miles \V. of 
 Columbus, is situated iu a rich larming district, aud has an 
 active trade. Pop. 550. 
 
 SAINT PASCli.\L. sJ,NO pjs'kil', a post-village and parish 
 of Canada East, co. of Kaniouraska, Hi miles N.E. of Quebec. 
 
 SAl.NT-PATER.NE. si.N" pdHaiRn', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire, IS miles N.N.W. of Tours. Pop. 
 in 18.i2, 2022. 
 
 S.\INT PAUL, a p.arish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 S.\INT-I'AUL. six" pol, a village of France, department 
 of Basses-.\lpes, 10 miles N.N.E. of Barcelonnette. Pop. in 
 1852. 1714. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, a post-office of Clarke co., Alabama. 
 
 SAINT P.\UL. a postoffice of Madison CO.. AVkansas. 
 
 S.\1.NT PAUL, a post-office of Greene co., Missouri. 
 
 S.iINT P-\UL. a flourishing city, port of entry, capital of 
 Minnesota, and seat of justice of Kamsey county, on the 
 left bank of the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, 
 and 9 miles by land below the F'alls of St. Anthony. Lat. 
 UP b-I' 46" N., Ion. 93° 5' W. It is situated on a bluff 
 70 or 80 feet high, and presents a striking view from the 
 river. The hills or blulls which partly encircle the town 
 abound in excellent springs. It is at the head of steamboat 
 navigation, and is a place of active business. It w.as first 
 settled about 1840, and in 1849 it contained 1 church, 2 
 printing offices, 3 hotels, 10 stores, 4 warehou.ses. 2 drug 
 stores, and 1 school-house. A fine state-hou.se, 140 feet long 
 and 63 feet wide, surmounted by a handsome dome, has re- 
 cently been erected. Saint Paul is the most populous town 
 in the state. It contains 3 national banks. Two or 3 daily 
 newspapers are published here; also several weekly papers 
 in German. There are a number of steam gaw-mills and 
 flouring mills in the vicinity. Saint Paul is the south-east- 
 ern terminus of the St. Paul aud Pacific Railroad. The 
 Minnesota Valley Railroad extends from this point south- 
 westward to Skakopee, &c. Another railroad will prob- 
 
 ablv be opened to Winona. Population in 1850,1204; iu 
 1860, 10,401. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, (Fr. pron. six" p61,) a post-village and 
 parish of Canada East, co. of Berthier, 42 miles from Mon- 
 treal. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, a sm.all island of North America, in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 8 miles N.E. of the N.extremitv of Cape 
 Breton. It has two fixed lights. Lat. (X. point) 47° 14' N , 
 Ion. 00° 9' VV. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, a city of Brazil. See Sao Pacw. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, an Lslet in the S. part of the Indian Ocean, 
 in lat. 38° 43' S., Ion. 77° 38' E. 
 
 S.\INT P.\UL. an island of the Low ArchlpeLtgo, In lat. 
 19° 36' S., Ion. 14° 6' W. 
 
 S.\INT PAUL, an i.sUnd in Behrlng Sea. in lat. 57° N. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, a river of Liberia, in West Africa, after a 
 S.W. course of probably 300 miles, enters the Atlantic N. of 
 Monrovia. 
 
 SAINT-PAUL, (Fr. pron. six" pal.) a town of the island 
 of Bourbon, capital of an arrondissement, 19 miles S.W. of 
 St. Denis. Pop. 10.262. of whom 11.540 are slaves. This was 
 the first French est.abli.xhment on the island. 
 
 SAINT PAUL ALEXANDRIA, (dl-i.x-iln'dre-a.) a town 
 of Russia, capital of a circle, 145 miles N.N.E. of Kherson. 
 Pop. 2100. 
 
 SAINT-PAUI^DE-FENOUILLET, six" p31 deh feh-noo'yA', 
 a villaire of Franco, department of Pyr6n4es-Oinentales, on 
 the Aglv, 14 miles N.N.K. of Prades. Pop. in 1852. 2054. 
 
 SAINT-PAUL-D1V.TARRAT, six" pol deh zhau'Ra/. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Ariege, 4 miles S.E. of Foix. 
 Pop. 1353. 
 
 SAINT PAUL DE LOAN'DA, (Part. Sao Paulo de Lnnnda, 
 sowx" powlo di lo-dn'dd.) a considerable seaport-town or 
 city, and capital of the I'ortuguese di>minions in West Africa, 
 iu Lower Guinea. Lat. S° 48' 1" S., Ion. 13° 13' E. It is de- 
 fended seaward by three forts, and has a large and secure 
 harlwr, sheltered by the island of Loanda. Its better por- 
 tion is built of brick, and r<X)fed with red or blue tiles; only 
 the governor's palace and government buildings have glass 
 windows. It was in the .seventeenth century celebrated for 
 its fine churches and monasteries, now in ruins. Along the 
 shore are built the hovels of the black population. Its 
 market is well supplied with provisions, and it has an export 
 trade in slaves and ivory. 
 
 SAINT-PAUL-UU-BOIS. six" pM dil bwl. a villaffe of 
 France, department of Maine-et-1-oire, 23 miles W.S.W. of 
 Saumur. Pop. 995. 
 
 SAI NT-PA U.L-EN-.T ARRET, si.v" pOl 8n" zhaR'R.V, a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Loire, 10 miles N.E. of St. 
 Etienne. Pop. in 1852. 4034. 
 
 SAINT-PAULIEN, -six" p6'le-5xo', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-Loire, 6 miles N.N.W. of Le Puv. P. 1 449. 
 
 SAINT-PAU'LIN, (Fr. pron. si.x" po'lix"',) a village and 
 parish of Canada East, co. of St. .M.aurice, 81 miles N.N.E. of 
 .Montreal. The village is the seat of large flouring and saw 
 mills: and at llunterstown, iu the vicinity, from 200.000 to 
 300.000 planks are annually manufactured and exported 
 to the United States. 
 
 SAINT-PAUI>-LA-ROCnE, six" pol Id rosh, a village of 
 France, department of Dordogue, 17 miles E.S.E. of Nontron 
 Pop. 1690. 
 
 SAINT-PAUI^LES-DAX. six" pOl li ddx.a vill.age of France, 
 department of Landes, near Dax. Pop. in 1852. 3022. 
 
 SAINT PAUL'S, a post-office, Robeson co., North Carolina 
 
 SAINT PAUL'S BAY. in Malta, on the N.E. coast. ^ miles 
 N.W. of La Valletta. Here St. Paul is supposed to have 
 been shipwrecked. 
 
 SAINT PAUL'S BAY, a post-village and parish of Canada 
 East, CO. of Saguenav, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 
 60 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 26O'0. 
 
 SAINT-PAUL-TROIS-CIIaTEAUX, six" pol tRwd shaH5', 
 a village of France, department of Drome, 14 miles S. of 
 Montelimart. Pop. in 1852. 2192. 
 
 SAINT Pl5, six" pi, a town of France, department of 
 Ilautes-Pyrenfies, on the Gave-de-Pau, 15 miles S.W. of 
 Tarbes. Pop. in 1852, 2907. 
 
 SAINT-P15, a village of France, department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees. 10 miles S.W. of Bayonne. Pop. iu 1852. 27'21. 
 
 SAINT-PER.\Y, six" peh-ri', a market-town of France, 
 department of Ardfeche, 9 miles S. of Tournon. Pop. 25<54. 
 
 PAINT PE'TER. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SAINT PETER, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 SAINT PETKR. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAINT PETER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney, com- 
 prising a part of Ronaldshay Island, besides Burray aud 
 Uund Islands. 
 
 SAINT PETER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney, rom- 
 prising a nart of Stronsay Island. 
 
 SAINT PETER, in France and the French <iolonies See 
 
 SAIXT-PreRRE. 
 
 S.4INT PETER, in Italv. See Sax Pietro. 
 SAINT PETER, in Spain and the Spanish colonies. See 
 Sax Peiiro. 
 
 SAINT PETER, in Styria. See Saxct Peter. 
 S-AINT PETER, in Portugal and Brazil. See Sao Pedro. 
 
 1669 
 
SAI 
 
 SA fXT TETER, a market-town of Hungary, eo. of Borsod, 
 on tlHi Sajo. S miles X.N.W. of Miskolcz. Pop. 3325. _ 
 
 S.AIXT PETEH. a lake of Canada, being an expansion of 
 the river S*. Lawrence, between lat. 46° and 46° 8' .\., and 
 about Ion. ■'3° W. Length, 35 miles: greatest breadth, 10 
 mile-s. It ( 3oeive8 many rivers, the largest of which is the 
 St. Francis -^rom the S.E. In its S. part are many islands. 
 
 S.iXNT PJKTER or ST. PETER S. the capital of Nicollet 
 CO.. Minnesota, on the left or W. bank of the Slinnesota 
 Kiver about 75 miles S.W. of St. Panl. The Winona and St. 
 Peter R. R. extends from St. Peter to the Mississippi River. 
 
 SAIXT PETER, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 35 
 miles AV. of Point Api, Borneo. 
 
 SAIXT-PE'TER-LE-PORT,r;Er. Saint-Pierre- PorioT Saint- 
 Pierre-U-Purt, six" pe-iiiR' leh poK,) the capital town of the 
 land of Guernsey, on its E. side, in lat. 4!(° 27' 2" N., Ion. 2° 
 32' W. Pop. of the town in 1851, 16.778. Its lower part has 
 narrow streets, and very lofty houses ; it3 upper quarter, 
 Hauteville, is well built and handsome. The principal 
 builiiings are the govcrmnent-house, the court-house, the 
 town hospital, iissembly rooms, a theatre, and a very excel- 
 lent fish-market. Theliarbor is enclosed by piers, and de- 
 fended by Fort George and Castle Cornet. Fort George has 
 barracks for upwards of 5000 men ; and the town is the 
 resilience of miliUiry and civil governors. 
 
 SAINT PETEI^A^•i>-PAUL, the capital Tillage of Kamt- 
 ch:itka. See I'etropaulovski. 
 
 SAINT PErrERSBURG, (Kuss. Pderbiirg. pA'ter-booRG\) a 
 government of European Russia, mostlv between lat. 68° 
 and 60° 30' N.. and Ion. 27° 30' and 33° SeV E.. having N. the 
 Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, and W. Lake Peipus and 
 the river Narova. .\rea, including lakes. 20.887 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1853,iucludingthecapital,l 099.650. Surface 
 mostly level, soil thin, climate damp and cold, and two- 
 thirds of the government is covered with woods and 
 marshes. The principal rivers are the Pliusa and Looga, 
 flowing to the Gulf of Firland. the Volkhov. Sias, Sveer, en- 
 tering the Lake Ladoga, and the Neva, uniting the lake and 
 gulf, and on which is the capital city. Rye, barley, oats, 
 and some wheat, hemp, and flax, are cultivated, but the 
 climate is unfiivorable for corn, and the quantity produced 
 Is far below the consumption. Around the capital are many 
 market-gardens, kept by German colonists. Timber, deals, 
 and masts fjrm the chief articles of export. Some building 
 stone and lime are obtained, and in the capital all kinds of 
 manufactures are carried on. Population mostly Russians, 
 out comprises many tbroigners. most of whom are Lutherans. 
 The government is divided into 9 circles or districts. After 
 St. Petersburg, the chief towns are Schliisselberg, Looga, 
 Yamboorg, Cronstadt. and Tsarskoe-Selo. 
 
 SAINT PETERSBUItG, sent pee'terz-btirg, (Rmss. Petfr- 
 burg, p4't Jr-boOKg' ; Ger. Ssincl Petershurff. sdnkt p.i'tfrs- 
 hooRg'; fr. Saint Pdnsbonrg, sJls" p.VtJR^booR'; Ij.Petri- 
 bur'flum.) the capital and most populous city of the Russian 
 ampire, at the mouth of the Neva in the Gulf of Finland. 
 16 miles E. of Cronstadt ; 400 miles N.W. of Moscow, with 
 which it communicates by a railwav, opened in November, 
 1851; 1100 miles N.N.E. of Vienna; 1550 miles N.E. of 
 Pan.s, and 500 miles E. by N. of Stockholm. Lat. of observa- 
 tory. 59° 56' 30" N„ Ion. 30° 19' E. A railway 17 miles in 
 length, leading to Tsarskoe-Selo and Paulovski, two im- 
 perial residences, was opened In 1836, and another is 
 in course of construction fmm St Petersburg to Warsaw, 
 a distance of 6G8 miles, with a branch extending to Riga. 
 Mean temperature of the year 39°0 ; winter, 1^-6; sum- 
 mer. 61°-7 Fahrenheit. The sit« is one of the most extra- 
 ordinary that has ever been voluntarily selected for the foun- 
 dation cf a Ciipital. and yet owing mainly to the genius and 
 perseverance which have been di.splayed in overcoming 
 natural disadvantages, St. Petersburg has. within a com- 
 paratively .short period, acquired a magnitude and splendor 
 which justly entitle it to rank among the first of European 
 cities. The Neva, on approaching the Gulf of Finland, turns 
 first N. and then W., after which it divides into three main 
 branches ; the first called the Great Nevka. proceeds N. : the 
 next, or central branch. Hows W.N.W., under the name of 
 the Little Neva ; and the third, forming properly a continu.a- 
 tiou of the main stream, and therefore called the Great Neva, 
 flows S.W., and encloses a large tract or peninsula sur- 
 lounded by water on thi-ee sides, and contiguous with the 
 mainland only on the S. The branches form a number of 
 Inlands, the two largest of which, separated from the penin- 
 sula by the main stream and Great Nevka. are the Aptekar- 
 ckoi or .\pothecaries' Island on the N., and the Vasilienstrov 
 cr Ptsilius Islsind on the W. In the N.W., subordinate 
 »rt ., of the river form a number of smaller islands, of which 
 le more important are the Petroskoi-ostrov, Kre?tov.skoi, 
 
 amenoi-ostrov, and Elaghinskoi. These islands, particu- 
 -. !y the two largest, with a small portion of the right bank, 
 aa t'le whole of the peninsula on the left bank, form a 
 r-^ . .■ of flats which, Uken together, have nearlv an oval 
 BMpe, and are so low as to be constantly exposed to inucda- 
 *.^r, constitute the site of St. Petersburg. The Neva, though 
 r. • r u, lively, and pellucid 8tre:»m. Is generally shallow, and 
 at Its mouth is encumbered by a bar with not more than 9 
 
 lerro 
 
 SAI 
 
 feet of water, so that the large vessels which are built at the 
 city docks can only be transirorted as hulls, to be fitted out 
 at the great nav.al station of Cronstadt. The city is defended 
 by a deep ditch or canal, stretching across the S. part of the 
 peninsula, and a citadel, situated on a low island, near its 
 centre. 
 
 The larger and finer portion of St. Petersburg being built 
 on the peninsula, takes the name of the Bolshaia Storona, 
 or Great Side; all the rest to the N.. on the islands and 
 right bank, is designated the Petersburg side. The com- 
 munication between the former and the latter is maintained 
 only by one stone and three Ixiat bridges, but the deficiency 
 is supplied by numerous ferry-V)ats of uncouth shajw and 
 fantastic coloring, which are con.stantly plying to and fro. 
 Owing to the lowness of the site, though the loftier pin- 
 nacles and domes are seen at a considerable distance, the 
 city, whether approached by land or water, cannot be said 
 to become distinctly visible before it is actually entered, and 
 hence the general impression produced is greatly heigh t<?ned 
 by a feeling of surprise. The stranger suddenly finds him- 
 self between noble granite quays, bordtred by edifices of 
 almost unrivalled splendor, or in spacious streets uf appa- 
 rently Interminable length, straight as an arrow, unbroken 
 by the slightest unevenness, and lined with lofty buildings 
 of uniform structure, often lavishly adorned, and, in color 
 at least, resembling marble. The impression, however, ia 
 somewhat weakened by a closer inspection, the greater part 
 of the houses proving to be only of wood or brick, garnished 
 with plaster. 
 
 As it is impos.sible to obtain a complete view of the city 
 from without, recoui-se is often had to the numerous towers, 
 on which watchmen stand sentinel day and night to give 
 the alarm of fire ; by far the best view may lie obtiiined fmrn 
 the tower of the Admiralty, situated near the centre of the 
 city, on the N.W. part of the peninsula and left bank of the 
 Great Neva, and provided with galleries, from which all parts 
 of the city may be seen in succession to the greatest advan- 
 tige. Looking S. over the peninsula from this commanding 
 station, three canals, the Moika, the Catharina. and the Fon- 
 tanka. may be traced, stretching circuitou.sly from E. to W., 
 dividing the whole space into three quarters, called re.«pec- 
 tively. the First. Second, and Third Admiralty Sections. Ra- 
 diating immediately from the b.ose of the tower, intersecting 
 these canals, and spanning them by handsome granite 
 bridges, are the three principal streets, the Nevskoi Pros- 
 pekt or Neva Perspective, on the right, the Gorokhovaia 
 Oolitsa or Pea street, in the centre, and Vosuosenskoi Pros- 
 pekt or Resurrection Perspective, on the right. The eye 
 wanders along these avenues throughout their whole ex- 
 tent without obstruction. They are all of great length, 
 width, and beauty ; but the finest every way. and the great- 
 est thoroughfare of the city, is the Nevskoi Prospekt. which 
 is 2 miles long. 150 feet wide, having a double carriage-way, 
 with foot-paths paved with gi-anit«j, or avenues shaded with 
 lime-trees. 
 
 Beyond the Fontanka Canal, both on the S. and E., and 
 bounded in the former direction by the city fosse, and on 
 the latter by the main stream of the Neva, is a large space, 
 almost entirely covered with buildings, and forming, in ad- 
 dition to the three Admiralty sections already mentioned, 
 the Narva. Karetznoi, Kojestvenskoi. .ind Foundry quarters 
 Consideraljly to the E.. on the right bank of the river, maj 
 be seen the large villages of Great and Little Okhta. Turn 
 ing now to the opposite side of the town, and Kx)king N.j 
 the busy scene presented by the river immediately below 
 first attracts the eye, which then wanders along the splendid 
 qu."»y that lines the S. side of the Vasilieo.strov, and is bor- 
 dered by a succession of noble edifices. The buildings of 
 this island are chiefly confined to its S. and E. portions; the 
 W. and N.W., forming the far larger part of the whole, is 
 covered with trees or under gai-den cultivation. On the 
 N.E. the most conspicuous object is the citadel, situated 
 chiefly on the small island of Petersburg, but also possessing 
 an extensive outwork on the island of Aptekarskoi. from 
 which it is only separated by a narrow channel. N. of this 
 outwork commences the Petersburg quarter of the city. It 
 is much less compactly built than the Admiralty sections, 
 the buildings gradually becoming more isolated, and giving 
 place to extensive parks and gardens. The same remark is 
 still more applicable to the islands on the N.W.. which are 
 chiefly occupied by places of amusement, public gardens, 
 villas, and country seats. On the X.E., beyond thf Nevka, 
 and on the right "bank of the river, is the Vil)org quarter, 
 which has already acquired considerable extent, and is 
 rapidly advancing in importance. Some years ago the city 
 was said to have 156 bridges, of which 12 were of cast-iren, 
 31 of granite, and several suspension bridges. The o a^rc ss 
 the Neva, and its principal branches, are erected on boats, 
 and annually removed l)efore the river is frozen, wliich is 
 the case during five months of the year. 
 
 Cliiirchei: — Few dties surpass St. Petersburg in the 
 splendor of its public bui!d)ug.s. Of the ecclesiastical edi- 
 fices, the first in rank is the metropolitan church, oi cathe- 
 dral of our Lady of Kazan, in the Nevskoi Prospekt. It is 
 in the form of a Greek crose^ -• Jd has ii- front a large ecu- 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 aive portico of Corinthian columns, from the centre of which 
 rises a tower, surmounted by a tiorjteous dome. In the in- 
 terior, 60 gijrantic monolitlis support the roof, and in niches 
 Blonfr the sides are colossal sUitues of the Giand Duke 
 Vladimeer, Alexander Nevesky, St. John, and St. Andrew. 
 The Isaac Church, finely situated a little S.W. of the Admi- 
 ralty, in one of the largest open spaces of the capital, is much 
 admired for its simple but lofty style of architecture, its 
 grand proportions, and noble porticoes. The mere founda- 
 tion of it. formed of piles sunk in swampy ground, is said 
 to have ci^st $1,000,000. and the entire structure, $20,000,000. 
 It is in the form of a Greek cross, and has four jj;rand en- 
 trances, each approaclied by three broad flifrhts of steps, and 
 each whole tli)j;ht composed of an entire piece of granite. 
 Eacli entrance has a superb peristyle, with round monoliths 
 of polished granite, 60 feet in heiglit and 7 feet in diameter, 
 supportiiw an enormous frieze, above which, to twice the 
 heijiht of the peristyles, rises the chief and central cupola, 
 glistening with gold, gilt on copper, and supported by 30 
 granite colunitis. The Smolnoi Church, .situated in the N.K. 
 of the peninsula, and originally belonging to a convent, 
 which still forms a vast pile, is built of white marble, and 
 surmounted by five blue domes spangled with golden stars. 
 The Preobrazliensky Church, orSpass Preobrajenskoi Sabor, 
 one of the largest in the city, belongs to one of the oldest 
 regiments of the guards, and is overloaded both without 
 and within with military trophies. The railing around the 
 churchyard is formed of 300 French and Turkish cannon, 
 mounted in threes on granite pedestals, while every niche 
 and recess of the interior is filk-d with captured colors and 
 halberts. p.>»shas' horse-tails, ice. The chhrch of St. I'eter 
 and St. I'aul. situated on the N. side of the citadel, is ren- 
 dered conspicuous by its lofty and elegant gilded spire, but 
 the building itself has a dingy and wretched appearance, 
 and an interior, which from the number of the keys of for- 
 tresses, captured eagles, pashas' horse-tails, and batons of 
 office, looks more like an arsenal than a churcli. The chief 
 object of interest is the imperial vault, where the remains 
 of I'eter the Great and of all his success<jrs repose. 
 
 There are numerous other Russian churches deserving 
 of notice. The church of the English la<-tory, situated W. 
 of the Admiralty, is a splendid building, richly tilted up 
 and st-ated lor 1200 persons. The Dutch church is remark- 
 able for its ample revenues, derived from grants of land 
 made to it by I'eter the Great, and afterwards built upon. 
 Of the several churches possijssed by Komau Catholics, the 
 principal one. situated in the Xevskoi, is an elegant stru<^ 
 ture, with a Corinthian colonnade and a finely-proportioned 
 dome. In connection with the churches may be mentioned 
 the monastt^y of St. Alexander Nevskoi. the only one in St. 
 Petersburg; it is among the most celebrated in Kussia. 
 ranking next after that of the Trinity in Moscow, and of 
 the Cave in Kiev. It was founded by I'eter the Great, and 
 contains within its walls churches, towei-s, monks' cells, 
 and gardens. The great attraction here to the Russians is 
 the monument containing the remains of the saint, a ca- 
 nonized grand duke. It is in the form of a pyramid 15 feet 
 high, of solid silver, and with the ornaments around it. also 
 of silver, is said to weigh 5oOO pounds. The principal church 
 or cathedral, built by the Empress Catherine, is of large 
 dimensions, and surmounted by several domes. The in- 
 terior is richly decorated with Italian marble, and the orna- 
 ments and treasuresareof vast value. The long red cloisters 
 which cluster round the church have a dreary look, and 
 are occupied by between 50 and 60 monks, who superin- 
 tend a classical school, at which the average attendance is 
 about 1000. 
 
 Palaces. — These are alike numerous and remarkable for 
 their colossal dimensions. The Winter Palace, while the 
 emperor resides in it. is said to be inhabited by 6000 per- 
 sons. It is situated immediattily E. of the Admiralty, with 
 a front to the Neva of more than 700 feet, and is in the form 
 of a vast square, the angles of which neaily correspond to 
 the four cardinal points. It is tlie largest palace in the 
 world, being one-third larger than that of the Emperor of 
 Austria, and is not surpassed in point of splendor, it occu- 
 pies the site of the one destroyed by fire in 1837; not the 
 least remarkable fact connected with it is, that its present 
 form was the work of two short years. The interior is f;or- 
 geous in the extreme, consisting of suites of splendid halls, 
 filled with marbles, malachites, precious stones. va.<es. and 
 pictures. To the E. of the Winter Palace, and connected 
 with it by several covered galleries, is the Hermitage, built 
 by the Empress Catherine, (in a spirit similar to that which 
 prompted t'redei-ick the Great to erect his Sans Souci.) as a 
 place where she might lay ar^ide the cares and forms of state. 
 Its principal facade foces the Neva, but possesses little archi- 
 tectural merit. It is loaded, however, witli works of art 
 &nd virtu, and has a very valuable picture-gallery. The 
 Mnrhle Palace, not very appropriately so called, since far 
 less marble than granite and iron has been used in its con- 
 struction, is situated considerably E. of the llermifcige, near 
 the Troitskoi bridge; it h.t5 a dark, gloomy look, and its 
 Tails are of such massive Mocks as to suggest the idea of a 
 fortress rather than a palace. About 1 mile fiirther E., on 
 
 the banks of the Neva, stands the Taurida Palace, a long, lo'v 
 building, remarkable only for a ball-room of the extraordi- 
 nai-y dimensions of 320 feet by 70, ana requiring 20.of,(; wnx- 
 candles to light up it completely. The AnnitchkofT I'aiaca, 
 on tile Great Prospekt, near the Fontanka Canal, closes the 
 brilliant range of buildings of which that street is com- 
 posed. Though h.andsomely built, and now the favorite 
 residence of the imperial family, and the place where the 
 emperor receives ambassadors and holds the greater num- 
 ber of his councils, it does not possess much interest. The 
 New Michaeloll Palace, so called to distinguish it from the 
 MIchaeloff I'alace, or rather castle, built by the Emperor 
 Paul, is the residence of the emperor's brother, and is also 
 occupied by the school of engineers. It is thought to be 
 the most elegant building in St. Petersburg; and attached 
 to it are fine ranges of offices, in one of which is kept a 
 celebrated riding-school, the youth of which often perform 
 fetes and tournaments in the presence of tlie Court. 
 
 GitrernniKut BuMhigt. — The Admiralty, to which, as fur- 
 nishing the best station for obtaining a full view of the city, 
 reference has already been made, is an immense brii'k build- 
 ing, surmounted by a slender tower with a gilt cupola, situ- 
 ated on the N. side of the square of fame name. The main 
 part of the structure, from tlie centre of which rises the 
 tower, has its N. side parallel to the river, but its principal 
 fa9.ade on the S. faces the scjuare. The length of tliis fa9ade 
 is nearly i a mile ; and at right angles to it are two sides, 
 stretching from its extremities N. towards the river; the i;. 
 side fronting the Winter Palace, and the W. the Isaac Square 
 and Senate-liouse. each 650 feet in length. A large j)ortion 
 of the Admiralty is occupied as school-rooms for naval ca- 
 dets. Immediately below it, on the X., lining the Kussian 
 quay, are the extensive dockyards; and in the immediate 
 vicinity a number of important pul)lic buildings ; among 
 others, the Holy Synod, where all the higher concerns of the 
 church are regulated: the Hotel del'Etat .Major, or head de- 
 partment of the army, adorned with a triumphal chariot ; 
 and the War-otfice, conspicuous by its profusion of giuantic 
 columns. On the opposite side of the Great Neva, stands 
 the Exchange; and W., fronting it, from the Little Neva, the 
 Custom-house ; both large and imposing structures. Imme- 
 diately adj<iining are two high and slender towers, adorned 
 like the Columnaj KostrataD of ancient Home, and from 
 whidi the approach of shipping may be ob.served. The cita- 
 del, witli its bastions and bristling embrasures, mounted 
 with 100 cannon, and defended by a garrison of 3000 men, 
 forms a very conspicuous object. Besides the church of St. 
 Peter and St. Paul, already described, it contains within its 
 enclosure the Mint; and in its vicinity presents an object 
 of great interest in the wooden cottage of I'eter the Great, 
 consisting of three small apartments, one of them his chapel, 
 containing, among other relics of that extraordinary man, 
 the little boat which he constructed, and which may be con- 
 sidered as the germ of the powerful navy which he after- 
 warus formed. Among the many other government edifices, 
 to which a general reference mu.st suffice, the arsenals and 
 ranges of barracks are particularly deserving of notice. 
 
 Public Mmiumentx. — Two tjf these are particularly deserv- 
 ing of notice. The one is the equestrian statue of Pcler the 
 Great, by Ealconet; and the other, the column by Montfei^ 
 rand, erected in honor of the Emperor Alexander. The 
 statue, situated near the S. extremity of the Isaac Bridge, 
 Cicing the Nev.a. represents the emperor with head unco- 
 vered, and encircled Viy laurel, in the act of mounting a pre- 
 cipice, one hand holding the reins, while the other is calmly 
 outstretched as in the act of benediction. The comjKisure 
 of the Czar contrasts finely witli the fiery impetuosity of the 
 horse, which stands on its hind legs springing forward, 
 while a .serpent lies trodden beneath its feet. The pedestal, 
 a granite block, originally 45 feet long, 30 feet high, and 25 
 feet wide, was unfortunately broken in the cutting, and so 
 much diminished, that it now forms two jointed Mocks, 35 
 feet long. 20 feet broad, and only 14 feet high. The height 
 of the emperor's figure is 11 feet, and that of the horse 17 
 feet. The brevity and simplicity of the inscription in Kus- 
 sian and Ijitin harmonizes with the .spirit of the statue — " Pe- 
 tramu Pervomu, Catheriiia Vtovaya" — Petro Prime, Cathe- 
 rina Secund.a. mdccixxxii. The Alexander column stands 
 in the open space between the Etat JIajor and the Winter 
 Palace, and is the greatest monolith of modern times. It 
 consists of a single shaft of red granite, upwards of 80 feet 
 high, and computed to weigh nearly 400 tons, placed on a 
 pedestal composed of an enormous block of the same red 
 granite, about 25 feet each way, and surmounted by a capi- 
 tal formed of Turkish cannon, above which the statue of an 
 angel 14 feet high, and of a cross 7 feet high, are placed. The 
 height of the whole is 150 feet. A fine statue of Snwar- 
 row adorns the Field of Mars, which will admit of from 
 40,0"0 to 50.000 men being reviewed in it. 
 
 Etluciitiiniid iMtitiitifms. — At the head of these stands the 
 University, founded in 1819. and having in 1846, 69 profe* 
 sors and 700 students. The Chirurgical Medical Academy, 
 founded by Peter the Great, receives about 500 pupils, and 
 enjoys a high reputation. Military education, in all its 
 branches, is regarded as one of the first interests of the 
 
 1671 
 
SAI 
 
 Bate, '«nd I.irms a conspicuous feature in the academical 
 system of Russia. It is provided for liberally in the nume- 
 rous institutions in the capital. The Mining School, with 
 an admirable mineralojriral collection, is one of the most re- 
 marliable establishments in the city ; it occupies a grand 
 and imposing structure, so situated as to form a very con- 
 spicuous object from the sea, and maintains abore 300 
 pupils, who, after remaining eight years, and receiving a 
 liberal education, are sent to superintend the goTernment 
 mines, or placed in the mint. The Academy of Fine Arts 
 has a facade, fronting the Neva. 400 feet long and 70 feet 
 high, adorned with columns and pilasters, and .surmounted 
 by a central cupola, on which sits a colossal statue of 51 i- 
 nerva. This academy, as already mentioned, is partly ap- 
 propriated as a picture-gallery, but also occupied as a school 
 of art, in which 300 pupils are maintained and educated. 
 In addition to these, it furnishes residences to the pro- 
 fessors, academicians, and other artists, so that the whole 
 number of persons accommodated under its roof is estimated 
 at not less than lOSO. The other principal schools are the 
 TechnoIogic.ll In.stitute, in which 215 pupils, sons of re- 
 spectable tradesmen, receive a general education, and special 
 instructioB in thevarious mechanical arts, cotton-spinning, 
 weaving, carpentry. Ac; the Central Pedagogical Institute 
 or normal school: two gymnasia; the Female Institute of 
 Smolnoi, where 500 young ladies are carefully and gratu- 
 itously educated; the Ecclesiastical Academy ; the principal 
 Protestant school, the agricultural, commercial, veterinary, 
 jind various other schools. 
 
 Libmi-us. — The Imperial Library occupies a large build- 
 ing near the Kazan Church, in one of the finest squares of 
 the city, facing the Nevskoi Prospekt. It contains 420,000 
 printed volumes, and about 15.000 manuscripts. It has de- 
 rived the greater part of its treasures from the spoils of Po- 
 land. The Oriental manuscripts are particularly valuable 
 and extensive. The other libraries entitled to particular 
 notice are those of the Academy of Sciences. 100.000 volumes ; 
 of the Hermitage, 120,000 volume.s, of which 10,000 are in 
 Russian ; and of the Alexander Nevskoi Monastery, which, 
 though very limited in extent, (only 10.000 volumes,) has 
 oollections of manuscripts of very great value, 
 
 Muxeunis. — The principal museums are those of the Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, occupying a large portion of the magnifi- 
 cent buildings of that celebrated body, situated in the island 
 of Vasilieostrov, on the banks of the Great Neva, opposite 
 to the Admiralty, and including an Asiatic museum, rich 
 in all kinds of curiosities relating to the Kast; an Kgj'ptian 
 museum, with a few fine specimens of papyrus, but not 
 otherwise interesting; an ethnographic museum, enriched 
 by the collections of various Russian travellers and naviga- 
 tors, and a general collection of coins and medals, in which 
 the Russian series is very valuable and complete; a good 
 mineralogical, and a remarkably fine botanical collection ; a 
 museum of natural history, containing an admirable collec- 
 tion of birds, exquisitely stuffed and well arranged; and, 
 among the larger fossil animals, of which Siberia furnishes 
 numerous specimens, a mammoth, perfect, with the excep- 
 tion of one of the hind feet. 16 feet long, exclusive of the 
 tusks, and at least 2 feet higher than the elephant. The 
 Academy of Fine Arts, also situated in the Va.silieostrov, on 
 the banks of the Great Neva, has a portion of its magnificent 
 apartments occupied as a picture-gallery; but is better 
 known as an artistical school. A much more extensive and 
 celebrated gallery is that of the Hermitage Palace, which 
 occupies 41 rooms, and cx)ntjiins splendid specimens of al- 
 most all the great masters. Two separate rooms are filled 
 with an extraordinary collection of jewels, cameos, medals, 
 snuff-boxes, ivory carvings, Ac. ; and in the rooms more e.s- 
 pecially appropriated to pictures may be seen exquisite spe- 
 cimens of malachite, and violet jasper, in the form of vases, 
 candelabras, &c. The other more Important collections are 
 the Romanoff Museum, containing a large collection of 
 minerals, models, and antiquities; and the museum at- 
 tached to the Mining School, possessing a large collection 
 of fossil conchology, models of mines, mining instruments, 
 &c., but distineuished particularly by its mineralogical trea- 
 (ures. unequalled iu Russia, and thought not to be sur- 
 passed in the world. 
 
 Sr>cieties.— The only one of these which can be said to 
 have acquired a Europe.an reputation is the Imperiiil Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, which has long been distinguished foi the 
 valual)le papers published in its Tmnmicli'm^.'^lost of them, 
 however, are not the production of native talent, but of such 
 celebrated foreigners as the government has had the wisdom 
 to attract by the liberality of its patronaire. Numerous other 
 »ocl(!ties of repute exist, under names of Russian imperial, 
 medicHl, pharmaceutical, mineralogical, geographical, eco- 
 nomical, agricultural, educational, military, philanthropic, 
 and artistical, 
 
 Hnrpitalf. rfc.— Of these, hy far the richest and most splen- 
 did is the Vospitatelnoi Dom, or foundling-hospital. It is 
 rttuated close to the Font anka Canal, in the best part of the 
 town, has the air of a palace, and, with its courts, gardens, 
 and dependencies, covers a space of 28 acres. It was founded 
 If Oitherine II, The number of children received at first 
 1672 
 
 SAI 
 
 did not exceed 300, hut has increased so rapidly that the 
 number of annual admissions is now ttl)ove 7000, and the 
 number of children, of all ages, under the charge of the in- 
 stitution, exceeds i25.00O, The only question asked of 
 those who bring them is. Has the child been baptized ? The 
 largest ordinary civil hospital of St. Petersburg is theObon- 
 koff. situated on the Fontanka Canal; it receives all appli- 
 cants, but makes a small charge on those able to pay. The 
 military hospital is capable of containing 2000 patients. 
 A'arious other hospitals are found in different quai'ters of 
 the town. 
 
 Theatres, and Places of Amusement. — In addition to the 
 theatre of the Hermitage, there are three of large dimensions 
 — the Bolsho or Great Theatre, the Alexander Theatre, and 
 the French Theatre. These three, as well as all similar es- 
 tablishments, are under the immediate management, and 
 kept up at the sole expense of the government. The pas- 
 sion of the Russians for scenic amusement is strong, and 
 hence the attendance is usually full. Besides the above, 
 there is a l.irge wooden theatre in the island of Kamnienoi, 
 open only in summer. On the same island, and some other 
 smaller ones adjacent, there are, besides the numerous vil- 
 las to which the greater part of the families who can afford 
 it retire to spend the summer, public gardens, with coffee- 
 houses and taverns, swinging poles, Russian mountains, 
 and other national amusements, which, on holidays, attract 
 crowds of citizens, and afford the best opportunities of see- 
 ing R ussian life in many of its most characteristic forms, and 
 without disguise. In other quarters, however, and neai-er 
 the city, or within it. the more noisy and frivolous amuse- 
 ments are excluded, and the gardens are laid out so as to 
 furnish admirable promenades, or even serve a hii;her pur- 
 pose. Of the latter description is the adrairaMe lx)tanio 
 garden of the Aptekarskoi Island, which is open to the pub- 
 lic on holidays, and is one of the most interesting sights of 
 the capital ; but, as a mere promenade, the Summer Gar- 
 dens take precedence of all others. They are situated close 
 to the Troitskoi Bridge, and though not very extensive, be- 
 ing only i mile long by i mile broad, they form the great 
 lounge of the population. Among the festivities which take 
 place here the most extraordinary is that of Whit-Monday, 
 when a fair, which both bears the njime and has the re.ality of 
 a w\fe-mnrhe,l or l/ride-shmu. is held : tlie sons and daughters 
 of the tradesmen as.sembling in their best attire to fix their 
 partners for life. The affair is thus described by an eye- 
 witness: — The marriageable girls, decked witli Oriental pro- 
 fusion of ornament, are ranged along the alleys of the gar- 
 den, with some members of their respective families and the 
 svakhi or match-makers behind them. The men. passing 
 along, are at liberty to enter into conversation with any of 
 the girls, and the acquaintance thus commenced often ter- 
 minates in marriage. 
 
 Bazaars and Mirlets. — These derive particular interest 
 from the insight which they give into the Russian mode of 
 doing business. The principal one, to be found in almost 
 all Russian towns of importance, takes the name of Gostln- 
 nol Dvor, or Merchants' Inn. That of St. Petersburg hag 
 one of its four sides in the Nevskoi Prospekt. and is of irre- 
 gular form, the longest being 1200 feet, and the shortest cot 
 more than 3.50 feet. A colonnade, of the height of the first 
 story, goes round the building, and has a flat roof; from 
 which, as a pavement, access is obtained to the magazines 
 alx)ve. The court within is intersected by lanes and alleys, 
 and portioned off into many hundred compartments. In 
 which every variety of merchandise is displayed. Each .sepa- 
 rate quarter has its particular class of goods, and hence, 
 according to its class, tjikes the name of Iron Row. or Pel- 
 try Row. or Book Row, &c. It has been estimated that in 
 the Gostinnoi Dvor, and dependent buildings, the number 
 of dealers cannot be much less than 10.000. The most of 
 them are men in blue caftatis and blue caps, with flaxen 
 hair and brown beards. There are two other principal ba- 
 zaars, called the Apraxln Rinok and the Tchakin Dvor, 
 containing about 5000 booth.s, tents, and stalls ; but thoush, 
 in some respects, even more characteristic than the Gostin- 
 noi Dvor. they resemble it so much, in arrangement and 
 general features, as make a separate description unneces- 
 sary. One of its most characteristic features is the winter 
 market, in which are seen enormous pyramids composed of 
 the carcasses of cattle, sheep, and hog's, fish, fowls, eggs, and 
 butter, frozen into solid masses. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures of St. Petersburg are 
 more extensive than tho.se of any other town in the empire, 
 and from the protective policy pursued by the government, 
 are rapidly incre.asing. Some of the most important esta- 
 blishments belong to government, and are carried on not so 
 much for the profits which they yield as for the purpose 
 of furnishing model establishments by whi'.h all other 
 parts of the empire may be instructed. One of the oldest 
 and most splendid of the government factories is the Spa- 
 lernoi. where Gotielin tapestry and carpets are made: the 
 latter partly for sale, but the fijrmer only for the fuinishing 
 of the imperial palaces, or for presents. Other impr rtant 
 government factories, celebrated either for their magnitude, 
 or the excellence of the articles produced iu them, are tho«» 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 (<)r the manufacture of plaj-iTi<); cards, employing 3000 hands : 
 of porcelain, where the fine vases presented by the emperor 
 to foreign princes are made, and many objects of (treat value 
 and beauty are exposed for sale : and those of plate and cut- 
 glass. The government has also a very extensive cotton- 
 fiictory, and iron-foundry chiefly for casting cannon and 
 other ordnance. Several of these establishments are rivalled 
 by those of private individuals, the most of whom are 
 British. According to an official report, published February 
 29, 1849, there were in St. Petersburg 9 cotton-spinning com- 
 panies, running an aggregate of 343.0(10 spindles. The prin- 
 cipal articles, in addition to those already mentioned, are 
 woollen, silk, and linen tissues; carriages, leather, and 
 articles in le.ather; paper: mathematical and musical in- 
 struments: wax and s.til cloth, cordage, soap, tobacco, ca- 
 binet-work, jewelry, watches, and various articles in gold, 
 silver, mixed metals, and bronze. Ship-building also is 
 carried on to a great extent for the navy in the public dock- 
 yards, and for commercial purposes at several private yards. 
 
 Commerce. — Tn 1X49, there entered the port of St. I'eters- 
 burg 1571 vessels, (aggregate tonnage, 3'23,2.^2 ;) and there 
 cleared, 153S. (aggregate tonnage, 3i.S,i921.) Notwithstand- 
 ing the shallowness of the river, and consequent want of a 
 good harlx)r, the trade of St. Petersburg is of vast extent. 
 With the exception of tiiga. there is no other port by which 
 Kussia is .acces.silile on theW.: while tlie system of inland 
 navigation, by rivers and canals, is so complete and exten- 
 sive as to give uninterrupted communication with the Ulack 
 and the Caspian Seas. The principal exports are tallow, 
 hemp, and flax; metnls, grain, liempseed. linseed, timber, 
 vegetable oils, hides, leather, furs, skins, potash, tar, bris- 
 tles, canvas, and coarse linen; cordage, wax, caviar, isin- 
 glass. Ac. The imports are colonial produce, raw cotton, (in 
 1S49, 423.107 cwt.,) and cott(m yarn, (in 1849. (54.505 cwt. :) 
 cotton stuffs, fine iinen, woollen,.and silk goods ; hardware, 
 dyes. lead, tin, coal, wines. Ac. In 1842, the total imports 
 amounted in value to 1^50.270,000, and the exports to 
 $2H.810,000. The customs'' revenue was $14.1 50.000. In the 
 s.ime year, 1167 ships, aggregate burden 223,947 tons, (of 
 which 525. burden 117,793 tons, were British,) entered; and 
 1138 ships, aggre'/ate burden, 219,412 tons, left the port. 
 
 Hislori/. — St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great, 
 In ]7(W. previous to which its site contained only two huts. 
 It is therefore entirely modern, and has nothing so remark- 
 able in its history, as the rapidity witli which, in spite of 
 natural disadvantages, it has advanced to its present pros- 
 perity and magnificence. Instead ofi>eing situated in the heart 
 of a beautiful and fertile district, the whole country around, 
 where is neither forest or swamp, consists chiefly of moor- 
 land waste, or of poor arable land, from which the utmost 
 exertions of industry fail to procure grateful returns; while 
 the city itself is so low, that whenever the volume of the 
 river is augmented by tlie melting of the snow and ice, in- 
 undation almost invariably lays part of the lower streets 
 under water, and has sometimes risen tn such a height as 
 to cause fearful calamities. In the great Inundation of 1824, 
 above 15.000 persons are said to have perished. Another 
 great evil inseparable from this swampy alluvial site, is the 
 want of a solid foundation for the buildings. Water is found 
 a few feet below the surface, and continued digging never 
 succeeds in getting beyond a bed of mud. The conse<iuence 
 is, tliat all the houses must be built on piles, and an enor- 
 mous expense incurred before they begin to appear above the 
 surface. Peter the Great, however, was not the man to be 
 daunted by ordinary difficulties. Kven in his reign. St. 
 Petersburg not only received the name, but assumed the 
 appearance of a great capital. Its progress was not very 
 r.apid under his immediate successors, who were disposed to 
 give Moscow the preference; but his later descendants, 
 counting it an honor to follow in his steps, have carried on 
 their embellishments on a scale of almost unexampled mag- 
 nificence, placing St. Petersburg foremost among the oldest 
 and proudest of European cities. Pop. in 1858. 520,131. 
 
 SAINT PFrrER'S HARBOR, an inlet on the N. coast of 
 Prince Edward Island, in British North America. 
 
 SAINT PK'TER'S (or MINNESO/TA) lUVER. a river of 
 Minnesota Territory, having its source in a group of small 
 lakes in about 45° 40' N. lat., and 97° 15' W. Ion. It flows 
 In a general E.S.E. direction till it receives tbo waters of 
 Blue i:arth Kiver, in about 44° 12' N. lat., and 94° & W. 
 Ion., where it changes its course to N.N.K.. and afterwards 
 to K. and N.E., falling at last into the Mississippi River at 
 Fort SnelHng. The entire length is estimated at about 450 
 miles. It is navigable in high water for steamboats, near 
 60 miles from its mouth. 
 
 SAINT PE'TER TA'VY. a parish of Enarland. co. of Devon. 
 
 SAINT PE'TROX, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 SAINT-PIIILBERT-DE-BOUAINE, bJno firbaip.'deh boo^ 
 ain', a village of France, department of Vendee, 20 miles N. 
 ofPontivv. Pop. 1880. 
 
 SAINT-PHILBKRT-DE-GRAN'DLIEU. sAn" firbalR/ deh 
 grftNoHe-uh', a village of France, department of Loire-InfiS- 
 rieure. 13 miles S.S.W. of Nantes. Pop. In 1852, 3571. 
 
 SAINT PUILIP, Texas. See San Feupe. 
 
 SAINT PniLIP, in Spain and Spanish Colonies. Set 
 San Felu'e. 
 
 SAINT PHILIP, in Italy. See San Faippo. 
 
 SAINT PHIl/IP, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 15 miles from Montreal. Pop. 150. 
 
 SAINT PHILIP'S COLLEGE, near Detroit, Michigan. 
 See TdliJ^ nf Oillfffen. Appendix. 
 
 SAINT-I>IE. P9N-0 pee. a post-village of Canada East, ro. 
 of St. Ilyacintbe. 40 miles E. by N. of Montreal. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE. sJno pe-aiR/. an island in the Lake of 
 Bienne, Switzerland, canton of Bern, and celebrated as the 
 residence of Rousseau in 1766. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE, s^x" pe-aiR', an island of North Ame- 
 rica, off the S. coast of Newfoundland. The surface i-< 
 rocky, and vegetation scanty. It forms, witli the Mi(jueloii 
 Islands, immediately N.W., a colony belonging to Fran<!e. 
 See MicjUELON. Pop. 1591. 
 
 S.4INT PIERRE, stiV pe-aiR', the capital town of the Is- 
 land of Martinique, on its W. coast. 12 miles N.M'. of Port 
 Royal. Pop. 20.424. It is the largest town of the French 
 West Indies, and the chief entrepOt of those islands. It is 
 divided into two quarters by a rivulet, over which are som9 
 handsome bridges. It has numerous public buildings and 
 schools, a handsome theatre, and a botanic garden. Its 
 roadstead is df^fended by several forts. The Empress Jose- 
 phine was born here in 1763. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE. sJn"" pe-aiR/, an Island in the Indian 
 Ocean. 2t0 miles N.E. of Madagasscar, and dependent upof> 
 the British colony of Mauritiu.s. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE, a small town on the S.E. side of th» 
 above island, of which it is the capital. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE. sAn" pe aiR', a town of the Island of 
 Bourbon, in the Indian Ocean, 34 miles S. of St. Denis. 
 Pop. 14.1.35. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE. Guernsey. See St. Peter-I.k-port. 
 
 S.AINT-PIERRE-CAPELLE, sAx<< pe-aiR' kA-pell'. a village 
 of Belgium, province of South Ilainaut, 15 miles N.N.W. of 
 Mons. Pop. 2.'i75. 
 
 SAINT-PI ERRE-D'ALLEVARD, .sAn" peaiR' ddrigh-vall/, 
 a town of France, department of Isftre, 17 miles N.E. of Gre- 
 noble. I'op. in 18.52. 2027. 
 
 SAINT-PI ERRE-DECORMEILLES, iAy<> pe-aiR' d^h koR^ 
 niA'yA'. a town of France, department of Eure, near the Ca- 
 lonne. 10 miles S.W. of Pont-.\udemer. Pop. 1111. 
 
 SAINT-PIEllBE-D'EGLISE. s.\n« pe-ain/ d.Vgleez', a toym 
 of Franco, department of Manche, 9 miles E. of Cherbourg. 
 Pop. In 1852. 24:W. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-DE-MATLLE. sS.\a pe-ain' deh mAh'yd- 
 a town of France, department of Vienne, on the Oartempe, 
 arrondissement of .Montmorillon. Pop. 2161. 
 
 SAINT-PIEKRE-DE-PLESfiUEN. sSn" pe-aiR' deh pljs<- 
 gftx". a town of France, department of Ille-el>Vilaine, 14 miles 
 S.S.K. of St. JIalo. Pop. 2084. 
 
 SAINT-PI ERRE-DE-QUILBIGXON. sAxo pe-air.' deh keeP- 
 been'yAN"'. a town of France, department of Fiuist6re, 2 
 miles" W. of Brest. Pop. :V214. 
 
 SAINT-I'IERRE-DES-f;GI,ISES. sJn" pe-aiR/ d;lz i'gleez', 
 a town of France, department of Vienne, arrondissement of 
 Montmorillon. Pop. 1408. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-DKS-LANDES. sAn« peaia' <Xh l3.vd. a 
 town of France, department of Mayenne, arrondLssement of 
 Laval. Pop. 1900. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-DE-TREVTSI, sAn" pe-aiR/ dk trehVee^- 
 zee', a town of France, department of Tarn, 18 miles N.E. of 
 Castres. Pop. 1580. 
 
 SAINT- PIERRE-D'OLERON, sAno pe-aifi' doMA'rAjf*', a 
 town of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, on the 
 island of Oifiron, 17 miles S.S.W. of La Kochelle, having a 
 small port. Pop. in 1852, 49.55. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-D'ORLt^:ANS, sSn" pe-aiR' doRM.i'AN"', a 
 post-village and parish of Canada East. co. of Moritmorenel, 
 on the Island of Orleans, on the St. Lawrence, 4j miles from 
 Quebec. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAINT-PI ERRE-DU-CIIAMP. sAn« pi>alR' dii shaxo.a town 
 of France, department of Haute- Loire. 14 miles N. of Le Puy. 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-DU-CHEMIN. sSno pe-aiR/dii shph-mSNo', 
 a town of France, department of Vendee, 17 miles N.N.E. oi 
 Fontenav. Pop.lSOO. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-EYNAC, sAn" pe-aiR/ A'nSk', a town of 
 France, department of Haute-Loire, 7 miles E. of Le Puy. 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAINT-PTERRE-LA-COUR, sKv pe-aiR' Id kooR, a town 
 of France, department of Mayenne, 20 miles E.S.E. of May- 
 enne. Pop. 1(1.50. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-LEEUW. sSn" pe-ain/ U-oov', a village 
 of Belirium, province of Brabant, 6 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 3(il4. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-LE-MOUTIER, sAn-o pe-alR'leh moo'te-.V, 
 a town of France, department of Nievre. on tlie railway to 
 Clermont. 1* miles N.W. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852. 2406. 
 
 SAINT PIERRE LES BEQCETS. sJn° pe-ain/ l.l hX'kk', a 
 post-village and seigniory of Canada East. co. of Lotblniftre, 
 on the St. Lawrence. fiO miles S.W. of QueV#c. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-LfiS-CALAIS, s^s« pe-aiii/ U kd^i', a town 
 
 1673 
 
SAI 
 
 of FrtTJce, department of Pas-de<!alai8, and a guburt of Ca- 
 lais, with a station on the Railway du Xord. Pop. in 1852, 
 
 SAINT-PIERRE-LOUVIKRES, shy" pe-.^in' looVe-aiR', a 
 town cf France, department of Seine-lntSrieure, with a 
 Btation on the Paris Havre and Rouen Railway, 21 miles 
 g.S.E. of Kouen. 
 
 SAINT PIKKUE RIVIERE DU SUD, shy" pe-ain/ ree've- 
 aiR/ dU slid, a village and parish of Canada East, co. of 
 L'lRlet. 41 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 1500. 
 
 S.4INT-PIEKRE-SUR-DI VES, sSn" pe-aiR/ siiB deev.a town 
 of France, department of Calvados, on the Dives, 19 miles 
 8^. of Caen. Pop. in 1852, 2u00. 
 
 SAINT-i'OL, six" pol, a town of France, department of 
 Pa»-de-Calais. on the Ternoisse, 19 miles W.N.W. of Arras. 
 Pop. in 1852, 33S0. It has two ruined castles, a communal 
 college, and minenil liaths. 
 
 S.\INT-POL-DE-l£ON. sSno pol dgh 1.V6S"', a town of 
 France, department of Finist^re. on a height near the Eng- 
 lish Channel. 10 miles N.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 7059. 
 It has a cathedral, with remarkable tombs, a church, with 
 • steeple nearly 400 feet in height, a town-hall, and an epis- 
 copal palace. 
 
 SAINT POLTEN. pol'ten. (Ger. Simct Pvltfn, sdiikt pol'- 
 tfn,) a fortified town of Lower Austria, on the Trasen. 36 
 miles W. of Vienna. Pop. 58;iO. It has a cathedral, an epis- 
 copal p.^lace. diocesan and high female .seminaries, a theatre, 
 several hospitals, and mauulkctures of cotton goods, paper, 
 glass, and earthenware. 
 
 SAINT POl/YCAKPE, a post-village of Canada East, co. 
 of Vaudreuil. on the River de L'Islet, 54 miles from Mon- 
 treal and 33 from Cornwall. Pop. 900. 
 
 S.AINT-PONS. sixo pfiN", a town of France, department of 
 H6niult, 56 miles W. of Monfpellier. Pop. 3780. It has 
 manufactures of woollen cloths and hosiery, and extensive 
 stone quarries in its vicinity. 
 
 SAINT-PORQUIEK. sis" poR^ke-A', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, 8 miles W.S.W. of Montiiuban. 
 Pop. 1437. 
 
 SAINT-POURC-ilN, sAn" poor'.sAn"', a town of France, 
 department of Allier, 18 miles S. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, 
 4938. 
 
 SAINT-PRIVAT, sJno pree'vi/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Corr^ze, 17 miles E.S.E. of Tulle. Pop. 1150. 
 
 SAINT-PRIVAT-DALLIER, sax" pree'vl/ dilMe-i'. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Haute-Loire, near the Allier, 
 10 miles AV.i^.W. of Le Puv. Pop. 1450. 
 
 SAINT PROS'PER, a village and pari.sh of Canada East, 
 CO. ot Port Neuf, 7 J miles from St. Anue de la Perarde. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 S.ilNT-QUAY. sSno k.i, a maritime village of FVance, de- 
 partment of C6te!^n-Nord. on the English Channel, 11 
 miles N.N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852. 2993. 
 
 6AINT-QUENTIN. sis" k6.N"HLN«', (anc. Augris'ta Vfro- 
 fnavducJrum,.) a manufacturing town of France, department 
 of Aisne. on the Somme. on the Canal of St. Quentin. and at 
 the terminus of the railway from Creil, 24 miles N.W. of 
 Laon. Pop. in 1S52, 24.324. It has a noble cathedral, 
 town-hall, court-house, hospitals, public library of 14,000 
 Tclumes. chamlter of manufactures, theatre, and concert- 
 hall, with extensive manuCictures of striped and spotted 
 muslins, lace, cotton-yarn, table linens, leather, soap, and 
 sulphuric acid. The Canal of St. Quentin is 58 miles in 
 length, and forma a communication between the Oise, the 
 Somme. and the Scheldt. Here the French were defeated 
 by tbe Spaniards. August 10. 1557. 
 
 SAINT-QUENTIN, a market-town of France, department 
 of Qard, near D7.4s. Pop. 1994. 
 
 SAINT QUl'VO.X, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. district 
 of Kyle, on the river, and 3 miles N.E. of the town of Ayr. 
 It stands on a coal-field, in which three mines are wrought ; 
 and it contains the villages of Whitlets, Contat, and Wal- 
 lace-town, the suburbs of Ayr, and some excellent sandstone 
 quarries. 
 
 8AINT-RAMBERT. sSs" rftM^bain', a town of France, de- 
 partment of liOire, 10 miles S.E. of Montbrisnn, on the 
 l/)lre, and near a station on the railway to St Etienne. 
 Pop. 1466. 
 
 SAINT-RAMBERT. a town of France, department of Ain, 
 capital of a canton. 20 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 12;J9. 
 
 SAINT-RAl'UAEI-. si.N" rS'tii'Sl'. a maritime village of 
 France, depa rtment of Var, 1 \ miles E.S.E. jf Frejus. Pop. 958. 
 
 SAINT KA'PIIAELS. a post-village of Canada West, co. 
 Of Olengary. 20 miles from Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT HAY'MOND. (Kr. pron. sis" nVmisW,) a post-vil- 
 Uge and parish of Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, 40 miles 
 W. of Quebec. Pop. 1000. 
 
 6A 1 NT K EOIS, (ree^is.) a township of Canada East, on the 
 B. Bide of the St. l^awrence, and the state of .New York fi-on- 
 Oer, at the 8. extremity of Lake St. Francis, 63 miles S.W. of 
 Uontnwl. 
 
 SAINT RMIIS RIVER rises In Franklin CO., New York. 
 and flowing throuirh St. Lawn nee co., falls into the St. 
 Lawrence Hlver near Its intersection with the boundary 
 Una between the United States and Canada. 
 1674 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAINT REMI, 8 village of Canada East. co. of Hunting- 
 don. 24 miles from Montreal. Pop. about 275. 
 
 SAINT-REMY, As' reh-mee'. a town of France, departs 
 ment of Bouches<lu-Rh6ne, 13 miles N.E. of Arhs. Pop. in 
 1852, 6024. It Is enclosed by ramparts, now formed into 
 boulevards. Chief industry, woollen-weaving and silk-throw- 
 Ing. About 1 mile distant are remains of the ancient CTo- 
 num. comprising a fine Corinthian monument and an arch. 
 
 S.ilNT-REMY. a town of France, department of Puy-dij- 
 Dome. 25 miles E.N.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 4030. 
 
 SAINT-I'.EN.\N, sis" rfh-nis'^, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Finist^re. 6 miles N.W. of Brest. Pop. 1027. 
 
 S.\INT-RIOU. s.\.N« re-oo'. an islet of France, in Brittany, 
 department of COtes-du-Nord. S.E. of the island of Brehat. 
 
 SAINT-RIQUIER, sS.s" rec'ke-A', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Somme. 6 miles N.E. of Abbeville. Pop. 1500. 
 In the Middle Ages it had a celebrated Benedictine abl)ey. 
 
 SAINT KOCH-DE-L'ACHIUAN, sAn« rosh deh la'shee' 
 gdN"^, a village of Canada East, co. of Leinster. is situated in 
 the seigniory of .Achlsan, 36 miles from Montre.il. 
 
 SAI NT UOCH DKS AULNETS. sA.n= rosh dAz O'uA', a post- 
 village and parish of Canada >^t, co. of Llslet. on the S. 
 shore of tbe St. Lawrence. 60 miles N.E. of Quebec. I'op. 3500. 
 
 SA1NT-R0M.\IN, sAn" ro^m^No'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Haute-Loire, arrondissement of Yssengeaux. 
 Pop. 1473. 
 
 SAINT-ROM.\IN, a village of France, depjnfment of Cha- 
 rente, arrondissement of Barbezieux. Pop. 11;;9. 
 
 S.AINT-ROMAIN, a village of France, department of Seino- 
 Inferieure.il miles E.N.E. of Havre. Pop. in 1K:>2. 1710. 
 
 SAINT-ROMAIN-D&BENET, sAs" ro^mAN>-' deh b.Vn4', a 
 village of France, department of Charente-lnftjrieure, 10 
 miles W.S.W. of Saintes. Pop. 1582. 
 
 SAINT-ROMAIN-DE-POPEY, sA.\° ro^mSx"' deh po'pA/, a 
 village of France, department of Uhdue, 6 miles S.E. of Ta- 
 rare. Pop. 1552. 
 
 SAINT-ROMAIN-DURPHlf:, sSn" ro^m^N"' diia'fA', a Til- 
 lage of France, department of Loire, 15 miles S.W. of 
 Roanne. Pop. 1509. 
 
 SAINT-ROMAIN-EN-JARRET, sixo ro^mSNo/ hy" zhaR'- 
 ri'. a village of France, department of Loire. 12 miles N J;!, 
 of St. Etienne. Pop. IICO. 
 
 SAINT-ROM AIN VILLE. s-Vn" i-o'mJsoVeel'. a village of 
 France, department of Seine, near the N.E. extremity of 
 Paris, 4 miles S.E. of St. Denis, with a fine chateau and 
 park, and a wood greatly resorted to by the inhabitants of 
 Paris. 
 
 SAIXT-ROME-DE-TARN. s.Ano rom deh taBn. a village of 
 France, department of Aveyron, on the left bank of the 
 Tarn. 25 miles S.E. of Rodez. Pop. 1171. 
 
 SAINT-ROQUE. a town of Spain. See Sax Roque. 
 
 S.MNT ROSE, (Fr.pron. six" roz.) a post-village of Canada 
 East. CO. of Terre-bonne. on the Isle Jesus. 16 miles from 
 Montreal. Pop. of parish 2650. 
 
 SAINT-SAENS, six" sdx", a market-town of France, da 
 partment of Seine-lnferieure. on the Arques, 18 miles ^'.N.K. 
 of Rouen. Pop. in 1852. 2716. 
 
 SAINT SALVADOR, Brazil. See B.tmA. 
 
 SAINT SAMP'SON. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT SAPIIORIN, s.^x= sd'foVAx< a village of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Vaud. capital of a circle, on the N. caist ol 
 the Lake of Geneva. 9 miles E.S.E. of Lau.«anne. Pop. 400. 
 
 SAIXT-SATUR. sAx" sAHur', a village of Fi-auce, depart- 
 ment of Cher, 1 mile N.E. of Sancerre. Pop. luS5. 
 
 SAINT-SATURNIN, sS.NO sA'tiiR'nAxc'. a village of France, 
 department of Cantal. arrondissement of Murat. Pop. 1257. 
 
 SAINT-S.'VTURNIN. a village of Fiance, department of 
 Cher. 21 miles S.W. of St. Amand. Pop. 1288. 
 
 SAINT-SATURNIN, a village of France, department ol 
 Puy-de-D6nie. 7 miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1279. 
 
 SAINT-SATURNIN. a village of France, department ol 
 Avevron, 20 miles N. of Millau. Pop. 1675. 
 
 S.\INT-SATURNIN-DlvS£CIIAUD. sAx<= sd'tiiR'nA.V' dgl 
 sA'shy, a village of France, department of Chareute-Info 
 rieure. arrondi.ssement of Saintes. Pop. 1480. 
 
 SAINT-SATURMN-DU-BOIS. sSx" sd'tUK'nAN»'dii bwi a 
 village of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, arron 
 dissiMUent of Rochefort. Pop. 1116. 
 
 SAINT-SATURNIN-LES-AVIGNON, sAx" si'tuR^uaXo' lit 
 iVeen\vAx<'/^ a villajre of France, department of Vauduse) 
 arrondissement of .\vignon. Pop. in 1852. 2640. 
 
 SAINT-SAUD. .six' s8. a village of France, department of 
 Dordogne. arrondissement of Nontron. Pop. in 1852. 2703. 
 
 SAINT-SAUFLIEU. six" sofle-ch', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Somme, arrondissement of Amien.s. Pop. 1520. 
 
 SAINT-SAULGE, sAx" solzh. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nidvre, arrondissement, and IS miles E.N.E. of 
 Nevers. Pop. 1260. 
 
 SAINT-SAULGE, a village of France, dep.artment of 
 Vienne. 3 miles S. of Moutmorillon. Pop. lloO. 
 
 SAINT-SAUVENT, sA.\o s<5'vfeo'. a village of France, de 
 partment of Vienne. 18 miles S.W. of Poitiers. Pop. in 
 1852. 2892. 
 
 S.AINT-SAUVEUR. six" sOVur/. a Tillage of France, de- 
 partment of Ilautes-Pyrenees, on a cliff boside the Ga -e-de- 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 OaTarnip. N. of Luz, and having mineral springs of nearly 
 the p.imi^ (luality as liarreges, 4 miles N.E. 
 
 SAINT-SAUVEUIl, a market-town of France, department 
 of Yoniie, 21 miles S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 1I5.>5. 
 
 SAIXT-SAUVEUR, sl.\o p5Vur/, a fillavte of Belgium, 
 province of Hainaut. 12 miles N.E. of Tournay. 
 
 SAINX-SAUVEUK-LI':XDELIN,s;\N»soVun'l6N<:Mth-l.\N':'. 
 a villajio of France, department of Manche, 6 miles N. of 
 Coutiinces. Top. in 18r>2. 2001. 
 
 SAINT-SAUVEUR-SUR-DOUVE, sAxo soVni?/ suR doov, 
 a villHge of Franrw. department of Manche, 8 miles S.S.W, 
 of VaIosne.s. Pop, in 1862, 2818. 
 
 SA [NT-SAVIN, a market-town of France, department of 
 Giroiide, 10 miles E, of Blaye. Pop. in 1852, 20:J4. 
 
 SAINT-SAVIN, a town of France, department of Vionne, 
 24 miles E.S.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1447. 
 
 SAINT-S.WIN, a town of France, department of Isfire, 
 with a villaje 8 miles N.W. of Tour-du-l'in. Pop. 2:!59. 
 
 S.MNT-SAVIN, a town of France, department of Ilautes- 
 Pyrenees, 2 miles S.S.E. of Ar-ieles, with remains of a Uoman 
 fortj and a Henedictine convent. 
 
 SAINT-SAVINIEN, sil.N° sdVee^ne-Ax"', a marlcet-town of 
 France, department of Charente-lnferieure, on the risrht 
 bank of the Charente, 9 miles N. of Saintes. Pop. in 1852, 
 34.38. 
 
 SAINT SCIIOLASTTQUE, sKs" sko'ias'teek', a post-village 
 Slid parish of Canada East, co. of Two Mountains, 36 miles 
 W. of Montreal. Pop. 5<JO0 
 
 SAINT SKBASTIAN. sgnt se-bast/yan, (Sp. Sun Srbasiian, 
 sSn s;i-bSs-te-dn'.) a stronfrly-fortified city and seaport of 
 Spain, province of Guipuscoa, on a small peninsula in the 
 Bay of Itiscay. insulated at hi^h water Viy the Uruniea. here 
 crossed by a long wooden bridge. 10 miles W of Fontarabia, 
 on the frontier of France. Lat. 4:5° lit' 2" N., Ion. 2° (X 5" 
 W. Pop. 13.000. It is enclosed by walls, and commanded 
 by its citadel of Mot.a. on the adjacent height. IMount Urgull. 
 Since its destruction by fire, and siege in 1813, it has been 
 mostly rebuilt on a uniform plan. It has handsome squares, 
 several churches iind convents, civil and military hospital.s, 
 amd is, with its citadel, abundantly supplied with water. 
 Its harbor, protected by a mole and well defi-nded, is small, 
 but the city lias a large import trade in English and French 
 goo<]s. &c,, and an export trade in corn, &c. It was taken 
 by the French in 1719, 1794. and 1808, from which year 
 they held it till Au'iust 31, 181.3. when it was stormed and 
 taken bv the Briti.sh after great loss. 
 
 SAINT SKGAL, sIn" seh-gdl', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Finistere. 3 miles N.N.E. of Ch&teaulin. Pop. 1248. 
 
 ,«AINT-SEINK-I/AIM!AYE, s4n» sAn Mb^biU, a town of 
 France, department of COted'Or, 15 miles N.W, of Dijon, 
 
 S.ilNT-SKRNIX, sA.N« s^R'nAN"', a town of France, de- 
 partment of A veyron, 15 miles W,S,W, of St, ACfrique, Pop. 
 In 1852, 1145, 
 
 SAINT-SKRVAN, sJk<> sJaVax"', a seaport of France, de- 
 partment of Ille-et-A'ilaine, on the right bank of the Rande, 
 close to its mouth in the English Channel, immediately 
 opposite St. Malo, to which transit on foot is easy at low 
 water. Pop. in 1852, 99f>4. It has two harbors, one adapted 
 for frigates, the other appropriated to commerce, separated 
 from each other by the rock and castle of Solidor, founded 
 by William the Conqueror; besides which another strong 
 fort defends St. Servan. It has a communal college, a mas- 
 sive church, and an English chapel, reading-rooms, and 
 batliinj; accommodations, and is the residence of many 
 English families. It has ship-building docks, and an active 
 trade with the East and AVest Indies, 
 
 ^AINT-SEVKR. six" seh-vaiR', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lmdes, on the left bank of the Adour, 11 miles 
 S.S.W. of Mont-de-Marsan, Pop, in 1852, 4282. It has a 
 communal college, and trade in corn, wine, and brandy. 
 
 S.\INT-SEVKR. a town of France, department of Calva- 
 dos. 7 miles W, of Vire. Pop. in 1852. 1U30. 
 
 SAINT-SEVKRIX, Ay" seh-veh-rAxo', a village of France, 
 department of Charente. canton of .\ubeterre. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SA1NT-SIG0LP;NE. sAno see\goMain', a village of France, 
 department of Haute-Loire, arrondissement of Yssengeaux. 
 Pop. 31fiS. 
 
 SAINT SIMOND-S ISLAND, Atlantic Ocean, S. side of the 
 entrance to the Altamaha. On its S. point is a fixed light, 
 having an elevation of 75 feet. Lat. 31° 8' N.. Ion. 81° 36' W. 
 
 SAINT-SOUl'LKT. sAx" soo'pl.V, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Nord. arrondissement of Cambrai. Pop. 2453. 
 
 SAINT SOUTH ELMIIAM, (elm'am,) a parish of England, 
 CO. of SnlTolk. 
 
 SAINT STANISLAS, six* stanVesMj', a post-village and 
 parish of Canada East, co. of Champlaiu, 72 miles S,E, of 
 Quebec, Pop. 1200, 
 
 SAINT STKPHKN. France. See Saixt Etif.nxe. 
 
 SAINT STKPHICN, Spain. See Sax EsTF.nAX. 
 
 SAINT STKPIIE.N", Italy. See Saxto Stefano. 
 
 SAINT STEI'IIKN, (O.er, >^mct Sle.jyhan, sdnkt sti/fdn,) a 
 villaiie and parish of Switzerland, canton, and 29 miles S, 
 by W. of Bern, in a romantic district on the Simmo, more 
 than 3000 feet above the sea, with a church, one of the oldest 
 in the Simmenthal. Pop. 1413. 
 
 SAINT STEPHEN, one of the Aleutian Islat.rfs, Kadlak 
 Archipelago, lat, 56° 10' N., Ion. 155° 22' W.; N.W. of 
 Tcherikoff Island, 3 miles long, with a reef of 3 miles pro- 
 jecting off its K. point. It sometimes t)ears the name ol 
 Foggy, on account of the fogs which prevailed at the time 
 of its discovery. 
 
 SAINT STE'PIIEN, a post-offlce of Fauquier co., Virginia. 
 
 SAINT STli/PHEN'S, three parishes of Enjland, co. of 
 Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT STEPHEN'S, a village and p.arish of England, co 
 of Cornwall, within 1 mile of Launceston. Po|i. I:i4. 
 
 SAINT STEPHEN'S, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 SAINT STEPIIKN'S. a post-village of Washington co. 
 Alabama, on the Tombigbee Jtiver. 100 miles by water N. of 
 Mobile. 
 
 SAINT STEPHEN'S, a se,aport-town of New Brunswick, 
 CO. of Charlotte, at the entrance of Deny's River into tha 
 Schoodic, opposite Calais, in Maine, and about 60 miles W. 
 of St. .John's, Lat. 45° 10' N.. Ion, 67° 12' W. The princip.al 
 industry of the inhabit.ants is directed to the lumber trade 
 and the fisheries. In 1850, 38 vessels (tons. 10.616) entered 
 the port, and 8 vessels (tons, 1595) cleared for other 
 countries. 
 
 SAINT STITII1ANS. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-SULl'lCE, sA.xo siiPpeess', a village of F' ranee, de- 
 partment of Haute-(;Jaronne, 9 miles S. of Muret, Pop. 1306. 
 
 SAINT-SULPICE, a village of France, department of 
 Tarn, arrondis.sement of Lavaur, Pop, 1508, 
 
 SAINT SULPICE, sAx" sUPpeess/, a post-village of Canada 
 East, CO, of Leinster, on the St. Lawrence, 24 miles N.N.E. 
 of Montreal, Pop, 800. 
 
 SAINT-SULPICE-LES-CHAMPS, sSxo siiPpeess' \h zhSx", 
 a village of France, department of Crease, 8 miles W.N,W. 
 of.Aubusson. Pop. 1136. 
 
 SAINT-SULPICE-LES-FEUILLES, sSx" siiPpeess/ 14 ful, 
 a village of France, department of Ilaute-Vienne, 19 miles 
 N.E. of Bellao. Pop. in 1852, 1783. 
 
 SAINT-SUZANNE, s.^X" sUV.dnn', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Mayenne, 20 miles E, of Laval, Pop. 1760. 
 
 SAINT-SUZANNK, a town of France, in the island of 
 Bourbon. .\.K. coast. 11 miles E. of St. Denis. Pop. 6128. 
 
 SAINT SYLVE.s^'ER, a village and parish of Canada East, 
 CO. of Dorchester, 30 miles from St. Nicholas. I'op. about 
 2000. 
 
 SAINT SYLVESTRE, several communes and villages of 
 France, the principal in department of Ilaute-Vienne, 14 
 miles N.N.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1519, 
 
 SAINT TAM'MANY, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisi- 
 ana, bordering on the Mississippi and Lake Pontchartrain, 
 contains about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by Pearl River, and drained by Chofonte Biver and Bogus 
 Chitto, The surface is uneven, and partly occupied by pine 
 barrens, Covington is the seat of justice. Pop. 5406, of 
 whom 3565 were tree, and 1S41 slaves. 
 
 SAINT TAM'MANY'S, a postroffice of Mecklenburg co., 
 \ircinia. 
 
 SAINT TEATH. a parish of Kngland. co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-TH15gONNEC, six" til'gon'n^k'. a village of France, 
 department of Finistfere, 6 miles W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 
 1852, 3802. 
 
 SAINT TIIFyODORE, an islet in the Mediterranean, off 
 the N. coast of Crete, 5 miles N.W. of Khania. 
 
 SAINT TIIERESE, Canada, See Saixte Therese, 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, (tom'as,) a parish of England, co, of 
 Devon, forming a S.W. suburb of Exeter. It is the head of 
 a poor-law union. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, a pari.sh of Enu'land, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT-THOMAS, sAx" to^m.V, several villa;;es of France; 
 the principal in the department of Charente-lnferieure, near 
 the Gironde. 10 miles W,S,W. of Jonzac. Pop, 1521, 
 
 SAINT TIIOJI'AS, a post-village and township of Franklin 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W, of Chamliersburg. Pop. 
 of the tow"nship, 1788 ; of the village, about 500. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, a village of Lower California, 30 miles 
 S.S.E. of San Diego. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, a thriving town of Canada West, co. of 
 Middlesex, 17 miles S. of London. It has churches of 4 or 
 5 denominations, 2 branch banks, 1 assur,ance and 3 insur- 
 ance agencies, a printing office, about 25 stores, and several 
 iron founderies. and other establishments. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, sent tom'as, one of the Virgin Islands, 
 West Indies, belonging to Denmark, 38 miles E. of Porto Rico. 
 Lat. (E. entrance of Fort Christian) 18° 20' 24" N., Ion. 64" 
 55' 45" W. Greatest length from E. to W.. 17 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, about 4i miles. Area, 45 square miles. It has a 
 rugged and elevated surface, whidi attains its greatest 
 height towards the centre, and descends sometimes gra- 
 dually, but oftener abruptly, to the shore. It was once 
 well wooded, but the cutting down of the trees has laid it 
 open to the full force of the sun's rays, and it now suffers 
 much from a deficiency of water. The soil being sandy and 
 by no means fertile, the far greater part of it remains un- 
 cultivated. The area under crop is only about 2500 acres, 
 of which nearly a half are planted with sugar-cane. The 
 whole island enjoys the privileges of a free harbor, and the 
 
 1675 ' 
 
SAI 
 
 ha<Je IS very extensive, St. Thomas being a dep6t of goods 
 for many of the nei.:hlx)riiig islands. It has its central 
 lomlity at tlw capital. Charlotte Amalie. which is annvujlly 
 visited by about 3iK)0 vessels from Europe. Xorth and South 
 America, and also from the other West India islands. In 
 Europe the trade is chiefly with London. Liverpool. Glasgow, 
 Havre. Bordeaux. >larseilles, Genoa, Altona. Hamburg. Bre- 
 met. and .-Vmsterdam. St. Thomas is a principal station of 
 the West India mail-steamers from Southampton, for which a 
 large steam-packet leaves it every fortnight. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 12.800. 
 
 SAINT THOM.IS, an i.sland of the Gulf of Guinea, be- 
 longing to the Portuiiuese. immediately N. of the equator. 
 In Ion. 6° 3' K. Area'. 145 square miles. In its centre, the 
 peak of Santa Anna rises to 7020 feet in heiglit. The val- 
 leys are highly fertile; the. low lands are stated to be very 
 unhealthy: biit the S. part of the island is .salubrious, being 
 exposed to fresh breezes. The products comprise maize, 
 dates, manioc, sweet potjitoes, cotton, sugar, iudigo, cocoa- 
 nuts, and canella bark. Live-stock is plentiful. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, or CHAVES, ghi'vjs. the capital town 
 of the above island, on the N.E. coast, is a bishop's see, 
 and defended by a fort. Pop. 4476. 
 
 S.AINT THOMAS, a town of the West Indies. See Char- 
 lotte Am.\lie. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, (Port Sib TItnjtU, sOwso to-niA'.) a town 
 of British India, presidency, and 13 miles S. of Madras, of 
 which city it is a suburb. It has numerous Roman Catholic 
 churches, and many of its inhabitants are of Portuguese 
 descen t . 
 
 SAINT THOMAS DE MONTREAL, (Fr. pron. si.NO tohni/ 
 dfh mi.V'trii'il',) a villase and parish of Canada East, co. of 
 Berthier, 42 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS DE QUEBEC, a thriving post-village of 
 Canada East, co. of L'Islet, 35 miles N.E. of Quebec. It 
 contains a church, and alx)ut 20 stores. It has also a foun- 
 dry, manutactories, and several large lumbering establish- 
 ments. 
 
 SAINT THO^IAS' MOUNT, a town and extensive mili- 
 tary cantonment of British India, presidency, and 8 miles 
 S.S.W. of Madras. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS PENSTORD, a parish and small market- 
 town of England, co. of Somerset, 21 miles X.N.E. of Somer^ 
 ton. Pop. 316. 
 
 SAINT TIJI'OTHY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of 
 Beauharnois. 36 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. 400. 
 
 S.AINT TONYS, a town of Prussia. See S.\XCT Tonts. 
 
 SAINT-TROND. s^x" trAs», a town of Belgian Limbourg, 
 on the Branch Railway from Mechlin to Liege, 12 miles 
 W.N.W.of Tongres. P;>p.ll,.')73. It bus breweries, distUle- 
 ries. and manuiactures of soap, tobacco, and lace. 
 
 SAINT-TIIOPEZ, si.\o tro'pd', (a.nc. Hiradea T) a maritime 
 town of France, department of Var, on the Gulf of Grimaud, 
 an inlet of the Mediterranean, 37 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3.595, chiefly engaged in tunny and other 
 fisheries It has a chamber of commerce. 
 
 SAINT TU'DY. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT TWYN'ELLS,aparishof South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 SAINT UBES. a town of Portusal. See Setubal. 
 
 SAINT UR'BAN. (Ger. Sanct Urban, sankt ooR-bSn',) a vil- 
 lage of Styria. also a famous Cistercian abbey of the Swiss 
 canton of Lucerne. 
 
 SAINT-GRCIZE, sSst UR'seez', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cantal. 24 miles S.S.W. of St. Flour. Pop. 1493. 
 
 S.iINT UPvSANNE. See S.ainte Ursaxxe. 
 
 SAINT-VAAST, a small maritime town of France, depiirt- 
 ment of Blanche, on tlie English Channel, near Cape La 
 Hogue. 10 miles N.E. of Valognes. Pop. in 18.52, 4313. 
 
 SAINT-VA.\ST. sLn" vilst, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Ilainaut 9 miles E. of~Mons. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SAINT-VAAST-DIEPPEDALLE. s5,xo vist de^p'peh-dail', 
 a village of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, arron- 
 dissement of V vetot. Pop. 983. 
 
 SAINT-VALRNTINE,(Fr. pron..sAx'>vlM6.\o'teen'.)apost> 
 Tillage of Canada East, co. of Huntingdon, on the river 
 Richelieu. 35 miles 8. of Montreal. Pop. 250. 
 
 SAINT-VALERY-EN-CAUX, six« va^leh-ree' Sx« kO. a 
 town on the N. coast of France, department of Seine-In- 
 ffrieure, 17 miles W.S.W. of Dieppe. Pop. in 1852. 6377. It 
 has soda-works, a manufacture of cotton-twist, and an active 
 herring and mackerel tishery. 
 
 SAINT-VALEKY-SUU-SO-SlME, s.^.\<i vi'lfh-ree' siiR 
 eomm', a town of Frani-e. department of Somme, on the left 
 hank of the Somme, ne;ir its mouth in the English Chan- 
 nel, 11 miles N.W. of Abbeville. Pop. in 1852.' 3650. It 
 has a school of navigation, a port for vessels under 200 tons, 
 •alt magazines, rope-walks, and docks for buildins small 
 TesseU. 
 
 8AINT-V ALLIRR. sSn« virie-*/, a market-town of France, 
 department of Drome, on the left bank of the Rhone, and 
 on the railway from Lvons to Avignon. 17 miles N. of 
 Valence. I'op. in 18.52. ;io07. It has an old Gothic castle, 
 manulkcturKS of crape, silks, and twist, and chemical pro- 
 ducts, with a trade iu the wiuea of iu vicinity. 
 1676 ^ 
 
 SAI 
 
 S.A^TNT-V ALLIER, a village of France, department of Var, 
 4 miles N.W. of Grasse. Pop. 576. 
 
 SAINT-VALLIER, a village of France, department of 
 Saoue-et- Loire. 18 miles S.W. of Chalons. Pop. in 1852. 2688. 
 
 SAINT-VALLIER. (Fr. pron. six" vdrie-,V.)a post-village 
 and parish of Canada East. co. of Bellechasse, on the St. 
 Lawrence, 20 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 19U0. 
 
 SAINT VEEP, a parish of England, co. of CornwaU. 
 
 SAINT VEIT. See Sanct Vzit. 
 
 SAINT-VEN.\NT. sJx" veh-nixo', a fortified town of 
 France, department of Pjis-de-Calais, on the Lys, arrondisse- 
 meut of Bethune. Pop. in 1852. 2495. 
 
 SAINT-VICTOR. sLx" veek'toK/, a villaga of France, de- 
 partment of Arddche, 8 miles W.N.W. of Tournou. Pop. in 
 1852. 2206. 
 
 SAINT-VICTOR, a village of France, department of Loire, 
 arrt)ndissement of Roanne. Pop. 1245. 
 
 SAINT-VICTOR, a village of France, department of Puy- 
 de-Dome. 5 miles N.N.E. of Thiers. Pop. 14ti3. 
 
 SAINT-VICTOR, a village of France, dt-partment of Seine- 
 Inferieure, on the railway from Dieppe to Rouen, 19 miles 
 from Dieppe. 
 
 SAINT-VICTOR-DE-RENO, six" veek'toR/ deh reh-no', a 
 village of France, department of Orne, 7 miles E.S.E. of 
 ^^irtasne. Pop. 1175. 
 
 SAINT-VICTOR-SUR-LOIRE, siK« veek'toR' sUr IwIr, a 
 village of France, department of Loire, 7 miles W. of St. 
 Etienne. Pop. 1159. 
 
 S.\INT VIG'EANS, a parish and village of Scotland, co. of 
 Forfar, comprising a part of the town of .\rbroath. 
 
 SAINT-VIXCENT-Des-I>r£s. s^.n" v.Ws6x<^ d.'i pr;l. a vil- 
 iiige of France, department of Sarthe, 5 miles S.S.E. of 
 Mamers. Pop. 12:i8. Saixt Vixcext Is the name of several 
 other villaares of France. 
 
 SAINT "VINCENT, a village of the SardinLin States, 
 division of .4osta, 2 miles E. of Chatillon, above the Dora, 
 here crossed bv a remarkable Roman bridge. Pop. 1051. 
 
 SAINT VIN'CENT, one of the British West India Islands, 
 100 miles W. of Barbadoes : lat. (Ivingstfjwn) 13° 13' X., Ion. 
 61° 15' W. ; 17 miles long, and alxjut 10 miles broad : area, 
 132 square miles. A ridge of high voli-anic hills, bold and 
 abrupt, but weli wooded, stretches through the island from 
 N. to S., and sends off subordinate masses, which extend 
 to the sea, and are interset'ted by beautiful and fertile val- 
 leys. In the N.W., where the mountains are highest, is a 
 volcano called the .S«iullViere, in which a tremendous erup- 
 tion occurred in 1812. Its height is 3000 feet above sea- 
 level, and its crater 3 miles in circuit, and 600 feet deep. 
 The soil in the valley is usuiilly a rich, tenacious, and occa- 
 sionally a fine black loam. The climate is exceedingly 
 humid, having an average annual fall of rain of nearly SO 
 inches, but is not unhealthy. The principal produce is 
 sustar. rum, molasses, arrow-root, and cotton. The exports 
 in 1851 were 218,,521/., of which 199.899/. were to the United 
 Kingdom ; the imports. 198,679/.. of which 114.796/. were 
 from the United Kingdom, and 29.815i. from the United 
 States. The goveniment is vested in a governor, a council 
 of 12. and an assembly of 19 members. Revenue iu 1851, 
 15,827/.; expenditures, 15,162/. The capital. King.-itown. is 
 near the S.W. extremitv of the island. J'op. in 1S51. 30.128. 
 
 SAINT A'INCENT. (Port. Sao Vicente, sowx" ve^.s^n'tA, one 
 of the Cape \'erd Islands, in the Atlanl.ic. S.E. of San An- 
 tonio. Length. 15 miles; createst breadth. 9 miles. The 
 surface is mountainous. The Porto Grande is one of the 
 largest and Sitfest bays in these islands. The products com- 
 pri.se cotton, orchill. and live-stock of indifferent quality; 
 corn and fruits are mostly supplied from San Antonio to its 
 scanty population. 
 
 SAINT VINCENT, in Spain. See Sax Vicexte. 
 
 SAINT VINCENT, in Portugal. See S.io Vice.xte. 
 
 SAINT-VINCENT-D1>PAUL, (Fr. pron. sJx" vin'cent d?h 
 pol.) a post-villase and parish of Canada E;ist. co. of Terro- 
 bonne, on the Isle .I§sus, 11 miles from Montreal. Pop. 2900. 
 
 SAINT VIN'CKNT GULF, of South Australia, is l)etween 
 lat :i4° and 35° 40' .<.. and aliout Ion. 138° E.. bounded K. 
 by Sturt land, and W. by Yorke Peninsula, separating it 
 from Spencer's Gulf I.iength, 90 miles: breadth of entrance, 
 and for some distance inland. 36 miles. The shores are 
 mostly low, but backed by ranges of hills. It receives tho 
 Torrens, Oawler. and other rivers, and communicates by 
 Investigatoi- Strait with Spencer Gulf and by Backstairs 
 Pas.sage with Encounter Bay. Cape .lervis forms its S. 
 limit and I'orts Gawler and Adelaide are on its E. side, 
 where it is imrdered bv the counties of Oawler. Adeliide. &c 
 
 SAINT VINCENT COLLEGE. See Cape Oirarde.^u. 
 
 SAINT VITH, veet a town of Rhenish Prussia. ne.ir the 
 Beljrian frontier. 10 miles S.S.E. of .Malmedy. Pop. 1015. 
 
 S.\.I.NT-V1V] KN. sAs" veeVe-ilx"'. a village of Fmuce, de- 
 partment of Gironde, 10 miles X,W, of Lesparre. Pop. 
 955. who manufacture large quantities of salt iu the adj*- 
 cent marshes. 
 
 S.\1NT-V0Y, sSjio vwi a village of France, department 
 of Haute-Loire. 7 miles E. of Ysseuireaux. Pop. 2618. 
 
 SAINT WENDEL.a town of Prussia. See Sanct Wexdeu 
 
 SAINT WEN'DELL'S, a post-olfice of Posey co., Icdiaua 
 
SAI 
 
 SAL 
 
 SATNT WENn)TlOX. a parish of Kn<;land. See TTei-'^tone. 
 
 SAINT WKNN'H. a paiisli of Epu'lanU. co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAINT XAVIKR, zav'e-^r, (Sp. fkin JTavicr or Jairinr, sSn 
 h3 TP-ain'.') an island off t!ie W. coast of Patagonia, in the 
 Gulf of PeBas. I,at. i''^ 4' S.. Ion. 7 P 27' W. 
 
 SAINT XAVIKR, of South America, Mexico, Ac. See 
 San Xavier. 
 
 SAINT XAVIKR COLLEGE. See Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 SAINT-VBAKS, t-JNt ee'baR', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Arifige. Xi miles X.W. of Pamiers. Pop. l!o71. 
 
 SAINT-VB.\iiT, .sLvt ee^baR/ a Tillage of France, depart- 
 ment of CorrSze. IS miles X.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1.557. 
 
 SAINT-YRIKIX, six" ee^re-A', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Haute-Vienne, on the Loue, 27 miles S. of Limoges. 
 Pop. in IS.Vi, 7715. 
 
 SAINT-YRIEIX-LA-MOXTAGNE, sist eeVe-A' \l mAxo^- 
 taiu', a village of France, department of Creuse, arrondisse- 
 ment of Aubusson. Pop. 1322. 
 
 SAINT-ZACHARIE, sAxt zi^kiVee', a village of France, 
 department of Var, 18 miles W. of Bri^noUes. Pop. 1622. 
 
 SAINT-ZEI'UERIN, sA.No zi'feh-ra.No', a village and parish 
 of Canada E.-ist, co. of Xicolet, 9 miles from Lii 15aie du 
 Febore. Pop. «00. 
 
 S.-VIREK, sfree', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, in liundelcund. 27 miles N.W. of Banda. 
 
 SAIS. sis, a ruined city of Kgypt, the remains of which 
 are in the Delta, on the E. bank of the Ro.setta Branch of the 
 Nile, 20 miles VV. of Mthallet-el-Kebeer. 
 
 S.A.l.St'AC. sAs'sik', a town of France, department of Aude, 
 14 miles .\.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. in 1S52, 186.3. 
 
 SAITT.E, (anc. S'edas-kaleh.) a ruined city of Asia Minor, 
 In Anatolia, the remains of which, N.W.ofAla-Shohr, (Phila- 
 delphia.) consist of tombs and temples. 
 
 SAIYADAWALA, sl-d-da-w^'ia. a walled town of the Pun- 
 jab, near the right bank of the Kavee. N.E. of Chouchuck. 
 Lat. 31'^ 5' N.. Ion. 73<^ 16' E. It has a strong earthen fort. 
 
 S.MZnN. s.-V'zAn"', a river of France, rises in the depart- 
 ment of Basses-Pyrendes, flows N.N.W. past MaulCon, below 
 which it sometime.s takes the name of Gave-de-MauIeon, and 
 after a coui*se of about 45 miles, joins the Oave-de-Oleron. 
 
 SAJO, shOh'yo'. ({.>'. "salt.') a river of .North Hungary, 
 rises in the Carpathians, 7 miles N.W. of Dobsina. flows 
 mostly S.fc;.. and joins the Uernad at Onod. Length, 80 miles. 
 
 SA.TO. a villaae of Hungnry. .See Kaza. 
 
 SA.IONTA and SA.TON. See Sa.xony. 
 
 SA.ITENY. shiHjlfi'. a village of East Hungary, on the 
 Maros. 22 miles W.S.W. of Arad. Pop. 4,5.j2. 
 
 SAK, sdk, a salt lake "f Russia, near the W. shore of the 
 Crimea, government of Taurida, 12 miles E.S.E. of Eupatoria. 
 It is about 3 miles long. 
 
 S.\ K, a large and populous Tartar.village of South Rus.«ia, 
 government of Taurida, near the W. coast of the Crimea, 12 
 miles E.S. K. of Eupatoria. 
 
 S.\K.\II. one of the cities of Japan. See Osaka. 
 
 S.\K.\ING. sd'king', a townof Burmah, and lately Its capi- 
 tal, on the N. side of the Irrawaddy, opposite Ava. 
 
 SAK.\KA, a village of Egypt. See Sakkara. 
 
 SAKAREKYAII or SAKARIYAH, sd-kdree'yah, often 
 written SAKARIA, or AIAL.\, i-^ld, (anc. Sunga'rius,) a 
 river of .\.sia Minor, in Anatolia, rises S. of Angora, and after 
 a rapid N'.E. and N. course, estimated at 230 miles, enters 
 the Bbick Sea 90 miles E.N.E. of Constantinople. 
 
 SAK.VTU, a town of Africa. See Saccatoo. 
 
 SAKAVT, sd-kiif, or SEKKET, s6k-kJf, a large mining 
 village of Kgypt. in the S.E.. having the remains of a temple 
 with a(Jreek inscription. Lat. 24° 35' N., Ion. 34° 47' E. A 
 few miles north-eastward are the ancient, and now aban- 
 doned, emerald mines of Jeb-el-Z;ibara. 
 
 SAKH A LI EN. See Saohaue.v. 
 
 SAKIIKK-SURWAR, SiVkee/ sur\var', a large village of 
 Afghanistan, 30 miles W. of Dera Ghazee Khan, Lat. 30° 2' 
 N., Ion. 70° 20' E. 
 
 S.iKKA, sik'kJ, the princip,il commercial emporium of 
 Enarea. a country of Abyssinia, and stated to be on the 
 river Gibbi. near lat. 8° N., Ion. 37° E. 
 
 SAKKAKA or SACCAKA, sdk-ki'ri, written also SA- 
 K.VRA. a village of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, 12 
 miles S. of Gheezeh, remarkable for the pyramids in its 
 viainity. 
 
 SAlvMAR.i, sik-mi'rS, a river of Russia, government of 
 Orenboorg. rises ia the Ural Mountains, flows mostly S., 
 and joins the Ural, 18 miles \Y. of Oreuboorg. Length, 350 
 miles. 
 
 SAKOORA or SAKOURA, sd-koo/rd, an island of Japan, 
 In the upper part of a large bay of the Lsland of Kioo-Sioo, 
 It is very elevated, and contains a lofty mountain called 
 Mitake. " Lat. 31° 30' N., and Ion. 130° 42' E. 
 
 S.\K0R, a town of Siam. See LiuoR. 
 
 SAL, sil. a river of Russi.i. in the Don Cossack country, 
 joins the Don near Novo-Tcherkask, after a W. course of 250 
 miles. 
 
 SAL. sll. a river of Peru, rises near Curato des log Cerros, 
 Bows N,N.E., and near Huanta unites with the Jauja in 
 forming the Mantaro, after a course of about 130 miles. 
 
 SAL. sdl, or SEL, all, one of the Cape Verd Islands, N.N.W. ] 
 
 of Boavista. Lat. 16° 4.5' N., Ion. 23° W. Length, 15 miles ! 
 breadth, 9 miles. Pop. 600. 
 
 SAL A, siSl3. a town of Central Sweden, la>n, and 21 miles 
 W. of Westeras. In its vicinity are silver-mines. Pop. 3000, 
 
 SALA, sd'ld, a village of Northern Italy, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Parma. It has an old castle in a ruinous state, and near 
 it is the beautiful palace of Casino de' Boschi, belonging to 
 the duke. Pop. 3305. 
 
 SALA. sd'ld, a townof Naples, province of Principato Citra, 
 3 miles X.E. of Diano. Pop. 6000. 
 
 SALA-BIELLESE. sdl* be-iM-l:l's.i a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, province of Biella. Pop. 1033. 
 
 SALACIA. See Alcacek Do Sal. 
 
 SALA DI GIOI. si'll dee jo'ee, a market-town of \ap1es, 
 province of Principato Citra. 4 miles W.N.W. of II Vallo. 
 i'op. 1500. 
 
 SALADILLO, sl-li-Deel'yo. (the "Little Salt River,") the 
 name of several small streams of the Argentine Republic, (\a 
 I'lata :) one of these falls into the Salado, near 35° 30' S. lat. 
 
 SALADO, sd-lah'do. a post-office of Bell co., Texas. 
 
 S.\LADO BAY, of Chili, department of Coquimbo, is an 
 inlet of the I'acific. S. of Copiapo. 
 
 SALADO CREEK, of Re.xar co., Texa.s. enters San Antonio 
 River from the X., about 15 miles S.S.E. of the town of San 
 Antonio. 
 
 SALADO DE TARIFA, sd-ia'co dA td ree/fi), a small river 
 of Spain, province of Cadiz, celebrated fi)r the gre-at battle 
 fought on its bauks in 1340, in which the Moslems under 
 Abul-Tacen were signally defeated, 
 
 SALADO, RIO, ree'o sS-ld'no, (;'.«. "Salt River.) a river 
 of South America, in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 
 province of Buenos Ayres, flows through the Pampas, a 
 plain interspersed with numerous small lakes, and enters 
 the estuary of the I'lata, 95 miles S.S.E. of Buenos Ayres, 
 after a general E. cour.se of 400 miles. 
 
 S.\LADO, RIO, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata,) departments of Salta. Tucuman, Santiago, and 
 .Santii Fe, rises in the Andes, flows mostly S.E., and joins 
 the Plata, of which it is a principal tributary, 210 miles 
 N.W. of Buenes Ayres. Total course. 1000 miles. In its 
 upper part it is called the Pasage and Valbuena. On it 
 are the towns of iliraflores, Pitos, Siinta Fe, and Espiritu 
 Santo. 
 
 S.'VL.^DO, RIO. a river of Bolivia, enters the Pacific Ocean, 
 after a W. course of 70 miles. 
 
 SALAGNAC, sd^lin'ydk', a village of France, department 
 of Dordogne. 
 
 SALAIIEEYAH or SALAHIYAU, sj-lihee'a. a ruined 
 town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, 15 miles S,E. ol 
 Rahabah. about lat. 34° 30' N., Ion. 40° 30' E. Near it the 
 Tigris steamer of the Euphrates expedition, in 1835, was de- 
 stroyed by a hurricane. 
 
 SALAMI EIL sa-ld-hee/gh.orSALIIIEII. sdl-hee/eh, written 
 also SELAIIIEII. a town of Lower Egypt, near the Pelusiac 
 arm of the Nile. 37 miles N.E. of Belljeys. Pop. 6000, mostly 
 Arab?. It is surrounded by p.vlm-ti'ees. and has a large 
 mosque. It was taken by the French in 1798, and again in 
 1800. 
 
 SALAIIIYAII. a town of Turkey. See Salaheetah. 
 
 S.\LAM.\, sd-ld'md, a town of Central America, state, and 
 65 miles N. of Guatemala. Pop. 5000. 
 
 S.\LAMANCA, sdld-mdng'k.a, (anc, Salama^i/tici,) a city of 
 Spain, capital of province, extending up rocky heights on 
 the right bank of the Tormes, here crossed by a m.agnificent 
 bridge of 27 arches on Roman foundation.s. 45 miles X.E. of 
 Ciudad Rodrigo, in lat. 45° 5' N., Ion. 5° 43' W. Pop. 13.786. 
 A great part of the city within the walls is in ruins; its 
 streets are mostly narrow, steep, crooked, and dirty. It has, 
 however, some liue large residences, venerable edifices in all 
 styles of architecture, the largest public S(}uare in Spain, 
 surrounded with arcades, .and .serving for a bull-ring, accom- 
 modating from 16,000 to 20,000 spectators, and several open 
 sp.ices adorned Avith fountains. It has a florid Gothic cathe- 
 dral of the sixteenth century, with a lii-lily decorated inte- 
 rior, 25 other churches, and a foundling asylum, Salamanca 
 is the Oxford of Spain, and previous to the French occvipa- 
 tion in 1812 it had 25 colleges, of which 20 are said to have 
 been ruined by the French. Since then, the suppression of 
 the convents has struck at the root of the prosperity of its 
 university, (which in the fifteenth century had 12,000 
 students.) But it h.is still 4 major colleges, founded in the 
 fifteenth century, and occupying fine buildings, besides 
 other colleges ; and the university is now said to have GOO 
 students and a library of 25,000 volumes. Here is an im- 
 mense Jesuit college, now used as a clerical seminary also, 
 and Irish mission school, and manuCtctures of hats, woollen 
 cloths, shoes, leather, earthenware, starch, and glue. The 
 battle of Saliimanca, in which the English, under Welling- 
 ton, totilly defeated the French under Marmont and Clusel, 
 July 22, 1812, was fought on the heights of Arapiles, 4 miles 
 
 S.E, of the city. Adj. iuhab. (Sp. Salam.vsques, sl-li- 
 
 mdn-kes/.) 
 
 S.\LAMANCA, a province of Spain, in Leon, bounded Vf. 
 by Portug.il. Area, 4S8S square miles. It is watered by the 
 Douro, the Torme.s, and the Alagon. Pop. 240,000. 
 
 1677 
 
SAL 
 
 t dLA.MANCA, si-ll-mSnp'ki a town of he Mexican Con- 
 fedtffltion. Stat*, and 20 miles S. of Guanajuato, in a plain 
 5.^0(1 feet above the sea. 
 
 SA L.\.MANCA. a lon<: and narrow island of Xew Granada, 
 dopartment, and off the mouth of the Magdalena, 20 miles 
 &.\Y. of Santa Marta. 
 
 SALAMANCA DH BACALAR, Yucatan. See Bacalak. 
 
 S\LAMBKIA. a river of Greece. See Salembria. 
 
 SALAMIS. sal'a-mis, or KOLOURT. lio loo'ree. an island of 
 Greece, iinvernment of Attica, in the Gulf of ^/jina, 10 miles 
 v. of Athens. Are.i. 30 square miles. Pop. 5000. Its shape 
 is very irregular: the surface is mountainous, wooded in some 
 parts, and on the coast small quantities of cotton, wine, and 
 olives are raised. It has several vill.-iires and conrents. In 
 the channel between it and the mainland, the Greeks under 
 Themistoclps cained a memorable naval victory over the Per- 
 sians. B. c. 4S0. Solon and Kuripides were natives of Salamis. 
 
 SALAMiyXIA, a post-office of .l.-iy co., Indiana. 
 
 SALA^IONIE. salVmo-uee'.of Indiana. rL«es in Jay county, 
 and flowing N.K., enters the AVabash River opposite Lagro. 
 In width and volume of water it is nearly equal to the 
 Wabash at their contluence. It furnishes excellent water- 
 power. 
 
 S.'^L.INDRA. sl-lJn'dri a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Basilicata. 12 miles S.K. of Tricarico. Pop. 1900. 
 
 SALA.\DKELL.\. sa-lin-drllli. a river of Naples, con- 
 tisuous to the above town, flows S.E. and enters the Gulf of 
 Taranto 6 miles S.W. of the Basiento, after a course of uOmiles. 
 
 S.A.LANG. an island, Indian Ocean. See Junkcetlos. 
 
 SALANG.\. s3-ling'jrd, a point and island off the W. coast 
 of South -Aimerica, in Ecuador, department, and 80 miles 
 N.W. of Guayaquil. 
 
 SALANGORE, sl-l3n-gor', a petty state of the Slalay Pe- 
 ninsula, stretching for about 120 miles along its W. side, 
 from lat. 2° 30' to -4° N., Ion. between 101° and 102° E., 
 having on the N. Perak and on the S. Rumbowe. Pop. 
 estimated at 12,000. The products comprise dammer-wood, 
 oil, and rattans. 
 
 S.\L.\NGORE, the capital of the above state, on a river 
 near the sea, has a fort and a shallow harbor. Lat. about 
 3° 20' X.. Ion. 101° 30* E. 
 
 SALANKE.ME.VT, sl-linOcgh-minO, or SLAXK.UIEXT. 
 sMnky-mi'nt\ a village of .\ustria, in Slavonia. on the left 
 bank of the Danube, opposite the influx of the Theiss, 21 
 miles E.S.K. of Peterwardein. Here, in 1091. the first de- 
 cLsive check was given to the progress of the Turks in Europe, 
 by the defeat of their army under Kiuporli. 
 
 S.\L.VNTY. sSlin'tee, a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government of Vilnji. 26 miles W.X.W. of Tclsh. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAL.\I!, sj-lau'. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and 27 miles W.X.W. of Granada, on the E. slope of the 
 Sierra de .\lhama. Pop. 1839. 
 
 SAL.\R.\, sii-li'ri, a village of Austrian Italy, government 
 of Venice, province of Polisone, on the Po, 19 miles S.S.W. 
 of Rovigo. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SALARDINGK, sdMaRM^Nzh', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of liast Flandei-s, 21 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1626. 
 
 SAL.\RES, si-li'rJs, a town of Spain, province, and 21 
 miles E.X.E. of Malaga. Pop. 1530. 
 
 SALARIA. See Chischilla. 
 
 S.\I<AS. sMfc, a town of Spain, province, and 46 miles 
 N.N.E. of Lerida. Pop. 992. 
 
 SALAS-Y-OOMEZ. siais ee go-m?th'. a small island of the 
 Paciflc Ocean, in lat. 2«° 28' S.. Ion. 105° 26' W. It was dis- 
 covered by the I'ortuguese in 1793. 
 
 S.\L.\T. sdMi', a river of South France, department of 
 Ari^ge. rises in the Pyrenees, and after a X.X.W. course of 
 62 miles, for the last 20 of which it is navigable, joins the 
 Garonne a little below St Martory. 
 
 S.\L.4TY, sd-ld'tee, a market-town of Ru.ssian Poland, 
 government of Vilna. 37 miles S.E. of Mitau. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SA LA WATTY, s4-ll-wat/tee. an island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, off the W. extremity of Papua, in lat. 1° S.. Ion. 131° 
 K. Length. 35 miles; breadth, 26 miles. It produces sago 
 of excellent quality. 
 
 SAL.VYEIl or SALKYER. sd-lPgr, a group of islands in 
 the Malay Archipelago, off the S. coast of the island of 
 Celebes, forming part of the Dutch province of Macassar. 
 It consists of the islands of Salayer or Gi-eat Salayer, Ka- 
 laura, Boneratta, Uog Island, and' the Boegerones. Salayer 
 Island, al)out 30 miles long fnim N. to S., by 8 miles broad. 
 In lat (N. p<:.int) 5^ 47' S.. Ion. 120° 28' E., is separated from 
 Oelebes by the Strait of Salayer, 13 miles broad. Pop. of the 
 IToap, 60.000. 
 
 SALAZAR DE LAS PALMAS, si-lJ-thaR/ dA lis pdl'mls, 
 a small town of South America, in Xew Granada, departs 
 ment of Boyaca, 40 miles X. of Pamplona, on the Venezuelan 
 Irontier. 
 
 SALAZZA. sl-Ut/sl a village of the Sardinian SUtes, 
 •Jlvision of Turin, province, and 12 mUes S.W. of Ivrea, on 
 the Ores. Pop. ll.W. 
 
 SALUftlS. sdrbree', a market-town of France, department 
 CT I»i r-et-Oher. on the Saudre. and on the railway to Bourees, 
 14 miles N. of Viorzon. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SAIiCITO. sil-cbee'to, a town of Naples, proTinee of Mo- 
 1678 «- —> r 
 
 SAL 
 
 lise, on the Trigno, 14 miles X.X.W. of Campobasso. Pop 
 3000. 
 
 S.\LCOMBE-REGIS, salTiiim ree'jis, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Devon. 
 
 S.\LD.\S.\.. sll-dSn'yJ. a town of Spain, province, and 37 
 miles N.N.W. of I'alencia. on the Carrion, here crossed by a 
 bridge of 23 arches. Pop. 1015. 
 
 SA LOAN 11 A (sal-da'naor sd!-din'ya^ BAY. of South Africa, 
 in Cape Colony. 60 miles N.X.W. of Cape Town, in lat. 33° 
 1' S.. Ion. 17° 54' E. Length from N. to S.. 15 miles; en- 
 trance. 3 miles in breadth. At all ."seasons it affords good 
 anchorage; and on its W. side is a station of the Dutch East 
 India Company. 
 
 SALDAO. silMowx-o'. or SADAO. sJ-dow>-e', a river of Poi^ 
 tugal, provinces of Alemtejo and Estremadura, ri.«es 19 miles 
 S. of Ourique. flows N and N.W., and enters the Bay of 
 SetulMl 9 miles E.S.K. of Setnbal. Length, 110 miles, for 
 the last 40 of which it is navigable. 
 
 SALDE, sil'dA. a village of Senecambia, in Foota. on the 
 left bank of the Senegal, in lat Vi° 21' N., ion. ViP 37' W. 
 Here ships bound for Galam stop to pay their custom-duties 
 to the Alniamy of Foota. 
 
 SALDI.XSK.sdlVlinsk'. (Xizhsee. nizh'nee. and Vkrkhn'eb 
 or Verkhmi, v^RK'nee.) two contiguous market-towns of 
 Euroj>ean Itnssia. covernment of Perm, on an affluent ol 
 the Tura. 15 miles S.S.E. of Verkhotoorie. United pop. 2000. 
 
 SALE, a township of England, co. of Che.ster. 
 
 SALE, .sd'l.A. a town of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Alessandri.a. province, and 10 miles X.X.W. of Tortona. In a 
 plain consisting of a rich alluvium left by the Po, which 
 originally had its channel in it. Pop. 5094. 
 
 S.\LE, a village of the Sardinian States, division of ConI, 
 province of Mondovi, in the valley traversed by the Salaz- 
 rola. I'op. 1314. 
 
 SALE, a village of Northern Italy, province, and 15 miles 
 N.W. of Bi-escia. on a height above the E. shore of Lake 
 Iseo. Pop. 1744. 
 
 SALE, sdMiV, written also SALLEE. SALEE. and SLA, a 
 fortified seaport-town of Morocco, kingdom, and 100 miles 
 W. of Fez. on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Bu- 
 Regreb, opposite Rabatt Lat S4° 2' X., Ion. 6° 46' W. Pop 
 estimated at from 10,ft00 to 14.000. It stands on a low, sandy 
 point, enclosed by walls, and having a long battery guanling 
 the entrance to the river. It has a manufacture of fine 
 carpets, and an export trade in wool. It was formerly noted 
 both for piracy and commercial activity ; at present it is in 
 decay. 
 
 SALE^BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SALE CASTELXUOVO. sI'lA kA.s't^l-nocMi'vo, a village of 
 the Sardinian State.s, division of Turin, a little N. of Castel- 
 lamonte. on a tributary of the Oreo. Pop. 2178. 
 
 SALE DI TORTOXA, sinA dee toR-to^ni a market^towa 
 of North Italv, in Piedmont, 6 miles X.X.W. of Tortona. 
 Pop. 5094. 
 
 S.\LEE. a town of Slorocco. See Sale. 
 
 SALiyilURST. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 S.VLE.M, a district of British India, presidency of Madras, 
 having on the S.W. and W. the Cavery River. Area, 8200 
 square miles. Pop. 1,195,377. Capital, Salem. 
 
 SALEM, the chief town of the above district, and the resi- 
 dence of the British authorities, is 114 miles E.S.E. of So- 
 ringapatam. Lat. 11° 39' X., Ion. 78° 12' E. Pop. 19.020. 
 
 SA'LEM, a county in the S.W. part of Xew .lei-sey. hajs an 
 area of about 5-W square milec. It is bounded on theW. by 
 the Delaware River, on the X.E. by Oldman's Creek, and on 
 the E. and S.E. by Maurice River and Stow Creek, and is 
 drained by Salem and Alloway's Creeks, which afford valuable 
 water-po\ver. The surface is level; the soil in the X. and 
 W. portions is clay or loam, more or less sandy, and gene- 
 rally productive. In the S.E. part the soil is sandy or gra- 
 velly, and less fertile. Marl is abundant in various places, 
 and is used as a manure; iron ore is also found, but not in 
 great quantities. A short canal of 3 or 4 miles connects 
 Salem Creek, n.avig,ible for ghallops, with the Delaware. 
 It is intersected by the West Jersey Railroad, and in part 
 by the Salem R.lL Organized in 1710, when it included 
 the present county of Ciiniberland, and named from Salem, 
 the se;it of justice, which was founded by John Feiiwicke 
 in 1675. Pop. 22,458. 
 
 SALEM, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about 50 
 miles N.W. by N. of Augusti. Pop. 396. 
 
 S.\.LEM, a post-village and township of Rockingham co., 
 Xew Hampshire, on the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad, 
 35 miles S.E. by S. of Concord. Pop.1670, 
 
 SALEM, a township of Orleans co.. Vermont on the S.E. 
 shore of Lake Memphremagog, 60 miles X.E. of Moutpelier. 
 Pop. 603. 
 
 S.\LE.M, a city, port of entry, and one of the capitals of 
 Essex CO., Massachusetts, is situated chiefly on a tongue of 
 land formed by two inlets of the sea, called Xort h and South 
 Rivers. 14 miles X. by E. of Boston, with whi^h it commu- 
 nicates by the Ea.stern Railway. Lat 42° 31' 18" X.. Ion. 70° 
 63' 53" W. It extends nearly 2 miles in length, and three- 
 quarters of a mile in breadth, occupying the peninsula from 
 shore to shore. The streetsare generally irregular. Chestnut 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 ffroet is oonsidrred the handsomest. It Js finely shaded 
 with elms, and on either Hde are rows of elejrant mansions. 
 In the K. section of the city is a beautiful public Rround, 
 nontiining 8^ acres. Salem'is for the most part well built, 
 largely of wcKxi, but partly also of brick and stone. The 
 principal public buildings are tlie city hall, erected in 1837, 
 the court-house, a new and handsome edifice, Marine Hall, 
 Mechanic Hall, and the churches, of which there are al)Out 
 20. Salem is distinijuished for the number and standing of 
 its scientific and literary institutions, among which may be 
 mentioned the Kast India .Marine Society, formed in 1799 
 by tho^e who. actinsi eitlier as captains or supercargoes, had 
 nride one or more voyaires around the Capeof (}ood Hope or 
 Cai^e Horn. The museum comprises a hiirhly intere.sting 
 and valuable cabinet of natural and artificial curiosities, 
 collected from all parts of the world. The Essex Institute, 
 organized in 1848, by the Union of the Essex Historical and 
 Essex County Natural History Societies, has a library of 
 about 8000 volumes, and a good cabinet of n.atural history. 
 The Salem Athnnajum, foi-med in 1810. by the union of the 
 Social and Philosophical Libraries, contains 12.500 volumes. 
 The Essex A'.nicultural .Society, org.inized in 181S, has a 
 library of agricultural works deposited in the city hall. By 
 the census of 1850, there were in Salem 10 public libraries, 
 with an aggregate of 23,300 volumes; 27 private libraries, of 
 over lOOO volumes each, with an aggregate of 55,6.i0 volumes: 
 public school libraries, 3995 volumes, and Sabbath-school 
 libraries, .3700 volumes, making a total of 86.f45 volumes. 
 The benevolent institutions are an hospital and an alm.s- 
 house. Salem has excellent public schools. In 1852 there 
 were in the city 1 Ijatin, and 2 high schools ; 7 grammar, and 
 17 intermediate and primary schools, attended by 30.58 
 pupils. The total amount of money expended for school 
 purposes during the year 1851-52, was $32,741.69. Six news- 
 papers are pubii.«hed in the city. 
 
 Salem has a convenient and well-protected harbor, afford- 
 ing good anchorage. In commercial importance it has al- 
 always held a high rank among the cities of New England. 
 In 1818 it had 53 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 14.272 
 tons, engaged in the Kast India trade. This branch of industry 
 has of late years considerably declined, many of the cargoes 
 formerly received here being discharged at the ports of Uos- 
 ton and New York. In December, 18.')2, there were owned in 
 Salem 22 ships, 40 barques, 33 brigg, 4 whalers, besides 
 other vessels, with a total tonnage of 50,455. The aggre- 
 gate tonnage of Salem, June, 1863, was only 22,lt)6%. 
 There entered the district of Salem and Beverly from for- 
 eign ports, during the year ending June 30, 18t>3, 139 ves- 
 sels (tons 15,555), of which 110 (tons 9667) were foreign. 
 The clearances for the same period were 139 (tons 13,2i.4), 
 of which 117 were foreign- 
 Manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent. The 
 Naumeag Steam Cotton Company, incorporated in 1839. have 
 a building 405 feet by 65, and 4 stories high, and run 32.7ii8 
 spindles. The Salem Laboratory Company manufacture sul- 
 phuric acid and other chemicals to the amount of about 
 jlOfl.OOO annually. Another establishment yearly turns out 
 1,500,000 pounds of cleaned copal. Besides the above, there 
 are manufactories of machinery, black and white lead, sperm 
 oil, candles, cordage, twine, &c. The annual receipts for 
 tanning and currying is about $650,000, and for boots and 
 shoes upwards of $200,000. S-ilem has 7 banks, with an 
 aggregate capital of .^L'SOjOOO, a .savings' institution, and 5 
 or 6 insurance companies. An aqueduct supplies the city 
 with excellent spring water. Two bridges, one for ordinary 
 travel. 1481 feet in length, and the other for the passage of 
 railroad cars, span the North Kiver, and communicate with 
 Beverly. 
 
 Next to Plymouth. Salem is the oldest town In New Eng- 
 land, having been first settled in 1626. In 1629. 11 ships 
 arrived from England, bringing out 1500 per.sons, by whom 
 settlements were commenced at Charlestown, Boston, and 
 other places: 200 of these settlers died the first winter. 
 During this year (1629) the first complete church organiza- 
 tion ever effected in North America was fbunded at Salem, 
 with the Ttev. Francis Iligginson as its pastor. About the 
 year 1692 prevailed the famous ''witchcraft" delusion, 
 through which 19 persons in this and the neighboring towns 
 were condemned and executed. The place of their execu- 
 tion, a beautiful eminence overlooking the city, is now 
 known as '"Gallows Hill." S.alem was distinguished for its 
 patriotic zeal during the Revolutionary war. It is said that 
 60 armed vessels, manned by 4000 men, were fitted out from 
 this port as privateers. It was incorporated as a town in 
 1630, and as a city in 18.36. The Indian name was Naum- 
 keag. Pop. In 1840, 15,082; in 1850, 20,263; and in 1860, 
 22,252. 
 
 S.\LEM, a post-township of New London cc, Connecticut, 
 33 miles S.E. of Hartford. Pop. 830. 
 
 SALEM, a village of Chautauqua co,. New York, near Lake 
 Erie, alx)ut 50 miles W.S.W. of Buffalo. 
 
 SALEM, a post-village and township, semi-capital of Wash- 
 ington CO.. New York, on White Creek, and on the Rutland 
 and Washington Railroad, 48 miles N.N.E. of .Albany. The 
 village contains, besides the county buildings, several 
 
 churches, an academy, a bank, and a newspaper office Poi>. 
 of the township, 3181. 
 
 SALEM, a thriving post-town, capital of Salem co., Rev 
 .Tersey, is sittiated on a creek of its own name, M)/^ miles from 
 its mouth, about 65 miles S.W. of Trenton. It cont.'iin.i 8 
 fine churches, several public schoids, a bank, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and many beautiful private residences. The building 
 for the county offices is a handsome structure. This town 
 owes its prosperity chiefly to the agricultural resources of 
 the county. Here are 2 niiinufactories of glassware. Ithas 
 a daily ccnimnnication with Philadc^iphia by steamboatand 
 by a railroad which extends to I'itt.stown (16 miles), and 
 connects with the West .Jersey Railroad. Salem Creek is 
 navigable for vessels of 50 tons burden to this jihice. Pop. 
 
 mm. 
 
 SALEM, a town.iMp of Lnzerne co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the North Branch Canal, 20 miles W.S.W. of Wilkesbarro. 
 Pop. 1396. 
 
 SALEM, a post-township of Mercer co.. Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersected by Shenango Creek, 15 miles N.N.W. of Mercer. 
 Pop. 585. 
 
 S.\LKM. a township of Wayne co.. Pennsylvania. P. 2266. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Westmoreland co„ Pqnnsylvania, 
 intersected by the Pennsylvania or Central Railroad, 10 
 miles N. of Greensburg. Pop. 2551, 
 
 SALEM, a post-village of Fauquier co,, Virginia, on the 
 Manas.sas Gap Railroad, 52 miles from Alexandria, and 114 
 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. The situation is high and plea- 
 sant. The village contains 1 church, an academy, .ind seve- 
 ral stores. The post-office is called S,\lf,m F.mjquier. 
 
 S.\LKM, a neat po.st-village, capital of Roanoke co., Vir- 
 ginia, is situated on the Roanoke River, and on the Virginia 
 and Tennessee Railroad. 180 miles W. of Richmond. It 
 stands in the great valley between the Blue Ridge and 
 North Mountain. It contains 1 bank, 3 churches, and seve- 
 ral mills. Free pop. 612. 
 
 SALKM, a thriving post-village of Forsyth co„ North Caro- 
 lina, on Muddy Creek, an aftluent of the Yadkin River, 120 
 miles W, by N, of Raleigh. The Moravian Female Seminary 
 of this place is one of the largest in the state, occupying 4 
 large brick buildings, with about 200 pupils. Salem con. 
 tains a bank, 2 cotton lHctori(>s, 1 woollen factory, and 1 
 paper mill, and is noted for the number and skill of its me- 
 chanics. Win.ston, the county seat, was laid out imme- 
 diately N. of Salem when the county was organized in 1850. 
 Pop. in 1860, about 1200. 
 
 SALEM, a post-village of Sumter district, South Carolina, 
 91 miles E. of Columbia. 
 
 S.\LEM, a post-village of Clarke co., Georgia, 53 miles N. 
 of Milledgeville. 
 
 S.\LKM, a post-village in the N.E. p.art of Russell co., Ala- 
 bama. It contains several stores. Pop. about 400. 
 
 S.\LEM, a thriving post-village of Tippah co., Mississippi, 
 18 miles W, of Ripley. It is near the route of the Memphis 
 and Charlestin Railroad, now in progre.«s. and is surrounded 
 by fine cotton lands. It contains 2 semiu.iries, and 6 or 8 
 stores. Pop. about 800. 
 
 S.\LEM, a post'Oflice of Newton co., Texas. 
 
 S.\LEM, a post-village, capital of Fulton co., Arkansas, 
 about 140 miles N. by E. of Little Rock. 
 
 S ALE.M. a post-village of Franklin co., Tennessee, 90 miles 
 S. by E. of Nashville. 
 
 SALEM, a post-village of Livingston co., Kentucky, 200 
 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It was formerly the county seat. 
 
 SALEM, a village of Pendleton co., Kentucky, on the 
 Licking Rii«... which is navigable to this place for small 
 steamboats. It is a depQt for tobacco, which is produced in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Miami Canal. Pop. 677. 
 
 SALKM, a town.ship of Champaign co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Mad River .and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1001. 
 
 SALEM, a post-township in the central part of Colum- 
 biana CO,, Ohio, Pop. 1889. 
 
 SALEM, a beautiful and thri%ing post-town of Perry 
 township, Columbiana CO., Ohio, on the Pittsburg Ft. Wayne 
 and Chicago Raih-oad, 167 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 70 
 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It is surrounded by a rich farming 
 community, and is one of the most flourishing and import- 
 ant towns in the E. part of Ohio. It contains 5 churches, 2 
 Friends" meeting houses, about 40 stores, a union school, 3 
 banks, 1 newspaper office, a fine public hall, 3 flour-mills, 6 
 machine-shops, and 1 manufactory of axes. Mowing and 
 reaping machines, steam-engines, and stone-ware are made 
 here. Pop. in Sept. 1864, 2808, in 1865 said to be 4000. 
 
 SALEM, atownsliip of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 921. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Jefl'erson co., Ohio. Pop. 1812. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1778. 
 
 SALEM, a townsliip of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1954. 
 
 SALE.M, a small village of Blontgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Muskingum, Ohio. Pop. 1086. 
 
 S.\LEM, a township of Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 705. 
 
 SALEM, a townsliip of Sheiby co., Ohio. Poi>. 1226. 
 
 S.iLKM, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 1840. 
 
 1679 
 
SAL 
 
 SALE5r, a township of 'SVarren co., Ohio. Pop. 3S63. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Washington co., Oliio. Pop. 1527. 
 
 SALE.y, a township of Wyandot CO., Ohio. Pop. 1070. 
 
 SALE.M, a post-village and township forming the N.E.ex- 
 n'emity of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 30 miles W. by N. of 
 Detroit. Pop. Vio9. 
 
 SALEM.a townsliip of Delaware co., Indiana. Pop. 1286. 
 
 SALEM, a townsliip of Puhiski co., Indiana. Pop. 519. 
 
 SALEM, a village of Randolph CO., Indiana, S3 miles X.E. 
 of Inthanapolia. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Population 
 1117. 
 
 SALEM, apost-Tillage, capital of Washington co., Indiana, 
 on the Louisville, .New Albany and Cliicago Railroad, 30 
 miles N.W. of New Albany. It is pleasantly situated on 
 rolling ground, near the source of the Blue River, a;id in 
 themldstof arichfarmingdistrict. Salem contains, besides 
 the county buildings, 1 Catholic and 4 Protestant churches, 
 1 bank, 1 academy, 1 woollen factory, 1 iron foundry, 2 flour- 
 mills, and many handsome residences. Pop. in 1S50, 1224; 
 in 1860, 1372. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 725. 
 
 SALEM, a thriving iiost-village. capital of Marion co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 71 miles E.of St. 
 Louis. Pop. about 1800. See Appexwx. 
 
 SALEM, a small village, capital of Dent co., Missouri, 
 about 80 miles S.S.E of Jefferson City. . 
 
 S.VLEM. a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, about 25 miles 
 W. of Burlington. Pop. about oui). See Appendix. 
 
 SALEM, a post-township of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 1472. 
 
 SALEM, a post-town, seat of justice of Marion co., and 
 capital of the State of Oregon, on the right (E.) bank of the 
 Willamette River, 50 miles above Oregon City. It is beau- 
 tifully situated in a rich prairie country, and is one of the 
 most flourishing towns in the state. Population in ISfrl, 
 about 1500. See Appenmx. ' 
 
 SALEMBRIA. saUm-bree'i, SALYMPRIA. saiim-pree'a, 
 written also SALAMBRIA and SALEMPRIA, (anc. I^nefus.) 
 the pirindpal river of Thes.saly. in European Turkey, rises 
 at the N.W. extremity of that province, flows S. and E„ and 
 enters the Gulf of Salonica 13 miles X.W. of Cape Kissova. 
 Total course, 110 miles, for about half of which it is navi- 
 gable. Its principal affluents are the Phanari, Satalge, and 
 Saranta-Poros. 
 
 SA'LEil CENTRE, a po.st-villase of Westchester co., New 
 York, 112 miles S. by E. of Albanv. 
 
 SALEM CENTRE, a post-office of Steuben co.. Indiana. 
 
 SALEM CirURCH. a post^village of Randolph co., North 
 Carolina. 121 miles W. of Ralei-jh. 
 
 SALEM CREEK, of Salem co"., New Jersey, rises in the S. 
 part of the county, and flowing at first N.N.W.. and after- 
 wards S.. falls into Delaware Bay 3j miles below the town of 
 Salem. There is a bar at the mouth, over which vessels 
 cannot pass except at high tide. Above this it is navigable 
 for about half its course, which is perhaps 30 miles. 
 
 SALEM CROSS-ROADS, a postK)ffice of Chautauqua co., 
 New York. 
 
 S.\LEJI CROSS-ROADS, a post-village of Westmoreland 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 180 miles W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 SALEMI, g4-l.A'niee, (anc. Hah/ciae.) a town of Sicily, 15 
 miles N.E. of Mazzai-a. Pop. 8000. It is finely situated, en- 
 closed by walls, and has several churches, but no trade. 
 
 SALE MOOR, England, a station on the Manchester Rail- 
 way, 2} miles N.E. of Altringham. 
 
 S.\LEMOW. sA-le-mOw', a town of India, dominions, and 
 70 miles E. of Bhopaul. 
 
 SALEN, sd-l^n', a town of Burm.Hh. in Farther India, on 
 the W, .side of the Irrawaddy. 55 miles N.W. of Patsinago. 
 
 S.\LENGKE, .sd-l^n'g;i, a village of the Sardinian States. 
 division of Turin, province, and 7 miles E. of Pinerolo. 
 Pop. 3961. 
 
 S.^LERANO. sJ-lA-ri'no, a village of Northern Italy, go- 
 vernment of Milan, province, and 6 miles W. of Lodi, on 
 the Lambro. Pop. l005. 
 
 SALKRNE. SeeS.^LEKW). 
 
 S.\LERNES, sJMaian', a town of France. depart«ient of 
 Var, at the confluence of the Braque and Bresque, 11 miles 
 W. of Draguignan. Pop. in ]S.o2, 2613. 
 
 SALERNO, siler'no or sJ-Ur'uo, (anc. SaUr'num ; Fr. Sa- 
 lernf, sA'laiRu',) a city and seaport of Italy, capital of the 
 prf.vhioe of Prinoipato Citra. at the N. extremity of the gulf 
 of Its own name. 30 miles S.E. of Naples, finely situated on 
 the side and at the foot of a hill, crowned bv the remains of an 
 ancient citadel. LHt.40°40' X., Ion. 14°4(3' E. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has a broad road or marina along the shore. 
 which forms an excellent promenade. Its .streets, paved 
 with lava, are narrow and irregular, and hemmed in by 
 lofty, gloomy-looking houses, verv indifferently built. The 
 principal editices are the cathedral, erected by "Robert Guis- 
 card, a Gothic structure, adorned with a facade of 28 gr.i- 
 nlte Corinthian pillars, and possessing an ancient tomb, said 
 to oontait. the ashes of the Apostle Matthew; the governor's 
 palace, the new theatre. 17 ihiurches, several convents, an 
 ordinary, and a foundling hospital. The port is well shel- 
 16S0 
 
 SAL 
 
 tered. hut is shallow, and frequented chiefly by fi.shingrm- 
 sels, Naples having carried off its trade, which was atone 
 time of some importance. Salerno is the see of an arch- 
 bishop, and has a hiich criminal and a civil cfiurt; a semi- 
 nary, lyceum. and university, which had acquired great cele- 
 brity in the eleventh century, particularly as a school of 
 medicine, but has lost its reputation. The foundation of the' 
 town is attributed to the Greeks. It became a place of great 
 importance under the Romans, from whom it passed first to 
 the Goths and afterwards to the Lombard.s, who retained it 
 in possession till the eleventh century, when they were ex- 
 pelled by the Norman, Robert Guiscaiii. It was ultimately 
 annexed to the crown of Naples, l^op. in 1862. 20,977. 
 
 SALERNO. GL'LF OF, (anc. Itestuhim Silnus.)An inlet of 
 the Mediterranean, separated from the Bay of Naples by 
 Cape Campanella. Breadth. 3t) miles. It receives the river 
 Sale, and on its shores are Salerno, Amalfi, and the remains 
 of POstum. 
 
 SALERS, s.iMJr'. a town of France, department of Cant.-jl, 
 on a volcanic heijiht. 15 miles N.N.E. of Aurillao. Pop. 1243. 
 
 SALEITO. si-l^t/to, a village of Austrian Italy, 21 mUeg 
 S.W. of I'adua. Pop. 2040. 
 
 S.\LEYER. islands, Malay Archipelago. See S.\l.\tee. 
 
 S.\LFORD, sawl'ford. a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, town, and parish of England, co. of Lancaster, hun- 
 dred of Salford. immediately W. of Manchester, with wliich 
 city it communicates by 6 bridges across the Irwell. Pop. in 
 1851 , 6;j,42o: of the ) larliamentary borough in 1861, 102,414. Its 
 chief characteristics have been noticed in conjunction with 
 those of Manchester, with which it unites to form the most 
 populous place in England after the metropolis, and the 
 chief seat of the British cotton manufacture. The borough 
 has but recently received municipal rank. It sends 1 mem- 
 ber to the House of Commons. See M.\N'CHESTEa. 
 
 SALFORD. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SALFORD. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 SAL'FORD PRI'ORS. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 S.iL'FORDVlLLE. a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 13 miles N.N.W. of Norrisfown. 
 
 SALiJ.VDO, sil-gi'do. a river of Brazil, rises in the S. of 
 the province of Ceara. under the name of the Porcos, and 
 sevenil miles below the town of leo. joins the J.aguaribe. 
 
 S.\IXi.\D0, a town of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, on 
 the Sao Francisco, lat. 15° 20' S. Pop. 4000. . 
 
 SALGIIIR or SALGIR, sdl-gheeR, the principal river of 
 the Crimea, rises at the foot of Jlount Eila. 12 miles S.E. of 
 Simferopol, flows successively N.W. and N.E.. and enters 
 the Gulf of Sivash, 40 miles N.N.W. of Kaffa, after a course 
 of 100 miles. 
 
 SALHIEH. a town of Lower Egypt. See S.\l.\hieh. 
 
 SAL/HOUSE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 S.\LI.\^N, si-le-an', a small town of Asiatic Russia, in 
 Transcaucasiii, province of Talish, on an island in the Koor, 
 15 miles above its mouth in the Ca.spian t^ea. 
 
 SALIANAil. si-le-d'ni, a town of North Hindostan, be- 
 tween Oude and .Nepaul. 120 miles N. of Lucknow 
 
 SALIBABO. sd-le-bii'bo, SALIBABOO, sd-le-baTKio, or 
 TULOUR (tooMoor') ISLAND.S. a cluster in the Malay Ar- 
 chipelago, alwut lat. 4° N.. and between ion. 126° and 127° 
 E. Thev are well cultivated and populous. 
 
 SALICETTO. s4-leH;h6t/to, a market-town of North Italy, 
 in Piedmont, on the Bormida. 18 miles E.N.E. of Mondovi. 
 Pop. 1674. 
 
 S A LIES, sjMee', a town of France, department of Basses- 
 I^rfinees. on an affluent of the Gave d"01eron. Pop. in 
 1852, 6714. It is noted for its springs of brine. 
 
 SALIES, a town of France, department of Ilaute-Garonne, 
 near the Salat, 12 miles E. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 860. 
 
 S.\LIGNAC. .sd'leenH'dk', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Dordogne, 34 miles E.S.E. of Perigueux. Pop. 
 1286. 
 
 S.\LI6NAC. a village of France, department of Gironde, 
 15 miles N.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 9S6. 
 
 SALIKI SERAI, sd-lee'kee sA-ri'. a considerable town of 
 the Punjab, near the E. bank of the Indus, 40 miles N.E. 
 of Attock, on the route into Cashmere. Lat. 34° 6' N., Ion. 
 72° 5.5' E. 
 
 SALINA, si-lee'na. or SALINI, saiee/nee. (anc. Did')fme,) 
 one of the Lipari Islands in the Mediterranean, X-M". of 
 Lipari. It is 5 miles in diameter. Pop. 4000. It is volcanic. 
 
 SALIN.A, sa-li'na, a post-village and township of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York, on the E. shore of Onondaga Lake, and 
 on the Oswego Canal. 2 miles N. by W. of Syracuse. The 
 village contains several churches, a bank, a large machine- 
 shop, and extensive manufactories of .salt, which produced 
 in 1850. 2.175,711 bushels. The s.ilt springs of this vicinity 
 are the most valuable in the Union. See Straclse. Two 
 plank-roads terminate in Saliua. Pop. of the township, 
 2400. 
 
 SALINA, a. post-village in Jefferson co., Kentucky, 65 
 miles W. of Frankfort. 
 
 S.\LINA, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 SALINA RIVER, California. See Sas Buenavkntdiu 
 
 RiVEtt. 
 
 SALINAS DE ANANA, sd-lee'nis dA i-ai'ni, a market- 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 town of Spain, proyince of Alava, 10 miles N.E. of Vitoria. 
 Pop. 1078. 
 
 SAIilNE, sa-leen', a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 SALINE, sa-leen', a county of Arkansas, situated near 
 the centre of the state. Area. 950 square miles. It is drained 
 by Saline Kiver. The surface in the N.W. is hilly, aud in 
 the S. nearly level; the soil is fertile, adapti^d to eottop, In- 
 dian corn, aud (;rass. The streams furnish extensive water- 
 power. Fine marljle, soapstone. and quartz are abundant 
 m the hilly section. Capital, Uenttin. I'op. OGiy, of wlioui 
 5891 were free, and 749 slaves. 
 
 SAWNE, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Indiana and Kentucky, has an area of about 370 square 
 mil(«. It is bounded on the E. by the Oliio and Wabash 
 Kivers, and intersei-ted by Saline Creek, from which its 
 name is derived. The county is well timbered ; the soil is 
 fertile. Salt is procured from springs on Saline Creek, near 
 the W. border. Formed a few years af;o out of part of Gal- 
 latin. Capital, Shawneetown. Pop. 9331. 
 
 SAIiINK, a county in the N.W. central part of Missouri, 
 has an area of 750 square miles. The Missouri Hiver forms 
 the boundary on the N. and E. : and the county is traversed 
 by the Black and Salt Forks of La .Mine Hirer, which unite 
 near the S.E. border. The surface consists chiefly of undu- 
 lating prairies, the soil of which is productive. The defi- 
 ciency of timber is partly compensated by extensive beds 
 of stone coal. There are valuable lead-mines, and quarries 
 of lime.stone and sandstone. Salt is procured from nume- 
 rous saline springs, from which the name is derived. Capi- 
 tal, Marshall. Pop. 14,699, of whom 982! were free, and 4876 
 ■laves. 
 
 SALINE, a post-office of Bienville parish,. Louisiana. 
 
 SALINE, a township in Hempstead co., Arkansas. Pop. 
 1184. 
 
 S.\LTNE, a post-township in Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 
 SALI.N'K. a township of .Jefferson co.. Ohio. Pop. 1197. 
 
 S.\LINE, a post-village aud township of Washtenaw co., 
 Mii'ljigan, on Saline liiver, 40 miles W. by S. of Detroit. 
 The village is situated in a rich farming district, and has 
 several stores and mills. The salt springs in the vicinity 
 are said to be v;iluable. Pop. of the township, 1927. 
 
 SALINE, a township in Saline co., Illinois. 
 
 SALINE, a post-village of Halls co., Missouri, 98 miles 
 N.E. of .lefferson City. 
 
 SALINE, a township. St. Genevieve co.. Missouri. P.1094. 
 
 SALINE B.WOTJ. sj-leen' bi'oo, of Louisiana, commences 
 at Catahoula Lake, and flowing S.E., enters lied River, near 
 the S. extremity of Catahoula parish. 
 
 SALINE B.\YOU, of Louisian,^, commencing in Claiborne 
 parish, flows S., and unites with a lateral channel of Red 
 River, about 7 miles E. of Natchitoches. 
 
 SALINE CREEK, of Arkansas, rises in the W. part of 
 the state, and flows S. into Little River, a few miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 SALINE CREEK, near the S.E. extremity of Illinois, is 
 formed by two branches, termed the South and North 
 Forks. It faJW into the Ohio River about 10 miles below 
 ShawneetoT" 
 
 SALINE CREEK, or LITTLE SALINE, of Cooper co., 
 Missouri, flows into the Missouri River from the right. 
 
 SALINE MILLS, a post-offlce of Natchitoches parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 SALf NE MINES, a post-office of Gallatin co., Illinois. 
 
 SALINE RIVER, of Arkan.sas, is formed by three small 
 branches, which unite in Saline county, a few miles N.W. 
 of Ronton. It flows thence S.E. and S., and enters the 
 Washita. River near the E. extremity of Union county. Its 
 length is estimated at 200 miles. — Branches. — The North 
 Fork rises near the N. border of Saline county. The Middle 
 Fork rises near the W. border of the R.ime county, and flows 
 S.E. The South Fork rises in Hot Spring county, and 
 flows E. 
 
 S.tLINE RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream which 
 flows into the Raisin River, in Monroe county. 
 
 S.\LINES, siMeen'. a maritime village of Cyprus, in the 
 Gulf of Salines, on the E. coast of the island, 3 miles S. of 
 Larnica, with a citadel, bazaar, and salt work.s, 
 
 SALINE'VILLG, a post-village of Colunibi.ana co., Ohio, 
 on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 86 miles from 
 Cleveland, and 140 miles N.E. of Columbus. P.4S.5. 
 
 S.VLING. Great, a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SALINO, sd-lee'no. (anc. Suinux?) a river of Naples, pro- 
 yince of Abruzzo Ultra I., after an E. course of 32 miles 
 enters the Adriatic, 5 miles N.W. of Pescara. 
 
 S.\LI\S. sd^lJs"', a town of France, department of Jura, 
 on the Furieuse, here crossed by 4 bridges, 21 miles S.S.W. 
 of Besan^on. Pop. in 1852, 7112. It is enclosed by walls, 
 defended by two forts, and has a communal college, exten- 
 sive salt magazines, iron-works, .soda factories, and tanne- 
 ries. The brine-springs of its vicinity yield large quantities 
 of salt. Salins was nearly destroyed by fire in 1825, and 
 rebuilt bv national subscription. 
 
 SA r/IiiUDY', a post-offlce of Cass co., Georgia. 
 
 SALIS, si'lis, a river of Russia, issues from a small lake 
 hoar the centre of the government of Livonia, flows circuit- 
 5F 
 
 ously W., and after a course of about 100 miles, falls inU 
 the Gulf of Riga. 
 
 SALIS, and SALISBURO, sJ'lis-bfioRoV two villages of 
 Russia, government of Livonia, on the river Salis, 
 
 SALISBURY, sawlz'bgr-e, or NEW SA ltUM,(sA'rum.)a city, 
 parliamentary and municipal borough of England, capital of 
 the CO. of Wilts, on the Avon, here cro.ssed by three lirld;.es, 
 21 miles W. of Winchester, and 96 miles W.S.AV.of London, 
 on the South-western Railway. Pop. of the borough, com 
 prising, with the city, parts of the parislies of Fisherton-An- 
 gerand Milford. in 1851.11,657. It stands in a fertile plain, 
 partially enclosed by walls, regularly built, and drained hy 
 running brooks, which flow down most of its streets. The 
 town has a respectable and venerable appearance. In its 
 centre is a spacious market-place, in which are the council- 
 house, the public library and new.s-room. and the butter- 
 cross, an edifice apparently of the time of Edward III. The 
 cathedral is a splendid structure, in the " olose," a green 
 area of nearly one half square mile, shut off from the rest 
 of the city by a lofty wall. It was finished in 12;38, wholly 
 in the early English style, and is in the form of a double 
 cross; length, 474 feet: width of larger tran.septs, 210 fi-et; 
 height of spire, 404 feet. It has a fine altar-piece of the 
 Resurrection, executed, with some other suljects. in stained 
 glass, and it contains many ancient and some curious monu- 
 ments. Its W. front is richly adorned, and many parts of 
 its exterior are ornamented wiih statues. Attached to it 
 are spacious cloisters, a chapter-house, library, &c. : and in 
 the close are the bishop's palace, deanery-house, and resi- 
 dences of the canons and other dignitaries. The see com- 
 prises the counties of Wilts and Dorset. Besides three parish 
 churches, here are chapels of Roman Catholics, Indepen- 
 dents, Baptists, Swedenborgians, Wesleyans, and Unita- 
 rians, a grammar school, county jail in Fisherton-.\nger, 
 theatre, assembly and concert rooms, aud a county in- 
 firmary. Its w(.x)llen and cutlery manufactures have long 
 declined, and the city has now little trade except in agri- 
 cultural produce, and the retail supply of its inhabit.ant.s. 
 It communicates by a branch of the South-western Rail- 
 way with Southampton, 20 miles distant. It is the seat of 
 county as.aizes and spring quarter and petty sessions, and 
 a court-leet for the manor. The city sends 2 members to 
 the Hou.se of Commons. It rose on the removal of the .see 
 from Old Sarum. 2 miles N., in 1217; and parliaments were 
 occasionally held in it in the thirteenth and fourteenth 
 centuries. 
 
 S.^LISBURY, sawlz^h^r-e, a post-township In Merrimack 
 CO.. New Ham p.sliire, intersected bvBlackwater River and the 
 Northern Railroad, 18 miles N.N.'W. of Concord. Pop. 1191. 
 
 S.\L1SHURY, a post-vill.age and township in Addison co., 
 Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 37 miles 
 S.W. of Montpelier. It has several woollen mills. Pop. 853. 
 
 S.\LISBURY, a post-village and township of E.ssex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 38 miles N. by E. 
 of Boston. The township is situated on the coast between 
 the Merrimack River and New Hampshire. It contains 5 
 churches, a bank and a newspaper office, and his manufac- 
 tures of cotton and woollen goods and hats. Pop 3310. 
 
 SALISBURY, a p-.st-village and township of Litchfi-ld 
 CO., Connecticut, in the N.W. corner of the state. 54 miles 
 N.W. of Hartford. The township is noted for its lofty moun- 
 tains, well-cultivated hills, beautiful lakes, and fruitful 
 valleys. One of its lakes is situated on Mount Riga, at an 
 elevation of 1000 feet above the surrounding country, and 
 by its outlet furnishes water-power for a largo yarn and 
 stocking factory. Near the S. part of this mountain is the 
 •'Old Salisbury Ore-Bed," which for near a century has 
 furnished the best quality of iron in America. About % 
 miles E. is another bed of similar quality. There are 3 
 large iron works in Salisbury, in one of which, owned by 
 .Mr. .imes, wrought iron cannon are made. The manufac- 
 tures of Salisbury include shafting and other iron work for 
 ocean steamers, tires and cranks for locomotives, car-wheels, 
 axles, scythes, pocket cutlery, &c. There are in the town- 
 ship 4 flourisliing villages, viz: Salisbury (at the centre), 
 Cliapinville, Lime Rock, and Lakeville. Pop. 3100. 
 
 SALISBURY, a post-village and township of Herkimer 
 CO., New Y'ork, 70 miles N.W. of Albany. Population 
 2325. 
 
 SALISBURY, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, intersected by the Columbia Railroad, about 20 miles 
 E. of Lancaster. Pop. 3725. 
 
 SALISBURY, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 51 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SALISBURY, a township of Lehigh CO., Pennsylvania, on 
 the S. bank of the Lehigh River, contains Alleutown, the 
 county seat. Pop. 2216. 
 
 S.^LISBURY', a thriving post-village and port of delivery 
 of Somerset and Worcester cos., Maryland, is situated on 
 the Wicomico River. 95 miles S.E. of Annapolis. It appears 
 to be the most flourishing village on the JCastern Shore of 
 Maryland. Large quantities of grain and lumber produced 
 in the vicinity are shipped here on the river. It has several 
 churches, and a bank. Pop. in IS'W, estimated at loOtJ. 
 
 SALISBURY, a thriving town, capital of Rowan co< 
 
 1681 
 
SAL 
 
 North Car -Una about IG miles W. of the Yadkin Rirer. and 
 118 miles ^y. of Raleigh. It is one of the most important 
 places in iVestern North Carolina, and is at the E. terminus 
 of the 'SVestern Turnpike, which extends to the X.E. border 
 of Georgia. The route of the Central Railroad of North 
 Carolina parses through this town. The natural walls of 
 Rowan, or trap dikes of this vicinity, were for a long time 
 supposed to be artificial constructions, the origin and pur- 
 pose of which gave rise to various absurd conjectures. Salis- 
 bury contains 1 bank and 1 newspaper office. Pop. in ISOO, 
 2126. 
 
 SALISBURY, a post-township in the ccntnil part of Meigs 
 CO., Ohio, contains Ponieruy. Pop. 7957. 
 
 SALISBURY, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana. 
 
 S.ALISBURY, a vill.ige of Harrison co., Indiana, 8 or 9 
 miles N. bv E. of Cory don. 
 
 SALISBURY, a township in Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 S.-VLISBURY, a small village of Jersey co., Illinois, near 
 the E. bank of Illinois River. 
 
 SALISBURY, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, 9 
 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 SALISBURY, a small vilLage of VTashington co., 'Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 SALISBURY CENTRE, a post-village of Herkimer co.. 
 New York, on Spruce Creek, about 25 miles E. by N. of Utica. 
 
 SALISBURY COVE, a f ist-offlce of Hancock Co.. Maine. 
 
 SALISBURY (s-iwlz^jer-e (ISLAND, Hudson Strait, BritLsh 
 North America, is in Kit. 03° 27' N., Ion. 76^ 40' W. 
 
 SALISBURY MILLS, a manufacturing village of Salis- 
 bury township, Esse.x co., Massachusetts, at the end of a 
 branch railroad, communicating with the Eastern Railroad. 
 
 SALISBURY MILLS, a post^village of Orange co.. New 
 York, on the Newburg Branch Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Newburg. 
 
 SALISBURY PLAIN, Kngland. an elevated undulating 
 tract of open downs, co. of Wilts, extending both N. and S. of 
 the city of Salisbury, but the term is now generally held to 
 apply mainly to that portion between Salisbury and Devizes, 
 from which, as a common centre, most of the hill chains of 
 S. and Central England proceed. Large portions of it are 
 occupied solely as sheep-walks. On it, about 6 miles N. of 
 Salisbury, is SroMEnENGE, (which see;) and m.iny traces of 
 British and Roman camps are scattei'ed over its surface. 
 
 S.\LKELD. (sawl'kfld,) Great, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cumberland, on the river Ellen, here crossed by a curious 
 bridge. 
 
 S.A.LL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SALLASCHES, a town of Savoy. See Salle>-che8. 
 
 SALLE, s&llL a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 atra. S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SALLE, La, Id sjll.i, a village of the Sardinian States, in 
 Piedmont, 12 miles W. of Aosta, on tfie Dora Baltea. Pop. 
 227S. 
 
 SALLEE, a town of Morocco. See Sale. 
 
 SALLENCHES or SALLANCHES, siriS.vsh', a town of 
 Savoy, province of Faucigny, on the Arve. 42 miles N.E. of 
 Chamb6ry. Pop. 2085. It has been repeatedly destroyed 
 by fire, and totally so on Good-Friday, 1S40. The fall of 
 the Sallenche is a fine cascade, in the Valais, 10 miles S. of 
 Martizny. 
 
 SALLES-CURAN. sAll kUVSN"', a village of France, de- 
 partment of .\vevron. 15 miles W.N.W. of Millau. P. 2200. 
 
 SALLES-LA-S(DURCE. sill li sooEs. a village of France 
 department of Aveyron, 7 miles N.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. in 
 1852. 2074. 
 
 SALLES-SUR-L'HERS. sill sUr laiK. a village of France, 
 department of .\ude, 8 miles W. of Castelnaudary. Pop. 1189. 
 
 SALLIER, sirieer', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bombay, 78 miles E.N.E. of Dam.iun. 
 
 S.\L'LINS, a village of Ireland, in Lein.ster, co. of Kildare. 
 on the Grand Canal, with a station on the Gi-eat Southern 
 and Western Railway, 7^ miles N.E. of Newbridge. Pop. 350. 
 
 SALM, slim, an ancient principality of Germany, belong- 
 ing to a celebrated family, which in the lUh century di- 
 vided into two branches, the elder pos.sessing Upper Salm. 
 on the E. frontier of Lorraine, and the younger Lower Salm, 
 In Luxemburg, both on the left bank of the Rhine. 
 
 SALM, Alt, dlt silm, a town of Belgium, province, and 
 31 miles S.E. of Liege, on the Salm. an afliuent of the Am- 
 hleve. Pop. 2600. 
 
 S.\LM.\GUN'DI, a post-office of Washita parish, Louisiana. 
 
 8ALMANTICA. See Sala.manca. 
 
 SALMERON, sil-mA-ron'. a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 province, .ind 37 miles E.S.E. of Guadalajara. Pop. 1158. 
 
 SALM0NBY,sam'9n-be. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SALMON (sam'on) CREEK, of Cayuga CO., New York, falls 
 Into the Cayuga Lake at Ludlowville. 
 
 SALMON CKEEK. of Monroe co_ New York, entors Lake 
 Ontario at Braddock's Bay. about 14 miles N.W. of Rochester. 
 
 SALMON CREEK, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, 
 about 30 miles E. by N. of Rochester. 
 
 SALMON FALLS, a thriving post-village of Strafford co.. 
 J^ew Hampshire, on the Salmon Falls River, 2 miles from 
 Oie Great Falls, and on the Boston ami Maine Railroad. 
 
 SALMON FALLS, a post-office of El Dorado co., California. 
 1682 
 
 SAL 
 
 SALMON FALLS RIYER rises in Carroll co., New Hamik 
 shire, and flowing S.E., xinites with the Cocheco, and several 
 other smaller streiims, to form the Piseataqua River. It 
 runs on the boundary between Maine and New Ilampsbira 
 for nearly its whole extent. There are considerable falls in 
 different parts of its cour.se. 
 
 SALMON RIVER, a fine mill-stream in the central part 
 of Connecticut, rises in Tolland co., and falls into the Con- 
 necticut River, in Middlesex county. 
 
 SALJION RIVER, New York, rises in Franklin co., and 
 flowing N.W., &lls into the St. Lawrence River, in Canada. 
 About 15 miles from its mouth it has a perpendicular de- 
 scent of about 100 feet, furnishing an immense hydraulio- 
 power. 
 
 SAL5I0N RIVER, a post-office of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 SALMUNSTER. iSalmiinster.) or SAAL.MUNSTER. (Saal- 
 miinster.) sil'mtin ster. a walled town of Germany, in 
 IIesse-Ca*.<el, at the confluence of the Salza and Kinzig, 24 ' 
 miles S.W. of Fulda. Pop. 1600. It has a Franciscan m(i- 
 uastery. 
 
 SALO. silo, a town of Northern Italy, on the W. side of 
 the Lake of Garda, 14 miles E N.E. of "Brescia. Pop. 5600. 
 It stands at the foot of Monte San Bartolomeo. is chiefly 
 built on piles, and has a cathedral and 8 other churches. 
 
 SALO. a pjiss in the Pyrenees, near Conflans, in France. • 
 
 SAL0BRER.\, sd-lo-brjn'yd. a .email town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and ."4 miles S.S.E. of Granada, near the mouth of the 
 Motril. in the Mediterranean, with 1450 inhabitants, and a 
 .Moorish castle. 
 
 SALODURUM or SALORDURUM. See Solecrs. 
 
 S.\LO'M.\. a post-village of Taylor co., Kentucky, 71 miles 
 S.S.W. of Frankfort, has 2 stores. 
 
 SALOMON ISLANDS. PacificOcean. See Solomos Islands. 
 
 SALON. sd'lAN-o', (anc. Sa'lo or Salofnumt) a town of 
 France, department of Bouches-du-Rh6ne. near the canal 
 of Craponne, 28 miles N.N.W. of Marseilles. Pop. in 1852, 
 1564. It has several squares with fountains, a handsome 
 town-hall, and manufactures of silk-twist, hats, and soap, 
 and a brisk general trade. 
 
 SALONA, sd-lo'nd, a ruined city of Dalmatia, 3 miles 
 N.N.E. of Spalato, on the E. side of the Bay of Salcna, an 
 inlet of the .Adriatic. It was greatl3' enlarged and fortified 
 by Diocletian, a native of Salona, but destroyed by the 
 Avars in 639. 
 
 SALONA. si-Io'nl, (anc. Jmphis'sa,} a town of Greeoo> 
 capital of the government of Phocis, 84 miles W.N.W. of 
 Athens, on an inlet of the Corinthian Gulf, and at the 3. 
 foot of Mount I'arnassus. Pop. 4000. Ou its acropolis are 
 picturesque ruins of its ancient citadel. 
 
 SALO'NA, a post-village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 104 
 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SALONICA, si-lo-neeOva, or SALONIKI, si-lo-nee^e«, 
 (Fr. Sal/mique, sSMo^neek'; anc. ThissaUmi'ca or Ther'ma,) 
 a large seaport city, and next to the capital, the principal 
 seat of commerce in European Turkey, in Room-Eiee, capital 
 of a sanjak. at the N.E. extremity of the Gulf of Siilonica. 
 Lat. 40° 38' 8" N.. Ion. 22° 57' 22" E. Pop. estimated at from 
 70,000 to 75.000, of whom from 25.000 to .SO.iiOO are Jews, 5000 
 Turks, and the remainder Greeks and Franks. It has ex- 
 ternally an imposing appearance, standing on a hill slope, 
 enclosed by whitewa.shed or painted walls. 5 miles in circuit, 
 its numerous minarets and domes interspersed with gardens 
 of cjpress. The city is commanded by a large citadel, termed 
 the '• Seven Towers." It has numerous antiquities in good 
 preservation. The lower portions of its walls are Cyclopean, 
 and one of its gates was built in honor of Augustus, after 
 the battle of Philippi. Within the citadel is another 
 triumphal arch, erected under Marcus Aurelius. Several 
 of the mosques have been originally pagan temples; one 
 has been constructed on the model of the Pantheon at 
 Rome: another, with portions wholly uninjured, was for- 
 merly a temple of Venus. . In the centre of the city is the 
 hippodrome, a noble area, entered by a m.ngnificent colon- 
 nade of five Corinthian pillars. The mosque of St. Sophia 
 is a hand.«ome model of that at Constantinople. The bazaars 
 are extensive and well supplied, and the city has some 
 flourishing .silk-drawing factories. Daring the prevalence 
 of Napoleon's continental system. Salonica was an important 
 depot for English goods. It has still a large trade in British 
 produce. The exporfjs consist of wheat, barley, maize, tim- 
 ber, wool, sponges, raw silk. wine, sesumum seed, tobacco, 
 and staves. This city was the residence of Cicero during a 
 part of his exile : it was raised to the rank of a Roman co- 
 lony by Valerian. 
 
 SALONICA. GULF OF. See Gcu of S.alomca. 
 
 SALONIKI or SALONIQUE. See Saloska. 
 
 SArLOP. or SHROP'SIIIRE. shrop'shjr, an inland county 
 of England, hounded W. and N. >y Wales. Area. 1.34.< square 
 miles, most of which is under culture Pop. in 1851. 229,341. 
 The Severn flows through its centre from N.W. to S.E.: its 
 S. h.ilf is mountainou.s, and here breeding cattle and dairy- 
 ing are carried on extensively: the N. half is comparatively 
 level, and the land is chiefly under tillage. Near the Severn 
 are fine meadow-lands; orchards are numerous in the S., 
 and hops are raised on the Herefordshire border. About 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 800,000 tons of coal are raised annually in tbe E., besides 
 Iron, Ac, and consumed in the iron furnaces there; lead is 
 produced in the W., and salt both in the N. and S. The 
 Shrewsbury, Newport, Birmingham, and Liverpool, and 
 EUesmere and Chester Canals intersect the county N. of the 
 Severn. A railwiiy connects Shrewsbury with Chester, and 
 the county is also traversed by the London and North- 
 western Railway. Shropshire returns 12 members to the 
 House of Commons, of whom 4 are sent by the county. 
 Capital, Shrewsbury. 
 
 SALOR, silSii', a river of Spain, in Estremadura, flows 
 Into the Tagus, about 6 miles N. of Salorino. Total course, 
 60 miles. 
 
 SALORINO, sl-lo-ree'no, a village of Spain, province, and 
 51 miles W. of Caceres, near the Salor. Vop. 11)18. 
 
 SALOU, s3-loo/, a small seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 , province, and 8i miles S.W. of Tarragona. Lat. 41° 7' N., 
 Ion. 7° 12' E. 
 
 SALPEE, sil'pee, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay, 21 miles N.E. of Sattarah. 
 
 S.^L'PERTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SALPI, sil'pee, a lake of Naples, province of Capitanata, 
 22 miles E. of Foggia, and only separated from the Adriatic 
 by a very narrow tongue of land. Length from S.E. to 
 N.W., 10 miles : breadth, 2 miles. 
 
 SAL KEY, s3l ri, one of the Cape Verd Islands. Length, 
 22 miles ; breadth, 18 miles. Pop. 33tX). 
 
 S.\LSA, sil'sj, a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Ultra, W. of Sant' Angelo dei Iximbardi. Pop. 1260. 
 
 SALSF^TTK, (Port. pron. sjl-sjfti.) .^n Lsland of British 
 India, presidency of Bombay, immediately N. of Bombay 
 Island, with which it is connecte<l by a narrow causeway. 
 Length, 18 miles ; average breadth, IS miles. Pop. upwards 
 of 50,000, including many of Portujuese descent. 
 
 SALSO, .sil'so, or FFIIUMF; SALSO, fe-oo'mA sji'so, t. «. 
 "salt river," (anc. Him'era,) the largest river of Sicily, 
 rising in the Madonian Mountains, intendency of Palermo, 
 flowing S., and entering the Mediterranean at Alicata, alter 
 a course of 70 miles. Near Castro Giovanni It receives the 
 waters of a salt spring, whence its name. 
 
 SALSO M AGGIORK, sdl'so mad-jo'r.-\,a village of Northern 
 Italy. 20 miles W. by S. of Parma, on a low flat. Population 
 b-Mi. 
 
 SALT.V, sil'ti, the northernmost province of the Argen- 
 tine Republic, (La Plata.) extending N. of lat. 26° S., and be- 
 tween ion. 62° and 68° W. Area, about 70.000 square miles. 
 Pop. loosely estimated at 55,IK)0. The surface is very ranch 
 diversified, consisting alternately of ramlficationg of the 
 Andes, fertile valleys, and wooded or pasture lands. Prin- 
 cipal rivers, the Salado and Upper Vermejo. In this pro- 
 vince are the silver-mines of San Antonio and Acay. 
 
 SALTA. a city In the above province, situated on an 
 aflluent of the Salado. 180 miles N. of Tucuman. Lat. 24° 
 15' 8., Ion. 64° 50' W. Pop. from 8000 to OOW. It is regu- 
 larly built, and has numerous religious •difices, and a col- 
 lege formerly belonging to the Jesuits. 
 
 SALT'ASII. a decayed borough, market-town, and cha- 
 pelry of England, co. of Cornwall, on the W. bank of the 
 Tamar, 3i miles N.W. of Devonport. Pop. in 1851, 1621. 
 
 SALT'BY. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 S.\^LT'COATS, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on 
 the Bay of Ayr, 24 miles S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. in 1851, 
 4338. It has a neat Gothic parish church, a handsome 
 town-house, free and other schools, a subscription library, 
 reading-rooms, large ship-building docks, and rope-walks. 
 The inliabltants are chiefly employ<Hl in weaving and sew- 
 ing muslins, shawls, and silks for Glasgow houses. It has 
 also salt-works, and exports coal to Ireland. 
 
 SALT'COTT. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SALT CREKK, of Hocking and Ross counties. Ohio, flows 
 Into the Scioto River about 14 miles S.E. of Chillicothe. 
 
 SALT CREEK, of Muskingum co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Muskingum River. 
 
 SALT CREEK, of Gratiot co., Michigan, flows into Maple 
 River. 
 
 S.A.LT CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Brown co., and flow- 
 ing S.W., enters the East Fork of White River, near Bed- 
 ford. It is navigable in high water for nearly 30 miles. 
 
 SALT CRKEK, in the N. central part of Iliiuois, flows W. 
 into the Sangamon River, forming, in the latter part of its 
 course, a part of the boundary between Menard and Mason 
 counties. 
 
 SALT CREF.K, of Tama co., Iowa, flows into Iowa River. 
 
 SALT CRKEK, a township of Hocking co.,01iio. Pop. 990. 
 
 S-I-LT CREKK.atownshipof Holmes CO., Ohio. Pop.1680. 
 
 S.\.LT CREEK, a post-township in the S.E. part of Mus- 
 kingum CO., Ohio. Pop. 1158. 
 
 SALT CREEK,atownshipof Pickawayco.,01iio. Pop.lSlS. 
 
 SALT CREEK, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1707. 
 
 SALT CREEK.atownshipofDecaturco.,Indiaiia. P. 1659. 
 
 SALT CREEK, a township of Franklin CO., Indiana. P.976. 
 
 SALT CKEEK. a township, Jackson co., Indiana. P. 1682. 
 
 SALT CRliEK,<v:ownship of Monroe co.,Indiana. Pop.60o. 
 
 Sji.L'1' CREEK, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, 7a miles 
 B.W. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 SALT CREEK, a post-office of Utah. 
 
 SALT CREEK, a postofflce of Polk co., Oregon. 
 
 SAL'TEE ISLAND.S, two small isl.ands and a group of 
 rocks off the coast of Ireland, co. of Wexford : the larcer of 
 the two islands lies about 15 miles E. of Hook-heaa. and 
 extends 1 mile S.S.W. A ve.ssel, showing a fixed double 
 light, is stationed 3i miles W.S.W. of this island. 
 
 SALTENS-ELF, sll'tgns-^lf, a river of Norway, district of 
 Nordland, after a N.W. course of 70 miles enters the Arctic 
 Ocean by a wide fiord, in lat. 67° 12' N. 
 
 S.\LT-ANii-EN'SON.a township of England, co. of Strafford. 
 
 SAiyTEKFORTH, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 SALTERSFORD, or JEN'KIN CHAPEL, a township of 
 England, co. of Chester, with a station on the Midland 
 Railway, 2 miles W. of Cromford. 
 
 S-ILTERSVILLE. a postofRce of Hudson CO., New Jersey. 
 
 S.iLTFLEKT'BY, East, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 SALTFLEETBY, Middle, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 SALTFLEETBY. West, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SALTFLEET HAVEN, England. See Skidbrooke. 
 
 S.^LT'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Somerset, with a 
 station on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles W.N.W. of 
 Bath. 
 
 SALT FORK, Missouri. See Black River. ' 
 
 SALT HILL, a hamlet of England, co. of Bucks, 3J mileg 
 N. of Windsor, and until lately noted as the place to which 
 the Eton boys made the triennial "montem" procession, 
 abolished in 1847. 
 
 SALTHOLM, sillt/holm, an island of Denmark, in the 
 Sound, 6 miles E.S.E. of Copenhagen, and W.N.W. of 
 Malmo, in Sweden. Length, 5 miles. It is often covered 
 by the sea, and is not permanently inhabited. 
 
 SALT'HOUSE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SALTIKOVA DEVITSA, or SALTIKOWA DEWITZA, 
 sil-teko'vil di-vit'sd (or d4-veet'sA.) a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment,and 23 miles E.S.E. of Tchernigov, on the Desna. P. 1000 
 
 SALTILLO, (Sp. pron. sil-teel'yo,) a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state, and 110 miles S. of Coahuila. on the 
 river Tigre. Pop. 6000. At Buena Vista, 6 miles distant, 
 February. 1847. the Mexicans under Santa Anna, with 15.0(X1 
 troops, were rout<Kl by a much smaller number of United 
 States troops under General Taylor. 
 
 SALTIiyLO, a village of Washington co., Indiana, on the 
 New .\lbany and Salem Railroad. 10 miles W. of Salem. 
 
 S.\LTII>LO, a rost-offlee of Itawamba co., Mississippi. 
 
 SALTILLO, a post-village of Hardin CO., Tennessee, on 
 the left bank of the Tennessee River. 12 miles N. of Savan- 
 nah, is the county seat, a place of brisk business, and a 
 de))6t for cotton and staves, which are shipped by the river. 
 
 SALTILLO, a post-village of Jasper co., Indiana, on the 
 Iroquois River, 10 miles above Rensselaer. 
 
 SALT ISLANDS, one of the British West India Islands, 
 in the Virgin group, S.E. of Tortola. 
 
 SALT'K ETCHER BRIDGE, a post>vlllage of Colleton dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 SALT KEY BANK, about 90 miles S. by E. of Florida, be- 
 tween the Grand Bank of Bahama and Cuba Island, is 62 
 miles long, and 30 wide at its greate»;t breadth. Its W. bor- 
 der is a chain of barren rocks, called the Double-Headed 
 Shot Key. the north-westernmost of which, commonlj- called 
 the Elbow Key, contains a fixed light, 54 feet from the base 
 of the tower, and 100 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 
 23° 56' 24" N.. Ion. 80° 27' 35" W. 
 
 SALT KEYS, some islets in the Bahamas, and off the N 
 coast of Cuba. 
 
 SALT LAKE. Utah. See Great Salt Lake. 
 
 SALT LAKE, acounty in the N. ceuti-al part of Utah Ter- 
 ritory. It ha,« an area of aljout 1200 stuiare miles. It is 
 bounded on the N.AV. by the Great Salt Lake, from which 
 it derives its name, and is drained by Jordan River and 
 other smaller streams. The surface in some parts is moun- 
 tainous. The soil is generally fertile, and in the vici- 
 nity of the lake of a superior quality. In 18t;0, the county 
 produced 41,S43 bushels of wheat; 17,598 bushels of In- 
 dian corn; 7291 bushel.s of oats; 22,761 bushels of potatoes; 
 13,396 pounds of wool ; 39,402 of butter, and 2673 tons of 
 hay. It contained 7259 sheep, more than any other county 
 in the territory. Capital, Salt Lake City. Population, 
 11,295. 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY, capital of Salt Lake county, sni of 
 Utah Territory, is situated near the E. bank of the Jordan 
 River, which connects Great Salt Lake with Utah Lake, 
 about 22 miles S.E. of the Great Salt Lake, and 4200 feet 
 above the level of the sea. It was laid out in July. 1847, 
 by a company of 143 Mormons. The city contains 2(10 Mockg 
 of 10 acres each, separated by streets which are 128 feet 
 wide. There are 8 houses in each block, so arranged that no 
 two houses front each other. The hou.ses are built of' 
 adobes or sun-dried bricks. The 4 public scjuares of the 
 city are to be adorned with trees from the four quarters of 
 the glol«, and supplied with fountains. On one of these a 
 magnificent temple is now being elected; and a gorgeous 
 banner, constructed of the flags of .ill na lions, is ere long to 
 
 1683 
 
SAL 
 
 be unnirled fnJK -EcsigM Mount," which overlooks the 
 iBW city of the •' Saints/' Salt Lal<e City contains a hand- 
 ■cir.e theatre, T\ hlct cost aliove $'20,000. 
 
 The climate of the valley in which the city stands is very 
 lalubriPOS, and the soil Avhere it can be irrigated is ex- 
 tremely fertile. Wheat is said to produce, under favorable 
 circumstances, a hundred-fold. The mountains which en- 
 close the valley on the E. side are covered with perpetual 
 snow. Their summits are said to be about 10,000 feet 
 (ueiirly 2 miles) above the level of the sea. Population in 
 1S60, 8236. 
 
 SALT LICK, a township of Fayette cc, Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 989. 
 SALT LICK, a small ^^llage of Macon co., Tennessee. 
 S.\LT LICK, a township of Perry co.. Ohio. Pop. l.iOo 
 SALTLICK FALLS, a postK)ffice, Preston co.,\V.Virginia. 
 SALT'NEY, a township of North Wales, co. of Flint, on 
 the Dee, with a station on the Chester and Shrewsbury Rail- 
 ■way. 2i miles S.S.W. of Chester. 
 
 S.\LTO GRANDE, sil'to grSn'dJ, a lofty cascade of Brazil, 
 province of Minas Geraes, on the Cordillera dos .^iniores. 
 where the Jequitinhonha. bursting between two rocks, boils 
 in cildrons, and precipitjitea itself into an abyss with a noise 
 which is heard at the distance of 10 miles. 
 
 SAiyTON, ^pari.sh of Engl.-jnd. co. of York, North Riding. 
 SALMON or SAI/TOUN, a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Had- 
 dington. The village of W'est Salton, on the Tyne. has a popu- 
 lation of about 225. Here are Salton Hall, the residence of 
 the Fletcher femilv. and Hermandston, anciently the pro- 
 perty of the St. Clairs. 
 SALTPETRE, a po.st-office of Washington CO.. Ohio. 
 SALT POINT, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 i3ALT POND, a small village of Saline CO., Missouri. 
 S.A.LT RANGE, an exten.«ive mountain group of the Pun- 
 jab, extending S.E. from the Khyber or Teera Range, on the 
 N.E. confines of Afghanistan, to the Jhylum. a distance of 
 nearly 200 miles. It has a barren and repulsive appear- 
 ance; white, bold, and bare precipices rise in many places 
 tit once from the pl.^in, but none of its peaks exceed 2500 
 feet. Most of the torrents of the Salt Range carry down 
 gold dust in their sands. 
 
 SALT RIVER, of Kentucky, is formed by two principal 
 branches. Salt River proper and the Rolling Fork, which 
 unite on the boundary between Meade and Bullitt counties. 
 The main stream flows N.W., and enters the Ohio 22 miles 
 below Louisville. Salt River rises in Boyle county, and 
 flows first N. and then W. The Rolling Fork rises near the 
 W. border of Lincoln county, and its general cour.se is 
 W.N.W. Another stream, called Chaplin's or Beech Fork, 
 unites with the Rolling Fork on the W. boundary of Nelson 
 county. Named from salt-springs which abound near it. 
 
 S.A.LT RIVER, of Missouri, is formed by three branches, 
 the North, Middle, and South Forks, which unite near 
 Horida, in Monroe cdunty. It flows thence E., and after a 
 Berpentine course of about 85 miles, enters the Mississippi 
 in Pike county, 1 or 2 miles above Louisiana village. Small 
 steamboats can ascend from its mouth to Florida. Branches. 
 — The North Fork is the principal branch, rising near the 
 N. boundary of the state, and flowing in a S.E. course. The 
 Middle Fork rises iu 5Jacon county, and pursues a S.E. 
 course. The South Fork" rises near the S. border of Audrain 
 county, and flows N. into the Middle Fork a little above 
 Florida. The Elk Fork is a small creek, which enters the 
 Middle Fork about 7 miles E. of Paris, in Monroe county. 
 Long Branch flows along the S. border of Monroe county 
 into the South Fork. 
 
 SALT RIVKR, a post-village of Audrain co., Missouri, 40 
 miles X. of Jefferson Citv. 
 SALT RIVER, a township of Knox co., Missouri. P. 2310. 
 SALT RIVER, a township of Randolph co., Missouri. 
 Pop. 711. 
 SALT ROCK, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 431 
 SALT SEA. See Dead Sf..\. 
 
 SALT'S PRING, a post-ofllce of Campbell co., Georgia. 
 SALTSPUING, a po.st-offiee of Bienville parish, Louisiana. 
 SALT SPRING, a township of Randolph co., Missouri. 
 Pop. 1953. 
 
 SALT SPRI^'G'^^LLE, a postofflce of Otsego co., New 
 York. 
 
 SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, a village of Monroe co., Yir- 
 rinia, 230 miles W. of Richmond, and 25 miles S.AV. of the 
 White Sulphur Springs. It is surrounded by teautiful 
 mountain scenery, and is frequented by a large number of 
 Invalids and others. The water conta"ins various stilts ot 
 soda, magnesia, and lime. 
 
 SALT'VILLE, a post-village of Wa.shington CO., Vireinia, 
 on the North Fork of the Holston River, about 20 miles 
 ft.E. of Abingdon. It has 2 extensive saltworks. 
 " .^i^^T'^^'OOD, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile N. 
 ,;.vl"®'. Saltwood Castle, a noble structure of the reign 
 of Richard TI., is partly in ruins. 
 i^I'^'UHS!^' * ^^"^^ of Germany. See SALznuno. 
 fcALT/BURQ, sawlts'btlrg, a postborough of Indiana co., 
 Pennsjlvania, on the Conemaugh River and Pennsylvania 
 v,aual, o2 miles in a direct Une E. of Pittsburg. The manu- 
 1084 
 
 SAL 
 
 facture of salt is carried on largely iu this vicinity. Pop. In 
 1850. 623. 
 
 SALUBRIA, s.vkxybre-a, a post-village of Catherine town- 
 ship, Chemung co., New York, on the Chemung Branch oi 
 the New York and Erie Railroad, near the S. end of Seneca 
 Lake, 20 miles N. of Elmira. 
 
 SALU'BRITY, a post-ofBce of Pickens district, South Ca- 
 rolina, in 1860, 592. 
 
 SALU'DA, a river of South Carolina, a branch of the 
 Congaree, rises in the Blue Ridge, near the N.W. border of 
 the state, and pursues a S.E. course until it unites with 
 Broad River at Columbia. The length is estimated at 2lK) 
 miles. It flows through a hilly and fertile district, in which 
 cotton is the staple product. 
 S.\LUD.\, a post-ofiice of Middlesex co., Virginia. 
 SALUDA, a post-ofiice o? Coweta co., Georgia. 
 S.\LUD.\, a post-township, Jefferson co., Indiana. P. 15.31. 
 SALUDA MILLS, a post-oflice of Newberry district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SALUEN. See Saiwin. 
 
 SALUGGIA, si-lood'jl, a market-town of Piedmont, 20 
 miles W.S.W. of Vercelll. Pop. 3091. 
 S.VLUN'OA, a post-ofiice of I^ancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 SALU'RIA. a post-village and port of entry of Calhoun co., 
 Texas, on Mataaorda I.sland. at the terminus of the San 
 Antonio Railroad, not yet finished. Shipping owned in 1854, 
 109 tons registered, and 1037 enrolled and licensed. 
 
 SALURN, si-looRn'. or SALORNO. sil-loR'no. a market- 
 town of the Tyrol, 19 miles S.S.W. of Botzen. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SALUZZO, sa-loot/so, (Fr. Sdluces. sS'lUss'.) a city of North 
 Italy, in Piedmont, divi.sion of Coni, capital of a province, 
 on an affluent of the Po, 17 miles N.W. of Coni. Pop. 14.426. 
 It consists of an upper and walled town, on a height crowned 
 by a magnificent castle, now used as a prisson, and a lower, 
 open town, with a hand.some cathedral. It has manufactures 
 of silk, leather, hats, and hardwares. Under the French it 
 was the capital of the department of Stura. 
 
 S.4LUZZ0LA. sd-loot'so-ld, a town of North Itily, in Pied- 
 mont, 32 miles N.E. of Turin, on the Elvo. Pop. 2161. 
 SALVADOR. San, America. See Sax Salvador. 
 SALVAGE ISLAND, one of the Falkland group, in South 
 America, is in lat. 51° 1' S., Ion. 61° 6' W. 
 
 S.\LVAGES, sil-v3'Hjs, a group of rocky islanls in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, between the Canary and Madeira Islands, 
 about lat. 30° N., Ion. 16° W. The Great Piton yields a 
 large quantity of orchill. 
 
 SALVAGNAC, sJlVaiiV^k', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Tarn, 23 miles W. of Alby. Pop. 1900. 
 
 SALVAGN.\C-CAJARC, sai'v^nVak' Ra^zhdRk', a town 
 of France, department of Aveyron, 12 miles N.W. of VUle- 
 franche. Pop. 1440. 
 
 S.\LVALEON, sJl-v^-U-On', (anc. Interamnif) a town of 
 Spain, province, and 20 miles S.SJI. of Bad.ijo.s. Pop. 2540. 
 SALVATERRA DE MAGOS, sk\-y&-tkvJ-Ri dA mi'goce, 
 a town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, near the left 
 bank of the Tagus, 31 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2000. In 
 its royal residence the Marquis de Louie was assassinated, 
 February, 1824. 
 
 SALVATERRA DO EXTREMO, sIl-va-tPR'Rd do ?x-trA'- 
 mo. a town of Portugal, province of Beira, on the Spanish 
 frontier. 28 miles E. of C.istello Branco. 
 
 SALVATIERRA, sai-vS-te^R/Ra, a toivn of Spain, in Es- 
 tremadura, province, and 18 miles S.S.E. of Caceres, on a 
 mountiiin slope near the Tanuja. Pop. 1205. 
 
 SALVATIERRA, a town of Spain, province of Pontevedra, 
 20 miles S.E. of Vigo, on the right bank of the Minho, ivhich 
 separates it from Portugal. 
 
 S.\LVATIERRA, a town of Spain, province of Biscay, 16 
 miles E. of Vitoria. fortified and well built. Pop. 1.593. 
 
 SALVATIERRA DE LOS BARROS, si\-\k-ie-hvihi& dA loce 
 baR'Roco, a town of Spain, province, and 23 miles S.S.E. of 
 Bad.ajos. Pop. 2555. 
 
 S.\LVE. .sJl'y.A, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, S.E. 
 ofGallipoli. Pop. 1350. 
 
 SALVETAT. La, Id sirveh-ta'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilerault, 8 miles N. of St. Pons. Pop. in 1852. 42W. 
 SALVETAT, La. a town of France, department of Avey- 
 ron. 18 miles S.W. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852, 3204. 
 
 S.\LV1AC, slrve-ik', a village of France, department of 
 Lot, 9 miles S.W. of Gourdon. Pop. 1189. 
 
 S.\LVI'S.\, a handsome post-village of Mercer co., Ken- 
 tucky, 20 miles S. of Frankfort. It contains 4 churches, 1 
 woollen fiictory, and several stores. 
 
 S.\I/WARP. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 SALWIN. sSPwin./ SALAVEN. SALUEN, sdlVgn', TH.VN- 
 LWENG, than-hv^ng/, or THANLYENG. a large river of 
 Farther India, rises in Thil)et, flows S., .and enters the Gulf 
 of Martaban by a broad mouth, on opposite sides of which 
 are the towns of Martaban and Maulmain. It.s course has 
 boon little explored, but it is known to be a noble stream, 
 flowing through a richly-wooded country, and generally 
 navigable to a considerable distance from the sea. 
 S.\LYMPKIA. a river of Turkey. See Salembria- 
 SALZA. salt's*, or SALZACH, j^Jlt'saK, a river of AustTia, 
 rises in the Alps, 18 milee W. of the Gross-Glockner, tlo-vys 
 
SAL 
 
 SAM 
 
 E. and N., and joins the Inn 6 miles N.E. of Burghausen. 
 Total course. 130 miles, for the last 80 of which (to llallein) 
 it is navigable. 
 
 SALZA or SALZE, Gross, groce sllfsil, a town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2563. 
 
 SALZBRUNN, silts'broon, New, Lower, and Upper, three 
 contiguous villag«s of Prussian Silesia, 35 miles S.W. of 
 Breslau. Pop. 27C7. 
 
 SALZBUKG or SALTZBURG, sAlt-VbaRG, (Ger. pron. 
 gilts'TxJdRG; anc. JuvaJvum or Juva'via.) a city of Upper 
 Austria, capital of the circle of same name, at the base 
 of two precipitous heights, on the Salza, 156 miles W.S.VV. 
 of Vienna. Lat. 47° 48' N., Ion. 13° 1' E. It stands in a 
 narrow defile, half encircled by the Noric Alps, through 
 an opening in which the Salza passefl out to join fhe Inn. 
 The rich fields and meadows through which tho river 
 winds, the wooded slopes and abrupt precipices on either 
 side, and the ridges of iiills rising tier alwive tier, and 
 overtopped by the main chain of the Alps, form scenery 
 scarcely inferior to the finest parts of Switzerland. The 
 town is divided by the Salza into two unequal parts, which 
 communicate by a wooden bridge above 370 feet long, and 
 is surrounded by a wall with 10 gates. The greater part is 
 on the left bank, where it is overtopped by a lofty height, 
 crowned by a magnificent old castle. The superabundance 
 of marble employed in the construction of the houses has a 
 striking effect, but the streets are narrow, crooked, and 
 gloomy. Tbe two finest squares are Rpsidenz or Ilaupt- 
 Platz, and the Domplatz. The former is adorned with a 
 l)eautiful statue of white marble. 45 feet high ; the latter by 
 a noble bronze statue of the Virgin, by Ilagenau. B«?tweeu 
 the two squares stands the cathedral, a heavy Italian struc- 
 ture, 410 feet long, by 2.50 feet bro.ad, with a dome and tw6 
 towers. Adjoining it is the archbishop's palace, an exten- 
 sive edifice, now partly used as public offices. In the same 
 neighborhood is the collegiate church of St. Peter, with a 
 monument to Haydn; and a cemetery remarkable for the 
 numiier of curious ancient tombs which it contains. At- 
 tached to this church is an elegant hall, with a library of 
 40.000 volumes, and an extensive collection of coins, engrav- 
 ings, and natural curiosities. The castle has long been dis- 
 mantled, and serves only for barracks. In one of its towers 
 is shown the torture-chamber, with part of the inhuman 
 apparatus employed upon the Protestants, who were ulti- 
 mately, to the numlter of 30,000. mercilessly driven out of 
 the town. The castle was the residence of the archbishops, 
 who wore at the same time princes of Salzburg and of the 
 German Empire, and had temporal sovereignty over 200.000 
 souls. The continuation of the ridge, on which the castle 
 stands, forms the Monchsberg. (mOnKs'b^RO. i. «. " Monk's 
 Hill,") which is surrounded on three sides by escarped pre- 
 cipices, and has a fiat summit of consideraVile extent laid 
 out in fields and pleasure-grounds, and well planted with 
 trees. The Monchsberg is crowned by a Capuchin convent. 
 
 The manufactures of tho town consist chiefly of leather, 
 ironware, cotton goods, and majolica. The trade both in 
 these articles and transit is considerable, and there are two 
 important annual fairs. Salzburg is the see of an archbishop, 
 the seat of superior provincial courts and offices, and pos- 
 sesses a lyceum. with an extensive and valuatile library ; a 
 gymnasium, several industrial and other schools, a physical 
 and zoological museum, botanical garden, deaf and dumb 
 Institution, lunatic asylum, large house of correction, thea- 
 tre, and several hospitals. It is a place of great anticiuity. 
 The Roman town was destroyed by Attila in 448, and was 
 rebuilt by the dukes of Bavaria. A succession of archbishop 
 princes continued to govern it till 1802. when it was seca- 
 Larized with the extensive domains which belonged to it, 
 and given first to Tuscany, and then to I3avaria. from which, 
 with the exception of the territory of Berchtesgaden, it 
 passed to Austria in 1814. Salzburg was the birthplace of 
 Mozart. Pop. 14.185. 
 
 SALZBUKG. a circle of Upper Austria, called also the 
 du^hy of Salzburg, area, 2764 square miles, is a rugged, 
 mount^iinous country, intersected by numerous valleys, of 
 vrhich that of the Salza is the principal. The minerals are 
 Tery valuable, and include gold, silver, lead, copper, cobalt, 
 iron, salt, and marble. Pop. 146.007. 
 
 SALZDI'^RIIELDEN, sSltR/der-herden, a market-town of 
 Hanover, principality of Grubenhagen, on the Leine, 2 miles 
 S.E. of Eimbeck. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SALZDETTFURTH, saitsMett-foORf, a village of Hanover, 
 7 miles S.S.E. of Hildesheim. on the Lamme. 
 
 SALZGITTER, sSUVghit-tfr, a village of Hanover, 20 
 miles E.S.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SALZGRUB. a town of Transvlvania. See Kolos. 
 
 SALZKAMMERGUT, sJlts-klm'mer-goot, a disitrict of Up- 
 per Austria, on the borders of Styria. Area, 336 square 
 miles. Pop. 16,000. The soil is unprofitable, but valuable 
 wit-mines are wrought here on account of the government. 
 
 SALZICOTTEN. sait.s'ko'ten, a town of Prussian Westr 
 phalia. 45 miles S.S.W. of Minden. Pop. 18.30. 
 
 SALZSCHLIRF, sjlts'shlegiif a village of Hesse-Cassel, 10 
 alleh N.W. of Fi Ida, on the Altf-11. Pop. 1093. 
 
 BAL7UFLEN, nilfsoo-fign, a town of Germany, In Lippe- 
 
 Detmold. at the confluence of the Salza and Werra, 11 miles 
 N.W. nf Detmold. Pop. 13t>t. 
 
 SALZUNGKN, sdlt/soOng-gn. a town c^ Central Germany, 
 in Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 19 miles N.N.W of Mein- 
 ingen. Pop. 3u77. It has important salt-works, manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloth, linens, and leather, and 5 annual 
 fairs. 
 
 SALZWEDEL. saits/^AMfl. or SALTWEDEL. sait/wiMgl, 
 a town of Prussian Saxony, .54 miles N'.N'.W. of Magdeburg, 
 on theJetzel, in lat. 52° 51' N., Ion. 11° 17' E. Pop. 7810. 
 It is enclosed, by walls, and has a gymnasium, and manu- 
 factures of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. 
 
 S.i^.MADANG, si-md-d4ng', a town of Java, on the route 
 from Buitenzorg to Sheribon, 125 miles S.E. of Batavia. 
 
 SAMADURA. an island of Ilindostan. See Sivana. 
 
 SAMAEIL, si-md-il', a town of Arabia, In Oman, 45 miles 
 W. of Muscat. 
 
 SA.MAIPATA. sl-ml-p5'ta. a small town of Bolivia, de- 
 partment, and 70 miles S.S.W. of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 
 Pop. 1(R)0. 
 
 SAMAKOV, s5-m3-kov', a town of Europeiin Turkey, in 
 Bulgaria, 30 miles S.S.E. of Sophia. Pop. 7000. It is en- 
 closed by substantial walls, and has extensive works for the 
 production of heavy iron goods. 
 
 SAMALOOD, sd-ma-lood', SAM ALOUD, of SAMELOOD, 
 sJ-mfh-lood', a town of Egypt, province of Benisooef, on tho 
 Nile, 15 miles N. of Minieh. 
 
 SAMAMI5AIA, si-mim-bi'3. a village of Brazil, province 
 of Rio de .laneiro. district of Cantagallo. 
 
 SAMANA. si-mini', a peninsula on the N.E. coast of the 
 island of Hayti. republic of San Domingo, stretching from 
 W. to E. 32 miles. It is 11 miles across at its greatest 
 breadth, and is terminated at its E. end bv Capo .Simana. 
 I,at. 19° 18' N.. Ion. 69° 8' W. Its highest peak. Sugar-lo.af 
 Hill, is 19.36 feet, and Morne du Diable. (•• Devil's Hill.") 
 1309 feet above sea-level. There formerly existed a water 
 communication across its west end, separating it from the 
 island of ILayti, (which, though now silted up, could easily 
 lie reopened.) so that what is now a peninsula was for- 
 merly an island. Its soil is extremely fertile; to a great 
 extent it is covered with timber, suited both for ship-build- 
 ing and cabinet xvork : it contains copper, gold, and bitu- 
 minous coal. Pop. in 1851, 1721. 
 
 SAMANA, a name of Atwood's Key, Bahamas. 
 
 SAMANA B.\Y. S,in Domingo, on the S. side of the above 
 peninsula, is about 43 miles in length from E. to W.. by 
 alM)ut 8 miles broad, and at its W, end receives the Yuna, 
 the largest river in the Dominican Republic. It forms one 
 of the finest harbors in the world, and may be regarded as 
 a most important maritime position in reference to the trade 
 of the Gulf of Mexico and the inter-oceanic routes across 
 Central America, both in a commercial and military point 
 of view. On its N. shore is the small town of Santa Bar- 
 bara. It lies in a biifht of a land-locked bay, in lat. 19° 12* 
 .30" N., Ion. 69° 19' 18" W., and has natural facilities for re- 
 pairing or careening vessels; a dilapidated Roman Catholic 
 churcli, a ne.at Wesleyan chapel, and a custoinhoust^. Sa- 
 mana being one of the open ports of the Dominican Repub- 
 lic, the government maintains here a gairison of about 2.'50 
 men, under a colonel who possesse* the chief authority in 
 the place. Negotiations have recently taken place between 
 the Republic of San Domingo and the United States, with 
 a view to the cession of the bay to the latter government. 
 
 SAMANAH. si-mi'nah, a town of Ilindostan, province of 
 Delhi. 35 miles S.W. ofUmballah. 
 
 SAMANCO, si-min'ko, a bay on the coast of Peru, be 
 tween the bays of Casma and Ferriol. in lat. 9° 15' 30" S., 
 Ion. 78° 32' 45" W. It extends about 6 miles from N.W. to 
 S.E., with a width of 3 miles, and is the most extensive har- 
 bor on the Peruvian coast N. of Callao. 
 
 SAMANTIIA. a post-office of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 S.iMAR. si-miR/, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 
 firming a province of the Philippines. It is washed on the 
 W. by the liisayan Sea, and on the E. by the Pacific, and is 
 separated on the N. from the island of Luzon by the Strait 
 of Bernardino, and on the S. from Leyte by the narrow chan- 
 nel of San Juanico. It extends from lat. 11° to 12° 40* N., 
 Ion. 124° 25' to 126° 55' E.. with a length of 147 miles, and 
 an average breadth of about 50 miles. It is thickly wooded, 
 and fertilized by rivers of considerable size, as well as 
 brooks. The mountains are lofty and rugged. In these 
 iron-stone and gold are found, and copper is said to exist. 
 The forests produce useful trees of various kinds, some re- 
 sinous, others used for ship-building. The scanty popula- 
 tion cultivate cocoa, palms for oil, rice, and excellent cocoa. 
 Samar produces also Manilla hemp. wax. mother of-pearl, 
 pearls, and tortoise-shell ; indigo, said *o equal that of Gua- 
 temala; and trepang. The palm-oil is of bad quality. St. 
 Ignatius' nuts are abundant, and were once profitably ex- 
 ported to America. Sinamoys and nipas are manufactured, 
 and also mats, called bulavgdt, from a plant of that name. 
 The inhabitants are mostly Metis, (descendants of Spaniards 
 by Indian mothers :) they trade with the other Philippines 
 and the Pelew Islands. Many Indians seek escape from the 
 capitation tax in the mountains, but there are no Negiitoes 
 
 1685 
 
 
SAM 
 
 n il le islan 1. The province contains 28 pueblos. Its capi- 
 tal is Catbjlagan, situated on a creek on the W. coast. It is 
 built with some regularity, mostly of wood and nipa. but 
 the church and governor's house are, with a few others, 
 built of stone. Pop. 90,470. 
 
 SAMARi. SeeSoMMK. 
 
 SAMARA, s3-m3-rd'. a river of Russia, joins the Dnieper 
 in the government, and i miles S.E. of Yekaterinoslav, after 
 a, W. course of 150 miles. 
 
 S.\MAR.4., a river of Russia, governments of Orentworg 
 and Simbeersk. after a W. course of 2S0 miles joins the 
 Volja at Samara. Its affluents are the Tok, Ooran, (Uran,) 
 and Kinel. 
 
 S.A.M.\RA, a town of Russia, in the government of the 
 same name, 100 miles S.E. of Simlwersk, capital of a circle, on 
 a height, at the confluence of the Samara with the Volga. 
 Pop. 11.019. It w.HS founded in 1591. and was formerly en- 
 closed by a ditch and ramparts. It has a c;>thedral. several 
 other churches, and an extensive trade in cattle and sheep, 
 salt fish, caviar, skins, leather, and t.iUow. 
 
 S.A.M.A.UA, a government of Russia, on the left bank of 
 the Vol.;;a, formed by a ukase of December 18, 1S50. Area, 
 89,008 square miles. Pop. 1,320,108. 
 
 SAMAKABRIVA. See Amie.\s. 
 
 SAM.AR.4NG, sd-mi-rlng', a fortified seaport town of .Liva, 
 capital of a province, on its X. coast, near the mouth of the 
 Samarang River, 210 miles E.S.E. of Batavia. Lat. of the 
 flag-staff, 6° 57' S., Ion. 110° 27' E. Pop. 50.000. including 
 many Chinese. It is pretty well built, and has a large 
 church, town-hall, military school, hospital, theatre, and 
 observatory. Its harbor is not good, and the town is un- 
 healthy from contiguous morasses, and owes its importance 
 solely to the careful cultivation of the adjacent country, 
 whiL-h yields large quantities of coffee, pepper, and rice. 
 Paniaraug is the residence of a Dutch governor, and the seat 
 of one of the three principal law courts of Java. Pop. of 
 residency, 5IjO,000. 
 
 SAMARATE, si-mi-rJ'tA, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of >lilan, 2 miles E. of Gallarate. Pop. 2457. 
 
 SAJIARCAND, .si-miR-kdnd'. (anc. Maracan/da,) a city of 
 Independent Toorkistan, dominions, and 130 miles E, of 
 Bokhara, on the Zer-afshan. Lat 39° 50' N., ion. 66° 50' E. 
 Pop. about 10.000. It has greatly declined in importance; 
 the area within its walls is mostly occupied with gardens, 
 and of the 40 colleges which it formerly had, only three are 
 said to remain perfect, one of which has great Iwauty. This 
 city is, however, regarded with great veneration in Central 
 Asia ; and it possesses the tomb of Tim ur, under whom it 
 was the capital of one of the largest empires ever known, 
 and the centre of Asiatic learning and extensive commerce. 
 It has also several liazaars and large khans, many elegant 
 though decayed public edifices, and it is still an entrepot for 
 some caravan trade, . Its temperate climate, abundance of 
 fruit and water, and the beauty of its vicinity, have cau.sed 
 it to l)e generally eulogized as a re.sidence by Asiatic poets. 
 
 SAM.A.RIA, sd-mj're-a, an ancient province of Palestine, 
 between the river Jordan and the Mediterranean, h.aving on 
 the N. Galilee and on the S. Judea. It comprised the towns of 
 Sebaste, Neapolis, Oinaea, Scythopolis, with Mounts Gilboa 
 and Little Hermon. Th« ancient city of Samaria, built by 
 Omri, King of Israel, about 925 b. c, was the capital of the 
 ten triijes. After its destruction by John Uyrcanus, it was 
 rebuilt by Herod, and called Sebaste. 
 
 SAMARI.\, a village of Crete, near Sphakia or Sfakia. 
 
 S.\M.\ROVA, s3-m3-ro'v3, a town of Siberia, government, 
 and 170 miles N.X.E. of Tobolsk, between the Obi and 
 Irtish, 
 
 SAMARRAH, s3-m3r'rl, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pa- 
 ihalic, and 65 miles N.X.W. of Bagdad, on a height, beside 
 the left bank of the Tigris, and consisting of al)Out 250 
 houses, nearly enclosed by a strong wall. It has two hand- 
 some Mohammedan tombs with cupolas, one particularly 
 venerated by the Sheeah (Shiah) sect, and visited annually 
 by at least 10,000 Mohammedan pilgrims. About half a 
 mile X. is a curious spiral tower 16-3 feet in height; also the 
 remains of a college built of fine brick, and traces of a palace. 
 The whole neighborhood is covered with ruins. 
 
 S.\MASSI, sd-mis'see, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division, and 22 miles X.X.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1995. 
 
 SAMATAX, sl'rai'tfe"'. a town of France, department of 
 Gere, on the Save. 1 mile N.E, of Lombez. Pop. 1224. 
 
 SAMAVA, si-m4'vi, a town of Astatic Turkey, pashalic 
 of Bagdad, on the Euphrates. 38 miles S.E. of I..emlooni. 
 
 SAMBAI-CONTAI, sdm'bil kon'ti, a village of West Africa, 
 in Boiidoq, in lat. 14° 41' X., Ion. 12° 25' W. 
 
 SAMBAS, sim'bjs/, a river of the island of Borneo, rises 
 near the S. frontier of the state, flows N.W. for about 50 
 miles then turns S,W.. and enUrs the Strait of Carimata 
 by a broad estuary, after a total course of about 100 miles. 
 It Is navigable .is far up as Sambas for native vessels, and 
 contains a good deal of gold in its sands. 
 
 SAMBAS, a state on the VV. coast of Borneo. It is in Ihe 
 Shape of a triangle, each side of which measures about 100 
 miles, and U separated from Sarawak by the Krimbang 
 Kouutaloi^It U watered by the Sambas, its principal 
 
 SAM 
 
 stream, the Selakoo, Siakawan, &c. It contains the richest 
 gold-mines in Borneo, which are worked by a colony of Cht 
 nese. The state is very populous, and is governed by a Mo 
 hammedau sultan. 
 
 S.AMB.AS. a town of the island of Borneo, on a low msirshy 
 site, near the left bank of the Sambjjs. about 30 miles from 
 the sea, about lat. 1° 15' X.. Ion. 109° 20' E. It is the seat 
 of the sultan, and of a Dutch resident, who h.is a small force 
 for the protection of Dutch interests. The houses are raised 
 above the ground on piles, and the sultan's palace is a large 
 building, surrounded bj' a sort of fortification. Many of the 
 inhabitants are pirates. Pop. 10.000. 
 
 SAMBATIKILA, sam-bi-te-kee^i. a walled town of West 
 Africa, in the Mandingo country, near lat, 10° N., Ion. 
 S 50' W. 
 
 SAM-BAUDILLO-DE-LLOBREGAT. .sira bow-Beel'yo ik 
 lo-brd gilt/, commonly c:«Ile<l SAXBOY, sin-boy', or SEMBOY, 
 s2m-b<5y', a village of Spain, in Catalonia. 6 miles \V. of Bar- 
 celona, on the Llobregat. Pop 2500. 
 
 SAM'BEK, SAMBHARA, sim-ba/ri or SACAMBDARI, 
 sd-kim-bi'ree, a towu of Ilindostan, in Rajpootana. 44 miles 
 X.X.E. of Ajmeer, in lat. 20° 53' X., Ion. 74° 57' E. On its X.E, 
 side is a large salt lake. 
 
 SAMBILAX. .sdm-be-ian', or SAMBILAXG. sam-be-llng*, 
 or NIXE ISLANDS, a group of islands in the Strait of Ma- 
 lacca, in lat. 4° 5' X.. Ion. 100° 35' E. 
 
 SAMBOAXGA. .sam-bo-ar.g/ga, SA5IB0AXGAX, sdm-bo- 
 ang-gin', or XUESTKA SKSoRA DEL PILAR DE ZARA- 
 GOZA, nwes'tri sJn-yo'rd dfel pe-l.iR' di sd-ri-go'sd. a town of 
 the Philippine Islands, on the S.W. extremity of the island 
 of Mindanao, in lat. 6° 54' 30" S., Ion. 122° 8' E. It occupies 
 a low .site on the shore, at the mouth of a small stream, and 
 is, after Manila, the most important fortress which the Spa- 
 niards possess in the Philippines. 
 
 SAMBOH, sdm'boR. a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 
 on the Dniester, 40 miles S.W. of Lemberg, in lat. 49° 32' N, 
 Ion. 23° 17' E. Pop. 6C00. It h;is a tribunal, mining inten- 
 dency, and gymnasium, with manufactures of linens, bleach- 
 fields, .ind extensive salt-works. 
 
 SAMBOR. STARY, std'ree sdm'bor, a town of Austrian Po- 
 land, in Galicia, on the Dniester, 10 miles S.W. of Sambor. 
 Pop. 2080. 
 
 S AM'BOURN, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, parish 
 of Coughton, 3| miles X.X.W. of .41cester. Pop. 660. 
 
 S.\MBRE, .sdm'b'r, (Fr. pron. sSjib'r: anc. St'bis.) a river 
 of France and Belgium, ri.se3 in the French department of 
 Aisne, flows E.X.E., and joins the Meuse at Xaniur, in Bel- 
 gixini. Total course, 100 miles. Its affluents are the Helpe, 
 Ileure. and Orneau. It is navigable, for the greater part of 
 its course, for barges. In Belgium, the Sambre communi- 
 cates by canals with the Senne and Scheldt, and the Canal 
 of the Sambre, France, connects it with the Canal of St. 
 Qucutin. Under the French, Sambre-et->l eu.se was a de- 
 partment, watered by those rivers, and now forming the 
 province of Xamur, with a p.irt of Belgian Luxembourg. 
 
 SAMBUCA, sdm-booOtd, a town of Sicily, province, and 
 near Girgenti. Pop. 8000. 
 
 SAMBUCCA, sdm-book'kd, a vill.age of Central Italy, in 
 Tuscany. 27 miles X.X.W. of Florence. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SAJIBUCO, sdm-bootio, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Coni, near Vinadio, Pop. 1412. 
 
 SAMCORI. See Konpn.\xo. 
 
 S.\MER. sd'maiR'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Pas-de-Calais, 8 miles S.E. of BoulogBe. Pop. in 1852, 2182. 
 It hits remains of an abbev of the seventh century, 
 
 SAM'FORD, Great, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SAMFORD, Little, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SA5IF0RD ARUXDEL, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 SAMFORD BRETT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 SAMFORD COURTEXAY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 SAMFORD PEVEREL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SAM'FORD SPI'XEY, a parish of Ensland. co. of Devon. 
 
 SA:\I FRANCISCO, Brazil. See S.*o Fr.axcisco. 
 
 S.\MGAUM, sdm-gawm', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madra.s. district, .and 20 miles X.W. of Xellore. 
 
 SAMGORODOK, sdm-go-ro-dok', a market-town of Russia, 
 government, and 95 miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAMIIOOD or SAMIIOUD, sdm-hood', a town of Upper 
 Egypt, province, and 15 miles S.E. of Girgeh. 
 
 SAMI, sd'mee. a town of West .\frira, Senegambia, in Bam- 
 barra. on the Joliba, 22 miles W.S.W. of Seg'o. 
 
 S.\M JOlO. See Sao Joao; and so with all other Portu- 
 guese names with the prefix of Sam or Sa\. 
 
 SAMLENSK. a town of Ru.s.sia. See Semuansk. 
 
 SAM'LESBURY. a chapelrv of England, ca of Lancaster. 
 
 SAM^IINIATO, a town of Tuscany. See S.^x Mixi.\TO. 
 
 SAM'MOX'S POINT, a post-offlce of Iroquois co.. Illinois. 
 
 SAM'MOXSVILLE. a post-office of Fulton co., Xew 1 ork. 
 
 SAMWAN, or XAA'IGATOR'S ISLANDS, a group in the 
 Pacific Ocean, between lat. 18° 30' and 14° 30' S.. and Ion. 
 168° and 173° W.. comprising S sm.iU islands, estimated tc 
 have an area of 2650 square iniles, with a population of up 
 wards of 50,00u. The soil is rich, and the sur&oe densel) 
 
SAM 
 
 SAN 
 
 wooded. The products comprise cocoanut-oH. arrowroot, 
 oaoutohouc, castor-bean, ginger, ooffey, tortoise-shi-ll, and 
 plentiful supplies of regetabtes, &c. for shipping. The in- 
 habitants are stated to be superior in bodil;' and mental 
 endowments to those of many other parts of Polynesia, and 
 to Seek tor articles of utility, rather than trinkets, in their 
 traffic with Europeans. There are British missionary sta- 
 tions at Upolu, Arc. 
 
 SAMOCZIX, I'russian Poland. See Samotschau. 
 
 SAMOENS. sd'mo-SNo'. a village of Savoy, province of Fau- 
 cigny, 15 miles Kast of Bonneville. Pop. 3911. It has 6 
 impfirtant annual fairs for cattle. 
 
 iS.-VM(J(tITIA, s4-mo-jish'e-a, an old province of Poland. 
 now forniinir niopt part of the Russian government of Viina. 
 
 SA.MOIEI).-!. sam*oi-*dz', SAMOYI'^DS or SA.MOYEDES. a 
 people inhabiting the shores of the Arctic Ocean, from the 
 mouth of the I'etchora, iu the N.E. of the government of 
 Archangel, to the Gulf of Katanska, (Khatangskee.) in the 
 N.E. of the government of Yeniseisk. They consist of three 
 principal tribes, speaking different dialects. Their origin is 
 unknown. They are nomadic, and live chiefly by fishing, 
 and keeping reindeer. 
 
 SAMOKIIVALOVITCni, sJ-moK-vi-lo-vitch'ee, or SA- 
 MiXIIIWALOWlTSCIII. a market-town of Kussia, govern- 
 ment, and 10 miles S. of Minsk. Pop. 1000. 
 
 .SA'MOS, SOOSAM(SOUSAM. or SUSAMVADASPI, soo'- 
 sSm' adls'see, an islandoff the W. coast of Asia Minor, on the 
 S. side of the Gulf of Scala Nova, 42 miles S.W. of Smyrna. 
 Length, from E. to W., 27 miles; greatest bre.idth, 10 miles. 
 Estimated area, 165 square miles. Pop. 50,000. Two ranges 
 of rocky limestone mountains traverse the island, their 
 slopes partly covered with pine woods, vineyaids, and olive 
 groves. The valleys are fertile, and this is one of the most 
 productive islands of the archipelago, exporting a good deal 
 ;*" corn, and excellent Muscadine wines. The mineral pro- 
 ducts comprise marble, iron, lead, silver, and emery. The 
 principal towns are Vathi on its X. siSe. with a good harbor, 
 and Khora. the capital, near the S. coast, on a portion of the 
 site of the ancient Samos. The island h.id In ancient times a 
 famous templeof Juno, of which few, if any. vestiges remain, 
 ft was the native country of Pythagoras, and the sculptor 
 Theodorus. The Samlots were among the first to join the 
 late Greek war of independence, throughcjut which they suc- 
 cessfully held the island against the Turks. In the Little 
 lioghaz, a narrow strait Iwtween Samos and the mainland, 
 tlie tieet and army of Xerxes were defeated tlio same day 
 that his troops In Greece, under Mardonius, were dispersed 
 
 and destroyed at Pltit«a, B. c. 479. Adj. and inhab. Sami- 
 
 A\, s:l'me-an, or Samiot or SaMOTE, sifme-ot. 
 
 SAMUS,'an ancient city of Cephalonia. on the K. coast of 
 the island. It is now a village, with various ancient remains. 
 
 SAMOSAT or SAMOS.-VTA. See Somkisat. 
 
 SAMoTIIIiAKI, si-mo-thrJ'kee. (anc. Samtithrutcf. ; Gr. 
 £d//o9po«if; Turk. Semi-ndrek, sA-men-dr§k'.) an i.sland be- 
 longing to Turkey, in the JEgean Sea, 14 miles N.X.W. of 
 Imbros. Area, 30 square miles. Pop. ISOO. The surface is 
 mountainous, and rises to 5248 feet above the sea. On its 
 N. side are the ruins of the ancient town of Simotlirace. 
 
 SAMOTKAKI, sl-mo-tri'kee, one of the smaller Ionian 
 Islands. 5 miles W. of Corfu. 
 
 SAMOTPCHAU. si'mot shr.w', a town of Prussian Poland, 
 38 miles W.S.W. of Bromherg. Pop. 19B0. 
 
 SAMOYED or SAMOYE0E. See Samoieds. 
 
 SAMOZERO sd^mo-zA'ro, a lake of Russia, government of 
 Olonets, 40 miles W.N.W. of Petro7avodsk. aViout 20 miles iu 
 length, from W. to E., and 8 miles in breadth. Its supei-- 
 fluous waters are carried S. and E. by the river Shooya, 
 (Schiya.) into Lake Onega. 
 
 SAMPER DE CALANDA, sam-palR/ dA ki-linMl. a town 
 of Spain, province of Teruel, 44 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa. 
 Pop. 2720. 
 
 SAMi'EYRE, sSm-pA'ri, a market-town of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, 15 miles W.S.VV. of Saluzzo, Pop. 49S5. 
 
 S.\MP'SON, a county in the S.E. central part of North 
 Carolina; area estimated at 940 square miles. It is drained 
 by Black River and its bi-anches, and the South River forms 
 the W. boundary. The surface is nearly level. The soil is 
 generally sandy, and partly covered with forests of pitch- 
 pine. Formed in 1784, and nauied in honor of Colonel John 
 Sampson. Capital. Clinton. Pop. 16,624, of whom 9596 
 were free, and 7028 slaves. 
 
 SAMPSON, a post-offlce of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 SAMP'SONDALE, a thriving post-village of Rockland co., 
 New York, about 100 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 SAMP'SONVILLE, a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, 
 about 50 miles S.W. of Albany. It contains a large tannery 
 and several mills. 
 
 SAMPTOWN. a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey, on 
 Cedar Creek, 8 miles N. of New Brunswick. 
 
 SAM'S CREEK, a postofflce of Carroll co., Maryland. 
 SAMSOE, siims/6\ or SAMS, sinm. an island of Den- 
 mark, in the Great Belt, between Seeland and Jutland. 
 Length, 15 miles: greatest breadth, 5 miles. Area, 40 
 fi^uare miles. Pop. 5550. The surface is undulatiug and 
 fertu>. 
 
 SAMSON, sh^m'.shon', the i-trgest village of Hungiry, 
 next to C'saba, co. of Bihar, 8 miles N.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 
 22.247. 
 
 SAMSOON, SAMSOUN or SAMSTJN, sfaiVoon', written 
 also SAMSOOM or SAMSUM, (ane. Jini'sus.) a seaport towi. 
 of A.sia Minor, pashalic of Seevns; lat. 41° 18' N., Ion. 36° 22 
 E. The pop. is whnlly Turkish, and comprise about 460 
 families; in the neighborhood is a village with 1.50 families 
 of Christians. Bazaars, though small, are well supplied 
 with goods, and the town is a busy entrepot for tlie copper, 
 timber, tobacco, and agricultural produce of the iuterioi, ex- 
 ported hence in large quantities to Constaninople: and it is 
 a station for the Austrian Danube Steam Navigation Com- 
 pany's packet.s. plying between this city and Trubizond. 
 
 SA.MTER, sWtfr. or SZAMOTt'LY, shj-mo-too'lee, a 
 town of Prussian Poland, 20 miles N.W. of Posen, on tho 
 railway to Stettin. Pop. 2480. 
 
 SAAITTAGO, Cape Verd Islands. See Samiaoo. 
 
 SAMTIAGO DE CACEM. sown" te-3/go di kJ-s^Ng'. a town 
 of Portugal, province of Algarve. 36 miles N.W. of Ourique, 
 on a kind of l>ay formed by the Atlantic. Pop. 2100. 
 
 SAMUGIIEU, sa-moo-g.4-oo'(?) a village of the island of Sar- 
 dinia, division ofCagliari. 21 miles E. of Oristano. Pop. 15»jO. 
 
 SA.ML'LCOTTAII, sdmtil-kot'ta,a town and fort of British 
 India, presidency of Madras. 29 miles E.X.E. of Rajahmun- 
 dry. It has two singular Hindoo temples. Lat. 17° 4' N., 
 Ion. 82° 17' E. 
 
 S.\N, sin, SAAN, sjn, or SANA, sj'nl. a large river of 
 Austrian Poland, in Galicia, rises in the Carpathians, flows 
 N.N.W., and joins the Vistula, 4 miles N.E. of Sandomier. 
 Total course, 250 miles. The affluents are the Wislok, 
 Lubaczow, and Tanew. 
 
 S.\N, sin, a river of Styria, after an E. and S. course of 
 50 miles, joins the Save, 11 miles S. of Cilly. 
 
 SAX, san. (anc. Tahiif.) a ruined town of Lower Egypt, oa 
 an arm of the Nile. 15 miles S.S.W. of Menzaleh. 
 
 S.\NA or SANA.\, s3-nJ'. the capital city of Yemen, in 
 Arabia, in a fine valley, 4000 feet above the sea, 110 miles 
 E.N.E. of llodelda. Pop. estimated at 40.000. It is enclosed 
 by walls Sj miles in circumference, and mounting some can- 
 nons : is built mostly of brick, and has two stone palaces of 
 the imam, alxiut 20 richly decorated mosques, public baths, 
 and a stone bridge across its main street, which is inundated 
 during rains. The principal commerce is in coffee, and in 
 its husk, which latter article here brings the higher price, 
 and is exclusively used for consumption in the city. Im- 
 ports comprise piece-goods, Persian tcjliacco. dates, twist, and 
 glass wares. Some remarkable ancient inscriptions have 
 been found. 
 
 SANA. sS/nl, or MIRAFLORES, me-rl-flo'rJs, a town of 
 North Peru, department of Trujillo, (Truxillo,) province, 
 and 32 miles S.E. of Lambayeque. 
 
 SAN AN'DERS, a pos^oftice of Milam co., Texas. 
 
 SAN ANDREA. See Sant' Ani.bea. SAN ANGELO. 
 See Sant' Angelo, and so with other Italian names, in 
 which San is followed by a name beginning with a \ov<A. 
 
 SAN ANDRE'AS. a town of Calaveras co., Calit'oniia. is 
 situated towards the W. part of the county, lietween the 
 North and South Branches of the Calaveras River. The sur- 
 rounding ravines are rich in gold, and fine for winter min- 
 ing; average wages. 8 dollars a day. 
 
 SAX ANDRES, sin indrlsJ. a town on the E. side of the 
 island of Teneriffe,in theCanaries, in a fertile vallev. P. 2f35. 
 
 SAN ANDRES DE LLAVANERAS. sin in-drfe/ d.A M-i5- 
 nA'ris. (or LLEV.\NERAS. lA-vd-nA'rds.) a town of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, 18 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1298. 
 
 SAN ANDRES DE PALO.MAR, .sAn Andres/ dA pA-lo man/, 
 a town of Spain, province, and 5 miles N.NJi. of Barcelona. 
 Pop. 4350. 
 
 SAN ANDRES A^4LLADARES, sAn Jn-dr^s/ vAIvA-dA'- 
 rJs. a town and parish of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 24 
 miles from Pontevedra. Pop. 1228. 
 
 SAN AJCGEL, sAn Ang'HoI, a town of Mexico, on the 
 AcapuUo road, about 6 miles S. of the capital. It was occu- 
 pied by Santa .■\nna and 12.000 of his army previous to. and 
 during, the battleof Contreras, fought August 18th and 19th, 
 1847. Pop. 201 :0. 
 
 SAN ANTONIO,.iiAn An-to/n&o, or PUERTO MAGNO, 
 pwjR'to mAg'no, a Spanish seaport town, on the W. coast of 
 the island of Ivi^a, with a small fort which commands the 
 harbor. Lat. "9° 0' 4" N.. Ion. 1° 14' E. Pop. 3539. 
 
 SAN ANTONIO. sAn Au-to'ne-o. a river of Texas, which 
 rises in Bexar county, and flowing in a general south- 
 easterly course, empties itself into the lagoon at the E. ex- 
 tremity of Refugio county, and opposite Matagorda l.«laiid. 
 The upper portion is called Medina River until it passes the 
 mouth of Leon Creek, a few miles S. of San Antonio. 
 
 SAN ANTONIO, a village in the interior of the territory 
 of New Mexico, near the Sandia )Iountains, about 45 miles 
 S.S.W. of Santa F6. 
 
 SAN ANTONIO, a village of New Mexico, on the right 
 bank of the Rio del Norte. 150 miles S.S.W. of Santa Fe. 
 
 SAN ANTONIO, a fortified hacienda of Mexico, about 8 
 miles S. of the city of Mexico. 
 
 SAN ANTCNIO, a town of Mexico, 15 mUes from La Paz, 
 
 1687 
 
 J 
 
SAN 
 
 fcAX AXTOXIO, a missionary settlement of Monterey co., 
 California. 
 
 SAX AXTCyXIO, or SAX AXTO'XIO DE BEXAR, (Sp. 
 pi-on. sin in-to'neo di bA-aaB/.) a thriving post-town, capi- 
 tal of Bexar co., Texas, on San Antonio River, 110 miles 
 S.W. of Austin City. This wealthy town has been much 
 improved within a" few years, and the population of the ad- 
 jacent country has increased rapidly. Many of the re- 
 sidences are truly beautiful, particularly around Fort Ala- 
 mo, which is in the immediate vicinity. See Fort Al-^mo. 
 San Antonio contains a United States arsenal, and several 
 churches and seminaries. Two newspapers are published 
 here. It has a large trade with Mexico. It is one of the 
 termini of the San Antonio and Mexican Gulf Railroad, (pro- 
 jected.) Pop. in 1S50, 3396; in 1S60, 8235. 
 
 SAX AXTOXIO, sin Jn-to'ne-o, a town of South America, 
 in Venezuela, department, and on an affluent of the Apure, 
 110 miles E. of Varinas. 
 
 SAX AXTOXIO, Italy. See San't' A.vtoxio. 
 
 SAN .A.XTOXIO, Portugal and Brazil. See Sajjto Astosio. 
 
 S.tX AXTOXIO. s3n Jn-to'ne-o, the north-westernmost of 
 the Cape Verd Islands, lat. (Tarrafal Bay) 16° 56' 2" N., Ion. 
 25° 21' 7" VV. The surface is elevated and well-watered, and 
 produces a good deal of corn, cotton, and orchilL 
 
 SAX .\XTOXIO, a cape of Brazil, at the entrance to the 
 Bay of Bahia. Lat. 13° 0' 7" S., Ion. 38° 31' 7" W. There is 
 a liirht on this point 140 feet high. 
 
 SAX AXTOXIO, a cape of Buenos Ayres, at the mouth of 
 the Rio de la Plata, S. side. Lat. 36° 19' S.. Ion. 56° 45' W. 
 
 S.\X AXTOXIO. a large port or bay of Patagonia. Lat. 
 40° 49' S., Ion. 0.5° 54' W. 
 
 SAX AXTOXIO. CAPE. See Cape San Antosio. 
 
 SAX AXTOXIO CREEK, a small stream of Marin co., in 
 the W.X.W". part of California, flows into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 SAX AXTOXIO DE ARECO, sSn an-to'ne-o d.i i-rhfko, a 
 town of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata.) 60 miles from 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 S.X^X AXTO^-IO DE GIBRALTAR. (Sp. pron. Jn-to'ne-o 
 dA He-Brdl-t.aR'.) a town of South America, in Venezuela, de- 
 partment of Zulia. province, and on the E. shore of the Lake 
 of Maraciylx), 50 miles X.^\'. of Trujillo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAN AXTOXIO DE LAGUX.i. sin Jn-to'ne-o dA Ij-goo'ni, 
 a town of Ecuador, department of Asuay, on the Huallaga, 
 near its junction with the Amazon. 
 
 SAX AXTOXIO DE LOS CUES, sin Jn-to'neK) dA loce 
 koo'Ss. a town of the Mexican Confederation, state, iind 70 
 miles X. of Oajaca. 
 
 S.^X AUGUSTIX, sin Cw-goos-teen', a town of Mexico, on 
 the .\capuleo road, about 12 miles S. of the city of Mexico. 
 It was occupied by General Scott, and a portion of his army, 
 at the commencement of the battle of Contreras. 
 
 SAV AUGUSTIXE or ST. AUGUSTINE. (Sp. .5in jiufnis- 
 tin. sin uw-goos-teen',) a county in the E. part of Texas, con- 
 t.iins about 620 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the .^ttoyac and Angelina Rivers, and drained by Ayish 
 Bayou. The greater part of the county is included in the 
 trjict known as the " Hed Lands," which is extremely fertile 
 and noted for its fine cotton. Capital. San Augustine. Pop. 
 4094. of whom 2.>77 were free, and 1717 slaves. 
 
 SAX AUGUSTIXE. a handsome and thriving post-village, 
 cipit.al of San .4ugustine co., Texas, is situ.ited on Ayish 
 Bayou, 310 miles E.X.E. of Austin City. The main road 
 from Xatchitoches in Louisiana, to Houston, passes through 
 the place. It is surrounded by a highly productive cotton- 
 growing region. It contains the University of Eastern 
 Texas, 1 Methodist and 1 Episcopal church, and a newspaper 
 office. Pop. estimated at 1000. 
 
 SAX BAKTHOLO>l£. sin baR-tnlK>mA'. a village and fort 
 of the Mexican Confederation, state, and 215 miles X. of 
 Durango. 
 
 SAX BARTOLOMft, sin baR-to-Io-mV, a town of South 
 America, in New Granada, 125 miles E.X.E. of Antioquia. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAX BARTHOLOMfi, a village of New Granada, departs 
 ment of ^lagdalena. on the river at the influx of the San 
 Burtholomfe, (K) miles S.E. of Renu-dios. 
 
 SAX BARTHOLOMfi, one of the Caroline Islands, in the 
 Pacific Oce.in. Lat. 1.=)° 10' X., Ion. 103° 52' E. 
 
 SAN BAUTOLOSlfi DE TIRAJAXA. sin baR-to-lo-mA' dA 
 te-ri-Hi'ni, a town of the Canaries, on Canary Island 
 Pop. 3456. 
 
 SAN BARTOLOMEO, sin baH-to-lo-mA'o, a Tillage of Nar 
 plen. district of Salerno. Pop. 1 100. 
 
 SAX BARTOLOMEO, sin baRto-lo-mA'o, two islands in 
 the South Pacific Ocean, one in the archipelago of the Caro- 
 lines, the other off the S. coast of Papua. 
 
 SAN BARTOLOMEO-I.N-GALDO, sin ban-to-lo-mi'o in 
 pi. do, a town of Naples, province of Capitinata, 2S mUes 
 ".by S. of Foggia, on an elevated hill. It has a diocesan 
 n™ „?■?• "•*'' ' collegiate and several other churches, 
 rop. al2o. 
 
 1688 
 
 SAN 
 
 Gulf of Mexico, about 10 miles S.W. of the mouth of BraioP 
 River. 
 
 S.\X BERXARD, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas. 
 
 SAX BERNARDINO, sin bfiR-nas-dee'no. a village of Swi^ 
 zerland, canton of Orisons, in the valley of Misocco, 15 miles 
 N. of Roveredo, with mineral springs. The P.ass of Ueunar- 
 Di.NO or Berxhardin (b^R^naR'dis"') is travers,»d by the route 
 from Chur (Coire) to Bellinzona. and is one f/f the principal 
 means of communication between Italy, Switzerland, and 
 Germany. Elevation, 6970 feet. 
 
 SAX BERNARDIXO, sin b^R-naR-dee'no. (Mountain.) a 
 lofty mountain of Los Angeles co., California, about 60 mile* 
 E. of Los Angeles, 
 
 SAXBERXARDINCacouutyintheS.E.partofCiililornia, 
 formed since 1852. Pop. in 1800, 6551. Soe Appendix. 
 
 SAX BEKXARDIXO, a post-town (formerly a Catholic 
 mission,) of Los Angeles co., California, in a rich and well 
 timbered valley, about 60 miles E. of Los .\ngeles. It wag 
 settled by Mormons. Pop. in 1854, about 1500. 
 
 SAX BERXARDO, sin bjR-naR'do, a group of islets of New 
 Granada, near the entrance of the Gulf of Morrosquillo, 
 and off the Point of San Bernardo. 50 miles S. of Cartagena. 
 
 SAX BIAGIO, sin be-i'jo, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra II., 3 miles W. of Xicastro. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAX BLAS, san Wis, or SAIXT BLAS, a seaport town of 
 the Mexican Confederation, state of Jalisco, on an island at 
 the embouchure of the river Santiago, in tlie Pacific, about 
 37 miles W.S.W. of Tepic. of which it is the port. Lat. 21° 
 32' 34" X., Ion. 105° 15' 24" IV. The climate is very un- 
 healthy, and the harbor bad. with an open roadstead. In 
 commercial importance, however, it holds the third rank in 
 the Confederation, being surpassed only by Acapuleo and 
 Mazatlaa. The total tonnage of the vessels arriving here 
 in 1852 was 30,321. Among the vessels. 27 were steamers, 
 The number of passengers that arrived was 4863; departed, 
 4920. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 S.4.X BLAS, Caribbean Sea. See Mandisgo. 
 
 SAX BLAS POIXT, Xew Granadiu See Cape S.an Blas. 
 
 SAX'BORXTOX, a post-town.ship in Belknap co.. New 
 Hampshire, 23 miles X. of Concord. Pop. 2743. 
 
 S,\NBOUXTOX, a village in Clinton oo., Iowa, on Wapsi- 
 pinicon River, 45 miles X.E. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 SAXBORXTOX BRIDGE, a po.st-village in" Belknap co., 
 X'ew Hampshire, on Winnipiseogee River, and on the Boston 
 Concord and Moutretil Railroad. 18 miles X. of Concord. 
 
 SAX BOROMBOX, EXSEX.A.DA DE, fen-sA-ni'dd sin bo 
 rom-bOn', a bay in the Rio de la Plata, 30 miles from Buenos 
 Ayres. 
 
 SAX BUEXAVEXTURA. sin bwA-ni-vSn-too'ri, or bo'na- 
 ven-too'ra. called also S.\LIXAS, (si-lee'nis.) a river in the 
 W. part of California, rising on the slope of the Coast Range, 
 in the E. part of San Luis Obispo county, flows in a general 
 X.W. course to near the centre of Monterey co., when it 
 turns towards the Pacific, and falls into Monterey Bay in 
 about 36° 45' N. lat 
 
 SAN BUEX.-VVEXTURA, a town, formerly a mis.sionary 
 station, near the boundary l)etween Santa Barbara and Los 
 Angeles counties, is situated on the main ro.id from .Sau 
 Jose and Los Angeles, and on a river of its own name, about 
 300 miles in a strsisrht line S.E. of San Francisco. 
 
 SAX BUEXAVEXTURA RIVER, a small stream of Santa 
 Barbara co.. California, tails into the Pacific Ocean in alx)ut 
 34°20'X.lat. 
 
 SAX CARLOS, California. See Carmel. 
 
 S.\X CARLOS, sAn kaRloce. a town of South America, in 
 Venezuela, 130 miles S.W. of Caracas, in a valley on the 
 Aguare. Pop. 10,000. (?) Before the wars of independence, 
 it was one of the richest towns in the province, from its 
 plantations of indigo, coffee, and cotton, and the immense 
 number of sheep and cattle reared in the neighboring sa- 
 vannas. 
 
 SAN C.4.RL0S, a town of Chili, c.ipital of a province, and 
 on the N.E. coast of the island of Chiloe. It is fortified, b.as 
 an excellent harbor, and is the principal entrepot of the 
 island, exporting planks, hams, and woollen stuffs. 
 
 SAN CAU'LOS. a port on the X.W. coast of Ea.«t Falkland 
 Island, near the X. entrance of Falkland Sound, with anchor- 
 age for large vessels. Lat. (Fanning Head, S.W. summit) 
 51° 27' 12" S., Ion. 59° 7' 15" W. 
 
 SAX CARLOS DE LA RAPITA, sin kaRloce dA li ri- 
 pee'ti, a seaport town of Spain, in Catalonia, province of 
 Tarragona, on an elevated flat on the shore of the Medi- 
 terranean, about 20 miles from Tortosa. It owes its founda- 
 tion to Don Carlos III., who. with a view to take advaut.age 
 of its position between the provinces of Aragon, Valencia, 
 and Catalonia, intended to make a great commercial empo- 
 rium; but the extensive works commenced during his 
 reign, were ab;»ndoned at his death, and Rapita is now com- 
 paratively insignificant. I'op. 919. 
 
 SAX CASCIAXO. sin k.ishi'no, a village of Italy, in Tus- 
 cany, province, and SJ miles S.W of Florence. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAX CASCIAXO DEI BAGXl, sin kishi/no d.A'e bin'- 
 yee. a village of Italy, province of Sienna, 17 miles S.E. c? 
 Pienza. Pop. 2800. It derives its name from its minera: 
 baths, thb best frequented In Tuscany. 
 
SAN 
 
 8ANCASSE, sIn-kis'sA, an Inhabited island in the Indian 
 Ocean, off N'areenda Bay, N'.W. of Madagascar. 
 
 SAN CATALDO, sin kdt.il'do, a town of Sicily, in the 
 Valley of Mazzara, 5 miles W.S.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 8900. 
 In its vicinity are extensive sulphur-mines. 
 
 S.AXCKDi), sSn-thfi/ix), a village of Spain, province, and 
 about tiO miles from Leon. Pop. 1089. 
 
 S.A.NCE11KE, sft.No^saiR', a town of France, department of 
 Cher, on a vine-clad hill, on the right bank of the Loire, 26 
 miles N.E. of Bourges. Pop. in ISS'i, 3703. It has a com- 
 munal cnllepe, and an active trade in wine, and in marble 
 quarried in its vicinity. 
 
 S.4N" CKSAHIO, sin chJ-s3're-o, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Otranto, 4 miles S. of Lecce. Pop. 3499. 
 
 SAN CHIRICO. Nuovo, nwo'vo sin kee're-ko. a markets 
 town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 5 miles N.W. of Tri- 
 carico. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SAN CHIRICO IIAPARO, sin kee're-ko ri-pi'ro, a mar- 
 ket-town of Naples, 22 miles S.E. of Marsico-Nuovo. Pop. 
 3580. 
 
 SAN CHRTSTOVAL, the name of various places in Spanish 
 America. See San Cristovai.. 
 
 SAN CIPRANO DE TIANA, sin se-prei'no d.'l te-a'ni, a 
 village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 8 miles from 
 Barcelona. Near it stood the famous Carthusian nionastory 
 of Montalegre, said to have been the most curious and 
 perfect of its kind in Spain. It was sacked and burned at 
 the revolution on the 2.^f h and 20th of July. 1835. Pop. 1818. 
 
 SAN CLE.MENTE, sin kli-m^n'tA, a town of Spain, 48 
 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3120. 
 
 SAN CLEMENTE, a town of Spain, proTince, and 40 
 miles VV.N.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3120. 
 
 SAN CLEMENTE, sin kl.4-min'tA. a village of Naples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, 1 mile S.E. of Caserta, with a 
 tine historical museum. 
 
 SAN CLEMENTE. sin klA-mf n'tA, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean. olT the coast of Ctlifornia, 15 miles S. of Santa Catalina. 
 
 S.^NCOINS, sdNo^kwAx"', a town of France, department 
 of Cher. ,30 miles S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 1497. 
 
 SAN COLO.MBANO, sin ko-lom-bi'no, a town of Lom- 
 bardy. 9 miles S. of Lodi. on the I<ambro. Pop. 5000. 
 
 S.\N COSME. a post-oflice of Rusk co.. Texas. 
 
 SAXCOTY HEAD, the S.E. point of Nantucket Island, 
 Ma.ssHchusetts, has a fixed light 1.50 feet above the level of 
 the sea. Lat. 41° 17' N., Ion. 09° 59' W. 
 
 SAN'CHEED. a p;irish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SAN CRISTOVAL or CHRISTOVAL. sin kris-to'vil, Lake 
 OF. Mexican Confederation, 12 miles N.N.E. of .Mexico, is 10 
 miles in length; has on its S. side a village of its own 
 name. 
 
 SAN CRISTOVAL or CHRTSTOVAL, a small town of 
 South America, in Venezuela, 96 miles S.S.AV'. of Merida, on 
 an affluent of the Apure. 
 
 SAN CRISTOVAL or CHRTSTOVAL, a small town of 
 South America, in New Granada, province of Antiouuia. 
 Lat. 0° 16' N. 
 
 SAN CRISTOVAL or CHRISTOVAL. a small town of 
 Central America. State of Guatemala. S.W. of Vera Paz. 
 
 SAN CHRTSTOVAL. Brazil. See Sao Christov.ao. 
 
 SANCT ANTONIEN, slnkt in-to'ne-fn. a vill.ige of Swit- 
 zerland, 15 miles N.E. of Chur, (Coire.) This village gives its 
 name to the adjacent vallev of St. Antonienthal. 
 
 SANCT ANTONT-i.v-DER-HKIDE. sinkt in'to-nee^ in dJr 
 hi'deh. a small town of Rhenish Prussia, in Cleves, 17 miles 
 W.N.W. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 SANCT BEATENBERO. sSnkt bA-i'ten-b?RQ\ a mountain 
 of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the S. E. side of Lake Thun. 
 On the slope of the mountain stands the Alpine village and" 
 church of the same name, about 3500 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Pop. 974. 
 
 SANCT BLASIEN. sinkt bli'ze-en, a village of B.iden, 
 21 miles S.E. of Freiburg, on the k\h. Pop. 949. It h.as 
 Important iron-works, and a manufacture of arms. Here 
 was formerly a rich abliey of the Benedictines. 
 
 SANCT GEORG-AM-LEE. sinkt gA'oRg im li. a town 
 of Bavaria, immediately N.E. of Baireuth. of which it is a 
 ttuburb. Pop. 1800. It has a noble re.'iidence, a park, an 
 abbey, manufactures of porcelain, and marble-works. 
 
 SANCT GEORGEN. sinkt gA-oR/ghen, a town of Austrian 
 Croatia. 18 miles N.E. of Bellovar, with a fortress, and 1500 
 inhabitants. 
 
 SANCT GEORGEN, a village of Austrian Croatia, on the 
 Adriiitic. 5 miles S. of Zengg. 
 
 SANCT GOAR. sinkt go'ar, a town of Rhenish Prussia. 15 
 miles S.S.E. of Coblentz. on the left bank of the Rhine. P. 14.30. 
 
 SANCT GOARSHAUSEN. sinkt go'ars-how'zjn. a village 
 nf Rhenish Prussia, in the duchy of Nassau, on the Hhine, 
 Opposite to the above. Pop. 872. 
 
 SANCT HUBERT, sinkt hoo/bSnt, a town of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia. 30 miles S.S.E. of Cleves. 
 
 SANCT .TOIIANN. sinkt yo-hinn', (" St. John.") a town of 
 Rhenish Prussia, on the Saar, opposite Sarrebruck. Pop. 
 SIW. 
 
 SANCT JOITANN. a village of Upper Austria, on the Salza, 
 ^ miles S. of Salzburg. 
 
 SAN 
 
 I SANCT JOTI ANN. a village of BohemLa, N ofBeraun. 
 
 SANCT JOIIANN, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 12 
 miles E. of Kufstein. 
 
 SANCT LEON, sinkt l.Von, a village of Baden, neat 
 Philippsburg. Pop. 1272. 
 
 SANCT LEON HARD, sinkt l.Von-haRt\ (" St. Leonord."^ 
 a town of Germany, in Upper .\ustria. 26 miles S. of Steyer 
 
 SANCT LEONliARD, a town of Germany, lllyria. in C» 
 rinthi.a. 34 miles N.E. of Klagenfurth, on the Levant, having 
 iron and coal mines. 
 
 SANCT LEONHARD, a town of Germany, in Styria, 8 
 miles E. of Marburg. 
 
 SANCT LEON H.\RD, a village of Germany, 13 miles S 8 W. 
 of Klagenfurth. 
 
 SANCT LEONHARD, a town of Lower Austria, 5 miles 
 S.E. of Pechlarn. 
 
 SANCT LEONHARD. a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Valais, on the Rhone. 4 miles N.E. of Sion. 
 
 SANCT I.,ORENZFLUSS. See Saint Lawrence RrvER. 
 
 SANCT PETER, sinkt pA'tfi, ("Saint Peter,") a village 
 of Styria. near Judenburg. having a famous manufacture 
 of scythes, of whii'h 66.000 are annually distributed. 
 
 SANCT POLTEN. .'5e« Sai.nt PUltkn. 
 
 SANCT STEPHEN. Switzerland. See Saint Stephkn. 
 
 SANCTON, a parish of England, co. of York. East Riding;. 
 
 SANCT TONYS, .sinkt to'nis. a market-town of Rhenish 
 Pru.ssia. 15 miles N.W. of Du'-.seldorf. Pop. 2725. 
 
 SANCT' VEIT. sinkt vlt, ('• St. Vitus." i a town of lllyria, 
 in Carinthia, on the Glan, 11 miles N. of Klagenfurth. Pop. 
 1509. 
 
 SANCT VEIT, a carket-town of Lower Austria, 11 miles 
 S. of St. Polten. 
 
 SANCT-VE1T-A>;-FLAUM. See Fiume. 
 
 SANCT WENDEL, sint ftJu'dfl, a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 30 miles S.E. of Treves. I'op. 26(i0. It was capita! 
 of the principality of Lichtenl)erg. with an area of 220 si[UHr8 
 miles, which .'^axe-Coburg disposed of to Prussia in 1834. 
 
 SAN CUGAT DEL VALLES. sin koo-git/ AM vil'yjs, a 
 town of Spain, in Catalonia, 9 miles N. of Barcelona. Pop. 
 2079. 
 
 SANCY, PIC DE. a mountain of France. See Dor. Mont. 
 
 SAN'DA or SAN'DAY, an island of Scotland, in the Ork- 
 neys, 2i miles S. of North Ronaldshay. Length, 12 miles. 
 The surface is mostly fiat and fertile. The principal harbors 
 are Kettleloft on the S.E., and Otterswlck on the N.E. coast, 
 both safe and commodious. A light-house has been erected 
 on Start Point, its .N.E. extremity. 
 
 SANDA or SANDAY, an island of Scotland, in the Inner 
 Hebrides, co. of .\rgvle, on the E. side of Canna. 
 
 SANDA or SANDAY. a small island of Scotland, at the W. 
 side of the entrance of the Frith of Clyde, 5 miles E. of the 
 Mull of Klntyre; about 3 miles in circumference, and noted 
 in >liddle-Age history as a station of the .Scandinavian fleets 
 during the contests for the possession of Kintyre and the 
 Hebrides. A light-house has been erected here, in lat. 56"- 
 16' 30" N., Ion. 6° 34' 55" W. ; elevation, 165 feet, with a 
 fixed red light. 
 
 SAN'DALL, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 SANDALL, KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, on the river Don. 
 
 SAN'DALWOOD ISLAND, or JEENDANA, jeen-di'ni, an 
 island of the .Malay Archipelago. S. of the i-sland of Flores and 
 the Straits of Sapy and Mangerye, in lat. 10° S.. Ion. 119° E. 
 Length, about 120 miles; greatest breadth, 60 miles. It is 
 fertile, very populous, and is said, in most resi>ect.s, to re- 
 semble Java. On its N. side is the port of Padewawy, where 
 the Dutch have new settlements. 
 
 SAN DAMTANO, sin di-me-i/no, a small town of Italy, in 
 the Pontifical States. 8 miles S.S.E. of Korli. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SAN DAMIANO D'ASTI. sin di-me-i'no dis^tee, a small 
 town of Ititlv, in the Sardinian States, division of Alessan- 
 dria, 6 miles' W.S.W. of Asti, on the Borbo. Pop. 7000. It 
 is partially fortified. 
 
 SAN DAMIANO DI CONI, sin di-me-i/no dee ko'nee, a 
 small town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, division, and 
 6 miles W.S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2674. 
 
 SAN DANIELE, sin di-ne-.-l1i, a market-town of North 
 It.aly, government of Venice, 13 miles N.W. of Udine, with 
 a magnificent bridge on the Tagliamento. Pop. 3500. 
 
 SANDAKLEE, SANDARLI, or SANDARLIE. sin-dar- 
 lee', (anc. Cti'me.; Gr. Kvj/ij.) a small town of Asia Minor, 
 near the head of the Gulf of Sandarlee. in lat. 38° 54' N., 
 Ion. 26° 55' E. The Gulf of Sandarlee (CuvKvfus Si'nus) is 
 .sometimes cjilled the GcLF OF Fouges, (foozh?) a corruption 
 of the ancient Plmcea. See FouoES. 
 
 SANDAU. sin'dow. or ZTANDOU(?) a town of Bohemia, 
 circle of Leitmentx, near Politz. Pop. 1076. 
 
 SANDAU, siii'dOw, or SANDOW, sin'dov, a town of 
 Prussian Saxony, 49 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the 
 right bank of the Elbe. Pop. 1403. 
 
 S.^NDBACIl. sand'batch, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co.. and 24 miles E.S.E. of Chester, and 4 miles 
 N..\.E. of Crewe, on the Manchester branch of the London 
 and North-western Railway. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2752. 
 
 1689 
 
SAN 
 
 employed lu fhe manufacture of silk. The town is plev 
 sr.alh situated near the river Wheelock. 
 
 S. VXD' HANK, a post-ollice of Oswego oo., New York. 
 
 S.VND'BlilDaE. a parish of En;;land, co. of Herts. 
 
 SAND'HUllG. a post-office of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 SANDCliOO, sAnd'choo', a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 
 160 miles S.E. of Yarkand. and said to contain lOUO families. 
 
 SA.ND CREiiK, of Indiana, rises in Dec-itur county, and 
 flowius S.W.. enters Driftwood Fork of White River. 
 
 SAXD CREEK, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1117. 
 
 SAND CREEK, a township of Decatur co., Indiana. Pop. 
 17ti;i. 
 
 SAND CREEK, a township of Jennings co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 890. 
 
 SAND CREEK, a small post-villaae of Shelby co., Illinois. 
 
 SAN DEC. ALT. ^It sdn'd^ts, a town of Austrian Galicia, 
 6 miles S.W. of Cracow. Pop. 3255. 
 
 S.A.NDEC. NEU, noi sin'dets, a town of Austrian Galicia, 
 49 miles S.E. of Cracow. Pop. 5224. It has a castle and a 
 bijch school. 
 
 S.\.\ DhMETRIO, sin dA-mi'tre-o. a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 12 miles S.E. of 
 A.juila. Pop. 2100. 
 
 S.\.\ DEMETRIO. a markeWown of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 17 miles \V. of Ros.sano. Pop. 1150. 
 
 SAX'DEKA ISLAND, one of the Outer Hebrides, in Seot> 
 land. CO. of Inverness. 3j miles S.W. of Barra. Pop. 14. 
 
 SANDERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SANDERSLEUE.N. s3n'dfrs-l.Vben. a town of Germany, iu 
 AnhaU-l)es.sau, capital of the distrii't of liernburg. P. 1779. 
 
 SA.NDEIISON'S HOOP, a prominent headland on the \V. 
 coast of Greenland. S. of Upernavik. The diif is about 3000 
 feet hiirh. and is n'lted for an extensive loonery. 
 
 SAX'DERSTEAD. a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3 
 miles S.S.E. of Croydon. Purley, in this parish, was the 
 residence of the celebrated Home Tooke, and suggested the 
 title of his philological work, the " Diversions of Purley." 
 
 S.VXDERSVEIL. sinMers-vIl', a town of India, in the Ba- 
 roda dominions. 3>5 miles S.E. of Surat. 
 
 SAX'DERSVILLE, a post-village of Chester district, South 
 Carolina. 66 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 S.AXDERSVILLE, Georgia. See Saundersvillk. 
 
 S.AXDEKSVILLE, a village of Fajette co., Kentucky, on 
 the turnpike from Lexington to Georgetown. It contains a 
 large manufactory of cotton jeans. Pop. about 300. 
 
 S.iXDEKSVlLLK. a post-village of Vanderburg co., In- 
 diana, on the railroad from Evansville to Viuceunes, 10 
 miles N. of the former. 
 
 SAND/FIELD, a small village of Fairfield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 S.VND FLY, a post-office of Bastrop co.. Texas. 
 
 SANIVFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 S.AXDFOKD, two parishes of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SANDFORD. a township of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 SAXD'FORD. a post township in the S.E. part of Broome 
 CO.. New York, intersected by the Erie Railroad. Pop. 3061. 
 
 SAND'FORD OICCAS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SAND FORT, a post-office of Russel co., Alabama. 
 
 SANIVGATE, a hamlet and chapelry of England, co. of 
 Kent, parishes of Folkestone and Cheriton, on the coast of 
 the English Channel. 2 miles W.S.W. of Folke.stone. It is 
 finely situated, and resorted to a.s a watering-place. It has 
 a castle, and some ship-building trade. Here commences 
 the Royal .Military Canal, which terminates at Cliffend, in 
 Sussex. Sandgate is included in the pai-liamentary borough 
 of Hythe. 
 
 S.A.XD'G.ATE. a post-township of Bennington co., Vermont, 
 103 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 805. 
 
 S.VXD HILL, a post-office of Scotland co., Missouri. 
 
 S.VND HILLS, a station on the Camden and Amboy 
 Railroad, situated near Yardville, Mercer county. New Jei'- 
 sey, about five miles from BorUentown, and about 8 miles 
 S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 SANDTIOE, a township of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land, 3 miles E.N.E. of Hexham, on the Newcastle and Car- 
 lisle Railw.^y. 
 
 SAXD'llURST, a parish of England, co. of Berks, 5 miles 
 S.S.E. of Wokingham. .Sandhurst Royal Military College 
 i« a plain edifice, to wliich are attached a chapel, riding- 
 Erhool. and observatory. 
 
 SAXDHUR.ST. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 
 
 SANDHURST, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 SAXIVfACRE. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 |AXa>lDOES, a post-office of Amherst co.. Virginia. 
 
 SAN DIEGO, sin de-,Vgo, a large county forming the S.E. 
 utremity of Csillfomia. has an area of above 15.000 square 
 inlles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and 
 on the E. by the Rio Cotorado, and is drained by the San 
 Diego River, the San Luis Rey, and the Santa .Marguerita, 
 and other small streams. The soil in the more level por- 
 ?K*\'f^ fertile. The county contains a number of old Spa- 
 ntHh SUsRions, among which may be named San Diego, Santa 
 Maria, and San Luis Key. Pop. 4324. 
 
 ^^"^ 'VJil^"^' * post-town, port of entry, and capital of 
 
 SAN 
 
 1 San Diego county, California, on a bay of its own name, 
 and oil the main road fl-oni Sacramento City, about 470 
 miles in a straight lino nearly S.E. of San Francisco. JiUt. 
 .32^ 44' 41" N_ Icn. 117' S' W. The h.arbor afforded by San 
 Diego Bay is said to be the best on the coast after Acapulco. 
 The bay is about 6 miles long and from 1 to 2 wide. The 
 foreign arrivals at San Diego for the year ending J une 30, 
 1852. were 29. (tons, 19,016.) 28 of which were by American 
 vessels. The clearances for foreign ports for the same period 
 were 13, (tons. 5169,) 12 of which were American vessels. 
 In case an inter-oceanic railway .should be constructed 
 through Texas, its natural terminus would be at San 
 Diego. It is also .said to be the best point to terminate a 
 great road from Utah. These, and some other advantages, 
 may render it an important place at some future period. 
 Pop. in 1S54. about 2i)00. in 1.^60, 731. 
 
 SAN DIEGO, NEW, a village of San Diego co., California, 
 founded in the year 1850. It is built on a plain at the ba.«e 
 of the hills on the E. side of San Diego Bay, about 3i miles 
 S.S.W. of the old town of San Diego. It consists of a few 
 American-built houses, and a large storehouse for the quar 
 termaster's department. The United Sttites military depdt 
 is established here. In coming up the bay, vessels cj.^ 
 carry fmm 6 to 7 fathoms of water to the village. 
 
 SAX'DIFEK'S MILLS, post-office, Copiah co., Missis.sippl 
 SANDIFER'S STORE, a post-office. Carroll co., Kentrjt: f. 
 SANDKiLIANO, sin-deei-yi'no, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, province, and S.E. of Biella. Pop. 1106. 
 
 S.ANDIXG, POOLO, poo'lo sin-ding', two islands oif the 
 S.W. coast of Sumatra, near the S.E. extremitj- of the Nassau ' 
 or Poggy Islands, in which group they are sometimes in- 
 cluded. 
 
 SAN'DISFIELD. a post-village and township of Berskshire 
 CO., Massachusetts. 37 miles W of Springfield. Farmington 
 River and several other streams afford valuable water-power. 
 There are 2 tanneries, 1 paper mill, and various factories for 
 making agricultural implements, boxes, mirror and picture- 
 frame.s. &c. The lumber business is also carried on to a con- 
 siderable extent in the spring, and many of the iututbitanta 
 are engaged in making maple-sugar. Pop. 1585. 
 
 SAND ISLAND LIGHT-HOUSE, on Sand Island. 3 miles 
 S.S.W. of Mobile Point, Alabama. It shows a fixed light 50 
 feet high. 
 S-ANTJISTON. township of Su.s.spx co.. New .Fersey. P. 14S0. 
 SAND L.\KE. a posfrvillage and township of Rens.selaer 
 CO.. New York, about 10 miles E. by S. of Albany. The vil- 
 lage contains an academy. Cotton and woollen goods, and 
 iron are manufactured here. Pop. 2.502. 
 SANDOE, one of the Faroe Islands. See Faroe. 
 SANDOMIER or SAXDOMIR, sin-do-meeR'. (Polish, San- 
 domierz, sin-do/me-aiRzh*.) a walled town of Poland, in a 
 government or province of its own name, at the confiuence 
 of the San and Vistula. 51 miles S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 4500. 
 It was formerly the residence of the kings of Poland. 
 
 SANDOMIL. sin-do-meel', a town and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Beira Baixa, 27 miles S. of Viseu. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAN DOMINGO, san do-ming'go, or SAINT DOMIN/QO, 
 (Sp. StinUi Domingo, sin'to do-meeng'go,) or THE DOMIN'- 
 ICAN REPUB/LIC, a state of the A\"est Indies, occupying 
 the E. portion of the island of Hay ti, (under which head the 
 physical geography is described.) 
 
 'The Dominican Republic claims for her possession the ex- 
 tent of territory as settled by the treaty of limits between 
 Spain and France in 1777. According to those limits, its 
 aiea would comprise more than three-fifths of the whole is- 
 land, or ab: ut 22,000 .square miles. It is divided into the 
 following five provinces, which are subdivided into com- 
 munes : — 
 
 Population. 
 
 San Domingo, including the capital 25,000 
 
 Azua i3c Compostela 15.000 
 
 Seybo 20.000 
 
 Santiago de lu3 Caballeros 33.500 
 
 Coucepciun de la Vega 33.000 
 
 ToUl 126.500 
 
 The twopi-incipal ports are San Domingo, the largest city in 
 the S., and Porto Plata, and Samana. The largest city in 
 the N. is Santiago. .Among the towns and places in the in- 
 terior the following deserve to be mentioned, namely, Azua, 
 where Hernandes Cortes was a public notary, Concepcion de 
 la Vega, for the proximity of Fort Concepcion, (built bv 
 Columbus.) and Santo Cerro, where he erected a cross. The 
 ancient town of La Vega, situated at the foot of Santo Cerro 
 was buried by an earthquake in 1564; it was afterwai-ds re- 
 moved to its present situation, on the right bank of the Camu. 
 Santiago de los Caballeros was founded by the dissolute hidal- 
 gos in the company of Columbus; it stands on the right 
 bank of the river Yaqui, and is the second town in the Do- 
 minican Republic. Bot'ides these. Higuey, Seybo. San Ji- m 
 de Maguana, Neybo, Bani, San Cristoval, B,ayaguana, Mol^ 
 Plata, Cotuy, and Boya, famed as the place of refuge ot 
 Henriquillo, the last of the Ilaytian caciques, whom Ch.arl8S 
 A", permitted to retire there with the miserable remnant of 
 the indigenous race. 
 The soil of San Domingo is suited for any tropicml produce, 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 bet, owing to the general indolence, the (treat advantages 
 which n;»ture litis bestowed rernnin undeveloped. 
 
 The products in the S. provinces of the republixr consist of 
 the spijntviieous produce of uiaho^^any, (of which San I)o- 
 miiijrc furnishes the best In the world.) satin-wood, fustic, 
 lignum-vitjc, and brazil-w(X)d : in the province of Seybo 
 cattle are raised ; but by far the most industrious part is the 
 N., generally called the Cibao. where the staple article con- 
 sists of an excellent quality of tobacco, of which, according 
 to the season, from 50,u00 to 80,000 seroons (1 hundredweight 
 uach^ are produced. 
 
 The following table e.xhibits the imports and exports of the 
 Dominioivn Republic, during the years 1849-1852. 
 Statement of the Xumber of Vessels, their Tonnage, and the 
 
 Valw. of Imprirts and Exports of the Dominican Repttblic 
 
 during Vie under-mentioned years. 
 
 TXAB. 
 
 Port of 
 San Domingo. 
 
 Porto Plata. 
 
 Total. 
 
 No. of 
 Ves'ls. 
 
 Value. 
 
 No. of 
 Vesls. 
 
 Value. 
 
 No. of 
 Ves'ls. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1849 
 IboO 
 
 1M51 
 
 1«2 
 
 147 
 
 128 
 1(W 
 
 8140,000 
 4110,000 
 580.000 
 660,000 
 
 118 
 1-25 
 151 
 162 
 
 $123,000 
 
 ;i30,ooo 
 
 605,1100 
 546,000 
 
 248 
 272 
 279 
 324 
 
 •20,082 
 22,40.3 
 24.449 
 30,0.» 
 
 $263,000 
 
 760,IX)0 
 
 1,1.85.000 
 
 1,206,000 
 
 DEPABTUR£S. 
 
 YXAK. 
 
 Port of 
 San Domingo. 
 
 Porto Plata. 
 
 Total. 
 
 "il^t v-^-- 
 
 No. of 
 Ves'ls. 
 
 Value. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Vesls. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 1852 
 
 115 $270,0011 
 148 522,000 
 119 393,000 
 140 702,000 
 
 101 
 120 
 142 
 158 
 
 $366,000 
 522,000 
 8.17,000 
 912,000 
 
 216 
 268 
 261 
 '298 
 
 16,139 
 23.290 
 21.776 
 29,914 
 
 $(H6,000 
 1,044,000 
 
 i,'2;io,ooo 
 
 1,614,000 
 
 The constitution of the Dominican Republic is based upon 
 that of Veiiezuela. The Congress, which under ordinary 
 circumstances assembles annually at San Domingo, consists 
 of l.j deputies, three for each provinee, who form the Ix)wer 
 Chamber or Tribunado, and five senators, one for each pro- 
 vince, constituting the Upper Chamber, or Cons^o Couser- 
 vador. 
 
 The French code of the Restoration has been adopted in 
 legal proceedings, and for the maintenance of order. The 
 executive power rests in a president, who must be a D<5mi- 
 liican by birth, and 35 years of age. lie is elected for four 
 years. 
 
 The revenue of the republic amounted in 1852 to 374,516 
 Spanish dollars. The expenditure under ordinary circum- 
 stances amounts to about 250,000 Spanish dollars. The re- 
 public owes no foreign debt. Unfortunately a fictitious 
 currency is lu circulation, which, as it is not redeemable, is 
 subjected to continual variation. 
 
 The effective army amounts to 12,000 men, but in case of 
 need 10,000 may be raised. The republic posses.ses, more- 
 over, three corvettes and five schooners, equipped as men- 
 of-war, .tnd mounted with 44 guns. 
 
 The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, with an arch- 
 bishop, who still bears the ancient title of Primate of the 
 Indies, although he has not a single suffragan. Other creeds 
 are tolerated. The Roman Catholic inhabitants are super- 
 stitiously religious. Public instruction is neglected, even 
 in its primary elements. 
 
 The Dominicans first declared themselves independent of 
 the Haytians on February 27, 1844. A constitution was 
 soon after framed by the Provisional Junta, who elected 
 Pedro Santana as first president. lie was followed, in 1848, 
 by General Jimenes. Soulouque, the present (1855) emperor 
 of Ilayti, then president, attempted, in 1849, to reconquer 
 the territory, with an army of about .5000 men. but was 
 signally defeated at Las Carreras, on the river Ocoa, April 
 21, 1849, by General Santana, who had only 400 men under 
 his command. For this great victory Santana received the 
 title of " Libertador de la Patria," and pecuniary votes from 
 the Congress. Upon his recommendation, Seflor Buenaven- 
 tura B;iez was soon after elected president. He succeeded 
 in entering into treaties for the i-ecognition of the republic 
 and reciprocjil commerce with Great Britain, France, and 
 Denmark. The mediation of Gre.at Britain, France, and the 
 Unite*! States was likewise solicited to procure a peace with 
 Hayti, and the recognition of the independence of the Domi- 
 nican Republic. But the emperor has hitherto strenuously 
 refused t« recognise the independence of the Dominicans, 
 while Britain and France have declared that on any invasion 
 by Soulouque of the Dominican territory they will blockade 
 his ports. It may be likewise observed that Spain has not 
 yet (1855) relinquished her rights upon her former colony. 
 — — A(^ and inhab. Dominican, do-min'e-kan ; or S.iN Do- 
 IHNG.vN, sdn do-ming'gan. See Hatti. 
 
 SAN DOMI.NGO, (Sp. Sania Dmningo,) a city, the capital 
 nf the Dominican Republic, ou the h. coast of the island 
 
 of Hayti. at the mouth of the Ozama in the Carihbeai) 
 Sea. Lat. 18= '28' N'., Ion. 69° 50' VV. It is nearly in the form 
 of a trapezoid, extending about half a mile from fi. to \V_ 
 with nearly the same maximum breadth, and is surrounded 
 by walls flanked with bastions. It is built with great regu- 
 l.'irity, consisting of spacious but mostly unpaved streets, 
 which intersect each other nearly at right angles, and are 
 lined by houses, the greater number of which are of stone, 
 and the remainder of wood. The hou.ses have generally onir 
 one story, fiat roofs, and barre<l windows with projecting 
 lattices. Some of the houses I)uilt l)y the early settleis iu 
 the .Moorish style are still standing. The most conspicuous 
 public building is the cathedral, commenced in 1514. during 
 the governorsliip of Don Diego, the son of Columbus, and 
 fiiii.shed in 1540 : it is a large and handsome Gothic .structure, 
 with a lofty roof, supported by 14 massive columns, and a 
 richly ornamented high altar. The ashes of Columbus and 
 his brother Bartholomew reposed in it for nearly two centuries 
 and a half, but on the cession of the island to France weie 
 removed to Havana. Besides the cathedral, there are 14 other 
 churches and chapels, one of the latter belonging to f hs We.s- 
 leyans. The convents, of which there were several, are now 
 In ruins. The largest and most celebrated, that of San Fran- 
 cisco, during its greatest splendor contained ■M)0 monks: its 
 extensive ruins form one of the most striking features of the 
 city when appro.ached from the .sea. The other principal 
 buildings are the national palace, where the Spanish governor 
 used to reside, and, immediately adjoining it, the ruins of 
 Don Diego's palace; the hand.some modern building where 
 the sessions of the national congress are held ; the town- 
 house or cabildo, an ancient stone structure, with Moori.sh 
 arches, and an old carved ceiling in its principal h.tll; the 
 Jesuit's college, now a ruin ; a new college, indifferently 
 attended; a citadel with extensive barracks, a well-kept 
 arsenal, an ordinary and a lepers' ho.spital. San Domingo 
 is the most imfiortant commercial port in the republic. The 
 imports in 1852 amounted to $fi6o,000, and the exports to 
 $702,000. The number of arrivals was 162, (ton*, 19,375,) 
 and of the clearances, 140, (tons, 18.468.) 
 
 San Domingo was founded In 1496, by Bartholomew, the 
 brother of Columbus, on the E. or left bank of the Ozama; 
 and hero It was that Bobadllla impri.soned Columbus. In 
 consequence of a great hurricane which laid the town in 
 ruins in 1502, it was transferred to its present site on the 
 right bank, and advanced so rapidly, that Its historiographer, 
 Oviedo, in describing it to Charles V. in 1528, declares it 
 equal to any city of Spain, with respect to the beauty of Its 
 situation, the regularity of Its streets, and the magnificence 
 of its buildings. The first blow to its prosperity was struck 
 in 1580 by Sir Francis Drake, who took It by as.sault, pil- 
 laged, and nearly destroyed It. The earthquakes of 1684 
 and 1091 ruined most of the magnificent buildings which 
 Drake had spared. The spoliations of the |Iaytlans during 
 their occupation of the city, from 1822 to 1824, deprived it 
 of many of its most Interesting monuments. Pop. estimated 
 at 10,000. 
 
 SAN DOMINGO, sSn do-ming'go, an Islet of the West 
 Indies, on the Great Bahama Bank, 90 miles N.£. of Nue- 
 vitas, (in Cuba.) 
 
 SAN DOMINGO, a small town of New Mexico, on the Rio 
 Grande del Norte, 28 miles S.W. of Santa Fe. 
 
 S.\N DOMINGO, a mission of Lower California, near the 
 Pacific Ocean, in lat. 30^ N., Ion. 115° 30' W. 
 
 SAN DOMINGO, a town of South .America, in New Gra- 
 nada, department of Cundinamarca, 60 miles K. of Antioqnia. 
 
 SAN DOMINGO SINACANTAN, siin-do-r.iing'go se-ni- 
 kin-tdn', a town of Mexico, department of Chiapas, on the 
 borders of Tabasco. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SAN DOMINGO SURIANO. sSn do-ming'go soo-re-d'no, a 
 village of Uruguay, on the Rio Negro, near its confluence 
 with the Plata. 80 niil«s N. of Buenos Ayres. 
 
 SAN DOMINO, sdn do-mee'no. or SAN DOMENICO, sJn 
 do-mJn'e-ko, the largest of the Tremiti Islands, in the 
 Adriatic Sea, 14 miles N. of tho promontory of Gargano, in 
 Naples. Length, 2 miles; hreadth, 1 mile. 
 
 SANTJON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SANDON, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 SANDON, a parish of England, co., and 4i miles N.N.E. 
 of Stafford, with a station on the North Staffordshire Rail- 
 wav. 
 
 SAN DONA, sSn do'nj, a town of North Italy, 18 miles 
 N.E. of Venice, on the left bank of the Pwve. Pop. 4600. 
 
 SAN DONATO, sin do-n^to, a market-town of Italy, in 
 Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 11 miles E. of Sora. 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 SAN DONATO, a market-town of Northern Italy, Smiles 
 E.S.E. of Parma. 
 
 SAN DONATO, a market-town of Italy, in Tuscany, pro- 
 vince, and 7 miles S.E. of Florence. 
 
 SANDON FEE, a tything of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 SANDOOKLEE or SANDUKLl, s^n-doo/klee. a small town 
 of Asia Minor. 67 miles S. of Kutaieh; 8 miles S. are ex- 
 tensive ruins of an ancient city. 
 
 SAN'DOVAL, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, on the 
 Central R.R., liS miles N. of Cairo. See Appendix. 
 
 1691 
 
SAN 
 
 feAN1X)VER, a post^viilage of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina, SI miles W. of Columbia. 
 
 SAXDOWAY or SAN DOW Y, sinMO-wI', a town of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal, province of Aracan, 40 miles S.E. 
 of the island of Cheduba. Lat. 18° 10' N., Ion. 94° 5' E. 
 
 S AN'DOWN or SANDHAM, a hamlet and fort of England, 
 Isle of Wight, on its SE. coast, 2 miles S. of Brading. The 
 fine sands and beauty of the bay attract summer visitors. 
 
 SAN'DOWN, a post-township of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire. 34 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 563. 
 
 SANDOWY. a town of India. See SaNdgWAY. 
 
 SAND PLAINS, a small village of Polk co., North Carolina. 
 
 SAND PRAI'RIE, a post-olfice of Richland CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 SAND RIDGE, a village of Des Moines co., Iowa, near the 
 Mississippi River. 75 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 SAND RUN, a post-office of Nicholas co., W. Virginia. 
 
 SAND'S MILLS, a post-ofRce of Westchester co.. New York. 
 
 SAND'S POINT LIGHT, a fixed light on the E. side of the 
 entrance to Cow Bay, on the N. shore of Long Island. 
 
 SAND SPRING, a post-office of Wood co., Texas. 
 
 SANDSTING and AITII'STING. a united parish of Scot- 
 land, CO.. and comprising a part of the mainland of Shet- 
 land, and the islands of Little Papa and Vementry. 
 
 SAN D'STON K. a township of Jackson cp., M ichigan. P.1395. 
 
 SANDSTONE CREEK, of Jackson co., Michigan, flows 
 into Grand River. 
 
 SAND'TOWN or BERK'ELY, a village of Gloucester co., 
 New Jersey, on Mantua Creek, 5 miles S.W. of Woodbury, 
 contains a store and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 SANDTOWN. a post-village of Campbell co., Georgia, about 
 11 miles W. of Atlanta. 
 
 SANDTOWN, a small village of Jasper co., Georgia. 
 
 SANDTOWN. a village of Meriwether CO., Georgia, 118 
 miles W. of Milledgeville. The post-oifice is called Wood- 
 bury. 
 
 SANDTOWN, a small village of Newton co., Georgia. 
 
 SANDUKLI, a town of Asia Minor. See Saxdooklee. 
 
 SANDUS'KY, a river of Ohio, rises near the line between 
 Crawford and Richland counties, and flowing in a general 
 N. direction, empties itself into Sandusky Bay. 
 
 SANDUSKY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio, bor- 
 dering on Sandu.sky Bay of Lake Erie, contains 420 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the river of its own name, and 
 also drained by PortJigo River, and by Toussaint, Muddy, 
 and Sugar Creeks. Tile surface is generally level ; the soil 
 is good. The W. part of the county is occupied by the fa- 
 mous Black Swamp, which is covered with dense forests: 
 this tract, when cleared and drained, is very productive. 
 Limestone underlies a part of the county. The streams af- 
 ford motive-power for factories and mills. The county is 
 intersected liy the Cleveliind and Toledo and the Sandusky, 
 Dayton and Cincinnati Railroads. Capital, Fremont. Pop. 
 21,429. 
 
 SANDUSKY, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New York, 
 about 40 miles S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 S.\NDUSKY, a township of Crawford CO., Ohio. Pop. 792. 
 
 SANDUSKY or SANDUSKY CITY, a flourishing commer- 
 cial city, port of entry, and capital of Erie co., Ohio, is de- 
 lightfully situated on the S. shore of Sandusky Bay, 5 miles 
 from Lake Erie, 110 miles N. by E. of Columbus, and 210 
 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. Lat. 41° 27' N., Ion. 82° 45' W. 
 In natural commercial advantages, Sandusky is perhaps not 
 surpassed by any port on Ljike Erie. The bay is about 20 
 miles long and 5 or (5 miles wide, and forms a capacious and 
 excellent harbor, into which vessels of all sizes can enter 
 with safety in the severest storms. The average depth of 
 water is 12 feet- In all seasons except winter the wharves 
 are thronged with steamboats and other vessels taking in 
 and discharging cargoes. The ground on which the city 
 stands rises gradually from the shore, and commands a 
 beautiful view of the bay, enlivened with the arrival and de- 
 parture of vessels. The city is built on an inexhaustible 
 bed of the finest limestone, and adorned with many ele- 
 gant churches, dwellings, and warehouses, constructed of 
 Btone or brick. It contains 18 chtirches, 2 national banks, 
 1 other hank, a flourishing Union school, several iron 
 furnaces, and machine-hhops for the manufacture of rail- 
 road cars, besides other establishments. Several news- 
 papers are published here. Appropriations have recently 
 been made by Congress for the erection of a new custom- 
 house, gandnsky was the pioneer of the rail way enterprise 
 in (Jhio. and is now the terminus of two extensive lines 
 Intersecting one of the most besiutiful and opulent farming 
 regions of the West. viz. tho Sandusky Dayton and Cin- 
 cinmiti Railroad, completed al>outl847; and the Sandusky 
 fllatistleld and Newark, which meets the Central Kail- 
 road at Newaik. The Cleveland and Toledo Railroad also 
 .iwses tlirongh Sandusky, and forms part of a chain reach- 
 ing from Now York to Chicago, a distance of 1000 miles, 
 iiie commerce of the port is immense and rapidly in- 
 iK^ri'f.'o ^llS. ""'"*""■ of a"lv"l8 In 1851 was Ws; in 
 iy> .i^z. The value of imports in 1851 was $16,258,201; 
 J^o M Tns-' ««'°SS-'/"-totaI, 122,816,948. Imports' in 1852 
 
 i^ is^i'&S:"^ '"'''"-*"'^'' ^'''''''''- ^"'^ 
 1692 
 
 SAN 
 
 statement of the quantity of leading articles shipped at 
 this port in the years 1850 and 1851 : — 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Wheat bushels. . . . 
 
 Flour barrels 
 
 Corn bushels.... 
 
 Wool pounds .... 
 
 Butter " .... 
 
 Tobacco.... " .... 
 
 Hogs number . . . 
 
 Lard pounds .... 
 
 Furs " .... 
 
 1,552,699 
 
 l,922,t*» 
 
 78.902 
 
 147.951 
 
 288,742 
 
 712.121 
 
 l,669.f)67 
 
 1,690,557 
 
 754,.i88 
 
 3»2.340 
 
 316,000 
 
 Sia.oje 
 
 34,751 
 
 105,026 
 
 860.798 
 
 229,712 
 
 61, 26 
 
 109 125 
 
 The shipping owned in the district, June SOth, 1854, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 6054 tons, enrolled and licensed. 
 The foreign arrivals for the year amounted to 50, and the 
 clearances for foreign ports to 27. During the year G ves- 
 sels (tons. 737) were built. Sandusky was laid out in 1817 
 by people from Connecticut. The first church was erected 
 ill 1830. Pop. in 1840. iibout 1200; in 1850, 6087; in 1860, 
 8408; ill 1865, about 14.0oO. 
 
 SANDUSKY, a township of Richland co.. Ohio. Pop. 688. 
 
 SANDUSKY. 11 township of Sanrlnskv CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1251. 
 
 SANDUSKY CITY. See Sandusky, "Ohio. • 
 
 SANDWICH, sand'wich or sand'wij. a parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, cinque port, and town of England, co. 
 of Kent, on the S. bank of the Stour, 2 miles from its mouth 
 in Pegwell Bay. with a station on the South-eastern Rail-_ 
 way, 4 miles N. of Deal. I'op. of borough in 1851, 12.710. It 
 is mostly enclosed by the remains of fortifications. The 
 streets are irregular, and the hou.ses antique. It has 3 pa- 
 rish churches. St. Clements being a spacious edifice, with a 
 massive Norman tower: a guild-h.all, jail, two hospitals, and 
 several Dissenting chapels, are the other principal edifices. 
 A free grammar school has 4 scholarships in Lincoln Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and an alternate nomination to 4 in Caiug 
 College, Cambridge. The town was formerly of importance 
 as the seaport of London ; but at present it has little trade, 
 the chief exports beipg agricultural produce, wool, malt, 
 bark, leather, and ashes: and the principal import, coal. 
 The Stour is at spring tides about 11 feet in depth, and 150 
 feet across. It returns 2 members to the House of Com- 
 mons. Near it is Riclitiorough. tlie ancient Rlnitupium, on 
 the decline of which Sandwich aro.se in the sixth century. 
 It was for a long period the outport of the metropolis. 
 
 SAND'WICH. a post-village and township of Carroll co., 
 New Hampshire, 60 miles N. of Concord, 'fhe village con- 
 tains several churches, a bauk. and an insurance office. Pop. 
 2227. 
 
 SAND'WICH, a post-village and township of Barnstable 
 CO., Slassachusetts on Cape Cod Bay, at the terminus of the 
 Cape Cod Branch Railroad, 56 miles S.E. of Boston. The 
 village contains churches of 5 or 6 denominations, an aca- 
 demy, a printing office issuing a weekly newspaper, and 
 several manufactories. Pop of the town.ship, 4479. 
 
 SANDWICH, a post-office of De Kalb CO.. Illinois. 
 
 S.\NDWICH, a thriving post-village and town.ship of Ca- 
 nada West, capital of the united counties of Essex. Kent, 
 and I.rfimbton, on Detroit River, opposite the city of Detroit 
 in Michigan. About 2 miles N.E. of the village, in the same 
 township, is Windsor, the terminus of the Great Western 
 Railway. Sandwich village contains an Episcopal and Ro- 
 man Catholic church, a newspaper office, and 6 or 8 stores. 
 Pop. of the township in 1852, 4928. 
 
 SAND'WIOn BAY. the name of an inlet of Labrador, 
 and also of one in the island of MallicoUo, in the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 SANDWICH ISLAND, is the name of two islands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, respectively in the Hebrides group, lat. 1S° 
 52' S., Ion. 168° 35' E., and S.W. of New Ireland, lat. 2° 55' 
 S.. Ion. 150° 44' E. 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS or HAWAII (hS-wI/ee) GROUP, 
 (Fr. Archipdde. Hawaii, aR^shee'pel' deh 3Vi*yee'.) consisting 
 of 13 isliinds, in the North Pacific, between lat. 18° 55' and 
 22° 20' N.,'and Ion. 154° 50' and 160° 40' W. They lie in a 
 curve from N.W. to N.E. Six of them are mere islets; the 
 other seven, viz. Hawaii, Maui, Atauai, Oahu, Molokai* or 
 Morotai*, Ranai* or Lanai*, and Nihau, are inhabited, but 
 
 * It is stated as a curious fact, that the inhabitants of both the 
 Sandw'ch and Society Islands are incapable of distinguishing be- 
 tween the sounds of I and r. and of ( and k. This does not ap- 
 pear to arise so much from a defect in the organs of speech aa 
 of hearing. It is said that they can utter correctly the sounds of 
 the letters jnst named, but that they cannot distinguish thera 
 either when spoken by themselves or by others. It appears that 
 the English missionaries in the Society Islands first adopted the 
 mode of writing names like those above cited with ( and r; 
 the Americans in the Sandwich Islands have unfortunately had 
 recourse to a different orthography, whence arises the diversity 
 of spelling which we find in the best works on the Polynesian 
 Islands. In connection with this subject it may be remarked, 
 that in other languages I and c or k are sometimes changed for 
 e.ach other. Thus in Latin, we find nMnrinit or nuntins : Lntefia, 
 the ancient name of Paris, appears tn hn ve been written also La- 
 CETiA, (in Gre«k, A(v«(rta, LeuMetia,) and \jcnioii., (Aqtikhi. 
 Lotikia.) 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 only the first five are of considerable size. Apgregate area, 
 estimated at 6501' square miles. They are all hi^h. steep, and 
 mountainous, with many lofty summits, which are entirely 
 of volcanic origin; but, not beini? protected by l)arrier-reel"s, 
 except in one instance, are almost destitute of good harbors. 
 Hawaii, the easternmost and largest of the islands, is par- 
 ticularly elevated on its W. coast. These, overhanging a 
 narrow, arid beach, rise into steep, bleak volcanic mountain 
 slopes, which only in their upper parts become watered 
 and wooded, and afford cultivated ground to maintain a 
 considerable population ; on the other coasts the slopes are 
 less rapid, the shores spread out into wider plains, and the 
 valleys opening from them contain much fertile soil. The 
 interior of the island forms a plateau from 30U0 feet to 4000 
 foet high, and is almost entirely covered by thick forests, 
 partly roamed over by herds of wild cattle. Above the pla- 
 teau rise three volcanic peaks, still active, the loftiest 
 12,800 feet high. In Mauna-Loa. one of these peaks, a great 
 eruption took place in 1852, when a column of molten lava 
 ■was projected into the air to the height of 600 feet. The lava 
 formed in some places a river 1 mile wide, and filled up ra- 
 vines 100 feet, 200 feet, and 300 feet deep. The altitude of 
 the eruption was about 10,000 feet above sea-level. The se- 
 cond island, Maui, W. of Hawaii, is no less mountainous, 
 and consists of two peninsulas connecteU by a tiat isthmus; 
 the one on the W. with hills of only moderate height, and a 
 fertile .soil, while the other rises to the height lO.oOO feet. 
 Atauai, the third large island, resembles Hawaii in its 
 formation, and has an alevated plateau, with mountains 
 rising from it to the height of 7000 feet. Oahu, the fourth 
 large island, has in its N. part two summits rising from 
 3000 feet to 4000 feet; but the whole of the S. part consists 
 Ota large and fertile plain, tormina; the best cultivated and 
 most populous district of the whofe group. On its S. shore 
 a wide barrier-reef contributes to foi-m the excellent harbor 
 of Honolulu. Molokai, the fifth in size, is app.irently formed 
 of a chain of volcanic mountains, broken, liowever, by nu- 
 merous ravines and water-courses. The mountain slopes 
 are generally clothed with verdure, and several places in 
 the inland repay the trouble of cultivation. 
 
 Climate, Suil, and Produclinns. — The climate is very salu- 
 brious. According to observations made at Honolulu in 1S38, 
 the average height of the mercury at 2 P. M. for January, 
 was 75°0; for February, 7 5°-3; March, 75'^-l; April, 7ti°-7; 
 May, 80°-3; June, 81°-7; July, 82°-5; August, S3°-2; Sep- 
 tember, 82°'6 ; October, 80°-l ; November, 7C°-6; and Decem- 
 ber, 7 C^S. Mean temperature, 76°; range of thermometer, 
 60° to 88° Fahrenheit, with sea breezes and moderate rains. 
 The soil in the uplands is better adapted for grazing 
 than agriculture; fine wheat is, however, r.nised here, and 
 the valleys produce cofTee, sugar, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, ar- 
 row-root, mulberries, yams, sweet potatoes, and taro. San- 
 dal wood was formerly an important product, but the forests 
 have been rapidly thinned, and little is now produced. 
 Poultry and hogs are very numerous. 
 
 The advantageous position of the Sandwich Islands mak- 
 ing them a kind of connecting link between America and 
 China, led to the early establishment of numerous liuro- 
 pean and Ameiican settlers, and the rapid rise of a very ex- 
 tensive trade. They now form a kind of common centre to 
 the principal whaling-grounds of the North I'acific — one on 
 the Kqiiator, another near Japan, and the third toward the 
 Behring Sea. And Honolulu, the capit;«l of the island of 
 Hawaii, is also an important entrepflt for the trade l>etween 
 all commercial nations. The commerce of the Sandwich 
 Islands at different periods is shown in the subjoined 
 tables : — 
 
 < The following shows the quantity of the difTerfmt articles 
 of domestic produce exported from Honolulu in 1853. — 
 
 1837. 
 
 Imports $4i:i.000 
 
 Kxports 73.200 
 
 $207,000 $378,500 
 65,850 I 94,400 
 
 Imports , 
 
 Foreign Exports.... 
 Domestic Exports . , . 
 
 Revenue 
 
 Merchant vessels arrived 
 '.Vhak'-ships arrived 
 
 1850, 
 
 $1,035,058 
 
 4fi.;V29 
 
 596.522 
 
 121,506 
 
 469 
 
 23( 
 
 ]S,il. 
 
 $l,8i3,821 
 
 3H4.402 
 
 309,828 
 
 160,602 
 
 464 
 
 135 
 
 $7.59.868 
 
 31,281,951 
 
 381,143 
 
 191,397 
 
 638,395 
 
 275..174 
 
 113,091 
 
 155,640 
 
 235 
 
 211 
 
 519 
 
 535 
 
 Of the above whale-ships some touched at two or more 
 ports, consequently the number of different ve8.«els is not 
 so great as is indicated by the figures. Of the total revenue. 
 J58,114 were for duties on goods, $70,209 on spirits, and 
 $8.2til for harbor dues. 
 
 The value of goods imported into the Sandwich Islands in 
 1853, were — Total dutiable. $1,100,356; entered in bond. 
 $lt),2l't; free of duty. $79,402; withdrawn for consumption. 
 |25.{HU— total, $1.2'81,951. Of the dutiable goods. $5^,777 
 were from the Atlantic side of the United States, and 
 $307.14!^ from the Pacific side; in all ,$9.54.919 from the 
 United States. China furnished $42,056, the next largest 
 amount; Chili, $38,099; Great Britain, $20,471: Bremen, 
 $12,225 ; Philippine Islands, $12,038; and Trance only $30. 
 
 Sufjar lbs 6.34,955 
 
 up gallons. 18,244 
 
 GontSkins 5.600 
 
 Hides 1,741 
 
 Cocoanuts 2.000 
 
 Tallow Iba 16.458 
 
 .... 10,8*1 
 
 .... 2,500 
 
 . . « 38,(K)0 
 
 .... 13,0iW 
 
 Melons 
 
 Fresh Beef... 
 Salt Beef 
 
 Molasses " . 58. 4.58 
 
 Coffee lbs 50,506 
 
 .Salt bbls.... 3,509 
 
 Irish Potatoes... " .... 15,464 
 
 Sweet Potatoes... " .... 8,979 
 
 Hogs 3,724 
 
 Sheep 733 
 
 Of the $281,599, the total value of the above, $154,674 only 
 were really exported, $126,925 having been supplied to the 
 merchantmen that stopped at the island. 
 
 Oil and Wlialebone Tianshijrped in 1853. 
 
 
 Sperm Oil, 
 Galls. 
 
 Whale Oil, 
 Galls, 
 
 Whalebone, 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 174,920 
 476 
 
 3,750,310 
 37,038 
 
 1,956,405 
 28,000 
 21,040 
 14,819 
 
 Havre 
 
 Cowu.s, England 
 
 
 
 1-5,S»6 
 
 8,787,348 
 
 i,o-.:o,2f>4 
 
 
 The same articles transhipped in 1852, were S2,180 gallons 
 sperm, and 1.120,918 gallons of whale oil, and 3,078,019 
 pounds whalebone. 
 
 The number of arrivals at the different ports was as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 Merchant TesseU, 
 
 Ports. Whalers. 
 
 Honolulu 246.... 
 
 Lahalna 17T.... 
 
 Hilo 66... 
 
 Kcalakeakua 12.... 
 
 Kawai hae 20 
 
 Waimea 12.... 
 
 154 
 29 
 
 Of the whalers, 600 were American. 19 French, 12 Bremen, 
 and 4 Russian. Of the merchant vessels. 137 were Ameri- 
 can, (tons, 45.2:U,) 17 Hawaian, (tons, 2072,) 32 British, 
 (tons, 618.5.) 5 Danish, (tons. 866.) 5 French, (tons, 1034,) 
 and 3 Ku.ssian. (tons, 1223.) The total number of vessels en- 
 gaged in the coast trade among the islands wag 32, with an 
 aggregate burden of 1338 tons. 
 
 One very remarkable circumstance connected with the 
 Sandwich l.slands is the rapid decrease of population. Cap- 
 tain C(X)k estimated the numtjer of inhabitants at 400,000. 
 Probably 300.000 would have been nearer the truth. In 
 1823, within the course of half a century, it had diminished 
 to 140.000. An actual census in 1S32. gave only 130.315; 
 and another in 1S36, 108.579. In the census of 1850 the 
 population was 84.165. The population, according to the 
 census of December, 1853, was — 
 
 I.S1.AN.>8. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Tot.ll. 
 
 For' in. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 12,413 
 8,995 
 3,672 
 9„551 
 1,799 
 317 
 392 
 
 11,750 
 8,425 
 3,054 
 
 8,i«4 
 1,766 
 
 28-2 
 398 
 
 24.193 
 17,420 
 6,726 
 17.815 
 5,565 
 599 
 790 
 
 259 
 
 244 
 
 24,452 
 17,664 
 6,7-26 
 19,1-26 
 3,607 
 599 
 790 
 
 72,964 
 
 Muul 
 
 Atauai 
 
 1,311 
 
 42 
 
 Molokai 
 
 Rauai 
 
 
 Total 
 
 37,169 
 
 33,939 
 
 71,108 
 
 1,856 
 
 There were also In Atauai and Xihjiu 264 foreigners, increas- 
 ing the above total to 73.230. The deci-ease has thus con- 
 tinued without interruption .since the islands were dis- 
 covered, and, independent of the census, is proved by the 
 quantity of rich land once occupied, but now lying waste from 
 want of hands to cultivate it. One cause of decrease is the 
 number of young men who leave the islands in whalers and 
 other ships, and never return ; but the main cause appears 
 to be the prevalence of small-pox, measles, whooping-cough, 
 and similar di.seases, by which, in 1848. called signficantly 
 "the year of death." 10,000 persons are supposed to have 
 been cut off. The annual decrease is estimated at 8 per cent. 
 The inhabitants of the group belong to the light-colored 
 Oceanic stock, and bear a very close resemblance to the other 
 islanders of the I'acific, particularly the Tahitians, in bodily 
 appearance as well as cu.stoms and modes of life, though in 
 none of the other groups has civilijiation m.ade so marked a 
 progress, and produced more abundant fruits. Fron) the 
 first discovery of the islands the inhabitants manifested a 
 decided inclination to live on friendly terms with Europeans, 
 and a peculiar aptitude for understanding and adopting 
 European manners and arts. They gave a welcome recep- 
 tion to the Protestant missionaries sent among them, and 
 voluntarily exchanged heathenism for Christianity. 
 
 The number of convictions for crime in all the islands in 
 18.')2 was 1082, of which 1461 \vere at Honolulu. Of the 
 whole number 1046 were for drunkenness, 336 for fornica- 
 tion. 193 for adultery, 163 for assault and battery, and 144 
 for larceny. Of the convictions at Honolulu for drunken- 
 ness and fornication, the great majority were foreigners, 
 but of the convictions for adultery and larceny, the ma- 
 jority yiere natives. The amount of fines imposed for crimi- 
 nal offences was $11,166. The number of schools have de- 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 creased from 527 in 184?. to 440 in 1852. and the scholars 
 Iroin 19.1I2S to 13,948. while the cost of maintenance in- 
 creased from $20,185 to $24,049. On the dLscovery of the 
 group by Captain Cook, in 1778, each island had a separate 
 ruler; but afterwards the whole of the islands were oonFOli- 
 Jated under one government by Tamehamaha. His ?on, 
 who succeeded him in 1819, at once alx>lished idolatry. The 
 late king, Alexander Liholiho, was born February 9, 
 1834. Inhab. Samjwich Islander, 
 
 SAXIVWICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney. 
 
 SA.SVY, a parish of Kngland, co. (3f Bedford. 
 
 SAXDT, a post-office of Jackson CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 SANDY, a post-oflice of Columbiana co.. Ohio. 
 
 SANDY, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 1044. 
 
 SANDY, a township of Tuscarawas co.. Ohio. Pop. 1220. 
 
 SANDY, a post-office of Morg.in co., Illinois. 
 
 SAND'Y. a river of Canada West, falls into Lake Supe- 
 rior 30 miles S. of Cape Chaillons. 
 
 SANDY BAY, a village of Essex co., Massachusetts, about 
 86 miles N.E. of Boston. 
 
 SANDY BAY, a village of Van Diemen's Land, on the 
 Derwent. co. of Buckingh.im. 
 
 SANDY B.^Y, New Zealand, is near the N. extremity of 
 New Ulster. (North Island.) 
 
 SANDY BOTTOM, a post-ofBce of Sliddlesex co., Virginia. 
 
 SANDY BRIDGE, a posfcoffice of Carroll co., Tennessee. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, Jefferson co., New York, is formed by 
 the junction of two brandies, the North and the South, 
 which unite within 2 miles of its mouth. It falls into the 
 E. end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 S.VXDY CREEK, of New York, falls into Lake Ontario in 
 Monroe co., about 20 miles N.W. of Rochester. 
 
 S.iNDY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Alleghany 
 River in Venango county. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, in the S. part of Virginia, enters Banis- 
 ter River from the right, near Meadsville, in Halifax 
 county. 
 
 S.VNDY CREEK, of Randolph co.. North Carolina, enters 
 Deep River from the N.. a few miles E. of Ashtorough. 
 
 SANDY CREEK or BIG SAN DY, of Wilkinson co.. Georgia, 
 enters the Oconee from the right, at the S.E. extremity of 
 the county. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, of Slorgan co., Georgia, unites with La- 
 bor Creek, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, of Alabama, flows into the Tallapoosa 
 River, a few miles W. of Dadeville. 
 
 SANDY CKEKK, of Gillespie co.. Texas, flows into Colo- 
 rado River, near the E. border of the county. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, of Texas, an affluent of the Navidad, 
 ent«rs that river fiom the N.. in Jackson county. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, of Ohio, rises in the E. part of the state, 
 and joins the Tuscarawas River near Bolivar. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, a post-village and township in the N. 
 part of Oswego co.. on Lake Ontario, and on the Watertown 
 and Rome Railro.id, 47 miles N.W. of Rome. Pop. 2431. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, a village and township of Mercer co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, a village and township of Venango co., 
 Pennsvlvania. Pop. 1328. 
 
 SANDY CREEK, a post-ofBce of Randolph co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SANDY FLATT, a post-office of Greenville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SANDY FORD, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Florida. 
 
 SANDY FOUNDAmON, a postr village of Lenoir co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SANDY GROVE, post-office, Chatham co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SANDY GROVE, a post-office of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SANDY HILL, a post-villl^re, and semi-capital of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York, on the left bank of the Hudson River, 
 52 miles N. by E. of Albany, and 1 mile W. of the Cham- 
 plain Canal and Saratoga and Washington Railroad. It 
 contains a court-house, several churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 I bank and several factx)rie.s. A little below the village the 
 river has a perpendicular fall of 50 feet. 
 
 SANDY HILL, a post-village of Worcester co., Maryland, 
 is situated about 7 miles from the Atlanitc, and 109 miles 
 S.E. of Annapolis. It has 3 churches and 3 stores. 
 
 SANDY HOOK, a low. sandy beach, al)Out 6 miles long 
 and from half a mile to a mile wide, on the Jersev shore, at 
 the entrance to New York Bay. On the N. point is a fixed 
 Ught, 90 feet above the level of the sea. It also contains two 
 beacons. Lat. 40° 27' 35" N.. Ion. 74° 0* 48" W. 
 
 SANDY HOOK, a manufacturing village of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, about 2 miles from the Housatonic River, and 
 21 miles N.W. by W. of New Haven. 
 
 SANDY HOOK, a postrvillage of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 SANDY LAKE, a post-township of .Mercer co., Pennsyl- 
 yania. about 12 miles N.E. of Mercer. Pop. 1001. 
 
 f'^v-SX ^'^"■'^'''I'- a post-office of Pittsvlvania co.. VirginU. 
 SANDY MOUNT, a village of Ireland, in Leinste?, co., 
 and 2J miles S.S.E. of Dublin, on Dublin Bay. 
 
 8ANDT MUSH, a post-office of Buucombe co_ North Ca- 
 lolins. 
 
 1694 
 
 SANT)Y NECK, on the W. side of the entrance to Bam stable 
 Bav, Massachusetts, has a fixed light. Lat. 41° 44' N.. Ion. 
 70° 15' W. 
 
 SANDY PLAINS, a post-office of Patrick co., Vireinia. 
 
 SANDY PLAINS, a post-office of Rutherford co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 S.^^NDY POINT. See Gbeat Point. 
 
 SANDY POINT, a post-office of Crawford CO.. Georgia. 
 
 SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia, about 
 60 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Lowndes CO.. Alabama. 
 
 SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana. 
 
 SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Grundy co., Illinois. 
 
 SANDY RIVER, a fine mill stream in the N.W. part of 
 Maine, rising in Franklin county, fells into the Kennebec in 
 Somerset county. 
 
 SANDY (or BIG SANDY) RIVER, of W. Virginia and 
 Kentucky, is formed by the East and West Forks, which 
 unite at Louisa, in Lawrence county, Kentucky, on the E. 
 border of that state. Flowing N., it forms tlie boundary 
 between Wayne county of West Virginia, and Lawrence and 
 Boyd counties of Kentucky, until it enters the Ohio 
 River nearly opposite Burlington, in Ohio. The distance from 
 its mouth to Louisa is perhaps 40 or 50 miles. Branches. — 
 The East Fork, otherwise called the Tug Fork, rises ip Taze- 
 well and Wyoming counties, of Virginia, flows N. W., and, 
 after passing through the Cumberland Mountain, forms 
 the boundary lietween the two states to its junction with 
 the other branch. The West Fork, or. in popular language, 
 the Louisa Fork, rises in Russell county, of Virginia, and 
 flowing N.W. and then N., makes a circuit through several 
 counties of Kentucky. The length of eax;h branch is esti- 
 mated at 150 miles. The Sandy is a fine stream for naviga- 
 tion, and flows through extensive beds of stone coal. Steam- 
 boats ascend the river and its West Fork more than 100 
 miles. 
 
 SANDY RIVER, of South Carolina, a small stream which 
 enters Broad River at the S.W. extremity of Chester district. 
 
 SANDY RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream which rises 
 in the W. part of the peninsula, and flowing W., enters Lake 
 Michigan in Mason county. 
 
 SANDY RIVER, a po.st-office of Pitt.svlvania CO.. Virginia. 
 
 SANDY RUN, a post-office of Cleveland co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SANDY RUN, a post-office of Lexington district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SANDY SPRING, a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary- 
 land, about 30 miles W.8.W. of Baltimore. 
 
 SANDY SPRING, a postoffice of Favette co., Tennessee. 
 
 S.^NDVSTON, New Jersey. See Sanbistojj. 
 
 SAND'YVILLE, a post-village of Tuscarawas CO.. Ohio, on 
 the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 112 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 Pop. 300. 
 
 SAN ESTEBAN DE LA RUA. sin Js-tA-niln' di IJ roo'i, a 
 village of Spain, in Qalicia, province, and 36 miles from 
 Orense. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SAN ESTKBAN MOLLEDA. sin Js-tA-Bin' mo]-yk'T>L a 
 village of Spain, in Asturias, 18 miles from Oviedo. Pop. 
 1800. 
 
 SAN ESTEBAN RIBAS DE SIL. sin Js-tA-bin' ree/sis di 
 seel, a village of Spain, Galicia, 9 miles N.E. of Orense. 
 I'op. 572. 
 
 SAN FELICE, sin fA-lee/chi, a village of North Italy, in 
 Lombardv, 16 miles E.N.E. of Brescia, on the W. bank of 
 Lake Garda. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SAN FELICE, a village of North Italy. 4 miles E.S.E. of 
 Mirandola. Pop. .3000. 
 
 SAN FELICE DE LLOBREGAT, sin fd-lee'si di lo-bri- 
 git', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 6 miles N.W. of Barce- 
 lona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 1820. 
 
 SAN FELICES DE BUELNA. sin fS-lee'thfs di bw^Hni, 
 a town of Spain, province, and 14 miles S.S.E. of Santander, 
 Pop. 1265. 
 
 SAN FELICES BE LOS GALLEGOS. sin fii-lee'fhJs di 
 loce'gil-y.Vgoce. a town of Spain, province, and 515 miles 
 S.W. of Salamanca, near the frontiers of Portugal. Pop. 
 1863. 
 
 SAN FELIPE, (Sp. pron. sin fi-lee'pi, usually pronounced 
 by the Texans. ."an fil'ip.) a post-village of Austin (»„ Texas, 
 on the Brazos River, 150 miles E.S.E. of Austin City, wna 
 formerly the county seat. 
 
 SAN FELIPE, sin fA-lee'pA, a town of Venezuela, depart- 
 ment of Caracas, 60 miles W.N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 70(H), 
 It was originally settled by Canary Islanders; its vicinity ig 
 very productive of cocoa, coffee, maize, and rice. A railway 
 has been projected from San Felipe to Puerto Cabello, a dis- 
 tance of al<out 50 miles. 
 
 SAN FELIPE, a fort of Central .America, state of Hondu- 
 ra.«. on the Grlfo Dulce: lat. 15° ?8' N.. Ion. 89° 1' 46" W. 
 
 SAN FKLII'E. a town of the Mexican Confederation, 
 state, and 40 miles N. of Gu.inajuato. 
 
 SAN FELIPE DE ACONCAGUA, sin fii-leeVA di ikon- 
 ki'gwi. a town of Chili, capital of the department of Acon- 
 cagua, in a fine valley, about 15 miles fn.'m the A iides. and 
 40 miles N. of Santiago. Pop. estimated a( fi om 12,000 to 
 
SAN 
 
 13.'.100. It is regularly built, and has handsome public 
 walks, a central square, in which are the chief public build- 
 ings. The houses are of one story, mostly furnished with 
 Eardens. Near it are copper-mines. 
 
 SA\ FELIPKDK JATIVA. sinfilee'p.idiHd'te-va, (anc. 
 Snia'bisor Self oMs.) a city of Spain, near the confluence of the 
 Alljayda and the Guadamar. province, and 43 miles S.S.W. 
 of Valencia. I'op. 13.2:35. It has m.anufactures of woollens 
 and linens, and was the birthplace of the painter, .To.se Kibera, 
 known as Kspanoleto. It has Roman ruins, and very ex- 
 tensive and magnificent remains of Moorish architecture. 
 The modern town was founded by Philip V., who conferred 
 on it his name. 
 
 SAN FELIU DE GUIXOLS, sSn ti-le-oo' di ghe-HoV, a 
 town of Spain, province, and 18 miles N.N.K. of Gerona. Pop. 
 6079. 
 
 SAN FELIU DE TORELLO, a village of Spain, in Cata- 
 lonia, province, and 38 miles N.E. of Barcelona, on the Xer. 
 Pop. 1734. 
 SAN FKRN AXDO. a city of Spain. See Isla de Leox. 
 SAN FEHNAN'DO, a small town of Los Angeles co., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on the main road from Sacramento City 
 to Los Angeles, 27 miles in a direct line N.W. of the latter. 
 
 SAN FERNANDO, sh\ ftit-nlnMo, a small town of South 
 America, in Venezuela, department of Caracas, 30 miles N. 
 of the Orinoco, and on one of its affluents. 
 
 SAN FERNANDO, a town of Chili, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Colchajua, 80 miles S. of Santiago. 
 
 SAN FERNANDO, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata.) 15 miles from Buenos Ayres. I'op. 3(X>0. 
 
 SAN FERNANDO DK Al'UllE, sdn feR-ndn'do d.i d-poo'rA, 
 a town of South America, in Venezuela, department, and on 
 the right bank of the Apure, at the Influx of the Portu- 
 guosa, 70 miles S. of Calabozo. Pop. 6000. Several villages 
 in the Mexican Confederation, villages and forts in New 
 Granada and Central America, &c. have this name. 
 
 SAN FERNANDO. SERRA DE, siii'Rd dA sin fja-ndn'do, 
 or DOIRADOS. doi-rJ/doce, a mountain of South America, 
 separates the Brazilian province of Matto Grosso from the 
 Bolivian territory of the Chiquitos; lat. 18° S., Ion. from 
 69° to 60° W. , , 
 
 SAN FILIPPO D'ARGTRO, sjn fe-lip'po daR-jee'ro, (anc. 
 Affij'rium.) a town of Sicily, 31 miles W.N.W. of Catania, 
 near the centre of the island. Pop. 7156. It stands on an 
 isolated rock near the Salso. and has a castle and several 
 churches, convents, Ac, and Is the birthplace of Diodorus 
 Siculus. 
 
 SAN FILIPPO D'ARGIRO, a village of South Italy, in 
 Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 1 mile N. of Gerace. 
 Pop. 1500. „ . 
 
 S.4N'F0RD, a post-town.ship of York cc, Maine, inter- 
 sected by the route of the York and Cumberland lUilroad, 
 86 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 2221. 
 SANFORD. New York. See Sanpfoed. 
 SANFORD. a post-oftice of Ingham co., Michigan. 
 SANFORD'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New 
 York. • 
 
 SAN FRANCTSOO, sjn frin-sislto, a village of North 
 
 Peru, 55 miles S.W. of Panos, on the Ucayle. , . „ , 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO de la Montana, san frdn-sislto d4 
 
 IS mon-ti'ni. a town of New Granada, department of Istmo, 
 
 situated on the Isthmus of Panama, N.E. of Santiago. Pop. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, sin frin-sis'ko. a county In the W. part 
 of California, has an area of about 30 square miles, li w 
 bounded on the W by the Pacific, on the N.E. by San Fran- 
 cisco Bay, and on the South by the county of San Mateo. 
 The Sierra Morina or Brown Mountains, are the principal 
 elevations. The most important of these commence about 
 10 miles South of San Francisco City, and run along the 
 coast until they unite with another range of the same 
 name in the county of Santa Clara. These mountiiins 
 are upwards of 2000 feet in height, and serve to protect 
 the inhabit;»nts of the valley from the coast winds. Ex- 
 cellent redwood grows in some parts of the county. The 
 soil is rich and productive. It has heretofore been but 
 little cultivated, but much more attention is now paid to 
 agriculture. Gold is found in small quantities. The route 
 of the railroad from San Francisco to San Jose passes 
 through this county. Capital, San Francisco. Pop. in 1852, 
 3l).l 51 ; in 1 860, r)6.802. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, sin frin-sisTco, (sometimes called 
 SAINT FRANCIS'CO,) the commercial metropolis of Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on the W. shore of the magnificent bay 
 from which it derives its name. Lat. 37°47'35"N., Ion. 122° 
 26' 15" W. It stands in a plain about half a mile wide, gently 
 inclined towards the bay, with numerous liills behind it. 
 The soil on which the city is built is very sandy ; and in the 
 vicinit.y, more particularly towards the N., are a number of 
 sand-hills . It is regularly laid out, the streets crossing each 
 other at right angles. The houses till recently were mostly 
 frame: but since the destiuctive fires that liave occurred 
 siiveral times, laying the greater part of the town in ruins, 
 bnck and irou are becoming more extensively used. It now 
 soutains many well-built fire-proof stores and banking- 
 
 SAN 
 
 houses. The better class of frame houses ai-e painted white, 
 with green blinds, presenting the appearance of the honset 
 in New England. 
 
 The city was originally built around a semicircular bay, 
 h.aving Rincon Point on the S., and Clark's Point on theN., 
 these two points being about a mile apart. All the space 
 between is now built up, the warehouses and wharves being 
 supporte<l by piles driven into the water. Clark's Point is 
 the termination of Telegraph Hill, liaving an elevation of 
 1000 feet or upwards, from the summit of which a very 
 extensive view may be had of the surrounding country. 
 Directly in front of the city, but distant 5 or 6 miles, is Goat 
 Island, which is nearly a mile in length. It is a barren, 
 rocky place, except on the E. side, where there is some cul- 
 tivation among the valleys. The wholesale business part 
 of San Francisco is towards the city front. In the older 
 portion of the city Drumm street is next the bay, then ad- 
 vancing W. one meets with Davis, Front, Battery, S.ansom, 
 Montgomery, Kearney, Dupont, Stockton, Powell, Mason, 
 Taylor, J<mes, Leavenworth, Hyde, and Larkin. Beginning 
 at the water's edge on the N., and going southward, we have 
 Jefferson, Boach,North-Point, Bay,Francisco,Chestnut, Lom- 
 bard, Greenwi6h, Filbert, Union, Green, A'allego, Broadway, 
 Pacific, Jackson, Washington, Clay, Commercial, (which, 
 however, does not extend W. of Dupont,) Sacramento, Cali- 
 fornia, Pine, Bush, Sutter, Port, Geary, &c. Market street 
 is a broad thoroughfare running S.W. from the bay, and 
 may be said to divide the older from the newer portions o' 
 the city. In tlie S.E. part of the town. S of Market street, 
 which as yet is little built upon, commencing at the water'? 
 edge and proceeding S.W., we have East, Stewart, Spear, 
 Main, Beale, Fremont, First, Second, &c. Several of the 
 principal streets in the business part of the city (including 
 Sansom, Montgomery, Stockton, Powell, Washington, and 
 .lackson,) have pas.senger railways through a portion of 
 their extent. Most of the new buildings have been erected 
 south of Market street, but all parts of the city have im- 
 proved greatly witliin a few years. 
 
 Montgomery street is a wide, handsome thoroughfare, 
 and the fashionable promenade. On Stockton and Dupont 
 streets, towards the southerii part of the city, are many 
 fine residences built of brick; west of Stockton, and on the 
 surrounding hills, are many handsome houses of wood, but 
 being separated from the rest of the city, they are com- 
 paratively secure in case of fire. Most families have their 
 residences in the outskirts, or in the rear of the town. 
 The principal streets and sidewalks are paved with plank 
 and heavy timber. In the centre of the city is a public 
 square or plaza. 
 
 A railroad, 50 miles long, has been completed from San 
 Francisco to San Jose. Telegraphic lines connect this city 
 with St. Louis, Los Angeles, and New Westminster in British 
 Columbia. 
 
 San Francisco has a custom-house, a branch mint, a fine 
 exchange, a marine hospital, a splendid musical fund hall, and 
 several theatres. The custom-house is a very extensive and 
 substantial building. It is built on piles, and is estimated 
 to have cost, including the site, about $800,000. The mint 
 was completed in .March, 1853, and cost about $300,000. The 
 entire cost of the marine hospital was about $400,000. The 
 Masonic Temple, at the corner of Montgomery and Port 
 street, ranks among the finest edifices in San Francisco. 
 Among the theatres the Metropolitan is the most magnifi- 
 cent, and is one of the handsomest buildings in the city. 
 San Francisco has 19 or 20 banking houses, and 46 places of 
 worship, including 3 Baptist, 4 Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 
 8 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 10 Roman Catholic, 1 Sweden- 
 borgian, 1 Unitarian, 3 German Lutheran, 1 Dutch Iteformed, 
 1 Swedish Lutheran, and 2 Hebrew Synagogues, besides sev- 
 eral Boodhist temples. San Francisco is the seat of a Roman 
 Catholic archbishoprick. There are some 25 fire-companies; 
 and 47 newspapers and journals, of which 9 are dailies. 
 Among them are papers in the French", German, Italian, and 
 Spanish languages. San Francisco has several magnificent 
 hotels, which may rank among the largest to be found in the 
 world. Of these the following are deserving of especial men- 
 tion : The Russ House (opened April, 1862,) is 275 feet long 
 by 137}^ wide; the Lick House (named for James Lick, the 
 propriet'or.) is 200 feet long by 160 wide : and the Occidental 
 Hotel. The 3 hotels above named front on Montgomery 
 street, which has been styled the Broadway of San Francis- 
 co, a title which it may be said to merit not merely on ac- 
 count of its magnificence, but also on account of its being 
 the iiishionable promenade, and because on it are situated 
 the finest hotels and most splendid and fashionable retail 
 stores in the city. The most important hotels after those 
 named above are the Oriental, the International, and the 
 American Excliauge. 
 
 San Francisco is supplied with water from Mountain Lake, 
 situated about 3J4 miles W. of the city. The cost of the en- 
 tire work is estimated at $800,000. Gas is employed for 
 lighting the streets. 
 
 Ce.me.terieg. — There are in the vicinity of San Francisco 
 several cemeteries, among which the Lone Mountain Ceme- 
 tery and the Calvary Cemetery are perhaps the most deserr- 
 
 1695 
 
bAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 rag of mention. The former is situateil on an elevated 
 pirtte.iu lit the base of an eniinencf known as Lone Moun- 
 tain: and tlie latter is at no great distance from it. Both 
 are in full view of the ocean, that ai)propriate emblem of 
 eternity. The remains of the two distinguished patriots, 
 Broderick and Baker, repose in the Lone Mountain Ceme- 
 tery. 
 
 (Jiaritahh Institutinns. — The benevolent institutions and 
 societies of San Fnmeisco are numerous and liberally sup- 
 ported. Among them we may name the United States 
 Marine Hospital, the City and County Hospital, the Pro- 
 teRtant and Catholic orphan asylums, and the Stvte Institu- 
 tion for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind. It may be proper also 
 to state that branch societies of the Sanitary Commission 
 and Christian Commission have been maintiiiued with a 
 liberality and energy that reflect great credit on the me- 
 tropolis of the Tacitic. 
 
 ijlucationid Jnstilutinns. — To the credit of San Francisco 
 it may be stiid that no city in the world of an equal popu- 
 lation, can boast of being more liberally provided witlj first- 
 class private schools. Of these there are 75, with an aggre- 
 gate attendance of 5775. The public schools of the city also 
 are numerous and well supported, the salaries of the 
 teachers ranging from $500 to S2500; ten of the principal 
 teachers receive upwards of S-000. There is a stiite normal 
 school in San Francisco. Among the libraries may be named 
 the Mercantile, with about 20,000, and the Odd-Fellows, 
 containing 12,000 volumes. 
 
 Commerce. — With the exception of that of San Diego, San 
 Francisco possesses the only large and secure harbor on the 
 coast between Victoria and Gua.vmas, a distance of 2000 
 miles. In consequence of this advantage and its ready com- 
 munication with the interior, it enjoys a monopoly of the 
 commerce of the American states on the Pacific. The high 
 rates of labor and the dependence of the coast on importa- 
 tion for all its iron, brsiss, cotton, hardware, and most of its 
 wool, leather and hardwood, prevent the establishment of 
 factories, and all the cutlery, fine tools and machinery, fine 
 glass, porcelaiu.clothing, shoes, are necessarily obtained fi-om 
 abroad at a great expense, thus giving employment to a 
 large amount of shipping. In ISW, 2096 vessels," measuring 
 in all 739,190 tons, entered the port of San Francisco. Of 
 these 2096 vessels, 1523 came from domestic Pacific ports, 
 116 from domestic Atlantic ports, 62 from British Columbia, 
 44 from Great Britiun, 43 from Panama, 45 from Mexican 
 ports, 37 from the Hawaiian Islands, 36 from China, 35 from 
 Australia, 32 from whaling voyages, and so on, including 
 ports in every part of the world save Africa. The vessels 
 from domestic Atlantic ports averaged more tlian 1000 tons 
 each. The amount paid for freights that year was »8.107,371. 
 Among the imports were 1 2,000 packages of agricultural im- 
 plements, 53,000 cases of boots and shoes, 60,0(.«) fire-bricks, 
 74,000 eastern doors, 500,000 feet of eastern hard wood, 80,000 
 feet of Mexican cedar, 140,000 boxes of candles, 120,000 cases 
 of canned meats, 100,000 packages of castings, 100,000 tons 
 of Pennsylvania and foreign coal, 8,500,000 lbs. of cotfee, 
 10,000 boxes of fire-crackers, 75,000 packages of dried fruits, 
 74,000 boxes of Oregon apples and pears, 5,000,000 oranges, 
 230,000 limes, 30,000 packages of glass, tiO,000 packages of 
 hardwai-e, 18,000 packages of hollowware. 9000 lbs. of ivory, 
 12,000 casks of English malt liquors, 4000 packages of mar- 
 ble, 300,000 gallons of molasses. 20,000 casks of whale^il, 
 9000 bbls. of Eastern pork, 54,000 firkins of Eastern butter, 
 12,037,824 lbs. of rice, 20,000 boxes of salseratus, 5000 cases 
 of sardines, 5000 cases of sewing machines, 40,000 boxes of 
 soap. 27,000,000 lbs. of sugar, 1,500,000 lbs. of tea, 65.000.000 
 feet of luml>er from Puget Sound, 45.000,000 feet from Cali- 
 fornian ports and 4,000,000 feet from Oregon. These are 
 onl^- a few out of many items. 
 
 &an Francisco has regular communication by steamers 
 with Panama and San Juan del Sul, while several lines of 
 steamboats are constantly running between this city and 
 Sacramento and Marysville ; there is also a line plying be- 
 tween it and San Jose, Santa Chira, and Alviso. 
 
 The following table exhibits the dejtosits and coinage at 
 the United States Branch Mint, San Francisco, during the 
 year 1SC4 : ' * 
 
 SILVKB COINED i 
 
 1 MANL-VACTUKXO. 
 
 January... 
 February.. 
 
 .March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 July.'.!!!!! 
 
 Aujust.... 
 Seiitember. 
 Ocldber... 
 November. 
 Decrii.ber. 
 
 Tolals... 
 
 Value of Gold 
 Bullion de- 
 l-osited each 
 luoulh. 
 
 $804, 
 657, 
 1,3-^2. 
 1,176, 
 1,851, 
 2,194 
 1,921 
 1,165, 
 1,562, 
 1,250, 
 1,911. 
 350, 
 
 2H.47 
 ,582.62 
 ,742.70 
 ,212.74 
 .292.05 
 .228.36 
 ,372.04 
 ,736.80 
 ,837,17 
 ,706 19 
 ,667.71 
 ,294 96 
 
 GOLD COCfAGK. 
 
 Double 
 Eaglei. 
 
 Eagles. 
 
 1,070, 
 l,.iOo, 
 2,13.5, 
 2,115. 
 1,170. 
 1.520, 
 1.375. 
 1.5S5. 
 903, 
 
 Half 
 Eagles 
 
 $605,000 
 6*15,000 
 1,205.000 
 1.070.000 
 1,505.000 
 2,135,000 
 2.159.440 
 1,170,000 
 1,520.000 
 1,375,000 
 1,585.000 
 903,200 
 
 riuary. . . 
 
 April. 
 May.. 
 
 S6.000 
 
 16.000 $5,000 
 29,000 
 31.000 
 8.000 
 60.000! 
 
 July i 34.000! 
 
 August 34,0001 
 
 8epleinber..l 18,000 
 
 Ociober I 42.000{ 
 
 iber..i 35,000 
 
 Dece 
 
 i6,ooo;. 
 
 $6,500 
 4,000 
 
 Half Refined 
 Dimes. Bars. 
 
 $17,636 28 
 
 5.000 
 '4,606 
 
 $3C,136 28 
 29,500 00 
 41,078.39 
 31.797.87 
 
 ii.auo.oo 
 
 6O,OU0.0O 
 34.6S1 86 
 39,000.00 
 20,313 50 
 46.000.00 
 45,210.13 
 16,3:8.84 
 
 Totals. ..i$329,O00'$5,00O $2.3,000 $9,00O|$44,046.37l 8405,546.37 
 
 TOTAL COINAGE — GOLD A!fD 8ILVEE. 
 
 January.... $6.35,136. 28 , June 2,195,000.00 
 
 February... 714.500.00 July 2.194,121.00 
 
 March 1.246,078.39 ' August... 1, 209.000.00 
 
 April 1,101,797.37 i Seplem.. .1,540,313.50 
 
 May 1,516,500.00 i October.. 1,421.000.00 
 
 Total. ..$16,3-23,186.37 
 
 1696 
 
 $lo,S73,-200 $25,000 $19,440 $15,917,610 
 
 Gold bullion has also been obtained from the following 
 localities: Idaho Territory, 218,952.29 ounces; Oregon, 
 51,588.99; British Columbia, 17,238.21 ; Washington Terri- 
 tory, 1,356.63; Arizouiv Territory, 865.48; Nevadii, 696.42; 
 South America, 419.85 : China, 52.68 ; Mexico, coin, 2,047.54 ; 
 Uncertain, being fine gold, 162,307.02. Kumber of deposits 
 in 1864, gold, ^,801 ; Silver, 477. 
 
 [For table showing value and destination of treasure 
 shipments for eleven years, 1854 to 18t>i inclusive, and foi 
 Population and History, see Appendix.] 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, a port on the W. coast of Lower Cali 
 fornitJ : I.tt. 30° 45' N., Ion. 113° 40' W. 
 
 SAN FKANCISCO, BAY OF, a noble land-locked harbor, 
 in which all the combined navies of Europe and America 
 miirht move, is situated on the Pacific coast of 'the United 
 States, in the stnte of California, extending from lat. 37" 
 SO' to 38° 8' N., and from Ion. 122° to 122° 30' W. Length 
 from N.N.W. to S.S.E.. about 55 miles; breadth, from 2 to 
 12 miles. The N. portion is called the Bay of San Pablo, 
 which is nearly circular, with a di;tmeter of about 9 miles. 
 This bay communicates, through the Straits of Carquinez, 
 7 miles in length, with Suisun Bay, formed by the united 
 waters of the Sacramento and San .loaquin Rivers; Suisun 
 Bay is about 16 miles long, with an average breadth of 5 miles. 
 The entrance to the Bay of S.in Francisco through the pas- 
 sage called the Golden Gate is very striking; the shores are 
 bold and rocky, and in its narrowest part the channel Is 
 only alx)ut 1 mile wide. The shores of the bay, however, 
 are generally low and marshy, being in many places little 
 else than mere mud flats, it cont.iins numerous islands 
 and rocks; the principal of the fUrnier are Angel, Yerba, 
 BueniJ, and Aleatraces. A railroad has been projected, ex- 
 tending from San Francisco southward along the W. shore 
 of the bay to San Jo.s6. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO DE SELVA. See Copiapo. 
 
 SAN FRAXC1.«QUIT0 (fi-an-sis-kee'to) CREEK, a small 
 str-eam of California, rises in the Sierra Morina, and run- 
 ning in a general E. course between San Francisco and 
 Santa Clara counties, falls into San Francisco Bay. Gold in 
 small quantities has been found on this creek. 
 
 SANFKf;, sdn-fr,V, a town of Piedmont, division of Coni, 
 10 miles W. of Alba. Pop. 1718. 
 
 SANFRONT. sin-front', a village of Piedmont, division of 
 Coni, 8 miles W.iof Saluzzo. Pop. 411.3. 
 
 SANGA, sin'gj, a considerable fortified town of Japan, 
 island of Kioo-Sioo, on Simbara Bay. 55 miles N.E. of Na- 
 ga.saki. It is well and regularly built, and intersected by 
 canals. . It has a fine palace, and a femous manufactory of 
 porcelain. 
 
 S.VN GA'BRIET^ (>Sp. pron. s3n !r2-bre-?l'.) a small river of 
 Texas, rises near the W. extremity of Williamson county, 
 and flowing E., enters Little River in Milam county, a fow 
 miles S.W. of Cameron. 
 
 SAN GABRIEL, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas. 
 
 SAN G.\BRIEL. a tnwn ot Ix)S Angeles co.. California, is 
 situated near the Bay of San Pedro, on the main road frojD 
 Sacramento city to San Diego, on a small stream of Its own 
 name. 18 miles E. by N. of Los .Angeles. 
 
 SAN GABRIEL, s^n gl-bre-i^l'. a sm.nll isl.tnd of Soutb 
 America, in the estuary of the I'lat.a. 22 miles N.E. of Bnenca 
 Ay res. in lat. 34° 30' S., Ion. .'i7° 58' W. 
 
 SAN OABRIKL. one of the Admiralty Islands, in the 
 South Pacific Ocean, in lat. 2° IT S., Ion. 147" 28 E. . 
 
 SAN GABRIEL, s^n gl-brtv^l', a fort of Biay.ilian Guiana, 
 province of Par&. on the Rio Negi-o, in lat. 0° 7' 30'' S., Ion. 
 67° 20' W. 
 
 S.\N GABRIEL RIVER, a small stream of Los Angeles 
 county, in the S-SJi. part of California, falls into the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 SAKGALHOS, sJn-gdl'yoce, a town and parish of Portu- 
 tral, province of Douro, 12 miles E. of Aveiro, on the Agueda. 
 i'op.'JlSO. 
 
 SAN'OA>rOX, a river in the W. central part of Illinois, 
 Is formed by the union of two ijrani'hes, termed the North 
 and the Soutli. which unite in Sangamon county. Its gene- 
 ral course is first N.W., then N., and lastly W.; it falls 
 into the Illinois Uiver, about 10 miles aliove I?eardstown. 
 Length, above 200 milep. It is navigable in high water for 
 tmall steamboats. 
 
 SAXti.YMOX. a county in tlie S.W. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 750 square miles. It is intersected by Sanga- 
 mon River, from which the name is derived, and also drained 
 by the South Forlt of that river, and by Sugar, Liclc, Brush, 
 and Spring Creeks. The general surface is level, diversified 
 with extensive and beautiful prairies, and with forests of 
 good timber. In 1850 the county produced .3.318.304 bushels 
 of corn, (a greater quantity than any other county in the 
 United States,) and 120,808 pounds of wool, the great«st 
 quantity produced by any county in the state. Bituminous 
 coal is abundant. The county is intersected by the Chicago 
 Alton and St. Louis Railroad, and by the Great Western 
 Ilailroad, which intersect.^ the former at the county-seat. 
 Sangamon county is one of the most populous in tlie inte- 
 rior of the state. Seat of justice, Springfield, which is 
 also the capital of Illinois. Population in 1850, 19,228; 
 in 1860, 32,274. 
 
 SANQAR, sSn-gar', or TSOOCxAR. (TSUGAR,) tsoo-gar^, a 
 stmit communicating between the North l'.icific Oean and 
 the Sea of Japan, and separating the island of Niphon on 
 the S. from that of Yesso on the N. Matsmai, the capital 
 of Yesso. is situated on a bay at the N.W. entrance. 
 
 SANGARIUS. .See Sakareeyaii. 
 
 S.iX GAUDKNZIO, s3n gOw-dJn'ze-o, a market-town of 
 Tuscany. 21 miles E.N.K. of Florence. 
 
 SAN G.WINO, sdn gS-vee'no, a village of the island of Sar- 
 dinia. 29 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2022. 
 
 SANG.\Y. s.iu-glii', a remarkaV)le volcanic mountain of 
 South America, in the Cordillera of the Andes, State of Ecua- 
 dor, about hit. 2^ 7' S. It has a height of 16,138 feet, and 
 having been in a state of almost constant activity since 
 1728, lias covered the surrounding district with lava and 
 ashes, making it almost sterile. 
 
 SAN GEMINI, s4n jJni'e-ne, a market-town of It.ily, in 
 the State of Umbria, 13 miles S.W. of Spoleto. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAX GEMS DE TARADKLL, sdn Hi-neos/ di ti-ri-<i&V, 
 a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and about 36 miles 
 from Barcelona. Pop. 1793. 
 
 S.\N'GKIIF1ELD, .sang'ghjr-feeld. a post-village in Sanger- 
 field town.ship. Oneida co., New York, 15 miles S.S.W. of 
 Utiea. Pop. of the township. 2343. 
 
 SANGEIIUAUSiiN, sdug'yr-how'zgn, a town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 31 miles W.N.W. of Mer.seburg, at the foot of the 
 Ilarz Mountains. Pop. 5720. It has 2 castles, and manu- 
 factures of woollens and linens. 
 
 SAX GERMAN, sin iifeii-min', a town in the S.W. of the 
 Island of Poi'to Uico. Spanish West Indies. Pop. 9125. 
 
 SAX GERMAXO, sdn jSu-mi'no, a town of Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, 9 miles W.X.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 3514. 
 
 S.\N GI';ilM.\XO, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of 
 Ti>rra di Lavoro, U miles W. of Venatro. Pop. 5000. It is 
 supposed to be the ancient Cusiniim Aquinium. 
 
 S.\N (lEltOXIMO, ai-ron'ne-mo, a small stream of Marin 
 CO., California, How.s into the Pacific. It is noted for its 
 salmon fisheries. 
 
 SAX GER0.VIM0,s3n HA-ron'ne-mo, a small town of South 
 America, in New Granada, 16 miles S.E. of .\ntioquia. 
 
 SAX GIORitXIMO, s3n nd-ron'ne-mo, a village of Mexico, 
 about 15 miles S. by W. of the capital. It is surrounded 
 with orchards and cultivated fields. 
 
 SAXGERVILLE, sang'ghf r-vil, a post-township of Pisca- 
 t.iquis CO. Maine, 70 miles X.N.E. of .Augusfci. Pop. 1314. 
 
 SAX GIACOMO, sdn ji'ko-mo, (St. James,) a vill.ige of 
 Italy, in Xaples, province of Principato Citra, 3 miles S. of 
 Diano. Pop. 2700. 
 
 SAX GIACOMO DI LUSIAXA, sin jdlco-mo dee loo-se-J'- 
 n3, a village of North Italy, government of Venice, 17 miles 
 N. of Vicenza. I'op. 2500. 
 
 SAN GIL. sdn Heel, written also S.\INT GILES, a town 
 of New Granada, department of Boyaca, 64 miles S.W. of 
 Pamplona. It was founded in 1690. It has a college, manu- 
 factures of tobacco and cotton cloth, and an extensive trade 
 in agricultural produce. Pop. 6000. 
 
 SAN GINESIO, sitn je-n.i'se-o, a town of Central Italy, 
 15 miles S.S.W. of Macerata, near the source of the Fia- 
 strelUi. Pop. 49 19. 
 
 S.A.N GIOUGIO, sdn joR/jo, ("St. George,") a market-town 
 of North Italy, government of Venice, 10 miles W.S.W. of 
 Veropa, with a fortress on the Adige. 
 
 SAN GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, in Naples, pro- 
 fince of Calabria Citra, 12 miles W. of Rogsano. 
 
 S.\.X GIOltGIO, a market-town of Italy, province of Cala- 
 bria Ultra I.. 10 miles S.E. of Palmi. Pop. .3400. 
 
 SAX GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, 8 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 2000. 
 6Q 
 
 SAN GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, province oi 
 Otranto. 9 miles !•;. of Taranto. 
 
 SAN GIORGIO, a village and fortress of Italy, In P!eA 
 mont, 9 miles E. of Susa. on the Dora Ripair.a. 
 
 SAN GIORGIO, a vill.age of Italy, province of Principati 
 Ultra, 10 miles N.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 1100. 
 
 S.\N GIDRlilO, a market-town of Italy, in the province 
 of Ascoli, 10 miles W. of Fermo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAN GIORGIO CANAVESE, sdn joR'jo kd-nd-v.-V's.i, a mar- 
 ket-town of Italy, in I'iedmont. division of Turin, 10 miles 
 S.S.W. of Ivrea. near the Malosna. Pop. 3656. 
 
 SAN GIOKGIO DI LOMELLIXA. sin joR'jo dee lo-mM- 
 lee'nd, a market-.town of Italy, in Piedmont, 20 miles S.S.E. 
 of Novara. Pop. 25.34. 
 
 SAN GIORGIO LA MOLINARA, sdn joR'jo Id mo-le-nd'rl, 
 a market-town of Italy, in Naple.s, province of Principato 
 Ultra, 12 miles N.W. of Ariano. Pop. 4700. 
 
 SAN GIOKGIO MAOGIOKE.sdnjoR'jomdd-jo'rA,an island 
 of the Adriatic, government, and 3 miles S.S.E. of A'enice, 
 with a fine church, containing the tombs of several of the 
 Venetian doges. , 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI, sdn jo-vdn'nee. (" St. John.") a town of 
 Italy, in Sicily, 22 miles X. of Girgenti. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI DI MORIANO. See Saint Jeax D« 
 Maurienne. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI ILARIONK. sdn jo-vdn'nee e-ld-re-o'nd, 
 a tflwn of North Italy, 12 miles W. of Vicenza. Pop. .30<)0. 
 
 SAX GIOVAXNI IN CROCE. sdn jo-vdn'n*e in kro/ch.i a 
 town of Italy, in Lombardy, 10 miles E.S.E. of Cremona. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI IN FIORK. sdn jo-van'nee in fe-o/r.i a 
 town of Ibily, in Naples, province of Calatnia Citra, at the 
 continence of the Neto and Arvo, 25 miles E. of C«seuza, 
 Pop. 5800. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI IN GALDO. sdn jo-vdn'nee in gdl'do, a 
 town of Itiily, province of Molise, 6 miles N.E. of Campo- 
 basso. I'op. 2200. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI IN MEDUA. sdn jo-vdn'nee in niA'doo-d, 
 a harbor of Albania, immediately N. of the mouth of the 
 Drin. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI IN PERSICETO, sdn jo-vdn'nee in pga. 
 se-clid'to, a town of Italy, in the State of J^^milia, 10 iuile« 
 N.N.E. of Bologna. Pop. 3400. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI IN VAL D'ARNO, sdn jo-vdn'nee vdl 
 ddR'no, a town of Itiiiy, in Tuscany, province, and 20 miles 
 S.E. of F'lorence, on the W. bank of the Arno. Pop. 2U00. 
 On the walls of its town-hall are sculptured the arms of 
 many of the principal Tuscan families. 
 
 SAN GIOVANNI ROTONDO. sdn jo-vdn'nee ro-ton'do, a 
 town of Italy, in Naples, province of Capitanata, 19 miles 
 E.X.E. of Foggia. Pop. 4700. 
 
 SAXGIR or SAXGUIR, sdn-gheer'. an i.sl.and of the Malay 
 Archipelago, midway between Celebes and Mindanao, in lat. 
 3° 28' N., Ion. 125° 44' E. I.«ngth. 30 miles ; average breadth, 
 10 miles. The surface is mountainous, and in its centre is 
 a volcano. 
 
 SAX GIULIAXO, sdn jool-yd'no, a village of Italy, in the 
 Pontifical States, 8 miles S.W. of Frosinone. Pop. ISSO. 
 
 SAX GIULIAXO, or SAINT JU'LIAX, a village and bay 
 of Malta, Ij miles X. of Valetta. 
 
 SAX GIULIAXO DI SEl'INO, sdn jool-yd'no dee s.A-pee'no, 
 a village of Italy, in Xaples, province of Molise, 9 miles 
 S.S.E. of Larino. 
 
 SAX GIULIO, sdn joo/le-o. an island and village of the 
 Saitlinian States, division of Xov.ara, in the Lake of Orta, 
 with a collegiate church and 14(X) inhabitants. It is famous 
 for its heroic defence in the tenth century, by Villa, wife of 
 Berengarius. 
 
 SAN QIUSTINO, sdn joo.s-tee'no, a town of Central Italy, 
 in the State of TTmbrIa, 26 miles S.W. of Urbino. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SANG-KOI, sdng koi, SONG-CA, song kd, or TONQUIN 
 (ton-keen') RIVER, Farther India, rises in the Cliinese pro- 
 vince of Yun-nan, flows S.W.. and enters the Gulf of Ton- 
 quin by many mouths, between lat. 20° and 21° N., and 
 Ion. 106° and 107° E. Its total course is estimated at 600 
 miles. In its upper part it is called the Ilo-ti-kiang. 
 
 S.^NGO, sdn'go, a river of Madagascar, flows N.W., and 
 falls into the Channel of Mozambique atwut lat. 21° S., after 
 a course of at)0ut 160 miles. 
 
 SANGORA, sdn-go'rd. a maritime town of Lower Siam, on 
 a bay on the W. side of the Gulf ef Siam, 90 miles S.E. of 
 Ligor, in lat. 7° 15' N., Ion. 101° ^. It is divided into 
 Siamese, Chinese, and Malay quarters, is partly built of 
 brick, and on the heights around it are numerous pagodas. 
 
 SAN GREGOKIO, sdn grA-go're-o, a market-town of Naple.s, 
 province of Principato Citra, 17 miles E. of Campagna. Pop. 
 4000. 
 
 S.\N GREGORIO, a village of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro. An island of Dalraatia, and a bay of Patagonia have 
 this name. 
 
 SAXGRO, sdn'gro. (anc. Sa'fjrus.) a river of Naples, pro- 
 vinces of Abruzzo Citra and Ultra II., rises S.E. of the Lake 
 of Fucino, and after an E. and N.E. course of 65 miles, enters 
 the Adriatic 12 miles S.E. of Ortona. 
 
 SANGSTER'S STATION, a postofflce, Fairfax co., Virginia 
 
 1697 
 
SAN 
 
 SAXQTTEHiA. s3n-s:T«a's3, a town of Spain, prorince, and 
 25 miles S.K. of Pamp! jna. on the Aniii^n. Pop. 34-19. 
 
 SANGUI> ETTO. .«an-o;wee-n^tno, (the '• Rivulet of Blood,") 
 a rivulet of Italy. State of Unibria, flows into the Lake of 
 Perugia, on its N. side. Its banlis are supposed to have 
 been the chief scene of slaughter in the battle of Thrasymene, 
 whence its name. 
 
 SANGUIXETTO, a village of Austrian Italy, 18 miles 
 S.?.E. of Verona, between Legnago and Mantua. Pop. 3000. 
 
 S.\NGWIX, sang^gwin'. or sdng'ween', a river of Guinea, 
 Grain Cctst, enters the Atlantic about 120 miles X.W. of 
 Cape Palmas. At its mouth is a village of the same name, 
 formerly capital of a petty state. Here the Dutch and Eng- 
 lish had factories. 
 
 SANTLAC, a county in the E.part of Jlichigan. bordering 
 on Lalce Huron, contains about 700 square miles. It is 
 drained by the sources of Cass and Black Rivers. The sur- 
 fiice is gently undulating, and well timbered. The soil is 
 moderately fertile. Capital. Lexington. Pop. 7599. 
 
 SAXIL.\C MILLS, a post-office of Sjiuilac co.. Michigan. 
 
 SAX ILDEFOXSa s3neel-d.vfou'so. or LA GRAXJA, li 
 grSng'ni, a town of^pain. province, and 6 miles S.E. of Se- 
 govia, and 40 miles N.X.AV. of Madrid. Pop. 3S79. The 
 celebrated palace of La Granja, in a mountainous region, 
 3840 feet above the sea, was built by Philip V., in the French 
 style. It contains a rich church, many tine apartments, 
 and works of art, and enclosed by grounds, with splendid 
 water-works. The town has a royal manufactory of looking- 
 glasses, established by Charles III. 
 
 SAX ILDEFON'SO, a group of islets in the South Atlantic. 
 80 miles W. of Cape Horn. 
 
 SAX ILUEFOXSO, CAPE, a headland on the E. coast 
 of Luzon. Philippine Islands. Lat. 15° 15' X., Ion. 121° 56* E. 
 
 S.\X ISIDllO, sdn e-see'dro. a town of South Americ;*, in 
 the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 12 miles N. of Buenos 
 Ayres. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAX JACIXTO, pjn ja-sin'to. a small river of Texas, 
 rises near the W. border of Walker co.. and flows into Gal- 
 veston Bay, 25 miles E. of Houston. It is navigable for 15 
 miles. 
 
 S.\.V J.\CINTO, a small village of Harris co., Texas, on 
 Buffalo Bayou, near its entrance into Galveston Bay, about 
 18 miles E. of Houston. An important battle w.as fought 
 hi're. April 21, 1836. which resulted in the defeat of the 
 Mexicans, the capture of Santa Anna, and the undisputed 
 iudepinidoni-e of Texas. Free pop. 511. 
 
 S.\X .JACINTO, a post office of Jennings co., Indiana. 
 
 S.VX .I.\1ME, sin Hi'mi, a town of South America, in 
 Venezuela, department of Apure, on the Portuguesa, 30 
 miles N.X.W. of San Fernamio de Apure. Pop. 71)00. 
 
 SAX .JOAQUIX. s3n HO-5-keen', (almnst wab-keeu'.) an 
 Important river of California, which, rising in the Sierra 
 Nevad;i .Mountains, flows first S. and then S.W. till it joins 
 the outlet of Tule Lake, when it changes its course to 
 N.X.W., and after traversing perhaps the most lieautiful 
 and fertile region in all California, at last joins the Sacra- 
 mento in about 38° 10' N. lat. The entire length is esti- 
 mated at 350 miles. It is navigable for moderate-sized 
 steamlKiats to within a few miles of Fort Miller, near the 
 foot of the Sierra Xevada. 
 
 SAX JOAQUIX, a county in the X.W. central part of 
 California, has an ai-ea estim.ated at about lotX) square miles. 
 It is bounded on the X^. by Moquelumne River and Dry 
 Creek, partly on the W. by the San Joaquin River, and on 
 the S. by the Stanislaus River, and is intersected by the 
 Moquelumne, S.an J(xaquin, and Calaveras Rivers. The 
 surface is generally level. This county is chiefly agricultu- 
 ral, being Iwated in tits heart of a valley hundreds of miles 
 in extent, with a fertile soil, and fine grazing. A larse )»r- 
 tion of the land on the San Joaquin and Moquelumne 
 Rivers, consisting of overflowed, or " tule," is being rapidly 
 improved. These tule lands are principally covered with 
 gras.s. and cannot be reclaimed to cultivation except by 
 great labor. The soil is generally very fertile, often pro- 
 ducing 80 bushels of barley to the acre. The timber is 
 principally oak. Game of almost every kind is found on the 
 plains; fish are abundant in the streams, and manv persons 
 are engaged in catching and curing salmon. Miniuj is but 
 little carried on. Gold placers on the Stanislaus average 
 four dollars per day. The S:in Joaquin River is navisraWe 
 for moderate-sized steamboats through this county. ^ The 
 roads are generally Ie*l and in good order. The county 
 is partly intersected by the route of the propo.sed railraad 
 from Stockton to the mining region in Calaveras county, 
 r^ed from San Joaquin River. Capital, Stockton. Pop. 
 
 SAX JO.\QUIX. a small town in the S. part of San Joa- 
 quin county, CaUfornia, is situated on the left bank of the 
 bnn .Ioa<iuin. and on the rojtd from San Jose to Stanislaus, 
 7. miles H. t>y S. of San Francisco. 
 
 ,,^,„ ,, • . ^ „ - Jf Odeypoor, on the route 
 
 from R.(j poo tana to the Gulf of Cutch ' 
 
 169S 
 
 SAN 
 
 SAX JORGE, sSn non'ni. (i. e. " St. George,") a rirrr of 
 South America. New Granada, joins the Cauca 30 milyw 
 S.AV. of Mompox. after a X.E. course of 1») miles. 
 
 SAX JORGE D'OLAXCIIO, HOR'iii do-ldnVho, a town of 
 Central America, state of Honduras, 80 miles S.S.W. of 
 Trujillo (Triixillo.) 
 
 SAX JOSE, s^n Ho-sA'. one of the Peari Islands, in the 
 Gulf of Panama. New Granada, department of Istmo, 8 
 miles S.W. of the Island del Rey. 
 
 SAX JOSE, an island in the Gulf of California, 100 miles 
 S.E. of Loreto. length. 25 miles. 
 
 SAX JOSE, siln nosA', the former capital of California, 
 and the present seat of justice of Santa Clara county, is 
 beautifully situated in Santa Clara Valley, 7 or S miles from 
 the head of San Francisco Bay, and about 50 miles S.E. of 
 San Francisco. It is accessible by wat«>r. Although snow- 
 capped mountains may be seen in the distance during the 
 whole year, the climate of San Jose is perhaps the most 
 delightful in California. This place was a piieliJo or town, 
 and was first settled in the early part of the present cen- 
 tury. A city charter was granted March 27, 1850. One 
 daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. A rail- 
 road has been completed from San Jose to San Francisco. 
 See Appendix. 
 
 SAN JOSfi, sin Ho-s4/, a town and Jesuit missionary 
 station, in Bolivia, province of Chiquitos. Lat. 17° 40' S., 
 Ion. 64° 40' W. Pop. about 2000. Near it is a chain of hills 
 called the Sierra de San Jose. 
 
 SAX JOSfi, sin Ho-sA' or sAn zho-zA/, an island in the Rio 
 Negro, forming a part of the boundary between Brazil and 
 Venezuela. 
 
 SAN JOSfl. a town of Brazil, province of Pari, on the Rio 
 Negro. 30 miles S. of the above island. Pop. 800. 
 S.\N JOSfi, Patasonia. See Saixt Joseph. 
 
 SAX JOSE DE BUEXAVISTA. sAn Ho-sA' dA bwA-nJ- 
 veees't.-i, a town of the Philippines, on the W. coast of the 
 island oif Panay. of which it is the capital. Pop. 7000. 
 
 SAX J0SI5dE FLORES, sAn zho-sA/ dA Mnh, a town 
 of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata.) 6 miles from Buenog 
 Avres. Pop. SOO. 
 
 . "sax JOSfi DEL TXTERIOR, sAn no-sA/ dSl een-tA-re-«R/, 
 a town of Central America, capital of the stateof Costa Rica, 
 15 miles W.X.W. of Cartago. Pop. 18,000. It has grown up 
 since the independence of this region, and has no buildings 
 of note ; but it has succeeded to the importance and com- 
 mercial activitv of Cartaso. the former cjipitil of the state. 
 
 SAX JOSE DEL PARkAL,sAn Ho-sA' dJl p.an-nAl'. a town 
 of the Mexican Confederation, state, and 200 miles N.W. of 
 Durango. Pop. 5000, partly employed in the adjacent mine.s. 
 
 SAX' JOSE DE ORUXA. sAn Ho-sa'dA o-roo'nA. a town of 
 Trinidad. 5 miles E. of Port-ol-Spain, and formerly capita] 
 of the island. 
 
 S.\X JUAX', sAn noo-,?n', a river of Centr.al America, state 
 of Nicaragua, forming the outlet for the surplus waters of 
 the Lake of Nicaragua, into the Caribbean Sea, which it 
 enters at the port of San Juan, SO miles S. of the mouth of 
 the Bluefields River. Cour.«e, E. Length, estimated at 
 from 90 to 100 miles. Its current is gentle, and although in 
 some places impeded by .short rapids, it is stated to be always 
 navigable throughout by boats of from 8 to 10 tons, and 
 vessels of a much larger burden for a considerable distance 
 from the sea. In its lower part it sends off several branches, 
 the chief being the Colorado, of importance in connection 
 with the scheme for uniting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 
 by a ship canal. 
 
 SAX JU.\X', a river of N'ew Granada, department of Cauca, 
 enters the Pacific Ocean by several mouths. 35 miles X.W. of 
 Buenaventura, after a S.W. course, estimated at 150 miles. 
 
 SAX' JUAN, a river of South America, in Bolivia, Chiquitos 
 Territory, tributary to the Aguapehi. 
 
 SAN .iUAN. a river of South America, in Bolivia, joins the . 
 Pileomayo, S.W. of Zinti, after a N.E. course, estimated at 
 300 miles. 
 
 SAX JUAX, a river of the Jlexican Confederation, states 
 of Cohahnila, New Leon, and Tamaulipas, joins the Rio 
 Grande del Norte after an E. course of about 150 miles. 
 
 SAN ,IUAX, a vill.ase of the Mexican Confederation, state, 
 and 105 miles W. of Chihuahua. 
 
 SAN JUAJJ.a river of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata.) 
 flows from the Andes through the department of San Juan, 
 E. into the Lake Guanaeache. 
 
 SAN JUAN, one of the Ladaone Islands. See Guahan. 
 
 S.\X' JU'AN. (Sp. pron. sjn hoo-An'. almost sAn hwAn,) a 
 post-town of Monterey co., California, is situated on the left 
 bank of the Pajaro Hiver, and on the road from San Josd to 
 Monterey. SO miles in a straight line S.E. of San Francisco. 
 
 SAX' ,tUAN, sAn Hoo-An', a town of llayti, near the centre 
 of the i.sland. 80 miles N.W. of San Domingo. 
 
 S.\N JUAX', a village of South America, in Venezuela, 
 department of Zuli.a. 24 miles W. of Merida. Near it is a 
 lake al>ounding in carbonate of soda. 
 
 SAX JUAX. a town of Cuba. 15 miles S.S.W. of Havana. 
 
 SAX JUAN, a town of Cuba, 42 miles W.N.W. of Santiago 
 de Cuba. 
 
 SAX JUAN, Central America. See S;.jf Jcan del Sue. 
 
SAN 
 
 9.W .TTTAX, nin HooJn'. a town of Peru, department of 
 Ran Juan de la Frontera, is pleasantly situated on the river 
 of the saiie name. Pop. vajjuely estimated at 18.000. 
 
 SA.V JUAN BAUTISTA. sin Hoo-dn' Iwsv-U'es'ti or SAN 
 JUAN BAI>TISTA DKL PAO, sJn Hoo-ln' baptees'ta, dJl 
 pS'o. a town of Venezuela, department, and 110 miles S.W. 
 of Caracas, on the Pro. an affluent of the Portnjruesa. 
 
 SAN JUAN BAUTISTA. (or BAI'TISTA.) (formerly 
 VILLA IIKRMOSA. veel'yil hOR-mo'sd.) a town in, the 
 Mexican Confederation, capital of the state of Tabasco, on 
 the river Tabasco, about 70 miles from Its mouth, in the 
 Carilibean Sea. 
 
 SAN JUAN BAUTISTA (or BAPTISTA) DKL RIO 
 GRANDE, sdn H00-3n' bow-t*es'ti d^l ree'o grdn'd.'l, a town 
 of the Mexican Confederation. 85 miles N.N.K. of Cohahuila. 
 
 SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, sin hoo4n b.-.w-tees'td, a post- 
 Tillasre. formerly a mission.ary settlement, in the N. part 
 of .Monterey co.. California, about 100 miles S.S.PL of lienicia. 
 
 SAN JUAN, CAPK, is the N.E. extremity of the island 
 of Porto Rico ; and also-the S. point of Vancouver's Island, in 
 British North America, bounded N. by the Strait of San 
 Juan de Fuca. 
 
 SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, sin noo-iln' k.i-pees-tri'no, a 
 small town near the Vjoundary between liOS Angeles and San 
 Diej^o counties. California, is situated near the sea-coast, on 
 the main road from Sacramento City to San Diego. 32 miles 
 in a straictht line S.K. of Los -Anceles. 
 
 SAN JUAN CIIINA.MECA, sjn iioo-.'jn' che-na-m.'l'ki, a 
 town of Central America, state of San Salv.ador, 15 miles N. 
 of San .Miiruel. 
 
 SAN JUAN DE FUCA. See Fcca. 
 
 SAN JUAN DE JUEBAL. s^n Hoo-Jn' dil HwA-Ml', a 
 small town of South America, in the Argentine Republic, 
 (Ti;i Plata.) department, and 60 miles N. of San Juan de la 
 iVont^-ra. 
 
 SAN JUAN DE LA FRONTERA, in Peru. See Chacha- 
 
 POYAS. 
 
 SAN JUAN DB LA FRONTERA. sin Hoo-Jn' dA \S. fron- 
 Wvi, a frontier and W. province of the Argentine Re- 
 public, (I*a Plata.) South America, mostly between lat. 30° 
 and 32° S., and Ion. 68° and 70° W.: having W. the Andes, 
 N. the department of Rioja. and S. the department of Men- 
 doza. Pop. estimiited at 25.000. In the S.K. is the large 
 lake of (iuanacache. 
 
 SAV JUAN DE LA RAMBLA. s3n noo in' dA Ij rJm'bia. 
 a village of the Canary Islands, on a plain in the N.E. of 
 the island of TenerilTe. Pop. 1413. 
 
 SAN J UAN DE LOS LLANOS, s-ln noo-dn' d.A loce M'noee, 
 ft town of South America, in New Oranada, department of 
 Cundinamarca. on the Ouaviare, 65 miles S.S.E. of Bogota. 
 
 SAN JUAN DE LOS REMEDIOS, siin Hoo-ifn' dA loce r.A- 
 raA'de-oce, a maritime town of Cuba, on its N. coast, 180 
 miles E. of Havana. Pop. in 1S53 5270. 
 
 SAN JUAN DEL PUERTO, sSn noo-in' dM pw^R'to, a 
 town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and alxiut 5 miles 
 N.E. of Huplva. near the Tinto. Pop. 1951. 
 
 SAN JUAN DEL RI(», sdn Hoo-Su' dM ree'o, a town of 
 the Mexican Confederation, stat«, and :iO miles S.V.. of Quere- 
 tnro. on the route to Me.xico. Pop. 10,000, (?) partly em- 
 ployed in silver-mines. 
 
 SAN JUAN DEL SUR, s^n noo-Sn' AM sooR, a port of 
 Central America, on the Pacific Oce.an. state, and 2i miles 
 S.W. of Nicaragua, and the maritime harbor nearest to that 
 city. Lat. 11° 15' 37" N.. Ion. Hb° 52' 56" W. 
 
 SAN JUAN DK MIERES. s^n Hoo-an' dA me-A'r5s, a town 
 of Spain, province, and 9 miles S.E. of Oviedo. Pop. 1819. 
 
 SAN JUAN DE NICARAGUA, sin Hoo-dn' dA ne-ka-rii'- 
 gwd, a seaport town of Central America. See CiReytown'. 
 
 SAX JUAN DE PORTO RICO, sdn Hoo-dn' dA poR'to ree'- 
 ko. the princip.al city and seaport belonging to the island of 
 Porto Rico, on a small island off its N. coast. Lat. 18° 29' N., 
 Ion. 66° 7' 2" W. Pop. 11,000. It is strongly fortified, regu- 
 larly laid out, well drained, and altogether one of the tiest 
 and healthiest towns in the West Indies. The principal 
 edifices are the bishop's pajtice and seminary, the royal mili- 
 tary hospital, old government-house, a large cathedral, 
 custom-house, town-house with -a fine hall, a handsome 
 theatre, arsenal, and jail : and the town is the seat of the 
 government and superior courts of the island, and of a 
 society of arts, and numerous schools. The harbor, on its 
 W. side, is defended by the Morro castle and other forts. In 
 1840, the port was entered by 432 ships of all nations ; aggre- 
 gate burden 37. '294 tons. 
 
 SAN JUAN DE ULUA. sSn jn'an (or sdn Hno-dn') dA oo- 
 loo'l, often called SAN JUAN DK ULLOA, sSn Hoo-in'dA 
 wl-yo'd. a strong castle, defending the harbor of Vera Cruz, 
 In the Mexican Confederation, on an islet a little N.E. of 
 that city. 
 
 SAN JUAN I.A7.X. sin noo-dn' Id'tha, a town of Spain, in 
 Qalicia. '25 miles E.S.E. of Orense. Pop. 1.300. 
 
 SANK^ASEEIV, a town of India, 102 miles S.S.E. of Sat- 
 tarah. 
 
 S.\NKEY. Okkat, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancas- 
 ter, 4 miles W.N.W. of Warrington. The Manchester and 
 Livtrpool Railway is here carried across the Sankey Canal 
 
 SAN 
 
 and Valley by a viaduct of 9 arches, each of 50 feet span, 
 and 70 feet high. The pankey Canal Is the first for wViii 
 an act of Parliament was obtained, in 1T55. 
 
 SAN L.\ MAYOR, sjn Id ml-oR', a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 10 miles W. of Seville. Pop. 2480. 
 
 SAN LAZZARO. san lad'zd-ro, a town of Italy, in Parma, 
 1 mile N.E. of Placentia. It has a college, founded by Cardi- 
 nal .\lberone, with a library of 20,000 volumes ani some 
 good collections. Pop. 4285. 
 
 SAN LEO, sdn l.A/o, a small town of Central Italy. In the 
 the Marches, 7 miles ft.W. of San M.arino. It is a bishop m 
 see, protected by a fort. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAN LEONARDO, lA-o-naR'do. a market-town of Spain, 
 province, and 24 miles W.N.W. of Sori.a. Pop. 682. 
 
 SA.V LEONARDO, sdn lA-o-naR'do, a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Capitanata. 7 miles W.S.W. of IManfredonia. 
 
 SAN LEONARDO, a fort, defending the harbor of the 
 island of Faviirnana. olTtbe W. coast of Sicily. 
 
 SAN LEUCI. sdn lA'oo-che. a town of the Papal States. 4 
 miles S. of Benevento, on the Sabbato. Pop. 30()0. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, sdn lo-rjn'zo. (Sp. pron. sin lo-r?n'tho,> a 
 town of the Canaries, on the S.E. shore of the Grand Canary, 
 about -5 miles from Las Palmas. Pop. 1977. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, a town of Naples, province of Cal.abria 
 Ultra I.. 12 miles 8. E. of Reggio. Pop. 1690. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, sdn lo-risn'/.o, a town of Central Italy, 
 sitiiated in tlie province of Pe-aro and Urbino, on thoCesano, 
 17 miles E.S.E. of Urbino. Pop. 1050. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, a village of Italy, in the State of Umbria, 
 5 miles S.E. of Acquapendente, near the site of San I>orenzo 
 Rovinato. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, a town of Austrian Italy, in Istria, 9 
 miles W.S.W. of Pisino. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, a seaport village of Italy, In Istria, on 
 the Mediterranean, 22 miles S.S.W. of Triest. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, sdn lo-rin'zo, a river of South America, 
 in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) joins the Vermejo 
 from the W., 55 miles N. of Corrientes. Length. 1'20 miles. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata.) 32 miles from Santa F6. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, a village of Paraguay, 18 miles from 
 Assumption. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, an islet in the Gulf of California. 
 
 SAN LORENZO DE LA FRONTERA, sdn lo-rJn'zo dA Id 
 ffOn-tA'rd, a town of Bolivia, near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 
 ontheOuapey. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SAN LORENZO DE LA .MUGA, sdn lo-rfn'thodA Id moo's! 
 a walled town of Spain, in Catalonia, 21 miles N. of Gerona. 
 Pop. 1207. 
 
 SAN LORENZO IN QROTTE, sdn lo-rjn'zo in groftd. a 
 village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, delegation of Vi- 
 terbo. on an eminence. 5 miles S.S.E. of Acqiiapendente. 
 
 SAN LORENZO LUCA, sdn lo-rjn'zo lo<yka. a small town 
 of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., 13 miles S.S.W. of 
 Gerace. 
 
 SAN LORENZO LUS.SURGIU, sdn lo-rJn'zo loos-.sooR-joo', 
 a markel>town of the island of Sardinia, division of Sassari, 
 22 miles N.N.E. of Oiistano. Pop. 44ti0. 
 
 SAN LORENZO MAGGIORE. sdn lo-r?n'zo mdd-jA'rA. a 
 village of Italy, in Naples, province of Terra di Liivoro, 15 
 miles S.E. of Piedimonte. 
 
 S-\N LOUIS, a post-office of Brazoria Co., Texas. 
 
 SAN LUCAR DE BARRAMEDA, sdn loo'kdr dA baR-Rd- 
 mA'-nd. a city and seaiwrt of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and IS miles N.ofCadiz. onthe left bank of the Guad.ilquivlr, 
 at its month. IM. 36° 45' N., Ion. 6° 21' W. Its streets are 
 broad, straight, and generally paved, and on the whole it is 
 a fine town, although dull and decaying. The principal 
 buildings are the prison, barracks for the garri.^on, the 
 town-house, a hospital, a house of refuge, foundling hospi- 
 tal, and poor's school. Agriculture and fishing are here the 
 chief occup.ations. At Bon.anza. a short di.stance from San- 
 Lucar. are the pier and custom-house. San Lucar was taken 
 from the Moors in 1264. and granted by Sancho el Bravo to 
 Guzman el Bueno. The importance of the transatlantic 
 trade induced Philip IV.. in 1645, to resume the city, and 
 make it the residence of the Captain-general of Andalusia. 
 It was here that Columbus embarked on his third voyage, 
 May 30, 1498, and he returnea in 1504. Magellan also 
 started from henca, August 10, 1519, for the first voyage 
 in which the world was circumnavigated. Pop. 16.861. 
 
 SAN LUCAR DE GUADIANA. sdn loo-kaR' dA gwd-de- 
 J'nd. a town of Spain, province, and 32 miles N.W.of Iluelva, 
 on the Guadiana, opposite Alcoutim, (in Portugal.) Pop. 
 2800. 
 
 SAN LUCAR LA MAYOR, sdn loo'kar Id ml-oR', (anc 
 Lucifa-i F'/rum?) a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and 11 miles W. of Seville. Pop. '2245. 
 
 SAN LUCAS. See Saint Lucas. 
 
 SAN LUIS, or SAN LUIS DE LA PUNTA sdn loo'is dd 
 Id poon'td, a city of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) in 
 South America, capital of a province of its own name, 
 prettily situated on the W. slope of one of the knolls of the 
 Sierra de Cordova, 2417 feet above sea- level, 428 mile;} 
 W.N.W. of Buenos Ay res. Pop. 1500. 
 
 1699 
 
SAN 
 
 SA\ LUIS, sia loo-ls, (Sp. pron. sJn loo-eessO a village on 
 the S. side of the island of Minorca. Pop. 1938. 
 
 SAN LUIS, .n province of South America, in the Argentine 
 Re))ublic. (La )*lata,) between lat. 32° and 34° S., and Ion. 
 tU° and 67° W, Pop. 25.000. 
 
 JiAN LUIS. 4 villat;e of California, on a river tributary to 
 the Pacific Ocean, 80 miles X.W. of Santa Barbara. 
 
 SAN LUIS UB LA PAZ, sdn loo'is dA 13 pdz. a town of the 
 Mexican Confederation, state, and 45 miles E.N'.E. of Guana- 
 juato. Some villages named San Luis are in the Mexican 
 :lep.irtraent of Puebl.1, and in Upper California. 
 
 SAN LUIS DE POTOSI, Bolivia. See PoTOSi, San Lots de. 
 
 SAN LUIS OBIS'PO. a county in the W.S.W. part of Cali- 
 fornia, has an area estimated at above 2500 square miles. It 
 Ik bounded on the S.W. by the Pacific Ocean, on the N.E. by 
 the Co,(st Range of California, and on the S. by the Santa 
 Maria Creek, and is drained by the San Buenaventura and 
 Nacimiento lUvers, and by the Arroyo Grande, (i. «. Big 
 Creek.) The surface in theN.E. part is level, and in the S.E. 
 portion uneven and mountainous. The principal timber of 
 the uplands is pine, which is of large size and superior 
 quality, and the river-bottoms are well wooded. The soil 
 R>r the most part is fertile, especially along the streams. 
 Wild horses are found in great numbers on the plains in 
 the N.H. part of the county, and are worth about §15 per 
 head. The Vinej'ard of San Mi^ruel is extensive, hut much 
 neglected. The missionary settlement of &in Luis Oliispo 
 !■■ !!iostly in ruins, but has still remaining some line olive, 
 ! each, pear, fig, and apple trees, and a small vineyard. The 
 mineral and agricultural resources of this county are 
 great. Linietrtone is very abundant. Several copper mines 
 were discovered in this county iu 1864. It is stated that 
 three-fourths of the cattle perished in the great drought 
 of 1864. A warm sulplmr spring, the panacea of the 
 natives, is situated about 10 miles S. of San Luis Obispo. 
 There are numerous bituminous springs, some of which 
 are of a large size. The principal ports are San Luis Obispo 
 and San Simeon. There is a tine harbor at the rancho of 
 John M'ilson, known as the "Moro." Capital, San Luis 
 Obispo. Pop. 1782. 
 
 SAN LUIS OBISPO, a town, formerly a missionary settle- 
 ment, eapitjil of San Luis Obispo county, California, is situ- 
 ated on the main road from San Jose to Los Angeles, 215 
 miles in a direct line S.E. bv S. of San Francisco. Lat. 35° 
 10' N. 
 
 SAN LUIS POTOSI, sJn loo'is po-to-see', a state of the 
 Mexican Confederation, hounded on the N. by New Leon. 
 E. by Tamaulipas, S.K. by Vera Cruz, S. by Queretaro and 
 Guanajuato, and E. by Zacatecas. Greatest length, from N. 
 to S.. 206 miles; greatest breadth, me.asured near the S. 
 frontier, 165 miles, but near the centre not more than 87 
 miles. Are.H, 29,486 square miles. In the W. it is mountain- 
 ous, but towai^ds the E. becomes only broken and hilly, and 
 in the S.E. spreads out into plains. The only important 
 rivers are the Santander. which traverses the state cejitrally 
 from W. to E., and the Panuco or Tauipir>o, which in the S. 
 traverses it in the same direction, and forms part of the 
 boundary between it and the Tamaulipas. The mountain- 
 ous districts abound with excellent pastures, on which great 
 numbei-s of cattle are reared; and the arable districts are 
 remarkable for their fertility, yielding large crops of maize, 
 wheat, and barley. Manufactures have made some progre.ss. 
 and include woollen and cotton fabrics of excellent quality, 
 glass, leather, pottery, and metallic wares. The trade iu 
 home pmducts is limited, but the position of the state makes 
 it the natural entrepot between the creist and the interior 
 for the imports of the United States and Europe. Many 
 valuable mines have been discovereii, and are still worked 
 to some extent. For administrative purposes the state is 
 divided into four departments — San Luis, Itio Verde, Tan- 
 canhuitz, and Venado. subdivided into lu cantons, and 52 
 municipalities. Pop. 394.592. 
 
 SAX LUIS POTOSI, a city of the Mexican Confederation, 
 capital of the alK)ve state, is situated near the source of the 
 river Tampico, 70 miles N.N.E. of Guanajuato. Pop. estimated 
 according to the most recent information at 40.000. It is re- 
 gularly built, handsome, and clean. The houses in the best 
 streets are of stone, and two stories in heiuht; in the suburbs 
 they are of sun-dried brick. The chief edifices are a noble go- 
 vernment house, and m.any fine churches. Its markets are 
 well supplie<l. and it has an active trade with the neighboring 
 departmi-nts in its home manufiu:tured goods and foreign 
 Imports, which comprise French brandv, wines, silk.>i. and 
 woollens, English printed cottons and hardwares, and North 
 American cottons. Ac. Its foreign trade is .almost wholly 
 conducted by subjects of Spain or the United States. The 
 other towns of the department are Catorce and Valles. 
 
 ^^•''^'^ '"''^' "*" ''^''' '^- " '"^" *"*''° '^^ San Diego 
 CO.. California, is situated on the sea coast, and on the main 
 road from Sacramento City to San Diego, 84 miles in a 
 KtraiKht line S.E of Los Angeles. 
 
 SAX LUPO. sin lot/po, a town of Naples, province of San- 
 Ulii. 21 miles S. of CamBf>ba,s80. Pop. 1800. 
 
 S.\X MAIU;klI/», sin maa-chfl'lo. a village of Tuscany, 
 provjuce, and 30 miles X.W. of Florence. 
 1700 
 
 SAN 
 
 SAN MARCO. s3n maRHco, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabrii Citra, 17 miles N.N.W. of Cosenzii. It is the see of 
 a bishop. Pop. 1200. ' 
 
 SAN MAKCO. a town of Sicily, province, and 48 miles 
 W.S.W. of Messina, near the N. coast. Pop., including that 
 of three dependent villages, 4700. 
 
 SAN MARCO, a town of Sicily, province of Messina, 15 
 miles W.S.W. of Patti. Near it are the ruins of a Roman 
 Bridge. Pop. SOOO. 
 
 S.tX MAKCO DKI GAVOTTI, sin maiinio dA'e g^-vot/tee, 
 a village of Italy, province of Principato Ultra, 15 miles N JJ, 
 of Benevento. 
 
 SAN MARCO DI LANTOSCA, sJn maR'ko dee Idn-tosnil b 
 village of the Sardinian States, division, province, and 26 
 miles N. of Nice, on the Vesubia. Pop. liVJl. 
 
 SAN MARCO DI VENEZIA, siln maR'ko dee vi-nJd'ze-l, 
 a village of Italy, in Lombardy, government of Venice, 5 
 miles N.N.E. of Hovigo. on the risrht bank of the Adige. 
 
 SAN MARCO IN CATOLA, sin maR'ko in ka-to'ld. a town 
 of Naples, province of Capitanata, 22 miles S.W. of San Se- 
 vere. Pop. 31 60. 
 
 SAN MAKCO IN LAMIS. s3n maR'ko in Wmis. a town of 
 Naples, province of Capitanata, 12 miles E.N.E. of San Se- 
 vero. Pop. 9000. 
 
 SAN MAR'COS, a small river of Texas, rises near the N. 
 border of Comal county, and flofring S.E., enters the Gua- 
 d.ilupe a little alxive Gonzales. 
 
 S-4lN MARCOS, a small vilLage, capital of Hays co., Texas, 
 30 miles S.S.W. of Austin. 
 
 SAN MARINO, s^n mS-ree'no, or SAMMARINO. s3m-mj. 
 ree/no. a town and republic of Italy, forming one of the small- 
 est and most ancient states in Europe, enclosed on .til sides 
 by the Pontifical States, in lat 43° 58' N., Ion. 12° 21' E. 
 Area, 22 square miles. Pop. 7600. It consists of a craggy 
 mountain about 2200 feet in height, on which is the town; 
 and some circumjacent territories, with 4 or 5 villages. The 
 town, built around a hermitage founded in 441 by Marinus, 
 a native of Dalumtia, is accessible by only one road, sur- 
 rounded by walls, and has 3 forts. The principal etlifices 
 are the town-hall, 6 churches, one having the tomb and 
 statue of JIariuus, (or San Marino;) a theatre, 2 convents, 
 2 vast cisterns for the use of the public, the governor's 
 palace, with schools and museums. The more wealthy citi- 
 zens reside in the suburb called the Borgo. 'I'he inhabit- 
 ants are chiefly occupied in rural indu.stry and silk m.anu- 
 factures. The legislature of the republic is a .senate of 60 
 members, elected for life, equally from the ranks of nobles, 
 citizen.*, and jx'asants. Since 1847, the executive council of 
 12 members has been popularly elected. Two capiluni rtg- 
 genii or presidents, are chosen every 6 months; and justice 
 is administered by a foreigner, appointed for 3 years, and in- 
 cap.»ble of r<>electiou more than once. Two legal function- 
 aries and two secretaries of state are the Oliver public oflicers. 
 The public revenue is $6600 annually. The military con- 
 sists of 80 men. forming the guard of the regency. 
 
 SAN JIARTl DI PItOVENSALS. s^n maii'teedee pro-v?n. 
 s3ls, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 4 milea 
 from Barcelona. Pop. 2444. 
 
 SAN MARTIN, sin maR/tin', a river of Spain, in Aragon, 
 after a N.E. course of 70 miles, joins the Ebro 10 miles 
 E.N.E. of I jar. which town and Montalvan are on its banks. 
 
 SAN MARTIN. s3n maR-teen'. a thriving village of the 
 Argentine Republic, province, and 30 miles E.S.E. of Cordova. 
 Pop. 2(100. 
 
 SAN MARTIN, CAPE, of Spain, in Valencia, is a head- 
 land on the Mediterranean. 10 miles S.E. of Denia. 
 
 SAN MARTIN DE MONTALBAN. sdn maR-leen' di mon- 
 tjl-bdn', a small town of Spain, 24 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, 
 having an ancient shrine, and a celebrated castle. 
 
 SAN MARTIN DE OSCOS, sin mas-teen' di os'koce, a 
 town of Spain. ,=iS miles W. of Oviedo. Pop. 1472. 
 
 SAN MAIiTIN DE TREVEJO. sin maR-teen' dA trA-v4'- 
 Ho. a town of Spain, province, and 37 miles S.W. of Salamanca. 
 It has several oil mills, and some woollen manufactures. 
 
 SAN JIARTIN DE UNX. sAn maR-teen' dA oonk. a mar- 
 ket'town of Spain, in Navarre, province, and 14 miles SJ3. 
 of Pamplona, with remains of old fortifications. 
 
 SAN MARTIN DE VAL DE IGLESIAS, sin maR-teen' 
 dA vll dA ee-glA'se-ls, a market-town of Spain, province of 
 Madrid, near I'rado. Pop. 3375. 
 
 SAN MAKTIMIO. See Sao M.\RTiNno. 
 
 SAN MARTIN UO DOS MOUROS. See S.iO M.\KmHO Dr 
 MoiRos. 
 
 SAX MAR-HN ISLAND. See Saixt Martin. 
 
 SAN MARTIN MEZQUITA. sin niaR'teen mfz-kee'tl a 
 town of Spain, in O.ilicia. about 50 miles from Orense. P. 2290. 
 
 SAN JIAKTINO. sin maR-tee'no, a town of Italy, in Lorn- 
 hardy, 14 miles W.S.W. of Mantua, near the Oglio. 
 
 SAN .MAI'.TINO, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 6 miles 
 S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 2416. 
 
 SAN M.\RT1X0. a village of the Austrian dominions, in 
 lUyria; government of Triest. 5 miles N.N.W. of Goritx. 
 
 SAN M ARTINO, sin mlR-tet/no. a village of Sicily, 6 mile* 
 W. of Palermo, has a Benedictine abbey, with a rich library, 
 and museums of natural history, coins, aud antiquitifl*. 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 8AN JiARTINO, sin maR-tee'no, a town ot the Sardinian 
 States, division, and K. of Genoa. Pop. 3003. 
 
 SAX MAKTINO, s3u maR-tee'no. a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Molise (Sannio.) S miles E.N.E. of Larino. Pop. 323;'). 
 
 SAN .MAItTINO SICUMAKIO. sin maR-t*e/no se-ko-md- 
 rei^'no, villaice of the Sardinian States, division of Xovara, 3 
 miles S.S.W. of Pavia. Pop. 1470. 
 
 SAX MATKO, sin ind-t;i'o, a small walled town of Spain, 
 province, and 32 miles X. of Castellon de la Plana. 
 
 SAN M.4TK(). s4n niR-tA'o. a town of South America, in 
 Venezuela, department, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Cumana. 
 Pop. 7000. See 6X<i Matiiehs. 
 
 SAN MATKO. sdn md-ti'o, or VEGA DE SAN MATEO, 
 vA'^d d;l sdn md-t-i'o, a town of the Canaries, on the island 
 of Gran Canaria. I'op. 2781. 
 
 SA\ MATl'^O, sdn md-td'o, a mountain pass of South 
 America, in lat. W^ 48' S. Height, lo.'tiO. 
 
 S.\X M.'VU 1(0. sdn mow'ro, a small town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of liasilicata. 22 miles S.W. of .Matera. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SAX MK11EI>K 1)1 MUXDOVI, sdnme-ki/lA dee mon-do- 
 vee', a villaire of Savoy, 3i miles E. of Mondovi. 
 
 SAN MIGUKL. sdn me-gh^l', a town of Central America, 
 state, and 4.5 miles E.S.K. of San Salvador, on a navigable 
 river. 20 miles from its mouth in the Gulf of Fonsec;i. (on 
 the Pacitie Ocean.) Pop. 8000. It is the seat of large tairs. 
 N. of it is a volcano of the sjime name. 
 
 SAN .MIGUEL, a town of Texas, on the Puerco, S.E. of 
 Santa F6. J'op. 2000. 
 
 SAX .MIGUEL, a town of South America, province, and 
 35 miles N. of Parahiba. 
 
 SAN .MUiUEL, a town of Brazil, province of I'.io Grande 
 do Sul. 1 SO miles W.N.W.of Porte Alepre. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAX MKiUEL, a small river of Texas, which ri.ses in Me- 
 dina county, and flowing S.E., falls into Hio Frio. 
 
 SAX MIGUEL, sSn me-gh5l', (St. Michael.) a county in the 
 E. part of New Mexico. It is intersected by the Pecos and 
 Canadian Hivers. Indian corn and wheat are the staples. 
 It contains 11 churches. Pop. 13,714. 
 
 SAN MIGUEL, a town, ii>rmeriy a mis.sionary settlement 
 of San Luis Obispo county, California, is situated on tlie 
 main road from San .lose to Los Angeles, 160 miles in a 
 straight lini» S.K. by S. of San Franci.sco. 
 
 SAN .MKiUKL, sdn me-ghSl', a village of Uolivia, province 
 of Chiquitos. on a granite height. 160 miles N.E. of Santji 
 Cruz de la Sierra. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 SAN MIGUKL, sdn me-gh8l', a gulf of New Granada, in 
 the Isthmus of Darien, forms an indentation of the Bay of 
 Panama, on the E. side, about lat. 8° 10' N., Ion. 78^^ 20' \V. 
 
 SAX MIGUEL, sdn me-gh^l', a town of Central America, in 
 the state of Salvador, capital of a district, and on a river of the 
 same name, sometimes called the Sirana. 80 miles E.S. K. of San 
 Salvador. It is an ancient place, founded alx)ut 1530, and 
 has many substantial and well-built hou.ses, partly con- 
 structed of lava, quarried from streams which have issued 
 from the volcano of San Miguel, which stands at some dis- 
 tance to the S.W. of the town. The trade is chiefly in in- 
 digo, for the cultiviition of which the district is celebrated. 
 Pop. 9t)00 to lo.oOO. 
 
 SAN MIGUEL, a volcano of Central America, in the State 
 of Salva<l<ir, which ri.ses from low, level ground to the height 
 of about 5000 feet, has a base of several leagues in circuit, 
 and has- sent forth repeated discbarges of volcanic matter at 
 Intervals of about 25 years, though none of serious violence 
 have occurred in modern times. 
 
 SAN MIGUEL, a harbor of New Granada, an inlet in the 
 Gulf, interspersed with a few islets, having an entrance 
 alx)ut 6 miles wide, and extending about 8 miles inland, 
 with soundings in from 8 to 15 fathoms. It communicates, 
 at its inner part, with Darien Harbor, through Boca Grande 
 and Boca Chica Passages. Darien Harbor has a depth of 
 from 9 to 14 fathoms at low water, is about 10 miles long by 
 6 miles broad, and completely sheltered. These two harl)ors 
 have been pointed out as furnishing an eligible termination 
 to a tidal inter-oeeanie cjtnal between the Atlantic and Pa- 
 cific, pioposed to be cut from Cak>donia Bay, on the C<aril> 
 bean Sea, a distance to the Lara, where the tide ceases to 
 affect it, of only 30 miles. 
 
 SAN MIGUKL EL QKANDE, sdn me-gh5l' il grdn'dd, a 
 town of the Mexican Confederation, department, and 40 
 miles E. of Guanajuato. Pop. 3000. (?) 
 
 SAN MIGUKL TABAGON, sdn me-ghSl' td-sd-gon', a vil- 
 lage of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 35 miles thim Pon- 
 tevedra. on the right bank of the Minho. Pop. 1152. 
 
 SAN MINIATELLO. sdn me-ne-d-tM'lo, a market-town of 
 ru.scany, near Florence. 
 
 SAN .MIXIATO, sdn me-n6-d'to,or SAMMINIATO,a town 
 of Tuscany, province, and 21 miles W.S.VV. of Florence, on 
 the Arno. Pop. 2383. It has a cathedral. It is the original 
 seat of the family of Bonaparte, and birthplace of Francisco 
 Sforza. 
 
 SANNA, sdn'.ni, a river of European Turkey, rises in 
 Turkish Croatia, Hows first S.E., then circuitously N.W. to 
 Novi. where it joins the Unna after a course of 75 miles. 
 
 SAXNAGH ISLAND, North Pacitie. See Halibut. 
 
 SANXaZAIIO, sdn-udd-zd'ro, a village of the Sardinian 
 
 States, division of Novara. province of Vercelli, near th( 
 Sesia. Pop. 1197. 
 
 SANNAZZAKO DEI BORGONDT, sdn-ndt-.sd/ro d.Ve boa 
 gon'dee, a town of the Sardinian States, division of Xovariv 
 province of Lomellina. 19 miles N.E. of Alessandria. 
 
 SAN NICANDUO, sdn ne-kdn'dro, a town of Naples pro- 
 vince of Capitanata. in the peninsula of Gargano, 10 Mile* 
 E. of licsina. Pop. 7800. 
 
 SAN NICANDUO, a town of Naples, province, and 10 miles 
 S.W. ofBari. Pop. 2900. 
 
 SAN NICOLA, sdn nee-ko^ld, a Tillage of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra II., district of Monteleone. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SA.\ MCOLA, a village of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra II., district of Cotrone. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 SAN XICOLA, a village of Naples, province of Principato 
 Ultra, district of Ariano. Pop. loOO. 
 
 SAN NICOLA, a village of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, district of Casertii. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SA.\ NICOLAS, sdn nee/ko-ldfi, one of the Cape Verd 
 Islands, in the Atlantic, nearly in the centre of the group, 
 in lat. UP 35' N.. lou. 24° 15' W. Jx-ngth, 30 miles ; breadth, 
 15 miles. Pop. 6000. 'J'he surface is mountainous. The 
 chief town, Sa.\ Nicolas, has 1400 inhabitants, and is the 
 residence of the bishop of the Cape Verd Islands. 
 
 SAN NICOLAS, a city of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata.) 120 miles from Buenos Ayres. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAN NICOLAS DE NEDA, sdn neko-lds/ dd nd'od, a 
 town of Spain, province, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Corunna, 
 near Ferrol. I'op. 2800. It has iron and copper works, a 
 glue factory, and a baking establishment for the arsenal at 
 Ferrol. 
 
 SAN NICOLO. sdn ne ko-lo', one of the Tremiti Islands, 
 is a volcanic island in the Adriatic Sea, which was in a 
 state of activity in 1826. 
 
 SAX NICOLO, sdn nee-ko-lo',th8 capital town of the island 
 of Tinos, Grecian Archipelago, on the S.E. coast of the island. 
 Pop. 4000. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral, built 
 since 1820. 
 
 SAN NICOLO, ne-ko-lo', a small seaport on the E. coast 
 of the Grecian island of Cerigo. 
 
 SAN NICOLO. a small town of the Oreci.an island of Paxo, 
 opposite which there is anchorage in from 14 to 28 fathoms. 
 
 SAN NICOLO, a port of the Grecian island of Santorini 
 below the town of Kpanomeri.a. It is a fine harbor of the 
 shape of a half-moon, but too deep for anchoring in. 
 
 SA.VNIO, (anc. Hxm/nium,) province, Naples. See MoLlSE. 
 
 SANNOIS, sdn^nwd', a village of F'ranee, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise. 12 miles N.N.Fi. of Versailles. Pop. 1603. 
 
 SANOK, sd'nok, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 33 
 miles W. of Varoslav. I'op. IsOo. 
 
 SAN P.\BLO, sdn pdii'lo, a Imy of California, connected 
 with Suisun Bay by the Straits of Kai-quenas. 
 
 SAN PADRE, sdn pd/drd. a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro, 9 miles S. of the Melfa. Pop. 2217. 
 
 S.\N I'ADRO, pd'dro, a post-oliice of Los Angeles cc, Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 SAN PAXORAZIO, sdn pdn-krdd'zeK), a village of Italy, 
 2 miles W. of Parma. Pop. 3270 
 
 SAN PAXTALEO, sdn pdn-td-l.Vo, an islet off the W. coast 
 of Sicily, 5 miles N. of Marsala, with ruins of the ancient 
 Molya. 
 
 SAN PANTALEO. a village of Sardinia, division, and U 
 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1344. 
 
 SAN PAOLO DE LOANDA. See Saint Paul de Loaxda. 
 
 SAN PAS'QUAL, a small village of San Diego co., Cali- 
 fornia, 97 miles nearly S.K. of Los Angeles. 
 
 S.AN P.\TRIC10, sdn pd-tree'se-o, a county in the S. part 
 of Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 
 about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by 
 Aransas River, and on tho S.W. by the Nueces. Tho sur- 
 face has but little elevation ; the land near tire rivers is said 
 to be fertile. Capit.il, San Patricio. Pop. 620, of whom 525 
 were free. 
 
 SAN PATRICIO, a post-village, capital of San Patricio co., 
 Texas, on the left l)ank of Nueces River. 
 
 SAN PAULO, town and province, Brazil. See SSo Paulo. 
 
 SAN PE/DRO, a post-oflice of Houston co., Texas. 
 
 SAN PE'DRO, (Sp. pron. sdn piVoro,) a bay and inlet of the 
 Pacific Ocean, in Calitbrnia, 105 miles S.E. of Santa Barbara, 
 in lat. 33° 48' N., ion. 118° W. 
 
 SAN PEDRO, sdn p.Vdro, a town of New Granada, depart- 
 ment of Cundiuamarcii, province, and 25 miles S.E. of Au- 
 tioquia. 
 
 SAX PF;DR0, a town of Bolivia, on the Mamore River, in 
 lat. 14° S., Ion. 04° 48' W. 
 
 SAN I'EDKO, a river of the Mexican Confederation, (\t^ 
 partment of Tabc.sco, tributary to the Usumasiuta, which it 
 joins near its mouth in the Tabasco. 
 
 SAN PKDRO, sdn pee'dro, (Port. Sua Pedro, sown" pd'dro,) 
 a town of Portuguese India, 2 miles W. of Old Goa. 
 
 SAN PKDRO, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata,) 190 miles from Buenos Ayres. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAN PEDRO, the port of Los Angeles. California, lies in 
 lat. 33° 45'. Like most of the harbors on tlie coast, it is 
 open to the S. winds, but it is the best of that class. The 
 
 1701 
 
=^ 
 
 SAN 
 
 anchnr»?e is (»ood. Goods have to be landed in lighters. 
 The hai ixir niiirht lie made entirely secure by a breakwater. 
 San Peoro will probably be next to San Diego in importance 
 on the !5. coast. At piesent it is the point on the coast most 
 ac-wsil.'e to the S. poi-tion of the Tulare Valley. The town 
 at pro&ant is quite s-nall. It has regular communication 
 with San Francisco b ' steam. , , , 
 
 SAX PEDRO DEL MAURIQUE. sdn p.Voro dol muw-rec/- 
 kA, a small town of Spain, province, and 18 miles N.E. of 
 Soria. Pop. <;2". , , . „ i 
 
 SAN PKDltO DEL ROMERAL, sdn pi'Dro dM ro-mA- 
 rlV, a small t^iwn of Spain, province, and 26 miles S. of San- 
 tander, in the Cantabrian Mountains. Pop. 2596. 
 
 ifAN PEDKO DE RIBAS, san pA'dro dA ree/bda, a town of 
 Spiiin. in Catalonia, province, and about 24 miles from 
 Barcelona. IVp. 2114. 
 
 SAN PEDRO TIXEO, sdn p.Vnro te-niyo,a town of Spam, 
 In Asturias. province, about .33 mile? W. of Oviedo. Pop. 1252. 
 
 SAN PEDRO Y SAN PABLO, RIO DE. ree'odi sdn pi/dro 
 e fin pj/ulo. (" River of St. Peter and St. Paul,") enters the 
 Caribbean Sea. 10 miles N.E. of the Tabasco. 
 
 SAN PELLEGRINO, sjn pM-lA-gree'no, a village of Lom- 
 bardy, 8 miles N. of Bergamo. Pop. ^300. 
 
 SAN PETE, a large county in the E. part of Utah Terri- 
 tory, has an urea estimated at about lo,000 BCjuare iiiile.-i. 
 It is bounde<l on the E. by the State of Colorado, and is in- 
 tersected by Green and Grand Rivers, by whoso tj-ibutiu-ics 
 it is chiefly (hained. Capital, Manti. Pop. 3815. 
 
 SAN PIER D'ARENA. s3n pe-CR di-r&fuL a market-town 
 of Sardinia, division, and 2 miles W. of Genoa. Pop. 7716. It 
 has iron foundries, susar refinerie."!. and an extensive trade. 
 
 SAN PIERO A SIEVE, siln pe-4'ro d se-a'vA, a market-town 
 of Italy, in Tuscanv. 14 miles N.E. of Florence. Pop. 2oU0. 
 
 3AX PIERRE D'ALBIGXY, sdn pe-aiu/ dirbeen'yee,' 
 (anc. Pagus Albinensis ?) a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Savoy, near the Isere, 11 miles E.S.E. of Cham- 
 bery. Pop. 3498. 
 
 SAN PIETKO, sdn pe-.Vtro, a village of Italy, in Lom- 
 bardv. government of Venice, 12 miles E.N'.E. of Udine. 
 Pop.2G00. 
 
 SAN PIETRO, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, province of 
 Pisa, on the coast opposite Elba. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAN PIETRO, a village of Naples, province of Principato 
 Citra, 5 miles S. of PoU.a. Pop. 3500. 
 
 SAN Pi ETRO, a small island in the -Mediterranean, off the 
 S.W. coast of Sardinia. Pop. 2200. 
 
 SAN PIETRO. sdn pe-A'tro, a small island in the Mediter- 
 ranean, off the S.W. coast of Sardinia. Pop. 2200. 
 
 SAN PIETRO. an island off the S.W. coast of Sardinia, 5 
 miles N.W. of Saut' Antioco. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 5 
 miles. Pop. 3235. 
 
 SAN PIETRO, sdn pe-Mro, a village of Sicily, provinceof 
 Syracuse. 9 miles S.S.W. of Modi<ni. 
 
 SAN PIETKO, a town of Sicily, province, and about 13 
 miles W. of Me.ssina. Pop. 2600. 
 
 SA.\ PIETRO, a town of Sicily, province of Messina, in a 
 ravine of the mountain above Patti. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SAN PI ETRO AD SEPIIIJI. sdn pe-A'tro dd .sA-feem/. a vil- 
 lage of Italy, province of Principato Citra, 3 mile» N.W. of 
 Salerno. Pop. 2000, 
 
 SAX PIETRO DI MONTEROSSO. sin pe-.Vtro dee mon-tA- 
 ros'so. a village of the Sardinian States, divi.<iion of Coni, on 
 the Grana. Pop. 1849. 
 
 SAN PIETRO IN GALATINA. sdn pe-A'tro in gd-ld-tee'nd, 
 a village of Italy, province of Otrauto, 13 miles S. of Lecce. 
 Pop. 2300. 
 
 SAN-POO. sin-poo or san'po', written also DZANBO 
 and DZ.ANVO, a large river of Thibet, rises near lat. 
 30" 40' N., Ion. 82° E., flows eastward, receiving numerous 
 affluents, and has bt»en traced as far as Ion. 93° E., beyond 
 which point it is believed to Iw continuous with the Dihoug, 
 a chief arm of the Bralimapootni. See Ueahmapootra. 
 
 SAXQIIIIAR, sank'ker. a parliamentary and municipal 
 burgh, inl.and town, and parish of Scotland, co., and 24 
 miles N.X.W. of Dumfries, on the Nith. Pop. of the parlia- 
 menfcii-y burgh, in 1861, 2.381; of the town, 1884. It has a 
 handsfiine parish church, town-hnll, several schools, and a 
 subscription library: considerable manufactures of woollen 
 and cotton Jabrlcs. hosiery, and carpets, with muslin sew- 
 ing and embroidery for the Glasgow manufactures. The 
 burch unites with Dumfries, Annan, Lochm.iben, and 
 Kirkcudbriirht in sending 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. Coal-mines are wrought in the vicinity. Imme- 
 rtmtely S.E. of the town, on a steep bank overlooking the 
 Mth.is the picturesque Castle of Sanquhar, now the pro- 
 perty of the Duke of Buccleuh. 
 
 BAN yUlHICO, sdn kwee're-ko. a village of the Sardinian 
 Stet.s. divi<;ir)n, and a little W. of Genoa. Pop. 2508. 
 
 SAX (JCIItICO IN VAL D'OllCIA. sdn kwee're-ko in vdl 
 doitrh,.,Jl a village of Tuscany. 6 miles from Pien/a. P. 1664. 
 
 .V\X ItA'iAKL, a post-town in the E. part of Marin co., 
 Lalirorni:v. of which it is tbe capital, is situated on the San 
 l*«blo R«y. about 25 miles W. of Benicia. 
 
 BA v 1! v?-'?-'*i'' P?f'^™':« of «^ontra Costa co.. California. 
 ,,^ ' **" ri/mo, a maritime village of Korth Italy, 
 lt02 
 
 SAN 
 
 on the Mediterranean, 14 miles S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 8854. 
 It is well built, and has a small harbor, where coasting ves- 
 sels load with oil. dried fruits, oranges, and fish. 
 
 SAX ROCli, sdn rok, a village of Erauce, in the depart- 
 ment of Haute Savoie, near Sallauches. Population, 
 1670. 
 
 SAN ROMAN DE LA VEGA, sdn ro-min' di Id vA/gd. a 
 village of Spain, province of Leon, district of Astorgo, on tbe 
 Tuerto. Pop. 1710. 
 
 SAN ROMANO, sdn ro-ind'no, a village and parish of 
 Tuscany, on a plateau near the Arno, about 1 mile from 
 Stefano. Pop. 1170. 
 
 SAN ROMANO DI GARFAGNA, sdn ro-md'no dee gaR- 
 fdn'yd, a village of Italy, in the province of Modena, at the 
 foot of Mount Verrucole. near tbe right bank of the Serchio. 
 Pop. 1487. 
 
 S.AN ROMiO. sdn ro-mSwN"', a town and pari.sh of Portu- 
 gal, province of Beira Baixa, about 45 miles N.E. of Coimbra. 
 Pop. 1503. 
 
 SAN ROQUE, sdn ro'kA. or SAINT ROQUE. sent rOk, a 
 city of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 56 miles S.E. of 
 Cadiz, and 7 miles N.W. of Gibraltar. The public buildings 
 and institutions consist of a granary, a foundling hospital, 
 and asylum for the poor in one edifice; various schools, with 
 a church which has served as a cliapel of ease, and in which 
 the poet and soldier Cadalso. who was killed at the seigeof 
 Gibraltar, lies buried ; a Franciscan monastery, now con- 
 verted into a prison: and an oratory. San Roque was built 
 in 1704, by the Spaniards, after the lo.ss of Gibraltar: they 
 used the remains of Carteia as a quarry. It is vei-y healthy, 
 on which account, and the cheapness of living, it is much 
 ra^orted to by patients from Gibraltar. Pod. 7619. 
 
 SAN (or SAM) ROQUE. See Saint Roque. 
 
 SAN ROQUE DE RIO.MIERA, sdn ro'ka dd re-o-me-A'rd, a 
 town of Spain, province, and 21 miles B. of Santander. Pop. 
 1200. 
 
 SAN RUFFINO DI LEVI, sdn roof-fee'no dee lA'vee, a vil- 
 lage of the Saidinian States, division of Genoa, near the 
 Ectella. Pop. 1698. 
 
 S.AN SA'UA, a small river of Bexar co., Texas, flows into the 
 Colorado River, which is here the E. boundary of the county. 
 
 SAN SALVADOR, sdn sal-vd-don'. or SAINT SALVADOR, 
 a republic of Central America, bounded N. and N.E. by 
 Honduras: N.W. by Guatemala, from which it is separated 
 by the Rio Paza: E. by Nicaragua: S.E. by the liay of 
 Conchagua or Fonseca: and S. by the Pacific Ocean. Area, 
 about 7500 square miles. Its coast-liue extends nearly 
 1.50 miles, is deeply indented, particularly in the S.E., 
 and furnishing several good harbors, of which the most 
 frequented are La Union, within the Bay of Conchagua; 
 the roitdstead of Lilx'rtad, and A»ajutla or Sonsonate. The 
 surface from the shore N. for about 15 miles, is mode- 
 rately low and level, hut it shortly after becomes broken 
 and rugged, and is traveised by n)ountaiu masses in dis- 
 tinct groups, givina it a wild appearance. This is increased 
 by no fewer than five volcanoes, which may be considered 
 the distingui.shing features of the state. The most active 
 is Yzalco. but the loftiest are San Vicente and Sail .Salvador, 
 each about 9000 feet liigb. The largest river is the Ix'nipa, 
 which issuing fi-om the I^tke of Guija, flows S.E.. forming 
 part of the l^undary between .San Salvador and H' nduras. 
 The next in magnitude are the Paza and the Sirama or San 
 Miguel. Other smaller streams are numerous and import- 
 ant, as furnishing the means of irrigation. Besides I>ake 
 Gui.ia already mentioned, wliich is about 15 miles long, by 
 5 miles broad, there is another called the Ylspango, 6 miles 
 E. of the town of San Salvador. 9 miles long, by 3 miles 
 broad. Numerous mineral and thermal springs occur in many 
 quarters. The variations of temperature are considerable; 
 but on the whole, the country is considered very healthy. 
 
 The soil possesses great fertility, and the whole state is 
 one of the best cultivated in Central America. The most 
 impoitant crop is indigo, which is generally grown, and is 
 of an excellent quality. Maize, sugar, coilee. tobacco, cot- 
 ton. &c. thrive well, but wheat does not suc-ceed except in 
 a few places; and fruits, though by no means deficient, are 
 neither so various nor so abundant as in the state of Gua- 
 temala. Cattle of a fine r.ace. and hogs and poultry are 
 numerous, but sheep are few and very indifferent. The 
 dairy produce is chiefly confined to cheese of very ordinary 
 quality, which forms one main article of snb.sistence; on 
 some estates, particularly near the eoast, a lich and excel- 
 lent cream-cheese is made. The part of the coast between 
 .Acajutla and Libertad is famous for producing the article 
 known in commerce as the balsam of Peru, of whi;h from 
 lo.OtW to 20.000 pounds' weight are annually obtained. 
 -Another tree of almost e(iual value with the balsam is the 
 cedar; large quantities are annually cut for tinilier. The 
 mineral deposits, once supposed to form the chief wealth 
 of the state, appear to be very much exhausted. Gold and 
 silver are still e.xtrhcttHl. but the returns are not under- 
 stood to be very profitable. Iron of excellent quality, ro- 
 sembling the celebrated wootz of India. use<l to turnish ire 
 to two or three smelt ing-furnaces ip 'he i fighb rhood of 
 Metapa, but is no longer worked. 
 
SAN 
 
 For rtdministratire purposes the state is divided into four 
 districts, called fiom their chief towns — Pan Miguel, Pan 
 Vicente, S.m Salvador, and Santa Anna or Snnsonate. The 
 Republic of San Salvador i.i among the most advanced in 
 civilization and culture, and its population more peaceable, 
 had long the reputation of being the roost Industrious in 
 Central America, and the state, in proportion to its size, is 
 still the most densely peopled. Pop. 280,000, 
 
 SAX SAI.VADOll. sin sai-vd-ddR', or SAINT SAL'VADOIl', 
 a city of Centr.al America, capital of the federal district of 
 that confederation, before its dissolution, is .situated on a 
 small stream which flows into the Pacific Ocean. 105 miles 
 S.K. of Guatemala. Lat. 13° 44' S., Ion. 89° 8' W. It stands 
 between wooded heights, in a well-watered vale, several 
 thou.sand feet al)Ove the I'acific, and about .3 miles S.K. of 
 the volcano of San Salvador. Seen from the town, this 
 fire-mountain forms a most beautiful cone with a gently- 
 sloping sunnuit, crowned to the highest peak with thiik 
 forests. The crater is perfectly well preserved, more than 
 half a league in circumference, and partially filled with 
 water. It rises alwut 1000 feet above the table-land on 
 which it stands. The other hills, both those which belong 
 to the volcanic range S., and those of the 8emi-<'ircle above 
 mentioned, rise not-more than 1500 feet above the level of 
 the plain. 
 
 Tile city of San Salvador Is said to have been founded in 
 1523 by Spanish emigrants. It has, at dilferent periods, 
 greatly siiir.-red by earthcjuakes, especially in the year 
 l(i.')9 and l'^.'i4. when it was nearly destroyed. The popula- 
 tion, a shoit time before the recent catiistrophe, amounted 
 to al)Out Is.OliO souls. The town was regularly built, con- 
 tained several churches and convents, and wag the seat of 
 a bi.shop. It was a depot for sugar and indigo, and h.id some 
 manufactures of iron wares and cotton goods. The Federal 
 District comprised a radius of 11 miles around the city, and 
 on the side of the Pacific, to the port of Libertad, 215 miles 
 distant. 
 
 SA.\ SALVADOR, a village of Ecuador, on an affluent of 
 Napo, 20 miles K. of Avila. 
 
 SAN SAI.VADOIt. sAn Ril-va-d6r',0UANAIIANT. gwl-ni- 
 hd'nee. or CAT ISLAND, one of the Bah.ima Islands, in the 
 Atlantic. 2*^ miles K. of Kleuthora. Lat. 2-i<^ N., ami Ion, 70= 
 30' \V. Length, 46 miles: breadth, 5 miles. On its K. side 
 it is bordered by reefs. This was the first land discovered 
 in the New World by Columbus, who landed here October 
 12, 14SI2, , , 
 
 SAX SALVADOR, sin sai-v3-dOii'. or BANZA, bdn'za, a 
 town of Africa, in South (5uinea, capital of Congo, 100 miles 
 S.K. of LoaiiL'O. Pop- 20.000. 
 
 SAX SALVADOR. Brazil. See B\niA, 
 
 SAX SALVADOR D1-! BAYA.MO, sdn sJl-vil-d5K/ dl bja'- 
 mo. a town of Cuba, 78 miles X.W. of Santiago, near the 
 Canto. Pop. estimated from 9000 to 14.000. 
 
 SAX SALVADOR PHQUKXA-sdn sdl-vl-doR' pA-kiVud, an 
 island on the W. side of the aliove. 
 
 SAX SALVADOR SOTOMAYOR, sin sai-v.a-dSa' so'to 
 mi-Oii'. a village of Spain, in (i.ilicia, province, and 7 miles 
 S.S. K. of Pontevedra. Pop. 1780. 
 
 SAX SA(-V.\TOR DE CAXTAMUDA, s3n sai-vd-toR' d.i 
 kin-tS-raoo'Di. a market/town of Spain, province of Palencia, 
 10 miles W'.X.W. of Cervera. 
 
 SAX SAIiVATORE, sdu sil-vito/rJ. a town of the Sar- 
 dinian States, 7 miles X.X.W. of .Alessandria. Pop. 5929. 
 
 S.\NSAX, sin'sSn', a town of Central Africa, in Iloussa; 
 lat. 12° 2u' X., ion. 12° E. 
 
 SAXSAXDIXO, sdn'sdnMing', a town of Central .\frica. 
 state of Bambarra, on the Jolilia, 20 miles N.E. of Sego, It 
 is stated to be a place of extensive trade, And to h.ave from 
 10,000 to 11.000 inhalMtants. Here Mungo Park embarked 
 in his schooner to descend the river, in 1805. 
 
 SAXS.VXIlIXG, a town of Central Africa, state of Wulli, 
 on an atfluent of the Senegal; lat. 13° 40' N., Ion. 1.3° 15' E. 
 
 SAXSAUIA, sJnsil/re-d, a market-town of Central Ame- 
 ricii. state, and E. of Guatemala. 
 
 S.\.X S.\STE, a town of Xaples, province of Calabria Citra, 
 B.W, ofCastrovillari. Pop. 1830. 
 
 SAX SATUKXIXO DE XOYA. s3n sJ-tooR-nee'no Ah no/yd, 
 a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 18 miles from 
 Barcelona. Pop. 1299. 
 
 SAX SEB.\STIAN, s3n s.Vbds-te-an', the capital town of 
 the island of Gomera. in the Canaries, on its E. coast. Pop. 
 1594. It is well built, and has a harbor defended by several 
 forts. 
 
 SAN SEBASTIAN DR LOS REYES, sin sA-bds-to-an' d:\ 
 loce ri'Js, a town of South America, iu Venezuela, province, 
 and 50 miles S.S.W. of Caracas. 
 
 S.'iN SEB.\STIAXO. sdn sA-bds-te-d'no, a village of the 
 Sardinian States. 15 miles N.E. of Turin, on a height near 
 the riL'ht bank of the Po. Pop. 1929. 
 
 SAN SECOXDO, sdn s.A-k'-n'do, a market-town of North 
 Italy, in Piedmont, division of Turin 2 miles S.S.W. of Pine- 
 Tolo. Pop. 20C.. 
 
 SAN SECONDO. See Parma. 
 
 SAXSEOO, sdn-sd'go, an island of Illyria, in the Adriatic, 
 6 miles S.W of the island of Lossini. 
 
 SAN 
 
 SANSELLAS. sdn-sMlds, a town of the island of JIajon.a- 
 15 miles E.X.E. of Palma. Pop. 3213. 
 
 SAN SEVEllIXO, sdn lo-rSn'zo sd-vA-ree'no, a toivn of 
 Italy, in the frovince of Jlaceratii, and 15 miles W.S.W. of 
 Jliuerata, on the Poteuza. Pop. oOOO. It is a bishop's see, 
 and has 10 convents. 
 
 S.\X SEVERINO, a village of Naples, province of Basil 
 cata, 22 miles E.S.E. of Lagonegro. 
 
 SAN SEVERIXO, a village of Italy, province ol Principato 
 Citra, 8 miles X. of S.alenio. 
 
 SAX SEA'ERO, sdn sil-vA'ro. a town of Naples, province ol 
 Capitanata, 17 miles X.W. of Koggiiu Pop. 17.U00. It is 
 large, and has a cathedral, several parish churches, a dio- 
 cesan seminary, and a trade in cattle. 
 
 SAN SI.MEOX, a port of Calif .rnia, in lat. 35° 37' N. 
 
 SAX SOSIO, sdn so'se-o, a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, 4 miles N.X.W. of Trevico. I'op. 2000. 
 
 S.\XS SOUCI. a palace of Prussia. See Potsdam. 
 
 SAN STEFAXO, the name of several towuii of lU'ily and 
 Sicily. See Santo Stefa.no. 
 
 SAX-TA. a fortified city of China. See Tsanta. 
 
 S.\NTA, a river of North Peru, has a N.W. course of 200 
 miles, and opposite its mouth are the i.slets of Santa. 
 
 SAXTA, sdn'td, or PAIIIIJ.A, pdreel'yd, a town of North 
 Peru, department, and 65 miles S.E. of Trujillo, (Truxillo,) 
 on the river Santa, near its mouth in the Pacific. 
 
 SAXTA AXA DE TAMAUI^IPAS. Pw Tami'K o. 
 
 SANTA AXXA, dn'nd, a lake of Mexico, in Guatemala, 
 province of Tabasco, 154 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. 
 
 SANTA ANNA, a county in the X.W. part of Nevf 
 Mexico, hiis an area estimated at above 5500 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Rio Grande, and is drained by the 
 Puerco and other streams. The Sierra Madre range of 
 mountains traverses the ^W. part of the couuty. Capital, 
 Jemez. I'op 3572. , , , 
 
 SANTA AX'XA or SANTA ANA. sdn'td d'nd, a small 
 town of Los Angeles CO., Califoini.i, Is situated on a small 
 stream of its own name, and on the main rojid from Sacr.a- 
 mento City to San Diego, 28 miles in a straight line S.E. of 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 PAN'i'A AN'NA, a post-offlce of De Witt co., Illinois, 70 
 mil.-s N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 SANTA ANNA, an island of Brazil, province of Ooyaz, 
 forme<l by two branchi'S of the river Araguay, 210 miles 
 long, and 40 miles broad. 
 
 8.VXTA ANNA, a small island of Brazil, province, and 40 
 miles E.X.E. of Maranhiio. near the coast. 
 
 S.\XTA AXXA. sdn'td dn'nd, a town of Central America, 
 state, and 11 miles W. of San Salvador. Estimated pop. 
 10,(XK1. Its vicinity produces indigo and the best sugar iu 
 the country. Some iron-mines are wrought. 
 
 S.-VXT-A. AXX.\ or AN.V, d'nd. a small town of South , 
 America, in Bolivia, department of Beui, on the Yacumu at 
 the influx of the Rapula. 
 
 SAXTA AXXA, a town of South Peru, 80 miles N.W. of 
 Cuzco. in a picturesque valley. 50 miles in length. 
 
 S.\XT.\ AXXA. .sdn'td dn'nd, a market-town of Brazil, 
 province of Matto Grosso, 30 miles E.X.E. of Cuyab.i. P. 4000. 
 
 S.\XTA AXXA, or VILLA XOV.\, veel'yd nc/vd. a mar- 
 ket-town of Brazil, pnivince of Santa Catharina, 20 miles 
 N.E. of Laguna. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SANTA AXX.i. a market-town of Brtizil. province of SiTo 
 Pedro do Rio Grande, on the Sino, N. of Porto Alegre. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAXTA AXNA DE CHAVES, sdn'td dn'nd dA chd'vjs, the 
 capital town of the Portuguese i,sland of St. Thomas, in the 
 truir of Guinea, on a Iieautiful b;iy on the N.E. side of the 
 island. It consists of about 500 wooden houses, with a 
 fort, and the residence of the Portuiruese governor. 
 
 S.\XT.\ AXXA RIVER, a small stream of Los Angeles 
 CO., in the S.S.E. part of California, tails into the Pacific. 
 
 S.\XT.\ BARBAR.A.. a stniit of the I'acific Ocean, 15 miles 
 across, lietween the mainland and the island of Santa Cruz, 
 190 miles S.E. of Monterey, 
 
 SAXT.\ BAR'BAKA, a county in the S.W. part of Call- 
 fbrnia, has an area estimated at alx)ve 3000 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the'^V. and S. by the Pacific, on the E. and 
 X.E. by the Coast Range, and partly on the X. by the Santa 
 Maria River, and is drained by the Santa Clara or Saticoy, 
 Santa Inez, and other streams, which flow into the Pacific 
 Ocean. The Coast Range iu some parts attains the height 
 of 4000 feet. The San Rafiiel peak, near Santa Inez, is said 
 to be 8000 feet high. A large part of the county is suitable 
 for grazing, but the soil of about one-third is well adapted 
 to the cultivation of grain. Along the streams it is very 
 fertile, with facilities for irrigation. Agriculture is in a 
 very rude state, and material for fencing scarce. There are 
 not less thon 50,000 grape-vines over 40 years old, and seve- 
 ral fine olive orchards in the county, mostly planted by the 
 old missionary priests. The lands near the mouth of the 
 Santa Inez River, and those of the Saticoy, are among the 
 best in the soutliern part of the state. There are several 
 valuable deposits of chromic iron and copper minerals in 
 the mountains near Santa Inez and the upper part of the 
 Saticoy River. Gold is found in the southern part A Iha 
 
 1703 
 
SAN 
 
 «oi>.nty Tlie waters of the coast abound in mackerel, 
 olacklish, crawfish, sardines, clams, and otiier excellent 
 species of fish. Large quantities are taken in April and 
 Blay, at the mouths of the rivers. There are several ex- 
 cellent hot sulphur springs near the town of Santa Barbara 
 [For continuation, see Appendix.] 
 
 SJVNTA B.iRBARA, a post-town and seaport, capital of 
 Santa Barlwira co., California, is situat<?d on the main road 
 firom Ban Jose to Los Angeles, 279 miles in a strai!j;ht line 
 nearly S.K. of San Francisco; lat. 34" 25' N. Its harbor is 
 open to S. winds. The tillable land in the vicinity, thoush 
 fertilft, is hemmed within narrow limits by the Coast 
 Kanse. Settled in I'm. Pop. in 1860, 2.?51. 
 
 SANTA BAK15AKA, sin'tl baR'ba-ri, a town of Brazil, 
 provineo'of Minas Geraes, 30 miles N.N.K. of Ouro Preto. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 SANTA BARB.VU.*., sSn'tl baR-bi'rJ, a small town ofChili, 
 department, and 135 miles E.S.E. of Concepcion, on an is- 
 land in the Biobio, near the Andes. 
 
 S.\NT.\ B.\UB.\UA, a town of A'enezula, department, and 
 on the S. bank of the Orinoco, opposite the influx of the 
 Ventuari. 
 
 SANT.i BARBARA ISLANDS. These islands, nine in 
 number, consist of San Miguel. Srtnta Rosa, Santa Cruz. 
 Anacapa. Santa Barbara, Sant;i Catalina, San Clemen te, San 
 Nicholas, and San Juan. They lie along the S. coast of 
 California, and opposite to the shores of Santa Barbara, Los 
 Angeles, and San Diego counties, extending in a direction 
 from N.W. to S.E.. about 175 mile.s. and at a distance from 
 the land of from 20 to 65 miles. The Santa Barbara Islands 
 are but imperfectly known, and have never been accurately 
 surveyed. Several harbors have been examined by officers 
 of the Uiiitetl States Coast Survey in the Pacific: the prin- 
 cipal of these are Prisoner's Harbor, on the N. side of Santa 
 Cruz: Cuyler's Harbor, on the N.K. side of San Miguel; 
 and Santa Catalina Harbor, on the W. side of the island of 
 the same name. The four first-named islands are separated 
 from the mainland by Santa Barbara Channel, a sound of 
 from 20 to 30 miles wide. 
 
 SANTA CATALINA, sjn'ta kJ-til-lee'na, an island of the 
 Pacific Ocean, separated from California by the channel of 
 S inta Barbara. 
 
 SANTA CATALINA. an islet of the Caribbean Sea. 90 
 railes E. of the Mosquito coast, and immediately N. of Old 
 Providence Island. 
 
 S.\.\TA CATALINA. a good harbor and ,an isltind on the 
 Mosquito coast, in Central America; lat. 13° 23' 40" N., Ion. 
 81° 22' 10" W. 
 
 SANTA C.A.TALTNA, a harbor on the E. coast of New- 
 foundland, immediately N. of the entrance of Trinity Bay. 
 
 SANT.\ CATALINA, a Jesuit missionary station of the 
 Argentine Republic, (La Plata.) department, and 15 leagues 
 from Cordova. 
 
 SANTA CATALINA. a cape of Central America, state, 
 and 70 miles S.S.W. of Nicaragua. 
 
 SANTA CATERINA, sdn'tS kl-tA-ree'nl, a fortified town 
 of Sicilv, 7 miles N,N.W. of Caltanisetta, on a hill near the 
 AV. hank of the Salso. Pop. 5800. 
 
 S.\.NT.A. CATERINA, a market-town of Sicily, province 
 of Caltanisetta. near the se.a. 13 miles W.N.W. ofTerranova. 
 
 SANTA CATERINA, a castle on the highest point of the 
 island of Favignana, off the W. coast of Sicily. See Cateri.xa 
 and Saxta C.^tharixa, 
 
 SANTA CATERINA. sJn'tJ ki-tA-ree'na, a market-town 
 of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., 20 miles S. of 
 Cantanzaro. 
 
 SANTA CATERINA, the northernmost headland of the 
 island of Corfu. 
 
 SANTA CATERINA, CANAL OF, in North It.aly. con- 
 nects, with other canals, the Adige and Bacchiglione Rivers 
 with the Brenta, Length, 8 miles. 
 
 SANTACATIIARINA. a fortified Island of Brazil, form- 
 ing the superb bay of the same name, off the coast of the 
 above province, between lat. 27° and 28° S. Length from 
 N. to S., 30 miles ; breadth. 8 miles. Pop. 12,000. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, well watered, and covered with forest-s, 
 and abounds with natuial curiosities. ,0n its W. coast is the 
 town of Desterro. 
 
 SANTA CATIIARINA, sSn'tS katd-ree'na, a small trlan- 
 gular-shap.'d maritime province of South Brazil, situated 
 between lat, 20° and 30° S., Ion. 49° and 51° W., having 
 E. the jA.tlantic. and on other sides the provinces of Sao 
 Paulc and Rio Grande do Sul. Are.i. 25,(H>2 square miles. 
 Pop. 90,(t00. The coast is low; surface elsewhere moun- 
 fciinous, tr.aversed by the Serra Catharlria on the W., and 
 well watered. From the fertility of the soil, .and the uni- 
 form mildness of the atmosphere, it is called the "paradise 
 of Brazil." The principal crops are rice, manioc, millet, 
 sugar, coffee, and cochine.al. with a little cotton. Principjil 
 towns, Desterro, Sao Francisco, and Laguna. The Assembly 
 Is composed of 211 members. 
 
 SANTA CHRISTINA, one of the Marquesas Islands. See 
 Tahuata. 
 
 SANT.\ CLAR.^. sJn'ta kla'rS, an islet of Ecuador, in the 
 Gulf of Onavaquil, 13 miles S.E. of the Island of Puna. 
 17ui 
 
 SAN 
 
 SANTA CLARA, a county in the W. central part of Call- 
 forni.!, has an area estimated at above 1200 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N.E. by the Coast Range, and ig 
 drained by the Guadalupe River and several other smaller 
 streams flowing into San Franci.sco Bay, which extends a 
 few miles into the county. Soil well adapted to cu tiva- 
 tion, and very fertile along the streams. The county li 
 liartly intersected by the railroad from San l-raucisco to 
 San Jose, the capital. See Appendix. 
 
 SANTA CLAR.A, a post-town of Santa Clara CO., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on a small stream flowing into the head 
 of San Francisco Bay, and on the main road from San Jo8« 
 to San Francisco. See Appe.ndix. 
 
 SANTA CLA'RA RIVER, a small stream of Santa Bar- 
 bara CO., California, rises among the mountains, and flowing 
 in a general W. course, falls into the Pacific. 
 
 SANTA COLO.MA, sgn'td ko-lo^mi, a town of Spain, pro 
 vince of Barcelona. 9i miles S.E. of Cervera. 
 
 SANTA COLOMA DE FARNES. sSn'tS ko-lo^ma d.A fan/ 
 nf s. a town of Spain. 13 miles S.S.W. of Gerona. Pop. 3526 
 
 SANTA COLUMBA DE RIANJO, san'td ko-loom'li d.i re- 
 ang'tio, a town of Spain, in Galicia, province, and about 60 
 miles from Corunna. Pop. 1811. 
 
 SANTA CROCK, a town of Austria, See IIeiuoevKreutz. 
 
 SANTA CROCE (sSn'ta kro/chA) Cape; a headland on the 
 E. coast of Sicilv. N. of Agosta : lat. 37° 15' N., lou. 1.5° 15' E. 
 
 SANTA CRfXiE. ahi'ti V.ro'chS, a market-town of Sicily, 
 CO., and 13 miles S.W. of Modica. near the Mediterranean, 
 
 SANTA CROCE, a market-town of Italv, in Tuscany, on 
 the Arno. 4 miles N.W. of San Miniato. Pop. 5100. 
 
 SANTA CROCE, a town of Illyria, government of Triest, 
 U miles E.S.E. of Goritz. 
 
 . SANTA CROCE DI MAGLIANO, s^n'ta kro'chA dee m.ai- 
 ya'no, a market-town of Naples, province of Molise, 8 miles 
 S.E. of Larino. Pop. 3410. 
 
 SANTA CROCE DI MORCOXE, san'ta kro'ch.-l dee moR- 
 ko/ni, a market-town of Naples, province of Molise, 12 miles 
 S.S.E. ofCampobas.so. Pop. 3040. 
 
 SANT.\ CRUZ, san'ta crooss for crooce.') a river of Pata- 
 gonia, enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat. .50° S.. Ion. 6S° 30' W. 
 It has been explored inland for 200 miles, to near Ion. 72° W., 
 and found to flow throughout very rapidly, between laro 
 ranges, bounding barren and shinsly plains. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ, a bay on the W. side of the island of 
 Curasao. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ, san'ta kroos. or SAINT CROIX. s?nt kroi, 
 the largest and southernmost of the A'irgin Islands, in the 
 West Indies, forming, with St. Thom.as and St. John, the 
 Danish government of the West Indies. It lies 05 miles E.S.E, 
 of Porto Rico; lat. (E. point) 17° 45' 30" N., Ion. 04° 34' W.; 
 and is about 20 miles long from E, to W., by about 5 miles 
 bro,ad. Area. 110 square miles. It is generally fiat, though 
 a range of low heights follow the line of its N. shore, well 
 watered and fertile. Climate at times unhealthy, and tem- 
 perature varying from 54° to 72°. Earthquakes and hurri- 
 canes are frequent. Two-fifths of the island are in sugar" 
 cane plantations, and alxiut one-h.alf is occupied with general 
 crops, only a small portion remjiining uncultivated. Sugar 
 and rum are the pilncipal products; the others are cotton, 
 coffee, and Indigo. Some cattle are reared. The capital and 
 residence of the governor is Christianstadt ; and in the island 
 is another small town, called Frederikstadt. Santa Cruz was 
 discovered by Columbus, on his second voyage; and was, 
 by turns, under the sway of the Dutch, British. Spaniards, 
 and French, who ceded it to Denmark. It was taken by the 
 British in 1807. and restored to the Danes by the treaty of 
 Paris. The prevailing language is English. P>p. 2o.6i)0. 
 
 S.\NTA CRUZ, an island off the coast of California, sepa. 
 rated from the mainland by Santa Barbara Channel. Cir- 
 cumference, about 45 miles. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ, an island in the Gulf of California, SO 
 miles S.E. of Loreto. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ, an i.sland group of the Pacific Ocean. See 
 QcEEN Ch.irujtte Islands. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ, an island off the N. coast of Cuba, 30 
 miles N.E. of Mantanzas. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ, san'td crooce, n county in the W. part of 
 Calitbrnia, has an area of about 500 sciuare miles. It ig 
 bounded on the S.W. by the Pacific, and is separated from 
 Monterey county on the S. by the Rio P.ajaro. flowing into 
 that ocean. The surface is generally uneven or hilly, with a 
 range, called the Santa Cruz MountJiius. running on the 
 N.E. border. The soil in the more level portions is usually 
 fertile, and well cultivated. Gold is found, although not in 
 great abundance. The streams of this county alTord va- 
 luable water-power. Capital, Santa Cruz. Pop. 4944. 
 
 SANTA CHUZ. a postrtown, capital of Sant.a Cruz CO., 
 California, is situated on the Pacific. 59 miles in a straight 
 line S.S.E. of San Francisco. In lat. 37° N. Its harbor is open 
 to the S. winds, and its sandy l)ottom offers :<. -«ery poor 
 anchorage. It is the trading point for the Pajaio and other 
 smaller valleys, not extensive, but fertile and prodnctiio. 
 A road extends from this town to San Jose. Pop. 1272. 
 
 SANT.A. CRUZ, san'td kroos, a town oj Bra?', jirovlncc 
 and 120 miles S.E. of Goyaz, on the Pari. Pop. JX)0. 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 SANTA CRT7Z, a town on the W. coast of the Island of 
 Luzon. In the Philippines, 110 miles N.N.W. of Manila. 
 Pop. 5400. 
 
 PANT.\ CRU/, a town on one of the Azores. See Graciosa. 
 
 SANTA CKU7, DE LA PALM A, sdn'td kroos dA Id piV- 
 tni, the capital of the island of I'alma, one of the Canaries, 
 rt lies on the E. coast, in a spacious bay, from 7 to 10 fathoms 
 In depth, and was declared a free port in 18.i2. It contains 
 several monasterie.s. a town-house, an ho.«pital, a chair of 
 Latinity. several schools, and 2 puhlie fountains. It is 
 noted for the manufacture of silk tissues, consisting of 
 gloves, hosiery, ribbons, Ac. Pop. 5fi41. 
 
 S ANTA CKUZ DE LA SIERRA, sdn'tJl kroos dA 13 se-^R'nil, 
 the eiisternmost and largest department of Itolivta, extend- 
 ing between lat. 15° and 21' S., and Ion. 58° and 65° W., 
 having E. Brazil. The surface is mostly level or undula- 
 ting, chiefly watered by the Mamore and its tributaries,and 
 covered with unexplored forests. The products comprise 
 sujtar, coffee, cocoa, rice, cotton, honey, and indijjo, and it 
 is snpposed to lie rich in minerals: but civilized settlements 
 are scantily sprinkled over its surface. The principal towns 
 are San Lorenzo de la Frontea, Santa Cruz, Santiago, San 
 Juan Bautista, and Concepcion. The town of Santa Cruz 
 is a decayed place near the capital. San Lorenzo. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ DE LOS ROSALES, sin'fjl kroos d.l loce 
 ro-.«d'lfs, a town of North Mexico, 08 miles from Chihuahua. 
 It was bombarded and captured by a detachment of Ame- 
 ricans under General Price, Marcli 16, 1848. The Americans' 
 loss was 4 killed and 19 wounded; that of the Mexicans, 236 
 killed, and the loss of all their artillery. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ DEL QUICHE, sdn'td krooz dJl kee/chd, 
 a ruined city of Central America, state of Guatemala, E.N.E. 
 of Quezaltenanso. Near it is a villafre of the same name. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ DK MAYO. See Olitivis. 
 
 SANTA CRUZ (.^dn'td kroos) DE TKNERIFFE, di tJnV 
 rif, the capitiil city, and chief commercial port of the Canary 
 Islamis, on the N.E. coast of the isl.and of Teneriffe. Lat. 28° 
 28' li" N., Ion. 16° 14' 48" W. The housesare whitewashed or 
 painted, and present a pray appearance. The streets are well 
 paved, and provided with footpaths and lamps ; and the prin- 
 cipal square is surrounded with good edifices, and adorned 
 with a colossal statuary group, representing the apparition 
 of the Virgin of Candelaria to the Guanches, the original iu- 
 h.abitants. At its extremity, facing the sea. is the principal 
 fort, that of San Christobal. The chief public buildings are 
 the custom-house, the military hospital, and the old Francis- 
 can convent, in which almost all the public lx)dies hold their 
 meetings. There are a prison, a poor's-house, 2 public, and 
 2 private primary schools, a drawing school, and 1 for navi- 
 gation: several fountains, 2 parish churches, one of them a 
 magnificent edifice, and 3 hermitages. The harbor is very 
 secure, with a capacity for 10 or 12 vessels of war: it has a 
 magnificent mole, of modern construction, which juts out 
 far into the sea. The coast is commanded by 4 forts and 
 various redoubts. Wine, br.indy, almonds, and cochineal 
 are the only articles exported; and the imports consist of 
 Knglish, French, Spanish, and Genoese manufactures. On 
 an average of the two years. 1844 and 1845, the number of 
 the vessels entering and leaving this port were as follows : — 
 Entered. 242. (tons, 17,273;) cleared, 223, (tons, 13,961.) 
 The chief industry of the place consists iu constructing 
 fishing-boats, and loading and unloading vessels. Pop. 
 8070. 
 
 SANTA DE .JESUS, sjn'td d;l n.Vsoos. a market^town of 
 Venezuela, department of Apure, on the Meta, 46 miles W. 
 of its junction with the Orinoco. 
 
 SAN TADEO, sin td-d.Vo, a river of Patagonia, enters the 
 Gulf of St. Esteven. in the Pacific Ocean, and though navi- 
 gable for only 11 miles, Is the largest stream S. of the Chiloe 
 Archipelago. 
 
 SANTA DOMENICA, sdn'td do-m.Vne-kJ, a town of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 3 miles E. of Scalea. 
 Pop. 2586. 
 
 SANTA ELENA, (Tsland.) See Saint Helena. 
 
 SANTA ELLA, sin-td M'yJ, a village of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, province, and 20 miles S.S.W. of Cordova. Pop. 1948. 
 
 SANTA EUFEMIA, (It. pron. sdn'td i-oS-til'me-d.) or 
 simply EUFEMIA, a town of Naples, province of CalabrLi 
 Ultra II., near the Gulf of St. Eufemia, 5 miles W. of Nicas- 
 tro. Pop. 1100. It suffered severely in the great earth- 
 quake of 1638. 
 
 SANTA EULALIA, sJn^til i-oo-Ule-a, a town of Ivi^a, 
 one of the Balearic Islands. Pop. 3220. * 
 
 SANTA EULALIA DE PROVENSANA. See IIospitalet. 
 
 SANTA Ffi. sin'td fd, a town of Spain, in Andalu.sia, 
 province, and 7 miles W. of Gr.anada. SaTita F6 was built 
 by Ferdinand and Is.abella while besieging Granada, and the 
 leed of capitulation was signed here. It was also from this 
 place that Columlnis set out on his first voyage of discovery. 
 In 1806 it was much shattered by an earthquake. Pop. 4172. 
 
 S.VNTA FE, a small river in the N. p;irt of Florida, forms 
 the bound;)ry between Alachua and Columbia counties, and 
 enters thi- Suwanee River. 
 
 SANTA FE, a post-office of Columbia CO., Florida. 
 
 SANTA FE, a post-office of Poinsett co., Arkansas. 
 
 SANTA FE, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee 
 
 SANTA FE, a post-office of Br.acken co., Kentucky. 
 
 SANTA FE. a post-office of Miami co., Indiana, about 6^ 
 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 S.\NT.4 FE, a post-office of Alexander co., Illinois. 
 
 SANTA FE, a thriving village of Monroe co., Missouri, 
 on the South Fork of Salt River, 60 miles N. of .Teffers.^n 
 City. It has fertile farms, and rich beds of coal iu th« 
 vicinity. 
 
 SANTA FE, (Sp. pron. sdn'td fi,) a county in the N. cen- 
 tr.al part of New Mexico, has an urea estimated at aViut 
 2000 square miles. It is partly bounded on the W. by the 
 Rio Grande, and is drained by several snuill affluents of that 
 river. The surface iu the S. part is mountainous. Capital, 
 Santa Fe. Pop. 8114. 
 
 SANTA FE, the capital and largest town of New Mexico, 
 is situated on the Hio Chicito, or Santa Fe River, an affluent 
 of tho I'.io Grande, from which it is distant about 20 miles 
 in a direct line. Lat. 35° 41' N., Ion. about 106° 10' \V. It 
 is the great emporium of the overland trade which, since 
 1822, has been carried on with the state of Missouri. Each 
 of the houses, which are principally built of dark-colored 
 adobes, or uuburnt brick, usually forms a square, with a 
 court within, upon which nearly all the apartments open 
 from the street. There is generally but one entrance, which 
 is wide and high enough to admit animals with their packs. 
 Much of the ground in and around Santa Fe is extremely 
 sandy; and in dry weather, when the wind is high, this is 
 a source of great annoyance. The place is well supplied 
 with cool water from springs within its limits, and also from 
 fountains above the city near the mountain side. Nume- 
 rous aceijuias, (d-sA'ke-is.) or small canals, are led through 
 the streets, and afterwards serve to irrigate the gai-dens and 
 fields below the town for several miles. On the whole, the 
 appeiirance of Santa Fe is very uninviting, and the popu- 
 lation is exceedingly depraved. It stands on a v>lateau, 
 which is elevated about 7000 feet above the sea, and a short 
 distance S.W. of the base of a snow-capped mountain, which 
 rises 5000 feet above the level of the town. One or two 
 newspiipers lye issued liere. Pop. in 18(50, 4635. 
 
 SANTA FE. sdn'tl fi, a city of the Argentine Republic, 
 (I..a Plata.) capit.il of a province of its own name, on the E. 
 bank of the .Salado, 5 miles N.W. of Paranii. I'op. 4000. It 
 has several churches, 2 convents, and trade with the interior. 
 
 S.\NTA FE, a province of tlie Argentine Republic, (La 
 Plata,) South America, between lat. 3U° and 33° S., Ion. 61° 
 and 62° \V., on the W. side of the river Parana, which sepa- 
 rates it from the province of Eutre Rios. Principal rivers, 
 the .-^alado. and the Tercero or Carcaraiial. The chief towns 
 are Santa Fe, the capital, Rosiuio, and Fort St. Espiritu. 
 
 SANTA fE, an Island in the above province of the Ar- 
 gentine Republic, between the Parani and Salado, 50 miles 
 In length, by 6 in average l>readth. and having the town 
 Santa Fe at its N., and Fort St. Espiritu at its S. extremity. 
 
 SANTA FE DE ANTKXiUlA. See A.miouuia. 
 
 SANTA FE DE lJ(Xi(JTA. See Bogota. 
 
 SANT' AGATA. sdnt d'gd-ta, a small town of Italy, in 
 Tuscany, 2 miles N.N.W. of Scarperia. 
 
 SANr AGATA or SANTIIIA, sdn'te-a, a sm.all town of 
 Italy, in Piedmont, province of Vercelli. * Pop. 4170. 
 
 SANT* AGATA, a town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 L.aV()ro, district of Gaeta, with remains of a magnificent 
 amphitheatre, and ruins of ancient Mhtturno. Pop. 6800. 
 
 SANT' AGATA DEI GOTI, s4nt ^'gd-td dd'e go'tee, (anc. 
 A'Tith/ipnlis.) a town of Naples, 15 miles E. of Capua. 
 
 SANT' AGATA NUOVO, sdnt d'gd-td nooVvo. a town of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 4 miles S.E. of Reggio. 
 Pop. 2170. 
 
 SANTA QIULIETTA, sdn'td joo-le-Jt'td, a market-town 
 of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division of Alessandria, 
 9 miles E.N.E. of Voghiera. Pop. 2070. 
 
 SANTAGNY,sdn-tdg-nee(?) a Spanish town, island of Ma- 
 jorca, 29 miles S.E. of Palma. It consists of about 1100 
 houses. Near its centre stands an old fortress, which served 
 as a protection against the frequent attacks of the Algeriue 
 pirates. Pop. 5214. 
 
 SANTA HELENA, sdn'td k-Wni, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Maranhao, 60 miles W.S.W. of Guimaraens. 
 
 SANTA INEZ, sdu'tA e-nfts'. ('-St. Agnes,') a river of 
 Santa BarViara co., California, rises among the mountains 
 of the Coast Range, and flowing in a general W. course, falls 
 into the I'acific Ocean, about 10 miles N. of Cape Concfepcion. 
 
 SANTA INEZ, a town of Santa Barbara co.. Calif irni.a. is 
 situated on the main road from San .lose to Los Angeles, 
 and on a river of its own name, 265 miles in a straight line 
 S.E. bv S. of San Francisco. 
 
 SANTA ISABEL, sdn'td e-sd-l>Sl', a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Matto Grosso. on the Paragn.a^u. It is the capital 
 of its district, and consists of about 3000 scattered mud and 
 straw huts. 
 
 SANTA ISABEL, sdn'td ee-zd-bSl'. a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 120 miles N.E. of Sao Paulo. 
 
 SANTA JUANA, sin'ta Hoo-d'nd, an island of Chili, de- 
 partment, and 38 miles E.S.E. of Concepcion, in the rivar 
 Biobio. A fort on it was destroyed by the Araucanians in 1601. 
 
 1705 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 SAXTA LA'lOA, s3n't3 iJgo'J. a Tillage of Brazil, pro- 
 Tiiice of Minas '.ierfies, on a lake of the same name. 16 miles 
 ■N E. of Sahara. It owes its existence to the number of pa- 
 tients attracted to it by the medicinal properties of the water 
 of the lakes. 
 
 SASX' ALBANO. sjnt Jl-bJ'no, a Tillage of the Sardinian 
 States, in Savoy, '2 miles from Chambery, on the Aisse. 
 Also the name of a village 7 miles W. of Vercelli. 
 SANTA LU'CAIJ. a postKsffice of Gilmer co.. Georgia. 
 SANTA LUCE, sdu'tl loo'chi, a Tillage of Tuscany, divi- 
 *on of Pisa, about 9 miles from Lari. Pop. 2016. 
 
 SANTA LUCIA, sSn'tJ loo^hee'd, a town of Sicily, pro- 
 Hnce. and 15 miles W.S.W. of Messina. Pop. 4500. 
 
 SANTA LUCIA, sin'tl loo-chee'3, a market-town of Sicily, 
 7 miles S.S.E. of Milazzo. Pop. 4500. 
 
 SANTA LUCIA, sin'tj loo-gee'd, a town of the Argentine 
 Bepublic. (La Plata,) 106 miles from Corrientes, on the left 
 bank of the ParanA. * 
 
 SANTA LUCIA, sdn'ti loo-see'i. a river of Uruguay, joins 
 the Plata estuary, 7 miles N.AV. of Monte Video, after a S. 
 course of 100 miles. 
 
 SANTA LUCIA, a bay on the E. coast of Borneo; lat. 4° 
 
 20' N.. Ion. 117° E. , • , 
 
 SANTA LUCIA IN MELAZZO, gjn'tft loo-chee'a in mi- 
 
 llt'HO, a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra, 5 
 
 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SANTA LUSSUKGUI, sin'ti loos-sooR'gwee, a village in 
 the island of Sardinia, province, and 8 miles AV.S.W. of 
 Cagliari, in a large mountain hollow, apparently the crater 
 of an extinct volcano. Pop. 4469. 
 
 SANTA LUZIA or LUCIA, sln'ti loo-see'd. one of the 
 Cape Verd Islands. N.W. of St. Nicolas, and S.E. of St. An- 
 tonia. It is about 8 miles long by 3 miles broad. 
 
 SANTA LUZIA or LUCIA, sin'ti loo-zee'i, a town of Bra- 
 til, province, and 120 miles E. by S. of Goyaz. The inha- 
 bitants have some gold washings. Pop. of district, 3000. 
 
 SANTA LUZIA, a town of Brazil, province of Alagoas, 
 fcrmerlv called Aiagoa do Norte, on a lake about 110 miles 
 S.S.W. of Recife. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SANTA LUZIA. a village of Brazil, province of Minas 
 Geraes, on the Ouaicuhi or Velhas, 60 miles N.N.W. of Ouro 
 Preto, Pop. of district, 6000. 
 
 SANTA LUZIA. an ancient town of Brazil, province of 
 Sergipe, sometimes called SANTA LUZIA DO KIO REAL. 
 gjn'tl loo-see'd do ree'o rA-4l', on a height above the small 
 river Ouararema.'a tributary of the Real, 26 miles S.S.W. of 
 Ban Christovao. Pop. of district, 1600. 
 
 SANTA M.A.DONNA DEGLI AXGELI. sJn'tJ mJ-don'ni 
 dAl'yee an:jA-le, or SANTA MARIA DEGLI ANGELI, fAa'- 
 tA lud-ree'a dil'yee Mii'j;i-le, a village of Italy, in the pro- 
 vince of Perugia, 11 miles E.S.E. of Perugia. It has a cele- 
 brateJ church, which gives it its name. 
 
 SANTA MAGDALl-y\A, a bay on the N JI. coast of Malta, 
 4 miles N.W. of Valetta. 
 
 SANT-AMAND, sa>t d^mjnt or SAINT-AMAND. sint 
 S^m6x=', a commune of Belgium, 15 miles S.S.W. of Antwerp, 
 on the Scheldt Pop. .3000. 
 
 SANTA MARGARITA, sin'ti maR-gJ-ree/ti, a town of 
 Sicilv. 42 miles N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 70<X). 
 SANTA MARGARITA, a vilLige of Italy. See Margarita. 
 SANTA MARGARITA, sdn't^ maR-gd-ree'td. an island 
 off the W. coast of Lower California. Lat. 24° 30' N., Ion 
 lll'^ 30' W. It is sepjirated from the mainland by the Bay 
 of -Madelina. Length, from N.W. to SJi., 45 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 15 miles. 
 
 SANTA MARIA, sdn'ti mi-ree/i (St. Mary,> the southern- 
 most extremity of Portuiral. province of Algarve, 7 miles 
 S.E. of Faro. Lat. of the light-house. 36° 60' N., Ion. 7° 47' W. 
 SANTA MARIA, a village of Corsica, 9 miles E. of Aiaccio. 
 SANTA MARIA, a village of the island of Ustica, in the 
 Mediterranean, near which are the ruins of an ancient town. 
 SANTA MARIA, sdn'ti md-ree'i, an island of Portugal. 
 In the Atlantic, the most southern of the .\zores, in lat. 37° 
 N„ Ion. 29° W. Greatest length, about 13 miles; breadth, 
 mile.s. 
 
 SANTA MART'A, a small stream in the S.W. part of Cali- 
 fornia, forms part of the boundary lietween San Luis Obispo 
 and Santa Bart'ara counties, and foils into the Pacific about 
 40 miles N. of Cape Concepoion. 
 
 SANTA MARIA, s.in'td md-ree/l, a small island off the 
 coast of Chili, department, and 30 miles S.W. of Ccncepcion. 
 in the Bav of Arauco. Its surface was raised from 8 to 10 
 feet by the earthquake of February, 1835. Lat. 37° 2' 8" S., 
 Ion. 73° 34' 15" W. 
 
 SANTA MARIA, sdn'td md-ree/d. a town of the Island of 
 Majorca. 7 miles N.E. of Palnia. Pop. 1918. 
 
 SANTA MAHIA A MONTE, sdn'td md-ree'dd mon'td, or 
 MARIA IN MONTE, md-ree'd in mon'tl a walled town of 
 Tuscinv. rear Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 3«i52. 
 
 SANTA MAKIA A VICO. sdu'td md-ive'd d vee^o, a vil- 
 L<ige of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, district of Nola. 
 Pop. 4800. 
 
 SANTA MARIA D'ANGLONA. sdn'td md-ree'd ddn-glo^id, 
 k town of Naples, province of Basilicata, on the Agri, 5 
 BiUes £. of Tnrsi. 
 1706 
 
 SANTA MARIA DE BELEM. Brazil, See Para. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DE j^K. sijn'td md-ree'd A\ fl, a town of 
 Paraguay, 46 miles E. of Iieembucu. Here the naturalist. Bon- 
 pland. was long detained a prisoner bv the Dictator Fraucla. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DE LOS LLANOS! .sdn'td md-ree'd ili loce 
 Id'noce. a town of Majorca, province, and IS miles E.S.E. ol 
 Ciudad Real. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DEL PARAMO, s.'Sn'td md-ree'd dM pd*- 
 rd-mo. a village of Spain, province, and 20 miles S. of Leon. 
 Pop. 1404. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DE MARIN, sdn'td md-ree'd ak md-reen', 
 a market-town of Spain, province, and 9 miles N. of Vigo. 
 It has a good harbor on the Bay of Vigo, and an active pil- 
 chard fishery. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DE NIEVA, sdn'td md'reo'd dd ne-d'vd. a 
 town of Spain, province, and 15 miles N.W. of Segovia. 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DE ROSAL, sdn'td md-ree'd di ro-sdl', a 
 town of Majorca, province of Pontevedra, 18 miles S.W. of 
 Burgos. Pop. 5188. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DI CAPUA, sdn'td md-ree'd dee kd'poo-d, p 
 town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro. 5 miles W.N.W 
 of Caserta. It has a criminal and a civil court, several Ro- 
 m.in antiquities, including the remains of a large amphi- 
 theatre, a subterranean gjiUery, and a triumphal arch across 
 the nwd to Capua. Pop. 8360. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DI LEUCA. sdn'td md-ree'd dee l.Voo-kd, a 
 town of Naples, province of Otrauto, 26 miles S.E. of Galli- 
 poli. It is the see of a bishop. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SANTA MARIA DI NISCEMI, sdn'td md-ree'd. dee no- 
 s.Vmee. a village of Sicily, 28 miles S.E. of Caltanisetia, 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE. sdn'td md-ree'd mdd-jo'r.i, 
 a market-town of the Sardinian State.*, division of Novara, 
 7 miles E. of Domo d'Ossola. Pop. 1212. 
 
 SANTA MARIANA GINZO DE Ll.MIA. sdn'td md-ree-a'- 
 nd gHeeu'tho dd lee'me-d. a town of Spain, in Galiciji. pro- 
 vince, and 18 miles S.E. of Orense. on a small stream of the 
 same name. Pop. 1065. 
 
 SANTA MARIA NORENA, a town of Spain, in Asturias, 
 province, and alxjut 7 from Oviedo, near the Norefia, an 
 affluent of the Nora, Pop, 16?l5. 
 
 SANTA MARTA, sdn'ld maR'td. (" Saint Martha.") a mar- 
 ket-town of Spain, province, and 19 miles S..*.E. of Badajos. 
 
 SANTA MARTA. a market-town of Spain, province of 
 Lugo, at the head of the Bay of Santa Marta, 6 miles S. of 
 Cape Ortegal. 
 
 SANTA MARTA or MARTHA, sdn'td mdR'td. a seaport 
 town of South America, in New Granda, department of Mag- 
 dalena, on the E. shore of a bay of the CariV)bean Sea, 40 
 miles N.E, of the month of the river Magdaleiia. Pop. 800t). 
 It has some good residences, a conspicuous cathedral, .and a 
 tolerable harbor, defended bv a castle and sevei-al batteries. 
 
 SANTA MARTA DE TKRA. sdn'td man'td dd tVitd. a 
 market-town of Spain, in Leon, 11 miles AV.N.W. of Bena- 
 vente. 
 
 SANTA MARTHA, sdn'td mdR'td, a town of Portugal, 
 province of Tras-os-Montes, 7 miles S.S.W. of Villa ReaL 
 Pop. 2lK)0. 
 
 SANTA MARTHA, a Tillage of Portugal, province of 
 Minho. 11 miles N. of Viana. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SANTA MARTHA DE BOURO. sdn'ti maRtd da bd'ro, a 
 town of Portugal, province of Minho. 12 miles from Bmga. 
 Pop. 1011. 
 
 SANTA 5IARTHA DE PENAGUI.?0. sdn'td maR'td dd pd- 
 nd-irhe-Ows«', a town of Portuiral. province of Tras os Monies, 
 y miles W.N.W. of Lamego. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SANTA MAURA, sdn'td mOw'rd. or LEUCA'DIA, (anc. 
 Leucas ; Gr. AtVKttf, or Leucadia. AtVKaSia; modern Greek 
 pron. l^t-kd-THee'd:) one of the Ionian Islands, under the 
 protection of Great Britain, sepaiated by a ch.innel 1 mile 
 across, from the W. coast of Acarnania. with which it is said 
 to have been connected. Length. 22 miles: extifme breadth, 
 9 miles. Estimated area, 180 square miles. Pop. 18.000, 
 Number of pupils attending school in 18,')2. 621. A chain 
 of limestone mountains intersects it from N. to S.. covering 
 the surfitce with its spurs, and terminating S.W. in the 
 promontory of Cape Ducato. (anc. Leucmiiu. from the Greek 
 Aet)iro$. leulnt. "white,") famous as '-Sappho's I.eap," and 
 from the white cliffs of which the i.sland derived its name. 
 .Mount St. Elias. in the centre, is 3000 feet in height. The 
 climate is variable, the temperature often rising or falling 
 20 degrees in a day; the low grounds are unhealthy. In 
 the N. is a rich plain, and elsewhere are many fertile val- 
 leys, but scarcely one-eighth of the soil is under cultivation, 
 and not enough of corn is raised fiT home consumption. 
 The principal crops are wheat, maize, oil. and wine. Many 
 of the population live by fishing, the manufiioture of salt, 
 and annual emigrations to the mainland as laborers in bar 
 vest-time. The principal towns are Amaxicbl. the capital, 
 and Vliko, both on the E. coast. The castle of Santa Slaura, 
 whence the modern name of the island, is at its N. extre- 
 mity, and usually the head-quarters of a British regiment 
 Between it and Amaxichi is a lagoon, wheuce much .-; t i^ 
 obtained. 
 
SAN 
 
 SA NT' AMBROOTO, sjnt Jm-bnVjo, a Tillaze of Northern 
 Italy. rti'Iesatinn of Verona, with thermal baths. 
 
 SAM" A MUKOGIO, a village of North It.nly, in Piedmont, 
 province of 8usa. 
 
 SAXTA.N'DKR. (Sp.prnn. san-tjn-daio/: ime. Por'tm BV-n/- 
 diumf) a city of .Spain, capital of a province of its own name, 
 207 miles N. of Madrid. Lat. 43° -iS' N., Ion. 3° 41' W. It is 
 situated on the S. tonirue of a headland, protected on the N. 
 by a hill. It has a large and secure bay in the Bay of Biscay, 
 with irciod anchorage and shelter, hut which requires con- 
 stant efforts to prevent tho accumulation of deposits brought 
 down by three streams which discharge into it. The mole is 
 a handsome construction 750 yards long, with unfinished 
 docks, embracing a circumference of 850 yards. Scarcely a 
 trace of Ihe ancient walls of Santander is to be seen, and the 
 city now extends far beyond its circuit. In the more ancient 
 quarter the streets are narrow and strai;j:ht, and the hou.ses 
 lofty : while in the modern portion the streets are spacious 
 as well as straight, and the houses of moderate elevation, but 
 good architecture. There are 10 squares, large and small; 
 a town-house and prison, theatre, shambles, baths, 2 public 
 markets, 3 promenades, and an elm-planted i-oad surround- 
 ing tlic entire city. There is also a handsome hospital for 
 the sick, an asylum for the indigent, a foundling hospital, 
 a custcm-house, jin educational establishment, called the 
 Provincial Cantabrian Institute, with professors of mathe- 
 matics. Latin, experimental physics and chemistry, and 
 many other branches. 
 
 Santander is a busy, thriving, and, at the same time, a 
 cheap and well-provided place; the fish, both of sea and 
 fresh water, are plentiful and excellent. A line of steam 
 vessels plies between Malaga and Havre, which touch here, 
 as well as at Sjin Sebastian, Corunna. and Cadiz. It has a 
 segar manufactory in the suppressed nunnery of Santa 
 Cruz, in which 1000 persons are employed, and about 30<VOOO 
 pounds of segars are m.ade yearly; a foundry, brewery, 
 cooperages, fish-curing est.ahlishments, and tanneries, be- 
 sides manufactories of refined sugar, su'jar-^andy, wax and 
 tallow candles, vermicelli, hats, &c. In 1^47, 9;S4 vessels 
 entered the port, (tonnage, 62.63ti:) and 747 (tonnage 65,914) 
 cleared. The imports consist chieHy of sugar, brandy, 
 cocoa, hides, coffee, dye-woods, dried cod. wrought iron, tin- 
 plates, oil, rice, bar iron, figs, raisins, Ac; and the exports, 
 of flour, rice, hides, wheat, maize, nails, gypsum, pulse, 
 kidney beans, brandy, Ac. Santander h.is prospered at the 
 expense of Bilbao, for during the civil wars the merehants 
 removed their establishments to this less-disturbed dis- 
 trict. Here, as in Hilljao. porters' work Is done by women. 
 The bay and port were much esteemed in the eariy periods 
 of Spanish history. It afterwards decayed into a mere fish- 
 ing town, but rose when made a puerin hahilitaf/n, or port 
 entitled to trade with South America; and it still supplies 
 Cuba with corn from the Castiles, bringing back colonial 
 produce. Here Charles V. landed, July 16. 1522, to take 
 T)osse.«sion of Spain : and from the same quay Charles I. of 
 England embarked to quit Sp.ain, after his romantic visit to 
 Madrid. Santander was sacked by Soult In 1808. Pop. 
 16.222. 
 
 SANTANDER. a province of Spain, having N. the Bay of 
 Biscay. Pop. 190,000. On the coast are the harbors of San- 
 tander and Santona, which, with Santillana and Keynosa, 
 are its chief towns. 
 
 SAMWNDKR, a river of the Mexican Confederation, de- 
 partment of Tamaulipa-s, enters the Gulf of Mexico 110 
 mites N. of T.ampico. On it are the towns of Nuevo San- 
 tander, and Soto la Marina, near which latter it receives a 
 large affluent from the N. It is of considerable size, but its 
 navigation is much impeded at its mouth. 
 
 SANTAN'DKR. NKW. .See Nuevo Samandf.r. 
 
 SANT' ANDREA, s^nt an-dri/d, a town of Naples, 3 miles 
 S.E. ofConza. 
 
 SAXT' .\NDREA. a village of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra, S.S.E. of Squillaee. 
 
 SA.NT' ANDREA, a small island in the Adriatic, near the 
 N.W. point of the island of Lissa. 
 
 SAXT' ANGELO, s.int (in'jA-lo, a town of Italy, 10 miles 
 N.E. of Padua. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SANT' AN'GELO. a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra. 7 miles N.W. of fescara. 
 
 SANT' ANGELO, a town of Sicily, 12 miles N. of Glrgenti. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 SANT' ANGELO. a village of the Pontifical States, 26 miles 
 S.S.W. of Rieti, near the Tiber, on the site of the ancient 
 Oomieuluin. 
 
 SANT' ANGKLO, a town of European Turkey, W. of Le- 
 pant^ 
 
 SINT' ANGELO CAPOLA. s^nt ln'j:\-lo k^'po-ll, a town 
 of the Pontifical States. 3 miles S.S.E. of Benevento. 
 
 SANT" ANQ ELO. CASTLK OF. See Rome. 
 
 SANT' ANGELO DEI LOMBARDI. sSnt dn^jA-lo di'e lom- 
 baR'dee, a city of Naples, 20 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 
 6100. 
 
 SANT' ANGELO DELLE FRATTE, slot inljkAo djl'l.i 
 frdt'tA. a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra, 19 
 miles S.S.E. of Campagna. 
 
 SAN 
 
 SANT' ANGELO FASANELLA. sint Sn'jJ-lo fa-sl-n?Tl*, 
 a town of Naples, province of Prlncipata Citra. 11 mils' 
 W.N.W. of Diano. Pop. 2500 
 
 SANTANILLA. san-td-neel'y.?. or SWAN ISLANUs. two 
 islands of the Cariblieau Sea, at the entrance of rne T.ay on 
 Honduras. 160 miles N.of the Mosquito coast, in lat. 17'^ 2Si 
 N., Ion. 8.3° 50' W. 
 
 SANT' ANTIMO, s3nt Jn-tee'mo, a town of Naples, 7 miles 
 N of the city of Naples. 
 
 SANT ANTONIE. s3nt an tin'yi^h. avillage of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Brabant, 25 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le- 
 Duc. 
 
 SANTA PIETRA, sin'tl pe-.Vtrd. a town of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince of Florence, near the Mediterranean, 15 miles N.W. of 
 Lucca. Pop. .3000. 
 
 SANTA POLA, sjin'td poHj, a town of Spain, in Valenci.i, 
 province, and 12 miles S.W. of Alicante, on the Mediterra- 
 nean. Pop. 2216. 
 
 SANT" ARCANOELO, sin aR-kan'jA-lo, a town of Naples, 
 province of Basilicata, 10 miles W. of Tunis, having 2 
 churches, a monastery, and ?.800 inhabitants. 
 
 SANT' ARCANGEIX), a village of Central Italy, 7 miles 
 W. by N. of Rimini, was the birthplace nf Clenienf XIV. 
 
 SANTAREM, s3n-ti-r?N''', (anc, StyilWnn, or Prcrmlium 
 JiiMinm.) a river-port and town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 on the Tagus, 50 miles N.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 8000. It 
 stands on a hill, and is divided into three parts or Ixirrins — 
 the Maravilla at the summit, the Ribera on the E. slope, 
 and the Alfange close to the river. It has 2 T^tin schools, 
 with several palaces, now almost in ruins, but testifying its 
 former grandeur when the court was held here, in the 
 fift<'enth century. 
 
 SANTAREM, sSn-tJ-rfW. a town of Brazil, province of 
 Para, on the right bank of the Tapajos. at its confluence 
 with the .\m.azon. 60 miles S.W. of Montalegre. Pop. 10,000. 
 The principal edifices are a fort and the parish church. Its 
 chief trade is in cocoa and medicinal plants. 
 
 SANTAREM CHANNEL, West Indies, between the Great 
 Bahama and Salt Key Banks, In lat. 24° N., Ion. 79° W., is 40 
 miles across. 
 
 SANTA RITA, sjn'tj ree'td, a village of Cameron co., 
 Texas, on the Rio Grande, about 10 miles W. by N. of 
 Brownsville, and 300 miles in a direct line S. of .\ustin. It 
 communicates by steamboats with Brownsville, and has 
 some trade. Pop. in lSo.3. aliout 1200. 
 
 SANTA RITA, shi'ti ree'td. a market-town of Brazil, 
 province of Minas Qeraes, S.E. of Sao JoSo del Rei. Pop. 
 6800. 
 
 SANTA RO'S.4. a county in the W. part of Florida, border- 
 ing on Alabama and on the Gulf of Mexico, contains al)Out 
 14X0 square miles. It is intersected by the Yellowwater 
 and Blackwater Rivers, and bounded on the W. by the 
 Escambia. Pensacola Bay washes its S.W. border. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and the soil unproductive, Indian com 
 and sweet potatoes are cultivated. Capital, Milton. Pop. 
 5480, of whom 410iJ were free. 
 
 SANTA 1U>SA, Sonoma co.. California. See ApPEymx. 
 
 SANTA ROSA, sjn'ti ro/si, a town of South America, in 
 New Granad.a, department of Cundinamarca. province, and 
 40 miles E, of Antioquia, across the Andes. It has rich 
 gold-mines. 
 
 SANTA ROSA, a town of Mexico, department, and .32 
 miles N. of Cohahuila. Pop. 4000. (?) There are silver-mines 
 in its vicinity. 
 
 SANTA ROSA, a town of Chili, 40 miles N.N.E. of San- 
 tiago. 
 
 SANTA ROSA, an Island off the coast of Upper California, 
 35 miles S.W. of Santa Barbara. 
 
 SANTA ROSA, a town of Chili, province of Aconcagua, 18 
 miles E.S.E. of San Felipe. Pop. 6(i00. 
 
 SANT.\ STO. siln'td s.A. a town of Brazil, province of Babia, 
 on the right bank of the Sao Francisco: lat. 10° 30' S. 
 
 SANTA SEVERINA, sdn'td sA-vA-ree'nl a town of 
 Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I.. 13 miles W.N.W. of 
 Cotrone. with a castle, a cathedral, and 1200 inh.abitants. 
 
 S.\NTA SOFIA. sdn'tS 8o-te«ya. a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Citra. 20 miles W. of Rossano. Pop. IIKO. 
 
 SANTA TECLA. sdn'ti tJkld. a village aAd fort of Uru- 
 guay, on the Brazilian frontier, 128 miles W,N.W. of Sao 
 Pedro do Rio Grande. 
 
 SANTA TERESA, san'td tA-rA's^. a fort of Uruguay, on 
 the -Atlantic, near the Brazilian frontier, and 95 miles N.E. 
 of Maldonado. 
 
 SANTA TRTNITA, ahn'ti tre-ne-tj', a village and fort of 
 Dalmatia. 2 miles S.W. of Cattaro. 
 
 SANTA TRINITA DE CAVA. s.3n'ta tre-ne-tS' dA ki'vl, 
 an abbey of Naples, province of Principato Citra. 3 miles 
 N.W. of i^alerno. It was founded in the ninth century, and 
 is extremely rich in works of art. 
 
 SANTA VICTORIA, sSn'td vik-to/re-i, a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, division of Coni, province of Alba, with au 
 ancient castle. Pop. 1085. 
 
 SANT-BER6EN. .s.3nt b^R'ghen. a village of Belgium, pro. 
 vince of East Flanders, on the Dender, 21 miles S.S.E. of 
 Ghent. Pop. 1333. 
 
 1707 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 BANTEE, san't*")', a river of South Carolina, formed by 
 the Congaree and Wateree, which unite at the S.E. extre- 
 mity of Kichland district, near the middle of the state. 
 Flowing in a general S.E. course, it falls into the Atlantic 
 by two'mouths, near 33° 6' N. lat. The length of the main 
 stream is estimated at 150 miles. Steamboats ascend to 
 Columliia on the Congaree, and to Camden on the Wateree. 
 In the lower part of its course it flows through a sandy re- 
 gion, which is occupied by forests of pitch-pine, and swamps 
 where rice is produced. 
 
 SAXTEE. a post-village of Covington co., Mississippi. 
 
 SANTERXO, sdn-t^R'uo, (nDcVatre'niiJs.) a river of Central 
 Italy, in Tuscany and the State of .iinilia. joins the Po-di- 
 Primaro, 12 miles N.W. of Kavenna. Total course, 55 miles. 
 
 SAXTERRE, s6n<=H^r', an old subdivision of France, now 
 forming the E. part of the department of Somme. 
 
 S.A.XT' EUFEMIA. alnt A oo-fil/ine-4, several places in 
 Naples, particularly a village in the province of Calabria 
 Ultra I., on a small stream 17 miles N.W. of Reggio. See 
 San'ta Eufemia. 
 
 SAXTHI.\. sin'te-3, a town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 
 province, and 12 miles N.W. of Vercelli. on the canal extend- 
 ing thence to Ivrea. Pop. 4174. Here Charlemagne received 
 presents from Haroon-er-Ra-sheed, (Haroun-al-Kaschid.) and 
 Amuiath, an African Moorish chief. Under the French 
 Empire it was capital of the dejiartment of Sesia. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, sin-te-3'go. a river of South America, in Ecua- 
 dor, after an E. course of 180 miles joins the Amazon at 
 Santiago, a little W. of San Borja. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, a river of South America, in Ecuador, pro- 
 Tince of Irababura, enters Saldinas Bay 50 miles X.E. of 
 Esmeraldas, after a N.W. course of 7a miles. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, a small river of Central America, state of 
 San Salvador, enters the Pacitic Ocean 20 miles W. of Son- 
 sonate. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, s3n-te-J'go, a village of Mexico, state of Vera 
 Cruz, near Jalapa. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, s3n-te-3'go, a village of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, in Lower California, on the Gulf of California, 40 
 miles N.K. of Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state 
 of Jalisco, near the Kio Grande de Santiago, 58 miles S.E. 
 of Acaponeta. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, s2n-te-3'go, a town of Ecuador, department 
 of Asuay, on the Amazon, at the intlux of the river San- 
 tiago. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, a town of Bolivia, department of Santa Cruz, 
 near the Brazil frontier, 190 miles S.E. of Chiquitos. 
 
 SAXTI.\GO, a town of Paraguay, near the Paran&, 60 
 miles W.X.W. of Itapui. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, san-te-d'go, or RIBEIRA GRANDE, re-BA'e- 
 ri grln'dA, Cape Verd Islands, a town with a small harbor, 
 7 miles Vi'. of Porto Praya. 
 
 SAXTIAGO. a town on the S. coast of the island of Tene- 
 riffe. with houses built of wood and mud. Pop. 1067. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, sln-te-l'go. SAINT JA'UO or SAIXT JAMES, 
 (Port. Somtiago, .sdwNo-te i'go.) the largest and southernmost 
 of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the 
 W. extremity of Africa. Lat. 15° N., Ion. 23° 40' \Y. 
 Length, ;'.5 miles: breadth, 12 miles. Pop. 10,000. The sur- 
 face is elevated, and Mount St. Antonio, in its centre, rises 
 to 7400 feet in height. More corn is raised than is required 
 for home consumption; the other principal products are 
 coffee, sugar, indigo, cotton, tropical fruits, and poultry. 
 Cotton stuffs, manufactured in the island, mules, salt, and 
 orchil are among the chief exports. Chief town, Porto 
 Praya, on the S. coast. 
 
 SAXTIAGO, san-te-i'go, a department of Chili, between 
 lat 33° and 34° S., and Ion. 70° and 72° W., having N. the 
 province of Aconcagua, and S. Colchagua. Area. 8480 square 
 miles. Principal river, the Maypti. 'Within that portion 
 of the Andes that runs through this province, is to l>e found 
 the stupendous peak of Tupungato, rising to the height of 
 15,000 feet, liesides other mountains of nearly the same ele- 
 vation. Within its limits, also, are the mineral waters of 
 Colina and Apoquindo, strongly impregnated with sulphur, 
 and much resorted to by invalids. Here were fought two 
 battles against the Spaniards, celebrated in the annals of 
 Chili : that of Chacabuco. in 1817, under General San Mar- 
 tin, who obtained a coniplet* victory: and that of Maypfi. 
 on April 5. ISIS, under the same general, which proved still 
 more fatal to the Spanish arms, and finally sealed the inde- 
 pendence of the country. Principal cities, Santiago and 
 Bancagua. Pop. in 1S47, 207.4.34. 
 
 SANTIAGO ATlTLAX.slu-t,-i'go il-teet-lan'. a town of 
 Central America, state, and 90 miles W. of Guatemala, be- 
 tween two volcanoes, from 8000 to 10.000 feet in elevation. 
 
 S.\XTI AGO, CAPE, a headland on the W. coast of Luzon, 
 In the l'hilippine.s. 
 
 SAXTIAGO DE ALANJE. san-te-a/godia-llng'gHA.atown 
 Of New Granada, department of Istmo, 90 miles \V. of 
 Veragua. 
 
 SAXTIAGO DE CACEM, san-te-l'go dA U-shs<^, (anc. 
 Mirobriga,) a town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, at 
 the fix(t of a castle-crowned height, near tke coast, 34 miles 
 . 1706 
 
 S.S.E. of Setubal. Pop. 2000. It has ruined fortiflcationg 
 and other remains. 
 
 SAXTIAGO DE CALATRAVA, sdn-te-a'go dA kA-iatrA/vJ, 
 or SAXTI.\GUILLO. sAn-te-d-ghe«l'yo, a town of .^pain, in 
 Andalu.cia. province, and 18 miles from Jaen. Pop. Ilu4. 
 
 SAXTIAGO DE CAKB.UO. sAn-te-A'go dA kaR-Id'iio. a vil- 
 lage of Spain, in Estremadura. province, and «l)ont 50 miles 
 W.X.W. of Caceres, near the Taaus. Pop. 21itl. 
 
 SAXTIAGO DK CHILI. san-te-A'go de chil'lee. (Sp. San- 
 tiagn de Cliile. s3nte-A'go dA cheelA, the capital city of the 
 republic of Chili, is situated in a large and fertile plain, at 
 the foot of the Andes, at an elevation of about 1800 feet 
 above the level of the sea. 90 miles E.S.E. of Aalparaiso. 
 Lat. 33° 35' S.. Ion. 70' 43' 38" W. The Mapocho, a rapid 
 stream issuing from the Andes, divides it into two une^iual 
 parts, connected together by a substantial stone bridge, 
 the principal part being on the N. or right bank of the 
 river. Few cities can boast of a finer situation, more de- 
 lightful climate, or grander scenery. It is seated at the 
 very Viase of the mighty Andes, which stretch X. and S. 
 to the utmost bounds of vision, rising in sublime grandeur 
 before the spectator like a great wall forming the confineH 
 of a world, its mantle of dazzling white exhibiting a mag- 
 nificent contrast with the deep shades l«Iow. The country 
 immediately around is well cultivated, and is chiefly made 
 up of small properties, or farms belonging to the wealthy, 
 with tnsteful villas on them, where they generally spend 
 the summer months; not a few of these are fitted up in a 
 style of comfort and elegance seldom exceeded in similar 
 residences in Europe. Santiago, like all Spanish cities in 
 the New World, is laid out in squares, with streets inter- 
 secting each other at right angles. Owing to the prevalence 
 of earthquakes, the houses are seldom more than one story 
 high, ami generally occupy a large space of ground, having 
 gardens and patios or courts in the interior, intended to af- 
 ford a refuge to the family on the occurrence of these dread- 
 ful convulsions. The houses are plentifully supplied with 
 water from the Mapocho. A better style of architecture has 
 been introduced of late years, and many stately mansions 
 are now to be seen fitted up with splendor and elegance. 
 The approaches to the city, particulaily on the Valparaiso 
 side, are exceedingly unpromising; the houses are mostly 
 low, dirty, and mean-looking : and in the interior the streets 
 are not generally clean, well paved, or well drained. 
 
 Santiago pos.sesses very fine public walks. The Alameda, 
 planted by the late General 0"lIigsrins. is truly a magnifi- 
 cent promenade of more than 1 mile in extent, consisting 
 of thn^ double rows of stately poplars, with a stream of run- 
 ning water between each, imparting at all times a deli'ioug 
 coolness to the nir; and at its t^^rmination is a fine marble 
 fountain lately brought from Italy. The Tajamar. on the 
 banks of the Mapocho, is nearly 3 miles long, and consists 
 of an embankment of solid masonry, erected la.st century by 
 one of the Spanish governors, for the purpo.se of protecting 
 the city from the inroads of the river, which, previous to 
 this time, had occasionally swept away portions of it by over- 
 flowing its banks: this is a very favorite walk in the winter 
 months. The view towards the Andes is here wholly un- 
 olistructed : it embraces t)ie gi'andest display of mountain 
 scenery perhaps to Ije found in the world, and towaids even- 
 ing, when the declining sun illumines with a flood of golden 
 light theise mighty bulwarks of nature, the spectacle is 
 magnificent beyond all description. The hill of Santa Lucia, 
 in the centre of Santiago, commands a (*niplete view of the 
 city and environs, and of the whole plain of Maypfi. It con- 
 tains a fort, above which has recently lieen we<>ted an ob- 
 servatory, where several scientific gentlemen from the Uni- 
 ted States have for some years been prosecuting a series of 
 astronomical observations. The Plaza, or Great Square, is 
 a large open area, adorned with a fine fountain: on the N. 
 side is the old palace, an irregular, ht-avy looking pile, foi^ 
 merly the residence of the presidents, now u.sed as I'arracks, 
 public prison, and treasury ; the S. side is ornamented with 
 lofty piazzas, where, and in the neighlioring arcade, called 
 liulnes' Arcade, are to be found most of the fashionable 
 shops in the city. This is the favorite resort of the fair 
 Santiaguinas, particularly after mass in the morning, when 
 they are seen in their church-dress, so striking to a stranger, 
 and at the same time so appropriate and elegant. On the 
 W. side stands the cathedral, a capacious but not particu- 
 larly fine edifice, built of a coarse kind of porphyry: succes- 
 sive eho<k8 of earthquakes have seriously injured its walls 
 and arches. The Moneda. or Slint. is unquestionalily the 
 handsomest building in the city: it is of a quadrancrular 
 form, and being much higher than any other in Santiago, 
 presents a .stately and commanding appeaiance: it w.is built 
 at an immense cost in the Spanish times. Here is an ex- 
 tensive coining estal^lisbment. from which has issued all 
 the coined money now exi.-ting in the country; a part of 
 this large building has of late years been fitted np as a new 
 palace for the president, and into offices for the ministers, 
 who now trans.act business here. 
 
 Santiago is an archbishop's see. the seat of the supreme go- 
 vernment, of the courts of law, and of the leg'sluture. '* 
 has also numerous churches and monastic esUibiishment» : 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 two large and well-endowed hospitals, that of " San Juan de 
 
 Dios" for males, and that of -'San Frandsco de Borjag"' for 
 females. The inhabitants are naturally affaMe and courte- 
 ous, and remarkably kind find hospitable to strangers, whom 
 they readily admit into their circles. The children of the 
 wealthy are all t:\ught foreifrn lani;ua2es. particularly French 
 and EnglLsh. All classes are remarkably fond of music, and 
 many have acquired a dejri-ee of proficiency in it rarely ex- 
 ceeded in older and more advanced countries. There are in 
 the city 8 printing establishments.! daily, and 1 weekly 
 paper, V«sides other periodical publications. The Univer- 
 Eily of Santiago, tbrmerly San Felipe, obtained its first char- 
 ter from the kinji of Spain in 1738 ; it was reorj^anized a 
 fen years ago, and constituted into five ftculties, namely, 
 philosophy, mathematics and physical sciences, medicine, 
 law. and theoloj^y. The Instituto Nacional (National In- 
 stitute) is the oldest and best-conducted college in Chili ; in 
 it are educated the children of the wealthy lamilies destined 
 fir the learned professions. Tliere are besides numerous 
 private schools, where are taught the usual branches of edu- 
 cation. The Military Academy is a government institution 
 for the education of young men intended for the army and 
 navy; it is conducted ou the French system, and lias done 
 much to improve the/)«r.?(»m(;? of both .services. 'I'he Nor^ 
 mal School is of modern erection, and is intended for the 
 training of those destined for public tuition in the govern- 
 ment schools ; it is under the superintendence of the minis- 
 ter of finance. The National Mu.eeum is not extensive, but 
 contains a good collection of minerals, and many interesting 
 specimens of the animal and vegetable kingdoms, particu- 
 Jarly of such as are peculiar to Chili. There is a medical 
 board (Protntneilicato) for the special object of examining 
 candidates for the medical professi<in. The national library 
 consists of upwards of 21.000 volumes, among which are 
 numerous ancient and rare manuscripts. 
 
 Santiago was founded on February 12, 1541, by Pedro de 
 Taldivia. one of the early Spanish conquerors, who, struck 
 by the beauty of the spot, and the uncommon fertility of the 
 soil, resolved to fix here the metropolis of his recent con- 
 quest. Ity a judicious course of conduct he contrived gra- 
 dually to overcome the hostility of the natives, and, in 
 course of time, converted them into faithful and devoted 
 auxiliarie,s, through whose active assistance he achieved the 
 subjugation of the S. part of Chili. Santiago soon emerged 
 from its insignificance, and early became a populous and 
 opulent city. I!ut the jealous policy of Spain, and the op- 
 pressive restrictions which she imi)osed on her colonies, 
 naturally checked the progress of this, as of every other place 
 suliject to her dominion : and it was only when Chili thVew 
 off the yoke of the mother-country, that it sprang into real 
 and active life. From that time it has steadily and rapidly 
 advanced in civilization, population, and wealth; and it is 
 now fully entitled to be ranked among the most important 
 and flourishing cities in South America. I'op. about SO.OOO. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE COMPUSTELA. sdn-te-l'go dA kom-pos- 
 tA'lJ, (".Saint James of Compostel'la,") or simply COMPOS- 
 TELA. (anc. Oimpui Sirllaf) a city of Spain, formerly 
 capital of Galicia, 33 miles S.S.W. of Comnna, on the Sar. 
 Pop. 28,970. It is built around its celebrated cathedral. 
 It has numerous arcades, fountains, and scallop-shells. 
 The cathedral, with a modem front, noble cloisters, and 
 a portion of the original edifice' of the ninth century, 
 has a very stiiklng Interior, and each of its sides faces 
 a public square, in one of which squares is the dioce- 
 san seminary, and a large hospital, founded by Ferdinand 
 and Isabella in 1504, for the numerous pilgrims who used 
 to resort to the city, the area of the square serving for 
 a bull-ring. Santiago has numerous other hospitals and 
 convents, 2 collegiate and 15 pari-^h churches, a univer- 
 sity, into wliich all its colleges have been incorporated, 
 some manufactures of hosiery, cotton, hats, and leather; 
 but its chief resources are in its ecclesiastical establish- 
 ments, and the resort to it of numerous devotees, the roads 
 around it being so bad as scarcely to admit of commercial 
 traffic. It is the see of an archbi.shop, and the metropolis 
 of the knightly order of St. James of Compostella. Santiago 
 declined after the Reformation, which diminished the num- 
 ber of pilgrims, otTerings. and legacies; and the removal of 
 the captain-genei'al and the audiencia to Corunna has com- 
 pleted the impoverishment, by taking away the military, 
 the legal profession, and clients. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE CUBA, sdn-te-^'go Ak koonbi a maritime 
 city, and formerly the capital of Cuba, now the second in 
 rank and population in the island, and capital of its East 
 division, on the river Santiago, 6 miles from its mouth on 
 the S. coast. Lat. 19° 55' 9" N., Ion. 75° 50' W. It is well 
 built, with wide streets, and hotises chiefly of stone ; but. 
 being hemmed in by mountains, it is unhealthy. The prin- 
 eipjil buildings are the cathedral, several other churches, a 
 college an hospital, and numerous convents and schools. It 
 is an archbishop's see, and the residence of a goveinor, who, 
 in civil and political authority, is independent of the cap- 
 tain-general of Cuba. Its port, i miles in length, is well 
 sheltered, defended by several forts, and deep enough for 
 ships of the line. In commercial importance, Santiago ranks 
 
 Immediately after Havana and Matanzas. It has railway 
 communication with F;1 Cobre, and telegraph wires are be- 
 ing extended to the principal towns on the island. Steamers 
 ply regularly between Santiago deCnbn and liatabano, touch- 
 ing at Cienfuegos, Trinidad, Santa Cruz, and llanzanillo, 
 reaching Batabano in 6 days. Pop. in ISg,"., 24.253; of the 
 jurisdiction, 85.242, of whom 34.000 were slaves. 
 
 SANTI.\GO DE LA ESPADA, sdn-ti-a/go Ak Id Is-fk'iA. a 
 town of Spain, province, and 73 miles N.E. of Jaen, in th» 
 most elevated portion of the SieiTa de Segura. Pop. 4353. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE LAS ATALAYA.S, sdn-te-^'go d;l Us d-tl 
 ll'ds. a town of New Granada, department of Boyaca, 70 
 miles E.N.E. of Bogota. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS. sdn-te-S^go dA Ids vA/gds, a 
 town of Cuba, 15 miles S. of Havana. Pop. 5ti00. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE LA YEJA, Jamaica. See Spanish Town. 
 
 SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, sdn-te-d'go d?l Js-t.Vro, a town 
 of the Argentine Itcpublic, (La Plata.) capital of a province 
 of its own name, on the Kio Dulce, about lat. 2S° S., Ion. 
 C4° W. Pop. about 40t)0. It was founded in 1602. 
 
 SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, the central province of the 
 Argentine liepublic. (La Plata.) between lat. 27° and 30° S., 
 and Ion. 61° 30' and 65° 40' W. Pop. 48.000. I* comprises 
 two cultivated tracts along the rivers Salado and Dulce, 
 which produce good crops of wheat and maize, with some 
 cochineal, honey, wax, sugar, and indigo. Principal towns, 
 Santi.ago and Jlatiir.i. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, sdn-te-d'go dA loco 
 kd-isdl-vA'roce, a town of Ilavti. in its N. part, on the Yaqui 
 Kiver. 103 miles E. of Cape llaytien. Pop. 12,000. 
 
 SANTIAGO DE VERAGUA. See Veragda. 
 
 SANTI BACIIULLY, san'tee bd-chfinee. a considerable 
 walled village of South India, Mysore dominions. 4 miles 
 N.W. of Seringapatam. 
 
 SANTIBANEZ EL BAJO. sdn-te-bdn-yJth' h\ bd'HO. a vil- 
 lage of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and about 20 miles 
 from Caceres. Pop. 1260. 
 
 SANTIL'LA or SATII^LA, a small river of Georgia, rises 
 in Irwin county, and flows into the Atlantic through St. 
 Andrew's Sound, after a winding course, of which the gene- 
 ral direction is E.S.E The Little Santilla unites with the 
 above in AVayne county. 
 
 SANTILLANA, sdn-teel-yd'nd, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 15 miles VV.S.W. of Santander. Pop. 1112. 
 
 SANTIPONCE, sdn-te-p6n'thA, (anc. ItaVicii.) a town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, province, and N.VV. of Seville, near 
 the right bank of tlie Guadalquivir. Pop. 903. 
 
 SANTIPOOR, sdn-te-poor'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, on the E. bank of the Hoogly river, 47 
 miles N. of Calcutta. 
 
 SANTISTEBAN DEL PUERTO. sdn-tees-tA-ndn' del pwfii/. 
 to. a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 32 miles from Jaen. 
 Pop. 2903. 
 
 SANT JACOBI PAROCIIIE. s.ant yd-koHiee pd-ro'Ke^, a 
 large, thriving village of the Netherlands, province of Fries- 
 land. 9 miles N.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 2416. 
 
 SANTO AGOSTINIIO, sdn'to d-gos-teen'yo. or SAINT 
 AUGUSTIN. sjnt dw*goo»teen', a cape of Brazil, province, 
 and 25 miles S. of Pernambuco. Lat. S° 21' S., Ion. .34° 56' W. 
 This was the first-discovered land in South America, seen 
 by Pinzon, A. p. 15i)0. 
 
 SANTO AMARA, sdn'to d-md'rd. a town of Brazil, province 
 of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, on the Jacuhi. Pop. 2li0fl. 
 
 SANTO AM A HO. a river of Brazil, enters the sea 20° S. Lat. 
 
 SANTO AMARO. sdn-to d-md'ro, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 45 miles N.W. of Bahia. on the Sergipe do Conde, 
 with a port, and an active export tnide. It is al.so the name 
 of small towns in the provinces of Bahia and Rio Gr.inde 
 do Sul. 
 
 SANTO ANTONIO, a village of Brazil. See Necessibades. 
 
 SANTO ANTONIO, sdnt dn-to^ne-o. the northernmost and 
 one of the largest of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lat. (N. 
 point) 17° 12' N., Ion. 25° 5' 7" W. It is of great height, its 
 loftiest summit attaining an elevation of 7400 feet aliove the 
 surface of the sea. 
 
 SANTO ANTONIO DA BARRA. Bahi.a. See Babra. 
 
 SANTO ANTONIO D'AMARANTHO. sdn'to dn-to'ne-o dd- 
 md-rdn'tho, a market-town of Brazil, province of Matto 
 Grosso. near the river, and below the town of Cuvaba. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 SANTO ANTONIO DA PATRULIIA, sdn'to dn-to'ne-o Al 
 pd-trool'vd. a town of Brazil, provin le of Siio Pedio do Rio 
 Grande, "eIn.E. of Porto Alegre. Pop. 3103. 
 
 SANTO ANTONIO DE SA. sdn'to dn-to'ne-o dA sd. or MA- 
 CACU, md-kd koo', a town of Brazil, province, and 30 miles 
 N.E. of Rio de Janeiro, on the Macacu. Pop. 7000. 
 
 SANTO ANTONIO DOS GUARULHOS. sdn'to dn-to'ne-o 
 doce gwd-rooi'yoce, a market-town of Brazil, province of Rio 
 de Janeiro, on the Parahiba, opposite Campos. Pop. 6000. 
 
 SANTO DOMINGO. See San- Domi.noo. 
 
 SANT-OEDENRODE, sdnt oMenro'deh, a village of the 
 Netherlands, province of North Brabant, on the Dommel, 
 11 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 900. 
 
 SANTOMERA, sdn-to-mA/rd, a village of Spain, province, 
 and 8 miles N Ji^. of Murcia. Pop. S078. 
 
 1709 
 
SAN 
 
 SAO 
 
 SAXTOMTSL (?) sin-to-misel'. a town of Prussian Poland. 
 18 miles S.S.K. of Posen. Pop. 14J5. 
 
 S-A-NTilN. a parish of Ensland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SANTOSfA, sin-ton'yS, a fortified town of Spain, province, 
 and Ifi miles E. of S.Tntander. on a peninsular headland in 
 the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 934. It has an arsenal, barracks, 
 and military magazines, anchor forces, and a port adapted 
 for ships of the line. It was occupied by the French in 1809. 
 and asain in 1823. 
 
 SANTORINI, s3n-to-ree'nee, SAXTORIN, sdn-to-reen', 
 TIIERA. thA'rd, or CALLISTE, kill-lees't.i, an island of the 
 Grecian Archipelago, government of Thera. 13 miles .S. of the 
 Island of Xio. It is half-moon shaped. Length, 10 miles: 
 greatest breadth, 8 miles. Area. 41 square miles. Pop. 13.063. 
 The surface is arid, but by great industry it is rendered very 
 productive in barley, cotton, wine, and figs; wine is the 
 staple produce. Its principal mountain is a limestone mass. 
 1887 feet in height. The soil is mostly of volcanic origin, 
 and volcanic phenomena are very common in this island. 
 
 S.4NT()S, sin'tos, a maritime town of Brazil, province, 
 and 34 miles S.S.E. of Sao Paulo, of which it is the port, on 
 the N. side of the island of Enirua Gua^u. Lat. 23° 55' S., 
 Ion. 46° 19' W. Pop. SlX)0. Its harbor admits large ves.sels. 
 and it has an active export trade, chietly in sugar. It is 
 one of the oldest European establishments in Brazil. 
 
 S.A.NTOS, Los, loce sln'tos. a town of New Granada, de- 
 partment of Istmo. on the W. coast of the Gulf of Parita, 
 S.S.E. of Parita. 
 
 SANTOS DE MAIMONA. Loa, loce sin-tos dA mlmo^na, 
 a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 40 miles 
 S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4150. 
 
 SANTOS LUG ARES. sSn'toce loo-gi'res, a village of the 
 Argentine Republic. (La Plata.) province, and 14 miles W. of 
 Bueuos Ayres. It 1S52, the Dictator Rosas was here finally 
 defeated by Urquiza. 
 
 SANTO STEFANO, sin'to stA-f J'no, or SAN STAFANO, 
 sin stA'fa-no. (■' St. Stephen.") a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra. 14 miles W. of S,ant' Anselo dei Lomtwrdi. 
 
 SANTO .STEFANO or SAN STEFANO, a town of Italy, in 
 the Pontifical States, 9 miles S.W. of Frosinone. 
 
 SANTO ST EFANO. a town of Sicily, on the .Mediterranean, 
 Si miles N.W. of Mistretta. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SANTO STEFANO, sdn'to st;Vfa-no, or SAN STEFANO, 
 san st.Vfa-no. a town of Austrian Albania, on the Adriatic, 
 6 miles S.E. of Budua. 
 
 SANTO STEFANO. an islet off the N. coast of ."ardinia. 
 
 SANTO STEFANO. sdn'to st.Vfa-uo, or SAN STEFANO, 
 bJu stA'fJ-no, a town of the Sardinian States, division, and 
 43 miles N,N,W. of Niee. Pop. 2.338. 
 
 SANTO for SAN) STEFANO, a village of Sicily, province, 
 and N.N.W. of tJirgenti. 
 
 SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO. a town of Sicily, province, 
 and 7 miles- S.S.W. of Messina, near the Straits of Messina. 
 Pojt. :»oo. 
 
 SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO AL MARE, sin'to (or sin) 
 st.i'fd-no il md'rA, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Nice, 6 miles E,N,E. of San Remo, on the Gulf of Genoa. 
 Pop. 918. 
 
 SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO BELBO, sjn'to (or fdn) stV- 
 fi-no bel'bo, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 13 miles E.S.E. 
 of Alba. Pop. 2656. 
 
 SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO DAVETO, sin'to ^or sin) stil'- 
 fS-no dd-v.Vt-o, a town of the Sardinian States, division, and 
 20 miles N.E. of Genoa. It is the seat of a court of justice, 
 and has three squares, a fine public walk, a handsome 
 church adorned with paintings, and the ruins of an old 
 castle. Pop. 6:J77. 
 
 SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO DI MAGRA. gin'to (or sin) 
 st.Vfd-no dee md'gri. a village of the Sardinian State.s divi- 
 sion of Genoa, province, and 16 miles E. of Levante, on the 
 left bank of the Magra. Pop. 1945. 
 
 SANTO (or SAN)' STEFANO ROERO. sin'to (or sin) st.V- 
 fi-no roi/ro, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 7 miles N.W. 
 of Alba. Pop. 2060. 
 
 SANTVLIET, s.int-vle-ft'. a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 10 miles N.N.W. of Antwerp, on the Scheldt. P. 1874. 
 
 SA\TY.\M CITV. a post-village of Linn co.. Oregon, on 
 Santyam River, about 5 miles above its junction with the 
 Willamette. 
 
 SANTYAM RIVER, rises in the E. part of Linn co.. Ore- 
 gon, and flowing westerly, falls into the Willamette River, 
 about 20 miles above Salem. 
 
 SAN VALENTINO, a town of Naples, province of Princi- 
 pato Citra. N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 2066. 
 
 SAN V.^LENTINO. a town of N.aples. province of Abruzzo 
 Citra. 13 miles S. \V. of Chieti. Pop. 24fO. 
 
 SAN VEROMILIS. sin v.'V-ro-mee'lis, a village of the 
 Island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari. 7 miles N. of Oris- 
 tano. Pop. 1S59. 
 
 S.A.N-VERON. sin v^h-rAs"', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment, and 5 miles S. of Sens. Pop. 1182, 
 
 S.VNVIC. s6.N"\eek', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-lnferieure,arrondissement of Havre, P, in 1852.3944. 
 
 SAN V10EN3 DELS HARTS, sin ve-sJns' Ails haBts, a 
 village of Spain, iu Catalonia, province, and 7 miles from 
 1710 
 
 Barcelona, on the Llobregat, with a jwrish church, court- 
 house, and school. Pop. 1732. 
 
 SAN VICENTE, sin ve-s^n't.-V, (•' St. Vincent.") a town of 
 Spain, province, and 33 miles N. of Badajos. Pop. 6^8S. 
 
 S.\N VICENTE, a town of Spain, in E.«treraadura, pro- 
 vince, and .33 miles N. of Badajos. Pop. 6750. 
 
 SAN VICENTE, a town of Cmitral America, capital of the 
 state of S.an Salvador, 25 miiex E.S.E. of San Salvador. Pop. 
 8000. Around it .are indigo and tobacco plantations, and 
 near it the volcano of S;tn Vicente. The Volcano, an enor- 
 mous isolated ma.ss of irregular shape, with numerous pi-o- 
 jeoting eminences, separated bv deep chasms, is supposed to 
 be aljout 800 feet in height, 
 
 SAN VICENTE DE LA BARQUERA, sin ve-sSn'tA di li 
 baR-k.A'ri. a seaport of Spain, in Old Castile, province, and 
 28 miles S. of Siintander. It is walled, has a castle with 
 dungeons said to have been used as a prison by the kings 
 of Navarre. The harbor is secure, and Kin admit vessels of 
 considerable burden. Pop. 102;!. 
 
 SAN VICENTE DE LLAVANERAS. sin ve-tb?n't.A di 
 li-vi-ni'ris. a town of Spain, near the former. Pop. 811. 
 
 SAN VICENTE DEL RASPEIG. sin ve-lhJn'tA dfl ris-p.i- 
 eeg'. a town of Spjiin. province, and 4 miles from Alicante. 
 Pop. 4657. 
 
 SAN VITAOLIANO. sin vit-til yi/no, a village of Naples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, W. of Nola. Pop. 1554. 
 
 SAN VITO, sin vee'to. a market-town of Italy. 20 miles 
 S.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SAN VITO. a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Citra, on a hill near the Adriatic. 5 miles .S.S.E. of Ortona. 
 
 SAN VITO. a market-town of Italy, province of Calabri* 
 Ultra I., 7 miles S.W. of Squillace. 
 
 SAN VITO. a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra 
 II.. 18 miles S.S.W. of Catanzaro. 
 
 SAN VITO, a town of Sicily, province, and 17 miles N.E. of 
 Srapani, near the cape of its own name. It has an anchorage 
 for small vessels, and a fisherv. 
 
 SAN VITO Di'XlLI SCIIIAVI. sin vee'to, dfl'ye ske-i'vee, 
 a market-town of Italy, province of Otranto. 15 miles W. of 
 Brindisi. It was founded by a Slavonian colony, (whence its 
 name.) 
 
 SAN A'lTTORE, sin vit-to/rA, a town of Naples, provinc* 
 of Terra di Lavoro. district of Sora. Pop. 950. 
 
 S.4.N XAVIER Island. See Saint .Xavier. 
 
 SAN XAVIER or JAVIER, san zav'e-er, (Sp. pron. siu 
 hi-ve-aiR.') a river of California, tributary to the Colorado. 
 
 SAN XAVIER or JAVIER, s.in Hi-ve-aiR/, a hamlet of the 
 Arwntine Republic, (La Plata.) department, and 90 miles 
 N.N-.E.of SLantaFe. 
 
 SAN XAVIER or JAVIER, a village of Bolivia, province. 
 and 130 miles N.E.E. of Santa Cruz, on an affluent of the 
 M.amore. 
 
 SAN XAVIER or JAVIER DEL BAC. sin hi-v^aiu Ail 
 b.-ik, a village of the Mexican Confederation, state of Sonora, 
 150 miles N.X.W. of Arispe. 
 
 SANYASSICOTTA, sin-yis-se-kot'ti, a town of Eriti.sh 
 India, province of Bengal, 80 miles N.W. of Rungixxsr, near 
 the frontier of .Sikkim. 
 
 SANZA. sin'zi, a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Citra. 13 miles N. of Policastro. Pop. 2ti00. 
 
 SAN ZEN(JNE, sin zA-no'ni. a market-town of North 
 Italy, in lymibardy. 12 miles E.S.E. of Pavia, on the Olona, 
 here crossed by a stone bridge. 
 
 SAO BEXTO. sCiwNO bjn'to. a market-town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of .Magoas. district of Porto Calvo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 S.lO BERNARDO, sown" b^R-naii'do. a city of BraziL pro- 
 vince of Ceara. on the Russas, 70 miles S.S.E. of Ciar.i. Pop. 
 
 Sio CHRISTOVAO. sSwxo krees-to-vOwyo'.or SERGIPE, 
 sjRzhee'pA, a city of Br.azil, capital of the province of Sergipe, 
 on the Paromapama. 20 miles from its mouth in the Atlanti'?; 
 it is the residence of the civil and military authorities, and 
 has a governor's palace, an hospital, and two schools. P. 2W10. 
 
 S.IO FELIZ (or FELIS.) sSwn" f:l-Iees', a town of Brazil, 
 province, and 280 miles N.N.E. of Goyaz, on a .small aurife- 
 rous river of the same name, a tributary of the .AlaranhSo. 
 On a hill about 9 miles S. of the town are some remnrkablo 
 caverns, and at a considerable distance S.S.E. are the thermal 
 springs of Caldas de Frei Reinoldo, in which the water is 
 almost boiling hot. 
 
 S.IO FRANCISCO. s«wNofr.in-sees'ko. or SAINT FRAN- 
 ClS/aX often called SAN FRANCISCtX a large and import- 
 ant river of Brazil, rises in the province of Minas Geraea, 
 I>at 20° S., Ion, 4-5° W.. flows N.. N.E.. and E., secarating 
 the provinces of Bahi.^ and Pernambuco, and enters the 
 Atlantic by two mouths, in lat. 10° 24' S.. Ion. 3*;.° 20* W. 
 Length. 1200 miles. Its navigation is impeded by the falls 
 of Paulo Affonzo. a series of masnificent c-.itaracts. I'W miles 
 from its mouth, but above this it is navigable to the influx 
 of the Rio das Velhas, 900 miles, 
 
 S.lO FRANCISCO, a small river of Brazil, in the province 
 of Santa Catharina, which enters the .\tlantic opposit<» the 
 island of Sao Francisco. Lensrth. lOii miles. 
 
 S.IO FRANCISCO, an Lsland of BraziL in the Atlantic, 
 separated from the province of Santa Catharina by a uar- 
 
 iL-. 
 
SAO 
 
 SAO 
 
 row cbannel. Length, 20 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Its 
 capitn) of the same name is ift lat. 26° 12' S., Ion. 48° 4-3' W. 
 
 SlO FRA.VCI.SCO. suwxo frin-sees'ko, a town of Brazil, 
 province, and 45 miles N.VV.of Bahia, at the N.W. extremity 
 of the hay, at the mouth of the Serigi. Pop. including 
 slaves. 2000. 
 
 SiO OOX^.\L0, sows" g5n-s,^lo, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 Tince of KioUraude do Norte, on the I'otengi or Grande, 12 
 miles W. of Natal. 
 
 S.IO GONQ.iLO, sCwN-o gon-silo, a market-town of Brazil, 
 province, audio mile.s N.K.of Uio de Jaueiro, capital of a dis- 
 trict having 10.000 inhabitants. 
 
 8A0 (iO.vg.VLO D'AMAItANTE, s6w.\o gon-si'lo di-mj- 
 rSn'tA, a town of Brazil, province of Biauhi. 56 miles N.N.W. 
 of Leiras. It was originally formed for the residence of In- 
 dians called Acroas and GuSi^uSs, who were living disjwrsed 
 among the mountains in which the Barahiba has its source. 
 I'op. 18u0. 
 
 S.lOJOAOor.TOAlI.sowNQ zho-OwNo', a town of Portugal, 
 province, and 1 mile W. of Oporto. It hxs a fort and baths, 
 and is a place of resort for the inhabitiints of Oporto. 
 
 SAO JOlO (or JOAM) DA BAUKA, sdw.N<: zho-«5wNO/d3 
 baR'Kd. a town of Brazil, province of Bio de Janeiro, 18 miles 
 K.N.K. of Campos, on the right bank of the Parahiba, near 
 its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 2o00. 
 
 S.lO JOAO (or JOAM) DA FOZ, .sown" zho-owx"' di foz. a 
 town and parish of Portugal, 3 miles W. of t)porto, at the 
 N. corner of the mouth of the Douro. Pop. 3050. 
 
 S.lO JO-lO (or JOAM) UA PAhMA, sowno zho^Swx"' ili 
 pil'md. a town of Brazil, province, and 400 miles N. of 
 Goyaz. on the angular piece of ground between the Palma 
 and I'aranan. 
 
 SAO JO.lO (or J0AM)DEPKSQUEIRA,sfiwNozho-(1wN«' 
 dA pi^.s-kiV'e-rd. a fortified town of Portugal, province of Beira, 
 22 miles R. of Lamego, on the Douro, navigable from the sea 
 to this point. 
 
 SAO .lOAO (or JOAM) D' AREAS, .sfiwx<i zho-Cwx"' dd 
 r.Vds. a town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, 
 about 20 miles from A'iseu. Pop. 2004. 
 
 SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DAS DUAS BAURAS, sown" zho- 
 6w.\o dds dfio'ds bin/nls, a market-t<jwu of Brazil, province 
 of Goyaz, at the confluence of the Araguay and Tocantins. 
 
 SAO JOAO (or ,JOAM)DASLAMPA.S,sowN<'zho-c>wx"/das 
 lini'pds, a town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, 
 comarca Alemquer. Pop. 2ti25. 
 
 SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DEL REI, s6wn" zho-owN«'dM 
 rA'e, a city of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, 80 miles 
 S.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. oUOO. 
 
 SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DO PRINCIPE, sown" zho-OwNo'do 
 preen'se-pA. or MAI\C(JS, maR/kos. a town of Brazil, province, 
 and i;0 miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 6000. 
 
 SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DO PRI.NCIPE. sOwno zho-6wxo/ 
 do preen'se-pi, a town of Brazil, province of Ceara, on the 
 Jaguaribe ; lat. 6° 5' S. It is a sm.ill, mi.«erable place, con- 
 sisting of a few mean houses, many of them ruinous. Pop. 
 of the district, 9604. 
 
 SAO JORGE. SOWN" zhoR'zhA, or SAINT GEORGE, one 
 of the .\zores Islands in the Atlantic. W. of Terceira; lat. of 
 S.E. point, 38° 32' 5" N., lon.'27° 46' W. Length. 20 miles; 
 breadth. 5 miles. Soil fertile, and it contains good pastures, 
 and extensive woods. Principal town, Villa de Velhas. Pop. 
 4000. 
 
 SAO JORGE DOS ALAMOS, Brazil. See Vigu. 
 
 SAO JORGE DOS IliUEOS, sown" zhoR/zh4 doce eel-yA'- 
 oce, a maritime town of Brazil, province, and 130 miles S.W. 
 of Bahia, at the mouth of the Rio dos Ilheos, which enters 
 the Atlantic after an E. course of 1.30 miles. It has a good 
 harbor, and some trade in agricultural produce, and is one 
 of the oldest settlements in Brazil, having been founded by 
 Kami ro. in 1535. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SA(J JOSfi or JOZE, suwN-o zho-zi',a bay of Brazil. E.side 
 of the island of Maranhao, formed by the mouths of the 
 Monl and Itapicuru. It is about 24 miles long from N. to 
 S., by alxjut H miles broad. 
 
 SAO JOSf; or JOZE, a town of Brazil, province of Minas 
 Geraes. near the Mortes. 2110 miles S.W. of Ouro Preto. 
 Pop. of the district. 12.000. 
 
 SAO JOSfi or JOZE, a town of Brazil, province of Santa 
 Catharina, on a creek in the Bay of St. Catharine, (Santa 
 Catharina.) 4 miles W. of Desterro. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SAO .TOSlJ or J0Zl5, a town of Brazil, province, and 60 
 miles N.E. of 'Sao Paulo, near the Parahiba. Lat. 23° 12' S., 
 Ion. 46° W. It was originally founded by the Jesuits, who 
 established a college here, in which, in the beginning of the 
 last centurv, they trained and educated a great number of 
 Indians. Pop. of the district, 4000. 
 
 SAO JOSl^: (or JOZ fi) DO NORTE, sown" zho-zA/ do noR/td, 
 a town of Braz'l, province, and 5 miles N. of Sao Pedro do Rio 
 Grande, between the Atlantic and Lake Patos. Pop. of the 
 district. 3000. 
 
 SAO JULlAO, SOWN" zhii-Ie-8wN0', (" St. Julian,") a fort 
 of Portugal, province of Estremadura. at the entrance of the 
 Tagus. 
 
 SAO LEOPOLDO. s(iwN° Id-o-pol'do, a town of Brazil, pro- 
 yiuee of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, between the Sine and 
 
 Cahi, 30 miles N. of Porto Alegre. It wag founded In 1S2*, 
 by a colony of Germans, under the patronage of the Empress 
 Leopoldina, wife of Don Pedro I., to whom it owes its name; 
 and was making great progress, when its prosperity was 
 arrested by the revolution of 1835, and the troubles of 
 1840-41. It has again begun to prosper, and sends garden 
 stuffs, milk, butter, and cheese to Porto Alegre. Pop. of the 
 district, 4000. 
 
 SAo L'.)UKEXgO-DO-BAIRRO, sown" lo-rSn'.so do biR'Ro, 
 n town of Portugal, province of Douro, 18 miles K.S.E. of 
 Aveiro. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SAO LUIZ. Brazil. See MARANnSo or Maranham. 
 
 SAO M.\MEDE, sows" md-m.Vd.A. a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Tras os Jlontes, on the Douro, where it is joined by 
 the Tua. 20 miles N.E. of Lamego. Pop. 1220. 
 
 SAO MARTINIIO, sin maR-teen'yo, a market-town and 
 harlx)r of Portugal, province of Estremadura, on the At- 
 lantic, 8 miles S.W. of AlcobaQa. 
 
 SAO MARTINIIO DE MOUROS, sCws" maR-teen'vo 6k 
 mO'roce, or SAO MARTINIIO DOS MOUROS, dn maR- 
 toen'yo doce mo'roce, a town of Portugal, province of Beira 
 Alta. 6 miles N.W. of Lamego. near the Douro. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SAO MAHTIXHO DO PORTO, sows" maR-tL-en'yo do porA 
 to, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 22 miles S.W. of l^eiria, 
 on the Atlantic. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAO MATHEOS, sown" ma-tA'oce,("St. Matthew,") some- 
 times written MATIIEUS, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Espirito Santo, 16 miles from the Atlantic. It has a church, 
 a Latin, and two primary schools, and a considerable ex- 
 port trade in mandioc flour, sugar, and millet. 
 
 S.^O MATHEOS, a town of Brazil, province, and 190 miles 
 S.S.M'. of Cejira. on the Jaguaribe, originally a hamlet of 
 Cariri Indians. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAO MIGUEL,.s.-.w.N<' mi-ghiM', (" St. Michael,") a town of 
 Brazil, pi-ovince of Sant.i Catharina, in a bay of same name, 
 15 miles N.\\'. of Desterro. It has a church, a primary 
 school, numerous sugar-works, a pottery for making glazed 
 earthenware, and a tmnery. Pop. of the district, ullOO. 
 
 SAO MIGUEL, a town of Brazil, province, and 25 mile8 
 S.S.W. of Alagoas, on a river of its own name, with a trade 
 in tobacco and cotton, sent to Bahia. Pop. 2000. 
 
 S.\0 MIGUEL, a town of Brazil, province, and 35 mile^ 
 N. of Parahiba. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SAO .MIGUEL, one of the Azores. See Saint I\Iichael. 
 
 SAO MIGUEL D'ACIIA. sawx" ma-ghiMMA'-shd, a town of 
 Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, 9 miles E. of Castello 
 Branco. Pop. 936. 
 
 SAO MIGUEL DE PTRACICABA, sows" ma-gh?l/ dA pe-rj 
 se-kitjd, a village of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes. E.S.E. 
 of Cahete. It is built in the form of an amphifhtatre, 
 and presents a very pleasing appearance, the houses being 
 provided with gardens. It has four churches. Millet and 
 haricots are grown, and large herds of swine reared in the 
 distiict. Pop. 10.949. 
 
 SAO MIGUEL DO ONTEIRO, sown" me-gh?l' do on-tA'e-ro, 
 a town of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, 9 miles W.S.W. 
 of Viseu. Pop. 1470. 
 
 SAIIXA, sd-o'nA, an island off the S.E. extremity cf Ilayti, 
 and separated from it by a shallow channel, 10 miles across. 
 Lengtli. 16 miles; breadth, 5 miles. 
 
 S.\ON'E, .son, (anc. A'rar,) a river of France, rises in the S. 
 part of the department of Vosges, passes Port-sur-Saone and 
 Gray, (where it becomes navigable.) and enters the Rhone 
 on the right, at Lj'ons. Length, .316 miles. It communicates 
 by canals with the Rhine. Yonne, and Loire. 
 
 SAONE-ET-LOIRE, (Sa8ne-et-Loire.) son A IwJr. a de- 
 partment in the E. part of France, formed of part of the old 
 province of Burgundy. Area, 3270 square miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 582,137. The surface is mountainous, traversed trom 
 S. to N. by the mountains of the Cote d'Or, which separate 
 the basins of the Saone and Rhone. It is watered by the 
 S.ione, Loire, and Arroux, which are all navigable, and are 
 connected by the Canal du Centre, which is comprised in 
 this department. Ont^fifth of its superficies is covered with 
 forests. Corn is raised sufficient for consumption, and the 
 wines of Maconnois and of Chalonnois are esteemed. It has 
 rich mines of coal and iron. The most important are those 
 of Creuzot: and the mineral springs of Bourbon-Lancy are 
 celebrated. The chief industry of the population is in mining 
 and cattle-rearing. The department is divided into the 
 arrondissements of JIficon, Autun, Chalon, Charolles. and 
 Louhans: capital Macon. 
 
 SAO NICALAO, sown" ne-ko-H'o, a village of Brazil, 
 province of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, on the Piratlni, 
 founded in 1621. 
 
 SAO PAULO, SOWN" pow1o,acity of Brazil, capital of a pro- 
 vince of same name, is situated I>etween two streams, tribu- 
 taries to the Tiete, 220 miles W.S,W. of Rio Janeiro. It Is built 
 with little rei^ard to regularity. The streets are narrow, but 
 have both centre and side pavement ; and the houses are of 
 earth, plastered over, and white-wa.shod generally of a straw- 
 yellow or pink color, which gives them a clean, comtiirtable, 
 and cheerful appearance. 'They are all roofed with tile, and 
 for the most part two stories high, with occasional balconies. 
 The envii-ons are still more attractive than the town, being 
 
 1711 
 
SAO 
 
 SAR 
 
 ^nerally laid out In handsome villas and gardens. The 
 principal edifices are the cathedral, the parish church of St. 
 Iphigenia, H) other churches, several monasteries and con- 
 vents ; the fcovernor's ami the bishop's palace, town-house, 
 prison, infirmary, and military hospital. The educational 
 establishments include a school of law. an eoclesiasti«»l semi- 
 nary, a Latiu school, school of philosophy, and several 
 primary schools. Sai>Paulo, as the capital of the province, 
 is the seat of several important courts of law and public 
 offiees, the place where the provincial assembly holds its 
 sittings, the residence of the president, and the see of a 
 bishop. It also possesses a public library, and an extensive 
 bot.inic gai-den. Its vicinity is picturesque, and interspersed 
 with numerous villas. It is one of the oldest cities in Brazil, 
 having l)een founded in 1554. Pop. ii-OS-. 
 
 SAO PAULi). a maritime province of Brazil, bounded 
 on the N. by the province of Goj'az, N.E. by Minas Qeraes 
 and Kio de Janeiro, K. by the Atlantic, S. by Santa C«tha- 
 rina and Sao Pedro do Kio Grande, W. by the republic of 
 Paraguav and the province of Matto Grosso. Lat. 20° to 26° 
 S.. Ion. +4= :»' to 55° W. Area. 131,705 square miles. The 
 coast-line stretches fi-om N.E. to S.W. for above -100 miles. 
 Part of it in the N.E. is hold and rocky, but the rest is gene- 
 rally low. A n>ountain chain, composed of the Serras do 
 Mar and CubatSo, divides the narrow coast-line from the 
 wide inland region traversed by the Rio Grande and Iguassu, 
 besides several other tributaries of the Parana, which form 
 respectively its X. and S. boundaries. The Iguapa is the 
 only river of consequence flowing into the .\tlantic. This is 
 one of the richest provinces of Brazil. The products com- 
 mon to South Europe are intermixed with those of tropical 
 climates. On the Iwnks of the Tiete a Chinese colony was 
 some years ago located, and engaged in the culture of tea ; 
 but the plant did not flourish, and Paraguay tea is that 
 mostly in use. Live stock of many kinds are numerous; 
 gold, silver, iron, sulphur, and many gems, are among the 
 mineral products. The province is well supplied with means 
 of communication both by laud and water. It is divided 
 into 7 cr.mai-cas, and sends 9 deputies to the general legisla- 
 tive assembly, and appoints 4 senators. The provincial 
 assembly, composed of 2ii niemtjers, holds its sittings in the 
 town ot SiJo Paulo. Pop. 45S.000. 
 
 S.\0 PAULO DE LOANDA. See S.^i>fT Path. i>e Loant)a. 
 
 SAO PEDKO D'ALCANTARA, sow.\o pa'dro dil-kau'ti'ri. 
 a town of Brazil, province of Goyaz. on the riirht bank of 
 the Tocantins. 80 miles S.S.E. of Sao Joao dos Dn;is Barras. 
 
 SAO PEDKO DO RIO GRANDE, sOw-N" pA'dro do ree'o 
 grin'di. or SAO PEDRO DO SUL. sow.\o p.Vdro do sool, a 
 maritime province in the S. of Brazil, bounded X. by the pro- 
 vince of S.w I'aulo: N.E. by Santa Catharina; S. and S.E. by 
 the .Atlantic : andAV.by the Argentine province of Entre Rios. 
 In the S. it terminates almost in a point, and has for its ex- 
 treme frontier Lake Mirim. Lat. from 25° 30' to 32° 30* S., 
 Ion. from 4'J^ 40' to 54° 40' W. Ai-ea, 93,756 square miles. 
 It contains the lakes of A'iamao. Patos, and Mirim, which 
 conimunioate with each other, and h.ave a length of about 
 240 miles, with a breadth varying from 4 to 30 miles. In 
 the X. portion of the province, the rivers belong partly to 
 the basin of the Parank. and partly to that of the Uruguay. 
 The sea-coast is generally flat and sandy, but is lined by a 
 series of reefs, which makes navigation dangerous. The in- 
 terior is generally fertile. The productions are not those 
 common in other parts of Brazil. Instead of the tropical 
 heats, a temperate climate prevails, and coffee-plants and 
 bananas are cultivated more as objects of curiosity than of 
 general utility. The finer fruits of Europe, particularly 
 figs and peaches, find a genial soil ; the ordinary cei'eals, 
 more aspecially wheat, enter largely into the general course 
 of cultivation, their place being occasionally supplied by 
 rice and Hax. Building-timber is not very plentiful. Tlie 
 minerals include gold, also, it is said, silver, and very 
 rich beds of iron, sulphur, and the finest porcelain-clay. 
 The princiiMil occupation of the inh.abitants is the rearing 
 of cattle, which are partly .sent in droves to Sao Panlo and 
 Rio Janeiro: but to a much greater extent slaughtered 
 to furnish the dried beef for which the province has long 
 been famous, and which is exported to all parts of Brazil, 
 and to Mexico, Havana, and the United States. The same 
 cattle likewise furnish an important export of hides and 
 tallow. Horses and mules, also, especially the latter, are 
 reared in great numbers. Sao Pedro do Rio Grande is di- 
 vided into four military divisions : Porto ."Vlegre, Kio Grande. 
 Rio Pardo. and Sete Jlissoes. It sends three deputies to 
 the general legislative assembly, and appoints one senator. 
 The provincial assembly consists of 28 members. There is 
 B German colony which in 1845 had a population of 6811, 
 mt St Leopoldo. about 40 miles N. of Porto Alegre, the capi- 
 tal. Pop. 2<30,0O0. 
 
 SAOitGIO. sd-oR'3o, uptown of North Italy, in Sardinia, 
 division, and 25 miles N.E. of Nice. Pop. 2689. 
 
 SAO ROM .10. sOwxo ro-mowNO', a town of Brazil, province 
 of -Minas Qeraes, on the left bank of the Sao Francisco: lat 
 16° 22' S. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SlO ROQUE. sdw.v> ronci, a town of Brazil, proyince, and 
 32 miles W.S.W. of Sao Paulo. Pop. 4000. 
 1713 
 
 SAO ROQUE. CAPE, of Brazil. See Cape Saixt Roqcs. 
 
 SAO SALVADOR, a city of Brazil. See Baiiia. 
 
 SAO SEBASTIAO, sown" si-bis-te-iiw.No', a maritime town 
 of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, opposite an island of same 
 name, in lat. 23° 48' 20" S., Ion. 4.3° 29' G" W. l>op. of the 
 district 6000. The i.-land is separiited from a peninsula of 
 the mainland by a narrow ch.annel : it is 12 miles long, and 
 6 miles broad. Pop. 3000. On its AV. coast is the village of 
 Princeza. 
 
 SA<>UK. sS-ook'. a river of Russia, rises in the government 
 of Livonia, flows S.S.W., and, forming a junction with the 
 Pernau, fills into the Gulf of Livonia, after a course of 
 about 45 miles, 
 
 S.\OU.\E,-sd^oon', a river of France, rises in the S. part of 
 the department of Lot, near Lauzech. flows S,W.. and joins 
 the Garonne on the right, 4 miles S.E. of Agen, after a course 
 of about 45 miles. 
 
 SAO VICENTE, one of the Cape Terd Islands. See SAnrr 
 
 VlSCENT. 
 
 SAO VICENTE, sdw^fo ve-sJn'tA. (" St. Vincent.") a town of 
 Brazil, 40 miles S.S.E. of Sao Paulo. This was the first city 
 founded by the Portuguese in South America, and was long 
 the capital of South Brazil. It is now in dt-cav. Pop. 600. 
 
 SAO VICENTE DA BEIRA. sOwx" ve-sJn'ti dd We-ri, 
 a town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, 20 
 miles X.N. \V. of Castello Branco. Pop. 1710. 
 
 SAOWLEE, sd-«w1ee, a town of West Ilindostan, domi- 
 nions, and IS miles N.of Baroda. 
 
 SA P.\X TAGH, si-pdn' tdg, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, 
 40 miles X.W, of Van. on the N. side of its lake. Estimated 
 elevation, from 9500 to 10.000 feet. 
 
 SAPAROOA, SAPAROUA. sd-pd-roo'l. or IIOXIMOA, ho- 
 ne-mo'L an island of the Malay Archipelairo, one of the Mo- 
 lucca.s, off the S.W. coast of Cei-am, in lat. 3° 30' S., Ion. 128° 
 34' E. 
 
 SAPATA. or POOLO SAPAT.4, pooOo sil-patil, a small 
 island of the China Sea, 90 miles S. of Cape Padaran, (Cochin 
 China,) in lat 10° 4' X.. Ion. 109° 10' E. 
 
 SAP.\T.\, an island off the W. coast of Borneo. 
 
 S.\P'rOTE. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SAP'EY PRITCH'ARD, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 SAP'EY UP'PER. a parish of England, co. of Herefbrd. 
 
 SAPIIAR or SAPHAR-REGIA. See Dhofar. 
 
 SAPIIET. See Safed. 
 
 S.\I'IENZ.A.. sd-pe-^n'zi, one of the small Greek islands, 
 off the S.W. coast of the Morea, 2 miles S. of Modon. Length, 
 5 miles; breadth. 2 miles. The surface is mountainous, and 
 mostlv in pasturage. It has a tolerable harlior. 
 
 SA PIS. a river of Italy. See S.AVIO. 
 
 SAP'ISTOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAl'MEIi. See Sappemeer. 
 
 SAPOJOK. See Sap^zhok. 
 
 S.APONAKA, sd-po-ni'i-A, a town of Naples, province of 
 Basilicat.i, 11 miles S.E. of Marsico Xuovo. Pop. 3400. 
 
 SAPOZHOK or SAPOJOK. sd-po-zhok'. written alsoSAPO- 
 SCIIOK, a town of Russia, government, and 50 miles S.E. of 
 Riazan. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SAPPAII RIVER, in Wiscon.«in. See Buck River, 
 
 SAPPEMEER, sJp'peh-maiR\ or SAPMER. s^p^maiR', a 
 village of the Xetherlands, 11 miles E.S.E.of Groningen, on 
 the Winschoten Canal. I'op. 2200. 
 
 S.\P'PEI!TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 S.\PPERTOX, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. In 
 this parish the Thames and Severn Canal passes through a 
 tunnel 2J miles in lensrth. 
 
 SAPPHAKA. See Dhofar. 
 
 SAP'PINGTON. a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 15 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 SAPP'S CROSS-ROADS, a postoffice of Blount co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 SAPRT, si'pree, a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra, 6 miles E, of Policastro, and with a harbor 
 on its culf. Pop. 15.000. 
 
 SAPTIN INDIANS. See NEZ-PERcf s. 
 
 S.A.PTIN RIVER, Oregon. See Lewis River. 
 
 S.\PUCAIII, sd-poo-ka-ee', a river of Brazil, in the S. part 
 of the province of Minas Geraes. flows N.W. and joins the 
 Rio Grande or Paran&. after a course of 2t>0 miles. 
 
 SAPUCAHI, a town of Brazil, on the Sapueahi, ISO miles 
 S.W. ofOuro Preto. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SAQQARA. See Sakkara. 
 
 SAQUAKE.MA, sd-kwi-rA'ml, or SEQUAREMA, sk-kvi- 
 r.A'm4. a town of Brazil, province, and 29 miles E. of Rio de 
 .Taneiro, near the Atlantic, and on Lake Saquarema, Pop. 
 7000. 
 
 S.\^RA. sj'rd. or s3-ri. a river of Russi.% rises in the govern- 
 ment of Yaro.slav. flows E., then N.X.E., and falls into Lake 
 Nero from the S., 4 miles S. of Rostov, after a course of about 
 48 miles. 
 
 SAKABAT, sa-ra-bit/, KEDOOS, KEDOUS, KEDUS, ke- 
 doos', written also KODUS and GEDUZ, (anc. /7er'»ii«.") a 
 river of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, after a W. course of 180 
 miles enters the Gulf of Smyrna 8 miles W. of Smyrna. 
 
 SARA, BAYOU, bi'oo s.Vi^ of Louisiana, flows S. ttirongb 
 
SAR 
 
 West Feliciana parish, and enters the Mississippi at the Til- 
 lage of Bavou S;ira. 
 
 SAUABITA, sd-rd-bc"e'ta, or SUARF;Z, swJ-rJs', a river of 
 New Granada, rises near the centre of the stite. flows N.N.E. 
 la a direction nearly parallel to tliat of the Ma^dalena. and, 
 after a course of alxtut 160 miles, joins the Qaliuazo or Soga- 
 mozo. an afHuHnt of the Majjdalena. 
 
 SAKACEXA. sd-rJch.Vnd, (anc. &.''<«ni.) a town of Xaples, 
 province of Calabria Citra, 8 miles W.S.W. of Cassano. Pop. 
 
 SARAGOSSA, sa-rJ-gos'sJ, (Sp. Zara^oza, tha-rJ-pro'tha : 
 Fr. Sxwgo.fS''-, sava'goss'; anc. Gemraugus'ta,) a city of 
 Spain, capital of the province of Saragos.sa and of the old 
 kingdom of Aragwn, on the Ebro, which separates it into two 
 portions, connected by a fine stone bridge, 176 nliles N.K. of 
 Sladrid Pop. 82,189. It is neatly built of brick, and previous 
 to its memorable disasters in 1S08-9, its churches were the 
 most magmficent in the peninsula. Among the principal edi- 
 fices are the two cathedrals, the chapter residing in eacli alter- 
 nKtely for six months: the one an ancient severe Gothic 
 church, raised to the Saviour, and the other a modern thea- 
 trical temple, called the Nuestra Sefiora del Pil.ir. dedicated 
 to the Virgin, and to which 50,000 pilgrims have been known 
 to resort to see the identical pillar on which she descended 
 from heaven — an object of great devotion in Saragossa; the 
 vast archiepiscopal palace, which was plundered by the 
 French; the remains of the parliament-house, built in 
 1437-40, whose magnificent saloons contained the rich 
 national archives, an excellent library, and the portraits of 
 the Aragonese worthies — all utterly destroyed by the in- 
 vaders; the exchange, built in 1551, a square brick edifice 
 with projecting enriched soffit towers, covered with green 
 and white tiles, and a noble interior; the Torre Nueva (new 
 tower) or Tower of San Felipe, an octangular clock-tower for 
 the city, which leans considerably (about 9 feet) out of the 
 perpendicular, like the towers of I'i.sa and Bologna ; the old 
 irregular citadel called the Aljaferia, built by the Moors, 
 which Suchet converted into a barrack, after having damaged 
 it with his bombs; and during the civil wars degraded into 
 a prison. There are besides an hospital, (Casa de Miseri- 
 cordia.) which takes in from 600 to 700 old and young, 
 although witli very inadequate funds; a new genentl ho.s- 
 pital, one of the largest in Spain; various other lienevolent 
 institiitions. and numerous churches, among which one of 
 the best is San Pablo, with its fine facade and columns, and 
 /rand plateresque high altar. The University of Saragossa. 
 Ibunded in 1474. ranks as the third in the kingdom; and it 
 had. in 1841. 1100 students. Among its other educational 
 establishments are an episcopal seminary, academy of the 
 fine arts, an economical society, and a public library. Its 
 manufactures of silks, woollens, and leather have greatly 
 declined: but it has still a considerable trade in agricultural 
 produce by the Ebro, 
 
 Saragos.sa is very ancient, and numerous vestiges of Roman 
 remains attest its former importance. It was always a free 
 city or colnnia ivimiinis, had a mint, and was a seat of judi- 
 cial assizes; but no traces of the ancient city are left except 
 In the walls. Saragossa early renounced Paganism ; and 
 here Aulus Prudentius, the first Christian poet, was born, 
 A.D. 348. It was captured by the Moors in the eighth cen- 
 tury, and was wrested from them in 1118 by Alonzo d hatair 
 ladnr. after the siege of five years, when the stubborn pfipu- 
 lation had almost all perished of hunger. Below the hill of 
 Torero, which commands the town. General Stanhope, on 
 the 20th of August, 1710. came up with and completely de- 
 feated Philip v., flying from his defeat at Lerida. the fix; 
 abandoning cannon, colors, and every thing. In 1808 it sus- 
 tained two memorable sieges. The first was raised by the 
 defe.at of the French at Baiien; but being again invested, it 
 resisted most heroically for 62 days attacks conducted by the 
 four French mai-shals, Lannes, Mortier, Jloncey, and Junot, 
 but ultimately capitulated, February 20, 1809. These two 
 sieges cost the lives of nearly 00,000 brave men. This de- 
 fence is reckoned among the most heroic of modern times. 
 
 .\dj. and inhab. S.\raoos'8.\n, (Sp. Z.\kagoz.\no, thd-ri- 
 
 go-th,Vno.) 
 
 SARAGOSSA, (ZARAGOZA,) province of Spain, bounded 
 on the N. and W. by Navarre, Area, 658-1 square miles. 
 Capital, Saragossa. Pop. 350.000, 
 
 SA'KAII, a post-office of Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SARAH ANN FURNACE, a small village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SA'RAHSBURG, a new township of St. Lawrence co., New 
 York, on the Oswegatchie River, 24 miles S. of Canton, 
 
 EAKAIISVILLE, a post-village, capital of Noble co., Ohio, 
 on Wills Creek, near its source, 85 miles E. by S. of Columbus. 
 It is situated on an eminence in a fertile farming district, 
 Vhich conf^ns beds of stone coal and quarries of good build- 
 ing-stone, i'he village contains 8 stores, Ac. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 700, 
 
 SAKAHSVILLE. a post-village of Franklin CO., Illinois. 
 
 SAIiAHVlLLE. a small village of Williamson co., Illinoi.s. 
 
 SAR AISK or ZARAISK, zd-rlsk'. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 35 miles W,N.W, of Riazan, on the Oster. Pop. 
 56'C. 
 
 &H 
 
 SAR 
 
 SAR AKINO. sa-ra-kee'no, or PERISTERTA, p.Vris tl-ree'l, 
 an islet of the Grecian Archipelago, in the Sporades, im- 
 mediately E. of Kilidromi. 6 miles long. 
 
 SARAMACA, sa-ra-m^'ka, a river of Dutch Guiana, in 
 South America, after a N. course of 200 miles, enters the 
 Atlantic .30 miles W. of the mouth of the Surinam. 
 
 SARAMON, siVa^mAN'i', a town of France, department ol 
 Ger.s. 12 miles S.E. of Auch. Pop. 1276. 
 
 SAR^ANAC. a river which forms the outlet of Saranac 
 Lake, in Franklin co.. New York, and after running a N.E. 
 course through Essex and Clinton counties, falls into Lake 
 Champlain near i'lattsburg. 
 
 SAUANAC, a post-township of Clinton co.. New York, 
 drained by Saranac River, 15 miles W, of Plattsburg, Pop, 
 3644, 
 
 SARANAC. a township of De Kalb eo.,Illinoi.s. 
 
 S.\K'ANAC nOL'LOW, a post-villageof Saranac township, 
 17 miles W. of Plattsburg. Pop. about 500, 
 
 SARANAC LAKE, in'the S. part of Franklin co.. New 
 York. Length. al>out 10 miles. 
 
 SARANAC LAKE, a post-office of Franklin co.. New York, 
 
 SARANSK, sd-rlnsk', or ZARANSK', a town of l{ussia, 
 government, and 70 miles N. of Penza, at the confluence of 
 the Saranga and Insara. Pop. 8780. It is built mostly of 
 wood, and has 2 cathedrals, salt magazines, manufactures 
 of soap and leather, and several annual fairs. 
 
 SARAI'ILIjY, sa-rj-pillee. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, 10 miles S. of Nellore. 
 
 SARAPIQUI, sa-ra-pe-kee', a river of Central America, 
 tributary to the San Juan de Nicaragua, and a principal 
 channel of communication between the interior of Costa 
 Rica and the Caribbean Sea, 
 
 SAKAl'WL, SARAPOUL or SARAPUL, sd-ra-pool', a 
 town of Russia, government, and 195 miles S.E. of Viatka, 
 on the Kama, Pop. fiOOO. The town, commanded by a fort 
 on an adjacent height has a cathedral, a large salt-maga- 
 zine, and manufactures of soap and leather. It is the centre 
 of a large trade in timber and masts. Upwards of 20,000 
 persons annually attend its large fair. 
 
 SARARl^], sa-ra-r.V, a river of Brazil, province of Matto 
 Gros.-o, joins the Guapore in lat. 14° 51' S.. ion. 60° 30' W. 
 At one place it passes within 4 miles of the Sacuriu, an 
 affluent of the Juruena; and both streams being navigable 
 at this point, canoes are drawn aci-oss from one to the other, 
 and thus are enabled to continue their navigation over an 
 immense tract of country. 
 
 SARASWATI, si-ras-wa/tee, a river of West Ilindostan, 
 rises near Aboo, in .Tnodpoor dominion, flows S.W. past 
 Rahdunpoor. and enters the head of the Gulf of Cuteh. It 
 is held sacred by Hindoos. Lenctb. 100 miles, 
 
 SARATOF or SARATOFF, See Sakatov. 
 
 SAli^ATO'GA, a county in the E. part of New York, h.ns 
 an area of about 780 square niijes. It is bounded on the E. 
 and partly on the N, by the Hudson, while the Mohawk 
 forms part of its S, border; and is drained by these rivers, 
 together with the Sacondaga River, and several smaller 
 streams, which supply valuable water-power. The famous 
 watering-place of Saratoga Springs is situated ne.ar the centre 
 of this county. The surface in the N.W. part is mountainous, 
 but in the S. and central portions much more level. The 
 soil is generally fertile. In 1850, this county produced 596,494 
 bushels of potatoes, (the greatest quantity produced by any 
 county in the state except Rensselat^r.) Iron-ore, sandstone, 
 and limestone are found in considerable abundance. The 
 Champlain Canal passes along its E., and the Erie Canal 
 along its S. border. Three lines of railroad meet at Ballston, 
 connecting it witli Troy, Schenectady, and Rutland in A'er- 
 mont. Saratoga was organized in 1791, having previously 
 fonned part of Albany county. Capital, Ballston, Pop. 
 51,729. 
 
 SARATOGA, a township of Saratoga co.. New York, on 
 the Hudson River, 30 miles N. by E, of Albany. It borders 
 on Saratoga Lake, 
 
 SARATOGA, a township in Grundy co,, Illinois, Pop. 825, 
 
 SARATOGA LAKE, New York, in Saratoga county, 5 
 miles E, of Ballston Spa. Length, about 7 miles; greatest 
 breadth, near 2 miles. It contains fine fi.sh, and is much 
 re-sorted to by visitors from the neighboring watering-places. 
 Its outlet. Fish Creek, flows into tlie Hudson. 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS, a post-village and township of 
 Saratoga county. New York, 38 miies by railroad N. of 
 Albany, and 32 miles N. of Troy. This is the most fashion- 
 able watering-place on the American continent, as well as 
 the most in repute for the medical virtues of its waters, 
 Saratoga owes its celebrity almost solely to its mineral 
 springs, the surrounding scenery possessing few, if any, ex- 
 traordinary attractions. Saratoga Lake, however, a beauti- 
 ful sheet of water, is within a pleasant morning's or even- 
 ing's drive; and Glen's Falls, in the Hudson, are within 
 two or three hours' travel. In the vicinity of the springs 
 were fought the battles of Saratoga and Stillwater in 1777. 
 The village itself consists mainly of a single street, lined 
 with spacious hotels, boarding-hou.ses, some stores, and the 
 private re.sidences of the stationary population. Among 
 the most fashionable hotels are " the United States," an im- 
 
 1713 
 
SAR 
 
 mense bnfidSng, with finely-ornamented grounds, and 
 capable of lodging 300 or 400 persons; "Congress Hall." 
 near Congress Spring, with a spacious piazza the length of 
 the building: and Union Hall, opposite the latter, the resort 
 of those who prefer quiet and retirement. Most of the 
 hotels hare spacious grounds, tastefully laid out. Be.'iides 
 these, there are a numljer of smaller hotels and boarding- 
 houses, all of which are thronged to overflowing in the 
 months of July and August, with visitors from every part 
 of the Union, and some from Canada, Europe, Mexico, South 
 America, and the West Indies. It is stated that in the sea- 
 son of 1853, before the end of August, more than 30,000 
 strangers had already visited these springs. 
 
 This spot is said to have been visited by inv.alids as early 
 as 1V73; but Congress Spring, whose waters are now in the 
 greatest request, was not discovered till 1792. High Kock. a 
 conical deposit of limestone, in the shape, and about the 
 size of a haycock, with a cylindrical opening down the mid- 
 dle, from which issues water strongly charged with carbonic 
 acid gas, arid Flat Kock, another limestone deposit, natu- 
 rally attracted the attention of the first settlers, and these 
 springs were for a period the only ones known. Among 
 the more recently discovered springs are the Empire and 
 Iodine Springs. The following results wei-e obtained from 
 an analvsis of the waters of three of the princip."*! spi-ings. 
 According to Dr. Chilton, a gallon of Congress Spring water, 
 in 1843, yielded chloride of sodium, 363.83 grains ; carbonate 
 of soda, 7.20; carbonate of lime, 86.14+; carbonate of mag- 
 nesia, 78.62; carbonate of iron, .84; sulphate of soda, .65; 
 iodide of sodium and bromide of potassium, 5.92 ; silica, 47+ ; 
 alumina, .32. Total, 544 grains. Carbonic acid, 284.65 ; atmo- 
 epheric air, 5.41=290.06 inches of ga.seous contents. Professor 
 Emmons' analysis of a gallon of the Empire water yielded 
 chloride of sodium, 269.69+ ; bicarbonate of lime, 141.82+ ; 
 bicarbonate of magnesia, 41.98+ ; bicarbonate of soda, 30.85 ; 
 hydriodate of soda or iodine, 12.00 ; solid contents of a gallon, 
 496.35 grains. Dr. Allen's analysis of a gallon of the water of 
 the Iodine spring, gave 147.66+ grains chloride of sodium; 
 73.35 carbonate of magnesia; 28.95+ carbonate of lime; 
 3.00 carbonate of soda ; .90 carbonate of iron ; 3.56+ hydrio- 
 date of soda; solid contents, 257.43+; carbonic acid gas, 
 344.30; atmospheric air, 2.50 cubic inches; total gaseous 
 contents. 346.5 inches. The springs are readily reached by 
 railway from all the great cities and towns of the North and 
 West, and from most at the South. These waters have been 
 found very beneficial in affections of the liver, in some cases 
 of chronic dyspepsia, and chronic diseases of the bowels. 
 Besides other qujilities, they appear to pos.sess the virtues 
 of a tonic united with those of a gentle catliartic. Great 
 quantities of the waters are bottled. espeei.ally of the Con- 
 gress and Empire Springs, and exported. The village has a 
 bank, and 2 newspaper olflces. Permanent pop. in 1855, 
 6424 ; in 1860, 7496. 
 
 SARATOV or SARATOW, sl-rd-tov/, written also SARATOF 
 and S.\R.\TOFF, a government of Russia, between lat. 48° 
 10- and 53° 18' N., and Ion. 42° 30' and 51° 20' E. Area. 74,730 
 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,444,496. Surface in the W^. hilly, 
 and in many parts fertile; but the E. is a wide desert steppe. 
 The princijial rivers are the Volga, which intersects its centre, 
 and its ti'ibutaries, the Tereshka, and Saratovka ; besides the 
 Khoper. Medvieditz.a, tributaries of the Don. The principal 
 lake is the Elton from the former of which about 17,850 tons 
 of salt are said to be annually obtained. Large quantities of 
 rye, wheat, oats, millet, and pe:ise are raised, and partly ex- 
 ported. Sheep and cattle breeding are conducted on a large 
 scale, and the rearing of bees and silk-worms are increasing. 
 The fisheries in the Volga are very valuable, and largequanti- 
 ties of salt-fish and caviar are exported. Principal minerals, 
 salt, mill-stones, and iron. Manufactures of linen, cotton, 
 and woollen f.ibrics, hosiery, iron-wares, leather, and earth- 
 enwares are carried on, and here are numerous flour-mills 
 and distilleries. The inhabitants comprise Tartars. Kal- 
 mucks, Kirgheez, and Germans; the latter being colonized in 
 great numbers on the Volga, having had grants of land and 
 privileges conferred on them by the Empress Catherine, in 
 1763. "The government is subdivided Into 10 circles. Princi- 
 pal towns, Saratc>v, (the capital,) Petrovsk, Kamishin, and 
 Tsaritsin. 
 
 SAIiATOV, a fortified town of Russia, capital of the above 
 government, is situat«d on the right bank of the Volga, 290 
 miles E. of Voronezh. I^t. 51°31' N.,lon.about46° E. Pop. 
 63,888. It consists of an upper and a lower town, built chleflj' 
 of w(X)d, and has Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and many 
 Greek united churches; a mosque, some monasteries, a new 
 and handsome archbishop's palace, large government edifice, 
 » large bazaar, several hospitols, a college and other schools; 
 an eccle!<iastical seminary, having about 500 students: ma- 
 nufactures of cotton cloths, cotton and silk hosiery, clocks, 
 watches, leather, tobacco, rope, and earthenwares; a bell 
 foundry, breweries, distilleries, and vinegar factories. From 
 its position on the Volga, and between Astrakhan, Moscow, 
 and Nizhnee-Novgorod, it Is the seat of an ext^-nsive trade. 
 Importing colonial goods and foreign manufactures, and ex- 
 prting corn, salted fish, hides, and cattle; it has also three 
 important annual fairs. 
 17U 
 
 SAR 
 
 SARATOTKA or SARATOWKA, sS-rl-tov^ka, a village of 
 Ru.ssia, government, and S.E. of St. Petersburg, on the Neva, 
 
 SARATOW. See Sar.wov. 
 
 SARAVUS. See Sarre. 
 
 SARAAVAII, si-rd/wa, or SARWA, sar'wl, a town of the 
 Burmese dominion, in Further India, on the left bank of 
 the Irrawaddy, 80 miles N.W. of Rangoon. 
 
 SARAWAK, sd-rJVdk', a country of Borneo, on the N. 
 coast of the iskud, near its AV. side, extending between lat. 
 1° and 2° X., and Ion. 109° 40' and 111° 40' E., bounded W. 
 and S. by the mountain Krimbang, and watered by the 
 river Sarawak and its tributaries. Capital. Sarawak. 
 
 SARAWAK, formerly KUCHIN, a flourishing town in the 
 W. of the island of Borneo, capifjil of rajahshjp. and on a river 
 of the .same name, in lat. i° 33' N., Ion. 110° 20' E. It consists 
 of a native and a European town, the former built on eacli 
 side of two reaches of the river, and divided into karapongs 
 or clusters, each named after the chief whose house is placed 
 in its centre, and the latter occupying some heights on the 
 left bank of the river. A si.x-gun battery commands the 
 reach immediately below the town, and there a number of 
 Chinese houses have been built. Many of these houses, raised 
 on posts, and formed of wood, have a very respectable ap- 
 pearance. An English church mission, and a native school 
 have been established here. The trade of the town is con- 
 siderable, and is carried on chiefly in large boats, some of 
 them of 100 tons, which sail annually to Singapore, with sago 
 and other productions of the caast, receiving la exchange 
 European goods, Javanese cloths, brass-work, and coarse 
 earthenware, made in China. Many of the inhabitants are 
 employed in the gold-mines in the vicinity. Pop. estimated 
 at 12,000. 
 
 SARA WAX, si-ra-win', written also SAHARAWAN, a 
 province of Beloochistan, mostly between lat. 28° and 30" 
 20' N., and Ion. 64° and 67° 40' E. Estimated area. 15,000 
 square miles. Pop. 50,000. Surface mostly mountainous 
 and rugged; Tukatoo in the N. rises upwards of 11.000 feet. 
 The principal towns are Sar.awan, Quetta, and Mustung. 
 
 SARAWAN, a town of Beloochistan, capital of the above 
 province, is situated 98 miles W. of Kelat, Lat. 28° 47' N, 
 Ion. 64° 50' E. It consists of about 500 houses in a barren 
 district, enclosed by a mud wall. 
 
 SARAYACU, s2-ri-d-koo'. a town of Peru, on the Ucayalo, 
 (which is here navigable,) in lat. about 6° 50' S., Ion. 75° VT. 
 
 SARBLINGSTEIN, saK'bling-stIne\ a market-town of 
 Upper Austria, on the Danube, 28 miles S.E. of Freistadt. 
 
 SARCONI, saR-ko/nee, a village of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, 13 miles N.E. of Lagonegro. 
 
 SARCOXIE, a post-village and township in Jasper co., 
 Missouri, ITO miles S.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1405. 
 
 S.VRD, .shdRd, a market-town of the Austrian dominions, 
 in Tran.'sylvania, 5 miles N.N.W. of Karlsburg. 
 
 SARD, a market-town of West Hungary, co. of Schumeg, 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Kaposvar. 
 
 S.A.RDAM, a town of the Netherlands. See ZA.4ND.iM. 
 
 SARD.\IGNE, an i.slaud of Europe. See Sarwnu- 
 
 SARDARA, saR-di'rd, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division of Cagliari, 23 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 2127. 
 
 SARDEGNA, an island of Europe. See Saedinu. 
 
 SARDES, a city of Asia Minor. See Sardis. 
 
 SARDINAS, saR-dee'nis. a sm.all bay of New Granada, in 
 lat. about 2° N., Ion. 79° W. 
 
 S.\RDINIA,saR-din'e-a, (It. &rrfe<?«a, saR-din'y3 ; Vr.Sir- 
 (?a(^?j«, saRMAfi'; Ger. »Sar(im!ere, saR-dee'ne-eu ; Dutch, i&r- 
 dinie. saR-deen'yeh ; Sp. Sardefta, saR-dftn'yi, or Cerdefla, thJa- 
 dJn'y,i; anc. Sarditilia a.Tii. IchnuJsa; Gr. YapSoi, Sardo, or 
 XapStov. Sardon, Ixfovcra, Ichnousa.) the largest island in 
 the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, and forming with its sur- 
 rounding islands, the principal of which are San Antioeo, 
 San Pietro. Asinara, Madaleua. Tavolara, and Caprera, that 
 part of the Sardinian States, sometimes improperly called the 
 Kingdom of Sardinia. It extends from lat. 3S° 50' to 41° 15' 
 N., and from Ion. 8° 5' to 9° 50' E. ; greatest length, from 
 Cape Teulada in the S. to Longo Sardo in the N., 152 miles; 
 bre.idth, 66 miles. Area, iududing the small islands along 
 the coast, 9235 square miles. It is nearly in the form of a 
 parallelogram, and though not without considerable inden- 
 tations, especially on the S. and W. coasts, is very compact. 
 On the N. it is separated from the Island of Corsica by the 
 Strait of Bonifacia, not quite 7 miles wide. 
 
 Coasts. — The N. coast is generally rugged and precipitous, 
 presenting a succession of bold headlands, of which those 
 of Testa Grossa, near the Bay of Santa Ileparata, and Fal- 
 cone, are the most conspicuous. The principal bay is th.at 
 of Porto Torres. The W. coast, stretching S. from Cape Fal- 
 cone, continues steep and rugged, and presents, among other 
 remarkable headlands, that of Cape Argent;iio, foiming the 
 extremity of a rocky mountain upwards of 2000 feet in 
 height. South of Monte Ghiscera, the coast turns suddenly 
 E., and forms the Bay of Alghero. Here the beach becomes 
 less elevated, and trending E., forms the large and nearly 
 semicircular expanse of the Bay of Oristano, theN. and S. ex- 
 tremities of which, Capes San Marco and La Frasca. are above 
 5 miles apart. At the S. extremity, the cape terminates in 
 the still more remarkable headland of Capo Teulada, con- 
 
SAR 
 
 SAR 
 
 siBfing of a long range of precipitous cliffs, nearly 900 feet 
 hiirh, runnin;; out into the sea, with a breadth of little more 
 than half a mile, and formins; the southernmost point of the 
 whole island. Tlie Gulf of Cagliari, extending from Cape 
 Pula on the W. to Cape Carbonaro on the E., a distance of 
 about 2i miles, and stretching inland for nearly 12 miles, 
 is in many respects the most important of the island. It 
 everywhere furnishes excellent anchorage in ample depth. 
 The K. coast, from Cape Carbonaro N., stretches nearly 
 in a straight line. The only bays deserving of notice are 
 those of T erranova and Orosei. The most conspicuous of 
 all the headlands is that of Monte SantOj a rugged promon- 
 tory of upwards of 2W0 feet high. 
 
 Fiice of the Country. — The interior is generally moun- 
 tainous, the great chain which traverses Corsica, from N. to 
 S. being evidently, notwithstanding the Interruption of the 
 Strait of Bonifacio, continued into Sardinia, where It usually 
 follows the same direction, but occasionally sends out trans- 
 verse branches from E. to W. The culminating point of these 
 mountains is the peak of (Jen.argentu. which is .situated a 
 little to the E. of the centre of the island, and attains the 
 height of 527(5 feet. The next highest summit is the peak 
 of Limbarra, 3686 feet, belonging to the transverse range of 
 that name, and situated in the X. Between the mountain 
 ridges are several extensive plains, of which the most cele- 
 brated for lieauty and fertility are those of the Campidano 
 in the S., stretching between Cagliari and Oristano, and of 
 Ozieri in the N. Besides these there are several large .sandy 
 or stony districts called inacchie, of a very sterile nature. 
 
 Gfolryy, Minerals, etc. — Far the greater part of the rocks 
 belong to those termed primitive, which extend without 
 interruption over the whole of the N.E. and E. side of the 
 island. Volcanic rocks are found extensively in the N.'VV., 
 and occur in other parts of the island. Silurian strata 
 occupy considerable tracts iu the S.E., S., and S.W. The 
 mineral riches of the island were well-known to the ancients, 
 whose extensive working.s can still l>e traced. Tradition 
 eniimerates gold among its metals, but no traces of it can 
 now be found. Lead, however, exists in considerable abun- 
 dance, and is generally highly argentiferous. Mines of it 
 are profusely scattered over various districts. Copper, though 
 less widely diffused, occurs in several qu.arters, and occa- 
 sionally furnishes beautiful specimens of malachite. Quick- 
 silver has been found, and was once partially worked, and 
 both bismuth and antimony are said to exist; iron of ex- 
 cellent quality is plentifully distributed, and is worked in 
 several districts. The other mineral products deserving of 
 notice are porphyry, basalt, alabaster, marble, volcanic ena- 
 mels, rock-crystals, and a variety of beautiful pebbles, lignite, 
 gypsum, and nitre. Salt, in its mineral form, has only lieen 
 found iu the gmttoesof Serrenti, but is extensively obtjiinod 
 from the salt-pans along the coast, and firms one of the 
 most profitable sources of royal revenue, for the sake of 
 which it is strictly maintained as a monoptily. 
 
 Hivers and Lakes. — The streams are numerous, and add 
 consideraljly to the fertility of the districts through which 
 they pass, but are of no navigable importance. The Tirso, 
 the largest, pours its waters into theOulf of Oristano on the 
 W. coast. The lakes are situated chiefly in the vicinity of 
 the coast, where they^form a series of lagoons. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Sardinia has for many ages borne 
 a very bad name, and, though the cause cannot be easily 
 ascertained, there can be no doubt as to the fact that, at cer- 
 tain seasons, large districts become so insalubrious as to be 
 regularly deserted by their inhabitants, while in others the 
 mortality is remarkably great. The range of the thermo- 
 meter is between 04°and90°, and the mean annual temperar 
 ture 61° 7'. Neither heat nor cold can be said to be in ex- 
 cess. Refreshing breezes blow regularly from the sea towards 
 noon, and are as regularly succeeded by a land-wind as the 
 sun goes down. The unhealthiness of the climate would, 
 therefore, appear to be owing not to general but to local 
 causes, among which the extensive lagoons and marshes 
 which line the coasts, and are also prevalent to some extent 
 in the interior, ai-e the most obvious. During the hot sea- 
 son the natives never quit their homes until an hour after 
 sunrise, and hasten to return before sunset, carefully closing 
 every door and window. The disease which then prevails 
 is known by the name of inlemjKrie. and is said to be even 
 more fatal than the malaria by which parts of Italy and 
 Sicily are infested. 
 
 Vigelatinn. — The whole surface of Sardinia has been divid- 
 ed into three portions — one occupied by mountains which, 
 where not absolutely barren, are covered with forests or 
 clothed with pasture; anothercomposedof marshes, lagoons, 
 and the almost sterile maccfde ; and the third under tolerably 
 regular culture, as arable land, olive-yard, vineyard, &c. 
 Much of this land is of remarkable fertility; and though, 
 from the very imperfect system of agriculture pursued, the 
 average produce does not exceed one in seven or eight, a 
 return of from 15 to 20, in some favored districts, is not 
 uncommon. The grain thus raised consider.ably exceeds the 
 consumption of the present inhabit.ants, and might easily 
 be increased so as to supply three times the numl>er. The 
 whole operations of the farm are conducted in the most 
 
 antiquated and slovenly manner. The plough, a tude In- 
 strument without a coulter, and frequently devoid o« tny 
 iron appendage, merely scratches the ground tc the depth 
 of two or three inches; and the corn, first thrashed on the 
 ground by the tread of mares and colts, on a spot called 
 argiolo, prepared by paring the sward and beating it smooth 
 with a mallet, is winnowed by being thrown up Into the air. 
 The principal crop is wheat, which is generallj' of excellent 
 quality, and forms an important article of export not only 
 in the form of grain, but of flour, biscuit, and maccaroni. 
 The culture of bjirley is more limited, and the quality of the 
 produce is comparatively inferior; maize thrives well, and 
 though not yet a general crop, is rising rapidly Into favor; 
 beans and pease are extensively grown, both for home con- 
 sumption and export. The vine, being well adapted both tc 
 the climate and the soil, already occupies extensive tracts, 
 and its culture Is every year bwoming of more importance 
 The most esteemed wines are those of the Campidano, Al- 
 ghero, Sorso, and Oglia.stro. Beautiful and extensive olive- 
 grounds are met with in various quarters. The best oil is 
 that of Sassari. The only other cixips deserving of notice 
 are tobacx;o, linseed, cotton, madder, and silk. 
 
 Zoiiliigtj. — The bullock, though of small size, is the prin- 
 cipal animal used for draught, and gives beef of excellent 
 quality. Cows are much neglected, and little milk is ob- 
 tiiined from them; hut the making of cheese from the milk 
 of goats and sheep forms a very important branch of rural 
 economy. The swine are said to be among tlie best in Eu- 
 rope. The horses are in general patient of fatigue, and 
 easily kept; considerable attention has been p.aid to the 
 improvement of the breed ; the mule is unknown ; but a 
 small pony, anciently in high esteem with the Koman ma- 
 trons for its liveliness and easy pace, still retains its character. 
 Game of all kinds is very al>undant. AVild boar.s. stags, 
 deer, and mutflons fref(uent the woods and forests; and 
 foxes, hares, and rabbits are so numerous, that their skins 
 furnish a considerable article of export. 
 
 From the extent of sea-coast, the fisheries naturally form 
 an important branch of industry; but the sluggishness of 
 the Sardinians has allowed the miinagement of them to fiill 
 almost entirely into the hands of strangers. The most 
 valuable fishery is that of the tunny, which is carried on 
 extensively on various parts of the coast. Anchovies and 
 sardines, the lattt^r at one time so numerous as to have 
 derived their name from the island, have become compara- 
 tively scarce. Fine mullet, bream, eels, and other fish 
 aliound, and are staple articles of consumption and com- 
 merce. The coral-fisheries, more celebrated in ancient than 
 in modern times, are still carried on on the W. and S. coasts, 
 where they employ from 200 to 300 boats, which arrive 
 annually from Naples and Genoa. The Pinna nrMis. the 
 inhabitant of a shell of from 15 to 27 inches in length, 
 aliounds in the smooth water of shallow bays, as at Porto- 
 Conte and Liscia, and becomes the object of an Important 
 fishery, partly on account of the pearls obtained from it. and 
 still more on account of its hys/us, or tuft of silky hair, 
 which is about eight inches long, and is spun Into gloves, 
 stockings, or other articles of dress. 
 
 Mantifadures and Trade. — Manufactures have made very 
 little progress, and are chiefly confined to a few coarse tissues, 
 woven by the women at their homes for private use. Fonni, 
 however, produces linens, carpets, and bed-covers, which, 
 though coarse, are in general use; and at Dorgali, a coarse 
 kind of silk goods is made for sale. A few coarse woollens 
 and cottons, leather, earthenware, and glass are also manu- 
 factured; tobacco and gunpowder, toth, like salt, govern- 
 ment monopolies, are manufectnred to a considerable extent. 
 The trade consists of the exports of raw produce, the greater 
 part of which has already been enumerated, including corn, 
 wine, brandy, timber, .seeds, fi.sh, cattle, salt, tobacco. <tc. ; 
 thi? imports include all the ordinary tissues, more especially 
 cotton, colonial produce, hosiery, hardware, and metals, 
 hemp, and cordage, &c. One great obstacle to the progress 
 of trade was the mi.serable state of the roads, which long 
 continued impracticable for wheel-carriages. This has been 
 to some extent removed by the foi-mation of a good road, 
 which traverses the island throughout its whole length, from 
 Cagliari to Sassari, and of several branch roads to the most 
 important places, not on the direct line. 
 
 Government and People. — Sardinia, until 1848, was go- 
 verned by a viceroy. It is now governed in the same man- 
 ner as the divisions on the mainland, by general intend- 
 ants, one of whom superintends each of the three divisions — 
 Cagliari, Nuoro. and Sassari — into which the island Is divid- 
 ed. The inhabitants bear a considerable resemblance, both 
 in physical features and in m.anners and customs, to the 
 Greeks. They are of middle stature, and well shaped, are 
 enthusiastically attached to their country, and have good 
 intellectual capacities. They have suffered much, however, 
 from long neglect and misgovernment. It is said that great 
 improvements have recently taken place, and that one of 
 the first results of a more general diffusion of education, has 
 been a marked diminution both in the number and the 
 heinousness of crimes. There are two universities, one at 
 Cagliari with 402, and another at Sassari with 318 studeJits 
 
 1716 
 
ir. 1838. Tliere Is a primary school in each Tillage. The 
 n lirfon is exclusively Roman Catholic. . 
 
 IHvimns and J^ipulati'm.— The island of Sardinia is divid- 
 ed aduiiuistratively into three divisions, subdivided into 11 
 pioviuces, which, with their population, ai-e enumerated m 
 the following table: — 
 
 IHi-iiiont and Provinces of the Maud of Sardinia, and their 
 J'lipiilatinn in lS5'i. 
 
 I>lT»i<lor.». 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in square miles. 
 
 P. 1852. 
 
 Cagu.uu.... 
 
 NUOBO 
 
 Samabi 
 
 
 The toul area of 
 the island of Sardinia 
 
 109,117 
 
 
 42.766 
 
 •i Isili 
 
 48.953 
 
 
 78.444 
 
 
 27,530 
 
 
 The provinces have 
 not yet been mea- 
 sured. 
 
 37,5H6 
 
 
 59.286 
 
 fAlgheroorAlgheri. 
 
 34,3(B 
 24.615 
 
 i Sassari 
 
 LTeoipio 
 
 67.317 
 2-2,738 
 
 Tota 
 
 1 
 
 9235 
 
 552.665 
 
 History.— The early history of the island is involved in 
 much obscurity. Its original inh.-ibitants, according to 
 Cicero, are of Libyo-Phcenician, and according to Strabo, of 
 Tyrrhene extraction, and were living independent, when, 
 about B. C. 530, they were attacked by the Carthaginians, 
 and obliged, after a valiant but ineffectual resistance, to 
 quit the low country and retire into their mountain fast- 
 nesses. During the first Punic war the Komans made 
 strenuous exertions to become masters of the island, and 
 ultimately, on agreeing to make peace, obtained a formal 
 cession of it. This cession appears to have left a rankling 
 feeling in the breasts of the Carthaginians, and is expressly 
 mentioned by Livy as one of the causes which led to the 
 second I'unic war, in which Home, thoujih finally victorious, 
 was brought to the brink of ruin by Hannibal. • During the 
 struggles between Kome and Carthage. Sardinia often be- 
 came the theatre of war, and suffered equally from both the 
 powerful states which contended for its possession. .\t a 
 very early period, the inhabitants were converted to Chris- 
 tianity, and were, in course of time, brought into close con- 
 nection with the Papal See, which, having once fixed its 
 hold, has never relinijuished it. On the fall of the Western 
 i^mpive. it ciinie successively under the power of the A'an- 
 dals. Goths, and Moors. .\t the end of the twelfth century, 
 it was held by the Genoese, and afterwards by the kings of 
 Aragon till 1713. In 1720, it was acquired by Savoy in 
 exchange for Sicily. It was the only portion of the Sar- 
 dinian dominions which w-osleft in the power of the sove- 
 reign during the usurpation of the French from 1798 to 1811. 
 
 Adj. and inhab. Sardinian, sar-din'e-an, (It. Sar'do.) 
 
 SARDINIA, KINGDO.M OF, (It. Stati 'Sardi, sta/tee saR/- 
 dee ; Fr. lioyaume de Sardaigne, roi'Om'df h sirMAS') a former 
 State of Italy.composed of the island of Sardinia (which see,) 
 and a continental portion called the Sardinian States, (It. Stiiti 
 Sxrdi di Terra fkrma, sti'tee sau'dee dee t^R/Rd f^Kmd,) 
 comprising the duchy of Savoy, (the cradle of the monarchy,) 
 the principality of Piedmont, the county of Nice (which sur- 
 rounds the principality of Monaco.) the duchy of Montferrat, 
 a part of the former duchy of Milan, and the duchy of Genoa, 
 with the island of Capr.ija. This continental portion extends 
 from lat. 43° 38' to 46° 27' \., Ion. 5° 35' and 10<^ 5' E.; and 
 is bounded on the N. by Switzerland ; on the E. by Switzer- 
 land, Lombardy, Parma, and Tuscany ; on the S. by the 
 Mediterranean; and on the S.W. and W. by France; greatest 
 length from N.N.W. to S.S.E., 245 miles; greatest breadth 
 from N.X.K. to S.S.W., 201 miles. Area, 18.994 square miles, 
 being greater than that of the kingdom of the Netherlands, 
 but smaller than that of Portugal. 
 
 Face of the Chuntry. Mountains, <fc. — The surface is tra- 
 versed in various directions by the loftiest mountain chains 
 of Europe. These, commencing at the .N.E. extremity, on the 
 frontiers of Switzerland, form the boundary between the two 
 countries, proceeding first under the name of the Helvetian 
 or Leoix)ntine Alps to Monte Ro.sa, and then almost due W. 
 under that of the Pennine Alps to Mont Blanc, which lies 
 wholly within the Sardinian territory. From Mont Blanc 
 the principal chain proceeds, under the name of the Grecian 
 or Graian Alps, first circuitously S., and then W., so as 
 completely to isolate Savoy from the rest of the Sardinian 
 States. Having reached the boundary of France, it extends 
 along it in a S.E. direction to Monte Viso, S. of which it 
 becomes linked to the Maritime Alps. These, quitting 
 the French frontier, stretch eastward between Piedmont and 
 Nice, and, finally, almost skirting the Gulf of Genoa, be- 
 come connected a little above Savona with the main branch 
 of the West Apennines, which at first recede a little from 
 the shore, and then proceed E. thrcjugh the division of Ge- 
 noa to the frontiers of Parma and Tu.scany. These lofty 
 chains thicw out numerous branches, sometimes parallel 
 and sometimes at right angles to their principal axes. 
 Although the &r greater portion of the Sardinian surface is 
 niountrtinous, between the S. slopes of the Pennine and Uel- 
 l!l>i 
 
 SAR 
 
 vetian Alps, and the ?7. slopes of the Maritime Alps and th« 
 Apennines, large open plains of almo.st unrivalled beauty 
 and fertility occur, and render a country which, from con. 
 taining the "loftiest mountain.s, might be supposed to be one 
 of the most barren, actually one of the most productive in 
 Europe. 
 
 Gei^ocixi and Minerals.— The lofty chains of the Alps are 
 compo.sed mostly of granite and crystalline schists. To the 
 AV. of the chain which forms the western boundary of Pied- 
 mont, the Jura limestone is largely developed, and extends 
 over the greater part of Savoy. The same system also ex- 
 tends to a considerable distance along the S. slopes of the 
 \V. part of the Maritime Alps, and descends to the shore 
 near the W. entrance of the Gulf of Genoa. The most striking 
 displ.ay of volcanic rocks is near the same gulf, not far from 
 the point where the Maritime Alps are considered to tei^ 
 minate and the Apennines to begin. In the interval be- 
 tween the ch.ains. the rocks are composed chiefly of serpen- 
 tine. Almost the whole of the Apennines within the Sar- 
 dinian States, and the slopes on both sides of it. consist of 
 calcareous rocks belonging to the cretaceous system. They 
 exhibit numerous marksof violent disturbance by volcanic 
 rocks, which, though nowhere lai-gely developed, are seen 
 piercing the surface in many isolated spots. The tertiary 
 formation predominates in I'iedmont on the slopes and 
 undulating plains situated on the right bank of the Po. The 
 plains on the left bank appear also to be tertiary, but are 
 covered fir the most part with thick beds of alluvium. 
 
 The minerals include most of the known metals, but in 
 such limited quantities as to possess little economical value. 
 Gold has been washed from the sands of sever.al rivers, par- 
 ticularly the Oreo and Dora Baltea; and from a mine of sul- 
 phuretted iron in the province of OrsoLh, both gold and silver 
 have been extracted. In Savoy, the mines of argentiferous 
 lead, which have been worked from an early period at Pesey 
 and JIacol, still continue productive; iron is worked to 
 advantage in various quarters; and several extensive salt- 
 works have been erected to purify the salt obtained both 
 from mines and springs. Gypsum, chalk, limestone, and 
 slate are very abundant, and there are few provinces in which 
 excellent quarries of alabaster and marble might not be 
 opened. Amethysts, garnets, and rock-crystals of great size 
 and Ijeauty are "often found. No coal fit for fuel has been 
 discovered, but there are sevenil .seams of lignite. 
 
 liiven and Luhei.-Vrom the position of the mountain 
 chains, it is evident th.it they must Pjrm a number of water- 
 sheds, and divide the drainage of the country among seveial 
 basins. Thus, Savoy, which, as already observed, is com- 
 pletely isolated on the E. and S., belongs to the basin of the 
 Rhone, which, forming a portion of the W. boundary, re- 
 ceives part of the drainage directly, and a much larger p.irt 
 indirectly, through the Lake of Geneva, the Arve, and the 
 Isfire; in like manner in the S., the Maritime Alps and the 
 Apennines cause all the water sent JVom their southern 
 slopes, or collected on the narrow belt of land below, to de- 
 scend directly to the Mediterranean in numerous streams, 
 all of them, except the Var in the W., and the Vara in the 
 E., too insignificant to be deserving of special notice. A third 
 basin, of far more importance, since not less than three- 
 fourths of the whole surface belongs to it, is that of the Po. 
 This important river, commencing its course in the moun- 
 tains on the \V.. flows- across the country to its E. frontier, 
 winding somewhat circuitously, but never wandering far 
 from its centre, and receiving constant accessions from nu- 
 merous .nflluents, which hasten to join it on either bank with 
 supplies often furnished from exhaustless reservoirs among 
 the regions of perpetual snow. These .iflluents alone drain 
 on the left bank an area of 7666. and on the riirht an area 
 of 4211 square miles. On the right the only afliuent of con- 
 sequence is the Tanaro; on the left the most important are 
 the Ticino, Dora Baltea. and Sesia. In general, however, 
 their currents are too shallow or too rapid to be used for 
 transport, and the benefits which they confer on all the dis- 
 tricts through which they pass are confined to irrigation. 
 While the rivers are thus numerous, there' is a remark.able 
 deficiency of lakes. Neither the Ijike of Geneva nor Lago 
 Maggiore properly belongs to Sardinia; and the only laked 
 worthy of the name witliin the territory are the compara- 
 tively trivial ones of .\nnecy and Bourget in Savoy. 
 
 Climate. — The climate necessarily varies much according 
 to locality. In the regions of perpetual snow, and in all the 
 districts so near .as to be within the sphere of their influence, 
 the winter-cold is severe, the weather at all times variable, 
 and violent storms frequent even when the season has far 
 advanced. In the lower district.s, and especially in the plains 
 of lledmont, a much milder and more genial climate pre- 
 vails; the winter is short, and in summer are long intervals 
 of the brightest sunshine. The heat, however, is often ex- 
 treme, and the ground becomes so scorched that the crop* 
 are only saved by the general practice of irrigation, lu 
 spring the worst feature in the we.Vher is its variableness. 
 A'iolent winds often blow from the surrounding mountains, 
 and local storms of hail descend with an impetuosity wbicli 
 not only devastate the fields, but sometimes proves fatal to 
 animals. In the S. portion rf the Sardinian SUti«, situ;iti»d 
 
SAR 
 
 SAR 
 
 on the S. side of the Maritime Alps and Apennines, and 
 forming the divisions of Nio« and Genoa, the complete 
 shelter from the N., and the vicinity of the sea, combine in 
 forming a climate remarkalile for the mildness of its winters 
 and its almost tropical summer-heats. Here the orange 
 flourishes vi'^nrously in the open air; the olive is the most 
 Important olject of culture ; and many plants, seldom found 
 within the same latitude, grow spontaneously among its 
 rocky and sunny slopes. At Turin, situated not far from 
 the centre of the country, the medium summer temperature 
 is 72°, and the ordinary maximum 86°-32; hut the thermo- 
 meter exposed to the sun has a mean height of not less than 
 61°-57. The average annual full of rain, deduced from ten 
 years' ohservation, is nearly 37 inches, and of these the large 
 proiwrtion of "iSi inches falls between March and .September. 
 The rainiest mouth is May, and the next rainiest August. 
 The prev.ailing winds throughout the country are from the 
 \V., N., and K. The north wind is felt particularly in Savoy 
 and in parts of Piedmont, but being warded off by the Mari- 
 time Alps and Apennines, makes little impression in the 
 divisions of Nice and Genoa. 
 
 Vajctatinn. Ar/ricuiture, <fc. — Man3' of the mountains either 
 rise above the limit of perpetual snow, or retain their snowy 
 covering till the summer is so far advanced that they h.ave 
 scircely time to clothe themselves with any kind of vegeta- 
 tion. Ueneath these snowy regions are many well-wooded 
 heights, particularly in Savoy, and on parts of the Apennines 
 and Maritime Alps; and at the same or similar elevations in 
 all the mountainous districts of the country, extensive pas- 
 toral tracts occur, where great numbers of cattle, sheep, and 
 goats are reared, chiefly with a view to the dairy. In still 
 lower regions tlie pine, birch, alder, and hazel are succeeded 
 by the more valuable species of hard-wood: among others, 
 the Spanish chestnut, not more valuable for its timber than 
 its fruit. In Savoy and other mountainous i-egions of the 
 N. the extent of arable land is very much limited, both by 
 the nature of the climate and the conflguralion of the sur- 
 face; and tliough. in lower and more favored spots, the vine 
 is successfully cultivated, and corn-fields are sometimes seen 
 stretching continuously over considerable tracts, the cereals 
 produced fall far short of the consumption. In the south- 
 ern divisions of Nice and Genoa the quantity of cereal pro- 
 duce is equally deficient, partly from the thin and arid soil, 
 either covered with stones or bristling with rock.s, and partly 
 frc>m its adaptation to the growth of plants from which a 
 more valualile return can be obtained — the orange, the vine, 
 the mulberry, and, above all, the olive, which grows here in 
 the greatest perfection. 
 
 The true granary of the Sardinian States must be sought 
 for in the plains of Piedmont, where the soil, deep though 
 light, possesses great natural fertility, and has in numerous 
 instances this fertility increased tenfold by careful and skil- 
 ful management. To such perfection has the system of arti- 
 ficial irrigation been carried, that whole tracts of country 
 are literally covered by artificial channels of various dimen- 
 sions, so that in the plain of Piedmont 486,613 acres are 
 under regular irrigation, the supplies of which are received 
 and paid for according to fixed rules, forming a most en- 
 lightened hydrographic code. The results are astonishing. 
 Whole districts, which had remained almost waste, have 
 been converted into luxuriant corn-fields, verdant meadows, 
 and rice-grounds, and, instead of a scanty and impoverished 
 population, now rival the most densely-peopled regions of 
 Kurop<^. A considerable portion of the ground thus irri- 
 gated is kept in permanent meadow, yielding heavy cut- 
 tings of grass and luxuriant crops of hay, for the main- 
 tenance generally of Swiss cow.s, which are kept in large 
 dairies, their produce forming one of the principal sources 
 of agricultural wealth. A still larger portion of the same 
 land is under a regular rotation of rice, maize, green crop, 
 and wheat. French beans and hemp are extensively grown, 
 and barley and rye more partially. 'Much of the ground 
 not irrigated is devoted to the culture of the vine, and more 
 especially of the mulberry, for the rearing of silk-worms. 
 The silk obtained is abundant and of excellent quality, 
 • ud both in its raw and spun state forms one of the prin- 
 cipal articles of export. Fruit of the finest kinds is every- 
 where abundant. 
 
 Manufactures and Trade. — The former occupy a very un- 
 important place compared with agriculture, and consist 
 chiefly of silk stuffs, velvet, silk hosiery, woollens generally 
 of coarse quality, linen chiefly for domestic use, hardware, 
 earthenware, porcelain, glass, leather, soap, paper, articles in 
 alabaster, marble, and coral, essences and perfumes, white 
 lead, tirandy, liqueurs, chocolate, vermicelli, <tc. The transit 
 trade between France, Switzerland. Germany, and Italy, is 
 very extensive, and au important foreign trade is carried on, 
 chiefly through the port of Genoa. The principal exports 
 are olive-oil, corn, rice, raw silk, silk goods, velvet, white lead, 
 and several of the above articles of manufacture; the prin- 
 cipal imports are colonial produce, cotton, metals, hides, 
 wit fish, tar and pitch. <tc. The merchant marine of the 
 entire kingdom in 1854, comprised 3419 vessels, (tons, 
 164.852,) employing 24.539 hands. 
 
 Lines of railway have been opened in Sardinia, from Tui'ia 
 
 to Geno.T, through Alessandria, and from Turin to Savigliano. 
 A railw.ay is in course of construction, extending from Turiu 
 in a N.VV. direction, and intended ultimately to connect 
 with the railway systems of France. Another railway ha» 
 also tieen projected from Alessandria to Oleggio. The electrie 
 telegraph is in operation from Turin, over the summit of 
 Jlont Ceuis, to ('hambery, where it forms a connectiot 
 with the telegraphic system of France. A company ha 
 been chartered, with a capital of $2,000,000, for the piirpos* 
 of establishing lines of stejimers — one to ply between Genoa 
 and New York, and one between Genoa and Montevideo. 
 Each line is t« sail monthly. 
 
 Divisions, Pupulatinn. etc. — For administrative purpose* 
 the kingdom is divided into 11 portions, called divisions, 
 which are again subdivided into 39 provinces, the names, 
 areas, and populations being as follow: — 
 Ditxisions and Provinces of the Crmtinental States of Sardinia, 
 their Area and Fiipididion in 1852. 
 
 Adminiiitrative 
 Divisious. 
 
 Provinoee. 
 
 Area in 
 gq. m. 
 
 Population 
 In 1S52. 
 
 
 f Alessaudria 
 
 1 Asti 
 
 3:^5 
 345 
 270 
 
 •&•) 
 
 soo 
 
 3.i0 
 W5 
 
 m' 
 
 Sfl4 
 
 emi 
 
 618 
 
 w 
 
 Sb'i 
 261 
 281 
 
 1,218 
 557 
 
 1,165 
 176 
 267 
 474 
 49.1 
 540 
 315 
 293 
 4.19 
 264 
 304 
 783 
 630 
 371 
 683 
 589 
 632 
 
 1,099 
 369 
 327 
 545 
 
 124,344 
 137.6:!5 
 37,947 
 59,426 
 20.',O:)3 
 58,229 
 105,929 
 109,5.'7 
 119,263 
 1811,767 
 149,.'!03 
 irili,439 
 116,064 
 
 yib.vm 
 
 1.84,848 
 79.080 
 65,236 
 81.469 
 168,893 
 118,616 
 60,595 
 64,803 
 1.19,854 
 181.411 
 36,470 
 64.335 
 36,021 
 101,548 
 60,415 
 79.748 
 «4,oOO 
 1,50,051 
 61,0,i8 
 45,841 
 134,019 
 82,078 
 143.157 
 276,486 
 131.079 
 121.800 
 125,2;i4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f ChaUIais 
 
 Annecy 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cont or CuQco 
 
 J Coni or Cuneo 
 
 j Mondovi 
 
 
 
 
 fChiavari 
 
 
 J«--l?,;7vi.Vc-e.v.; 
 
 
 
 (^Xovi 
 
 
 ( Aosta 
 
 
 \ Ivrea 
 
 Nice 
 
 i Oneglia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 I'allanEa 
 
 
 Lvalsesia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f MauHeiine 
 
 Savoy or ChamMry.. 
 
 ) Savoy Proper 
 
 ) Upper Savoy 
 
 
 
 
 ,' Susa ; 
 
 
 lT-infj,';j,i--e.::: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total of cotitincr 
 Islaud of Surdin 
 
 Total of Rardini 
 
 
 18,994 
 
 4,537,580 
 552,665 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 28 229 
 
 5,090,245 
 
 
 
 
 Gorernment and Herenue. — The government is in form an 
 hereditary monarchy, in which the powers of the sovereign 
 have recently been placed under important constitutional 
 restraints. This new constitution, voluntarily granted by 
 King Charles Albert in 1S48, provides for a legislatui-e of two 
 chambers, which meet annually; guarantees the freedom of 
 the press, and introduces many other important reforms. 
 The clergy and nobility had from an early period possessed 
 peculiar privileges, which exempted them from taxation, 
 and in a manner placed them above the law. These privi- 
 leges have undergone important modifications. Justice is 
 administered by four superior courts, which have their seats 
 at Turin, Genoa, Nice, and Chambery; provincial courts, 
 one in the capital of each province: and a great number of 
 local and inferior judicatories. In addition to tliese, a 
 supreme court, called Camera Regia, sits at Turin; an 
 admir.alty court at Genoa, and commercial courts at various 
 places. 
 
 The revenue, accordinc to the budget of 1854, amounted 
 to $25.6.30,000, of which $12,400,000 was derived from taxes; 
 $9.6S0i000 from customs, tolls on vessels, &c. ; and $2,000,000 
 from public works. The expenditures amounted to$27.700,000, 
 of which $7,200,000 was for interest on the public debt; 
 $6,650,000 for the army; $839,000 for the navy; .$2,360,000 
 for public works; and $413,000 for public instruction. The 
 public debt for the same year amounted to $114,300,000. 
 Nearly a half of this debt has been recently contracted in 
 two large portions — one for the construction of railways, 
 and the other, to say the least, very unfortunately, by the 
 late war with Austria. 
 
 Army and Nax-y, Feligion. Education, <tc. — The army 
 amount.s, on the war footing, to about 140.000 men, but in 
 peace to only 48.000 men ; the navy comprises about 60 ves- 
 sels of war of all descriptions, mounting about 900 cannon. 
 Among the vessels there is not a single ship of the line ; 
 but there are 4 frigates and B steam-vessels. 
 
 1717 
 
SAR 
 
 Tlif established relijiion is the Roman Catholic. It is 
 goveiiied hv 4 archbishops and -3 bishops, and for apes 
 iiossesse-i such an ascendency, that it would not tolerate 
 any oth ?i- form of reli>;ion. Its persecutions of Piedmont 
 and Sa-»oy form one of the darkest pages in the history of 
 Popery. In more recent times, not only hare its more 
 violent outbursts and aggressions been restrained, but a 
 general toleration has been proclaimed, and the long-perse- 
 cuted Waldenses. still numbering above 20.000, can not 
 only TTorship peacefully in their mountain valleys, but rear 
 their churches in the" very heart of the capiUl. 
 
 There are elementary schools in each commune, secondary 
 schools in the large towns, and four universities, viz. : at 
 Turin. Genoa. Cagliari, and Sas.sari, the whole under the 
 control of a minister of public instruction. There are also 
 schools for the deaf and dumb, for agriculture, arts, manu- 
 factures, veterinary medicine, civil engineering, marine, <tc. 
 
 ITistory.~The country which now forms the Sardini.in 
 States, was known in ancient times in its S. part by the 
 name of Ligu'ria. and in its X. by that of GaVlia OisalpUita 
 Savoy, separated from the other parts, and lying beyond 
 the Alps, was considered as belonging to Gallia Narbo- 
 nensis. The house of Savoy, whence has sprung the pre- 
 sent line of Sardinian kings, may be said to date from about 
 the eleventh century. Count Humbert, the vassal of Ru- 
 dolph III. of Burgundy, exercised jurisdiction not only over 
 Savoy, but other portions of the surrounding territory. 
 His son Otho died in IO'jO, leaving two sons, who became 
 successively Counts of Savoy. From this time, with some 
 vicissitudes, the house of Savoy continued to increase in 
 power and influence, till 1-140, when Amadeus VIII. (who 
 had been created Duke of Savoy by the Ilniperor Sigis- 
 mund, in 1416) died after a prosperous reign, leaving his 
 successors in possession of territories which gave him a dis- 
 tinguished place among the sovereigns of Europe. The 
 ■wai-s t)etween France and Germany seemed for a time to 
 check the growing fjrtunes of Savoy. Victor Amadeus 
 ascended the throne in 1675: during his reign, the war be- 
 tween France and Germany again broke out, in which he 
 necessarily became involved, but played his part so well, 
 that at the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, he not only had added 
 considerably to his continental territories, but obtained 
 possession of. and was formally crowned King of Sicily. By a 
 subsequent amingement, he exchanged Sicily for the island 
 of Sardinia, from which he and his successors have since 
 taken the title of king. Charles Felix, who assumed the 
 crown in 1821, after a reign of 10 years, dying without m.'ile 
 issue, a collateral branch succeeded in the person of Charles 
 Albert, who, in 184S, promulgated a liberal constitution. 
 The same year saw him at the head of a league intended to 
 expel the Austrians from Italy. Being unsuccessful lie 
 abdicated the throne, March, 1849, in favor of his son, Victor 
 Emanuel. The Surdiuiuu States now form part of the new 
 kingdom of Italy. 
 
 S.iRDINIA, a post-village of Sardinia township, F.rie co.. 
 New York, about .30 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It contains 
 several mills and factories. Pop. of the township, 1942. 
 
 S.\RDIMA, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, 90 miles 
 S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. about 250. 
 
 SAKDINIA, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana. 
 
 SA1W)IS or SAU'DES, (Gr. TapSis or Xap^tif : Turk. Sart. 
 saRt,) a ruined city of Asia Minor, in Anatoli.i. in antiquity 
 the capital of Lydia, at the X. foot of Mount Tmolus, 50 
 miles N.E. of Smyrna. Its acropolis has, by the effects of 
 running streams,or earthquakes, been wrought into the 
 most fantastic shapes. On its summit are extensive remains 
 of a castle, called the Gerusia. (or house of Croesus:) and 
 about 1 mile distant are a few traces of a va.st temple of 
 Cybele. Under Croesus, its last king, from whom it was 
 taken by Cyrus. Sardis was one of the most splendid and 
 luxurious cities of the East. After passing to the Romans, 
 it rapidly declined, and during the reign of Tiljerius was 
 almost destroyed by an earthquake. It was. however, im- 
 mediately rebuilt, and acquired new interest from becoming 
 the seat of one of the Apocalyptic churches. 
 
 S.\R'DIS, a post-ofBce of Harrison co.. W. Virginia. 
 
 S.4RD1S, a post-oftiee of Panola co., Mississippi. 
 
 SARDIS. a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky, 14 miles 
 8. of Maysville. 
 
 SARDIS, a post-village in the E. part of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 150. 
 
 SA KDO. See Sardima. 
 
 SARDO.A.L, saR-do-dl', a town and parish of Portugal, pro- 
 ■vini'e of Beira Baixa, 14 miles S.E. of Thomar. Pop. 3200. 
 
 SARECTA. a post-Tillage of Duplin co.. North Carolina, 
 on (ioshen Creek. alx>ut 90 miles .-^.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 SAREE or SARI, si-ree'. the rapital town of the Persian 
 province of Mazanderan, 20 miles E. of Balfurosh. Lat. 36° 
 30' N.. Ion. b3P 10' E. Pop. in 1822 was estimated at from 
 80.000 to 40,000; but in 1830 it had l>een so depopulated by 
 cholera, «s to have scarcely :5otl inhabitants. It is enclosed 
 by a ditch and a mud wall, flanked by pentagonal brick 
 towers, bat kept in very bad repiiir. 
 
 SAREILA, si-Ri'li. a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, province of Allahabad, 25 mUes S.W. of Kalpee. 
 
 SAR 
 
 SAREPTA, 85-r?p'ta, a fortified town of Russia, govern' 
 ment of Saratov, in its S. part, on the Sarpsi. near its influx 
 into the Volga, 15 miles S. of Tsaritsin, (Tzarilzin.) Pop. 
 400. It was founded in 17(15 by a colony of German Herm- 
 huters, and is the cectre of numerous colonies of Moravians. 
 
 SAREl'T.\, an ancient city of Syria. See Surafend. 
 
 SAREPTA, a post-village of Lafayette co., Mississippi, 28 
 miles S.E. of Oxford. 
 
 SARES-KEND, sJ-r&s-kJnd', a village of North Persia, 
 province of Azerbaijan, S.W. of Mianna. Near it are two 
 ruined fortresses, termed Kalah-Zohak, and formerly sup- 
 posed to indi^'ate the site of the ancient Omzuca. which has, 
 however, been since identified with lukhti-Suleiman, 00 
 miles S. 
 
 SAREZZO, sJ-rJt/so, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Brescia, 2 miles S. by E. of Gardone, on the Mella. 
 Pop. 1424. 
 
 S.\I!GADELOS, 6aR-g3-d.Vloce, a small maritime village 
 of Spain, in Galicia. province, and 18 miles N. of Lugo. 
 
 S.\RGANS, saR"gftx°' or saR'gdns. a town of Switzerland, 
 canton of St. Gall, "i miles S.E. of Wallenstadt. Pop. 723. 
 
 SARGEANTSVILLE, sar'jants-vill. a p<ist-village of Hun- 
 terdon CO., New Jersey. 6 mUes S.W. of Flemiugton, contains 
 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 SARH.\UT, sar-h.awt'. a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, 5 miles Vi'. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 SARI, a town of Persia. See Sarix. 
 
 SARIET'TA, a post-oftice of Marion co.. W. Virginia. 
 
 S.\RINE. a river of Switzerland. See Saaxe. 
 
 S.\RINER.\. sd-re-nJn'yi, a town of Spain, province, and 
 26 miles S.E. of Huesca, in a fertile plain. Pop. 2ot'*). 
 
 S.\RINGUR, sd-rin-gQr'. a town of India, in the Berar do- 
 minions. 62 miles W. of Sumbhulpoor. 
 
 SARJOO or SARJOU, a river of Hiudostan. See Goggra. 
 
 SARK, one of the islands in the English Channel. See 
 Sercq. 
 
 S.\RK, a small river of Scotland, co. of Dumfries with a 
 S.W. course of 10 or 11 miles past Springfield, forms, for 
 several miles, the boundary between Scotland and Eng- 
 land, and enters the Solway Frith near its E. extremity. 
 
 S.\RKAD, shO'kOd', a market-town of Ea.«t Hungary, co. 
 of Bihar. 35 miles S.W. of Oross-Wardein. Pop. 3324. 
 
 SARKHOLM, sark'holm, a small island in the Gulf of 
 Riga. 
 
 SARL.4T, saRM.1', a town of France, department of Dor- 
 dogne, on the Sarlat, 32 miles S.E. of Perigueux. Pop. in 
 1852. 5950. It has a communal college, paper mills, and a 
 trade in walnut-oil and cattle. Tension was born here in 
 1661. 
 
 SARLO, NAGY, n6dj saRlo. a market-town of West Hun- 
 gary. CO., and 10 miles S. of Bars, on an afiluent of theGrau. 
 
 SARMATIA. See Poland. 
 
 S.\RMATO, suR-ma'to, a town of Northern Italy, 10 miles 
 W. of Piai<i\7.;i. Pop. 2.iS2. 
 
 S.\RMATT.\. saR-m3t/til. one of the Serawatty Lsl.ands. in 
 the Malay Archipelago, between Timor and Timor Laut, in 
 lat. 8° 10' S.. Ion. 12a° 45' E.. 30 miles in circuit. 
 
 S.^RMIENTO, saR-me-Su'to, a remarkable mountain of 
 Terra del Fuego. on the S. side of Gabriel Channel; lat. 
 54° 27' 12" S., Ion. 70° 51' 30" AV. Its height is 6800 feet 
 above sea-level, rising from a broad ba.se. 
 
 SAUNANO, siiR-ui'no. a walled town of Central Italy, pro- 
 vince of Macerata, and 10 miles S.S W. of M;u;eri\ta. P. 4000. 
 
 SARNE, saB'nfh, SARNAU, s,w.'now, or SARXOWA, saR- 
 nc/*!. a town of Prussian Poland, 53 miles S. of Posen, near 
 the Domhrozna. Pop. 1820. 
 
 SARNEX. .saR^nen, a village of Switzerland, capit.nl of the 
 canton of Unterwa'lden. on the Aa. where it leaves the Lake 
 of Sarnen, and at the foot 'of Landenherg. 11 miles S. of Lu- 
 cerne. Pop. 3000. In its council-house are some paintings, 
 and an alto-relievo model of Switzerland. 
 
 SARNEN. LAKE OF, in Switzerland. S. of the above vil- 
 lage, 3 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, and traversed 
 by the Aa from the Lake of Lungem. 
 
 SARNESFIELD, sarnz'feeld, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 SARNIA. See Guzrxsf.t. 
 
 SARNL\. s.>»R'ne-a, or PORT SARNIA. a town of Canada 
 West. CO. of Lambto'n, situ.-jted on the St. Clair, near Lake 
 Huron. It is a large and thriving place, with Episcopal, 
 Free, Methodist, Baptist, Congregationalist, and Roman 
 Catholic churches, grammar and common schools, a large 
 foundry, 2 tanneries, and 2 flour mills driven by .sto.im. It 
 has a regular ferrv acros.-* the river to Port Huron, and is a 
 port of entry, and" the last port at which steamers bound to 
 the Upper Lakes csin touch. Pop. in 1852. 13S4. 
 
 SARNICO, saR'ue-ko, a town of Lombardy, 15 miles E.S.E. 
 of Bergamo, at the S.W. extremity of L.ike Iseo. Pop. 1740. 
 
 SARNO. .saR/no. a town of Naples, province of PrincipatO 
 Citrit, near the source of the Sarno. (anc. Sar'nii.' ) 13 milet 
 N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 7€00. It has a cathedi il, an old 
 castle, some sulphur baths, and manufactures of paper and 
 copper-wares. Here was fought a battle between 'he tro(p» 
 of Justinian and the Goths, which ended in t*if detit :f 
 the latter, and the fall of the Gothic sway in Iti-Ij 
 
SAR 
 
 SAS 
 
 SAKNTIIEIM, sanntOiTme, a village of Tyrol, about 24 
 miles from Botzen. Pop. 2734. 
 SARONIC GOLF, (^Scirimicus Sinus,) Greece. See iEaiN.\, 
 
 GCLF OF. 
 
 SARUXNO or SARKONNO, siR-Ron'no, a town of Northern 
 Italy, in Lombardy, 14 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. SOOO. 
 
 SARO.S or SAIWSCH, a town of Hungary. See Patak. 
 
 SAROS, a irulf of Turliey in Europe. See Xhros. 
 
 SARDS, 84'r(j8h\ or SAROS VARMEGYE. sd/rosh' vaR^- 
 mAdj', a county of Hungary, bounded N. by GaFicia, Area, 
 13S0 square miles. Capital, Eperies. Pop. 197.285. 
 
 SAROWY, gi-nVwee, written also SEROIII and SEROKI, 
 a town of North-west llindostan, 62 miles W. of Odeypoor. 
 
 SAR PA, 8aR'f)d, a river of Rus.sia, rises in the govern- 
 ment of Astralihan, flows N., and joins the Volga, 15 miles 
 8. of Tsaritsiii. after a course of 20u miles. 
 
 SARRALBi;. sau'iiilb', a town of Franco, department of 
 Moselle, at the confluence of the Sarre and Albe, 9 miles 
 8.S.W. of Sarreguemines. Pop. in 1852, 34tJ0. 
 
 SARRANCE, saR>6xs' a village of France, department of 
 Basses-l'yrfiiiei-s. 10 miles S. of Oleron. Pop. 1271. 
 
 SARRAXCOLIN, siu'RdNo'ko'li.No', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Uautes-Pyrenees, on the Neste, 13 miles E.S.E. 
 of Bagnferes. Pop. 1079. It has remains of fortifications, 
 and a church built by the Templars. 
 
 SAR'RAT, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 SARRE, saR, (Ger. Scuir, saR; anc. Siravus,) n river of 
 France and North-we.«t Germany, ri.ses in the Yosges Moun- 
 tains, flows through the French departments of Meurthe 
 and Moselle, and a part of RhenLsh I'russia, and joins tlie 
 Moselle 5 miles S.\V. of Treves, after a N. course of 120 
 miles, for 60 of which it is navigable. 
 
 SARREAti, saR-Ri-il'. or SARRIAL, saR-Re-Jl'. a town of 
 Spain, province of Lerida, 7 miles N.E. of Moutblauch, near 
 the Francoli. Pop. 2124. 
 
 S.\RREBOURG, p.ir'Ijoor', a town of France, department 
 of Meurthe, on the right bank of the Sarre, and ou the 
 railway from Paris to Strasbourg, 40 miles E. of Nancy. 
 Pop. in 1862, 2531. See Saarburo. 
 
 SARRKBliUCK. a town of Prussia. See Sa.jirbruck. 
 
 SAR RI->CHKS ABLET, saR sheh-sd'bU', a village of the 
 Sardinian i^tates, division, and 10 miles S. of Aost;i. Pop. 
 1116. 
 
 SARREGUEMINES, saRVa-meen', (Ger. Saargemiind, 
 sdR'gh5'h-miint\ formerly Guemond.) a town of France, 
 dep.irtinent of Moselle, on the left bank of the Sarre, near 
 the influx of the Blise, 9 miles S. of Saarbruck. Pop. in 
 1S52, 5058. It has manufactures of fine earthenware, 
 leather, velvets, silks, and gauzes, and an active trade in 
 papier-mache snuff-boxes made at Sarralbe. 
 
 SAIIRE LDUIS, Rhenish Pru.ssia. See Sa.\b Long. 
 
 SARRE-UNION, a town of France. See Saar Umox. 
 
 S.\RRI.\, saR'Ke-d. a town of Spain, province, and 13 miles 
 S.S.E. of Lugo. Pop. 650. 
 
 SARRIA. a village of Spain, near Barcelona. Pop. 3673. 
 
 SAR1{IANS. sdiiMie-Au''', a town of F-»nce, department of 
 Vaucluse, 4 miles W.N.W. of Carpentra^. Pop. 1250. 
 
 SARRION". saR-Ro-6n', a market-town of Spain, province, 
 and 16 miles S.E. of Teruel, on the right l>auk of the Martin. 
 Pop. 2070. 
 
 SARROXNO, a town of Northern Italy. See Saroxno. 
 
 S.\RROWLY, sar-row'lee, a town of Uindostan, in Oude, 
 61 miles N.W. of Gnruckpoor. 
 
 S.^RRULLE, a village of Sardinia. See Sarule. 
 
 SAIt.S'DEN, a parish of England, co. of O.xford. 
 
 SARSINA, saR-see'ud, a town of Central Italy, in the 
 province of Forli, ou the Tuscan frontier, 4 miles S.AV. of 
 Mercato Saraceno. Pop. 3000, It has a cathedral, and was 
 formerly the see of a bishop, 
 
 SARSKOE SELO, Russia. SeeTsARSKOr. Selo. 
 
 S.A.I!STEDT. saR'st^tt, a town of Germany, in Hanover, 6 
 miles N.W. of Hildesheim, on the Leine. Pop. 1462, 
 
 SART, a town of Asia Minor. See Sardh. 
 
 SART, sart or saR. a village of Belgium, province, and 18 
 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 2433. 
 
 SART-D.\.ME-AVEL1NES. .saR-ddm-d'veh-leen', a village 
 of Belgium, province of Brabant, ou the Thil, 19 miles S.S.E. 
 of Brussels. Pop. 1672. 
 
 SARTEANO, saR-ti-d'no, or SARTIANO, saR-te-J/no, a 
 town of Tuscany, province of Sienna, 5 miles W.S.W. of 
 Chiusi. Pop. 3000. It has a castle and mineral baths. A 
 vast number of Etruscan tombs have boeu opened here 
 tiince 1825. 
 
 SARTENA, saR-ti'nd. (Fr. Sartim, saR'tAn/,) a town of 
 Corsica, 23 miles S.S.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. 2058. 
 
 ,*ARTHE, saRt, a river of France, rises in the department 
 0'. Orne, pas-ses Alen^on and Maus. wnere it becomes navi- 
 gable, and joins the Mayenne on the left, li miles above 
 Angers. Length. 145 miles. 
 
 SARTHE, a department of France in the N.W., formed of 
 part of the old province of Jlaine-et-Perche. Area, 2371 
 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 466,155. Surfice flat; a con- 
 siderable ; -rtion is covered with tbrests. It is watered by 
 the Saithe, Loire, and several smaller streams; is fertile in 
 the valleys, and yields sufficient corn for the population. 
 
 ■Wine is made in sm.ill quantity, cider .incl perry exten- 
 sively. >Ianufactures comprise woollens, calicoes, and paper. 
 
 SARTILLY', .saRHee^ee', a market-town of France, denart- 
 ment of Manche, 7 miles N.W. of Avranches. Pop. 1444. 
 
 SARTIliANA, saB-te-rd/nd, a market-town of Piedmonts 
 division of Novara, 11 miles S.AV. of Slortara. Pop. 2S81. 
 
 SARTOR-OE, (i?artor-()e,) .saR/tor-oV'h, an island off the W. 
 coast of Norway, stift, and 5 miles W. of Bergen. Lat. 60° 
 15' N., Ion. 4° 10' E. Shape very irregular. Length, from 
 N. to S.. 20 miles ; breadth, 7 miles. 
 
 SART'WELL, a post-office of McKean co. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SAIiULE. sd-roo/l.A, or SARRULLE, sdR-ROol'l,A," a village 
 of the island of Sardinia, 2 miles S.S.W. of Orani. Pop. 1409. 
 
 SA'RUM, OLD, (the S^rhiodunum of the Romans.) an ex- 
 tinct city and borough of ICngland. co. of Wilts, tlie site of 
 which was on a hill 2 miles N. of Salisbury. Under the 
 Saxons it w«s a place of importance; in the time of William 
 the Con<iueror. the bishop's see was transferred to it fi-rim 
 Sherl)orne, in Dorset, but removed to Salisbury in the time 
 of Henry III. A few traces of walls, ramparts, and of its 
 castle and cathedral, remain. It is interesting, as affording 
 a striking example of the rotten borough system. It sent C 
 members to the House of Commons in the time of Edward 
 in., and after its total decay, without having a single house 
 or inhabitant, the proprietor of the land, on which it once 
 stood, was still permitted to exerci.se this important privi- 
 lege, until the passing of the Reform Act. 
 
 SARUN, sd-rftn', with CHUMPARUN, chrim-pd-rfin', a 
 district of British India, presidency of Bengal, bounded on 
 the N. by Nepaul; its centre is about lat. 26° N.. Ion. 85° E. 
 
 SARUNGPOOR, sd-rang-poor', a town of Central India, 
 Gwalior dominions, 54 miles N.E. of Oojein. Lat. 23° 35' N., 
 Ion. 71'.° 85' E. 
 
 S.\RV.\R, shdRVdR'. a market-town of West Hungary, 
 CO. of Eisenburg, on the Sarvar, 20 miles E,S,E, of GUns, 
 Pop. 1167. 
 
 SAIVVERSVILLE, a small post-village of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SAR VIZ, shdKVeez\ a river of Hungary, flows S., and joins 
 an arm of the I)anul>e at Baja. Length, 60 miles. It forms 
 a part of the Sarviz Canal, 37 miles in length. 
 
 S.\i'.Z.\NA, s.HRd-zd/nd, a town of North Italy, near the 
 S.E. extnmity of the Sardinian dominions, division of Genoa, 
 between the river Magra and the Modenese frontier, 8 miles 
 E. of Spezia. Pop 8432. Its old fortifications now form 
 puiilic walks, and it has a castle, a cathedral of Carrara 
 marble, built in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: a 
 college, and a theatre. It had formerly its own parliament, 
 and Pope Nicholas V. was born liere. 
 
 Sarzasetta, saRd-zd-n^t/td, a fortress adjacent to the 
 above. 
 
 SARZANELLO, saBd-zd-uJllo, a village and parish of the 
 Sardinian States, divi.sion of Genoft, province of Levante, 
 about 1 mile from Sarz,tna. Pop. 1014. 
 
 S.\RZE.\U, saR'zO', a town of France, department of Mor- 
 bihan, S. coast, on a peninsula between tlie sea and Lake 
 Morbihan, 9 miles S. of Vanucs. Pop. in 1852, 7425. mostly 
 seafaring people. It has 8 annual fairs, many Druidic re- 
 mains, and near it is the largest ancient tumulus in France. 
 
 SARZEDAS, saR-zd'dds. a market-town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira. 11 miles W. of Ca.stello Branco. Pop. 25i)0. 
 
 SASBACH. sd.s'bdK, or SASSBAD. sdss^bdt. a village of Ba- 
 den, circle of Middle Rhine, 17 miles E.N.E. of Strasbourg. 
 Pop. 1370. Marshal Turenne was killed in its vicinity by 
 a random shot. 27th July, 1675. 
 
 S.\SIK, .sd'sik, a lake of South Russia, province of Bessa- 
 rabia, 35 miles S.W. of Akermann, 16 miles in length, and 
 6 miles in breadth. It receives the Kogilnik and some other 
 rivers, and communicates with the Black Sea, through the 
 N. arm of the D.anube. 
 
 SASKATCHEWAN, 8as-katch'e-w5n, SASKAT'CHEVAN, 
 (" swift current,")or NELSON RIVEK,ariverof British North 
 America, rises in the Rocky Mountains, near Ion. 115° W., by 
 two princip.al heads, one in lat. 49°, the other in lat. 5.3° 30' 
 N. These Itranches flow generally E. to their junction, about 
 lat. 5.3° 20' N., Ion. 105° W., whence the river has a tortuous 
 course to its mouth in Lake Winnipeg. It is navigable 
 hence, and along its N. branch, for about 1000 miles, to 
 Acton, or Rocky Mountain House. It gives name to a wide 
 district, supposed to Ije peopled by nearly 17.000 Indians. 
 
 SAS'NEE\ a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 Upper provinces, 35 miles N.N.E. of Agra. Lat. 27° 45' N., 
 Ion. 78° 4' E. 
 
 SASO. or SASONTS INSULA. See Sasseno. 
 
 SAS'SAFRAS HILL, a post-offtce of Washington co., Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 SASSAFRAS RIVER, in the N.E. part of Maryland, flows 
 W. along the boundary between Cecil and Kent counties, 
 and enters Ches.^peake Bay. 
 
 SASSANO, sd.s-sd/no, a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, 3 miles S.E. of Diano. 
 
 SASSANO, a market-town of Naples, province of MoUse, 8 
 miles E.N,E. of Iseruia. 
 
 SASS.\RI. sds'sd-re, a city of the island of Sardinia, capi- 
 tal of its N. division, on its N.W. side, and on the Turritano, 
 
 1719 
 
SAS 
 
 !.■> miles from its mouth in the Gulf of Sassari. 59 miles 
 N.N \V. of Cagliari. Lat, 40° 43' 33" X., Ion. 8° 35' E. Pop. 
 22,945. It is enclosed by walls and towers, entered by five 
 gateg, and has a cathedral, 23 other churches, and several 
 convents; a large government-house, and other public edi- 
 fices; a universitv, with about ISO students, and having a 
 email museum, and public library ; clerical seminary, public 
 hospital, shops and inns equal to those of Cazliari, and a 
 brisk trade in tobacco, oil. fruits, &c. Its port. P>rlo Trirres, 
 can onlv accommodate small vessels, those of larger size 
 being obliged to anchor in the rcids, 1 mile distaut Adja- 
 cent to the city is the fountain of Kosello, an abundant 
 gource, and hiiihlv ornamented with carvings, &r. 
 
 SASS.\.RI. GULF OF, JO miles in length, by 35 miles in 
 hreadth, receives the rivei-s Turritano and Selema. 
 
 S.1SSKLL0, sSs-sJl'Io, a town of the SardiuLin States, 21 
 miles AV.X.M'. of Genoa. Pop. 4640. 
 
 SASSKNAGE, sis'sSn'izh', a market-town orFrance, de- 
 partment of I.sere, 3 miles W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1450. 
 
 SASSEX.W, sds'seh-n.V, a village of France, department 
 of Sa5ne-et- Loire, arroudissemeut of Chalons. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SASSEXBKKG, sls'sgn-b^Ro', a town of Prussia, in West- 
 ph.ilia, IS miles X.E. of Munster. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SAS3EN1M)KF, sJs'sen-dour, a village of Prussia, 14 miles 
 N.X.E. of .\rnslirg, with salt-works. Pop. 750. 
 
 SASSEXO, sls-sA'no, (anc. Saso, or Sasonis Insttla.) an 
 island of the Adrwtic, off the entrance to the Bay of Avlona, 
 Albania. 
 
 SAS'SERAM, a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, 38 miles S. of Buxar. I^t. 24° 58' X., Ion. 83° 68' E. It 
 is a large place, partly built of stone, and o^ntains the mau- 
 soleum of Shere Shah, who expelled the Emperor Ilumayoon 
 from Hindostan. In its neighborhood is the sacred water- 
 fall of Deocooud. 
 
 SASSIX, sis'sin' or sjs'seen', a market-town of North- 
 west Hungary, co. of Xeutra. Pop. 2690. 
 
 S.A.SSIX0K'0, sis-se-no'ro, a town of Naples, province of 
 Molise, S. of Campobasso. Pop. 1155. 
 
 SASSLAV. See Z.vslav. 
 
 S.iSSO, sis'so, a market-town of Xaples. province of Basili- 
 eata. 12 miles S.S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 2400. 
 
 S.A.SSOFERK.VTO, s3s-so-feR-Ri'to, a market-town of Cen- 
 tral Italy, in tlie Marches, among the Apennines, 7 miles 
 N.W. of Fabbriano. Pop. rmo. 
 
 SASSOXIA, and SASSONE. See Saxont. 
 
 S.\SSUOLO, sds-swo'lo, a town of North Italy, situated 
 10 miles S.W. of Modena, on the right bank of the Secchio. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 SASTAGO, sis-ta'go, a town of Spain, province, and 39 
 miles S.E. of Sarasossa, on the Ebro. Pop. 1920. 
 
 SAS-VAX-GENT, sis vdn ghfnt, (Fr. Sjs-de-Gand. s3 deh 
 gft.V,) a fortified town of the Xetherlands, province of Zea- 
 land, on the Belgian frontier, 13 miles N.N,E. of Ghent Pop. 
 1000. It was founded by tbe Spaniards in 1570. 
 
 SATA. si'tj, or SATTA. sdt'tl the main stream of the 
 Indus ISiver, at its delta iu Sinde. enters the ocean by the 
 Kookeewaree mouth, 15 miles S. of Bunder-Vikkar. Width, 
 about 1000 yards. 
 
 SATADOO, SATADOU or SATADU, sii-tl-Aoo>. a state of 
 West .\frica, in Senegambia, about lat. 13° X., ion. 12° W. 
 The capital town. Satadoo. is near its S. extremity. 
 
 SATAHUNG. pi-td-htiug', a town of Xepaul, North Hin- 
 dostan. 100 miles W.N.W. of Khatmandoo. 
 
 SATALGE, sd-fSl'gA, (unc. Pharia'liaf) a town of Thes- 
 K»ly. on a slope facing the N., 20 miles S. of Larissa. On 
 some eminences towards the E.. the Rom.ans. under Quintus' 
 Flaminius. defeated the .Macedonians, under Philip. The 
 iamous battle of Pharsalia, in which the forces of C.f sar 
 finally defeated those of Pompey, was fought on the plain 
 Immediately adjoining the town. 
 
 S.VTALGE, sd-tal'ghi, a river of Turkey, an affluent of the 
 Salembria. 
 
 S.VfALIAII or SATALIEII. See Auku^. 
 .S.\.TAXOV or S.A.TAXO\V, sd-tl-nov^ a market-town of 
 Rus.sian Poland, government of Podolia. on the left bank of 
 the Podhorce, 53 miles X.N.W. of Kamieniec. Pon. 3200 
 
 S.VTAKAII. SeeSvTTARAH. 
 
 SATARTI.V, s.vtar'she-.i, a post-village of Yazoo co.. Mis- 
 •Issippi. on the Yazoo River, about 40 miles X.W. of Jackson. 
 
 SATGHARR.\, .sat gtiii'Ri. a town of the Punj.ib, on the 
 left bank of tbe Ravee, having several small forts. I^t 31° N. 
 
 SATGiWNG. sdtV'oong', or SATGONG, sit'gong', a town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal, 4 miles N.W. of 
 Uoogly. 
 
 SAfllER, (Sither.) or SATER, (Siiter,) a town of Sweden. 
 
 See ^AETER. 
 
 S ATI LLA. a river of Georgia. See Saxtiiia. 
 SATILLIEU. si"tee\vuh', or sa'teelVuh', a town of France, 
 flepartmeut of Arddche, 12 miles N.W. of Tournon. Pop. 
 
 SATn/P.\ CREEK, of Oarke co.. .Mabama, enters the 
 AlatKima a few miles below Coffeeville. 
 S.yriMANGALUM. si te-mln-gi-Him', a town of British 
 
 I°?'^-,r,w"v "7 "EA'r'™"' •*'' """*« ^'-K- of Coimbatoor. 
 Lat. 11° 31 X .. Ion. , , ° iti' K. It has a temple of Vishnu in 
 
 SAU •' 
 
 high repute, and in its Ticinity large quantities of cotton 
 are raised. 
 
 S.^TIVA, s.^-tee'vi, a town of South America, in New 
 Granada, proTince, and 66 miles N.E. of Tunja, near the 
 Galinazo. 
 
 SATORALJA U.TIIELY, si'to^rtsryOh' ooVhel'. a markets 
 town of North Hungary, capital of a county, 8 miles W.S.W. 
 ofZemplin. Pop. 7600. 
 
 SATPlHjRA, sit-poo'ril, or SAUTPOORA (sawt-poc'rA) 
 ^lOUXTAlNS, an extensive range in Central Tndi.a. between 
 the Xerbudda and Taptee Rivers, lat. 21° SO* X., Ion. from 
 74° to 78° E.. forming the boundary between the Bombay 
 district of Candeish and tbe ludore dominions, and almost 
 wholly peopli>d by Bheeis. 
 
 SATPUR, fiOpooH (:) a pass across the Himalayas leading 
 into Little Thibet. 12 miles S.W.of Iskardoh;lat."o5° N..lon. 
 75° 24' E, It is 12,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 S.\TR1.\N0, .si-tre-d'no. a market-town of Xaples. pro- 
 vince of Calabria Ultra I., 16 miles S. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SATRIAXO. a market-town of Xaple.s. province of Basili- 
 cata. 8 miles W.S.W. of Potenza, and formerly a bishop's see. 
 
 SATSUMA. sdt-soc/ni^, a considerable town of .lapan. capi- 
 tal of the southernmost province of the island of Kioo-Sioo. 
 
 SATSU.MA. BAY OF, a bav on the S.W. coast of Japan. 
 
 S.VrTARAIL sit-tl'ri, or SATAR'AII, a district of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Bombay, until lately forming a 
 state subsidiary to the Anglo-Indiiin government. In the 
 seventeenth century, it was a part of the dominions of the 
 head of the M.ihratta confederacy. It extends from lat. 
 15° 40' to 18° 30' X., and ion. 73° 40' to 76° E., and in 
 nearly surrounded by the British districts of Concan, 
 Poonah, and Darwar. Area, 10.222 square miles. It be- 
 longs to the table-land of the Deccan; its surface is much 
 broken by heights and ravines: and in the district ai-e 
 numerous isolated and abrupt hills, crowned by fortresses. 
 The Kistn.Hh River flowing S.E. intersects its centre: the 
 Xeerah and Beemah Rivers form nearly all the N., and the 
 Gutpurba the S. t>ound.ary. Sattarah has been one of the 
 best-managed of the native states of IndL-t under its late 
 rajahs. The last r.-«jah, among other reforms, abolished sut- 
 tee or widow-bumiugs, established a free hospital, intro- 
 duced vaccination, built an aqueduct at Sattarah. and 
 formed roads and bridges, two of which latter are the hand- 
 somest in the Deccan. The late nijah died at Sattarah in 
 1848, without lineal descend.ints. and his adoption of a suc- 
 cessor not l)eing nitified by the .\ngli>-Indi;in government, 
 Sattarah then ce.Hsed to exist as a separate state, and was 
 incorporated into the Bombiiy presidency. After Sattarah, 
 (the capital.) the chief towns are Kolapoor, Punderpoor, 
 Merrltch, Tazgaon, Vingorla. and Bejapoor. 
 
 S.\TT.\R AH. the capital of the alwve government. 5S miles 
 S.S.E. of Poonah. is at the foot of a scarped hill, crowned by 
 a fort. The town, in part, is substantially bnilt. The fort, 
 though naturally strong, was taken by Si-vajee in 1673, by 
 .\urungzebe in 16'.K). and by the British in 1818. 
 
 SATTEGAUL. s.<lt'te-gawl/. a fortified city of South India, 
 dominions, and 52 miles W.S.W. of Mysore. 
 
 S.VTTERFIELD. a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 SATTKRLEIGH. a psirish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 S.\TZU.N"G. sdf/t.s(V)ng', a Tillage of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, near Wolkenstein, Pop. 1303. 
 
 SAU. a river of South Europe. See S.WE. 
 
 SALBERMUITEE. See Subbermctit. 
 
 SAUCl^JO. Eu M sow-th.-i'uo, a market-town of Spain, 
 province, and 45 miles S.E. of Seville. Pop. 2444. 
 *• SAUCELITO. sau-sS-lee'to. a station for .shipping of Cali- 
 f>mia, on the E. side of San Fnincisoo Bay, about 12 mile* 
 X.W. of San Francisco. Here are kept the United States 
 naval stores, and here the war-ships come to anchor. 
 
 S.VC'CON, a township of Xorthampton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 3701. 
 
 SAUCOX CREEK, of Xorthampton CO., Pennsylvania, 
 fells into the Lehigh River near Easton. 
 
 SAUCOX VALLEY, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 S.\UDRE, sadV, a river of France, department of CheT, 
 after a N.W. and W. cour.se of 80 miles past Salbris and iio 
 morantin. joins the Cher near Selles. 
 
 S.\UDKIGO, sOw-dree'go, a village of Austrian Itily, go- 
 Ternment of Venice. 9 miles X.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAUERSCHWABEXHEIM. sowVrshwd'bfn-hJme\ a vil- 
 lage of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Khein-Uessen, 7 miles 
 S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 951. . 
 
 SAUH3ATUCK', a small river of Fairfield co., Connecticut, 
 falls into Long Island Sound. 
 
 SAUGATUCK. a pos^villagc of Fairfield co., Connecticut, 
 on Saugatuck Itiver. 
 
 S.tUGATDCK, a post-office of Allegan co.. Michigan 
 
 SAUGEKTIES, saw'i:her-teez\ a post-township tbrming 
 the X.E. extremity of Ulster co., Xew York, on the Hudson 
 River. Pop. 9537. 
 
 SAU'GERT1ES\ or UI/STER, a flourishing post-village in 
 the above township, on the W. bank of the Hud.son River, 
 near the mouth of E.sopus Creek, about 100 miles above Xew 
 York. The creek furnishes Tater-power, "which is used in 
 
SAU 
 
 extensive manufactories of various kinds, including several 
 bloomeries. It contains 2 banks and a newspaper office. 
 There is a steam ferry across the river. 
 
 SAUGUES. s6f^, a town of France, department of Ilaute- 
 Loire, 17 miles W.S.W. of Le I'uv. Pop. in ls52, 39(18. 
 
 SAUGUR,saw\'Qr',and NEUBUDDAH (n^u-btidMa) TER- 
 RlTUltlES, a wide extent of country composing the S.W. 
 part of the British presidency of Bengal, and comprising 
 the highest part of the table-land of Central India, in which 
 the Nerbuddah, Wynegunga, and the Cane, Sone, and other 
 tributaries of the Jumna and Ganges have their sources; 
 between lat. 21° and 24° 2(y N., and Ion. 77° 15' and 82° 40' 
 E., having S. the Hyderabad and IJerar dominions, W. and N. 
 the territories ofBliopaul, Gwalior, Bundelcund, Bogilcund, 
 and Ilewah. Estimated area, 3(1,000 s<iuare miles. Pop. 
 1,971,050, chiefly Hindoos, or wild Gond tribes. 
 
 SAUGUK. capital of a district in the above territory, 92 
 miles N.E. of Bhopaul. Lat. 23° 48' N., Ion. 78° 47' E. Area 
 of the district. 680 square miles. Pop. 291,684. 
 
 SACGUll ISLAND, of Saugur Territory, presidency, and 
 province of Bengal, is in the Iloogly River, 60 miles S.S.W. 
 of Calcutta. 
 
 SAU'OUS, a post-township of Essex co., Massachugetts, 
 Intersected by the Eastern Hailroad. 11 miles N. of Boston. 
 Boots and shoes are manufactured here to a considerable 
 extent. Pop. 2024. 
 
 8AUGUS CENTRE, a station on the Boston and Lynn 
 Railroad, in the above township. 
 
 SAUJON, s6*zhiiN«', a market-town of France, department 
 of Charente-Infericure, on the Seudre, 14 miles W.S.W. of 
 Saintes. Pop. in 1852, 2564. 
 
 S.\UK, sawk, a county in the S.W. central part of Wiscon- 
 sin, contains about 850 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the l!iiralx)0 Hiver, and bounded on the S. and S.E. by the 
 Wisconsin. The surface is undubating and hilly, and the 
 soil productive. Timber is abundant in some parts. The 
 Milwaukee and Prairie du ChifU Railroad passes along the 
 S.liunlcr. Organized in 1844. Capit.il.Barraboo. Pop. 18,963, 
 
 SAUIt CITY, Sauk co., Wisconsin. See Appendix. 
 
 SAUK INDIANS. See Sacs. 
 
 SAUK RAPIDS, a post-village, capital of Benton co., 
 Minnesota, on the MissLssippi, near the mouth of Sauk 
 River, 76 miles by land N.W. of St. Paul. It has several 
 stores. Pop. 367. 
 
 SAUK RIVER, in the central part of Minnesota, unites 
 the waters of several small lakes in Stearns county, and 
 flowing easterly, falls into the Mississippi River, about 3 
 mib.'s above St. Cloud. 
 
 S.AUK VILLAGE, a post-office of La Porte co., Indiana. 
 
 SAUK'VIL1>E, a post-township in the E. central part of 
 Ozaukee co., Wisconsin, intersected by the Milwaukee River. 
 Pop. 1724. 
 
 SAUKVILLE, a post-village in the above township, on 
 Milwaukee River, 26 miles N. of Milwaukee City, and 5 miles 
 W. of Lake Michigan. 
 
 SAUL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 S.iUL. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co, of Down, If miles 
 N.E. of Downpatrick. It has the ruins of an abbey. 
 
 SAULQ.\N. a town of Germany, in WUrtemberg, 15 miles 
 N. by W. of Altdorf. 
 
 SAULFIi'HM, sOwl'hTme, (Neit)ER, nee'der.) a market-town 
 of Germany, grand duchv of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of 
 Rhein-Hessen. 10 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 1500. 
 
 S.\ULIEU, s6Me-uh', (anc. iSVMmck*.') a town of France, 
 department of Cote-d'Or. on a declivity, 15 miles S.S.W. of 
 Semur. Pop. in 1852, 2721. It has manufactures of wool- 
 lens, hardware, lace, cotton yarn, twine; and leather; and it 
 has an active trade in agricultural produce. The town was 
 burned by the English in 1359. Near it the military archi- 
 tect Vauban was torn in 1633. 
 
 S.\U1.,T, s5, a town of France, department of Vaucluse, 18 
 miles E.N.E. of Carpentras. Pop. 1476. 
 
 SAULT AUX K]^:COLLKTS, sOt d ri'korii', a post-village 
 of Canada East, on the Riviere des Prairies, island of Mon- 
 treal. 8 miles from Montreal. 
 
 SAULT-DK-NAVAILLES, s» deh niVSP, a village of 
 France, department of Basses- Pyrenfies, 6 miles N.E. of 
 Orthez. Pop. 1461. 
 
 SAULT DK SAINT MARIE. See Sact Sainte Marie. 
 
 SAULT SAINT MARY, sO (or soo) sent m.Vree, a post-vil- 
 lage of Canada West, on St. Mary's River, 12 miles from Lake 
 Superior, and 55 miles from Lake Huron. Pop. about 300. 
 
 SAULX or SAUX, sO, a river of France, departments of 
 ataute-Marne and Meuse. after a W.N.W. course of,45 miles, 
 joins the Ornain, 10 miles E.N.E. of Vitry. 
 
 SAULX, several villages of B'rance, the principal in the 
 department of Ilaute-SaSne, 8 miles N.E. of Vesoul. Pop. 
 1198. 
 
 SAULXURES. sO'ziiR', a commune of France, department 
 of Vosges. arrondissement of Remiremont. P. in 1852. 4027. 
 
 SAULZOIK, sS'zwaR'. a village of France, department of 
 Nord, on the Selle. 10 miles N.E. of Cambiai. Pop. 2213. 
 
 S.\UMUR. sO^miiR', (anc. Salmurimnf) a town of France, 
 department of Maine-et-Ix)ire. 27 miles S.E. of Angers, on 
 the left bank of the Loire, and on the railway fiKim Tours 
 
 SAU 
 
 to Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 14,119. It has a tribunal of com 
 merce, a communal college with a library of 6000 volumes, i» 
 riding school for the army, and manufactures of linens and 
 cambrics. It is the birthplace of Madame Dacier. 
 
 SAUMUROIS, so'mii'Rwi/, an old subdivision of France, 
 now distributed among the departments of Maine-et-Loire, 
 Indre-etLoire. and Vienne. Chief town, Saumur. 
 
 SAUND'BY, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SAUN'DERS, a headland of New Zealand, on the E. coast 
 of the Middle Island or New Munster, S. of Port Otago. 
 
 SAUNDER'S. CAPE. See Cape Saunders. 
 
 SAUN'DERS FORK, a village of Cannon co., Tennessee. 
 
 SAUND'ERS' ISLAND, in the South Atlantic Ocean, near 
 Sandwich Land; lat. 57° 52' S., Ion. 26° 24' W., was discover- 
 ed and named by Cook in 1775. 
 
 SAUND'ERSV'lLLE, a post-offlce of Worcester co., Mas.sa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 SAUNDERSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Washington 
 CO., Georgia, is situated on the ridge lietween the Oconee and 
 Ogeechee Rivers, 28 miles E. of Milledgeville, and 3 miles 
 N. of the Central Railroad. It contains 1 church, 2 flourish- 
 ing academies, 1 newspaper office, 6 dry-goods stores, and 1 
 Masonic lodge. 
 
 SAUNDERSVILLE, a post-offlce, Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 
 SAUND/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 SAUNG, a large river of Anam. See Dono-nai. 
 
 SAU'QUOIT, a post-village of Paris township, Oneida co.. 
 New York, on Sadaquada Creek, 9 miles S. of Utica. It has 
 an academy, and manufactures of cotton, paper, and flour. 
 
 SAURAT. soVi'. a market-town of France, department of 
 Ariege, 7 miles S.S.W. of Foix. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SAURITSCH, sdw'ritsh, a village of Austria, in Styria, 
 near Marburg, on the Drave. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SAUSSEMENIL, sos'si'h-meh-neel', a village of France, 
 department of Manche, 8 miles S.E. of Cherbourg. P. 1900. 
 
 SAUiVTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 S.VU'TA, a post-office of Jackson CO., Alabama. 
 
 SAUTERNE or SAUTERNES, soHaiRn', a village of France, 
 department of Gironde, 8 miles N.W. of Bazas. It is re- 
 nowned for its claret wine. 
 
 SAUTOHUR, sawt'gtir', a town of Briti.sh India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, 40 miles W. of Arcot. Lat. 12° 57' N., 780 
 48' E. 
 
 SAUTNEIR, s.awt-n!lr', a town of British India, in Bengal, 
 S.W. Territory, 32 miles N.N.E.of Ellichpoor. 
 
 SAUTOUR, sO'tooR', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Namur, 2 miles S.S.E. of Philippeville. It was formerly 
 fortified. 
 
 SAUT (or SAULT) SAINTE MARIE, (usually pronounced 
 soo fi-ni m.Vree ; Fr. pron. so sSn" miVee',) a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Chippewa co., Michigan, on St. Mary's River or Strait, 
 400 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, and 15 miles from the rutlet 
 of Lake Sui)erior. The rapids at this place have a descent 
 of 22 feet within the distance of a mile, and form the 
 natural limit of gteamtwat navigation. A canal, however, 
 has recently been cut around the rapids. See Saim Mart's 
 Strait. The village is pleasantly situated, and contains, 
 besides the county buildings, churches for the Baptists, 
 Methodists, and Catholics, and 1 newspaper office. Steam- 
 boats frequently visit this place in summer, with parties of 
 pleasure. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in the fur 
 trade and the fisheries. The resident pop. is probably near 
 HXtO. The value of imports in 1851 was estimated at $161,134 ; 
 of exports. $:U0.800. 
 
 SAUVAGERE, La, li sOVj'zhaiR', a village of France, 
 department of Orne, arrondissement of Donifront. P. 2212. 
 
 SAUVE. sOv. a town of France, department of Gard, on 
 the Vidourle.J20 miles W.N.W. of Ntmes. Pop. 2820. 
 
 SAUVENIERE, s5v'ne-aiR', a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 10 miles N.W. of Namur. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SAUVETAT, La, \i sov'tl'. a market- town of France, de- 
 partment of Gers, 8 miles S.W. of LectourB. Pop. in 1852, 
 2170. 
 
 SAUVETERRE, sOvMaiR', a town of France, department 
 of Gironde. 7 miles N. of La Reole. Pop. 757. 
 
 SAUVETERRE, a town of France, department of Basseft- 
 Pyrfineez. 9 miles S.W. of Orthez. Pop. 1629. 
 
 SAUVETERRE, a town of France, department of Haute- 
 Garonne, arrondissement of St. Gaudens. P. in 1852, 2255. 
 
 SAUWUR, si^wfir', a town of North-west Ilindostan, In 
 the Odeypoor dominions, 54 miles S.E. of Ajmeer. 
 
 SAUX, a river of France. See Sauuc. 
 
 SAUXILLANGES, silx'eerySNzh' or sdxVeVSNzh', a town 
 of France, department of Puy-du-D6me, 6 miles N.E. of Is- 
 soire. Pop. 1485. 
 
 SAUZAIS, so'z.V, a village of France, department of Cher- 
 7 miles S.of St. Amand. 
 
 SAUZfi. s4V,.V, a market-town of France, department of 
 Deux-.'-evres. 13 miles S.E. of Melle. Pop. 1660. 
 
 SAUZK DE CESANA. siSwd'z.'l di chi-sl/nl, a villagw of 
 the Sardinian States, division of Turin, province of Susa, on 
 the Dora. Pop. 1155. 
 
 SAUZON, s5'zoN<!/, R commune of France, department of 
 Jlorbiban, with a village and harbor on the N.W. coast of 
 BeUeisle. Pop. 1454. 
 
 1721 
 
SAV 
 
 SAVA, sJ/vJ, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 5 
 miles W of ilx'nduria. Pop. 2500. 
 
 S.VYi, si'y.';, a town of Persia, proTince of Irak-Ajemee, 
 70 miles S.W. of Teheran. 
 
 SAV.'V, sl'viLa townof Japan, on the island of Xiphon, 50 
 miles N.E. of Miako. 
 
 SAVAGE, a postofflce of Howard co., Maryland. 
 
 SAV.A.GE GRANT, a postoffice of Wayne co., Virginia. 
 
 BAV'AGE ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 
 19^ S.. Ion. 169° W. The principal, 30 miles in_circuit, is 
 densely wooded, and was discovered by Cook in 1774. 
 
 SAVAGE ISLANDS, several groups of islets of British 
 North America. 
 
 SAVAGE MOUNTAIN, a ridge extending from Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland, into the S.E. part of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, where it unites with the Little Alleghany. Between 
 these two mountain ridges is the Cumlierland or Frostburg 
 coal basin, yielding bituminous coal of a very superior 
 quality. The beds vary from three to eight feet in thick- 
 ness. 
 
 SAA'AII, si-vi'ee, the largest of the Samoan Islands, in 
 the Pacific Ocean, and the westernmost, and richest of the 
 group. Lat (S. point; 13° 40' S., Ion. 172° 29' W. Length, 
 60 miles; greatest breadth, 30 miles. Pop. 20,000. SeeS-UiOAN 
 
 iBLAXnS. 
 
 SAVALAN. a mountain in Per.sia. See Sevellax. 
 
 SAVANA LA MAR, si-vl'nJ la maR, called also SAVAN- 
 NAH hX MER, a town on the S. side of the island of Jamaica. 
 Lat. 1S° 12' N., Ion. 78° 6' W. It was almost entirely destroyed 
 by a great hurricine and inundation of the sea in 1780. 
 
 SAVANA LA MAR, s3-vi'na \i man', or SAVAN'NAH 
 Ilk M.\R. a seaport town of Ilayti, on the Bay of Samaua, 
 N. coa.st, 1.5 miles S.W. of Samana. 
 
 SA VANILLA, sd-va-neel'yil, a maritime village of South 
 America, in New Granada, department, and near the mouth 
 of the Mairdalena. 60 miles N.E. of Cartagena. 
 
 SAVANILLO. sl-vj-neel'yo, a town of Cuba, the S. termi- 
 nus of the Matanzas Railroad, about 18 miles S. of Matauzas. 
 It has .300 or 400 inhabitants. 
 
 S.WAN'NAEI, an important river of South Carolina and 
 Georgia, is formed by the Tugaloo and Kiowee. two small 
 streams which rise near the S. frontier of North Carolina, 
 and unite on the boundary between Anderson district. South 
 Carolina, and Franklin county, Georgia. Flowing in a 
 general S.S.E. direction, it forms the boundary between 
 those two states through the whole of its subsequent course, 
 and enters the Atlantic, near 32° N. lat., and 81° W. Ion., 
 and 18 miles below Saviinnah City. The length of the river, 
 exclusive of branches, is estimated at 450 miles. The navi- 
 gation is good from November to June, about 8 months in 
 the year. Large vessels ascend to Savannah, steamboats of 
 150 tons to Augusta, about 230 miles, and smaller boats 150 
 miles higher. A camil 9 miles long wag constructed in 1S45, 
 around the falls at Augusta, by which abundant water- 
 power is produced. The river is about 300 yards wide at 
 the latter city. The Savannah, in connection with its right 
 branch, forms the entire boundary between South Carolina 
 tnd Georgia. 
 
 SAV.\NNAn, a post-village and township of Wayne co.. 
 New York, on the Syracuse and Rochester Railroad, about 
 86 miles W. of Syracuse. Pop. of the township, 1910. 
 
 SAVANNAH, a flourishing city and port of entry of 
 Georgia, capit.il of Chatham county, and the largest and 
 most commercial town of the state.is situated on the right 
 bank of the Savannah River, 18 miles from its mouth, 90 
 miles W.S.W. of Charleston, and 188 miles E.S.E. of Milledge- 
 Tille. Lat. 32° 5' N., Ion. 81° 8' W. The site of the city is a 
 Bandy plain, elevated about 40 feet above low-water mark. 
 It is regularly laid out with wide, sandy, and unpaved 
 streets, which, however, are closely shaded with the Pride 
 of India trees. At every other comer there is a public 
 square, usually circular or ov.il in shape, also planted with 
 the Pride of India. The number of these squares is 24. 
 Broad and Bay streets have grassy promenades in the 
 middle, with carriage-ways on each side. Many of the pri- 
 vate dwellinirs are handsomely built of brick. Among the 
 public buildings may be noticed the City Exchange, theatre, 
 court-house, jail, state arsenal, artillery armory, Lvceum, 
 Oglethorpe Hall, St. Andrew's Hall, market-house. Chatham 
 Academy, and the new custom-house. The latter, which is 
 110 feet long by 52 wide, is built of granite, and is estimat- 
 ed to hivve cost $173,400. The Independent Presbyterian 
 church is a fine granite building, which cost nearly $120,000. 
 St. John's (Episcopal) church is also a handsome ediJice. 
 The city has 14 Protestant and 1 or 2 Catholic churches. 1 
 Hebrew synagogue, 5 banks. 1 savings' institution, a fire 
 compan V. an historical society, several reading-rooms, and a 
 public library of near 6000 volumes. The private schools 
 tre numerous, and liberal provision is made for the educa- 
 tion of the poor. Among the charitoble institutions may 
 be mentioned the Orphan Asylum, the Savannah Hospital, 
 the Georria Infirmary, the Union Society, the Widows' 
 Society, the Savannah Free School, Hil^rnian Society, and 
 Seamen s Friend Society. Five daily newspapers are pub- 
 iMhed li*'™- A monument has been erected in Johnson's 
 
 SAV 
 
 square to the memory of General Greene, and another (a 
 very imposing structure) is now in course of erection to the 
 memory of Pulaski, who gallantly fell in an attack on the 
 city when held by the British, in October, 1779. The city is 
 lighted with gas, and there are water-works in course of 
 construction. 
 
 Savannah is the centre of a very extensive system of rail- 
 roads, which, directly or indirectly, must contribute greatly 
 to her commercial importance and prosperity. The names, 
 connections, and length of the liue.s whii-h converge to thii 
 point, or are tributaries to the trade of Savannah, are as 
 follows: — 
 
 H-ileik 
 
 1. The Central Rallrond, connecting Macon with S.ivannah I9t 
 
 2. The Wajneaborough and .4ugusta, extending from the Cenlrul 
 
 Kailroiid to Augusta 5S 
 
 S. The MilledgeviUe and Katon, connecting with the Central Rail- 
 road V 
 
 4. The South-western Railroad, which connects with the Central 
 
 at Macon, and is to be extended to thpChattatioochee River, 50 
 
 5. The Muscogee Railroad, extending from Columbus to the 
 
 South-western Riulroad Tl 
 
 6. The Macon and Western, which connects the Central Rail- 
 
 road with the Georgia Railroad at .Atlanta 101 
 
 7. The Western and Atlantic, le.iding from Atlanta to Cbatta- 
 
 nooara. in Tennessee 140 
 
 8. The Georgia Railroad, connecting Augusta with the two lines 
 
 last mentioned 170 
 
 9. The Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad 40 
 
 10. The Washiniton Branch of the Georgia Railroad 17 
 
 11. The Rome Branch of the Western and Atlantic K 
 
 I'i, The .Atlantic and Lagrange Railroad 80 
 
 13. The East Tennessee and Georgia, counecting Savannah with 
 
 KnoxvUle... 8J 
 
 Total length 1055 
 
 An air-line railroad is projected from this city to Albany, 
 on Flint River, the corporation having suiiscribed $f)lX),000 
 for its construction, provided that an equal sum shall be 
 subscribed by individuals. It will probably be extended to 
 Pen.sacola. 
 
 The commerce of Savannah is already very flourishing, 
 and is rapidly increasing. The harbor is one of the best on 
 the southern coast, and the river is navigable for steam- 
 boats to Augusta, about 2.30 miles from its mouth. Vessels 
 of 14 feet draught can come up to the wharves, and those 
 of larger size to Five Fathom Hole. 3 miles l)elow the 
 city. A light-house has been erected on Tyliee Island, at 
 the mouth of the river. A semi-weekly line of steamships 
 has been establishe<l between Savannah and New York, 
 consistingofve.ssels of about 1200 tonse.ich: and 2 steamers 
 of the same class make regular passages once a week to 
 Philadelphia. The city communicates daily by steamers 
 with Charleston, and twice every week with Augusta, ex- 
 cepting a few months in the dry season. The Rriti.^ii stejimer 
 Conway runs to the West Indies. Regular lines of sailing 
 v&ssels aUo communicate with New York and Boston. The 
 principal imports are as follows: — Fi'om northern ports, 
 miscellaneous cai-goes of dry goods, groceries, &e., with the 
 peculiar additions of Irish potatoes, hay. and gunny bagging 
 from Boston, bacon and coal from Philadelphia, and com 
 and flour from Baltimore. Hay, timber, and lime are chiefly 
 brought from Maine; molasses, suirar, whiskey, coil-rope, 
 and Kicou from New Orleans: molas.se.s. suiiar, and fruits 
 from the West Indies ; and railroad iron, hardware, crockery, 
 and salt from England. The chief exports are to all north- 
 ern, British, and French ports, cotton, rice, and naval stores; 
 to the Gulf ports, rice only ; to San Fraucisoo and Cuba, 
 lumber and rice. 
 
 The receipts of cotton by railroad, liver, and other sources, 
 for several years, were as follows : — 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1845 189,0T6 
 
 1846 236,01-9 
 
 1847 245,496 
 
 1848 406,906 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1849 340,025 
 
 1850 312,294 
 
 18il ,151.566 
 
 1852 353,068 
 
 The fallowing table exhibits the exports of rice and lum- 
 ber for the year ending September 1, 1852: — 
 
 Casks of Rice. Feet of Lnmber. 
 
 To Foreign ports 9.937 15.801.500 
 
 American ports 29.992 9.704.000 
 
 Total 39,939 25,508,500 
 
 The shipping of the port, June 30, 1854. amounted to an 
 aggregate of 15,533 tons registered, and 9409 tons enrolled 
 and licensed. Of the latter, all was employed in the coast 
 trade, and 6021 tons in steam navigation. The foreign ar- 
 rivals for the year were 120, (tons. 53.795.) of which .38 were 
 by .American vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 
 155, tons. 68,326, of which 45,722 were in foreign bottoms. 
 During the year, 1 .schooner, and 1 steamer, with an aggre- 
 gate burden of 323 tons, were admeasured. 
 
 Savannah at present enjoys a better reputation fbr stJu- 
 brity than formerly : a result which may be ascribed p».-tly 
 to the improved method employed in cultivating the rice 
 lands in this vi.inity. The city was founded by Ge-ietal 
 Ctglethorpe, in 1732 or '3,3. It w,hs occupied by the British D 
 Dec3ml)er, 1778, and restored to the Americans in Ju'y. 17i i . 
 In 1^20, a liu-ge part of the city was destroye' by inn. It 
 was captured from the Kubols by General Sb amai . about 
 
SAV 
 
 SAV 
 
 th« 20th of December. 1864. Pop, in 1S40, 11,214; in 1S50, 
 16,061); and in 1S60, 22,292, of whom 14,580 were fi-ee, and 
 7712 slaves. 
 
 SAV.\NXAn, a po.st-ofRoe of Red Rirer co., Texas. 
 
 SAVANNAH, a ttourishing post-village, capital of Ilardin 
 CO., Tennessee, on the E. bank of Tennessee Kiver, 120 miles 
 8.W. of Nashville. It is a place of active business, and has 
 Improved much iif the last six years. Cotton and staves 
 are shipped here in steamboats. Pop. about 800. 
 
 S.\V.A.N'N,\II, a post-village of Ashland co., Ohio, 7 miles 
 N.AV. of Ashland. 
 
 S.4VANNAII, a flourishing po.st-village of Carroll co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Mississippi Kiver, 33 miles below Galena. It 
 has a good landing, and is a depot for produce. It is con- 
 nected with Freeport by railroad. One paper is issued 
 here. Pop. 825. 
 
 SAVANNAH, a posfrvillage. capital of Andrew co., Mis- 
 touri, about 6 miles E. of the Missouri River, and 15 miles 
 N. of St. Joseph. It contains 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 news- 
 paper office, and a flouring-niill. Pop. 822. 
 
 S.WANNAM, a post-office nf Davis co., Towa. 
 
 SAVANNAH LA MKR. See Sw.vNA La Mar. 
 
 S.WANOOR, a town of Rritish India. See Shaiijtoor. 
 
 S.WE, s3v or sAv, (Oer. Siiu. sdw; Hun. Szdvn, sM'vi'h'; 
 anc. Sahui.) a river of the Austrian Empire, and one of the 
 principal tributaries of the Danube, rises in the N. part of 
 Carniola, flows E. throujjh Austrian Croatia, and between 
 Slavonia and Turkey, and joins the Danube at Belgrade. 
 Its course is estimated at 5.10 miles. Its chief affluents, all 
 from the S., are the Kulpa, Uniia, A'erbas, Rosna, and Drin ; 
 It is navigable from its mouth to the influx of the former 
 for vessels of from 150 to 200 tons. On the N. a branch of the 
 Alps sep.irates its basin from that of the Drave. 
 
 SAVK. sdv, a river of South-west France, departments of 
 Ilaute-Garonne and Gers, joins the Garonne 15 miles N.N.W. 
 of Toulouse, after a N.E. course of 05 miles. 
 
 S.WELAN, a mountain of I'ersia. See Seveilan. 
 
 SAVENAY, sdVeliti.V, a town of France, department of 
 Ijoire-lnferieure. on a declivity, 20 miles N.AV. of Nantes. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2381. 
 
 S.\VI5NNli!RES, sd'vJn'ne-aiR', a market-town of France, 
 department of Maine-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Loire, 
 8 miles S.W. of Anger.'). Pop. in 1852, 2744. 
 
 S.^VENTHKM, s3/vJn-tJm\ a village of Helgium, province 
 of Rnihant, 4 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1210. 
 
 SAVERDU.V, sJVJrMQ.x"', a town of France, department 
 of Ariege, 18 miles N. of Foix. Pop. 2077. It has remains 
 of ancient fortifications, and it is the birthplace of Pope 
 Bensdict .XII. 
 
 S.W'KliN, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky. 
 
 S.WERNE, sd'vaiRn', (anc. Tres Tuber'nc,) a town of 
 France, department of IJas-Rhin, on the navigable Zorn, an 
 affluent of the Rhine, and on the Paris and Strasbourg Rail- 
 road, 20 miles N.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 6407. It 
 has manufactures of woollen cloth, hosiery, hardwares, &c., 
 and some trade in timljer from the Vosges Mountains. 
 
 SAV'KRTON, a village of Ralls co., Missouri, on the Mis- 
 sissippi River, alx>ut 125 miles above St. Louis, has a land- 
 ing for steamboats. 
 
 SAVIAN'O, sd-ve-J'no. a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, 2 miles S.W. of Nola. Pop. 3700. 
 
 S.WIGLIANO, sJ-veel-y3'no, (Fr. Sivtllian,!i&.^veeVy6yo> or 
 BS\-ee^y8N''',) a fortified town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 9 
 miles E. of Saluzzo. I'op. 15,546. It is well built, and has 
 a square surrounded with arcades, a Benedictine abbey and 
 several convents, with manufactures of woollens, silks, and 
 linens, and an active trade in cattle. The French defeated 
 the Austrians here on the 18th Septemlx>r, 1799. 
 
 SAVIGNAC-LES-£gLISES, si'veenV^k' l.^z A'gleez', a 
 commune of France, department of Dordogne, on the Isle, 
 11 miles N.E. of Perigueux. Pop. 1037. 
 
 S.4^VIUN.\N0, sd-veen-yd'no, a market-town of Central 
 Italy, on the iEmilian Way, 8 miles S.E. of Cesena. Pop. 
 4035. It has a public library. 
 
 SAA'IGNANO, a market-town of Naples, province of Capi- 
 tanata. 9 miles W.S.W. of Bovino. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SAVIGN]^>L'EVEQUE. si'veen'yk' l.iVilk', a commune of 
 France, department of Sarthe, 7 miles N.E. of Le Mans. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 S.WIGNONE, s3-veenvo'nA, a. town of the Sardinian 
 States, 12 miles N.N.E. of Genoa. Pop. 3822. 
 
 S.WIGNY, saVeen^ee', a commune of France, department 
 of Loir-etrCher, 13 miles W.N.W. of Yendome. Pop. in 1853. 
 2898. 
 
 SAVTitivr-EN-REVERMONT, sdVeen'yee' 8n« reh-v^R'- 
 tais^''. a commune of France, department of Saone-et-Loire, 
 arrondissement of Louhans. Pop. 2322. 
 
 SAVIGNY-KN-SANCKRRE, saVeenVee/ !>y<> siy^aaivJ, a 
 commune of France, department of Cher, 6 miles N. of San- 
 wrre. Pop. 1665. 
 
 SaVIGNY-SOUS-BEAUNE, sJVeenVee' soo b5n, a com- 
 mune of France, department of C5te-d'0r, 3 miles N. of 
 Deaune. Pop. 1703. 
 
 SAVIONY-SUK-ORGE, saVeen'yee' .stlR OBzh, a commune 
 of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement of 
 
 Cortiefl, with a station on the Paris and Orleans Railway, 
 Pop. 955. 
 
 S.\A'1LLE, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, about 
 12 miles S. of Mifflin. Pop. 1644. 
 
 SAVINDROOG, sSViu-droog', a strong hill fortress of 
 South India, Mysore dominions, 20 miles W.S.W. of Banga- 
 lore. The rock upon which it is formed rises half a miie 
 in pei-pendicular height, from a base of 8 or 10 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and is surrounded by impenetrable jungle. 
 Though previously deemed impregnable, Savindioog was 
 captured by the British troops in 1791, without the loss of a 
 man. 
 
 SAVIN HILL, Massachusetts, a station on the Old Colony 
 Railroad, 3 miles from Boston. 
 
 SA VIO, si've-o, (anc. Sa'pis,) a river of Italy, in the State 
 of J^,niilia, province of Forii, after a N. course of 50 miles 
 enters the Adriatic, 10 miles S.E. of Ravenna. On it, aI>out 
 6 miles from its mouth, is the village of Savio. 
 
 SAVOCA, si-vo^kd, a village of Sicily, intendency of Mes- 
 sina, near the E. coast, 8 miles N.N.E. of Taormiua. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 SAVOIA, SAVOJA, SAVOIE, SAVOIEN, or SAVOYEN. 
 See Savoy. 
 
 SAVONA, s3-vo/nS, a town and seaport of North Italy, 
 Sardinian dominions, division of Genoa, on the Mediterra- 
 nean, 25 miles S.W. of Genoa. Pop. 16,200. It is enclo-sed 
 by walls, and has a cathedral, and many other good build- 
 ings. Its harbor is formed by a mole projecting into the 
 sea, and not ea.sy of access, from accumulation of mud and 
 sand at its mouth. Its manufactures comprise silk goods, 
 hardware, earthenware, and soap ; and it has a brisk trade 
 in oranges and lemons grown in its vicinity. Savona is the 
 birthplace of the popes Sextus IV. and Julius II. 
 
 S.WO'NA, a posl/village of Steuben Co., New York, on 
 the BulTalo and Corning Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Bath. 
 
 SAVONNI^^KES, sd^von*ne-aiR/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire, on the railway, 9 miles from 
 Tours. 
 
 SAVOO, SAVOIT or SAVU, sS-voo/, written also, SAVO, 
 SAVOE, and SABOE, an island in the South Pacific, be- 
 tween the islands of Timor and Sandalwood. Lat. 10° 32* 
 S., Ion. 121° 35' E. It is about 21 miles long, from E. to W. 
 It is divided into five native principalities, all of which are 
 subject to the Putch government of Timor. Pop. 25,000. 
 
 SAV/OY* or SAVOI, DucHT OP, (It. Sovoin, iSavoja, sl-vo/- 
 y3; Fr. Savoit. «A*vvri/; Ger. Saroyen, si-voi'gn; Sp. Sahoya, 
 sd-Bo'yil ; L. Saocri'dia,) formerly one of the divisions of the 
 Sardinian States, bounded N. by Switzerland, from which, 
 in that direction, it is almost entirely separated by the Lake 
 of Geneva; N.E. by Switzerland; E. and S.E. by Piedmont; 
 and 8. and W. by France. Lat. fiom 43° to 46°25' N., Ion. from 
 5° 30' to 7° 5' E. Length, from N. to S., 92 miles; breadth, 
 66 miles. Area, 4397 square miles. Savoy is one of the most 
 mountainous countries in Europe; the culminating point 
 of Europe, Mont Blanc, lying within its territory, in connec- 
 tion with the loftiest chain of the Alps, which stretch 
 along its E. and S. frontier, and sending out numerous 
 ramifications in all directions, make its surface almost a 
 continued succession of lofty mountain and valley. It 
 belongs entirely to the basin of the Rhone, which, form- 
 ing its W. boundary, here receives its drainage directly, 
 while the drainage of the N. is transmitted to it prin- 
 cipally by the Lake of Geneva and the Arve, and that of 
 the S. chiefly by the Isdre and its tributary the Arc. The 
 lakes are not numerous, and, with the exception of that 
 of Geneva, which is shared with Switzerland, not indi- 
 vidually of large extent. The most important are those 
 of Bourguet and Annecy. From the physical structure of 
 the country the extent of arable land is necessarily limited, 
 but in ordinary years, with the aid of chestnuts, which 
 form an important part of the food of the lower orders, the 
 grain raised nearly meets the consumption. In fevored 
 spots, particularly in the N., in the lower valleys and slopes. 
 the vine is cultivated with success. But the chief riches of 
 the country are in its cattle and dairy produce, a large pro- 
 portion of the surface yielding nothing but hay or pasture. 
 The timber, too, which clothes many of the mountain steeps 
 up almost to the limit of vegetjition, is of great conse- 
 quence; beyond this limit is a still higher region of per- 
 petual snow and ice, where both vegetable and animal life 
 are all but extinct. The minerals include iron, copper, sil- 
 ver, lead, and lignite, but seldom in such quantities as to 
 make the working of them important; the rock-ciystals 
 found are often remarkable for their size and beauty. The 
 mineral springs of Aix, near Chambery, are celebrated, and 
 salt is there made extensively. The manufactures consist 
 chiefly of coarse woollens, leather, and hardware. The trade, 
 so far as derived from native resources, is almost confined to 
 cattle, skins, wool, and dairy produce; but there is an im- 
 
 ' When the blytha son of Savoy journeying round. 
 With humble wares and pipe of merry sound. 
 From his green vale and shelter'd cabin hies. 
 And scales the Alps to visit foreign skies." 
 
 ' Rogers's Pleasures of Memory. 
 
 1722 
 
 J 
 
SAV 
 
 portant transit trade carried on across the country between 
 France and Italj-. chiefly by way of Mount Cenis. Many Sa- 
 voyards quit their mountains in early youth, in order to 
 exercise in France and other countries the professions of 
 petty traders and domestic servants. Administratively, Sa- 
 voy is divided into the two divisions Chambery, and An- 
 necy; the former comprehending the several provinces of 
 Savoy Proper, Upper Savoy, Maurienne. and Tarantaise; 
 and the latter the provinces, Genevese, Faucigny, and Cha- 
 blais. The Duchy of Savoy was the nucleus of the King- 
 dom of Sardinia. Savoy wiis ceded to France about 1860, 
 and now forms two departments, Savoie and Haute Savoie. 
 
 Population in 1861, 542,535. Inhabitant, Savotard, 
 
 Bav'o-yiird\* 
 
 SAV'OY, a post-towuship of Berkshire cc, Massachusetts, 
 125 miles W.X.W. of Boston. Pop. 904. 
 
 SAVR.^X, si-vr3n', a market-town of Russian Poland, go- 
 vernment of Podolia, on the Bug, 25 miles K.K. of Balta. 
 Pop. ltX)0. 
 SAVU. an island of the Malay Archipelago. See Savoo. 
 SAVUS. See Save. 
 
 SAW A, sd/wi a walled town of North-west Hindostan, in 
 Odevpoor, 10 miles S. of Chitore. 
 
 S-lWARCAR'XA RIVtR. of Missouri Territory, one of 
 the smaller tributaries of Missouri River, which it enters 
 about 45° 4^ N. lat., and 100° 30' \V. Ion. Length, near 200 
 miles. 
 SAWBRIDGEWORTH, England. See Sabridgeworth. 
 SAWDUST, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia. 
 SAWKKIIATCH'KK, a creek of Alabama, flows into Talla- 
 poosa River from the K., in Tallapoosa county. 
 
 S AWLKY. a parish of England, co. of Derby, on the North- 
 midland Railway, 85 miles E.S.E. of Derby. 
 
 S.WVLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding. 
 SAAV MILL, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama. 
 SAWOLINXA. See Xtslott. 
 
 S AWSTOX, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. Saws- 
 ton Hall is a large structure, built in 1657. 
 
 SAWTRY ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 SAWTRY SAINT ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 SAWUX, siVfin', (?) a town of North-west Hindostan, 
 Odevpoor dominions. 6 miles S.W. of Munassa. 
 
 SAWUXTWAREE, si-wiint-wi'ree, a town of India, Sat- 
 tarah dominions, near the Malabar coast, 30 miles N. of 
 Goa. 
 
 SAWYER MILL VIL1.AGE. a manufacturing village in 
 the X. part of the township of Boylston, Worcester co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. It is situated on the Xashua River, which here 
 affords a valuable water-power, and is the seat of the Clin- 
 ton company for the manufacture of cotton goods. 
 
 SAWYER'S CREEK, a smaU village of Camden co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SAWYER'S MILLS, a post-office of Le.Tington district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SAWYER'S RIVER, New Hampshire, rises in Grafton co., 
 and forms one of the head branches of the Saco River. 
 
 SAWYERSVILLE, a postoffice of Randolph eo., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SAX or SA J, s3h, (one. Salan'a^) a town of Spain, province, 
 and 27 miles N.W. of .\licante. Pop. 2195. 
 SAX'BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 S.\XBY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 S.\XE. sax. (Ger. Sacfiten. sls'sgn,) a prefix to the names 
 of the following German states : — 
 
 SAXI>ALTEXBURG. sax ai't?n-bfirg. (Ger. Sachsen-Alten- 
 burg, slK'sen il'ten-bofiRG\) a duchy of Central Germany, in 
 the old district of Saxony, separated into two nearly equal 
 portions by the lordship of Ger», and enclosed bv the terri- 
 tories of Prussian Saxony, A\eimar, Saxe-Meiningen, and 
 Schwarzburg Rudolstadt. Area, 510 square miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 137,162, mostly Lutherans. The surface is covered by 
 ramifications of the Erzgebirge in the M'., and watered by 
 the Saale, Rode, and Orlii. The chief industry is agriculture 
 and cattle-rearing. Public revenue in 1854, $505,100 ; expen 
 diture. $500.0(K1; debt $1,612,676. 
 
 SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA. sax ko/bftrg go'ta, (Ger. Sidisen- 
 Cuburg-Gotha, siK's^n koHxidRG go/ti.) a duchy of Central 
 Germany, in the old district of Saxonv. It is composed of 
 two principal portions:— 1. The principalities of Gotha and 
 Coburg. 2. Several detached districts enclosed bv the terri- 
 tories of Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, Saxe-Meiningen. and 
 Mcimar. Area, 799 square miles. Pop. in 1861. 159,431. 
 mostly Lutherans. The surface is mountainous, with fertile 
 js'^ey*- The chief rivers are the Nessa, Gera, Saale. and Itz. 
 The chief industry is agriculture and cattle-rearing. The 
 
 i_r.Y* ^"^ frequently hear thi» word pronoanced Savoy'ard, 
 Bat the »cceutuatioa (pveo above is, we lieliave, generally adopted 
 Djf tiie oeBt speakers. j r 
 
 •That stern yet luo.dly spirit who constrains 
 The SAVOrASD to qnit his naked rocks." 
 ,,„, WOBDjwoRTB'g Ezcurtum, hook i. 
 
 SAX 
 
 manufactures of Gotha are very varied. Education is in an 
 advanced state. Public revenue in 186S, $705,400; debt, 
 $■2,296,953. 
 SAXE-LAUENBURO. See Lacenbcro. 
 S.\X'ELBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 S-4XELBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 SAXE-MEINIXG EN-HI LDBURGUAUSEX, sax mi'ning. 
 gn hlld-b&rg-hOw'zen, (Ger. S(idiffi»Mpiningen-Hililburf/- 
 /lausen, six'gn mi'ning-en hllt/l^RG-how'zfn.) a duchy of 
 Central Germany, forming the seventeenth state of the 
 Germanic Confederation, and consisting of a main body, 
 and several minor portions isolated from it, and partly 
 situated at a considerable distance, as Kamburg. Kran- 
 nichfeld. and Lichtenhaln. The main body consists of a 
 long and narrow zone of a crescent shape, the concavity 
 turned northwards, and lounded on the N. by Saxe-Weimar, 
 the district of Schmalkalden, belonging to Hesse-Cassel, an 
 isolated portion of Prussia, and the principality of Schwarz- 
 burg; on the W. by Saxe- Weimar and Biivaria; on the S. by 
 Bavaria and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; and on the E. by Bavaria, 
 Reuss. and Schwarzburg. Greatest length from N.W. to 
 S.E.. about 90 miles ; greatest breadth, 15 miles. .\rea, in- 
 cluding the minor portions. 971 square miles. It is hilly, 
 though scarcely mountainous, the loftiest summit being 
 usually of moderate elevation, and covered with forests. On 
 the E. the ridges belong to the Frankenwald, on the N. to 
 the Thuringerwald, and on the W. to the Rhongebirge. The 
 greater part of the surface belongs to the basin of the Werra, 
 which traverses it first in a W., and then in a N.N.W. direct 
 tion. A small portion in the N.E. sends its waters to the Elbe 
 by means of the Saale, and another .small portion in the S.W. 
 belongs to the basin of the Rhine, being drained by several 
 small tributaries of the Main. There are a number of small 
 lakes, and several mineral springs. The higher districts, 
 though well wooded, are very bleak, and altogether unfitted 
 for agriculture. The best land is in the valleys of the Werra 
 and Saale; but, partly from its limited extent, and partly 
 from the general inferiority of the soil, the corn raised falls 
 considerably short of the consumption, and requires to be 
 supplied by imports, chiefly from Bavaria and Gotha. The 
 principal crops are oats, buckwheat, potatoes, turnips, and 
 hemp. Hops, tobacco, and even a little wine, are grown in 
 the more sheltered localities. The pastures are abundant, 
 and rear considerable numbers of cattle, sheep, and horses. 
 Many of the last are of a superior description. The minerals 
 include iron and copper, worked to a small extent, argenti- 
 ferous lead. salt, sulphur, colialt, slate, marble, p<5rcelain, 
 and fullers'-earth. Some pearls are found in a small stream, 
 called the Steinach. Game and fish are abundant. The in- 
 habitants are very industrious, and when precluded by the 
 nature of the soil from engaging in agriculture, manage to 
 earn a comfortable subsistence by manufactures, chiefly of 
 iron-ware, porcelain, gla.»s, and various ingenious articles in 
 wood and pasteboard. The principal exports, in addition to 
 these articles, are wood. salt. wool, and cattle. For adminis- 
 trative purposes the duchy is sul>divided into four circles: — 
 Meiningen. Hildburghausen, Sonneberg, and Saalfeld. The 
 government is an hereditary and constitutional monarchy. 
 The great m.ijority of the inhabitants are Lutherans, but 
 universal toleration is promised. As the seventeenth mem- 
 ber of the Germanic Confederation, it shares the twelfth 
 vote, along with the other Saxon duchies. Its contingent 
 of men Is 1150. Public revenue in 1852, $576,580; debt, 
 $1,670,450. Meiningen is the capital. The late Queen Ade- 
 laide was a princess of Saxe-Meiningen. P. In 1801, 172,341. 
 
 S.iX'EXBURG. a small post-village of Butler co, Penn- 
 sylvania, 8 or 9 miles S.S.E. of Butler. 
 
 SAXE'S MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont 
 
 SAXEVILLK, sax'vil, a post-village and townsliip of 
 Waushara co.. Wisconsin. Pop. 618. 
 
 SAXE-WEIMAR-EISEN.^CH, sax wl'mar i'zen-ak\ (Ger. 
 Sac/isen-}yiimar-Eisenach, sdK'sen *i'mar I'zen-3K\) a grand 
 duchy of Central Germany, forming the fifteenth state of the 
 Germanic Confederation, and consisting of three larger por- 
 tions, Weimar, Neustadt. and Eisenach, and twelve smaller 
 parcels, ss Ilmenau. Bti.sleben. Zillbach, Seebach, Allstjidt, 
 Oldisleben. and ThrSnltz. Weimar Proper is bounded on 
 the N. by Prussian Saxony, on the W. by Prussian Saxony 
 and the principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. on the S. 
 by this principality, and on the S.E. and E. by the duchy 
 of Saxe-.\ltenburg. Neustadt lies to the S.E. of the former, 
 and, though at no great distance, is completely Separated 
 from it. Eisenach, situated considerably to the W.. is 
 bounded on the N. by Prussian Saxony, W. by Hesse-Cassel, 
 S. by Bavaria, and E. by the Duchies of Saxe-Meininpen 
 and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Area of the whole grand duchy, 
 141S square miles. The surface is in some parts mouut.ain- 
 ous. and in others finely undulating, the intervening ridges 
 of the higher grounds forming the sides of wide valley s. It 
 almost wholly belongs to the basins of the Elbe and the 
 Weser. the former draining Weimar by the Saale. which 
 traverses it. and the Elster, Orla. 11m. and Unstrut. tributap 
 ries of the Saale. and the latter draining Eisenach by the 
 Werra and its tributaries. Suhl, Horsel. Felda, and Ulster. 
 The lakes are individually of small extent, but nuiuiirooA 
 
SAX 
 
 The principalify of Weiniar 5s the most fertile part of the 
 duchy, and in Kood years raises corn sufficient to satisfy the 
 home consumption, and leave a small surplus jpjr export. 
 Eisenach is the district least adapted for agriculture, hut 
 raises considerable quantities of oats and potatoes. In the 
 valley of the Saale much hemp is grown ; and in some shel- 
 tered spots, pjvrticularly in the neighlx)rhood of Jena, a few 
 vineyards are seen. The forests are very extensive, and 
 form the principal wealth of the grand duchy. The most 
 valuable stock is sheep, to the tieece of which much attention 
 has been paid. Swine, also, are very numerfjus ; and game 
 und fish are alike abundant. The minerals include silver 
 and copper, formerly, but no longer worked; iron and man- 
 ganese, still worked to some extent; salt, and potters'-clay. 
 Slanufactures have made most progress in Kisenach, where 
 woollen, cotton, and linen tissues, ribbons, and carpets, &c.. 
 are produced to a considera't>le extent. In Weimar and 
 Neustadt manufactures are insignificant. In the former, 
 the most important articles appear to be books and maps. 
 The principal exports are timber, dried fruit, wool, and gin. 
 The transit trade is important. Jena is the seat of a uni- 
 versity, and public schools are numerous; Weimar is cele- 
 brated for its literary and scientific institutions. For ad- 
 ministrative purpo.ses, the grand duchy is divided into the 
 two circles of Weimar-.7ena-Neustsdt, subdivided into 15 
 bailiwicks, and of Eisen.-ich, subdivided into 10 bailiwicks. 
 The government, as fixed by the charter of 1816, is constitu- 
 tional. At least nine-tenths of the inhabitants are Luther- 
 ans, and distinguished both for industry and intelligence. 
 The revenue in 1S54 was $1,124,870. and the expenditure 
 $1,123,580. Public debt in 1853. $i,292.200. As the fifteenth 
 member of the Germanic Confederation, Saxe-Weimar shares 
 the twelfth vote in the plenum with the other Saxon duchies. 
 Its contingent of men is 2(»10. The principal towns ai-e 
 Weimar, Eisenach, Jena, Neustadt, Weida, Kreuzburg, and 
 Geyse. Pop. in 1861, :i73, 252. 
 
 SAX'FIAM, GKKAT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAXIIAM. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAXKfOUlNG, (Saxkiobing,) or SAXKJODING, (Sax- 
 kjSbing.) sSx'kyo'bing, a seaport town of Denmark, stiff, and 
 on the island of Laaland, at the head of a bay, which forms 
 a good harbor. Pop. 900. 
 
 SAX'LIN(JIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SAXLIXOIIAM NETII'EKGATE, a parish of England, co. 
 Of Norf5ilk. 
 
 SAXLIXGHAM THORPE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 SAX'.MUNDHAM, a market-town and parish of England, 
 TO. of Suffolk, 20 miles N.E. of Ipswich. Pop. in 1851, 1180. 
 The town is pleasantly situated. 
 
 SAXOMA and SAA'Oy. See Saxoxt. 
 
 SAXON LAND, (Oer. Sachsmland, sax'?n-iant\) the S. 
 part of Transylvania, watered by the Aloota (Aluta) and its 
 Affluents. Area, about 4243 squ.ire miles. Pop. 44t),700. It 
 bi subdivided into 7 jurisdictions or stuhls, named from their 
 eapitals, Ilermannstadt, Klausenburg, Mediasch, Muhlen- 
 bach, Scheuerstadt, Keusmarkt, and Szasvaros or Broos, 
 (whence Transylvania derives its German name of Siehen- 
 ourgen. or the '• seven towns,") to which Kronsfcidt and Bis- 
 tritz were afterwards ad(ied. The present inhabitants pre- 
 serve almost unmixed their German language and heredi- 
 tary usages, and are the most industrious and thriving race 
 Jn Transylvania. Agriculture is carefully conducted ; ma- 
 nufactures of woollen, cotton, and. other goods are carried 
 on in the towns, the principal of which are Hermannstadt 
 and Kronstadt. 
 
 SAX'ON SWlTZ^ERLAND, a name applied to the moun- 
 tainous part of the kingdom of Saxony, S.E. of Dresden. It 
 Is highly picturesque, but none of its mountains rise to 
 above 2000 feet in elevation. 
 
 SAX'ONVILLE, a post-village of Middlesex co., Massachu- 
 setts. 22 miles N.W. of Boston. It is the seat of the New 
 England Worsted Company for the manufacture of blankets, 
 coatings, buntings. Ac. 
 
 SAX'ON Y. (Ger. Sacksen, siK'sgn: L. Saxo'nia; Fr. Saxe, 
 gjx: It. SKsaonit, s3s-so'ne-3; Sp. Sajmiia, s3-H0-nee'd,) an 
 old division of North Germany, which extended between the 
 Baltic and the North Sea in the N., and Bohemia and Bavaria 
 in the S. In the old divisions of Germany, the circle of 
 Upper Saxony composed the greater part of the present king- 
 doms of Prussia and Saxony, and that of Lower Saxony, 
 Hanover, Brunswick. Mecklenburg, and Holstein. 
 
 SAXONY. (Ger. KSnigreick Sachsen, kynio-rlK^ sdx'en.) 
 Kingdom of, a kingdom of Central Germany, forming the 
 fourth stats in the Germanic Confederation, bounded on 
 the N.W., N., and E. by Prussia, on the S.E. and S. by 
 Bohemia, on the S.W. by Bavaria, and on the W. by Reuss, 
 Saxe-Weimar, and Saxe-Altenburg. Greatest length, from 
 N.E. to S.W., 35 miles; greatest breadth, 75 miles; peri- 
 meter, about 736 miles, of which about 288 miles borders 
 on Bohemia, from which it is separated by the Erzgebirge ; 
 456 miles on Prussia, 172 miles on the Saxon duchies, and 
 jnly 20 miles on Bavaria. Area, 6917 square miles. It is 
 nearly in the shape of a triangle, the longest side of which 
 bens the S.E., while the opposite vertex is situated to the N. 
 
 SAX 
 
 of the town of Leipsic, and extends from lat. 50° 15' to 51'-' 
 20' N., and from Ion. 12° 10' to 15° E. 
 
 Face of the Cfiuntry. — The surface, though very mncll 
 broken, may be regarded as an inclined plain, which com- 
 mences in the S., in the Krzgebirge chain, and slopes towards 
 the N. In the more elevated districts, the scenery is wild, 
 and in some places almost desolate; while on either side of 
 the Elbe, fnim the Bohemian frontier to Pirna, is a remark- 
 able and exceedingly interesting tract, covered with fantastic 
 sandstone formations, wliicli has received the name of the 
 Saxon Switzerland. The ramifications proceeding from the 
 principal range form the sides of besiutiful and fertile valleys, 
 which, as tiiey flatten down, widen out into plain.s, well 
 adapted for agriculture; and hence, though in the Ober- 
 wiesenthal, the Fichtelberg attjiins the height of more than 
 .3700 feet, the mean height above the sea does not exceed 450 
 feet. On the Prussian frontiers, where it subsides to its 
 lowest point, the height above the sea is only 250 feet. The 
 loftiest summits are generally composed of granite and gneiss, 
 and so rich in mineral products, that the ores (fcVz) contained 
 in them have given name to the whole chain. To the E., on 
 the right bank of the Elbe, the Erzgebirge is continued by 
 the Riesengebirge, a branch of which, under the name of the 
 Lausitzer-gebirge, or Mountains of Lusatia, covers a con- 
 siderable portion of the E. of Saxony. They nowhere reach 
 the height of 2500 feet, though more than one summit ex- 
 ceeds 2000 feet. They a;e compo.«ed for the most part of 
 granite, basalt, and sandstone. 
 
 Hirers. — With the exception of a very small portion of the 
 E., which sends its waters to the.Baltic by tributaries of the 
 Oder and Spree, the whole of Saxony belongs to the basin of 
 the Elbe, which, forcing its way in a depression of the chain, 
 where the Erzgebirge is conceived to terminate and tlie 
 Riesengebirge to begin, enters Saxony, traverses it in a N.W. 
 direction for about 70 miles, and quit-s it near Strehla, after 
 liaving divided the kingdom into two distinct portions, of 
 which that on the left or W. bank is by far the larger. On 
 the E. bank, accordingly, the Elbe iiere receives only a 
 number of small streams scarcely deserving of notice; but 
 on the W. bank it has several important tributaries, which 
 take their rise and have a considerable part of their cour.=e 
 within the kingdom, but do not join the Elbe till they have 
 left it. Of the.se tributaries, the most important are the 
 Mulde, formed by the junction of two main arms called the 
 Zwickau-Mulde .and the FreiVjerg-Mulde; and the Elster, 
 which likewise divides itself near I^eipsic into two arms, one 
 of which unites with the l*lei.s.se and I'arthe, while the 
 other takes the name of Luppe. The lakes, particularly 
 in the N. and N.E., are numerous, but individually insig- 
 nificant. 
 
 Climate. — The climate in the loftier mountain districts, 
 and what is called the Voigtland. is .so very cold and bleak, 
 that it has sometimes received the name of the Saxon Siberia ; 
 but with this exception, the climate is milder than that of 
 most countries of Europe under the sjinie latitude. In the 
 valleys of the Elbe and the Mulde, and in the neighborhood 
 of the town of Leipsic, the air is both gentle and plea.sant. 
 The only localities which can be considered unfavorable to 
 health are some marshy tracts on the banks of the Elbe .and 
 the Pleisse. Mean temperature of the year at Dresden, 49°-l ; 
 of winter, 32°-7 ; of summer, 66° Fahrenheit. 
 
 Agriculture, Zfjolngij, rfc. — \\'ith the exception of the lofty 
 barren tracts already referred to, ^nd others of a kindred 
 nature, though less barren, since they are eitlier covered 
 with forests or mountain pastures, the whole surface of 
 Saxony may be said to be under some kind of culture. One- 
 half of the surface is under the plough, 30 per cent, is 
 covered with wood, and alx)ve 10 per cent, with gardens and 
 meadows. Not a spot capable of being turned to account is 
 allowed to remain waste, and the hand of industry is every- 
 where visible. The soil, however, is not in general of great 
 natural fertility ; and hence, though some of the lower 
 grounds are very productive, the total yield of grain falls 
 considerably short of the home consumption. The most im- 
 portant crops cultivated in regular rotation are rye and oats; 
 next to these ranks barley, and last of all, wheat, for which 
 the grefiter part of the soil appears not to be well adapted. 
 One crop, so universal that it ought perhaps to be regarded 
 as the staple, is potatoes. The chief subsidiary crops are 
 pulse, rape, turnips, oil-seeds, hops, tobacco, Hax, tea.sel, 
 madder, and other dye-plants. All the common orchard- 
 fruits, particularly apples, pears, and plums, are very abun- 
 dant. Considerable attention is paid to the culture of the 
 vine, which occupies considerable tracts on the E. bank of 
 the Elbe, Ijetween the towns of Meissen and Pulsnitz, and 
 is also cultivated with success on the sunny slopes both to 
 the N. and the S. of Dresden. Many artificial meadows 
 have been formed, and heavy crops of the finest grasses — 
 lucern, .sainfoin, clover, and rye-grass — are everywhere seen. 
 Much of the fodder is employed on dairy stock, from which 
 large quantities of butter and cheese of excellent quality are 
 obtained. 
 
 Large numbers of homed cattle are fcittened, and annually 
 exported to Poland and Galicia. But the superiority of Saxony 
 is nowhere so apparent as in its sheep, the breed of which, 
 
 1725 
 
SAX 
 
 SAX 
 
 fbined by careful crossing: with the merino, was brought to 
 eUi h perfection as to create for them an eager demand in all 
 countries where the improTement of the fleece was resrarded 
 as an object of importance. The other domestic animals de- 
 serving of notice are horses and swine, of both of which su- 
 perior breeds are found. Poxiltry, particularly geese, are very 
 numerous; thereariu<jof bees, oncea very important branch 
 of industry, has greatly declined ; but that of silli-worms is 
 Still prosecuted with considerab*^ success, particularly in the 
 vicinity of Leipsic, Dresden. Zittau, .fcc. The great number 
 of forests in Saxony naturally secures an abundance of game, 
 ■nd at one time bears and wolves were not uncommon: but 
 the inc.-ease of population has so greatly diminished their 
 numbers, that they are considered to be almost extirpated. 
 Others of the larger kinds of game have also become scarce, 
 but the smaller kinds continue to be numerous. The fish- 
 ing in the lakes and rivers is tolerably productive, though 
 ecarcely equal to the consumption. Among the species of fish 
 are shad, eels, salmon, carp, pike, and trout. In some of the 
 streams, particularly the White Elster and its tributaries, 
 good pearls are often found. 
 
 Mines. — The minerals of Saxony form, perhaps, the most 
 Important source of its wealth, and have long been worked 
 with great success, and with a skill of which many other 
 countries in Europe were contented to be only humble imi- 
 tators. The metals comprehend almost every one of eco- 
 nomical value, with the exception of (luicksilver, which does 
 not seem to be found at all. and gold, which is obtained only 
 in very small quantities. Silver, found in connection both 
 with copper and lead, is extracted annually, on an average, 
 to the amount of ■15,100 ounces. The principal localities 
 where it is obtained are Freil}erg, .\nnaljerg. and Schneeberg. 
 The copper and lead ores which yield it are of still greater 
 value. The tin. iron, and cobalt mines are also of great im- 
 portance, and. though in much smaller quantities, zinc, bis- 
 muth, and arsenic are worked to considerable advantage. 
 The fuel necessary for the smelting and refining of these 
 metals also exists in great abundance. Not only are the ex- 
 tensive forests, covering ne.arly a fourth part of the whole 
 surface of the kingdom, made available for this purpose, and 
 placed under a system of management in which science and 
 practical knowledge are alike conspicuous, but numerous 
 seams, both of lignite and coal, are found in various districts, 
 and are worked to a considerable extent. Other minerals of 
 value are alum, coppenas, mountain-green, ochre, magnesia, 
 fullers', potters', and porcelain-earth. In all, there are said 
 to lie above 5<X) mines in active operation. The quarries 
 furnish in abundance granite, sienite, porphyry, basalt, 
 roofing-slate, pavement, sandstone, limestone, and m.irble; 
 and numerous beautiful crystals and pebbles, including in 
 the former rubies, sapphires, garnets, topazes, Ac, and in 
 the latter jaspers, agates, and carnelians. are found both in 
 the Erzgebirge and in the districts of Leipsic and Meis.sen. 
 Mineralogical operations are remarkable not only for the 
 magnificent scale on which they are carried on, but also for 
 the consummate ability displayed; and not a few of the 
 most eminent geologists of Europe willingly confess their 
 obligations to the instructions which they have received in 
 the mining schools of Saxony. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures connected with the 
 mining operations just referred to give employment to a 
 very large proportion of the inhabitants; but there are 
 several other branches of manufacture, in two of which — 
 viz., woollen cloth and porcelain — the long-acknowledged 
 superiority of Saxony to most other countries has only lieen 
 recently called in question. The excellence of the former 
 was partly owing to the fineness of the wool obtained from 
 the improved breed of sheep ; and hence, in every countrj- 
 where the Saxon broadcloths were permitted to enter the 
 market, they commanded higher prices than could be ob- 
 tained for similar native products. Much of the finer wools 
 of Saxony being now exported in a raw state, the present 
 woollen manufactures of this country have lost somewhat 
 of their reputation for superior fineness. In regard to por- 
 celain, the fame of the Saxons was well earned, because, in 
 addition to the excellence of the articles produced, they had 
 the merit of inventing, or rather re-inventing, the process. 
 So long as they were able to keep the secret to them.=elve.s, 
 the only competition to which they could lie subjected w.as 
 that of importation from the distant East, and a most 
 lucrative tnide was carried on. The Dresden china became 
 famous over Europe; and many of its finer specimens were 
 thought not unworthv of a place in the most celebrated 
 collections of articles of virlA. The manufacture is now so 
 successfully competed with in other countries, and has in 
 consequence de -lined so much, that at present it can scarcely 
 claim to be regarded as one of the great branches of national 
 Industry. Several other manufactures, however, previously 
 J"un>l*""tant. have advanced with astonishing rapidity. At 
 the heiij of these is cotton, which not only employs nume- 
 rous large fict^jries, but is manufactured to a great extent by 
 comestic looms. 
 
 The following table shows the number of spinning mills 
 anil spindles in the country at three different periods 
 specilied : — 
 1726 
 
 Tears. Mills. Fine .SpInd'M. 
 
 18.S4 74 .Siu.HO? 
 
 1S45 116 474 978 
 
 184«, 133 541,S68 
 
 Other very important fabrics are linen, silk, and mixed 
 goods: and in connection with them and the other tissues 
 must be taken the vast number of worsted, tiax.anil fulling 
 mills which are scattered over the country, and meet the eye 
 at almost every turn. The other manufactures df.s.rviug of 
 notice are lace, in which great numlwrs both of young and 
 aged females, who might be unfit for other labors, find the 
 means of subsistence ; hosiery, wax-cloth, straw-plait, woodea 
 wares, including furniture; machinery, chemical jiroducts, 
 musical instruments, tobacco, chocolate, and chiccory : paper, 
 type.s, and books. 
 
 Commerce, <fc. — The trade, both external and internal, 
 createil by all these branches of manufacture, is necessarily 
 very great. At the fairs of Leipsic alone, business to th« 
 amount of $46.0OO.(KXi is done. Its foundation was laid by 
 the enlightened commercial policy which Saxonj- had (he 
 wisdom to pursue, when most other countries were strangers 
 to it; and its continuance is secured by a careful attention, 
 not only to remove every obstruction to trade, but to afford 
 it new facilities. Among these m.ty l>e mentioned the intro- 
 duction of the railway .system, which has brought Leipsic 
 and Dresden into immediate connection, not only with the 
 other leading towns of Saxony, but with the great trunk- 
 lines which now traverse the whole, at least, of Central 
 Europe, and the still more recent introduction of the electric 
 telegraph. 
 
 Ofii-ernment. — The government of Saxony. a.s fixed by a 
 constitution granted in 1831. and modified by the laws of 
 March 31, ISiu, and May 5, 1861, is a limited monarchy, in 
 which the executive power is lodged solely in the crown, 
 and the legislative power jointly in the crown and two 
 chambers — a first and a second. The first chamber is com- 
 posed of the princes of the royal family who have attained 
 majority, the pc>ssessors of certain specified domains, certain 
 individuals ex officio, 12 deputies chosen for life by the larger 
 landed proprietors, and 10 individuals nominated for life by 
 the king. Tlie second chamber is composed of 20 members 
 elected by the large landed proprietors, 26 elected by the 
 towns, 26 by the peasantry, and 6 by the traders and artisans. 
 For each member of the second chamber a substitute ig 
 chosen, to act in the case of his tempor.-u-j- absence or in- 
 capacit}', or during the subsis'ting diet, in the event of his 
 death. Justice is administered by three classes of courts, or 
 courts of primary, secondary, and tertiary resort, (ersle, 
 ziciite, and drifts j'li.'taMi.) The first includes all the inferior 
 courts of the kingdom, as JufUz-Atmter, Kiiniglirhe-fierieMt, 
 Stndt,Kaii Patrimonial-f)ericl<te ; the second consists of the 
 four appeal courts, (Appellations-gericJite,) which hold their 
 sittings at Dresden, IJautzen. Leipsic, and Zwickau, ami 
 h.ive each jurisdiction within the four circles of the same 
 name; the third is confined to the supreme court of 
 Dresden, {OI>er-appeUations gericht^. whose jurisdiction in- 
 cludes all kinds of causes, and extends over the whole 
 kingdom. 
 
 lldigiim, Ijducation, dx. — Universal toleration is guaran- 
 teed to all religious creeds; but the only religious bodies 
 specially recognised by the state are the Lutherans, (Ei-an- 
 gelisc)i-ProU^tanti seller Cultus.) who form nineteen-twentiethg 
 of the whole population, and have 36 diocese-s, [epiwrien.) 879 
 parishes, and 1199 churches; the Calvinists, {Befi/rmirttr 
 Ciillus.) who have only two parish churches and four minis- 
 ters ; and the Roman Catholics, who are under an apostolic 
 vicar, have 14 jutrishes and 29 churches, and comprise the 
 royal family among their adherents. At the head of the 
 education.il establishments of the kingdom is the University 
 of Leipsic, which is one of the principal in Germany. Next 
 to it, in order, are 7 gymua.siii, situated in the principal 
 towns, 11 normal schools, and a considerable number of 
 upper, town, and grammar schools. I'or elementary educa- 
 tion, one school at least is opened in every parish, and all 
 the children between six and fourteen are understood to be 
 in attendance. In 1849. of olo.lSo children between the 
 ages of six and fourteen, which the kingdom contained, 
 311.454, or 1 in 6 of the whole population, were actually 
 attending school. By this means. Sa.xony has t'ccome one 
 of the best-educated countries in Europe. The revenue in 
 ISo.j-ol was $6,046,660, of which more than a third was 
 raised from the rent of land and other crown-rights, and the 
 remainder, in nearly c(iual proportions, by direct anl in- 
 direct taxation. The expenditure was estimated to le «ve a 
 small surplus. The amount of the debt at the close of 1852 
 was $.11,230,000, The arm}- is raised chiefly by conscription ; 
 all male citizens, with .i few specified exceptions, being 
 bound, on attaining their twentieth year, to serve for six 
 years in the army, and three years in the reserve. The 
 effective force amounts to 25.396 men. As the fourth mem- 
 ber of the Germanic Confederation. Saxony has four votes in 
 the })levum. Its contingent of men is 12.(hW. 
 
 Divisions, Ripulaiion, tfc. — .Saxony is divided into the four 
 circles (Jcrexsdirektionen) of Dresden, Leipsic, Zwick.' u, and 
 
SAX 
 
 Bantzen or ^udl=sin. snbdi v'(J»(J into bailiwicks. Their area 
 and po{/alrttiou «r* sxhluited in tLe 6/llowing table:— 
 
 Artoc anti iy>pul(ili(m of Saxnny in 1852. 
 
 QU -Xjs 
 
 Area, in 
 
 Dresdon 
 
 Lclpsic 
 
 Zwickau 
 
 Bautzea, or ButUssid 
 
 Total 
 
 ICSO 
 1347 
 1»16 
 971 
 
 683,'J13 
 308,488 
 
 2,2-^5.^40 
 
 History. — Saxony owes its name to tlie most ancient and 
 distinguislied of the nations of Germany. Not contented 
 with their territories, tlioufrli they reached from the Kider 
 to the Uhine, they penetrated fiir into France, and, fitting 
 out powerful naval armaments, ultimately made themselves 
 masters of the far finer portion of Great I5rit;iin. The in- 
 habitants of Saxony are saiil still to bear a remarl<able 
 resemblance, in person and manners, to tliose of the British 
 Island. The earliest existing records connected with the 
 present kingdom belong to the tenth ceiitury, when Henry 
 I., Margrave of Meissen, made considerable addition to his 
 territories, whicli from tViat time came to be distinguislied 
 by the common name of Saxony. In 14"J2 8axony became 
 an electorate, in the person of Frederick the Brave, by whom 
 the University of Leipsic was founded. Saxony was the 
 cradle of the Reformation, which here successfully passed 
 through the first years of a precarious existence, preparatory 
 to its complete development, and the noble triumphs which 
 it continued to achieve, till its sway was acknowledged I)y 
 half the population of Kurope. Its more recent history fur- 
 nishes few inciilents deserving of particular notice. It was 
 erected into a kingdom in 1806 by Napoleon, who united to 
 it the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which, along with some por- 
 tions of the Saxon territories, was detached from it in 1815, 
 by the Congress of Vienna. In this new arrangement, it 
 was deprived of ne.arly a million of inhabitants. Still, even 
 within its present limits, Saxony holds an important station 
 among the German states, and possesses almost inexhausti- 
 ble sources of prosperity, both in its natural resources, and 
 
 In the industry and intelligence of its people. .\dj. and 
 
 Jnhab. Sax'on; (Fr. Saxom, sd-v'^N"'; Sp. Sajox. si-iion'; It. 
 Sassone, sJs'so-nA; Ger. adj. Sachsisch, sdx'ish; inhab. 
 Sa^hse. sik'seh.) 
 
 S.iX'OXY, I'liC'SSTAN, a province of Prussia, nearly in 
 Its centre, between lat. 50° 27' and 53° 5' N., and Ion. 9° 5U' 
 4nd 15° 15' E., having on the X.K. and K. the provinces of 
 Brandeiiliurg, West Ilanover, Brunswick, and Ilesse-Cassel, 
 »nd on tlie S. the duchies and kingdom of Saxony, enclosing 
 Anhalt Dessau, Sdiwarzburg Rudolstadt, aud having many 
 sutlving di'tached districts. Area. 9828 square miles. I'op. 
 in ISfii, 1,076.417, of whom 1,842,352 were rrotestanti. The 
 Harz. nt the W. extremity, is a mountainous district ; else- 
 where the surface is level and watered by the Kibe, with its 
 tributaries the Saale, Mulde, and Unstrut. The soil is 
 among the most fertile in thg Prussian dominions. Corn, 
 flax. hemp, hops, tobacco, madder, and chiccory are the prin- 
 cip.al products; vines are grown on the banks of the Saale 
 and Kibe. Merino-sheep l)reeding is extensively carried on, 
 and wool is a princip.al article of export. The province has 
 coal, iron, salt, and copper mines. The principal manufac- 
 tures ai'e fine woollens, linen fabrics, earthenwares, paper, 
 beer, and spirits. It is divided into the three governments 
 of Magdeburg. Erfurt, and Merseburg. Capital, Magdeburg. 
 
 SAX'TKAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SAXTIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SAX'TOX, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 SAX'TOX'S RIA'ER, a postK)fflca of Windham co., Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 S.iXTONA' ILLE, a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 about 6 miles S.W. of Flemington. 
 
 SAYANSK. a town of Siberia. See Saiansk. 
 
 SAY.A.XSKOI, mountains of Siberia. See Sai.WJSK. 
 
 S.\Y'BROOIv, a post-township of Middlesex co., Connecticut, 
 on the W. bank of Connecticut River, about 35 miles S.S.E. 
 of Hartford, contains the village of Deep River. Old Sat- 
 BEOOK, bordering on Long Island Sound, was separated from 
 tliis township in 1S52. Population of Suybrook (1S60), 
 1213. 
 
 SAYBROOK, a post-township In the N.W. part of Ashta- 
 bula CO., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland and Erie Rail- 
 road, 4 miles from Ashtabula. Pop. 1435. 
 
 S.VYDA, a town of Saxony. See Saida. 
 
 SAY'LOHSBUIiO, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 112 miles X.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 SAY'LORVII.LK, a post-village of Polk CO., Iowa, near Des 
 Moines River. 12.'^i miles W. of Iowa City. 
 
 SAY.MBRU:mBACUM, srm-brtlm'bi-k'&m(?) a town of Brit- 
 ish India, presidency, and 17 miles W. of .Madras. 
 
 SAYN, sine, a village of Prussia, government, and 6 miles 
 N. of Coblentz. at the confluence of the Briichse and Sayn- 
 baeh. Pop. il3C 
 
 SAYXY, sPnee, a town of Poland, government of Angus- 
 
 SCA 
 
 towo. on the Memel, here joined by the Peyneczka. IS miien 
 E. of Suwalki. Pop. 3100. It has a Kithedrai, and manu- 
 factures of woollen cloth and leather. 
 
 SAYPAXorS.'-;YP.4.N,srpan'.oneofthe L.idrone Islandg. 
 in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 15° 19' 44" N., Ion. 14f.° E., 12 
 miles in length, and having a good harbor on its W. side. 
 SAY'VHJjK. a post>office of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 SAZAWA, sl-zi'*2, a river of Bohemia, after a W.N.W. 
 course of 95 miles, joins the Jf oldau 12 miles S. of Prairue. 
 
 SAZK.\ or SADSIf A. sdds'kl, a town of Bohemia, 27 mileg 
 E. of Prague. Pop. 2210. 
 
 SC.A.Eit, sk3\aiR', a market-town of France, department 
 of Finist^re, 13 miles N.N.W. of Quimperl6. Pop. in 1862, 
 4304. ^ 
 
 SCAFATT, skS-fi'tee, a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, on the Sarno, 6 miles W. of Nocera. 
 Pop. 3500. 
 
 SC.\Ft<!LL, pronounced, and sometimes written SCAW- 
 FFXL. a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland, near the 
 borders of Westmoreland, 10 miles N.E. of Itavenglass. and 
 having two summits respectively 31fi6 and 3002 feet in 
 height. The river Esk rises on its E. side. 
 
 SCAFTOLD CONE, a post-office of Rock Castle co.. Ken- 
 tucky. • 
 
 SCALA, ski/lj. a market-town of Naple.=, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, 8 miles AV. of Salerno. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SC.\LA, a market-town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra. on a height, 5 miles S.W. of Cariati. Pop. 12(10. 
 
 SCALA. a town of Tuscany, 20 miles W.S.W. of Florence. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 SCA LABIS. See Santarem. 
 
 SCALA NOVA, skdnj no/vj, (anc. Neap>nlis.) a seaport 
 town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, at the head of the Gulf of 
 Scala Nova. 40 miles S. of Smyrna. Pop. 20.000. It st.ands 
 on a slope rising from the sea. The pi-incipa! editices are 
 mosques, khans, and public baths. It had formerly an 
 active trade with Eirvpt and Salonica. 
 
 SCALA NOVA, GULF OF, is 45 miles in length from E. 
 to W., with an averase breadth of 20 miles. The island of 
 Samos forms the most part of its S. coast. 
 SC.\L.\]'LANO, a village of Sardinia. See Escalapiano. 
 SC.XI/BY. a parish of England, co. of York, West JUding. 
 SCALDASOLE, skal-da-sol.-l. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Novara, province of Lomellina. P. 1048. 
 SCALDIS. See Scheldt. 
 
 SCALD'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 SCALEA. sk3-I.A'3, a village of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra. 28 miles W. of Cassano. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SCALE'BY. a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 SCALH^NOIIE. sk.4-l5n'gil, a town of North Italy, in Pied- 
 mont, and 7 miles E. ofiPinerolo. Pop. .3961. 
 
 SCALETTA. i=ka-let'a, a village of Sicily, on its E. coast, 
 13 miles S. of Messina. Pop. 1000. 
 SCAiVFOHD.. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 SCAL'LOW.\Y. a village of Scotland, co., and on tl)e main- 
 land of Shetland, at the head of Scalloway Bay, 6 miles 
 W.S.M'. of Lerwick. Pop. 450. It is neatly built, and was 
 formerly a burgh, and the capital of Shetland. It has a 
 good harbor. 
 
 SC.\L'P.\. an island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of 
 Inverness, off the E. side of the island of Skye, separated 
 from it by a sound half a mile across. Length, 4 miles; 
 breadth. 2 miles. Pop. in 1851, 79. 
 
 SC.VLPA FLOW, a sea-basin among the Orkneys, nearly 
 enclosed by Pomonsi, Burray, South Ronaldshay, Walls, and 
 Hoy, and containing many smaller Islands. Length, 15 
 miles; breadth, 8 miles. 
 
 SCAI/P.^Y, an island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of 
 Inverness, parish of Harris, at the entrance of East Loch 
 Tarbet. Length, 3 miles ; breadth, I5 miles. Pop. in 1851, 
 282. 
 SC.^LP LEVEL, a post-office of Cambria co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 SCAMAN'DER,or XAX/TIIUS, (Turk. Bnmarhashi-soo, 
 boo'naR'bi'shee soo.) a river of the plain of Troy, in Asia 
 Minor, rises at the village of Boonarbashi, immediately be- 
 neath the site of old Troy, flows N.W., expanding into 
 numerous marshes, and enters the iEgeau Sea and the 
 Simois or Mender River by several channels, cut in very 
 remote antiquity. Its .source is in some springs, having a 
 temperature of 63° or 64° Fahrenheit. This circumstance is 
 supposed by some to have suggested the description by 
 Homer. Iliad xxii. 149-152. 
 SCAM'BLESBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 SCAM'MOXDEN, a chapelry of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 SCAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 SCANDEROON. See Iskanderoon. 
 
 SCANDIANO, skJn-de-ifno, a market-town of North Italy, 
 situated 12 miles S.W. of Modena, ou the Secchia. Popula- 
 tion, 2400. 
 
 SCANDINAVIA. skan-de-n.Vve-a, the classic name of the 
 great peninsula of North Europe, consisting of Sweden and 
 Norway. See Swedem and Norway. 
 
 SCANFS. skSnfs. a populous village of the Upper En ga- 
 dine, in Switzerland, canton of Orisons, 29 miles S.E. of Chur. 
 
 1727 
 
SCA 
 
 SCH 
 
 SCANIA, skd'ne-s, or SKAXE, (SkSne,) sko/ne, an old 
 province of Sweden, at its S. extremity, now subdivided into 
 Uie lans of Malmo and Christianstad. 
 
 SCANNO, skdn'no, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Ultra. Pop. SOOO. 
 
 SCANXO, a village of Naples, Abruzzo Citra, 12 miles S.E. 
 of Lake Fucino. 
 
 SCAXS.\NO, skin-si'no, a market-town of Tuscany, pro- 
 Tince, and 12 miles S.E. of Grossetto. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SCANTIC RIVER rises in the ?. part of Massachusetts, 
 and falls into the Connecticut River in Hartford county, 
 Connecticut, about 7 miles N. of Hartford. It is a good 
 mill-stream. 
 
 SCAXZAXO, skdn-zi'no, a village of Naples, province of 
 N.iples. near Castel-a-Mare. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SCAR, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of TTicklow, 
 N. of Laragh. Height, 2106 feet. 
 
 SCARBA, skar'bi, one of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of 
 Argyle, off the N. end of the island of Jura. Length and 
 breadth, 3 miles each. Height above the sea, 1500 leet. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH, skar'b'rUh, or skar'bar-rfth, a parlia- 
 mentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and parish 
 of England, co^of York, in North Riding, on the S. slope of 
 a headland extendins Into the North Sea; Kit. of light-house 
 54° IT' N.. Ion. (P 23'~'5" AV., on the North Midland liailway, 
 37 miles N.E. of York. Pop. in 1S51, 12,915. It consists of 
 numerous streets, lighted with gas, rising in successive tiers 
 from the shore in the form of an amphitheatre, and con- 
 tains several elegant terraces, crescents, .and isolated man- 
 sions. It has a town-hall, custom-house, jail, assembly- 
 room, and theatre; several Established churches, and pl.-jces 
 of worship for Independents, Jlethodists, B.iptists, I'riends, 
 Reman Catholics, &e. ; a grammar, Lancasterian, national, 
 and various other schools; several hospitiils, and a se.v 
 bathing infirmary for poor invalids, supported by subscrip- 
 tion ; a museum of geology and natural history, a mechanics' 
 institute, two public libraries, and a philosophical society. 
 Scarborough is much frequented for sea-bathing, and for its 
 mineral-waters, which have long been in repute. These last 
 are obtained from springs on the sea-shore under a cliff, and 
 are approached by a bridge resting on piers 75 feet high, 
 and leading across a chasm 400 feet wide; they contain car- 
 bonate and sulphate of lime, magnesia, and oxide of iron, 
 and are esteemed efficacious in stomach complaints. Scar- 
 borough harbor is the only port of any consequence on the 
 E. coast between the Humber and Whitby, and is u-sed as a 
 place of sht-lter from the E. gales which prevail on this 
 coast ; though confined at the entrance, it is easy of access, 
 and safe and commodious within. The bay is protected on 
 the N.E. by a high promontory, on the summit of which, 
 300 feet above sea-level, are the ruins of the celebrated castle 
 of Scarborough. The port, to which the privilege of bonding 
 was granted in 1841, is a member of that of Hull. It carries 
 on a limited foreign trade, princip-illy with France. Holland, 
 and the Baltic; and a considerable trade in corn, butter, 
 bacon, and .salt-fish, with Newcastle. Sunderland, and other 
 places on the coast. Registered shipping in 1S4T, 191 ves- 
 sels, with an aggregat«i of 32,221 tons. Ship-building, rope 
 and sailcloth making are caiTied on, but to a much less 
 extent than formerly. The fishery, once a source of great 
 profit to the town, h.as also declined, although there still 
 exists here an establishment for curing herrings. The 
 boroush Sends two members to Parliament. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH, the principal town of the West India 
 Island of Tolxigo, on its E. coast, 7 miles N.E. of Milford. 
 L.^t. 11° 6' N., Ion. 60° 30' W. 
 
 SCAR'EOROUGH, a post-vilLage and township of Cum- 
 berland CO.. Maine, on the Portland, S.aco, and Portsmouth 
 Railroad, 60 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. of the township, 
 1S07. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH, a post-office of Scriven co., GeorgLa, on 
 the Central Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Savannah. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH or GILBERT ISLANDS, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, between lat. 1° and 3° N., and Ion. 172° and 174° 
 E.. comprise Marshall, Matthews, Gilbert, and Charlotte 
 Islands. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH, skar'bar-rtlh, or LOS BUENOS JAR- 
 DINES, loce bw.Vnoce Hal-dee'nfe. a group of islands in the 
 North Pacific, W. of the Marshall Archipelago. Lat. 21° 40' 
 N., Ion. 151° .55' E. 
 
 SCAR'CLIFF, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SCARDA, skait'dl. a small island of Dalmatia, circle of 
 Zara, between the islands of Premuda and Isto. 
 
 SCARDIZZA. BkaR-dit/sH, a small Island of Dalmatia, circle 
 Cf Zara. 3 miles W. of Paso. 
 
 SCARDONA. skaR-do^ni or SCRADIN, skri-de«n', a de- 
 cayed town of Dalmatia, 6 miles N.N.E. of Sebenico, on the 
 right bank of the Kerka. Pop. 1200. It is a bishop's see, 
 and W!i8 formerly an Important place. Under the Romans 
 It was the capital of the province of Liburnia. 
 
 SCARDONA. See Is0L.\ Grossa. 
 
 SCAR EN A. ski-ri'nJ, a town of the Sardinia* States, 10 
 miles N.N.E. of Nice, on the Paglione. Pop. 1856. 
 
 SCARaFF or SCARA, skah'ra, a small island of Ireland, 
 oa of Kerry. 21 miles S W. of llogs Head. 
 
 SCAR/IFF, a market-town of Ireland, co. of Clare, on the 
 Scariff. 8 miles N.N.W. of KilLiloe. Pop. 500. 
 
 SCARISBRICK. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 SCARLE. NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCARLE. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SCARMAGNO, skaRmdn'yo. a vill.ige of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, about 7 miles S.S.W. of Ivrea. 
 Pop. 1013. 
 
 SCARNAFIGI, skaR-ni-fet/jee. or SCARNAFIGGI, shar- 
 n3-fid'jee. a market-town of Piedmont, province, and 5 miles 
 N.E. of S.aluzzo. Pop. 2S54. 
 
 SCAR'NING. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with a 
 station on the East Anglican Railway, 2 miles W.S.W. of East 
 Dereham. 
 
 SCARP or SCAR/PA, an island of the Outer Hebrides, in 
 Scotland, co. of Inverness. It is a rockv mountain of gneiss 
 1000 feet high, and 3 miles long. Pop."in 1851. 145. 
 
 SCARPANTO, skar'pln-to, (anc. Carfpothos.) an island ot 
 the Mediterrane.tn. belonging to Turkey. 28 miles S.W. ot 
 Rhodes. Ijength. 30 miles; breadth, 8 miles. The surface 
 Is mountainous ; iron .and marble are the principal products. 
 It has several harlx)rs, the largest, Porto-Grande, being on 
 its W. side. At its N. extremity Is the village of Scarpanto. 
 
 SC.\RPE, skaRp. a navigable river of France, rises in the 
 department of Pas-de-Calais, flows E. past Arras, Douai, 
 Marchiennes. and St. Amand. and joins the Scheldt at Mor- 
 tagne on the frontier of Belgium. Length. 25 miles. 
 
 SCARPERIA. skaR-p.A-ree'^ or SCARPKRIA DI MU- 
 GELLO, skaR-pA-ree'i dee moo-jello. a small town of Tus- 
 cany, province, and 16 milesN.E. of Florence. 
 
 SCAR'RINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Nottinghanu 
 
 SCARS'D.\LE, a villageof Scarsdale township. Westchester 
 CO., New York, on the Harlem Railroad, '22 miles N.N.E. of 
 New York. Pop. of the township. 548. 
 
 SCARmiO, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCAT'ARY, an islet of British North America, off the E. 
 coast of the island of Cape Breton; lat. 43° N., Ion. 59° 41' 
 W. Lenu'th. from E. to W., 6 miles; breadth. 2 miles. 
 
 SCAW'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, with a sta- 
 tion on the Lincolnshire Railway. 
 
 SCAWFELL. See Smfell. 
 
 SC.\WTON, a parish pf England, co. of York. North Riding. 
 
 SCE.\UX, s!>, a town of France, department of Seine, 4 
 miles S.of Paris, with which It Is connected by railway. Pop. 
 10130. Colbert erected here a chateau, which was destroyed 
 during the first reyolution. 
 
 SCER.\I, sk Jr'nee. a town of Naples, province of Abruzao 
 Citra, 7 miles W. of Il-A'asto. J»op. '2000. 
 
 SCEY-SUlt-SAOAE, si siiR s6n, a m.srket-town of France, 
 department of Haute-Safine, on the Saflne, 9 miles W.N.W. 
 of Ve.soul. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SCH A A FH KIM. shdfhlme, a market-town of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, 8 miles E.S.E. of Dieburg. Pop. 133S. 
 
 SCHAAFSTADT. shatT'st^tt. a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Jlerseburg. Pop. 1900. 
 
 SCn.\l!LIN, a village of Austria. See Josephsdokf. 
 
 SCIIADUINSK,* a town of Russia. See Shamixsk. 
 
 SCHAERBEEK, sKSR'bAk, a village of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, in the immediate neighborhood N.N.E., and 
 properly only a suburb of Brussels. It contains a great 
 number of fine mansions of recent d.ate. and two churches, 
 one of which is a splendid modern edifice. Pop. 4550. 
 
 SCHAFA, shS'fi, or SCHAFFERN. sh^ffern, a market- 
 town of Moravia. 14 miles W.N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1243. 
 
 SCIIAFFEN. shdf'fen, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, on the Demer. 34 miles N.E. of iJrussels. P. 163L 
 
 SCHAFFHAUSEN, shaff-how'zfn, (Fr. Schaffome. shif- 
 f<x)z'; L. fi:aphu/sia.) the northernmost canton of Switzer- 
 land, wholly N. of the Rhine, which separates it from the 
 cantons of Zurich and Thurgau, and enclosed by the grand 
 duchy of Baden. Area, 116 square miles. Pop. in 1860, 
 35,500, nearly all Protestants. The surface is undulating. 
 Soil fertile, and frequently more com Is raised than is re- 
 quired for home consumption. The transit trade is Im- 
 portant, and the capital town is a principal entrepot for 
 goods p-a-ssing between South Germany and Switzerland. 
 The principal towns are SchafT hausen and Neukircben. The 
 government is democratic, consisting of a grand council or 
 legislative body of 74 members, chosen by the male inhabi- 
 tants not under leg.tl Incapacity; and the petty or executive 
 council, composed of 24 members of the grand council, and 
 presided over by a burgomaster, who is elected annually. 
 This canton joined the Swiss Confederation in 1501. 
 
 SCHAFFHAUSEN, the capital of the .above canton Is 
 situated on the right bank of the Rhine. "23 miles N.E. of 
 Zurich. Pop. in 1850, 7710. It is enclosed by vld walls, and 
 defended by a citadel on an adjacent height, on the site of 
 
 * It should be remarked that the names of places in Africa and 
 Asia, as well as most of those in Eastern Europe, beginninjt with 
 Sen will generally be found in this work under the head of Sii. 
 This general remark may serve to guide the inquirer in th"se 
 cases in which references are not given. In a few instances, h«»»- 
 ever, names of this class will more properly be place! under Zu, 
 as ScuisDKA— Zhizdua, in which caM a reference will be given. 
 S«« Fkeface, page 4. 
 
SCH 
 
 an ancient Roman fortress. The houses are antiquated and 
 of curious architecture; principal edifice, the minster, a large 
 cathedral, founded in 1052. It has a college, and a town 
 library containing the collection of books which lielonged to 
 the historian ^Miiller, a native of Schaffhausen ; manufactures 
 of cotton stuffs, files, and cutlery. It communicates daily by 
 diligences with Zurich, Hern, Freiburg, Stuttgart, and XJlm, 
 and bv steamers with Constance. 
 
 SCliAFFHAUSEN. FALLS OF, a cataract of the Rhine, 3 
 miles S.S.W. of the town, has a total descent of about 100 
 feet, and is one of the most imposing phenomena of its kind 
 in Europe. 
 SCIIAFF0U.5E. See Shaffhacsen. 
 
 SCIIAGEN. sKl'ghfn, a town of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Holland, 11 miles N. of Alkmaar. Pop. 1885. 
 SCHAGIITICOKE, a post-village and township of Rensse- 
 laer CO., New York, on the Hudson River, 21 miles N.N.E. 
 of All>any. The village is situated on the Albany Northern 
 Railroad, and on the Iloosic River, which here affords water- 
 power. It contains 3 or 4 churches, numerous stores, and 
 several cotton factories and milLs. V. of the township. 2929. 
 SCUALE, shd'li'h, a village of Prussia, in ^Vestphalia, 33 
 miles N.of -MUnster. on the Aue. Pop. 1570. 
 
 SCHALK.\U, sh3l'k6w, a town of Central Germany, in 
 Saxe-Meiuingen, on the Itz, 7 miles N.W. of Coburg. Pop. 
 1037. 
 
 SCUALKOWITZ, Alt. dlt sh3l'ko-<»it«\ a village of Prus- 
 sian Silesia. 11 miles .\.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 1740. 
 
 SCIIALKWYK or .SCIIALKWI.IK, skilk'wjk, a village of 
 Holland, province, and 8 miles fc'.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 789. 
 
 SCUALL. shjl, or SCHAAL, shSl. a lake of North Ger- 
 many, partly in theDani.sh duchy of I^auenburg. and partly 
 in the grand duchy of .Mecklenburg-Schwerin, aix)ut 9 miles 
 in length from N. to S.. by 2 miles in breadth. 
 SCIIAMAKHI, Russia. See Shamaka. 
 SCHANCK (shank) .MOUNT, a conspicuous table-shaped 
 hill of South .\ustralia. near the coast, in lat. 37° 55' S., Ion. 
 139° 49' E. It rises from a comparative^' level country at 
 an abrupt angle 800 or 900 feet in height, and has on its 
 summit three distinct craters. Basalt, lava, and other vol- 
 c;inic products are scattered on and around it. 
 
 SCHAXDAU, shdii'dow, a town of Saxony, 21 miles S.E.of 
 Dresden, on the Elbe. Pop. 1638. 
 
 SCHANK'S (Shanks) ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 
 0° 25' S.. Ion. 1(.3° E. 
 
 SCHAUDI.NG, (.SchUrding.) or SCHEERDINO, shaiR'dlng, 
 a town of Upper Austria, circle of Inn, 8 miles S.S.W. of 
 I'assau, on the Inn. Pop. 3500. It is defended by a strong 
 ciKtle. and was bomltarded by the French in 1809. 
 
 SCHARDITZ. shaii'dits, or SAKDICK, saR-dit/.s.i, a village 
 of Austria, in Moravia, circle of Ilradisch. Pop. 1138. 
 
 SCIIARMTZ. shaii/nits, (anc. Scar'bia or PoHta Claii/diaf) 
 a village and pass in the Tyrol, 10 miles N.W. of Innspruck. 
 and the scene of combat between the French and Tyrolese 
 in lSii9. 
 
 SCHASSBURG, (Schiissburg,) shSssOxiCRO, a town of Tran- 
 sylvania, in Saxonlan.i, capital of a county, on the Great Ko- 
 kel, 24 miles E. S.E.of Neumarkt. Pop. 0250. It consists of 
 an upper and a lower town, the former fortified. It has a 
 gymnasium, manufactures of woollens and liueus, and an 
 extensive trade. 
 
 SCIIAT-EL-ARAB or SCHAT-UL-ARAB. See Shat-ei^ 
 Arab. 
 .SCIIATSK. a town of Russia. See Shatsk. 
 SCIIATTAU. shat/tc-iw, or SATOW, s^Ttov, a market-town 
 of Moravia. 6 miles S.S.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1716. 
 
 SCIIATTER, shdt/ter, a river of Baden, after a course of 
 36 miles, joins the Kinzig at Kehl. 
 
 SCIIATTER, a river of Bavaria, rises near the village of 
 Wellheim, flows E.S.E., and joins the D.anube on the left a 
 little above Ingolstadt. Total course, about 27 miles. 
 
 SCHATUL'GA. a village of Muscogee co., Georgia, on the 
 Muscogee Railroad. 10 miles from Columbus. 
 
 SCIIATZLAK, slidts'lar, BERNSTADT, or BARNSTADT, 
 b^Rn'stitt. a market-town of Bohemia, 33 miles N. of KSnig- 
 gratz. Pop. Iii73. 
 
 SCIIAUMI$URG-LIPPE, shiiwm'bOoEO lip'peh, a princi- 
 pality of North-western Germany, enclosed by the territories 
 of Ilesse-Schaumburg, Hanover, and Prussian Westphalia, 
 exclusive of some detached lordships within the territory of 
 Lippe-Detmold. Area. 207 square miles. Pop. .30,226. The 
 surface is hilly and well wooded In the S., flat in the N., 
 where the Lake Steinhuder-nieer occupies about 22,000 acres. 
 The principal river is the AVeser. The inhabitants are 
 mostly Lutherans, and employed in agricultural industry. 
 "Oiii-mines, and the manufactures of linens. The principal 
 towns are Biickeburg, the capital, and Stadthagen. Public 
 •evenue in 1852, 93,600 dollars. The state isfreefi-om debt. 
 SCHAWAT. a town of Asia. See Shawat. 
 SCHAZK. a town of Russia. See Shatsk. 
 SCIIEEMDA. sKAm'dit, or SCHEEMDER, sKim'dfr, a vil- 
 lage of the Netherlands, province, and 16 miles E.S.E. of 
 Qroningen. Pop. 3439. 
 
 SCIIEER, shaiR. a town of WUrtemberg, circle of Danube, 
 i miles E.S.E. of Sigm^riugen. Fop. 962. 
 5 I 
 
 SCH 
 
 SCHEIBENBERG, shi'ben-bjRG\ a village of Saxony. 6 
 miles E. of Schwarzenl^erg. Pop.,lS36. It has manufac- 
 tures of lace: and valuable silver, cobalt, tin, and iron mines 
 in its vicinity. 
 
 SCHEIDECK, shi'djk, a mountain of Switzerland, canton 
 of Bern, in the Oberland, 8 miles S. of Brienz. Height above 
 the sea. (>473 feet 
 
 SCHEIDECK, LESSER, or WENGERN ALP, ftin'ghjm 
 dip, a mountain S.W. of the above, between Lauterbr\mnen 
 and Grindelwald. 
 SCHEKI, a town of Russia. See Sheki. 
 SCIIELDE. a river of Europe. See ScnELOT. 
 SCHKLDERODF;, SKJl'deh-roMeh, a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders', on the Scheldt, 7 miles S. of 
 Ghent. Pop. 1063. 
 
 SCMELDEWINDEKE, 8KJrdeh-«in/d.'l'keh, a village of 
 Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Molinbeek, 9 
 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SCHELDT, skJlt, often pronounced shjld. (Dutch, Scheldt, 
 sK^l'deh: Vr. E.-icant.h'k&; Sp. A',<caWa,Js-kdl'dd; nnc. Sail/- 
 din.) a river of Europe, rises in the French department of 
 Aisne. flows N.E. through the department of Nord, and the 
 Belgian provinces of llainaut and East Flanders, to Antwerp, 
 where it turns N.W. and enters the North Sea, in the Dutch 
 province of Zealand, by two mouths, the East and West 
 Scheldt, which encIo.se the two islands of Beveland and 
 Walcheren. Total course, 200 miles; at its mouths it is 
 from 2i to 3i leagues across. In its lower part it traverses 
 a flat country, and its banks are fenced by dykes. Aifluents, 
 the Scarpe, Lys, and Darme from the W., and the Dender 
 and Rupel from the E. It is navigable nearly throughout, 
 and connected by can.als with the Somme, Seine, Loire, and 
 the principal cities and towns of Belgium, and it is of high 
 commercial importance. 
 
 SCHf:LE.STADT. shAnJsHdd', (Ger. pron. shM'fs-titt',) a 
 fortified town of I'rance, department of Bas-Rhin. on the 
 left bank of the 111. and on the Strasbourg and Basel (Bile) 
 Railway. 26 miles S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop in 1852, 10.365. 
 It was fortified by Vaiiban, and is naturally strong from 
 being surrounded by marshes. It has manufactures of 
 woollen hosiery, calicoes, brass and iron wire, paper, and 
 earthenwares. 
 
 SCHELETAU or SCHELLETAU, shSWgh-tOw', a market- 
 town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 miles S.S.E. of Iglau. 
 Pop. 1099. 
 SCHELTKOF or SCHELTKOW. See SnEuaov. 
 SCIIELK LINGEN. shyk'ling-?n, a walled town of WUrtem- 
 berg. 12 miles ^V. of Ulm. Pop. 1009. 
 
 SCHELLE. sKJl'leh, a village of Belgium, province, and 7 
 miles S. by W. of Antwerp, on the right bank of the Scheldt 
 Pop. 1365. 
 
 SCHELLEBELLE, sKellfh-bJlMph, a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 9 miles E. of 
 Ghent. Pop. 1S6S. 
 
 SCHELLENBERG, shMlen-biRO', a town of Saxony, circle 
 of Zwickau, on the declivity of a height, crowned by the 
 castle of Augustusberg, 8 miles E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1406. 
 SCHELLKNBERG. a village of Bavaria, 6 miles S.W. of 
 Salzburg. Here, in 1764, Marlborough defeated the Duke 
 of Bavaria. 
 
 SCHELLENDORF, shMfn-doRr, a village of Prussian 
 Silesia, government of Liegnitz, and the scene of an engage- 
 ment between the French and Prussian cavalry in 1813. 
 SCIIELLING, an island, Netherlands. See Tbr-Scheluno. 
 SCHELLING, WESTER, Hiis'^r sK^l'ling, a village of 
 the Netherlands, province of North Holland, on the extreme 
 S.W. extremity of the island of Ter-Schelling. Pop. 1569. 
 
 SCHELLS'BURG, a post-borough of Bedford co., Penn- 
 svlvania, on the turnpike from Bedford to Pittsburg, 9 
 miles W. of Bedford. Pop. in 1850, 360; in 1860, 394. 
 SCHEMACHI, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Shamaka. 
 SCHEMNITZ, sh&m'uits, {llxm. Sdmecz Batiya, shiYmits/ 
 bdn'yoh',) a mining town of North Hungary, co. of llonth, 
 on the Sehemnitz. 2300 feet above the sea, 45 miles N.N.E. 
 of Gran. Lat. 48° 27' N., Ion. 18° 58' E. Pop., including 6 
 suburbs, 19,000. It has a school of mining, founded in 1760 
 by Maria Theresa, and h.aving 200 students. The mines of 
 Sehemnitz, partly belonging to the crown, extend under the 
 town, and furnish considerable quantities of gold, silver, 
 lead, copper, iron, sulphur, and arsenic. All the imperial 
 mines are connected with each other, offering in their whole 
 extent a subterranean passage of nearly 3J miles long. Bo- 
 low the mines is the adit of Joseph II., a magnificent work, 
 12 feet in height by 10 feet in breadth, extending from 
 Sehemnitz to the valley of Gran, 10 miles, and .«o con- 
 structed that it may be used either as a canal or railwiiy. 
 
 SCHENDELBEKE, sxJn'dfl-bA'kfh, a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, on the Dender, near the road 
 from Grammont to .Alost, 24 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1166. 
 
 SCHENDITZ. shJn'dits, a town of Prussian Saxony, go- 
 vernment, and 9 miles E. of Mei-seburg. Pop. 2040. 
 
 SCHENECTADY, skgn-^k'ta-de, a county in the E. part 
 of New Y'ork. has an area of about 190 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Mohawk River, by which and its tri- 
 butaries, with the head branches of Norman's Kill, it is 
 
 1729 
 
 J 
 
SCH 
 
 chiefly drained These streams afford some water-power. 
 The surface is generally vmeven, and in the S. p:irt hilly. 
 The alluvial Hats along the Sfohawk are very fertile; and on 
 the uplands the soil is usually a liirht s;indy loam. This 
 countvis traver,«3dby the Krie Canal, and by several rail- 
 roads "n.imed in the ensuing article. Organized in 1809, 
 having previously formed part of Albany county. Capital, 
 Schenectady. Pop. 20.00-2. 
 
 SCHKNECTADY. a thriving city, capital of Schenectady 
 CO.. New York, on the right bank of Mohawk Kiver, and on 
 both sides of the Erie Canal, 16 miles N.W. of Albany. I^t. 
 42° 48' N.. Ion. 73° 55' W. It is the seat of Union College, 
 founded in 1795. It contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, 12 chnrches, a city-hall, 2 banks, a market-house, a 
 savings institution, and a large union school, with 14iX) 
 pnpils. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published 
 here. The buildings of Union College occupy an ele- 
 vated site a short distance K. of the city, in the midst 
 of spacious and handsomely ornamented grounds. The 
 principal edifices are each 200 feet long, and 4 stories 
 high. The institution is in a very flourishing condition, 
 and in 1863 liad 17 professors, 276 students, and 15,000 
 volumes in its library. Number of nlunmi, 3881. The 
 prosperity of Schenectady has been greatly promoted by tlie 
 construction of the Albany and Schenectady, the Utica and 
 Schenectady, the Troy and Schenectady, and the Saratoga 
 and Schenectady Kailroads. for all of which it is the termi- 
 nus: and also by the establkhraent of lines of packet-boats 
 on the canal. It is now the chief point of embarkation for 
 all persons proceeding West by this channel of communi- 
 cation. Previous to the opening of the Erie Canal in 
 1825, Schenectady was the principal entrepot of the trade 
 between the Hudson and the West. In consequence of the 
 falls in the Mohawk below this point, goods had to be 
 ti-ansported to Albany in wagons over the turnpike, which 
 even at that date had liecome the greatest thoroughfare 
 between the Hudson and the West. By the opening of the 
 above lines of communication, the cost of transportation 
 has been reduced nearly nine-tenths, and the amount of 
 merchandise and travel which now passes through the 
 city is almost incalculable. The cars, on leaving, cross the 
 Mohawk and Erie Canal by a bridge nearly 1000 feet long. 
 Schenectady has manufactures of locomotives, iron-ware, 
 machinery, leather, cotton goods, &c. It is one of the 
 oldest settlements in the state, the Dutch having established 
 a tr.ading post here in 1020. The first grant of land was 
 made in 1661. In February, 1690, the town, consisting of 
 about 60 houses and a church, was burned, and many of 
 the inhabitants were massacred by a party of French and 
 Indians. It was again taken in the French war of 1748, 
 and about 70 per.sons put to death. Incorporated as a city 
 in 1798. Pop. in 1840. 6784: iu 1S50, 8921 ; in 1860. 9.'>79. 
 
 SCIIENKLEXGSFELD, RhJnklengs-l^ltN a market-town 
 of Hesse-Cassel. province of Fulda. 6 miles S.E. of Hersfeld, 
 on the Salza. Pop. 1841. 
 
 SCIIENNIS, shin'nis, or SCIIANIS, (SchSnis,) sh.VnJs. a 
 village apd parish of Switzerland, canton, and 24 miles S.W. 
 of St. Gall, on the Linth. Pop. 1744. 
 
 SCIIEPDAEL, sKjpVl^l', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, 9 miles W. of Srussels. Pop. 1561. 
 
 SCUEPPACH. shJp/pdK, a village of Bavaria, circle of 
 Bwabia. Pop. 1004. 
 
 SCHBPl'ENSTEDT. a town. Germany. See ScnopPEXSTEDT. 
 
 SCHEKMBECIv, sh^Rm'bJk. or SCHEKHEXBFX;K. sh^R'- 
 Ren-b^k\ a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, government 
 of Dusfseldorf. 10 miles N.N.E. of Dinslaken. Pop. 833. 
 
 SCHERMEISEL, sh^R'mrsel. a market-town of Prussi.a, 
 province of Brandenburg, 12 miles N.N.E. of Sternberg. 
 Pop. 784. 
 
 SCHERPENZEEL, sheR'pgn-z.AP, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Oelderland, 17 miles W.N.W. of Arnhem. 
 Pop. 1156. 
 
 SCHERVILLER, shSRVeePlaiR/, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Bas-Khiu, 3 miles N.W. of Schelestadt. Pop. 
 In 1852, 2836. 
 
 SCHESKh-IEW, a town of Russia. See Sheshkitev. 
 
 SCMESSMTZ or SCHO.SSLITZ. (.Schosslitz.) shJssaits. a 
 town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, 9 miles N.E. of 
 Bamberg. Pop. 1034. 
 
 SCHEUP.EX, shoi'rgn, a village of Rhenish Prussia, go- 
 vernment of Uusseldorf. near Elberfeld. Pop. 1425. 
 
 SCHEVENTNOEN, sKi'vfn-ing'Hen, or SCIIEVINGEN, 
 PK^v'ing-en. a fa,shionable watering-place of the Nether- 
 lands, province of East Holland, on the North Sea, 2 miles 
 N.W. of the Hague. Pop. .3000. 
 
 SCHIAI.KUWITZ. Bhe-aPko-«its\ or SIALKOWICE, se- 
 ll-ki>*eet's:l, (Alt, dlt, and Nec, noi,) two nearly conti- 
 guous villages of Prussia, province of Silesiii, government 
 of Oppeln. Pop. 1726. 
 
 SCHIAVI, ske-J'vee, a sm,ill town of Naples, province of 
 Abnizzo atra, 24 mileH S..S.W.of II Vasto. 
 
 SCHIAVI. a small town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro. 4 miles S.S.K. of Sora. 
 
 SCH IE. sKee. ariver of the Netherlands, flows into the 
 Meuse. below Schiedam. 
 1730 
 
 SCH 
 
 SCHIEDA5I, sKee-d3m', (i. e. "the dam of the Schie.") n 
 town and river-port of the Netherlands, province of Ea.?t 
 Holland, on the Schie, an affluent of the Meuse (Maas,) 4 
 miles W. of Rotterdam, with which it is connected by rail- 
 way. Lat. Sl"^ 55' N., Ion. 4° 24' E. The town is regulalry 
 built, has broad streets, many good-looking houses, and nu- 
 merous canals, one of which unites the Schie with the 
 Meuse, and presents on its banks a pleasant promenade, 
 named the Plantaadje. It was formerly fortified, but of its 
 four gates only the remains of one now exist: and along the 
 site of the wails stand 17 elegant stone corn and malt mills. 
 The chief edifices and institutions are the town-hall, the 
 exchange, esteemed the finest building in the town, the 
 Doelen or gathering-place, the Musis Sacrum, an elegant 
 concert-hall. 2 Reformed churches, and Lutheran. Dissent- 
 ing, Roman Catholic, and Jansenist churches. Latin, draw- 
 ing, commercial, and many other schools, a public lilirary. a 
 physical and a musical society, and numerous hospitals for 
 the sick, for orphans, aged men and women, and other be- 
 nevolent institutions. The manufactures of Schiedam in- 
 clude copper and iron castings, white-lead and litharge, 
 linen-weaving and flax-spinning, vinegar-works, breweries, 
 rope-walks, and building-yards; but the article for which it 
 is most noted is gin or Hollands, usually known by its own 
 name. Schiedam, for the manufacture of which and other 
 spirituous licjuors. there are 170 distilleries in the town and 
 its vicinity. Large numbers of hogs are fattened in the town 
 on the refuse of the distilleries. Besides the trade in gin, 
 Schiedam has a considerable commerce in grain and coals. 
 In 1S51 there arrived 243 vessels, (tons, 56.921 :) and there 
 departed 242 ves.sels, (tons, 41.505.) Pop. in 186-3, 16,176. 
 
 SCHIEDAM (ske-dJm') ISLANDS, a group of the Malay 
 Archipelago, in the Sea of I'lores, 90 miles N. of Flores. 
 
 SCHl EFELBEIN, a town of Prussia. See ScuiEVtiBEnr. 
 
 SCHIERLING. sheeR/liug. a market-town of Lower Ba- 
 varia, on an island formed by the Gross Laber, 5 miles 
 N.W. of Pfaffenberg. Near it, on April 20, 1809, the Aus- 
 trians were defeated by the French. 
 
 SCHIERMONNIK-OOG, sKeeR'mon-nik-5g\ an island In 
 the North Sea, belonging to the Netherlands, province of 
 Friesland. 10 miles E. of Ameland. Length, S miles ; 
 breadth, 2 miles. Pop.. 862, engaged in fishing. 
 
 SCHIEUS. sheeRs, a town and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton of Grisons, in a fertile district on the Landquhart, 
 11 miles N.N.E. of Chur (Coire.) I'op. 1573. 
 
 SCHIERSTEIN. sheeR/stine. a village of Nassau, on the 
 Rhine. 3 miles S.S.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SCHIEVELBEIN or SCHIEFELBEIN, shee'feMiIne\ a 
 town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 36 miles S.W. of CosMn, on 
 the ReL'ft. Pop. 3050. 
 
 SCHIFFERSTADT, shif'feR-statt', a village of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, 6 miles N..\.W. of'Speyer. Pop. 2'.i94. The Au8- 
 trians were defeated here by the French in 1794. 
 
 SCHIHAL'LION. a mountam of Scotl.ind. co. of Perth, 4 
 miles S.E! of Kinloch-Rannoch. Elevation. 3.064 feet. 
 
 SCHILDA, shiWa, or SCHILDAU, shil'dOw, a town of 
 Pru.ssian Saxony. 40 miles E.N.E. of Merseburg. Pop. 1035. 
 
 SCHILDBERG, shilt'bfRQ. (Polish. Ostrzeszow, ost-zhi/- 
 shov.~l a town of Prussian Poland, 83 miles S.E. of Posen. 
 Pop. 1975. 
 
 SCHILDBERG. See ScnraiiERO. 
 
 SCHILDBERG, or SSIMPERK, sim'pjRk, a market-town 
 of .Austria, in Moravia, 36 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 17SK). 
 
 SCIIILDE. sKil'd^h, a village of Belgium, pi-ovince. and 12 
 mil-w E. of Antwerp, on the Great Schyn. J'op. 104S. 
 
 SCHILDESCHE, shil'd^.sh-eh, a vilkige of Prussia, in 
 Westphaliii. 23 miles S.W. of Minden, on the Aa. Pop. 2530. 
 
 SCHILDKROTEN INSELN. See G.^LiAP.tGOS. 
 
 SCHILLERSDORF, shillers-doRr, a village of North 
 Germany, in Mecklenburg-'Strolitz, 9 miles W. of Neu- 
 Strelitz. 
 
 SCHILLERSLAGE, shiller-slS'gheh, a village of North 
 Germany, in Hanover, landdrostei of Liinehurg, S. of Celle. 
 
 SCHILLING (.shilling) LAKE, in E.ast Prussia, 4 miles E. 
 of Osterode, 8 miles in length by 1 mile in width. 
 
 SCIIIU'ARIO, skil-pa're-o, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province of ISergamo, 24 miles N. of Clusone. Pop. 1460. 
 
 SCHILTACH, shil'tdK. a. town of Baden, on the Kiniig, 
 here joined by the Schiltach, 13 miles S.S.W. of Freudea- 
 stadl. Pop. 1526. 
 
 SCIIILTERN. shil'tgrn, a market-town of Moravi.a, circle, 
 and 11 miles N.W. of Zuavni. 
 
 SCHILTIGIIEIM, shil'"tiG-hime\ a village of France, de- 
 partment of Bas-Rhin, 1 mile N. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 
 1852, 3.340. 
 
 SCHIMBERG. .shim'bJno, or SCHILDBERG, shilt1.?RG. a 
 market-town of Moravia, 34 miles N.W. of Olmntz. P. 1790. 
 
 SCHINTZNACII or SCIIINZNACU. shiuts-nlK. a village 
 of Switzerland, canton of Aargau. on the .\ar. 4 miles S.W. 
 of Brugg. Pop. 1430. The Schintznach or Hapsburg I'athg 
 are the most frequented In Switzerland, and the gi eat bath- 
 house contains It'O baths, 360 beds and saloons, in which 
 500 persfins frequently dine together. The visitors are 
 mostly French, 'The waters are saline, and Kive a fempera- 
 ture of C0° Fahrenheit. 
 
sen 
 
 SCHTVVKLD. sKin'vtMd. a Tillage nf the Netherlands, pi-o 
 vince of Lirahurs;: 15 miles X.K. of Maestrieht. Pop. S2S. 
 
 SCIIIO. skeeM, a town of Austrian It.aly, 15 miles N.W. 
 of Vicenza. Pop. fiWO. It has manufactures of woollens, 
 and near it are lead and iron mines. 
 
 SCIIIPPKNHKTL, ship'ppn-bile'. a town of East Prussia, 
 36 miles S.S.E. of Koni^sbe'rg. Pop. 2(300. 
 
 SCIIIKAS. Pee SiiEKUAZ. 
 
 Sriiri{OIf?WALDE. shego'shis-^aiMeh, a town of Saxony, 
 6 mill's S. of Bautzen, on the Spreo. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SCiniJMKCK. sheeii'm?k', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Vos<jeS, 18 mile.'! N.E. of St. Di6. Pop. 1490. 
 
 SCtriKW.VV or SCrilliVAN. See Shitivax. 
 
 yCIIIRWr.VDor SriIIinVI\-DT. shggR'wTnt, a river of 
 Prussia, rises in Poland, and forminj part of the boundary 
 between the Russian and Prussian territories, after a course 
 of about .50 rnUes. joins the Szcszuppe. 
 
 SCIIIKWIND or SCIIIKWFN'DT. a frontier town of East 
 Prussi;«. 10 miles K.X.K. of fiumbinnen. Pop. 14<iO. 
 
 SCflFTOMIR. See Ziiitomeer. 
 
 SnilZDIiA. a town of Itussia. See ZttizuRA. 
 
 SCItKKUDITZ. shkoi'dits. a town of Prussian P.axony, on 
 the Elster. 12 miles S.E. of Ilalle, on the .Magdeburg Rail- 
 way. Pop. 2700. 
 
 SOHK IjOV. a town of Russia. See Shki.ot. 
 
 SClfKOLEN, rSchkmen.) shkiWen. a town of Prussian 
 Baxonv. 23 miles' S.S.W. of .Merseburu'. Pop. 1610. 
 
 SCIIKOl'AU. shko'pAw. a village of Prussian Saxony, N. 
 of ^(^•rs■'bIl^'.r. on the Saale. 
 
 SCIlI.AnivENWAl.D, shldk'kpn-ft3lt\ or SLAWKOW. 
 sWv'knv.a townof Rohemia. ."imilesS.E. of Elboien. P. .3.500. 
 
 sen LACK EXWKKTII. shlSk'ken<v<"'Rt\ or OSTROV. os'- 
 trov. a town of Bohemia, 11 miles N.E of Elbogen. P. 127(5. 
 
 SCin.ADKV. shLlMen, a village of llamver. 27 miles 
 K.S.E. of Ilililesh-im. on the Oker, and on the Brunswick 
 Kailw.av. Pop. SOO. 
 
 SCFILAD-MTNO, shlid'ming, a mining village of Styria, 
 31 miles W.8.W. of Rottenniann. Pop. 900. 
 
 SCIILAN. shlSn, or SLANY, sl^'nee, a walled town of 
 Bohonii.i. 20 miles \.AV. of Prague. I'op. 4180. 
 
 vSCIIIiAVOEVBAD, shiang'en-b.5t\ a spa of Germany, 
 dachy of N'assau. miles W.-V.^'. of Wiesbaden. It has 
 warm saline baths, with good accommodations for visitors. 
 
 SCIII.ANT,KNBERa. shldng'^n-bSncA a mining town of 
 Siberia, gfivernment of Tomsk, enclosed by ramifications of 
 the Altai. 170 miles S.S.W. of Barnaul. Pop. 4500. 
 
 SOIILANSTADT. shlin'stdtt. a village of Prussian Saxony, 
 23 miles W.S.W. of Ma^'deburg. Pop. 1420. 
 
 SCHLAPANITZ, shia'pd-nits', or LOPEXITZ, lo^peh- 
 nlt.s\ a markettown of Moravia, 6 miles E.S.E. of Briinn. 
 Pop. 1273. 
 
 SCHL.\WR, shl3'*eh. a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 
 23 miles E.X.E. of Coslin, on the Wipper Pop. 34.50. 
 
 SCIILKGRL. shl.Vghel, a vilKase of Prussian Silesia, 47 
 miles S.S.W. of Breslau". Pop. 1705. 
 
 SCIILKT or SCIII.ESWIGER FIORD. See Sikt. TnE. 
 
 SCIIfiKTDEN. shll'den, a town of Rhenish Prus.sia, 24 miles 
 S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 600. 
 
 SCIII-KISIIEIM, shlls'hime. a royal castle of the King 
 of Bavaria. 9 miles N. of Munich. 
 
 SCIILETSINGERVILLE. shll'sing-er-vill, a post-village 
 In Polk township, Washington co., Wisconsin, 33 miles N.AV. 
 of Milwaukee. It contains 4 stures, 3 hotels, 1 tannery, and 
 2 churches. Pop. 260. 
 
 SCIUiEITIIAL. shWHJl', a village of France, department 
 of BasHhin. arrondis.sement of Wissembours. Pop. 2213. 
 
 SCFILEITIIEIM. shlltnilme. a village and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 7 miles N.AV^. of Schaff hausen, near the 
 foot of the Randen. Pop. 2'2S9. 
 
 SCHLEITZ or SCIII.ETZ. shlits, a town of Central Ger- 
 many, capital of principality Reuss-Schleitz, on the Wiesen- 
 thal. 24 miles S.W. of Gera. Pop. 4<<.50. Principal edifices, 
 the palace, a college, and normal school. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollen and cotton fabrics, leather, and beer. Ne.ar 
 It are Luisenthal and Ileinrichsruhe, summer residences of 
 the prince. 
 
 SCril.ESTRX. a province of Prussia. See Shesia. 
 
 SCIILESWIG. See Sleswick. 
 
 SCHLKTTAU, shl4t/t5w, a town of Saxonv, 6 miles E.S.E. 
 of Griinhain. Pop. 1S.3S. 
 
 SCIILEUSIXGEN, shloi'.«ing-en, a walled town of Prussian 
 Saxony. .35 miles W.S.W. of Erfurt, on the Schleuse. Pop. 
 "250. it has a castle, and manufactures of woollens, hosiery, 
 white-le.ad, and paper. 
 
 sen LI KB EN. shlee'ben, a town of Prussi.an Saxony, 20 
 miles N.E. of Torgau. Pop. 1381. 
 
 SCliriTRNGEN, shleen'ghpn, or SCnLING'EN, a market- 
 town of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine, 4 miles S.S.W. of 
 Mulheim. Pop. 1121. In 179G the French Were defeated 
 tiere bv Archduke Charles. 
 
 SClililERBACII, shleeR'baK, a village of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Danube, 6 miles W.S.W. of Goppingen. Pop. 17S1. 
 
 SCHLIERB.ACn. or MARTENSAAL, miree'en-sdl, (L. 
 AiUa Beatce Virginis.) a village of Upper Austria, circle of 
 
 Traun. In the valley of Krems, on the left bank of tli» 
 Danube, alx)ut 17 miles S.W. of Steyer, with a Cistorci»n 
 monastery, founded in 1371, as a nunnery and a hospitaL 
 Pop. 143S. 
 
 SCHLIERSTADT, shleeR'stitt, a village of Baden, circV 
 of Ijower Rhine, near Buchen. Pop. 1020. 
 
 SCIIIiTTZ. shlits, a town of Germany, in Ilesse-Daj-ir- 
 stadt, province of Ober-Hesson, on an affluent of the rnlda, 
 40 miles R.N.K. of Gicssen. with a castle .and pju-k. P. 3217. 
 
 SCIILOCIIAU, shlo^Kow. or SCIILOClKnV. sIiIo'rov. a 
 town of West Prussia. 65 miles W. of .Vfarienwerder. P. 2200. 
 
 SriILOPPE, shlop'pcli. or SOZLOPPA, shlop'pd. a town 
 of West Prussia, l.S miles S.W. of Deutsch-Krone, with a 
 Jewish school. Pop. 1093. 
 
 SCilLOSSBERG. a town of Transvlvania. See Deva. 
 
 SCllLOSS VrPPACH. shloss vip'p.iK. a market-town of 
 Saxe-Weimar, 12 miles W.N.W. of Weimar, on the Vippach. 
 Pop. 1171. 
 
 SCHr/)TIIEIM. Rhlofhime. a market-town of Germany, 
 principality of Schwarzbiirg-Rudolstadt, on the Hotter, 13 
 miles S.W. of Sondershausen. Pop. 1287. 
 
 SCflljOTTEN AU, a town of Bohemia. See ScHlucKENAn. 
 
 SCIILUCHTERN, (.Schliicht^'rn,) shliiK'tern, a town of 
 Germany, in Ilesse-Cassel. province, and 31 miles K.N.E. 
 of Hanauy Pop. 2220. 
 
 SCHLUCKENAU, shl(V.k'kfh-n«w\ SCIILOTTENAU, 
 shlot/teh-n6w\ or SIjUKEN'OW.' sloo'kph-nov\ a town of Bo- 
 hemia, .37 miles N.N.R. of Leitmeritz. Pop. .3103. 
 
 SCHLUSSELBURG. (Schllisselburg.) shlUs'sel-boSitr.'. a 
 fortified town of Russi.a, government, and 21 miles E. of St. 
 Petersburg, on an island in the Neva, where it emerges from 
 Lake Ladoga. Pop. 3100. It is mostly built of wood, but 
 has a strong castle, an imperial palace, and an Important 
 trade with the capital. 
 
 SCIILUSSELBUHG. a town of Prussia. In Westphalia, 15 
 miles N.N.E. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 12;>0. 
 
 SCHLUSSRLFELD, .«hliis'sel-fjlt\ a town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Upper Franconi.a, 15 miles S.W. of Bamberc. P. 662. 
 
 SCFIMADKIBAOII, shm'l'dre-baK\ a waterfSill of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Born, in the Oberland, 7 miles S. of Lauter- 
 brunnen. ^ 
 
 SCHMALKALDEN, shmiUlcaiMen. a town of Germany, in 
 Ilesse-Cassol, province of Fulda, capital of a detached di.s- 
 trict between SaxoGotha and Meiningen, at the confluence 
 of the .'ichmalkalde and Stille, 11 miles N. of Meiningen. 
 Pop. 5478. It is enclosed by double walls, and lias 3 suburbs, 
 2 castles, Reformed and lAitheran churches, a gymnasium, 
 and numerous other schools, and m.anufnctnres of hosiery, 
 white-lead, and paper, and in. the vicinity are iron and steel 
 forges, and salt-works. A famous league of the Protestant 
 sovereigns of Germany was formed here in 1531. 
 
 ■"SCHMALKALDEN." (Ki.ETN, klin. or "Little,") a village 
 of Germany, N.E. of Meiningen, partly belonging to Saxe- 
 Gotha. 
 
 SCIIMALLRNBRRG. .shmailen-b^ROV a town of Prus.sia, 
 in Wp.st])halia. 20 miles S.S.E. of Amsberg. Pop. 9.50. 
 
 SCIIMf RDEBRRG. shmee'deh-bjp.o", a town of Germany, 
 in Prussian Silesia, 31 miles .S.S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. .3700. 
 It has a Lutheran high school, and manufactures of silk, 
 cotton, woollen, and linen fabrics, ribbons, cutlery, and 
 tobacco. 
 
 SCFIMTEDEBERO. a town of Germany, Prussian Saxony, 
 40 miles N.R. of Merseburg. Pop. 2940. 
 
 SCIIMIEDEBERG. a market-town of Saxonv, 14 miles 
 S.W. ofPirna. Pop. 440. 
 
 SCIIMIEDEBRRG, a village of Bohemia, 23 miles W.N.W. 
 ofS,aatz. Pop. 2712. 
 
 SCIIMIEDEFKLD, shmee'deh-fflt\ a village of Germany, 
 in Prussian Saxony, 27 miles S.S.W. of Erfnrt, in the Thu- 
 rintrian Forest. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SCHMIEDEFELD, a vill.age Of Germany, in Saxony, circle 
 of Bautzen, North .Stolpen. 
 
 SCir^IIEGRL. shmee'ghel. (written also SZMTGEL and 
 SZ>tYGIEL.) a town of Prussian Poland, 34 miles S.S.W. 
 of Posen. Pop. 2845. 
 
 SCIIMIEIIEIM, shmee'hime. a villaffo of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Rhine. 4 miles N.E. of Ettenheim. Pop. 1051. 
 
 SCIIMOLLN, shniOln. a town of Central Germany, in Saxe- 
 Altenburg. on the Sprotta. 7 miles S.W. of Altenbunr. P. 3616. 
 
 SCIIMOLNTTZ. shmBl'nits, (Hun.&omo?rio7,-. so'mol'nok'.) 
 a mining town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 21 miles S.S.E. 
 ofLeutschau. Pop. 4139. It has mines of gold, silver, copper, 
 iron, and sulphur in its vicinity. 
 
 SCIIMOTTSElFRN,shmott'srfen. or SCIIMUCKSFJFEN. 
 shmook'sl-fen. a village of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S.W. ol 
 Lieinitz. Pop. .3020. 
 
 SCIINAIT. shnit. a village of Wiirtemberg, 10 miles E. of 
 Sfnttgart. Pop. 1989. 
 
 SCIINAITHEIM. shnit/hlme, a village of WUrtemherg, 
 on the Brenz. Pop. 1472. 
 
 SCHNATTTACH. shnit'tSK, a town of Bavaria, in Jfiddle 
 Franconia. 13 miles N.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 14S5. 
 
 SCHXECKSA'ILLE. shnJks'vil. a post-village of Lehigh 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, 63 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 SCHNElSBEltG, shni'bJRG, (" snow mountain.") a moun 
 
 1731 
 
cCII 
 
 SCH 
 
 taju of 'rermaiiy. in the ■Riesensrebirse. between Prussian 
 SUefia I' id Bohemia. 19 miles S.S.E. of Glatz. 
 
 SCH>.'EKBER(i, a mountain of Germany, in Lower Aus- 
 tria. 40 miles S.W. of Vienna. 
 
 SCn.XEEBGRG. a mountain of Germany, in Bayaria. in 
 the FicUfelirebirse. l-l miles X.E. of Baireuth. 
 
 SCIINEEBERG. shnA'b^RO, a town of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, -20 miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 7170. It has 
 nianufac'tures of sold and silver lace, cotton fabrics, and 
 cheaiical apparatus, and in its vicinity, valuable mines of 
 silver, cobalt, iron, &c., In which many of its population are 
 encrasred. 
 
 SCIIXEEBEUG, a village of Bavaria, circle of Upper Pa- 
 latinate, near Schonsee. 
 
 SC UN E E KOPPE. shn Aliop'peh, (" snow- top,") or RIESEX- 
 KOPPE. ree'sen-kop'peh, ("^iaiit-top.") a mountain belong- 
 ing to the lliesenQ;ebirge, on the fi-ontiers of Prussian Silesia, 
 12 miles S. of Ilirschlierg. It is the culminating point of 
 the chain, and the highest peak of North Germany, having 
 a height of .5394 fe.-t. 
 
 SCIIN"EIDEMUHL.(Schneidemuhl.)shnI'deh-mtll\ a town 
 of Prussian Poland. 54 miles W. of Bromberg. on the Kiid- 
 dow. Pop. 4150. It h.as a castle, and manufactures of wool- 
 len cloth, lace, hosiery, and leather, 
 
 SCHXEIDLINGEN, shnlt'ling-en. a village of Prussia, 
 province of Saxonv. government of Magdeburg. Pop. 1010. 
 
 SCIIN ELLE\V.A.LDE. shnJU'^dlMeh, a village of Prussian 
 Silesia. 29 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 2525. 
 
 SCIIXEY. shni. a village of Bavaria, circle of Upper Fran- 
 conia. near the .Main. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SCIIOA. a country of Abyssinia. See Shoa. 
 
 SCHOD.\C. sko-dak', a post-township forming the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of Uens.seLaer eo., New York, on the liud.son River, 
 and on the Hudson River Riiilroad, 11 miles S. by E. of 
 Albany, Pop. 3993. 
 
 SCIIODAC CENTRE, a post-village in the above township. 
 
 SCHODAC DEPOT, Rensselaer c<i.. New York, on the 
 Western Railroad. 8 miles S. by E. of Albanv. 
 
 SCH0D.4.C LANDING, a post-village of Rensselaer co., 
 New York, on the Hudson River, 12 miles below Albany, 
 The Ilndson IMver Railroad passes through it. Pop. about 4CK). 
 
 SCU(E\B.\CH. See .Schoxback, and so for all other Ger- 
 man iiiimes with the prefix of SciKEX. 
 
 SCIKENBKUNN, Ssee Shomiruxx. 
 
 SCHtE.VEOK, sh^n'ek, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 " SCIIOFTLAND, shoftlant, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Aargau. on the Suren, 6 miles S. of Aai-au. Its inha- 
 bitants manufacture ribands and other silk goods. 
 
 SCHOH.\UiE, sko-h^Hree, a' county in the E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Schoharie Creek, which intersects it, and by CobleskTil 
 and Catskill Creeks, and other smaller streiims, which fur- 
 .lish abundant water-power. The surface is uneven, and in 
 the W. p.art mountainous, the Catskill Range pa.s.sing through 
 the county. The alluvial flats along the river are very rich 
 and productive: in the more elevated portions the soil is 
 better adapted to grazing. Iron-ore, water-limestone, and 
 sandstone are found; the Sharon Sulphur Springs, in the 
 N.W. part, are somewhat celebrated. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad Organ- 
 ized in 1795, having been fornieil out of portions of Albany 
 and Otsego counties, and named from the Schoharie Creek. 
 Capitiil, Schoharie. Pop. in ISCO, 34,469. 
 
 .-CIIOHARIE, a post-villnge and township, capital of 
 Schoharie county, on a creek of tiie same name, and on the 
 Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, 30 miles W. of Albany. 
 I'he village is ple.asantly situated on the creek, i]4 miles 
 from the railroad, contains, besides the county buildings, 
 an academy, 2 newspaper offices, 1 bank, 3 churches, and 1 
 Bilk factory. Pop. 3090. 
 
 SCHOHARIE CREEK, rises in the E. part of Greene co.. 
 New York, and after flowing through Schoharie county, 
 enters the Mohawk in Montgomery county. 
 
 SCHOKEN or SCHOKKEN. shok'kjn, a town of Prus- 
 sian Pol.and. 21 miles N.N.E. of Posen. 
 
 SCIIOK'bAND, skokl^nt. an island of the Netherland.s, 
 province of Overyssel. in the Zuyder- Zee. opposite the mouth 
 of the Yssel. Length, 4 miles. Pop. C95. 
 
 SCHOLiyVILLE. a small village of Clarke co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SCH0MBERG,8hom'bjRG. or SCHnNBERG, shon'bjBo, a 
 town of Germany, in Moravia, 28 miles N.N.W. of Olmutz. 
 Pop. 454^. 
 
 SCIK (MBERO, a town of Silesia, See SchBxbero, 
 
 SCIIOMBERG, a town of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, circle 
 of Black Forest, 6 miles N.E. of Rottweil. Pop 1661. 
 
 SCffuN QT SC//(BjV, a German word signifying "hand- 
 some or •■ beautiful," forming the prefix of numerous names 
 In Central Europe. 
 
 .HCH(iNACH. shS'nlK. a village of Southwest Germany, in 
 
 „f , „.. . .,- f Germany, in Baden, circle 
 
 ot Lower Rhme, o miles E,N,E. of Heiilalljerg. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SCnON.\U. a town of Germany, circle of Upper Rhine, on 
 the AViesen, 15 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 947. 
 
 SCIIOXAU. a town of Germany. In Prussian Silesia, IT 
 miles S.W. of Liecnitz, on the Katzliach. Pop. 2050. 
 
 SCimx AU. a Tilla','e of Saxonv. 6 miles W.X.W. of Zittau 
 
 SCIIOXBACII. shon'biK. or MirrEL-SClIONBACH, a yit 
 lage of Bohemia, 27 miles W. of Elbogen. Pop. 24S8. 
 
 SCIItLXBACH, a village of Baden, circle of Litke, N.W. of 
 Urach. 
 
 SCHONBACH. shonnjiK, (Ober, o^her, and NiEDER.nee'- 
 der.) a vilLage of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, near Lobau. 
 Pop. 1459. 
 
 SCHONBACH. a village of Bohemia, about 6 miles from 
 Gabel. Pop. 1009. 
 
 SCHONBERG. shon'bJRCa town of Germany , In Mecklen- 
 burg-Strelitz.on the Maurin. llmUesS.E.of Liibeck. I*. 1826. 
 
 SCHONBERG, a town of Germany, in Prussian Silesia. 43 
 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the F.oth-Wasser. Pop. 1310. 
 
 SCHONBERG. a market-town of Denmark, duchy of Hol- 
 stein. 10 miles E.N.E. of Kiel, 
 
 SCIIinBERG, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 7 mile^ S. of 
 Innspruck. 
 
 SCHONBORN, shSnlxDm,, (Alt, Sit, and Nec, noi,) a vil- 
 lage of Bohemia, about 3 miles from Rumburg, on the 
 Sterkelberg. Pop. 1751. 
 
 SCHONBRUNN or SCHOENBRCNN. sh^najriWu or shen'- 
 brodnn, (•' Beautiful Fountain,'') an imperial palace in I^ower 
 Austria, ly miles S.W. of Vienna, and having attached to it 
 a menagerie, and the finest botanic garden in Germany ; 
 also, artificial fountains. &e. It is the u.sn.al summer resi- 
 dence of the imperial family. Adjacent to it is a villase. 
 
 SCHONBRUNN, shon'broon.a village of Bohemia, about 4 
 miles from Policzka. Pop. 1694. 
 
 SCHONBRUNN, (Nieder. nee'der, and Ober, oHier.) a vil- 
 lage of Prus.sia, province of Silesia, government of Liegnitz, 
 circle of I^uban. Pop. 1.39.3, 
 
 SCHONBRUNN. a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 government of Liegnitz, circle of Sagan, Pop. 1010. 
 
 SCHONEBECK, sh(>'neh-b^k\ a town of Prussi.an Saxony, 
 10 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburir, with which it is connected by 
 railway on the Elbe. Pop. 2040. 
 
 SCHONEBECK. a village of Prussian Saxony, province 
 of Brandenburg. 13 miles E. of Berlin. Pop. 1262. 
 
 SClKiXEBERG, sho'neh-li^Ro\ a Tillage of Prussia, go- 
 vernment of Dantzie, near the Vi.stula, Pop. 1170, 
 
 SCHONECK. .sho'nJk, or SKARZEWO. skaR-z.V'So, a town 
 of Germany, in West Prussia, 20 miles S.S.W. of Dantzic. 
 Pop. 2(»no. 
 
 SCHONECK. a town of Germany, in Saxony, 11 miles S.E. 
 of Plauen. Pop. 1866. 
 
 SCHONECK EN. shiJ'nJk'ken. a market-town of Rhenish 
 Prussia. 29 miles N.N.W. of Treves. 
 
 SCUONEFELD, shci'neh-fSlt, or SCHONFELD, shon'fjlt, 
 a villaire of Saxony, near Leipsic. Pop. 1359, 
 
 SCHONEN. SeeScA>i.A. 
 
 SCHONENBERG, sho'nen-bJRo\ a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Zurich. P. 14.32. 
 
 SCHONEWALDE, sho'neh-ivitrdeh, a town of Prussi.an 
 Saxonv. regency of Mersebiirff. on the Kolk Canal, 9 miles 
 E.N.E.'of Schweidnitz. Pop. '2-3110. 
 
 SCHONFELD, shon-felt, a village of Bohemia, about 10 
 miles from Deutsch Brod. Pop. 543. 
 
 SCHONFELD, a town of Bohemia, 5 miles S.S.E. of Elbo- 
 gen. Pop. 2560. 
 
 SCIION FLIES, shon'flees. or SCIIOXFLIESS, a town of 
 Prussi.i. province of Brandenburg, on the Rorike, 11 miles 
 W.N.W. of Soldin. Pop. 2430. 
 
 SCHONGAU, shon'gow, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the 
 Lech, 40 miles S.W, of Munich. Pop. 1440. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and has a royal castle. 
 
 SCHONHAUSEN, shon'hOw^zen, a village of Prussian 
 Saxony, 36 miles N.N.E. of Ma»leburc. near the Elbe. P. 1420. 
 
 SCliONIIAUSEN, a village of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denbuiTT. government of Potsdam, 4 miles N. of Berlin, with 
 which it is connected by a road lined with lime-trees. Here 
 is a summer residence of the King of Prussia. 
 
 SCHOXIIEIDK. shon'hi-deh. a village of Saxony. 12 miles 
 W. of Schwarzenburg. Pop. -4567, who manufacture iron 
 and tin wares. 
 
 SCHONHKIDE, shon'hi-deh. a vill.age of Prussia, province 
 of Silesia, government of Breslan. Pop. 1102. 
 
 SCHONHOF, shon'hof, a village of Austrian Silesia, 14 
 "miles W.N.W. of Teschen. 
 
 SCHONHOF. a village of the Austrian Empire, in Bohe- 
 mia. 9 miles S.W. of .Saatz. 
 
 SCIION HOFEN, shou'ho-ffn, a village of B.avaria, pn the 
 Saber. 6 miles W. of Ratislxin. 
 
 SCIIONlIOLZERSWEILEN.shon-holt'.'ers-^rien, Tillage 
 and parish of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, 9 miles S. of 
 Constance. Pop.ll.i7. 
 
 SCHONINGEX^, sho'ning-en, a town of Germany, duchy, 
 and 20 miles S.E. of Brunswick. Pop. 34.54. 
 
 SCHONLANKE, shonldnkVh. or TRZIANKA, tze-an^ti 
 written also TRZCIANK.\, a town of Prussian Poland, 6t 
 miles S.W, of Bromberg. Pop. 3715. 
 
SCH 
 
 SCH 
 
 SCnOXI-INDT?, shonlin-deh, a mnrket-town of Bohemia, 
 33 miles N.N.K. of LeitmerUz. Pop. 6000, who manufacture 
 linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, and yarn. 
 
 SCnONSKK, shiin'silS a town of Bavaria, on the Bohe- 
 mian frontier, 14 miles N.E. of Neuburg-vor-dem-Walde. 
 Pop. 1254. 
 
 SCIIONSTADT, shon'stjtt, a village of Prussian Saxony, 
 
 3 miles N.W. of Langensalza. 
 
 SCIIONSTKIX, shdn'.stlne. a market-town of Styria, 10 
 miles X.W. of Cilly. Pop. 3277. 
 
 SCIIONTH.\L. shSn'tdl, (-Beautiful Valley,") a village of 
 Germany, in Bohemia, 32 miles N.W. of Pilsen. 
 
 SCUONTII.\L, a village of Germany, in Bavaria, 10 miles 
 N.X.W. ofChani. 
 
 SCH0NT1I.\L, a village of Germany, in 'Wiirtemljerg, 8 
 miles W.X.VV. of Kiiiizelsau, on the Jaxt, with an old afljbey. 
 
 SCIIONW'.^IjD. shoii'wdld, a village of Bohemia, 17 miles 
 N.N.W. of I^itmeritz. Pop. liioT. 
 
 SC(U)N WALD, a village of Bohemia, W. of Pilsen. P. 744. 
 
 SCIIOXWALDE, shon'wdl'deh, a town of Prussia, govern- 
 ment, and 42 miles S.S.W. of BVeslau. Pop. 2148. 
 
 SCIIOODIC (skoo'dik) LAKKS, of Maine, a chain of lakes 
 lying chiefly in Washington county, have their outlet into 
 the St. Ci-oix Itiver. 
 
 SCIIOODIC RIVER, (by some considered a branch of the 
 St. Croi.x,) forms the outlet of the above lakes in Washington 
 county, and unites with the St. Croix River about 50 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 SCIIOOL/CRAFT, a newly formed county of Michigan, in 
 the middle part of the upper peninsula, borders on Lake 
 Superior. The area is estimated at 2t)00 square mileS. It 
 is drained by the Manistee and Whitefish I'.ivers, which 
 flow S. to Lake Michigan. The surface is uneven, and 
 mostly covered with forests. Tlie underlying rocks are 
 limestone and sandstone. This county contains the "Pic- 
 tured Rocks," on the S. shore of Lake Superior, presenting 
 a perpendicular wall from 200 to 300 feet in height, and 
 many niiks in extent. According to the census of lf<50 this 
 county contiuned only 16 inliabitants. Named in honor of 
 Henry H. Sclioolcraft, Ksq., distinguished for his Indian re- 
 searches. Pop. 1860, 78. 
 
 SCHOOLCRAFT, a post-village and township of Kalama- 
 zoo CO., Michigan, 15 miles S.S.W, of Kalamazoo. It is situ- 
 ated in the midst of Prairie Roiide. Pop. 1498. 
 
 SCIIOOLEY'S (skoo'l^z) MOUNTAIN, a post-village and 
 celebrated watering-place of Morris co.. New Jersey, 50 miles 
 W. of New York. The mountain has an elevation of about 
 1100 feet above the level of the sea. The spring is situated 
 near the top of the mountain, and discharges about 25 gal- 
 lons an hour. It contains carbonated oxide of iron, lime, 
 soda, and magnesia. There are at this place 2 or 3 hotels, 
 besides a number of private boarding-houses, for the accom- 
 modation of visitors, who resort here to enjoy the pure air 
 and mountain scenery of this vicinity. 
 
 SCHO(JNDYKE or SCIIOONDYK. sKon'dik, a village of 
 the Netherlands, province of Zealand, 12 miles S. of Middel- 
 burg. Pop. 1648. 
 
 SCIIOONEBEEK, SKiVneh-bAk, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Drenthe, 26 miles S.K. of Asseu. Pop. 629. 
 
 SCIIOONIIOVEN, sKon'hoVfn, a fortified town of the 
 Netherland.s, province of South Holland, on the Leek, at the 
 influx of the Vlist, 16 miles E. of Rotterdam. Pop. in 1850, 
 25S4, who manufacture paper and jewelry. It had formerly 
 a flourishing salmon-fishery. 
 
 SCIIOORISSE, sKo'ris'seh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 21 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 3327. 
 
 SCHOOSDORF, shos'doRf, (KbsjSEL, kJs'sel. MiTTKL,mit%l, 
 NiEDER, nee'djr, and Oubk, o'bpr,) four contiguous villages 
 of Prussia, government, and 33 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz. 
 Pop. 1<502. 
 
 SCIIOOTEN, sKS'tfn, a village of Belgium, province, and 
 
 4 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1475. 
 
 SCHOOY'A or SOU U J A. shoo'yd, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 70 miles E.N.E.of Vladimeer,on the Tesa. P.1500. 
 
 SCHOPFIIEIM, shopPhlme. a town of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Rhine, 25 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 1250. It is en- 
 closed by walls, and has manufactures of paper, chains, 
 wire, leather, and tobacco. 
 
 SCHOPFIIEIM, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, 
 
 5 miles S. of Olfenburg. 
 
 SCIIOPFLOCII, shopfloK, a village of Bavaria, circle of 
 Bliddle Franconia. Pop. 1265. 
 
 SCIIOPPENSTEDT (Schoppenstedt) or SCIIEPPEN- 
 STEDT, shop'pen-stjtr, a town of Germany, in Brunswick, 
 on the railway to Magdeburg, 10 miles E. of Wolfenbiittel. 
 Pop. 2630. It h.as manufiictures of linen and woollen fabrics. 
 
 SCII6pPIN0KN, (Schiippingen.) shiip'ping-en, a village of 
 Crussian Westph.ilia. 18 miles N.W. of Miinster. 
 
 SCIIORNDORF. shoRn'doRf, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle 
 of Jaxt, on the Rems. 16 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3815. 
 It is enclosed by walls, and has a royal castle, and manu- 
 factures of tobacco and carpets. 
 
 SCHORZINGEN, (SchSrzingen,) gh(j«t/sing-en, a village 
 of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald. on the Prim. P. 1044. 
 
 SCUOSSLITZ. a town of Bavaria. See Schessutz. ; 
 
 SCHOTT.AXD, SCHOTTLAND, SCITOTTE, SCHOTTISCR, 
 or SCHOTSCH. See Scotland. 
 
 SCHOTTEX, shot/tfu, a town of Germany, in Ilessf 
 Darmstadt, province of Ober-llessen, on the Xidla, 22 miler. 
 E,S.E. of Oiessen, with a castle, and 2055 inhabitants. 
 
 SCIIOUTEN (.shoo't^n) ISLAND, off the E. cast of Van 
 Diemen's Land, immediately S. of B'reycinefs Peninsula, 
 lat. 42° 21' S., Ion. 148° 18' E., is comprised in the district 
 of Oyster Bay, which it helps to bound on the E. Length 
 and breadth, 4 miles each. 
 
 SCIIOUTEN, shoo'tgn, or JI YSORE or MYSORY. ml-.so'ree, 
 an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the Bay of Geolvlnlt^ 
 on the N. coast of Papua, about lat. 1° S., Ion. 136° E 
 Though represented in maps as one island, there are in 
 reality three islands : Sowok, the western ; Mysore, the 
 northern ; and Biak, the eastern. 
 
 SCilOUWEN, skow'en or sKdw'*en, often called LAND- 
 VAXZIERIKZEE, ldnt-van-zee'rik-z!l\ (t.e."Land of Zierik 
 Zee,") the northei'nmost island of the province ?f Zealand, 
 in the Netherlands, between the East Scheldt and the S. 
 arm of the Meuse. Ijcngth, 16 miles; average breadth, 5 
 miles. Surface low, and protected on both sides by dykes. 
 It contains the towns of Zierik Zee on its S. and Brouwer* 
 HAVEN on its N.\V. coast. 
 
 SCIIRALENBURG, shral'gn-berg, a post-village of Bergen 
 CO., New Jersey, about 5 miles N.E. of Ilackensack, contains 
 2 churches, a store, and 8 or 10 dwellings. 
 
 SCHRAMBEKG. shram'ltiRG, a markel^town of WUrtem- 
 berg, 12 miles W.N.W. of Rottweil. Pop. 1848. 
 
 SCHRAPLAU, shri'pliiw, a town of Germitny, in Prussian 
 Saxony, 15 miles N.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1170. 
 
 SCHRATTEXBKItG, shrdt'ten-bJuoS a village of Lower 
 Austria, 40 miles N.X.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1246. 
 
 SCHRATTEXTII.VL, shrdt/tgn-tir, a town of Germany, in 
 Lower Austria, 11 miles S.S.W. of Znaym. Pop. 550. 
 
 SCURECKHORN, shrek'horn, (the "peak of terror,") one 
 of the loftiest of the Swiss Alps, in Bernese Oberland. he- 
 tween the Finsteraarhorn and Wett«rhorn. Lat. 46° 36' 20" 
 N., Ion. 7° 21' E. Height. 13,492 feet. It was first ascended, 
 in 1842, by Agassiz and Dosor. 
 
 SCHREIBENDORF, shri'ben-doRr, (Moravian, Pisarzow, 
 pe-saa'zov,) a village of Austria, in Moravia, 7 miles from 
 Eisenberg. Pop. 1522. 
 
 SCIIREIBERSDORF, (Ober. o/bgr, . Mittel, mif/tel, and 
 NiEDER. nee'di/r, "Upjjer," " Middle," and " Lower,") three 
 contiguous villages of Prussia, province of Silesia, govern- 
 ment of Liegnitz. Pop 14S1. 
 
 SCIIREIREK8HAU, shrl'bers-h5w, written also SCIIREI- 
 BERSCll.VU. a village of Prussian Silesia, 36 miles S.W. of 
 Liegnitz. on the Zacken. Pop. 2780, 
 
 SCHRIEK, shreek or SKroek. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince, and 19 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the Raem. P. 1.536. 
 
 SCIIRIESIIEIM. .shrees'hime, a market-town of Baden, 5 
 miles N.N.AV. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2894. 
 
 SCIIRIM.M, shrimm, (Polish, &rem, shr2m,) a town of 
 Prussian Poland, 22 miles S.S.E. of Posen, on an island 
 formed by the Warta. Pop. 3450. 
 
 SCHROBENHAUSEN, shro'ben-howV.en, a town of Upper 
 Bavaria, on the Paar. 16 miles S.S.W. of Ingolstadt. P. 1695. 
 
 SCHRODA or SZRODA, shro/di, a town of Prussia, 20 
 miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2210. 
 
 SCHROEPPEL, skroo/pel, a township of Oswego co.. New 
 York, on the Oswego and Oneida Rivers. Pop. 4011. 
 
 SCHROON, skroon, a township of Essex co., Kew York. 
 Pop. 2550. 
 
 SCHROON LAKE. New York, situated in Essex and AVat^• 
 ren cos., is about 10 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles wide. 
 
 SCUlioOX LAKE, a post-village of Essex co., New York, 
 on the N. end of Schroon I.iake, about 95 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 SCHROON RIVER rises in Es.^ex co.. New York, and 
 running in a S. course through Schroon Lake, falls into 
 the Hudson River in Warren county. 
 
 SCHROON RIVER, a post-oilice of Essex CO., New York. 
 
 SCHUBIN or SZUBIN. shoo'bin, a town of Prussian 
 Poland, 14 miles S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 1836. 
 
 SCHUISTAMNO, shoo-is-tam'no, a village of Finland, Issn 
 of Vilx)rg, 18 miles N.N.E. of Serdovol. Pop. 2482. 
 
 SCHULTZVILLE, shoolts/vil, a jwst-village of Dutchess 
 CO., New Y'ork. 
 
 SCHUMBERG, shoomOj^RO, a market-town of the Aus- 
 trian dominions, in Bohemia, 7 miles S.S.E. of Chrudiin. 
 
 SCHUMBERG, a market-town of the Austrian dominions, 
 in Istria. 22 miles S.W. of Fiume. 
 
 SCHUMBURG, shoom'bOORO, or SCIIONBURG, (Schon- 
 burg,) sbon'liooRO, a village of Bohemia, circle of Buutzlau, 
 about 17 miles from Keichenlwrg. Pop. 1043. 
 
 SCH ii M EG or StJlMEG, shii^mSg', a x. of Hungary, joining 
 that of Veszprim. Area, 2429 square miles. Pop. 212,251, 
 SCIIUM'LA, a post-office of Ritchie co., W. Virginia. 
 SCHUMLA. See Shoomi..\. 
 
 SCHUOLS, shoo/ols, SCUULZ, shoolts, or SCHULS. a vit 
 lage of the Lower Engadine, Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 
 on the Inn. Pop. 1143. 
 
 SCHUPFEN, .shiip'f^^n, or SCHUPFITEIM, shilpf'hime, .1 
 village of Switzerland, 15 miles S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 2950. 
 
 1733 
 
SCH 
 
 i^CTirSCHI a irvn of Euusm Pee Shoosha. 
 
 8C1IUSSEN. shOf's'sgn, a river of Germany, rises in Wiir- 
 tembunr. and flows S. into Lake Constance. Length, 40 miles. 
 
 SCnU.<TE]t, a city of Persia. St-e Siiooster. 
 
 SCIIUTT. (ScliUtt, sliutt,) Great, (Ilun. Cmlloloz, chiV- 
 lo'Vcos'.) an island formed by arms of the Danube, in West 
 Ilungary, X.E. of the main stream, extending fiom Pres- 
 burs to Comorn. Length, 53 miles;. breadth, 16 miles. 
 
 SCIIUTT, (SchUtt,) Little, an island formed by arms 
 of the I>anul)e. W. of the main stream, extends from below 
 Pre.=burg to Raab. Length, 28 miles; breadth, 7 miles. 
 Surface marshy, but abounding with villages and culti- 
 vated tracts. 
 
 SCHUTTDORF. a town of Hanover. See Scbuttorf. 
 
 SCHUTTENIIOFEX, shoof ten-hoYen, (Bohemian, Sus- 
 gicx, soos-seefsA.) a town of Bohemia, on the Wottowa, 15 
 miles S.E. of Klattau. Pop. 2893. 
 
 SCIIUTXKUTIIAL, shuOt/ter-tclr, a village of Baden, circle 
 of Middle Rhine, on the Schutter, 2 miles S.W. of Otfen- 
 burg. Pop. 607. 
 
 SCIIUTTERWALD, shOdt/ter-'Saif, a village of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Rhine, about 55 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 SCIIUTTORF, (Schuttorf.) shiit'toRf, or SCHUTTDORF, 
 shiit'doRf. a town of Hanover, government of Osnaburg, 3 
 miles N.E. of Bentheim, on the Vechte. Pop. 1453. 
 
 SCIIUYLEI!, ski'ler, a new county in the S. part of New 
 York, at the S. end of Seneca Lake. Pop. 18,840. 
 
 SCHUYLER, a county in the W. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 420 square miles. The Illinois River forms 
 the S.E. boundary of the county, which is intersected by 
 Crooked Creek. The surface is undulating, and consists 
 partly of prairie and partly of timbered land: the soil is ex- 
 cellent, and a large part of it is under cultivation. The 
 Illinois River is navigable for steamboats on the border. 
 The Chicago and Quiucy Railroad pas.«es about SniilesN.W. 
 of the county. Capital, Rushville. Pop. 14,684. 
 
 SCHUYLER, a county in the N.N.E. part of Missouri, 
 bordering on Iowa, has an area of 324 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Chariton River, and drained by the 
 three forks of Fabius River, and the North fork of Salt 
 River. The surface is diversified by prairies and wood- 
 lands; the soil is fertile. Capital, Lancaster. Pop. 6697, 
 of whom (5658 were free, and -39 slaves. 
 
 SCHUY'LER, a township of Herkimer co.. New Y'ork, on 
 the Mohawk River, 6 miles E. of Utica. Pop. 1715. 
 
 SCHUYLER ISL.YND. a small island near the W. side of 
 Lake Chaniplain, nearly opposite Burlington, belonging to 
 Essex CO., New Y'ork. 
 
 SCHUYLER'S FALLS, a post-township of Clinton co.. New 
 York, on Saranac River, 7 miles W. of Plattsburg. Pop. 2110. 
 
 SCH U YLER'S LAKE, a post-office of Otsego co.. New Yo^. 
 
 SCHUY'LERVILLE, skJ'ler-vil. a post-village of Saratoga 
 en,. Now York, on the Hudson River, and on the Chaniplain 
 Canal, 35 miles N. by E. of Albany. It has 4 clmrches, 1 
 banli. machine-shop, 1 paper-mill, 1 cotton factory, 1 iron 
 foundry, &c. Pop. 1348. 
 
 SCHUYLKILL, skool'kil, (?. e. "hidden creek,") a river of 
 Pennsylvania, rises in the carlxiniferoushighlandsof Schuyl- 
 kill CO.. near Pottsville, and flowing in a S.E. direction, 
 breaks through the Blue Ridge at Port Clinton, passes by 
 Reading, Noriistown, and Philadelphia, and enters the 
 Delaware 5 miles below the last-named city. Its whole 
 length is estimated at 120 miles. It is n.avigable for skmps 
 to Philadelphia, and by means of lockage, dams, and side- 
 cuts, boats may ascend to Port Carbon, 3 miles above Potts- 
 ville. The name Schuti-KILl, ("hidden creek,") from the 
 Dutch, SchuijUn or Schuihn, to "hide." and kill, "a river- 
 channel, or creek," is said to be owing to the circumstance 
 that the first explorers of the Delaware River passed the 
 mouth of the Schuylkill without perceiving its e.xistence. 
 The Indian name of this river was Manaiunk. 
 
 SCHUYLKILL, a county of Pennsylvania, situate to- 
 wards the E. part of the state, contains 750 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Schuylkill River and Swatara Creek, 
 which rises within its limits. The surface is mountainous. 
 The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain forms the S.E. boundary 
 of the county : the ridges which traverse it are called Broad, 
 Sharp, and Mahanoy Mountains, and the .soil, with small 
 exceptions, is too thin and sterile for cultivation. Anthra- 
 cite coal is the principal production of the county, nearly 
 the whole area of which is occupied by beds of this mineral, 
 varying from 3 to 30 feet in thickness. InlS63. .'',,7.'i1.342. 
 tons were mined, and exported chiefly by the Reading Rail- 
 road. Extensive beds of iron ore are found near Pottsville. 
 The Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville Railroad termi- 
 nates at Pottsville, and numerous short lines extend from 
 the mines to Pottsville, Schuylkill Haven. &c. The Schuyl- 
 kill River has been made navigable to Port Carbon. Or- 
 ganized in 1811, and named from its principal river. Capi- 
 tal, Pottsville. Pop. 89.510. 
 
 SCHUYLKILL, a jiost-township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, alxmt 13 miles N.N.E. of West Chester. Pop. 1439 
 
 SCHUYLKILL, a township of Pchnylkill co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, intersM-icd by the Catiiwissa Kailiuad. Pop. 1937. 
 1734 
 
 SCH 
 
 SCHUTL'KILL IIA'VEN, an incorporated borough of 
 Schnylldll Co., Pennsylvania, is situated on the Schuylkill 
 River, and on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 4 
 miles S. of Pottsville. It is a place of active business, and 
 a chief shipping-point for large quantities of coalT^vhich is 
 mined in the Schuylkill coal region, and transported by the 
 railroad, and also by the navigable waters of the river. The 
 Mine Hill Railroad extends W. 18 miles, with about 100 miles 
 of lateral roads to various collieries. The town contains 8 
 churches, 1 large public school and extensive repair-shops 
 for the railroad. Population, in 18.50, 2071 ; in 1860, 2927. 
 
 SCinVAADORF, shwd'doRf, or SCHWANDORF, shwant 
 doRf, a village of Lower Austria, on theFischa, 16 miles S.E. 
 ofYienna. Pop. 1690. 
 
 SCinY.iAN, shwjn, a walled town of North Germany, in 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow, 11 miles S. of 
 Rostock. Pop. 2030. 
 
 SCIIWABACH, shwd/bjK, a town of BaTaria, 9 miles 
 S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 9981. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has conside^.^ble manufactures of pin.s, cotton and 
 woollen fabrics, hosiery, gold and silver lace, soap, paper, 
 printing-tvpes. and tobacco. 
 
 SCHWABEN, the German name for SwABH. 
 
 SCHWABENITZ, shwd/beh-nits, or SZWABENICZE, 
 shwS-b.A-neet's.'l, a market-town of Moravia. 25 miles E.N.E. 
 of Briinn. on an afflvient of the Ilanna. Pop. 1343. 
 
 SCHWABMUNCHEN, (SchwabmUnchen,) shwJVniiinK- 
 en. a market-town of Bavaria, on a railway, S.S.W. of Augs- 
 burg. Pop. 2423. 
 
 SCIIW ACHAT, (SchwSchat) or SCIIWECHAT, shw^K'dt, 
 a market-town of Lower Austria, 7 miles S.E. of A'ienna. 
 Pop. 2290. It has a monument to John Sobieski. 
 
 SCHWADERBACH, shwa/der-baK\ a village of Bohemia, 
 about 20 miles from Zwoda. Pop. 2073. 
 
 SCHWAIGERN, shwi'ghem, a market-town of South Ger- 
 many, in Wtirtemberg, 4 miles N.N.E.of Brackenheim, with 
 a fine castle and park. Pop. 1901. 
 
 SCHWAIGERN, a market-town of South Germany, in 
 Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, 4 miles W. of Mergentheini. 
 
 SCHWAIGHEIM, shwlolnme, a village of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Necker. near Waiblingen. Pop. 1488. 
 
 SCHWALB.\CII. Germany. See LAMGf:NSCHWALBACH. 
 
 SCHW.\L.M, shwdlm. a river of Germany, rises in theN.B. 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt, flows N.N.W., and joins the Edder after 
 a course of abiiut tiO miles. 
 
 SCHWANDEN, shwjn'dfn, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 3 miles S. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 1950. 
 
 SriIW.\NDORF. a village of Austria. .See Sciiwaai/orp. 
 
 SCHWANDORF, shwdn'doRf. a town of Bavari.i, circle of 
 Upper Palatinate, 14 miles S.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1759. 
 
 SCHWANEBHCK, shwd'nfh-WkN a w.illed town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, 25 miles S.W. of JIagdeburg, on the Limbach. 
 Pop. 2040. 
 
 SCHWANENSTADD or SCIIWANNENSTADT, shwSn/- 
 nen-st5tt\ a town of Upper Austria, on the Agger, 30 miles 
 S.W. of Lintz. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SCHWARME. shwdR'nieh, a village of Hanover. Pop. 1000; 
 
 SCIIWARTAU, .shw^R'tCw, a town of Germany, in Olden- 
 burg. 4 miles N. of Lubeck. on the Trave. Pop. 1353. 
 
 SCHWARZ.\, shwiRt/sd. a market-town of Prussian 
 Saxony. .34 miles S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 1401. 
 
 SCliWARZA, shwgRf.sa, or SCHWARZE, shwjRt'.sA, a 
 river of Germany, in Lower Austria, joins the Pitten to form 
 the Leytha, 6 miles S. of Wiener-Neustadt, after an E. course 
 of 40 miles. 
 
 SCHW.^RZA, a river of Germany, in Moravia, after a S. 
 course of 80 miles joins the Th.aya,"l0 miles S. of Selowitz. 
 The affluents are the Iglawa. from the W., and the Zwittawa 
 and Littawa from the N. and E. 
 
 SCHWARZ A, a river of Germany, ri.ses in the S. extremity 
 of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, flows N.E., and after a course 
 of 35 miles joins the left bank of Saale, about 3 miles S. of 
 Rudolstadt. 
 
 SCHWARZACH. shwdRt'slK, a village of Baden, 4 miles 
 N.W.ofBUhl. Pop. 1275. 
 
 SCHWARZACH. a village of Upper Austria, circle of 
 Salzburg, 3 miles from Sanct Johann. It is memorable ag 
 the spot where the Protestant peasantry, subjected to the 
 bigoted and tyrannical sway of the Archbishop of Salza, 
 met and bound themselves by solemn oath never to desert 
 their principles. They were ultimately, in 1731, to tho 
 number of .30,000, driven by persecution from their homes, 
 carrying with them, by just retribution, almost all the in- 
 dustry and prosperity of the country. 
 
 SCinVARZAU, shwilRt'sow. a market-town of Lower Aus 
 tria. on the Schwarza, 26 miles W. of Wiener-Neustadt- 
 Pop. 339. 
 
 SCHWARZAU or SCHWARZACH. shwaRts'Sx. a river 
 of Bavaria, after a W. course of 46 miles join." the Nab, a 
 miles S. of Naburg. 
 
 SCHW ARZBACH. shwdRts^bSK, a village ef Bohemia, about 
 28 miles from Budweis. 
 
 SCHWARZBURG-HUDOLSTADT, shwa'ts/btirg roo'dol- 
 stat\ or shwdRtsln'ORo roo'dol-stdtt\ an infependent princi- 
 pality of Germany, forming the tweuty-sixtlt ttate of the Ger- 
 
 J 
 
SCH 
 
 sen 
 
 manic Confp'leration. It consists nf several Isolated portions, 
 aituated lietween the territories of I'russian Saxony .the Saxon 
 duihies. and the principality of Keuss. Area, 331 stjuare 
 miles. The surface is rugged, and the soil by no means fertile; 
 for although it is generally cultivated with the greatest care, 
 the corn produced foils far short of the annual consump- 
 tion. Perhaps the most important crop is flax, the culture 
 of which is almost universaL A large portion of the land is 
 devoted to pasture, and great numbers of cattle are reared. 
 The minerals include lead, iron, and salt, all of which are 
 worked to a considerable extent. Tlie principal manufac- 
 tures are woollen stuffs, ironware, glass, and porcelain. The 
 chief exports in addition to the minerals and manufactures, 
 is wood. The inhabitants are almost all Lutherans. The 
 government is a monarchy, in whii-h the power of. the sove- 
 reign is limited by that of the states, or Geheimraths-col- 
 legium. As a member of the Germanic Confederation, 
 Schwar/.burg-Rudolstadt has a vote in the plenum ; and 
 shares the fifteenth vote in the minor or representative 
 council, with Schwarzburg-Soudershausen and the three 
 Anhalt duchies of Bernburg. Dessau, and Kiithen. Its con- 
 tingent of men to the Confederation is 539. Kevenue in 
 ISoi. §2S8,2S0. For administrative purposes it is divided 
 into tlje upper lordship of Kudolstadt, and the lower lord- 
 ships of Frankenhausen ; and sul«iivided into ten bailwicks. 
 Capital. Kudolstadt. I>op. in 1S52. 69.038. 
 
 t-CllWAKZl!UKt;-SO.\DERSlIAUSKN, shwarts'btirg (or 
 shwdut8'b0oRo)son'df rs-howV,en,an indepemient principality 
 of Central Germany, forming the twenty-fifth state of the Ger- 
 manic Confederation. It consists of several di.stiuct portions 
 situated between the territories of I'russian Saxony and the 
 Saxon duchies. Area, 327 square miles. It is more fertile 
 than Schwarzburg-ltudolstadt, producing corn, which, after 
 satisfying the home consumption, leaves a small surplus 
 for e.xport. One of the principal sources of revenue is derived 
 from the forests, which furnish excellent timber. Flax also 
 is extensively cultivated, and gre-at numbers of cattle, sheep, 
 and swine are reared. The minerals include iron, alum- 
 schist, and copperas. The first supplies several smeltiog- 
 furnaces and forges, and from the two last much alum and 
 vitriol are made. After these, the only manufacture of any 
 importance is porcelain. Tlie prin(Mi)al exports are corn, 
 wool, wood, ironware, iron, alum, vitriol, lampblack, rosin, 
 and fat cattle. The powers of the sovereign are extensive, 
 but exerciued with the concurrence of a Geheimrath.s-col- 
 legium. As a member of the Germanic Confederation. 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen has a vote in iha pUnum ; and 
 shares the fifteenth vote of the minor council, as mentioned 
 alxjve in the case of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Its contin- 
 gent to the Confederation is 451 men. Revenue in 1854, 
 $200,400. Public debt, $524,200. For administrative pur- 
 poses it is divided into the upper, lordship of Arnstadt. and 
 the lower lordship of Sondershausen ; and subdivided into 
 seven bailiwicks. Capital, Sondershau.sen. The iuhabitauts 
 are almost all Lutherans. Pop. in 1852, 60,847. 
 SCIIWAKZ-KLSTKR. See Elster. 
 
 SCIIW.\KZKM1ACII, shw3Rt'sen-bdK\ a markotrtown of 
 Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, on the Saale, 5 miles 
 S.S.K. of I£of. with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 
 18(30. It has a castle of Prince Schiiuburg-Waldenburg, 
 manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, iron 
 forges, and breweries. 
 
 SCinVARZENBACII Ail W.'i.LDE, shwjRt/sgn-bdK' dm 
 •ftjl'd^'h, a market^town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Fran- 
 conia, 5 miles S.W. of Naila, with 1036 inhabitants. 
 
 SCinVAKZENBEK, shwaRt'sen-b^k\ a village of Denmark, 
 duchy of Lauenburg, 18 miles E*. of Ilamburg, with a station 
 on the railway to Berlin, Pop. 700. 
 
 SCIIWARZENBERG, shwdRt'spn-b?Rn\ a town of Saxony, 
 IS miles S. E. of Zwickau, with 2133 iuhabitauts, a castle, 
 iron foundries, nail and wire factories, and iron-mines in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 SCIIWARZENECK or SCinVARZENEGG, shwdRt'sfn-ik', 
 a village of Switzerland, canton of Bern, 5 miles N.E. of 
 Thun. Pop. of the parish, 2000. 
 
 SCIIWAUZEN F ELD, phwdRt'sen-f?lt\ a villageof Bavaria, 
 on the N'ab. 14 miles E.S.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1020. 
 
 SCflWARZKOSTELETZ, shwdnts kos'teh liHs\ a town of 
 Bohemia, 6 miles W. of Kaurzim, on the Dobrawa. Pop. 
 2526. The splendid seat of Prince Lichtenstein is in the 
 Ticinity. 
 
 SCH\V.\UZWALD, Germany. See Black Forest. 
 SCIIWARZWASSER, shwaRts'fvas'sgr, (" Black water,") a 
 river which rises on the frontiers of Bohemia, flows AV.N.W., 
 and joins the Mulde after a course of about 36 miles. 
 
 SCinVAIlZWASSER or CZARNAWODDA, chaR-nd-'ftod'- 
 Ai, a river of Prussia, joins the Vistula on the left at 
 Schwetz. Total course, about 80 miles 
 
 SCIIWARZWASSER, a town of Austrian Silesia, 13 miles 
 N.N.E. of Teschen, on the Vistula. Pop. KOO. 
 
 SCIIWARZWASSER, a villnge of Austrian Silesia, clrele 
 of TrL,pnau, bailiwick of Friedberg. Pop. 1284. 
 
 'flCUWAT or ClIOUAT, a town of Asia. See Shw.\t. 
 SCliV^.^TZ*or SCIIWAZ, shwits, a town of the Tyrol, 
 circle of Lower Innthal, on the right bank of the luu, Ifi 
 
 miles E.X.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 8000. If has m.inufiictures 
 of cotton fabrics, worsted, tobacco, and wire. In its vi;iniiy 
 are silver, copper, and iron mines. It suffered seriously li-oia 
 an eai-thquake in 1820. 
 
 SCIIWECII.-VT. a town of Lower -Austria. See Scuw achat 
 SCHWEDELDORF, shw.i'del-doKf\ (Ober, o'bi.ir, and NiB- 
 DER, nee'der.) t^ro contiguous villages of Prussian Silesia, 8 
 miles W.S.'W. ofGlatz. United pop. 1550. 
 
 SCIIWEDT, shwjtt, a town of Prussia, province of Brau- 
 denburg, on the Oder, 28. miles S.S.W. of Stettin. Lat. 60^ 
 51' N., Ion. 16° 27' E. Pop. GuUO. It has a royal palace, 
 Lutheran and Reformed churches, and manufactures of 
 leather, tobacco, and starch. Near it is the royal summer 
 palace of Montplaisir. 
 
 SCIIWEGENIIEl.M, shfi'.Vghjn-hIme\ a village of Bavaria, 
 near Oermersheim. Pop. 1346. 
 
 SCIIWEICU. shwlK, or SCIIWEIG, shwio, a village of 
 Rhenish Prussia, 7 miles N.N.E. of Treves, on the Moselle. 
 Pop. 20S0. 
 
 SCIIWEIDNITZ, shwld'nits or .shwit/nits, a fortified town 
 of Prussian Silesia, 31 miles S.W. of Breslau, on the railway 
 to Freiberg, at the foot of the Rieseugebirge. Pop. 12,950. 
 It is well built, and ornamented with spacious squares. It 
 has Roman Catholic and Lutheian churches, a castle, formerly 
 a ducal residence.but now a work-house ; a Protestant college, 
 house of correction, large barracks, hospitals, and manufac- 
 tures of woven fabrics. Schweidnitz was tlie residence of 
 the first Piarists, was walled in 1295, additionally fortified 
 in 1336, and repe.atedly besieged during the Thirty Years' 
 War. It was made a regular fortress by Frederick II. in 
 1747. and atlerwjirds st'iod several sieges, in the last of 
 which, in 1810, after being beleaguered for 30 days, it was 
 tiikeii Jind its outer works dismantled. 
 SCIIWEIG, a town of Prussia. See SciiWEicn. 
 SCItWEIGERX, shwi'ghfrn, a town of Wurtemberg, 8 
 miles W. of Ileilhronn. Pop. 1886. 
 
 SCIIWKIGIIAUSEN, shwio'how'zjn, a village of France, 
 department of Bas-Hhin. Pop. 1486. 
 
 SCIIWKINA, shwi'nl, a town of Saxe-Meiningen, on a 
 small stream of same name, affluent of the Werra, 27 miles 
 N. of Moiningen. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SCilWEINAU, shwi'now, a village of Bavari.a, circle of 
 Middle Franconia, about 2 miles S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 
 1074. 
 
 SCIIWEINBARTH, shwin'baRr, (Klein, kiln, and Gross, 
 groce.) two nearly contiguous villages of Lower Austria, on 
 the Jloravian frontiers, near Nikolsburg. Pop. 2050. 
 
 SCIIWEINFURT, shwln'fodut, a town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Lower Franconia, on the JIain, and on the railway from 
 Bamberg to Nuremberg, 22 miles N.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 
 7347. It is enclosed by old walls, and has several Lutheran 
 thurches, a gymnasium, a high .school, founded by Gustavus 
 Adolphus, King of Sweden; various other schools, and 
 manufactures of leather, linen, and woollen cloths. 
 
 SCHWKIMIEIJI, shwin'liinie, a village of Bavaria, in 
 Lower Franconia. 3 miles S.E. of Asch.affenburg. Pop. 1580. 
 SCHWEININTZ, shwl'nits, a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 54 miles N.E. of Mer.seburg, on the Elster. Pop. 1250. 
 
 SCIIWEINITZ or SWEIXICZE, sftlneet'sA, a market- 
 town of Bohemia. 12 miles S.E. of Budweis. Pop. 238. 
 
 SCIIWEIX WART, GROSS, groce .shwIn'fraRt, or SCnWE- 
 INB.\RT, shwIn'lmRt, a market-town of Lower Austria, 20 
 miles N.E. of Vienna, on the Weiden. Pop. 1229. 
 SCIIWEITZ. See Schwvtz. 
 SCIIWEIZ or SCIIWEITZ. See Switzerland. 
 SCIIWELM. sh<TJlm. a town of Prussia, in Westphali.a, 
 35 miles W.S.AV. of Arnsberg, on the Elberfold and Dort- 
 mund Railway. Pop. 2325. It has a gymnasium, and manu- 
 factures of steel wares and woven fiibrics, breweries, and 
 bleaching grounds. 
 
 SCIIWElNCK'S (shwJnks) STORE, a post-ofiice of Mont- 
 gomery CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SCU'WENNINGEN, shwjn'ning-fn, a market-town of 
 Wtlrtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Neckar; near its 
 source, 13 miles W.N.W. of Tuttllngen. Pop. 3771, who 
 manufacture wooden clocks. 
 
 SCIIW ENTINE, shwon-teo'neh, a river of Denmark, duchy 
 of Ilolstein, falls into the E. side of the Kiel Fiord. Total 
 coursuj. 33 miles. 
 
 SCHWERIX, shw.Vreen', or SKWIERZYNA, sk*e-,Vzhee'- 
 nd. a town of Prussia, government, and I50 miles W.N.W, 
 of Posen. at the confluence of the Obra with the Wartha. 
 Pop. 5444. 
 
 SCIIWERIN, shw.Vreen', a town of North Germany, capi- 
 tal of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the 
 W. side of the Lake of Schwerin, and on the i-ailway from 
 Ilamburg to Wismar, 35 miles S.E. of Lubeck. Lat. 53° 36* 
 N., Ion. 11° 30' E. Pop. 23,149. It is enclosed by w.illg, en- 
 tered by 7 gates, and divided into an old town, new town, 
 and suburb. Since 1837, it has again been the residence of 
 the grand duke, and it has a ducal castle, on a peninsula 
 in the lake; a cathedral, Lutheran and Raman Catholic 
 churches, a synagogue, several asylums, a mint, and govern- 
 ment offices, a gymnasium, veterinary school, and manufaO' 
 tiu-es of woollen cloths, tobacco, and vinegar, stone-works. 
 
 1735 
 
SCH 
 
 toundries, £c Old Schwerin was mentioned in records of 
 lOlS, as a town and strong fortress. 
 
 SCinVERIN, Lake of, is 14 miles in length, by 3 miles in 
 RTerage breadth. It receives the Elde on the S.. and from 
 its X.'extremity flows to the Stor, which enters the Baltic at 
 Wismar. 
 
 SCinVERSEXZ, shwjK'sents, or SWERZEXDZ, swfRf- 
 Sfnts, a town of Prussian Poland, 6 miles E. of Posen. Pop. 
 2976. 
 
 SCIIWERTE, shw?R/teh, a town of Prussia, in AVestphalia, 
 22 miles W. of Arusber^', on the Ruhr, with 2200 inhabit- 
 ants, and manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 SCinVETZ, shwits, or SAVIECIA. s^e-h'se-i, a town of 
 West Prussia. 31 miles S.W. of Matienwerder, on the Ais- 
 tula. Pop. SiOO. It has an old castle, and manufactures 
 of woollen cloth, damasks, hosiery, and earthenware. 
 
 SCIIWETZINGE.X. shw6t'siug-"fn, a town of Raden. circle 
 of Lower Rhine, on the Leimbach, 6 miles W.S.AV. of Ueidel- 
 berg. Pop. 2808. 
 
 SCHM'ETZK.iU, shwltsliow, a town of Prussian Poland, 
 43 miles S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SCIIWTEBERDIXGEN, shwee'ber-ding'fn. a village of 
 WUrtemberg, circle of Neckar, 8 miles N.X.W. of Stuttgart. 
 Pop. 1344. 
 
 SCIIWIEBUS, shweelxos, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 41 miles E.S.E. of f rnnkfort, on the Schwemme, 
 with a royal castle, and manufactures of woollen cloths. 
 Pop. 4S00. 
 
 SCinVIELOCH, shweeaoK, or SCHMIELUNG, shmee'- 
 liJOng, a lake of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 15 miles 
 N.E. of Lubben, and 7 miles in length. Its N. part is tra- 
 versed by the Spree. 
 
 SCH\ymAU, shwee'hSw. or SATIIIOW, sweeTiOw, a town 
 of Bohemia, 6 miles X. of Klattau. Pop. 1419. 
 
 SCIIWYTZ or SCIIWYZ, shwits, written also SCIIWITZ 
 and SCHWEITZ. one of the four forest-cantons of Switzer- 
 land, nearly in the centre of the confederation, to which it 
 gave name, lx)rdering upon the Lake of Lucerne, which 
 separates it from Unterwalden. Area, 339 square miles. 
 Pop. in ISOii. 46 039, of whom all but 524 were Roman 
 Catholics. The surface is mostly mountainous. The Ros- 
 stock rises to 80S1 feet, and the Righi to 6905 feet in height. 
 The principal rivers are the Sihl and Muotta. The Lake 
 of Zurich forms a part of its X.. and that of Zug a portion 
 of its W. iKiundaries. Some wine and fruits are raised, but 
 cattle-rearing is the chief branch of industry. The manu- 
 factures are nearly confined to cotton-twist and domestic 
 fabrics. The government is a pure democracy ; and all the 
 male inhabitants above 10 years of age a.ssemble biennially 
 at Schwytz, to exercise legislative power. The executive 
 duties are performed by a council of 90 members. The 
 princip.al towns are Schwytz, Art. Kussn.icht, and Einsie- 
 deln. Schwytz, with Uri, and Unterwalden, formed, in 
 1307, the nucleus of the Swiss Conderation, in which Schwytz 
 now holds the fourth place. 
 
 SCHWYTZ, a village of Switzerland, capital of the above 
 canton, is situated in the Muotta Valley, at the foot of the 
 Mythen Mountain, 17 miles E. of Lucerne. Pup. of parish, 
 which includes many other villages. 5225. The principal 
 edifices are a modern church, in the cemetery of which 
 Aloyse Reding was burled; the council-house, with a col- 
 lection of historical paintings, the arsenal, containing na- 
 tional trophies, the record office, a large new Jesuitr col- 
 lege. Capuchin convent, and Dominican nunnery. 
 
 SClIY'L or SYLL, sheet or shil, a river of Europe, rises 
 near the S. frontier of Transylvani.i. flows S.by E., and falls 
 Into the Danube 50 miles E. by S. of Widdin, opposite Ra- 
 hova. Total course, about 150 miles. 
 
 SCIACCA, shikTid, (anc. Thcrlmce SdinunV hiCBf) a seaport 
 town of Sicily, on its S. coast, 30 miles W.X.W. of Girgenti. 
 Pop. 12,070. It stands on a steep acclivity, is enclosed by 
 walls, and defended by bastions toward the sea, and by 
 the castle of Luna on its E. side. It has many large 
 churches, convents, and magazines, and is one of the prin- 
 cipal depots in the island for corn, which is Liid up in sub- 
 terranean caricatori, but the town is wretched and poverty- 
 stricken. It has manufactures of vases of antique shape, 
 and export trade in fruit, anchovies, sulphur, and b.villa. 
 Immediately adjacent, on the E.. are sulphur and saline 
 bath^ temperature 120° and 60° Fahrenheit, with sudorific 
 grottoes cut in the rock, the excavation of which is attri- 
 buted to Daedalus; near these are the hermitage and hospi- 
 tal of St. Calogero. Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, born 
 B.C. 359, was the son of a potter of Sciacca, which also gave 
 birth to the historian Fazzello. 
 
 SCICLT, shiklee, a town of Sicily, intendency of Syi-acuse, 
 on the Scicli, miles S.W. of Modica. Pop. 10.000. (,!) 
 
 SCI'EXCE HILL, a post-office of Randolph co.. Xorth Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SCl'EXCEVILLE, a village ofGreene co., New York, about 
 44 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 I^J!':^?.''"^^''^"*'' " POst-ofRce of Stewart co.. Georgia. 
 SCIK/CIIAVAXEX FILLY, se-A'sha\a^nA'feeW,a vil- 
 S?a,'.'. ']?«, Sardinian Stjites, division of Savoy, 3 miles 
 W.S.\\.ofThonon. I'op. 1005. 
 1736 
 
 SCI 
 
 SCTGLIAXO, sheel-yi'no. a town of Naples, province ol 
 Calabria Citra,'l7 miles S.of Cosenza. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SCIGLIO. sheel'yo, (anc. Sct/lla'ttm,) or SCILLA, shinS, 
 (anc. ScyV'la.) a celebrated promnntorj- of Xaples. province ol 
 Calabria Ultra, on the Strait of Jlessiiia; lat. os° 14' 30" N., 
 Ion. 15° 45' E. It is a bold, rocky headland, about 200 feet 
 high, with its base deeply scooped out by the action of the 
 waves. It is situated in the narrowest part of the strait, 
 and opposite to the rocks and shoals of Charybdis, where 
 strong currents meet and make wild uproar. The ancients 
 fabled thai -n a cave at the base of this promontory dwelt 
 Scylla, a fearful monster, who devoured the ra.sh or unwary 
 mariners who approached too near; under this figure indi- 
 cating the perils which they suppo.sed to attend on this 
 fatal spot. In modern times, however, gunpowder has been 
 employed" in removing some of the more formidable rocks, 
 and the action of the water may in course of time have 
 somewhat widened the channel. Owing, probably, in some 
 measure, to these causes, modern navigators find it compara- 
 tively easv to avoid ScvUa without falling into Charybdis. 
 
 SCILL.\, shilia or 'sheelOl, or SCIGLIO, sheel'yo, (anc 
 Scyllalum,) a maritime town of Xaples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra II., at the X. entrance of the Strait of Messina, on the 
 above promontory. Lat. 38° 14' 5" X., Ion. 15^ 45' E. Pop, 
 4700, mostly seafaring people. It h.is a strong fort. 'It siif- 
 fered greatly in the earth(iuake of 178.3. 
 
 SCILLl', a fishing village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Cork, forming a maritime suburb of Kinsale. Pop. 700. 
 
 SCILLY (sil'lee) ISLANDS, (Fr. Soilingiies. fOK'Xtiyg',) off 
 the S.W. coast of England, co. of Cornwall. 30 miles W.S.W. 
 of the Land's-end. liit. of light-hou.se on St. Agnes. 49° 53' 
 X., Ion. G° 20' W. They consist of alout 140 islets and rocks, 
 the principal of the former being St. Mary's. Tresco. St. Mar- 
 tin".s, Brechar, St. Agnes, and Sampson. Aggregate area, 
 5770 acres. Pop. in 1851. 2027, employed in fishing, agri- 
 culture, and manufacturing kelp. The Scilly Islands rise 
 abruptly from a deep sea, and form a compact group, about 
 30 miles in circumference. They consist for the most part 
 of granite of the most valuable description. Tlie climate is 
 mild and the soil in many parts feitile. producing good bar- 
 ley, rye, oats, and potatoes. Registered shipping in 1847-8, 
 5082 tons. Ilugh Town, the capital, on the island of St. 
 Mary, is the seat of a judicial court of 12 per.son.a. who un- 
 dertake the civil government of the islands, and it has a 
 pier, fort and custom-house. These islands communicate by 
 p.ackets with Penzance, between them and which port is a 
 dangerous ro 'ky ledge termed the li'lf. They have several 
 secure roadsteads ; but numerous .shipwrecks have occurred 
 on them, in one of which 3 line-of battle ships, under Sir 
 Cloudesley Shovel, were totally lost, Octol>er 22. 1707. They 
 have been considered the Cassiteriihs or tin-islands of the 
 ancients, and there is a tradition that a tract of land con- 
 nected them with Cornwall, but they have no mines of tin 
 or any other metal. 
 
 SCILLY ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean. Lat 
 16° 28' S., Ion. 150° 10' W. 
 
 SCIXDE, a country of Asia. See Siitde. 
 
 SCIXDIA/S DOMINION, IndU. See Gwalior Dootxion. 
 
 SCIO.shee'oorsi'o. written also KllIO. KlllOS.and SKID, 
 (modern Gr. Xto, Chio, Hee'o; anc. C/ij'oO an island belong- 
 ing to Turkey, off the W. coast of Asia Minor, 4 miles W. of 
 Cape Bianco, from which it is separated by the Strait of 
 Scio. Lat. of the chief town on its E. co.-i.st. 3S° 33' 7" N., 
 Ion. 20° *1' E. Length, from N. to S.. 32 miles; greatest 
 breadth. 18 miles. Area, 508 square miles. The surface is 
 very much diversified. It is naturally one of the richest 
 and most beiiutiful islands of the Levant ; and it is recovering 
 from the desolation to which it was reduced by the Turks dur- 
 ing the Greek Revolution. The principal products are wine 
 of superior quality, mastic, silk, wool, cheese, figs, lemons, 
 oranges, and other fruits ; less corn has usually been raised 
 than is required for home consumption. Previous to 1822, 
 this island was the best governed and most prosperous in the 
 Grecian archipelago, and had thriving .silk manufactories, 
 and considerable trade with Con.stantinople. Syria, and 
 Egypt; but in the above year, some of its inhabitants hav- 
 ing joined the Saniians in their revolt, nearly all the popu- 
 lation, comprising from 120,000 to 130.000 persons, were mas- 
 sacred or sold into slavery, and the buildings and plantations 
 were for the most part destroyed. The tragic poet Ion. the 
 historian Theopompus, the sophist Theocritus, and the 
 philosopher, Metrodorus, were natives of this island, which 
 also claims, in opposition to Smyrna, to be the birthplace 
 
 of Homer. Capital. Scio. Pop. e.stimated at 62.0(W. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Chiot, kee'ot, or Saox, shee'ot; or Chi'^n, when 
 the ancient island is referred to. 
 
 SCIO, a town of Asiatic Turkey, capital of the above 
 island, near the middle of the E, coast. It consists for the 
 most part of houses of hewn stone or brick, and generally 
 with terraced roofs. It is defended by a castle: has manu- 
 factures of velvet and some lighter fabrii-s: and at its h.ir- 
 lior. which is formed by two niole.s, and provided with tw.i 
 light-houses, which its difficulty of acres renders ix.'Cessary, 
 carries on a considerable trade. Pop. 14.-'i00» 
 
 SCI'O, a post-village and township of Alleghany co^ New 
 
SCI 
 
 York, on the Erie Railroad, about SO miles S.S.W. of Ro- 
 cbi-ster. Top. 1631. 
 
 PCIO, a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio. 
 
 SCIO, a poKt-villa.i;e and township of Washtenaw co., Mi- 
 chigan, on the Central Railroad. 5 or 6 miles W.X.W. of Ann 
 Arbor. Pop. 1817. 
 
 SCIOLZl-:, 8hold'z.A, a village of Xorth Italy, in Piedmont, 
 province, and 11 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 1124. 
 
 SCIOXZIER, she-on-ze-aiK/, a village of Savoy, province 
 ofFaucipny. Pop. 2436. 
 
 SCIORTINO, shoR-tee'no, a town of Sicily, province, and 
 14 miles X.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 6000. 
 
 SCKJTO, sl-o'to, a beautiful river of Ohio, and one of the 
 largest streams whiih intersect the state, rises in Hardin 
 county, near the head waters of the iliami. It flows S.E. 
 to Columbus, where it receives its principal affluent, the 
 Olentangy River, after which its direction is almost due S., 
 until it enters the Ohio at Portsmouth. Its length is esti- 
 mated at 200 miles. The valley through which it flows is 
 e.xtremely fertile, and much improved. The Ohio and Erie 
 Canal is conKtructe<l along the lower parts of this river, for 
 a distance of 9U miles. Its largest tributaries, besides the 
 Olentangy River, are Darby, Walnut, and Paint Creeks. 
 
 SCIOTO, a county in the S. part of Ohio, bordering on the 
 Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky, contains about 
 630 scjuai'c miles. The Scioto River, from which the name is 
 derived, flows from N. to S., through the middle of the 
 county, which is also drained by the Little Scioto River and 
 Brush Creek. The surface is hilly; the .soil fertile, particu- 
 larly in the alluvial bottoms of the river. The red sand- 
 stone underlies part of the surface. Extensive mines of 
 Iron are worked in the E. part of the county. The Ohio Ca- 
 nal has its S. terminus at Portsmouth, and the county is in- 
 tersected bv the Scioto and Hocking A'alley Railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Portsnionth. Pop. 24,297. 
 
 SClKTi), a post-ofiice of Clinton co., New York. 
 
 SCIOTO, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1579. 
 
 SCIO I'O, a township of .Tackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1484. 
 
 SCK (TO, a township of Pickaway CO., Ohio. I'op. 1531. 
 
 SCIOrO, a township of Ross co.. Ohio. Pop. 2093. 
 
 SCIOTO, a post-villiigc of Scioto co., Ohio, about 100 miles 
 S. of Coliinibns. Pop. l.n.M. 
 
 SC10T0,a townshipofSIiiawasseeco., Michigan. Pop. 499. 
 
 SCIOTO KliUXiE, a post-office of Delaware CO., Ohio. 
 
 SCrOToVII.liE, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the 
 Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad, 6 miles fh>m Ports- 
 mouth. 
 
 SCI PAN. an island of Dalmatia. See OlUPANA. 
 
 SCTPIO, sip'e-o, a post-township of Cayuga co., New York, 
 10 miles S. of Auburn, intersected by the Auburn and Ithaca 
 Railroad, about ItO miles W. of Albany. Pop. 2066. 
 
 SCIPIO, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1758. 
 
 SCIPIO, a township of Seneca co., Oliio, intersected by 
 Mad lUver, and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1S35. 
 
 SCIPIO, a township of Hillsdale co.. Michigan. Pop. 1037. 
 
 SCIPIO, a township of Allen co., Indiana. I'op. .■!46. 
 
 SCIPIO, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, 11 miles E. of 
 Urookville. 
 
 SCIPIO. a thriving post-village of Jennings co., Tndi.ina, 
 on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 31 miles N.W. 
 of Madison. 
 
 SCIPIO, a township of La Porte co., Indiana. Pop. S06. 
 
 SCIPIO CENTRE, a village of Scipio township, Cayuga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 SCIPIO CKNTRR, a post-oflfioa of Hillsdale co., Michigan. 
 
 SCIP'IOVILLK, a post-village of Cayuga co., New York, 
 12 miles S.S.W. of Auburn. 
 
 SCISCIANO, she-shd'no. a village of Naples, in Terra dl 
 Lavoro. W.S.W. of Nola. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SCIT'ICO. a post-office of Hartford CO., Connecticut. 
 
 SCITUATE. sit/u-.it, a post-village and township of Ply- 
 mouth CO., Massachusetts, with a harbor on Massachusetts 
 Bay, 25 miles S E. by S. of Boston. It has 4 churches, 10 
 stores, a bank, an armory, and high-school. The inhabi- 
 tants are engaged in commerce, the fisheries, and manufac- 
 tures. At)o\it 20 vessels are owned here. Pop. 2227. 
 
 SCITUATK. a township of Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 12 miles W. by S. of Providence. It contains numerous 
 cotton and woollen Victories, and a bank. Pop. 4251. 
 
 SCL.WONIA, a province of Austria. See Slavosi.i. 
 
 SCL.\.YN, sklin, a village of Belgium, province, and 10 
 miles K. of Namur, on the Jleuse. Pop. 1492. 
 
 SCODRA. See ScuT.ARt. 
 
 SCOGLIO GRAXDK. skAl'yo grjn'd.-l, the largest of the 
 Brioni Islands, in the Adriatic, off the W. coast of Istria, 4 
 miles N.W. of I'ola. On its E. side is the village of Brioni. 
 
 SCOGLIO GRANDE, one of the Ponza Islands, in the 
 Mediterr.anean. oiTthe W. coast of Naples. 
 
 SCOLE. a parish of England, fo. of Norfolk. 
 
 BCOMBI. skoin'hee. a river of European Turkey, in Al- 
 bania, rises on the border of Macedonia, and after a W. 
 course of 130 miles, enters the Adriatic, 15 miles S. of Du- 
 razio. 
 
 SCONE or SCOON. a parish of Scotland, co.. and 2J miles 
 N. of Perth. Pop. 2422, of whom 1431 are in the village of 
 
 SCO 
 
 New Scone, which is substantially built. At ancient Scone, 
 of which almost the only i-emnant is a market croSs, tht 
 kings of Scotland were formerly crowned, on a famous stone 
 now preserved in Westminster Abbey. Here was an abbey 
 and royal palace of the Scottish kings; on its site now stands 
 a modern palace, the residence of Lord Mansfield. 
 
 SCONONDO'A or SKANANDQ/A, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO.. New York, on a creek of the same name, 22 miles W. of 
 Utica. 
 
 SCOO^BER, a post-office of Kemper co., Mississippi. 
 
 SCOO'NIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 SCOPELO, an island, Grecian Archipelago. See Skopeio. 
 
 SCOPIA. a town of Europe;in Turkey. See Uskup. 
 
 SCOP'^VICK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCOR'BOROUOH, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 SCORFF, skoRf, a river of France, department of Morbi- 
 han. after a S. course of 30 miles, enters the harljor of 
 L'Orient. It is navigable to Pont Scorff, a distance of 7 
 miles. 
 
 SCORRANO, skoR-RtVno, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto, E.N.E. of Gallipoli. It stands on a hill, and has 
 2 convents. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SCOR/TON, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, on 
 the Swale, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle Rail- 
 way, 8 J miles S.E. of L.anea.ster. 
 
 SCOT'BY, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, with 
 a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 2^ miles E. 
 of Carlisle. 
 
 SCOTFORTH. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 SCOTCH OKOVE, a post-oflice of Jones co., Iowa. 
 
 SCOTCH HILL, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SCOTCH PLAINS, a post-village of Essex co.. New Jersey, 
 on the New Jersey Central Railroad, about 40 miles N.N.E. 
 of Trenton. It contains 2 stores, 7 mills, including an oil 
 and a straw-paper mill, 1 church, and about 75 dwellings. 
 
 SCOTCH RIDGE, a post-oflice of Wood co., Ohio. 
 
 SOOTCHTOWN, a post-village of Orange co., New York, 
 107 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 SCOTH'EHN. a parish of Enirland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCOTIA, a post-village of Schenectady co., New York, 18 
 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 SCOTIA, a post-village of Pope co., Arkansas, 83 miles 
 N.W. of Little Rock. 
 
 SCOTLAND, skotland. (anc. qa1edo>ma ; It. Scnzia, skod'- 
 ze-d; Sp. ^"coctCT, Ss-ko'the-3; Fr. jfeo.<«e. A'koss' ; Ger. Scliolt- 
 land, shottlant; Dutch, Scholland, sKot^int,) the N. divi- 
 sion of the island of Great Britain, between lat. 54° 3S' and 
 5S0 40' 24" N., and Ion, 1° 46' and' 6° 8' 30" W. It is sepa- 
 rated from England on the S.E. by the Tweed, S.W. by the 
 Solway Frith, and S. partly by the Cheviot Hills, and partly 
 by an indefinite moorland tract, known anciently Tiy the 
 name of the Debatable Land; and is bounded E. by the 
 North Sea, and N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. The 
 greatest length, from N.N.E. to S.S.W., between Dunnet 
 Head and the Mull of Galloway, is 287 miles. The breadth 
 varies exceedingly. Measured from N.E. to S.W., between 
 Kinnaird's lle.id and the Mull of Kintvre. it is 217 miles; 
 and on the parallels of 56°, 57°, and 5S° respectively. 120, 
 125, and 43 miles. Between Alloa, on the Forth, and Dum- 
 barton, on the Clyde, the width is diminished to 33 miles; 
 and farther N., where a kind of peninsula is formed by the 
 Dornoch Frith on the E. and Loch Broom on the W.. it does 
 not exceed 24 miles. These measurements apply only to the 
 mainland, and therefore when the true area is to be ascer- 
 tained, it is necessary to add the numerous islands which 
 singly or in groups line its coasts, and form one of their pe- 
 culiar features. On the E. coast these islands are so few 
 and small as not to require special notice; but on the N. 
 are the two large groups of the Orkneys and Shetlands, of 
 magnitude sufficient to form a sepjirate county; while on 
 the W., a series of groups, known by the name of the 
 Hebrides or Western Isles, .stretch almost uninterruptedly 
 from N. to S.. at a short distance from the coast, and though 
 not constituting separate counties, form no insignificant 
 portion of the whole area of the country. The largest of 
 them are Lewis and Harris, North Uist, South Uist. Skye, 
 Mull, Jura, and Islay. In the S.W.. the islands of Arran 
 and Bute have been deemed of sufficient importance to be 
 formed into a separate county, under the name of the latter. 
 
 Oxiffs, linddsteads, and Harbors. — Scotland in its general 
 appear.ance contrasts strikingly with England, possessing few 
 of the long, open valleys', and wide, undulating plains for 
 which the latter is distinguished. The coast-line, with the 
 exception of a portion in the N.E., chiefly along the Moray 
 Frith, and another in the S.W., along the Solway Frith, 
 where low and sandy beaches have been formed, presents an 
 almost uninterrupted succession of deep indentations and 
 bold, rocky cliffs and headlands. Of these, the far larger pari 
 are traced on' the AV. coast, where, as it would seem, the 
 waves of the Atlantic, breaking with tremendous force, have 
 scoopeti out wide gulfis, and penetrated tar inland, forming 
 arms of the sea, to which has been given the name of lochs. 
 Of these sea-lochs, which are entirely confined to the W. 
 coast, the largest are Loch Long, between the shires of A> 
 
 1737 
 
SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 CTle and Dumbartox , Ixch Fine wholly, and Loch Linnhe 
 miefly, in Argyleshire, the former celebrated for its herring- 
 flsheries. and the latter of great uaTigable importance as the 
 S.W. outlet of the Caledonian Canal; Carron, Torridon, 
 Gare, Ewe, and Greinord in Ross-shire; Broom, partly be- 
 tween Ross-shire and an isolated portion of Cromartysshire : 
 Knard, in the same part of Cromartyshire; and Assyut and 
 Laxford, in Sutherlaudshire. On the E. coast all the im- 
 portant indentations are river-estuaries, and are distin- 
 guished by the name of friths. Proceeding from N. to S.. 
 they occur in the following order : — The Dornoch Erith, be- 
 tween Sutherland and Ros.s; the Moray or Jlurray Erith, 
 subdivided iuto the two minor friths of Cromarty and Beau- 
 lev, the latter distinguished .is the N.E. outlet of the Cale- 
 donian Canal; the Erith of Tay, separating Forfar and part 
 of Perth from Fife; and the Frith of Forth, between Fife 
 and the Lothians. The only frith on the ^V. coast is that of 
 Clyde, situated S. of the line of lochs above mentioned ; 
 though in a manner isolated from the other friths, it sur- 
 passes them all in navigable importance. 
 
 The mast conspicuous headlands of the coast are — on the 
 E., St. Abb's Head. Fife Ness, Button Ness, Peterhead, Kin- 
 naird's Head, and Tarbat Ness; and on the N., Duncansbay 
 Head. Dunnet Head, and Cape Wrath. On the W., the 
 shores both of the mainland and isliinds bristle with lofty 
 and rocky promontories, but from lying out of the principal 
 lines of navigation, are not much known by name; in the 
 S.W. and S. the most conspicuous are the JIull of Kintyre, 
 the Mull of Galloway, and Burrow Head. 
 
 A single glance at the configuration of the coast is suffi- 
 cient to show that its navigation is nowhere safe, and is in 
 many parts beset with dangers. On the K. coast are several 
 tracts where there is no port or roadstead in which large 
 vessels can take refuge in a N. or E. gale; and on the N., 
 not only is it necessary to skirt a wild and rocky coast, con- 
 taining such precipices as those which are presented in 
 Duncansbay Head, Dunnet Head, and Cape Wrath, but to 
 encounter the huge billows of the Atlantic, and the fury of 
 a tide sometimes running 9 miles an hour. But after de- 
 ducting all these comparatively unsheltered coasts, a long 
 extent of shore remains, on which art has done much, and 
 nature more, to provide harbors and roadsteads. Thus on 
 the E., within the Frith of Forth, we find the harbors of 
 Leith. Granton, Burntisland, aud Grangemouth, and the 
 roadsteads of Leith or Inchkeith, and still more'of St. M.ir- 
 garefs Hope, where whole fleets can ride under perfect shel- 
 ter from every dangerous wind; within the Frith of Tay, 
 when once the dangers of the bar are escaped, the harbor of 
 Dundee gives unlimited accommodation; and still farther 
 N., beyond Kinnaird's Head, the Moray Frith opens wide 
 its arms of Betiuley and Cromarty, more especially the 
 latter, which, with respect to capacity, depth of water, 
 anchorage, and shelter, can scarcely be surpassed. On the 
 N. part of the W. coast, manj- of the bays .and lochs, both 
 of the mainland and the islands, afford excellent anchorage 
 and shelter; but the sterile nature of the country m.ikes it 
 of comparatively little consequence. The ease is different 
 with the more S. part of the W. coast. The Frith of Clyde, 
 within which a vast amount of commerce centres, htis here 
 two main entrances, one from the W^.. and the other from 
 the S., aud both of them through what is called the North 
 Channel. The AV. entrance, between the Mull of Kintyre 
 and Fair Head, where the distance between the Scotch and 
 Irish coasts is not more than 14 miles, communicates di- 
 rectly with the Atlantic, and is consequently the great 
 thoroughfare for the traffic with the New World; the S. 
 entrance communicates with the Irish Sea. and through it 
 opens a free communication both with the E. coast of Ire- 
 land and the more important W. coast of England. 
 
 thee of the Country, Mmintains, <6c. — The greater part of 
 the surface of Scotland is irregularly distributed into moun- 
 tains and valleys, a very small portion extending into level 
 plains. The whole country is marked out by natural fea- 
 tures into three great divisions. The region in the S., com« 
 prised between the frontiers of England and the Lammer- 
 moor and Pentland Hills, is especially mountainous, pre- 
 senting, both in isolated masses and continuous ranges, a 
 great number of summits which are more than 2000 feet above 
 the sea. The more conspicuous of the.seareQueensbery Hill, 
 the Lowthers, Hartfell. and Dollar Law, which attain the 
 respective heights of 2259, 2:396, 2635, and 2790 feet. The 
 most remarkable of the isolated hills are Cairnsmuir, 2598 
 feet high, and Criffel. 1830 feet, the one in the W., and the 
 other in tlie E. of Kirkcudbrightshire; and Tintoc, 2306 feet 
 In elevation, in Lanarkshire. Most of the mountains have 
 flat or rounded summits, aud slope gradually, without bre.ak- 
 ing Into precipices. They are in general clad with a rich 
 verdure, and are intersected by a great number of beautiful 
 pastoral valleys. These usually borrow their names from 
 the RtrL-ams which flow through them, and form the dales 
 of Mtiidale, Annandale, Teviotdale, and others, well known 
 in border minstrelsy. 
 
 The central region, commencing where the S. terminates, 
 and extending N. to the foot of the Grampians, aud occupy- 
 ing not more than a sixth of the whole surface, is by fer the 
 
 wealthiest, and contains probably three-fifths of the popula- 
 tion of Scotland. This superiority it owes partly to the fer- 
 tility of its soil, but more to its minerivl treasures. It com- 
 prises th« lower parts of the basins of the Clyde. Forth, and 
 Tay, including the rich alluvial flats which line the banks 
 of these rivers, as well as the finely undulatiug slopes and 
 straths which gradually rise from them: and in its cities, 
 towns, and numerous vilLtges, its country-seats and orna- 
 mented grounds, its orchards, gardens, and cultivated fields, 
 proclaims itself to be one of the most di.«tinguislied abodes 
 of industry, commerce, and agriculture. Considereil as a 
 whole, it is much less elevated than the general surface of 
 Scotland; yet with the exception of what are called carse- 
 lands, the diversities of hill and dale are never wanting, and 
 in several of the continuous ridges stretching across its sui^ 
 face, it attains considerable heights. The most conspicuous 
 of these ridges are the Kilpatrick and Campsie Hills, the 
 Ochil Hills, and the Sidlaw Hills, all lying nearly parallel 
 to each other. 
 
 The N. r^ion, consisting of the wholeof the island situated 
 N. and W. of a line which may be supposed to be di-awn 
 from the mouth of the Clyde to Stonehaven, is by far the 
 largest of the three, and is remarkable for the number and 
 elevation of the mountain ranges by which it is traversed. 
 Immediately to the N. of the ViiUey of Strathmore, the 
 Grampians ri-se in majesty, and pre.seut an apparently im- 
 penetrable barrier, behind which the ancient Caledonians 
 took refuge, and defied the lioman legions. Commencing 
 in the S.W. corner of Inverness-shire, they proceed in a 
 N.E. direction, sending out numerous ramifications, to near 
 the E. shores of Aberdeenshire, Ijaving traversed the entire 
 breadth of Scotland. This is the loftiest mountain chain in 
 Great Britjiin, and comprises sevenal summits exceeding 
 4000 feet. The culminating point, long supposed to be Ben 
 Nevis, 4370 feet, in the AV. of Invemoss-shire. is now claimed 
 by Ben M.acdhui, said to be 4:305 feet. It forms one of the 
 remarkable clusters of mountains which uicit on the bor- 
 ders of Aberdeen, Banff, and Inverness, The others con- 
 nected with it are the celebrated Cairngorm, C'airnt(jul, and 
 Ben Avon, respectively 4095, 4220, and 3907 feet in height. 
 To these may be added Ben Cruachan, in Argyleshire, 3670 
 feet; Benlomond. in Stirlingshire, 3195 feet: IJen More. Ben 
 I»awers, Schiehallion, and Benvoirlich. in Perthshire, re- 
 spectively 3S19, 3945, 3513, 3180, aud 3551 feet; and Ban- 
 noch, on the N. frontiers of Forfar, 3377 feet in elevation. 
 The Grampians in geneial have a very sterile and desolate 
 aspect. The grass or heath which usually covers their lower 
 acclivities often disappears in the ascent, and, long before 
 the loftiest summits are reached, vegetation appears to be 
 all but extinct. Many of the mountains have a rounded 
 form, but others terminate in fantastic peaks, and have 
 their sides cleft by ravines, presenting precipices of many 
 hundred feet. One of these, on Ben .Maedhui. has a height 
 of 1000 feet, and another, on Ben Nevis, a height of 1500 
 feet. On the N . and W. shores of the lakes of Glenmore, 
 another series of mountain chains begin to rise, and are 
 continued with little interruption to the N. coast, across 
 the counties of Inverness, Ross, and Sutherland; their gene- 
 ral level is much lower than that of the Grampians, and 
 their loftier summits, rising generally from an elevated 
 table-land, lose considerably in their apparent height. The 
 more remarkable of the summits are Ben Wyvis. in Ross- 
 shire. 3720 feet; Bendearg, Ben More, .and Ben Clibbrick, in 
 Sutherland, respectively 3550, 3231, and 3165 feet high ; and 
 Morven. in Caithne.ss. with an elevation of 2334 feet. The 
 county in which the last-mentioned is situated slopes gra- 
 dually towards the W.. and spreads out into an undulating 
 plain, in some places fertile, but for the most part covered with 
 stunted heath. The same lowering of the surface is also ex- 
 hibited towards the E. coast, and still more along the shores 
 of the Moray Frith and of Aberdeen. The Lowlands of Scot- 
 land comprise that portion S. of the river Tay, and the low 
 country ail along the E. and N.E. coasts. 
 
 Geology and Minerals. — These will be found described in 
 the article on the British Empire, p.ages 287-290. 
 
 JRivers. — In proportion to the extent of the country, these 
 are both numerous and of great magnitude; but, in con- 
 sequence of the configuration of the surface, are not very 
 equably diffused, the W. part containing almost all tlie 
 lakes, and the E., with a single exception, all the more i.u- 
 portant rivers. The Tweed, though usually considered a 
 Scotch river, has the lower and more valuable part of its 
 course in England. It wants the wide estuary which is 
 common to the rivers of Scotland. It is celebrated for it« 
 salmon fisheries, but in consequence of the shallowness of 
 its mouth, and the rapidity of its current, is of little navi- 
 gable importance. Its length, including numerous wind- 
 ings, exceeds 100 miles. The next river is the Forth, which 
 has its sources in lienlomtfnd, and possesses comparatively 
 little importance till it reaches Stirling, where it commences 
 the beautiful windings for which it is celebrated, aud begins 
 to be navigable, at first only for small sloops favored by the 
 tide, but at Alloa, and thereafter to its mouth, fax vessels of 
 the largest class. Its length, io'-Juding winding.s, if (Con- 
 ceived to terminate at Kincardine, is about 100 miles; out 
 
SCO 
 
 \iheu it? estnary is sided, is increased to at least 140 miles. 
 The Tay. owing iiot no muoli to the depth and width of its 
 channel, as to the rapidity of its current, and the supplies 
 which it is constantly receiving from cloudy mountain re- 
 gions and melting snows, surpasses all the rivers of Grejjt 
 Britain in respect oi' the quantity of water which it dis- 
 charires into the sea. It has its source in the W. extremity 
 of Perthshire, and pursues a very tortuous course S.K. till 
 it reaches Perth, where it Ijocomes navigable, with the favor 
 of the tide, for vessels of 100 tons, and begins to form the 
 frith of its name. Its salmon fisheries are the most valu- 
 able in Great Britain. Its whole length, from its source to 
 the K. extremity of its frith at Button Ness, is about 110 
 miles. The next river of importance is the Deo, which ori- 
 ginates in a number of torrents sent down from the loftiest 
 summits of the Qrampians iu the W. of Aberdeenshire, and, 
 flowing almost due H., liiUs into the sea at the town of 
 New Aberdeen. Almost at the same point, immediately to 
 the N., the Don also has its mouth. The chief importance 
 of both rivers is derived from their salmon fisheries and the 
 granite quarries on their bjinks. The length of the Dee is 
 about 80 miles, and that of the Don 60 miles. The Spoy 
 rises among the recesses of the Qrampians, between Lochs 
 Laggan and Lochy, flows fir.st E.N.K., and then K. through 
 the celebrated strath of the samo name, and falls into tlie 
 sea without forming any estuary. Its stream, remarkable 
 for its rnpidity, in which it surpasses all other British rivers, 
 has a length of about 9(j miles. Tliis is the last of the rivers 
 of the E. coast deserving of special notice. The principal 
 river on the W. coast is the Clyde.- which in navigable im- 
 portance fiir surpasses all the other Scotch rivers. It rises 
 at a short distance from the sources of the Annan and 
 the Tweed, and flowing very circuitously in a N.W. direc- 
 tion, discharges itself into the broad frith which bears its 
 name. In the upper part of its course it dashes along with 
 the impetuosity of a mountain torrent, and in the vicinity 
 of the town of Lanark forms a series of magnificent falls, but 
 in the lower part winds along iu a gradually-widening val- 
 ley till it reaches Glasgow, and at the very point when it 
 first bec<;iines navigable is covered with ships. Its length, 
 from its source to Dumbarton, at which it is conceived to 
 terminate, is about 73 miles: but if continued to Greenock, 
 is SO miles. In the Solway BVith, which may be considered 
 the S. coast of Scotland, are the mouths of the only three 
 of its river.i in which a S. direction predominates; they are 
 the Dee, Xith, and Annan. The fii'st becomes navigable 
 about 2 miles above the town of Kirkcudbright, and at its 
 mouth forms a broad estuary. The rivers of Solway i'rith 
 and its coasts are much visited by salmon, and furnish a 
 considfrable revenue from their fisheries. 
 
 L'ilces. — The numerous lakes of Scotland, situated for the 
 mo.st part, in Highland glens, are celebrated tor the gi-an- 
 deur and varied be.tuty of their scenery. They are generally 
 characterized by a length altogether disproportioned to their 
 breadth. The most remarkable are Loch Lomond, the 
 lar^r-t and finest in Great Britain, situated chiefly in the 
 county of Dumbarton, 21 miles in length. 7 miles in maxi- 
 mum breadth, 20 fathoms in average, and 120 fathoms in 
 maximum depth; Loch Awe, in Argyle.shire, 28 miles in 
 length, and 2J miles in maximum breadth; Lochs Ness, 
 Oich. and Ix)chy, in Inverness-shire, forming the remarkable 
 chain of which advantage has been taken to form the Cale- 
 donian Canal, which connects the North Sea and the At- 
 lantic: Lochs Shin, in Sutherland; Maree, in Ross-shire; 
 Arkegg, Morrer, and Laggan, in Inverness-shire; Jiricht, 
 chietiy in Inverness, thou'.'h partly in Perth ; and Tay, Earn, 
 Ranuoch, Katrine, Achr.^y, V'enjichar, and Lubnaig, all in 
 Perthshire. Among Lowland lakes, the most celebrated in 
 every re.=pect is Loch Leven, in Kinross-shire, which, in the 
 roundness of its form, contrasts strikingly with all the other 
 large lakes above mentioned. The Caledonian Canal, already 
 mentioned, has a length of 60i miles, of which 37^ miles are 
 lochs, and a minimum depth of nearly 20 fi^t; and though 
 milking a very small return for the million of pounds ster- 
 ling expended on it, it justly ranks as one of the greatest 
 works of modern enirineering. 
 
 Climo-t'',. — The climate of Scotland varies according to the 
 locality: but. on the whole, is eminently conducive both to 
 bodily and mental vigor. The W. and S. parts are mild, but 
 humid: the central and elevated regions chill and humid; 
 the eastern plains and Lowlands more genial, though ex- 
 posed in spring to chill east winds. In the Lowlands the 
 summer is not so hot. but tlie winter is, on the whole, 
 milder than that of England. The following table exhibits 
 the mean annual temperature of .several localities : — 
 
 
 Mean of 
 winter. 
 
 .Mean of 
 Burner. 
 
 Me.in of 
 Year. 
 
 Rain in 
 
 inches. 
 
 
 Deg. 
 S8-4 
 S»-2 
 39-0 
 38-4 
 35-0 
 39-6 
 37-6 
 
 Deg. 
 57-2 
 58-9 
 59-5 
 570 
 57-0 
 eO'l 
 57-2 
 
 Deg. 
 47-1 
 
 48-6 
 49-2 
 47-7 
 46-0 
 48-8 
 46-9 
 
 24-0 
 
 
 
 
 27-5 
 
 
 250 
 
 
 270 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 Perth, (Kinfauns) 
 
 29-5 
 30-8 
 
 SCO 
 
 The me.an annual temperature of the mainland Is 47°-9 
 Fahrenheit. Within the whole country there t) not a single 
 di.strict that can be called unhealthy. The prevailing winds 
 are W. and S.W.; iu the spring, N. and N.E. The greatest 
 amount of rain falls on the W. coasts. See British Emp'ieh. 
 page 288. 
 
 Agriculture. — The cultivable land of England exceeds 
 three-fourths, while that of Scotland is not more than one- 
 third of the whole surface, and hence the agriculture of the 
 latter is not so much distinguished for the extent of land 
 which it occupies, as for the skill and industry with which 
 all its various processes are usually conducted. Consider- 
 able tracts in the Highlands derive their chief value from 
 their shootings, and are found to remunerate their proprie- 
 tors most liberally when converted into deer forests. A very 
 large proportion of the remainder of the Highland surface, 
 and also of the more mountainous IjOwland districts, is 
 rented by store fitrraers, who confine their agricultural ope- 
 rations to the cultivation of root-crops, particularly turnips, 
 wherever they can bo succes.sfully grown, and of patches of 
 oats for the indispen.sable supplies of meal and fodder, and 
 devote their chief attention to the rearing of cattle and 
 sheep. At all the greiit fairs of the country, p.articularlr 
 the celebrated trysts of Falkirk, they have long distin- 
 gui-shed themselves by the numbers and excellence of their 
 lean stock, Avhich are there purchased, chiefly by dealers 
 from the S., for the purpose of being fattened on the rich 
 pastures of England. In recent times, however, owing to 
 the facilities afforded by steam and railway conveyance, the 
 fattening of stock attracts much more attention than pre- 
 viously; and many districts which formerly furnished lean 
 stock only, are enabled, by an extension of the turnip-hus- 
 Ijandry and occasional supplies of oil-cake, to feed off part 
 of their st<x:k, and convey it at once to its final destination. 
 In the more celebrated arable districts of Scotland the art 
 of tarming may be .seen in as high perfection as in any other 
 portion of the globe. The dairy husbandry in general 
 merits less praise, but has made considerable progress in 
 Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. For other particulars relating 
 to agriculture, see British Empire. 
 
 MamifiiclurRS. — For details concerning mineral, marine, 
 and industrial products, see British Empire. 
 
 Divisions. Jhpulalion, <tia. — The name, area, and popula- 
 tion of the different counties or shires, are exhibited in the 
 following table (Pop. in 1861, 3,062,29-1):— 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 Argyle 
 
 Ayr 
 
 Banff 
 
 Berwick 
 
 Bute 
 
 Caithness 
 
 Claclimannan 
 
 Dumbarton 
 
 Dumfnes 
 
 Kdiuburgb 
 
 Klgin or Moraj.... 
 
 Fife 
 
 Forfar 
 
 Haddington 
 
 lQVerues.s .• 
 
 Kiucardlne 
 
 Kinross 
 
 Kirkcudbright.... 
 
 Lanark 
 
 Linlithgow 
 
 Kairu 
 
 Orkney and ? 
 
 Shetland J"" 
 
 Peebles 
 
 Perth 
 
 Renfrew 
 
 Koss and ) 
 
 Cromarty j**" 
 
 Roxburgh 
 
 Selkirk 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Sutherland 
 
 IVigton or Wigtown 
 
 Areata 
 
 No. of 
 Pa- 
 rishes. 
 
 Popula- 
 
 Bq. m. 
 
 tion, 1851. 
 
 1,9B0 
 
 87 
 
 212,03i 
 
 3,180 
 
 50 
 
 89.298 
 
 1,039 
 
 48 
 
 189,85s 
 
 845 
 
 22 
 
 54,171 
 
 446 
 
 82 
 
 36, 297 
 
 257 
 
 6 
 
 16,608 
 
 616 
 
 10 
 
 38,709 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 22,951 
 
 228 
 
 12 
 
 45,10.1 
 
 1,007 
 
 45 
 
 78,123 
 
 3.H 
 
 45 
 
 239,4:i5 
 
 473 
 
 20 
 
 , 38.9.J9 
 
 451 
 
 6:i 
 
 15.1.546 
 
 888 
 
 55 
 
 191,264 
 
 272 
 
 24 
 
 38.386 
 
 4,054 
 
 32 
 
 96.500 
 
 380 
 
 19 
 
 34,598 
 
 72 
 
 4 
 
 8.924 
 
 821 
 
 27 
 
 43,121 
 
 942 
 
 50 
 
 530,169 
 
 120 
 
 13 
 
 30.133 
 
 195 
 
 4 
 
 9,956 
 
 1,280 
 
 89 
 
 63,533 
 
 319 
 
 16 
 
 10,7.18 
 
 2,588 
 
 76 
 
 138,660 
 
 225 
 
 21 
 
 161,091 
 
 2,885 
 
 S3 
 
 82,707 
 
 715 
 
 32 
 
 51,643 
 
 263 
 
 5 
 
 9,809 
 
 489 
 
 26 
 
 86,-237 
 
 1,754 
 
 1.1 
 
 25,793 
 
 451 
 
 17 
 
 43,389 
 
 29,417 
 
 950 
 
 2,888,742 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 Inverary, 
 
 Ayr. 
 
 Banff. 
 
 Greenlaw, 
 
 Rothesay. 
 
 Wick. 
 
 Clackmannan, 
 
 Dumbarton. 
 
 DnmfMes. 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Klgin. 
 
 Cupur. 
 
 Forfar. 
 
 Haddington. 
 
 Inverness, 
 
 Kincardine. 
 
 Kinross. * 
 
 Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Lanark. 
 
 Linlithgow. 
 
 Nairn. 
 
 5 Kirkwall. 
 
 X Lerwick. 
 
 Peebles. 
 
 Perth. 
 
 Renfrew. 
 
 5 Dingwall. 
 
 / Cromarty. 
 
 Jedburgh. 
 
 Selkirk. 
 
 Stirling. 
 
 Dornoch. 
 
 Wigton or Wigtown. 
 
 Gnvemment. — In regard to general government, Scotland 
 stands on the same footing as England and Ireland; 16 
 peers, elected from the whole body of Scottish peers, repre- 
 sent the country in the House of Lords; and the counties 
 return 30, and the boroughs 2:? members to the House of 
 Commons. The elective franchi.se nearly corresponds to 
 that of England. In the Articles of Union, express stipula- 
 tions, declared to be essential conditions of the union it-self, 
 were made in regard to law and law courts, and the form of 
 church government. 
 
 Lata and Law Oourts. — The law of Scotland strongly re- 
 sembles, and is in a great measure Iwrrowed from that of 
 England. In regard, however, to crimes, and what are 
 called heritaljle rights, relating chiefly to lands, houses, &c., 
 the Scotch and English codes continue essentiallv different. 
 
 1739 
 
SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 The pfoaltieS for crimes hare almost, as a matter of course, 
 been'nearh- assimilated, Imt the forms of procedure exhil)it 
 strikini: contrasts; and while unanimity is required in Kug- 
 lish juries, those of Scotland decide by a m.-ijority. In re- 
 gard to heritable rights, the feudal law, with its numerous 
 and perplexing formalities, still retains a greater ascendency 
 In S<»tland than in Kngland. 
 
 The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland, 
 but its decisions may be carried by appeal to the House of 
 Lords. The judges. 13 in number, formerly sat in one court, 
 called the Inner House; but by a kind of threefold division 
 a certain number of the judges were removed to the Outer 
 House, to sit there as permanent Lords Ordinary, and the 
 remainder, forming the Inner House, were arran<red in two 
 divisions, each to sit .separately, and decide finally on all 
 causes brought before it previous to review. The Court of 
 Justiciary, or criminal court, though composed only of 
 judges of the Court of Session, is supreme in the hiarhest 
 sense, since its decisions in criminal crises are not subject 
 to any review. The principal subordinate judicatories are 
 sheriff courts, established in each county or stewartrv. 
 Sheriff's substitute, or judges ordinary, one or more holding 
 separate courts in different districts, decide, in the first in- 
 stance, subject to the review of the principal sheritf or she- 
 riff-depute, whose decisions, with the exception of cases pro- 
 Tided for by special statutes, are reviewable by the Court 
 of Ses.sion. Besides the sheriff courts, each county, or dis- 
 trict of a county, has its justice of peace courts; and in 
 erery town of any importance are baillie, dean of guild, 
 «nd police courts. 
 
 Religion. — The Church of Scotland, as guaranteed by the 
 Articles of Union, is the church established by law. Its 
 form is Presbyterian, and its doctrine Calvinistic. All its 
 ministers hold the same ecclesiastical status of presbyter, 
 and are on a footing of perfect equality. The whole coun- 
 try is parcelled out into 1010 parishes, in each of which 
 there is at least one presbyter or parochial minister. The 
 highest, or supreme ecclesiastical court, is the General 
 Assembly. Its constitution is very peculiar. A lord high 
 commissioner sits in it .i« repre.sentiitive of the sovereign, 
 but does not take part in its deliberations. The president 
 or moderator is chosen annually by each assembly. The 
 members consist of representative ministers and elders. 
 The General Assembly acts in two capacities — a judicial and 
 a legislative. In the former it decides all cases that come 
 before it by review, and in the latter it makes laws for its 
 own internal government. The extent of its powers in this 
 respect were never well defined, and. a fevi years ago, became 
 the subject of very earnest discussion, which first brought 
 the church and the supreme civil court* into collision, and, 
 in 1843, issued in the disruption of the church itself; no 
 fewer than 474 ministers voluntarily severing their connec- 
 tion with it under protest, and sacrificing all their livings 
 sooner than submit to wtiat they regarded as a series of 
 direct encroachments on their spiritual independence. 
 
 Previous to this defection, the Established Church was 
 nominally adhered to by a majority of the population, but 
 has since been reduced to a decided minority. The protest- 
 ing ministers and their adherents formed themselves into 
 the Free Church, which, in 1853, numbered 759 congrega- 
 tions. Within the short period of 10 years, it has actually 
 expended for eccle.siaslical and education purposes, the sum 
 of 3,018,'i89/. The next greatest religious body not in con- 
 nection with the Establishment, is the United Presbyterian 
 Church, composed of the union of three bodies formerly 
 known under the names of Uurghers, Anti-Burghers, and 
 the Relief, the whole numbering 505 congregations. To 
 these three bodies belong at least four-fifths of the whole 
 population. The other denominations are Reformed Pres- 
 byterians. English and Scotch Episcopalians, Independents, 
 Baptists. Jlethodists, and Roman Catholics. 
 
 Education. — When Scotland was first emancipated from 
 the bondage of Popery. Knox and his fellow-reformers, in a 
 spirit of the most enlighteneii philanthropy, proposed a dis- 
 tribution of the church funds, which would have provide<I 
 effectually for the education of all classes; and though 
 baffled by the selfishness of those who had seized upon 
 these funds, they proceeded resolutely with their plan, and 
 did what in them lay to establish aa endowed school in 
 every Scotch parish. The parochial school system thus 
 founded proved so effectual that Scotchmen, wherever they 
 went, distinguished themselves by shrewdness, intelligence. 
 Industry, and honesty ; and, in regard at least to the lower 
 and middle classes, were generally admitted to be the liest- 
 educated people in Europe. The means of education, how- 
 ejrer, were unfortunately allowed to remain almost st.1- 
 tionary, while population wjis advancing with remarKable 
 rapiditr-; and hence. though the parochial system continued 
 to be tf '.erably effective in rural parishes, it became almost 
 powerless in large towns, and Scotland began to descend 
 rapidly from her foremost place among educatt-d nations, to 
 a mu.h lower grade. Of late, however, a happy rivalship 
 has been excit^-d among the different religious lK>die8. urging 
 them to strenuous exertion in erecting schools by means 
 Of voluntary subscriptions, supplemented by pailiamentarv 
 1740 ' 
 
 grants ; and it Is to he hoped that she may yet regain her 
 former position. Academies are freely provided for the 
 wealthier classes; and there are 5 universities, of which 
 that of Edinburgh is one of the most celebratetl in Europe. 
 There are also many theological schools, and schools of 
 medicine. 
 
 I' oplf. — Scotland was originally peopled by the Celt.s. who 
 sprti-ad themselves over the whole country, and had such a 
 numerical ascendency in it. that even after they ceased to 
 be the dominant race of the Lowlands, the mountains and 
 valleys, rivers and lakes, as well as towns, vill.nges, and 
 hamlets, retained the Celtic names which they had given 
 them. The Teutonic trities. landing on the English coast, 
 naturally spi-ead themselves X., and. aided by new arrivals 
 of their countrymen, drove the Celts into the Highlands. 
 The resemblance between the Scotch and Ensrlish l.tnguages 
 proves the common origin of the pef>ple who spenk Ihem. 
 The N.W. parts of Scotland and the Hebrides are still peo- 
 pled by the Celtic race. That part 8. of the Tay and Clyde, 
 and the whole eastern coasts, including Caithness, are Saxon 
 and Scandinavian. The central parts are a mixture of Saxon 
 and Celtic. Erse or (jaelic. the laniruasre of the aboriirinal 
 C<?lts, is still spoken in the Highlands. The old Scottish 
 language is a cognate Teutonic dialect, but is now generally 
 superseded by the modern English. In moral qualities the 
 Scotch exhibit a strong love of kindred and country, and 
 an indomitable courage and perseverance. With regard to 
 intellectual qualities, there are few branches of literature, 
 science, or art, in which Scotchmen do not hold an honors 
 able place. In works of imagination and poetry they have, 
 among other distinguished names. Burns, Campbell, and 
 Scott, while they are scarcely surpassed as historians and 
 metaphysicians. Their medical schools were long the most 
 celebrated in Europe; and their inventive powers are suffi- 
 ciently vouched for by the genius of Watt. 
 
 Hiftiiry. — The early history of Scotland is full of fable, and 
 even where deemed authentic, posses.ses little interest till 
 about the end of the ninth century, when the Norwegians, 
 who had previously taken possession of the Orkney and 
 Western Isles, overran all the N. portion of the country. 
 Under the Norwegian earl. Sigurd, they held almost uncon- 
 trolled dominion as far S. as the Frith of Clyde. A combi- 
 nation of Scottish chieftains, headed by Malcolm, the Maor* 
 mor or lord of Moray, in 993. succeeded in expelling the 
 invaders from the mainland. The victorious chieftain now 
 ascended the thi-one of Scotland, under the title of Mal- 
 colm II., and retained the sovereignty till his death, in 
 1029. His son, Malcolm Kenneth, who assumed the title 
 of Malcolm III., was succeeded in 103;i by his grandson Dun- 
 can, whose life and reign furnish the legends on which 
 Shakspeare has founded his immortal tragedy of MacljtOi. 
 History, however, does not confirm the legends, but. on the 
 contrary, narrates that in 1040. Macbeth, .^iaormor of .Moray, 
 at the head of his Celts, met Duncan at Elgin, and having 
 slain him in fair fight, became in consequence king of Scot- 
 land. In 1058 Macbeth was in turn defe;ited and slain liy 
 Malcolm, son of Duncan, who became undisputed sovereign 
 of the whole of the mainland of Scotland, with the excep- 
 tion of a portion iu the N., which the Norwegians had ma- 
 naged to retain. 
 
 In 1290. the death of Margaret, surnanied the Jlaiden of 
 Norway, having extinguished the direct line of the Scottish 
 kings, led to the memorable struggle between John B.tliol, 
 the tool of Edward I. of England, and Robert Bruce. The fate 
 of lx)th. parties was decided by the great victory of Bannock- 
 bum, in 1314, when Bruce ascended the throne. His reign, 
 the most glorious in Scolti.sh annals, terminated in 1329, 
 when he was succeeded by his son, David II. This sovereign 
 died without issue in 1371, when the dynasty of the Stuarts 
 commenced in the person of Robert Stuart, surnaraed the 
 Bleer Eye, a grand.son of Robert Bruce. James 1., an able 
 aiid accomplished sovereign, who succeeded to the crown in 
 1406. created a great number of burghs with importiint privi- 
 leges, and was pi-oceedinp with other reforms, when he was 
 basely assassinated. Misfortune seemed to have marked 
 this family as a devoted race. James II. perished by the 
 bursting of a cannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle : James 
 III. was murdered inahoTel: James IV. peri.«hed on the 
 fatal field of Flodden. among such heaps of slaughter that 
 his body was never recognised; and James V.. though pos- 
 sessed of accomplishments which would have distinguished 
 him in any rank of life, at last retired t<i his palace of Falk- 
 land only to die of a broken heart. The misfortunes of his 
 family survived him. and were all accumulated in the most 
 cruel form on the head of his unfortunate daughter Maiy. 
 Her whole life was a trairedy. Having lost ttie affection of 
 her subjects she fied to England, and claimed the protection 
 of her cousin Ellzalieth. but was impri-soned. and ultimately 
 consigned to the scaffold in 1587, by the English queen. 
 Mary was succeeded by her son, James VI., who. by a 
 strange concurrence of circumstances, not only gained his 
 mother's crown, but that also of the kinswoman who de- 
 prived her of life. From the accession of James VI. to the 
 English throne in 1(103, the annals of the two Mngoows bo- 
 came almost identified, though they both retjiined thuir lu- 
 
SCO 
 
 dependence, and continued to be ruled by separate titles 
 
 till the Act of Union in 1707. Arlj. Scotch or Scott'ish, 
 
 (Fr. KcossAis, .Vkos'sA': Ger. Schottish, shott'ish, or 8chott'- 
 LANDiscH, shott'land'ish ; Sp. EscocES, Js-ko-th^s'; It. Sco- 
 HANO. skndzH-d'no; Dutch, SchoT!>ch, sKotsh;) inhab.ScOTCH'- 
 MA\. (the French. Spanish, and Italian are the same as the 
 adjective; Ger. Schotte. shot/teh ; Dutch, Schots'man.) 
 
 SCOT'LA.ND, a county in the X.N.K. part of Missouri, 
 bordering on Iowa, ha.s an area estimated at 450 .square inile.s. 
 It is traversed by the Wyaconda and the \orth FaWus and 
 Middle Fabius Kivers. The surface is undulatiuR, and con- 
 sists partly of prairies; the soil is fertile, and adtipted to 
 mstuiage or the production of grain. Capital, Memphis. 
 riip. Si-ii 3, of whom 87 12 were free, and 131 slaves. 
 
 i^COTLAND, u post-office of York co., Maine. 
 
 SCOTLAND, a post-village of Plymouth co., Massachu- 
 setts, 31 iiiik'R S. of Boston. 
 
 SCi>XLAXD, a po^-t-township of Windham co., Connecti- 
 cut, 3.1 miles !•;. by S. of Ilartfonl. Pop. 720. 
 
 SCOTLAND, a post-otlice of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SCOTLAND, a post>viIl.age of Jefferson co., Mississippi. 
 
 SCOTLA.ND. a post-otfice of Union co., Arkansas. 
 
 SCOTLAND, a post-villaije of Greene co., Indiana, 10 miles 
 8. of liloomtield. 
 
 SCOTLAND, a village of Canada West, co. of O.xford, 11 
 mili^s from lirantford. Pop. about 2(I0. 
 
 SCOTLAND NKCK, a post-office of Halifax co., North Ca- 
 rolina, aliout 100 miles K.N.E. of italeigh. 
 
 SCOTS'WOOD, a village of Knglaud. co. of Northumber- 
 laod, on the Tyne. about Smiles W. of Newcastle. 
 
 SCOTT, a county situated in the S.AV. part of Virginia, 
 and bordering on Tennessee, contains 620 square miles. It 
 is drained by Clinch Uiver, and by the North Fork of IIol- 
 ston Kiver. The surface is traversed by several parallel 
 mountain ridges, one of which is called the Clinch Moun- 
 tain. The soil is mostly fertile, and adapted to grazing. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, and other kinds of grain also flourish. 
 Bituminous coal and iron ore are abundant. Aliout .3 miles 
 fi-om the Clinch Kiver is one of the most remarkable natu- 
 ral oli.iecU, of the state, known as the "Natural Tunnel." 
 An affluent of the Clinch Kiver, after flowing thii'Ugh a 
 deep ravine, enclosed by stupendous walls of stratified rocks, 
 is confronted by a transverse ridge, about 300 feet in height, 
 which has been perforated at its base by an arched tunnel 
 to admit the passage of the stream. The spectator, standing 
 by the margin of the stream, sees before him an enormous 
 arch, rising 70 or SO feet surmounted by strata of limstone, 
 which measure more than 100 feet in a vertical direction, 
 while the view on either side is bounded by gigantic ram- 
 parts of perpendicular rock. The county was formed in 
 18U. and named in honor of General Winfleld Scott. Pop. 
 12,072. of whom ll,.'iS2 were free. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the S. central part of Mississippi, has 
 an area of about boo square "miles. It is drained by Tuscii- 
 lameta Creek, an affluent of Pearl River. The soil is sandy 
 and sterile ; a large part of the county is covered with forests 
 of pine. Named in honor of Governor A. M. Scott, of Mis- 
 sissippi. Capital, Hillsborough. Pop. S139, of whom 5180 
 were free, and 2959 slaves. 
 
 SCOTT, a county situated in the W. part of Arkansas, 
 contains 870 square miles. It is drained by the Fourche 
 La Fave and the Petit Jean Kivers. The surfiice is diver- 
 sified. The soil is adapted to tlie production of grain and 
 for pasture. Capital, Roonsville. Pop. 5145, of whom 4930 
 were free, and 215 slaves. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee, border- 
 ing on Kentucky ; area estimated at 650 square miles. It is 
 drained by Clear Fork of Cumberland River, and by Pow- 
 ell's Kiver. The surface is traversed by Cumlierland Moun- 
 tains, and mostly covered with forests. Capital, Huntsville. 
 Pop. 3519, of whom 3460 were free, and .59 slaves. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area 
 estimated at 240 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 North Klkhorn, affluent of the Kentucky River, and also 
 drained by the South Elkhorn and i:agle Creek. The sur- 
 face is div^rsifie 1 — level, undulating, and hilly; the S. part 
 has a deep, black soil, based on limestone, and remarkable 
 for fertilit}'. The county is intersected by the turnpike 
 from Lexington to Covington. Formed in 1792, and name<l 
 in honor of Governor Charles Scott, of Kentucky. Capital 
 Georgetown. Pop. 1-1,417, of whom 8673 were free, and 5744 
 slaves. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, contains 
 about ISO square miles. It is drained by Graham's Fork of 
 White River. The surface is nearly level, excepting some 
 hills in the W. part, called the " Knobs." which are among 
 the highest elevations in the state. The county is inter- 
 sected by the .leffersonville Railroad. Organized in 1820. 
 Capital, Lexington. Pop. 7303. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area 
 of 255 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Illinois 
 River, navigable by steamboats, and intersected by Plume, 
 Sandy, and Movestar (Mauvaiseterre) Creeks. The surface 
 is nearly level, and partly covered with forests of good tini- 
 •)er. The soil is exceedingly rich, and is well cultivated. 
 
 SCO 
 
 stone coal and good limestone are .ibundant. Sandy Creek 
 furnishes valuable water-power at the county seat. Capital, 
 Winchester. Pop. 9069. 
 
 - SCOTT, a county in the E.S.E. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 370 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Mi.ssissippi River, which separates it from Illinois, and ou 
 the W. by Castor River and Castor I..;ike. The surface is 
 uneven, and some parts broken ; a portion of the soil is pro- 
 ductive. Extensive cypress swamps occur in the S. part. 
 Capital, Benton. Pop. 5247, of whom 4744 were free, and 
 603 slaves. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 4.50 square miles. The Mississippi forma 
 its boundary on the E. and S.E., and the Wapsipinicon on 
 the N. The surface is high, and undulating. The soil la 
 good, and easily cultivated. A great part of the county is 
 destitute of timber, but this deficiency is partly compensated 
 by the abundance of stone coal. Limestone is the principal 
 rock. Named in honor of General Wiufield Scott. Capital, 
 Davenport. Pop; 25,959. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of about 400 square miles. The St. Ceter's or Minne- 
 sota River forms its N.W. boundary, and it is dmined by 
 the sources of Vermilion and Cannon Kivers. The surface 
 is undulating, and diversified with pr.airies and forests. 
 The soil is productive. Lumber is the chief article of ex- 
 port. This county is not included in the census of 1850, 
 Capital. Shakoppc. Pop. in 1860. 4595. 
 
 . SCOTT, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Cortland co., New York, 145 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1208. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1323. 
 
 SCOTT, a post-township of W.ayne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 871. 
 
 SCOTl', a township of Mississippi co.. Arkan.sas. 
 
 SCOTT, a post-township in the N.W. part of Adams co., 
 Oliio. Pop. 1327. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1162. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Marion co., Ohio. I'op. 586. 
 
 SCO IT, a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 1264. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pop. 597. 
 
 SCOTT, a post-offlce of Jji Grange co., Indiana. 
 
 SCOTT, a townsliip of Montgomery co., Indiana. Pop. 1091 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Steuben CO., Indiana. Pop..ll44. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Vanderburg Co., Indiana. Pop. 1342. 
 
 SCOTT, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois. 
 
 SCOTT, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, 75 miles S.W. 
 by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Pop. 815. 
 
 SCOT'!', a post-village and townsliip of Sheboygan co., 
 Wisconsin, 44 miles N. by W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1214. 
 
 SCOT'TER, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCOT'TON. a parish of Flngland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCOTT'OW, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SCOTTS'BOROUGII. a village of Baldwin co., Georgia, on 
 the railroad from Milledgeville to Gordon, 4 miles S. of the 
 former. 
 
 SCOTTS/BURG, a post-office of Livinirston CO.. New York. 
 
 SCOTTSBURO. a post-village of Halifax co., Virginia, 119 
 miles .S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 SCOTTSBUKG, a post-village of Umpqua co., Oregon, on 
 the right bank of the Umpqua River, lUO miles S.S.W. of 
 Salem. 
 
 SCOTT'S CREEK, a post-office of Haywood co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SCOTT'S HILL, a post-office of New Hanover co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SCOTT'S HILL, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 SCOTT'S MILLS, a village of Linn co., Iowa, 25 miles N. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 SCOTT'S MOUNTAIN, of Warren co- New Jersey, forms 
 part of South Mountain! It is from 700 to 8!)0 feet above 
 tide-water. It atounds with iron ore of several varieties. 
 
 SCOTT'S STATION, a post-office of llarri.son co., Kentucky. 
 
 SCOTTS'VILLE, a post-village of Monroe co.. New York, 
 near the Genesee River, and on the canal of that name, 13 
 miles S.W. of Rochester. It has chui-ches of 3 or 4 denoioii- 
 nations. about 10 stoi-es. and several mills. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE. a thriving post-village of Albemarle CO., 
 Virgini.i, is situated on the left bank of James River. 79 
 miles W. of Richmond. The navigation of the James River 
 Canal renders it a place of active and extensive trade, and 
 an important depot for produce. The village, which is 
 built chiefly of brick, contains 3 churches. Pop. in 1853, 
 about 1200. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Powhatan co., 
 Virginia, 32 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village of Bilib CO., Alabama, 30 
 miles E.S.E. of Tuscaloosa, contains several stores, and 350 
 inhabitants. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE. a post-office of Claiborne parish. Louisiana 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE. a post-village, capital of Allen co.. Ken 
 tucky, about 148 miles S.W. of Frankfort. Besides tht 
 
 1741 
 
SCO 
 
 SEA 
 
 usual county buildings, it contains 3 or 4 churches, and 4 
 Btores. 
 
 SCOTTSVTLLE, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Macomb CO., Jlichisan. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLK, a village of Lee co., Illinois, 140 miles N. 
 by E. of Sprin<:field. 
 
 SCOTTSV.LLE. a post-Tillage of Macoupin co., Illinois, 
 about 78 milfs S.E. of Cialeua. 
 
 SCOTT&VILLK, a post-village of Sullivan oc, Missouri, 
 130 miles N.X.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SCOTT'VILLE. a villafre of Iluntinsdon CO., Tennsylvania, 
 nt the S. base of Jack's Mountain, 87 miles W. of Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 SCOTTVTLLE. a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky. 
 
 SCOULTON, skol'ton. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SCOUIilE or SCOUKY, skoo'ree. a seaport village of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Sutherland, on its W. coast, 21 miles S.S.W. 
 of Cape Wrath. Pop. 100. 
 
 SCOZr.\, a country of Europe. See Scotiasb. 
 
 SCKAU'r.LE. a post office of Berkeley co.i W. Virginia. 
 
 SCRAB'BLKTOWN, a village of Burlington co.. New Jer- 
 sey. 12 miles E. of Mount Holly. 
 
 SCKAB'BY or BAL'IA'MACAL'LEXY, a parish of Ireland, 
 tn Ulster, co. of Cavan. 
 
 SCHA.NTON, formerly LACK.\WAN'XA, a flourishing 
 post-borough of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank 
 of the I.ackawanna River, and on the Delaware Lacka- 
 wanna and Western Railroad, 137 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 and 16 miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre. It is the E. terminus of 
 the Lackawanna and Bloomsbnrg Railroad, which connects 
 with the I'hiladelpliia and Erie R.R., near Sunbury.and tlie 
 Pennsylviinia Coal Company's Railroad extends E. about 28 
 miles "to the Lackawaxen Canal. These improvements, to- 
 gether with the rich mines of coal which are worked in the 
 vicinity, render it a place of active business, and an impor- 
 tant depot of the Pennsylvania Coal Company. Scrauton 
 contains 11 churches, 2 national banks, 2 banking offices, 3 
 public school houses, and 2 newspaper offices ; also several 
 machine-shops, iron foundries, an axo factory, large iron 
 works, &c. Iron ore is abundant in the vicinity. The popu- 
 lation has rapidlv increased for a few years past. Pop. in 
 1860, 9223 ; in 1865, about 12,000. 
 
 SCKAI'H, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Peebles, on the 
 bound.'U'y between the parishes of Drummelzier aud Manor. 
 Height al>ove the sea. 2800 feet. 
 
 SCltAl'TOfT. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SCRAT'BY. a parish of England, co., of Norfolk. 
 
 SCR-\Y'KIKH). a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCRAY'IXGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 SCREAM'ERSVILLE. a post-office. Maury co., Tennessee. 
 
 SCKED'l.NCTON. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCKEM'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SCRKVKTON. skn^v'ton. a parish of England, co. Notts. 
 
 SCRI'BA. a post-village and township of Oswego CO., New 
 York, on Lake Ontario, and on the Oswego River, adjoining 
 Oswego, and about 34 miles N.X.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 3282. 
 
 SCRIV'ELSBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. Patron 
 of rectory, the Hon. II. Dymoke, whose favuily hold the manor 
 on the tenure of acting as champion at the coronation of 
 the sovereign. 
 
 SCRIV'EN, a township of England, co. of York, In West 
 Riding. Ne.ir it is the ancient camp of King's Garth. 
 
 SCRIV'E.X, a county in the E. part of Georgia, bordering 
 on South Cariilina, contains 540 square miles. The Savan- 
 nah River bounds it on the E., and the Ogeechee on the 
 8.W. The surface is mostly level, and the soil sandy. The 
 fbrests afford pine lumber for exportation. The river and 
 the Central Railrfwid affords easy access to the Savannah 
 laarket. Organized in 1793, and named in honor of Colonel 
 James Scriven. an officer of the Revolution, and a native of 
 South Carolina. Capital, Sylvania. Pop. 8274, of whom 
 3744 were free, an(i 4.-).30 slaves. 
 
 SCRIVIA. skree've-i, a river of the Sardinian Stat«s, rises 
 about 10 uiiles \.E. of Genoa, flows N.N.W., and joins the 
 Po on the right, 9 miles W.N.W. of Voghera. Length, 50 
 miles. 
 
 SCROG'GIN'S MILLS, a postofflee of Dale eo., Alabama. 
 
 SCRiXiG'SFIELD, a postrofflce of Carrol co., Illinois. 
 
 SCROO'BY, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SCKOP'TON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SCRCB'URASS, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SCRUBGRASS, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 12.38. fe > J 
 
 SCRUB ISLAND, one of the Virgin Islands ia British 
 
 West Indies. :ii miles N.E. of Tortola. 
 
 SCKUGtJS/VlLLE. a small village of Monroe co., Alabama. 
 
 SCRU'TOX. a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 SCUF'FLETOVVX, a post-village of Laurens district. South 
 Carolina. 70 miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 SC'UL'COAT.>. a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, in East 
 Hiding, immediately .\ . of Hull. .Most of the wealthv classes 
 of Hull reeide in this parish, a part of which is laid out in 
 luuidsomu streets. 
 1742 
 
 SCULL CAMP, a post-village, Surry co.. North Carolina. 
 SCULL'S CREEK, of Georgia, entere the Ogeecht,) at the 
 E. end of Emanuel county. 
 
 SCULL SHOALS, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, on 
 the Oconee River, 54 miles N. of Milledgeville, contiiins a 
 cotton factory. 
 
 SCULL'TOWN. formerly LOCK'ERTON, a post-village of 
 Salem co.. New Jei'sey, on Oldman's Creek, 18 miles from 
 its mouth, has a church. 3 stores, and about 40 dwellings. 
 SCULTENNA. See Panaro. 
 
 SCULTHORPE. a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 SCUP'ERNONG/ CREEK, of Wisconsin, enters Bark River 
 in Jefferson county. 
 
 SCUPI. See Uskup. 
 
 SCUl'U>ERNONG', a post-office of Washington co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SCURCOLLA, skooR-kol'li, SCURCULA, skooR-kooll, or 
 SCURGOL.\, skooR-go'll, a town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra II.. 22 miles S.S.W. of .\quila. Near this, in 
 1268. Charles of .\.njou gained the b.attle of Tagliacozzo. 
 
 SCURE OF EIG, (eeg.)a vast basaltic mountain of the 
 island of Eig. in Inner Hebrides, co. of Inverness, on the W. 
 side of the island, and rising to 1340 feet aV>ove the ses. In 
 its perpendicular side, facing the sea. is a cavern termed the 
 "bone cAve." from 400 of the inhabitants of Eig having been 
 smothered here by the clansmen of Skve. 
 
 SCUTARI, skoo'td-re, (called Wku(klarl by the Turks; 
 anc. Cliri/fopfoJh.) a town of Asia Minor, on the Bosphorus, 
 immediately opposite Const^intluople, of which it is usually 
 considered a suburb. Pop. variou.«ly estimated from 30.000 
 to 60,000. It is built on several hills, and lias, both exter- 
 nally and internally, a gi-eat resemblance to the Turkish 
 capital. It has numerous mosques and imarets or kitchens 
 for the poor, a palace and extensive gardens belonging to 
 the Sultan, a noted college of howling dervishes, barracks 
 constructtfd by the late Sultan, some fine cemeteries, various 
 public baths and l>azaar.s, large corn warehou.ses. and manu- 
 factures of silks and cotton fabrics. It is the great rendez- 
 vous for ciiravans from -\sia trading to Constantinople, and 
 between it and Chaleedon; H miles southward is the plain 
 where the Turkish forces usually assemble for Asiatic cam- 
 paigns. Here, in 325, the troops of Coustantine the Great 
 finally defeated those of i^cinius. 
 
 SCUTARI or SKUTARI, (called by the Turks Manr 
 dereeyrh, i.s-kin-deh-ree'yeh ; anc. Scodra,) a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in .\lbania. capital of a sanjak. on the Boyana, 
 at the S. extremity of the Lake of Scutari. 45 miles S.E. of 
 Cattaro, (Austrian Albania.) Lat. 42° N.! ion. 19° 38' E. 
 Pop. upwards of 40.000, alxjut half of whom are Roman 
 Catholics. Immediately adjacent is a lofty height crowned 
 by a citadel, and containing the residence of the governor, 
 with an arsenal and barracks. Scutari has a large bazaar, 
 many mosques, Greek and Roman Catholic churches, several 
 bridges, some yards for buildint coasting vessels, and manu- 
 foctures of cotton eoods and firejirms. Its merchants ai-e 
 reported to be wealthy, and are the principal traders in 
 West Turkey; they export wool, wax, hides, skins, tol«cco, 
 and dried fish, to Triest, Venice, and .\vlona: and import in 
 return colonial produce, with silk fabrics and other manu- 
 factured goods for .sale at the large fairs of Turkey. Sea- 
 going vessels only ascend the Boyana some miles from Scu- 
 tari, to Hobotti, where are warehouses and a custom-liouse. 
 
 SCUTARI or SKUTARI, a village of Greece, in the Morea, 
 government of Mistra. 
 
 SCUTARI or ZANTA, vAn'tl. LAKE OF. (anc. PaHm 
 Labea'tis.) of European Turkey, in Albania, is 20 miles in 
 length from N. to S. ; average breadth. 5 miles. Besides 
 several other rivers, it receives the Moratsha at its N. ex- 
 tremity. Scutari is on the S. bank. 
 
 SCYATHUS. See Skiatho. 
 
 SCYLACEUM. See Sqcillace. 
 
 SCY'LLA and SCYLL.j;UM. See Scwuo. 
 
 SCYROS ISLAND. Grecian Archipelago. See Sktoos. 
 
 SCYTHOPOLIS. See Bei.saw. 
 
 SCZLOPPA. a town of West Prussia. See Schloppe. 
 
 SDILI, sdee'lee, two islets of the Grecian Archipelago; 
 the larger, (anc. khenea,) 4 miles S.W. of Slyconi, kietweeu 
 which is the smaller, (anc. Delns.) See Delos. 
 
 SEA'BOARD. post-office. Northampton co., North Carolina. 
 
 Sl'^A'HOROUGH. a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SE.\'BR001v, a post-vill.ige and townsliip of Rockingham 
 CO., New Ilampsliire, near tlie Atlantic coast, on the Eastern 
 Railroad, 45 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1549. 
 
 SE.\COMBE, see'komb. a village and township of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Chester, on the Mersey, within 1 mile of Lirep- 
 pool, to which a steamlioat is constantly plying. It has a 
 great numlier of elegant residences and pleasant houses 
 lacing the Mersey, a handsome church, a Wesleyan chapel, 
 extensive copper and patent metal mills, smalt-works, and a 
 foundry. Pop. 3044. 
 
 SEA'CROFT, a village and township of England, co. of 
 York, in M'est Riding. 4 miles E.N.E. of Leeds. During the 
 Heptarchy, a battle was fi)Ught here on Win Moor; the 
 Royalists also here defeated the 1 arlinmentarians. P. 1903. 
 
 SE.\'FORD, a parish, cinque i«trt, aud oiifrauchised bo- 
 
SEA 
 
 SEB 
 
 roTifth nf Ensland, co. of Sussex, 12 miles E.S.K. of Brifchton, 
 (111(1 about midway betwaen it and lieachey Head. J^op. in 
 1851. 997 
 
 SEA'FORD, a pos< villaore of Sussex co., Delaware, on 
 NaiiticoUe River, (navipible for steamboats,) and on the 
 Delaware Railroad. 40 miles S. by AV. of Dover. It is a place 
 of a<tive trade. It contains 4 churches, 1 or 2 banks, 1 ho- 
 tel, and 13 stores. Oysters and fruits are canned here exten- 
 sively. Pop. in ISm, 024. 
 
 SK.\'FOKTII, LOCri. loK.anarraof the sea in the Hebrides, 
 lu Scotland, partially divides F^ewis from Harris. 
 
 SK.\'GOK or SE'GOE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Ami.a<;h. 
 
 SKA'OKAVE, B parish of Enijland. co. of Leicester. 
 
 SKA'aUAVE'S MILLS, a village of Providence co., Rhode 
 Island, about 25 miles N'.W. of Providence. It contains 1 
 woollen mill. Pop. about 60. 
 
 .SHA'dKV. a parish of Kndand, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SE.VHAM, a parish of Entclaud, co. of Durham, on the 
 North Sea, 5 miles S. of Sunderland. It gives the title of 
 discount to the Londonderry family. 
 
 SKA-HORSE ISLANDS, a chain of islets in the Arctic 
 Ocean, oil the coast of Russian America, in lat. 71° N., Ion. 
 159° W. 
 
 S1:A-H0I!SR point, of British America, is the E. ex- 
 tremity of Southampton Island. Lat. 63° 40' N., Ion. 80° 
 10' W. 
 
 SKAL, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SKAL., a parish of Ktiffland. co. of SuiTey. 
 
 SKAL, Neuier- and Over, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 SEAL, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 1509. 
 
 SEAf^. a pistolHce of Wyandot co.. Ohio. 
 
 SEAL C«)VK. a post-offlee of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 SEA'LEirs COVE, an inlet of the S. coast of Australia, 13 
 miles E. of Wilson l>romontory. 
 
 8K.\.L ISLAND, of British North America, is in the Atlan- 
 tic, 18 miles W. of Cape Sable, the S. extremity of Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 SEALISLAND,a cranite rock off the S. coast of Australia. 
 Lat. 34° 6' S., Ion. 120° 28' E. 
 
 SKAL ISLAND, of South-western Africa, off the Hotten- 
 tot coast, about midway between the Orange and Koussie 
 Rivers. 
 
 SKAL ISLANDS or LOBOS (lo'noce) ISLANDS, a group 
 of three small islands in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast 
 or I'eru. about 12 miles distant from the mainlaud. The 
 largest and northernmost is called Loiios Dl Tierra, lo'uoce 
 di te-^R'ad, about 5 miles long and 2 miles broad. The 
 name LoBOS, (from the Spanish Wyo or lobo marino, a " seal,") 
 was given on account of tHk number of seals found on the 
 shores. Uit. of the S. point, 6° 29' S., Ion. 80° 63' W. These 
 islands contain large deposits of guano. 
 
 SEAL ISLAND.-J.a small cluster W.by S. of Grand Menan 
 Island. Maine. On the western island are two fixed lights, 
 alxiut 140 feet from e,ach other, and 59 feet above high-water 
 mark. Lat. 44° 29' N., Ion. 67° 5' 30" W. 
 
 SEALKOTE. or SEALCOTE, se-SPkoy. (written also SYAL- 
 KOTE, and SHALKOTE.) a town of the Punjab, 65 miies 
 E.N.E. of liahore. It has manufactures of paper. The vi- 
 cinity is well cultivated, 
 
 Sli.^L RIVER, of British North America, enters Hudson 
 Bay on its W. side. 40 miles N.W. of the Churchill River, 
 after a N.E. course of 200 miles. 
 
 SEA'MEl!, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, 
 on the Scarborough and Bridlington Railway, 4 miles S.W. 
 of Scarlx>rough. 
 
 SEA'PATItICK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down. 
 
 SEAKA, a province of Brazil. See Ceara. 
 
 SKAKBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SEAUCY, sgr'see, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, con- 
 tains about 9.30 S(iuare miies. It is intersected by ISuffalo 
 Fork of White River. The surface Is hilly or rolling; the 
 soil is adapted to the production of wheat. Indian corn, and 
 grass. A large portion of the county is overspread with 
 forests. Capital, Lobanou. Pop. 5271, of whom 5178. were 
 free, and 93 slaves. 
 
 SEARCY, a township of Phillips co., Arkans.-vB. 
 
 SEARCY, a small post-village. capiUil of White co., Ar- 
 kansas, about 50 miles N'E. of Little Rock. Pop. 621. 
 
 SEA'RIUIITS, a post-t>ffioe of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SEARS'BUKG, a post-township of liennington co., A'er- 
 niont. 112 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 262. 
 
 SEARSBURG, a post-village of Schuyler co.. New York. 
 
 SEARS/MONT, a post-village and township of Waldo co., 
 Maine, on St. George River. 30 miles E. Ijy S. of Augusta. 
 1 1 has good water-power, which is employed by 6 mills for 
 Btvwing boards. 5 for staves and shingles, 3 grist mills, a 
 carding and clothing machine, and 1 large tannery. The 
 village contains 2 churches, and 3 stores. Pop. about 300 ; 
 of the township, 1057. 
 
 SE.A.RS'PORT, a post-village and township of Waldo co.. 
 Maine, on Penobscot Bay, about -50 miles E. by S. of .\ugusta. 
 It is a pUace of active business, and contains a bank. P.2532. 
 
 SEARS'VILLE, a post-office of Oringe co., New York, 
 
 SEARS'VILLE, a post-vill.age of Stewart co., Georsia. 110 
 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 SEA'S-iLTER, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SEA-OF-SODi)M or SEA-of-tiik-PLAI.NS. See Dead SeA. 
 
 SEA'SON-COTE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SEATON, a parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Eng- 
 lish Channel. In summer it is much resorted to for sea- 
 bathing. 
 
 SEATON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 SE.\TON, a township of jiiigl.ind. co. of Cumberland. 
 
 SEA'TON or SETON, a parish of Scothand, co. of Hadding- 
 ton, annexed to Tranent. Here are the ruins of a noblo 
 edifice of the Seatons. 
 
 SE.\'TON-CAREW', a maritime township and chapelry of 
 England, co. of Durham, on the Clarence and Hartlepool 
 Railway, 2j miles S.S.W. of Hartlepool. It has sever.d good 
 inns, lodging-houses, baths, public libraries ; and is resorted 
 to for sea-bathing. N. of the village are two light-houses. 
 
 SEA'TON DEL/AVAL, a township of England, co. North- 
 umberland. 
 
 SKATON, ROSS, a parish of England, co. of York, in East 
 Riding. 
 
 SEATTLE or SEA'TLE, a thriving post-village and capi- 
 tal of Ivings CO., Washington Territory, at the month of 
 Duwamish River, and at the head of i'.Uiott Bay, which is 
 on the E. side of Admiralty Inlet, 00 miles N.N.li. of i.ilyni- 
 pia. 'J'lie valley of the Duwamish is extensive and rich. 
 Pop. ill 1.SC5 estimated at -iiO. 
 
 SEA'TUCIC, a post-offlee of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 SEA VIEW, one of the highest mountains of New South 
 Wales, between the co. of Maccjuarrie and the New England 
 district. It is COOO feet in height. 
 
 SE.\ VIEW, a post-oflice of Northampton co., Virginia. 
 
 SEA'A'ILLE, a township of Hancock CO., Maine, 77 miles 
 E. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 958. 
 
 SE.-iVILLE, a post-office of Cape May co.. New Jersey. 
 
 SEA'VINGTON ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 SEAVINGTON ST. MICHAEL, a parish of England, co. 
 of Somerset. ^ 
 
 SEB.\'GO, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 55 
 miles S.W. bv W. of Augusta. Pop. 8,50. 
 
 SEBAGO POND or LAICK, of Cumberland co., JIaine. 
 Length, 12 miles; greatest breadth, from 7 to 8 miles. It 
 is connected with Portland by the Cumberland and Oxford 
 Canal, about 20 miles long. 
 
 SEBANDO. See Chob.ando. 
 
 SEBASTK, Asia Minor. See Seevas. 
 
 SEB.i.STE, a town of Palestine. See Samaria. 
 
 SEB.VSTIAN, se-bast/yan, a new county in the W. part of 
 Arkansiis, contains 825 square miles. The Arkansas River 
 forms the entire N. boundary. The surface is partly oceu- 
 pieil by high mountains belonging to the Ozark range, 
 which are thouglit to be rich in minerals. It contains aa 
 abundance of stone coal. The Arkansas is navigable by 
 steamboats in tills part of its course. Capital, Jenny Lind. 
 Pop. 9238. 
 
 SEBASTIANSBERG, se-bas'te-lns-b5RG\ or BASBERG, 
 bis'b^BO, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.W. of Sa;itz. Pop. 
 15SS. 
 
 SEBASTICOOK RIVER, a fine mill-stream, rises in Pe- 
 nobscot county, Maine, and flowing through Somerset 
 county, falls into the Kennebec River in Kennebec county. 
 Its whole length is about 50 miles. 
 
 SEB ASTOPOL or SEBASTOPOLIS, a town of Russia. See 
 Sevastopol. 
 
 SEBASTOPOLIS, Asia Minor. See Turkhat,. 
 
 SEMJEC, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, on the 
 N. side of Piscataquis River, 70 miles N.N.E. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 1152. 
 
 SEBEE, s.Vbee'' or SEWEE, s.Vwee\ a town at the S. fron- 
 tier of Afghanistan, 15 miles E. of Dadur. 
 
 SK-BEE'RO or NORTH PO'RA ISLAND, Indian Ocean, 
 off the W. coast of Sumatra. Lat. of the N. point, 0° 56' S., 
 Ion. 98° 38' E. It is 60 miles in length. 
 
 SEBEN, si/ben, (Hun. Siebcn. s-\'bbn\) a walled town of 
 Ilunirary, co. of Saros. on the Tarisa, 9 miles N.N.W. of 
 Eperies. Pop. 2200. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran 
 churches, and a trade in wine, spirits, and paper. 
 
 SEBENICO, s,^-ba'ne-ko, a town of Dalmatia. 42 miles S.E. 
 of Zara, on an inlet of the Adriatic, which receives the river 
 Kerka. Pop. 0000. It has an excellent harbor, defended 
 by several forts. The principal edifice is a lofty cathedral of 
 curious external appear.aiice, but magnificent internally; 
 the town has various buildings of Venetian architecture, its 
 republic having voluntarily annexed itself to A'enice in 991, 
 It has a manufactory of rosoglio, exports of wine, and an 
 active trade with Turkey. It was the birthplace of the 
 painter .\ndiea Schiavoni, and the philosopher Tommasseo. 
 
 SEBKNNYTUS. See Semkncod. 
 
 SEBERII.\M, High and Low, a p.arish of England, co. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 SEBESH, s.Vbish, (Polish, Siehifz. se-il'be-fzh,)a town of 
 Russian Poland, government, and 95 miles N.W. of Vitebsk, 
 between Lakes Sebesh and Wornn. Pop. 2100. 
 
 1743 
 
SEB 
 
 SKBEWA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Ionia co., 
 Miclii^jan. Pop. .'i04. 
 
 SEBEWA CKEEK, of Michigan, enters Gi-and River in 
 Innia county. 
 
 SEBHA, sA'bi, a town of Central Africa, in Fezzan, 80 
 miles N. of Moorzook. 
 
 SEBNITZ. sJb'nits, a town of Saxony, 24 miles E.S.E. of 
 Dresden. Pop. oo09. 
 
 SEBMTZ, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, goverr- 
 ment, and U miles N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1122. 
 
 SEBOXCOURT, s.VbdiNo'kooR/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Aisne. arrondissement of St. Quentin. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SEBOO, SEBOU or SEBU, si'boo', (anc. Sufrur?) or MAH- 
 MORE, ml-mo/rd,? a river of Morocco, descends from a 
 ramification of the Great Atlas, in Fez, flows first N.W., 
 then W.. and after a course of about 160 miles, falls into 
 the Atlantic at Mehadiah. It is navigable for boats to Fez. 
 
 SEBOURG. sgh^booR/, a village of France, department of 
 Nord. arrondissement of Valenciennes. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SEBU. a river of Jlorocco. See Seboo. 
 
 SEBUS or SEBOUS. See Seibous. 
 
 SEBCJSTIEH, si^bils'tee-fh, (anc. Sama'ria.) afterwards 
 SEB.\STE, a village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, on a hill 
 rising out of a fine plain, 6 miles N.W. of Nabloos. It is 
 tolerably well built, and its hill is covered with fine gardens 
 and plantations, interspersed with numerous vestiges of an- 
 cient edifices. The principal remains of antiquity are. a 
 church, erected over a sepulchre traditionally reputed as the 
 burialplace of John the Baptist; some columns of a temple, 
 and portions of a long colonnade, probably erected by Ilerod 
 the Great. Samaria was founded by Omri. b. c. 025, and 
 from that time until the captivity, b. c. 720, it continued to 
 be the capital of the t«n tribes of Israel. It afterwards gave 
 name to the province of Samaria, and under Herod resumed 
 considerable magnificence and importance; but it appears 
 to have decayed as early as'the fourth century of our era. 
 
 SECA, La. li si^kS, a town of Spain, province, and 19 miles 
 S.S.W. of Yalladolid. Pop. 3997. 
 
 SECCIIIA, sSkTie-J, (anc. Se'cia or GabeVluf.) a river of 
 North Italy, rises in the Apennines, flows N.N.E. through 
 tlie province of Modena, and falls into the Po, 12 miles S.E. 
 of Mantua. Total course, 70 miles. 
 
 SECIISII.WS, sJks'h6wss,or SECIISHAUSEL, (Sech.shau- 
 sol.) sSks'hoi^zel, a village of Lower Austria, near Vienna, 
 on the left bank of the Weir. Pop. 2.530. 
 
 SE-CIIUEN, sAVhoo^Jn', written also SE-TCHUEN and 
 SSE-TCHUAN, a large province of China, mostly between 
 lat. 26° and 33° N., and Ion. 101° and IW^ E., having W. 
 Thibet, and on the other sides the provinces of Kan-soo, 
 Shen-see, Hoo-pe, Koei-choo, and Yun-nan. Area, 166,800 
 square miles. Pop. 21,435.678. Its W. part Js a maze of 
 mountains. It is traversed by the Yang-tse-kiang, to which 
 all its other rivers are tributary. Some parts of it produce 
 fine crops of sugar, silk, and or,anges; but its chief products 
 are rhubarb of the best quality, other drugs, musk, and 
 metals. It is divided into 11 departments. Its chief city is 
 Ching-too-foo. 
 
 SECIIURA, si-choo'rj, a town of North Peru, department 
 of Ti-ujillo, province, and 25 miles S.S.W. of Piura, on the 
 river Piura, near its mouth in the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 SECIA. See Secchi.\. 
 
 SECIL'LI.\, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan. 
 
 SECKENIIEIM. sJk'ken-hlme', a village of Baden, on the 
 Neckar, 4 miles E.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1750. 
 
 SKCKINGEN, s^k'king-en, a town of Baden. 16 miles E. 
 of Basel, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1420. 
 
 SECKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SECKLIN, seh-klix"/, a town of France, department of 
 Nord, on the Naviette, with a station on the Northern Rail- 
 way, 6 miles S.S.W. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 3341. 
 
 SECOND CREEK, apost-oflice, Greenbrier co.,W.Virginia. 
 
 SECOND FORK, a post-village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 
 157 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 SECONDIGLIANO, sA-kon-deel-yS'no, a town of Naples, 
 province, .and 3 miles N. of Naples. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SECONDIGNY, sfh-kANo*deen>ee', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Deux-S^vres, 8 miles W.S.W. of Parthenay. 
 Pop. 1580. 
 
 SECOND LAKE. See Four Lakes. 
 
 SECOND TUKN'OUT, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia. 
 
 SECIIOLE, se-kr51', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, district, and 4 miles N.W. of Benares, having the 
 principal civil station of that district, and large military 
 cantonments. 
 
 SP;Cn:iON ten, a township of Van Wertco.. Ohio. 
 
 SECTION TEN, a post-village of Ohio. See Delphos. 
 SECUGEN, si'koo-ghjn, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Aargau, at the N. extremity of the Lake of llallwyl, 9 
 miles S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1500. 
 
 t ^»^CUXDERABAD, se-ktinMgr-a-bad', a European station 
 in India, m Deccan, and the head-quarters of the British 
 subsidiary force in the Nizam's dominions, 3 miles N. of 
 Hydeiabad. and 358 miles N.N.W. of Madras. Lat. 17° 36' 
 N., Ion 7S° 33' E. It has large cantonments, excellent 
 bazaars, shops kept by Parsees and others, European rooms 
 
 SEB 
 
 where balls are held, a theatre, a race-ground, and public 
 libraries; and close to it is a lake about 15 miles in circum- 
 ference, the banks of which are a favorite morning and 
 evening resort of the European community. At Secunder- 
 absid and Bolarum, a contiguous and more healthy station, 
 12,000 men of the Madras army are generally stationed. Pop., 
 exclusive of garrison, 34,357. 
 
 SECUXDEKMALLY, se-kunder-mailee.a town of British 
 India, piesidency of Madras, 4 miles S. of Madura. 
 
 SECUXURA, se-kiin'did, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 9 miles N.W. of 
 Agra, and having the magnificent mausoleum of the Em- 
 peror Akbar, with extensive ruins and vestiges of former 
 importance. 
 
 SECUXDRA, a large walled village of British India, In 
 the Upper Provinces, 32 miles S.E. of Delhi. 
 
 SECUXDRA, a town of British India, district of Cawn- 
 poor, 18 miles N.W. of Kalpee. 
 
 SED.\N, sfh-d6x»', a fortified town of France, department 
 of Ardennes, on the Meuse, 11 miles E.S.E. of )lezi5reg. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 37,027. It has a communal college, a school 
 of design, and in its principal square n bronze statue of 
 Turenne, born here in 1611. The cit.idel, at the S.E. extre- 
 mity of the town, contains a large arsenal. Sedan is the 
 centre of an extensive manufacture of woollen goods, and 
 has also manu£ictures of hosiery, leather, arms, hardwares, 
 barrels, beet-root sugar, and linen yarn; it has an active 
 trade in agricultural produce. In order to facilitate navi- 
 gation, a canal has been formed along the left bank of the 
 Meuse. Sedan was long an independent principality, and 
 was united to France under Louis XIII. It had a celebrated 
 Protestant university, which subsisted till the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes. 
 
 SEDASHOOGUR, si-diVshoo-gfir', or SODASIIAVAGHUR, 
 so-dJ^shi-vJ-gftr', a maritime town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, on the Malabar coast, 49 miles S.S.E. 
 of Goa. 
 
 SEDBERGII. sJd'berg, a market-town and parish of Eng^ 
 land. CO. of York. West Riding, on the border of Lancashire. 
 Pop. in 1851, 4574. It has a grammar school, with an an- 
 nual revenue of 500?., and exhibitions to 3 fellowships and 
 10 scholarships in St. John's College, Cambridge ; and ma- 
 nufactures of cotton goods. 
 
 SEDELL.\, s,-t-r)Jl'yl. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- 
 vince, and 36 miles N.E. of Malaga. Pop. 1484. 
 
 SEDGEBERROW, s^j'b^r-rd, a parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester. 
 
 SEDGI-yBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SEDGE'FIELD, a market-town and parish of England, CO., 
 and 10 miles S.S.E. of Durh.ani. Pop. in 1851, 2192. The 
 church is large and hand.some. * 
 
 SEDGE'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SEDGE/.MOOR, a wild tract of England, co. of Somerset, 
 between King's Weston and Bridgewater. It wa.s. in 1685, 
 the scene of the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth's forces by 
 the troops of James II. 
 
 SEDGER. sJd'ger, SEGARS. (?) or SAN JU'AN, (Sp. pron. 
 s3n Hoo-in'.) a river of Patagonia, falls into Port Famine, 
 in the Strait of Magellan. It has great depth of water, but 
 can be navigated for only 3 or 4 miles, stumps of trees so fill 
 up its channel as to make it difficult to penetrate farther. 
 
 SEIXIE'S GARDEN, a post-oflice of Forsyth co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SEDG'IIILL, a parish of England, co. of AVilts. 
 
 SEDG'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. It has 
 iron, coal, and limestone works. 
 
 SEDG'WICK, a ])ost-township of Hancock co., Maine, 60 
 miles E. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 12a3. 
 
 SEDILO. sil-dee'lo, a village of Sardinia, division of Gag- 
 liari. 26 miles N.E. of Oristano. Pop. 2240. 
 
 SEDINI, sA-dee'nee, a village of Sardinia, division, and 16 
 miles N.E. of Sassari. Pop. 1647. 
 
 SEDJOOR, SEDJOUR, sed-jooR/, or SUDJUR, sfid-joor', a 
 river of Asiatic Turkey, rises in the N. of the pashalic of 
 -Meppo, flows S.E., and after a course of about 45 miles joins 
 the Euphrates on the left, 15 miles below Bir. 
 
 SED'LESCO.MBE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SED'LEY, a post-office of Bullitt co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SEDLITZ. sSd'lits, or SEDLETZ, written also SEIDLITZ, 
 a vill.tge of Bohemia, 14 miles N.E. of Saiitz. It is famous 
 for mineral springs containing sulphates of soda and mag- 
 nesia, which, with the adjacent waters of Saidschutz, are 
 exported in large quantities. 
 
 SEDLNITZ, sJdl'nits, or SEDLNICA. sJdl-neet/s,-V, a vil- 
 l.ige of Austria, in Moravia, 4 miles from I reyberg. P. 1175. 
 
 SEDNEV or SEDNEW, sfd-n Jv', town,Russi.'i, government, 
 and 16 miles N.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SEDO. sil'do. a town of West Africa, in Foota-Toro; lat 
 15° 29' N., Ion. 13° 42' W. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 SEEBEX. s.Vben. a village of Switzerland, canton, and 17 
 miles X.N.E. of Soleure. 
 
 SEEBERG, sA'b^RO, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 17 miles N.N.E. of Bern. 
 
 SEEBGUNGE, seeVgtlnj'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, 86 miles N.N.E of Moorshedabad 
 
SEE 
 
 SEEBURO, si'bfiSRO, a town of East Prussia, 11 miles 
 S.W. of Bischofsstein. Pop. 2250. 
 
 SEK'DAPOOK', a town of India, in Deccan, Nizam's do- 
 minions, VO miles S.K. of liejnpoor. 
 
 SEEDAS or SIDAS. seeM^s', (anc. Saitta.) a village of 
 Asia Minor, N.W. of Alah-Sliehr, (i'hiladelphia;) in the vi- 
 cinity are the remains of several ancient temples and other 
 buildings. 
 
 SEEDORF, si'doRr, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 9 miles N.W. of Bern. I'op. 2tKX). 
 
 SEEDOURA, see-doo'r3, a town of Biitish India, in the 
 protected Sikh territory, 34 miles N.W. of Seharunpoor. 
 
 ^EE'FINGAN, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of 
 Wieklow, oi miles E.N.K. of Bles.sington. Height, 23f4 feet. 
 
 SEk;H,\USEN, sA'hSw'zgn, a town of I'rnssian Saxony, 
 government of Magdeburg, on the Aland, 13 miles S.S.W. of 
 I'erlebei-g. Pop. 3110. It is enclosed by walls. 
 
 SKEIIAUSEN, a town of Prussian Saxony, 15 miles W. 
 of Magdeburg, with 2300 inhabit;»nts, and the ruins of an 
 establishment of the Knights Templars. 
 
 SKEIIORE, see'hoi-', a town of West Ilindostan, in the 
 Guzerat Peninsula, 12 miles W. of the Gulf of Cambay. 
 
 SEK-KAO-SH AN or SI-KAOCIIAN, see kd'o shdn, a moun- 
 tain of China, province of Pe-ohee-lee. in lat. 41° 2' N., Ion. 
 115° 55' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SEE'KONK, a post-village and township of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, near Block stone River, on the Boston and 
 Providence Railroad, 6 miles E. by N. of Providence, (Rhode 
 Island.) Pop. 26C2. 
 
 SEK^KRKE', atown of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, in the Upper Provinces, 26 miles S. of Delhi. 
 
 SKEL.^.TAN, see^ld-jdn', a town of North Ilindostan, in 
 the protected Sikh territory, 11 miles S.AV. of Rampoor. 
 
 SEE'LAND, (Fr. pron. siMdNd'; Ger. pron. siWdnt.) SE.A.- 
 LAND, ZEELAXD. ZEALAND, zee'ldnd, or SIELAND, 
 (Dan. ^wlland, syjlldnd; L. SeehiiMia.) the largest and 
 most important of the islands of Denmark, lying between 
 the Cattegat and the Baltic Sea. Lat. 54° 57' 35" to 5ti° 7' 
 40" N., Ion. 10° 54' to 12° 40' E. It is bounded on the N'. 
 and N.W. by the Cattegat; W. by the Great Belt, separating 
 it from the island of Funen; S. by the Great Belt, and nar- 
 row channels, separating it from the islands of Laaland. 
 Falster, and Moen; S.E. by the Baltic; and E. by the sound, 
 at its narrowest only 3 miles wide, separating it from Swe- 
 den. Its shape is very irregular, and its shores are very 
 much indentetl, especially in the S.W., wliere it is washed 
 by the Baltic, and in the W., where an arm of the Cattegat 
 has penetrated deeply into its interior. Greatest length, 
 from N. to S., 81 miles; greatest breadth, CO miles; area, 
 2S40 square miles. The surface is for the most part flat, 
 and, especially on the S.W. and the middle of the E. coast, 
 is very little raised above the level of the sea. The highest 
 land is in the S., but its elevation seldom reaches, and never 
 exceeds, 200 feet. The oldest rocks on tlio island are com- 
 paratively recent, belonging to the cretaceous system, or 
 upper part of the secondary formation. Above it the ter- 
 tiary formation also is consideral)Iy developed. The subsoil 
 generally consists of deep beds of corallines and muscle- 
 shells; the soil is an alluvium of great natural fertility, 
 well adapted to the growth of barley and rye, which form 
 the principal crops. Horses, sheep, and cattle are of in- 
 different breeds, and not very numerous. Wood, which at 
 one time stretched in extensive forests over the whole island, 
 has been much diminished. The supply of fuel would be 
 Tery inadeijuate, were it not compensated, to a considerable 
 extent, by tracts of turf or peat. The prevailing timliers 
 are beech and birch, and, to a more limited extent, oak. 
 The climate of Seelaud, owing to its low surface and insular 
 position, is much milder than its latitude indicates. The 
 temperature of Copenhagen, which mjiy be taken as that of 
 the whole island, is, in spring. 4.3° 10'; summer, 63° 28'; 
 autumn, 49° 36'; and winter, 31°, or 1° below freezing. The 
 mean temperature of the whole year is 4C° 15'. The worst 
 feature in the climate is its humidity, and the consequent 
 prevalence of rains and mists. Fish abound both along the 
 coasts and in the lakes, of which a great number are scatr 
 tered over the interior, though none of them individually is 
 of much extent. The largest, Arresee, is al)out 24 miles in 
 circuit. The Suus-aue, which fills into the Nestred-fioi-d, is 
 the most important stream, having a very circuitous course 
 of about 60 miles. The minerals are of no consequence, 
 though amber is occasionally found. Seeland is the seat of 
 the principal manufactures of Denmark. For adminstrative 
 purposes, the island is divided into 5 amts or bailiwicks, 
 which comprehend not merely Seeland proper, but a num- 
 ber of small islands that line its coasts. Of these, the 
 principal are Miien, Aniager, and Saltholm. Its capital is 
 Copenhagen, which is slIski the capital of the whole Danish 
 dominions. Pop. in 1847, 499.400. The name Seeland, 
 (" Sea-land,") has reference to its being surrounded by the 
 8ea. 
 
 SEELOW. s.'llflw, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 15 miles N.W, of Frankfort. Pop. 2300. 
 
 SEE'LYSBURQ, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New 
 fork, 50 miles S. of Buffalo. 
 
 6K 
 
 SEE 
 
 PEEaYVILLE, a village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, 1 
 mile from Honesdale, and 101 miles from Harrisburg. I'cp. 
 about 350. 
 
 SEEMLE.\II, seemle-d, a town of Central India, domi- 
 nion, and S.W. of Indore. 
 
 SEEN A. see'nd, a river of Indi.a, in Deccan, after a S.E 
 course of ISO miles joins the Beeniah, 20 miles S. of Sols- 
 poor. The towns of Ahmednuggur and Parrainder are on its 
 banks, and in most part of its extent it flows between the 
 Bombay presidency and the territory of the Nizam, 
 
 SEEND, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SEEN EE or ANCOBRA, a river of Ashantee. See A.vcober. 
 
 SEE-NGAN or SI-NGAN, se-ngdn', written also SIAN- 
 se-in'. a city of China, province of Shen-see, capital of a de- 
 partment, on an affluent ofthe Iloei-ho; lat, 34° 12' N., Ion. 
 108° 40' E. It is large, enclosed by strong walls, and the 
 principal military dejjdt for the N. provinces of China. 
 
 SEENGEN, 8.in'ghen, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Aargau, at the N. extremity ofthe Lake of Ilallwyl, 9 miles 
 S.E. ofAarau. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SEE-NING-FOO, (SI-NING-FOU.) see^ningYoo^, a town of 
 China, province of Kan-.soo, on a river of its own name, 
 118 miles N. W. of Lan-choo. 
 
 SEECHRE, see'or', or SEIIORE. see^hor', a town of British 
 India, in Nerbudda Territory, 22 miles W.S.W. of lihopaul. 
 
 SEER or SIR. seer, a mouth ofthe Indus River, in Sinde, 
 continuous with the Goongroo or Pinyaree Branch, and 
 N,W. ofthe Koree mouth. 
 
 SEERA, gee'rd, a town of British India, near the W. ex- 
 tremity of the Upper Provinces, presidency of Bengal, 45 
 miles E. of Bhatneer. 
 
 SEERDIIUNjV, seerd-hoo'na, a town of Ilindostan. pro- 
 vince, and 47 miles N.N.E. of Delhi. Lat. 29° 12' N., Ion. 
 77° 31' E. 
 
 SEEIOPOOR', a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, 70 miles N.E, of Moorshedabad. 
 
 SEERPOOR. a town of British India, presidency of Bom- 
 bay, S.W. of Talnair. 
 
 SEERWELL, seer'well, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, 23 miles S.E. of Poonah. 
 
 SEESEN, s.Vzen, a town of Germany, duchy of Bruns- 
 wick, on the Schildau, 12 miles W, of Goslar. Pop. 2729. It 
 has an old castle. 
 
 SEE-SHAN or SI-CH-iN, see-shIn', a mountain of China, 
 province of Shan-See. Lat. 39° 24' N., Ion. 112° 15' E. It 
 is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SEESTADTL, (SeestSdtl,) si'stJtt, a town of Bohemia, 13 
 miles N. of Saatz. Pop. 751. 
 
 SEETAMOW or SEETAMHOW, seeH3-m6w', a town of 
 Central India, in the Gwalior dominions, 42 miles N N.W. 
 of Maheidpoor. 
 
 SEE'TAPOOR/, atown of Central India, in the Gwalior 
 dominions. 
 
 SEE'THING, a p.arish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SEEVAS or SIV'AS, see/vis, (anc. aibfra and Sel>ai:>le,) a 
 town of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of a pashalic of its own 
 name, is situated in an extensive plain, near the Kizil-Irmak, 
 60 miles S. of Tokat. I.Kat. 39° 20' N., Ion. about 37° E. Pop. 
 about 6000 families. It is well built; the houses are inter- 
 spersed with gardens, and its numerous minarets give it a 
 cheerful appearance. It has many old mosques and khans, 
 a castle, bazaars well supplied with goods, manufactures of 
 coarse woollens and other tabrics, and a considerable transit 
 and import trade. Near it, Mithridate? was defeated by the 
 Roman general Lucullus, and Bayazeed (Bajazet) by Timur. 
 
 SEEVAS, SIVAS, seeV^s', or ROOM, room, a pashalic of 
 Asi.atic Turkey, comprising portions of Asia Minor and Tur- 
 kish Armenia, between lat, 38° 30' and 41° 40' N., and Ion. 
 33° 30' and 39° 40' E., having N. the Black Sea, and on other 
 sides Anatolia, and the pashalics ofKaram.in, Marash, Diar- 
 bekir, Erzroom, and Trebizond. It is traversed from W. to 
 E. by the chain of Anti-Taurus. The principal rivers are 
 the Yeshil-lrm.ak, in its centre, the Euphrates on its E., and 
 the KiEll-Irmak (anc. Halys) on its W. frontier. The pro- 
 ducts consist of wheat, maize, barley, oats, flax, hemp, silk, 
 tobacco, cotton, wine, timber, wool, fruit, honey, copper, 
 lead, iron, aTid marble. Large herds of cattle and sheep are 
 fed on the plains. Camels and buffaloes are the chief beasts 
 of burden. 
 
 SEEVERGEM, 8.Vver-ohJm\ a village of Belgium, provinf^ 
 of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 4 miles S, of Ghent. Pop. 
 1469. 
 
 SEEWAIl or SIWAIl, see'wa\ an o."U;is in the Libyan De- 
 sert. Its capital, Seewah-el-Kebeer, 310 miles W.S.W. of 
 Cairo, is built of fossil salt, the houses clustering round a 
 rock. Lat. 29° N., Ion, 26° E. The oasis contains several 
 salt lakes, and many date-palms, and the gardens'produce 
 the vine, fig, and pomegranate in abundance. Near it is the 
 village of Agharmy or Gharmy, with ruins of the temple of 
 Jupiter Amnion. 
 
 SEEWANU or SEEWANNU, se-wjn'noo' (?) town and hill- 
 fort of India, dominions of .Toodpoor. the fort being a prin- 
 cipal stronghold of the Joodpoor rajah. 
 
 SEEZ, si, a town of France, department of Orne. 13 miles 
 N.N.E.ofAlen5on,ontheOrne. Pop.5000.(?) Ithasacathe- 
 
 1745 
 
SEE 
 
 Aral of the twelfth century, an episcopal xwlace, and cotton ' 
 manufactures wrought by steam. ' 
 
 SK KZ, si, a market-town of Savoy, proTince of Tarantaise, j 
 on the right bank of the Isere, 16 miles N.K. of Moutiers. ! 
 Pop. 1850. I 
 
 S15FAKIX, sA'fJ-keen', a town of Anibia, in Yemen, 65 i 
 miles W.S.W. of Sana, and enclosed by substantLil walls. I 
 
 SEFAN, se-fin', SIFAX, see'fdo', or SO0F.\N, soo^fSu', ; 
 the easternmost portion of Thibet, )x>rderin.<r on the Cliinese | 
 provinces of Se-chueu and Kan-soo. and extending from lat. ! 
 2S° to 36° X.. bordering X. on Koko Xor. Its chief river is 
 the Yang-tse-kiang. 
 
 SEFEED HOOD, SEFID RUD, sJfeed' rood, ("white 
 river,") written also SUFFEID HUD, a river of North Persia, 
 formed by the junction of the Zenjan and some other rivers 
 with the Kizi]Oozen,near Mianna,Hows at tiret S.E., between 
 the provinces of Irak-Ajemee and Azerbaijan, and then X.E. 
 throuirh Ghilan. and enters the Caspian Sea by sevewl 
 mouths, 30 miles E. of He.shd. .\t 15 miles fi-om the sea it 
 divides into two principal branches, forming a delta, in 
 which is the town of Lahajan. Its lower p.^rt is of con- 
 siderable breadth and depth, but its navigation is greatly 
 impeded by shifting sands, shallows, and a bar at its prin- 
 cipal mouth, opposite which a large sturgeon-fishery exists. 
 Chief affluent, the Shah-i-ood. 
 
 SEFFIX. sef'feeu'. a small town of Asiatic Turkey, pa- 
 Bhalic of Diarbekir. in Mesopotamia, X. of Kakk.i. During 
 the seventh century, in the period of 110 d.-iys, 90 conflicts, 
 between the adherents of Alee and of Moawiyah, took place 
 in its vicinity, io which it is believed that 70,000 Moham- 
 medans perished. 
 
 SEFISIFIA. SEFICIFA or SIFISSIF A. See AiN-SEFisiri.\. 
 
 SEFtX)RIEII or SEFURIKII. sA-tbo'ree-eh. (anc. Spplu/ris 
 and DioccesarJa.) a village of Palestine, pashalic, and 16 miles 
 S.E. of Acre, at the foot of a height, on which are the ruins 
 of a large castle. 
 
 SECiAL, seh-gJK. a small island off the W. coast of France, 
 department of Finistere. 
 
 SEG'AMET' or .MUAR, moo-ar/. a state of the Malay Pe- 
 ninsula, ab-mt lat. 2° X.. Ion. 103° E. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SEGEBEKG, si'i;heh-bJnG\ a town of Denmark, duchy of 
 Holstein, on the Trave, 28 miles X.X.E. of Hamburg, with 
 3000 inhabitants. 
 
 SEOEDIX. a town of Hungary. See Szegebis. 
 
 SEQELMliSA, %hgi\-mh>:\, or SIGILMESSA, sigMl-mfs'- 
 e5, written al.eo SUGULMESSA, a considerable town of Mo- 
 rocco. E. of Mount Atlas, capital of a province, near the 
 river Ziz. in lat. 31° 10' X., Ion. 2° 20' W. 
 
 SEGELSEM, sA'Ghel8-Jm\ a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders. 14^ miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 2275. 
 
 SEGESVAR. sh4'gh6.sirvaR', or SCHASSbURG, (Schiiss- 
 burgh.) shfess'bOuRG, a town of Transylvania, in Saxonland. 
 25 miles S.S.l*^. of Maros Vasarhely, on the left bank of the 
 KUkUllo. Pop. 596. 
 
 SEGGI.^XO, sJdjI'no, a village and parish of Tuscany, 4 
 miles X. of Castel del Piano. Pop. 1868. 
 
 SEGICLER, .s^g-ik'ler or sJg'ik'ler(?)avillage of Asia Minor, 
 In Anatolia, 25 miles S.E. of Ushak, with various remains, 
 supposed to be tho.se of the ancient Sehn^le. 
 
 ShXiX.i, Croatia, the Italian name of Zexgo. 
 
 SEGXES (s^g'njs) PASS, East Switzerland, between Gla- 
 rus and the Grisons, is 7i miles X. of Ilanz, aud 75U0 feet 
 above the sea.. It w.as crossed by Suwarrow iu his retreat 
 before the French, October, 1799. 
 
 SEGXI, sjn'yee or s;iin'yee. a town of South Italy, in the 
 Pontificial States, 13 miles E. of Velletri. Pop. 41 10. It was 
 the birthplace of Popes Vitalian, Innocent III., Gregory IX., 
 and Alexander IV. 
 
 SEGO, si'go, or SEGOZERO, s.i-go-zi'ro. a lake of Russia, 
 government of 01onets.30 miles X.W. of I.ake Onega. Length 
 and breadth, about 20 miles each. It discharges its surplus 
 waters X.E., into Lake Vigo. 
 
 SF/GO, a t^wn of Central Africa, Soodan, capit.al of the 
 Btate of Bambarra. on the Joliba. (Niger.) Lat. 13° a' X., Ion. 
 6° VV. Estimated pop. 30.000, a mixture of negroes and Moors. 
 It consist.s of an atrgregation of fortified quarters, in one of 
 which is a royal residence. The houses are of clay, square, and 
 flat roofed. H hHs numerous mosques, and is the seat of 
 considerable traffic. Here .Mungo Park first saw the Joliba. 
 
 SE'GO. a post-office of I'erry co., Ohio. 
 
 SEGOBKIGA. See Segorbe. 
 
 SEGODUNUM. See Rodez. 
 SEGOE, a parish of Ireland. See Seaqob. 
 SEGONZAC, sA'gAso'^.ik'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Charente, 8 miles S.E. of Cognac. Pop. 2CO0. 
 
 SEGOKBE, s.i-gon'bil. (anc. S'gob'riga.) a city of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 25 miles W.S.W. of Castellon de la Plana, near 
 the right bank of the Palencia,18 miles X.W. of Murviedro. 
 Lat. 3^° 54' N.. Ion. 0° 30* W. Pop. 6015. It has squares 
 ornamented with public fountains, a cathedral, and manu- 
 feetures of earllieuware. paper, starch, and brandy. 
 
 SEGOUAM, s,Vgoo-am'. or GORELI, •ro-r.Vlee. the e.-istcrn- 
 mostof the Andreanov Islands, in the Aleutian Archipelago, 
 \V of Aniichla. Lat. 62° 22' X., Ion. 17-2° 18' W. 
 SKQOVI A, Be-go/ve-^f, (Sp. pron. si-go've-i; Fr. iHgocU, si^ 
 1746 
 
 SEG 
 
 goVee',) a city of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a prorinca 
 of its own name, 45 miles X.W. of Madrid, on a rock 300 
 paces in height, and 4ii00 paces in circumference at the top, 
 and washed by the Eresnia and the Clamores. Lat. 41° X., 
 Ion. 4° 17' VV. It is encircled by walls, with round towers, 
 built by Alonzo VI., and has an Alcazar, tlie great keep of 
 which is studded with angular turrets. It is entered by five 
 gates, besides several smaller entrances. The sti-eets are 
 very narrow, tortuous, and ill-paved ; and the houses, many 
 of which were oijce inhabited by noblemen, have a qu.aiat, 
 old-fashioned appearance. Its most reui.arkable edifice i8 
 the Roman aqueduct, which is indeed the most important 
 remnant of Roman architecture in Spain. As the steep- 
 banked streams below are difficult of acces.s, and their waters 
 not very whole.-;ouie, the pure current of the liio Frio was 
 thus brou;.:ht from the i^ierra Ftn^iifria, distant about 10 
 miles. The a(iueduot begins near (he monasteiy of St. Ga- 
 briel, and has an entire length of 2921 feet. It commences 
 with single arches, which rise higher as the dip of the ground 
 deepens, until they become double. The number of arches is 
 170, some of which rise lo2 feet above the valley. The chan- 
 nel, at the top, is about 8 feet wide. This noble work is con- 
 structed of granite, without cement or mortar, and. like 
 other similar erections of the Romans, unites simplicity, 
 solidity, and utility. It was respected by the Goths, but 
 broken down in 1071 by the Moors of IVledo, who sacked 
 Segovia, aud destroyed 35 arches. It remained in ruins till 
 1483. By command of Isabella, Juan Esr'ovedo. a monk be- 
 longing to tlie .\sturias. recdtistructed. iu admirable style, 
 the part that had been demolished. 
 
 On the Eresma stands the Casa de Moneda, or mint, where 
 all the national coinage was formerlj* struck, as the river 
 afforded water-power, and the adjoining jVlcazar was the 
 treasury. In 1730. the gold and silver coinage was trans- 
 ferred to Madrid, and now nothing is struck lure but copper. 
 The other principal buildings are the cathedral, one of the 
 fine.st in Spain, consisting of three naves; numerous other 
 churches, and suppressed convents, an episcofial palace, a 
 school of artillery, in which bra.ss cannon are cast, and fire- 
 arms and projectiles manufactured; an institute for the 
 higher branches of educ;ititm, with a library attached; a 
 theological s<-hfK)l, with various other educational establish- 
 ments; an academj' of the tine arts, a picture-gallery, a 
 foundling hospital, and numerous other charitable institu- 
 tions; a theatre, and a strong prison. The former pros- 
 perity of Segovia depended on its staple, wool, and its cloth 
 manufactures, with which it supplied the primipal markets 
 in Europe; but this, and indeed nearly every other branch 
 of industry, is reduced almost to a nullity, there being only 
 three tanneries, limekilns, and a very limited manufac- 
 ture of paper, silver-werk, ic. Near it are mines of lead 
 and copper, and quarries of black marble. A large fair is 
 held here in June. 
 
 The first notice of Segovia dates from 98 B. c. During the 
 Moorish a.sceudency it was a seat of goverimieut, and subse- 
 quently some of the mimarchs of Ca.«tile resided here. In 
 1474 I.sabella proceeded in state from the Alcazar, and was 
 proclaimed Queen of Castile; and Charles I. of England was 
 hospitably entertained in it by tlie governor in 1623. In 
 the same building, which Philip V. converted into a state 
 prison, ho confined the Dutch charlatan Ripperda, who had 
 risen from nothing to be premier'. June 7. 1S08, Segovia 
 was entered and sacked by the F''rench. who held it till IS14. 
 Pop., once above JSO.OOO, now reduced to 6625. 
 
 SEGOVIA, a province of £pain, in Old Castile. Area, 
 3061 square miles. Pop. ISojOOO. Capital. Segovi.t. 
 
 SEG RE, sd'gri. a river of Spain, iu Catalonia, ri.ses in the 
 Pyrenees, flows S.W., and after a course of 150 miles, joins 
 the Ebro at Mequinenza. 
 
 SEGUfi. seh-grA'. a town of France, department of Maine- 
 et-Loire, on the Oudon, 20 miles X.W. of Angers. P. 174S. 
 
 SEGRIE, iieh-gree', a village of Fr.ince. department of 
 Sarthe, 17 miles S.W. of Mamers. Pop. 1725. 
 
 SEGUIX, see'gwin, a small island oil' the mouth of Ken- 
 nebec River, Maine, On it is a light-hou.se. 200 .eet above 
 the level of the se.%. containing a fixed light. Lat. 43° 41' 
 40" N., Ion. 693 44' \v. 
 
 SEGUIX. a post-village, capital of Gnadalupe co., Texas, 
 on the Guadalupe River, 70 miles S. of Austin City. It has 
 improved rapidly since the completion of the college build- 
 ings, which are an ornament to the place. This institution 
 comprises a male and female depjirtment. and occupies two 
 stone buildings GO feet in length. Pop. 856. 
 
 SEGUXDO, si-goon'do, a river of the Argentine Republic, 
 (La Plata.) rises iu the sierras of Cordova, 27 miles A\'.S.W. 
 of the city of that name, flows E., and after a couroe of about 
 130 miles is lost in a marshy lake, 90 miles W. of S.inta Fe. 
 
 SKGUR, seh-giiR', several communes of Fnuice, the prin- 
 cipal in the department of Aveyron, IS miles X.W. of Mil- 
 lau. Pop. 1399. 
 
 SEGUIi.\. .ojl-goo'rj, a river of Spain, in Murcia and Va- 
 lencia, after an E. course of 180 miles, enters the Medirorra- 
 ne.'in at Guardamar. The principal aB3ueut-' are i.'jeGuttda> 
 lentid and Quipar from the S., and Muudo :rom 'he X. It 
 feeds numerous canals. 
 
SEG 
 
 SEGTJKA. a Tillage of Spain, prorince of Guipuzcoa, 11 
 miles S.W. of Tolosa. Pop. 972. 
 
 SKOURA, a sierra of Spain, in Andalusia, stretehinj^ from 
 S.AV. to N.K. throut;h the provinces of Albacete, Granada, 
 and .laen, for about 150 miles, joining the .'sierra of Alcaraz. 
 
 SEGXJIIA, a town of Spain, province, and 38 miles N.N.E. 
 Of Teruel. Pop. 82.3. 
 
 S1':GURA DE I,A sierra, 8.i-gob/ra d.i 13 ^e-Mni, a town 
 of Spain, province, and 60 mile.s N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 2471. 
 Near it are copper, silver, and lead mines. 
 
 SEGUKA DK LEON, sA-goo'rl di lA-on', a town of Spain, 
 province, and 44 miles S.S.E. of Badajos, with a fine old 
 castle. Pop. 2900. 
 
 SEGUSIANORUM FORUM. See Feurs. 
 
 SflGUSIUM. SeeSusA. 
 
 SEIIA.TPOOR, sA-haj-poor', or SOIIAOEPOOR, sohjj-poor', 
 a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, in the ^'er- 
 budda territory, oO miles E. of Ilosungabad^ 
 
 SEUARA. se-hJCrS, a village of Briti.^h India, in the Up- 
 per Provinces, 8 miles W. of Agra, with a spacious palace. 
 
 SEIIAKUNPOOR, s^-ha-rtln-poor', the capital of a district 
 of its own name, a large town, and at one period a consider- 
 Hble military station, 88 miles N.N.E. of Delhi, on the Dooab 
 Canal. I-at. 2SF 57' N., Ion. 77° 32' E. It has a fort, and 
 many brick edifices. 
 
 SlillARUNPOOR or SAHARUNPOOR. saha-rtin-poor', a 
 district of British .India, presidency of Bengal. Area, 19C1 
 square miles. Pop. 454,331. 
 
 SEIIDINE, sJhMeen',("OatownofBunnah, 20 miles S. by 
 \V. of Shembe«;hewn,ontheroad to Aeng in Aracan. 
 
 SEIIOX. See Sihon. 
 
 SKIIORK, a town of British India. See Sef.ore. 
 
 SK.IIWAN, se-win', a town of Sinde, on an eminence be- 
 side the Arul, close to the W. bank of the Indus, 75 miles 
 N.N.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 26° 21' N., Ion. 67° 65' E. Pop. 
 2000. 
 
 SKTANO or SE.TANO, sjl-yd'no, a village of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Naples. Pop. 1520. 
 
 SKIB!-;RLINGVJI,r.E, sl'bfr-ling-vil, a post-office of Le- 
 high CO.. Penn.sylvania. 
 
 SEII30US or SEIBUS, written also SEBUS, (anc. nuhri- 
 ca'tiis.) a river of Algiers, tiows into the Gulf of Bona. 
 Length, 100 miles. 
 
 SEI1).\B.^D, si'dl-bad', several villages of Persia, pro- 
 vinces of -Vzerbaijan, Kerraan. and Koordistan. 
 
 SEID.'VU, si'dow, a village of Saxony, 1 mile W. of Baut- 
 zen. Pop. 2009. 
 
 SEID KL GHAZY, sAd M ga/zoe, a village of A.sia Minor, 
 20 miles S.S.E. of Eskee-Shehr, and around which are remains 
 of anti([uity. 
 
 SElDENIiERG, sI'den-b?RG\ a town of Prussian Silesi.i, 
 48 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz. on the Katzbacli. Pop. 1320. 
 
 SKI'DHRSVILLE, a post-office of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SKIDINGSTABT. sT'ding-statt\ a village of Saxe Mein- 
 Ingen, 5 miles N.W. of Ileldburg, with a ducal summer 
 palace. 
 
 SEIDI SHEHR, .si'dee shfh'r, a town of Asia Minor, 
 pashalic of Karamania. 45 miles S.W. of Konieh. It com- 
 prises from 400 to 500 houses. 
 
 SEIDI SIIEIIR, Lake of. another name for that of Beg- 
 shchr, (anc. Giralitix.) 20 miles N.N.E. of the above town. 
 
 SE1DI,1TZ. See Sedlitz. 
 
 SEIFENBERG, sI'fen-bJRG\ a summit of the Riesenge- 
 birge, in Prussian Silesia, 8 miles S.S.W. of Ilirschberg. 
 Elevation. 4476 feet. 
 
 SEIFERSDORF, si'fers-donr, or SEIERSDORF, a village 
 of Holiemia. circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1636. 
 
 SEIFERSDORF, sI'fers-doRf \ a village of Prussian Silesia, 
 government of Liegnitz, circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1129. 
 
 SKIFF EN. sif't'en, a market-town of Saxony, 20 miles 
 S.S. E. of Freiberg." Pop. 1097. 
 
 SEIFIIEXNEli.'^DORF, sifhJn'ners-doRr, a village of 
 Saxony. 9 miles N.W. of Zittau. Pop. 5577, engaged in dye- 
 ing, and the manufacture of linen. 
 
 SETGIIFOKO, see'ford, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 SEIGNELAV, sAn*yeh-lA', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Yonne, 7 miles N. of Auxerre. Pop. 1523. 
 
 SEIIIOUN, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See .Syhoox. 
 
 SEIKS, a warlike n.^tion of Ilindostan. See Sikhs. 
 
 SEIL, seel, an island of tlie Inner Hebrides, in Scotland, 
 CO. of .\rgyle, immediately off the mainland, 2^ miles S.W. 
 of Kilninver. Length, 4i miles. It is 800 feet in height, 
 but has some low valleys and fertile soil. 
 
 SKIL.\ND, silSud, an island off the N.W. coast of Norway, 
 in Finmark, immediately S.W. of Hammerfest. Lat. 70° 30' 
 N., Ion. 22° 30' E. Length and breadth, about 20 miles 
 each. The surface is mountainous, and one of its peaks is 
 4000 feet high. 
 
 SEILHA'.', sAMAk', a market-town of France, department 
 of Con-feze, 6 miles N,N,W. of Tulle. Pop. 1620. 
 
 SEILLANS, rA1\v6n<=' or sA'yON"', or SAILLANS, s^hV^N"', 
 ft market-town of France, department of Var, 10 miles N.E. 
 of Draguignan. Pop. 1049. 
 
 SEILLE, sAI, a river of France, departments of Jura and 
 
 SEI 
 
 \ Sa5ne-et-Loire. joins the SaOne 15 miles N. of Mftcoa. after a 
 S.W. course of 00 miles, for the latter 24 of which it Is 
 navigable. 
 
 SEILLE, Grande, grSxd sAI, a river of France, depart- 
 ments of Meurthe and Moselle, joins the Mpselle s,t Metz, 
 after a N. course of 60 miles. 
 
 SEILLE, Petite, (pehteef.) an affluent of the latter, 
 which it joins at Chateau-Salins. 
 
 SfilLLES, sAI. a village of Belgium, province, and 23 miles 
 S.W. of Liege, on the >ieu.se. Pop. 1129. 
 
 SEILOON, SEILOUN or SEILUN, sA'loon', a village of 
 Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 10 miles S.S.E. of Nabloos. It 
 has various remains of antiquity, and is probably the Shiloh 
 of Scripture. 
 
 SKl.M, sAm, or SEM, sjm, a river of Russia, formed in the 
 government of Koorsk, 30 miles S. of Tim, tiows mostly W., 
 and joins the Desna in the government of TchernigoT, 5 
 miles S.E. of .Sosnitsa, after a cour.se of 300 miles. 
 
 SEIMARRAH, sA-mar'ril, a ruined city of Persian Koor- 
 distan, in a fine plain, W. of the river Korkhah, 70 miles 
 S.W. of Khorramabad. ' 
 
 SEIN, sAn, (anc. Sena.) an islet in the Atlantic, off the 
 N.W. coast of France, department of Finistdre, 28 miles 
 S.W. of Brest. Length, 2 miles. 
 
 SEINE, .sAn or sin, (anc. &(;'ttawa.) a river of France, ri.ses 
 in Mount Tasselot, near the village of Chanceaux. depart- 
 ment of COte-d'Or, flows N.N.W. past Chatillon, Ear-sur- 
 Seine. and Mery, where it becomes navigable; thence W. 
 and N.W. by Paris, where it is from 300 to 500 feet broad ; it 
 enters the English Channel at Havre by an estuary 7 miles 
 wide. Length, 497 miles, for 350 of which it is navigable. 
 Its banks are highly picturesque in the lower part of its 
 'course. The chief affluents on the left are the Yonne, 
 Loing, Es.sonne, Eure, and Rille; and on the right, the 
 Aube, Marne, and Oise. It communicates with the Loire 
 by the canals of Loing, Orleans, and Briare. The Yonne 
 unites it with the Saone and Rhine by the canals of Bur- 
 gundy and those of the Rhone and Rhine. The Oise con 
 nects it with the Somme, Scheldt, and Sauibre, by the 
 canals of Crozat, St. Quentin. and the Sambre. and it com- 
 municates with the Meuse by the Aisne and the canal of 
 Ardennes; by the canal from the Marne to the Rhine it 
 communicates with the Meu.se, Moselle, and Rhine. 
 
 SEINE, the smallest but most wealthy and important de- 
 partment of France, in the N., formed of part of the old pro- 
 vince of Ile-de-Frarice. Area. 185 square miles. Pop. in 
 ]^"61, l,9'i3,6H0, The surfiice of this department, forming 
 the environs of Paris, is covered with towns, villages, villas, 
 and manufactories. It contains Mont Yalcriin, Mont- 
 martre, and some other hills; is watered by the Seine and 
 Marne, and traversed by the canals of St. Denis and St. 
 Martin, and by several railways. The department contains 
 valuable quarries of building-stones and gypsum. It fur- 
 nishes Paris with immense quantities of vegetables, melon.s, 
 peaches, and strawberries. Its industry is concentrated in 
 Paris, the capital. It is divided into the arrondissements of 
 St. Denis and Sceaux. Capital Paris. 
 
 SE1NE-ET->!ARNE, sAn A maiin, a department in the N.E. 
 of France, forming part of the old province of lle-de-France. 
 Area, 2164 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 352,312. The surfiice 
 is .slightly undulating; it is traversed by the rivers Seine 
 and .Marne, Morin and Yeres, and by the canals of L'Ourcq 
 and Loing. One-sixth of the department is'covered with 
 forests, among which is that of Fontainebleau. Corn is 
 raised inuch beyond the consumption, and it has excellent 
 pasturages, in which numerous cattle are reared. It fur- 
 nishes Paris with a great quantity of cheese under the 
 name of the cheese of Brie. The wine is of inferior quality, 
 except the Chasselas of the environs of Fontainebleau, 
 which is the liest in France. The roses of Provins are em- 
 ployed in medicine and perfumery. The department is 
 divided into the arrondissements of Coulommiers. Fontaine- 
 bleau, Meaux, Melun. and Provins. Capital, Melun. ■ 
 
 SEINE-ET-OISE, sAn A waz, a department in the N. ol 
 France, entirely surrounding the metropolitan department 
 of Seine. Area, 2141 square miles. Pop. in 1801, 51o,07S. 
 The surface is undulating. It is watered by the Seine, 
 Essonne. Oise, Bifevre, and Epte. The soil Is infertile; 
 near Pari.s, however, it is liberally m.anured. Onts are ex- 
 tensively imported ; but other grains are raised in sufficient 
 quantity for home demand. The rearing of cattle and 
 sheep, and cultivation of Iruits and vegetables for the Paris 
 markets, are important. The famous Sevres porcelain, and 
 printed fabrics, cotton-yarn, and cloths, hardwares, leather, 
 and chemical products, are among the chief goods manufiic- 
 tared, as plaster of Paris and sand are .among the mineral 
 products. The department is subdivided into the six arron- 
 dissements of Versailles. Corbeil. Etampes, Mantes, Pontoise, 
 and Ramljouillet. Capital, Ver.'wiilles. 
 
 SEINE-1NF]^:RIKURE, sAn ^NoYA're-UR', a maritime de- 
 partment in the N.W. part of France, forming part of the old 
 province of Normandy, bounded N. by the English Channel. 
 Area, 2298 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 789,988. The coast 
 has numerous small harbors; the chief ports are Havre and 
 Dieppe on the English Channel, and Rouen on the Seine. 
 
 1747 
 
SEI 
 
 SEL 
 
 Tho department Is ■wateied by several small streams; but 
 the Seine is the only river of importance. The surface is 
 oomposed of fertile and weil-cultivated plains; an eighth 
 part of it is cot .Ted with forests. Corn, hops, hemp, lint, 
 and fruits are tlic chief products; cider is extensively made. 
 The pastures Support m:uiy horses, cattle, and large floclvS 
 of sheep. Kouen is celebrated for its cotton, and Elbeuf for 
 its woollen fibrics. The department is divided into the 
 arTOndls.sements of Diepj)©, Havre, Neufchatel, Kouen, "and 
 Yvetot. Capital, Rouen. 
 
 SKINNl. sAn'nee\ a frontier town of Burmah, near the 
 river Salwin. 165 miles N.E. of Ava. 
 
 SKI PUTSCH, sl'poOtsh, or ZA'WIEC, ziT'e4ts(?) a town of 
 Austrian Galicia, 21 miles S.W. of Wadowice. on the Sola. 
 Pop. 3.'570. 
 
 SEIU-BEXI-YASS, sir UVnee' ySss. an island in the Per- 
 sian Gulf, off the Arabian coast; lat. 24° 21' N., Ion. 62° 
 46' E. 
 
 SEIS/H0LTZ\T:LLE, a post-ofBce of Berks eo., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SEISTAN, sAsHjn', a province of South-west Afgh.-jnistan, 
 bordering on the Persian province of Yezd, between. lat. 30° 
 30' and 32° N., and Ion. 61° and 62° 30' E., intersected by 
 the Helmund liiver, and cont.iioino; the Haraoon morass. 
 Pop. probably 50,000, mostly Tadjiks. It is a mountain 
 basin, surrounded by deserts, unhealthy, and only fertile 
 on the immediate banks of the rivers; but it presents many 
 traces of former wealth and civilization. It was devastated, 
 and its chief town destroyed liy Tiraur, in 1.383. 
 
 SKITENDORF, srtgn-d'op.f\ a villaije of Prussia, province 
 of Silesia, government of Breslau. near Waldenburg. P. lOCO. 
 
 SEITEXDOUF, sI'ten-doKP, (Mittel, mit'tfl, Nieder, nee/- 
 d^r, and Obeh, o'b^r.) a village of Prussi.i, government of ■ 
 Liegnitz, circle of Schijnau. Pop. 936. 
 
 SKITENDORF or SEITGENDOKP, sIt^ghen-doRf\ a town 
 of Saxony, 27 miles S.E. of Bautzen. l>op. 2007 .■ 
 
 SEITEXSTADTEN, (SeitenstSdten.) si'tgn-stjt'tgn, a mni^ 
 ket-town of Lower Austria, 11 miles E. of Steyer. Pop. 590. 
 It has a rich Benedictine monastery, containing a library 
 of 10,000 volumes, a cabinet of natural history, and nume- 
 rous Roman antiquities. 
 
 SEITOA'A, sA-to'vi, a market^town of Russia, government, 
 and 15 miles N. of Orenlioorg. on the Sakmara. Pop. 80(}. 
 
 SEITZ, sita, or KLOSTER-SEITZ. klos'ter sits, a village 
 of .\ustria. in Styria, about 20 miles from Cilly. Pop. 2450. 
 
 SEIX. six(?) a town of Fnvnce, department of Ariege, on 
 the Salat, 9 miles S.S.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 1689. 
 
 SEL, one of the Cape Yerd Islands. See S.\L. 
 
 SELAXG, sAMing', a small island of the Molucca group, 
 in the JIalay Archipelago, off the S.E. cojist of liatshian; 
 lat. 0° 54' S., Ion. 127° 47' E. 
 
 SELAXG AN, sA^linVitn', a town of the island of Mur- 
 dinao, and contiguous to the town of Mindanao, in the 
 Philippines. Pop. 10.000. (?) 
 
 SKLAXIKI. SeeS.vLONicA. 
 
 SiiLARGlUS, sA-l.iR'je-oos. a village of Sardinia, division, 
 and ii miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2511. 
 
 SliLjiTTYN, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SELAYA, sA-li'a, a town of Spain, province of Santander. 
 Pop. about 1000. 
 
 SELB, sjlb, a market-town of Bavaria, on an affluent of 
 the Eger. 12 miles N.AV. of Eger, with a castle. Pop. 3400. 
 
 SELBITZ, sjl'bits, a market-town of Bavaria, 7 miles W. 
 of Hof, with 1160 inh.abitauts. 
 
 SELBOE. (selbiSe,) sM'lKiVh, an islet off the W. co-ast of 
 Norway, stift, and 28 miles S. of Bergen, in Selboe-fiord. 
 
 SELBOE, a parish of Norway, stift, and 25 miles S. of 
 Trondhjem, around the Lake of Selboe, which is 20 miles 
 in length, by 3 miles in breadth. It receives the river Nea, 
 and communicates withTrondhjem-fiord. 
 
 SEL'BOKXE, a parish of En^Und. co. of Hanta, 4 miles 
 S.S.E. of Alton. The Rev. G. AVhite. author of the '• Natural 
 History of Selborne," w.as vicar of this parish. 
 
 SEL'BY, a market-town, river-port, and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of York, West Riding, on the right bank of the 
 Ouse, and connected by canal with the Aire and Caldor 
 Navigation, 12i miles S. of York, with which city, and with 
 Hull and Leeds, it communicates by railwavs. Pop. of the 
 town, in 1851, 5109. It is well built, and h.is a fine Gothic 
 market-cross, a neat town-hall, a church which formed ])art 
 of an abbey in which Henrv I. wa.s born, grammar and 
 blue-coat schools, manufactures of .sail-cloth, leather, and 
 iron goods, and slips for building river-craft. The Ouse is 
 here crossed by a movable bridge, and vessels of considera))Ie 
 burden can come up to the tOAvn from Hull, with which 
 port. Loudon, &c. it has constant steam and other commu- 
 nicjjtion. 
 
 SKI/BYSPORT. a post-village of Alleghany co., JIaryland, 
 on the ioughiogheny River, about 40 miles ^V. by N. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 uL-K^y^^^^*^ ' postoffice of Sussex co., Delaware, 
 ci!; i'" i" PO't-ofUce of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 SKLb. »Ani, or SILARO, se-li'ro, {&nc. Sihi'nia.) a river of 
 r>aples, province of Principato Citra, rises 12 miles N.E. of 
 Policastro. Hows first N.W. through the fine Yal di Diano, 
 
 and then S.W., and enters the Gulf of Salerno, OIedit«rT»- 
 nean.) 16 miles S.S.IO.ofS.alerno. Total course. 60 miles. 
 
 SELEFKEH, s,-l-lJf'kvh, (anc. Seleu'cia TracMaf) a, town 
 of Asia Minor, pashalic of Adana, on tlie Ghieuk-soo, (anc, 
 Oalycad'nun,) 8 miles from its mouth in the Mediterranean, 
 and 65 miles S.W. of Tarsus. It is Init a poor collection 
 of huts, occupying a part of a wide surface, over which 
 are scattered numerous remains of antiquity, comprising i 
 ruined theatre. 
 
 SELEXDl. s.4-l5n'dee, or SELENTT, si-lJn'tee. a small 
 town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on an affluent of the Ko- 
 doiTS. ('anc. Ho->mif):,) 30 miles N.E. of Ala-Shehr. 
 
 SELENG.i. .sA-lJng'gJ. a river of Centr.il Asia, rises in the 
 Tang-noo Mount.iins, in Mongolia, flows mostly N.E.. and 
 after a course of 500 miles enters Lake Baikal, on its E. 
 side. SO miles AV. of Ilinsk. 
 
 SFXENGinXSK,.sSlVng-ghinsk'. a town of Siberia govern- 
 ment of Irkootsk, capital of a district, on the Selenga, 60 
 miles N. of Klakhta. Pop. 2(300. It is a depOt for goods 
 passing to Chin.a. Near it are some saline baths. 
 
 SELEXIA, (.sil-le-nee'd?) CAPK. a promontory on the N.E, 
 coast of Asia, in theOulf of Anadeer; lat. 62° 42' 30" N., loa. 
 177° -19' 48" E. 
 
 SELEXXAK. s3-lJn-n3k', a river of Siberia, rises in the 
 government of Yakontsk, lat. 62° X., flows E.X.E., and joins 
 the Indighirka after a course of about 130 miles. 
 
 SELEXTER SEE. s,Vleu-ter s.i, a lake of Denmark, in the 
 X.E. of the duchy of Ilolstein ; area, 12 squai-e miles. Depth 
 at some places. 40 fothoms. 
 
 SELEXTI. a town of Asia Minor. See Siusty. 
 
 SELEUCIA, sA-loo'sht^a. a city of antiquitv in Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the right bank of the Tigris, 20 miles S.E. of 
 Bagd.">d. and opposite the remains of Ctesiphon. 
 
 SELEUCIA. .a city of antiquity in PersLi, Khoozistan, on 
 an affluent of the .lerahi. 65 miles S.E. of Shooster. 
 
 SELEUCIA PIKRIA, a ritv of Xorth Svria. SeeSElETKEH. 
 
 SELFKIDGEYILLE. a post-ofiice of AVlll co., Illinois. 
 
 SEL'IIAM. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SELIGENSTADT, siWio-fn-statt', a town of Germany, in 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg. on the Main. 16 
 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 2i324. It has the remains 
 of a Benedictine abbey, containing the tombs of Eginhard, 
 and of Emma, daughter of Ch.iriemagne. There are copper 
 and coal-mines in tlie vicinity. Near it are the ruins of the 
 castle of Rotheiiburg. 
 
 SELTGEXTHAL. StAlig-fn-tir, a village of Germany, in 
 Hesse-Cassel, province of Fuld.a, 4 miles N.^W. of Schmal- 
 kalden. Pop. 1163. 
 
 SEIJGHER, sA-le-g-aiR', a lake of Russia, governments of 
 Tver and Novgorod. X. of Ostashkov. I>engih. 30 miles; 
 breadth, 10 miles. It is the source of an affluent of the 
 Yolga. 
 
 SELIME or SELIMEII, sA-lee'ma. an oasis in the desert 
 of Xubla. 220 miles S.W. of Derr, a'nd AV. of the third ca- 
 taract of the Xile. It proiluces an abundance of salt. 
 
 SELIMXO, sA-Iim'no. SELIMXIA, s.A-lim'n^a. written 
 also ISLAAI.TE and ISLAAID.TI, is-ldm'je. a walled town of 
 European Turkey, in Room-Elee, at the S. foot of the Bal- 
 kan Mountains. Co miles X.X.W. of Adrianople. Pop. 20,000, 
 who manufacture coarse woollens, gun-locks, and att.'jr of 
 roses. It has a large fair in .Tune. 
 
 SE-LIXG, sA'ling'.a city of China, province of Quang-see, on 
 the Tonquin frontier, 12 miles S.W. of See-Ming. 
 
 SELIXO. sA-lee'no, a maritime village of Crete, on its 3. 
 coast. 35 miles W. of Sphakia. It has a fort, and some 
 coasting trade in agricuUur.il produce. 
 
 SE'LIXSGROYE, a post-borough of Penntownship.SnydeJ 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Susquehanna, 
 at the mouth of Penn's Creek, 50 miles N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 It is situated in a rich farming district. It coutaius a na- 
 tional bank. Pop. 1261. 
 
 SELIXTI. a town of Asia Minor. See Siuxtt. 
 
 SELIXUS. See Castel Yethaxi. 
 
 SELTSHTCHE. s.A-litcli'A, or SEI.ITSCHE. a market-town 
 of Russian Poland, government, and 69 miles W. of Yitebsk. 
 Pop 10IH1. 
 
 SELITREX'OI-GORODOK, sA-le-tri-noi' go-ro-dok', a mar- 
 ket-town of Russia, government, and 68 miles X.X.W. of As« 
 trakhan. on the A'olga, occupying the site of the old capital 
 of the Tartar khans of the Great or Golden tribe, imposing 
 remains of which ancient town still exist. 
 
 SELITZA. sA-lit'si a village of European Turkey, in Ma- 
 cedonia, sanjak. and 48Tnilos S.E. of Monastir. 
 
 SELITZA. a village of Greece, iu the Morea, district, and 
 5 miles S.E. of Maina. 
 
 SEL'KIRK or SKLKIRKSHIRE, sel'kirk-shir. forroeriy 
 called the ETTRICK FOREST, a small inland county of Scot- 
 land, in the Lowlands, having W. the co. of Peebles, E, 
 Roxburgh. S., Dumfries, and N., Edinburirhshire. Area. 26J) 
 square miles, or 168.320 acres, of which about S5.000 are 
 arable, 30.000 uncultivated, and 53,000 waste. Pop. in is^l, 
 9809. Surface mostly mountainous. Principal rivers, ih» 
 Tweed, with its tributaries the Ettrick and Yarrow. Itj 
 industry is chiefly pastonnl. but its agriculture has been •on- 
 slderably improved within the last half century. Price fial 
 
SEL 
 
 towns. Selkirk and Galashiels. The county sends 1 member 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 SKLKIKK, a royal burgh, town, and parish of Scotland, 
 capital of the alMve county, on a declivity Iteside the Et- 
 trlck, on the ri^'ht bank, 33 miles S.S.K. of Kdinburgh. Pop. 
 of the burgh, in 1851, 3314. It has been mostly rebuilt in a 
 modern style, and ha.s a spacious niarketrplace, in which are 
 the town-hall, with a spire 110 feet in hei<;ht, a public well, 
 and a monument to Sir Walter Scott. The other principal 
 structures are the churches, the jail, and a monument to 
 the traveller Mungo I'ark, a n.ative of the vicinity. It has 
 various public associations and schools, and some manufac- 
 tareg of tweeds, blankets, and hosiery in mills on the Et- 
 trick. The manufacture of shoes has declined; but the 
 " souters of .Selkirk" are still an important craft of the com- 
 munity. On the Tweed, about 4 miles from Selkirk, is Ab- 
 botsford, the seat of the late Sir Walter Scott ; and adjacent 
 to thi' t<.iwn, the Marquis of Montrose was defeated by Gene- 
 ral Leslie in 1G45. 
 
 SEL'KIHK, a post-office of Marion district. South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 SELKIRKSHIRE. See Selkirk. 
 
 SEIJiA, s^l'yd, a river of Spain, after a course of about 36 
 miles falls into the Bay of Bisctiy, forming the bay and port 
 of Ril'adesella. 
 
 SKLI/A, a town of Spain, in Valencia, province, and 19 
 miles \.\.E. of Alicante. Pop 1(370. 
 
 SKL'LACK. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 SKLLfi or CKLLJ5, siri.V, a river of France, departments 
 of Caiital and Lot, joins the Lot 10 miles E. of Cahors, after 
 a S.W. course of 54 miles, past Figeac. 
 
 SKLLE or CiCLLE, a river of France, departments of Aisne 
 and Nord. joins the Scheldt (Exaut) near Bouchain. Total 
 course. 23 miles. 
 
 SELLB, L\. a vilkige of France, department of Mayenne, 
 4 miles W. of Craon. Pop. 1511. 
 
 SKL'LBltSBURG, a post-village on the JefTersonville Rail- 
 road, in Clarke co.. Indiana, 9 miles N. of Jeffersonville. 
 
 S1;L/LEKS' TAVERN, a postofflce of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SELLES-SATXT-DEXIS, sJll sSn" djh-nee', a village of 
 France, arrondissement of Romorantin. Pop. 1928. 
 
 SELLES-SUR-CHKR, s^ll sUr shaia, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Loir-et^Cher, on the Cher, 10 miles S.W. of Ro- 
 morantin. Pop. 2033. 
 
 SKL'LIXG, a parish of England, CO. of Kent. 
 
 SEL'I>I.\GE, a parish of Enirland, co. of Kent. 
 
 SELLMTZ, sJll'nits. or SKLLETZ. s6l'l^ts. a village of Bo- 
 hemia, on the Bel.a, 5 miles from BrUx. Pop. 1398. 
 
 SELLYK, silVyk, a market-town of West Hungary, co., 
 and 14 miles S.W. of Neutra. near the Waag, with a ca.<tle. 
 
 SELLYE. a market-town of West Hungary, co. of Schu- 
 meg, 39 miles S. of Kaposvar. 
 
 SEL'MA, a thriving post-village of Dallas co., Alabama, 
 on the right bank of tlie Alabama River, about 70 miles 
 below Montgomery. It is the S. terminus of the Alabama 
 and Tennessee River Railroad. The Central Railro.ad of 
 Alabama extends W. Selma is surrounded by a rich and 
 populous district, and has an active business. It contains 
 several churches and a newspaper office. Population, la 
 1860, 3177. 
 
 SELMA. a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana. 
 
 SELM.A.. a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia. 
 
 SELMA, a post-office of Clark co., Ohio. 
 
 SELMA, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois. 
 
 SELMA, a post-village of Jefferson co., Missouri, on the 
 Mississippi liiver, 35 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. 
 
 SELM.A.ST, sJl'mSst, a town of Persia, province of .Azer- 
 baijan, within 15 miles N.W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. It con- 
 tains about 1500 families. 
 
 SELMECZ BANYA. See Schemnitz. 
 
 SEVMESTOX, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SELOIGNES, s.i'lwdn', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, on the Eau Blanche and Oise. near the frontiers 
 of Frjjnce. 33 miles S.E. of Mens. Pop. 1014. 
 
 SELOXGEY, seh-lAN-oV.hA', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Cote-d'Or, on the Venelle, 19 miles N.X.E. of 
 Dijon. Pop. 1645. 
 
 SELOWrrZ or SEELOWITZ, s.ilo-^itsN a town of Mo- 
 ravia. 11 miles S. of Briinn, on the Zwittawa. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SELS.VTH, sJl-s:VtA. a vilUage of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, 12 miles X.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3100. 
 
 SELSEA or SELSIiY, sel'see, a village and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Sussex, occupying the S.W. extremity of the 
 county, 8 miles S. of Cliichester. The village, neatly built, 
 about half a mile from the se,a,.has a stately church of the 
 fourteenth century. Here, in the seventh century, was 
 established the first Roman Catholic monastery in England, 
 and Selsey was a bishopric, until the see was transferred to 
 Chlche.ster, in a. d. 1075. The peninsula of Selseais a large 
 level tract between Chichester Harbor and the English 
 Ch.annel. its S. point being called Selsea-bill. 
 . SEL'STOX, a parish cf England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SELTERS, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 14 miles N.E. of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 SEM 
 
 SELTERS, NTEDER, nee'der sJl'tgrs, a village of Ger 
 many, duchy of Nassau, 23 miles X. of Mentz. Pop. 874 
 It is famous for its mineral springs, which furnish the well 
 known Seltzer water. 
 
 SELTERS, OBER, o^bgr sSl'lers, a village of Germany, 
 duchy of Nassau, H miles S. of Xieder .Sellers. 
 
 SELTSCHAN, s^lt^shdn', or SEDLCZANY, sJdl-ch.5'nee, a 
 town of Bohemia, 30 miles S.K. of Beraun. Pop. 1098. 
 
 SELTZ or SELZ, siUs, a town of France, department of 
 Bas-Khin, on the Rhine, at tlie mouth of the Seltsbach, 27 
 miles X.N.E. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1S52, 2402. 
 
 SKLUNE, sgh-liin', a river of France, department of 
 Slanche, enters Cancale B.ay (a part of the English Channel) 
 4 miles S.W. of Avranches, after a W. course of 35 miles, for 
 the last 8 of which, from Ducey, it is navigable. 
 
 SELV.\, sJl'vd, a town of Spain, province, and 9 miles 
 N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 4579. 
 
 SELVA. a Spanish town, on the island of Majorca, on a 
 height, X.E. of Palraa. Pop. 1390. 
 
 SELVA, a town of Chili. See Copi.vpo. 
 
 SELVA, sjl'vi, » town near the centre of the island of M» 
 jorca. 18 miles X.E. of I'alma. Pop. 3915. 
 
 SELV.\ DK MAR, sjl'vd d«/h man, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Gerona, with a small harlxir on the Jlediterraneau, 
 neJir the frontier of France. 5 miles X".E. of Rosas. 
 
 SELVE, sil'v.A, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatk*, 
 between XJlbo and Premudii. Length, 4 miles. 
 
 SELA' I, sjl'vee, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, 
 on an affluent of the Danube, saujak, and 47 miles S.S.E. o: 
 Nicopolis. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SEL'WORTHY. a parish of Engl.and, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SELZ, a town of France. See Seltz. 
 
 SELZ, sJlts, a rivei- of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 after a N. course of 30 miles, joins the Rhine 7 miles W. of 
 Ments. 
 
 SK.M, a river of Russia. See Seim. 
 
 SKMAXAGUR, s.Vma-na'gfir. a town of Ilindostan, domi- 
 nions of Oude, 41 miles X. of Khyrab.ad. 
 
 SEMAO, s.i-ma'o, or SIMAO. se-md'o, a small island of tha 
 Malay Archipelago, off the S.W. extremity of Timor, from 
 which it is separated by a narrow strait. Estimated length, 
 20 miles. It exports wax, s.andal-wood, and edible birds'- 
 nests. 
 
 SEMD, semt, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of 
 Starkenburg, circle of Dieburg. near Umstadt. Pop. 1146. 
 
 SEMEXDRIA, se-nien'dre-i, a fortified town of Servia, and 
 formerly the residence of its kings, on the Danul>e. at the 
 influx of the Jessava. 24 miles S.K. of Belgrade. Estimated 
 pop. 9000. It has a citadel, and some Roman antiquities. 
 
 SEMEXOOD, si-m:\-nood', or SAMANUD, sa-md-nood', 
 (anc. Seben'ni/tus.) a town of Lower Egypt, on the Dauiietta 
 branch of the Nile, 4 miles E, of Meliallet-el-Kebeer. It has 
 some remains of antiquity, and a considerable manufacture 
 of eart henwa res. 
 
 SEMEXOOK.\, sA-m.i-noo/kd, a market-town of Russia, 
 government, and 90 miles X.E. of Voronezh. 
 
 SEMEXORSKAIA. s-A-nLl-nor-skl'd, a market-town of Rus- 
 sia, government of .Moscow. 
 
 SEMEXOV or Sli.MEXOW, s.-\-m.-l-nov', a town of Russia, 
 government, and 3(5 miles X.X.E. of Nizhnee-Xovgorod. 
 Pop. 3000, partly emploved in manufiicturing wooden wares. 
 
 SEMKR, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SEMEROXE, see-me-rou', or CIMARROX. (Sp.pron.se- 
 maR-R6n,) a considerable river of the Indian Territory, rises 
 in the Rocky Mountains, in Int. 37° X\, and flowing nearly 
 E., falls into the Arkansas in about Ion. 97° 30' W. Length, 
 estimated at 600 miles. It is not navig.able. 
 
 SEM IDE, s.i-mee'd.i, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Douro, 8 miles fixim Coimbra. Pop. 2030. 
 
 SEMILE, s.imee'lA, SEMILOV or SE.MILOW, s.i-me-lov', 
 written also SEMILL, a town of Bohemia, on the I.sar, 23 
 miles X.E. of Buntzlau,with a castle, and 1720 inhabitants. 
 
 SE.MIX.4R.\, s4-me-n3'rd. a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra II., 2 miles S.E. of Palmi. Pop. 2500. It has 
 a collegiate church. 
 
 SEM'IX.ARY, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas. 
 
 SKM'INOLE IXDl.VXS. a once powerful tribe dwelling in 
 Florida. Most of them have been removed to the W. of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 SEMIPALATIXSK. s.i-me-pd-ia-tinsk'. written also SEMI- 
 PATALjVTIXSK, and SEMIPOLATIXSK, (t. c. "the seven 
 palaces,") a fortified town of Siberia, government of Tomsk, 
 on the Irtish, 250 miles S.W. of Barnaul. It has Russian 
 government establishments, is the seat of some trade with 
 Independent Toorkistan, and derived its n.ame from exten- 
 sive buildings found there by the Russians, ou their con- 
 quest of Siberia. 
 
 SEMIS'H'OCIIXOI, si-me-so-poK-nci/, or ISLE OF THE 
 SEVE.X .MOUNTAINS, belonging to the .Ueutian Archipe- 
 lago, and to the group known by the name of the Krvci or 
 R.nt Islands, about lat. 51° 59' X., and Ion. 179° 45' 57'' W, 
 
 SEMITCII (s.i-mitch') ISLAXDS, a group of (he AUutiau 
 Islands, in the Xorth Pacific Ocean, X.E. of the island of 
 Attoo. 
 
 SEM'LEY, a parish of England, co. of WUtg. 
 
 1749 
 
SEM 
 
 aE.MLlANSK,s',m-i« Insk', or SAMLENSK, sam-lSnsk', a 
 town of Russiiv, government, and 25 miles N.W. of Voronezh, 
 on the Semlianka. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SEMLIN or ZEMLIN, sJm-leen', (Ilun. Zimony, zee'mofl',) 
 a fortified frontier town of the Austrian Empire, in Slavouia, 
 CO., and 40 miles S.E. of Peterwardein, on the right bank of 
 the Danube, 3 miles N.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 10,200, com- 
 prising Slavonians, Germans, Greeks, Servians, Croats, gyp- 
 sies, and Jew.s. It is the see of a Greek protopapas, and has 
 many good houses and chui ehes, but its streets are mostly 
 unpaved and dirty. It has numerous schools, an hos))ital, a 
 German theatre, and a large quiirantine est;iblishmeut. It 
 is the chief entrepot of the trade between Austria and Tur- 
 key ; imports raw cotton and cotton twist, honey, hare and 
 rabbit skins, <tc.; exports woollen stuffs, glasswares, and 
 other manufactured goods. At the N. extremity of the town 
 is the ruined castle of the famous John Iluniades. 
 
 SEJIMKD, s^mVJd', a town and fort of Arabia, in Oman, 
 in an extensive oasis, 56 miles S.W. of Muscat. 
 
 SBMNAX or SEMNOOX, a town of Perf^la. See Simnan. 
 
 SE.MOY or SEJIOIS, seh-mwd', a river of Belgian-Luxem- 
 bourg and France, department of Ardennes, after a \V. 
 course of 100 miles, joins the Meuse 9 miles 1\. of Meziferes. 
 
 SEMPACII, .sJm'pdK, a decayed town of Switzerland, can- 
 ton, and 8 miles N.W. of Lucerne, at the E. extremity of 
 the Lake of Sempach. Pop. 960. In its vicinity 1400 Swiss 
 routed 4000 Austiians, on the 9th of July, 1386 ; and the 
 action, which was rendered memorable by the heroic death of 
 Arnold von Winkelried, is celebrated by an annual f-stival. 
 
 SEMPACH. a lake of Switzerland, 4 miles in length by 1 
 mile in breadth, gives origin to the river Sureu, auatHuent 
 of the Aar. ' 
 
 SEM'l'iaNGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SEM PllO'N lUS, a post-township in the S. E. part of Cayuga 
 CO., New York. IS miles S.E. of Aubiirn. Pop. 1262. 
 
 SEMPKONIUS. a post-offlce of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 SEMPST, sJmpst, a village of Belgium, province of South 
 Brabant, on the Senne. and on the Brussels and Antwerp 
 llailway, 10 mile.s N.N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2040. 
 
 SEMUK-EX-AUXOIS, s.VmiiR6n6xVil'. a town of France, 
 department of Cote-d'Or, capital of an arrondissemeiit, on 
 the right bank of the Arman9on. 35 miles W'.N.W. of Dijon. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3971. It has a ponderous castle, supposed to 
 date from the eighth century, a communal college, and ma- 
 nufactures of common woollens and yarns, tanneries, and a 
 trade in cattle, hemp, and wool. Henry IV. removed the par- 
 liament of Dijon to Samur during the troubles of the League. 
 
 SEMUK-EN-BRIONNAIS, si'miiR'Sx" bre-on'ni/, a town 
 of France, department of Saoue-et-Loire, 14 miles S.W. of 
 Charolles. I'op. 1600. 
 
 SEMUSSYR, one of the Koorile Islands. See Simooseer. 
 
 SENA. See Sienna. 
 
 SENA, a river of France. See Seine. 
 
 SENA.Sil/ud, or SEN'.\A,a town, and the former capifcil of 
 the Portuguese dominions in East Africii, now capital of a 
 province, on the right bank of the Zambezi, 110 miles W. of 
 Quilimaue. Lat. 17° 30' S., Ion. 35° 3S' 8" E. It appears to 
 be a mere collection of huts and some European houses, in- 
 terspersed with tilthy and stjignant pools, and having some 
 churches, and an insignificant mud redoubt. Its captaincy 
 is bounded by Sofala, Mogarana, the Zambezi River, and the 
 Channel of Mozambique. 
 
 SENAGO, si-ni/go, a village of Northern Italy, province, 
 and 10 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2004. 
 
 SE-NAN, sA' ndu', or SSE-NAN-FOO, si^ nin^ foo', a city 
 of China, province of Koei-choo, capital of a department, on 
 the Oo kiang. a tributary of the Yang-tso-kiang, in lat. 28° 
 N., Ion. 108° 25' E. 
 
 SEXDE.XIIORST, s5n'den-hoRst\ a town of Prusswn West- 
 phalia, 12 miles S.E. of MUnster, with a castle. Pop. 1610. 
 
 SEXD-wiTH-RlPLEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 The village, Send-on-the-\>'ey, is 2 miles W.S.W. of Ripley. 
 Ilere aiv ruins of a priory. 
 
 SEXE, sgh-ni', a village of France, department of Mor- 
 \)ihan. Pop. 2476. 
 
 SEN'ECA, a county near the centre of New York, has an 
 area of about 330 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Cayuga Lake and Seneca River, and partly on the W. by 
 Seneca Lake, and is principally dr.iined by Seneca and Clyde 
 Rivers, which inter.sect it, affording valuable water-power. 
 The surface is undulating, being most elevated about mid- 
 way between the two lakes. The soil is principally a calca- 
 reous loam, well adapted to both grain and grass. Iron ore 
 and gypsum are found, and near the village of Canoga is a 
 spring which rises with such foi-ce as to supply mill-power 
 within a few r(3ds. The Central Railroad and the Cayuga 
 and Seneca Cnnal traverse this county, and the Erie Canal 
 passes through' its X.E. corner. Named from a trilie of In- 
 dians who formerly inhabited this part of the country. Seats 
 of justice. Ovid and Waterloo. Pop. 28,138. . 
 
 SENECA, a county in the N. part of Ohio, has an .area of 
 640 squart- miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by Sandusky 
 River, and also drained by Honey and Green Creeks. The 
 surface is nearly level, with a moderate declivity towards 
 the N. The soil is excellent, well timbered, and under good 
 1750 ^ 
 
 SEN 
 
 cultivation. The county is intersected by the Sandusky 
 Dayton and Cincinnati Railroad, and by the Cleveland and 
 Toledo R.R. Capital, Tiflin. Pop. 30,868. 
 
 SENECA, a former county in the S.W. part of Missouri, 
 bordering on Arkansas. It is drained by the Elk or Cow- 
 skin River. It is now called McDonald cOunty. 
 
 SENECA, a township of Ontario co., New York, on the "W. 
 shore of Seneca Lake. It i.s intersected by several railroad"^ 
 and contains the village of Geneva. Pdp. 8448. 
 
 SENECA, a postKjfflce of Tompkins co., New York. 
 
 SENECA, a postroftice of Anderson district. S. Carolina. 
 
 SENECA, a township in the N.E. part of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 SENECA, a township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1406. 
 
 SEN ECA, a township forming the N.W. extremity of Mon- 
 roe CO., Ohio. Pop. 1803. • 
 
 SENECA, a township in the S.W'. part of Seneca co., Ohio, 
 intersected by the JIad River and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 
 1874. 
 
 SENECA, a post-township in the S.W. part of Lenawee 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 1745. 
 
 SENECA, a township in McUenry co., Illinois. P. 1010. 
 
 SENECA, a village and township of Canada West, district 
 of Niagara, on the Ouse or Grand River, here crossed by a 
 briilge, about 55 miles S.S.W. of Toronto. The town.sbip 
 contains the two distinct villages of Seneca and Caledonia. 
 Pop. 3636. 
 
 SKXECA CASTLE, a post-office of Ontario co.. New York. 
 
 SEXEC.\ CREEK, of Montgomery co., Maryland, flows 
 south-westward: sud enters the Potomac. 
 
 SEXECA CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Monroe CO., and enters 
 AVills Creek, near Cambridge. 
 
 SEN KC A FALLS, a post-town.ship of Seneca co., New York, 
 about ItJO miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 6960. 
 
 SEXECA F.A.LLS, a thriving postrvillage in the above 
 township, is situated on the outlet of Seneca Luke, and on the 
 Central Railroad, 43 miles W.S.W. of Syiacuse. It contains 
 about 6<hnrches,l national bank, an acafipmy.2 newspaper 
 offices, and many handsome dwellings and gardens. The 
 Cayuga and Seneca Canal passes through the village. It 
 has abundant water-power, and a variety of nianufuctories. 
 The principal articles produced are flour, cotton good.s, ma- 
 chinery, paper, window sash, and farming implements. In- 
 corporated in 1831. Pop. 5960. 
 
 SEXECA IXDIAXS, a tribe formerly inhabiting the W. 
 part of New York, but now occupying a tract lying between 
 the Xeosho River and the W. border of Mis.^ouri. 
 
 SENECA LAKE, a large and beautiful sheet of water in 
 the W. central part of New York, lies between Tompkins 
 and Seneca counties on the E., and Steuljen, Yates, and On- 
 tario counties on the W. It is about 35 miles long, and 
 from 2 to 4 miles wide. It is very deep, and is never frozen 
 over. The surface is stated to be 216 feet above Lake On- 
 tario, or 447 feet above the Atlantic. A steamlxiat plies be- 
 tween Jefferson and tinneva daily; the former at its S., and 
 the latter at its N. extremity. The outlet of Crooked Lake 
 enters Seneca Lake about 12 miles from its N. extremity, 
 and at different points alTords extensive water-power. .V 
 canal also connects the two lakes, and by means of locks 
 Seneca Lake has communication with the Erie Canal. 
 
 SENEC.V MILLS, a post-office, Montgomery co.. Maryland. 
 
 SEXECA RIVER. New York, forms the outlet of Cnnan- 
 daigua, Cayuga, Owasco, and Skaneateles Lakes, and after 
 receiving the waters of Onondaga Lake, takes the name o; 
 Oswego River. 
 
 SENECA RIVER, of North C.arolinii, rises in the Blue 
 Ridge, near the S. boundary of North Carolina, and tiowiuft 
 S., tails into the Tugaloo River in Anderson district, Soath 
 Carolina. 
 
 SENECA RIVER, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York. 
 
 SE.X'ECAVILLE, a post-villageof Guernsey co., Ohio, near 
 Seneca Creek, 10 miles S.E. of Cambridge, contains 2 or 3 
 churches. 
 
 SEN'EFER, an Island of the Red Sea, 6 miles E. of the 
 island of Tiran, at the entrance of the Gulf of Akabah. 
 
 SliNEFFE, sfh-neff', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, 16 miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 3464. It has a nc'ole 
 residence, with a fine park. Here a sanguinary but inde- 
 cisive battle took place in 1674, between the French under 
 the Prince of Condd. and the Allies under the Prince of 
 Orange, afterwards William III. of England. 
 
 SENEGAL, sen'e-gawl', (Fr. Siniyal, stVni-edl'.) a large 
 river of West Africa, rises under the name of Ba-Fing.* iu 
 lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 10° 40' W., near Timl>o. where its sources 
 are separated from those of the Niger (Joliba) by the high 
 lar>ds of the Maudiugo country. It then flows successively 
 N.W. and W., through Senegambia. its basin lying N. of that 
 of the Gambia, and it enters the Atlantic- Ocean in lat. 16° 
 N., Ion. 16° 3:3' W. Total course estimated at 1000 miles. 
 The principal affluents are the Kokoro and Falemo. both 
 of which join it in the upper half of its course. At Fellore, 
 
 * Ba, a prefix to tlio names of many riv9»8 in West A/rioa, »ig- 
 nititiS "water" or "river;" it is probably I rom lb "' laiiiei'oot aj 
 bnhr iu Arabic, and ab or aub in Persian. 
 
Sen 
 
 SEN 
 
 frcm 400 to 450 miles from the ocean. It forms a cataract, up 
 to which it is always navigable for tiat-liottomed boats. In 
 Its lower part it Hows throu;;h a level and densely-wooded 
 plain, and the tide is perceptible in it for 60 leagues inland. 
 At 3;") miles from its mouth it divides into two principal 
 arms, the easternmost and largest of which is deep enough 
 for the largest ships, but the mouth of the river is encum- 
 bered by a bar, which has seldom more tiian 10 or 12 feet 
 water. In the rainy seasons, vessels of from KSO to 150 tons 
 can ascend it to Galam, and at the commencement of the 
 Inundation, in July, some French trading vessels sail up to 
 that point. 
 
 SE.N'KCi.Vf,, (Tr, S6negal.) a French colonial dependency of 
 West Africa, consisting of the island and town of St, Louis, 
 at the mouth of the Senegal, and .several f >rts along the 
 banks of that river, Albreda, Ac, on the Gambia, Ooree, and 
 other settlements S. of Cape Verd. Total population in 1849, 
 14,870, about three-iifths of whom were slaves. The csports 
 consist chiefly of gum, hides, wax, ivory, cabinet- woods, and 
 gold-dust ; the imp irts of manufactured goods, wines, spirits, 
 and provisions. The governor resides at St. Louis, which is 
 the seat of the chief judicial court, Goree is the residence 
 of a lieutenant-governor, European force, about 370 men. 
 The French first settled in Senegal in 1637, It was held by 
 the English from 17.7fi until 1779. and again from the period 
 of the French revolutionary war till 1814. 
 
 SENEaALLI.\, a town of Italy. See SixWAnUA. 
 
 SENKG.iMBIA, s.An-e-gam'he-S. (Fr, Siidgambie., sA'nA'- 
 gSM'bee'; Oer, Senegamhien. sft-n.i-gdm'begn,) an extensive 
 region of West Afiic.a, comprising the countrie.s between lat. 
 8° and 17° X., and Ion, 4"^ and 17° 30' W., having E. Soodan 
 Proper, S. Guinea, W, the Atlantic, and N, the Sahara 
 Desert, The limits of tho country are too imperfectly defined 
 to form even an approximate estimate of its area. Its extent 
 of seacoast probably exceeds 700 miles. It is low through- 
 out, and in many places deeply indented with numerous 
 Island.-! lining its shore.s. The principal projections are Cape 
 Verd, the westernmost point of Africa, and Cape St, Mary, 
 at the mouth of the Gambia, The chief islands are the low, 
 sandy islet of St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal : the 
 insulated rock called Goree, 300 feet high and 600 fathoms 
 long, sep;irated from Cape A'erd by a channel 1500 fathi>nis 
 wide, and islands of the llissagos or I}ijo( ja Archipelago, near 
 the embouchure of the Kio Grande. 
 
 P/ti/sical Features.— 'I'he W. or maritime portion of Sene- 
 gamliia is a low, fiat, and, to a great extent, swampy plain, 
 nearly 150 miles wide, under the 10th parallel, and incieas- 
 Ing .\, towards tho Senegal to a width of 200 miles. To the 
 B. of this is a hilly or mountainous country, in which the 
 principal valleys run from S. to N. These parallel mountain 
 terraces increase in height towards tlie S.K. The plateau 
 of Foota-Jallon, .lallon-ke-du, Kooka-du, and Bambook, may 
 be assumed with probability to have a general elevation of 
 1200 feet or 1500 feet, while the summits of tho mountjiin 
 chains attain, perhaps, at the utmost, an absolute height of 
 6000 feet. 
 
 Otology. — Granite in its various forms appears to consti- 
 tute the base of the mountain chains, and shows itself in all 
 the small hills diversifying the banks of the Senegal, from 
 Galam up to Dambook; while farther S., volcanic rocks fre- 
 quently break through and cover the granite, the hill-tops 
 being often crowned with basalt, and the loftier mountains 
 owing their superior elevation to the mass of trachyte accu- 
 mulated upon them. Iron-stone or ferruginous rock, is pro- 
 fusely strewed over the hills in Foota-.Iallon, and neighbor- 
 ing districts. Lower down than the iron, on the outer edge, 
 apparently, of the volcanic intluence, imbedded in a kxise, 
 friable earth, lies the gold grain, for which in early times 
 Guinea was so famous. Bambook, towards the N,, between 
 the Faleme and lia-fing, and Bure in the E, slope, are the 
 districts most famed for their gold-mines. The level plains 
 towards the coast are formed, as might be expected, from the 
 detritus of the hills, mixed with sand. 
 
 Rivers.— Oi these, the Senegal, Gambia, and Kio Grande, 
 already named, are the chief The Senegal has its source in 
 the highlands of the Mandingo Terrace, and after a circuit- 
 ous course of about 800 miles, enters the Atlantic in 16° 5' 
 N. Lat. In the upper part of its course it receives a great 
 number of tributaries, and the scenery along its banks is 
 very beautifuL A shifting sandbar. at its mouth prevents 
 the entrance of vessels drawing more th.an 10 feet water. 
 The Gambia is a noble stream : at its embouchure, at Cape 
 St. Mary, it is about 20 miles wiile; it gradually contracts 
 in widtli, but is navigable by frigat<5s for more than 100 
 miles, and by vessels of 150 tons for 380 miles. It rises in 
 the country of Foota Jallon, and has a course of above 600 
 miles. The Kio Grande is about 300 miles in length. It 
 rises in the Jallon country, and flowing \V'., enters the At- 
 Lantic by a wide estuary near the Bissagos Archipelago. Its 
 banks are covered with towns and plantations. There are 
 «everal lakes, of which the Kayor, on the border of the 
 Sahara, is the principal. The others become fertile plains 
 In the dry season. The river Casamanza, which flows be- 
 tween the Gambia and the Jeba, is altogether a river of the 
 r' ilM, aiid highly characteristic of this region, being fed 
 
 wholly from marshes, inundated plains, or by the outpoi r- 
 ingsof the neighlioring rivers. It may be ascended in Im j.e 
 boats 120 miles. In general, it may be observed, that in 
 Senegambia below the hills, where the rivers flow from 1-", to 
 W',, the country is perfectly level, and duiing the floods .ill 
 the rivers, quitting their channels, flow over the plains, and 
 become connected one with the other by means of canals or 
 marigots. some of which remain still navigable when the 
 floods have subsided. These marigots are so numerous that 
 Si^jiegambia, towards the sea, may be compared to a chain 
 of islands separated by narrow channels. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Senegambia is almost insupport- 
 able to a European at all seasons of the year. At Senegal, 
 the thermometer stands fienuently at 130° Fahrenheit: and 
 from .Tune to October, the quantity of rain which falls 
 amounts to from 50 to CO inches ; during the rest of tlie 
 year there are heavy dews. In the interior, the climate is 
 cooler and more salubrious, owing to th« elevation of the 
 country, and the greater freedom from vegetable mi.asma, 
 which, along the lower part of the Senegiil, renders death 
 almost certain to any but natives, 
 
 Vrgetatiim, Agriculture, (tc. — The vegetation of Senegambia 
 is known accurately only on the coast. On the lower Senegal, 
 the soil, so far as the inundation reaches, teems with abun- 
 dance. Beyond that line extends a dry, sandy desert, in which 
 the cactus, acaci,a, and various thorny plants of the Sahara 
 overspread the plains, and tliis desert region, narrowing as 
 it extends S., roaches nearly to the Gambi.a. Farther S.. and 
 wherever the coast, broken into islands, is intersected by 
 numerous marigots, the mangrove and palms occupy the 
 .shores. Behind them may be ,':een the gigantic baobab, 
 (A'lansrmia.) and bentang, (Eri/idendrnn.) the African teak, 
 and other large timber. But the dcn.se forest of great treee 
 commences at .some distance from the coast, at the foot of the 
 hills. It is above tlie limits of these forests, apparently, 
 that the shea or butter-tree is first met with. This, with 
 the ceil>a-palm, characterize the hilly region. F'arther S,, 
 the cam-wood makes its appearance. The cultivation of the 
 soil, throughout the whole region, varies much more from 
 the civilization of the people than the gradations of climate. 
 Fertile tracts, well situated, often lie as wilderness, while 
 les.sfavored spots yield abundantly. Kice, maize, and other 
 grains, with bananas, manioc, and yams, are cultivated 
 equally on the hills and plains. Tracts may be found, pai^ 
 ticularly round the villages of the Mohammedan Mandin- 
 goes, exhibiting a state of cultivation which would be 
 thought admirable even in this country. The orange, citron, 
 and other fruits introduced by the Portuguese in the fifteenth 
 and sixteenth century, are now extensively cultivated in the 
 hills. In some parts of Foot.a-Jallim, the oranges are not eaten 
 by the natives, but reserved wholly for strangers, 
 
 Inliahitiints. — The various nations which inhabit Sene- 
 gambia are of many races, and do not .alw.ays admit of being 
 accurately cla.s.sified. We find Yolofs, Sereres, I'oolahs, Man- 
 dingoes under many denominations, Feloops, Tyabes, and 
 Bjssagoes, both living together and in separate communities. 
 This extraordinary mixture and complication of different 
 races, or at least of different languages, is the most remark- 
 able phenomenon of Western and Central Africa, The Sene- 
 gal has on the right or X, bank the desert tiibes of the 
 Moors, and on the left the Yolofs, who are negroes of the 
 deepest black. Above them, 100 miles from the sea, are the 
 Foolahs or I'eules; and still higher up the river, in G.alam 
 or Kajaaga, the Serracolets are met with, in several diiTer- 
 ent castes or families, of widely different character and 
 manners. These people are jet-black, and shine like polished 
 ebony. But their neighbors, the Foolalis. are not negroes; 
 to brown complexions they join good features, and some- 
 times long hair. They are remarkable fur cleanliness, reli- 
 gious zeal, (they are generally Mohammedans,) equestrian 
 habits, and attachment to pastoral life. From near the 
 sources of the Gambia, in lat 11° 25' N,, the ^landingoes 
 extend to the seacoast on tho W, 400 miles, while on the E. 
 their domain is .almost equally extensive. Towards the 
 S.K., and along the highland, (Kong,) it is not easy to assign 
 their limits: but it is certain that branche.= of them (the 
 Deys .and Veys) approach the coast in Liberia, while others 
 occupy (in Gaman) the elevated interior of Ashantee. Above 
 Jallon-ke-du is Foota-Jallon. where the Foolahs have est.a- 
 blished a comparatively powerful eriipire. Their capital, 
 Timbo, near the sources of the B,a-fing and Falem^, is not 
 above 180 miles from Sierra Leone. At the mouth of the 
 Cazamansa dwell the Feloops, a barbarous race, around 
 whom are several other nations (Fogni, Ziguishe, i'c) of 
 kindred origin and language, all alike noted for turbulence, 
 predatory habits, and habitu.al Intoxication, Tlie compara- 
 tive barbarity and debasement of tlie coast trilies may be 
 generally ascribed to the abundance of palm-wine. But 
 Mohammedan settlements of ilandingoes and Foolahs are 
 rapidly increasing near the coast, and invariably bring with 
 them superior industry, sobriety, and instruction : for every 
 village has its school. All over SenegamVna are to be found 
 the G riots, who appear to be a distinct people, and the here- 
 ditary professional buSbous, minstrels, and improvisator! of 
 the country. 
 
 1751 
 
SEN 
 
 Ownfj^n^.— The Yolofs are ruled by hereditary chiefs, 
 ifh-y may be styled kings. Among the Foolahs, the Almamy 
 (Al-lmAm) is at once sovereign and high-priest, and, if well 
 versed in the Koran, he can, by means of it, exercise an 
 almost despotic power. The JIandiugo chiefs are generally 
 controlled by councils of elders, and also by popular as.-:em- 
 blies; but the aristocratic seems to prevail over the demo- 
 cratic in most of their republics. The Feloops and other 
 barbarous tribes on the seaboard seem to have no further 
 union th.in is absolutely required for defence or for plans of 
 pillage. Each village is independent of it^s neighbors; and 
 sometimes eveu each house in a village is fortified and fenced 
 Dff as securely as possible from those around it. The rule 
 of succession among all these nations generally follows the 
 female line; that is, the inheritance goes to the sister's son, 
 though in .some communities the brother is allowed to have 
 a prior title. 
 
 History, and European SettUments. — In the middle of the 
 fifteenth century (1402) the I'ortuguese reached the Senegal, 
 «nd opened a friendly communication with one of tlieYolof 
 kings; but no permanent settlements appear to have been 
 made. With the voyage of Jobson in 1620, the Knglish may 
 be s;iid to have begun the exploration of the Gambia, though 
 their traders were on the coast 30 or 40 years earlier. The 
 trade of the French in the Senegal may in like manner be 
 dated from Brue's voyage in ltj97. The French have at pre- 
 sent fiictories. not onli' on the Senegal, but also on the Gam- 
 bia, Casamanza, and Kio Grande. They aim, however, at no 
 colonization nor acquisition of territory beyond what is 
 absolutely necessary for the security of their mercantile esta- 
 blishments. St. Mary's Island, at the mouth of the Gam- 
 bia, and .Macarthy's Island, about 150 miles higher up, are 
 the chief English factories in Senegambia. (See Ga.mhia.) 
 The I'ortuguese still retain small factories on the rivers 
 Casamanza and Jeba. But it is to the Gambia that the 
 Mandingoeg, the givat traders of West Africa, chiefly resort. 
 Gold-dust, ivory, skins, fine woods, and timber were for- 
 merly the chief productions, but it has been discovered of 
 late years that the ground-nut, (Arachys hypogxa,) called 
 by the French pistache-de-terre, yields an abundance of fine 
 oil, and the increasing cultivation of this article, chiefly by 
 the Mandingoes, now begins to support an important com- 
 merce, whicii will probably produce, ere long, sensible effects 
 
 on the civilization of West Africa. Adj. S£N£OAlifii.\N, 
 
 s5n-e-^am'be-an. 
 
 SENEGHE", s.l-nA'g!l, or SEXEGUI, (?) a village of Sardinia, 
 province of Oristano, 9 miles S.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1846. 
 
 SENEIICHIA, .si-njR'ke-d, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Citra. X.N.E. of Ca.-iipagna. Pop. 1460. 
 
 SE'XEX, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois. 
 
 SENEZ, sA-ni', a town of France, department of Basses- 
 Alpes. 15 miles S.E. of Digne. Pop. 860. 
 
 SENFTE.N B KRG, sSnf 'tgn-bko', or ZAMBERG, tsamOjiRG, 
 a town of Germany, in Boliemia, 28 miles E.SJJ. of Kiiuig- 
 griitz, on the .\dler. Pop. 2904. 
 
 SENFTEXBERG, a town of Germany, province of Bran- 
 denburg, on the BI.ick Elster, 15 miles S.of Kalau. P. 1402. 
 
 SE-XGAX, sA'ngdn', or SSE-XGAX-FOO. sJng^ gin' foo/, a 
 city of China, province of Quang-see, capital of a department, 
 45 miles N.X.W. of Xan-njng. 
 
 SENQAXXAH, s^n-gjn'ul, a town of North-west Ilin- 
 dostan, in Rajpootana, on a height, 00 miles E.S.E. of 
 Chooroo. 
 
 SEXIIORIil, sJu-yo-reeN-o', a town and parish of Portu- 
 gal, province of Beira-Alta, about 12 miles from Viseu. 
 Pop. 1506. 
 
 SEXI.VVIXE (or SEXIAVIX, si-ne-l-veenO ISLAXDS, a 
 group of the Carolines, in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 6° 4;>' to 
 7° 6' X., Ion. 158° to 158° 30' E. The principal island is 
 Poiunipet 
 
 SEXIG.\, si'ne-gJ, a village of Northern Italy, in Lom- 
 bardy. 20 miles S.S.W. of Bresc.i;i, on the OgHo. 
 
 SEXIO. si'ne-o, a river of Central Italy, in Tuscany and 
 State of ii^milia, joins the Ptwli-Prim.iro, 10 miles N.W. 
 of Ravenna, after a X.E. course of 50 miles. 
 
 SEXISE, sA-nee'.sA, a town of Xaples, province of Ba.sili- 
 cata, 29 miles E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SEXJEX, sJn'y^n, one of the largest islands off the X W. 
 coast of Xorway, its centre near lat. 69^ 20' X., Ion. 17° 10' 
 E. Length, 45 miles; breadth, 30 miles. The shores are 
 greatly indented, and some of its mountains rise 3000 feet 
 in height. 
 
 SKXKOV, SEXKOW, sJn-kov', or ZEXKOV. a town of 
 Russia, government, and 42 miles X.X.W. of Poltava, on the 
 Groonia (Gruiiia.') 
 
 SEXKOV, SEXKOW or ZEXKOV, a market-town of Eus- 
 Bla, government, and 68 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov. 
 
 SKXLIS, so.NoMeece' or sd.No'lee'. (anc. AugmUnn'agus and 
 Sylvanec'U-tf) a town of France, department of Oise, on the 
 Nouette, 25 miles X.E. of I'aris. Lat. 49° 12' X.. Ion. 2° 35' 
 E. Pop. in 1852, 5802. It has a handsome cathedral, a com- 
 munal colk"ge. remains of an ancient castle, a public library 
 of 8000 volumes, a theatre, and manufactures of chlccorv 
 and starch. IL-re, in IISO, PhUip Augustus espoused Eliza- 
 beth of llainaut. ■• = r 
 
 SEN 
 
 SEX5IAXAT, sJn-ma-ndt/, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 province, and about' 12 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1417. 
 
 SEXX. sen, (anc. ('(Bine,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pasha- 
 lie, and 25 miles S.S.E. of Mosul, on the Tigris, opposite the 
 mouth of the Great Z.ib. 
 
 SEXNA, sdn'nd, a town of East Africa. See Sena. 
 
 SKXXA. a village of Northern Italy, province of Pavla, 
 5 miles W. of Codogno. 
 
 SEXXA. a town of Persia. See Sin-sa. 
 
 SEXXAAR or SEXXAK, sjn-iilr', a state of North-east 
 Africa, subject to Egypt, and forming a part of Nubia, is sit a* 
 afed on the Xile or Bahr-el-Azrek, between the parallels of 
 12° and 15° 45' N. lat. The junction of the two great arms 
 of the Xile, the Bahr-el-.\zrek and the Bahr-el-Abiad, is in 
 lat. 16° 37' X. The tract tietween these two riveis. increasing 
 S. to a width of two or three days' journey, (50 or CO miles.) is 
 called by the Arabs the Island of Sennaar; the name given 
 to it by the indigenons population is Ilooee, (litii.) The towua 
 or villages lie chiefly along the banks of the Blue River or 
 Bahr-el-Azrek, and are tolerably numerous from the I3th 
 parallel downwards for a distance of 2i miles. From that 
 limit, or perhaps in some places a little farther S., the island 
 is all nominally subject to Sennaar. East of the Blue River 
 this dominion reaches to. the forests which encircle Abys- 
 sinia. The little communities that spring up in sequestered 
 situations, between these forests and the Abyssinian high- 
 land, are sometimes claimed by the one state, sometimes by 
 the other; but their allegiance is rarely enforced. On its 
 W. side the island of Sennaar is a wilderness, the only perma- 
 nent inhabited places on the White River being Hellet-el- 
 Ais, a poor hamlet at the ferry, on the road to Kordofan ; and, 
 lower down, Manjera, a Turkish station for hewing timber 
 and building boats. The authority maintained over the 
 wandering Arab or F^thiopic tribes, is a matter rather of 
 might than right, and depends less on prescription or con- 
 vention, than on the actual power and vigor of the govern- 
 ment. The Turco-Egyptians. whose head-quarters are at 
 Khartoom, at the X. point of the island of Senn.iar, have ex- 
 acted submission from the tril>es of Taka. E. of the Atbara, 
 and also hold in subjection Kordofim, in the W., where they 
 keep a strong garrison in the chief town. Obeid. 
 
 Mirers. — The ordinary width of the White River is nearly 
 2 miles, but during tlie floods it increases in some places be- 
 low El Ai's to 8 miles or more. The Blue River is joined, 
 within the limits of Sennaar, by the Dender; and, lower 
 down, by the Ra'ad ("lightning") or Shimfa, both great 
 rivers in the rainy season. But the all-important river of 
 the country is the Blue River or Nile; its ordinary width 
 varies from 500 to 1000 yards. Nearly all the villages and 
 settled population are on this river. 
 
 Face of the Country, GeoLogy, Vegfiation, d-c. — The territory 
 of Sennaar is collectively a great level plain, from which 
 masses of rock protrude at wide intervals, but to no great 
 elevation. West of the town of Sennaar, however, are the 
 Mountains of Jloia, Mandera, and Segadi, apparently ex- 
 tending as a chain from S. to X., but in reality disconnected. 
 .Tebel-Moia. the largest and loftiest of these hills, may have 
 an elevation of 1200 feet. Baboons are the only inhabitants 
 of the bare rocks; apes, parrots, and guinea-fowl tenant the 
 woods at their feet. The ebony-tree grows round Jebel- 
 Moia; the syaimore-fig round Segadi. The pLnin of Sennaar, 
 for some distance above Khartoom, exhibits only a sandy 
 soil, apparently mixed with deposits from the river. But 
 from Messelemiah up, its character changes entirely; and 
 the level fiat becomes a deep bed of argillaceous marl, con- 
 taining calcareous concretions in great quantity. The ar- 
 gillaceous soil is retentive of water; and when refreshed by 
 rain, (for these rich plains are nowhere reached by the 
 waters of the Nile,) becomes exceedingly fertile. But in 
 the dry season it has an aspect of the most dismal sterility ; 
 no trees, little herbage, and the naked ground cracked and 
 gaping in all diroctions'with the burning heat. This natu- 
 rally prolific plain rarely presents to view the luxuriant 
 vegetation which might be expected so near the equator. 
 As soon as the r,ain falls, the arid and dreary waste becomes 
 a sea of mire, and on this, without any preparation, is sown 
 the durra, (Sorghum ruJgare.) the characteristic produce of 
 Sennaar, which may indeed lie regarded as the native coun- 
 try of durra. In three months and a half, or about the 
 end of October, the whole pl.iin, far and wide, w.ives with 
 the ripe grain, and the harvest is gathered. Such is the 
 rude and simple agriculture of this once very populous 
 country. Near Khartoom, the extensive inundated tracts 
 on the Bahr-el-Abiad, are sown, on the retirement of the 
 floods, with kidney-beans, and afterwards with durra. In 
 the latitude of Sennaar the chick-pea (Cicer) takes the place 
 of kidney-beans. 
 
 The Nile swells fitfully in May; begins to rise steadily in 
 June, and att.ains its greatest height early in September. 
 Immediately before, and at times duruig the rains, the 
 heat is insupportable, the thermometer in a tent rising 
 to 119° Fahrenheit, while the humid air resembles a 
 steam-bath. Then come the deadly fevers and dysentery, 
 which are most fatal on the argillacenuf. pbdn. In winter 
 the thermometer often CUls to 60°, and the atmosphere is 
 
SEN 
 
 60 free from humidity, that meat will dry without de- 
 composing. 
 
 In/iahitaiits, Customs, He. — The population of Sennaar is of 
 a Tery mixed character, and as yet no traveller has suc- 
 ceeded in the attempt to point out distinctly the alxiriginal 
 race. The better classes in Sennaar have generally handsome 
 features, and well-proportioned, statue-like figures. Their 
 dark-brown complexions and rather thick lips alone betray 
 some distant consiinguinity with the negroes. The men 
 grow decrepid rapidly in declining years, and the women, on 
 whom devolves all the drudgery of domestic life, become 
 frightfully ugly almost as soon as the first bloom of youth 
 has passed away. Theferda or toga generally worn, admits 
 of being gracefully folded in a variety of ways. The elabo- 
 rately frizzled hair, and the elegantly made sandals of the 
 people of Sennaar, exactly represent the fashion of ancient 
 Kgypt, as painted on the tombs. The houses of Sennaar at 
 the present day are built of sun-dried bricks, and roofed 
 with halfa, (a grass.) durra-straw, or reeds, the material used 
 varying in position with respect of the rains. Slavery, as 
 well as durra, seems attached to the soil. More than half 
 of the population are negro slaves. The upper classes spend 
 a life of utter indolence and idle dissipation. All classes 
 love intoxication, and drink either merisa, (an inebriating 
 beer made from durra.) or brandy distilled from it. Though 
 dissolute and idle, they are not without ingenuity. Their 
 own wants they can supply perfectly, are eminently skilful 
 as weavers, goldsmiths, curriers, potters, &c. The property 
 of land is here absolute, and not resumable by the sovereign, 
 as is generally the case throughout Africa. The people, 
 though subdued by the Mohammedans, can hardly be said 
 to have been converted by them. They have indeed fi)r- 
 potten Christianity, but while professing the faith of the 
 Koran, they observe hardly any of its precepts. They rear 
 and eat pork; they neither wash nor pray, and most of 
 their villages are without mosques. 
 
 Tmcns. — iJesides Sennaar, the capital, numerous villages 
 are situated on the Nile below it. The most important are 
 Dekin, the ancient capital, about 24 miles below Sennaar; 
 WadMedineh. (in 14° 25' N. lat.,) now nearly as large as Sen-, 
 naar; Messelemiah, 20 miles lower down, the chief market 
 and place of trade on the river; and Kalamin, where some 
 manufactories have been established under the protection 
 of the Egyptian government. 
 
 Hitlory. — The popular traditions of Sennaar represent that 
 country as the original .seat of the Macrobii. whom Hero- 
 dotus mentions as tlie most remote of the Kthiopians, and 
 as a people whose gold provoked the cupidity of Cambyses. 
 As Christianity spread up the Nile, carried by Egyptian or 
 Jacobite priests, it was soon received by the descendants of 
 the Egyptians, and in tlie tenth century the most flourish- 
 ing state in Ethiopia was the Christian kingdom of Aiwa, 
 on the Blue Kiver, with Soba for its capital. The ruins of 
 Soba may now be recognised on both sides of the river, 
 about 15 miles aliove Khartoom. 
 
 SENNAAR or SEXNAR, a city of the above country, is 
 situated in lat. 13° 34' X.. Ion. 33° 30' E., in the midst of a vast 
 monotonous plain, which represents successively a parched 
 desert, a quagmire, and a field of durra. The only agreeable 
 object near the place is the grove of lemon-trees. From the 
 descriptions of I'oncet, (1099,) Bruce, (1772,) and of Caillaud, 
 (1822.) it would appear to have been comparatively large 
 and well built, but now lies for the most part in ruins. Its 
 population lias fallen from 30.000 to perhaps less than 4000. 
 The king's palace, of well-burnt brick, has nearly all fallen 
 to the ground, and has eontriliuted materials for the erec- 
 tion of the Turkish governor's house. 
 
 SENNG. s^n'neh, a river of Belgium, fells into the Demer 
 a little below .Mechlin. 
 
 SENNE or BRACKWEDEK-SENNE, brlk'MMfrsZn'neh, 
 a village of i'russia, in Westphalia, government, and 4 miles 
 S.W. of Miuden. Pop. 1654. 
 
 SENNE or IIEKPER-SENNE, h?R/p?r Bgn'ngh, a village of 
 Prussia, in Westphalia, government, and 4 miles S.W. of Miu- 
 den. Pop. 922. 
 
 SENNECEY-LE-GRAXD, s^nn'see' Ifh grJ.V, a market- 
 townof France, department of Sa5ne-et-Loire. on the Paris and 
 Lyons Railway, 22 miles N. of .Macon. Pop. in 1852. 2511. 
 
 SENNEEF. SENNIF, sSn'neef, or SUK-EI--JU.MAUII, 
 Book II joo*niiH'(?) a market-town of Arabia, in Yemen, in 
 a well-cultivated valley, about 100 miles N. by E. of Mocha. 
 Pop. about 1000. 
 
 SEX'.XEX, a pjtrish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SEXNERUT, s4n'ner-oot\ an island off the W. coast of 
 Greeifland. N. of Cape' Desolation. Lat. 61° 28' N. 
 
 SEN'XETT, a post-village and township of Cayuga co., 
 New York, on the Syracuse and Rochester Itailroad, 4 miles 
 N.E. of Auburn. Pop. 19-23. 
 
 SENNFELD, slnn'felt. a village of Germany, in Baden, 
 circle of Ijower Rhine. Pop. 1070. 
 
 SENNFELD, a village of Bavaria, 2 miles E.S.E. of Schwein- 
 hrt, on a small lake of the same name. Pop. 819. 
 
 SENNIIEI.M, sinn'hime, the German name of Cersat, 
 \\hich see. 
 
 SENNIF, a town of Arabia. See Senneep. 
 
 SEP 
 
 SENNO, sJn'no, or SIENNO, se-?n'no, a town of Rngsla, 
 government, and 72 miles N.N.W. of Moheelel . Pop. 1600. 
 
 SENNOI. sjn-noi', a town of Russia, government, and 70 
 miles N.X'.W. of Moheelev, on a lake of the same name. 
 
 SEXXOKI, sen-no'ree, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 
 8 miles X.E. of Sassari. Pop. 1620. 
 
 SEXXWALD, sJnn'*3lt, a village and parish of Switzer 
 land, canton, and 13 miles S.S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 2726. 
 
 SENONAIS. See Senonois. 
 
 SENONCHES, s§h-nA.Nsh'. a market-town of France, de 
 partment of Eure-etrLoir, 18 miles S.S.W. of Dreux. Pop 
 in 1852, 2108. 
 
 SENONES. See Sens. 
 
 SENONES, sfh-non', a town of France, department of 
 Vosges, 7 miles N.E. of St. Die. Pop. in 1852, 25S3. 
 
 SEXONOIS or SENONAIS, sfh-no'nA', an old district of 
 France, of which Sens was the capital, and now forming 
 the gi-eater part of the departments of Yonne and Aube. 
 
 SENOODEBOO or SENOU-DEBOU, s^'nOiV dA'boo/, a large 
 village of Senegambia, in Bondoo, on the Faleme. Lat. 14° 
 22' N., ion. 12° 20' W. 
 
 SENORBI, sA-noR/bee, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division, 22 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1155. 
 
 SENS, sSn", (anc. Agedinlcum, afterwards Senfones,} a city 
 of France, department of Yonne, on the right bank of the 
 Yonne. and on the railway to I'aris and Lyons, 61 miles 
 S.S.E. of Paris. Lat. 48° 12' N., Ion. 3° 17' E. Pop. in 1852, 
 10,645. Its walls, and variousother buildings, are of Roman 
 construction. Its cathedral contains the mausoleum of the 
 dauphin, son of Louis XV., and the tombs of other historical 
 personages. The large communal college comprises a mu- 
 seum of antiquities and a public library. It has an episco- 
 pal seminary, theatre, a suburb on an island in the Yonne, 
 here crossed by two bridges, a tribunal of commerce, cham- 
 ber of manufactures, distilleries, tanneries, manufactures 
 of serge, druggets, glue, dials, and nails. Under the Ro- 
 mans, it was the capital of the fourth Lyonnaise, and an 
 episcopal see, founded in the third century. Here, in 1140, 
 was held the council which condemned Abelard ; and here 
 Thomas k Becket took refuge in 1166. 
 
 SENSBURG, slns'b<5oRG, a town of Prussia, 61 miles S.W. 
 ofGumbinnen. Pop. 2100. 
 
 SENSENFABRICK, sSn'sfn-fd'^brik, a village of Wurtem- 
 berg, circle of Schwarzwald, near Neuenburg. It owes its 
 name to an extensive manufactory of scythes and sickles, 
 of which about 80,000 are annually made. 
 
 SE.XTELL'S STORE, postoffice. Bossier parish, Louisiana. 
 
 SEXTIXEL, a post-ofBce of Andrew co., Mis.souri. 
 
 SENTINEL PRAIRIE, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri. 
 
 SENTINELS, two islets in the Bay of Bengal, W. of the 
 Great and Little Andaman Islands. 
 
 SENTIPAC, sJn-te-pdk', a town of Mexico, state of Jalisco, 
 near the Pacific, 25 miles S. of Acaponeta. 
 ■ SEXTIS, sin'tis, or IIOCH-SEXTIS, hoK s?n'tis, a moun- 
 tain of Switzerland, 6 miles S. of Appenzell. Height above 
 the sea. 8232 feet. 
 
 SENZIIARY or SENJARY, NOA'OX, no-voi' sln-zhS'ree, a 
 town of Russia, government, and 25 miles S.W. of Poltava, 
 on the Vorskla. Pop. 3750. ' 
 
 SEO DE URGEL, si'o dd ooR-n?l', an episcopal city of 
 Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 67 miles X.E. of Lei'ida, 
 in a plain among the Pyrenees, between the rivers Balira 
 and Segre. It has an ancient cathedral, a court-house, a 
 nunnery, and a bishop's palace. It was sacked by the 
 French in 1792. Pop. 2899. 
 
 SEON, sA/on, a village and parish of Switzerland, cantoa 
 of Aargau, on the Aa, 6 miles S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1475. 
 
 SE^OPOblf, a town of India, dominions, and 90 miles S.W. 
 ofGwalior. 
 
 SEPEY, s§hp.V, a village of Switzerland, canton of Taud, 
 consisting of wooden ch.alets of a superior kind, and adorned 
 with curious carving, 5 miles N.E. of Aigle. with which it 
 communicates by a noble road, begun in 18."6, to connect 
 the great route over the Simplon with one leading into the 
 S. part of the canton of Bern. 
 
 SEPII'TON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, on the 
 Alt, g miles N.N.E. of Liverpool. Great Crosby, in this pa- 
 rish, is a fashionable bathing-place. 
 
 SEPINO, sA-pee'no, or SUPINO, soo-pee'no, a town of Na- 
 ples, province of Molise, 9 miles S.S.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 
 4000. It has manufactures of woollens and paper. Near it 
 are supposed to be the remains of the ancient Sepima, a 
 chief town of the Samnites. 
 
 SEPITA, a town of Bolivia. See Zepita. 
 
 SEPOLCRO, SAN. See BORGO San Sepolcro. 
 
 SEPSI-SZENT-GYORGY, (Sepssi-Szent-Gyiirgy,) sh^shee' 
 s?nt dyoRdj, a village of Transylvania, in Szekler-land, on 
 the Aloota, (Aluta.) 16 miles N.N.E. of Kronstadt. P. 2395. 
 
 SEPTER. sfp'ter, or SIEBEXDORF, see'ben -doRf, a vil- 
 lage of Austria, in Transylvania, co. of Klausenburg, about 
 
 9 miles from Tekendorf. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SEPT-FR15reS. sit li-aiR. a village of France, department 
 of Calvados. 5 miles W.N.W. of Vire. 
 
 SEPT-FRERES, s5t fraiR. (i.e. " Seven Brothers,") a group 
 of islets off the N. coast of Uayti, opposite Monte ChristL 
 
 1753 
 
SEP 
 
 ■ SEPTIMlJR, sJt'tee'main/ or (i5p?te-mer. one of the Swiss 
 Alps. cant, n '..f G risons, 25 miles S.E. of Chur, (Coiie.) The 
 pass across it, 7611 feet in height, was the oi-dinary route 
 from East Switzerland into Italy until the formation of the 
 route across the Splugen, 17 miles W. Septimanca. See Sim.- 
 ancas. 
 
 SEPT-ISLES, s6t eel, (i. «. " Seven Islands,") a group be- 
 lousing to France, off the N. coast of Brittany, department 
 of Cotes-du-Xord, 10 miles X. of Lannion. Lat. iS° 52' 48" 
 N^ Ion. 3° 29' 15" W. The Ile Aux Moises is the largest 
 and onlv inhabited island. 
 
 SEPTMONCKL. set'mA.No'sell', a frontier village of France, 
 department of .Jura, in the mountains, 15 miles X.NV. of 
 Geneva. Pop. 1302, who manufacture toys and artificial 
 gems, for which it has long been famous. 
 
 SEPUL'GA, a small river of Alabama, rises in Butler 
 CO., and flowing S., enters the Conecuh, in Conecuh county. 
 
 SEPULGA, a post-office of Conecuh co., Alabama. 
 
 SEPULA'EDA. si-pool-vi'Dj, a marketrtown of Spain, pro- 
 Tince, and 24 miles N.N.E. of Segovia. Pop. 1779. 
 
 SEQUAN'A. S<ie Seine. 
 
 SEQUATCHIE or SEQUATCHY, se-liwafchee. a smtill 
 river of Tennessee, rises in Bledsoe county, and flowing S.W., 
 enters the Tennessee River in Marion county, about 2 miles 
 from the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama. Length, esti- 
 mated at 100 miles. 
 
 SEQUILLO, sA-keel'yo, a river of Spain, rises between the 
 provinces of Palencia and Leon, flows first S.W., p-ist Medina 
 de Ricseco, and after a course of 80 miles joins Valderaduey. 
 
 SER aud MER, two peaks of the Himalayas. See Mer 
 and See. 
 
 SERA,sA'ri, (originally 5ira,)atown and district of South 
 India. Mysore dominions, 92 miles N.N.E. of Seringapatam. 
 Lat. 13° 44' N., Ion. 76° 58' E. 
 
 SERAHAN, sSr'l-hJn', a village of West Thibet, district 
 of Kunawur, on an open glade of considerable extent, 44 
 miles N.E. of Simla. 
 
 SERAI, si-ri', a town of India, in Bundelcund, 27 miles 
 S. ofTeary. 
 
 SERAI, a town of European Turkey, in Koom-Elee, 12 
 miles S.E. of Viza. 
 
 SERAIEVO, SERAJEVO or SERAIO. See BossA Ser.u. 
 
 SERAIN or SKREIX, seh-riji«', a river of France, depart- 
 ments of Cote-d'-Or aud Yonne, after a N-W.. course of 75 
 miles, past Noyers and Chablis, joins the Yonne 8 miles N. 
 of Auxerre. 
 
 SERAING, seh-i-lxo', a village of Belgium, on the right 
 bank of the Meuse, 5 miles S.W. of Liege, with which it com- 
 municates by railway. Pop. 3400. In the former residence 
 of the prince bishops of Liege, are machinery and ii-on-works. 
 
 SERAJEVO. See BosNA Serai. 
 
 SEKAMPORE, sJr\im-por', written also SERAMPOOR, a 
 town of British India, presidency and province of Bengal, 
 district, and on the W. side of the lloogly River, opposite 
 Barrackpoor, 14 miles N. of Calcutta. L.at. 22° 45' N., ion. 
 88° 26' E. Pop. of the town and vicinity. 12,537, mostly 
 Hindoos. It extends for about 1 mile along the river, is neat, 
 clean, built \n a European style, and was long tlje head- 
 quartiers of Protest.-tnUmissions. It belonged to the Danes, 
 until it was ceded by purchase to the English in 1845. 
 
 SER.W, seh-rSN"', a river of France, department of Ain, 
 joins the Ithone near Rochfort, after a S. course of 25 miles. 
 
 SERAN, sg-rdu', a village of North Hindostan, in the pro- 
 tected Sikh territory, on" the S.E. of the Sutlej, 12 miles 
 N.E. of Ranipoor, 7280 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 SERANG, an island, Malay Archipelago. See Ceuam. 
 
 SERAN'GANI (se-ran-gd'nee) ISLES, a cluster in the Ma- 
 l.iy Archipelago, between lat. 5° and 6° N., off the S. extre- 
 mity of Mindanao. 
 
 SEK.WALLE, si-rj-vill.'l, a village of Tuscany, 25 miles 
 N.W. of Florence. Pop. 1087. 
 
 SERAVEZZA, 64-r.4-vJt'8J, a village of Tuscany, in the 
 province of Florence, 7 miles S.E. of Carrara, and celebrated 
 for its quarries of the finest marble. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SERAW ATTY (g^r-a-wdt/tee) ISLANDS, written also SER- 
 'W.A.TTY, a group in the Malay Archipelago, E. of the island 
 of Timor, and consisting of the lslandsofSerawatty,Loewang, 
 Letti, .Moa, Kissen Ac. 
 
 SERAY()E. si-rd-yoo', a river of Java, provinces of Baglen 
 and Banjoemas. It flows W.S.W., and falls into the Indian 
 Ocean E. of Tjilatjap. Its mouth is encumbered by a b.ar, 
 within which it is navigable for the boats of the country 
 for alwut 30 miles. 
 
 SERBAI, sJr^bl', a town of Briti.sh India, presidency of 
 Bengal, in Bundelcund, 20 miles S.W. of Banda. 
 
 SERBIA. SeeSERVi.\. 
 
 SERCllIO, sJR'ke-o, a river of Northern It,ily, enters 
 the Mediterranean 8 miles N.W. of Pisa, after a S.W. course 
 af 55 uiiles. 
 
 SERCQ, saiRk, or SARK. one of the islands in the Eng- 
 lish Chj^nnel, belonging to England, 7 miles E. of Guerns»'y, 
 and 10 miles N.W. of Jersey. Lat, 49° 6' N.. ion. 2° 22' W. 
 Ai-ea, 1400 acres. It consists of two high peninsulas united 
 by a narrow isthmus. Many sea-fowl and fish are taken 
 around the a^asts, and of late some productive copper and 
 1754 
 
 SER 
 
 .silver mines have been opened. The inhabitants mana 
 facture cheese, stockings, gloves, and Guernsey jackets. 
 
 SERDOVA or SERDOBA, sJii-do/ba, a river of Russia, 
 rises in the N.W. of the government of Saratov, flows N.W, 
 past the town of Sordobsk, aud after * course of. about 70 
 miles joins the Khoper. 
 
 SERDOVOL or SKRDOBOL, s?rrdo-vol', SORDCEVALA. 
 sor-do-vd'ld, (Finlandish, Strdawala, saR-dd-wd'l3.) a town 
 of Finland, hen, and 90 miles N.E, of Viborg, on the N. 
 shore of Lake Ladoga. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SERDOVSK or SEllDOBSK. .sJRMovsk', a town of Russia, 
 government, and 107 miles N.W. of Saratov, on the Serdova. 
 Pop. 3500. mostly agricultural. 
 
 SEREBINTHE, a post-office of Cumberland co., Virginia. 
 
 SliRED. sJr'Jd or sA/r5t, a river of Austrian Poland, in Ga- 
 licia, in its E. part, rises 10 miles S. of Brody, flows through 
 a succession of small lakes, and S. past Tarnopol. Mikulinco, 
 and Czortkow, and joins the Dniester 5 miles S.E. of Z» 
 leszczvky. Total course. 120 miles. 
 
 SEREEK or SERIK, s;\-reek', a sm.all maritime town of 
 Persi.a, province of Kerm.an, 45 miles N.W. of Jask, on the 
 E. coast of the strait of Orm us. 
 
 SEREGELLYES, s«Vril\'hJll'ySsh\ a village of West Hun- 
 gary, CO., and 10 miles E.S.E. of Stuhlweisseuburg. Pop. 
 2357. 
 
 SEREGNO, sA-rJn'yo, a town of >^orthpm Italy, province, 
 and 13 miles N. of Milan, with which it communicates by 
 railway. Pop. 4246. 
 
 SEREILH.\C, sfh-riV3k', a village of France, department 
 of Haute-Yienne, 9 miles S.W. of Limoges. Pop. in 1852, 
 2206. 
 
 SEREJA, a river of Russia. See Serezha. 
 
 SEREM, s\-tI-}^>, a small town of Portugal, province of 
 Douro. on theVouga. 10 miles from Aveiro. Pop. 1^00. 
 
 SERF;'XA, a post-township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop.960, 
 
 SERENA. La, a town of Chili. See Coquimbo. 
 
 SEREXDIB, an old name of Cetlon. wliich see. 
 
 SERENHEM, s.i-rJn-yJ.\o/, or FORMOSA, toR-mo'sa, a 
 small town of Brazil, province, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Per- 
 nambuco. on the left bank of the river Serenhem, 15 miles 
 from its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SEREXO. a post-oihce of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SEREPrTA, a small post-village of Warren co., New Jer- 
 sey, about 6 miles N.E. of Belvidere. 
 
 SERES, sSr'es, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, 
 47 miles N.E. of Salonica, in lat. 41° 4' N.. Ion. 20° 36' E. 
 Pop. 30,000. (?) It is enclosed by walls, commanded by a 
 cit.idel, and stated to Ije well built. The hou.ses are inter- 
 spersed with garden.s, and it has numerous mosques, 
 churches, fountains, &c., and manuf.ictures of woollen and 
 cotton fabrics. 
 
 SERETH, sJr'ef or sAVet/, (anc. Arariis.) a river of Buko- 
 wina and Moldavia, rises 43 miles S.W. of Czeriiowitz, flows 
 S.S.E., and joins tlie Danul* 5 milas W. of Galacz. Total 
 cour.se, nearly 270 miles. The principal Jifliuents are the 
 Bistritz, SucZawa, Moldava, and Tatros from the W., aud 
 the Birlat from the E. 
 
 SERETH. sA-r^y, or SIRETII, se-r5t/, a town of Austrian 
 Poland, in Bukovina, 24 miles S.S.E. of Czernowitz, on the 
 Sereth.' Pop. 4000. 
 
 SEREZHA or SEREJA, s,Vra'zh3, a river of Rus.sia, rises 
 near the centre of the government of Xizhnoe-Xovgorod, 
 flows W.S.W., and after a course of about 90 miles joins the 
 Tioska on the frontiers of Vladimeer. 
 
 SERFO. See Serpho. 
 
 SERGATCn, SERGATSH or SERGATSCH, s^R-gltch', a 
 town of Russia, government, and 85 miles S.E. of Nizhne^ 
 Novgorod. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SER/GEANT, a township in the S. part of McKean co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the route of the Sunbury and 
 Erie Railroad! 
 
 SER'GEXTSYILLE, a small po.st-village of Hunterdon co., 
 New Jersey, about 5 miles S.W. of Fleniington. 
 
 SERGHIEVSK or SERGIEVSK, sJr-ghe-^vsk'. a town of 
 Russia, government of Orenboorg, on the Sok, 54 miles 
 W.S.W. of Oofa. Pop. 1000. It is enclosed by walls, and 
 defended by fbrt.s. Near it are several sulphur springs. 
 
 SER0HINSK0IorSEKGIXSK0I,sSR-ghin-.skoi'.(Nl7.HWEE, 
 nizh'nee. and Verksee, vjRK'nee.) two contiguous market- 
 towns of Russia, government of Perm, on the Serga, 55 miles 
 E. of Krasno-Oofimsk. United pop. 2900. 
 
 SEKGIXES, s^R^zheen', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Yonne, 10 miles N. of Sens. Pop. 1371. 
 
 SERGIPE. siR-zhee'pi, or SERGIPE DEL REY, s?R-zhee« 
 p.i del ri, a maritime province of Brazil, bounded on the N, 
 by the provinces of .\lagoas and I'ernambuco, from which it 
 is separated bv the Sao Fi-ancisco : E. by the Atlantic ; S. 
 and W. by Bjihia. Lat. from 10° 30' to 11° 32' S. Area, 
 31,958 square miles. The* coast-line, stretching about 110 
 miles, is low and sandy, but is occasionally broken by low 
 hills, covered with wood. At a considerable distance .nland 
 the ground rises into mountains, which traverse the province 
 from E. to W. The only rivers of consequence, besides the 
 Sao Francisco, are the S'azaBarris. the Sergipe, and Jotin- 
 diba. In the N.W. are various lakes, which communicate 
 
SER 
 
 with the SJfo FrancJspo. The province is subject to long and 
 severe dioushts. The soil is not remarkable for fertility. 
 Tije leading crops are cotton, sugar-cane, manioc, toliacco. 
 millet, rice, and tlax ; and many mules, horse.s, and cattle 
 are reared. Tiie minerals seem confined to rock-crystals, lime- 
 stone, and saltpetre. Ser!i:ipe is divided into 5 comarcas — 
 Estanfia, I^iraiijeiras, Santo-Amaro. Sao Cliristovao, and 
 Villanova de S>anto Antonio— suMivided into 17 districts. 
 It send? two deputies to ttie general legislative a.sseuibly, 
 and appoints one senator. The proviucial assembly, consist- 
 iag of 20 membora, holds its sittings in Sao Christovao. Top. 
 176.LHW. • ^ 
 
 SEltGIPE, a river of Brazil, rises in the Serra Tabanga, 
 province of Sergipe, flows E., and joins the Irapirang or 
 Vaza-Harris about 8 miles from its mouth. 
 SEUr.IPli; DKL, RKY, lirazil. See Sao Christovao. 
 SJ'JKIATE, si-re-d'til. a village of Northern Italv, province 
 and about 1 mile K. of Uergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 2194. 
 SEKIOA and ISEIflCm. See CHi>fA, page 445. 
 SEKIDO. s4-ree'do. a river of Brazil, rises in the province 
 of Parahiba. proceeds N.E.. pas.<ies the town of A'illanova do 
 Principe, to which it is navigable .by barges, and 30 miles 
 bekiw joins the Piranhas, after a course of 120 miles. 
 
 SKIUGXAO, .sA'reen'yilk'. a village of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garnnne, arrondissement of Castel-Sarrasin. P. 1238. 
 . SKKKJXAN. sriVeenVflN"', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of TIerault. 6 miles S.E. of Beziers. Pop. 2264. 
 SKKIK, a town of Persia. See Skreek. 
 SERINAGUR, sSrVnJgnr'. called also STR'INAGUU' 
 ("town of Surj-a, or the Sun") and CASIPMEHE', the capi- 
 tal city of Cashmere, in India, near the centre of that valley, 
 extending for 4 miles along both banks of the .Thyluni. 
 which winds sluggishly through it, and is here crossed by 
 7 bridges, alx)ut 5i>U0 feet above the level of the sea, 173 
 miles N. of Lahore. Lat. 34° 5' N., Ion. 74"^ 43' E. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 40,00<). It is ill built, badly laid out, and partly 
 in ruins; but its great mo.sque, with numerous pillars of 
 deodac timber, is a large and fine editice. It has another 
 mosque, and an octagonal tomb worthy of notice, and on its 
 N. side is a citadel con.strui'ted on a height by the Emperor 
 Akbar at a vast cost. A part of the city is intersected by 
 canals lined by massive stone-work; much of the traffic is 
 kept up by boats. Immediately E. is a fine lake. 5 miles in 
 length by 2j miles in breadth, a favorite place of resort for 
 water-parties; on its banks are many pleasure-grounds, in- 
 lluding the Shahlimar palace and gardens, laid out by the 
 Emperor Jehangir. Serinagur had formerly flourishing 
 manufactures of .shawls, pajier, leather, tire-arms, and ottar 
 of roses, but these have nearly disappeared under a military 
 tyranny. 
 
 SEKIXAGUR, a town of North Ilindoa+an, formerly capi- 
 tal of the province of Gurhwal, 38 miles E.N.E. of Ilurdwar, 
 in lat. 30° 11' N., ion. 78° 44' E. 
 
 SERINGAPATAM, ser-ing'ga-pa-tam', (anc. Sri-Uunga- 
 piUttin, "City of Vishnu.") a celebrated fortress of South 
 India, and under Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib, the capital of 
 Mysore, at the W. angle of an island in the Cavery, here 
 crossed by a granite bridge. 9 miles X.E. of Mysore. Lat. 
 12° 25' X., Ion. 7fJ° 4S' E. Its fortifications, erected by Tip- 
 poo, were of great extent and solidity; the town is ill built, 
 but towards the centre of the island, which is 4 miles in 
 length by ly miles in breadth, is a large and good suburb, 
 with the mausoleum of Ilyder Ali and Tippoo. Sering.a- 
 patam was besieged by the English in 1791, and again in 
 1792, when Tippoo purchased a peace by ceding half liis 
 dominions and paying 330 lacs of rupees to the British 
 and their allies. It was again besieged in 1799, and taken 
 by storm on the 4th of Miiy, on which occasion Tippoo 
 was killed, and the dynasty of Ilyder terminated, the an- 
 cient Rajpoot line being restored to the sovereignty of My- 
 sore. 
 
 SERIN'GII.\M, sgr-ing'gCim, an island of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, district, and 2 miles N. of Trichinopfily, 
 and formed by the river Coleroon, and its branch, the 
 Cavery. On it are two pagodas of high repute. 
 
 Si'lRINO, sd-ree'no, a town of Naples, province of Princi- 
 pato Ultra, on the Sabato, 6 miles S.S.E. of Avellino. Pop. 
 6000. Near it are remains of the ancient Sehastia. 
 
 SERIO, .s.Vre-0, a river of North Italy, in Lombardy, dele- 
 gations of Bergamo and Lodi, after a S. course of 65 miles 
 joins the Add.a. 7 miles S. of Crema. 
 SEKIPIIUS or SERIPHOS. See Serpho. 
 SERK, one of the Channel Islands. See Sark. 
 SERliK (serl) ISLAND, in the I'aciflo Ocean, is a low coral 
 Island of the' Low Archipelago, W.N.W. of Clermont-Tonnere. 
 Lat. 18° 21' S.. Ion. 137° 2' W. Length, 7 miles; average 
 Breadth. 1^ miles. Pop. 100. 
 
 SERM.\J, ser'mij', a village of Persian Koordistan, on 
 an affluent of the Kerah. S. of Bisutoou, and having some 
 remains of .Sassanian edifices. 
 
 SERMATTa, seu-Eidt^til the largest of the Serawatty 
 
 Islands, in the JIalay Archipelago, off the E. end cf Timor. 
 
 Lat. of the E. end. 8° 25' S., Ion. 129° 37' E. It is about 6 
 
 milea long by 3 miles broad. 
 
 5EKJ1IDE, sSa-mee'di, a village of Austrian Italy, dele- 
 
 SER 
 
 gation of Mantua, on the Po, 9 miles E.S.E. of Roveie. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 SERMIN, sja'meen', a town of North Syria, pashalic, and 
 20 miles S.W. of Aleppo. 
 
 SER.MIONE, sSR-me-o/ni or SIRMIONE. sIr me-o-'ni, 
 (anc. Sirmin,) a village of Lombardy, province of Brescia, 
 on a peninsula in the S. part of Lake Garda, with a castlo 
 built by the Sciligers. 
 
 SERNACIIE DO BOM JARDIN. siR-nS'sh-i dobiN" zha». 
 deeso', a town of Portugal, province of Beira-BaUa, abov« 
 50 miles from Crato. Pop. 1810. 
 
 SERNACIIE DOS ALIIOS, s^R-ni'shA doce il'yoce, a town 
 of Portugal, province of Douro, 4 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 
 1300. 
 
 SERON, Sii-ron', a village of Spain, in Old Castile, province, 
 and 24 miles S.E. of Soria. Pop. 900. 
 
 SERO.N, a town of Spain, 28 miles N. of Almeria. Pop. 
 6619. It h.as iron-mines in its vicinity. 
 
 SERONGE, siVonj', a town of Central India, dominions, 
 and 142 miles S. of Gwalior, and N.E.of Oojeiu, in lat. 24° 6' 
 N.. Ion. 77° 41' E. It has vestiges of former importance. 
 
 SEROOR, sA'roor', a militarj- station of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bombay, district, and 44 miles N.K. of Poonah. 
 Its main street is sp.icious, and lined on both sides with 
 the bungalows of officers, to which handsome gardens are ' 
 attached. 
 
 SEROOSKERKE, si-ros'kjR^keh, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, island of Walcheren, 3 miies N. of iiiddelburg. Pop. 
 892. 
 
 SEROS, sA'ros, a village of Spain, in Citalonia. province, 
 and 10 miles S. of Lerida, on the Segre. Pop. 2230. 
 
 SEROWITZ, sA'ro-ftits'. or ZEROWICZ. zA/ro-«its. a town 
 
 of Biihemia, 25 miles E.S.E. of Talwr, with 1612 inhabitants, 
 
 SERPA, pjR'pi, a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 
 
 on a height, near the left bank of the Guadiana, 17 miles 
 
 E.S.E. of Beja. Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by walls. 
 
 SERPEISK. sJr-pAsk'. a town of Russia, government, and 
 53 miles W.S.W. of Kalooga, with 1000 inhabitants and 
 several churches. 
 
 SER'PENT, a river of British America, formed by a chain 
 of lakes, considerably N. of Lake Huron. It flows W.S.MT. 
 for many miles, and falls into the N. channel of Lake Huron, 
 about 30 miles AV. of the Hudson Bay Company's settlement 
 of La Cloche. 
 
 SERPENTARIA, s^R-pJn-td're-a. in the Mediterranean, 
 an islet off the S.E. coast of Sardinia. 
 
 SERPENTIN, sJr'pSn-t<?en'(0 or SHAT-EL-IIIE, shSt el 
 he^A, a river of Asiatic Turkey, branches off from the Tigris 
 in the lower part of its course, at Rootal-IIamarah, flows S. 
 for about 100 miles, and joins the Euphrates on the left by 
 several mouths, neitr Arja, about 00 miles aliove Kama. 
 
 SER'PENT ISLAND or ADASI. a small island of the 
 Black Sea, about 30 miles S.E. of the mouth of the Danube, 
 in lat. 45° 15' 30" N., Ion. 30° 14' 12" E. 
 
 SERPENT ISLAND, British West Indies, one of the Vu> 
 gin Islands, is olT the S. extremity of Porto Rico. 
 SERPENTS, ISLE OF. See Islk of Skrpents. 
 SERPHO. SERFO, sjR/fo, or SERPHAN/TO, (anc. SeH'phos 
 or Si'ri'phus.) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, govern- 
 ment, and 24 miles W. of Syra. Lat. 37° 10' N., Ion. 24° 30' 
 E. Area, 20 square miles. Pop. 600. 
 
 SERPHO". a village of the island of Serpho Paulo, in the 
 Grecian Archipelago, on its S.E. fide. 
 
 SERPHO POULO, an islet of the Grecian Archipelago, 6 
 miles N.W. of Serpho. 
 
 SERl'OOKHOV, SERPOUKHOV or SERPUCHOW, sJr- 
 poo-Kov', a town of Russia, government, and 56 miles S.S.W. 
 of Moscow, near the confluence of the Nara and Serpeika with 
 the Oka. Pop. 13,000. It consists of the town proper, the 
 kreml or citadel, and a large suburb ; it has a cathedral, 
 founded in 1396. upwards of 20 other churches, a large mar- 
 ket-place, extensive public magazines, and manu&ctures of 
 woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. 
 
 SERRA, s&R'Rd, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, near the top of Mount Giovi. Pop. 2329. 
 
 SERRA CAPRIOLA, skvJuk kd-pre-o'lS, a town of Naples, 
 province of Capitanata, 13 miles N.W. of San Severe. Pop. 
 3000. It is enclosed by walls, has 2 collegiat« churches, and 
 4 annual fairs. 
 
 SERRA DE MONCIIIQUE, sJr/rS di mon-shee'k.4, a moun- 
 tain chain of Portugal, bounding N. the province of Al- 
 gar've. La Foya, its culminating point, is 4079 feet in ele- 
 vation. 
 
 SERRA DI FALCO, ilvfnl deefdl^ko, a town of Sicily, in- 
 tendency. and 19 miles N.E. of Girsenti. Pop. 4600. 
 
 SERRADILLA, La, \i, s^R-Rd-deel'yd, a town of Spain, In 
 Estremadura, province, and N. of Caceres. Pop. 2355. 
 
 SERRA DI SANTO STEFANO, .s^R'Kd dee sln/to sL-vfl-no, 
 a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 19 miles 
 S.S.W. of Squillace. Pop. 3400. It has a castle, and was 
 founded bv the Normans in the eleventh century. 
 
 SERRAMANNA. s&R-Rdman'nd, a village of Sardinia, 
 division, and 18 miles N N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2327. 
 
 SERRA-MONANKSCA, sSn/id mo-nd-nJs'ki a town ol 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra,- S.S.W. of Chieti. 
 
 1755 
 
SER 
 
 8E11RAXA, s?n-Rl'iiJ. and SERRAXILLA, s^R-Rjneel'yJ, 
 are islets iu the Carribbean Sea, between lat 14° aud 16° N., 
 Ion. 80° W. 
 
 SERRANOS, sjR-F.i'nooe. a village of Brazil, proviiice of 
 Minas Geraes, on the road from Kio Janeiro to Sao Joao del 
 Bei. 
 
 SERRASTRETTA, s^R-Rjs-trJfti. a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Calabria Ultra I., 5 miles N.X.E. of Xic-astro. 
 Pop. 3600. 
 
 SERRAVAL. s?R-Rl-vil', a village of Savoy, province of 
 Genevese, 5 miles S. of Thonex. Pop. 1732. 
 
 SERRAVALLE. s^R-Rd-vil'li, a village of Northern Italy, 
 government of Jlilan, province, and 2 miles N.W. of Ostlglia, 
 on the left bank of the Po. Pop. 1697. 
 
 SERR.WALLE. s4b-k1-v311.'1, a town of Ital.v, government 
 of Venice, delegation, and 23 miles X. of Treviso. Pop. 
 £350. It has a cathedral, manufactures of wool and silk, and 
 active exports of corn, wine, and honey into the Tyrol. 
 
 SERRAVALLE. a town of the Sardinian States, division, 
 and 22 miles N.N.W. of Genoa, on an afSuent of the Po. 
 Pop. 2234. 
 
 SERR.WALLE. a town of Tuscany, province of Florence, 
 4 miles S.W. of Pistoja, with a castle now in ruins, import- 
 ant in the Middle Ases. 
 
 SERRAVALLE DI SESIA, siR-Ri-vin.i dee sA'se-J, a towp 
 of Piedmont, division of Turin, on the Sesia, 2^ miles S.S.E. 
 of Borgo Sesia. Pop. 1023. 
 
 SERRE, s^R or saiR. a river of France, departments of Ar- 
 dennes and Aisne, after a W. coiirse of 50 miles joins the 
 Oise near La Fere. 
 
 SERRE and SERRES, sIr, are numerous communes of 
 France : the principal in the department of Ilautes-Alpes, 21 
 miles S.W. of Gap, on the Buech. Pop. 1088. 
 
 SERRE. Le, ]i s§R'R,i, a town of Naples, province of 
 Prlncipato Citia. near the Galore. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SERREIE. a town of .Poland. See Skrret. 
 
 SERREJOX, s^r-rA-hou'. a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 province, and 33 miles N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 109.5. 
 
 SERREXAGUR, sjR-K.i-nl-gtir', or SIRRENAGUR, siR- 
 rA-n3-gur', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, in 
 Nerbudda Territory. 25 miles S.W. of Jubbalpoor. 
 
 SERREXTE, s^R-R^n'tA. a village and island of Sardinia, 
 17 miles X.X.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1515. 
 
 SERREY. 8*R-R!l', written also SSIREIE, atown of Poland, 
 government of Augustowo, 37 miles X. of Grodno. Pop. 
 2160. 
 
 SERRlfiRES, s?R'Re-aiR', numerous communes of France ; 
 the principal in the department of Ardfeche, on the Rhone, 
 here cros.sed bv an iron suspension bridge, 36 miles S. of 
 Lyons. Pop. in 1852. 2022. 
 
 SERRIERES. a village of Savoy, near the Rhone, 3 miles 
 S. of Sev.«sel. Pop. 1118. 
 
 SERRITO. sjR-Ree'to, or JAGUARIO, «hi-gwl-r8ws«', a 
 town of Brazil, province of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, 75 miles 
 S.W. of Rio Grande. Pop. SOOO. 
 
 SERRO FRIO. See ViLL.t. DO Prixcipk. 
 
 SEUT. s6Rt,or ISERD, e-sJRd', (ana Tiffranocerfta,)aiovrn 
 of Turkish Armenia, pashalic. and 90 miles E. of Diarbekir, 
 capital of a sanjak. nuar the Khaboor. 
 
 SERUYS', a village in Lake co., Illinois, 35 miles X.W. of 
 Chicago. 
 
 SERVAXCE, sJr^vSxss', n market^town of France, depart- 
 ment of Haute-Saone, on the Oignon. near the foot of the 
 Ballon d' -Alsace. 12 miles X.E. of Lure. Pop. in 1862. 2472. 
 
 SERVERETTE, sjRVeh-i-Jtt', a market-town of France, 
 department of Loz^re, 13 miles X.X.W. of Mende. Pop. 92S. 
 
 SERVI, s^R/vee, one of the Ionian Islands off the S. coast 
 of the Mores, 6 miles X. of Cerigo, 4 miles long. 
 
 SERVIA. sf r've-^ (Sl.ivonic, Serbia, sjR/be-a: Ger. Serhien, 
 gir'be-fn; Fr. S-rrte, s^R'vee'; Turk. &frb ViJayfUt. vU-i- 
 yjt/ee; anc Mae'da Supe/rior, with a part of /W.vc'tcum,) a 
 principality of Turkey, in Europe: bounded on the X.W. by 
 the Save, separating it from Austria; on the X.and X.E. by 
 the Danulie. separating it in the former direction from the 
 Banat of Hungary, and in the latter from Wallachia : on the 
 E. by Bulgaria ; on the S. by Mounts Argentaro or Egrisoo, 
 and Gliubotin, forming a continuation of the Balkan, and 
 separating it from Macedonia: on the S.W. by Albanti: and 
 on the W. by Bosnia, from which it is separated tow.-irds the 
 S.W. by the Ibar, and towards the X.W. by the Drin; lat. 
 . 42° to 45° N., Ion. 19° 20' to 22° 50' E. ; greatest length, from 
 S.E. to X.W.. 240 miles; breadth, in the S. about 95 miles, 
 and in the X. about 160 miles; area, estimated at 20.000 
 R()u.ire miles. The surface has a general slope towards the 
 X., but is on the whole very mountainous, being traversed 
 by ramificationB of three great mountHin-chains— the Carp.'i- 
 thians in the X.E.. the Balkan in the S.E. and S.. and the 
 Dinaric Alps in the W. The summits are often below 2000 
 feet, and seldom exceed SOOO feet, except on the frontiers, 
 where a height exret-ding 4000 feet is attained. Many nar- 
 row and several wide valleys stretch between the mountain 
 ranges, and in the fl.itter parts of the principality, particu- 
 larly near the centre, along the Kinks of the MoraVa, and in 
 tti« N., along the banks of the Save and Danube, several 
 considerable plains occur. 
 1756 
 
 SES 
 
 The whole .furface belongs to the basin of the Dannie, 
 The climate of Servia is somewhat rigorous in the more 
 mountainous parts, and verj- mild in the valleys and plainb. 
 In spring the tn-es put on their leaves from the l.^ifh to tlw 
 30th of .\pril. The winter temperature ranges from 6'^ to 14" 
 Fahrenheit, and in extraordinary se.isons lias sunk to — 2° 
 and — 6° Fahrenheit. Vegetation is vigorous, both in the 
 mountainous districts and in the lower ground.s. the former 
 i)eing generally covered with forests of excellent tiui'r)er-tree8, 
 among which, where the elevation is not very great, the 
 walnut is conspicuous; and the latter being generally cover- 
 ed wi\h a fertile soil, well adapted for the ordinary and 
 several of the finer fruits, for the vine, for cotton in the 
 warmest spots, and for tobacco, rice, maize, hemp. flax, and 
 the common cereals, in almost every quarter. Alnio.«t every 
 branch of industry is in a backward state. The vine is 
 widely cultivated, though but indifferent wine is made. 
 Timber of superior quality would be a chief source of wealth 
 if facilities were afforded for its export. Hogs, fed on acorns 
 in the splendid oak forests, are exported to the number of 
 about ten millions annually; and many cattle, sheep, and 
 horses are reared in t}ie mountains. Goat-skins are ex- 
 tensively exported. Leeches and valonea bark are important 
 articles of trade. Iron, cipper. lead, mercury, and.coal are 
 met with, l>ut few, if any. mines are wrought. Slanuiao- 
 tares are few ; the principal are cotton fabrics. 
 
 Servia, while acknowledging the supremacy of the Porte, 
 and p.aying it an annual triljute of $1,000,000. is governed by 
 its own prince, and virtually independent. In form the go- 
 vernment is an hereditary monarchy, in which the prince or 
 hospodar acts in conjunction with a senate or tl:upocM>jna, 
 consisting of 21 members, named by him. The criminal 
 code is founded on that of Austria. The standing army 
 numbers 1750 men. excluding a militia of about 40,(it)0. For 
 administrative purposes it is divided into 19 districts or 
 hahija, subdivided into lordships or Inexhiva, and com- 
 munes or .sresowc The capital is Belgrade. The inhabitants 
 consist almost entirely of Serbs, who are of Slavonic ex- 
 traction, speak what is considered the softest of all the Sla- 
 vonic dialect.-*, have good physical forms, somewhat stouter 
 but less elegant than those of the Greeks, are le.ss remark- 
 able for intellect than for finnness. courage, benevolence, 
 and generosity: and are in general ardently attached to the 
 Greek church, which has three archbishoprics and numerous 
 convents within the principality. Belgrade is noniin.tlly 
 the capital, but the prince and leading authorities reside 
 and hold their courts in Kru.schovatz or Krukovatz. othei^ 
 wise called Alajahissar; the other principal towns are 
 Semendria, Xissa. and Pristina. 
 
 Servia was cojifjuered by the Turks in 1385. From 1806 it 
 was independent -under Czerny George until 1814. when it 
 reverted to Turkey: but since a revolt headed by Milosch 
 in 1815. it has again been insubordinate to any foreign in- 
 fluence, except that of Rus.sia. AlexanderGeorgivitsch. the 
 present reigning prince, assumed the sovereignty iu 1642. 
 .\dj. Servhx, sf r've-.an ; inhab. Servian or Serb. 
 
 SEUVIA. sji-'ve-a, a tnwn of European Turkey, in Mace- 
 donia. 17 miles X.W. of Mount Olympus, on the X. boundary 
 of Thessaly. It has a large annual fair. 
 
 SE14VI.\X, f^v.\e-is^, a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of ll^ranlt, 8 miles X.E. of Beziers. P. in 1852. 2254. 
 
 SER'VICK, a small post-village of Beaver co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SERVI hRES, s?RVe-aiR', a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Conifeze. 15 miles S.E. of Tulle. Pop. 13st4. 
 
 SERVOZ, s^R'vo', a village of Savoy, 6 miles W. of Ch&- 
 mouni. Here the a.scent to Mont Buet commences. 
 
 SERWATTY. See SKR.tw.\TrT Isla.nds. 
 
 SESHEK£, sA-shA'kA. a town of South Africa, on a river 
 of its own name. Ijit. 17° 2S' S, Ion. 2ti° 50' E. 
 
 SESIA. sA'se-i. (anc. Smites.) a river of Xorth Italy, in 
 Piedmont, rises near Monte Rosa, and after a S. course of 
 86 mUes joins the Po 5 miles E. of Casale. Under the 
 French it gave name to a department of which Vercelli was 
 the capital. 
 
 SESKAR. sJs-kaR', or SEZKT.TAR. sfs-ke-yaR', an Island 
 of Russia, in the Gulf of FinLand. with a light-house in lit. 
 60° 2' 1" X.. Ion. 2S° 23' 5" E. Here ships from the Mediter- 
 ranean perform quarantine. 
 
 SESKIX'.W. a parish, Ireland, in Munster. co. Waterford. 
 
 SESM.4. sfs'mA. a town of Spain, province of Xavarre, 32 
 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1090. 
 
 SESS.\, sfs'sd, (anc. SueMsa Arun'ca.) an episcopal city of 
 Xaples. province of Terra di Lavoro.l7 miles X.W. of Capua. 
 Pop. 4200. It has numerous ecclesiastical edifices and be- 
 nevolent institutions. 
 
 SES'S.W, a parish of England, co. of York, Xorth Riding, 
 with a station on the Xorth British Railway, 4^ miles S.SJ1 
 of Thirsk. 
 
 SESSITES. S«> Sesia. 
 
 SESTI.VO, sJs-tee'no, (L. Senti'mim,) a village of Tuscany, 
 51 miles E. of Florence. IKip. 2274. 
 
 SESTO, sJs'to, a vil'age of Italy, in Tu.scaf-y. 5 mllo? 
 X.W. of Florence, with which it is connected by railway. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
SES- 
 
 SESTO. a village of Italv, in Lombardy, delecration. and 5 
 miles N'.W. of Cremona. Pop. 1400. 
 
 PKSTO.a villaseof Italy, m Sardinia, division, and 6 miles 
 N. ofCagliari. Pop. 11 SI. 
 
 Sl'ISTO CALKNDK. sfs'to ka-15n'dA, a villajre of Italy, in 
 Lombardy, 33 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Ticino. P. 2120. 
 SKS'TOS or CK.S/TOS, a small river of Liberia, enters the 
 Atlantic. Lat. 5° 30' N., Ion. 0° 35' W. 
 
 SKSTO S.\N GIOVANNI, sl-s'to ein jo-vin/nee, a village 
 of Italy, in Lombardy, delegation, and 5 miles N.X.K. of 
 Milan, with which it is connected by railway. 
 
 SKSTKA, sjs'tr3, a riverofllussia. government of Tver, an 
 afflu^'nt of the Doohna, (Dubna.) Total course, 6(J miles. A 
 canal lietween it and the Ister is intended to connect the 
 Toljra and Moskva. 
 
 SKSTItAlJKK. sJs-trabJk', a villaje of Russia, povern- 
 mont, and 17 miles N.W. of St. Petersburg, at the mouth of 
 the Sestra in the Gulf of Finland. It was founded by Peter 
 the Great in 1716, and is noted for a vast and important 
 man uf I dory of arms. 
 
 SKSTRE, sJs'tri. a river of Guinea, on the Grain Coast, 
 enters the Atlantic 139 miles N.W. of Cape Palmas. Its 
 mouth is encumbered with reefs, but vessels of 00 tons may, 
 it is said, ascend it for 50 miles. 
 
 SESTHB, (or SISTEKS,) Great and Little, two contiguous 
 villages of Guinea, on the Grain Coast, 40 miles N.W. of Cape 
 Palmas. 
 
 SESTP.I A LEVANTE, sfe'trefvaU-vdn't.i a maritime 
 town of North Italy, in Sardini.'V. divi,si(m of Genoa, and 25 
 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 7277. 
 
 SKSTRI A PONENTE, s^s'treo i, po-nftn'tA. a maritime 
 town of North Italy, in Sardinia, 4 miles W. of Genoa, and 
 having many country residences of its citizens. Pop. 4346. 
 
 SESTU, sJs-too', a village of the island of Sardinia, 6 miles 
 N. ofCagliari. Pop. 1181. 
 
 SE'T.IlNG', a river of Burmah, after a S. course estimated 
 at 2iX) miles, enters the Gulf of Martaban by an estuary, .00 
 miles in width. It is so encumbered by shoals and isUnds, 
 as to be unnavigable for vessels drawing more than 6 feet 
 of water. 
 
 SUT.'VU'KKT, a post-village of Brookh.aven township. Suf- 
 folk CO., New York, on the N. side of Long Island, 68 miles 
 E. by N. of New York. It has a good harbor, and contains 
 several churches and stores, and a lunik. 
 
 SK-TCIIING. S.V ching', or SSE-TCHING-FOO. s.A^ ching' 
 foo', a town of the Chinese Empire, province of Quang-see, 
 capital of a department. Lat. 24^ 20' N., Ion. 100° 15' E. 
 
 SK-'|-CII.)() or SIC-TCIIOO-FOO. s.V choo' foo/. written also 
 SSETCIIKDU-FOU, a town of the Chinese Empire, province 
 of Quang-see. capital of a department, on the border of IIoo- 
 naii. Near it are mines of quicksilver. 
 
 SETCIIY. s5ch'ee. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SETE-LAGOAS, si'tA ligi^ds, (-'seven lakes.") a collection 
 of lakes in Brazil, and so called from their number, seven. 
 They are situated on the N. top of the Serra da .^lelgueira, 
 province of Matto Grosso, in lat. 13° S. They are the 
 sources of the Paraguay. 
 
 SETENIL DE LAS BODEGAS, sA-ti-neeV dA lis bo-i>A'- 
 gSs, a town of Spain, province, and 72 miles N.E. of Cadiz. 
 Pop. 1871. 
 
 SETIF, sA-teeP, (anc. Sitijisf or Sitipha t) a town of Algeria, 
 province, and 79 miles AV\S.W. of Constantine. Pop. 265. 
 
 SETIGNANO, sA-teen-yit'no, a village and parish of Tus- 
 cany. 4 miles from Florence. Pop. 1209. 
 
 SETLEDGEor SKTLEJ. See Sctlej. 
 
 SETONDA. sA-ton'dd, an Lsletof the Malay Archipelago, off 
 the N. coast of Snmbaw.a. 
 
 SETSCII, sitch, a town of Bohemia, 11 miles S.W. of 
 Chrudim. Pop. 1035. 
 
 SETTA, s6t'tA, a town of West Africa, in Dahomey, about 
 80 miles N.N.E. of Abomey. It is surrounded bv a clay 
 wall about 7 feet high and 3 feet thick. Pop. about 9000. 
 
 SETTALA, ski-XinL (anc. ».plarar) a town of Northern 
 Italv, province, and 9 miles E. of Milan. Pop. 1184. 
 
 SKTTEFIiATI, ,sSt-tA-frA'tee, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro. 13 miles E.S.E. of Sora. Pop. 3100. 
 
 SKTTENE.X. sJt'tA'nA', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Upper Savoy, not for from Faverges. Pop. 1060. 
 
 SETTIA. See SlTlA. 
 
 SETTIMO. sSfte-mo, a village of North Italy, in the is- 
 land of Sardinia, division, and 7 miles N.E. of Cagliaii. Pop. 
 1250. 
 
 SKTTIMO. PIEVE DI SAN GIULIANO-A. pe-A'vA dee sjn 
 joo-le-A/no d si^f te-mo,- a village and parish of Tusainy, 
 about miles W. of Florence. Pop. 1850. 
 
 SETTIMO TOllINESE. .sJtne-mo to-re-nA'sA. a village of 
 North Italy, in Piedmont, 6 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 
 3115. 
 
 SKTTIMO A'lTTONE. s5fte-mo vit-to'nA, a village of 
 North Italy, division of Turin, piovince, and 6 miles N.N.W. 
 of Ivrea. on the Dora-Baltea. Pop. 1651. 
 
 SKTTIMU. sJt-te-moo', a villase of the island of Sardinia, 
 6 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1340. 
 
 SKTXINOIAXO, sJt-tin-jA'no, a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Calabria Ultra, 4 miles W. of Catanzaro. 
 
 SET 
 
 SETTLE, a market-town and chapelry of Engknd. CO. o< 
 York. West Kiding, on the Kibble, here crossed by a bridge, 
 •37 miles W.N.W. of Leeds. I'op. in 1S51, 1976. It stands 
 at the foot of a height termed Castleberg Cliff, and is well 
 built. 
 
 SET'TP.IXGTON, a parish of England, co. of York. East 
 Riding. 
 
 SKTUBAL, sA-too'bai. SETUVAL. sA-too/vai. or ST.UBES, 
 (uliz.) a seaiwrt city of Portugal, province of Estremadura, 
 capitiil of a comarca, on the N. side of the Bay of Setubal, 
 IS miles S.E. of Lisbon. Lat. 38° 29' N., Ion. 8° 53' AV. 
 I'op. 15,000. It extends more than half a niilo along the 
 beach, is enclosed by walls, defended by a castle, and haa 
 several churches and hospitals, two Latin schools, a jnstice- 
 hall. broad quays, a convenient harbor, and an excellent 
 trade in muscadel and white wines of the vicinity, cork- 
 bark, oranges, lemons, and salt. It has an active pilchard- 
 fishery, and a large fair in July. .Setubal suffered severely 
 from the same earthquake wliich devastated Lislxm in 1755. 
 Setubal is a place of very great antiquity, some Portuguese 
 authors gravely ascribing its foundation to Tubal, the tifth 
 in descent from Noah. 
 
 SETZDORF, sgts'doRf a village of Austrian Sile.sia. circle 
 of Tmppau, about 25 miles from Zukmantel. Pop. 1810. 
 
 SETZ/LEK'S STORE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SEUDRE, sud'r, a river of France, rises in the S.W. of 
 the department of Charente-Inferieure, flows N.N'.W., and 
 falls into the Atlantic opposite the S.E. extremity of the I.sle 
 of Oleron. Total course, 50 miles, of which 18 miles are 
 navigable. 
 
 SEUGSTE, .scH. a river of France, department of Chafente- 
 Inffirieure, joins the Charente near Salutes, after a N. course 
 of 40 miles past Jonzac and Pon.s. 
 
 SKULINGEN, soi'ling-en, a village of Hanover, province 
 of Hildesheim, near Duderstadt. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SKUNDAII, sun'd.a(?) a town of North Ilindostan, in the 
 Gwalior dominions, 40 miles S.E. of Gwalior. 
 
 SEU.NY, su'nee, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, in the Nerbudda territory. 
 
 SEUltD.\U, sur'd.a. a town of British Indi.i. pce.sidency 
 of Bengal, in Bundelcund, 18 miles W.N.W. of Callinger. 
 
 SEURRK. SUR, a town of France, department of Cote-d'Or, 
 on the left bank of the Saone, 13 miles E.S.E. of Beaune. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3095. 
 
 SEVAN, an island and lake of Georgia. .See Gookeka. 
 
 SEVASTOPOL or SEBASTOPOL. sJv'as-to'pol.* (Gr. S«- 
 SoffTdjroAij, &basU>p>olis.) an important town of European 
 Ru.ssia, and the principal n.aval station of the Russian fleet 
 in the Black Sea, is situated near the S. extremity of the 
 Crimea, (province of Taurida.) on the N. side of a point of 
 land extending W. about 10 miles. Lat. 44° 37' N.. Ion. 33° 
 29' E. The view of the town, as .seen from the Land side, ia 
 very striking: it is built op the northern and eastern slope 
 of an eminence on the S. side of a bay which extends into 
 the land 3 or 4 miles, with a breadth of from 800 to 1500 
 yards, and 10 or 12 fathoms deep, although in its upper part 
 it has only 4 or 5 fathoms. This bj»y is completely pi'otected 
 from all winds, and has no shoals. Immediately within the 
 entrance it widens considerably; it is divided into .several 
 branches or small bays, called by different names, as Artil- 
 lery Bay, Ship Bay, (or the Harbor.) which is the largest 
 and finest, and on both sides of which the town is built. It 
 is perhaps 2 miles long, and at the entrance 400 yards wide; 
 but like the principal bay, it expands within to a much 
 greater width. On the W. side of the harbor is the princi- 
 pal part of the town, with the admiralty, and other public 
 buildings, (not of a naval character:) while the hospitals, 
 arsenals, dock-yards, magazines, barracks, Ac. with the 
 suburb of Karabelnaia or Karabelnaja. are on the E. side. 
 The principal street runs along the inner harbor, and is 
 lined with substantial houses two stories in height; on 
 the other streets the dwellings are mostly of one story, but 
 being whitewashed, and situated on ascending ground, they 
 present a fine appearance. The most important buildings — 
 unconnectedwith the naval estaMishment — are two churches, 
 one of which was founded by Aladimeer. the first Christian 
 czar, and built of materials taken from the ruins of the 
 ancient cities of Chersonesus. 
 
 Fnrtijicalions. — There are in all, near the town, 11 bat- 
 teries, mounting more than 1200 guns, and both shores of 
 the outer harbor are lined with military works, which 
 
 * In Russian this name is written CeBacTonoiib: it slionld ba 
 observed that B in Russian, like S in modern Greek, is always 
 pronounced like our v. With regard to the aucent of Sevasto- 
 pol, it may be remarked that it is not merely supported by the 
 accentuation of the original Greek, as shown ahove, and by the 
 analogy of Co.NSTANTixo'rLE, Adkiano'i'le, Thkkesia.vo'pel, 
 (names essentially of the same class, although differing in the 
 mode of writing the final syllable ;) but we are informed, on un- 
 questionable authority, that not only the inhabitants of the town 
 itself, but educated Russians everywhere, invariably speak it 
 with the accent as above given. In England, although Sebas'- 
 to|>ol is a common pronnnciation, Sevasto'pol ia said to be gain- 
 ing ground among the educated classes. 
 
 1757 
 
SEV 
 
 SEV 
 
 bristle with cannon that could rake a vessel or fleet ap- 
 proaching from every point. Among the most importHnt 
 of these fortifications are Forts Constantine and Alexander, 
 on opposite points, at the entrance of the outer harlwr, and 
 Forts St. Nicliolas and Paul, at the enti-ance of the inner or 
 smaller harlwr. within which is the dock-yard; besides a 
 large unfinished fort on a height some distance back from 
 the N. shore of the bay, nearly opposite the suburb of Kara- 
 belnaia. The total cost of the forts has been estimated at 
 $3o.00l).000. and of the ships and all the works connected 
 with the defences of the place, at nearly $100,000,000. Across 
 the entrance of the outer harbor, a line of battle ships was 
 Eunk by the Ru,ssians previous to the great siege of 1864-6, 
 rendering the harbor perfectly Inaccessible. The town 
 itself ie surrounded by looped walls, with a battery on the 
 S.W., besides a fortress on the K. side of the bay. called the 
 Malakoif, with the Great and Little Kedan, situated near 
 the lines of the Allies, and near which there has been, in 
 the present war. some severe fighting. Just within the en- 
 trance of the main ro;idstead is Artillery liay, wliich firms 
 the N.W. limit of the town, and has a battery of more th.an 50 
 guns ; here ships are careened. Outside, and S. of the great 
 entrance, is Quarantine Bay, on which is the Lazaretto, and 
 which is fbrtitied by batteries. E. of the suburb of Karabel- 
 naia is a fourth Vjay or inlet, also extending S., called Careen- 
 ing Bay. The inner hay. on which the town and dry-dock 
 are more directly situated, has a depth of from 4 to 8 fathoms. 
 The harbor of Balaklava, ne;ir which an engagement between 
 the Russians and .A.llies took place, October 17, 1854, is situ- 
 ated about 7 miles S. by E. from Sevastopol. Between this 
 phice and the city, the besieging army mostly erected their 
 works, and made their assaults during the winter of 1854-5. 
 At the head of the principal bay is Inkerman, the site of the 
 fierce contest of Xoveuil)er 7, 1854. 
 
 Histori/ and JWime. — Sevastopol, or a town occupying its 
 site, is said to have been founded by the Milesians many 
 centuries before the Christian era. It probably received the 
 name of Si-basl/ipolis, (•• city of .\ugustus,") in the time of the 
 Byzantine emperoi-s. the appellation Attgusdis (in Greek, 
 JleSacTToi) being often given as an honorary title to the 
 Koman and Byzantine emperors long after the time of Oc- 
 tavius, on whom it was fii-st bestowed. In modern times, 
 the place was known only as a petty Tartar village, allied 
 Akhtiar or Achtiar. when it came into pos.session of the 
 Russians in 17^3. The advantages which this site afforded 
 for a fortress were e.arly perceived by Catherine II.; and in 
 1786 .she commenced the fortiticatlons. which she visited the 
 following year, and the building erected tor her reception 
 still stands at the mouth of the inner haven. Pop. more 
 than 40.000. 
 
 ^EVKLLAX. rsAVel-UW, SAVELAN, slVgh-lIn'. or SA- 
 VAL.\N. s;Wd-l3n'.) MUUXT, the principal summit in the 
 E. part of Azerljaijan. in North Persia, 20 miles W. of Ard.v 
 bil. Estimated height. 13.000 feef. It is apparently an e.K- 
 tinct volcano, its sides and vicinity abounding with vol- 
 canic products. 
 
 SEVEX BKOTIIERS. See Sept-Fr£hes. 
 
 SEVEXKKCKEXorZEVENEEKEN, z4/v?n-A'kfn, a vil- 
 Jasre of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 9 miles N.E. of 
 Qbent. Pop. 26I.K). 
 
 SEVEXUAMPTON, a parish of England, . co. of Glou- 
 
 SEVEN ISLANDS, a cluster in the Malay Archipelago, 
 near the E. coast of Banca. from which they are separated 
 by a navigabl<! canal ; lat. 1° 8' S.. Ion. 105^ 24' E, 
 
 SEVEN ISLA.NDS, a group in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 In Canada East, opposite the entrance of Seven Islands 
 Bay. 
 
 SEVEN ISLANDS, in the Malay Archipelago, off the N.W. 
 eoast of Celebes, alwut lat. 0° 33' N.. Ion. 119'^ 40' E. 
 
 SEVEN ISLANDS, in France. See Sept Isles. 
 
 SEVliN ISLANDS, in l>apland, on the N. coast; lat. 68° 
 46' N., Ion. 37° 20' E. 
 
 SEVEN ISLAND.S, a postoffice of Fluvanna co., A'irginia. 
 
 SEVEN ISLANDS, a post-office of Butts co., Georgia. 
 
 SEVEX LEAGUES, a post-office of Smith co., Texas. 
 
 SEV^EN.MILH', a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the 
 Cincinnati Hailroad, 7 miles N. of Hamilton. 
 
 SEV KN MILE HOUSE, a post-othco of Erie co., Oliio. 
 
 SEVEN.MILE FOllD. a postoffice of Smvth co., Vii-ginia. 
 
 SEVEXMILE PKAIKIE, a post-office of" Darke co,, Ohio, 
 
 SEVEX MODNTAIXS, Pennsylvania, a series of elev.a- 
 tions or mountains, situated on the S.W. border of Miflliu 
 county, dividing it from Centre county. 
 
 SEV^ENOAKS', d market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Kent, lath of Sutton-at-IIone, on a ridge of hills, 6 miles 
 N.W, of the Tunbridge station of the London and Dover 
 Hallway. Pop. of the town in 1851, 1850. It has a spacious 
 church, and a grammar school founded in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury. Adjacent to it U Knowie. the splendid mansion which 
 belonged to the Omnte-s of Plymouth. 
 
 SEVEX OAKS, a post-office of Galve; 
 
 Br.> r..\ u.^lv^. a post-office of Galveston co., Texas. 
 SEV'KXTY-iaOIIT, a post>office of Johnson co., low 
 8EV'ENTY-SEV/EX, a post-village of Johnson Co., 
 1 Iowa River, IG miles S. by E. of Iowa City. 
 1768 ' 
 
 SEVENTY-SIX, a small post-village of Beaver co., Pflnn, 
 sylvania. 
 
 SEVENTY-SIX. a post-office of Clinton co., Kentucky. 
 
 SEVEN VAiyLEYS, a post-office of York co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. * 
 
 SfiVERAC, silVeh-r2k', a town of France, department of 
 Aveyron. on a hill crowned by a castle, 24 miles E. of Rodex, 
 Pop. in 1852. 3035. 
 
 SEVER.\C, a commune of France, department of Loire- 
 Inferieure, 14 miles N.N.W. of Savenay. . Pop. 1122. 
 
 SKVEREK, s,4-veh-r*^k', a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalie, 
 and 42 miles N.E. of Diarbekir, on an affluent of the Eu- 
 phrates, at the foot of a castellated height, 
 
 SKVERN. (anc. Sahifna.) one of the principal rivers of 
 England and Wales, rises in Montgoniery.-hire, in a small 
 lake on the E. side of Plinlimmon, 1500 feet above the sea, 
 flows at first generally N.E., until it enters Engl.^nd. and 
 then successively S.E.andS.W.toitsexpansioninto the Bris- 
 tol Channel, 12 miles S.W. of Uristt)!. Total length esti- 
 mated at 210 miles. The principal aflluents are the Teme, 
 the Upper and lx>wer Avon, th« Leyden, the ChilL and the 
 Frome from the E.. and the Teme. the Wye. the Usk, and 
 the Taff from the W., many of which pour themselves into 
 its estuary. From Newtown it has a total de.«cent of 466 
 feet to the .sea. It traverses a very fertile country, and is 
 navigable from the sea to ^Velshpool, a distance of nearly 
 180 miles. Barges ascend it as high as liewdley ; but its 
 navigation is both tedious and difficult, to obviate which a 
 canal. ISJ miles in length, has been cut from Gloucester to 
 the sea. iind is navigable for vessels of 350 tons. F"i-om 
 Welshpool to Newtown, its navigation is continued by the 
 .Montgomery Can.al, and other Ciinals connect it with the 
 Thames, the Trent, the Mersey, and most other rivers of 
 Central England. Four weirs or locks, between Stourport 
 and Diglis. ne.tr Worcester, have lieen constructed. The 
 tide, here termed the iviifre or linre. rushes into the Severn 
 with such violence, that the stre-am sometimes rises sud- 
 denly 9 feet in height at Gloucester, and extensive embank- 
 ments have accordingly been formed below that city, to ob- 
 viate the effects of its irruption. The tide is perceptible in 
 the Severn ^s far as Diglis. below Worcester, 12i-1 miles from 
 its mouth. At its junction with the British Channel, the 
 Severn is 10 miles across, and drains about 6000 square 
 miles. The ves.sels engaged in the Shropshire trade are 
 from 30 to 40 tons btirden ; in the lower parts of tlie liver 
 they range from 100 to 140 tons, and by far the greater part 
 of the commerce is carried on Ijetween Gloucester and the 
 sea. 
 
 SEVERN, a small river of Marrl.and. rises in Anne 
 Arundel co., flows S.E.. passes by Annapolis, and enters the 
 Chesapeake 3 miles below. 
 
 SKVERN, a river of British America, in Canada West, dis- 
 charges the surplus waters of I*iko Simcoe, N.W. into 
 (ieorgian Bay and Lake Huron. Course about 20 miles. It 
 has several rapids and falls. 
 
 SEVERN, a river in the N.W. part of British America, 
 flows through Severn Lake, and enters Hudson Bay on its 
 S.W. side, after a N.E. course of about 350 miles. 
 
 SEVERN or DUMARESQUE. doo-ma-resk'. RIVER, in 
 E.ost Australia, joins the Darling in lat. 28° 4o' S., Ion. 
 150° E. 
 
 SEVERNDROOG. sSv^grn-droog', a small rocky island in 
 the Indi.an Ocean, on the Coucau coast. Ilindostan: lat. 17° 
 46' N., Ion. 73° 15' E. It was formerly the stronghold of a 
 celebrated Mahratta pirate, and was captured by the Bri- 
 tish in 1756. 
 
 SEVERNDROOG, a hill-fort of India. See Savinbrooo. 
 
 SEVKRO-VOSTOCHNOI. sA-vA'ro vos-toK'noi. written also 
 SI EVERO-A'CSTOCIIXOT and SIEVERO-VOSTOCll Ml. svi- 
 vA/ro vos-toK'Hee. or NORTn-E.\ST CAPE, the northenmiost 
 point of Asia, in Siberia; lat. 78° 25' N.. Ion. 98° E. 
 
 SEVIER, sev-eer', a county in the S.W. part of .\rkan.sas, 
 bordering on Texas and the Indian Territory, contains 
 about 1300 square miles. It is intersected by Little River, 
 and bounded on the S. by Red River. The surfce of the N. 
 part is hilly. The staples are Indian corn and cotton. Ca- 
 liital, Paruclifta. l>op, 10,516, of whom 7150 were free, and 
 3366 slaves. 
 
 SEVIER, a county of East Tennes.see, bordering on North 
 Carolina. Area estimated at 520 sqimre miles. It is dr.aiued 
 by French Broad, and Little Pigeon Rivers, The surface is 
 elevated and mountainous: the soil of the valleys is fertile 
 and well watered. Iron ore and limestone are aVmndant. 
 The French Broad River is navigaWe by steamboats from 
 tliis county to its mouth. Capital, Sevierville. Pop. 9122, 
 of whom .S584 were free, and 538 slaves. 
 
 SEVIER/VILLE or SEVIER COURT-HOUSE, a pe«trvil- 
 lage, capital of Sevier co., Tennessee, on Little ligeon 
 River, about 20 miles E.S.E. of Knoxville. 
 
 SEVIGLIA. See Seviui. 
 
 S1^:VIGNAC. s.VveenV3k', a village of France, depart.nent 
 of Cotes-du-Nord, arrondissement of Dinan. Pop. 2543. 
 
 SliviGNAC, a village of France, department of Basses, 
 Pyrenees, arroi:dissement of Pau. Pop. 924. 
 
 SEVILAN MOUNT. See SEVELhA-N. 
 
SEY 
 
 SEVILLR. sJv'il* or se-vill', ("Sp. SmOa, si-veel'yd; It. 
 Sevif/lia, sA-veel'yd; Fr. Seville, siVeel'; the HispaUs of the 
 Romans,) a famou.s city of .Spain, (of which it was the capital 
 during a part of the Gothic dynasty.) capital of a province, 
 on the left bank of tlie Quadalquivir. here cro.ssed by a 
 bridge of Iwats, commnnicating with its suburb Triana. 60 
 miles N.X.K. of Cadiz. Lat. (of La Giralda.) 37° 22' 44" N. 
 Ion. 6° 0' 5'J"\V'. It is surrounded by Moorish walls about 
 5 miles in circuit, having numerous gates and towers, the 
 ramparts forming public walks. Its interior has almost 
 wholly an Oriental appearance. The streets, with the e.x- 
 ception of the .\lameda. a magnificent thorough&re. planted 
 with elms, and decorated with fountains and statues, are 
 mostly narrow lanes; of late years, however, many new 
 streets have been laid out in straight lines, and adorned with 
 regularand handsome residences. Around the city are many 
 fine public walks, and on one side is the Quemadero, or 
 "burning-place" of the Inquisition, near which are a large 
 city cemetery, and an Knglish burying-ground. The suburb 
 of Triana, beyond the river, is inhabited chiefly by gipsies 
 and .'Smugglers, and near it is a Moorish dam. erected to pre- 
 vent the effects Vf •inundations, to which the lower parts of 
 the city are liable. Altogether, .Seville contains alwut 30 
 public fiuntair.s. rather scantily supplied with water; but 
 thi^re are. besides, numberless others in public institutions, 
 suppressed or existing convents, and private houses, and all 
 are supplied from two sourtu's, the Caiios de Carmona, a 
 Moorisha'iueduct of 410 arches, constructed in 1172, and the 
 i'uente del .\rzol)ispo. about 1 mile K. of the city, to which 
 it is brought in a subterranean conduit. In the street Ue la 
 Cuna was accidentally discovered a subterratiean liomau 
 aqueduct, which still tlows full of fresh water. 
 
 JifUgioH-i K<tiiJ)lix/imenls. — Seville always abounded in 
 temples: first, those erected to the heathen deities by the 
 Ilomans, traces of some of which still remain ; then the 
 Christian churches, which continued during the Moorish 
 ascendancy, when beside them rose not only the temples 
 of Islamism, but Jewish synagogues. After the re-conquest, 
 these were converted into Roman Catholic churches. Other 
 religious establishments were also multiplied to such an 
 extent, that at no very distant date there were I'-i monastic 
 Institutions, while al the s,ime time the whole city did not 
 contain more than 1 free school. The cathedral, a solemn 
 and grandiose fabric, is the largest and finest in Spain. It 
 occupies the site of the successive temples of Astart^, .Sa- 
 lambo, and Mohammed. The original mosque was pulled 
 down at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and the 
 cathedral which rose in its stead was completed in 1.519. 
 Outside, ag well as internally, it is a museum of fine art. in 
 spite of repeated spoliations — Campana, Murillo. Vargas. 
 the Uerreras, and other painters of the Seville school, and 
 Montiiflez, Roldan, Delgado. and other eminent sculptors, 
 h.aviiig contributed to ailorn this gorgeous structure. It 
 consists of five aisles, the two at the sides railed off for 
 chapels; the centre nave is magnificent, and of amazing 
 height, being 145 foet at the tran.sept-dome. At the AV. end 
 of the centre aisle lies buried Fernando, son of Columbus. 
 One of the most rem.arkable objects in Seville is the Giralda, 
 (from (/irar. '-to turn.") a great Moorish tower attached 
 to the cathedral, from which the muezzin summoned the 
 faithful to prayers. This belfrey, unique in Kurope, was 
 built in 1196 by command of Aboo Yoosuf Yakoob. The ori- 
 ginal tower was only 2.50 feet high; the additional 100, being 
 the rich filigree belfrey, w.as added, in 1568, by Fernando 
 Ruiz, and is elegant beyond description. On grand festivals 
 it is lighted up at night, and then seems to hang like a 
 brilliant chandelier from the dark vault of heaven ; the 
 pinnacle is crowned with El Girandillo, a female bronze 
 figure of F.nith. holding the I'llMrum,. or biinner of Constan- 
 tine. Although it is 14 feet high, and weighs 2S00 pounds, 
 it veers with the slightest breeze. Below the Giralda is the 
 Patio de los Xaranjos. (" court of orange-trees,") with the ori- 
 ginal fountain at which the Moslem once performed his 
 ablutions. Of the 140 churches which existed in Seville be- 
 fore the French invasion, a considerable numlier were de- 
 stroyed or converted into magazines during Soult's short 
 rale. Among the most interesting that survive, are the 
 San Lorenzo, containing some fine woi'ks by MontaRez ; 
 San Clemente. with a splendid roof, and a platere.'^que high- 
 altar, by MontaHcz; the magnificent church of San Pablo; 
 San I'edro, with its Moorish tower; San Juan de la Palina, 
 formerly a mosque ; San Isidore, which, among other fine 
 pictures, contains Kl Transito, the masterpiece of Itoelas; 
 Santa Slaria la TManca. a synagogue prior to 1391 ; San Sal- 
 vador, a collegiate church ; Sari Vicente, founded in 300, 
 &c. Of the numerous convents, some have been demo- 
 lished, and others converted into barracks, manufactories, 
 
 ' Fair is proud Seville ; let her country boast 
 Her stftusth, her wealth, her site of aiu-ient d.ays." 
 
 Childe Harold, canto, i. 
 
 ' By what reasoning my poor mind 
 
 Was from the old idol.atry reclaimed, 
 
 None better knows than Seville's mitred chief." 
 
 • SoUTHEY's Roderick, book xx. 
 
 SEV 
 
 hospitals, warehouses, theatres, Ac. ; about 20. however^ 
 are still occupied, each by a small number of nuns, and d 
 few of them possess some valuable paintings and sculptures. 
 
 The following buildings also are deseiving of particu- 
 lar notice;— The Ca.sa Lonja. or exchange, built by Philip 
 II. at the Suggestion of the Archbishop of Seville, to prevent 
 the de.secration of the cathedral, which was used by mer- 
 cantile men as a place of rendezvous; in the upper floor 
 are the Archiivs of the Indies, that is, of South America, 
 which were collected here by Charles IV. in 1784. from Si- 
 mancas and other archives scattered through Spain; the 
 Alhondiga, or public granary, a sumptuous edifice, built by 
 the Moors, with a large court, on the right side of whji-h are 
 ranges of piazz,is, where the traffic in grain is carried on; 
 the custom-house, built in 1792, with both fagades of the 
 composite order; the Ataranzas de Azogues, or warehouse, 
 where is stored the produce of the government quicksilver- 
 mines at Almaden, as well as those wrought by private en- 
 terprise; the Casada de Moneda, or mint, where coining, 
 however, has ceased, the machinery having been trans- 
 ferred to Madrid: the Audiencia. or high court of Seville, of 
 which the statistical tables for 1S44 give 4094 tri,als in a 
 jurisdiction over l,140,9.;a souls, or about 1 in 279; the 
 archiepiscopal palace, (whose fi^ade forms an angle nearly 
 opposite the (iiralda,) commenced in 1604; and the Alcazar, 
 built in the tenth and eleventh centuries for Abderrahmjin, 
 and restored in 1304 by Don Pedro, with the aid of Moorish 
 workmen; it occupies the site where stood the palace of 
 the Roman prictor. Here Charles V. was married to Isabella 
 of Portugal; and here Philip V. resided in morbid seclusion 
 for two years, amusing him.self with fi.-;liing in the pond. 
 The gardens, whi^h were laid out by Charles, are perhaps 
 the most curious in Europe. 
 
 The most remarkable public monument is the Tower of 
 Gold, on the left bank of the Guadalquivir, a beautiful an- 
 cient structure, attributed by some to the Romans, and by 
 others to the Moors. The object for which it was erected is 
 unknown, but it figures much in the history of Pedro I. of 
 Ca.-itile. In the Jews' quarter, a labyrinth of lanes, 'stands 
 the house of Murillo, who was a native of Seville. 
 
 Educational EdablUhments, Museums, dx. — The university 
 occupies the building erected by Charles III. 1565-79, tor 
 the Jesuits' convent. It contains fine pictures and sculp- 
 tures, and there have been recently added to it museums 
 of cheiuistry, physics, mineralogy and zoology, and a bo- 
 tanic garden; within the last few years, also, the library 
 has been increased from 12,000 to 60.000 volumes. The ag- 
 gregate number of students who matriculated in 1847-8 in 
 philosophy, jurisprudence, theology, and medicine, was 
 1184. There are, besides, several colleges, various free 
 schools, a normal school, 12;j private schools, several semi- 
 naries or colleges for girls, one of them for young ladies of 
 nolile birth, au academy of mathematics, a nautical college, 
 academies of commerce, of medicine and surgery, of the fine 
 arts, of jurisprudence and legislation. Be.sides the uni- 
 versity library, there is the Columbine library, attached to 
 the cathedral, and founded by Fernapdo, son of Christopher 
 Columbu.s, consisting of 30,000 volumes, the most valuable 
 collection of books in Seville, and one of the best in Spain. 
 In addition to the numerous works of art distributed 
 among the public institutions, especially the cathedral, the- 
 university, and the Caridad, a national museum has been 
 formed, into which have been gathered the pictorial trea- 
 sures of the suppressed convents, as well as pictures from 
 other towns in the province. There are two theatres, and 
 a handsome Plaza de Toros, or bull-ring, outside the walls 
 — the latter affording accommodation for from 12,000 to 
 14,000 spectators. * 
 
 Charitable Insiitidimnt. — Seville hiis always been fiimous 
 for its benevolent institutions. In 155S it contained 76 
 hospitals, but the number was afterwards much reduced. 
 Among those that survive are the Hospital de la Sangre, a 
 magnificent edifice, founded in 1546; it was originally des- 
 tined for women, but is now occupied by the sick poor of 
 both sexes, with & division for the insane; in 1848 there 
 were admitted 34.32 patients, and the daily average of in- 
 mates is from 280 to 300; the Hospital de San Ilermengildo, 
 a Gothic structure, founded in 1453, and intended chiefly 
 for the cure of wounded persons; the I^ospital del SeRor 
 San Jose, or foundling hospit.al, founded in 1658; the num- 
 ber of children admitted yearly is about 680; the Ho.=pit<il 
 de la Caridad, ('-Charity Hospital,") founded in the seven- 
 teenth century by Don Miguel JIafiara ; in its elegant church 
 are some of the finest creations of Murillo and Valdes, and 
 in the courts are two exquisite marble groups, representing 
 Mercy and Charity surrounded with children; an asylum 
 for aged priests, and a house of refuge, besides various other 
 benevolent institutions. 
 
 Military EslabUskmenis. — The cannon-foundry, founded in 
 1505. is unique in Spain, and was formerly one of the best 
 in Europe; indeed.it is said that the bronze guns made 
 here are not surpassed anywhere. There are also a manu- 
 fiictory of saltpetre, one of muskets, another of fire-works, 
 an arsenal and an armory, several barracks, and a military 
 hospital. 
 
 1750 
 
SEV 
 
 /Visoni.— The prison in the suppressed convent Del Po- 
 pulo is one of the best in Spain. In 1848 it afforded ample 
 accommodation to 683 prisoners, and the daily average 
 number is 250. There are also a house of correction for 
 youD"! persons, and a national prison for galleysLives, called 
 Presidio Peninsular, established in 1838, in the Augustine 
 convent outside the city, containing about 1200 prisoners, 
 gfcntenced by the different tribunals in the peninsula, as 
 well as those of the Havana and Majorca. 
 
 Clicbs, Sicielies, die. — The Cassino comprises among its 
 members the Uit(. of the city. There are also a military cas- 
 sino, philharmonic society, society of equitation, tribunal 
 of commerce, board of commerce, college of advocates, aca- 
 demy of belles-lettres, two societies for the encouragement of 
 agriculture and the industrial arts, insurance companies. &c. 
 
 Miniifiictures and Trade. — The Fabrica de Tabaeos, where 
 the tobacco is made into snuff and (igars, covers a quad- 
 rangle of 662 feet by 524 feet, and has 28 internal courts. 
 A moat surrouuds it, iti order to prevent cigars from being 
 smuggled out. In 1S49, 4542 persons, nine-tenths of them 
 women, were employed in this establishment: and in 1847 
 the produce in cigars and snuff amounted to 2,736,446 
 pounds. There are also manufactures of earthenware, crys- 
 tal, machinery, e.xtract of liquorice, leather, soap, cotton- 
 thread, worsted, linen, and silk fabrics. Being situated 
 about 70 miles from the mouth of the river, which it is diffi- 
 cult for vessels above 200 tons burden to ascend, as well as 
 its proximity to Cadiz, Seville has comparatively a limited 
 commerce. The great majority of vessels trading here are 
 coasters, except in the months of October, November, and 
 December, when oranges are shipped for Britain, France, 
 and Belgium. On the average of the years 1844 and 1845, 
 1386 vessels, of 59.089 tons, entered the port, and 1294, of 
 62,459 tons, cleared from it. The imports consist chietiy of 
 yarn, wrought and cast iron, tin-plate, fine ironmongery, 
 delft, fine cloths and linens, some silk stuffs, cotton mix- 
 tures, drugs, &c., steel, crystal, dried cod, building-timber, 
 Flanders cheese and butter, &c. The principal articles of 
 export are quicksilver, lead, copper, olive-oil, wool, oranges, 
 liquorice, cork, and occasionally grain. There is a small and 
 insufficient quay, and a dock-yard, where the fiiflt steamboats 
 were built in Spain. An iron bridge, to cross the Guadal- 
 quivir, was commenced in 1845, on the plan of the Pont-de- 
 Carrousel at Paris. 
 
 Iliftory. — Seville was called Hhtpal by the Phoenicians, 
 who settled here, and by the Romans Hhpalis, of which 
 the itoors made TshbiUinh, whence Sibilia, Suvilla. It was 
 captured, B.C. 45, by Julius Cajsar, who made it his capital, 
 and gave it the title of Uomula, or Little Kome. Seville was 
 the capital of the Goths until the sixth century, when 
 Leovigild removed the seat of government to Toledo, as 
 being more central. It surrendered to the Moors at once, 
 after the defeat of Don Roderick on the Guadalete. and it 
 continued its allegiance to the caliph of Damascus until 766, 
 when Atxierr.ihman established at Cordojra the western 
 caliphate of the Beiii-Umeyyah family, to which Seville re- 
 mained subject until 1031, when that dynasty was over- 
 turned, and with it the real dominion of the Moor. Seville 
 surrendered to Ferdinand of Leon and Castile on November 
 23. 1248, when he divided the houses and lands among his 
 soldiers. It continued to be the capital of Spain until 
 Charles V. removed the court to Valladolid. The discovery, 
 however, of the New World, raised Seville to more than 
 its former splendor; it became the mart of the golden colo- 
 nies, and the residence of princely foreign merchants. But 
 the French invasion, and the subsequent loss of the Trans- 
 atlantic possessions, have again greatly injured its pros- 
 perity. It surrendered, in ISlO, to the Freueh under Soult, 
 who retained possession of it till 1813. In 1843 it was be- 
 sieged by Espartero for nine days, when it capitulated. A 
 few miles distant, on the AV., is'the village of Santa Ponce, 
 the ancient lUilica. the birthplace of the Emperors Trajan, 
 H.adrian, and Theodosius the Great, and where are the re- 
 mains of a Roman amphitheatre, and other vestiges of an- 
 tiquity. Santa Ponce and Triana are the seats of large 
 
 annual fairs. Pop. 152,000. Adj. and inhab. Sevilia.v, 
 
 se-yil'yOn ; (Sp. Sevtllaxo, sA-veel-yl'no.) 
 
 SEVILLK, se-vilP, a post-ofllce of .Madison CO., Virginia. 
 
 SEVILLE, a village of Medina co., Ohio, 104 miles N.N.E. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 SKV'INOTON. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SBVRP:-NANTAISE, sJvr (or saivr) nfeo'tAz', a river of 
 France, rises in the department of Deux-S6vres, flows N.W. 
 past Monnidres, where it becomes navigable for boats, and 
 enters the Loire on the left, opposite Nantes. Length, 70 
 miles. 
 
 s£VRE-NIORTAISE, sJvr Cor saivr) ne-oR'az/. a river of 
 France, rises in the department of Deux-Sdvres. passes Niort, 
 where it becomes navigable; and enters the Atlantic at Ai- 
 guillon. Length. 65 miles. 
 
 SEVRES, s6vr or saiv'r. a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-<)ise, 4 miles E.N.E. of Versailles, on the railwav to 
 I aris. Pop. in 1852, 4750. It is celebrated for the glreat 
 national manufacture of porcelain. It has also manufae- 
 tares of glass, &.c 
 1760 
 
 SET 
 
 SfeVRKS, DEUX, drh saiv'r or slvr, (t*. e. the "two 
 Sevres,") a department in the W. of France, formed of part 
 of the old province of Poitou. Area, 2315 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1S61. 328.B17. The surface is divided by a plateau 
 into two p.arts : a mountainous, rocky region, partly wooded, 
 in the N.E.. called the Gatine; and a level district". Princi- 
 pal rivers, the Sfevre-Niortaise and the Sevre-Nantaise, from 
 which it derives its name. The soil is generally fertile, and 
 more corn is raised than is necessary for home consumption. 
 The pasturage is excellent, and cattle, horses, mules, and 
 asses, the latter of an excellent breed, ai-e extensively reared. 
 Game and fish abound. Chief industry, the manufacture of 
 leather, gloves, woollens, linens, cottons, and beot-root sugar. 
 The department has mines of iron, marble, and granit*. and 
 is divided into the arrondis.sements of Niort. Bressuire, 
 Melle, and Parthenay. Capital, Niort. 
 
 SEVKl II1SS.\R, sSv'ree his'sar', (" cypress castle.") a town 
 of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia. 66 miles K.N.E. of Kutaieh. 
 
 SEVRI insSAR, a town of A.siatic Turkey, near the 
 Gulf of Scala Nova, 22 miles S.W. of Smyrna. 
 
 SEVRI HISS.\R, a village of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, in 
 a rocky country, 73 miles S.W. of .\ngo1-a. with the ruing 
 of an ancient edifice. Near it are remains supposed to he 
 those of the ancient Rssinus. 
 
 SEVSK or SKWSK. a town of Russia. See Sievsk. 
 
 SEM'AN, a lake of Russian Armenia. See Goktschb- 
 De.xghis. 
 
 SEWAN, si-wIn'. or ALLIGUNGE. aPle-ghtinj', a town 
 of British India, presidency of Bengal, district of Sarun, 66 
 miles N.W. of Patna. Ijjt. 21° 9' N., Ion. 75° 68' E. llere la 
 made an inferior sort of pottery ware. 
 
 SEW'.\.KD. a post-township of Schoharie co.. New York. 
 48 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1948. 
 
 SEW.4RD, a township in Winnebago co., lUinois.P. 1096. 
 
 SEWARD'S MILLS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 SEWARD'S POINT, a post-village of Jlontgomery co., 
 Illinois. 50 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 SEW'ARDSTONE. a hamlet of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SEW'DAII, a town of British India, district of Candelsh, 
 20 miles N.E. of Nusserabad. 
 
 SEWEE, a towr of .\fghanistan. See Sebee. 
 
 SEWEE, a post-office of Meigs co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SEW'KLLSVII,LE. a post-ottice of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 SKWESTAN. Afu'hanistan. See Sewistax. 
 
 SEWMCKLEYVILLK, a post-village of Ohio township, 
 Alleghany co., I'ennsylvania. on the Ohio River, and on 
 the Ohio and Pennsylvanw Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Pitts- 
 burg. It contains seminaries fur boys and girls. Population 
 about 800. 
 
 SEWICKLY, a township of Bciiver co., PennsylTanJa. 
 See North Sewicklet. 
 
 SEW'lCIvLY. a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1936. 
 
 SEW'ICKLY BOTTOM, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SEWISTAN or SEWESTAN, se-wis-tan', a province of 
 .South-east Afghanistan, mostly between lat. 29° SC and 30° 
 30' N.. Ion. 67° and 70° E., having S. the lieloochee province 
 of Cutch-Oundava, E. the Suleiman Mountains, separating 
 it from Damaun. and W. the liholan and I'isiieen Valleys, 
 from which it is also separated by high mountains. It is a 
 Hat, dry plain of hardened clay, fertile only near its few 
 rivers, and crossed by the route from Dera Ghazoe Khan to 
 Candahar. 
 
 SEWRY NARRAIN. sJw/ree narVin'. a town of India, in 
 the Berar dominions, 3 miles S.E. of Ruttunpoor. 
 
 SEXBIERUM. sJx'be<yrtim, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Friesland. W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 934. 
 
 SEXTI.l-: AQVJE. See Aix. 
 
 SEX'T()N'S. a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, 40 miles 
 N.N.W. of .Jefferson City. 
 
 SEXTON'S CKEEK, a post-office of Clav co., Kentucky. 
 
 SEX'TOXVILLE, a post-village in Richland co., Wiscon- 
 sin, 56 miles W. of Madison. It contains 2 stores, 1 hotel, 
 2 mills, and has excellent water-power. 
 
 SEYBO, si'bo. a town of Ilayti, on a small river, 55 miles 
 N.E. of San Dominso. Pop. 5ii00. 
 
 SEYBUSCII. si'lxiosh, or ZYWIEO. ziv'e-Jts. a town of 
 Austrian Galicia, on the Sola, 12 miles S.S.W. of Biala. Pop. 
 2952. 
 
 SEYCHELLES. sAVheel', a group of islands in the Indian 
 Ocean, a dependency of the British government of the Mau- 
 ritius, between lat. 3° 3o° and 6° 45' S.. and Ion. 55° 20' and 
 56° 20' E. They consist of 30 small islands, in 4 groups:— 
 
 1. M.ih6. with St. Anne, Cerf. and several smaller islands; 
 
 2. Silhouette; 3. Praslin, Curieuse, Ac; 4. Dennis, Fregate, 
 &c. They are all of granitic formation, and elevated on a 
 coral bank. Pop. 7000. Among the vegetable productions 
 is the Oicos de Mfr. Domestic animals comprise the cow, 
 sheep, dog, and cat. Crocodiles, formerly plvnty, have 
 nearly disappeared. Mahe, the large.=t island, is 16 miles 
 long, and 4 miles braid; it is mnuntainous, but fertile. The 
 chief town is Port Victoria, on the E, coast, with a garrison 
 of 100 men. A newspaper was estattlished in 1840. (See 
 AiOKANTS I8U8.) The Seychelles w«re first partially explored 
 
SEY 
 
 by M. Lazarus Picault In 1743. about which time a few set-' 
 tiers of French origin establislied themselTes on the largest 
 inland, Mah6, with the view of taking turtle. To these seve- 
 ral families from Bonrlxm and Jlauritius were soon added. 
 In 1794 the British took possession of tlie islands ; and at 
 the peace of ISH, they became a dependency of Mauritius. 
 
 SKYDA, si'dd, a town of Prussian Saxony, 04 miles N.E. 
 of Merseburfr. Pop. 1450. 
 
 SKYDORF, sI'doRf. a village of Prussian Silesia, govern- 
 ment of Liegnitz, near llirschberg. Pop. lO'JH. 
 
 SKYKK (si'er) ISLES, a cluster lying off the W. coast of 
 the Malay peninsula, lat. S° 41' N., and Ion. 97° 36' E. The 
 largest is & miles long, and 1 mile broad. 
 
 SKYEHOE, si'eh-ro^eh (?) an island of Denmark, 7 miles 
 N.W. of Seeland. IjCngth, 7 miles; breadth, 1 mile. 
 
 SEYMOUK, see'mer, a township of New Haven co., Con- 
 necticut, on the Naugatuck Kiver and Kailroad, 12 miles N. 
 W. of New Haven. It has a bank, and contains a village 
 called S(!ymnur or Ilumiilireysville. Pop. 1794. 
 
 SEYMOUR, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, on the 
 Ohio and Mississippi Kailroad. Pop. Utiti. See Appendix. 
 
 SEYMOUR, a post-village of Canada West, co. of North- 
 nmlierland, on the river Trent, 30 miles from Belleville. 
 
 SEYNE, sAn, a town of France, department of Basses- 
 Alpes, on the IJlanche, 20 miles N.N.E. of Digne. Pop. in 
 1862, 2686. It is fortified, and has a communal college. 
 
 SEYNE, a town of France, department of Var, 3 miles 
 S.W. of Toulon. Pop. in 1852, 7401. Inhabitants chiefly 
 engaged in lishing and navigation. It has a harlwr on the 
 S.VV. coast of the Gulf of Toulon, in the Mediterranean. 
 
 SEYN'Y, sA'nee, a town of Russian Poland, 36 miles N.W. 
 of Grodno, with a Dominican cloister, the confessional of 
 which is in such repute as annually to attract 10,000 peni- 
 tents. Pop. 5 SO. 
 
 SEY'PAN, one of the Ladroue Islands. See S.\TP.\>r. 
 
 SEY'R.'V, si'ri, a town of West Ilindostan, Guicowar's do- 
 minion, in the peninsula of Guzerat, on the Gulf of Cutch. 
 
 SEY'KAII, a town of India, presidency of Bombay, 65 
 miles E. of Ahmedabad. 
 
 SEl'SSEL. s;\s\sM', a frontier town of France, department 
 of Ain, on the iJhone, which here becomes navigable, 21 
 miles S.W. of Geneva. Pop. in 1852, 1418. 
 
 SEYSSUiCL, sAs'swJl', a village of France, department of 
 Is^re, near Vienne. Pop. 1479. 
 
 SEYSUX.\. sl-soo'nj, a town of West Hiudostan, domi- 
 nions, and 24 miles S. of Kotah. 
 
 SEYYID EL GHAZI, aVyeed' il gb&fzee, a town of Asia 
 Minor, in An.itolia, 25 miles S.S.E. of lislsee Shehr. It com- 
 piist;s about 600 houses of Mohammedans. 
 
 SEZ.4.NNK. sA^zdnn', a town of France, department of 
 Marne. 25 miles S.W. of Epernay. I'op. in 1862, 4431. It 
 has manufactures of woollens and hosiery. 
 
 SEZEMECZ. sa'zi-mJts', or CZEZiiMICZ, a markeUown 
 of Bohemia. 10 miles N. of Chrudim, on the Elbe. Pop. 1632. 
 
 SKZKIJAR. a sm.all island of Russia. See Seskar. 
 
 SEZZ.A, sSt/sS, or SEZZE, sH/»A, a town of South Italy, 
 In the Pontifical States, 20 miles S.E. of Velletri,on a height 
 overlooking the Pontine Marshes. Pop. 8650. It is a 
 bishop's see, and hjis the remains of a temple of Saturn. 
 
 SEZZ A, a market-town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 10 
 miles S. of Alessandria, on the Bormida. Pop. 2585. 
 
 SFAX, sfdx. or SFAKUS, sta^kfis. a seaport town of Tu- 
 nis, on the Gulf of Cabes. 70 miles N.N.JO, of Cabes. I^at. 
 34° 44' N., Ion. 10° 40' E. It is enclosed by a high wall, and 
 Is one of the best built towns of the regency. It has ship- 
 building yards, and an active trade with Malta and Sicily. 
 
 'SGRAYELAND, sgri'v^h-ldntS a village of the Nether- 
 lands, pi evince of South Uolland, 4 miles S.W. of Naarden. 
 Pop. 1215. 
 
 'SGRAVENIIAAG, a town of the Netherlands. See 
 Hague. 
 
 SHABATZ, shj/blts. a town of Servia, on the Save, 44 
 miles W. of Belgrade. It has several bazaars. 
 
 SHAB'BINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 SHABO'NA, a township in De Kalb co., Illinois. Pop. 963. 
 
 SlIACK'ELFORD'S, a post-office of King and Queen co., 
 Viririnia. 67 miles E. of Richmond. 
 
 SIIACK'ERSTONE. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SHADADl'OOR, shdMad-poor', a town of Sinde, 23 miles 
 N.W. of Larkhana, on the route to Gundava. Lat. 27° 46' 
 N., Ion. 68° E. 
 
 SHADE, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1388. 
 
 SHADE, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 SHADE CREEK, I'ennsylvania, rises in the E. part of 
 illet'hany co., and falls into Stony Creek. 
 
 SHADE CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Ohio River in Meigs 
 county. 
 
 SHADE FURNACE, a post-office of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 78 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 SH.IDE GAP, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SHADEHUR. sh.lde-h&r', a village of Beloochistan, on 
 the route from Larkhana to Gundava. 
 
 SHADE MILL, a po8tK>ffice of Alleghany co., Maryland. 
 61. 
 
 SHA 
 
 SHADE MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, extends N.E. from 
 the Juniata, along the S.E. twundary of Mifflin, which it 
 si-parates fiom Juniata county, and into Union county, 
 nearly to the Susquehanna River. 
 
 SHAD'FURTH, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 SHAD'JNGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 
 SHAD'OXHURST. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SHADRINSK, SCHADRl.NSK or CHADRl.NSK, sha- 
 dreensk', a town of Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, 
 capital of district, on the N.bank of the Iset. 25 miles E.S.eI 
 of Dolmatov. Pop. 3400. It it enclosed by palisades, and 
 has an active trade. 
 
 SHADU.\N, shd-doo-dn', an island of the Red Sea, oppo- 
 site the ancient Egyptian port Myos-IIormos. Lat. 27° 30' 
 N., and Ion. 34° E. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 4 miles. 
 
 SH.4DV1LLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 SHAD'WELL. a parish of England, and suburb of the 
 metropolis, on its E. side, co. of Middlesex, 2^ miles E.S.K. 
 of St. Paul's, with a station on the Loudon and Blackwall 
 Railway. 
 
 SH.-VDWEI.L, a post-office of Albemarle CO., Virginia. 
 
 SH.VDY, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee. 
 
 SHADY D.\IiE, a post-village of Jasper co., Georgia, 117 
 miles W. by S. of Augusta. It contains 2 churclies and an 
 academy. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 60 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a small village of Union district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SHADY' GROVE, a small village of Forsyth co., Georgia. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Union co., Georgia. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a small village of Copiah CO., Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Washington parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a thriving post-village of GibsoB co., 
 Tenne.ssee, 116 miles W. of Nashville. 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Crittenden co., Kentucky, 
 
 SHADY GROVE, a small post^village of Dallas co.. Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 SHADY HILL, a postoffice of Henderson CO., Tennessee. 
 
 SHADY SPRING, a post-office of Raleigh co.,W. Virginia. 
 
 SH.A'EF'FEISSTOWN, a post-borough of Lebanon co., 
 Pennfiylvania, 34 miles E. of Harrisburg. It contains seve- 
 ral churches and stores. Pop. 622. 
 
 SHAF'TESBURY, shaftsOrer-e, a p.irliamentary and mu- 
 nicipal borough, and town of England, co. of Dor.set, on the. 
 border of Wiltshire, 25 miles N.N.E. of Dorchester. Pop. of 
 municipal borough in 1851, 2503; of parliamentary bonugh, 
 9404. The town stands on the summit of a narrow hill, to 
 which water has to be conveyed from adjacent lower 
 grounds. The borough sends 1 member to the House of 
 Commons. It gives the title of earl to the Ashley Cooper 
 family. 
 
 SHAFTS/BURY, a post-village and township of Benning- 
 ton CO., Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 100 
 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It contains beds of valuable 
 marble. Pop. of township. 1936. 
 
 SHAHABAD, sha^ha-bda', a district of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, having N. the Gances. S.E. the Sone 
 lUver. and W. the Caramnassa. Area, 4087 square miles. 
 Pop. 919,900, nearly all Hindoos: 2300 sfjuare miles are oc- 
 cupied by cultivated lands, yielding rice, opium, &c. Princi- 
 pal towns. Arrah, Buxar, Rotasgur. and Sasseram. 
 
 SHAHABAD, a town of British India, dominion of Oude, 
 80 miles N.W. of Lucknow. 
 
 SHAHABAD, a town of Briti.sh India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal. Upper Provinces. 105 miles N.W. of Delhi. 
 
 SHAHBAD, shd'bdd', or SHAHAHBAD. shS'ha-bdd'. a 
 town of Cashmere, near the E. extremity of the vallev, 14 
 miles S.E. of Islamabad, and 5600 feet above the sea. tt is 
 famous for fruit, and was foi-meriy a residence of the Mogul 
 emperors. 
 
 SH All BUNDER, (or BANDER.) shdh btin'd?r, a village of 
 Sinde, in the delta of the Indus, 12 miles S.E. of Bunder- 
 Vikkar. and formerly the seat of an English factory. 
 
 SHAH BUNDER, shdh btlnMer, written also SHAH BAN- 
 DER, a small town of I'ersia, piovince of Kerm.in, on the 
 river of Meenab, 10 miles from its mouth in the Persian 
 Gulf, opposite Ormus. The river is navigable to it from the 
 sea for vessels of 20 tons, and it has a custom-house, and some 
 maritime trade. 
 
 SHAHDERAH, shdh-dA'ra, a town of Briti.sh India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, on the Jumna, opposite Delhi. 
 
 SHAHEY, shd-hi'. a rocky peninsula of Persia, province 
 of Azerbaijan, 35 miles S.W. of Tabreez, and extending into 
 the Lake Ooroomeeyah, to which it sometimes gives name. 
 It is about 40 miles in circumference, and has a dozen popu- 
 lous villages. 
 
 SHAHJEHANPOOR, shd-j.^'hanpoor', a district of Briti.sh 
 India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Province, having N.E. 
 Nepaul. E. Oude. Area, 1420 square miles. Pop. 668,749. 
 
 SHAHJEUANPOOK, the capital town of the above di3- 
 
 1761 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 trlct, on an affluent of the Ganges, 43 miles S.S.E. of Bareily. 
 Lat. 27° 52' N., Ion. 79° 48' K. It has a citadel and nume- 
 rous mosques. 
 
 SHAIIJ EIIANPOOR, a town of Punjab. See Tira. 
 
 SUAIIJKIIANPOOR, a town of Central India, in the Gwa- 
 Tior dominions, 35 miles X.E. of Oojein. 
 
 SHAIILIMAH, shd'le-mar', a fine summer palace and gar- 
 dens, iu the Punjab, 3 miles E. of Lahore. The Slmhlimar 
 (tardens, celebrated by Moore in " Lalla Ilookh," are in 
 Cashmere, bordering a lake immediately E. of the city of 
 Seriuagur. 
 
 SIIAIIXOOR, sha'noor'. or SAVANOOR. si'va-noor', a de- 
 cayed town of British India, presidency of Bombay, district, 
 and 41 miles S.E. of Oiirwar, lat. 14° 59' N.. Ion. 75° 26' E. 
 
 SHAHPOOR, shd'poor', or SlIAHPUR, a small river of 
 Persia, province of Khoozistan, rises about 10 miles N. of the 
 ruins of Sus; flows S.E. in a deep and narrow bed. and after 
 f, course of about 60 miles joins the Karoon, 50 miles below 
 Shooster. In its upper part it runs parallel to the Kerah, 
 (ane. CJioaspcs.) and laves the mud building t«rmed Daniel's 
 Tomb, near the remains of Sus. It is conjectured to have 
 been the Etd<Tus of Alexander's historians. 
 
 SH.\IIPOOR, a small town of Beloochistan, province of 
 Cutch-Gundava, 52 miles X. of Shikarpoor. 
 
 SIIAIIRIZOOL, Turkish Koordistan. See Shehmzoor. 
 
 SlIAII-ROOU or SIIAH-RUI),.shaVood', a river of Per.sia. 
 province of Irak-Ajemee, joins tlie Kizil-Oozen or Sefeed-rood 
 40 miles S.S.W. of Reshd, in the latter part of its course 
 forming the boundary between the provinces of Irak-Ajemee 
 and Ghilan. 
 
 SlI AlI-ROOD or SIIAII-RUD, a walled town of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Khorassan, 45 miles S.E. of Astrabad. It is about 
 2 miles in circuit, populous, and surrounded by well-culti- 
 vated grounds. 
 
 SHAIIZADABAD shJ-zdMa-bad', a town of British Tndi.i, 
 presidency of Bengal, 34 miles X.W. of Allahabad. It has 
 one of the most spacious serais or palaces in the Upper Pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 SIIAIIZADPOOR, shi^zad-poor', a town of Oude, 38 miles 
 S.E. of Kyzabad. 
 
 SIIAIUGIIUR, shir'giir'. a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 20 miles N. of 
 Bareily. 
 
 SHATYA or CHAIYA, shl'3, a maritime town of Siam, 
 on the W. side of the Gulf of Siam, 100 miles N.N.W. of 
 Ligor. It exports large quantities of rice. 
 
 SIIAK.iPORE, shd^kd-por', a town of Sinde, on the great 
 route from Cutch to Hyderabad, in lat. 24° 34' N., Ion. 
 .68° 26' .E. 
 
 SIIAK'ELFORD'S, a post-office of King and Queen co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 SIIA'KER VILLAGE, a post-village in Merrimack co., 
 New Hampshire. 12 miles N. by E. of Concord. 
 
 SHAKOPEE, Minnesota. See Appendix. 
 
 SHAL'lJOURN, a parish, England, cos. of Berks and ■VVilts. 
 
 SHAL'BEX, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 SHA'LER, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2474. 
 
 SHALER'S MILLS, a post-ofRce of Knox co.. Ohio. 
 
 SHA/LFIRSVILLE, a mining village of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Sawmill River, atx)ut 2 miles VV. of 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 SHALERSVILLE, a post-township in the N. central part 
 of Portage CO., Ohio, intersected by Cuyahoga River. P. 1153. 
 
 SHAL'FLEKT, a parish of England, I.sle of Wight. 
 
 SHAL/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 SHALFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SH.\LKOTK, a town of the Punjab. See Sealkote. 
 
 SHAI/LOTTE. post-ofRce, Brunswick co., North Carolina. 
 
 SHALM.OW FORD, post-oflice. Orange co., Xorth Carolina. 
 
 SHAUSTOXE, a parish of England, co. of Buckingham. 
 
 SHAMAKA, shi'ma/ka, SHAMAKI. SCHAMACHI, ehS.'- 
 mJ/Kee, or SCHEMACHI, a government of Transcaucasian 
 Russia, bordering on the Ca.spian. Area. 16,895 square miles. 
 
 SHAMAKA, shd-ma/kd, SCHAMACHI or SIIAMACHX, 
 shJ-mi/Kee, written also CHAMAKA and SCHEMACHI, a 
 town of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasia. 70 miles W. of Bakoo. 
 
 SHAMAKA, Old, or KOONKSHUR, koo'ne-shllR', a village 
 of Russia, in 'rr.an.«caucapia. 15 miles N.E. of the above. It 
 was ruined in 1737 by Nadir Shah, but having been made 
 capital of Shirvan in 1S41, it is now thriving, and is cele- 
 brated for its silks, which are reckoned equal to French 
 manufacture. Pop. in 1S4.S. 18.500. 
 
 SHAMIHAM, the Turkish name of Van. See Van. 
 
 SHAMI,EB. shJmMee', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, 53 miles X. of Delhi, in lat. 29° 27' N., Ion. 77° 8' E. 
 It ontains many handsome houses, and has a large bazaar. 
 
 SnAM\MAR/ MOUNTAIXS, (Arab. JeUd Sfiam'mar',) 
 bometimes called RXMLEAH MOUNTAINS, a mountain 
 range of Ar.abia, in Nedjed, principally between 28° and 29° 
 N.lat. Height, about yoOO feet. In the vicinity are said to 
 be extensive forests. 
 
 SH.\M(), (-'sea of sand.'') a desert of Mongolia. See Gobi. 
 
 SHAM(JlvlX, a creek of Pennsylvania, falls into the Sus- 
 quehanna near Sunbury. 
 17 «2 
 
 SIIAMOKIN, a flourishing post-village and towuship of 
 Northumberland co., Pennsylvania, on Shnm'ikin Cteek, 
 and on the Shamokin Valley and Potfsville r!iilroad,18 miles 
 E.S.E. of Sunbury. The Shamokin coalfield (anthracite) 
 is said to be as rich and extensive as nny in the state. One 
 of the veins is stated to be about 40 feet in thickness. Iron 
 ore is also abundant in the vicinity, and the manufacture 
 of iron has been commenced. The village contains several 
 hotels, which are doing an excellent business; a new ono 
 has recently been erected, at a cost of $14,000. Pop. of tlie 
 township, 2159, 
 
 SHAMOKIN DAM, a small post-villageof Snyder co^Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SIIAMOXY, a post-office of Burlington co.. New Jersey. 
 
 SHAM'ROOK, a new and thriving village of Adams CO., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio River, SB miles above Cincinnati. It baa 
 stone quarries, and mills for sawing stone. 
 
 SHAMROCK, a post-village of Callaway co., Missouri, 48 
 miles X.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SHAMROCK MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 SIIAMSHADIL, Rham^sha-deel'(?) a province of Asiatic 
 Russia, in Transcaucasia. S. of the Koor, and between the 
 provinces of Ganjeh and Kazah ; lat. 42° X., Ion. 45° to 46° E. 
 
 SHAJVor CHAN: shdn, a Chine.se word signifying •' moun- 
 tain," forming a part of numerous names in East Asia, nil 
 Thian-Shan. (the '-Celestial Jlountains,") &c. 
 
 SHAX^AOOI/DEX, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, ca 
 of Limerick. 
 
 SHAX\\NDO'An, a post-office of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 SHAXDA'KMX. a post-township of Ulster co., New York, 
 56 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2430. 
 
 SIIAX'DRUM. a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 SH AXE'S (shAnz) CROSSIXGS, a post-office of Mercer co, 
 Ohio. 
 
 SHANESA^LLE, shdnz'vil, a village of Mercer co , Ohio, on 
 St. Mary's River, 124 miles W.N.AV. of Columlius. 
 
 SH.AXESA'ILLE, a thriving post village of Sugar Creek 
 township. Tuscarawas co., Ohio, 90 miles E.X.E. of Colum- 
 bus. It has .several stores, and about COO inhabitants. 
 
 SHANG, shdng, a Chinese word signifying "supreme." 
 forming a part of numerous Chinese names, as SnASO-HAX, 
 (i. e. " supreme port," ?) &c. 
 
 SHAXG-HAI (Shang-Hai) or CHANG-HAT, (Chang-IM.) 
 shang*-hi', incorrectly written SHAXG-HAE. a seajiort city 
 of Cliina, and one of the five now open for European com- 
 merce, province of Kiang-soo, on the Woosung River, 14 
 miles from the sea, and 160 miles E.S.E. of Nankin. Lat. 31" 
 12' N., Ion. 121° 28' E. Pop. estimated at about 190,000. It 
 stands on a level and highly-cultivated plain, and is enclosed 
 by a wall 5 miles in circuit, immediately outside of which 
 are several populous suburbs. The streets are nari-ow and 
 filthy, and the public buildings inferior to those of Xing-po ; 
 tea-gardens and vast ice-houses are the objects in it chiefly 
 worthy of notice. It has a mint, and flourishing manufac- 
 tures of flowered silks of a peculiar kind, and of iron wares, 
 glass, paper, and articles of ivory, bone, gold, and silver. It 
 is an important entrepot of the commerce between the N. 
 and S. provinces of China, exporting manufactured gooda 
 to Tien-tsin in the metropolitan province of I'e-Chee-lee, and 
 importing large quantities of pulse, flour, meats, ihubarb, 
 and skins from the shores of the Yellow Sea. An extensive 
 internal communication by water facilitates its trade with " 
 all the N. half of China, and it is stated to have a direct 
 trade with the countries of Central Asia. Its coasting trade 
 is also very extensive, and SOOO junks are often crowded 
 together in its river, many being from Ilai-nan, Canton, and 
 the Malay Archipelago. In 1853 the value of imports, in 
 127 British vessels, was $5,225.000 ; in 57 American vessels, 
 §3,316,000; in 23 vessels, from 21 other European ports, and 
 2 vessels under Siamese flags, $672,000: total, §9.213,000. 
 The export trade to foreign countries, in the same year, 
 amounted to $16,250,000 in 126 British vessels; $9,500,000 
 in 62 American vessels; and $1,150,000 in other foreign ves- 
 sels : total, $26,900,000. The principal shipments in British 
 vessels consisted of 33,247 pieces, valued at $10,265,000: 289 
 biiles of silk piece-goods, valued at $40,000; 24,743,600 
 pounds of tea. valued at $5,776,000 : and 456 piculs of nan- 
 keens, worth $21,000. The amount of tea shipped in Ame- 
 rican vessels, was 8,642,817 pounds, and in other vessels, 
 2,539,129 pounds. Shang-ha'i was taken, on the 19th of 
 June, 1843. by the British troops, who captuied in the city 
 171 pieces of cannon, and a large amount of military stores. 
 
 SHAXG-I-YUKN, shangVyoo'to', a town of China, pro- 
 vince of Che-kiang, about 08 miles W.S.W. of Xing-po. It 
 is a larse and important place, containing a population of at 
 least 10t),000. 
 
 SlIAXG-SE-CHOO or CHANG-SE-TCIIOU. sl'.iing'se-choo', 
 a town of China, province of Quang-tong, on the Chinoso 
 frontier, in lat. 22° 10' 12" N., Ion. 107° 35' E. 
 
 SHAXG'TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SHAXG-TOO or CHAXG-TOU, an ild name of Pbkino, 
 which see. 
 
 SHAX'KILL, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, chief y in the 
 CO. of Armagh. 
 
SUA 
 
 SUA 
 
 hHANKILL, a parish of Ireland, In Connaught, co. of Ros- ' 
 oommon. 
 
 SHAN KILL or SAINT KILL, a parish of Ireland, in Lein- 
 Ster, CO. of Kilkenny. 
 
 SHANKILL, a hamlet of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 SHANK'LIN, a maritime parish of the Isle of Wight, on 
 Its S.E. coast. 
 
 SHANKS'VILLE, a post-villagre of Somerset co., Pennsj'l- 
 vania, 77 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 SHAN'NON, the principal river of Ireland, rises in a pond 
 called the Shannon Pot, close to the base of the Cuilcagh 
 Mountain, in the county of Cavan, 345 feet above the sea. 
 It flows at fii st S.W., and then generally S., througli Loughs 
 Allan, Haffin, Hee, and Derg. to near Limerick, where it 
 turns W., and joins the Atlantic by an estuary 10 miles in 
 width, immediately N. of Tralee IJay. Total course esti- 
 mated at 224 miles, for nearly all of which it is navigalile. 
 though its navigation is obstructed in many parts by rapids 
 and shallows, to obviate whicli large sums have been ex- 
 pended. Its principal affluents from the W. are the Uoyle, 
 Suck, and Fergus; from the E. and S. the Inny, Brosna, 
 TMulkerna, and Maig. Its basin is estimated to comprise 
 8613 square miles. It is tidal for the last third of its course, 
 and may be ascended by vessels of 400 tons to liimerick. It 
 is connected all across Leitister with Dublin by the (irand 
 Canal from Shannon Harbor, near ]?anagher, and by the 
 Royal Canal, which joins it at Tarmonbarrj', near Longford. 
 
 SHANNON, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 SHAN'NON, a new county in the S.S.E. part of Missouri, 
 contains about SCO square miles. It is traversed in a S.E. 
 direction by the Current, an affluent of tlie Big Black River, 
 and also drained by Jack's Fork, and by Big and Sinking 
 Creeks. The sur&ce is uneven, and partly covered with 
 forests of pine. Mines of copper are found. Formed out of 
 part of Ripley county, and named in honor of George Shan- 
 non, a member of Lewis and Clarke's company to the Co- 
 lumbia River. Capital, Eminence. Pop. 2284, of whom 2271 
 ■were free. 
 
 SHANNON, a post-oflice of Carroll co., Illinois. 
 
 SHANNON BRIDGE, a village and fortified post of Ire- 
 land, King's county, on the Shannon, here crossed by a 16- 
 arched bridge, 2i miles N.N.E. of lian.agher. Pop. 300. 
 
 SHAN'N()NDALE, a post-olflce, Montgomery co., Indiana. 
 
 SHANNONDALE, a postofiice of Clarion co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SHANNONDALE SPRINGS, Jeirerponco.,W.Virginia,on 
 the Shenandoah River, 5 miles from Charlestown. and 160 
 miles N. of Richmond. This beautiful and fashionable 
 watering-place is more easily accessible from the Atlantic 
 cities than any in Virginia. The water is impregfiated with 
 the .salts of lime, magnesia, and soda. 
 
 SHANNON (iHOVE. a villasre of Ireland, on the Shannon. 
 
 SHAN'NON HAR/BOlt, a village of Ireland, co. of Cavan, 
 on the river Sliannon. 
 
 SHANNON HILL, a post-village of Goochland co., Vir- 
 ginia, 25 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 SH-^NNON'S, a village of Yallobusha co., Mississippi. 
 
 SHANNON'S, a post-office of Montgomery co., Texas. 
 
 SH.\N'NONSVILLE, a village of Perry co.. Tennessee, on 
 the Tennessee River. 90 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 SHA NNON VILLE. a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 5 miles W. of Norristown. 
 
 SHAN/NONVILLE, a flourishing village of Canada West. 
 CO. of Hastings, on the Salmon River. H miles from the Bay 
 of Quinte, and 21 miles from Kingston, with which it has 
 communication by steamboat. It contains several large 
 flour, grist, and saw mills, and 2 Protestant churches. Pop. 
 in 1K52. 500. 
 
 SIIANRA'HAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 SHAN-SKE, SHAN-SI or CHAN-SI. shSn-see', (i'. e. the 
 "mountainous West," or the "mountainous region of the 
 West,") a province of China, mostly between lat. 35° .and 41° 
 N., and Ion. 110° and 114° 30' E., having N. Mongolia, or 
 the Desert of Shamo, (" sea of sand.") and on other sides the 
 provinces of Shen-see, Ho-nan, and Pe-chee-lee. Estimated 
 area, 55.26S square miles. Pop. in 1825, 14,004.210. The sur- 
 face is mountainous. The Hoang-ho forms its W. and a part 
 of its S. frontier. Wheat, millet, cotton, tobacco, wine, dyeing- 
 material.s, silk, honey, large 7iumbers of live-stock, iron, salt, 
 crystal, coal, and building-stone, are among its chief products. 
 The principal manufactures are silk gnodsi carpets, and 
 metallic goods. It is divided into 9 departments. The chief 
 city is Tai-yuan. Shan-see is celebrated among all the pro- 
 Tinces of China for its wines. In the time of Marco Polo, 
 (the latter part of the thirteenth century.) the vine, accord- 
 ing to that traveller, was cultivated nowhere in China but 
 in this province, in the department of Tai-yuan-foo. This 
 department is also remarkable for containing the richest 
 iron-mines in all China ; these appear to have been wrought 
 from the earliest times. Its manufactures of iron and steel. 
 in which the inhabitants have acquired extraordinary skill, 
 :tre very celebrated, and are distributed over the whole of 
 .North China and Mongolia. 
 
 SHAN-TOONG. SHAN-TUNG. SCHAN-TUNG or CHAN- 
 lOUNG, shinUoong', (i.e. the "mountainous region of the 
 
 East,") a maritime province of China, mostly tsefwnen Tat. 
 35° and 38° N.. and Ion. ll.-)0 sna 122° 40' E., having land- 
 ward the provinces of Pe-chep-)ee. Ilo-nan. and Kiangsoo, 
 and E. the Yellow Sea and Gulf of Pe-chee-lee. Estimated 
 area, 65.104 square miles. Pop. in 1S25, 2S.05S,764. The 
 surface is mountainous in the E. Its AV. part is intersected 
 by the Gr.and Canal. The harbors are numerous, and it 
 comprises many islands off the coast. Wheat, millet, indiso. 
 druffs, and silk are the principal products. Its manufactures 
 of felt, caps, carpets, and hempen cloths, are extensive. It 
 is subdivided into 10 departments. The chief city is Tsee- 
 nan. The department of Yen-chow-foo, (or Yen-tcheou fou.) 
 In this province, is celebrated among the Chinese as the 
 birthplace of the immortal Confucius, (Khoong-Tseu-Foo.) 
 
 SIf.\N-WA-NO, a post-office of Outagamie co., Wisconnin. 
 
 SHAO-CHOO or CUAO-TCIIOU, shS'o^'hoo'. called also 
 SH.40-CH0a-F00* and CHAO-TCHEOU-FOU*, sh^o ch^-oo' 
 foo', a city of China, province of (Juang-tong, on the Pe- 
 kiang, here crossed hy a bridge of Iwats, 115 miles' N. of 
 Canton. It is large, enclosed by walls, and has manufactures 
 of nankeen fabrics, &c. Pop. estimated at 10,000 families. 
 
 SHAO-CHOO-FOO.* See Shao-Choo. 
 
 SHAO-HING or CHAO-HING. shd'o-hing', a city of Chin.a, 
 province of Che-kiang, capital of a department, 73 miles W. 
 of Ning-po. Lat. 30° 6' N., ion. 120° 3' E. It stands in a fer- 
 tile plain, and is intersected by canals; it is well paved, 
 clean, and healthy. Near it is a magnificent temple, erected 
 to Yu, the reputed founder of the Chinese Empire. 
 
 SllA0-HING-FO0orCHA0U-HING-F0U.*SeeSH.\o-HiNG. 
 ■ SHAO-KHING-FOO. See Sh.\o-Kixg. 
 
 SHAO-KING or CHAO-KHING, shdVking', a fortified 
 city of China, province of Quang-tong, capital of a depart- 
 ment, 50 miles AV. of Canton. It is well built, and is the 
 residence of the governor of the Quang provinces, 
 
 SHAO-NAN or CHAO-NAN, shd'o-nSn', a flourishing sea- 
 port town of China, province of Fo-kien, 90 miles S.W. of 
 Amoy. Here junks freight with large quantities of alum 
 and sugar. 
 
 SlIAOOR, shi^ooW, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras, district ofCoimbatoor, 41 miles N,N.W. of Daraporam. 
 
 SHAO-WOO. SCHAO-WU, CHAO-WOU, sh^o-woo', or 
 CHA-OU-FOU* shd-oo-foo', a fortified city of China, province 
 of Fo-kien, in the tea district. 145 miles N.W. of Foo-choo, 
 in lat. 27° 21' 36" N., Ion. 117° 36' 54" E. Its woven fabrics 
 have a high repute. 
 
 SHAP, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland, with a 
 station on the Preston and Carlisle Railway, 12 miles N.N.E. 
 of Kendal. Near it are the remains of a Druidic temple, and 
 of an abbey, and 3 miles S.E. of the village, is the bathing 
 estalilishment of Shap Spa. 
 
 SIIAIVINSHAY, one of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, 4J 
 miles W. of Stronsay. Length, 5 miles; breadth, 4} miles. 
 Pop. in 1851, 899, mostly employed in the. cod and herring 
 fishery. The shores are low, level, and fertile; the interior 
 is hilly, and almost barren. On the S. coast stands a neat 
 village, on the fine bay of Ellwick ; in the island are many 
 Pictish and Scandinavian antiquities. 
 
 SHAPLEIG H, shap'Iee, a post-township in York co., Maine, 
 77 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1273. 
 
 SHAPOOR. SHAPOUR or SIIAPUR, shj-poor', (written 
 Chapour in French and Schnpur in German.) an ancient and 
 ruined city of Persia, province of Fars, in about lat. 29° 50' 
 N., Ion. 51° 40' E. It is said to have existed before the time 
 of Alexander the Great. It was rebuilt by Sapor, (or Sha- 
 poor,) the first of the Sassanian dynasty, about the middle 
 of the third century. Its ruins are among the most inte- 
 resting in Persia, either of ancient or modern times, and 
 show it to have been a city of great extent and magnificence. 
 Some of the sculptures, in the opinion of competent judges, 
 rank among the very finest specimens of Oriental art, 
 
 SHAPOOK.MI, sbl-poo'r^, a town of North-western Ilin- 
 dostan, in the Odevpoor dominions, 70 miles S,S.E. of Ajmeer, 
 
 SIIAPL'i!. See'SHAPOOR. 
 
 SH AP/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 SILifWICK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SII.4.1vABAI), shS'ra-bid', a considerable town of Ilin- 
 dostan, dominions of (iude, 70 miles N.W. of Lucknow. 
 
 SH.^-RAHABAD, shi'rd-hd-bdd', a town of Cashmere, 45 
 miles S.E. of Serinagur. 
 
 SHARAPAN, shjV3-p3n', a town of Russi.an Tran.scau- 
 casia, province of Imeritia, on the Phasis, 30 miles E. of 
 Kootais. 
 
 SHAKD'LOW, a village and township of England, co., 
 and 7 miles E.S.E. of Derby, on the Trent and Mersey Canal, 
 here crossed by a brldire of five boats Pop. 1121. 
 
 SlIARESiri LL. shAr.s'hill. a parish, England, co. Stafford. 
 
 SHARGIHR, a town of India. See Shawgur. 
 
 SH.VKINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SH.\RK RIVER, a post-office of Ocean co.. New .Ter.sey. 
 
 SIIARN'BROOK, a psirish of England, co.of Bedford. 
 
 *The atfix Foe or Foo merely siguifies "city," or a "town of 
 the first class," and is not in any case to b". regarded as an essen- 
 tial part of the name. In a similer manner we say New York, 
 and New Yokk Ciiv ; Wasuingto.v, and WASHrNGro.v Cur, Sec. 
 
 1763 
 
SHA 
 
 SEA 
 
 aSvinN'PORD, a parish of Kn.dand, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SH.A'itON.a township of Hillsborough co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, 35 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 1^50. 
 
 SII.\KON'. a post-village and township of Windsor co., 
 Vermont, on White Kiver.aud on the Vermont Central Kail- 
 road. 2S miles S. by K. of Montpelier. I'op. 1111. 
 
 SUARO.V, a post-Till.ige and township of Norfolk eo., 
 Massachusetts, on the Boston and Providence Raili-oad, 17 
 miles S. bj W. of Boston. Pop. 1377. 
 
 SHAKO.X. a pleasant post-village and township of Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut, on the W. side of llousatonic River, 
 iVjut 40 miles W. by N. of Hartford. It has manufactures 
 of carriages, iron and woollen eoods, &c. Pop. 2556. 
 
 SHARON', a post-township forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Schoharie co.. New York. Pop. 2754. See Sharon Springs. 
 
 SH.AllON. a thriving village of Beaver co., Pennaylvani.a, 
 on the right bank of Be.iver Kiver, about 1 mile from the 
 Ohio Kiver, and 2t) miles N.W. of Pittsbui-g. It has an iron 
 foundry and several boat-yards. 
 
 SH.\RON. a thriving post-ljorough of Mercer co., Penn- 
 svlviinia, on Shenaugo Creek and the Erie and Pittsburg K. 
 R., 71 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg, and 16 miles W. of Mercer. 
 It 'h;« several stores and mills. Pop. iK»0. 
 
 SHARON, a township, Potter co., Pennsylvania. P. 1069. 
 
 SlIAKOX, a post-village of Wythe co., Virginia, 245 miles 
 W. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 SIIAUO.X. a post-vitlage of Mecklenburg co., North Caro- 
 lina. 105 miles W.S.W. of lialeigh. 
 
 SH.\RON, a post-office of Chambers co.. .\labama. 
 
 SHARON, a post-village of Madison co., Mississippi, 3(7 
 miles N. of Jackson. 
 
 SHARON, a small village of Tipton co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SH.iRON, a township in the N. part of Franklin co., Ohio, 
 intersected by the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati 
 Railroad. Pop. 1302. 
 
 SHARON, a township of Medina co.. Ohia Pop. 131.3. 
 
 SHARON, a post-village ami township of Noble co., Oliio, 
 about oO miles S.E. of Zanesville. Poj). 1320. 
 
 SHARON, a township in the N.W. part of Richland co., 
 Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland Columbus and Cin- 
 cinnati, and the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroads. P. 2226. 
 
 SH.\KON, a post-village and township of Washtenaw co.. 
 Miehican. on the North Branch of Raisin Kiver, about 60 
 miles W. by S. of Detroit. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SH.\ltON, a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois, 135 
 miles N. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 SIIAKON. a post-village of Appanoose co., Iowa, on Chari- 
 ton Kiver. luO miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 SHARON, a post-vilbige and township of W.ilworth co., 
 Wisconsin. 65 miles K.S.Ii. of Madison. Pop. 16S1. 
 
 SHARON, a post-office of Delaware co.. Indiana. 
 
 SHARON, a post-office of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 SH.\RON, a po.st-office of Tipton co., Tennessee. 
 
 SHARON, a post-office of Taliaferro co., Georgia. 
 
 SHA'RON or DA'VIDTOWN, a village of Canada West, 
 CO. of York, about 40 miles N. of Toronto. It is chiefiy re- 
 markable as the adopted residence of a peculiar sect who 
 seceded from the Friends. 
 
 SHARON CENTRE, a post-Tillage of Schoharie co., New 
 York, 46 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 SHARON CENTRE, a post-village of Potter co^ Pennsyl- 
 vania. 192 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SHARON CENTRK. a post-vill.nge of Medina co.,01iio.ll2 
 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. The township contains beds of 
 mineral fireproof paint, which is used extensively in the 
 United States and in Europe. 
 
 SHARON SPRINtiS, a po.st-village and watering-place of 
 Schoharie co.. New Y^ork, about 50 miles W. of Albany. Here 
 are springs impregnated with sulphur, and a large hotel 
 called the Pavilion House. The scenery in the vicinity is 
 verv interesting. 
 
 S'li-ARON ST.ITION, a postofBce of Dutchess co., New 
 York. 
 
 SHARON VALLEY', a post-office of Franklin CO.. Virginia. 
 
 SHA'RONVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton CO., Ohio, 13 
 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 SHARON VILLE, a village of Pike co., Ohio, on the Scioto 
 River, and Ohio Canal, 55 miles S. of Columbus. Pop. 
 about 2(>0. 
 
 Sil.ARPESVILLB, sharps'vill, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 SHARl'TjES. a township of Ensland, co. of I.iancaster. 
 
 SHARP ilOUNTAIN, Pennsylrania. called also THIRD 
 MOUNTAIN, extends from N.E. to S.W. throughout nearly 
 the whole extent of Schuylkill connty. On the sides of this 
 mount.'hn the river Schuylkill has many of its sources; 
 here also are found inexhaustible beds of anthracite coal. 
 
 SHARP.S'BURG, a post-village of Indiana township, Alle- 
 ghany CO., Pa., on tije right bank of the Alleghany, 5 miles 
 abovePiitsbnrg. Boat-building is carried on here. Pop. 1436. 
 
 SH.\RPSBUKG, a village of Mercer co., Peunsvlvauia, on 
 the Bcitver and Erie Canal, 11 miles W. by N. ol'Mercer. 
 
 SUARl'SBURG, a post-village of Washingtou co.. Mary- 
 laud, 16 miles S. of Hagerstown. A battle was fouglit here 
 between Gen. McClellan and Gen. Lee, Sept. 16, 1862. 
 1761 
 
 SHARPSBURQ. a thriving post-village of Bath oo.. Ken- 
 tucky, 38 miles S. of .Maysville. with which it is connected 
 by turnpike. It conLnius 3 chui-ches,.and 2 woollen fac- 
 tories. 
 
 SHARPSBURG. a small village of Hamilton co.. Ohio. 
 
 SHARPSBUKG, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, 90 
 miles N.N.E. of .lefferson Citv. 
 
 SHARPS FORK, a post-oliice of Athens CO., Ohio. 
 
 SHARP'S ISLAND, in Chesapeake B.iy. off the entrance 
 to Pautuxent River. On the N.end is a light-house showing 
 a fixed light. 
 
 SH.\RP"S MILLS, a po.st-offlce of Harrison CO., Indiana. 
 
 SHAKP.S'VILLE, a postoffice of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 SH.ARPSVILLE, a post-village of i'iptou co., Indian.1. on 
 the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad. 4S miles N. of the latter. 
 
 SII.\RP TOP. a post-office of Cherokee co.. Georgia. 
 
 SHAKP'TOWN, a post-village of Salem co.. New .Jersey, on 
 Salem Creek. 10 miles N.E. of Salem, contains a church, 1 
 mill.Nand about 50 dwellings. 
 
 SH.\ItPTUWN". a post-ofHce of Somerset co., Maryland. 
 
 SHAKTLESVILLE, shar'tel.s-vill. a post-village "of Berks 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 65 miles E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SHAKY, shi'retA a river of Central Aifrica. after a N. 
 cour.se of uncertain length, enters Ijike Tchad on its S. side, 
 by several mouths. In .some places it is nearly 1 mile across, 
 and filled with low islands. 
 
 SHAKY', a river of Guinea. See Chahpa. 
 
 SlIASGO. CHASGO, shis'go. or SHUSHGAO. shoosh-ga'o, 
 a cluster of villages and a fort of AfghanistJin, at the highest 
 part of the route between Ghuznee and Cabool, 10 miles N. 
 of Ghu7uee, and 8697 feet above the sea. 
 
 SH.\S TA, a large county in the N. part of California, and 
 separated from Oregon bj' the county of Si.-*kiyou, has an 
 area estimated at 4500 square miles. It is iKiunded on tlie 
 \V. by the Coast Range of mouutiins, and partly on the S. 
 by Cottonwood Creek, and is di-ained by the Sacramento 
 and Pitt Rivers, with Battle, Cow, and Clear Creeks, and 
 several other streams, tributjiries of the Sacramento River. 
 Tlie surface is uneven and monntainous. The E. part is 
 traversed by a brancli of the Sierra Nevada. The soil is 
 fertile along the streams. The inhabitants of this county 
 are mostlj- employed in mining gold, which abounds in the 
 basins of Clear, Cottonwood and Salt Creeks. Among the 
 rocks which underlie the county are granite and meta- 
 mor|)hic limestinie. Shasta county lias many mineral 
 springs. Tlie Soda Springs, the most celelirated, are situ- 
 ated near the Sacramento River, about 60 miles N. of Sliasta 
 City. There are twelve or fourteen sjilt springs, capal)le of 
 producing sntlicicnt salt to supply the whole stiite. Capital, 
 Shasta. Pop. 4300. 
 
 SHASTA or SHASTA CITV, a post-towu, capital of Shasta 
 CO.. California, is situated on the Sacramento Kiver. about 
 200 miles above its junction with Feather River, and on the 
 main road from Sacramento City to Kl.Hmatli, 225 miles 
 nearly N. of San Francisco. See Appexdix. 
 
 SHASTE. SHAS'TA or SH.ASTY. shjs'te. sometimes writ- 
 ten CII.A.STE, a mountain pe.nk of the Cascade Range, in the 
 N. part of Californi.i, in lat. about 41° 20' N., Ion. 122° W. 
 Height, about 14.000 feet. 
 
 SHA-TCHOO or CHA-TCHOtJ, shil choo. a fortified town 
 of Chinese Tr»orkistan. 250 miles S.S.E. of Khamil. It has 
 many Chinese inhabitants, and an active trade, and is re- 
 ported to be a trading p<.ist of importance. 
 
 *SHAT-EL-ARAB.' SHATT-EL-ARAB. shat-^kVrSb, 
 SCHAT-UL-ARAB. shdt-ix.l-d'rAb. or CHAT-EI.rARAB. a 
 river of West Asia, formed by the junction of the Euplirates 
 and Tigris, enters the I'ersian Gulf at its head, in lat. 30^ 
 N., Ion. 48=' 30' W., after a S.E. course of V2)d miles. It re- 
 ceives the Kerah River, is connected by the H.iffar Canal 
 with the Kerah in Ivhoozistan, and forms a part of the 
 boundary between the Turkish and Persian dominions. 
 
 SHATSK, SCHATSK. SHATZK or CHATSK. skilt.-k. a 
 town of Russi.a. government of Tambov, capital of a district, 
 38 miles N. of Morshansk. Pop. 6000. It has five chnrchea 
 and manufactures of hardwai-es. 
 
 SH.AUCKS. shawks. a post-office of Morrow co.. Ohio. 
 
 SH.VUGH. shaw. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SHAU.M'BURG. a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 SH.A'VERS CREEK, a post-office of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 95 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SHA'VEKTOWN, a post-village of Delaware co.. New York, 
 on the Popacton River, 15 miles S. by E. of Delhi. 
 
 SH.AVLI, CHAVLI or SCHAWLI, shJv'lee. a town of 
 Russian Poland, government of Vilna, 50 miles S.S.W. of 
 Mitau, on the route to Kovno. 
 
 SHAWa'NA, a new county in the E. part of Wisconsin, 
 has an area ot about 1300 square wiles. It is ilraiue<l by 
 Wolf River. 
 
 SH.WVANA LAKE, Wisconsin, in Shawana or Shawano 
 CO., is about 6 miles long. Its outlet joins Wolf Kiver. 
 
 SHAW.\NGUNK. shong'g&m, a rivei which risesin Orang* 
 CO., New York, and after forming part of the boundary «i*- 
 
 *Shait or Shut signifies the "bank of a river sipbjeot tn tnu 
 dation." 
 
SUA 
 
 tween Ulster and Orange counties, enters the Walkill River 
 In Ulster county, about 14 miles W.S.W. of Poughkeepsie. 
 Its whole length la nearly 80 miles. 
 
 SIIAAVANGUXK. a post-township in the S.part of Ulster 
 CO., New York, intersected by the Delaware and Hudson 
 Canal, about 85 miles S .*.W. of Albau v. Pop. 'JSTO. 
 
 SIIAWANGUNK MOU.NTAINS, a "portion of the Appa- 
 lachian system, lying in the S.K. part of New Yoi-k, and ex- 
 lending through Orange and Sullivan counties into Ulster. 
 
 SlIAWAT or SCIIAWA'f . shd'wilt, a town of Central Asia, 
 khanat, and 22 miles N. of Khiva, on a canal of its own name 
 led from the Oxus. 
 
 SUAW'UUKY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SHAW-CUM-DON'MNGTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Berks. 
 
 SlIAWELL, a parish of Enrfand. co. of Leicester. 
 
 SIIAAVOUK, shaVgur', or SlIAirtJUAll', a town of India, 
 \n the Nizam's dominion, on the Godavery, 43 miles S.E. of 
 Auiungabad. 
 
 SHAWL, shawl, or QUKTTA, kwSftd, a town of Boloochis- 
 t.vn, near the Afghan frontier, in an elevated but fertile 
 valley, 20 miles N.W. of the Uholan Pass, 6563 feet above the 
 sea ; lat. 3<J° 8' N., Ion. fi6° o& E. Pop. 20U0. It is enclosed 
 by an earthen wall, well supplied witli water, has a fort, 
 and, in 1842, was the headnuartors of General England, 
 but was evacuated by the British in October of the .same year. 
 
 i«lI.A.\V\\EK', a post-village of Niagara co., New York, 
 about IS miles N. by E. of Buffalo. 
 
 SIIA\VNEE, a post-oflice of Monroe co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHAWNEE, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. yJO. 
 
 SUA WNEK, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. P. 1128. 
 
 SHAWNKE INDIANS, a tribe now dwelling W^ of the 
 Mi.isissi|ipi on the S. bank of the Kansas Hiver. 
 
 SHAWNEE MISSION, ofJohnscm CO .Kansas, is about 11^ 
 miles W. by S. of Westport, Missouri. It is a missionary 
 establishment of considerable extent, and has been built 
 almost entirely by the United States government. It is 
 under the c-ontrnl of the Methodist Church South. 
 
 SHAWNEE MOUND, a post-office, Tippecanoe CO., Indiana. 
 
 Sll.-VWNEK PKAIRIE, a post-office. Fountain co.. Indiana. 
 
 SIIAW'NKKTOWN. a thriving post-town of Gallatin co., 
 Illinois, on the Ohio liiver, 9 miles below the mouth of the 
 Wabash, ard 2(J0 miles below Louisville, Kentucky. It 
 di'iives its name from the Shawnee tribe of Indians, who 
 oiue occupied this site. The landing is visited by the steam- 
 boats which navigate the Ohio and Mississippi, and large 
 quantities of produce are shipped from the place, which is 
 one of the most commercial in the S. part of the state. It 
 o(]ntains a court-hou^^e, 3 churches, and 1 bauk; 2 news- 
 paptrs are pulilislied here. Pop. 1115. 
 
 SHAW'S MILLS, a post-office of Guilford co., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 SHAW'S POINT, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois. 
 
 SHAWS'VILLK, a post-office, Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sll AWSVILLK, a post-office of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 SlI AWSVI LLK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Virginia. 
 
 SIIAWS^WICK, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 3242. 
 
 SHAYOOK, SHAYUK, shrook', or SHAYOCK, a con- 
 siderable river of Central Asia, in Little Thibet, after a 
 southward course joins the Indus, N. of the Himalayas, 118 
 miles N.W. of Li'h. 
 
 SH.W'^UKN' ItlVER, in the N. part of Minnesota, rises in 
 a small lake, and flowing first easterly, then southerly, then 
 easterly, and lastly towards the N., it falls into the Ked 
 P.iver of the North. Its whole length is estimated at above 
 300 miles. 
 
 SHGAK'LEYVILLE, a post-village of Mercer co , Penn- 
 sylvania, about 16 rnilei) S. by W. of Meadville. Pop 2I.S. 
 
 SHEAIv/KKSBURG, a posWillage of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, 25 miles N. of G reeusburg. The post-office is 
 called Shearer's Cross-Koads. 
 
 Sll Kli'BH.^R. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SlIIOIiEION, SHl'^BIN or CHEBYN, sheh-been', a village 
 of Lower Egypt, province of Menoof, with a government 
 school, and a cotton factory, having, some years ago, 70 spin- 
 ning-jennies and 30 carding machines, set in motion by oxen. 
 
 SHEBOY'GAN, formerly written CHEBOY'GAN, a river 
 of Michigan, rises in the N. part of the lower peninsula, and 
 flowing nearly N. enters the Strait of Mackinaw, about 12 
 miles from the town of Mackinaw. 
 
 SHI-:B0YG.\N, a river of Wisconsin, rises in Fond du Lac 
 county, near the S. end of Winnebago Lake. After p&ssing 
 through the lake and county of its own name, it enters 
 Lake Michigan at Sheboygan, the county seat. The abori- 
 f^nal name of this river was Sliawbwa-wjy-gun, i. e. " the 
 river that comes out of the ground." A fall, six miles from 
 the mouth, affords a fine water-power. 
 
 SHEBOY'G AN. a county in the E. part of Wisconsin, bor- 
 /iring on Lake Michigan" h;is an area of about 500 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Sheboygan, Onion, and Mullet 
 Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. A 
 few years ago the wh' le county was covered by a dense 
 forest of pine and other timljer. The rock which underlies 
 the surface is limestone, of good quality. The county is in- 
 
 SHE 
 
 tersected by a plank-road from Fond du Lac to Lake Michi 
 gan, and by the Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad. Th< 
 settlement began in 1836; it was organized in 18:i9, an' 
 named from its principal river. Capital, Sheboygan. Pot 
 26,875. 
 
 SHEBOYGAN, a thriving post-town, capital of Sheboyg,".n 
 CO., Wisconsin, is situated on Lake Michigan, at the moutb 
 of a river of its own name, 62 miles N. of Milwaukee, and 
 110 miles N.E. of Madison. It is the East terminus of the 
 Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad, and a plank-road about 
 40 miles in length has been completed to Fond du Lac. She- 
 boygan Wiis settled in 1836, abandoned in 1840, and in 1845 
 it had 150 inhabitants. It now confciins a court-house, 10 
 churches, 3 banks, and several schools. Four newspapers 
 are published here. Large quantities of Lumber and other 
 articles are shipped here in steamboats. Population 
 4262. 
 
 SHEBOYGAN FALLS, a thriving post-village and town- 
 ship of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, on Sheboygan River. 6 
 miles from its entrance into l^ake Michigan, and 56 miles 
 N. of Milwaukee. The plank-road leading from Fond du Lac 
 to Lake Michigan passes through the village. The river 
 furnishes abundant water-power, which gives motion to 
 mills of various kinds. Lumber is manufactured here from 
 pine and other timber. The village has 3 churches, 12 
 stores. 1 foundry, and 200 dwellings. P. 2808. 
 Sll KBSHK, a town of Turkey. See Jepee. 
 SHKCHKM, shee'kem. a town of Palestine. 
 • SlIEDIAC, shSdVdk', a town and parish on an island, 
 and near the mouth of a river of the same name, on the 
 S.E. coast of N^w Brunswick. It has a tolerable harbor, 
 and some trad* Pop. 2000. 
 
 SIIEE/LIN, LOUGH, (Iftn.) a lake of Ireland, partly in 
 I>einster, cos. of Meath and Westmeath, but chiefly in Ul- 
 ster, CO. of Cavan, 5 miles E; of Granard. Length, from E. to 
 W., about 5 miles; breadth, 2^ miles. 
 
 SHKEL'LY, a town of British India, presidency of Ma- 
 dras, district of Tanjore, 20 miles N.W. of Tranquebar. 
 SHEEN, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 SIIKEX. EAST, a hamlet of England, co of Surrey, ad- 
 joining Richmond, (formerly termed Sheen.) 
 
 SHEEN, WEST, a hamlet of England, immediately S. of 
 Mortlake. 
 SHKEP'HALL, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 SHKEP-HEAD CAPE. Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, 
 terminates the peninsula between Dunmanus Bay and 
 Bantry Bay. 18 miles S.W. of Bantry. 
 
 SIIKEP ISL.\NDS. are a cluster of islands in Lake 
 Ooroomeeyah, North Persia, province of Azerbaijan. 
 
 SHEEP'SCOTT, a river of Maine, rises in Waldo county, 
 and falls into the Atlantic in Lincoln co. Length, about 60 
 miles. 
 
 SHEEPSCOTT BRIDGE, a postoffice of Lincoln Co., 
 Maine. 
 
 SHEEI'S/HEAD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 Pop. 3872, chiefly employed in stocking manufactures. 
 SHKEPS-TOR. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 SHEEP'WASH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 SHKK'PY MAG'XA, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Leicester. 
 SHKK'PY PAR'VA. a parLsh of England, co. of Leicester. 
 SHKERAZ, SHIRAZ or CIIIRAZ. she'rdz' or shee/raz, 
 sometimes written SCHIRAS, a city, formerly the capital of 
 Persia, now capital of the province of Fars, in a valley famous 
 for its gardens and fertility, 4500 feet above the .sea. and 
 115 miles E.N.E. of Bushire. Lat. 29° 36' N., Ion. 52° 44' E. 
 Pop. variously estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000. It is 
 enclosed by bastioned walls nearly 4 miles in circumference, 
 and entered by six gates, flanked with towers. Until re- 
 cently, it had an imposing appearance ; but many of its best 
 edifices were ruined by an earthquake in 1824, since which 
 time it has been much less healthy than formerly. The 
 houses are mostly small and meiin; the streets filthy. The 
 principal buildings comprise the great bazaar constructed 
 by Kerimkhan, the great emliellisher of the city in the 
 last century, the citadel, containing a royal palace, the great 
 mosque, numeroxis colleges, baths, and Mohammedan tombs. 
 About half a mile outside of the walls is the tomb of the 
 renowned Persian poet, Ilafiz, a native of Shecraz, and near 
 it are the stream of Rocknabad, the bower of Mo.sella. cele- 
 brated in the verses of that author, and the famed garden 
 of Jehan Nam», to which and to other gardens in the 
 vicinity the inhabitants repair for recreation. Sheeraz 
 has manutactures of silk and woollen stuffs, sword-blades, 
 sojip, and earthenwares, and a wine having a high reputar 
 tion in Persia. Its commerce is extensive. 'Wine, rose 
 water, attar of roses, assafoetida, . dried fruits, silk, goats'- 
 hair, wool, saffron, drugs, horses, orpiment, madder, and 
 tobacco are sent to Bushire, in return for Chinese. Indian, 
 and European manufactures, with spices, metals, and other 
 goods. Salt from adjacent lakes, and other merchandise, is 
 forwarded on mules to most of the inland cities of Persia. 
 
 SHEERGOT'TY or SHEERGOT'TA, a town of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal, district of Bahar, 80 miles S.W. 
 of Patna. Lat. 24° 32' N., Ion. 84° 55' E. It has about 1000 
 houses, and an indigo factory. 
 
 1705 
 
oHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 SBBRRING. & palish of England, co. of Essex. 
 SlIEEUNESS', a seaport town and naral arsenal of Eng- 
 liad, CO. of Kent, parish of Minster, on the N.W. extremity 
 of the Island of Sheppey, at the confluence of the Sredway 
 with the Thames, 11 miles E.N.E. of Chatham. Pop. in 
 1851, 8549. Of its three quarters, Banks-town, Blue-town, 
 and Mile-town, the two first are enclo.sed within fortifica- 
 tions. The dockyard, occupying nearly 60 acres, contains a 
 wet dock of 3^ acres, in which ships are fitted, several dry 
 docks, extensive .storehouses, handsome official residences, 
 &c. Outside of the yard is Garrison I'oint, with tlie resi- 
 dence of the port-admiral, telegraph, coast-guard station, 
 and large barracks. Opposite the river and sea is a long 
 wharf, and several hulks langed eff tlie shore form a break- 
 water for the harbor. The town, latterly much improved, 
 has a pier, bathing' establishment, Gothic chapel of ease, 
 various Dissenting chapels, a synagogue, and numerous 
 schools. Exports corn, seeds, and oysters to London ; but 
 the trade lies chiefly in the supply of the government esta- 
 blishments. It communicates by steamers with London 
 and Chatham. Sheerness was taken by the Dutch under 
 De Ruyter in 1667. The mutiny of the Nore broke out here 
 in 1798. 
 SHEERWAy. See Shirvan. 
 
 SIIEE-TSIEX, SHI-TSIEN, CIII-TSIEN, she tsee'ln', or 
 SHEE-TSIEN-FOO, a city of China, province of Koei-choo, 
 capital of a department, and 430 miles N.W. of Canton. 
 SIIEETZ'S MILLS, post-office. Hampshire co.,W. Virgini.a. 
 SHEFEEN, shi-feen', or SIIEFEAN, (?) an island on the 
 S.E. coast of Africa, in Delagoa Bay. It is about 5 miles 
 long, very narrow, low, and sandy. 
 
 SIIEF'FIELD, a parliamentary borough, celebrated 
 manufacturing town, ptirish, and township of England, co. 
 of York, West Riding, capital of the district of Ilallamsbire, 
 is pleasantly situated on several acclivities, in a natural 
 amphitheatre, enclosed on all sides except towards the N.E. 
 by wooded hills, at the junction of the Sheaf and Don 
 Rivers, on the Sheffield and Don Canal, and on the Sheffield 
 and Manchester and the Sheffield and Rotherham Railways, 
 141 miles N.N.W. of London. The town i.s. for the most 
 part, irregularly built, consisting, particularly in its older 
 parts, of steep and narrow streets, and brick houses, often 
 of an antiquated appearance. In the more modern parts 
 the streets are both wide and straight, and many of the 
 shops are remarkable for their elegance, though the clouds 
 of smoke rising from the public works cause every thing to 
 assume a very dingy hue. Almost all the streets are well 
 paved, and light<?d witli gas. The communication across 
 the Don is maintained by four bridges, three of them of 
 stone, and one of iron ; there are also several bridges over 
 the Sheaf, including a large space, forming a part of the 
 Norfolk markets. 
 
 The parish, which is co-extensive with the borough, con- 
 tains 20 churches and other places of worship in connection 
 with the Establishment, and about 26 belonging to Dis- 
 senters of various denominations, of which the most nume- 
 rous are the Wesleyan Methodists, Independents, and Bap- 
 tists. Among the churches the most deserving of notice 
 are the original parish church, a spacious cruciform struc- 
 ture, erected in the reign of Henry I., surmounted by a 
 central tower and spire, and containing, among other in- 
 teresting monuments, a bust remarkable as the first pro- 
 duction of Chantrey's chisel ; St. Paul's, a handsome Grecian 
 edifice; and St. George's, St. Philip's, and St. Mary's, covered 
 externally with a profusion of grotesque heads and other 
 ornaments ; notice is also due to the Wesleyan Brunswick 
 chapel, which is a very imposing edifice; and to the Roman 
 Catholic chapel, a cruciform building in the Decorated 
 style, with a tower terminating in an elegant crocketed 
 spire, 200 feet high. The other more important buildings 
 are the town-hall, a substantial stone structure; the Cut^ 
 lers'-hall, a handsome Grecian edifice; the Music-hall; the 
 corn-exchange, with a portico of 16 massive pillars; new 
 market-hall, assembly rooms, theatre, barracks, public 
 baths, and the Victoria Railway station, with the viaduct 
 immediately adjoining it. 
 
 The educational and literary establishments are the free 
 grammar school, the We.sleyau Proprietary grammar school, 
 or Wesley College, occupying a very handsome structure ; 
 the collegiate proprietary school, the people's college, the 
 national, British, charity, infant, ragged, and various other 
 schools; the school of design, the mechanics' institution 
 and lyceum. for which complete and even elegant accom- 
 modation has been provided ; the athena>um, the literary 
 and philosophical society, possessed of a good museum; tht 
 medical hall, and the public subscription and mechanics' 
 libraries; the latter comprises above 6000 volumes. The 
 principal benevolent institutions are the general infirmary, 
 the Shrewsbury and Hollis' hospitals, the licensed victual- 
 lers' asylum, Deakin's charity, recently founded : and seve- 
 ral valuable charities under the management of the cutlers' 
 iM)mp;iny. To the other olijects of interest already men- 
 tioned may be added the cemetery, situated on the slope of 
 a hill aViout 1 mile from the town; the botanic gardens, 
 finely situated in the same vicinity ; and the park, consisting 
 1T66 ^ 
 
 of about 20 acres of pleasure-grounds, which have recently 
 been thrown open to the public by the Duke of Norfolk. 
 
 Sheffield has long been famous for its manufactures of 
 cutlery, including knives, scissors, razors, and edge-tools 
 of all kinds, files and reaping instruments. In each of 
 these blanches great numbers of workmen are employed, 
 and the articles produced are well known and esteemed in 
 all the commercial emporiums of the world. Steel also is 
 made in vast quantities, not only for the supply of the local 
 demand, but of the general market. Another celebrated 
 branch of manufacture is the plating of articles of copper 
 with silver, and in connection with it the process of electro- 
 plating has recently attracted considerable attention. A 
 great number of hands are also employed on what is called 
 Britannia-metal, which is made to form a cheap substitute 
 for almost all the articles manufactured from the precious 
 metals; and by the operation of what is termed pressinff, 
 the horns and hoofs of animals are converted into many 
 useful and elegant forma. Other leading articles are optical 
 instruments, including especially the gjinding of spectacle- 
 glasses; and in the more cumbrous articles of stoves, grates, 
 and fenders, Sheffield holds a decided pre-eminence both iu 
 cheapness of price and elegance of design. In connection 
 with the staple manufactures of the town are numerous ex- 
 tensive iron and brass foundries, grinding, tilting, rolling, 
 and slitting mills, &c. The social condition of the workmen 
 is generally superior. They receive large wages, and live 
 for the most part in separate tenements. Coal is abundant, 
 and some iron is rafsed near Sheffield ; the Don is navigable 
 up to the town, and the canal basin is avail.able for vessels 
 of 50 tons. Cheese, corn, and fruit are staple articles of the 
 trade. 
 
 Sheffield is supposed to have been originally a Roman 
 station, and is certainly of great antiquity. It existed as a 
 town under the Saxons, and is mentioned in Domesday- 
 book as a manor. In 1296 Edward I. granted it a charter 
 to hold a weekly market and an annual fair; and in the 
 fourteenth century the mention of the Sheffield '• thwytcl" 
 or whittle by the poet Chaucer, indicates that it had already 
 be(»me noted for its cutlery. In the early part of the fif- 
 teenth century the domain passed by marriage to the cele- 
 brated soldier, John TaUwt, Earl of Shrewsbury, who built 
 in the vicinity of the town a manor-house, which possesses 
 some historical interest as connected with the custody of 
 Cardinal Wolsey and Mary Queen of Scots. A splendid 
 castle, erected in the reign of Ileni-y' VIII., was completely 
 demolished by the Parliamentary forces duiing the civil 
 war. It is governed by a mayor, 13 aldermen, and 42 coun- 
 cillors; and sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 Pop. in 1851. 1.35,310; in 1861, 185,157. 
 
 SIIEF'FIELD. a post-township in Caledonia co., Vermont, 
 37 miles N.E. of Moutpelier. Pop. 836. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a post-village and township of Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River and Railroad, 
 about 120 miles AV. by S. of Boston. The streams afford 
 motive-power for a paper mill. 3 establishments for sawing 
 marble, 2 plaster mills, 2 grist mills, and 7 saw mills. The 
 village contains 2 churches, a town-hall, an academy, high 
 school, and 5 stores. Pop. of the township, 2()21. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a post-office of Bureau co , Illinois. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a post-township of Warren co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, intersected by tlie Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, 
 79 miles from Erie. Pop. 367. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a post-village in Newton co., Georgia, 65 
 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a township of Ashtabula Co., Ohio. Pop. 843. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a post-township of Lorain co., Ohio. P. 113'J. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a mining village of Meigs co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, about 2 miles below Pomeroy. 
 
 SHEFFIELD LAKE, a post-office of Lorain co.. Ohio. 
 
 SIIEFFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 SHEF/FORD, a county in the S.W. central part of Canada 
 East, drained by Yamaska l{iver. Area. 745 square miles. 
 Chief town. Granbv. Pop. in 1852. 16,482. 
 
 SHEF'FORD. EAST, a parish of England, co. of Berk.s. 
 
 SHEFFtiRD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 SHEFKATEEL-SOO or SHEFKATII>-SU,shcrka-teel'soo, 
 a small river, which enters the Black Sea on its E. side, and 
 forms the boundary between the Russian and Turkish 
 empires at that point. At its mouth is the Russian fort of 
 St. Nikolai. ' 
 
 SHEHO'LA. a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHEHK, shuH'r or sh.Vhjr, a Persian and Turkish word 
 signifying '• city" or '■ town," forming the name or a part of 
 the names of a nximber of towns in Western Asia. 
 
 SHEHR. shJn'r. a maritime town of Ara'* la. on its &.E. 
 coast, 32 miles E.N.E. of Makallah. Lat. 14' i V N.. Ion. 49° 
 40' E. Pop. estimated at 6000. It extends foi 1 mile along 
 the shore, and is pretty well built. It has manufactui ea 
 of coarse cotton cloths, gunpowder, arms,, &c., and a briik 
 general trade, the duties on its exports and imports being 
 stated to amount to 5000i. annually. Ships anchor in from T 
 to 8 fathoms water, in its roadstead, about 1 mile fi-om shore. 
 
 SHEHR, a town of Arabia, lat. 14° 38' 30" N . Ion 4^ y 
 
SHE 
 
 35" E., formerly an important place, but now a Tillage oe- 
 oupied by fishermen's families. 
 
 SlIKHR, a popular appellation in Jlahrt dialect of the 
 lofty ran;ie of mountains exteudiiig from the E. limits of 
 Mahiah to Dhcfar and Mirbat. They are named on the maps 
 the MouxTAi.vs of Sejer or Seger. 
 
 .SII1;HII-K-S00I5Z,S1IEIIH-E-S0UBZ or SIIEIIR-I-SUBZ, 
 shJh'r ee soobs, a town of Central Asia, khanat of IJokhara, 
 on a rivi-r, 40 miles S.S.W. of Samarcand, and occupying 
 the site of Kesh, the birthplace of Timur. 
 
 SIIEHKIZIWR, SIIEIIUIZOUU. sh(^h'rVoor', or SIIKIII!!- 
 7.Vn. sheh're-zoor', (written SIIEIIIIZOOR and PIIKIIHE- 
 ZUU.) or SII AIIKIZOOL. sh^re-zool'. a town of Turkish Koor- 
 distan. near the Persian frontier. ItjO miles N.N.E. of Bagdad. 
 
 SHEIK AHADEII. See Ababde. 
 
 SIIEIKIIAN. shA^kSn'. a village of Persian Koordistin, 16 
 miles N.AV. of Zohab, having many Mohammedan tombs, 
 and ancient sculptures. 
 
 SIIEIKPOOK, shik'poor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, 22 mile.s S.E. of Bahar. 
 
 SHKlKPodllA, sh.ik-poo'r^, a town of British India, 
 Upper Provinces, 5 miles S.S.E. of Seharunpoor. 
 
 fcllEIK ^^1IAIB, an island, Persian Gulf. See Busheab. 
 
 SHEIK'.S (sh.Vik) ISLANDS, of North-east Africa, ia So 
 mauli country, are in the Bay of Zeyla, Sea of Bal>el-Man- 
 deb, between Zeyla and Tajoorah. 
 
 SIIEILVILLE, sheel'vill, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 SIIEIPOO, slii'poo', a maritime town of China, province 
 of Che-kiang, 40 miles S. of Niug-po. It i:as a considerable 
 trade, and in the late war was defended by many forts; 
 tjiken by the British lOtli September, 1841. 
 
 SllEKIIOABAD, shek-ko^a-bdd'. a town of British Indi.a, 
 presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district, and 35 miles 
 S.E. of Agra. 
 
 SIlEKl or SGIIEKI, shA'kee, a town of Transcaucasian 
 Russia, government, and N.W. of Shamaka, capital of a 
 khanat of its own name, on a height above the Seldighi- 
 lani, in a mountainous and unfertile district. It consists 
 of about 500 houses.- and has a mountain fastness. 
 
 SIIEKIN, sh.Vkeen'. a province of Asiatic Russi.-x, in 
 Transcaucn^ia, lat. 40° N.. Ion. between 47° and 48'^' E., 
 having \. tlie Caucasus. S. the river Koor. W. Georgia, and 
 E. the province of Shirvau. Chief town, Nookha. 
 
 SIIEKIN Ell, sh.l-kee'ngh, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic 
 of Seevas, on the Yeshil-Irmak. 7"2 miles N.N.E. of Aniasia. 
 
 SHEK-PE1-W.\N. sh5k^p.Vw4n'. a maritime village on the 
 S. coast of IIong-Kong, with an excellent anchorage. 
 
 SIIEKSNA, SCIIECSNA or CIIEKSNA, sh^ks'ni, a river 
 of Russia, issues from Lake Bielo, in the N. of the govern- 
 ment of Novgorod, flows S.S.E., and joins the A'olga on the 
 left: total c(rurse, 150 miles. 
 
 SIIIiiyUUKN, a post-village and township of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, near l>ake Champlaiii, on the Rutland and 
 Burlington Railroad. Pop. 1718. 
 
 SHELBURN. a post-office of Lee co., Illinois. 
 
 SIIELBUKNE, sh^lODtirn, a post-village and township of 
 Coos CO.. New Hampshire, on the Androscoggin River, and 
 on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 91 miles N.E. 
 of C<incord. Pop. 318. 
 
 SlIELBURNE, a post-township in Franklin co., Mas.sa- 
 chusetts, on Deerfield River, 95 miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 Pup. 144S. 
 
 SHEl^'BURNE, a county in the S.W. extremity of Nova 
 Scotia, bordering on the Atlantic. The coasts are remark- 
 able for their numeious deep indentations, forming excel- 
 lent harbors, into which flow the Clyde, Jordan, and other 
 considerable rivers. The surface is mountainous along the 
 shores; the interior is mostly level, except in the N.E., 
 where is Blue Mountain. Capital, Shelburne. Pop. in 
 1851, 10,622. 
 
 SHELBURNE, a seaport town and port of entry of Nova 
 Scotia, capit'il of Shelburne county, on the N.E. arm of a 
 capacious harlior of the same name, about 112 miles S.W. 
 of Halifax. Its harbor is generally regarded as the best in 
 all Nova Scotia, from the ease of its entrance and the per- 
 fect security of its anchorage. On the S.E. point of Kos- 
 neath Island, at its entrance, stands a light-house exhibit- 
 ing two lights, the higher of which is 125 feet above the 
 Bea. Shelburne is a place of considerable trade, and has 
 facilities for the repairing and furnishing of vessels. 
 
 SHELBURNE BAY, North-east Australia, is an inlet of 
 the Pacific Ocean, lat. 11° 50' S.. Ion. 143° E. 
 
 SHEL'BURNE FALLS, a flourishing manufacturing post- 
 village of Franklin co., Massachusetts, on the N. side of 
 Deerfield River, alx)ut 90 miles N.W. by W. of Boston. It 
 contains 1 or 2 churches, an academy, and extensive manu- 
 factories of cutlery. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 SHEl/BY, a county in the N. central part of Alabama, 
 has an area of 970 square miles. IX is intersected by the 
 Cahawba I'iver; the Coosa forms its entire boundary on the 
 E. Tti" surface is diversified by hills and valleys; the soil 
 IB fertile, well supplied with springs, and well adapted to 
 the production of grain, cotton, and pasture. A part of the 
 surface w covered with forests of oak, pine, &a. Extensive 
 
 SHE 
 
 beds of stone coal and iron ore are found. Tlio conntj 'on- 
 tains several mineral springs. It is intersected by the 
 toute of the Selma and Tennessee River Railroad. Capital, 
 Columbiana. Pop. 12,618, of whom 8996 were free, and 3623 
 slaves. 
 
 SHELBY, a county in the E. part of Texas, bordering cv 
 Louisiana, contains 850 square miles. Its E. border 1* 
 washed by the Sabine, and it.s W. by the Attoyac Kivtr. 
 The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. I/olt m, 
 Indian corn, grasg, and sweet potatoes are the staples. The 
 county, a few years ago, was mostly covered with fo'ests 
 Named in honor of the late Judge Shelby, of Texas. Cipital, 
 Shelby ville. Pop. 5362, of whom 3886 were free, ani 1470 
 slaves. 
 
 SHELBY, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Mississippi. Area estiuiatel at 510 
 square miles. The Jlississippi River forms its entire W. 
 boundary, and it is iuter-sected by Wolf and Lco.sahatchy 
 Rivers and Nanconnah Creek. The surface is rearly level. 
 The soil is fertile, and is exten.sively occupied by plantations 
 of cotton and Indian corn. The Memphis and Charleston 
 Railroad terminates in this county at the city of Memphis. 
 Capital, Raleigh. Pop. 48,092, of whom 31,139 were free, 
 and 16,953 slaves. 
 
 SHELBY, a county towards the N. part of Kentucky, has 
 an area of 465 square miles. It is drained by Beech, Clear, 
 Brashears, Fox, and Sixmile Creeks. The general surface is 
 undulating, and adorned with forests of fine timber; the 
 soil has a substratum of red clay, and is fiiable and remark- 
 ably fertile. In 1850 this county produced more corn than 
 any other in the state, and more wheat than any other, ex- 
 cepting Jefferson. There were raised In that year 1,731,740 
 bushels of corn, and 83,931 of wheat. The principal rock 
 which underlies the surface is limestone. The county is 
 intersected by the Louisville and Fr*nkfort Railroad, and 
 by. several turnpike-roads. Shelby county is among the 
 most populous and wealthj- divisions of the state. Organized 
 in 1792, and named in honor of Governor I.saac Slielbj'. 
 ■Capital, Shelbyville. Pop. 16,433, of whom 9799 were tree, 
 and 0634 slaves. 
 
 SHELBY, a county in the W. part of Ohio, has an area of 
 425 .oiiuare miles. It Is intersected by the Miami River, and 
 also drained by Ijoramies Creek. The S. part is undulating, 
 and in some places hilly; the N. is flat table-land, forming 
 part of Lo ramies Summit, 378 feet higher than Lake Erie. The 
 soil has a substratum of clay, and is productive. It is in- 
 tersected by the Miami Canal, the Bellefontaine and Indiana 
 Railroad, and theD.ayton and Michigan Railroad. Organized 
 in 1819. Capital, Sidney. Pop. 17,493. 
 
 SHELBY, a county in the S.E. central part of Indiana, 
 contains about 400 square miles. It is drained by the Blue 
 River and Sugar Creek. The surface is nearly level ; the 
 soil is fertile, especially after it has been drained. It con- 
 tains extensive forests of the oak, beech, ash. walnut, ic, 
 and is amply supplied with water-power. It is inter.seeted 
 by the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad,- and three 
 short lines meet at Shelbyville, the capital. Organized in 
 1*22. Pop. 19,569. 
 
 SHELBY, a county in the S.E. central part of Illinois, ha.s 
 an area of 790 square miles. It is intersected by the Ka.s- 
 kaskia River, dividing it into nearly equal parts, and also 
 drained by the Little Waba.sh, and by the South Fork of 
 Sangamon River. The surface is moderately undulating, 
 and diversified by prairies and forests; the soil is fertile, 
 well watered, and easily cultivated. A portion of the Grand 
 Prairie is included in this county. The Illinois Central, and 
 the Alton and Terra Haute Railroads pass through the 
 county. Capital, Shelbyville. Pop. 14,613. 
 
 SHELBY, a county in theE.N.E. central part of Missouri, 
 contains about 500 square miles. It is drained by the South 
 Fabius, Salt, r.nd North Rivers, affluents of the Mississippi. 
 The surface is undulating, and the soil in general is fertile. 
 Rather more than half of the county is occupied by prairies, 
 which are based on limestone, and usually contain no swamp 
 or stagnant water. The deficiency of timber is partly com- 
 pensated by the abundance of stone coal, which is found here. 
 Capital, Shelbyville. Pop. 7301, of whjm 6577 were free, and 
 724 slHve.s. 
 
 SHELBY, a new county in the W. part of Iowa, contains 
 576 square miles. It is intersected by the W. Fork of the 
 Nishnubatona River. See .\ppenmx. 
 
 SHELBY, a post-village and township of Orleans co.. 
 New Y'ork, on the Erie Canal, 16 miles E. of Lockpnrt. Tho 
 village contains 1 paper and 2 flour mills. Pop. of the town 
 ship:3226. 
 
 SHELBY, a post-village, capital of Cleveland co.. North 
 Carolina, on an affluent of Broad River, 190 miles W. by S, 
 of Raleigh. The seat of justice was established here in 1841. 
 
 SHELBY, a post-office of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 SHELBY, a thriving post-village of Richland co.. Ohio, on 
 the railroad between Sandusky and Mansfield, a*, the juno 
 tion of the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 68 miles N. 
 by E, of Columbus. Pop. 1003. 
 
 SHELBY, a township of Macomb co., Michigan. P. 1675. 
 
 SHELBY, a township of Jetfei-son co., Indiana. P. 1667 
 
 1767 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 dKELBT, a township of Tippecanoe co.. Indiana. P. 1216. 
 
 SHELBY COLL&tK. See Suelbtville. Kentucky. 
 
 SH RLBY'S BASIN, a post-rillim^e of Orleans CO., New York, 
 on the Erie Canal. 15 miles E. of Lockport. 
 
 SKi-LBY'S CREEK, a post-office. Tippah co.. Mis.sissippi. 
 
 SHELBY'S SPlilXGS, a postoffice, Shelby eo., Alabama. 
 
 SHEL'BYVILLE. a thriving post-village, capital of Shelby 
 CO., Texas. 325 miles by the usual route E.K.E. of Austin 
 Citv. It contains a court-house and 6 .stores. The situation 
 Is hiah anil healthy. Settled about 1S36. 
 
 SHELBY VI LLE, a post-villaje, capital of Bedford co., 
 Tennessee, on Duck Kiver, 59 mile^J S.S.E. of Xashville, con- 
 tains a court-house, a bank. newspa|>er office, and several 
 churches. A branch of the Xashville and Chattanooga Kail- 
 road terminates here. Pop. estimated at 1000. 
 
 SHELBYVILLE. a flourishing post-village, capital of 
 Shelby co., Kentucky, on Clear Creek, and on the turnpike 
 from Louisville to Frankfort, 30 miles E. of the former. It 
 is situated in a beautiful and fertile country. Shelby Col- 
 lege, of this place, was founded in 1830, and has near 100 
 students. The village contains a large new court-house, 8 
 or 9 churche.s. 3 flourishing seminaries for young ladies. 1 or 
 2 newspapers and several manufactories. Pop. in 1860, 811. 
 
 SHELBYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Shelby CO., In- 
 diana, is pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Blue 
 Kiver, 26 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. The Indianapolis and 
 Cincinnati Kailroad here crosses the Shelbyville and Rush- 
 ville R.R. It contains 3 churches, 2 banks, 1 newspaper 
 oflice, and a large seminary. Pop. 1960. 
 
 SHELBYVILLE, a post-village or city, capital of Shelby 
 CO., Illinois, on the Ka.skaskia River, and on the St. Louis 
 Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, 60 miles S.E. of Springfield. 
 It contains a brick court-house, 1 bank, 6 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1860, 1330 ; in 1S65, said to be 
 about 5000. 
 
 SHELBYTILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Shelby 
 CO., Missouri, is pleasantly situated on the border of a beau- 
 tiful prairie, 90 miles N.X.E. of Jefi"erson City. The rail- 
 road extending from Hannibal to St. Joseph passes about & 
 miles S. of Shelbyville. 
 
 SHELBYVILLE, a post-office of Shelby co., Iowa. 
 
 SHEL'DON, a parish of England, co, of Devon. 
 
 SHELDON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick 
 
 SHEL'DOX, a post-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Vermont, near the Missisque River. 54 miles X.W. of Mout- 
 pelier. It contains several churches, and a bank. Pop. of 
 the township, 1655. 
 
 SHELDON, a post-village and township of Wyoming co., 
 New Y^ork. 15 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 2794. 
 
 SHELDON'S G ROVE, a post-office of Schuvler co., Illinois. 
 
 SHEL'DOX VILLE, a post-office of Norfolk co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 SHEl/DRAKE, a po.st-office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 
 SHELD'WICK, a p.arish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SHELEKUOV. See Sheugov. 
 
 SHELKKOF. See Sheligov. 
 ■ SHELRMI'AH. a post-office of Cecil co., Maryl.ind. 
 
 SHELF, a township of England, co. of York.West Riding. 
 
 SHELF'AXGER. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 SHEL'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Xotts. 
 
 SHELFOKD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 SHELFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 SUELGHUR, shJrgiir', a town of Afghanistan, 15 miles 
 S.E. of Ghuznee. It consists of a fort with a great number 
 of houses clustering around It. and is inhabited by a com- 
 mercial tribe of Afghans called Lohanis. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SHELTF, a river of .\lsreria. See ShelliFF. 
 
 SHELIGOV, shJl-e-gov', written .also SUELEKOF. SCTIE- 
 LIKOW, CHELEKHOV or CHELIGOFF. shSPe-goff'. a lake 
 of Russian America. int*rsect*?d by the parallel of 59° X. lat.. 
 and the meridian of ISe^" W. Ion. It is about 80 miles long! 
 with a medium breadth of 35 miles, and discharges its waters 
 into Bristol B.ay. 
 
 SHELIGOV, SCIIELIKOW or CHELIGOFF, a strait or 
 channel of Russian America, between the island of Kodiak 
 and the mainland. 
 
 SHEL'LAND. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SHELL BLUFF, a small village of Burke co.. Georgia. 
 
 SHEL'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SHELLEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SHELLEY, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 SHELLTFP. shMOiff' or sWrieeP. CHELIF or CHINA 
 LACK, che-ndlaf. one of the principal rivers of Algeria, 
 rises in Mount Atlas, flows through Lake Titteri, and after 
 a X. and X.W. course of 250 miles, enters the Mediterranean 
 N.E. of Mristaganem. 
 
 SHEL'LOW-B: tW'ELLS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 SHKI,L fOTNT. a post-office of W.ikulla co., Florida. 
 SHELL RIVER, of St. Croix co.. Wisconsin, enters the St. 
 Croi.'c, River at the X.W. extremity of the county. The 
 Indian name is K\tesikano. 
 
 SHELL IjOCK CREEK, of Iowa, rises near the N. border 
 
 of the state, and unites with Lime Creek in Floyd county, to 
 form tlie English Kiver. 
 
 SHELLSBURG, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHELLTOWN. a post-village of Ocean co.. New Jersey, on 
 Crosswick's Creek, 10 miles S. by E. of Trenton. 
 
 SHELOCTA, a post-village of Indiana CO., Pennsylvania, 
 165 miles W. by X. of Harri.<iburg. 
 
 SHELS'LKY BEAUCIIAMP, (bee'cham,) a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Worcester. 
 
 SHELSLEY WALSH, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 SHELS^VELL. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SHELTER ISLAXD, a post-township of Suffolk co., New 
 York, between Great Pecouic and Gardiner's Bays, about 100 
 miles E. of Xew York. Pop. 506. 
 
 SHELTOX, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 SHELTOX, a parish of England, co. of Xorfulk. 
 
 SHELTOX, a parish of England, co. of Xotts. 
 
 SHELTOX, a township and chapelry of England, eo. of 
 Stafford, 2 miles E.X.E. of Xeweastle-under-Line. It com- 
 prises the village of Etruria and part of Cobridge. and is 
 on the line of the Crewe and Derby Railway, and the Grand 
 Trunk Canal. 
 
 SHELTOX. a town.=hip of Warrick co., Indi.ina. Pop.OTi 
 
 SHELTOXVILLE, a post-village of Forsyth eo.. Georgia. 
 
 SHELVE, shclv. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SHEMBEGUEWX, shJm'beh-gun', a town of Burniah. in 
 Farther India, on the Irrawaddy, 68 miles N.W. of I'atanago. 
 Lat. 20° 30' N., Ion. 94° 30' E. 
 
 SHEM-DEO, shJm d.Vo, a temple of British India, is a 
 sanctuary 8 miles N.E. of Almora, 6760 feet above the sea. 
 
 SHEMOGA. a town of Indi.a. See Simoo.i. 
 
 SHEX^ANDO'AH, a river of Virginia, the largest affluent 
 of the Potomac, is usually described as formed by the Xorth 
 and South Forks, which unite near Front Royal in Warren 
 county. The South Fork, or Shenandoah Proper, ri.ses in 
 Augusta and Rockingham counties by three branches, 
 called Xorth, Middle, and South Rivers, which unite at Port 
 Republic In the county last named. It pursues a north- 
 easterly course, nearly parallel with the Blue Kidge. which 
 is only a few miles distant, and falls into the Potomac at 
 Harper's Ferry, just above its passage through the moun- 
 tain. The distance by the windings of the river, from its 
 mouth to Port Republic, is estimated irt 170 miles. This 
 river flows through the great valley of Virginia, an excellent 
 tract for the growth of grain. It affords an ample supply 
 of water-power at numerous points, and also extensive 
 facilities for navigation. Small Ixiats, called gondolas, ascend 
 the main stream about 100 miles above Front Royal. 
 
 SHEXAXDO.\H, a county in the X.E. central part of 
 A'irginia, forming part of the great limH.stone v.-dley which 
 extends along the M'. b.ase of the Blue Ridge. The area is 
 about 500 square miles. It is drained by the Xorth Fork 
 of the Shenandoah River, from which the name is derived. 
 The surface is diversified by valleys and ridies. The soil is 
 generally productive. The rocks which underlie the county 
 are blue limestone, slate, and sand.stone. Iron ore is abun- 
 dant, and affords an article of export; lead and copper also 
 are found. A railroad extends from Strasburg in this 
 county to Alexandria. Capital, Woodstock. Pop. 13,896, 
 of whom 13,143 were free, and 753 slaves. 
 
 SHENANDOAH, New York. See SniSA.\D0AH. 
 
 SHEXAXDOAII IROX-WORKS, a post-office of Page co., 
 A'irginia. 
 
 SHEXANGO, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsvlvania. 
 Pop. 1416. 
 
 SHEX.\X'GO, a township forming the S.AV. extremity of 
 Mercer county. Pennsj-lvauLa, intersected by the Beaver and 
 Erie Canal. Pop. 2107. 
 
 SHEXAX'GO CREEK, rises in the N.W. part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and after flowing in a S. direction, unites with the 
 Mahoning in Lawrence county, and forms the Beaver River. 
 
 SHEXDY. SCHENDl or CHEXDI, shen'dee", sometimes 
 written CH.iXDI or S1I.A.XDY. a decayed town of Xubia. on 
 the E. bank of the Xile. 90 miles X.X.E. of the junction of 
 its two great arms at Khartoom. Lat. 16° 3S' N.. Ion. 33° 
 15' E. It has been ruined hy wars, but markets are held 
 here twice weekly, at which live stock of all kinds, fine 
 wheat, straw, jars, salt, baskets, and cotton cloths are sold. 
 Ne.ar it the finest senna is abundant. 
 
 SHEN'EVAS. a po.st-offlce of Otsego eo.. New Y'ork. 
 
 SIIENEVAS CREEK, of Otsego co.. near the centre of New 
 York, flows into the E:ist Branch of the Susquehann-a. 
 
 SHEN'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of E.^sex, 1 mile 
 N.E. of Brentwood, with a station on the Colchester and 
 Burv Railwav. 
 
 SilEN'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of G louce.=ter. 
 
 SHENKOORSK. SCHENKOURSK or SCIIENKURSK, 
 shJu'kooRsk', a town of Russia, government, and 192 miles 
 S.E. of Archangel, on the Waga. Pop. 500. 
 
 SHEX'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 SHENLEY, a parish of England, co. of Bu.k=!. 
 
 SHEX-SEE, SHEX-SI or CHEX-SI. shSn-see/, (i.e. tho 
 " western frontier.") a province of China, between lat. 32*' 
 and 40° N., and Ion. 106° and 111° E., having K. Monjtoiia, 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 and on other sides the proTincns of Kan-soo, Se-chuen, Hoo- 
 pe, Ilo-nati, and Shan-see. Pop. 10,207,256. The surface is 
 mountainous, and less fertile than the more eastern pro- 
 vinces. The Iloanjt-ho forms most of its K. boundary, and it 
 Is intersected by the Iloei-ho. The products are niiliet. iron, 
 porphyry, jasper, copper, gold, musk, ginseng, rhuliarb, and 
 timber. The principal manufactures are agricultural and 
 military implements, and felt for military clothing. It is 
 divided into 7 departments. Chief city, See-ngan. The namo 
 Shen-see signifies •• vfestern frontier," and till recently it was 
 the westernmost province in the N. of China. 
 
 SIIPiN'STONK, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 8IIK00-YAx\G-SHA\ or CnJiOU-YANG-ClIAN, shAVo^ 
 ying^shSn', a mountain of China, province of Kan-soo, lat. 34° 
 42' N.. Ion. 104° 17' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SIIE-PA-KY, shi'pd'kee'C?) a town of China, province of 
 fo-kien. 
 
 SIIKl'AUG' RIVER, a fine mill-stream of ConnectiMit, 
 rises in Litchfield county, and falls into the Ilousatonic in 
 New Haven county. 
 
 gllKl'IIKltU'S GROVE, post-office, Culpepper CO., Virginia. 
 
 SIIKI"IlKi{D.STO\VN, a post-village of Cumberland eo., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles S.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 SlIEl'llERDSTOW.N, a post-town of Jellerson CO., W. Vir- 
 ginia, on the Potomac River, near the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal, 12 miles above Harper's Kerry. It is a place of con- 
 siderable trade. A small stream, which passes through the 
 town, affords motive-power for several flouring mills. Sliep- 
 herdstown has 4 churches, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. 
 1219. 
 
 SHEPHERDSTOWN, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, 
 7 miles N.VV. of St. Clairsville. 
 
 SHEPHERDSVILLE, a postrvillage, capital of Bullitt co., 
 Kentucky, ou Salt River, 18 miles S. of Loui.sville. It has 1 
 church, and an academy. The Louisville and Nashville 
 Kailroad passes through it. 
 
 SIIEP'LEY, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 SlXkl*'ODY. a seaport of New Brunswick, co. of Albert, at 
 the head of Shepody Bay, about 90 miles N.E. of St. John, 
 in lat. 45'^ 40' X.. Ion. 64° 30' W. 
 
 SIIKP'PARDTOWX, a village and steamboat landing of 
 Alabama, on the Black Warrior River, below Tuscaloosa. 
 
 SIIIiP'PKKTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 SHEP'PKV, an island of England, co. of Kent, at the 
 moutli of the Thames, between the estuaries of the Medway 
 and Swale. Length. 9 miles; breadth, 4j miles. It was for- 
 merly much larger, but has been progressively encroached 
 upon by the sea. On its W. side, bordering the Medway, 
 are Queenborough and Sheerness, and off its S. side the 
 Islets of Elmley and Harty. 
 
 Sni';i''KI'7riI, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 SIII'IPS'COMH. a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SIIEi-'TON BEAUCIIAMP, (bee'cham,) a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Somerset. 
 
 SIIEPTO.N-MAIVLET, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Somerset, on a branch of the Brue. 19 miles S. 
 of Bristol. I'op. of the town, in 1851, 3S85. It has some 
 good residences, a handsome church, a convent, a market 
 cross, the county bridewell, an almshouse, free school, and 
 manufactures of crape and velvets. 
 
 SIl E 1"T<JX MON TAGUE, (mon'ta-gu,) a parish of England, 
 CO. of Somerset. 
 
 SIIEP'WAY. a lath of the co. of Kent, in England, com- 
 prising its S. part. 
 
 SIIKRAN'DO, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 
 SIIK1{/B0RX, a postrvillage and township of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 22 miles S.W. by W. of Boston. The 
 name was changed from Sherburne to Sherborn. Pop. of 
 the township. 1129. 
 
 SflKRBORXl';, shgr'bom, a market-town of England, co. 
 of Dorset, on both sides oif the Ivel, IS miles X.N.W. of 
 Dorchester. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 3878. It is finely 
 situated, partly on a height, compactly built, and has a large 
 church, formerly part of an abbey, which was the see of a 
 bishopric comprising all the S.W. counties from the eighth 
 till the eleventh century, when the see was transferred to 
 Salisbury. It has an old town-hall and marketrhouse, a 
 grammar school with an annual revenue of llOuZ., and 4 
 exhibitions of 601. to the universities: a blue-coat school, 
 with 3 presentations to Christ Church College, London; 
 ulms houses and other charities, with some manufiictures 
 of silk twistand buttons. Nearitarethe remains of a castle, 
 and the mansion of Earl Digby, built by Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 SHl';Kli(JRXE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SHERBOItX E. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SHERBORNE SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Qants. 
 
 SHER'BORO or SHER'BRO, an island off the Guinea 
 coast, opiiosite the mouth of Sherboro River, 40 miles S.S.E. 
 Df Sierra Looue. in lat. 7° 30' N„ Ion. 12° 40' W. Length. 30 
 tiiles; breadth. 10 miles. It is low and unhealthy, but pro- 
 duces rice and fruits, which the inhabitants export to Sierra 
 leone in return for manufactured gcjods. 
 
 SHERBORO, a river of Guinea, is navigable for large ves- 
 
 sels for 50 miles from its mouth, and those of 70 or 80 tons 
 may ascend it for 230 miles. It joins the Atlantic by al, 
 estuary 20 miles wide. 
 
 SIIER'BROOKE, a county of Canada Ea.st, bordering on 
 New Hampshire and Maine, and intersected by the Giand 
 Trunk Railway. Area, 2785 square miles. Chief town, 
 Sherbrooke. Pop. in 1852. 20,014. 
 
 SHERBROOKE. a thriving post-town of Canada East, co 
 of Sherbrooke, on both sides of the river Magog, and on the 
 Grand Trunk Railway, 95 miles E. of Montreal, 96 miles 
 S.S.W. of Quebec, and 175 miles N.N.W. of Portland. It 
 contains a branch bank, agencies for 2 assurance and 2 in- 
 surance companies, churches of 4 or 5 denominations, 2 
 printing offices issuing weekly newspapers, an academy, 
 about 15 stores, and manufactures of woollen and cotton 
 cloths, iron castings, machinery, axes, pails, &c. It is the 
 seat of the district courts, and returns one member to the 
 Provincial Parliament. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 SIIERBROuKE, a river port of Nova Scoti.1, co. of Guys- 
 borough, on the estuary of the St, Mary's River, about 12 
 miles from the Atlantic, and 90 miles E.N.E. of Halifax. 
 
 SHER'BURX, a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 13 miles S.S.W. of York, on tlie North Midland Rail- 
 way. Pop. 656. It has an hospital, and school with 4 scho- 
 larships in St. John's College, Cambridge, and had anciently 
 a palace of King Athelstan. Around it plums, flax, and 
 teasel are extensively raised. 
 
 SHERBURN, a township of England, co., and 2^ miles E. 
 of Durham, parish of Pittington, with a station on the North 
 British Railway. 
 
 SHERBURN, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 SHER'BURNE. a township of Rutland co., Vermont, 46 
 miles S. bv W. of Montpelier. I'op. 5'25. 
 
 SHKRBURNE, Massachusetts. See Sherborn. 
 
 SHERBURNE, a post-village and township of Chenango 
 CO., New York, on the Chenango Itiver and Canal. 43 miles 
 S.S.W. of Utica. The village contains Baptist, Episcopal, 
 Methodist, and Presbyterian chunhes. an academj', a fur- 
 nace, and .several warehouses. Pop. of the township, 2701. 
 
 SHEItBURXE, a township of Will co., Illinois. 
 
 SIIER/BURN MILLS, a post-village of Fleming co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Licking River, alnjut 10 miles S.W. of Flemings- 
 burg. It has 200 inhabitants. 
 
 SilER/BURNVILLE, a post-office of Will co., Illinois. 
 
 SIIER/COCK or KIL'LAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Cavan. 
 
 SHERE, sheer, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, with a 
 village 6 miles E.S.E. of Guildford, on the Reading and Itei- 
 gate Railway. 
 
 SHEREEAH-EL-KEBEER. See J0RD.\N. 
 
 SHERE/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SHERFIELD, ENG'LISU, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 SHER'FIELD-0N-L01)0N, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 SHER'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SHERIAH-EL-KEBIR, a river of Palestine. See JORDAN, 
 
 SHERIBON. See Cheribon. 
 
 SHER/IDAN, a post-township of Chautauqua co.. New 
 York, on I^ake Erie, intersected by the Erie Railroad, 10 
 miles from Dunkirk. Pop. 1716. 
 
 SHERIDAN, a township of Calhoun co., Michigan, on the 
 Michigan Central Railroad. Pop. 991. 
 
 SHER'IFF-HALES, a parish of England, cos. of Stafford 
 and Salop. 
 
 SHER'IFF-HUT'TOM, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 SHER/INGHAM, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SHER/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SHEKM. shSBm. an Arabic word signifying '-a harbor," 
 the name of several inlets or ports of the E. coast of the Red 
 Sea, as Sherm-B.^reikah, Sherm-Rebegk, &c., which see. 
 
 SHER'MAN, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut, 
 50 miles S.W. of Hartford. Pop. 911. 
 
 SHERMAN, a post-township of Chautauqua co., New 
 York. 10 miles S.W. of Maysville. Pop. 1394. 
 
 SHERMAN, a thriving post-village, capital of Grayson CO., 
 Texas, about 270 miles N. of Austin City, and 12 miles S. 
 of Red River. It is situated in a large and fertile prairie. 
 Laid out atout 1845. 
 
 SHERMAN, a post-township in the N.W. part of Huron 
 CO.. Ohio, intersected by the Mansfield and Sandusky Rail- 
 road. Pop. 1243. 
 
 SHERMAN, a post-township in the S.E. part of St. Joseph 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. Stio. 
 
 SHER'M ANBURY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SHER/MAN'S CREEK, of Perry CO., Pennsylvania, flows 
 Into the Susquehanna River. 
 
 SHKiCMAXSDALE. a post-office. Perry co , Pennsylvania. 
 
 SIIKR'.MAX'S HOL/LOW. post-office, Yates co.. New York. 
 
 SHER'MAXSVILLE. a village of Burrillville township. 
 Providence CO., Rhode Island, on the route of the proposed 
 Woonsocket and Union Railroad, about 20 miles N.W. oi 
 Providence. It contains 1 large woollen mill, recently 
 
 1769 
 
SHE 
 
 erected employing 175 hands, and 1 store. Value of goods 
 manufi4(;tUK«5 per annum. $310,000. Pop. about 400. 
 
 SlIERM-ANTAR, a town of Arabia. See Astabel. 
 
 SIIEI{M-B.\REIK.\II, shJRin bi-ri'ka.an inlet of the Red 
 !»sa, 40 miles S.E. of Yembo, and having the ruins of a large 
 tlwn on its border. 
 
 SIIER.M-REBEGII, shjRm rA-b^g', a town on the E. coast 
 of the Red Sea, 110 miles S.E. of Yembo, and the place of a 
 larse aunu-il fair from .July to September, inclusive. 
 
 SIIERM WE.T-U. fhSRm-wJj. a town on the E. coast of the 
 Bed Sea. 130 miles X.W. of Yembo. 
 
 SIIERX'BORN'E, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SHER'ODSVILLE. a post-office of Gtrroll co., Ohio. 
 
 SHER/RILL'S FORD, a post-office of Lincoln co., North 
 Carolina, 159 miles Vt'. of R.-Ueigh. 
 
 SHER'RINGTOX, a village and township of Canada East, 
 CO. of Huntingdon, 28 miles from Montreal. Pop. about 
 1200. 
 
 SHER^IIELL. a town of Algeria. See Cherchell. 
 
 SIIER'STON MAG'NA, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SIIElfSTOX PAR'VA, a parish of England, co. of WUts. 
 
 SIIER'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SHER'WOOD, a post-office of Henry co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SHERWOOD, a jwst-township forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 1051. 
 
 SHERWOOD'S, a post-village of Cayuga co., New York, 
 14 miles S. by W. of Aulmrn. 
 
 SHES'EQUIN, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 7 miles N. of Towanda. Pop. 1599. 
 
 6HESHKIYEV or SCHESKEJEW, shjs-kgh-y5v', a town 
 of Russia, government, and 73 miles N.N.W. of Penza, on 
 the Kalma. Pop. 1744. 
 
 SHET'LAND or ZET'LAXD ISLANDS, an archipelago of 
 about 30 islands, in the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to 
 Scotland, of which country, with the Orkneys, 50 miles 
 S.S.W.. it forms a county: it is mostly between lat 59° 51' 
 and 60° 50' N., and Ion. 0° 44' and 1° 44' W., 180 miles S.E. 
 of the Faroe group, and 210 miles W. of Bergen, in Norway. 
 Are^-J, S-S'SS square miles. Pop. in 1851, 31,078. Mainland, 
 in the S.W.. comprises about half the area, and more than 
 Iwlf the entire population, together with Lerwick and Scal- 
 loway, the only towns in the group. Other islands are Yell, 
 Unst, Fetlar, SYhal-sey, Bressay, East and West Barra, Pap;v 
 Stour, Foula, the northernmost, (and conjectured to be the 
 Vltima Tlnde of the ancients,) and Fair Isle, intermediate 
 between Shetland and Orkney. The coasts are generally 
 bold and precipitous, presenting cliffs broken into the most 
 rugged and fantastic forms, and though, for the most part, 
 under 500 feet, attaining in the precipice of Foula the 
 height of 1200 feet above the sea. Their deep creeks and 
 sounds form a succession of noble natural harbors. The in- 
 terior is not very elevated, only one summit, Rooness Hill. 
 In the N. of Mainland, rising 1476 feet, but is extremely 
 wild and rugged; and but for the almost total absence of 
 wood, which is confined to a scanty supply of stunted 
 birches, willows, and mountain-ashes, would furnish scenery 
 not merely of a varied, but a very picturesque description. 
 Gneiss, mica-schist, hornblende and other slate, serpentine, 
 and primitive limestone, are the principal rocks. Some 
 copper, iron, and clay are met with, but few mines or quar- 
 ries are wrought. Chromate of iron, or chrome-yellow, is 
 an important article of export from Unst. The valleys in 
 Mainland, which all extend N. and S., are interspersed with 
 many small lakes. The climate is very damp and variable, 
 but snow or frost seldom lasts long in winter, at which sea- 
 son the aurora borejilis is highly brilliant ; night is scarcely 
 known during May, June, and July. The soil is mostly 
 light, gravelly, and less productive th.^n that of the Orkneys. 
 Unst is the most fertile island. Agriculture is in the most 
 biickward condition. The surface is chiefly appropriated to 
 tearing live stock, though some potatoes, turnips, and oats 
 are raised. The cod, ling, and tusk fisheries are highly im- 
 portant, employing a great proportion of the inhabitants. 
 The manufiictures are almost wholly domestic, chiefly Shet- 
 land hosiery and shawls, woven by hand from fine wool ; 
 other exports are cattle, fish, &c., sent S. in return for colo- 
 nial and manufactured goods; besides which, there is some 
 contraViand import of tobacco, spirits, &c. from the Dutch 
 Tessels that frequent Shetland. Bearmeal, o<itmeal, fish. 
 and potatoes constitute most part of the food of the people, 
 who appear to be. as to their condition and education, better 
 off than the population.of the N. portion of the mainland of 
 Scotland. They are chiefly of Norwegian descent, and their 
 ancestors are said not to have embraced Christianity until 
 the thirteenth century. The islands form a synod of the 
 S(X)ttish Church, arid, together with Orkney, they send 1 
 meml>er to the House of Commons. Scandinavian antiqui- 
 ties are numerous in the islands, and on Fetlar are the ves- 
 ti::es of a Roman camp. 
 
 ofIl"r.I!Ti'''^=^™^' » P»'"i'=*> of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 bHhrLCKKT, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas. 
 
 SHKTUCK'ET RIVER, a fine mill stream in the E. part 
 Of Connecticut, is formed by the union of several branches 
 In Tolland anil W indham counties, and flowing SJI., unites 
 With the \ antic at Norwich, to form the Thames. 
 
 1770 
 
 SHI 
 
 ' SHETAGUNGA, she-vi-gling'ga, a town of India, in My. 
 sore. 26 miles N.W. of Bangalore.' 
 
 SHEVAGUNGA. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras, district, and 25 miles E.S.E. of Madura. 
 
 SHEVAGURRY'. she-vd-gCir'ree. a town of India, d'^trict 
 of Tinnevelly. 87 miles N. of Cape Comorin. 
 SHEVaxGTON, a township of England, co. of Lanaster. 
 SHEVIOCK. a parish of England, co. of CornwalL 
 
 SHEVL1P.\T00R. shJv-le-p.'i-toor'. a town of India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, district, and 54 miles from Tinnevelly. 
 
 SHIASHKOTAN. she-J.-ih-ko-tan'. an island of the Koorile 
 group, in lat. 48° 52' X., Ion. 154° 8' E. It is 12 miles long 
 from N.N.E. to S.S.W.. and lies 8 miles W. of Kiinimakotan. 
 
 SHIAAVASSEE. shra-w6s'.see, a river of Michigan, rises 
 in Oakland county, flows N.W. and then N.. and unit«s 
 with the Flint to form the Saginaw River, near the centre 
 of Saginaw county. 
 
 SHIAW.\SSEE, a county in the central part of Miohigan, 
 cont.ains 544 Sfiuaremiles. It is intersected by the Shiawassee 
 River, and also drained by the sources of the Maple and 
 Looking-glass Kivers. The surface is partly level and partly 
 undulating. Dense forests overspread the N. part, and the 
 other portions consist of timbered openings. The soil is a 
 fertile, sandy loam. A mine of stone coal has been opened 
 near Corunna. the county seat. Pop. 12,349. 
 
 SHIAWASSEE, a post-village and township of Shiawa.ssee 
 CO., Michigan, on the river of its own name, .10 miles N.E. 
 of Lansins. The village contains a store, and 1 or 2 mills. 
 Pop. of the township. 1145. 
 
 SIIICKSHIX'XY, a post-office. Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHIKLD. sheeld. a township of Lake co.. Illinois. Pop. 671. 
 
 SHIELDS. North, England. See Ttsemouih. 
 
 SHIELDS. South, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, seaport town, and town.ship of England, co. of Dur- 
 ham, on the S. bank of the Tyne. near its mouth, and on the 
 railway, 7 miles N.N.W. of Sunderland. P<>)). of borough, 
 in 1S61. 35,22.3. The principal buildings are a town-hall and 
 exchange, in a large square; theatre, and church of St. 
 Hilda. The Tyne is here about two-thirds as wide as the 
 Thames at London Bridge. Ship-building, and manufactures 
 of ropes, glass, soap, sotla. and Wer. are the principal branches 
 of industry. Shields has a thriving Baltic and East Indian 
 trade. The port, by an expansion of the river into a wide 
 b.Hy, capable of containing 2000 merchant vessels, admits 
 ships of 300 tons to load at its quays, but is of very difficult 
 access. In 1851 the registered tonnage was 723 vessels, carry- 
 ing 165,613 tons. The number of vessels entered was 1628, 
 carrying 200,614 tons; and cleared 2:588, c.irryinir 290,651 
 tons. The port communicates by railway with all parts of 
 the country. It is the .seat of courts baron and leet. under 
 the dean and chapter of Durham. It sends 1 member to 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 SHIELDS, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kansas. 
 
 SIIIELDS'BOROUGH, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Hancock co., Mississippi, on St. Louis Bay, which opens into 
 Lake Borgne, 212 miles S. by E. of Jack.son. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, 1 or 2 churches, a newspaper 
 office, and several stores. Pop. in 1853. about 1200. 
 
 SHI EL. LOCH, loK sheel. a lake in the W. part of Scot- 
 land, between the counties of Inverness and Argyle. sepa- 
 rating the districts of Moidart and Ardgowan. 16 miles W. 
 of Fort William. Length, 15 miles; breadth. 1 mile. It dis- 
 charges its surplus waters on the W. by the river Shiel, into 
 the sea at Loch .Moidart 
 
 SHIEI/VILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana, 35 
 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 SHIENNE or CUIENNE (she-JnnO RIVER, of Dakota, 
 Ten-itorv, flows E., and falls into Missouri River in about 
 44° 20' N. lat. Length. 200 miles. 
 
 SHIFF'XAL, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Salop, with a station on the Birmingham and Shrews- 
 bury Railway. 12 miles N.W. of Wolverhampton. Pop. in 
 1851, 5617, employed in coal and iron mines, and in a paper 
 manufactory. 
 
 SHIKAGUA RIVER, Iowa. See Skunk River. 
 
 SHIKARPOOR, skik-ar-poor', the most considerable town 
 of Sinde, in a level tract, 15 miles W. of the Indus, and N.W. 
 of Sukkur, on the high route from India into Afghanistan 
 by the Bolan Pass. Lat. 27° 57' N.. Ion. 68° 45' E. Esti- 
 mated population, 30.000, of whom 20.000 are Hindoos, com- 
 prising many wealthy bankers. It is enclosed by a mud 
 wall, 24 miles in circuit, outside of which are large grove* 
 and gardens. The chief edifices are a bazaar in its ojntre, 
 nearly half a mile in length, and the mansions of opulent 
 Hindoo merchants. The «ther dwellings are but mean huts, 
 each, however, having a shop. The triinsit trade is \arge. 
 The chief merchants have agents in all the principal cities 
 of South and West Asia. 
 
 SHIKATZE. a town of Thibet. See Jikabzb. 
 
 SHII/BOTTLE, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 SHII/DON. a chapelry of England, co. of Durham, with » 
 st.ition on the Wear Valley Kailway, 3 miles S,S.E. o^ Bi» 
 trop-.\nckland. 
 
 SUILKA, SCHILKA or CHELKA, shU'kJ, a rivor of Asia, 
 
SIII 
 
 SIIK 
 
 forminp. by its junction with the ArROon, the Amoor. In 
 the uppor part of its course it is called the Onon. 
 
 SHILLELAGH. shil-lA'Ia. a villa^'e oflreland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Wieklow. 9 males K.S.E. of Tullow. Pop. in ISol, 156. 
 It has a handsome church, a school, union worli-house, and 
 flour milLs. 
 
 SHIL'LIXGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 SHlLLINGFOliD SAINT GEOltGE, a parish of England, 
 00. of Devon. 
 
 SHiyLINGSTOXE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 SHILLOOKS, SHILLOUKS or SIIILLUKS, shiriooks', a 
 people dwelling in the E. central part of Africa. 
 
 SHILOH, shilo, a post-Tillage of Cumberland co., New 
 Jersey. 6 miles N.N.W. of Uridgeton, contains a church and 
 about 26 dwellings. 
 
 SHILOH, a post-office of King George co., Virginia. 
 
 SHILOH, a post-v'Jlage of Camden co., North Carolina, 
 226 miles N.E. by E. from Raleigh. 
 
 SHILOH, a post-vjllage of Sumter district. South Carolina. 
 
 SHI LOII, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama. 
 
 SIIILdH, a post-office of Union parish, Louisiana. 
 
 SHILOH. a post-office of Holmes CO., Mississippi. 
 
 SHILOH, a post-office of Hunt CO., Texas. 
 
 SHILOH, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennes.see. 
 
 SHlIjOH, a post-vill;ige of Callaway co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SH 1 l/rON, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Oxford. 
 
 SITILTOX, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SHI.MEKVILLK, a post-office of Lehigh CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHI.M'I'LI.NG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SHIMI'LING, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SHIN^ANDO'AH or SHEN'AND(yAH, a po.st-Tillage of 
 Dutchess CO., New York. 12 miles S.E. of Poughkeepsie. 
 
 SHIN'CLIFF, a chapelry of England, co.. and 2 miles S.E. 
 of Durham, on the river Wear, with a station on the North 
 British Railway. 
 
 SHIN CREEK, a post-office of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 SIIIN'KTON. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SHI N' t'l KLD, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Wilts. 
 
 SIllN'OAY. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 SHINOIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SlIINti-KING. China. See 1>eao-ton(}. 
 . SIIING'LE CREEK, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New 
 York. 
 
 SHINGLE SPRING, a post-office of EI Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 SHIN HOLLOW, a railro.ad station in Orange co.. New 
 Vork. on the New York and Erie Railroad, 92 miles from 
 New York citv. 
 
 SHIN-LIN-LTNG or CIIIN-LIN-LING,sheenMeenMing',a 
 mountain of China, province of Shan-see, in lat. 37° 36* N., 
 Ion. 112° 44' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SHIN, LOCH. loK shin, a lake of Scotland, co. of Suther- 
 land, parish of Lairg, from which village it extends for 
 about 17 miles N.W., by 1 mile in breadth. It discharges its 
 surplus waters .southward into the Oikel by the small river 
 Shin. 7 miles in length. 
 
 SHIN'NECOCK BAY, SufTolk co., New York, on the S. 
 side of Long Island, is 10 or 12 miles long, and separated 
 from the sea by a narrow sandbeach. 
 
 SHINNS/TON or SIIINNSH^OWN, a post-Tillage of Harri- 
 son CO.. W. Virginia, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 SHINRONE, shin-r8n', a market-town and parish of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, King's county. Pop. of the town, in 
 1851. 873. Here are remains of several castles. 
 
 SHIN-YANG, a town of Mantchooria. See Lr.A0-T.\!f0. 
 
 SHIP'UODRNE. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SHI l''DAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SHIP'tlAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SHIP ISLAND, in the Gulf of Mexico, 30 miles N. of the 
 Chandeieur Islands. 
 
 SHIPKK, sbip'ki\ a large village of Little Thibet, on the 
 Sutlei. :n l.tt. 31° 49' N., Ion. 78° 45' E. 
 
 SHIP'LAKE, a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Oxford 
 
 SHI1"LI;Y, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SHIPLEY, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 3 miles N.N.AV. of Bradford, on the Midland Conn- 
 ties Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3272, employed in the manufac- 
 ture of woollens and paper. 
 
 SHIPLEY, a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 8HIPMAN. a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinoi.s. 
 
 SHII'MEAD'OW, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SHIPPEGAN. ship-peh-gin', an island of New Brunswick, 
 near its N E. coast at the S.E. entrance of Chaleur Bay. It 
 Is of somewhat triangular shape, about 20 miles long, by 10 
 miles broad. 
 
 SHIP'PEN, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of McKean CO., Pennsvlvania. Pop. 938. 
 
 SHIPPEN, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHIPPEX. a small village of Tioga CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHIP'PENBURG, a new post-township of Cuml)erland CO., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHIPPENSBURG, a posMiorough of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Cuml)erland Valley Railroad, 21 miles 
 S.W. of Carlisle. This is the oldest town in the county, and 
 the largest except Carlisle. Ut is surrounded by a rich ferm- 
 
 ing district. It contains 6 churches, 1 or 2 banks, 2 new* 
 paper offices, 2 foundries with machine-shops, and a sash 
 and door factory. A company has been formed for the erec- 
 tion of glass works here. P(jp. in 1850, 1568 ; in 18iiO. 184a 
 
 SHIP'PENSVILLE, a post-village of Clarion co., Penn.syl. 
 vania, on the Bellefonte and Erie Turnpike, 5 miles N.W.of 
 Clarion. It has 1 church, and several stores. 
 
 SHIP'PINGPORT, a village of .Jefferson co., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio. 2 miles below Louisville. 
 
 SHIP/STOX-ON-STOUR, a market-town andparish of Enff- 
 land, in a detached part of the county of Worcester, en- 
 closed by Warwickshire, 30 miles E.S.E. of Worcester. Pop, 
 in 1851. 1835. 
 
 SHIPTON, a township of England, co., and 6 miles N.N.W. 
 of York, on the York and Newcastle Railway. It has a 
 grammar-school. 
 
 SHIPTON, a chapelry of Engl.and, 2 miles N.E. of Market- 
 Weighton, on the Scarborough and Bridlington Canal. 
 
 SHIPTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SHIP/TON-ON-CIIER'WELL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 SHIPTON MOYNE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SHIP/TON O'LIFKE, a parish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 SIIIP/TON SOL'LARS, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 
 SIIIP/TON-UNDER-WICK'WOOD, a parish of England, co, 
 of Oxford. 
 
 SIIIRAZ, a city of Persia. See Sheeeaz. 
 
 SniR'BURN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. The 
 Earl of Macclesfield has a castellated and moated residence 
 in this parisli. 
 
 SHIREHAMPTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Glou- 
 
 SIURE/MANTOWN, a post-village of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsvlvania. 4 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SHIRE-NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 SIIIRINKI or SHIRINKY, sheeVin'kee. one of theKoorile 
 Lslands, S.W. of Paramoosheer, in lat. 5U° 10' N., Ion. 154° 
 68' E. It is a conspicuous rock, 25 miles in circuit. 
 
 SHIR'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SHIR'LAXD. a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHIRLAND, a township of Winnebago co.. Illinois. P,461. 
 
 SlilR'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SHIR'LEY, a post-township in Piscataquis co., Maine, 85 
 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 282. 
 
 SHIRLEY, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Fitehburg Railroad, at the terminus 
 of the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad. Pop. 1468. 
 
 SHIRLEY, a post-village of Erie co., New York, 23 miles 
 S. of Buffalo. 
 
 SIIIKLEY, a township of Huntingdon co.. Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2011. 
 
 SHIRLEY, a post-office of Tyler co., W. Virginia. 
 
 SHIRLEY MILLS, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Slaine. 
 
 SHIRLEYSBURG, a post-village and township of Hunt- 
 ingdon CO., Pennsylvania, on Aughwiek Creek. 85 miles W. 
 of Ilarrisburg, contains several stores, and has rich iron- 
 mines in the vicinity. Pop. about 500. 
 
 SHIRLEY VILLAGE, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mas- 
 sachusett.s, 41 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 
 SHIRLEYVILLE, a post-village of Abbeville district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SHIRLEYVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Illinois. 
 
 SHIRVAN, written also SHIRWAN, SCHIRWAN or 
 CHIRVAN, shirVdn' or sheerSdn'. a province of Asiatic 
 Russia, in Transcaucasia, between lat. 40° and 41° N., anjj 
 Ion, 48° and 49° 30' E., having E. the Caspian Sea and the 
 province of Bakoo, S. the river Koor, and N, the Cau- 
 casus. A range of high mountains traverses the province 
 from N.W. to S.E., separating the basins of the Koor and 
 the Terek. The N. portion forms a plain, which is well 
 wooded : it is watered by numerous affluents of the Koor, 
 and is highly fertile. The principal town is Shamaka. A 
 line of military forts skirts the shores of the Caspian from 
 Bakoo to Derbend, and another extends from Bakoo to the 
 Black Sea. In 1500 Shirvan was annexed to the Persian 
 Empire by Shah Ishmael, and it remained subject to that 
 power till the fall of the dynasty of Sefi, 
 
 SHISDRA, a town of I!us.«ia. See Zhizdra, 
 
 SHISHEW.\N, shee'sheh-wdn', a village of Persia, pro- 
 vince of Azerbaijan, on the E. shore of Lake Ooroomeeyah. 
 In 1838 an uncle of the reigning Shah of I'ersia resided here, 
 in a palace which he had built in the European style. He 
 had also founded in the village an experimental farm, 
 gla.ss foundry, pottery, white-wax factory, silk, cotton and 
 worsted looms, and different workshops upon European 
 models, » 
 
 SIIIT'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 SHITLINGTON, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding. 
 
 SHI-TSIEN, a city of China. See Shee-Tsien. 
 
 SIIKLOV, SCHKLOW or CHKLOV. shklov, a town of 
 Russia, government, and 25 miles N.N.W'. of Mc'heelev. on the 
 Dnieper. It is well built, and contains 8 churches, 3 con- 
 vents, and a synagogue. Pop. 2500. 
 
 1771 
 
SHO 
 
 SHOA. SCHOA or XOA, sho'3, (See Istrodcctio!?, xxiii., 
 11,) written also SUVVA, the most S. of the three principal 
 «t»tes of Abyssinia, lying chieHy between the K;ihr el Azrek 
 or Blue Nile, and the river Ilawash. Lat. 8° 30' to 10° or 11° 
 Nt Ion. 38° to 40° 30' E. The surface is mostly mountainous, 
 some parts from 8000 to 9000 feet above the sea, but it 
 comprises many rich valleys and undulating plains, and 
 the tributary Galla territories, on the frontiers, are exube- 
 rantly fertile. Cattle, corn, coffee, cotton, dye-woods, drugs, 
 wild indigo, sulphur, nitre, alum, coal, and several metals 
 are among the chief products. Some of these, and gold dust, 
 ivory, hides, civet, and other merchandise from Central 
 Africa; cotton cloths, blankets, water-tight baskets, and 
 mats of superior quality, peltry, leather, and parchment 
 manufactured in Shoa; and slaves from the countries of the 
 Interior, are sent to Zevla, Berbera, and other ports on the 
 Red Sea and Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb, in return for European 
 and other manufactured goods and foreign produce. The 
 principal towns are Aukobar, (the capital,) Angolalla, and 
 Tegulet, In 1841, a British embassy was sent from India 
 into Shoa under Major Harris, whose work, HighlaneU of 
 jEtltiopia, may be referred to for copious particulars respect- 
 ing that country. 
 
 SHOAL B.\SIN, a circular bay of North Australia, near 
 Shoal Bay, a little farther up Apsley Strait. 
 
 SHOAL (shol) BAY, of East Austi-alia ; lat. 29° 25' S., Ion. 
 153° 20' E., is about midway between Moreton Bay and 
 Port Macquarrie, and receives Clarence lUver at its W. ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 SHOAL BAY, of North Australia, at the S. extremity of 
 Apslev Strait, between Melville and Bathurst Islands. Lat. 
 11° 48"' S., Ion. 130° 43' E. 
 
 SHOAL CKEEK, of Tennessee and Alabama, rises in the 
 former, and flows through Lauderdale co., Alabama, into 
 Tennessee Kiver. a few miles above Florence. 
 
 SHOAL CKEEK, in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, is formed 
 by the union of two branches called the East and West 
 Forks. It flows southerly into the Kaskaskia. 
 
 SHOAL CREEK, of Missouri, flows eastward through 
 Caldwell co., and enters Gi-and River near the middle of 
 Livingston county. 
 
 SHOAL CKEEK, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. 
 
 SHOAL CREEK, a post-ofBce of Cherokee co.. Georgia. 
 
 SHOAL CKEEK, a post-oflice of Newton co., Missouri. 
 
 SHOAL FORD, a postK)ffice of Limestone co., Alabama. 
 
 SHO.ALHAVEN, shol-hA'vgn, a considerable river of New 
 South Wales, rises about lat. 36° S., Ion. 149° 60' E., flows N. 
 and E., separating the co. of St. Vincent from the cos. of 
 Murray, Argyle, and Camden, and enters the Pacific by a 
 large mouth. 75 miles S.W. of Sydney. Its affluents are "the 
 Modbury, Mongarlow, and Werrimungo. 
 
 SlIOAL NESS, a headland of Russian America, about lat. 
 69° N., Ion. 162° W. 
 
 SHOAL.S-OF-OGEE'CHEE, a manufacturing post-village 
 of Hancock co., Georgia, on the Ogeechee River, 38 miles 
 E.N.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 SHOAL Sl'Rl.NG, a postoffice of Giles co., Tennessee. 
 
 SHOAl/WATER BAY, on the W. coast of Washington 
 Territory, forms part of the boundary between Lewis and 
 Pacific counties. 
 
 SHOB'DON. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 SHO'BEirS JULLS, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 SHO'BUOOKE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SHOCCO SPRINGS, a post-office of Warren co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SHOCK'EY'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Lamar co., Texas. 
 
 SHOCK'LACH, CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 SHOEBURY, shoo/ber-e, Nokth, a parish of England, co. 
 of Essex. 
 
 SHOEBURY. SoDTH. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SHOE/MAKER'S, a railroad station of Alleghany co.. New 
 York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 362 miles from 
 New York City. 
 
 SHOEMAKER'S, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHOEMAKEKTOWN or SHOE'MAKERSTOWN, a plea- 
 Bant village of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on the Phila- 
 delphia and Doylestown Turnpike, 9 miles N. of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 SHOENECK, a small village. Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SIIiXJRE or SIIOGHER, she.'grA, a town of North Syria, 
 pashalic of Aleppo, on the Orontes, 25 miles S.S.E. of 
 Antioch. 
 
 SHO'K.A^N. a post-office of Ulster co., New York. 
 
 SHOKA'PEK, a village, capital of Scott co., Minnesota, on 
 the right bank of St. I'eter's Kivor, about 30 miles S.W. of 
 St. P;iul. .More properlv Shakopee. 
 
 SHOKO'KO.X, a post-o'fflcc of Henderson co., Illinois. 
 
 SHOL/DE.\, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 SHONA. sho'ua, a small island of Scotland, on the W 
 coast, CO. of Inverness. Lat. (W. point) 50° 49' N„ ion. 5° 
 43 W. From 3 to 4 miles long, and H miles broad. 
 
 SHO'NEAW. a pfwt-otfice of Columbia oo.. Wisconsin. 
 
 SUONGA'LO. a post-vUlage of CarroU co., Mississippi, 15 
 miles S.i.. of Carrollton. 
 1772 
 
 SHO 
 
 SHON'GO. a post-office of Alleghanv co.. New York. 
 SHOOBATA, a postoffice of Clark co.. Mississippi. 
 SHOOJUABAD, shooyoo-a-bdd', or SIIUJABAD. shoo'ja- 
 bad', a town of the Punjab, 'in its S. part. 4 miles from the 
 E. bank of the Chenaub, and 25 miles S. of .Mrxiltan. Pop. 
 10.IX)0. It stands in a fine fertile plain, watered by canals, 
 and has a noble appearance, being enclosed by a bijck wall 
 30 feet in height, strengthened by octagonal towers. Its 
 area is entirely filled with buildings, and it has manufac- 
 tures of cottons and turned wares of superior quality, with 
 excellent gardens, and a vicinity yielding large yops of 
 sugar-cane, cotton, grain, and indigo. 
 
 SHOO'LING CREEK, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SHOOMLA, SCHUMLA. SIIUMLA or CHOUMLA, shoom'. 
 Id, sometimes written SIIU.M.\.\., (anc. Marciun-ifMis?) a 
 fortified city of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, pashalic. and 
 5S miles S.S.W. of Silistriii. Lat. 4.3° la' N., Ion. near 27° E. 
 Pop. 21,000. It stands in a gorge, on the N, declivity of the 
 Balkan Itange : and being on the great route from AVallachia 
 to Constantinople, it is one of the keys of the Turkish capi- 
 tal. On three .sides it is enclosed by mountains, and is 
 encircled by ramparts and a double fosse, strengthened by a 
 citadel, and strong redoubts on an adjacent height. It is 
 intersected by a rivulet, and divided into an up^tor and a 
 lower town, the former chiefly inhabited by Turks, and con- 
 taining numerous mosques, some new barracks, and a town- 
 clock, having a lull which strikes the hour — a circumstance 
 unique in "Turkey. It is the re.'-ideuce of a pasha and a 
 Greek archbishop; and h.is flourishing manufactures of tin 
 and copper wares, ready-made clothes, which are sent to 
 Constantinople, silk goods, and leather. The Russians at- 
 tempted unsuccessfully to take it in 1774, 1810, and 1828. 
 SHOOS. See Soos. 
 
 SHOOSHA. SHOUSHA or SHUSHA, shoo'shl written 
 also SHOOSIII or SCHUSCHI, shoo'shee, and CIIOUCHE, 
 a strongly fortified town of Asiatic Russia, in Transcaucasia, 
 capital of the province of Karab-igh, 70 miles S.E. of Ganjeh, 
 and ISO miles S.E. of Titlis. Itwas founded under the name 
 of Penahabad by Nadir Shah, in a very strong position, on 
 a mountain accessible on only one side. It comprises about 
 2000 houses, 
 
 SHOOSTER. SHUSTER or SCHUSTER, shoos'tjr, written 
 also CHOUSTER or SCHOUSTER, a city of Persia, province of 
 Khoozistan, on the Karoon. here crossed by a fine stone bi idge 
 of 9 arches, :J0 miles E,S,E. of Dezfool. Lat. 32° N., Ion. 49° 
 E. Estimated pop. 8000. It stands on a small hill crowned 
 by a citadel, and on the land side it is enclosed by a brick 
 wall, out.side of which the Ab-i-tiargar Canal, ccmstiucted by 
 Shahpoor I., separates it from its suburb, and establishes a 
 navigable communication with the Karoon. atout 20 raUes 
 distant. Houses mostly of stone, and the city possesses 
 many elegant buildings. It remained capital of the pro- 
 vince until nearly depopulated by the plague in 1832, and 
 was subsequentlv much damaged bv an inundation in 1S40. 
 SHOOTTER'S HILL, England, co. of Kent, p.irish of 
 Eltham, li miles S.E. oif Woolwich, rises to 446 feet in height, 
 and is one of the most conspicuous heights near London. 
 On its summit is Severndroog (Savindroog) Castle, a tower 
 erected by Sir W. James to commemorate his capture of the 
 Indian fortress so named, in 1756. 
 
 SHOOYA, SHUYA. SCHUJA or CHOUIA.sboo'y.i atown 
 of Russia, government of Vladlmeer, on the Te.sa. .50 miles 
 N.W.of Viazuiki. Pop.3000. It has thriving linen and cotton 
 weaving and print-works, soap, and various other factories. 
 SHOPIERE. sho'pe-air'. a pof t-village of Turtle township, 
 Rock CO., Wisconsin. 60 miles S.W. by W. of Milwaukee. It 
 contains 3 stores, 1 hotel, 2 mills, and a plough manufactory. 
 Pop. pstinwterl at 2.50. 
 SHOP^LAND. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 SHOP SPRING, a post-office of Newberry district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SHOP SPRING, a post-office of Wilson Co., Tennessee. 
 SHORE'DITCH, a quarter of the British metropiilis, im- 
 mediately N, of the city of London, and included in tho 
 borough of Tower Hamlets. 
 
 SHORiyilAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. Here is 
 Filstone Hall, an old moated edifice. 
 
 SHOREHAM, New, a parlimentary borough, seaport 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the South • 
 Coast Railway. 1 mile from the sea. and 6 miles W. of Brigh- 
 ton. Pop. in 1851. 2690. Pop. of the parlimentary Iwrough, 
 which now includes a large portion of the rape of Bramber, 
 30,553. The town is irregularly built : the principal build- 
 ings are the market-house, a fine church, and a suspension 
 bridge over the Adur. The harbor is encumbered by a bar 
 with from 14 to 17 feet water, and was used for some time 
 by the steamers in connection with the above railway. The 
 steamers hiive been removed to Newhaven, but Sliorehara 
 still continues to carry on an important trade, owing chiefly 
 to its being a warehousing port for timber, and for West 
 Indian. Mediterranean, African, Russian, French. Dutch, 
 and other produce. In 1851 the tonnage of the port was 103 
 vessels, of 10,304 tons; the ves.sels entered were 1007, of 
 90,982 tons ; and cleared 420 vessels, of 25,946 tons. Sboro- 
 
SHO 
 
 SHU 
 
 ham has long been noted for its ship-buiWinp: ; and has a 
 productive fishery, and extensive woiks for making cemeut. 
 Tlie liorouih returns two members to Parliament. 
 
 SIIOllKUAM, Old, a parish of Knirlaud. co. of Sussex. 
 
 SHDitiyilAM, a post-villa:i;e and township of Addison co., 
 Vermont, on the Ji. side of Lake C'hamplain, 50 miles S.W. 
 of Montptlier. The villaste contains an academy, i^op. 13S2. 
 
 SIIOKKOTE. shor^kot/, a town of the Punjab, between the 
 Ohenaub and Ravee Itivers, 75 miles N. by E. of Mooltan. 
 
 SIMK.N'OUTT. a parish of Knsland, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SIIOKNK, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SlIUKT BKXD. a postK)ffice of Dent co.. Missouri. 
 
 SHORT CIIKEK, of Ohio, falls into the Ohio River in 
 Jefferson county. 
 
 SHOUT CltEKK. a post-ofHce of Brook co., W. A'irginia. 
 
 SHORT CRKKK, a post^fflce of .Marshall co., Alabama. 
 
 SHORT CREKK, a small village of Lincoln co., Tennes.see. 
 
 SHORT CRKKK, a post-township forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1857. 
 
 SHORT MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Dauphin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SHORT MOUNTAIN, a small village of Cannon co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 SHORT TRACT, a post-village of Alleghany co., New York, 
 10 miles N. of Angelica. 
 
 t-Hi»R'WKLL. a parish of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 SHO.^HO'NEKS or SNAKE INDIANS, a large tribe in- 
 habiting the central part of Oregon Territory, on both sides 
 of Snako or Lewis River. 
 
 SHOT'LKY, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 SHOTLKY. a parish of England, co. of SulTolk. 
 
 SHOTLKYUKIDUE. a town of England, co. of Durh.am. 
 In the Vale of the Derwent. here crossed by a stone bridge, 
 14 miles S.W. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
 
 SHOTTESRROOK, shotsOjrook, a parish of England, co. 
 of rterks. 
 
 SHOTTESHAM, (shots'aiil,) ALL SAINTS, a parish of 
 England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SII0TT1<;SHAM ST. MARY, a parish. England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 SH0T'T1.<HAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SHOT'TLK. a town.ship of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 Sni)T'TO\, a town.ship of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 SHi)TrS, a paiish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. It has ex- 
 tensive coal and iron-works. 
 
 SlIDTi'S'Wl-ILL. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SHOT'WICK, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 SHOULD!! AM, shOld'am. a parish of England, co. Norfolk, 
 6 miles N.E.of Downham market. It has mineral springs. 
 
 SHOULDHAM, THORPE, a parish. England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 SHOCSH A. a town of A.siatic Russia. See Shoosha. 
 
 SHOWS'TOWN, a flourishing post-village of Moon town- 
 ship, Alleghany co., I'ennsylvauia. on the left hank of the 
 Ohio, 17 miles below Pittsburg. The chief business of the 
 pla.,-e is steamboat building. I'op. at>uut 1000. 
 
 SHOWY, sho'ee. a town of Central Africa, on the left bank 
 of the Sharv, 23 miles S.E. of its mouth in Lake Tchad. Lat. 
 12° 45' N.. Ion. 15° 58' E. 
 
 SHRAIv'LEYVILLE, a small village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 gylvania. 
 
 SHRA'WARDINE, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SHR.\W'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 SHPiEVK, shreev. a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 SHKEVEI'ORT. shreev'pOrt. a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Caddo parish. Louisiana, on the right (AV.) bank of Red 
 River, about 300 miles by land or 550 miles by water N.W. of 
 Baton Rouge, and about 30 miles below the '• Great Raft," 
 which is the limit of navigation for large steamboats. It is 
 advantiigeously situ,ated for trade, being in the midst of a 
 rich planting region, and the only accessible point on the 
 W. side ofthe river for more than 100 miles. Some 18 boats 
 are regularly engaged in the trade between this town and 
 New Orleans during about 8 months of the year. About 
 40,000 bales of cotton are received here annually, and im- 
 mense numbers of cattle from Texas are .shipped to the New 
 Orleans market. Shreveport contains 3 churches, 40 stores, 
 8 newspaper offices, and several steam mills. A railroad has 
 been surveyed from Vicksburg to Shreveport. Eree pop. 2190. 
 
 SHREWSBURY, shroz'ber-e or shruz'ber-e, (anc. UrM- 
 nium.) a parliamentary and municipal borough and town 
 i.f England, capital of the co. of Salop, nearly enclosed by 
 the Severn, on the railway, 38 miles S. of Chester. Pop. of 
 the borough in 1861, 22,055. It has a handsome external 
 appearance, and many good residences. It has several 
 handsome churches, a large town-hall, county-hall, market- 
 houses, county jail, military depflt, infirmary, theatre in a 
 portion of the ancient palace of the princes of Powysland, 
 and at one entrance of the town is a Doric column erected 
 in honor of the late Lord Hill. The grammar school, found- 
 ed by Edwai-d VI.. has an annual revenue of 3000Z.. and 22 
 exhibitions to the universities; Millington's hospital has a 
 revenue of 12o0i., and other charities are numerous and 
 well endowed. A music hall, literary and philosophical 
 society, mechanics' institution, public library, assembly 
 rooms, and fine public promenades, afford recreation to the 
 Vnhabitants. It has 12 corporate trading companies, manu- 
 
 factures of linen thread, canvas, iron wares, brawn, and 
 cakes : a salmon fishery in the river, and a trad" in coal and 
 corn, facilitated by a branch of the Grand .Junction Canal, 
 and by the Severn, here navigable for barges of .30 or 40 
 tons. The corporation consists of a mayor, 24 aldermen, 
 and 48 assistants. It is the seat of the county assizes, and 
 of sessions for the county and town. It Sends two members 
 to the House of Commons. In the time of Alfred. Shrews- 
 bury ranked as one of the chief cities of England. It 
 suffered severely in 101(5, for having espoused the cause of 
 Canute in preference to that of Edmund Ironside. At the 
 time ofthe Conquest, William bestowed it, with most ofthe 
 shire, on Roger de jlontgomery, who was created Earl of 
 Shrew^sbury, and built its strong castle, as well as a wall 
 across the i.sithmus of its peninsula. Standing on the Welnh 
 frontier, it was often exposed to the incursions of the natives, 
 and became so important as a military station, that Edward 
 I. made it his temporary re.sidence in 1277, removing the 
 courts of king's bench and exchequer to it. and in 12'i3 
 assembled a parliament in it. Another pariiament met in 
 it under Richard II. in 1397, and in 1403 the fiimous battle, 
 which resulted in the defeat of Hotspur and the Scotch Earl 
 of Douglas, his ally, by Henry IV.. was fought in its vicinity. 
 During the wars of the Roses, Shrewsbury took part with 
 the house of York, and was the asylum pf the Queen of 
 Edward IV. when she gave birth to the Princes Richard and 
 George, the former of whom, with his elder brother, was 
 afterwards inhumanly murdered by his uncle, Richard III. 
 During the Parliamentary war it zealously advocated the 
 cause of Charles I. 
 
 SHREWS'BURY, a post-township of Rutland co., A'er- 
 mont, intersected by the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 
 59 miles S. by W.of Montpelier. It has 3 churches, 3 stores, 
 and manufactories and mills. Pop. 1175. 
 
 SHREWSBURY, a post-township of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 38 miles AV. by S. of Boston. l'op.l55S. 
 
 SHREWSBURY, a post-village and township of Mon- 
 mouth CO., New Jersey, on the Nevisink River, 42 miles E. 
 by N. of Trenton. The village <:ontains 4 churches. 2 stores, 
 an academy, and 30 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 4132. 
 
 SHRliWSBURY, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 348. 
 
 SnREAVSBURY,atownship of Sullivan co., Penn.sylvania. 
 Pop. 234 
 
 SHREWSBURY, a post-village and township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the York and Baltimore Turnpike, 14 
 miles S. of York. P.of the village, 472; of the township. 2657. 
 
 SHREAVSBURY. a post-office of Kanawha co.. A'irginia. 
 
 SHREWSBURY RIVER, in the N.E. part of Monmouth 
 CO., New .Jersey, is the continuation of Sandy Ilook Bay, 
 separated from Neyisink River by a narrow neck. 
 
 SHREWn'ON. a parish of England, co. of AVilts. 
 
 SHRIV'ENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks, with 
 a station on the Gre;tt Western Railway. 5 miles S.AV. of 
 Farinudon. It has a handsome (Jothic church. 
 
 SIlitOP'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SHROPSHIRE. See Salop. 
 
 SHRUB OAK. a post-office of AVestchester CO., New A'ork. 
 
 SHRU'EL or SHRULE, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 CO. of Mayo, on the Black River. 
 
 SHRUEL or SlIRULE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Longford. 
 
 SHRUEL or SHRULE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 Queen's county. 
 
 SHTAB. See Sistova. 
 
 SHTSHIGRY or SCHTSCIIIGRY, shchig'ree, a town ol 
 Russia, government, and 27 miles E.N.E. of Koorsk, on a 
 river ofthe same name. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SIIU'BENACA'DIE. a principal river of Nova Scotia, which 
 peninsula it nearly divides into two portions; after a N. 
 course it enters a bay, 45 miles N. of Halifax, with which city 
 and its harboi- it is connected by a canal 30 miles in length. 
 
 SHUCK'BURGH, l^OWER, a parish. England, co. Warwick. 
 
 SHUCKBURGH, Upper, a p.arish, England, co. Warwick. 
 
 SHU'DY-CAMPS. a parish of i:ngland. co. of Cambridge. 
 
 SHU'FORDA'ILLE, a post-office of Buncombe co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SHUGSirUT, shoog'shoot(?) written also SHUGIIUT or 
 SHUGHEUD, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on the 
 S.akareeyah, 30 miles S.E. of Izneek. stated to comprise 900 
 houses. On an adjacent hill is the tomb of Osman, founder 
 ofthe Ottom.an dvnasty. 
 
 SHUHRI-B.\B.\BEG. shoo'ree bS-bJ-bJg', a town of Persia, 
 province, and 95 miles AV. of Kerman. 
 
 SHUJABAD. See Shomuabad. 
 
 SHUJAIIWULPOOR, shoo-jd-wtil-poor', a town of India, 
 dominions, and 54 miles W. of Indore. 
 
 SHUJANPOOR, shoo-jan-poor', a town of the Punjab, ? 
 miles E. of Attock, having a splendid serai (palace) built by 
 one of the Mogul emperors; lat. 33° 53' N., Ion. 72° 25' K. 
 
 SHULLS'BURG, a post-village and township of Lafayette 
 county, Wisconsin, 15 miles N.E. of Galena. The village i? 
 a depot for large quantities of lead mined in the vicinity 
 It contains 1 newspaper office, 1 seminary, 4 churches, II 
 stores, 2 hotels, 4 mineral warehouses, and several mauu 
 
 1773 
 
SIIU 
 
 SIA 
 
 ftctories. Pop. of the township, 2191 ; of the village, about 
 2000. 
 
 SirUM.iLAni, shflm'a-lar'ree, written also CHAMALARl, 
 CHOOMALAUIE. and tOUAMOULARI, one of the princi- 
 oal peaks of the llimalava Mountains, in South Asia, be- 
 Iween Thibet and IJootan. Lat. 28° i' X.. Ion. 90° E. Kleva- 
 Uon, aliout 27,200 feet. 
 
 SHUMLA. See Shoomh. 
 
 SnUM\«nABAD'. a town of India, 6 miles S.E. of Attock. 
 
 SHU'XA, one of the Inner Hebrides Islands, Scotland, co. 
 of Arpyle, parish of Kilbrandon, 4 miles N.W. of Craiirnish, 
 and separated on the W. from Luina by the narrow Sound 
 of Shuna. Lenfrth. 3 miles. Pop. 69. The surface is well 
 wooded, and generally fertile. 
 
 SHU'NAH', a town of llindostan, province, and 22 miles 
 N.E. of Bahar. 
 
 SHU'N KM. an ancient town of Palestine, a little S. of Nain. 
 
 PIIUXK, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SHUNK. a post-office of Henrv co.. Ohio. 
 
 SHUX-KING or CHUX-KHIXG. shftn^kinp'. a city of 
 China, province of Se-chuen, capital of a dei^artment. on a 
 tributary of the Vanir-t.se-kianp. 115 miles E. of Ching-too too. 
 
 SHUN-XIN'G or CilUX-NIXG. shtln^ning'. a city of China, 
 capital of a department, province. 170 miles W. of Yunnan. 
 
 SUUX-TK or CHUX-TE, shuii-tA. a city of China, province 
 jf Pe-chee-lee, capital of a department, 220 miles S.S.W. of 
 Pekinf;. 
 
 SIHJPEYOX, shoo-pA-yon'. a town of Cashmere, on the 
 route from the Pir Paiijal Pass to Serinajnir. 6550 feet above 
 the .sea, and 2S miles S. of Serina.rur: lat. 3;j° 42' X., Ion. 74° 
 45' E. Close to this town was foujjht, in 1819, the decisive 
 battle bv which the Sikhs won Oishmere from the Afghans. 
 
 SIIUK'DIXGl'OX, Great, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. . 
 
 SHURTLEFF COLLEGE. See Altox, Illinois. 
 
 SHUUUKIIS, shix)*rooKs'. a fort and Toorkoman settle- 
 ment of Central Asia, on the frontier between Persia and 
 Khiva. 90 miles S.W. of -Merv, and E.X.E. of Meshed. Its 
 vicinity is well watered, and produces fine crops of wheat, 
 melons, and other fruits. 
 
 SIIU.S. a ruined city of Persia. See Soos. 
 
 SHII'S.AN, a post-villajre of Washinitton co., Xew Yor"k. on 
 the Albany and Rutland K.ailroad, and on Batteukill River, 
 43 miles X.X.E. of Afljany. 
 
 SHUSIIA. a town of Asi.itic Russia. See Shoosha. 
 
 SHUSH AX or SUSAX. a ruined city of Persia. See Soos. 
 
 SIIUSHUAII. shoo'shno-a. an island of the Red Sea, in the 
 Gulf of Ainunah, in Ar.ibia,30 milesX.M'. of Moibih, 350 feet 
 high. 
 
 SIIUSTER, a city of Persia. See Shooster. 
 
 SIIUSTOKE, a parish of Entjland, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SIIUTAL (shoo'til', SIIUTUL. shoo'tal', or SHATOOL, 
 Bhi'tool') PAt^S, across the Hindoo Koosh, between Cabool 
 and Khoondooz,isin lat. 35° 33' X.. Ion. 09° 8' E. Elevation, 
 15.500 feet. 
 
 SHUTB. a parish of Eniland, co. of Devon. 
 
 SHUTESBURY, shoots'b^r-re, a post-township of Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts. 76 miles W. by X. of Boston. Pop. 798. 
 
 SHUT'TER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Schoharie co., 
 Kew Y'ork. 
 
 SlIOTTIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SHUTUL, a pass of Hindoo. See Shctal. 
 
 SIIDYA. a town of Russia. See Shoota. 
 
 SUWA, a state in Abyssinia. See Shoa. 
 
 SlIWAT, SCHWA-r or CIIOUAT. shwdt, a walled town 
 of Central Asia, 16 miles N.E. of Khiva, and inhabited by 
 Oozbeks. 
 
 SHY POST, a post-villaae of Audrain co., Missouri, about 
 48 miles X.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SIAHKOH, see'a ko', the "Black Mountain.") in Afjrhan-. 
 istan, bounds the p'lain of Jalalabad on the X.; lat 34° 25' 
 N., Ion. 70° E. 
 
 SIAK or SI.\KII, se-lk'. a state of Sumatra, extending 
 along its X.E. coast, opposite Malacca and Singapore, and 
 with a town of the same name on the river Siak, 45 miles 
 from its mouth, in lat. 0° 25' X., Ion. 101° 55' E. Surface 
 flat. Exports gold, camphor, gambler, rattans, tobacco, 
 wax, sago, ivory, and silk stuffs; imports opium, salt, 
 woollens, and Madras piece-goods. 
 
 SI.VK RIVER, in Sumatra, flows X.E., and enters the 
 Strait of Malacca behind some islands ne;u'ly opposite the 
 British settlement of Malacci. 
 
 SI AM, si-am' or se-ara', f native, Tliai, t'hi; Burmese, 
 Tnoilra.) an extensive kingdom in thiJ S.E. of .\sia, occu- 
 pying the centre of Farther India, with all the country 
 Purrounding the Gulf of Siam. Lat. from 5° to 21° X., Ion. 
 from 9SO 20' to 106° E. Length, from X. to S.. about 8.50 
 miles : brrtidth, varying from 70 miles to 250 miles. It is 
 bounded W. by the British Tenasserim provinces and the 
 Indian Ocean. (Bay of Bengal:) N.W. by Burmah; N. by 
 the free Laos country; E. bv Anara; and on the S. it has a 
 coast-line of 1470 miles along the Gulf of Siam. The exact 
 boundaries, however, are but imperfectly known; and thus, 
 while Crawfurd, in his •• Kmliassy to Siam," estimates the 
 area at I'.m.OiK) square miles, Berghaus extends it to 2J4,720 
 
 square miles, of which he assigns 141,175 to Siam proper; 
 20,420 to Cambodia; 10S,645 to the tributary Laos; and 
 24.460 to the Malay provinces. 
 
 Rice of the Country, dx. — The surface is covered with hills 
 and mountains, except in its central part, the valley of the 
 Menam, which is described as a rich alluvial plain The 
 highlands, bounding Siam E. and W.. seem to iK'long to two 
 mountaiu-chains running S. from the table-land of Yun-nan 
 in China, and on either .side of the >l',nam Valley. The 
 westernmost of these chains is estimateU to reach an eleva- 
 tion of 5000 feet; the height of the E. range is unknown to 
 Europeans. The mountains of Siamese Malacca nowhere 
 exceed 3000 feet in height; and especially S. of the Isthmus 
 of Kraw, the watershed between the I5ay of Bengal and the 
 Gulf of Siam is less than half that altitude. Ofli' the coasts, 
 at a distance of 10 or 15 miles, and separated by pretty deep 
 channels from the mainland, are numerous islands, mostly 
 rocky, and considerably elevated. Of those in the B.Hy of 
 Bengiil, the principal are St. Matthew's, (lat, 10° X.,) Sa- 
 langa and Pandjano. (lat. 8° X.,) and the Lancawi group, 
 (lat. 6° 30' X.) Of those in the Gulf of Siam. by far the 
 largest is Tantalem. (l.at. 7° 30':) and next to it in size are 
 Bardia and Carnam, on the W. side: Kohkong, and the 
 other i.'ilands on the E. side of the Gulf, are of inconsider- 
 able extent. 
 
 GtuHngif and Minerals. — Granite and mountain-limestone 
 are supposed to constitute the chief primary rocks, covered 
 in the lower districts with thick beds of stiff clay and allu- 
 vial strata. Tin, which pervades the whole Malay Penin- 
 sula down to its extreme S. point, is found within the 
 Siamese territory between lat. 11° and 14° X.; and the 
 miues in the island of Salang, off the W. coast, are perhaps 
 scarcely less productive than those of Banca. Gold, not 
 less extensively, though far less abundantly diffused than 
 tin, is obtained in toleralile purity; but the amount pro- 
 cured is. insufficient for the home supply, owing to the 
 great quantities employed in gilding temples and images, 
 and it is accordingly imported from the Mal.'iy countries. 
 The most abundant of all the metals in Siam is iron, which 
 is exten.sively wrought in the lower districts, on and near 
 the upper waters of the Menam; cast-iron has been sold at 
 Bangkok for a dollar and sixty-two cents the picul, of 133 
 pounds. Copper and lead are wrought to some extent, 
 chiefly by the mountain tribes; and both zinc and anti- 
 mony are found to the E. of the Menam : the last-named 
 metal is raised for the us^ of the X^hinese in smelting iron. 
 The sapphire. Oriental ruby, and Oriental topaz, are found 
 in the hills of Chantibun, (lat. 12° 20',) on the E. side of the 
 gulf where they are obtained by digging up and washing 
 the alluvial soil. The mines yielding them are a monopoly 
 of the king. 
 
 Hirers and Z<iAf». — The Siamese territory abounds in 
 small rivers; but there are only three great navigable 
 streams: the Salwin, or river of Martahan, forming a part 
 of the W. boundary; the Menam: and the Mekon of Cam- 
 bodia, forming part of the E. boundary. Of these, the Me- 
 nam is most important, as pervading the greater part of the 
 kingdom, and almost monopolizing its trade and naviga- 
 tion; but except the lower 80 miles of its course, it is very 
 little known. It is supposed to rise by two branches, in the 
 S.W. of the Chinese province of Yun-nan, in lat. 23- or 24° 
 X., has an estimated course of alwut 800 miles, and fails 
 into the Gulf of Siam by three channels, the E. of which, 
 (I'aknam.) is the only one navigable by European sea-going 
 vessels. The only other Siamese river worthy of notice is 
 the Bang-pa-kuug. about 240 miles in length, which enters 
 the gulf at Bang-pa-tsoe about 60 miles E.S.E. of Bangkok, 
 the modern capital. All the Siamese rivers are flooded be- 
 tween June and September, which partly accounts for the 
 fertility of their basins. A large lake, called Sachado, which 
 communicates with the Menam by the river Talau, is said 
 to te situated about 90 miles X.W. of Bangkok. 
 
 S^iU and Climate. — The soil of the whole valley of the 
 Menam is of great fertility, consisting of thick beds of jjllu- 
 vium from the yearly inundations of that river. The more 
 mountainous parts are of sand and limestone, arid, uncul- 
 vated, or covered with forest.s. The climate of so exten.«ive 
 a country varies, of course, with the latitude and the eleva- 
 tion of its surface; but, as in other tropical countries, it h.as 
 two seasons — the wet and the dry; the former beginning in 
 April or May, and continuing till about the commencement 
 of July, when the dry season sets in, and lasts till the fol- 
 lowing April or May. The temperature at Bangkok is thus 
 stated by JIalcolm, — Cool season, (November to February.) 
 77° Fahrenheit; hot, (March to May,) 85°; wet, (June to 
 Octoljer.) 84°. Mean of the year. 8'2°6. The mean range of 
 the thermometer is 13°: it seldom sinks lower than 72-^ Fah- 
 renheit. On the whole, the country is healthy. Ague and 
 cholera are the diseases mostly rife, and are very prevalent 
 in the wet season. 
 
 Vegetation. — Rice (called kao-san) and maize are the grains 
 most extensively cultivated. The former, sold at al>out 
 forty cents per hundredweight, is exported iu large quanti- 
 ties to China; but none of the latter is exported. Of ihc 
 tropical farinaceous roots, the Siamese raise the usual va 
 
 *>:i-= 
 
SIA 
 
 SIA 
 
 rieties, and amon;; others the sweet potato. Cocoa and i 
 Breca-palins are numerous, especiiilly the former, in the 
 lower districts; and the oil is extensively exported. Ko ' 
 part of the Kast is more celebrated for the abundance and 
 quality of its fruits. The mango, mangosteen, leechee. du- 
 rian, ranihutan, pomegranate, papia-tig, guava, pine-apple, 
 and, in short, all the fruits of South China and Ilindostan, 
 of the Indian islands, and tropical America, are luxuriantly 
 abundant, and of exi|uisite quality. The cultivation of the 
 Bugar-cane (a product known here in its natural state from 
 time Immemorial) was introduced by the Chinese in 1S12; 
 and sugar is now an importiint article of export to China, 
 British India. &e. lilack pepper of good quality, to the ex- 
 teat of about 7000 hundredweights annually, is raised in 
 the province of Chantibun. and mostly exported to China. 
 Tobacco, formerly imported from Java, is now rai.sed through- 
 out the country, and exported to Cochin-China and several 
 of the Jlalay countries. Cotton of several sorts is grown, 
 and largely exported to the island of Hainan, in the China 
 Sea. Cardamoms are plentifully obtained in royal preserves 
 strictly guarded, and the produce is sent principally to 
 China. A gum, resembling benzoin, grows spontaneously in 
 the forests of Laos, and is cheap and abundant. Gamboge 
 is yielded by a species of Garcinia in the forests on the K. 
 coast of the Gulf of Siam. and in the Siamese portion of Cam- 
 bodia, (whence its name.) In tlie same districts also are 
 procured large quantities of scented agila, or aloes-wood. 
 whi(>h is both much xise'l by the natives, and sent to the 
 Chinese, who employ it for sacred purposes, and use it in 
 their private and public temples. Sappan-wood is procured 
 extensively from the forests between lat. 10° and 13°, and 
 in point of quantity it forms the most considerable of all 
 the Siamese extxirts : it is sent principally to Cliina, but also 
 to Hengal and Kurope. Excellent teak-timber abounds in 
 the forests of Upper Siam. and is much used in the con- 
 struction of junks and temples; but very little is exported. 
 Crawfurd also mentions a for&st-tree, producing a valuable 
 wood of a red color, fine-grained, admitting a good polish, 
 and called jKio-rnsa by the Portuguese, whicli is exported 
 and largely employed by the Chinese in cabinet-work. 
 
 Aniinatf. — Among carniverous animals are the tiger and 
 leopard, the bear, the otter, the musk-civet, the cat aud the 
 dog, both wild and domestic. Porcupines, squirrels, rats, 
 and mice are common. The pangolin is found in the fo- 
 rests, and its scaly skin is sold to the Cbinese, who esteem 
 it for its medicinal qualities. The orangoutang and other 
 ppefies of apes are pretty abundant. Among the rumi- 
 nating quadrupeds are found seven species of deer, also the 
 sheep, goat, ox, and buffalo. The horses are of small size, 
 (under 13 hands,) and are not much reared by the natives, 
 those in use being principally procured from Yun-nan. in 
 China. The hog exists abundantly in the forests, and is 
 domesticated by the Chinese residents. The single-horned 
 rhinoceros is met with in unusual number.s, and is hunted 
 for his hide and horn, both of which are exported to China. 
 The principal boast of the Siamese, however, is in the high 
 perfection of their elephants, which here attain a size and 
 beauty elsewhere unknown, and are held in high esteem 
 throughout India. They are freely used Iwth for riding 
 and as beasts of burden, except at Bangkok, where tlieir 
 use is expressly limited to persons of high rank. A very 
 great additional value is set on white elephants, evidently 
 albinos, which, when captured, become the property of the 
 king. Albino deer, monkies, and even tortoises, are by no 
 means unconunon in Siam. 
 
 Among the birds, the water-birds and waders are by far 
 the most numerous; geese, ducks, iKiobies, cormorants, 
 king-fishers, storks, and pelicans are frequent; the forests 
 abound with peacocks, pheasants, and pigeijns ; and in the 
 Islands are large fiocks of mews and se.vswallows, the latter 
 producing the famed edible birds'-nests. Crocodiles, geckos, 
 and other kinds of lizards, tortoises, and green-turtles are 
 numerous, the last of which, as well as their eggs, are in 
 great repute among the Siamese as an article of food, and 
 from their sale add not. inconsiderably to the royal revenue. 
 The boa-constrictor here attains an immense size, and there 
 are manv other species of snakes. The fish of the Menam 
 are abundant, but of inferior quality. The only insect in 
 Siam worthy of notice is the Okcus lacca, which produces 
 the valuiible dve and gum, the lac of commerce. 
 
 Afantifartures.—The Siamese have made but little_ pro- 
 press in the useful arts. House-carpentry, canoe and juuk- 
 bnilding, manufacturing pottery and coarse cutlery, leather- 
 dressimr, and the construction of musical instruments, are 
 their chief mechanical employments. A few rude hand- 
 looms are in operation, chiefly by women; but the fabrics, 
 whether of silk or cotton, are of very coarse quality. Good 
 brass cannon, some of them very large, but seldom with 
 proper carriages, are made, and muskets are imported. 
 
 Trade and Naxrigaticm. — Sam has a most extensive trade, 
 both inland and coastwise, as well as foreign. Every pro- 
 vince of the kingdom produces some article in foreign de- 
 mand ; and Bangkok, from its situation od the Menani, has 
 l>ecome the great centre of all its commerce. The principal 
 arti;:les brought down from the higher provinces are rice 
 
 and paddy, cotton, teak-timber, and sappan-wood. lae, neu- 
 zoin, ivory, and bees'-wax; while tno districts K. and V''. nf 
 the Menam furnish gamboge, cardamoms, and sugar; th* 
 Malay provinces, tin, zinc, cotton. Ac. The foreign trade is 
 conducted chiefly with the S. ports of Anam, Java, Singa- 
 pore, I'ulo-I'enaug, &c., and occasionally with British India, 
 the United States, and Britain. Of these, however, the most 
 important is China, the tiade with which employs from 200 
 to 300 junks annually, having an aggregate burden of about 
 2,5,000 tons — mostly built in Siam by Chinese, who also are 
 their exclusive navigators. The junks make one voyage an- 
 nually, leaving the Menam in .lune, and returning ia De- 
 cember. The exports to Europe and the United States com- 
 prise sugar and pepper, lac, lienzoin. and gamboge, tin. car- 
 damom.s, ivory, horns and hides, with other minor articles, 
 the imports, all kinds of textile fabrics, shawls, cotton um- 
 brellas, ircm and steel goods, steel-bars, lead and spelter, 
 earthen and glass ware, all kinds of hardware and cutlery, 
 with fire-arms, musket-fiints, &c. — the trade being carried 
 on, of course, in foreign vessels. Nearly the entire trade to 
 Siam is hampered to an incredible extent by vexatious aud 
 oppressive duMes on all exports and imports, as well as by 
 the trading monopolies of the crown. 
 
 Populatiim. — The population includes, besides the native 
 aboriginal Siamese, vast numbers of emigrants from other 
 countries, I^aos, Cambodians, Malays, and several half-civil- 
 ized mountain tribes, with numerous foreign settlers; 
 Chinese, Mohammedans, and Hindoos from West India; 
 Peguans and Portuguese. Crawfurd, in 1822, and Mr. 
 Roberts, American ambassador, ten years later, estimate 
 their numbers as follows : — 
 Ckawfcbd, 1822. 
 
 Siamese 1,260,000 
 
 Laos 840,000 
 
 Peguans 25,000 
 
 Cambodians 25,000 
 
 Malavs 195,000 
 
 Chinese 440,000 
 
 Hindoos, &o 3,500 
 
 Portuguese 2,000 
 
 Total 2,790,500 
 
 ROEEETS, 1832. 
 
 Siamese 1.600.000 
 
 Laos 1,200,000 
 
 Malays 820.000 
 
 Chinese 500,000 
 
 Total 3,620,000 
 
 By both authorities, however, the numbers of the Chinese 
 settlers are. perhaps, considerably underrated ; for, Ixisides 
 300.000 resident at Bangkok, they are dispersed all over the 
 country, forming almost exclusively the miners, sxigar ma- 
 nufacturers, artisans, and merchants of the entire king- 
 dom. In 1850, M. J. Baptiste Pallegoix, EvSque de Mallos. 
 (liulL Soc. Geo. 18.52,) estimates the total population of Siam 
 at 6,005,000, of which he claims 5500 as belonging to the 
 Koman Catholic faith. 
 
 PbyHail Character, Manners, dc. — The Siamese, in com- 
 mon with the Laos, Cambodians, and Malays, are members 
 of the great Mongolian family, and of the same race as the 
 people of Burm.ah and Anam. In stature Ihey do not .ave- 
 rage more than 5 feet 3 inches in height; and "in per- 
 sonal appearance," says Malcolm, "they come behind any 
 nation I have yet seen, especially the women, among whom 
 (and thousands came under my notice) I never .saw one 
 who was comely." They have a lighter-colored' skin than 
 the West Asiatics, but darker than the Chinese; and all 
 classes delight in heightening their complexion by the use 
 of turmeric. Their faces are broad and flat, with round, 
 prominent cheek-bones, a small nose obtusely pointed, a 
 large mouth, with rather thick lips, small, black eyes, a low 
 forehead, and very scanty beard. Their hair is always 
 black, thick, coarse, and lank, worn close by both sexes, ex- 
 cept from the forehead to the crown, where it is about 2 
 inches long, and made to stand erect. The costume of the 
 Siamese is very simple, consisting, in both sexes, of a cotton 
 or silk cloth of dark color wrapped around the hips, with 
 the end passed between the thighs, tucked in at Ixith ends, 
 and descending below the knees. They universally stain 
 the teeth with "an indelible black dye; and the better 
 classes, like the Chinese, permit the finger-nails to grow to 
 an enoi-mous length. Malcolm describes the Siamese as 
 crafty, ignorant, slothful, and mendacious. lUit they are tem- 
 perate and abstemious, by no means revengeful, obedient to 
 the laws, and strongly attached by their domestic ties. The 
 women perform most of the labors of the field, work the 
 boats on the river, act as porters, &c.. and are extensively 
 employed as retail traders. Those of the higher classes 
 spend their time in idleness and sleep. Slavery prevails 
 throughout, many of the chiefs having hundreds, .some 
 thousands of slaves; a slave-trade is regularly carried on 
 along the Burmese frontier, and the Cambodian provinces 
 are periodically invaded by large bodies of Siamese kidnap- 
 pers. But of the aggregate number of slaves in Siam it is 
 impossible to form even a conjecture. 
 
 Arts. — The domestic architecture of the Siatnese is in a very 
 rude and backward state — the houses of the lower orders 
 being formed wholly of wood or bamboo, roofed with palm- 
 leaves, and mostly raised on piles, as in the rest of ultrar 
 Gangetic India. A few only in the capital are built with 
 brick and mortar. JIany of their hnuses, too. are constructed 
 on boats, which abound on the river near Bangkok. Of the 
 
 1776 
 
SIA 
 
 SIB 
 
 arch they are wholly ignorant. Roads there are none; and 
 wheel-carriages are all but unknown. On their relijiious 
 edifices, however, the Siamese bestow abundant labor and 
 expense: these are constructed of solid masonry, and oo- 
 Tered with tiles, having all the wood-work laboriously 
 carved and gilded, and filled with carved and richly-gilt 
 images of Boodha. 
 
 Langiuige, Literature, and Edticatinn. — The Siamese lan- 
 guage is exceedingly simple in its construction; it forms a 
 connecting link between the Chinese and Malay, and is 
 easily acquired by foreigners. The alphabet consists of 36 
 consonants and 12 vowels; and the written characters, like 
 the Burmese and Peguan, resemble the Pali and Sanscrit. 
 The roots are few in number — all monosyllabic; and there 
 are no terminations to indicate gender, number, person, 
 mood, or tense. The literature is meagre, unintere.sting, 
 and, in point of imagination and force of expression, much 
 below the Arabic. Persian, or llindostanee; the style is 
 simple and literal, but by no means perspicuous; and the 
 compositions, except epistolary, are wholly metrical, consist- 
 ing of songs, romances, and a few chronicles; but the 
 Siamese have no written dramas, nor any history, beyond 
 the drj' chronologies of their kings. Education is carried 
 to a very limited extent ; few can do more than read and 
 write awkwardly, and perhaps cast accounts. 
 
 G"i-emmr,nt. Army, A'utv/, and SeceniiA, Laws, ttc. — The 
 government of Siam is a thorough despotism, subject Xa no 
 restraint, except the apprehension of a popular tumult or 
 foreign invasion. The king, therefore, is considered almost, 
 if not altogether, in the light of a deity, and addressed as 
 such, his most common designations being "Sacred lord of 
 lives," "Owner of all," "Most ex.'ilted and infiiUible lord," 
 &c. The sovereign, however, appears to admit some share 
 of dependence on the Kmperor of China, to whom a periodi- 
 cal tribute is sent. Next in rank to the king, but immea- 
 surably below him, is the waiig-na, or viceroy, one of the 
 most exalted princes, chosen by the king at hi.s accession, 
 to assist him in his duties; and under this officer is a su- 
 preme council of ministers, undertaking the different de- 
 partments of government. There is neither hereditary rank 
 nor aristocracy in Siam ; and the people generally seem to 
 be mere slaves, subservient In all things to the pride and 
 caprice of the sovereign. Indeed, every adult male Siamese 
 is compelled nominally to give a third of his time to the 
 king's .service, though he usually pays in lieu an exemp- 
 tion-tsix. or finds a substitute. 
 
 There is no standing army, but every able-bodied male is 
 liable to be called into the field by the mere will of his chief. 
 At Bangkok, the capital, there is the semblance of a respect- 
 able navy, consisting of scores of war-junks, galleys, and 
 other vessels of various sizes, built on the Cochin-Chinese 
 model, and mounting heavy guns. But the Si.amese are no 
 sailors; and when brought into service, the.se vessels are 
 manned by the promiscuous populace, and officered by 
 Chinese or other foreigners. The government revenue 
 amounted, in Crawfurd's time, to about JIS.SOO.WO. The 
 military and civil governors are also judges and magis- 
 trates, and decide cases, subject to appeal to the provincial 
 Ticeroy. There are written laws, which are made, altered, 
 or amended at the sovereign's will, but apparently gene- 
 rally formed on the Chinese model. Offences are punished, 
 as in China, by a very liberal and indiscriminate applica- 
 tion of the bamboo. No distinction is made between of- 
 fenders, even should they be priests ; nor are pecuniary 
 considerations for crimes allowable. 
 
 Jieliginn. — The Siamese profess Boodhism of a very de- 
 graded kind, introduced into the country alxjut the middle 
 of the seventh century. The priests are called talopoins; 
 and it is compulsory on every man to devote the early part 
 of his life to the sacred office. The regular priests live to- 
 gether in large monasteries, called kynungs, near the temples, 
 divided into six grades, and acknowledging the direction of a 
 superior ; above them all is the San-krat. or high-priest, who 
 is appointed by the king, and ranks next to him in spiritual 
 authority. The priests, unlike the laity, are always respect- 
 ably dressed in yellow robes, like those of Ceylon and other 
 Bondhist countries. The moral code of the religion is com- 
 prised in five negative precepts : 1. Not to kill, (which ex- 
 tends to animals, plants, and even seeds;) 2. Not to steal; 
 3. To commit no impurity; 4. Not to tell falsehoods; 5. To 
 drink no intoxicating liquors. Little attention, however, is 
 paid to any of these, except by the priests, it being the busi- 
 ness of the l.iity to sin, and of the talapnins not only to be 
 holy themselves, but by their holiness to expiate the sins 
 of the people. They have many occasional ceremonials of an 
 Impressive character, among which are their funerals or 
 burnings of the dead. A Protestant mission from America 
 was established in Siam. in 1833: and a printing-press, 
 under the superintendence of these missionaries, is in ope- 
 ration. 
 
 Hidorji.—^mm appears to have no place in history prior 
 to A. I). 638. and the credible records go back only to 1.350, 
 the date of the foundation of Ayuthia or Yuthla. the old ca- 
 pital. The first notice of the Siamese by European writers 
 U an account of an overland expedition against Malacca in 
 1776 
 
 1502. In 1612 an English ship ascended the river as far as 
 Yuthia ; eight years after which, the Portuguese sent thither 
 their first missionaries. In 1683, Const«ntine Phaulcon. an 
 enterprising Greek, became prime minister, and (like Bishop 
 Adran in Cochin-China subsequently) introduced a respect 
 for European customs and notions. Mutual embassies were 
 at this period sent between Siam and the court of France. 
 Contests for the throne distracted the country from 1C90 till 
 1759, during which interval. Alompra, the victorious founder 
 of the present Burman dynasty, seized Mergui. Tavoy, and 
 Martaban, and overran the whole valley of the Menam. At 
 the present time the kingdom is stated to he in a more 
 prosperous state than ever. Although the Tenasserim pro- 
 vinces are lost, it has recently become possessed of one of 
 the most valuable and fertile sections of Camliodia, em- 
 bracing the rich province of Bata-bang; and recently, also, 
 it has acquired dominion over the North Malay states of 
 
 Kedah, Patani, Ligor, «S:c. Adj. and inhab. Siamese, sfa- 
 
 meez'. 
 
 SIAM, GULF OF, between lat. 7° and 14° N., and Ion. 990 
 and 105° E., is wholly surrounded by Siam, except on the 
 S., where it opens into the China Sea. Length. 500 miles; 
 breadth at entrance, 300 miles. It receives the Menam and 
 several other rivers. 
 
 SIAMO, se-S'mo, SIAO or SIAUW, se-S'o. an island in the 
 Malay Archipelago, between the N.E. extremity of Celebes 
 and Sangir. Circuit, about 35 miles. Lat. 2° 25' N., Ion. 
 125° 27' E. Surface elevated, and it contains a volcano. 
 SIAM PA, a country of South-east Asia. See Tsiampa. 
 SI AN, a city of China. See See-xoan. 
 SIANG-YANG, se-3ng^ y3ng', a city of Chin.a, province of 
 Hoo-pe. capital of a department, on the Ilan-kiang; lat. 
 about 32° N., Ion. 112° E. Siano is the name of several 
 Chinese towns of inferior rank. 
 
 SIANO. se-3'no. a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Citra. 10 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 2500. 
 SIAO. an island of the Malay Archipelago. See Siamo. 
 SIARA. Brazil. See Ceara. 
 
 ST.\S, se-Ss'. a river of Russia, government of St. Peters- 
 burg, enters Lake Ladoga on its S. side, after a N.N.W. 
 course of 100 miles. 
 
 SPASCON'SET, a village at the S.E. extremity of thb 
 island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, contains a fine hotel 
 and about 70 houses, usually occupied only in the warm 
 season. It is a place of fashionable resort, celebrated for its 
 fine sea air and ocean scenery. 
 
 SIASKOI (se-J.s'koi) CANAL, in Russia. 23 miles In 
 length, connects the rivers Sveer and Volkhov. 
 SI-AS-LAW. a post-office of Lane co.. Oregon. 
 SIAUGUES-SAINT-HOMAIN. see'og' sSn" ro'mAs"', a 
 villasre of France, department of Ilaute-Loire, 17 miles SJE. 
 of Brioude. Pop. about 1900. 
 
 SI.AUW. one of the Sangir Islands. See Siamo 
 SIAWSK. a town of Russia. See SlEVftK. 
 SIB. seeb, a maritime town of East Arabia, dominions, ' 
 and 22 miles Vf. of Muscat, on the Arabian Sea. It has the 
 reputation of being peculiarly healthy. 
 
 SIBB, a town of West Beloochistan, 75 miles N.E. of Bun- 
 poor. 
 SIB'BERTOFT. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 SIB'BKRTSWOLD. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 SIB/DON-CARWOOD. a parish of England. <-o. of Salop. 
 SlBKUtA. sl-beo'r*-.?. called also SIBIRI. se-bee'ree. (Fr. 
 Siliirir. see^b.A'ree' ; Ger. Sil/irir-n, se-bee're-en.) a large section 
 of the Russian Empire, occupvins the whole of North Asia, 
 between lat. 4.5° and 78° N., and ion. 60° E. and 170° W. It 
 is bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean : E. by the Sea of Kam- 
 tchatka and the North Pacific Ocean: S. by the Sea of Ok- 
 hotsk, China, and Independent Tartary; and W. by Russia 
 in Euroi)e. Greatest length, from W. to E., about 3600 
 miles; greatest breadth, about 2000 miles. Area. 4.812,389 
 square miles. Its administrative divisions, with their sepa- 
 rate areas and population, are exhibited in the following 
 table : — 
 
 DiviHons, Area, and Papulation of Siberia. 
 
 Governments. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 West Siberia— 
 
 564,614^ 
 
 2,887,184 
 
 Tomsk > 
 
 633,618 
 
 1,010.571 
 505.950 
 
 1,4.;8.500 
 185.986 
 196,730 
 
 286,420j 
 
 • 
 
 Omsk 5 
 
 Kast Sibzbia— 
 
 
 Yakoouk 
 
 Okhotsk 
 
 
 Tchooktchee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • The country S. of Lake Baikal, emhracinR ne.irlv the whole 
 chain of the Atlai, hss recently been organized into a govern- 
 ment called the Trans Baikalean, 
 
SIB 
 
 These vast possessions hare lately been increased by the 
 acquisition of the entire rej;ion extending along the left 
 bank of the river Amoor or Saghalien. from the junction of 
 the Shilka and Argoon, which form tlie Amoor, to its 
 mouth in the Gulf of Saghalien; comprising an area esti- 
 mated at 231, S75, which, added to the above, gives a total of 
 5,044.264 square miles. 
 
 This immense territory has ranch less diversity of surface 
 than might be supposed from its extent. Assuming the 
 meridian of 105° as a line of demarcation, two regions will 
 be formed — a W. and an E., exhibiting a very marked dif- 
 ference in the configuration of the surface. Both regions 
 have their greatest altitude in the S., and may be considered 
 as a vast inclined plane, sloping gradually N. to the Arctic 
 Ocean; but the K. region is traversed in different directions 
 by several mountainous tracts; whereas the W. region, with 
 the exception of the chain of the Ural on the W., and that 
 of the Altai on the S. frontiers, forms a vast plain, almost 
 unbroken by any greater heiglits than a tew hills, and the 
 banks of the rivers which wind across it. This plain, to- 
 wards the S., has a height of about 2000 feet above tlie sea, 
 but towards the N., is so near its level as often to become 
 extensively inundated. Vor convenience of description, it 
 has been arranged, according to its productive powers, in 
 four divisions: the steppe or pastoral, the agricukural, the 
 woody, and the moorland or tundra. The steppe, occupying 
 the most elevated part of the plain, extends from the S. fron- 
 tiers northward to lat. 55°; and from the \V. frontiers, with- 
 in these limits, eastward to the banks of the Irtish. The 
 greater part of it consists of what is called the Steppe of 
 Ishim, and has a bare and almost sterile surface, often in- 
 crusted with salt, but occasionally covered with a scanty 
 Tegetation, and sometimes even enlivened by tracts of green 
 pasture, over which the nomadic tribes roam with their 
 flocks and herds. The agricultural division extends N. to 
 lat. (50°. In many parts, where it borders on the steppe, it 
 ha? only occasional tracts which have been or can be advan- 
 tageously brought uuder the plough. 
 
 Tlie region where agriculture might be successfully prose- 
 cuted on a large scale, occupies an extent more than double 
 that of the British Islands, and, under favorable circum- 
 stances, might furnish subsistence to a very large popula- 
 tion; but, as yet, it is only the more fertile alluvial tracts 
 adjacent to the rivers that have been brought under any- 
 thing like regular culture. Within this division, though 
 not properly belonging to it, is the Steppe of Baraba, situated 
 between the Irtish and the Obi. The S. portion greatly re- 
 Eemliles the Steppe of Ishim, though on the whole it is not 
 BO arid, and has a more abundant vegetation. The N. por- 
 tion, though flat and swampy, is covered with nearly con- 
 tinuous forests of birch and fir, haunted by numerous wild 
 animal.s, including the beaver. This portion of the Baraba 
 or Barabinza Steppe may therefore be considered as the 
 commencement of the wooded division, which extends X. to 
 lat. 64°, and in parts to 66°, though in the higher latitude 
 the trees are seldom of very vigorous growth. The whole 
 of this division is covered with vast forests of birch and dif- 
 ferent .species of fir and pine. It is not at all adapted to 
 agriculture, but barley and rye are occasionally cultivated, 
 particularly in the vicinity of Berezov, near lat. 64°, where 
 also turnips of great size are grown. The population, few 
 in numbers, are settled principally on the banks of the Obi 
 and Yenisei, and live chiefly on game and fish ; the latter, in- 
 cluding salmon, sturgeon, and herrings, ascending from the 
 sea as far as the confluence of the Tom. Wild animals, 
 also, are very numerous, and many valuable furs are ol> 
 tained. 
 
 The last division is that of the moorland or tundra, con- 
 sisting of a low, monotonous flat, covered with moss, and 
 nearly destitute of trees. It extends along the shores of the 
 Arctic Ocean, and has so rigorous a climate, that even in 
 summer ice is found a few inches below the surface. Here 
 the reindeer exists in vast herds, both wild and domesti- 
 cated; white bears and foxes are also numerous, and fur- 
 nish valuable furs; and the coasts and mouths of the rivers 
 are frequented by immen.se shoals of fish and flocks of fowl. 
 One remarkable feature in the W. part of the tundra is an 
 isolated mountain mass, which rises with steep sides N. of 
 Obdorsk, about lat. 66°, and forms a kind of range divided 
 Into five summits, the loftiest of which attains the height 
 of 4',192 feet. 
 
 Siberia to the E. of Ion. 105°, forming nearly one-half of 
 the whole territory, has a much more diversified surface 
 than the W. region, and owing partly to its general rugged- 
 ness and elevation, and partly to the greater severity of the 
 ■iimate, has much less land adapted to agricultural pur- 
 fwses. The Sea of Okhotsk has a bold and rocky shore, and 
 the country behind rises with a steep ascent, till a moun- 
 tain-range is formed with a general altitude of nearly 3000 
 feet above sea-level. This range, under the name of the 
 gtinovoi Mountains, runs nearly parallel with the coast 
 till it reaches the frontiers of China, where it takes the 
 name of the Yablonoi Mountains, and proceeding W., con- 
 tinues for a long distance to form the boundary between the 
 two empires. It then takes the name of the Mountains of 
 &M 
 
 SIB 
 
 Daooria, and throws out numerous ramificatirn.i, which 
 continuing W.. extend their arms round Lake baik<tl, and 
 cover almost all the S. part of the government of Irkootsk. 
 Other ramifications proceeding N. form the watersheds of 
 the numerous aflluents on the right bank of the Lena. On 
 both sides of this river the surface continues elevated, and 
 forms a table-laud, the interior of which is still very imper- 
 fectly known. 
 
 The best portions of Kast Siberia occur in the S. part of the 
 government of Irkootsk, where, in the lower and more op^ii 
 valleys in the vicinity of Lake liaikal, cultivation has been 
 attempted with success, and the oak and hazel, unknown 
 in other parts of Siberia, are found growing freely. In al- 
 most the whole of the same government, where the con- 
 figuration of the surface does not present invincible ob- 
 stacles, all the grains of Kurope are grown, and even the 
 mount;iins and hills are covered during the greater part of 
 the year with g[X)d pasture. Still farther N., in the govern- 
 ment of Yakootsk, as far as the town of the .same name, 
 cf^rn is cultivated in patches in the upper vale of the Lena, 
 though the far greater part of it is covered with fir and pine, 
 witli so much intervening space between the trees that a 
 good deal of herbage springs up, and helps to nourish the 
 numerous herds of cattle which are kept by the Yakoots 
 and grazed chiefly on an immense tract of low land which 
 extends from the Lena tl. to the Aldan. 
 
 The newly-acquired possessions are repi-esented as being 
 very fertile, and the soil fif for all kinds of culture, but is 
 as yet untouched by the human hand. The whole country 
 is said to be covered with meadows, and bounding with 
 the best kind of timber, including oak, for ship-building. 
 The river Amoor teems with all kinds of fish, the most 
 delicate known, and some said to be strangers to other 
 waters. The forests are full of game, including bears and 
 wolves. Grain and bread were unknown to the natives, 
 who now eagerly seek the latter in their barter with the 
 Russians. 
 
 The N. part of East Siberia con.sists of two distinct por- 
 tions, the one extending from Ion. 105° K. to the lower valley 
 of the Lena, and the other from that valley to Beh ring's Sea. 
 The former portion is very imperfectly known; but the lat- 
 ter, a^ far as the Kolyma, is traversed from N. to S. by chains 
 of low liills, separated from each other by wide valleys or 
 open plains, and generally overgrown with stunted larch 
 and birch. In these valleys and plains are numerous lake.s, 
 generally well supplied with fish, and bordered by low 
 banks, on which a rich grassy sward is often .seen. Another 
 remarkable feature in this locality is the number of all/uty, 
 or dry lakes, con.sisting of a kind of wide basins, .so far be- 
 low the general level of the suiface as to have become filled 
 with water when the rivers overflowed their banks, and yet 
 so shallow, that the clefts produced by the winter frost form 
 natural drains, through which the water escapes, and leaves 
 the lakes almost dry. The alluvial bottom, owing to the 
 richness of the soil, immediately on the arriv.al of summer, 
 becomes clothed with the finest turf. When the drainage 
 is less complete, extensive morasses are formed, covered 
 only with moss or stunted larches, and so destitute of pro- 
 per pasture, that the districts in which they prevail are 
 almost uninhabited. To tlie E. of the Kolyma, branches 
 from the Stanovoi Mountains .stretch X., and form a series 
 of ranges which frequently ri.se from 2000 to 3000 feet 
 Some of these penetrate to the X. coast, and are seen form- 
 ing precipitous cliffs at Shelatskoi Xo.s, Cape Xorth, and 
 other headlands. Other ramifications from the Stanovoi 
 pursue an opposite course, and traverse the remarkable 
 peninsula of Kamtchatka almost centrally to its S. ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 Jiivers and Lales. — The rivers are both numerous and of 
 great magnitude. From the configuration of the counti-y, 
 they almost all flow in a X. direction, and belong to the 
 basin of the Arctic Ocean. The only exceptions are in the 
 E., where the Anadeer flows E. into Behring's Sea, and a 
 great number of small strcims, following the same direction, 
 fall either into the same sea or into the Sea of Okhotsk; 
 and in the S.E., where the Amoor forms the boundary on 
 the side of the Chinese Empire, and consequently belongs 
 to the basin of the Xorth Pacific. The great rivers belong- 
 ing to the Arctic basin flow for the most part through im- 
 mense tracts of level country, and hence are remarkable at 
 once for the length of their course, the volume of water 
 which they accumulate from numerous and important 
 affluents, and the few obstacles which they present to a 
 continuous navigation. The advantages w hich they offer in 
 the latter respect are diminished by the long period during 
 which they are frozen over; but even then they do not 
 cease to be available for traffic, and become, in fact, the 
 great highways of the country. The Obi is one of the 
 largest rivers of the Old World ; the length of its course is 
 24(X) miles. Among its important affluents, many of them 
 magnificent rivers, are the Irtish. Ishim, and Tobol, which, 
 by uniting their streams, more than double its volume; the 
 Tom. Tchoolim. and Ket. The estuary of the Obi forms a 
 gulf from 70 miles to 80 miles wide, and above 400 miles 
 long. The quantities offish taken in it, and along the wlioie 
 
 1777 
 
SIB 
 
 SIB 
 
 oon's-e of th • rireh, And jq its tributaries, are almost incre- 
 dib's. According toKrman, the quantity consumed in the 
 government of Tfobnlsk aloue, and wliolly taken from it, 
 cannot be less than 65.000 tons annu.illy. 
 
 The Yenisei, the second river in importance, if measured 
 from the commenrement of the Selenga, its remotest tribu- 
 tary, exceeds in length that of the Obi by 100 miles. Its 
 most important affluents are the Selenga: the Angara, 
 which receives the disdiarge of the lake, and, in the lower 
 part of its course, takes the name of Upper Toongooska; the 
 Sliddle Toongooska, and the Lower Toongoo.ska. The estuary 
 of the Yenisei is about 20 miles wide, and 200 miles long. 
 The Lena has a course of about 2400 miles. It rises scarcely 
 20 miles W. of Lake Riikal, and becomes navigable at 50 
 miles from its source. Its principal affluents are the 
 Vitim, which has a course of "Oio miles, of which a consider- 
 able part is navigable ; the Olekma, which flows 500 miles 
 through interminable forests ; the Aldan, draining an ex- 
 ten.sive tract of table-land between Ion. 125° and 140° E.; 
 and the Viliooi, which rises in a mountainous district not 
 far from the lyiwer Toongooska. and flows W. for alxiut fiOO 
 miles. The Amoor. formed ljy the union of the Shilka and 
 Argoon, near lat. 63° X., Ion. 12'2° K.. has a lengtli, inclu- 
 ding its longest affluent, estimated at 2200 miles. It makes 
 three reniarkat)le bends, but flows in a general E. direction, 
 entering the Gulf of Saghalian about lat. 22° 27' X.. Ion. 
 14:0^ E. Its principal affluents from the X.. besides those 
 alreaJj' mentioned, are the Tcheekeeree (Tshikiri) and the 
 llenkon. In 1S49 the Amoor wa.s carefully explored by a 
 party of Co.ssacks. headed by the Russian Governor-General 
 and his statT, in two small iron steamers built at Shilka. a 
 mining settlement on the river of the s.ame name, and was 
 found everywhere navigable, without rapids or any other 
 serious encumbrances. The descent of the river occupied 
 33 days. At its mouth the party formed a settlement on a 
 deep and extensive harbor, protected from nearly ever}- wind 
 by the island of Kerafter or Saghalien. which the Russians 
 had taken pos.session of years before. The four large rivei-s 
 aixive mentioned for surpass in magnitude all the other 
 rivers of ;?il)eria. 
 
 The most important of the minor rivers which send their 
 waters directly to the Arctic Ocean, are the Taz. between 
 the Obi and Yenisei ; the Khatanga, the united Anabai-a and 
 Olera, and the Olenek, between the Yenisei and Lena: and 
 to the E. of the latter, the Y'ana, Indighirka. and Kolyma. 
 The course of the first is 500 miles; that of each of the two 
 last. "00 miles. These minor rivers. like the larger, abound 
 with fish, and at their mouths are frequented by such im- 
 mense tlocks of water-fowl, as often to darken the air for 
 miles around. ' 
 
 The only importint lakes are those of Baikal, in the go- 
 vernment of Irkootsk, and Balkash-Xor or Tengheez, chiefly 
 in the S. of the government ofOm.sk, but partly within the 
 Cliinese frontiers. Xumerous other lakes are scattered over 
 the surface, and more especially in the tundras, where 
 whole chains of them, covering extensive tracts, not unfre- 
 quently occur. 
 
 G-'M'tgy. — The geology of Siberia is very imperfectly 
 known, and hence, in the best maps of it which have been 
 publisijed, considerable tracts are left absolutelj- blank. 
 Granit* and crystalline schists are found chieHy on the K. 
 slopes of the Ural Mountains, in the S. among the moun- 
 tain ranges of the Altai, in the upper part of the biisin of 
 the Middle Toongooska. and in the very E. extremity of the 
 country, from Ion. 165° to the shores of Behrings Strait. 
 The volcanic rocks belong mostly to the tertiary period, and 
 are found chiefly in the S., in connection with the granite 
 and crystalline schists alwve described. They compose the 
 great mass of the mountain range which skirts the \V. shores 
 of Lake B.iikal. and are seen in a still more magnificent and 
 Interesting form in the mountains which proceed from X. to 
 S. nearly through the centre of the peninsula of Kamt- 
 ehatka. where several are active volcanoes. Palafozoic rocks, 
 including under the designation rocks belonging partly to 
 the Silurian, partly to the Devonian, and partly to the car- 
 boniferous systems, are developed, chief.y in the S., where 
 they occupy a large space in the form of a triangle, with its 
 apex at the town of Irkootsk, and the base on the parallel 
 of 60°. Another large development of the same rocks is 
 seen on the X.W. and N. of the Sea of Okhotsk, and to a 
 considerable distance inland. Secondary rocks, higlier in 
 the series than the carboniferous system, occupy a consider- 
 able tract on both sides of the upper valley of the Irtish : a 
 more partial development of the same rocks is seen on the 
 N. side of the Obi. But by far the most extensive formation 
 in Siberia is the tertiary, which stretches almost conti- 
 nuously from the last slopes of the Ural Mountains E., across 
 the ( )H to the valley of the Yenisei ; and in other qujirters. 
 though mOre intermingled with earlier formations, covers no 
 Inconsiderable portion of the whole surface. The shores of 
 the .\rctic Ocean, almost throughout the whole extent, and 
 to a c .nsidenible distance inland, have a deep alluvial covei^ 
 ing. reraai'kai>le for containing deposits of fo.esil elephants 
 and olheranimals in such quantities, that the Ivorj- obtained 
 from them forms an impcrtimt article of commerce. 
 1778 
 
 J/incraZs.— The minerals of Siberia are of immense valnei, 
 and though the real extent of surfiice on which they are 
 found is as yet only roughly guessed at, there cannot be a 
 doubt that the most precious of all the netals exists here in 
 greater abundance than in any other part of the Old World. 
 Till recently, the auriferous deposits were supposed to be 
 almost confined to the E. slopes of the UraUMountains, and 
 to occupy a zone extending from 5° to 6° of latitude to 
 the X. and S. of Yekaterinlxiorg. The gold obtained from 
 this zone never exceeded .42,500,000 in any one year, and 
 had even begun to decrease, in consequence of the exhaustion 
 of the .alluvia of certain tracts, when it was discovered that 
 some of the E. regions, particularly in the governments of 
 Tomsk and Yeniseisk, were highly auriferous, and that a 
 tract larger in area than the whole of France contains gold, 
 not in its alluvia, but in the very m.atrix of its rocks of 
 pal;t»zoic schists and limestone. These regions alone, in 
 1S43, raised gold to the value of $11,250,000, being more than 
 two-thirds of the wliole produce of the Russian Empire. 
 
 The principiil mining districts are those of the VvaX Moun- 
 tains already mentioned, the .\ltai, and XertcLinsk. in the 
 basin of the Amoor. In the first, besides gold, a good deal of 
 copper and iron, and some silver and platinum, are obtained. 
 The second district extends over a great part of the Altai 
 range, but has its central locality at Barnaul. Its produce 
 In gold, which used to be small, h.^s lately been much in- 
 creased. It has also extensive veins of copper, though the 
 ore in general is not very rich, and hence, unless very easily 
 smelted, is scarcely worth working. Argentiferous lead also 
 is found, but in less abundance. Iron, remarkable for its 
 natural malleable properties, arsenic, and antimony, exist in 
 the same district. In the district of Xertchinsk, the mines, 
 which are worked over an extent of 160 miles, are particu- 
 larly rich in lead, tin, zinc, and iron. The lateral valleys 
 of the Yablonoi Mountains running from them into the 
 longitudinal valley of the Shilka, have also been found to 
 he highly auriferous, and are now, as already mentioned, 
 yielding large quantities of gold. In the same district of 
 Xertchinsk, are also celebrated mines of emerald and topaz, 
 found generally in connection with tin lodes. 
 
 The other minerals of Siberia deserving of notice are salt, 
 found in natural crystals on the banks of lake.', chiefly in 
 the steppes of Ishim and Baraba; jasper and porphyry of 
 great beauty, quarried especially in the valley of the 
 Charysh, among the Altai Mountains; lapis-lazuli, found 
 among the mountains in the vicinity of Lake Baikal; dia- 
 monds, found occasionally on the £. slopes of the Ural 
 Mountains: and malachite, obtained in gi-eater or less 
 quantity from all'the mining district.s. 
 
 Climate. — This country is remarkable for the rigor of its 
 climate. The Isothermal line which skirts the S. coast of 
 Iceland. In proceeding E., descends rapidly till it reaches St, 
 Petersburg, and then more gradually till it reaches Ion. 100° 
 E., where it is found in lat. 52°. From this point it proceeds 
 nearly due E., pa.ssing through the S. part of Lake Baikal^ 
 the town of Xertchin.sk, and the S. extremity of Kamt- 
 chatka. It thus appears that the S. coast of Iceland, in 
 lat. 63°. has the same mean temperature as East Silieria in 
 lat. 52°. In lik<» manner, the line of permanent ground- 
 frost descends in parts of Siberia as far S. as lat. 56°, nearly 
 the same as that of Edinburgh : and over the whole country, 
 E. of the Ural Mountains, is as low as lat. 60°. Erman 
 found In Yakootsk, in a well which had been sunk to the 
 depth of 42 feet, that the fine sand and clay wei-e so frozen 
 that the spade was useless, and the miner's pickaxe alone 
 could pierce them; and proceeding on the assumjition that 
 the heat of the earth increases in a certain ratio from the 
 surface to the centre, calculii_tes that in this locality the 
 melting point of ice or snow, and consequently the depth to 
 which the well must have been sunk to obtain water, was 
 not less than ftJO feet, lie found that annually between 
 the 17th of December"^and ISth of February, and most fre- 
 quently in the first three weeks of J.anuarv, cold is experi- 
 enced exceedin'.: 40° Reaumur or 58° Fahrenheit, in other 
 words, a cold 90° Fahrenheit Ijelow the freezing point; and 
 that for two entire months, or one-sixth part of the whole 
 year, mercury is a solid body. This extreme winter is suc- 
 ceeded by an exceedingly warm summer. The thaw 
 usually commences on the first of .\pril. and the tempera- 
 ture increases rapidly till it attains itii maximum in July. 
 In this month the average height of the thermometer is 
 al)Out 66° Fahrenheit: but it not unfrequently rises in the 
 shade above 77°. The climate of Yakootsk. however, is 
 admitted to be extreme even in Siberia, for in the W. part 
 of it mercury does not freeze every year except in very liigh 
 latitudes: and even on tlie shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, 
 owing probably to the influence of the sea. Erman did not 
 find the ground frozen. In Yakoot.sk. notwithstanding its 
 long and extreme winter, there are 128 days in the year 
 without frost; and within that period several kinds of grain, 
 not excluding wheat, have time to attain maturity: and in 
 rich alluvial soils often produce a return of fiftecntVild. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures are very iMnited, and 
 
 are confined for the most part to a few of the larger towns, 
 
 i where government factories ha\e been established. Tho 
 
SIB 
 
 more important articles are leather, earthenware, porcelain, 
 glass, and hardware. In some places, as at Telraa, large 
 woollen and linen factories employ a considerable number 
 of hands, chiefly exiles, in weaving woollen and linen cloth, 
 and in conducting all the previous processes of preparing 
 the wool, flax, Ac. Tliese tissues are generally of a coai-se 
 description, and are not in great demand, as almost all the 
 articles of ordinary dress are provided at liome. and formed 
 with comp.aratively little trouble, out of the skins of rein- 
 deer, sheep, and various other animals. Among the O.stiaks 
 a clothing made of fish-skin, very impervious to cold, is 
 very commonly worn. 
 
 Tra'lf., dJc. — The trade is of considerable extent; and in so 
 far as confined to the produce of the country, consist.'? 
 chiefly of cattle, fish, caviar, furs, skins, and metals. A 
 very important transit trade is also carried on across the 
 country between Russia in Kurope and China. From the 
 latter country by far the most important article is tea, both 
 in the dried leaf and in the form of cakes or bricks. The 
 greater part of the latter is disposed of to the nomadic tribes, 
 and a very large proportion of the former never passes be- 
 yond the limits of Siberia, but is retained for home con- 
 sumption. Other articles of importance from China are 
 coar.se cotton stuffs, rhubarb, silks, satins, &c. The princi- 
 pal mart for this trade is the town of Iviakhta. situated S. 
 of Ijiike Baikal, close to the Chinese frontier ; here it is car- 
 ried on in a regular and recognised form under the superin- 
 tendence of both governments, and to such an extent that 
 the annual value of the imports is estimated at not less 
 than $15,000,000. The greater p-irt of the traflic is carried 
 on by the Selenga to Lake Baikal, and thence by large ves- 
 sels to Irkootsk, from which a continuous communication 
 lies open by the Angara and Upper Toongooska to Yeniseisk, 
 on the Yenisei. A little below Yeniseisk the Kem furnishes 
 a water-communication westward, to a point within 40 miles 
 of (he navigable Ket. These 40 miles can only be accom- 
 plished by land-carriage, but thereafter the Ket gives im- 
 mediate access to the Obi, and the Obi. partly by its main 
 stream, and partly by its affluents Irtish and Tobol. affords 
 a continuous conveyance to Tobolsk, the commercial metro- 
 polis of Western Asia. &c., from which a highway across the 
 Urnl Mountains leads directly to I'erm. 
 
 Besides this main line of thoroughfare from China, a con- 
 siderable trade is carried on both with that country and 
 with several independent khanats, by means of caravans 
 which depart from I'etropaulovski on the Ishim, or .Semi- 
 palatinsk on the Irtish, and proceed S. across the moun- 
 tains to Eelee, Tashkend, Kokan. &c. For the interior 
 traflic the rivers naturally furnish the most important con- 
 veyance; but when these become closed with ice. other 
 means of conveyance must be resorted to, among which the 
 most characteristic is that of sledges drawn by reindeer or 
 dogs. In carrying on the trade of a country so vast in ex- 
 tent, and so thinly peopled, it is obviously necessary to 
 select certain central localities, and fix certain stated sea- 
 sons, for the transaction of business between buyers and 
 sellers; and accordingly the fairs of .Siberia are remarkable 
 both for the value and quantity of the goods brought for- 
 ward, and the vast crowds of dealers whom they attract 
 from the remotest quarters. The most extensive of these 
 fairs are those of Obdorsk. on the Obi ; Tooi-ookansk. on the 
 Yenisei; Oostyansk, (Uatiansk.) on the Yana; and Ostro- 
 nowo. on an affluent of the Kolyma. The principal towns 
 are Tobolsk. Obdorsk, Tomsk, Omsk. Krasnoiarsk, Irkootsk, 
 and Yakootsk. 
 
 People. — It is estimated that three-fourths of the whole 
 population of Siberia are Russian, and consist either of 
 •voluntary emigrants, who have found it their interest to 
 nettle in the country, or of exiles and their descendants. In 
 the course of the seventeeth centurj', and more especially 
 of the eigliteenth, the czars began to transport thither 
 convicts and criminals. The first colonists of this character 
 were the various dissenters from the Russian Orthodox 
 church. Whole villases or communities were thus trans- 
 ported, receiving in different parts of Siberia vast tracts of 
 land. These colonists formed communities in the same way 
 as they were organi/ed in the mother country, having equal 
 privileges of self-administration with the crown-peasants, on 
 paying a small tribute to the treasuiy. Their return to 
 Kuropean Russia is strongly prohibited; but they enjoy per- 
 lect liberty of worship according to their doctrines and 
 usages. When the riches of the .\ltai Mountains were first 
 discovered, transportation to the mines took the place of 
 capital punishment; this punishment having l)een abolish- 
 ed in 1740, under the Empress Klizabeth. Disgraced favo- 
 rites, official defaulters, and, finally, political offenders were 
 sent thither for life, or for the term of their punishment. 
 Among the first in the eighteenth century were .Menchikoff 
 ■ind iiiron — both of whom had omnipotently ruled the 
 empire and the field — Marshal Miinich. and several others. 
 
 At present, transportation to Siberia is a penalty admi- 
 cistered for all kinds of crimes and offences. For burglary, 
 tlieft, smuggling and violation of the excise, the punish- 
 ment is hard labor for life, or for a certain term of years ; 
 after which the felon becomes a colonist, receiving land, and 
 
 SIB 
 
 a house Smaller offences are punished with transporta- 
 tion for a less number of years, with the privilege of return- 
 ing to Russia. Serfs condemned for any offence whatever 
 never return into bondage; and thus Siberia becomes, to 
 them at least, a land of emancipation. Political offenders 
 are generally incorporated into battalions, forming the corps 
 of the Siberian army. If the verdict does not define tho 
 exact number of years of their service, they remain in the 
 army 20 or 25 years, and then resign to become colonists 
 and members of some community. The distinction of the 
 social organization of Siberia is, that no kind of serfiiom 
 exists, or can be introduced. Almost the only distinction 
 of classes is that of the government officials. Nobility, with 
 its privileges, is a thing unknown. The whole soil of 
 Siberia belongs to the crown; and it is already a fixed prin- 
 ciple with the emperors not to surrender any crown lands. to 
 serfdom on any pretense. 
 
 The bulk of the Russian population in Siberia, by which 
 the Aidiments of civilization have K>en introduced, consists 
 of merchants trading thither, whose communities extend 
 from the Ural Mountains to the mouth of the Amoor. They 
 are established in boroushs and cities, or in agricultural 
 districts, but perform military duties and those of internal 
 police. 
 
 The native races and tribes scattered over the different 
 parts of Siberia are very numerous. Beginning at the Ural 
 Mountains and proceeding E., we find the Samoieds inha- 
 biting the N.W. of Siberia, and immediately S. of them the 
 Ostiaks occupy both sides of the Obi, up to the confluence of 
 the Irtish, the N. part of the steppe of Baraba. and the whole 
 of the woody region E. to the banks of the Yeni.sei. They 
 live by fishing and hunting, and though their phy.sical 
 structure is by no means robust, they di.splay great dexterity 
 and courage in attacking the larger and fiercer animals. loth 
 of the land and water. Some of them have embraced Chris- 
 tianity, but the great majority continue addicted to Sha- 
 manism. In the S., among the Altai Mountjiin.a. the Cal- 
 niucks predominate, but have laid aside a number of the 
 usual peculiarities of their race. The Booriats, the most 
 numerous of all the Siberian tribes, dwell chiefly on both 
 sides of Ijake Baikal, and E. as far as the Onon. " They are 
 of Mongol origin, and closely allied to the natives of the N. 
 provinces of China, both in language and customs. The 
 Toongooses or Tunguzes. the most widely dispersed of all 
 the native tribes, are considered the best formed of the 
 native Siberians. They are very expert horsemen, live 
 chiefly by hunting, possess such skill in the working oif iron 
 as enables them to prepare their own firearms, and are ge- 
 nerally addicted to Shamanism. The Yakoots. alreaily 
 mentioned, have made, considerable progress in civilization, 
 and pay some attention to the education of their children. 
 They are of Tartar origin, and not a few of them are nominal 
 converts to Christianity, though the majority still adhere 
 to Shamanism. The Tchooktchees occupy the peninsula in 
 the N.E. of Siberia. They are very jealous of their inde- 
 pendence, and cm scarcely be said to be nominally subject 
 to Russia. Their language proves them to have a common 
 origin with the Esquimaux. The Mantchoo country, situ- 
 ated on the left side of the Amoor, is occupied by a few 
 nomadic bands of Tartars, no fixed settlement of any kind 
 existing there. 
 
 The governments of Siberia are organized and governed 
 like those in European Russia. The capital of AVestern Si- 
 beria is Tobolsk, on the river Irtish. The city of Irkootsk, 
 situated at the confluence of three rivers, of which the 
 Angara forms the principal, is the capital of Eastern Sil)eria. 
 The site, surrounded by elevated wooded hills, is very pictu- 
 resque. Irkootsk has about 6000 inhabitants, and the seat 
 of the archbishopric for the whole region. The natives are 
 gradually converted, and. as far as possible, the clergy se- 
 lected from among them, the rites of the church being per- 
 fbrmed in their own dialects. Various languages — Greek, 
 Latin, I'oli.sh, Russian, Mantchoo, Tartar. &c. — are severally 
 employed for this purpose in Sil)eria. The army of Siberia 
 consists of 16 battalions of infantry, and a brigade of artil- 
 lery. A line of fortified posts protects the country on the 
 side of Independent Toorkistan. 
 
 History. — Siberia appears to have been partly conquered 
 by Jenghis-Khan and his successors, but did not become 
 known to Europe till 1580, when a Cossack, called Yermak 
 Timofeyew, who had long robbed the ves.sels which navi- 
 gated the Volga, finding liimself hotly pursued by the Czar 
 of Moscow, crossed over into Asia with his accomplices. 
 Their number sufficed to form a small army, and their 
 courage soon enabled them to acquire extensive settlements. 
 These Yermak offered to the Czar on the condition of obtain- 
 ing pardon. The offer was ait-epted. and thus lUissia for 
 the first time obtained a fix>ting in Asia. The conquered 
 territories belonged to the Tnrt.ar Prince Kutshum-Khan, 
 and included his residence, which, called by the natives 
 I.sker, and by the Cossacks Sibir, has given name to the 
 whole country. The conquests of Yemiak continued E., 
 and though interrupted for a time by his death in 1.5S4, 
 were gradually extended, till the whole country W. of the 
 Obi was subjected to the Czar. In lfi04 the town of Tomsk 
 
 1779 
 
 Itr: 
 
SIB 
 
 was fotin.led, aiid became a centre from which new expedi- 
 tions ^^(•re fitte-i out and new conquests m.ide. I'rivate 
 lidventurers, instiuated chiefly by the hope of plunder, pi-o- 
 ceeUed in all directions to tlie S., where, not without serious 
 reverses, they succeeded in expellinj^ the Kirgheez; and to 
 the K., where tbev entered the biisiu of the Lena, subdued 
 the Yakoots. and" finally, after passin-; the Aldan Moun- 
 tains, reached tlie Sea of Okhotsk. A further extension of 
 conquests to the S. brought the adventurers into colli.-iion 
 wKh the Chinese, and both govertiuients taking part iu the 
 quarrel, a war, tlireatening the existence of one or other of 
 UiB empires, liecame imminent. It wa.s, liowever, prevented, 
 partly by the intervention of the Je.-^uit« re.4dent at Peking, 
 !!nd a treaty in 1689 definitively fixed th^ boundarie.« of tlie 
 two empires. A second treaty in 1727, confirming the former, 
 regulated thecomuierci.il intercourse, andcontiiied it to the 
 
 two localities of Kiakhta and Maimaiti-hin. Adj. and 
 
 iniiab. Siukkiax. si-bee' re-an. 
 
 81B'F0r.l) UOWElt, a hamlet of England, co. of OxfoM. 
 SlIUDULU. se-be-doo-loo', a town of West Africa, in Sene- 
 gamliia. Mandiugo country. 45 miles X.N.W. of Bammakoo. 
 t^IlU'I^A, a post-ofHce of Washington parish, Louisiana. 
 cllilLIjA, MONTE DELLA, mon'tA del'ld se-beel'Id, one 
 of tlie chief summits of the Apennines, in Central Italy, 
 near the Eastern lioundary of Unibria, 26 miles N.E. of 
 Sl)i>lcto. Height, 7409 feet. 
 
 SIBKAII, Al, t siWkdh, or LOWREAII, Iciw-dee'?, (i. t. 
 " El Watee/a, low or marshy ground,") an extensive salt 
 lake of North Africa, regency of Tunis, is intersected by the 
 parallel of 33° 30' N. lat., and the ninth meridian of E. Ion. 
 Length, about 80 miles; breadth, near 20 miles. In summer 
 it is dried up, exhibiting nolliing but a crust of Siilt. 
 SIBKIM, a state of North llindostan. See SiKKiy. 
 SIB'LEY. a county in the E.S.E. part of Minnesota, con- 
 tains abi.ut GoO square miles. It is bounded on the N. liy 
 the North Fork of Crow Kiver, on the S.E. by the, St. I'eters, 
 and intersectiHl by the South Fork of Crow Itiver. Minne- 
 tonka L:»ke, near 30 miles long, extends across the county. 
 The surface is generally undulating, and diversified by 
 prairies and woodlands; the soil is productive. This county 
 is not named in the census of 1850, having been formed 
 since that year. Capital, Henderson. Pop. in 1860, 3609. 
 
 SIBLEY, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, on the 
 Missouri Kiver, 16 miles N.E. of Independence. It is a 
 shipping-point for produce. 
 
 SiBNIBAS, sili^ne-bis', (Hindoo, jSVanir<i.«a,) a town of 
 British India, presidency of Bengal, district of Nuddea, 60 
 miles N.N.E. of Calcutta, with ruins of a palace, and several 
 pagodas. 
 
 SlIVSEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 4^ miles 
 N.N.E. of Boston. It has a station on the Lincolnshire 
 Railway. 
 SIB'SON; a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 SIBSOX, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 SIB'THOUl'E, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 SllVTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 SIBUYAN, see-boo-yin', an island of tlie JIalay Archi- 
 pelago, one of the Philippines, 40 miles N. of Panay, Lat. 12° 
 14' N.. Ion. 122° 45' E. Length, 15 miles ; breadth, 10 miles. 
 SICANIA. See Sicily. 
 
 SICASICA. se^kd-see'kd, a town of South America, in Bo- 
 livia, department, and 57 miles S. of La Paz. 
 SI-CHAN. See See-Shan. 
 
 SICHEM, see-shSNo', a town of Belgium, province of South 
 Brabant, on the Demer, 3 miles W. of Diest. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SICH EM, a village of Belgian Limbourg, 5 miles S.W. of 
 Maestricht. 
 
 SICHE.M. SeeN'ABloos. 
 
 SICUEX-SUSSEN-ET-B0LR£, see'sSs"' sUs'sSn"' A bolVA', 
 a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 18 miles S.E. 
 of Hasselt. Pop. 1093. 
 
 SICIGN ANO. se-cheen-yd'no. a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Priucipato Citra, 12 miles S.E. of Campagna. P. 2200. 
 SICILIES, KINGDOM OF THE TWO. See Naples, and 
 Sicily. 
 
 SICILY, sis'il-e, (It. SicUia, se-chee'le-il ; Fr. Sicih; see^seel' ; 
 Sp. St'cUia, .se-thee'le-J ; Ger. Sicilien, sit-see'le-en ; Dutch, 
 SiciUe. se-see'le-A; anc. Trinafcria, Sicahiia. and SidVia.) 
 the largest island of the Mediterranean, forming an import- 
 ant part of the new kingiloni of Italy. It extends from 
 latitude 36° 41' 30" to 38° 18' N., and from longitude 12° 
 25' to 15° 40' E., being separated from the S.W. extremity of 
 Italy by the narrow Strait of Messina. It is nearly in the 
 form of a triangle, the three angular points of which are 
 formed by Cape Boeo in the W., Cape Passaro in the S.E.. and 
 Cape Faro in the N.E. The lungestof the sides, represented 
 by a straight line drawn from Cape Boeo to Cape Faro, is 180 
 miles; the next longest, from Cape Boeo to Cape Passaro, 171 
 miles ; and the sliortest, frr.m Cape Passaro to Cape Faro, 113 
 miles. Area estimated at 10,-556 square miles. 
 
 The coast, though presenting numerous small indenta- 
 tions, h.is few large bays. Of these, the moft marked are 
 the Gulls of Castel-a-Mare, Palermo, and Patti. on tlie N. ; 
 and tliose of Catania, Augusta, and Syracuse on the E. 
 The most conspicuous headlands are Capes San Vito, Dl 
 1780 ' 
 
 SIC 
 
 Gallo, Melazzo, and Faro on the N. ; Santa Croce, Jrorro di 
 Porco, and Passaro on the E. ; Current Point. Scalambra, 
 Alicata, and Ciranitola on the S. ; and Boeo on the W. 
 
 Face. I'fthe Country, Mmntains, <Cc. — The interior is finely 
 diver.sified. A range of mountains, commencintr in the N.K. 
 extremity of the i.sland. stretches across it in a W.S.W. direc- 
 tion, taking the name first of the Neptunian, and then of the 
 Madonian Mountains. This range, which gradually becomes 
 less elevated in proceeding W., throws out numerous rami- 
 fications, the most important of which, breaking off fri>m 
 near its centre, pivceeds somewhat circuitously S.E. towards 
 Syracu.se. The whole range liears a strong resemblance to 
 the branch of the Apennines which stretches to the S. extre- 
 mity of It'tly, and stixmgly countenances the opinion gene- 
 rally entertained, that it was originally continuous with it, 
 and that Sicily conse<4uently must at one time have been 
 not an island, but a part of the European continent. A tra- 
 dition lias always existed, that the separation was effected 
 by some tremendous convulsion of nature: and powers suf- 
 ficient to accomplish it are still .apparent in the tremendous 
 eartliquakes by whicli the island and the adjacent continent 
 have iieen visited within historic times, and the volcanic 
 .igeury still active in Stromboli. Lipari, and Etna. The last 
 is undoubtedly the most remarkable natural feature of 
 Sicily, and one of the greatest wonders of the world. Though 
 near the Neptunian range already referred to. it stands com- 
 pletely isolated, forming an immense cone, which at its base 
 has a circuit of 87 miles, and rises gradually from the plain, 
 till it attains the height of 10.874 feet. Compared with this, 
 all tlie other summits of the island are insignificant, the 
 loftiest of them. Calatabellota. Jlonte Cuccio, Monte Scuderi, 
 and Diunamare. liaving only the respective heii;htF of 3P90 
 feet, 3:129 feet, 3190 feet, and 3112 feet. The far greater part of 
 the mountains have a much less average height ; their sides 
 are generally covered with magnificent forests, wherever from 
 tlieir loftiness or ruggedness they cannot be brought under 
 regular cultivation. Between the mountains dwp and 
 romantic valleys often intervene, and occasionally the rug- 
 gedness of the country altogether disappears, giving place 
 to l)eautiful and fertile plains, stretching out alaiost as far 
 as the eye can reach. The most important of these plains 
 are those of Catania and Melazzo in thy N.E., Syracuse in 
 the S.E., and Terra Nova in the S. 
 
 GaU/xiy and Minerals. — Etna itself, and the large circular 
 space of which it terms the centre, extending over the whole 
 region that lies between Catania and Taormina, is covered 
 completely with volcanic products. Another tract, of less 
 extent, stretching S. from Canne to Chiaiiimoute. is similarly 
 composed. Granite, with gneiss and mica-schist, has its 
 only large development in tlie N.E., where_it forms Mount 
 San Filippo. The Jura limestone occupies only two small 
 patches: the larger on the N.E. coast, from Taormina to 
 Saneca, and the less still farther N., to the .?. of .Melazzo. 
 The series of nx'ks immediately above the linie-stone, and 
 belonging to the cretaceous system, cover at least a half of 
 the whole surface of the island. They extend without in- 
 terruption along the N. coast, from Cape Orlando to Cape 
 Zaffarano, occupy the far greater part of the peninsulas be- 
 tween the Gulfs of Palermo and Castel-a-Mare, and between 
 the latter gulf and the town of Trapani form the great mass 
 of the Neptunian and Madonian nanges. and fill np the 
 whole centrjil part cf the island, stretching from its N. to its 
 S. shores. The rocks of the teitiary formation occur chiefly 
 in the S-Fl. and the W. In the former direction tliey line 
 the whole coast, from Cape Santa Croce S. past Syracuse to 
 Cape Passaro. and ttien. with a slight interruption, continue 
 along the S.E. coast, past Cape Sc.ilanibra to the mouth of 
 the Drillo. The only alluvial tract of any extent is in the 
 E., where it stretclies along the S. part of the Gulf of Cata- 
 nia, and thence inland along the left bank of the Glaretta. 
 Similar patches of alluvium occur on the S. coast, at the 
 mouths of the Terra-Nova and the Salso. 
 
 The minerals of Sicily are more numerous than valuable. 
 They include argentiferous lead, quicksilver, iron, copper, 
 and antimony, in quantifies so limited that few of them are 
 worked ; lignite, bitumen, petroleum, and naphtha, ashe.stos, 
 gypsum, emery, alum, rock-salt, nitre, sulphur, and a great 
 variety of marbles, agates, chalcedonies, and jaspers. The 
 most important of all these is sulphur, which has been 
 worked in mines for more than three centuries, and is exten- 
 sively exported. 
 
 Kivers, &c. — The rivers are very numerous, and not a few 
 of them of classical celebrity, but they are individually in- 
 significant, and in summer are often almost without water. 
 The most deserving of notice are the Giaretta or Simetus, on 
 the E. coast ; the Salso, Platani, Calatabellota or Isbnra, and 
 Belice. on the S, and S,W,: and the Termini. Fiume Grande, 
 and PoUina, on the N. There are no lakes worthy of the 
 name; the largest is Lentini, not far from the E coast. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is excellent, and, except in some 
 spots where the air becomes tainted ty the ettiuvia of mo- 
 ra.sses and stagnant pools, very healthy. The therinomet»>r 
 in the hottest days lises to 90° or 92°. and, even in (he depth 
 of winter, very seldom falls below 36°: the medium tem- 
 1 perature is 62° 5'. The sky in summer is for th? moi<t part 
 
SIC 
 
 beautifully clear and serene, but after the autumnal equl- 
 uox dews and fogK increase, and rain falls in frequent and 
 heavy showers. The previiilins; winds, the N. and W.. are 
 dry and salubrious; those from the E. render the atmo- 
 gphero hazy and dense, and are often accompanied with rain 
 and thunder ; the most annoyini? wind is the S.K. or sirocco, 
 whi<'h. blowing from the deserts of Africa, not only is almost 
 intolerable Jrom its stiHiiig heat, but produces oppressive 
 dejecticm and lassitude. Durinn; its continuance, srenerally 
 from three to four days, the natives confine themselves to 
 their hou.ses, carefully closinp: every door and window. The 
 quantity of rain that falls yearly is about 26 inches. The 
 reaular rains usually commence in Novemiier. and continue 
 to fall at intervals, often in very heavy torrents, with vivid 
 lijrhtninijcs and occasional snow storms, till March, while long 
 droughts prevail from April to November not unfrequently, 
 particularly in the interior, to the serious injury of the har- 
 vest and vintage. Another evil from which Sicily suffers is 
 the fre(iuency of eartliiiuakes. These have repeatedly spread 
 fearful devastation over wliole tracts of country. 
 
 Vigetilli/m., Agriculture., dJc. — Moth the climate and soil of 
 Sicily procure for it a large amount and great variety of vege- 
 table products. The hilly regions, presenting alternately bold 
 crags and undulating slopes, are generally clothed with 
 forests of fine timber, among which the prevailing trees are 
 oak, ash, pine. elm. and chestnuts ; or covered with jjastures, 
 ou which numerous flocks and herds are reared. In the lower 
 grounds cultivation is general, and the crops are often re- 
 markable for their luxuriance, though the mode of culture is 
 for the most part unskilful and careless in the extreme. The 
 implements in use have remained unimproved for centuries ; 
 and the grain is still thrashed out by being trodden under 
 the feet of cattle. The most important crops are wheat, 
 maize, barley, and lentils or other pulse. Artificial gr.isses, 
 consisting partly of grain crops, and partly of permanent 
 meadow, occupy a considerable extent of surface, but are far 
 less productive than they miglit easily become by the intro- 
 duction of proper modes of irrigation. Many of the deeper 
 and lower grounds are devoted to the growth of hemp. 
 
 Next to grain, the most important objects of culture are 
 the vine and the olive. The produce of the vine is partly 
 dried into raisins, but is much more frequently converted 
 into wines of various kinds, and generally of ricli flavor. 
 The produce of the olive is abundant, but from subsequent 
 mismanagement often fails to yield oil of the first quality. 
 Other vegetaljle products deserving of notice are the mul- 
 berry, extensively used in rearing silk-worms; saffron, 
 Bumach. and barilla, all of which, in the loctilities best 
 adapted for them, are regularly cultivated on a large scale ; 
 cotton, which has its chief locality near Mazzara ; manna, 
 obtained by incisions in the bark of a species of ash, {Fraxi- 
 nii.s orjiMS.) and in such quantities in the neighborhood of 
 Castel-a-Mare, Carini, Cefalu. and Caroni.a. as to yield an an- 
 nual revenue of above S'200,000 ; various species of fruit, 
 more especially the Indian fig or prickly pear, {Cactus opnn- 
 tia,) on whii.'h, when in season, great numbers of the lower 
 orders subsist; the almond, of which numerous groves are 
 scattered over the island ; the common fig, extremely deli- 
 cious when fre.sh; the date, very common under the Sara- 
 cens, but now much neglected; the liquorice plant, growing 
 spontaneously on the plains, furnishing a considerable quan- 
 tity of liquorice for export; and the sugar-cane, which 
 thrives well, and continued to be extensively cultivated till 
 its produce was driven out of the market by that of Brazil. 
 To these might be added a great number of trees and plants 
 valuable for fruit, fibre, medicinal properties, or the essences 
 extracted from them. 
 
 Animals. — The domestic animals of Sicily, with the excep- 
 tion of goats, of which there is a good breed, and of mules, 
 to the proper rearing of which a great degree of attention is 
 paid, are of an inferior description. The horses, though de- 
 scended from those of Barbary, have lost traces of the good 
 qualities for which the parent race are distinguished ; and 
 the sheep, with the exception of a few improved merinoes, 
 rank low in respect both of the carcass and wool. The oxen 
 are strong, and tolerably well formed, but the cows are ill 
 adapted for the dairy. Swine are numerous, and where" 
 there are tracts of forest thrive vigorously; in general, 
 however, the breed is wretched in the extreme. 
 
 Manufactures, TrmJe, <tc. — The manufactures are of very 
 limited extent, and when not entirely domestic, are confined 
 to a few of the larger towns. They include the ordinary 
 silk, woollen, linen, and cotton tissues, for the most part of a 
 :!Oarser description ; oilcloths, leather, cordage, glass, earthen- 
 ware, &e. The trade suffers mucli from w,ant of inland 
 communication, but considering tlie vast extent of sea-coast, 
 ind the many valuable products indigenous to the island, 
 would soon become far more important than it is, were the 
 Inhabitants more industrious and enterprising. Ttie only 
 branch of trade for which the Sicilians seem to show any 
 particular predilection is that of fishing; the fisheries along 
 the coast are the finest in the Mediterranean. By far the 
 most productive is that of the tunny, for the capture of 
 which at the proper season whole fleets of boats are fitted 
 out. The mullet and anchovy fisheries are also of great 
 
 SIC 
 
 value, and numerous varieties of testacea and crustacwi 
 affording delicate food, are taken throughout the year. Tht 
 coral fishery on the African coast is frequented by many 
 fishermen from Trapani, where the coral procured is polished 
 The most important articles of export are grain, fruit, wines 
 and spirits, sulphur, oil, sumach, liarilla, silk, liquorice, ann 
 cream-of-tartar; of imports, colonial produce, cotton aud 
 woollen yarn, silk, linen, cotton and woollen goods, hides, 
 hardware, &c. Messina, Palermo, Trapani, and Catania are 
 the chief seats of commerce. 
 
 Divisions, Population, <£c. — Sicily is divided into 7 pro- 
 vinces, the names, areas, and populations of which are giveo 
 in the following table; — 
 
 Provinces, 
 
 Area in 
 S(j. ni. 
 
 Pop. in 
 1850. 
 
 Chief Cities. 
 
 Pop. in 
 
 1850. 1 
 
 Caltanisetta 
 
 1,192 
 l.Jffi 
 1,377 
 I,:i90 
 
 1,»8S 
 1.484 
 1,X«0 
 
 179,512 
 379.991 
 ■iM,187 
 3+9,484 
 47S,788 
 ^37,814 
 182,809 
 
 Caltanisetta 
 
 Catania 
 
 Girgenti 
 
 Messina 
 
 Pulermo 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 56,100 
 18,.i(i9 
 97,074 
 167,222 
 10,949 
 24,927 
 
 Girgenti 
 
 Messin». 
 
 Palermo 
 
 Nolo 
 
 TrapaDi 
 
 Trapani 
 
 Total 
 
 10,556 
 
 2,041,583 1 
 
 
 Government, People, dx. — Sicily, though an integriil part of 
 the kingdom of .Naples, continued till within recent times to 
 posses.sitsownrepresent.ativeas.sembly. In 1812, an improved 
 constitution, under the auspices and on the model of that of 
 Great Britain, was established, but the people generally being 
 altogether unprepared for it, expressed little regret when after 
 a shortlived existence of four years it was formally abolished 
 by the crown, and a virtual despotism was substituted in 
 its stead. Each intendency is governed by a prefect, with 
 a council and secretary. Each town has its judicial court; 
 superior courts are in Palermo, Messina, and Catania; and 
 a supreme wurt sits in Palermo, the capital. Tlie Uoman 
 Catholic is the established religion, and the great body of 
 the people nominally belong to it, though a considerable 
 number of Greeks, who profess the worship of their own 
 church, live in different parts of the i.sland, and more espe- 
 cially in the vicinity of Palermo. Education is chiefly in 
 the hands of the clergy, and is s.iid to be better conducted 
 than in South Italy. P.alermo and Catania have universi- 
 ties; there are colleges and academies in 21 towns, and f 
 primary and secondary school in each commune. In Cata 
 nia there are schoolsof mutual instruction. In all qnartert 
 a general listlessness prevails. The nobility, instead of de- 
 voting themselves to the duties of their station, spend most 
 of their time in paying and receiving cerynonious vi.sits, or 
 in dis.sipation and g.ambling; the common people aie effemi- 
 nate and indolent, and take every means of escaping from 
 hard labor and patient industry. The best specimens of 
 Sicilian manners are found among the peasantry, who, un- 
 infected by the vices of the towns, are sober, and tolerably 
 observant of the duties of domestic life. 
 
 Histori/. — According to early tradition, the first inhabit- 
 ants of Sicily were Cyclops and Lostrygonians, a kind of 
 fabulous beings, who long furnished the poets with ample 
 materials, of which, among others, Virgil h.as largely availed 
 him.self. Sicanians from Iberia .ifterwards gained such a 
 footing in the island as to change its name from Trinacria, 
 which it had hitherto borne, to that of Sicania. Siculi, 
 driven from Italy, crossed the straits, and having van- 
 quished the Sicanians, gave the island the name which if 
 still bears After a considerable interval the Greeks beg.an 
 to plant colonies on the coast, and founded a numl>er ot 
 towns, of which Syracuse, Agrigentum, and Messina became 
 the most celebrated. The island was conquered first by the 
 Carthaginians, and next by the Romans : and on the decline 
 of their empire, it was overrun by the Goths, who retahied 
 possession till Belisarius expelled them. In the beginning 
 of the ninth cetitury the Saracens became masters, and con- 
 tinued so till their expul.sion by the Normans, who rem.ained 
 long enough in possession to establish the feudal system in 
 all its rigor. In 1194, the Emperor Henry VI. established 
 the Swabian dynasty, whicli in its turn made way for that 
 of the French under Charles I., Duke of Anjou, whose 
 government, established in 12fi6, was suddenly terminated 
 in 1282, by the massacre known by the name of the Sicilian 
 Vespers. Princes of Aragon now became its sovereigns, and 
 reigned till 1516, when by the succession of Ferdinand the 
 Catholic, Sicily was annexed to the crown of Spain, whose 
 viceroys governed it till 1706, when a successful popular in- 
 surrection bestowed it on Austria. The peace of Utrecht in 
 1713 gave it to AMctor Amadeus. Duke of Savoy, who retained 
 it oniy tor four years, and restored it to Austria, receiving 
 Sardinia in exchange. In 1734 the Austrians were driven 
 out by the Spaniards, and in 1736 a peace was concluded, 
 confirming the possession to the infant Don Carlos, who 
 united Naples and Sicily into one kingdom, under the name 
 of the Two Sicilies, though in common parlance that of 
 Naples .alone is still commonly used to include both. In 
 1847, 1848, and 1849, attempts were made by the Siciliand 
 to shako off the NeapoliUin yoke, but without success 
 
 1781 
 
SIC 
 
 SIE 
 
 Having Vieen liberated from the tyranny of the Bourbons 
 by the"--ictories of Garibaldi in 1S61, Sicily was annexed to 
 the kii/gdom of Italy. See Naples. — Adj. and inhab. 
 SiciUAS, se-sil'yun; (It. Siciliano, se-che-le-4'no.) 
 
 SICII Y. a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, 16 miles W. 
 by S. of Hillsborough. 
 
 SICIIiY ISL.\ND, a postofiSce of Catahoula parish, Loui- 
 Eiana. 
 
 SICIXUS ISLAND. Sea Sieijjo. 
 
 SICULIANA, see-konl-yi'ad, a town of Sicily, intendancy, 
 and S miles W.N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 5300. Its situation 
 Ls unhealthy. Near it are some of the most extensive sul- 
 phur-mines in Sicily. 
 
 SICYOX. sis'e-ou, a city of ancient Greece, and the capital 
 of one of the earliest founded kingdoms in Europe, govern- 
 ment, and 9 mUes W.N.W. of Corinth, the remains of which 
 comprise a stadium in good preservatioli. 
 
 SI D.\S. See Seedas. 
 
 SID'HURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SIDKURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SIDDEBURE.V, sid'deh-booVen, a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince, and 13 miles E. of Groningeu. Pop. 13.3.5. 
 
 SID'DIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SIDDIXGTi^N. a chapelry of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 SID'DOXSBURG, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 12 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SIDE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SIDE. See Eskee-adalu. 
 
 SIDE'LTXG HILL. Pennsylvania, a mountain ridge, ex- 
 tending from the Maryland line across Bedford county into 
 Huntingdon, as far as the Juni.ita River, nearly parallel to 
 Cove or Tuscarora Mountain. 
 
 SIDELIXO HILL CREEK, n.^es in Dedfiird co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, and p.iSFps through Maryland into the Potomac River. 
 
 SIDEX.SIO, see'den-syo', a town of Sweden, 40 miles N. of 
 Hernosand. 
 
 SIDER, see'der, (Fr. Sierre, se-aiR',) a village of Switzer- 
 land, ciiuton of Valais, on the Rhone, 10 miles X.E. of Sion. 
 
 SIDERXO. se-d^R'no, a town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 biia Ultra II.. 3 miles X.E. of Gerace. Pop. 3S00. 
 
 SIDK'STR.\,XDS. a parish of Enirland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SIDI ABDALLAH, see'deedb-ddl'liJ, a small town of Xorth 
 Africa, in Morocco, on the Atlantic coast, 23 miles N.N.E. of 
 Mngadore. 
 
 SIDI ABDELAiaUMEN. see'dee' dVdSrmoo'mJn', a small 
 town of Xorth Africa, in Algeria, province of Oran, on the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 SIDI Bao-SOOUME or SIDI BU-SURME. seo'dee boo 
 sooB'mi, a small town of Xorth Africa, in Morocco, on the 
 coast. 15 miles X.X.E. of Mogadore. 
 
 SIDI FERUCIP, seo'dee' feh-riish' (?) a cape and bay of 
 North .\f! ica. in Algiers, and where the French army disem- 
 kirked June U. ISoO. 
 
 SIDI IBRAHIM, see'dee' ee'brd'heem', a small toivn of 
 North -Africa, in .\lgeria. province. 120 miles S.S.E. of Algiers. 
 
 SIDI KHALED. .see'dee Ki'lM'. a town of Algerian Sahara, 
 oasis of Ziban. 39 miies AV. by S. of Biskra. It is surrounded 
 by a wretched enclosure, and by palm trees, and outside the 
 walls is a mosque. Pop. about 1100. 
 
 SIDI SHEHi;, see'dee shje'r, a town of Asia Minor, pash- 
 alic of Karamania, 47 miles S.W. of Konioh. 
 
 SID'LAW, SEED'LAW or SUD'LOW HILLS, a mountain 
 range of Scotland, extending from Kinnoul Hill, near Perth, 
 N.E. to near Forfir, where they fork into two lines, pro- 
 ceeding to the sea, eastward to Redhead, and north-east- 
 ward to Stonehaven. Many of these hills are isolated, and 
 rise to about 14(X) feet. The most remarkable summit is 
 the celebrated Dunsinnan or Duusinane. 
 
 SID'LKSH.\M, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SIDMOUTII. sid'miith, a se:iport town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Devon, on the Sid, at its mouth, in the Briti.sh 
 Channel, 13 miles E.S.E. of Exeter. Pop. 3441. It is pictu- 
 resque, sheltered by hills, and greatly resorted to by visitors. 
 
 SID'XEY. a postrtown.ship of Kennebec co., Maine, on the 
 W. side of the Kennebec River, immediately N. of Augusta. 
 It has 6 churches, 4 stores, and a large tannery. The river 
 is here crossed by two ferries. Pop. 1782. 
 
 SIDXEY. a post-village of Sidney township, Delaware co., 
 New York. ne;ir the Susquehanna River, about 24 miles W. 
 by N. of Delhi. Pop. of the township, 1916. 
 
 SIDXEY, a post-office of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey. 
 
 SIDXEY. a handsome pw^t-village, capital of Shelby co., 
 Ohio, is situated in Clinton township, on the Great Miami 
 River, 72 miles W. by X. of Columbus. The Bellefontaine 
 and Indiana Railroad intersects tlie Dayton and Michigan 
 Railroad at this point. The site is an elevated plateau on 
 the W. bank of the river, having a public square in the 
 centre. The river affords a fine water-power, anda navigable 
 feeder of the Miami Canal passes through the place. Slaney 
 contains 7 churches, 2 newspaper otBces, 1 national bank, 2 
 other banks, 1 public hall, 1 foundry and machine-shop, 2 
 flouring-niill8,l |)laning mill, and 3 forwarding warehouses. 
 Pop. in 1S50, 1302 ; in 1860, 2055 ; in 1865, about 3000. 
 
 SIDNEY, a post-village of Marshall co., Indiana, 115 miles 
 N. of Indianapolis. 
 1782 
 
 SIDNEY, a village of Champaign co., Illinois, on the Salt 
 Fork of Vermilion River, about 10 miles S.E. of Urbannji. 
 
 SIDNEY, capital of Fremont co.. Iowa. See Appendix. , 
 
 SIDNEY, a town and county of Nova Scotia. See Sydney. 
 
 SID'XEY CENTRE, a post-oifiee. Delaware co.. New York. 
 
 SIDXEY PLAIXS, a small post-village of Delaware co., 
 N'ew York, on the Susquehanna Kiver, about 100 miles 
 AV.S.AV. of Alljany. 
 
 SIDOX, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi. 
 
 SIDOX. a tow7i of Palestine. See Said.a. 
 
 SIDOUR.-V. se-doo'rl, a town of Xorth-western Hindostan, 
 prot<?cted Sikh Territorv'. 25 miles E. of Uniballah. 
 
 SIDOUT. se-doot'. a town of British Indi.i. presidency of 
 Madras, district, and 12 miles E. of Cuddapah, on the N. bank 
 of the Pennar. 
 
 SIDPDOR, sid-poor', a town of the Guicowar's dominion, 
 6S miles W. of Ahmednugger. 
 
 SIEBELDINGEN, see'bel-dingVn. a village of Bavaria, in 
 Palatinate, near Landau. Pop. 1022. 
 
 SII<;bexbURGEX, see/ben-KidKcVn, ("the seven bo- 
 roughs,"') the German name of Transylvani.o, so named from 
 7 towns colonized in the twelfth century by a Saxon race. 
 See Tr-vxsylvania. 
 
 SIEBEXGEBIRGE. see'ben-gheh-beeRoVh. ("the seven 
 mount.ains.") a collection of heiufhts in Rhenish Prussia, 22 
 miles S.E. of Cologne, and X.W. of Coblentz, on the right bank 
 of the Rhine, and of which the Drarhentels is one. The 
 Ixiwenberg. the- most lofty, rises to 1560 feet above the sea. 
 They are liasaltic. 
 
 SIEBENLEIIN, seetwu-lain', a town of Saxony, 2 miles 
 S.E. of Xossen. Pop. 1486. 
 
 SIEBIEZ. a town of Russian Poland. See Sebesh. 
 
 SIECHAXOAVICE. a town of Ru.s.sia. See Ciechanowiec. 
 
 SIEDLCE, 8o-Jd'l'ts,4, a town of Poland, capital of a pro- 
 vince, 55 miles E.S.E. of Warsaw. Pop. 3000. It has a 
 noble residence, schools, and a town-hall. In 1831 it was 
 repeatedly taken and retaken, during the war between the 
 Rusi'ians and Poles. 
 
 SI EG, seeo. (anc. Si'fliis.) a river of Rhenish Prussia and 
 Westphalia, rises 10 miles X.E. of Siegen. flows W.. and joins 
 the Rhine 2 miles N. of Bonn, after a course of 80 miles. • 
 
 SIEGBERG, seeo'b^RG, a town of Rhfnish Prussia, 15 
 miles S.E. of Cologne on the Sieg. Pop. 1950. 
 
 SIE/GELS STt^E, a postK)fflce of Lincoln co., North Caro- 
 lina, 180 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 SIEGEN". seeg'en, a walled town of Prussian AVe.stph.ilia, 
 38 miles S.S.VV. of Arnsbei-g. Pop. 5260. It has manufac- 
 tures of leather, iron and steel wares, woollens and cottons. 
 
 SIEGHARDS or .SIEGHARTS. seeo'haRts. a m.nrket-town 
 of Lower .\ustria. 28 miles N.X.AV. of Krems. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SIEGHARDSKIRCHEX, 8eeG'haRts-k6«RKVn, a market- 
 town of Lower Austria, on the Erlau, 17 miles W.N.W. of 
 Vienna. 
 
 SIEGL.^HR, see'gldr. a village of Rhenish Prussia, go- 
 vernment of Cologne, near the Sieg. Pop. 1136. 
 
 SI EH KM, see'em, a town of Belgium, province of Brabant, 
 on the Demer, 14 miles X.E. of Louvain. Pop. 1997 
 
 SI EX A, a town of It.ily. See Sienna. 
 
 SIEXI.\WA, se-.-l-ne-d'wJ. a market-town of Austrian 
 Galicia. circle of Przemysl, on the San. It has a castle. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 SIENXA. se-^n'n3, (If. Siena. se-k'nH; anc. Se'na or Se'na 
 Ju/lui,) a city of Central Italy, in Tuscany, 1"260 feet above the 
 se,a, between two aiiluents of the Ombrone. 31 miles S.E. of 
 Florence. Lat. 43° 22' N., Ion. 11° 10' E. Pop. in 1 J62, 21,90-2. 
 It is embosomed in trees, entered by a fine avenu<?. enclo.'jed 
 I)y walls with gates, sevenil of which are of striking archi- 
 tecturo. Without external grandeur. Sienna h.ts a oleau 
 and thriving appearance, a remarkable cathedral of the 
 twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a city-h;ill in a wide space 
 in the centre of the city, and a celebrated academy of the 
 fine arts, — all these edifices aro richly adorned with paint- 
 ings of the Siennese school. Sienna hjis also 32 convents, 
 a citadel. 2 theatres: a univei-sity. formerly celebrated, .and 
 having, in 1844. 136 students, a library of 50.000 volumes, 
 and upwards of 5000 manuscripts; a school of medicine, of 
 Vhii'h Masoagni was a profes.<sor. and an hospital with S(X) 
 beds; public libraries and Iiter:iry associations: mauufac- 
 turies of woollens, silks, straw hats, paper, and leather, and 
 an active trade in wine, oil, and paper. It is an archbishop"s 
 see. the residence of a niilit.iry governor, and the .seat of 
 civil and criminal courts. It is resorted to by many English 
 families. The mountains in its vicinity have rich marble 
 quarries. In the Middle Ages. Sienna w.is the japital of a 
 powerful republic, and it is said to have had 1(XI,CK!0 inhabit- 
 ants. Under the French it was the capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ombrone. Eight popes, and many other eminent 
 persons?, were natives of Sienna. It is mnnected by railway 
 with Florence and Leghorn. Its province, the .X.fart of 
 the Tuscan Maremma, comprises 46(5 square miles Pop. in 
 
 1845, 237."283. .\dj. and inhab. Sien.\ese, see^n-eez', (It 
 
 Sienese. se-i-ni'sA.) 
 
 SIENNE. se-^nn', a .small river of France, lepO(tm*Tit of 
 Manehe. enters the English Channel 7 '^ilev tV.S W of Co l- 
 tances, after a N.W. course of 40 mile.s 
 
SIE 
 
 SIENNO, a town of Kassia. See Senno. 
 
 SIEOOKIO-.SIIAN or SIKOU-KIO-CIIAX, se-A-oo' kee'o 
 sbjn, a very hij;h mountain of China, province of Se-chuen. 
 Lat. 30° 23' N., Ion. 103° W K. It is covered witli perpetual 
 snow. 
 
 SIERADZ, syk'rhls, or SIERA.TE, a town of Poland, go- 
 vernment of Warsaw, 32 miles E.S.E. of Kalice, on the Warta. 
 Pop. 3240. It has manufactures of woollens and linens. 
 
 SIERCK, se-aink', a walled town of France, department of 
 Mo.selle, 11 miles N.E. of Thio'nville, on the rii;ht bank of the 
 Moselle. Pop. 16!»0. It has an important custom establish- 
 ment {Imri'.au de.dnuane, bii'rd' dfh doo-dn') on the frontier 
 of Beli;ium and Prussia. 
 
 SIKHMXG, seeR/ninjr, a town of Upper Austria, 6 miles 
 W. ofSteyer. Pop. 1368. 
 
 SIEKPE. sy?R'p:l, a town of Poland, 21 miles N. of Plock, 
 with a castle. Pop. 12:30. 
 
 SIERRA. se-^R'ud, a Spanish word, originally signifiyinEc 
 a "saw," applied to a "mountain ridge," which, from its 
 notched appearance, when viewed from a dist.^nce not un- 
 frequontly bears a striking resemblance to a saw. 
 
 SIEHKA, se-er'rd, a county toward the N.E. part of Cali- 
 fornia, bordering on Nevada. It is drained by (he Yuba 
 River, and other smaller streams. The surface is uneven, 
 with some considerable elevations, among which may be 
 mentioned Siiddle Peak, 7200; Table Mountain, SOOO; and 
 Bnttes, at the head of the South Fork of Yuba liiver, 8800 
 feet in height. The capital employed in (luartz-niiniiig in 
 1852, amounted to $9109, and in placer-mining, .'?134,051. 
 Gold is abundant in this county, and excellent limestone 
 occurs. See Ai'pendix. 
 
 SIERRA ACARAl, se-jR'R3 3-kS-ri', a mountain range of 
 South America, between the Efjuator and lat. 2°N., and Ion. 
 57° and 59" W. .It is densely wooded. Estimated height. 
 3000 or 4(J00 feet. 
 
 SIKRR.A. ACIIA. se-eR' Ri a'chd, the name given to a por- 
 tion of the Sierra Madre, a little N. of the city of Mexico. 
 
 SIEKU.'V BLANCA, SK-hOi\i bldng'kd, ("white mountain 
 chain.") a mountaiu in the S. interior of the territory of 
 New Mexico, in lat. about 3.3° 50' N.. Ion. 108° 40' W. 
 
 SIEKKA DK CABALLO. se^R/na A\ ka-nil'yo, a mountain 
 range in the S. interior of New Mexico, in lat. about 33° 10' 
 N., Ion. 100° 40' W. 
 
 SIERRA DE EXGAUCERAN, se-jR'Ri dA in-gan-th.A-ran', 
 a town of Spain, province, and 17 miles N. of Castellon de 
 la Plana. 
 
 SIERK.\-DE-FUEXTES, se-^R/Rd dA fwJn'tJs. a village of 
 ppain. in Estremadura, province, and 7 miles E. of Caceres. 
 Pop. 1260. 
 
 SIERRA DE GRADOS, se-jR'Rd dA gra'noce, a mountain 
 range of Spain, separating Old Castile from Estremadura, 36 
 miles S.W. of Avila, and rising to 10.552 feet. 
 
 SIERRA DK GUADALUPE, se^R'Kd dA gwi-naioo'pA, a 
 mountain range of Spain, in New Castile, S. of Toledo, at- 
 tains the height of 5110 feet. 
 
 SIERKA DE GUADALUI'E, (anc. Oirpetafni Mon'tes?) a 
 range of mountains of Spain, part of the mountains of Toledo, 
 near the limits of the provinces of Caceres, Toledo, Ciudad 
 Real, and Badajos. 
 
 SIERRA DE GUADARAMA, se-2R'RA dA gwd-cl-rl'mil, a 
 chain of mountains of Spain, part of the mountains of 
 Estrella, on the borders of the provinces of Avila, Segovia, 
 and Madrid. The Manzanares and the Guadarama, afilu- 
 ents of the Taicus. have their sources in this chain. 
 
 SIERRA Dhi LA LANTERN A, se-Sa'Ra da la lan-t^R/nl, a 
 mountain range in the N. part of New Mexico. Lat. about 
 36° 20' N.. Ion. 112° 15' W. 
 
 SIERRA DE LA PLATTE. se-jR'Rd dA IJ platt, a moun- 
 tain range extending through E. part of Utiih Territory, in 
 lat. about 38° 5' N., and from Ion. 107° 30' to 109° 10' W. 
 
 SIKRRA DE LA VINDA, Fe-^R'Rd dA Id veen'dd, the W. 
 Cordillera of the Andes, in Peru, between Lima and the 
 table-land cf t'asco. It is crossed by two passes, upwards of 
 16.000 feet above the ocean. 
 
 SIERH.\ DEL CARRIZO, se-^R'Rd diM kl-ree'so, a detached 
 range of mountains of New Mexico, in lat. about 36° N., 
 Jon. 111° W. 
 
 SIERRA DE LOS JUMANES, se-5R/R0 dA loce Hoo-mA'nJs, 
 a portion of the Sierra Madre Range, in the S.E. part of New 
 Mexico, in lat. about .-33° 50' N.. Ion. 106° 20' W. 
 
 SIE14RA DE LOS MIMBRES, se-eR'Rl dA loce meem'brJs, 
 (or mim'br^s.) the name given to a portion of the Siei-ra 
 Mailre, situated VV. of the Rio Grande, between 31° and 35° 
 \V. lat. 
 
 SIERRA DE LOS ORGANOS. se-eR^Rd dA loce OR'gd-noce. 
 s range of mountains in the S.E. p;irt of the Territory of New 
 Mexico, in lat. about .32° 5' N., Ion. 106° 25' \V. 
 
 SIERRA DE SAX .JUAX. se-jR'Rd dA .sin Hoo-3n', a moun- 
 tain range extending through the N. part of the Terri- 
 tory of Xew Mexico and the S.E. part of Utah, from lat. 
 about 36'' .30' to 38° 30' N., and from Ion. 106° 45' to 107° 
 30' W. Its length, following the curves, is about 150 miles. 
 
 SIERRA DE YEGUAS. se-eR/Rd dA yd'gwds, a village of 
 Spain, iu Andalusia, province, and about 35 miles from Ma- 
 laga Pop. 1088. 
 
 SIE 
 
 SIERRA ESTRELLA, mountains of Portugal. See Es 
 
 TRF.ILA. 
 
 SIERRA LEONE, se-er'ra le-o/nee, (Sp. pron. ne^R'fi 13 
 o'nd.) a colonial settlement of West Africa, belonginir to 
 Great Britain, bounded N. by the Mungo River or Little 
 Scarcies; W. by the Atlantic; S. by the Sherboro, and E. 
 by an imperfectly defined line. Lat. 7° 4U' to 8" 50' N. 
 Area estimated at 25,000 square miles. The coant-Iine i» 
 indented on the S. by the broad estuary of the Sherboro, 
 and near its centre by Yawbry Bay and the estuary of the 
 Sierra Leone, which have between them the peninsula of 
 the latter name, on which is situated Free Town, (the 
 capital.) forming the proper nucleus of the colony, and 
 only connected with the mainland by an isthmus about 1 J 
 miles broad. Besides the peninsula and mainland, the co- 
 lony includes a great number of islands, which contribute 
 to form several good harliors. The surface near the shore, 
 though in some places rocky, is generally fiat: in the inte- 
 rior it is covered by rugged hills and mountains, varying 
 in height from 500 feet to 2500 feet. The only level land is 
 a belt along the shore from i mile to 3 miles wide, and about 
 24 miles long, and a plain of some extent in the S.E. The 
 principal rivers have courses varying from 200 miles to 300 
 miles, but have been very imperfectly explored. The Ijest- 
 known names, besides those above mentioned, are the 
 Rokelle, with its large estuary. Karamanka, and Kates. 
 
 The soil, of which only a coniji.iiatively small portion is 
 under regular cultivation, is very fertile, growing excellent 
 crops of rice. Indian corn, yams, plantJiins, pumpkins, and 
 cassadas. Many of the West India products have Ijeen in- 
 troduced ; and sugar, cotTee. indigo, ginger, and cotton 
 thrive well. The principal fruits are those of the baobab, 
 cocoa, banana, pine-apple, orange, lime, guava. papaw, pome- 
 granate, and plum. 'I'he forests are extensive, and many 
 of the trees in them are so large, that when converted into 
 canoes they are capable of containing 100 men. The prin- 
 cipal live-stock are pigs and goats. Poultry also, particu- 
 larly guinea-fowls, are very abundant. 'The fisheries, both 
 on the coast and in the rivers, are productive, and employ 
 about 200 canoes, which occupy from 1000 to 1500 men. and 
 re.ilize an annual value of about 4000i. The chief indus- 
 trial establishments are the factories in which the cocoa-nut 
 is crushed, and the oil from it extracted and prepared. 
 Boat-building is carried on to some extent, and leather is 
 dressed on a small scale. 
 
 The trade, carried on chiefly with Great Britain, amounted 
 in 1851 to the value of 10.3.477/. in imports, and S0.366i. iu 
 exports. The principal articles of import were India goods, 
 cottons, hardware, spirits, Ac; of e»;port, palm-oil, pepper, 
 ginger, groundnuts, hides, ivory, timl)er, bees'-wax, &c. 
 Sierra Leone appears to have been discovered by the Portu- 
 guese in 146.3, but it first became a British colony in 1787, 
 when a company was formed with the humane intention of / 
 making it a home for tree negroes, and proving by their 
 means that colonial products could be raised without ."lave- 
 labor. Its affairs are administered by a governor, and a 
 council of several more members, appointed by the crown 
 on his recommendation. One great obstacle to its pios- 
 perity is the deadly nature of its climate, particularly to 
 Europeans. In August, 1838, more rain fell at Sierra Leone 
 in two days, than in Great Britain throughout the year. 
 But its progress, though slow, has been steady. Its popu- 
 lation consists chiefly of native Africans, many of them 
 litierated from slave-ships. They include people from about 
 200 different parts of Africa, and being brought under the 
 influence of a religious education, are fitted to Ijccome an 
 important lever in promoting the civilization of their native 
 regions. Pop. in 1851, 44.501. 
 
 SIERRA LEONE RIVER, an estuary of West Africa, in 
 Senegambia, about 20 miles in length, and from 3 to 10 
 nnles in breadth, joins the Atlantic immediately N. of the 
 peninsula of Sierra Leone. Its principal branch, the RokellJ, 
 rises about 200 miles inland, and is navigable for its last 60 
 miles. 
 
 SIERRA M.\DRE. se-jR'Ra md/orA, the name of one of the 
 principal mountain-chains of Mexico. It is usually con- 
 sidered to commence a little N. of the city of Mexico, near 
 Queretaro. and to extend northward into the territory of 
 New Mexico. Near Guanajuato it divides into three branches, 
 of which the princiiMil or central chain, called the Cordillera 
 of Anahuac, extends from S.E. to N.W., passing Zacatecas 
 towards Durango, and thence nearly due N. into New Mexi- 
 co; the eastern branch p<as.ses through Cohahuila into Texas; 
 while the western range extends N.W. through Guadala- 
 jara to the river Gila, uniting with some spurs of the Cali- 
 fornia Jlountains. Between 26° and 32° N. lat. there is a 
 depression which is considered by some to mark the division 
 bvtweeu the Sierra Madre and Rocky Mountains: the name, 
 however, is continued through Xew Mexico. This extensive 
 range in different parts is known by different local names, 
 as Sierra Acha, Sierra Verde, and Sierra de los Mimbres. 
 Near Guanajuato, this mountain-range contains some of the 
 richest deposits of silver found in the world. 
 
 Mudi looseness appears to prevail with reeard to the 
 application of the name Sierra Madre, some considering it to 
 
 1783 
 
SIE 
 
 SIL 
 
 Inclilde thf principal mountain-chain throuih the entire 
 ^pui"j of Mexico, thus including the hizhest mountain 
 summits of North America, Popocatapell. Orizaba. Ac. The 
 name, however, is more jrenerally restricted to the limits 
 particularly indicited in the tirst part of this article. 
 
 SIERR.\ MORKNA, se-Jii'Ril mo-rA'n3, a mountain range 
 of Spain, separating the basin of the Guadiana from that of 
 the Guadalquivir, in lat. •38'^ 30' N., and between Ion. 3° and 
 4'-' W. The culminating point. Aracena, is 5600 feet above 
 the sea. It is crossed by two principal passes, from Granada 
 and .Jaen to Madrid, and from Guadix to Villa-herraosa and 
 Cuenca. The surface is l)are and rugged. It is the scene 
 of many incidents in '• Don Quixote." 
 
 SIERRA MOItlNA, se-eiAd mo-ree'ul. or BROWN MOUN- 
 TAINS, of California, commence about 10 miles S. of San 
 Francisco, and run through Siin Francisco county intt) 
 Santa Clara; the most elevated peaks are stated to be be- 
 tween 21W0 and .3030 feet high. 
 
 SIERRA NEVADA, se-^R'RJl nA-vi'Dj, a Spanish name 
 signifying the -snow-clad mnunt^iin ridge." (see Sierra, on 
 the preceding page.) applied to various elevated mountain 
 chains, the principal of which are the following: — 
 
 SIKRR.4. NEVADA, the highest mountain range in the 
 Spanish Peninsula, in the S., extending through the old 
 kingdom of Granada, and forming part of the great water- 
 shed, which separates the watei-s flowing to the Mediter- 
 ranean from those of the Atlantic Ocean. Culminating 
 points. Mulahacen or Mulhacen, 11.658 feet in height, (being 
 not only the highest mountain summit in Spain, but. after 
 the Alps, the most elevated in Europe.) and Veleta, 11,.3S7 
 feet abive the sea, separated by an enormous chasm, the 
 Corral de Veleta. The S. base of this range is clothed with 
 olive and orange groves, and chestnut woods. Perpetual 
 snow commences at the heisiht of !)5<X1 feet. 
 
 SIERRA NEVADA, se-^r'rd nk-yMi, California, an im- 
 portant mountain range, extending from a point a little N. 
 of the town of Los Angeles, northward through the state 
 into Oregon, where it terminates in the Cascade Range, 
 which indeed may be regarded merely as a continuation of 
 the former. The highest summits of the Sierra Nevada 
 have an elevation of near 16,000 feet. The San Joaquin, the 
 Sacramento, and sevei-al other smaller rivers, have their 
 sources in this mountain ch.ain. 
 
 SIERRA I'ACARAIMA. se-^R/R^ pl-kj-ri'mj. a low moun- 
 tain ch.iin of South America, extending for about 200 miles 
 from W. to E., in lat. i° N., and between Ion. m° and &3° \V., 
 separating the liasius of the Carony and Mas.saroony from 
 that of the Rio Branco, and British and Venezuelan Guiana 
 from Brazil 
 
 SIERRA PABIMA or PARIME, a mountain system of 
 South .\merica. See Parima. 
 
 SIERR.\ SOLEDAD, .sb-^r'rI so-W-DJiy, a range of moun- 
 tains in the S. part of the Territory of New Mexico, in lat. 
 about 32° 40' N., Ion. 106° 30' W. 
 
 SIKRRA TE.IADA, se-SR/R^ tAni'Dl a mountain of Spain, 
 province, and 28 miles N.E. of Malaga. Height. 7677 feet. 
 
 SIETE .\OU.\S, se-A'tAd'gwis, a village of .Spain, province, 
 and 32 miles W. of Valencia. In ISOiS the French army, 
 under Moiicey. here defeated the Spaniards: and theCarlists 
 were defeated in 1836 by Ovalle, the Queen's general. P. 924. 
 
 SIF;TI, Re->i/t«e. a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Citra. 8 miles N.E. of Salerno. 
 
 SIKVl'^RO VO.ST(X;iINII. See Severo Vostochnoi. 
 
 SIEVSK or SIEWSK. .se-^vsk'. written also SEVSK and 
 SIAWSK. a town of Russia, government, and 73 miles S.W. 
 of Orel, at the mouth of the Seva in Lake Moritza. P. 4500. 
 
 SIEWIKRZ. sy.Vve-aiRzh. a town of Poland. 67 miles 
 W.S.W. of Kielce, with a castle, and 1300 inhabitants, em- 
 ployed in importint iron-works. 
 
 SIGF;.\N, a town of France. See SlJEAX. 
 
 SIGGLESTIIORNB. sig'g'Iz-thotn, a parish of England, 
 CO. of York. East Riding. 
 
 SIGII.A.IIK, sig'a-jik' or see'gajeek', a small maritime 
 town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia,'on its W. coast. 22 miles 
 S.W. of Smyrna, on an inlet of the Gulf of Scala Nova. Lat. 
 38° 12' N.. ion. 26° 48' E. 
 
 SIG'IULL. a township of England. CO. of Northumberland. 
 
 SIGMARINGEN, sig'raii-ringVn, a town of South Get^ 
 many, capital of the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmar- 
 Ingen. on the •right bank of the Danube, 30 miles N.E. of 
 Constance. P. 1804. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle. 
 
 SIGN, sig'n or seeH, a market-town of Dalmatia, 20 miles 
 N.E.ofSpalato. Pop. 3900. Its fortress, built by the Turks, 
 crowns a high rock above the town, but it has been allowed 
 to go to decay. 
 
 S1GN.\. seen'yl a village of Tuscany, 8 miles W. of Flo- 
 rence, on the Arno. Pop., with vicinity. bbWi. 
 
 SIONAK. sig'nik'. sometimes written SIGN.ACII, a town 
 of Tninscaucasian Russia, government, and 60 miles E.S.E. 
 ofTittis. 
 
 SIGXAU. sig'now. a Tillage of Switzerland, canton, and 
 14 i.iiles F.S.K. of Bern. I'op. of parish. 2400. 
 
 SIGNY L'ABBAVE. soenVee/ Idb^KV. a market-town of 
 Franc, depaitment of Ardennes, 14 miles W.S.W. of M4- 
 ziftres. Pop. in 185-2, 3173. It has extensive ironworks. 
 1784 
 
 I SIGNY LE PETIT, seen^ee/ leh peh-tee', a village of 
 France, department of Ardennes, 22 miles W.N.W. of Me- 
 zi^res. Pop. 1294. 
 
 SIOOURNEY, sig'iir-ne, a post-village, capital of Keoknk 
 CO., Iowa, 45 miles S.W. of Iowa City. It is the largest 
 place in the county. It contains a court-house. 3 churches, 
 and a bank. One newspaper is published here. Pop. in 
 1860, 1288. 
 
 SIGRISWEIL, see'gris-«n', a Tillage and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 20 miles S.E. of Bern, near I>ake Thun. 
 Pop. 2546. A coal-mine has tMjen opened in the vicinity. 
 
 S1(5S/T0N KIRK'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 SIGTUNA. sig-too'n3, a town of Sweden. Ispn, and 27 miles 
 N.N.W. of Stockholm, on a branch of Lake Mselar, with 588 
 inhabitants. In the ninth century it was the capital of a 
 small kingdom of Sweden. 
 
 SIGUENZ.i. se-gw5n'thd. a town of Spain, province, and 
 43 miles N.E. of Guadalajara- on the llenares. Pop. 4817. 
 It has a cathedral, and manufactures of woollen cloths. 
 
 SIGDEYA. se-gwi'yd, a village of Spain, province of Leon 
 district of Aatorga. Pop. 1732. 
 
 SIGUS. See Sieo. 
 
 SIGVA. sig'vS. a river of Asiatic Ru.s.sia. rises on the E. 
 slope of the Ural Mountains, government of Tob<-vlsk, flows 
 S.S.K.. and joins the Sosva after a course of about 130 miles 
 
 SIIIL. seel, a river of Switzerland, cantons of Schwytz, 
 Zug. and Zurich, joins the Limmat at Zurich, after a N.W 
 course of 35 miles. 
 
 SIHON or SEIHUN. (.tnc. Sahm.) a river in the 8. part of 
 Asia Minor. See Stfoon. 
 
 SIHON. a river of Toorkistan. See Jaxatstes. 
 
 SIIIUN. a river of Asiatic Russia. See SvHOOV. 
 
 SIHUT. see'hut'. a town on the S.E. coast of Arabia. 100 
 miles E.N.E. of Makallah. Ij\t. 15^ 12' ,30" N., Ion. 51° 19' E. 
 The population varies from 300 to 2000, according to the 
 trade and .season. Its traders own about SO large and sm.all 
 vessels, employed in coasting-trade and shark-fishing. 
 
 SIHUTLA. se-oot/ia, a town of Mexico, in Michoacan, 25 
 miles W. of Zaeatnla. 
 
 SIJE.4N or SIGEAN, seeV.hJN"', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aude. near the Lagoon of Sijean, on the Mediter- 
 ranean. 10 miles S. of Nnrbonne. Pop. in 1852, 3297. 
 
 SI KAO CHAN. See See Kao Shan. 
 
 SIKAR. se-kar/, or SECKTUR. s^k-trlr^ a town of North- 
 west Hindostan. 62 miles N.W. of .Teypoor. 
 
 SIKHS or SEIKS. seeks, a warlike nation in North-west 
 India, lately the ruling power in that part of the world, 
 first appeared as a .sect of Hindoo religionists ai>,,'it the 
 middle of the fifteenth century: but. stung by persecuiion 
 from the Mohammedans, they turned their thoughts to 
 warlike pursuits, and afttTwards became a nation of formid- 
 able soldiers. Steel, from being an especial object of atten- 
 tion, was ffhally converted into one of their gods. Their 
 supreme divinity was denominated by them " AW Steel." 
 Owing, however, to their continual dis.sensions, they were 
 unable to make head against a powerful enemy until the 
 early part of the present century, when Runjeet Singh, 
 having suMued the other Seik chieftains, established an inde- 
 pendent kingdom, which he ruletl with great eneriry and wis- 
 dom. He maintained an armyof SO.OOO men. of wliom 50.000 
 were cavalry, disciplined according to the European system. 
 But after his death, in 1S39. a jx^riod of anarchy occurred; 
 and in 1849 the Sikhs were totally defeated by the English, 
 and their territory annexed to British India. See PcJfJ.AH. 
 
 SIKIXO, see'ke-no or se-kee'no, (anc. .9ict''?;os.') an island 
 of the Grecian Archipelago, government of Syria. 20 miles 
 N.W. of Santorin. Area, 17 square miles. Pop. 300. It pro- 
 duces wine, figs, cotton, and the best wheat in the Cyclades. 
 On its W.S.W. side is a villaire of its own name. 
 
 SIK'KI.M' or SHIKIM. shik'im, a state of North-east 
 Hindostan, trihutarv to the British, between lat. 26° 40' and 
 28° N., Ion. 88° E.. having N. the IIimalayas,W.NepauI. E. 
 Bootan. and S. the Bengal districts of Rungpoor and Pur- 
 neah. Area. 2504squaremiles. Estimated pop, 92,C48, chiefly 
 or wholly Boodhists, and employed in rural industry. Cattlo 
 and iron are among the chief exports. The culture of the 
 tea-plant has been introduced here by the British, with suc- 
 cess. Principal town. Sikkim. 135 miles N.W. of Pinagepoor. 
 
 SIKLOS, see'klosh', a market-town of West Hungary, co. 
 of Baranya, 16 miles S.S.E. of Fiinfkirchen, with 3247 in- 
 hal)itant.s. and mineral springs. 
 
 SIKOKF. see'kokf, SIKOKK. see'kCk', or SITKOKF. the 
 smallest of the four principal islands of Japan, S. of Niphon, 
 and E. of Kioo-Sioo. Estimated area. 17.200 .square miles. 
 The surface is mountainous. Chief towns, Tosa and .K\a. 
 
 SIL. seel, a river of Spain, rises in Leon, near it'. N.W, 
 extremity, flows S.W., and joins the Minho after a course 
 of .about 100 miles. 
 
 STL,\H, a town of Hindostan. See Stiah. 
 
 SIL.\N, se'ljn', a town of Yucatan. 
 
 SILANO, si-ld'no, or SILLANO. sil-ld'no, a village of 
 Italy in the province of Modena. Pop. 1901. 
 
 SILANUS, se-ld'noo8 (?) a village in tlie island of SarJinia, 
 division of Sassari, 65 miles N. by E. of Cagliari. IVp. loOi 
 
SIL 
 
 SILAO, se-li'o, a well-built town of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, state, and 10 miles N.W. of Guanajuato. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SILARUSorSILAIlO. See Sele. 
 
 SII.KKRBACH, .lil/bgr-b^KS a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Elbogen. Pop. 2025. 
 
 SILbKRHKIIO, sil'ber-b5R0\ a town and strong fortress 
 of Prussian Silesia, 4.'5 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. IIVO. 
 
 SILBEIIBKRGSTADT, Bohemia. See Mies. 
 
 SIL'CIIKSTKR, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 6i miles 
 N. of Basing Stoke. Here are the remains of the ancient 
 Siyontincuni. consisting of a flint and brick wall, enclosing 
 an area of 1^ miles In circumference, occupied by a farm 
 and ploughed fields, across which the lines of the principal 
 streets are traceable. In a. d. 407, the usurper Constantine 
 was here invested with the purple. The city was destroyed 
 by iEUa and the South Saxons in 493. 
 
 SILDAL, a river of Sweden. See Skellefte.\. 
 
 SILK, see'li, (aue. Si'lis,) a river of Austrian Italy, delega- 
 tions of Treviso and Venice, enters the lagoon (ii miles N. 
 Venice, after a S. course of 35 miles, past Treviso. 
 
 SlIiE'BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, on the 
 river Soar, and on the Midland Counties Kailway, 3 miles 
 N.W. ofSyston. 
 
 SILKS, see'lJs, a walled village of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 province, and 70 miles N.E. of Jaen. l*op. 2202. 
 
 SILKSIA, sMee'she-a, (Fr. Silesie, seeMd^zee'; Ger. Scklesien, 
 shli'ze-fn.) a province forming the S.K. portion of I'russia, 
 bounded on the E. by Poland, S. by Austrian Silesia, Mora- 
 via, and Bohemia, \V. by Saxony and Brandenburg, and N. 
 by Prussian Poland. Area, 15,820 square miles. I'op. in 
 1801, 3,390,695, chiefly Lutherans and Roman Catholics, 
 with about 30,000 Jews. The surface in the S. and S.W. is 
 rugged and mountainous ; in other parts flat, or but slightly 
 undulating. The Oder traver-ses its centre throughout, 
 from S.E. to N.W.; the other principal rivers are its affluents, 
 the two Neis.ses, the Bober, M.tlapane, and Bartsch. The 
 forests are very extensive. Corn, flax, and hemp are pro- 
 duced in very large quantities, and about 2,800,000 sheep 
 are kept in the province, and produce excellent wool, which 
 forms, next to linen, the principal article of export. Beet' 
 root sugar, timber, madder, tobacco, silk in small quantities, 
 Ac, are also exported; and valuable mines of coal, iron, 
 lead, zinc, and copper are wrought. The principal manu- 
 factures comprise cotton fabrics, linens, and coarse woollen 
 cloth. The condition of the people' has been greatly im- 
 proved since they became subjects of Prussia. It is sub- 
 divided into the three governments of Breslau, Oppeln, and 
 Liegnitz. Capital, Breslau. It was conquered from Austria 
 
 by Frederick the Great, in 1742. Adj. and inhab. Silesian, 
 
 sl-lee'she-an. 
 
 SILKSIA, AUSTIUAX, comprises the S. part of the old 
 province of Silesia, still belonging to Austria, and com- 
 posing the circles of Troppau and Teschen. See Mokatia. 
 
 SILKSIK. See Silesia. 
 
 SILIIET, a town of Ilindostan. See Stihet. 
 
 SIL'IAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 SILIAN, a town and lake of Sweden. See SlUAS. 
 
 SILIGU, se-le-goo', a village and island of Sardinia, divi- 
 sion of Sassari. I'op. 2042. 
 
 SILINTY or SKLINTI, se-lin'tee, a maritime village and 
 headland of Asia Jlinor, pashalic of Itch-Elee, on the .Medi- 
 terranean, 32 miles W.N.W. of Cape Anamoor, around which 
 are remains of the ancient Selinus. 
 
 S1LIQU.\, se-lee'kwi. a village of Sardinia, division, and 
 17 miles W.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2099. 
 
 •SILTS. SeeSlLB. 
 
 SI Ll.STRI A, se-lis'tre-a,or SILISTRI, se-lis'tree, (Turk.Z»n- 
 stra. dris'-trd; Fr. SUisli-ie. see'leesHree',) a city of Europejin 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, capital of a pashalic, on the right bank 
 of the Danube, 57 miles N.X.E. of Shoomla. Lat. about 44° 10' 
 N., ion. 27° 10' E. Pop. 20,000. It stands at the foot of a hill, is 
 of semicircular form, and in general poorly built, consisting 
 of narrow, winding, ill-paved, and dirty gtreets. lined by low 
 and gloomy-looking houses. It has five mosques, a large 
 Greek church and convent, capacious barracks, public baths, 
 a custom-house with extensive magazines attiiched for ware- 
 housing flour and grain, a few insignificant manufiictures, 
 and a considerable trade, chiefly in wood and cattle. Its 
 fortifications are strongly built of solid ma8onry,and strength- 
 ened by several detached forts of admirable construction, and 
 of the most formidable description ; the principal of these 
 forts, Abd-ul->Iejid, occupies the hill of Ackbar, which com- 
 mands the town, and is esteemed one of the most remark- 
 able military works of the age. Silistria successfully with- 
 stood the Russians in 1773 and in 1809, but after a long 
 siege was taken by them in 1829, since which time the 
 ibrtifications have been immensely strengthened. It also 
 igain successfully withstood the Russians in 1854. 
 
 SILIVRI or SELIVRI, se-liv'ree, a maritime town of 
 Kuropean Turkey, in Rooni-Elee, on the N. shore of the Sea 
 of Marmora, 40 miles W. of Constantinople. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SIL.)AX, sil'yiii, or SILIAN, sil'e-dn. a lake of Sweden, 
 !a?n, and 2('i miles N.W. of Falun. Length, 52 miles; breadth, 
 7 miles. Heightalxive the sea, 520 feet; depth, 1200 feet. 
 
 SILK'STUNE, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding. 
 
 SIL 
 
 SILK-WILLOUGHBY, (willj-be,) a parish of Englau.t, oi- 
 of Lincoln. ' 
 
 SILLA, a river of lUyria. See Gail. 
 
 SILLA, seel'yd, a town of Spain, province, and 9 mile? SI 
 of Valencia, on the Albufera Lagoon. Pop, 2570. 
 
 SIL'LA, a town of Central Africa, in Senegambia, state of 
 Bambarra, on the Joliba, 80 miles E.N.E of Sego. Lat. 19^ 
 17' N., Ion. 5° 30' W. Here Mungo Park terminated hit 
 first expedition, in August, 1796. 
 
 SILLA DE CARACAS, seel'yi dA H-v^kh, a mountair 
 of South America, in Venezuela, near Caracas. Height, 
 8700 feet. 
 
 SILLAH MEW, silldh' mu, or CIIALAIN MEW. shaMIn. 
 mil, a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy. Lat. 20° 50' N., 
 Ion. 94° 30' E. It is the capital of a district, and before the 
 British invasion conbiined 10,000 inhabitants. It was for- 
 merly surrounded by a brick w.all 50 feet high without, and 
 30 feet within. The walls are said, by the natives, to be 150t 
 years old. 
 
 SIiyLEE, a town of Briti.sh Indi.a, presidency of Bengsjl, 
 district, and 30 miles S.S.E. of Ramghur, on the Subunreeka. 
 
 SILLI'^IN, a town of North-we.st Hungary. See Szolna. 
 
 SILLEJORD, sil'lA-yBad, a village and parish of Norway, 
 province of Aggershuus, on the N.W. extremity of a lake of 
 its own name. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SILLE LE GUILLAU.ME, see'yA' leh ghee'yom' or seeP- 
 yi' leh gheeryom', a market-town of Fiance, department of 
 Sarthe, 19 miles N.W. of Le Mans. Pop. in 1862, 3183. It 
 has manufiictures of fine linens. 
 
 SILLERY, seengh-ree/, a village of France, department of 
 Marne, 6 miles S.E. of Reims, famous for its fine champagne 
 wine. 
 
 SILLINGY, see'y^sa'zhee' or seery^NgVhee', a vilbge 
 of the Sardinian States, division of Savoy. Pop. 1133. 
 
 SILL'S CREEK, a post-oflice of New Hanover co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SILLY, seeYee' or seePyfio'i a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, 13 miles N. by W. of Mons. Pop. 2002. 
 
 SILO'AM, a post-village of Madison co., New York, 110 
 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 SILOAM, a post-village in Surrey co., North Carolina, 141 
 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 SILOAM, a post>office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi. 
 
 SILOS, seelos, a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe, 
 at the S. foot of the JIontaiieta-de-Aregume, about 1 mile 
 from the sea. Pop. 1083. 
 
 SILS, sils or seel, a village and p.arish of Switzerland, 
 canton of Grison.s, in an angle formed by the confluence of 
 the Albula with the Ilinter-lJhein, 12 miles S.S.W. of Chur, 
 (Coire.) Pop. 321. Height above the sea, 59()4 feet. The 
 Lake of Sils, whence tlie river Inn rises, is immediately 
 S.W., and 4 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth. 
 
 SILS/DEN, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 SIL'SOE, a hamlet of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 SILT or SYLT, silt, an island of Denmark, in the North 
 Sea, off the W. coast of Sleswick ; greatest length from N. tc 
 S., about 20 miles; breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SIl/TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. In the 
 church is a handsome monument to Judge AVyndham. 
 
 SILTOX, OVER, a parish, England, co. York, North Riding. 
 
 SIiyVAN, a post-village and township of Washtenaw co., 
 Michigan, on the Central Railroad, about 00 miles W. of 
 Detroit. Pop. 924. 
 
 SILVAN ECTES or SILVANECT^. See Senlis. 
 
 SILVANO, sil-vfuo, a village of the Sardinian States, di- 
 vision of Genoa, province of Novi. Pop. 1952. 
 
 SIL'VER CREEK, of Mississippi, flows into Sunflower 
 River in Washington county. 
 
 SILVER CREKK, of Indiana, rises in Clark county, and 
 enters the Ohio River about 1 mile above New Albany. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, falli 
 into the Kaskaskla River. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a thriving post-village of Chautauqua 
 CO., New York, on Lake Erie, ami on the Buffalo and Stiita 
 Line Railroad, 31 miles S.W. of Buffalo. It contains a bank, 
 2 churches, 2 large tanneries, and a number of stores. Pop 
 661. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a post-ofBce of Schuylkill co., Penn 
 sylvania. 
 
 SILA'ER CREEK, a small village of Lawrence co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a postoffico of Maury co., Tennessee. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a post-oflice of Madison co., Kentucky 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 1755. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a jiflst-township forming the N.M'. ex 
 tremity of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 1102. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a township ofClark CO., Indiana. P. 866. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a post-township in Stephenson co„ 
 Illinois. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a township in Randolph co.yyiissouri. 
 Pop. 1775. 
 
 SI LVER GLADE, a post-olBce of Anderson dictrlct. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 1785 
 
SIL 
 
 SIM 
 
 SrtT &R ECTLT;, a post-office, Davidson co., \orth Carolina. 
 
 SII VSR HILG, a post-office of Beaufort district, Soutli 
 Carolin*. 
 
 SILVER ISLAND, China. See Ki.ntasg. 
 
 SILVER LAKE, in the E. part of Wyoming co., New 
 York, is connected by an outlet with Genesee River. Length, 
 3 mile:*. 
 
 SILVER LAKE, a post town.ship of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N. by W. of Montrose. P. 1313. 
 
 SIlVeR L.\KE, a post-office of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 
 SILVER LAKE, a post-office of Summit co.. Colorado. 
 
 SIl/VERMINES, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Tipperary, 4J miles S.S.W. of Nenagh. Pop. in 1851, 488, 
 mostly umploj'ed in extensive lead-mines. 
 
 SILVER RUN, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 SILVER RUN, a post-office of Meigs co.. Ohio. 
 
 SILVER SPRING, a village and township of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, 
 about 10 miles W. of HarrLsburg. Pop. 2305. 
 
 SILVER SPRING, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SILVER SPRING, a post-office, St. Francois co.. Mis.souri. 
 
 SILVER SPRINGS, a post-office of Marion co., Florida. 
 
 SILVER SPRINGS, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee. 
 
 SII/VERSTONE. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 SIiyVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 Sll/VERTON, a post-village in Barnwell district. South 
 •Carolina, 96 miles S.W. of Columbia. 
 
 SILVER TOP, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee. 
 
 SIL'VERVILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Indiana. 
 
 SILVES, sil'vte or seel'vJs. a town of Portugal, province 
 of Algai-ve, 19 miles E.N.E. of Lagos. Pop. 30U0. 
 
 SILVES, sil'vJs or seel'vfe, or SANTA ANNA, sln'ti ^n'- 
 nS, a village and parish of Brazilian Guiana, on the Lake 
 Saraca, 20 miles from the left bank of the Amazon. 
 
 SIL'VINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SILZ. silts, a village of Tyrol, circle of Imst, on the Inn. 
 Pop. 1116. 
 
 SIM. seem, or SIMA, see'mj, a river of Russia, rises in 
 the government of Orenboorg, flows circuitously N., then 
 S.E.. and joins the Inzer; total course, 100 miles. 
 
 SIM.\li.\RA, se-mj-bd'rj, a vast gulf of Japan, on the W. 
 coast, island of Kioo-Sioo, stretching far inland, and forming 
 the basin in which are the peninsula of Simabara and the 
 islands of Amaksa, Kami-Togi, Simo-Togi, Oho-jano, Naga- 
 sima, and a number of other islands and rocks. The 
 peninsula of Simabara is remarkable for the lofty volcano of 
 Wunzen or Wunzendake. 
 
 SIM.ANCAS, se-min'kjs, (anc. Spptimanca,) a town of 
 Spain, province, and 8 miles S.W. of Valladolid, on the 
 Pisuerga. here crossed by an ancient bridge. Pop. 875. It 
 has a fortre.«s, in which the archives of Castile are kept. 
 
 SIM.\ND. see^mond'. a market-town of lluugary, co., and 
 21 miles N.N.E. of Arad. Pop. 4898. 
 
 SIMAUL, see'mawl', or SIMAWUL, see'ma-wlil', (anc. 
 Syiiaus?) a town of Asia'Minor, "5 miles S. of Brusa. 
 
 SIMAUL, LAKE, 5 miles N.W. of the above town, which 
 gives origin to the Simawul-soo, an affluent of the Soosi- 
 ghirlee-soo. (anc. Macestus.) 
 
 SIMB1<:ERSK or SI.MBIRSK, sim-beersk', a government 
 of Russia, between lat. 52° 40' and 55° 50' N., and Ion. 45° 
 10' and 51° 20' E., having N. the governments of Kazan and 
 Orenboorg. S. Saratov, and W. Penza and Nizlinee-Novgorod. 
 Area. 27.^44 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1.024,236. Surface 
 undulating, and very fertile. Principal rivers, the Volga, 
 Soora, and their affluents. Bye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, 
 pease, hemp, flax, tobacco, and poppies are extensively 
 raised. Cattle and horse-breeding is chiefly practised by 
 the Kalmucks. Manufactures of coarse and fine woollen 
 cloth, coarse linen, canvas, and coverlets, salt, spirits, glass, 
 soap, and leather, are carrii^ on: and large quantities of 
 corn, hemp, horses, cattle, hides, fish, fruit, and millstones, 
 are exported. The government is sulxlivided into 10 circles. 
 Principal towns, Simbeersk, Samara. Stavropol, and Karsoon. 
 
 SIMBKERSK, the capital of the abovegovernment, is situ- 
 ated on the Volga, 105 miles S.S.W. of Kazan. Pop. 35,474. 
 Its position, on a height above the Volga, is highly pictu- 
 resque. The houses are partly of wood. Principal edi- 
 fices, 2 cathedrals, a monastery, nunnery, college, numerous 
 charitable institutions, governor's palace, town-hall, bar- 
 racks, and an exchange. Its trade is flourishing; it ex- 
 ports corn and fish. 
 
 SIMCOE, sim'k6. a lake of Canada West, between Lake 
 Ontario and Georgian Bay. (an arm of Lake Huron,) nearly 30 
 miles long, and aliout IS miles broad at its widest part, and 
 said to be about 170 feet al)ove Lake Huron, into which it 
 discharges itself through I^ike Gougichin, the Severn, and 
 Georgian Bay. The water in some parts of the lake is of 
 considerable depth, and it is generally frozen completely over 
 In the winter, so as to l>e p:>ssal)le with safety for sleighs. 
 It contains numerous islands, some of them of large size, 
 but only one of them, Snake Island, inhfiWted. and that by 
 Indians. The banks are generally clothed with wood down 
 to the water's edije. A steamer has plied on the lake for 
 many years past, and very fine white-fish are taken in it. 
 1780 
 
 SIMCOE, a county of Canada West, chiefly between Lakf» 
 Simcoe and Georgian Bay. Area, 1797 square miles. It In 
 intersected .by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Hudson Railwav. 
 Pop. in 1852, •27,165. 
 
 SIMCOE, a town of Canada West, capital of the county of 
 Norfolk, on Patterson's Creek, about 8 miles N. of Lake Erie, 
 and 70 miles S.W. of Toronto. It has churches for the 
 Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists. Methodists, 
 and Baptit^ts, a branch bank, 1 assurance and 2 insurance 
 agencies, a grammar and several other schools, manufac- 
 tures of steam engines and mill ma<-hinery, about 12 stores, 3 
 distilleries, 2 tanneries, and several .siiw and flouring mills. 
 It publishes 3 newspapers. Pop. in 1S52. 1452; in 1854, 1700. 
 
 SIMCOE FALLS, a village of Canada West, co. Addington, 
 on the Napanee River, 20 miles N.W. of Kingston. I'op. 125. 
 
 SIMETO, (anc. Symaihiis.) a riverof Sicily. See Gurretta. 
 
 SIMFERO'POL or SIMPHERO'POL, (Turk. Al.medshid, 
 the '• white niosque,") a town of South Russia. Japital of the 
 government of Taurida, in the Crimea, on the Salghir, 37 
 miles N.E. of Sevastopol. Lat. about 45° N., Ion. 34° 4' E. 
 Pop. 26,887, of very various descent. It is finely situated, 
 enclosed by heights, and consists of the old Tartar town of 
 Ak-Metchet, and a new quarter constructed by the Rus- 
 sian.s, which is regularly built, and has a cathedral, churclies, 
 barracks, hospital, and government offices. Here are several 
 mostjues, a Tartar school, a vast bazaar, an artesian well, 
 and several fountains. It was founded in A. D. lo(KI, and 
 became the capital of Tartar sultans. The traveller I'allas 
 resided here for 15 years previously to 1811. 
 
 SIMLA or SIMl^VH, sinila, a mountainous district of 
 North-west Ilindostitn, between the Sutlej and Jumna 
 Rivers, with a station, 30 miles S.E. of Belaspoor. 7300 feet 
 above the sea, and resorted to by invalids of the British 
 army. The station has a magnetic observatory, and lately 
 consisted of 100 English-built houses : every arti<:le of Euro- 
 pean manufacture is here procurable. Pop. of the district, 
 370,600. Exports iron,, wax, honey, borax, musk, wool, 
 ginger, opium, and cotton and woollen fabrics. 
 
 SIMMEN, .sim'mgn, a river of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, after a N. and E. course of 35 miles joins the Kander, 
 near its mouth in Lake Thun. • 
 
 SIMMENTHAL, sini'mfn-tdP, (i.e. "the A'.alley of the 
 Slmmen,") a valley of Switzerland, canton of Bern, watered 
 by the Simmen. It ccmtains several vilkges, and the baths 
 of Leuk. 
 
 SIMMERING, sim'meh-ring, or SIMONING, se-mo'ning, 
 a village of Lower Austria, between the Simmering CaniU 
 and the Danute, 2 miles S.E. of Vienna, with 20S6 inha- 
 bitants, who manufacture bronze and chemical products. 
 
 SIMMERN, sim'mgrn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 26 
 miles S.AV. of Coblentz. Pop. 2700. 
 
 SIM'MONS. a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio. 
 
 SIM'MONSVILLK, a post-office of Roanoke co., A'irginia. 
 
 SIMMOZHEIM. siui'mots-hIme\ a vilKige of Germany, In 
 Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald, near Calvv. Pop. 1020. 
 
 SIMMS' PORT, a post-vill.age of Avoyelles parish, Loui- 
 siana. 237 miles N.W. of New Orleans. 
 
 SIMNAN, sim'nan', SEMNAN, sJm'n3n', or SI^MNOON, 
 s?m'noon', a town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 115 
 miles E. of Teheran. It is stated to be 2j miles in circum- 
 ference, and enclosed by a wall. 
 
 SIMNITZA, sim-nit'sa, written al.^o TZIMNITZA, a 
 market-town of Wallachia, on the left bank of the Danube, 
 immediately opposite Sistova. 
 
 SIM NO, sim'no, a small town of Poland, government of 
 Augustowo, 19 miles E. of Kalwarv. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SIMOGA, se-mo'gd, or SHEM0(5a, she-mo'gS, a fortified 
 town of South India, Mysore dominions, 13U miles N.W. of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 SI'MONBURN, a former parish of England. Ncrthumhei* 
 land, now forming a part of Fal.=tone and other parishes. 
 
 SI'-MONDSLEY, a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SIMONING. a village of Lower Austria. See Simmerixo. 
 
 SIM0N0SI':KI, se-mo-no-sA'kee. a small town and harbor 
 of Japan, island of Niphon, on the Strait of Kioo-Sioo. 
 
 SIMONSTHURM. 8ee'mons-tooRm\ or SIMONTORNYA, a 
 market-town of Hungary, co. of Tolna, 56 miles S.S.W. of 
 Buda. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SI'MON'S TOWN, a maritime town of South Africa, colony 
 and district of Cape of Good Hope, on Sitnon's Bay, an inlet 
 on the E. side of Fal.ie Bay, 23 miles S. of Cape Town, with 
 which it communicates by a good road. It is neatly built 
 at the foot of the Cape Mountain, and has a naval nrsonal 
 It is the residence of the naval commander-in-chief of the 
 colony, and the port to which homeward-bound sUips froa 
 India usually resort for repairs, &c. 
 
 SIOIONSVILLE, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont, 
 89 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 
 SIMOOSEER, SIMOUSIRor SIMUSIR, se-moo-seer', orn 
 of the Koorile Islands, in the North Pacific, belonging tp 
 Russia. 80 miles N.W. of Ooroop, (Urup.) Lat. o* S. point, 
 46° 49' N., Ion. 151° 37' E. Length, from N. to S., 90 milos; 
 breadth. 6 miles. 
 
 SIMPANG, sim'pSng', a village of «va, near Soerahaya 
 of which it forms a kind of suburb. 
 
SIM 
 
 STM P ANO, ft town of Borneo, 13 iniles from the S.TV. coast, 
 21 mill's N.E. ot Succadana, near tho confluence of the Matan 
 with the Simpang. 
 
 STM'l'LON, (Kr. pron. sJm'pIAno',) a mountain of Switzer- 
 land, between the Valais and Pietlmont, and across which 
 was carried the famous Ix'ouU of the. SimpJon, under the 
 orders of Napoleon. This road, extending from Glys (Valais) 
 to Donio d'Ossola, a disfcince of nearly 38 miles, is 6592 feet 
 above the sefi, and from 25 to SO feet in width. It is carried 
 throuifh several extensive tunnels, passes over 611 hridges, 
 is furnished with 20 station-hoxises for travellers, and was 
 completed between 1800 and 1806. It was gi-eatly injured 
 by storms in 1834, 1839, and 1S49, and is now nearly im- 
 passable on the Sardinian side. Under the French, the 
 Simplon gave name to a department now forming the Swiss 
 canton of Valais. 
 
 SIM'PKIN, an old parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, now 
 united to that of Swlnton. 
 SIM [''SON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 SIM1''S0N, a county in the S. central part of Mississippi, 
 h;is n area of about 725 square miles. Pearl lUver forms 
 its W. boundary, and it is intersected by Strong Iliver. Tho 
 soil is sandy and sterile, mostly covered with pine woods. 
 Named in honor of Judge Simpson. Capital, AVestville. 
 Pop. 60S0, of whom 3706 were free, and 2324 slaves. 
 
 SIMI'SOX, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, border- 
 ing on Tennessee ; ai-ea estimated at 375 square miles. It 
 is drained hy .Drake's Creek. The surface is nearly level; 
 the soil is highly productive. The rock found next to the 
 surface is generally limestone. Formed in 1819, and named 
 in honor of John Simpson, a member of Congress from 
 Kentiuky. Capital, Franklin. Poi). 8146, of whom 6839 
 were tree, and 2307 ulaves. 
 
 SDir'SON ISI.AND, Pacific Ocean, in Mulgrave Archipe- 
 lago, in lat. 0° 30' N., Ion. 173° 54' K. 
 SIMPSON'S, a post-office of Floyd co.. Virginia. 
 SIMPSON'S CRKKK, a post-oflfice of Taylorcc).,W.Virginia. 
 SIMPSON'S MILL, a post-oifice of Laurens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SIMPSON'S STORE, a small post-village of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 SIMP'SONVILLE, a post-offlce of Howard co., Maryland. 
 SIMPSONVILLK, a thriving pos^village of Shelby co., 
 Kentucky, on the turnpike from Louisville to Frankfort, 30 
 miles \V. of the latter. It has 3 churches, several stores, and 
 a steam mill. 
 
 SI.MS'ItUKY, a post-village and township of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut, on the New Haven Northampton Railroad, 11 
 miles N.W. of Hartford. It was formerly the seat of the 
 Connecticut State Prison. Pop. 2410. 
 SIMUSIR. See Simooseer. 
 
 SIN, sin or seen, a city of China, province of Shen-see, 
 capital of a department, 120 miles S.E. of See-ugan. 
 
 SIN, sL\«. or SIN-LK-NORLE, sib" !eh nob'l, a town of 
 France, department of Nord, 2 miles E. of Douai. P. 1040. 
 SfX-H. ((Jr. Sivai,) the ancient name of a people inhabit- 
 ing the south-easternmost part of Asia, supposed to be the 
 game as the Cochin-Chinese. 
 
 SIN.\.I, (si'ni or si'n.i-i.) Mount, a mountain of Arabia 
 Petnca. famous in Scripture, and generally identified with 
 the Jebel-Moosa, or " Mount of Moses," one of a cluster of 
 mountains, of which Mount Horeb forms a part of the N. end. 
 Lat. of Sinai 28° 30' N., l(jn. 34° E. Height above the sea, 
 7497 feet. On its N.E. side is the fortified convent of Sinai, 
 now tenanted by about 20 Greek monks. Robinson conjec- 
 tures that Mount Horeb, north-westward, was the original 
 Sinai celebrated in holy writ. Mount St. Catherine is, 
 however, the culminating point of this cluster of mountains. 
 SINAI, Pe.ninsula of, between the Gulfs of Suez and 
 Akabah, the scene of the Israelite wanderings in the desert, 
 is about 140 miles in length from N, to S., and as much in 
 breadth at its northern end, whence it gradually tapers 
 southward to its extremity. Ras Mohammed, in the Red Sea. 
 Lat. 27° 4.3' N., Ion. 34° 18' E. The surface is generally 
 mountainous and rocky ; in different localities of it are 
 hieroglvphic and other ancient inscriptions. 
 S1NAT,0A, H state of Mexico. See Cinaloa. 
 SINALONGA, a town of Tusciny. See AsiNAluXGA. 
 SINAilUCO, send-roo'ko, a river of South America, in 
 Venezuela, joins the Orinoco after an E. course of 100 miles. 
 SIN.AY, seu'nA', a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders. 16 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3000. 
 SINGAPORE, a town of South Asia. See Singapore. 
 SIN'CLAIR'S BOTTOM, a post-offlce, Smyth co., Virginia. 
 ■ SIN'CLAIRSVILLE, a village of Chautauque co. New 
 York, about 50 miles S.W. of Buffalo. 
 
 SIN'CLAIRTOWN or ST. CLAIRTOWN, a village of Scot- 
 land, CO. of '•'"e. parish of Dysart, adjoining Pathliead. Pop. 
 1611, m'^'tiy employed in weaving. 
 
 SIN'., SINDK, slnd, or SINDH, a river of Ilindost.in, be- 
 (ween the Chumbul and Betwah Itivers. rises near Seronge. 
 ji«wc M.K. through ttie Gwalior dominions, and between it 
 luid Bundelcund, and joins the Jumna, 26 miles S.E. of Eta- 
 wdh. Total course, 220 miles. The affluents are the Kohary 
 and Maluvar. 
 
 SIN 
 
 SINCE, SCTNBE. slnd, called also STNT»H or STNDTA 
 sin'de-a, and SINDY, (from Sindhon or Sindlm. " a colleotior 
 of waters,") an extensive territory of Briti.sh India, included 
 in the presidency of Bombay, comprising the lower course 
 and delta of the Indus; and situated between lat. 2.3° .32 
 and 28° 50' N., and Ion. 66° 3.5' and 71° 18' E.; Imunded oa 
 the W. and N.W. by Beloochistan and Afghanistan, on the 
 N. by the Punjab, on the E. by the Indian Desert and 
 Rajpootana, and on the S. by the Bunn of Cutch and the 
 Indian Ocean. Length from N. to S., about 380 miles ; 
 breadth very variable and uncertain. Area, estimated at 
 52,120 square miles. 
 
 Face of the Country, <£c. — Its sea-coast stretches in a direc- 
 tion generally W.N.W. from the Horee or E. mouth of the 
 Indus to Cape Monze, a distance of 150 miles; except at the 
 W. extremity it is very low. being composed of mud-banks 
 deposited from the rivers of the delta, or of low hills of sand 
 blown in from the beach, the whole shore being a dreary 
 swamp, destitute of trees or shrubs, and submerged at 
 spring-tides. F'or several miles inland, alsO, tho delta is fre- 
 quently overflowed by the tide, and covered with water 
 during tlie summer-months. In the dry season, the stitT 
 clay-.soil, which is strongly impregnated with nitre, bears an 
 abundant crop of gigantic grass, with furze, mimosas, and 
 cacti, and affords pasture to numerous herds of buffaloes. 
 The alluvial tract fjirther N., which skirts the Indus from 2 
 to 10 miles on either side, is, like the delta, intersected 
 with canals and water-courses, but very superior to it in 
 soil and cultivation— possessing, indeed, a fertility exceeded 
 by that of no tract of country anywhere known. To the E. 
 stretches a region mostly alluvial, but which, from its 
 having been deserted by the river, has become a desert of 
 indurated clay; it is chiefly level, but traversed by two low 
 ranges of tertiary limestone and flinty chalk, and in some 
 parts covered with .shifting sandhills, affording pasturage 
 throughout its extent for camels, buffaloes, oxen, sheep, and 
 other herbivorous animals. W. of the Indus, the Ilala or 
 Brahooic Mountains approach the river at Sehwan. and coma 
 close to the sea at Cape Monze; and between the former 
 place and Kurrachee, on the N.W. mouth of the Indus, is a 
 maze of hills, the highest of which reach an elevation of 
 alx)ut 1600 feet, terminating abruptly on the W. bank of the 
 stream. N. of Sehwan, (lat. 26° 21' N.,) which is considered 
 to mark the division between Sirra or Lower, and Lar or 
 Upper Sinde, the country improves in its aspect. Proceed- 
 ing from E. to W., a few limestone and sand ranges are the 
 only heights met with till the valley of the Indus terminates 
 in the mountains of Beloochistan. Iron abounds in the 
 limestone formation, alum and sulphur in the western hills; 
 and numerous fossil shells have been discovered, with some 
 curious specimens of petrified timber. 
 
 Oinuite, — The climate is remarkably dry and sultry; the 
 country is seldom visited by rain, and is not refreshed by 
 the waters of the monsoons, which, though they approach, 
 do not quite reach this territory. The mean temperature of 
 summer, at Sukkur, is about 102-4° Fahrenheit, and even 
 the waters of Indus at that season attain a warmth of 92°; 
 farther N. it is supposed to be even hotter. In the upper 
 districts frost is not unknown, and the heat often varies in 
 the 24 hours from 40° to 84° Fahrenheit. The hot season 
 lasts from March to September, the cold from October to 
 March ; and the changes from the one to the other are so 
 rapid, that spring and autumn are not experienced. The 
 exhalations, caused by the evaporation during summer from 
 the stagnant waters, and rank decayed vegetation, are ex- 
 tremely injurious to health ; and the winds sweep frOm 
 the surface clouds of dust, impregnated with salt and nitre; 
 besides which, the unwholesomeness of the waters from the 
 wells produces fatal disorders of the bowels, liver, and other 
 organs. The chief diseases, which prevail most in autumn, 
 are influenza, fever, ague, and spasmodic cholera. 
 
 Vegetation and AgHcuUure. — The husbandry of the Sin- 
 dians is of the rudest kind ; for a plough they use a rough- 
 hewn pole, slightly pointed with iron, and drawn by a camel 
 or two bullocks, a rough beam of heavy wood for a harrow; 
 a primitive kind of hoe or grubber, and an equally clumsy 
 wooden rake; these, with a cart and a few baskets, are all 
 the implements known to the Sinde farmer. The N. dis- 
 tricts, not visited by the floods, are artificially irrigated 
 either by the Persian wheel, worked by a camel, or by 
 simply opening drains and canals leading to the lowlands. 
 The grain is trodden from the husks by bullocks, on a mud 
 thrashing-floor; and after the government-collector hag 
 taken the tax in kind, the remainder is simply covered with 
 mats, protected by a cl.iy-coating in the open air, or stored 
 in jars of sun-burnt clay within doors. Under proper culti- 
 vation, the alluvial districts would become "ery productive; 
 but large tracts have been kept in a state of nature by the 
 Ameers, .so long its rulers, either to form hunting-preserves, 
 or to avoid attracting the cupidity of the surrounding tribes. . 
 In those parts that are under tillage the land yields two 
 crops annually ; the spring crop consisting of wheat, barley, 
 millet, sesamum and other oil-seeds, hemp, opium, and 
 tobacco; the autumn crop of rice, maize, cotton, sugar, and 
 indigo. Kice, wheat, and maize form the principal staples, 
 
 1787 
 
 J 
 
SIN 
 
 SIN 
 
 being both sxtensively nsei for food and exported. Pulses, 
 with pumpkins and other succulent plants, are raised in 
 either season. The drtte, mango, plantain, pomegranate, 
 lime, citron, tamarind, fig, mulberry, pistachio, melon, grape, 
 &c., are among the principal fruits. Date-palms are planted 
 in considerable numbers, the produce being employed Iwth 
 for food and distillation. The shores of the delta and Lower 
 Indus are overgrown with mango and tx-«marisli-trees, toth 
 of which supply fodder for cittle, materials for the manu- 
 fecture of mats and baskets, and wood for carpentry and 
 fuel. The caper-tree, and some others, furnish good timber 
 for building; bauhul and peepul-trees are numerous. In 
 moist situations, girantic grasses alwund, and rise to the 
 height of 15 or 18 feet, furnishing materials for thatch, 
 ropes, &c. 
 
 Animals. — The native animals of Sinde include the tiger, 
 panther, hyena, jackal, wolf, fox, antelope and other kinds 
 of deer, wild ass, wild hog, &c. Porcupines, hares, and other 
 game are common in the open and uncultivated districts, 
 and in the salt-marshes are bred vast herds of bufF.iloes. 
 ■ The camels, of the one-humped species, are strong, hardy, 
 and valuable, lx)th as beasts of burden and as furnishing a 
 rich milk, and hair for shawls and cloths ; the buffaloes are 
 prized for their hides, flesh, and milk, of which last is made 
 ghee, an important article of traffic in Indian commerce. 
 The horses, though small, are active, and capable of enduring 
 great fatigue. Sheep and goats are numerous in Upper 
 Sinde. The birds compri.se the eagle, vulture, and different 
 species of hawks; flamingoes and pelicans of large size, 
 and in great numbers, in the delta; wat«r-fowl in gre«t 
 plenty; the jungle-fowl, partridge, quail, and several kinds 
 of parrots. Porpoises and alligators are met with in the 
 Indus and its tributaries. Fish form a chief part of the 
 food of the humbler orders of people; and the taking of 
 them affords employment to many persons. Venomous 
 snakes, scorpion.s, and centipedes are common, and the 
 pools are capable of supph'ing great numbers of leeches. 
 
 Manufactures. — These are carried on at Hyderabad, Shi- 
 karpoor, and some other towns, but the products are chiefly 
 consumed within the limits of the country. The natives are 
 very ingenious as weavers, turners, and artisans, and are 
 specially noted for their skill in the production of wooden 
 lacquer-work, famed throughout India. The leading textile 
 fabrics are coarse silk, cotton, or mixed cloths ; a species of 
 the latter, called lonngets, is highly valued in all the courts 
 of India. The coarse silk goods are woven from silk imported 
 from China and Persiti, and colored with indigo, salai>: 
 kernies, madder, Ac; they are mostly used for sashes and 
 turbans. The manufacture of the many-colored Sindian 
 caps forms also an important branch of industry ; and much 
 taste is often displayed in their dyeing and arrangement of 
 colors. The Sindians are likewise renowned for the pre- 
 paration of very soft and durable leather, tanned chiefly 
 with baubul-bark; it forms an important article of the ex- 
 port trade, and furnishes the materi,Hl for a pretty extensive 
 manufacture of shoes, sword-belts, and water-bags. Paper, 
 also, is made to some ext«nt, and of fair quality, at Shikar 
 poor and Roree. Earthenware is produced in all. and gun- 
 powder in most of the towns; the pottery of Ilalla is re- 
 markable for its tasteful shape and bright colors. 
 
 Ti-ade. — Before its submission tn British rule in 1844. 
 Sinde had but little trade. It is even yet insignificant. The 
 imports consist chiefly of British piece-goods, velvets, and 
 woollens, sugar, groceries, and spices, mostly from Bombivy ; 
 cotton and silk fabrics from Xarwar, Guzerat, and Mooltan : 
 raw silks, drugs and dye-stuffs, dried fruits, gold and gold 
 thread, precious stones, and horses, from Khorassan, Cabool, 
 and Bokhara; and of ivory and wood from the Malabar 
 coast. The exports comprise rice and other grains, ghee, 
 opium, indigo, potash, asafoetida, dried fish, shark-fins, and 
 nides. seaward from its ports in the delta : with cotton, silk, 
 and other fabrics, indigo, metals, sugar, and spices to Kho- 
 rassan and the Punjab. The transit trade between Sinde 
 and Khorassan and Cabool is active, and carried on princi- 
 pally by Lohanna Hindoos, through the Bolau Pass from 
 Kurrachee and Shikarpoor. 
 
 People, dc. — The Sindians, a mixed race of Juts and 
 Beloochees, are partly of the Hindoo and partly of the Mo- 
 hammedan faith. They are described as well made, and hand- 
 some ; tall, inclined to corpulence, and of dark complexion : 
 and the women are particularly noticeable in the Kast for 
 their beauty. The country swarms with "an idle race of 
 men. alternately soldiers, beggars, and thieves." ready for 
 service under any leader; and there are, besides, vast num- 
 bers of/alceerx, lazy, worthless mendicants, who, under the 
 pretence of religion, subsist on contributions extorted from 
 the_ other inhabitants. The dress of the male inhabitant 
 consists of a loose shirt, a pair of Turkish trousers, both 
 usually of blue cotton, a scarf round the waist, and a quilted 
 ootton-cip,- embroidered with silk or gold; but the men of 
 rank wear, instead of the latter, turbans of enormous size. 
 20 to ») inches in diameter. The women dress like the men, , 
 with the exception of the cap. for which thev substitute a 
 long, loose cloth, thrown over the head, and occiisiimallv 
 dnwu over the Jitce. The language is a, branch of the 
 
 Sanscrit, little differing in spelling from the pure Hindot 
 (Hindi) of Upper India, though more regular and complete 
 in the inflexions of its nouns and verbs. It has a character 
 peculiar among its cognate dialects, in being written from 
 left to right. Beloochee is also much spoken, especially in 
 thedistrictsW. of the Indus; and Persian may be considered 
 as the language of the higher orders. 
 
 Diehions. — Sinde is at pivsent divided into three collector- 
 ates — Hyderabad, the capital; Kurrachee. the chief port, 
 and Khyrpoor. Besides these places, its principal towns are 
 Shikarpoor Its leading mart, IluUa. Larkhana. and Tattah. 
 Hidory. — Sinde was governed by Hindoo rajahs at the 
 time of its Invasion by Alexander the Great, but subse- 
 quently, after many changes, it became an independent 
 state. It was finally subdued by the Emperor Akliar iu 
 1580. since which period it has always been either nominally 
 or really tributary. In 1756, it wa« presented by the Mogul 
 court as a dowry to Timur Shah Deranee. King of Cabool, 
 to which country it was (down to it.s late annexation to 
 British India) deemed subordinate. Its final conquest was 
 completed by Sir C. Napier's victory at Meanne. February 
 17, 1S43. It was soon after annexed to. the presidency of 
 Bomb.-iy. Pop., according to a recent estimate. 1.275.000. 
 
 SINDELFINGEX. sin'del-fing'fn. a town of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Xeckar. 9 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3809. 
 SINDH or SINDHU. See Indus. 
 SI.NDHIA. See Sixpe. 
 
 SINDIA. sin'de-5,a village of Sardinia, division of Sassari, 
 7 miles N.E. of Bo.sa. Pop. 1081. 
 SIXDIA. See Sixde. 
 
 SIXDIM, sin-deex*'. or SEXDIM. sfn-deex"', a town of 
 Portugal, province of Beira Alia, 13 miles S.E. of Lamego. 
 Pop. 1195. 
 
 SIXDORSKOE, sin-doR'sko-A, a lake of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Vologda. 85 miles N.X.E. of Oost-Sysolsk. Length, 
 1*2 miles, by 5 miles iu bre:tdth. 
 
 SI.ND'WAH. a fortress and pass of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bombay, 75 miles X.W. of Boorhanpoor. 
 .SIXDY. SeeSiXDE. 
 SIXEXDRIJ. SeeSiNXA. 
 
 SIX'El'UX'EXT BAY, of Worcester co., Maryland, a long, 
 narrow bay, situated on the Atlantic coast, has an inlet of 
 its own name, which is in about 38° 10' N. Int. 
 
 SIXES, see'n^s, a walled town of Portugal, province of 
 Alemtejo, 40 miles S.W. of .\lcacer do Sal. Pop. 1200. It 
 was the birthplace of V.isco de (Jama. 
 
 SIX EU. se-neh'oo. a town of the island of Slajorca. 20 miles 
 E.X.E. of Palnw. Pop. 39<K). 
 
 SIX'EW, a river of British America, rises on the E. side 
 of the Rocky Mountiiins. about lat. 50° N„ flows X.E., and 
 joins the Peace River after a course of about 100 miles. 
 
 SIXEYA. SIXEIA or .SIXEJA, se-n.Vyil, a river of Russia, 
 rises near Liakhora. (Liskow.) government of Vitebsk, flows 
 X. through the government of Pskov, and turning E , joing 
 theVelikai 15 miles alx)ve Ostrov. Total course. 100 miles. 
 SI-XGAX or SIXGAX, a city of China. See See-xgax. 
 SIXGAPORK. sing'ga-Pore', or SIXGAPOUR, formerly 
 written SIXC.VPOKE. (anc. Singhapura, "city of the lion.") 
 a Settlement belonging to Grait Britain, in the S.E. of Asi.a, 
 consisting of an Island off the S. extremity of the MaUy 
 Peninsula, separated from the mainland by a strait in one 
 part only one-fourth of a mile across, and with a town of the 
 same name on its S. side, in lat. 1° 17' X., Ion. VX?P 50' E., 
 and numerous surrounding islets between Cape Buru and 
 Cape Romania. The principal island is of rhomboidal shape, 
 aliout 25 miles long from E. to W., and 11 miles average 
 breadth: area, about 275 square miles. Like the adjacent 
 islets, it is mostly covered with a very thick jungle down to 
 the water's edge. Its surface is generally undulating, 
 rising in some parts into round jungle-covered hills, the 
 highest of which (called Bukit-Tima or the Tin-hill) is 530 
 feet above the sea. Xear the coast are some low tracts of a 
 swampy character, flooded daily by the tides. The soil of 
 the hilis is chiefly of ironstone resting on sandstone; that 
 of the low ground is generally blackish, from contiiining a 
 great proportion of decayed vegetable matter. A stilt clay 
 is found in some piirts. well suited for the manufacture of 
 kaolin pottery, but it is little employed for burning. Frag- 
 ments of granite and trap are scjittered along the beach ; 
 and these formations seem to underlie the sandbeds on the 
 higher parts of the island. Iron is the only metal produced. 
 The island has several rivulets, on one of which stands 
 Singapore, the capital. 
 
 The climate resembles that of Malacca in its e.iuability ; 
 but from the absence of regular alternations of land and sea 
 breezes, it is considerably hotter. The thermometer annu- 
 ally ranges between 71° and 89° Fahrenheit, the average 
 summer heat (M.iy and June) being 84°; the temperature 
 of the colder months (December and January) 7ti°. The 
 island is remarkable for salubrity. Its proximity to the 
 equator secures frequent refreshing showers ; itf foliage is, 
 in consequence, always in the full t>k»im of summer. The 
 greatest quantity of rain falls in December and January, 
 and the total annual fiiU averages 102 inches, nearly a h;df 
 less than that at liangoou. The soil, where of sufficient 
 
SIN 
 
 SIN 
 
 depth, h well adapted for the growth of spices, and all kinds 
 of these products grow readily; but nut mesjs. cloves, -rinrjer, 
 and pepper are the only sorts raised for commerce; the last 
 named is dependent on the cultivation of p;ambier, the 
 leaves of which, after being boiled, are used as manure for 
 the pepper-vines. The sujzar-cane and cocoanut have also 
 been cultivated with considerable success. Numerous vege- 
 tables are raised by the Chinese settlers, including pump- 
 kins, various kinds of melons, cucumliers, yams, sweet-pota- 
 toes, onions, garlic, and others peculiar to the country. 
 Singapore possesses all the fruit-bearing trees of the Mal.ay 
 Archipelago. Agar-agar (a delicate fern like sea-weed) is 
 plentifully found on the neighboring coral reefs and shoals, 
 and is an important article of commerce for the China and 
 Eastern markets. 
 
 Tigers swarm in the jungle's, occasionally committing 
 great havoc, and, indeed, according to a recent authority, 
 carry o(f from 200 to 300 persons annually. The wildcat, 
 otter, tiying-squirrel, ferret, porcupine, pangolin, sloth, wild 
 hog, several kinds of monkeys, bat.s, especially the tlying- 
 fox or pteropus, several varieties of rats, two peculiar species 
 of deer, and two small varieties of the ox tribe, are native; 
 the dugong abounds on the shores. The birds comprise fal- 
 cons, owls, various species of peafowl, pheasants, and part- 
 ridges, pelicans, herons, woodpeckers, paroquets. Java spar- 
 rows, &c., with many varieties of wading birds, but v/e\> 
 footed birds are rare. Among reptiles, are turtles, (both 
 plentiful and cheap,) tortoises, crocodiles, the black cobra, 
 and other varieties of serpent.s. The coast and rivers abound 
 with fish — soles, mullets, rays, sharks. &c., with crabs and 
 prawns; and other Crustacea are abundant. 
 
 The lands under cultivation are stated to be — gambler- 
 bashes. 24.220 acres; pepper-vines, 2014 acres; cocoanut- 
 trees, 2Ij4S acres; pine-apple, 1400 acres; nutmeg and mace. 
 1190 acres; fruit. 1038 acres; cloves, ginger, &c., 1780 acres: 
 making a tofcil of 34.950 acres. Of the cocoanuts. l.OSO.OOO 
 are produced annually, and of the pin(!-apples about 3,000.000. 
 The field-labor is performed mostly by Chinese, but also by 
 Javanese, lioyans, and Malays. 
 
 The government of the colony is vested in a governor, (who 
 holds that office also in Malacca and I'enang.) as.sisted by 
 three resident councillors, a police magistrate, &c. The hiKli 
 court of justice has civil, criminal, and admiralty jurisdic- 
 tion, and is presided over by a recorder appointed by the 
 British crown, or; in his absence, (for he generally resides at 
 I'enang.) by the governor and councillors. The military force 
 of Singapore consists of three companies of Madras native in- 
 fantry, and a small corps of artillery ; in all. .about 700 men. 
 
 The p<jpulation in 1822 amounted to about 10.000 persons ; 
 in 1836 it had increased to .30,000 : and. in 1850, the isljind 
 of Singapore and its dependencies contained a population of 
 62.891, tesides 1548 convicts from India, and l>70 troops. 
 The Chinese compo.se 53 per cent., and the Malays 23-7 per 
 cent, of the entire population. As respects reliu'ion, 27,526 
 are lioodhists. 22,000 Mohammedans, and 1452 Hindoos. 
 
 HUtorij. — The island of Singapore is celebrated in Malayan 
 history as having been the fii-st place of settlement of the 
 early Malay colonists from Sumatra. Their location here 
 took place towards the middle of the twelfth century; and 
 the lines of the ancient town of Singapoora (Singapura) were 
 still traceable in 1819. The British obtained permission to 
 build a factory on the S. shore of the island in 1819 : and by 
 treaty in 1824. purchased the sovereignty and fee simple of 
 the island, as well as of all the seas, straits, and islands to the 
 extent of 10 geographical miles around. In 1826 Singa]>ore 
 was placed undijr the provincial government of the Straits 
 Settlement, which is fi.\ed at Penang, where the governor 
 usually resides. 
 
 SIN'GAI'OKE, the capital of the .above colony, and one of 
 the principal commercial emporiums in the East, is situated 
 on the S. side of the island, on both banks of a creek or rivu- 
 let of the same name, and extends E. for about 1^ miles to an- 
 other small creek, CiiUed the Uocho River. By these rivulets 
 it is separated into three distinct divisions — the Vi. inha- 
 bited by Chinese; the central and best part by the Euro- 
 peans; and the K. by the Maliiys, &c. The central part of 
 the town is laid out in regular streets, lined with substan- 
 tial brick houses; and towards the shore is ample space far 
 parade and carriage drives. Here are the principal public 
 ofiRces, offtcial residences, hotels, exchange, and churches, in- 
 cluding an English church and an American chapel. On a 
 hill, N. of the town, is the government-house; and on the 
 shore is tho Singapore Institution, founded by SirSt.amford 
 Baffles in 1S23. for the cultivation of the Chinese and Malay 
 languages. The W. division comprises the warehouses of 
 the English merchants, as well as the dwellings and shops 
 of the Chinese, who have also here a splendid pagoda of 
 grotesque exterior. ■ The E. part of the town (designated the 
 KampoiHi-ijlnm) comprises the shops of the Klings and Ma- 
 lays, and is remarkable for its filth and squalor. The higher 
 classes of the European and .\merican merchants generally 
 live in bungalows or garden-hou-ses in the suburbs, and 
 along the beach E. of the town, which commands fine views 
 of the harbor and both its entrances. 
 
 The manufactures of Singapore are few, the principal 
 
 being that of preparing sago, which is imported for this pnp- 
 pose. Some of the Chinese employ them.selves actively in 
 the manufacture of agricultural implements, tools, armf, 
 Ac, and in making twine from pine-apple fibres, which is 
 exported to China for fabrication into pina cloth. 
 
 The commerce of Singapore is immense. It has, in fact, 
 become the great entrepot of South Asia and the Malay 
 Archipelago, to which the inhabitants of all parts of the In- 
 dian Ocean resort with the produce of their farming and 
 manufacturing industry, and in which they find a ready 
 market abundantly stocked with every variety of European 
 goods. The port also has the advantage of being perfectly 
 free to vessels of all kinds and nations, without charges on 
 exports and import.?, or anchorage, harbor, and light dues. 
 The imports from Great Britain comprise woollens, piece- 
 goods, cotton-twist, iron, arms, gunpowder, wines, and 
 various manufactures; the exports thither consisting of 
 antimony, tin, and gold-dust, coffee, sugar, cassia, catechu, 
 benzoin, beeswax, raw silk, hides, ivory, tortoise-shells, 
 mother-of-pearl, gutta-percha, and very numerous sundries. 
 The imports from continental Europe consist of wines, 
 spirits, and liqueurs, beer, British and French piece-goods, 
 fire-arms, iron and stet-l articles, glass wares, Siilt provisions, 
 kc. for which it sends in return numerous articles of .Asiatic 
 produce. The imports from the United States comprise m.a- 
 nufactured goods, provisions, tobacco, and sundries, with 
 large consignments of Spanish dollars, in exchange for coffee, 
 sugar, pepper, cassia, tin, tortoise-shells, rice, &c. Singapore 
 also carries on a mo.st extensive trade with Calcutta, Ma- 
 dras, and Bombay, and ves.sels come throughout the year, 
 bringing large supplies of raw cotton, India cotton goods, 
 opium, rice, ic. ; in return for which they take back gold- 
 dust, tin. pepper, sago, catechu, sappan-wood, and treasure. 
 From China, upwards of 200 junks yearly, ranging from 50 
 to 500 tons burden, come with the monsoon, and enter the 
 port early in spring with cargoes of tea, camphor, blue and 
 yellow nankeens, coarse earthenware, and various Chinese 
 sundries ; for which they take back in return raw and ma- 
 nufactured cottons, opium, trepang, pepper, tin. ratans, pine- 
 apple fibres, edible birds'-nests, deer sinews, shark fins, agar- 
 agar. &c. The Siamese and Cochin-Chinese visit the port 
 during the X.E. monsoon, partly in junks of about 30 tons 
 burden, but also in square-rigged vessels, commanded by 
 Europeans and manned V)y natives. The Javanese come in 
 vessels ranging from 150 tons to 500 tons burden, witli coffee, 
 rice, Ac. ; and the Boogis from Celebes send 200 lateen-rigged 
 boats or prahoos in autumn, laden with coffee, rice, gold-dust, 
 tortolse-.shells, and trepang; the Balines^e bring large sup- 
 plies of rice, coarse native cloths, and a few stout ponies ; 
 and the Borneans send numerous small prahoos in autumn, 
 with black pepper, gold-dust, ratans. Ac. Singapore is an 
 important station for British steamers between India and 
 China. It has regular communication with both those 
 countries, and with the Red Sea once every month. 
 
 The following is a comparative abstr,Hct statement of the 
 trade of Singapore with the undermentioned places for the 
 years 1S51-2, and 1852-3, ending respectively on May 1: — 
 
 Names of Place.s. 
 
 Imposts. | 
 
 ■™- 
 
 1851-2. 
 
 1852-3. 
 
 1851-2. 
 
 1852-3. 
 
 Great Britain, &o.. 
 Uniled States 
 
 $3,162,000 
 95,000 
 100,000 
 
 456,000 
 598.000 
 1,730,000 
 281,000 
 490.000 
 138,000 
 
 1,125.000 
 
 710,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 390,000 
 
 831,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 1,330,000 
 
 2,-286.000 
 
 S3,96n,<XI0 
 54,000 
 138,000; 
 
 353.000 
 
 a35,000 
 
 2,100.000, 
 
 326,000; 
 
 386.000, 
 232,000: 
 
 l,.300,00o' 
 
 670,000' 
 
 615.0(10 
 
 313,000 
 
 416.000 
 
 3,060,000i 
 
 1,310,000 
 
 1,603,000 
 
 817,470,000 
 
 81,435.000 
 361.000 
 200,000 
 
 235.000 
 630,000 
 3,182,000 
 210,000 
 487,000 
 310,000 
 
 883.000 
 
 69L',fl00 
 
 455,000 
 
 280.000 
 
 375,000 
 
 1,285.000 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 ), 500.000 
 
 $2,042,000 
 380.000 
 578,000 
 
 109.000 
 726.000 
 2,900,000 
 . 420,000 
 550.000 
 395,000 
 
 985,000 
 
 726,000 
 
 580.000 
 
 296.000 
 
 385.000 
 
 1,210,000 
 
 1,190,000 
 
 1,818,000 
 
 $15,290,000 
 
 Bi-enien aud Ham- 
 
 
 
 Coctiin-Ciilna 
 
 
 Java, Riilo, Balli, 
 Lombok, aad Sum- 
 
 Slalayan Peninsula. 
 
 
 Coast of Malabar... 
 
 Calcutta 
 
 Malacca & Penang.. 
 Other Countries.... 
 
 Total 
 
 $14,970,000 
 
 $13.7-.:0,00O 
 
 Ships lie in the roads or open harbor, (in 10 or 14 fathoms 
 water,) at the distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from the 
 town. The river or creek is accessible to the lighter.s, and 
 the goods are taken in and discharged at convenient quays, 
 at the dooi-8 of the principal warehouses. The arrivals and 
 departures of vessels in 1849 to 1853, were as follows :— 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Abbhtals. 
 
 Departures. j 
 
 Square-Rigsed. 
 
 Nalire. 
 
 Boats. Tons. 
 1,868 58.590 
 2,114 69.056 
 2,036 59,693 
 2,107 70,194 
 
 Snuare-Riggea. | NaliTe. 1 
 
 1849-.50. . 
 18.iO-51.. 
 1851-52.. 
 1852-53.. 
 
 Ships. 
 707 
 838 
 933 
 885 
 
 Tons. 
 246,176 
 284,485 
 339.351 
 342,134 
 
 Ships. 
 708 
 811 
 890 
 875 
 
 Tods. Boats. 
 238.688 2.188 
 269,949 2,250 
 319,728 2,287 
 332,795 2,265 
 
 Tons. 
 60,276 
 70,259 
 63,085 
 73,670 
 
SIN 
 
 SIO 
 
 Besiiles the vessels included in the foregoing statement, in 
 1852-3, 173 vessels (tonnage. 31.120) arrived from Malacca 
 and Penang. and 193 vessels (tonnage, 40.434) billed for these 
 ports. In all, 10.')8 squane-rigged vessels (tonnage, 373.955) 
 arrived in 1852-3. of which 733 vessels (tonnage, 271,934) 
 were Rritish. Pop. in 1850, 25,916. 
 
 SIX'GAUAPET'TAU, a town of British India, presidency 
 of M.tdi-.Hs. 85 miles W.X.AV. of Pondicherry. 
 
 SINGBOOM, sing^boom', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengtil. province of Orissa, 110 miles W. of Midna- 
 poor. in lat. 22° 31' N., Ion. 85° 40' E. 
 
 SINGEN, siug'en, a market-town of B.aden, circle of Lake, 
 6 miles W.N.W. of Kadolfszell. Pop. 1164. 
 
 SI-VGIIALA and SINGHALESE. See Cetlo.v. 
 
 SIXOIIEA, sin'ghe-.^, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, on the Guuiluck, 17 miles X. of Patna, in lat. 25° 
 62' X.. Ion. 85° 15' E. Near it are the vestiires of a ruined city. 
 
 SIXGIIUK. singVftr'. a hill-fort of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bonib.-)y- 12 miles S.S.W. of I'oonah. 
 
 SIXGILKI or SIXGIIILEI. sin-ghe-lA'e, written also SIX- 
 GILIJEW, a town of Russia, government, and 23 miles 
 S.S.E. of Siaibeersk, on the Volga. Pop. 3000. It is mostly 
 built of stone. 
 
 SI.NG KEIi, sing'kJl'. a town of Sumatra, on the Vf. coast, 
 at the mouth of the Singkel, 8 miles X.W. of Cape Singkel. 
 in lat 2-5 15' X. 
 
 SIX'GLETARYSVILLE, a postofflce of Williamsburg dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 SIX'GLETOX, a parish of England, eo. of Sussex. 
 
 SIXGLKTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. . 
 
 SINGOE, siu'gii^eh, an island of Sweden, Isen of Stock- 
 holm, in the Baltic, 20 miles W. of the Aland Islands. 
 Length. 4 miles. 
 
 SIXGOLE. sin'gol', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, Xerbudda territory. 25 miles X.X.W. of Gurrah. 
 
 SIXGO-S.ARIE, sing'go sd'ree, a village of Java, province 
 of Passoeroean, district of Malang. with the remains of one 
 of the tiuest heathen temples in .Tava. 
 
 SING SIXG, a post-village of Ossining township, West' 
 Chester county. New Vork, on the left or E. bank of the 
 Hudson, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 33 miles X. of 
 New York. The village is situated on an acclivity, which 
 rises to the height of about 200 feet. On its summit is a 
 range of elegant villas, extending in the rear of the village 
 nearly its whole length. The river here reaches its greatest 
 breadth, being nearly 4 miles across, and the scenery in 
 every direction is exceedingly tieautiful and picture.«que. 
 Sing Sing is distinguished for its boarding-schools. Mount 
 I'leiisant .Academy, an incorporated institution, has a fine 
 marble editice. delightfullj- situated, and enclosed by spa- 
 cious and highly-ornameuted grounds. The number of stu- 
 dents is limited to 50. for whom 6 instructors are employed. 
 Horsemanship and military fcictics .ire taught, in addition 
 to the brandies usually pursued in su'li an institution. 
 There is also another excellent boarding-school for boys, 
 occupying a large brick editice. and a female seminary of 
 high reputation, besides several other flourishing institu- 
 tions. Sing Sing contains 4 churche.s, a bank, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. The Ci-oton aqueduct, whicli passes through 
 the village, is here an object of much interest, being carried 
 over the .'ing Sing Kill by an arch of stone masonry 88 feet 
 between the abutments, and 100 feet above the water. Sing 
 Sing is the seat of one of the New York state prisons, which 
 is situated immediately on the bank of the Hudson, about 
 three-fourths of a mile S. of the village. 'The buildings are 
 of marble or limestone, and form three sides of a square. 
 The main editice is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and 5 stories 
 high, containing 1000 cells for pri.soners. In 1852 the num- 
 lier of criminals confined was 869. The greater number of 
 the convicts are engaged in the various mechanic arts, but 
 no inconsiderable portion are employed in working the ex- 
 tensive limestone qmirries in the immediate vicinity of the 
 prison. The female convicts occupy a fine building, 30 or 40 
 rods E. of the male department. These prisons are not en- 
 closed by walls, but are guarded by sentinels. Sing Sing is 
 the centre of an active trade. Steamboats plying between 
 New York and places along the Hudson touch at this point. 
 Pop. 5:U.). 
 
 SIXIGAGLIA, se-ne-gJl'vi, (anc Selna or Stina Gallica.) a 
 fortified seaport town of Central Italy, in the Pontifical 
 StHtes. legatiim of L'rbino. on the Misa, at its mouth in the 
 Adriatic, 16 miles W.X.W. of Ancona. Pop. 21.930. It has a 
 c.itliedral. convents, mint, theatre, and a small harbor, but 
 is chiefly celebrated for its large annual fair In July and 
 August, which is attended by traders from all parts of Cen- 
 tral and S'lnth Europe. Xorth .Africa, and the Levant 
 Sl-X 1 NG. a to wn of China. .See Sek-xing. 
 SIXIO IKIJ.A, SIXIOUKHA or SIXIUKHA, se-neoo'Kj, 
 a river of Russia, government of Kiev, and between Kher- 
 Bon and Podolia, after a S.E. and S. course of nearly 150 
 miles, joins the Bug at Olviopol. Before the peace of 1791, 
 this river fnrnie<l the boundary lietween Russia and Turkey. 
 SINISCdLA, se-nis'koia, a" village of Sardinia, 25 miles 
 M.E. of Xuoro. Pop. 2826. 
 SIN'J AR' or SINGALI, sin-giaeeS a small town of Asiatic 
 1700 
 
 Turkey, pashalic, and 70 miles W. of ^losul. It consists of 
 about 80 houses, with many Mohammedan tombs, and some 
 remains of a much more remote date. 
 
 SIXJ AR HILLS, a range of Asiatic Turkey, about 50 miles 
 in lenjth, by 7 to 9 miles in breadth, between the Khaboor 
 and Tigris. They are covered with oak forests and fig and 
 vine plantations, interspersed with numerous villages. 
 
 SIXJ.\WK.4. a town of Russia. See Sintavka. 
 
 SIXKIXG CREEK, a pdstotflce of Craig co.. Virginia. 
 
 SIXK'ING SPRING, a post-village of Berks co., Penns/l- 
 vania. 50 miles E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 364. 
 
 SIXKING SPRIXG, a thriving post-village of Highland 
 CO., Ohio. 75 miles E. of Cincinnati. Pop. about 300. 
 
 SIX KING VALLEY MILLS, a postroffiee of Blair CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SIXK'S GROVE, a post-ofBce of Monroe co., W. Virginia. 
 
 SIXN, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Senn. 
 
 SINN.sinn. a river of Bavaria, liesse-Cassel.aftera S. course 
 of 40 miles, joins the Saale near its influx into the Main. 
 
 SINNA, sin'na.SENXA. sJn'nd. or SINEXDRIJ. se-n^n'- 
 drij', a town of Persia, province of I rak-.Ajemee. capifcil of the 
 district of Ardelan. on a declivity below its original site, 80 
 miles W.X.W, of Ilamadan. The population, according tc 
 Rich, consists of 4000 or 6000 families. It is of comparatively 
 modern origin, and has an imposing appe.arance, with the 
 castellated palace of its governor on a height. In its vicinity 
 is a very exten.»ive public gsirden. 
 
 SIXX.AI. sin-ni'. a market-town of the island of Sardini.a, 
 division, and 8 miles N.E. of C.agliari. Pop. 2826. 
 
 SIXXEMAHOXING. post-offlce. Clinton co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SIXXEMAInyxiNG CREKK.of Pennsylvauiji. enters ths 
 West Branch of the Susquehanna in Cliritou county. 
 
 SIX XI E. a river of Guinea. See Ancoiikr. " • 
 
 SIXNIMARI or SINNAMARY, seen^n^maVee'. a river of 
 French Ouian.a, enters the Atlantic 78 miles N.W. of Cay- 
 enne, after a N. course of 200 miles. At its mouth is the 
 villaireof Sinniniari. 
 
 SIX'XIXGTOX, pari.sh, England, co. York, North Riding, 
 
 SINXO, sin'no, (anc. Si'ris.) a river of Naples, province of 
 Ba.silicjita. enters the Gulf of Taranto 19' miles S.W. of the 
 mouth of the Bradano, after an E. course of 6<J miles, 
 
 SIXXORE; siuHior', a town of India, in the Baroda domi- 
 nion.s, on the Nerbudda, 26 miles E.X.E. of Baroach. 
 
 SI .NOPE, sin'o-pe, (Turk. Sinnab, Sinotib or Sinuh, see^ 
 noolV.) a seaport town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 75 
 miles W.X.W. of .Samsoon, in lat. 42° 2' 12" N.. Inn. 35° 12' 
 30" E. Pop. about SOOO. It is situated on an isthmus con- 
 necting a high, rocky peninsula with the mainland, and 
 has on its S.W. side the best port on the N. coiist of Asiatic 
 Turkey. Its walls, composed of fragments of Byzantine 
 architecture, are ivy-ciad, and overhang deep wooded ravines, 
 crossed bj- high and narrow bridges. Many of its buildings 
 are surrounded by gardens. Its exports consist of timber, 
 salt, cordage, fish, and oil. Sinope was the birthplace of 
 Diogenes, the famous Cynic philosopher. 
 
 SINOPOLI, sin-op'o-le, a town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 bria Ultra II., 17 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 SIXOPOLI IXFERIORE, .sin-op'o-le in-fi-re-o'rji, a tillage 
 of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., immediately S.W. 
 of the above. 
 
 SINOU, se-noc/, a little river of Liberia, falls into the 
 Atlantic, near 6° N. lat.. and 9° W. Ion. 
 
 SINOUB. a town of Asia Minor. See .''ixope. 
 
 SINS, sKy", a village and pari.sh of Switzerland, canton 
 of Grisons, on a hill iu Ix)wer Enir.adine Vallev. Pop. 1422. 
 
 SINSHEIM, sins'hime. a town of Baden. 14 miles S.S.E. 
 of Heidelberg. Pop. 2869. 
 
 SIXTA BAYOU, (hToo>,) of Alabama, flows into the Tom- 
 bigliee near Coffeeville. 
 
 SIX^TCHOiy or SIN-TCIIEOU, sinVheK)o' or sinVhew', a 
 town of China, province of Quang-see, capital of a depart- 
 ment. Lat. 23° 20' N., Ion. 110° K. 
 
 SIXU or ZIXU. .see-noo'. a river of New Omnada. rises in 
 the department of Cauca, about lat. 7° N.. flows first N.E., 
 then N..\.W.. and after a course of alxjut 200 miles falls into 
 the Gulf of Morrosquillo, in the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 SIXUB. See Sinope. 
 
 SIXUS AMBRACIUS. See Arta. Gitf of. 
 
 SIXUS PELASGICU3, See Volo. Gixf of. 
 
 SIXUS SAROXICUS. See iEoiNA.GClF of. 
 
 SIXUS VEXEDICUS. See Gulf of Riga. 
 
 SINYAVKA, SIXIAVKA or SIXJAWKA, sin ylv'kl. a 
 market-town of Russia, in the Don-Cossack country, 45 miles 
 W.S.W. of Novo-Tcherknsk, at the mouth of the Mertvol- 
 Donets. in the Sea of .\7,of. 
 
 SIXYAVK.A., SIXIAVKA or SINJAWKA, a market-town 
 of Russia, government, and 34 miles E.N.E. of Tcliernigov. 
 
 SINYAVKA, .«IX1AVKA or .SI.XJAWKA. a markeMown 
 of Russia, government, and 75 miles S.E. of Vilna. 
 
 SINZHEIM, sints'hime, a village of Germany, o miles W 
 of Baden. Pop. 1426. 
 
 SIXZIG. sint'slo. a walled town of Rheni.sh Prussia. 2o miles 
 N.W. ofCoblentz. near the left bank of the Rhine. I'cp 1800 
 
 SI'OX or ZI'ON, a hill or mountain of Palestine, on which 
 Jerusalem was partly built. 
 
SIO 
 
 SIOX see'iN"', (Ger. SUten, sit'ten ; anc. Sedu'num.) a town 
 of Switzerland, capital of tlio canton of Valais, near the 
 Rlione, 60 miles S. of Bern. Pop. in 1S50, 3510. It i.s en- 
 closed by walls, and iias 3 castles. There are many cretins 
 in its vicinity. 
 
 SION, seemo', a village of France, department of Loire-In- 
 ferieure, C miles N.l<'. of Derval. I'op. in 1852, 2717. 
 
 SION. see'on', a town and fort of British India, at the N. 
 end of the island of Bombay, with a causeway communica- 
 tion with the island of Salsette. 
 
 SIOOT. SIOUT or SIUX, se^ot', written also OSIOOT or 
 ES-SIOUT, (anc. Lycnp'olis.) the principal town of Upper 
 F.gypt, capifcil of a province, near the Nile, in lat. 27° 11' \i" 
 N., Ion. 31° U' E. i'op. 20,000. (?) It is the largest and 
 best-built town S. of Cairo, and has well-supplied bazaars, 
 handsome mosques, a palace built by Ibraheem Pasha. pul> 
 lie baths, a government school, and cotton factory. It was, 
 until lately, the principal seat of the slave trade in Egypt, 
 and is still the chief resort of the caravans coming into that 
 country from Darfoor. It is also an important military sta- 
 tion, and has a large manufacture of pipe-bowls. Around 
 It are traces of the ancient city, and in the adjacent moun- 
 tains, W. of the Nile, are several remarkable tombs, grot- 
 toes, and catacombs. 
 
 SIOUX, usually pronounced soo, (Fr. pron. ae-oo'.) called 
 also DAKOTAU, dah-ko'ta, a new county in the W.N.VV. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the Sioux River, and also di-ained by 
 the head waters of Floyd's River, an affluent of the first- 
 mentioned stream. Pop. 10. 
 
 SIOUX CITY, a post-village, capital of •Woodbury co., 
 Iowa, on tlie Missouri River. Pop. 767. See Appendix. 
 
 SIOUX IN'DI ANS, a numerous and powerful tribe, inha- 
 biting the territory between the Missouri and Mississippi. 
 
 SIOUX RIVER, Minnesota, takes its rise in a little lake 
 In about 45° 20' N. lat., and 97° 20' W. Ion. Its general 
 course is nearl3' S. by E. It unites with the Missouri River 
 in about 42° ii)' N. lat., and 96° 20' W. Ion. The whole 
 length is estimated at 300 miles. 
 
 SIPAN DAGH, se-pln' dig, a mountain of Turkish Arme- 
 nia, pashalic, and 40 miles N.W. of Van, on the N. side of 
 Lake Van. Supposed elevation, 11,000 feet. 
 
 SIPESVILTjl'l, a post-offlce of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 S1PII.4NT0, sif'an-to or see'fdn-to,(anc.S'p/t'nos.) an island 
 of the Grecian Archipelago, government, and 25 miles S.W. 
 ofSyra. Area. 34 .square miles. Pop. oOlJO. The soil is fer- 
 tile; the chief products are corn, silk, figs, wax, and honey. 
 In ancient times the island had mines of gold and silver. 
 
 SIPONTUM. See .Manfredoxu. 
 
 SIB0TU15A, se-po-toc/bl, an auriferous river of Brazil, 
 rises in the province of Matto Gi'osso, in lat. 1.3° 60' S., fol- 
 lows the B. slope of the Serra Taperapoan throughout its 
 whole length, receiving the Taperapoan, Juva. and Jaranba- 
 hiba. The Sipotuba, after the juaction of these streams, 
 becomes navi^jable, and proceeding S. for about 200 miles in 
 a cour.se ne.arly parallel to that of the Paraguay, joins that 
 river on the right, about 20 miles above Villa Maria. 
 
 SIP'PICAN, a post-village of Plymouth co., Massachu- 
 setts, on Buzzard's Bay, 55 miles S. by E. of Boston. The 
 inh,abitant8areprincipallyengagedin the manufacture of .salt. 
 
 SIP'SKY HIVEK, of Alabama, called also NEW RIVER, 
 rises near the E. border of Marion county, and flowing 
 nearly S., and then S.W., enters the Tombigbee at the N. 
 extremity of Sumter county, about 12 miles N. of Gaines- 
 Tiile. 
 
 SIPSEY RIVER, of Alabama, rises near the N. border of 
 Walker co., and flowing S.E. enters the Mulberry Fork of 
 Black Warrior. 
 
 SIPSEY TURNPIKE, a postoffice of Tuscaloosa co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 SIR, a mouth of the Indus. See Seer. 
 
 SIR A XG. an island of the Malay Archipelago. See Ceiiam. 
 
 SIRAULT. soe'rO', a village of Belgium, province of llai- 
 naut, 9 miles Vf. of Moiis. Pop. 22-37. 
 
 SIR CIIAilLtiS HARDY'S ISLANDS. See H.vrdt. 
 
 SIR-DAltIA, a name of the river Jaxartes. 
 
 SIRDARUD, sir'da-rood'(?) a ftourishing village of North 
 Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 7 miles S.W. of Tabreez. 
 
 SIKDIIAR, a town of Ilindostan. See Surdiiaur. 
 
 SIRDIIUNA, sir-doo/ni, a town of Briti.sh India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal. Upper Provinces, 37 miles N.N.E. of Delhi. 
 It was the capital of the Begum Sumroo. 
 
 SIR EVERARD HOME'S ISLANDS, a cluster of islands 
 off the N.E. coast of Australia, extending about 4 miles 
 from Cape GrenviUe. in lat. 11° 57' 40" S., Ion. 143° 11' E. 
 
 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE'S BAY, in California, about 30 
 miles W.N.W. of San Francisco, lat. 3S° N., Ion. 122° 60' W. 
 
 SIRGOO.TAII, sir-goo'ja, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, in Gundwiinah, 75 miles S.W. of Palamow. 
 
 SIRinXD. sir-h!ud', a decayed fortress and town of North- 
 west Ilindos'ten, in the protected Sikh territory, 27 miles 
 N.W. of Umballah, on the route to Belaspoor 
 
 SIRICASA. See Svraouse. i 
 
 SIR-I-KOL, sirVkoI'or seerVe-kol', a lake in Bokhara, 
 forming the source of the river Oxus ; elevation 15,600 feet. 
 
 SIS 
 
 SIRINAGUR, a city of Cashmere. See siatrs.wrB. 
 
 SIRI POOL, see'ree pool, a town of Central Asia, on the 
 N. slope of the HuzareU .Mountains, 46 miles S.W. of Balkli, 
 in lat. 36° 21' N., Ion. t6° S8' E. It is the capital of an in- 
 dependent Oozbek chief. 
 
 SIRIS. See Sinno. 
 
 SIR-I-SUNGAH, sir-ee-shn'gj, a fort of Afghanistan, 22 
 miles S.W. of Cabool. on the route to Ghuznee. 
 
 SIR JAMES SMITH'S ISLANDS, part of the Cumber- 
 land group, off the N.K. coast of Australia. The principal 
 island, called Llnne Peak, is in lat. 20° 40' 30" S., Ion. 140° 
 y' 10" E. 
 
 SIRJAN. See Kermax. 
 
 SIR JOHN'S RUN, a post-offlce of Morgan co., Virginia. 
 
 SIR JOSKPH BANKS'S ISLANDS. See Bank. 
 
 SlUMIO. SeeSERMioNE. 
 
 SIRMORE, slr-mor', or SURMOOR, sur-moor', one of the 
 protected Sikh states of India, between the Sutlej and 
 Jumna Rivers, on the route between Seharunpoor and Belas- 
 poor. The surface Is hilly. It produces wheat, barley, 
 tobacco, opium, cotton, timber, and iron. The principal 
 town is Nahan, 30 miles E.N.E. of Umballah, in lat. 31° N., 
 Ion. 77° E. 
 
 SIRNACII, seeR'ndK, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton of Thurgau, 17 miles S.W. of Constance. Pop. 2742. 
 
 SIROKA-KULA, se-ro'kil koo'li, a village of Austrian 
 Croatia, about 8 miles from Gospich. Pop. 19S1. 
 
 SIRO'NA, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. 
 
 SIRSAH, sir'sa, a town of British India, 20 miles W. of 
 Futtehabad. 
 
 SIRS.AW.^, sir-si'wj, a town of British India, diatrict, and 
 7 miles N.W. of Seharunpoor. 
 
 SIRUEL.\, se-rw:l'!jl, a town of Spain, province, and 92 
 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 3512. 
 
 SIRWAX. sir-wiin', a ruined city of Persian Koordistan, 
 65 miles S.W. of Kermanshah. Lat. 33° 30' N., Ion. 46° 25' 
 E. It presents the most perfect remains of a Sassanian cit}' 
 to be found in Persia. The buildings are composed of mas- 
 sive stone walls, and some of the dwellings are perfectly 
 pre.served, with ancient paintings in some of the vaults ap- 
 pearing quite fresh. It is considered to occupy the site of 
 the more ancient->/>?oncB. Its small plain is well cultivated. 
 
 SIS, sis or sees, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic, and 40 
 miles N.E. of Adan.a, on the Jyhoon, S. of Mount Taurus, 
 and the see of an Armenian patriarch. 
 
 SIS, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic, and 21 miles S.W". 
 of Seevas, on the Kizil-lrmak. 
 
 SISAL, se-sil', a seaport town of Yucatan, on its N.IV. 
 coast, 30 miles N.W. of Merida, in lat. 21° 10' 6" N., Ion. 90° 
 2' 45" W. Population mostly Indian.'. 
 
 SIS.iNTi;, se-sdn'td, a town of Spain, province, and 45 
 miles S.W. of Cuene.^. Pop. 3612. 
 
 SLSAPO or SISAPON. See Almaden de la Plata. 
 
 SISARGA, se-saR'gd, a group of islets off the N.W. coast 
 of ^pain. in Galicia. -province, and 23 miles W. of Corunna. 
 
 SISEBOLI or SIZEBOLL se-sdAVo-le, (anc. Jpollo'nia. after- 
 wards Snzoplolis.) a maritime town of European Turkey, in 
 Room-Elee. on the Black Sea, at the entrance of the G ulf of 
 lioorghas, 80 miles N.K. of .Vdrianople. It has one of the 
 best harbors on the Black Sea, and is mostly inhal>ited by 
 Greeks, who carry on an active trade. It was taken bj' the 
 Russians in 1829. 
 
 SISKIYOU, usually pronounced sia/e-kew, a county in 
 the N. part of California, bordering on Oregon. The surface 
 is mountainous, and drained by the Klamath and Pitt Rivers. 
 Area, about 8000 square miles. Capital. Yreka. Pop. 762U. 
 
 SIS'LAXD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SISLAVICH, si.s'ia-viK\ or SISLAWITZ. sis'la-wits\ a vil- 
 lage of Austria, in Croatia, on the Kulpa, 9 miles from 
 Karlstadt. Pop. 1026. 
 
 SISSA, sis'sil, a town of Northern Italy, 4 miles N.W. of 
 Parma, near the Taro. Pop. 4055. 
 
 SISSACH. sis's3K, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 13 
 miles S.E. of Basel. Pop. 1264. 
 
 SISSONXE, sees^sonu', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aisne, 12 miles E. of Laon. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SIS'SO.XA'ILLE, a post-village in Kanawaha co., West 
 Virginia, 333 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 SiSTERDALE, a post-office of Comal CO., Tennessee. 
 
 SISTERON, sisHfh-rAs"', a fortified town of France, de- 
 partment of Ba.sses-Alpos, on the Durance and Buech. 16 
 miles W.N.W. of Digne. Pop. in 1862. 4576. It is enclosed 
 by walls, and commanded by a citadel, which was the prison 
 of Casimir, King of Poland. 
 
 SIS'TERS, two islands of the Pacific, N. of Chatham 
 Island, near New Zealand. 
 
 SISTERS, two islands in Bass' Strait, off the N. extremity 
 of Furneaux Island. 
 
 SISTFUtS, two islands in the Indian Ocean, between Great 
 and Little Andaman Islands. Lat. 11° 10' N., Ion. 92° 46' E. 
 
 SISTKRS, two islands in the Tung-shan-ying Bay, S.E 
 coast of China, province of Quangtong, ,ibout lat. 23° 22' N., 
 Ion. 117° 47' E. 
 
 SISTERS, two low, woody islands in the Philippines, off 
 the W. coast of Luzon. Lat. 15° 60' N., Ion. 119° 49' E. 
 
 1791 
 
SIS 
 
 SKA 
 
 STSTKR'S CREEK, a small stream of Erie co., New York, 
 fiills into Lake Erie. 
 
 SISTKR'S FERRY, a post-office of Effingham co., Georgia. 
 
 SISTERS. THE THREE, three i.slauds of the Seychelles 
 group. Indian Ocean, in lat. 5° 9' 3U" S. 
 
 SIS'TERVILLE, a post-villasre of Tyler county, AVest Vir- 
 ginia, is plea.«antly situated on the Ohio River, about 35 
 miles below Wheeling, and 9 miles TV. of Middleboui-u, the 
 county seat. It has a good landing for steamlxiats. and it 
 Is the temiinus of several turnpike roads extending towards 
 the inteijor. These advantages, together with the naviga- 
 tion of the Ohio, render this a place of active trade, which 
 ^Is rapidly increasing. Coal and iron ore are found in the 
 vicinity, free poimlation 351. 
 
 SIS'i'ON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SISTOVA. sis-to'v5, or SCHIST.A.B, shis-tlb', called also 
 SIITAB, shtdb, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on 
 the right bank of the Danube, 24 miles E.S.E. of Jvicopolis. 
 Lat. 43°3S'N., Ion. 25°20'E. I'op. 20,000. It has a citadel. 
 A treaty of peace between Austria and Turkey was signed 
 here in 1791. 
 
 SIT, sit, a river of Russia, rises in the government of 
 Tver, tlows E., then N., and joins Mologa after a course of 
 about SO miles. It is famous for a signal victory gained 
 upou its bank.s in 1237 by the Tartars over the Russians. 
 
 SITCIIEVKA.SITSCIIEWKA or SICnEVKA,sitch-6v'ka, 
 •writtenalsoSlTSIIEVSK, S]TSCIIEVSK,andSlTCUEVSK, 
 a town of Russia, government, and 10 miles X.E. of Smo- 
 lensk, on an affluent of the Volga. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SITGES, sit'Hjs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, 
 and 18 miles S.W. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Lat. 
 41° IC N., Ion. 1° 54' E. It has a courtrhouse, a large semi- 
 circular clock-tower, built by the Moors, an ancient feudal 
 castle on an eminence in the centre of the old town, and 
 now used as the prison, .several schools, a college, a music 
 school, and an hospital, with two churches, one of them on a 
 rock which serves as a bastion, and overhangs the sea. Pop. 
 3503. 
 
 SITII'XEY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SITIA, se-tee'd, or SET-TIA, slt-tee'Si, (auc. Cyihcefumf) a 
 maritime tewn of Crete, on its N. coast, 55 miles E. of Can- 
 dia. Kear it is Cape Sitia, and Mount Sitia is directly S. of 
 it, inland. 
 
 SITIKIS. See Seteef. 
 
 SITIZZANO, se-tit-sl'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra I., 5 miles S.E. of I'alma, nearly destroyed by 
 the earthquake of 17S3. 
 
 SIT'KA, improperly written SITCIIA, an island of the 
 Pacific Ocean, the largest of George III. Archipelago, off the 
 W. coast of North America, in lat. 67° 3' N., Ion. 136° 18' W. 
 The Russian settlement Sitka or New Archangel, on its W. 
 coast, has a magnetic observatory. Mean temperature of 
 the year, 45°-4: winter, 34°-7; summer, 5C°"2 Fahrenheit. 
 
 SlTKtllX, sit^Kin'. oneof the Aleuti.an Islands, lat. 52° 4' 
 N., Ion. 170° 2' yi. It is aliout 25 miles in circuit, with a 
 volcanic mountain in its centre, 5033 feet high, and covered 
 with perpetual snow. 
 
 SITKuKF. See Sikokp. 
 
 SITSCUEVKA. See SiTCHEVKA. 
 
 SITTARD, sit't.jrt, or SITTEKT, sit/tert, a town of the 
 Netherlands, province of Limburg, 13 miles N.E. of Maes- 
 trjcht. Pop. 3400. 
 
 SITTAHD. a town of Rheni.sh Prussia, 15 miles "W.N.M". 
 of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1 240. 
 
 SITTEX. a town of Switzerland. See Siox. 
 
 SITTING BOURNE, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Kent, on Milton Creek, 10 miles E.S.E. of Ro- 
 chester. Pop. in 1851. 2897. 
 
 SITZENDORF, sit'sen-doRr, a market-town of Low^r 
 Austria, on the Great Schmieda, 5 miles N.E. of Meissau. 
 Pop. 1350. 
 
 SIU-AN-IIOA, se-oo'an-ho'd. a fortified city of China, pro- 
 vince of Pe-chee-lee. capital of a department, on the Yang-ho, 
 near the Great Wall, 90 miles N.W. of Peking. Its inha- 
 bitants manufacture superior felt caps and other woollen 
 goods. 
 
 SIXIE-SHAX or SIUE-CHAN. see/u-.V or seeVil (?) shin', 
 (i. i. •' snowy mountain,'") the name of many lofty mountains 
 in China, of which the following are the principal: — 
 
 SHJE-FOONG-SIIA.N or SI U]>>FOUNG-CHAN, a mountain 
 of China, province of Fo-Kien, lat. 26° 35' N., Ion. 119° 6' K. 
 It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SIUE-SHAN or SIUE-CIIAN, a mountain of China, pro- 
 vince of Shan-see, lat. 39° N., Ion. 111° 30' £. It is covered 
 with per))etual snow. 
 
 SIUE-SIIAN or SIUE-CHAN, a mountain of China, pro- 
 vince of Yun-nan, lat. 25° 68' N., Ion. 102° 52' E. It is covered 
 with perpetual snow. 
 
 SIUK-SU.\N, SIUE-CIIAN, YULOONG-SHAN or YU- 
 LOUNG-CIIAN, yooMoong'shan', a mountain of China, pro- 
 vince of Yunnan. Lat.26°33'N.,lon.99°20'E. Itiscovered 
 with perpetual snow. 
 
 eiU»SIIAN or SITJE-CIIAN, a mountain of China, pro- 
 vince of \ un-nan, lat. 25° 20' N., Ion. 98° 22' E. It is covered 
 with perpetual snow. 
 1792 
 
 STUE-SnAN or SIUE-CHAN. a mountain of China, pro- 
 Tince of Kan-Soo, lat. 30° 43' N„ Ion. 104° 41' E. It is covered 
 with perpetual snow. 
 
 SIUE-SIIAN or SIUE-CIIAN. a mountain of China, pro 
 vince of Koei-choo. Lat. 27° 14' N., Ion. 105° 4' E. It is 
 covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SIUE-SIIAN or SIUE-CIIAN. a mountain of China, pro. 
 vince of Se-chuen. Lat. 32° 20' N., Ion. 105° 52' E. It is 
 coTered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SIUE-SIIAN or SIUE-CIIAN, a mountain of China, pro- 
 vince of Sechuen. Lat. 32° 27' N., Ion. 103° 4' E. It is covered 
 with perpetual snow. 
 
 SlUT. See SiooT. 
 
 SIVA or SIWA, se-v3/ or see/vi a river of Russia, rises in 
 the government of Perm, flows S.. and joins the Kama 24 
 miles N.of Sarapool; total course, 100 miles. 
 
 SIVANA, se-vd'nd, or SAMADURA, sa-m-Vdoo^rS, an 
 island of British Indi.a, presidency of Madras, formed by the 
 Cavery, in the district of Coimbatoor. Length, 9 miles; 
 breadth, 10 miles. It was the site of the ancient Hindoo 
 city of Ganga Para, and has remains of several temples. The 
 Caverv here forms two line cataracts. 
 
 SIVAS. See.?EEV.\s. 
 
 SIVASII, S'.VACIIE or SIWASCH, seeVash', GHILO 
 MORE, or PUTRID SEA. a lagoon on the N. and E. sides 
 of the Crimea, South Russia, communicating on the N. with 
 the Sea of Azof by the Strait of Genitchi. only a furlong in 
 breadth, and elsewhere separated from the sea by a narrow 
 sandy tongue of land, 70 miles iu length. The shores, on its 
 W. side, are extremely irregular; breadth, from 5 to 15 miles; 
 it receives the Palghir, the principal river of the Crimea. By 
 an E. wind, the water of the Sea of Azof is forced through 
 the strait, and often covers the surface of the lagoon; at 
 other times it presents only a pestiferous expanse of mud. 
 
 SIVEREK. se-veh-rJk'. written also SOUKREK, a town 
 of Turkish Armenia, pashalic, and -M) miles W.S.W. of Diap- 
 bekir, and stated to' comprise 2000 houses, seated among 
 orchards. 
 
 SIVRY, seeVree'. a village of- Belgium, province of Hai- 
 naut, 22 miles S.S.E. of Mons. Pop. 3072. 
 
 SIVRY SUR MEUSE, see'vreiy' siiR muz, a village of 
 France, department of Meuse, arrondissement of Montfau* 
 con. Pop. 1018. 
 
 SIWAH. an oasis of North Africa. See Seewah. 
 
 SnVASCII, a Inbe of Russia. See Sivash. 
 
 SIX COltNERS, a post-office of Richland CO.. Ohio. 
 
 S1X-F( )URS, seece fooB, a market-town of Fiance, depart- 
 ment of Var, 3 miles W.S.W. of Toulon. Pop. about 2900. 
 
 SIX'HILLS, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SIX ISL.\NI)S, Chagos Archipelago. See Eomoxt. 
 
 SIX'MILE. a post office of Jennings co.. Indiana. 
 
 SIX-MI I„E-B R I DGK, a market-town of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, co.of Clare, on the Ougarnee, 9 miles N.AV. of Limerick. 
 Pop. in 1851, 762. It has a court-house, bridewell, and 
 market-housie. 
 
 SIX-MILE-BRIDGE, a market-town of Ireland, in Mtm. 
 ster, CO., and 10 miles S.S.E. of Limerick. 
 
 SIX-MI LE-CRUSS. a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Tyrone, 8 miles W.S.W. of I'omeroy. 
 
 SIXMILE F.\LLS, a post-office ol" Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 SIX'MILE RUN', a post-village on the line between So- 
 merset and >liddlesex counties. New Jersey, contains a store 
 and 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 SIXMILE RUN, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania 
 
 SIX RUNS, a post-office of Sampson co., North Carolina. 
 
 SIXT, seest, a village of the Sardinian States, province of 
 Faucigny, 3 miles E.S.E. of Samoens. Pop. 1059. 
 
 SIZEBOLI, a town of European Turkey. See Sisebou. 
 
 SIZUN, see'ziiN'^, a market-town of France, department 
 of Finistere, 17 miles S.W, of Jlorlaix, Pop. in 1852. 3900. 
 
 SKAGELSE, skil'ghfl-sfh, a town of Denmark, stift, and on 
 the island of Seelnnd, 9 miles W.S.W. of Soi oe. Pop. 3200. 
 
 SKAGEN, ski'gben. (anc. t^avenia?) a village of Denmark, 
 province of North Jutland, on the remarkable tongue of 
 land which forms the N. extremity of the province, and ter- 
 minates in C.ipe Skaw or Skagen. It consists of three misei'- 
 al'le groups of houses, the inhabitants of which are obliged 
 to carry on an incessant and too often unsuccessful war with 
 the sands which threaten to engulf them. The church is 
 already buried, but its tower remains, and is an important 
 landmark for mariners. A little to the N. is an important 
 light-house, 67 feet high- built of stone in 1564, by Frede- 
 rick II. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SKAGEN, CAPE, or the SKAW. skaw, the N. extremity 
 of Jutland, Denmark. Lat.of Ijght-hou.se. 57° 43' 8" N., Ion. 
 10° 3b' 5" E. Near it is a small town of the same name. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 SKAG'EK RACK or SKAGERKAK, (i.e. Skagen Rack,* 
 the '"crooked strait of Skagen,") a-broad arm of the North 
 Sea or German Ocean, between Norway on the N., and the 
 
 * Ruck signifies a "passage diffiotilt to navig.ite "ii account o« 
 its sudden bending." It is probably from tiie same root as the 
 Anglo-Saxon Uraca or Jiaca, and th'« German HwJien signify- 
 ing " throat " 
 
SKA 
 
 peninsula of Jutland on the S., communicating with the 
 CatteRat, ot wliieh it is sometinaus considared as the N. 
 portion; length from W.S.W. to K.N.E.. about 150 miles; 
 breadth, about SO miles. N. of the Danish coast the depth 
 varies from .30 to 40, near the centre from 60 to 100. and off 
 the Xorwei^ian coast in some places exceeds 200 fathoms. 
 The "itream, when not interrupted in its course by violent 
 storms, sets in E. along the coast of Jutland, and VV. along 
 tliat of Norway. Oa the former coast there is neither haven 
 nor secure anchorage, but along those of Sweden and Nor- 
 way, good natural harbors abound. 
 
 SKAGTOL.S TIND, sUag'tols-tlnd', one of the highest of 
 the Scandinavian Mountains in Norway; lat. 61° 20' N., Ion. 
 8'^ E. Elevation, 8390 feet. 
 
 SKALIIOLT. a town of Iceland, 35 miles E. of Reil<i,avi1t. 
 
 SKALICZ. skdiitch, a small town of Bohemia, circle of 
 Kaurzim. Pop. S92. 
 
 SKALITZ, ski'lits, a frontier town of North-west Ilun- 
 pary, co., and 54 miles N.W. of Neutra, on the left bank of 
 the March. Pop. 8700. It has manufactures of linen and 
 woollen cloth. Good wine is raised in its vicinity. 
 
 SKALMIERZ. SKALMIERSZ, skJl'mfaiRsh, or SKAT.- 
 MIltZK, a town of Poland, 27 miles N.E. of Cracow. P. 3000. 
 
 SKAMA'XIA, a county, ^'ashington Territory, having S. 
 the Oilnniliia. Capital. Cascades City. See Appendix. 
 
 SKANDKl'.BORG. skin'derboRrA a town of Denmark, pro- 
 vince of JutUnd, 13 miles S.W. of Aarhuus. Pop. 900. 
 
 SKANK. (Skine.) a former province of Sweden. See Scania. 
 
 SKANEATKLKS, skan-e-at^ess. or PKENEAT'KTiES, a 
 beautiful post-village and township in the extreme W. part 
 of Onondaga co.. New York, 18 miles S.W. of .Syracuse. The 
 village is delightfully situated at the outlet (N. end) of 
 Skaneateles Lake, 7 miles E.N.E. of Auburn. A plank-road, 
 about 5 miles long, connects it with the Central Railroad. 
 It contains 4 churches — Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, 
 and Mothndist — 4 public scliools, 1 national bank, 1 news- 
 jiaper ollicc, and many beautiful residences ; also, about 6 
 stores. 2 hotels, 2 groceries, various mechanics' shops, and 1 
 large stone flouring mill. Skaneateles is the seat of quite a 
 large mercantile and mechanical business. The manufac- 
 ture of carriages is extensively carried on. and the beautiful 
 vehicles turned out of the various establishments have ob- 
 tained a wide reputation. Theoutlet of the lake running N., 
 has a gradual descent of about 500 feet in 7 miles, affording 
 hydraulic power to an almost unlimited extent. One mile 
 from the village is Kellogg's woollen mill, In which about 100 
 bands are employed. There .are also several other woollen 
 mills, flouring mills, saw mill.s, machine-shops, &c. on the 
 stream. Pop.of the village, alxjut 1000: of thetown.ship, 4335. 
 
 SKANEATELKS LAKE, in the centr.al part of New York, 
 Is about 16 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles wide. The N. 
 portion is iniluded within the limits of Onondaga county; 
 the S. lies bt'tween Onondaga and Cayuga counties. The 
 scenery on either side is varied and beautiful. The water, 
 except near the outlet, is very deep, and abounds with fish. 
 Trout are sometimes taken weighing from 5 to 15 and even 
 20 pounds. A steamboat plies upon its waters tn summer. 
 
 SKAPTAR-JiiKULL. See Iceland. 
 
 SK AR A. skd'rJ. a town of Sweden, Iren, and 27 miles S.W. 
 of Mariestad. Pop. 1450. It has a cathedral, a college 
 with botanic gardens, and a veterinary school. Near it is 
 the ruined castle of Skaraborg. 
 
 SK ARAB1IRO, a laen of Sweden. See Mariestad. 
 
 SKARO. ski'ro, a town of Greece, on a remarkable pro- 
 montory of the same name, projecting from the precipices 
 which form the W. side of the Island of Santorlnl. The 
 houses, mostly ruined by the effects of volcanic agency, form 
 an extraordinary group around a red and black crag, 1000 feet 
 above the gulf, perched one over another in crevices in the 
 sides of the precipices, and in the most frightful positions, 
 the outer wall of tho buildings forming a continuation of 
 lofty perpendicular rocks. It was till recently the capital 
 of the island. 
 
 SKEEL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office. Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 SKEEN, sk.An, or SKIEN, skeen (?) a town of Norway, 
 sttft of Aggershuus. capital of the bailiwick of Bradsberg, on 
 the Skeenself. 7 miles N. of Porsgrund. Pop. 1900. 
 
 SKEF'i'INGTON, a ptirish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SKEF'KLIXG, a parish. England, co. York, East Riding. 
 
 SKEQ'BY. a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SKEGG'S CREEK, a post-office of Barron co., Kentucky. 
 
 SKEG^NESS', a village and parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln, on the E. coast, 10 miles E.S.E. of Spilsby. It is much 
 resorted to as a summer residence. 
 
 SKEI'NAH, a post-office of Union co., Georgia. 
 
 SKELLEFTEA, (Skelleftei.) sR?l-lSf'te-«, or SILDAL, sil'- 
 dil, a river of Sweden, laen of Ume.i, rises in the Stor-Afvan 
 L.nke, flows S.K., and after a course of 120 miles ent«rs the 
 Gulf of Bothniii, 70 miles N. of Umel. 
 
 SKELLEFTEA, (Skellefted.) sk5l-lJf'te-0, a village and 
 parish of Sweden, ten, and 70 miles N.N.E. of Umed, on the 
 above river, near its mouth In the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 SKEI/LIGS, three rocky islets off the S.W. coast of Ire- 
 land, CO. of Kerry, in the Atlantic Ocean, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Brea Head, Valentia Island. The Great Skellig rises ab- 
 6N 
 
 SKI 
 
 ruptly to 710 ffet in height, and bns two light-houses 872 
 feet in elevation. Lat. 51° 46' N., Inn. 10° 32' W. 
 
 SKEL'fJNOTIIORI'E. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln 
 
 SKKL'.MANTIIORPE, a township of England, co. of York 
 West Riding. 
 
 SKEiy.VIERSDALE, a chapelry of Engl.and. co. of Lancas- 
 ter. It gives the title of tiaron to the Milbraham family. 
 
 SKEl/rON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 SKKLTON. a p.arish of England. CO. of York. North Riding 
 
 SKEN'DLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SKENE, .skeen. a pari.«h of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 SKENEATELES. See Skaneateles. 
 
 SKENVFRKTII, a parish of England, CO., and 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Monmouth. The ancient fortress of Skenfreth 
 Castle is in this parish. 
 
 SKENMNGE, skJn'ning^hfh. a town of Sweden, ten, 
 and 20 miles W. of Linkoping. Pop. 900. 
 
 SKEPE. sk3'pd. a town of Poland, province of Plock, 18 
 miles N.E. of Dobrzyn. J'op. 9.50. 
 
 SKERNE. skern,a parish. England, co. York, EastRiding. 
 
 SKER/RIES, .an islet in the Irish Sea. off the N.W. coast 
 of Anglesey, with a light-house. Lat. 53° 25' 3" N., Ion. 4° 
 36' 5' W. Elevation. 117 feet. 
 
 SKER'RIES, a fishing-town of Ireland, in Lelnster, CO., 
 and 17 miles N.N.E. of Dublin, on a headland, three quarters 
 of a mile E.of the Dublin and Drogheda Railway. P. in 1851, 
 2327. Opposite the town are four islets, called the Skerries. 
 
 SKERRIES, THE OUT, three i.slets in the extreme E. of 
 Shetland, 10 miles S.E. of Fetlar. each about 1 mile in length. 
 Pop. 122. — Skerries is a general name in Scotland fur iso- 
 lated seagirt rocks. See Pentland Frith. 
 
 SKER/ROW. LOCn. (loK.) a highly picturesque lake of 
 Scotland, in Kirkcudbright.«hire. pari.sh of Girthon, S miles 
 N. of Gatehouse, 2 miles in circuit, and studded with richly 
 wooded islands. 
 
 SKER'RY. a large parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 ■ SKER'RYVORE LIOIIT-IIOUSE. Hebrides, Scotland, 12 
 miles S.W. of Tiree Island. Lat. 56° 19' 22" N., Ion. 7° & 
 32" W. Elevation, 150 feet : light revolving. 
 
 SKER'T(>N, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 SKEY'TON, a parish of Encrland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SKIATIIO, skee'S-tho, (anc. Saathus,) one of the North 
 Sporades, in the Grecian Archipelago, government, and 10 
 miles N.of Euboea, in the Jflgean Sea. near the entrance of 
 the channel of Trikeri. Lat. 39° 12' N., Ion., 23° 35' E. 
 Length and breadth, 4 miles each. On its N. side is the 
 villaie of Skiatho. 
 
 SKTB^ERBEEN', a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, 
 CO., and 40 miles S.W. of Cork, on the Hen. Pop. in 1851, 
 3833. It has a good church, several schools, a bridewell, 
 union work-house, barracks, and several large flour mills 
 Its port is at Aldcourt, 2 miles lower down the river, wliero 
 vessels of 200 tons load and unload. The principal exports 
 are com, flour, meal, and provisions. In the vicinity are 
 remains of several feudal castles, and of a monastery. 
 
 SKID'BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the 
 North Sea, Hi miles E.N.E. of Louth. Saltfleet Haven, a ham- 
 let in this parish, was formerly a considerable market-town. 
 
 SKIIVIiY, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 SKIIVDAW. a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 4 miles N. of Keswick. Elevation, S022 feet. 
 
 SKIELSKOR, skeelsOiBr, a town of Denmark, stift,and on 
 the S.W. coast of the island of Seeland. on a deep arm of the 
 Great Belt, 10 miles S. of Skagelse. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SKIEN. a town of Norway. See Skeen. 
 
 SKIERNIWICE, sky^R-ne--fteet'sil. a town of Poland, go- 
 vernment of Warsaw, 42 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw, with 
 which it is connected by railway. Pop. 2300, It has manu- 
 factures of woollen cloth and linens. The Russians here 
 defeated the French in 1809. 
 
 SKILES'VILLE, a village of Mnhlenburg CO., Kentucky, 
 on Green River, 156 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 SKIIVGATE. a parish of Encrland, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SKII/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SKILTON. a township of Warwick co., Indiana. Pop. 532 
 
 SKIN'BURNESS', a hamlet of England, co. of Cumber 
 land, on Solway Frith; It is frequented as a watering-placo. 
 
 SKIN'NAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SKIN'NER'S ED'D Y, a post-village of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna River, 160 miles N.E. of Har- 
 rlsburg. 
 
 SKINO, skee/no, or BKINOSA. ske-nr/sl, (anc. Scliinufsa 
 or Schinus'sa,) a smnll island of the Grecian Archipelago, go- 
 vernment, and 5 miles S. of Naxos. 
 
 SKIN'QUARTER.a post-office of Chesterfield CO., A'irginia. 
 
 SKIP'NESS'. a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 on Skipness Bay, on the E. side of the peninsula of Kintyre. 
 Skipness Castle, surmounting Skipness Point, is at the S. 
 side of the entrance of Loch F'yne. 
 
 SKIPPACK. a township of Pennsylvania. See Pekkiomen. 
 
 SKIP'PACKorSKIP'PACKVILLE,apost-vilIageofMont. 
 gomery co., Pennsylvania. 86 miles E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SKIP'PERVILLE, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama. 
 
 SKIPSEA, skip/see, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 1793 
 
SKI 
 
 SLA 
 
 SKIPTON', a market-town and parish of Enpland, eo. of 
 York, West Uiiling with a station on the Leeds and East 
 li&acashire KaUwaj', 16 miles N.W. of Bradford. Pop. of the 
 town in 1851, 49C2. It has a large church, a grammar 
 Bchool with t^vo exhibitions to both Oxford and Cambridge, 
 and other schoola ; manufactures of cottiin goods, and an 
 active trade in com and cattle, facilitated by the Leeds and 
 Liverpool Canal. 
 
 SKIP'AVITU, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Eiding. 
 
 SKIR'BECK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SKIll/COAT, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 SKIIt/LTNG. a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles. 
 
 SKIR'PEXBECK, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 SKIRTS or DERG. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Tyrone, comprising the town of Castle Derg. 
 
 SKITT'S MOUXTAIX, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia. 
 
 SKIVE, skee'vi, a town of Denmark, province of Jutland, 
 17 miles X.W. of Viborg. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SKIVRA. See StviKA. 
 
 SKLOV or SKLOW, sklov, a town of Ru<!sia, government, 
 and 20 miles N.X.H". of Moheelev, on the Dnieper. P. 2500. 
 
 SKOFDE, skcf'iM, an ancient town of South Sweden, Iten, 
 and 21 miles S.V/. of Mariestad, with OSO inhabitants. 
 
 SKOXI, » town of Prussian Poland. See SciiOKB.v. 
 
 SKOLE, skoOJ, a market-town of Austria, in Galicia, 24 
 miles S.W. of Stry, on the Opor. 
 
 SKtyMY'WOXG, a small river of Marathon co., Wisconsin, 
 flowing S.W. into Wisconsin River. 
 
 SKOPELO, sko-pd'lo, or SCOPELIiO, sko-p?iao, one of the 
 North Sporades Islands, in Greece, government, and 15 
 miles N. of Euboea, in the JE^earn Sea. Area, 32 square 
 miles. Pop. 2500. Principal product, wine. 
 
 SKOPELC). a town on the S.E. coast of the above island, 
 with an indifferent harbor. 
 
 SKOPIA. See Cskup. 
 
 SKOPIX, skopin' or sko-peen', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 52 miles S. of Riazan. on the Werda. Pop. 6O00. 
 It has niJinufiictures of Russian leather. 
 
 SKOTSCHAU, skot'show, written also SKOTSCIIAW. a 
 town of Austrian Silesia, 7 miles E.X'.E. of Xescheu, on the 
 Vistula. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SKOWIIE'G AX. a thriving post-village and township of 
 Somerset co., Maine, on the Kennebec River, opposite Bloom- 
 field, with which it is connected by a bridge, about 30 miles 
 N. by E. of Augusta. The village contains 2 newspaper 
 offices, several shoe manufactories, and 2 churches. Pop. of 
 the township, 2206. 
 
 SKREEX, skreen, or SKRYXE, skrin. a barony, parish, 
 and village of Ireland, in Leinster, eo. of Meath. 
 
 SKRKEX or SKRY'XE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo. 
 
 SKREEX or SKRY'XE. a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 SKRIPU. a village of Greece. See Orchomejjus. 
 
 SKROPIIA, (skro'fd.) CAPE, a headland of Greece. W. of 
 Hellas. Acarnania, at the entrance of the Gulf of Patras, 15 
 miles W.S.W. of Missolonghi. 
 
 SKRYXE. See Skreen. 
 
 SKULAXY, skoo-li'nee, a large market-town of South 
 Rnssi.-!. province of Bessarabia, on the Furth, 14 miles N.E. 
 of Yassy. (Jassy.) 
 
 SKULL, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 SKUXK RIVER, of Iowa, rises in Hamilton co.,neiir the 
 centre of the state, and flowing S.E., falls into the Mi.«sis- 
 Bippi about 8 miles below Burlington. It« whole length is 
 estimated at 250 miles. It flows through a fertile farming 
 country, and furnishes extensive water-power. The basin 
 of this river is so near to those of the Des Moines and Iowa, 
 that its volume is small comp,ared with its length. It is 
 sometimes called SiUKAGnA. 
 
 SKUTSCII or SKUCZ, skootch, a town of Bohemia, 12 
 miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 3408. 
 
 SKVIRA, SKWIRA, skvee'rd. or SKIVRA. skiv'rS, a town 
 of Russia, government, and 60 miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 4100. 
 
 SKYE, ski, the largest island of the Inner Hebrides, in 
 Scotland, co. of Inverness, from the mainland of which 
 county it is sep-arated by the narrow strait of Lo<^'h Alsh, 
 whence it extends for 46 miles in a X.W. direction. Breadth 
 very irregular, varying from 4i miles to 23 miles, it being 
 indented N.W. and W. by Lochs Snizort, Fnllait, Bracadale, 
 Ac. and all rouwl the other coasts by smallw inlets. Esti- 
 mated area, (excluding the islands of Scilpa, Rassay. &c. off 
 its E. <»ast,) about 547 square miles, or 35i1,600 acres. The 
 nurfiice is mountainous; many heights in the centre rise to 
 between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea, among which the 
 Cuchullin Hills are conspicuous; its X. part and shores are 
 bold and strikingly p.cturesque. It is composed chiefly of 
 trap rocks, quartz, limestone, old red sandstone, and lias. 
 There are some lance basaltic pillars, and a curious spar 
 cave. Rivulets and timall lakes are numerous. The climate 
 U very moist and variable; rain falls three out of every four 
 days throughout the year, which renders the soil, otherwise 
 good, moist and sterile, except in a few spots: most part of 
 Hie island is useless for airieulture, and even the pastures 
 
 are chiefly in heath and coarse grass: the majority of the 
 inhabitants are consequently in a very impnveiished state; 
 many h.ive emigrated to the colonies. Arable lands are 
 nearly confined to the sea-coast ; cattle, fi.th. and kelp are 
 the chief exports ; and potatoes .ind tish the chief food of 
 the population. The inhabitants are mostly of Gaelic de- 
 scent. The island contains many Danish antiquities; be- 
 longs chiefly to Lord Macdonald and the Macleod family; is 
 divided into 7 p.irishes; and forms, with adjacent Small 
 Isles, a presbytery under the Scottish Church establishment 
 Principal villages, Portree, Stein, Kyle-Haken. Broadford, 
 Oronsay. Armadale, and Uig. Pop. in 1851, 21,621. 
 
 SKY'ROS. skee'ros, or SYRA, see'ri. (anc. Sci/h-os,) an is- 
 land of the Grecian Archipelago, in the ^ge.an Sea, 24 miles 
 X.E. of Cape Kili, in Euboea. Length, 17 miles : breadth, 
 from 2 to 7 miles. Estimated area, 0() square miles. Pop. 
 26.30. It is separated into two parts by an isthmus. Its S 
 peninsula rises to 2566 feet above the sea ; its X. part is more 
 level, and productive of corn, wine, and madder: wheat and 
 barley are exported, with madder-roots, wax, honey, and 
 oranges. Fir and Oiik woods are plentiful. Goats are of a 
 ver3' superior breed. The only town. St. George, stands on 
 the X. side of the island; it is poor, but has some remains 
 of antiquity, and contains all the population of the Ireland. 
 Skyros was the place of retirement and death of Theseus. 
 Seven miles W. is Skyro-Poulo, a rocky islet, 617 feet in 
 hei.-ht. 
 
 SLA. a maritime town of Morocco. See S.U.E. 
 
 S L.\B'T(.t WX, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, con- 
 tains 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 SL.\BTOW.\, a village of Montour co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 15 miles S.E. of Danville. 
 
 SLABTO^VX. a post-village in Anderson district. South 
 Carolina. 130 miles W.X.W. of Columbiii. 
 
 SLACK, a postK>ffice of JIa.son CO., Kentucky. 
 
 SLACK WATER, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois. 
 
 SL.\DE, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia. 
 
 SLADK. a river of Labrador. See East Mai.v. 
 
 SL ADESVILLE, slaids/vill, a post-office of Hyde co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SLAGELSE, slj'ghel-sfh, a town of Denmark, stift, and 
 island of ."^eeland, 10 miles X'.E. of Corsoer. Pop. 3C00. 
 
 SLAID'BURX, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 SLAINS-ASD-FOR/VIE, a united maritime parish of Scot- 
 land. CO. of Aberdeen, 4 miles N.E. of Xewbiirg. It has the 
 remains of an old castle, and of an ancient chapel. 
 
 SLAITII'WAITE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding, parish, and 41 miles W.S.W. of Huddersfleld, 
 with a station on the Li^ds and Manchester Railw.iy. It 
 has a mineral spring with the same properties as that of 
 Harrogate. 
 
 SL.\'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 SLAMAX'NAX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sterling. 
 
 SLAXE, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Jleath, on the Boyne. Pop. 500. The celebrated battle 
 of the Boyne was fought near Slane, on the E. 
 
 SLANES. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster co. of Down. 
 
 SL-VN'EY', a river of Ireland, in Leinster, rises in the 
 CO. of Wicklow, flows mostly S., through the counties of 
 Carlow and Wexford, and expands into Wexford Harbor. 
 Total course, 60 miles, tidal for 10 miles. It is navigable 
 from the sea to Enuiscorthy for laden boats. 
 
 SLAXKAMEXT. See Salaskemext. 
 
 SL.\NO, sld'no, a market-town of Dalmatia, 16 miles N.W. 
 ofRasusa. Pop. 1400. 
 
 SLAXY, a town of Bohemia. See Schlax. 
 
 SLAPrrOX, a parish of England, eo. of Bucks. 
 
 SLAPTOX, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SLAPTOXi a parish of England, co. of North.ampton. 
 
 SLASH, a p' st-office of Grant co.. Indiana. 
 
 SLASH COTTAGE, a post-village of Hanover co., Virginia, 
 on the railroad from Richmond to Fredericksburg, about 20 
 miles X. of the former. The railroad company have machine 
 shops here. The great orator and statesman. Henry Clay, 
 was liorn near this place, in the " Slashes of Hanover." 
 
 SL.\TE, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 SL.iTE, a post-office of Jennings co.. Indiana. 
 
 SLATE DOCK, a post-office of Dut<hess co.. New York. 
 
 SLATE'FORD, a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 
 parish of Colinton, with a station on the Caledonian Rail- 
 way. 3 miles S.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 250. 
 
 SL.iTE'FORD, post-office, Xorthampton to.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SLATE IITLL, a post-office of Orange co.. New York. 
 
 SLATE HILL, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SL.\TK LICK, a post-office, Armstrong co., Petinsvlvania. 
 
 SLATE JIILLS. a posboffice, Rappahannock co., Virginia. 
 
 SLATE RIDGE, a post-office of York co, Pennsylvania. 
 
 SL.M'E RIVER, of Virginia, a small stream rising In 
 Buckingham county, and flowing N.E_ enters the Jamea 
 Itiver on the N.E. boi-der of that county. It is navigable 
 for boats to Maysville, 27 miles from its mouth, 
 
 SL.ATERSVILLE, a manufacturing post-village in Smith- 
 field township. Providence CO., Rhode Island, about IS miles 
 N.W. by X. of Providence. It contains 2 or 3 cbiuxhes, 8 
 
SLA 
 
 lotton wills, with 16.000 spindles, and 500 looms, employing 
 S20 hand.<!; ulso 1 .»avv mill, 1 grist mill, and 1 bank. Value 
 of gCKsd.-i manufactured annually, $288,000. A reservoir has 
 recently been constructed, at a great expense, materially 
 Increasing the water-power of this place. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 SLATK KUN. a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SLATINA. slJ-tee'na. a town of Wailachia, on the Aloota; 
 (Aluta.) 90 miles W, of Bucharest. 
 
 SL.VtOUSK, Russia, Uial Mountains. See Zlatoosk. 
 
 SLAUOII.\M, slaw'gam, a parish, England, co. ef Sussex. 
 
 SL.^UGIITKR, (slaw'tfr,) Lower, a parish of England, 
 CO. of loucester. 
 
 SLAUGHTER, Upper, a parish, England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SLAUGIITERFOKD, slaw'ter-ford, a parish of England. 
 00. of Wilts. 
 
 SLAUGHTER'S CREEK, Texas, enters the Colorado in 
 the lower part of Travis county. 
 
 SLA UP.N ICZ, siriwp'nich, (Ober, olier, and Unteh. dOn'ter.) 
 a village of Bohemia, 6 miles from Leitomischel. Pop. 2335. 
 
 SL.A.VE CO.\ST. is that portion of the Guinea Coast, West 
 Africa, between the Volta and Lagos Rivers, which separate 
 it respectively from Benin on the E., and the Gold Coast on 
 the W. 
 
 SLAVIAXOSERBSK. sU-ve-i-no-sJRbsk', a town of Rus- 
 sia, government, 180 miles Il.N.E. of Yekaterinoslav, on the 
 Donets. Pop. 2000, who carry on an active trade by the river. 
 
 SLAVIANSK, slj-ve-dnsk', a town of Russia, government 
 of Kharkov, 29 miles S.E. of Iziooni. Pop. 2000. 
 
 SLAVOXIA, sld-vo/ne-d, or SCLAVOXIA, skU-vo'ne-a, 
 called by the natives SLAVOXSKA, sli-von'ski, (Ger. Sla- 
 vonien, sld-vo'ne-en ; Fr. Slavmtie. sl3\o^nee'.) a territory or 
 province of the Austrian Empire, formerly incorporated with 
 Hungary, but now forming part of the kingdom of Croatia 
 and Slavonia; l)Ounded X. by Hungarj', E. by the Banat of 
 Hungary, S. by Turkey, and W. by Croatia. Area, 3f)50 
 square miles. It is of a very irregular form, stretching 
 from W. to E. for 190 miles, while its average breadth does 
 not exceed 40 miles. Its natural boundaries, however, are 
 well defined by great rivers — the Diave on the X.. Save on 
 the S.. and their junction with the Danube on the E. A 
 branch of the Cariiian Alps, entering Salavonia from Croatia 
 on the W., traverses it thioughout its whole length, form- 
 ing the watershed between the Drave and the Save, sending 
 down numerous small streams into each, and terminating 
 somewhat abruptly on reaching the banks of the Danube. 
 Slount Papuk, the culminating point of the chain, is not 
 more than 2700 feet above the level of the Danube. On either 
 side the mountains slope rapidly, and give place to a suc- 
 ce.ssion first of lower hills and valleys, presenting a beauti- 
 fully undulating surface, clothed with verdure or covered 
 with orchards; and then of plains, which e.xtend without 
 interruption to the banks of the livers, in some parts inun- 
 dated twice and thrice a year. The tracts thus exposed form 
 meadows on which large herds of horses, cattle, and swine are 
 reared. The soil is almost throughout of remarkable fertility. 
 Grain, fruit, flax, hemp, tobacco. liquorice, and madder are 
 extensively raised. The minerals include several mines of 
 copper and argentiferous lead, abundance of iron, and ex- 
 haustless supplies of beautiful marble. The inhabitants 
 are generally ignorant, and of unsettled habits; the far 
 greater part of their country belonging to the Austrian 
 military frontier, every man capable of bearing arms is a 
 soldier. There are no manufactures deserving the name, 
 but the transit trade along the navigable rivers within 
 which the country is enclosed, is considerable. 
 
 Slavonia is the only country which has preserved the 
 name of the great Slavonian stock. The inhabitants call their 
 country Slavonfka. and themselves Slavmtatz. and speak the 
 so-called lUyrian tongue, which under a great variety of 
 dialects prevails in many counties of Hungary, in the E. and 
 S. parts of Croatia, in Dalmatia. Servia. Bosnia, and Herzego- 
 vina, The country is divided into civil and military Sla- 
 vonia — the former on the X,, subdivided into the three 
 counties of Posega, Verocz, and Syrmia; and the latter on 
 the S.E. and X.E., subdivided into the two regimental dis- 
 tricts {Regiments hezirl) of Brod and Peterwardein. and the 
 battalion district (Batmllons-Didrict) Csaikista. Pop. 3y6,000. 
 The Slavonians (L. Sclavifni ; Gr. IxXaSrivoi) appear to have 
 possessed, during the decline of the Roman Empire, the 
 greater portion of East Europe. The Poles, Bohemians, 
 Illyrians, and Russians are considered to be of Slavonic 
 
 origiu. Adj. SL.ivoMAS, sla-vo'ue-.jn, Slavon'ic, and 
 
 Slay'ic; Inhab. Slavonian. 
 
 SLAVOOTA, SLAVUTA or PLAWUTA, sli-Too'tJ, a mar- 
 ket^town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, on 
 the Gorin, 13 miles X. of Zaslav. 
 
 SL.\WATYCE, sld-f!-2-tit'sa, a marketrtflwn of Russian 
 Poland, province, and 54 miles S.E. of Siedlce, on the Hug. 
 
 SLAWISZYX, slj<vish'in, a walled town of Poland, pro- 
 vince, and 10 miles X. of Kalisz. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SL.\1VK0W, slivMvov', a town of Poland, province of 
 Kielce, 31 miles X.W. of Cracow. Pop. 1520. 
 
 SLAWKOW, a town of Moravia. See Austerlitz. 
 
 SL.WT^'STON, a parish of England, co. of Leicesten 
 
 SLAWUTA. See Slavooia. 
 
 SLEAFORD, (slee'ford,; ^Tew, a market-tcwr» .md parisT- 
 of England, co. of Lincoln, on the Sleu, ^s miles S.s.K. o{ 
 Lincoln. Pop. in lb'51, 3.'>39. It has a fine church with a 
 spire 144 feet in height, a modern town-hall, and fiee gram- 
 mar school. 
 
 SLEAFORD, Old, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.. . 
 
 SLEAT, sleet, an insular parish of Scotland, co. of Inver- 
 ness, comprising the S.E. part of the Isle of Skye. Here are 
 the remains of 2 castles. 
 
 SLEBKCH. slw'bjK, a parish. South Wales, co. Pembroke 
 
 SLEDGEVILLE, a post-offlce of Panola co.. Missis.sippi. 
 
 SLED'MERE. a parish of England, co. York. East Riding 
 
 SLEE/PY CREEK, a post-ofiice of Wayne co., Xorth Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SLEEPY CREEK, a post-ofiice of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SLEEPY CREEK BRIDGE, a post-olBce of Morgan co., 
 W. Virginia. 
 
 SLEMX^O. a town of Russia. See Gaensee. 
 
 SLESnviCK. (Ger. Schhstmff, shlfs^^ia; Dan. Slesvfg, 
 slJs'viG,) a duchy of the kingdom of Denmark, comprising 
 the S. part of the peninsula of .Jutland, separated on the X. 
 by the Konge River from .Jutland Proper, and on the S. by 
 the Eyderand the Holstein Canal from the duchy of Holstein, 
 having E. the Baltic and the Little lielt. in which it comprises 
 the island of Alsen, and W.the Xorth Sea, in which are the 
 islands of Ronioe, Sylt, Fohr, Pelworm, Xordstrand, i-c. 
 Area, 3600 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 363.000. The surface is 
 low and fiat ; the whole of the W. coast is protected by largo 
 dykes against irruptions of the sea. The soil is not gene- 
 rally fertile, except in the E. Rye, barley, and other grains 
 are raised more than sufficient lor home consumption. Tim- 
 ber is scarce, but turf abundant. The breeding of cattle 
 and horses is important; live stock, butter, and cheese are 
 the principal exports. Th'e fisheries are active, chiefiy in 
 the Xorth Sea. Manufactures are nearly cr'ufined to the 
 towns, the principal of which are Sleswick, Flensborg, 
 Husum, Apenrade. Hadersleben, and Christiansfeld. The 
 duchy has some peculiar privileges; its annexation to Gei^ 
 many formed the pretext for its invasion by the Prussians 
 and Germans in 184R-9. 
 
 SLESAVICK. SCIILKSWIG or SLESVTG, a seaport town of 
 Denmark, capital of the above duchy, at the W. end of the 
 SleVj a narrow inlet of the Baltic. 21 miles from the sea. and 
 70 iiiiles X.X,W. of Hamburg. Lat. 54° 31' 11" N., Ion. 9° 34' 
 45" E. Pop. 12.197. It comprises a town-proper and several 
 suburbs; is neatly built in the style of a Dutch town, and 
 has a cathedral and two other churches, one on the site of a 
 heathen temple ; lunatic, deaf and dumb, and other asylums 
 and institutions; a patriotic union and other associations; 
 manufactures of lace, woollen stuffs, earthenwares, leather, 
 and sugar; and 9 annual fairs. Its harbor, though im- 
 proved, is accessible only to small vessels. The town is the 
 oldest in the duchy, and existed early in the ninth cen- 
 tur}'; it was afterwards a member of the llanseatie League. 
 Adjacent to it is the castle of Gottorp, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. 
 
 SLEY, The. or SCIILEI, shli, or SCHLESWIGER FIORD, 
 shles'we-gher fe-ORd', a narrow arm of the sea on the E. 
 coast of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick. which it penetrates in 
 a S.W. direction for about 22 miles, to the town of Sleswick. 
 It is very shallow, having only from 6 to 9 feet of water at 
 the entrance. 
 
 SLEYDIXGE, sli'dingVh, a villtge of Belgium, provinoo 
 of East Flanders, 7 miles IV. by W, of Ghent, with manu- 
 factures of linen and cotton fabrics, leather, candles, mus- 
 tard, vinegar, and oil, 2 bi-eweries, 7 flour mills, and dye- 
 works. Pop. 5795. 
 
 SLIDRE. slee'drJ, a village of Norway, 95 miles N.W. of 
 Christ iania. Pop. 3100. 
 
 SLIEDRECHT, slee^drjirt. a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of South Holland, on the Meu.se. 4 miles E. of Dort. 
 Pop. 18:-)G. 
 
 SLIEVE, (sleev,) BEG, a mountain of Ireland, co. of 
 Down. 21 miles W.S.W. of Newcastle. Height, 2384 feet. 
 
 SLIEVE, CAR. a mountain of Ireland, in Conuaught, co. 
 of Mayo, between Lough Coon and Blacksod Bay. Ileight, 
 2368 feet. 
 
 SLIEVE, DOX'ARD. a mountain of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Down, on the S.W. side of Dundrum Bay, 2 miles S.W. 
 of Xewcastle. Ileight. 2796 feet. 
 
 SLIGO, sli'go. a maritime county of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 having on the X.W. and X. the bays of Killala, Sligo, and 
 Donegal, Area, 722 sqiiare miles, of which three-fourths is 
 arable or in plantations. Pop. in 1851. 128,510. The surface 
 is greatly diversified ; mountains and bogs are infeffpersed 
 with some level tracts and fertile land. Truskmore, in the 
 X.E., is a mountain 2072 feet in height; and KnocUalongy 
 (Ox Jlountains) rises to 1778 feet. The county comprises 
 Loughs Arrow, Gill, and apartof Gara; principal river.s, th>3 
 Arrow and Moy, which Litter foi-ms the W, boundary. 
 Principal crops, oats and pot.atces, with some wheat. Coarse 
 linens and woolleiTS are manufactured. Principal towns, 
 Sligo, Baliisadare, Dmmore. and Tubbercurry. The county 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 1795 
 
SLI 
 
 SMI 
 
 8M00, a parliamentary and municipal b<.\rough and sea- 
 port town of J relftud, oipital of the above oo.. at the head of 
 Sligo B.iy, 69 miles S.S W. of Londonderry, and 131 miles N.W. 
 of Dublin. Lai. 54° 16" N., Ion. 8° 25' W. Fop. in 1851, 11,209. 
 It contains convenient markets and !ar!j;e stores, and consi- 
 derable improvements have been made on the streets. It is 
 lighted with gas, and well supplied with water. The public 
 buildingsare the county court-house, prison, infirmary, fever- 
 hospital, union worliliouse, new constjtbulary barrack, and a 
 lunat'.c asylum; and it has 2 Protestant churches, a I'resby- 
 terian and Independent; 2 Methodist meeting-houses, a Ko- 
 man Catholic chapel, and 1 friary or abbey church. The manu- 
 factures are linen, flour, meal, soap, caudles, rope.s, whisky, 
 and beer. The harbor admits vessels of 13 feet draught of wa- 
 ter to moor at the qu.ays, which have recently been consider- 
 ably extended and improved. That called the balla.et quay 
 is 2248 feet Ions. Vessels of large draught have to anchor 
 in the pool, whioh is safe and secure, but inconvenient for 
 discharging or taking in cargoes. The number and tonnage 
 of sailing vessels registered as belonging to the port in 1850 
 was 34, aggregate tonniige, 4745; steamers, one of 44 tons. 
 In 18-50, there entered the port 222 ve.ssels; tonnage, 20.142; 
 and departed 89 vessels, tonnage, 10,739 ; exclusive of 67 
 steamers, 2->,i)27 tons, that arrived, and 70 steamers, 23,018 
 tons, that cleared from the port. Theexports consist chiefly 
 of provisions, grain, flour, linen-yarns, &c. ; and the imports, 
 colonial produce, timber, coals, iron, and salt. It sends a 
 member to Parliament. It gives the title of marquis to the 
 Brown iamily. 
 
 SLI'dO, a post-village of De Kalb co., Tennessee, on Caney 
 Fork of Cumlwrland Kiver, and on the turnpike from Le- 
 banon to Sparta, 70 miles E. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 SLIGO, a small post-village of Henry co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SLIGO, a post-vilUge of Clinton eo., Ohio, on the Cincin- 
 nati Wilmington and Zauesville Kailroad, 6 miles from AVil- 
 mington. 
 
 SLIGO, a post-office of JIarsh.alT co., Indiana. 
 
 SLIGO BAY, of Ireland, co. of Sligo, .nbout 6 miles across 
 at its opening, penetrates the land by various arms; at the 
 he.'id of the two chief ones are Sligo and Ballisadare, both 
 about 12 miles from the mouth of the bay. It has from 3 
 to 20 fathoms water, and a .sandy .shore. In 158S three 
 ships of the Spanish armada were stranded here. 
 
 SLIMMJIIIDGK, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SLIX'DOX, a parish of England, co. of .Sussex. 
 
 SLIN'FOLD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SLIXGS'BY, a parish of England, co. York. North Riding. 
 
 SLIPPEHY FOliD, a post-oflice of .MarshaU CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SLIP/PEUY ROCK, a post-township of Rutler CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, atxiut 44 miles N. by W. of Pittsburg. It includes 
 till' borough of Centreville. Total pop. 1340. 
 
 SLIPPEHY KOCK, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1450. 
 
 SLIPPERY ROCK CREEK, ri.ses in tlie "W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, and flows into the Beaver River. 
 
 SLIl'TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 SLOANSVILLE, slons'vill. a post-village of Schoharie CO., 
 New York, about 35 miles W. by N. of Albiiny. 
 
 SLOATSBURG, slots'burg, a post village of Rockland co., 
 New York, on the Erie lUiilroad, 36 miles from New York 
 Citv. 
 
 S'LOBDOSK, slob-dosk', or SLOBODSKOI, slob-ods-koi', a 
 town of Russia, government, and 16 miles N.E. of Viatka, 
 ontheViatka. Pop. 60O0. It has numerous churches, and 
 a monastery, and a considerable trade in corn and linseed. 
 
 SL0B0DZ1.\, slo-bod'ze-a, a town of AVallachia, on the Ja- 
 lomnitza, (or Yalomnitza,)' 60 miles E. of Bucharest. 
 
 SLlXJHTEREN. sloK'ti-ren, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province, and 10 miles B. of Groningen. Pop. 13S6. 
 
 SLOE, llEl, hit sloo, that part of the West Scheldt River 
 which separates the island of South Bevelaud from that of 
 Walcheren. 
 
 SLOKUTCUIN, slo-koofchin, a vill.age of Bulgaria, S.W. 
 of N icopolis. 
 
 SLO'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SLO'NIM, a town of Russian Poland, government, and 72 
 miles S.E. of Grodno. Pop. 7500. It has several churches, a 
 synagogue, a district school for nobles, and various factories. 
 
 SLOOTCII, SLOUTCU or SLUTSCII, slootch, a river of 
 Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, rises near Staro- 
 Konstantiuov, flows N., and joins the Qoriu in a marshy 
 flat, after a course of 200 miles. 
 
 SLOOTCH, SLOUTCH or SLUTSCH, a river of Russian 
 Poland, government of .Minsk, flows S. past Slootsk. and joins 
 the I'ripets 00 miles E. of Pinsk. Course, 80 mil^. 
 
 SLOOTKN. See Sloten. 
 
 SLOOTEUDYK, sls'terdik', a village of the Netherlands, 
 on the Y. 3 miles N.W. of Amstei-dam. 
 
 SLOOTSK, SLOUTSK, SLUXSK or SLUTZK, slootsk, a 
 town of Russian Poland, government, and 63 miles S.W. of 
 Minsk, capital of a district, on the lesser Slootch, near its 
 source. Pop. StKX). Except itJ! churches, convents, Ac. it is 
 bnilt of wood ; it has a high school, formerly subordinate to 
 the li'uiversity of VUua. 
 
 SLOP SPRING, a post office of Newberry district, Sonlh 
 Carolina. 
 
 SLOTEN or SLOOTEN, slo'tgn. a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Friesland, near the Zuyder Zee and Lake of 
 Sloten, 12 miles E. of Stavoren. Pop. 8i54. 
 
 SLOTEN or SLOOTEN, a parish of the Netherlands, on 
 the I.ake of Haarlem, 4 miles S.W. of Amstei-dam P. 2300. 
 
 SLOUGH, slow, a village of England, co. of Buck.s, witli a 
 .station on the Great Western Railway, 2} milts N.N. E. of 
 Windsor. It has an astronomical observatory, where was 
 erected the gi-eat telescope of the elder Herschel. 
 
 SLOY'KRSVILLE. a post-office, Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SLUCZEVO, sloo-ch.4'vo, a town of Poland, government 
 of Warsaw, on the Prussian frontier, 11 miles S. of Thorn. 
 Pop. 1000. ' 
 
 SLUIS or SLUYS, slois, (Pr. L'£clu?e, liVklUz'.) a fortified 
 town of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the Belgian 
 frontier, 10 miles N.E. of Bruges, with which city it com- 
 municates by a canal. Pop. 1508. 
 
 SLUR'M ANS, a village in Madison co., Iowa; 135 miles W. 
 by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 SLUSHER, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky. 
 
 SLUTCH, a river of Russia. See Slootch. 
 
 SLUTSK. See Slootsk. 
 
 SLUTTERSVILLE, a post-office, Monroe CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SLUTZK. See Slootsk. 
 
 SLUYS. a town of the Netherlands. See Suns. 
 
 SLY'GUFF or SLI'GUFF, a parish of Ireland, in Leinste., 
 CO. of Carlow. 
 
 SLY'PE. sli'peh, a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, 17 miles W.S.W. of Bruge.s. Pop. 1178. 
 
 SM.\CK'OVER. a township, Wa.shita co.. .\rk.ansas. 
 
 SMALAND, (Smiland.) or SMOLAND. smoa^nd, a former 
 province occupying the S.E. part of Sweden, now divided 
 into the districts or liins of Calmar, Wexio. and JBukSping. 
 
 SMALIIi)LM, SMALL'HOLM or SMAIL'HOLM, a parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 SMALLBURGH, small'bfir-rilh, a parish of England, co. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 SMAI/LEY'. a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SMALLHOLM. See Smalhoui. 
 
 SM.\LL ISLES, an insular parish of Scotland, cos. of Ai* 
 gyle and Inverness, and comprising the islands of Eig, Rum, 
 Canna. and Muck. 
 
 SMALL'WOOD, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 SMAR'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SM EATON, (smee't9n,) GREAT, a parish of England, co. 
 of York, North Riding. 
 
 SMECNA. See Smetsch:«a. 
 
 SMEEDS FERRY, a small village of Onslow co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SMEETH. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SMEE'TON. a township of Engl.and, eo. of Leicester. 
 
 SMEIN<X)ORSK or ZMEINOGORSK. zm.Vno-eorsk', writ- 
 ten also SMIEINJORSK, a town of West Siberia, in the 
 mining district of the government of Tomsk. Pop. 4000, 
 employed in silver-mines and smelting works. 
 
 SMELT'ZER. a township of Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 SMELTZER'S GROVE, a post-office. Grant co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 SMETH'COTE, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 SMETHPORT, a post-borough of Ke.ating township, capi- 
 tal of JIcKean co., Pennsylvania, on Potato Creek, an afflu- 
 ent of the Alleghany River, 196 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 It has some trade in pine lumber, which is floated down the 
 Alleghany. The town contains a brick court-house, an aca- 
 demy, 2 printing offices, 2 churches, and several mills. 
 Large co;il-niines have been opened in the county. 
 
 SMETH'WICK, a chapelrv of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 SMETSCHNA, smjtch'nl'or SMECNA, smSts'ni, a village 
 of Bohemia, about 5 miles from Schlan. Pop. 1040. 
 
 SMICHEW, smiK'Jv, or SMIKOW, smeeTcov, a village of 
 Bohemia, so near Prague as to be almost its suburb. P. 2500. 
 
 SMICKS'BURG, a post-vill.age of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Little Mahoning Creek, 174 miles W.N.W. of Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 SMIDAR. smee'dar, or SMIDARY, a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia. 3 miles N. of Neu Bidschow. Pop. 116Q. 
 
 SMIEINJORSK. See Smeixogobsk. 
 
 SMIERCICZE. See Smiritz. 
 
 SMIEV, sme-iv/, written also SMT.1EW, a town of Russia, 
 government, and 22 miles S.E. of Kharkov, on the Donetz. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 SMIKOW. SeeSMCHEW. 
 
 SMILEY'S CORNERS, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 SMILSOR'S MILLS, a post-office of Bush co.. Indiana. 
 
 SMIRITZ, smee'rits, or SMIERCICZE, smyfEt-see'chA (!) 
 a town of Bohemia, 10 miles from KUniggrfitz, on three littl# 
 arms of the Elbe, Pop. 11(54. 
 
 SMITH, a county in the S. central part of Mississippi. h«» 
 an area of about 620 square miles. It is watered by Leaf 
 River. The surfiice is undulating or ne.arly level ; these' 
 is satidy, st«rile, and covered with pine woods. Nsined in 
 honor of Major Smith, a soldier of the Revolution. Capital, 
 Raleigh. rop».763S, of whom 5443 were free. 
 
 SMITH, a county towards the N.E. part of Texas, has aa 
 
SMI 
 
 area of about MO square miles. It is bounded on the N. by 
 the Sabine River, on the \V. by the Nechof:, and drained by 
 the sources of the Angelina. The county include.s a large 
 
 Sroportion of prairie land. Named in honor of General 
 . ames Smith, a resident of the county. Capital, Tyler. Pop. 
 io,iJ92, of whom ^■^Io were tveo. 
 
 SMITH, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, has an area 
 of .SCO square miles. It is traversed by the Cumberland 
 River. The sufmce is uneven and rather rough, but the 
 soil is irenerally rich. The Cumberland River is navigable 
 by small Ixiats in this part of its course. Capital, Carthage. 
 Pop. 16,".o7, of whom 1'2,120 were free, and 4228 slaves. 
 
 SMITH, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvauia. 
 Pop. U17. 
 
 SMITH, a township of Bradley co., Arkansa-s. 
 
 SMITH, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1826. 
 
 SMITH, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 577. 
 
 SMI'l H, a township of Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 78S. 
 
 SMITH, an island in the Antarctic Ocean, being the west 
 emmost island of South Shetlands, in lat. 63° 2' S., Ion. 62° 
 47' W. 
 
 SMITH'BOROUGII, a post-village of Tioga co., New York. 
 on the New York and Erie Railroad, 256 miles from New 
 York City. The village is connect<,'d with the opposite side 
 of the Susquehanna by a wooden bridge. 
 
 SMITH BRIDGE, a post-office of Robeson co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SMITII'DALE. a post-village of Amite co., Mississippi, 82 
 miles S. by W. of Jackson. 
 
 SMITH'FIL'LD, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, 
 about 25 miles X. of Augusta. Pop 793. 
 
 SMlTH'KIEbn, a township of Providence co.. Rhode 
 Island, bordering on the Blackstone River, and the Provi- 
 dence and Worcester Railroad, about 12 miles N. of Provi- 
 dence. The manufacture of lime from the extensive lime- 
 stone quarries of this town.ship affords employment to a 
 large number of the inhabitants. It contains several manu- 
 facturing villages, the most important of which are Woon- 
 Focket. Slatersville. and Valley Falls. Pop. 13,283. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a township of Madison co.. New York. 
 Pop. 1609. 
 
 SMITHFIF.LD, a village and township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N.W. of Towanda. Pop. 2071. 
 
 S.MITHFI KLD, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, 
 190 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1391. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a handsome post-village, capital of Isle of 
 Wight CO., Virginia, is finely situated on a navigable creek. 
 which opens into the James River a few miles from its 
 mouth. 80 miles S.E. of Richmond. It contains 3 churches, 
 and several schools. Pop. 777. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a village of Monongalia co., W.Virginia, 10 
 miles N.W. of Morgantowu. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a'post-village, capital of Johnson co., North 
 Carolina, on the left bank of the Neuse River, 27 miles S.E. 
 of Raleigh. The North Carolina Railroad will probably pass 
 through this place. 
 
 SMITH FIELD, a post-office of Polk CO., Texa.s. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a post-ofBce of Henry co., Kentucky. 
 
 SMITHFIK1>D, a post-village and township of Jefferson 
 CO.. Ohio. U miles S.W. of Ste'ubenville. Pop. 1899. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a township, De Kalb CO., Indiana. P.1067. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a post-village of Delaware CO., Indiana, on 
 Whito River, 64 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. It contains a 
 church, and 2 mills. 
 
 SMITH'OROVE, a post-village of Davie co., North Carolina. 
 
 SMITH'L.WD, a village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Red Rank Creek, 15 miles S. of Clarion. 
 
 SMITHLAXD, a po.st-office of Ca.ss co., Texas. 
 
 SMITHLAND, a post-village, capital of Livingston co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio River, ju.st below the mouth of the 
 Cumberland. 215 miles in a direct line W.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 The trade of this village is said to be declining, on account 
 of the channel changing to the other side of the Ohio River. 
 It contains a bank. 
 
 SMITHLAND, a post-village of Randolph CO., Missouri, 65 
 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SMITHLAND. a post-ofHce of Shelby co., Indiana. 
 
 SMITH'l'ORT, a village of De Soto parish. Louisiana, on 
 Bayou Pierre Lake, 12 miles N.E. of Mansfield. 
 
 SMITH PORT, Pennsylvania. See Smetuport. 
 
 SMITHS, a post-office of G.illia co.. Ohio. 
 
 SMITH'S BASIN, a post-office, Washington CO., New York. 
 
 SM1THS150U0UGII. See Smithborocgh. 
 
 SMITHS'BURG, a post-village of Washington co., Mary- 
 land. 106 miles N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 SMITHS'UY. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SMITH'S CI3RNERS, New York. See Poplar Ridge. 
 
 SMITH'S CREEK, a post-office, Washington co., Virginia. 
 
 SMITH'S CREEK, of Warren co.. North Carolina, flows 
 into the Roanoke River a little N. of the line between North 
 Carolina and A irginia. 
 
 SMITH'S CROSS-ROADS, post-office, Morgan co., Virginia. 
 
 SMITH'S CROSS-ROADS, post-office, Rhea co., Tennessee. 
 
 SMO 
 
 SMITH'S FALLS, a town of Canada West, on the Rideau 
 Canal, co. of Leeds. 32 miles N.W. of Rockville, with manu. 
 factures of coarse woollens, iron, and leather; several grist 
 and saw mills, 3 Protestant churches, a Roman Cathollf 
 chapel, and a public and 2 private schools. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SMITH'S FER'UY, a station and village of Hampshire co. 
 M.assafhusetts, on the Connecticut liiver, and Co'nnecticuy 
 River Railroad, 80 miles "\V. of Boston. A ferrj' connects it 
 with South Hadley, which is oppo.site. 
 
 SJIITH'S FERRY, a post-office. Beaver co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 SMITH'S FORD, post-office. York district. South Carolina 
 
 S.VIITH'S FORD, a post-vill.oge of Hardin co., Kentucky. 
 
 SMITH'S GAP, a post-office of Hampshire co., W.Virginia 
 
 SMITH'S GROVE, a post-office of AVarren co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SMITH'S ISLAND, a small island in the Delaware River 
 opposite Philadelphia. 
 
 SMITH'S ISLAND, an island of New Hanover co.. North 
 Carolina, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. 1'he S. ex- 
 tremity is called Cape Fear. It has a lightrhou.se, for which 
 see Cape Fear. 
 
 SMITH'S LANDING, a post-village of Atlantic co.. New 
 Jersey, about 4 miles S. of Absecum. 
 
 SMITH'S LANDING, a postK)ffice of Clermont co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SMITH'S MILLS, a post-village of Chautauqua co.. New 
 York, on the Erie Railroad. 12 miles from Dunkirk. P. 159. 
 
 SMITH'S MILLS, post-office. Clearfield co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SMITH'S .MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co.. Jlississippi. 
 
 SMITH'S MILLS, a post-office of Henderson co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SMITH'S MILLS, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 S.MITirS POINT, Chesapeake Baj-, the southernmost 
 point of land at the entrance of the Potomac River. On it 
 is a light-house showing a fixed liirht, 85 feet high. 
 
 SMITH'S RIDGE, a post-office of Fairfield co.. Connecticut. 
 
 SMITH'S RIVER, a small stream of Grafton co.. near the 
 centre of New Hampshire, falls intfl the Connecticut River. 
 
 SMITH'S RIVER, rises in Patrick co., Virginia, and flowing 
 into North Carolina, falls into Dan River near Leakesville. 
 
 SMITH'S SOUND, a body of water formed at the N. ex- 
 tr.'mity of Baffin's Bay. it was surveyed by the United 
 States Expedition under Dr. Kane, in 18,14, and found to 
 terminate towards the N.E. in a gulf of 110 miles extent in 
 its longest diameter. 
 
 SMITH'S STATION, a post-office, York co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SMITH'S STORE, a post-office of Spartanburg "district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SMITH'S TURNOUT, a postoffice of York district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SMITHSVILLE. See Smithvili.e. 
 
 SMITIWOWN, a posUillage and township of .Suffolk co.. 
 New York, 45 miles E. by N. of New York. 'The township is 
 bounded on the N. bv I^ng Island Sound. Pop. 2130. 
 
 SMITHTOWN BAY, an inlet of Long Island Sound ex- 
 tending into the above township. 
 
 SMITHTOWN BRANCH, a post-village of Suffolk co., 
 New York. 
 
 SMITII'VILLE, a township of Chenango co.. New York. 
 Pop. 1661. 
 
 SMITHVILLE. a post-village of .Tetferson CO.. New York, 
 on the railroad from Sackett's Harbor to Ellisburg, 5 miles 
 S. of the former. 
 
 SJIITHVILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 4ti miles E.SJl. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-village of Powhatan co., Virginia, 
 39 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Brunswick co.. 
 North C.irolina, on the right (W.) bjink of Cape Fear River, 
 1 or 2 miles from its entrance into the Atlantic. It has a 
 safe harbor, and contains several stores. 
 
 SMITHVILLE or SMITHSVILLE, a post-village of Abbe- 
 ville district. South Carolina, 94 miles W. of Columbia. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co.. Missis.«ippi, 
 on Bull .Mountain Creek, 190 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. Laid 
 out in 1S46. It has several stores. 
 
 SMITHVILLE. a post-village, capital of Lawrence co.. Ar- 
 kansas, about 125 miles N.N.E. of Little Rock. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-village, capital of De Kalb co.. Ten- 
 nessee. 65 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 S.MITH VILLE, post-village of Wayne co.. Ohio, on the road 
 from Wooster to Akron. 92 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co.. Indiana. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois. 
 
 SMITHVILLE, a post-village of Clay co., Missouri, on 
 Smith's Fork of Platte River. 15 miles N.W. of Liberty. 
 
 SMITII'VILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Lin- 
 coln, pleasantly situated on the Jordan or Twenty Mile 
 Creek, about 35 miles S.S.W. of Toronto. Pop. about 450. 
 
 S.MITHVl LLE FLATS, a post^village of Chenango co.. New 
 York, on Geneganslet Creek, about 1"25 miles W. by S. of 
 Albany. It has several mills and factories. 
 
 SMOKE'S CREEK, Erie co., New York, falls into I/ike Erie, 
 
 SMO'KY BAY, an inlet on the S. coast of Australia, im- 
 mediately N.W. of Stready Bay, in Eyre Land; lat. 32^ 30- 
 S., Ion. 135° 45' E. 
 
 1797 
 
SMO 
 
 SNA 
 
 FMOKT nm/LOW. a post-village of Columbia co., New 
 York. al>ou(. 30 miles S.S.K. of Albany. 
 
 SMOKY Oll'DlNARY, a postofflce of Brunswick co., A'ir- 
 ginla. 
 
 S>IOKY POINT, a headland of East Australia, 35 miles 
 N.E. of I'oi t Macqusrie. 
 
 SMOLAND. 8ee Smalaxd, (Smiland.) 
 
 SMOLKX, smi 'Igu, an island off the N.W. coast of Norway, 
 3 miles AV.S.W. of Ilittern; lat. 03° 20' N., Ion. 8° 6' E. It 
 is tolerably compact. Lensrth, from E.N.E, to W.S.W., 16 
 miles; central breadth. 10 miles. 
 
 SMOLliNSK, smo-linsk', or SMOLENSKO, smo-l5n/sko, a 
 gOTei nment of liussia, mostly between lat. bS° 20' and 56° 
 30' N., and Ion. 30° 30' and 35° 25' E., enclosed by the fto- 
 Ternments of Moheelev, Vitebsk, Pskov, Tver, Moscow, ICa- 
 looga, Orel, and Tchernigov. Area, 21,814 .square miles. 
 Pop. in 1S51, 1,069,650. 'i'he surface is undulating, and in 
 some parts marshy. The piincipal rivers are the Dnieper, 
 Dwina, Gjat, Oka. and the Ipoot. The soil is fertile, and 
 corn more than suflicjent for consumption is niised, besides 
 hemp, flax, tobacco, and hops. Few cattle are reiired, 
 but hogs and bees in great numbers. The forests are very 
 extensive and valuable. Iron, copper, and salt are found. 
 The manufactures comprise leather, glass, and pitch. The 
 raw produce of the government is exported in lai'ge quanti- 
 ties to Riga. Vilna. and Moscow. The government is sul)- 
 divided into 12 circles. 
 
 SMULKXSIC, a fortilied town of Russia> capital of the 
 above government, on the Dnieper, 250 miles W.S.'W. of 
 Moscow. Pop. 13.000. It is enclosed by ma.ssive walls, .and 
 is the sae of a Ku.-:sian archbishop. Tlie principal public 
 edifices are 3 handsome cathedrals, numerous Greek, Koman 
 Catholic, aud Lutheran churclies, an episcopal palace, and 
 monasteries. It h;i8 a diocesan seminary, a college, and 
 military school for nobles, several hospitals, a house of 
 correction, assembly-rooms, manufactures of linens, soap, 
 leather, and carpets, aud a considerable ex|X)rt of corn and 
 flax. In 1838 the erection of an iron pyramid was com- 
 menced, to commemorate the resistance made by the town 
 to the French in 1812. 
 
 SMOLIANY. smo-le-3/nee, a market-town of Kussia, go- 
 vernment, aud 50 miles N.N.W. of Jloheelev. In 1708 the 
 Swedish general Kamfa aud the corps he commanded were 
 made prisoners here. Pop. 20UO. 
 
 S.MOOTU PUAIKIE, a small village of Madison co., Illj- 
 iiois. 
 
 SMORGONI. smoit-go'nee. a- town of Russian Poland, go- 
 vernment, and 45 miles E.S.E. of Vilna. Here, in 1S12, Napo- 
 leon left his army under the command of Murat, and return- 
 ed to France. 
 
 SM0RTK1TZ.\, smoR-trit'si a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Podolsk, on a sti-eam of the same name, N. of Ka- 
 mieniec. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SMYRNA, smir'n.i, (Turk. Iimeer, Igmir or Izmir, iz meen' ; 
 Fr. Sniyrne, smeeun.) a famous city and seaport of Asia 
 Minor, and the chief commerci.il emporium of West Asia, 
 on a plain at the head of the Gulf of Smyrna, and partly 
 upon the declivity of the ancient ^fln>s■P(lgll.<t, which is 
 crowned by a citadel, a structure of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury. Lat. of Daraghaz point, 38° 26' 5" N.. Ion. 27° 9' 7" 
 E. Estimated pop. loO.dOO, of whom SO.IXM) are Turks. 
 40,000 Greeks. 15,000 Jews, 10,000 Armenians, and 5000 
 Franks. It has a fine appearance from the sea, but is in 
 general wretchedly built; the houses are mostly of wood. 
 aud only one story in height; the streets are narrow and 
 filthy. The Frank and Greek quarters extend for about 
 2i miles along the shore; above the.se is the Armenian 
 quarter; and the Turks occupy all the upper parts of the 
 city,, having between them and the Armenians two close 
 qtiarters inhabited by the Jews. The princip,il edifices are 
 the bazfiar and market-place, the vizier-khan, constructed 
 of the marble ruins of the ancient the;itre. the palace of the 
 governor, new barracks for 3000 men, several synagogues, 5 
 Greek, 2 Roman Catholic, 2 Armenian, and 2 Protestant 
 churches, and alxmt 20 mosques, which are always open for 
 the inspection of Christians and others. Numerous colTee- 
 houses and gardens are scattered ali ng the banks of the 
 river Meles, which enters the gulf i:. of the city ; and exten- 
 sive cemeteries occupy portions of the declivity of Mount 
 Pagus, on which are various remains of the ancient city, 
 the scat of one of the "seven churches" of the early Chris- 
 tian period mentioned in Scripture. Smvrna has a large 
 Armenian academy, and it is the residence of consuls of 
 Most of the princiiKil European states. 
 
 Smyrna has been for centui-ios the most import.int centre 
 of trade in the Levant. This trade has been carried on both 
 by shipping and by the CJiravans of Asia Minor. Syria. Uas- 
 dad. and Persia: Hnd here, as well as in Constantinople 
 and most of the Turkish towns, the Jews have managed to 
 become the principal agents in the purchase and sjile of 
 comnioditi,-8. The chief imports are cotton manufactures, 
 woollen cloths; colonUl goods, mostly coffee and sugar; 
 Iron, steel, lead. tin. hardware goods. &c. The principal ex- 
 ports are dried fruits, cotton, silk, goats'-hair. sheep and 
 camels'-wool, rabbit aud hare-skins, valouia, madder-root. 
 
 ivas ' 
 
 yellow-berries, and opium. In 1852, the total exports 
 amounted to I,7ti6,li53i., of which 882,980?. were to Great 
 Brit,iin. and 90.S49?. to Russia ; .and the imports to 1,357.339/., 
 of which 4S2,9Sli. were from Britain; 126.86l«. from the 
 United States; 285,232/. from Austria and the ZoUverein ; 
 269,930/. from France; and 70,323/. from Russi.a. In 1849, 
 1S50, and 1851, the vessels that entered and cleajed were as 
 follows : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 E.VTKBED. 
 
 Clearkd. 
 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Ves.sels. Tons. 
 
 1849 
 
 b66 
 937 
 866 
 
 113,790 
 i:!-',8o6 
 133,547 
 
 844 10i,i)93 
 iM9 llH,a41 
 600 li2,113 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 
 Nearly a third of the total tonnage entered and cleared was 
 British. 
 
 Smyrna is claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. In 
 1402 it was ruined by Tiniur, and it has since suffered re- 
 peated vicissitudes, esi)ecially from destructive earthiiuakeg 
 and visitations of the plague; but its admirable situation 
 for commerce has caused it, after each new calamity, rapidly 
 to regain its wonted importance. It suffered severely from 
 fire in July, 1845. Adj. and inhab. Smvbniot, smiKne-ot. 
 
 S.MYR'NA, a post-village of Chenango co.. New York, about 
 100 miles W. of Albany. It is the seat of an active and exten- 
 sive bu.siuess, aiid contains 4 churches, including a Friends' 
 meeting-house, 5 stores, aud a Union school-house, recently 
 erected. Pop. of the township of Smyrna in 1860, 1822 ; of 
 the village about 300. 
 
 SMYRNA, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SMYRNA, a post-village of Kent co., Delaware, near 
 Duck Crick, and nesir the Delaware Railroad, 36 miles S. of 
 Wilmington, and 10 miles W. of Delaware Bay. Next to 
 Wilmington it is the most commercial place in the state. 
 It contjiins 4 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, 2 large 
 hotels, a public library, and several caniage factories. Pop. 
 in 1860, 2153. 
 
 SMYK'NA, a post-ofRce of Carteret co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SMYRNA, a post-office of Barnwell district. South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 SMYRNA, a post^village of Rutherford co., Tennessee, on 
 the Nashville and Cliattauooga Railroad, 2D miles fi-oin 
 Nasshville. 
 
 SMYRNA, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, 40 miles 
 W.S.W.of Steubenville. 
 
 SMYRNA, a pust-otlice of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 SMYRNA, a )iost-<>ffice of Decatur co , Indiana. 
 
 SMYRNA, a township of Jefferson oo., Indiana. Popula- 
 tion 918. 
 
 S.MYRNA, a small village of Bureau co.. Illinois. 
 
 SMYRNA, GULF OF, (aiic. Smt/intn'm Si'nus.) an inlet of 
 the iEgeau Sea, extends inland for 45 miles; the bre.idth of 
 its entrance is 22 miles. It has in most parts good anchorage, 
 and ships of large buiden can anchor close to the quays of 
 Smyrna, near its E. extremity. It contains several islands, 
 the principal of which. Long or English Island, is 5 miles in 
 length. 
 
 S.MY'SER'S DEPOT, a thriving village of York co., Penn- 
 sylvaui.t, on the raili-oad from York to Baltimore, at the 
 junction with the Hanover Branch, 10 miles S. of York. 
 
 S.MYTII, smith, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of 625 square miles. The three brandies of llol- 
 ston River, named the North, Middle, and South Forks, ri.se 
 near the N.E. border of the county, and flow through it in a 
 S.W. direction. The Iron Mountain range forms the S. 
 boundary, and Walker's Mountiiin extends along the N.W. 
 border ; the surface between these is an elevated valley. The 
 river-bottoms are very fertile. Limestone and gypsnm are 
 abundant in the county; and the latter is used to fertilize 
 the laud. Extensive manufactories of salt are in nporation 
 on the S.W. border. It is intersected by the "Virginia and 
 Tennessee Railroad. Named in honor of General Alexander 
 Smyth, memt>er of Congress from A'irginia. Capital, Ms- 
 riou. Pop. 8952. of whom 7915 ^ere free, and 1037 slaves. 
 
 SMYTIIFIELD, a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Youghiogheny River, where it is crossed by 
 the National Road, 158 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. The 
 post-office is called Somerfield. 
 
 SNAIl/WKLL, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 SNAIN'TON, chapelry, England, co. York, North Riding. 
 
 SNAITH, a market-town of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, on the Aire. 6i miles S. of Selby. Pop. in 1851, 840 
 
 SNAKK ISLAND, West Indies. See ANGtliLLi. 
 
 SNAKE RIVER, Oregon. See Lewis River. 
 
 SNAPE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 
 SNAPE, a township of England, co. York. North Riding. 
 
 SNAP'PER ISLAND, off the K. coast of Australia, in 
 Trinity Bay ; lat. lo*-' 17' 36" S.. If o. 145<^ 37' E. 
 
 SXAI-'PING SHOALS, a post-vllage, i fen tun co., GeotKia. 
 
 SNARES, snairz(?; four snuill islands belonging to the 
 Kooriles. Lat. 4o° 36' N., Ion. )i3° 44 E., discove^)d by 
 Kruseusteru in 1805. 
 
SNA 
 
 SNARES TSLAXDS. in the South Pacific Ocean. S. of New 
 Zoaland. The easternmost of the group is in lat. 48° 3' S., 
 Ion. 106° 45' E. 
 
 SNAHESTON. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SXAlVKOiiD, a. parish of En^'land, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SNAR'GATE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SNAVK, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SNAVVDON HILL, a post-oflice of Otsego co., New Yorlc. 
 
 'SNE. See Ksxkh. 
 
 SNKAD'S FERKY, post-ofBce, Onslow co., North Carolina. 
 
 SXEAIMX, 8nee't9n, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 SNEIiD.-i'lJOROUGII, a village of Anson co., North Caro- 
 lina, on Y:idkin IJiver. 110 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 SXEEDS'VILLK, a post-vill.age, capital of H.incock co., 
 Tennessee, 'JTo miles E. by N. of Nashville, and 1 mile from 
 Clinch Itiver. It became the county seat about the year 1848 
 
 S.\i;EIIAETTKN.8NEEHATTA\,(Sneehiittan.)orSXEE- 
 IIAETTAX, sniVhSt'tan, {i.e. "snow-cap,") a mountain of 
 Norway, belonging to the Dovrefield group; lat. 62° 20' N., 
 Ion. 9° 20' E. It rises to the height of 8115 feet, and is per- 
 petually covered with snow and ice. 
 
 SXEKK, snaik. or SNITS, suits, a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Friesland. in a m.arshy tract. 13 miles S.S.W. of 
 Leeuwarden. It is traversed by canals, has Reformed, Bap- 
 ti.^t, and Roman Catholic churches, several hospitals and 
 schools, numerous boat-building yards, rope- walks, foundries, 
 Ac. and a trade in butter and cheese. Pop. in 1860, 7750. 
 
 SNKE'LAXIJ, a parLsh of England, co. of Lincoln, 4 miles 
 W.N.W of Wragby, on the Lincoln Railway. 
 
 SNEEUW15ERUEN, sno<v'b5R^Hen, range of mountains in 
 Bouth .\frica. See Cape Colony. 
 
 SNEULIXG RAXCII, a po.st-office of California. 
 
 SNELSTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SNENTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts, forming an 
 E. suburb of Xottingham. 
 
 SXETTKKTOX. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SXET'TISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 SXEYD, snaid. a parish of England and North Wales, cos. 
 of Salop and Montgomery. 
 
 SXIATY'X or S.NY.M'IX, sne-i'tin, a town of Austrian 
 Poland, in Oaliria, 24 miles E. of Kolomea, on the I'roth. 
 Pop. 6409. It has a castle, united Greek and Armenian 
 churches, and numerous tanneries. 
 
 SXICK'ERSVILLE. a thriving po.st-Tilliige of Loudon co., 
 Virginia, on the turnpike from Winchester to Washington, 
 165 miles N. by W. of Itichmond. 
 
 SNI'DER'S. a post-village of Washington co., Kentucky, 
 25 miles E.S.E. of Independence. 
 
 SNITS, a town of Netherlands. See S.neek. 
 
 SNIT'TEKBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SXIT'TEKFIELD. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SNI'ZOKT, an insular parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, 
 comprising the N. part of the island of Skye. 
 
 SXIZOKT. LOCH, loK, Scotland, a deep inlet of the sea, 
 extending inland for 12 miles, lireadth atentrance,tij miles. 
 
 SXOD'DYVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Tennessee, 
 226 miles E. of Xashville. 
 
 SNOD'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SXOOK'VILLK, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio 
 
 SNORE'H.AM, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 SX0R1X0, Great, a parish of Kngland, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SNORING, Little, a pari.sh of Endand, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SNOV or SNOW. snof. a river of Russia, rises in the N. 
 part of the government of Tchernigov, flows S.S.W., and 
 jons the Desna 10 miles above the town of Tchernigov. Total 
 course, 140 miles. 
 
 SNOW CAMl'. a post-office of Orange co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SNOW CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co.. Vii-ginia. 
 
 SNOW CREEK, a post-office of Iredell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SXOW CREEK, a post-office of Pickens district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SXOW CREEK, a post-office of Marshall co.. Mississippi. 
 
 SXOWDKX, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 
 11 miles S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1367. 
 
 SXOW'DON, the most lotly mountain of Wales and South 
 Britain, co., and 10 miles S.E. of Carnarvon, its principal 
 peak, Y-Wyddva, rising to 3571 feet alove the sea. Its W. 
 bide is very precipitous, and partly formed of basalt. Its 
 summit ccaamands magnificent views. 
 
 SNOW FALLS, a post-office of O.xford CO., Maine. 
 
 SXt)W HILL, a port of entry, cji pi tal of Worcester CO., 
 Maryland, is situated on the left bank of Pocomoke River, 
 20 miles from its mouth, and HX) miles S.E. of Annapoli.s. It 
 U pleasantly situated near the head of navigation, and has 
 an active business. Large quantities of corn, pine lumber, 
 and firewood are shipped it this place. It contains good 
 county buildings. 5 churches. 2 newspaper offices, and 2 
 Urge hotels. Tonnage in 1854, 5.505; 10 schooners, with a 
 txjnnage of 604, were built during the year. Pop. in 1850, 
 714: in 1860, about 1200. 
 
 SNOW HILL, a post-office of Nicholas co.. W.Virginia. 
 
 SNOW HILL, a post-village, capital of Greene co.. North 
 Cai-olina. on Contentny Creek, an affluent of the Neuse 
 River, 70 miles S.E. of Italeigh. Pop. from 100 to 200. 
 
 SOB 
 
 SNOW HILL, a post-village of Walker co.. Georgia, IJ 
 miles X. of Lafajette. 
 
 SXOW HILL, a post-village of Wilcox co.. Alabama, about 
 55 miles S.W. of Montgomery. 
 SXOW HILL, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tenues.^ee. 
 SNOW HILL, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 74 mllen 
 S.S.W. of Columbus. ' 
 
 SXOW ISLAXD. South Shetland, in the South Atlantic 
 Ocean, S.W. of Livingston's Island, is 25 miles long. 
 
 S.XOWS'HILL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 S.XOW'SHOE. sno'shu, a post-village and township of Cen- 
 tre CO., Pennsylvania, about 17 miles N.W. of Bcllefonte 
 Pop. 505. 
 
 SNOW'S STORE, a post-office of Windsor co., Vei-mont. 
 
 SNOW'VILLE, a post-village of Choctaw co., Mississippi, 
 no miles N.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 SNUK'FLETOWN, a small village of Sussex co., New Jer- 
 sey, 15 miles N.E. of Newton, contains a store, tannery, 
 church, and 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 SNYATIX, a town of Austrian Poland. See Sxi.\tvn. 
 
 S.XY'UAR, a post-office of Lafayette CO., Missouri. 
 
 SNVDER, a new co. in the E. central part of Pennsylv.i- 
 nla, formed from the S. of Union co. Pop. in 1860, 15,035. 
 
 SN YDER, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. P. 142*2. 
 
 SNYDER, a new township of Forest co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SNTDER, a township. Jeft'erson co., Pennsvlvani'a. P. 597. 
 
 SN Y'DKRSTOWX. a village of Columbia co", Pennsylvania. 
 
 SNYDERSTOWN. a post-village of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Shamokin Creek, 8 miles E. of Sunburv. 
 
 SNYDEKSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 112 miles X.K. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SNYDERTOWN, a village of Hunterdon co.. New .Tersey 
 
 SO/A or SO'AY, an island of the Inner Hebrides. Scotland, 
 CO. of Inverness, parish of Bracadale, off the S. coast of Skye. 
 Length, from N. to S., 3 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 113. 
 
 SOA, an island of Scotland, adjacent to the above, and 1 
 mile in circuit. 
 
 SOAJO. so-d'zho. a town and parish of Portugal, province 
 of Minho, 12 miles S.E. of Mon9ao. Pop. 1196. 
 
 SOANA, so-d'ni. a decayed town of Tuscany, in the Ma- 
 remma. 3 miles N.W. of I'itigliano. 
 
 SO.\XGHEER. so-in-gheei-'. a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of liombay, 40 miles E.S.E. of Nunderliar. 
 
 SOAP (.«0p) CREEK, of Iowa, flows into Des Moines River 
 from the W., near the S. border of \Vapello county. 
 
 SOAP CREEK, a i)Ost-offlce of Davis co.. Iowa. 
 
 SOAP'STOXE MOUNT, a post-office of Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SOAR. sor. a river of England, rises between Hinchley 
 and Lutterworth, flows generally N. through the centre of 
 Leieestershire. past I.<loest('r. Mount Sorrel, and Loughl)0- 
 rough, and joins the Trent about 12 miles E.S.E. of Derby, 
 whence to Leicester it is navigal)le for barges. 
 
 SOAA'E, so-d'v.i. a fortified village of Austrian Italy, dele- 
 gation, and 12 miles E. of Verona. Pop. 2200. 
 
 SO'AY. Great and Little, two islands of the Outer Heb- 
 rides, Scotland. CO. of Inverness, piirish, and off the W. coast 
 of Harris, from which they are separated by a sound 1 mile 
 In width. 
 
 SO.\Y'. a small island of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, near 
 the entrance of Loch Inver. 
 
 SOAY. See Soa. 
 
 SOBERNHEIM. so/bern-hime', a town of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia. 39 miles S. of Coble'ntz. on the Nahe. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SO'BERTON. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 SOBIESLAU, so-be-^s/lGw. a town of BohemiK, 23 miles 
 N.N.E. of Budweis. Pop. 3468. 
 
 SOBOTJK. so-bot'ya. or ZOI'TAN. (Zoptan,) t.sop'tan. a vil- 
 lage of Austria, in Moravia, circle of Olmutz. Pop. 1128. 
 
 SOBOTK.\. so-liot/kd. a town of Bohemia, eirde of Buntzlau, 
 13 miles X.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1500. 
 
 S0BR.\D1LL0, so-br^-i)ee!'yo, a town of Spain, in Leon, 
 province, and 45 miles W.S.W. of i^alamanca. Pop. 1104. 
 
 S0BI{.\D0, so-bri'do. a town of Spain, province, and about 
 26 miles S.S.E. of Corunna. on the Tambre. Near it is a 
 lake with the largest eels in Galicia. Pop. 28ri3. 
 
 SOBl'.ADO DE TRIBKS, Ko-brd'do d.^ trei-ZEj-s, a town and 
 parish of Spain, province, and about 30 miles from Oreuso. 
 Pop. 10.55. 
 
 SOBRAL, so-br3l', a market-town of Portugal, province 
 of Estreuiadura. 23 miles N. of Lisbon. 
 
 SOBR.\L, a town of Brazil, province, and 130 miles W.N.W. 
 of Ceara. 
 
 SOBRAN, so-brJn'. or VILLAJUAN. veel-yl-noo-an'. a 
 town and parish of Spain, in G.alicia. province, and 12 miles 
 from Pontevedra, on an elevated plain above the E. shore of 
 the Bay of Arosa. where it has a harbor. Pop. 227.'>. 
 
 SOBRA(;)X. so-brd-on' (?) a town of Xorth-west India, on 
 the Sutlej. 25 miles N.E. of Ferozepoor. where the British 
 gained a great victory over the Siklis. February 10. 1840. 
 
 SOBK.\RBE, so-bran/bA, a district of Spain, in the Arago- 
 nian Pyrenees, extending about 48 miles in length, and 40 
 miles in bre.idth, bounded X. by France. This was the cra- 
 dle of the brave Aragonese who first held the Siracen in- 
 vaders in check, and laid the foundations of the liberties of 
 
 1799 
 
SOB 
 
 SOD 
 
 B|)ntn. They assembled lii. early as S19, in the fastnesses of 
 Sobrarbe, where the primitive laws were drawn up. Tliese 
 were called Fueros de Sobrarbe, and became the model of 
 those of many other places. 
 
 SOBRIilKA FORMOSA, so-bri'e-rd fon-mo'si. a town of 
 Portugal, province of Beira Baixa. 22 miles W.S.W. of Cas- 
 tello Branco, on the Poracama. Pop. 2484. 
 
 SOCCATTOO. a town of Africa. See Saccatoo. 
 
 SOCCOPATOY. See Sochapatot. 
 
 SOCIIACZKW, so-Ki'ch6v, a town of Poland, government, 
 and 28 miles W. of \Vars,iw. Pop. 2600. 
 
 SOCIIAPA'TOY or SOCCOPATOY. a post-%illage of Coosa 
 CO., AlaKama, 36 miles X. by E. of Wetumpka. 
 
 SOCIAL (so'shal) CIR'CLK, a thriving post-villajre of Wal- 
 ton CO., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad. 120 miles W. of 
 Augusta. It is a depot for the produce of the county. In- 
 corporated in 1831. 
 
 SOCIAL HILL, a post-office of Muhlenberg co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SOCIALITY, so-sheal'e-te. a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, aVio-ut 40 miles S. of Buffalo. 
 
 SOCIKTY HILL, a post-village of Darlington district. 
 South Carolina, about 100 miles E.N. E. of Columbia, It is 
 near the W. bank of the Great Pedee River, and contjiins 
 several churches and stores. 
 
 SOCIETY IIILL, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama, 167 
 miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 SOCIETY ISLANDS, (Fr. ArrJdpel de T.i/dti, aR'shee\p5l' 
 dgh ti^ee^tee', or Isles de la SucUti, eel deh XH so'se-A'tV; Ger. 
 SocieliUs Inseln, so'se-^h-tAts^ in'sgln,)^n important group of 
 the South Pacific, between lat. 10° 11' and 17° 53' S., and 
 Ion. 148° 5' and 151° 4S' W., and between the Low Islands, 
 which almost join them on the E., and the Friendly Islands, 
 Eitu.ited at a greater distance on the W. The group con- 
 sists of the island of Tahiti or Otaheite, about 32 miles long 
 from N.^V. to S.K., and divided into two peninsulas by an 
 isthmus 3 miles broad ; and a great number of comparatively 
 small islands, of which the most deserving of notice are Eimeo, 
 Osnaburg, (Maitea.) Tapouamoa or Saunder's Island, Ilua- 
 heine, liaiatea or Ulitea, Otaba. Bola-Bola or Bora Bora, 
 Marua or Maupiti, and Tubal. All the islands are elevated, 
 and more or less mountainous. In Tahiti, which consists of 
 an elongated ridge, the loftiest summit, Orohena. is 8500 feet 
 above the level of the sea, and two other summits near it are 
 respectively 700U and 6979 feet. Among the mountains are 
 many deep valleys and romantic glens, in which a delight- 
 ful climate and fertile soil maintain a luxuriant vegetation; 
 but it is towards the sea-side and along the foot of the 
 mountains that the land is both most densely wooded and 
 carefully cultivated. Close along the shore, an excellent 
 broad road, overshadowed with trees, affords an agreeable 
 access to the different settlements which have been made 
 around it. A coral reef, encircling the island at the dis- 
 tiince of 2 or 3 miles, presents an effectual barrier against 
 the violence of the wave.s, and at the same time, having 
 several openings in it, forms a number of harbors, where 
 the sea is constantly tranquil, and the largest ve.ssels can 
 ride in safety. The best of these harbors, and the only 
 one much used, is Matavai Bay, on the N. Point Venus, 
 which contributes to form it. and is the N. extremity of 
 Tahiti, is the most accurately determined site in the Pacific, 
 and has been assumed by Lieutenant Kaper as a secondary 
 meridian. Accoitling to him, the flagstaff on it is in lat. 17° 
 29' 15" S., and Ion. 149° 29' W. 
 
 One of the most remarkable features in the vegetation of 
 Tahiti is the extent of ground occupied by the guava shrub. 
 It was introduced from Norfolk Island about 40 years ago, 
 and it now forms miles of woodland and bush entirely com- 
 posed of it, and bearing a profusion of large and delicious 
 fruit. The scenery of Kiraeo is, if possible, still more &t- 
 tractive than ^at of Tahiti ; and almost every island of the 
 group has been described by navigators in rapturous terms, 
 as realizing their ideas of an earthly paradise. Many of the 
 population have been converted to Christianity by mis- 
 sionaries, who have also introduced many of the arts of 
 civilized life. Papeiti, the capital of Tahiti, is resorted to 
 by numerous whalers and other ships for commercial pui^ 
 poses. 
 
 The Society Islands appear to have been first discovered 
 In 1606, by the Spanish navigator Pedro Fernandez de 
 Quiros, who gave to Tahiti the name of La Sagittaria. It 
 remained unknown to the rest of the world till 1707, when 
 Captain VVallis, sent by George III. to make discoveries in 
 the Pacific, reached Tahiti, and believing himself the first 
 discoverer, gave it the name of King George Island. The 
 year after it was touched at by Bougainville; but by fiir 
 the most important visit wag that of 1769, made by Captain 
 Cook, in company with Sir Joseph Banks and an efficient 
 scientific staff, mainly for the purpose of observing the rare 
 occurrence of the transit of Venus across the sun's disk. 
 J he Society Islands have recently come into the possession 
 of the i rench. The population has, like many of the other 
 groups of the Pacific, remarkably decreased. Cook, in 1774, 
 probably very much overrated it at aiO.OOO. The mis- 
 dnnaries 1.1 1797 made it only 10,050. A census taken 
 about 1840 reduced it to 10,000, of which 1000 belonged to 
 
 Eimeo. In the earlier periods the main causes of decrease 
 were, undoubtedly, infanticide and the licentious society of 
 the Areoi. Inhab. Society IsiLANDER. 
 
 SOCK'BURN, a parish of England, cos. of Durham and 
 York. North Riding. 
 
 SOCKNA, sok'ul, written also SOKNA and SUKNA, 
 sook-na, a walled town of Central Africa, in Fezzan. midway 
 between Tripoli and Moorzook, and 110 miles S. of the 
 Tripoli frontier. Lat. 29° N., Ion. 16° E. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SOCOBOS, so-ko'Bos, a town of Spain, in Murcia, province, 
 and 37 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1473. 
 
 SOCONUSCO, so-ko-noos'ko, a town of Central America, 
 capital of the West Province of the state of Guatemala. The 
 province of .Soconusco consists of a strip of territory having 
 N. the Mexican state of Chiapas, W. that of Oajaca, and S. the 
 Pacific Ocean. Length, 120 miles; average breadth, 40 miles. 
 
 SOCOR'RO, a large county forming the S.W. extremity of 
 New Mexico, has an area estimated at above 60,000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Rio Grande, on the 
 W. and partly on the N. by the Rio Colorado. But little 
 is known of the surface, excepting the portion near the Rio 
 Grande, which is uneven and broken by the Sierra Madre. 
 Pop. 5787. 
 
 StXJORRO, a post-village of Socorro co.. New Mexico, on 
 the right bank of the Rio Grande, about 135 miles S.S.W. of 
 Sante F6. Pop. 523. 
 
 SOCORRO, so-koR'BO, a town of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Bovaca, capital of a province, 65 
 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 12.000. (?) 
 
 SOCORRO, Lake of, a lake of South America, in New 
 Granada, at the head of the brook of Reventado, which sup- 
 plies water to the city of Cartago. 
 
 SOCORRO, an island of Patagonia. See IIcamdu.v. 
 
 SOCORRO, an island of the' Pacific Ocean, in lat. 18° 43' 
 14" N., Ion. 110° 64' 15" W., about 24 miles long, and 9 miles 
 broad. It may be said to con.sist of one mountain, the 
 summit of which is about 2000 feet above the sea-level, and 
 may I* seen at the distance of 60 miles. 
 
 SOCOTRA. sok'o-ti-a, SOCOTORA. soU/o-to-rd, SOKTRA, 
 sok'trd, or SOKOTIiAH, so-kot'rd, (anc. DioscorHdis Iri'sula.) 
 an island in the I ndian Ocean, 120 miles E. of Cape G uardafui, 
 the E. extremity of Africa, and belonging to Keshin, a petty 
 state of Arabia, about 240 miles distant. Tamarida, its 
 capital, on the N.E coast of the island, is in lat. 12° 39' N, 
 Ion. 64° 1' 2" E. Length, from E. to Sv., 70 miles : greatest 
 breadth, 20 miles. Area, estimated at 1000 square miles, 
 and the population at from 4000 to 5000, mostly Bedouins, 
 with some settled Arabs, Negroes, and descendants of Por- 
 tuguese. Its centre is a chain of granite and limestone 
 mountains, rising to 5000 feet in height, around whii;h a 
 belt of low land, from 2 to 4 miles across, skirts the .sea; 
 in its fertility it presents in some parts a favorable contrast 
 to the adjacent mainlands. The climate is more temperate 
 than on the adjacent continent. The products comprise 
 aloes of the finest quality, dragon's-blood and other gums, 
 tamarinds, tobacco, dates, a kind of millet, and ghee. The 
 domestic animals are oxen, sheep, goats, comels, and civet 
 cats. The trade is mostly with Mu.'xat, and whence most 
 provisions are imported. The British govei'nmeut failed in 
 negotiations to purchase this island from the Sultan of 
 Keshin. Adj. Soc/oiban and Socotrixe, sok'o-trin ; inhab. 
 
 SOCOTRAN. 
 
 SOCUELLAMOS, so-thwgl-yd'moce, a village of Spain, in 
 New Castile, province of Ciudad-Real, 102 miles S.E. of 
 Madrid. Pop. 2310. 
 
 SODAII, siydi, an island on the S.E. coast of Arabia, the 
 second largest of Curia-Muria group 3 miles long, by 2 miles 
 broad. Highest peak, 1310 feet. 
 
 SO/DA LAKE, near the N.W. extremity of Louisiana, is 
 connected with Lake Caddo on the W., and with Cross Lake 
 on the S., and communicjites with Red River, near Shreve- 
 port, by a short outlet. Length, about 15 mile.=i: greatest 
 breadth. at)ove 6 miles. It is navigable by steamboats for 
 about nine months in the year. 
 
 SODASIIAVAGHXJR, British India. Se«» Sedashooguk. 
 
 SODBURY, Little, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester 
 
 SODBURY, Old, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SOD'BURY, CIIIP'PIN-0, a parish of England, co. of Gloil- 
 cester, with a marketrtown, 25 miles S.S.W. of Gloucester. 
 
 SODERFORS. sydgr-foRs', n village of Sweden, la;n, and 37 
 miles N.W. of Upsal, on an Lsland in the Dal-elf. having a 
 large anchor foundry, employing 500 workmen. 
 
 SODERIIAMN, st/dfr-hdmn, a maritime town of Sweden, 
 la^n, and 42 miles N. of Gefle, on an inlet of the Gulf of 
 Bothnia. Pop. 15li0. It has a royal manufactory ol arms, 
 and an export trade in iron and timber. 
 
 SODERKOPING, sii'der-ko'ping, a maritime town of Swe- 
 den, lam. and 25 miles E.N.K. of LiukBping, on the Ootha 
 Canal, 16 miles from the Baltic Sea. Pop. 956, who have an 
 export trade in Italtic produce. 
 
 SODERilANNLAND, Pi)'der-mann.lint\ or SVDERMA- 
 NIA, soo'der-mdn'e-d, an old province of Sweden, now sub- 
 divided among the la?ns of Nykiiping and Stockholm. 
 
 SODERO, so'dv'h-rb\ an island of Swi-dtn, lien ol' Stock- 
 holm, in the Aland Strait. Length, 7 miles; breadth. 3 inUos 
 
SOD 
 
 SOK 
 
 SnDERTELGE. siydfr-tjrghS, a town of Sweden, Isen. and 
 J 8 miles S.W. of Stockholm, on a river between Lake Mselar 
 and the Baltli; Sea. Pop. 1070. 
 
 SOD'OM. a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey, 12 miles 
 from Belvidere, contains 2 mills, and 6 or 8 dwellings. 
 
 SODOM, a small village of Burke co., Georgia. 
 
 SODO.M, a post-oflBce of Champaign co., Illinois. 
 
 SOUOHUS, a [lOst-office of Chaniiwiigu co., Illinois. 
 
 SOD US, a post village and township of Wayne co., New 
 York, on the Sodus Point and Southern Railroad, about 36 
 miles E. by N. of Rocliester. The village contains an aciir 
 demy. The township is bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, 
 which here forms Sodus Bay. Pop. 4745. See SoDUS POINT. 
 
 SODUS, a poat-offlce of Berrien co., Michigan. 
 
 SODUS BAY, New York, 35 miles E. by N. of Rochester, 
 extends from Lake Ontario southward into Wayne county. 
 Length, about 5 miles ; greatest breadth, 3 miles. It forms 
 im excellent harbor, the entrance of which has been pro- 
 tected by substantial piers built by the United States. 
 
 SODUS CENTllE, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, 
 about 190 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 SODUS POIN'T, a post-village of Wayne CO., New York. is 
 situated at the entrance of Sodus Bay, and on Lake Ontario, 
 30 miles W.S.W". of Oswego, and about 210 miles by railroad 
 from AllMny. It has a good harbor, and is favorably situ- 
 ated for trade, being at the terminus of the Sodus Canal, 
 which connects with the Erie Canal. 
 
 SODY, a post-office of Autauga co., Alabama. 
 
 SOEBOlKi or SOBORG, so'boRfi, a decayed town of Den- 
 mark, island of Seeland, amt of i'rederichstadt, on a small 
 kke, 10 miles N.W. of Elsinore. 4Sr"For notices of most 
 Scadinavian towns spelt with S(e refer to So. 
 
 SOEBY or SOBY. .siybil, a parish of Denmark, in Jutland, 
 amt, and 17 miles W.N.W. of Aarhuus. 
 
 SOEBY or SOBY, a village and parish of the island of 
 Aeroe. in Sleswick, on its N. coast, 10 miles S. of Faaborg. 
 
 SOEKADAXA, a town on the coast of Borneo. See Sue- 
 
 CIDA-NA. 
 
 SOEP.'V,soo'p3,orSO'PINQ,a native state in the Island of 
 Celebes, about the middle of the AV. coast of the Gulf of 
 Boni. Pop. 18,000. 
 
 SOERAUAYA, sooVa-bi'l, or SOORABAYA, sO-ra-bl'd, a 
 Dlutch residency of the island of Java, on the N.E. coast. 
 Top. 970.000. 
 
 SOERABAYA, SOORABAYA, SOURABAYA or SVRX- 
 BAYA, soo-rdbi'd, a seaport town of .Java, capital of one of 
 the three provinces into which the island is divided by the 
 Dutch, on its N. coast, opposite the island of Madura, and at 
 the mouth of the Kediri; lat. of Kaleuia;is Fort, 7° 14' 5" S.. 
 Ion. 112=' 44' 7" E. Pop. estimated at 00,000. It has a hand- 
 some government house, a mint, and large storehouses. Its 
 harbor is the best in Java, and defended by many forts and 
 batteries; and here are ship-building docks, a naval ai-senal, 
 and a cannon foundry. It is the seat of a civil court and 
 court-martial, with appeal to the Supreme Court in Batavia. 
 It is garrisoned by 2000 soldiers. In its province are the 
 ruins of Mojopahit, the former capital of Java. ' 
 
 SOERAKAKTA, SOOUAKABTA.SOURAKARTA, SURA- 
 KARTA, soo-rd-kaii'td, written aU-o SOORAKERTA and 
 SOURAKERTA, a Dutch residency of the island of Java, 
 near its centre. Pop. 400,000. 
 
 SOERAKARTA or SOLO, the capital of the above resi- 
 dency, on the Solo River, has a garrison and fort. P. 10,000. 
 
 SOEROASSO, sooVois'so, a village of the island of Suma- 
 tra, in the uplands, 43 miles N.E. of Padang. It is one of 
 the four old capitals of the kingdom of Menancabow. 
 
 S)I;R(E, one of the Loffoden Islands. Sec Sokoe. 
 
 SOEST or SOST, sost, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 13 
 miles N.N.E. of Arnsberg, on the Sosterbach, an afSuent of 
 the Lippe. Pop. iu 1846, 8058. It is enclosed by walls, 
 flanked with towers, and has Lutheran, Roman Catholic, 
 and Calviuist churches, an orphan asylum, a gymnasium. 
 and normal school, manufactures of linen, woollen cloths, 
 hosiery, leather, and paper, with oil mills, breweries, and a 
 trade in corn. It was formerly one of the Hanseatic towns. 
 
 SOESr or ZOEST, zoo.st, a villageof the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince, and 11 miles N.E. of Utrecht Pop. 1886. 
 
 SOFAIIU.V, so-f Jhoon', a small town of Cashmere, at the 
 S.E. extremity of the valley, with iron-mines. 
 
 SOFA LA. so-f^a, a river of East Africa, in the Portu- 
 guese captaincy-general of Moz.ambique, has an eastward 
 course estimated at 200 miles; it is navigable only for small 
 craft. 
 
 SOFALA, a town of East Africa, capital of a government 
 of the Portuguese possessions in East Africa, on a river of 
 its own name, in lat., of fort, 20° 10' 7" S.. Ion. 34° 46' E., con- 
 eists chiefly of huts, with a fort, the residence of a governor, 
 ,ind garrison. It has an export trade iu slaves, ivory, and 
 gold-dust, and imports coarse piece-goods, trinkets, &e. 
 
 SOFIGXANO, so-feen-yj/no, or SOFFIGXANO. soffeen- 
 vl/no, a village and parish of Tuscany, 7 miles from Prata. 
 Vop. 1016. 
 
 SOFLINGEN, s8f1ing-?n, a village of WUrtemberg, circle 
 rf Danube, about 2 miles W.N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 1667. 
 
 80FR00 01 SOFRU, so'fi-oo, written also SAFROO and 
 
 SOFORO. a walled town of Morocco, kingdom, and 18 miles 
 S.S.E. of Fez. Iu its vicinity are productive salt-mines. 
 
 SOG.\MA, so-pd'ml, a populous town of Central Africa, in 
 Bornoo. near Affiigay, S. of Lake Tchad. 
 
 SOGAMOSO, so-gl-mo/so, or SOOAMOZA, so-gj-mo'sa, p 
 small town of South America, in New Granada, departmen» 
 of Boyaca, province, and 40 miles N.W. of Tunja, on the 
 Sogamoso River. 
 
 SOGDIANA. See Bokhar.\. 
 
 SOOUANLEE-SOO or SOGIIANLI-SU. so-ginlee soo, a 
 small river of Asia Minor, joins the Filiyas 90 miles N, of 
 Angorii. 
 
 SOGIID, sogd, the v.alley of the Zer-afshan or river of 
 Central Asia, Bokhara, is one of the " four paradises" of the 
 Persian poets, and iu antiquity it gave name to the region 
 known as Sogdiana, N. of the Oxus. 
 
 SOGIIUT, a town of Asia Minor. See SncGSncT. 
 
 SOGLAII (so'gU) LAKE, in Asia Minor, pashalic, and 63 
 miles W. of Karaman, is 11 miles in length ; breadth, 7 miles. 
 The village of Soglah is on its S.E. side. 
 
 SOGNEFIORD, sog*ni-fe-ORd', a very long and compara- 
 tively narrow creek of Norway, stretching E. from the sea, 
 where the Salen Islands nearly cross its mouth, up to the 
 field of the Sognefield Mountiins, a distance of about 90 
 miles. 
 
 SOIIAGEPOOR, a town of British India. See Sehajpoor. 
 
 SOUAGEPOOR, 80■haj-poor^ a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bengal, in the S.W. tenitory, capital of a dis- 
 trict, intersected by tJie Sone River, 72 miles N.N.E. of 
 Mundlah. 
 
 SO'IIAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of • 
 Cambridge, 6 miles S.E. of Ely. Pop. of the town in 1851, 
 2756. It has a conspicuous church, and various dissenting 
 chapels. 
 
 SOIIAM, EARL'S, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SOIIAM, MONK'S, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SOHAR, so'har', a town of Arabia, dominion, and 120 
 miles W.N.W. of Muscat, on the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. Lat. 
 24° 24' N. 
 
 SOIIAUL, so'hawl', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal. 37 miles S.S.E. of Callinger. 
 
 SOUL, shol, a county of Hungary, N.E. of the Danube. 
 Pop. 91.499. Capital, Neu-Sohl. 
 
 SOIINA, so'na, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, iu the Upper Provinces, 30 miles S.W. of Delhi. 
 
 SO'IIO, a suburb of Birmingham, England, where are 
 tlie extensive u-on-works of Messrs. Boulton and Watt. See 
 Birmingham. 
 
 SOIIRAU, so'rCw, written also ZYORY, a walled town of 
 Prussian Silesia, 57 miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 3950. It has 
 manufiictures of woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 SOIGNIES, swjn'yee', a town of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut, on the Senne, and on the railway from Mons to 
 Brussels, 10 miles N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 6350. It has ex- 
 tensive breweries and distilleries, trade in stone and lime, 
 and large annual £iirs. 
 
 SOIGNIES, FOREST OF, in Belgium, province of South 
 Brabrant, S.E. of Brussels, is 15 miles in length, and 6 miles 
 in breiidth. At its S. extremity are the hamlet of Mount St 
 Jean and the field of Waterloo. 
 
 SOISSONS, swSs'sAs"', almost swi's(SN"', (anc. AngusHa 
 Suesso>num or Suessionum, and Novindu'num,) a fortified 
 town of France, department of Aisne, 18 miles S.W.of Laon, 
 on the left bank of the Aisne. Lat 49" 28' N., Ion. 3° 20* 
 E. Pop. in 1852, 9477. It has an ancient castle, 2 ruined 
 abbeys, a college, prison, theatre, library of 18,000 volumes, 
 cathedral, manufactures of fine carpets, and an extensive 
 trade in grain. Clovis made Soissons his residence at the com- 
 mencement of Ills reign ; under his descendants it was the 
 capital of a separate kingdom. Louis le Debonnaire was im- 
 prisoned in the convent of St. Medard. The Canal of Soissons, 
 16 miles long, connects the Aisne with the Ourcq and Marne. 
 
 SOJ or SOJA, a river of Russia. See Sozn. 
 
 SOK, sok, a river of Russia, rises in the government of 
 Orenboorg, 75 miles N.E. of Sergievsk, flows S.W.. and joing 
 the Volga 15 miles N. of Samara. Course, 1.30 miles. 
 
 SOKAL, so'k^l, a town of Austrian Galicia, 33 miles N.N.E. 
 of Zolkiew. on the Bug. P.3100. It has manufactures of silk. 
 
 SOKIIOU.MKALE. a town of Russia. See Sookqoom Kale. 
 
 SOKNA, a town of Fezzan. See Sockxa. 
 
 SO'KO. a state and town of Guinea, in Nortli Ashantee. 
 
 SOKOLICA, so-kol'kl, a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 22 miles N.E. of Bialystok. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SOKOLKA, a market-town of Russian Poland, govern- 
 ment of Poltava. 
 
 SOKOLXIK, so-kol'nik, a town of Poland, government, 
 and 33 miles S.S.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 780. 
 
 SOKOLOVA, so-ko-Wyd, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 20 miles S. of Kharkov. 
 
 SOKOLOVKA, EO-ko-lov'kl, a market-town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Kiev, 22 miles N.N.W. of Ooman. 
 
 SOKOLOW, so-ko/lov, a town of Poland, 17 miles N. of 
 Siedlce. Pop. S035. 
 
 SOKOLOW, a market-town of Austiia, in Galici.i, 15 miles 
 X.N Ji. of Rzeszow. 
 
 1801 
 
SOK 
 
 SOKOTA, so-ko'tl, a market-town of Abyssinia, 9" miles 
 W.S.W of (Jondar. It is a place of considerable size, but 
 Scattend. 
 
 SOKOTR A. or SOKTRA. See Socotra. 
 
 SOLANA, so-l3'u3, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles 
 E. of Ciudad-Ileal. Pop. 4375. It has manufactures of linens 
 and woollens. 
 
 SOLAN'DEB, CAPE, in East Austrilia, bounds Botany 
 Bay on the S. 
 
 SOLAN'DER ISLAND, an islet off the S.W. extremity of 
 New Zealand. 
 
 S0L.4.N0, so-lah'no, a county towards the N.W. part of Cali- 
 fornia, has an area estimated alwve 900 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S. and S.E. by Sacramento Itiver, the Strait 
 of Carqulnez.and SuisunBay. It contains several beautiful 
 and fertile valleys, among which m.ay be named Suscol Val- 
 ley, which Is situated W. of the Suscol Hills, and runs from 
 the city of Vallejo to the N. part of the county; length, 
 about 8 miles, and bre.adth, 3 miles ; Napa Bay wa.shes it on 
 the AV.; this valley is well adapted to fanning; Green Val- 
 ley, so called because a large portion is always green, lies E. 
 of the SuRCol Hills, about 4 miles from Suscol Valley ; it is 
 about 6 miles in length by 1^ in breadth : the S. end is the 
 terminus of the Great Sacramento Valley, and is covered 
 with wild oats, evergreen grass, and red clover; Suisun 
 Valley, situated N. of Suisun Bay, and E. of Green Valley, 
 is about 6 miles square; it opens out on the E. into the 
 Sacramento Valley, and is watered by the navigable river 
 Suisun ; large quantities of hay, chiefly wild oats and clover, 
 are rai.sed; Ullatis Valley, lying farther to the N.E., is about 
 5 miles in length by Ij in width; it runs N.W., and opens 
 Into the Sacramento Valley ; this valley is a gi-eat thorough- 
 fere, and the admiration of all travellers ; Sacramento 
 Valley extends as fiir as the eye can reach ; it is covered 
 with wild oats, and Is not subject to inundation. The W. 
 part of the county is mountainous, and very interesting ; 
 there are many small valleys suitable for stock raising. The 
 principal elevation, which is very conspicuous, is a double 
 pe;ik situated near the head of Green Valley ; the ne.xt in 
 magnitude is another double peak, between Green Valley 
 ami Su.scol. Gold is found in this county, but not in great 
 abundance. About 4 miles N. of Vallejo is a large soda 
 spring, the stream from which runs through Suscol Valley 
 to Napa Bay. There are several other valuable mineral 
 springs (some of them warm springs) in different parts of 
 the county. It is intersected by the route of the proposed 
 railroad from Beniciato Marysville. Capital,yairfiela. P.7169. 
 
 SOLAPOOK, so-ld-poor', a town of India, in the Deccan 
 Kizamg (loniinions, 66 miles W.N.W. of the Calburga. 
 
 ^0LA1!0, so-ld'ro, a village of Northern Italy, province of 
 Milan, 5 miles S.W. of Barlassina. Pop. 1123. 
 
 SOLAROLO-RAINERIO, so-li-rono ri-nd're-o, a village of 
 Austrian Italy, province of Cremona, 9 miles N. of Casal- 
 Maggiore. Pop. 1383. 
 
 SOLARUSSA, so-lE-roos'sJ, a village of the island of Sar- 
 dinia, division of Cagliari, 15 miles W.S.W. of Busachi. 
 Pop. 1641. 
 
 SOLDAD, Bol'ddw, a river of East Prussia, Issues from a 
 lake near a town of the s-ime name, and unites with the 
 Mlawka in forming the Wkra. Total course, 60 miles. 
 
 SOLDAU or DIZIALDOWO. dit-se-ai-d^vo (?) a town of 
 East Prussia, government of KBniisbers:, on the Soldau. and 
 on the Polish frontier, 13 miles S.W. of Neidenburir. P.1800. 
 
 SOLDIKR (sdl'jer) RIVER, of Iowa, rises towards the W. 
 part of the state, and flowing S.W., enters the Missouri 
 River in Harrison county. 
 
 SOLDIX, sol'deeu', a w.alled town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, government of Frankfort, 25 miles N.E. of 
 KUstrin. Pop. 4860. It has manufactures of woollens, and 
 a mussel pearl fishery in the Lake of Soldin. 
 
 SOLDO V, a town of Russia. See Solvitcheoodsk. 
 
 SOLEC. so'ljts, a town of Poland, government of Radom, 
 near the Vistula. 28 miles N.E. of Opatau. Pop. 1800. 
 
 SOLECHNIKI or SOLECZNIKI, so-lJtch-neentee, Bolchoi, 
 bol-choi', a market-town of Russian Poland, government, 
 and 27 miles S. of Vilna. 
 
 SOl/EDKW', a town of North-west Hindostan, about 35 
 miles S.E. of Odeypoor. 
 
 SOI/EMN GROVE, a post-village of Moore co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SO'LENT, The, is that part of the sea between the Isle of 
 Wight and the mainland of Engkand, which extends W. 
 firom Fort Monckton to Hurst Castle, being continuous E. 
 with Splthead, and N. with Southampton-water. Length, 
 18 miles; average breadth, 3 miles. 
 
 SOLERO, so-lA'ro, a market-town ot Italy, in the Sar- 
 dinian States, Piedmont, on the railway from Turin to 
 Genoa. 6 miles W. of .ilessandria. Pop. 3312. 
 
 SOLKSBUIIY, sols'hfr-re, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 gylvania. contains the borough of New Hope. Pop. 4165. 
 
 SOLK.^INO. RO-l.Vseo'no, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- 
 ment of Venice, 17 miles S.S.W. of Padua. Pop. 2100. 
 
 SOLESME."*, soM.im'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Nord, on the Selle. 12 miles E. of Cambrat Pop. in 1852, 
 6579. It has manufactures of calicoes. 
 1802 
 
 SOL 
 
 SOLETO, so-lJ/to, a market-town of Naples, province, and 
 15 miles W. of Otranto, near the ruins of ancient Sakntia. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 SOLKURE, so-lOre. (Fr. pron. soMcr': Qer. SoMlium. scAo- 
 tooRn\) a canton of Switzerland, in its N.W. part, enclosed 
 by the cantons of Bern. B:i.-;el, .and .4iargau. Area. 255 square 
 miles. In the N. and W. it is covered by ramifi<ation8of the 
 Jura Mount.ains. The principal rivers "are the A.ar, Emmon, 
 and Dunern. The soil is fertile, and a surplus of corn over 
 home consumption is raised, with fiuit f )r exportation. Reap- 
 ing live stock is the chief branch of industry, and the homed 
 cattle are among the best in Switzerland. Iron and marble 
 are important products; the principal manufactures are 
 iron goods, calico, hosier.v, and paper. The canton is divided 
 into nine districts or bailiwicks. The government, once 
 ariistrocr.atic. was considerably modified in 1831 and 1841, 
 by a strong infu.sion of the democratic principle. The great 
 council or legislative body consists of 150 members, of whom 
 55 are chosen directly by the people, 45 by electoral dele- 
 gates, and nine are named by the council itself. Pop. in 
 1860, 69,263, of whom 59,624 are Roman C'atliolic, and 9543 
 Protestants. 
 
 SOLKUKE, (Ger. Snlothum; nnc. Saloduh-um.) a town of 
 Switzerland, capital of the above canton, is situated on the 
 Xar, here crossed by two wooden brid;:es. at the foot of the 
 Jura, 19 miles N.N.E. of Bern. Lat. 47° 12' N.. Ion. 7° 32' E. 
 Pop. 5370. It has a handsome cathedral, a museum with a 
 collection of fossils fi-om the Jura; government-house, 
 arsenal, barracks, and theatre. It has a college, a pulilio 
 library, and a botanic garden. Here Kosciu-sko died, on the 
 16th of October, 1817. Near it are the chateau of Waldegy, 
 the hermitage of St. Veren, and the baths of Wei.ssenstein. 
 
 SOLFACH, sol'fdK, a small port of South Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke, on the N. shore of St. Bride's Bay, 3 miles S.E. 
 of St. Diivid's. 
 
 SOLFATARA, sol-fdta'rj, (anc. A'quat AVhulmf) a small 
 lake of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca di 
 Roma, 4 miles W. of Tivoli. It is now about 5ll0 feet across, 
 but was anciently much larger : on it are several floating 
 islets. Near it are the ruined baths of .\gripp,a. A canal. 2 
 miles in length, carries its sulphurous waters into the 
 Teverone. 
 
 SOLFERINO, sol-fA-ree'no, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province, and 18 miles N.W. of Mantua. Tlie Austrians 
 were here defeated bj- the French in 1796, and again in 1.S59. 
 Pop. 1095. 
 
 SOL-GALTSKATA, sol gj-le-skl'^. or SOL-GALTTZKOI.sol- 
 gd-llt-skoi', a town of Russia, government, and 100 milea 
 N.N.E. of Kostroma, on the Kostroma River. Pop. 2000. 
 It has 2 annual fairs. 
 
 SO'LIDAD, a missionary settlement of Monterey co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 SOLIGNAC, so^leen'y3k', a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Haute-Vienne, on the Briance. 5 miles S. of Limoges. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3054. 
 
 SOLIGNAC SUR LOIRE. soMeen'yak' sUr IwaR, a small 
 town of France, department of Haute-Loire, 5 miles S. of Le 
 Puy. Pop. 1053. 
 
 SOLIGNANO, 80-leen-y4'no, (L. S<ih'gnanit^,) a village of 
 Northern Italy, 23 miles S.W. of Parmii, ou the Tiiro. Pop, 
 2341. 
 
 SOLIGNY, sc-leen-yee', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Orne, 6 miles N. of Mortagne. Pop. 883. Near it 
 was the convent of La Trappe, suppressed in 1790. 
 
 SOLllIULI'. a town and parish, England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 SOLlK.\iISK, so-le-kSmsk'. a town of Russia, government, 
 and 115 miles \. of Perm. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SOLIMAN MOUNTAINS. Afghanistan. See Stn.EntA:». 
 
 Si)LIMOENS, so-le-mo-^N"', a name of the Amazon River, 
 Brazil. See AM.4Z0X. It also gives name to the large river 
 of the province of Para. 
 
 SOLINGEN, so'ling-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia. 14 
 miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 6:320, who manufacture 
 swords, liayonets. and cutlery. The celebrity which Solingen 
 enjoys in its particular branch of trade reaches back to the 
 twelfth century, (1147.) when the manufacture of Damascus 
 blades is said to have been introduced from the East by 
 Count Adolphus of Berg. 
 
 SO-LING-SHAN or SO-LING-CIIAN, so'llng'shSn'. a moui>. 
 tain of China, province of Kan-soo. in lat. 32^ 59' N., ion. 
 104° 59' E., covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 SOLTPACA. BO-lfr-pJ'ki. a town of Naples, province of Terra 
 di Lavoro. 15 miles N.E. of Caserta. near the Galore. P. 3400. 
 
 SOLaTARY ISLAND, South Pacific Ocean, in l.it. 14-' 21' 
 S., Ion. 176° 35' W.. was discovered bv MendaSIa in 1595. 
 
 SOLITARY ISLAND, Indian Ocean, in lat. 49° 50' S., Ion. 
 68° 5' E. 
 
 SOLITARY ISLAND, on the E, coast of Australia, In lat 
 30°13'S.. Ion. 153° 13' E. 
 
 S*iLK, GItOSS. groce solk. a village of Austria, in Styria, 
 about 15 miles from Steinach. Pop. 1180. 
 
 SOLLER, sol-yaiR', a town of the island of Majorca, on its 
 N.W. coast, with a port on the Slediterranean, 14 niile^ N 
 ofl'alma. Pop. 6990. It has considerable exports of ora»>fM 
 and wine. 
 
SOL 
 
 SOLr.TES-LE-PONT, soriee' Ifh piN", a town of France, 
 iepdi-tment of Var. 8 miles N.E. of Toulon-. Pop. 1852, 3205. 
 
 Sl.lLUNG EN, sol'ling-en. a village ol Baden, circle of Mid- 
 dle lihine. .'i miles S.E. of Durlaeh. Pop. 112.5. 
 
 Sdl.LtDGU'ODMORE, a parisli of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Tipperary. 
 
 Snij.MS. solras, an old principality of Germany, situated 
 in the Lahn, onw subdivided into several small mediatized 
 principalities belonging to the difTerent branches of the 
 Hwise of Solms. the chief of which are the following: — 
 
 SoLMS Baruth Wildenpels. solms bi'roOt *Il'dfn-f^ls\ a 
 principality of Germany, in Hessen. 
 
 Soim.s-Brau.nfels, solms hrown'fjls. a principality of Ger- 
 many, with possessions in Prussia, WUrtemberg, and Hes- 
 sen. Capital, Braunfels. 
 
 Solms LAtjUACH, solms low'blK, a principality of Germany, 
 in Hessen. 
 
 Sdlms Laotaucfi Baruth 1?odei,hf,im, solms Idw'bJK hH'- 
 root i-iVdel-hlmeN and Arnheim, ann'hime, two principalities 
 of Germany, in Hessen. 
 
 SoLM.s LiCH, solms liK, and IIohex Solms, ho'jn solms, 
 two principalities of Germany. Capital. Lich. 
 
 SOLNITZ, sol'nits, or SOLNICZK, sol-neet'sA, a town of 
 Bohemia, 18 miles E. of Koniggratz. Pop. l-U-t, who manu- 
 fectiire woollens. 
 
 SULO, a town of Java. See Soerakarta. 
 
 SD'LQ, BKNGAWAN, Un-gi-viin'. or SAMBAYA, sim- 
 bl'd. the largest and most important riverof Java, ri.ses in the 
 province of Soerakarta, passes the town of that name, flows 
 E.N.E. in a very zigzag course, and falls into the Java Sea 
 opposite the \V. end of the island of Madura. Total course, 
 with windings, about 3.5(5 miles. Excepting in the months 
 of August, September, and October, it is navigable for native 
 boats far above Soerakarta. 
 
 SOfiOKKA, 80-l(yfr;(, a town of Naples, province of Princi- 
 pato Ultra, 7 miles S.E. of Avellino. Pop. 5400. It has ma- 
 nufactures of woollens, leather, and jewelry. 
 
 SOLOGNK, soMoB', an old district of France, now com- 
 prised in the departments of Loir-et-Cher and Loiret. 
 
 So LOLA, so-lo'U. a town of Central America, state, and 85 
 miles N.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 5000. (?) 
 
 S)LOM'BO, Great and FiiTTiE. two small islands in the 
 Java Sea. Lat. of Great Solombo, 5° 33' S., Ion. 114° 24' E. 
 
 SOLOMESTS. so-lo-mJsts', a market-town of Kussia, go- 
 vernment, and 93 miles N.N.W. of Vilna. 
 
 SOiyoMON ISLANDS, (Fr. lies Salomon, eel sa'lo'm6N<=',) 
 a group in the I'acitic Ocean, between lat. 5° and 12° S., and 
 Ion. 154° and 163° E. The principal islands are Bougain- 
 ville, Choiseul, St. Isabel, Guadalcana, the Arsacides, Ma- 
 laita, and St. Ciistoval. 'I'he surface is elevated, fertile, and 
 well wooded; the shores precipitous, with fringing reefs. 
 The islands are of volcanic origin, and have an active vol- 
 cano. The population comprises both Malays and Papuan 
 negroes. These islands were discovered by MendaBia in 16»i7. 
 
 SOLOMON or SALOMON ISLAND.S, a group of 11 islets 
 In tile Indian Oc<jan, N. of the Chagos Islands, a depeudancy 
 of the Mauritius. 
 
 SO'LON, a post-village and township of Somerset eo., 
 Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec Kiver, about 45 miles N. 
 of Augusta. Pop. 1345. 
 
 S<_>LUN, a post-township of Cortland co., New York, 35 
 miles S. by E. of Svracuse. Pop. 1148. 
 
 SOLON, a township of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Pop. 1009. 
 
 SOLON, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, 12 miles N. by 
 E. of Iowa City. 
 
 SOLf)N. a postofHce of White co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SOLON MILLS, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois, 55 
 miles N.W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 S(.)LONOT.SIIA. so-lo-not/shi, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 112 miles W.N.W. of Poltava, on an affluent of 
 the Dnieper. 
 
 SOLOR, so'lon/. an Island of the Malay Archipelago, off the 
 E. extremity of Flores, separated from it by the Strait of 
 Flores, and by another strait from Adenara, in the N. Lat. 
 of the S. point, 8° 47' S., Ion. 12-3° 8' E. Length, from E to 
 W.. .30 miles; breadth, 15 miles. 
 
 SOLOTIIURN, Switzerland. See Soleure. 
 
 SOLOTIVINA, so-lo-te-vee'ni. or SOLOTWINA, so-lot-*ee'- 
 nl, a town of Austrian Galicia, 20 miles S.S.W. of Stanis- 
 lawow. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SOLOVETSKOI, so-lo-v5t-skoi', or SOLOVKI, so-lov'kee, an 
 island of Russia, in the White Sea, government of Arch- 
 angel. 100 miles N.W. of Oneia, in lat. 65° N., Ion. 35° 50' E. 
 Length, 15 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Talc Is a principal 
 product. 
 
 SOLRE-LE-CIIaTEAU, sol'r leh sh&'to', a town of France, 
 department of Nord, 9 miles N.E. of Avesnes. Pop. in 
 1852. 2758. 
 
 SoLKE-SATNT-GERY, sol'r sis" zheh-ree', a village of 
 Belgium, province of Hainaut, 21 miles S.S.E. of Mons. 
 Pop. 870. 
 
 SOLRE-SUR-SAMBRE. sol'r sUr sSnb'r, a village of Bel- 
 gium, province o' Hainaut, oi. the sambre, 13 miles E. of 
 Mons. Pop. 1278 
 
 SULSBERRY, a post-offii* or Green co., Indiana. 
 
 SOM ^ 
 
 SOLSONA. solso'nJ, (anc. Cdsa?) a walled town of Sp,iin, 
 province, and 55 miles N.E. of Lerida. Pop. 2156. It has a 
 cathedral, and manufactures of iron wares. 
 
 SOLS'VILLE, a post-office of Madison co.. New York. 
 
 SOLT, solt, (Ger. Sultfi, solt.) a town of Central Hungary. 
 CO.. and 48 miles S. of Pesth. near the Danube. Pop. 6949. 
 
 SOLTA, sol'td, (anc. Olijn'tha?) an island of Dalmatia. 
 circle of Spalatro, in the Adriatic, W. of Brazza. Leni;th, 
 from N.W. to S.E., 10 miles : breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 1300 
 On its N. shore is a village of its own name. 
 
 SOLTAU, sol'tow. a town of Hanover. 
 
 SOLVESBERG, sol'ves-bJRQ\ or SOLVITSBURG. sol'vits- 
 bouRG'', an ancient, and formerly important maritime town 
 of South Sweden, lain, and 37 miles W. of Carlscroua. on an 
 inlet of the Baltic. Pop. 1050. 
 
 SOLVITCHEGODSK, sol-ve-ch:\-godsk', SOLDOV or SOL- 
 DOW, sol-dov', a town of Russia, government, and 2C8 miles 
 N.E. of Vologda, on the Vitchegda. Pop. 2500. It has 
 manufactures of linens. 
 
 SOL'WAY FRITH, a large marine inlet, stretching from 
 the Ir^sh Sea N.E. between England and Scotland, having 
 S. and E. the county of Cumberland, and N. the counties of 
 Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Breadth at the entrance, be- 
 tween St. Bee's Head and Balcurry Point, 24 miles, it ex- 
 tends inl.and for about 38 miles, diminishingin breadth to 1^ 
 miles. At its head it receives the Esk; and the Annan. Nith, 
 Dee, and Urr join it from the Scotch, and Derwent and Ellen 
 from the English side. The Coasts are sloping in Cum- 
 berland, bold in Galloway, and low in the county of Dum- 
 fries. During ebb-tide much of the frith is a naked flat, and 
 may occasionally be crossed in some places; but the tidal 
 wave, especially during spring tides, returns very suddenly, 
 and with great violence, so that accidents to shipping have 
 repeatedly happened. Its fisheries, chiefly salmon, are ex- 
 tensive and valuable. 
 
 SOLWAY MOSS, a drained area about 7 miles in circum- 
 ference, in the county of Cumberland, parish of Kirk-An- 
 drew-upon-Kske, adjoining the frith. 
 
 SOMA, so'mS, a small town of Asia Minor, 25 miles E. 
 of Bergama, and about 3 miles from which is the ancient 
 Genna. (?) 
 
 SOMAGLTA, svm3l'y3, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Lodi, 3 uiiles S.W. of C'odogno. Pop. 2047. 
 
 SOMAIN, so^nJ^•"/. a village of France, department of 
 Nord, on the North Railway, 3J miles S.E. of Douai. Pop. 
 in 1852, 3065. 
 
 SOMARIVA PERNO, so-ma-ree/vS pjR^no. a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division of Coni. Pop. 1995. 
 
 SOMAULI or SOMAULEE, a country of Africa. See Adei. 
 
 SOJIBOR, a town of Hungary. See Zombor. 
 
 SOMB(JURN, KING'S, a parish of England. See King's 
 
 SOMBOURN. 
 
 SOM BOURN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 SOMBREFFJ;, som'brjf feh, a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 13 miles W.N.W. of Namur. Pop. 2000. It has a castle, 
 and a church built by the Templars. 
 
 SOMBRERETE, som-br.-l-rA'ta, a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state, and 85 miles N.W. of Zacatecas. Near 
 it are rich silver-mines. 
 
 SOMBRERO, som-brA'ro, an Islet of the British West 
 Indies, about midway between Anauilla and the A'irgin 
 Islands. Lat. 18° 35' N., Ion. 6:j° 27' W. 
 
 SOMBRERO, a' village of South America, in Venezuela, 
 department, and 70 miles S.S.W. of Caracas. 
 
 SO.MEISAT or SUMEISAT, soo-mA-sat/, (anc. Samosata,) 
 a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalie of Marash, on the 
 Euphrates, 50 miles N.E. of Bir. It is the birthplace of the 
 Grecian poet Lucian. 
 
 SOMERBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SOMERBY. two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SOM'ERCOTES, North, a paiish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 S0MERC0TE3, South, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln 
 
 SOMEUEIN or SOMMEREIN. so/meh-rlne', a market- 
 town of West Hungary, co., and 12 miles S.E. of Presburg, 
 on the island of Great Schiitt. 
 
 S0M'ERFIP:LD, a post-office. Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SO>I'ERFOI?D, a post-township, Madison co., Ohio. P. 848. 
 
 SOMERFORD, a post-village of MadLson co., Ohio, 27 
 miles W. of Columbus, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 SOM'ERFORD, BROAD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SOMERFORD. KEYNES, a parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 SOMERFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SOM ERG EM, som'gr-oh^m\ a town of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 8 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 7136. 
 
 SOM'ERLEYTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, with 
 a station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 4i miles N.W. 
 of Lowestoft. 
 
 SOMERS. stlm'merz. a post-village and township of Tol- 
 land CO., Connecticut, 23 miles N.E. of Hartford. The village 
 contains 2 churches and several stores. Pop. of township, 
 1517. 
 
 SOMERS, a post-village and township of Westchester co. 
 New York, about 110 miles S. of Alljany. The village con- 
 tains several churches and a bank. P. of the township. 2014 
 
 SOMERS, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Poil 2u61. 
 
 18U3 
 
SOM 
 
 SOM 
 
 80>rERS. a township of Kenosha co.. M'isconsin. P.1277. 
 
 SOM'ERSALL-HKKBERT,a parish of England, co. Derby. 
 
 SOM'ER'S CENTRE, a post-office of Westchester co., New 
 STork. 
 
 SOMERSET or SOMERSETSHIRE, stim'er-set-shir. a mari- 
 time county of the West of England, having X. the Bristol 
 Channel, and from S.W. round to X.E. the cos. of Devon, 
 Dorset, Wilts, and Gloucester. Area. 1636 square miles, or 
 1,047,040 acres, of which about 900.000 are supposed to be 
 under culture. Pop. in 1851, 443.916. Coast-line and sur- 
 face very much diversified, and hifrhly picturesque. The 
 Mendip Hills, and the range of which the Quantock Hills 
 form a part, .separate the county into three divisions, the 
 central of which contains the basins of the Parret, Brue, and 
 Axe; in the N. are the Avon and Yeo Rivers, and in the 
 W. the Tone, all of which flow to the Bristol Channel. 
 Along the rivers are many marshes and tract* of high fer- 
 tility, in which dairy husbandry is pursued with great suc- 
 cess; in other part."! are extensive wastes, as E.xmoor at the 
 W. extremity. Dunkerry Beacon, also in the W., rises to 
 1668 feet in height. Wheat and barley come to high per- 
 fection around Bridgewater, Taunton, &c., and the industry 
 of the county is chiefly rural, but the agriculture is gene- 
 rally backward. Cheddar and other cheeses, and cider, are the 
 principal products. She^p are estimated at 600,000, aud the 
 annual produce of wool at 10,500 packs. Coal, stone, cala- 
 mine, and fullers'-earth are obtained; woollen goods are 
 manufactured at Frome, Wellington, &c.; and in 184", 2180 
 hands were engaged in woollen, and 164S in silk mills. 
 Gloves are made at Yeovil, linens at Crewkerne; stocking.*, 
 paper, glass, iron-wares, wool-card.s. shoes, leather, and malt 
 are manufactured. The Glastonbury, Kennet and Avon, 
 Bridgewater, Taunton, and other canals are in this county, 
 the X. and W. parts of which are intersected by the Great 
 Western R.iilway. The county contains the cities of ISath, 
 Wells, and a part of Bristol, the parliamentary Iwroughs of 
 Bridgewater, Taunton, and Frome, the municipal Ixiroughs 
 of Axbridge, Chard, Glastonbury, Langport. Yeovil, Somer- 
 ton, (whence its name.) and numerous market-towns. The 
 county returns 4 members to the House of Commons. An- 
 tiquities of almost every period of British history are met 
 with in tills county, which was the seat of numerous im- 
 portant military events in Saxon times. 
 
 SOM'ERSEX. a division of the Cape Colony, South Africa, 
 mostly between lat, 30° 20' and 33° 25' S.. and ion. 25° 12' 
 and 2i;° 45' E.. intersected bv the Great Fish River. Area, 
 4000 square miles. Pop. in 1845, 6200. 
 
 SOMERSET, the capit.il of the above division, 80 miles 
 N.W. of Graham Town, at the base of the Bosch-berg. It has 
 Presb>-terian and Dutch Reformed churches, and VVesleyan 
 schools. 
 
 SOilERSET. sftm'er-sft, a county forming the X.X.W. ex- 
 tremity of Maine, has an area of about 4000 square miles. It 
 Is drained by the head waters of the St. John and Penobscot 
 Rivers, but principallj' by the Kennebec, above 70 miles of 
 whose course is comprised within this county. The greater 
 part is heavily wooded, and immense quantities of lumherare 
 annually rafted down the Kennebec. The surface is hilly 
 and undulating, with occasional mountain ridges and peiiks. 
 The soil is generally fertile. In 1850 this county produced 
 60,595 bushels of whe.nt and 328.680 of aats, — the quantity 
 of each being greater than that produced by any other 
 county in the state. Organized in 1809. Capital, Xorridge- 
 wock. Pop. "6,753. 
 
 SOMERSET, a c<)unty in the N. central part of New Jer- 
 sey, has an area of about 370 s^iuare miles. It is partly 
 bounded on the E. by Raritau River and Bound Brook, on the 
 N,E. by the Passaic River, and on the W. by Lamiugton 
 River, and is drained by the X. and S. brandies of liaritau 
 River, and by Millstone River, which afford valuable water- 
 power. The surface is various; the N.W. portion being 
 mountainous, and the centre and S.E. either level or slightly 
 undulating. The soil of the hills is generally cK^y or stiff 
 loam, that of the level portions sandy loam formed of shale, 
 and the mountain valleys are of limestone. The ninge of 
 hills about 2 miles X. of Somerville have been perforated by 
 many mining shafts in search of copper-ore ; one of these 
 ■hafts is 1300 feet in length. The ore is sjiid to contain not 
 only a large proportion of copper, but to be worth working 
 on account of the gold which it yields. "The Bridgewater 
 mineral-paint mines are situated near the centre. Somerset 
 county is distinguished as the birthplace of Samuel L. 
 Southard, I'eter D. Vroom, Commodore Stockton, William 
 L. Dayton, and Theodora Frelinghuysen. The New Jersey 
 Central Railroad traverses this county, which is also partly 
 Intersected by the Delaware and Raritan Caii.^1. Organized 
 in 17SS. having previously formed part of Middlesex county. 
 Capital. Somerville. I'op. 22,0i7, 
 
 SOMKRSET, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, bor- 
 dering on .Maryland, contains 1050 square miles. It is 
 watered by Castlenian's River, and by Laurel Hill and 
 Stony Creeks. The surface is diversified, having the Laurel 
 Hill on the W. boundary, and the Alleghany ridge nesir the 
 E. Dart. The soil is adapted to pasturage and d:ury-farming. 
 B«i<U of exctiient coal, which in some places are 8 feet thick, 
 1804 ' 
 
 extend over nearly the whole area of the county ; iron ore 
 is al.so abundant. A plank-road connects it with Cumljer- 
 land, in Maryland. Capital. Somerset. Pop. 26,778. 
 
 SOMERSET, a county in the S.E. part of Maryland, bor- 
 dering on Delaware, has an area of alx>ut 500 square miles. 
 It is situated on the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. "The 
 Xanticoke River forms its boundary on the X.W., the Poco- 
 moke River and Bay on the S.; the county is also pene- 
 trated by two navigable inlets of the Chesapeake, called 
 Wicomico and .Manokin Rivers. The surfitee is level, and 
 partly covered with fore.sts of oak, hickory, chestnut, pine, 
 cedar, cypress, &c. The soil in some parts is .sandy, and in 
 others clayey, generally fertile. The rivers and bays aliove 
 named afford great facilities for navigation. Capital. Princess 
 Anne. Pop. 24,992, of whomI9,903 were free, and 50S9 slaves. 
 
 SOJIERSET, a township in Windham co., Vermont, 100 
 miles W. by S. of Concord. Pop. 105. 
 
 SO.MERSET, a post-village and town-ship of Bristol co., 
 Massachu.setts. on the Staunton River and the Fall River 
 Railroad, 50 miles S. by W. of Boston. I'op. 1793. 
 
 SO.MERSET, a post-township forming the X.E. extremity 
 of Xi.Tirara co.. New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2132. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-borough and township, capit;il of So- 
 merset CO., Pennsylvania, on the plank-road from Cumber- 
 land, in Maryland, to West Xewton, in Penn.sylvanii». 70 
 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. Since the plank-raad was oj^ened, 
 the town has rapidly increased in business and population. 
 Mines of excellent coal have been opened near this place, 
 and in many parts of the county. Somerset contains seve- 
 ral churches, 2 newspaper oflices, and an academy. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1804. Pup. in 1K50, 866. Totjil Pop. in 1860. 2776. 
 
 SOMERSET, a townvhip of Washington co., Penuhylva- 
 nia, about 24 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1723. " 
 
 SO.MERSET. a post-office of Orange co., Virginia. 
 
 SOMEltSET. a post-office of Montgomery co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-village, capital of Pulaski co.. Ken- 
 tucky, is situated 6 miles X. of the Cumberland River, and 
 90 miles S. of Frankfort. The surrounding country con- 
 tains coal and iron ore. The village has 3 churches, 10 
 dry-goods stores, a bank and 1 printing oihce. Pop. ('62. 
 
 SOMIORS l-.T. a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 2180. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-village in Reading township, capital 
 of Perry co., Ohio, on the Zanesville, Wilmington, and Cin- 
 cinnati Railraid, about 20 miles W.S.W. of Zauesville. It 
 contains a court-house, an academy, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 Pop. in 1860. 1250; in 1800, 1231. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-township forming the X.E. extremity 
 of HilUdal.' CO.. Michigan. Pop. 1210. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-office of Waba.sh CO.. Indiana. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-office of Saline co., Illinoi.<. 
 
 SO.MERSET, a post-office of Monroe co., Missouri, on Salt 
 River, about 80 miles X.X.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SOM'EI{SET. a county of Van Diemen's l>and, in the K 
 part. The South Ksk River forms its X,, Macquarie and L.ake 
 Rivers its W. Ixiundary. and it is watered by many of their 
 aflluents. Principal towns, Campbell Town, Ross, Lincoln, 
 and .\uburn. 
 
 SOMERSET, NoHTH, a tract in the Arctic region of Bri- 
 tish North America, forming the X. p;irt of B<X)thia Felix, 
 and mostly between lat. 73° and 74° X., and W. of Ion. 90° 
 W., having E. Prince Itegent Inlet, and X. Barrow Strait, 
 separating it from Cornwallis Island and Xi>rth Devon. 
 Cape Clarence is its X.E. extremity, opposite which is Prince 
 Le<ipold Island. It was discovered by Sir E. I'arry in 1819. 
 
 SO.MERSET MILLS, a post-village in Fairfield township, 
 Somerset co.. Maine, on the right l>auk of Kennel)ec liiver, 
 about 22 miles alx)ve AuLTUsta. A dam has here been built 
 across the river, which affords valuable water-power. Pop. 
 about 100. 
 
 SOMERSET RIVER, South Africa. See Sw.\kop. 
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE. See Somerset. 
 
 SOM'ERSII-\M, a town and parish of England, co. of Hunt- 
 ingdon. 10 miles E.X.E. of Huntingdon. Pop. 1517. 
 
 SOMERSHAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SO.M'ERS POIXT, a post-village of .Atlantic co., New Jer- 
 sey, on Great Egg Harbor Bay, about 12 miles S.E. of M.ay's 
 L.iuding. Is resorted to for bathing in the summ'^r, and gun- 
 ning in the fiill. A mariner's church has been erecteil near 
 the place. 
 
 SOM ERSVILLE. sfim'erz-vil, a post village in Somera 
 township. Tolland co., Connecticut, 22 miles N.E. of Hart- 
 ford. It contains a woollen factory. 
 
 SOM'ERSWOKTH, atowuship in .Strafford co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, bounded on the E. by Salmon Falls River. 30 miles 
 E.S.E. of Concord. It conuiins the village of Great F.\lls, 
 (which see.) The Great Falls Branch Railroad here connects 
 with tile Boston and Maine Railroad. Pop. -t7.S7. 
 
 SOMERTON. s&m'mfr-ton, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Somerset, to which it gave name, on rising 
 ground on the Carey, 5 miles N.X.W. of Ilchester Pop. in 
 1861. 214ij. The town, built of blue lias-st/ine, wrjs. during 
 the Heptarchy, fortified, and a residence of tlie West Saxou 
 kings. Its ancient roval castle is now a county jail. 
 
 SOMERTON. a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SOMERXON, a parish of England, co of Oxford. 
 
SOM 
 
 SOMKRTOX, East, a parish of Eti?:l.ind. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SOMERTON, West, a parish of Enpland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SOMKUTOX, a post-villaj;e included within the chartered 
 limits of I'hiladelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 SOMKRTON, a post-villas^e of Nansemond CO., Virginia, 
 about 100 miles S.E. of liichmond. 
 
 SOMIillTON, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, 107 miles 
 E. of Cohimhus. Pop. about 250. 
 
 SOIMKKVILLE, sftin'mgr-vil, a post-village and township 
 of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the tide-water of .Mvstic 
 Kiver and Miller's Creek. (l)oth of which are naviL'able for 
 vessels of moderate size.) about .3 miles N.W. ol' Boston. 
 The township is intersected by the Boston and Lowell, the 
 Fitchburg. and the Boston and Maine P.ailroads, which, with 
 two lines of horse-railroads, afford ami)le travelling facili- 
 ties for quite a large portion of the citizen.s, who are en- 
 gaged in business in BoBton. There is an extensive copper- 
 tube manufactory here, employing an incorporated capital 
 of $200,000. There are also an extensive glass factory, a 
 dyeing and bleaching establishment, and a spike factory; 
 brick-making is extensively carried on upon the lowlands, 
 and was formerly a source of great income. Somerville con- 
 tains 9 churches, a town hall, Amory hall, a high school, 3 
 grammar sc hools, besides other schools, and Tulf s College, 
 a new Universalist institution, said to be the only one in 
 this country. Thisinstitution, which is liberally endowed, is 
 named from a citizen of tlie place, who gave a large and beau- 
 tiful tract of land for the location. The McLean Asylum for 
 the Insane is situated in the S. part of the township, near 
 East Cambridge, and surrounded by highly ornamented 
 grounds. This is one of the most beautiful and well ar- 
 ranged, as well as successful establishment of the kind in 
 the United States. 
 
 Prospect and Winter Hills, situated in the vicinity, possess 
 much interest in Revolutionary history. From the former 
 was lighte<l the first sif/nal-fire to apprize the minute-men at 
 Lexington and Concordof the crossing of Charles lUverfrom 
 Boston by the British troops, long before daybreak, on the 
 memorable morning of the 19th of April, 1775. This and 
 Winter Hill were occupied by the American tinops on the 
 night after the battle of Bunker Hill, and substantial en- 
 trenchments were at once thrown up. much of which, on 
 Prospect Hill, still remain. Here General Putnam, with a 
 force of about 4000 men. remained for several weeks, until 
 General Washington arrived to take command of the Ameri- 
 can army. The township was incorporated in 1842. Pop. 
 In 1850. ;;540 ; in 1860, 8025. 
 
 SOMERVILLE, a post-vlll.age of St. Lawrence co., New 
 York, about 175 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 SOMERVILLE. a flourishing post-village, capital of Somer- 
 set county, New Jersey, is situated on the Raritan River, 
 and on the New Jersey Central Railroad, about 30 m. N.N.E. 
 of Trenton. It is the princi|)al village in the county, and has 
 30 stores, 6 churches, and 2 banks. It chiefly owes its prospe- 
 rity to its fine location and its facilities for the disposal of pro- 
 duce. Three newspapers are published here. Pop. about 2200. 
 
 SOMERVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, 85 
 miles N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 SOMERVILXE. a post-village, capital of Morgan co., Ala- 
 bama, 125 miles N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa, and about 5 miles S. 
 of the Tennessee River. It contains a court-house, and seve- 
 ral hundred inhabitants. 
 
 SOMERVILLE. li post-village, capital of Fayette co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the Loosahatchee River, 43 miles E. of Mem- 
 phis. It is .situated in a populous and fertile region. The 
 proposed railroad from Memphis to Nashville will pass 
 through the town. A plank-road has been commenced be- 
 tween Memphis and Somerville. It h.as 4 or 5 churches, 2 
 academies, and a bank. Pop. about I.'jOO. 
 
 SOMERVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the 
 Eaton and Hamilton Railroad, 14 miles N.N.W. of Hamilton. 
 
 SO.MIDOURO. so-me-dO'ro, a village of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Geraes, 12 miles E.S.E. of Mariana. Pop. 2(XI0. 
 
 SOMLYO, sora'Io\ a market-town of Transylvania, co. of 
 Kraszna. on the Kraszna, 50 miles N.W. of Klausenbul^, 
 with a castle. Pop. 2747. 
 
 SOMMA, som'md, or SOMA, so'ni3, a town of Italy, in 
 Lombanly, province of Milan, 4 miles S.E. of Lago Mag- 
 giore. Pop. 3890. It has Roman antiquities, and was the 
 place where the Romans under Scipio were defeated by Han- 
 nibal, shortly after his passage of the Alps. 
 
 SOM.MA, a town of Italy, 9 miles E. of Naples, at the foot 
 of Monte Somraa, the N. flank of Mount Vesuvius. Pop. 
 7400. It has a castle, a college, and several churches, a pub- 
 lic ho.spital, and a trade in wines and fruits. 
 
 SOMMA CAMPAGNA, soni'md kim-pin'yi a village of 
 Austrian Italy. 8 miles W.S.W. of Verona. See Vesuvius. 
 
 SOMMA PAZ, som'mS pds, a mountain range of South 
 America, extending E. of the Magdalena to Lake Maracaybo 
 ani the city of Valencia, in Venezuela. 
 
 SOMMARIVA DEL BOSCO, som-mS-ree'vi dJl hosTko, a 
 town of Piedmont, division of Coni, 8 miles S.E. of Carmag- 
 nola. Pop. 5333. 
 
 SO.MMARIVA DEL PARNO, 8om-m3-ree'va djl paR'no, a 
 town of Italy, contiguous to the above Pop. 1995. 
 
 SON 
 
 SOMME, somm, (anc. SamJara.) a river of France, rises 
 N.E. of St. Quentin, in the department of Aisne, flows past 
 Ham, Peronne. Amiens, Abbeville, and enters the Engli^h 
 Channel between Le Crotoy and St. Valery sur Somme. The 
 chief affluent is the Arve. on the left. Length. IIT miles. It 
 is navigable to Amiens, and is connected with the Oise and 
 Scheldt by the Canal of the Somme. 
 
 SOMME, a maritime department in the' N.W. of France, 
 formed of part of the old province of Picardy, having W. the 
 English Ch.tnnel. Area, 2343 square niile.s. Pop. in 1861, 
 572.64R. The surface is flat. The Somme is the only river 
 of importance. The soil is fertile in corn, hemp, lint, and 
 hops; wine of inferior quality is made to a small extent, 
 but eider is much used. Its marshes furnish abundance 
 of turf. It has numerous manufactures, the chief being 
 velvets, cottons, woollens, soap, beet-root sugar, and paper. 
 The flepartment is traversed by the Northern Railway, and 
 by that from Amiens to Boulogne, and is divided into the 
 arrondissements of Abbfjville, Amiens, Doullen.s,Montdidier, 
 and Peronne. Capital, Amiens. 
 
 SOM'MEE*, a town of M'est Hindostan, in the Guicowar's 
 dominions. 9 miles S.E. of Rahdunponr. 
 
 SOMMELSDYK or SOMMKLSDIJK, som'mels-drk\ a vil- 
 lage of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, island 
 of Overflakkee, 19 miles S.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 2454. 
 
 SOM'MEX, a lake of Sweden. I«Dn, and 30 miles S.S.W. of 
 Linktiping, 15 miles E. of Lake Wetter. Length, 25 miles; 
 breadth, 8 miles. It discharges its surplus waters N. into 
 Lake Roxen and the Baltic Sea. 
 
 SOMJIERDA, som-m^R/d3, a walled town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 13 miles N.N.E. of Erfurt, on the Un.strut. Pop. 
 33;!0. It has manufactures of arms. 
 
 SOMMEREIN. a town of Hungary. See Somep.eix. 
 
 SOM^I ERFELD, som'mer-f Jit', a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, on the Lupa, 44 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort, 
 on the Berlin .ind Glogau Railway. Pop. 3648. It has manu- 
 factures of woollens and linens. 
 
 SOMMERHALSEN, som'mer-hOw'zen, a village of Bava- 
 ria, in Lower Franconia. on the right bank of the Main, S.E. 
 of Wiirzbiii g. Pop. 1 229. 
 
 SOMMIERES, som'me-aiR^. a town of France, department 
 of Gard. 14 miles W.S.W. of Ntmes. Pop. in 1852, 3923. It 
 was formerly fortified, and sustained several sieges whilo 
 held by the Protestants. It has a chamber of manufactures, 
 and steam^factories for woollen yarn and fabrics. 
 
 SOMMIERES, a village of France, department of Vienne, 
 9 miles N.N.E. of Civray. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SOMNAUTH, som'nawt', or PUTTUN-SOMNAUTH, pftt^ 
 t3n' som'nawf, a maritime town of West Hindostan, Ba- 
 roda dominions, in the peninsula of Guzerat, 28 miles N.W. 
 of Dieu Head, in lat, 20<^ 53' N., Ion. 70° 35' E., and famous 
 for a temple which was long a principal place of Hindoo pil- 
 grimage, and celebrated for its vast wealth. The original 
 temple was sacked by Mahmood of Ghuznee in 1024, and its 
 gates carried to Ghuznee, where they were afterwards 
 attached to Mahmood's tomb. The temple now existing at 
 Somnauth is reported to he a modern edifice, on the site of a 
 mosque that succeeded the ancient temple. The celebrated 
 gates of Somnauth, IH^ feet in height, and 13^ feet in width, 
 were removed by the Briti.sh from Ghuznee, after its capture 
 in 1842, and brought back by them into India. 
 
 SOMNO, RIO DO, ree'o do som'no, a river of Brazil, rises 
 on the confines of the province of Pernambuco, and proceed- 
 ing N.N.W., joins the Tocantins on the right. 
 
 SOMNO. RIO DO, a river of Bra?;il, rises in the province 
 of Minas Geraes, on the frontiers of the province of Goyaz, 
 flows N,E., receiving the Almas on the right, and joins the 
 Paracatu. 
 
 SOMOBOR, a town of Croatia. See Szamobor. 
 
 SOMONAUK', a post-village of De Kalb co., lUinol.s, on 
 Somonauk Creek, and on the Chicago and Quincy Railroad, 
 55 miles W. bv S. of Chicago. 
 
 SOMONAUK DEPOT, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 SOMORROSTRO, so-moR-Ros'tro, a village of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 15 miles N.W. of Bilbao, with a fortified h,arbor 
 on the Bay of Biscay, and iron-mines in its vicinity. 
 
 SOMOSERRA. so-mo-sJR'Rd. a village and parish of Spain, 
 province, and 40 miles N.W. of Guadalaj,ara, where, on the 
 ;jOth of November, 1808. the French routed an army of 12,000 
 Spaniard.', and opened to Napoleon the route to Madrid. 
 
 SOMOSTZE, so-ni6st'sJ, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 63 miles N.W. of Kharkov. 
 
 SOMPTING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SOMU-SOMU, so'moo so'moo, a town in the Pacific, on the 
 N.W. side of the island of Vuna, (or Tabe-Ouni,) one of the 
 largest of the Feejee group, in lat. 16° 46' S., Ion. 179° 68' W, 
 consisting of about 200 houses. 
 
 SON AIL. so'nil', a (own of Hindostan, dominions, and 56 
 miles S. of Kotah. 
 
 SONCINO, son-chee'no, a market-town of Lombardy, dela- 
 gation. and 20 miles N.N.W. of Cremona, on the Oglio. 
 
 SONDALO, son-dilo, a village of Lombardy, 22 miles N Jl 
 of Sondrio. 
 
 SONDHRBORG, son'dfr-boRG\ or SONDERBURG, son'dgi 
 bC>oEG\ a seaport town of Denmark, on the S.W. side of the 
 
 1805 
 
SON 
 
 soo 
 
 Island of Alsen. capital of amt, 13 miles N.E. of Flensburg. 
 I'op. 3:300. 
 
 SOXDERSHAUSEX, son'ders-how'zfn. a town of Central 
 Clermauy, capital of the priucipnlity of Schwarzburg-Sonder- 
 liausen. at the coiitlueiiw of the Wipper and Bibra. 28 miles 
 N.X.W. jf Erfurt Pop. 3500. It Has a gj-mnasium, and a 
 castle, the residence of the prince. 
 
 SON'DRIO, sou'dre-o, a town of Northern Italy, on the 
 Mallero, near its mouth in the Adda. 34 miles N.E. of Ber- 
 gamo. Pop. 4500. Its delegation, between the Orisons and 
 the Tyrol, lias an area of 1100 square miles. Pop. 97,000. 
 
 SOXE or SO.A.NE, son. a rirer of India, tributary to the 
 Oanges, which it joins 25 miles W. of Patna, after a N.E. 
 oourse of 440 miles. It rises at Ajmeeriihur, in the Berar 
 dominions, flows through the Guirah-Mundlah table-laud 
 and the dominions of Rewah. and separates the proyinces 
 Of Bahar and AUahalwd, and the districts of Baliai* and 
 Patna on the E., from Shahabad on the W., its course lyius; 
 mostly in the British presidency of Bengal. It,s atHuents 
 are the Behrun and Coyle, from the S. It is of little use for 
 navigation. Dr. Hooker says: '"At Baroon the Soane is 3 
 miles widi3. its ne-arlj' dry bed being a desert of sand, resem- 
 bling a vast arm of the sea when thie tide is out: the Ixanlis 
 are very barren, with no trees near, and but very few in the 
 distance. The houses are scarcely visible on the opposite 
 side, behind which the Kymore Mountains rise. The Soane* 
 Is a classical river, being now satisCictorily identified with 
 the Eraiiobous of the ancients." 
 
 SOX I'lIUT. so'ne-hat', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, on the Ilustoo. 130 miles S. of -Mirzapoor. 
 
 SOXE.I.\, so-nA'hJ. a village ol' Sp.tln, in A'alencia. province 
 of Castellou de la Plana. 27 miles X. of Valencia, on the Pa- 
 lanca. In 1836 the Carlists burned Soneja, but were over- 
 taken bv General G rases, and defe;ited. Pop. Ift49. 
 
 SOXEKUTCII. so'ne-katch', a town of India, in the Gw»- 
 Uor dominions, 42 miles E.S.E. of Oojeln. 
 
 SOXI!;i'O0K, so'ne-poor'. a town of British Indi.a, on the 
 Mahanuddy. 4:3 railed S. of Sumbhulpoor. 
 
 SOXEPUr, so-ne-putA a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, district, and 27 miles 
 N.W. of Delhi. Here is a fine mausoleum. 
 
 SOXGARI. See Sooxgaree. 
 
 SONG-CA, a large river of Anam. See S.\>t.-Koi.. 
 
 SOXGEOXS. s6.No'7.hAN'«'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Oise, 12 miles X.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1082. 
 
 SOXG-KIAXQ, song ke-ing', a city of China, province of 
 Kiang-soo, capital of a department. 30 miles S.W. of Soo- 
 chow. It h.as large manufivctures of cotton goods. 
 
 SOXG^ROOll', a town of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, Upper Provinces, 30 miles W. of I'attialah. 
 
 SO.N 110, son'yo. a town of South-west Africa, in Congo, on 
 the S. bank of the Zaire, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 175 
 miles X.W. of B.amba. 
 
 SOX 100, son'e-ko. a village of Xorthern Italy, province of 
 Bergamo. 3 miles S.E. of Edolo, on the Oglio. Pop. 1454. 
 
 SOX.MKAXKE, sou^mA-d'nee, or SOOMEAXEE, (SOU- 
 ME.tXEE,) soo'm,i-d'uee, a seaport town of Beloochistan, 
 province of Loos, on the X'.E. side of the B.ay of Sonmeanee. 
 near the frontier of Sinde. Lat. 25^ 22' X., Ion. 66^^ 35' E. 
 Pop. 2000. It consists of about 500 wretched houses, and its 
 harlKir is shallow. 
 
 SOXXEBERG. 8on'neh-b3RG\ a town of Germany, in Saxe- 
 Meiningen, 12 miles X.E. of Coburg. Pop. 3782, who manu- 
 facture tovs. musical instruments, and wooden wares. 
 
 SOXXEXBERG, son'nen-b^BcA or SUXYPERK, soo'ne- 
 pjRk\ a mining town of Bohemia, N.W. of Saaz, on the 
 Erzgebirge. Pop. 1643. 
 
 SOXXEXBDRG, son'nen-bo'mc^. a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Br,a.ndenburg, 19 miles N.X.E. of Frankfort Pop. 
 3100, who manufacture woollen cloths. 
 
 SOXXEXW.\LDE. son'nen-T^JlMeh. a town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, 11 miles S.S.W. of Luckan. Pop. 
 1000. 
 
 SOX'XIXG, a parish of England, cos. of Oxford and Berks. 
 
 SOXO'-M.\. a county towards the X.W. part of California, 
 nas an area estimated at alxjut 1200 squ:ire miles. It is 
 bounded partly on the S.W. by the Pacific intersected by 
 the Russian River, and is drained by several small streams 
 flowing into San Pablo Bay. which lies on its S. border. The 
 surface is uneven, having a mountain range pjissing nearly 
 through the centre. The soil is fertile, especially along the 
 Btreams, and in the S. portions well cultivated. CapitjU, So- 
 noma. St>o Appexdix. 
 
 SONOMA, a post-town and port of entry of Sonoma co., 
 Oaliforuia, is situated on Sonoma Creek, about IS mil<« 
 from ite mouth. It is about 34 miles from Vallejo bv land, 
 and 50 miles X. of San Francisco by water. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 academy, 2 hotels, and 4 stores. It is situated 
 in a bauitiful valley, noted for its grapes and wine. Pop. 
 abont 4.-1O. 
 
 SOXO^MA CREEK, of Sonoma county, in the W.N.W. 
 
 'The etymology of Ernnobixu is undonbtedly Tlurrima Vahu, 
 ? ^". ^,' ""* "''<>'''«'» Arm." .So/ia is also Sanskrit for 
 "gold. The stream IS celebrated for its aeates ('• Smie pebbles ••) 
 which are coramoa, but gold is not now obtained from the sand 
 
 part of California, rises among the mountains of the coast 
 range, and falls into San Pablo Bay. It is navigal le for 
 small iwats to the town of Sonoma 
 
 S0X01t.\^. a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 SONORA, a post-"flice of Gordon co., Georgia. 
 SOXORA. a post-town, capital of Tuolumne CO., California, 
 is situated on Woods Creek, a tributary of Tuolumne I'.tver, 
 130 miles E. of San Fraucisco. Raads from Sacramento City 
 and .San Jose terminate in this town. In lS4y it was named 
 Stewart by the legislature, but the inhabitants prefer the 
 former appellation, which it still retains. Two newspaper! 
 are issued here. See Appendix. 
 
 SOXOR.\, so-no/ri, a small river of Mexico, in a state of 
 its own name, has a S.W. and W. course, and enters an in- 
 land lake. Lat 29° 30' X., Ion. 111° W. Length. 300 miles. 
 
 SOXORA. a state in the X.W. part of the Mexican Re- 
 public, bounded on the X, by the United States ; on the E. by 
 Cliihuahua and Durango ; on the S. Ijy Cinaloa; and on the 
 W. by the Gulf of Californi.i. Area. 12:3.4e;6 .square miles. 
 The surface in the W. and S. is generally flat, and in the 
 latter direction contains a considerable extent of fruitful 
 land, watered by the rivers Mayo and Yaqui. and a nunilMsr 
 of small lakes which are formed on the Hats during the 
 rainy season, and are carefully use<l for irrigation : towards 
 the E. the Cordillera begins to rise, and ultimately attains a 
 great height in the Sierre Madre and other massive moun- 
 tain-chains. In this mountainous district many fertile val- 
 leys intervene, and rich dt'pf)sits of silver and other metals 
 are found. The climate is warm throughout the year, the 
 thermometer ranging between 75° and S4° from April to 
 Septemlier, but in early spring rapid changes of temperature 
 are common. The chief rivers, besides the Mayo and Vaqui 
 inr IIu:»qui.) already mentioned, are the Rio Grande de B.n- 
 vispe. the Oposura, Sonora, and tributaries Dolores, Guay mas, 
 San Ignacio, Gila, and Oolor.ado, the last forming part of the 
 N. lx>undary. A large portion of the state is occupied by 
 Indian trilies, some of whom liave been converted to Roman 
 Catholicism. They subsist partly by agriculture: but the 
 greater portion are wild and nomadic, and generally hostile 
 to the whites. The trade of Sonora is chiefly carried on at 
 Guaymas, which h.as one of the best harbors in West Mexico, 
 and at Pitic. a great depot for the goods imported to Guay- 
 mas. For administrative purposes it is divided into the 
 two departments of Arispe and Horcasitas. Its capital is 
 Ures. Pop. in 1854. 147,133. 
 
 SOXORA. a town of Mexico, state of Sonora, on the river 
 Sonora. 35 miles S. of Arispe. Pop. 8000. Near it are some 
 silver-mines. 
 
 SOXSBECK. sonsTjJk, a town of Rhenish Prussia, S3 
 miles X.X.W. of Dusseldorf, on the Sons. Pop. 1480. 
 
 SOXSECA. son-si'ki. a town of Spain. 8 miles S. of Toledo. 
 
 SOX-SERYERA, son seRrvA'ri, a Spanish village at the B. 
 extremity of the island of Majorca, near the sea. Pop. 1923. 
 
 SOXSON. son-son', a town of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Cundinamarea, province, and 75 
 miles S.S.E. of .A.ntioquia. on an alUueut of the Cauc.a. 
 
 SOXSON'ATE, son-so-ni'tA, a town of Central America, 
 state, and 50 miles W.S.W. of San Salvador. Pop. almut 
 10,000. It is in one of the richest districts of the state, and 
 has some superb churches. Sugar and fancy goods of shell- 
 work are exported from Acajutla to Peru. Near it is the 
 volcano of Izalco. 
 
 SONTIIKIM, sont/hime, a town of Wilrtemberg, circle of 
 Neckar. near Heilbronn. Pop. 1014. 
 
 SOXTIIEIM, a town of Wiii'temberg, circle of Jaxt, near 
 Ileidenheim. Pop. llt''7. 
 
 SOXTIIOFEX. sonfhoYen, a market-town of Ravaria, 4 
 miles S.E. of Immenstadt, on the Iller, with 1863 inhabitants, 
 and iron-foundries. 
 
 SOXTIUS. See Isoszo. 
 
 SOXTRA, son'tri, a town of Germany, in IIes.se Cas.sel, 
 province of Xieder-llessen. 25 miles S.E. of Cassel. P. 1749. 
 
 SOXY'E, so-nl', a town of Iliudostan, in Kajpootana, 20 
 miles X.X.E. of Ahmednusgur. 
 
 SOOBASIIL SOUBACHI or SUBASCHI, soo-ba/shee. writ- 
 ten also SUB.VSCHO. a small maritime town of Cinmssia, 
 on the Bl.ack Sea, about 90 miles S.E. of Anapa. 
 
 S(X>BTSOY. ZOUBTZOV, SURZOW, soobt-sov', or Z»X)BT- 
 SOY'. a town of Russia^ government of Tver, on the Yolira. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 SOOBUXREKHA or SUBUXREEKA. soo-b&n-ree^l, 
 ("the gold line.'") a river of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, enters the Bay of Bengal at Piply. after a S.E. 
 course of 250 miles, for the last 20 of which it is navi-^able. 
 
 SOi)-CH()W-FOO.* sooVhow'fio'. or SOO-TCHOO. soo\-hoo/, 
 written also SU-CHEW and SOU-TCHEOU-FfiU.* a town of 
 China, province of Kiangsoo. on a lake in the line of the Im- 
 perial Canal, and in the fairest, richest, and most ]iop\ilous 
 district of China, 125 miles S.E. of Nanking. It consists of 
 the town proper, surrounded by walls about 10 miles in 
 circuit, and of four suburbs of great extent. It contains an 
 immense floating population. It is completely intersected 
 by canals, crossed by numerous bridges, several of which 
 
 • See note on page 1763- 
 
soo 
 
 are substantially built of granite. Itis celebrated through- 
 out China for the splendor of its buildings, the beauty of 
 its terrai'es and gardens, and the excellence of its manufac- 
 tures, including silk goods. .=aid to be superior in variety and 
 richness to those of any other town in the empire; linen and 
 cotton fobrics, glass, lacquered ware, paper, and numerous 
 articles in iron, ivory, wood, horn, &c. The trade in these 
 articles, and in the general produce of the country, is very 
 extensive, and the signs of prosperity are everywhere visi- 
 ble, the whole road to Shanghai, about 40 miles K.S.li.. pre- 
 senting a continuous range of towns and villages, while the 
 environs are covered with orchards, gardens, niulberry-plan- 
 tationg, and highly cultivated fields of cotton, rice, wheat. 
 (He. I'op. .said to exceed that of banking, and conjectured 
 not to be far short of 2,000,000. 
 
 SOOD.VK, SO0D.\K or SUDAK, SO0M.W, a maritime 
 town ot the Crime;*, in South Ilu.s.sia, 22 miles S.W.of KafTa. 
 
 SOODAN, SOUDAN or SUDAN, sooMdn'. more correctly 
 BELKD liS-SOODAN, belJd' ^s sooMdn', " the I^tnd of the 
 Blacks," called also MOltlTIA, ne-grish'e-a, (Ger. Nir/ritvn, 
 ne-greo'te-en ; Fr. Niyritie, nee'gree tee/,) a vast region of 
 Central Africa, the limits of which are undefined, but it is 
 understood to be bounded on the K. by Kordofan, on the S. 
 by the parallel of lat. 6° N., on the AV. by Senegambia, and 
 on the N. by the Desert of Sahara. The K. portion comprises 
 the basin of Lake Tch.id and Lake Fittre, and the N. the 
 course of the Upper Niger. From the meagre accounts of 
 travellers, the greater part of the surface appears to be fiitt, 
 except iu the S., where it is .said to be hilly. 
 
 SOODKN, siyden, a town of Hesse-Cassel, Nioder-IIessen, 
 on the Werra, opposite Alleudorf, with extensive salt-works, 
 which produce about 3000 tons of salt annually. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SOODKN, sO'den, a watering-place of Nassau, 3 miles 
 K.W. of Hoehst, in the vicinity of Frankfort-ou-thii-Main. 
 
 SOODOGDA, soo-dog'dd, a town of Jlussia, government, 
 and 20 miles S.E. of Vladimeer. on the Soodogda. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SOODOST, SOUDOST or SUDOST, soo'dost', a river of 
 Russia, rises in the government of Orel, flows a southerly 
 course of alxiut 100 miles through the government of Tcher- 
 nigov, and joins the Desna on the right. 
 
 SOOKK or SOUI, soo'ee, a town of China, province of IIoo- 
 pe, capital of a district, 95 miles N.N.W. of A'ootchang. 
 
 SOOI-CIIING-BAO, soo'ee ching bd'o, KOOR-KAKA-OOS- 
 SON or KOUK-KAKA-OUSSON, koor kJL-rd-oos-son', a town 
 of Chinese Toorkistan, 190 miles W.N.W. of Ooroomtsee. 
 
 SOOl-DING-CIIING, soo'ee ding chiug, a town of China, 
 20 miles N.E. of Eelee. 
 
 SOOI-KOW or SUI-KOW, soo'ee kOw, a town of China, 
 province of Fokien, on the Min, N.W. of Foo-Choo. Pop. 
 
 aooo. 
 
 SOOJA, SOUD.TA, soo/jl, or SUDSIIA, a town of Russia, 
 government, and 51 miles S. of Koorsk. It is surrounded 
 by numerous orchards and kitchen gardens, in which the 
 Inhabitants find their chief employment. Pop. 7000. 
 
 SOOK.\LK'NA, a post-oftice of Lauderdale co.. Mississippi. 
 
 SOOK-KL-SHOOYOOKII, SOUK-EI^SilOUYOUIiil or 
 SUK-Er^SIIUYUKII, .sook ^1 shooVooK', a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the S. bank of the Euphrates, Cfi miles W.N.W. 
 of Bassorah. Previously to the plague of 1832, it liad up- 
 wards of 10.000 inhabit-lnts ; it is still the .seat of an active 
 inland commerce, and has an export trade in horses, esteem- 
 ed the best in this part of the Turkish dominions. 
 
 SOOKliRTAL, sob'kfr-tdl', a fortified town of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, on the Ganges, 
 35 miles S.W. of "llurdwar. Lat. 29° 28' N,, Ion. 78° E. 
 
 SOOIvGOOM-KALlJ, SOUKGOUil-KALK or SOiCHOUM- 
 KALE, soo^Koom' kd-l.V. a town and fort of Russia, iu 
 Abkasia, on the Black Sea, 18 miles S.E. of Anapa. It was 
 H place of some importance, and is supposed by some to be 
 the ancient Sehaslopolis, but has been allowed to fall into a 
 very dilapidated state. It was formerly an important Tnrk- 
 Ish'post, taken by the Russians in 1791. It is fortified, and 
 occupied by a Russian garrison. 
 
 SOOKIIONA, SOUKIIOXA, SUKIIONA or SUCIIONA, 
 soo-Ko'nd, a river of Russia, government of Vologda, rises in 
 Lake Koobinsk, flows mostly E., past Totma and Oostioog- 
 Velikee, and near the latter town joins the Yoog to form the 
 Dwina. Total course. 2o0 miles. The principal affluents 
 are the Vologda and Tolchma. It is navigable, and forms a 
 main route between Vologda and Archangel. ■ 
 
 SOO-KOO-L-BASEER or SUKU-L-BASU!, soo'koo'Sl W- 
 eeer>, a town of Arabia, 15 miles N.W. of Shehr, on the S.E. 
 coast. Estimated pop. 4500. 
 
 S00K3AG0R, sook-si-gor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency and province of Bengal, 31 miles N. of Calcutta. 
 
 SOOK UI/l"EE RUT, soo-ktll-tee-rttt/, a town of British 
 India, presidency of Bombay. 8 miles from Baroach, on 
 the Nerbudda. Lat. 21° 48' N., Ion. 73° 12' E. 
 
 SOOLA. SOULA or SOLA, sooia, a river of Russia, govern- 
 ments of Kharkov and Poltava, joins the Dnieper 18 miles 
 N.W. of Krilov. after a S. course of 200 miles. 
 
 SOOLI.MANA, SOULIMANA or SULTMANA, soo-le-ma'- 
 ni, a state of West Africa, in Senegambia, mostly between 
 lat. 9° and 10° N., and Ion. 9° 30' and 11° W., enclosed by 
 I'oota Jallon, Sangara, and Limba Capital, Falaba. The 
 
 SOO 
 
 river Rockelle forms a part of the W. frontier. Several fer- 
 tile pasturages feed many herds, camels, &c. The Mandin- 
 goes bring cloths, gunpowder, and glasswares into Soolimana 
 in return for other products. 
 
 SOOLINA, SOULINA or SULINA, soo-loe'ni. one of the 
 principal branches by wliich the Danube discharges its wa- 
 ters into the Black Sea. within the Russian government of 
 Bess;irabia. It is the most frequented bram h. and is used 
 for transporting immense quantities of corn, chiefly for the 
 British market; but the bar at the mouth renders the river 
 very diflTicult of access, even to vessels of moderate tonnage. 
 Early in 1854 the ]!u.ssians furtiier impeded the navigation 
 by sinking several vessels full of stones at the mouth of 'his 
 stream. 
 
 SOOLINA. SOULINA or SULINA, a town or village of 
 Russia, in Bessarabia, near the mouth of the river Soolina, 
 with a Russian custom-house. It is conipo.sed of a double 
 row of one-storied wooden houses, straggling along the river 
 side, with a dreary marsh behind them. Most of the houses 
 are built upon piles in the midst of pools of putrid water. 
 
 SOO'LOO'(or SULUK) ISLANDS, (Sp. JWo, uo'lo) an archi- 
 pelago of the Indian Ocean, between the Jlindoro or Sooloo Sea 
 on the N., the Celebes Sea on the S.. the island of Borneo on 
 the S.W., and that of Mindanao on the N.E. ; and between 
 lat. 4° 44' and 6° 56' N., and Ion. 119° 30' and 122° 30' E. ; 
 length from S.W. to N.E., about 200 miles. It consists of 
 nearly 150 islands, most of them very small, and divided 
 into three groups, named respectively after the three prin- 
 cipal islands, Baseelan in the N.E., Sooloo in the centre, and 
 Tawee-Tawee iu the S.W. Baseelan, situated S. of the fortress 
 of Samboanga, on the S.W. extremity of Mindanao, from 
 which it is separated by a strait about 15 miles wide, is of 
 an oblong form, about 42 miles long by 6 miles broad ; low 
 towards the coast, but mountainous in the interior; it is 
 well wooded, abounding in picturesque scenery, and very 
 fertile. The only other island of this group deserving of 
 notice is Pilas, situated AV. of Baseelan, about 6 miles long 
 from N. to S. ; low and narrow in the S., but widening out 
 .and rising into mountains in the N. Sooloo, of an elongated 
 form, stretching 35 miles from E. to AV., with a breadth of 6 
 miles to 10 miles, has an elevated surface, rising occasionally 
 into mountains of remarkable appearance, alxjunds in ma>g- 
 nificent spenery, and is well wooded and fertile. Among the 
 valuable timber-trees are teak and sandal woods ; and among 
 the fruits, cocoa and areca nuts, bananas, mangoes, and 
 oranges. AA'ild boars and deer are common : and oxen, swino, 
 goats, and poultry are abundant. The fishing along the 
 coast is very productive, and employs a large number of the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The other chief islands of this groupare Pala on the S.. and 
 a small group called the Tapul I.sles on the S.S.W. Tawee- 
 Tawee. the last of three princip.al islands, is situated near the 
 peninsula of Uns.ang, forming the N.E. extremity of Borneo, 
 is about 35 miles long from N.E. to S.AV. ; has a very elevated 
 and mountainous surface, making it visible at the distance of 
 above 30 miles ; is densely wooded, and has a large lake, called 
 Boe-dato, (boo<l2'to\) situated near its centre. Anotlier lake, 
 or rather arm of the sea, situated in the S.E.,and called Don- 
 gou. forms an admirable natural harbor. Very little is 
 known of this island; the oysters on its coasts, and those of 
 several other of its islets, are said to contain excellent pearls. 
 The whole of the Sooloo Archipelago is under the sway of a 
 de.spotic sultan, and the inhabitants, evidently of JIalay 
 origin, of the kind of which the Spaniards of the Philippines 
 apply the common name of Moros, are generally represented 
 a.s cruel and treacherous. Their aggregate pop. is estimated 
 at 200,000. 
 
 SOOLOO, also called SOUXO, the principal town of the 
 Sooloo Archipelago, situated on the N.AV. coast of the island 
 of its own name, has a good roadstead, with anchorage 
 iu 18 to 20 fathoms on a loose sandy bottom; it is defended 
 by several forts mounted with very defective cannon : and 
 though generally composed of huts, has some houses of more 
 ambitious appearance, among which are the sultan's palace, 
 a small mosque, a tomb called that of Shah-Sujah, and the 
 residences of several datoos or chiefs. The trade of the 
 whole island centres here, and is carried on to some extent 
 with Manila, but one of its most important items is the pro- 
 duce of piratical expeditions, to which the inhabitants are 
 much addicted. Pop. of the town, 6000. 
 
 SOOLOO, SEA, or SEA OF MINDO'RO. extends between 
 lat. 5° and 10° N_, and Ion. 117° and 123° E. 
 
 SOOMSIIOO, SOUMSIIOO or SUMSIIU, soom'.shoo, one 
 of the Koorile Islands, about 10 miles S.S.AV. of Cape Lo- 
 patka. the S. extremity of the peninsula of Kamtchatka. It 
 is al)0ut 10 miles long from N. to S., and from the number 
 of shoals between it and Cape I-opatka is supposed to have 
 been once united to it. Its centre is in lat. 50° 4t)' N., Ion. 
 156° 20' E. 
 
 SOO.MY, SOUMY or SUMY, soo'mee, a town of Pvussia, 
 government, and 83 miles N.W. of Kharkov, on the Psiol. 
 It is surroxinded by earthen ramparts and a fosse, and de- 
 fended by a citadel. Pop. 12.000. 
 
 SOOMY, SOUMY or SUMY, soo'mee, a lake of Sil'eria. in 
 the AV. part of the government of Tomsk, near the right 
 
 1807 
 
soo 
 
 soo 
 
 tank of the Irtish. Length from X. to S., about 55 miles; 
 breadth, about 35 miles. 
 
 SOOX AM, soo^ndm'. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 35 miles S.W. of Pattialah. 
 
 SQOXDA, soon'di, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bombav, 55 miles S.W. of Darwar. Lat. 14° 03' N., Ion. 7-1° 
 68' E." 
 
 SOOXDERDROaG, a town of British India. See Malwah. 
 
 SOOXDERSEE. soon'der-.see\ a town of Central India, 
 In the Gwalior dominions, on the KaliSinde, 21 miles S.W. 
 of Shujahwulpoor. 
 
 SOON'DOOR'. a town of British India, presidency of Ma- 
 dras, 23 miles W. of Bellary. 
 
 SOO'N'Eiy, a town of Ilindostan, province of Malwah, 80 
 miles X. of Oojein. Lat. 24° 33' X.. Ion. 75° 56' E. 
 
 SOO^XERGOXG', a town of British India, presidency and 
 province of Bengal, district, and 13 miles E.S.E. of Dacca, 
 on the Brahmapootra. It has manufactures of fine cotton 
 cloths. Lat. 23° 39' N., Ion. 90° 43' E. 
 
 SOOXGAREE. SOUXGARI, SUXGARI, soon-ga-ree* or 
 BOon-gd'ree, written also SOXGARI, a river of JIantchooria, 
 rises near the frontier of Corea, flows X. and X.E., and joins 
 the Am"Or or Saghalien River 135 miles S.W. of the influx 
 of the Oosooree, (Usuri.) Total course estimated at 800 miles. 
 It is deep, easily navigated, and has numerous affluents. 
 
 SOOXGARIA or SOUXGARIA. soong-gi'ie-i written also 
 DZOOXGARIA or DZOUXGARIA, (Chinese, Thian-shan- 
 pelii.) a country of Central Asia, forming part of the Chinese 
 Kmpire, l>etween lat. 41° 3t)' and 4S° 40' N., and Ion. 75° and 
 90° E. : and bounded on the N. by the Russian governments 
 of Omsk and Tomsk, on the W. by the Booriats and Kirgheez 
 of the Great Horde, on the S. by several ranges of moun- 
 t/iins. of which little is known. It is divided into three 
 jullitary divisions — Eelee in the S.W., Koor-Kara-Oosson in 
 tne centre, and Tarbagatiii in the N.E. The surface consists 
 chiefly of an elevated and almost desert plateau, surrounded 
 and partly intersected by lofty mountiin-chains. Numerous 
 rivers descend from the mountains, but many of them, be- 
 fore attaining much magnitude, disappear In the s.ands of 
 the desert, or empty themselves into its lakes. Of these the 
 largest is Balkash-Xor or Tengheez, though only a minor por- 
 tion of it belongs to this territory. The largest of the others 
 aro Tooz-Gool or Temoortoo-Xor in the S.W., Koorghe-Xor, 
 Kaltaroshke-X^or, and Avar-Xor towards the centre, Kesil- 
 Bachi-Xor in the E.. and Z.aisan in the X.E. Large tracts 
 *re altogether or nearly unfit for hum.an habiLition, but 
 «ome of the plains, and many of the valleys, are covered 
 with good pasture, on which numerous nomade tribes feed 
 their herds. In all the three divisions considerable tracts 
 are under cultivation, and produce grain of different kinds, 
 chiefly millet and barley. N. of the Eelee, which flows from 
 W.X.W. to the S. extiemity of Lake Tengheez, extensive 
 forests occur; towards the E. are many marshy tracts covered 
 with reeds, furnishing shelter to numerous wild beasts. 
 The domestic animals are principally camels and buffaloes. 
 Among the mineriils are gold, copper, iron, and it is said 
 also coal. Salt Is obtained in .abundance, both from salt- 
 lakes and from mines. Soongaria was originally inhabited 
 by the Oo-sun, who appear to have been completely dis- 
 tlaguisheJ from the neighboring nations by having blue 
 eyes and red beards. About the sixth century they were 
 expelled by the Turks, who, after remaining m.ister "for se- 
 veral centuries, were obliged to yield to the victorious arms 
 of Jenghis Khan and his Mongols. The Mongols became 
 divided into two great classes — Mongols proper and Eleu- 
 thes or Calmucks. The latter were long held in subjection 
 by the former, but at hist the Calmucks threw off the yoke, 
 and one of these tribes, called Soongars or Soongarians, 
 having greatly distingui.shed themselves, gave their name 
 to the country. About the end of the seventeenth century 
 the Emperar of China, after a long and blocxiy war, effected 
 the subjugation of Soongaria, and, in 1754, riveted his 
 authority more firmly by putting down an insurrection in 
 which 1.000,000 Eleuthes are said to have perished. Since 
 that period Soongaria has been treated as a Chinese province. 
 
 SOOXGHUR. soon'gilr', a town of India, in a detached 
 district of the Baroda dominions, 46 miles S. of Sural, 
 
 SOOXGXUM, soong^nlim', a large and populous village of 
 Thibet, on the Rushkolang. a tributary of the Sutlej, N. 
 of the Himalayas. Lat, 31° 4S' N., Ion. 78° 28' E. 
 
 SOOXK.\UR, soon'kawr', (Hindoo, Stincara,) a town of 
 India, in Deccan, Nizam's dominions, 22 miles S.S.W. of 
 Aurungabad. 
 
 SOOXTH, soont'h, a town and fort of West Ilindostan, 
 dominions of Odeypoor. 40 miles S. of Doongarpoor. 
 
 800XUR. a town of India. See Jooxeer. 
 
 SOOXWALD. son'*ilt, an elevated plateau of Germany, 
 terminating abruptly on the left bank of the Rhine, near 
 Bacharach. 
 
 SO-OOJ-BOLAK or SO-UJ-BOLAK, sO ooj boMak', a town 
 of North Persia, province of Azerbaijan, capital of district, 
 20 miles S. of Lake Ooroomeevah, on a river which loses 
 ;^ v° " marshy lake 12 miles N. It consists of about 
 1200 houses, inhabited by Jews, Nestorlan Christians, and 
 Koords. lU vicinity is carefully cultivated. 
 1808 
 
 1 SOOPOI, SOTTPOI or SfPOI. soo'poi, a river of Russia, 
 I traverses Poltava, and flowing S., joins the Dnieper on the 
 left. Total course, 110 miles. 
 
 SOO^POOR'. a town of British Indi.a, presidencv of Bengal, 
 district and 62 miles N.E. of Goruckpoor, on the Gunduck. 
 SOOR, SOUR or SUR. .soor, a seaport on the E. coast of 
 Arabia, dominions, and 90 miles S.E. of Muscat, on a deep 
 lagoon, in lat. 22° 37' X.. Ion. 89° 36' E. It is a mere colleo 
 tion of huts, but its inhabitants have many vessels which 
 trade to India and Africa. 
 
 SOOR, SOUR or TSOUR. soor, (anc. T;/'rus or Tt/re; Or. 
 Tvpos,) a seaport town of Syria, pashalic. and 2S miles N.N.B 
 of .\cre, on the E. part of a peninsula, about 1 mile in length, 
 which in antiquity was the insular site of the famous mari- 
 time city of Tyre. In 1S37 it suffered from a severe earth- 
 quake, by which its walls and buildings were greatly dilapi- 
 dated, and its popul.atlon reduced to about 6000. of whom one- 
 h.alf are Christians, and the other Turks. It appears to have 
 no remarkable edifice: but on the peninsula are the ruins of 
 a large Greek cathedral. and various traces of ancient struc- 
 tures, with some cisterns, apparently connected with exten- 
 sive water-works, and an aqueduct at Ras-el-Ain, on the 
 mainland, about 2 miles distant. Its port, on the N. side 
 of the artificial isthmus, (formed by .Alexander the Great 
 during his memorable siege of Tyre,) is now so choked as to 
 be unfit for any but small vessels; and the trade of this 
 ancient emporium of the East has now dwindled to small 
 exports of tobacco, cotton, charcoal, and fuel. 
 
 SOOR A, SOUR A or SURA, soo'ri a river of Russia, chiefly 
 in the governments of Penza and Simbeersk, after a X. 
 course of 400 miles, joins the Volga at Vasil, in the govern- 
 ment of Xizhnee-Xovgood. 
 
 SOORABAYA. See Soebatiata. 
 SOORAKARTA or SOORAKERTA. See Sohrakarta. 
 SOORAZH. SOURAJ. soo-rdzh'. written also SSURASH, a 
 town of Russia, government, 113 miles N.N.E. of Tchernigov. 
 SOORAZII, SOURAJ. SURA.I or SSUR ASH. a town nf Rus- 
 sia, government, and 25 miles N.E. of A'itebsk. Pop. 2000 
 
 SOOROOOT, SOURGOUT, SURGUT or SURGHUT, soor- 
 goof. sometimes called SOORGOOTOI or SURGUTOI. a town 
 of Asiatic Russia, government, and 269 miles N.E. of Tobolsk, 
 on the right bank of the Obi. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SOORMAH. soor'nia, a river of Briti.sh India, pre.sidency 
 of Bengal, after a W. and S. course of 200 miles joins the 
 Barak, an affluent of the Brahmapootra, 20 miles S. of Az- 
 mei-igunge. 
 
 SOOROOGA. S0UR0U6A or SURUGA, noo-roo'gL a 
 populous maritime town of Japan, in the island of Niphon, 
 capital of a province, on the Bay of Totoniina. 90 miles S.W. 
 of Yeddo. It has an imperial palace, and manufactures of 
 colored paper and mats. 
 
 SOORUJGHUR, soo-rOj-glir'. a town of Hindostan, in the 
 protected Sikh Territory. 13 miles S.S.E. of Belaspoor. 
 
 SOO'RUJP(X)R', a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, district of Boolundshahur, 20 miles S.K. of Delhi. 
 
 SLHVRY, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, on 
 an affluent of the Ganges. 53 miles S.W. of Moor.shedabad. 
 SOOS, SOUS or SUS, soos. a river of Africa, in Morocco, 
 rises in Mount Atlas, and, after a W. course of 130 miles, 
 enters the .\tlantic 5 miles S. of Ag.-idir. 
 
 SOOS, SOUS or SUS, the southermo.st provhice of Mo- 
 rocco, mostly between lat. 28° 30' and 3U° 30' X.. and Ion. 
 10° and 14° W., having N. the kingdom of Morocco, E. 
 Mount Atlas, S. the Desert, and W. the Atlantic. Estimiited 
 are.a. 28,686 square miles. Pop. 700.000. It is divided by 
 the river Tesset into Soos el Adna, which is wholly subordi- 
 nate to Morocco, and Soos-el-Acsa. consisting of only tributary 
 districts. The principal towns are Terodant, Agadir, Messa, 
 and Noon. 
 
 SOOS. SOUS. SUS, soos, or SUSAN. sooVln', (anc. Sii.ta,) 
 a ruined city of Persia, province of Khoozi.stan, (.anc. SiiH- 
 ana.) the remains of which, on the W. b.ank of the Choaspes, 
 50 miles W. of Shooster, comprise numerous mounds. 
 
 SOOSA, SOUS.*, or SUSA. soo'sj. a fortified sseap-irt town 
 of North Africa, in Tunis. 40 miles S. of Ilammamet. on the 
 S.W. shore of its gulf. Pop. 10,000. It has a port adapted 
 for large vessels, handsome mo.sques, good bazaars, and 
 manufactures of woollen cloths, shoes, and linens. 
 SOOSAM-ADASSI. See Samos. 
 
 S00S1GIIIRLEI'>S00. SUSIGHIRLI-SU, soo^se-ghir'lee' 
 so', (anc. Maces'tus.)/L river of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, rises 
 in the Lake of *iniatil. and joins the Rhyndacus about 12 
 miles S. of its mouth in the Sea of Mai-mora. 
 
 SOOSNEER/, a town of Central India, in the Gwalior 
 dominions, 41 miles W. of Rajghur. 
 SOOTCIIOO or SOOTCIKXVFOO. See Soo-chow-poo. 
 SOOT'HTLL, township of Engl.and, co. York, West Riding. 
 SOOTOOKO or SOUTOUKO. soo'too-ko\ a village of West 
 Africa, in Wooli. Lat. 13° 29' N.. Ion. 13° 55' W. 
 
 SOO'TY. a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 
 
 30 miles N.N.W. of Moorshedaliad. Lat. 24° 26' N , Ira. SS-' 
 
 2*^ 
 
 SOOY'S INN, a postoflice of Burlington co.. New Jersey. 
 
 SOOZDAL, SOUZDAL or SUZDAL, sooz'djl'. a town of 
 
 Russia, government, and 22 miles N. of Yladimeer, on tlia 
 
 =J) 
 
SOP 
 
 SOS 
 
 Kamenka. Pop. 2400. Its Irreml, or fortress, has the resi- 
 dence of its former archbishops, and church of the tenth 
 century. 
 
 SOl'CHOP'PY, a nost-office of Wakulla co., Florida. 
 
 SOPKTRAN, so-pA-triu', a town of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Cundinamar&i, province, and 10 
 miles S. of Antiociuia. on the Cauca. 
 
 SOPHIA, so-fee'^, (Uulftarian TriadUza, tre-5-dit'.sJ,) a city 
 of European Turkey, in Buljjaria, capital of a sanjak, on the 
 grand route fromConstantinple to Helgrade, S5 miles S.K,of 
 Nissa. Lat. 42P 37' N., Ion. 23° 2G' E. Pop. 50,000. It is 
 meanly built; but it is reported to have 30 mos<iues and 10 
 churches, with hot^baths, and manufactures of woollens and 
 silk fabrics, leather and tobacco, and it is the residence of a 
 beglerbey. and the see of Greek and Koman Catholic arch- 
 bishops. It was founded by Justinian on the ruins of the 
 ancient Sirdica. 
 
 SOPHIA, so-fee'a, or SAINT SOPHIA, a town of Russia, 
 government, and 17 miles S. of St. Petersburg, with which 
 it communicates by railway. It contains a remarkable 
 church, built in imitation of St. Sophia at Constantinople. 
 Near it is the imperial palace of Tsarkoe-selo. Pop. TOO. 
 
 SOl'INO. a state of Celebes. See Soepa. 
 
 SOl''LE V. a pari.sh of Phigland, co. of Hants, on the Avon. 
 
 S(>PU It. so-poor' (?) a town of Cashmere, 20 Tiiles W.N.W. of 
 SerinaiTur. 
 
 SOP'WORTII, a parish of England, co. of Wilto. 
 
 SORA. so/r«l, a city of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 
 on the Oarigliano, 15 miles E.N.K. of Frosinone. in the Pon- 
 tifical States. Pop. 8000. It stands at the foot of a height, 
 on which are the remains of a Gothic castle, and the walls 
 of ancient Sora. It has a cathedral, and various other 
 churches. 
 
 SoRAGNA, 80-rfln'yi, (Ij. Snravea,) a town of Northern 
 Italy, IS miles N.VV. of Parma, with a |)arish church, alarge 
 and magnificent palace, with marble sculpture.s. Pop. 6312. 
 
 SORANO, so-rl'uo, a village of Tuscany, Smiles N.E. of 
 Pitigliano: it is walled. Pop. 1083. 
 
 SORA'CA, so-rd'td, a town of Bolivia, in the Andes, de- 
 partment, and 57 miles N.VV. of I^a I'az, province of Lare- 
 c;ija, 8850 feet above se.a-level. I'op. 1200. A few miles S* 
 are the two peaks of Sorata, the one 21,043 feet, and the 
 other 21.2>6 feet high. 
 
 SURAL', so'riiw, or ZOROWE, tso-ro'*;l, a town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, 50 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort, on 
 the railway from Berlin to Silesia. Pop. 6740. It has an 
 orphan asylum, a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollens 
 and linens. 
 
 soil AY A, a river of Portugal. See Zat.\s. 
 
 SORBAVO DI ROMAGXA, soR-bi'uo dee ro-mjn'yj, a 
 village of Fiiscany, on the Savio. P. 1014. 
 
 .S()RB.\.~, soR/bJs, a town of Spain, province, and 25 miles 
 E.X. K. of Almeriu. Pop. 5422. 
 
 S')ll'BIE or SOR'BY, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Wigfon ; the village is well built, and has a damask factory. 
 
 SORBOLO,soB'bo-l(j, a village of Northern Italy, 7 miles 
 N.K. of Parma, on the Enza. Pop. 3S97. 
 
 SORCY, soR'see/, a market-town of France, department of 
 Meu.se, 4 miles S.S.E. of Commercy, on the Meuse. P. 14S9. 
 
 SORDKS, solid, a town of France, department of Landes, 
 12 miles S. of Dax. Pop. 1386. 
 
 SORDHYULO .soR-d.i-vo'lo, a village of Piedmont, division 
 of Turin, province, and 5 miles W.N.W. of Biolla. Pop 2127. 
 
 SORDI. soR/dee, or PETALIDIIA. pAtci-leed'ha, an island 
 off the ^V'. coast of Crete. 8 miles W.S.W. of Fort Grabusa. 
 Lat. 35° 34' N., Ion. 23° 27' E. 
 
 SORE, soR, a market-town of France, department of Lan- 
 des. 28 miles N. of JIont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1740. 
 
 SOREL. so-rM', or WILLIAM HENRY, a post-village of 
 Canada East, co. of Richelieu, 45 miles N.E. of Montreal, on 
 the right bank of the mouth of the Richelieu River, at its 
 mouth in Lake St. Peter. It has barracks, docks, an ars»- 
 nal, a quay, and a small fort. Pop. in 1852, 3424. 
 
 SORELL. a town of Yan Diemen's Land, co. of Pembroke, 
 on Pitt Water, an inlet of North Bay, 14 miles N.E. of Ho- 
 bart Town. «, -j 
 
 SORELL, CAPE, Van Diemen's Land, on the W. side of 
 the entrance into Macquarrie Harbor. Lat. 42° 10' S., Ion. 
 115° 11' E. „ „ 
 
 SORELLI ROCKS, in the Mediterranean. See Galita. 
 
 SORESINA, so-ril-see'na, a market-town of Lombardy, 
 14 miles N.W. of Cremona, between the Oglio and Adda. 
 Pop. 5000. . . ,™ 
 
 SORfiZR. so'raiz', a town of France, department of Tarn, 
 14 miles S.W. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 2826. _ 
 
 SORGO \0, soR-go'no, a village on the island of Sardinia, 
 division of Caglian, 7 miles E.S.E. of Bu.sachi. Pop. 1188. 
 
 SORGOSON, BOR-go-son', a village of the Philippines, 
 Island of Luzon, province, and 30 miles S. by E. of Albay. 
 Lat. 12° 52' 12" N., Ion. 123°'52' E. It has a large and good 
 harbor. . . ., , 
 
 SORGUE, soRO, a small river of France, rises m the cele- 
 brated fountain of Vaucluse, in the department of Vaucluse, 
 and joins the Rhone 5 miles N.of Avignon, after a W. course 
 Nf 20 miles. 
 
 50 
 
 SORGTJES, SOP.O, a river of France, rises in the depart- 
 ment of Aveyron, flows W.N.W., and joins the Bourdon afle/ 
 a courseof alx)Ve 30 miles, of which 18 are used for boatin}^. 
 
 30RGUES, a town of France, department of Vaucluse, on 
 tho Sorgue, and on the railway from Lyons to Avignon, 5 
 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852. 3300. 
 
 SORI, so'ree, a village of the Sardinian States, division of 
 Genoa, near Recco. on the Gulf of Geno.a. Pop. 1969. 
 
 SORIA, the Italian name of Stria, which .see. 
 
 SORIA, so're-d, a province of Spain, in Old Castile. Area, 
 5770 square miles. Agriculture employs the greater part 
 of the population. Pop. 140,000. 
 
 S0RI.\, a city of Spain, capital of a province, on the 
 Douro, 51 miles S.S.E. of LogruHo. Pop. 3372. It has manu- 
 factures of silk fabrics, and trade in wool ; 3 miles N. are the 
 ruins conjectured to be those of the ancient Numantia. 
 
 SORIANO, so-re-i'no, a market-town of Italy, in the Pon- 
 tifical States, 7 miles E. of Viterbo. Pop. 2490. 
 
 SORIANO, a market-town of Italy, in Naples, province 
 of Calabria Ultra II., 8 miles S.E. of Monteleone. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SORIASCO, so-re-is'ko, a market-town of Piedmont, divi- 
 sion of Alessandria, province, and 15 miles E. of Voghera, 
 near the Aversa. Pop. 1032. 
 
 SORISOLE, so-re-so/l.-l, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince, and 3 miles N.W. of Bergamo. Pop. 1517. 
 
 SOH'LEY, a post-office of Wayne co., Tennes.see. 
 
 SOKLING UES, the French name of the Scilly Isles, which 
 see. 
 
 SORN, a parish and village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 3 
 miles E. of Mauchline. The Castle of Sorn is W. of the vil- 
 lage. 
 
 SORN.\C, sor^uSk', a market-tovtn of France, department 
 of Corrfize. 10 miles N.N.W. of Ussel. Pop. in 1852, 1083. 
 
 SORNAY, soK^n.V. a village of France, department of 
 Sa6ne-et-Loire, 5 miles W. of Louhans. Pop 1500. 
 
 SOROCABA, so-ro-ki'bd, a town of Brazil, province, and 
 50 miles AV.S.W. of Sao Paulo, on the river Sorocabo, an 
 afHuent of the Tiete. Pop. 12,000. It has a brisk trade in 
 cattle; its district is fertile, and coffee and tobacco are ex- 
 tensively cultivated. 
 
 SOltOE, so'ro' or so'ro'eh, almost sc/rQh^yeh, a town of 
 Denmark, island of Seelaiid, on the small Lake of Soroe, 18 
 miles E.N.E. of Corsoer. Pop. 856. It has a celebrated 
 acadeniy. 
 
 SOROE, a large island of Norway, off the N. coast of Fin- 
 mark, lat. 70° 40' N., Ion. 22° to 24° E., and separated by 
 Soroe Sound from the island of Seeland. 
 
 SOROII, so^rCC?) a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, district of Cuttack, 20 miles S.W. of Balasore. 
 
 SOROK.\^, so-it^kS, a village of Russia, government, .and 
 170 miles W. of ArchaTi^el, on a rocky island in the White 
 Sea, at the mouth of tLe Yig, with a harbor, and about 'M\i 
 inhabitants, mostly fishers. 
 
 SOROKA, a market-town of Russia, provinceof Bessarabia, 
 on the Dniester, 78 miles N.N.W. of Kishenev. 
 
 SOROKS.\R, soVok's.aR'. a market-town of Hungary, co., 
 and 18 miles from Pesth. ' Pop. 3518. 
 
 SOROTCHINSKAIA or SOROTCHINSKAJA, so-rotch- 
 in-ski'J, a strong fort of Russia, government of Orenboorg, 
 on the Samara. 60 miles S.E. of Boozoolook. Pop. 1600. It 
 is the most important fortress on the Samara. 
 
 SOR^RAPOOR', a town of India, in Deccan, Nizam's do- 
 minions, 75 miles S.E. of Bcjapoor. 
 
 SORRAYA. a river of Portugal. See Zatas. 
 
 SOR'REL HILL, a mountain of Ireland, co. of Wicklow, 
 
 4 miles S.E. of Blessington. Height, 1915 feet. 
 SOIVREL HURSE, a post-ofBce of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SORRENTO, soR-Rjn'to. (anc. Sttrren'tum.) a maritime 
 town of Naples, district, and 7 miles S.W. of Castel-a-mare, on 
 the promontory which bounds the Bay of Naples on the S. 
 Pop. 10,000. It is celebrated for the beauty of its vicinity, 
 and the mildness and salubrity of its climate. It has a 
 cathedral, manufactures of silk, and various Greek and Ro- 
 man antiquities. Tasso was born here in 1644. 
 
 SORRENTO, PIANO DI, pe-d'no dee soR-R^n'to, border- 
 ing the Bay of Naples, has numerous villages, with orange 
 and lemon groves. 
 
 SORREN'fO, PROAIONTORY OF, between the Bays of 
 Naples and Salerno, 15 miles in length, terminates in Cape 
 Campanello, opposite Capri. 
 
 SORSO, sor'so, a market-town of the island of Sardinia, 
 division, and 6 miles N. of Sassari. Pop. 4073. 
 
 SORTELHA, soR-tM'y3, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- 
 Tince of Beira, 7 miles E. of Belmonte. 
 
 SORVILLAN, soR-veel-ydn', a village of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, about 40 miles from Granada. Pop. 1640. 
 
 SOS, sOs, (anc. SotiaHum Opfpidum.) a walled town of 
 Spain, province, and 56 miles N.N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 
 2822. In its castl* Fredinand, King of Aragon, was born 
 in 1453. 
 
 SOSA, so'sS. a market-town of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 
 
 5 miles W.S.W. of Schwarzenberg. Pop. 1757, engaged in 
 iron-mines, and in manufactures of vitriol and lace. 
 
 SOSNA BYSTRAIA, sos^nd bis-trl/d, or The RAPID, a 
 
 1809 
 
SOS 
 
 sou 
 
 river of European Russia, afHuent of the Don. government 
 of Orel, after au E. course of 130 miles, joins the Don 18 
 miVs E.N.K. of Yelets. 
 
 t-OSNA TIKHAIA. sos'n3 te-Ki'd, a river of European 
 Russia, go>eruuieut of Voronezh, after an E. course of 100 
 tuiles, joins the Don 16 miles X.E. of Ostrogoisk. 
 
 S0SN1TS.\, gos-uit'sd, a town of Russia, government, and 
 64 miles E. of Xchernigov. Pop. 5000. It has a cathedral, 
 and 3 large annual markets. 
 
 SOSl'ELLO, sos-pel'lo, a town of Italy, in the Sardinian 
 States, division, and 10 miles X.E. of Nice. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SOST, a town of Prussian ^yestphalja. See bOEST. 
 
 SOSTE, sos'tA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra II., S.S.W. of Catauzaro. Pop. lOoO. 
 
 SOSTEGNO, sos-t^n'yo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, 12 miles, E.N.E. of Biella. Pop. 1421. 
 
 SOSVA or SOSWA, sos'v3, a river of Siberia, government 
 of Perm, rises in the Ural Mountains, aud after a S.E. course 
 of 170 miles, joins the Lovda to form the Tarda. 
 
 SOSVA or SOSWA, a river of Siberia, government of 
 Tobolsk, joins the Obi at Berezov. Length, 350 miles. 
 
 SOT'BY, a parish of England, c^. of Lincoln. 
 
 SOT DE FEKllER, sot dk fOR-Kaiii', a village of Spain, in 
 Valencia, 30 miles from Castellonde-la-Plana. Pop. 1391. 
 
 SOTERX, so'tern, a village of Oldenburg. Pop. 1033. 
 
 SOTII'EKTOX, a parish of England, co. of'Sutfolk. 
 
 S0T1ATU.M OPPIBUM. See Sos. 
 
 SOTILLO DE LA ABRADA, so-teel'yo di Ij i-lM^DA, a 
 town of Spain, in Old Castile, S. of Avila. Pop. 1040. 
 
 SOTO.VXXE. so-to-iun/, a groupof the Carolines, near lat. 
 6° 30' X.. Ion. 153° 30' E. It consists of more than 60 islets. 
 
 SOTO DE CAMEHOS, so'to da k3-m,i'roce, a village of 
 Spain, Old Castile, 17 miles S. ofliOgroBo. on the Leza. P. 2521. 
 
 SOTO DE LA VEGA, so'to di ll vA'nd, a village of Spain, 
 province, and about 25 miles from Leon. Pop. 14S5. 
 
 SOTO LA .MARINA, so'to U mi-ree'ua, a village of the 
 Mexican Confederation, state of Tamaulipas, on the river 
 Santander. 25 miles W. of its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 SOTO M.VYOlt. See San SALv.iDOR Soto May r. 
 
 SOTO-Y'-AMIO, so'to e a'me-o, a village of Spain, province 
 of Leon, near Murias de Paredes. Pop. 994. 
 
 SOTTEGIIEM, sot/teh-ghJm\ or SOTTEGEM, a market- 
 town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 13 miles S.S.E. 
 of Ghent. P. loOO. It contains the tomb of Count d'Egmont. 
 
 SOT'TERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SOTTEVILLE-LES-ROUEX, sot^veeV or sot'tgh-veel' \i. 
 roo-6x«', a village of France, department of Seine Inferieure, 
 with a station on the Paris and Havre Railway, 4 miles S. 
 of Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 4yG0. 
 
 SOTTEVILLE, SUR MER, softfh-veel' siiR main', a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, near the 
 EnglLsh Channel, arrondissement of Y'vetot. P. 1852, 4960. 
 
 SOTTO MARIXA, softo mi-ree'uJ, the southernmost of 
 the islands in tlie Venetian Lagoon, in North Italy, 15 miles 
 S. of Venice. The town of Chioggia is at its N. extremity. 
 
 SOTUTA, so-too/ti, a town of Yucatan, 60 miles S.E. of 
 Jlerida. and pretty well built. 
 
 SOT'WELIj, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 SOUBISE, soo'beez', a town of France, department of Cha- 
 rente-Inf6rieure, 18 miles S.S.E. of Rochefort. Pop. 678. It 
 has mineral springs in its vicinity. 
 
 SOUBTSOV, a town of Russia. See SOOBTSOV. 
 
 SOUCIIAHATCU'EE, post-office, Tallapoosa CO., Alabama. 
 
 SOUCIIEOU. See Soo-chow-foo. 
 
 SOU'COOK RIVER rises in Belknap co., New Ilampshire, 
 and falls into the Merrimack River in Jlerrimack county, 
 about 3 miles S.E. of Concord. 
 
 SOUDAK. See SooD.Ui. 
 
 SOUDAN, a region of Africa. See Soodan. 
 
 SOUD.\X, sooMSx"'. a village of France, department of 
 Deux-S^vres, 12 miles N.E. of Melle. Pop. 834. 
 
 SOUDAN, a vilUtge of France, department of Loire-InfS- 
 rieure, 3 miles E.N .E. of Chate;iubriant. Pop. in 1862, 2339. 
 
 SOUD.\Y, soo'iXk', a village of France, department of Loir- 
 et-Cher, 18 miles N.W. of Vendome. Pop. 1483. 
 
 SOU'DERSBURG,avillageof Lancaster CO., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelphia and Lancaster 'Turnpike, 9 miles E. of 
 Lanca.ster. 
 
 SOUDJA, a town of Russia. See Sooja. 
 
 SOUDiXjDA, a town of Russia. See SoODOODA. 
 
 SOUDi )ST, a river of Russia. See SooDOST. 
 
 SOUEYKA or SUIRA. See Mogadoee. 
 
 Si)U EZ or SOUEYS. See Suez. 
 
 SOUFFLEMIEIM, goof'flJn'Jm', or SUFFLEN, stirfljjfo', 
 a village- of France, department of Bas-Rhiu, canton of 
 BlschwUler. Pop. 3035. 
 
 SuUFFKIEIlE, La, U soo^fre-air', a volcano of Gcadelocpe, 
 which see. 
 
 SOUGE, soo^zhA', a village of France, departmentofSarthe. 
 Pop. 1450. 
 
 SOUGf:. a village of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, 
 15 miles \V. of Vendome. l*op. 1275. 
 
 SOUHWGAN RIVER rises in the X. part of Massachu- 
 setts, aud running firt^t N.E. and then E., Jails into the Mer- 
 rimack in Hillsborough couuty. 
 1810 
 
 SOTJI, a tovrn of China. See Sooee. 
 
 SOUILL.iC, soo^Sk' or sooPydk', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Lot, on the right bank of the Doi'dognr-, at 
 the head of its navigation by heavy barges. 30 miles N. of 
 Cahors. Pop. in 1852, 3248. It has a chamber of commerce, 
 and trade in cattle, leather, wine, salt, and timber. 
 
 SUUILLY. sooVee' or sooPyee', a market-town of France, 
 department of Meuse, 18 miles X.N.E. of Bar-le-Duc. P. it<[iL 
 
 SO-UJ-BOLAK. See So-Ooj-Bolak. 
 
 SOUKEL-SIIOUYOUKH. See Sookel Siiootookh. 
 
 SOUKGOUM-KALE, Russia. See SooKGOOM-KALi. 
 
 SOUKIIONA, a river of Russia. See Sookhona. 
 
 SOULAIXES, sooM.'ln', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aube, on the Soulaine, 25 miles N.E. of Bar-sur- 
 Aube. Pop. in 1852, 907. 
 
 SOUiyBUKY, a parish of Enttland. co. of Bucks. 
 
 SOUL'DERX, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SOUL'DORP, a parish of Endand,' co. of Bedford. 
 
 SOULIMANA. See Sooliwasa. 
 
 SOULTZ, soolts, or SOULTZ-LA-VILLE, soolts U veel. a 
 town of France, department of llaut-Rhin, 15 miles S.S.W. 
 of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 3660. 
 
 SOULTZ-LES-BAINS, soolts lA blN=, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Bas-Rhin, 11 miles W. of Strasbourg, with 
 mineral baths and 958 inhabitants. 
 
 SOULTZMATT, soolts'mjltt', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of liaut-Rhin, in the Vosges. 3 miles W. of Rouf- 
 fach. Pop. in 1852, 2957. 
 j SOULTZ-SOUS-FOR ETS, soolts soo fo'rA/, a town of France. 
 I department of Bas-Rhin, 7 miles S.W. of AVissembourg. 
 
 Pop. 1877. 
 I SOUMAGNE, Roo'm3i5', a town of Belgium, province, and 
 1 7 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 2464. 
 i SOUME.A.NEE.' See Soxjieanee. 
 I SOUMSIIOU, one of the Kooriles. See SooMsnoo. 
 ' SOUMY. Russia. See Soomt. 
 
 ! SOUND, The, or OERESUND, a narrow strait between 
 [ Denmark (island of Seeland) and Sweden, which connects 
 I the Baltic with the Cattegat and North Sea. Length, from 
 N. to S., 30 miles; breadth, at its narrowest point between 
 Elsinore (Helsingbr) and Ilelsingborg, 3 miles: depth, from 
 ! 4 to 20 fithonis. The Danish sovereigns formerly possessed 
 1 the territory on both sides of the strait, and they have ever 
 since continued to maintain the privilege of exacting to]' 
 from all foreign veiisels passing through it. at Elsinore. 
 The clearest passage is on the Danish side, mid by almost 
 immemorial custom, sanctioned by treaties, and finally CC'U- 
 firmed and regulated by the Congress of Vienna in isis, all 
 merchant vessels passing the sound must anchor at Elsi- 
 nore, and p.ay duty. The sum paid is not so serious as the 
 i delay, which often occasions the loss of a favorable wind. 
 The average amount of tolls annually is §765.000. In 1849, 
 9601 ships entered the sound from the North Sea, of whicli 
 35u3 were British ; aud 9358 cleared from the Baltic, of which 
 3380 were British. 
 
 SOUNG, a river of Russia. See Sooloo. 
 
 SOUNGARI, a river of East Asia. See Soongaree. 
 
 SOUl'OI, a river of Russia. See Soopoi. 
 
 SOUPPES, soop, a village of France, department of Seine- 
 etrMarne, on the Loing, 15 miles S. of Fontainebleau. Pop. 
 1523, who manufacture files and other steel wares. 
 
 SOUR, See Soor. 
 
 SOUR A, a river of Russia. See Soora. 
 
 SUURABAYA. See Soerabata. 
 
 SOURAJ. two towns of Russia. See Soorazh. 
 
 SOURAKARTA or SOURAKERTA. See Soerak.\rta. 
 
 SOURBOURG, sooR^booR', a village of Frauie, department 
 of BasRhin, 9 miles S.E. of Wi.c.iembourg. Pop. 20lK). 
 
 SOURDEVAL or SOUltDEVAI^LA-BARRE. sooRMeh-vil' 
 Id baR, a market-town of France, department of Manche, 5 
 miles N.E. of Mortain. Pop. in 1852, 4328. 
 
 SOURE, Eo'r.i. a market-town of Portugal, province of Es- 
 tremadura, 13 miles N.N.W. of Pombal. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SOURE, ^rL a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, 40 miles 
 W. of Itapicuru, 
 
 SOURE, a town of Brazil, province, and 16 miles from 
 Ceara, on the Ceara. It was originally founded by the 
 Jesuits, with Indian converts. Pop. under 1200. 
 
 SOURGOUT. See Soorgoot. 
 
 SOUROUG.\, a town of Japan. See Sooroooa. 
 
 SOURRERA, soor-ri'rd, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, near its N, extremity, 50 miles Vi. of Chilka 
 Lake. 
 
 SOURTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SOUS. See Soos. 
 
 SOUSA. See SoosA. 
 
 SOUSAM or SOOSAM. See S.amos. 
 
 SOUSTONS. sooE^tAs"'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Landes. 14 miles W.N.W. of Dax. Pop. in 1«52, 3123. 
 
 SOUTCIIOU or SOUTCIIEOU, See Soo-chow-foo. 
 
 SOUTERRAINE, La, \i sooH^R'Rain', a town of France, 
 department of Creuse, 19 miles AV.N.W. of Gueret. Pop. ill 
 1852, 3680, 
 
 SOUTH AIVIXGTOX.a post>villagoof Abington township, 
 Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Old Jolony Railroad, 
 
sou 
 
 21 miles 3.S.E. of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively 
 cugaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes. 
 
 SOUTH A'CKE, a parish of Kns^laud. co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 SOUTH ACTO.V, a postrvillage of Acton township, Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Massachusetts, on the Boston and i'itchburg 
 Railroad. 25 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH AC/WORTH, a post-office of Sullivan co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH AD'AMS, a manufacturing post^villacre of Adams 
 township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the I'ittsfleld and 
 North Adams llailroad, 13 miles N. by E. of IMttsfield. Among 
 the articles produced are cotton and woollen goods, machi- 
 nerj'. and furniture. 
 
 SOUTH AD'DISOX, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH ALABAM'A, a postoffice, Genesee co., New York. 
 
 SOUTH AL'B10>f, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 
 22 miles \.E. by E. of Augusta. 
 
 SOUTH ALBION, a po.st-offlce of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH ALBIOX, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan. 
 
 SOUTH AiyOEN, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH'ALL, a village of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 parish of H;iyes, with a station on the Great Western 
 Kailway, 9 miles W.N.W. of T/indon. 
 
 SOUTH A L/TON, a po.st- village of Belknap co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, near the Cocheco llailroad, 20 miles N. by E. of Concord. 
 
 SOUTH'.\M, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Warwick. Pop. in 18.51, 1711. It has a fine Gothic 
 church, and is the head of a poor-law union. 
 
 South AMBOY', a post-vlllage of South Amboy town- 
 ship, Middlesex co., New .Tersey, on the S. side of Raritan 
 Bay, at the mouth of Karitiin Kiver, 27 miles S.W.'of New 
 York. The Camden and Amboy Kailroad terminates here, 
 and connects with the New York steamlwats. The village 
 contains an academy and a manufactory of stone-ware. l*op. 
 of the township, 3(i5-. 
 
 SOUTH AM K'XI.\. a postofflce of Dutohe,ss co., New York. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. See America, page 70. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA, a post-village of .Saline co., Illinois. 
 
 SOUTH AM'IIERST, a post-office of Hampshire co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, a county of England. See IUxts. 
 
 S0UTH.4.MPT0N, stiTH-hamp'tgn, a parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, and seaport town of England, co. of 
 Hants, beautifully .situated on a peninsula at the mouth of 
 the Itchen, near the head of Southampton Water, and on the 
 South-western Railway, 71 miles S.W. of London. Lat. of 
 St. Michael's Spire, 50° 44' N,, Ion. 1° 24' 2" \V. It occupies 
 an acclivity rising gradually from the water, and when ap- 
 proached by the London Road through an avenue of stately 
 elms, has a very striking appearance. It consists of an old 
 and a new town, the former at an early period surrounded 
 by walls fianked with round towers, and entered by several 
 gates, of which three are still standing, and bear the names 
 of West-gate, South-gate, and Bar-gate. The last, a remark- 
 able structure. embattledandmachicolattHl. and large enough 
 to contain the town-hall in the upper part of it, is now, in 
 consequence of the extension of the town, nearly in its cen- 
 tre, and being situated across the princip.al street running 
 nearly N. and S., divides it into two parts, the part to the 
 N. taking the name of Al)0ve-bar. and that to the S. the 
 name of Below-bar. The latter part continues S. for about 
 } mile, and terminates near the pier. The principal street 
 is crossed at riglit angles by several others, which in the 
 older quarters are very irregular, though generally sub- 
 stantial ; while those In the more modern portion Above-bar, 
 present many fine ranges of buildings. Among these the 
 terrace built along the W. shore, and commanding fine 
 views of the surrounding scenery, is conspicuous. The en- 
 virons are studded with handsome villas. 
 
 The ecclesiastical edifices include five parish churches, 
 three chapels of ease, various Dissenting chapels, of which 
 two are Independent, two Baptist, and English Presby- 
 terian, Wesleyan Methodist, Primitive Methodist, Unita- 
 rian, Friends', and Roman Catholic, one each. St. Michael's 
 Church, the oldest, situated in the W. part of the town, is a 
 sp.acious Norman structure, with a roof supported by light 
 octangular columns and sharply-pointed arches, and a tower 
 terminating in a lofty octagonal spire. St. Mary's is also an 
 ancient edifice, but h.as recently been modernized in its in- 
 ternal arrangements, and by the addition of two wings ; it 
 stands in the centre of a large grave-yard, for many years 
 the only repository for the dead for the whole town, but 
 now closed entirely. 
 
 The chief educational establishments are the free gram- 
 mar school, founded by Edward VI.; the Southampton Col- 
 lege; the national, British, parochial, and infant schools; 
 mechanics' literary and polytechnic institutions; botanic 
 garden; and the surveying department of the ordnance 
 board is now established at Southampton. The charitable 
 endowments include an infirmary, a dispensary, a female 
 penitentiary, several almshouses, an hospital, originally 
 tbunded as a nunnery in the time of Henry III., and occu- 
 pying an antique range of buildings, with a chapel, long 
 appropriated to the use of French Protestant refugees, and 
 a royal humane society. Other buildings and objects de- 
 
 SOU 
 
 serving of notice are the guildhall, custom-house, av.dit- 
 house, jail, theatre, assemMy-rooms, ordnance map ofhre. 
 royal yacht dulvhousc, baths, and public parks, which ar> 
 now being l.-iid out and planted. The maimiactures. wnn 
 the exception of shipbuilding, which is carried on to a largx 
 extent, are chiefly confined to brewing, coaches, castings, 
 and the refining of sugar, 
 
 A tidal-dock, paved with granite, and lined with extensive 
 warehouses, was completed in 1S42. at a cost of 140.000/,, 
 and having 18 feet water at the lowest tides, is accessible at 
 all times by steamers of 20ii0 tons burden, and at liigh water 
 by vessels of almost any tonnage. To tiie tidal-dock two 
 graving-docks have been added, and a third is (18;")4) in 
 course of construction, which will accommodate the largest 
 steam-vessels in the world. A very fine new close-dock has 
 also been opened, and is extensively used. The accommo- 
 dation thus provided has made the port tlie most important 
 packet-station in the kingdom. Steamers sail every fortnight 
 for India (East and West) and China, weekly for the W. 
 coasts of Spain and Portugal, and for Gibraltar and the 
 Mediterranean, and dai?y for tlie Isle of Wight. theCliannel 
 I,«lands, and France, Ocean-steamers .also sail regularly for 
 the Western World, and furnish regular amimunication 
 with the more distant and important colonies of Au.<!tralia. 
 
 The imports consist chiefly of stone from the W. and coal 
 from the N.E. maritime counties, corn and provisions from 
 Ireland, timVjer from the Baltic and America, and wine and 
 brandy from France, Portugal, and Spain. The declared 
 value of exports, only 189,022/.. in 1816. was was 1.859,t)47/. 
 in 1850, 1,916.7.37/. in 1851, 2,070.270/. in 1852, and 2.452.864/. 
 in 1853. The number of ves.sels entered from foreign ports 
 in 1850 was, British. 48.3, (132,485 tons :) and foreign, 143, 
 (19.632 tons ;) and there cleared for foreign ports, British, 
 464, (128,153 tons ;) and foreign, 139. (19.366 tons.) The ton- 
 nage employed in the coasting trade was at least e<iually 
 large. Southampton is now one of the government emigra- 
 tion ports, and during the year 1£53 the total number of 
 vessels cleared from the port for the different Australian 
 ports, with government emigrants, was 35, with a ton- 
 nage of 27,702, conveying 9551 statute adult emigrants, the 
 aggregate number of .souls being 11,191. Besides these, 
 .several vessels, with emigrants paying their own passage- 
 money, sailed for Southampton for the diCTerent Anstralian 
 ports during the same year. The importance of Southamp- 
 ton, as a passenger and mail-packet port, is increasing every 
 year: as one proof of which, it may be Mentioned that dur- 
 ing the year 1853 no less than 26,048 passengers from foreign 
 parts landed in the docks, and 77,005 packages of passengers' 
 baggage, independent of all the commercial goods imported. 
 
 Southampton is governed by a town-council, or corpora- 
 tion, consisting of 30 councillors and 10 aldermen, (from 
 whicli the mayor is annually elected.) Extensive works for 
 supplying the town with water are (1854) in .active progress; 
 the water is to be obtained from the springs at Mansbridge, 
 about 3 miles distant from the town. 
 
 One of the greatest attractions connected with the town 
 is the Southampton Common, a beautiful tract of land, 
 richly wooded. 365 acres in extent, left to the town for public 
 purposes many centuries ago. On it is situated the race- 
 course, (one of the most picturesque in England.) but the 
 races, which formerly occupied two days annually, have, 
 for some years past, been discontinued. Ten acres of the 
 common, in the S.E. corner, are now appropriated as a ceme- 
 tery for the town, in which provision is made for the reli- 
 gious feelings of all classes, by the erection of three chapels 
 for the use. respectively, of the Established Church, the Dis- 
 senters, and the Jews, who severally bury their dead with 
 their own peculiar rites and ceremonies. On the common 
 Is also nn Artesian well, from which the inhabitants obtain 
 large supplies of water. 
 
 Southampton stands about 1 mile S.W. of the Roman 
 ClaiiseKtum, the site of which is still indicated by a fosse 
 and vallum. The modern town is attributed to the Anglo- 
 Saxons, and was first called Hantsone, from which the pre- 
 sent name is obviously derived. In the tenth century it 
 was repeatedly pillaged by the Danes^ and afterwards, when 
 their sovereign had gained the throne, became the occasional 
 residence of Canute. In 13.39, during the reign of Edward 
 II I., it was sacked by a united French, Spanish, and Genoese 
 fleet, but soon recovered, and receiving additions to its cas- 
 tle and other fortifications, acquired new importance. Since 
 the time of Ildward 1. it lias returned two members to Par- 
 liament. Among its natives the only one particularly en- 
 titled to notice is Isaac Watts. Pop. in 1861, 46,976. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, suTii-hamp'tpn, a county in the P,S.E. 
 part of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has an area 
 of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Xotta- 
 way River, bounded on the S.W. by the Meherrin. and on 
 the E. by the Blackwater River. Tlie surface is nearly level, 
 and extensively covered with forests of pine and cypress. 
 The soil is alluvial, light, and moderately fertile. In 1850 
 thecounty produced 869 bales of cotton, and 235,3.37 hushela 
 of sweet potatoes, each being the greatest quantities pro- 
 duced in any one county of the state. It is intei-sected by 
 the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad. Organized in 17'i8, 
 
 1811 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 »n1 named rromSoiitliampton.a town of England. Capital, 
 .leiTisaU-m. Pop. 12,915, of whom 7507 wore free, and 5i08 
 slaves. 
 
 Sr UTir.* MPTOX, New Hampshire. See South Hamptox. 
 
 «0UTII.4 MPTON, a post-villase and township of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 95 miles W. by S. of Boston. It 
 rontainj. several churches, and the Sheldon English and 
 classical school. Pop. 1060. 
 
 S<1UTHAMPT0N, New York. See Socin Hamptos. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1.-'91. 
 
 SOUT 1 1 AilPTON, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1356. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, a township of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Cumberland A' alley llailroad. Pop. 1985. 
 'SOUTHAMPTON, a township of Franklin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Cumlierland Valley Railroad. Poj). 1910. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, a pust-townsliip forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of Somerset co., Pennnsylvaiiia. Pop. 1184. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, a post-ofRce of Peoria co., Illinois. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON or SAUGEEN, saw-gheen', a rapidly 
 rising town of Canada West, co. of Bruce, in a fertile district 
 on4-ake Huron, at the mouth of the Saugeen Kiver, 60 miles 
 from Goderich. Pop. in lS5-t, about (WO. 
 
 SOUTHAMIVTON ISLAND. Briti.sh North America, on the 
 N. side of Hudson Bay, is between hit. 02° and ti6° N., Ion. 
 80° and 87° W. The coasts are rusged and mountainous. 
 Cape Southampton forms its S. extremity. It is conjectured 
 to be a collection of island.s, but its interior is unexplored. 
 
 SOUTH AM PTOX WATEH.a fine inletof England, stretch- 
 ing from the Solent and Spithead, N.W. into the interior of 
 Hampshire for alx>ut 11 miles. Greatest breadth, about "2 
 miles. It bounds tlie New Forest hundreds on the E., and 
 receives the Anton, Itchin, and Humble Itivers. Its shores 
 are picturesque, and it is usually covered with shipping. 
 Calshot Castle is on the W. side of its entiance, and the 
 ruined Netlev Abbey on its E. shore. 
 
 SOUTH AX'DOVER, a post-office of Oxford co.. Maina 
 
 SOUTH AN'NA, a small river in the E. part of Virginia, 
 rises near the N.W. extremity of Louisa co., and flowing E., 
 unites with the North Ann."*, forming the Pamunkey Itiver. 
 The whole length is probably 75 miles. It affords abundant 
 water-power. 
 
 SOUTH ANN.A. a post-village of Louisa co., Virginia, 67 
 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 SOUTH AN'VILLE, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1595. 
 ' SOUTH AKGYLE', post-office, Washington co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH ASII'BUKMIAM, a village of Worcester co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, at the junction of the Fitchbnrg and the Ver- 
 mont and Massachusetts Railroads, about 50 miles W.N.W. 
 of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH ASSYRIA, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan. 
 
 SOUTH AT'TLEBOl'.OUGH, a post-village of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, about 40 miles S.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH AU'BURN, a post-office of Susquehanna CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SOUTH AUGUSTA, Tow.a. See Augusta. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRA'LIA, a British colony, the territory of 
 which comprises all that part of Australia extending from 
 lat. 26° S. to the S. coast of the continent, between Ion. 132° 
 and 141° E., having S.K. the colony of Victoria, or Port Philip, 
 (.\ustralia Felix,) and E. the region watered by the Mur- 
 ray and its tributaries. Area, estimated at 300,000 square 
 miles. The coast-line is more indented than in any other 
 part of .\ustralia; Spencer's and St. Vincent's Gulfs, with 
 Yorke Peninsula and Kangaroo Island, being within the 
 limits of this territory. The surface is mostly undulating 
 or level ; the hill ranges stretch generally from N. to S. 
 Mount Bryant, the most elevated summit E. of St. Vincent's 
 Gulf, rises to 3012 feet in height; the tableland in Eyre 
 PeninsuKa, W. of Spencer's Gulf, averages loUO feet in eleva- 
 tion. The Murray, which has the lower part of its course 
 in this colony, is the only navigable river. Tliere ai-e, how- 
 ever, numerous small streams, and the country is on the 
 whole pretty well watered. The principal lakes are Torrens, 
 Alexandrina, and Albert. Ponds and creeks are numerous, 
 and a chain of lagoons borders the coast along Encounter 
 l>;>y in the S.E. The climate is healthy, and much warmer 
 than that of England; frosts are rare in the plains in win- 
 ter; showers are freiiuent, with S.W. winds between Jlay 
 and October. The highest range of the thermometer in 
 1852 was 105°; the lowest, 44°; average, 07°; number of 
 rainy daj-s. 115; quantity of rain fell during the year, 27-34 
 iuches. The most part of the settled land is on the E. side 
 of St. Vincent Gulf, where about one-third of the surface is 
 rstim.ited to be adapted to agriculture or grazing, one-tliird 
 oovered with scrub or forest, and the remaining one-third 
 Uirren. The best tracts are In the level plain extending N. 
 from Adelaide, along the banks of the Murray, and border- 
 ing the S.E. coast as far as the river Glenelg. "The hills are 
 intersiiersed with many fertile valleys, and some gocd lands 
 exist in Eyre Peninsul.1. Tracts of 80 or 104 acres are sold 
 by the government at the rate of 1/. per acre and upwards ; 
 and abt'ut 460,000 acres had been disposed of early in 1848. 
 1812 ^ 
 
 The total number of acres of crown lands sold in 1852 was 
 86.672, being an increase of 4083 acres over the sales of 1851, 
 and 2l.7'23 acres over 1850. In 1847. 36.440 acres were re- 
 ported to be under cultivation, chiefly for wheat, oats, and 
 bai-ley; besides which grains, maize, potatoes, and some 
 rye are raised, the latter chiefly by German colonists, who 
 inhabit many vill.ages in aud adjacent to the plain of Ade- 
 laide. In addition to the lixal consumption, grain and 
 other farm produce was exported to the neighboring gold 
 colony in 1852 to the value of 2'20,000f. The vine, olive, and 
 mulberry, oranges, lemons, peaches, pomegranates, and 
 many other fine fruits, come to perfection, as .ilso tobacco, 
 hops, and indigo. Sarsjiparilla, sassafras, and other medicinal 
 plants are indigenous. Timt«r is plentiful. Sheep and cattle- 
 rearing is le.«s extensively conducted than in New South 
 Wales, and elsewhere in East Australia; yet in 1847 the 
 stock of sheep was estimated at l.OOO.OiJO, and that of horned 
 cattle at 50.000. The increase is already so disproportionate 
 to the number of shepherds, that the system of boiling down 
 sheep for their tallow has commenced in this colony. 
 
 Mining is highly important. Gold has been discovered in 
 various parts of the colony. It is said that there is an avail- 
 able goldfield within 18 miles of Adelaide, the capital, but no 
 mines, we believe, are yet worked to any great extent within 
 the colony, owing perhaps to the superior richness of the 
 goldfields of Victoria and New South Wales. The total 
 amount of gold received at Adelaide from the time of its 
 discovery up to July 31, 18.=i2, was estimated at l,OOO,000Z., 
 brought thither chiefiy by miners from the Melbourne dis- 
 trict. The quantity introduced into the Adelaide Assay 
 Office from February 10. 1S52, (the time it was opened.) to 
 February 15. 1853, was 412,066 ounces, which, valued at 31. 
 lis. per ounce, the price at which banks are required to 
 purchase it, would amount to l,402,836i. The gold is trans- 
 ported from the mines by an overland escort of mounted 
 police, established by government. Since 1843 some of the 
 richest knowu veins of copper and lead h.ave been dis- 
 covered in South .\ustralia; the latter chietty contiguous 
 to Adelaide, the former in the hill chains, and in other 
 localities. The Burra-burra copper-mine yields an ore con- 
 taining 75 per cent, of metal, and in 1847, 4:351 tons of ore 
 from it were sold at Swansea, realizing 94,26;'^.; the total 
 exports of copper being estimated at 10.000 tons, valued at 
 2lXl,0Ci0/. In 1S50, 18,692 tons of copper were raised at the 
 Burra-burra miues. The Kapunda (copper) and (ilen Os- 
 mond (lead) mines are also very productive. Colialt, man- 
 ganese, zinc, quicksilver, and antimony have been discovered, 
 and emery was exported in 1847; but no mines of these 
 metals had been opened then. Iron of excellent quality is 
 plentiful, but the absence of coal makes it neces.sary to send 
 most part of the ores elsewhere for reduction. Some foun- 
 dries, aud manufactures of barilla, soap, tobacco, leather, aud 
 earthenware are established in Adelaide. 
 
 The commerce of South Australia is chieflj- with Great 
 Britain. The total value of exports in 1S52. exdu.sive of 
 bullion .ind coin,amounted to 736,267/. against 7088?. in 1843; 
 and of imports to 538,937/., the amount in 1843 being only 
 37,486/. The total tonnage in 1852. inwards and outwards, was 
 202,507. Great exertions have been made to open suitable 
 means of communication with the mining districts of the 
 interior. In 1852 a line of road from Wellington, on the 
 river Murray, towards the diggings at Mount Alexandria, 
 in Victoria, was surveyed for a distance of about 261 miles. 
 In 1850 the navigation of the river Murray, by steam, was 
 encouraged by a large public premium, and in the following 
 year it .was explored by the governor as far as its junction 
 with the Darling, a distance of 1 60 miles, being the first ex- 
 ploration made since its discovery !;y Stuart, in 1830. In 
 1852 two steamers were built on this liver by a couple of 
 enterprising farmers, who intended taking a load of farm 
 produce to Swan Hill, in Victoria, a distance of 1300 
 miles; the other was expected to reach the village of Al- 
 bury, in New South Wales, distant from the mouth of the 
 Murray in Encounter Bay. alx>ve 1500 miles. It has been 
 recently state<l (May 1855) that steamboats have ascended 
 the Murray 2000 miles. A railway, about 6 miles in length, 
 has been constructed from Adelaide to its port, and in 1852 
 a charter was granted for its extension to North Arm Ilai^ 
 bor. Much of the trade of West Australia is conducted in 
 shipping belonging to South Australian colonists. The 
 colony is subdivided into the counties of Ilindmarsh, Ade- 
 laide, Gawler. Light. Stanley, Eyre, Sturt. Russell, and Grey, 
 on the E. side of St. Aincent Gulf, and Flinders, including 
 Port Lincoln, on the W. side of Spencer Gulf. The govern- 
 ment is vested in a governor, an executi>e council, and a 
 legislature, remodelled in 1851, and established upon a popu- 
 lar basis. Local courts, re.sembling the English county 
 courts, were established in 1850, and in 1852 the schools of 
 the colony were placed under a board of education. The num- 
 ber of schools in charge of the board in 1S53 was 69, at- 
 tended by 3283 pui)ils. In 1847 there were 32 Sunday- 
 schools attached to the 53 churches in the colony. The reve- 
 nue for 18,'>2 amounted to 223,4fj3/., and the expenditures to 
 172.S.39/. The average amount annually expe::Je() 'to tbc 
 roads from 1849 to 1862, was 1S,524J. 
 
sou 
 
 The province of South Australia has never at any time, 
 according to Captain Sturt. been thickly inhabited "by the 
 ftbori;4ines. The number in the settled districts is" esti- 
 mated at 36S0. Every attention and kindness is shown by 
 the government to those that remain, but it has been found 
 impossible to induce them to abandon their wild, roving 
 habits, and take to any fixed pursuit. A school has been 
 established by government for the children of the native 
 population, which is attended by .30 or 40 boys and girls. 
 '•These children," says Captain Sturt, "read, write, and 
 (lipher as well as Kuropean children of their own age, but 
 they can advance no further ; when their rea.son is taxed, 
 they fail." Many of the adult aborigines are employed by 
 the inhabitants of Adelaide in carrying burdens, in cutting 
 wood, in drawing water, &c. These are all clothed, and are 
 rapidly acquiring habits of order. The more remote tribes 
 of the colony live, as formerly, by hunting and fishing. 
 but receive assistance fmm the government in the form 
 of yearly and monthly distributions of blankets and flour. 
 The European population in IS.i'J, exclusive of the military 
 guard at Adelaide, was fi8.603. The total emigration in 
 18.12 was 20,3^5, of whom 12.5-29 were males, and 7766 fe- 
 males. The number of imigrants who paid their passage 
 was 15.116, 5,279 being sent out by the commissioners of 
 emigration. The total emigration from the colony was 
 15.976, of whom 11,412 were males. 
 
 The polony of South Australia was founded by the South 
 Australian Company in 1834. but was not practically esta- 
 blished till 1837. The principal town or capital is Adelaide. 
 South Australia is nearly eiuidistant from Liverpool and 
 New York, being about 12,000 miles from each; the passage 
 is generally accomplished in about 14 weeks. Resides Ade- 
 laide, its chief settlements are Port Adelaide, Albert Town, 
 Gawler Town, and Port Gawler. 
 
 SOUTH AV'0>f, a post-village and township of Livingston 
 CO., New York, on a branch of the Genesee Kiver, 26 miles 
 W. of Canandaigua. and 20 miles S. by W. of Rochester. 
 
 SOUTH BAIX/I5I5IDGK, a post-village of Chenango co., 
 New York, on the Susquehanna River, 110 miles W.S.W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 SOUTH RAR'RE. a post-A-illage of Washington co., Ver- 
 mont. 7 miles S.E. of Jhmtpelier. 
 
 SOUTFI l!Alt/I<K, a post-village of Orleans co., New York, 
 6 or 7 miles S. of Albion. 
 
 SOUTH BAR'RINGTON, a post-ofBce of Strafford co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH RAY, Washington co.. New York, is a branch of 
 Lake Champlain. Length, about 4 miles. 
 
 SOUTH REA'VER, a township of Beaver co., Pennsyl- 
 v.ania. Pop. 1128. 
 
 SOUTH BEL'LINGHAM, a post-vill.-»ge of Norfolk co., 
 Mass.achusetts, alwut 30 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH BEND, a postoffice of Armstrong co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SOUTH BEND, a post-office of Arkan.sas co., Arkansas. 
 
 SOUTH BKND, a flourishing post-town of I'ortage town- 
 ship, and capital of St. Joseph co., Indiana, is finely situated 
 on St. .Joseph's Itiver. and on the Northern Indiana Rail- 
 road, 85 miles E. by S. of Chicago. It is one of the princi- 
 pal stations on the railroad which connects Chicago with 
 Lake Erie, and it is the N. terminus of the Michigan road, 
 which is one of the greatest thoroughfares of the state. The 
 river is navigable for small steamboats from its mouth to 
 gouth Bend. A dam across tlie river at this place pro- 
 duces a vast hydraulic power, which is employed in manu- 
 factures of various kinds ; among which are 3 flouring-mills, 
 1 woollen factory, 3 Siiw-mills, 1 edge-tool factory, aodseveral 
 other manufactories. The village contains 8 churches, 2 
 hanks, 2 newspaper offices, and the Northern Indiana Col- 
 lege. The University of Notre Dame, (Roman Catholic) is 
 situated 1 mile from the town, on the border of a small lake. 
 Pop. in 1860, 3832. 
 
 SOUTH BENTONSPORT. See Bentonsport. 
 
 SOUTH BER'LIN, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH BERNE, a postoffice of Albanv co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH BER'WICK, a post-village and township of York 
 CO., Maine, on Salmon Falls iUver, 15 miles from its mouth, 
 and on the Great Falls Branch Railroad, at the junction of 
 the Portland. Saco and Portsmouth, and the Boston and 
 Maine Railroads, 45 miles W.S.W. of Portland. It contains 
 6 cliurches. the oldest ac;»demy in the state, a bank, an in- 
 surance office, about 20 stores.! cotton mill employing 250 
 hands, and 1 woollen mill. The legislature has recently 
 chartered a company for the manufacture of locomotives and 
 -ailroad cars. Two ships are owned here. I'op. 2624. 
 
 SOUTH BLOOM'FIELD, a post-office of Somerset CO., 
 Maine. 
 
 SOUTH BLOOMFIELD, a township in the N.E. -part of 
 Morrow co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland, Columbus, 
 imd Cincinnati Railroad. Pop. 12S9. 
 
 POUTH BLOOMFIEIjD, a post-village of Pickaway co., 
 Ohio, between the Sri^to River and tlie Ohio Canal, about 
 15 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 SOUTH BOLIVIA, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York. 
 
 SOU 
 
 SOUTH'BOROUGH, a post-village and township of Ww 
 cester co., Massachusetts, 17 miles E. of Worcester, on tht 
 Boston and Worcester Railroad. It contains a I>eautifu» 
 town-house, 3 churches, 4 stores, a public library of lOOf 
 volumes, 2 cotton mills, and 3 boot and shoe establishments; 
 the latter employing about 300 hands. Pop. 1854. 
 
 SOUTH BOSTON, Massachusetts, a suburb of Bostok, 
 wliich see. 
 
 SOUTH BOSTON, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 SOUTH BOSTON, a post-office of Washingtonco.. Indiana. 
 
 SOUTH BRAD/FORD, a pnst-village of Merrimack CO., New 
 Hampshire, 22 miles N.W. of Concord. 
 
 S')UTH BRADFORD, a postoffice of Oranje Co., Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH BRADFORD, a post-office of Steuben co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH BRAIN/TREE, a post-village of Braintree town- 
 ship, Norfolk co., Mas.sachusetts, at tlie junction of the Old 
 Colony and Fall River Railroads, llj miles S. by E. of Bos- 
 ton, and 25i miles N.N.E. of Plymouth. The inhabitants 
 are extensively engaged in the manufacture of boots and 
 shoes. The Hollis Institute, incorporated in 1851, is located 
 here. 
 
 SOUTH BRANCH, a post-office of Somerset CO.. New .Ter.sey. 
 
 SOUTII'BRIDGE, a post-vilKage and township of Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts, on Quinebaug River, 60 miles S.W. 
 of Boston. It contains 6 churches, a bank, a savings bank, 
 and a newsi^apcr oftice; also, large works for printing calico 
 and delaine. At Globe Village, in this township, the Hamil- 
 ton Woollen Company have a large manufactory of mousse- 
 lines delaine, and 1 or more cotton mills. Pop. of Globe 
 Village in 1860, about 1800 ; of the township in 1860, 3675. 
 
 SOUTH BRIDGE'TON, a post-village of Cumberland co., 
 Maine. 
 
 SOUTH BRIDGE'WATER, a post-village of Bridgewater 
 township, Plymouth co., MassachusettB, SJ7 miles S. by E of 
 Boston. The proper name of it is simply Bridgewater, 
 which see. ' 
 
 SOUTH BRIS'TOL, a post-village and township of Ontario 
 CO., New York, on the W. side of Canandaigua Lake, about 
 12 miles S. of Canandaigua. Pop. 1216. 
 
 S< )UT 1 1 B H ISTOL. a post-office of Kenosha co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN, a term sometimes applied to Enj-'land 
 and Wales, as contradistinguished from Scotland or North 
 Britain. 
 
 SOUTH BRIT'AIN, a post village of Southbury township, 
 New Haven co., Connecticut, on the Pamperaug River, (which 
 affords water-power.) 20 miles N.W. of New Haven. It con- 
 tains 2 churches, 3 or 4 stores, and several manufactories. 
 Dams and races iiave recently been constructed, with a view 
 to increase the business of the villaie. 
 
 SOUTH BROOK'FIELD, a post-office of Madison co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH BROOKS, a postrofflce of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH BROWN, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. 
 
 SOUTH BRUNS/WICK, a post-township of Middlesex co.. 
 New Jersey, 14 miles N.W. of Trenton. Pop. 3816. 
 
 SOUTH BUF'FA[<0, a township of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Pennsylvania C.inal. Pop. 1.i71. 
 
 SOUTH'BURY, a post-village and township of New Havpu 
 CO., Connecticut, 22 miles N.W. by N. of New Haven. The 
 main street of the village is beautifully shaded, and has on 
 it 2 churches, an academy, a hotel, and seveial fine re* 
 dences. Pop. of the township, 1"46. 
 
 SOUTH BUT'LER. a thriving post-village in Butler town- 
 ship, Wayne co.. New Y'ork, about 158 miles N.W. by W. ot 
 Albany. It contains 2 stores, 3 churches, 1 steam grist and 
 saw mill, and 1 tannery. 
 
 SOUTH BUTLER, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1209. 
 
 SOUTH BUTLER, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama. 
 
 SOUTH BY'RON, a post-village of Genesee co., New York, 
 on the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, 25 miles AY. S.W. of 
 Rochester. 
 
 SOUTH CAIRO, (ki'ro.) post-office. Greene co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH CA'.NAAN. a post-office of E.sst^x co., Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH CANAAN, a post-villaire of Litchfield CO., Con- 
 necticut, about 50 miles N.W. of Hartford. It has manu- 
 factures of iron. 
 
 SOUTH CAN'DOR. a post-village of Tioga co.. New York, 
 on the railroad between Owego and Ithaca, 5 miles N. by W. 
 of the former. 
 
 SOUTH CAPE, the southernmost point of Van Diemen's 
 Land, in lat. 43° 40' S. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA, (kJr-o-lI'n.a.) one of the original states 
 of the American Confederacy, is bounded on th< N.and N.E. 
 by North Carolin.i. S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and S.W. by 
 Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savannah River 
 It lies between 32° .ind 35° 10' N. lat. and between 78° 35 
 and 83° 30' W. Ion. This state is triangular in shape, h.iving 
 a coast line of about 200 miles for its base, with an extreme 
 length and breadth each of about 210 miles, including an 
 area o*- about 2i),385 square miles, or 18.806,400 acres; of 
 which 4.572,060. onlj' were improved in 1860. Governor Sea- 
 brook states the area at 30.213 square miles. 
 I /lice of the Chuntry, and Geology. — This state is about 
 
 1813 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 equally divided > rttvreen the alluvial and primitive forma- 
 tions ; tliB Ibrmer extunding along the coast for about 80 to 
 loo miles inland, is intoispersed with extensive swamps. 
 The primitive occupies the central and N.W. parts, with the 
 exception of the alluvion bottoms of the rivers. On leaving 
 the alluvions, we enter upon a 3;indy tract, called the " Mid- 
 dle country," which is terminated in its turn by a belt called 
 the " Uidge," an abrupt elevation, beyond which the coun- 
 try continues to ascend till it terminate.^, in the extreme 
 X.W., in thii Blue Kidge Jlountiiins. which attain, in Table 
 Mountain, an elevation of about 4000 feet above the sea. 
 King's Mountain is on the boundary line between North 
 and South Carolina. Along the coast is a chain of low 
 islands, separated from the mainland by a series of lagoons 
 or sounds, through which a coast navigation is carried on, 
 defended from the agitations of the ocean. 
 
 Minerals. — The primitive portion affords great abundance 
 of building material, in the granites and sienites of Rich- 
 land. Kershaw, Lexington. Fairfield, and Abbeville districts, 
 in the marbles of Spartanburg and Laurens, and in the 
 gneiss of Pickens and York. The other earthy minerals are 
 mica slat«, .soapstone, porcelain clay of a very fine quality, 
 i-ed and yellow ochres, limestone, and talco-micaceous slat«s 
 suitable for whetstones; but no coal — nor is it likely, from 
 its geological formation, that this valuable fuel will ever be 
 found, if found at all. in any considerable quantity. Of the 
 metallic minerals, gold in con.siderable abundiince, iron of 
 the best quality, and lead, are among the treasures of South 
 Carolina. The mines of Mr. William Dome, in Abbeville 
 and lidgefield districts, yielded gold of the value of $-300,000 
 in the 15 months preceding July, 1853. This precious metal 
 is found in the same belt (reaching from the Kappahannock 
 River, in Virginia, to the Coosa, in Alabama) in which the 
 gold of Virglni;i, North Carolina, and Georgia exists. The 
 South Carolina portion of this great belt promises to make 
 the richest returns of any mines in the United States, out 
 of California. Between February, 1852. and February, 1853, 
 the value of $202,000 was mined, at the trifling expense of 
 $1200. A company was formed in 1851, with a capital of 
 iJOOO.OOO. for working these mines. The entire product of this 
 state between 1S28 and September 3i), ISo-t. was §521,527. 
 
 Hivers, Bays. <£c. — From the mouth of the Gi-eat Pedee 
 River to that of the Savannah, the coast of South Carolina 
 is lined with a series of bays, sounds, and lagoons, which, 
 though mostly shallow, have sufficient depth to allow of an 
 extensive coasting navigation. Commencing at the Gre;»t 
 Pedee, and proceeding S., we have AVinyaw B.-iv, at the 
 mouth of that river; then, in order, Bulfs Bay. Ch.arleston 
 Harbor, St. Ilelena Sound, and Port Royal Entrance, with 
 a number of smaller inlets. The harbor of Beaufort is much 
 the best of these, admitting vessels drawing 11 feet water; 
 Charle.^ton XIarlx)r is obstructed by a dangerous bar; St. 
 Helena Sound is the most capacious of these inlets, but is 
 beset with shoals. Georgetown, at the head of Winyaw Bay, 
 can only be reached by ves.sels of small draught ; and Stono 
 Inlet, S. of Charleston, has but 10 feet water on the bar. 
 The Sautee River, with its main affluents, the Coniraree 
 ami Wateree passes almost directly through the middle of 
 the state. It i.s about 100 miles from the junction of the 
 Congaree and Wateree to the mouth of the Santee, and about 
 300 miles from their confluence to their sources in North 
 Carolina. The Great Pedee enters the state from North Ca- 
 rolina, (where it bears the name of Yadkin.) and courses 
 through the N.E. part of South Carolina, about 150 miles, 
 into Winyaw B.ay; the Saluda and Broad Rivers drain the 
 N.W. of the state, and unite to form the Congsiree; the 
 Broad River rises in the W. of North Carolina ; the Kdisto 
 and Combahee drain the S.W. of the state, and flow into the 
 Atlantic after courses of 150 to 200 miles; Lynch's Creek is 
 a tributary from the W., and Wacamaw and Little Pedee 
 from the E. of the Great Pedee; all have their sources in 
 North Carolina. The larger streams run iu a S.E. direction, 
 and furnish an inland navigation of about 2400 miles, apart 
 from the creeks and inlets of the sea. The Savannah River 
 can be navigated by steamboats to Hamburg, and for smaller 
 boats still higher. The Wacamaw may be ascended 12 miles, 
 the Great Pedee 200 miles, the Congaree and the Wateree 
 al>out the s;ime distance by steamboats. All these rivers 
 are boatable above the distances mentioned, for keel-boats. 
 .Greenville is the only district in the state without the 
 advantage of navigation. Watercourses abound in all the 
 districts favorable for mill-sites. 
 
 O'ljects of Interest to Twirists. — One of the most interesting 
 objects in South Carolina is Table Mountain, or Table Rock, 
 as it is generally called, an elevation of 4000 feet alxive the 
 sea. which presents, in one direction, a perpendicular face 
 of 1100 feet above the surrounding country. This mountain 
 is a place of great resort in summer, having a house of en- 
 tertainment at its base. Cffisar's Head, in the same vicinity. 
 Is so called from its resemblance to a human cranium; this 
 Js also a pl.-ice of summer resort, and has a hotel on its sum 
 mit. whirh is visible at a great distance. Glenn's Spring, in 
 Spartanburg district, is a watering-place of some reput^ con- 
 niniug magnesia and sulphur in its waters. Limestone 
 Spriuib in the same district, Is less frequented than for- 
 18X4. 
 
 merly, and its spacious hotel is now converted into a female 
 college, which is said to be in a vei^r flourishing condition. 
 According to Professor Tuomey. the falls of the Saluda, 
 among the mountains, have a descent of from 300 to 4lX) 
 feet. "They," says the professor, "who imagine that by 
 skipping to the top of Table Rock, and from thence run 
 across to Caesar's Head, have exhausted the beauties of this 
 region, commit a great mist.ike." 
 
 Cliinak. — South Carolina, though in the latitude of the 
 Barl>ary States, has more the climat« and productions of 
 Southern Europe. Yet many of the pwductions peculiar 
 to its latitute on the Eastern Continent flourish here, such 
 as cotton and rice, and some of the tropical fruits; but the 
 irregularity of the seasons, and early and late frosts, render 
 the latter a somewhat precarious crop. 
 
 Sn'l and Prmhtctions. — There are, according to Ruflin and 
 Tuomey, (^the agricultural surveyors of the state.) 6 varieties 
 of soil in South Qirolina: — 1. Tide swamp, devoted to the 
 culture of rice. 2. Inland swamp, to rice, cotton,' corn, pease, 
 &c. 3. Salt marsh, to long cotton. 4. O.ak and pine, to long 
 cotton, corn, potatoes, &c. 5. Oak and hickory, to short co^ 
 ton, corn, &c. ; and. 6. Pine barrens, to fruit, vegetables, &c. 
 The swamps near the coast, covering "JOdO square miles, are 
 capable of drainage, and are of inexhaustible fertility. The 
 pine lands, forming a belt across the state next succeeding 
 to the alluvion, have been heretofore considered of but little 
 value, except for timber; but Governor Seabrook is of 
 opinion that its agricultural capabilities have been much 
 underrated, and '• th.at in .ill its relations it is of immeasura- 
 ble value to our community." On the islands is produced 
 the largest quantity of the much-valued variety of cotton 
 called sea-island, whose production is in fact limited to the 
 coa.sts of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and perhaps 
 Texas. With the exception of the rich alluvion of the lower 
 region, the best land iu the state is iu the hilly country, 
 above the Ridge, which is favorable to corn, potatoes. &c. 
 Cotton grows in all the divisions of the state, with different 
 degrees of productiveness, and is the great staple of South 
 Carolina; and though the fourth among the states in 
 the actual amount of this commodity produced, yet, if we 
 regard only area, she stands first in tlie relative .imount; 
 while in the product of rice, her other great staple, she is 
 first in ahsolule amount. Indian corn, wheat, butter, sweet 
 and Irish potatoes, and wool are extensively produced : while 
 rye, oats, barley, tobacco, hay. wine, cheese, and sugar are 
 cultivated to some extent. The climate is suited to indigo 
 and hemp, hut they are not. at present, profitable crops. la 
 short. South Carolina can pi-oduce, side by side, the wheat 
 of the north, and the olive, sugar-cane, and (with care) the 
 or.ange of the south; anil, when she institutes a more care- 
 ful .system of culture, will be able to produce as large an 
 amount, and perhaps a greater variety of products, acre for 
 acre, than any of her sister states. Wheat grows as low as 
 3"2° 30' N. lat., and Indian corn everywhere, except in a 
 small district N. of the mountains, which is too bleak for it. 
 According to the census of ISOO, there were in South Caro- 
 lina 4,572,0(50 acres of improved land (11,023,859 being un- 
 imjiroved), producing 1,285,631 bushels of wheat; 89,091 of 
 rye; 1.5.065,606 of Indian corn; 9;.;6,974 of oats; 1,728,074 of 
 peas and beans; 226,735 of Irish potatoes; 4,115.688 of 
 sweet potatoes ;, 11,490 of barley; 119,100.5'28 poimds of 
 rice; 104,412 of tobacco; 4'27,102ofwool; 3,177,9.'U of butter; 
 40.479 of beeswax; 526,077 of honey; 87,587 tons of hay; 
 24,9t>4 gallons of wine; 353,412 bales (400 pounds each) of 
 cotton; (the cotton product of 1850 wa8l20,360.4i pounds.) 
 Value of live stock $23,934,465 ; of orchard products $213,989 ; 
 of market products $187,348; and of slaughtered animals 
 $6,072,822. 
 
 Forest Trees. — On the islands are found the live-oak. pine, 
 palmetto, and laurel ; in the lower and pine-barren district, 
 pitch-pine; and in the middle and upper regions, aik, 
 hickory, and pine. The winter voyager Itetween Charleston 
 and Savannah, on the inlets or sounds of the coast, sails 
 amid foliage as green as that of a summer forest at the- 
 North ; with here the evergi-een live-oak, draped with the 
 gracefully-hanging long moss, and there the white flowers 
 of the laurel, (sometimes a foot in circuit) while the shores 
 are liued with thousands of water-fowl, and nothing to mar 
 the scene, unless it may be an unsightly alligator basking 
 iu the sun. 
 
 Manufactures.— South Carolina has not yet become exten- 
 sively engaged in manufacturing, but her attention is now 
 much turned In that direction, and already she exports t< 
 the North cotton-yarns and coarse cotton stuffs. In 185l» 
 there were in the state 1230 establishnit^nts producing each 
 ipoOO and upwards annually, engaged iu mining, manufac- 
 tures, and the mechanic arts, employing $6,931,1 56 capital, 
 and 6904 hands, consuming raw material worth $5,098,881, 
 and yielding products valued at $8,619,195. Of these 17 
 were engaged in the manufacture of cotton, employing 
 capital to the amount of $801,825, and *^.91 ha ads, consuming 
 raw material worth $431,525, and prod'\cing annually stufl"s 
 valued at $712,950; 270 flour and grist-u ills, employing 
 $699,525 capital, and 355 hands, and producing tlour and 
 meal valueUat $1,757,174 ; 360 saw-niills.employing $1,140,616 
 
sou 
 
 capital, and 1260 hands, and prodncing liimher valued at 
 $1,124,440; 88 turpentine distilleries, employing capital to 
 the amount of $917,770, and 1359 hands, consuming raw- 
 material worth $683,945. and producing turpentine valued 
 at *l,076,72u; 49 tanneries, employing .$167,130 capital, and 
 producing leather valued at $144,110; arid 8 machine shops, 
 employing $784,000 capital, and producing steam engines. 
 &c., valued at $445,192. Home-made manufactures valued 
 at SSlo.117 were produced in the s.ime year. 
 
 Jvfernal Imprnvements. — According to the census of 1S60 
 South Carolina had 987 miles of completed railroad, the 
 construction and equipment of which cost $22,385,287. 
 Those already constructed unite Charleston with Ham- 
 burg, (and from thence, by connection with the Georgia 
 Railroads, with various points in Tennessee, Georgia, and 
 Alabama,) Colun^bia, Abbeville, Laurensville, Anderson, 
 fireenville, Yorkville, Cheraw, and other intermediate 
 points in South Carolina, and with Charlotte and AVil- 
 mington in North Carolina. From the latter place (with 
 a sliort exception on and near the Potomac, below Wash- 
 ington City) the connection with the great Noithern cities 
 is unbroken. When the present lines projected shall have 
 been completed, Charleston will have communication with 
 Richmond through the central counties of North Carolina. 
 Charleston is also connected with Savannah by a direct 
 railroad. 
 
 Commerce. — South Carolina exports largely of cotton, rice, 
 (of the latter more than all the other states of the Union 
 together.) lumber, and naval stores. Iler exports to foreign 
 ports for the fiscal year 18.54, amounted in value to 
 $11,995,016, all, with the exception of a trifling fraction, in 
 domestic products ; and the imports to $1,711,385; tonnage 
 entered, 90.703; cleared, 124,626; owned in the stite, 
 42.125, of which 26,459 was engaged in the coasting trade, 
 and 9424 in steam navigation ; and 23 ve.*.sels built, with an 
 aggregate tonnage of 1161. In the year ending August 31, 
 1853, there were exported from Charleston 19.976 bales of 
 sea-island, and 446.610 of upland cotton; 126.742 tierces of 
 rice: 363.852 bushels of rough rice; and 20,637,525 feet of 
 lumlier: for the same period, in 1854. the exports were, sea- 
 island cotton. 24,761 bales; upland. 408.278 bales; rice, 
 125.749 tierces; rough rice. 323.004 bushels; and lumtier, 
 23,844.6.'>0 fi-et. Of the cotton, more than h.ilf, of the rice, 
 one-third, and of tlie rough rice, more than two-thirds were 
 exported to foreign countries. See Charleston. The rail- 
 road communications opened between Charleston and Ten- 
 nessee have diverted a large northern trade with the latter 
 state into this channel, to th« great advantage of Charles- 
 ton and Tennessee as well. Soon, Charleston will hold 
 direct communication with Memphis, on the Mississippi, 
 by railroads, which will become one of the great routes be- 
 tween the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic coast, and 
 even with the Ohio Valley. 
 
 Education. — South Carolina University is an institution 
 of high reputation, and has among its feculty some distin- 
 guished names. The number ot colleges and schools in 
 South Carolina in 1800, according to the census, was 14 col- 
 leges, having 1384 students, $192,675 income, of which 
 $73,100 was from endowments, and $23,000 from public 
 funds: 757 public schools having 20,716 pupils, $204,593 in- 
 come, of which $39,470 was from taxation, $29,779 from pub- 
 lic funds, and $12,^5 from endowments ; 226 academies and 
 other schools with 8277 pupils, $293,244 income, of which 
 S4S.200 was endowments, $42,164 from public funds, and 
 S14,O00 from taxation. It has also 257 libraries, comi)rising 
 a total of 471,512 volumes. According to the National Alma- 
 nac, there were, in 1863, 4 colleges, with from 300 to 400 stu- 
 dents; 3 theological scliools; audi medical school, with 
 158 students. Splendid buildings for a college at Spartan- 
 burg A'illage were being erected by the Methodists in 1S54, 
 ample funds having been supplied by the bequest of Ben- 
 j.imin AVofford. The income from the pupils of the South 
 Carolina College is spent in improvements and other contin- 
 gent expenses, the college being supported by appropri.v 
 tions from the state. Each student, it is said, costs the 
 state $1000. The legislature of 1853 appropriated $21.(575 
 for the support of this college, and $36,188 for supporting 
 free schools. 
 
 Rfligious Denominations. — There were 1267 churches m 
 South Carolina in 1860, of which the Baptists owned 443, the 
 Episcopalians 82. the Christians 6, the Lutherans 48, the 
 Methodists 506, the Presbyterians 149, the Roman Catholics 
 11, the Unionists 11, the various minor sects 17 ; giving 1 
 church to every 545 persons. Total value of church prop- 
 erty, $3,481,236. 
 
 Periodicals.— In 1860 there were published in South 
 Carolina 2 daily, 4 tri-weekly, 35 weekly newspapers, and 3 
 monthly and 1 quarterly magazine or review. Among 
 these 33 were political, 3 religious, 5 literary, and 4 miscel- 
 I »neous. The whole number of copies issued annually was 
 3,654,840. 
 
 Public Im'tmtions.— There is a state lunatic asylum at 
 Columbia, which treated 173 patients in 1852. Of those. 73 ' 
 were paupers. Of 596 insane received since its opening, 
 260 liave been restored. This institution is richly endowed, 
 
 SOU 
 
 and Is under the control of the state, whieh oontribntH 
 $.30,000 for its improvement in 1853. The Deaf and Dirnb 
 Asylum at Cedar Springs, in Spartinburg district, was 
 founded by the Rev. N. P. Waliier. in 1S49, but i-^ now 
 under the care of the state, and had 27 pupils in November, 
 1851. The state contributed $r.822 in 185.3. for the aid of 
 the deaf, dumb, and blind. New buildings for this institu- 
 tion are in progress of erection. The orphan-house is no- 
 ticed under Ch.arlkston. Public libraries in 1850, 16. with 
 73.768 volumes; school libraries, 3, with 2750 volumes 
 and college libraries, 7, with 30.9C4 volumes. 
 
 J*)pulatinn. — Among the orisinal .settlers of South Caro- 
 lina--generally English — were some Scotch. Germans, and 
 French Huguenots, from the latter of whom are descended 
 some of the most respectable families in the st.ite. The 
 people of South Carolina are noted for frankness of .speech, 
 courteou.oness of manner, and especially for that free hos- 
 pitality which is a general characteristic of the inhabitants 
 of the Southera States. Eloquence is one cf the marked 
 attributes of her public men. and .she has produced some 
 of the most eminent orators that have shed lustre upon the 
 national councils of our country. In 1790 there were in 
 
 whom 291..300 were whites, 9914 free colored, 402,406 slaves, 
 and 88 Indians. Population to the square mile 23. Repre- 
 sentative population 542,745. Of the free population 276,868 
 were born in the state, 14,448 in other states of the Union, 
 and 99S6 in foreign countries, of whom 757 were born 
 in England, 4906 in Ireland. 502 in Scotland. 11 in AVales, 
 86 in British America, 2947 in Germany, 219 in France, 
 and 558 in other foreign countries, giving about 3 per cent, 
 of the white population of foreign birth. About two- 
 thirds of the popnlatian are engaged in agriculture. Of 
 the free pojmlation in the leading pur,<uits 35,137 were 
 farmers, 6312 farm laborei-s, 5796 laborers. 2737 o\-er8eera, 
 2.541 students, 2521 planters, 2236 8eamstres.ses, 1998 clerks, 
 1890 merchants. 1844 carpenters, 1268 teachers, 1113 physi- 
 cians, 1103 servants, 696 mechanics, 692 blacksmiths. 623 
 factory hands, &c., &c. In the year ending June 1st, 1860, 
 thi're occurred 9745 death, or 14.1 in every thou.«and. 
 The number of deaf and dumb was 203, of whom 59 were 
 slaves, (see Introduction to the volume on Population of 
 the Eighth Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, etc.), of 291 blind, 120 
 were slaves; of 317 insane, IS were slaves; of 403 idiotic, 
 121 were slaves. 
 
 Districts. — South Carolina is divided into 30 districts, viz. 
 Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Ches- 
 ter, Chesterfield, Clarendon, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, 
 Fairfield, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancas- 
 ter. Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, 
 Orangeburg, Pi<keiis, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, 
 Union, Williamsburg, and York. Capital, Cohmibia.- 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Charleston, the largest town in South 
 Carolina, had a j)opulationdf 40,522 in 1860. The other 
 principal towns are Cohunbia, population about 7000; 
 Georgetown 1720; Camden 1621; Greenville 1518; Oraugo 
 burgh 897 ; Pendleton 854. 
 
 Oovemment. Finances, die. — The governor, lieutenant-go- 
 vernor, and presidential electors are chosen by the legisla- 
 ture. The governor and lieutenant-governor are elected for 
 2 years, the former receiving $3500 per annum. The senate 
 consists of 45 members, chosen by the people for 4 years, 
 one-half being elected every second year. The house of re- 
 presentatives, consisting of 124 members, is chosen in the 
 same manner for 2 years. In those districts having parishes, 
 the representation ys by parishes. The legislature meets 
 the fourth Monday in November annually. The pre.=ent 
 constitution was framed in 1790. The members of both 
 branches receive $3 per d.ay. and 10 cents for every mile of 
 travel. Every white mafe citizen of the state, who is 21 
 years of age, and who .shall have resided 2 years in the 
 .state next preceding an election, or who has a ireehold 
 of 50 acres, or a town lot, which he has leirally possessed at 
 least 6 months before such election, or who, not possessing 
 such town lot or freehoM. shall have paid a tax of 3 shil- 
 lings sterling, and resided 6 months next preceding said 
 election in the district where he offers to vote, shall be en- 
 titled to the right of suffrage. The judiciary consists — J. 
 Of courts of equity, presided over by 4 chancellors; 2. Of 
 courts for the correction of errors, consisting of all the 
 judges in law and equity, to try constitutional questions ; 
 3. Of courts of common pleas and general ses.sions: 4. Of the 
 city court of Charleston, (an inferior court :) 5. Of an ordi- 
 nary's court, in each district, to grant letters of administra- 
 tion, probate of wills. &e. ; and, 6. Of a court of magistrates 
 and freeholders for the trial of slaves and free persons of 
 color. The chancellor, and judges of sessions and common 
 pleas, receive $3000 per annum. South Carolina has 6 mem- 
 bers in the national House of Representatives, and 8 elec- 
 toral votes for President of the United States. 
 
 The state debt in 1854 was $2,965,860, of which .$1,051,422 
 was contingent debt: productive property, $5.504,6fi8; ordi- 
 nary expenses, exclusive of debt and schools. $115,0'/! 
 
 1815 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 Approprlatiiins for 1853, more than ^500,000; assessed value 
 of property In 1850, $283,807,709. The number of hanks on 
 October 1, 1854, was 19, ^including 2 branch banks.) with an 
 aggregate capital of $16,603,253; circulation, $6,739,733; 
 and $1,283,284 in coin. 
 
 Hixtory. — South Carolina was first settled at Port Roj'al, 
 in 1670, by the English. A constitution for this colony was 
 formed by the celebrated John Locke, somewhat on the 
 pLm of I'lato's Model Kepublic, which, however, signally 
 tailed. South Carolina was a proprietary government until 
 1719, when it became a royal colony. In lOSW a number 
 of French Huguenots, driven from France by the revocation 
 of the Edict of Xantz, settled in this state, and subse- 
 quently a number of Swiss, Irish, and Germans. South 
 Carolina was engaged with Georgia, under Oglethorpe, in 
 some contests witli the Spanish in Florida, and she also 
 suffered much from Indian depredations iu the e;irly times 
 of her settlement, particularly from the Yamasses, who 
 were expelled in 1715. This colony took an active part in 
 exciting and carrj'ing on the revolt of the colonies, and fur- 
 nished above 6000 troops to the federal forces. Slany bloody 
 struggles took place within her limits at Fort Moultrie, 
 Charleston, Monk's Corner, Caniden, King's Mountain, 
 Eutaw Springs, and Cowpens, with varying success, now 
 the British, and now the Carolinians having the advan- 
 tage. The state was occupied by the eueuiy the gre:iter 
 part of 1780 and 1781. South Carolina has taken an active 
 part in the affairs of the national government, and has fur- 
 nished some of the most distinguished American states- 
 men, being generally ably represented in the national coun- 
 cils. She had gone further than any other state in assorting 
 the rights and powers of the sovereign states in opposition 
 to the fetleral government, and was the first to rise in rebel- 
 lion after the election of President Lincoln in 1S60. Among 
 ht^r distingnishetl stat<ismen have been Lowudes, Pinckney, 
 Havne. Legiire, Poinsett, and Calhoun. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE. See Columbia, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SOUTH CAR'ROLL. a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee. 
 
 SOUTH CAR'ROLLTO.X, a post-viUage of Muhlenburg co., 
 Kentucky, on Green River, 100 miles S.W. of f ranldbrt. It 
 hits several stores and warehouses. 
 
 SOUTH CARTHAGE, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH CAR/VER, a post-office of Plymouth co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 SOUTH CASS, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 SOUTH C.\SS. a township of Orange co.. Indiana. 
 
 SOUTH CHARLESrrON, a beautiful post-vilbge of Madi- 
 son township, Clarke co., Ohio, on the Columbus and Xenifi 
 Rjiilroad, 35 miles W.S.W. of Columbus, has 2 or 3 churches. 
 Pop. 616. 
 
 SOUTH CHARLESTOWX, a post-village of Sullivan co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the Connecticut River, and on the Sul- 
 livan Railroad, 4 miles from Bellows Falls. 
 
 SOUTH CIIESn.'ERVILLE, a postKjffiee of Franklin co., 
 Maine. 
 
 SOUTH CHI'.VA. a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SOUTH'COATES, a township of England, co. of York, East 
 Biding. 
 
 SOUTH CODO'RUS, a town.ship of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 Intersected by the B;iitimore and Susquehanna Riiilroad, 14 
 miles \V. by 8. of York. 
 
 SOUTH COLUM'BIA, post-office of Herkimer co., N. York. 
 
 SOUTH CORI.NTH, a post-office of Penobscot CO., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH COR/IXTH, a post-vilLige of Saratoga co., New 
 York, 16 miles X. of Ballston Spa. 
 
 SOUTH COliT'LAND, a postvillage of CortUnd CO., Xew 
 York. 4 or 5 miles S.W. of Cortland Vilfeire. 
 
 SOUTH COVENTRY, a post-village in Coventry town- 
 »hip, Tolland co., Connecticut, on the Xew L<mdon, M'il- 
 limantic, and Palmer Railroad.^nd on the Willimantic 
 River, about 30 miles E. of Hartford. The inhabitants are 
 extensively engaged in manufactures. It contains three 
 churcUe-,, 1 iron-foundry, 1 m.ochine-shop, 5 woollen-mills, 
 1 Bilk-mill, 3 manufactories of cartridges, 1 of hooks and 
 eyes, and 1 of paper-boxes, &c. 
 
 SOUTH COVENTRY, a township of Chester co., Penasyl- 
 vania. Pop. 650. 
 
 SOUTH CREEK, a post-township of Bradford county, 
 Peuusylvauia, about 23 miles N.AV. of Towanda. Popular 
 tion 9;i7. 
 
 SOUTH CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort CO., North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 SOUTH DAXniY, a post^jffice of Tompkins co., X'ew York. 
 
 SOUTH DANS'VILLE, a post-vUlage of Steuben co.. New 
 York, 24 miles X.W. of Bath. 
 
 SOUTH DAXVERS, a post-village and township of Essex 
 CO. .Massachusetts, on the Salem and Lowell Railroad, 17 
 nules X.E. of Boston. Pop. C549. 
 
 SOUTH I)ART;.\I0UTH, a post^village of Bristol co., Ma«- 
 nachusetts. almut 00 miles S. of Boston 
 
 SOUTH'DKAX or CHES^CERS, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 Of Roxburgh. Near the village are the remains of British 
 catmps and forts. "»"...*» 
 
 ISIO 
 
 SOUTH DED1IAM, a post-village in Dedham tnwnshir, 
 Xorfolk CO., Massjichusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad, 
 14 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 SuUTII DEER'FIKLD, a post-village of Rockingham co, 
 Xew Ilampsliire, 15 miles S.E. of Concord. 
 
 SOUTH DEEHFIELD, a post-village of Franklin co., Mas- 
 .s.ichusetts. on the Connecticut liiver Railroad. 80 miles W. 
 by X. of Boston. The famous battle of Bloody Brook was 
 fought here, between the whites and Indians, in 1075. 
 SOUTH DEER ISLE, a post-oflRce of Hancock co.. Maine. 
 SOUTH DEX'NIS, a post-village in Dennis town.ship, 
 Biirnstalile co., Massiichusetts. about 70 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 SOUTH DOR/SET, a post-village in Dorset township, Ben- 
 nington CO., Vermont, about So miles S. by W. of Mont- 
 pelier. The inhabitants are principally engaged in quarry- 
 ing and drifssing marble. 
 SOUTH DO'VER, a post-office of Piscataquis co. Maine. 
 SOUTH DOVER, a post-village of Dutchess co., Xew Y'ork, 
 on the Harlem Railroad, 73 miles X.X.E. of Xew Y'ork. 
 SOUTH DltES'DEX, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 SOUTH DCR'HAM, a post-office, Androscoggin co.. Maine. 
 SOUTH DURHAM, a iX)st-office of Greene co., Xew York. 
 SOUTH'EASE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 SOUTHEAST, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of I'utuam CO.. New York, intersected by the Harlem Rail- 
 road. Pop. 2350, 
 
 SOUTH-EAST ISLAXD. an island of the Louisiade Archi- 
 pelago; lat. rS.E. point) 11° 38' S., Ion. 153° 45' E.; 41 miles 
 long, and lOj miles broad at its greatest width. 
 SOUTH EAST'OX, a post-office, Bristol co., Massachusetts. 
 SOUTH EASTOX, a post-office of Washington co.. New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH EASTON. a flourishing town of E.iston township, 
 Northampton co., Pennsylvania, on the n^hi bank of the 
 Lehigh liiver, at its entrance into the Delaware. 1 mile S. 
 of Easton. It contains manufactures of iron, cotton, tiour, 
 and lumber. These are propelled by the water-power fur- 
 ni.shed by the Lehigh Canal, Pop. 2124. 
 
 SOUTH EATON, a post-office ot Wyoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 SOUTH ED'.MESTOX, a post-office of Otsego co., Xew York. 
 SOUTH ED'WARDS. a post-office of St. Lawrence co- New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH EG'REMOXT, a post-vill.ige of Berkshire co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 120 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH EiyLlOTT, a post-office of York co.. M.iine. 
 SOUTUEXD', a hamlet and watering-place of England, oa 
 of Essex. 
 
 SOUTHEXD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argjle, com- 
 prising the S. extremity of the peninsula of Kiutyre, and 
 the island of Sanda. 
 
 SOUTH EX'GLISH, a post-village of Keokuk co.. Iowa, 
 near the South Fork of English River, 35 miles S.W. by W. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 SOUTH E'RIN, a po.stroffice of Chemung co„ New Y'ork. 
 SOUTH ERLAXD, stiTii'er-land, a post-office of Dinwiddie 
 CO., Virgini.i. 
 SOUTHERN ST.iTES. See Umted States. 
 SOUTHERN TH1X3L0G1CAL SE.MIXARY. See Colc3CBIA, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SOUTH FAIR'FAX, a flourishing village of Franklin co., 
 Vermont, on the Lamoille River, which affords excellent 
 water-power, 35 miles X.E. by E. of Montpelier. It has 
 several handsome churche.s, a large flouring mill, and 6 
 stores. X fine building. 140 feet by 50, has been erected for 
 the Xew Hamptou Academical Institute, removed from New 
 Hampton. 
 
 SOUTH FAIOIS, a post-village of Litchfield co,, Connecti- 
 cut, 35 miles W. by S. of Hartford. 
 
 SOUTH FAYETTE, (fi-yJtt/) a township of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1260. 
 
 SOUTH'FIELD, a postofflce of Berkshire co., Massachu 
 setts. 
 
 SOUTIIFIELD, a toVnship of Richmond co.. New York, 
 on Staten Island, 12 miles S.W. of New York Citv. P. 3645. 
 SOUTIIFIELD, a post-township in the S.E. part of Oak- 
 land CO., Michisan. Pop. 1497. 
 
 SOUTH FITCH'BURG, a village of Worcester co.. Ma.=sa- 
 chusetts, on the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad, 5 miles 
 from Fitchburg. 
 SOUTH'FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 SOUTH FLOlfEXCE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 SOUTH'FORD, a post-village of New Haven co., Con- 
 necticut 
 SOUTH FORK, a post-office of Ashe co.. North Carolina. 
 SOUTH FORK, a township of Clark co., Arkansas. 
 SOUTH FORK, a township of Fulton co., Arkan.<;as. 
 SOUTH FORK, a post-office of Owsley co., Kentucky. 
 SOUTH FOI!K, a post-office of Wavne co.. Iowa. 
 SOUTH FOSTER, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 SOUTH FRA'MINGHAM, a post-villagf of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Boston and AVorcester Railroad, V 
 miles E. by S. of Boston. 
 
sou 
 
 901 'TH rRANK/LIN, a post-office of Norfolk co., Massa- 
 
 dlUSBtts. 
 
 SOUTH FUEE'DOM, a postofflce of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH 0.\L'WAY, a post-offlce of Saratoga co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH OAK'DINER, a post-village of Worcester co., Mas- 
 Bachusetts. It contains numerous chair fiictories. 
 
 SOUTH'GATK, a villajre and chapelry of Kngland, co. of 
 Sliddlesex, 8 miles N.N.W. of London. 
 
 SOUTH OATK, a post-offlce of Franklin co., Indiana. 
 
 SOUTH GKNESKK, ( j Jn-e-seo',) a post-village in Genesee 
 township. Waukesha co., Wisconsin, 21 miles W. by S. of 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 SOUTH GIBSON, a post-ofBce of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 Fylvania. 
 
 SOUTHOIB'SON, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee, 
 15 miles S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 SOUTH G 1 LBO'A, a post-office of Schoharie co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH GLASn'EN BURY, a post-village of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut, on Connecticut Hiver, about 10 miles S. of 
 Hartford. It has manufactures of mousseline-de-laines. 
 
 SOUTH GLENN'S FALLS, a postK)fficeof Saratoga co.. 
 New York. 
 
 SOUTH GRAX'BY. a post-office of Oswego co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH GRAN'VILLE, a post-office of Washington co., 
 New Y'ork. 
 
 SOUTH GREECE, a post-office of Monroe co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH GROTON, a post-office of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 SOUTH GROVE, a post-village and township of De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois, about TO miles W.N.AV. of Chicago. Pop. 662. 
 
 SOUTH GROVE, a post-village iu Walworth township, 
 Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 
 SOUTH HAIVLEY, a post-village and township of Hamp- 
 shire CO., ALL^sachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 
 90 miles W. by S. of Boston. The population is about equally 
 dividetl between the old parish at the N., and South Hadley 
 Fall.s Village iu the S. part of the township. At South Ilad- 
 ley Falls Village there is a lasge factory for the m.anufacture 
 of ginghams, with 10.000 spindles, belonging to the " Glas- 
 gow Company," employing from 300 to 400 persons, 2 
 paper-mills, 2 churches, and 4 or 5 stores ; in the other part 
 of the township are 2 paper-mills, 2 satlnette mills, a 
 »ash and blind factory, a batting and wick mill, a Congrega- 
 tional church, and 3 stores. Mount Ilolyoke Female Semi- 
 nary, situated near the centre of South Hadley, is a very 
 flourishing institution, incorporated in 1836, designed to 
 accommodate 2.')0 young ladies. It w!vs founded by Miss 
 Mary Lyon, with a view to furnish a thorough and useful 
 education, at a very re.asonable cost, to such young ladies 
 as are disposed to devote themselves to teaching and other 
 useful occujjations. It was the first institution of the kind 
 established in the country, and has ever been regarded as a 
 model school of high order. Pupils are received at 16 years 
 of age and upwards, and the course of study comprises 3 
 years. Mount Holyoke, the summit of which affords a 
 most beautiful prospect, is situated in the N. part of the 
 township: it is a place of much resort in the warm season. 
 South Hadley Falls are rapids in the Connecticut, extend- 
 ing about 3 miles along the S.W. part of the township, 
 having in all a descent of about 50 feet. Around this fall 
 there is a boat canal of about 3 miles in length, cut most 
 of the way in day-slate rock ; it was constructed by a cor- 
 poration in 1702, and Is said to be the first canal for naviga- 
 tion ever made in this country. In 1848 the Hadley Falls 
 Company constructed a dam, 30 feet high, .across the river, 
 near the lower part of the falls. This dam, in a most beau- 
 tiful location, furnishes one of the largest and finest water 
 privileges in the United States: it can be used on both 
 sides of the river. Several large factories are in operation 
 on the W. side, in Holyoke, while much of the power is yet 
 unoccupied, and for sale. A bridge has been chartered across 
 Connecticut River, to connect South Hadley Falls Village 
 and the town of Holyoke, a little below the great dam. 
 Pop. 2277. 
 
 SOUTH HADLEY FALLS, a post-village of Hampshire 
 CO., Massachusetts. See Sodth H.^dley. 
 
 SOUTH HAL'IFAX, a post-office of Windham co., Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 SOUTH H AM'LET, a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SOUTH HAM'MOND, a pnstrvillage of St. Lawrence CO., 
 New York, about 38 miles W.S.W. of Canton. 
 
 SOUTH HAMP'DEN, a post-office of Penobscot CO., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH HA'iIP'TON, a post-township of Rockingham CO., 
 New Hampshiie. 45 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 549. 
 
 SOUTH HAMPTON, a post-village and township of Suf- 
 iblk CO.. New York, on Long Island, Immediately S.E. of 
 River-head, about 100 miles E. of New York. The village 
 iontains an academy, and 1 or 2 churches. The township 
 IS wathed by the Atlantic on the S., and Great Peconic Bay 
 on the N. Pop. 6803. 
 
 SOUTH HAMPTON, a post-office of Gallatin CO., Illinois. 
 
 80UTH IIAN'OVKR, a township of Dauphin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1065. 
 
 'south HANOVER, a post-village of Jefferson co., In- 
 diana, 6 or 7 miles W.S.W. of Madison. It has au institu- 
 
 SOU 
 
 tion styled South Hanover College. A plank-road extends 
 from this village to Madison. 
 
 SOUTH HAN'SON, a post-offlce of Plymouth co., Mass* 
 chusetts. 
 
 SOUTH HARD/WICK, a post-village of Caledonia co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH HAR/PETH, a postoffice of Davidson co., Teu- 
 nessee. 
 
 SOUTH IIAR/RISBURG, a post-offlce of Lewis co.. New 
 York. 
 
 SOOTH IIART'FORD, a post-offlce of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH HARTFORD, a post-village of Washington co., 
 New York, about 50 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It has 2 
 churches. " 
 
 SOUTH HART'WICK. a post-office, Otsego co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 SOUTH HAR/WICH, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. SO miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH HA'VEN, a post-office of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH HAVEN, a posUownship in the W. part of Van 
 Buren co., Slichigan. Pop. 401. 
 
 SOUTH IIAW'LEY, a post-village of Franklin co., Massa- 
 chu.setts, 106 miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH HENRIET/TA, a post-offlce of Jackson co^ 
 Michigan. 
 
 SOUTH HER/MITAGE, a post-offlce of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SOUTH HE'RO, a post-township of Grand Isle co., V,-r. 
 mont, comprising an island in Lake Champlain of its owt 
 name. Length, about 10 miles. Pop. C17. 
 
 SOUTH HILL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 SOUTH HILL, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 SOUTH HILL, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York 
 
 SOUTH HILL, a post-vill.-ige of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 150 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SOUTH HIIjL, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Virginia. 
 
 SODTH IIIXG'HAM, a post-village of Plymouth co., M.as 
 sachusetts, 15 miles S.E. of Boston. Boots and shoes ai 
 manufactured here to a considerable extent. 
 
 SOUTH HOL'LOW, a post-village of .To Daviess CO., Illi 
 noi.s, near Mississippi River, 180 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 SOUTH HOPE, a post-office of Waldo co.. Maine. 
 
 SOUTH HOW/ARD. a postoffice of Steuben CO.. New Y'ork. 
 
 SOUTH HUXT'INGDON, a township of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 2264. 
 
 SOUTH INDEPENDENCE, a post-office of Decatur co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 SOUTH'INGTON. a post-village and township of Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut, on the New Haven and Northampton Rail- 
 road, 16 miles S.W. of Hartford. It contains 4 or 6 churches, 
 numerous stores, and an academy. Pop. 3iU5. 
 
 SOUTHINGTOiN, a post-township in the W. part of Trum- 
 bull CO., Ohio. Pop. 8W. 
 
 SOUTH JACK'SON, a postoffice of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH JACKSON, a post-village of Jackson co., Michl- 
 gan, 75 miles W. by S. of Detroit. 
 
 SOUTH KEENE, a village in Keene township, Cheshire 
 CO.. New Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, about 44 
 miles S.W. of Concord. 
 
 SOUTH KENT, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, 65 miles W. by S. of Hartford. 
 
 SOUTH KIL'LINGLY, a post-village of Windham co., 
 Connecticut. 50 miles E. of Hartford. 
 
 SOUTH KINGSrrON, a postoffice of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH KINGSTON, a township of Washington co., 
 Rhode Island, on the Stonington and Providence Railroad, 
 22 miles S. of Providence. It has 3 banks, 9 churches, and 
 manufactures of cotton goods and other articles. Pop. 4717. 
 
 SOUTH KIKT'LAXD, a post-office of Lake co., Ohio. 
 
 SOUTH KORT'WRIGHT, a post-village of Delaware co., 
 Y^ork. 75 miles W. bv S. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTH LANCASTER, a post-offlce of Worcester co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 SOUTH LANDING, a postoffice of Cabell co., W. Virginia. 
 
 SOUTH LAN'SINO, a post-offlce of Tompkins co.. New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH LEB'.\NON, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, ailjoining the county-seat. Pop. 1736. 
 
 SOUTH LEE, a post-village of Berkshire CO., Massachu- 
 setts, on the Berkshire Kailroad, 125 miles W. by S. of 
 Boston. 
 
 SOUTH LEEDS, a post-offlce of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH iyIM.\. a postoffice of Livingston co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 SOUTH LINCOLN, (liuk'yn,) a post-village of Penobscot 
 CO.. Maine. U«i miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 SOUTH LlVcVNIA, a post-village of Livingston co., New 
 York, on the Buffalo Corning and Rochester Railroad, 
 about 40 miles S.E. of Batavia. 
 
 SOUTH LON^DONDER/RY, a post-village of Windham co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH LOWELL, a small village of Johnson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SOUTH LOWELL, a post-village of Orange co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 SOUTH LYME, a post-village and township of New Lon- 
 
 1817 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 Aon ;o., Connecticut, on the Xew Haven and New London 
 Bailrojid, abo ut 40 miles E. of New Haven. See Lyme. 
 
 SOOTH LYXDEBOKOUGH. (lind'har-rfih,) a postofflce 
 of Hillsborough co., New Hampshire. 
 
 SOTTTH LY'ON. a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 SOUTH MALUliN, (mawi'dgn,) a post-village in Maiden 
 township, Middlesex co.. Massachusetts, on Maiden River, 
 which is here navigable for vessels of 300 tons, 3i miles N.of 
 Boston. It contains a church, a silk-printing and dyeing 
 establishment, and a tide mill, at which large quantities 
 of grain are ground. The inhabitants are also extensively 
 engaged in the manufacture of brick. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 SOUTH MAN'CHKSTKK, a post-ofBce of Hartford Co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 SOUTH MAKCEIVLUS, a postoffice of Onondaga co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH MAX'FIELU, a post-office of Penobscot co.. Maine. 
 
 SOUTH MEll'HlMACK, a post-village of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Wilton Branch Kailroad, about 
 30 miles S. of Concord. 
 
 SOUTH JIID'DLEBOROUGH, a post-village of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, ou the Cape Cod Railroad, 3S miles S. by 
 E. of Boston, 
 
 SOUTH MID'DLETON, a township of Camberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 2873. 
 
 SOUTH JIIL'FOliD, a post-village of Worcester co, Mas- 
 gachusetts, 30 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH MILI'ORD, a village of Sussex co., Delaware, on 
 the right bank of Mispilliou Creek, opposite Milford, 21 
 miles S.S.E. of Dover. Ship-building constitutes the chief 
 business of the village. It has 1 church, 3 stores, and 68-4 
 iu)iabitant<j. 
 
 SOUTH MILFORD. a post-office of Cecil co.. Marvland. 
 
 SOUTH MILFORD, a post-office of La Grange co,,' Indiana, 
 
 SOUTH MILLS, a post-office of Camden co., North Carolina. 
 
 SOUTH MIVTON, a postoffice of Strafford co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH MOLTON, England. See Moltos. South. 
 
 SOUTH MOLUN/CUS, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH MONT'VILLE, a post-office of Waldo Co.. Maine. 
 
 SOUTH NASH'VILLE, a flourishing town of Ihvvidson co., 
 Tennessee, on the left bank of Cumberland River. It may 
 be regasxied as a suburb of the city of Niishville, although it 
 was separately incorporated in 1S50. Since that time it has 
 rapidly increased in population and importance. It has 3 
 churches, and several male and female schools ; one of these 
 is a free school, supported by a public tax, and attended by 
 15'J pupils of both sexes — probably the only school of the 
 kind in Tennessee. The ground was presented to the public 
 by John Trimble. E.sq. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 SOUTH NA'TICK. a post-village of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 16 miles S.W. bv W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH NEW BEK/LIX, a post-village of Chenango co,, 
 New York, about 100 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTH NEW'BUUG. a post-office of Penobscot eo., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH NEW/BURY, a postoffice of Merrimack co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH NEWBURY, a post-village of Oranire co., Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH NEW'CASTLK, a post-office of Gallia co„ Ohio. 
 
 SOUTH NEWMAU/KET, a post-village and township of 
 Rockingham co.. New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine 
 Railroad, 4 miles from Exeter. It was incorporated from 
 New Market in 1850. It has a large foundry and machine 
 shop. Pop. 786, 
 
 SOUTH NEWPORT, a small post-village of Mcintosh co., 
 Georgia. 40 miles S.W. of Savannah. 
 
 SOUTH NKW'RY, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH NORFOLK, a post-office of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 SOUTH NORTHFIELD. a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 SOUTH NOR/WALK, formerly OLD WELL, a seaport and 
 post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut, on the right bank 
 of the Norwalk River, near its mouth, and on the New York 
 and New Haven Railrotid, 33 miles W.S.W. of New Haven. 
 The iiihabiti»nts are largely engaged in the manufacture of 
 felt beaver hats. Ste.vmboats ply between the village and 
 New York. On the 6th of May, 18!i3, a locomotive and two 
 passenger cars were here precipitated through an open draw- 
 bridsse. and 47 lives lost, 
 
 Sl^UTH'OK. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 SOUTH'OLD. a po.st-village and township of Suffolk co., 
 New York, on the Long Island Railroad. 91 miles E. by N, 
 of New York, and on Long Island Sound and Great Peconic 
 Bay, Pop. of the township. 5833. 
 
 SOUTH OLIVE, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 SOUTHOLT. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SOUTH ONONDAGA, (on'9n-daw'ga.) a postoffice of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York. 
 
 SOUTH OR'AXGE, a post-village of Essex co,. New Jer- 
 sey, on the Morris and Essex Railroad. 6 miles W. of Newark. 
 
 SOUTH OR/LEANS, a postoffice of Barnstable co., Mas- 
 SachnsKttg. 
 
 SOUTH ORmiNGTON, a post-village of Orrington town- 
 ship, I'enohscot co., Maine, on the E, side of I'enobscot River, 
 6 or 7 miles below Bangor. It contains a church and 5 
 1818 
 
 stores. The inh.ibitants are extensively engaged ia the 
 lumber trade and navigation. 
 
 -SOUTH OTSE'LIC, a post-office of Chen.ingo co,. New York, 
 
 SOUTH OWE^GO, a post-office of Tioga co.. New York, 
 
 SOUTH OX'FORD, a post-office of Chenango co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH OYSTER BAY, a post-office of Queen's co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH PAR'IS, a thriving post-village of Paris township, 
 Oxford CO., Maine, on the Little Androscoggin River and 
 St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad, about 38 miles S.W. by 
 W. of Augusta. It contaius 2 churches, an academy, fl 
 stores, 1 woollen mill, 2 saw mills, and 2 grist mills, 
 
 SOUTH PARK'.MAN, a post-office of Piscataquis co., ^Maine. 
 
 SOUTH PAR'SONFIELD, a post-office of York co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH PER'RY, a post-village of Hocking co., Ohio, 16 
 miles S.W. of Logan. 
 
 SOUTH PITCH'ER, a post-office of Chenango co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH PITTS/BURQ, a borough, of Alleghany co>, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left or S. bank of the Monongahela River, 
 opposite Pittsburg, and immediately above the couflueuee 
 of that river with the Alleghany. It is connected with the 
 city by a bridge 1500 feet long. Here are extensive manu- 
 factures of iron and glass. Pop. in 1850, 1883: in 1860, 
 18S8. 
 
 SOUTH PLYM'OUTH, a postoffice of Plymouth co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 SOUTH PLYMOUTH, a post-office of Chenango co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH PLYMOUTH, a pastoffice of Fayette co., Ohio. 
 
 SOUTH PLYMOUTH, a post-office of Wavne CO.. Michigan. 
 
 SOUTH POINT, a postotlice of Lincoln co.. North Carolina, 
 177 miles W'. of Raleigh. 
 
 SOUTH POINT, a village of Franklin co., >Iissouri, on 
 the Missouri River, 60 miles from its mouth, has a good 
 landing, 
 
 SOUTH POM'FRET, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont 
 
 SOUTH'PORT, a village an*d chapelry of England, co. of 
 Liincaster, at the mouth of the Ribble, in the Irish Sea. It 
 is resorted to for sea bathing. 
 
 SOUTH'PORT, formerly TOWNS'END, a township of Lin- 
 coln CO.. ilaine. The name w.is changed in 1850. Pop.708. 
 
 SOUTH POUT, a beautiful post-borough in Fairfield town- 
 ship, Fairfield co., Connecticut, on the coast, and on the New 
 York and New Haven Railroad, 24 miles S.W. of New Haven 
 It contains 3 churches, 2 banks, 1 academy, and a scliuoi- 
 houso, erected at a' cost of about $7000. It has a good har- 
 bor (which has been improved by appropriations from Con- 
 gre.«s) for vessels of 100 tons. The tonnage belonging to 
 this port amounts to 25,000 tons, probably the greatest in 
 proportion to its size owned in any place in the United 
 States. Within the borough limits is a portion of the swamp 
 where the Pequots, in 1637, made their last stand, and were 
 exterminated by the whites, commanded by Mason. Pop. 
 in 1864, about 1200. 
 
 SOUTHPORT, a post-village and township forming the 
 S.W. extremity of Chemung co., New York, about 190 miles 
 W.S.W. of Albany. The township is intersected by the Er'fi 
 Railroad, and drained by Chemung River. Pop. 4733. 
 
 SOUTHPORT, a post-village of Marion CO., Indiana, ori tai 
 railroad between Madison and Indianapolis, 6 miles S.of ttu 
 lattor. contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 SOUTH PORT,.a post-office of Peoria co,, Illinois. 
 
 SOUTHPORT. a township, Kenosha co., Wisconsin. 
 
 SOUTHPORT VILL.A.GE, Wisconsin. See Ke.nosha. 
 
 SOUTH PRAI'RIE, a village of Boone co., Illinois, 8C 
 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 SOUTH PROS'PECT, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH PULT'NEY, a postvillage of Steuben co^ Nfei» 
 York, about 210 miles AV. by S. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTH QUAY, a post-office of Nansemond co., Virginia. 
 
 SOUTH RAN'DOLPH, a post-office of Norfolk co., Massa 
 chusetts. 
 
 SOUTH RAYOIOND, a post-office of Rockingham co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH READ'ING, (rJd'ing,) a postvillage of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, atiout 60 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 
 SOUTH RE.\DING, a postvillage of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 11 miles N. of 
 Boston. It contains 4 chnrclies, an academy, 1 bank, 1 
 savings bank, 1 foundry for casting stoves, and several large 
 manufactories of shoes. Pop. of the tov\'n»liip. ;'.207. 
 
 SOUTH'REY. a parish of England, co, of Noi-folk. 
 
 SOUTH RTCH'LAND, a post-office of Oswego CO., New York. 
 
 SOUTH RIDGE, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 
 SOUTH UIVEK, New Jersey. See Man.\l.\pax Brook. 
 
 SOUTH RIVER, of Virginia, a small branch of the She- 
 nandoah, rises in Augusta county, flows in a N E. course, 
 and unites with the other main branch at Port Republic, iu 
 Rockingham county. 
 
 SOUTH RIVER, of North Carolina, forms the boundary 
 between Bladen and New Hanover counties, and enters Cape 
 Fear River aljout 10 miles N.W. of Wilmington. 
 
 SOUTH RIVER, of Iowa, enters Des Moines River ncai 
 the E. line of Polk countj. 
 
sou 
 
 SOOTTI RTVER, a post-office of MiddlesBX co., New Jersey. 
 
 SOUTH ItlVKIl, post-offiee, Anne Arundel co., Maryland. 
 
 SOUTH RIVER, a township, Marion co.. Missouri. P. 792. 
 
 SOUTH'llOI', a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SOUTH ROY'ALSTON, a post-village of Royalston town- 
 ship, Worcester county, Massachusetts, on Miller's River, 
 which here affords good water-power, about 35 miles N. of 
 Worcester. It contains 2 churches, a woollen mill, saw and 
 grist mills, and other establishments. Pop estimated at 300. 
 
 SOUTH KOY ALTON, a post-village of Windsor co., Ver- 
 mont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 27 miles from 
 Windsor. 
 
 SOUTH ROY ALTON, a post-office of Niagara co., New York. 
 
 SOUTH RUT'LAND, a postrofflce, JeEferson co.. New Yorlc. 
 
 SOUTH RYF;'GATK. a post-office of Caledonia CO., Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH SA'LKM, a post-village of Westchester co., New 
 Torl<, about VH) miles S. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTH SALEM, a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, 16 miles 
 S.W. of Chillieothe. 
 
 SOUTH SALU'DA, a post-office of Green ville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SOUTH SAND'FORD, a post-office of York co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH SAND LAKK, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH SAND'WICH, a post-village of Barnstable co., 
 Massachu.setts. 60 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH SAN'GERVILNE, a post-office of Piscataquis co., 
 Maine. 
 
 SOUTH SCHODAC, (sko-dak'.)a post-village of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York, about 18 miles S. by K. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTH SCIT'UATE, a post-village of Plymouth CO., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 25 miles S.E. of Boston. P. of the township, 1774. 
 
 SOUTH SCITUATE. a post-village of Scituate township, 
 Providence co., Rhode Island. It has manufactures of cot- 
 ton goods. 
 
 SOUTH SE'REC. a post-office of Piscataquis co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH SEE'KOXK, a post-village of Bristol co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 45 miles S.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH SHAKT8'I!URY. a post-village ofSennington CO., 
 Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 49 miles S. by 
 W. of Rutland. It has manufactures of woollen goods and 
 leatht!-. 
 
 SOUTH SHENAN'GO, a post-township forming the S.W. 
 extj-emity of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, intersected by She- 
 nango Creek. Pop. 1393. 
 
 SOUTH SHI;TLAND or NEW SOUTH SHETLAND, an 
 archipelago, situated in the South Atlantic. 600 miles S. of 
 Cape Horn, between lat. eO° 32' and 67° 15' S.,' and Ion. 44^^ 53' 
 and 08*^ 15' W. As far as is known, these islands are wholly 
 destitute of vegetation, except a species of moss found upon 
 the rocks near the shore. The remote mountainous regions 
 are covered with perpetual ice and snow. Among the prin- 
 cipal islands may be mentioned Adelaide, conspicuous for its 
 range of snowy mountains, with a single peak shooting up 
 into the clouds: Bridgemarj, consisting chiefly of a volcanic 
 cone, from which smoke is seen issuing, indicating its 
 activity; Smith Island, .so called from its first discoverer; 
 Saddle Island, with a peak 1643 feet high; Coronation or 
 Mainland, the largest of the group; Desolation Island, nearly 
 In the form of a horseshoe, and consisting of volcanic preci- 
 pices, which are evidently the edges of an extinct crater; 
 and Livingston, King George's, and Elephant Islands. The 
 South Shetlands were first discovered by Captain William 
 Smith, of the brig' Williams of Blythe, in 1819, and were 
 shortly after much frequented by whalers. Owing to the 
 prevalence of fogs and vast accumulations of ice, the navi- 
 gation here is very dangerous, and hence Sir James Ross, 
 who visited the islands fn 1842, gives to one group the name 
 of Danger Islets. 
 
 SOUTH SHREWS'BURY, a post-village of Worcester, co., 
 Massachusetts. 35 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH'SIDE. a post-office of Richmond co., New York. 
 
 SOUTH SO'DUS. a post-village of Wayne co.. New York, 
 about 190 mile.s W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTH SO'LOX, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH SOLON, a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, 56 
 miles W. of Columbus. 
 
 SOUTH STE'PHENTOWN, a post-office of Rensselaer co.. 
 New York. 
 
 SOUTH STEE/LING, a posi>offlce of Wayne co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 SOUTH ST. GEORGE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH STOD'DARD, a post-office of Cheshire co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH STOW, a village of Stow township, Lamoille co., 
 Ver/nont, about 18 miles N.E. by N. of Montpelier. 
 
 SOUTH STRABANE, (strj-ban',) a township of Washing- 
 ton CO., )'enn.sylvania. Pop. 1063. 
 
 SOUTH STKAP'FORD, a post-village of Orange co., Ver- 
 mont, 35 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 SOUTH TAM'WORTH, a post-office of Carroll co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 SOUTH THOM'*ST0N. a post-village and township of 
 Knov tu., iiiaine, oa Penobscot Bay, 40 miles S.E. by h. of 
 Augusta. It contains a sash and blind factory, and a public 
 
 SOD 
 
 library, just established. Ship-building ^ extensively car- 
 ried on; 3 .ships, 4 barques, and 3 other vessels were bull* 
 here in 1S53. I'op. in 1850, 1420 ; in 1860, 1615. 
 
 SOUTH THOMP'SON, a post-office of Geauga CO., Ohio. 
 
 SOUTH THURSTON, a post-office, Steuben co., New York 
 
 SOUTH-TOWN, a hamlet and suburb of Great Yarmoutii. 
 England, co. of Norfolk, on the Y'are, at the S.W. side of the 
 town. 
 
 SOUTH TREN'TON, a post-office of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH TYR/INGIIAM, a post-village of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts. 120 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH U'NION. a post-village of Logan co., Kentucky, 
 165 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 SOUTH VAL'LEY, a post-vill.ige of Otsego co.. New York, 
 about 12 miles E. of Cooperstown. 
 
 SOUTH VAS'SALBOROUGH, a post-office of Kennebec co., 
 Maine. 
 
 SOUTH VERrvON, a village of Windham co., Vermont, on 
 Connecticut River, at the junction of the Connecticut Riyer 
 and Brattleborough Branch Railroads, 100 miles S. by E. of 
 Montpelier. 
 
 SOUTH'VILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, on the left bank of Housiitonic River, 30 miles N.W. of 
 New Haven. Pop. about 100. 
 
 SOUTHVILLE. a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New- 
 York, on St. Regis River, about 220 miles N.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTHVILLE, a post-village of Shelby co.. Kentucky, 31 
 miles W.X.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 SOUTH WAI/DEN, a postoffice of Caledonia co., Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH WALES. See Wales. 
 
 SOUTH WALES, a post-village of Erie co.. New York, 21 
 miles S.E. of BnfTalo. 
 
 SOUTH WAI/LINGFORD, a post-office of Rutland co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 SOUTH WAL'POLE, a post-village of Norfolk co., Massa- 
 chusetts, about 22 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH WARDS'BOROUGH, a post-office of Windham co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 SOUTIIAV.\RK, stiTH'airk, a parliamentary borough of 
 England, co. of Surrey, on the S. bank of the Thames, im- 
 mediately opposite the city of London, with which it com- 
 municates by London, Southwark, and Blackfriars' bridges. 
 Pop. in 1851, 172,863. It is one of the principal commercial 
 quarters of the metropolis. The principal edifices are the 
 churches of St. Saviour and St. George-in-the-Fields, Guy's 
 and St. Thomas's Hospitals, the Magdalen Asylum, Quoen'g 
 Bench Prison, Surrey Theatre, and Messrs. Barclay & Co.'a 
 immense brewery. Its government is exercised by the cor- 
 poration of the city of London. It sends 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 SOUTHWARK, sOwth'wlirk, a former district of Philadel- 
 phia county, on the Delaware River, immediately S. of the 
 old city proper. It is now included within the limits of the 
 city of PmnnELPniA, which see. 
 
 SOUTH WAli'REN, a pos(-offlce of Bradford co., Penn.syl- 
 vania. 
 
 SOUTH WAR'SAW, a post-office, Wyoming co., New York. 
 
 SOUTH WaT/ERFORD, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH WEARE, a post-office of Hillsborough co.. New 
 Hamp.shire. 
 
 SOtJTII'WELL, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Nottingham. It has remains of a palace, which was the 
 favorite residence of Wolsey, the county bridewell, assem- 
 bly rooms, theatre, and manufactures of silks, stockings, 
 and lace. Pop. in 1851, 3516. 
 
 SOUTH WELL'FLEET, a post-village of AVellfleet town- 
 ship. Barnstable co., Massachusetts. It has a wharfs The 
 inhabitants are extensively engaged in the fisheries. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST, a post-township forming the S.W. extre- 
 mity of Warren co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 616. 
 
 SOUTH WESTERLOO, a post-village of Albany co.. New 
 York, 20 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST HARBOR, a post-village in Hancock co., 
 Maine. 114 miles E. by S. of Augusta. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST KEYS. See ALiiUQWERQUE Isl.\nds. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST OSWE/GO, a post-office of Oswego co., New 
 York. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST/PORT, a post-village of Bristol co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 60 miles S.W. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. See Mabys- 
 VIIXE, Tennessee. 
 
 SOUTH WEY'MOUTH, a post-village in Weymouth town- 
 ship, Norfolk CO., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony Rail- 
 road, 11 miles S. of Boston. The inhabitants are exten- 
 sively engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, there 
 being from 15 to 20 establishments in operation. 
 
 SOUTH WHITE'IIALL, a post-township of Lehigh CO., 
 Penn.sylvania, on the right side of the Lehigh River, about 
 6 miles N.W. of Allen town. Pop. 4085. 
 
 SOUTH WHIT'LEY, a postoffice of Whitley co., Indiana, 
 about 95 miles N. by E. by Indianapolis. 
 
 SOUTH'WICK, a parish of England, cc of Northampton. 
 
 SOUTIIWICK, a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 SOUTHWICK, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex, 2 miles 
 NJE. of New Shorebam, having a station en the London and 
 
 1819 
 
sou 
 
 Sonth Coast Railway. The church is an ancient and inte- 
 resting edifii.-e. 
 
 SfJUTHWtCK, a chapelrv of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SOUTinVICK, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 The population are employed in manufactures of glass and 
 earthenware, and in ship-building. 
 
 SOTTTII'WiCK, a post-township of Hampden co., Mttssa- 
 chusetts, 100 miles "VV. bv S. of Boston. Pop. 1188. 
 
 SOUTH WIL'BRAHAAI, a post-village of Wilbraliam 
 township, Hampden co., Massachusetts, 11 miles E.S.E. of 
 Bpringfield. It h;i8 3 churches, an academy, 3 woollen mills. 
 
 SOUTH WIULIAMSTOWN, a post^village of Berkshire 
 CO.. Massachusetts, 130 miles W. by N. of Boston, contains 1 
 or 2 churches. 
 
 SOUTH WII/SON, a post-offlce of Niag.ira co.. New York. 
 
 SOUTH WIND'HAM, a post-village of Cumberland co., 
 Maine. 
 
 SOUTH WINDHAM, a post-office, Windham co.. Vermont 
 
 SOUTH WINDHAM, a po.sMillage of Windhum co., Con- 
 necticut, on the New London Northern Rivilroad, 26 miles 
 N. of New l.nndnn. 
 
 SOUTH WIND'SOR, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 SOUTH WIND'SOR, a new postrtownship of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut, on the E, side of Connecticut Rirer, 8 miles 
 N.E. of Hartford. Pop. 1789. 
 
 SOUTH WO'BURN, a village of Middlesex co., Massachu- 
 setts, on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W. of 
 Boston. 
 
 SOUTH'WOLD, a municipal borough, seaport town, and 
 parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on the North Sea. between 
 the river Blythe and Buss Creek. Pop. in 1851, 2109. The 
 principal buildings are the guild-hall, new jail, a handsome 
 church, and some batteries. The harbor has been improved 
 by the erection of 2 piers, and the town has an import trade 
 in coal, herring fishery, and accommodations for visitors as 
 a place of summer resort. It rose on the decline of Dunwich, 
 the ancient capital of East Anglia. progressively submerged 
 by the sea. In Southwold (or Sole) Bay. an obstinate en- 
 gagement between the English and combined French and 
 Dut^h fleets took place on the 6th of May, 1672, in which 
 the E.arl of Sandwich was blown up with his ship. 
 
 SOUTH WOLFOiOROUGH, a post-village of CarroU co.. 
 New Hampshire, 35 miles N.E. of Concord. 
 
 SOUTH'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SOUTH WOOIVBURY, a township of Bedford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1389. 
 
 SOUTH WOOD/STOCK, a post^village of Windsor co., Ver- 
 mont. 50 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. 
 
 SOUTH WOR'CESTER, (woos'ter,) a post-village of Ot- 
 sego CO., New York, alx>ut 60 miles W. bv S. of .\lbany. 
 
 SOUTH'WORTH-AXi><!BOFT, a township of England, co. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 SOUTH WRENT'HAM, a post^village of Norfolk co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 25 miles S.W. of Boston, contains a bank, and 
 about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 SOUTH YAD'KIX. a sm.ill stream of North Carolina, 
 which enters the Yadkin from the right, about 9 miles n! 
 of Salisburv. 
 
 SOUTH tAM HILL, a post-offlce of Polk co., Oregon. 
 
 SOUTH YAR/MOUTH, a post-village in Barnstable CO., 
 Mass.ic'husetts. 80 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 SOUTH YUBA RIVER, California. See Deer Creek. 
 
 SOUTOUKO. See Sootooko. 
 
 SOU'VIE'S ISLANDS, a posfroffice of Clark co., Oregon. 
 
 SOUA'IGNY. soo'veenVee', a town of France, department 
 Allier. 6 miles W.S.W. of Moulins. Pop. 1756. 
 
 SOUVILLIER, sooVee'y.'i', a village of Switzerland. can- 
 Ion, and 27 miles N.W. of Bern, on the SUss. Pop. 1904. 
 
 SOUVRET. soo^vrA/, a vill.ige of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, 21 miles E, of Mons. Pop. 1U4. 
 
 SOUZ.\.. soc/zd or so'zi. a river of Portugal, province of 
 Minho, joins the Douro 8 miles E.S.E. of Oporto, after a 
 S.W. course of 20 miles. 
 
 SOUZA, a market-town of Portugal, province of Beira, 6 
 miles S.S.W. of .iveiro. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SOUZD.\L, a town of Russia. See Soozdal. 
 
 SOUZKL. sno-zM' or sd-7.Jl', a market-town of Portugal, 
 province of Alemtejo. 8 miles N.W. of Jistremoz. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SOV AN A. a town of Italy. See Soana. 
 
 SOVliL, so'v^l'. an island about 10 miles off the E. coast 
 of Anam. Lat. 18° 8' N., Ion. 106° 24' E. 
 
 SOVKI{T.\. so-v4're-i. a town of Naples, province of Ca- 
 labria Ultra II.. N.E. of Catanzaro, on a hilC near the Sim- 
 mari. Pop. 1050. 
 
 SOVICILLE, so-ve-cheellA, or SUICILLE. soo-e-cheeiai, 
 a village of Tuscanv, about 8 miles from Sienna, on a slope 
 above the Spino. Pop. 6506. 
 
 SOW. s5. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. Pop. em- 
 ployed in ribbon-weaving. 
 
 SOWACBA, a group of islands. See Eight Brothers. 
 SOW'KIIBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 SOWKKBY, a township of England, co. of York. North 
 Biding, half a mile S. of Thirsk, with a stition on the Lan- 
 cashire and Yorkshire Railway. 
 
 SOWERBY, a chapelry of England, co. York, West Ridlns. 
 1820 " 
 
 SPA 
 
 SOWERBY BRIDGE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 
 We.st Riding. 
 
 SOAVHATCH'EE CREEK, of Early co., Georgia, flows into 
 the Chattahoochee River. 
 
 SOAV'TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SOX'VILLE. a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 
 131 miles N.E. of llarrisburg. 
 
 SOY. sw3, a vill.Hge of Belgium, province of Luxembourg. 42 
 miles N.N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1003. 
 
 SOY'L.iND, a township of England, co. of York, AVest 
 Riding. Pop. employed in cotton and woollen manufactures. 
 
 SOZH. SO.T or SOJE. sozh, written also SOZ and S-SOsH, 
 a navigable river of Russia, rises in the government of 
 Smolensk, flows S.S.W., and joins the Dnieper on the left, 40 
 miles N.N.W. of Tchernigov, after a course of 240 miles. 
 
 SPA, sp.aw. (Fr. and Flem. pron. spd.) a town and waters 
 ing-place of Belgium, near the frontier of Rheni.sh Prussia, 
 province, and 17 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 3600. Over its 
 princip.ll spring, the Ihuhrm. Peter the Great built the 
 pump-room. The waters are chalybeate, and many other 
 springs exist in the vicinity, which were formerly .so much 
 frequented, that Spa became a common name for mineral 
 baths. The country around is highly agreeable, but the 
 town is now little resorted to by visitors. 
 
 SPACCAFORNO. spdk-ka-fou'no, a town of Sicily. 11 miles 
 S.W. of Noto, on a hill near the S. coast. Pop. 80O0. It hag 
 many cli-,irche8 and convents, but is poor, and has little 
 trade, 
 
 SPAD^R.^, a township of .lohnson co.. Arkansas. 
 
 SPADRA BLUFF, a small pcst-village of Johnson co., 
 .iikansas. 
 
 SP.\F'B"ORD, a post-township of Onondaga «>., New YorK 
 on the E. side of Skaneateles Lake, about 150 milKS W. by 
 N. ofAlbanv. Pop.1814. 
 
 SPAFFORD HOLLOW, a post-village of Onondaga eo. 
 New York, about 140 miles W. of Albanv. 
 
 SPAF'FORD?<BURG. a post-office of Benton co., Kentucky. 
 
 SPAGNA. See Spain. 
 
 SPAH.\.WN. a city of Persia. See Ispahax. 
 
 SPAICHINGEN, spI'King-en, a town of WUrtemberg, 22 
 miles W. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 1682. 
 
 SP.\IN, (Sp. E<pnflii, fs-pdn'yl : L. Hiapan'ta, and Tbe/ria; 
 Gr.'IoTTiii'ia or Ifiifpia; ¥i: E^^paffne, ^s^pda'; It. IfjHiipia, 
 e-spdn'yi. or Spanna. spdn'yd: Port. Hesjian/ia. h J.s-pan'yi ; 
 Oer. Sjxinien, spSn'e-en ; Dutch, Sjxinjen. spdn'yen.) a king- 
 dom in the S.W. of Europe, forming the tar greater part of 
 the Spani.sh Peninsula, and including the Balearic and the 
 Canary Islands. Exclusive of these islands, it lies between 
 lat. 36° and 4-3° 48' N., Ion. 9° 16' W. and 3° 20' E. ; connected 
 with the continent on the N.E. by the chain of the Pyrenees 
 separating it from France; and bounded E. and S. by the 
 Mediterranean Sea. W. by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean, 
 and N.W. by the Bay of Biscay. Measured diagonally, the 
 greatest length is from Cape Creux in the N.E. to Cadiz in 
 the S.W., 656 miles : greatest breadth, from Cape Ortegal in 
 the N.W. to Cape Palos in the S.Y;.. 5S3 miles; but mea.sured 
 due N. and S. and due E. and W., the greatest length is on 
 the meridian of 5° 45' W.. from Cape PeBas to Tarifa. 540 
 miles; and the greatest breadth on the paiallel of 4"2° 20', 
 from Cape Creux to Cape Hombre, the N. extrvmity of Vigo 
 Bay, 620 miles. Besides the European territory above indi- 
 cated. Spain still retains a portion of her m.ignificent colo- 
 nies, including the islandsof Cuba and Porto-Rico and part 
 of the Virgin I.slands, in the West Indies; the Philippine 
 Islands and part of the I.adrones. in the North Pacific 
 Ocean : the Presidios on the coast of Jlorocco, namely, Ceuta, 
 Jlelilla, PeBon, and Albucemas. chiefly used as places of 
 banishment for criminals; and the island of Annobou, in 
 the Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 Omsts. — The coast-line, forming about two-thirds of the 
 whole perimeter, has a length of about 1370 miles, of which 
 about 600 miles belong to the Bay of Biscay and the .Atlantic, 
 and 770 miles to the Mediterranean. It is not much broken, 
 except on the W. coast of Galicia, where it is fully exposed 
 to the billows of the Atlantic. The whole of the coast, from 
 Fontarabia on the frontiers of France. W. to Cape (>rtegal, 
 and thence round by Cape Finisterre.to the mouth of the 
 Minho, is rocky, but not very elevated, the height never ex- 
 ceeding 300 feet, and often not rising to 40 feet. On the N., 
 though the water is deep clo."* to the shore, there is little 
 sheltered anchorage; but on the N.AV. and W. a succession 
 of excellent harbors are found, among which those of Ferrol 
 and Vigo are conspicuous. In the S.W.. at the mouth of 
 the Gu.Hdiana. a low. sandy, and even swampy shore occurs," 
 .skirted in m.iny pjirts by islands of a similar description, 
 and so shallow that even small coasting-vessels approach it 
 with difficulty; but beyond the moutli of the Guadaliinivlr 
 the shore rises gradually, and presents the admirable Bay of 
 Cadiz, with its almost unassailable liarbor. The same kind 
 of coast is continued to the celebrated Cape of Trafalif.ir, 
 where cliffs are tirst seen. These, on proceeding E., bjcome 
 more and more elevated, and in the Bay of Algeciras, rise 
 suddenly into the magnificent rock of Gibraltar Tiie rocky 
 shore, thousrh at a much lower elevation, is continni'il 
 almost without interruption along the remainder of tue Si 
 
SPA 
 
 ooast, to its termination at Cape Palos, and with the excep- 
 tion of the ports of Malaga and Carthai^ena, presents 
 scarcely a single spot where the anchorage is not more or 
 less exposed to prevailiug winds. From Cape Palos, a low, 
 iandy brtach. partly lined with lagoons, stret^-hes N. to 
 within a short distance of -Alicante, where the coast again 
 lisfS, and bold rooky cliffs, terminating the lofty ridges of 
 the interior, are seen as fur N. as Denia. Beyond Cape St. 
 Antonio commences a long curve which s*veeps round to 
 the mouth of the Kbro, presenting throughout, with the 
 exception of a few ridges in the vicinity of Castellon de la 
 Plana, a low, sandy, shallow shore, lined with lagoons, along 
 which numerous salt-works are established, but unprovided 
 with a single harbor deserving of notice. Beyond the Ebro 
 low and rocky shores alternate in considerable stretches to 
 the French frontiers. The only ports of cousequence are 
 those of Barcelona and Rosas, the latter particularly excel- 
 lent, though the former is by fer the most fre'iuented. 
 
 Fmc "f the Country, Mimntains. dx. — The surface of Spain 
 Is as much diversified as that of any other country of the 
 same extent in Europe: its interior forms a vast table-l.and, 
 which in the plateau of Castile has a mean elevation of 2300 
 feet. This plateau occupies about one-half of the super- 
 ficies of the kingdom; it is nearly surrounded by moun- 
 tains; N. by those of the Asturias. an olivious continuation 
 of the I^yrenees ; W. by a branch of the same mountains 
 stretching S. through Galicia, and along the frontiers of 
 Portugal; S. by the Sierra Morena; ^.V.. and E. by the 
 mountains of Murcia and Aragon: and N.E. by a r.ange 
 which, commencing in the Sierra Moncayo, stretches N.W. 
 through Old Castile, where it forms the S. boundary of the 
 basin of the Ebro. The table-land itself is not only very rUg- 
 ged in many parts, but is traversed throughout its whole 
 breadth from E. to W. by two mountain-ranges, the loftier 
 of which may be considered as dividing it into two distinct 
 portions: a northern, comprising the kingdoms of Old Cas- 
 tile and Leon, and covering an area of about 44.000 square 
 miles, and a southern, comprehending the kingdoms of .\ew 
 Castile and EstremaJur.a, and covering an area of about 
 48,0o0 square miles. 
 
 There are in all five principal ch.ains of mountain.s, called 
 Sierras, which traverse the Spanish peninsula from E. to 
 W. These are (from N. to S.) — 1. The magnificent chain of 
 the Pyrenees, extending from Cape Creux on the E. to the 
 Bay of Biscay on the W., culminating point Pic N'ethou, 
 11,1<)S feet; and, their V>'. continuation, the Asturian and 
 Cantabrian Mountains, some of which rise to 10,000 feet. — 
 2. The chain which separates the basins of the Douro and 
 Tau'us, viz.: the Siernis Guadarama. Gredos. and Gata; 
 the highest point in the Sierra Gredos, is 10.500 feet.— .3. The 
 mountains of Toledo, comprising the Sierra Guadalupe, 
 and Sierra San Mames, between the Tagus Nand Gundiana. 
 — 1. The Sierr.a Morena, separating the basins of the Gua- 
 diana and Guadalquivir, and connected westward with the 
 Serra Monchique in Portugal. — 5. The Sierra Nevada, ex- 
 tending from Cartagena to Cadiz, and containing the Cerro 
 Mulahacen, the highest point of the peninsula, being 11,678 
 feet, and the I'ic de Veleta, 11,387 feet in elevation. 
 
 Gc'iUtgi/. — Almost all the mountain-ranges have a nucleus 
 of granite, overlain by crystalline schists. This is particu- 
 larly the case in the Pyrenees, the mountains which sepa- 
 rate the two Castiles, and the basins of the Douro and 
 Tagu-i. the Sierra Morena, and the Sierra Nevada. In the 
 last the granite and schists often give place to immense 
 masses of serpentine. The mountains of .\sturias, however, 
 form an exception to the general rule, and though evidently 
 a continuation of the Pyrenees, differ from them remarkably 
 in geological structure, exhibiting no traces of granite or other 
 eruptive rocks, and consisting aloiost entirely of carboni- 
 ferous limestone and sandstone. The .same formation is 
 largely developed in the Sierra de Gador, and in the deep 
 ralle\-s of the Alpujarras. Secondary rocks, still higher in 
 the series, consisting of chalk and the accompanying strata, 
 often overlie those of the carboniferous limestone; these 
 liave their largest development in the districts which bor- 
 der the E. coast. They also form a great part of the ridges 
 which intervene between the plain of La Mancha and the 
 Mediterranean. Tertiary formations are found partly on the 
 higher table-land in Old Castile, where they consist chiefly 
 of marls and gypsum, .and partly on the plains of Valencia, 
 Alicante, Murcia, Carthageua, Aguilar, and Granada. They 
 tilso fill several valleys, among others those of the Segura, 
 Lorca, Lower Ebro, and Guadalquivir. 
 
 Minerals. — The minerals are numerous and valu.able ; hut 
 owing to the general decay into which almost all the in- 
 dustrial interests of the kingdom have fallen, they are at 
 present less extensively worked than formerly. They in- 
 clude gold, which was at one time found in considerable 
 quantities in Asturias and Galicia, though no mine is 
 now worked; silver, obtained in numerous quarters, parti- 
 cularly in the Alpujarras, the Sierra de Lujar, and the 
 Sierra de Gador, in all of which the lead, found in the 
 greatest abundance, is highly argentiferous; quicksilver, 
 particularly at Almaden, where the mines, still in operation, 
 are among the richest in the world; copper in the Sierra 
 
 SPA 
 
 Morena, the Alpujarras, and Teruel, in Aragon, but at pra 
 sent almost aViandoned: iron in almost every qu.arter, and 
 more especially in the Basque provinces, where it is worked 
 to a considerable extent, and h.as long been famous for 
 some of the articles produced from it ; zinc in more limited 
 quantities; coal in several places, particularly in Asturias 
 and the Sierra Morena, though the extent of the fields is 
 imperfectly known, and the workings are extremely limited, 
 calamine, cobalt, and bismuth, in La Mancha, Aragon, and 
 Granada; and antimony, tin, graphite, alnni, sulphur, and 
 saltpetre; mercury is extracted in great abundance from 
 the mines of Almaden. Salt is only very partially worked in 
 mines, but great quantities are manufactured from the 
 lagoons. Several quarries j'ield excellent marble, alabaster, 
 and jasper; and m.any precious stones, as rubies, topazes, 
 amethj'st.s, and garnets, are found. 
 
 Jailers and Lakes. — The rivers of Spain are numerous, and 
 a number of them pursue courses of several hundred miles, 
 dr.ainina large tracts of country. In general, however, 
 rising in the table-land, where rain is neither frequent nor 
 copious, their supply of water is comparatively small, and 
 their navigable importance limited. Their basins, lying 
 chiefly in the intervals between the mountain-ranges, are 
 usu.aily bounded by them on the N. and S., and hence all 
 the large rivers flowing through valleys which are open 
 only on the E. or W., necessarily follow one or other of these 
 directions. Those which flow E. belong to the basin of the 
 Mediterranean, and those which flow W. to that of the At- 
 lantic. The most important of the former are the Ebro, 
 which, rising in the mountains of Asturias. has a course of 
 more than 400 miles; the Segura, ri.sing in the W. part of 
 Murcia, in the sierra of the same name, has an E. course of 
 at least 200 miles: the Jucar, which, having its sources be- 
 tween the sierras Molina and Albarracin, flows fi:ir the most 
 part through a wide and fertile v.alley, upwards of 200 miles; 
 and the Guadal.'iviar, which has a course of about 150 miles. 
 The most important rivers of the Atlantic basin are the 
 Douro and Tagus, which, however, have the lower and 
 more valuable part of their course in Portugal; the Minho 
 and Guadiana, also partly shared by Portug.al; and the 
 Guadalquivir, which, flowing between the great ranges of 
 the Sierra Morena and Sierra Nevada, has a more regular 
 and constant supply of water than most Spanish rivers, but, 
 notwithstanding its course of above 4(X) miles, is not navi- 
 gable by sloops beyond Seville. Considering the number 
 and height of the mountain-ranges, it is remarkable that 
 Spain does not posse.ss a single mountain-lake deserving of 
 notice. Its only expanses of standing water are the lagoons 
 which line part of its S. and W. coasts, and are not only 
 devoid of beauty, but often poison the air with pestilential 
 vapors. 
 
 Climnte. — This, owing to the physical configuration of 
 the suritice, varies greatly in different localities. It is warm 
 on the coasts; the table-lands are exposed to great heat in 
 .summer, and extreme cold in winter. Many of the moun- 
 tains rise above the snow line, the limit of which, in the 
 Pyrenees, is S952 feet; in the Sierra Nevada, 11,190 feet. 
 In Madrid, which is situated on tableland, the mean tem- 
 perature of winter is alxmt 43°, of summer 76° 2', and of 
 liarvest about 66°. In the hottest month the mean tem- 
 perature sometimes rises above S9°, and in the coldest, falls 
 below 40°. The mean annual temperature is alx)ut 60° 
 Fahrenheit. On the table-land, in summer, the sky is gene- 
 rally clear and cloudless, and rain seldom falls, but in win- 
 ter it both rains and snows frequently. The annual fi\ll of 
 rain on the Sierra Nevada, and on the N. and W. coasts, is from 
 25 to .35 inches, while on the table-land of Castile it is only 
 10 inches, »nd the capital is often exposed to severe drought 
 Winter is the rainy season. In the N.W., in Galici.a, a 
 piercing wind, which the Castilians mil guUef/n. often blows. 
 In these quarter.s, in severe and rainy winters, the cold is 
 occasionally extreme, and the olive and other southern 
 fruits cannot be successfully grown. In the S.E. districts, 
 particularly in Murcia and Valencia, a kind of perpetual 
 spring prevails: on the contrary, in the S. and S.W.. in 
 Granada, and other parts of Andalusia, the climate is almost 
 African, and a wind called sohnm. the .sirocco of Italy, which 
 withers up vegetation,enfeebles theanimal frame, and spreads 
 epidemic diseases, often blows for two weeks in succession. 
 In the W. the climate is mild but variable; the summer, 
 however, is very hot, and in Estremadura. in particular, 
 withering droughts of nearly six months' duration are not 
 unfrequent. In the E. the climate resembles that of Asia 
 Minor and Syria. Snow is confined chiefly to the more 
 mountainous districts. Storms are not frefiuent. bxit shocks 
 of earthquakes are often felt, and many attended with fear- 
 ful disasters are on record. 
 
 Vegetation, Agriculture, rfc. — Few of the mountains are so 
 high as to be beyond the limits of forest vegetation; yet 
 both the mountains and many tracts of the table-land are 
 in general very scantily supplied with trees. The finest 
 forests are on the W. offsets of the Pyrenees, and in the 
 mountains of Asturias, from which the oaks that formerly 
 supplied the docks of Ferrol were obtained. The more re- 
 markable trees are the Spanish chestnut, and several vari* 
 
 1R21 
 
 =J 
 
SPA 
 
 Oes of oak, more particularly the Qttercus haJJofa, the acorns 
 of which are edible : the Qufrcm suiter, or cork-tree, and the 
 Qtiercus coccifera, from which a crimson dye, resembling 
 the genuine cochineal, is obtained. Orchard and finer fruits 
 are extremely abundant, and include, in addition to apple.*:, 
 pears, cherries, plums, peaches, and apricots, the almond, 
 date, fig, orange, citron, and pomegranate; and in the lower 
 districts of the S., the anana, banana, aloe, and cactus. The 
 culture of the vine is general, and great quantities of wine 
 are made, both for home consumption and exportation. The 
 demand fir the latter is chiefly confined to sherry and the 
 sweet wines of JIalaga and Alicante: a consideratile part of 
 the grapes grown are dried, which furnish one of the princi- 
 pal exports from the port of Malaga. Pist.ichio nuts, wal- 
 nuts, and chestnuts, grow in such abundance as to form 
 important articles of trade. In the warm districts the olive, 
 gugar-cane. and cotton-plant are partially cultivated. 
 
 The extent of land under rggular agricultural crops is 
 somewhat limited. Much of the higher part of the central 
 table-land presents a very sterile appearance, having a thin, 
 etony soil, and a covering of heath and scanty pasture; and 
 even -extensive tracts, which might be advantageously cul- 
 tivated, are left almost in a state of nature, to be roamed 
 over by cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. The finest agricul- 
 tural district is Valencia, where both rice and corn are grown 
 far beyond the wants of the actual population, and furnish 
 Urge supplies to those parts of the interior which are less 
 fiivorably situated. After Valencia. Catalonia, Murcia. and 
 some of the X. provinces, raise the largest quantities of 
 grain. The quality is in general so excellent, that the 
 bread of Spiiin is said to be the finest in Europe; but the 
 system of agriculture is very defective, and the amount of 
 produce is far less than a better system might easily obtain. 
 Considerable improvement, however, is said to have been 
 recently made, and Spain, which used regularly to import 
 grain, has now a small surplus for export.. The more im- 
 portant crops are wheat, rice, maize, barley, aijd legumes. 
 Hemp and flax are extensively grown in Aragon and Gali- 
 eia: and eijmrto is produced in abundance, more especially 
 in Valencia and Murcia. where it is in extensive demand for 
 making ropes, mats, baskets, &c. The mulberry thrives well, 
 and. is largely cultivated, for rearing silk-worms in Valencia, 
 Murcia. and Granada. Saffron and other dye-plants thrive 
 chiefly in the interior; the caper-bush prows wild on many 
 of the Mediterranean shores: and there also, particularly on 
 the E.. large quantities of barilla are manufactured. The 
 liqunrice-plant is cultivated chiefly near Seville and at the 
 mouth of the Ebro. and the juice prepared from it is in de- 
 mand in all parts of Europe. 
 
 Zririogy. — The zoology of Spain includes a vast number of 
 species. Of these, however, the only large animals in a wild 
 state are the wolf, common in all the mountainous districts. 
 and the bear and chamois, found chieflj' in the Pyrenees. 
 In Biscay the marten is frequently met with, and lynxes, 
 foxes, wild cats, weasels. Ac. are numerous iri many quar- 
 ters. The chameleon is found in the vicinity of Cadiz: and 
 numerous monkeys haunt the rock of Gibraltar. The fea- 
 thered tribes are very numerous, particularly on the coast 
 and at the mouthu of rivers: eagles are not uncommon, and 
 among rare visitors may be mentioned the flamingo, which 
 is sometimes seen near Valencia. The number of rivei-s and 
 great extent of sea-cojst give great scope to the inhabitants 
 of the w.iter; and some important fisheries are carried on, 
 particularly those of sardines, on the coast of Galicia; and 
 of tunnies and anchovies, on the S.W. coast l>etween Cadiz 
 and Gibraltar. Nothing, however, more strongly indicates 
 a general want of industry and enterprise in Spaniards than 
 the fact th,at, instead of profiting by the treasures which 
 their own seas spontaneously offer, their main supplies of 
 fish are derived from foreigners. 
 
 Among domestic animals the horso, descended from breeds 
 which thft Moors had introduced, was long celebrated 
 tnroughout Europe, but has in recent times declined in 
 reputation, thr)ugh Andalusia still baists of many fine ani- 
 '" The mule is generally preferred to the horse, both 
 
 mals 
 
 for carriage and drfiught, and is extensively reared in New 
 Castile. This animal, as well as the ass. is generally of a 
 very superior description. The horned cattle are not nume- 
 rous, and only in a few districts are cows kept for dairy pur- 
 poses; bulls, in great demand for the national amusement 
 of bull-fights, are reared in the greatest perfection in Anda- 
 lusia. The favorite stt>ck is sheep, of which about 18.000.000 
 are kept. A considerable proportion of these belong to the 
 celebrated Merino breed, to which almost all th^ other breeds 
 of Europe are more or legs indebted for improvement. Their 
 exportation has always been prohibited ; their pasturage is 
 regulated by ancient laws. Goats also are very numerous, 
 and in their flesh, nulk. and cheese, furnish the favorite food 
 of the mhabitants. Swine are kept in large herds in some 
 parts of Estrem.idura. and in some of the N. provinces, both 
 near the coast and among the mountains of Asturias, where 
 they roam at large in the forests. 
 
 pivi^ims, Area. IhpHkUion, rf-c.— The following table ex- 
 hibits the area and population of the whole monarchy accord- 
 ing to the returns of 1S49, together with the ancient king- 
 
 SPA 
 
 doms and prorinces of the European portion, and the 
 modern division into provinces effected in I80-J — 
 
 New J 
 Castile. \ 
 
 ■I 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Mydrid 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Guadalajara. 
 
 CuenciC 
 
 Ciudad-^eal. 
 
 Burgos 
 
 Logrono 
 
 Santander.. 
 
 Soria 
 
 Segovia 
 
 Aviia 
 
 \jeon 
 
 Zaraora 
 
 Salamanca.. 
 
 "■J 
 
 lA.t 
 
 ON..? 
 
 Oviedo 
 
 Coronna...., 
 
 Lugo 
 
 Oreiise 
 
 Pontevedra.. 
 
 Seville... 
 
 Cadij 
 
 Huelva... 
 Cordova.. 
 
 Jaen 
 
 Granada.. 
 .\lmeria... 
 Malaga.... 
 
 SaragoRsa. 
 
 Huesca 
 
 Tcruel 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 
 5.064 
 1,T73 
 2.121 
 3,348 
 3.061 
 3,1a 
 2,786 
 •2,984 
 
 Chief Towns. Pop. 
 
 405.7.17'M.ndrid 
 
 330.000 1 Toledo 
 
 199,746l(Juadalajara. 
 
 252.7li3.CHeuca 
 
 30J,5a3lOiudad-Reai.. 
 
 1,490,799 
 
 234.02-'|Burgos 
 
 ]^o.519 I.ogrono 
 
 190,iX)0 ISantjinder... 
 
 140.000 1. Soriii 
 
 ].=>.i,OiK)iSeirovia 
 
 1.32. 9.i6! Aviia 
 
 180.000 Paleucia 
 
 210.000 Valladolid... 
 
 Leon 
 
 Zamora 
 
 Salamanca... 
 
 OTiedo. 
 
 14,74' 
 
 4,620 
 2,879 
 .1.9:i' 
 5.068 
 4,892 
 4..354 
 3,370 
 3,062 
 
 32,172 
 
 6.584 
 
 6.2 
 
 3,152 
 
 Valencia . . . . 
 
 .Alicante 
 
 Castellon de 
 la Plana... 
 
 Barcelona. 
 Tarragona. 
 
 Lerida 
 
 Gerona. . . . 
 
 2,868 
 3,049 
 
 Biscay 
 
 Gliipuzcoa.. 
 Alava 
 
 Balearic Isls. 
 Canary Isls.. 
 
 Total of Spain in Europe 
 
 Amkeica :— Cuba 
 
 Porto-Rico . . 
 Virgin Isls... 
 
 Asia :— Philippine Isls. . . . 
 
 Africa:— The Presidios . . 
 
 Guinea Isls 
 
 OcKAXiCi:— Part of the > 
 Ladrone Islands $ 
 
 9,589 
 2,816 
 
 2.488; 
 
 4,919 
 2,411 
 
 12,636 
 
 4,069* 
 
 1,064 
 
 891 
 
 1.292 
 
 3,L'47 
 
 Corunna.. 
 419.437iLugo 
 
 380.000 Orense... 
 420.000 Pomevedr 
 
 601,124 
 
 420,000 Seville 
 
 358,446 Cadiz 
 
 153,462 Huelva 
 
 Ji48.956, Cordova 
 
 Sn7,410iJaen 
 
 427,250 Granada 
 
 AInieria 
 
 Malaga 
 
 2,745,858 
 
 350,000 
 247,10.T 
 250.000 
 
 595,531 
 
 Valencia 
 
 Alicante 
 
 Castellon de } 
 la Plana... i 
 
 35,757 
 
 39,779 
 52,148 
 
 1,110,960 
 
 533,695 
 290.0001 T.irr.igo 
 197,445 Lerida.. 
 262,594 Gerona.. 
 
 Barcelona ... 
 
 1,283,734 
 280,000 Pamplona.... 
 
 150,000 Bilbao.. 
 
 14I,7,">2 Tnlosa.. 
 81,397 Vitoria. 
 
 1,009,060 
 
 500.000 
 
 2,600 
 
 1,511,660 
 2,679,500 
 
 11,481 
 5,590 
 
 206 714 
 13,5-SO 
 5)70 
 6 037 
 10,235 
 
 15.924 
 6,848 
 
 16. --'i;? 
 5,40(1 
 6.625 
 4,121 
 
 11,470 
 
 30,000 
 
 9,384 
 
 19,41 
 
 7,2(i9 
 4.840 
 4,141 
 
 11,715 
 1:;,0J1 
 
 100,498 
 53,9-0 
 
 7.410 
 41.976 
 
 4.000 
 61.610 
 17,800 
 
 30.000 
 9.200 
 7,165 
 
 19,021 
 16,952 
 
 121,.?15 
 13.014 
 12.236 
 8,1 
 
 10,234 
 8.000 
 10,266 
 
 SCMMART. 
 
 Area, Pop. In 
 
 sq. m. 1349. 
 
 America, Asia, and Africa 93.0:i5 .... 4.208.291 
 
 Europe 1<I3,244 .... 13,936.218 
 
 Total of Spanish monarchy 286.279 18,144 509 
 
SPA 
 
 Manvfactjres.—Tn the Middle Afres. the manufactures of 
 Spain, especially along the coast of the Mediterranean, were 
 in a flourishintr condition, and found an extensive demand, 
 particularly in the Levant and other parts of the Kast. 'SVilh 
 the expulsion of the Moors, the branches which they had 
 Bpecially fostered fell rapidly into decay, and have never 
 been revived. New demands, however, arose in the W., and 
 Spain, as the mother country, reserving to herself the sole 
 Bupply of the colonies, was able, for that purpose alone, to 
 carry en a number of lucrative manufactures. The loss of 
 her colonies putting a sudden stop to the demand, was fol- 
 lowed by the sudden extinction of her manufactures. The 
 circumstances of the country since have been the most un- 
 tavorable that can tie conceived to the progress of any branch 
 of regular industry; and hence, the only manufactures de- 
 eerving of notice are to be found in a few of the larger towns. 
 Cotton goods are made to some extent in Catalonia, particu- 
 larly liarcelona; woollens in ManreSit.Tarraza, Guadalajara, 
 and different towns of Valencia and Aragon; leather in Val- 
 ladolid and several towns of Andalusia; wax-cloths in Barce- 
 lona: linen, both ordinary and damask, in Galicia; sail- 
 cloth at Corunna and Carthagena; stained paper, jewelry, 
 and porcelain, at Madrid; iron-ware, chiefly of the larger 
 and coarser descriptions, in the Basque provinces, Mondra- 
 gon. Toledo, Albacete, Guadix, «fcc., for common and sword 
 cutlery ; common earthen and delft-ware, in Andujar, Aleora. 
 (;aceres, Ac. ; paper in Valencia and Catalonia ; and tolwcco 
 In various towns, but more especially in Malaga and Seville. 
 
 Cnmmi^rce. — From the extent of its coast line, its nume- 
 rous ports, its geographical position, and natural products, 
 Spain possesses greater commercial advantages, perhaps, 
 than any other country of Kurope. Her foreign commerce, 
 once the most valuable in the world, has. however, dwindled 
 down almost to insignificanee. The principal exports are 
 wool, wine, brandy, oil. fruits, iron, lead, mercury, and salt, 
 with a sm.oll amount of silk and manufactured goods; the 
 imports comprise colonial goods, dried fii»h, and salted pro- 
 visions, butter, cheese, rice, cotton and woollen goods, cut- 
 lery, glass, and building timber. The subjoined table exhi- 
 bits the commerce of the Spanish monarchy for the years 
 18i0, 1850, and 1S51. 
 
 Total amount of tlie Imports and Exports in 1851, compared 
 until 1850 and 1849 : 
 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Total, 
 
 
 $22,460,000 
 
 13,993,000 
 
 574,000 
 
 $16,300,000 
 
 10,090,000 
 
 274,000 
 
 S:i8,760,000 
 24,08;!, 000 
 
 
 
 1851 
 
 1850 
 
 1849 
 
 
 $37,027,000 
 36,285,000 
 31,705,000 
 
 $;6,664,000 
 26,380,000 
 25,820,000 
 
 $83,691,000 
 62,665,000 
 57,525,000 
 
 Internal Communication. — The public roads of Spain, ex- 
 cept those around the capital, are among the worst in 
 Kurope; wheel carriages are little used, and much of the 
 transport is effected by means of mules. There are several 
 canals, many of them on a magnificent scale, but mostly 
 unfinished and unfit for navigation ; the chief of the,se are 
 the Imperial Canal, commenced by Charles A'., extending 
 along the right b.ank of the Ebro; the canals of Castile. 
 Slanzanares. .Murcia, Albacete, and Guadarama. The first 
 railway in Spain was opened in 1S48 ; it extends from Ma- 
 taro to Barcelona, a distance of loj miles. Other railways 
 opened since: are one from Valencia to Jativa, 34} miles; 
 one from Valencia to Grao, S^jniles; and one from Madrid 
 to Alcazar. 
 
 Gove.)-nment, (Cc. — The government of Spain is an heredit- 
 ary constitutional monarchy, regulated by a constitution 
 adopted in 1837, and subsequently modified in 1845. The 
 legislative power is vested in the crown and cortez jointly. 
 The cortez consist of two equally independent bodies — a 
 senate and a house of deputies. The senate has no limit as 
 to numbers, and is appointed solely by the crown, each 
 senator holding his office for life. The deputies are nomi- 
 nated directly by electoral juntas, at the rate of one deputy 
 for every 50,000 of the population. Each deputy is elected 
 for five years, and has full liberty of speech and vote; but 
 the crown may at any time dissolve the house of deputies, 
 subject to the condition that a new house must be elected 
 and summoned to meet within three months. Kither of 
 the three powers — the crown, senate, or deputies — may origi- 
 nate bills, with the exception of money-bills, which belong 
 exclusively to the last, but no law can be pjis.sed before the 
 consent of each has been obtained. The ci-own is responsi- 
 ble only by its ministers, composed of a council of six prin- 
 cipal secretaries of state, finance, war, justice, marine, and 
 government. 
 
 Justice is administered by a supreme court, composed of 
 a president and 15 judges, divided into three halls or courts 
 —a first and second court of justice, and a third court of 
 the Indies. Next in order to this court are the audiencias, 
 or courts of second resort. The whole number of these 
 within the peninsula and the adjacent islands is 15. each 
 Laving its seat at some principal town, and exercising juris- 
 
 SPA 
 
 diction over two or more provinces. Judges of the first nv. 
 sort {primera instancia) are found in all the more important 
 districts. 
 
 Army and Navy. — The army consists of regulars and re- 
 serve, or of regiments of the line and militia. The whole 
 force is 138,787 men, of whom about 90,000 are regu- 
 lars. They are in general ill-disciplined and ill-paid, and 
 tliough once the best troops in Europe, are now among the 
 worst. The only kind of ser\ice in which they still possess 
 considerable rtput;ition, is guerilla warfare. The navy, 
 which long contained the finest ships in the world, and al- 
 most ruled the seas, was nearly annihilated by the wars 
 carried on with Great Britain, and now musters not more 
 than four ships of the line, 'iO frigates, of which 10 are steam 
 frigates; 12 corvettes, of which 5 are steamers; IS brigs, of 
 which 4 are steamers, and 99 other vessels, besides 240 sm.all 
 craft and gun boats, making a total of 393 vessels, carrying 
 in all 1231 cannon and 253 pejlreros. The whole number 
 of steamers is 36, with 9972 horse-power. 
 
 Religion and Educatirm — The only religion which the 
 state recognises, and declares itself bound to support, is the 
 Konian Catholic. It is governed by 10 archbishops and 59 
 bishops, but two of the former and five of the latter have 
 their jurisdiction beyond the sea. The number of parishes 
 is about 21.000. In 1,S37 all the convents of monks, with a 
 few exceptions, were suppres.sed. and their revenues. suTject 
 to a provision for existing members, confiscated to the state. 
 At the period of extinction the number of convents was 
 1940, with 30,906 monks; the nunneries still amount to 660, 
 with about 12,000 nuns. Education is very little diffused. 
 A normal school, for training teachers in the Lancasterian 
 sj'stem, was established in Madrid in 18.39; and recently a 
 royal decree has been promulgated to organize 9 superior 
 and 20 elementary normal schools in the I'eninsula. and 2 
 of the latter grade in the Balearic and Canary Islands. 
 Before the suppre,ssion of the monastic orders, education was 
 entirely in the hands of the Jesuits and other clergy. The 
 children of the upper classes are educated in France and 
 other countries. The universities, formerly 24 in number. 
 are now reduced to 14. and these attended only by few. 
 
 Nerenue. — The ordinary revenue for r.S54 was estimated 
 at $122,595,000. and the expenditures at $122,683,000. The 
 debt in 1851 amounted to $914,930,000. 
 
 People. — The inhabitants of Spain consist chiefly of Spa- 
 niards proper, composed of a mixture of ancient aborigines, 
 Romans, Visigoths, Vandals, and Suevi, but partly also of 
 three other distinct races — Basques, occupying the provinces 
 to which they give their name, and forming about one- 
 twenty-fourth of the whole population; Modejars, a rem- 
 nant of the Moors who, in the general expul.sion of their 
 countrymen, found refuge in several valleys in the kingdom 
 of Granada and the Castiles, and whose descendants, un- 
 mingled with the other inhabitants, are still living there tc 
 the number of about 60.000: and Zigeuners, Gitanos or 
 gipsies, who are found diffused over all parts of tlie penin- 
 sula, but do not number above 45,000. The Spaniards pro- 
 per, to whom only it is necessary here to advert, are of mid- 
 dle stature, well formed, of ^sallow hue, sharp features, dark 
 hair, and keen black eyes. Their language, a dialect of the 
 Latin with a considerable number of Teutonic and Arabic 
 words, is soft and sonorous, and peculiarly adapted for the 
 lighter kinds of poetry, but has not been enriched by many 
 works in the higher departments of literature, With the ex- 
 ception of Cervantes, there is not a Spanish writer who can 
 be said to have earned for himself a European reputation. 
 
 In diet, the Spaniards are frugal and temperate. In their 
 intercourse with strangers they are re.served, taciturn, and 
 stand much upon their dignity, afraid apparently of its 
 being encroached upon by undue familiarity ; but on find- 
 ing what they conceive to be their true place properly recog- 
 nised, they lay aside their resfr.iint, form strong attach- 
 ments, and become the most agreeable of companions. AVith 
 their natural indolence there is a strange mixture of enthu- 
 siasm, and when their passions are once roused, there are 
 few extravagances or exces,ses of which they are not capable. 
 In favorable circumstances, this part of their character has 
 often manifested itself in chivalric exploits; but when ac- 
 companied, as it too often is, by ignoiance and blgotiy, has 
 led to the perpetration of numberless atrocities. In no 
 country has fire and sword been more mercilessly employed 
 in the extirpation of what was called heresy, and even now, 
 under a constitution which professes to guarantee freedom 
 of thought and freedom of the press, no form of dis.sent from 
 Popery is tolerated. The national char;u'ter is well pictured 
 in the cruel sport of bull-fighting, cultivated eagerly In 
 every part of the country, and, like horse-racing among the 
 English, established wherever the Spaniard is located. 
 
 History. — The peninsula, now forming the kingdoms of 
 Spain and Portugal, was first visited by the Phoenicians, 
 and afterwards by the Carthagenians, who formed several 
 establishments. It was conquered by the liomans after a 
 resistance of two centuries; they divided it into three great 
 provinces, viz., Tarraconensis in the E. centre and N., Boetica 
 in the S., and Lusitania in the W. The Visigoths overran 
 the country in the fifth century, and were driven from most 
 
 1823 
 
SPA 
 
 SPA 
 
 of It by the Arabs in 711. The kingdom of Portuiai was 
 foumleil iu 1095. During ei^ht centuries the Christian 
 princes were engaged in continual warfare with the Moham- 
 medans. From this state the country was delivered, under 
 Feidinand and Isabella, by the conquest of Granada, in 
 149 J. This was followed by the piliage and expulsion of the 
 Jews, who had possessed themselves of most of the commer- 
 oial riches of the country. In the same year Columbus 
 discovered the New World, and Spain became mistress of the 
 greater part of America, as then known. Of these vast colo- 
 nial possessions, Spain has now only the i.slands of Cuba. 
 Porto Rico, ancl some smaller islands in Americi, the Phi- 
 lippine and Ladvone Islands in the Pacific, the Canary 
 Islands in the Atlantic, Fernando Po and the island of 
 Annabon in the Gulf of Guinea, and Ceuta, Gomera, and 
 Melilla, places used for the transportation of convicts, in 
 Barbary. From the 16th century, Spain was divided into 
 large provinces, having mostly the title of kingdoms, but by 
 a royal decree of April, 1833, it was partitioned into forty- 
 eight smaller provinces, each bearing the name of its capital, 
 except Navarre .-ind the three Basque provinces, which re- 
 main unchanged, and possess peculiar privileges. Adj. 
 
 Span'ish; (Sp. Espamol. es-pan-j-ol'; Fr. Espaomol, Ss'pJu'- 
 yol': Ger. Spaxisch. spj'nish; It. Spagnvolo. spdn-yoooHo ; 
 Port. IIisPANO, ees-pi'no;) inhab. Spaniard, span'yard; (Ger. 
 Spamer, spd'neer; Port. IIespa\hol, Js-pin-jol'; in French, 
 Spanish, and Italian, the adjective is also used for the in- 
 ha^iitant.) 
 
 Sl'AITLA, spitlj, a ruined town of North Africa, domi- 
 nions, and ti"2 miles S.AV. of Tunis, with remains ofantiquity. 
 
 SPAL,.\TO, spi-lMo, or SPALATRO, spd-ld'tro. a seaport 
 city of Dalmatia, on a small promontory opposite the islands 
 of Brazza. Bua, &c. Lat. 43'^ 20' 4" X., Ion. 10° 2G' 7" E. Pop. 
 10,300. The E. half of the city is crowded into the area of the 
 vast palace of Diocletian, in which the ancient temple of Jupi- 
 ter, with a lofty octagonal tower, is still perfect. The streets 
 of the city are all narrow lanes, but it has several open 
 spaces, numerous churches and convents, a lazaretto, schools, 
 government museum of antiquities, baiTack.s, and an inner 
 and outer harbor, the latter adapted for vessels of any bur- 
 den. It is the most important seat of commerce in Dal- 
 matia. It is especially interesting for the ruins of a mag- 
 niticeut palace, built by the Roman emperor Diocletian, to 
 which he retired after abdicating the imperial throne, (a. d. 
 395.) This palace was constructed of a beautiful freestone, 
 and is said to have covered an area of 9 acres! A large por- 
 tion of the town of Spalatro has been built out of its ruins. 
 
 Si*.\LDIXG. spwald'ing, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Lincoln, capital of the division of Holland, on the 
 Welland, and on a railway 15 miles S.S.W. of Boston, of which 
 pnrt it iJ a member. Pop. in 1851, 8829. It consists chiefly 
 of f 'Ur streets and a market-place, in which are the town- 
 hall and house of correction for the division; and it has a 
 good church, a grammar school, and many endowed charities, 
 assembly-rooms, a theatre, public library, and warehouses, 
 to the doors of which vessels of 60 tons arrive by the Wel- 
 land. It has an active trade in corn, wool, flax, and hemp. 
 
 SP.^LD'WICK, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 SPALMADORE (spdlmd-do'rA) ISLANDS, (anc. (Enits's(f 
 or ^niiisesf) a group of islets belonging to Asiatic Turkey, 
 between the islands of Scio and the mainland of .\sia Minor. 
 Lat. 3b° 32' N., Ion. 26° 12' E. Length of the largest, 6 miles. 
 
 SP.\LT, spdit, a town of Bavaria, on the Rezat, IS miles 
 S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 1765. 
 
 SI'AN'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SPANDAU, spin'dow, or SPANDOW, spdn'dov, a fortified 
 town of I'russia, province of Brandenburg, at the confluence 
 of the Spree and Ilavel, 9 miles W. of Berlin, on the Ham- 
 burg Railway. Pop. (excluding garrison) in 1S46, 6400. It 
 is enclosed by walls, and has a citadel on an island in the 
 Havel used as the principal state prison of Prussia, and in 
 which Baron Trenck was confined. The streets are clean, 
 airy, and spacious. The principal edifices are the church 
 of St. Nicholas, a Roman Catholic church, and the former 
 residence of the electors of Brandenburg, now a peniten- 
 tiary. It has manu&ctures of woollen and linen stuffs, 
 tobacco-pipes, powder, and firearms. It was taken by the 
 Swedes in 16:>l, and by the French in 1806. 
 
 SP.iNDEN, spin'dgn, a village of East Prussia, 46 miles 
 8.W. of Kiinigsberg. Here the French defeated the Russians 
 In 1807. 
 
 SPANG ENBERG, sping'fn-bSRG\ a town of Germany, in 
 Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-Hessen, 16 miles S.S.E. of 
 Cassel. Pop. 2202. 
 
 SPANG'S MILLS, a post-office of Blair co, Pennsylvania. 
 
 SI'.VXGS'VILLE. n post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SrAmsiI, SPANIAIID, SPANISVH or Sl^ANlER. 
 See Spain. 
 
 SI'ANasn BLUFFS, a village of Bowie co., Texas, on Red 
 
 SPAMSTI FL.^T, a postofflce of El Dorado co.. California. 
 SI'ANISH LAKE, of Louisiana, is connected with the 
 1824 
 
 right bank of Red River, a few miles above Natchitoches 
 Length, aliout 12 miles. 
 
 SP.\NISH 0.\KS. a post-offlce of Appomattox co.. Virginia 
 
 SPAN'ISH PRAl'RIE. a post-vill.Hge of CrawfoixJ co., Mis- 
 souri, about 48 miles S.E. of Jeffer.son Citv. 
 
 SPAN'ISH RIV'KH. of Briti.'^h America. fiowsW.S.W. along 
 the base of La Clocke Mountains, and falls into Lake Ilurou 
 nejirly opposite the central part of the Great Manitouliu. 
 
 SPAN'ISH TOWN or SANTIAGO DE LA VKGA. sdn-te-d'. 
 
 dence of the governor of Jamaica, and the seat of the supe- 
 rior courts of the islands; but it is otherwise of little im- 
 portance, and is ill-built and unhealthy. 
 
 SPANISH TOWN, Trinidad. See Port op Spaijj. 
 
 SPANJEN. See Spain. 
 
 SPAN.MBERG, spdm'b^RG. or SPANBERO, spdnAb^RO. a 
 market-town of Lower Austria, on the Sulzbach, 8 miles 
 from Gaunersdorf Pop. 1149. 
 
 SP.\R.\NISI, spd-r3-uee'see, a village of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro, E. of Gaeta. Pop. loSO. 
 
 SPAR'HAM. a pjirish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 Si'ARK'KORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SPAHONE, spd-ro'n.A, a village of Piedmont, 17 mfles 
 W.S.W. of Ivre.i. Pop. 2478. 
 
 SPARROW BUSH, a post-office of Orange co., New York. 
 
 SPARROW SWAMP, a post-office of Darlington district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SPARS/HOLT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 SPARSUOLT, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Hants. 
 
 SPART.\, spar'td. an ancient city of Greece, in the Morea, 
 the remains of which, on a hill 3 liiiles N.W. of Misti-a, con- 
 sists chieHy of a theatre and temple. 
 
 S1'.\R/T.\, a post-township in the S. p.irt of Livingston 
 CO., New York. Pop. 1248. 
 
 SPARTA, a flourishing post-village .and township of Sus- 
 sex CO., New Jersey, about 66 miles N. by E. of Trenton. 
 The village contains 2 churches, 2 seminaries, 5 stores, 6 
 iron forges, 6 mills, and 1 shingle manufactory. Pop. of the 
 village, about 500; of the township, 2062. 
 
 SPART.\, a township, Crawford co., Pennsylvania. P.12o4. 
 
 SP.\RTA, a post-oftice of Washington co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 SPARTA, a post-office of Caroline co., A'irgiuia. 
 
 SPART.\, a post-village of Edgecomb co.. North Carolina, 
 84 miles E. of Raleigh. 
 
 SP.4KTA, post-office, Spartanburg district, South Carolina. 
 
 SPARTA, a thriving post-village, capital of Hancock co., 
 Georgia, 24 miles N.E. of Milledgeville. It is distinguished 
 for activity of business, and for its excellent schools. It 
 contains 3 churches, 2 academies, and 1 cotton factory. Pop. 
 about SOO. 
 
 SP.iRTA, a post-village, capital of Conecuh co., Alabama, 
 on a small affluent of Conecuh River, lOO miles S.S.W. of 
 Montgomery. The railroad projected from Mobile to Co- 
 lumbus in Geoi-gia, will pass through or near this village. 
 It contains a court-house, jail. Masonic hall, 3 stores, and 
 about 200 inhabitants. It tiecame the county scat in 1822. 
 
 SP.\RTA, a p<ist-village of Chickasaw co., Mississippi, 140 
 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 SPARTA, a plea.sant and thriving post-village, capital of 
 Bienville pari.sh, Louisiana, is situated on a level plain, 
 liaving a sandy soil, and watered by never-failing springs. 
 Groves of holly and sweet bay, in the vicinity, present at 
 all sea.sons a green and springlike appearance. The village 
 contains a flourishing seminary. 
 
 SPARTA, a postrviilage, capital of White county, Tennes- 
 see, on the route of the South-western Railroad, about So 
 miles E. by S. of Nashville, with which it is connected by a 
 turnpike-road. It has a court-house, jail, a bank, 1 news- 
 paper ofBce, and several stores. Pop. 452. 
 
 SPART.\, a thriving village of Owen co., Kentucky, on 
 Eagle Creek, about 35 miles N. of Frankfort. It has an ex- 
 tensive flouring mill, and a saw mill. • 
 
 SP.\RT.\, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky. 
 
 SPARTA, a post-village of Morrow co., Ohio, So miles 
 N.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 SPARTA, a village of Stark co., Ohio, on the Nimishillen 
 Creek, 68 miles S. of Cleveland. 
 
 SPARTA, a post-office of Hill.sdiile co.. Michigan. 
 
 SPARTA, a township in the N.W. part of Kent co., Michi- 
 gan. Pop. 939. 
 
 SPART.\, a post-township, Dearborn co., Indiana. P. 18S7. 
 
 SPARTA, a townsliip of Nol>le co., IncUana. Pop. 1086. 
 
 SPARTA, thriving post-village of Randolph co., Illinois, 
 113 miles S. of Springfield. I has 4 clmrches. 1 newspaprr 
 office, 2 flour-mills, tind 1 woollen factoi j-. Pop. 1120. 
 
 SPARTA, a post-village of BiK^ianan co., Missouri ^Dout 
 200 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SPARTA, a post-village, capital of Monroe co .Wisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee and St. Paul R.R. See Appeswx. 
 
 SPARTA CENTRE, a post-oflSce of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 SPARTANBURG, a district in the N.W. part of South 
 Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 950 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Ennoree 
 
SPA 
 
 River, on the N.E. by Broad River, and intersected by the 
 Tiger and Pacolet Rirers, all of which flow S.E. The sur- 
 face is hilly. The soil is productive, and well watered. Gold- 
 mine.s are worked in the district, and yield lar<,'e profits. 
 Iron ore of the finest quality, and in immLMi.ee quantities, is 
 found: it also contains extensive quarries of lime.stone. 
 Glenn Spring, of this district, has become a fa.shionaWe 
 watering-place. It is said to contain sulphur and magnesia. 
 A railroad is projected from Spartanburg, theseat of justice, 
 to the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Pop. 26,919, ol 
 whom 18,679 were free, and 8240 slaves. 
 
 Sl'.\KTANBUKG or SPARTAXBUllG COURT-HOUSE, a 
 thriving pos^v)^age, capital of Spartjmburg district. South 
 Carolina, 98 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. Splendid buildings 
 for « college, under the direction of the Methodists, are 
 going up at this place; ample provision having been made 
 . by the bequest of Renjamin Wofford. The Spartanburg 
 and Union Railroad is in course of construction from this 
 point to the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, a distance 
 of 156 miles. 
 
 SPARTANBURG, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 20 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 SPARrTANSBURG, a postofflce of Crawford co., Penn- 
 nylvani.a. 
 
 SPAKTAP'OLTS. a village of Rockingham co., Virginia, 
 142 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 SPA RTIVENTO, a cape of Italy. See Cape Spartivento. 
 SPASK, sp3sk, a town of Russia, government, and 30 
 miles S.B. of Riazan, on the Oka. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SPASK, a town of Russia, government, and 108 miles 
 N.N.E. of Tambov. Pop. 6000. It has numerous factories. 
 SPASK, a town of Russia, government, and 54 miles S. 
 of Kazan, on the Bezdna, near its junction with the Volga. 
 Pop. 2000. Near it are the ruins of Bulgar. 
 SPAV'A, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 SPAVINAU, a post-office of Benton co., .^.rkansas. 
 SPAX'TON a parish of England, co. of Somei-set. 
 SPE.\N, Spain, a river of Scotland, co. of Inverness, rises 
 In Loch Laggan. flows mostly W. through Lochaber, and 
 joins the Lochy at Garelochy, after a course of 20 miles. 
 Priiicipril affluent, the Roy. 
 
 SPEAR'S (speerz) STORE, a post-ofiice of Union parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 SI'ECCHIA DEI PRETI, spJk'ke-'i dA'e pr.Vtee, a town of 
 Naples, province of Otranto, E.S.K. of Gallipoli. Pop. 1500. 
 SPEC I A. See Spf.zia. 
 
 SPKCK'LED MOUNTAIN, in Oxford CO., Maine, near the 
 boundary of New Hampshire, is about 4000 feet high. 
 
 SPEC'TON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, Ea.st Riding, 
 on the Scarborough and Bridlington Railway, 5 miles N.\V. 
 of Bridlington. 
 
 SPEIIDS'VILLE, a post-village of Tompkins co.. New York, 
 near West Owego Creek, 16 miles S.E. of Ithaca. It has 
 several factories and stores. 
 SPEED'WKLL, a post-ofllce of Wvthe co., Virginia. 
 SPEI':DWKLL. a post-office of Barnwell district. South 
 Carolina, 115 miles S.S.W. of Columbia. 
 
 SPEEDWELL, a post-village of Claiborne co., Tennessee, 
 210 nflles E. by N. of Nashville. 
 SPEEDWELL, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky. 
 SPEEDWELL, a small village of St. Clair co., Missouri. 
 SPEEN, (anc. Spi'na,) a parish of England, co. of Berks, 1| 
 miles W. of Newbury. The second battle of Newbury wiis 
 fought here in 1644. 
 
 SPEEN'HAMLAND, a tything in the above parish, imme- 
 diately W. of the town of Newbury, of which it forms a 
 suburb. 
 SPEER'S LANDING, a post-oflice of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 SPEERTOWN, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 7 miles 
 N. of Newark. 
 
 SPEER'VILLE. a post-village of Fulton co., Pennsylvania, 
 83 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SPEICHER, spi'Ker, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 6 miles' N.E. of Appenzell, at the foot of the 
 Voglinsegg. Pop. 2500. 
 
 SPEICHER, spi'Kfr, a village of Rhenish Prus.sia, govern- 
 ment of Treves, near Bittberg. Pop. 1673. 
 
 SPEIGHTS (spits) BRIDGE, a post-village of Green co.. 
 North Carolina, 79 miles E.S.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 SPEIGHTS TOWN, spits'town. a small town on the W. 
 soast of the island of Barbadoes, 10 miles N. of Bridgetown, 
 tt has a handsome church, and several Jarts. 
 SPEIR'S TURNOUT, a post-village, Jefferson co., Georgia. 
 SPEKE, speeVw * township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 SPELD'HURSt, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 SPELLO, spel'lo, (anc. HispeVlum.) a town of Italy, in the 
 «tate of Umbria, province of Perugia, 3 nn'les N.W. of 
 J'oligno. Its cathedral has fine paintings. Pop. 4220. 
 SPELS'RURY, a parish of England, co.. of Oxford. 
 SPEN'CER, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, contains 
 an area estimated at 280 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Salt River, and by Brashear's Creek. The surface is undu- 
 lating and hilly, and the soil fertile. The rock which is 
 conimnnly found near the surface is limestone. The water- 
 •jowcr of the river has recently been improved by the erec- 
 5P 
 
 SPE 
 
 tlon of cotton and woollen factories. Organized in 1824, and 
 named in honor of Captain Spear Spencer, who fell at the 
 battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, Taylorsville. Pop. 61S8. of 
 whom 3983 were free, and 2205 slaves. 
 I SPENCER, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, border- 
 ing on the Ohio River, contains Z'M square mileu. It i.« 
 drained by Little Pigeon and Crooked Creeks. The surfac 
 is level in the S., and hilly in the N. and E. The .soil if 
 mostly fertile. The county cont.iins abundance of Wtumi- 
 nouscoal. Organized in 1818. Capital, Rockport. Pop. 14,556. 
 SPENCER, a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 62 miles W.S.w! 
 of Boston. It contains several churches, and has manufac- 
 tures of woollen goods, boots and shoes. &c. Pop. 2777. 
 
 SPENCER, a post-village and township of Tioga co.. New 
 
 York, about 20 miles S. of Ithaca. The village contains 2 
 
 or 3 churches, and several mills. Pop. of the township. 1881. 
 
 SPENCER, a post-village of David.'on co.. North Carolina, 
 
 190 miles W. of Raleigh. ' 
 
 SPENCER, a post-village, capital of Van Buren co., Teri- 
 nessee, 90 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 SPENCER, a small village of White co., Tennessee. 
 SPENCER, a thriving post-village of Allen co., Ohio, on 
 the Miami Extension Canal, about 110 miles N.W. of Colum- 
 bus. Laid out in 1845. The canal furnishes extensive 
 water-power. Pop. about 500. 
 SPENCER, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1428. 
 SPENCER, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the right 
 bank of the Ohio River, and on the Little Miami Railroad. 
 Pop. 2552. 
 SPENCER, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 531. 
 SPENCER, a post-township in the W. part of Medina co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1082. 
 SPENCER, a township of Jennings co., Indi.ana. Pop. 2005. 
 SPENCER, a post-village, capital of Owen co.. Indiana, on 
 the West Fork of the White River, 54 miles S.W. of Indian- 
 apolis. Grain and other articles are shipped from this place 
 by the river. Spencer contains a court-house, 2or 3 churches, 
 and several warehouses. 
 
 SPENCER GULF, a large bay of South Australia, between 
 lat. 32° 30' and 35° S., and Ion. 1.36° and 138° E. It stretches 
 inland for upwards of 200 mile.s. Breadth, SO miles. In it 
 are Hardwicke Bay and Ports Lincoln and Bolingbroke. It 
 receives no streams of consequence. 
 
 SPEN'CERPORT, a post-village of Monroe co.. New York, 
 on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester, Lockport, and Nia- 
 gara Falls Railroad, 18 miles W. of Rochester. It has seve- 
 ral mills and stores. 
 
 SPEN/CERSBURG, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, 80 
 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SPENCER'S BUTTE, a post-office of I.ane co., Oregon. 
 SPEN'CERTOWN, a post-village of Columbia co.. New 
 York, 30 miles S.S.E. of Albany. It contains an academy. 
 SPEN'CERVILLE, a po.st-otfice of Marengo co., Alabam.a. 
 SPEN/CERVILLE. a post-village of De Kalb co., Indiana, 
 on an affluent of the Maumee River, 135 miles N.E. by N. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 SPEN'CERVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 
 Grenville, 11 miles from Prescott. Pop. about 250. 
 
 SPENGE, spSn'ghfh, a vill.age of Rhenish Prussia, govern- 
 ment of Minden, near Herford. Pop. 1850. 
 
 SPEN'NITHORNE, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 SPE'ONK, a post-office of Suffolk «)., New York. 
 SPERCHIUS, a river of Greece. See Hellada. 
 SPERLIN6A, spjR-lin'gd, a market-town of Sicily. :n- 
 tendency of Catania, near the'Madonian Mountains, 3 mifes 
 N.W. of Nicosia. Pop. 160». 
 
 SPERLONGA, spja-lon'gj, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Terra di Lavoro, on the coast, 9 miles W.N.W. of 
 Gaeta. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SPER'NAL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 SPER/RYVILLE, a post-vilLige of Rappahannock co., Vir- 
 ginia, about 120 miles N.W. of Richmond. A turnpike ex- 
 tends from this village to the Rappahannock River. 
 
 SPESSHARDT, sp&s'haRt. SPESSART, spiVs.aHt. or SPES- 
 SART-WALD, spfe'saRt-*llt', a mountain range of Germany, 
 commences in the N.W. of Bavaria, and extends .V.N.K.. till 
 it becomes linked with the W. extremity of the Rhongebiix'e. 
 SPETCII'LEY, a parish of England, co., .".nd 3 miles E.SrK. 
 of Worcester, and having a station on the Birmingham and 
 Bristol Railway. 
 
 SPET'ISBURY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Dorset. It h.t* 
 a Roman Catholic nunnery. 
 
 SPEX'HALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 SPEY, spA. a river of Scotland, cos. of Inverne.«s, Banff, 
 and Mor.iy, rises in the hills between Badenoch and Locha- 
 ber. expands into the small Loch Spey, aliout 6 miles N. of 
 Loch Laggan, and 1200 feet above the sea. flows N.E.. and 
 enters Moray Frith 2i miles W. of Port Gordon, after a 
 course of 110 miles. At Kingussie it is from 80 to 100 feet 
 and at Alvie 150 feet across, but it is innavigable. The afflu- 
 ents are numerous, and being all rapid mountain torrents, 
 frequently cause sudden and destructive inundations iu 
 Strathspey. Its banks are iu many parts richly wooded, 
 
 1825 
 
SPE 
 
 SPI 
 
 end in It are valunble salmon fisheries belonging to the 
 Duke of Richaiond. 
 
 Sl^KYKK or SPEIER. spl'er or spire, often written SPIRE 
 and SPIRES. {aac.Xtn>iom/a!fus, afterwards iVtme'to,) a city 
 of West Germany, capital of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Rhine, 
 at the influx of the Spftyerl)ach, 16^ miles N.E. of Landau, 
 on a branch railway to Slannheim. Lat. 49° 18' 55" N., Ion. 
 8° 26' 37" E. Pop. 12,810, of whom about one-third are Roman 
 Catholics. It occupies a lai-ge space, enclosed by walls, and 
 has a cathedral containing the tombs of many German em- 
 perors, th* remains of an old palace, in which 49 diets were 
 held ; a city hall, gymnasium, orphan asylum, house of cor- 
 rection, forest school, botanic garden, museum of antiqui- 
 ties, manutactures of vinegar and tobacco, sugar refineries, 
 and an extensive commerce and transit trade on the river. 
 At the Diet of Spires, held in 1529, the protest was made to 
 the emperor which originated the religious designation of 
 Protestants. Noviomagus, once an important Roman sta- 
 tion, and the winter-quarters of Julius Caesar, was, in the 
 Middle Ages, the residence of many German emperors. 
 
 SPEYERBACII, spI'er-biK\ or SPIRE, a river of Rhenish 
 Bavaria, joins the Rhine, after an E. course of 40 miles, at 
 Speyer. 
 
 S PEY'MOUTH. a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin, 
 at the mouth of the Spey, and containing the villages of Gar- 
 mouth. Kingston, and Boat-of-Bog. 
 
 SPEZIA, La, M spJd'ze-d, sometimes written SPEC! A, a 
 maritime town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, capital of 
 the province of Levante, at the head of its bay, an inlet of 
 the Gulf of Genoa, Si miles W. of Sarzana. Pop. 9796. It 
 Is finely situated. The principal edifices are a citadel and 
 an ancient castle of the Visconti. 
 
 yPEZI A, BAY or GULF OF. (anc. Pnr'tus Lu'nce ?} in Italy, 
 is 7 miles in length, and from 2 to 6 miles wide. It presents 
 fine scenery, contains the quarantine station for Genoa, and 
 on the W. side of its entrance are the islands of Palmaria 
 and Tino. 
 
 SPEZZANO-ALBANESE, sp^t^no-ai-bd-ni'sd, or SPEZ- 
 ZANELLO, sp6t-si-nJl1o, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 10 miles S.S.E. of Castroviilari. Pop. 1660. 
 
 SPEZZ.A.NO, aR.\NDE, grln'dA, a \ i'.l.-ige of Naples, pro- 
 Tince of Calabria Citra, E.N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 1540. 
 
 SPEZZIA, sp^fse-i, (anc. Tipare'mis,) an island of Greece, 
 government of Argolis, off its S. coast, at the entrance of the 
 Gulf of Nauplia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Hydra. Area, 26 square 
 miles. Pop. 8000. Its inhabitants devote themselves more 
 to commerce and navigation than to rural industry, and in 
 the late revolution they contributed 16 vessels and 2 fire- 
 ships to the Greek navy. Spezzia is remarkable for the salu- 
 brity of its climate, and the beauty of its women. The 
 town of Spezzia is on its N.E. shore. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SPEZZIA PULO, (•' Little Spezzia,") an islet of Greece, 
 off the S.E. side of the above i.sland. 
 
 SPHAGIA, sfd-ghee'd, (anc. Sphacteria,) an island of 
 Greece, government of Messenia, off the S.W. coast of the 
 Morea, in front of the harbor of Xavarini. Length, 3 miles ; 
 breadth, half a mile. It is now separated into three or four 
 Sections by naiTOw channels, pas.sable by boats. 
 
 SPIIAKIA, spi-kee'i, a town of Crete, on Its S. coast, 43 
 miles from its W. extremity. Pop. 1000. 
 
 SPIANATE, spe-i-nJ/ti, a village and parish of Tuscany, 
 4 miles from Monte-Carlo. Pop. 1468. 
 
 SPICE ISLANDS. See Moluccas. 
 
 SPICE'LAND, a post-township of Henry CO., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1423. 
 
 SPICELAND, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 SPI'CERYILLE, a small village of Gloucester co., New Jer- 
 sey, on Racoon Creek. 
 
 SPICE VAI/LEY, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1513. 
 
 SPIELBERG, a state prison of Moravia. See Brux.v. 
 
 SPIEROE, spee'eh-ro^eh, an island of Norway, at the en- 
 trance of the Gulf of Christiania, in Lat. 59° 4' N., Ion. 10° 
 69' E. 
 
 SPIEZ. speets, a village and pari,«h of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 24 miles S.E. of Bern, near the S.W. shore of Lake Thun. 
 Pop. 1810. 
 
 SPIG'GOT (or SPICK'ET) RIVER, a small stream, rises in 
 Rockingham co.. New Hampshire, and falls into the Merri- 
 mack River in Massachusetts. 
 
 SPIGXO, speen'yo, a sm.all town of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 division of Alessandria, province, and 11 niiles S.W. of Ac- 
 qui. on the Bormida. Pop. 2667. 
 
 SPIGNO, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 
 10 miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 1600. 
 
 SPIKE ISLAND, an island on the W. side of Cork Harbor, 
 Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, half a mile S. of Queens- 
 town. Pop. 200. Strong fortifications have been erected 
 here since 1791, for the protection of the harbor. 
 
 SPIKtm-OGE or SPIKER-OOG. spee'kgr o/ghgh, an i.sland 
 of North-west Germany, in the North Sea, 4 miles W. of 
 WanL'er-ope, at the mouth of the Weser. 
 
 SPILIMBERGO. spe-lim-bjR'go. a town of Austrian Italy, 
 government of Veuice, 15 miles W.N.^Y. of Udine, on the 
 lagliamento. Pop. 3500 
 1S26 
 
 SPILI'MBERTO.spo-lim-bjR'to, a market-town of Northern 
 Itiiiv. 7 miles S.E. of Modena, on the Panaro. 
 
 StlLS'BY', a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln, 28 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851, 1461. In 
 its market-place are the town-hall and an octagonal market- 
 cross. It has a handsome ehurcn, a subscription library, 
 and free school. 
 
 SPIN.E. See Speen. 
 
 SPINAZZOL A, spe-n3t'so-lS. a town of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Bari, 7 miles S. of Minervino. Pop. 5300. 
 
 SPINETO, spe-nA'to, a town of Naples, province of Moliset 
 (Sannio.) Pop. 2250. 
 
 SPINGES, sping'es or sping'ghes, a village of the Tyrol, 
 circle of Pusterthal, about 12 miles from Brixen. Near it 
 the French troops were defeated, in 1797, by the Tjrolese 
 peasants. 
 
 SPIN'NERSTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 91 miles E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 SPINOSO, spe-no'so, a town of Naples, province of Basili- 
 cata, 15 miles N.E. of Lagonegro, near the right bank of the 
 Agri. Near it is a magnificent Roman bridge. Pop. 2660. 
 
 SPIR.\NO, spe-rj'uo, a vill.ige of Northern Italy, govern- 
 ment of Milan, province, and 9 miles S. of Bergamo. It 
 was, in the Middle Ages, defended by a strong castle, which 
 makes a considerable figure in history, and of which fos.ses, 
 drawbridges, towers, and other parts still remain. Pop. 1768. 
 
 SPIRDlNG,speeR'ding, the largest lake of East Prussia, 
 government of Gumbiuuen, S.E. of Nikolaiken, 11 miles in 
 length. 
 
 SPIRE, a river of Rhenish Bavaria. See Speyerbach. 
 
 SPIRE or SPIRES. See Spever. 
 
 SPIRIT CREEK, of Richmond co., Georgia, flows E. into 
 the Savannah River. 
 
 SPIRIT LAKE, in Dickinson co., Iowa, is the largest lake 
 in that state. Length, near 10 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 about 7 miles. 
 
 SPIRIT LAKE or MILLE LACS, nieel Mk, a lake of 
 Aiken CO., Minnesota. It is about 18 miles long and 14 wide. 
 It discharges its waters through Rum River into the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 SPI RITO SANCTO. See Espiritu Santo. 
 
 SPIRITUS S.\NCTUS. See Espiritu S.a.\to. 
 
 SPITAL, spit^dl. a market-town of Ilh-ria, in Carinthia, 21 
 miles N.W. of Villach. on the Drave. Pop. 1700. 
 
 SPIT'ALFIELDS, a quarter of the British metropolis, co. 
 of Middlesex, immediately on the N.E. side of the city of 
 London, and comprising the parish of Christchurch and 
 Bethnal Green. Pop. 37,484. It is a principal seat of the 
 silk manufacture in England, which manufacture was intro- 
 duced by French refugees after the revocation of the Edict 
 of Nantes, in 1085. 
 
 SPIT'HE A D, a celebrated roadstead off the S. coast of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Hants, lietween Portsea Island and the Isle of 
 Wight. It comni'.inicftte.'- W. with the Solent and South- 
 ampton Water. It is so secure from all winds except the 
 S.E., as to have been termed by sailors "the king's bed- 
 chamber." and it is a principal rendezvous of the British 
 navj-. Portsmouth and Ryde are on its opposite sides. 
 
 SPITI, spit/tee or spee'tee, a district of Little Thibet near 
 where the Sutlej breaks through the Himalayas, between lat. 
 32° and 3.3° N., Ion. 78° E., surrounded by Ladakh, Bussolah, 
 the Chinese territory. &e., and paying tribute to each. Its 
 villages are from 12.00<,1 to 12,500 feet above the sea. The 
 jnTiabitants are of the Tartar race, and Boodhists. 
 
 SPITI RIVER, in Little Thibet, is the W. branch of the 
 Sutlej. above the Himalayas, and/joins the main stream in 
 lat. 31° 4S' N., Ion. 78° 38' E. 
 
 SPIT'T.\L, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 SPITTAL GATE, a township of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SPITZ, spits, a market-town of Lower Austria, on the 
 Danube, 8 miles S.W. of Stein. Pop. 1051. It has some iron 
 factories, and a trade in timber and vinegar. 
 
 SPITZBERGEN, spits-berg'en, a group of islands in the 
 Arctic Oeesn, midway between (Gireenland and Nova Zem- 
 bla. the northernmost known land on the globe. Lat. of the 
 northernmost island. 80° 48 N., Ion. 20° 29' E. This archi- 
 pelago, formerly considered as belonging to .America, is now 
 usually classed among European islands, and claimed by 
 Russia as a dependency of its empire. The Islands are 
 visited by English. Dutch, and Norwegian whalers for the 
 numerous whales, white bears, <tc. on the coasts. The archi- 
 pelago is composed of 3 large, and numerous small islands. 
 Near its N. extremity is the group of 7 islands, or Seven 
 Sisters. The large islands are Spitzbergen proper. North- 
 east Land and South-east Land or New Friesland, the two 
 last taking their name from their position in regard to the 
 first, from which the one is separated on the N.E. by Vai- 
 gats Strait, and the other on the S.E. by Walter Tymeu'a 
 Fiord. Next in size is Charles Island, opposite to the W. 
 coast of Spitzbergen. Very little :« known of the interior 
 of these islands, but the coasts hav«i been repeatedly ex- 
 plored, and present immense glaciers and mountain chains 
 bri.stling with granite peaks, mjiny of which exceed 4000 
 feet in height. Between the mountaii.s and the shore a 
 narrow belt of low land often intervenes, but frequently 
 
SPI 
 
 the ridges reach down to the coast, and form precipitous 
 cliffs, which seem to overhang the ocean. The climate is 
 Intensely cold. Even during tlie three warmest months, the 
 mean temperature on the W. coast is only 34°-50 ; and vege- 
 tation is confined to a few plants of rapid growth, which do 
 not rise above three or four inches, and, for the most part, 
 Bpring up, flower and seed, in a month or six weeks, produc- 
 ing nothing on which human beings could manage to subsist. 
 During winter, which sets in at the end of September, the 
 sun remains for four months below the horizon, but at so 
 short a distance from it that in every 24 hours the darkness 
 is relieved for about 6 hours by a faint twilight. A similar 
 effect is produced by the unUsual brightness of the moon 
 and stars, and still more by the remarkable brilliancy of the 
 aurora horealis. The larger forms of animal life are foxes, 
 bears, and reindeer; in pursuit of which, as well as the 
 morses and seals abounding along the coasts, the islands are 
 frequently visited by the Norwegians and Russians. Sea- 
 fowl are so numerous that they literally hide the rocks and 
 darken the air. The minerals are known to include beauti- 
 ful marble and good coal. The group appears to have been 
 first discovered (in 1553) by Willoughby, the celebrated Eng- 
 lish navigator. They were again discovered, in 1596, by the 
 Dutch navigator Barentz, in endeavoring to effect a N.E. 
 passage to India. They have since been repeatedly visited, 
 both by whalers and discovery ships. On its W. side there 
 is a small Kussian hunting post. 
 
 SPIXnvOKTlI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SPLUGEN splu'ghen, (Ger. pron. spla'ghen) PASS, a 
 route across the Rhastian Alps, between the Grisous (Swit- 
 zerland) and Lombardy ; its summit 6939 feet above the sea, 
 is 23 miles N. of the head of the Lake of C!omo. The new 
 route was completed by the Austrians in 1823. It is carried 
 through three covered galleries, which are the -longest in 
 the Alps. A French army crossed the Spliigen rn 1800. 
 
 SPL&GEN, (Spliigen,) a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Orisons, on the Rhine, 4 miles N. of the summit of the pa«8. is 
 a halting station on the road between Switzerland and Italy. 
 
 SPLUNG, a post-Kjfflce of Monroe co., Mississippi. 
 
 SPOF'FORTII, a parish and township of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding. 
 
 SPOKAINS, or more properly SPOKANS, Indians of Ore- 
 gon, dwelling near the Spokan River. 
 
 SPOLETIDM. See Spoleto. 
 
 SPOLETO, spo-ii'to, (anc. f^oleltium or SpoMum,) a city of 
 Central Italy, in the state of Umbria, capital of a province, 
 and formerly of a Lombard duchy, strongly placed on an 
 isolated rocky Iiill, 24 miles N. of Rieti. Pop. 6115. It is 
 connected across a deep ravine with an adjacent height by a 
 noble bridge and aqueduct 615 feet in height. It has a 
 massive citadel, a cathedral, with interesting works of art; 
 a Rouian arch, remains of a theatre, and other antiquities. 
 It is an archbishop's see of very early date, and has manu- 
 factures of woollens and hats. Under the French it was the 
 capital of the department of Thrasymeae. 
 
 SPOLETO, a province of Italy, in the state of Umbria, 
 liciunded on the N. by the province of Perugia. Area, 122S 
 square miles. Population in 1850, 123,765. 
 
 SI'OLTORE, spol-to'rA, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra I., 10 miles E. of Civita di Penne. 
 Pop. 2800. 
 
 SPON'DON, a parish of England, co., and 3J miles E. of 
 Derby, with a station on the Midland Counties Railway. 
 
 SPONTIN, spon'tin, a village of Belgium, province, and 
 12 miles S.S.E. of Namur. on the Bocq. Pop. 895. 
 
 SPONTORNO, spon-toR'no, a village of the Sardinian 
 Stiites. division of Genoa, 3 miles N. of Noli, on the left bank 
 of the i'oce, where it falls into the Gulf of Genoa. P. 1278. 
 
 SPOON'BED, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SPOONER'S CORNERS, a post-office, Otsego CO., New York. 
 
 SPOON RTV'Ell, Illinois, rises in the W.N.W. part of the 
 fctate, and Howing S., fells into the Illinois River near Ila- 
 vanna, in Mason county. Its entire length considerably 
 exceeds 100 miles. 
 
 SPORADES, spor'a-d4z,(Gr.5:7ropaj£j, le.the "scattered" 
 islands.) a subdivision of the Grecian Archipelago, consisting 
 of the islands surrounding the central group, or Cyclades, 
 and belonging partly to Turkey and partly to Greece. The 
 Turkish Sporades comprise Crete, Scarpanto, Rhodes, Kos, 
 Kalimno. Patmos, Niciiria, Samos, Scio, Mitylene, Lemnos, 
 Imbros, Samothraki, Thasos, and other islands along the 
 coasts of Asiatic and European Turkey, and are under the 
 jurisdiction of the pa.shaof Rhodes. TheGreek Sporades con- 
 «st of Skiatho. Skopelo, Kilidromi, Skyro, .a^>gina, Salamis, 
 (ydra, Spezzia, *c., comprised in the Greek governments of 
 Euboea, Attica, Ilvdra, and Argolis. 
 
 SPORMiE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the 
 railway. 2^ miles N.E. of Swaffhara. 
 
 SPORT'ING HILL, a small village of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SPOUTING IIILL, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 Hylvania. 
 
 Sl'i (T'LAND. a township of England, co. of Lancaster, near 
 Rochdale, of which town it forms an extensive suburb. 
 
 SPOTT. a oarish or ocotland, co. of Haddington. 
 
 SPR 
 
 SPOTriEDVILLE, a post-village of Staffora co.. Virdnia, 
 
 79 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 SPOTTS^A'ILLE. a village of Henderson co., Kentucky, on 
 Green River, 6 miles from its mouth. Tobacco and "corn 
 are shipped here. 
 
 SPOTTS/WOOD, a post-village of Middlesex co.. New Jer- 
 sey, on South River, and on the Camden and Aniboy Ka^ 
 road, 26 miles E.N.E. of Trenton, contains 3 stores, 2 
 churches, 2 mills. 2 tobacco manufactories, and 60 dwellings. 
 
 SPOTTSYLVA'NIA. a county in the E. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of 400 square miles. The Rappahannock forms 
 the boundary on the N.E.. the North Anna River on the S.W., 
 and the Mattapony rises within its limits. The surface is 
 pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. The soil is gene- 
 rally fertile in the vicinity of the streams. Two gold-mines 
 were worked in this county in 185(.i; granite and freestone 
 are abundimt. A canal aliout 45 miles long has been 
 opened along the Rappahannock, above the falls, and the 
 county is intersected by the Richmond and Potomac Rail- 
 road. The Rappahannock affords valuable watei'-power at 
 Fredericksburg. Organized in 1720, and named in honor 
 of .Alexander Spottswood, at that time governor of Vii-ginia. 
 Capita], Spottsylvania Court-llouse. Pop. 16,076, of whom 
 8290 were free, and 7786 slaves. 
 
 SPOTTSYLVA'NIA COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Spottsylvania Co., Virginia, on the Po River, 65 miles 
 N. of Richmond. 
 
 SPOUT SPRING, a post-office of Appomattox co.. Virginia. 
 
 SPRAGG'S, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SPRAGUE'S (spraigs) FABLS, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 SPR.\GUE'VILLE, a village of Jackson co., Iowa, 70 
 miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 SPRAKER'S BASIN, a post-village of Montgomery co., 
 New York, on the Erie Canal, 48 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 SPRANG, spring, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Brabant, il miles W.S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1526. 
 
 SPilAT'TON. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 SPREA. See Spree. 
 
 SPRKAD EAGLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania, alxrat 18 miles W N.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 SPREAD OAK. a post-village of Jefferson co., Georgia. 
 
 SPREE, spri, (anc. Spre/a.) a river of Germany, rises in 
 the kingdom of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, flows N. and 
 N.W. through the Prussian province of Brandenburg, past 
 Spremberg. Cottbus. Ltibben, and Berlin, which city it di 
 vides into two portions, and joins the Havel on the left, at 
 Spandau. Total course, 220 miles. Frederick William'a 
 Canal connects it with the Oder. 
 
 SPREMBERG, sprJm'bJp.o, a town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, on an island in the Spree, 15 miles S. of 
 Cottbus. Pop. 4500. 
 
 SPREMBERG, (Ober, o'ber. Nieder, nee'der, and Neu. noi,) 
 a village of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, near Spolpen. P. 1500. 
 
 SPRENDLINGEN, sprjnling-en, a village of Rhein-Hes- 
 sen, circle of Bingen. Pop. 2021. 
 
 SPRENDLINGEN, a village of Starkenburg, circle of Offen- 
 bach. Pop. 1695. 
 
 SPREVrON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SPRID'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SPRIGG, a township forming the W. extremity of Adams 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 2519. 
 
 SPRIMONT. spree'mi^N"', a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 9 miles S.S.E. of Liege, on the right bank of the Am- 
 bleve. Pop. 2274. 
 
 'SPRINCENHAGE, sprin'sen-h^'Gheh, or HAAGE. hS/- 
 oheh, a village of the Netherlands, province of North Bra^ 
 bant, 2 miles S.W. of Breda. Pop. 1250. 
 
 SPRING, a township of Centre CO., Pennsylvania. P. 2938. 
 
 SPRING, a post-borough and towu.ship of Crawfoid co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Conneaut Creek, and on the Beaver 
 and Erie Canal, 18 miles N.W. of Moadville. Pop. 1862. 
 
 SPRING, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, Pop. 1442, 
 
 SPRING, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia. 
 
 SPRING AR'BOR, a post-township in the S.W. part of 
 Jackson co., Michigan. Pop. 1023. 
 
 SPRING BANKia post-ofBce of I^fayette co., Arkansas. 
 
 SPRING BAY, a post-village of AVoodford co., lUinois, on 
 the E. shore of Peoria Lake,' about 12 miles al)ove Peoria. 
 It has a steamboat landing, and an active business in ship- 
 ping produce. 
 
 SPRING/BOROUGH, a post-village of Clear Creek town- 
 ship, Warren co., Ohio, on Clear Creek, 37 miles N. by E. 
 of Cincinnati. It contains a wooUea lactory, and 2 flouring 
 mills. Pop. in 1860, about 6t». 
 
 SPRINGBROOK, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 SPRINGBROOK. a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, 70 
 miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 SPRING CHURCH, a postoffice of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SPRING COT'TAGE, a postKiffice of Marion co., Mississippi. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, of Centre CO., Pennsylvania, flows into 
 Bald Eagle Creek. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a village of Dauphin co.. Pennsylvania, 
 1 about 12 miles E. of Uarrisburg, has about 20*) inhabitants. 
 
 1827 
 
SPR 
 
 SPR 
 
 SPRING CUERK. a post-township of Warren CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 20 miles W. of Warren. Pop. 828. 
 
 SPIU.VG CREKK; a post-offiee of Brunswick CO., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SPKING CRE?;K, of Georgia, flovys S., and enters Flint 
 Biver a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 SPRING CREKK. a post-office of Early co.. Georgia. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, an atHueut of S.an Jacinto River, 
 Texas, forms the boundary between Harris .and Mont- 
 gomerv counties. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, of Traris co., Texas, flows into the 
 Colorado River opposite Austin City. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, township, Philips co.. .\rksn.sas. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Randolph oo.. Arkansas. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a township, Yell co.. Arkansas. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a post-villaee of Madison CO., Ten- 
 nessee, 137 miles W.S.W. of Nashville, has 3 stores, and 
 about 75 inhabitants. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a township in the N.E. part of Miami 
 CO., Ohio, intersected by the Columbus Piqua and Indiana 
 Railroad. Pop. 1601. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Berrien CO., Michigan. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Cass co.. Indiana. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a post-office of McDonoush co.. Illinois. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, of Missouri, flows S.E. into Chariton 
 Kiver, in Adair county. 
 
 SPRING'DALE. a village of Lafiyette co., Mississippi, 
 167 miles N. of Jackson. 
 
 SPRINGDALK, Ohio. See Sprixgfield. 
 
 SPRINGRALE, a township, Ottawa co., Michig.an. 
 
 SPR1NGD.A.LE, a post-office of llarri.«on co.. Indiana. 
 
 SPRING DALE, a pos^offi.■e of Ce.iar co.. Iowa. 
 
 SPRINGDALE, a post-towuship In the 8.W. part of Dane 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 943. 
 
 SPRINGE, sprinnr'gh, a town of Hanover, 14 miles S.W. 
 of Hanover. Pop. 1906. 
 
 SPRING'ERSVILLE, a village in Fayette co., Indiana, 64 
 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 SPRING'FIELD. a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex, on 
 the Eastern Counties Railway, 1 mile N.E. of Chelmsford. 
 Here are a county jail, wharves, and an iron foundry. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on 
 the Sark. 9 miles E. of Annan. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 SPRTNG'FIELD, a po.st-township of Penobscot co.. Maine, 
 115 miles N.E. of .\ugusta. Pop. 854. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Sullivan co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 38 miles N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1021. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut River, 73 miles B. 
 of Montpelier. It contains an academy and a bank, and has 
 manufactures of woollrn goods and other articles. Pop. 2958. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a city and seat of ju.'iticeof Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, is situated on the left bank of the Connecti- 
 cut River, at the intersec-tion of the Connecticut River, 
 and the New Haven. Hartford, and Springfield Railroads, 
 with the Western Railrojid. 98 miles W. by S. of Boston, 68 
 miles S. of Brattleborough, A'erniont, 102 miles E.S.E. of 
 Albany, and 138 miles N.N.E. of New York. Lat. 42° 6' 4" 
 N., Ion. 72° 35' 45" W. This is one of the hand.somest and 
 most flourishing inland towns in the state. The various 
 railways centering here bring to it an immense amount of 
 travel: its natural advantages also render it one of the 
 most important commercial depfits on the Connecticut. 
 The city is pleasantly situated in the midst of varied and 
 delightful scenery, the site comprises th6 level along the 
 river bank, and the W. portion of an elevated plain extend- 
 ing several miles E. Main street, the principal thorough- 
 fare and seat of business, is a broad, h.andsome avenue, 
 nearly 3 miles in length. This and other streets, parallel, 
 or nearly parallel to it and the river, are intersected by 
 those extending from the Connecticut to the plain above 
 mentioned. In the centre is a beautiful enclosure, adorned 
 with walks and shade-trees. The buildings are generally 
 constructed of brick. Among the public buildings may be 
 mentioned the City Buildings, recently erected, and the 
 churches, of which there are 12 or 13 of the various deno- 
 minations. The city contains 7 or 8 banks, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $2,500,000, 3 savings banks, and 5 or 6 insu- 
 rance companies. There are a large number of hotels in 
 Sin-ingfieid, affording excellent accommodation to the travel- 
 ler. The nieiins of education are liberally provided, and the 
 public schools generally are in a very flourishing condition. 
 The newspapers published here are 2 dailies, 2 weeklies, 
 and 1 Semi-monthly. 
 _The United States Arsenal, established at Springfield in 
 1795, Is the most extensive in the Union. It is chiefly 
 situated on an elevation called Arsenal Hill, about half a 
 mile E. of Main street. The buildings are of brick, and 
 arranged around a fine sijuare of aliout 20 acre.s. presenting 
 u handsome appearance. \ cupola on one of them com- 
 mands a beautiful view of the city and surrounding country. 
 The macliine-shops occupy three different sites on Mill 
 River, called the Upper, Middle, and Ix>wer Water Shops. 
 ThKse comprise near 20 water-wheels, and abtut 30 forges 
 
 The armory or arsenal furnishes employment to about 2800 
 hands, who turn out about 1000 nniskets per day. Some 
 175,000 stand of arms are constantly stored in the arsenal. 
 The water-power on Mill River is also employed for the 
 manufacture of paper and iron, for various mechaniftil 
 works, mills, &c. Besides these, there are establishments in 
 the city for the production of locomotives, railroad cars, 
 woollen goods, various kinds of machinery, pistols, specta- 
 cles and shoes. Here are also 2 extensive harness shops 
 employing 500 men. 
 
 Springfield is rapidly improving, especially the W. section 
 near the niilroad depot. Gas has been introduced for light- 
 ing the streets. Two bridges,'one for the Western Railroad, 
 and another, 1324 feet in length, for ordinary travel, span 
 the Connecticut at this point, and connect it with West 
 Springfield. During the season of na\igation, a steamboat 
 communicates with Hartford. Settled in 1635, under its 
 Indian name, Agavjam. In 1640 it received the name of 
 Springfield, Incorporated as a town in 1646, and as a city 
 in 1852. Population in 1820. 3970; in 1830, 6784; in 1840, 
 10,958 ; in 1850, 11,766 ; in 1860, 15,199. Since 1840, however, 
 tlie township of Chicopee, with a population of 8291 has been 
 set oft" from Springfield. The population of the two places 
 in 18.50 amounted to 20,057. The population of the city 
 in 1S65 is said to be about 30,000. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township of Otsego co., 
 New York, on Otsego Liike, 11 miles N.E. of Cooperstown. 
 The village contains an academy. Pop. 2390. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Burlington co., New Jersey, 
 about 18 miles S.S.E. of Trenton. Pop. 1810. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township of Union co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Rahway River, and the Morris and 
 Essex Railroad, 8 miles W. of Newark. The village contains 
 3 paper, Isaw, and 1 grist-mill, 2 churches, and 4 stores, 
 besides hat and shoe manufactories. Population about 1000, 
 of the township, 1020. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-township of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 16 miles W.N.W. of Towanda. Pop. 1807. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 2700. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Delaware co^ Pennsylvac 
 uia. Pop. 1109. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township in the S.W. 
 part of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on the Clevel.and and Erie 
 Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Erie The village is situated on 
 the Ridge Road, about 3 miles from Lake Erie. It is well 
 built, and is surrounded by a rich country. Pop. of the 
 township, 1951. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of F.<iyette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1376. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 688. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of fiercer CO.. Pennsylvania, 
 contains Mercer, the county seat. Entire population. 2687. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a small village, Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1067. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of York co.. Pennsylvania, 
 about 9 miles S. of York, intersected by the Baltimore and 
 Susquehanna Railroad. Pop. 1419. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Hampshire co., Virginia, 
 197 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Monroe CO.. Virginia, on In- 
 dian Creek. alx)ut 245 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-oflice of Richmond co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-vill.age. capital of Effingham co , 
 Georgia, 27 miles N.W. of Savannah. It contains a court- 
 house. 3 churches, an academy, which is well endowed, and 
 2 stores. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Greene co., .A.labama, 112 
 miles W.N.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a small village. Choctaw co., Mississippi. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Madison co., Mississippi, 40 
 miles N.E. by N. of Jackson. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of De Soto parish, Louisiana, on 
 a small lake, about 15 miles N.E. of Man.«field. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital of Livingston 
 parish, Louisiana, about 50 miles E. of Baton Rouge, and 10 
 miles N. of I>ake Maurepas. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capit.al of Limestone co, 
 Texas, on the Navasoto River, about 140 miles N.E. of Aus- 
 tin City. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a thriving post-village, capital of Conway 
 CO., Arkan.eas, about 40 miles N. by W. of Little Rock. Laid 
 out in 1850. It contained, in 1851, a court-house and 3 
 stores. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-office of Conway co., Arkansas. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a small village of .Scott co., .Arkansas 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital of Robert.son co., 
 Tennessee, on Sulphur Fork of Red River, 25 miles S.oi 
 Nashville, with which it is connected by turnpike. Poti 
 about 500. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a small village nf Bath co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital c! vviishiugiun co., 
 
SPR 
 
 Kentucky. 40 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It is surrounded by 
 tt fertile country, and Ii.is considerable business. It contains 
 a court-liouse, 3 chureiies. and about 700 inhabitants. 
 
 SPlilNGFIELD, a post-township in the S. central part 
 of Clarlie co.. Ohio, contains the city of Springfield. Pop., 
 exclusive of the city, about 2400. 
 
 Sl'RI.N'GFIELD, a beautiful city, capital of Clarke co., 
 Ohio, is situated on the National Road, at the confluence 
 of Jfad Kiver with L.agonda Creek, 43 miles VV. of Columbus, 
 and 84 miles N.N.K. of Cincinnati. It is considered one of 
 the most beautiful towns in Ohio, and is surrounded by a 
 rich, populous, and highly cultivated country. Six macada- 
 mized roads terminate at this point, and railroads radiating 
 lu various directions connect it.with the principal towns of 
 the state: the four followin;; lines are completed, viz., the 
 Columbus and Springfield, 4o miles long; the Sandusky 
 Dayton and Cincinnati, 214 miles long; the Springfield and 
 Delaware, 50 miles long; and the Springfield and Xenia, 20 
 miles long Several newspapers are published here. Witten- 
 berg College, of tWs place, under the direction of the Lutheran 
 Oliurch, is situated a short distance without the town, and 
 is surrounded by spacious grounds. Springfield contains 
 about 10 churches, a flourishing seminary, a lyceiim, 1 or 2 
 public libraries, 2 national banks, 1 or 2 other banks, amd 
 a paper-mill. The Mad River and Lagonda Creek are 
 excellent streams for propelling machinery, affording per- 
 manent water-power here for 30 pair of stones. Within a 
 dist.ance of 3 miles there are more than 20 mill-seats. A 
 charter has been obt-iined for a hydraulic improvement, 
 which it is estimated will be sufficient for 120 run of stone, 
 besides tlie 30 which are now in operation. There are in 
 the vicinity manufactories of cotton, wool, paper, and ma- 
 jbinery, I or 2 iron-foundries, besides numerous flouring 
 mills. Laid out in 1803. The famous Indian chief Tecumseh 
 was l»orn al)Out 5 miles W. of Springfield. Pop. In 1840, 
 2034; in 1850, 5108; and in 1860,7002. 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Gallia co., Oliio. Pop. 1626. 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-township in the central part of 
 Hamilton co., Ohio, intersected by the Cincinnati, Hamilton, 
 and Davton Railroad. Pop. 5548. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD or SPRINGDALE. a post-village in the 
 above township), on the turnpike from Cincinnati to Hamil- 
 ton, 15 miles N. of the former. 
 SPRING FIELD, a townshipof.Iefferson CO., Ohio. Pop.750. 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 613. 
 SPRING FIELD,a township of Mahoningco., Ohio. P.2991. 
 SPRINGFIBLD, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1532. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Richland co., Ohio, inter- 
 
 eected by the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad. Pop. 1756. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village and township of Ross co., Ohio, 
 
 on the Zanesville and Maysville Turnpike, and on the Scioto 
 
 River, 4 miles N. of Chillicothe. Pop. lOgO. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Summit co., Ohio. P. 1815. 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Williams co., Ohio. P. 1451. 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-township In the N.W. part of Oak- 
 land CO., Michigan. Pop. 1425. 
 
 SPRINGFIJiLD, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Popu- 
 nlation 1505. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township of Franklin 
 CO., Indiana, 80 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 1699. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of La Grange co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 800. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of La Porte co., Indiana. 
 Pop. OSS. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Whitley co.. Indiana, on Eel 
 River. 95 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. The post-ofiice is 
 South Whitlky. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a flourishing postrtown, capital of the 
 State of Illinois, and seat of justice of Sangamon county, is 
 situated 3 miles S. of Sangamon River, 96 miles N.N.E. of 
 St. Louis. 70 miles S. of Peoria, and 2-36 miles S.W. of Chi- 
 cjigo. Lat. 39° 48' N,, Ion. SOi^ 33' W. It is regularly planned, 
 with wide, straight streets, having a public square in the 
 centre, on which is situated the statehouse and other 
 public buildings. The town contiiins a court-house, 4 banks 
 a state arsenal, 13 churches, several academies and hotels 
 One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published hera 
 Since the seat of government was established here in 1840, 
 it has become a flourishing commercial town. At this point 
 the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad intersects the 
 Great AV'estern Railroad, which extends from the Mississippi 
 Kiver .'icross the state to Indiana, and connects with the 
 Toledo and Wabash Valley Riiilroad. Both of these roads 
 are completed. A charter has been obtained for another 
 railroad to Pana. Springfield also has 2 iron foundries, 7 
 steam flouring-mills, and a large manufactory of woollen 
 goods. It is surrounded by rich and extensive prairies, 
 which contain large quantities of bituminops coal. I^aid 
 out in 1822. Springfield will be ever memorable as having 
 berii the residence of Abraham Lincoln, late President of 
 the United States. Population in 1840, 2579 : in 1850, 4633 ; 
 and in 1860.9320. 
 
 SPRI.NGFIELD, a postrtown, capital of Greene county, 
 Uissouri, 130 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. The situation in 
 
 SPR 
 
 high and healthy, and the water excellent. Springfield i* 
 tlie most important and flourishing town in Soutliwes-t 
 Missouri. It contains a court-house, 6 churches, 1 bank 
 12 dry-goods stores, 3 drug stores, 2 newspaper offices, 1 
 steam-mill, and 1 planiiig-mill. Pop. in 1860, 415: in 1800. 
 about 2000. A battle (in which Gen. Lyon was killed) was 
 fought in this vicinity Aug. 10, 1861. It is called also the 
 battle of Wilson's Creek. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village in Keokuk co., Iowa, near 
 the North Fork of Skunk River, 56 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, on 
 Cedar River, 25 miles S.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Dane co.. 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 1207. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-office of Walworth county, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Canada West, co. ot 
 York, 19 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. about 150. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Canada West, co. of Brant, 
 32 miles W. of Hamilton. Pop. about 200. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD CENTRE, a post-office of Otsego co.. New 
 York. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD FURNACE, a postK)ffioe of Blair co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD MILLS, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana, 
 on the Elkhart River, 1.34 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 SPRING FORGE, a post-office of York co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 SPRING FORK, a postK)ffice of Pettis co., .Missouri. 
 
 SPRING GAR/DEN, a former district of Philadelphia eo., 
 Pennsylvania, situated on the N. side of the City proper, and 
 extending from Delaware Sixth street westward to the 
 Schuylkill River, and from A'ine street northward to a lina 
 running between Girard .\ venue and Poplar street. It con- 
 tained the Ha.stern Penitentiary and the Fairmount Water- 
 works. It is now included in the limits of the city. Pop. 
 in 1850, 68.894. See Philadf.li-hia. 
 
 SPRING GARDEN, a township of York co.. Penn.syl 
 vania. contains York, the county seat. Entire pop. 11..537. 
 
 SPRING GARDEN, a post-village in Pittsylvania co., 
 Virginia. 135 miles S.W. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 SPRING GARDEN, a post-office of New Hanover eo., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 SPRING GARDEN, a post-oflHce of Cherokee co.. Alabam.i; 
 
 SPRING GARDEN, a post-village of Jefferson CO., Illinois, 
 145 miles S. bv E. of Springfield. 
 
 SPRING GREEN, a township in Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a smaU village of Iredell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a post-village of Rowan co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a postoffice of Laurens district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Pickens co., Alab.ima. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Warren co.. Illinois. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Linn co.. Iowa. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a post-township of Greene co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Pop. 1053. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylv.inia. 
 Pop. Ifi87. 
 
 SPRING HILL, small village. Lenoir co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a sm.all village of York district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village of Marengo co.. Alabama, 
 71 miles S. by W. of Tuscalocisa. It is the seat of a Catholic 
 college of its own name, with a library of 7000 volumes. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village of Tippah co., Mis.sissippl, 
 on the Wolf River, 25 miles N.W. of Ripley. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-office of Union parish. Louisian.a. 
 
 SPRING IIILL, a post-office of Navarro co., Texas. 
 
 SPRING HILL, atown.ship in Drew co., Arkan.sas. 
 
 SPRING IIILL, a decayed post-village of Hempstead CO., 
 Arkansas. 14 miles S. of the county seat. Pop. 401. 
 
 SPRING IIILL, a thriving post-village of Maury co., 
 Tennessee, 30 miles S. of Nashville. It is situated in the 
 midst of a populous and fertile district. Pop. about 500. 
 
 SPRING IIILL. a small village. Calloway co., Kentucky. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 52 
 miles N. of Madison; 
 
 SPRING IIILL, a post-village of Whitesldes co., Illinois, 
 about 65 miles S.S.E. of Galena. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village of Livingston CO., Missouri. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a postoffice of Barnstable co., Masu> 
 
 SPRING HILL FURNACE, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SPRING HILLS, a thriving post-village of Champaign 
 CO.. Ohio, 14 miles N. of Urbanna. Pop. in 1S60, .ibout 400. 
 
 SPRINGHOPE. a post-office of Nash co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SPRING HOUSE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penu- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SPRING HOUSE, a post-office of Granger co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SPRING LAKE,, a post-office of Williams co.. Ohio. 
 
 SPRING LAKE, a smaU village of Tazewell co.. Illinolx. 
 
 lM-/g 
 
SPR 
 
 SPRING CAKE, a post-office of Washara eo., Wisconsin. 
 
 SPRING LEVEL, a post-office of Hanover co., A'irginia. 
 
 SPUING MILL, a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 pylvanit, on the left bank of the Schuylkill Kiver, 12 miles 
 N.W. of Philadelphia, with which it is connected by rail- 
 load. It has 2 blast furnaces in active operation. 
 
 SPRING MILL, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Indiana. 
 
 SPRING MILLS, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York. 
 
 SPRING JIILLS, a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 18 miles S. of Belvidere. 
 
 SPRING MILLS, a post-village of Centre co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Penn's Creek, 82 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It 
 contains several stores and mills. 
 
 SPRING MOUNT'AIN, Pennsylvania, is situated in the 
 W. part of Carbon county. 
 
 SPRING PLACE, a post-village, capital of Murray CO., 
 Georgia, 230 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It is situated in 
 the midst of a mountainous country, with grand and beauti- 
 ful scenery on every side. There are 40 springs of good 
 water in the compass of half a mile. The village contains 
 an academy and several stores. 
 
 SPRING PLACE, a post-vUlage in Miirshall co., Tennes- 
 see, 66 miles S. of Nashville. 
 
 SPRING PLACE, a post-office, Washita parish,' Louisiana. 
 
 SPRING/PORT, a township of Cayuga co., New York, on 
 the E. side of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 2129. 
 
 SPRING PORT, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi. 
 
 SPRINGPORT, a post^township in Jackson co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1114. 
 
 SPRING PRAIRIE, a post-village and township of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin, 31 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. The 
 Tillage contains 3 stores, 1 hotel, and 1 Baptist church. Pop. 
 200 ; of the township. 1311. 
 
 SPRING RIDGE, a post>offlce of Hinds co., Mississippi. 
 
 SPRING RIVER, a township in Lawrence CO., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 966. 
 
 SPRING RIVER, a post-village and township of Lawrence 
 CO., Missouri, about 140 miles S. by E. of Independence, 
 fop. 640. 
 
 SPRING RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas, rises in the 
 S. part of the former state, and flowing S.E. into Arkansas, 
 enters Black River near the S.W. border of Randolph county. 
 
 SPRING ROCK, a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky. 
 
 SPRING ROCK, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 
 SPRING RUN, a post-village of Franklin CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, is pleasantly situated in Path A'alley, 166 miles W. 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 SPRING RUN, a post-office of Louisa co.. Iowa. 
 
 SPRING'S, a postK)fflce of Suffi^lk co.. New York. 
 
 SPRINGTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SPRING'TOWN, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, on the 
 New Jersey Central Railroad, about 45 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 SPRINQTOWX, a pos1>village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 45 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 SPRINGTOWN, a post-office of Polk co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SPRINGTOWN, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana, 26 
 Diles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 SPRINGTOWN, a post-office of Cole co., Missouri. 
 
 SPRING'VALE, a post-village in York co., Maine, 86 miles 
 S.W. of Augusta. 
 
 SPRINGVALE, a post-office of Fairfox co., Virginia. 
 
 SPRINGVALE, a post^)fficeof Sampson cp.. North Cait>lina. 
 
 SPRINGVALE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee. 
 
 SPRINGVALE, a township in the E. central part of Co- 
 lumbia CO., Wisconsin. Pop. S32. 
 
 SPRINGVALE, a township in the N.W. part of Fond du 
 Lac CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 1296. 
 
 SPRING VAL'LEY,a post-office of Rockland CO., New York. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Bergen co.. New Jersey. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a village of Morris c».. New Jersey, 4 
 miles S.E. of Morristown. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 212. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a thriving post-village of Greene co., 
 Ohio, on the Little Miami Railroad, 58 miles N.E. of Cincin- 
 nati. It has 1 woollen factory and a carding mill. Pop. in 
 1860, about 400. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a post-township in the S.W. part of 
 Rock CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1266. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Grayson co., Virsinia. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Carroll co., Illinois. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon. 
 
 SPRING'VILLE, a post-vUlage of Concord township, Erie 
 CO., New York, on Spring Creek, in a rich farming district, 
 30 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 several fiictories and mills, and a flourishing female academy! 
 Pop. about 1500. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a thriving post-vUlage of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill River and Canal. 3:3 miles 
 N.W. ot Philadelphia. It owes its existence to the large 
 Iron-works which were established here a few years since. 
 Pop. about 800. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a small village of Lancaster eo., Penn- 
 wylvaiiia. 
 SPRINGVILLE, a post-villagj and township of Susque- 
 
 SQU 
 
 hanna CO.. Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S. of Montrose, the 
 county seat, and 155 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. The towu- 
 sliip is intersected by the Lackawana and Western Rail- 
 road. Pop. 1346. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virgini.i. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of St. Clair co., Alabama, 
 140 miles N. of Montgomery. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a po.st-vill.ige of Greenup eo., Kentucky, 
 on the Ohio River, opposite Port.smouth, in Ohio. It has a 
 foundry, plough factory, and tannery. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, 
 12 miles N.W. of Adrian. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE. a village cf Laporte co., Indiana, on the 
 plank-road from Michigan City to Niles, 10 miles E. of the 
 former. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence oo., Indiana, 
 11 miles N.W. of Bedford. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE. a post-village of Coles co., Illinois, about 
 10 miles S.W. of Charleston. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a village of Wayne co.; Missouri, about 
 110 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of A'ernon co., Wisconsin, 
 on Bad Axe River. Pop. TSO. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE. a po.^t-offiee of Linn CO., Iowa. 
 
 SPRINGVILLE; a post-office of Ut,ih co., Utah Territory. 
 
 SPRING'WA'J'ER, a post-village and township of Living- 
 ston CO., New York, on the Buffalo and Coming Railroad, 
 50 miles S.E. of Biitavia. Pop. 2399. 
 
 SPRING WELLS, a village of Wayne co.. Michigan, on 
 Detroit River, 33 miles S.W. of the centre of Detroit. It 
 niav properly be regarded as a suburb of that city. Pop. in 
 1860, 1516. 
 
 SPROAT'LEY, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 SPKOCKIIOVI.L, NiEDER, nee'der sprok^hoVel, a village 
 of Rhenish Prussia, government of Arn.sherg, near Hagen. 
 Pop. 1904. 
 
 SPROGOE, spro'goYh. a small island of Denmark, in the 
 Great Belt, about 7 miles E.N.E. of Nylx)rg, in Kunen. It 
 has a lisht-house on a hill, 84 feet high. Lat. S>t,° -Jfyn ., 
 Ion. 10° 57' E. 
 
 SPROT'BOROUGII. a parish of England, co. of York. West 
 Riding. 
 
 SPllOTTAU, sprot/tfiw, a town of Prussian Silesia. 38 miles 
 N.W. of Lieguitz, on the Bober, here joined by the Sprotta, 
 an affluent of the Pleisse, and on the railway to Glogau. 
 Pop. 4200. It has manufactures of woollens and linens. 
 
 SPROUGHrrON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SPROUSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh. 
 
 SPROUT BROOK, a post-office of Montgomery co.. New 
 York. 
 
 SPROUT CREEK, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 SPROWSTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SPROXTON, a p.irish of England, co. of Leio^ster. 
 
 SPRUCE, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, about 65 
 miles S.S.K. of Independence. 
 
 SPRUCE CREEK, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvani.-i. 
 
 SPRUCE GROVE, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SPRUCE HILL, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsvlvania. 
 
 SPRUCE HILL, a post-office of Highland co.. Virginia. . 
 
 SPRUCE MILLS, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa. 
 
 SPUI. HET. hJt spoi, a stream of Holland, province of 
 South Holland. It is a branch of the Old Maas, sep,irates 
 the islands of Beijerland and Voorn, and falls into the Ha- 
 ringvliet. 
 
 SPURN HEAD, a promontory on the E. coast of England, 
 CO. of Y'ork, E.ist Riding, at the N.E. entrance to the Hum- 
 ber. 20 miles S.E. of Hull, with two light-hou.ses, one of 
 which, in lat. .53° 34' 7" N., Ion. 0° 7' 2" E., is 100 feet above 
 the sea. Four miles E. of it a vessel is moored, having a 
 light 38 feet atwve the sea. and where a gong is sounded 
 everv ten minutes during foss. 
 
 SPUR'STOW. a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 SPY spi, a village of Belgium, province, and about 7 miles 
 N.W. of N.amur. Coal and limestone are worked in the 
 neighborhood. Pop. 2277. 
 
 SPYNIE, spl'nee. NEW, (fbrmerly Qttarrfiltvo(Yl.)ii parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Elgin. Spynie Palace, new a ruin, situated 
 on the S.E. border of a lake, was the lormer residence of 
 the bishops of Moray. 
 
 SQU AM (skwom) BAY, of Essex co., Massachusetts, between 
 Cape .\nn and Castle Neck, extends inland about 4 miles. 
 
 SQUAM GROVE, a township of De Kalb co., Illinois. P. 796. 
 
 SQUAM LAKE, New Hamp.shire. between Giafton and 
 Carroll counties. Extreme length, 7 or 8 miles; greate.st 
 breadth, about 4 miles. It is a beautil 111 sheet of wster, 
 surrounded with picturesque scenery. It contains a num- 
 ber of islands. The outlet, called Squam River, flows into 
 the Pemigewasset. 
 
 SQUAMMAGON'IC, a post-village of Strafora eo., New 
 Hampshire, on the Cocheco Railroad, 2 nilee ? of Roches- 
 ter. It has an extensive flannel manufk torf. The namo 
 of the post-office is Go»';j. 
 
SQTT 
 
 SUTJAMSCOT RIA'ER. See Exeter. 
 
 SQUAN, skwon, a villape of Ocean co., New Jersey, on the 
 Atlantic coast, between Manasquan Inlet and Metetecunk 
 RiTers. contiins a neat church, 2 stores, and several hoard- 
 ins-houses for the reception of visitors. This place is often 
 visited in the summer months for sea bathing. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 SQUAN KUM. skwdnglviim, a village of Ocean co., New 
 Jersey, on Maoasquan River, 38 miles E. by S. of Trenton, 
 contains a church and 2 mills. 
 
 SQUANNACOOK, skw6n'na-kook\ a fine mill-stream of 
 Middlesex co., Massachusetts, falls into the Nashua in the 
 township of Gro ton. 
 
 SQUARE POND, a post-office of Tolland co., Connecticut. 
 
 SQUATTERVILLK. a, town of Contra Costa CO., California. 
 
 SQUAW GROVE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 SQUILLACE, skwil-ld'chi, (anc. Sci/lacefum or ScyMcium.) 
 an episcopal town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultm II., 
 10 miles S.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2600. 
 
 SQUILLACE, Q,ULF OF, {mcSUnus SriiuWciug,)s.n inlet of 
 the Ionian Sea, near the S. extremtty of Italy, 35 miles v/ide. 
 
 SQUINZANO, skwin-z^no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto, 7 miles N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 2720. 
 
 SQUIR'REL RIVER, of Marathon Co.. Wisconsin, flows 
 into the Little Wisconsin River from the right. 
 
 SRAVAXA BELGULA. srd-va'na bfel-goo'li, a well-built 
 villiige of Ilindostan, in the Mysore dominions, 33 miles N. 
 by W.of Seringapatam. Lat. 12°51'N.,lon. 76°42'E. There 
 is here a colossal statue, 73 feet high, of Gomuta Raya, cut 
 out of the solid rock. 
 
 SKEBERNIK, sri'ber-nik' or srA'b?B-neek', written also 
 SRERERNICZA, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, 
 rapital of a sanjak, 30 miles N.W. of Zvornik. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SREBERNIK, a village of European Turkey, 23 miles S. 
 of the above. Both have silver-mines in their vicinity. 
 
 SRKD.VK KOLYMSK, srJd'nd ko-limsk'. a town and fort 
 of East Silieria, province of Yakootsk.'on the W. bank of the 
 Kolyma. 1.50 miles from its mouth in the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 SilTMKNANTI, sre-mA-nan'tee, a petty state of the Malay 
 Peninsula. Lat. 3° N.. Ion. 103° E.. N. of .Johole and Rum- 
 bowe. Estimated pop. 8000, who send tin. sapan wood, wax, 
 rattans, and rice to the British settlement of Mal.acca 
 
 SKI MUTTRA, sree mtlt'tra, a town of West Ilindostan, 
 48 miles W.N.W. of Gwalior. 
 
 SRI SORREE NAItRAIN, sree sor'ree narVIn'. a town of 
 British India, presidency of Bengal, 70 miles N.W. of Sum- 
 bhulpoor. 
 
 SSE-NAV-FOU. SeeSE-NAV. 
 
 SSK.-TCIIOUAN or SSE-TCIIUEN. See Se-Chcen. 
 
 *SSOSH. a river of Russia. See Sozn. 
 
 SSUR.^ZII, a town of Russia. See SoouAzn. 
 
 ST. JOHN. See Saint Jony. ST. LOUIS. See Saixt Loms, 
 and so for all other names having the prefix of St. or Saint. 
 
 STA AB, a town of Bohemia. See Stab. 
 
 ST A AT. a town of Bohemia. See Stab. 
 
 STA.\TSBOYGDEN, st|ts'boig-den, a village and parish 
 of Norway, stift. and 12 miles N.W. of Trondhjem, on the 
 N. side of its fiord. Pop. 3200. 
 
 STAATS'BURG, a post-village and station of Dutchess co., 
 New York, on the Hudson lliver Railroad, 60 miles S. of 
 Albany. 
 
 STAB or STAAB, st.^b. (Bohemian Stoda, sto'dS,) a market- 
 town of Bohemia. 11 miles S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1302. 
 
 STABIO. sta'be-o.cTr STABBIO, stawbe-o, (anc. Slahidumf) 
 a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, about 10 miles 
 S.S.E. of Lugano. Pop. 1651. 
 
 STABLERVILLE. a post-office of Baltimore co.. Maryland. 
 
 STABROEK or STABROECK, stVbrook, a market-town of 
 Beliium, province, and 8 miles N.N.W. of Antwerp. P. 2300. 
 
 STABROEK, a town of Guiana. See George Town. 
 
 STACHELBERG, staK'el-b4RG\ a mountain of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Glarus. at the foot of which, in the Linth 
 Valley, is a bathing establishment, which has recently risen 
 into repute. 
 
 STACHIR. See GASinu. 
 
 STAD-AAN-T'HARIXGVLIET, stit dnt ha'ring-fleet\ a 
 town of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, in the 
 island of Overflakkee, 12 miles S.S.E. of Briel, on the llar- 
 Initvliet. Pop. 958. 
 
 STADE, sti'dgh, a fortified town of Hanover, on the 
 Schwinge, rear its mouth in the Elbe, 22 miles W.N.W. of 
 Hamburg. Pop. 58U. It has a gymnasium, and manufac- 
 tures of flannel and hosiery. Adjacent to the town, on the 
 Elbe, is the castle of Brunshausen, near which a vessel is 
 stationed to receive toll on all vessels passing up the river. 
 
 STA.OT-AM-II0F. stdtt Am hof, (anc. Eipariaf) a town of 
 Bavaria, circle of Upper Palatinate, on an i.sland formed by 
 the Danube, here joined by the Regen, and opposite Ratis- 
 bon. with which it is united by a long stone bridge, and of 
 which it forms a suburb. Pop. 2030. 
 
 • As a single « ia Gorman, not only when occurrini; between 
 »wo vowels, but even at the beginninK of a word, is usually pro- 
 nounced like our z. some of the best German writers on /?eogra- 
 pny eniFl"" •«, in order to show that the sound is sharp, as 
 iieedneto for Sednew or Scdtiev, Saenna for Senno, io. 
 
 STA 
 
 ST.\DTBERG or STADBERGE, a town of Prussia. See 
 Marsherg. 
 
 STADTEL ENZERSDORF. See ExzEnsnoRF. 
 
 STADTH.\GEN, stanfha-gh^n. a walled town of Germany, 
 principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, 9 miles N.K. of BUcke- 
 burg, on the Hanover and Minden Railway. Pop. 1913. It 
 has a castle, and ducal mausoleum. 
 
 STADTHAMP'TON, a pari.^h of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 STADTILM. a town of Germany. See Ii.M. 
 
 STADTL, stdttl.or MIESTECZKO. myjs-tf^cb'ko, a village 
 of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz. 12 miles from Bei-aun. I'. 968, 
 
 STADTLOHN, stdtt'lOn, or STADTLOEN. statt/lon. a town 
 of Prussian Westphalia, 30 miles N.W. of Mtinster, Pop. 2300. 
 
 STADTOLDENDORK, statt'ol'den-doRf\ a walled town of 
 Germany, in Brunswick, 8 miles N.E. of Uolzminden. Pop. 
 214S. It has manufactures of linen. 
 
 STADTSTEINACH, .stdtt-.stl'naK. a town of Bavaria, ou 
 the Steinach. 15 miles N. of Baireuth. Pop. 1300. 
 
 STADT-SULZA, stltt sTidWsi, a town of Saxe- Weimar, 15 
 nfiles N.E. of Weimar. Pop. 1239. 
 
 STAEDEN, stS'dfn. a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders. 18 rnill-s S.S.W. of Bruges Pop. 4533. 
 
 STAFA, (StSfa,) or STAEFA, st.VfS. a village of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and 13 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the N. shore of 
 its lake. Pop. 3500. 
 
 STAFF.\. staf'fa. a small but celebrated island, one of the 
 Inner Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle. from 6 to 8 miles 
 W. of Mull. Lat. 56° 29' N., Ion. 6° 21' AV. It is of an irre- 
 gular oval shape, about li miles in circumference, present- 
 ing an uneven table-land resting on cliffs of variable height. 
 Greatest elevation, 144 feet. It is compo.sed of a ledge of 
 rocks of conglomerated trap or tufa, to which succeeds a 
 grayish-black, hiird, .ind compact columnar Kisalt, which is 
 covered by a mass of shapeless basalt of the same descrip- 
 tion, with small columns interspersed through it. The 
 whole fagade of the island, the arches and floorings of the 
 caves, strongly resemble architectural designs, and have 
 been described in terms taken from the works of art. The 
 coast is indented with numerous romantic caverns, of which 
 the most remarkable is Fingal's Cave, the opening into 
 which is a magnificent archway, 66 feet high at mean tide, 
 supporting a massive entablature of 30 feet additional, and 
 receding 227 feet inwards, the entire front, as well as the 
 great cavernous sides, being composed of countless compli- 
 cated ranges of gigantic columns, beautifully jointed, and 
 of most symmetrical though somewhat varied forms. A 
 deeply channelled fissure, parallel to the sides, extends 
 along the whole length of the ceiling, which is ornamented 
 by pendant clu.sters of columns, whitened with calcareous 
 stalagmite. As the sea never entirely ebbs from this cave, 
 it forms its constant fltwring. The water at the entrance is 
 18 feet deep, at the inner extremity about 9 feet. The ave- 
 rage diameter of the basaltic columns throughout the island 
 is about 2 feet, but they often extend to 3 feet, and even 
 4 feet. Their general forms are pentagonal and hexagonal, 
 but the number of sides is sometimes increased to seven 
 and nine, and they are rarely found rhomboidal or trian- 
 gular. In position they are sometimes erect, sometimes 
 oblique, and not unfrequently horizontal, while they are 
 often curved, and variously jointed and implicated. There 
 are several other caves along the coast of the island, of which 
 the most noteworthy is called Clam-shell Cave, from the 
 peculiar curve in which the basaltic columns recline, giving 
 it somewhat th» appearance of a pecten-shell. It is 30 feet 
 in heisht. from 16 to 18 feet broad, and 130 feet long, its 
 lateral dimensions gradually contracting as it recedes from 
 the opening. 
 
 STAFFELSTEIN. staf'felstine\ a town of Bavaria, on the 
 L,auter. 15 miles N.N.E. of Bamberg, on the Nuremberg and 
 Hof Railway. Pop. 1181. 
 
 STAF'FORD or STAFFORDSHIRE, staf'ford-shir, an in- 
 l.ind county of England, having E. Derbyshire, N. Cheshire, 
 W. Shropshire, and S. the counties of Warwick and Worces- 
 ter. Area, 1138 square miles, or 728,320 acres. Pop. in 1851, 
 608,716. Its N.E. corner is chiefly moorland, rising in some 
 places to 1200 and 1500 feet above the sea, and continues N. 
 with the high lands, separating Yorkshire and Ijinca.shire. 
 The centre of the county is level or undulating: in the S. 
 it is again hilly. The Trent rises in the county, intersect!) 
 its centre, and then with the Dove forms all the E. bound- 
 ary; other rivers are its afiiuents, the Sow. Tame. Blythe, 
 and Churnet. on the banks of all of which is fertile soil. 
 -Vbout 500,000 acres are estimated to he in tillage, but min- 
 ing and manufactures are more important than agriculture, 
 and this county ranks as the third in EuL'land for manu- 
 facturing industry. Very productive coalfields exist lioth 
 in the N. and S., where are the extensive iron manufactures 
 of Wolverhampton, Wednesbury, Walsall. Tipton. Bilston, 
 and Dudley ; and around Stoke, Handley. and Burslem is 
 the district of the potteries. The iron goods made, comprise 
 all articles from nails to steam m.achinery: the vast esta 
 blishment of Boulton and Watt, at Soho. being within tho 
 county. Copper, lead, limestone, sandstone, marble, alabas- 
 ter, and the best pottery clay, are important mineral pro- 
 ducts; and around Cheadle there are extensive copper aud 
 
 1831 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 otaHs •crks. In addition to all kinds of earthenwares, 
 glasij, carpets hats, boots, shoes, and chemical products are 
 made, and in 1S47, 3l>89 hands were employed in cotton and 
 Bilk mill.s. Burton-on-Trent is highly celebrated for its ale. 
 Nearly all parts of the county are intersected by canals, and 
 the London and Xorth-western Kailway traverses it in two 
 branches. It contains the city of Lichtield. the parliamen- 
 tary boroughs of Stafford, Walsall, Tamworth, Wolverhamp- 
 ton, Xewcastle-under-Lyne, Stoke-upon-Treut. and Dudley, 
 besides nearly 20 marketrtown.s, and upwards of 1000 vil- 
 lages and hamlets. Exclusive of boroughs, it sends 4 mem- 
 bers to the House of Commons. 
 
 STAF'FOKD, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and 
 town of England, capital of the above county, on the Sow, and 
 on the London and North-western Railway, 25 miles N.N.W. 
 of Birmingham. Pop. of the borough in 1S61, 12.487. It 
 is irregularly but neatly built. In the centre of its main 
 street is the market-square, with the county-hall, and near 
 this are the two parish churches. The other chief edifices 
 are the castle, a striking edifice; the county jail, lunatic 
 asylum, and general infirmary. The grammar school, 
 founded by Edward VI., has an annual revenue of 335J. It 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. It was the 
 birthplace of Isaac Walton. 
 
 ST.4FF0RD, West, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Dorset. 
 
 STAF'FORD, a county in the E. part of Virginia, border- 
 ing on the Potomac River, which separates it from Mary- 
 land, has an area of 250 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S.W. by the Rappahannock River, and also drained by 
 Aquia, Potomac, and Accokeek Creeks. The surface is hilly ; 
 the soil near the Potomac River is a light loam, moderately 
 fertile; other parts are sandy and poor. Quarries of gianite 
 and freestone, suitable for building, have been opened, and 
 gold has been found in small quantities. The Rappahannock 
 affords excellent water-power at Falmouth. The county is 
 Intersected by the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac 
 Railroad. Organized in 1675, and named from Stafford, a 
 county of England. Capital, Stafford Court-House. Pop. 
 8665, ot whom 5241 were free, and 3314 slaves.. 
 
 STAFFORD, a post-township of Tolland co., Connecticut, 
 intersected by the New London Northern Railroad, 28 mileg 
 N.E. of Hartford. It contains 4 thriving post-villages, viz., 
 Stafford, Staffordville, Stafford Springs, and West Stafford. 
 Stafford Springs, situated on the Willimantic Kiver, and on 
 the New London Northern Railroad, 50 miles N. by W. of 
 New London, is celebrated for tlie medical properties of its 
 waters, and is visited by persons from all part* of the Union. 
 One of them contains a solution of iron, sustained by car- 
 bonic acid gas, some earthy substances, and an element 
 called natron. This is regarded by chemisLs as one of the 
 most efficacious chalybeate springs in the United States. 
 The other, as analysed by Professor Silliman, contains a 
 large portion of hydrogen gas and sulphur, and a small pro- 
 portion of iron. A spacious hotel has been erected here for 
 the accommodation of visitors. The village of Stafford 
 Springs has 2 churches, 1 bank, 2 cotton and 4 woollen 
 manufactories, and several stores. The village of Stafford, 
 2 miles N. of the above, contains 2 chiu-ches, 2 iron foundries 
 and machine-fihops, 1 cotton-mill and 1 woollen factory. 
 Population of the township 3397. 
 
 STAFFORD, a post-village and township of Genesee co.. 
 New York, on the railroad from Batavia to Corning, 6 miles 
 E. of the former. Pop. 2077. 
 
 STAFFORD, a township of Ocean co.. New Jersey, on 
 Little Egg Harbor Bay, nbout 63 miles S.E. of Trenton. 
 Pop. 1436. 
 
 STAFFORD, a post-offiee of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 STAFFORD, a township of De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 541. 
 
 STAFFORD, a township of Greene co., Indiiina. Pop. 583. 
 
 STAFFORD COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Staf- 
 ford CO., Virginia, 76 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 STAFFORD POINT, a post^flice of Fort Bend CO.. Texas. 
 
 STAFFORDSHIRE, an inland co., England. See Stafford. 
 
 STAFFORD SPRINGS, a post-village. See Stafford, Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 STAFFORD VII/LAQE, a postrvillage of Stafford town- 
 ship. Genesee county. New York. 
 
 STAF'FORDVILLE, a post-village of Stafford township, 
 Tolland c»., Connecticut, about 30 miles N.E. of Hartford. 
 It contains 2 churches, 5 woollen mills, and several macliine- 
 ehops and iron foundries. 
 
 STAQE/VILLE, a small village of Orange co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 STAGG'VILLE, a post^village, Orange co., North Carolina. 
 
 STAGLIENO, stdl-yA'no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division, hnd about 2 miles E. of Genoa, on the right bank 
 of the BLsagno. Pop. 1984. 
 
 STAGNO GRANDE, stin'yo grju'di. or STOL. stol. a town 
 of Dalniatia, 26 miles N.M'. of Ragusa. on the peninsula of 
 Sabioneello. Pop. 5400. It has extensive s;Ut-works. 
 
 <TA(JNONE, stinyo/ni, a group of islets tn the Mediter- 
 ranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, from which they are sepji- 
 .ated by a narrow channel, 13 miles S.S.W. of Trapani. The 
 largest is about 2 miles long. 
 
 JJTAGNO PICCOLO, stan'yo pik'ko-lo, a village of Dalma- 
 1832 
 
 tia, N.N.E. of Stagno Grande, with a good harbor on the 
 Channel of Narenta. 
 
 ST.\GS'DEN. a parish of England, co. of Bedford 
 
 STAHLSTOWN, a small post-village of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 50 miles S.K. of Pittsburg. 
 
 STAIN'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STAIN'DROP, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Durham, 11 miles W.N.M'. of Darlington. Pop. in 1851, 
 2447. The town is well built. Near it are lead-works : and 
 about 1 mile N.W. is Raby Castle, belonging to the Duke of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 STAINES, stAnz, a market-town and parish of Kngland, 
 CO. of Middlesex, at its S.W. extremity, on the Thames, here 
 crossed by a new stone bridge, at the influx of the Colne, 19 
 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. Pop. in 1851. 2677. 
 
 STAIN'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STAIN'FORTH, a township of England, co. of York. We.st 
 Riding. 
 
 Sl'AIN'LAND, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 STAIN'LEY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 STAIN'MORE, a chapelrv of England, co. Westmoreland. 
 
 STAINTON, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, North 
 Riding. 
 
 STAINTON, a parish of England, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 STAINTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 STAINTON. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 STAINTON-BT-LANG WORTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Sl'AINTON MARKET, a parish of Encland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STAINTON-LE-VALE. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 
 STAIR, a parish of Scotland, co. of .\vr. 
 
 STAIUnVAY BROOK, a little village of Wayne co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 107 miles from 
 New York City. 
 
 STAl/BRIDGK, a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Dorset, on a branch of the Stour, 6J miles E.N.E. of Sher- 
 borne. Pop. in 1851, 1901. partly engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of stockings. In the town is a curious cross .SO feet high. 
 
 STA'LKY BRIDGE, a market-town and chapelry of Eng- 
 land, COS. of Lancaster and Che.ster, on the Manchester and 
 Bury Railway, 7 miles N.E. of Stockport. Pop. in 1851, 
 20.760, mostly engaged in cotton manufactures. 
 
 STAL/HAM, a mrish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STALIMNI, stl-lim'nee, or LIMNI, lim'nee, written also 
 STALIMENE, (anc. Lcmnos; Gr. A.r})ivo$. Lemnos.) an 
 island of the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to Turkey, in 
 the JEgean Sea, 40 miles E.S.E. of Mount .\thos. Area. 160 
 square miles. Pop. 8000. It consists of two peninsulas, 
 sepamted by the harbors of Paradiso and St. Antonio. The 
 surface is mountainous, with extinct craters : the soil is fer- 
 tile in com, oil, wine, fruits, &c. The capital town. Lkjinos, 
 is on the W. coast, with 1000 inhabitants, a citadel, harbor, 
 and ship-building docks. 
 
 STAL/ISFIKLD. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STALLA, stdl'li or BIVIO, bee've-o. a village of East 
 Switzerland, canton of Grison-s, 10 miles N.E. of Chiavenna, 
 at the foot of the .Tulier Pass, 6774 feet above the seii. 
 
 STALLATl, st^lli/tee, a town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 bria Ultra II., 11 miles S.S.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1260. 
 
 STAI/LINGBOROUGH. a parish of England, co. of IJn- 
 coln. on the Lincolnshire Railway, 4y miles W.N.W. of Great 
 Grimsbv. 
 
 STALL'S CREEK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Mi.ssouri, 
 
 STALLUPOHNEN. stai'k>o-po'nen. a town of East Prussijj, 
 16 miles E.N.K. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 3110. 
 
 STAL'MINE. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 STALY HOLLO'W. a post-office of Yates co.. New York. 
 
 STAMBOOL or STAMBOUL. See Constaxti.n-ople. 
 
 STAM'BORNE, a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 STAM'BRIDGE. GU EAT. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 STAMBRIDGE. LITTLE, a parish of England, co.of Es<ex. 
 
 STAMBRUOE.S, stfiM^bruzh', or ESTAM BR UG ES, ?s\st6M^ 
 briizh'. a yillage of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, 11 miles 
 W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2063. 
 
 ST.^MI'ORD. a parliamentary and municip,al borough, 
 and town of England, cos. of Lincoln and North.ampton. on 
 the Welland River, here crossed by a 5-arched stone bridge, 
 and on a railway, 11 miles W.N.W. of I'eterborough. Pop. in 
 1861, 893-'5. The princip.a.1 buildings are 5 parish churches, 
 the town-hall, theatre, and assembly rooms. The Welland 
 is navigable for barges hence to the sea. The malting and 
 retail trade is considertble. It sends 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. Immediately S. of the town is Bur- 
 leigh, the seat of the Marquis of Exeter. 
 
 ST.\M/FORD. a post-township of Bennington CO., Vermont, 
 116 miles S. by W. of ^lontpelier. Pop. 759. 
 
 STAMFORD, a flourishing post-1x)rough and township of 
 Fairfield co.. Connecticut, near the mouth of .Mill River, and 
 on the New York and New Haven Railroad. 40 miles S.W. 
 of New Haven, and 36 miles N.E. of New York. A t.^ual 
 180 rods in length. 30 feet in breadth, and 7 feet deep, has 
 been constructed, extending from the borough to the bay, 
 which sets up from Long Island Sound, between G reenwich 
 
STA 
 
 «ud Shiphan's Points, affording a fine harbor for vessels 
 drawing 8 feet of water. Tlie borougli has entirely changed 
 iu appearance during the last 20 years. It contains 8 fine 
 churches, and many of the dwellings are very elegant. 
 During the summer months it is much resorted to as a 
 watering-place. Stamford has some trade with the ports 
 along the coast; and its manufactures, particularly those 
 of iron, are extensive. It has 2 banks, a large woollen mill, 
 and a savings institution. The Stamford Advocate is pub- 
 lished weekly. Population of the township ia 1840, 3516; 
 in 1850, 5000; in 1800, 7185. 
 
 STAMFORD, a post-village and township in the N.E. part 
 of Delaware co.. New York, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Al- 
 bany. Pop. US61. 
 
 STAM'l'ORD, a village and township of Canada TTest, co. 
 of Welland. about 3 miles N.W. of the Falls of Niagara. It 
 has Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and W'esleyan Methodist 
 churches. Pop. in 1852, 3113. 
 
 STAM'FOKDHAJI, a parish of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. Lime and coal are found here in great iiuantities. 
 
 STAMMHKIM, stimm'hime, a village of Wiirtemberg, cir- 
 de of Schwarzwald, on the Nagold. Pop. 1156. 
 
 STAMP.E. SeeKTAMPES. 
 
 STAMPALI.\, stimpaiee'i or ISTAMPALIA. is-tAm-pd- 
 lee'd, an i.sland of the Grecian Archipelago, government of 
 Thera. 20 miles S.E. of Amorgo. Area, 50 scjuare miles. Pop. 
 1500. The chief villages are St. Andrea and Livoruo. 
 
 STAMPER'S CREKK, a township of Orange co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 818. 
 
 ST.iMPFEN, stimp'fjin, a market-town of West Hungary, 
 CO., and 10 miles N.N.W. of Presburg. Pop. 3374. 
 
 ST.\.Mi'HAXE, islets in the Ionian Sea. See Strivali. 
 
 STA.MI"1NG GROUND, a post-village of Scott co., Ken- 
 tucky. 21 miles N.W. of Lexington, h.is 2 churches, and 
 several stores. The herds of buffalo which formerly re.sorted 
 to this place for sjilt water, tramped down the underbrush — 
 hence the origin of its name. 
 
 STAN'ARDiSVlLLE, a post-village, capital of Greene co., 
 Virginia, 92 miles N.W. of Richmond, and 5 miles S.E. of the 
 Blue Ridge. The village has been much improved within a 
 few years. It Ijecnme the county seat in 1838. 
 
 STAN'BRIDGK, a chapelry of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 STANBRIDGE, EAST, a post-village of Canada East, co. 
 of Missisquoi, 50 miles W. of Stanstead. 
 
 STA.VCIIIO or STANCIIO, an island. See Cos. 
 
 STA N'DARD VILLE, a iX)st-(jffice of Carroll co., Tennessee. 
 
 STAN'DKRWICK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 STAND/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STAND'GROUND. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 STAN'DING ROCK, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee. 
 
 STAXD'INGSTONE, a post-township of Bradford CO.. 
 Pennsylvania, on the North Branch Canal and the left bank 
 of the Susquehanna River. 7 miles E. of Towanda. Pop. 935 
 
 STAXDIXGSTONE CREEK, of Penn3ylvania, enters the 
 Juniata in Huntingdon county. 
 
 STAX'DISH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 STAXDISH, a parish of England, co. of I^ancaster, 3i 
 miles N.N.W. of Wigan, on the Pre.^ton and Wyre Railway. 
 Population employed in manufactures of cotton and linen, 
 and in coal-mines. 
 
 STAX'DLSH, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 
 58 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 2067. 
 
 STAXD'LAKE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 STAND'LINCII, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 5 miles 
 S.S.E of Salisbury. Trafalgar Park, the seat conferred by 
 Parliament on Nelson, is in this parish. 
 
 ST.'i.X'DON, a parish of England, co. of Hertford, 8 miles 
 N.E. of Hertford. It has a Roman Catholic college. 
 
 STANDON. a parisli of England, co. of Stafford. 4 miles 
 N.N.W. of Eccleshall, on the North Western Railway. 
 
 STANE. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STAN'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STAX'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STANFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 STAXFOKdJ a parish of England, co. of Worcesfer. 
 
 STAN'KORD, a township in the N. part of Dutchess co.. 
 New York. Pop. 2323. 
 
 STANFORD, a post-vill.age, capital of Lincoln co., Ken- 
 tucky, is situated 50 miles S. of Frankfort, and 1 mile from 
 Logan's Old Fort. The village has a turnpike to Frankfort, 
 and contains 4 churches, 1 academy, 1 national bank, and 
 1 woollen mill. Pop. 479. 
 
 STANFORD, a post-village of Monroe co., Indiana, 60 
 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ST.-VNFORD. a post-office of Texas co., Missouri. 
 
 STANFORD, BISH'OPS, a parish. England, co. Hereford. 
 
 STAXFORD, DING'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 STAXFORD-LF.-HOPE. a parish of i-ingland, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 ST.'VNFORD RIVERS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 PTANKORD-ox-SO.VR, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 ST.A.NFORD-IN-THE-VALE, a parish of England, co. Berks. 
 
 ST.AN'FORDVILLK, a postrvillage in Stanford township. 
 Dutchess CO., ISew York, on Wappinger's Creek, about 20 
 miles N.E. of Pouirhkeepsie. 
 
 IsXANFORDVILLE, a post-village of Putnam co., Georgia, 
 
 STA 
 
 about 22 miles N.W. of Milledgevllle. It has 1 church, ami 
 2 stores. 
 
 STAXGENDORF, stlng'en-doRf\ or WANDULA, «ii* 
 doo'ld, a village of Austria, in Moravia, about 3 miles froa- 
 Zwittau. Pop. 1272. 
 
 STAX'HOE, a p-arish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STAN'HOPE, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 6 miles 
 W.N.W. of Wolsiugham, and on the Wear Valley Railway, 
 Population partly employed in lead-mines. Roman antiqui- 
 ties have been found here. 
 
 ST.\N'HOPE. a post-village of Sus.sex co., New Jersey, on 
 the Morris Canal and Musconetcong River, and on the 
 Morris and Essex Railroad, 52 miles N. by E. of Trenton, 
 contains a mill, 2 stores, 3 iron forges, and from 50 to 60 
 dwellings. 
 
 STANHOPE, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 128 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 STANHOPE, a post-village of Nash co., North Carolina 
 32 miles E. liy N. of Raleigh. 
 
 STAN'HOPE, a seaport on the N. coast of Prince Edwara 
 Island. CO. of Queens, with a harbor for small craft, in lat 
 46° 22' N., Ion. 63° 10' W. 
 
 ST.\N'ION, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ST.W'ISLAUS, a river of California, ri.ses on the slope of 
 the Sierra Nevada, near the boundary between Tuolumne 
 and Calaveras counties, and flowing first in a S.W. and then 
 in a W.S.W. course, falls into the San Joaquin River on the 
 border between the county of that name and Tuolumne 
 county, ab iUt 25 miles above Stockton. 
 
 STANISLAWOW. stan-is-lj/wov, a strongly fortified town 
 of Austrian Galicia, between two arms of the Bistritz. 75 
 miles S.S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. with suburbs,-9200. It has 
 a gymnasium. 
 
 STAXITZ. a town of Moravia. See Steimtz. 
 
 ST.WLEY. a village and ecclesiastical district of Eng- 
 land, CO. of York. West Riding, about 2 miles N.N.E. of 
 Wakefield. The village st.ands on the W. bank of the Cal- 
 der, among scattered hamlets and agreeable villas, and am- 
 ple means of conveyance are afforded by the Aire and Calder 
 Canal, which here cros.ses the river by a magnificent aque- 
 duct. The Pauper Lunatic Asylum of the West Riding, 
 with accommodation for 600 patients, is in this district. 
 Pop. in 1851, 7257. 
 
 ST.iNLEY, a village and quoad sacra parish of Scotland, 
 eo. of Perth, on the right bank of the Tay, with a station on 
 the Perth and Fortar Railway, 6^ miles N. of Perth. 
 
 ST.iN'LEY, KING'S, a parish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 STANLEY, PONT'LARGE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 STAXLEY, PORT OF. a town .and port of entry of Canada 
 West, at the mouth of Kettle Creek, on the N. shore of Lake 
 Erie. co. of Elgin. 110 miles from Hamilton. It possesses 
 one of the best harbors on Lake Erie. The Bank of Montre;U 
 has an agency here; and there are 2 Protestant churches 
 and 3 schools. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 STANLEY, ST. LEONARD'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester, 3 miles W. of Stroud. It has the ruins of a 
 monastery. The village had formerly a market. 
 
 STANLEY-wiTH-AVIlENrrHORPE, a township of England, 
 CO. of York, M' est Riding. 
 
 STAN'LY, a county in the S.W. central part of North C.i- 
 rolina. Area estimated at 280 square miles. The Yadkin 
 River forms the entire boundary on the E., and Rocky 
 liiver on the S. The surface is mountainous. The soil of 
 the valleys produces wheat and Indian corn. Numerous 
 veins of gold are worked in the N.W. part of the county, 
 yielding sometimes large profits, and a very valuable silver- 
 mine has recently been discovered. The Yadkin affords 
 abundant motive-power in the vicinity of the Narrows. 
 Formed in 1842. from a part of Montgomery. Capital. Albe- 
 marle. Pop. 7801, of whom 66.32 were free, and 1169 slaves. 
 
 ST.\.\'MER, a parish of England, co. of Su.ssex. 
 
 ST AN'MORE, Great, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 STAN.MORE, Little, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 STANNERN. stdn'njrn, (Bohemian. Stonarzmv. sto-uaB'- 
 zov,) a market-town of Moravia, 7 miles S.E. of Iglau. Pop. 
 1040. A great fall of aerolites took place here in 1807. 
 
 STAN'NINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suff'olk. 
 
 STAX'NI.XGLEY a hamlet of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 5 miles W. bv N. of l^eeds. 
 
 STAN'NINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 STANOVOI sa'no-voi', or STANNOVOI. stdn'no-Toi', 
 or YABLOXOI. (JABLONOI,) yd-blo-noi/, Mocntai.ns, a 
 long mountain chain of East Asia, extending between lat. 
 50° and 67° N.. and from Ion. 110° E.. .separating Siberia (Ir- 
 kootsk. Yakootsk. &c) from the Chinese dominions of Mon- 
 golia and .Mantchooria. and afterwards prolonged through 
 the province of Okhotsk and the Tchooktchee country to 
 Behriiig Strait. Total length estimated at 3000 miles. It 
 is usually called Yaisloxoi (lablonoi or .lablonoi) in the 
 W. part^ and Stanovoi towards the E. extremity. This chain 
 separates the biisins of Lake Baikal and the IjenH on (he N. 
 from that of the Amoor on the S.E. The priniiiial raraifiea- 
 tious are those which cover the government of Irkootsk, 
 
 l6il3 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 and tbe mountains of Katntchatka. As far X. as lat. 55° 
 their lower portions are clothed with dense forests: X. of 
 lat. 65° they are covered with snow, and separate the basins 
 of the Anadoer and Indijrhirka. 
 
 STAXS'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STANSKIELD, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 STAN'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STANSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ST.A.X'STEAD,a county in S.E. part of Canada East. Area, 
 632 square miles. Lake "jiarsawippi and part of Lake Mem- 
 phremagog are in this county. Capital, Stanstead. Pop. 
 in 1852, 13,898. 
 
 STAXSTEAD,a towTi of Canada East, capital of the aboTe 
 county, 100 miles from Montreal, and within a few miles of 
 the United States frontier. It is a port of entry, and has a 
 large and increasing business. Pop. about 800. 
 • STAX'SXEAD AIJ'BOTS. a parish of England, co. of Herts, 
 2i miles X.X.E. Iloddesden. In this p.irish are remains 
 of Rye-house, which gave name to the pretended plot in the 
 reign of Charles II. 
 
 STAX'STEAD MOUXTFITCII'ET, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Essex, on the Eastern Counties Railway, 3J miles N. 
 of Bishops-Stortford. 
 
 STAXTOX, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 STAXTOX, two chapelriesof England, co. of Derby. 
 
 STAX'TON, a post-ofRee of Hunterdon co., Xew .Jersey. 
 
 ST.\XTOX, a post-village of Xew Castle CO.. Delaware, on 
 the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, 6 miles W. by S. 
 of Wilmington. 
 
 STAXTOX, capital of Powell co., Kentucky. 
 
 STAXTON ALL-SAIXTS, a pari.oh of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 STAX'TOX-ON-AR'ROW, a parish, England, co. Hereford. 
 
 STAXTOX-BT-BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 STAXTON-BURY. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 STAX'TON COR/XERS. a post-office of Ontario co., New 
 York. 
 
 STAXTON-BT-D.\LE, a parish of Ensland, co. of Derby. 
 
 STAXTON DREW a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 7 miles S. of Bristol. It has Druidical remains. 
 
 STAXTON EITZWAR/REX, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. It has an ancient church. 
 
 STAX'TON HAR'COURT. a parish of England, co. Oxford. 
 
 STANTON-ON-HINE-HEATH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Salop. 
 
 STAXTON-LA'CY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 STAXTOX, LOXG. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 STAX'TOX PRI'OR, a parish of EngUnd. co. of Somerset. 
 
 SIAXTONSBURG, a post-village of Edgecombe co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 STAX'TON ST. BER/NARD. a parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 STAX'TOX ST. G A'BRIEL. a parish of England, co. Dorset. 
 
 STAXTOX ST. JOHX'S. a parish of Endand. co. of Oxford. 
 
 STAXI'ON ST. MI'CHAEL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 STAXTON STO'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 ST.VXTOX ST. QUIX'TIX, a parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 STAX'TOXVILLE, a post-village Qf Anderson district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 STAXTOX VILLE, a post-office of McNairy co., Tennes.see. 
 
 STAXTON VILLE, a post-office of Calumet co., Wi.wonsin. 
 
 ST AXT'S STOR E, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STAXTZ. See Stan-z. 
 
 STAX'WAY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 STAXWAY. a psirish of Engl.md. co. of Gloucester. 
 
 STAX'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 STAX'WICH, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut. 
 
 ST.VX'WICK, a parish of England, co. of Xortbampton. 
 
 STANWICK ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 ST.4^N'WIX, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 STAX'WIX, a postK)ffice of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 STANZ or STANTZ, stints, a town of Switzerland, canton 
 of Unt«rwalden, capital of its lower division, 7 miles S.S.E. 
 of Lucerne. Pop. 1200. Its town-hall, of historic celebrity, 
 contains a series of historic portraits; in its market-place is 
 the statue of Arnold von Winkelried. a native of Stanz ; 
 and near the town is a monument to the inhabitants of the 
 town massacred by the French in 1798. 
 
 STAP'ENIIILL, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 STAP'HORST, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Overvssel, 11 miles N.E. of Zwolle. Pop. of the parish, 4054. 
 
 ST.VPLE. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STAPLE. FITZ/PAINE. a parish of England, co. Somerset. 
 
 STA'PLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 STAPLBFORD. a parish of England, co. of Hertfoi-d. 
 
 STAPLEFOKD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, 
 li miles E. of Melton Mowbray. Stapleford Hall, the seat of 
 the Earl of HarVjoroutth. is here. 
 
 STAPLEFOKD. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 ST.\PLKFOHD, a parish of Enaland, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 STAl'LKFOItD. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 STAPLKFOKD. AB'BOTS. a parish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 STAPLEFOKD. TA W'XEY. aparish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 BTA'PLmROVE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 1834 
 
 STA'PLEHURST, a parish of EngLsnd. co. of Kent, 4^ 
 miles X.X'.E. of Cranbrook. on the South-eastern Kailwny. 
 
 STA'PLES' BRAXCH, a posfroffice of San Joaquin ce., 
 California. 
 
 STA'PLETON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 9 
 miles E.N.E. of Longtown. The ruius of Shank Castle ai* 
 in this parish. 
 
 STAPLETOX. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 STAPLETOX. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 STA'PLETON, a post-village of Richmond co.. New York, 
 on the N.E. side of Staten Island. 7 miles S. by W. of New 
 Y^ork. It contains the Seaman's Retreat, an hospital for 
 sick or disabled sailors, supported by a tax paid by the mas- 
 ters and crews of vessels. The building is about 200 feet 
 long by 50 feet wide, and 3 stories high, and it said to have 
 cost .$100,000. 
 
 STAPLETOX ISLAND, an island of the middle cluster of 
 the Arzobispo group, in the North Pacific Ocean. 
 
 STAPPEX, an island group of Norway. See Mothers 
 AND Daughters. 
 
 STAPUL.^. See Etapies. 
 
 ST.\R, a post-offlce of -Assumption parish, Louisiana. 
 
 STAR, a post-office of Rush co.. Indiana. 
 
 STARA-CZESTOCHOWA, stS'ri-chJs-to-Ko'va, a town of 
 Russian Poland, 78 miles S.E. of Kali.sz, on the Warta. 
 Pop. 1696. 
 
 STAKAIA-ROOSSA or STARAIA-RUSSA, gtS-ri'^ roos'sj, 
 written also RUSSA-ST.AROI, atown of Ru.ssi.a. government, 
 and 36 miles S. of Novgorod, on a river which flows into 
 Lake Ilmen. Pop. 8700. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, 
 and has an imperial palace, salt-works, and a large trade 
 in flax, linseed, timber, .and flour. 
 
 STARASOL, stava-sol'. or STAROSOL. std'ro-sol', a town 
 of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Sambor. 
 Pop. 10f.fi. 
 
 STAR'BRUCK ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 5° 20* 
 S.. Ion. 155° 56' W.. was discovered in J823. 
 
 STAR'CKOSS, a chapelry of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 STARE MIASTO. sti'rA me-is'to (or my^s'to,) or ALTE 
 SAMBOR, ai'teh sjm'bor, a town of Austrian Galicia, 12 
 miles from Sambor. Pop. 2331. 
 
 STARE MIESTO, st^'rA me-fs'to (or myJs'to,) or ALL- 
 STADT, ail'stdtt, a town of Austria, in >ioravia, circle of 
 Olmutz, at the foot of the Schneeberg. Pop. 1500. 
 
 STARF.SOV.A, shtdhV.Vsho'vuh\ a village of Hungary, in 
 the banat of Temesvar. 4 miles from Pancsova. Pop. 3200. 
 
 STAR'FIELD. a post-office of Peoria co.. Illinois. 
 
 STAR FUR'XACE. a po.st-office of Carter co., Kentucky. 
 
 STARG ARD, staR'gaRt. a walled town of Prussia, province 
 of Pomprania. on the left hank of the n-avigable Ihoa, 21 
 miles E.S.E. of .Stettin, with which it communicates by rail- 
 way. Pop. 13.100. It has a gymnasium, and manufactures 
 of woollen cloth, linens, hosiery, tobacco, soap, and leather, 
 
 STAR'G.ARD, a walled town of West Prussia, 27 miles 
 S.W. of Dantzic, on the Ferse. Pop. 3600. It has Roman 
 Catholic and Lutheran churches. 
 
 STAR'GARD, a town of Meeklenburg-Strelitz. 14 miles 
 N.E. of Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 1410, 
 
 START A. sti'ree'3, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, 
 
 40 miles S. of Oohrida. 
 
 START M ATDAN, stS'ree mAMan'. a village of Turkish Cro- 
 atia, on the Sanna, 32 miles W. of Ranialuka. 
 
 STARITZA, st3-rit'sa, a town of Russia, government, and 
 
 41 miles W.S.W. of Tver, on the Volga, here crossed by a 
 fljnng bridge. Pop. 2400. ' 
 
 ST .ARK. a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, has an area of 
 about 5T0 .square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by the 
 Tuscarawas River and NImishillen Creek, and also drained 
 by Sugar and Sandy Creeks. The surface is rolling. The 
 soil is a sandy loam, remarkably fertile, and highly culti- 
 vated. Stark county is reported to have produced in 1850, 
 more wheat ami butter than any other county in the stat^. 
 The quantity of each produced being 590,594 bushels (f 
 wheat; butter, 1,211,021 pounds. Limestone underlies « 
 large portion of the surface. Stone coal of good quality 
 abounds in the S.E. part, and fine buildiiig-.stone is quarried 
 near JIassillon. The farmers find a ready market on the 
 Ohio Canal, which runs through the county. It is also in- 
 tersected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad, and by tht 
 Clevel.and and Pittsburg Railroad. Ximishillen Creek fur- 
 nishes excellent water-power. Capital, Canton. P. 42,978. 
 
 STARK, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, contain* 
 432 square miles. It is drained by the Yellow and Kanka- 
 kee Rivers. The surface is level, and mostly occupied by 
 marshes, prairies, and small lakes. A part of the laTid is 
 adapted to the rearing of cattle. Organized in 1849. i.'api- 
 tal. Knox. Pop. 2195. 
 
 STARK, a county in the N.W. centr.al part of Illinois, haa 
 an area of 290 squaremiles. It is intersected by fpoon River, 
 an affluent of the Illinois. The county is divHled between 
 prairie and timbered land. The soil is good. Nauedin h"noi 
 of General Stark, of the Revolutionary war. Pop. 90'>4. 
 
 ST.ARK. a post-township of Coos co., Xew Hi<uip.slilrt. on 
 the Atlantic and SL Lawrence Railroad, 90 dJ'<s t . f»l>m 
 Concord. Pop. 426. 
 
STA 
 
 STARK, a townphip of Herkimer co.. New York. Pop. 1543. 
 
 STARK, a township of Noble co., Oliio. Pop. 1578. 
 
 STARKKN15ACH, staR/k?n-bAK\ a town of Bohemia, 25 
 miles N. of Bidschow. Pop. 2060. 
 
 tiTARKKNBUKG, staR'kgn-boCRG^ a prnvince of Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, Central Germany, E. of the Jlhiue. Area 1202 
 square miles. Pop. 317,093. 
 
 STAR'KEY, a post-village and township of Yates co.. 
 New York, on the Canaudaijjcua and Elmira Railroad, 32 
 miles N. from Elmira. Seneca Lake bounds the township on 
 the W. The village contains an academy belonging to the 
 " Christians," with 150 pupils. Pop. of the township, 1809. 
 
 STAR-KRUM, (Star-KrUm.) staR krum, (Tartar, £sA««- 
 Kroom or Kriim,) a town of South Russia, government 
 Taurida, 10 miles \V. of Kaffa. 
 
 STARK'S, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on the 
 Kennebec and Sandy Rivers, about 33 miles N. by W. from 
 Augusta. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores. 2 boot and shoe 
 establishments, 3 starch factories, grist mill, saw mill, &c. 
 Pop. 1340. 
 
 STARKS'BOROUGH, a post-village and township of 
 Addison CO., Vermont, 24 miles W. by S. from Montpelier. 
 It has manufactures of castings, woollen goods, starch, Ac. 
 Pop. 1437. 
 
 STARKSTADT. staRk'stStt, (Bohemian, Starkow, staR'- 
 kov.)a town of Bohemia, 25 miles N.E. of Koniggratz. P. 842. 
 
 STARKS/VILLE, a village in the N.E. part of Rensselaer 
 CO.. New York. 
 
 STARKVILLE. a postrvillage of Herkimer co.. New York, 
 about 60 miles W.N.W. of Alljany. 
 
 STARKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lee co., Georgia, 
 115 miles S.VV. by S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 STARKVILLE, a post/village, capital of Oktibbeha co., 
 Mississippi, 125 miles N.E. of Jackson. It contains a court- 
 house and a few stores. 
 
 STARLING MKDICAL COLLEGE. See Columbus. Ohio. 
 
 STAR'UNGTON, a post-office of Butler co.. Alabama. 
 
 STAROBIELSK, sti-ro-be-Jlsk', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Voronezh, ISO miles S. by VV. of Voronezh, on the 
 Aidar, with a cathedral and an imperial stud. Pop. 1100. 
 
 STARO-CONSTANTINOV. See Staro-Koxstantinov. 
 
 STARODOOB, STARODOUB, STARODUB, sti-ro-doob', a 
 town of Russia, government, and 100 miles N.E. of Tcherui- 
 ^ov. Pop. 9,000. It is enclosed by earthen rampsB'ts, and 
 has a cathedral and monastery. 
 
 STAROI-OSKOL, stiroi'os-kol'. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 70 miles E.S.E. of Koorsk, on the Oskol, here 
 joined by the Oskla. Pop. 5000. It is mostly built of wood. 
 
 STARO-KONSTANTINOV, STARO-KuNSTANTINOW or 
 CONSTANTINOV, stl'ro kon-stdn-te-nov', a town of Rus- 
 si.in Poland, government of Volhynia, 75 miles W.N.W. of 
 Zhitomeer. P. 4(J00. 
 
 STAROSOL, a town of Austrian Galicia. See Starasol. 
 
 STARR, a county in the S. part of Texas, contains about 
 3350 square miles. The Rio Grande forms its entire south- 
 western boundary, separating it from the Mexican state of 
 Tamaulipas. The county contains extensive prairies, which 
 produce pasture, and support large droves of wild horses 
 and e;ittle. The land is adapted to cotton, sugar-cane, and 
 maize, but it is not cultivated to much extent. Named in 
 honor of James H. Starr, Secretary of the Treasury of the re- 
 public of Texas. Capital, Rio Grande City. Pop. 240(5. 
 
 STAliR, a post-township in the S.E. part of Hocking co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1417. 
 
 STARR'S POINT, a post-office of Benton co., Oregon. 
 
 STARSOW, a village of Bohemia. See Dittersdach. 
 
 STARS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STARS'VILLE, a post-village of Newton co., Georgia, about 
 60 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 START, a point and light-house of Scotland, in the 
 Orkneys, the easternmost extremity of the island of San- 
 dav ; lat. 59° Id' 30" N., Ion. 2° 22' W. 
 
 START/FORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 START POINT, a headland near the S. extremity of the 
 CO. of Devon, England, 9^ miles S.S.W. of Dartmouth, with 
 a lisht-house and revolving light 204 feet above the sea; 
 lat. 50° 13' 4" N., Ion. 3° 38' W. 
 
 STARUC'CA, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Starucca Creek, 180 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 STARUCCA CREEK, rises in Wayne co., Pennsylvania, 
 and enters the Susquehanna. 
 
 STARY SAMBOR. See Sambor. 
 
 STASSFURT, stdss'fOoRt, a walled town of Prussian Sax- 
 ony, 20 miles S.S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2040. 
 On. the opposite side of the river is Alt-stassfuet, l\t stdss'- 
 fuoRt, a village, with 550 inhabitants. 
 
 STASZOW, std/shov, a walled town of Poland, province, 
 and 30 miles W.S.W. of Sandomier, on the Czarna. P. 3985. 
 
 STATE BRIDGE, a post-office of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 STATIVBIIRG, a post-office of Sumter district. South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 STATE CENTRE, small village, Marquette co., Wisconsin. 
 
 STATE'LAND, a small post-village of Choctaw co., Mis- 
 iiissippi. 
 
 STA 
 
 STATELEY'S RUN. a post-office of Grant co.. Kentucky. 
 
 STATE LI.NE. a village and station of Columbia co.. New 
 York, on the line between New York and .Ma.i.sachusetts, 
 and on the Western Railroad. 38 miles S.K. of .Albany. 
 
 STATE LINE, a village on Poultney River, Washinirtou 
 CO., New York. The railroad from Rutland to Whitehall 
 crosses the river at this village. 
 
 STATE LINE, a station on the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, 
 69 miles from Buffalo. 
 
 ST.\TE LINE, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STATE LINE, a station on the line between New York 
 and Pennsylvania, on the railroad between Elmira and Wil- 
 liamsport, 9 miles from Elmira. 
 
 ST.VfE LINE, a post-office of Heard co., Georgia. 
 
 STATE LINE, a station on the East Tennessee and Geor- 
 gia Railraad, 15 miles from Dalton. 
 
 STATE LINE, a station on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 
 62 miles from Mobile. 
 
 STATHXINE, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 
 S'TATE LINE, a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 
 STAT'EN ISLAND, in New York Bay, 5 or 6 miles S.W. 
 from the city, is separated from New Jersey by Staten Island 
 Sound, and from Long Island by the Narrows. It is about 14 
 miles long, and from 4 to 8 miles wide, constitutes the 
 county of Richmond, and forms the .southern extremity of 
 the state. (See Richmond County, New lork.) The north- 
 ern portion of it, denominated Richmond Hill, rises from 
 either shore into a beautifully rounded elevation. 307 feet 
 above the level of the sea. this is occupied with many 
 splendid mansions, and surrounded with the most enchant- 
 ing scenery. A marine telegraph has been erected on a hill, 
 near the Narrows. On a bluff, the E. side of the island. 10 
 miles N.N.W. of Sandy Hook, stands the Prince's Bay 
 Light-house, exhibiting a fixed light, having 11 lamps 30 
 feet from its base, and 107 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Steam ferries connect Staten Island with New York, and 
 boats from Newark touch at different landings on the N. 
 side. 
 
 STATEN ISLAND, one of the Koorile Islands, Pacific 
 Ocean. See Itooroop. 
 
 STATEN (stat/fn or stah'ten) ISLAND, an island of Terra 
 del Fuego, at the S. extremity of South America, separated 
 by Le Maire Strait from King Charle.s' South Land. Length, 
 45 miles. Surface steep, and shores very much indented. 
 At its E. extremity is Cape St. John, in lat. 54° 42' 8" S., 
 and Ion. 6:3° 43' 5" W. 
 
 STATE RIGHTS, a postofflce of Oglethorp CO., Georgia, 
 about 60 miles N. of Milltdgeville. 
 
 STATE ROAD, a post-office of Chemung co., Nevr York. 
 
 STATE ROAD, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 STATE ROAD, a post-office of Surrey co.. North Carolina. 
 
 STATE RUN. a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STATES/BOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Bullock co., 
 Georgia, 63 miles N.W. from Savannah. The village con- 
 tains a court-house, jail, and 2 stores. 
 
 STATES'BURG. a postrvillage of Sumter district. South 
 Carolina, about 35 miles E. by S. of Columbia. 
 
 STATES' villi;, a post-village, capital of Iredell co.. North 
 Carolina, on the Western Turnpike, 27 miles W. by N. of 
 Salisbury, and 145 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 STATESVILLE, a post-village of Wilson co., Tennessee, 
 17 miles S.E. of Lebanon, has a few stores. Pop. about 500. 
 
 STAT'FOLD. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 STATH'ERN, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 STATI UNITI. See United States. 
 
 STA'TION, a post-office of Thomas co"., Georgia. 
 
 STAUBBACH, stdwl/l^ilK, ("dust-stream,") a magnificent 
 waterfall of Switzerland, canton of Bern, in the Oberland, 1 
 mile S. of Ijauterbrunnen. It streams over the top of a rock, 
 and after falling for 800 or 900 feet, is dispersed by the wind 
 before reaching the bottom of the valley, so as to resemble a 
 vast horse-tail ; the most of water being divided into minute 
 particles, (watery dust,) whence the name. It is described 
 in Byron's "Manfred." 
 
 STAUFEN, stow'fen, a town of Baden. 10 miles S.S.W. of 
 Freiburg. Pop. 1623. Near it are the ruins of the old castle 
 of Staufen. 
 
 STAUGHTON, Great, a parish of England, co. of Hunt- 
 ingdon. 
 
 STiVUGHTON, Little, a parish of England, co. Bedford. 
 
 STAUNTON, stin't9n or stin'tgn, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Notts. 
 
 STAUNTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 STAUNTON, stjn'ton, a river in the S. part of Virginia, 
 rises in Montgomery county, among the Alleghany Jtoun- 
 tains: flowing eastward and south-eastward, it passes 
 through the Blue Ridge, falling nearly 1000 feet in a dis- 
 tance of 20 miles. After a very rapid and tortuous course 
 of about 200 miles, it unites with Dan River, at Clarksville, 
 Mecklenburg county, forming the Roanoke, which name is 
 sometimes applied to the whole stream. See Roanoke River. 
 
 STAUNTON, a flourishing town, capital of Augusta co., 
 Virginia, is situated on a small branch of Shenandoah 
 River, near its source, and on th*> Central Railroad of Vjr- 
 
 1836 
 
STA 
 
 STE 
 
 fints. 120 mtles W.N.W. from Richmond. The Central 
 Railroad, which is nearly completed from Richmond to 
 Staunton, and will be extended to the Ohio River, will 
 loubtless bring large accession.s to the trade and population 
 Df thU place. Staunton is the seat of the Western Lunatic 
 Asylum, and of the Virginia Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, and Blind. The blind are in the same building with 
 the deaf and dumb, but under a separate instructor. The 
 Lunatic Asylum was established here in 182S, and has 377 
 patients. The town contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 academies, 
 2 female seminaries, and 2 banks. Three newspapers are 
 published here. The surrounding country is highly pro- 
 ductive, and beautifully diversified, forming part of the 
 great Valley of Virginia. In the limestone formation of this 
 region, extensive caverns occur, among which the most re- 
 markable is Wever's Cave, about 18 miles N'.E. of Staunton. 
 Pop. in 1860, 3S76. 
 
 STAUNTON', a post-village, Granville co., North Carolina. 
 
 STACNTON, Ohio. See Ripley. 
 
 STAUNTON', a post-villiige of Fayette co., Ohio, near Sugar 
 Creek. 42 miles S.W. of Columbus. Laid out in 1S51. 
 
 STAUNTON, a township of -Miami co.. Ohio. Pop 1368. 
 
 STAUNTON, a post-township of Macoupin co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 102. 
 
 STAUNTON, a postrvillage of Macoupin CO., Illinois, 26 
 miles from the Mississippi River, at Alton. 
 
 ST.A.UNTON, a post-office of Clav co., Indiana, 
 
 STAUNTON HAIVROLD, a township of England, co, of 
 Leicester, Sj miles N.N.E, of Ashby de la Zouch. Staunton 
 Hall is a noble edifice. 
 
 STAUNTON'S PRECINCT, a post-office of Buckingham 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 STAUNTON-os-WYE, a parish of England, co, Hereford, 
 
 STAV.ANGER, stl-vjng'gher. a seaport town of Norway, 
 stifto Christiansand, capital of an amt, on the Bukke-fiord, 
 an inlet of the N. Sea, 100 miles S. of Bergen. Lat. 58° 58' 
 N'.. Ion. 5° 56' E. Pop. 4150. It has an export trade in timber. 
 
 STAVEHAGEN. See Stavenh.igen. 
 
 STAVELE. sti'vA-leh, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 30 miies S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1193. 
 
 STAVE'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby, with a 
 station on the Midland Counties Railwaj-, 4 miles N.E. of 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 STAVELEY, a parish of England, co. York. West Riding. 
 
 ST.WELEY, OVER, a chapelry of England, co. of Westr 
 moreland, parish of Kirkby-Kendal. on the Kendal and 
 Windermere Railroad, 6 miles N.N.W, of Kendal. 
 
 STAVELOT, sti'vfh-lot, a town of Belgium, province, and 
 24 miles S.E. of Liege, Pop. 3200. 
 
 STAVENH.\.GEN, stI'vgn-hlVhen, or STAVEHAGEN, 
 «ti'veh-hi*ghen, a town of Mecklenburg Schwerin, 29 
 miles E.S.E. of Gtistrow. Pop. 1219. 
 
 ST.WENISSE, sti'vi-nis'seh, a village of the Netherlandsi, 
 province of Zealand, on the N.W. point of the i^^land of Tho 
 •en, about 33 miles S.W. of Rotterdam. I'op. 1257. 
 
 STA V'ERTON, a parish of England, co, of Devon. It has 
 extensive slate quarries. 
 
 STAVERTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Gloucestar, 
 
 STAVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 STAVOREN, std'vo-ren. a decayed town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Friesland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 13 miles N. 
 of Enkhuysen. Pop. 532. 
 
 STAVROPOL or STAWROPOL, .stlv-ro/pol. a town of the 
 Russian Empire, Cauca.sus. in a fertile countrv. on the 
 TachLi, 59 miles W.N.W. of Alexandrov. Lat. 44° 43' N., 
 Ion. 41° 38' E. Pop. 7OOO. It is well built, strongly forti- 
 fied, and has manufactures of soap and le.ather. The go- 
 vernment or province of Caucasus, exclurive of the Tcher- 
 nomorski Co.ssacks, has, since 1847, been named the govern- 
 ment of Stavropol. 
 
 STAVROPOL or STAWROPOL, a town of the Russian 
 Empire, government, and 65 miles S.S.E. of Simbeersk, on 
 the Volga. Pop. 3400. 
 
 ST.4.VR0S, stlv'ros', (anc. Starri/ra.) a village of European 
 Turkey, in Macedonia, on the (Julf of Contessa, 38 miles E. 
 of Salonica. It was the birthplace of Aristotle. 
 
 STAWISKI, sti-vlsTcee, a town of Russian Poland, 39 
 miles S.W. of Augustowo. Pop. 1200. 
 
 STAW-'LEY, a parish of England, co, of Somerset, 
 
 ST.\WR0P0L, two towns of Hussia. See SrAvnopot. 
 
 STAZZEMA, sta^s,4'mi. I'L. Stuthiemaf) a village of Tus- 
 cany. 19 miles N.N.W. of Pisa. Pop. 10.39. 
 
 STKADY (st^'d'ee) RUN. a post-village in Keokuk 00., Iowa, 
 45 miles S.W. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 STE.AM FACTORY, a post-office of Muscogee CO.. Georgia. 
 
 STEAM MILL, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STE.AM MILL, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia. 
 
 STKAM MILL, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana. 
 
 STEAM'PORT. a p^ist-villase of Hendei-son co.. Kentucky, 
 on Green River, aVout 20 miles S,E. of Henderson. It has 
 2 »wireg. and 1 tobacco factory. 
 
 STK.A.V. gteen. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 PTE.\RNSVILLE. Ptfrnz'vil, a manufacturing village in 
 Pittsfield township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 115 
 miles W. of Boston. 
 1836 
 
 STEB'BTNG, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 STECK'BORN, a town of Switzerland, canton of Thurgan, 
 on the Untersee, 8 miles W. of Constance. Pop. 2205. 
 
 STEDE, steed, or STIDD, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 1 mile N. of Ribchester, having a decayed chapel 
 formerlv belonging to the Templars. 
 
 STED''HAM. a parish of Ent'land. co. of Sussex. 
 
 STEED'MAN'S, a post-office of Lexington district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 STEEL CREEK, a postKifflce of Mecklenburg co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 STEELE, stileh, or STEYLE, stPlfh, a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, on the railw.ij-, 21 miles N,E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 
 2350. Coal is rai.sed in its vicinity. 
 
 STEEL K. steel, a township in Daviess CO.. Indiana. P. 906. 
 
 STEELE'S, a post-office of Anderson district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 STEELE'S, a post-office of Ru.sh co., Indiana. 
 
 STEELE'S LAND'ING, a post-office. Ottawa co., Michigan. 
 
 STEELE'S .MILLS, a post-office of Randolph CO., Illinois. 
 
 STEKL'S TAV/ERN. a post-office of Augusta CO., Virginia, 
 ]v8 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 STEELS'A'ILLE, a vill.-ige of Ottawa CO., Michigan, on 
 Grand River, 75 miles W N.W. of Lansing. Produce is 
 shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 SlEELSVILIiE, a post-village, capital of Crawford co., 
 Missouri, near the Maraniec River, 90 miles S.W. of St. Louis. 
 It has a largo academy, and 5 or 6 stores. 
 
 STEELVl LLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Octorara Creek. tO miles W. by S. of Westchester. 
 
 STEENBERGE.V, stain'b^RO-fn, a walled town of the Ne- 
 therlands, province of North Brabant, 20 miles W, of Breda. 
 Pop, 1700.' 
 
 STEENHUFFEL, stainTihrfel. a village cf Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant, on the Steenhuffelsche-Beek, 12 miles 
 N,N.V>'. of Brussels, Pop. 1097, 
 
 STEENHUYZE WYNHUYZE, stain'hoiV.eh winOioi'zeh. 
 a village of ISelsrium. province of East Flanders, 18 miles 
 S.S.E. of Ghent." Pop. 2000. 
 
 STEKNKERKE,stain'k^Rk'eh,or STEENKERQUE, stain- 
 kaiuk, a village of Belgium, province of H.Hiiiaut. 15 miles 
 N.N.E. of Mons. The .\llies. commanded by William III. of 
 England, were here defeated by the French Julv 24, 1692, 
 
 STEEXOCKERZEEL HUMKLGHEM, stA'nok-ker-zaiP 
 hii'mel-gh^m\ a village of Beliiium, province of Brabant, 9 
 miles N,E. of Brussels, Pop. 1606. 
 
 STEEN'S CKERK, a post-office of Rankin co., Missis.sippl. 
 
 STEENVOOUDE or STEENWOORDE. stiiin'vOad', a town 
 of France, department of Nord, 6milesN.N.E. of Ilazebrouck, 
 with which it is connected by railway. Pop. in 18.52. 3966. 
 
 STEENWERCK, stain'* Jrk. a town of France, department 
 of Nord. 7 miles N. of Hazebrouek, with which it is con- 
 nected bv railway. Pop. in 1852, 4800. 
 
 STEENWYK or STEENWIJK, stain'wik, a town of the 
 Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 9 miles N,E, of Blokzvl, 
 Pop. 32S6. 
 
 STEENWYKERWOLDE, st.iin-«T'ker-'ftardeh. a village 
 of the Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 3 miles W. of 
 Steenwvk. Pop. 1369. 
 
 STEEP, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 STEEP BOTrrOM, a post-office of Beaufort district, South 
 Carolina, 
 
 STEEP CREEK, a po.st-office of Lowndes co., Alabama. 
 
 STEEPE'S F.\LLS, a manufacturing post-village of Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine, on Saco River, about 22 miles N.W. of 
 Portland. It contains a church, and 3 stores. Pop. 2.50. 
 
 STEEP-HOLMES ISLAND, a rocky island in the Bristol 
 Channel, at the mouth of the Severn. 10 miles S.S.W. of 
 Cardiff. Circumference, about H miles. 
 
 STEE'PING. Gre.vt. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STEEPING, Little, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STEE'l'LE, a parish of England, co, of Dorset. 
 
 STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 STEER CREEK, a post-office of Gilmer co., W. Virginia. 
 
 STEETTON, a township of England, co, of York," West 
 Riding, on the Midland Counties Railwav. 
 
 STEFFISBURG. st^Pfis-WORfi'. a town and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 15 miles S.S,E. of Bern. Pop. 4595. 
 
 STEGE. stA'gheh, a town of Denmark, capital of the 
 island of Moen, on its W. coast, 13 miles S.E. of Pra'stiie. 
 Pop. 1.«00. 
 
 STKtiEN. stA/ghgn, an island and village of Norwav. pro- 
 vince of Nordland. Lut. 6'>o N.. Ion. 14° 30' E. Pop. 1700. 
 
 STEIERMARK or .«TEYERMARK. See Sttru. 
 
 STEILACOOM, stTla-koom', a post-village, capital of 
 Pierce CO., Washington Territory, on Puget Sound. 14 miles 
 N.E. of the mouth of Nesqually River, about 120 miles .\.E. 
 of Pacific City. The inh.ibitants are chiefly occupie<l in 
 fishing and the lumber busine-^s. 
 
 STEIN, stine. a village of the Netherlands, province ol 
 Limburg, 10 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1240. 
 
 STEI.S". a village and parish of Switzerland, canlon, and 
 S. of Appenzell. Pop. 1583. 
 
 STEIN or KAMNIG. kjm'nia, a town of Austria. !u 
 Illyria, 14 miles N, of Lay bach, on the Feislritz, Pop. lI4Cli 
 
STE 
 
 STEIN, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 11 mfles E.S.E. 
 Jf Schiff hausen, on the rigbt bank of the Ithiiie. Hop. 1270. 
 It has an ancient abbey, aud near it is the ruined castle of 
 Hohenkliageu. 
 
 STEIX, a market-town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 
 opposite .Mautern, with which it is connected by a bridge 
 1000 feet in leiiirth, 38 miles W.X.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1700. 
 It has manufactures of mustard and vinegar, and an active 
 trade. 
 
 STEIVACII, stI'ndK, a town of Germany, in Baden, circle 
 of Middle Khine. on the Kiu/.ig Kiver, and on the railway 
 from Mannheim to Freiburg, 3 miles S.E. of Biberach. Pop. 
 1400. 
 
 STEINACn, a village of Germany, in Saxe-Meiningen, on 
 the Steinach, an affluent of the Kodach, 4 miles N.N.W. of 
 Sonnenberg. Pop. 2211. 
 
 STEINACH, Neckar, nJk'kar sti'ndK, a town of Ger- 
 many, in Ilesse-Darrastadt. province of Starkenburg, on the 
 Neckar, 15 miles E.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1200. 
 
 STKIN-AM-AXGER, stine dm Ing/gr, (Hmti. Szombat?u;ly, 
 gom'bOhHJI.) a town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on 
 the Giins, 12 miles E.S.E. of GUns. Pop. 3S4S. It is the 
 nee of a bishop, and has an episcopal palace and a cathedral. 
 It occupies a part of the site of the ancient Sabaria, which, 
 under Claudius, was named Chudca August.\. 
 
 STEINAU, sti'niiw, a town of Germany, in Prussian Si- 
 lesia, 34 miles \.W. of Breslau, on the Oder. Pop. 2700. 
 
 STEINAU, a town of Germany, in Iles-iie-Cassel, province, 
 »nd 27 miles E.N.E. of Hanau, on the Kinzig. Pop. 2734. 
 
 STEINAU, a market-town of Germ.any, in Prussian Si- 
 lesia, 24 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. lOoO. 
 
 STEINBACII, stIne'bdK, a small town, of Germany, in 
 Baden, 2 miles N.E. of Buhl, on the Mannheim and Basel 
 (Bale) Railway. Pop. 1882. 
 
 STEINBACII, a small town of Germany, in Ilesse-Cassel, 
 province of Fulda, 5 miles E.S.E. of Schmalkalden. Pop. 
 2666, mostly employed in irOQ-forges and wire-works. 
 
 STEINBACII, a small town of Germany, in Saxe-Meinin- 
 gen. E. of Sehweina. Pop. 1428. 
 
 STEINBERG EN, a post-ofRce, San Francisco c.o., California. 
 
 STEIN'BURG, a post-office of Bucks Co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEINEN, stl'njn, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 
 3 miles N.W. of Sohwytz. Pop. 1411. 
 
 STEI'NERSVILLE, a small village of Belmont eo., Ohio. 
 
 STBINFELD. stine'fSIt, a village of Bavaria, circle of 
 Lower Franconia, near Rothenfels. Pop. 1044. 
 
 STEINFURT, stine/fuoRt, or BURGSTEINFURT, bdSRG- 
 Btine'fooRt. a town of Prussian Westphalia, 18 miles N.W. 
 of MUnster. on the Aa. Pop. 2606. 
 
 STEINH EIM, stine'hime, a town of Germany, in Prussian 
 Westphiilia, -30 miles S.S.E. of Minden. Pop. 2082. 
 
 STEINHEIM or GROSS ST KIN H EIM, gi-oce .stine'hime, 
 a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Stiirk- 
 enburg. on the Main. 20 miles N.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1060. 
 
 STEINHEIM or STEINHEIM-AM-AALBUCK, stlne'- 
 liTme 2m Jl'^'Ook. a market-town of WUrtemberg, 4 miles 
 N.W. of Heidenheim. Pop. 158."). 
 
 STEINHEIM, a vilLige of Germany, in WUrtemberg, 2 
 miles N.E. of Marbach. Pop. 1715. 
 
 STEINHUDE. (stJ u'hoo dgh,) LAKE OF. {Qar.Steinhuder- 
 Mixr, stin'hoo'der maiR.) a lake of North Germany, be- 
 tween Hanover and the principality of Lippe-Schaumburg, 
 17 miles N.W. of Hanover. Length, 5 miles; breadth, 3 
 miles. It has valuable fisheries ; in it is an island, with the 
 fortress of Wilhelmstein, belonging to Lippe, and also the 
 Till.ige of Steinhude. Pop. 1235. 
 
 STEINITZ, sti'nits, writt<?n also STANITZand ZDONICE, 
 * market-town of Moravia, 20 miles E.S.E. of Brunn, with 
 a castle and 1840 inhabitants. 
 
 STEINMAUERN, stin'mOw^n^ a village of Baden, at 
 the contiuence of the Murg and Rhine, 3 miles N. of Rastadt. 
 Pop. 1427. 
 
 STEIN SCIIONAU. stine shiVnOw, a town of Bohemia, 
 N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2228. 
 
 STEINSEIFEN, stin'si'fen, a village of Prussian Silesia, 
 eovernment, and S.S.W. of'Lio?nitz. P. 1125. 
 
 STEINSEIFERSDORF, stin'srfers-doRf\ a village of Prus- 
 sia, province of Silesia, government, and S.W. of Bre.sUiu. 
 Pop. 1276. . . ^^ 
 
 STEINWEILER, stin'ftrier, a village of Bavaria, in the 
 Palatinate, ne.ar Kandel. Pop. 18-31. ■ 
 
 STEINWIESEN, stin'*ee'-zfn, a village of Bavaria, in 
 Upper Franconia. on the left bank of the Rodach. P. 1125. 
 
 STEIS3LINGEN, stislingen, a village of Baden, Lakecir- 
 ^e. N.W. of Con.stance. Pop. 1027. 
 
 STEKBORN, st^k'boRn, a small town of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Thurgau, ou the tfntersee, 8 miles W. of Constance. 
 Pop. 190U. , „ , . 
 
 STEKENE, stA^k.i-neh, a market-town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders', 18 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 40()0. 
 
 STEiyL-\. a township of England, co. of Durham, parish 
 of Ryton, on the Tyne, which is here navigable. 5 miles 
 W.N.W. of Gateshead. Stella Hall is a handsome building 
 of the sixteenth century. 
 
 STELLA, stelld, a river of North Italy, enters the Adri- 
 
 STE 
 
 atic near its he.id. after a S. conrse of 35 miles. It is navi- 
 gable from Palazzolo to the sea. 
 
 STJilLL.A. st^l'ld. a village of the Sardinian States, divLsinu 
 of Genoa. Pop. 3400. 
 
 STELLANELLO, st?l-ld-nJno, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa. Pop. 1741. 
 
 STELLENBOSCH. st J11en-bosk\ a division of Cape Colony, 
 South Africa, having E. the divisions of Worcester and Swel- 
 lendam, S. the ocean, and W. the Cape division. Area, 2280 
 squivre miles. Pop. 17.130. 
 
 STELLENBOSCH, the capital town of a division of its 
 own name, of Cape Colony, 25 miles E. of Cape Town, hai 
 2400 inhabitants, a neat church, free and Wesleyan schools, 
 an agricultural society, and savings' bank. 
 
 STEI/LINQ. a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STELVIO, (stSl've-o,) Pa.ss of, (Ger. SlHpe.rjoch. stilf'sgr- 
 yoK\) Tyrol, in the N. part of the Yaltellina, leads from Bor- 
 mio to Glurns. It was opened in 1824, and is the loftiest 
 carriage route in Europe, its summit being 9100 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 STEM'BERSVILLE, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 STENAY, stfh-nA/, a town of France, department of 
 Meuse, 8 miles W.S.W. of Montmfedy, on the Meuse. Pop. 
 in 1S52, 3.390. 
 
 STEND.iL, stSn'd3l, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 
 on the Uchte, 40 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, with which it 
 is connected by railw.ay. Pop. 6780. It has ni.aiiufiicturen 
 of woollen and cotton stuffs, gloves, tobacco, and leather, 
 with a brisk trade in linen fabrics. 
 
 STEN'IGOT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STEN'NESS'. a parish of Scotland, co., and comprising a 
 part of the Mainland of Orkney. The " Standing stones of 
 Stenness" form a remarkable Druidic monument. 
 
 STENNESS, an i.sle and a holm on the coast of the parish 
 of Northmaven, Shetland. 
 
 STENSZEWO or STENSCHEVO, stin-shil'vo, a town of 
 Prussian Poland. 14 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1165. 
 
 STEXTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington. 
 
 STEPAN, sti-pin', a town of Russia, government of Tol- 
 hynia, 35 miles N. of Rowno, on the Gorin. Pop. 3100. 
 
 STEPENITZ, stJp'nits, Gross, groce. and Klei.v, kllne, a 
 town of Prussia, province of Pomerania. 8 miles N.N.E. of 
 Stettin. Pop. 1843. 
 
 STEPHENKIRK. See Stoneykirk. 
 
 STEPHENSBURG, stee'vens-bftrg, a post-village of Har- 
 din CO.. Kentucky, about 90 miles S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 STEPHENS' CHAPEL, a post-office of Bledsoe co.. Ten- 
 
 tl65>S66, 
 
 STEPHEN'S (stee'vens) CREEK, a village of Atlantic co.. 
 New Jersey, on a small creek of its own name, about 5 mileM 
 S. of M.av's Landinsr. has 1 church. 
 
 STEPHEN'S 5IILLS, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 STE'PHENSON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on Wisconsin, has an area of 550 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Pekatonica River, and also drained by 
 Yellow and Richland Creeks. The surface is undulating, 
 and the soil is excellent. Lead is found in the W. part. The 
 Central Railroad joins the Galena and Chicago Railroad at 
 Freeport. the county seat. Named in honor of Colonel Benja- 
 min Stephenson, one of the early delegates from Illinois Ter- 
 ritory to Congress. Pop. 25,112. 
 
 STEPHENSON'S DEPOT, a post-office of Frederick eo., 
 Virginia. _ „„„ 
 
 STEPHENS' POINT, usually written STEVENS I>OI^T, 
 a thriving post-village of Portage co., Wisconsin, on tlie 
 Wisconsin River, about 130 miles N. of Madison, aud 5 milw 
 above Plover. The surrounding country abounds in pines, 
 and the lumber business is carried on here extensively. The 
 river affords extensive water-power. The village coijtaing 
 4 churches, 1 bank, 18 stores, 4 hotels, 3 mills, 1 mannrao- 
 tory of sashes, 2 of wagons, and 2 of harness. One or 2 
 newspapers are published here. Pop. 15.33. 
 
 STE'PHENSPORT. a post-village of Breckenridge CO., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio, 110 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 STE'PHENSVILLE. a post-office of Wilkin.son co., Geonxia. 
 
 STty PUENTOWN. a post-township forming the S.E. extra 
 mity of Rensselaer co.. New York. Pop. 2311. 
 
 STEI^INGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 STEPNAIA or STEPNAJA. st^p-nT'S. a fort of Russia, 
 government of Orenboorg. circle, and 54 miles E.N.E. of 
 VerkhneeOoraisI , (Verkhnii I lalsk.) on the Ooi. Pop. 1'KM). 
 It is mostly built of wood, and has a church and official 
 residences. 
 
 STEP'NEY. a parish and E. suburb of the British metro- 
 polis, CO. of Middlesex, included in the borough of Towei 
 Hamlets, 2i miles E. of St. Paul's. London. Pop. in 1851, 
 80.218. It contains .several churches, a grammar .sohofil. nu- 
 merous charitable establi.ahment.';. the London Hospital, 
 Jews' Hospital, the Thames police station, and a station on 
 the London and BlackwaU Railway, besides which a branch 
 communicating with the Eastern Counties Railway inter- 
 sects the parish. 
 
 STEI"NEY. a post-vill.age of Fairfield co.. Connecticut on 
 the Housatouic Railroad, about 20 miles W. of New Haveu. 
 
 1837 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 STEPXEV DEPOT, a post-office and station of Fairfield 
 M.. Connerticut, on the Ilousatonic Railroad, 10 miles from 
 i'ridueport. 
 
 ?TKK/LING, a township of Lamoille CO., Vermont, about 
 2/) "niles N.W. of Mout|)eIier. 
 
 SfKKLIXG. a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Jiassachusetts, ou the Fitohburg and Worcester Railroad, at 
 its junction with the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 40 
 miles W. by N. of Boston. It has manufactures of chairs 
 ■nd cabinet-ware. Pop. 1881. 
 
 STERLING, a post-village and township of Windham co.. 
 Connecticut, on the Providence, Hartfoixl, and Fishkill Rail- 
 read, 46 miles E. by S. of Hartford. It has manufactures 
 ol printed good.s. Pop. 1051. 
 
 KTERLING. a post-village and township of Cayuga co., 
 New York, on Little Sodus Creek, 30 miles N. of Auburn. 
 Pop. 3008. 
 
 STERLING, a post^township forming the S. extremity of 
 Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1302. 
 
 STEKLING, a post-office of Montgomery co., Georgia. 
 
 STERLING, a post-office of Phillips CO., Arkansas. 
 
 STERLING, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1209. 
 
 STERLING, a township of Macomb co., Michigan. P. 1082. 
 
 STERLING, a post-township of Crawford co., Indiana. 
 Pop. Vl-ii. 
 
 STERLING, a post-village, capital of Whitesides co., Uli- 
 nt.is, is beautifuUj' situated on the right bank of Rock lliver, 
 110 miles by railroad W. of Chicago. It has 7 churches, 1 
 bank, 1 newspaper office, &c. See Appendix. 
 
 STERLING, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa. 
 
 STKl'.LING BOT'TOM. a postoffice of Mei^s co., Ohio. 
 
 STEULING BUSH, a postoffice of Lewis co.. New York. 
 
 STEHLING GROVE, a post-office of Greenville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 STERLING HILL, a post-office of Windham co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 STER'LINGVILLE, a post-village of JeSerson co., New 
 York. 155 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 STEItLINGVILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 STKRLITAMAK, st^R-le-tl-mlk', or STERLITAMASK, 
 st^R-le-ti-m2sk', a town of Russia, government of Orenboorg, 
 at the confluence of two affluents of the Belaia, 72 miles S. of 
 Oofa. Pop. 3500. 
 
 STERMIZZA, st^R/mit-sd, a village of Dalmatia, district, 
 and 18 miles from 'Knin. Pop. 1094. 
 
 STKRNAZIA, stir-ndd'ze-d, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto, S.S.E. of Lecce. Pop. 1230. 
 
 STERN'BERG, (Ger. pron. stjRn'bluG,) a town of Ger- 
 many, in Moravia^ 9 miles N.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 8006, 
 who manufacture woollen and linen fabrics and hosiery. 
 
 STERNBERG, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg- 
 Bchwerin, 29 miles S.W. of Rostock. Pop. 1900. 
 
 STERNBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 24 niiles E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1423. 
 
 STERNBERG BOHMISCH, (bo'mish.) a market-town of 
 Bohemia, 16 miles S. of Kaurzim. Pop. 525. 
 
 STERNENBURG, st^R'ngn-b<5oRo\ a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 7 miles E.N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1423. 
 
 STERN'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STERREBEEK, st^R/RA-bAk\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 Tince of Brabant, 6 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1041. 
 
 STERRETTA'NIA, a post-offio« of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STER/RETT'S GAP, a smaU post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STERT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 STERZING, st^Rt/sing, or ST( iRZING, stiiRt/sing, a town of 
 the Tyrol, on the Eisach, 16 miles N.W. of Brixen. P. 1300. 
 
 STETCH'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 STET'SON, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 56 
 miles N.E. of Augusta. The inhabitants are largely engaged 
 In the lumber business. Pop. 913. 
 
 STETTEN-ijNTERM-HEUCHELBERG, st?t/tfn Mn'tjrm 
 hoi'Kgl-beRO\ a market-town of Wiirtemljerg, 3 miles N.W. 
 of Brackenheim. Pop. 1000. 
 
 STETTEN-AM-KALTEN MARKET, stJt tf n im kdl'tgn 
 maR'kgt, a market-town of Baden, Lake circle, about 6 miles 
 N.W. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 1017. 
 
 STETTEN-IM-REMSTUALE, stiffen im rJm.'i'tiMgh, a 
 market-town of Wurtemberg, on an .affluent of the Rems, 7 
 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1955. It has a royal re.sidence, 
 and vineyards. 
 
 STETTIN, st^t-teen', a strongly-fortified town, and, next 
 to Dantzic, the chief port of the Prussian dominions, capital 
 of the province of Pomerania, on the W. or left bank of the 
 Oder, at its mouth in the Stettiner-haff, 79 miles N.N.E. of 
 Berlin, with which it is connected by railway. Lat. 53° 25' 
 1" N., Ion. 14° 34' E. It communicates with a suburb across 
 the river by two wooden bridges, and has a royal fortress, 
 govet nment-house, mint, exchange, arsenal, theatre, large 
 warehouses, 5 Lutheran churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, 
 a gy snasium, observatory, school of navigation, numerous 
 otliw sfhools. and liter.ary associations. A statite of Frede- 
 rloV the Great ornaments the royal square. Anchors for 
 tin Thole i'russiau navy are forged, and here are also ship- 
 1838 ^ 
 
 building docks, sugar-refineries, distilleries, beer breweries, 
 manufactures of woollen and linen f:ibrii\s, hosiery, sail- 
 cloth, tobacco, soap, and paper. Vessels drawing less than 8 
 feet of water come up to its quays; others load and unload 
 at SwinemUnde. The following table exhibits the arrivals 
 and departures of vessels, (exclusive of steamers,) with their 
 tonnage, at Swinemtinde, the port of Stettin, in the years 
 1848-52:— 
 
 18+8. 
 1849. 
 1850. 
 1851. 
 1852. 
 
 1190 
 1239 
 1531 
 1722 
 1665 
 
 190.665 
 217.531 
 254,467 
 
 Departed. 
 
 1099 
 10K3 
 la<i3 
 
 Tons. 
 
 190,337 
 197,3S8 
 275,854 
 258,522 
 390,586 
 
 The value of the imports in 1849 was $8,286,000; of the 
 exports, $3,455,000. The principal articles of import were 
 iron and copper, dye-woods, herrings, salt, coal, train and 
 other oils, sugar, coffee, and other colonial produce. The 
 principal exports were gi-aip, wood, oilcake, zinc, and brandy. 
 A large annual fair for wool is held here in ilune. Two em- 
 presses of Russia, Catherine the Great and Maria Feodo- 
 rownna, wife of the Emperor Paul, and mother of the Em- 
 peror Nicholas, were born here. Stettin is a place of great 
 antiquity. It origin.ally belonged to the Sidiui, a heathen 
 tribe. In 1121, Boleslas, Duke of Poland, gained possession, 
 and introduced Christianity. The peace of Westphalia gave 
 it to the Swedes. From them it passed to the Prussians, 
 with whom, though not without some interruptions, it has 
 since remained. 'In 1171 it was besieged by the Danes; in 
 1677 by the Elector of Brandenburg; in 1713 by the Rus- 
 sians; and from 1S06 to 1813 it was occupied by the Frei-ch. 
 Pop. in 1816, 25.091 ; in 1S61, 58,487. 
 
 STETTINER-HAFF, stSt-tee/ngr biff, Germany, an en- 
 largement of the Oder, immediately N. of Stetten, having an 
 area of nearly 200 square miles : depth, from 12 to IS feet. 
 It receives the river Ucker at Uckermiiude, and it commu- 
 nicates with "the Baltic Sea by three outlets, the Peene, 
 Swiene, and Delveuow. 
 
 STETTIN, NEU, noi stft-teen', a town of Prussia, province 
 of Pomerania, 49 miles S.S.E. of Co.slin. Pop. 4154. 
 
 STEUBEN, stu'ben or stu-ben',*a county in the S.W. part 
 of New York, bordering on Pennsj'lvania, has an area ol 
 about 1500 square miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by 
 Crooked Lake and Seneca Lake, and is drained by the Con- 
 hocton, Canisteo, Tioga, and Chemung Rivers, and other 
 smaller streams, which furnish abundant water-power. The 
 surface is broken and hilly. The alluvial flats along the 
 rivers are very fertile, and the soil on the uplands generally 
 of a good quality. Bog-iron ore, alum, and building stone 
 are the principal minerals. The Conhocton and Canisteo 
 Rivers, branches of the Chemung River, are navigable for 
 boats respectively to Bath and Ilornellsville. The New York 
 and Erie Railroad traverses this county, which is also partly 
 intersected by the railroads connecting Corning with Bloss- 
 bure, Pennsvlvauia, Canandaigua with Elmira, and Corning 
 with Buttalo. Capital, Bath. Pop. 66,690. 
 
 STEUBEN, a county occupying the N.E. corner of Indi- 
 ana, bordering on Ohio and Michigan, contains 314 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Pigeon and St. Joseph's Rivers. 
 The surface is diversified by woodlands and prairies ; the soil 
 is mostly fertile. Organized in 1837. Capital, Angola. 
 Pop. 10,374. 
 
 STEUBEN, a post-township of Wa.shington co., Maine, 110 
 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1191. 
 
 STEUBEN, a post-township of Oneida co.. New York, 18 
 miles N. of Utica. Pop. 1541. 
 
 STEUBEN, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEUBEN, a postrvillage of Huron co., Ohio, about 30 
 miles S.S.E. of Sandusky City. 
 
 STEUBEN, a towni^hip of Steuben CO.. Indiana. Pop. 1076. 
 
 STEUBEN, a township of Warren co. Indiana. Pop. 969. 
 
 STEUBEN, a post-township, Marshall co., Illinois. P. 1033. 
 
 STEUBENVILLE, stn'ben-vil, a flourishing post-town and 
 river port, capital of Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 
 22 miles above Wheeling, W. Virginia, 35 mile^ in a direct line 
 W. by S. of Pittsburg, and 141 miles E. by N. of Columbus. 
 The course of the Ohio is here nearly due S.. and the width 
 about one-third of a mile. The town stands on an elevated 
 plain, and is surrounded by a beautiful country. Steuben- 
 ville is the centre of an extensive trade, and is the seat of 
 flourishing manufactures of various kinds. The latter are 
 supplied with fuel from the inexhaustible mines of coal in 
 the vicinity. The town contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, about 12 churches, 2 banks, an academy for boys, and 
 a lemale seminary, which is highly flourishing, and has a 
 
 * This name appears now to be universally accented on the ls3t 
 syllable in Western New York, and is often thus iironouuceU in 
 other parts of tlie United States ; but the original German uniui>. 
 Baron Stcabat, should undoubtedly have the acoeuton the penul- 
 timate. 
 
STE 
 
 STI 
 
 wiJely extended reputation. This establishment, which 
 cost $10,000, is pleasjiiitly situated on the bank of the river, 
 and has usually about loO pupils, i'oac newspapers are 
 published here. There are 5 iuanufactories of wool, 2 of 
 cotton, 1 of paper, 3 of glass, several machine-shops, 3 ii'on 
 foundries, a number of flouring mills, and large manufac- 
 tories of copperas. About 1000 persons are employed here 
 in manufactures. A branch of the Cleveland and Pittsburg 
 Kailroad here intersects the Pittsburg Columbus and Cin- 
 cinnati Railroad. A railroad is in course of construction 
 from Pittsburg to this place. First settled in 1798. Popu- 
 lation in 1800, 6139 ; in 1860, 6164. 
 
 STIiUBENVILLE, a village of Randolph cc, Indiana, 
 about 12 miles N.W. of Winchester. 
 
 STEUROWITZ, stoi'ro-*it.s\ Gaoss, groce, and Klein, 
 kllne, two nearly contiguous villages of Austria, in Moravia, 
 near Eisgrub. Pop. 1582. 
 
 STE'VANAGE. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 STE'VENSBUKG, a post>office of Culpepper co., Virginia, 
 on the road from Fairfax to Fredericksburg, about 93 miles 
 N.W. of Kichmoud, contains 1 or 2 churches, a hotel, and 
 several stores. 
 
 STEVENS' CREEK, of Edgeiield district. South Carolina, 
 flows into Savannah River several miles above Hamburg. 
 
 STEVENS' CREEK, New Jersey. See Stephen's Creek. 
 
 STEVENS' MILLS, a post-ofBce, Union co., North Carolina. 
 
 STEVENSON'S, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama. 
 
 STEVENS' PLAINS, a post-office, Cumberland co., Maine. 
 
 STEVENS' POINT, Wisconsin. See Stephens' Point. 
 
 STE'VENSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, compris- 
 ing 'a part of the town of Saltcoats. 
 
 STE'VENSVILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York. 
 
 STEVENSVILLE, a small post-village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEVENSVILLE, a post-village of King and Queen co., 
 Virginia, 31 miles N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 STK'VENSVILLE, a postrvillage of Canada West, co. of 
 Carleton, 35 miles N. of Prescott. Pop. about 200. 
 
 STEVENSWEERT, stA/vgns-ftaiRt\ a town of Dutch Lim- 
 burg, on the Meuse, 7 miles S.W. of Roermond. Pop. 942. 
 
 Sf E'VENTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks, on the 
 Great Western Railway, 4 miles S.W. of Abingdon. 
 
 STEVEN TON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 STEV'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 STEW/ART, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia, con- 
 tains about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Chattahoochee River, which separates it from Alabama, 
 and drained by the Hannahatchee, Kinchafoona, and Pataula 
 Creeks. The soil is fertile. Capital, Lumpkin. Pop. 13,422, 
 of whom 5538 were free, and 7884 slaves. 
 
 STEWART, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee, 
 bordering on Kentucky, has an area estimated at 700 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Cumberland River, and bounded 
 on the S.W. by the Tennessee. The declivity of the surface 
 is towards the N.W. Capital, Dover. Pop. 9896, ol whom 
 7481 were free, and 2415 slaves. 
 
 STEWART, a postroffice of Erie CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEWART ISLAND, an island of New Zealand, forming 
 the county of New Leinster. See New Zealand. 
 
 STKWART ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean. See 
 Solomon Islands. 
 
 STEW'ARTON, a thriving manufacturing town and parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the Annock, here crossed by 3 
 bridges, 5 miles N.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. in 1851, 4572; 
 of the town, 3164. It is regularly built, and has manufac- 
 tures of tartans, bonnets, regimental caps, carpets, worsted, 
 spindles, and clocks for exportation. 
 
 STEW'ARTSBURG, a post-village of Rutherford co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the turnpike from Nashville to Murfreesborough, 
 20 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 STEWART'S DRAFT, a post-office, Augusta co., Virginia. 
 
 STEWART'S FERRY, a postoffice of Davidson CO., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 STEWART'S FORK, Texas, rises in Cook co., and enters 
 the West Fork of Trinity River in Tarrant couuty. 
 
 STEWART'S MILLS, asmall village, Crawford co., Illinois. 
 
 STEWARTSON, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 58. 
 
 STEWART'S RUN, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 STEWART'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas. 
 
 STEW'ARTSTOWN, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. Tyrone, 7 miles N.N.E. of Dungannon. P. in 1851, 1022. 
 
 STEW'ARTSTOWN, a post-township of Coos co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Connecticut, 130 miles N. of Concord. 
 Pop. 771. 
 
 STEWARTSTOWN, a flourishing village of Shaler town- 
 ship, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the 
 Alleghany River, 5 miles above Pittsburg. It contains 
 several rolling mills. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 STEWARTSTOWN, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEWARTSTOWN, a small post-village of Monongalia co., 
 W. Virginia. 
 
 STEWARTSTOWN. a post-village of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina, 137 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 STEWARTSTOWN, a village of Canada West, co. of Ual- 
 ton, 36 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. about 350. 
 
 STE'WARTSVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Green- 
 wich township, Warren co.. New Jersey, is situated on Mer- 
 rill's Brook, about 10 miles S. of Belvidere. It has 3 stores, 
 an extensive tannery — which, in the perfection and variety 
 of its machinery, is said to be second to none in the state— 
 and a large brick-yard. Besides a large and beautiful Pres- 
 byterian church, and a Lutheran church recently erected, 
 it has an academy with a classical department. The Morris 
 Canal passes through this town. Pop. about 500. 
 
 STEWARTSVILLE, a post-village of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the turnpike leading from Pittsburg to 
 Greensburg, 19 miles E.S.E. of the foi-mer. 
 
 STEWARTSVILLE, a post-village of Richmond CO., North 
 Carolina, 107 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 STEWARTSVILLE, a post-office of Posey co., Indiana. 
 
 STEWK'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 STEW'TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STI'-YER or STEYR, sti'gr. a river of Austria, rises on the 
 N. frontier of Styria, flows N.N.E., and joins the Enns on 
 the left, after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 STEYER or STEYR, a town of Upper Austria, in Traun, at 
 the confluence of the Enns and Steyer, 19 miles S.E. of Lintz. 
 Lat. 54° 24' N., Ion. 14° 25' K. Pop. 10,000. It is enclosed 
 by walls. The principal public edifice is a castle of the 
 tenth century. It has large and important manufactures 
 of muskets and other arms, cotton and cotton velvets, and 
 of every variety of st<jel and iron wares. 
 
 STEYEREGG, sti'er-Sk\ a town of Upper Austria, circle 
 of MUhl. on the Danube, opposite the influx of the Traun. 
 Pop. 408. It is enclosed by old walls. 
 
 STEYERMAUK. See Styria. 
 
 STKYLE. a town of Rhenish Prus.sla. See Steele. 
 
 STEYNING, stA'ning, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Sussex, 5 miles from the English Channel, and 
 V2i miles S. of Horsham. Pop. in 1851, 1424. 
 
 STEYR. See Steter. 
 
 STEZZANO, st6t-s4'no, (anc. Statianum?) a village of 
 Northern Italy, 3 miles S. of Bergamo. Pop. 2065. 
 
 STIA. stee'd, a village of Tuscany, province, and 23 miles 
 E. of Florence, on the Upper Arno. Pop. 2400. 
 
 STIB'BAKD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STIBNICZ, Gross, groce stilVnits. a village of Bohemia, 
 16 miles from KoniggrStz. Pop. 1225. 
 
 STICE'S SHOAL, a post-office of CleveUind co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 STICK'FORD. a parish of Endand. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STICK'LEYVILLE. a post>offlce of Lee co., Virginia. 
 
 STICK'NEY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STIDD. See Stede. 
 
 STIECHOWITZ. stee/Ko-i^its, a market-town of Bohemia, 
 circle of Berauu, on the left bank of the Moldau, 16 miles 
 S. of Prague. 
 
 STIEGE, stee'gheh, a village of Brunswick, district of 
 Blankenburg, on the Hasel, about 2 miles E. of Haselfelde. 
 Pop. 1265. 
 
 STIENS, steons. a village of Holland, province of Fries, 
 land. 5 miles N. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 1617. 
 
 STIEPANOW, stee'pd-nov\ a market-town of Bohemia, 
 20 miles S. of Kaurxim. 
 
 STI EPANOW. a market-town of Moravia, 24 miles N.N.W. 
 of Briinn, on the Schwarza. 
 
 STIERNE <)ERNE, steeR'njh o'2r-neh, an island group of 
 Norway, stiff of Christiansand, at the mouth of the Bukkc 
 Fiord. 
 
 STIERNOE, steeR'no^fh, an island of Norway, stiff of 
 Christiansand, in the North Sea, at the entrance of the Ska- 
 gerrack, 5 miles S.E. of Mandal. 
 
 STIERNOE, an island of Norway, province of Fiumark, 
 between A!tenga.ird and Ilanimerfest. 
 
 STIFFKEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STIF'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 STIGLIANO. steel-yd'no. a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Basilieata, on a height 27 miles S.W. of Matera. 
 Pop. 4300. 
 
 STIGLIANO. a village of the Pontifical States, comarca, 
 and 25 miles N.W. of Rome, with warm springs, the ancient 
 Aquff. Apullinares. 
 
 STIKAD.\. ste-kd'dj. a village of Austria, in Croatia, about 
 35 miles from Gospich. There is a silver-mine in the vicinity. 
 Pop. 1055. 
 
 STIKOIH, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North Carolina. 
 
 STILES, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 STILESBOROUGH, stilz-biir'rilh. a postK)ffice of Cass CO., 
 about 150 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 STILLEST EER. See Pacific OcE.\N. 
 
 STILESVILLE, stilz'vil. a pleasant post-village of Hen- 
 dricks CO., Indiana, on the National Road, and on Mill 
 Creek. 27 miles S.W. of Indian.ipolis. 
 
 STILLEPICA. a post-office of -Madison CO., Florida. 
 
 STIL/LINGFLEET, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 STIL'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 I8o0 
 
STI 
 
 STO 
 
 STIL'LOR'GAN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of 
 Dublin. Pip. in 1851. 562. 
 
 STIIiL PO.VD, a post-office of Kent co., Maryland. 
 
 STILL RIVER, Massachusetts, a station on the Worces- 
 ter and Nashua Railroad. 23 miles from Worcester. 
 
 STILL V.\L'LEY, a Hourishing post-vill.ijje of Greenwich 
 township, Warren co.. New Jersey, near I'ohatcong Creek, 
 about 13 miles in a direct line S. by W. of Belvidcre. 
 
 STILLVILLE. a post-office of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 STILLWATER, a village of Orono township. Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, near Oie Oldtown and Piscataquis Railroad, 5 
 miles N, of Banaor. 
 
 STILLWATER, a postrviUage and township of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, on the Champlain Canal and Iludson River, 
 
 24 miles above Albany. It is celebrated as the scene of 
 General Burgoyne's defeat by the Americans under General 
 Gates, in 1777. Freeman's Farm and Beniis's Heights, in 
 this township, are also noted battle-grounds: and lie re is 
 the meadow where General Frazer was mortally wounded. 
 Pop. 3238. 
 
 STILLWATER, a post-village and township of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey, about 60 miles W. by N. of Trenton. The vil- 
 lage, on the Paulinskill River, contains a church. 2 stores, 
 2 mills, and an academy. Pop. of the township, 1816. 
 
 STILLWATER, a pcsVoffice of Columbia co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 STILLW.i^TER, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, about 
 100 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 STILLWATER, a thriving post-village, capital of Wasih- 
 injrton co., Minnesota, on the W. bank of IjUke St. Croix, 20 
 miles E. by N. of St. Paul. It is the seat of the penitentiary 
 recently established, and contains a court-house, church. 3 
 hotels, a land-office, several stores and mills. Large quanti- 
 ties of pine lumber are procured in the vicinity. First set- 
 tled in 1843. Pop. 2380. 
 
 STILLWjVTER creek, in the W. part of Ohio, rises in 
 Darke county, flows S.E., and unites with Greenville Creek in 
 Miami county. 
 
 STILLWATER CREEK, Ohio, an affluent of Tuscarawas 
 River, rises in Belmont countv. 
 
 STILiyWELL, a post-office of Wood co,, W. Virginia. 
 
 STILLWELL, a post-office of Butler CO., Ohio, 
 
 STILO, Steele, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ul- 
 tra I., 20 miles N. of Gerace. Pop. 2200. 
 
 STIL'TON, a parish of England, co of Huntingdon. Stil- 
 ton gives name to a well-known cheese, now chiefly made in 
 Leicestershire. 
 
 STINCH'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 STIN.S'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 STIPPS' HILL, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana, 12 
 miles W. of Brookville. 
 
 STIRCII'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop, 
 
 STIRIA. See Styria. 
 
 STIR'LING or STIRLINGSHIRE, stjrling-shir, an inland 
 county of Scotland, extending almost across the isthmus 
 between the Friths of Clyde and Forth. Are.a, estimated at 
 4S9 square miles, or 312,9tXI acres; 200.000 are returned as 
 arable, 50.000 uncultivated, and 62,960 waste. Pop. in 1S51, 
 86,237. The surface is partly mountainous, especially to- 
 wards the W. and N.W., including Benlomond; elsewhere 
 are some rich alluvial vales, especially the carse lands, ex- 
 tending 48 miles along the river Forth. Moors and bogs 
 prevail in some parts. The chief rivers are the Forth, Car- 
 ron, Endrick, Bauuockburn. and Avon. The principal 
 crops are wheat, beans, barley, potatoes, and clover in the 
 lowlands, and oats and turnips in the highlands. Many high- 
 land cattle are pur(rhased here and fed for the Falkirk cattle- 
 furs, the largest in Scotland. Coal, ironstone, and free- 
 stone are raised; and in this county are the Carron Iron- 
 works. There are manufactures of carpets, tartans, and 
 shalloons at Stirling, Bannockburn, and St. Ninian's ; blank- 
 ets and serges at Alva, chemical products, and paper ; and 
 here are some large cotton mills, foundries, dye-works, and 
 distilleries. Railways to Perth, Glasgow, and Edinburgh 
 intersect the E, part of the county. The chief towns are 
 Stirling, Falkirk, and Kilsyth. The county is divided into 
 
 25 parishes, and sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 STIIVLTNG, formerly STRYVELYNE or ESTRIVELIN, 
 
 a royal parliamentary and municipal burgh, river-port, 
 town, and pari.sh of Scotland, capital of the above county, 
 on the W. or right bank of the Forth, where it first becomes 
 fordable. here crossed by two bridges, 31 miles W.N.W. of 
 Edinburgh, and 20 miles S.W. of Perth. Pop. of the parlia- 
 mentary burgh in 1S51, 12.837 ; pop. of the town, 9361, In 
 the beauty of its site it rivals the Scottish metropolis. It 
 ctands on the S.E. declivity of an abrupt basaltic hill, up 
 which a spacious main street leads to the ancient castle, 
 •whence a view is obtained of the windings of the Forth, un- 
 equalled for beauty in Britain. Its streets generally present 
 the appeanance of modernized antiquity, being interspersed 
 with many residences of the old Scottish nobles; the .so- 
 ciety of the town is highly respectable. The castle, of the 
 origin of which nothing is known, w.as a favorite i-esidence 
 of J.-imes v., and contains the palace and the pariiament- 
 Louse bnilt by him. but now used a« barracks. The old 
 Gothic church in which James VI. was crowned, the West 
 184t 
 
 church, and numerous other places of worship : the remain* 
 of st'veml ancient ecclesiastical edifices, and of nn uniiuished 
 palace, begun in l.'i'O by the itfgent. Earl of Mar: Cowan's 
 and other hospitiils, the town-hall, athenipum, with a spire 
 120 feet in height, corn exchange, jail, and office of the 
 Bank of Scotland, and the old walls and bridges, are among 
 the most conspicuous structures. Stirling has a grammar 
 and other endowed schools, several large endowments for 
 the poor, public libraries and re.ading-rooms, a mechanics' 
 institute, and several branch hanks. Vessels of 70 tons only 
 can reach its quays; but it has <an extensive coasting and 
 export trade in wool sent to England, and in the products 
 of its manufactures, which comprise tartans, shawls, .some 
 cotton stuffs, ropes, malt, leather, and soap. The dyeing of 
 yarns, woollen cloths, silks, and other fabrics, is extensive. 
 The imports consist chiefly of timber, coaLs, bricks, tiles, 
 lime, and large ((uantities of corn. It communicates by 
 railway with Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth. Steiuners 
 ply daily to and from Granton Pier, near Edinburgh, and 
 passage-boats to Glasgow. The burgh unites with Dun- 
 fermline, Culross, Inverkeithing, and South Queensferry, 
 in .sending 1 member to the House of Commons, Near Stir^ 
 ling are the remains of Cambuskenneth Abbey; and not 
 far from the town, June 24, 1314, was fought the famous 
 battle of Bannockburn. 
 
 STIR'LING, a maritime county of West .\ustralia, 60 miles 
 long by 40 miles broad. It is liilly, heavily timbered, and 
 swamps are numerous. The coast is much indented with 
 bays and inlets. 
 
 STIRLINGSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See Stirling. 
 
 STISTED. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 STITCH'EL-AXD-HUME, two united parishes of Scotland; 
 the former in the co. of Roxburgh; the latter in the co. of 
 Berwick. 
 
 STITTN.A, stitt/nJ, or SOITNA, soifnR, a village of Aus- 
 tria, in Moravia, near Hradisch. Pop. 1045. 
 
 STn'ICII.\LL. a pari.sh of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 STIxnvOULD. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the 
 Lincolnshire Railway. 6 miles W.S.W. of Horncastie. 
 
 STOBBS, a village of Scotland, co., and 10 miles S.S.E. of 
 Edinburgh, parishes of Temple and Borthwick, on an af- 
 fluent of the South Esk. Pop. about 200, mostly employed 
 in gunpowder mills, which were erei'ted in 1794, and are 
 the oldest and mo.st extensive in Scotland. 
 
 STOBNICA. stoI>neet/sa, a town of Poland, 32 miles S.S.E. 
 of Kielce. Pop. 1578, 
 
 STO'BO. a p.arish ot Scotland, co. ot Peebles. 
 
 STOBYCHTA or STOBUCHAVA. (StobUchwa,) sto-biK'vJ, 
 a market-town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, 
 22 miles N.E. of Kovel. 
 
 STOCK, a pari.«h of England, co. of E.ssex, 
 
 STOCK, a township in the N. part of Harrison co. Ohio. 
 Pop. 783. 
 
 _ STOCKACH, gtokm^K. a w.alled town of South Gernuiny, 
 in Baden, circle of Lake, on the Stockach, 15 miles N.W. of 
 Constance. Pop. 1655. It has manufactures of woollens. 
 In 1799. the .\ustrians here defeated the French. 
 
 STOCK'BRIDGE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Hants, on the river Test and the Andover Canal. 8 
 miles W.N.W. of Winchester. Pop. in 1851. 1066. 
 
 STOCK'BRIDGE, a post-township of Windsor co., Ver 
 mont. 36 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1264, 
 
 STOCKBRIPGE, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Housatonic River and R.ailroad, 120 miles 
 W. by S, of Boston, It contains a bank, an insurance office, 
 an academy, 3 churches, and a public library. The manu- 
 facture of woollen and other goods is carried on here. Two 
 flourishing villages, viz., Glendale and Housatonicville, have 
 sprung up in the township within a few years. Pop. 2136. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGE, a township of Madison Co., New York, 
 about 25 miles W.S.W. of Utica. Pop. 2068. 
 
 STOCKBiaDGE, a post-oflice of Henry co., Georgia, 80 
 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGE, a post-village and townsliip of Ingham 
 CO., Michig-an, about 30 miles S.E. of Lansing. Pop. 876. 
 
 STOCKiJRIDGE, a post-township and village of Calumet 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1430. 
 
 STfK-K'BURY. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STiX'K CREEK, a post-office of Scott CO., Virginia. 
 
 STOCK EN or STECKEN, st^k'ken, a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia, 29 miles S.S.E. of Czaslau. 'Pop. 1369, 
 
 STOCKERAD, stok'kehrOw\ a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, on an arm of the Danube, 6 miles N.W. of Korneu- 
 burg, and connected with Vienna by raiiw.ay. Pop. S''.i9, 
 who manufacture militarv uniforms, linen fabrics, and 
 liquors. 
 
 STOCK'ERSTON. a parish of England, co. of Leicester 
 
 STOCK'ERTOWN, a post-office of Northampton co., Peun- 
 sylvania. 
 
 STOCK GAY'LAND. a parish of England, co. of I>orset 
 
 STOCK HEIM. stock'hime. a town of Belgium, province 
 of Limliourg. 5 miles S.W. of Maesyck. Pop. lOOO 
 
 STOCK HILL, a post-office of Union co.. Georgia. 
 
 ST()KH.>D. sto-Kod'. a river of Russia, rises in the W. of the 
 goverum»;ut of Volhynia, flows N.N.E into the government of 
 
STO 
 
 Minsk, and joins the right hank of the Pripets, near the con- 
 fines of the government of Grodno. Total course, 110 miles. 
 
 STOCKHOLM, stokliolm. (L. Hol'mia ; Sp. Kstncobno. 6s-to- 
 kol'mo; It. Slocolma. sto-kol'mS.) a city of Northern Europe, 
 capital of the Swedish nionarcliy, beautifully situated be- 
 tween Lake Mrelar and the Baltic, 330 milog N.E. of Copen- 
 hagen, and 4-to miles W.S.W. of St. I'etersburg. T.at. (ob- 
 servatory) 59'^ 20" 36" N., Ion. 18° 3' 45" E. Mean tempera- 
 ture of the year, 42° 2; winter, 20°; summer, 60° Fahren- 
 heit. It stands partly on the N. and S. sides of the strait, 
 which communicates between the lake and the sea. and 
 partly on several islands, connected with the mainland and 
 with each other by a number of bridges. The finest of 
 these bridges is the Nyabron or New Hridge, which joins 
 the largest of the islands, called the Staden or City, with the 
 N. side of the strait. When approached from the Baltic, the 
 appearance presented by the city is very grand and im- 
 posing; but a still better view is obtained from the Mose- 
 backe, a rugged hill on the S. side of the mainland, from a 
 platform on the summit of which the eye takes in the whole 
 cit}' and its environs. The panorama in many respects re- 
 sembles that of Venice, but far surpasses it in natural 
 beauty. The whole site covers an area of nearly 5 square 
 miles, and has a circuit of about 9 miles. Till lately Stock- 
 holm was unprovided with defences of any kind: but a 
 strong citadel has recently been erected on the small island 
 of Kastellholm, while the works of Waxholm have been so 
 much strengthened as effectually to command the only 
 channel by which a hostile approach by sea could be at- 
 tempted. The principal part of the city proper is situated 
 on the three islands of Gustavsholm, Kiddarsholm, and 
 Ilelgeandsholm. It consists for the most part of naiTow 
 and crooked streets and lanes, though, from its aiitiquity, 
 many of the most interesting olyects which the town pos- 
 ses.ses are situated within it. Norrmalm on the N., sepa- 
 rated from the city proper by the Norrstrom, and Soder- 
 malm on the S., separated from it by the Soderstrom, 
 though considered only as its suburbs, far surpasses it 
 both in extent and regularity of structure. The houses in 
 the city are generally of stone, but iu the suburbs more 
 frequently of brick, stuccoed, and colored white, yellow, or 
 liglit-blue. 
 
 The public buildings are numerous, but not very remark- 
 able. By far tlie tinest is the palace, which, situated on the 
 liighest part of OustHVsholm. is seen towering with its vast 
 and massive walls above all the neighboring houses. It 
 was commenced ijy the eldest Tessin in 1097, on the site of 
 a much older structure, which had recently been burnt 
 down, and was completed on his designs by his son in 1753. 
 It is built in the form of a quadrangle, with two wings, and 
 encloses a large court. The basement story is of granite, 
 the rest of brick and stucco. The finest front is the S.E., 
 which is adorned with six Corinthian pillars; the N.W. 
 entrance, rising from the quay at the foot of the new bridge, 
 leads to a spacious platform. The whole structure is chaste, 
 simple, massive, and finely proportioned. Besides the apart- 
 ments of the royal family, and the chapel, it contains a 
 royal library of 50,000 volumes, and some rare and curious 
 manuscripts, and a museum possessing many valuable 
 Northern, Tuscan, and Egyptian antiquities, a cabinet of 
 60,000 coins .'ind medals, considered one of the finest collec- 
 tions of the kind in Europe, and a picture-gallery, with fine 
 specimens of almost all the great masters. 
 
 The cliurches are about 20 in number, including, in ad- 
 dition to those of the national establishment, a French lie- 
 formed, a Dutch Keformed, an English, a Greek Russian, 
 and a Komau Catholic. There is also a synagogue. Few of 
 the churches possess much architectural merit. The oldest 
 is St. Nicolas, in which the sovereigns are crowned. It was 
 founded In 1260, but has undergone so many changes, that 
 the original building has disappeared. It is surmounted 
 by a lofty tower, and contains the tombs of King Magnus 
 Smeck, and his queen, Blanca. The Kiddarsholm Kyrka 
 was originally attached to a monastery, and possesses con- 
 siderable historical interest, both from the scenes which 
 hare taken place in it, and from confciining the ashesof a 
 long line of Swedish monarchs. Its style was originally 
 Oothic, but has been much defaced by modem alterations. 
 Service is performed in this church only once a year. Tlie 
 church of Adolphus Frederick, in the Norrmalm. is built in 
 the form of a cross, and is rendered conspicuous by its ele- 
 gant tower crowned by a copper dome. The other public 
 edifices deserving of notice are the Ofver-stAtiiAUershuus, 
 (governor's house.) a handsome structure, by Tessin, facing 
 the ([uay. on which a granite obelisk, in honor of Gustavus 
 III., has been erected ; the Riddarhuus, where the states 
 and .also the Academy of Sciences hold their meeting!!, and 
 •which contains the shields of about 3000 Swedish nobles : the 
 exchange, the mint, with a goad collection of minerals; the 
 town-Iiouse, a largo pile, in which the principal courts of 
 justice are accommodated; the post-oflice, bank, merchant- 
 house, royal theatre, opera-house, arsenal, and barracks. 
 
 Among the educational establishments are a medical col- 
 lege, wifh a general superintendence of all the medical 
 establishments iu the kingdom; a technological institute, a 
 6Q 
 
 ,,|^J| 
 
 JHIVBaSI 
 
 navigation school, and a school^<rf'design. ?1»^ 
 benevolent institutions are a l)lin<i^)d dcjpfAl 
 a.sylum, a lunatic asylum, the Seraphiit«slflfo|iugrj 
 ing a handsome edifice, with lofty and spacio 
 and 300 beds ; Danvik's Ilospitil, the Burgher Widow's IIos 
 pital, and the GaiTison Infirmary. Tlie associations, lite- 
 rary, scientific, artistic, <ie., are very numerous, and in 
 elude, among others, the Academy of Seience.s, in which the 
 celebrated chemist, Berzelius, long held a distinguished 
 place, and possessing a fine zoological museum ; the Swedish 
 Academy, tlie Academy of History and Antiquities, the 
 JIusical Academy, and medical, agricultural, and horticul- 
 tural societies. Stockholm has also a botanic garden, seve- 
 ral clubs and reading-rooms, and publishes 15 newspapers 
 and 11 monthly journals. 
 
 The manufactures consist chiefly of woollen, linen, cotton, 
 and silk goods, porcelain and stoneware, gla.«s, tobacco, re- 
 fined sugar, ironware, including large castings and ma- 
 chinery. The harbor, though somewhat difficult of acce.ss, 
 from the length and intricacy of the channels which lead to 
 it, is capacious, and hiis depth of water sufficient for the 
 largest vessels at its quays. The principal exports are iron, 
 copper, tar, and timber; the imports, colonial produce, wine, 
 fruit, salt, &c. The inland trade is also of considerable ex- 
 tent, and is facilitated by canals, which traverse a large 
 portion of the country. 
 
 Few cities can boast of finer promenades. Of these, the 
 most frequented are the Djurgarden, or deer-park, remarka- 
 ble for its picturesque beauties, and its magnificent trees 
 and drives; the I^dugards Garde, or review-ground, the 
 Ilaga I'ark, tlio beautiful cemetery adjoining, and the park 
 of Carlberg. finely planted, and connected with the city by 
 a, long ami beautiful avenue.. 
 
 Stockholm was founded about 1260, by Birger Jarl. It 
 was fortified at an early period, and stood several sieges. 
 One of the most memorable of these w.is in 1501, when it 
 was defended against the Swcles. for the crown of Den- 
 mark, by the Danish Queen Christina ; another still more 
 memorable w.as in 1520, when an equally heroic female, 
 Christina Gyllenstierna, widow of Sten Sture. held it for 
 the Swedes, against the perfidious and sanguinary Chris- 
 tian II. The capitulation made was shamefully viola- 
 ted by the king, who, after pledging himself to respect the 
 rights of the inhabitants, was guilty of the nio.st atrocious 
 massacres. The indignation which was thus produced in 
 all quarters of the country paved the way for the war of 
 liberation, which, conducted by Gustavas Vasa, at length 
 terminated gloriously, by the expulsion of the Danes, and 
 the establishment of Sweden as an independent kingdom. 
 Pop. in 1851. 93,070 ; in 1863, 124,691. 
 
 STOCK'IIOLM, a post-township of St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York, 18 miles E.N.E. of Canton, intersected by the Norlhern 
 Railroad, i'op. 4074. 
 
 STOCKHOLM, a post-ofSce of Sussex co.. New .Jersey. 
 
 STOCIvIIOLM DEPOT, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., 
 New York, iu Stockholm township, on the Northern Kail- 
 road. 36 miles E. of Ogdensburg. 
 
 STOCK'INGTON, a village of Salem co., New Jersey, about 
 9 miles B. of Salem. 
 
 STOCK'LAND. a parish of Engl.and, co. of Dorset. 
 
 STOCKLAND BRISTOL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 STOCKOiEY ENGLISH, a parish of England, oo. of Devon. 
 
 STOCKLEY POMERO Y. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 STOCK'LINCII MAG'DALEN.aparish of England, co. of 
 
 " STOck'LINCII OTrrERSAY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 STOCKORN or STOCKIIORN. stockTionn, a mountain of 
 Switzerland, canton, and 18 miles S. of Bern. It has two 
 conical peaks, one of which rises 7211 feet above the sea. 
 
 STOCK'I'ORT, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 manufiicturing town, pari.sh, and town.sbip of England, co. 
 of Chester, on the border of Lancashire, on the Jler.sey, at 
 the influx of the Tame, and on the railway, C^ miles S.E. 
 of Manchester. The Mersey is joined here by the. Tame, and 
 crossed by four bridges, one of which is a handsome mo- 
 dern structure of 11 arches. The town occupies an ele- 
 vated, uneven, and rugged site, on which the houses rise 
 in irregular tiers, giving it at all times a picturesque, and 
 at night, when its various factories are lighted up. a very 
 striking appearance. The streets, though generally steep 
 and narrow, are well paved, and lighted witli gas; and the 
 supply of water is abundant. Besides the town proper there 
 are several extensive suburbs, as Heaton-Norris. Edgeley, 
 Portwood. &c. The principal buildings and estalilishments 
 are the parish church of St, Mary, a handsome modern struc- 
 ture in the later English style.with an ancient chancel, a lofty 
 pinnacled tower, with a peal of 8 bells; St. Thoma.s' church, 
 an elegant edifice in the Grecian style, with a tower crowned 
 by a cupola; St. Peter's church, a neat brick building with 
 a square tower; Chri.st church in Heaton-Norris, with a fine 
 spire; St. Paul's church in Portwood, recently erected, in 
 the Gothic style; a new church, to be called St. Mathew's, 
 is now (1854) in course of erection in Edgeley ; also var 
 
 1841 
 
 =1 
 
STO 
 
 rioua Dissenting chapels, including 4 Independent. 5 Wes- 
 leyan Methodist: 2 each of New Connection Methodist, 
 Primitive Methodist, Baptist, aud Roman Catholic; Wes- 
 leyan Association, Unitarian, and New Jerusjtlem, 1 each; 
 and a Friends' meeting-house; the KirraclvS. court-house, 
 and union-house; the grammar, British, national, and 
 other schools, among which is the Stockport Sunday-school, 
 attended by upwards of o8iK) children every Lord's-day, and 
 occupying a lai-ge brick building of 4 stories, erected by sub- 
 scription at an expense of above 10,000/. ; attached to it are 
 3 district schools, with an ave; age attendance of 1100 chil- 
 dren; the meeh.anics' institute, the infirmary, occupying a 
 handsome stone building: the new cemetery, covering a 
 large and well laid out plot of ground, with a small but 
 handsome chapel; and the railway viaduct, a msM^nificent 
 structure, which spans the river Mersey and a great portion 
 of the town by 26 semicircular arches, 22 of which are 63 
 feet span, and the centre one 110 feet above the bed of the 
 river. 
 
 Cotton is the staple manufiieture of the town; and. In 
 addition to numerous large factories, emploj'ing machinery 
 moved by upwards of 3800 horse-power, there are several 
 print, bleach, and dyeworks. The winding and throwing of 
 silk, at one time the most important branch of industry here, 
 has greatly declined, only a few hands being now employed 
 in it, as well as in tlie manufiieture of silk goods, thread, 
 brushes, &c. Several hands are still employed in hatting. 
 There are also several engine and machine-shops, iron and 
 brass foundries, breweries, and brick-works. 
 
 Stockport, being situated at the junction of several Ro- 
 man roads, is supposed to have been an important Roman 
 station, and to have had a fort on the summit of what 
 is now called the Castle Yard, from the castle which was 
 subsequently erected upon it, but has altogether disap- 
 peared. Buring the last civil war, Stockport was garrisoned 
 by the Parliamentarians, and became the scene of some 
 severe struggles between them and the Royalists. It is 
 governed by a mayor, 13 aldermen, and 42 councillors, and 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Pop. of the 
 borough. 54,681. 
 
 STOCK'POUT, a post-village and township of Columbia 
 CO., New York, on the llud.son River, and on the Hudson 
 River Railroad. 24 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 1446. 
 
 STOCKPORT, a thriving post-village of Wayne en., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware River, and on the Krie R.tilmad, 
 169 miles from New Y'ork City. It is a dep6t for lumber, 
 which is procured in the vicinity. 
 
 STOCKPORT, a pnst-ofBce of Morgan co.. Ohio. 
 
 STOCKPORT STATION, a post-vilLage of Delaware co., 
 New York, on the New York and Krie Railroad, 160 miles 
 firom New York Citv. 
 
 STiXJKS/FIKLD IIAT.L, a township of England, co. of 
 Cumberland, parish of Hywell-Ct.-Andrew, on the Newcastle 
 and Carlisle Railway, 2^ miles W. of Prudhoe. 
 _ STOCKSTADT, stock'st^tt, a market-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Lower Franconia, 3 miles W. of Aschaffenburg. 
 Pop. 1394. 
 
 STOCKrrON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STOCKTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 STOCKTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 STOCKTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 STOCKTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 STOCKTON, a town of New South Wales, co. of Glouces- 
 ter, on the shores of Port Hunter, opposite Newcastle. 
 
 STOCK'TON, a post-township of Chautauqua co., New 
 York. 14 miles S. of Dunkirk. Pop. Ib87. 
 
 STOCKTON, a post-village of Baldwin co., Alabama, on 
 the Tens;iw River, 30 miles N.N.E. of Mobile. 
 
 STOCKTON, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 1274. 
 
 STOCKTON, the capital of San Joaquin co., California, 
 an*! the fourth town in population in the state, is situated 
 on a slough or channel of its own name, about 3 miles from 
 its junction with the San Joaq\un River, ami on tlie main 
 road from Sacramento City to Los .\ngeles, about 130 miles 
 E.S.K. of San Francisco. It was first settled in 1844 by C. 
 M. Weber, but was abandoned by him in 1S46. In 1848 a 
 settlement was successfully established, and since that 
 time its growth has been rapid. The channel is navigable 
 for steamboats and vessels of 400 tons burden at all sea.sons, 
 affording a ready communication with the Pacific. Stockton 
 Is the great point where most of the goods are landed, and 
 tradf is carried on for what are called the Southern mines. 
 An hospital, which is an ornament to the state, has been 
 erected at Stockton. See Appejjpix. 
 
 STOCKTON, Jo Daviess co., Illinois. See Appendix. 
 
 ST(K'KTON, a post-ofBce of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey. 
 
 STOCKTON-ON-THE-FOR/EST, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, North and East Ridings, with a station on the York 
 and Market-Weighton Railway. 
 
 STOCKTON-ON-TEES, a municipal borough, seaport town, 
 and parish of England, co. of Durham, ward of Stockton, on 
 the N. bank of the Tees. 11 miles E.N.K.of Darlington, with 
 which town and with Middlesborouih it communicates by 
 railway. Pop. of the borough in 1851, 10,459. It is one of 
 the best-built towns in the N. of England, and has a town 
 1S42 
 
 STO 
 
 hall, custom-house, theatre, mechanics' institute, and a 
 subscription library. On the opposite side of the Tees is a 
 spacious race-course. It has manufactures of sail-cloth, 
 rope, linens, and worsted: ship-building yards, iron and 
 brass-works, breweries, and corn mills. The harbor has 
 been improved so as to admit vessels of 300 tons, and baring 
 been made a bondiny-port for certain goods, has become the 
 centre of a considerable trade, both coastwise chieUy with 
 London, Hull. I^eith, &c.. and foreign with the Baltic, 
 Netherlands. Hamburg, and the British colonies. The prin- 
 cipal foreign exports are lead and coal; and the imports, 
 timlx-r for ship-building and ordinary purposes, tallow, &c. 
 Nearly 1,400.000 tons of coal have been shipped here in a 
 single year. In 1851 the tonnage belonging to the port 
 w.as 27.730 tons: the vessels entered were loll. (92,050 tons;) 
 and cleared. 3486, (358,.j34 tons.) 
 
 STOCK'VILLE, a post-village of Buncombe co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 STOCK'WITH. East, a township of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 STOCKWITH. West, a township of England, co. of Notts. 
 • STOCK/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 STODA. See Stab. 
 
 SToD'DAP.D, a county in the S.E. part of Mi.s.souri. boi^ 
 dering on Arkansa.s. has an area of 900 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the St. Francis River, and on the E. 
 by the Castor and Whitewater Rivers. The N. partis hilly, 
 but the greater portion of the surface is level, and e.xten- 
 sively occupied by swamps and shallow lakes. The largest 
 among the latter are Lake Stoddard, Lake Castor, Lake 
 Micota, and Lak€ Nicormy. The last is represented by the 
 maps to be about 25 miles long, and 4 or 5 miles wide. The 
 earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 injured this county perhaps 
 more than any other in the state. For particulars, see the 
 article New Madrid. The county contains extensive prairies 
 and forests of cypress; the soil of the prairies is moderately 
 fertile. Capital, Bloomfield. Pop. 7877, of whom 7062 were 
 free. 
 
 STODDARD, a post-township in Cheshire co., New Hamp- 
 shire, 35 miles W.S.W. of Concord. It has several tanneries, 
 and rake factories. Pop. 944. 
 
 STODDARD, a small village. Cape Girardeau co.. MissourL 
 
 STOD'DARTSVILLE, a post-village of Pennsylvania, on 
 the line between Luzerne and Monroe counties, and on tha 
 Lehigh River, 18 miles S.E. of Wilkesbarre. 
 
 STOD'MARSII, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STO/DY. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STiECIIADKS MAJORES. See Uteres. 
 
 STO'GU.MBER, a parish of Engl.^nd. co. of Somerset 
 
 STOKK. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STOKK, .1 parish of England, co. of S.nlop. 
 
 STOKE, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 STOKE, North, a parish of Engl.and, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STOKE, North, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 STOKE, North, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 STOKE. North, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 STOKE, South, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STOKE, South, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 STOKE, South, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 STOKE. South, a pari.sh of England, co. of Sus.sex. 
 
 STOKE. East, a parish of England, co. of D<jrset. 
 
 STOKE, East, a parish of England, co. of Notts, 4 miles 
 S.W. of Newark. A battle was fought here in 14S7. between 
 the partisans of Lamliert Simnel and of Henry A'll. 
 
 STOKE, West, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 STOKE AIVBAS, a p.arish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 STOKE AL'BA.NY, a parish of England, co. North.ampton, 
 
 STOKE ASH. a p.irish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STOKE BISH'OP'S, a tything of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 STOKE BLISS, a parish of England, cos. of Hereford and 
 Woreester. 
 
 STOKE BRUERNE, broo/ern, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 STOKE C.iN'ON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 STOKE CHARITY, a parish of England, co of Hants. 
 
 STOKI-^CLY-MES/LAND, a parish. England, co. Cornwall. 
 
 STOKE COURCY, a parish of EngKand. co. of Somerset 
 
 STOKE D'AB'ERNON, a p.ari.sh of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 STOKE DAM'EKELL. a parish of England, co. of DeTon, 
 compri.sed in the borough of Devonport. 
 
 STOKE DOYLE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton- 
 
 STOKE DRY, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 STOKE E'DITH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 STOKE. FER'R Y, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with 
 a market-town on the navigable Wissey, 34 miles W.S.W. 
 of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 820. 
 
 STOKK KLEM'INO, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 STOKE GA'BRIEL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 STOKE GIF'FORD. a parish of Enu'land. CO. of Gloucester. 
 
 STOKE GOLD'ING. a chiipelry of Encland, cj. of Leicester. 
 
 STOKE GOLiyiNGTON, a parish of Eiig.wd, co of Buck- 
 ingham. 
 
STO 
 
 STOKEOTAAI, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 STOKK-uxDER-IIAJn)OX, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 mer.set. 
 STi^KE IIAMOIOXD. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 STOKE-LACY, a pari.^ih of England, co. of Hereford. 
 STOKE L.AXE, a parish of Engl.-md, co. of Somerset. 
 ST01vK-T,Y\E. a parish of England, co. of O.xford. 
 STOKE MAN'DEVILLE, a parish of Engljind. co. Bucks. 
 STO'KKNCHUUCII, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 STO'KKMIAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 STOKE PE'RO. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 BTOKE I'O'GES, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 4 miles 
 N.N.E. of Windsor. It has almshouses, founded hy the 
 Penn family, whose seiit is in this parish. The poet Gray is 
 burled in the churchyard, which is the supposed scene of 
 bit? immortal Elegy. 
 STOKE I'ltl'OR. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 STOKE rUIOR, a village and parish of England, co. of 
 Worcester, on the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, and 
 the Birmingliam and Gloucester Kailroad, 4 miles N.E. of 
 Droltwiih. 
 
 STO'KKR, a post-office of Davis co., Utah. 
 STOKE HI VERS, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 STctKE-KOD'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 STOKES, stoks, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, 
 borderiug on Virginia. Area estimated at SnO square miles. 
 It is iuter.seeted by Dan River and its affluents. The siir- 
 face is elevated and hilly. Iron-ore is found in larfre quan- 
 tities. Formed from Surry in 17S9, and named in honor of 
 John Stokes, a colonel in the war of the Revolution. Capi- 
 tal, Dantjury. Pop. 10,402, of whom 7933 were free, and 
 24C9 slaves. 
 STOKES, a post-offlce of Oneida co., New York. 
 STOKES, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 616. 
 STOKES, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. S98. 
 STOKESAY, st«k's.A, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 STOKESBURG, stOks/burg, a small village of Stokes co., 
 North Carolina. 
 STOKESBY, stSks'be, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 STOKEoN-SKV'ERN, a parish of England, co. Worcester. 
 STOKESLEY, stoks'le, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of York, North Hiding, 8^ miles S.E. of Stockton. 
 Pop. in 1861, 2446. 
 STOK E ST. G R EG'OR Y, a parish of England, co. Somerset. 
 STOKE ST. MABY, a parish of England, co. of Somei'Set. 
 STOKE ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 STOKE TAI7MAGK, a pari;,h of England, co. of Oxford. 
 STOKE-IN'TEIGXIIEAD, a parish of England, co. Devon. 
 STOKE-o.N-TERX, a parish of England, co. of .«alop. 
 STOK E-ui'OX-TR EXT, a market-town, parliamentary bo- 
 rough, and parish of England, co., and 14 miles N. by W. 
 of Staflird. The parliamentary borough, which is of great 
 extent, includes about two-thirds of the populous district 
 of the Potteries, embracing several district parishes and 
 townshii)s, among which are Burslem, Lane-End, Longton, 
 Ilanley, and other seats of the pottery manuftcture. The 
 town, situated on the Trent, the Great Ti-unk Trent Canal, 
 and the North Staffordshire Hallway, has undergone great 
 improvements within recent years, and may now be consi- 
 dered well built. It is lighted with gas, and amply sup- 
 plied with water: it has a handsome parish church, in the 
 later English style, with a beautifully painted window, and 
 several good monuments ; Baptist. Quaker, and Wesleyan, 
 Primitive and New Connection Methodist chapels, a na- 
 tional school, an elegant town-hall ; extensive manufactures 
 of china and earthenware; and connected .with these, nu- 
 merous wharves, warehouses, mills, and other buildings. 
 Lightfoot. the eminent Hebrew scholar, was born in Stoke 
 Kectory. The borough sends 2 members to Parliament. Pop. 
 in 1S-)1. 84.027. 
 STOKE TRISTER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 STOKE WAKE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 STOL. a town of Daluiatia. See Stagxo Grande. 
 STOL.\TZ. sto'ldts. a town of European Turkey, in Herze- 
 govina. 17 miles S.E. of Mostar. Pop. 1200. 
 
 STOLBERG, stol'bjro. or STOLLBERG, stoll'blRO\ a town 
 of Saxony, circle of Zwickau. 11 miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz. 
 Pop 3oi>2, engaged in manufactures of woven fabrics, and 
 in mining industry. 
 
 STOI BERG, a town of Rhenish Prussi.a, on the railway, 
 7 miles E. of Ai.x-la-Chapelle, on the Inde and Vicht. Pop. 
 2756. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, needles, and 
 cutlery. Adjoining the town is the StoUbergburg Castle, 
 famnus as a hunting rendezvous in the time of Charlemagne. 
 STOLBEIUJ, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony, 49 
 allies W.X.W. of Merseburg, in the Harz. Pop. 2710. It 
 has a fine castle, and paper, oil, and gunpowder mills. 
 
 STOLBOVOI, stol-bo-voi', an island of Asiatic Russia, in 
 the ArcU". Ocean, between the mouth of the Lena and New 
 Siberia. 
 STOLLBERG, a town of Saxony. See Stolbero. 
 STOLXATZ. a town of European Turkey. See Krotzka. 
 STOLPE. stdl'peh, or STOLP, stolp, a river issuing from a 
 lake on the frontiers of West Prussia, falls into the Baltic 
 after a course of about 60 miles. 
 
 STO 
 
 ' STOLPE or STOLP, a walled town of Pmssia, PomerniiiA, 
 government of CBslin, on the navigable Stolpe, 10 mHeA 
 S,S.E. of its mouth at theport of Stolpemiindeon the Baltia 
 Pop. 8iiOO. It has a castle, manufactures of woollen and 
 linen fabrics, a salmon fishery, and a trade in amber. 
 
 STOLPE, a village of Prussia, in the province of Branden- 
 burg, government of Potsdam, 5 miles E.S.E. of Anger- 
 miinde, with a castle of the family of Von Buch. 
 
 STOLPEN, stoPpen, a town of Saxony, circle of Bautzen 
 15 miles E. of Dresden. Pop. 128; 
 
 STOLWr.JK, a village of the Netherlands. See Stoiwvk. 
 STOLWYK, stol'wik. STOLWYCK or STOLWIJK. stoV 
 •ftik, a villageof the Netherlands, province of South Holland, 
 13 miles E.X.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 143.3. 
 
 STOLZ. stolts, a town of Prussian Silesia, government- 
 and S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1224. 
 
 STOLZ EN AU, stolts'eh-now\ a market-town of Hanover, 
 CO. Hoya. on the Weser. 17 miles N.N.E. of Minden. P. 176.3. 
 STOLZENIIAHX, stol'cen-han\ a village of Bohemia, 20 
 miles from Carlsbad. Pop. 1009. 
 
 STOMMELEN, stom'meh-leu, or STOMMELN, stom'mfin, 
 a village of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles N.W. of Cologne, 
 Pop. 151K). 
 
 STO'XAR, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile N.E. 
 of Sandwich. It was the ancient Lapis Tiluli. (f) 
 STONARZOW. See Stannerx. 
 
 STOX/DON MAS'SEY, a pari.sh of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 STOXDON 5IASSEY, Upper, a parish of England, co. of 
 Bedford. 
 
 STOXE, a market-town and parish of England, co.. and 
 7 miles N.N.W. of Stafford, on the Trent and the Grand 
 Trunk Canal. Pop. in 1851, 3443. The town is well built, 
 has a union workhouse, and various manufactures. 
 STONE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 STOXE, three parishes of England, co. of Kent. 
 STONE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 STONE ARA'BIA. a post-village of Montgomery CO., New 
 Y'ork. about 50 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 STOXEasRIDGE or PETEIiSBURG. a village of Canada 
 West, CO. of AVelland, situated on the Welland Canal, in the 
 township of Humberstone. Pop. about 260. 
 STOXE CHURCH, a post-office of Genesee CO., New York. 
 STOXE CHURCH, a post-office of Northampton CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 STOXE COAL, a post-oflSoe of Shelby co., Illinois. 
 STOXE CREEK, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. 
 STONE EASTON, ees/tgn, a parish of England, co. of So. 
 merset. 
 
 STOXEGl'wVVE, stOn'grave, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. North Riding. 
 
 ^TOXEIIAM, (ston'.am,! North, a parish of England, co. 
 of Hants. 
 STOXEITAM, South, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 STOXEHAM. ston'am, a township in Oxford co., Maine, 
 50 miles W. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 463. 
 
 STOXEHAM. a post-village and town.ship of Middlesex 
 CO.. Massachusetts, on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 8 
 miles N. of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Pop. 3206. 
 
 STONEHAVEN, ston-hA'vgn, (vulgtiriy called StaneJiive.) 
 a burgh of barony, and seaport town of Scotland, capital, co. 
 of Kincardine, on the E. coast, where the Carron and Cowie 
 Rivers enter a rocky bay. 14 miles S.W. of Aberdeen. Pop in 
 1851. 3240. Lat. 56° 58' N., Ion. 2° 12' 45" W. It consists of 
 an old and new t»wn, connected by a bridge across the Carron. 
 The old town, on the S. bank, is irregularly and ill built; the 
 new town, which has rapidly grown up. has many handsome 
 residences, several banks, and a free school. The harbor has 
 been improved by the erection of piers, but admits only 
 small vessels. The town has thriving haddock and herring 
 fisheries, small manufactures of cottons and linens, a dis- 
 tillery, and brewery; but the chief resources of the inhabit- 
 ants are in the residence of families po.ssessing property. It 
 is the seat of sheriff courts. Adjacent to the town are the 
 two parish churches, and the fishing village of Cowie. 
 About 2 miles S., on a rock projecting into the sea. are the 
 remains of Dunnottar Castle, formerly residence of the Earls 
 Marischal. feudal superiors of Stonehaven. 
 
 STOXEHENGE, stOn'hJuj, the remains of a gigantic Dru- 
 idic temple in England, co. of Wilts, on Salisbury Plain, 
 8i miles N.X.W. of .Salisbury. It consists of 2 circles of 
 vast stones, partially remaining upright, and partially 
 lying prostrate, and which average 14 feet in elevation, 7 
 feet in breadth, and 3 feet in thickness, generally estimated 
 to weigh from 10 to 12 tons, though some must exceed 30 
 tons in weight, and the two lar;^est 70 tons e.ach. The outer 
 circle, of which 17 out of 30 stones remain upright, is stir- 
 rounded by a trench, and separated by an interval, 8 feet 
 acro.s.s, from an inner circleof smaller upright stones, within 
 which are two groups, having between them a large flat 
 stone, termed the altar. Near this monument is a raised 
 terrace, with an artificial flat surface termed A citrous. 
 
 STOXE'IK lUSE, a parish of England, co. of Glou.'enter, 
 with a station on the Cheltenham Branch of the Great 
 Western Railway, 3 miles W. of Stroud. 
 
 1843 
 
STO 
 
 STO 
 
 j^TON'I'inOUSE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 S'''0SEH0U3K;, KA&T, a parish of England, and suburb 
 of I lymouih, co. of Devon, on its M'. side, between ft and 
 Devonport Pop. in 1851, 11. .573. It is well built, mostly 
 of stone; and has- several batteries, extensive barracks, the 
 victualliiitt-ofllce. and the naval hospitjil of the port. 
 
 STOM-.LKIGH. ston'lee, a village and parish of Ensl.Hnd, 
 CO. of Warwiok. on the London and Birmingham Railway, 
 and on the Sowe, which here, a little above its junction with 
 the Avon, is crossed by an ancient stone bridge of eight 
 arches, 4 miles S. of Coventry. Pop. in 1851, 128S). 
 
 STONE LICK, a post-office of Kaudolph co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 STOXE LICK, a township in the central part of Clermont 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1691. 
 
 STO.NELICK CUEEK, of Ohio, enters the East Fork of 
 Little Miami River, in Clermont county. 
 
 STOXK MILLS, a post-office of Jeffei-son co.. New York. 
 STON E MOU.NT'AIN, a post-village of McDowell co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 STONE MOUNT .\IN. a post-village of De Kalb co., Georgia, 
 on the Georgia Railroad. 100 railes W. of Augusta. At this 
 place is an isolateii. dome-shaped granite rock, which is 
 \L«ited annually by several thousand persons, and is con- 
 sidered as one of the most magnificent natural objects in 
 the st;ite. The height is near 2200 feet above the sea. A 
 tower, ISO feet high, has been erected on the summit, com- 
 manding a prospect of great extent and picturesque beauty. 
 The village contains 4 hotels, and about 300 inh;ibitauts. 
 STONER, a post-office of Seneca co.. New York. 
 STONE RIDGE, a post village of Ulster co., New York, 
 about t'H) miles S.S.W. of .\lbany. 
 
 STONER'S CREEK, of Bourlxin co., Kentucky, flows in a 
 N.N.W. direction, passes I'aris, and enters the South Lick- 
 ing River near the N. boundary of the county. 
 
 STONER'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Dane Co., Wisconsin. 
 STONER'S STOKE, a post-office of Roanoke co., Virginia. 
 ■ STO'NEUSTOWN, a post-village of Bedford co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, 100 miles W. by S. of llarrisburg. 
 
 STONERSVILLE. a post-office of Berks co., Penn.sylvania. 
 STON ESB Y. stonzljee, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 STONESFIELD, stOuz'feeld, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 STONESPORT, stonz'port, a village of Boone co., Mis- 
 souri, on the Missouri River, 6 miles above Jefferson City. 
 STONES RIVER, a small stream of Middle Tennessee, 
 rises in Cannon co., and flowing N.W., enters Cumberland 
 River about 6 miles N.E. of Nashville. It affords motive- 
 power to numerous mills and factories. The battle of Mur- 
 freesboro", (see Murkeeesborough,) sometimes ctiUed the 
 battle of Stones River, was fought here Jan. 1-3. 186.3. 
 
 STONESVILLE. stdnz'vill, a post-village of Greenville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 97 miles X. of Columbia. 
 
 STONE TAVERN, a small village of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 STONE W.VLL MILL, a post-village of Appomattox co., 
 Virginia, on James River, 108 miles W. by S. of Richmond. 
 STONEY CREEK, Connecticut. See Stony Creek. 
 STONEY CREEK, a post-vill.ige of Canada M'est, co. of 
 Wentworth. 7 miles from Hamilton. 
 
 STONEYKIltK or STEPHEN KIRK, stee'vgn-kirk, a mari- 
 time parish of Scotland, co. of Wigtown. 
 
 STUN'HAM ASPEL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 STONIIAM EARL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 STONHAM PARVA, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 STO'NINGTON, a post-borough, township, and port of 
 entry of New London co., Connecticut, on tlie sea-coast, on 
 the Stonington and Providence Railroad, t)3 miles E. of 
 New Haven, and 50 miles S.S.\V. of Providence. The borough 
 is built on a peninsula somewhat more than half a mile in 
 length from N. to S., and contains 5 churches of the various 
 denominations, several aourishing schix>l.s, 2 banks, with an 
 aggregate capital of $160,000: a saving's institution with 
 ^6,182 on deposit; and about 18 stores. Mantifactnres 
 have recently been introduced. Here is an armory or 
 manufactory of guns. Stonington is much resorted to 
 during the summer montlis as a watering-place, and a 
 first-class hotel has been erected for the accommodation 
 of visitors. The harbor of Stonington is capacious, and 
 partly protected by a national breakwater, constructed at 
 a cost of $100,000. Previous to 1835 the inhabitants were 
 extensively and profitably engaged in various enterprises 
 of navigation, principally in the sealing and whaling 
 business. Some years, as many as 100,OtK) seal-skins were 
 brought into port. The fleet of whalers at one time num- 
 bered 27 ships and barques. Sealing and the whale fishery 
 have lately, it is said, been discontinued. The borough has 
 also an imjiortant coast trade. The shipping owned in this 
 district, which includes Stonington borough, P.-iwcatuck, 
 and .Mystic, June 30, ls54, amounted to an nggrogjite of 
 14,109 tons registered, and 9972 tons enrolled and licensed^ 
 total, 24,081 tons. Of the registered tonnage, 7558 tons 
 w«r8 employed in the whale fishery. During the year 1S53, 
 6 ivhaliiig ve.ssel8 arrived at Stonington, bringing 246 barrels 
 of sperm oil, 4998 of whale oil, and 50,900 pounds of whale- 
 1844 . . t~ 
 
 bone. The number of vessels built in the district in 1854, 
 was 16, (4 of them ships,) with an aggregate burden of 3752 
 tons. The Stonington Railroad, which commenced its ope- 
 rations in 1835, was the first constructed in the state. This 
 railroad has been extended to New Loudon. Stonington 
 hiis steamboat communication with New York, Providence, 
 and other places along the coast. The town is celebrated 
 for the spirited and s\iccessful resistance it made against 
 the attack of Sir Thomas Hardy, during the war of 1812. 
 Settled in 1C49, and incorporated as a borough in 1801. 
 Pop. of the township in 1840, 3i9S ; in 1850, 54;J1 ; in 1800, 
 6827 ; of the borough alvout 3000. 
 
 STONINGTON, a post-office of Christian co.. Kentucky. 
 
 STONINGTON. a small villau'e of Grundv co.. Missouri. 
 
 STONINGTON LIGHT-HOUSE, exhibiting a fixed light. Is 
 at the S. extremity of the Stonington peninsula, New Lou- 
 don county. Connecticut. 
 
 STONTON WY'VlLLE.a parish of England, co. I^icpster. 
 
 STO'N Y BROOK, a village of .Middlesex co.. .Mass.ichusetts, 
 on a fine mill-stream of the same name, which forms part 
 of the boundary between the tdwnships of Weston and Wal- 
 tham. and on the Fitchbnrg Railroad. 12 miles from Boston. 
 It contains a machine shop, cabinet shop, and saw mill. 
 
 STONY BROOK, a postvillage of Brookhaveu township, 
 Suffolk CO., New York, nn the N. side of Long Island, 50 
 miles E. by N. of New York. It has a good harbor, and a 
 ship-yard. 
 
 STONY BROOK, of New Jersey, rises in Hunterdon co^ 
 crosses Mercer county near Princeton, and enters the Mui- 
 stone River. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a small post-village and seaport of Bran- 
 ford township. New Haven co.. Connecticut, on Long Island 
 Sound. 11 miles E. by S. of New Haven. A cluster of beauti- 
 ful islands, called Thimble Islands, lie scattered along be- 
 tween this place and Indian Neck, a narrow belt of land 
 extending W. to Branford Harlyir. which it nearly encIo.«es. 
 The New Haven and New London Railroad passes a little 
 N. of the village. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a post-office of Warren co.. New York. 
 
 STONY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the Cone- 
 maugh near .lohnstown. 
 
 STONY CREEK, of Dauphin co., Penn-sylvania, flows into 
 Su.squehanna River. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a post-town.ship of Somerset CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles E. of .Somerset. Pop.1466. 
 
 STONY CREEK, in the S.S.IC. jxirt of Virginia, rises in 
 Dinwiddle county, and falls into Nottaway River in Sussex 
 county. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a post-village of Scott co.. Virginia, on 
 the Petei-sburg Railroad. 21 miles from Petersburg. 
 
 STONY CREEK, of Clinton CO., Michigan, enters Maple 
 River 2 miles from its mouth. 
 
 STONY CREEK, of Monroe co., Michigan, flows into Lake 
 Erie 6 miles from Moni-oe. 
 
 STONY CREEK, of Oakland co., Michig.an, falls into Clin- 
 ton Itiver. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a post-office of Ionia co.. 5Iichigan. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a post-vill.ige of Oakland m.. .Michigan, 
 on a creek of its own name, 2(i miles N.W. of Detroit. . It 
 contains 1 church, and mills of various kinds. 
 
 STON V CRE EK. a township, Henry co., Indiana. Pop.1028. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a township, .Madison co., Indiana. P. 597. 
 
 STONY CREEK, a township of Itandolph CO., Indiana. Pop. 
 1191. 
 
 STONY CREEK WAREHOUSE, a post-offlce of Sussex co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 STONY FORK, a post-ofBce of .\mherst co., Virginia. 
 
 STONY FORK, a post-office of Watauga co.. North Carolina. 
 
 STONY HILL, a small village of Madison co., Virginia, on 
 the Blue Ridsre Turnpike. 
 
 STONY HILL, a post-office of Richmond co.. Virginia. 
 
 STONY MOUNT, a post-office of Brunswick co., A'irginia. 
 
 STONY POINT. Orange co.. New York, on the W. b.ink of 
 Hudson River, at the head of Haverstraw Bay, 42 miles N. 
 of New York. The capture of the fort at this place by Gene- 
 ral Wayne, on the lUth of July. 1779. is justly considered 
 one of" the most brilliant exploits performed during the 
 RevolutioD.arv war. 
 
 STONY POINT, a post-office of AlbemarM co., A'irginia. 
 
 ST(>NY POINT, pojitoffice. Alexander co , North Carolina. 
 
 STONY POINT, a post-offlce of East Raton Rouge parish,- 
 I/,uisiana. 
 
 STr)N Y POINT, a small post-village of White co., Arkansas. 
 
 STilNY POINT, a post-office of Bradley co.. Tennessee. 
 
 STONY POINT, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Indiana. 
 
 STONY POINT, a post-office of Jackson co.. Miss.iurl. 
 
 STONY POINT MILLS, a post-village of Cumlvriand co., 
 Virginia. 61 miles W.S.W.of Richmond; it has a flouring mill. 
 
 STONY RIDGE, a post-office of Surrey co.. North Carolina. 
 
 STONY RIDGE, a post-office of Wood co.. Ohio, on the 
 Cleveland and Toledo Itailmad. 13 miles from Toledo. 
 
 STONY RUN, a postoffice of Cienest« co.. Michigan. 
 
 STOOIVLEY. a parish of Engl.ind. co. of Devon. 
 
 STOOKA or STUKA, stoo'kj. a town of Morocco iTOvlnce 
 of Soos, tM miles S.W. of Ter'adant, 
 
STO 
 
 STO 
 
 ST0P1IAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 STOI'S'LKY. a parish of Enjj;land, co. of Bedford. 
 STOR, a Danisli and Swedisli word signifying " great," 
 
 firefixed to a number of names, as STORSiiiN". '• great lake," 
 he n.ime being given doubtless, by way of distinction, from 
 the numerous lakelets in tlie vicinity. See STORSioy. 
 
 STO){, stou, a river of Denmark, duchy of Ilolstein, joins 
 the Elbe 2^ miles M. of Gliickstadt, after a S.S.W. course of 
 60 miles. 
 
 STOR. a river of Denmark, in Jutland, amt of Ringkiij- 
 bing. enters Xissim Fiord, after a W. course past Ilolstbroe. 
 
 STOR-.\KVAN, ston fvin, a lake of Sweden, \xn of 
 Umei. receives from the N.W. the surplus waters of the 
 Horn-Afvan, and on the S.E. discharges its own by the river 
 SkelefteS. into the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 STOJlA-lvOl'l'ARBERU, sto'ra kop'par-bSRQ', a name of 
 the lasn of Falun, Sweden. See Kald.v. 
 
 STORA LULKA (Luled) WATT.VEX, sto'r.l looli-o wltf- 
 njn. Sweden, is a long expansion of the river LuleJ, between 
 lat. 67° and 68° N., and Ion. 17° and -20° E. Length, from 
 N.W. to S.E., 90 miles; greatest breadth, 5 miles. 
 
 STOR-.\.\, stoR dn, a river of Sweden, tea of Ostersund, 
 tributary to the .\mmer. 
 
 STO KC 1 1 NEST, stoitK'nJst. or OSIECZXO, o-se-Stch'no. a 
 town of Prussian Poland, 37 miles S.S.W. of Posen. P. 1300. 
 
 STORKIIKDDI.NGE, sto'reh-hJdMing-eh. a town of Den- 
 mark, in Seeland, 26 miles S. of Copenhagen. Pop. 1000. 
 
 ST0RK\'II.iIjK. stSi-'vil, a post-village of Anderson district. 
 South Carolina, 117 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 SrORKO\V, stoR'kov. a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, on the Storkow Canal, 26 miles W.S.W. of Frank- 
 fort on the Oder. Pop. 1350. 
 
 STORM BAY. on the S.E. side of A'an Diemen's Land, S. 
 of lat. 43° S., and about Ion. 147° 40' E. 
 
 STOIVMONT, a county of Canada West, has an area of 391 
 square miles. It is watei-ed by several small streams flow- 
 ing Into the river St. Lawrer:ce, which forms its S.E. bound- 
 ary. Capital. Cornwall. Pop. 14.643. 
 
 STORM'VILLK, a post-oflTice of Dutchess CO., New York. 
 
 STOR.MVILLK. a post-oflice of Monroe co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 STOIl'.VOW AY or STOK'.N AWAY, a burgh of barony, sea- 
 port town, and parish of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. of llo.os, 
 on the K. side of the island of Lewis, on a fine bay, 38 miles 
 W.X.W. of the nearest point of Cromarty on the mainland. 
 Lat. of the light-house. .58° 11' 5" N., Ion. 6° 22' 2" W. I'op. 
 of the town, in 1851. 2201. It is tlae largest town in the 
 Hebrides, and though not regularly built, has substantial 
 and slated houses, and some good shops, with a church, 
 an endowed female seminary, and otVier schools, a town- 
 house, news room, public library, custom-house, and a 
 branch bank. The harbor is formed by a pier ; the bay, 
 which is deep and safe, is sheltered by two li^adlands, on 
 the S. of which a light-house was erected in 1833. Storno- 
 w.ay has some wool-carding, corn, and m.ilt mill.s, an exten- 
 sive distillery, and rope-walks, but its chief trade is in fish 
 and kelp. About 1500 fishing-boats belong to its district. 
 Registered burden of shipping in 1848, 2447 tons. Steamers 
 ply weekly to I'oll-Kwe, and in summer the port is some- 
 times visited by steamers from Glasgnw. The immediate 
 vicinity is better cultivated than most part of the Hebrides. 
 In theviclnity is Stornoway Castle. 
 
 .STORO, sto'ro, (anc. Setaurtimf) a market town of the 
 Tyrol, circle of Trent, on the Chiese, about 8 miles from 
 Condino. Pop. 1076 
 
 ST01{0E, sto'ro'eh. an island of Norway, sttft, and 30 miles 
 S. of Bergen. Length, from M. to S.. 15 miles; breadth. 7 miles. 
 
 STOR/IUNGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex. 
 
 STORR'S, a post-township of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River. Pop. 3862. 
 
 STORSniN or STORSJOX, stor'.se-on or stors'yBn, (i. e. 
 " Great Lake.") a lake of Sweden, near lat. 63° 10' .N.. Ion. 14° 
 30' E. Length, from 20 to 30 miles. The town of Ostersund 
 Is situated on its E. shore. Another lake of the same name 
 is situated W.S.W. of Gefielx)rg. Length. 15 miles. 
 
 STOR-UMAX, stor oo'min, a lake of Sweden, Ifcn of 
 Umeil. in lat. 65° N., Ion. from 16° 30' to 17° E.; 25 miles in 
 length, by 6 miles in greatest breadth, and traversed from 
 N.W. to S.E. by the river Umei. 
 
 STOR-UMK-A.. (Umel) stOR oo'm.i-o. Sweden, an expansion 
 of the river UmeS. Lat. 65° N., Ion. 17° E. Length, from 
 N.W. to S.E., 25 miles : greatest breadth, 6 miles. 
 
 STORVAND, stor'vind, a lake of Norwjiy. 
 STO'RY, a new county near the centre of Iowa, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by 
 Skunk River, an affluent of the Mississippi. The surface is 
 E;cntly undulating and diversified by prairies and groves; 
 the soil is higlily protluctive. Extensive beds of stone coal 
 ve found. Capital. Nevada. Pop. 4051. 
 STORY, a post-offlce of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 STORZING. a town of file Tyrol. See Sterzino. 
 STOSKX. sto'zen, or STOSSEX, stos'sgn. a town of Prus- 
 sian Saxonv. 17 miles S.S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 652. 
 STOT'b'OLD. a pari.'h of England, co. of Bedford. 
 STdTTKlilTS, stot'teh-rits, a village of Saxouy, 2 miles 
 S.E. of Leipiiic. Pop. 25U5 
 
 STOTTERXIIEIM, stot/tern-hImo\ a village of Saxe-Wei 
 mar. on the Stolberg. Pop. 1084. 
 
 STOT'TKSDKX, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 STOUCII'BURG, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 
 34 miles E. bv N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 STOUGIIStOWX. stows'town, a post-village of Cumber 
 land CO., Penn.sylvania. on the Cumberland Valley Railroad. 
 13 miles S.W. of Carlisle. 
 
 STOUGHTOX, sto'ton, a parish of England, co. of Susse.x-. 
 
 STOUGHTON, sto'ton, a po.st-village and township of Xon 
 folk CO., Massaehusetts, at the terminus of the Stoughfon 
 Branch of the Boston and Providence Railroad, 19 miles S, 
 by W. of Boston. It has manufactures of boots and shoes, 
 fabrics, thread, &c. Pup. ol tiie township 4830. 
 
 STOUGHTON, a thriving post-village, of Dane CO., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Catfish River, and on the Milwaukee and Prairie 
 dn Chion Ruilroad. 16 miles S.E. of Madison. Pop. 250. 
 
 STOULTON, stol'ton, a parish of England, co. 'Worcestor. 
 
 STOUR, stoor, a river of England, cos. of Wilts. Dorset, and 
 Hants, fiows mostly S.E.. joins the .\von atChristchurch. 
 
 STOUR, a river of llngland, between Hs.sex and .Suii'olk, 
 p.asses Haverhill, after which it expands into an estuary, 
 which joins that of the Orwell, to enter the North Sea at 
 Harwich. 
 
 STOUR, a river of England, co. of Kent, rises by two headj 
 which unite at Ashford, whence it has mostly a N.E. course, 
 and below Canterbury it divides into two arms, which enter 
 the sea respectively at Reculver and Pegwell Buy. insulating 
 Thanet. It is navigable from the sea to Canterbury. 
 
 STOUR, a river of England, cos. of Stafford and Worces- 
 ter, passes Stourbridge and Kidderminster, and joins the 
 Severn at Stourport. 
 
 STOURBRIDGE, gtar^brij, a market-town of England, co., 
 and 20 miles N.N.I'', of Worcester, on the S. bank of the 
 Stour. Pop. in 1851, 7847. It has a theatre, a grammar 
 school with an annual revenue of 400/., large iron-works, 
 and m.-mufactures of glass and earthen-wares. 
 
 STOUR'.MOUTII, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STOU U'PAl X ]i. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 STOUR'PORT. a market-town of England, co. of Worcester, 
 parish, and 4 miles S.S.W. of Kidderminster, on the Severn, 
 here crossed by an iron bridge, .at the influx of the Stour 
 and the Stafford and Worcestershire Canal Pop. of the 
 township in 1851, 2993. It is wholly of modern origin, and 
 the seat of a busy transit trade. It has a carpet factory, and 
 traffic in corn, coal and timber. 
 
 STOUR'TOX. a parish of England, cos. of Somerset and 
 Wilts, 2i miles' W.X.W. of Mere. The village is beautifully 
 situated and pictviresque; adjacent to it is Stourhead, the 
 seat of Sir II. H. Hoare. iu the demesne of which is a monu- 
 ment in memory of King Alfred. Here, in 658. the Anglo- 
 Saxons defeated the Britons, and in 1010 and 1025 the Danes 
 fought the Saxons. 
 
 STOUT'IXG. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 STOUT'S, stowts, a postofflce of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 STOUT'S, a post-office of Adams co., Oliio. 
 
 STOUT'S, a po,--tofiice of Blount co.. .Maljama. 
 
 STOUT'SGROYE. a post-office of JIcLean co., Illinois. 
 
 STOUT'S LANDING, a vill.-ige of Lewis co.. Kentucky. 
 
 STOUTS'VILLE, a village of Xew Jwsey, on the tjoundary 
 between Somerset and Hunterdon counties. 13 miles S.W. 
 of Somervilie. 
 
 STOn'EN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STO'VKR. a post-office of Dallas co.. Arkansa.s. 
 
 STOVER'S PL.'VCE. a post-office. Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STO'VER'i'OWX, a postofflce of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 STOW, sto, a parish of ICngland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STOW, a parish of Knglind, co. of Salop. 
 
 STOW, West, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STOW, a parish of .Scotland, cos. Selkirk and IMinburgh. 
 
 STOW, st5, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 65 miles 
 W. by S. of Augusta. Pop. .551. 
 
 STOW, a po.stvillage and towns'ip of Lamoille co.. Ver- 
 mont, 20 miles X.X.W. of Montpelier. The village contains 
 3 churches, 3 stores, 2 taverns, and several starch factories. 
 Pop. of the township, 2046. 
 
 STOW, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.. Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Lancaster and Sterling Branch of the 
 Fitchburg Railroad, 27 miles W. by X. from Boston. The 
 Assabet River has here two falls, which afford motive power 
 for woollen and carpet factories. Pop. 1641. 
 
 STOW, a post-township in the E. part of Summit co., 
 Ohio. I'op. 994. 
 
 STOW BAR'DOLPH. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STOW-BE'DOX. a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 STO^V CREKK. Xew .Jersey, forms a considerable part of 
 the boundary between Cumberland and Salem counties, and 
 falls into Delaware B;iy 4 mili^s N.W. from the mouth of 
 Cohansey River. It is navigalile for sloops 18 miles. 
 
 STOW CREKK, a township. Cumberland co., New .Tersej 
 
 STOWE. sto, a pari.sh of England, co., and 2^ miles N.N.W 
 of Buckingham. Here is the celebrated seat of the Duk< 
 of Buckingham. Its mansion and grounds rank among tht 
 most magnificent in the country 
 
 1845 
 
STO 
 
 STR 
 
 STOWK, a parish jfy^ngland, co. of Stafford. 
 
 STOV/'K, a p rish of Eizgland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STOAVKfi, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 STOWKVi, a parish of Knglaud, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 STO'WELL'S OOKXEKS, a postoffioe of Jefferson co^ New 
 York. 
 
 STOWE NIN'»CnURCnES, a parish of England, co. of 
 Xorthampton. 
 
 STOWEH. East, a parish of Enjrland, co. of Dorset 
 
 STOWER. ■WiwT. a parish of Ensrland, co. of Doi-set. 
 
 STaWEI^P^tO^'OST, a pai-ish oif England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 STOWEY, sto'ee, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 STOWEY. IVether, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Somerset, 7 miles W.N.W. of Bridgewater. Pop. 
 in 1S51. S33. 
 
 ST()\VFORD. sto'ford, a parish of England, co. of DeTon. 
 
 STO'WICK. a tvthing of England, co. of Glouce.ster. 
 
 STOW, L.A.NG'TOFT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STOAV, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Hunts. 
 
 STOW. MA'RIES, a parish of Engl.and, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 STOWMAKKET, sfo'mar-ket, a market-town and pansh 
 of England, co. of Suffolk, at the confluence of three rivu- 
 lets, forming the Gipping, and on the Eastern Union Rail- 
 way, 13 miles E.S.E. of Bury, and 12 miles N.W'. of Ipswich. 
 The town has manufactures of iron, leather, and twine, and 
 an active trade in malt, coal, corn, and timber. Pop. in 
 1851, 3161. The Gipping or Stowmarket Canal is navigable 
 hence to Ipswich. 
 
 STiJW-wiTH-QUY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 STOWS FEURY, a postK)ffice of Tallapoosa co., Alabama. 
 
 STOWSVILLE, slSz'vill. a post-village ofGaston CO., North 
 Carolina, ISO miles W. by S. from Raleigh. 
 
 STOW UPLAND, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, ad- 
 joiiiinLT Stow Market. 
 
 bXiiW-ox-THE-WOLD, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 l.ind. CO. of Gloucester, on a height on the Roman Foss-way, 
 8i miles N.E. of Northleach. Pop. of the town in 1851, 1515. 
 
 STOW WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 STOYESTOWN, stois'tOwn, a post-borough of Somerset 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, on Stony Creek, and on the turnpike 
 from Pittsburg to Bedford, 70 miles E.S.E. from the former. 
 It has several stores and mills. Coal andiron are abundant 
 In the vicinity. Pop. 316. 
 
 STRA, strd, a village of North Italy, 15 miles W. of 
 Venice, on the Brenta. Pop. 1800. It has several fine 
 residences. 
 
 STR.\B.\NE. stra-ban/, a municipal borough and markets 
 town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, on the Mourne, here 
 crossed by a bridge, and near its confluence with the Finn 
 and Foyle, immediately opposite Lifford. Pop. in 1851, 4890. 
 Its trade is facilitated by a canal, extending from it to where 
 the Foyle becomes navigable for barges of 40 tons. Adjoin- 
 ing the town is a salmon fishery. 
 
 STR-\B.\NE, stra-ban'. a post-township of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvani.i. about 10 miles N.E. of Gettysburg. P. 1466. 
 
 STU.\BANE, a post-office, M'ashingtou co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STll.\B.4.NE. a post-village of Lenoir co.. North Carolina, 
 78 miles S.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 STR.\BUREK. a town of Prussia. See Trachen'bero. 
 
 STRACIIAN, straK'an, (formerly STRATUAEN,) a parish 
 of Scotland, co. of Kincardine. 
 
 STRACIIUR (straK'ar) and STR.A.LACnL.\.NE, stral-aK'- 
 laii. two united parishes of Scotland, co. of Argyle, in Cowal, 
 having W. Loch Fyne. 
 
 STRADBAULY, a market-town and parish of Ireland, 
 Leinster. Queen's co., on the Strad, here crossed by a bridge 
 of 3 arches, 7 miles E.S.E. of Maryborough. Pop. of town, 
 1.328. Near it is Rockley Park, formerly the residence of the 
 Earls of Hoden. 
 
 STRADBALLY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford. 
 
 STRADB.\LLV, a pari.sh of Ireland, co. of Galway. 
 
 STRADBALLY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry. 
 
 STRAIVBROKE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. It 
 gives the title of Earl to the Rous family. 
 
 STRADBROKE ISLAND, on the E. coast of Australia, is 
 one of two principal islands sheltering Sloreton Bay on the E. 
 
 STRADELLA. strd-dSl'ld, a market>town of North Italy, 
 Piedmont, 15 miles E.N.E. of A'ogliera, near the Po. Pop. 
 65(>J. It has silk and cotton manufactures. 
 
 STRAD/ISIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STR.\DO.\'E, stra-don', a tillage of Ireland, in Ulster co., 
 and 5 miles E.S.E. of Cavan. 
 
 STKAD'SET, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STRAF'FAN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinst«r. co. of Kil- 
 tlare. witha station on theOraat Southern and Western Rail- 
 way. 17 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. 
 
 STRAF'FOUD, a county in the E.S.E. part of New Harap- 
 shire, has an area of about 35(5 siiuare miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by the Salmon Falls River, and is drained by the 
 Cocheco, Lamprey, and Isinglass Rivers, which afford valu- 
 able water-power. The surface is rough and uneven, and 
 the soil, although difficult of cultivation, cenerally fertile. 
 The Piscata(iua River is navigable for sloops to South Ber- 
 wick, and the Cooheco to Dover. This county is partly inter- 
 sected by the railroad connecting Alton and Dover, and by 
 18ia ' 
 
 that connecting Portland and Boston. Capital. Dover. Pop 
 31,493. 
 
 STRAFFORD, a post-village .'.nd township in Strafford 
 CO.. New Hampshire, 20 miles Ji.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 2047. 
 
 STR.iFFORD. a post-viilage and township in Orange co, 
 Vermont, 33 miles S.S.E. of llontpelier. Pop. 1506. 
 
 STRAFFORD CORNER, a post-office of Strafford co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 STKAG'GLESTIIORPE, a parish of England, co. Lincoln, 
 
 STRAHLEN. a village of Prussia. See Str.ales. 
 
 STRAID or TEM'PLEMORE', a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught CO. of Mayo, 4 miles S. of Foxford. Here are the 
 remains of an abbey .and an old castle. 
 
 STRAIGHT CREEK, of Brown co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Ohio River, near Ripley. 
 
 STRAIGHT CREEK, a postoflice of Brown cb., Ohio, ^OJ 
 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 STRAIGHT FORK, a post-ofllce, Campbell co., Tenne.ssee^ 
 
 STRAIT CREEK, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama. 
 
 STRAITON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 
 STRAIT'S LAKE, a post-ofRce of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 STRAITS^VILLE, a post-village of New Haven co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 STRAITSVILLE, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio. 
 
 STRAKONITZ. stra'ko-nits\ or STRAKOWITZ. striTvO- 
 ftits\ a town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin,on theWottawa, 
 here joined by the Wolinka, 27 miles E.S.E. ofKlattuu. Pop* 
 3900. It has manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 STRALACHLANE. See Strachur. 
 
 STRALE, an island of Prussia. See Daxholm. 
 
 STRALEN (stralen) or STRAELEN, strA'lfn. a village of 
 Prussia, 27 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1720, with ma- 
 nufactures of cotton. 
 
 STRALSUND. strll's<i6nt, a strongly fortified town of 
 Prussia, capital of the province of Pomerania. on the strait 
 which separates the island of Rilgen from the mainland, 
 and so completely surrounded by water as to be approjiched 
 only by bridges, 120 miles N. by W. of Berlin. I,at. 54° 18' 
 18" N., Ion. i3° 5' 30" E. The houses have an old and in- 
 teresting .appearance; and both streets and squares, though 
 irregular and devoid of elegance, are clean and well paved. 
 The principal buildings are the Nicolai church, a brick 
 structure begun in 1.311, and surmounted by a lofty tower; 
 four other churches, the government-house, the town-bouse, 
 a turreted edifice built in 1316; the gymnasium, with a 
 library and cabinet of coins; the mint, arsenal, poor-house, 
 work-house, orphan hospital, and infirmary. The manu- 
 Pictures consist of woollen and linen cloth, sugar, syrup, 
 starch, soap, candles, tobacco, leather, mirrors, and pLaying- 
 cards; and there are numerous distilleries, oil-works, and 
 building-docks, in which a great number of vessels are fitted 
 out. The port, though not large, and somewhat encumbered 
 by shallows, is good, and carries on a considerable trade. 
 In 1S52, 269 vessels (tons 28,798) entered, and 377 (tons 
 30,643) departed. Stralsund is the seat of a superior court 
 of law, and of several public offices. It was founded in 1209 
 by Prince Jaromar I., of Riigen, and peopled with S.axons. 
 It afterwards became a free imperial and Hanse town, and 
 rose to great commerciid importance. It has repeatedly 
 suffered severely from war. It w.as unsuccessfully liesieged 
 by Wallenstein in 1628; but in 1678 Frederick William, 
 the great Elector of Brandenburg, took it, after a bombard- 
 ment, by which 1800 houses were destroyed. It was also 
 captured in 1713 and 1S07. Since 1815, its defensive works 
 have been greatly enlarged, and it is now one of the strong- 
 est towns belonging to Prussia. Pop. in 1861, 21,936. 
 
 STR.\LSUND, a government of Prussia, province of Pome- 
 rania, Ixiunded on the N.W., N., and N.E. by the Baltic. 
 Area, 1700 English square miles. It consi.ots partly of 
 the group of islands of which Riigen is by far the largest, 
 and partly of the mainland of Stralsuud Propi;r. Pop. in 
 1849, 187,058. 
 
 STRAMBERG, strdm'bfRG. a town of Moravia, circle of 
 Prerau. 3 miles S.W. of Freyl>erg. Pop. 2,507. 
 
 STRA.MBINELLO, strlm-be-nJl'lo, a village of Italy, 
 Sardinian States, province of Ivrea. Pop. 275. 
 
 STRAMBINO. stram-bee'no. a market-town of Italy, Sar- 
 dinian States, in Piedmont 6 miles S. of Ivrea. Pep. 3907. 
 
 STRANBENZELL, str^n'btjn-tsjir, a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, near the Sitter. Pop. 1169. 
 
 STKANDMUHLE, (Strandmuhle,) strand'miiMoh, a vil- 
 lage of Denmark, in Seeland. on the Miiblensee; with an . 
 extensive paper mill, producing above 100,000 roams an- 
 nually. 
 
 STRANG'FORD. a seaport and market-town of Ireland, 
 in Ul.ster, co. of Down, on the W. shore of the entrance to 
 Lough Strangford. 6 miles E.N.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. in 
 1851,620. It has many ves.«els engaged in the fisheries. 
 .\djoining are Castle-ward (Viscount Bangor) and 4 forts. 
 It gives the title of viscount to the Smyth family. 
 
 STRANGFORD. LOUGII. (Idn.) is a large lake, or inlet of 
 the sea. between Belfast Lough and Dundrum Bay. li miles 
 in length. It is shallow, and encumbered with isleti-.. 
 
 STRANGNAS, (Striingnks,) or STB.^NGN.i;S. See 
 Strkjgnas. 
 
STR 
 
 STRANING, strJ'ninK, two nearly contiguous villages of 
 Lower Austria, on the ManiibartsberK. I'op- 1-t-lO. 
 
 STKANORLAK, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster. CO. of Donegal, on the N. bank ofthi Finn, i a mile 
 N.E. of Ballybnfey. I'op. of the town in 1851. 512. 
 
 STllANRAHR. stran-rawi-', a royal, parliamentary, and 
 municipal burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, 
 ■ CO. of Wigton, on level ground, at the S. extremity of Loch 
 Ryan, and intersected by a small river here crossed by 
 se.cral liridges, 6 miles N.U. of Port- Pa trick. Pop. of the 
 parliamentary burgh in 18.51, 5738. It is very Irregularly 
 laid out. The principal edifices are an old castle, in the centre 
 of the town: the town-hall, jail, and several ciiurches and 
 chapels. It has a mechanics' institute, suljscription libra- 
 ries, a public reading-room, some hand-loom weaving, tan- 
 neries, and nail factories. The harbor is sheltered by a pier, 
 and allows vessels of lUO tons to come close to the town. 
 Vessels of 300 tons lie in the roadstead half a mile distant. 
 The e.xports are cheese, corn, cattle, leather, and shoes. Re- 
 gistered shipping, 12S2 tons. Steamers ply weekly to Glas- 
 gow, Belfast, and Whitehaven, and many of the population 
 consist of Irish pauper immigrant.s. The borough unites 
 with Wigton. Whithorn, and Xuw Galloway, in sending 1 
 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 STRAN'SKLL. a parisb of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 6 miles N.N.K. of York. Butler, author of '-Hudi- 
 bras," was born here in 1612. 
 
 STRAN'TO.V. a parish of Kngland, co. of Durham, on 
 Hartlepool Harbor. 
 
 STR.WY. strd'nee, a village of Austria, in Moravia, and 
 about 20 miles from Ilradisch. Pop. 1318. 
 
 STRASBOURG, stris'boon/ or stras'bttrg. (Fr. pron. strls'- 
 booR'; (jer. Slnisshury. str.ls.s'b<">oRn; anc. ArrjenU>rattiim,) a. 
 strongly fortified city of France, on its E. frontier, capital and 
 department of lia.s-lthin, and formerly capital of the province 
 of .Msaoe. on the W. bank of the 111. near the left bank of 
 the Rhine, to wliich its glads e.xtends. and across which it 
 communicates with Kehl (in Baden) by a bridge of boats, 
 72 miles .V. of Basel, (Bale.) Lat. 48° 31' 56" N., ion. 7° 44' 51" 
 E. I'op. 1861,82,014. Mean temperature of the year. 49°-7; 
 winter. 31°-2: summer, 04°-5. Fahrenheit. The firtifled 
 city is of triangular fornv euclo.sed by bastioned ramparts, 
 strengthi'ned by numerous outworks, and entered l)y 7 
 gates. At its E extremity is a strong pentagonal citadel, 
 built by Vauban, and by means of sluices the adjacent 
 country may be laid under water. It is generally well built, 
 and has lofty houses, spacious squares, and streets inter- 
 sected by branches of the 111. which are cros.sed by nume- 
 rous wooden bridges. Outside of the walls are several 
 suburbs, a large artillery ground, with a monument to 
 Kleljer; a hippodrome or race-course, numerous gardens, 
 and places of public resort. The v.a.st cathedral, founded 
 A.B. 504, and the choir built by Charlemagne, is chiefly a 
 modern edifice, begun in the tenth, but not fini.shed till the 
 fifteenth century, with a spire 466 feet in height, being 
 higher even than that of St. Peter's at Home. The building 
 is in every part richly decorated with sculpture ; it has a re- 
 markable astronomical clock, and fine stained glass windows. 
 The other important edifices are the Timple yetif. a Pro- 
 testant church: the church of St. Thomas, with the fine 
 monument to Marshal Saxe; the new synagogue, theatre, 
 former episcopal palace, court-house, tribunal of com- 
 merce, prefecture, public library, said to contain 130,000 
 volumes, and many manuscripts; academy, common col- 
 lege, corn-hall, public granaries, custom-house for the Rhine 
 departments, arsenal, barracks, and other military estab- 
 lishments. Here are several hospitiils and asylums, an 
 exchange, corn, fish, and other markets, and a botanic gar- 
 den. Strasbourg is a bishop's see, the seat of a chamber of 
 commerce, societies of agriculture and art.s, faculties of law, 
 medicine, pharmacy, arts, letters. &e.. a mint, and cannon 
 foundry. It has a very extensive transit trade, by its con- 
 nections with Germany, Switzerland, North Italy, and all 
 the W. of Continental Kurope. Its manufactures are in 
 great variety; among the principal are Iwer and leather, 
 for which it is especially famed: cotton, woollen, and silk 
 fabrics: canvas, jewelry, buttons, cutlery. clock;(, musical, 
 mathematical, and other in.struments; chemical products; 
 it has copper and iron forges, distilleries, soap factories, 
 and a large bookselling trade. Its patis de foies gras have 
 high celebrity. The Basel (Bale) and Baden Railway, and 
 the canals connecting it with all the great rivers of France 
 with the Danulie, are important aids to its commerce, and a 
 railway to Paiis is in progress. Steamers ply between Stras- 
 bourg and Basel, (B&le.) Rotterdam, and I.,ondon. 
 
 Strasbourg is supposed to have been founded by the 
 Romans, who erectfjd it as a barrier against the incursions 
 of the Germans, who, however, ultimately made themselves 
 ruasters of it, and retained possession till the reign of Clovis, 
 who again drove them back lieyond the Rhine. In the sixth 
 century it changed its ancient name of Argentoratum for 
 that of Strasbourg, and in the beginning of the tenth century 
 became subject to the emperors of Germany. It afterwards 
 acquired great privileges, became a free town, and was 
 govL-rueU as a republic In 1081 it became permanently 
 
 STR 
 
 united to France. Stra.sbourg is tne birthplace of ^^arshf! 
 Kellerman, General Kleber, and of Pierre SchoelT* r. whr 
 contests with Guttenburg the honor of the invention of 
 printing 
 
 STR.iSBURG, strSs'bSrmG, a town of Prus.«ia. province ot 
 Brandenburg, 28 miles N.N.E. of Templin. i'op. 4400. If 
 has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics. 
 
 STRASBORG or BRODIXCZ, bro^dintch. a town of West 
 Prussia, 40 miles S.E. of Marienwerder, on the Drewenz, 
 and on the I'olishfrontier. Pop. 3750. It has manufactures 
 of woollen cloth, leather, and beer. 
 
 STRASBURG, a town of Germany, in Carinthia. 20 miles 
 N. of Klagenfurth, on theGurk. Pop.GSO. 
 
 STR.A.S/BURG, a pleasant post-borough and township of 
 
 Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 46 miles S.K. of Harrisburg, 
 
 and 8 miles E.S.E. of Lancaster. The borough contains 3 
 
 .churches, an academy, a bunk, and several stores. Pop. in 
 
 '^1850, 880, of the township in 1800, 1858. 
 
 STRASBURG, a thriving post-village of Shenandoah eo., 
 Virginia, on the North Forli of the Shenandoah River, and 
 on the Jlanassas Gap Railroad, 18 miles S.W. of Winchester 
 It has 3 churches. Pop. 15S3. 
 
 STRASBURG, a post-village of Tuscarawas co.. Ohio, on 
 Sugar Creek, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 about 110 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 STRASCIIITZ, Ned, noi strd/shits, a town of Bohemia, 21 
 miles W.N.AV. of Prague. Pop. 1793. 
 
 STRASMTZ or STRASNIZ, strds'nits. written also 
 STRAZX ITZ and STRASSNITZ, a town of Moravia, l:! miles 
 S.S.AV. of Ilradisch, on the March, here crossed by a sus- 
 pension bridge. ■ Pop. 4100. It has a castle. 
 
 STRASS. striss, a market-town of Lower Austria, at the 
 S. fix)t of the ^lannhartsberg. Pop. 1150. 
 
 STRASSBERG, strdss'bjRO. a village of Germany, princi- 
 pality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, capital of a bailiwick. 
 Pop. 977. 
 STKASSBURG, France. See Ste.\sbourg. 
 STRASSNITZ. See Strasznitz. 
 
 STRASSWALCHKN, strass'*dPKen. a market-town of 
 Upper Austria, circle of Salzach. on the MUhlbach. 15 miles 
 N.li. of .Salzburg. Pop. 813. 
 STi!.VSZ. a market-town of Bohemia. See Pi-atz. 
 S'J'RAT'A, a post-offlce of Jlontgomery co.. Alabama. 
 STRA'TA-FLOR'tDA, a cbapelry of South Wales, co. of 
 Cardigan, 5 miles N.E. of Tregaron. Pop. 819. Here are 
 the ruins of the celebrated abbey of Strata Florid.i, in a 
 beautiful valley surrounded by mountains. It was fiiunded 
 in 1164 by a prince of South Wales, many of who.se family 
 are interred there. 
 
 STRAT'FIELD MORTI.MER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Berks. 
 
 STRAT'FIELDSAYE. a parish of England, cos. of Hants 
 and Berks, 6i miles N.N.E. of Basingstoke. On the Lodder, 
 in this parish, is the estjite of the Duke of Wellington, con- 
 ferred on him by Pitrliament for his services in the Penin- 
 sular war. This estate formerly belonged to the gi-eat Earl 
 of Chatham and William Pitt. The mansion is a plain but 
 elegant edifice. The park is about \\ miles in length, by 1 
 mile in breadth. On the estate is the site of the ruined 
 citv of Silchester. 
 STRAT'FIELD TUR/GIS. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 STRAT'FORD. a post-township of Coos co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the E. side of the Connecticut River, 117 miles N. 
 of Conconi. Pop. 716. 
 
 STRATFORD, a post-village and township of Faii-fleld co., 
 Connecticut, at the mouth of Ilou.satonic River, on the 
 Nausatuck Railroad, and on the New York and New Haven 
 Railroad, 62 miles from New York. Pop. 2294. 
 
 STl'.ATFORD. a township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Fulton CO.. New York. Pop. 1172. 
 
 STRATFORD, a post-village of Delaware co.. Ohio, near 
 the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 27 miles N. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 STRAT'FORD. a town of Canada AVest, capital of the co. 
 of Perth, pleasantly situated on the Avon. It has an Episco- 
 pal church, Church of Scotland. Free. Congregational. Wes- 
 leyan Methodist, and Roman Catholic churches, a distillery, 
 a brewerv. 2 tanneries, and 2 flour mills. Pop. about 900 
 
 STRA'i'FORD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Huron, 
 110 miles W. of Toronto. 
 
 STRAT'FORD-UPON-A'VON, a municipal borough, town, 
 and townshipof Kngland. CO. of Warwick, parishof Old Strat- 
 ford, on the N. bank of the .4von.herecros.sed by a bridgeof 
 14 arches. 8 miles S.W. of Warwick. I'op'.of townnhipin 1851, 
 3.372. It is neatly built in a modern style. Various fires in 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries destroyed mo.st of 
 its older buildings, find that in which Shakspeare died was 
 wantonly razed by its proprietor; but the house in which 
 the great poet was born has been preserved. The church, 
 a spacious and handsome edifice on the margin of the river, 
 surrounded by large elms, contains a bust of Shakspeare, 
 and the tomls of himself, his wife, and daughters : his statue 
 also adorns the town-hall, in which are pictures of him and 
 of Garrick. The other principal buildings are the ancient 
 chapel of the holy cross, market-bouse, iUmshouses, and 
 
 1847 
 
STR 
 
 STR 
 
 Iheativ. The grammar scbnol entiowment amounts to 
 uearlj 700?. a year; aint here aiv national and Laucasteriau 
 schools, and rarious other charities. The trade is chietiy 
 in corn and malt. The town i.s connected by railway with 
 Moreton. 15 miles S., and with Birmingham and Henley by 
 the Stratford Can.'il. 
 
 ST1{ATF011D-UNDER-THE-CASTLE. a parish of England, co. 
 of Wilts. 
 
 STKAT'FORD. FKN'NY, a market-town of England, co.of 
 Bucks, on the Bedford branch of the Loudon and North- 
 western Kailway, 1 mile N.E. of liletchley. Pop. of chapelry 
 in 1851, 1092. "it hiis two principal streets, and a mauu- 
 fcetoi-y of lace. 
 
 STRATFORD, LAXCTHOUXK. a market-town of Essex, 
 on the E. l>auk of the Lea, here crossed by an ancient bridge, 
 4 miles E.X.E.of London. It has a handsome church, many 
 Dls.senting chapels and schools, tlour mills, chemical and 
 print-woiks, and distilleries, and is intersected by the East- 
 ern Counties Itailway and its br.iuches. 
 
 STRATFORD LE BOW, a market-town of England, sepa- 
 rated from the foregoing by the Lea. and like it on an old 
 Roman high waj-, whence its name. Pop. in 1851, 6989. It 
 has a church of the time of Henry II., a free school, and 
 another school with an income of 500?. annually. 
 
 STRATFORD POIXT LIGIlT-IIOUSli, at the entrance to 
 Stratford Harbor, Connecticut, with a revolriug light. Lat. 
 41° 9' N., Ion. 73° 6' 30" W. 
 
 STR ATFORD-UPON-SLA'XEY. a small manufacturing town 
 of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Wicklow. 
 
 STKATFORD ST. AX'DREW, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 STRATFORD ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 ST15ATF0RD, STO'XY, a market-town of England, co. of 
 Bucks, 6 miles W.S.W. of Newport Pagnell, on the Ouse, 
 and on the Roman Watling Street, it being considered the 
 ancient Lactodii'ram. Pop. in 1851, 1757, mostly agricul- 
 tural. It is built of freestone, and has a neat towu-hall, 
 and a manufactory of lace, 
 
 STRATFORD TOXEY. a parish of Engl.and, co.of Wilts. 
 
 STRATFORD WATER, a parish of England, co. of Buck- 
 ingham. 
 
 STRATH, a Celtic word signifiying " valley," forming the 
 prefi.x to a number of Scottish names, as Str.\th.\ve\, "the 
 valley of the Avon." &c. 
 
 STUATH or STKATH SWOR'DLE, an insular parish of 
 Scotland, co. of Invernes.s, compri.siug a part of the island 
 of Skye, with the islands of Scalpa, Pabbi, and Longa. A 
 cave in the X. of the parish, during several nights in 174C, 
 afforded shelter to Prince Charles Edward, Here are ruins 
 of circular towers. 
 
 STKATHAEX. See Strachax. 
 
 STRATII'AM. a post-township of Rockingham co.. New 
 Hampshire. 39 miles S.E. by E. of Concord, intersected by 
 the Portsmouth and Concord Railroad. Pop. 859. 
 
 STRATHA'VEX, a burgh of barony of Scotland, co, of La- 
 nark, parish of Avondale. 14 miles S.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 
 in 1851, 4274, mostly employed in weaving. 
 
 STR.\THAVEN, a narrow Highland valley of Scotland, in 
 the S.W. of the co. of Banff. 
 
 STRATH'BLAXE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 4 
 miles S.E. of KiUearn. It has ruins of various old baronial 
 castles. 
 
 STRATHBOGIE, strath-bo/ghee, a district of Scotland. 
 CO. of Aberdeen. Area, 120 square miles. It is commensu- 
 rate with the original estiite conferred by Robert Bruce on 
 the noble family of Gordon. 
 
 STKATII'DOX or IXVERXOCIITIE, in-vgr-noK/tee, a pa- 
 rish of Scotland, co. of Alierdeen. 
 
 STRATH'EAKNV, the vale of the Earn, in Scotland, co. 
 of Perth, extending from W, to E, 35 miles, from Loch Earn 
 to the mouth of the Earn in the Tay. Breadth, from 6 to 
 8 miles. It has some of the finest scenery in Scotland. 
 
 STRATHMIG'LO, a burgh of barony, and parish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Fife, 10 miles W.S.W. of Cupar, on the Miglo. 
 Pop. of burgh in 1851, 1604, chietiy employed in weaving. 
 It has an antique appearance, and has a large bleachfield, 
 several corn mills, malt houses and breweries, and freestone 
 quarries in its vicinity. In tlie parish are numerous cairns 
 and tumuli, on a supposed battle-tield, 
 
 STRATII'MORE, (•• the great valley,") an extensive low- 
 land tract in Scotland, in a wide acceptation extending from 
 the county of Dumbarton to the sea, in the county of Kin- 
 cardine, and embracing part of Stirlingshire, aiid of the 
 counties of Perth and Forfar, bounded X. by the Grampians, 
 and S. by the I./enuox, Ochil, and Sidlaw Hills. In a more 
 limited sense it comprises the tract from Methven, county 
 of Perth, to Brechin, county of Forfar, 40 mUes in lent'th, 
 watered by the Tay and its affluents. It gives the title of 
 earl to the L>on family. 
 
 STKATH SWORDLE. See Strath. 
 
 STBATl, Ftri'tee, an island of Turkey in Europe, 22 miles 
 S.W. of Lemnos. Lat. 39° 30' N., ion. 25° E. It is about 
 25 miles long. 
 
 STKATOXICEA, Asia Minor. See Eskke-Hissar. 
 
 STRAT'TOX, a parish and market-towu of England, co. 
 1848 
 
 of Cornwall, on the Bude, 15 miles N,N W. of Launce.ston. 
 Pep. of palish in 1851. 1696. 
 
 STKATTOX, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 STHATTON, a parish of England, co, of Gloucester, 
 
 STKATTOX, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STKATTOX, East, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 
 
 STRAT'TOX, a post-townshin of Windham co., Vermont, 
 90 miles S.W. of Montpelier. I'op. 366. 
 
 STKATTOX AUD'LEY, a parish of England, cos. of BucUa 
 and Oxford. 
 
 STRATTON-ON-THE-FOSS, a pari.sh of England, co. of So- 
 merset. The Till.^ge is situated on the ancient Roman 
 Fossway. 
 
 STKATTOX, LOXG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STKATTOX'S FALL, a post-ofiice, Delaware co.. Xew York. 
 
 STKATTON ST. MARGARET^S, a parish of England, co. 
 of Wilts. 
 
 STKATTOX STRAW/LESS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 STRAT'TONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Clarion co., 
 Penn.sylvania, on the Bellefonte and Erie Turnpike, 3 miles 
 E. of Clarion, Pop. 323. 
 
 STRATUM, strl'tfim, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of .Vorth Brabant, close by Eindhoven. Pop. 1215. 
 
 STR.VTUS. a ruined city of Greece, government of Acar- 
 nania. Its remains are on the E. bank of the Achelous, 9 
 miles X. of Vrachori, in -i;tolia. 
 
 STKAUBING, strow'bing, (anc. Castra AuguHanaf) a 
 walled town of Lower Bavaria, on an eminence beside the 
 Danube, which here forms a large island, and is crossed by 
 a bridge. 25 miles S.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 10,714. It h.as a, 
 castle, numerous churches, a gymnasium, the remains of 
 several convents, and a brisk trade in corn and cattle. 
 
 STRAL'SBERG. strows'biRG. a walled town of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg, on Lake Strauss. 20 miles E.N.E. 
 of Berlin. Pop. 3500. It has manufactures of cotton and 
 woollen fiibrjcs. 
 
 STKAUSFURT. strows'fofiRt, a village of Prussian Saxony, 
 13 miles X. of Erfurt, Pop. 1060. 
 
 STR.iUS'TOWN, a post-otRce of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STK AW, a village of Warren co., Xew Jersey, 5 miles S.S. 
 of Philipsburg. 
 
 STKAW'BERRY, a township of Lawrence co.. Arkansas. 
 Pop. 709. 
 
 STRAWBERRY HILL, a post-ofHce of Muscatine co.. Iowa. 
 
 STRAWBERRY PLAINS, a thriving post-village of .TefTer- 
 son CO.. Tennessee, on Holston River, 18 miles X.E. of Knox- 
 ville. The l';ast Tennes.see and Virginia Railroad terminates 
 at this village, and connects with another leading to Knox- 
 ville. 
 
 STRAWBERRY POIXT. a post oflice of Gavton co., Iowa. 
 
 STRAWBERRY RIVER, of Arkansas, rises in Fulton CO., 
 and flows into Black River on the S. line of Lawrence county. 
 
 STRAWBRIDGE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STRAWXTOWN, a village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 about IS miles S. by E. of Easton, 
 
 STRAWTOWX, a thriving post-village of Hamilton CO., 
 Indiana, on White River, 28 miles N.X.E, of Indianapolis. 
 Pop. 200. 
 
 STRAWTOWN, a po.st'Village of Hendricks co., Indiana, 
 on the West Fork of White River, 30 miles N.E. by N. of 
 Indian.apolis. 
 
 STRAZ, a town of Bohemia. See Pl.\tz. 
 
 STKAZXITZ. See Strasnitz. 
 
 STREAKY (.streo'kee) BAY, South Australia, having at 
 its entrance Cape Banner on the S.E. side, and Point Brown 
 on the X.W, It penetrates inlaiid 12 miles, and is inter- 
 sected by the 134th meridian E, Ion. 
 
 STREATH.\N, stree'than, a parish of England, co. Surrey. 
 
 STREATLEY, street'lee, a parish of England co. Bedford. 
 
 STREATLEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 . STRElv, strA, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 
 on the Monsol, 19 miles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 1132. 
 
 STREEFKERK, straifkSRk, a village of the Xetherlands, 
 province of South Holland, 5 miles X.W. of Gorinchem, on 
 the Leek. Pop. 1337. 
 
 STREET, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 STREET, a parish of England, co. of Sus.sex. 
 
 STREET, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, chiefly in ct). 
 of Westmeath. 
 
 STREET'HALL. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 STREETS/BOROUGH, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Portage co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland and Pitts- 
 burg Railroad. Pop. 906. 
 
 STREET'S RUX, post-ofRce, Allegh.any co., Penvsjlvania. 
 
 STREETS'VILLE, a village of Canada We.st, co. of York, 
 township, and 23 miles fiom Toronto, on tlie Credit, with 
 Episcopal, Methodist, and Free churches, a tf.wu jall, and 
 several schooLs. Pop. 1200. 
 
 STREHLA, strA'ia, a town of Saxony, on the Elbe, 17 
 miles X,W. of Meissen. Pop. 2100. 
 
 STREHLEX, strA'len, a town of Prussian Silesia £8 milo' 
 S, of Breslau, on the Ohlau. Pop. 4700. It is en( /osed hy 
 dr.ulile walls, aud has manufactures of cotton, voollou clotU. 
 and Ittather. 
 
STR 
 
 STREIILTTZ, stiAnits, or STRELTE, a village of Prussian 
 Silesia, governme'it of Breslau. Top. 1076. 
 
 STIlKhlTZ, (slri'lits.) Gross, (rroce, or Great, a town 
 of Prussian Silesia, government of Op|)eln, 2 miles S.E. of 
 Oppeln. Pop. H'iO. It has manufactures of linen fabrics 
 and hosiery. 
 
 SXKELITZ, Klein, kiine. or Little, a town of Prussian 
 Silesia, 16 miles S..S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 750. 
 
 STIIKLITZ, Neu, a town of North Germany. See Neu 
 
 STliELITZ. .4lt, in, or Old STRELITZ, a town of Meck- 
 lenburg Strelitz, 2 miles S.S.E. of Xeu-Strelitz. Pop. 3089. 
 It was formerly the ducal residence. 
 
 STUKiyiTZ, a neat modern village of Scotland, co. of 
 Perth, parish of Cargill, 4 miles S.W. of Cupar-Angus, built 
 In 1763, as a retreat for discharged soldiers at the conclusion 
 of the German war. 
 
 STKEiytiEy. a pari.sh of England, to. of Nottingham. 
 
 STIIKLTE. See Strehlitz. 
 
 STKEN(?X.\S, (Strengnas.) written also STRAEX6NAES, 
 * town of Sweden, lajn, and 40 miles N.of Nykoping, on the 
 S. shore of Lake Mftjlar. Pop. llDO. It is the see of a bishop. 
 
 STRENICZ. str.Vriich, or TREMTZ. trVnits, a village of 
 Bohemia, about 9 miles from Leitomisehei. Pop. 1046. 
 
 STREN'SALL, a parish of England, co., and 7 miles N.E. 
 of York, North Riding, on the York and North Midland 
 Railway. 
 
 STREPY, stri'pee, a village of Belgium, province of 
 llainaut. on the Ilaine. 9 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1236. 
 
 STRETI'iXSK, .strA-tinsk', a town of Siberia, government 
 of Irkootsk, 60 miles E.N.E. of Nertchinsk. 
 
 STRET'KORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 STRKTFORD, a chapelrv of England, co. of I.»ancaster 
 
 STKETll'A.M. a pari.sh of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 STRETTO, stret/to. a village of Austria, in Dalmatia, 
 aix)ut 38 miles from Sebenico, on the island of the same 
 name. Pop. 1237. 
 
 STRET'Ti)X. a township of England, co. of Derby, 6i miles 
 S. of Chesterfield, on the South .Midland Railway. 
 
 STRETTOX. a parish of England, co. of Jtutland. 
 
 STRET'TOX-BAS'KERVILLE, a parish of England, co. 
 of AVarwick. 
 
 STRET'TOX, CIIORCII, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. of Salop, 13 miles S.S.W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. 
 of parish in 18.51, 1676. It has a woollen manufactory, and 
 a trade in malt. Xear it is Caer-Caradoc, where Caractacus 
 is suppo.sed to liave been defeated by Ostorius. 
 
 STRETXOX-ox-DlJXSMOOR, a parish of England, co. of 
 ■Warwick, 6 miles S.E. of Coventry. It has a nunnery, and 
 a county a.sylum for juvenile criminals. 
 
 STRKTT6X-en-le-FIELDS, apari.sh of England, co. Derby. 
 
 STRETTOX-ON-THE-FOSS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 STRETTOX GRAXD'SOME, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 STRETTOX-SUG'WAS. a parish of England, co. Hereford. 
 
 STREVI, stri/vee, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Alessandria, province, and about 2 miles N.N.E. of 
 Acqui. Pop. 1745. 
 
 STRIAXO, stre-d'no. a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 S.S.E. of Xola. Pop. 1300. 
 
 STRICIIKX. striK'en, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 STRICK'ATIIKOW. a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. 
 
 STRICK'EltSVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 40 miles AV.S.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 STRICK'LAXD. a post-village of Ware co., Georgia. 
 
 STKICKLAXD'S DEl'OT, a post-village of Duplin CO., 
 North Carolina, on the railroad from Weldon to Wilming- 
 ton, 47 miles N. of the latter. 
 
 STRICKLA.ND'S FERRY, a postoffice of Androscoggin 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 STRICK'LAND WINTERBORNE, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Dorset. 
 
 STRIEGAU. stree'gow, a wailed town of Prussian Silesia, 
 33 miles W.S.W. of Bresiau. Pop. 5100. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollen and linen. The Prussians defeated the 
 Austrians here in 1745. 
 
 STKIELX.\. stre-M'nd. a river of Rus.sia, government of 
 Vologda, rises in the circle of Xikolsk, Hows X.. and, after a 
 course of nearly 60 miles, joins the Sookhona. Vast numbers 
 of barks and barges are constructed on its banks, and sent 
 down unloaded to Oostioog Velikee, to be employed in the 
 navigation of the Xorth Dwina. 
 
 STRiaXO, streen'yo, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, circle 
 of Trent, on the Brenta, 6 miles from Borgo. I'op. 1300. 
 
 STRI.JKN. a villaiie of the Xetherlands. See Strtem. 
 
 STRl'IvERSVlL[.E or STRY'KEItSVILLE. a post-village 
 ti Wyoming co., Xew York, on Buftilo Creek, 30 miles E.S.E. 
 •{Biilfalo. . ,, 
 
 .STRILEK. strriJk. a market-town of Austria, in Moravia, 
 3 miles X.W. of Ilradisch. Pop. 1087. 
 
 STRIMl LOW. a town of Bohemia. See Tremles. 
 
 STRIXKS'T!>\VX. a post-oflice of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STUfNG i'KAl'KlE, a post-office of Leo co., Iowa. 
 
 STRIXG'STOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 STR 
 
 STRINGTOWN, a post-oflRce of Ripley co., Tndian.i. 
 
 STRIXGTOWX, a post-office of liichland co.. Illinois. 
 
 STRIXGTOWX, a postoffiee of Davis co.. Iowa. 
 
 STRIXGTOWX, a post-office of Cole co., .'^lissouri. 
 
 STRIVALI, stre-vi'lee, or STKOFADIA, stro^ fa-dee/a 
 written also STAM'l'HAXE ISLAXDS, (anc. Stroph'ades,) t 
 group of four small Ionian i.slets, 28 mUes S. of Zante 
 llarpy and Convent Islands are the largest. 
 
 STRIXTOX, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 STROBE'S MILLS, a post-olJice of Mifflin co., I'ennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 STROGOXOV (stroVo-novO BAY, an inlet of Japan, OD 
 the W. coast of Yesso, iat. 43° 30' X., Ion. 141° E. 
 
 STROIIKX, sti-o'en. a town of Prussian Saxony, govern- 
 ment of Minden. circle of Liibbecke. Pop. 1344. 
 
 STROKE.STOWX, stroks'town. a market-town of Ireland, 
 in Connai'gut, co. of Roscommon. 6i miles S.S.E. of Elphin. 
 Pop. in 1851, 1353. Immediately adjacent is Bawn, th« 
 demesne of Lord Hartland. 
 
 STRO'MA or STRO'.MAY, an island off (he N. extremity 
 of Scotland, co. of Caithness, in I'entland Frith, between the 
 mainland and the Orkneys, parish, and 2 miles N. of Canis- 
 bay. Length, 2^ miles; breadth, \^ miles. Shores rocky 
 and precipitous; it has some corn-land, and on it are the 
 remains of an old castle and an ancient chapel. 
 
 STROMAY, a small island of the Outer Hebrides, off the 
 N. extremity of Xorth Uist. 
 
 STRO.MBERG, strom'bSRO, a town of Prussia, province 
 of Westphalia, 29 miles E.S.E. of MUnster. Pop. 15U0. 
 
 STROMBERG. a town of Rhenish Prussia. 30 miles S.S.E. 
 of Coblentz, with 1020 inhabitants, and manufactures of 
 earthenware and leather. 
 
 STROMBOLl, strom'bo-le, (anc. Strim'gyU.) thenorth-east- 
 ernmostof tlieLipari Islands, iu the Mediterranean, otf the N. 
 coast of Sicily. Shape nearly round; circuit about 12 miles, 
 Pop. 1200, who raise good wine, wheat, bailey, cotton, raisins, 
 currants, and fig.s. It is wholly of volcanic formation, con- 
 sisting of a conical bifurcated rock, rising to 2500 feet above 
 the sea, and at its W. extremity is an active volcano, the 
 crater being on the X.W. side of the mountain, about one- 
 third from its summit, and 170 yards acn.ss. On the E. 
 side of the island is a small town and battery, and vestige* 
 of ancient buildinsrs are scattered over the surface. 
 
 ST KO.MW ESS', (formerly CAI R'STOX.) a burgh of barony, 
 seaport town, and parish of Scotland, co., and on the main- 
 land of Orkney, beside a beautiful bay, 12 miles W.S.W. of 
 Kirkwall. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2055. Mean temperar 
 tuie of the year, 46®-3; winter, 39°'3; summer, 54°-4, Fahren- 
 heit. The bay or harbor is excellent, and admits vessels of 
 all burdens. Boat and ship-building is carried on, and 
 straw-plaiting employs some females. 
 
 STR(i.MOE. the chief of the Fiiroe Islands. See Faroe. 
 
 STl'OMSOE, strcim'so'eh, one of the three small towns of 
 Norway comprised under the name of Dra.mmen. 
 
 STRO.MSTAD, strom'stld. a town of Sweden, on the Ska- 
 gerrack, near the frontier of Xorway. Pop. 1100. 
 
 STROXA, stro'n^, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Turin, province, and 6 miles N.E. of Biella. I^op. 1200. 
 
 STRONG, a post-town.ship iu Franklin co., Maine, on the 
 E. side of Sandy River, about 35 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 754. 
 
 STItOXGA, a town of Turkey. See Struga. 
 
 STRO.NGOLI. stron'go-le, a village of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra I., 13 miles N.X.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 12u0. 
 
 STUOXG RIVER, of Mississippi, a small stre:im, which 
 flows through Simpson county into J'earl River. 
 
 STROXG'S LAXD'IXG, a small village of Marquette co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 STROXOSTOWX, a post-village of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Turnpike from Ebensburg to Indiana Court- 
 House, about 15 miles S.E. of the latter. 
 
 STKOXG'VILLE, a post village and town.ship of Cuyahoga 
 CO., Ohio. 14 miles S. by W. of Cleveland. The village, with 
 the adjoining village of .\lbion, has 3 or 4 churches, several 
 stores, and 1 woollen factory. Pop. of the township. 058, 
 
 STRONG YLO(?) strong'e-lo, an i.slet of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago, government, .and 8 miles S.W. of I'aros. 
 
 STHON'SA or STROX'SAY. one of the Orkney TsLandg, 
 Scotland, (\ miles X.X.E. of Moul-head, Pomona, about "i 
 miles in length by t'J miles in breadth. Area, about 14 square 
 miles. Pop. 939. Shores deeply indented by b.ays, and sur- 
 face mostly iu pasturage. On its N.E. side is the village of 
 I'apa-Sound. With Papa-Stronsay, it composes a parish. 
 Pop. 2785. 
 
 STROXTI.^X. (called stron-teo'an by the people of the 
 vicinity.) a quoad sacra parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle. 
 
 STROilD. See Strocd. 
 
 STROl'HADES. See Strivali. 
 
 STROl'PIAXA, Btrop-ped'nl a villiige of the Sardlniao 
 States, in Piedmont, 8 miles S.S.E. of Vercelli. Pop. 2211. 
 
 STROl'M'O. a village of the Sardinian States, province, and 
 24 miles W.X W. of Coni. 
 
 STliOUD, strowd, a parliamentary borough, town, and 
 parish of England, co., and 9 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester, on 
 a branch of the Great Western Railway. Pop. of parish in 
 
 1849 
 
STR 
 
 STU 
 
 1851, 8798, of parti imentary boroTigb, 36.535. The town, 
 01; ar. emr.ieno) at lie confluence of the Frome and Slade 
 K.rors, Is well Imllt, and has many wooUeu and fullins; 
 mills and dying establishments, it beinj; the centre of the 
 Qlouiestershire woollen manufactures. It sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. 
 
 STKOUD or STROOD. a parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 on the "V. bank of the Medway, continuous across a bridge 
 with Ilochester. within the jurisdiction of which city its 
 TilUge iR comprised. Here is the terminus of the Gravesend 
 and iWhester ilailway. 
 
 STKOUD, strOwd, a township in Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 22 miles X. by W. of Easton, contains Stroud» srg, 
 the countv seat. Pop. 3067. 
 
 STKOUD, a village of New South TVales, co.of Gloucestei, 
 on thi; Karruah. 7 miles from Bourral. It is the head- 
 quarters of the -Australian As^ricultur.il Company. 
 
 STKOUDSBURG, strOwds'burg, a post-borough, capital of 
 Monroe co., Pennsylvania, on Broadhead's Creek, about 4 
 miles Irom the Delaware River, and 118 miles N.K. of Ilarris- 
 burj. It is situated in a ple-isant valley, and gradually 
 improving. There are several flour mills in the vicinity. 
 C'he town has an academy, a public library, and 4 or 5 
 churches ; 1 or 2 papers are issued here. Pop. 1315. 
 
 STKOUD'S GLADES, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia. 
 
 STKO.YTON. a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STKUIVBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STKUGA, stroo'gi, written also STRO.NGA, a small town 
 of European Turkey, in Albania, sanjak, and 6 miles W. of 
 Ochrida. 
 
 STRUMA, a river of Turkey. See Kara Soo. 
 
 STKU.MP'SIIAW. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 STKUPPA, stroop'pi, a village of the Sjirdinian States, 
 division, and 3 miles N.E. of Genoa, on tlie Bisagno, near 
 its mouth in the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 2689. 
 
 STRY, stree, a river of Austrian Galici.i. riises in the Car- 
 pathians, flows X. and N.E., and, after a course of 110 miles, 
 joins the Dnie.«ter 4 miles X.E. of Zydaczow. 
 
 STRV. a fortified town of Galicia, capital of a circle, on 
 the Strv, 42 miles S.S.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 2682. 
 
 STRYE.N' or STKIJEN, strl'gn, a vill.ige of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, 8 miles S. of Dort. Pop. 
 
 251n. 
 
 St'kY'KERSVILLE. See Strikersvillk. 
 
 STltYICOAV, strik'ov, a town of Poland, gOTemment, and 
 &4 miles S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1200. 
 
 STRYMON. See Kara Soo. 
 
 STRYMONIC GULF, (STRYM0NICU3 SINUS.) See 
 Orphaxo. 
 
 STRYxnE and STRYNOE-KALP, strU'no'eh klip, two 
 Islets of Denmark, between the islands of Langeland, Taa- 
 wuge. and .Eroe. Pop. 6,50. 
 
 STltYPEN, strl'pen. a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders. 13 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1474. 
 
 STRZELNO, str/.hjl'no, a town of Prussian Poland, go- 
 vernment of Bromberg, 13 miles S.S.W. of Inowrazlaw. 
 Pop. 23^0. 
 
 STRZILEK, strzhee'lJk, a vilUge of Austria, in Moravia, 
 circle of Ilradisch, 12 miles from Kremsir. Pop. 10S7. 
 
 STRZYZOW. strzhee'zov, a village of Austrian Galicia, 
 near .Taslo, ou the M'yslok. Pop. 1068. 
 
 STU'AKT. an island in Behring's Sea. in lat. 63° 33' N., 
 Ion. 162° W W., about 20 miles in circuit 
 
 STUBBEKIOBING, stoob'beh-kyo'bing, a maritime town 
 of Denmark, stift of Falster-Laaland, on the N.E. coast of 
 the island of Falster. 15 miles S. of PnestSe. Pop. 1000. 
 
 STUI!ENB.\CI1, stoo'bfn-biK*, a village of Bohemia, circle 
 of Praohin. Pop. 1134. 
 
 STUBTON. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 STUDENECZ. stoo'd?h-nJch\ or STUDANKA, stoo<ian'ka, 
 a village of BohemLt, circle of Bidschow, on the road to 
 Starkenbach. Pop. 1608. 
 
 STUDENZK, stoo-d^n'zA, a village of -Austria, in Dalmatia, 
 circle of Spalato, about 30 miles from Almissa. Pop. 1209. 
 
 STUD'UAM, a parish of England, cos. of Herts and Bed- 
 ford. 
 
 STUD'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, in the 
 island of Purbeck, 5 miles E.N.E. of Corfeca,stle, bounded 
 on the N. by Poole Harbor. Studland B.ay, on its E. side, is 
 a fair anchorage; and near it is Brown.sea Island, with a 
 castle, defending the entrance of Poole Harbor. On Stud- 
 land Commnn are some curious Druidic remains. 
 
 STUD'LKY', a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 STUULINGEN,(StUhlingen,)stu'ling-^n,atownofBaden, 
 10 miles N.W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. 593. 
 
 STUIILWEISShiNBUKG. stool-<vI'seD-b()i-iRo' (or-bftrg.) a 
 town of West Hungary, capital of acounty. in a marshy 
 tract. 10 utiles N.E. of Lake Balatony. Pop. 21,000. It has 
 Bome handsome buildings, including the bishop's palace and 
 offices, county hall, the Marienkirche. in which 14 kings of 
 Huntrary were buried: a gymnasium, other Roman Catholic 
 •chools, a military academy. Magyar theatre, manufactures 
 of flannels and leather, a trade in wine, and large cattle 
 niarket.s, 
 
 BTUHM, stoom, a town of West Prussia, 13 miles N.N.E. 
 1850 
 
 of Marienwerder, between two l.ikes. Pop.12£0. Ith^san 
 old castle. Here Gustavus Adolphus deft&ttd tnj Poleti 
 in 1630. 
 STUK-A. a town of Morocco. See Stooka. 
 STUKELEY', (stuklee,) Great, a parish of Englaud, ca of 
 Huntingdon. 
 STUKELEY, Littie, a p.irish of England, co. Huntingdon. 
 STUlCiyLEY, a seaport of British Auieiict, at the entrance 
 of Morel River into St. Peters Bay, on the N. ftoa.'.t of Prince 
 Edward Island, county of King's, in lat. 46^ 26' N., Ion. 62;^ 
 47' M-. 
 STUMP BRIDGE, a post-village of M.adison co.. Mi.s.xissippL 
 STUMP GROOND, a smaU village of Onslow co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 STUMPSTOWN, a village of Bethel township, Lebanon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Elizabeth Crock, 35 miles N.W. of 
 Reading, has about 80 houses. 
 
 STUR.A, stoo'ri, (anc. Slu'ra.) a river of North Italy, iu 
 Piedmont, division of Turin, after a S.E. cour.se of 35 niiles, 
 joins the Po 3 miles N. of Turin. 
 
 STUK.A, a river of North Italy, in Pie.dmont, flows for 70 
 
 miles N.E., and joins the Tauai-o on the left, near Cherasco. 
 
 STUR'BRIDGE. a hamlet of England, en., and H miles 
 
 N.N.E. of Cambridge. A large fair is held dujing a fortnight 
 
 from September 28th, annually. 
 
 STUR'BRIDGE, a post-vill.ige and town.ship of Worcester 
 CO.. Mass;ichusetts, CO miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has some 
 manufactures of carriages, cotton goods, and other articles. 
 Pop. 2291. 
 
 STURGE, stfirj, an island of the Antarctic Ocean, the 
 ea.sternmost of the five which compose the Ballenv group, 
 in lat. 66° 44' S.. Ion. 163° 11' W. It is very elevated, the 
 highest peak lieing about 5000 feet. 
 
 STURGEON, sttirgon, a lake of British North America, 27 
 miles long by 6 miles broad, connected with I'ine ]s.^;tnd 
 Lake by the river Saskatchewan, iu lat. 54° N., Ion. 102 ' W. 
 It receives Sturgeon River, a rapid stream. 30 mile.s loi 5. 
 
 STURGEON BAY, an inlet on the E. side of Green My, 
 Lake and State of Michigan. 
 
 STUR'GEONVILLE. a post-vill.ige of Brunswick CO., Vir- 
 ginia, about 60 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 STUR'OES RAPIDS, a village of Black Hawk co„ Ijwa, 
 on W.ipsipinicon River, 80 miles N.N.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 STUKGIS. sttir'jis. a thriving post-village and towithip 
 of St. Joseph CO., Michigan, on the Michigan Southern ilail- 
 road, 115 miles W, of .Monroe. The village is situated ou a 
 fertile prairie of its own name. It ha.s Si national bank, a 
 steam llouring-mill, a furnace, and other e^tablislimeaU). 
 Pop. of the township, 1020; of the village, about 700. 
 STUR/MER, a p;irish of Ensland, co. of Essex. 
 STUROIINSTEK-MAR/SHALL, a parish of England, co. 
 of Dorset. 
 
 STUR'MINSTER NEW/TON CASTLE, a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the Stf>ur. 8 miles S W. 
 of Shaftesbury. Pop. of the parish in 1S61, 1916. It has 
 some manufactures of teize. 
 
 STUR'RY'. a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the Stour, 
 here crossed by a handsome bridge, and on a branch of the 
 South-eastern Railway, 2^ miles N.E. of Canterbury. 
 STUR'STON, a parish of Enu'land, co. of Norfolk. 
 STUKSTON, a parish of England, co. of Suliojk. 
 STURSTON, a hamlet of Englaud, co. of Derby. 1 mile E. 
 of Ashljourne. Pop. 664. 
 
 STURT. a county of South -Australia, bounded on the E. 
 by Murray Rivei', and S. by Lake Ale.xandrina. 
 
 STURT, a mountain of New South Wales, in the Darling- 
 downs. 
 
 STURT MOUNTAIN, in South Australia, is the mo.st con- 
 spicuous summit of the Gawler range, W. of Spencer GulC 
 Lat. 32° 45' S., Ion. 135° 30' E. 
 STURTON, a pari.sh of England, co, of Notts, 
 STURTON. Gre.\t, a parish of England. .;o. of Lincoln, on 
 the Lincoln Railway, oi miles N.N.W. of ll-3rncastle. 
 
 STURT RIVER, South Australia, enter.-; the Gulf of St 
 Vincent at Glenelg, 6 miles S.W. of Adelaid j. 
 
 STUTT'QART or STUT'GARD. (Ger. pron. st«5t'gaRt,) the 
 capital city of Wiirtemberg. Germany, on the Nesenbach. a 
 small affluent of the Neckar, I5 miles from ':*■> mouth in that 
 river, 38 miles E.S.E. of Carlsruhe. Lat. ol the cathedral, 
 48° 46' 36" N., Ion. 9° 10' 52" E. Pop. (ISfil) 56.103. Mean 
 temperature of the year, 49°-4 ; winter. 33°-2; summer, 64°'9 
 Fahrenheit. It is surrounded by gardens and vineyards, 
 and is entered by an avenue of poplars. It is mostly well 
 built, and has some broad and handsome stieets and fine ■ 
 stjuares, in one of which is the royal palace. 1 freestone edi- 
 fice, op-ning on one side into a fine park. This p,il.Hce con- 
 tains many good Flemish paintings and sculptures by Dan- 
 neker and Canova. The-old palace, and the theatre in the 
 same square, a Gothic church, with tombs of the dukes of 
 Wiirtemlierg. the pal.ice of the princes, parliament-house, 
 city-hall, chancery court, barracks. post-offlc«. gymn.-«.«ium, 
 city schools, large hospital, work-house, royal stud-house, 
 stables, and riding-school, are the other principjU edifices; 
 and here is a public library containing 2(10.i'00 volumes and 
 1800 manuscripts; al.so a museum of natural history, with 
 
STP 
 
 a remarkable sedoa of fossils, royal cabinets of coins and 
 medals, with 17,1)00 coins, antiquities, and maps; the royal 
 library of 50,000 volumes, and many private libraries. It is 
 connected by railways with Heilbronn on the N., and Geis- 
 linden on the S. Printing and booli-bindin),' form the chief 
 branches of its industry, and Cotta's printinj; establishment 
 is one of the largest on the Continent. It has some manu- 
 factures of woollen and cotton goods, jewelry, mathematical 
 and musical instruments, perfumery, gloves, and car])ets, 
 with breweries and vinegar-works. In its vicinity some 
 good nfTervescing wine is made ; and near it is Cannstadt, a 
 fcvorite watering-place, and the solitude where .Schiller was 
 educated. Stuttgart is of ancient date, and owes its name 
 to a castle which existed before lOSO. In 1119 it obtained 
 corporate rights from Hudolf, .Margrave of Baden, and in 
 1320 became the residence of the counts of Wurtemberg. It 
 was much extended and improved about 1449, and has since, 
 with only a short interval, been the capital. 
 
 STUTTKSBURY. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 STUT'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 STUT'TON-wiTii-IIA'ZLKWOOD, a township of England, 
 CO. of York, West Hiding, parish, and Ij miles S.W. of Tad- 
 caster, on a branch of the York and North Midland Kail- 
 wav. 
 
 STUTZAITZA, a town of European Turkey. See Kaeatova. 
 
 STUYVESANT. sti'vfs-.ant. a post-village and township of 
 Columbia co.. New York, on Hudson liiver, and on the 
 Hud.«on Uiver Railroad, 18 miles S. of Albany. The village 
 was fijrmerlv called Ki.nderiiook Laxdixo. Pop. 2366. 
 
 STUYVESA.VT FALLS, a post-village of Columbia co., 
 New York, on Kinderhook Creek, about 25 miles S. of Al- 
 bany. It contains several mills. 
 
 STYR, steer, a river of .Austrian and Russian Poland, in 
 Galicia, and in Volhynia and Minsk, aftera N. course of 200 
 miles, joins the Pripets 22 miles E. of Pinsk. 
 
 STYRIA or STIR! A. stir'e-a, (Ger. Sleyrmarh; stV?r-m&Rk\ 
 Fr. Slyrie, st*;e'ree'; anciently a part of Norlicum,) a province 
 Df the .Austrian Empire, with the title of duchy, between lat. 
 45° 64' and 47° 50' N., and Ion. 13° 30' and 16° 25' E., having 
 on the E. Hungary, S. Illy ria and Croatia, and N. and W.Upper 
 Austria. Area, 8658 square miles. Pop. in 1867, 1,066,773, 
 miiinlj' of German descent. It chiefly consists of the valley 
 or basin of the Mur, with portions of those of theDrave and 
 Save in the S.. and the Enns in the N.W., which valley is 
 separated from that of the Mur by the Noric Alps. The 
 highest point of these, the Ilochschwab, is upwards of 7600 
 feet in elevation. The Styrian Alps, S. of the Mur, rise in the 
 Eisenhut to 7656 feet in height, and a branch of the Carnic 
 Alps separate the Drave and Save. The surface is almost 
 wholly miiuntainouB. except in the S.E., where are some 
 plains on which corn, fruit, tobacco, &c. are raised ; elsewhere, 
 pastoral or mining Industry chiefly occupy the population. 
 The corn rai.«ed is insufficient for home consumption. The 
 chief crops are wheat, mai'.ie. pulse, fiuits. hemp, and flax. 
 Cattle and sheep are extensively reared. Mining is the chief 
 branch of industry. The average annual produce of iron is 
 616,136 hundredweight; copper, 1047 hundredweight; salt, 
 160.000 hundredweight; -alum, 4145 hundredweight; coal, 
 404.986 hundredweight; with small quantities of lead, silver, 
 gold, zinc, and vitriol; marble and building stones are .abun- 
 dant, and the country contains many medicinal springs. The 
 manufactures are insignificant, and the trade limited. The 
 conveyance of goods employs many of the population, the pro- 
 vince lying in the high route between Austria and the Adri- 
 atic, and it is now traversed by the railway from Vienna to 
 Triest. It is divided into the circles of GrStz. (the capital.) 
 and Marburg. Cilley. .ludenburg. and Hrtlck. its other chief 
 towns. Nearly all its inhabitants are Roman Catholics. 
 GrjCtz has a university. Styria was erected into a margra- 
 vlate by Charlem.igne : it has belonged to Austria since 1192. 
 kii'y and inhab. Stykian, stlr'e-an. 
 
 STYK'RUP, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SUABIA. SeeSwABlA. 
 
 SU.IKI.V, swd'kin, or SU.\KEM, soo-STiem, a seaport town 
 of the Red Sea. on an island off its W. coast, in lat. 19° 7' 
 N., Ion. 37° 20' E. Pop. 8000. (?) It has an excellent harbor, 
 and is a stiition for pilgrims passing to and from Ara'bia. 
 
 SUAPA. See Suata. 
 
 SUAPUKE,.swa-poo'rA,orSIVAPURE, se-vJ-poo/rA. ariver 
 of Venezuela, rises in the .Si6rra Parima, near lat. 6° S., flows 
 W.N.W., and joins the Orinoco on the right, after a course 
 of about TOO miles. 
 
 SUATA, swJ'tii, or SUAPA, swS'pl, a town of New Gra- 
 nada, province of Socorro, about 80 miles S.S.W. of Pam- 
 plona. It consists of about 1000 houses. 
 
 SUB.U'HOO or SUKHATOO, soo'bd-too', a town of North- 
 west Iliiidostan, capitnl of one of the protected states, be- 
 tween the Sutlej and Jumna, 28 miles S.E. of Belaspoor. 
 Pop., with-Sewah and Burowlee, 5535. 
 
 SUBBEKMUTTY. s&b'er mQt/tee, written also SUBBER- 
 MATTEE and SAUBBERMUTTEE, a river of West Ilindos- 
 tan, rises in the Odeypoor dominions, flows S.W. past Ahmed- 
 nugger and Ahmed.ibad, and enters the head of the Gulf of 
 Canibay by a wida mouth, 15 miles W. of Cambay. Total 
 coursrt,"2'J<) mi!&!» 
 
 SUD 
 
 SUEBIANO, soob-be-3'no, a village of Tuscany, on the 
 Arno, 34 miles E.S.E. of Florence. Pop. 3020. 
 
 SUBBULGIIUR, s&b-bul-glir', a town of IIindo=.tjui. 78 
 miles S.W. of Agra. 
 
 SUBBULGIIUR, a. town of Hindost.in, in t>,> iJritish 
 Upper Provinces, district of Moradabad, 18 .<iiles S. of 
 Ilurdwar. 
 
 SUBHATOO, a hill-fort of Ilindostan. See ^ubathoo. 
 
 SUBI.ACO, .soo-be-dTiO, (anc. Suhla'i/ueum,) a town of Cea^ 
 tral Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca. and 31 miles E. 
 of Rome, on the Teverone. Pop. 5840. It is picture.squely 
 situated, and has a castle, long a summer residence of the 
 popes; a famous monastery, founded in the fifth century, 
 and remains of a villa of Nero. 
 
 SUBLETTE'S (sfib^6ts) LAKE, in the W. part of Missouri 
 Territory, in lat. about 43° 30' N., ion. 110° W. It is tho 
 source of the Yellowstone River. 
 
 SUBLETT'S TAVERN, a postK)ffice of Powhatan co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 SUBLTG'XA. a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia. 
 
 SUBLIM/ITY, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon. 
 
 SUB RO'SA, a post-ofRce of Franklin co., Arkansas. 
 
 SUBROY, silb'i-oy', a town of West Ilindostan, province 
 of Cutch, 22 ihiles N.W. of Mandavee. 
 
 SUBTJAVA, sool>-te-3/vJ, a town of Central America, state 
 of Nicaragua, on a small lake near the Pacific, 40 milea 
 S.S.E. of Leon. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SUBUNREEKA. See Soobunrekha. 
 
 SUBZ, a town of Central Asia. See Shehr-e-Soobz. 
 
 SUBZ.\WUIl, silli-za-wtir', a decayed town and fort of 
 West Afghanistan, on a river, 110 miles S. of Herat; lat. 33° 
 20' N., Ion. 62° 10' E. 
 
 SUBZOW. See Soobtsov. 
 
 SUBZULCOTE, sQbV.ul-kot/, the N. frontier town of Sinde, 
 60 miles N.E. of Bukkur; lat. 28° 13' N., Ion. 69° 42' E. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 SUBZWAR. a town of North Prussia. See Sabzawab. 
 
 SUCCADANA, sak-kS-da'na, written also SOEKADANA, 
 a maritime town on the AV. coast of Borneo, near the mouth 
 of the Simpang River; lat. 1° 20' S. The exports comprise 
 opium, camphor, salt, diamonds, gold-dust, and tin. 
 
 SUCCESS', a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire, 
 115 miles N.E. of Concord. 
 
 SUCCESS, a post-office of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 SUCE, sii^sA', a village of France, department of Loire-In- 
 ferieure. on the Erdre, 8 miles N.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. 2119. 
 
 SUCIIEW. See Soo-Cuow-FOO. 
 
 SUCHILTEPEC, soo-cheel-tA-pJk', a town of Central Ame- 
 rica, state of Guatemala, capital of a department, 75 miles 
 W. of New Guatemala, on the river Suchiltepec, which 
 enters the Pacific Ocean, and near a volcano of the same- 
 name. Indigo and cochineal are cultivated in its vicinity. 
 
 SUCHONA. a river of Russia. See Sookiiosa. 
 
 SUCHTELN. (Suchtlen,) suK'tMn, a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia. 19 miles W.N.W. of Dusseldorf on a canal. Pop. 1840. 
 
 SOCK, a river of Ireland, in Connaught, flows mostly S., 
 and joins the Shannon at Shannon Bridge. 
 
 .SUCKASUX'NY, a post-village of Morris co.. New Jersey, 
 about 22 miles N. bv E. of Trenton: contains a church. 
 
 SUCKERXOCH'EE (called also TUGALOO) CREEK risea 
 near the W. borderof Noxubee co.. in Mississippi. and. flow- 
 ing S.E. into Alabama, falls into the Tombigbee at Moscow. 
 It is navigable by small boats about 35 miles. 
 
 SUCK'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 SUCRE, soo/krA, one of the names of the capital of Bolivia, 
 (see Chuquisaca.) Lieut. Gibbon is the only a.uthority, so far 
 as we are aware, that calls this city Sucre; he .ssiys it has also 
 received the names La Plata and Chuqui Chaca, or Chuqui- 
 saca. He invariably calls the department CuiKiUiSACA. 
 
 SUCRO. See Ccllera. 
 
 SUCURIU, 800-koo-re-oo', a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 Serra de Itiqueira. province of Matto Grosso. and joins the 
 Paran& on the right, 8 miles below the junction of theTiete. 
 
 SUCY-EX-BRIE, sU'see'-6N"-bree. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Seine-et-Oi.se,arrondissement of Corbeil. P. 1175. 
 
 SUCZAWA, soo-chJ/*!. or SUTSCIIAWA. a river of Aus- 
 tria, rises in the province of Bukowina, forms part of the 
 boundary between Galicia and Moldavia, and joins the 
 Sereth after a course of about 100 miles. 
 
 SUCZAWA, SUCZAVA, soo^hi'vL or SUTSCIIAWA, 
 (anc. Sucidava,) a fortified town of the Austrian Empire, in 
 Bukowina, near the Suczawa, on the frontier of .Moldavia, 34 
 miles E.X.E. of Kimpolung. Pop. 4812. It has several Greek 
 and .\rmenian churches, a synagogue, and a high school. 
 
 SUD.\. soo/dJ. orSWID, swid. a river of Russia, ri.ses in the 
 S. of the government of Olonets. and, flowing S.E.. joins the 
 SkeUsna below Chenpovetz. Total course, alx>ut 140 miles. 
 
 SUDaK. See Soodak. 
 
 SUD-AMERIKA, (South America.) See page 73. 
 
 SUDAN. See Soodav. 
 
 SUD'BORXE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SUD'BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 SUD'UROOK. a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SUDBURY, stld'ber-e. a borough-town of England, cos. of 
 Suffolk and Essex, on the Stour, 19 miles \V. of Ipswich. Popk 
 
 1851 
 
SUD 
 
 SUF 
 
 of the borouch in 1S51, 604-3. ITie town, on the X. side of 
 the river, is neat, clean, well built, and has 3 parishes and 
 parish churches, a handsome town-hall, a grammar school. 
 in important manufacture of silks and buutinirs, an export 
 trade in agricultural produce, and imports of coal. 
 
 ^DDBU'RY, a parish of Enijland, co. of Derby. 
 
 gUD'BUKY, a post-township of Rutland eo., Vermont, 45 
 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 696. 
 
 SCIVBURY, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts. 20 miles \V. Viy N. of Boston. The township 
 has Sudbury River on the E., and Asa bet Kiver on the 
 N.W. and N., ^'hich streams unite to form Concord River. 
 On Asabet River is the village of Asabet, which has a 
 carpet factory moved by water-power, and is the terminus 
 of a branch of the Fitchburg Railroad. Factory Pond fur- 
 ni.shes annually about 40.000 tons of ice. A beautiful gra- 
 nite monument was erected, in 1S53, over the remains of 
 Captaiu Samuel Wadsworth and his brave as.tociates, who 
 fell in King I'hilip's War at Sudbury, April 18, 1676; two- 
 thirds at least of those enga;:ed were slain. The monument 
 is situated a little N. of Mill Village, near the spot where 
 the action took place, and directly over the remains of the 
 dead. Pop. 1691. 
 
 SUDBURY RIA^ER, a small stream of Mid,dlesex co.. in 
 the X.E. part of Massachusetts, unites with the Asabet to 
 form Concord River at Concord. 
 
 SUDE'LEY MAX'OR. a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester, 1 mile S.E. of Wiuchcombe. The church is in ruins. 
 Queen Catherine Parr is buried here. It has also the ruins 
 of a castle. 
 
 SUDKKM.\NIA, an old province of Sweden. See Soder- 
 
 MAXM.VKD. 
 
 SUDKROE. soo'der-fi or soo'dgr-ii^fh, almost soo'der-tlh^- 
 ygh. one of the Faroe Island.s. 
 
 SUDKTEX-GEBIRGE, soo'deh-ten-gheh-beeK/gheh, or SU- 
 DET'IC MOUNTAIN'S, (anc. Sude'ti M-m'tfS.) a mounfcun 
 range of Germany, comprising the Fichtel-gebirge, Erz- 
 gebirge. and Riesen-gebirge ; they encircle Bohemia, being 
 connected on the E. with the Carpathians, and on the W. 
 with the mountains of Franconia. 
 
 SUD.TUI5. a river of Asiatic Turkey. See Sedjoor. 
 
 SUD'LERSVILLE, a post-village of Queen Anne co., Mary- 
 land. 55 miles E. by N. of Annapolis. 
 
 SUDOST, a river of Russia. See SooDOST. 
 
 SUDSI1.\, a town of Russia. See Sooja. 
 
 SUDUD, sooMad', (probably the Zadiid of Scripture.) a 
 lai-ge village of Syria, pashalic of Damascus, and E. cf the 
 route from that city to Iloms, (Emesa.) 
 
 SUDUiC, sooMfik'(?) ariverof Beloochistan. rises near lat. 
 26^ N., Ion. 63<^ 22' E., and, after a S. course of 140 miles, 
 enters the Indian Ocean 60 miles X.W. of Arubah. 
 
 SUK. soo'A, an island of Torres Strait, one of •' The Sisters." 
 N.N.E. of Cape York: lat. 10° 12' S., Ion. 142° 52' E. At the 
 W. end of the island is a native village. 
 
 SUKC.\. sw.Vkd. a town of Spain. 20 miles S.E. of Valencia, 
 on the Jucar. near its mouth iu the Mediterranean. P. S862. 
 
 SUECl A. SUECO, SUfiDE and SUEDIA. See Sweden. 
 
 SUEDI.\H. swA'de-a. (anc. SrJfu'cia.) a port of Asiatic 
 Turkev. pashalic of AlepjK), 18 miles S.W. of Antioch. 
 
 ^CKDOIS. See Swei.e>-. 
 
 SUEROS, sw.^'roce, a village of Spain, province of Leon, 
 district of .\storga. Pop. 1084. 
 
 SUKSSA AUliUNCA. See Sessa. 
 
 SUESSONES or SUESSIONES. See Soissoxs. 
 
 SUEVRES, sU'Sv'r', a town of France, department of 
 Loir-et-Cher, near the right bank of the Loir, on the railway 
 to Orleans and- Tours, 8 miles N.E. of Blois. Pop. 1957. 
 
 SUEZ. soo'Jz, written also SOUEZ and SOUEYS. (Arab, 
 pron. soo-^z'orsoo-aiz': anc. Chnpa^tris or Arxiii'oe.) a frontier 
 lieaport town of I'^gypt. near the head of the Gulf of Suez, (an 
 arm of the Red Sea'.) 76 miles E. of Cairo. Lilt. 29° 58' 6" \.. 
 Ion. 32° 34' 2" E. Stationary inhabitants, from 1500 to 2000. 
 It is a station for numerous caravans and travellei-s. It is a 
 wretched town, with houses of sun-dried bricks, and unpaved 
 streets, having about a dozen mosques, a Greek church, 
 a custom-house. &e. ; the whole enclosed by a wall mount- 
 ing a few cannon, and surrounded by entrenchments. The 
 country around it is a perfect desert, and all provisions and 
 water are brought to it from great distances. Its port will 
 not receive boats of more than 60 tons, and steamers must 
 moor 2 miles from the town. From its position on the high 
 road ijetween Egypt and the East, Suez has always been a 
 place of extensive transit trade: and since the establish- 
 ment of the overland route to India, it has become the re- 
 sidence of many merchants and agents. A railway recently 
 constructed from .Alexandria to Carlo, is to be extended to 
 Suez. Immediately X. of the town is Kolzim, the site of the 
 ancient Clyamm. 
 
 SUEZ. GULF OF, the W. arm of the Red Sea. after its 
 bifurcation in lat. 2^° N.. whence it extends N.AV. to lat. 30° 
 N. Length, 200 miles: average breadth. 30 miles. Shores 
 desert, and alternately present arid plains and rocky head- 
 lands. Two miles from its head, it is supposed bv some 
 that the Israelites 'rossed the bed of the sea during their 
 exodus from Egypt. 
 1842 
 
 SUEZ. ISTHMUS OF, the neck of land connecting Asia 
 and Africa, having S. the Gulf of Suez, and N. the Mediter- 
 ranean. Breadth, 72 miles. The surface consists mostly of 
 moving sands, interspersed witli .some rocky elevations, salt 
 marshes, (the ancient crocodile lakes.) and land fertilized by 
 Inundations of the Nile. On it are traces of the ancient can;U 
 connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas. See Red Sei. 
 
 SUFFEED KOII or SUFEID KOII, suffeed' ko, (the 
 "white mountain,'") in Afghanistan, iOO miles S. of the 
 Hindoo Koosh. bounds the valley of CalK)ol on the S.. ex- 
 tending fi-om W. to E. near 35° 50' S. lat.. and between ion 
 69° 38' and 71° 16' E. It has three parallel ranges, the two 
 lower covered with pine woods, the loftiest steep and rocky, 
 rising in one part to 14,200 feet iu height, and covered with 
 perpetual snow. 
 
 SUFFEDU.V. stiffeedQu', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Bengal, district of Delhi. 18 miles W. of I'aniput. 
 
 SUFFEID RUD, a river of Per.Ma. See Sefbed Rood. 
 
 SUF'FERN'S, a post-village of Rockland co.. New York, 
 on the New York and Erie Railroad, at the junction with 
 the Pierniont Branch of the same railroad, 32 miles from 
 New York. Here is an important railroad station at the 
 entrance of a mountain pa.ss. 
 
 SUF'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SUF'FIELD. a post-village and township of Ilartfird co., 
 Connecticut, on the W. side of the Connecticut Riyer, 16 
 miles N. of Hartford. It is the .seat of the Connecticut 
 Literary Institution, founded by the Baptist.s. The town- 
 ship has some manufactures of carriages, paper, tobacco, 
 &c. Here is a national bank. Pop. 3260. 
 
 SUFFIELD, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 1412. 
 
 SUFFLEN. See Socfflexheim. 
 
 SUFFOLK, stif 'fok, a maritime county of England, having 
 E. the North Sea: X., Norfolk: W., Cambridgeshire: and S., 
 Essex. Are;i. 1481 square miles, or 947,840 acres, of which 
 about 820.000 are under culture. Pop. in 1851, 3:57.215. The 
 Ou.se and AVaveney Rivers form the N. boundary; the S. 
 limit is formed by the Stour, which, with the Orwell, ex- 
 pands into an estuary near the se,a. The surface is m.ostly 
 level, and very well tilled. In the N.W. is a tract of hilly 
 and poor soil. Wheat, barjey, beans, oats, turnips, and 
 hemp are tlie principal crops; some hops are raised: diiry 
 hu.sbandry is important, and butter is a chief product. 
 The stock of sheep is estimated at 600.0<)0. Stays are ma- 
 nufactured in large numbers at Ipswich. AVool manufac- 
 tures, formerly important, have declined, but some silk 
 stuffs are made at Hadleigh and Glemsford. and gun-flints 
 at Brandon. The rivers are mostly navigable, and the 
 county is intersected by the Stowmarket Canal. Lowestoft 
 and Norwich Navigation, and branches of the l-^asterr. 
 Counties Railway. Suffolk is in the E. circuit, and chiefly 
 in the diocese of Norwich. Assizes are held at Burj-St.- 
 Edmund's and Ipswich; besides which boroughs, it con- 
 tains Eye and Sudbury, and the market-towns of Wood- 
 bridge, Framlinghani, Mildenliall, Brandon, Lavenham, 
 Stowmarket, Saxniundham, <tc.. with Orford. Aldborough, 
 Southwold, and Ixiwestoft on the coa.^t. The county also 
 contains the remains of Dunwich, (he .ancient capital of East 
 Anglia. but which h.as been mostly engulfed in the sea. It 
 sends 11 members to the House of Commons, of which 4 are 
 for the county. 
 
 SUF'FOLK, a county in the E. part of Alassachusetts. has 
 an area of about 15 square miles, being the smallest county 
 in the state. It is bounded on the E. and S. by Massachu- 
 setts Bay. It comprises only 4 township.s, viz. Boston. Chel- 
 sea, North CheLsea. and AVinthrop; but on account of its 
 containing the chief city of New England, (Boston.) it m.ay 
 be regarded as the most important county in the state. In 
 1850 there were 47 machine-shops. 3 ship-yards, 10 ship- 
 joining, 14 .ship-smithing, and 15 shipwrightestablishments, 
 12 bnuss foundries, 8 iron foundries. 1 rolling mill, 8 type 
 and stereotype foundries. 9 distillei-ies, 6 breweries, 33 book 
 binderies, 30 manufactories of stoves and ranges. 4 of lamps, 
 20 of trunks. 35 of saddles and harnes.s, 18 of coaches. 78 of 
 cabinet-ware. 156 of clothing, 90 of boots and shoes, 3 silver- 
 plating, and 194 carpenter establishments, 3 glass-works, 9 
 upholsterers. 23 curriers, 5 manufactories of chemicals. 6 of 
 whale-oil, and 23 of piano-fortes. This county is traversed 
 by railroads, radiating from Boston, in almost every direc- 
 tion. Organized in 1643 — then comprising the whole of the 
 present county of Norfolk, and a small part of Plymouth, 
 and named from Suffolk, a county in England. Capital, 
 Boston. Pop. 192,700. 
 
 SUFFOLK, the easternmost county of New York, has an 
 area of about 950 square miles. It forms the E. extrei"'ty 
 of Long Island, and is lx)unded on the N. by Long LsLind 
 Sound, and E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean. Irs coast H 
 indented with numerous l>ays and inlets, affording excel- 
 lent harbors, and great advantages for navigation and for 
 fisheries. It is diained by Peconic River, and other smaller 
 streams, which afford some watei--power. The surfa-e ia 
 the N. part is hilly and uneven, anl along the sea-coa«rt 
 ne.arly level. The soil is generally sandy: that horderinp 
 po the Sound is more fertile than in the interior and S 
 
SUF 
 
 portions. The Lonj; Island Railroad passes through this 
 county Orjranized in li'iS3. Capital, KiTerhead. Pop. 43,275. 
 
 Sl'KFOLK, a post-vilIa<;e, capital of Nansemond oc Vir- 
 ginia, nn tlie Nansemond River, and on the Portsmouth 
 and Koannke Railroad. 85 Miles S.E. of Richmond. The 
 river is naTiftable for small '.essels. It contains, hesides the 
 county huildiuRS, 4 churi-he-s, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. 
 Founded in 1742. Pop. 1395. 
 
 SUFFOLK COURT-HOUSE, Ne-w York. See Riverhead. 
 
 SUG.\R (shflo^'ar) CRKKK, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 Susquehanna near Towanda. 
 
 SUO.A.R CKEKIC, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about If* miles E.N.E. of Butler. Pop. 1101. 
 
 SUQAK CREEK, a township of Venango Co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1022. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a small village of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, of North Carolina, rises in Mecklenburg 
 CO., and, flowing S., enters Catawba River on the E. border 
 of York district. South Carolina. Little Sugar Creek unites 
 with it near the boundary of these states. 
 
 SUG.AR CREEK, of Georgia, flows through Telfair co. 
 into th.? Little Ocmulgee I'.iver. 
 
 SUGAR CRl-IEK. a post-ofllce of Telfair co., Georgia. 
 
 SUG.VR CREEK, of Alabama, flows into Elk River, In 
 Limestone co.. about 10 miles N.W. of Athens. 
 
 SUG.\R CREEK, a post-oflice, Claiborne parish, Louisiana. 
 
 SUG.A.R CREEK, a township of Benton co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 5Sn. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a post-oflice of Lawrence co.. Tennessee. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Portage River, in 
 Ottawa county. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, an affluent of Tuscarawas River, Ohio, 
 rises in Wayne co.. and enters the Tuscarawas at Dover. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 9.S2. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Greene Co., Ohio. Pop.l,i94. 
 
 SUGAR CR H:EK, a townsliip of Putnam co., i ihio. Pop. 925. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, atownshipofStarkfo., Ohio. Pop.1800. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 
 1438. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Wayne CO., Ohio. Pop. 21 38. 
 
 SDG.^R OREEK, Indiana, rises in Clinton co., and enters 
 the Wabash from the E., about 3 miles S.E. of Newpoi't. 
 Its general course is S.W., and its whole length about 100 
 miles. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, of Indiana, an affluent of Blue River, 
 rises in Henry county, and falls into the river about a mile 
 below Edinburg. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of CMntou co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 719. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a post-village and township of Hancock 
 CO., Indiana, about 15 miles E. by S of Indianapoli.^. Pop.1646. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Jlontgomery co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 82S. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK,a township, Parkeco.,Indiana. Pop.720. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township ofShelby CO.. Indiana. P.981. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a townsliip of Vigo co., Indiana. P. 1328. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, in the N. central part of Illinois, falls 
 Into Salt Creek. Another little stream of this name falls 
 Into the Sangamon a few miles E. of Springiield. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a post-offlce of William.=on co., Illinois. 
 
 SUG.\R CREEK, a township of Randolph co., Missouri. 
 Pop. 1713. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a small post-village and township of 
 Walworth CO., Wisconsin. 41 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 SUG.VR GROVE, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Warren co., Pennsylvania, 15 miles N.W. of Warren. The 
 village is pleasantly situated, and has several stores. Pop. 
 of the township, 1646. 
 
 SUGAR G ROVE, a post-offlce of Pendleton CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 SUGAR GROVE, a post-oflice, Watauga co., North Carolina. 
 
 SUGAR GROVE, a post-oflice of Butler co., Kentucky. 
 
 SUGAR GROVE, a post-village of Fairfield CO., Ohio, on 
 the Hocking Valley Canal. 
 
 SUGAR GROVE, a post-offlce of Tippecanoe cc., Indiana. 
 
 SUGAR GROVE, a post-township of Kane CO., Illinois. 
 Pop. 969. 
 
 SU6.\R GROVE, a post-village of Poweshiek co., Iowa, 
 about 70 miles W. of Iowa City. 
 
 SUG.VR HILL, a post-offlce of Grafton co..New Hampshire. 
 
 SUGAR IITLL, a post-ofllce, McDowell co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SUGAR HILL, post-office, Marion district. South Carolina. 
 
 SUGAR IITLL, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia. 
 
 SUGAR HILL, a post-offlce of Panola co., Texas. 
 
 SUGAR L.\KK, a post-ofRce of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SUG.VRLOAF, sh6i5g'ar-lof. a post-village of Orange co., 
 New York, about 50 miles N.N.W. of New York City. 
 
 SUG.ARLO.VF. a village and township in the N.E. extre- 
 mity of Columbia co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 SUGARLO.\F, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 130.3. 
 
 SUGARLOAF, a township of Carroll co., Arkansas. 
 
 SUGARLOAF, a township, Crawford co., Arkans.ts. 
 
 SUGARLO.AF.a township of M.irion co.. Arkansas. 
 
 SUGARLOAF, a post-offlce of Sebastianuco., Arkansas. 
 
 SUL 
 
 SUGARLOAF, a township of Van Buren co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 200. 
 
 SUGAR PLANT, a post-oflice of Barren co.. Kentiickv. 
 
 SUGAR RIVER, of Sullivan co.. New Hampshire, forma 
 the outlet of Sunapee Lake, and falls into the Cor.necucut 
 River. 
 
 SUGAR RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Dane county, ano 
 flowing in a S.E. direction through Green county, passes 
 into Illinois, and enters the Pekatouiea about 7 miles from 
 its mouth. 
 
 SUGAR RUN, a small post^village of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 SUGAR RUN, a po.st-offlce of Wetzel co., W. Virginia. 
 
 SUG ARTOWN, shC<5g'ar-town, a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 CO.. New York. 
 
 SUG ARTOWN, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 79 miles E.S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 SUGAR TREE, a post-oflice of Pitt.sylvania co., Virdnia. 
 
 SUGARTREE RIDGE, a small post-village of Highlano 
 CO.. Ohio, 10 miles S. of Hill.sborougb. 
 
 SUGAR VAL'LEY, a po.st-office. Clinton co., Pennsylvania 
 
 SUGAR VALLEY, a post-office of Murray co.. Georgia. 
 
 SUGAR VALLEY, a postrvillage of Preble co., Ohio, 100 
 miles W. of C<ilumbus. 
 
 SUGGS'VILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Alabama, IIG 
 miles S.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 SUGHEUD, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Shugshht. 
 
 SUGHONA. See Sookhona. 
 
 SUGIIRA, soog'ri, a seaport town of South-east Arabia 
 with a fort, in lat. 1.3° 21' 30" N., Ion. 45° 46' E. 
 
 SUGULMESSA. See Segelmesa. 
 
 SUIIL, sooL or SUIILA. soo^ia. a town of Central Ger- 
 many, in a detached di.strict of Prussian Saxony, .30 miles 
 S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 8005, engaged chiefly in iron and steel 
 works, and in manufactures of union fabrics and chemical 
 products. 
 
 SUHL.\U. sooOriw, a small town of Prussian Silesia, go- 
 vernment of Breslau. 5 miles S.W. of Militsch. Pop. 800. 
 
 SUIIR, sooK, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 
 2 miles S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1423. 
 
 SUICILLE. See Sovicii,i.E. 
 
 SUIQO. See Switzerlanb. 
 
 SUIGUTOL a misspelling of SURGUTOL See SoosGOOT. 
 
 SUIKOW. SeeSooiKOW. 
 
 SUIPI'ES. sweep', a town of France, depart'ment of JIarne, 
 on the Suippes. an affluent of the Aisne, 14 miles N.N.E. of 
 Chalons. Pop. in 1852, 2474. 
 
 SUIR or SURE, shure, a river of Ireland, in Muuster, 
 rises in the Devil's Bit 5Iountains. flows S., through the 
 county of Tipperary, and, in conjunction with the Barrow, 
 expands into the estuary of Waterford Harbor, on the S. 
 coast. Total course, about 100 miles. 
 
 SUTRA, a. name of Mogadore. See MoG adore. 
 
 SUISCIO. swee'sho, or SUISIO, swee'se-o, a village of 
 Northern Italy. 7 miles S. by W. of Ponte San Pietro, on the 
 Adda. Pop. 1007. 
 
 SUISOON, sooVsoon', a creek of California, falls into Sui- 
 soon Bay. 
 
 SUISOON or SUISUN, a bay of California, E. of San Pablo 
 Bay, with which it is connected by the Straits of Karquenas 
 (or Carquinez.) I..ength, 15 miles; greatest breadth. 7 miles. 
 
 SUISSE. See Switzerland. 
 
 SUIZA, SJJIZO. See Switzerlant). 
 
 SUJAH KAT, a town of the Punjab. See SnoojtJAB.AD. 
 
 SUJAIl, soo-iiaR'. or 7,U.JAR, thoo-HaR/. a river of Spain, 
 in Estremadura, dischai-ges its waters into the Guadiana 
 about 5 miles E. ot'Don Benito. Total course, about 100 miles. 
 
 SUKEL SHUYUKIT. See Sook-el-Suootookh. 
 
 SUKHONA. See SonxBONA. 
 
 SUKKERTOPPEN. a noted headland on the W. coast of 
 Greenland, in lat. 6.5° 22' N., Ion. 53° 5' W. It gives name 
 to the district which it overlooks. 
 
 SUKKUR, stik'ktlr', a decayed but picturesque town of 
 Sinde, on the W. bank of the Indu.s, immediately opposite 
 Roree. Lat. 27° 44' N.. Ion. 68° 52' E. 
 
 SUKNA. a town of Fezzan. See Socena. 
 
 SUKU-L-BASIR. See Soosoo-l-B.\seer. 
 
 SUKUM-KALEII, a town of .Vbkasia. See Sookooom-Kal£. 
 
 SUKYT, soo'kit', a small town of the Punjab, in the Bri- 
 tish .lullinder-doab. between the Sutlej and Beas Rivers, 
 15 miles N.E. of Bela.spoor. Lit. 31° 32' N., Ion. 76° 52° E. 
 Around it are numerous forts and strongholds. 
 
 SUI/ACOE CREEK, of Georgl-i, flows into the Coosawattee 
 a few miles from its mouth. It is called also Pine Log Creek. 
 
 SULED.\L. soolA-ddP, a parish, river, and lake of Norway, 
 stiff of Christiansand: and a village, amt. and 48 miles N.E. 
 of .'tavanger, at the W. extremity of the lake. 
 
 SULEIMANEEYAH orSULEIMANIYAH. so9-M-m3-neo'- 
 yj or sQl-A-mJ-nee'y3, sometimes written SOULEIMANIEH, 
 a tnwn of Turkish Koordistan. capital of a district, 73 miles 
 E.N.E. of Kerkook. It corapri.ses 1000 houses, with several 
 khans, and a well-supplied bazaar. Its vicinity is famed 
 from its excellent breed of horses. 
 
 SULEIMAN (sov-lr^-mdn') MOUNTAINS, a range in East 
 Afghanistan, separating Damaun from the province of Se» 
 
 1853 
 
SUL 
 
 SUL 
 
 westan, Ac, and extencUng from lat. 29° to 33° 40' N., Ion. 
 70° K. Culminatini^ point, the Takhti-Suleinian, (-'throne 
 of Solomon.") It has an elevation of 11.000 feet. The sides 
 of this range are clothed with dense forests, and it nowhere 
 reaches the snow line. 
 
 SULKN (soo'lgn) ISL.^NDS. a group off the W. coast of 
 Norway, stiff, and 45 miles X.X.W. of Bergen. 
 
 SULGKN, sool'irhen, a Tilla'.re of Switzerland, canton of 
 Thursrau. on the Thiir. 4 miles N'.W. of Bischofszell. P. 1110. 
 
 SUL/liRAVK, a p."\rish of Kn^land, co. of Northampton. 
 
 SUiyilAM. a parish of Ensrland. co. of Berks. 
 
 BULIIAM'STEAD AB'BOTS. a parish, Kngland. co. Berks. 
 
 SULIIAMSTEAD BAX'NISXER, a parish of England, co. 
 Ot Berks. 
 
 SULI, SOULI, soolee, or SULLT, a strong fortress of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in Epirus, on the river Suli. sanjak. and 31 miles 
 S.W. of Y»nina. celebrated during the Greek revolution. 
 
 SULIMANA. See Sooum.vna. 
 
 SDLI^'V. See Soolix.v. 
 
 SULITKLMA, a mountain of Norway. Seo Norway. 
 
 SULKKA, Ktil'ke-a,a town of British Indi,a. presidency of 
 Bengal, on rbe Iloogly Kiver, opposite Calcutta. 
 
 SUl/r.I.NCTOX, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SUt/LIVAM, a county in the W.S.W. p.irt of New Ilamp- 
 Fhire, h.is an area of alwut 570 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Connecticut, and is drained by the Ashue- 
 lot and other siaaller streams. It contains several sm.iU 
 ponds. Sunapee Lake forms part of its E. border. The sur- 
 face is generajly elevated, with occasional mountain ridges 
 and peaks, of wWch Croydon Mountain and the Sunapee 
 Mountains are the principal. The soil is fertile, aspecially 
 along the valleys of its numerous streams. The Connecticut 
 Kiver is navigable for boats along the Ijorder of this county. 
 It is intersected by the Sullivan Itailroad. Organized in 
 1827, having previously formed part of Cheshire county. 
 Capital, Newport Vop. 19,W1. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a county in the S.E. part of New Tork, has 
 an area of about 890 .square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the S.E. by the Shawangunk Kiver, and on the \V. by the 
 Delaware, which separates it from Pennsylvania. It is 
 drained by Neversink. .Mongaup. and Beaverkill Rivers, and 
 other smaller streams, whith furnish abundant water-power. 
 It has several small lakes or ponds. The surface is generally 
 uneven and mountiiinous, although the valleys are some- 
 times quite e.xt«nsive. The soil along the streams is fertile ; 
 on the more elevated portions better adapted to grazing 
 than tillage. There is a lead-mine at Wartzlwrough, in the 
 S.E. part. The Delaware and Hudson Canal and the New 
 York and Erie Railroad traverse this county. Capital, Mon- 
 ticello. Pop. 32,385. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a county in the N.N.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 has an area of about 430 square miles. It is traversed by 
 Loyalsock Creek, an afiluent of the Susquehanna River, and 
 drained also by Muncy and Little Loyalsock Creeks. The 
 surface is elevated, and mostly covered with forests. The 
 Alleghany Mountains cross the county in an E. and W. 
 direction, having a very gradual descent towards the N. 
 Lumlier is the chief article of export. Formed out of part 
 of Lycoming county, in 1847. Capital, Laporte. Pop. 5i37. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a county in the N.E. part of Tennes.see, bor- 
 dering on Virginia. Area, estimated at 300 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Ilolston and Watauga Rivers, which 
 unite near its S! border. The surface is diversified by hi^rh 
 ridges and valleys connected with the Alleghany chain. 
 The soil Ls fertile, well timbered, and plentifully supplied 
 with springs. Iron ore is found. The East Tennessee and 
 Virginia Kailroad passes through this county. Capital, 
 Blountsville. Pop. 13,552, of whom 12,478 were tree, and 
 1074 slaves. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a county in the W. part of Indiana, bordei^ 
 Ing on Illinois, contains 4.30 square miles. It is drained by 
 Busseron Creek, and bounded on the \V. by the Wabash 
 Kiver. The surface is mostly level, and the soil productive. 
 The county contains extensive beds of bituminous coal. 
 The Wab.ash is navigable for steamboats in high water. 
 Organized in 1S17, and named in honor of Daniel Sullivan, 
 who was killed by Indians while employed in the public 
 service. Capital, Sullivan. I'op. 15,0&4. 
 . SULLIV.^N, a new county in the X. part of Missouri, has 
 an area of 650 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by 
 Locust Creek, by the East Fork of Medicine Creek, and by 
 Yellow and Wolf Creeks. The slope of the county is towards 
 the S. Prairies Df considerable extent occur in'it. Named 
 in honor of .John C. Sullivan, member of the convention to 
 form the c(mHtitution of MissourL Capital, Milan. Pop. 
 0198, of whom 9096 were free. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a post-township in Hancock co., Maine, 90 • 
 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 862. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a post-township of Cheshire co.. New Hamp- 
 shire. .38 miles W.S.W. of Concord. Pop. 376. 
 
 SULLIV.\N, a post-village and township of Madison co.. 
 New York, on Canasenigii Creek, about 120 miles W. by X 
 OfAlbaiiy. The township borders on Oneida Lake. I'op.5233. 
 
 S ULLIVAN, a post-village and township of Tioga co., Penn- 
 Sjivania, about 20 miles E. of Wellsborough. Pop. 1770. 
 
 SULLIYAy a post-village and township of Ashland co., 
 Ohio, 99 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1048. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a post-village, capital of Sullivan co., Indiana, 
 26 miles by railroad S. of Terre Haute. It contains a court- 
 house, a county seminary, and 2 churches. .Pop. 949. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a post-village, capital of Moultrie co., Illinois, 
 about 24 miles S.E. of Decatur. Pop. 528. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, near the 
 Mississippi Kiver, 70 miles N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a post-township in the S.E. part of Jefferson 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1602. 
 
 SULLIVAN COVE, is a b.ty of the Derwent River, in Van 
 Diemen's Land, on which Hobart Town is situated. 
 
 SULLIVAN'S MILLS.apost-officeofJennings CO., Indiana. 
 
 SUiyLlV-^NVILLE. a post-village of Chemung co., New 
 York. 10 miles N.E. of Elmira. has 2 stores. 
 
 SUL'LY, a parish of South Wales, co, of Glamorgan. 
 
 SULLY, siiriee', a small town of France, department ot 
 Loiret, on the left bank of the Loire, 24 miles E.S.E. of 
 Orleans. Pop. in 1852, 2500. 
 
 SULLY', L.\ TOUK- a small town of France, department 
 of the Nidvre, 8 miles S.E. of Cosue. Pop. 1598. 
 
 SULMIRSCHUTZ. (Sulmirschiitis.) sool'meer-sh6.-its\ writr 
 ten also SULMIERSZYCK, a town of Pru.ssi.an Poland, go- 
 vernment of Posen. 1 1 miles W.S.W. of Ostrowo. Pop. 1930. 
 
 SULMON.A, sool-mo'ni, (anc. Sul'mo) a fortified town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra 11.. in a fertile plain be- 
 tween two head streams of the Aterno. 34 miles .'^.K. of 
 Aquila. Pop. 5800. It has a cathedral, and manufactures 
 of paper, shell goods, confectionery, and leather. Ovid was 
 born here, B.C. 43. 
 
 SULOOMBKR, soo-loomt^r, a town of West Hindostan, 
 40 miles S,S.E. of Odevpoor. 
 
 SULPHUU (stU'furj BLUFF, a postofflce of Hopkins co., 
 Texas. 
 
 SULPHUR FORK, of Red River, rises in Fannin co., 
 Texa-s, and flowing eastward into Ark.ansas, falls into 
 Red Kiver on the boundary between the latter state and 
 Louisiana. 
 
 SULPHUR FORK, a township in Lafayette co.. Ark.ansas. 
 Pop. 218. 
 
 SULPHUR HILL, a post-offlc* of Shelby co., Indiana. 
 
 SULPHUR ISLAND. East Sea. N. of the Loo-Choo Islands. 
 Lat. 27° oli' N.. Ion. 128° 30' E. It is 1 mile in length. 
 
 SULPHUR ISLAND, North Pacific, Volcano group, S. of 
 the Bonin Islands. I.at. 24° 48' N., Ion. 141° 20' E. 
 
 SULPHUR ISLAND, an Lsland of Japan, in Van Diemen'H 
 Strait, off the coast of Kioo-Sioo. Lat. 30° 43' N., Ion. 130^ 
 17' E. It has a volcano upon it. 
 
 SULPHUR LICK, a post-village of Jlonroe co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SULPHUR MILLS, a small village of Jessamine co.. Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 SULPHUR ROCK, a post-offlce of Independence co., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 SU LPHUK SPRING, a post-village of Buncombe co.. Noi th 
 Carolina. 260 miles W. of Raleigh, is much frequented as a 
 summer resort. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRING, a township of Montgomery co., Ar- 
 
 SULPHUR SPRING, a township of Polk co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 247. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRING, a small village of Pope co., Arkansas. 
 
 SULl'HUR SPRING, a post-office of Crawford co.. Ohio. 
 
 SULPHUU SPKIXGS, a post-office of Buncombe CO., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SULl'HUR SPRINGS, a postofRce of Benton co., Alabama. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-village o*^ Madison Co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 SULl'HUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Cherokee co.. Texas. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Rhea co., Tennessee. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRING.<. a post-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-offlce of Williamson co., Il- 
 linois. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Pacific Kailroad. 21 miles W. of St. lyiuis. 
 
 SULPHUR WELL, a post-office of Shelby oo., Tennessee. 
 
 SULPHUR WELL, a post-office. Jessamine co.. Kentucky. 
 
 SULSIQUK, siilVeek', a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders. 18 miles S.S.W. of Ghent, Pop. 1320. 
 
 SULTANABAD. stil-ti'nd-bdd', a town of Persia, province 
 ofKhoozistan, near the Jerahi. 65 miles E.N.E. of Dorak. 
 
 SULTANEEYAH, SULTANIYAH or SULTANIEH, sool- 
 tl-nee'a, an ancient city of Persia, province of Irak-.\jemen. 
 115 miles N.N.E. of Hamadan, once the capital of that 
 country under the sovereigns of the race of Jenghis Khan. 
 It is now almost or quite deserted, but its magnificent ruici 
 attest its former glory. I.at. atout 30° 30' N., Ion. 48° 30' B 
 
 SULTANEEYAH (SULTANIYAH or SULTANIKHV 
 HISSAR. .sool-tj-nee'a hisVar', an old castle of Asia, in Asia 
 Minor, on the S.li. bank of the Hellespont. 
 
 SULTANGUNGE. sftl-tan-ganj', a town of India, lo Oudo, 
 45 miles W.N.W. of Lucknow. 
 
 SULTANGUNGE. a town of British Innia, prefidtncy ot 
 Bengal, province of Bahar, on the Ganges, betwsjpi. Bogli 
 poor and Monghir. 
 
 »t-: 
 
SUL 
 
 STTLTAN-HISSATl, SQ^Ytia his'sar', (anc. Ni/'safoT TraV- 
 lesf) a villJiiie of Asia Minor, near the Jleniiere, 48 miles 
 E. of Ayasoolook. It has the remains of a temple and of a 
 theatre. 
 
 SULTANIA. See Chanak-Kalessi. 
 
 SUI/fANIYAII or SULTAXIEH. See SuLTA\EETAn. 
 
 SUI/rAN-.MKIDAN, surtau'-maMdn', a town of Persia, 
 province of Khorassan, is 45 miles N'.W. of Nishapoor. 
 
 SU bT A.N POOR, surtan-poor', a town of India, in the Pun- 
 lab, capital of a rajah.ship, on the Beas, 23 miles N.W. of 
 Aloondi. 
 
 SUI/rANPOOH, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay, di.«trict of Gaudeish, 24 miles N.K.of Naundoorbar. 
 
 SULXAXl'OOK, a town of British India, dominions, and 
 44 miles S. of Oude. 
 
 SULTAN POOU, a town of British India, in Afghanistan, 
 W. of .Jelalabad. on the route to Oibool. 
 
 SULUK. t^ee SooLoo Islands. 
 
 SULZ, goolts. a market-town of Lower Austria, about 8 
 miles from Wullt^rsdorf. Pop. 1'297. 
 
 SUliZ, siVilts, a town of VViirtemberg, circle of Black 
 Forest, on the Neckar, 6 miles X.E. of Oberdorf. Pop. 2349. 
 Near it are springs from which sulphate of magnesia, sal- 
 ammoniac, and vitriol are extracted. 
 
 SULZ.^., s(5uU/sit, a town of Saxe- Weimar, on the Ilm, 15 
 miles N.!']. of Weimar, with a grand ducal residence, and 
 1239 iiihabit.-ints. 
 
 SUI.,ZB.\CII, S(V]lts'b3k. a walled town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Upper l^alatinate, 7 miles N.W. of Amberj;, on the Vils. 
 Pop. 2J12. It has a castle, and a Latin school. 
 
 SULZB.VCH, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Xeckar, on 
 the .Murr, lii miles .S.li. of Ileilbronn. Pop. 1476. 
 
 SUIiZB.\On, a villai;e of iiavaria, Lower i'ranconia, dis- 
 trict of Oberiiburg. Pop. 1130. 
 
 SULZH A( 11. a vill.tge of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jaxt, baili- 
 wick or(;;iil(l;>rf on the Kocher. Pop. 1249. 
 
 SUIiZBUKG. sOolts'lM.oRG. a town of Baden, circle of Up- 
 per F,hine, 13 miles 8.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1144. 
 
 SUr.,ZBURO, a villaiie of Bavaria, circle of Upper Palati- 
 nate, 7 miles S.S.W. of Xeumarkt. Pop. 1144. 
 
 SULZE. ."CSlt/sgh, a walled town of Mecklenburg-SchwerJn, 
 21 miles E. of Rostock. Pop. 3580. 
 
 SULZFELD, soolts/aHt, a village of Baden, circle of Middle 
 Rhine. 3 miles S.W. of Eppingen. Pop. 1805. 
 
 SUMADA.NG or SOEMAUAXG, soo^m^-ddng', a large 
 village in the island of Java, province of Preanger, 87 miles 
 S.E. of Batavia. 
 
 SCMAXAP or SOKMANAP. soo'md'nap', the eastern- 
 most division of the island of Madara, reigned over by its 
 own sultan, but subject to the Dutch. Pop. 132.7(52. 
 
 SUMAX.A.P, capital of the above division, lies on the S.E. 
 coast, at the mouth of the Maringan, in a large bay, and 
 near it is a Dutch fort, built in 1783. 
 
 SUM'AXYTOWX or SUM'XEYTOWN, a post-village of 
 Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on Perkiomen Creek. 98 
 miles E. of Ilarrlsburg. It has several stores, and a 
 newspaper office. 
 
 SUMAUEIX, soo'ma-rlne\ or SOMEREIN, so'meh-rine'. a 
 market-town of Lower Austria, 12 miles from Fischamend. 
 Pop. 1400. 
 
 SUM.\TRA. Boo-m^'tra, a large island in the Indian Sea, 
 Immediately under the equator, and the first (from the W.) 
 of the chain of islands which, extending with a S. curve 
 from tlie Malayan peninsula to Papua and the Philippine 
 I.slands. encloses towards the X. the region known as the 
 Malay Archipelago. Its extreme limits are lat. 8" 45' X., 
 and 5° 65' S. ; Ion. 90° 40' and 106° 6' K. Greatest length, 
 about 1000 miles; greatest breadth, 240 miles: average 
 width, 140 miles. Area, 140,000 square miles. It ranks, 
 therefore, in magnitude, as the second of the Malay Islands, 
 Borneo being the first. The N. portion of Sumatra is 
 separated from the Malayan peninsula on the E. by the 
 Strait of Malacca, and its S.E. extremity is separated from 
 Java by the Strait of Sunda. 
 
 Mountains. — Sumatra appears to one who sails along its 
 W. coast to be an elevated ridge, the mountains rising 
 abruptly at a distance of 2 miles from the shore, and in 
 many places overhanging the waves with steep cliffs. These 
 coast mountains nearly all reach and disappear in the 
 clouds, at a height of about 2000 feet. In some places they 
 reappear alwve the clouds, and a few elevated conical peaks 
 rise to a second stratum of fleecy clouds, in which they ter- 
 minate. This mountain barrier exhibits little variety of 
 form, and the dense forest that clothes it increa.ies its uni- 
 formity. The E. side of the island has a totally different 
 character, and spreads out into interminable plains, nearly 
 as level as the sea. The mountains, viewed from the W. 
 pea-shore, appear at first view to form a continuous ridge; 
 but dense mists resting in the valleys indicate at times the 
 breaks in the chain, and enable the eye to distinguish also 
 three or four separate chains all parallel to the coast. The 
 chief of these is named Bookit-Barisan. On the S.W. side of 
 the island the mountains rise abruptly from the shore. 
 BTid for 300 or 400 miles the average width of the plains 
 between the mountain forests and the sea does not exceed 
 
 SUM 
 
 2 miles. On the N. half of the W. coast, the level maritime 
 tract has a breadth of 6 or 8 miles. In a few places, 
 chiefly at the opening of transverse valleys, the mountains 
 retire so as to allow a greater exten.sion of the alluvial plain, 
 which In a few places has a width of from 12 to 20 miles. 
 The mountains extend for hundreds of miles as uniform 
 ridi^es, at first (beginning from the S.) 2000 or .3000 feet in 
 height, then from 3° S. to the eijuator. attaining a gene- 
 ral height of 5000 feet. Farther X. they retire from the 
 shore, and sink apparently into mere hills. Some elevated 
 and conspicuous peaks indeed rise at wide intervals above 
 the monotonous ridges, yet in the whole length pf 1000 
 miles there are hardly 20 summits exceeding 8000 feet. The 
 chief of these are as follows : — 
 
 Lat. Feet. 
 
 Dempo 3°52'S. 10,440 
 
 Indrapoor 1 34 S. 12,140 
 
 Tttlang IDS. 8,4SO 
 
 Merapi 24 8. 9,700 
 
 Siugallaug 28 S. 10.160 
 
 Lat Feet. 
 Ophir (Gnnong- 
 
 Pusanian) 0' 12' N. 9,500 
 
 Loesa 3 48 N. 11,150 
 
 Aboug-Abong... i 17 N. 10,8«) 
 
 The first four of these are volcanoes, the craters being In all, 
 except Talang, at some distance below the summit. The 
 other known volcanoes in the island have generally an 
 elevation of 6000 or 7000 feet, and do not exceed 15 in 
 number. Sumatra is therefore, in respc^ct to subterranean 
 fires, far more quiescent than Java, which, thinigh much 
 smaller, has above 50 active volcanoes. The summits alKJve 
 mentioned, rLsing abruptly at no great distance from the 
 shore, are grand and conspicuous objects at sea, and hence 
 the estimates heretofore made of their height have been 
 greatly exaggerated. 
 
 Valleys. — The lateral valleys of Sumatra, descending to 
 the coast on the W., are so short and steep that they hold 
 out no temptation to the native husbandman. The longi- 
 tudinal valleys, on the other hand, often 10 miles wide, and 
 in one instance at least 100 miles long, have a moderate fall, 
 allowing irrigation and the cultivation of rice, and conse- 
 quently they are the chief seats of the indigenous popula- 
 tion, and of the characteristic civilisation of the island. The 
 v.alley alluded to extends from the cone of Merapi, lat. 0° 
 24' S., to that of Luba-Raja, lat. 1° 25' X., and is by some 
 regarded as the cradle of the Malayan race. But these val- 
 leys of the Interior remain as yet but imperfectly known to 
 Europeans. 
 
 Islands. — Along the shores of Sumatra are numerous 
 islands, or groups of islands, generally represented as con- 
 nected with it; but, in fact, no such connection exists be- 
 tween the great and the adjacent small islands, which are 
 naturally and historically quite distinct. These i.=ilands 
 are. along the W. coast, (at a general distiince of 70 miles.) 
 the groups of Xias. Batoo. Setieero, Pora. and I'ageh. On 
 the E.. in the Strait of Malacca, are Padang, Panjore, and 
 other islands opposite the mouths of the rivers Siak and 
 Kamper. Farther S. is the group of Rliio or Lingen, near 
 Singapore, and after these Banc* and liilliton. 
 
 fjienlofft/ and Minerah. — The predominant rock is trachyte. 
 With this are found granite, sienite, porphyry, rod sand- 
 stone and limestone, in many varieties. Basalt occurs f.long 
 the coast, and at some points colossal basaltic columns form 
 convenient land-marks. Gold is collect etl in all the streams 
 that wash the granitic hills, chiefly at the sources of the 
 rivers .Iambi and Indragiri. The amount of gold annually 
 exported has been estimated at 30,000 ounces. The steel of 
 Menancabow is deemed excellent. Copper and tin are ex- 
 ported to China chiefly. To these valuable minerals may 
 be added petroleum, sulphur, and nappai, a steatitic rock 
 resembling soap, and vised as a material for carving. 
 
 IHvcrs and Lakes. — The rivers on the W. coast of Sumatra 
 are very numerous, but are. witli few exceptions, little more 
 than mountjiin torrents. On the E. side are several large 
 rivers, winding sluggishly through level plains, and form- 
 ing extensive deltas at their mouths; but In the upper part 
 of their course they are unknown to Europeans. The chief 
 of these rivers are the Rawas, or river of Palembang. which 
 falls into the Strait of Banka. and is navig.able for a distance 
 of ■ 200 miles; the Jambi. the sources of which are near 
 Talang and Indrapoor and the Indragiri, which .springs 
 from the feet of Merapi and Singallang. Of the lakes en- 
 closed In the highland valleys, the best known are the 
 Lakes Sinkara and Dano, (the latter name signifies lake,) 
 the former lying S.E., the latter X.W. of Merapi and Singal- 
 lang. Sinkara, about 12 miles long, and 4 miles wide, lies 
 at an absolute elevation of 1035 feet: Dano, at a height of 
 1500 feet, is much smaller. Lake Eik-Daho, at tlie sources 
 of the River Singkel, (lat. 2° 30' X.,) is said to have an eleva- 
 tion of 4000 feet. 
 
 Climate. — Lying directly under the equator, Sumatra en- 
 joys great equability of temperature; but as it stretches 
 across the direction of the monsoons, its mounta'n ranges 
 arrest all the vapors, and consequently rain falls almost 
 incessantly, at least In the S. half of the island. The N. 
 half, owing perhaps to the vicinity of the M.nlayan penin- 
 sula, is less characterized by humidity. The l!att«hs and 
 tribes farther S. sow fresh land with rice at all seasons of 
 
 185u 
 
 J 
 
SUM 
 
 SU31 
 
 the year; hut for preTiously cultivated grounds there it in 
 eTpry district a sowing season, adapted to the local climat«, 
 and chosen so that the ripening of the rice may take place 
 In the driest months of the year. It is said that the ther- 
 mometer rarely rises above 93°, and it seldom falls below 
 76°. Among the Battihs, and on the highlands of Padang 
 and Palembang, the longevity of the natives seems to attest 
 the salubrity <if the climate ; but in the settlements on the 
 coast, surrounded by marshes, alluvial flats, and mangrove- 
 thickets, the Dutch find the climsite deadly. 
 
 Animals. — It might be naturally supposed, from the pro.xi- 
 mity of Sumatra to the >Iala.vaa peninsula and to Java, 
 that it would have a fauna iu common with those countries. 
 But experience refutes this expettation. and shows that 
 Sumatra, in regard to its zoology, re.sembles Borneo more 
 closely than the countries with w hich it is almost in con- 
 tact. The elephant and the tapir, common in Sumatra, are 
 unknown in Java. The former island has the two-horned, 
 the latter a single-horued, rhinoceros. In the forests of 
 Sumatra are two specis.-s of deer {Cen-us rus.-:a and C€i-v7is 
 hippehiplius) lai-ger than the European red-deer, and the 
 latter of which is peculiar to the island. The orang-outang 
 {Siinia sali/nts) inhabits in Sumatra, as in Borneo, the low 
 alluvial tracts and thickly-wooded deltas, .and is w.<inting in 
 Javjx, where alluvial plains have little extension. Of the 
 genera Uylobates and Semnopithecus, Sumatra has several 
 species peculiar to itself The Gymnura Haffltsii, a singular 
 insectivorous aniin.al. resembling the didelphis of America, 
 is met with only in Borneo and Sumatra. Besides the royal 
 tiger, the natives describe a large carnivorous animal, inha- 
 biting the wild forests, and which is s.aid to have a mane; 
 they also speak of a wild dog of great size, of a deep red 
 color, and with a tufted tail. The only antelope known in 
 the Malay Archipelago is the kamhing-ut'xn. or wild buck 
 of Sumatra. In this island, the domesticated zebu or 
 hunched cow retains its original characteristics in the 
 greatest purity, and the breeds of kine are- collectively 
 smaller than in Java. 
 
 The two neighlwring islands differ much even in their 
 birds; and when they have a species in common, thosu of 
 Sumatra .are almost always distinguishable by the superior 
 brilliancy of their plumage. In the classes of reptiles, fishes, 
 and even of insects, many species .are found in Sumatra 
 which are unknown in Java; on the other hand, one species 
 of crocodile (C bipnrcatiis) is common to these islands, 
 ■while the great rivers of Borneo nourish several distinct 
 species. Of the domesticated animals in Sumatra, the most 
 Important by far are the pigs; by the numl)er of these, is 
 generally estimated the we.aith of eiich community. Nest 
 to these i-ank cows and horse.s, which are, however, very 
 few in relation to the extent of the island. The buffalo is 
 more frequent in the low country, but is only valued as 
 food, and never yoked for labor as in Java. The horse of 
 the highlands (chiefly Tobah, in the Battah country) is 
 small but vigorous, and capable of enduring much fatigue; 
 it resembles closely the horse of Borneo. The goat is not 
 very common ; the sheep and ass are unknown. The dog, 
 though a great favorite with the Battahs and other hiil- 
 trlbes, is often killed for food. The common fowl is as 
 plentiful here as in the rest of the Malay Archipelago, and 
 cock-fighting is the darling amusement of the people. 
 
 Vegetation. — The swampy deposit on the caasts is covered 
 by mangrove, {Khiznphnra.) the roots of which give consist- 
 ency to the growing sea-marsh, and promote its transition 
 to the state of dry land. In places exposed to the waves, 
 the casuarina precedes the mangrove. Above, and pro- 
 tected by these plants of gloomy aspect, flourish carnavali.a, 
 crotalari.a. calophyllum, hibiscus, and many other species. 
 the superb flowers of which form a rich garden close to the 
 gea-side. A little farther in we come to the palms; here the 
 traveller is checked by the creeping species, rottang, (rattans,) 
 plectocomia. Ac, which entwining their branches along the 
 ground, and often armed with thorns, form impenetrable 
 thickets. The caryota. areca, and nibon palms, the latter 
 with sharp spikes, grow erect. On the steeper shores, the 
 myrtle, (here a large tree.) and the fig in several varieties, 
 spietid in families; the rottang and gomuti-palm flourishing 
 beneath the shade of the larger trees. Above the figs and 
 myrtles, or from 500 to 6000 feet in elevation, oaks of several 
 species form the greater part of the forest. But though 
 decidedly a great tree, and valuable for its timber, the oak 
 Is here inferior to the dryobalanops, which produces the 
 precious camphor. This tree prevails N. of Ayerbangis. 0°20' 
 N. of the equator. S. of that point it gives place to the gum- 
 yislding dipteroearpus, which is truly the pride of the Indian 
 Jbrest.s. attaining in height and circumference an incredible 
 magnitude. The bare enumeration of only the more re- 
 mark.ahle species in the.se forests would exceed our limits; 
 we must content ourselves therefore with obsening. that 
 the colossal trees of hundreds of forms, are theuiselves 
 covered by creeping pl.ants still more luxuriant and viva- 
 cious; and that the largest flower known, the Kafflesi.i. 
 which measures a yard in diameter, and has a calvx capable 
 of holding six quarts, Is a parasitic ornament of trees of 
 rough bark in these forests. 
 1856 
 
 ' 'When Sun'iitra was first visited by Europeans, pepper 
 was its only cultivated product. This culture was after- 
 wards superseded by that of cotton. But at the present 
 d.ay the tree-cotton exported is of little value, and pepper is 
 again the chief production. Besides this, Sumatra exports 
 camphor, which differs from the Japanese ; benzoin, cassia 
 or common cinnamon, rottang. ebony, te;ik. sandal-w<«jd, 
 and aloes. To these articles of export may be added 
 gambler, edible birds'-nests, wax. rice, and ivory. The Bat- 
 tahs. and other indigenous tribes of the highlands, culti- 
 vate for their own consumption besides rice, maize, (which 
 is enormously productive.) batatas, and talas, (Oaladium 
 esculcntum.) another edible tuber. Capsicum, ginger, betel, 
 tobacco, and Indigo are reared in their gardens. Their 
 fruit-trees are relatively few, particularly on the S.W. side 
 of the island, yet they have the Kan.ana, papaw, mango, 
 durian. and a citron of agreeiible flavor. 
 
 Divisions. — The political divisions of the island are but 
 imperfectly known. The sultans named on the coasts have 
 often little power. The confederations of vill.ages, which are 
 characteristic of the interior, form in general very unobtru- 
 sive states, and there is reason to suspect that the Dutch 
 established on the island, and affecting its sovereignty, 
 purposely overlook and consign as much as possible to obli- 
 vion every claim to independence. 
 
 The head of the Dutch government of the W. coast, with 
 the title of civil and military governor of Sumatra, resides 
 at I'adang. I,at. 0° 50' S. 
 
 The country of the hampongs. comprising the S. districts 
 of the island on the Strait of Sunda, and extending N. to 
 the Strait of Banka, is under the supervision of a resident, 
 civil and military, whose usual seat is Tarabangi. 
 
 I'alembang, with a resident in the town of that name, 
 includes the.ancient kingdom of Palembang. together with 
 that of Jambi. adjoining the former on the N.,and the chiefs 
 of which submitted to the Dutch in 1835. 
 
 In all the Dutch possessions the active administration is 
 left to the native chiefs, in conformity with ancient customs, 
 but the Dutch exercise a controlling influence in council. 
 Thj territorial i-evenues are unequal to the expenses. 
 
 Inhabitants. — Sumatra is possessed, at the present day, by 
 a very mixed population. Kven those tribes of the central 
 highlands, who are frequently pointed outas types of a pure 
 race, exhibit such diversity of physical character as can be 
 explained only by supposing some mixture of breeds .at a 
 remote period. The Malays round the coast are not all of 
 the indigenous stock, but are collected £!-ora every quarter 
 of the archipelago. Hindoos appear to have settled at an 
 early age on the N. coasts of the island, and hence the 
 people of Acheen are taller artd more vigorous than Malays 
 in general, though they retain the fierce looks and repulsive 
 features of this race. The Arabs in the island, though few 
 in number, have always formed an important class. Chi- 
 nese are numerous, particularly on the E. coast. In Palem- 
 bang. the sultans, dre.ading the estiblishment of colonies, 
 would not allow them to live on shore. They bxiilt their 
 houses, therefore, on i-afts, moored in the river close to the 
 banks, and these floating houses were found to have so 
 many advantages thiit the Chinese now prefer them, though 
 at liberty to live on land. N.W. of Palembang. the Orang- 
 Kooboo (or Kubu) live in a savage state, and .shun 
 intercourse with the Malayan tribes around them. They 
 are taller and stronger than the other native tribes, go 
 nearly naked, and have no weapon but the spear. It is 
 remarkable that, while everywhere else in the Malay 
 -Archipelago the Malays occupy the coasts, a nation of ap- 
 parently pure Malays should be found here in the interior 
 cultivating the hilLs, unacquainted with the sea. and with 
 institutions bearing marks of great antiquity. It appears, 
 also, that on the adjacent mainland the Malays in general 
 are called Menancabow. whereas the name Malayu, meaning 
 wanderers, evidently dates from an emigration, and not 
 from the origin of the nation. 
 
 The Battahs may be considered as fairly representing, in 
 most respects, the indigenous population of the island. 
 Like the Mal.ays. they fall short of the European stature, 
 rarely exceeding 5 feet 4 inches in height; but they differ 
 from the Malays in having handsome proportions and mus- 
 cular limbs. 
 
 f tofom.t. — The ordinary dress of the Battahs is simple ; 
 and consists merely of a hungm or head-cloth, worn as a 
 turban ; and a serroar or loose trousers, reaching down to 
 the knee. The upper part of the body, the neck, and arms, 
 are usually uncovered in both sexes: but in cold weather, 
 or for ornament, they wear a jellimtit or scarf. atx)ut two 
 yards long, over the shouldera. A hanisome Jdliintit, with 
 a fiinge of beads, is the distinction of a r^jah. I'heir cloth 
 is home-made cotton, very coarse, but strong, and ^.yed 
 blue or red with indigo or the Myrintla cilrifolia. None 
 but the poorest mountaineers clothe themselves with the 
 bark of trees. Young girls wear rings of wire round the 
 neck, wrist, and ankle. The rajahs alone wear armlets 
 of ivory or of a large shell, {Tridana gigas.) They never 
 tattoo themselves, nor do they, like the Malays, stain thcii 
 teeth black. The lower part of the Battah's house ooik 
 
SUM 
 
 fcrun to the prevalent architectural system of the Malay 
 Archipelago. The edifice is raised on four posts or pillars, 
 from 4 to 8 feet above the ground. The dwellings of the 
 poorer classes are made wholly of bamboo; they are large 
 baskets, in short, thatched with the broad-leaved grass 
 called allang ; but the better kind of houses are framed of 
 good timber, and over the wattled sides are laid plates of 
 bark, 10 feet long and 3 feet wide, peeled from large trees, 
 and then pressed flat with heavy weights as they dry. The 
 structure thus framed is a quadrangle, alwut V2 feet wide 
 and 24: feet long. In good houses, a partial ceiling forms a 
 se(rond story, which is used as a store-room ; and under the 
 projecting peak of the roof, the gables being both open, is a 
 bakouy, sufficiently sheltered, yet commanding a view of 
 the village, and reserved by IJattah hospitality for the use 
 of casual visitors and strangers. The house is entered by a 
 ladder, through a door little more than 3 feet high in the 
 narrow end, and has no windows. In every village there is 
 a Well-built house, reared on six elalx)rately carved posts, 
 and which .seems to serve at once as a temple and a 'town- 
 hall. In the forest districts it is not unusual to see houses 
 buiit in the trees, sometimes several in one great tree; the 
 main stem of the tree being cut away, aud the horizontal 
 arms remaining. 
 
 Industry. — The poor Malays of Palembang build excellent 
 and very beautiful boats; the Battahs construct very solid 
 houses fcgr their chiefs. The agriculture of these people is 
 very slovenly ; nature has been bountiful to them, and 
 they require but little. A rude spade and hoe are their 
 only implements. Yet on the highlands of the Battahs are 
 to be seen canals of ii-rigation, 10 feet wide, and 4 or 5 miles 
 long, carried along embankments, and surpassing in design 
 ami execution .any thing of the same kind existing in Java. 
 The labors of the tield fall chiefly on the women; and in 
 Tobah, indeed, it is customary for the men to stay at home 
 nursing the children, while the women toil in the rice-fields. 
 Unmarried girls, however, are exempt from field-work, ex- 
 cept at the time of the rice harvest, when none are spared, 
 young or old, who are capable of assisting. In thus oppress- 
 ing the weaker sex with an undue share of labor, the Bat- 
 taU men are guided solely by the wisdom of their ancestors, 
 or. as it may be called, perhaps with equal justice, tradi- 
 tional barbarity. When their feelings are appealed to, their 
 treatment of their partners is always generous and kindly. 
 Polygamy is not forbidden by any law, and yet it is unusual; 
 the price of, or perhaps we might say the settlement on a 
 wife, being so high that few can afford to have more than 
 one. The r.ajahs alone have sometimes six or eight wives. 
 
 Gnrerninent. — Among the Battahs, and indeed all the in- 
 dijienous tribes of Sumatra, the characteristic political ten- 
 dency is one that could have originated only in the recesses 
 of the mountains. Every village affects independence; but 
 to obviate the incessant petty wars to which this state of 
 things might be expected to give rise, the villages often con- 
 federate, the local chiefs or rajahs forming a council for the 
 regulation of affairs. Thus in Padang we hear of the 16 
 kottas, (villi^jes.) the 10 kottas, &c. But confederation 
 never changes the temper of the people, and the Sumatran 
 is always refractory against any authority, save that of his 
 village chief. 
 
 Religion. — There is no trace of any .system of religious 
 opinions among the native tribes of Sumatra. They have 
 no temples, no priests, and perhaps no idea of Divine benefi- 
 cence. Their Begu seems to be an evil spirit, and demons 
 are supposed to haunt the high mountains. On the coasts, 
 Boodhisra appears to have been introduced at an early age, 
 but it has been since completely superseded by Mohammed- 
 anism, which among the Malays, however, is everywhere 
 of a very relaxed character. The Arabian doctrine of Islam, 
 though seductive and ordinarily successful among half-civil- 
 ized men, found, in the interior of this island, an insur- 
 mountable ob.stacle in the popular economy; for the Suma- 
 tran prides him.silf on his droves of swine. 
 
 Lnws and Learning. — The Battahs have had the art of 
 writing from a date beyond the reach of their traditions. 
 Their characters are peculiar, and also their mode of writing, 
 for they begin at the bottom of the page, at the left-hand 
 side, and place letter above letter in a vertical column till 
 they reach the top, when they return to the bottom, at the 
 right, to begin a second line. Their ancient books are writ- 
 ten in a brilliant ink, on paper made of the bark of trees. 
 At the present day, ink has fallen into disuse or been for- 
 gotten, and modern Battah writing is scratched with an 
 iron style on slips of flattened bamboo. Their books, of 
 which in truth there is little known, are said to have no 
 value. Their laws or Hadat are not written, but are essen- 
 tially oral records of custom, and to write them would tend 
 to subvert a custom essentially connected with them, 
 namely, that of wrangling about their meaning. The laws 
 ot the Battahs allow the penalty of death to be commuted 
 in most cases for pecuniary fines. But there are exceptions: 
 in case of adultery, if the injured party be a rajah or chief, 
 and the offender a common man, the latter must be eaten. 
 Enemies, also, taken with arms in their hands, outside of a 
 village, become the food of the villagers. If an enemy be 
 6B. 
 
 SUM 
 
 taken within the village, his life depends on the generosity 
 of the captor. It appears that their criminal laws are con 
 stantly strained for the sake of making sacrifices; that can- 
 nibalism claims no great antiquity among them, but was 
 first introduced in the seventeenth century; that some 
 thoughtful rajahs have proposed the abolition of the cus- 
 tom; but their wLsdom and moral feeling have not as yet 
 been able to prevail against brute appetite, and in 1840 two 
 Roman Catholic missionaries were killtKl and eaten by the 
 Battahs. Backed by the authority of the Dutch, the ehieS 
 will probably soon achieve this important reform. 
 
 Population. — The population of Sumatra has been often 
 estimated at 7.000,000 ; but it is not likely that it exceeds 
 4,500,000, thus distributed :— 
 
 Acheen down to Siak 600,000 
 
 Battahs I.'.DII.OOO 
 
 Malays of Padang and Palembang a.Ot».i«W 
 
 Rcjangs and Pa.suman3 5.5U,0O0 
 
 LampoQgs 150.000 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 Histnry. — Sumatra was first visited by the Portu'.'uese in 
 1506; but it was not till 1600. when the Dutch estalilishe<l a 
 factory at Poelo (I'oolo or Pulo) Chingko, on the W. coast, 
 that Europeans obtained a firm footing on the island. In 
 1066 the Dutch Company took possession of Padang, and 
 soon after enlarged its territories, by treaty with the Sultan 
 of Acheen. Since that time they have gone on continually 
 consolidating and increasing their dominion, much more 
 by negotiation and the management of parties, than by force 
 of arms. In 1824. Bencoolen was ceded to the Netherlands 
 
 by Great Britain, in exchange for Malacca. Adj. and in- 
 
 hab. Sumatran. soo-md'tran. 
 
 SUMAUN, soo'mawn', a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces. 24 miles N. of Etawah. 
 
 SUMBA, silm'bd, a town of India, in Deccan, in the Ni- 
 zam's dominions, 53 miles N.E. of Ahmednugger. 
 
 SUMBA. a name of Sandalwood Island. 
 
 SUMBAWA, soom-baw'wa. or SOEMBAWA, soom-bil/*J, 
 an island of the Malay Archipelago, bounded on the -N. by 
 the .lava Sea: S. by the Indian Ocean; W. by the Strait of 
 Allass, .separating it from the island of Lombok ; and on the 
 E. by the Strait of Sappi, separating it from the islands of 
 Comodo and Flores. Lat. of the S.W. point, 9° 2' S., Ion. 116= 
 42' E. It is about ICO miles long from E. to W., by 31 miles 
 extreme breadth, and of irregular form, being deeply in- 
 dented by arms of the sea. Along the coasts aie a number 
 of small islands. It is divided into 6 native states, reigned 
 over by rajahs; Tomlioro or Tonibura, and Sumbawaon the 
 N. coast, whose inhabitants are the bi-avest in the island; 
 Bima, on the E., where the Dutch have a resident ; Dompo, 
 Sangar, andPapekat: all of them acknowledge subjection to 
 the Dutch. The soil is exceedingly volcanic, in some places 
 fertile, and watered by several streams. Sappan-wcjod and 
 rice are the chief products, beyond the usual tropicJil fruits. 
 Beer and swine are plentiful; but cattle, goats, and fowls 
 are not abundant. There are two breeds of hoi-ses. that of 
 Tomboro and th.at of Bima; the latter, the finest in the 
 Malay Archipelago, is extensively bred and expoited. Fish 
 are plentiful, and edible bird's-nests are procured on the 
 coasts. Gold is obtained in Sumbawa and Dompo; sulphur 
 and saltpetre in Bima ; and pearls on the coast of Papekat. 
 Sumbawa is mountainous, and its heights have such a re- 
 markable appearance, that once seen they are never forgot- 
 ten, a tact which renders them an excellent landmark for 
 ships passing to and from China. Near the N. coast is the 
 noted volcano of Tomboro, 8940 feet high, of which adre:id- 
 ful eruption took place in April, 1815, the noise of which was 
 heard in Celebes, the Moluccas, and Sumatra, or over an 
 area with a radius of above 840 miles from the volcano; so 
 near did the explosion appear to be in Java, that many 
 thought there was an eruption of one of the largest volcanoes 
 in that island. The ashes thrown up darkened the air; and 
 on the neighboring island of Lombok many people were 
 buried under them, and many died from the famine caused 
 by the destruction of the veget.ation : they fell on the E. end 
 of Java, about 340 miles off, to a depth of several inclies ; and 
 they reached even to Sumatra, 840 miles off. In the island 
 of Sumbawa itself, the devastation was fearful : in the dis- 
 trict of Tomboro alone, 12,000 people were destroyed ; the sea 
 also ro.se. and swept away men and houses, and l5 years 
 afterwards the vegetation had not recovered from the effects 
 of this dire disaster. Another eruption occurred in November 
 and December, 1836, but much less destructive in its effects. 
 
 SUMBAWA, a town on the N. coast of the above island, 
 100 miles W. of Bimah, in lat, 8= 30' S., Ion. 117° 30' E. It 
 has a good harbor, and is the residence of a chief, subject to 
 the Sultan of Bimah. 
 
 SUMBIIELPUn. SeeSuMBri. 
 
 SUMlillUL, siim'bril', a town of British India, presidency 
 of B<'ngal. in the Upper Provinces, district, and 60 miles 
 N.W. of Bareily. 
 
 SUMBIIULTOOR, sfim^bril-poor', an extensive district of 
 British India, province of Gundwana. divided by the Maita- 
 nuddy into two unequal portions. The surface in the E. is 
 
 1867 
 
SUM 
 
 SUM 
 
 mouotainoiis and wooded ; in the N. and W. are extensive 
 plaiijs, j'ieldiug wiieat, barley, sugar-cane, cotton, &c. It 
 ha.s fallen into the possession of the British since 1S49. 
 
 SU.MBIIULPOOR, a town of British India. Ciipital of the 
 above district, on the M.nhanuddy, 143 miles W.X.W. of Cut^ 
 fcicli, in lat. 21° 8' X., loa. 83° 37' E. It is the largest town 
 In a wide extent of country. It is enclosed by wall.s, and 
 has several Hindoo temples. 
 
 SUMBUL, sum'bul', SIMBUL, sim'bul', or SUMBHEL- 
 PUR, sum'bjl-poor', a village of Cashmere, on the Jhylum, 
 In lat. 34° 11' N., Ion. 74° 30' E. 
 
 SDMEGH, shooViSg', a market-town of Hungary, co. of 
 fealad. 17 miles X.N.E. of Keszthely. Pop. 2624. 
 
 SU M KIS AT, a tovrn of .Asiatic Turkey. See Someisat. 
 
 SUMKXE, sii^main', a town of France, department of 
 Gard. 5 miles E. of Le Vijan. Pop. 1977. 
 
 SUMIDOURO, soo-me-(io/ro, (-'abyss.'') a river of Brazil, 
 rises in the province of .Matto Grosso, flows N., and joins 
 the Arinhos about 110 miles below the confluence of the 
 Preto. It plunges, at one part of its course, into a deep pool, 
 pursues its course under ground, and afterwards reappejirs. 
 
 SUMISWALD, soo/mis-*llt.\ or SUMMISWALD, sodm'- 
 mis-*llt\ a flourishing village of Switzerland, cauton, and 
 15 miles E.X.E. of Bern. Pop. 1300. 
 
 SU.M'.MBRKIELD, a post-village of Guilford co.. North Ca- 
 ^olin.^. 99 miles W.X.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 SUMMERFIELD, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama. 
 
 SUM-Mt^RFIELD, a post-village of Xoble CO., Ohio, 100 
 miles E. by S. of Columbus. Pop. about 200. 
 
 SU.MM ERFIELD, a post-township in the S.W. psirt of Mon- 
 roe CO.. Michigan. Pop. 962. 
 
 SU.MMERFORD, a post-office of Madison co., Ohio. 
 
 SUM/MER GROVE, a postoffice of Smith co., Te.xas. 
 
 SL'.MMER HILL, a post-township forming the S.E. extre- 
 mity of Cayuga CO., New York. Ex-President Fillmore is 
 said to have been born in this township. Pop. 1194. 
 
 SUMMER HILL, a post-village and township of Cambria 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 23 miles W. by S. of HoUidaysburg. Pop. 
 1303 
 
 SU.MMER HILL, a township of Crawford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, intersected bv the Beaver and Erie Canal, about 10 
 miles W.y.W. of M«idville. Pop. 1237. 
 
 SUMMER ISL.\XDS,a group of 30 islands at the entrance 
 of Loch Broom, Scotland, on the W. coast of the counties of 
 Ross and Cromarty. Only the largest, Tanera-More, about 
 2 miles in length and 1 mile in breadth, is inhabited. 
 
 SUMMER L.\KE, in the S. interior of Oregon Territory, 
 In lat. about 42° 40' N., Ion. 120° 40' W. Length, about 10 
 miles. 
 
 SUMM?^RS, a post>ofliee of Rockbridge co., Virginia. 
 
 SUMMEitS, a township of Saline co., Illinois. 
 
 SUM'.MERSET, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, 115 miles 
 W. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 SUMMER'S MILL, a postKjfflce of Guildford co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SUMMERSVILLE, post-office. Jefferson co., Pennsylvani.i. 
 
 SU.MMERSVILLE, a small village of Noxubee co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 SUM'MERVILLE.apost-village, Butler co., Peunsylvani.-j. 
 
 SU.MMERVILLE. a post-village. rapit.al of Nicholas co., 
 W. Virsinia. about 140 miles S. of Wheeling. 
 
 SUMMERVILLE, a postrvillage of Cumberland CO., North 
 Carolina, 30 miles S. of Raleigh. 
 
 SU.MMERVILLE, a post-vill.ige on the line between 
 Charleston and Colleton distriL'ts. South Carolina, and on 
 the South Carolina Railroad, 22 miles X.\V. of Charleston. 
 
 SUMMERVILLE, a post-village, capiLil of Chattooga co., 
 Georgia, on Chattooga River, 195 miles N.W. of .Miiledge- 
 ville. It is pleasantly situated in a fertile valley, and con- 
 tiiins a handsome court-house, 2 or 3 churches, and 5 or 6 
 dry-goods stx>res. Pop. 350. 
 
 SUMMERVILLE, a post-village of Greene CO., Kentucky, 
 about 85 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 SUMMERVILLE, a village of Union co., Ohio, about 50 
 miles X.W. of Columbus. 
 
 SUM.MERVILLE, a post-vill.ige of Cass co., Michigan, on 
 the Dawagiac River, 11 miles W. of Cassopoiis. 
 
 SU.MMERVILLE, a post-village in Cook co., Illinois, on 
 the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 12 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 SU.MMERVILLE, a post-office of Boone CO., Missouri. 
 
 SUM.MERVILLE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, 15 
 miles S.E. of Janesville. It contains about 20 dwellings. 
 
 SUM'.MERVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. pf 
 Glengary, situated on the St. Lawrence River, 70 miles S.W. 
 of .Montre;il. Pop. about 80. 
 
 SU.MMISWALD, Switzerland. See SCMISW.UD. 
 
 SUM'.M1T, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, has an area 
 of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Cuy.ahoga 
 River, and also drained by the head streams of the Tuscara- 
 was River, and by Wolf Creek. It comprises the highest 
 land on the line of the Ohio Canal, which is about 400 feet 
 above the level of Lake Erie, and is sometimes called the 
 PirLtgi: Summit. The name of the county was derived from 
 this circumstance. The surface is undulating, and in snme 
 parts level; the soil is excelleut, and in good cultivation. 
 1858 
 
 Large beds of stone coal and of mineral fire-proof paint have 
 been discovered, and are exported extensively. It is co- 
 piously supplied with water-power. The Pennsylvania and 
 Ohio Ciinal connects with the Ohio Canal at Akron. The 
 county is intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Rail- 
 road, and by the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati Rail- 
 road. Capital, Akron. Pop. 27.344. 
 
 SUMMIT, a railroad station of Broome co.. New York, on 
 the New York and Erie Railroad. 194 miles from Xe" Yrrk 
 City. Near this place the railroad passes through a . JLI in 
 the rock nearly 200 feet in depth. 
 
 SUM.MIT, a post-township of Schoharie CO., New York, 
 about 50 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 19il. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-office of Esse.x co., New Jersey. 
 
 SUMMIT or SU.M'MITVILLE, a thriving po.st-borough 
 of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, on the Portage Railroad, 
 where it crosses the summit of the Alleghany Mountiin by 
 .several inclined planes. 104 miles E. of Pittsburg, and about 
 2500 feet above the level of the sea. The Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road pas.ses near the place. Incorporated in 1850. Pop. ia 
 1860, 176. 
 
 SUMMIT, a township of Crawford CO., Pennsylvania, ister- 
 sected by the Beaver and Erie Can.al, about 10 miles W. by 
 N. Of .Meadville. Pop. 1147. 
 
 SUMMIT, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1144. 
 
 SUM.MIT, a post-office of Northampton co., North Carolina. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-office of Blount co., .Alabama. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio. 
 
 SUM.MIT, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 SUMMIT, a postoffice of Whitley co., Indiana, 8 miles W. 
 of Columbia. 
 
 SUMMIT, a village of Cook co., Illinois, on the Des Plaines 
 River, and on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, about 12 
 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-village and township of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin, about 30 miles W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1161. 
 
 SU.M.MIT, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Territory, 
 
 SU.MMIT BRIDGE, a post-vilLige of Xew Castle co., Dela- 
 ware. al>out 30 miles X. by W. from Dover. 
 
 SU.MMIT HILL, a post-village of Carlxin CO., Pennsylva- 
 nia. 9 miles W. of Mauch Chunk. Immense quantities of 
 coal are mined here, and conveyed by raili-oad to the canal 
 at Mauch Chunk. 
 
 SU.M.MIT MILLS, a post-olfice of Somerset oo., Pennsyt 
 vania, about 150 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 SU M .MI T POI X T, a post-office of Jefterson Co., W. Virginia. 
 
 SU.MMITVILLE. Pennsylvania. See Summit. 
 
 SUM'MITVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland. 
 
 SU.MMITV1LLE, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 SUMMITVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Indiana. 
 
 SU.MMITVILLE, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, about 15 
 miles X.N.W. of Keokuk. 
 
 SUM'NER, a county in the N. part of Tennes.see. border- 
 ing on Kentucky, h.as an area estimated at t'OO square miles. 
 The Cumberland River forms its entire boundary on the S., 
 and it is ulso drained by creeks which flow N. into Big Bai^ 
 ren River. The surface is undulating, the soil excclleut. 
 The Cumlierland I'.iver is navigated by steamboats on the 
 border. The county is intersected by the Louisville and 
 Nashville Railroad. Capital, Gallatin. Population 22,030, 
 of whom 14,330 were free, and 7700 slaves. 
 
 SUMNER, a post-village and township of Oxford co^ 
 Maine, 40 miles W. of Augusta. It contains 2 churcbes. 2 
 grist-mills, 3 saw-mills, and 2 shingle maclr'aes. Popula- 
 tion n.54. 
 
 SU.MNEYTOWN, Pennsylvania. See Sumanttown. 
 
 SUMPTER, a post-office of Trinity CO.. Tex.is. 
 
 SUMPTION'S PRAI'RIES, a post-office of St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 SU.MSHU, the northernmost of the Koorile Isl.ands, 
 
 SUM.-^HU. SeeSooMSHOo. 
 
 SU-MTER, a district towards the S.E. part of South |Ca- 
 rolina, h.as an area of about 1500 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the \Vateree and Santee Rivers, on the S. by 
 the Santee, on the N.E. by Lynch's Creek, and drained by 
 the hejid streams of Black River. The surface is level or 
 undulating, and partly covered with pine woods. The soil 
 is generally productive. The Santee is navigable by steam- 
 boats on the border of the district, which is intersected by 
 the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. Capital, Sutn- 
 terville. Pop. 23,859, of whom 7177 were free, and 16,652 
 slaves. 
 
 SU.MTER, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of 590 square miles. It is lx)und>.'d on the E. by the 
 Flint River, and traversed by Muckalee and Kinchafoonee 
 Creeks, affluents of that river. The surface is level, or 
 rather flat, and partly covered with forests. The soil is pro- 
 ductive, especially along the river and creeks. It is con- 
 templated to extend the South-western Railroad thi-oirgh 
 the county. Organized in 1831. Capital, Americus. Pop. 
 9428, of whom 45o,s were free, and 4S9u slaves. 
 
 SUMTER, a county in the N. part of Florida. Pop. l.=>49. 
 
 SUMTER, a county in the W.part of Alabama, bordering 
 
SUM 
 
 on the Mississippi, has an area estimated at SOO square miles. 
 It is hoan.led on the K. and N.E. by Tomhii;bee Kiver, in- 
 tersected by the Noxubee River, and also drained by Tu^aloo 
 Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven; the soil fertile, 
 especially n«ar the rivers. The Torabigbee is navijjable by 
 steamboats on the border. The county is intersected by 
 the Alabama and Mississippi Railroad, now in course of 
 construction. Capital, Livingston. Pop. 24,035, of whom 
 6944 were free, and 18,091 slaves. 
 
 St'MTER. a township of Wavne CO., Michigan. Pop. 734. 
 
 SUMTER'VILLE, a post-village, capital of Sumter district. 
 South Carolina, on the Wilmington and Manchester Kail- 
 road, 63 miles E. by S. of Columbia. It contains a bank, 
 Heveral churches, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 SUMTERVILLE, a post-village iu Lee CO., Georgia, 100 
 miies S.W. by S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 SUMTERVILLE, a postrvillage of Sumter co., Alabama, 
 near Tombigbee River, 64 miles S.W. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 SUMVIX, soom'vix, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Orisons, 5 miles N.E. of Dissentis Mustar. Pop. 1500. 
 
 SUMY. See Soomy. 
 
 8UN, a poat-olTice of St. Tammany parish, Louisiana. 
 
 SUNA, soo'nd, a village of the Sardinian States, 1 mile 
 N.W. of Pallanza, on the E. shore of Lago Maggiore. P. 1212. 
 
 SUNAPEK, a post-office of Sullivan co., New Hampshire. 
 
 SUX'Al'EE LAKK, New Hampshire, between Sullivan 
 and Merrimack counties, is near 10 miles long, and from 1 
 to 2j miles wide. It is said to be elevated more than 1000 
 feet above the level of the sea. The outlet discharges its 
 waters through Sugar River into the >Ierrimack. 
 
 SUN ART, LOCH, loK soo'nart, an inlet of the sea, on the W. 
 coast of Scotland, co. of Argyle, between Ardnamurchan on 
 the N., and .Morven and the i.sland of Mull on the S. Length, 
 22 miles; breadth, 4 miles at its communiaition S. with 
 the Sound of Mull. It contains Oransay, Carnich, and 
 other islets. On its banks are the villages of Strontian and 
 Ardnamurchan. 
 
 SUN'BiOAM, a post-office of Mercer co., Hlinois. 
 
 SUN'BURY, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 SUN15UUY, sQn'ber-€, a small village of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 miles N. of Butler. 
 
 SUNBUllY. a flourishing and beautifully situated town, 
 capital of Northumberland CO., Pennsylvania, on the left (E.) 
 bank of the Susriuehanna River, 1 mile below the junction 
 of its branches, 56 miles N. of Harrisburg, and 134 miles 
 N.W. of I'hilailclphia. It contains seV(Tal thnrcbes, and 2 
 newspaper offices. At this point the Philadelphia and Erie 
 Railioad connects with the Northern Central Railroad, 
 leading to Harrisburg and Baltimore, and with the Slia- 
 uiokin Valley and Pottsville Railroad. A canal, belonging 
 to the state, crosses the river a little below the town, at the 
 Shamokin Bam, which is 27^3 feet long. A bridge across 
 the North Branch connects Sunhury with Northnnibcrland. 
 Stone coal is procured in the county, and shipped here. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1218; in 1860, 1803. 
 
 SUNBDRY, a post-village of Gat«s co., North Carolina, 
 about 150 miles N.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 SUXBURY, a decayed town of Liberty CO., Georgia, on the 
 Medway River, about 30 miles S.S.W. of Savannah. It was 
 built iu 1778, and immediately after the Revolution wa.s a 
 flourishing seaport. It now has only about 6 or 8 families. 
 
 SUNBURY, a thriving postrvillage of Delaware CO., Ohio, 
 20 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. almut 500. 
 
 SUNBURY, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1369. 
 
 SUNBURY, a small village of .Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 SUNBURY, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, 110 
 miles N.E. bv N. of Springfield. 
 
 SUNBURY, a county in the S. central part of New Bruns- 
 wick, intersected by the river St. John, and watered by seve- 
 ral other streams. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is 
 fertile, and heavily timbered. Steamboats and vessels of 
 100 tons ascend the St. John's River through the county to 
 Fredericton, 90 miles from its mouth. 
 
 SUN'COOK, a post-village of Merrimack co., New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Portsmouth and Concord Railroad, 7 miles 
 from Concord. 
 
 SUNCOOK RIVER, of New Hampshire, rises in Strafford 
 CO., and flowing through Belknap county, falls into the Mer- 
 rimack, about 15 miles S.S.E. of Concord. 
 
 SUN CREEK, of Mississippi, flows S.E. through Coving- 
 ton CO., into Bowie River. 
 
 SUNDA (sun'da) ISLES, Malay Archipelago, comprise 
 Sumatra. Java, Bali, Lomlwk, Flores, and the other islands 
 of the same ch.ain as far E. as Timor, and separate the seas 
 of Java and Flores, with the rest of the Malay Archipelago, 
 from the Indian Ocean. 
 
 SUN DAL. sdon'ddl, a river of Norway, issues from a lake 
 at the foot of Sneehaetten, flows E., then N.. then W., and 
 falls into the Tingvold-flord; total course, about 70 miles. 
 
 SUNDA, STRAIT OF, a passage between the islands of 
 Sumatra and Java, from the Indian Ocean into the Sea of 
 Java. Breadth, from 70 to 90 miles. 
 
 SUN'D ^.Y 01- R.VOUL, ri-ool', an island of the South Pa- 
 cific. Lat. (N W. point) 29° 12' S., Ion. 178° 15' W. It is 
 iibout 12 miles in circuit, lofty and rugged. 
 
 SUN 
 
 SUNT) AY CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Ilockhocking River, 
 a few miles above Athens. 
 
 SUNDAY CREEK CROSS-ROADS, a nostK)fflca '^ V-»rry 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 SUXOiAY RIA''ER, of South Africa, in Cape Colony, di-; 
 sions of Graaf-Reinet and Uitenhage, rises in the Sneeuw. 
 bergen, flows S.E., and enters Algoa Bay 18 miles N.E. of 
 Port Eliz.abeth, after a cour.se of 200 miles. It re<'eives nu- 
 merous small affluents. It has a rapid current: the tide 
 rises in it to 15 miles from the sea, but a bar at its moath 
 impedes navigation. 
 
 SUNDEELA, sun-dee/li, a town of Hindostan, in Oude, 31 
 miles N.W. of Lueknow. 
 
 SUN^DEEP', an island of Hindostan, in the Bay of Bengal, 
 at the mouth of the Megna, E. of Chittagong. Length, 
 about 16 miles; average breadth, 6 miles. About the be- 
 ginning of the seventeenth century it was taken possession 
 of by Portuguese adventurers who had been expelled from 
 Ara^an, and who converted it into an independent princi- 
 pality ; they are said to have had a force of 1000 Portuguese, 
 and 2000 native infantry, 200 cavalry, and 80 armed vessels 
 of different sizes. It afterwards fell into the possession of 
 Mughs, who were finally subdued in 1666 by Shaista-Khan, 
 the Mogul governor of Bengal. 
 
 SUNDERBUNDS, siin/dfr-bunds\ a densely wooded tract 
 of British India, extending 170 miles along the coast of the 
 Bay of Bengal at the mouths of the Ganges. Its rivers are 
 navigable at all seasons of the year. 
 
 SUN'DERLAND, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 seaport town, and pari.sh of England, at the mouth of the 
 Wear, in the North Sea, co., and 13 miles N.E. of Durham, 
 with which city and with Shield.s, Gateshead, Hartlepool, 
 and other places in the county, it is connected by a network 
 of railways. Lat. of light, on the N. of two piers whiqh en- 
 close its harbor. 54° 54' 5" N., ion. 1° 22' W. Pop. of parish 
 in 1851, 19,058: of parliamentjiry borough, which comprises 
 also Bishop-Wearmouth on the S., Monk-Wearmouth and 
 Southwick on the N. bank of the river, 80,324. The 
 town proper of Sunderland occupies a peninsula between 
 the expansion of the Wear and the sea; it has one good 
 and broad street, and a fine new market-place; but else- 
 where consists mostly of narrow lanes. Bishop-Wearmouth, 
 on its W. side, is a handsome and increasing quarter ; it 
 communicates with Monk-Wearmouth shore by a noble 
 cast-iron bridge of one arch, 236 feet in span, and 100 feet 
 above the Wear at low water. The principal edifices are 2 
 fine parish churches, numerous chapels, the exchange, 
 athenueum founded in 184<), theatre, assembly rooms, bar- 
 racks, customhouse, excise-office, infirmary, and various 
 almshouses. It has a mechanics' institution, horticultural 
 and polytechnic societies, and several JIasonic lodges. The 
 borough is well paved, lighted, and supplied with water. 
 The harbor is defended by batteries, and connected with it 
 is a large wet dock. This is one of the princip.al ports of 
 England for the shipment of coal, of which, in 1842, it ex- 
 ported 859,137 tons ; it has, besides, a large export of lime 
 to Yorkshire .and Scotland, and of-glass, earthenwares, rope, 
 chemical products, made in the town and vicinity, in and 
 around which are also flax and saw mills, and grindstone 
 quarries. At tlie adjacent village of Deptford is a steam 
 rope factory. Mercantile ship-building is more extensive 
 than at almost any other Engll.sh port. In 1850, the number 
 of vessels built at Sunderland was 158, (51,374 tons.) and in 
 1S5.3, 153, (68,735 ton.s.) The imports are timber, iron, flax, 
 tallow from the Baltic, butter, chee.se, and flax from Hol- 
 land, and wine, spirits, flour, grain, and various other 
 articles, from different quarters. In 1851 the number of 
 vessels belonging to the port was 1025 (216,635 tons;) the 
 number of vessels entered was 2747 (1.206,804 tons;) and 
 cleared, 12,884 (1.580,088 tons.) The fishery of Sunderland 
 is important. The borough is governed by a mayor, 13 
 aldermen, and 42 councillors, and sends 2 members to 
 Parliament. The town is frequented as a bathing-place. It 
 gives the title of earl to the Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 SUN'DERLAND, a township of England, CO. ofCumberland. 
 
 SUNDEKL.4ND, North, a township of England, co. of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 SUN'DERLAND, a post-village and township of Ben- 
 nington CO.. Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 
 95 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 56". 
 
 SUNDERL.\ND, a post>vilIage and township of Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 82 
 miles W. by N. of Boston. A bridge crosses the river at 
 this pl.aco. Pop. 839. 
 
 SUNDERLAND BRIDGE, a township of England, co. of 
 Durham. 
 
 SUNDERLAND, WICK, a township of England, co. of 
 York, East Riding. 
 
 SUNDI, soon'dee, of Africa, a town of Lower Guinea, on 
 the Z.airo, 220 miles N.E. of its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 SUND'LEPOOK/, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Bengal, on the Nerbudd.i, 6 miles N. of Hindia. 
 
 SUNDOCH. stlnMotch', one of the small protected Sikh 
 States of North-west Hindostan. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SUN'DON, a parish of England, co. of BedfonL 
 
 1859 
 
SUN 
 
 SUR 
 
 PrXDRABONI, sIlnMra-bo'nee, a small state of the Malay 
 Archipelago. lying wilhin the bounds of Macassar, on the 
 island of CVlebes, with a town on a small island in the river 
 Sundraboui. 
 SUND'RIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 .«UNDSVALL. soonds'Tdll. a seaport town of Sweden, laen, 
 28 miles S.AV. of HernSsand, on the Gulf of Bothnia. P. 1850. 
 SUN'FIELD, a township of Eaton CO.. Michigan. Top. 507. 
 SUX'FISH, a post-ofRee of Monroe CO.. Ohio. 
 SUNFISII. a township of Pike CO., Ohio. Pop. 495. 
 SUNFISU CKEEK, of Monroe eo., Ohio, flows into the 
 Ohio River. 
 
 SUN'FLOWER, a county in the W.N.W. part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Suntlower River, from which it derives its 
 name, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Yazoo. The sur- 
 face is a level, alluvial plain or swamp, the soil of which is 
 very fertile. The Yazoo is a deep and sluggish stream, na- 
 vigable by steamboats in nearly all stages of water. Formed 
 from Bolivar county. Capital, McNutt. Pop. 5019, of whom 
 1102 were free, and 3917 slaves. 
 
 SUNFLOWER RIVER, a small stream of Mississippi, 
 rises in Coahoma county, and tiows S. until it enters the 
 Yazoo near the N. border of Warren county. 
 SUNGARI. a river of Ea.st Asi.a. See Soo.noaree. 
 SUXGIE-UJONG, soon'ghee-oo-jong', a state of the Malay 
 Peninsula, between lat. 3° and 4° N., and Ion. 102° and 103° 
 E.. having Salangore on the W., and Jompole on the E. 
 Pop. 3600. It contains some of the principal tin-mines of 
 the peninsula, and its chief export is tin. 
 
 SUNG-LO, sQng-lo, or SU.NG-LO-SHAX. sfing-lo-shSn, a 
 mountain of China, province of Che-kiang; lat, 29° 56' N., 
 Ion. 118° 15' E. It rises about 3000 feet above the plains, 
 and is famous as the spot where the green tea shrub was first 
 discovered and first manufactured. 
 
 SUNGXAM, sftng'ndm', a town of West Thibet, on the 
 Ruskalan, a tributary of the Sutlej, 9000 feet above sea- 
 level. 90 miles X.E. of Simla. 
 
 SUNGORA, stln-go'r2, a maritime town of Lower Siam, on 
 an inlet of the Gulf of Siam, 90 miles S.E. of Li^or; lat. 7° 
 40' N.. Ion. 101° 10' E. 
 
 SUNGUMEER, sun^goo-meer', a town of British India, 
 presidency of Bombay, 73 miles X. of Poouah. 
 SU.NIUM, CAPE, Greece. See Cape Colonx.\. 
 SUXJEET, sUn-jeef , a town of West Hindostan, 65 miles 
 S.W. of Kotah. 
 «UNK'H.AZE, a post-office of Penobscot co.. JIaine. 
 SUNK ISL.AND, an islet in the estuary of the Humber, 
 In England, on its E. side, S.W. of Patrington. It belongs 
 to the crown, is increasing in extent, and has now about 
 6000 acres, let for nearly 9200?. annually. It is connected 
 by a road with Ottrimjham, on the N.W. 
 
 SUNK LIGHT, in the North Sea, opposite the Naze, in 
 Essex. 
 
 SUNN, stlnn, a town of Sinde. on the W. of the Indus; 
 lat 26° N., Ion. 68° 16' E. Near it is a vast fortress built by 
 the Ameers of Sinde. 
 
 SUN'NING-HILL, a parish of England, co. of Berks. It 
 has many villas and some mineral springs. 
 
 SUNNINGHILL-DALE, a locality of England, in the pa- 
 rish of Old Windsor. 
 SUN'NINGWELL. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 SUNNYSIDE, a post-office of Lowndes co., Alabama. 
 SUN PRAIRIE, a post-village of Dane co., Wiuconsin. 
 See Appendix. 
 SUN'RISE, a post-office of Bath co., Tirginia. 
 SUN'SET, a post-offlce of Pocahontas co., Virginia. 
 SUN'VILLE, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 SUNYPERK. a town of Bohemia. See Sonxenherg. 
 SUPAIWASI (?) soo-pl-wi'see. or HUAYNA POTOSI (hwV- 
 n3 po-to-see') PEAK, a mountain pe.^k of the Bolivian 
 Andes. Lat. 16° 17' S.. Ion. 68° 10' W. Height, 20.260 feet. 
 SUPE'RIOR, a township of AVilliams co.. Ohio. Pop. 1.396. 
 SUPERIOR, a post-township in the E. part of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michig.an. Poji, 1346. 
 
 SUPERIOR. CITY OF. a thriving village, capital of Doug- 
 las CO., Wisconsin, at the entrance of St. Louis River into 
 the W. extremity of I^ke Superior, about 250 miles N.W. 
 of Green Bay. The St. Louis here forms the boundary be- 
 tween Minnesota and Wisconsin. Pop. 534. See Appendix. 
 SUPE/RIOR, LAKE, the most westerly and most elevated 
 of the North American chain of lakes, and the lai-gest 
 expanse of fresh water on the globe. It extends from lat. 
 46° 35' to 49° N.. and from Ion. 84° 30' to 92<^ 20' W. It has 
 Minnesota on the W. and N.W.; Wisconsin and the N. 
 peninsula of Michigan on the S.; and British America in 
 all other directions. Greatest length, measured on a curve 
 through its centre, from E. to W.. 420 miles; greatest 
 bre.Hdth, 160 miles; circuit, about 17.50 miles. Estimated 
 area, 32,000 square miles. Height above sea-level, 630 feet; 
 depth, varying from SO to 200 fathoms. It is of very irre- 
 gular shape, widening towards its centre, and gradually 
 liarrowing. partly towards its E., but much more towards 
 Hs W. extremity, so as to form an irre'.'ular crescent, with 
 Its convexity on the N., and its concavity on the S. .The N. 
 IfitiO 
 
 shore is generally bold and elevated, and extends about 
 12 miles, presenting almost continuous ranges of cliffs, 
 which vary in height from 300 to 1500 feet; the S. shore is 
 low and sandy, though occasionally interrupted by lime- 
 stone ridges, the most remarkable of which, .situated to- 
 wards' the E. e.xtremity, presents a perpendicular wall 300 
 feet high, broken by numerous caverns and pmjections, 
 and forming, under the name of the Pictured Rocks, one of 
 the greatest natural curiosities of the United States. The 
 centi'al portion of the lake is clear of islands, which, how- 
 ever, are numerous both towards the S. and the N. sides 
 In the former direction they are generally small; but 
 in the latter, several, more especially the Isle Royal, are 
 of considerable dimensions, and along with the indenta- 
 tions of the coast, afford good shelter for vessels. The 
 water of the lake is remarkable for its transparency, and 
 derives its supplies from a basin which is estimated at 
 100.000 square miles, and is drained by more than 200 
 streams. At)out 30 of these are of considerable she. bnt 
 they are almost all impetuous torrents, interrupted by 
 rocks and rapids. The outlet is at the S.E., by the St. 
 -Mary's Strait, which communicates with Lake Huron and 
 the other great American lakes whose waters reach the 
 ocean through the St. Lawrence. St. Mary's Strait descends 
 22 feet in the distance of about three-fourths of a mile, form- 
 ing a series of rapids, around which a n.avig.able canal has 
 been constructed, forming the la.st link of the chain of com- 
 munication between the great lakes, and adding above 1700 
 miles to our coast trade. See St. Mary's Strait. Within 
 the lake itself, the only obstruction to its navigation are 
 the violent g.ales to which it is subject. It is well supplied 
 with fish, principally trout, white-tish, and sturgeon. The 
 two former are of excellent quality, and have led to the 
 establishment of a great number of fishing stations. The 
 other principal export by tHe lake is copper, of which veins 
 of great richness and extent h.ive been discovered, both on 
 its shores and islands, and yielded, in 1851, about 25iXI tons 
 of copper. The boundary line between Briti.sh America and 
 the United State.s, in passing through Lake Superior, pro- 
 ceeds from the outlet nearly through its centre, till it ap- 
 proaches Isle Royal, when it bends N., so as to give that 
 island entirely to the United States, and is then carried 
 S.S.W. to its termination at the mouth of Pigeon River, in 
 lat. 48° N. 
 
 SUPIHORA. a town of Bohemia. See Geiersbeeo. 
 SUPINO, soo-pee'no, a small town of Italy, in the Pon- 
 tifical States, 7 miles M'.S.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 3360. 
 SUPINO, a town of Naples. See Sepiso. 
 SUPOI. See Soopoi. 
 SUR, a seaport of Arabia. See SooR. 
 SUR.4B.\YA, a town of Java. See Soerabata. 
 SURAFEXD, soo'rdfJnd', (anc. Sarepia ; Scriptural, Zare- 
 phatlu) a large village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, on a 
 hill-slope near the Mediterranean, 10 miles S.W. of Sidon. 
 Principal edifice, a mosque erected over the reputeti spot 
 where Elijah dwelt, and raised the widow's son from the 
 dead. Sarepta was anciently famous for its wine. Under 
 the Crusaders it was erected into a bishop's see. In the 
 adjacent hills are many excavated tombs. 
 SURA.J, a town of Ru.ssia. See Soorazh. 
 SURAJEPOOR, soo-rd'je-poor', a town of British India, 
 province, and district of Allahabad, 14 miles E. of Kurrah. 
 
 SURAJIGUR, sooVS-je-ghr', a town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Bengal, district of Boglipoor, 68 miles E.S.E. of 
 Patna. 
 SURAKARTA or SUBAKERTA, Java. See Soerakarta. 
 SURAT, sooVSt/. (Fr. SaraU. siiVSt/,') a city of British In- 
 dia, presidencj- of Bombay, capital of a district, on the S. bank 
 of the Taptee, 20 miles from its mouth in the Gulf of Cam- 
 bay, and 160 miles N. of Bombay. Lat. of castle, 21° 12' N., 
 lon.72°47'E. Pop. estimated at 1.57.000. The town proper, 
 6 miles in circumference, is enclosed, except facing the river, 
 by a semicircular wall flanked with towers ; it is poorly built, ' 
 but outside the wall are some good European houses. Surat 
 has a fort garrisoned by European troops, an English church 
 and school, a European cemeter\', numerous Hindix> schools, 
 and a Hindoo hospital for sick animals of all kinds. It is 
 the seat of a high court for the presidency, and the residence 
 of a British military commandant and other authorities. 
 Its manufactures of woven goods, formerly famous, have de- 
 clined, but it still has an active export trade, and sends 
 large quantities of cotton to Bombay. Among its inh.v 
 bitants are many Parsees, the descendants of the ancient 
 Persian fire-worshippers expelled from Persia by the Mo- 
 hammedans. The English factory, founded here about the 
 j-ear 1612, was the first mercantile establishment of the 
 East India Company in the Slogul dominions. The French 
 also have had a factory at Surat since the early part of the 
 17th century. 
 
 SURDAR,"silrMar', a village of Persia, province of Irak 
 Ajemee, near Menjil, on the Sefeed-rood, at the frontier ht 
 Ghilan. Population partially employed in raising and r<r 
 finine alum from adjacent mines. 
 
 SURDH.\UR. sQrd'hawr'. a town of West Hin-in^taTj. near 
 the centre of Guzerat. Lat. 22° 10' N-. lou. '1° W £. 
 
SUR 
 
 SURE, BttR or sU'rfh, or SAUER, sSw'gr, a river of Bel- 
 gium and Dutch Luxemburg, after an K. course of 90 miies 
 joins ttie Moselle, 7 miles S.W. of Treves. Affluents, the 
 Alzette and the Erens. 
 
 SUREXDAL, Roo'ren-dll\ a village of Norway, stift, and 
 73 miles S.W, of Trondhjem. Pop. of the p.-irish" 37 (JO. 
 
 SURKSNES, sU'rain', a village of France, department of 
 Seine, W. of Paris, at the foot of Mount ValeVien. Pop. in 
 1852, .3175. 
 
 SUR'B'LEET, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SURGEON'S (stir'jguz) HALL, a post-office of Alleghany 
 00., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SURGERES, siiR^zhaiR', a village of France, department 
 of Charente-InfiSrieure, 15 miles N.E. of Rochefort. P. ISGl. 
 
 SURGUX, a town of Siberia. See Soorgoot. 
 
 SURIAPET, soo\-e-a-p5t/, a town of India, in the Deccan. 
 in Nizam's dominions, on the Mutty, 70 miles E.S.E. of 
 Hyderabad. 
 
 SUlilGAO, Roo-re-g3/o, a town of the Malay Archipelago. 
 in the Philippines, at the N. extremity of Mindanao; lat. 9*^ 
 61' N., ion. 125° 25' E., with a fort belonging to the Spaniards. 
 The SuiiinAO Islands are on the N.E., and the Scrigao Pas- 
 sage on the N.W. 
 
 SURINAM, soo-rin-am', a river of Dutch Guiana, traverses 
 the centre of that colony, which is sometimes called by its 
 name, and, after a N. course of 300 miles, enters the Atlantic 
 near Paramaribo. It receives several affluents, and is navi- 
 gable in the greater part of its course to the foot of the moun- 
 tains, aud for large ships to aliout 30 miles from the sea. 
 Its banks are in general densely wooded ; below Paramaribo 
 they are laid out in thriving plantations. Its entrance is 
 defended by the forts of New .\msterdam aud Zelandia. 
 
 SURINAM, a colony. See Guiana, Dutch. 
 
 SURINA>I. a post-office of Allen co., Indiana. 
 
 SUK'LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SUKUENEY'S, a post-office of Tatnall co., Georgia. 
 
 SUIUIENTU.VI. See Sorrento. 
 
 SUR'RKY or SUR/RY, (Saxon. Sut!,-riee, "the south king- 
 dom.") an inland county of England, having N. the Tliaraes, 
 Separating it from Middlesex and Rucks; S., Sussex: E., 
 Kent; and W., Hants and Berks. Area, 748 square miles, 
 or 478,720 acres, of which moi-e than four-fifths are under 
 culture. Pop. in 1851. 6S3.0S2. The North Downs, of which 
 the Hog's llack and IJoxhill form portions, intersect the 
 county from W. to E., dividing it into two parts; the N. of 
 these has a fertile and diversified slope to the Thames ; the 
 S. is again partially divided by a steep range of sandy hills, 
 (llindhead, Hascorab, and Leith Hill,) having the vales of 
 Uodaliniiig, Albury. and Dorking on the N.. and on the S. 
 the Weald, a rich tract continuous with the Weald of Sussex 
 and Kent. An expanse of wild heath-land covers all the W. 
 of the county, and the S.W. hill chain, where Leith Hill 
 rises to nearly 1000 feet above the sea, and commands a 
 view over parts of 14 counties. In the vales and the N. 
 there is a good deal of fertile soil; the N.E. quarter is 
 whuUy occupied by suburbs of the metiopolis. A large por- 
 tion of the soil is under tillage, but agriculture is backward. 
 Hops of the first quality are raised at Famhani; medicinal 
 plants alKJut Mitcham; and in the N. a great deal of land is 
 in gardens for the supply of vegetables to the London 
 markets. Woods are numerous and extensive; hogs and 
 poultry are plentifully reared. Except in Southwark, 
 Lambeth, and elsewhere near London, manufactures are of 
 little importance. The only river of consequence is the 
 Wev, forming a part of the Wey and Arundel Canal to 
 Gufldford. The Basingstoke Canal is in the N.W., and the 
 South-eastern, South-western, Brigliton, Croydon, and Rich- 
 mond Railways from Loudon; and the Reading and Reigate 
 Railways traverse the county. Surrey is the home circuit, 
 and forms an archdeaconry of the diocese of Winchester. 
 Lent assizes are held at Kingston, and summer as.eiiies at 
 Crovdon and Guildford alternately. It returns 11 meSiliers 
 to the House of Commons, of whom 4 are for the county. 
 Besides Guildford, the aipital, it contains the parliamentary 
 boroughs of Southwark, Lambeth, and Reigate, and the 
 towns" of Kingston-on-the-Thames, Wandsworth. Croydon, 
 Epsom, Ewell. Dorking, Godalming. and Chertsey. Under 
 the heptarchy', it chiefly formed a part of the kingdom of 
 Sussex. 
 
 SURREY, United States. See Surrt. 
 
 SURRO«»L, stir'rool'. a town of British India, presidency 
 ef Bengal. 53 miles S.W. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 SURROUN'DED HILL, a post^ffice of Monroe co., Ar- 
 
 SURRY, a county of England. See Surrey. 
 
 SUK'RY. a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, has an 
 area of 340 square miles. Janu-s River forms the boundary 
 on the N.E., and Blackwater River on the S.W. The sur- 
 face is moderately uneven; the soil is generally sandy, 
 formed in 1652, and named from Surry, a county in Eng- 
 land. Capital,' Surry Coiirt-House. Pop. 6133, of whom 
 jeiS were free, and 2515 slaves. 
 
 SLltRY, a cimntvin the N.N.W. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Virgiiiia. Area estimated at 5i0 square niiU-s. 
 It is bounded on the S. by Yadkin liiver, and intersected 
 
 SUS 
 
 by the Ararat and Fisher's Rivers. The surface is hilly 
 or mountainous. The famous Pilot Mountain of this countj 
 is remarkably symmetrical in its form, which resembles a 
 cylinder. The soil is mostly fertile. Iron ore is abundant 
 Formed in 1770. from Rowan county. Capital, Rocklbrd, 
 Poll. in.,SS0. of whom 9134 were free, and 1246 slaves. 
 
 SURRY, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, on the 
 W. side of Union River, 65 miles E. by N. of Auirusta. 
 Pop. 1319. 
 
 SURRY, a post-township of Cheshire CO., New Hampshire, 
 45 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 3t>9. 
 
 SURRY COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Surrj 
 CO., Virginia, about 6 miles from James River, and 60 mile* 
 S.E. of Ri'-hmond. 
 
 SURSEE, soor/s.V, a town of Switzerland, canton, and li 
 miles N.N.W. of Lucerne, on the Sar, an affluent of the Aar. 
 Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by old walls. Near it are the 
 baths of Knutwyl. 
 
 SURUBIA, soo-roo'be-i, a river of Brazil, province of Para, 
 joins the Amazon opposite Santarem. 
 
 SURUIII, soo-roo-hee', a village and parish of Brazil, 
 province of Rio de Janeiro, about 6 miles W. of Mage, with 
 a harbor in tlie river of its own name. 
 
 SURUHY, soo-roo-hee', a river of Brazil, enters the Bay 
 of Rio Janeiro, and is navigable for some leagues. 
 
 SURY-LE-C( »JITAT, sU'ree/-leh-k(!»'i*ta/, a village of France, 
 department of Loire, 7 miles S.E. of Montbrison. Pop. iu 
 1852, 2701. 
 
 SURZUR, sur'zUr', a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan, 7 miles S.E. of Vannes. Pop. 2199. 
 
 SUS. See Soos. 
 
 SUSA, soo'si, (anc. Segusium,) a town of Italy, in Pied 
 mout, division, and 37 miles W. of Turin, with which it is 
 connected by a railway, opened May 23, 1S54. It is capital 
 of a province, and situated on the right bank of the Dora- 
 It ipaira, at the junction of the two routes across the Alps by 
 Mounts Cenis and Genevre. Pop. 3500. Numerous anti- 
 quities are here interspersed among modern edifices, and it 
 has a remarkable arcli and a Gothic cathedral. Above the 
 town are extensive ruins of the fortress of La Brunett.i, and 
 a steep height, 11,000 feet above the sea, crowned by a chapel, 
 to Wliiih an annual procession takes place, August 25. 
 Near it are iron-mines and marble-quarries. 
 
 SUSA, a province of the Sardinian States, bordering on 
 France. Area, 532 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 82,078. 
 
 SU'SA or SHOOSII, an ancient city of Persia, of which 
 only a few ruins now remains. See Shooster. 
 
 SUSA, a town of North Africa. See SoosA. 
 
 SUSAM. See SaMOS. 
 
 SUSAN. See Soos. 
 
 SUSAN'NAH ISLAND. British India, In the Mergnl 
 Archipelago, l.at. 10° 30' N., Ion. 98° E., between Dome and 
 St, Matthew Islands. Ijength. 12 miles; breadth, 5 miles. 
 
 SUSCOL, soos-kol, a town of Napa co., California. 16 miles 
 N.W. of Benicia, is situated on the Napa River, about 6 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 SUSIANA, soo-se-d'nd, a province of ancient Persia, 
 answering to the nKxlern Khoozistan. 
 
 SUSIGlilRLI-SU. See Soosighirlee-soo. 
 
 SUSPEN'SION BRIDGE, a flourishing post-village of Ni- 
 agara CO., New York, is situated on the Niagara River, 2 
 miles below the cataract, of which it commands a fine dis- 
 tant view. At this point the International Railroad Su.s- 
 pension Bridge has been thrown across the rivfcr. to connect 
 the Great Western Railroad of Canada with the several rail- 
 ways of New York, viz. the Rochester and Niagara Falls 
 Railroad, (one of the western termini of the Central Rail- 
 road,) and the Canandaigua and Suspension Bridge J^ailroad, 
 which is a branch of the New \''ork and Erie road, diverg- 
 ing from Elniira. Another line extends N. to Lcwiston, 
 and S. to Buffalo, connecting with the steam navigation of 
 I*ike Ontario and Erie. The width of the Canadian track is 
 different from that of the New York roads, in consequence 
 of which freight is transliipped at this place. The bridge is a 
 single span of 800 feet in length, raised 230 feet above the 
 water, and supported by 4 wire cables 9^ Inches in diame- 
 ter, with an ultimate capacity of sustitining 10,000 tons. 
 There are two floors, the upper for the railroad track, and 
 the lower for wagons. The E. end of the bridge commands 
 a fine view of the falls and of the rapids under and below 
 the bridge, for f of a mile to the whirlpool. The water of 
 these rapids runs at the rate of 25 miles per hour, with 
 breakers dashing from 10 to 20 feet in height. Viewed 
 from the shore, they present one of the grandest sights of 
 the kind in the world, aud the tourist has not seen Niagara, 
 until he has stood on the shore 150 rods below the bridge. 
 During the season of tnivel, a small steamer makes trips 
 from'the village to the foot of the falls, from the deck of 
 which the most magnificent view of the cataract is obtained. 
 The late Hon. S;unuel Deveaux Viequeafhed about $150,000 
 for the erection and support of a collegiate institute, to be 
 called by his own name. It is situated half a mile N. of 
 the village, and is under the direction of the Episcopalians. 
 The village contiiins 4 churches, 7 hotels, and a number of 
 stores. -Pop. about 2000. 
 
 1861 
 
sus 
 
 SUT 
 
 STTSQTJFIIAN'NA, a lieautiful river of Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland, it formed bj- the union of two priucipal branches 
 which unite at Northumberland, 60 miles above Harris- 
 burg. From this point the river fiows nearly S. to the 
 mouth of the Juniata, and turning towards the S.E., it 
 passes Ilarrisburg, Columbia, and Port Deposit, and falls 
 into the N. extremity of Chesapeake Bay. at Havre de Grace, 
 in Jiaryland. The main stream is about 150 miles long, 
 and has ve-y unequal breadth, which in some places ex- 
 ceeds a mile, and at others is less than one-fourth of a mile. 
 It is adorned by numerous beautiful islands, and the chan- 
 nel is frequently obstructed by rocky rapids, which prevent 
 navigation in low stages of water. A canal has been con- 
 structed along the river from its mouth to Columbia. -15 
 miles, and another from Columbia to Northumberland, 
 about 80 miles. This river, which is the largest stream in 
 Pennsylvania, flows through a populous and highly culti- 
 vated country, which is diversified by fertile limestone val- 
 leys, and by mountain ridges, in which iron is abundant. 
 
 JSranclies. — The Kast Branch, called also the North Branch, 
 rises in Otsego Lake, in the S.E. central part of New York. 
 Its course is very tortuous, and its general direction is S.W. 
 The whole length of this branch is estimated at 250 miles. 
 It flows through the beautiful valley of Wyoming, and the 
 rich coalfields of Luzerne county. A canal has been opened 
 along this stream, about 124 miles above Northumberland. 
 The West Branch rises in Cambria county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the W. declivity of the Allegh.any Jlountains, and has a 
 very serpentine cour.«« of more than 200 miles, the general 
 direction of which is E. The navigation of this branch is 
 improved for 75 miles. The region through which it flows 
 abounds in pine timber and stone coal, aiid large quantities 
 of the former are transported by the canal. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA, a county in the N.N.E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on New York, h.as an area of 800 square 
 miles. The North Branch of the Susquehanna crosses the 
 N. border of the county, and then returns to New York, 
 forming what is called the "Great Bend." It is drained 
 also by the Meshopen, Tunkhannock. Choconut. and Wya- 
 lusing Creeks. The surface is hilly, and in some places 
 almost mountainous; the hills are generally neither high 
 uor steep. Elk Mountain, in the S.E. part, rises about 2000 
 feet about the sea. The land is particularly adapted to 
 grazing and the dairy business. Extensive forests of beech, 
 sugar-maple, pine, hemlock, &c. ovespread part of the county, 
 and lumber is an article of export. The county is traversed 
 by the I^aekawanna and Western Railroad, anil by the Erie 
 Kailroad of New York. Organized in 1810, and named from 
 its principal river. Capital, Montrose. Pop. 36,207. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA, a post-office of Broome co., New York. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA, a township of Cambria CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 879. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA, a post-township of Dauphin CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna Kiver. It is intersected by 
 the Pennsylvania Canal and by the Penn.sylvania Railroad, 
 and partly by the Lancaster and Ilarrisburg Kailroad. Itcon- 
 tains Ilarrisburg, the capital of the state. Total pop.l5,3S7. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA, a flourishing post-village of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania, is finely situ.ated on the river of 
 the same name, and on the Erie Railroad. 23 miles S.E. of 
 Binghamton. It has grown up since 1848. It contains a 
 large brick fr?ight-house, a good railroad depot, and a very 
 large stone-shop for repair of engines. The Starucca via- 
 duct, which is perhaps the greatest structure on the Erie 
 Railroad, crosses Starucca Creek about 3 miles above this 
 village. It is 1200 feet long, 110 feet high, having 18 arches 
 ■with spans of 50 feet. The post-oihce is Susquehanna De- 
 pot. Pop. 2080. 
 
 BUS'S EX, (anc. Suth-seaxe. the " South Saxons.") a mari- 
 time county of England, bordering the English Channel 
 from Selsey to Rye, having W. Hampshire, and N. Surrey 
 and Kent. Area, 1466 square miles, or 938.240 acres. Pop. 
 in 1851. 336.844. The South Downs, a range of chalk-hills 
 covered by fine turf, continues with the Downs of Hants near 
 Petersfield, traverses the county E. to Beachy Head, where 
 they terminate on the Channel in a lofty cliff. N. of this 
 chain, extending to the hills of Surrey, is a fertile and richly 
 timljered tract, termed the Weald, and which was anciently 
 the forest of Auderida, it having been famous for its woods 
 frtjm time immemorial. Between the Downs and the sea is 
 a good defil of fertile soil, as also in the marsh lands E. of 
 Beachy Head. The principal livers are the Arun, Rother, 
 Ouse, and Adur. all small, and flowing S. to the Channel. 
 The climate is mild, and the harvests early, but agrioultur* 
 Is rather backward. Wheat, oats, barley, and turnips are 
 the principal crops. In the E. many hops are, raised. The 
 black-faced South-down sheep, and the Sussex cattle are 
 breeds in high repute. Hogs. fowl, and rabbits are sent in 
 large numbers to market. Limestone, charcoal, salt, gun- 
 powder, manufactured at Battle. pota.sh. bricks, and earth- 
 enwares, are the other principal products: and in the 
 small towns along the coast some ship-building is carried 
 on, but the trade is chiefly in rural produce. The Guild- 
 1862 
 
 ford, Arundel, and Chichester Canal intersects the W and S. 
 of the county, which is also traversed in length and breadth 
 by the Ix)ndon, Brighton, aifd South-coast Railway. Sus- 
 sex composes the iliocese of Chichester; besides which city, 
 its capital, it contains the parliamentary boroughs of Brigh- 
 ton, Lewes, New Shoreham, Hastings, Horsham, Arundel, 
 and Rye. with the towns of East Grinstead, Win'chelsea. Pet- 
 worth. Cuckfield, Battle, Worthing, <fec. Most of the towns 
 on its coast are resorted to as favorite watering-places in 
 summer. Assizes are held in Lent at Horsham, in summer 
 and winter at Lewes. With its boroughs, it sends 17 mt^m- 
 hers to the House of Commons. 4 of whom are returned for 
 the county. Sus.sex composed, with a great part of Surrey, 
 the .second kingdom erected by the Saxons in England; its 
 antiquities are not, however, numerous, and are mostly of 
 the Romnn period. 
 
 SUS'SEX. the northernmost county of New Jersey, has 
 an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.W. by the Delaware, and partly on the S. by the Muscone- 
 tong, and is drained by Flatkill, Paulinskill, and Peijuest 
 Rivers, flowing into the Delaware, and by several branches 
 of Wallkill River, an aftluent of the Hud.son. These streams 
 afford valuable water-power. Besides Hopatcong l>ake, on 
 its S.E. border, which supplies the summit level of the .Mor- 
 ris Canal, there are numerous pond.s, the chief of which are 
 Swartwout's and Culver's Ponds. The surface is undulat- 
 ing and hilly, with the Blue Mountains in the N.W., and 
 the Hamburg and Wawayanda Mountains in the S.E. part. 
 The soil between the two mountain ranges is very fertile, 
 and everywhere highly cultivated. Hay and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 229,795 bushels of 
 rye, and 1,816,010 pounds of butter, the quantities of each 
 being the greatest produced by any county in the state. 
 Franklinite. (a compound of iron, zinc, and raang.anese.) 
 red oxide of zinc, and magnetic iron ore are abundant and 
 extensively worked; besides these, the county fmnishes a 
 great variety of remarkable and interesting minerals to the 
 mineralogist. Limestone is al.so found in the N.W. part. 
 The Delaware River is navigable for small boats along the 
 W. border. Formed from Morris county in 1753. and named 
 from Su.ssex a county of England. Capit.al, Newton. Pop. 
 23,846. 
 
 SUSSEX, the southernmost of the counties of Delaware^ 
 borders on Maryland, the Atlantic, and on Delaware Bay. 
 Area, about 1000 square miles. It is drained by the sources 
 of the Nantieoke, Pocomoke, and Indian Rivers, and by Mis- 
 pillion, Cedar^ and Deep Creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level ; the soil is generally good and well cultivated. In 1850 
 there were raised 1,189,086 bushels of corn, the greatest 
 quantity produced by any county in the state. It is in- 
 tersected by the Delaware or Peninsular Railroad. Capital, 
 Georgetown. Population 29,615, of whom 28,274 were free, 
 and 1341 slaves. 
 
 SUSSEX, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, has an 
 area of 400 square miles. It is intei-sected by the Nottoway 
 River, and bounded on the N.E. by Blackwater River. The 
 surface is moderately uneven. The railroad from Peters- 
 burg to Welden passes through the county. Formed from 
 Surry in 1754. CapitJil, Sussex Court-House. Pop. 10,175, 
 of whom 3791 were tree, and 6384 slaves. 
 
 SUSSEX, a ptist-village of Lisbon township, Wauke.«ha 
 CO., Wiscon.sin, 16 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee. It contains 
 1 wagon shop, 1 saw mill, 1 school house, and an Episcopal 
 church. 
 
 SUSSEX COURT-HOUSE, a post-vill.ige, capital of Sussex 
 CO., Virginia, 50 miles E. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 SUSSEX LAKE, British North America, N. of Lake Ayl- 
 mer, is the source of liack or Great Fish River. 
 
 SUSSICZE, a town of Bohemia. See Schuttenhofen. 
 
 SUS/TE.^L^D, a parish of Engl.and, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 SUSTEREN, sus'tfh-rjn\ a town of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Limburg, 18 miles X.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1100. 
 
 SUSUI, soo-soiVee, one of the smallerof theFeejeelslands, 
 about lat. 17° 21' S., Ion. 178° 5S' W. 
 
 SUTALURY, soo-ta-loo'ree, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency and province of Bengal, 10 miles N.W. of Backergunge. 
 
 SUTCH.WA, soo-chi'ua, a town of West Hindustan, in 
 the Guzerat Peninsula, on the Gulf of Cutch. 
 
 SUTCHOU. a large city of China. See Soo-cnow-roo. 
 
 SUT'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 SUTERA. soo-tA'rd, a town of Sicily, intendancy, and 21 
 miles N. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SUTHERL.^ND, stiTH'er-land. a highland maritime county 
 of Scotland, ne.ir its N. extremity, extending from the sea, 
 between the counties of Ross and CaithnesiS, having N.and 
 W. the Atlantic Ocean, E. Caithness and Moray Frith, and S, 
 the Frith of Dornoch, and the count ies of Ross and Cromarty. 
 Area, 1754 square miles, or 1,122,560 acres. Pop. in 1861, 
 25,793. The surface, excepting along the E. shore, is rugged 
 and mountainous, and interspersed with morasses and 
 large deer forests. The principal rivers are the Oikel. Fleet, 
 Broa, and Helmsdale, valuable for their salmon fishings. 
 The principal lakes are Lochs Shin, I'ope, Assynt, Jlore, 
 and Naver. The arable soil along thi- E. coast has been 
 well enclosed and drained, and uowbett \a i.r t^ud ha^'e 
 
SUT 
 
 mtre extensile agricultural improvements been made 
 than in this county. The chief employments are sheep and 
 cattle-breeding, espe;'ially the former. The breeds of sheep 
 are e-tcellent, and about 220,000 are annually sent hence 
 to the S. Ptarmigan, grouse, blackcock, Alpine hares, &c. 
 are abundant. Lime and freestone are obtained. Manu- 
 factures, except in a very restricted sense, are unknown. 
 The trade of the county consists chiefly in the exchange of 
 sheep, wool, cattle, and fish, for woven £ibric.«. and other 
 manufactured goods, and colonial produce. The herring 
 fishery is successfully carried on, both on the K. and W. 
 coasts, chiefly at Helmsdale. The principal town is Dornoch. 
 The county sends 1 member to the House of Commons. It 
 gives the title of duke to the Qower family, who own four- 
 fifths of the county. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, a post-oflSce of Dinwiddie co., Virginia. 
 
 SUTHER'LAND SPRINGS, a post-offtceof Bexar CO., Texas. 
 
 SUTLEJ, SUTLKDGE, stitljj, written also SETLKDGK, 
 SUTLUJ, and SUTLKGE, (Sutocdra, -'the Ijundred chan- 
 nelled." anc. Ilesudrua?) the easternmost and largest of the 
 "five rivers" of the Punjab, of which it forms all the S.E. 
 boundary, rises in Thibet, about lat. 31° 5' N., Ion. 81° 6' E., 
 near the sources of the San-poo, (Brahmapootra.) Goggra, 
 Ganges, and Indus, and at least 20,000 feet above the sea, 
 flows at first N.W., and having joined the river of Spiti, 
 8494 feet above the sea, breaks through the Himalayas, tak- 
 ing thenceforth mostly a S.VV. course to its junction witli 
 the Chenaub, 33 miles W. of Bhawlpoor. Total length, nearly 
 1000 miles. Principal affluent, the Beas, with which river 
 it encloses the JuUinder Doab, and after the influx of 
 which it is often termed the Ghara. In the upper part of its 
 course it is a raging torrent; at Rampoor it is about 100 
 yards across ; at Ropoor, S. of the Himalayas, 30 feet deep, 
 and more than 500 yards across at its greatest fulness ; at 
 Eilor, near Loodianah, 700 yards wide, depth from 12 to 18 
 feet, and up to this ])oint it is navigable at all seasons from 
 the Indus for vessels of from 10 or 12 tons burden. 
 
 SUTRI, soo'tree, (anc. Svflrhim.) a town of Italy, in the 
 Pontificiil States, delegation, and 14 miles S.S.E. of Viterbo. 
 Pop. 20 )0. It has the remains of an ancient amphitheatre. 
 
 SUTSCHAWA. See Scczawa. 
 
 SUT/TKU, a county towards the N. part of California, has 
 an area estimated at above 500 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. and S.W. by the Sacramento River, and on the E. 
 by Feather River, by which it is also intersected. The sur- 
 face in some parts is uneven and mountainous. Sutter's 
 Buttes are the principal elevations. The soil is generally 
 very fertile. The San Francisco and Maryeville Railroad 
 intersects the count}'. Named from Captain Sutter, of 
 Missouri. Capital, Ynba City. Pop. 3390. 
 
 SUT'TERBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SUTTER CREEK, a post-office of Calaveras co., California. 
 
 SUTTERSVILLE. a village of Sacramento co., California, 
 on the right bank of the Sacramento River, below and ad- 
 joining the city of that name. 
 
 SUTTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 6 miles 
 B.W. of Boston, with a station on the Lincolnshire Railway. 
 
 SUT'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 SUTTON, a parish of Ensland. co. of Cambridge. 
 
 SUTTON, a township of Sngland, co. of Chester. 
 
 SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SUTTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 SUTTO.V, a parisli of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SUTTON, a parish of Enirland. co. of Salop. 
 
 SUTT'ON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, with a station 
 on the London and Epsom Railway, 4 niiles W.S.W. of 
 Croydon. 
 
 SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 SUTTON, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 SUTTON, a post-township of Merrimack co., New Hamp- 
 shire, 20 miles W.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1431. 
 
 SUTTON, a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, 40 
 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 987. 
 
 SUTTON, a post-village and township of Worcester CO., 
 Mass.achusetts. on the Blackstone River and Canal, and the 
 Providence and Worcester Railroad. 42 miles W.S.W. of Bos- 
 ton. It has manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other arti- 
 cles. Pop. 2676. 
 
 SUTTON or BRAXTON COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, 
 capital of Braxton co., W. Virginia, on the Elk River, about 
 112 miles S. of Wheeling. 
 
 SUTTON, a township of Meigs co., Ohio, on the Ohio River. 
 Pop. 2129. 
 
 SUTTON-IN-ASH'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SUT'TON BASS'KT, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 SUTTON BEN'GER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SUTTON BING'H AM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 SUT'TON BON'NINGTON, a parish of England, oo. of Notr 
 tiugnam. 
 
 SUTTON-UNDER-BRAI'LEY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 SUTTON-COLD'FIELD. a borough, town, and parish of 
 
 SVE 
 
 England, co. of Warwick, on a bleak acclivity, (whence its 
 name,) 7 miles N.E. of Birmingham. Pop. of parish in ISoi: 
 4574. The town is neat, and well supplied with water; lias 
 a public hall, work-house, a small jail, and a hand.wnio 
 church of the thirteentii century, containing a stiitue or 
 A'esey, Bishop of Exeter in the time of Henry VIII., a native 
 of the town, who founded .and endowed its Latin and Greek 
 school with lands yielding 500?. a year, and at whose in- 
 stance Sutton was incorporated as a borough. Here are also 
 a Itoman Catholic college and chapel, alms-houses. :. wooded 
 park of 2100 acres, common to the inhabitants for pastur.;, 
 &c., and some manufactures of hardwares, tools, and gini- 
 barrels. The government is vested In a warden and corpo- 
 ration. 
 
 SUT/TON COURT'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks, 
 
 SUTTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SUTTON FLATS, a village of Canada East, co. of Missis- 
 quoi. 12 miles E. of St. Armand. 
 
 SUTTON-ON-THE-FOR'EST, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, North Riding. 
 
 SUTTON-ON-rnE-HILL. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 SUTTON-AT-HOME, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 . SUTTON, KINGS, a parish of England, co. North.ampton. 
 
 SUTTON, LONG, a parish and market-town of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln, 18 miles E.N.E. of Market-Deeping. Pop. in 
 1851. 6591. 
 
 SUTTON-cnM-LOUND, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SUTTON MAD'DOCK, a parish of En-land, co. of Salop. 
 
 SUTTON MAN'DEVILLE, a parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 SUTTON-lN-THE-M ARSU. a parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 SUTTON MON/TIS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SUTTON'S, a postoffico of Williamsburg district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SUTTON'S MILLS, a post-village of Essex co., Massachu- 
 setts, on the Essex Railroad. 1 mile from Lawrence. 
 
 SUTTON'S POINT, a small post-villa-e of Clav co.. Illinois. 
 
 SUTTON ST. ED'MUND'S, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 SUTTON ST. JAMES, a chapelry of England, eo. Lincoln. 
 
 SUTTON ST. MI'CHAKL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 SUTTON ST. NI'CHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 SUTTON ST. NICHOLAS, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 SUTTON-ON-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 SUTTON VA'LENCE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SUTTON VE/NEY. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SUTTON WAL'DJION, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 SUWALKI, soo-wSl'kee, a town of Poland, government, 
 and 19 miles N. of Augustowo. Pop. 50u0, half of whom 
 are Jews. 
 
 SUWANEE, a post-village of Guinnett co., Georgia, about 
 100 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 SUVVA'NEE RIVER, rises in the Okefinokee Swamp, Ware 
 CO., Georgia, .and passing through Florida, enters the Gulf 
 of Mexico at the S. extremity of Madison county. 
 
 SUWANEE SHOALS, a post-oflice of Columbia co.. Florida. 
 
 SUWANOO'CHEE CREEK, of Ware co., Georgia, flows 
 S.E. into the Suwanee River. 
 
 SUWAR'ROW ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, in 
 lat. 13° 20' S., Ion. 163° 30' W. 
 
 SUWEIK. soo'waik', a maritime village of Arabia, domi- 
 nion.s, and 70 miles W.N.W. of Muscat. 
 
 SUZDAL, a town of Russia. See .Soozdal. 
 
 SUZE, La, \& siiz, a town of France, department of Sarthe, 
 11 miles S.W. of Le JIans, on the Sarthe. Pop. 1466. 
 
 SUZZAR.\, soot-sd'rd, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, de- 
 legation, and 11 miles S.S.W. of Mantua. 
 
 SVANIKE, svd'ne-keh, a town of Denmark, on the E. 
 coast of the island of Bornholm, in the Baltic Sea. P. (WO. 
 
 SVAPA or SWA PA, svi/pd, a river of Russia, flows S.S.W., 
 and joins the Seim, in the government of Koorsk. Total 
 course, 80 miles. 
 
 SVARTSKELANDET, svaRt/syo-ldnMet. or SVARTSJO- 
 LANDE, svaRfsyo-linMeh. an island of Sweden, in Lake 
 MnMar, laen, and 10 miles W. of Stockholm. 
 
 SVEABORG or SWEABOKG, svA'a-bor.g\ a strongly-forti- 
 fied maritime town of Russian Finland, on 7 islands in the 
 Gulf of Finland, immediately S.E. of Helsingfors. Poj\ 
 4000. Its a.uarters are connected by pontixms; it has nu- 
 merous military works and batt«>ries. a military ai-senal, 
 and an excellent hartior. The Russians took it in 1789. 
 
 SVKDESE. See Sweden. 
 
 SVEEIl, SVIR or SWIR, sveer. a river of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Olonets, leaves Lake Onega, near its S.W. extremity, 
 and. after a W. course of 130 miles, enters L;ike Ijidoga on its 
 E. side. 28 miles W.S.W. of Ladeinoe-Pole. The Canal of Svir 
 or Siaskoi, runs parallel to Lake Ladoga on its S. side. 
 
 SVEER. SVIK or .SWIR, a market-town of Russian Poland, 
 government, and 40 miles E.N.E. of Vilna. 
 
 SVEXDBORG, svJnd'boRg, a town of Denmark, on the S- 
 coast of the island of Funen, opposite the island of Taa- 
 singe. Pop. 3900. It has shipbuilding docks, distilleries, a 
 gociu harbor, and an active export trade. 
 
 1863 
 
 Ji 
 
SYE 
 
 SWA 
 
 SVETNIGOROD, svi-ne-go-rod', written also S'O'EMGO- 
 ROD, a lovrn of Russia, poveruiiient, and 35 miles W. of Mos- 
 cow, on the Moskva, Pop. loUO. 
 
 S-VEXICiORnDKA. STi-iie-go-rod'ki, a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Kiev, 19 miles S. of Bogooslav. Pop. 7000. 
 
 SVEXSK. See Sweden. 
 
 SVKNTSTANY. a town of Russia. See Svieciast. 
 
 S VEKIGE, SVERIG and SVEZIA. See Swedex. 
 
 SVIAGA or SWIAGA. sve-l'gd, a river of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Simbeersk, flows N. into the government of Kazan, 
 and joins the Volga on the right, near Sviazhsk, after a 
 «ourse of about 200 miles. 
 
 SVIA.TSK, a town of Russia. See SviAznsK. 
 
 SVIATOI-\OS, sve-d'toi nos, a headland of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Archangel, at the W. entrance of the White Sea. 
 
 SVIAZHSK, SVIASCHSK or SVIA.ISK. sve-dzhsk', a 
 town of Russia, government, and 21 miles W.S.W. of Kazan, 
 on the Sviaga, (or Svi.ija.) near its coutiuence with the 
 Volga. It is an old place, has 7 churches, a monastery, and 
 a nunnery. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SVIECIAXY or SWIECIAXY, sve-Jt-se-d/nee, written 
 also SVENTSIANY. a town of Russian Poland, government, 
 and 45 miles N.E. of Vilna. Pop. -iSOO. 
 
 SVI It, Russia. See Sveer. 
 
 SVISLOXCII, (SVISLOTSII or SWISLOTSCH.) a river of 
 Russia, rises in the government of Grodno, a little N.W. of 
 the town of Minsk, flows S.E., and, after a course of about 
 lUO miles, joins the Beresina at the town of Svislotch, 
 
 SVISLOTCH, SVISLOTSII or SWISLOTSCH, svis-lotsh'. 
 a town of Russia, government, and 47 miles S, of Grodno, 
 on a river of the same name. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SVIZZERA. sriZZEUO. See Switzerland. 
 
 SWABTAor SUABIA. sw.Vbe-a, (Ger. .Sfc//«»(ift<;n, shwj/bgn; 
 Fr. Snuahe, soo-diy or swdb,) one of the old circles of South 
 (rermauy, enclosed by France, Switzerland, and the circles 
 of Upper Rhine. Franconia. and Bavaria. It is now sub- 
 divided among the dominions of WUrtemberg, Baden, Ba- 
 varia, and HohenzoUern. The Bavarian circle of Swabia(or 
 Upper Danube) is watered by the Mindel, Lech, and lUer. 
 
 Area. 3S58 square miles. Pop. 558,430. Adj. and inhab. 
 
 SwABiAN. sw4'be-an. 
 
 SW ASIAN' ALPS, mountains of WUrtemberg. See Alb. 
 
 SWA'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWA'CLIFKE, a parish of England, co, of Oxford. 
 
 SWADLIN'BAR, a smiill town of Ireland, in Ulster, oo. of 
 Cavan. Pop. 492. 
 
 SWAD'LINGCOTE, a h.amlet of England, co, of Derby. 
 
 SWAKF'H.VM, a raarket^town and parish of England, co. 
 of Norfolk, with a station on the E;»st Anglian Railway. 14 
 miles E.S.E. of Lynn. Pop. of parish in 1851, 3S58. The 
 town, on an eminence, and one of the best built in the 
 county, has streets diveriiing from a spacious market-place, 
 an elegant church, a handsome market-cross, a town-hall 
 and a,ssembly-room, theatre, free school, and county jail. 
 Adjacent to the town are race and cricket grounds, 
 
 SWAFFHAM BULBECK, a pari.sh of England, co.of Cam- 
 bridire. 
 
 SWAFFHAM PRIOR, a parish, England, co.of Cambridge. 
 
 SWA'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SWAIN, a township of Mississippi co., Arkansas. 
 
 SWAINS'BOROUGH. a post-village, capital of Emanuel 
 CO.. Georgia, 98 miles N,W, of Savannah, 
 
 SW.\1N'S MILLS, a post-office of Rush co.. Indiana. 
 
 SWAINS/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SWAINSVILLE. a post-office of Alle'_'hany co.. New York. 
 
 SWAINS'WICK. a parish of Kmjland. co. of Somerset. 
 
 SWAIX VILLE, a village of New York, on the Buffalo and 
 New Y'ork City Railroad. 17 miles from Hornellsville. 
 
 SWAKOP, swi'kop\ (or SOMKRSKT) RIVER, in South- 
 west Africa, enters Walvisch Bay, Atlantic, in lat. 22° 45' S. 
 
 SWALK, swail, a river of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding, rises near the border of Westmoreland, flows E. and 
 S.E. past Richmond, and joins the Ure near Boroughbridge. 
 Total course, 70 miles, 
 
 SW.\LE. East and West, in England, are two branches 
 of the Medway River, in Kent, lioundinu; the island of Shep- 
 pey ; the latter enters the Thames at Whitstable Bay, and is 
 noted for its oyster-beds, 
 
 SWALE'CLTFFK, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on a 
 railway. 6^ miles N. of Canterbury. 
 
 SW.\l/LOW. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWALLOW BLUFF, a post-office of Hardin co., Tennessee. 
 
 SWALLOWCLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 SWAL'LOWFIELD, a parish of England, cos. of Berks 
 and Wilts. 
 
 SWALLY, Rwillee. a maritime vill.ige of British India, 
 presidency of Bombay, district, and forming the outport of 
 Surat, (from which it is 20 miles W,,) at the mouth of the 
 river Taptee. 
 
 SWAL'WELIi, a township of Engl.and. co. of Durham, 
 
 SWAMl"SCi)TT, a post-township of Esse.x co., Massachu- 
 «etts, on the coast, about 12 miles N,E, of Boston, set off 
 from Lynn in 1>>52. Pop. 1530. 
 
 SWAN, a post-township in the NJE. part of Viutou co., 
 Oliio. Pop. 12bl. 
 lt>&l 
 
 I SWAN, a pos't-township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 1079. 
 
 I SWAN. sw3n. a river of the Punjab, rises in a range of the 
 
 i Himalayas, in lat. 33° 55' N.. Ion. T.i° 10' E.. flows S.W.. and, 
 
 after a course of aliout 120 miles, joins the Indus on the left, 
 
 10 miles V)elow Mukkud. 
 
 SWAN'AGE or SWAN'WICK, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Dorset, on the coast of the island of Pur- 
 beck, 5 miles S.E. of Corfe Castle. Pop. of town in 1851, 
 2014. It has a bay for vessels of 300 tons, a herring fishery, 
 and stone ijuarries. It is resorted to for sea bathing. 
 
 SWANBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 SWAN CREEK, of Lucas co., Ohio, falls into the Maumee 
 River near Toledo. 
 
 SWAN CREEK, of Michigan, enters St. Joseph's River, 
 near the W. line of Branch county. 
 
 SWAN CREEK, of Monroe co., Michigan, flows into Lake 
 Erie. 
 
 SWAN CREEK, of Taney co., Missouri, flows into White 
 River at Forsyth. 
 
 SW.\N CREEK, a post-office of Warren co., Kentucky. 
 
 SWAN CREEK, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. P. 943. 
 
 SWAN CREEK, a postofflce of Gallia co,, Ohio. 
 
 SWAN CREEK, a post-village of Warren CO., Illinois, 
 about 25 miles S.E. of Quincv. 
 
 S\VaN'CY'S FER/RY, a postrofflce of Abbeville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 SWaNG.S'TOWN, a post-village of Cleveland co,. North 
 Carolina, 197 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 SWAN ISLANDS, a group in Bank's Strait, SJ miles N.E. 
 of Van Diemen's Lani. 
 
 SW.4.N L.\KE, Wisconsin, an expansion of Neen.ih River, 
 In Columbia county, is 3j miles long, and half a mile wide. 
 The water is pure, very deep, and abounds in fish. 
 
 SWAN LAKE, a post-office of Arkansas co.. Arkansas. 
 
 SWANNA'NO. a post-office. Buncombe co.. North Carolina. 
 
 SWAN'NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 
 
 SWAN'NINGTON, a chapelry of England, co, of Leices- 
 ter, parish of Whitwick, 4| miles E. of .\.shby-de-la-Zouch, 
 on a branch of the Peterborough and Leicester Railway. 
 
 SWA.\ POND, a post-offiee of Wilkes co.. North Carolina, 
 
 SWAN QUARTER, a post-village, capital of Hyde co., 
 North Carolina, on a bay of its own name, half a mile from 
 Pamlico Sound, and 170 miles E. by S. of Raleigh. 
 
 SWAN RIVER or AIT'KIN'S FERRY, a post-village of 
 Benton CO., Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, 130 mile:) 
 by water above St. Paul, is a noted trading post. 
 
 SWAN RIVER, the principal river of West Australia, 
 rises, under the name of Avon, near lat. 32° 30' S., Ion. 117° 
 E.. flows successively N. and W. through the counties of 
 Grantham, York, and Perth, and enters the Indian Ocean 
 at a bay called Melville Water, in lat. 32° S.. and Ion. 11.5° 
 42' E. The affluents are numerous; the principal are Dale, 
 Toodyoy. Howick, EUenbrooke, Helena, and Canning. On 
 its banks are many tracts of fertile land, and the settle- 
 ments of Freemantle, Perth, Guildfoi-d. Toodyoy, Northam, 
 York, and Beverley, It is liable to sudden and violent 
 floods, which inundate the surrounding country. It gave 
 name to the first colonial settlement in West Australia, 
 founded in 1829. See West Austr.alia. 
 
 SWaNS^BOROUGH, a post-village of Onslow co.. North 
 Carolino, near the moiith of Whittock River, which flows 
 through Bogue Inlet into the Atlantic, 160 miles S.E. of 
 Raleigh. 
 
 SWaN.S'COMBE. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SW.A.NSEA. swon'see, (Welsh, Aher-Tairy, ah'ber t*5w'ee.) 
 a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and 
 parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on the W. side of 
 the Tawy or Towv, at its mouth in Swan.sea Bav. Bristol 
 Channel, 28 miles W.S.W. of Merthyr-Tydfil. Ljit.of theliirht- 
 house, 51° 37' N.. Ion. 3° 56' W. Pop. in 1801, 6831 ; in 1 841, 
 19.115; inl861, 42,581. It is well built, and has a good market- 
 house, court-house, infirmary, assembly rooms, and a theatre: 
 reading and news-rooms, royal and mechanics' institutions, 
 various chapels, a synagogue, many schools and public en- 
 dowments, many banks, handsome residences near the sea. 
 a county house of correction, and the remains of an old 
 castle, now used for barracks, a prison, and stores. The 
 harbor, at the mouth of the river, is nearly enclo.stnl by two 
 handsome piers, on the W. side of which is a liiiBt-house. 
 Floating docks have been constructed here, and Swan.sea 
 communicates by canals with Henoyad in the county of 
 Brecon, and with Neath and the coal districts, also by tram- 
 roads with Oystermouth and Mumbles Head. 
 
 The vicinity of extensive mines of coal of a quality pe- 
 culiarly adapted for smelting purposes, and the easy access 
 to the towti Ixith liy seji and inland navigation, have make 
 it the principal seat of the copper trade, almost all the cop- 
 per ore obtained in Great Britain and Ireland, and more 
 recently in .Australia, besides con.«iderable quantities from 
 Cuba and other foreign mines, being smelted at the fvir- 
 n.aces. of which there are here 17 within the district, and 
 8 close to the town. Next to copper-smelting fu' naces. the 
 most important industrial estalilishments are iron-works, 
 including fimndries: zinc-works, tinpiati^-worils. orewerit-s, 
 roperies, 2 extensive potteries, and jTirds for the b.;lldins 
 
SWA 
 
 and repairing of ships. Owing to the height to which the 
 tide rises in the Bristol Channel, vessels of large burden 
 easily get close to the town, but at ebb the harbor is left 
 almost dry. In 1851, the vessels registered at the port were 
 191, carrying 20.475 tons: the vessels entered are stated at 
 4418, (3:?2,-245 tons :) and cleared, 6580, (475,082 tons.) A very 
 large proportion both of the ve.ssels and tonnage is em- 
 ployed in the coasting trade. The chief imports are copper 
 ore, grain, and provisions from Ireland, timber from Ame- 
 rica and the Baltic, hemp, tallow, and flour; the chief e.x- 
 ports, copper, iron, coal, culm, lime, and earthenware. The 
 borough, called into existence by the Reform and Municipal 
 acts, is governed by a mayor, 5 aldermen, and 18 councillors; 
 and unites with Neath. Loughor, Aberavon, &c. in sending 
 a member to Parliament. 
 
 SWANSEY, Massachusetts. See Sw.\nzet. 
 
 SWAN'S ISLAND, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine. 
 Pop. 423. 
 
 SWaN'SONVTLLE, a post-office, Pittsylvania co., Virginia. 
 
 SWAN STATION, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SWaN'TON, apost-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Vermont, on the Misisque River, and Vermont Central 
 Railroad, neiir Lake Champlain, about 55 miles N.W. by X. 
 of Montpelier. The village contains several manufactories, 
 1 church, 1 academy, and 1 bank with a capital of $75,000. 
 Pop. of the township, 2678. 
 
 SW ANTON, a post-village of Lucas co., Ohio, 139 miles 
 N.W. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 SWAN'TON AB/UOT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SWANTON CENTliE, a post-office, Franklin co., Vermont. 
 
 SWAN'TON MOK'LEY, a parish of England. CO. of Norfolk. 
 
 SWAN'Tv)N-NO'VERS, a parish of England, co.of Norfolk. 
 
 SWaN'VILLE, a post-township in Waldo co., Maine, 44 
 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 914. 
 
 SW.VNVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson CO., Indiana. 
 
 SWaN'ZEY or SWANSEY, a post-village and township 
 of Cheshire CO., New Hampshire, on Ashuelot River and the 
 Ashuelot Branch of the Connecticut River Railroad, about 
 45 miles S.W. of Concord. Tlie inhabitants manufacture 
 pails, cotton goods, and other articles. Pop. 1798. 
 
 SWANZEY or S.WANSEY, a post-township in Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, 40 miles S. by W. of Boston. Pop. 1430. 
 
 SWAR'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWARDESTON, swards'tjii, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 SWARKESTON, swarks't^n, a parish of England, CO., and 
 5 miles S.E. of Derby, on the Trent, which, with the adjacent 
 meadows, is here crossed by a bridge nearly a mile in length. 
 The Grand Trunk Canal crosses this pari.sh. Swarkeston 
 House was fortified for the Royalists in the civil war. 
 
 SWAR/IIATON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 SWARR'S MILLS, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania. 
 
 SWARTKA, svaKfkl, written also ZWRATKA, a market- 
 town of Bohemia. 30 miles from Chrudim. Pop. 1088. 
 
 SWART.S'WOOD, a postHDffice of Susse.x co.. New Jersey. 
 
 SWARTWOUT, swart'wOwt, a post-village of Polk co., 
 Texas, on the Trinity River, about 240 miles E. of Austin 
 City. It has several stores, and a steamboat landing. 
 
 SWARTZ CREEK, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan. 
 
 SWART'Z MILLS, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SWATARA, swa-tah'ra, a creek of Pennsylvania, rises in 
 Schuylkill county! and, flowing in a S.W. direction, enters 
 the Susquehanna 9 miles below Harrisburg. Length, about 
 60 miles. 
 
 SWATARA, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles N. by W. of Lebanon, intersected by the 
 Union Canal. Pop. 2082. 
 
 SWATAK.\^, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SWA'TON. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWATTER.\GH, sviMte-rih, a village of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, CO. of Londonderry. Pop. 200. 
 
 SWAVESEY. swiv'zee, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge, 3i miles S.E. of St. Ives, on the Eastern Counties 
 Bailwav. 
 
 SWA'VFIELD, a piirish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWEABORG. a fortre.ss of Russia. See Sve.iborg. 
 
 SWEA'-RIKA. See Swedex. 
 
 SWEAIflNGEN'S. a postroffice of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 SWE'DEN, (Sw. Sverige. sva're-gheh, or Swea-rilM, s^i/a- 
 ree'ka; Dun. Svei-ig. svA'rig ; Ger. Schweden, shwA'df n ; 
 Dutch. Ziveilitn, zwi'den; Fr. Sui'ie, swaid or swJd; Sp. 
 Suecia. swA'the-J ; It. Svena, svA'ze-l : L. Sue'tlia,) a kingdom 
 in the N. of Europe, and forming, with Norway, (with which 
 it is now united under one monarchy,) the whole of the 
 peninsula known in ancient times by the name of Scan- 
 dinavia, situated between lat. 55° 20' and 69° N., and ion. 
 11° 40' and 24° E.; and bounded N. and W. by Norway; 
 S.W. by the Skager-Rack, Cattegat. and Sound; S. by the 
 Baltic; E. by the Baltic and the Gulf of Bothnia; and N.E. 
 ))v the TorneS and its affluent Muonio, separating it from 
 Finland; greatest length, from N.N.E. to S.S.W.. about 975 
 miles, greatest breadth, about 250 miles. Area, 128.076 
 ijquiue miles. In addition to the mainland, it has a great 
 
 SWE 
 
 number of islands, the most of them of very small dimen 
 sions. lying clo.se to the coast. The largest and also thi 
 most distant is Gottland. in the Baltic. 
 
 Omsts. — The coast-line has an extent of above 1400 miles, 
 it is very irregular, all its liays and creeks, though verj 
 numerous, have neither the width nor tortuous lengthi 
 by which the fiords of Norway are characterized. The W 
 coast is very rocky, particularly along the laen of Gotten- 
 burg, but seldom rises so high as 30 feet. Its numerous 
 creeks and the lee of its islands furnish a number of good 
 roadsteads. The S. shores from Cape Falsterbo E., and 
 then N. to Solvitsborg, are low and sandy, and partly en- 
 cumbered with s,andbanks. At Solvitsborg a range of pre- 
 cipitous cliffs liegins to appear, and though partly inter- 
 rupted by low beaches, presents a number of projecting 
 masses, rising steeply to the height of 50 feet. In this 
 stretch is the bay and harbor of Carlscrona, finely sheltered 
 by the islands which lie across its mouth. The shore, sepa- 
 rated from the island of (tland by Kalmar Sound, is gene- 
 rally low. and in its S. part presents almost a continuous 
 line, neither broken by indentations nor lined by islands; 
 but towards its N. entrance the configuration changes, and 
 rocky cliffs and islands are seen along the whole coast as far 
 N. lis the mouth of the Dal, a little S. of the town of Gefle. 
 The cliffs, however, continue to be of moderate elevation, 
 and nowhere exceed 100 feet. The most remarkable fe.v 
 tures in this part of the coast are the long and narrow bay 
 of Braviken, and the vast number of islands and islets or 
 scars forming the arcliipelago of Stockholm, and stretching 
 along the coast N. to the entrhnce of the Gulf of Bothni.a. 
 The S. part of the Gulf of Bothnia presents a succes.sion of 
 moderately elevated shores, alternately rocky and alluvial, 
 or sandy ; the whole of its upper part, from the Strait of 
 Quarken N.W. to Torne.4, is of the latter description, con- 
 sisting of sandy alluvial deposits, which are brought down 
 by the rivers in such quantities that they seem destined at 
 no distant period to convert a large portion of the gulf into 
 dry land. It has been proved also beyond a doubt that the 
 relative positions of sea and land have long been undergoing 
 a gradual change by the elevation of the latter. This eleva- 
 tion is not confined to the Swedish shores along the Gulf 
 of Bothnia or the Baltic generally, but is equally apparent 
 on the W. coast which lies open to the German Ocean, 
 though the whole amount of increase appears to be greater 
 in the N. than towards the S. 
 
 I^ice of the Country, Mountains. — The interior of Sweden 
 is not generally mountainous, and its surface has far less 
 of a highland than of a lowland character. The most ele- 
 vated portidu commences in the W.. near the parallel of 02°, 
 and is continued N. along the frontiers of Norway, not so 
 much in a continuous chain as in isolated mountain-masses 
 rising from an elevated tableland, which, where loftiest, is at 
 least 4000 feet, and forms the base of several summits which 
 rise more than 6000 feet above .sea-level : owing to their high 
 latitude, they are covered with perpetual snow. The two 
 loftiest mountains, both partly within the Norwegian fron- 
 tier, are Sulitelma, in lat. 67°, 6342 feet, and Sylfjellen, lat. 
 63°, 6552 feet high. These mountains and their table-land 
 slope E. towards the Gvilf of Bothnia, sending down nu- 
 merous torrents, which in their course often expand and form 
 chains of lakes and dreary swamps. The same slope is con- 
 tinued S. of 02° N., but besides it there is a S. slope which 
 attains its lowest level near lat. 59° N., on the shores of the 
 magnificent lakes which here stretch almost continuously 
 across the country from E. to W. To the S. of 59° N. the 
 country is generally flat, though in many.parts finely diver- 
 sified. Its loftiest height. Mount Taberg, to the S. of Lake 
 Wetter, is aljout 1129 feet, and a considerable part of what is 
 called the table-land of SmAland is 800 feet aliove sea-level, 
 but the far larger portion is under 300 feet. Both its level 
 and latitude point it out as a region which should naturally 
 be well adapted for agriculture, and it has several fertile and 
 well-cultivated tracts; but the soil, jrenerally consisting of 
 disintegrated primitive rocks, in which silex is a principal 
 ingredient, is by no means productive. A considerable por- 
 tion is covered with sand or stunted heath, but interspersed 
 wiHi forests, green meadows, and cornfields. The finest tracts 
 are the space enclosed between Lake Wetter and the Bay of 
 Braviken on the S., and Lakes Ilielmar and Msel.ir on the 
 N.. the plain of Linkoping. the la'n of Carlscrona, and gene- 
 rally what is called the Plain of Scania, occupying the whole 
 of the S. peninsula lietween the Sound on the W. and the 
 Baltic on the S. and E. 
 
 GcolfMji/ and Minerals. — The geology of Sweden, though 
 interesting from the character of its rocks, and the mineral 
 treasures which many of them contain, does not present 
 much variety in it« formations. Almost the whole of the 
 country throughout its length and breadth is composed of 
 gneiss, partially penetrated by granite. Patches of por- 
 phyry and greenstone, of Silurian rocks, of oolite, and of 
 cretaceous rocks, appear in various localities. The minerals 
 include gold, which was once worked on the table-land of 
 Sm.iland. till it ceased to pay the expenses; silver, found in 
 limited quantities in several places, particularly Snla. in the 
 i laen ot Westenis, and the vicinity of Faluu; eojipar, found 
 ' 1866 
 
SWE 
 
 SWE 
 
 chiefly In the laeii f Falun, and smelted to a consideraWe 
 extent at Stora-Kt pparberi;; rich mines of cobalt, particu- 
 larly in the lien of Orebro; a little lead, and inexhauftihle 
 supplies of iron. The last, indeed, not only occurs in 
 beds of immense thickness, enclosed in a strata of gneiss, 
 but forms the principal ma.ss of whole mount.iins. In 
 Swi^dish Ijapland. some seams are from 3 to 4 fathoms, 
 otheis from 14 to 15 fit horns in thickness, while others at- 
 tain the immense thickness of 34 and 38 fathoms. These 
 Lapland ores, however, have proved of little economical 
 value. The want of fuel renders the smelting of them very 
 expensive, and what is worse, the iron obtained is generally 
 of a brittle and inferior qualily. Mount Taberg, to the S. 
 of Lake Wetter, on the table-land of Smaland. forms another 
 of the enormous mountain masses of iron ; Imt the ore, 
 though otherwise of good quality, contains only 25 per 
 cent, of metal, and cannot be smelted to advantage with an 
 intermixture of other ores. The most celebrated mines are 
 those of Danemora, in the Iwn of Upsala. where the irtm 
 worked is perhaps the best in the world, and being ad- 
 mirably adapted for steel, is in great demand for that pur- 
 pose in England and the United Stjites. where it commands 
 a very high price. The quantity annually raised, however, 
 is only about 3()00 tons. Much larger quantities, also of 
 excellent quality, are produced in the licns of Falun, Gefle, 
 Westerns. Carlstad, and Orebro. The annual produce of all 
 the mines is about 70.000 tons of bar-iron: in 1846, 31,411 
 tons were exported into Great Britain. The richest cop- 
 per-mines are at Falun; the annual produce in all is 
 about 1000 tons. The mining districts of Sweden extend 
 over 16.000 square miles. The most valuable quarries are 
 those of poi-phyry, which takes on a fine polish, and is made 
 into a great number of articles of a very ornamental de- 
 scription. 
 
 It'ivers and Loles. — These are very numerous, and the 
 latter in particular are on a gigantic scale, giving to the 
 scenery of the country several of its grandest features. The 
 rivers all belong to the basins of the BalticSea and the Ger- 
 man Ocean. The former receives the far larger share. To 
 it belongs the TorneS. which, rising in the Norwegian 
 Mountains, pursues its course S.S.E. for nearly 290 miles, 
 augmented by numerous large affluents, and falls into the 
 N. extremity of the Gulf of Bothnia; the Lule.-i, PiteS, 
 SUellefteA. and united Windel and VmeS, which flow pre- 
 cipitously S.E. into the same gulf; the Angermann, which 
 flows 230 miles, and in the lower part of its cour.se becomes 
 .sn wide and deep that vessels of 600 tons can ascend nearly 
 70 miles from the sea ; and the B. and W. Dal, which, 
 uniting their streams, receive the waters of numerous 
 lakes, and pursue a more circuitous course than usual in 
 Swedish rivers. The principal rivers belonging to the basin 
 of the German Ocean are the Klar and theGota; the former 
 of which, issuing from Lake Fiemund, on the edge of the 
 Dovrefield Mountains, furnishes Lake Wener with its chief 
 supply of water; while the latter, which may be considered 
 only as its continuation, discbarges it into the ocean. 
 Most of the rivers have rocky beds and dangerous shallows, 
 and in many places a complete barrier is formed, over which 
 a whole river is precipitated in cascade. The most remark- 
 able of these is Trolhasta. immediately below the outlet of 
 Lake Wener. 
 
 The lakes ara so numerous and so large, that their united 
 area has been estimated at nearly 22,000 square miles, or 
 about one-eighth of the whole area of the country. They 
 not only add to the beauty of the scenery, but yield large 
 supplies of tish, and both by their natural depth, and the 
 canals which have been cut to connect them, are of vast 
 navigable importance, and furnish a long line of internal 
 communication. In this way a direct channel has been 
 opened from Gothenburg on the W. to Soderkoping on the' 
 E. coast, and communicating with the important towns of 
 Wenersborg, Carlstad, Mariestad, Jonkiiping, and Linkbp- 
 ing. In the same manner the capital has been enabled to 
 extend its connections with the interior. In general, how- 
 ever, the rugged nature of the country has made navigation 
 difRcult. Ijake Wener, after that of Ladoga, the largest in 
 Europe, is 55 miles long by 20 miles broad, and covers an 
 expanse of 2000 square miles. Lake Wetter, the next in 
 Bi7.e, is about 80 miles long by 10 miles broad, and has an 
 area of about 900 square miles. It is more alpine in its 
 features than any of the other lakes, and in one place has a 
 depth of 420 feet. Lake Mselar, better known than the 
 other large lakes from having the capital on its shores, is 
 also remarkable for the numl)er of islands, which so crowd 
 its surface, that, though it has a length of 60 miles and a 
 breadth of 25 miles, it is scarcely possible to find a single 
 square mile of open water. The other lakes whose magni- 
 tude entitles them to notice are the Hjelmar, which has 
 both a natural and an artificial communication with Lake 
 Ma'Iar; the Silja, formed by an expansion of the East Dal ; 
 the ptorsiUn, out of which the Indal issues; the IIorn-Afvan, 
 which discharges itself into the SkellefteA; and thg Stora- 
 Luled-Watten. which originates the LuleS. 
 
 C/iwu//-.— The N. part of Sweden has naturallv a rigorous 
 climate, though several causes concur to inodlfv and miti- 
 1866 ' 
 
 gate its severity. At Enontek»ls. lat. 6S° 30', at the height 
 of 1440 feet above sea-level, the thermometer in Januai-y 
 averages 0° 12, or nearly 32° below the freezing point; but in 
 the hottest month. July, averages o8°'10; and for the whole 
 year, 27°'4, or about 5° below freezing. This annual mean, 
 though low, is fiir above that of places in the same latitude, 
 situ.ated much farther E.. as in Siberia. In lower latitudes, 
 the advantage is still more favorable to Sweden, particu 
 larly in winter. Thus, at Stockholm, the mean temperature 
 of the six winter months is 29° 4 ; whereas in St. Petersburg 
 it is only 21°-9. Compared with places farther W.. Sweden 
 loses its advantage. Thus, at Wexio, lat. 6C° .53', the mean 
 annual temperature is 44°-56: and in Edinburgh, in lat. 65"^ 
 57', it is 46°-97 ; in other words, Edinburgh, though not 1^ 
 lower, is nearly 2i° warmer. In summer the advantage ia 
 remarkably in fHvor of Sweden, the thermometer in July 
 averaging 63°-46; whereas in Edinburgh it averages only 
 59°, and even at London not more than 62'--97. The result 
 of these observations is. that the climate of Sweden, though 
 modified by the proximity of the sea, so as to be milder in 
 all respects than the interior of the N. parts of the European 
 and A.siatic continents, is much more extreme than that of 
 the British Islands, and experiences greater degrees both 
 of cold and heat. Hence, at Stockholm, the thermometer, 
 which never reaches zero at Edinburgh, ha.s been known to 
 de.scend 26° below it in January, and to ri.«e in July to the 
 almost tropical he.it of 96°-8. Spring is almost unknown. 
 The climate, however, is eminently favorable to health, and 
 no country furnishes more numerous instances of longevity. 
 The amount of rain is much less than in Norway. The 
 prevailing winds are S.W. and W. 
 
 Vegetatvm and AgricitUure. — At the N. extremity of Swe- 
 den, at least in those parts where the surface is not veiy ele- 
 vated, fine trees of pine, fir, and birch are found. These, 
 however, occupy only occasional patches, and the true fo- 
 rest-land mu.«t be considered as having its limit ne.ir 64°. 
 Below this latitude, and chiefly in the central and S. parts 
 of the kingdom, the forests occupy at lea.st one-fourth of the 
 whole surface, and sometimes stretch continuously for 80 
 miles in length, by 20 miles in breadth. Many of these, 
 however, consist of trees of stunted growth, available chiefly 
 for domestic fuel, or the supply of the smelting-furnaces, 
 and are seldom of much use as timber. Forests in which 
 oak and beech are the prevailing trees occur only in the S. 
 The far greater part of the available surface not covered 
 with forests remains either in natural pasture, or has been 
 converted into artificial meadows, from which good crops of 
 hay are obtained. The quantity of arable land is veiy 
 limited, and does not in all exceed 4000 square miles. 
 Much even of this is of indifferent quality, and, till re- 
 cently, was so poorly farmed, that Sweden was annually 
 obliged to import a considerable part of its whole consump- 
 tion of grain. But in consequence of the great improve- 
 ments which have taken place, the deficiency has been sup- 
 plied, and in ordinary years importation can be dispensed 
 with. The prevailing cereals are rj-e, barley, and oats. The 
 first is nearly a half more in quantity than the other two, 
 which are nearly equ.al; the quantity of wheat is nearly ten 
 times le.ss than that of rye. Another crop which is scarcely 
 less important than those of grain, is potatoes. These are 
 grown in almost all parts of the country, and form one of 
 the main articles of food among the lower classes. The 
 most important anxiliary crops are hemp and flax, particu- 
 larly the latter, which is of excellent quality ; on a few fa- 
 vored spots, tobacco, hops, and madder are grown. Cher- 
 ries, apples, and pears are tolerably abundant iu the S. 
 districts. 
 
 Animals. — The principal domestic animals are cattle, 
 sheep, and reindeer. The last, necessarily confined to the 
 N., are kept in large herds by the Laplanders, and supply 
 them at once with ibod and clothing. The cattle are gene- 
 rally of a small breed, without horns, and are not posses.sed 
 of valuable properties either for the butcher or the dairy. 
 The sheep are also inferior, and yield only coarse wool, 
 though some attempts have been made in the S. to cross the 
 Swedish sheep with the merino. Among the larger wild 
 animals, the wolf and bear abound in the forests, and often 
 commit great ravages. The elk and deer are also found, but 
 in more limited numbers. Of smiiller animals, the most 
 destructive is the lemming, which at intervals of years de- 
 scends in immense numbers into the low country, and lay 
 it waste. Among birds, the most remarkable are eagles, 
 capercailzies, and woodcocks. The riveis and lakes are well 
 stocked with salmon and trout, but the fisheries on the sea- 
 coast have long ceased to be productive. Herrings, which 
 used to visit the coast of the Baltic in laige shoals, have 
 almost entirely disappeared, though large numbers of a fish 
 resemliling herrings, and called striimings, are taken along 
 the E, coast, 
 
 ilaniifijctures. — Manufactures in Sweden have nof made 
 great progiess. The more important article* are woollen 
 cloths, and other woollen stuffs, which are made in large 
 factories, chiefly at N'irkjoping and Stockholm, and <»iploy 
 a great number of domestic looms iu different qu>rters; 
 cotton, linen, and silk goods, worsted and cottou-tw lat, to- 
 
SWE 
 
 bacco. manrifiiptuved in many places, and on a lane Pcale at 
 NorrkOping: refined sugar, more especially at Gottenburg; 
 paper, chiefly in the tens of Christianstad and Falun; tan- 
 neries, carried on to a large extent in all the more im- 
 portant towns, but more especially at Stockholm; glass, 
 made on an extensive scale in the Ifen of Mariestad ; canvas 
 and sailcloth, earthenware, cordage, and various articles in 
 ir.jn. There are also extensive dj-e-works, soap and oil- 
 works, jiorter-breweries, distilleries, and huildiug-yards in 
 almost (ill the ports of the Baltic. 
 
 CiynimerQt. — The trade is chiefly in articles of raw produce, 
 umong which the most important are iron and timber. 
 Nfxt to these are tar, copper, cobalt, alum, hemp, oil. bark, 
 tobac.;o and snulf. paper, Ac. The chief imports sre colonial 
 produce, salt, wines, silk, wool, cotton stuffs and cotton- 
 twist, hemp, hides, skins, butter, bacon, oil, lacfiuered- 
 ware, dyes, &c. The trade is carried on chiefly with the 
 United States, which takes large quantities of iron; Great 
 Britain, which receives both iron and timber; Denmark, 
 Hamburg, Lubeck, Brazil, Kussia, Prussia, France, and 
 Portugal. The following table presents a summary of the 
 maritime commerce from 1842 to 1851 : — 
 
 Comparative. Vietv of the Tonnage of the Vessels that ai-rived in 
 and cleared from Stveden. in the years from 1842 to 1851, 
 and of the Value of the Imports and Exports in the same 
 years. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Arrived. 
 
 Cleared. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1842 
 
 1843 
 
 1844 
 
 Tons. 
 8fi8.9!)6 
 357,758 
 40-',004 
 493,5J6 
 525.974 
 540,902 
 450,824 
 450.848 
 521,058 
 636,674 
 
 Tons. 
 371,640 
 370.730 
 418,776 
 505,114 
 545.538 
 562.394 
 443,628 
 508,654 
 542,8-8 
 651,874 
 
 $8,125,000 
 7,190.000 
 7,700,000 
 
 8,aTO.ooo 
 
 8,580,000 
 11.680,000 
 
 9,715,0U0 
 10,1)30,000 
 
 9.990,000 
 11.685,000 
 
 $9,7.35,000 
 8,100,IK)0 
 9,0.10.000 
 11,655,000 
 10,365.000 
 12.880,000 
 12.000,000 
 10.975,000 
 10,210,000 
 11,236,000 
 
 1815 
 
 18tB 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 184» 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 
 The total value of imports in 1852. was $11.696,4.30, and of 
 exports, $11,15(>.393. Of this commerce, $l.831..536 imports, 
 and $4,047,853 exports, was with the United Kingdom; 
 $2.1t57;740 imports, and $1,307,973 exports, with the Han- 
 geatic States, Hanover, Mecklenburg. Ac; $877,653 imports, 
 and $1,613,736 exports, with Denmai-k; $1,365,686 imports, 
 and $410,190 exports, with Kussia; $1,095,943 imports, and 
 $100,203 exports, with Brazil; and $775,448 imports, and 
 $758,168 exports, with the United States. The merchant 
 marine, in 1852, comprised 1407 vessels, (tons, 8(5.757,) not 
 Including those under 10 tons. There were also 61 steamers, 
 (tons, 3180.) 
 
 The means of internal communication in Sweden are de- 
 ficient, though, from the comparative narrowness of the 
 country, the distance from the sea is not very great. The 
 canals connecting the different central lakes, and giving a 
 continuous communication from the Cattegat to the Baltic, 
 are the most important works that have yet been con- 
 structed for improving and extending the internal commu- 
 nications; and much might yet be done by deepening and 
 removing obstructions from the l)ed,« of rivers. In winter, 
 when in most other countries the difficulties of travelling 
 are greatly increased, the Swedes enjoy unusual facilities 
 fiom the coating of snow which covers the ground, and fur- 
 nishes an easy means of transport by sledges. 
 
 Government, <£c. — Sweden and Norway are now united 
 under one sovereign, but each has its own constitution. 
 That of Sweden has at its head an hereditary constitutional 
 sovereign, who possesses the sole e.xecutive, but shares the 
 legislative power with a Diet or Parliament, composed of 
 hereditary noljility, clergy, burghers, and peasants or land- 
 holders not noble. These four orders form four chambers, 
 which meet and vote separately. That of the nobility con- 
 sists of the head of every noble family in the kingdom, and 
 as these amount to about 2300, the number of members 
 might be nearly the same, though the attendance seldom 
 exceeds 500, and often not 400. The clerical chamber con- 
 sists of the Archbishop of Upsala. who always presides, 12 
 bishops, and about 60 deputies from the various dioceses. 
 The burghers are represented by 97 deputies, of whom Stock- 
 holm returns 10 ; and the pe.i.sJints by 144 deputies, sent 
 from the different rural districts. To effect constitutional 
 changes, the whole four orders must concur; but in ordi- 
 nary questions the assent of three is sufficient. The king 
 has in all cases an absolute veto, and in the exercise of it or 
 any of his other powers, is responsible only through his 
 ministers The Diet is assembled every fifth year, and sits 
 for 3 or 4 months, though occasionally much longer. The 
 government is conducted by a council of state, composed of 
 the 2 ministers of justice and foreign affairs, and 8 council- 
 lors, of whom 5 are the neads of different departments, and 
 S only deliberate. Each Isen is presided over by a governor, 
 who has under him kronofmlt, or deputies over several 
 b&i.ids or districts, and '.imsman, 1 over each harad. 
 
 Justice is alministered by three supreme courts, which 
 
 SWE 
 
 sjt respectively at Stockholm, .TiinkBping. and ChristUnstad 
 To each of these courts a number of secondary tribunals 
 are subordinate; and beneath them, again, are btiru'l- 
 courts, or courts of primary resort, to the number of aK u< 
 264. The Lutheran relijcion is professed by the great ma/ 
 of the people, and is the only religion acknowledt'ed by the 
 state; and though a general toleration is professed, dis- 
 sidents from the state creed are banished the country. The 
 sovereign and all the chief functionaries must be i-utherans. 
 The number of clergy is about 3000. The higher orders are 
 nominated directly by the king; but all ordinary and pa- 
 rochial clergy are elected by the people. The army consistd, 
 of about 48,700 troops and militia, raised by enlistment, and 
 95.300 reserve, raised by conscription. They are well dis- 
 ciplined, and, under arms, present a remarkably tine ap- 
 pearance. The navy consists of 10 ships of the line, 8 fri- 
 gates, 8 brigs, 12 steamers, 36 smaller craft, and 256 gun- 
 boats. This naval force is large, compared with the popula- 
 tion, and is well manned by about 8000 men. The total 
 revenue and expenditure, as brought forward in the budget 
 for 1853, were each estimated at $5,029,582. About two-tilths 
 of the revenue are derived from the land-tnx and other per- 
 manent sources, and three-fifths from customs, excises, <i:c. 
 
 Laens or Districts. 
 
 Area, 
 8q. m. 
 
 Pop. in 
 
 1840. 
 
 Pop. in 
 1850. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 
 fMalmd 
 
 1,781 
 
 221,670 
 
 253.084 
 
 .MalmA. 1 
 
 
 Christianstad. 
 
 2,432 
 
 165,880 
 
 189,627 
 
 Cliristianstad. 
 
 
 Halmstad 
 
 1,900 
 
 94,934 
 
 105,726 
 
 Halmstad. 
 
 • 
 
 Carlscrooa. ... 
 
 1,135 
 
 95,807 
 
 107,827 
 
 CarLscioua. 
 
 ^ 
 
 We.\io 
 
 3,787 
 
 121,4.54 
 
 1.36.623 
 
 We.xio. 
 
 
 .Tonlioping 
 
 4,292 
 
 150,477 
 
 163,426 
 
 JOiikoping. 
 
 Kalniar 
 
 4, -.'58 
 
 184,557 
 
 202,178 
 
 Kalmar. 
 
 o 
 
 Linli ping 
 
 4,253 
 
 206.625 
 
 222,4!<4 
 
 Linkoping. 
 
 
 Mariestad .... 
 
 3,315 
 
 181,048 
 
 199,897 
 
 Mariestad. 
 
 
 AVenersborg . . 
 
 5,036 
 
 218,618 
 
 246,136 
 
 Wenersborg. 
 
 
 Gotlienburg . . 
 
 1,891 
 
 164,974 
 
 187,583 
 
 Gothenburg. 
 
 
 Wi.sby 
 
 1,227 
 
 41,575 
 
 44,572 
 
 M'isbv. 
 
 
 'Stocliliolin.... 
 
 2,911 
 
 194,440 
 
 207,713 
 
 Stooi;holm. 
 
 
 Upsala 
 
 2,067 
 
 85,294 
 
 89,323 
 
 Upsala. 
 
 
 AVestcras 
 
 2,661 
 
 92,494 
 
 96,691 
 
 Wesleras. 
 
 
 Nvlioping 
 
 2,516 
 
 114,9->0 
 
 120,113 
 
 Nvkoping. 
 
 its 
 
 Orebro 
 
 3,i64 
 
 125,061 
 
 137,660 
 
 Orebro. 
 
 
 Carlstad 
 
 6,946 
 
 195,546 
 
 221,885 
 
 Carlstad. 
 
 
 ..Falun 
 
 12,261 
 
 138,141 
 
 151,497 
 
 Falun. 
 
 
 Gefieborg 
 
 7,561 
 
 109,794 
 
 120.158 
 
 Gelle. 
 
 Mi 
 
 Horuosand.... 
 
 9,501 
 
 85,875 
 
 99,558 
 
 Hernosand. 
 
 Ostersund .... 
 
 19.208 
 
 45,769 
 
 52,271 
 
 Ostersund. 
 
 r- 
 
 Umea 
 
 29,382 
 
 57,164 
 
 70,758 
 
 Umea. 
 
 
 
 S3,o:« 
 
 3.562 
 
 
 55 751 
 
 
 The lakes... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toul 
 
 170,096 
 
 3,138,884 
 
 3,482,541 
 
 
 The population of Sweden in 1860 amonnted to 3,859,728. 
 
 F.dncation and People. — Almost all the inhabitants of 
 Sweden, with the exception of the Laplanders and i'inns, 
 are of Teutonic origin, and preserve the original features 
 of the race in great purity, particularly in the central and 
 S. provinces, where they are characterized by a tall, robust 
 stature, light hair, blue eyes, and light complexions. They 
 are active and enterprising, and manifest a marked predilec- 
 tion for scientific pursuits. In point of intelligence and 
 education, they are scarcely surpassed by any country in 
 Europe. This is partly owing to the enlightened spirit of 
 the government, in endeavoring to provide schools in every 
 important locality; but derives great additional aid from 
 the parents, who, in many parts of the counti^ where regu- 
 lar schools, owing to the scantine.ss of the population, can- 
 not be maintained, are careful to give a substantiiil educa- 
 tion to their children at their own firesides. The system 
 comprises universities at Upsala and Lund. 2 secondary and 
 grammar schools, (classical and practical .schools.) and 3 pri- 
 mary schools, or schools for the people, the whole under the 
 inspection of the bishop and chapter of the Cathedral. In 
 1850 there were 143,526 pupils in the stationary and 126.178 
 in the ambulatory primary schools, 6223 in the secondary 
 schools, 17,4134 in private institutions, 128,096 educatiKl at 
 home, and 25,718 in Sunday-schools. AW children betw«>n 
 the ages of 9 and 15 must attend school or receive instruc- 
 tion at home. A normal school was establishefl in 1842. 
 
 Hiistory. — The earliest traditions of Sweden, like those of 
 most other countries, present only a confused mass of fables. 
 Christianity appears to have been first introduced about the 
 beginning of the ninth century. The Swedes and Goths 
 were long ruled by separate sovereigns, but in 1056 they 
 became united under Steukill. Margaret. Queen of Den- 
 mark and Norway, who has been called the Semiramis of 
 the North, having defeated Albert, King of Sweden, and 
 made him prisoner, formed the famous union of Kalmar in 
 1397. and united the three crowns in her own person. The 
 Swedes recovered their independence under Gustavus A'asa, 
 in 1521. The House of Vasa ascended the throne in 1523, 
 and gave to Sweden the celebrated Gustavus Adolphus. In 
 1522, the Heformation was introduced by Olaus Petri, a dis- 
 ciple of Luther, and advanced with such rapidity that iu 
 1528, at the Diet of Westerns, the king and people solemnly 
 vowed adherence to the Confe.ssion of Augsburg as theii 
 standard of liiith. The reign of Gustavus was long and 
 
 1867 
 
S^rE 
 
 SWI 
 
 pi-^iwroas: and Sweden, enjoying the double blessings of a 
 oeller governmeat and a purer religion, made more pi-o- 
 gress in civilization than for centuries before. The cele- 
 brated Gustavus Adolphus took peaceable possession of the 
 throne in 1011. The reii;n of this most distinguished sove- 
 reign belongs more to European than to Swedish history. 
 The tirst years of his reign were devoted to internal im- 
 provements, and the consolidation of the valuable conquests 
 which had been made on the continent. By the treaty of 
 Stolbova. in 1617, he obtained from Russia a cession of all 
 her possessions on the Baltic; and by that of .A.ltmark, in 
 16'29, Livonia and Polish Prussia became Swedish provinces. 
 In 1630 he was appointed Captain-General of the Protestant 
 League,- and commenced the series of brilliant victories, 
 which at one* saved Protestantism, and gave a death-blow 
 to the ambitious aims of Rome. His victory at Liitzen. in 
 1632. cost him his life, and he was succeeded by his daughter 
 Christina, when only six years of age. The evils usually 
 attendant on a minority were avoided by the abiiity with 
 which the celebrated Chancellor Oxenstieru administered 
 the government ; and new laurels were reaped bj- the 
 Swedish armies under the leadership of captains whom the 
 great Gu.stavus had trained. At the peace of Westphalia, 
 in 1648. Sweden was formally confirmed in her continental 
 possessions, which gave her a voice in the Germanic Diet, 
 and rai.sed her to the rank of a first-rate European power. 
 The House of Vasa was succeeded by the House of Deux- 
 Ponts. which furnished the famous Charles XII., who took 
 peace-ilile possession of the throne in 1697. This celebrated 
 prince, then a mere youth, found himself suddenly assailed 
 by an ungenerous coalition on the part of Poland. Denmark, 
 and Russia ; but soon rid himself of his opponents by sig- 
 nally defeating each in succession. Unparalleled success, 
 however, working on a mind in which ambition and the 
 love of glory were ruling passions, ruined all. At his death, 
 in 171S, he left his kingdom greatly curtailed in its dimen- 
 sions, and exhausted by ruinous wars. Internal dissensions 
 were now added to foreign disasters; and two violent fac- 
 tions, known by the name of the Ilats and Caps — the for- 
 mer favoring a French, and the latter a Russian alliance — 
 kept the nation in a state of ferment for more than half a 
 century. Charles XII. had been succeeded by his sister 
 Ulrica-Eleonora, who shortly after abdicated in favor of her 
 husband, Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, during who.»e reign 
 Sweden was obliged to submit to two most disadvantageous 
 treaties with Russia — that of Nystad. in 1721, and that of 
 Abo, in 174.3; the effect of which was to degrade her from 
 the commanding position she had previously occupied, and 
 «ink her again to the rank of a second-rate power. In 1751, 
 Adolphus Frederick of Holsteiii-Gottorp succeeded, and was 
 followed, in 1771, by his son Gustavus III., who. by the 
 support of the army and body of the people, succeeded in 
 reestablishing the government nearly as it existed in 1680. 
 In 1810, Bernadotte, who had been a Marshal under Napo- 
 leon, was chosen crown prince, and ascended the throne as 
 Charles John XIV., in 1818. He showed himself throughout 
 an able, enlightened, and patriotic prince; and at his death. 
 in 1844, left the kingdom in a far more prosperous state 
 th,in he found it, to his son, who now (1855) reigns under 
 the title of Oscar I. Norway was annexed to Sweden in 1814, 
 retaining its own laws. The united kingdoms, enjoying 
 the blessings of peace and good government, continue to 
 
 make rapid advances in prosperity. .\dj. Swt/Disii; (Sw. 
 
 SvExsK. pvjnsk; Fr. Suedois, swAMwi'; Ger. Schwedish. 
 shwii'di-sh; Sp.Sl'ECO, swA'ko; It.SvEDESE, svi-dil'sA;) inhab. 
 Swede. (In Swedish, French. Spanish, and Italian, the 
 inhab. is the same as the adj. ; Ger. Schwede, shwi'deh.) 
 
 SWK'DEX. a postrtownship of Oxford co., Maine, 55 miles 
 W.S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 728. 
 
 SWEDEN, a post-township of Monroe CO.. New York, 18 
 miles W. of Rochester, intei-sected by the Erie Canal and 
 Central Railroad. Pop. in 184tl. 1885; in 1860, iiHh. 
 
 SWl'iDKN. a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles E. of Coudersport. Pop. 389. 
 
 SWEDKSBOROUGII, sweeds/bar-rtth, a post-village of 
 Gloucester co.. New Jersey, situated at the head of Sloop 
 Navigation on Racoon C're«k, about 12 miles S.AV. of Wood- 
 bury. It contains 3 cUiircJies, 4 stores, au extensive wool- 
 len fiutory. and alx)nt 100 d'vellings. 
 
 SW E ICIVli \ HILTah i)ostroftice,Pendleton co.,W.Virginia. 
 
 SWKK1''ST0NR, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SWKK'K.A. or SI'IUA. See Mogadore. 
 
 S\VKET AIR, a post-oface of Baltimore CO., Maryland. 
 
 SWKKT IIDMK. a postofllce of l.,avacca co., Texas. 
 
 SWEKT IIkMK.. a post-office of Nodaway co., Mis.souri. 
 
 SWEET l/A'vT>, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa. 
 
 SWEET iP KINGS, a post-village of Monroe Co., W. Vir- 
 ginia, i« r/e-isartly situated nemr the foot of the Alleghany 
 MountJiins, about 15 miles S.S..B. of Lewisburg; This is one of 
 tlicol(!'st and moijt f:;shionabIo watering-places of the state 
 
 SWEKT VAL/LEY, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SWEETVII.LE. apostK)ffice of Orittenden co.. Arkansas. 
 
 SWKET'WATER, a postoffice of Wautauga co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SWEETWATER, a post- village of Gwinnett eo., Georgia, 
 96 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 SWEETAVATER, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama. 
 
 SWEF;TWATER, a p(ist-office of Monroe co., Tennissee. 
 
 SWEKTWATER. a post-office of Menard co., Illinois. 
 
 SWEETWATKR CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Chatta- 
 hoochee River a few miles N.E. of Campliellton. 
 
 SWEETWATER FACTORY, a post-office of Campbell co., 
 Georgia. ' 
 
 SWEF'LING. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 SWEIDEEYAH or SWEIDIYAH, swA-dee'va. written also 
 SUADIAH or SUADEIAH, a large village of North .Syria, 
 pashalic of .ileppo, in a valley. 14 miles W. of Antioch. 
 
 SWELL, a pjirish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 SWELL. Lower, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SWELL. Upper, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SWKNIGOROD, a town of Russia. See Svexioorod. 
 
 SWER'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SWERIGKor SVERIGE. See Sweden. 
 
 SWERZKNDZ. a town of Poland. See Schwersenz. 
 
 SWET'TENIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 SWEVEGIIEM, sw;i'veh-GhJm\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders. 27 miles S. by E. of Bruges. P. 5242. 
 
 SWEVEZKELE. swA'veh-zA'lfh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders. 10 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 48^. 
 
 SWI.\G.\, a river of iiu.ssia. See Svi.\G.\. 
 
 SWIECI.\NY. a town of Rus.sia. See Svieciant. 
 
 SWIENEMUNDE. a town of Prussia. See Swix'emundb. 
 
 SWIENT.4-SIERKA. a town of Pru.ssia. See Heilioen ;;ero. 
 
 SWIETLA-ober-der-SAZAWA, sve-Jt/li oOier dfr sd-z^- 
 vS (?) a town of Bohemia, 17 miles S. of Czaslau, on the 
 Sazawa. Pop. 1472. 
 
 SM'IFT CREE(\. in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows through 
 Chesterfield county, and unites with the Appomattox River 
 a few miles below I'etersburg. 
 
 SWIFT CREEK, of North Carolina, an affluent of Tar 
 River, which it joins a few miles N. of Tarborough. 
 
 SWIFT CKEKK. of Craven co. North Carolina, enters the 
 Neu.se River from the left, about 5 miles above Newbern. 
 
 SWIFT CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into the Wate- 
 ree River, near the N.W. extremity of Sumter district. 
 
 SWIFT CREEK, of Hardin co., "Tennessee, flows into the 
 Tennes.see River. 
 
 SWIFT CREEK, a post-oflSce of Darlington district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 SWIFT CREEK BRIDGE, a postnjfficeof Cr.^ven co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SWIFT ISLAND, a post-office of Montgomery co- North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SWIFT RIVER, of New Hampshire, risses in Grafton 
 county, and falls into the Saco River in Carroll county. It 
 is, as it.< name implies, a very rapid stream. 
 
 SWIFT RIVER, a small stream of Hampshire county, 
 Massachusetts, formed by the junction of the East and .Mid- 
 dle Branches of the Chickopee River, itself uniting with the 
 West Branch to form that river. 
 
 SWIFT'VILLE, a post-office of Morean co., Kentucky. 
 
 SWIL'LAND. a parish of England. "co. of-Suffolk. 
 
 SWIL/LINGTON, a parish of England co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 SWII/LY, LOUGH. loH, an inlet of the Atlantic, in the 
 N. part of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, extends inland 
 25 miles S.. where it receives the river Swilly. On Tannet 
 Point, at the W. side of its entrance, is a light-house, in lat. 
 55° 10' 3o" N.. Ion. 7° 3S' W., and it is there -31 miles across. 
 
 SWIM'BRIDGE, a parish of Englanu co. of Devon. 
 
 SWIN'BRfXIK. a parish of England, co of Oxford. 
 
 SWIN'CO.MBE. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SWIN'DERBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWIN'DON, a market-town and p.irish of England, co. of 
 Wilts, and a principal station of the Great W&stern Rail- 
 way, 29 miles E.N.E. of Bath. Pop. in 1851. 4876. The 
 town, neatly built on an eminence, has a free school, and 
 several charities. 
 
 SWINDON, a parish ofEngland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 SWINDON, a township of England, co. of York, M'est 
 Riding. 
 
 SAVINE, a parish of England, co. of York, E-ist Riding. 
 
 SWINE'FLEET, a chapelry ofEngland, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 SW'NE'FORD, a market-town of Ireland, in Connanght, 
 CO. of .Mayo. 15} miles E.N.E. of Castlebar. P. in 1S51, 991. 
 
 SWINEFORDSTOWN, Pennsylvania. See Middleburu. 
 
 SWINE'IIART, a post-office of Rush co.. Indiana. 
 
 SWINEMUNDE (Swinemiinde) or SWIENE.MUNDE, 
 (SwienemUnde.) swee'iieh-niUn'deh, a maritime town of 
 Prussia, province of Pomerauia, 36 miles N.X.W. of Stettin, 
 In the island of Usedom, on the Swine, the outlet of the 
 Frische Haff in the Baltic. Pop. 4600. Since 1817 its harbor 
 has been much improved by the erection of piers, on one of 
 which is a lighthouse. It has a pilot-board, and here large 
 vessels unload cargoes for Stettin, of which it i.» the l utport. 
 
 SWINESHE.^D, swinz^h^d, a parish of England, co nf 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 SWINESUEAD, a marketrtown and parish of Eugliiud 
 
SWI 
 
 cf>. of Lincoln, in the fens. 6 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 
 in 1851. 2044. The /en formerly reaciied tiiis town, whieli 
 had a harbor near its present uiarket-plaee. 
 
 SWINKS'TEAD, a parish of Enriand. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWINESUND, swee'neh-soond\ is an inlet of the Skager- 
 rack, between Norway and Sweden. 
 
 SWINE'YAUD, a post-office of Charles City co., Virginia. 
 
 SWIN'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SWINFORD, Old, a |>arish of England, cos. of Stafford 
 and Worcester, including the town of Stourbridge. The 
 Blue Coat Hospital, founded in 1677. educates 70 boys. 
 
 SWIN'FORD-Rl'yGIS or KING'S SWIX'FORD, a parish of 
 England, co. of Stafford, on the Staffordshire and Worcester- 
 shire Canal, 3 miles N.N.W. of Stourbridge. The Tillage is 
 neat, and the parish has a massive church, coal, iron, glass, 
 brick and tile works, and numerous potteries. Near it are 
 the vestiges of a large Roman camp, and Holbeach, where 
 several gunpowder-plot conspirators were taken in 1605. 
 
 SWING'b'IELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 SWINGLEVILLE, a post-office of Washington CO., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 SWIN'IIOPR, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SWIN'NERTON. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 S^V'IN'TON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Rid- 
 ing, parish of Wath-ou-Dearne, 5 miles N.N.E. of Rotherham, 
 on the North Branch of the Midland Railway. 
 
 SWIN'TON, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, about 50 
 miles W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 SWINTON-AND-SIM'PRIN, a united parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Berwick. 
 
 SWIR. a river of Russia. See Sveer. 
 
 SWITH'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SWIT'ZERLAND, (Ger. Schweiz or Schweitz, shwits; It. 
 Svizzera, svifsi-ri; Er. .SMis-.te, sweess; Sp. Sui^n, swee'thj : 
 Port. A nrra dos Siiifos, i t^R^nA doce swee'soce, " the land 
 of the Swiss;" L. Hdve'tia,) a federal republic of Central 
 Europe, situated between lat. 45° 50' and 47° 50' N., and Ion. 
 6° and 10° 25' E., and bounded on the N. by BaUen, from 
 which it is separated for the most part by the Rhine; N.E. 
 by Wiirtemberg and Bavaria, from which it is separated by 
 the Lake of Constance ; E. by the principality of Liecht- 
 enstein and the Tyrol, from the former of which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Rhine, and from the latter partly by the Rhine, 
 but chiefly by ranges of the Gri.son Alps : S. by Austrian 
 Italy, Piedmont, and Savoy, from the two first of which it is 
 separated also by the Alps, and from the latter partly by the 
 Alps and the Lake of Geneva ; and W. and N.W. by France, 
 from which it is separated in part by the Jura Mountains 
 and the river Doubs. The greatest length of Switzerland, 
 from \f. to E., near the pariillel of 46° 35' N., is 216 miles ; 
 the greatest breadth, measured a little W. of the meridian 
 of 9° E., is 140 miles. 
 
 Phyncal Features. — These are on the grandest scale, and 
 furnish scenery which, if equalled, is not surpassed by any 
 other part of the glolie: lofty mountain ranges towering 
 above the clouds and beyond the limits of perpetual snow : 
 enormous glaciers descending from their sieves, and blocking 
 up the higher valleys ; magnificent lakes, embosomed among 
 mountains which often rise here from the water's edge for 
 many thousand feet ; and wild romantic valleys forming the 
 channels of impetuous streams, fed by numerous torrents 
 Rnd cascades. The loftiest mountain chains belong to the 
 Alps, and are situated chiefly in the S. The immense mass 
 of Mount St. Gothard forms the centre or nucleus of a sys- 
 tem of mountains, covered with perpetual snow and gla- 
 ciers, the peaks of which are from 90O0 to 14,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. The Alps cover all the central, S., and 
 S.E. portion of the country, and occupy more than one-half 
 of its superficies. (See Alps.) The Jura Mountains extend 
 along the N.W. borders; the culminating points ai-e the 
 Dole and Mont Tendre, (see Jura.) and between these is an 
 undulating plain or table-land 135 miles in length, from the 
 Lake of Geneva in the S.W. to the Lake of Constance in the 
 N.E. Its extreme breadth is 50 miles. Next the Alps it is 
 2000 feet above the sea, sloping towards the Jura, where it is 
 1350 feet. It has numerous valleys, some of which are of 
 considerable extent. 
 
 GeoLngy and Minerals. — All the loftiest Alpine ranges have 
 a nucleus of granite, on which gneiss and mica slate recline, 
 generally at a high angle. These rocks are particularly de- 
 veloped in St. Bernard, St. Gothard, the Faulhorn, Ac, and 
 eontaiu a great number of beautiful minerals, particularly 
 garnets and various kinds of rock-crystals. Sienite is not 
 jf frequent occurrence, but is found on the S. side of St. 
 Jothard, and on the Finster-Aarhorn. Diallage rock, or 
 i»abbro, is seen exposed in steep precipices near Saaz. in the 
 upper part of the canton of Valais, and forms whole moun- 
 tains in various parts of the canton of Grisous. In the same 
 locality, serpentine is largely developed. Granular lime- 
 stone is widely diffused throughout the Alps, and is more 
 particularly exposed on the Great and Little St. Bernard, 
 and the S. side of St. Gothard. It usually rests on mica- 
 slate, and often alternates with clay-slate and primitive gyp- 
 sum. Mountain limestone composes the great masses of the 
 Dent-du-Midi, the Diablerets, the Wetterhorn, Dodi, Jcc. It 
 
 SWI 
 
 is also seen in large masses on the E, shore of the Lake of 
 Geneva, oh the Molesson. Stockhorn, Pilat. and Sanlis. Tht 
 pif)per carl)onifei-ous rocks are very sparingly developed, but 
 regular co.al-bearing strata are found in the Simmenthal. the 
 Kanderthal, and on the S. .shore of Lake Thun. In tht 
 .lura, limestone equivalent to the oolite, often resting ou 
 muschelkalk, is so largely developed, that the name of Jura 
 limestone is now often applied to the whole oolitic forma 
 tion. Above the .lura limestone is the molasse. a soft green 
 sandstone, belonging to the lower series of the tertiary foiv 
 mation, and covering an extensive area in the lower parts 
 of Switzerland. 
 
 As in almost all mountainous countries, particles of goldi 
 are here found in the sands of many of the rivers, and mcr? 
 especially in those of the Rhine, in the canton of Grisons. in 
 the Reuss, the Emmen, and the Luttern, but in none ot 
 them in such quantities as to repay the search. Lead and 
 copper, both argentiferous, are found in the canton of Gri- 
 sons, and weire once worked, though they are now aban- 
 doned. Iron is more widely diffused, and is worked to ad- 
 vantage in several quarters, particularly among the strata' 
 connected with the Jura linjestone. Rock-salt is worked to 
 some extent in the canton of Vaud. and' saline .springs occur 
 in many places, but have not been turned to much account. 
 The other minerals deserving of notice are alabaster and 
 marble, widely diffused ; sulphur, near Lake Thun : gypsum, 
 particularly in the canton of Freyburg ; and asphalte in the 
 Val de Travers, in the canton of Valais. Mineral springs 
 occur in many quarters. As the most celebrated, we may 
 mention tho.se of Leuk in the Valais, Baden and Schinz- 
 nach in Aargau, Pfeffers in St. Gall, and St. Moritz in the 
 Grisons. 
 
 Rivers. — The Rhone and Rhine both have their sources in 
 the glaciers of Switzerland, and the Danube and the Po are 
 indebted to it for important tributaries; but owing to the 
 mountainous nature and inland position of the country, 
 none of the rivers acquire .so much development within its 
 limits as to become of great navigable importance. The Rhine, 
 formed in the canton ofGrisons by the junction of the Vorder 
 and Hinter Rhein, Hows N. into the Lake of Constance, and 
 then, on emerging from the lake, flows W. to SchafThausen, 
 where it forms the celebrated foils of that name. Below these 
 falls its navigation properly begins, and is continued W. 
 along the frontier to Basel, where a sudden turn N. carries it 
 into Germany. Its principal affluents in Switzerland are the 
 Thur, Toss, Birs, and Aar, which all join it on the left. By 
 far the most important is the Aar, which not only traverses 
 a large part of the country circuitously from the S. of Bern 
 to the N. frontier, but is augmented by a great numl)er of 
 important affluents, of which the largest are the Linmiat, 
 Reuss, and Emmen on the right, and the Saane and Thiele 
 on the left. The Rhone, rising in the glacier of St. Gothard, 
 on the N.E. confines of the canton of Valais, receives all the 
 drainage of that canton, flowing through it centrallv. fir.st 
 W.S.W and then N.N.W.. till it falls into the Lake'of Ge- 
 neva. Immediately after issuing from the lake at the town 
 of Geneva, it receives the Arve, and about 10 miles below 
 quits the Swiss frontier. The waters which the Po receives 
 from Switzerland are carried to it by the Ticino, which 
 drains the canton of that name; those which the Danvibe 
 receives are carried to it by the Inn, which rises and has a 
 considerable part of its upper course in the E. of the canton 
 of Grisons. The whole drainage of Switzerland is thus 
 divided among the three basins of the North Sea. the Medi- 
 terranean, including the Adriatic, which is properly enly a 
 branch of it, and the Black Sea. The proportions received 
 by each are in the order now stated, but the far largest share 
 belongs to the first. 
 
 Lakes. — No country in Europe, except Scandinavia, has, 
 in proportion to its size, so many lakes as Switzerland. 
 Those of the Alpine regions occupy the lower parts of the 
 valleys. They vary in depth from 500 to 1900 feet, and are 
 situated at an elevation\)f from 1200 to 1800 feet above the 
 sea. The chief of these are Lake Leman or the Lake of Ge- 
 neva, Brienz, Thun, WaldstStten or Lucerne. Zug, Wallen- 
 stadt. Zurich, Constance or the Boden See; and. on the S. of 
 the Alps, Lugano and Maggiore. Most of the.se are traversed 
 by steamboats. The table-land contains Lakes Morat. Sem- 
 pach, Baldeck. Ilallwyl, Greiffensee, and Pfefflkon. In the 
 .Tura are the lakes of Neufchatel and Bieuue, the former 
 traversed by steamboats. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Switzerland, owing to its eleva- 
 tion, and other causes, is much more .severe than might be 
 expected from its position, nearly in mid-distance between 
 the Equator and the North Pole. It presents the greatest 
 extremes and the most violent contrasts. In Geneva, at an 
 elevation of 12-30 feet, the mean pres.sure of the barometer 
 is 27 inches ; the range of the thermometer between the 
 mean of winter "and summer is from .■?4° to C6° Fahrenheit, 
 and the average annual amount of rain is 29 inches. Ou 
 Mount St. Bernard, barometer. 21 inches; thermometer, 
 from 18° to 43° Fahrenheit, and amount of rain, 65 inches. 
 While winter is reigning in all its rigor on the lofty summits 
 or slnpesof the mountain.s. it i« only necessary to descend iiitc 
 the lower valleys to find that spring is far advanced. In 
 
 1869 
 
SWI 
 
 SWI 
 
 making Ihis desf-ent, we may direct our course not only S., 
 where, lu tbe lower valleys of the canton of Ticino a truly 
 Italian climate is enjoyed, but even N., and find iu the 
 plains of Basel that winter has long departed. For the pur- 
 pose of comparison, we may mention that the winter tem- 
 perature of London is SS^-i^, and the summer temperature 
 t)l°-74; and that the mean annu.al temperature of the 
 hospice of St, Gothard is nearly two degrees lower than that 
 of the North Cape, The elevation of the lower summit of 
 snow in the mountains is 8900 feet. On the table-land and 
 in the lower mountains snow falls in greater abundance 
 than in other countries of the same latitude in Europe. On 
 St. Gothard. snow falls at least once a month in summer. 
 The large lakes are seldooi frozen. In the upper valleys of 
 the Jura, winter lasts six months: it is longer in those of 
 the Alps. The same causes which diversify the climate tend 
 also to make it extremely variable, even in the same locali- 
 ties : and hence days of almost insupportable heat are not 
 unfrequently preceded by cold mornings, and succeeded by 
 equally cold evenings. These sudden changes are very try- 
 ing to weak constitutions, and sometimes make epidemic 
 diseases generally prev.alent : but, with the exception of a 
 few swampy spots from which deleterious miasma is dif- 
 fused, the air is clear and bracing, and eminently favorable 
 to health. The S.W. winds, which are fretiuent, usually bring 
 rain; the N.E. wind, which blows on the table-land in 
 spring, is cold and dry. The warm S. wind greatly fiivors 
 the climate of the canton of Ticino : under the name of FV!in. 
 the sirocco of the Alps, it blows with extreme violence, and 
 causes great damage on the lakes. 
 
 Vi gelation. Agriculture. &c. — Few countries in Europe, 
 even of larger extent, can boast of a more varied vegetation 
 than Switzerland. It h,as been divided into 7 regions. The 
 characteristic product of the first is the vine, which grows 
 up to 1700 feet, and in some districts of Zurich and the 
 Lake of Thuu, to 1800 feet above the sea-level. The next in 
 ascent is the hilly, or lower mountain region. It rises to 
 the height of 2800 feet, and is characterized by the luxu- 
 riance of its walnut-trees. Though not well adapted for 
 wheat, it produces good crops of spelt; and has excellent 
 meiidows, from which two cuttings of hay are annually 
 obtained. The third, or «ipper mountain region, has its 
 limit at 4100 feet. Its princip-il product is forest timber, 
 consisting of all varieties of hard wood, but more especially 
 beech. The walnut grows in it, though not vigorously, up 
 to 3500 feet, and good crops are obtained of barley and oats. 
 The pastures, too, are excellent. Above this, and up to the 
 height of 5500 feet, is the fourth or subalpine region, dis- 
 tinguished by its pine forests. Here winter l.-ists from 8 to 
 9 months ; no regular crops are grown, but some kinds of 
 kitchen vegetables are raised, and a few potatoes, generally 
 of small size. Slany of the heights are covered with a rich 
 grassy sward. The next two regions are sometimes included 
 under the common name of alpine, though it evidently ad- 
 mits of two distinct divisions: the one, lower alpine, termi- 
 nating at C6CK) feet, and the other, upper alpine, ascending 
 to the limit of perpetu.al snow. The former is the proper 
 region of alpine pastures: the latter as it ascends becomes 
 more and more stunted in its vegetation, and the variation 
 of the seasons is lost, spring and autumn being altogether 
 excluded, and a winter of rigorous severity following close 
 upon a short summer of only five or six weeks. In the lower 
 parts of these regions some trees are occasionally seen; but 
 many of the valleys are filled with enormous glaciers, and 
 in many spots and ravines which the sun cinnot reach, the 
 snow never entirely melts. The seventh and last region is 
 that of perpetual snow. Even here vegetation is not utterly 
 extinct, and several varieties of lichens are found clinging 
 to the rocks. 
 
 Many parts, even of the lower regions of Switzerland, are 
 of a stony, sterile nature, but on every side the effects of 
 persevering industry are apparent, and no spot that can be 
 turned to good account is left unoccupied. Still, so unfavor- 
 able is the soil and climate, that on dividing the whole area 
 of the country into three parts, it will be found that only 
 one of these produces grain sufficient for its own consump- 
 tion: the second raises not more than eight, and the third 
 barely six months' supply. The deficiency is supplemented 
 partly by importation, and partly by the general cultivation 
 of potatoes; in the more mountainous districts, dairy pro- 
 duce forms the chief article of subsistence. The best culti- 
 vated cantons are Basel, Aargau. Thurgau, Vaud. and (ie- 
 iieva. The principal grain crops are, in the flatter districts, 
 spelt, wheat, rye. summer and winter barley, and Turkish 
 corn; in the higher districts, summer Ijarley and oats. 
 Hemp and flax are extensively grown on all lands suitable 
 for them, and nearly supply the whole of the home con- 
 sumption : oil and poppy-seed are also generally cultivated, 
 iind in some of the higher districts car.iwav forms a favorite 
 crop. ToV«cco is chiefly confined to the fla'ttei' parts of Frey- 
 burg, Ticino. and Vaud. In the same cantons, occasional 
 jiatches ol saffron are seen. Fruit is produced in abun'dance 
 in all the N. cantons, where apple, pear, plum, and cherry 
 trees are seen in almost every quarter, growing either singly 
 or in orchards; they are met with less fi-equently in the E. 
 1670 
 
 [ and W., and become somewhat rare in the S. In many of 
 the warmer spots, with a S. exposure and N. shelter, aprt 
 cots, peaches, almonds, and figs thrive well in the open air. 
 More delicate fruits, as oranges, citrons, lemons, and pome- 
 granates, are almost confined to the S, side of the Alps, in 
 the canton of Ticino, Here, too, the olive thrives, and a 
 good de.il of silk is obtained by the cultivation of the mul- 
 berry. With the exception of Uri and Glarus, there is not 
 a canton in which the vine is not gj-own to a greater or lesn 
 extent. Many of the cantons yield more wine than they 
 require, but the quality in general is inferior, and fails to 
 create a foreign demand. Timber of .ill kinds is abundant 
 in most of the cantons, but great waste has been committed, 
 and several of the most accessible forests have been so much 
 thinned, that the prospect of an ultimate scarcity in several 
 quarters has begun to cause serious apprehension. 
 
 Animah. — Among domestic animals, the first place be- 
 longs to the horned cattle, which are both remarkable for 
 their numbers and the superiority of their breeds. Swiss 
 cows can scarcely be surpassed, either in beauty or in the 
 amount of their dairy produce; and the demand for them 
 in other countries has given rise to a very lucrative branch 
 of trade. There were, in 1844. 853,000 horned cattle, about 
 one-fourth of which were milch cows; 105.000 horses. 469.000 
 sheep, 347.000 goats, and 318,000 swine. The horses are 
 generally of rather diminutive size, though strong and 
 hardy. Where used merely as pack-horses to transport bur- 
 dens across the mountains, they are generally well adapted 
 for the purpose. The mules used in the same w.^y are only 
 tolerable; the ass. also occasionally used, is very inferior. 
 Sheep are very much confined to the lower districts, and 
 have not yet attracted much attention, except in the can- 
 tons of Vaud and Geneva, where the merino, regularly im- 
 ported from Spain, is kept pure, both for the purpose of sup- 
 plying a foreign demand and improving the native breeds; 
 on the higher grounds, goats manage to pick up their sub- 
 sistence where no other domestic animal could live, and 
 contribute greatly to the comfort if not to the wealth of their 
 possessors. 
 
 In winter the population of the Alps inhabit villages 
 scattered over the lower valleys. In Sliiy, the cattle are led 
 to the lower pastures; in July, they ascend the regions 
 6000 feet alove the sea: and about the 10th of August they 
 pasture on the highest mountains, whence they descend to 
 the valle3'S about the 10th of October. Among wild .inimals 
 are bears and wolves, found both in the Alps and Jura; I'ha- 
 mois, found chiefly among the loftiest mountains of the Alps; 
 wild boiirs, not unctmimon in the cantons of Bern, Vaud, 
 aud Aargau; st.ags, in the canton of Bern, and occasionally 
 in the Orisons : badgers, foxes, hares, otters, birds of prey 
 of large dimensions, aud many varieties of winged game. 
 The lakes and rivers are well supplied with fish, among 
 whii-h are several varieties of s.almon, found ehieflj' in the 
 Khine and the waters connected with it: salmou-trout of 
 large size, chiefly in the lakes of Constance .and Geneva; 
 and common trout in almost all the rivers and lakes. The 
 only insects deserving of notice are bees, the rearing of 
 which forms an' important occupation in several cantons; 
 and silk-worms, almost confined to the canton of Ticino. 
 In the la.st canton, too, are found vipers, the only venomous 
 reptiles of the serpent kind known to Switzerland, and some 
 scorpions. 
 
 Manufactures. — Manufactures of various kinds were esta- 
 blished in Switzerland at a very early period, aud have ex- 
 tended rapidly in recent times, in face of the formidable 
 competition to which they are subjected. The factory sys- 
 tem, however, is little known, and the far grejiter part of 
 the tissues are produced by domestic looms not kept in 
 regular operation throughout the year, but chiefly during 
 the winter, and in the evenings when the ordinary labors 
 of the field have ceased. The quantities of goods thus made 
 are great, but the exact amount is not easily ascertained. 
 Among the staple articles of Swiss manufacture are silk 
 goods, chiefly in Zurich and Basel ; cotton goods, also chiefly 
 in Zurich, and to a considerable extent likewise in St, Gall 
 and Appenzell; linen and hempen cloth in Aargau, Thur- 
 gau. and St. Gall: jewelry and watches in Geneva, Vaud, 
 Neufchatel, and Bern ; cutlery and various articles of hard- 
 ware iu Schaffhausen; writing and stained paper at Basel; 
 leather and .skins chiefly in Bern, Vaud, Zurich. Geneva. 
 Basel, and Aargau; lace at Lausanne, Couvet, Motiers, and 
 various other places; straw-hats, and various articles in 
 straw, in Aargau and lucerne. Neufcliafel has superior 
 printing estjtblishments. Watches, jewelry, and musical 
 boxes are the principal manufactures of the W. cantons; 
 here '2."0.000 watches are made every year. The number of 
 individuals employed in the different branches of industry 
 iu 1846, were— Silks. 40.000; cotton.s. 90,000; watches and 
 jewelry, 30.000; woollens, paper, leather, ironwares, &c., 
 40,000 ; in all, 2«3,0OO. 
 
 O/HiJiierc*. flfc. — The above articles furnish themselves the 
 materials of .i considerable export trade, .ind to these must 
 be added cattle, butter, cheese, cherrj'-tnindy, timber, char- 
 coal, mediciuiil plants, kc: the more impotant irapo'-ts 
 are corn, rice, .salt, salt-fish, wine, co^ nial product, fine 
 
SWI 
 
 woollonK. and various articles in iron and copper. In addi- 
 tion to this ordinary trade, Switzerland sliares in the very 
 Important transit which is carried on between France, Ger- 
 many, and Itily. The nature of the country tlirows ex- 
 traordinary difficulties in the way of this traffic, but the 
 means which have l)een employed to lessen or remove them 
 tire almost as extraordinary as the difficulties, and the great 
 roads which now lead across some of the loftiest passes of 
 the Alps will long be pointed to as among the most remark- 
 able of engineering achievements. Nor h.ave the ordinary 
 commuiiicjitions of the interior been neglected. In almost 
 every canton, as far as the nature of the surface will admit, 
 tlie roads are both well made and carefully kept, and though 
 the impetuosity of the rivers greatly limits their navigable 
 importance, and leaves little scope for the construction of 
 extensive canals, many hydraulic works have been executed 
 on a scale of no mean extent, considering the limited re- 
 nources of the country and the obstScles to be overcome. 
 Among others may be mentioned the two canals of the Linth, 
 one con necting it with the L.ake of Wallenstadt. and the other 
 connecting it through that lake with the I^ake of Zurich. 
 By the Strasbourg and Hasel, (Bale,) and the Baden and Frei- 
 burg Railways, terminating at Basel, Switzerland is con- 
 nected with the railway systems of France, Germany, and 
 the other European states. 
 
 Divisions, Population, dx. — Switzerland is divided into 22 
 cantons, which, witii their .separate areas and populations, 
 are exhibited in the following table: — 
 
 Cantons. 
 
 Aargau or Argovie 
 
 Appuuzell, Rhodes, outer i 
 " " inner ] 
 
 Basel, city, ) 
 
 " country, 5 
 
 Bern 
 
 Freyburg 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Glarus 
 
 (Jiisons 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 Neufchitel 
 
 St. Gall 
 
 SchaB' Bausen 
 
 Scliwytz 
 
 Soleurc 
 
 Ticino. 
 
 Thurgan 
 
 Cnleiwalden, Upper ) 
 " Lower > * 
 
 Pri , 
 
 Yalais 
 
 Vaud 
 
 Zug 
 
 Zurich 
 
 Total lo,2«l 2,390,116 
 
 1,037 
 
 1,B65 
 
 l,l»,i 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 5 2»,dD0 
 
 i 47,830 
 457,921 
 
 99,805 
 6;<.932 
 30,1971 
 89,8 
 
 132,7891 
 70.679; 
 
 169,508, 
 35. -278; 
 44,159| 
 69,013 
 
 117,397, 
 
 88.819' 
 J 13.798; 
 ) ll,3.'i7l 
 
 14,500 
 
 81.527; 
 199.453 
 
 17,456 
 250,1341 
 
 Aarau or Arau. 
 
 Trogen 
 
 Appenzell 
 
 Ba.sel 
 
 Liesthal 
 
 Bern 
 
 Freyburg 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Glarus 
 
 Chur or Coire.. 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 Neufch.itel 
 
 St. Gall 
 
 SchafThausen.. 
 
 Schwytz 
 
 Soleure 
 
 ( Kelliazona ... 
 
 < Locarno 
 
 ( Lugano 
 
 Frauenfcid 
 
 Sarnen 
 
 Stanz 
 
 Altotf 
 
 Sinn 
 
 Lausanne 
 
 Zu^ 
 
 Zurich 
 
 4,627 
 2,611 
 2,910 
 
 27.313 
 3,032 
 
 27,758 
 9,065 
 
 29,108 
 4,082 
 5,943 
 
 10,068 
 7,727 
 
 11,231 
 
 7,710 
 2,414 
 5,370 
 1,926 
 2,676 
 5,142 
 3,544 
 1,299 
 1,877 
 2,112 
 3,516 
 
 20,000 
 3,302 
 
 17,040 
 
 Government, Rrliginn, tfc. — The cantons of Switzerland 
 are united together as a federal republic for mutual de- 
 fence, but retain their Individal independence in regard to 
 all matters of internal administration. According to the 
 Kinstitution adopted by the Federal Diet, September 12, 
 184S, the Federal Assembly is composed of two divisions! — 
 the National Council, and the Council of the States, or the 
 Senate. The National Council is named by the cantons, one 
 member to e!wh 20,000; but when a surplus of above 10,000 
 exists, an additional member is elected. The members are 
 chosen for three years. Kach canton, and when divided, 
 each half canton, is entitled to send at least one member. 
 The Senate consists of 44 members, two for each canton ; 
 the half cantons sending one each. The Federal Council, 
 composed of seven members, elected for three years, is chosen 
 by the National Council from among the Swiss citizens eli- 
 gible to the National Council. Only the Confederation, repr^ 
 sented by the two councils, has the right to declare war, 
 make peace, and to conclude treaties and alliances. The 
 Confederation alone is charged with the official relations 
 between the cantons and with foreign governments. The 
 Federal Tribunal, of 11 members and 11 substitutes, is named 
 by the Federal Assembly for three years. This tribunal 
 judges in civil causes between the cantons, or between them 
 and the Confederation; also between the Confederation or 
 cantons on the one part, and individu.als on the other. For 
 cases of discipline it is divided into two sections, which con- 
 stitute the chamlier of accusation, the jury, and the court 
 of cassation. November 28, 1848, Bern was chosen to be the 
 federal city. 
 
 The only forms of religion generally professed are the Pro- 
 testant Presbyterian, as modelled by Calvin .^nd Zwinglius, 
 and the Uoman Catholic The former numbered, in 1850, 
 1,417,7-54. and the latter 971,750 adherents. Switzerland has 
 three universities, viz. at Basel. Bern, and Zuiich. Public 
 instruction dates from 183.3. but is now widely disseminated: 
 and in the whole of Switzerland it would be difficult to meet 
 with a bo v or girl unable to read or write. In 1844 there 
 were iu all 6500 primary schools, attended by 35,000 pupils. 
 
 SWI 
 
 Revenuf.. Army, rfc— The revenue of the Swiss Confedera- 
 tion f-ir 1S54, amounted to $2.75.3.000, and the expenditures 
 to $2,618,000. Of the revenue, $1,100,000 was derived frc.m 
 frontier tolls. The revenue for 1855, as estimated in the 
 budget brought forward, Decembei-, 1855, amounted to 
 $.3,210,000, and the expenditures to §2,943,000, The debt 
 amounts to $2,943,000, The Confederation has no standing 
 army, but every Swiss is a soldier, and each canton con- 
 tributes a fixed contingent when called on. The armed 
 force in 1851, amounted to 72.000 men, between the ages 
 of 20 and 34; besides which there was a reserve of 36,000 
 men, between the ages of 34 and 44. 
 
 People. — The different languages spoken in Switzerland 
 evidently .show that the people have not a common origin, but 
 belong to different races. In the W., where French is spoken, 
 they are supposed to be descendants of the ancient Burgun- 
 dians, whose territories included Ixith sides of the Jura ; in 
 the N., where German is spoken, a common origin is indi- 
 cated with the Germans of Swabia and the Tyrol: and in 
 the S., both the language and physi('al features are Italian, 
 though those on the S. of the Alps indicate this more 
 strongly than the inhabittints of the Orisons, who exhibit 
 several peculiarities, and speak a corrupt Latin, called Ko- 
 mansh. But apart from these peculiarities of origin and 
 language, the Swi.ss have lived so long in a state of confede- 
 ration, that they have acquired a decided national character, 
 and may now be considered as forming a single people. 
 
 History. — The Swiss first become known to us i). c. 105, 
 when part of them, under the name of Tigurini. in alliance 
 with the Cimbri. defeated a Roman army, and slew the con- 
 sul. Lucius Ca.ssius, who headed it. About 50 years after we 
 find them, under the name of Ilelvetii. attempting to migrate 
 in a body into Gaul, but driven back after a signal defeat by 
 Julius Caesar. This proved the commencement of their sub- 
 jection to the Roman yoke, and after vainly struggling for 
 Independence, the whole country appears to have become 
 resigned to its fate about A. D. 70. Near the beginning of 
 the fifth century, the northern hordes burst in and formed 
 permanent settlements : the Alemanni making themselves 
 masters of the N.. and the Burgundians of the S.W. dis- 
 tricts, while at a later period the Goths gained po.^.'ession 
 of the S.E. All these nations were ultimately subdued by 
 the Franks, whose empire, about the middle of the sixth 
 century, extended over many countries, and included, 
 amopg others, the whole of Helvetia. On the disruption of 
 the Frankish Empire, shortly after the death of Charlemagne, 
 Helvetia was divided into two portions; an E. or German 
 portion, which, falling to the share of Louis of Bavaria, was 
 incorporated with the duchy of Swabia ; and a W. or Bur- 
 gundian, allotted to Lotharius, who held the title of Empe- 
 por and King of Italy. This latter portion was afterwards 
 incorporated with the kingdom of Upper Burgundy, which 
 was formed by Rudolf in S89. and lasted till 1016, when it 
 came into the posses.sion of Henry II., Emperor of Germany, 
 who having previou.-ly been in possession of the E. part, or 
 Swabian Helvetia, was now master of the whole country. 
 In the early part of the thirteenth century the country was 
 subdivided into a number of lord.sliips, free cantons, and 
 imperial towns, all invested with peculiar rights and privi- 
 leges. Among the lordships, that of Hapsburg, by a series 
 of fortunate events, gradually attained such pre-eminence 
 that in 1273, Rudolf, one of its members, was elected Em- 
 peror of Germ.any, and became founder of the house of Aus- 
 ti'ia. The great victory of Morgarten in 1315, led to the es- 
 tablishment of a federal compact between the three cantons 
 of Schwytz, Uri, and Unterwalden, which formed the nucleus 
 of the existing Confederation. In 1:553. it numliered 8 can- 
 tons; and in 1513, it was eompo.«ed of 13 canttms. In 1518, 
 the preaching of indulgences provoked opposition, as in 
 Germany, and Zwinglins appeared as the pioneer of a .series 
 of distinguished reformers, who ultimately succeeded in gain- 
 ing over a majority of the cantons to their principles. Since 
 then Switzerland has long distinguished herself by the 
 asylum afforded to refugees from other counti'ies, when 
 driven from their homes by the tyranny or bigotry of their 
 rulers. In 1802 Switzerland was retluced. by what is called 
 the Act of Mediation, to a kind of French protectorate, 19 
 cantons retaining a nominal independence, while 3, Geneva, 
 Neufchatel. and the Yalais, were incorporated with France. 
 A Confederation, composed of 22 independent cantons, was" 
 
 re-established by the congress of Vienna in 1815, Adj. 
 
 Swiss ; (Fr. Suisse, sweess ; Ger, Schweizeriscii, shwi'tsf r-ish ; 
 It, SvizzERO, svifsiV-ro; Sp, Suizo, swee'tho; Port. Snqo, 
 swee'so.) Inhab. Swiss, sometimes Switz'er. (In French, 
 Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the inhab. is the same as 
 the adj.: Ger. ScnwEizER, shwifsfr.) 
 
 SWITZ1-:RLAND, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Indiana, bordering on Kentucky, contains 220 square miles. 
 TTie Ohio River washes its E. and S. borders. The surface 
 is diversified by a range of hills about 400 feet high, which 
 are separated from the river by a strip of flat land, near 3 
 miles wide. The soil is good, both on the liills and bottoms. 
 The blue or Trenton limest<me underlies part of the county 
 .■\ company of Swiss settled here in 1802, and the county 
 was oi-gauized iu 1814. Capital Vevay. Pop. 12,<'98. 
 
 1871 
 
SWI 
 
 SYD 
 
 SWITZERLAND, a township forming the X.E. extremity 
 of JInuroe CO., Ohio. Pop. 1344. 
 
 SWOJANOW, STo'yi-nov^ or svo-yl'nov, a town of Bo- 
 hemia, 37 miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 600. 
 
 SWOKDS, sords, a market-town and parish of Ireland, co., 
 aiad S miles N.N.E. of Dublin, on the Swords Kiver. 5 miles 
 from the Irish Sea. Pop. in 1851, 2965. Its principal build- 
 ings, a modern Gothic church, a ruined abbey, and pillar 
 tower, 73 feet in height, are clu.stered together on rising 
 ground in the midst of a low plain. It has barrack.s, and an 
 endowed school. The town is in decay,, but was formerly 
 of importance. Here the first Irish army of ''the Pale" 
 . assembled in 1641, preparatory to the commencement of the 
 civil war in Ireland. 
 
 SWRATAUCH, svrMSwK, or ZWRATAUCH, ZTra/tOwK, 
 a village of Bohemia. 21 miles S.S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1334. 
 
 SWRATKA, svrdt'kS, a market/town of Bohemia, 30 miles 
 from Chrudim. Pop. 10S8. 
 
 SWYNAKRDE, swI'naR'deh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 3 miles S. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 1905. 
 
 SWYRE, swir, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 SYANG, srdng', an island of the Malay Archipelago, in 
 the Gilolo Passage, 35 miles N.W. of Waigeoo. Lat. 0° 20' 
 N., Ion. 129° 54' E. 
 
 SY'BERTSVILLE, a post-office. Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SY'C'.IMORE, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tennessee, 226 
 miles from Nashville. 
 
 SYCAMORE, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 3427. 
 
 SYCAMORE, a post-village and township of Wyandott co., 
 Ohio, about 45 miles S.W. of Sandusky City. Pop. 937. 
 
 SYCAMORE, a post-village and township, capital of De 
 Kalb CO., Illinois, 208 miles N. by E. of Springlield. It is 
 situated in a fertile prairie, near Sycamore Creek. Pop. 1266. 
 
 SYCAMORE AL'LEY. apost-otflce of Halifax co., North 
 Carolina, 85 miles N.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 SYCAMORE CREEK, in the N. part of Middle Tennessee, 
 flows into the Cumberland River in Davidson county. 
 
 SYCAMORE CREEK, of Michigan, rises in Ingham CO., 
 and enters Red Cedar River at its confluence with Grand 
 River. 
 
 SYCAMORE CREEK or SLOUGH, of California, rises in 
 Colusi county, and tails into the Sacramento River about 
 00 miles below Shasta City. 
 
 SYCAMORE MILLS, a post-office, Davidson co., Tennessee. 
 
 SYCHTYN, siK'tin, a township of North \Vaies, co., of Flint. 
 
 SYDENH.4.M, sid'en-am, a chapeli-y of England, co. of 
 Kent, with a station on the London and Croydon Railway, 
 8 miles S.S.E. of London Bridge. 
 
 SYDENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 SYD'ENHA:*!, a village of Canada West, co. of Oxford, 12 
 miles S.E. of Woodstock. See Owen Sound. 
 
 SYD'KNHAM DA.M'AREL, a parish of England, co. Devon. 
 
 SYDENHAM ISLAND, Pacific Ocean. See Nanooti. 
 
 SYD'ERSTOXE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 SYDNEY, sid'nee, a seaport city of Australia, capital of 
 New South Wales, beautifully situated on Sydney Cove, on 
 the S. side of Port Jackson, 7 miles from the Heads. Lat. 
 (Fort Macquarie) .33'^ 51' 42" S., Ion. 151° 14' E. It stands 
 partly on a small freestone promontory, having Darling 
 Harbor on the W.. and partly in a narrow valley, and viewed 
 either from the sea or adjoining heights on the mainland, 
 presents a very pleasing and even imposing appearance. 
 During the first years of its exi.stence it consisted of a num- 
 ber of paltry houses, huddled together, or scattered irregu- 
 larly without any preconceived arrangement, and that part 
 of the town, notwithstanding numerous alterations and 
 improvements, is still its least inviting quarter; but else- 
 where the streets intersect each other at right angles, and 
 are so spacious that not fewer than 34 of them have car- 
 riage-ways of not less than 36 feet, and foot-ways of not 
 less than 12 feet wide. All these streets are well paved or 
 macadamized, and lighted with gas. The houses seldom 
 exhibit munh taste iu their external appearance, but ai-e 
 substantially built of brick or stone, many of them with 
 sm.all but neatly laid-out gardens; several of the streets, 
 among which George street and Pitt street deserve special 
 notice, present ranges of handsome edifices and elegant 
 shops, which may vie with those in some of the great capi- 
 tals of Europe. It has extensive and increasing suburbs 
 — W. Pyrraont and Balmain. across Darling Harbor; E. 
 Wooloomooloo or Henrietta Town; S.E. Paddington and 
 Surrey Hills; S. Redtern and Chippendal; and S.W. Cam- 
 perdown. Newton, and the Glebe. The most important pub- 
 lic buildings are the churches, which include 6 Protestant 
 Episcopalian, 3 Presbyterian, 2 Roman Catholic, 6 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Baptist, and 1 Quaker. The other buildings and in- 
 stitutions most deserving of notice are the government- 
 house, a very handsome structure of white freestone, in the 
 Elizabethan style, and finely situated among well-wooded 
 grounds, on a height overhanging "Sydney Cove; Sydney 
 University, inaugurated in October, 1852, occupying a com- 
 modious building, and furnishing a good education in 
 classics, mathematics, and natural philosophy; a Roman 
 Catholic college, a normal, and seyeral other superior schools : 
 1872 ' 
 
 the new court-house, and adjoining it the new jail, built on 
 an extensive scale, with a due regard to the classification of 
 prisoners; a theatre, a museum, the legislative and execu- 
 tive council-chambers, consisting of a handsome range of 
 stonefbuildings, with a noble colonnade, forming a verandah 
 and balcony; the new barracks, a large but plain series 
 of buildings; the custom-house, public library, public mar- 
 kets, the benevolent asylum, and two hospitals; society for 
 the promotion of the fine arts, and floral and horticultural 
 societies. 
 
 The trade of Sydney is very extensive, and enjoys facili- 
 ties of which few other ports can boast. Its haven, about 
 15 miles long, and in some parts 3 miles broad, is com- 
 pletely land-locked, and indented by numerous creeks, with 
 a depth of water sufficient to allow the largest vessels to en- 
 ter and lie close to the warehouses which line the shore. 
 To make the accommodation more complete, a circular quay 
 has been erected at a cost of more than 27,000i. Nor have 
 the means of defence been altogether overlooked. On the 
 highest ground within the N. portion of the town, an ad- 
 mirable .site for a citadel has been selected, and partly con- 
 structed. Several other forts occupy commanding positions 
 within the cove, and were the defences made complete by 
 erection of batteries on the two lofty headlands, about IJ 
 miles apart, that form the entrance of Port Jackson and 
 George's Head, which immediately fronts it, a hostile ap- 
 proach by .sea might justly be regarded as all but impossible. 
 
 The principal exports of Sydney are gold, wool, tallow, and 
 hides, and the produce of the southern whale fishery, par- 
 ticularly whale-oil and whalebone ; the principal imports are 
 grain and provisions, including tea, coffee, sugar, &c.. wine 
 and spirits, soap and candles, wearing apparel, fui-niture, 
 carriages, and various articles of ordinary manufacture, as 
 ti.ssues, hardware, agricultural implements, &c. In carrying 
 on this important trade, the laumber of vessels which en- 
 tered the port of Sydney in 1848. was 527, with tonnage, 
 131,086. The value of the exports during the same year 
 was estimated at 963.590<.; that of the imports at 1.182.874i. 
 The following table shows the extent of the exports of wool, 
 hides, and tallow, from 1846-7 to 1851-2 :— 
 
 Alports from Sydney of Wool, TaUnw, and Hides, from 
 1846-7 to 1851-2. 
 
 Skason, 
 From Nov. 1 to 
 
 Total E.xports from 
 Sydney. 
 
 Total Product of Sydnej 
 District. 
 
 Oct.31,eacli Year. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Tallow. Hides. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Tallow. 
 
 Hides. 
 
 1846-47 
 
 Bales. 
 43,5(>5 
 46,133 
 
 52.844 
 52,095 
 48.486 
 52,225 
 
 Casks. 
 7,988 
 10,600 
 13.485 
 16,2:16 
 10,084 
 20,157 
 
 No. 
 65.1.50 
 45,686 
 50,066 
 72,942 
 60,692 
 74,110 
 
 Bales. 
 
 42,:i55 
 
 42,»80 
 48,692 
 48,2W 
 
 Casks. 
 7,741 
 10,271 
 
 12,577 
 15,3-'8 
 
 No. 
 
 1847-48 
 
 45.686 
 50,066 
 72.692 
 68,641 
 73,104 
 
 1849-50 
 
 1850 51 
 
 1851-52 
 
 
 
 
 
 The discovery of gold in the colony (see New South Wales) 
 has given an immense impetus to the trade of Sydney, and 
 added another most important article of export. The total 
 amount of gold exported iu 1853, was estimated at 6.000.000Z. 
 
 In regard to the means of transport within the town itself 
 and in its environs, Sydney is by no means deficient. Om- 
 nibuses, hackney-coaches, and cabs are as numerous as in 
 the larger cities of the United States. Stage-coaches run 
 regularly to all the most important towns; and ste.imers 
 ply dailj' between Sydney and Paramatta, and at longer in- 
 tervals to Melbourne, Adelaide. Launeeston, &c. For ordi- 
 nary recreation, a large area, about 2 miles in circuit, called 
 Hyde Park, has been judiciously reserved, and already 
 forms one of the chief attractions of the place. One side of 
 it is apprnpri.ated to a botanical garden; the other, extend- 
 ing along the .shore, and raised a few feet above the rippling 
 waves, is laid out in winding walks and terraces, arbors, 
 shrubberies, and verdant slopes. The management of the 
 city is vested in a corporation, which has the power of meet- 
 ing its expenditure by levying a police-rate. 
 
 Sydney was founded in 1788, and named in honor of Vis- 
 count Sydney, the colonial secretary of state. It made com- 
 paratively little progress till the time of Governor Macquarie, 
 who caused a survey to be made of the whole locality, 
 marked out a regular plan for future buildings, and made 
 many other important improvements. It received its char- 
 ter of incorporation in 1842. A railway has been projected 
 to connect Sydney with Melbourne. Pop. in 1846, 38,358; 
 in 1861. 56,470, or "including suburbs, 93.202. 
 
 SYDNEY or SIDNEY', a county occupying the E. ex- 
 tremity of Nova Scotia. Capital, Antigonish. Pop. in 1851, 
 13,467. 
 
 SY'DNEY or SIDNEY, an important seaport town of Nova 
 Scotia, capital of the co. of Cape Breton, situated in the E. 
 part of the island of Cape Breton, at the head of an excel- 
 lent harbor, having a safe and secure entrance, about 200 
 miles N.E. of Halifax. Lat. 46° 18' N., Ion. C0° 9' W. A light- 
 house has been erectud on a low point of land at the S. 
 side of the entrance to the harbor, showing a fixed light 160 
 feet above the sea. Thri'e miles above the light-house are 
 the famous Sydney coal Liiues, which are estimated to coo- 
 
SYD 
 
 tttin 2.50 miles of workable coal. The thickness of the bed 
 worked is six feet. The coal is transported 3 miles by rail- 
 way to a wharf, where it is taken on board of vessels. At 
 the distance of 15 miles are the Bridgeport mines, where the 
 coal seam is 9 feet in thickness. In 1S50. 508 vessels (tons, 
 47.661) arrived at Sydney, brintrin? cariroes valued at $50,530; 
 3:39 vessels, (tons. 39,691,) with cargr«3 valued at $184,530, 
 cleared at the port for foreign countries. The above includes 
 coal to the value of $13,300 shipped to the United States. 
 
 SYD'.N'ORSVILLE, a pos^village of Franklin co., Virginia, 
 160 miles S.W. by W. of Richmond. 
 Sy KN K, a town of Egypt. See AsswAS. 
 SY'KRSTONK, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 SYIIOON. si-hcron', or SKIIKJUX, .sA-hoon', (anc. Safrun,) 
 a river of Asiatic Turkey, rises among the mountains of 
 Taurus, flows S.W.. and falls into the Mediterranean. Total 
 course, about 130 miles. 
 
 SYKEHOUSE, sik'h$ws, a chapelry of England, co. of 
 York. West Riding. 
 
 SYKESVILLE. siks'vlll, a post-village of Carroll CO.. Ma- 
 ryland, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 32 miles W. of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 SYKHARTTZA, se-Ki-rWai, a mountain on the N. frontier 
 of Greece, 20 miles S.E. of Arta, 5908 feet in height. 
 
 SYLACAU'GA. a post-village of Talladega co., Alabama, 
 about 65 miles N'. of Montgomery. 
 
 SYUAtl or SIL/AII, a fortified town of North-west Hin- 
 doston, in the Baroda dominions, on theGuzerat Peninsula, 
 65 miles S.W. of AhraedaKad. 
 SYL'CO, a post-ofTice of folk co., Tennessee. 
 SYr>hyHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 SYIillET or SILIIET, sirh^f, a frontier district of British 
 India, presiidenfy of Bengal, beyond the Brahmapootra, 
 having N. the Cossyah Hills, E. Munnipoor, S. and W. the 
 districts of Tipenih and Mymunsingh. Area, comprising the 
 territory of Jynteah, estimated at 5350 squtire miles. I'op. 
 1,083,720, this being one of the most densely peopled por- 
 tions of the British dominion in the East, 
 
 SYLtlET, the chief town of the above district, and the 
 residence of the principal authorities, is on the Soormah, 120 
 miles N,E. of Dacca. Lat. 24° 55' N., Ion. 91° 55' E. 
 SYLL or SYL, a river of Europe. See SciiYL. 
 SYr^LAMORE, a township in Izard co., Arkansas. P. 257. 
 SYLT, an Island of Denmark. See Silt. 
 SYiyrOE, sil'tiS or siil'to-gh. an island of Denmark, duchy 
 Sleswick. off its W. coast. Length, from N. to S., 22 miles. 
 It consists of 3 narrow limbs uniting in a centre. Pop. 2600, 
 chietiy occupied in fishing and navigation. 
 
 SYLVA, sil'vJ. a river of Russia, rises in the government 
 of I'erm. Lat. 57° 30' N. It flows circuitously N.N. W., and, 
 after a course of nearly 300 miles, joins the Tchysovaia 24 
 miles N.E, of Perm. 
 SYiy VA, a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas. 
 SYl/VAN, a postofflce of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 STLVAN, a post-township in the W. part of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Central Kaili-oad. 
 Pop. 1540. 
 SYLVAN DALE, a post-ofBce of Hancock co., Illinois. 
 SYLVAN GROVE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Georgia, 
 64 miles E. by N. of Milledgeville. 
 SYLVAN GROVE, a post-office of Clark co., Indiana. 
 SYLVAN GROVE, a small village of Clarke co., Illinois. 
 SYLV.VNIA, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 SYLVANIA, a post-village, capital of Seriven CO., Georgia, 
 60 miles S. by E. of Augusta. 
 SYLVANI.\, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio. 
 SYLVANIA, a township in the N. part of Lucas CO., Ohio, 
 Intersected by the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad. Pop. 1222. 
 SYLVANIA, a post-office of I'arke co., Indi.ana. 
 SYLVANIA, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin. 
 SYLVAN'OS. a post-office of Hillsdale co„ Michigan. 
 SYLVES'TER. a post-village and township of Greene CO., 
 Wisconsin. 35 miles S.W. of M.adison. The village contains 
 7(> dwellings, 1 store, and 1 hotel. Population <jt the town- 
 ship. 1132. 
 SYL'VIA. a post-village of Hardin co., Ohio. 
 SYM.BTHUS. See GiARRETT.\. 
 SYME. See Symi. 
 
 SY.Ml, see'mee, (anc, Sy'me,) nn island off the W. coast of 
 Asia Minor, at the entrance of the Gulf of Symi. 15 miles 
 N.W. of Rhodes. Lat. .36° 30' N., Ion. 27° 54' E. l>ength and 
 breadth, alwut 6 miles each. Pop. estimated at 7000. The out- 
 .ine is very irregular, and the island is a rocky mass of lime- 
 itone rising to lu(K) feet above the sea. Tlie soil is mostly bar- 
 ren, butevery available ratch of ground is a.ssiduously culti- 
 vated, and the inhabitants are distinguished for industry 
 »nd commercial enterprise. Symi exports large quantities 
 of sponge and wood from the shores of its gulf. It has 
 three harbors, and a small but thriving town of tlie same 
 name on its N. side, with .about 1000 inhabitants, and .some 
 remains of antifiuity. Symi is subordinate to the Pasha of 
 Ithodes. 
 
 SY.VU. see'mee. the capital and only town on the island 
 of ^ymf. IS a thriving place at the head of a bay, on the N.E. 
 aigie of tha island. Pop. about 1000. 
 6S 
 
 SYR 
 
 STMT. QTTLT OF, (anc. Si'nus DorHdif,) an inlet of the 
 Mediterranean, on the S.W. coa.=t of Asia Minor, bounded 
 by two long promontories, the N.W. of which {Trinpium Pro- 
 mnntnrium) .separates it from the Gulf of Cos. Depth inland, 
 and breadth at entrance, about 27 miles each. On its E. side 
 are three subordinate bays, (the anc. Tliymnias. Schcenus, 
 and liuhassius.) The shores are very picturesque, and on 
 them are various Cyclopean and other remains. At its en- 
 trance is the island of Symi. 
 
 SY.M'INGTOX. a pari.sh of Scotland, co. of Ayr. 
 
 SYMINGTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Laii.ark, 33 milea 
 S.E. of Glasgow, with a station on the Caledonian Railway, 
 7 miles S.S.E. of Carstairs Junction. 
 
 SYMMES, simz, a township of Hamilton co_ Ohio. Poi). 
 1107. ' ' f •> f 
 
 SYMMES, a township of Lawrence CO., Ohio. Pop. 801. 
 
 SYMMES' COR'NERS, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 4 
 miles S. of Hamilton. 
 
 SYMMES' CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Jackson county, ami 
 enters the Ohio River about 5 miles above Burlington. 
 
 SYMMES' CREEK, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 SYM'ONDSBURY. a pari.sh of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 SYMOND'S HARBOR. See Manakoo. 
 
 SY.VIPIIEROI'OL, a town of Russia. See Simferopol. 
 
 SYMPLEG.iDES, sim-pljg'.vdfe, a group of rocky islets in 
 the Black Sea, immediately off the point of Room-Elee, at 
 the entrance of the Bosporus. 
 
 SYMSO'NIA, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky. 
 
 SYNGIIEM or SYNGEM, sln'ohSm. a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 
 2400. 
 
 SYNTEKHNO, sin-t^K'no, a river of Greece, an affluent 
 of the Aspropotamo. 
 
 SYNTEKH.N'O, a mountain of Greece, contiguous to the 
 above. 
 
 SYR A. see'rj, (anc. Sy'ros,) an i.sland of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago, among the Cyclades, 20 miles N.W. of i'aros. .-Vrea, 
 about 55 square miles. Pop. estimated at 29,972. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, and near its N. extremity is a peak 
 ri.sing to 4000 feet above the sea. Many parts of the island 
 are fertile, producing corn, wine, silk, figs, and cotton. It 
 forms, with the islands of Zea, Mycone, Thurmia, Surpho, 
 Siphanto, Argentiera, Milo, and Sikino, a government of 
 Greece. 
 
 SYRA or HERIMOP'OLTS, the capiiil of the above island, 
 is a maritime town on the E. shore. Pop. (1861), 18,511. It 
 is built around its harbor, at the foot of a conical-shaped hill, 
 which formed the site of the older town. Since the Greek 
 revolution many new streets and houses have been laid out; 
 and Syra has attained a rank for commercial importance in 
 Greece next to Athens. It is the residence of consuls of most 
 European states, and is a principal station of the Mediter- 
 ranean steamers going to and from Constantinople. In 1S41, 
 1050 vessels, mostly Greek, Turkish, British, Austrian, and 
 Ionian, aggregate bunien 104.880 tons, entered its port. 
 
 SYR.iCUSE. sir'akuz, (It. ._SliWeitsa.se-re-koo'-83;anc. 5'/- 
 racufsa; Gr. ^vpaKovaa.) a fortified city of Sicily, capital of 
 an intendancy, on its E coast, in modern times occupying- 
 only the site of the original and smallest quarter of the 
 famous city of antiquity, viz., the island of Ortygia, be- 
 tween the .sea and the great harbor. 30 miles S.S.E. of Ca- 
 tania. Latoflight-house37°3'N., Ion. 15°17'5"E. Pop., 
 which in ancient times was said to have amounted to 
 200,000, is now only 10,949. The cathedral, formerly the 
 temple of Minerva, is of Doric architecture, and has liieen a 
 place of worship continuously for 2500 years. The Church of 
 St. Marcian claims to have been the earliest in Europe for 
 Christian worship. The catacombs and the latomio:. or an- 
 cient prisons, in the quarries from wliich the materials of 
 Synacuse were taken. In connection with the kttomim of 
 Neapolis, may be mentioned the famous cavern known by 
 the name of the '• Ear of Dionysius," along which, by means 
 of grooves carefully cut and polished, the slightest whisper Ik 
 supposed to have been audibly conveyed. Besides the above, 
 the famous fountain of Arethu.sa, now used for a washing- 
 trough ; the remains of the strong fortress Hexapylon, of a 
 Temple of Diana, and Roman amphitheatre, some baths, 
 walls gates, and the Palace of Sixty Beds, constructed by 
 Agathodes, are the chief vestiges of antiquity. The .Middle 
 Age citadel of Maniaces, barracks, a college, royal academy, 
 museum of antiquities, and public library, with num^roun 
 churches, may be chiefly noticed as belonging to the modern 
 city. The noble harbor is admirably adapted for a cofiimer- 
 cial emporium ; but its trade is now nearly confined to a few 
 exports of salt, wine, oil, and fish. Syracu.se was founded 
 B.C. 736, by a colony from Corinth, governed alternately as 
 a republic or under kings: unsuccessfully besieged by the 
 Athenians B.C. 414. and taken by the Romans B. c. 212: and, 
 after, a lengthened siege in 878. by the Saracens, who partially 
 destroyed it; but it wag chiefly ruined by the e;irthquak» 
 of 1693. It was the residence at different periods of I'lato, 
 Simonides, Zeno, and Cicero; the place where Hicetas is said 
 to have first propounded the true revolution of the earth 
 and the birthplace of the poets Theocritus and Mi'Schus, 
 and the philosopher Archimedes, who lost his life at the 
 
 1873 
 
SYR 
 
 SYR 
 
 enptu -e of tin- nty bv the Komans. Adj. and Jnhab. 
 
 BriiAf OSAJJ, fir a-kO'zan. 
 
 SYRACVSK, Kli-'a-ktii!. a flourishing city of Central New 
 York, and capital of Onondasa county, is situated on the S. 
 end of Onondaga Lake, and on a creek of that name, 148 
 luilos bv railroad W. by N. of Albany, 80 miles E. liy S. of 
 Koehester, and 35 miles S.S.E. of Oswego. Lat. 43° 4' N.. Ion. 
 76° 12' W. The site is nearly level. The city is regularly 
 laid out, with wide, straijrht streets crossing each other at 
 right angles. The principal avenues of business are lined 
 with handsome blocks of brick and stone buildings. The 
 city has 2 public halls, which will seat 2500 persons each, 
 and are among the finest in the state. The situation being 
 more central than that of any other large town in New 
 York, nearly all the state conventions of the political and 
 other associations are held here. The principal hotels are 
 the Globe Hotel, the SjTacuse House, and the Yoorheea 
 House. There are 4 Roman Catholic, and 19 Protestant 
 churches, among which are 4 remarkable for architectural 
 beauty, erected at a cost of $125,000. Twelve handsome 
 buildings have been erected for the public schools, each of 
 which cost about $10,000. The city contains 7 state and 
 3 national banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,765,000. 
 The public press consists of 3 daily and 6 weekly news- 
 papers, besides several monthly periodicals. Borne of these 
 ai-e devoted to religious and literary subjects. 
 
 From its position, Syracuse enjoys great facilities for trade. 
 The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, passes through the cen- 
 tral part of the city, E. and AV., and is intersected at right 
 angles by the Oswego Canal, extending N. to Lake Ontario. 
 The Central Railroad of New York, forming the great 
 thoroughfare from Albanj' to Buffalo, here divides into two 
 branches, one leading directly to Rochester, and the other 
 p\irsuinga more circuitous route via. Auburn and Geneva. 
 The Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, and the Syracuse and 
 Binghamton Railroad, also terminate at this place, connect- 
 ing it with the towns indicated by their names. Two other 
 railroads are projected to Sacketfs Harbor and to Newburg. 
 Plank-roads diverge to various points in Onondaga, and in 
 the adjoining counties. Here terminates the long level of 
 the Eiie Canal, 69| miles in length. 
 
 Syracuse is remarkable as the seat of the most extensive 
 and valuable salt manufactures in the United Stat«8. The 
 land containing the .saline springs is owned by the state, 
 and is leased free of rent, to be used only for this manufac- 
 ture. The wells are dug, and the water pumped at the ex- 
 pense of tbe state, and the manufacturer pays a duty of 1 
 cent per bushel. Originajly the duty was 12^ cents ; then 
 for many years prior to 1846, it was 6 cents per bushel. 
 Some of the wells are sunk to the depth of 400 feet. Fine 
 salt is prepared by boiling, and coarse by solar evapora- 
 tion. In IStiS the naniher of manufactories of salt in this 
 vicinitj' was 316. The whole quantity produced in 1861, Wiis 
 stated at 9.053,874 bushels; in 1S64 the aggregate amounted 
 to 7,378,8:i4 bu-shels. An experiment has recently been 
 made, by the order of the .secretary of war, for the purpose 
 of testing the relative value of the Onondaga and Turk's 
 Island salt, the result of which proved that the salt of home 
 manufacture was fully equal to the foreign, Syracu.se also 
 contains a variety of other manufactures, the most viilualile 
 productions of which are machinery, steam-engines, farming 
 implements, stoves, woollen goods, leather and flour. 
 
 History. — The township of Salina, in which Syracuse was 
 situated, was formed in 1809. A post-office was established 
 here in 1820. prior to which time the place was called Cossit's 
 Corners, and then Corinth. In 1820, the village conteiued 
 3 stores, 2 taverns, and 2.50 inhabitants. On April 13th, 
 1825, it was incorporated as a village, and in 1848 as the 
 city of Syracuse, including the contiguous village of Salina, 
 situated on the margin of Onondaga Lake, about 1 mile N. 
 of the centre of the city. Salina Village was incorporated 
 iu 1824. It appears that the growth of this town was never 
 mure rapid than at the present time. Pop. in 1S40, about 
 6500; in 1850, 22,271; in 1855, 25,226; in ISCO, 28,119; and 
 in 1865 abovit33,000. 
 
 SYRACUSE, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, at 
 the outlet of Turkey Lake, 128 miles N. by E. of Indiana- 
 polis. 
 
 SYRACUSE, a post-village of De Kalb co . Hlinois, 70 miles 
 W. of Chicago. 
 
 SYR'ESn.VM. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 SYRIA, slr'e-.>(Turk.5/(amr*i.yrfi. shim ve-lI-A'tee; Arab. 
 Es Sliam. fes-shi'm; It. Soria, so-ree'i: Fr. Syne, seeVe^: Ger. 
 Si/riim. see're-gn,) a country of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 
 31° and 37= N., Ion. 33° 30' and 39° E. ; and bounded W. by the 
 Mediterranean; N. by the Taurus range, separating it from 
 Asia Minor; N.E.by the Euphrates; E. by the Syrian Desert ; 
 S.E. and S. by Arabia, and S.W. by Egypt. Greatest length, 
 from N, to S., about 420 miles; greatest breadth, about 190 
 miles. Area, nearly 50,000 square miles. The coast has some 
 low, sandy tracts ; but is in general, though not deeply in- 
 dented, lofty and precipitous, rising, particularly in Mount 
 Carmel, to the height of 3000 feet. It has few g6od harbors, 
 and is often lined with shelves, which make its navigation 
 iaugerous. Th.> most remarkable feature of the interior is a 
 1S74 
 
 mountain chain, which, continued from the Sinai Peninsula 
 in theS.. stretches over the whole length of the country, till it 
 becomes linked with the Taurus in the N. The S. part of this 
 chain, where it enters P.ilestine. con.sists of two parallel 
 ranges. The W. range, becoming less elevated as it proceeds 
 N., assumes the form of a plateau, which has an average 
 height of about 2500 feet in the vicinity of Jertisalem, but 
 afterwards sinking rapidly. has at the N.extremity of the plain 
 of Esdraelon. near the foot of Jlount Tabor, a height of rather 
 less than 480 feet. At this point, however, it assumes a new 
 elevation, and, taking the name of Lebanon or Libanus, 
 att.iins in its culminating point the height of near 12.000 
 feet. The E. range forms a continuation of the great chain 
 of West Arabia, pursues the same diiection as the W. range, 
 and though it also rests on a plateau which, towards Damas- 
 cus, has a height of above 2000 feet, is in general of mcde- 
 rate elevation. On approaching Libanus it takes the name 
 of Anti-Libanus, the only space between them being occu- 
 pied bj' a longitudinal valley, kno^n by the name of Coele- 
 Syria, Notwithstanding its much lower average elevation, 
 the culminating point of the whole chain occurs in Anti- 
 Libanus, which, in Jebel-el-Sheik, alx)ut 30 miles W. of D.v 
 m.ascus, attains a height variously estimated, by some at 
 10.000 feet, and by others at more than 12,000 feet. This 
 mountain is visible from almost all parts of Syria, and forms 
 an important landmark for the guidance of its caravans. 
 
 The above mountain chain divides Syria into three re- 
 gions: a Western region, consisting of a narrow belt of lo%v- 
 land, extending between the se;v and the mountaiu.s. in 
 some places sandy, but generally fertile; a central, occupied 
 by the principal mountains of the chain : and an Eastern, 
 consisting for the most part of a bare, arid, sandy plateau, 
 occasionally relieved by a few oases. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Euphrates. confine<l to a part 
 of the N.E. frontier; and the Jordan or Ghor, which, rising 
 on the N. of Jebel-el-Sheik. continues its course almost due 
 S. through a valley remarkable, particularly in its S. part, 
 for its great depth below the level of the sea. In the 
 course of the Jordan are the lakes of Merom and Tiberi.H*, 
 the latter celebrated as the scene of some of our Saviour's 
 miracles: and at its mouth is the far larger lake of theDeacJ 
 Sea, which also occupies a memorable place in Scripture 
 history, and still attests, in the volcanic rocks lining its 
 shores, and the mineral ingredients of its watei-s, the feai^ 
 ful catastrophe which overthrew and buried the cities of 
 the plain. 
 
 The surface being very uneven, the climate and products 
 vary greatly within short distances. Along the coasts the 
 heat is great, and the orange, banana, and date flourish, 
 while the summits of the mountains are seen covered with 
 snow. In the N., and on the elevated plain E. of the moun- 
 tains, the climate is colder; but at Aleppo frosts are seldom 
 severe, and snow rarely lies on the ground for more than a 
 day at a time. The corn is nearly ripe early in May ; and 
 from June to September summer heats prevail, unbroken 
 bj^ any rain, though tempered in the 'W. by sea breezes. 
 The samiel, a wind like the simr,om of the de.sert, sometimes 
 occurs at this season, and shocks of earthquakes are fre- 
 quent. Heavy rains occur in spring and autumn, and the 
 trees frequently retain their foliage till the beginning of 
 December, Syria comprises a large extent of very produc- 
 tive soil. What is called the " desert'' is not a sandy waste, 
 but a region destitute of settled inhabitants and villasres, 
 yet with a surface of fine black mould, covered with rank 
 grass and herb.s, affording cover for numerous wild animals, 
 and pasturage for many flocks and herd.s, fed there by wan- 
 dering Bedouins. It is stated that the country is capat'le 
 of producing sufRcient to maintain ten times its present 
 population ; yet such is the rude method of agriculture, the 
 depressed condition and insecurity of the rural population, 
 and the uncertainty of taxation and government regula- 
 tions, that in bad years corn must frequently be imported 
 from Egypt and elsewhere. Wheat, barley, maize, millet, 
 lentils, and sesamum are raised in the plains, principally iu 
 the Haooran, (Hauran.) which has always been considert-d 
 the granary of Syria. Cotton and the mulberry flourish on 
 the coast, and silk is produced on the slopes of Leb mon. The 
 cotton annually raised in the S. is estimated to amount in 
 value to $1,750,000; and about 1700 c.-int.-irs of s Ik, 10.700 
 cantars of tobacco, from 8000 to 10.000 cantars of giill-nuts, 
 and 300 cantars of madder-roots, are annu.illy produced. 
 The other chief products are sheeps'-wool, olive-oil, sugar, 
 indigo, scaniniony and other gums, safflower, dates, timber, 
 hides and skins. Sheep and other live stock form, as in 
 antiquity, a chief part of the wealth of the inhabitants. 
 The forests are' extensive, and include among their trees, 
 though now onlj' to a limited extent, the famous cedars of 
 Lebanon. The chief domestic animals are camels, oxen, 
 goats, sheep, mules, asses, and horses. Game is plentiful; 
 and the bees yield honej' in such abundance, and of such 
 excellent quality, as to form an important branch of rural 
 economy. The minerals, as well as the general geology of 
 the country, have been imperfectly explored ; the only metal 
 of any consequence appears to be iron. 
 
 Manufactures are in a very langui.-;hing condition. Da- 
 
SYR 
 
 masras has about 4000 looms engaged in the manufacture 
 of i^illcs. and the same niauufkcture is carried on to a cou- 
 BiJerable extent iu Aleppo. Cotton and some woollen 
 fiibriis, shawls, gold and silver thread stuffs, are also woven 
 there and elsewhere, and the total produce of the looms of 
 Aleppo is estimated at $1,250,000 in annual value. Gla.ss. 
 earthenware, leather, and soap are made in the above and 
 (ither town!!, and in Palestine great numbers of religious 
 ornaments are manufactured for sale. Commerce is greatlv 
 impeded by the want of roads, those that exist being mere 
 mule or camel tracts; also by the deficiency of good har- 
 bors. But as Syria is on the high route from Bagdnd, JIosul, 
 and Krzroom, to Mecca, caravans annually traverse it, 
 bringing galls, indigo, Mocha coffee, skins. Cashmere shawls, 
 and other Indian manufactures; also the products of .'Vsia 
 Minor, Mesopotamia, and I^ersia, which are exchanged here 
 for Kuropoan manufactures and cochineal. The annual 
 value of the exports by sea amounts to about $1,500,000; 
 of imports, to $2,500,0(50. In 1847, the imports from Great 
 Britain comprised 14,735,054 yards of cotton fabrics, worth 
 $1,589,500; cotton-twist to the value of $304,400: the total 
 value of British and Irish produce imported being $2,076,400. 
 All merchandise being conveyed on the backs of animals, it 
 is estimated that the transit trade employs 80,000 beasts. 
 and about 30,000 drivers. About 3500 okes of sponge, fished 
 on the coast, are sent to the ports of the Mediterranean an- 
 nually; the other fisheries are comparatively unimportant. 
 Latakeea, Tripoli, Beyroot, Csesarea. and Jaffa are the prin- 
 cip.<il seaport towns. The trade of Syria is chiefly conducted 
 by Christians, Jews, or Armenians. 
 
 The population of Syria is estimated at 2,000,000. The 
 Mohammedans are most numerous iu the secondary towns 
 and in the rural districts. The Druses are an interesting 
 and peculiar tribe among them, chiefly agricultural, but 
 partly occupied in domestic weaving and other manufac- 
 tures, and inhabiting a part of Mount Lebanon, where they 
 live under an emir or prince of their own race. The Ma- 
 rouite.i are also a peculiar people, dwelling in their vicinity, 
 aiul having a patriarch, 12 bishops, and numerous convents. 
 The Metualis are Jlohammedans of the Persian or Sheeah 
 (Shiah) sect: and the Yezidis, and some other tribes, are ad- 
 herents of idolatrous or heretical creeds. For administrative 
 purposes, Syria, formerly composing tlie four pashalics of 
 Acre, Aleppo, Damascus, and Tripoli, is now divided into 
 three governments or eyalels: Ilaleb, subdivided into four 
 provinces or livas. of which Aleppo or Ilaleb is the capital ; 
 Saida, subdivided into eight livas, capital, Saida or Sidon ; 
 and Syria proper, subdivided into four livas, capital, Da- 
 ma-scus. The government is conducted in the same corrupt 
 and extortionate manner as iu the other pi'ovinces of 
 Turkey. The public revenue derived from taxation of 
 every kind is estimated at $2,200,000. The chief cities and 
 towns are Aleppo, Damascus, Tripoli, Acre, Antioch, Ila- 
 mah. Horns, Jerusalem, Nabloos, Saida, (Sidon.) and Gaza. 
 
 Syria, at an early period, became part of the Assyrian 
 Empire, and afterwards passed to the Persians under Cyrus, 
 and the Greeks under Alexander. It subsequently became 
 the centre of the empire of the Seleucides, from whom it 
 was conquered by the Romans, during whose domination 
 Odenath and his celebrated queen, Zenobia. established a 
 short-lived kingdom at Palmyra. On the division of the 
 Koman Empire into a Western and Eastern Empire, Syria 
 fell to the latter, but was taken by the Arabs in 636. It was 
 governed by caliphs till 883, and then passed under various 
 mxsters, till it was conquered by the Seljook Turks in 1078. 
 It was partly wrested from them by the Crusaders, who 
 founded in it the kingdom of Jerusalem, which lasted till 
 12ao, when it waj taken by the Memlooks, (Mamelukes.) who 
 united it with Egypt, and retained pos.session of it till 1517, 
 when the Ottoman Turks added it to their empire. The most 
 important events in the modern history of Syria are its con- 
 quest by Mohammed Alee in 1833, and its restoration to 
 Turkey in 1840, by the intervention of the great European 
 
 powers. Adj. Svrian, slr'e-an; Si'RUC, s!r'e-jo; inhab. 
 
 SriuAX. 
 
 SYRIAM. slrVe-im', a town of the Burmese Empire, in 
 Farther India, province of Pegu, 15 miles E. of Rangoon, on 
 a branch of the Irrawaddy, iu its delta. 
 
 SYRIE and SYRIEN. See Stria. 
 
 SYRMIA, sir'me-J, or SYKJIIEN, sSSR/me-gn, the eastern- 
 most county of Slavonia, in the Austrian Empire, between 
 the Danube and Drave. Pop. 108,500. It gives title to a 
 bishop. Capital, Vukovar. 
 
 SYKOS. See Stra. 
 
 SYRTIS. Major and Minor, two gulfs of the Mediterra- 
 nean, in Afi-ica. See Cabes. 
 
 SYSOLA, sis-so/l3. a river of Russia, rises in the N.E. of 
 the government of Viatka, flows circuitously N.N.W., and 
 "joins the Vitchegda after a course of about 200 miles. 
 
 SYS'ONBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 SYSSEELE, sis'sA'leh, a village of Belgium, province of 
 ■\Vest Flanders, 40 miles E. of Bruges. Pop. 1754. 
 
 S YS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, on a branch 
 of the Midkand Counties Railway. 
 
 SYSTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 SZE 
 
 SYTCHEWSK, a town of Ru>^a. See Sitchevk*. 
 SY'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 SYZRAN, siz-rSn', a town of Russia, government, and 78 
 miles S. of Simbeersk, ,n the Syzran, near its confluence 
 with the Volga. Pop. 8000. It has various factories, num» 
 rous churches, and 4 public schools. 
 
 SZABADSZALLAS, soh^bOd^s^riasW, a village of Ilnn 
 gary, district of Great Cumania, 23 miles S.W. of Kecskemet 
 Pop. 4220. 
 SZ.\BATKA, a name of Theresiesstadt. 
 SZABOLCS, soh'boltch'. a county of North Hungary, tha 
 capital of which is Nagy Kallo. 
 
 SZAL.VD, sdhHod\ a county of West Hunsary, N.W. of 
 Lake lialatony, and named from the river Szala, a triliutary 
 to the lake. Capital town, Szala-Keerszeg. See Eoerszeo. 
 
 SZALATNA, Nagt, nodj sChnofuohN or VELKA-SLA- 
 TINA, vJl'kOh^ sl(5h^tee'n5h\ a town of North Hungary, co. of 
 Sohl. 8 miles E. of Altsohl. Pop. 1401. 
 
 SZALONTA, soh'lon'tdh\ a market-town of East Hungary, 
 CO. of Bihar, in a marshy tract, 22 miles S.S.W. of Gross- 
 Wardein. Pop. 7210. mostly Protestants. 
 
 SZALT, sjit or s's3lt, (anc. Amutlius?) a town of Syria, 
 pashalic of Damascus, at the S. foot of Mount Gilead, 42 niileu 
 N.E. of Jerusalem. It stands on the declivity of a height 
 crowned by a fortress, and exports raisins, sumach, and 
 woven fabrics to the towns of Palestine. It has about 500 
 houses. 
 
 SZAMOBOR, sCh'mo'boR'; or SOMOBOR, so'mo'boR/, a 
 market-town of Croatia, co., and 12 miles W. of Agram. 
 Pop. 2266. 
 
 SZAMOS, sfih'mosh', a river of Transylvania and Hun- 
 gary, formed by the union of the Great and Little Szamos, 
 10 miles N. of Szamos-Ujvar, flows N.W., and joins the 
 Theiss at Olesva. Total course, 200 miles. 
 
 SZAMOS-UJVAR, sdh'mosh' ooVvdR', or ARMENIER- 
 STADT, aR'meh-neer'stdtt, a town of Transylvania, co. of 
 Inner Szolnok, on the Szamos, 22 miles N.E. of Klausen- 
 burg. Pop. 3400. It has a castle, and salt springs and 
 mines in its vicinity. 
 
 SZANTO, son'to, a market-town of North-east Hungary, 
 CO. of Aba-uj-var, 12 miles N.N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 4895. 
 
 SZANY, soB, a town of West Himgary, co. of (Edenburg, 
 23 miles S.W. of Raab. Pop. 2150. 
 
 SZAROGROD, shd^ro-grod', a town of Russia, government 
 of Podolia, 80 miles E.N.E. of Kamieniec, on the JIaraffa, 
 with a Roman Catholic and several Greek churches, am^ a 
 Basilian monastery and school. Pop. 6744. 
 
 SZARV.A.S, siiR'vdsh^, a market-town of Hungary, co. of 
 Bekes, on the Kbros, 22 miles N.E. of Csongrad. Pop. 1750. 
 It has a Lutheran church, and a high school. 
 
 SZASZKA, sds'koh^ a market-town of Hungary, in the 
 Banat, co. of Krasso, 9 miles N. of Moldova. Pop. 1600. Near 
 it are copper and lead-mines. 
 
 SZASZ-REGEN, s^s-r.VghJn', a market-town of Transyl- 
 vania. CO. of Thorad, on the right bank of the Maros, 19 
 miles N.N.E. of Maros-Vasarhely. Pop. 5000. 
 
 SZASZ-SEBES, Transylvania. See Muitf-ENHACH. 
 
 SZASZVAROS, s4sVl"'rosh\ (Ger. Broos, bros.) a town of 
 Transylvania, in Saxonland, on an affluent of the Maros, 24 
 miles S.W. of Karlsburg. Pop. 3517. 
 
 SZATHM AR. sOt'maR', or SZATHMAR-VARMEGYE. soO- 
 minf vaR'mJd'yi\ a county in the E. and S.E. of Hungary. 
 Ai-ea, 2258 .square miles. Pop. 235,821. 
 
 SZATHMAR, NE.METH, nA'nicV sof m|R', a town of East 
 Hungary, co. of Szathmar, on the Szamos. 60 miles N.E. of 
 Debreczin. Pop. 15,021. It consists of Nemethi on the 
 right or N. bank, and Szathmar on an island in the river, 
 the latter fortified. It has a cathedral, a Roman Catholic 
 college, Protestant and Greek churches, and a trade iu wine 
 and woollen fabrics. 
 
 SZAVA; See Save. 
 
 SZCZUZIN, shchoo'zin (?) a town of Poland, government, 
 and 35 miles S.W. of Augustowo. Pop. 3200. 
 
 SZ?:-CHUEN, a province of China. See Sechuen. 
 
 SZECSENY, sAV-h5fi, a market-town of Hungary, co. ot 
 Neograd, on the Ipoly, 2 miles from Balassa-Gyarmath. 
 Pop. 3380. 
 
 SZEGEDIN, sJg'M-in^ or sJg*Jd'een', or ZEGEDIN, a town 
 of South-east Hungarj'. capital of the co. of Csongrad. in a 
 marsh, on both banks of the Theiss. at the influx of the Maros, 
 53milesW.N.W.ofArad. Lat. 40°17' N., lon.20°10'E. Pop. 
 62.700. It is divided into the Palanka or central town, in 
 which the residences of the merchants are grouped around 
 an old square Turkish fortress, the upper and lower tow7is, 
 and New Szegedin, on the E. hank of the Theiss, reached by 
 a bridge of boats. It has a vast market-place, numerous 
 churches, convents, high schools, hospitals, and a Magyar 
 theatre. It is unpaved and badly lighted. Here are built 
 the neatest boats andbest floatingmills in Hungary. Szege- 
 din has many soap factories, manufactures of woollens, 
 leather, and tobacco, a large export trade in corn, rape- 
 seed, and tallow, and imports of Tokay wines, timber, and 
 manufactured goods from Vienna. Bohemia, &c. 
 
 SZFX;iI.^L<)M. sJsr'OhMom', a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Bekes, SO miles S.E.'of Pesth. Pop. 5700. 
 
 1875 
 
SZE 
 
 SZEOVAR, sJg'vlR', a Tillage of Hungary, co. of Csongrad, 
 80 miles S.E. of Petth I'op. 4000. 
 
 SZKliEbV-KElltSZTOK, sA'kJl' kAVJs'tooR', a market- 
 tcwu of Transylvania, on the Great Kukel, 12 miles N.E. 
 oJ Segesvar. Pop. 4<KX). 
 
 SZKKLER-LAND, a subdivision of TR.\NSTLT.\?fiA. 
 
 SZEKTSO, sJkfsho', a market-town of Hungary, co. of Ba- 
 ranya, 9 miles N. of Jlohacs, on the right bank of the 
 Danube. Pop. 3247. 
 
 SZE.MPTZ, a town of Hungary. See Wartbero. 
 
 SZENICZ, sA'uits', a market-town of Hungary, CO., and 44 
 miles N.N.W. of Neutra. Pop. 3000. 
 
 SZENTA, a town of Hungary. See Zenta. 
 
 SZENT ANDllAS, sSut ou'dr6.sh\ or SAINT AN'DRE'W, 
 «Jnt 3u'di-A, a maiket-town of Hungary, co., and 10 miles N. 
 of Pesth. on the \. bank of the Danube. Pop. 2980. It has 
 a Koman Catholic and numerous Greek churches. Opposite 
 it. is the island of Szent Andras, formed by two arms of the 
 Danulie at its great S. bend, 16 miles in length by 2 miles in 
 breadth, and of high fertility. 
 
 SZENT ANNA, (sSnt un'nOh',) and Uj, oo/ee, two nearly 
 contiguous market-towns of Hungary, co. of Arad. P. 7020. 
 
 SZENT ELKK, s^nt AMek', or STEGERSBACH, a village 
 of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. of Eisenburg, on the borders 
 tit Styria. 23 miles S.W. of Guns. Pop. 1725. 
 
 SZENTES, sSn^t^sh', a town of East Hungary, co. of Cson- 
 grad, near the Theiss, 30 miles N. of Szegedin. Pop. 15,800. 
 
 SZENT GYORGY, s5nt dyoRdj, a royal free town of Hun- 
 gary, CO., and S miles N.N.E. of Presburg, at the foot of a 
 castle-crowned height. Pop. 3709. It has Roman Catholic 
 churches, a Protestant church, a collesre. and sulphur baths. 
 
 SZENT GYOHGY, a village of Hungary, district of Jazy- 
 gia. on the Zagyva, an affluent of the Theiss, 12 miles S.E. 
 of Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 2740. 
 
 SZKNT ISTVAN. s5nt eest\3n', a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Pesth, near Baja. Pop. 2389. 
 
 SZENT ISTVAN, a village of Hungary, 8 miles from Becs- 
 kerek. Pop. 1608. 
 
 SZENT ISTVANY, s6nt eestV^H', a village of Hungary, 
 00. of Borsod, in a plain, 4 milesfromMezii-Kovezsd. P. 2224. 
 
 SZENT JANOS, sSnt y|'no.sh\ a village of Hungary, co. 
 of Bihar, on the White KiJriJs, 4 miles from Gi-osswardein. 
 Pop. 1167. 
 
 SZENT LASZLO MAGYAR, sfnt lislo modVOR', and 
 SZE.VT LASZI.0 NEMETII. sSnt la.s'io nA-mJt/, two nearly 
 contiguous villages of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. of 
 Veszprim. 13 miles fi-om Papa. Pop. 1200. 
 
 SZENT LELKK, sJnt lA'l^k', a village of Austria, in Tran- 
 sylvania, about 4.3 miles from Kronstadt. It is the bead 
 station of a military district. Pop. 2750. 
 
 SZENT LORINC'Z. sent lo'rints', a village of Hungary, 20 
 miles from Tolna. Pop. 1718. 
 
 SZENT M.^RIA, sJnt m8hVee'oh\ a village of Hungary, 
 Thither Danube, on the high road from Csaktornya to Also- 
 Vidoveez. Pop. 1618. 
 
 SZENT MAl^TON, s5nt m3B'ton\ a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Thurooz. on an affluent of the AVaag, 23 miles N. of 
 Kremuitz. It has a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue, 
 breweiies, and 6 large annual fiiirs. 
 
 SZENT MARTON, a village of Hungary, co., and 12 miles 
 S.W. of Oedenburg. 
 
 SZENT M AKTON, a village of Hungary, co., and 37 miles 
 S. of Pesth. Pop. 2304. 
 
 SZENT MARTON, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, 5 
 miles from Simend. Pop. 1807. 
 
 SZENT MARTON, a village of Hungai-y, co. of Szabolcs, 
 on the Ifft bank of the Theiss. 62 miles N.E. of Debreczin. 
 
 SZENT MARTON or MARTINSBEKG, maR/tins-b*RO\ a, 
 village of Hungary, co.. and 12 miles S.E. of Raab. 
 
 SZENT MAilTON SZALK. sjnt mgR'ton' silk, a market- 
 town of Hungary, circle of Hither Danube, 36 miles S. of 
 Pesth. Pop. 2;J04. 
 
 SZENT MARTON TAPIO, sSnt mdRHon' tiih'pe-o, a vil- 
 lage of Hungary. 35 miles E.S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2118. 
 
 SZENT MIUALY, s6nt mee'hai', a village of Hungary, 
 Thither Theiss, co. of Szabolcs, 12 miles from Tokay, with a 
 trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 4892. 
 
 SZENT MIHALY NEMET, sJnt mee'hp ni'mJt', a 
 market-town of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, 3o miles S.S.W. 
 of Oedenburg. i^op. 1784. 
 
 SZENT MIHALY, 0, 5 sJnt mee'hil'. a village of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Temes, on the Bega Canal, E.N.E. of Temesvar. 
 Pop. 2201. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS, sSnt mee'klosh\ a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Stuhlweissenburg, on the Sarnez, 12 miles from Fold- 
 var. Pop. 1187. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS. a village of Hungary, in Thither Theiss, 
 CO.. and 50 miles E.N.E. of Temesvar. Pop. 2686. 
 
 eZENT MIKLOS, a town of Hungary, capiUl of LipUu, 
 1876 
 
 SZY 
 
 on the Waag. 34 miles N.E. of Neusohl. Pop. 1700. It hiw 
 a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue, breweries, and salt 
 refineries. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS B.A.R, sjnt met/klosh' baR, a village of 
 Hungary, Hither Danube, co,, and 32 miles N. of Presburg, 
 on tlie Miava, Pop. 2137. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS FERTO, s^nt mee^klosh^ fjR'to\ a market- 
 town of Hungary, Thither Danube, co., and 22 miles S E. of 
 Oedenburg. Pop. 1746. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS KIS, sJnt mee'klo.sh' kish, a market- 
 town of Hungary, Thither Theiss, co. of Temes, 30 miles 
 W.S.W. of Arad. Pop. 1 472. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS KUN, Hungary, See KuN Szent Miklos. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS LAITA, sjnt mee^ilosh' Wt6h\ a vil- 
 lage of Hungary, Thither Danube, co, of Oldenbui-g, near the 
 Levta or Laithjv. Pop. 12.59. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS, NAGY. nodj sint meenvlosh\ a market- 
 town of Hungary, in Thither Danube, co. of Torental, 35 
 miles W.S.W. of Arad, on the Maros. It contains a Roman 
 Catholic, and a Greek non-united parish church, and a 
 practico-econoniical industrial school. Pop. 14.222. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS SZIGET, s5nt mee/UlOsh' sig'Jt\ a vil- 
 lage of Hungary, 4 miles S. of Pesth., on an island formed 
 by the left arm of the Danube, Pop. 1803. 
 
 SZENT MIKLOS TOROK, sent mee'klosh' toViik', a 
 market-town of Hungary, co. of Heves, 68 miles S.W. of 
 Debreczin. Pop. 9101. 
 
 SZENT RATZ MARTONY, sjnt r.Jts mgR'toi5\ a village of 
 Hungary, co. of Torontal, 25 miles S.W, of Temesvar, Pop. 
 2066, 
 
 SZENT VACZ LASZLO, sjnt vSts UsW, a village of Hun- 
 gar}-, Hither Danube, co,, and 20 miles from Pesth. P. 1050. 
 
 SZERED, sAVJd', a town of North-west Hungary, co. of 
 Presburg, on the Waag, 40 miles E.N.E. of Presburg, with 
 which it is connected by railway. It has a castle of the 
 Prince Esterhazy. Pop. 2900. 
 
 SZESZUPPE, shi-shoop'pA, a river of Poland and East 
 Prussia, joins the Niemen 6 miles E. of Ragnit. after a N.W. 
 course of 140 miles. Principal affluent, the Schirwind. 
 
 SZEXARD, s6x\">Rd'. a town of Hungary, capital of the co. 
 of Tolna, on the Sai-viz, near the Danube, 50 miles S.E. of 
 Lake Balatony. Pop. 81.50. 
 
 SZIAB.XK, a town of European Turkey. See Tchabuak. 
 
 SZIOET-G YOR Y, see'gh^O dy6'ree\ is a village of Hungary, 
 CO., and 6 miles N.W. of Raab. Pop. 2700. 
 
 SZIGETH, see'gh6t\ (sometimes written ZIGET.) a town 
 of Hungary, capital of the CO. of Marniaros, on the Theiss, 16 
 miles E.S.E. of Tecso. Pop. 7000. Near it are salt mines. 
 
 SZIGETVAR, see'ghJtVjR/, a village of South-west Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Sumeg, (Schumeg,) 21 miles W. of Eiinfkirohen. 
 Pop. 3520. 
 
 SZIV.'VCZ. see'vits\ two united villages of Hungary, co, of 
 Bacs, 14 miles E.S.E. of Zombor. Pop. 6865. 
 
 SZMYGIEL, a town of Prussian Poland. See ScHMiEfiEL 
 
 SZ01iOSZLO,.so'bos'slo\ or HAIDUCKENSTADT. hi'd<wk- 
 kfn-stdtt, a free town of East Hungary, in the H.iiduck di» 
 trict. 12 miles S.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 13,806. 
 
 SZOLLOS GY'OROK, sSriosh' dyoViik', a market-town of 
 Hungary, co. of Sumegh, near Lake Balatony, 103 miles S.W. 
 of Pesth, Pop, 1660, 
 
 SZOLLOS, Naqt, nSdj sSri8sh', a market-town of North- 
 east Hungary, 42 miles W.N.W. of Szigeth. Pop. 2052. 
 
 SZOLNA, sol'n6h\ or ZSOLNA, (Ger. Sillein, sil'line.) a 
 walled town of North-west Hungary, co., and 35 miles N.E. 
 of Trentschin, on the Waag. Pop. 2400. 
 
 SZOLNOK, sornok', a market-town of Hungarv, co. of 
 Heves. on the Theiss, 54 miles E.S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 11.600. 
 
 SZOLNOK, IKNER and Middle, two ceun ties of Trausyl- 
 vania, watered by the Szamos and its affluents. 
 
 SZOMOLNOK, a town of Hungary. See Sohmolnitz, 
 
 SZONY, siifl, a market-town of Hungary, co., and S miles 
 S.E. of Comorn. Pop. 1702. 
 
 SZORGOM, a town of Russian Poland. See Smoroom, 
 
 SZRENSK, shrJnsk, a town of Poland, government, and 
 35 miles N,N.E. of Plock, Pop, 1000, 
 
 SZKODA, a town of Prussia, See Schroda, 
 
 SZTANICSICS. std^neeVhitch', a market-town of Hungary, 
 co, of Bacs, 11 miles N.N.E. of Zambor, Pop, 4572, 
 
 SZTAP.-VR, stOh'piR'(?) is a village of Hungary, co, ol 
 Bacs. 8 miles S.S,E, of Zombor, Pop. 3040. 
 
 SZUBIN, a town of Prussian Poland. See Schibix, 
 
 SZURUL, sooVool', the highest mountain of (be Lower 
 Carpathians, between Transylvania and Wallachia, near 
 the Rothenthurm Pass. Height, 7647 feet. 
 
 SZWABENICZE, a town of Moravia. See Schwabenitz. 
 
 SZYDLOW, snid^ov, a small town of Poland, pi-ovince, 
 and 24 miles S.E. of Kielce. 
 
 SZYDLOWIEC, shidlo've-Sts, a small town of Poland 
 government, and 18 miles S.W. of Radom. Vo\ 16U . 
 
TAA 
 
 TAB 
 
 T 
 
 I^AAS, TABS or TAEZ. t|z or tds, a fortified town of 
 . Arabia, in Yemeu, 55 miles E.N.E. of Moclia. It has 
 numerous mosques. 
 
 TAASINGK. to'singVhgh. written also THOIISENGE, an 
 Island of Denmark, immediately S. of Funen. Area. 27 
 square uiile.s. Pop. 4300. Surface undulating, and liijchly 
 fertile. On its W. side is the village of Troense. Pop. 700. 
 
 TAB. tdb, called also ZOHKKU and ZORKTH, (anc. 
 Oroaltist or Arn/.tis f) a river of Persia, separates the pro- 
 vinces of Kars and Kh(X)zistan, and. after a W. course of 150 
 milec. *nters the Persiau Gulf near its X. extremity. 
 
 TAItj:. See Tabas. 
 
 TAHAKCA. ta-baR'kl or NUEVA TABA1«3A. nwA'ra tl- 
 baR'k/i. or ISLA PLANA, ees/li pid'ni, a small island in the 
 Mediterranean Sea, coast of Spain, province, and 5 miles .S. 
 of Alicante. Lat. 38° 9' N., Ion. 0° 30' W., about IJ miles iu 
 leni;th. and 5 furlongs in breadth. Pop. 500. 
 
 TABARKEYAH or TABAlilYEir.tibVree'ya. written also 
 T.\B.\1{IA. (anc. Tihi'lrias,)a. town of Palestine,' pashalic. and 
 27 miles E.S.E. of Acre, on the W. shore of the Lake ofTibe- 
 ri;is. It is seated on a narrow strip of undulating land, lie- 
 tween the lake and a mountain knot connected with Mount 
 Tabor, (or Tubar;) and it is enclosed landward by a strong 
 wall Hanked with towers. Previous to a disastrous earth- 
 luake, iu 1837, it had about 2000 inhabitants: when visited 
 soon afterwards by Messrs. Uobinson and Smith, it was 
 found partially ruined, filthy, and miserable. The principal 
 edifice is a castle at its N.W. extremity. Near it are some hot 
 baths, adjacent to which is a palace, erected in 1833 by 
 Ibraheem Pasha, during the Egyptian occupation of Syria. 
 
 XABAREKYEII, TABARIYEU, TABAKIA or OEN- 
 NES.\i{KTn. Lake or Sea of. (called in Scripture, the Sea 
 of Galilee, or of Tiberias,) a famous lake of Palestine, form- 
 ing part of its E. boundary, between lat. 32° 45' and 32° 
 5ti' N'., and in Ion. 35° 35' E. Shape, somewhat oval. 
 Length. 14 miles ; greatest breadth. H miles ; depression 
 below the .Mediterrane;in. 755 feet. It is traver.^ed through- 
 out from N. to S. by the river Jordan. Shores steep, but 
 not precipitous: this lake has neither the imposing scenery 
 which characterizes the De.ad Sea. nor any remarkable pic- 
 turesque beauty. But its surface and environs derive 
 considerable interest from being the scenes of numerous 
 miracles recorded in the life of the Founder of Christianity ; 
 and around it were anciently the cities of Tiberias, 5lag- 
 dala, Capernaum, Chorazin, and Bethsaida, all of which, 
 except Tilierias. have wholly disjippeared. Its vicinity pre- 
 sents numerous traces of volcanic action: and its waters 
 are liable to be affected by sudden tempests, one of which 
 is recorded in Holy Writ. 
 
 TAB AS. tJ'bii8\orTUBBUS, tfiVbiis'. (anc. Taha-..) a forti- 
 fied town of Kast Persia, province, and 155 miles .V.K. of Yezd. 
 Its interior is a mass of ruinous hut.s, inhabited by 100 
 tamilies. 
 
 TABA.SCO, ta-oas'ko, or GRT.IALDO, gre-nJl'Di. a river of 
 the Mexican Confederation, departments of Chiapas and 
 Tabasco, after a .\. course of 250 miles, enters the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Lat. 18° 35' N.. Ion. 92° 37' W. AtHuents. the 
 Usumasinta. Chilapa. Chilapilla. and Tabasquillo. At San 
 Juan, its arm, the Chiltepec. proceeds direct to the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and it is said to be navigable tor 70 or 80 leagues 
 above that town. 
 
 TABASCO, tJl-Bis'ko, a state of Mexico, bounded on the 
 N. by the Gulf of Mexico: E. by Yuciitan; S. by Chiapas; 
 S.W. by Oajaca: and N.W. by Vera Cruz. It extends from 
 lat. 17° to 18° 40' N., Ion. 91° 20' to 94° 40' W. Length, from 
 W. to E.. measured on the parallel of 18° N.. about 200 miles ; 
 mean breadth, about (W miles. Area. 15.600 square miles, 
 being one of the smallest states of the Confederation. In 
 proportion to its area it has a long extent of coast line, 
 containing among other remarkable indentations that of 
 the large lagoon of Termlnos on the N.E.. with its beautiful 
 islands of Laguna, Carmen, and Puerto-Real. The surface 
 consists almost entirely of a great flat, sloping gradually 
 to the sea, but in many parts so low as to be subject to in- 
 undations, which often isolate its villages, and leave no 
 means of communication except by canoes. The streams, 
 though numerous, are short and shallow, and generally 
 obstructed at their mouths by bars and flats. The more 
 Important are the Usum.asinta and Tabasco, which, entering 
 from opposite sides of the Chiapas, gradually converge and 
 have a common outlet: the Chiltepec, Das Bocas, Tupilco, 
 Santa Anna, remarkable for the size of its estuary, the 
 Tonala. Uspapan, and the Guachapa or Paso, forming part 
 of the boundary between Tabasco and Vera Cruz. The cli- 
 mate is excessively hot. particularly along the coast, and, 
 owing to the flatness and swampiness of the surface, very 
 iinnealthy \ Uige nortion of the state is still covered with 
 primeval forests of oak, cedar, mahogany, and ironwood, 
 with occasional open sp.aces in which indigo and vanilla 
 are found growing spontaneously. The soil is very fertile. 
 The products comprise maize, excellont sugar-cane and 
 
 cocoa, timber, and dyewoods of superior quality; coffee am 
 cotton have been found to thrive. The principal exports 
 are logwood and cocoa, chietiy sent to Campeachy. The im 
 ports come mostly from the United States and Havana. Th4 
 streams abound with fish, and the bees of the forests yield 
 large supplies of honey and wax. The inhabitants ar» 
 chiefly Indians of the Mije, Zoque, and Cendal tribes. 
 Principal towns, San Juan Uautista and Frontera d« 
 Tabasco. Pop. in 1854. f).3.5S0. 
 
 TABASQUILLO, tS-Bls-keel'yo, (the "Little Tabasco,") 
 a river of the Mexican Confederation, joins the Tabasco from 
 the W., 8 miles S.W. of Frontera. Its banks are lined with 
 fine timber trees. 
 
 TABATINGA, ti-batin'ga. a town of Brazil, on the left 
 bank of the Amazon, near lat. 4° 36' S., Ion. 70° 20' W. 
 
 TABB'S CREEK, a post-office of Granville co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 TABERO, td'bJRg, a mountain of Sweden, 10 miles S.S.W. 
 of JonkOping. Height, 1129 feet. 
 
 TA'BERG. a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, on Fish 
 Creek, and on the Rome and Watertown Railroad, 25 miles 
 VV.X.W. of Utica. It has several mills, and a plank-road to 
 Rome. 
 
 TAB/ERNACLE, a village of Burlington co., Ne~ Jersey, 
 about 12 miles S.E. of Mount IloUy, contains a church and 
 10 or 12 hou.ses. 
 
 TABERNACLE, a post-ofdce of Marion district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TABERNAS, tJ-D§B/n3s, a town of Spain, province, and 15 
 miles N.E.of Almeria, with 4920 inhabitants; has coal, lead, 
 and iron mines in its vicinity. 
 
 TABRRNAS-I)E-VALLD1G\A, tl-B^R'nas dA val-deeg'nd, a 
 town of Spain, province, and about 22 miles from Valencia 
 Pop. 5104. 
 
 TABLAS, ti/nlls (?) one of the Philippine Islands. .30 miles 
 S.E. of Mindoro. Length, 30 miles ; breadth, 3 miles. Lat. 
 12° 34' N., Ion. 122° 18' E. 
 
 TABLAT, ta'blat or tl'bld', called also SANCT FIDEN, 
 sSnkt fee'den. a village and parish of Switzerland, canton, 
 and within" 1 mile of St. Gall. Pop. 4160. 
 
 TA'BLE BAY, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the S.W. coast 
 of Africa, Cape Colony, Green Point being in lat. 33° 53' 12" 
 S., Ion. 18° 24' 30" E. Breadth of entrance, about 6 miles. 
 Cape Town is on its S. shore, at the back of which is the 
 conspicuous Table Mountain. The bay is capable of shel- 
 tering the largest fleet, and, except from June to August, 
 always affords secure anchorage. It is defended by several 
 forts, and has a lighthouse near its W. extremity. 
 
 TABLE CAPE. See Cape Table. 
 
 TABLE CREEK, a post-ofiice of Nebraska Territory. 
 
 TABLE GROVK, a post-office of Fulton co.. Illinois. 
 
 TABLE MOUNTAIN, Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wick- 
 low, between the rivers Ovoca and Slaney. Height, 2,312 
 feet. 
 
 TABLE MOUNTAIN, in Pickens district. South Carolina, 
 regarded as one of the most remarkable natural curiosities 
 in the state, has an elevation of about 4000 leet above the 
 sea. In one part of it there is a precipice of near 1100 feet 
 perpendicular. 
 
 TABLE MOUNTAIN, a remarkable mountain of South 
 Africa, Cape Colony and district, immediately S. of Cape 
 Town and Table Bay. Height, 3816 feet. It is of primitive 
 formation, owes its name to its peculiar shape and flattened 
 summit, and is often seen covered with a white cloud, 
 named the " Table-cloth." 
 
 T.\BLE ROCK, a post-office of .idams co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TAB'LEY, Netu'er, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 T.iBLEY, Over, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 TA'BO, a post-village of Lafayette CO., Missouri, alwut 36 
 miles E. by S. from Independence. 
 
 TABOA, td-bo'i, a town and parish of Portugal, province 
 of Beira-Baixa, on the Mondego, 12 miles S.S.E. of Vlseu. 
 Pop. 1920. 
 
 TABOA^O, tj-bo-i'so, a town and pari.sh of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira Alta, 15 miles E. of Lamego. Pop. 840. 
 
 T.A.BOGA, ti-lKi'gi, an islet of South America, in New Gra- 
 nada, in the Gulf of Panama, 10 miles S. of Panama. 
 
 TABOGUTLLA. ta-BO-gheel'yl an island of the Bay of P* 
 nama, Ij miles N.K. of the island of Taboga. It is about 1 
 mile long. 
 
 TABON, ti-BOn'. an island of Chili, off the N.E. coast of 
 the island of Chiloe, about lat. 42° S., Ion. 73° 10' W. 
 
 TABOR, ti'bor, (Bohemian, OUomow, Ko^mov.) a walled 
 town of Bohemia, capital of a circle, on the Luschuits, ao 
 affl uent of the Moldau. 49 miles S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 40 13. 
 It has manufactures of coarse woollens and paper-hangings 
 It was founded by the Hussites, a sect of whom derive from 
 the name of this town the appellation of Taborists. 
 
 TA'BOR, a post-office of Koaue co., Tennes.see. 
 
 TABOR, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. 
 
 TABOR, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa. 
 
 1877 
 
TAB 
 
 TAG 
 
 TA'BOR. MOUNT, a mountain of Palestine, pashalic of 
 Acre. 8 miles K. of Nazareth. Elevation, 1000 feet above the 
 rtJjacout. i)Iain. It is of limestone formation, highly pic- 
 turesque in appearance, and eoram.inding noble views. On 
 it are numerous remains of ancient structures, and the 
 Greek and Latin monks believe it to have been the scene of 
 the TransfifTURition. 
 
 T.\r.REl-;Z, T.\BRIZ, tJ'breez', written also T.\URIS and 
 TEBHIZ. (anc. G<jzlaca,) a city of North Persia, capital of the 
 province of Azerbaijan, in a fine plain, on a river flowing into 
 Lake Ooroomeeyah. Lat. .38° 2' N.. Ion. 46° 12' E. Estimated 
 pop. 60,000. It is beautifully situated among forests, and 
 is atiout 3i miles in circumference, enclosed by a brick wall, 
 and entered by 7 gates, outside of which are large suburbs 
 and fine gardens, said to occupy 30 miles iu circuit. The 
 town is miserably built, and^xcept its citadel and the fine 
 remains of a mosque, it has no edifice worthy of notice; but 
 its bazaars and caravanserais are extensive, and it is an im- 
 portant entrepot of the trade between Persia, India, Russia, 
 Constantinople, and the Black Sea. In 1840, the European 
 goods sold iu its bazaars were estimated at 1.400,000?. in 
 value, and Turkish goods at 40,000/. It is also the seat of 
 some manufactures of silk stuffs. It was long supposed to 
 be identical with the Cnmaca orSmz of antiquity, but the 
 site of that city has been clearly identified with Tukhti- 
 SuLEiM.^N, 125 miles S.S.E. Tabreez is said to have been 
 founded iu the time of Haroun-al-Raschid. 
 
 TABRIA, ta-bree'a, a town of West Africa, in NyflS, 80 miles 
 N. bv E. of Katunga. Pop. about 18.000. 
 
 TABRIZ. See Tabreez. 
 
 TACALOA, tl-kS-lo'i, a village of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Magdalena, at the junction of the 
 Cauca and Magdalena, 24 miles N.W. of Mompox. 
 
 TACALU'CHE. a post-oflice of Marshall co.. Mississippi. 
 
 TACAMES. a se;iport of Ecuador. See -Atacames. 
 
 T.\CANOVA, FeejeeArchipeLigo. See PaOO. ■ 
 
 TACA PE or TACA PA. See Cabes. 
 
 TACARIGUA, Lake of. See Valexcia. 
 
 TAC.ARONTE, td-ki-i-on'ti. » village of the Canary 
 Islands, in Teneriffe, 3 miles from Laguna. Pop. .3011. 
 
 TACAZZE, TAKAZZE. ta-kat's.-l. written also TAKATSE, 
 TAKATSY and TECAZZE, a river of Abyssinia, st.ate of 
 Tigr6, rises near lat. 12° X.. Ion. 39° 30' E., flows N.W., and 
 near lat. 14° 40' N., Ion. 36° E., receives the Atbara, which 
 name it afterwards assumes to its junction with the Nile, as 
 Its chief tributary at Ed-dahraer. 
 
 TACHAU. td'Kow. written also TASCHOW or TACIIOW, 
 a town of Bohemia, 33 miles W. of Pilsen. Pop. 29.32. It 
 has iron forges, and tlie oldest glass-works in Bohemia. 
 
 TACH'BROOK, BISH'^P'S, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 TACIKVRA, a post-office of Marquette co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 TACHOW, a town of Bohemia. See Taciiau. 
 
 TACKETT'S MILLS, a post-oflRce of Stafford co., Virginia. 
 
 TACK'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 TACLAGUR, tak'la-gilr'. a town of Central Asia, in the 
 llim.tlavas, about 110 miles S.S.E. of Gardokh, of which it is 
 u dependency. Lat. 30° 24' N., Ion. 81° 6' E. It is a mart 
 for wax. borax, wool, cloth, gold, and tea, and the seat of a 
 large lair in October and November. 
 
 'rACLOB.\N, ti-klo-bSn'. a town of the Philippines, capi- 
 tal of a province, and on the N.K. coast of the island of 
 Leyte. at the S.E. entrance of the Straits of San Juanico. 
 Pop. 2505. 
 
 TACN.i, tik'nj, a thriving town of Peru, department of 
 Ai-equipa. on the river Tacna, 1700 feet al>ove the ocean. 40 
 miles N. of Arica, near the mouth of the river in the Pacific. 
 Lat. 18° C S.. 72° 10' W. Pop. 10,000. It:' fertile vicinity 
 forms a contrast to the desert tracts all around. The govern- 
 ment has undertaken the construction of a railway between 
 Tacna and Arica. 
 
 TACO, tS'ko, an establishment of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, at the mouth of a river of the same name, in Port 
 Snettisham. on the coast of Russian America, opposite to 
 Admiralty Island. L.at. 57° 54' N., Ion. 13:5° 37' W. The 
 river is ascended by canoes for 100 miles, and pursues a ser- 
 pentine course between lofty mountains. 
 
 T ACO'AH, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia. 
 
 TACOAUY, a river of Brazil. See TaQUAri. 
 
 T.ACOLNESTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TACO'NY, Pennsylvanifi, a village included within the 
 Incorporated limits of Philadelphia, on the Delaware River, 
 10 miles above the State-House. It contains a depdt of the 
 Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, at whicli passengei-s 
 piing eastward are transferred from the steamboat to the 
 cars. 
 
 TACONY CREEK, also called FRANKFORD CREEK, of 
 Pennsylvania, rises in Montgomery county, flows south- 
 ward, and passing the borough of Frankford, enters the Dela- 
 waiv Ither at Bridesburg. It is an excellent mill stream. 
 
 T.VCURA, ti-ko'ri, a mountain of Bolivia, department of 
 La Paz, in the West Cordillera of the Andes, near lat. 17° 
 10' S.. Ion. 70° W.. and 'rising 18,890 feet alx)ve the ocean. 
 The village of lacoiTi. 13.690 feet in elevation, is at the S.W. 
 base of the Nevado-de-Chipicani. 
 1878 
 
 TACHRONTE. a smsll town of Teneriffe. See Tacakoste. 
 
 TACUBA, td-koo'iia. or TACUBAYA, ti-koo-iii'd. a town 
 of the Mexican Confederation. 7 miles N.E. of Mexico. Pop. 
 2500. 
 
 TACUNGA. ta-koong'gi. or LACTACUNG A, Uk-tS-koong'- 
 g2, a town of South America, iu Ecuador, between the Cordil- 
 leras of the Ande.s, 55 miles S. of Quito. Estimated pop. 
 10.000. It is built of pumice stone, and has repeiitedly 
 suffered from earthquakes. 
 
 T.A^CCTU. ta-koo-too', a river in South America, rises in 
 the N.E. of Brazilian Guiana, flows first N., then S.W., and 
 after a course of about 150 milesi joins the Parima at Fort 
 St. Joaquim. 
 
 TAD'CASTER, (anc. Calaria?) a market-town and pirish 
 of England, co. and ainsty of York, on the Wharfe, which is 
 navigable to the town, and here spanned by a bridge of 9 
 arches, and on the Harrogate and Kirkfenton Railway, 9 
 miles S. of York. Pop. in 1851, 2.527. It is neatly built, .and 
 has a church with a handsome tower, on the site of an an- 
 cient fortress, several Dissenting chapels, a free gramm.ar 
 school, alms-house, and numerous daily schools. In the vi- 
 cinity are .stone quarries. 
 
 TADJIKS. SeeT.AlJlKS. 
 
 TAD.JU1!AII, a seaport in .Africa. See Tajoorah. 
 
 TAD'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 TAD'LOW. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 TAIV.M.VRTON. Great, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 T.\DMOR, a ruined city of Syria. See Palmyra. 
 
 TADV.\N, t^d-vin', a village of Turkish Armenia, pasbalic 
 of Van. on the W. side of Lake Van, an inlet of which is 
 Killed the Bay of Tadvan. 
 
 TAE-CHOW-FOO. a citv of China. See T.4iChow-Foo. 
 
 TAE-SHAN or TAI-CHAN. See Tai-Shan. 
 
 TAEZ or TAES. a town of Arabia. See Taas. 
 
 TAF or TAFF, a river of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 
 ri.sesin the co. and mountains of Brecon, near Bn-con Bea- 
 con, by two branches which unite near Merthyr Tydvil ; it 
 thence flows S.E. between Llantriss,ant and Caerphilly, and 
 past Llandaff, to the estuary of the Severn, which it enters 
 a little S.W. of Cardiff. Total course, 40 mile.s. Affluents, 
 the Cynon, Rhondda, Rhond.afescan, and Elwy. The Taff- 
 vale Railway accompanies it throuijhout the co. of Gla- 
 morgan. 
 
 TAFALLA, tJ-fSl'yJ (anc. Tiibaliaf) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Navarre, 22 miles S. of P.amplon.a. Pop. 2912. It 
 has a ruined palace of the kings of Navarre. The town is 
 celebrated for its salubrity, and has distilleries, tanneries, 
 and a large fair in February. In 1813 the French, after a 
 vigorous defence, surrendered this place to Mina. 
 
 TAFELNEH. ti ftl'neh. written also TAFELANE or TE- 
 FELNEH. a fortified maritime town of Morocco, 30 miles S. 
 of Mogadore. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TAFELNEH, CAPE, of Morocco, 5 miles N.W., is a bead- 
 land, 780 feet aliove the sea. 
 
 TAFF. See Taf. 
 
 TAF'FECn AN. the " village of the Taf," a parish of South 
 Wales. CO. of Brecon. 
 
 TAFFOERI, tjf foo'ree (?) an island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, between Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 1° N., Ion. 126° 
 10' E. 
 
 TAFILET. tJ-fi^lM/. or TAFILELT, t^-fe-lflt/, written also 
 TAFILLELT, tS-fe-lMt/. one of the great subdivisions of the 
 empire of Morocco, E. of Jlount Atlas. Soil very fertile. It 
 is used as a place of banishment for political offenders. The 
 town of Tafilet, near lat. 31° 45' N., Ion. 4° 3' AV., appears to 
 comprise the villages of Ressant and Gourland. The gover- 
 nor of the province resides at Ressant. See Morocco. 
 
 T.\FT, tift, a town of Persia, province, and 55 miles 
 W.N.W. of Yezd. Pop. 6000, who manufacture carpets 
 which have a high repute. 
 
 TAFTON, a post-village of Pike co., Pennsylvania, 175 
 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 T.\FrS'VlLLE. a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont, 
 54 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 
 TAFYLfi. tdfa-lA', is a village of Arabia Petrsea, 30 miles 
 S.E. of the Dead Sea. 
 
 T.\G.A.I, td-ghi'. a town of Russia, government, and 36 
 miles W. of Simbeersk. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TAGAl. ta-ghi'. (or SOUVAROV, soo-vJ-rovM ISLES, are 
 in the Pacific Oce.an, Radack Group. Lat 11° 5' N., Ion. 
 169° 46 E. 
 
 TAGAL, ti-nSl', or TEGAL. tfh-Hll'. a Dutch residency of 
 the island of Java. Pop. 240,000. It has iron forges, and 
 1900 of its population are employed in fishing. 
 
 TAGAL, a small town and seaport of the i.sl,wd of Java, 
 capital of a province of the same name, 168 mileu E. by S. of 
 Batavia. Lat. 6° 56' S.. Ion. 109° 12' E. Pop. 70i>0. 
 
 TAGANROG, ta-gan-rog', or TAGAN-ROCK. tl gln-rok', a 
 seaport town of Russia, government of Yekatennoslav, on 
 the N. shore of the Sea of Azof 65 miles W.S.W. of Novo 
 Tcherknsk. opposite the mouth of the Don. Lat. 47° 12' N., 
 Ion. 38° 57' E. Pop. 16,000. Its poi t, founded by Peter the 
 Great, is sh.allow, filled up by the sa.ids of the Don, ani its 
 commerce much i-educed since 1833, whci Kertch wai de- 
 clai-ed the only quarantine port of tie S ta of Aiof. Tb* 
 
TAG 
 
 Empwror Alexander died here in 1825. The district of Ta- 
 ganrog has a pop. of "0.900. 
 
 TAUAVOST, tl-gd-vopt', a town of Morocco, province of 
 Soos, 25 miles S.E. of Terodant, on the left bank of the Tes- 
 set or Messa. 
 
 TAGEIUVKILEN, t^'gher-ftrien, a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, li miles W.S.VV. of Con- 
 stance. Pop. 1020. 
 
 TAGGIA, tild'ji, a town of the Sardinian Stites, division 
 of Nice, province, and 4 miles N.N.K. of San Remo. It is an 
 ancient place, supposed by some to be the Koman Tahia. 
 Taggia and the vicinity suffered much by an earthquake in 
 1831. Pop. o8S0. 
 
 TAGIIA.MC, ta-gan'ik, a post-town of Columbia co., New 
 York, 10 miles S.K. of Hudson. Pop. 1717. 
 
 T.\0UAN1C or TAGKHAN'NUC MOUNTAINS, a range 
 extending from the Green Mountains, along the eastern 
 boi-der of New York, to the Highlands. 
 
 TAGII'BOY or TAUGH'BOY, a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Roscommon. 
 
 TAGIIKKN or TAUGHEKN, tIrHeen', a parish of Ireland, 
 Connouirht, co. of Mavo. 
 
 TAGIIMACON'NELL, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, 
 CO. of Roscommon. 
 
 TAGHMON, tdh'mon. a disfranchised parliamentary bo- 
 rough, market-town, and parish of Ireland, in Leinster CO., 
 7? miles VV.S.W. of We.xford. P. 1100. It is poor and decayed. 
 
 T.\G1I'M0N. parish of Ireland, in Leinster co., Westmeath. 
 
 TAGIL, ti-ghil'. a river of Russia, rises on the E. .slope of 
 the Ural Mountains, 36 miles N.N.W. of Yekaterinlxiorg, 
 flows first N., then E.N.E., and, after a very winding course 
 of nearly 200 miles, joins the Toora on the right. 
 
 TAGILSK, ti-ghilsk', a town of Russia, government, and 
 13. of Perm, on a river of its name. 
 
 T.\GI\1IANNUC MOUNTAINS. See Taqhaxio. 
 
 TA(JLIACOZZO, tdl-yd-kot/so, a town of Naples, province 
 of .tbruzzo Ultra ll., capital of a canton, on the Ismele, 20 
 miles S.S.W. of Aquila. Pop. 3000. Near it, in 1268, 
 Charles of Anjou defeated Conradin, son of the Emperor 
 Conrad IV., and put an end to the rule of the Hohenstauf- 
 fen dvnasty in Italy. 
 
 TAGLIA'MENTO, tJl-yl-mSn'to, (ane. Taavemp>tus,) a 
 river of Austrian Italy, delegations of Udine and Venice, 
 rises in the Alps, and after an E. and S. course of 100 miles 
 past Latisana, where it becomes navigable, enters the Adri- 
 atic Sea at Porto Tagliamento, near its N. extremity. 
 Under the French it gave name to a department, of which 
 Trevi.so was capital. 
 
 TjVOLIUNO, til-yoo'no, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince, and 12 miles E..S.E. of Bergamo, on the Oglio. P. 1913. 
 
 TAGODAST, t4-go-dast/, a town of Morocco, on the W. 
 border of .Mount Atlas, 98 miles N.E. of Morocco. Pop. 7000. 
 
 TAGOLANDA, ti-go-ldu'da, a small island of the Malay 
 Archipelago, about 50 miles from the N.E. extremity of Ce- 
 lebes. Lat. 2° 23' N., Ion. 125° 36' E. 
 
 T.\GOM AGO, til-go-m^go, an islet of the B.nlearic Group, 
 In the Mediterranean, immediately E. of the island of Ivi^a. 
 
 TA'GUS, called also TAYO, ti'o or ti'yo, (Sp. Tojo, ta/iio; 
 Port. Tejo, tA'zho; anc. Talgiis,) a principal river of the 
 Iberian peninsula, through the centre of which it flows 
 from E. to W., between the basins of the Ebro and Douro 
 on the N.. and the Guadiana on the S. It rises in the 
 Sierra Albarracin, on the borders of Aragon and New 
 Castile, in lat. 40° 3S' N., Ion. 1° 35' W.: it flows W.S.VF. 
 iu Spain, through New Castile and Estremadura, and in 
 Portug.-tl between the provinces of Beira and Alemtejo, and 
 through Estremadura to the Atlantic, which it enters at 
 Belem, 2 miles below Lisbon. Total estimated length, 640 
 miles. Chief affluents, the Jarama, Alberche, Alagon, and 
 Zezere from the N., and the Rio del Monte and Solor from 
 the S. At Punhete. 100 miles above its mouth, it is up- 
 wards of oOO yards across, and just above Lisbon it expands 
 to a breadth of about 5 mile.s, but opposite that city it con- 
 tracts again to less than 2 miles across. It has steep b.anks, 
 an impetuous current, and flows mostly through an arid 
 country. Its uses for commerce are at present much re- 
 stricted, it being navigable only to Abrautes. though at- 
 tempts have been made to extend the navigation to Toledo. 
 
 T.\I£AL. ti-il', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and N.N.K. of Almeria. Pop. 1607. 
 
 T.\IIATE, td-hS'tA. a town of Arabia, in Yemen, and a 
 beautiful valley, 9 miles from Zebeed. 
 
 TAHITI, ti-hee'tee. formerly written OTAIIEITE, a beau- 
 tiful island in the Pacific Ocean, being the principal of the 
 So.nety Islands. Lat. 17° 29' 12" S.. Ion. 149° 29' W. It is 
 shout 32 miles long from N.W. to S.E.. is an elongated range 
 of highland, which being interrupted in one part, forms an 
 ; '«thmus alxmt 3 miles broad, connecting the two peninsu- 
 as ; the larger, Tahiti proper, and the smaller named Taira- 
 Boo. From a low margin of the se;>-coa.st, the land rises to a 
 ver" -onsiderable height on both extremities of the island, 
 •>ihile "som" highly fertile plains or valleys intersect the 
 <snees in diBerett parts. The highest summit in the island 
 is SoUU leet al>ove .=ea-level ; anotiier attains 6979 feet. From 
 these two peaks ridges diverge to all parts of the coast, 
 
 TAI 
 
 ' throwing off spurs as they descend. The fertile portion of 
 Tahiti lies in the valleys, which are of sm.-tll t-xtent, and iu 
 the plain which stretches from the se.a-sbore to the spuis of 
 the mountains. These produce tropical plants in gr-,'ai 
 abundance and luxuriance. The climate is warm, but net 
 enervating. The cottages of the natives, who seem fully to 
 appreciate the beautiful scenes around them, are found iu 
 retired and lovely spots, and are usually surrounded by 
 neatly-fenced enclosures. In these are to be seen growing 
 the bread-fruit, vi-apple, and orange, and sometimes exten- 
 sive groves of tall cocoanuf-trees. The cottages are of an 
 oval form, usually about 50 or 60 feet long, and 20 feet 
 broad; the walls formed of baml)oos: the floor of natuiaj 
 earth. There are no partitions, but tapa or matting is em- 
 ployed as an occasional screen. The natives are a gr>od-hu- 
 mored. gay, happy, and cheerful people, and are further 
 described as honest, well-behaved, and obliging. They have 
 been converted to Christianity by the labors of missiona- 
 ries; and there are now few of them who cannot both road 
 and write. The island forms part of a native sovereignty, 
 is divided into seven districts, and is the seat of a supreme 
 court. Several vessels of about 130 tons have been built 
 here; these have been employed in the trade to .N"ew South 
 Wales, whither they cai-ry sugar, cociianut-oil. and arrow- 
 root, the principal productions of the island, bringing hack 
 in return hardware, cloths, calicoes, &c. Most of the vessels 
 that visit Tahiti are whalers, averaging under 100 annnally. 
 Tahiti was discovered in 1(06 by the Spaniard Quiios, and 
 afterwards visited by M allis, Bougainville, and Cf>ok. Esti- 
 m.ated pop. 9000. It was taken possession of by the French 
 in 1S46. .\dj. and inhab. Tahitiax. td hee'te-an. 
 
 TAII'LEyUAir. a post-office, of Cherokee co..'Arkansas. 
 
 TAIINA, ti'nS or tdii'ni. a town of the Punjab. 125 miles 
 N. of Lahore, on the route into Cashmere, with a large 
 serai, built for travellers by the Emperor Akbar. Among 
 its inhabitants are many shawl-weavers. 
 
 TAHOORA or TAIIURA, td-hoo'rii, written also KAULA, 
 one of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, S.W. of 
 Niban. Lat. 21° 39' N., Ion. 160° 35' E. 
 
 TAIIOOROWA or TAIIUROA. tihoo-ro'wa. written also 
 KADOOLAWE. one of the Sandwich I.s'lands. in the Pacific 
 Ocean. S.W. of Mowee, lat. 20° .35' N., Ion. 156° 60' E. 
 
 T.\IIRAH, tS'rl, a town and fortress of Ilindostan, pro- 
 vince of Cutch. 30 miles S.E. of Luckput Bunder. Lat. 23" 
 20' N., Ion. 69° 20' E. 
 
 TAHTA or TAHTAII, tj'ti a town of Central Egypt, pro- 
 vince,and 25 miles S.S.E. of Sioot. on the left bank of the Nile. 
 It has several mosques, a government primary school, and 
 many large mounds, supposed to indicate the site of the an- 
 cient HrsripU. 
 
 TAIIUACANO (tah-wakah'no) CREEK, of Freestone co., 
 Texas, flows into the Trinity River from the W. 
 
 TAIIUATA, ta-wd'tl or SANTA CHRISTINA, sSn'tS 
 kri.s-tee'nd, one of the Marquesas Islands, in the I'acific 
 Ocean, S. of Dominica. Pop. 1400. Coast abrupt, and the 
 soil verv fertile. 
 
 TAIIURA. an Island in the Pacific Ocean. See Tahoora. 
 
 TAIIUROA, an island in the Pacific. See Tahoorowa. 
 
 TAI, ti. the name of .several towns of China. 
 
 TAIABANA, ti-d-bd'nA, a village and parish of Brazil, 
 province, and 50 miles AV. of Parahiba, on the right bank 
 of the Parahiba. Pop. 1400. 
 
 TAI-CIIOO or TAI-TCHOU, tT'choo'. a city of China, capi- 
 tal of a department, province of Che-kiang, 75 miles S.W. 
 of Ningpo. 
 
 TAI-CHOW-FOO or TAE-CHOW-FOO. trchowYoo', a city 
 of China, province of Chekiang, on a river of the same name, 
 about 25 miles from its entrance into the sea. Lat. 28° 42' 
 N.. Ion. 121° 26' E. 
 
 TAILLEBOURG, tSh\vehbooRG' or tdrboop./, a market- 
 town of France, department "of Charente-Inferieure. on the 
 right bank of the Charente, 10 miles S.W. of St. Jean 
 d'Angely. Pop. 1116. 
 
 T.\ILS CREEK, a post-office of Gilmer co.. Georgia. 
 
 TAIMYR or TAIMUR CAPE. See Cape Taimoor. 
 
 TAIN, tAn. a parliamentary and municipal burgh, mar- 
 ket-town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Ro.as, at the mouth 
 of the Tain, on the S. side of the Frith of Dornoch 24 miles 
 N.N.E. of Inverness. Pop.of the town in 1851, 2588. It has 
 an old church, an ancient tower, a court-hou.ae. a grammar 
 school, and a public reading-room; various mills, an iron 
 foundry, brewery, and a con.siderable retail trade. The 
 burgh unites with Wick, Dingwall. Cromarty, Dornoch, and 
 Kirkwall in sending one memljer to the House of Commons. 
 
 TAIN, t^NO, a town of France, department of DrSuie. on 
 the left bank of the Rhone, opposite Tournon, with which 
 it communicates by a suspension bridge, .and on the railway 
 from Lyons to Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 2647. Near it excel- 
 lent Hermitage wine is produced. 
 
 T.MNTIGNES. t^NoHeeR'. a village of Belgium, province 
 of H linaut. 3 miles S. by W. of Tournay. Pop. 2191. 
 
 TAI-OU.iN. an island of China. See Formosa. 
 
 TAI-PE-SHAN or TAl-PECHAN^ tl-p.^-shan. the name 
 of several mountains of China, iu the N. provinces, and rislajf 
 above the snow line. 
 
 1879 
 
 =J 
 
TAl 
 
 TAL 
 
 T^ I-PIXG, trping'. a city of China, capital of a depart^ 
 men'.- province of Ngan-hoei. on the Yang-tse-kiang, 30 miles 
 6.W. of Nanking. 
 
 TA I-PIXG, a city of China, capital of a department, pro- 
 vince of Quang-see, lat. 22° 25' 12" X., Ion. 107° K. There are 
 other cities of the same name in the proTinces of Se-chuen 
 »nd Shan-see. 
 
 TAI-PIXG-SHAX, trpinK'sh^n'. or TY-PIXSAX, trpin"- 
 bAd', the principal of the Madjicosima Islands, in the China 
 Sea. 
 
 TAIRO or TAIAR.4. See King's Island. 
 
 TAI-SHAX, TAE-SIIAX or TAI-CHAX, trsh^n', an island 
 of China, in the Chusjjn Archipelago. The centre is a 
 densely-peopled plain, with many villages. ^ 
 
 TAI-TIXG. tfting', a city of China, province of Koei-choo, 
 capital of a department, 80 miles W.N.W. of Kwei-yang. 
 
 TAI-TONG, trtong', a city of China, province of Shan-see, 
 capital of the department, near the Great Wall, 175 miles VV. 
 of Peking. 
 
 TAI-WAN. an island of China. See Formosa. 
 
 TAI-WAX or TAI-OUAX. tfwin', the capital town of 
 the island of Formosa, in the China Sea, on its W. coast, 
 capital of a department, province of Fo-kien, lat. 23° S' N., 
 Ion. 120° 22' E. It has two famous temples, and was 
 formerly the seat of a considerable trade and of a Dutch 
 factory, but its harbor is now choked with sand, and only 
 fit for vessels of light draught. 
 
 TAI-YUAX, ti-yoo-dn', written also TAI-Y'UE\. or T.^.Y- 
 YUEX, a city of China, province of Shan-see, capital of a de- 
 partment on the Fuen-ho, an affluent of the Iloang-ho, 2.50 
 miles S.W. of Peking. It is stated to be 3 leiigues in cir- 
 cumference, fortified, .and populous, and it h.as a decayed 
 palace which was inhabited by the sovereigns of the last 
 dynasty; also manufiicturesof tine porcelain, ironwares, and 
 carpets. On a neighboring heizht is a cemetery of its princes. 
 
 TAJAMCLCO or TAX.iMULOO, tl-Hd-mooI'ko, a town of 
 Central America, state of Guatemala, at the foot of the vol- 
 cano of Tajamulco. Pop. 20O0. 
 
 TAJAKDI, ti-jaR'dee, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Room-Elee, on a river, 20 miles N.X.E. of its mouth at 
 Lagos. 
 
 'TAJO, the Spanish n.ame of the river Tagus, which see. 
 
 TAJOORAH, TA.TURRAH, til-joo'ri, written also TADJU- 
 RAH. a seaport town of North-east Africa, in Adel, on the 
 Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. X.W. of Zevl.a. lat. 11° 56' 35" X.. Ion. 
 43° 0' 20" E. Pop. from 1200 to 1500. It consists of about 
 300 wooden huts, with 2 mosques, and it has an anchorage 
 adapted for large ships, but insecure. 
 
 TAJUNA, til-Hoon'yd, a river of Sp-ain. rises in the pro- 
 vince of Guadalajara, flows ivjxmt 94 miles, and discharges its 
 waters into the Jarama about 7 miles X. bv E. of Aranjuez. 
 
 TAJURRAH. a seaport of Adel. See TaJoorah. 
 
 T.\K or TUK. a town of Afghanistan, district of Damaun, 
 35 miles X.W. of Deiu-Ism,aeel-Khan. Lat. 32° 14' X.. Ion. 70° 
 50' E. It is enclosed by walls, has a citadel mounting artil- 
 lery, and some transit trade, .and it is famous for its tine 
 fruits. With its district, it is stated to yield an annual re- 
 venue of 15,000J. 
 
 TAK, tlk, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 140 miles S.E. of 
 Khoten. 
 
 T.\KA, tiSOcI, the name of two towns of Japan, island of 
 Sikokf. 
 
 TAKATZ. TAKATZE or TAKAZZE. See Tacazze. 
 
 T.^KE'LEY'. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 TAKIITI SULEIMAN (or SOULEIMAX.) See Tukhti 
 Suleiman. 
 
 TA-KIAXG, td ke-dng', a river in the island of Hai-nan, 
 enters the sea on its N. coast. 
 
 T.\-KI.\XG. a river of Southern China. See Hong Kianq, 
 and Canton River. 
 
 TA-KIAXG. See Yano-tse-Kiang. 
 
 T.VKIEX-LEOX. tA ke-Jn' U'on'. a fortified town of China, 
 province of Se-chuen, on the Toong-po-ho, 150 miles W.S.W. 
 of Ching-too-foo. 
 
 TAKIXOS (ti'ktvnos') LAKE, (anc. Otrcinet) a lake of 
 Euixipean Turkey, in Macetlonia, 5 miles S. of Seres, and N. 
 of the Gulf of Contessa. Length, 15 miles; greatest breadth, 
 6 miles. It receives the river Anghis.>ia. and is traversed 
 throughout by the Struma, (anc. Strylmnn.) The shores are 
 aVirupt, except in the X. On its W. side is the village of 
 Takinos. 
 
 T.\KUTU, ti-koo-too', a river of Brazilian Guiana, rises 
 near lat. 1° 30' N.. flows N.. then S.W., and joins the Rio 
 Branco at Fort San Joaq«im, in lat; 3° 1' 46" X. Total 
 course estimated at 170 miles. The chief affluents are the 
 Mabu and Zuruma. Its banks are densely wooded. 
 
 TAL. til, a river in the X. part of .^firhauistan. rises in 
 lat. 30° 14' N., Ion. 73° 6' E.. flows S.W., and .after a course 
 of 120 miles joins the Panj-kora or Lundye. 
 
 T.\LAB.\X, ti-lj-idn'. a village of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 province, and 22 miles X.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1802. 
 
 TALACH DDU, td/laK THee, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 Ot IJrei-on. 
 
 TALACRE. talMTifr. a small port of Xorth Wales, co. of 
 Flint, on the Dee estu;iry, within li miles from the Point of 
 IbSO 
 
 I Ayr. and adjoining the grounds of Talacre HalL A harbor 
 and quay have been erected here for the export of coal and 
 sandstone. 
 
 T.\LAII.4T'AH, a small village of Newton co, Mississippi 
 
 T.*L.\K. ti'l^k'. a village of British India, province, and 
 68 miles S. E. of Aracan. Lat. 20° X.. Ion. 93° 3;!' E. 
 
 TALAMAX (taid-man') BAY, an inlet on the S.W. coast 
 of Asia Minor, X.W. of the Gulf of Makree, (.Makri.) It re- 
 ceives the Talanian River, (aac. Indus f) and on its shoi-es 
 are extensive Middle Aire remains. 
 
 TALAMOXA. tl-li-nio'nl a village of Xortliern Italy, 2 
 miles E. of Morbeirno. on the Adda. Pop. 2193. 
 
 TALANDA. td-lin'dd. a village of Greece, government of 
 Boeotia, 7 miles X. of Mount Talanda. Xear it are the ruius 
 of Opuf. 
 
 TALANDA. Channel of, TALANTI, tji-lln'tee, or 
 ATAL.\XT.\, i-ti-\h\'ti. (anc. Euri'piut.) an arm of the sea 
 in Greece, between the government of Bceofia and the X. 
 half of the island of Eutitea. I^ength. 40 miles : breadth, 
 12 miles. .-Vt its W. extremity it communicates with the 
 Gnlf of Molo or Zeitoun, and at its S.E. end with the Chan- 
 nel of Euboea. 
 
 TALANDA, GULF OF, an inlet on the S. side of the 
 above channel. 11 miles in breadth at its entrance. It con- 
 tains the island of Talanda. 
 
 TALANDA. .MOU.XT, in the government of Boeotia. 4 
 miles N. of the Lake Topolias. Height, 3547 feet. It is also 
 called Mount Kblomo. 
 
 TALARRUBIAS or TALLARRUBIAS. ti-laR-R0on>e-l8, 
 (anc.LacijM'f ?) a town of Spain, 86 miles E. of Badajos. P. 2690. 
 
 T.\LASH'.\. a village of .\ewton co., Mississippi. 
 
 TALAVEKA DE LA REYNA. Xi-Xk-yk'ri Ak \i. r.i-ee'na. a 
 city of Spain, province, and 37 miles W.N.W. of Toledo, on 
 the right bank of the Tagus. here crossed by a bridge of 35 
 arches. Pop. 6363. Its buildings are interspersed with 
 many Moorish towers. It has numerous churches, con- 
 vents, hospitals, schools of Latin and philosophy, manufac- 
 tures of silks, earthenwares, leather, and so;ip. and two large 
 annual fiiirs. Here, on the 27th and 2Sth of July, 1809. the 
 Engli.sh and Sp-inish troops under the Duke of Wellington, 
 totall)' defeated the French under Joseph Bonaparte and 
 Marshals Jourdain and Victor. 
 
 TALAVERA LA REAL, td-ld-vi'ri 1.4 ri-^il'. a town of 
 Spain, 9 miles E. of Badajos. on the left bank of the Gua- 
 diana. Pop. 2712. who manufacture silks and leather. 
 
 TALAVKRA LA TIEJA, td-li-v.Vri li ve-i'Hi. a market- 
 town of Spain, province, and 72 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, on 
 the left bank of the Tagus. 
 
 TALBEN'XY, a parish of .South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 TAL'BOT. an island of the United States, off the N.E. 
 coast of Florida, between the mouths of the St. John and the 
 N.issau. It is ab<iut 9 miles -long bj- 2 miles broad, and 
 produces much cotton. 
 
 T.ALBOT. tawl'btlt. a county of Maryl.and. situated on the 
 eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. contains 2,i0 stjuare miles. 
 The Choptank River washes the E. border, and several navi- 
 gable creeks extend from the Yay inland. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil is fertile, and In a high state of culti- 
 vation. Capital, Easton. Pop. 14,795, of wliom 11,070 were 
 free, and 37-5 slaves. 
 
 T.\LBOT. a county in the W. part of Georgia, has an area 
 of 524 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Flint 
 River, and drained by the Parchelaga. Beaverdam, and 
 Upatoi Creeks. The surface is very broken; the highlands 
 in the N. part are called the Oak Mountain.s. The soil is 
 partly derived from primary rocks, and is moderately pro- 
 ductive. Capital, Talbotton. Pop. 13,616, of whom 5013 
 were free, and 8o0o slaves. 
 
 TAI/BOTTON. a pleasant post-village, capital of Talbot 
 CO., Georgi.i. 32 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has a brick 
 court-house. 2 academies. 3 churches, and a Masonic hall. 
 The Episcopal church of this place is a fine specimen of the 
 Gothic stvle. 
 
 TALC.4. tllOvi a town of Chili, capital of the department of 
 Maule, on the river Slaule. 40 miles N.E. of Chilian. It was 
 founded in 1742. and is now one of the largest and most 
 thriving towns in Chili. It possesses a literary institute, ani 
 other educational and charitable establishments. P. 14.500. 
 
 T.\LCAGUANA, tai-kd-gw^'na, or TAI/^AHUANA, tiV 
 ki-wS'nd. a village and .amall se.aport of Chili, on the penin- 
 sula which forms the S.AV. side of Concepcion Bay. The 
 anchorage is the best on the coast. Coal of an inferior 
 qualitv h.as been found in the vicinity. 
 
 TALCAN. til-kin', .an island of South America, off the 
 W. coast of Pataironia, and between it and the island of 
 Chiloe. Lat. 42°4'7' S.. lon.72°.i8'W. Length. 9 miles. 
 
 TA-LEE or TA-LT. tJlMee'. a city of China, province of Y'un- 
 nan. capital of a department, on the hank of a lake. 80 miles 
 E. of the Burmese frontier. It is larere and populous. 
 
 TALE-LAilA. See Tiuuet. page 1913. 
 
 TALENT, tl-lJnt'. a fortified town of Morocco, pi-ninoe 
 of Soos-eI-.\csa. capital of a partially independent district, 
 on the river Te.sset, 40 miles S.E. of Messa. 
 
 TAI/G-iRTn. a parish of .South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 TA-LI, a city of China. See T.a-Lei. 
 
TAL 
 
 TALFABO. See Cai e Talfabo. 
 
 TAI,IAUO or TALYAUO, 11-16-31)0. one of the Xulla 
 fslands, in the Malay Archipelago, E. of Celelit-s, lat. 1° 50' S., 
 Ion. 125° K.. separated by a narrow strait on the E. from the 
 Island of Maugola. Length, 100 miles; breadth, 20 miles. 
 
 TALlAFEIlllO, (pronounced tol'e-vjr,) a small county in 
 the N'.E. central part of Georgia, has an area of 185 square 
 miles. It is drained by the head-streams of the Oj^eei-hee and 
 Little Rivers. The surface is undulating or hilly ; the soil 
 in some parts productive. Granite and gneiss are among the 
 ro':ks which underlie the county. Sulphuret of iron and 
 magnetic ore are found in several places, and some gold is said 
 to have been discoveied. The county is intersected by the 
 Georgia Railroad. Named in honor of Benjamin Taliaferro, 
 formerly member of Congress from Georgia. Capital, Craw- 
 fordsvlUe. Pop. 4583, of whom 1734 were free, and 2849 
 slaves. 
 
 T.\.L1BENELA, a posNoffice of Pontotoc co., Mississippi. 
 
 TALICHAH or TALICHIN. See Talisii. 
 
 TALICOTA, td-leko'td, or TALIKOTE. tj-le-kot', a town 
 of British India, presidency of Bombay, district of Darwar, 
 on an alfluent of the Kistnah, 48 miles S.E. of Bejapoor. 
 Pop. 53U0. The outer town, enclosed by stone walls, con- 
 tains many shops of Jain traders, and a Jain temple: it 
 encircles an inner fort and pal.ice. It is famous for calico- 
 printers and dyers, and has a trade in brasswares and sad- 
 dlery. 
 
 TALISII, tl-lish', TALISIIIN or TALICHIN, t^-le-shin', 
 written also TALICHAH. a province of Ilussian Transcau- 
 casia, between lat. 38° and 39° N., and Ion. 48° and 49° E., 
 having E. the Caspian Sea, N. the rivers Koor and Aras, 
 separating it from the provinces of Shirvan and Karabagh, 
 aud OQ other sides the Persian provinces of Azerbaijan and 
 Ghilan. The principal products are silk, cotton, rice, sesa- 
 mum, tobacco, and wine. 
 
 TALKING ROCK, a post-ofRce of Gilmer co., Georgia, 18 
 miles S.S.W. of EUijay. 
 
 TALKING ROCK CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Coosa- 
 wattee, from the left, at the N.E. extremity of Cass county. 
 
 TALIf-0"-Tir-UILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 TALL.*., tiVlL a village of Tuscany, province of Florence, 
 on a hill, 10 miles N.N.VV. of Arezzo. Pop. 2800. Guido 
 Aretino, inventor of musiatl notation, was born here, and 
 it ha.* a monument to his memory. 
 
 T.\LLADEGA, talHa-dee'ga, a county in the N.E. central 
 part of Alabama, has* an at-ea of 1260 square miles. The 
 Coosa River washes the W. border for a distance of 50 miles, 
 exclusive of the windings; the county is drained al.so by the 
 Chocolocco and other creeks. The surface is diversified by 
 hills and valleys; the soil in some parts is fertile. Marble 
 of fine quality, and other valuable minerals, are abundant. 
 The railroad which is in progress from Selma to the Tennes- 
 see River, will pass through the county. Capital, Talladega. 
 Pop. 2^, dJ.0, of whom 14,055 were tree, and 6Sti5 slaves. 
 
 TALLADEGA, a post-village, capital of Tall.adega county, 
 Alabama, on the Alabama and Tennes.see Railroad, about 95 
 miles N. by E. of Montgomery. The plank-road e.xteuding 
 from Montgomery to the Tennessee River passes through 
 this place. It contains a court-house, several churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, and a number of store.s. 
 
 TALLADHG.A., a town.ship, Jefferson co.. .\rkansas. 
 
 TAl/LAGHT. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 5 
 miles S.W. of Dublin. ITntil 1803, the archbishops of Dublin 
 had a palace here; and in the vicinity are handsome man- 
 sions and villas. 
 
 TAL'LAIIAI/A CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Bayou 
 Pierre from the N.E., near the N.W. corner of Copiah county. 
 
 TAI/LAII.AS'SEE, a city, capital of Florida, and seat of 
 justice of Leon county, 194 miles E. of .Mobile, 130 miles 
 from Pensacohi, and about 25 miles N. of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Lat. 30° 28' N., Ion. 84° 36' W. The site is comparatively 
 elevated. The city is laid out in reeUingular blocks, with 
 several public squares. It contains the state-house, court- 
 house, jail, a United States land-office, and churches of the 
 Presbyterians, MethodLsts, and Episcopalians; 2 newspaper 
 offices, and several seminaries. Springs of good water 
 abound in the vicinity. The adjacent country Is very pro- 
 ductive, and is the most populous part of the state. Talla- 
 hassee is connected by a railroad, about 26 miles long, with 
 the seaport of St. Marks. Pop. 1932. 
 
 TAL'LAHATCII'IE, a river in the N. part of Mississippi, 
 the principal branch of the Yazoo, rises near the loundary 
 between Tippah and Pontotoc counties, and flows in a cir- 
 cuitous course, the general direction of which is S.W., to 
 the mouth of Coldwater Creek. Below this point it pursues 
 a S. course, until it unites with the Yallabusba River to 
 fo-m the Yazoo at Leflore, on the W. border of Carroll 
 county. The whole length is estimated at 250 miles. In 
 ordinary stages. i;t«amboats ascend to the mouth of Cold- 
 water Creek, about 100 miles, and in high water (about four 
 months of the year) they extend their trips to Wyatt, in La- 
 &.yette county. 
 
 TALLAHATCHIE, a county in the N.W. part of Mi.s.siE- 
 sippi. has an .area of aljout 930 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Tallahatchie River, (navigable by steamboats,) 
 
 TAM 
 
 from which it derives its name. The surface Is a level ftUvl 
 alluvial plain, sometimes called swamp-land. The soil i, 
 fertile, but the greater part is uncultivatad. Capital, Tills 
 toba. Pop, 7890, of whom 2830 wc-e tree, and uo ,t ^i.iv «. 
 
 T.\LL.\HO'.MA, a small riyer of Mississippi, enters Leaf 
 River from the N., near the centre of Perry county. 
 
 TALL.AIIOMA, a post-ofiice of Lucas co., Iowa. 
 
 TALLALOCSA, a post-village of Marshall co., Mississippfc 
 8 miles S.W. of Holly Springs. 
 
 TAL'LAND. a parish of England, co. of Cornwitll. 
 
 TAL'LAP<)0'SA, a river of Georgia and Alabama, a branch 
 of the Alabama River, rises in Paulding co., Georgia, and 
 unites with the Coosa about 10 miles N. of .Montgomery, in 
 Alabama, after a very tortuous course of about 2.50 miles. 
 Its general direction is S.W. Small steamboats ascend 40 
 miles from its junction with the Coosa. The Little Talla- 
 poosa rises in Georgia, and flowing S.W., enters the main 
 stream near the middle of Randolph county, in Alabama. 
 
 TALLAPOOSA, a county in the E. part of Alabama, con- 
 tains about 700 .square miles. It is intersected by the Tal- 
 lapoosa River, from which the name is derived, and drained 
 also by Ilileebee and Sawkeliatchee Creeks. The surface if 
 hilly or undulating; the soil in some parts is productive. 
 The Tallapoosa is navigable in the lower part of the county, 
 and the Montgomery and West Point Railroad passes along 
 the S. border. Capital, Dadeville. Pop. 23,827, of whom 
 17,155 were free, and 6072 slaves. 
 
 TALLAPOOSA, a post-village of Carroll co.. GeorgLa, on 
 the river of the s.ame name, 100 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 TALLAPOOSA, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama. 
 
 TALLARD, tilMan/. a town of France, depiirtment of 
 Ilautes-Alpes. on the Durance, 7 miles S. of Gap. Pop. 1181, 
 
 TALL.ARRUBI AS, a village of Spain. See T.\Larrubias. 
 
 TAL'LASAHATCH'EE CREEK, of Benton co.. Alabama, 
 enters the Coosa River from the left, near the Ten Islands. 
 
 TALL.\SSEE. a po.st-village of Tallapoosa co., Alabama, 
 134 miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 TAL'L.ASSEE' CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Coosa iu 
 Talladega county. 
 
 TAL/LATON, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 
 
 TAl/LEY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. 
 
 T.VL'LEYVILLE, a post-office of Newcastle co., Delaware. 
 
 TAl/LINGTON. a narish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TALI/.MADGE, a post-township in the S.E. part of Sum- 
 mit CO., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 1086. 
 
 T.\LLM.^DGB. a post-town.ship in the E. part of Ottawa 
 CO., Jlichigan. intersected by Grand River. Pop. 1140. 
 
 TALLMADGE CENTRK. a post-village of Summit co.,- 
 Ohio, 129 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 TALLOK.AS, a post-office of Lowndes co., Georgia. 
 
 TAt/IiOW. a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster, CO. of Waterford, on the road from Cork to Waterford, 
 12 miles N.N.W. of Youghal. Pop. of the town in 1861, 
 3884. It has a handsome modern church, and a large Ro- 
 man Catholic chapel. 
 
 TALLOW BRIDGE, a village of Ireland, half a mile N.N.E. 
 of Tallow. 
 
 T.\LLUL-\II, a post-village, capital of Issaquena county, 
 Mississippi, on the Mississippi River, about 70 miles N.W. 
 of Jackson. The county seat was located here only a few 
 years since. 
 
 aWLLU'LAH CREEK, of Georgia, forms the boundary be- 
 tween Rabuu and Habersham counties, and enters the Tu- 
 galoo River. 
 
 T.ALLYA, fil'yCh\ a market-town of North-east Hungary, 
 CO., and 30 miles S.W. of Zemplin. Pop. 5710. It hiis an 
 ancient castle, and Roman Catholic and Protestant churi hes 
 
 TAl/LYIKy, a post-office of Granville co.. North Carolina, 
 43 miles N. of Raleigh. 
 
 TALMAGE, a post-office of Baldwin co., Georgia. 
 
 TALJIAS, t^rmS/, a village of France, department of 
 Somme. 8 miles S. of Doullens. Pop. 1900. 
 
 TALMAY, tSymkf. a village of France, department of Cdte- 
 d'Or, 17 miles E. of Dijon. Pop. 1156. 
 
 TALMIS. See Kalausheh. 
 
 TALMONT. t.4rm(S.N<", a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vendee. 8 miles E.S.E. of .Sables. Pop. in 1S52..S123. 
 
 TALNAIR or TALNEIR, tarn.lii/. a town and fort of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Bombay, district of Candeish, 13C 
 miles E. of Surat. It was taken by the British in 1818. 
 
 TALOON or TALOUN, td-loon'. a town of Russia, in 
 Transcaucasia, province, and 37 miles W.N.W. of Erivan. 
 
 TWI/KIG. a small seaport and parish of Norway, province 
 of Finmark, on a circular bay in the fiord of Alten, 43 miles 
 E.N.E. of TromsSe. Pop. 3156. 
 
 TALYABO. See Taliabo. 
 
 TALYLLYN, tal-U/i'«n, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Anglesea. 
 
 TALYLLYN. a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth. 
 
 TAMA, tah'ma, a new county in the E. central part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. The S. part is inter- 
 sected by the Iowa River, and the .\. part by Wolf Creek; 
 it is al.BO drained by Salt and DiH»,p Creek.s. The surface i* 
 undulating or nearly level; the soil is mostly fertile. Capl 
 tal, Toledo. Pop. 5285. 
 
 1881 
 
TAM 
 
 TAMAI^\MEQUE. tA-miS-la-mA'kA, a town of Soufh Ame- 
 rica, in New (irauada, department of Magdalena, 50 miles 
 i.E of Mompox. 
 
 lA.MAMKS. td-nii'mJs. a village of Spain, in Leon, pro- 
 vince, and 32 miles S W. of Salamanca. In 1809 the Spa- 
 niards, under the Duke of Partiue, here defeated the French 
 under General Marchand. Pop. yl5. 
 
 TAM AN. ta-mdu'. written also TM UTAK AK AN. (anc. Pha- 
 ni'fi'trutT) a fortified town of South Russia, government of 
 Caucasu."!. on an island bt-tween the Black Sea and the Sea 
 of Arof, 13 miles S.S.E. of Yenikale. It has few inhabitants 
 independent of its garrison, but an export trade in salt, wax, 
 honey, furs, Ac. and some import trade. 
 
 TAMANDAKJ^:, ti-min-da rA'. a bay of Brazil, on the coast 
 of I'enianibuco. 40 miles S.S.W.of Cape Santo Agostiuho, in 
 lat. 8° 43' S.. Ion. 35"^ 6' W. 
 
 T.A..M.\.N1)UA. ta-min'doo-3. a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas Geraes, 100 miles AV. of Ouro Preto. Pop. SlKKI. 
 
 T .\ M .A.Q U A . t;im-a w'l i ujj . a t h ri v i ng post-borou ■.'h of Sch uyl- 
 kill township. Schuylkill co.. Pennsylvania, on the Tamaqua 
 or Little Schuylkill' River, lo miles E.N.K. of Pottsville, and 
 73 miles N.tl. of Harrislmrg. A branch railroad connects it 
 with the IV'ttsville and Keading R.nili-oad at Port Clintoa. 
 It is liejiutifuUy situated iu a liilly region, which contains 
 abund.-tnce of excellent coal. It is an important point on 
 the t'iitawissii Railroad. Tamaqua contiiins 1 bank, K 
 churches, and a newspaper office, also, 1 rolling-mill, and 
 
 3 foundries with machine-shops. Pop. in 1850, 30»0; in 
 186), 4919. 
 
 T.V'.M.VU, (anc. Tamarus.') a river of West England, be- 
 tween the counties of Coiuwall and Devon, rises in a moun- 
 tainous district near Moorwinstow, and, receiving numerous 
 accessions. Hows S.S E. by L:iunce!»ton, to which town, and 
 to Calstoek and Saltash. it is navigable; and after widening 
 to form the harbor of Hamoaze. Dovonport, ent«rs Ply- 
 mouth Sound 2 miles W.S.W. of Plymoutli. The principal 
 affluents are the Tavy from the E., and Liuher from the W. 
 Tot«l course, 60 miles. 
 
 T.\MA1\, a principal river of Van Diemen's Land, formed 
 by the union of the North and South Esk at Launceston, 
 whence it lias a tortuous coui-se of 30 miles X.. and enters 
 Buss's Strait at Port Dalrymple, 4 miles from Georgetown, 
 which is on its E. bank. Its valley is narrow and wooded. 
 
 TAMARA. timd'ra, the largest of the Isles de Los. off the 
 W. (x«i.st of Africa. 70 miles N.W. of Sierra Leone, in lat. 9° 
 2;*' N.. Ion. 3° 48' W. 
 
 TAM ARA or TAM AUIS. See T.'vmbre. 
 
 T.\MAUA\V.\. tam-!i-raw'wa. a village of Monroe CO., mi- 
 nimis, on the Kaskaskiii, 12o miles S. of Sprinirfield. 
 
 T.VMARID.V. ti-md-ree'dd. the capital town of the island 
 of Soootra. in the Inaian ifcean. on a bay off its N. coast. 
 
 TAMARITK orTAMARITE DK LITERA. td-nii-ree'tA dA 
 le-t.Vri, a town of Spain, province, and 47 miles S.E. of 
 llu.'si-a. Pop. 3612. 
 
 T.iMARO, td-uid'ro, a river of ItJily. principally in Na- 
 ple.-, joins the Galore 3 miles N.K. of Beueveuto, after a S. 
 coursi' of 45 miles. 
 
 TAMAROVKA or TAMAROWKA, ta-ma-rov'ka, a town 
 of Russia, government of Koorsk, on the Vorskla, 15 miles 
 W.N.W. of Bielgorod. Pop. 1500. 
 
 TAMARUS. See Tamar. 
 
 T.\MATAM. kd-mi-tim'. a group of three low coral islands 
 In the North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 7° 32' N.. Ion. 149° 30' E. 
 
 TAMATAV. ta^md'tdv', or TAMATIVE, ti'md'tcev'. a sea- 
 port town of Madagascar, on a bay of its E. coa.st, in lat. 18° 
 10' S.. Ion. 49° 28' 5" E. It has a fort. The Erench formerly 
 had a settlement here. 
 
 TAMAULIPAS. ti-mSw-lee'pas. formerly NEW SANTAN'- 
 DEU, a state of the Mexican Osufederation. bounded on the 
 N. by Texas, from which it is separated by the Rio Grande; 
 N.W. by Cohahuila; W. by Xuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi ; 
 S. by S:in Luis Potosi and Vera Cruz: and E. by the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Greatest length, from N.N.W. to S.S.E., 400 miles; 
 medium breadth, about 130 miles: area. 30,334 square miles. 
 The coast is low, and fringed with lagoons varying from 
 
 4 to 18 miles in width, and separated from the sea by 
 belts of sand : and the mouths of almost all the rivers are 
 so encumbered with biirs as to make their n.-iviiration diffi- 
 cult and dangerous. In the N. part of the state the flatness 
 of the coast is continued to some distance inland, and then 
 rises into elevated, though still comparatively level plains. 
 To the S. the surface is finely diversified by mountain, hill, 
 and valley. The most remarkable summits are the cerroi 
 of Martinez, Xeres. and Coronel. and the sierras of Palma 
 imd Carico. Many fine valleys extend iu the intervals be- 
 tween the mountains. The most important streams are the 
 Rio Grande, already mentioned; the Fernando or Tigre. 
 which, be.sides reaching the coast, also communicates by a 
 branch with the Lacuna del Madre; the Borbon. falling into 
 the N. part of the same lagoon ; the Santander. and the Tam- 
 pIco..which forms the chief boundarv between the state and 
 the S. of San Luis Potosi. The climate of the interior is 
 temperate and healthy, but on the coast, especially in the hot 
 deason, is unhealthy. The soil is generally fertile; the vege- 
 table products include most of the grains, woods, fruits, and 
 
 TAM 
 
 ' flowers both of the temperate and the torrid zones. Cattle 
 in vast numbeis — hor.ses. mules, sheep, and goats to a less 
 1 extent — are reared on the pastures; and a considerallo 
 I trade, both iu theiii and in other articles, is carried on, 
 chiefly with the stat*>s of San Luis Potosi, Zacat<?cas. and 
 Queretaro. The foivign trade is carried on princi)>ally at 
 the ports of Tampico de Tamaulipas and Matamora.s. and in- 
 cludes in its imports large quantities of manufactures both 
 from Europe and the United States. Iron, and some silver, 
 with salt from a chain of lagoons along the coast, are the 
 chief mineral products. Its capital is Victoria. Pop. in 
 1S54. 100.064. 
 
 TAMAULIPAS PUEBLO VIEJO, tl-mr.w-lee'pas pw^b^o 
 ve-.4'Ho, (or the ■* Old Town of Tamaulipas.") a decayed town 
 at the S. extremity of the aliove. on the river Tampico, 
 from which town it is distant 18 miles N. Pop. 1500. See 
 Tawpico. 
 
 TAMAZULA, ta m.isoo'll. a torn of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, department of Cinaloa. on the river Tamazula or Cu- 
 liacan. 110 miles E. of Culiacan. Pop. 1000. 
 
 TAMBACn, tdm'blK, a market town of Central Germany, 
 In Saxe-Coburg. principality, and 12 miles S.S.AV. of Gotha. 
 Pop. 1351. employed in iron-forges, wire-works, paper miUs, 
 and potash factories. 
 
 TAMBACHERRY, tlm-bd-chJr'ree. a town of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Madras, district of Malabar, 20 miles N.K 
 of Calicut. 
 
 TAMBEI.AN (tim-b.'l-ian') ISL.^NDS, in the China Sea, 
 between Borneo and Singapore. Great Tambelan, the largest 
 iu the group, is in lat. 1° N.. Ion. 107° 35' E. 
 
 T.\MBO. tdmlx), a town of Peru, department, and 50 miles 
 N.W. of Cuzco. on the Qnilibaniba. 
 
 TAMBO. a village of Peru, department of Arequipa. pro- 
 vince of Moquehua, at the motith of the Tambo River, 
 which, after a W. course of 90 miles, enters the Pacific 20 
 miles N.N.W. of Ylo. 
 
 TAMBOBAMBA, tdm-bo-blm'bj, a town of Peru, depart- 
 ment, and 40 miles S.W. of Cuzco. on the Apuriniac. 
 
 TAMBOV, TAMBOW, tam-bov'! or TAMBOF, tdmbof, a 
 government of Ru.ssia. between lat. 51° 2o' and 55° N.. and 
 Ion. 38° 30' and 43° 30' E., enclosed by the governments of 
 Riazan, Vladimeer, Nizhnee-Novgorod. Penzii. Saratov. ax\d 
 Voronezh. Area. 25.542 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1.006,505. 
 The surface is level or undulating. The principal rivers are 
 the Zna and Moksha, tributaries to the Oka,' and the Vo- 
 rona and Voronezh, affluents of the Don. The soil in the 
 N. is sandy and marshy, in the E. and elsewhere fertile, and 
 the government is almost wholly agricultural. More than 
 one-sixth p;\rt of the surface is covered with forests, and up- 
 wards of one-fourth with meadows and p:isture-land. and 
 one-third arable lands. The chief crops are rye, oats, and 
 buckwheat. The forests supply large quantities of timber 
 for ship and boat building. Extensive herds of cattle are 
 fattened for the Moscow and St. Petersburg markets. The 
 stock of sheep has been estimated at l,140.(KKt. and of hogs 
 at 7t)0.000. Horses of a good breed are reared, but the stock 
 is mostly very inferior. At a large woollen factory esta-. 
 blished by Peter the Great at Budari, a few years ago up- 
 wards of 3000 hands were employed, and 1.0'26.670 yards of 
 woollen cloth for the army was stated to be made. Ilere are 
 also many forges, distilleries, tallow factories, mills. Ac. The 
 government is subdivided into 12 circles. The chief towns 
 are Tamlx)v, Lipetsk, Morshansk, Yelatom, Shatsk, and 
 Oosman. 
 
 TAMBOV, TAMBOW or TAMBOF, the capital of the 
 above goyernment, is situated on the Tsna, 1'25 miles N.E. 
 of Voronezh. Pop. 31,101. It was founded and strongly 
 fortified in 1636, as a defence against the incursions of 
 the Nogai-Tartars. The houses are mostly of wood. It has 
 a college, a militai-y school for nobles, a high school for 
 ladies, founded in 1834, and manufactures Of woollen cloth, 
 alum, vitriol, and an active genenal trade. 
 
 TAMBHE. tdm'bri. Tanc. Tam'ara or Ihrnfaris,) a river of 
 Spain. Giilicia, flows W.S.W., and enters the Bay of Noya on 
 the Atlantic, after a course of 60 miles. 
 
 TAM BRO, a lake of Thibet, See Palte. 
 
 TAME, a river of England, cos. of Stafford and Warwick, 
 rises near Walsall, flows E. and N., and .after a course of 38 
 miles joins the Trent 7 miles N. of Tamworth. Affluents, 
 the Rea and Anker, from the S. and W. It supplies water 
 to the Birmingham and Fazcley, the Coventry, and the 
 Trent and Mersey Canals. 
 
 T.VME, a small river of England, rises in Yorkshire, flowg 
 S.W., forming a part of the boundarv betwtvn l>ancashire 
 and Cheshire, and joins the Mersey at Stockport, Course, 
 18 miles. See Thame. 
 
 TAMEER or TAMIR, tdmeeR'. a river of Central Asia, 
 in Mongolia, flows E.N.E., and joins the Orkhou. Total 
 course. 90 miles. 
 
 TAJIEGA, tl-mA'gJ. a river of Spain and Portng.il. riw-ii 
 near Monterey, inGalicia. flows S.S.W. tl 'ough the provinces 
 of Tras os Montes and Minhn. and joins the Douro 00 atWen 
 E. of Oporto. Total course. 90 miles. 
 
 TAM'KRACK CREEK, of Necosta co., Michigan, fl Jwr tot; 
 the Maskegon Kiver. 
 
TAM 
 
 TAMEUFOns c,r TAMERSFORT, a town of Finland. 
 See Tammerfors. 
 
 TAM'KKTON, North, a parish of ICnglaiid. oo. of Cornwall. 
 
 TAM'KKTON FOL/LIOTT, a pai ish of Kugland, co. Devon. 
 
 TAMKSIS. See Thames. 
 
 TAM I AG U A, tA-mt^il/j;wd, a petty seaport town of the 
 Mexican Confederation, state, and 70 miles S.E. of Tampico, 
 in an unhealthy situation, between the Lake of Tamiagua 
 and the Gulf of Mexico. Lat.2F16'N. Lon.97°17'K. 
 
 TAMIAGUA, Lake op, Mexican Confederation, state of 
 Tampico, 60 miles in length. 25 miles in !,'reatest breiidth, 
 Is separated, at its X. extremity by a narrow isthmus, from 
 the Lake of Tampico. 
 
 TA.SlIATUIS. SeeDAMlETTA. 
 
 TAMIEU, ti-uiee'ygh (?) a small town of Egypt, province 
 of Fiiyoom, 15 miles N.E. of Medinet-el-Fayooni, on a canal 
 20 miles W. of the .Nile. 
 
 TAMTK, a river of Asia. See Tameek. 
 
 TAMISE, td'meez', (Flemish, Temsche, tJm'shfh; anc. 
 Timsica?) a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on 
 tlie left bank of the Scheldt, 22 miles E.N.E. of Ghent, with 
 a pretty church, chapel, communal house, hospital, a fine 
 chateau, several schools, and a musical society ; manufac- 
 tures of sail-cloth, cotton goods, hats, pottery, tobacco, 
 leather, chiccory, oil, &c. Pop. 7t5o3. 
 
 T.VM ISE. the French name of the river Thajies, which see. 
 
 TAMLAGUT, taui'ldat, a pjirish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Tyrone, with a vill.age SJ miles S.S.E. of Moneymore. 
 Pop. in 1851 , 5G47, wlio manufacture linens. Here is a large 
 Druidical altar. 
 
 TAMLAGUT FINLAG'AN, a parish of Ireland, In Ulster, 
 CO. of Londonderry. 
 
 TA5ILAGIIT, O'CRIL'LY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Londonderry. 
 
 TA .M LINGTAR, tSmMing-tar', a town of Nepaul, in North 
 Ilindostan, district of Chayenpoor, 115 miles N.N.W. of 
 Purueah; lat. 27° 17' N., Ion. SB" 52' E. Pop. 6000. (?) 
 
 TAMMERFORS, tam'mfr-foRs\ written also TAMER- 
 FORS or TAMERSFORT, a town of Finland, la^n, and 85 
 miles N.N.E. of Abo, capital of the district of Satakunda, 
 between two lakes. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 TA.MOOK, ti-mook', one of the smaller Sooloo Islands: 
 lat. e° 28' N., Ion. 121° 56' E. 
 
 TAM'PA, a post-village, capitiil of Hillsborough co., Flori- 
 da, at the head of Tampa Bay, (navigable by large vessels,) 
 about 40 miles E. from the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 TAM'PA BAY, formerly ESPIR/ITU SAN/T'O BAY, of 
 Florida, is situated on the W. side of the peninsula, and 
 optms into the Gulf of Mexico about 27° 45' N. lat. To- 
 wards the interior it divides into two branches, one of 
 which is called Little Tampa, and the other Ilill.sborough 
 Bay. It is about 40 miles long, and forms a good harbor 
 for large vessels. 
 
 TA.Ml'I'CO, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi. 
 
 TAMPICO, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee. 
 
 TAMPICO, a postofRce of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 TA^I I'ICO, a small village of Jackson co., Indiana. 
 
 TAJlPlCO, tdm-peo'ko, a river of Mexico, state of Vera 
 Cruz, after an E. course enters the Gulf of Mexico near 
 Tampico, its bar Ijeing iu lat. 22° 15' N., Ion. 97° 46' W. 
 Total length, 200 miles. 
 
 TAMPICO, PUEBLO NUEYO, pwJVlo nw.Vvo. ("New- 
 town,") or SANTA ANA DE TAMAULIPAS, sdn'td il'nd 
 d-\ t3-mOw-lee'pds, a seaport town of the Mexican Confetie- 
 ration, state,,and 215 miles N.N.AV. of Vera Cruz, on the S. 
 shore of the Lake of Tampico. Pop. 7000. It is regularly 
 laid out on a slope, and has some good dwellings in the old 
 Spanisli style, with military and naval hospitals, some puVilic 
 monuments, and well-supplied markets. It is better drained 
 and less unhealthy than formerly. It has an important and 
 increasing trade with the United States and Great Britain. 
 The principal exports are specie, hides, tallow, hones, and 
 jerked be*t. The tonnage arrived here in 15^52 was 77tVi; 
 among the arrivals were 4 steamers: the number of passen- 
 gers arrived, 178: left, 12C. 
 
 TAM PICO-EL-ALTO, tdm-pee'ko gl Sl'to, ("High Tam- 
 pico,") a village of Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, on a height, 
 S.E. of Pueblo-Viejo. 
 
 TAMPICO, LAKE OF, a sh.allow lagoon of the Mexican 
 Confederation, at the N.extremity of the state of Vera Cruz, 
 20 miles in length by 10 miles across. It communicates 
 northward with the united mouths of the Tula and Tampico 
 riveis, and ea-^tward with the Lake of Tamiagua. Large 
 quantities of prawns, caught in it, are salted for exporting 
 into the interior. 
 
 TAMSWEG, t^ms'ftAo, a market town of Upper Austria, 
 60 miles S.S.E. of Salzburg, on the Mur. Pop. 2300. It is 
 a considerable entrepot for iron. 
 
 TAM'WORTH. a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 town, and parish of England, iu the cos. of Stafford and 
 \Viirwick, on the Tame and Anker, at their junction, and on 
 the Trent Valley branch of the London and North-western 
 Railway, here carried over the Anker by a viaduct of 18 
 arches, Gi miles S.W. of Lichfield. Pop. in 1851, 8655. The 
 town, iu a tract of rich meadow-land, has a large and hand- 
 
 TAN 
 
 some parish church on the site of an ancient nnnnei-v. aud 
 containing some fine monuments: various dissenting chapelB, 
 an endowed grammar-school, with a .scliolarship and fellowl 
 -ship at Cambridge Univei-sity; two other free schools: alniit 
 houses, a town-hall, marUet-house, assembly and reading- 
 rooms, a horticultural society, some cotton .spinning, caliai 
 printing, and wool-stapling dying iionses, tanneries, brew- 
 eries, a carpet factory, and .small manufactin-es of lace. The 
 trade is greatly facilitated by tlie railway, and Fazeley and 
 Coventry Canal. It sends two members to the Hou.ie of 
 Commons. It gives the title of viscount to Earl Ferrers. 
 .Tamworth stands on the .ancient Watling Street, and was » 
 principal residence of the kings of Mercia. Immediately S. 
 of the town is a castle reputed to have been founded by 
 Ethelfleda. daughter of King Alfred, and modernized by iff 
 proprietors, of the Townshend family. About IJ miles S. is 
 Drayton Manor, the seat of Sir Robert Peel. 
 
 TAM WORTH, a town of New South Wales, in East Au.stra- 
 lia, district of Liverpool Plains, on the Peel, 154 miles from 
 Maitland. It is the seat of petty sessions. 
 
 TAM'WORTH. a post-township in Carroll co., New Hamp- 
 shire. 52 miles N.N.E. from Concord. Pop. 1678. 
 
 TAMnVORTH. a post-village of Canada West, co. of Ad- 
 dington, situated on the Salmon River, 36 miles N.W. of 
 Kingston. Pop. about 125. 
 
 TAM/WORTH IRON-WORKS, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 TANA-ELF, td'nS?lf, the most N. river in Europe, forms 
 in most part of its course the boundary between Norway 
 (Finmark) and Russian Lapland, and enters the Tana-fiord, 
 Arctic Oci'an, in lat. 70° 30' N., Ion. 28° E.. after a north- 
 ward course of 180 miles. At its mouth is the hamlet ot 
 Tana. 
 
 TAN AG A, iA-nifgH, one of the Aleutian Islands, in North 
 Pacific Ocean, Andreanov group, W. of Kanaga; lat. 51° 59' 
 N., Ion. 178° 10' W. Surface mountainous, and it contains 
 an active volcano. 
 
 TANj\H, td'nd, a town of Lower Egypt, near the centre 
 of the Delta of the Nile, celebrated for its festival held twice 
 a year in honor of a famous Mo.slem saint, called Sayd 
 Ahmed el Bedawee, who is buried in it. 
 
 TANAH-PILEH, td'n^ pee/^h, a town in the island of 
 Sumatra, state, and 30 miles from Jambi. Pop. 4000. 
 
 TANAI.S. SeeDo.x. 
 
 TANAKEKE (td-na-kA'k.A) or TANEKAKE ISLANDS, a 
 group in the Malay Aichipelago, off the S.W. extremity of 
 Celebes, the largest island being 10 miles in circuit; lat. 5° 
 28' S.. Ion. 119° 17' E. 
 
 TANANARIVOO or TANANARIA'OU, ta-na-naVe-voo', 
 sometimes written TANANARIVO, TARNANARUVO. and 
 ANTANANARIA'O, the capital town of the Ovahs, in Mada- 
 gascar, near the centre of the island, 190 miles W. of Ta- 
 matave. It is reported to be large, and to have manufac- 
 tures of exquisite gold and silver chains, silk stuffs, &c., 
 but it is little known by Europeans. 
 
 T.\NARO, ta-ni'ro, (anc. 2'an'arus.) a river of North Italy, 
 in Piedmont, rises in the Alps near the Co! de Tend.i, 
 flows N. and N.E. past Garessio, Ceva. Alba. Asti, and Ales- 
 sandria, 10 miles N.E. of which city it joins the Po, after a 
 total course of 126 miles, for the last forty miles of which, 
 to Asti, it is navigable for barges. Principal affluents, the 
 Stura, Pesio, Ellero, and Corsaglia. from the \V., and the 
 Belbo and Bormida, from the S.E. Under the French it gave 
 name to a department, of which Asti was the capital. 
 
 TANASSERIM. See Ten.asserim. 
 
 TANCITARO, tan-se-ti'ro, a town of the Me.xican Con- 
 federation, state of Michoacan, 100 miles S.W. of Valladolid. 
 
 TAN'COCK Gre.\t and Little, two islands of Nova Scotia, 
 in Mahone Bay. 30 miles S.W. of Halifax. 
 
 TAN'COCK PRAI'RIE, a postoffice of Winn parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 TANCOS, tln'koce, a town and parish of Portugal, pi-o- 
 vinee of Beira Baixa, 10 miles S.S.E. of Thomar. Pop. 5.';0. 
 
 TANDAII. tan'di, or TANDEH, tan'dJh. a town of Hin- 
 dostan, dominions, and 33 miles S.S.E. of Onde, on the S 
 bank of the Goggra; lat. 26° 35' N., Ion. 83° 35' E. 
 
 TANDERAGEE. tan'der-a-ghee', a m.arket-town of Ireland, 
 in Ulster, co. of Armagh, 3 miles S.W. of Gilford. Pop. in 
 1851, 1496. It has a handsome church, several schools, 
 flour and flax mills, and a brisk trade in tiax, linens, and 
 agricultural produce. Tanderagee Castle is a seat of the 
 Duke of Manchester. 
 
 TANDI, tan'dee, a village of the Punjab, on the Chenaub; 
 lat. 32° 32' N., Ion. 77° 3' E., about 8000 feet above sealevel. 
 
 TAND.IEII, a town of Morocco. See Tangier. 
 
 TAN'DRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 TANDSHA. See Tangier. 
 
 TANEGA-SIMA, ta-n.Vgd-see'ma, an i.sland of Japan. S. o1 
 Kioo-Sioo. Length, from N. to S., 25 miles ; average breadth. 
 12 miles. 
 
 TANEKAKE, Mal.av Archipelago See Tanakeke. 
 
 TANEY, taw'nee. TAAV'NEY. or CHURCH-TOM N.a parish 
 of Ireland, in Leinster co. of Dublin. 
 
 TANEY, tiiw'nee, a county in the S.S.W. psirt of Mi-ssouri, 
 boi'dering on Arkansas, has an area of 800 square mila?. 
 
 1883 
 
TAN 
 
 TAO 
 
 Tt Is inter«-xferi bv White River, and also drained bT James 
 Pork, and Ball, Swan. Beaver, and Long Creeks, affluents 
 jt the White Hirer. Tlie surface is uneven and broken; 
 the soil of the vallevs is fertile. Tli» county was named in 
 honor of iloger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States. 
 Capital, Fors\th. Pop. 3570, of whom 3-194, were free, and 
 8U slaves. 
 
 TANKY. a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas. 
 
 TANEYTOWN. taw'ne-tonn, a post-village of Carroll oo» 
 Maryland, 71 miles N.W. of Annapolis. Pop. al)Out 300. 
 
 TAN'FIKLD, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. . 
 
 T.IN'B'IELD, West, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North r.iding. 
 
 T.WGEUMONDE, tdng'er-miinMeh. a walled town of 
 Prus.sian Sa.xony, SS miles' X.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the 
 Elbe, at the confluence of the Tanger. Pop. 4250. It has a 
 strong castle, and manufactures of woollen and linen stuffs, 
 breweries, and distilleries. 
 
 TANGIER, tin-jeer', called TAXJEH or TAXDJEH, tin'- 
 jeh, by the Moors, sometimes written T.\XDSII.V,(anc. Tin/- 
 gh or Tradudta JuHiaf) a fortified seaport town of Morocco, 
 ne.ar the W. entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar, S.E. of Cape 
 Spartel; lat. (consul's house) 35° 47' 12" N., Ion. 5° 48' 30" 
 W. It stands on a height near a spacious bay. and rising 
 In the form of an amphitheatre, presents a very striking ap- 
 pearance when approached from the sea. It is surrounded 
 by walls, and defended by a castle and .several forts ; with 
 the exception of the main street, which traverses it from E. 
 to W.. it consists of wretched houses, huddled together in 
 narrow, dirty lanes. The only exceptions to the general 
 wretchedness of the buildings are furnished by the resi- 
 deuces of the European cc^nsuls, and those of a few wealthy 
 merchants. The principal buildings are the castle, or alcas- 
 hiIm. occupying a commanding height, but in a very dilapi- 
 dated state: several mosques, one of which is handsome; 
 several Jewish synagogues, and a Roman Catholic chuich. 
 The harbor, which was once capacious, and protected by a 
 mole, was formerly very much frequented by vessels from 
 almost all the maritime countries of Europe, but is now 
 much neglected. The trade, confined chiedy to Gibraltar, 
 and a few places on the Sp.anish coast, is very limited: the 
 internal traffic is chiefly with Tetooan and Fez. Tangier is 
 said to have been founded by the Carthaginians, from whom 
 it jiassed to the Komaus, and afterwards successively to the 
 Goths and Aral»s. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1471, 
 and ceded by them, in 10G2, to the British, as a part of the 
 dowry of the Princess Catherine. The British erected a 
 mole which gave protection to the largest vessel.s and kept 
 possession of it for 22 years. It declined rapidly on falling 
 into the hands of the Moors. It was bomliarded by the 
 French in 1844. Outside of the town is a Roman bridge: 3 
 miles S.E. are the remains of ancient Tingis. Pop. estimated 
 at 10.000. 
 
 TA.NGIER'S (tin-jeerzD ISLANDS, of Virginia, in Chesa- 
 peake Bay, nearly opposite the mouth of the Potomac River. 
 
 T.WGIPAHA. tan'je-pa-haw', a small river of Louisiana, 
 flows southnaitl along the boundary between Tammany 
 and Livingston parishes, and enters Lake Pontchartrain. 
 
 T.VXGlP.^II.K.apost-officeof St. Helena parish, Louisiana. 
 
 TANG'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 TANG'.MERE. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TANGXOO or TAXGXOU (tAng'noo') MOUNTAINS, in 
 the Chinese Empire, Khalka£ country, in lat. 50° X., Ion. 
 from 90° to 100° E., are connected westward with the Little 
 Altai, and separate the Itasins of the Tobol and Yeni.sei 
 Rivers, and these again form the Ijasins of several rivers 
 which enter the lakes of Centi-al Asia. 
 
 TANGUN See Altai. 
 
 TAXIXGE, TANNINGE,or TAXXIXGES, tIn'nSxz'. a 
 market-town of Savoy, province of Faucigny, on the Gulre, 
 3 miles X. of Cluses. Pop. 3020. 
 
 TAN IS. See Sax. 
 
 TAXJORE, tan'jOr', a maritime district of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, near the S. extremity of India, h.aving 
 E.the ocean, and landward the districts of .Madura, Trichino- 
 opoly. and South Arcot: lat. 9° 50' to 11° 25' N.. Ion. 78° 45' 
 to 79° 55' E. Area 3900 square miles. Pop. 1,676,086. It 
 comprises the delta of the Cavery River, and is one of the 
 most fertile and valuable portions of British India. The 
 population is chiefly Hindoos, whose customs are here per- 
 petuated in great purity. In almost every village are a 
 pagoda and a Brahmin establishment, and the district is 
 fiimous for good roads, on which are choultries for the ac- 
 conimod.ation of pilgrimsand travellers. The principal towns 
 are T.-injore. Combacouum. and Xegapatam. 
 
 T.A.NJOKE, a city of British India, capital of the above 
 district, presidency, and 170 miles S.S.W. of Madras, on an 
 arm of the Cavery. Lat. 10° 50' X.. Ion. 79° 15' E. Pop. from 
 35,000 to 40,000. It is nearly 6 miles in circumference, and 
 regularly built. Itconsistsof two portions, separately fortifi- 
 ed, one comprisingthe rajah's palace, in which isa sculptured 
 group by Flaxman. and the other containing a remarkable 
 Hindoo temple, with a tower nearly 200 feet in height, and 
 a black granite bull, one of the finest specimens of Hindoo 
 sc-ulpture. and close to which is an EuKlish church. The 
 1884 
 
 I British residency is to the S., outside of the walls. Taiyore 
 was taken by the British in 1749, and again from tht 
 French in 1773. 
 
 TAXJORE, a town of Java. 72 miles S.S.E. of Batavia. 
 
 T.\NK. a post-office of Davidson co., Tennessee. 
 
 T.VNK'.\1{D.ST0WX, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. 
 Kildare and Queen's counties. 
 
 TAXKARDSTOWX, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick. 
 
 TAXK'ERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Biding. 
 
 TAX X, a town of Bavaria. See Thanx. 
 
 T.\XX'.\. tin'nd. a town of Geraiany, principality of Reuw, 
 
 6 miles S.S.E. of Schleitz. Pop. 14S7. 
 
 TAX'X.A., a town and fort of British India, presidency, 
 and 20 miles X.X.E. of Bombay, on the island of Salsette, 
 and having many Christian inhabitants, and some Portu- 
 guese churches. 
 
 T.\X'NA. an island in the Pacific Ocean, Xew Hebrides, 
 near lat. 19° 30' S., Ion. 169° 28' E. Length, 18 miles, by 8 
 miles in breadth. 
 
 TAX'XADICE, a pari.sh of Scotland, co. oIFoi-far. 
 
 TANX.W, tdu'uA'. a town of France, department of Xiivre, 
 
 7 miles S.E. ofClamecy. Pop. 1396. 
 
 TAX'XER'S CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Dearlwn 
 county into the Ohio River, near Lawrenceburg. 
 
 TAXNER'S STORE, a postoffice of Mecklenburg co., Vlr- 
 ginia. 
 
 TAX'XERSYILLE, a post-village of Greene co., New York, 
 about 45 miles S.S.W. of .\lbany. 
 
 TAXXERSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, lis miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 TAXXIXGKor TAXXIXGES. town of Savoy. SeeT.^NlNGX. 
 
 TAX'XIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 T.\XXROD.\, tdnn-ro'dd. a town of Central Germany, in 
 Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 9 miles S.S.W. of Weimar. P.92o. 
 
 TAXORE, ti-nor', a towu of Briti.«h India, presidency of 
 Madras, on the Malabar coast, 20 miles S. of Calicut. 
 
 TAX'S, tins. Desert of. a dreary waste of South Africa, 
 in the Damanis country, between lat. 23° and 24° S, bounded 
 on the N.H by the mountains of Tans, which rise to 4000 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 TAN'S BAY, a post-office of Darlington district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TANS'BOROrGH, a village of Gloucester co., New Jersey, 
 about 35 miles S. by W. of Trenton, contains 6 or 8 houses. 
 
 T.\XS'UELF, a township of England, co. of York, Webt 
 Riding. 
 
 TANS'LEY'', a township of EngUnd, co. of Derby. 
 
 T.\X'SOR. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 TANTAH. tin'td. a town of Lower Egypt, in the Delta, 
 province, and 5 miles S.S.W. of Menoof, on the Damietta 
 branch of the Nile. It has a government school. 
 
 T.VNTALEM. tin'ti-lJm', a considerable island of Farther 
 India, in the Gulf of Siam, 25 miles E. of Ligor. separated 
 from the mainland by a narrow strait. Lat. 8° N., Ion. 101° E. 
 Length, 65 miles ; greatest breadth, 20 miles. The soil is 
 highly fertile. 
 
 TANUIRATH DOORA (or DURA,) ti-nwe-rath' doo'ri (?) 
 (the AdoraHm of Scripture. 2 Chron. xi. 9, and Adii>ra of 
 Josephus.) a large village of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 
 5 miles W.S.W. of Hebron, on the E. slope of a hill, enclosed 
 by olive-grounds. It Is the residence of a sheikh. It has 
 no remains of antiquity. 
 
 T.'^N'WORTH. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 TAX-\'.\XG, tin'ying'. a town of Chin-a, provinceof Kiang- 
 Soo, on the Imperial Canal, 60 miles E. of Xanking. 
 
 TAO. tl'o, a town of China, province of Iloo-nan, near lat. 
 25° 30' X., and Ion. 112° E. 
 
 TAO-IIIXG-TEXG-SH AX (or CHAN.) tJ/o hing tJng shin, 
 a mountain of China, province of Koei-Choo. Lat. 28° 4' 
 N.. Ion. 108° 27' E. It it is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 T.4.0NER0.\, a bav of New Zealand. See Turaxga. 
 
 TAOOK. TAOUK.'ti'ook', or TOAK, to'ak. a town of Turk- 
 ish Koordistan. on an affluent of the Tigris, 30 miles S. of 
 Kerkook. It was formerly important, with an ancient arch, 
 and a Moslem tomb. 
 
 TA0RMI.N.\. tl-oK-mee'nJ. (anc. TauTomelnium.) a town 
 of Sicily, intendancy, and 30 miles S.W. of Messina, on the 
 E. coast of the island. Lat. 37° 48' X., Ion. 15° 18' E. Pop. 
 3300. It is enclosed by an irregular wall and lines, sur- 
 moulted by old Saracenic walls, and still higher by the 
 town and milit.iry post of Mola. It has many large churches 
 and convents, an hospital, and some trade in wineand hemp, 
 the former of excellent quality. But its chief celebrity is 
 due to its splendid remains of antiquity, comprising a thea- 
 tre, capable of accf.mmodating 40.t>00 spectators, and one of 
 the finest ancient structures extant, commanding a magnifi- 
 cent prospect. It has al.so remains of the aqueduct and re- 
 servoir which supplied the ancient city with water, sepul- 
 chres, cenotaphs, tes.'^elated pavements, and ruined edifices. 
 
 TAOS, tj'oce, almost t45wss, a county forming the N.K. ex- 
 tremity of Xew Mexico, drained by the Rio Grandp and 
 Canadian Rivers, and by several tributaries of the .Arkansas. 
 The surface in the W. part is mountainous, being tiaver^ed 
 by several ranges, continuations of the Rocky Momitaius. In 
 
TAO 
 
 TAR 
 
 I860 there were raised 72,049 bushels of wheat, the greatest 
 quantity produced by any county of the tenitoiy. Named 
 from the Taosa Indians, a tribe who formerly inhabited this 
 part of the country. Capital, Taos. Pop. 14,103. 
 
 TAOS, a post-village of Navarro CO., Texas, on the W. bank 
 of Trinity Kiver. alxiut 200 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. It 
 Is pleasantly situated on a bluff, and contains 2 dry-goods 
 stores. 
 
 TAOS, a post-office of Cole cc, Missouri. 
 
 TAOS, a post-villaj;e capital of Taos co., Xew Mexico, Is 
 about 12 miles E. of the lUo Grande, and 66 miles nearly 
 due N. of Santa Fe It is situated in a valley of the same 
 name, one of the most romantic and fertile spots in the ter- 
 ritory, being finely watered by several small aifluents of 
 the Kio Grande, and surrounded on three sides by lofty 
 mountains. Taos is more properly a collection of small 
 hamlets contiguous to one another than a small village : 
 ot these Don Fernandez de Taos is the largest ; it contains 
 (t church and a school. The place was first settled by a 
 white population about the middle of the last century. 
 
 TAO-THSEU-SHAN or TAO-TIISEU-CHAN, ta'o t'sj-oo' 
 shSn', a mountain of China, province of Pe-ehee-lee. I>at. 39° 
 62' N., Ion. 114° 4,"/ K. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 TAOUDINY or TAOUDYNY. See Taudent. 
 
 TAOUKA, tA-ooTki. one of the Society Islands. 
 
 TAPAGIPE, ta-pd-zhee'pi, or ITAPAGIPE.ee-ta-pl-zhee'- 
 p.i, a village and parish of Brazil, about 10 miles N. of Ba- 
 hia, on a peninsula in the B.iy of All-Saints. It has exten- 
 sive building-docks, aud Is a summer residence of the 
 archbishop of Brazil. 
 
 TAPAJOS, td-pd'zhoce, or TOPAYOS, to-pi'yoce, a river of 
 Brazil, province of ParS, after a N. course of oOO miles joins 
 the Amazon near Santarem, its ba.sin lying between those of 
 the Madeira and Xingu. It is formed by the union of the 
 Preto and the Juruena, and is navigable from the Amazon, 
 aJoiig the Preto, to within 20 miles of the head of navigation 
 of the Cuy.Hba, an affluent of the Plata. 
 
 TA-PA-LING, ti'pd'ling', a mountain of China, province 
 of Slien-see. Lat. 32° 42' N., Ion. 106° 8' E. It is covered 
 with perpetual snow. 
 
 TAPANIIUACANGA, ta-pSn-yoo-d-kang'ga, a villtige of 
 Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 20 miles S.W. of Minas 
 Novas. 
 
 TAPEANTAXA, t|-p.V3n-ta'nl, one of the Sooloo Island.?, 
 S. of Baseelan. Lat. 6° 14' N., Ion. 122° 8' E. 
 
 TAPER A. tap.'l'ra. a village of Brazil, province of Minas 
 Geraes. 22 miles S.W. of Serro. 
 
 TA PI AU, td'pe-Ow', a town of East Prussia, 22 miles E.S.E. 
 of Konigsberg, on the Pregel. Pop. 2700. 
 
 TAPl'SI, tj-pe-see', or TAPICllE, ti-pee'ch.A, a river of 
 South America, rises in the N.E. of Peru, flows N.N.W., 
 expanding into a lake of its own name, enters Ecuador, and, 
 after a course of above 200 miles, joins the Ucayale, a branch 
 \>f the Amazon. 
 
 TAP'LEYVILLE, a post-village, Essex co., Massachusetts. 
 
 TAP'LOAV, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 TAPOLCSANY. tOh^poIY-hiH', Kis (kish) or Little, a 
 market-town of Hungary, co. of Bars, 30 miles S.W. of Krem- 
 iiitz. Pop. 1061. 
 
 TAPOLCSANY, Nagt (nodj) or Great, a market-town of 
 Hungary, co., and 18 miles N.N.E. of Neutra. Pop. 2475. 
 
 TAPOOL, td^pool', an island of the JIalay Archipelago, 
 in the Sooloo group, 15 miles S.W. of Sooloo. Lat. 5°4u' N., 
 Ion. 120° .50' E. 
 
 TAP^PAHAN'NOCK, a port of entry and capital of Essex 
 ce., Virginia, on the right bank of the lUppahannock Iliver, 
 60 miles N.E. of Richmond. It contains a custom-house, 1 
 ehurch, 2 flourishing seminaries, and 5 stores. The ship- 
 oing of the district, June 30, 1854, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 6295 tons, of which 5681 were employed in the coast- 
 aig trade. Pop. about 350. 
 
 TAP'PAN, a post-office of Harrison co.. Ohio. 
 
 TAP'PAN^ BAY, called also TAPPAN SEA, New York, 
 Ml expan.sion of the Hudson River, between Rockland and 
 AVestehester counties. Length, nearly 12 miles; greatest 
 breadth, about i miles. The lower end is 24 miles N. of New 
 York. 
 
 TAPPANOOLY, tip-pl-noo'lee, a district of Sumatra, on 
 the W. coast, with a fine bay ; lat. 1° 43' X., Ion. 9S° 45' E. 
 
 TAP'l'ANTOWN, a post-village of Rockland Co., New York, 
 about 130 miles S. of Albany. Major Andre was executed 
 here in October, 1780. 
 
 TAPROBANE. See Cetlon. 
 
 TAP/TEE\ TUP/TEE or TAPTY, a river of India, rises 
 ill the centre of the peninsula, near B.aitool, flows W. through 
 the S. part of the Gwalior dominions, and the districts of 
 Candeish and Surat, in the British presidency of Bombay, 
 and enters the Gulf of Cambay 20 miles W. of Surat. The 
 principal aflluent is the Poornah, from the S. It is navi- 
 gable only a short distance above Surat. 
 
 TAQUARI, td-kwa-ree/, written alsoTACOARY, a riverof 
 Brazil, province of Matto Grosso, flows N.W. and S.W., and 
 joins the Paraguay near lat. 20° 20' S., Ion. 58° W. Total 
 Ci Airse, 400 miles. 
 
 i'AQUARI, ti-kwil-ree/, or TEBICUARI, ti-be-kwd-ree', a 
 
 ; river of Brazil, rises in the province of Sao Pedro do Rio 
 I Grande, in "lat. 18° S.. flows S., and after course of about 140 
 I miles joins the Jaeuhi. It is navigated by small craft for 
 
 about 80 miles. 
 ! T.\RA, tah'ra, a parish of Ireland, in lA>inster, co. ot 
 I Meath. 2 miles W. of Skreen. The hill of Tara was in remote 
 I antiquity a chief seat of the Irish monarchs, and from it was 
 orignally brought the famous stone long used in the coro- 
 nation of the Scottish kings at Scone. It is now in the chair 
 of Edward the Confessor, at M'estminster. 
 
 TARA, td'rd, a river of Siberia, joins the Tobol 25 miles 
 S.E. of the town of Tana, after a W. course of 200 miles. 
 
 T.\RA. a town of Siberia, government of Tobolsk, on the 
 Irtish, 135 miles N. of Omsk. Pop. 440<\ It consists of a 
 fortified quarter on a height, and a suburb on the river 
 bank, inhabited by Tartars, who carry on some trade with 
 Chinese and Independant Toorkistan. The principal manu- 
 factures are of leather, hats, and vitriol. 
 
 TARABESOON. See Tkf.hizond. 
 
 TARABL008, TARABLOUSorTARABLUS. See TniPOU. 
 
 TAR ACIITCHA. a town of Russia. The Tahasucua. 
 
 TARAKAI. See Tarrakai, Bay of. 
 
 TARAKAI or KRAFTO. See Saghauen. 
 
 TAR AKLI, a town of Turkey. See Terekli. 
 , TARANCON, td-rdn-kon', a town of Spain, province, aud 
 38 miles W. of Cuenca. Pop. 4790. 
 
 TAUANEH, a town of Egypt. See Terraneh. 
 
 TARANOVKA or TARANOWKA. td-rd-nov'kd. a market- 
 town of Russia, government, and 27 miles S.S.W. of Kharkov. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 TAR ANS AY, an i.sland of Scotland. See Tarrinsat. 
 
 TARANTA, td-rdn'td. a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Abruzzo Citra. 17 miles S.S.W. of Lanciano. Pop. 15<X). 
 
 TAllANTAISE, td'rftN^'tAz', or TARANTASIA. td-rdn-td/- 
 se-d, a province of Savoy, having E. the Alps, N. the pro- 
 vince of Faucigny, and S. that of Maurienne. Pop. in 1852, 
 45,841. It is watered by the Upper Is6re. and derives its 
 name from the ancient city of Darentasia, which is situated 
 near its capital, Moutiers. 
 
 TARANTASCA, td-rdn-tds^^d, a village of the S.ardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, miles N. of Coni. Pop. 1869. 
 
 TARANTASIA, a province of Savoy. See Tarantaise. 
 
 TARANTO, td'rdn-to,* (Gr. Tdpos.'Tapacros; L. Tarenf- 
 turn,) a fortified city and seaport of Italy, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Otranto, on an island formerly a peninsula, separat- 
 ing the Mare Piccolo, (md'rd pik'ko-lo; "Little Sea.") its in- 
 ner harbor, from theOulf of Taranto, or i/arf. Grande, (nid'rd 
 grdn'dA; '-Great Sea,")44 miles W.S.W.of Brindisi. Lat. 40° 
 27' N., Ion. 17° 15' E. Pop. 19,105. The city, on the site of thi- 
 ancient citadel, is of an ov.al shape, and has a cathedral, seve- 
 ral other churches and convents, a diocesan school, orphan 
 asylum, and other hospitals; manufactures of linen ,aiid cot- 
 ton fabrics and velvets, and a considerable trade in olive-oil, 
 fruits, cotton, and shell-fish, which last, as in antiquity, 
 abound here in great variety. The inner harbor is excellent 
 as respects both depth and security, but the entrance has 
 become so choked that it is accessible only by boats. The 
 outer harbor, or Mare Grande, is safe, extensive, and defend- 
 ed by the islands of St. Peter and St. Paul. The channel 
 between them is crossed by a bridge 100 yards in length, 
 over which is an aqueduct conveying water to the city from 
 Mutina, 12 miles distant; and here are the remains of an 
 amphitheatre, and a few other antiquities. Tarentum, re- 
 puted to have been founded by colonists from Sparta about 
 B.C. 700, was long a wealthy seat of commerce, literature, and 
 science; but it was taken by the Romans under Fabius 
 Maximus B.C. 209, after which it never resumed its previous 
 importance. 
 
 TARANTO. GniP or, a large inlet of the Mediterranean 
 Sea, bounded, except on the S.E., by the Neapolitan pro- 
 vinces of Calabria, Basilicata, and ()tranto. Length. TO 
 miles ; breadth of entrance between Capes Nau and Santa 
 Maria de Leuca, 70 miles ; average breadth, 60 miles. It 
 receives all the rivers of Basilicata, and the Crati and Netc 
 from Calabri.a. 
 
 TARAPACA, td-rd-pd'kd. a town of Peru, department of 
 Arequipa, on a river 10 miles from its mouth in the Pacific 
 Ocean, and 190 miles N. of Atacama. 
 
 TARAPIA, a town of Turkey. See Therapia. 
 
 T.\RARE, tdVaR/, a manufacturing town of France, de- 
 partment of Rhone, 21 miles W,N.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 
 10.334. It has a chamber of commerce, and is the centre of 
 an extensive manufacture of plain and figured muslins, 
 mostly conducted in the homes of the weavers, who.se con 
 dition is among the best of any in France, 
 
 TAR.A.SCON, td^ids'k6s»', (aiic. farusiym or Tara-icon.) a 
 town of France, department of Bouche.s-du-l!hone. on the 
 r.iilway from Avignon to .Marseilles, and on the left bank 
 of the Rhone, opposite Beaucatre, with which it communi- 
 cates by a su.speusion bridge, 12 miles S. of Avignon. Lat 
 
 • Taranto fnrnishes a striking instance of the tendency of the 
 Italian tongue to adopt the Greek accent iustend of conforminii 
 to the Latin quantity, as we do, in accentuating Greek and l^tin 
 names. See :jT. UeLe.na, ^ote. 
 
 1886 
 
TAR 
 
 TAR 
 
 iW> 4S' N., Ion. 4° 40' E. Pop. ia 1852, 12.539. It has a 
 communal college, a church of the eleventh century, theatre, 
 to-wn-hall, court-house, barracks, hospitals, and mauCic- 
 tures of woollen and silk fabrics, brandy and vinegar, some 
 boat-building, and an active general trade. Near it ai-e 
 large nursery grounds. Teasles, madder, and almonds are 
 raised extensively in the vicinity. 
 
 TARASC0N-SUR-AIII/:GE, tiVis^ki.vo' siiR iVe-aizhJ, a 
 commune and town of France, department of .\riege. 8 miles 
 S. of Foix, on the right bank of Ariege. Pop. in 1852, 1500. 
 It ha."! iron forges and tanneries. 
 
 TARASHCHA, TARACllXCHA or TARASCHTSCHA, 
 til-rash'ch.i. a town of Russia, government, and 60 miles S. 
 of Kiev. Pop. 2100. 
 
 TAUASP, tiVisiy, a village of Switzerland, canton of Gri- 
 Bons, in the Engadine, on the right bank of the Inn, 8 miles 
 N.E. of Suss, 4265 feet above the sea. It has a mineral 
 spring, with hotels and lodging-houses. 
 
 TARAAVAY, tdVS-wd'. written also KNOY, an island in 
 <he North Pacific, in the Gilbert Archipelago. Lat. 1° 29' N., 
 ion. 173° 5' E. It is 20 miles long. 
 
 TARAZ, tdViz'. a town of Central Asia, khanat, and 220 
 niles N.N.W. of Khokan, on an affluent of the Jaxartes. 
 ) t hiis greatly declined from its former importance. 
 
 TARAZOXA, td-ri-tho'nd. (anc. TariaJsn or Turias'soA a 
 l.iwn of Spain, province, and 52 miles W.N.W. of Saragossa. 
 i>n the Queiles. here crossed by three bridges. Lat. 41° 55' 
 K., Ion. 1° 43' W. Pop. 5966. It has a cathedral. 4 parish 
 churches, a bi.shop's palace, hospital, ajid poor-house, with 
 manufactures of coarse woollens, caps, and leather. 
 
 TARAZUNA DK LA MANCIIA, t4-rd-tho/ni di li mdu'- 
 chi a town of Spain, province, an,d 25 miles N. of Albacete, 
 with 602S inhabitiints, and miinufactures of printed cottons 
 and handkerchiefs. 
 
 TARBAGATAI, taR-bi-gi-ti', or TARBAGTAI, UR-bag-tl', 
 (Chinese. Soui-tsing-ching, soo'ee-tsing-ching.) a frontier 
 town of Chinese Toorkistan, capital of a province, 180 miles 
 N.ofEelee. Lat.46°8' N., Ion. S2°38' E. Is enclosed by stone 
 walls flanked with towers, and traversed by several canals. 
 Pop. very variable, consisting partly of Chinese garrisons 
 frequently changed, exiles and merchants, who resort to it 
 for commerce with the Calmuck tribes, from whom they 
 receive cattle. &c. in exchange for cotton and silk fabrics. 
 
 TARBAGATAI OOLA, taR-lm-gi-ti' oo'li, Central Asia, a 
 mountain chain between the Lakes Zaisan and Balk.Hsh. 
 
 TAR/B.iN, a locality of Australia, New South Wales, oo. 
 of Cumberland, on Paramatta River, 8 miles W. of Sydney. 
 Here is the colonial lunatic a.sylum. 
 
 TAIVBAT, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, 11 
 miles E.N.E. of Tain. Here are remains of several old baro- 
 nial castles, and the maritime village of Portmaholuiack. 
 
 TAKBKLLIC-E. See T.irbes. 
 
 TARBEXA. taR-ni'ui, a town of Spain, in A'alencia, pro- 
 f Ince, and about 36 miles N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1973. 
 
 TAK'BERT or TAR'BET, East .\nd West, two inlets on the 
 W. coast of Scotland, on opposite sides of the great S. penin- 
 sula of -Argyleshire, approaching eiich other within 1 mile, 
 »nd, together with the narrow isthmus between them, 
 separating Kintyre from Knapdale. The West Loch ex- 
 tends for 10 miles N.E., by about 1 mile in breadth; the East 
 Loch 1 mile in length, from Loch Fyne, h.is at its head the 
 fishing village of Tairbert, with a pop. of about 500. 
 
 TAR'BEKT, a seaport town of Ireland, in .Munster, co. of 
 Kerry, on the S. Iwink of the Shannon, near its mouth, 4 
 miles W.N.W. of Glin. Pop. 1024. 
 
 TARBES. taRb,' (anc. Tur'ba or TarheVlicce,) a town of 
 France, capit.al of the department of Hautes- Pyrenees, on the 
 left bank of the Adour, 23 miles E.S.E. of Pau. Pop. in 1S52, 
 14.004. It is situated in a fine plain, and separated into 
 three nearly equal parts by two large open spaces. Tarbes has 
 a communal college, chamlier of commerce, a forest board, 
 schools of design and architecture, manufactures of copper- 
 wares, cutlery, and paper, a national stud, an active trade 
 in horses, and extensive markets every fortnight, to which 
 the inhabitants of the adjacent mountainous districts bring 
 their wool and flax, taking back colonial produce and manu- 
 factures of all kinds. 
 
 TAR'BET or TAR'BERT, East A^^J West, two lochs or 
 Inlets of the sea, on the opposite coasts of the i.^land of 
 Harris, Outer Hebrides, nearly approaching each other, and 
 being each about 6 miles in length, and 4i miles in greatest 
 breadth. 
 
 TARBET, East Jind West. Argyleshire. See Tarbert. 
 
 TARBET ISLAXD, Ireland, in Conn.aught, co. of Galwav, 
 Is off the W. coast, 3 miles S.E. of Achris Ue.ad. Circum- 
 ference, H miles. 
 
 TAR'BOLTON, a burgh of barony and pari.sh of Scotland, 
 CO. of Ayr, on the Faile, 8 miles S. of Kilmarnock. Pop. of 
 the burgh about 1150. It hiis a handsome church, a sulv 
 scription library, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and 
 linen fabrics. Here Burns resided from his 17th to his 24th 
 year. 
 
 TARTJOROUGH. a post-village, capital of Edgecombe co.. 
 North Carolina, on the Tar River. 76 miles E. of Raleigh. 
 It i* ^t ".he head of navigation, and has a considerable trade 
 
 by means of small boats. Turpentine and lumber are .iniong 
 the exports. The vill.age contains 1 bank, and an academy 
 Two newspapers are published here. Pop. 104S. 
 
 TARCZAL, tdRt\-ol'. a market-town of Hungary, co. ol 
 2^mplin, 2 miles W. of Tokay. Pop. 3410. 
 
 TARDAJOS or TARDAXOS, taR-oi'iioce, a town of Spain, 
 province, and 7 miles W.S. W. of Burgos. Pep. 548. 
 
 TAR'DEBIGG, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 TAKDEXOIS, UKMeh-nwa', an old district of Franca, 
 capital of Fere-en-Tardenois, now included in the depjirt- 
 ment of Aisne. 
 
 TARDUS, taRd. a river of France, department of Creuse, 
 flows circuitously N.N.E., and joins the Cher on the left. 
 Total course. 40 miles. 
 
 TARDOIRE, taR'dwaR/, or TARDOUi!:RE, tiR'doo-aiR/, a 
 river of France, departments of Haute-VienneandCharente, 
 after a W. course of 4o miles joins the Bandiat 3 miles 
 N.W. of La Rochefoucault. It ttirns many mills, and along 
 its banks are numerous curious caverns. 
 
 T.\R'DY villi;, a post-village of Pontotoc CO., Mississippi. 
 
 TARE.M. a town of Persia. See Tarom. 
 
 TARENTUM. See T.ar.anto. 
 
 TAREXTUM, a post-village of East Deer township, Alle- 
 ghany county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Alle- 
 ghany River, 20 miles altove Pittsboig. Boat-building is 
 carried on here. It contains also large manufactures of 
 salt and soda. Pop. 711. 
 
 T.\Ri" or T.^RFF, several small rivers of Scotland ; the 
 principal in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, flowing S. into 
 the Dee. 2 miles above liirkcudbright. 
 
 TAUGOX, tauV>ixo', a market-town of Fr.ance, department 
 of Gironde, 17 miles E.S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 954. 
 
 TARIF.\, tiL-ree'fl, (anc. Ju/lia Jihaf) a seaport town of 
 Spain, at its southern extremity, on the Strait of Gibraltar, 
 province of Seville, 15 miles W.S.W. of Gibraltar, with a 
 light-house and modern fort on a rocky isLand, connected 
 with the mainland by a cau.seway, in lat. 36° N., Ion. 5° 36' 
 W. Pop. 8116. The town has a Moorish appearance; it is 
 defended by an old castle built by the Jloors, and has large 
 barracks and storehouses, tanneries and potteries, and one 
 of the most .active tunny and anchovy fi.«heries in Spain. 
 Its harbor is unfit for large ve-ssels, but frequented by 
 numerous coasters. Tarifa was long a military post of Im- 
 portance to the Moors, as it now is to the Spaniards. It 
 was successfully defended by the British against the troops 
 of Victor and Laval, in 1811. on which occasion Colonel (now 
 Lord) Gough greatly distinguished him.self. 
 
 TARIFA, ta-ree'fd. a village of the isthmus of Tehuant<^ 
 pec. Mexican Confederation, on the river Taiifa, an affluent 
 of the Coatzacoalco. 
 
 TAR'IFF, a post-office of Butler co.. Ohio. 
 
 TAR'IFFVILLE, a manufacturing post-village of Sims- 
 bury township, Hartford co., Connecticut, on the left bank 
 of the Farmington River, and near the New Haven and 
 Northampton Railroad, 45 miles N. by E. of New Haven. 
 It is celebrated for the manufacture of carpets : one esta- 
 blishment here cost $900,000, and employs from 650 to 800 
 operatives. In 1S40 Ibis village contained less, than 400 
 inhabitants ; in 1S60. the population was near 2000. 
 
 T.A.RIJA or TARIXA, td-ree'Hd. a frontier department of 
 Bolivia, between lat 21° and 22° S., Ion. 62° and 67° W., 
 halving S. the Argentine Republic, and N. the river Pil- 
 comayo, separating it from the departments of Sucre and 
 Sant,a Cruz. Estimated area. 12.000 square miles. It con- 
 tains many fertile valleys, producing wheat, maize, yerha 
 maU. cocoa, and flax. 
 
 TAIUJA or TARIXA, a town of Bolivia, capital of fhe 
 above department, on the river Tarija, an afiluent of the 
 A'erniejo. 80 miles S.E. of Cinti. Estimated pop. 2000. 
 
 TAR'KEO CREEK, of Mis.souri, rises neiir the N.W. ex- 
 tremity of the state, and flowing S., enters the Mis.souri in 
 Holt county. Little Tarkeo Creek traverses Holt county, 
 and enters the Missouri at the S.K. extremity of the same. 
 
 TARKI, taR'kee, written also TARKHON .and TSCHAN- 
 CHALOVA, a considerable town of Russia, in Tran.scaucasia, 
 province of Daghestan, on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea, 
 70 miles N.W. of Derliend. I'op. 8000. It is euclo.sed by hills. 
 The Russians have built a citadel on its highest point. 
 
 TAR'KILN CREEK, near the S.E. extremity of Cumber 
 land CO.. New Jersey. &lls into Delaware Bay. 
 
 TAR/KINTON'S PRAI'RIE, a post-office of Liberty co., 
 Texas. 
 
 TARKOE, tar'kft', a post-village of Holt co., Missouri, 
 about 110 miles N.W. of Independence. 
 
 TAR'LAND-.A.ND-MIG'VIE, a burgh of barony and united 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 9 miles N.E. of Ballater 
 Pop. 360. 
 
 TARLETON, tarl'tjn, a chapelry, England, co. Lancaster. 
 
 TARLOW, taR'lov, a ttiwn of Poland, government of 
 Radom. 22 miles N. of Sandomier. Pop. 1500. 
 
 TARI/TON, a post-village of Pickaway co., Ohio, 35 miles 
 S.S.E. of Columbus. It contiins 3 churches, several stores. 
 and about GOO inh.abitants. 
 
 T.A.RMA, taR/niJ. a t.jwn of North Peru, department, and 
 25 miles S. of Juuin, in a healthy valley of the Andet. I'op. 
 
TAR 
 
 6000. It Is resorted to for the sake ot its bracing air and 
 me<iicinal sprinj;s. 
 
 TAirMONHAU'RY or TETrMONBAR'RY, a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Connaupht, co. of Hoscommnn. 
 
 TAKN. taRu. (anc. Tar'nix.) a river of France, rises in 
 Mount Lozire, tiows W. throuccli the departments of Avey- 
 ron, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, and joins the Garonne on tiie 
 right. 3 miles W. of .Moissac. Length, 220 miles. Affluents, 
 on the left, •'^he Agout; on the right, the Aveyron. 
 
 TARN, a department in theS,"W. of France, forme 1 of part 
 of the old province of Upper lianguedoc, surrounded by the 
 departments of Ilerault, Aude, Ilaute-Qaronne, Tarn-et- 
 Garonne, and Aveyron. Area, 2185 square miles. Pop. in 
 18tJl, 3.')3,633. Tt is traversed by ramifications of theCeven- 
 nes Mountains, in the S.E. ;the rest has undulating hills 
 and fine plains. Ghief rivers, the Tarn, Agout, and Aveyron. 
 One-seventh of the surface is covered by forests: soil fertile 
 in grain and fruits: wine is made of good quality : cattle 
 and sheep are extensively reared ; the horses are celebrated ; 
 and coal is worked. Chief manufactures, woollens and cot- 
 tons. The department is divided into the arrondissements 
 of .ilhi, Castres. Gaillac, and F>.avaur, Capital, AlVii. 
 
 TARNANARUVO. Madagascar. See Tanan.^rivoo. 
 
 TARN-liT-GARONNE. taRn A giVonn', a department in 
 the S.W. of France, formed of part of the old province of 
 Guienne, and surrounded by the departments of Aveyron. 
 Tarn, Garonne, Gers, Lo^et-Garonne, and Lot. Area, 1405 
 square miles. Pop. in 1801, 232,551. Surface undulating, 
 and watered by the Garonne, Tarn, and Aveyron. Soil fer- 
 tile in the plains. The vine succeeds well. Hor.ses and 
 mules are extensively reared. The department is divided 
 into the arrondissements of JIontaul)an, Caussade, Castel- 
 Sarrasin, and Moissac. Capital, Mont^iuban. 
 
 TARNOGROD, taR-no-grod', a town of Poland, govern- 
 ment of Lublin, near the Austrian frontier, 34 miles S.W. 
 of Zamosz. Pop. 4200. 
 
 T.ARNOPOL, taR-no'pol, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the 
 Sered. SOmiles E.S.E.of Lemberg. Pop. 10.420. Ithasagym- 
 n.asium, and Roman Catholic and Greek united churches. 
 
 TARNOW. taR/uov, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the 
 Biala, 135 miles W. of Lemberg. Pop., exclusive of the sub- 
 urbs, 2250. It is a bishop's see, and has manufactures of 
 linen and leather. 
 
 TARNOWITZ, taR/no-*it.s\ or TARNOWSKY-GDRA, taR- 
 nov'skee goo'ra, a town of Prussian Silesia, 45 miles S.K. of 
 Oppeln. Pop. 3020. Ithasmanufacturesof woollen and linen 
 fabrics. Near it are various mines. 
 
 TARO, td'ro, (anc. Ta>rus,) a river of North Italy, domi- 
 nions of Sardinia and Parma, joins the Po 7 miles W. of 
 Casal-Maggiore. after a N.E. course of 55 miles. Affluents, 
 the Zeno and Stirone. Under the French it gave name to a 
 department, the capital of which was Parma. 
 
 TAROM, tdVom', written also TAUREM, TAREM, and 
 T.\ROUN, a town of Persia, province of Fars, 96 miles 
 S.S.E. of Sheeraz. Pop. 3000. It is enclosed by a wall, sur 
 rounded by a fosse, and entered by a single gate. It has 
 sever.al mosques. 
 
 TAROODANT, a town of Morocco. See Terodant. 
 
 TAROOSA, TAROUSA or TARUSA. td-roo'sj. a town of 
 Russia, government, ar!l 42 miles N.N.W. of Toola, on the 
 Osa. I'op. 2.300. It has manufactures of sail-cloth and hats. 
 
 TAROUC.V. td-ro'kd, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira Alta, 7 miles S. of Lamego, on a small stream 
 of the s.ame name. Pop. 1690. 
 
 TAROUDANT, a town of Morocco. See Tebodant. 
 
 TAROUN. a town of Persia. See T.arom. 
 
 TARPAU'LIX COVE LIGHT-HOUSE, at the entrance of 
 the harlior, on the E.side of Naushon Island, the largest of 
 the Elizabeth Islands, Massachusetts. It shows a fixed 
 light. 80 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 26' 10" 
 N.. Ion. 70° 46' 5" W. 
 
 T.VR'PORLEY, a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 10 miles E.S.E. of Chester. Pop. in 1851, 2632. The 
 town is pleasantly situated, and has a national school, en- 
 dowed almshou.ses, and other charities. The ruins of Bees- 
 ton Castle, a fortress erected in the thirteenth century, and 
 taken and dismantled by the Parliamentary forces, are on 
 an isolated heiirht. 2 miles S. of the town. 
 
 TARRAGONA, t3R-Ri-go'nl, (anc. Tiir'nico.) a seaport city 
 of Spain, capital of a province, on a lofty rock at the mouth 
 of the Francoli, in the Mediterranean, 52 miles W.S.W. of 
 Barcelona. Pop. 13,014. It occupies only a small portion 
 of its ancient site; has an upper and lower town, on a hill 
 sloping to the .sea; is enclo.oed by walls and ramparts, en- 
 tered by 6 gates, and defended by two castles. It has a 
 cathedral, very richly adorned internally ; an archbishop's 
 palace, hospital, seminary, academies of design and naval 
 architecture, barr.acks. theatre, and manufactures of coarse 
 cloth and hats, barrels, soap, and spirits, with a large export 
 trade in Barcelona nuts, almonds, wine, brandy, and cork, 
 though Its harbor is inaccessible except by small coasting 
 vessels. Remains of an amphitheatre, a circus, an aque- 
 duct, sepulchres. Ac, testify the importance of Torracn in 
 the time of the Romans. It was taken by the French in 
 ISIO. 
 
 TAR 
 
 TARRAGONA, a province of Spain, in Catalonia, bounded 
 S by the .Mediterranean Sea, along which it .stretches about 
 90 miles. Area. 24S8 square miles. Pop. 290,000. 
 
 TARRAKAI. tait^Ra-ki,/ orTAHAKA], Bay of, theN.paH 
 of the Sea of .Tapan, in East Asi.i. dividing the island ot 
 Saghalien (or Tarrakai) from Mantchooria. Length, 400 
 miles: breadth, varies from 50 to 200 miles. 
 
 TARRAKAI, an island in the Gulf of Tartary. See S.AO- 
 
 HAUKN. 
 
 TAli'RAXT, a county in the N.N.W. psirt of Texas, con- 
 tains about 960 square miles. It is intersected by the West 
 Fork of Trinity River, and also drained by the Clear Fork 
 and by Mary's Creek. The surface consists partly of prai 
 ries, the soil of which is productive. Indian corn, grass, 
 cattle, and horses, are the staples. Capital, Birdsville, Pop. 
 in 1850, 664; in I860, 6020. 
 
 TARRANT, a thriving post-village, capital of Hopkins 
 CO., Texas, on the road from Austin City to Clarksville. 300 
 miles N.E. from the former. It is situated in a fertile farm 
 ing country. It has been built since 1845. Pop. 366. 
 
 TARRANT COURT-HOUSE. See Birdsville. 
 
 TARRASA, tan-Ri'sS, (anc. Egara?) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 15 miles N.N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 5118. It has 
 manufactures of kerseymeres, broad-cloths, and flannels. 
 
 TARREGA, taR-R.Vgi. a town of Spain, province, and 25 
 miles E.N.E. of Lerida, with an active trade. Pop. 3915. 
 
 TAR'RING. West, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, IJ 
 miles N.W. of Worthing. At Salvington, in this parish, the 
 learned Seldon was born in 1584. 
 
 TAR/RINGTON, a parish of Endand. co. of Hereford. 
 
 TAR'RINSAY or TAR/ANSAY. an i.sland of the Outer 
 Hebrides, Scotland. CO. of Inverness, pari.sh and island ot 
 Harris, off the entrance of the We.'t Loch Tarhert. Length, 
 4j miles. Pop. 55, mostly employed in fishing and kelp 
 making. Surface mountainous and sterile. 
 
 TAR RIVER, of North Carolina. See Pamlico Rmm. 
 
 TAR RIV'ER, a post-office of Granville co.. North Carolina. 
 
 TAR'RYTOWN, a flourishing post-village of Westchester 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson River Railroad, 27 miles N 
 of New York. It has a bank, several churches, ami 1 or 2 
 academies or boarding schools. It is beautifully situated on 
 the E. bank of the Hudson, here called Tappan B.ay. Near 
 this place Major Andre was captured in 17S0. A beautiful 
 monument was erected here in 1.S53. to commemorate the 
 fidelity of Paulding, Williams, and Van Wert who made his 
 arrest. The scene of Irving's story of Rip Van Winkle is 
 laid in this vicinity. Pop. from 4OO0 to 5000. 
 
 TARSIA, taR'se-i. a walled town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Citra, 13 miles S.S.E. of Castrovillari. Severini, a 
 celebrated anatomist of the seventeenth century, was born 
 here. Pop. 1500. 
 
 TAR'SUS, (Turk. Tarsons or Tarsnus. tar''soos',) a city of 
 Asia Minor, pashalic, and 18 miles W.S.W. of Adana, on the 
 W. side of the river Cydnus. (which anciently flowed 
 through its centre,) 12 miles from its mouth in the Medi- 
 teTanean. Lat. 36° 66' .30" N., Ion. 34° 58' 45" E. Perma- 
 nent pop. estimated at 7000; but in winter it is reported to 
 have 30,000 inhabitants. The modern town, partly sui^ 
 rounded by a wall, covers only a portion of the ancient site. 
 The houses are low. mostly of stone, terrace-roofed, and built 
 of the materials of ancient structures. Principal edifices, a 
 castle, built by Bayazeed, (Bajazet.) several mosques, cara- 
 vanserais, public baths, and an ancient church. Various 
 remains of antiquity exist in and around the city. The 
 Cydnus is now navig.able only for small Vioats, and large ves- 
 sels anchor in the roadstead of Mersin, 8 miles W. of ita 
 mouth. Its vicinity is highly productive in corn and cot- 
 ton, which articles, with wool, copper, gall-nuts, wax.goats'- 
 hair, skins, hides, and hair sacks, form the chief exports of 
 Tarsus; the principal imports being rice, sugar, coffee, and 
 hardwares, from Arabia and the Mediterrane.in. According 
 to some ancient authors, this city was founded bv the 
 Assyri.an king, Sard.inapalus. It was taken by both Cyrus 
 and Alexander, and was subsequently famous in Roman 
 hi.story. It was the birthplace and residence of St. Paul; 
 besides whom, the stoic Antipater. and the philosopher 
 Athenodoius. ivere among its natives. 
 
 TAR'TAR/AGHAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Armagh. 
 
 T.\RTAR0, taR-tA'ro, a river of Austrian Italy, flows S., 
 and then E., and unites with the Ca.stagnaro iu forming the 
 Blanco Canal ; total course. 60 miles. 
 
 TART.4RY, Gulf of. See Tarrakai, B.at of. 
 
 TARTARY, a vast region of Asia and Europe, ic its 
 widest acceptation extending from the Sea of Japan to the 
 river Dnieper, and thus comprising Mantchooria. Mongolia, 
 Soongaria, and Thian-Shan, in the Chinese Empire; the 
 states of Khokan, Khoondooz, Bokhara, and Khiva; the 
 Kii-gheez Territory, a large part of South Siberia, and the 
 Russian governments N. of the Caspian and Black Seas. It 
 also comprises part of the ancient Sannatia. See the several 
 articles relating to those territories: also Chinese and In- 
 dependent Toorkistax. 
 
 TART.ARY, CRI.M. a part of the Russian government of 
 I Taurida, See Crimea. 
 
 1887 
 
TAR 
 
 TAU 
 
 TARTAS. tattHS', a town of France, department of Landes, 
 Ou the Miiiouze. 15 miles S.W. of Mont-de-Mars-an. Pop. iu 
 1S52, 30ii. It has large saffron-grounds in its vicinity, and 
 an active trade. 
 
 TAllTLAU, taRtldw, or TORTILLOX, a market-town of 
 Transylvania, in Saxonland, 10 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. 
 Pop. -tOOO. 
 
 TARUDANT, a town of Morocco. See Tekodaxt. 
 
 T ARUM AN, a town of Sumatra. See Troomon. 
 
 TARDS. See Taro. 
 
 TARUSA, a town of Russia. See Takoosa. 
 
 TARUSCON. See Tarascox. 
 
 TARUT. an island in the Gulf of Bahrein. See TranooT. 
 
 TAR/VERS CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Jefferson 
 eo., Georgia. 
 
 TAIVVKKSVILLE. a post-oflBce of Twiggs co., Georgia, 
 about 30 miles S.K. of Macon. 
 
 TARVES, tar'vJs. a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 
 with a village, 5 miles N.E. of Old Meldrum. It has 5 annual 
 fairs. 
 
 TARrVIN, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 TARVIS. tan'vis, a marltet-town of Ulyria, In Carinthia, 
 near the Italian frontier, 16 miles S.^V. of A'illach. Pop. 
 1ij90. Near it are some iron-works, mines of lead and zinc, 
 and the Tarvis Pass across the Carnic Alps. Here the 
 French, under Massena, defeated the Austrians on the 26th 
 of March, 1797. 
 
 TARA'ISIUM. See Treviso. 
 
 TAS/RURGII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TASCHKEND. See Tashkend. 
 
 TASCHOW, a town of Bohemia. See Tachau. 
 
 T.ASCO, tJs'ko, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state, 
 and 70 miles S.W. of Mexico. 
 
 TASCO, tfc'ko, a village of New Granada, department of 
 Bovaca, province of Tunja. 
 
 TASK (or TASCH 1 AJAK, tilsh rjik'C?) a town of Central 
 Asia, khanate, and so close to Khiva as to be almost its 
 suburb. It is an old place, and was once of considerable 
 importance, but a large part of it has been buried by shifting 
 Eunds. It con.sists of 150 houses. 
 
 TASHBALIK, tashHii-leek', a frontier town of Chinese 
 Toorkistan. 25 miles S.W. of Kashgar. 
 
 TASIIEKA. a town of Rus.«!ia. See Koltvan. 
 
 TASH (or TASCH) IIAUS, tlsh hows, a town of Central 
 Asia, khanat, and ^2 miles N.W. of Khiv.a. on a canal led 
 trnm the Oxus. It lies high, has about 300 earthen huts, 
 a castle of the khan, and a fortress. 
 
 TASHIN/N'Y or TAGHSUIN'Ny, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Lfinster. co. of Longford. 
 
 TASHKEND.tish'kend', written al.so TASHKENT and 
 TASCHKEND, a town of Independent Toorkistan. khanat, 
 and 90 miles N.W. of Khokan, on an affiuent of the Jaxartes. 
 Pop. 40,000.(?) It is reported to be enclosed by a high brick 
 wall, entered by 12 gates, and intersected by canals. It has 
 a garrison, many mosques, and other public buildings. 
 
 TASH-KUPREE. tash ku'pree\ (the " stone bridsre,") writ- 
 ten also TASH-KUPRI or KOPRI. a.town of Asia Minor, in 
 Anatolia, 52 miles S.W. of Sinope. It is reported to have 1500 
 houses, several baths and khans, manufactures of leather and 
 Iron-wares, and some remains of the ancient PnmpnoplolU. 
 
 TASHLID.TE, tlfh'le-ji\ written also TOSHLIDSCIIA, a 
 town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, 66 miles S.E. of Bosna- 
 Serai. and N.W. of Novibazar. Pop. 4000. It is the see of a 
 Greek bishopric. 
 
 TASHTAPSK, tishHapsk', a town of Siberia, government 
 of Yeniseisk, on an affluent of the Yenisei, 100 miles S.W. 
 of Abakansk. 
 
 TASH UN, tdVhoon' (?) a town of Persia, province of Khoo- 
 tistan, 18 miles N.N.W. of Behbehan. It was once of import- 
 ance, but is now almost wholly in ruins. 
 
 TA SIUE SHAN or TA SIUE CHAN, tl seeVA/(?) Rhln, 
 (t.e. "Great Snow Mountain,") a mountain of China, pro- 
 vince of Se-chuen. Lat. 30° 13' N., Ion. 102° 24' E. It is 
 covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 TASMANIA, in Australasia. See Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 TAS'MAN'S BAY, an inlet on the N. coast of Middle 
 Island, in New Zealand. 
 
 TAS'MAN'S PENINSULA, in Van Diemen's Land. co. of 
 Pembroke, is connected N. with Forester's Peninsula. 
 Length, 24 miles; breadth, 18 miles. On its N. and W. 
 sides are Norfolk and Storm Bays. Capes Raoxil and Pillar 
 form its S.W. and S.E. extremities. 
 
 TASNAD, t«sh'nAd', or TRESTENBURG, trJs'tfn-b*RQ\ 
 a market-town of Transylvania, eo.of Szoluok, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Nagy-Karoly. Pop. 3070. 
 
 TASSIN, tjs'sln or tis'seen'. a town of West Africa, on a 
 •mail but deep and rapid river, 80 miles N.E. of Free 
 Town. It is a large place, fenced with mud walls about 9 
 feet high, and pierced at intervals of 2 or 3 feet with holes 
 to«- musketry. 
 
 TAS^SINOXG' GROVE, a postoflSce of Porter co., Indiana. 
 
 "T AS.'ISUDON, tdsVsee-soo^lon', the capital town of Bootan, 
 In North HnuJostan. in a valley of the Himalayas, near the 
 TbiiK?t frontier. Lat. 27° 48' N., ion. 89" 4o' E. It has a 
 fortified palace of the Deb-rajah. 
 1888 
 
 TASSWITZ, t3ss'*its, a village of Austria, in Moravia, 
 32 miles N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1143. 
 
 TATA, a town of Hungary. See DoTis. \ 
 
 TATAR BAZARD.J1K, ta'tar' bi'zar-jeek', a town of 
 European Turkey, in Room-Elee. 23 miles M'.N.W. of Philip- 
 popoli, on the Maritza. between Belgradeand Constantinople. 
 
 T.\TAY, td-ti', a seaport town of the Philippines, capital 
 of the province of Calaniianes, on the N.E. shore of the island 
 of Palawan. Pop. 2925. 
 
 TATE, a township in the S.E. part of Clermont co., Ohia 
 Pop. 2778. 
 
 TAT'ENHILL, a pari.sh of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 TATESVILLE, taits^vill, a post-villago of De Soto co., 
 Mississippi. 14 miles S. of Hernando. 
 
 TATESVILLE, a post-office of McNairy co., Tennessee. 
 
 TATE'VILLE, a vilKage of Washita cot. Arkansas, at the 
 junction of the Little Missouri and Washita Rivers, about 
 85 miles S.S.W. of Little Rock. 
 
 TAT'H.AM. a parish of England, co. of L.incaster. 
 
 TA-THSING-SHAN orTA-THSINO-CHAN, td-tsing-shan, 
 (the '-Great Blue Mountain,") a mountain of China, pro- 
 vince of Shan-See, lat. 41° 50' N., ion. 109° 37' E. It is 
 covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 TATIinVELL. a parish of EngUnd, eo. of Lincoln. 
 
 TATIHON, td'tee'As=', an island of France, off the NJS. 
 coast, department of Manehe. strongly fortified, and form- 
 ing one of the defences of the roadstead of Hague. 
 
 TATLIN. See Revel. 
 
 T.\T'NALL, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, contains 
 about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the 
 Altamaha. on the N.E. by the Cannouchee, and intersected 
 by the Ohoopee River. The surface is nearly level, the soil 
 sandy and rather sterile, excepting in the vicinity of the 
 rivers. Capitiil, Reidsville. Pop. 4352, of whom 3195 were 
 free, and 1157 slaves. 
 
 TATRA MOUNTAINS. Huncary. See Carpathians. 
 
 TATRANG, ta'trjng\ or TIRLUNSCHIEN, te6n'I6on- 
 sheen\ a village of Austria, in Transylvania, S.E. of Kron- 
 stadt. Pop. 1981. 
 
 TAT-SEEN-LOO or TA-TSIEN-LU, tlt^seenloo. a fortified 
 town of China, province of Se-chuen, 125 miles W.S.AV. of 
 Ching-too. Lat. 30° 8' N., Ion. 102° E. It has an extensive 
 trade with Thibet. Pop. about 500.000. 
 
 TATS'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 TATTA or T.ATTAH. tSfta, a considerable town of Sinde, 
 in the delta of the Indui!, W. of its main stream, and 48 
 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 24° 46' N., Ion. 68° E. 
 Pop. estimated at 10.000. It is supposed to be the Pattala 
 of Alexander's historians: its antiquity is unquestioned, 
 ruins of successive towns surrounding it on all sides. Its 
 outward appearance is imposing. The principal edifice is 
 the brick mosque of Shah-Jehan. It has some manufactures 
 of silk and cotton. 
 
 TATT.A, tat'td, a town and caravan station of Morocco, on 
 the Draha, and on the borders of the desert, 200 miles S. of 
 Morocco. 
 
 TATTARAN, tatHd-ran', one of the Sooloo Islands, be- 
 tween the Baseelan and Belawn Islands. Lat. 6° 10' N„ 
 Ion. 122° E. 
 
 TAT/TENIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Chester, on 
 the Chester Branch of the London and North-western Rail- 
 wav, 4 miles W. of Beeston. 
 
 T.AT'TENHOE. a parish of Engl.and. co. of Bucks. 
 
 TATTERFORD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TAT/TERSET. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TAT'TERSHALL. a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Lincoln. 8j miles S.S.W. of Horhcastle, on the Great 
 North Lincoln Railway. Pop. in 1851, 987. It has a beauti- 
 ful cruciform church, and in the vicinity are the ruins of 
 Tattershall Castle. 
 
 TAT'TINOSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 TAUAI. one of the Sandwich Islands. See Atauai. 
 
 TAUBATE, tSw-ba'ti, a modern town of Brazil, province, 
 and 80 miles N. of Sao Paulo. Pop. of the district, 10,000. 
 
 TAUBER, tow/ber, a river of South Germany, in Bavaria, 
 WUrtemberg, and Baden, rises near Rothenburg. flows 
 N.W. past Mergentheim and Bischofsheim, and joins the 
 Main at Wertheim. Course. 70 miles. 
 
 TAUCHA, tOw'Ka, a town of Saxony, 6 miles E.N.E. of 
 Leipsic. on an affluent of the Elster. Pop. 2095. 
 
 TAUDENY, TOUDENY or TAOUDYNY, tOwMt^nee', a 
 town of Africa, on the Great Desert, noted for its salt-mines. 
 Lat. about 22° N.. Ion. 4° W. 
 
 TAUGHBOY. See T.aohbot. 
 
 TAUOIIBOYNE. tawHboin', a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 CO. of Donegal, with the village of St. John's Town. 
 
 TAUGHBOYNE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 TAUGHEEN. SeeT.AOHEEN. 
 
 TAUGON-LA-RONDE, tfiV^N""' 1* rANd.a village of France, 
 department of Cbarente-Inferieure, arrondissement of La 
 Rochelle. Pop. 1490. , 
 
 TAUISK or TAOUISK, tow-isk' or tOw-eesk'. a petty town 
 of East Siberia, pvovmce. i»nd 190 miles E. of Okhot<k, on th»t 
 Tani.a river which tnterl the Gulf of Tanisk, in the Sea of 
 Okhotsk. 
 
TAU 
 
 TATJJGAON, a town of Hindostan. See Tazgaos. 
 
 TAU.JIKS, taw'jeeks/, or TADJIKS, ti'jeeks', a people of 
 Persia and Afghanistan. They constitute the principal part 
 of the present population of Persia. They are distinct from 
 the I'ars 'PS or Guebas. (Balbi.) 
 
 TAUbfi, toM.V a market-town of France, department of 
 Finistere, 4 miles N'.W. of Morlaix. I'op. in 1852, 3037. 
 
 TAULIGNAN, to'leeiiVSN"', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Drome, 1.5 miles E.S.E. of Montelimart, with 
 inauufactures of woollens and silks. Pop. 1318. 
 
 TA UN, a district of West .Africa, in Upper Guinea. 
 
 T.\.(INDA, tawn'dl, a town of Hindostan. dominions, and 
 S4 miles 8.E. of Oude. Lat. 26° 33' N., Ion. 82° 32' E. 
 
 TAU.VDA, a town of Hindostan, Gwalior dominions, on 
 the Annas River. Lat. 22° 58' N., Ion. 74° 25' E. 
 
 TAUNDLA, tawndli, a town of Hindostan, a few miles 
 E. of TauiiJa. 
 
 TAU.VGU, a town of the Burmese dominions. SeeTONGHO. 
 
 TAUNSK. a town of East .Siberia. SeeTAursK. 
 
 TAUNTON, t^n'ton, a parliamentary (and formerly mu- 
 nicipal) borough and town of England, co. of Somenset. on 
 the river Tone, with a station on the Great Western Railway 
 between Bristol and Exeter, 12 miles S.S.W. of Bridgewater. 
 Pop. in 1851, 14,170. In an open space in the centre of the 
 town is the fine church of St. Mary Magdalen. The other 
 priueipal edifices are St. .Tames' church, a handsome Roman 
 Catholic and other chapels, several of which are elegant 
 buildings, the market-house, with the town-hall and as- 
 sembly-rooms, the Taunton and Somerset Institution, with 
 news-rooms and a valuable library, the theatre, and at the 
 W. end of the town the castle, built in the time of Henry 
 I., where the county assizes are held. Here are granmiar 
 and other schools, almshouses and other charities, the 
 Taunton and Somerset Hospital, a lying-in hospitnl, and an 
 sye infirmary. Manufactures of silks and woollens have 
 declined, but are still carried on to some extent. Imports of 
 Welsh coal, and exports of agricultural and dairy pi-oduce, 
 are made by the Bridgewater Canal. 
 
 Taunton is of great antiquity, and appears, from the dis- 
 covery of urns with Roman coins, to have been a Roman 
 station. About A. D. 700, Ina, King of the West Saxons, 
 built a castle here. Near its site another castle was built 
 by William the Conqueror. It figures in English history, 
 and durin:; the civil war. when held by tlie Parliamentarians, 
 made a celebrated defence against the Royalists. The Duke 
 of Monmouth was proclaimed king here in 1685. and the in- 
 habitants, in consequence, suffered much from the cruelties 
 of the notorious Jeffreys during his •• bloody assize." Taun- 
 tjin has returned 2 members to Parliament since 1265. 
 
 TAUNTON, tdn'ton. a flourishing post-town, semi-capital 
 of Bristol CO., Mas.sachasetts. is situated at the head of navi- 
 gation on Taunton River, and on the New Bedford and 
 Taunton Railroad, 35 miles S. of Boston, and 30 miles E.N.E. 
 of Providence. Lat. 41° 54' 11" N., Ion. 71° 6' 55" W. It is 
 handsomely built, and lighted with gas. In the centre is a 
 beautiful enclosure, called "Taunton Green." Many of the 
 residences are very tasteful, and enclosed with highly orna- 
 mented grounds. The town contains a court-house, jail, 13 
 cliurches, a first-class hotel, 3 banks, a savings institution, 
 a new academy, liberally endowed, a high-school, and a 
 social library with several thousand volumes. One daily 
 and 2 weekly newsjiapers are published here. Among 
 the churches, the Trinitarian Congregational, the Bap- 
 tist, and the Episcopal are fine specimens of architecture. 
 The Second State Lunatic Hospital, a splendid structure, 
 with 3 domes, is beautifully situated about a mile N by 
 W. of the Green; it was opened in 1854, and has 250 
 patients. 
 
 The manufactures of Taunton are extensive and various, 
 consisting of locomotives, steam-engines, cotton and other 
 machinery, nails, tacks, brads, cotton goods, and nume- 
 rous other article.s. The Taunton Locomotive Company 
 is of long standing, and turns out about 50 locomotives 
 annually. William Mason manufactures locomotives and 
 cotton machinery very extensively. His works have 
 recently been extended, and are said to have a capacity 
 for turning out 1 loc-omotive a week throughout the year. 
 The establishment of Messrs. Field & Son. for the manu- 
 facture of tacks and other small nails, is one of the most 
 extensive and best known in the United States, producing 
 goods to the value of nearly S750,000 annually. There are 
 also several other eat-iiblishmenta for the manufacture of 
 small nails. The Old Colony Iron Company employ a large 
 capital, producing manufactured articles to the value of 
 about §1,000,000 a year. Taunton has 6 large cotton mills, 2 
 crucible factories, and 2 orS manufactories of Britannia-wiire. 
 Copper, zinc. bra.ss kettles, and jewelry, are extensively pro- 
 duced : as are also garden-rakes, hoe.s, shovels, enamelled 
 tloth paper, &c. Large quantities of brick are made and 
 exported to Rhode Isl.ind. Ship-building, formerly an im- 
 portant branch of business here, is again being restored. 
 Taunton has considerable coast trade, and in the importa- 
 tion of Vireadstuffs ranks as the third town in New England. 
 About 500,000 bushels of corn, and 50,000 barrels of flour, 
 were received here in 1S64. 
 
 6X 
 
 TAV 
 
 A beautiful cemetery, called the Mount Pleasant Ceme- 
 tery, has been laid out a short distance from the Greeti, 
 upon the Mount Auburn plan. In it a monument has 
 been erected to the memory of Miss Eli/.alieth Pool. who. 
 with others, came from Taunton in England, in iri39. with 
 the view to establish a church here among the Indians 
 This was the first settlement made at Taunton. Pop. in 
 1840. 7645; in 1850. 10,431; in 1860. 15,376. 
 
 TAUNTON RIVER rises in Plymouth co., in the E. part 
 of .Massachust>tts. and, flowing throucrh Bristol co., falls into 
 Mount Hope Bay. in Rhode Island. This river is remarkable 
 for its valuable water-power; an<l formerly a gr-eat nxiniber 
 of alewives (a kind of fish resembling herring) were taken 
 in its waters. It is navigable to Taunton, about 17 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 TAUNUS, t<5w'n5iis. or HOHE, ho'eh, a mountain range 
 of West Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau, extends 
 for about 40 miles W.N.W. of the Rhine, and is continuous 
 on the N.E. with the Vogelsgelnrire. separating the basin of 
 the Main on the S. from that of the Lahu on the N. Height 
 of the Gross-Feldberg, 2848 feet. 
 
 TAU'PO LAKE, in New Zealand, in the centre of North 
 Island; 30 miles in length, average breadth. 15 miles. 
 
 TAUPONT, to^pANo/, a village of France, department of 
 Morbihan, arrondissement of Ploermel. Pop. 2161. 
 
 TAUR, tuwR, a village of Tyrol, circle of Schwartz, near 
 Hall. Pop. 1250. 
 
 TAURAN'GA, a harbor of New Zealand, on the SM. sido 
 of the Bay of Plenty, in the North Island, or New Ulster. 
 L.at. 37° 37' S., Ion. 176° 11' E. 
 
 TAURANO, tdw-ri'no. a village of Naples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro, j;.S.E. of Nola. Pop. 1280. 
 
 TAURASI, tdw-rS'see, a town of Naples, province of Prin- 
 cipato Ultra, N.W. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi, near the 
 bank of the Calore. 
 
 TAURICA CHERSONESUS. See Crimea. 
 
 TAURIDA, tdw're-da, (from the Gr. Tavpi;,) or KRIM, 
 krim, a government of South Russia, between lat. 44° 25' and 
 47° 40' N'., and Ion. 31° .30' and 36° .30' E., comprising, with 
 the peninsula of the Crimea, a territory on the mainland, 
 mostly separated from the governments of Kherson and 
 Yekaterinoslav by the Dnieper, and its atfluent. the Konska. 
 Area, 25,856 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 608.832, mostly 
 Nogais 'fartflrs on the mainland, and Kussian.s, Jews, and 
 Greeks in the Crimea. In the Crimea the climate resembles 
 that of Italy. N. of the mountains are extensive plain.s, 
 destitute of trees, and interspersed with salt lakes; and on 
 the mainland the country is mostly a desert steppe, on 
 which, however, the Tartars rear vast herds of sheep and 
 hor.ses. The corn raised is inadequate to home consumption. 
 The Tartars live chiefly on millet and the produce of their 
 herds. Capital, Simferopol. See Crimea. 
 
 TAURIS. a town of Persia. See Tabrf.ez. 
 
 TAURTS.A^NO. tow-re-s3'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto, S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 1300. 
 
 TAUKOMENIUM. See Taormina. 
 
 TAURUS, taw'rtis, a mount.ain chain of Asiatic Turkey, 
 usually considered as commencing in the E.. on the Eu- 
 phrates, at the Nushara Cataract, pashalic of Marash. whence 
 it stretches W , nearly parallel to the coast of the Mediter- 
 ranean, for about 400 miles, terminating to the N. of the 
 Gulf of Adalia. In theE.it takes the nameof Jebel-Kurim; 
 in the W. that of Ramadan Ogloo Balakav. It sends off 
 several branches, of which the most remarkable are Alm.i- 
 Dagh. which proceeds S. into Syria, and becomes linked 
 with the cliain of Lebanon, and the Anti-Taurus, which ex- 
 tends N.E,, sending out ramifications which become linked 
 with Ararat. Elbrooz. and Caucasus. 
 
 TAUSS, tdws, or FUSTA, foo.s'td, (Bohemian, Dnmnzlime, 
 do-mSz-lee'chfl. or Drantmo. dris'tov,) a walled town of Bo- 
 hemia, 17 miles W. of Klattau. Pop. 6500. It has manu- 
 factures of tape. 
 
 TAUSTE, tows'ti, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles 
 N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 3513. It has manufactures of 
 coarse woollens, nitre, and soap. 
 
 T.\UVES, tov, a market-town of France, department of 
 Puy-de-Dflme, 26 miles S.W. of Clermont. Pop. in 1851.2647. 
 
 T.\UXlGNy, tox'een*yee/, a village of France, depiu-tment 
 of Indro-et-Loire, arrondissement of Loches. Pop. 1311. 
 
 T.WAI, a river of Farther India. See Tavot. 
 
 TAVAI-POENAMOO. ti'vi poon-nS-moo'. the native name 
 of New Munster, (Middle Island.) See New ZEALAJtn. 
 
 TAVANNES, tdVdn'. a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, 6 miles N.W. of Bienne, and close to the pass of 
 Pierre-Pertuis. in the Jura Mountains. Pop. 1400. 
 
 TAVASTEHUUS, td-vas't.-i-hnos. written also TAWAS- 
 THUU.S. a town of Russian Finland, aipital of a lapn. 78 miles 
 N.E. of.Vbo. Pop. 1700. It has a government-house, and 
 an ancient castle, with an arsenal and imperial m.agazines. 
 
 TAVAY, a town of British India. See Tavot. 
 
 TAVDA, tav'di, a river of Siberia, joins the Tohol, 50 
 miles S.W. of Tobolsk, after a S.E. course of 200 miles. 
 
 T.WEL, a village of Switzerland. See Tavi--.r,s. 
 
 TAVENNA, tS-vJn'nJ, a town of Naples, provinceof Molise. 
 N.W. of liarino. Near it is a sulphureous spring. P jp. liiOO. 
 
 1889 
 
TAV 
 
 TAY 
 
 TAnrKRHrtM. a parUh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TAVKKNA. t3-vja'nd, a villa!j;e of Naples, province of Ca- 
 labria Ultra I.. 11 miles N. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1900. 
 
 TA\'t:ilX CRKKK, of Miller cc, Missouri, flows N. into 
 the Osaire River. 
 
 TAVKRNKS, tiV?Rn', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Var. 13 miles X. of BrignoUes. Pop. 1404. 
 
 TAVKRXY, tiVfR'nee'. a village of France, department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, 6 miles E.S.E. of Pontoise. Pop. 1229. 
 
 TAVKUS, ti^'aiR', or TAVEL, t^'fel, a village and parish 
 of Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles E.N.E. of Freyburg. 
 Near it are the remains of the old castle of Maggenberg, the 
 ancient MotUmacum. Pop. 244S. 
 
 T.WIANO, ti-ve-i'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otranto. 7 miles S.E. of Gallipoli, not far from the Gulf of 
 Taranto. Pop. louO. 
 
 TAVIGNANO, ti-veen-yi'no. (anc. Sa'crum. FWmen,) the 
 principal river of Corsica, enters the sea on its E. coast, 
 after a course of 45 miles. It gives name to a canton. 
 
 TjVVINSK, td-vinsk'. a town of Ru.ssia, government of 
 Oreubcorg, on the Belaia, 60 miles S.S.E. of Oota. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TAVIRA. tS-vee'ri, a town of Portugal, province of Al- 
 garve, capital of a comarca, 21 miles E.N.E. of Faro, on the 
 Atlantic, at the mouth of the Seca. Pop. 8600. It has a 
 handsome governor's palace, a brisk river traffic with the 
 interior, and an active fishery. 
 
 T.AV'ISTOCK, a parliamentary borough, town, and parish 
 of England, co. of Devon, on the Tavy, here crossed by three 
 bridges, 13 miles N. of Plymouth. Pop. in 1852. 8147. The 
 town, partly on an acclivity, is well built, especially in its 
 upper part; it has a church, built in the cemetery of an 
 ancient abbey, dissenting chapels, a guildhall, market- 
 house, almshouses, a l.ving-in hospital, and a dispensary. 
 Some serges and coarse linens are m.nde: mining and iron- 
 works employ a few hands: but the population is chiefly 
 agricultural. The borough returns 2 niembei'S to the llou<e 
 of Commons. Sir Francis Drake was born here in 1545, and 
 the poet William Browne, iu 1590. Tavistock w.hs the 
 manor and residence of Orgar. Earl of Devonshire, and gives 
 the title of marquis to the Duke of Bedford, to whom much 
 territorial property there Ijelongs. 
 
 TAVOLAUA, ti-vo-ld'ri. an inlet of the Mediterranean, 
 off the N.E. coast of Sai-dinia. 
 
 TAVOOS or TAVOUS, ti'voos', written also UNGI. (anc. 
 CdlbUf) ft river of Asiatic Turkey, in .\natolia, rises in Mount 
 Bab.adagh, flows S.S.W., and falls into the Mediterranean 
 N.E. of the island of Rhodes, after a course of about 80 miles. 
 
 TAVOY, tiVoi', written al.=o TAVAI. a river of Farther 
 India, has a very intricate navigation, the depth, which in 
 many places varies from 6 to 12 fathoms, becoming in others 
 not more than 2 or 2| fathoms. 
 
 T.WOY or T.W.-VY, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Beng-al, in Farther India, on the Teuasserim coast, capi- 
 tal of a province, on the Tavoy River, 90 miles S. of Ye, and 
 25 mile-' from the sea. It has a bazaar, and barracks for 
 European troop.s. 
 
 TA VROV, TAWROW, tlv'rov', T.ATKOVSKAIA or TAW- 
 ROW.'?KA.TA. tiv-rov-ski'a, a town of Ru.ssia, government, 
 and 13 miles S. of Voronezh, at the confluence of the Don 
 and the Voronezh. Pop. 2100. It was strongly fortified by 
 Peter the Greats who established large arsenals, cloth fac- 
 tories, ic. and had numerous ves.aels of war built here; 
 but in 1744 it was nearly destroyed by fire. 
 
 TA'VY', a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in Dart- 
 moor, flows S.S.W. past Tavistock, and enters the Tamar 2 
 miles N.E. of Sijlt.ish. Total course, 20 miles. 
 
 TAW, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in Dartmoor, 
 and expands into .in estuary, which, after being joined by 
 the Torridge from the S., enters Bideford Bay. Total course, 
 50 mile.s. The aflluents are the Little Dart, the Y^eo, and the 
 Moule. 
 
 TAWALLY, ti-wjllee. an island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago. 25 miles S.W. of Gilolo: lat. 0° 30' S.. Ion. 127° 2f E. 
 
 TAwaptHUUS, a town of Russia. See Tavastehuus. 
 
 TAWAT. See Tooat. 
 
 TAWA'W.i. a post-ofllce of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 TAWEE, td'wee\ an island of the Malay Archipelago, off 
 the N.E. extremity of Borneo, and continuous with the Soo- 
 loo Island chain. Lat. of W. point. 5° 18' N., Ion. 119° 25' 
 E. Length. 40 miles: breadth. 15 miles. 
 
 TAWNE. taun, a villjige of Ireland. Ulster, co. of Donegal. 
 
 TAWROW. a .town of Russia. See Tavrov. 
 
 TAW'STOCK, a parish of Enirland, co. of Devon. 
 
 TAWTAW, a post-office of Allen co.. Indiana. 
 
 TAWTON, North, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TAWTON. South, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 T AX'A II AW', a village, Lancaster district. South Carolina. 
 
 TAX'ALL. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 T.VXILA, a fort and town of Hindostan. See Attock. 
 
 T.\Y, tk. a principal river and estuary of Scotland, drain- 
 ing nearly the whole of the county of Perth, with a part of 
 the county of Forfarshire, rises by two main heads, one in 
 Loch Tay and the other on the borders of .\rgvle. Both 
 fctreamx unite a few miles N. of Loch Tiiy. and then pursue 
 a very tortuous course E. and S. past Aberleldy, Duukeld, 
 lb«0 
 
 and Perth : after which it expands into a noble esfrnary fronj 
 1 to 3 miles in width, and joins the Frith of Forth, North 
 Sea. between Ferry-port-on-Craig on the S.. and Buttonnesa 
 on the N. Total course, from 120 to 160 miles. It receive-i 
 the Gari-y and Ericht Rivers from the N., and the Bran, 
 Isla, Almond. Earn. Ac. from the W. It is supposed to dis- 
 charge more water than any other river in Scotland, and it» 
 hasin has been estimated to comprise from 24"X» to 2750 
 square miles. It winds through a country of great pictn- 
 re.sque beauty. Dundee and Errolareon the N. side, and New- 
 burgh on the S. side of its estuary ; extensive sand-banks 
 clog its entrance, but it is navigable from the sea to New- 
 burgh. 15 miles from its mouth, for vessel" of 500 tons bur- 
 den, and sometimes to Perth for vessels drawing 9 feet of 
 wat«r. 
 
 TAYA, WL an islet of the Malay Archipelago, S.E. of 
 Lingen. in lat. 0° 45' N.. Ion. 104^ 55' E. 
 
 T.4Y.\, tl'i. a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 
 about 7 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1207. 
 
 TAY'ABAS, ti-d'nis, a town of the Philippines, near the 
 S. coast of the island of Luzon, capital of a province of the 
 same name, 62 miles S.E. of Manila. It is a large place, 
 with spacious and well-paved streets. Pop. 21.418. 
 
 T.\Y'AB.VS. a province of the Philippines, bounded on the 
 N. by the Bay of Lampon or Lamon, and S. by the Mindoro 
 Sea. Pop. 83.049. 
 
 T.\Y'CIIEE'DA, a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin, at the S. extremity of Lake 
 Winneb-Hgo. The village is situated 3 miles E. of Fond du 
 Lac, contjiins 1 church, and has a plank-road extending to 
 Sheboj'gan, on l^Jike Michigan. Pop. of the township, 1494. 
 
 TAYF, tif. or TAYEF, tfjf. a town of Arabia, in Hejaz, 
 65 miles E.S.E. of Mecca. It is defended by several forts, 
 and has a celebrated mosque. In the time of Mohammed it 
 was a famous stronghold, and resisted his arms during a 
 siege of 20 d.ays. 
 
 T.\YGETUS. a mountain of Greece. See Mouxi St. Euas. 
 
 T.\Y. LOCII. Scotland, in Breadalbane. is 15 miles in 
 length by 1 mile in'breadth, and from 100 to 600 feet in 
 depth, surrounded by mountains, Ben Lawers, 4015 feet in 
 height, being on its W. side. It receives the Dochart and 
 Lochy Rivers at the S.E., and discharges itself by the Tay 
 at Kenmore, its N.E. extremity. It has been occasionally 
 subject to extraordinary risings of its waters. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a county in the N.E. part of AV. Virginia, has 
 an area of 130 stjuare miles. It is intersected by the Tygarfs 
 Valley River, a branch of theMonongahela, and al.so drained 
 by Sandy aud Elk Creeks. The surface is hilly ; the soil in 
 some parts fertile. The county contains iron-ore and stone 
 coal. It is intersected by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
 and the North-western Railroad has its E. terminus near 
 the county seat. Formed in 1844. out of parts of Harrison, 
 Barlxjur. and .Marion, and named in honor of John Taylor, 
 of Caroline county. Capital, Willi.imsport. sometimes called 
 Pruutytown. Pop. 7463, of whom 7351 were free, and 112 
 slaves. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a new county in the central part of Georgia, 
 formed since 1850. Pop. in 1860, 5998. 
 
 TAYLOR, a county in the S. central p.irt of Kentucky. It 
 is drained by sever."il small alHuents of Green River. The 
 surf;\ce is undulating and hilly ; the soil is fertile. A rail- 
 road is projected through the county from Danville to Na.sh- 
 ville. Formed a few years ago. out of the N. part of Greene 
 county. Capital, Campbellsville. Pop. 7481, of whom 5884 
 were free, aud 1597 slaves. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a new county in the S.S.W. part of Iowa, bor- 
 dering on Missouri, has an area of about 560 square miles. 
 It is drained by Platte River and by the river One Hundred 
 and Two. The land is said to be fertile, but not heavily 
 timbered. Capital, Bedford. Pop. 3590. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a post-township of Cortland county, New York. 
 Pop. 1265. 
 
 TAYLOR, a township of Centre co.,Pennsylvania. Pop.351. 
 
 TAY' LOS", a post-office of Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 TAY'LOR. a post-office of St. Charles parish, Louisiana. 
 
 TAYLOR, a township of Harilin co., Ohio. Pop. 531. 
 
 T.\Y'LOR, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 826. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a township of WavTie co., Jlichigan, Pop. 5«6. 
 
 T.AY'LOR, a township of Gre'ene co., Indiana. Pop. 1416. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 1096. 
 
 T.^Y'LOR, a township of Owen co., iadiana. Pop. 312. 
 
 TAY'LOR. a post-vilhige of Ogle co., Illinois, 172 miles, N. 
 by E. of Springfield. 
 
 T.AY'LOR, a township of Greene co.. Missouri. Pop.916. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a postofflce of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 TAYLOR'S, a postrvillage of Sumter district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 TAY'LOR'S, a postroffice of Jefferson co., Alabama. 
 
 TAYLORS. or.TAY''LORSVILLE. a township of Hardin 
 CO., Ohio, intersected by the Mad River and Lake I'-ie Rail- 
 road. Pop. 5-31. 
 
 TAY'LOirs BRIDGE, a post-office of Sampson r.., North 
 Carolina. 106 miles S.S.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 T.\Y'LORSlU'i?G. a post-office. Bartholomew co., -ndlana. 
 
 TAYLOR'S COR.N'ERS, a post-office of DcKalb co. Indiana 
 
TAY 
 
 TAYLOR'S CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Cannouchee 
 near Bryan Court-llouse. 
 
 TAYLOR'S CREKK, a post-Tillage of Liberty co., Georgia. 
 
 TAYLOR'S CREEK, a postroffice of St. i'rancis co., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 TAYLOR'S CREEK, a post-office of York district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TAYLOR'S FALLS, a village of Chisago co.. Minnesota, on 
 the right bank of the St. Croix River, 30 miles above Still- 
 Water, and at the head of steamboat navi.,'ation. It has 
 several mills, and is engased in the lumber trade. 
 
 TAYLOR'S GROVE, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa. 
 
 TAYLOR'S ISLAND, a post-office of Dorchester co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 TAY'LORSPORT, a village of Boone co., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River, 12 miles below Cincinnati. It has a good 
 landing. 
 
 TAYLOR'S STAND, a postofflce of Crawford co., Pennsyl- 
 rania. 
 
 TAYLOR'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. 
 
 TAY'LORSTOWN, a post-office of \Va.shington co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 TAY'LORSVILLE, a post-village of Ontario co., New York. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Delaware River, 116 miles E. of llarrisburg. 
 It has a bridge across the river. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a village of Anne Arundel co., Mary- 
 land, on South River, an arm of the Chesapeake, 5 miles 
 S.W. of Annapolis. The river here is crossed by a bridge. 
 
 TAYLORS V I [>LK, a post-village of Hanover co., Virginia, 
 on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad, 20 
 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 T.WLORSVILLK, Virginia. See Patrick CodutIIouse. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLB, a post-village, capital of Alexander co.. 
 North Cai-olina, 160 miles W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 300., 
 
 T.AY[/)RSVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Georgia. 
 
 T.WLORSVILLK. a small village of Newton co.. Georcia. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a post-village, capifcil of Johnson co., 
 Tennessee, 3.50 miles E. by N. of Nashville. It stands at the 
 W. base of the Stone or Iron Mountain, which contains in- 
 exhaustible mines of iron ore. Water-power is abundant in 
 the vicinity, and there are several iron-works in operation. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Spen- 
 cer CO., Kentucky, is situated in a beautiful valley, at the 
 confluence of Salt River and Brashear's Creek, 30 miles S.W. 
 of Frankfort. It possesses a valuable water-power, which is 
 used in manufactures of cotton and woo!, and contains 4 
 churches and a seminary. Pop. estimated at 800. 
 
 T.\YL')j;,SVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 TAVLoiiSVILLE, Ohio. See Taylor's. 
 
 T.A.Y'LORSV'^ILLE, a thriving post-village of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio, on the W. bank of Muskingum River, 9 miles 
 below Zanesville. There is a dam across the river here, by 
 which large water-power is applied to mills for grinding and 
 carding. The village of Duncan's Falls is on the opposite 
 bank of the river. Laid out in 1S>32. Pop. near 1000. 
 
 T.VYLORSVILLE, a thriving postrvillage, capital of Chris- 
 tian CO.. Illinois, on the South Fork of the Sangamon River, 
 25 miles S.E. of Sprlnglield. It lias a court-house, 3 
 ihurches, and 2 newspaper offices. The adjacent country is 
 fertile, and contains extensive beds of coal. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a p^s^office of Andrew co., Missouri. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co.. Iowa. 
 
 TAYLORTON, a post-village of AVayne co., Mississippi. 
 
 TAYLORVILLE, a village of Bartholomew co.. Indiana, 
 on th^ Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 35 miles S.S.E. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 TAY'MOUTII, a township of Saginaw co., Michigan. P.305. 
 
 TAY'MOUTIl CASTLE, the magnificent seat of the Mar- 
 quis of Breadalbane, Scotland, co. of Pertli, on the right 
 bank of the Tay, 1 mile N.N.E. of Kenmore. 
 
 TAYN'TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 TAYNTON, a parish of England, co, of Oxford. 
 
 TAYO. a river of Spain. See Tagcs. 
 
 TAY WAN, an island of the China Sea. See FORMOSA. 
 
 T.IY-YUEN, a city of China. See Tai-Yuan. 
 
 T.^Z, tjz, a river of Siberia, rises on the frontiers of the 
 government of Tobolsk and Yenesei, flows N.N.E., and after 
 a course of nearly 300 mUes falls into the Bay of Tazovsk, 
 which communicates with the Gulf of Obi. 
 
 T.AZEEN, tit'zeen', a village of Afghanistan, at the E.foot 
 of the pass of the Huft-Kotul, 26 miles from Calx)ol, in lat. 
 U° 21' N., Ion. 69° 28'E. It was one of the scenes of the 
 massacre of the British troops, in their attempted retreat 
 from Cabool, in January, 1842. Here, subsequently, the 
 British entirely defeated a superior force of Afghans. 
 
 TAZEWELL, taz/wel, a county in the S.W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on West Virginia, is 40 miles in length, 
 and has sin area of about 500' square miles. The Clinch 
 and Bluestone Rivers rise in the county, which is also 
 drained by the Tug Fork of Sandy River and by Wolf 
 Creek. Clinch Mountain extends along the S.K. border, 
 and other mountain ridges pass across the county. The 
 highlands produce good timber and pasture; the soil of 
 
 TCH 
 
 the valley is highly productive. Limestone, ht)n orr, tBd 
 stone coal are abundant in the county; the nunes of the 
 latter are thought to be niexhaustible. The county is 
 plentifully supplied with water-power. Formed in iVoa 
 and named In honor of Henry Tazewell, ynv rcpresent'-d 
 Virginia in the United States Senate about that peiiod. 
 Capital, Jeffersonville. Pop. 9920, of whom 8718 were free, 
 and 1202 slaves. 
 
 TAZEWELL, a county of Illinois, is situated a little N.W. 
 of the centre of the state, and has an area of 550 square 
 miles. The Mackinaw Creek flows through it from E. to W. 
 until it enters the Illinois River, which forms the entire 
 N.W. boundary. The surface is nearly level, and the soil 
 fertile. The county contains large prairies, which are mostly 
 under cultivation. A railroad is projected through the 
 county, from Peoria to Bloomington. Capital, Tremont. 
 or Pekin. Pop. 21.470. 
 
 T.\ZEWELii, a decayed post-village of Marion co., Georgia, 
 about .35 miles E. of Columbus, was formerly the couiity 
 seat. Pop. near 100. 
 
 T.\ZEWELL, a thriving post-village, capital of Claiborne 
 CO., Tennessee, 250 miles E. by N, of Nashville. It is situated 
 in a hilly region, which abounds in iron, zinc, and lead ores, 
 the first of which only is worked. 
 
 TAZEWELL COURT-HOUSE. See Jeffersonvillk. 
 
 TAZGAON, tdz'ga-on'. or T AUJG AON, tAwzh^gS-on', a forti- 
 fied town of India, dominion.s, and 58 miles S.S.E. of Sat- 
 tiirah, with a remarkable temple of Ganesa. 
 
 TCHABKAN, chab^kdn', written also DJABKAN, a river 
 of the Chinese dominions, in the Khalkas country, after a 
 generally W. course, estimated at 500 miles, enters Lake Ike- 
 Ar.al-.Vor, near lat. 48° N.. Ion. 9<J° E. 
 
 TCHABLIAK, ch.?Vle-,ik', ZABLIAK, zS-ble-lk', SZIA- 
 BAK, see'd-bAk', or TCHIABAK, chee'a-bdk', a town ol 
 European Turkey, in Albani.a, pashalic, and 18 miles N. of 
 Scutari, at the entrance of the Moratsha into the Lake of 
 Scutari. It is stated to comprise 250 houses. 
 
 TCHAD, chJid, written also TSAD or CHAD, a lake of Cen- 
 tral Africa, between Bornoo on the W., Kanem on the N.E., 
 and Begharmi on the S.E. The lake was first dis^tinctly 
 pointed out by Leo Africanus. in the sixteenth century; thn 
 name Seu, which he .seems to have given it, being a mis- 
 reading of his unpointed Arabic for Sh&wi, the name of the 
 .A.rab tribe inhabiting the S.E. shores of the lake — the Showy 
 of Denham, and Shuah of Dr. Barth. The name Tsad does 
 not appear to be known on \he shores of the lake itself, and 
 the travellers who first brought it into use have omitted to 
 state whence they derived it. It probably belongs to some 
 dialect of the Houssa language. 
 
 The N.AV. shore of Lake Tchad, where it reaches farthest 
 W., and not far from its N. limit, lies in about lat. 14° 15' 
 N., Ion. 12° 50' E. From N. to S. it has probably an ex- 
 tent of 120 or 150 miles. It width, from E. to W., was esti-. 
 mated by Major Denham to be 130 miles; but Dr. Overweg, 
 relying chiefly on native information, reduces this to 60 or 
 80 miles. The last-named traveller embarked on the lake 
 at Maduari, a boat harbor a little to the E. of Kooka. For 
 seven hours he made his way through narrow channels be- 
 tween small islands covered with stately reeds, in which 
 numerous hippopotami find shelter, and at last entered the 
 Inkibul or open water. Steering N.E. for two days — the 
 boat being fastened at night to a floating island of reeds, 
 illuminated by fire-tties — he reached a labyrinth of islands, 
 the largest of which did not exceed 5 miles in length. On 
 one of these islands (Belarigo) he .spent four days, being 
 treated with the greatest kindneR.s by the natives. He then 
 sailed farther E., still among islands, with now and then a 
 view of the open sea: but he does not appear to have seen 
 the shore N., E., or S.; and was dissuaded by the islanders 
 from attempting to land on the E. side of the lake, where 
 wars in which they were implicated were then raging. 
 Having touched at several islands, he returned to Maduari, 
 after six weeks spent with the very interesting and hospi- 
 table insular population. 
 
 The inhabitants of the islands in the middle and on the 
 N.E. side of the lake are the Biddumas, an independent and 
 pagan nation, but by no means .savages, as hitherto reported. 
 They seem to be of mixed origin, their islands having 
 afforded a refuge, probably in the course of ages, to the per- 
 secuted of all surrounding nations. They are well made 
 and active, with jet-black or dark-brown complexions, and 
 regular features. At the present day there are many Ka- 
 nemboo .and Shu.ah (Shawl or Arab shepherds) living among 
 them. The Bidduma of both sexes are decently clothed in 
 cotton, generally black. They wear sandals also, and a pro- 
 fusion of ornaments. Some of the islands are densely 
 peopled, having a large village to near'y every square mile. 
 Cattle and goats are abundant: corn and cotton are the 
 chief objects of cultiviition. The Biddum* know how to 
 build boats with plank ; and Dr. (Iverweg saw one thus con- 
 structed which measured 43 feet in leng'.h, and 6 tlet in 
 breadth. The boats are propelled with long poles, the use 
 of oars, as well as of sails, being unknown. The people also 
 habitually swim from island to island, a^'Jed by small boatd." 
 or hand-tloats. 
 
 1891 
 
TCH 
 
 TCH 
 
 Th" absolul-i eleTstjon of Lake Tchad would appear, from 
 Ur. A'ogel's observati -ns, to be SW) feet. The country around 
 it is everywhere low. jmd, on il^ Vi. and S. shores at le.ast, 
 extremely fertile. This great fresh-water lake is compara- 
 tively shallow, its depth being found to vary from 8 to 15 
 feet. At different seasons, Ljwever, it undergoes great 
 changes; falliUt' at times so low that the channels between 
 the islands are laid dry, while at other times it inundates 
 lil the lower ground.s, and foices the people to retire to the 
 hillocks. It is well stocked with fish and water-fowl. Tur- 
 tle of enormous size, and croi^odiles also, are said to share 
 unmolested with the hippopotami these i.slets and the creeks 
 among them. Lake Tchad receives, besides many small 
 Kti-eams, the Yeou, which flows into it from the hills of 
 Houssa in the W., with a course of perhaps 400 miles. It 
 descends rapidly, and is dry at its mouth during five months 
 of the year. Its chief tributary is the Shary, a great and 
 navigable river, descending through Begharmi. 
 
 TCHADD.4, a river of Central Africa. See Chadda. 
 
 TCHADOBBTS or TCIIADOBETZ, chj-do-b^ts/, a river of 
 Siberia, rises in the government of Yeniseisk, not far from 
 the N.W. frontiers of Irkootsk. It flows very circuitously, 
 describing almost a semicircle, and, after a course of about 
 200 miles, joins the Verkhnee Toongoo.=ka about 60 miles 
 above Bogootchansk. (Bogutschansk.) 
 
 TCHAHAN, chi'han',' called also TCITAHAN-SOtJBAR- 
 KA.\-K110T0N, a town of Mongoli.i. -about 200 miles N.N.E. 
 of Peking. Lat. 41° 55' N., Ion. 119° 5' E. It has a sum- 
 mer palace of the Chinese emperor. 
 
 TCHALATDERE, cha-llt-di/ril, or SALATDERE, ^&'\it- 
 dA-ri/, (auc. Grani)cus.) a river of Asiatic Turkey, rises on 
 the E. side of Mount Ida, flows N.N.E., and falls in the Sea 
 of Marmora after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 TCHALBAK, charbdk', or TCHKLBASIE, chSrbl'see, a 
 river of Russia, rises in the W. of the government of Cau- 
 casus, enters the country of the Cossacks of the Black Sea, 
 flows W., expanding into several lakes, and falls in the Sea 
 of Azof. Total course, 150 miles. 
 
 TCHAMOULARI, a mountain of Asia. See SnuMALABi. 
 
 TCHANG, chjng, a prefix to the names of numerous 
 cities and towns of China. 
 
 TCH ANG-Cn A, a town of China. See Chaxg-Sha. 
 
 TCHANG-LOO, a town of Japan. See Fitats. 
 
 TCHANG-TCHOO or TCIIANG-TCIIOU, ching^ choo', a 
 town of China, province of Kijng-Soo, on the Gi-and Canal, 
 70 miles E.S.E. of Nanking. 
 
 TCHANG-TE, ching ik, a town of China, province of Hoo- 
 nan, capital of a department, situated on or near the S.W. 
 extremity of Lake Tong-ting. Lat. 29° N., Ion. 112° E. 
 
 TCHANI. See Tchany. 
 
 TCIIAX-KIANG, a city of China. See Ching-kiang-foo. 
 
 TCIIANTAR. ehan'tai', or SlIAN^'AR'. an island in the 
 Sea of Okhotsk. 
 
 TCIIANY. TCIIANI or CHANY, chj'ne. a lake of Siberia, 
 governments of Tomsk and Tobolsk, near lat. 65° N., Ion. 78° 
 E. Length. 65 miles; greatest breadth, 40 miles. 
 
 TCHAO-KHING, a city of China. See Shao-King. 
 
 TCHAO-XAIMAN-S06ME,cha'onrmdn/soo'md.orCHAO- 
 NAIM AN-SODME, called also DOLENNOR, TOLO.\-NOOR or 
 DOLONi'OOR, a city of Mongolia, in the Kartchin territory, 
 165 miles N. by W. of Peking, in lat. 42° 25' N., Ion. 116° 18' 
 E. It is a vast extent, consisting of a collection of houses 
 without any regard to regularity ; the streets are narrow and 
 crooked ; there is an iuditferent footpath on each side for pe- 
 destrians, but cariiages and beasts of burden must force 
 their way through a black, deep, and disgusting mass of mud. 
 The principal edifices are the Boodhist temples, which are 
 nimierous. The inhabitants are renowned throughout Tar- 
 tary and the most remote parts of Thibet for the statues in 
 iron and brass which they turn out from their foundries; 
 and all countries addicted to the worship of Boodha are fur- 
 nished by them with idols, bells, and the different vessels 
 employed in their idolatrous ceremonies. The commerce of 
 the place is also extensive. Russian merchandise is brought 
 to it from Kiakhta. The Tartars bring numerous herds of 
 oxen, camels, and horses, in exchange for which they receive 
 tobacco, cloth, and tea. Merchants from the province of 
 Shan-see are extremely numerous, but invariably return to 
 their own country after improving their circumstances: in- 
 d.>ed, it is remarked that the Chinese, in this commercial 
 place, always end by making a fortune, and the Tartars by 
 ruining themselves. The population, though not easily 
 estimated, is said to be very great. 
 
 TCHAOOSSY, TCHAOUSSY or TCHAUSSY, cha-oos'see, 
 written also CHAOIISSY and TCIIAODZY, a town of Rus- 
 sia, government, and 25 miles E.S.E. of Moheelev. Pop. 
 (iOOO. It has Roman Catholic and Greek united churches, 
 a synagoj^e, and a Carmelite convent. A great market is 
 held here annually. 
 
 TCH A KD AH, chaR'dS, a small town of European Turkey, 
 Bulgaria. 50 miles N.W. of Sophia. 
 
 TCHARDAK. charMdk', a small town of Bulgaria, 27 miles 
 N.N.E. of Hirschova. 
 
 TCHAHTOKISK or CZARTORYSK,chaR-to-risk'.a market- 
 town of liussiau Poland, government of Volhynia, on the 
 1892 ^ ■ ■' ' 
 
 Styr, 30 miles N.N.E. of Lootsk, (Lutzk.) with an ancient 
 castle and 1600 inhabitants. 
 
 TCHAKYTCH, chd-ritch', a river of Siberia, rises in the 
 Altai Mountains, in the S. of the government of Tomsk, 
 and joins the Obi near Bijsk, after a very rapid and winding 
 course of about 220 miles. 
 
 TCH ATAL-BOORG AS (BURGAS,) chdHdl' booRvas'.a town 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Elee. 23 miles S.^V. of Viza. 
 
 TCHATALCHA, chatai'ehl a town of European Turkey, 
 in r.oom-Elee, 30 miles N.W. of Constantinople. 
 
 TCIIATIR-DAGH, a mountain of Russia. See Crimea. 
 
 TCHEBOKSARI, chi-bok-sd/ree, or TCHEBOKSAR, cliiJ. 
 bok-saR', a town of Russia, government, and 75 miles M'.N.W. 
 of Kazan, on the Volga. Pop. 5000. It was entirely destroyed 
 by Are in 1699 and 1733, and is rebuilt mostly of wood. It 
 has a cathedral, a monastery, town-hall, vast salt magazines, 
 and some manufactures. 
 
 TCHE-FANG, a town of China. See Chay-Fang. 
 
 TCHE-KIANG. See Che-Kiang. 
 
 TCHELBASIE, a river of Russia. See Tch.albak. 
 
 TCIIELEBI-BAZAR, chjl'gh-bee ba-zar', a market-town of 
 Bosnia, 25 miles E.N.E. of Bosna-Serai. 
 
 TCHELIABINSK, chA-le-d-binsk', a town of Asiatic Rus- 
 sia, government of Orenboorg, 70 miles N.N.W. of Troitsk. 
 Pop. 3500. It is enclosed by a stockade, and was formerly 
 an important militai-y post. 
 
 TCHEM, ch&m, or TCHEM-PIRA, chJm pee'rd, a river of 
 the Chinese Empire, rises near the centre of Mantchooria, 
 flows N.N.E., then W., and joins the Amoor after a course 
 of about 100 miles. 
 
 TCHE.MBAR, ch?m-baR', a town of Russfa. government, 
 and 66 miles W.S.W. of Penza. Pop. 2700. 
 
 TCHEM-PIRA, a river of the Chinese Empirtv See Tchem. 
 
 TCHENG-TE, chjng' tA', an island off the S. exti'emity of 
 the Corea, 45 miles W. of the island of T.soosima. (Tsu.s-sima.) 
 
 TCHEOO, TCHEOU. chj-oo', written also TCHOO, CHOO 
 or 'TOUOlT&nii CHOW, a Chinese word, signifying properly 
 a "town of the second class," but very frequently joined 
 with FOO, (a " city of the first class,") in the same name as 
 Hang-chow-foo. 
 
 TCHEPTSA or TSCHEPTZA, chJpt/si, a river of Ru.ssia, 
 government of Viatka, joins the river Viatka near the city 
 of the same name, after a W. course of 250 miles. 
 
 TCHERCHEMBA, Asiatic Turkey. See CuARSHnMBA. 
 
 TCHERDYN, ch^R-din', a town of Russia, government, 
 and 162 miles N. of Perm, on the Kolva, near its confluence 
 with the Vishera. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TCHEREMSHIM, chA-r6m-shim', a river of Russia, rises 
 in the government of Orenboorg. flows N.W. into the govern- 
 ment of Simbeersk, and joins the Volga, after a course of 
 about 130 miles. 
 
 TCHEREPOVETZ. See Cherepovetz. 
 
 TCHERIKOV or TSCHERIKOW, ch6R-e-kov', written al.-* 
 TCHIRIKOV, a town of Rus.sia, government, and 40 miles 
 S.E. of Smolensk, on the Sozh. Here Charles XII. was re- 
 pulsed by the Russians in 1708. 
 
 TCHERKASI, chjR-kd'see, a town of Russia, government, 
 and 95 miles S.E. of Kiev, on the Dnieper. Pop. 6000. 
 
 TCIIERKASK or TSCHERKASK, St.aroi, sti-roi' ch?RV 
 kSsk', (i.e. Old Tcherkask,) a town of the Russian Empire, 
 formerly the capital of the Don Cossack country, N. of the 
 Don. near its mouth, and on an island formed between it 
 and the Aksai, 45 milesE.N.E. of Azof. Pop. 15,000. It has 
 a church founded by Peter the Great. Its Tartar church, 
 old chancei'y, academy, town-hall, prisons, &c. are con- 
 structed of timber. The stationary population are mostly 
 of Greek de.scent, but its streets pre.sent a curious inter- 
 mixture of nations. It maintains an active export trade in 
 fish, iron, caviar, and wine raised in its vicinity. 
 
 TCHERKASK or TSCHERKASK, Nowo or Novo. See 
 Novo Tcherkask. 
 
 TCHERKKSSIA, a country of Asia. See Circassia. 
 
 TCHERKIN, ch5R*kin', a town of Abyssinia, st;ite, and 
 40 miles N.N.W. of Gondar. It hiis large markets for cattle. 
 
 TCHERN, chgRn, a town of Russia, government, and 61 
 miles S.S.W. of Toola. Pop. 2200. It was formerly fortified. 
 
 TCHERNAYA or CHERNAYA, chfe-ni'^, a small stream 
 of Russia, in the Crimea, flowing N.W. into the head of the 
 principal bay on which Sevastopol is situated. 
 
 TCHKRNETZ, ch5R-nets', a town of Wallachia, on the 
 Danube, nearly opposite Gladova. Here was anciently the 
 Roman station Terines{?) and near it are the remains of 
 Trajan's bridge. 
 
 TCHI'^RMANKA. a town of Russia. See Novo Evanovka- 
 
 TCHERNIGOV, TCHEKNIGOF, TSCHERNIGOW, or 
 CZiiRNlGOW, ch^R-ne-gov', a government of Rus.'.ia, in tho 
 S., between lat. 50° 20' and 53° 10' N., and Ion. oO° 20' and 
 34° 40' E., having W. the Dnieper, separating it from the 
 governments of Minsk and Kiev. (Russian Poland,) and on 
 Other sides the governments of .Moheelev, Orlov. Koorsk. and 
 Poltava. Area, 21.3',i6 .s(iu.ire miles. Pop. in ISol. 1.374.746. 
 The surface is mostly level, and well watered. The- soil i= 
 fertile, and the climate dry, healthy, and comparatively 
 mild. The principal rivers are the D^'sna, with its aflluents, 
 the Ipoot, Seim, Snov, and Oster, all of which have a W.oi 
 
TCH 
 
 B.W. direction. The chief crops are rye, barley, and oats, 
 with lars^e quantities of flax, hemp, tobacco, and hops. Cat- 
 tld, horses, sheep, and hogs aie numerously reared. Distil- 
 ling i-nd weaving are somewhat important. The principal 
 exports are cattle, tallow, corn, hides, spirits, honey, wax, 
 potash, and hemp-seed. The government is divided into 
 15 cintles. The principal towns are Tchernigov, Xezheen, 
 Giookhov, Starodoob, .\lgleeii. and Novgorod-Severslioie. 
 
 T0HKKNK40V, TSCIIKRNIGOW, TCIIER.NiaOF or 
 CZKRNIOOW, a town of Russia, capital of the above go- 
 vernment, is situated on the Desna, 80 miles N.N'.E. of Kiev. 
 Lat. 51° 27' N., Ion. 31° 18' K. Pop. 7500. It is the see 
 of an archljishop, and has a cathedral, built in 1024, a strong 
 citadel, an episcopal palace, several monasteries, an orphan 
 asylum, and a college. It is the seat of military and civil 
 governors. After an obstinate resistance, it was taken and 
 almost razed by the Tartars, in 1239. The Poles captured 
 it in 1617. 
 TOUERNOVrXZ, a town of Poland. See Czernowitz. 
 TCHER.NOVARSK, ch^R-no-yansk', or TCHEKNOJAR, 
 chSR-no-yaR', a fortified town of Russia, government, and 
 loO miles N.N.W. of Astrakhan, on the right bank of the 
 Volga. Pop. 3500. 
 TCHERSHENBEK, A.sia Minor. See Charshcmba. 
 TCUERVLENSKAIA, chJu-vlen-ski'l a fortified town of 
 Russia, government of Caucasus, on the Terek, 70 miles E. 
 of Moiidok. 
 
 TCIIESKAYA or TCHESKAIA, ches-ki'd, a gulf in the N. 
 of Russia, government of Archangel. 
 
 TC1IK8.ME. ch6s'md, TCUIS.ME, chis'm^h. written also 
 TCIIE.SIIMEII, (anc. ds'sos,) a maritime village of Asia 
 .Minor, in Anatolia, opposite the island of Scio, 40 miles 
 AV.S.VV. of Smyrna. Pop. 6000 or 7000. It has a large citadel, 
 the residence of a Turkish governor, and near it are sulphur 
 and saline springs. In its bay the Roman fleet defeated 
 that of Antiochus, and in 1770 the Russians burnt the navy 
 of the Turks. Seven miles N.E. are the ruins of Grythrea. 
 
 TOIIETCHEN, chA-chJn', an island of the Caspian Sea, 
 off its W. coast, near Cape Agrakhan. 
 
 TCHETCIIKNTSI or TCHETCIIENTZT (chA-ch?nt/see) 
 COUNTRY, The. forms the K. part of Circassia, mostly be- 
 tween lat. 42° 30' and 43° 40' N"., and Ion. 44° 30' and 46° 30' 
 E., having N. the river Torek, separating it from the Russian 
 government of Caucasus, E. Daghestan, W. Kabardah, and 
 S. the Caucasus chain, dividing it from Georgia. Cattle- 
 rearing is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The popu- 
 lation is mostly Mohammedan, and living under numerous 
 chiefs, at the head of whom is the hereditary Asian Bey. 
 The towns are small, and mostly seated on the banks of the 
 rivers, all of which are affluents of the Terek. 
 
 TCHETCIIERSK, chi-chjRsk', a market-town of Russia, 
 government, and 75 miles S.S.E. of Moheelev. Pop. iJoOO. 
 
 TCHE-TCIIING, chA'ching', several towns of China, pro- 
 vinces of Ho-nan, Kiang-See, and Pe-chee-lee. 
 TCIIIARAK or SZIAItAK. See Tchablvk. 
 TCIIIEUOD (or TCIIIFOUD) KALE, chee-food' k^-li, a 
 walled town of the Crimea, 2 miles from Bakhtchis.sarai, on 
 a limestone height, inhabited by a remarkable tribe of 
 Karaite .Tews. 
 
 TCIIIFTLTK, chiftleek'. a town of Turkish Armenia, pa- 
 shalic. and 85 miles N.VV. of Erzroom. Stone cannon balls 
 are hewn in an adjacent quarrv. 
 
 TCHIGRIN. che-grin', written also TCIIIGR and TCHI- 
 GUIRIN, a town of Russia, government of Kiev, on the Tias- 
 min, 21 miles W. of Krilov. Pop. 3400. It was formerly 
 the capital of the Cossacks of the Dnieper. 
 TCH lKIRI.,a river of Mantchooria. S(« CtiiKiRl. 
 TCHIKOTAX, chee-ko-tan', or SPANBERG, spdn'bjRG, 
 the southernmost of the Koorile Isles. Lat. (centre) 43° 53' 
 N., Ion. 146° 43' 30" E. It is 6 miles long, by as many broad. 
 TCH[N'. chin, and TCHING, ching, for names of Chinese 
 cities with these prefixes, not under-mentioned, see Chin 
 and CniNG. 
 
 TCHIXG-AN, ching in, a remarkable cape on the N.E. 
 coast of Siberia, in Behring's Sea, about lat. 64° 40' N., Ion. 
 173° 40' W. It rises almost vertically from the sea, to a 
 great height, and is rendered conspicuous by a red band in- 
 tersecting it from its summit to its base. 
 
 TCHT.NGKIAXG. ching'ke-ing', a town of China, province 
 of Kiang Soo, capital of a department, on the Yang-tse- 
 Ki.ing. 40 miles E. by N. of Nanking. 
 
 TCHtNG-TIXG. chlng^ting', a town of China, province of 
 Pe-chee-lee, capital of a department, 150 miles S.S.W. of 
 Peking. 
 TClil NG-TOXJ-FOO; a city of China. See Ching-too-foo. 
 TCHIN-NGAN, chin n'gln', a city of China, province of 
 (inang-See. capital of a department, near the Tonquin fron- 
 tier. Lat. 23° 20' N., Ion. 106° 12' E. 
 
 TCHIX-SAX. chinVSn'.two small islands of China, in the 
 Chusan group, S.E. of Chusan, about lat. 30° 29' N., Ion, 
 122° 56' E. 
 
 TCHIX-TCIIOO or TCHIX-TCIIOtJ, chinVhoo', a city of 
 China, province of Ho-nan, capital of a department, 80 miles 
 S S.E. of Kai-fong. 
 TCHIN-TCHOO or TCHIN-TCHOU. a city of China,, pro- 
 
 TCH 
 
 vince of Hoo-nan, capital of a department, on the Yuen-kiang 
 loo miles W.S.W. of the Great Lake Tong-ting-hoo 
 TCHIN-TCIIOU, a river of India. See G.4I)D^d\. 
 TCHIN-TOO or TCHIXG-TOU. See Chi.ng-too foo. 
 TCHIN-YUEN, chin^ yoo-6n', a city of China, province ot 
 Koei-choo, capital of a department. I.«t. 27° 1' 12° N Ion 
 108° 10' E. 
 
 _TCIIIN-YUXG. chin'y&ng^ a city of China, province of 
 Koeichoo. capital of a department. Lat. 27° 20' X.. Ion. 1 05° E. 
 TCHIX-YUXG. a city of China, province of Quang-See, 33 
 miles E. of Tchin-ngan. 
 
 TCHIPROVATZ, chee^ro-vats', a town of European Cur- 
 key, in Bulgaria, sanjak, and 56 miles N.W. of Sophia. Its 
 Greek bishop has the rank of primate of Bulgaria. 
 
 TCHIR, cheer, a river of Russia, rises in the W. part of 
 the government of the Don Cossacks, flows S.E., and joins 
 the Don. Length, 150 mile.s. 
 TCHIRIKOV, a town of Ru.ssia. See Tcherikov. 
 TCHIRIKOV, TCHIRIKOFF or TSCHIRIKOW, che-re- 
 kov', one of the Aleutian Lslands, W. of the peninsula of 
 Aliaska. Lat. (X.E. point) 55° 56' N., Ion. 156° W. It is 
 about 30 miles in circuit. 
 
 TCHIRKI^. chir'kish'. or CHERKESII. chJr-kJsh'. a small 
 town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, .sanjak, 60 miles E. of Boli. 
 TCHIRMEN, che6r-m^n' or chir'm^n'. a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in Room-EIee, capital of sanjak, 20 miles 
 X.W. of Adrianople. Pop. 2000. 
 TCHISME, a town of Asia Minor. See Tchesme. 
 TCHISTOPOL, chis-to/pol. a town of Ru.ssia, government, 
 and 65 miles E.S.E. of Kazan, on the Kama. Pop. 6800. 
 TCm-TCHEOU-FOU. a city of China. See CHBE-cnoo. 
 TCHITIXSK, chee'tinsk'. a fortified town of Siberia, go- 
 vernment of Irkootsk, on the Ingoda, 125 miles W. of Xerfc- 
 cliinsk. 
 
 TCHOL, Choi, or TCIIOLA. cholj, a river of the Chinese 
 Empire, descends from the E. slope of the Iliiigan Moun- 
 tains, in the S.W. of Mantchooria. and after a course of about 
 160 miles joins the Xonni, an affluent of the Soongaree. 
 
 TCHOXG-KIAXG, chong' ke-ang'. a town of China, pro- 
 vince of Se-chuen, 50 miles N.E. of Ching-too-foo. 
 
 TCIIOXG-KING, chong^ king', a city of China, province of 
 Se-chuen, capital of a department, on the Yang-tse-kiang. 
 Lat. 29° 45' N., Ion. 106° 30' E. It has sugar refineries, and 
 a large trade in fish. 
 TCHOO. See Tcheoo. 
 
 TCH(J()GOOEV or TCIIOUGOUEV, choo-goo-^v/, written 
 also TCIIUGUJEV, a fortified town of Russia, government, 
 and 25 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov, on the Severnoi-Donets. 
 Pop. 9000. It has a garrison of lancers. 
 
 TCHOOI, TCIIOUI, TCHUI or CHUI, choo'ee, a river of 
 Central Asia, issues from a small lake near the AV. froiitieis 
 of the Chinese Empire, about lat. 42° 30' N., Ion. 77° E., 
 flows circuitously W.X.W. through the country of Kirgheez 
 and Independent Tartary, and, after a course of from ("00 to 
 700 miles, empties itself into Lake Kaban Koolak, in lat. 
 45° 20^ N., Ion. 67° 30' E. It receives several large affluenfs. 
 In spring its current is very impetuous, and in the end of 
 autumn broad and saltish lakes are formed in the vicinity 
 by the heavy rains. 
 
 TCUOOKHLOMA, choo-Klo'ma. written also TCHOU- 
 KIILOMA, TCIIUGLOMA. and TCHUCULOMA. a town of 
 Russia, government, 83 miles X.E. of Kostroma. Pop. 1800. 
 TCHOOKTCHEES. TCHOUKTCIIIS, TCHUKTCUIS or 
 TSCHUKTSCniS, chook'cbeez\ a people inhabiting a 
 couutrv in East Siberia, between lat. 60° and 70° X., and 
 Ion. 160° and 190° E., having S.W. and W. the provinces of 
 Kamtchatka, Okhotsk, and Yakootsk. N. the Arctic Ocean, E. 
 Behring Strait separating it from Russian America, and S. 
 the Gulf of Auadeer and the Pacific Ocean. This region is 
 traversed W. to E. by the Anadeer River, but it has been 
 very little explored. The Tchooktchees live chiefly by hunt- 
 ing and fishing, and profess a rude idolatry. 
 
 TCHOOLIM, TCHOULI Jl or TSCHULI M, choo-Iim'. a river 
 of Siberia, governments of Yeniseisk and Tomsk, joins the Obi 
 100 miles N.W. of Tomsk, after a X.W. course of 500 miles. 
 
 TCHOOROOM. chooVoom', written also TCIIORUM. (UIO- 
 RU.M. and CIIURUM, a town of Asia .Minor, pashalic of See- 
 vas, 28 miles S.W. of Osmanjik. Pop. .ibout 7i;00, mostly 
 Mohammedans. It has a castle, 16 mosques, manufactures 
 of earthenwares and leather, and a large trade in wheat. 
 
 TCHOOSOVSKOI, TCHOUSOVSKOl. TCHUSSOVSKOI or 
 TSCHUSOWSKOI, choo-sov-skoi', Xizhnee and Verkiinee, 
 two contiguous market-towns of Russia, government, ana 
 40 miles E.X.E. of Perm. United pop. 5700, partly employed 
 in salt-works. 
 
 TCUOOSSOVA, TCHOUSSOVA, choos-so'va, or TCtlYSO 
 VAIA, chis-o-vl'd, a river of Russi;i, government of Perm, 
 rises in the Ural Mountjiins. flows W.. and, after a course of 
 250 miles, joins the Kama 11 miles X.X.E. of Perm. 
 
 TCHOO-TCIIEOO or TCHOU-TCHEOU, choo ch.VoiV, writ- 
 ten also ClIU CHOW, choo-chow. a city of China, province 
 of Che-kiang. 130 miles S. of Iliing chow-foo. 
 
 TCHOO-TCIIOO or TCIIU-TCIIOU. choo^ choo', a city of 
 China, province Che-kiang, capital of a department, 130 iniletj 
 S. of Ilang-chow-foo, on the Toon, 80 miles from the coa.st. 
 
 1898 
 
TVK 
 
 TEG 
 
 TCHO(>TUNG or 'CHOU-YUNG, choo yiing, a city of 
 Chiiiit. province, and 75 miles W. of Yun-nan. It is capital 
 of a department. 
 
 TCHORGOOS, CJIOKGOON, TCHORGOUN or TCHOR- 
 GUN. ohor-goon', a locality of Russia, iu the Crimea, on the 
 'Xehernaya, E. of Sevastopol. Here, May, 1855, the French 
 esLsblished a camp. 
 
 TCHORLOO, TCHORLOU or TCIIORLU, chornoo, a town 
 of European Turkey, in Room-Klee, on the River Ichorloo, 
 20 miles N.E. of Rodosto. Pop. 40lK). 
 
 TCHiJRVK. cho'ruk'. written also TCHORAK, JORUK. 
 J ORAK, and BATOOMI, (aue. Acampsis f) a river of Turkish 
 Ai Jieuia. flows N.E. and N. through a part of the pashalic 
 of Erzroom, and enters the Black Sea between Goonieh and 
 Biitoom. Length, 200 miles. 
 
 TCIIOUDSKOE or TSCUUDSKOE. See Peipcs. 
 
 TCHDUGOUEV, a town of Russia. See Tchoogooev. 
 
 TCHOXJI. a river of Asia. See Tchooi. 
 
 TCII' >UKHLOMA. See Tchookhloma. 
 
 TCHOUKTCHl S. a people of Asia. See Tchooktchees. 
 
 TCIIOUSOVSKOI, Russia. See Tchoosovbkoi. 
 
 TCIIDUSSOVA. a river of Russia. See Tchoossova. 
 
 TCIIOU-YUNG, a city of China.' See Tchoo-Y'i'ng. 
 
 TClKlW or TSCHOU, chow, a populous walled town of 
 West Africa, in Yarriba, 40 miles N.W. of Katunga. ' Lat. 
 9° 15' N.. Ion. 5° 50' E. 
 
 TCHTCHELINSKOE or CHTCIIELIXSKORchi-leen^ 
 sko-A. a lake of Russia, government of Kiazan, near the Oka, 
 to which its waters flow bv two small rivers. 
 
 TCIIUI. a river of Central Asia. See Tcuooi. 
 
 TCIIUKTCHIS, a people of Asia. See Tciiooktcheis. 
 
 TCUU'LA, a post-village of Holmes co., Mississippi, on the 
 Yazoo River. 70 miles N. of Jackson. 
 
 TCHULIM, a river of Siberia. See TCHOOUM. 
 
 TCHUSAN, an island of China. See Chusan. 
 
 TCIIU5S0VSK0I, Russia. See TcnoosovsKOi. 
 
 TCII C-TCHOU, a city of China. See Tchoo-Tchoo. 
 
 TCIIYSOVAIA. See Tchoossova. 
 
 TE, t.l. a city of China, province of Shan-toong, on the Im- 
 perial Canal. 05 miles N.W. of Tsee-nan. 
 
 TEACH'E Y'S. a village of Duplin co, North Carolina, on the 
 ■Wilmington and Weldon Railroad,o8 miles fromWilmington. 
 
 TE.\L'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TKAL/ING, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 4 miles E. 
 of Auchterhouse, on the Dundee and Xewtyle Railway. 
 
 TEAX. teen, Up'per and Xeth'er, two hamlets of England, 
 CO. of Stafford, parish of Chichley, on the Tean. Population 
 chiefly employed in bleach-works and a manufactory of tape. 
 
 TK-AN, ta'ln', a city of China, province of Hoo-pe, capital 
 of a department, 50 miles N.W. of Han-yang. 
 
 Tii.\.\'A, tA-d'na. a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, 18 miles 'W.S.W. of Tursi. Pop. 1600. 
 
 TEANO, tA-i'no. a town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, 13 miles N.W. of Capua. Pop. 7800. It has a cathe- 
 dral and two collegiate churches, a diocesan seminary, and a 
 trade in corn and oil. 
 
 TE.4PY. an island iu the Pacific. See Eastiji IsUiND. 
 
 TEAKQUE, tA-ar'kA, a village in the territory of New 
 5Iexico. about 70 miles S. of Santa Fe. 
 
 TEAItY or TEIIREE, tee'ree(?) a town of India, in Bun- 
 deleunj. 54 miles S.S.E. of Chatterpoor. 
 
 TEATE. See Chieti. 
 
 TE.\ZE'S VALLEY, a post-office of Kanawha co., Tirginia. 
 
 TEBALEH, tA-bJ'lJh, a town of Arabia, in Y'emen. about 
 170 miles S.E. of Mecca. 
 
 TEBAR. tA-ban', a town of Spain, in New Castile, province, 
 and 42 miles S. of Cuenca. Pop. 1432. 
 
 TEBASY-TENARUBIA, tA'ads ee tA-nJ-nx/be-d, a town 
 of Spain, province, and 38 miles N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 3316. 
 
 TEBESSA. tA-b^s'si. (anc. Thevesta?) a town of Algeria, 
 about 75 miles S.E. of Constantino, with extensive Roman 
 remains. It is entered by two gates, one of them of Roman 
 oonstruction. in the form of a triumphal arch. Pop. from 
 12.000 to 15.000. 
 
 TEBTQTJARY or TEBICUARI. tA-Bokwa-reo'. written also 
 TCBIQUARI, a river in the S. of Paraguay, falls into the 
 Paraauay above Sfeembucu. 
 
 TE'BCi. a post-office of Henry co., Missouri. 
 
 TEBO CREEK, Missouri, enters Osasre River in Benton oo. 
 
 TEBRIZ, a city of Persia. See Tadreez. 
 
 TECALI, tA-kj-lee'(?)a town of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, state, and 15 miles S.E. of La Puebla. 
 
 TECII, tSsh, a river in France, descends from the N. slope 
 of the Pyrenees, department of Pyr^nees-Orientales, flows 
 E.N.E., and near Ceret falls into the Mediterranean. Total 
 course. 45 miles. 
 
 TECHE, tJsh, a bayou of Louisiana, commences in St. 
 Landrj' parish, a few miles fi-om Opelousas, and after flowing 
 S.E. in a very tortuous course of about 200 mile.s unites with 
 Atchafalaya Bayou near the S.E. extremity of Lake Cheti- 
 maches. The chief towns on its banks are St. Martinsville 
 and Franklin. It is bordered by tertile prairies and plains, 
 In which cotton and sugar flourish. During high water, 
 steamlxiats ascend this bayou for a distance of near 200 
 miles from the Qulf of Mexico. 
 1894 
 
 TECKENDORF. a town of Austria. SeeTtKE. 
 
 TECKLENBUHG, t^k'klen-bm.KG\ a town of Prussian 
 Westphalia. 20 miles N.N.E. of Miinster. Pop 1250. 
 
 TECOLlVTA. a post-office of San Miguel co.. New Mexico. 
 
 TECUM'SEH. a post-village and township of Lenawee co.j 
 Michigan, on Raisin River. 10 miles N.E. of Adrian. It has 
 an excellent water-power, on which a number of mills have 
 been erected. The village contains 1 bank, 5 churches, 1 
 ne\vs])aper office, a union school, 2 steam foundries with 
 machine-shops, and 1 woollen factory. It is connected with 
 the Mlcliig-.m Sotithern Railroiul i)y the Jackson Branch. 
 Pop. in 1860, IWO; of the village, in 1865. about 1800. 
 
 TECTJM'SEFI, Shawnee co.. Kansiis. See Appem.ix. 
 
 TEDAV'NET or TEDONAGH, te-don'aH, a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster. 
 
 TEIVBOURXE. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TED'DINGTOX, a parish of England, co of Middlesex. 
 
 TEDESCO. See Germany. 
 
 TEDLA, XhdlL or TEFSA, tiPsd, a province of Slorocco, 
 immediatelj' W. of Mount Atlas, and watered by affluents 
 of the river Tensift. Chief town. Tefsa. 
 
 TKDXEST, ted^nfet', a town in the dominions, and 73 
 miles W. of Moi-occo. capital of a province, on an affluent of 
 the Tensift. Estimated pop. 4000. of whom 1800 are Jews. 
 
 TED'ROW. a pest-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 TEDSI, tjd'see. a town of Morocco, province of Soos, 25 
 miles E.X.E. of Tei-odant. Pop. 14,000. Its vicinity is 
 highly productive. 
 
 TEiVSTOXE DEL'AMERE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hereford. 
 
 TEDSTONE-W.\FER. a parish of England, co. of Hereford 
 
 TEDZEX, tedzen', or TKJEXD, tA'jJud'. (anc. actius?) a 
 river rising in the Persian province of Khora.«san, N.E. of 
 Meished, flows through the X.E. corner of the province, and 
 is lost in the sands of the desert after a eour.se of 250 miles. 
 
 TEE. a township of Carroll co.. Ohio. Pop. 1220. 
 
 TEEM'BOO^ or TIMBO, teem'bo\ a town of West Africa, 
 Senegambia, capital of the state of Foota Jallon, in lat. 10° 
 30' X.. Ion. 10° 30' W- It has a mosque and several forts. 
 
 TEEX-TSIX or TIX-TSIX, teenOseen'. a town of China, pro- 
 vince of Pe-chee-lee. on the Pei-ho, at the commencement of 
 the Grand Canal. 70 miles S.E. of Peking. It is the seat of 
 an extensive trade, and a great depot for salt. 
 
 TEERA, tee'rd. a town and fort of West Hindostan, in 
 Cutch. 52 miles W. of Bhooj. 
 
 TEERA or TEEREE. tee'ree. a petty town of Afghanistan, 
 capital of a chiefship, S. of Peshawer. 
 
 TEEREE, tee'ree\ a town of Beloochistan, province of 
 Saravan, 70 miles X.N.E. of Kelat. on the route to Shawl. 
 
 TEES. teez. a river of England, between the cos. of Durham 
 and Y'ork. after an E. course of 90 miles joins the North Sea 
 by an estuary nearly 3 miles across, 10 miles E.X.E. of Stock- 
 ton. At its "mouth is a bar with from 10 to 12 feet water at 
 low. and from 26 to 2S feet at high-tide: the river is tidal 
 to Y'arm, and navigable to Stockton for vessels of 60 tons 
 burden. In it is a salmon fi.=hery. 
 
 TEESTA. a river of Hindostan. See AttM 
 
 TEEZ or TIZ, teez. a town or village of Beloochistan, pro- 
 vince of Mekran, on the E. side of the Bay of Charbar, 130 
 miles S.W. of Kedje. 
 
 TEFELXEH. a town of Morocco. See Tafeineh. 
 
 TEFFE, t^PlA. a river of Brazil, after a XJi. course of 500 
 miles joins the Amazon in \%t. Z° 4o' S.. Ion. 64° 45' W. 
 
 TEF'FOXT EYIAS. a parish of Engl!»nd. co of Wilts. 
 
 TEF'FOXT M.\GNA. a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 
 TEFLIS, a citv of Georgi-a. See TiFUS, 
 
 TEFSA. t^f s^". or TEFZ.\, XWiL a town of Morocco, capi- 
 tal of the province of Tedla. Lat. 32° 30' X., Ion. 5° 45' W. 
 On the opposite .side of the river is the .small town of Efza. 
 United pop. about 10,500, partly employed in manufacturer 
 of woollen mantles. 
 
 TEFSA. a province of Morocco. See Tedla. 
 
 TEGAL-S.\RI, til'gAl' sA'ree, a town of Java, province of 
 Madioen, with a school for ecclesiastics, where about 3000 
 youths are educated. 
 
 TEGERA, tA-HA'ri. a village in Xew Mexico, near the S. 
 extremity of the Sandia Mount.ains; 50 miles S. of .Santa F& 
 
 TKGERHY, tjg'er-hee\ a town of Central .Africa, in Fezzan, 
 on the main route to Soodan. 120 miles S.E. of Mooraook. 
 It is enclosed by a wall, and has a citadel. 
 
 TEGERXSEE. tA'ghern-8.A\ a village and lake of Upp« 
 Bavaria, 31 miles S. of Munich. length of lake. 4 miles. 
 
 TEGLIO. tAl'vo, or TELLIO. ikVloo. written also T<3G LIO, 
 tAl'yo, a villane of Northern Italy, province and K of Son- 
 rtrio, on the right bank of the Adda. Pop. 5475. 
 
 TEGUCIG.\1.PA, tA-goo-se-gll'pd, a town of Central Amo- 
 rica, state of Honduras, capital of a department, on s table- 
 land, 40 miles S.W. of Comayagua. Pop. 10,00 ).(:') In ;t» 
 vicinity are gold, silver, and copper mines. 
 
 TEGUESTE. tA-ghJ-s/t-A, a village of the Canaries, on the 
 N.W. of the island of Teneriffe. Pop. 1162. 
 
 TEGUISE, tA-ghee'sA. a town of the Canary Island.", dpi- 
 tal of the island of Lanzarote. near its centre. *op. £736. 
 
 TEGULET. tfe-oo-l^t'. a town of Abyssinia, In SI oa. m 
 whicli.it was formerly the capital, 18 miles W. of Ankobcr. 
 
TEH 
 
 TKHAI/LON or TYHAL'LON, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Ulster, CO. of Jlonaghan. 
 
 TEHAMA, ti-hd/md. (i.e. "Low land.") a maritime plain 
 "f Arabia, extending alonu; its \V. coast from Kas Mohammed 
 to Jiddab, a distance of 650 miles. 
 
 TiOIIAMA, tA-hd'md, or BATiN A, bifni, a maritime plain 
 of Aral)ia. in Mu.scat dominions, borderins; on the Sea of Kab- 
 el Maiideb, and from 20 to 40 miles in width. 
 
 TKHA'MA, a post-town of Colusi co.. California. 
 
 TEHKKAN. tjh'herdn'. or TEHKAN, tJh-hriln', written 
 also TEURAUN. the capital city of Persia, province of Irak- 
 Ajr-mee, 70 miles S. of the Caspian Sea, and 210 miles N. of 
 Ispahan. Lat. 35° 42' N.. Ion. 51° 20' 50" E. Stationary pop. 
 estimated at 10,000; but during the residence of the court in 
 winter, it is 60,000 and upwai'ds. It is about 5 miles in circuit, 
 and enclosed by an earthen wall flanked with towers, a glacis, 
 and a dry trench. The external appearance is picture.sque ; 
 its mosques, colleges, and caravanserais are in good repair; 
 and it has well-furnished shops and bazaars, with some 
 large palaces of the Persian nobility; but its dwellings are 
 mostly built, of earth ; the streets are mean and wretchedly 
 paved; and in summer it is so unhealthy that the -shah 
 and the upper classes leave it to encamp on the plains of 
 Sultaneeyah, about 150 miles N.W. The ark or royal citadel 
 is extensive, and comprises, besides the royal harem and 
 apartments, a magnificent grand saloon, the public ofiices, 
 quarters for the royal guards, numerous baths, and gar- 
 dens. On a height near the city is another royal palace 
 with fine grounds. Teheran has manufactures of carpets 
 and iron goods; its vicinity is fertile, and covered with vil- 
 lages. It became the Persian capital towards the end of 
 the last century. On its.S. side, and about 25 miles E., are 
 extensive ruins, and one of these localities marks the site 
 of the ancient Hhalijm. 
 
 TEIIEROOT or TEHRUT, t^h-h'roof, a town of Persia, 
 province, 80 miles E.S.E. of Kerman. Its vicinity is stated 
 to be productive of corn, sugar, cotton, tobacco, and fruits. 
 
 TKIIOl'EKE, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama. 
 
 TKHKAN or TEIlKAUN, a city of Kuj^sia. SaeTEHfiR.^N. 
 
 TEIIREE, a town of Hindostan. See Teary. 
 
 TlillRUT. a town of Persia. See TEHEROOf. 
 
 TEUUACAN, ti-wi-kSn', a town of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, state, and 65 miles S.E. of La Puebla. Pop. 12.000. 
 
 TEFIUAXTEPEC, tA-wdn-tl-pJk', a river-port town of the 
 Mexican Confederation, on the river Tehuantepec, 150 miles 
 E.S.E. of Oajaca. Pop. 8000.(?) who export indigo and salt, 
 and have some fisheries and a coasting trade. 
 
 TEHUANTEPEC, a recently-organized territory of the 
 Mexican Confederation, occupying the isthmus of its own 
 name. Pop. in 1854, 82,o9.x 
 
 TEHUANTEPEC, Isthmus op, in the Mexican Con- 
 tederation, is the narrowest part of the land separating the 
 Gulf of Mexico from the Pacific, distance across about 130 
 miles. It is traversed almost throughout by the river 
 Coatzacoalco. It has been proposed to unite the Atlantic 
 and Pacific Oceans at this point by a canal, of which the 
 river and some lakes would form a part. But a more recent 
 project is the construction of a railway to connect Minatitlan, 
 on the Coatza<?oalco, 12 miles from its entrance into the 
 Gulf of Mexico, with La Ventosa, on the Gulf of Tehuantepec. 
 
 TEHUANTEPEC, GULF OF. See Gulf of Tehuantepec. 
 
 TEI'FY or TIVY, (both pronounced ti'vee.) a river of 
 North Wales, rises in Cardiganshire, flows S.W. and W., past 
 Lampeter, Newcastle-Emlyn, and Cardigan, separating that 
 county on the N. from Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, 
 and enters Cardigan Bay after a course of about 70 miles. 
 
 TEIGH. tee, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 TEIGIISHINOD, teshiu'od. or TAGIISHEE/NOD, a parish 
 of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Longford. 
 
 TEIGN, tain, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in 
 Dartmoor, flows E., S.. and again E., between the Dart and 
 the Exe, and enters the English Channel at Teignmouth. 
 Total course, 46 miles. It flows past Chagford, Chudleigh, 
 and Newton-Bushel, to which last its estuary is navigable 
 from the .sea. 
 
 TEIGNGRACE. tin'grace, a parish of England, co. Devon. 
 
 TEIGNMOUTH, tdn'mtith, a maritime town of England, 
 CO. of Devon, on both sides of the Teign, at its mouth in the 
 English Channel, 12i miles S.S.E. of Exeter, on the South 
 Devon Railway. Pop. in 1851, 5013. The two parts of the town 
 are connected by a wooden bridgeof 34 arches, with a swing, 
 which admits vessels of 400 tons burden. The town being 
 a place of resort for sea-bathing, tujs greatly improved of 
 late years. The principal buildings are the modern octan- 
 ffular church of West Teignmouth, other places of worship, 
 a bathing establishment, library, spacious assembly-rooms, 
 and a small theatre. Here is a dock-yard, at which sloops- 
 ol-war have been built, with a quay, from which granite and 
 pipe-<;iay u.-" exported. The chief imports are coal and 
 culm. Teignmouth gives title of baron to the Shore family. 
 
 TEIGXTON, (tain/ton,) BISHOP'S, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Devon. 
 
 TEIGNTON. DREWS, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 XEIL. Le. leh til, a village of France, department of Ille- 
 et-VUaine, 17 'miles S.W. of Vitre. Pop. 2394. 
 
 TEL 
 
 TEILLEUL, Le, leh t.Vyul' or tail'ycl', a narket-town ot 
 France, department of Manche, 8 miles S.S.E. of Mortain 
 l"op. 2604 
 
 TEINITZ, ti'nits. a town of Bohemia, 27 miles S.E. oj 
 Beraun, on the railway from Prague to Olmutz. Pop. 2403 
 
 TEISSHOLZ, tlss'holts, or TISZOLCZ, tees^solts', a mai 
 ket-town of Hungary, co., 21 miles N.W. of Gomor. P. 3170 
 
 TEITH, teeth, a river of Scotland, co. of Perth, is formed 
 by t»vo heads which unite near Callander, whence it has a 
 S.E. course of about 15 miles past Doune, and joins thii 
 Forth 2^ miles N.W. of Stirling. 
 
 TE.JA. a town of Morocco. See Teza. 
 
 TEJEDA or TEXEDA, tA-nA'Dd, a sierra of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, separating the province of Granada from the pro- 
 vince of Malaga: it abounds with mines. 
 
 TEJEDA, a village of the Canaries, on the Grand Canary, 
 
 TEJO. a river of Spain. See Tagus. 
 
 TEJDCO, a city of Brazil. See Diamantixa. 
 
 TEJUTLA or TEXUTLA, a-Hoo'tlii, a town of Central 
 America, state, and 165 miles N.W. of Guatemala. 
 
 TEKAX, td-kiH/ (?) a town of Yucatan, between Valladolid 
 and Merida. It is well built. 
 
 TEKE, tA'kA, or TECKENDORF, tJk'en-doiif\ a market- 
 town of Austria, in Transylvania, co., an<' 50 miles E.N.E. of 
 Klausenburg. on the right bank of the Sajo, ("Salt River.") 
 with a salt lake, from which much salt is made. Pop. 1611, 
 
 TEKE DERE, td'kA dA'rA, a river of European Turkey, 
 joins the Erkene on the right, 32 miles S.E. of Adrianople ; 
 total conr.se, about 70 miles. 
 
 TEKEER (or TKKIR) DAGH, tg-keer' d^g, a mountain 
 range of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, extending from 
 the Maritza to the Sea of Marmora at RodostQ, to which town 
 it gives its own name among the Turks. 
 
 'TEK NAAF, a navigable river of Aracan. See Naap. 
 
 TEKON'SHA, a post-township in the S. part of Calhoun 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 651. 
 
 TEKRIT, tA-krit), (anc. Birtlta.) a poor town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, pashalic, and 97 miles N.N.W. of Bagdad, on the 
 right bank of the Tigris. It is enclosed by old walls, outside 
 of which are numerous remains of the ancient city. 
 
 TEKROVA. tA-kro'vd, or FIOND.'V, fee-onMS, (.anc.PAct- 
 se.lis.) a maritime village of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on the 
 W. shore of the Gulf of Adalia, 23 miles S.S.W. of Adalia, 
 with remains of the ancient city. 
 
 TELAV or TELAW, tA-liv', a fortified town of Russian 
 Transcaucasia, 35 miles N.E. of Tiflis. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TELCHA, a town of Russian Poland. See Telsh. 
 
 TELDE, tJl'dA, a city of the Canaries, island of Grand Ca- 
 nary, E. of Las Palmas, in a beautiful plain called Vega 
 Mayor, about 2 miles from the sea. The streets are broad 
 and straight. There are three squares, in one of which 
 are the town-house and prisons, the parish chuich, an ele- 
 gant structure, and the Alameda. It has some manufac- 
 tures of plain linens, 11 flour mills, and an hospital. On 
 the sea-shore, to the E. of the town, there is a mineral 
 spring, resorted to from all parts of the island. Grain is 
 exported to Las Palmas and the neigh toring island.s, and 
 cochineal to Cadiz. .Marseilles, and London ; also a consider- 
 able quantity of blue paving flags, half a yard square, to 
 Cadiz and America. Pop. 12,027. 
 
 TELEMBI, tA-l^m-bee', a river of Ecuador, rises in the 
 W. slope of the Andes, flows N., and joins the Patia, a little 
 above its mouth in the Pacific, after a course of 80 miles. 
 
 TELESE, tA-lA'sA, (anc. Telelsia,) a decayed episcopal town 
 of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 14 miles N.E. of 
 Caserta, on the Galore. 
 
 TELETSKOI, a lake of Siberia. See Altix 
 
 TEI/FAIR, a county in the S. part of Georgia, has an area 
 of about 600 square miles. It is lionmlcd on the S. and S.W. 
 by the Ocmnlgee River, and also drained by the Little Oc- 
 mulgee Kiver, and Sugar Creek. The surface is level, and 
 covered with extensive forests of pirie. The soil is sandy, 
 but productive in the vicinity of the streams. It was laid 
 out in 1807, and named in honor of Edward Telfair, Gover- 
 nor of Georgia in 1786. Capital, Jacksonville. Pop 2713, 
 of whom 1877 were free, and 836 slaves. 
 
 TELFS, t^lfs, a village of Tyrol, circle of Imst, on the left 
 bank of the Inn. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TELGTE. tJlo'teh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 7 miles 
 E.N.E. of Munster. on the Ems. Pop. 2186. 
 
 TELIGOOL, TELIGOUL or TELIGUL, tA-le-gool', a river 
 of Kussia, government of Kherson, falls into a bay of its 
 own name 25 miles N.E. of Odessa; its stream is continuous 
 only in the wet season. 
 
 TELIORM.AN, tA'le-o'mSn', a river of Turkey, in European 
 Wallachia, rises in a mountain slope 80 miles N.W-. of Bu- 
 charest, flows circuitously S.S.E., and, after a course ot 90 
 miles, joins the Vode (Vede) about 20 miles above its mouth 
 in the Danube. 
 
 TELISCOF, t^ris-kof, or TELKIF, tSl-klf, a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 15 miles N.N.W. of Mosul, in 
 a large and fertile plain celebrated for the passage of Xeno- 
 phon over it with the 10.000 Greeks, and the battle of 
 Arbela fought upon it, and gained by Alexander the Great 
 Pop. about '4000. 
 
 1895 
 
TEL 
 
 TEM 
 
 tTCt'jKI-BAXYA, tJlHcee^ b3n'yfih\ a village of Hungary, ] 
 in Hither Theiss. co. of Aba-uj-Tar, 14 miles S.S.l-I. of Kas- : 
 i;hau. with ohah-beaU! baths. Pop. IISO. Kich gold mines ' 
 once existed in the vicinity, but the shafts were destroyed 
 by an eaithiiuake: new mines are now in operation. 
 
 Tlil-L, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop 1009. 
 
 TKLLF.\.IR CREEK. Geoi^ia. See Hurricane Creek. 
 
 TKl.LICHKKV, t^l-le<hk'ree, a fortified seaport town of | 
 British India, presidency of Madras, district of Malal»ar, 43 
 miles N'.X.W. cif Calicut. It has a gcxid harbor, and an ac- 
 tive export trade in spices, sandal-wood. &c. 
 
 TKL/LICO, a small river which rises in Cherokee CO., 
 North Carolina, and flowing into Tennessee, enters the Little 
 Tennessee Uiveron the X. border of Monroe county. 
 
 TKUJCO PLAINS, a post-oiTice of Monroe co., Tennessee. 
 
 TELLIO. a villasre of Italy. See Tmuo. 
 
 TEL'LISFOUD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 
 
 TELM.\, t^l'uii, a town of Siberia, government, and N.W. 
 of Irkootsk, with considerable manufactures of cloth, linen, 
 glass, and paper; the operatives are all convicts. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TELMESSUS. See M.^kree. 
 
 TELO'G A SPRINGS, a poe^office of Chattooga co., Georgia. 
 
 TKLO MAKTIUS. See ToCLO.v. 
 
 TEIiS'COMBK. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TKL.-II or TEL.SEII, tJlsh, written also TELSCHA or 
 TELCHA, a town of Russian Poland, government, and 150 
 miles N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TIXTOW, til'tov. a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg. 9 miles E. of Pot-sdam. Pop. 13S0. 
 
 lELTSCH, twitch, a walled town of Moravia, 17 miles 
 6.S.W. of Iglau. Pop. 340S. 
 
 TKMACHIN, ti'md cheen', or EL-GUECER, Jl-gJ'sair'. a 
 town of North Africa, in the Algerian Sahara, capital of an in- 
 dependent district of same name, 12 miles S.S.W. of Toog- 
 gourt : lat. 33° 20' N. ; Ion. 0° 50' E. It is surrounded by a 
 kwip-holed wall, and a ditch filled with water in the winter, 
 but dry in summer. 
 
 TEMASCALTEPEC. tA-mls-kil tA-p^k'. a town of Mexico, 
 state, and 08 miles S.W. of -Mexico, in a deep valley. It 
 formerly owed its prosperity to the rich mines of silver 
 worked in its vicinity. Pop. 5000. 
 
 TEMBLEQUE. tem-bld'kA, a town of Spain, province, and 
 30 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 3720. 
 
 TEMBUCTOO, a town of Africa. See TiMBUCTOO. 
 
 TEM BY. t^m'bee, the most S. of three rivers which enter 
 English River, in Delagoa Bay, East Africa, and whence it 
 ha.s been navigated upwards for 46 miles. 
 
 TEME, t*m, a river of South Wales, rises 5 miles S.E. of 
 Newtown, in Montgomery, flows E. between thecr.s. of Radnor 
 and Salop, and joins the Severn near Powick. 3 miles S. of 
 Worcester. Total course, GO miles. Is celebrated for trout 
 and graylings. 
 
 TEMEKIN. tA'mAVin', a market-town of South Hungary, 
 CO.. and 34 miles E. of I^cs. Pop. 6393. 
 
 TEMES tim'^sh', written also TEMESCH, a river of South- 
 East Hungary, in the Banat. rises in the Carpathian .Moun- 
 tiiins, flows N.W. and S., and joins the DanuVwj 6 miles E. of 
 Belgrade. Total course, ISO miles. The principal affluents 
 are the Bisztra. Bogovitz. and Berzava. It gives name to a 
 county of which Temesvar is the capital. 
 
 TENIESVARor TE.MESWAR, t^m%h-v^R/, written also 
 TEMESCHWAR. a fortified city of South Hungary, capital 
 of a county of its own name, on the Alt-Beira and the Bega 
 Canal, 72 miles N.N.E. of Belgrade. Lat. 45° 42' N., Ion. 21° 
 2(1' E. Pop. 19.100. comprising Hungarians, Germans. Greeks, 
 Wallachs, and Jews. It is enclo.sed by walls, and entered 
 by three gates, beyond each of which there is a suburb. 
 The houses are of solid construction, the streets spacious, 
 and there are a number of regularly formed and handsome 
 squares. The principal buildings are the aithedral. which is 
 a handsome Gothic structure: the Greek church, the Roman 
 Catholic church, synagogue, palace of the government, town- 
 house, theatre, two convents, Piarist college, gymnasium, 
 high school, normal school, arsenal, and civil and military 
 hospitals. The manufactures consist of woollens, oil. paper, 
 tobacco, and wire. There are also several silk-mills. The 
 transit trade, consisting chiefly of corn, is of great import- 
 ance, and is much facilitated by the Bega C,tnal. which 
 communicates with the Danube. Temesvar is the seat of a 
 Greek bishop, the residence of a Roman Catholic bishop, 
 and seat of a high court, with jurisiiiction over three coun- 
 ties of the Banat.' According to D'Anville. Temesvar is the 
 ancient Tliyhiscas to which the poet Ovid was banished. In 
 15.S2 it was taken and sacked by the Turks, in whose pos- 
 session it remained till 1718. when it was taken from them 
 by Prince Eugene, almost entirely rebuilt, and fortified so 
 strongly as to l>e now one of the principal Austrian for- 
 tresses. In 1849 it stood a siege of 107 days by the insur- 
 gents, and was relieved by Haynau, but not before nearly 
 every hou.se had been damaged by the bombardment, and 
 fever and cholera had made fearful havoc among the 
 garri.son. 
 
 TE.MIS/CAMING LAKE, between Canada East and West, 
 Lat, 47° 30' N., loa. 80° W. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 15 
 180& 
 
 miles. It discharges its surplus water into the Ottawa River 
 Temiscamino House, a station of tlie Hudson Bay Company 
 is on its E. side, 
 
 TEMISCOUATA, temMs-koo-a'ti or t^mMs-kw.Vt,a. a beau- 
 tiful lake in Canada East, 130 miles N.E. of tj'uebec, 22 
 miles long, and from I to 2i miles in breadth, and suflj 
 cientiv deep for vessels of considerable burden. 
 
 TE.MNIKOV or TEMNIKOW, tjm-ne kov/. a town of Rus 
 sia. government, and 150 miles N.N.E. of Tambov, on the 
 Moksha. Pop. 3-2W. 
 
 TEMOURTOU-NOR, a lake of Chinese Toorkistan. See 
 To<iz-Goot. 
 
 TE.MPE. t^m'pA, a valley of European Turkey, in the N.K. 
 of Thes.saly, l)etween the mountains of Olympus on the N., 
 and Os.sa on the S. The beauties of its scenei-y are much 
 celebrated by ancient writers. 
 
 TEMPELIJUUG. tJm'pel-lwoRcA a walled town of Prus- 
 sian Pomerania. 44 miles S. of Cttslin. Pop. 3400. 
 
 TEM'PERANCE, a post-office of .Amherst co.. Virginia. 
 
 TEMPERANCE, a post-village of Telfair co., Georgia, 
 about 9*t miles S. of .Milledgeville. 
 
 TEMPERANCE HALL, a post-offlce of De Kalb co., Ten- 
 
 TEMPERANCE HILL, a post-office of Marion district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TK.M'PEKAXCEVILLE, a thriving post-borough of Char- 
 tier township. Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the left or S. 
 bank of the Ohio River, li miles below Pittsburg. It has 
 a great variety of manufactures, including glass, iron, edge- 
 tools, kc, and has an active trade in coal. Pop. in 1860, 
 1600. 
 
 TEMPERANCEVILLE, a post-offlce of Accomack co., 
 Viririnia. 
 
 TEMPERANCEVILLE, a post-village. Belmont co.. Ohio. 
 
 TEM'PEUANCEVILLE, a viHage of Canada Mest, co. of 
 Middlesex, 140 miles S.W of Toronto. Pop. about 80. 
 
 TE.MPESCA. t^m-p^s'ki a river in Turkey, rises in the 
 N, slope of Mount Argentaro or Egrisoo-Tagh, in the S,E 
 of Servia. flows circuitously N,N,W,, and, after a course of 
 60 miles, joins the Morava on the risrht, 6 miles l>elow Perekop. 
 
 TEM'PE VALE, a village of Scioto co,, Ohio, 2 miles W. 
 of Portsmouth, 
 
 TEMPIO, t^m'pe-o, a town of the island of Sardinia, on a 
 mountain, 31 miles E,N.E. of Sassari, Pop, 9466. 
 
 TEMPISQCE, t^m-pees'kA, a considerable river of Central 
 America, in the W. part of the state of Costa IMc-a. after a S. 
 course entei-s the Gulf of Nieoya. 8 miles N. of Nicoya. 
 
 TEM'PLE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 TEMPLE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh. 
 
 TE.M'PLE. a post-town.ship of Franklin co., Maine, about 
 150 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 726. 
 
 TEMPLE, a post-township of Hillsborough CO., New 
 Hampshire. 33 miles S.S.W. from Concord. Pop. 501. 
 
 TEMPLEBOY, a maritime parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught. CO. of Slisro. 
 
 TEMP'LEBREAD'Y. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 TEMM'LEBRED'IN, a paiish of Ireland, in Munster, cos. 
 of Tipperarv and Limerick. 
 
 TEMPLECARNE. a parish of Ireland, In Ulster, cos. of 
 Fermanagh and Donegal. 
 
 TEM'PLECOR'RAN. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Antrim. 4i miles N.E. of Carriokfergu?. The church of 
 Templecorran, now ruined, was the first benefice to which 
 Dean Swift was appointed. 
 
 TE.MPLECRONE, tem'pel-kron', a maritime parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, co. of Doneiral, comprising the town of 
 Dunglo. Pop. in 1851, 9592. ^ 
 
 TEM'PLEDER/RY, a parish of Irel.ind. co. of Tipperary. 
 
 TEMPLEKEL'LY or TEMPLE.IEHAL'LY. a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Munster, co. of Tipperary, comprising the town of 
 Ballina 
 
 TEM'PLEMARTIN. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 TEMPLEMAllTIN or ST. MARTIN, a paiish of Ireland, 
 in I^einster. co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 TE)rPLEMI'CHAEL, a "parish of Ireland, and comprising 
 the town of Longford. 
 
 TEM PI.EM1CHAEL. a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford. 
 
 TEMPLEMICHAEL. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperarv. 
 
 TEMPLEMICHAEL, DEDU'AGH, a paiish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. oo. of Cork. 
 
 TEMPLE MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co.. Maine. 
 
 TEMPLEMORE. a pari.sh of Ireland. See Straid. 
 
 TEM*PLE.MORE'. a town and parish of Ireland, in Muns- 
 ter. CO. of Tipperary, near the E. foot of the Devils Bit Sluun- 
 tains. with a station on the Great Southern and Western 
 Railway, S miles N, of Thuries. Pop. of the town in 1 Hoi, 9.592. 
 It chiefly consists of one long and well-built street. Las a 
 handsotrie church, a lioman Catholic chapel. endowe<l »;;hool, 
 hospital, dispensary, bridewell, and large infantrv barracks. 
 
 TEMPLEMORE. a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co,- "-.nd 
 comprising the chief part of the city of Londonderry, Pop, 
 in If-ol, 50O8. 
 
 TEMPLENEI'RY, a parish of Ireland, In Munster,<n. cl 
 Tipperary. The Galtee Mountains rise here to 268fc feet 
 above the sea. 
 
TEM 
 
 TEMPLE-NEWSOIAM, also written NEWHUSUM, a 
 township of Kn^land. co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 TKM'PLKNOE/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry. 
 
 TKMl'LENOK or LIS-NAVII/LA, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Tipperarv. 
 
 TK.M'l'LB OF HEALTH, a post-office of Abbeville district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TEilPLEOUTRAfiH, tSra'pel-oo'triH, or UP/PER- 
 CHUKCH. a parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Tipperarv. 
 
 TEMM'LEPAT'RICK, a parish, of Ireland, co. of Antrim. 
 
 TEWPLEPORT', a parish of Ireland, co. of Cavan. 
 
 TE.MM'IiEROIVIX, a parish of Ireland, co., and in the har- 
 bor of Cork, consists of Spike and Hawlbowline Islands, and 
 a part of Great Island, with the chief part of Queenstown. 
 
 TEM'PLESHAM/liO or TEMPLESHAN'boUGH, a parish 
 of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wexford. 
 
 TE\rPLESIIAN'N()N, a parish of Irelan4. co. of Wexford, 
 comprising a part of the town of Enniscorthy. 
 
 TEMPLETEN'NY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 TEMPLETOQHER, tSm'pfl-tda'hgr, a parish of Ireland, 
 CO. of Galway. 
 
 TEMP'LETON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TE.MP'LETON, a village of South Wales, co. of Pembroke, 
 parish of Narbeth. 
 
 TEMP'LETON, a post-village and township of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by N. of Boston. It has 
 manufactures of chains, woollen goods, &c. The Vermont 
 and Massachusetts Railroad crosses the N.E. part of the 
 township. Pop. 2816. 
 
 TEMPLETON, a post-village of Prince George co., Vir- 
 ginia, 36 miles S.E. of Richmond. 
 
 TEMP'LETOW.V, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 TEM'PLETOWN, a village of Ireland, co. of Louth, Zk 
 miles S.S.E. of Carlingford. 
 
 TEM^PLETRINE'. a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. 
 
 TEM^PLETUO'NY or BAL'LINSIN', a parish of Ireland, co, 
 of Tipperary. Adjoining it are the ruins of Lisdallen Castle. 
 
 TEMPLEUD'IGAN or ST. PETER'S, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Leinster, co. of Wexford. 
 
 TEMPLEUVE, tSM^pluv', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, on the French frontier, 5 miles N.W. of Tour- 
 nay, on the railway to Brussels. Pop. 3500. 
 
 TEMPLEUVE, a village of France, department of Nord, 8 
 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 3143. 
 
 TEMP'LEVILLE, post^village. Queen Anne co., Maryland. 
 
 TEMPLIN, t^m'plin, a walled town of Prussia, province 
 of Brandenburg, on the lake of Dolgen, 2i miles S,E. of 
 Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 3380. 
 
 TEM'PO, a neat village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Fer- 
 managh, on the Tempo, on the road from Enniskillen to 
 Clogher. 8 miles E.N.E. of the former. Pop. 422. 
 
 TEMPS'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 TEMROOK, TEMROUK or TEMRUK. tJm-rook', a forti- 
 fied town of South Russia, government of the Caucasus, on a 
 peninsula on the S. side of the Sea of Azof, about .30 miles 
 E. of the Strait of Yenikale; lat. 45° 15' N., Ion. 37° 10' E. 
 Under the Turks it was an important fortress. 
 
 TEMSCHE or TEMSICA. See Tamise. 
 
 TEX AI/LY'TOWN, a postoffice of Washington co.. District 
 of Columbia. 
 
 TENANCINGO, tA-nin-sing'go, a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state, and 30 miles S.S.W. of Mexico, cele- 
 brated for its annual fiiir, which lasts 10 days, and at which 
 immense quantities of foreign manufactures are sold. 
 
 TENANT'S HARBOR, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Maine. 
 
 TENASSERIM, t^n-as'seh-rim, or TANAS/SEREM. a river 
 of Farther India, provinces of Tavoy and Tenasserim, rises 
 in lat. 14° 30' N.. flows S. through a narrow valley, but near 
 the town of Tenasserim turns sharply W., and enters the 
 IndianJ3cean, iu lat. 12°, by three principal mouths, enclos- 
 ing two islands, on the N. of which the town of Mergui is 
 seated. Total course, 220 miles. It is navigable by vessels 
 drawing 14 feet water for 30 miles, and for boats 60 miles. 
 
 TENASSERIM. a town in the southernmost part of the 
 Tenasserim provinces, taken from the Burmese in 1826, on 
 the S. bank of the river, 50 miles E.S.E. of Mergui. Lat. 11° 
 19' N.. Ion. 99° 10' E. 
 
 TENASSERIM PROVINCES, in British India, consists of 
 1 long and narrow slip of territory in Farther India, be- 
 tween lat. 11° and 17° 40' N., Ion. 97° 30' and 99° 20' E., 
 having E. a mountain chain separating them from Siam, 
 and W. the Indian Ocean and Salwin River. Length, from 
 N. to S.. 500 miles; breadth, from 40 to 80 miles. Area, 
 itbout 32.500 square miles. Estimated pop. 118.000, partly 
 Siamese or Malays, but comprising many Karean or wild 
 trills. The surface is mostly mountainous, and covered 
 with fine forests; there are, however, some extensive and 
 very rich alluvial plains, broken only by isolated peaks of 
 limesi,one. and well adapted to the culture of cotton, indigo, 
 »nd tobacc. , which, with rice, sugar-cane, numerous fruits, 
 excelltut teak and sapan-wood in the N., bamboos, rattans, 
 various drugs and gums, betel, cocoanuts, balachang, tor- 
 toise-saell. horns, and coal at Magui, are the chief pro- 
 d-ucts. The principal rivers are the Gyen, the .\ttaram. the 
 Ye, the Tavoy, and the Tenasserim, most of which are na- 
 
 TEN 
 
 [ vigable to some distance inland. Along the whole ext«nt 
 of this territory islands of various magnitude occur withiv" 
 a short distance from the shore, of which from seaward thej 
 appear to form parts. The island of Balu. (Balu-gyun,) op. 
 posite Maulmain, by far the most important of all. has allu- 
 vi.al lands of surprising fertility, and a greater number oi 
 inhabitants, in proportion, than any other jiart of these pro 
 vinces. The climate is healthy, the thermometer ranging 
 from 75° to 98°, The annual fall of rain is 108 inches. I'h'e 
 rainy sea.son continues from May to October, after a drj 
 season of 6 month.s. Iron and tin are plentiful in the pi-o 
 vinces of Tavoy and Mergui. but few, if any, mines ars 
 wrought. Elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, the wild hog. and 
 great numbers of deer, abound in the forests. The popula- 
 tion are mostly Bnodhists. except the Kareans: they manu- 
 facture cotton and some silk fabrics, but the u.«e of these 
 has been almost superseded of late years by the importation 
 of India and British piece-goods. The ports are entirely 
 free, and many ves.sel8 are built on the coast. This terri- 
 tory is under the presidency of Bengal, and was formerly 
 divided into the provinces of Ye. Tavoy, Mergui. and Tena.s- 
 serim. so named from their chief towns; at present it is 
 subdivided into the provinces of Amherst, Tavoy, and Mer- 
 g'J!, which, with Moulmein, are the principal seats of foreign 
 trade. The Tena.sserira provinces appear to have lieen visited 
 by the Portuguese early in the seventeenth century. The 
 country pas.sed into the hands of the British by the peace 
 of Yandabo, which terminated the Burmese war, in 1826. 
 It has been used as a penal colony from Ilindostan; and 
 2000 Thugs transported to it have become, it is .said, respect- 
 able settlers. The military force consists of two Anglo-Indian 
 regiments. 
 
 T EN BOCTO. See Timhuctoo. 
 
 TENBURY, tjn'bere, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO.. and 18 miles W.N.W. of Worcester, on the S. bank 
 of the Teme, here joined by the Kyre. Pop. in 1851, 1786, 
 It is indifferently built, and. from being in a low position, is 
 liable to sudden inundations. It has various .schools, some 
 trade in hops and cider, tanning, and glove-making. In 
 1829 a .salt spring was discovered. 
 
 TEN'BY, (Welsh, Denhydi-y-P;/sffod, denOjiK e pis'god,) a 
 municipal borough and seaport town of South Wales, co., 
 and 9 miles E. of Pembroke, on a promontory on the W. 
 side of Carmarthen Bay. Area of the borough. 322 acres. 
 Pop. in 1851, 2982. The town, partially enclosed by the re- 
 mains of strong walls, and defended by some batter>rts on 
 the shore, consists chiefly of a long and spacious street. St 
 Mary's church, enriched by many ancient monuments, and 
 a finely carved roof, has a spire 152 feet in height, painte^J 
 white to form a conspicuous landmark. Here are various 
 Dissenters' chapels, national and other schools and charities, 
 a town-hall, market-house, assembly-rooms, theatre, re- 
 mains of a castle, and several ecclesiastical and colli^iate 
 edifices, several good hotels, and spacious bathing-houses — 
 the town being resorted to as a watering-place. The harbor, 
 commodious and well sheltered, is a creek of the port of 
 Milford. and frequented by Devonshire fishing ves.sels; op- 
 posite it are Caldy and St. JIargaret Islands. The exports 
 comprise oysters, butter, corn, and coal. The vicinity is 
 highly beautiful, and fine sands extend W". and S. of the 
 town. It contributes with Pembroke. Wiston, and Milford, 
 to send 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 TEN'BY. a town of Van Diemen's Land, co. of Pembroke, 
 49 miles E. of Hobart Town. 
 
 TENCE, tSNss, a town of France, department of Haute- 
 Loire, on the Lignon, 9 miles E.S.E. of Yssingeanx. P. 1277. 
 
 TENDA, tjn'dd. a market-town of the Sardinian State.s, 
 division and province of Nice. 3 miles S. of the Col de 
 Tende. a pass of the Maritime Alps, to which it gives name. 
 Pop. 2441. 
 
 TENDA-MAIE, tln'di mi'k, a district of West Africa, in 
 Senegambia. intersected by the parallel of 11° 50' N.. and by 
 the meridian of 13° W. Iron of fine quality, and .salt, are 
 obtained in some localities. 
 
 TENDE, COL DE, kol deh tSNd, a pass in the Maritime 
 Alps, a little W, of the point where they become linked 
 with the Apennines, on the frontiers of the Sardinian divi- 
 sions of Nice and Coni, Height, 6160 feet above sea-level. 
 It is traversed by an excellent caiTiage-road, constructed by 
 Victor Amedeo III, The summit is enclo.sed by higher 
 mountains on all .sides, except the S., in which direction the 
 Mediterranean may be seen. 
 
 TENDKA, tSn/drS, or TENTER, a long and narrow isl.and 
 in the Black Sea, 40 miles E. of Odessa. Length, from E. to 
 W., 33 miles. Lat. of light-house, which is 92 feet above the 
 sea. 46° 22' N.. Ion. 31° 29' E. 
 
 TENDRE, MONT, one of the Jura Mountains. 8*6 MoxT 
 Tendue. 
 
 TEN'DRING. a parish of England, co, of Essex. 
 
 TEN'EDOS, (Or. TeveSogAan island off the W. coaistof Asia 
 Minor, 5 miles N.W. of Alexandria Troas. Length, 5 miles; 
 breadth. 2 miles. Surface mostly rugged; it produces su- 
 perior wine, corn, cotton, .and fruits. On its -N.E side is a 
 town which was anciently a depdt of the trade between 
 Egypt and Europe. 
 
 1^97 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 TEXEMBBU IHLAISOS, in the Malay Archipelago. See 
 Te.vix l-kr. 
 
 T^;^KRIFE. U-ni-ree'fil. a town of South America, in 
 Xew liranada, department of Cauca. province of Santa 
 Marta, on the Magdaleiia. 50 miles N.W. of Mompox. 
 
 TKN'ERIFFK, t^nVr-iff', (Sp. 'finerife, tA-nA-ree'fA ; Fr. 
 TinCriffe. ti'nAVeeP.) the largest of the seven principal 
 Oauary Islands, between Grand Canary on the E., and Go- 
 mera on the W., 90 miles X.W. of Cape Bojador, on the 
 African coast. Lat. from 2S° to 28° 35' 20" N., Ion. from 
 16° 5' U> 16° 55' W. It is of an irregularly triangular form. 
 30 miles long from X.E. to S.W., and varying in breadth 
 from 35 miles in the S.W.. where widest, to 20 miles near 
 the centre, and about 6 miles in the N.E. Area, about 1000 
 wjuare miles. It is wholly of volcanic formation, and is com- 
 posed principally of enormous masses and cones of trachyte, 
 lava, and basalt, which, in their culminating point, (the 
 Peak of Teyde.) attain the height of 12,182 feet above sea- 
 level. The coast, which is veiy irregular, presents an almost 
 uninterrupted succession of lofty cliffs, pierced by narrow, 
 precipitous fissures or ravines, with very few openings in 
 which a ves.sel can find shelter. The Bay of Oratava, on the 
 N.W.. once the best and most frequented anchorage of the 
 island, was almost filled up by torrents of lava from an erup- 
 tion in 1706: and the only good harbor now existing is that 
 of Santa Cruz, on the N.E., where two rocky arms, stretch- 
 ing round N.E. and S.E.. enclose a beautiful semicircular 
 bay. The most remarkable feature of the interior is in the 
 broadest part of the island, towards the N.W., where the 
 enormous I'eak of Teyde is seen piercing the clouds, and 
 surrounded by a girdle, which gives it the appearance of a 
 fortified town encircled by its fosse and b.astion. The view 
 from the summit is one of the most magnificent in the 
 world. It extends over the whole of the Canary Archi- 
 {.•elago, while, from the transparency of the atmosphere, 
 even minute objects are perceptible at the greate.st distance. 
 The crater is about half a league in circuit, and slopes, by an 
 easy descent, to a depth of not more than 106 feet. Though 
 it seems to have been the original vent of the whole vol- 
 cjini' archipelago, it appears to have been for ages only a 
 solfatara — all the eruptions of the last 3000 or 4000 years 
 having been made by openings through its sides. Below 
 this crater, and immediately \V. of it, is another of much 
 larger dimensions, forming the summit of .Mount Chahorra, 
 which, though isolated from the Peak of Teyde. is connected 
 with it for a great partof its height; and still Cirtheron the 
 \V.. at the foot of Chahorra, are other four cones, from which 
 the last eruption took place in 1798. The only other erup- 
 ti(m since the occupation of the island by the Spaniards in 
 1496, was that of 1706. At all times, however, the internal 
 activity of the volcano is indicated by frequent streams of 
 hot vapor. 
 
 Teneriffe, taken as a whole, bears a considerable resem- 
 blance to Mount Etna. Towns and villages, with their 
 fields, gardens, and vineyards, stretch along its base, and 
 for some way up its sides; next succeeds a woody region, 
 composed of trees, chiefly chestnuts and oaks, with under- 
 growth of arborescent heaths at a lower, and ferns at a 
 higher elevation ; beyond, and still higher, is a wide, barren 
 plain, covered with pumice-stone and blocks of lava, and in- 
 habited only by a few rabbits and wild goats. The portion 
 of the surface available for cultivation has been estimated 
 at alx)ut one-seventh of the whole. Where the surface in 
 many parts is more hilly than mountainous, both the val- 
 leys and adjacent hills are generally cultivated, and the 
 finest fiuits of the island are produced. The principal pro- 
 ductions of Teneriffe are maixe, wheat, potatoes, pulse, 
 almonds, oranges, apples, guavas. honey, wax, silk, cochi- 
 neal, and wine. The last, which forms the staple, furnishes 
 an annu,al export of from 25,000 to 30,000 pipes, which for- 
 merly found its principal market in the Spanish colonies 
 of .South America, but is now .sent chiefly to Great Britain 
 and the United States. The manufactures are very insig- 
 nificant, but include, in addition to some coarse linen, 
 woollen, and silk goods, some excellent specimens of furni- 
 ture and cabinet-work. The Guanches, the original inha- 
 bitants of the island.s, almost all perished in vain endeavors 
 to defend their freedom against the attacks of the Spaniards. 
 The present inhabitants, consisting of a mixed i-ace, in which 
 Spanish features predominate, are estimated at about 85,000. 
 Capital, .Santa Cruz. 
 
 TENEKIFFK, (TEXERIFE) PE.iK OP, or PICO DE 
 TEYDK, pee'ko di td-d.i, a famous volcanic mountain on 
 the N.W. of the above island. Lat. 28° 16' 5" N., lou. 16° 
 3»' W. Height alwve the ocean. 12.182 feet. 
 
 TENEZ, ti'nez, or TENNIS. tJn'nis. a maritime town of 
 Algeri.i, province, and 120 miles E.X.E. of Oran. Pop. 950. 
 Near it is Cape Tenez, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 Tt^NGAN, ti^Ngdn', a city of China, province of Hoo-pe, 
 capital of a department, on an affluent of the Yang-tse- 
 klang; lat. 31° 18' N., Ion. 113° 30' E. 
 
 TK.NtJAPATNAM, tJng-ga-pat-nim', a maritime town of 
 South India, dominions of Cochin, 24 miles N.W. of Cape 
 Comorn. 
 
 'XEXG-FUNG, tSng'fllng' or Ung^foong', a town of China, 
 
 province of Ho-nan. capital of a district ; lat. 34° 30' N., Ion. 
 113° E. It has a very ancient observatory. 
 
 TENGHEEZ or TENGUiZ, a lake of Centr-al Asia. See 
 Balkash. 
 
 TENGIITSTOON orTENGHISTOUN, t^n'ghis-toon'. a t/iwn 
 of Persia, province of Fars. about 2 miles from the Persian 
 Gulf on the road from Bushire to Fei'ozabad. It is enclosed 
 by a deep ditch, and by walls tlauked with towers. Pop 
 about 2.500. 
 
 TENGllI-NOR, tJn'gree^ nor. a large lake of Thibet, about 
 120 miles N.W. of Lassa. Lat. about 31° 30' N., Ion. 90° E. 
 Length. 80 miles; breadth, 40 mile.'. 
 
 TENG-TCUOO or TENG-TCIIuU, tJng^ choo', a city of 
 Chin.a, province of Shan-toong. capital of a department, on 
 the coast, at the entrance of the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee, opposite 
 the peninsula of Regenfs Sword. 
 
 TENG-TCHOq or TENG-TCIIOU, a city of China, province 
 of Fo-kien, capital of a department, 140 miles N.W. of Anioy. 
 
 TENG-YE, tJngVA/, a town of China, province of Yun- 
 nan, near the Burmese frontier, 45 miles N.E. of T.santa. 
 
 TENIAN, ti-ne in', one of the Ladrone I.sles, in the North 
 Pacific: lat. 15° 2' N., Ion. 145° 47' E. It alxjunds with 
 limes and lemons, and has some cattle. 
 
 TENIM'BER (written .ilso TENEM'BER) ISLANDS, a 
 group of isles in the Malay Archipelago, of which the chief 
 is Timor-laut. They extend from lat. 6° 40' to 8° 25' S., Ion. 
 from 130° 40' to 132° E., and are mostly coral islands, sur- 
 rounded by coral reefs. They are .sometimes visited by 
 whalers. The natives are distinguished from those of the 
 surrounding islands by their language, and also by their 
 form ; they are tall, well made, and have regular features. 
 The men of the lower classes go entirely naked, and the 
 women have only a small piece of cloth around their loins. 
 
 TEN'.MILE, a post-office of Washington co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 TENMILE, a post-office of Macon co., Missouri. 
 
 TEN.MII/E CREEK, of Greene CO., Pennsylvania, flows 
 into the Monongahela River. 
 
 TENMILE HOUSE.apost-oflfice. Milwaukee co., Wisconsin. 
 
 TI'^NMILE SPRING, a post-office of Otttaraugus co.. New 
 York. 
 
 TENMILE STAND, a post-office of Meigs co., Tennessee. 
 
 TENMILE VAL/LEY, a small village of Greene co., Penn- 
 sylv.inia. 
 
 TEN'NESSEE'. a river, the largest affluent of the Ohio, is 
 formed by two branches, the Clinch and the Holston. which 
 rise among the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia, and unite 
 at Kingston, in Tennessee. It flows first S.W. to Chatta- 
 nooga, near the S. lx)Ui>dary of the state, where it turns to- 
 wards the N.W. and W. ; Init its progress being opposed by 
 the Cumljerland .Mountains, it changes its course to the 
 S.W., makes an extensive circuit of near .300 miles through 
 North Alabama, and touches the state of Mississippi at its 
 N.E. extremity. Here it again enters the sUite of Ten- 
 nessee, traverses its whole breadth from S. to N., and gra- 
 dually curving towards the W., crosses Kentucky, and 
 enters the Ohio River at Padueah, 48 miles from its mouth, 
 near 37° N. lat., and 88° 35' W. Ion. The length of the 
 Tennessee proper is estimated at 800 miles, and if we in- 
 clude the Holston, its longest branch, it will measure about 
 1100 miles. The- chief towns on its banks are Knoxville 
 and Chattanooga, in Tennessee; Tu.scumbia and Florence, 
 in Alabama; and P.tducah, in Kentucky. The whole de- 
 scent of the river and branches is computed to be about 
 2000 feet. The channel is obstructed by no considerable 
 falls or rapids, excepting the Muscle Shoals, in Alabama, 
 where the river runs over flint and limestone rocks for 
 more than 20 miles, affording immense motive-power. (See 
 Muscle Sho.u.s.) Stfamboats ascend the river from its 
 mouth to I'lorence. at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, about 
 280 miles. Above these rapids it is also navigable by steam- 
 boats at all seasons, as far as Knoxville. on the HoLston. a 
 distance of near 500 miles. The navigable portions of the 
 river are connected by a railroad. The region through 
 which this river flows is generally fertile, and in the upper 
 part of its course is beautifully diver.sified with mountains 
 and valleys. The Little Tennessee, which by .some writers 
 is described as the main stream, rises at the base of the Blue 
 Ridge, near the frontier of North Carolina and Georgi;*, and 
 flowing N.W. into Tennessee, unites with the Holston 
 .aliout 25 miles S.W, of Knoxville. after a tortuous course of 
 more than 150 miles. The area drained by this system of 
 rivers is estimated by Darby at 41,000 square miles. In the 
 winter of 1831-2 this river was frozen over, even in the 
 state of -\labama — an event of very rare occurrence. 
 
 TENNESSEE, one of the Western States of the .\roerican 
 Confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Kentucky and Vir- 
 ginia. E. by North Carolina, from which it is separated by 
 the Alleghany Mountains; S. by Georgia. Alabama, and Mis- 
 sissippi, and W. by Arkansas and Mis.souri, from which it is 
 separated bv the Mississippi River, It lies between 3.5° and 
 30° 36' N. la't., and between 81° 40' and 90° 15' W. Ion.— being 
 about 430 miles in its greatest length from E. to W., and 110 
 in breadth, including an area of about 45.600 squar j miles, or 
 29.184,000 acres, of which only 6.795.n.''.7 were im. roved in 
 1S60. The state is commonly divided into three .'«,>ctions ; 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 the psrl E. of the Cumberland Mountains is called Kast 
 Tennessfe; between the Cumberland Mountains and the 
 Tennessee River, it takes the name of Middle Tennessee; 
 and VV. of the river just named, that of West Tennessee. 
 
 Face (ifllie (Muntry. — Tennessee is very aj^reeably diversi- 
 hed with mountain, hill, and plain, containing within its 
 limits fertility of soil, beauty of scenery, and a deli<,'htfully 
 tMiiperate climate. In the E. it is separated from North Ca- 
 ri'lina by different ridges of the Appalachian chain, passing 
 under the various local names of Stone, Iron, Uald, and 
 Imaka Mountains Then follow the valleys of the Ilolstou 
 and other rivers, forminfr the head-waters of the Tennessee, 
 -fext succeed the Cumberland Mountains, an outlying ridge 
 of the AUeghanies, which enters the state from Kentucky, 
 and crosses it in a S.W. direction, into Alabama. The height 
 of these mountains, which spread over about 50 miles, is 
 variously estimated at from 1000 to 2000 feet. They are 
 wooded to the tops, and embosom delightful and fertile val- 
 leys. Their summits are often rounded and cultivated, 
 while others are too rugged for tillage. Middle Tennessee, 
 lying between these mountains and the Tennessee River, is 
 moderately hilly, while the section between the river last 
 named and the Mississippi, called West Tennessee, is either 
 level or gently undulating. 
 
 Minerals, Mineral Springs, t£c. — Gold has been found in 
 the S.E. part of the state. Among the other metallic mine- 
 rals are iron in abundance, and in East and Middle Tennes- 
 see some lead, especially in Carter county, silver, zinc, man- 
 ganese, and magnetic iron ore^ Of the earthy minerals, coal, 
 the most abundant and valuable, is found in large quanti- 
 ties in the counties among the Cumberland Mountains, and 
 covering an area, according to Taylor, of 4300 square miles. 
 There is also gypsum of a fine quality, beautiful varieties.of 
 marble, nitre, slate, (suitable for roofing,) alum, burrstones, 
 and limestone, which forms the bed of a large portion of the 
 state. Salt springs exist, but not of a very rich quality; 
 there are also some valuable mineral springs. The iron 
 business is beginning to attract the attention of capitalists. 
 According to a recent statement, there were on the Cumber- 
 land Kiver, in the early part of 18,i3, 21 furnaces. 9 forges, 
 and 2 rolling mills, employing $1,216,000 c.ipital, and manu- 
 facturing 44,500 tons of metal, and 1400 kettles, valued 
 together at $1,678,000. Rich deposits of copper are found in 
 tlie S.E. part of Tennessee, in Polk and ^lonroe counties, 
 which are now extensively worked. A plank-road is nearly 
 finished from the Hiawassee mines to the Chattanooga Rail- 
 road. This must add greatly to the value of the mines, 
 which will thus be made readily accessible from a shipping 
 port. In 1854, in Polk county. 12 different mines were in 
 operation, 5 of which shipped 640 tons in one month. 
 
 Rivfrt. — Tennessee is bounded on the W. by the great 
 Mississippi, and twice crossed by the river whose name it 
 bears. The Cumberland makes a bend into the N. of the 
 state, through which it courses for about 150 miles before it 
 returns to Kentucky, thus giving that portion of the state 
 water communication with the other parts of the groat Mis- 
 sissippi and Ohio valleys. The Tennessee enters the S.E. of 
 the state from North Carolina, receives the Ilolston and its 
 tributaries from Virginia, and the Hiawassee from Georgia, 
 then turns to the S.W. into Alabama at its N.E. angle, and 
 leaves it at its N.W. to re-enter Tennessee, which it crosses 
 In a course almost directly N. into Kentucky. The Hatchee, 
 a tributary of the Mississippi ; Duck River, of the Tennessee, 
 from Middle Tennessee, and the Holston, Powell's, and 
 Clinch, tributaries of the same rivers in East Tennessee, are 
 the other principal streams. The Tennessee has a total 
 course of nearly 900 miles, about 400 of which are within 
 the state, and 700 navigable for steamboats (with the excep- 
 tion of that portion in Alabama called the Muscle Shoals) to 
 its junction with the Holston, in East Tennessee. The Cum- 
 berland is navigable 400 miles for steamboats to Carthage, 
 about 50 miles above Nashville, in a direct line. The tribu- 
 tary streams are all more or less navigable, either for steam 
 or "keel boats, during high water. All the waters of this 
 state ultimately reach the Mississippi, though generally by 
 a circuitous cour.se. The Forked Deer River is navigable 150, 
 the Rig Hatchee above 100, and the Obion CO miles, for 
 steamboats. 
 
 Ohje.cU nf Interest to Tourish.— In common with other 
 .imestone regions, Tennessee has numerous caves, several 
 of which are at least 100 feet below the surface, and a mile 
 in extent. Some are several miles in length. One has been 
 descended for about 400 feet below the surface, where was 
 tbund a stream of sufficient force to turn a mill. Another, 
 on the tfjp of Cumberland Mountain, has a cave of perpen- 
 dicular descent, whose bottom has never been sounded. Big 
 Bone Cave is so called from the bones of the mastodon found 
 within it. These caves are nil in the Cumlwrland Moun- 
 tains. In a spur of the same mountains, called the En- 
 chanted Mountain, are found the impressions of the feet of 
 men and animals in the hard limestone rock, whose appear- 
 ance has never been accounted for. Near Manchester, in 
 Coffee county, is an old stoue fort, situated between two 
 rivers, and including 4T ^^res. encloised by a wall, on which 
 trees are growing beliaved to be 50C jcars old. In Franklin 
 
 county IS a railway tunnel through a spur of the CurnVr- 
 land Mountains, 2200 feet long. 
 
 Climate., Si>il. and Prmlucticms. — The climate of Tennwsseo 
 is mild: considerable snow sometimes falls in the winters, 
 which, however, are generally short. The summers are fre« 
 from the intense heat of the Golf States. The temperature 
 of that portion of the state among the Cumberland .Aloxtu- 
 tains is particularly agreeable. Most part? of the stale .trt 
 healthy, except on the alluvions of the great rivers. Tho 
 soil of Tennessee is generally arable, and of a gofid quality. 
 In East Tennes-see, much of the land among the mountains 
 is poor iind ill adapted to cultivation, but even here th»val- 
 leys are very fertile. This section is favorable to grazing, 
 and great numbers of live stock are exported from tliencij 
 to the Atlantic State.s. A greater number of mules (75.303 
 in 1850, including asses) are raised in Tennes.see than in any 
 other state in the Union. Middle Tennessee has much 
 good land. Western Tennessee has a rich black mould, and 
 on the shores of the Mississippi and Tennes.'<ee Rivers are ex- 
 tensive brakes of gigantic cane. Indian corn, tobacco, and 
 cotton are the great staples. In 1850, Tennes.see produced 
 more hogs than any state in the Union, was fifth in the 
 amount of Indian corn produced, fourth in that of tobacco, 
 and fifth in cotton. The other articles cultivated are wheat, 
 rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, woo 
 maple-sugar, flax, hemp, hay, cheese, butter, wine, whiskey, 
 and fruits; of the latter, apples, pears, and plums. Accord- 
 ing to the census of 1860 there were in Tennessee 6,795,;33'' 
 acres of improved land, (13,873,828 being unimproved,) pro- 
 ducing 52,089,926 bushels of Indian corn ; 5,459,268 of wheat , 
 257,989 of rye; 2,267,814 of oats; 1,182,005 of Irish and 
 2,904,672 of sweet potatoes; 547,903 of peas and beans ; 25,14i 
 of barley; 14,481 of buckwheat ; 50,685 of gra&s seeds ; 9,362 
 of flaxseed ; 1,405,236 pounds of wool ; 43,44S,997 of tobacco • 
 40,372 of rice; 10,017,787 of butter; 135,575 of cheese; 
 164,293 of flax ; 98,892 of beeswax; 1,519,390 of honey ; 74,372 
 gallons of maple molasses and 706,663 of sorghum molasses ; 
 143,499 tons of hay ; 296,464 bales (of 400 pounds each) of 
 cotton. Live stock valued at $60,211,425; orchard products 
 at $305,003; and slaughtered animals at $12,430,768. 
 
 ihrest Trees. — The forest trees are pine, (in East Tennes- 
 see,) sugar-maple, juniper, red cedar, and savin, (on the 
 mountains,) poplar, hickory, walnut, oak, beech, sycamore, 
 locust, cherry, &c. 
 
 The animals are the same as are found in the adjacent 
 states of Kentucky and Virginia, viz. deer, racoons, foxes, 
 squirrels, and sometimes, although rarely, bears, in the 
 wilder sections of the state. 
 
 Manufactures. — The natural water-power, especially of 
 East Tennessee, combined with its abundance of coal and 
 other fuel, must, as soon as the railway connections with 
 the Atlantic States .are completed, make this a great manu- 
 facturing section; for In addition to the advantages men- 
 tioned, she has in her neighborhood the staple raw mate- 
 rials cotton, wool, and hemp. There were in Tennessee 
 in 1860, 2572 establishments, ooch producing $500 and up- 
 wards annually, engaged in mining, manufactures, and the 
 mechanic arts, employing $14,426,261 capital, and 12,528 
 hands, consuming raw material worth 89,410,514, and yield- 
 ing products valued at $17,987,225. Of these, 30 wore cotton 
 factories, employing capital to the amount of $965,000, and 
 899 hands, consuming raw material worth $384,!>48, and pro- 
 ducing annually stuffs valued at $698,122 ; 481 flour and 
 
 capital, and 1051 hands, and producing pig-iron valued at 
 $549,640; 35 rolling-mills or forges, employing $284,835 
 capital, and producing bar-iron, boiler-plate, &c., valued at 
 $543,398; 265 tanneries, employing $851,780 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $619,496, and producing leather 
 valued at $1,142,246; 39 tobacco factories, employing 
 $025,118 capital, and producing tobacco valued at $1,176,665; 
 1 woollen factory, employing $6000 capital, and producing 
 stiitfs valued at $8100; 539 saw-mills, em|)loying $M7o,063 
 capital, and producing lumber valued at $2,199,703; and 58 
 carriage factories, employing $273,525 capital, and pro- 
 ducing carriages valued at $656,605. Home-made manufac- 
 tures valued at $:J.174,977 were also produced. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — There were in Tennessee, in 1860, 
 1198 miles of railroad completed, the construction and equip- 
 ment of which cost $29,537,722. Nashville is connected by 
 direct railroads with Louisville (Kentucky), Chattanooga, 
 Columbia, and other towns in Tennessee, aud with Decatur, 
 in Alabama; Memphis is connected with New Orleans, Lou- 
 is'ville, and with various towns in Mississippi and Alabama. 
 The western part of the state is traversed by tho Mobile 
 and Ohio Railroad, and the eastern part by a great line of 
 railway which extends 6 oin Lynchburg, Virginia ma Kno.x- 
 ville to Chattanooga. The Nashville and Northwestern 
 Railroad is completed from Nashville to Johnsonvillo, 78 
 miles, and is to be extended to the Mississippi River. An- 
 other is projected from Knoxville to Danville, Kentucky. 
 
 CbniBxrce.— Tennessee has but little foreign commerce, 
 though very favorably located for domestic trade, being 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 vash^d on the W. by the Mississippi Kiver. twice crossed hy 
 the Tennessee River, and its northern portion traversed for 
 more than 100 miles by the Cumberland, all of which are 
 navigable for steambor.ts. The exports are mainly live 
 stock, pork, bacon, lard, butter, ginseng, cotton harping. 
 flour. Indian corn, fruits, tobacco, cotton, hemp, feathers. 
 and saltpetre, which find their way mostly to New Orleans, 
 and thence either to Northern or foreign ports: but new 
 exits are about lieing opened for the products of Ea.st and 
 Miiidle Tennessee, the one through Virginia, and the other 
 through Georgia and South Carolina, both by railroad. 
 Teniftssee has no direct foreign trade: tonnage owned, 
 7621, in 1S54; built the same year, 2 vessels, tonnage only 
 208. 
 ■ Education. — Tennessee had, according to the census of 
 1860, 35 colleges, with 2932 students, ^2,106 income, of 
 wliich $6758 was endowments, and SliSl from taxation; 
 29«55 public schools, having 138.809 pupils, S402,90i income, 
 of which $196,351 was from public funds, $22,297 from taxa- 
 tion, and $5343 from endowments; 274 academies and other 
 schools, having 15,793 pupils, $581,561 income, of which 
 $24,239 was from endowments, and 13,959 from taxation. 
 There are also in this state 387 libraries embracing 245,228 
 volumes, of which 335 are public, containing 186,033 volumes, 
 
 7 are school with 15,940 volumes, 21 Suudiij-echool, 16 col- 
 lege, and 8 church libraries. 
 
 Jieligious Denuminatitms. — Of the 2311 churches in Ten- 
 nessee in 1860, the Baptists owned 668, Christians 106, Kpisco- 
 palians 21, Friends 3, Lutherans 18, Methodists 992, Presby- 
 terians 191, Cumberland Presbyterians 240, Bonian Catho- 
 lics 10, Unionists 48, minor sects 14; giving 1 church to 
 every 480 persons. Total value of church property in the 
 state, $2,588,330. 
 
 Piriodicals. — In 1860 there were published in Tennessee 
 
 8 daily, 7 tri-weekly, and 61 weekly newspapers, and 4 
 monthly and 2 quarterly periodicals. Of these 66 were 
 political, 10 religious, and 6 literary. The whole number 
 of copies issued annualU- was 10,0.i3,152. 
 
 Pimic Institutions. — Tennessee has a state penitentiary, 
 at Nashville, conducted on the silent system, which had 
 196 convicts confined in 1850, of whom 9 were of foreign 
 birth, and 7 colored persons. There is alsoa deaf and dumb 
 asylum at Knoxville. Tennessee had 9 public libraries in 
 1S50, with 5373 volumes ; 20 school and Sunday-school, 
 with 7598 volumes ; and 5 college libraries, with 9925 
 vol umes. 
 
 Population. — Though not the largest in area, Tennessee is 
 the second state in point of population in the great Mi.s.'-is- 
 sippi Vailey. Iler sons partake of the same parentage as 
 those of Kentucky, her original settlers having been mostly 
 from North Carolina and Virginia: and they share with the 
 Kentuckians a manly frankne.ss of character, courage, and 
 loyalty to the federal constitution. At the first national 
 census, in 1790, her inhabitants numbered 35.791: 105.602 
 in 1800: 261.727 in 1810; 422.813 in 1820; 681.904 in 1830: 
 829,210 in-1840; and 1,002,717 in 1850. In 18ti0, 1,109,801 
 of whom 829,722 were whites, 7300 colored, 275,719 slaves, 
 and 60 Indians. Population to the square mile, 24. Repro- 
 sentiitive population, 999,513. Of the free population 660,589 
 were born in the state; 152,267 in other states ; 21,226 in fo- 
 reign countries, of whom 2.001 were born in England, 12.498 
 in Ireland, .577 in Scotland. 86 in Wales, 387 in British Ameri- 
 ca, 3,809 in Germany, 439 in France, and 1399 in otlier fo- 
 reign countries. Of the population in the leading pursuits 
 103,835 were farmers, 25,990 farm laborers, 24,359 laborers, 
 5391 carpenters, 5106 servants, 3457 clerks, 3231 merchants, 
 3017 blacksmiths, 2238 physicians, 2194 railroad men. 2186 
 teachers, 1687 ovei-seers, 1588 students, 1529 shoemakers, 
 1488 seamstresses. 1186 clergymen, 1108 millers, 1037 law- 
 yers, 1023 grocers, 970 wheelwrights, 852 weavers, 709 
 painters, 663 ma.sons, 669 miners, 628 saddlers, 581 tailors, 
 463 coopers, 406 printers, &c. In the year ending June 1st, 
 1864, there occurred 15,156 deaths, or 13-9 in every thousand. 
 Of *36 deaf and dumb, 73 were slaves (see Istroddction 
 to the volume on Population of the Eighth Census, pp. liv, 
 Iv, Ivi). Of 554 blind, 117 were slaves; of 640 insane, 28 
 were slaves ; of 881 idiotic. 149 were slaves. 
 
 Oiunties. — Tennessee is divided into 84 counties, viz.: An- 
 derson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe. Blount, Bradley. Campbell, 
 Cannon, Carroll, Carter, Chejithani, Claiborne. Cocke, Coffee, 
 Cumberland, Davidson, Decatur, De Kalb, Dickson. Dyer, 
 Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Granger, Greene, 
 Gnindy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardeman, Hardin, Hawkins, 
 Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphrey.s. Jack- 
 sen, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox. Lauderdale. La wrence,Lewis, 
 Lincoln, Macon, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, Mc- 
 Minn, McNairy, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, 
 Obion, Overton. Perry, Polk, Putnam, Rhea, Roane, Robert- 
 son, Rutherford, Scott, Sequatchie, Sevier, Shelby, Smith, 
 Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, Tipton, Union, Van Buren,War- 
 ren, Washington, ^^'ayne, AVeakley, White, Williamsom, and 
 Wilson. Capital, Nashville. Five of these counties, viz. 
 Clieatliam, Cumberland, Putnam, Seqtiatchie, and Union, 
 are new, having been organized within the last t«n 
 
 1900 
 
 Cities and Totons. — There ai-e bnt few large towils in Ten- 
 nessee. Memphis, with a population of 22,623, is the largest 
 in the state. The other principal towns are Nashville, popa- 
 lation 16,988: Knoxville; Murfreesboro', 2861; Jackson, 
 2407; Edgefield, 1836: Chickasaw, 940; McMinnville, 826; 
 Athens, 675: Brownsville, 665 ; Sparta, 452: Salisbury, 337 ; 
 Junction, 311 ; Waverly, 288. 
 
 Government. Finances, dc. — The Governor of Tennessee is 
 elected by popular suffrage for two years, and receives $-3000 
 per annum. The Senate consists of 25, and the House of 
 Representatives of 75 members, elected for two years by the 
 people. The legislature meets biennislly on the first Mon 
 day in October. Every free white man of the age of 21 
 years, a citizen of the United States, and six months a 
 citizen of the county in which he may offer to vote, next 
 preceding an election, is a qualified voter. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a Supreme Court, presided over by 3 judjres. 
 2. Of a court of chancery, presided over by 6 chancellors ; 
 and 3. Of 14 circuit courts, with one judge to each circuit. 
 All the judges are elected by the people for 8 years. D»Ti(l- 
 son county, in which is the city of Nashville", has a sp«*cial 
 criminal court, and a common law and chancery court. 
 Memphis has also a special criminal court. Salaries of the 
 judges, from $1500 to $2500. Public debt in 1854. $5,746,856, 
 and $1,353,209 contingent debt. Tot.tl. $7,100,Oti5. School 
 fund, $1,500,000; other productive property, .f3,P54.456; 
 property not productive. $1,101,390. Annual expenses, ex- 
 clusive of debt and schools, about $165,0(X). In January, 
 1855, Tennessee had 32 banks,.including 19 branches, with 
 an aggregate capital of $6,717,848, a circulation of $5,850,202, 
 and $1,473,040 in coin. 
 
 History. — Tennessee was the first state settled by Anglo- 
 Americans west of the AUeghanies, emigrants from North 
 Carolina having built Fort Loudon, in East Tennessee, as 
 early as 1757. But this settlement was attacked by the 
 savages, and the inhabitants either murdered or driven off. 
 Colonization, however, was recommenced in a few years 
 afterwards in the same section of the state. This colony 
 was also harassed by the Indians till after the Revolution- 
 ary war. Originally, Tenne.'ssee formed a part of the pos- 
 sessions of North Carolina, which state ceded it to the gene- 
 ral government in 1784. but afterwards revoked the grant, 
 when the inhabitHuts attempted to form an independent 
 state under the name of Franklinia. It was finally ceded 
 to the United States government, and formed a part of the 
 South-Western Territory till its admission as a sovereign 
 state in 1796, forming the sixteenth member of the coutV-de- 
 racy. Tennessee took an active part in the war of 1812, and 
 sent several distinguished leaders to its armies; piominent 
 among whom was General Andrew Jackson, since so cele- 
 brated for his administration of the affairs of the central 
 government during his presidency. James K. Polk, the 
 eleventh President of the United .States, was also a citizen 
 
 of this state. Inhab. Tennessee'ax 
 
 TENNESSEE COL'ONY.a post-office. Anderson co.. Texas. 
 TENNESSEE LAND'ING, a village of Issaquena co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 TENNESSEE RIVER, a post-office of Macon co., North 
 Carolina. 341 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 TKNNILLE. a post-village of Washington CO.. Georgia, 
 on the Central Railroad. 136 miles N.W. of Savannah. 
 TENNIS, a seaport town of Algeria. SeeTENEZ. 
 TENNSTEDT. tenn'stett, a town of Prussian Saxony, 15 
 miles N.N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 2984. 
 
 TENOCHTITLAN, ti-noch-tit-Un', the ancient name of 
 the city of Mexico, and of the table-land on which it stands, 
 elevation averaging 7600 feet. 
 TENOS. SeeTiNo. 
 
 TEN POUND ISLAND, in Ann Harbor, Massachusetts, 
 seven-eighths of a mile S. of Gloucester, contains a fixeJ 
 light 45 feet alx)ve the level of the sea. Lat. 42*^ 35' N., Ion. 
 70° 40' W. 
 
 TENRIU.t^nVe-oo', a river of Japan.in the island of Niphon, 
 which it traverses N. to S.. and falls into the Pacific a littls 
 W. of the Bay of Totomina. Total course, about 100 miles. 
 TEN'SAS or TEN'S.VW, a ilver of Louisiana, rises in Car- 
 roll pari.sh, near the W.bank of the Mississippi, and pursues 
 a tortuous coui-se. the general direction of which is nearly 
 parallel with that river, until it unites with the Washita at 
 Trinity. The river thus formed is usually called Black 
 River. Steamboats can ascend about 150 miles from ita 
 mouth, during at least 6 months of the year. The whole 
 length is estimated at 2.50 miles. 
 
 TENSAS, a pari.sh in the E.N.E. part of Louisiana, on the 
 right bank of the Mississippi River, has an area of 680 
 square mile.s. It is drained by the Tensas River and Macon 
 Bayou. The surface is level and low ; the soil fertile. In 
 1850 there wei-e raised 21.665 bales of cotton, the greatest 
 quantity produced in any parish of the state. The Tensas 
 River is navigable by steamboats through this parish 
 Formed since 1840. from the N. part of Concordia. Capitil, 
 St. Joseph. Pop. 16,078, of whom 1486 were free, and 14,593 
 slaves. 
 TENSAW, a river of T^ouisinna. See Te\s.48. 
 TENSAW, a post-office of Baldwin co., Alal>am«. 
 
TEN 
 
 TENSIFT, tJn'sift' or t^nVeeft/. a principal river of Mo- 
 rocco, whicii kinjidom it divides into two nearly e<iual parts; 
 after a W. course of 190 miles, enters the Atlantic 45 miles 
 N.N.K. of Mogadore. 
 
 TI<;NTEK, an island of Russia. See Tendra. 
 
 TEXTKUDKX. a municipal borouprh, market-town, and 
 pai'ish of England, co. of Kent, the town on an eminence, 
 environed by hop-grounds, 17 miles S.E. of Maidstone. Pop. 
 of the borough in 1851, 3901. chiefly agricultural, or occupied 
 in cattli>graziug on Komney marshes. Tl\e church has a 
 tower conspicuous as a landmark. 
 
 TENTH LEGION', a post-office, Rockingham co., A'irginia. 
 
 TENTU(iAL, tjn-too-gdl', a town and parish of Portugal, 
 province of Douro, 10 miles N.W. of Coimbra, near the right 
 Lank of the Mondego. Pop. 1200. 
 
 TEXTYKA. See Dender.mi. 
 
 TEOGE, tA-o'gA(?) a considerable river of South Africa, 
 an affluent from the N. of Ljike Ngami. 
 
 TEOLOiN-MONTE, tA-o'lo in mon'ti, a town of Austrian 
 It.-ily, government of Venice, province, and 10 miles S.W. of 
 Padua, near the Bacchiglione. Pop. 2700. 
 
 TEONIS'TA, TEONES'TA or TIONES'TA CREEK, rises 
 in the N.W. part of Pennsylvania, and falls into Alleghany 
 River in Venango county. 
 
 TEONISTA or TIOXEST A, a post-village of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, at the confluence of Teonista Creek with 
 Allegiiany River, about 29 miles N.E. of Franklin. See 
 
 TlONEST.^. 
 
 TEOPIXCA, t,-\-o-pix'ki. a small town of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state of Chiapas, 18 miles from Ciudad-Real. 
 
 TEOR.V, tA-o'rd. a town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Ultra, about 6 miles S.S.E. of Sant' Angelo-dei-Lombardi, 
 between the Ofanto and Sale. Pop. 3800. 
 
 TEOTIHUACAN. tA-o-te-wd-kdn', a plateau of Mexico, 
 about 15 miles N.N.E. of Tezcoeo, surrounded on all sides, 
 except tlie E., by ridges and mountain spurs, and celebrated 
 for two remarkable pyramids which stand 'near its centre. 
 The one measures 082 feet at its base, and terminates in a 
 level platform 121 feet high. The other is of less dimensions. 
 Both .are composed of stone pottery and cement, covered 
 with the remains of obsidian and terra cotta images, and 
 are in a very dilapidated state. 
 
 TEOT'SA, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, on Rock 
 River, 30 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 TJIPALEEN or THPALEN. See Tepele\t. 
 
 TEPEAC.\, t.4-p.A-d'kd. a town of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, state, and 20 miles S.E. of La Puebla. It has a Fran- 
 ciscan convent, founded in the time of Cortez, manufactures 
 of woollen stuffs, and trade in corn. 
 
 TEI'E.TE or TEPEXE, tApA'iiA, a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state, and .50 miles S. of La Puebla. 
 
 TEPEIi, a town of Bohemia. See Tepl. 
 
 TEPKLEXI, tApi-lA'oee, written also TEPWLEEN' and 
 TEP'ALEN', a town of Albania, sanjak. and .32 miles E.S.E. 
 of Avlona. (pu the Voyussa. It is almost wholly in ruins. 
 The principal edifice is the palace of Ali Pasha of Yanina, 
 born here about A. D. 1760. 
 
 TEPETITAN, tApA-te-tan', a town of the Mexican Con- 
 fwleration, state of T.abasco, on the river Tepetitan, an 
 affluent of the Chilapilla, 60 miles N.AV. of Ciudad-Real. Pop. 
 1000. It is irregularly built of mud and sun-dried bricks. 
 Along the" banks of the river are large cattle farms, and 
 maize, sugar, and rum are produced in the vicinity. 
 
 TEPEXE. See Tepeje. 
 
 TEPIC, tep-ik' or tA-peek', a town of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state of Jalisco, on a height. 25 miles E. of San 
 Bias. Pop. 10,000. It is the principal town in the state 
 after Guadalajara, and is the residence, during the rainy 
 season, of most of the wealthy inhabitants of San Bias, 
 
 TEPIKINSKAIA or TEPIKINSKAJA. tA-pe-kin-ski'l, a 
 marketrtown of Russia, in Don Cossack Territory, on the 
 Khoper, 65 miles E. of Pavlovsk. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TEPITITAN, tA-pe-te-tdn', a town of Mexico, state of 
 Tabasco, on the left bank of the river of its own name, it 
 extends along the river for nearly 1 mile. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 TEPL, TEPEL. t^p'l. orTEPLA, t^p'ld, a town of Bohe- 
 mia, 29 miles N.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1734. Near it is the 
 abbey of Tepl or Topi, with a fine library, and a cabinet of 
 minerals and coins. 
 
 TEPLIK, t?p'lik. a market-town of Ru.ssi.an Poland, go- 
 vernment of PodoHa. 32 miles N.N.K. of Olgopol. Pop. 15li0. 
 
 TEPLITZ. tJp'lits, T(EP1JTZ,or TOP'LITZ, several market- 
 towns of Hungary, the principal. (Hun. Ti-pHcz-kis. kish 
 teplif.) CO. of Liptau, on a mountain, 20 miles S.W. of 
 Kesmark. Pop. 1221. 
 
 TEPLITZ or TCEPLITZ. a town of Bohemia. See Topi.iTZ. 
 
 TEPOSCOLULA or TEPOZCOLULA. tA-pos-ki>loo'll a 
 market-town of the Mexican Confederation, state, and 46 
 Biles N.W. of Oajaca. 
 
 TEQUENDAMA FALLS, in South America. See Bogota. 
 
 TEQUI.A.. tA-kee'l. a town of South America, in New Gra- 
 nada, department of Boyaca, province of Tunja, 45 miles 
 S.S.W. of Pamplona. 
 
 TER, th. a river of Spain, in Catalonia, rises in the Py- 
 renees, flows S. and E. past Gerona, and enters the Medi- 
 
 TER 
 
 terranean by several mouths. S. of the Gulf of Rosas. Ttotal 
 course, 90 miles. It is almost everywhere fordable. and its 
 waters near the sea are mostly diverted for irrigation. 
 
 TER.\-KAKO, t^r'a kd'ko. a peninsula on the E. coant o 
 New Zealand. North Island, bounding the entrance to 
 H.awke Bay on the N.E. 
 
 TERAMO. ter'A-mo, (anc. Iiiteram'nia.) a city of Naples, 
 capital, of the province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 27 liiiles N.E. ol' 
 Aguila. Lat. 42° 40' N., Ion. 13° 48' E. Pop. lO.(HK). It has a 
 cathedral, several convents, a royal college, clerical .seminary, 
 botanic carden, orphan .school, foundling and other asy 1 urns. 
 Its neighborhood is remarkably fertile in corn. wine, and oil. 
 
 TERANEH, a town of Ecvpt. See Terraneh. 
 
 TERA-WERA (tA'rd wA'rd) LAKE, of New Zealand. North 
 Island. 49 miles in length, discharges its waters NJJ. into 
 the Bay of Plenty by Terawera River. 
 
 TERCEIRA, tjR-.sA'e-rd, one of the Azores I.slands. in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, central group. N.E. of Fayal and Sao Jorge. 
 Lat. 38° 30' N., Ion. 27° 10' W., about 70 miles N.W. of St. 
 Michael, (Sao Miguel:) greate.st length. 20 miles; average 
 breadth, 13 miles; circuit, CO miles. The coast almost every- 
 where presents bold and inaccessible cliffs. The interior ri.«es 
 by gentle slopes towards the centre, where it becomes nionn- 
 tainous, and then descends abruptly towards the N.M'. The 
 whole surface bears the impress of volcanic agency; and 
 many enormous mas.ses. composing heights and precipices, 
 look as if they had recently been under the influence of 
 fire. Many of these masses are compo.sed of soft pumice 
 and tuff. The soil, composed of decompo.sed lava and other 
 volcanic matters, possesses the greatest natural fertility. 
 Heavy crops of yams, grain, and pulse of all sorts are raised. 
 Fruit also of exquisite flavor is very abundant, .ind oranges 
 and lemons are now rai>^ed to such an extent as to furnish 
 nearly a fifth of the whole of these frviits exported from the 
 Azores. Some attention is paid to the rearing of cattle, of 
 which rather a superior breed exists on the island. Tlie 
 sheep are wretched-looking animals, of little value in re- 
 spect of carcass, but with fleeces of tolerable wool. Pumice 
 is the only mineral which seems capaltle of being turned to 
 any account. There are no manufactures worthy of the 
 name. Licentiousness prevails tn a great extent among the 
 inhabitants, and domestic virtue is in little repute. The 
 aipital of the island is Angra, which gives its name to a de- 
 partment including the three islands of Terceira. St. George, 
 and Graciosa. During the usurpation of Don Miguel, this 
 island was the seat of the regency acting for the present 
 Queen of Portugal. Pop. 40,000. Terceira signifies •' third" 
 island, it being the third in length of the whole group. 
 
 TERCERO, teR-sA'ro, a river of the Plata Confederation, 
 states of Cordova and Santa Fe. after an E. course joins 
 the l'aran.4 at the influx of the Salado. whence it is navi- 
 gable for barges to the pass of Fereiia, 100 miles S.E. of 
 Cordova. 
 
 TEHCHOVA. t?R'Ko'vOh\ a village of Hungary, co. of 
 Trentschin. 12 miles from Sillein. Pop. 3457. 
 
 TERDOPPIO. t&R-dop'pe-o, a river of the Sardinian States, 
 rises N. of the province of Novara. a little S. of Lago Mag- 
 giore, flows S.S.E., and joins the Po after a course of about 
 53 miles. 
 
 TEREK. tA-rJk', a river of South Russia, after an E. course 
 of 350 miles enters the Caspian Sea by several mouth.s. near 
 lat. 44° N., Ion. 46° to 48° E. It is rapid, and has numerous 
 affluents. 
 
 TEREKLT, t^He-kleeN written also TARjVKLT, a small 
 town of . Asia Minor, in Anatolia. 36 miles E.S.E. of Isnieed. 
 
 TERESHKA. tA-rSshTid. a river of Russia, rises on the 
 N. frontiers of the government of Saratov, flows nearly pa- 
 rallel to the Volga, which it joins 30 miles N.N.E. of Sa- 
 ratov ; total cour.se. about 180 miles. 
 
 TERESPOL, tA'r^s-poP (?) a town of Poland, government 
 of Radom. 60 miles E.S.E. of Siedlce. on the Bu2. Pop. 1 600. 
 
 TERETTE, tA-rJt'ti, a town of Naples, province of Terra 
 di Lavoro, S.E. of Sora, on the summit of an almost inacces- 
 sible height. Pop. 1830. 
 
 Tl^RQ A. t^R/g2. a town of Morocco, kingdom, and 70 miles 
 N.N.E. of Fez. near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TERGESTE. .See TRIE.ST. 
 
 TERGESTTNOS sinus. See Thiest. Gulf of. 
 
 TER-flOUW. a town of the Netherlands. See Uoitda. 
 
 TEItGOVIST. tiWgo-vist, or TERGOVITZ. t&R'go-vits', a 
 town, formerly capital of Wallachi.a, on the Jalomnitza, 13 
 miles N.W. of Bucharest. Pop. 5000. It has gl.i.s.s-works. 
 
 TERK. tjRk, a pretty little town of North Persia, pro- 
 vince of .\zerbaijan. 70 "miles S.E. of Tabreez. 
 
 TEIi'LlNG, a p.arish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 TERLIZZI, tjR-lit/see, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 17 miles S.E. of Barletta. and 7 miles from the Adriatic. 
 Pop. 12.000. It has a cathedral and parish church, and 3 
 convents. 
 
 TERMINI, tfe'me-ne, (anc. Tlier'ma:,) a seaport town of 
 Sicily, on the N. coast, intendancy of Palermo, near the 
 mouth of the river Termini, 20 miles E.S.E. of Palermo. Lat. 
 37° 57' N., Ion. 13° 42' E. Pop. 25,780. It is enclosed by wails, 
 and defended by a castle on a lofty rock; it has warm mine- 
 ral baths — whence its name ; a canca/m-c or depSt fo.- grain, 
 
 1001 
 
TER 
 
 TER 
 
 erd an aetive anchovy fishery. Six miles E. are the ruins 
 ;il the ancient Himera. 
 
 TKKMINOS, (tjR/me-noce.) Lake op, an inlet of the 
 Caribbean Sea. dividing the Mexican state of Tabasco from 
 Yucatan, and between lat. 18° and 19° N., Ion. 91° and 92° 
 W. Length, 70 miles ; breadth. 40 miles. It is bounded on 
 the side of the sea by several islands, that of Carmen being 
 the largest. It receives an arm of the Usumasinta. 
 
 TERMINOS, LAGUNA DE, li-goo'ni dd t^R/me-noce, a 
 seaport town of Mexico, state of Yucatan. Lat. 18° 38' "24" 
 N., Ion. 91° 50' 42" AY. It is little more at present than 
 a large village, about a third of it, including all the principal 
 merchants' stores and houses, having been destroyed by 
 fire in April, 1850. It has two small churches, but no 
 other public buildings. Almost the only article' exported 
 is logwood, of which upwards of 26,000 tons were exported 
 in 1849.' Pop. about 2000. 
 
 TKRMOLI, t^R'mo-le, a maritime town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Molise, on a peninsula in the Adriatic, 16 miles 
 S.E. of II Vasto. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TH:RM0^NAMUX'GAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone. 
 
 TERMONB.A.RRY, a parish of Ireland. See T.\RMOND.i.RRr. 
 
 TERMONDE, Belgium. See Dendermonde. 
 
 TERVMONEE'NY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 TEKMOXFECK'AN or TORFECK'AN, a parish and vil- 
 lage of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Louth, on the E. coast, 2 
 miles S.S.W. of Clogher. Pop. of the village, about 400 ; it 
 Is a place of summer resort for sea-bathing. 
 
 TKKWIONMAGUIRK', a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Tvrone. 
 
 TERNATE, ter^njt/ or ter-ni'tA. an island group of the 
 Malay .\rchipelago, in the Moluccas, E. of Celebes, and N. 
 of Ceram, comprising Gilolo, Morty, Riao or Row, Ternate, 
 Tidor, Marhee or Pottebakker, Mortir, .Makian, Kaijo. and 
 the Batshian or Batsian, group, and the Obi and the XuUa 
 Islands. The group is named from Ternate. a small island 
 on the Vf. coast of Gilolo; lat. (summit) 0° 48' N.. Ion. 127° 
 IS' E. ; the residence of the Sultan of Ternate, once the most 
 powerful prince in the Moluccas, whose sway extended not 
 only over the greater part of the group, but also over a large 
 part of Celebes. The island of Ternate is nearly circular, 
 about 10 miles in diameter, andcomposed almost exclusively 
 of a conical volcano, 54S4 feet high, thickly wooded to a con- 
 siderable height, and of which freijuent and destructive 
 eruptions have taken place. One of the most recent occurred 
 in 1846. Cocoa-nuts, sago, and other tropical products are 
 plentiful, and tob;icco and cotton are grown to some extent. 
 Sulphur, saltpeltre, pumice-stone, and lime are the chief 
 minerals. A little trade is carried on with the Sooloo Is- 
 lands, China, Java, Amboina, &c. 
 
 TERN'.\TE. a government or province of the Dutch pos- 
 sessions in the East, including the Ternate Islands, and 
 part of Celebes, the N. coast of Papua, and the adjoining 
 islands of Waigeoo, Salawatty, Mysole. &e. 
 
 TERNATE, a town situated on the E. coast of the island 
 of Ternate. It is neatly built, has broad, paved streets, a 
 large, well-frequented marketplace, a mosque, and a Pro- 
 testant church; and hard by. the Dutch fort of Oranjo, built 
 in 1607, and the sultan's palace. 
 
 TKRXEUSE. tfe'nuz', a fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Zealand, on the left bank of the Scheldt, 6 miles 
 W.X.W. of Axel. Pop. 1100. 
 
 TERN'I, tjR/nee, (anc. Interam/na.) a town of Central Italy, 
 in the Slate ot Umi.ria. and province of .'poleto. ])icturesqneiy 
 Seated near the Nera. 5 miles below the falls of the Velino, 
 49 miles X.N.E. of Rome. About 4 miles to the E., on the 
 Velino. (v.A-Iee'no.) a stream which flows into the Nera, is a 
 celebrated cascade, called the Casc.vt.^ del Marmore, (k3s- 
 kJ'tJ dfl maR'mo-ri.) The water falls, by three leaps, about 
 700 feet, (some say 750 feet,) producing one of the most 
 beautiful and romantic cataracts in the world.* Pop. 92.50. 
 It is enclosed by turreted walls, and has been much im- 
 proved within the last few years by the erection of modern 
 mansions for its numerous visitors. It h.as a noble cathedral 
 with some fine paintings, a theatre, a bath estahlishment, 
 and active manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics. .Vmong 
 its remains of antiquity are the vaults of an amphitheatre." 
 
 TERNOV.^, in European Turkey. See Tikxova. 
 
 TK.RODANT. t(i-ro-dant'. written also TAROODANT, 
 TAIIOUDANT, and TARUDANT. a town of Morocco, capital, 
 province of Soos, on the river Soos, 125 miles S.W. of Mo- 
 rocco. Pop. 21.000. It stands in a fertile plain, and its thiek 
 and lofty walls enclose a large area. Its inhabitants excel 
 In the art of dyeing. 
 
 TEROR, tVroR', a town of the Canaried. Island of Grand 
 Canary, with a large and handsome church, an epis opal 
 palace, and a primary school, manufactures of woollen and 
 linen cloth. Pop. 59.38. 
 
 TERRACIN.\, t^R-nJ-chee'nJ, (anc. Anxfur. afterwards 
 T>:rraci'n'i,) a seaport town of the Pontifical States, at the 
 8. extremity of the Pontine mai-shes, and on the Gulf of 
 
 • See ChiMe Harold, Canto IV., stanzas 69, 70, and 71. Also 
 the Mcompanving note 
 19t)2 
 
 Terraeina in the Mediterranean, 58 miles S.E. of Rome. 
 Pop. 4240. On the height above it are the cathedral and 
 ruins of the ancient Anxur, and above the.se, on a bold 
 height, the remains of the palace of Galba, commanding 
 fine views. The harbor is accessible only to small coasting 
 vessels, and there is little trade. The celebrated Appiau 
 Way, between Rome and Terraeina, is still traceable. The 
 town was taken by the French in 1798. 
 
 TERRA DEI GRECI, t^R/R^ Ak grA'chee, a town of Naples, 
 province of Capitanata. W. of Bovino, on asteep hill. P. ItliiO. 
 
 TEiyRADELFUE'GO,or TIERRA DEL FUEGO, te-^R'Rd 
 dM fw.Vgo, the -'laud of fire." (Vort. Terra <lo fh^o. tlR'f.i 
 dofo'go; Fr. Terre de fiu, taiR deh fch: Ger. Ffiwhtml, 
 foi'fr-ldnt\) a large group of island's at the S. extremity of 
 South America, between lat. 52° 40' and 50° S., and "ion. 
 63° 40' and 75° W. On the N. it is separated from the 
 mainland of America by the long and intricate Strait ot 
 JIagellan. while its other sides are washed by three great 
 oceans — the Atlantic on the E., Pacific on the'W.. and An- 
 tarctic on the S. Besides numberless small islands, of 
 which that of Cape Horn, at its S. extremity, may be men- 
 tioned as one of the most remarkable, it consists of one 
 very large island. East Terra del Fuego. or King Charles 
 South Land, measuring from E. to W., near its S. shore. 385 
 miles, with an extreme breadth, from N. to S., of above 200 
 miles: and of lour much smaller, but still very consiclerai)le 
 islands — Navarino and IIos*e on the S.. separated from K.iKt 
 Terra del Fuego by Beagle Channel ; and Clarence and Land 
 of Desolation on the Vf. The whole of the islands are deeply 
 penetrated by arms of the sea, which give them the most ir 
 regular shapes; they are almost entirely composed of moun 
 tains of clay-slate, greenstone, and granite. These moun 
 tains are either covered with perpetual ice and snow, which 
 has here its limit at about 4000 feet, (many of their summiti 
 exceed 6000 feet, and Mount Sarmiento in the S., supposed tc 
 be the culminating point, is estim.ated at 6800 feet.) or are 
 clothed with stunted forests, chiefly of Iieech. growing out 
 of a swampy peat, apparently almost the only kind of soil 
 here; and which, beyond 1000 or 1500 feet, where the trees 
 cea.se to grow, becomes covered with minute alpine plants. 
 
 The term Land of Desolation, which Cook applied to the 
 large W. island, is strictly applicable to the whole group ; 
 and yet the scenery, with mountain rising behind moun- 
 tain, and deep intervening valleys, all covered by one thick, 
 dusky mass of forest, is not without a degree of mysterious 
 grandeur. At times, too, magnificent glaciers of a bet^l-like 
 hue, in fine contrast with the white expanse of snow, are 
 seen descending from the mountain side to the water's edge. 
 The climate is one of the most wretched which it is possible 
 to imagine; mist, rain, and snow, accompanied either with 
 continued storms, or violent and sudden gusts of wind, fol- 
 low e:ich other in constant succession, Dublin, in the North 
 Hemisphere, is nearly in the same latitude as Port Famine, 
 near the centre of the Strait of JIagellan. in the South 
 Hemisphere; the former being in lat. 53° 31' N.. and the 
 latter in lat. 53° 38' S. Their respective climates are .as 
 follows: — 
 
 
 Summer 
 Temp'ture. 
 
 Winter 
 Temp'ture. 
 
 Difference 
 of Summer 
 and Winter. 
 
 Mean 
 of Sumsuer 
 and Winter. 
 
 Dublin 
 
 590-54 
 5(F-0 
 
 39'^- L' 
 330-08 
 
 200-34 
 I60-92 
 
 490-37 
 410-54 
 
 Port Famine, , . 
 
 Difference.. 
 
 »=-54 
 
 e^-n 
 
 30-42 
 
 70-83 
 
 This kind of climate, not more inhospitable to European 
 feelings than uncongenial to most European plants of 
 warmer regions, is far from being unfavorable to native vege- 
 tation ; and hence in some places large woodj'-stemmed trees 
 of fuschia and veronica, which in England are treated as 
 tender plants, h.Hve here been seen in full flower not far 
 from the base of a mountain with two-thirds of its height 
 covered with snow, and with the temperature at 36°. An- 
 other vegetable production deserving of notice is a globular 
 fungus of a bright yellow color, and the size of a small apple. 
 It adheres in vast numbers to the bark of the beech-trees. 
 \Vhen young, it is elastic and turgid with moisture, but 
 after fructification, shrinking and growing tough, acquires a 
 mucilaginous and slightly sweet taste. In this state it is 
 eaten by the natives uncooked, and forms a staple article of 
 food, being, with the addition of a few berries of dwarf arbu- 
 tus, the only vegetable of which they partake. Another re- 
 markat-le vegetable product is the sea-weed called f'ucu$ 
 gigantms. which, though not confined to this group, is here 
 particularly abundant, forming irreat aquatic forests, and 
 furnishing the haunts of inuumeriible shell-fish, but for 
 which the race of Fuegians could" scarcely continue to exist. 
 
 The zoology of the group is very scanty. Besides cttacea 
 and phocap. the only mammalia are a bat, three species of 
 mice, the fox. sea-otter, guanaco. and deer. Birds, however, 
 particularly sea-fowl, are numerous: and even huniriing- 
 birds have been seen sipping the 5;weets of flowers .tftei two 
 or three days of constant rain. snow, and sleet, during » Met 
 the thermometer had been «t the treeziog-poiat 
 
TER 
 
 The natives of the N.E. part of Terra del Fuepro resemWe 
 the Patsgonians in color, stature, and clothinj;; those of the 
 S.K. portion are low in stature, ill-looking, and badly pro- 
 portioned. Their color is that of very old mahogany, or 
 rather between darli copper and bronze. The trunk of the 
 l)ody is large in proportion to their cramp and rather crooked 
 limbs. Their rough, coarse, and extremely dirty black hair 
 half hides yet heightens a villainous expression of the worst 
 description of savage features. The women are short, about 
 4 feet some inches, with bodies also largely out of proportion 
 to their height ; and their featureo, especially those of the 
 old, are most repulsive. Their only clothing is a scanty 
 covering of guanaco or seal-skin. Their habits are extremely 
 filthy, and their feeding gross and uncleanly, the most offen- 
 sive substance being eaten in a state of putridity. They are, 
 like many other savages, extraordinary mimics, imitating all 
 sorts of sounds and motions with a marvellous and most 
 amusing fidelity. Their huts are generally found built close 
 to the shore, at the head of gome small bay, in a secluded 
 spot, and sheltered from the prevailing winds. They are 
 built of Iwughs or small trees stuck in the earth, and 
 brought together at the top, where they are firmly bound 
 by bark, sedge, and twigs, the usual dimensions of these 
 huts are seven or eight feet in diameter, and about four or 
 five feet in height. They have an oval hole to creep in at. 
 The fire is built in a small excavation in the middle of the 
 h\iL The fioor is of clay, which has the appearance of having 
 been well kneaded. Terra del Fuego was discovered by 
 Magellan In 1.520, and named "Land of Fire," from the 
 fires he saw on its coast during the night. Tho.ie fires are 
 supposed to have been volcanic. The doubt thrown upon 
 this opinion, by the circumstance that no volcanoes had 
 been observed by more recent travellers, has been, in a great 
 measure, removed by Captain Hall, who him.self witnessed 
 a volcanic eruption on one of these islands, in Novemljer. 
 
 18-20. (See Hall's Smith America, vol. i., pp. 14, 15.) In- 
 
 hab. FuETiiAN. fu-ee'jan. 
 
 TKRltA DKh SOLK, tiKfjiSi djl solA. <i town of Tuscany, 
 46 miles N.K. of Florence, on the .Montone. Pop. 354-3. 
 
 TKRKA m LAVORO. tfe'RS dee li-vo'ro, a province of Na- 
 ples, nearly corresponding in limits to the Campa>nia of the 
 ancient Romans, is situated mostly between lat. 40° 48' and 
 41° 48' N., and Ion. 13° and 15° E., having S.E. the Mediter- 
 ranean, and landward tlie provinces of Naples, Principato 
 Ultra, Molise, and the Abruzzi, and N.W. the Pontifical 
 States. Area, 2505 square miles. Pop. in 1S51, 752,012. 
 The surface in the E. is covered with ramifications of the 
 Apennines ; elsewhere are many fertile plains ; this is indeed 
 one of the richest parts of the Italian peninsul.a. though 
 along the coast are maishy and unhealthy tracts. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Volturno and the Garigli.ano; the prin- 
 cipal inlet of the sea is the Gulf of Ciaeta. The products 
 comprise whe.at, oil. fruits, silk, and full-bodied wines. The 
 chief cities and towns are Capua, the capital, Gaeta, Sora, 
 Arpino, Maddaloni. and Xola. 
 
 TERRA DI OTRAXTO, Naples. See OtRAJfTO, Terra m. 
 
 TER'R.V FIR'MA. an obsolete name formerly applied to 
 the Spanish Main. South America, afterwards called Colom- 
 bia. See Venezuela, and New Granada. 
 
 TERRALBA, t^R-Rdl'ba, a village of the Island of Sardinia, 
 division of Cagliari, on a very unhealthy plain, near a 
 lagoon, 12 miles S.S.E. of Oiistano. Pop. 2500. 
 
 TERRAX. a town of European Turkey. See Tirana. 
 
 TERRAXEII, ih-rSJnih. TERANKlfor TARAXEII, t,v 
 rA'neh, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Kosetta arm of the 
 Kile, 7 mile W. of Menoof. 
 
 TERRAXOVA, t^R-id-no'vS, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultral., district, and 9 miles E.S.E. of i'almi. It was founded 
 at a very early period, and had risen to be one of the finest 
 places in the province, when it was in great part destroyed 
 by the earthquake of 1783. 
 
 TERRAXOVA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Citra, 8 miles S. of Cassano. Pop. 2400. 
 
 TERRANOV.\. a market-town of Naples, province of Ba- 
 silicata, 23 miles S.S.W. of Tursi. 
 
 TERRAXOVA, tSR-Rd-no/vd, a seaport town on the S. coast 
 of Sicily, intendancy of Caltanisetta. near the mouth of the 
 Terranova, 18 miles E. of Alicata Pop. 10,000. It has a 
 castle, several churches and convents, a good public hospi- 
 tal, and a handsome palace of the Duke de Monteleone. 
 Coarse cloth is mjinufiictured here, and finds a good m.arket 
 at the annual fair in August. The town has also a curica- 
 tore or corn magazine, and an export trade in corn, wine, 
 sulphur, and soda. 
 
 TERRAXOVA, (anc. OWbia.) a town of the island of Sar- 
 dinia, division of Sassari, on a bay of the N.E. coast, 26 miles 
 S. E. of Ixingo-Sardo. Pop. 1960. 
 
 TERRANOVA. See X ewfoundland. 
 
 TERRAXOVA FOSSASECA, t^R-Ri-no'vd fos-sS-s.'l'ka. a 
 town of Naples, in Principato Ultra, N.N.W. of Avellina, 
 with 3 churches, and an almshouse. Pop. 1120. 
 
 TERRANUOVA.t^R'Ri-nooK)'vS,a market-town ofTuscany, 
 province of Florence. 7 miles S.E. of Figline. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TEKR.\-ROSSA. tjR'Rj ros'sd. a town of Tuscany, pro- 
 \iaoi of Pisa, 4 miles S. of VUlafranca. Pop. 1708. 
 
 TER 
 
 TERRASSON, tfe^Ras'sAx"', a town of Prance, department 
 of Dordogne. 16 miles X.X.E. of Sarlat. Pop. 2302. 
 
 TERR.\UBE. t^R^RoW. a small town of France, department 
 of (iers. 4 miles S.W. of Lectoure. Pop. 1062. 
 
 TERRE AUX BCEUFS, t^R 6 brf a post-village of St Ber- 
 nard parish. Louisiana, on the Mexican Gulf Railroad, 16 
 miles from New Orleans. 
 
 TERRE BONNE, t^rr' bonn', usually pronounced tar bOn, 
 a small bayou of Ijouisiana. flows through the parish of the 
 same name into the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable for small 
 lioats. 
 
 TERRE BONNE, a pari.sh in the S.E. part of Louisiana, 
 bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 1640 .square 
 miles. It is drained by the Terre Bonne. Black, and Cail- 
 lou Bayous, which are navigable. The .surface is low and 
 level, subject to inundation. A large part of it is occupied 
 by •' floating prairies," or shallow lakes. The numerous 
 water-courses are bordered with rich plantations of sugar- 
 cane, and tracts of good timber, including the live-oak ajid 
 cypress. The New Orleans and Opelousas Railroad will pass 
 through the parish. Capital, Houma. Pop.12,091, ofwhom 
 5306 were free, and 6785 slaves. 
 
 TERRE BONNE, a county in the S.W. part of Canada Ea.st, 
 has an area of 545 square miles. It is drained by the North 
 River, which flows into the Ottawa, and other small streams. 
 Capital, Terre Bonne. Pop. 26.791. 
 
 TERRE BONNE, a countj-town of Canada East, capital 
 of the above county, on the river Des Prairies, 20 miles N. 
 of Montreal. It has a Roman Catholic college, witli 9 pro- 
 fessors and 2 masters, a large Roman Catholic and an Epis 
 copal church, a public and 2 private <<-hools. manufactures 
 of cloth, iron, and leather, and several grist and saw mills. 
 Pop. in 1852, 1129; in 1854. 1400. 
 
 TERRE COUPEE, t^r'reh koo'pee'f?') a post-village of St. 
 Joseph CO.. Indiana, 150 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 TERRE COUPfiE STATION, a post-village of Berrien cc, 
 Mir'higan. on the Central Railroad. II miles W. of Niles. 
 
 TEKRE-DE-FEU. See Terra del Fi'EGO. 
 
 TERRE-DE-HAUT. taiR deh ho. and TERRE-DE-BAS, taiR 
 df h b^, two islets of the French West Indies, together form- 
 ing the group of Petit-Terre, 26 miles E. of Guadeloupe. 
 
 TERREG'LES. parish. Scotland, stewartry Kirkcudbright. 
 
 TERRE II.\UTE, (for pron. see next article,) a post- village 
 of Champaign co.. Ohio. 50 miles W. of Columbus. 
 
 TERRE HAUTE, usually pronounced tji-'reh hSt, (Fr. 
 pron. taiR' hot'.) a flourishing town of Harrison town- 
 ship, capital of Vigo county, Indiana, on the E. bank of th€ 
 Wabash River, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 73 miles 
 W.S.W. of Indianapolis, and ('9 miles X. of Vincennes. The 
 b<ank on which the town is built is elevated about 60 feet 
 above the river, and the situation Is remarkably beautiful. 
 The plan of the town is rectangular: the streets are wide, 
 and bordered with numerous shade-trees and gardens. 
 .4bout half of the houses are built of brick, and the others 
 of wood. The public buildings include a fine court-house, a 
 town-hall. 3 banks, a large academy, and about 12 churches, 
 some of which are spacinus and ornamental edifices. Seve- 
 ral newspapers are issued liere. The opposite l>anks of the 
 river are connected by a fine bridge, over which the National 
 Road passes. Fort Harrison Prairie, on the AV. border of 
 which the town stands, is noted for the fertility of its soil 
 and the beauty of its landscapes. Terre Haute is the centre 
 of an active, increasing trade, and one of the principal ship- 
 ping points on the M'abash and Erie Canal. Large quanti- 
 ties of pork, grain, and flour are exported from this place. 
 It is tlie terminus of 2 iniport.aut railroads, viz., the Terre 
 Haute and Indianapolis, and the Terre Haute .41ton and St. 
 Louis Railroad. The Evansville and Ci-awfordsville R.R. 
 also passes through thi.s place. Pop. 8594. 
 
 TERRE HILL, a post-ofRce of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TERRENEUVE. See Newfoundland. 
 
 TERRE NOIR, (Fr. pron. taiR nw^R, t. e. "Black I>and,") 
 a post-township of Clarke co., Arkansas. Pop. 220. 
 
 TERRESSA, t^R-rJs'si. one of the Xicobar Islands, in the 
 Indian Ocean. In lat. 8° 20' N., Ion. 93° 15' E. 
 
 TERRICCIOLA, t6R-Rit-cho'ld, a villau'e of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince, and 19 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 2800. 
 
 TER'RIXO. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TER'RIXGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, Nor*h 
 Riding. 
 
 TERRINGTON, NORTH, a parish. England, co. Norfolk. 
 
 TERRINGTON ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 TER'RY, a post-office of Carroll co.. Tennessee. 
 
 TER'RYGLASS, a parish of Ireland, in .Munster, co. of 
 Tlpperary. 
 
 TER'RYSVILLE, a small villfige of Abbeville district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TER'RYTOWN. a post-village of Br.adford co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. 149 miles X. by E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 TER'RYVILLE, a post-village of Plymouth township, 
 Litchfield CO.. Connecticut, about 24 m. W.S.W. of Hartford. 
 The manufacture of wooden clocks In the United States 
 was first commenced at this place, by Mr. Terry, alx>ut 35 
 years ago. 
 
 1903 
 
TER 
 
 TEW 
 
 TERSCIIELLIXG, ter-sKjlling, an island in the North 
 Sea. beloniiing to the Netherlands, province of Friesland, 
 Irf-tween Vlieland and Ameland. Length, 16 miles; greatest 
 bresdth. 3 miles. I'op. 2.522. 
 
 fEKTENIA, t*R-ti'ne-l a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division of Cairliari, 15 miles S.S.E. of Lanusei. Pop. 1150. 
 
 TEliUEL, tA-roo-el'. a town of Spain, capital of a province, 
 on a hill, near the Guadalavijir, 72 miles N.W. of Valencia. 
 Pop. 6752. It is enclo.sed by walls, and has a cathedral, a 
 bishop's palace, and a handsome seminary. 
 
 TEUL'EL, a province of Spain, in Aragon. Area, 3152 
 square miles. Pop. 250.000. 
 
 TERVUEREN, teR-vii'ren, a village of Belgium, province 
 of South Brabant, 7 miles E. of Brussels, with a royal resi- 
 dence. 
 
 TERWOLDE, tJR'ftordeh, a village of Holland, province 
 of Gelderland, 22 miles X.N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1343. 
 
 TESCIIEN, t^sh'en, a town of Austrian Silesi.i, capital of 
 a circle and duchy,' on the Olsa, a tributary of the Oder, 38 
 miles E.S.E. of Troppau. Pop. 6400. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has 2 ducal castles, a gymna.sium with a library of 
 12.000 volumes, and manufactures of woollen cloths, c.assi- 
 meres, linen, leather, liqueurs, and fire-arms. A treaty be- 
 tween Austria and Prussia was concluded here in 177t(. 
 
 TESEGDELT, tjl'sjg-d^f , a town of Morocco, 30 miles S.E. 
 of Mogadore. It has a handsome mosque. 
 
 TESIIA, TECHA, tfeh'd, or TIASHA, te-l'shl, a river of 
 Russia, rises iu the S. of the government of Nizhnee Novgorod, 
 flows X.. then W. to the frontiers of \ladimeer. and joins the 
 Oka on the right, above Murom. Total course, 110 miles. 
 
 TESIIOO-LOOMBOtS, t^sh'oo/ loom'boo', frequentlv written 
 CHASHE-LO-UM-BOO, a town of Thibet. 100 miles W. by S. 
 of Lassa or L'Hassa. in lat. 29° 4' 40" N., Ion. 89° 7' 8" E., on 
 a plain, surrounded by high, sterile mountains. It is pro- 
 perly a large monastery, consisting of 300 to 400 houses, the 
 habitations of the Boodhist monks, besides temples, mauso- 
 leums, and the palace of the Teshoo-Lama. Above 4000 
 friars and nuns perform daily their devotions here. A large 
 manufacture of idols is here established, at which the most 
 sUilful workmen are employed; but there are few laymen 
 "sxcept the servants of the Lama. 
 
 TESI.NO. See TiciNO. 
 
 TESORA, a town of Celebes. See Wajo. 
 
 TESOUllAS, tA-s6'r3s, a river of Brazil, rises among the 
 mountains of Tesouras, receives the Peixa, and after a course 
 of about 200 mUes joins the Araguay. 
 
 TESOURAS. a town of Brazil, province, and 80 miles 
 N.N.W. of Goyaz. It owes its existence to the great qu.in- 
 tities of gold which were furnished for a time by the small 
 stream of the .same name, and which attracted a consider- 
 able population ; but since the washings ceased to be pro- 
 ductive many of the inhabitants have emigrated, and their 
 hou.ses have either been pulled down or left tenantless. 
 
 TESSAR.-VGH, t^s^sd'riih. or TAUGIISKARA, a parish of 
 Ireland, in Counaught, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 TESSAU'RAN or KILGAL'LY, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. King's county. 
 
 TESSE, a river of Russia. See TEZ.i. 
 
 TESSEL. See Texel. 
 
 TESSENDERLOO, t^s-sJn'der-15\ a village of Belgian Lim- 
 bourg. 15 miles N.W. of Has.selt. Pop. 2500. 
 
 TESSIN, tfe-seen'. a town of North Germany, in Jlecklen- 
 burg-Scliwerin, duchy, and 20 miles N.N.E. of Giistrow. on 
 the Recknitz. Pop. 2025. It is enclosed by walls, and has 
 manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 TESSIN, a canton and river of Switzerland. See TiciNO. 
 
 TESTACCIO, tjs-tdt/cho, a village of Naples, in a beautiful 
 Tallev in the S. part of the Isle of Ischia. Pop. 1128. 
 
 TKSTE-DE-BUCH. La, H testdeh bUsh. a town of France, 
 department of Gironde. in the landes, (heaths,) on the S. 
 side of the Bassin d'.Arcachon. and 30 miles S.W. of Bor- 
 deaux, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 3399. 
 
 TESTERTON. a p.^rish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TESTIGOS, t^s-tee'goce, a group of islets in the Caribbean 
 Sea, belonging to Venezuela. 50 miles N.W. of Mai'garita, in 
 Ut. 11° 23' N., Ion. 63° 12' \V. 
 
 TESTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 TET, t^t or tA, a river of France, department of Pyrfinfies- 
 Orientales. after an E.N.E. course, enters the Mediterranean 
 V miles E. of Perpigiian. Tut.il course. 55 miles. 
 
 TET or TKIT, tjt, a decayed town of Morocco, near Blanco, 
 8 miles S.W. of .Mazagan. "I'op. 1000. 
 
 TKT'BURY. a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 17 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1851. 3.32.5. The 
 town, near the source of the Avon, has 2 market-hou.ses. a 
 handsome church, and various chapels and schools. Some 
 manufactures of woollen are carried on, and it has a trade 
 in yarn, cheese and butter. The ancient Britons hiid a cas- 
 tle here. 
 
 TET'CitTT. a parish of Eniland. co. of Devon. 
 
 TETE. t.Va. or TETTE, tiVuA. a town of Plast Africa, capi- 
 tal of a government of the Portuguese territory, on the 
 Zamlieze. 100 miles N. of Senna. It is lai-ge, well bailt, and 
 uealthy from occupying an elevated site. 
 
 TETE-NOIRE, t6t n*iR or tit nwaa', ("Black-head,") a 
 1904 
 
 pass of the Alps, between Switzerland and Savoy, 7 miles 
 S.W. of Martigny. 
 
 TETE-NOIRE, a mountain of the Alps. See Moecle^ 
 Dest db. 
 
 TETEREV or TETEREW, tA-tA-r5v', a river of Russian 
 Poland, governmentsof Volhyniaand Kiev, joins theDniepei 
 
 36 miles N. of Kiev, after a N.E. course of 150 miles. 
 TETEROW, tA'teh-rov\ a walled town of North Germany, 
 
 in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duchy, and 16 miles E. of Giis- 
 trow. Pop. 3759. It has tobacco and woollen cloth lao- 
 tories, and bleaching establishments. 
 
 TEI'ERSBUKG, a post-oiTice of Tipton co., Indiana. 
 
 TETfORD. a parish of Engliind, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TKTIOOSHI, TETIOUSHI or TETILSHl, t:l-te-oo'she, a 
 town of Rus.Ma, goveniment, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Kazan, 
 on the Volga. Lat. 54= 62' N., Ion. 48° 57' E. Pop. 1700. 
 
 TETIR, t.UeeR', or VEGA DE TETIR, vi/gj d.i t.'i-teeR/, a 
 town of the Canaries, island of Fuerteventura, in a fertile 
 valley. Pop. 1387. 
 
 TETIUSIII, a town of Russia. See Tetiooshi. 
 
 TET'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TETOOAN, TETOUAN, TETU.A.N, t^t^oo-Sn', or TET'- 
 WAN', (anc. Jagut?i?) a maritime town of Morocco, king- 
 dom of Fez, 18 miles S.S.W. of Ceuta. Lat. 36° 57' N., Ion. 
 5° 18' E. ■ Pop. 16,000, of whom upwards of 4000 are Jews. 
 It is crowned by a castle, and is enclosed by walls. Some 
 of the mosques are handsome. The harbor, protected by a 
 fort at the mouth of the river, 4 miles dist;int, is adapted 
 only for small vessels, but Tetooan retains an active export 
 trade. 
 
 TETSCHEN, t^t'shjn. a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.N.E. 
 of Leitnieritz. on the right bank of the Ell*. Pop. 1423. It 
 hits mineral springs, and an ancient castle. 
 
 TETSn\X)RTII. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 TETTEMIALI^-RE'GIS, a parish, England, co. Stafford. 
 
 TETTN.AXG, t^tt'niing, a town of AViirtemberg, cucle of 
 Danube, on the Miihlenbach. Pop. 1361. 
 
 TETUAN or TETWAN. See Tetooan. 
 
 TEUCIIERN, tolK'ern, a market-towa of Prussian Saxony, 
 17 miles S. of Merseburg. Pop. 1558. 
 
 TEUFFEN or TEUFEN, toif'fen, a market-town of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 4 miles N.of Appenzell. Pop. of parish, 
 4000. 
 
 TEUL.\.DA, tJ^oo-M'ni, a market-town of Spain, province 
 of Alicante, near the Mediterranean, 9 miles S. of Denia. 
 Pop. 1638. 
 
 TEULADA. t^'oo-li'dd. a village of Sardinia, 24 miles 
 S.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1654. 
 
 TEULADA, CAPE. See C.lPE Teulada. 
 
 TELPITZ, toi'pits, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 bunr, 31 miles S.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 563. 
 
 TEUSCUNITZ, toish'uits, a town of Bavaria, 11 miles N. 
 of Kron.ich. with a castle. Pop. 800. 
 
 TEUTOBURtJER-WALD, toi'to-booR'gher ^Mt. (anc. Teu- 
 hibuigm'sis Siil'tus.) a mountain range of little elevation in 
 North Germany, extending from the Erzgebirge in West- 
 phalia. N.W. to near Osnaburg in Hanover, a distance of 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 TEL'TO'MA. a village of McKean co., Pennsylvania, 190 
 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 TEL'TOP'OLIS, a thriving post-village of EfBneham co., 
 Illinois, on the National R;iilroad, ami 2 or 3 miles E. of the 
 Central Railroad, 88 miles S.K. of Springfield. It has a 
 Catholic cliapcl anil a wind-mill. 
 
 TEUTSCHBROD, a town of Bohemia. See Brob. 
 
 TEA'.\, t.Vvl, a town of Spain, in Audahisi.a. province, and 
 
 37 miles N.W. of Malaga, in a valley. It has a tovvn-hou.se, 
 abattoir. hospiUl, a small and insecure prison, and 2 aca- 
 demies for girls. Pop. 3358. 
 
 TEVERE. See Tiuer. 
 
 TEVERONE, t,i-v.A-ro'n.4, or ANIENE, S-ne-A'ni, (anc 
 A'nio,) a river of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, 
 delegation of Frosinone, rises on the Neapolitan frontier, 
 flows N.W. and W. past Subiaco and Tivoli, and joins the 
 Tiber 4 miles N. of Rome. Total course, 55 miles. In 
 ancient times it supplied water to Rome by two aqueducts, 
 one 4.J miles long. 
 
 TEA'KRSALL. a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 ThlV'ERSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 TEVIOT, tiv'e-ot, a river of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 
 through the centre of which it flows, and joins the Tweed 
 at Kelso, after a N.E. course of 34 miles. Uawick is the 
 only town on its banks. 
 
 TEVluTD.\LE, a name applied to the most part of Rox- 
 burgh. Scotland. 
 
 TEW. Great, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 TKW. Little, a chapelry of Englasd. co. of 'Jxford. 
 
 TEW'IN. a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 TEWKESBURY or TEWKSBURY. tJiks'bgr-e, a parlia- 
 mentary and municipal borough, town, and pjirish of Eng- 
 land. CO.. and 10 miles N.N.E. of Gloucester, in the vale of 
 Eve.sham. on the bank of the Avon, at its junction with 
 the Severn, and at the influx of the Carron and Swilgate 
 into the Avon, connected with the Birmingham and Glou- 
 cestershire Railway by a branch 2 miles in length. Pop. 
 
TEW 
 
 of the borough in 1851 , 5878. The town, picturesquely situ- 
 ated, has a magnificent abbey church, a new church, town- 
 hall, market-house, jail, penitentiary, Tarious Dissenting 
 chapels, quays along the river, a handsome stone brid.s?e 
 across the Avon, and an iron bridge 170 feet span over the 
 Severn. It ha-s a liturary and scientific institution, me- 
 chanics' institute, dispensary and lying-in charity, a blue- 
 coat school, free grammar school, and numerous other 
 schools; almshouses and other charities. Its woollen ma- 
 nufacture has ce;ised : but it lias manu&ctures of stock- 
 ings, bobbinet-l.ace, nails. Hnd leather. It returns 2 mem- 
 Oers tiD the House of Couimons. The battle of Tewkesbury 
 was fought in the " Bloody Meadow" immediately S. of the 
 town. 
 
 TEWKESBURY, a township of Hunterdon co., New Jer- 
 sey. Pop. 23•^S. 
 
 TEWKSBUUY, England. See Tewkesbury. 
 
 TEWKS'BUHY, tnk.s'bfr-e, a pOst-vill.ige and township 
 of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, about 22 miles N. by W. of 
 Boston. The township is bounded on the N. by the Merri- 
 mack Kiver, and int-rseeted by the Boston and Lawrence, 
 and the Salem and Lowell Bailroads. It contains 2 churche.s, 
 a furniture factory moved by steam-power, and a state pau- 
 per establishment with accommodations for 800 inmates: 
 cost, about .■$70,000. Pop. of the village, about 200 ; of the 
 township, 1744. 
 
 TEWOCKCNY SPRINGS, a postoffice of Limestone co., 
 Te.xas. 
 
 TEX.^NA, tJx-ah'na, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., 
 Texas, on the Lavacta Kiver, near its junction with the Na- 
 vidad, 150 miles S.E. of Austin City. It is the head of steam 
 navigation, and is increasing in trade and population. 
 
 TEX.\S, t^x'as, (Sp. pron. tA'His.) formerly, in conjunction 
 with Cohahuila, a territory of Mexico, now forms (with the 
 exception of Florida) the southernmost portion of the United 
 States of North America. It is bounded on the N. by New 
 Mexico, Indian Territory, and Arkansas; on the E. by Ar- 
 kansas and Louisiana; on the S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico; 
 and on the S.W. and W. by Mexico and New Mexico. The 
 Red Hiver separates it in part from Indian Territory and 
 Arkansas, the Sabine from Louisiana, and the Rio Grande 
 from Mexico. This state lies between 25= 50' and .36° 30' 
 N. lat., and between flj'^ 30' and 107° W. Ion. Its shape is 
 very irregular, but its extreme length from S.E. to N.W. is 
 more than 800 miles, and its greatest breadth from E. to 
 W. about 750 miles, including an area of 237.504 square 
 miles: an amount of territory nearly six times that of the 
 state of Pennsylvania, the greater part of which is composed 
 of soil of great agricultural capabilities. 
 
 Fjii;e of tlie Couidry. — This great state embraces every va- 
 riety of surface, mcaintain. plain, hill, and desert within its 
 limits. In the S.E.. along the coast is a level belt of land 
 from 30 to 60 miles in breadth, which is succeeded by an 
 undulating and prairie country, occupying another belt 
 of from 150 to 200 miles in width, which is followed in the 
 \V. and N.W. by the mounfciinous region and the table- 
 land. The extreme N. is invaded by the Great American 
 Desert, which extends perhaps about 60 miles within the 
 boundary of Texas. According to Mr. Bartlett, the plateau 
 of Texas, including part of New Mexico, extends from 30° 
 to 34° N. lat., and from the Rio Grande E. for 300 miles. 
 The N. portion, called Llano Estacado or " Staked Plain," 
 is 2500 feet above the sea. This broad district is destitute of 
 forest trees and shrubbery, except along the margins of the 
 streams, and even there never extending 100 yards from 
 the banks. Just after rains a short stunted grass springs 
 up, but speedily becomes dry, affording little nourishment. 
 In this region rise the Red. Brazos, and Colorado Rivers. 
 About 29° 30' N. lat. the table-land breaks off into spurs, 
 which descend to the prairies. The rivers have generally 
 alluvial bottoms of from 3 to 20 miles in width, which are 
 of great fertility, and heavily timbered. The belts referred 
 to above run across the state in a direction nearly N.E. and 
 S.W.. .so that almost all the N. part of Eastern Texas is in- 
 cluded in the second division, or the undulating country. 
 Little is known of the elevated lands of the W. and N.W., 
 as they are yet the home of few white men except the hun- 
 ters, who pursue its buffaloes and other wild animals. It 
 is, however, represented as being a well-watered and fertile 
 region. A low range of mountains, called the Colorado 
 Hills, runs in a N.and S. direction, E. of the Colorado Kiver; 
 Indeed, the whole section of the state in the same parallel, 
 between the Colorado and Brazos Rivers, is broken with low 
 mountains. Between the Colorado and the Rio Grande, 
 and N. of the sources of the Nueces and San Antonio, the 
 country is cros.sed by broken ranges of mountiins running 
 In various directions, but of whose altitude and character 
 we have little reliable information. They appear, however, 
 to be outlving ridges of the great Rocky Mountain chain. 
 Of these the Organ. Ilueco or Waco, and Guadalupe Moun- 
 tains extend from the N.W. extremity of Texas, where they 
 terminate, in a N, direction into New Mexico. According 
 to Bartlett. the first are alxjut 0000 feet above the Rio rande, 
 ind the last the .same altitude above the plain. 
 
 Gt&%^.— That part of Texas which lies within about 200 
 5U 
 
 TEX 
 
 miles of the coast, and perhaps further inland, appears, says 
 Mr. BoUaert, in a paper read before the Royal Geographical 
 Society, to have been gradually uplifted from the bed of an 
 ancient sea. into which the great rivers of that period poured 
 their waters, charged with the detritus of the secondarj 
 rocks. This detritus was gradually deposited in sediment- 
 ary beds at the bottom of the .sea, and these deltas at length 
 uniting, form the superficial accumulations of the level ana 
 undulating lands. This appears to be confirmed by the fact 
 that the soils in the vicinity of the great rivers are distin- 
 guished by the peculiar ingredients brought down by the 
 freshets of the present day. A vast belt of gypsum, (some- 
 times 100 miles in width,) extending from the Arkansas to 
 the Kio Grande, passes across the N.W. portion of the state. 
 In the mountains and hills of the N.W. we have primitive 
 formations of granites, porphyries, &c. Middle and South- 
 ern Texas seem to be composed of rich surface soils, over- 
 laid in the tertiary strata with its peculiar fo.ssils; then fol- 
 low the oolitic systems, sandstone, and perhaps the new red 
 sandstone. A series of measurements give the following 
 elevations: — Galveston, 10 feet; Houston, 60 feet; .San Fe- 
 lipe de Austin, 200 feet; Columbus, 250 feet; Gonzales, 270 
 feet; San Antoniade Bejar, 350 feet; head-waters of the San 
 Antonio, 400 feet; Kio Frio, 450 to 500 feet; Cibolo River 
 and head-waters of the Leona River, 550 feet; 1st Sabinas, 
 700 feet; 2d Sabinas, 800 feet; Guadalupe Kiver, 1000 feet; 
 Llano Estacado 2450 feet; and Guadalupe Mountains, 3000 
 feet. 
 
 Minerah. — Texas abounds in minerals. Lying as she 
 does in close proximity to the gold and silver regions of 
 Mexico and New Mexico, it is probable that she may develop 
 in future rich supplies of the precious metals. This, how- 
 ever, is not left entirely to conjecture, as silver-mines are 
 known to have been worked at San Saba, and recent dis- 
 coveiies of the same metal have been made upon the Bidais 
 River. In the spring of 1853 the country was agitated by 
 the report of the discovery of gold-mines W. of the Colorado 
 Kiver. between it and the San Saba Mountiiius, and N. of 
 the Llano River, but these reports have not been confirmed, 
 at least as to its existence in any considerable quantities. 
 According to Ilaldeman's revised edition of Taylor's work 
 on the Coal Regions of the United States, coal exists on the 
 Trinity River, 200 miles above Galveston, in the vicinity of 
 Nagadoches, on the Brazos, (in abundance,) near the city 
 of Austin, and on the Rio Grande S.W, of Bexar. It is be- 
 lieved that a belt, distant alxiut 200 miles from the coast, 
 extending S.W. from Trinity Kiver to the Rio Grande, con- 
 tains this valuable mineral in various places. Iron is found 
 in many p.-irts of the state; there are also salt lakes and 
 salt springs, copper, copperas, aldm, lime, agates, chalce- 
 donj', jasper, and a white and red .sandstone. A pitch lake, 20 
 miles from Beaumont, deposits of nitre and sulphur, and 
 fire clay are among the minerals. " Formations of secondary 
 limestone, with others of carboniferous sandstones, shales, 
 argillaceous iron ore and bituminous coal beds, are said to 
 occupy a large portion of the interior of Texas. Westward 
 of these occur the inferior and Silurian strata, trilobite 
 limestone, and transition slates. Beyond all the basaltic 
 and primary rocks of the Rocky Mountains arise; while 
 N. is the great salt lake of the Brazos, and a vast red saU- 
 ferous region. An immense bed of gypsum, the largest 
 known in North America, reaching from the Arkansas to 
 the Kio Grande River, traverses the N.W. portion of Texas. 
 Mineral springs abound ; among the most important are the 
 Salinllla Springs, (both white and salt sulphur.) near the 
 Trinity River in Walker county, a spring similar to White 
 Sulphur in Virginia, near the Bidais River; a blue sulphur, 
 spring, also in Walker county; a mineral spring near the 
 Chile, 30 miles from Bexar, formerly of great repute among 
 the Mexicans for its medical properties ; and a white sulphur- 
 spring near Carolina, in Slontgomery county. 
 
 Jiivei-s, Bays, Sounds. — The coast of Texas is lined with a 
 chain of low islands, which form a series of bays, sounds, 
 and lagoons; the most important of which .are Galveston, 
 Matagorda, Espiritu Santo, Aransas, and Corpus Christi 
 Bay.s, and Laguna del Madre. Commencing at Galveston 
 Bay in the N.E.. they lie along the Gulf of Mexico in the 
 order in which they are named. Galveston Bay, the largest 
 of these, extends about 35 miles inland from the Gulf of 
 Mexico, in a direction nearly N, Matagorda Bay, 60 miles 
 long by 6 to 10 wide, and Laguna del JIadre, 90 miles long 
 by 3 to 6 wide, are sounds rather than bays, and run nearly 
 parallel with the shore. The inlets to these are muih ob- 
 structed by bars ; Galveston Inlet, the best, is .said to have 
 but 12 feet water, the entrance of Matagorda Bay 11 feet, and 
 that of San Luis but 10 feet, Aransas Bay extends in a 
 N.E. and S.W. direction about 25 miles, by about 12 miles 
 in width ; Corpus Christi Bay. 40 miles from N. to S., by 20 
 miles from E. to W.; and Espidtu Santo is 20 miles long by 
 10 wide: Copjino Bay, opening into Aran.«as, is 20 miles 
 long by 3 wide. A writer in "De Bow's Resources in the 
 .South and West," however, says — "Steam.ships of 1200 to 
 1500 tons, and sail vessels of 10*)0 tons, can enter the port 
 of (Jalveston." Texas is crossed by several long rivei>. ge- 
 nerally rising in the table-lands of the W. and N.W., .ind 
 
 1905 
 
TEX 
 
 TEX 
 
 pnrsiiiii < a S R course, discharsre their waters Into the 
 Gulf of -Mexico. Commenoins; with the Kio Grande, the 
 larpest river in Texas, ISOO miles long, and which forms its 
 S.W. boundary, and proceeding along the coast, we have 
 the Nueces, San Antonio, Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, 
 Trinity, Neches, and Saliine. whose lengths in the order 
 named are about StK), 250, 275, S(XI, 500. 4(.t0, 300, and 350 
 miles, as estimated by measurements on the map. The Ked 
 Kiver rises in the N'.W. of the state, and forms a large part 
 of the N. boundary line. The Canadian, a branch of the 
 Arkansas, crosses the N. projection of the state. All of 
 these are navigable to a greater or less extent, (depending 
 on the wetness or dryness of the season, and on local ob- 
 structions.) the Sabine for about 150 miles; the Trinity, to 
 Porters Bluffs, lat. 32° 20'; the San -Jacinto, 50 miles; the 
 Brazos, to Sullivan's Shoals, near lat. 31° N. ; the Xueces, 
 100 miles: the Rio Grande. 400 miles: and the Red River, 
 to Preston, lat. 34° N., and Ion. 96° 20' W., (during high 
 water.) The Colorado is obstructed by a raft 10 miles from 
 its mouth: but when this is removed, which It doubtless 
 will be ere long, it will give a navigation of several hundred 
 miles. There are a number of small- rivers vt tribntaries, 
 navigable to some extent, and besides their value as chan- 
 nels of commerce, they afford in many instances excellent 
 sites for mill seats. There are no known lakes of importance 
 in Texa.s. Sabine Lake, an expansion of the river of that 
 name, near its mouth, 20 miles long, is on the lioundary 
 of Texas and Louisiana. There is a salt lake near the Rio 
 Grande, from which large quantities of salt are annually 
 taken. 
 
 Olijfcts of Interest to Thurists. — Among the most remark- 
 able known natural wonders of Texas is the Pass of the 
 Guadalupe Mountains, in the N'.W. of the state, thus de- 
 scribed by Mr. Bartlett: " We followed the intricacies of the 
 pass for hoUrs. winding and turning in every direction, 
 now plunging into some deep abyss, now rising upon some 
 little ca.stellated spur, and again pas.sing along.the brink of 
 a deep gorge, whose bottom, filled with trees, is concealed 
 from our view. In one place the road runs along a rocky 
 shelf not wide enough for two wagons to pass, and the next, 
 passes down through an immense gorge, walled in by regu- 
 larly terraced mountahis of limestone." 
 
 The Castle Mountain Pass is scarcely less wild and inte- 
 resting. The AVaco Mountain Pa.ss, on the borders of Texas 
 and New Mexico, is on the same grand .scale. Deep ba- 
 rancas. caflons or gullies, either worn by water or rent 
 asunder by earthquakes, yawn to a depth of many hundred 
 feet, in its high table-lands. Captain Marey represents the 
 Red River, near its source, as cutting its way through the 
 solid rock in the N. of Te^cas, in a caf5on or gorge of 8()0 feet 
 in depth. A fall of 120 feet in perpendicular pitch is re- 
 ported to have been recently discovered in one of the 
 branches of the Colorado River, which falls in one unbroken 
 sheet of 100 feet in width. Very large bones, (apjxarently 
 of the mastodon.) immense horns, vertebrse. teeth, silicified 
 wood, oysters, mussels, ammonites, (nearly 2 feet in diame- 
 ter.) fish, encrinites, trilobites. and other fossils are found 
 near San Felipe de Austin. Columlms, Bastrop. Webber's 
 Prairie, Austin, Peach Creek. Bntzoria, and many other 
 places, but not all in any one localitj'. Silicified trees are 
 particularly numerous in llonstdn county, mostly nearly 
 perpendicular, inclining to the X.. but some horizontal. 
 
 Oimatt;. — Texas seems to partake of a climate free from 
 the extremes of both the torrid and temperate zones, pro- 
 ducing in the N. m.any of the products of the temperate, and 
 in the S. many of those of the torrid zone. While it shares 
 the genial climate of Louisiana, it is free from its unhe;»lthy 
 swamp exhalations. The heats of summer are much niiti- 
 gited by the refreshing breezes from the Gulf, which blow 
 with great steadiness during that season. In Xovember. 
 however, the N. winds set in and sweep down the plains, 
 with but little variation, during the months of December 
 and January. These winds have doubtless a purifying 
 effect on the atmosphere, by swe>'ping off the exhalations 
 of the river-bottoms and the newly-broken soil ; the settler 
 on the prairies of the interior is thus freed from the miasma 
 that exerts usually so pestilential an influence on the 
 ••clearings" of new countries ■■»nd in marshy districts. Ice 
 is seldom seen in the S. part: and during the sximmer 
 months the thermometer averages about S0°, and in winter 
 from 60° to 75°. 
 
 fiiil and Productions. — The soil is equally favorable with 
 the clim.ate: for while every variety is found, from the 
 cheerless desert to the exuberantly fertile river-bottoms, the 
 general character is that of great fertility. The niesquit 
 grass in West Texas yields a fine soft sward, which is green 
 even in winter, and affords, beyond all comparison, the best 
 natural pasture in the world. Cotton, the great staple, 
 grows well in almost every part of the state, and that grown 
 near the Gulf is considered equal to the celebrated sea- 
 biland. Indian corn, the other great staple, is also readily 
 raised in almost every part. Two crops a year are planted, 
 one in February, and the other about the middle of June, 
 yielding often 75 ha«hels to the acre of shelled corn. Iii 
 the undul.-»ting country, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, and 
 lituG 
 
 the other .small grains flourish. The level country is well 
 adapted to the production of sugar, though it is not yet ex- 
 tensively cultivated. Tobacco, of a qualify claimed to be 
 equal to that of Cuba, flourishes with little ..are. and is 
 doubtless destined to form one of the staples of Texas. In- 
 digo, of a superior kind, is indigenous to the state. Rice 
 can be cultivated to any extent, and the soil is well adapted 
 to flax and hemp. According to the census of l(<liO, there 
 were in Texas 2.650,781 acres of improved land (22,693,247 
 being unimproved), prodncttig 1.478.345 bushels of wheat; 
 111,860 of rre; 16,500,702 of Indi.an com; 985,889 of oats; 
 341.961 of peas and beans ; 174.182of Irish potatoes,l,846,612 of 
 sweet pofcitoes : 67,562 of barley ; 11,865 tons of hay ; 5,850,588 
 pounds of butter; 275.128 of chee.?e; 28,123 of beeswax; 
 594.273 of honey; 5099 of cane sugar; 26,0.31 of rice; 97,914 
 of tobacco; 1,493,738 of wool; 405,358 gallons of cane mo- 
 lasses; 112.412 of sorghum molasses; 431,463 bales (of 400 
 pounds each) of cotton ; live stock valued at $42,825,447 ; 
 orchard products at $48,047; market products at ?178,374 
 and slaughtered animals at $5,143,635. The grape, mul- 
 berry, and the delicious vanilla are indigenous and abun- 
 dant. The nopal, (famous for the prodfiction of the cochi- 
 neal insect,) the mesquit-tree, (a species of locust, very 
 valuable for fencing and building,) and the tea-tree, (a 
 good substitute for the Chinese shrub,) are all native 
 to Texas, The cacti and agave are abundant W. of the 
 Nueces. Cayenne pepper is gi-own in va^t quantities. 
 The fruits are no less abundant and various than its other 
 products : here we have a peach superior to that of the 
 North, the nectarine, the quince, the flg, the plum, the 
 ci-ab-apple. and a great variety of beiries. Oranges, lemons, 
 limes, and melons grow well, as do all the garden vegetables. 
 Hickory, walnut, and pecan-nuts are plentiful. Shrubs and 
 flowers ai-e in profusion, and of great beauty and variety, 
 and many of our N. exotics and hothouse plants are indi- 
 genous to Texas : such, for example, as the gaudy dahlia. 
 Here bloom asters of every variety, geraniums, lilies, trum- 
 pet-flowers, cardinal-flowers, wax-plants, mimosas. &c,. In 
 short, a Texas prairie in spring is the very p3radi,se of a 
 bot.anist. or indeed of any lover of the beauties of nature. 
 
 The forest-trees are live-oak and other varieties of that 
 noble tree, cedar, pine, palmetto, ash. walnut, hickory, 
 pecan, mulberry, cypress, elm. and sycamore. The K. por- 
 tion and the river-bottoms are the most densely timbered. 
 ''Cross Timbers" is a wooded secrron, stretchin;:, says 
 Marcy. from the Arkansas River in a s.W. direction thi-ough 
 some 400 miles, with a width varjing from 5 to 30 miles. 
 The limits of this forest are very abrupt, and form, as it 
 were, a wall asrainst the further progress of the aiid prai 
 ries. The trees in this consist principally of post-oak and 
 black-jack, standing at such distances that wagons can pass 
 bet ween/ them in any direction. 
 
 Animuli:. — Texas abounds in wild animals of different 
 kinds. The buffalo .still roams in the N.W. of the state, and 
 the wild horse or mustang feeds in vast henls on its undu- 
 lating pi-airies. Here. too. are deer. puma.s, jaguai-s. ocelots, 
 and wild cats, black hears, wolves, foxes, some pecaries, 
 racoons, opossums, rabbits, hares, and abundance of sqxiii^ 
 rels. The prairie-dog. a species of marmot, burrows in the 
 ground, and their communities extend for many miles. Mr. 
 Bartlett mentions journeying for three days without for 
 once being out of sight of them. Wild cattle are in abun- 
 dance. Among the mountains of the West are found the 
 graceful .antelcpe, the mountain goat, and the moose, (the 
 largest of the deer kind.) Of the feathered tribes there are 
 many varieties to tempt the cupidity of the hunter, such as 
 prairie hens, wild geese, wild turkeys, brant, teal, canvas- 
 back and common duck, pheasants, quails, grouse, partridges, 
 woodcock, pigeons, turtle-doves, snipes, plovers, and rice- 
 birds. Of birds of prey are the baldheaded and Mexican 
 eagles, vultures, hawks, and owls. Of waterfliwl, besides 
 those mentioned above, are cranes, swans, pelicans, king- 
 fishers, and water-turkeys. Of small birds, crows. bl.ack- 
 birds. starlings, bluejays, woodpeckers, redbirds. martens, 
 swallows, and wrens. Of the 1>inJs noted for beauty of 
 plumage are the paroquet, the oriole, the whippoorwill, the 
 cardinal, and the sweet-toned mocking-bird. Of fish and 
 reptiles there are also a great variety, and of ex(^'lleat qua- 
 lity : among the former are the red fish, (a delicious fish, 
 weighing 50 pounds.) the yellow, white, and blue codfish, 
 sheepshead. mullet, flounders, perch, pike, suckers, and 
 trout: and of the latter, alligators, gareels. rattle, water, 
 moccasin, eoachwhip. copperhead, chicken, and garter snakes, 
 and horned frogs and lizards. Of shell-fish are crabs, oys- 
 ters, clams, mussels, cravfish. shrimps, and hard and soft 
 shelled turtles. Among the insects are the gadfly gnat, the 
 canfharides or Spanish fly. the honey-bee. (in a ^ilil state.) 
 centipedes, and a large poisonous spider called the tarantula. 
 
 Manufacture.!:. — Texas, as a new state, has but few manu- 
 factures: nor fill her rich and beautiful prairies and fertile 
 bottoms are occupied, will capitalists be likely to turn their 
 attention much to this branch of industry. ActDiding to 
 the census of 1860, there were in Texas 983 esttiblishments 
 engaged in mining, manufacturers, and the mechanic arts, 
 producing each ;t500 and upwards anuua.ly, employing 
 
TEX 
 
 capital to the nmount of S3,272,450, and 3440 hands, consum- 
 ing raw material worth $a,367,3"2, and yielding products 
 valued at S6,o77,202. Among thcsu were 2 v.oollou factories, 
 employing $60,000 (jfipital, and iiroducing annually stufls 
 valued at $38,79(5; I'J'Z s;tw-mills, employing $1,272,380 capi- 
 tal, and producing lumber valued at i:l,7ou,454. Home-made 
 manufiictures v^ilued at $ii84,217 were also produced in the 
 same year. XUere were no cotton lactories in the state in 
 1860. 
 
 Internal improvements. — In so recently settled a state, 
 little advance can be expected to have been made in this 
 respect beyond opening ordiuaiy roads ; however, in I860, 
 Texas hiul 300 miles of railroad completed, including 90 
 miles of the Ilou.stou and Texas Central, which extends 
 from Uouston via Breuham towaids Austin ; 72 miles ol the 
 Galveston IIou.st<;n aud Henderson, and 2a miles of the 
 San Antonio and Mexican Gulf. Other railroads are iu 
 progress. 
 
 0)mmerce. — This state has facilities for both internal and 
 foreign commerce. Her most fertile districts are crossed by 
 large rivers more or less navigable by steamlioats and by 
 smaller boats, while her numerous bays form harbors for 
 transacting her foreign commerce. It is true her rivers ar« 
 obstructed by sandbars and rafts in some instances : but 
 these admit of removal. Although bars obstruct the inlets 
 of her harbors, vessels of from 1(X)0 to 1500 tons may enter 
 the port of Galveston. The principal article of export from 
 this state is cotton. The value of exports to foreign coun- 
 tries for the fiscal year 1854, was $1,314,449: of imports, 
 $231,423: tonnage entered, 5'249 ; cleared, 9708; and owned 
 in the state, 9608, of which 2815 was steam tonnage; ves- 
 sels built, i. In the year ending August 31, 1853, there 
 had been brought to the shipping ports of the state, 85,790 
 bales of cotton, of which 16,346 were exported to European 
 ports ; and in 1854, 110,325 bales, of which 18,467 was ex- 
 ported to foreign ports. Trains frequently leave San An- 
 tonio for Mexico, loaded with merchandise suitalde for the 
 demands of Chihuahua, Parras, and other North JMexican 
 cities. 
 
 Education. — According to the census of 1860, Texas has 
 25 colleges, with 2416 students, $95,072 income; 1218 pub- 
 lic schools, with 34,611 pupils, $414,168 income; 97 acade- 
 mies and other schools, liaving5910 pupils, $142,134 income, 
 of which $(5559 wjis from public funds. It has also 147 
 libraries containing 80,538 volumes, of which 132 are jjublic 
 with 74,563 volumes, the rest belong to the schools, Suuday- 
 Bchools, colleges, and churches. 
 
 Rdiginiu Di'.wiminatums. — Of the 1034 churches in Texas 
 in 1800, the Baptists owned 280, Christians 53. Episcopalians 
 19, Lutherans 19, Methodists 410, PresbyteriaiLS 72, Cum- 
 berland Presbyterians 62, Roman Catholics 23, Uuionista 
 96; 1 church to each 684 persons. Value of church property, 
 $1,095,254. 
 
 Public rmtitufinns. — The state penitentiary is located at 
 Huntsville. Texas had in 1850, 3 public libraries with 
 2100 vols. ; 8 school and Sunday-school libraries with 2030 
 vols.; and 1 college library with 100 vols. 
 
 Periodicals. — In 1860 there were published in Texas 3 
 daily, 3 tri-weekly, and 79 weekly newspapers, aud 4 monthly 
 magazines. The whole number of copies issued aniiually 
 was 7.S65.80S. ,,„.„ 
 
 Population.— TeKSB had, according to the census of 18o0, 
 212,592 inhabitants ; in 1S60, 604,215, of whom 420,891 were 
 whites, 355 free colored. 182,566 slaves, and 403 Indians. 
 Population to the square mile 2. Representative popula- 
 tion 531,188. Of the population 153,043 were born in the 
 state, 225,184 in other sUites, 43,422 in foreign counties. Of 
 the free population in the leading pursuits, 51,569 were 
 farmers, 9961 laborers, 6,^.37 farm laborers, &c., &c.. In the 
 year ending June 1st, 1860, there occurred 9377 deaths, or 
 15.8 in every thousand. Of 181 deaf and dumb 24 were 
 slaves (see Introduction to tlie volume on Population of 
 the Eighth Census, pp. Uv, Iv, hi, etc.), of 150 blind 31 were 
 slaves, of 125 insane 13 were slaves, of 201 idiotic 37 were 
 
 C!mn(i««.— Texas is divided into 124 counties: Anderson, 
 Angelina, Atascosa, Austin, Bauderah, Bastrop, Baylor, Bee, 
 Bell, Bexar, Blanco, Bowie, Bosque, Brazoria, Biazos, 
 Brown, Buchanan, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Calhoun, 
 Camancho, Cameron, Caas, Chambers, Cherokee, Clay, Cole- 
 man, CoUelian, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Concho, Cook, 
 Coryell, Dallas, Dawson, Denunit, Denton, DeA\ itt, Duval, 
 Eastland, Edwards, Ellis, El Paso, Ensiual, ICrath, Falls, 
 Fannin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Free Stone, Frio, Galveston, 
 Guadalupe, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Grayson, Grimes, 
 Hiunilton, Hardeman, Hardin, Harris, Harrison, Haskell, 
 Hayes. Henderson, Hidalgo, Hill, Hopkins, Houston, Hunt, 
 ;«ck, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Karnes, Kaufmaa 
 Rerr, Kimble, Kinney, Knox, Lamar, LaniJassus, Lasalle, 
 Lav«;a, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Live Oak, Ll.aoo, Madison, 
 Marion, Mason, Matagorda, Maverick, McCullooh, McLen- 
 »au, McMuUen, Medina, Monora, Jlilam, Montague, Mon^ 
 romery, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nueces, Orange, 
 Palo Pinto, Pauola, Parker, P<j|k, Presidio, Bed River, Re- 
 fugio, Robertson, Runnels, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, 
 
 TEX 
 
 San Patricio, San Saba, Shackleford, Shelby, 5mith, Starr, 
 Tarrant, Taylor, Tlirockmoi ton, Titus, Travis, Trinity. Tyler, 
 Upshur, Uvalde, Yan Zandt, Victoria, Walker, Wasliington, 
 Webb, Wharton, Williamson, Wise, Wood, Young, Zapata, 
 Zavola. Capital, Austin. 
 
 Cities atul Towns. — Texas has no very large towns; San 
 Antonio, the largest in the state, had a population in 1860 
 of 8235. The other principal towns are (ialveston. popu- 
 lation 7307 ; Houston 4845; Austin 3494; Brownsville 2734; 
 Marshall and New Braunfels, each about a 1000, besidei 
 many smaller towns. 
 
 Government. — The executive power of Texas is intrusted 
 to a governor and lieutenant-governor, elected by the people, 
 each for two years, the former receiving $2000 per annum 
 salary, and the latter, who is ex officio president of the Se- 
 nate, $5 per day during the session of the Legislature. The 
 latter body is constituted, as usual in the United State.s, of 
 a Senate, composed of 21 members elected for 4, and a House 
 of Representatives, of 66 members elected for 2 year? — lioth 
 chosen by popular vote. The sessions of the legislature are 
 biennial, and meet in December. Every male citizen of the 
 United States (untaxed Indians and negroes excepted} who 
 is over 21 years of age, and shall have resided in the state 
 1 year next preceding an election, or in the county, town, 
 or district iu which he olTeis to vote, shall be deemed a 
 qualified elector, except United States soldiers, marines, 
 and seamen. The judiciary consists — 1. Of a Supreme Court, 
 composed of a chief and 2 associate judges; and 2. Of 14 
 District Courts, held twice a year in each county. Thei-e is 
 also a county court in each county. All the judges of Texas 
 are elected by the people for 6 years, but the governor can, 
 on address from two-thirds of each house, remove the 
 judges of both courts. The judges of the Supreme Court 
 receives $2000, and the district ■ judges each $17.50 per 
 annum. The state debt of Texas, in March, ]8o5, was 
 $11,055,694; to defray part of which, Congress appropiiated 
 $7,760,000 as an indemnity for certain territory relinquished, 
 by Texas to New Mexico on the formation of the latter 
 territory, and also, for Indan depredations. Ordinary ex- 
 penditures, exclusive of debt and schools. $100,000. Taxable 
 property in 1853. $99,155,114. In November, 1851. Texas 
 had but one bank, capital, $322,000; circulation, $300,000; 
 coin, $100,000. 
 
 History. — The present state of Texas formed, previous to 
 the revolution of 1836, the whole of the Mexican province 
 of Texas, together with portions of the states of Tamaulipas, 
 Co.xhuila, Chihuahua, and New Mexico. In conse(iue«ce of. 
 the inducements held out to settlers, an extensive emigrsfc- 
 tion to this region from the United States commenced ia I 
 1821, which had swelled to sufficient amount in 1832 to in- 
 duce the inhabitants to demandadmission as an independent 
 member of the Mexican confederacy ; which being refiised, 
 resulted in a declaration of independence, that, after vaiious 
 contests in arms, was completely achieved by the defeat 
 and capture of the Mexican president, Santa Anna, at San 
 Jacinto, in 1S36. Up to I.SIS, Texas remained an independent 
 republic, modelled after the government of the United 
 States. In 1846 it was admitted a member of the North 
 American confederacy, reserving the right to be divided 
 into five states, with the institution of negro slavery. Dis- 
 putes arising with Mexico as to the boundary, ^ Mexico 
 claiming to the Nueces, and the United States to the liio 
 Grande del Norte.) w.^r ensued, iu which General Taylor 
 gained two battles within the limits of the present state of 
 Texas. The treaty with Mexico, at the close of this war, 
 a.ssigned to Texas the Rio Grande as its S.W. boundary. By 
 the Compromi.-e Act of 1850, the boundaries of Texas were 
 somewhat modified, she conceding to New Mexico a portion 
 of her Northern territory, in consideration of $10,000,000, 
 to be paid by the United States government 
 
 The inhabitants of the W. and N.^\'. portions of Texas 
 are subject to frequent inroads from the Camanches. Apa -hes, 
 and other warlike tribes, who desti-oy property, murder, or 
 carry into captivity their defenceless victims, aud drive off 
 their horses, sheep, and cattle.- Adj. and inhab. Tex' an. 
 
 TEXAS, a new county in the S. part of Missouri, has au 
 area of 1250 square miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by 
 Big Piney and Robidoux Forks, affluents of Gasconade 
 River, and also drained by the sources of Current, an 
 affluent of tlie Big Black River. The surfiice is hilly, and 
 covered with extensive forests of yellow pine, wliiih here 
 grows to a great sia«; the soil is said to be generally good. 
 Capital, Houston. Pop. 0067, of whom 6011 were free, and 
 66 slaves. 
 
 TEXAS, a post-village of Oswego co.. New York, on Sal- 
 mon Creek, near its entrance into Lake Ontario, above 
 38 miles N. of Syracuse. Produce is shipped here iu steam- 
 boats. 
 
 TEXAS, a villiige of I^ancaster co., Pennsylvania, about 
 26 miles S.S.E. of Lanaister. 
 
 TEXAS, a post-oflice of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TEXAS, a township of W.iyne co., I'ennsylvania, on the 
 Lackawaxen Creek, contains Ilooesdale. the c(]unty seat, 
 which is the E. terminus of the Carbondale and Hoiiesdale 
 l?ailroad. Pop. 3478. 
 
 1907 
 
TEX 
 
 TIHA 
 
 TEXAS, a post-office of Meriwether co., Qeorgin, about 14 
 miles N.E of Greenville. 
 
 TEXAS, a post-ofllce of Washington co.. Kentucky. 
 
 TEXAS, a Tillaire of Champaign co., Ohio, on the turn- 
 pike from Urbana to Columbus. 
 
 TEX' AS, a town.ehip of Crawford co.. Ohio. Pop. 566. 
 
 TEXAS, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 TEXAS, a township of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, inter- 
 sected by the Slichigan Central Railroad. I'op. 823. 
 
 TEXXS, a post-office of Washington co., Indiana. 
 
 TEXAS, a small village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on the 
 Iiwjuois River. 
 
 TEX.\S. a po.st-offlce of Randolph co., Illinois. 
 
 TE.X.\S. a small village of Washington co., Iowa, 
 
 TEX.iS HILL, a post-offlce of Sacramento co., California. 
 
 TEXAS VALLEY, a post-offlce of Cortland co., New York. 
 
 TEXEL, tix'i], or TES'SEL, an island in the Xorth Sea, 
 belonging to the Netherlands, and separated from the main- 
 land by Marsdiep, 2^ miles across. Length, 13 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 4924, engaged in agriculture, fishing, 
 boat-building, and as pilots. Surface low, and chiefly in 
 pasturage, on which fine breeds of cattle and sheep are 
 reared. Its N. part is termed Eyerland, (•' Eggland.") from 
 the great abundance of eirgs deposited tiiere by wild fowl. 
 Its W. coast is sheltered by dykes, which were broken 
 through, with great damage to the island, by a tremendous 
 storm in February, 1825. It contains a town and several 
 Tillages. Off the Texel, on the 21st of July. 16,53, the Eng- 
 lish tleet, under Monk, defeated the Dutch under Van 
 Tromp. who was killed during the action, 
 
 TEXUTLA, a town of Central America. See Tejcti-.^. 
 
 TEY, tA, Great, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 
 
 TEY, Little, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 
 
 TKYDE, PEAK OF, See Tenerhfe. Peak of. 
 
 TEY, MARKS, a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 TEYXGA, tain'gi, the northernmost of the Sooloo Islands, 
 lat. 6° 52' N.. Ion. 121° 43' E. 
 
 TEYN'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 TEZA, tA'za, or TESSE, t^s'sA, a river of Russia, rises in 
 the S. of the government of Kostroma, flows cii-cuitously S. 
 Into the government of Vladiiiieer, and joins the Kliasm.i, 
 after a course of alx)ut 100 miles. 
 
 TEZA, Wzi, written also Tli^J.\. a town of Morocco, king- 
 dom, 65 miles E. of Fez, on an aiBuent of the Selioo. Pop. 
 11,000. It has a fine mosque, and well-supplied markets. 
 
 TEZCO/CO or TEZCUCO, t^s-KooOio, a lake of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state, and about 2i miles E. of the city of 
 Mexico, with which it is connected by a cjinal, is the largest 
 and lowest of the five lakes in the same vicinity; greatest 
 length, from N. to S., about 15 miles: greatest breadth, 9 
 miles. Its depth nowhere exceeds 10 feet, rfnd in some 
 parts is not more than 2 or 3 feet, while its shores, little 
 raised above its level, are swampy. Its waters are so 
 strongly impregnated with salt as to leave a white deposit 
 on its banks, and supply a number of salt-works which have 
 been erected. The lake was once much more extensive 
 than at present, and contained several islands, on which 
 the Mexico of the Incas was built, 
 
 TEZCOCO or TEZCUCO, a town of the Mexican Conledera- 
 tiou, state, and about 16 miles E.N.E, of Mexico, on the 
 E. shore of the lake of its own name. In ancient times it 
 was the second city in the kingdom, and though still a 
 pl.^ce of some importance, now derives its chief interest 
 from historic^il associations and remains of antiquity. In 
 the X.W. quarter is a shapeless mass ot pottery, bricks, and 
 some large neatly-squared slabs of basalt, thickly overgrown 
 with aloes, said to be one of the palaces of Montezuma ; and 
 In the S. quarter are the massive remains of three vast 
 pyramids, each measuring 400 feet along the base of their 
 fronts. They appear to have been teocalli or temples, de- 
 voted, like those of the capital, to human sacritices and 
 other impious rites. The modern town contains many 
 hiiiidsome edifices, both public and private ; has consider- 
 able manufactures of woollen and cotton goods, and carries 
 on an active trade chietly with Mexico. Pop. about SOiiO. 
 THA I. the prefixed name of several cities of China. SeeTAl. 
 
 THAILFINGEN, til'fing-en. a village of WUrtemberg, 
 circle of Schwarzwald, 9 miles E. of Bahlingen, Pop. 1667. 
 
 THAI I'E SHAN (or CHAN.) tl pA shjn, a mountain of 
 China, province of Kan-Soo. l^at. 32° 46' N., Ion. 105° 3' K. 
 It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 TIIAI PE SHAN (or CHAN,) a mount-iin of China, pro- 
 vince of Shan-.See. Lat. 39° 20' N., Ion. 111° 59' E. It is 
 oovered with perjjetual snnw. 
 
 THAI PE SHAN (or CHAN.) a mountain of China, pro- 
 Vin;e of Shen-See. Lat. 38° 55' N., Ion. 107° 42' E. It is 
 coyered with perpetual snow. 
 
 TH AKE'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 IH.^L. tAl, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton, 
 and E.X.E. of St. Gall, Near it is a mineral spring, over 
 which a bath ha* been erected, and a castle belonging to the 
 Prince Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Pop. 2065. 
 
 THALE, ti'leh, a town of Prussia, province of Saxonv. 
 anvernment. and S.W. of Magdeburg, at the foot of thf 
 Harz Mountains. Pop. 1385. 
 
 THALEATN, See SALWiit. 
 
 THALHEIM, t^l'hlme. a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, and bailiwick of Stolberg. Pop. 1S66. 
 
 TH.VLHEIM, a village of Wiirtemborg, circle of Neckar, 
 and bailiwick of Heilbronn, with an old castle in ruins, 
 Pop. 1314. 
 
 THALHEIM, a rillasre of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarz- 
 wald. 7 miles N.N.AV. of Tuttlincen. Pop. 1201. 
 
 THALHEIM, a vilKige of WUrtemberg. circle of Schwarz- 
 wald. and bailiwick of Rottenbnrg, with the ruins of an 
 old feudal castle. Pop. 1083. 
 
 THALMAS3ING, (ThalmSssing,) til-m^s/sing, or TIIAL- 
 ME.S/SINGEN,a market-town of Bavaria, 25 miles S. by E. 
 of Nuremberg, Pop. 1169. 
 
 THALWEIL, tai'^He, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 6 miles S. of Zurich, on a height al)Ove the W. 
 shore of the Lake of Zurich. It consists chiefly ofa number 
 of houses clustering around the church, whose twisted tower, 
 risin? up among them, produces a strange appearance. 
 Pop. 1738. 
 
 THAME or TAME, a river of England, cos. of Bucks and 
 Oxford, after a S W. course of 40 miles past Thame, Stad- 
 hampton. &c.. at Dorchester joins the Isis, to which it 
 afterwards sives the name of Thames. See Tame. 
 
 THAME or TAME, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO., and 12 miles E.S.E. of Oxford, on the border of Bucks, 
 on the S. bank of the Thames, which here becomes navi- 
 gable. Pop. in 1851. 3259. It has a large and handsome 
 church, near which are the ruins of an ancient prebendal 
 house, a work-house, numerous schools, and a manufactory 
 of lace. 
 
 TH.AMES, tJmz, (ane, Tum'esis; Fr. Tamise. tS'meez',) 
 the principal, though not the longest river of England, 
 through the S. part of which it flows mostly in an E. direc- 
 tion. It rises under the name of the Isis, about 2 miles 
 S, of Cirencester, and 376 fieet above the sea, flows at first 
 S. to ne.ar Cricklade, then E.N.E. past lyechlade to near 
 Oxford, and S.E. past Oxford, Abingdon, and Wgllingford 
 to Reading, after which its course is mostly K to Grave- 
 send. A few miles beyond this it expands into an es-tu.iry 
 which, at its junction with the North Sea, at the Nc re, 
 between the Isle of Sheppey and Foulness I'oint, is 15 
 miles across, and h.is on its opposite Isanks the towns of 
 Sheerness and Southend. Total course estim.ited at 215 
 miles. At Dorchester, it receives the Thame from the N., 
 and thenceforth assumes its proper name; other principal 
 afliueuts ,ire tte Churnet, Coin, Wainru.sh, Evenlode, Cher- 
 well, Cohie, Brent, Lea. and Roding. from the N., and tlie 
 Cole, Kennett, (its chief affluent,) Wey, Mole, and gome 
 smaller rivers from the S. The Mersey joins its estuary at 
 Sheerness. Thames-head Bridge is 376 feet above sta-level ; 
 at the junction of the Colne above Lechlade, this height has 
 diminished to 243 feet, showing on the whole distance of 22 
 miles an average iall per mile of 6 feet. Below this the 
 average fill nowhere exceeds 2 feet 3 inches. At London 
 Bridge, where the height above sea-level is 4 feet 3 inches, 
 the average fall per mile is only 9 inches; from London 
 Bridge to the Nore, it does not exceed 1 inch, -\t London 
 Bridge, the width of the river is 290 yards; at Woolwich, 
 490 yards: at Gravesend. 800 yards: and 3 miles below, 1290 
 yards. The basin of the Thames has an area of 61 m square 
 miles. It thus occupies nearly one-eighth of the whole 
 area of England, but belonging entirely to the upper part 
 of the secondary and to the tertiary form.ation. is destitute 
 of coal, and hence possesses no manufactures of importance 
 except tho.se of the metropolis itself. It comprehends, how- 
 ever, some of the richest agricultural districts of the king- 
 dom, and surpasses all others in point of wealth, derived 
 partly from its containing the seat of government, .ind still 
 more from its vast commercial importance. Its depth, in 
 the fair way above Greenwich to London Bridge, is 12 to 
 13 feet, while its tides h.ive a mean range of 17 feet, and 
 an extreme rise of 22 feet. Up to St, Katherine's Docks, 
 adjoining the Tower, it is navigable by vessels of 800 tons, 
 and to Blackwall by vessels of 1400 ton.s. As far as Dept- 
 ford it safely floats vessels of any burden, thougb. sandbanks 
 beyond its estuary and at the Nore make the navigation 
 rather intricate. At London and below, the accommtKlation 
 provided for shipping is of the most extensive and magnifi- 
 cent description. Nor has the navigation of its upper -han- 
 nel. and the importance of navigable feeders, been iver- 
 looked. By means of numerous canals, as the Thames and 
 Severn, the Oxford, the Wilts and Berks, the Kennet and 
 Avon, the M'ey and Arun. the Basingstoke, and the Regent 
 and Paddington, communicating with the Grand Junction, 
 immediate access is given from its basin to those of all the 
 great rivers of the kingdom. 
 
 Under the Romans the Thames formed the N. boundary 
 of the province of Brilannia Prima. During the Saxon 
 heptarchy, it divided the kingdoms of Wessex. Sussex, and 
 Kent, from those of Mercia and Essex; it now separates the 
 counties of Oxford, Bucks, Middlesex, and Essex on the N . 
 from those of Berks, Surrey, and Kent on the S. 
 
 THAMES, commonly prom^unced thAms, a river oi 
 Conuecticnt, is formed by the junction of the QuinebauR, 
 
THA 
 
 THE 
 
 ?hetncket. and Yantic Rivers, near Norwich, in New Lon- 
 don county, and flows S. about 14 miles into the E. end of 
 Long Island Sound. It is navigable throughout its whole 
 length, and forms an excellent harbor at its mouth. 
 
 TIIAMKS, tJmz. a river of Canada West, flows through a 
 fertile country in the peninsula between Lakes Huron and 
 Erie, and, after a S.W. course of 160 miles, enters Lake St. 
 Clair. It is navigable for boats from its mouth to Chatham, 
 besides which town, London and Oxford are on its banks. 
 
 TII.VMKS or WAI-IIO, wi'ho. a river of New Zealand, 
 North Island, aft«r a northward course joins the sea by an 
 estuary 30 miles in breadth, termed the Frith of the 
 Thames, (or Waikahourounga,) and on the S.W. shore of 
 which is the town of Auckland. 
 
 THAMES (tJmz) DIXTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Surrev. 
 
 TII.X.MES'FORD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Ox- 
 ford. 102 miles W.S.W. of Toronto. Pop. about 175. 
 
 THAN A, tJ'nS or t'hi'na, a .small town of the North Pun- 
 jab, on the route from Lahore to Cashmere. Lat. 33° 26' 
 N.. Ion. 74° 16' E. Most of the inhabitants are shawl-weavers. 
 
 THANASUIl, t'hd'nl-.«&r'(?) a town of North-west Hin- 
 dostan, capital of a r.ajahship, 94 miles N.W. of Delhi, on 
 the route to Umballah. 
 
 TIIAN'ET, ISLE OF, the N.E. extremity of the co. of 
 Kent. England, surrounded N. and E. by the sea, and S. 
 and W. by the river Stour and its branch, the Nethergong, 
 both formerly navigable for ships of large burden. Length, 
 10 miles ; breadth, 5 miles. Area, 26.500 acres. Pop. In 
 1851, 31.798. The surface is level, lofty, and commands 
 views of the sea and the coast of France. The soil is fertile, 
 and produces, among other products, large quantities of 
 canary-seed. Its N.E. point, the North Foreland, lat. 51° 
 22' 29" N., Ion. 1° 26' 47" E., has a light-house 340 feet 
 above the sea, and visible for 22 miles. Near it are two 
 large tumuli, said to mark the place of a battle between 
 the Saxons and Danes in A. D. 853. The town of Reculver, 
 on the N.W., marks the site of the ancient Regulhium ; and 
 Eichborough, on its S. side, was the ancient Wiutujnuin. 
 Thanet was the first possession of the Saxons, in Britain. 
 On it are the favorite watering-places Ramsgate. Margate, 
 and Broadstairs, and it is intersected by a branch of the 
 South-Eastern Railw;iy, tnitween the two former towns. 
 
 THAN HKE SHAN or THAN HI CHAN, t'hin h.i shdn, a 
 mountain of China, province of Yun-nan. Lat. 23° 50' N., 
 Ion. 100° 22' R. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 TIIANaNOTON, a parish of England, co|of Kent. 
 
 TIIANK'ERTON. a parish of Scotland, with a station on 
 the Caledonian Railway. See Covington. 
 
 THAN-LYENG or THAN-LWENO. See a.u.wiN. 
 
 THANN, t3nn, a town of France, department of Haut- 
 Rhin, on the Thur, 22 miles S.S.W. of Colmar, with hhich 
 
 Elace it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1S52. 5864. It 
 as a fine Gothic church, with a spire 025 feet in height, 
 and man ufictures of cotton handkerchiefs and twi.st, hosieiy, 
 stjirch. and salt. 
 
 THANXH AUSEN, tlnOiOw'zen, amarket-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Swabia, on the Mindel, here crossed by a bridge, 20 
 miles W.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1580. 
 
 THARANADT, tk'vl-nlti\ a town of Saxony, 9 miles 
 S.W^. of Dresden. N. of the forest of its own name. It has a 
 bathing establishment, and several mills. Pop. 1733. 
 
 THAI? P. a post-office of Bibb co., Georgia. 
 
 THARSTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THARTHAR, tartar' or t'har't'har', a river of Asiatic 
 Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, after a S. course parallel to the 
 Tigris, is lost in a salt lake 70 miles N.W. of Bagd.ad. 
 
 THASO, thd'so. or THA'SOS, an island in the iEgean Sea, 
 belonging to European Turkey, off the S. coast of Room- 
 Elee. 30 miles N.N.E. of Mount Athos. The shape is nearly 
 circular. Are.a, S5 square miles. Pop. 6000. The surface is 
 generally fertile and well wooded; the products comprise 
 corn, fruits, oil, wine, honey, marble, aiid timber. In its 
 interior is the small town of Volgaro, and on its N.E. side 
 the village of Thaso. 
 
 THASO PULO or POULO. thi'so pooHo, ("Little Thaso,") 
 a small island about 3 miles N. of Thaso. 
 
 THATC'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks, 3 miles 
 E. of Newburv, on the Great Western Railway. 
 
 THATCH'KR, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. 
 
 THAU. £TANG DE. .•IHSno' deh tO, a lagoon of South 
 France, department of Herault, separated from the Mediter- 
 ranean by the narrow tongue of land on which is the town 
 ofCette; it communicates N.E. with the similar lagoon of 
 Maguelonne. Length, 13 miles; average breadth. 3 miles. 
 It is traversed by the Canal du Midi, affords an abundance 
 offish, and is frequented by flocks of aquatic birds. 
 
 THAU'MACO. (modern Greek pron. thfiw'ma-ko.) a small 
 town of European Turkey, in Thessaly, 35 miles S.S.W. of 
 r«rissa. on a castellated height on which are remains of the 
 tlioient Thauinad. 
 
 THANTED, a decayed borough, market-town, and parish 
 of England, co. of Esse.x, 17 miles N.N.W. of Chelmsford. 
 Pop. in 1S51, 2556. The town, on the Chelraer, near its 
 source, U of great antiquity; but its borough privileges 
 
 were suffered to l.ipse in the time of James TT. The church 
 erected about the time of Edward II.. is a fine edifice. 
 
 TH.\YA. ti'i, a river of IjOwer Austria and Moravia, after 
 an E. course of 130 miles, joins the March 39 miles N.P^. s» 
 Vienna. It receives the Iglawa, with the Zwittawa. from th^ 
 N.. by which it drains all the S.W. half of Moravia. 
 
 THEAKI orTHIAKL See Ithaca. 
 
 TliE.\LE, theel, a chapelry of England, co. of Berks, wltli 
 a station on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles W.S.AV. oj 
 Reading. 
 
 THEB.^E. See Thebks. 
 
 THE'BERTON. a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 THEBES, theebz, (anc. Dint'pnHi JUcf/'na ; Gr. dcdo-woXt, 
 lityaXn- i- e. •' the great city of Jove;" the A'n or Ki>-Amnion, 
 of scripture,) a famous city in antiquity, long the capital of 
 Egypt, the stupendous remains of which, in Upper Egypt, 
 extend for 7 miles along both banks of the Nile, about lat. 
 25° 4T N., Ion. 32° 38' E., and present, in every respect, the 
 finest collection of ancient monuments exi.sting in the world. 
 Its foundation is lost in antiquity; but it had long been one 
 of the most distinguished cities of Egypt, and attained to 
 almost unexampled prosperity at a period considered coeval 
 with the reigns of David and Solomon in Judea, when it 
 began to suffer by the rise of its rival Memphis, and lost 
 much of its importance by the transfer of the seat of go- 
 vernment to the latter. It sustained a still severer blow 
 during the invasion of the Persians under Cambyses, who 
 captured and pillaged it. Its destruction was completed, it 
 is said, by Ptolemy Lathyrus, who, in the seco7id century 
 II. C, after a three years' siege, left it a heap of ruins. These 
 ruins, however, bear ample testimony to its original gran- 
 deur; and some of them, considering their antiquity and 
 the usage to which they have been subjected, are still in 
 wondrous preservation. 
 
 The most ancient and splendid is the temple of Kamak, 
 which covered an area of about 1} miles in circuit, and re- 
 ceived its embellishments from a succession of monarchs 
 who vied with each other in the lavishne.ssof their expendi- 
 ture upon it. Its principal front, forming its N.W. side, 
 faces the river, and is approached by an avenue of Crio- 
 sphinxes. which terminatedat twocolossal statues of granite, 
 standing like towers. One of these, though it has lost its 
 summit and cornice, still retains a great part of its original 
 height. Beyond the towers is a large open court, 329 bj 
 275 feet, with a double line of columns In its centre, and a 
 covered corridor on either side; and beyond the court la 
 the grand hall of assembly, 32i9 by 170 feet, with a cen- 
 tral avenue of 12 enormous columns, 66 feet in height, 
 and 38 feet in circuit; and 7 side rows of columns, 122 in 
 num'ber. less than these of the centre, but still of gigantic 
 dimensions — their height being 41 feet 9 inches, and their 
 circuit 27 feet 6 inches. Other courts and halls are con- 
 tinued inward for an additional length of 600 feet, contain- 
 ing numerous columns and occasional obelisks, one of 
 which, still standing, is 92 feet high by 8 feet square, and 
 is surrounded by a peri.stvle of figures. Numerous his- 
 torical sculptures are carveii on various parts of the temple, 
 and more especially on the interior of its great hall, and 
 furnish vivid representations of the events to which they 
 refer. 
 
 Next in importance to the ruins of Kamak are those of 
 the palace of Luxor, rather more than 1 mile above the 
 temple, but connected with it by a dromns or street, com- 
 mencing at two obelisks of red granit<», covered with a pro- 
 fusion of hieroglyphics admirably executed. One of these 
 obelisks now forms the principal ornament of the Place d« 
 Concorde nt Paris. The dimensions of the palace are less 
 than those of the temple, but the style of architecture is 
 considered superior, and the state of preservation is more 
 complete. On the left hank of the Nile, which bore the 
 name of the Libyan Suburb, was situated the quarter 
 called Memnonia, and a very extensive necropolis, still con- 
 taining many magnificent monumental structures. The 
 Memnonia is so called from containing the palace temple 
 of Memnonium or liameseum, (?) which, for symmetry of 
 architecture and elegance of sculpture, is not surpassed by 
 an3- monument of Egyptian art. One of its most remark- 
 able objects, now unhappily reduced to fragments by the 
 fury of the invader, was a stupendous sienite statue, which, 
 when entire, must have weighed 887 tons. Another re- 
 markable colossus, once the wonder of the ancients, still 
 exists in a dilapidated state. It is called the Vocal Mem- 
 non. from a sound which is emitted at sunrise, long va- 
 riously explained, but now known to have been due to ex- 
 pansion resulting fi'om the heat of the morning sun. The 
 statue possesses great interest, both from the skill displayed 
 in its formation, and the number of the hieroglyphics en> 
 graved on it. The necropolis, on the same side of the river, 
 is rich in antiquities, and contains numerous catacombs, 
 from one of which the famous tomb of Belzeni was ex- 
 cavated. Adj. and inhab. The'dan. 
 
 THEBES. (Gr. OriSai. I'liehai. pronounced theeVil by the 
 
 modern Greeks: Turkish. Tcfva.)fi town of Grec "vprn- 
 
 ment of Boeotia, on a height anciently occupied by tlia 
 Cadmeian citadel, 26 miles E.B.E. of Livadia. Pop.9000. 
 
 1909 
 
THE 
 
 THE 
 
 Thebes, tounded by Caduius al.out e.c. 1549, (?) the birth- 
 place of l^-isiod, Pindar, IVlopidas, and Epaminondas. was 
 iiuciently a ity of jireat wealth and importance ; but it was 
 almost "wholly ruined durinR the Greek revolutionary 
 Btrujjgle. Adj. and inhab. The/ban. 
 
 TU KBES. theebz, a post-village, capital of Alexandria co., 
 Llinois, on the Mississippi liiver, 14-i miles below St. Louis. 
 
 XHKBO, thi/bo, a town of Burmah, in Farther India, lOD 
 miles K. of Ava. 
 
 TIIK COIViNKR, a post-ofBce of Ulster co., New York. 
 
 THEDINGII.'VUSK.N'. tVdini-hdw'zen, a town of Germany, 
 in Brunswick, 13 miles S.K. of Bremen. Pop. 1917. 
 
 THEiyiNGWORTU, a parish of England, cos. of Leicester 
 and Northampton. 
 
 TIIEDLETUOUPE, East, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 TU BDLETUOKPE, West, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 THE EOllK. a post-office of Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 THE GLA'DES, a post-offlce of Carroll co., Virginia. 
 
 THE GLEN, a post-office of Warren CO., New York. 
 
 THE <iUI.iE, a post-office of Chatham co., North Carolina. 
 
 THEISS, tice, (Hun. Tisza, tee'sdh'; anc. Tihis'cus.) a river 
 of Hungary, all the E. part of which, and mo.st of Tran.syl- 
 vania, is drained by it and its tributaries, rises in the Car- 
 
 Cathiau Mountains, on the borders of Galicia, and is formed 
 y the union of the Black and White Theiss, 20 miles E.N.E. 
 of Szigeth. Its course is then W. to Tokay, whence it has a 
 S. course to the Danube, which it joins on the left between 
 the Banat and Slavonia, 22 miles E. of Peterwardein. Total 
 length, 500 miles, for the greater part of which it is navi- 
 gable. Chief affluents, the Szamos. the Kraszna. the Koros, 
 the Maros, and the Alt-Bega. its course is sluggish, and in 
 its lower half it flows parallel to the Danube, through a 
 marshy plain, and with many windings. The chief traffic 
 ou it is the downward conveyance of salt, timber, and rural 
 produce. It has sturgeon and other fisheries. The Theiss 
 gives name to two great divisions of Hungary. 
 
 THEL'BIIIDGK. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 THEI/NETHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 THF.iyVETO.N, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THEMAK, til/maa, a town of Central Germany, duchy of 
 Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 10 miles S.E. of Meiningen. 
 Pop. 1500. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures 
 of woollen cloth and paper. 
 
 THE.M'ILTHOUPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TlIEMSCIII'i, tJm'sKgh, a marketrtown of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 9 miles N.E. of Den- 
 dermonde. Pop. 6160. It has manufactures of linens, 
 printed cottons, and lace. 
 
 THE NAll/KOWS, a post-office of Crawford co.. Arkansas. 
 
 TII1JXEZ.\Y, tfh-n^h-zi', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Deux-S6vres, 11 miles E.N.E. of Parthenay. 
 Pop. in 1S52, 2249. 
 
 i'HEN'FOKD, a parish of England co. of Northampton. 
 
 THENINGEN, t.Vuing-gn, a village of Baden, circle of 
 Upper Fihine, 3 miles W. of Emmendingen, near the left 
 bank of the Elz. Pop. 1326. 
 
 TUENON, thgh-n6s"', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, 18 miles E.SJ<:. of Perigueux. Pop. in 
 Ihb-i, 1850. 
 
 THE'OBALD, a hamlet of England, co. of Hertford, vrith 
 a fine seat on the site of a palace erected in 1659 by the 
 celebrated Burleigh, who here entertained Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 THEODOSIA. SeeK.VFFA. 
 
 TIIEODUKIA, the-o-doo/re-3, a small town of European 
 •Xurkev, iu Epirus, pashalic. and 28 miles S.S.E. of Yanin.i. 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, a post-office of Fairfax co., 
 Tirgiuia. 
 
 THE PL.\IXS, a past-office of Fauquier co., A'irginisc 
 
 THE PUU'CHASE, a post-village of Westchester co., New 
 York, about 130 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 THIiK.A.. See SA.NT0Rim. 
 
 THEIIAIN, tgh-r^N"', a river of France, rises near the E. 
 frontiers of Seine-Inferieure, enters the department of Oise, 
 flows S.E. past Beaufais, and joins the Oise near Creil. 
 Total course, 50 miles. 
 
 THEKAPIA, t5r-a-pee'a, written also TARAPIA, a village 
 of European Turkey, in lioom-Elee, on the W. shore of the 
 Bospborus. 7J miles N.N.E. of Constantinople, with nume- 
 rous country-houses, and residences of the French and 
 English ambassadors. 
 
 THERAUD, fher'awd', a town of Ilindosfan, province of 
 Guzerat, capital of a district, 150 miles W. by S. of Odey- 
 poor. In 1809 it was a place of considerable importance, 
 coataiuiog 2700 houses. The district suffers much from the 
 »arcity or brackishness of the water, though it is remark- 
 able that the best and freshest water is in that part of the 
 district nearest the saltrmorass of the Runn. 
 
 TUIiRESA, te-ree/s^, a post-village of There.sa township, 
 Jefferson co., New York, on Indian River, 18 or 20 miles 
 N.N .E. of Watortown. Pop. f)f the township, 2fi28. 
 
 THERESA, a post-township and village of Dodge CO., Wis- 
 consin, about 20 miles S.of Fond du Lac. Pop. 2433, 
 
 THEKESIENOPEL. See There.sienstadt. 
 
 THKRESIEXSTADT. t^r-A'ze-tn-stdtt\ a town of the Aus- 
 trUu Empire, in Bohemia, 2 miles S.E. of Leitmeritz, ou the 
 1910 
 
 Eger, near its confluence with the Elbe. Pop. 1323. Its 
 fortre.<iS was built bv Joseph 11. in 1780. 
 
 THERE3IEXSTADT or THEKESIENOPEL, tJr-A'za an- 
 o'pel, (Hun. Szcibuill.a. soh'l ()d'k6h\) a town of the AuLlnau 
 Empire, in South-east Hungary, co. of Bacs, 25 miles S.W. 
 of Szegedin. Pop.53,409. It has several churches, a col 
 lege, large bairacks. and town-hall, with manufactures ot 
 linen, leather, and tobacco, and a trade in horses, cattle> 
 shei^p. raw hides, and wool. 
 
 TIIERESIOPOLIS. t^-r-A'ze-ojVo-li.s a town of the Austrian 
 Empire, co., and 18 miles E. of Temesvar. Pop. oSOl. 
 
 TIIEK'FIELD, a pari.sli of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 THERM J,. See Tei:mi.m. 
 
 THERMAICUS SINUS. See Saionica, Guir of. 
 
 THEHMEH or TERMEH. teR'm&h, a river of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, rises N.N.W. of Kaia-IIissar, flows W., and then N. 
 Total course, about 100 miles. 
 
 TIIERMEH or TERMKH, (anc. Thermodon,) a sm.-ill town 
 of A.siatic Turkey, pashalic of Stevas, 130 miles W. by N. of 
 Trebizond, near the mouth of the Thermeh, in the Black 
 Sea. 
 
 THERMTA, thJr-mee'a.. (anc. O/i'i'nns; Gr. KvOvos or Kvd- 
 ►toj.) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, in the Cyclades, 
 government, and 22 miles W. of Syra, midway between Zea 
 and Serpho. Area, 48 sijuare miles. I'op. 6000. It pro- 
 duces wheat, barley, vine, figs, honey, and .some silk, and 
 derives its name from the hot springs on its E. side, near 
 the principal village of Thermia. 
 
 THEKMIGNON, t?;R'meen\vANi:', a market-town of Savoy, 
 province of Maurienne. on the route leading across Mont 
 Cenis, 3 miles W. of Lans-le-ltourg. Pop. 1254. 
 
 THERMOPYL.T:. th,.>r-mop/e K-, or PYL.^F, pilee, (Gr. 
 6t(C)f)07ruAaj or Tlv\ai,i.e. the -'hot gates." or the "gates.") 
 a famous pass of Greece, in Htllas, government of Phthioti^ 
 between Mount JFAa and the Gulf of Zeitoun. 9 miles 
 S.S.W. of Lamia. The pji.ss, about 5 miles long, is hemmed 
 in on one side by precipitous rocks of from 400 to 600 feet 
 in height, and on the other side by the .sea and an impjis- 
 sable morass. The supposed Increase in the width of the pass 
 in modern times is chiefly, if not wholly, attributable to the 
 circumstance that it is generally visited by travellers in the 
 dry season. In winter it is only from 60 to 100 yards wide. It 
 was hei-e that Leonldas and his 300 Spartans died in defend- 
 ing Greece against the invasion of. Xerxes, B.C. 480. The Poly- 
 andrium. an ancient tumulus, with the remains of a square 
 pedestal, builtof blocksof red marble breccia, marks the spot. 
 The thermal or hot springs, to which the pass owes its name, 
 are in the vicinitj*, about half-way between TherniopylK and 
 Vodonitza. They have a temperature of 111°, and are im- 
 cregnated with carbonic acid. lime, sal^ and sulphur. 
 
 THE ROCK, a post-office of tJpsori co„ Georgia. 
 
 TIliUONDELS, tA\5NoM6l', a village of France, depwt- 
 meiit of Aveyron, arrondi.ssement of Mur-de-I!,arrez. P. 1600. 
 
 TIIT^ROUANNE, tA'roo-dnn', a town, of France, depart- 
 ment of Pa.s-de-Calais. 8 miles S. of St. Omer. Pop. 9.')5. It 
 was formerly a fortress, taken by the English in 1380 and 
 1513. and in 1653 b}' the Emperor Charles V. 
 
 THE SQUARE, a post-offlce of Cayuga co., New York. 
 
 TIIESSALOMCA. European Turkey. See Salomca. 
 
 THESS'ALY or THESSA'LTA, (modern Gr. pron. thJs- 
 si-lee'a; Fr. Thei^mlie, tcs'sdMee'; Ger. Thtsaolien. ti-sSle- 
 en.) or TRIKHALA, tre-kSld, (anc. Thmm'lia,) one of tho 
 S. provinces of European Turkey, between lat. 39° and 
 40° 30' N., Ion. 21° 30' and 2.3° 25' E., having S.. Greece, 
 (Hellas;) W., the chain of Pindus. sep."irating it fitim Kpirus 
 and Albania; N., Macedonia; and E., the Gulfs of Salonica 
 and Volo, between which it sends a long peninsula into the 
 -Egean Sea. It is traversed by the ramifications of Monnt 
 Pindus, and contains many fertile valleys, watered by the 
 Salembria. (anc. Pene'us.) with .some plains, as tho.se of La- 
 rissa. Trikhala, and Pharsalia, the last memorable for the 
 decisive action between the fiirces of Cse.sar and Pompey, 
 Near the coast are Mounts Ki.s.sovo and Zagora. (anc. Osfa 
 and Ptlion.) and on the N, frontier is the famed Jlount 
 Olympus of antiquity. Principal products, cotton, olive.s, 
 and silk. Principal towns, Larissa, Trikhala, Volo, and 
 Ambelakia. 
 
 TllET'FORD, a parliamentary and municipal borough 
 and town of England, cos. of Norfolk and Sutfolk. on the 
 Little Ouse, at the influx of the Thet. 28^ miles W.S.W. of 
 Norwich, on the Eastern Counties Railway. Area of bo 
 rough, comprising three parishe.s, 8270 acres. Pop. in 1S51 
 4075. The town is irregularly but well built. The princi 
 pal structures are St. Peter's, or the "black church," buili 
 mostly of flint; the guildhall, market-house, jail, bridewell, 
 theatre, and a cast-iron bridge across the Ou.se. St. Mary's, 
 the only church on the Suffolk side, is a lai-ge thatched 
 fabric, with a lofty square tower. Here are a grammai 
 school, almshouses, and other charities. The Little Ouse ii 
 n.avigable to Thetford. The borough sends 2 members to the 
 House of Commons. It is a polling-placo for the W. division 
 of Norfolk, and head of a poor-law union. Thetford is sup 
 posed to occupy the site of the ancient Silimiaffiix. and wat 
 for a brief period tho capital kingdom of East A -Jg'ia, anil in 
 the seventh century the see of tte bishopric t. Notblk and 
 
THfe 
 
 ^Ht 
 
 Suffolk. So late as the time of Edward III. It was stated 
 to have 20 churches and 8 monasteries ; some remains of 
 the latter still exist. 
 
 TIIKTFOKD. a chapelry of Engl.and, co. of Camhridge. 
 
 TlIKT't'OKD, a post-village and township of Orange co., 
 Vermont, on the W. side of the Connecticut, and on the 
 Connecticut and I'assunipsic Kivers Kailroad. 33 miles S.S.E. 
 of Montpilier. It contains several churches, an academy, 
 and manufactures of woollens, furniture, carriages, &e. 
 Pop. 1870. 
 
 T(I1';TF0RD, a post-office of Qene.see co., Michig.an. 
 
 TIIK UNION. Qn'von. a post-office, Powhatan co.,TirgiDia. 
 
 TIIKUSING, toi'zing. written also THEYSING and DEU- 
 glNt!. a town of Bohemia, about 15 miles S.E. of Elbogen. 
 Pop. 1904. 
 
 TIIEVX, tuh, a town of Belgium, province, and 13 mile.<! 
 S.E. of Liege, on the railw.ay to Aix la Chapelle. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TlIK VIL'LAGE, a postK)flice of Pointe Coupee parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 TIIKM-EE-CirOH. Pee Gre.w Fish River. 
 
 THKYS. tA, a market-town of France, department of Isere, 
 16 miles \.K. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1S.52, 2415. 
 
 TIIKY.-^INO, a town of Bohemia. See Thel'SIXG. 
 
 TIIl.V(iUU. teo\i-gtir' or fhe-a-gilr', a town of Ilindnstan, 
 In the Carnatic, 62 miles W.S.W.'of Pondicherry. Lat. 11° 42' 
 N.. Ion, 79° 8' E. During the Carnatic wars of the last cen- 
 tury this was a strong place, and sustained several sieges. 
 
 TUIAKI, one of the Ionian islands. See IthaW. 
 
 TIUAN-CTIAN. See TinA\-sn.\N. 
 
 THIAN-MEN-SHAN or CHAN, tee'Sn' mJn sh^n, a 
 mountain of China, province of K.in-soo. Lat. 33° 32' N., 
 Ion. 104° .32' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 THIAN-SIIAN, tee^Jn'shdn, (or -'celestial mountains.") a 
 lofty mountain chain of Chinese Toorkistau. forming theN. 
 boundary of the great table-land of Central Asia, and extend- 
 ing from lat. 42° to 43° N.. and Ion. 80° to 00° E. It 
 separates the region of Thian-f^han-Nim-lon or Toorkistan 
 proper, on the S. from T)iian-Shan-l'f-liio or Soongaria. on 
 the N. In many parts it abounds with volcanic products, 
 and rises far above the limits of perpetual snow. 
 
 THIAN-Sn.\N PELII. See Soomgaria. 
 
 TIIIAN-TIISANGSirAN (or CHAN.) tee'dn' ts^ng shSn, 
 a mountain of China, province of Yun-nan. Lat. 25° 45' N., 
 Ion. 100° 15' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 TIIIAUCOURT, teeVkooR\ a town of France, department 
 of Meurthe, 8 miles N.W. of Pont-a-Mousson. Pop. in 1S52, 
 1660. 
 
 TIIIBEIIVILLE, tee^b?R'vcel', a market-town of France, 
 department of Euro, 7 miles N.W. of Bernav. Pop. 1334. 
 
 THIBET or TIBKT, tiVet* or tlb-Jt'. (native. Pue-lnachin, 
 poo-A ko-d fheen' (?) " Snowy Region of the North ;" Chinese, 
 Txang ; Hindoo. Bhnt; the name Tibet or Tiihe.t being of Mo- 
 hammedan origin,) an extensive region, occupying all the 
 S. portion of the great table-land of Central Asia, extending 
 In its widest sense, between lat 27° and 36° N.. and Ion. 73° 
 and 101° E.; bounded on the N. hy the Kuenlun Moun- 
 tains, and their continuations, which separate it from Chi- 
 nese Toorkistan, the desert of Gobi, and the Koko-Nor (Blue 
 Sea) Territory; E. by the Chinese provinces of Se-chuen and 
 Y'un-nan; S. by the latter, the N. provinces of Burmah. and 
 the Himalaya Mountains, which .separate it from Assam, 
 Bootan. Sikkim. Nepaul, and the N.VV. territories of British 
 India; W. by the Himalayas, separating it from Cashmere. 
 Punjab. KafiVistan. &c. The most part of this region, about 
 13U0 miles in length from W. to E., belongs to the Chinese 
 Empire; but its extreme \V. portion, called Little Thibet or 
 Bultisfan, is included in the dominions of the Maharajah 
 of Cashmere; Ladak, adjoining this, is not under the Chi- 
 nese rule, its inhabitants recognising only the spirituiil 
 authority of the Tal6 Lama; and Sifiui or Sefan, bordering 
 on China, is excluded by the Chinese from the jurisdiction 
 of the Thibetan authorities. Thibet Proper, thus limited, 
 extends between Ion. 78° and 98° E., and is divided into 
 Wei-Tsang (anterior or eastern,) and IIop-T.sang (ulterior 
 or western.) Thibet; capital of the former, Lassa, the resi- 
 dence of the Grand or Tale Lama, and the metropolis of the 
 Boodhic religion ; capital of the latter, Tesboo-Loomboo, the 
 seat of the Bantchin-Remboutchi. 
 
 Face, of the Chunlry, Jiivers, die.— -Thibet, as a whole, is pro- 
 bably the most elevated country on the sui-face of the globe. 
 Its plains average from 10,000 to 11,000 feet in height, and 
 many of its mountains rise to more than twice that eleva- 
 tion. The latter generally extend in ranges parallel to 
 those of the Himalayas, leaving between them numerous 
 narrow valleys and deep ravines. In the E., however, the 
 mountains run N.and S.. enclosing the upper courses of the 
 rivers of India beyond the Ganges. 'SVithin the boundaries 
 of Thibet rise nearly all the great rivers of South and East 
 Asia, the Indus, Sutlej, Brahmapootra, Irrawaddy, Salwin, 
 lUenam, Mekong, Yang-tse-kiang, and Hoa ng-ho. besides the 
 
 • "And spicy rods, such as illume at night 
 
 Tlie bow era of Tibet, send I'jrth odorous light, 
 ■■ ike Peris' wands when pointing out the road 
 for (i.-'Uie pure spirit to its blest abode." 
 
 MooKE's Lalla Roohh. 
 
 floggra, and many other affluents of the Ganges. Lakes are 
 numerous. The Tengri Nor and Booka ^■or are remarkable 
 for their size; I-iike I'alte surrounds like a ring a~~targe is- 
 land of if sown shape; Manasarowar and Ravan.nhrada. near 
 lat. 31° N.. Ion. 81° E., are regarded as "sacred lakes," being 
 situated nearly 15.000 feet above the sea. in the tract of 
 K.aiL'is — the mythological 01ym])ns of the Hindix)s. where 
 the greatest rivers of India have their sources. The princi- 
 pal passes connecting Thibet with India are the Ghangtang 
 Ghaut. (10.150 feet in height.) and the Mti Ghaut, (10.814 
 feet.) at both heads of the Ganges: the Dura Ghaut. (17.700 
 feet.) and the Mnsrung Pas? from Nepaul; and at the head 
 of the Konki River, between Nepaul and Sikkim, to which 
 ingress into Thibet from the S. is said to l>e easy. (Gutz- 
 lajf.) Several of these routes are practicalde tor horses. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Thibet is chiefly remarkable 
 for its extreme dryness and clearness of the atmosphere 
 during most of the year. In the spring, from March to May, 
 the weather is variable, and thunder-storms, with occi- 
 sional showers, are frequent. Near Lassa the trees bud in 
 April. From June to September heavy rains prevail, and 
 swell the rivers which help to inundate the countries of 
 South Asia. But fnmi October to March, so little moisture 
 exi.sts in the air that vegetation is almost wholly dried up; 
 meats and fish may be kept for all that period unchanged; 
 and so intense is the cold, that M. Hue. in travelling from 
 the Koko Nor to L;issa. over one of the loftiest portions of 
 Central A.sia, states that he found cakes of barley continu 
 ally fi-ozen, though kept close to his person under three 
 garments of skins and one of woollen. It is remarkable, 
 however, that the line of perpetual snow is considerably 
 higher in Thibet than on the S. declivity of the Himalayan 
 chain, a phenomenon suppo.sed to be owing mainly' to the 
 radiation of the sun's heat from the lofty plains. About 
 lat. 31° N., the snow-line on the N. side of the Himalayas has 
 been found not to reach below 16,626 feet, while on the S. 
 slope (the Indian side) it descended to less than 13.000 feet 
 above the ocean; and it has since been discovered that 
 the difference varies elsewhere between 20.000 and 15,000 
 feet Accordingly, one kind of liarley (Hiirdiura /w^asti- 
 chim) is seen growing 14,700 feet above the sea. and another 
 species at a still greater elevation. Wheat succeeds well to 
 12.1X10 feet, birch-woods ascend to above 14,000 feet, and 
 small bushe.s, which serve for fuel, grow, near lat. 31°, to 
 17.000 feet above the sea, or nearly 1300 feet higher than the 
 limit of perpetual snow under the equator. Goitre, syphilis, 
 rheumatism, ophthalmia, lepra, hydrophobia, and small-pox 
 are among the most prevalent di.seases. The horror of the 
 Thilietans for the last-named is excessive, and the benefits of 
 vaccination being unknown, tho.oe affected with sniall-pox 
 are commonly left exposed, and abandoned to their fate. 
 
 Yegetatum. — M. Hue remarks that Thibet is '-at the same 
 time the richest and the poorest countiy in the world" — 
 rich as regards its minerals, poor in all tending to the well- 
 Ixjing of the people. The vegetable productions are vei-y 
 few. Little wheat, and much less rice is seen. At Deba, 
 indeed, near the W. frontier, corn is said to be raised for ex- 
 port.ition; hut such a circumstance is rare in the country, 
 and can only take place in a very limited di.sfrict. Some 
 buckwheat is cultivated ; the potato has not been intro- 
 duced. Black barley forms the basis of all Thibetan diet, and 
 except it, and beans, turnips, radishes, white cabbage, ferns, 
 and nettles, which are used as culinary herbs, all vegetable 
 products for food are brought from the countries on the S. 
 or W. Unless in a few sheltered valleys, as that of l.«assa — 
 where peach and some other fruit-trees flourish, and timber 
 of unusual size for Thibet is met with — wood of all kinds is 
 very scarce ; and argol, or the dung of animals pounded and 
 mixed with earth, is the fuel chiefly used, and with which 
 even metals are smelted. 
 
 Animals. — With such a paucity of vegetable products, it 
 is very remarkable that animals, both wild and domestic, 
 should be numerous. Large droves of sheep and cattle 
 exist in Thibet, especially in its E. part, where the herbage 
 is richer than elsewhei-e. Sefan and Koko Nor territorj' are 
 inhabited by nomadic and pastoral tribes, whose sole wealth 
 is in their herds and flocks. The sheep are reared with 
 care; dried mutton is an important article of food; and the 
 skins, which are of great fineness, both constitute the cloth- 
 ing of the people, and are exported in considerable quan- 
 tities to China. The bhoral ( Ovis ammon) is a large sheep, 
 from 3 to 3i feet in height, from 5i to 6 feet in length, 
 exclusive of the tail, and like all or most of the native 
 quadrupeds of Thibet, covered with long hair or fur. It is 
 the principal animal used as a beast of burden in tha 
 transit of merchandise across tne Himalayas. The yak (Bos 
 grunnirns) furnishes excellent milk and luitter; its flesh is 
 an important article of food, and its tail forms the chowry or 
 fan in such general use in India. Lurge herds of wild oxen, 
 of a formidable character, pasture alternately in the valleys 
 and on the hills. The shawl-goat {Cupra liir<yij.s\ is an im- 
 portant source of national wealth, its woolly hair being used 
 for the manufacture of the finest shawls, for which purpose 
 large quantities of it are sent into Cashmere, together with 
 hair of the y;ik, and of some breeds of dogs. This goat is of a 
 
 1911 
 
THI 
 
 THl 
 
 (mall species, straifiht horned, and of various colors. At- 
 tempts have been made to naturalize it in otlier countries, 
 hut hitherto, as we believe, wholly without success, for the 
 fineness of its coat declines where the cold is less excessive. 
 The Thibetan horse is small, spirited, and handsome; and 
 what are called wild mules have a well-sh.'»ped body and good 
 c.'irriage, though a large and ungainly head spoils their ap- 
 pearance. Thibet is the native country of the musk-deer, 
 and of the Cervus Tibetanus. a creature rivalling in magni- 
 tude the wapiti of the American contiuent. Several other 
 kinds of deer, antelopes, wild goats, lynxes, badgers, bears, 
 Ac. are met with, as are numerous species of wild fowl and 
 other birds ; the tiger, elephant, and other formidable ani- 
 mals of the S. slope of the Himalaya, are not met with in 
 Thibet. 
 
 Minerals. — In mineral products Thibet is extremely rich. 
 Gold is found in lumps, in veins, and in the sands of the 
 rivers; W. of Lassa are several highly productive mines of 
 this metal, and the quantity obtained, and used in gilding 
 the temples, or deposited in their treasuries as religious 
 ofTeriogs, must be enormous. Government permits com- 
 panies, engaging to paj- iu advance 400 pounds of pure 
 bullion, to open mines : there are, however, many restrictions 
 upon mining. At Lithang is a silver-mine, at Rywulse an 
 iron mine; and at Bathang, mercury and native cinnaKir 
 are found. In many spots there exists rock-salt ; iu Lhorund- 
 song and Giamnlbo, the lapis-lazuli, so highly prized in 
 China; and in Draga, the turquoise. Nejirly all the lakes 
 are brackish: and tincal. nitre, &c., in immense quantities, 
 effloresce on the soil in many places. The tribute to China 
 is partly paid in bullion, but as the presents in return from 
 the emperor to the lam.as surpass in value its amount, a 
 large quantity of gold finds its way back again to Thibet, the 
 laborious carriage of which might be conveniently obvfcited 
 by bills of exchange. The reduction of iron and other ores 
 is pursued domestically, even by the shepherds ; but the 
 scarcity of fuel is an insuperable obstacle to the progress of 
 mining as well as manufacturing industry; coal has not 
 yet been discovered in Thilxjt. 
 
 Manufactures. — The latest traveller in Thibet, M. Hue. re- 
 ports that at I^assa, woollen cloth.s, termed ^i(io;^ or poolon, 
 incense-sticks, formed of aromatic woods, and wooden por- 
 ringers, out of which the Thibetans uniformly take their 
 meals, are made with acknowledged skill ; but that all the 
 other manufactures are ill-conducted. The porringers, one 
 of which is always carried about the person, are of various 
 prices. Their character and quality are held to indicate the 
 rjink or taste of their possessors, much as jewelry would in 
 Europe. Moorcroft, who gives a detailed account of the 
 method of weaving at IMti, in Little Thibet, reports that very 
 good sacking is made from the hair of the yak. GutzlafTadds, 
 '•The inhabitants (of the capital) are good goldsmiths, and 
 excel in the art of sculpture. Their idols are full of expres- 
 sion, and wherever the grotesque and colossal form is not re- 
 quired by the tenets of their creed, the Thibetans imitate 
 nature very well. They are, moreover, good jewellers. Their 
 woollen manufactures resemble felt more than our cloth, 
 and are in demand in China, and even introduced into 
 India. The velvet made at the capital is celebrated for 
 beauty of color. In dyeing they excel ; there is a peculiar 
 gloss and freshnes.s in their tints. Their rosaries are ex- 
 quisitelj- made; the stones are taken from the sacred river 
 near Lassa, and are beautifully cut. Coral, cornelians, &c., 
 imported from India, are most carefully cut, and then again 
 exported." 
 
 Commerce. — Thibet is a country of extensive trafBc, and has 
 several marts of commercial importance. The principal 
 trade is with China; this is conducted at Lassa and at Sl- 
 uing, a city of the Chinese province of Kan-Soo, from which 
 place caravans, consisting of several hundred persons, go at 
 fixed periods to the metropolis of Thibet with cattle, mules, 
 houses, and camels, carrying tea, silver, bullion, k?uitas or 
 presentation scarfs, brocades, and other silk goods, some 
 cottons, fruits, tobacco, quicksilver, cinnabar, furs, porce- 
 lain, and other Chinese produce, together with European 
 cutlery and other manufactures; these goods are exchanged 
 in Thibet for gold-dust, fine and coarse woollens, wax-caudles, 
 incense, idols, fleeces, and Indian and European goods. The 
 whole trade with China is estimated to amount in value to 
 2.000,000 taels (about $3,500,000) yearly, and is said to be 
 increasing. The caravans going from China into Thibet are 
 often surprised and plundered by the kolo or brigands, who 
 Invest the Koko Nor territory and Sefan. A route exists 
 ♦hrough the latter country, from Lassa to the capital of the 
 Chinese province of Se-chuen, but it does not appear to be 
 made use of for much trading intercourse. Chinese silk.s, 
 musk, yak-tails, siible-furs, and gold are sent into Nepaul, 
 In exchange for sugar and other natural produce, with 
 manufactured goods from India. 
 
 Bootan, as well as Nepaul. derives all its imports from 
 China by way of Thil)et. From 2000 to 3900 Nepaulese are 
 located In La.ssa, as jewellers and traders; and Hue states 
 that the Pt-houn, (or Pe-boon.) or Bootanese there, are the 
 sole metallurgists, and also chemists and phv.sicians. From 
 Dootau and Bengal, Thibet receives piece-goods, tobacco, rice, 
 
 indigo, paper, skins, sandal-wood, spices, gums, kc. ; from 
 Assam, some rice, coarse silk, gums, and iron. Other imjiortd 
 from India come by way of Cashmere and Leli, (in Ladakh.) 
 the trade with which is considerable at three large annuul 
 fairs. To Cashmere Thibet sends nearly all its shawl- wool.also 
 bullion, tea, borax, rock-salt, turquoises, musk, goat and 
 lamb skins. Ac, in return for dried fruits, provisions, 
 shawls, gamboge, saffron, red woollens, and Hussian goods; 
 some of which last alse reach Thiljet from Chinese To<>r- 
 kistan. along with horses, wool. Ac. Some of the Katelii or 
 Mussulmeu from Cashmere, who have settled in Thibet, 
 make annual journeys to Calcutta, whence they bring back 
 ribbons, lace, British scissors, knives, some hardwares, and 
 cotton goods; but such is the fear and je;)lousy entertained 
 by the Chinese authorities of their powerful British neigh- 
 bors, that, except in the foregoing manner, .all intercourse 
 between British India and Thibet is .strictly shut out. Several 
 Kuglish travellers, including Capt. Gerard and Dr. Hookfi-, 
 have been stopped on the highlands of the Himalayas at 
 Chine.se garrison stations, and precluded from entering the 
 Thil.>etan territory: and Moorcroft. who resided at Las.sa fur 
 some year.s, was only able to penetrate it from the south by 
 the circuitous route of Ladakh. disguised as a Mu.ssulman 
 trader, and fiivored by his fluent knowledge of the I'ersian 
 language. Except with the countries on the W. and N.W., 
 the foreign trade of Thibet is mostly monopolized by the Chi- 
 nese officials. The Mongols, in return for .skins, wool, and 
 live stock, take back idols, rosaries, and teas. The com- 
 merce with the Calmucks is of a similar nature, but on a 
 more extensive scale. 
 
 The currency is rude; it con.sists of silver ingots, and 
 coins about the size of a shilling, with Persian, Indian, or 
 Thibetan iuscriptions. and which are often broken in pieces 
 of different fractional values. 
 
 I\ople.. — The Thibetans belong to the widelj'-spread Mon- 
 golian family, and have a flattened face, salient jaw-bones, 
 small black eyes, a .short no.se, black hair, and little beard. 
 They ai-e of middle height, sfjuare built, and join much of 
 the agility of the Chinese to the bodily vigor of the Tartars; 
 gymnastic exercises and dancing are their favorite amuse- 
 ments. Their color is in general somewhat swarthy, but 
 among the upper clas.«es are individuals as white as Euro- 
 peans. In disposition they are reported to be mild, gener- 
 ous, and friendly; religious, but less credulous and bigoted 
 iu matters of faith than the Tartars. Want of cleanliness 
 is a common failing. Their diet consists chiefly of Isartiln 
 or cakes made of barley, tea. with butter or milk, mutt^.w 
 horse-flesh, and yak-beef; wheaten bread is u.sed only by 
 the weiilthy. Pork is sold in the capital, but it is dear. 
 The peasantry are mostly clothed iu sheep, goat, or jackal 
 skins, and boots of great thickness. In the towns, woollens, 
 chiefly of a red or yellow color, replace the garment of .skins ; 
 a wide robe, fastened at the right side and bound around 
 the loins with a red girdle; boots of red or violet cloth: a 
 blue cap, with a large border of black velvet, and a red 
 ribbon; a bag of yellow taffeta, for holding the porrin- 
 ger: and two purses, which, whether full or empty, are 
 worn in the girdle, constitute the dress of the laity. The 
 higher cla.s.ses use silks and claiks lined with fur. They do 
 not, like the Chinese, shave the head, and their hair is 
 usually allowed to hang over their shoulders, but, within 
 the last few years. Hue informs us that the dandies of I^.ssa 
 have adopted the Chinese mode of wearing the hair in a 
 queue, and adorning it with gold trinkets. In the left ear 
 a gold ornament is often worn. 
 
 The women use a costume very like that of the men, with 
 a short tunic under the robe, and the hair divided into two 
 tresses. The lower classes adopt a yellow covering for the 
 head, similar in shape to a " cap of liberty." for which fe- 
 males of the upper ranks sub.stitute a kind of coronet, set off 
 with pearls and jewelry. In accordance with a singular 
 usage, most of them, when appearing in public, have the 
 face smeared over with a Wack varnish, and those who most 
 disfigure themselves iu such a manner are held to be the 
 most pious and correct iu conduct. It is stated that this 
 custom is the consequence of an order promulgated by a 
 former ruler of Thiliet, with the view of correcting public 
 morals, and strange to say. it was immedwtely .icquie.sced 
 in by the female population without a murmur. The wo- 
 men are not secluded as in Moluimmedan countries. but,as in 
 China, they engage actively in commercial life, and all the 
 stall-keepers and small shop-keepers are females. The prac- 
 tice of polyandry, by which one woman becomes the wife of 
 several brothers, is common in Thiliet. as in Nepaul and 
 Bootan, though it is said to liave been suppressed by the 
 Chinese in certain districts. 
 
 CuiUoms. — A remarkable custom (though not peculiar to 
 Thitiet, since it prevails in mo.st other parts cf »he Chinese 
 Empire,) is universal — the presentation of the khatti. The 
 kliatii is an oblong white silk scarf of very fine texture, 
 thrice as long as wide, and with a mystic sen.ence inwoven 
 at both ends; one is invariably exchanged at every visit of 
 ceremony, is sent with every present, and accempanies every 
 letter passing between persons in any rank of life, wlUi the 
 hearty good-will tliat clmrai tcrizes the act ol Bhaking haiidti 
 
THI 
 
 in the United States. The mode of salutation in Thibet is 
 grotesque; it consists in uncoverinsc the head, thrusting 
 out the tongue, and gcratchin<< the right ear. The methods 
 of sepulture are various: the bodies of the sovereign lamas 
 are preserved, by being dried and then enshrined; those of 
 Inferior lamas are commonly burned, and the ashes, or por- 
 tions of the body, such as a uail, hair, or tooth, are carefully 
 enclosed in idols, which are sold by the priests to the de- 
 vout at a high price. Burial is unknown. The bodies of 
 the laity are exposed on heights, as is customary among the 
 Parsees, or are committed to the rivers. Lastly, is a mode, 
 said by Hue to be the most common of all : the corpse is cut 
 Into pieces, which are given to dogs, and in some lamaseries 
 sacred dogs are reared for the express purpose. Some other 
 Custom.s, however, evince much more elevated feelings. In 
 the city of Lassa, as Hue relates, when the sun is about to 
 set, the inhabitants meet in the principal quarters and pulv 
 lic places, and chant hymns, joining in a solemn religious 
 concert of a very impressive character. The practice of pub- 
 lic meeting at sunset also prevails amongst the Parsees of 
 India, and it may be incidentally mentioned that it is com- 
 mon in some parts of Switzerland, where, likewise, it as- 
 sumes a religious character. 
 
 Arts, Sciences, and Laws. — The great scarcity of fuel and 
 of timber has prevented the Thibetans from excelling in ar- 
 chitecture. At l^assa and elsewhere are some magnificent 
 and richly-ornamented stone-temples; and the houses 
 here, built with terraces on the summit, are neatly whi- 
 tened, and painted externally ; but their interior is filthy as 
 well as comfortless, the tloors being only of stone or marble. 
 In the W., the houses are built of pebbles cemented with 
 clay or earth; many of the dwellings of the peasantry con- 
 sist merely of hewn stone, piled on each other without ce- 
 ment, and are like brick-kilns in shape; and a large number 
 of the population live in caverns hewn in the mountain 
 sides. Some suspension-bridges of iron and ropes are laid 
 across the rivers, but these are reported to be very inferior 
 to similar works in China; an iron bridge of 13 arches, over 
 a branch of the Yaroo-dzang-bo, near Teshoo-Loomboo, is the 
 finest public work of its kind of which we have any account 
 in Thibet. The lioats employed are commonly built of hides 
 alone, and merchandise is conveyed by land wholly on the 
 backs of domestic animals. 
 
 Most of the chief lamaseries, or Boodhist monasteries, 
 have a printing-office attached, from which religious works 
 are issued, and sold for the benefit of the establishment. 
 Movable types are not employed; the books are printed 
 with wooden blocks, and the leaves, which are separate, re- 
 sembling a pack of cards, stamped on both sides, are held to- 
 gether between wooden covers. Manuscripts are well exe- 
 cuted; the lamas write with bamboo pens, on paper glazed 
 with milk. The Thibetan sacred character bears a resem- 
 blance to the Sanscrit; it is read, however, from left to 
 right. The arithmetical figures in use are almost identical 
 with the so-called Arabic numerals used by ourselves. The 
 lamas have some knowledge of astronomy. Turner found 
 them acquainted with the signs of the zodiac, the satellites 
 of Jupiter, and the ring of Saturn. Their historical records 
 are obscure, in consequence of their indifference to precise 
 dates, and a complicated chronology. Of their jurisprudence 
 we have but an imperfect knowledge; their written laws 
 are of high anti<iuity ; their actual code is said to have been 
 modified by the Chinese, since the political connection with 
 China has existed. In Thitjet, as in Mongolia, robljery and 
 murder are severely punished, but it would seem that 
 retribution for offences is by no means certain. According 
 to M. Hue, the individual who has been injured, or his im- 
 mediate relatives, must cite the criminal betbre the judicial 
 authorities, or he goes unpunished. 
 
 Religimi. — Thibet may be called the popedom of Asia, it 
 being the head, seat, and centre of the Boodhist religion, 
 which numbers among its votaries by far the greater por- 
 tion of the inhabitants of all the great table-land of Central 
 and Eastern Asia. India-l)eyond-the-Ganges. Ceylon, China, 
 Japan, Corea, Mantchooria. and the S. part of the Russian 
 Knipire in Asia, together with a portion of its dominions in 
 Europe — the whole com prising certainly more than one-third 
 of the entire human i-ace. The country of Thibet is accord- 
 ingly regarded as a sacred land by nearly all the Mongolian 
 family of mankind, and it is resorted to in pilgrimage by 
 vast numbers of devotees, whose offerings to the numerous 
 priesthood cnmpen.-iate the Thil^etans for the poverty of 
 their land. It is believed that Boodhism and Brahminism 
 'ire but two offsets from a primitive religion which oncepre- 
 v'ailed over the whnle of Asia beyond the Indus, and the 
 neiirhts of l*ameer,(l'amir.) but which became debased in Hin- 
 dostan by the introduction of monstrous allegories, a poly- 
 theistic worship, and institutions, such as those of caste and 
 relative degrees of purity, which were foreign to the original 
 faith. Boodh is considered in Thibet as the necessary in- 
 dependent Being of the universe, and the beginning and 
 end of all things ; like Brahma, he is worshipped under a 
 triune term, and the B'wdhists join with the Brahmins in 
 acknow'ediring the four earliest incarnations or avatars of 
 the same deity. Siikya, whom they consider his fifth incar- 
 
 THI 
 
 nation, is regarded by the Brahmins as the ninth avatar of 
 Vishnu, the intermediate manifestations of which divinitj 
 are rejected by the Boodhists. Sakya is said to have beev 
 born at Kapila. in Oude, in the 6th century before Christ 
 and appears to have been a reformer of Brahminism. whose 
 doctrines, about b.c. 309, were actively .spread by Asoka. a 
 powerful king of Magadha, (Bahor in Ilindostan,) contftn- 
 {>orary with Antiochus the Great. Gaya, the capital of Ma- 
 gadha. is accordingly viewed as holy by Boodhists, who oc- 
 casionally resort to it in pilgrimage from across the llima» 
 lavas; and in its vicinity is BoodhaGaya, the supposed place 
 of residence and apotheosis of S-akya, a gigantic Image ol 
 whom, in the usual cross-legged sitting posture, is still ex- 
 tant there. 
 
 From the time of Asoka, Boodhism extended rapidly in 
 Ilindostan; it appears to have reached Cashmere about n.«; 
 241: Ceylon, quite early in the second Century H.c: andChiniy 
 about B.C. tio. Khoten (Chinese Toorkistan) received it in 
 the first century of the Christian era; and Burmah. about 
 A.I). 236. From Ceylon, subsequently to the latter epoch 
 the faith of the new Boodh was conveyed into the other 
 countries of India beyond the (ianges, where Sakya. or one of 
 his followers, is worshipped under the names of Gautama, 
 Somona Kodom. &c. : but the BoodhLsm of those countries 
 is of a degraded kind, and exhibits none of the intellectua* 
 superiority that characterizes it in Thibet, in which coun- 
 try, however, it is stated not to have been establi.shed till 
 A.D. 367. The Boodhists. while they reject the multitudi- 
 nous pantheon of the Hindoos, admit an indefinite number 
 of incarnations of Boodh, who is suppo.eed to animate in 
 sueces.sion the iwdies of their chief lamas or priests: and 
 this tenet, the repudiation of caste, the use of animal food, 
 the practice of a contemplative life as the liighest pursuit of 
 humanity, and the belief of a final ab.sorption into the deit.v, 
 constitute the chief points of difference between them and 
 the followers of the Brahminical religion, 
 
 The ceremonies, costume, and devotional exercises now 
 prevailing in most of the monasteries of Thibet, "the cross, 
 mitre, dalmatica, cope, two choirs, p.salmody. exorcisms, 
 censer, benediction by laying the hand on the head, chaplet, 
 ecclesi.astical celibacy, spiritual retirement, worshipof saints, 
 fasts, processions, litanies, holy -water." Ac, bearing so great 
 a similarity to those of the Roman Catholic Church, are be- 
 lieved to have been introduced into the ritual and discipline 
 of Thibetan Boodhism by Tsong Kaba, born in the Koko 
 Nor territory about A.D. 1357. The lamas of the sect of 
 T.song Kaba wear a yellow mitre; those adhering to the 
 older ritual, &c., retain one of a red color; the latter prevail 
 throughout the S.E. part of Asia, while the reforms of 
 T.song Kaba "have triumplied in all the countries between 
 the Himalaya, the R-ussian frontiers, and the Wall of China." 
 As respects the geneial character of the Boodhist religion, ■ 
 Mr. M.alcolm, a Protestant missionary, makes the following 
 observation: '-It has no mythology of obscene and ferocious 
 deities: no sanguinary or impure observances; no selt'-in- 
 fiicted tortures; no tyrannizing priesthood; no confounding 
 of right and wrong, by making certain iniquities laudable 
 in worship. ... In almost every respect it seems to be 
 the best religion man ever invented." 
 
 The lamas of Thibet (lama, " one who shows the way") 
 form a very large proportion of the popv\lation, and reside in 
 monasteries, many of which accommodate from 300(1 to -WHO 
 persons. In the single district of Lassa, there are reputed 
 to be more than thirty great Boodhic establishments, each 
 with nearly 15,000 lamas! (?) They are supported partly 
 from the revenues of the establishment to which they l>e- 
 long. and partly from their private resources. 1'he revenues 
 of the monasteries are derived from lands, endowments of 
 the Chinese sovereigns, and other eminent persons, and 
 offerings of pilgrims, which last are formally announced 
 after the daily prayers, and the proceeds are divided among 
 the inmates in proportions corresp<jnding to their rank. The 
 place of each lama in his monastery is fixed Vjy the number 
 of sacred books he has studied. The lamas are divided into 
 four faculties — those of mysticism, liturgy, medicine, and 
 prayers, which last has the largest number of members, and 
 is also stated to be most esteemed. Those of the first-named 
 faculty devote themselves to a lite of contemplation, and are 
 perpetually repeating the mystic sentence. Aum mani padme, 
 Auiti, which is inscribed on all temples, banners. I'.hatas. Ac, 
 and is believed to have a kind of talismanic po\»er. The 
 translation of this sentence is stated to be, "0! the jewel in 
 the lotus. Amen:" and the first word is an invocation to 
 Brahma. Vishnu, and Seeva, formed of the initial letters of 
 the Thibetan names of that triad. Convents exist in Thi- 
 bet for women as well as men, and most families have some 
 member belonging to the clergy. 
 
 The Grand J^ama or Tale Lama, (tl-lA' Ij'md; — improperly 
 Dalai-lama,) " sea of wisdom." who is at the head of the 
 hierarchy, resides at the Boodha La. a vast palace near Las- 
 sa; he is deemed to be the principal living incarnation cf 
 Boodh. and as such he receives actual worship. I^ike the 
 Pope, in his temporal dominions he is the uole religious 
 and political head of the state, wnd he h.is nominally vested 
 in him all the administrative and executive authority, with 
 
 lal3 
 
Tin 
 
 Tin 
 
 powers uncircumsoribed liy any charter or rules except those 
 biudiiig on hiiu by the institutions of Tsong Kaha. When 
 he die.', or in the IJoodhist lanfruajre transmii/rates. he is 
 soiitrht for as animating some other living form, commonly 
 tho lx)dy of an infant who is an only child. Prayers and fasts 
 ar» ordered in all the lamaseries ; the lamas of the capital j;o 
 in 8olemn procession around the Boodha La, and the city 
 of Lassa; the mani or mystic sentence is repeated nixht 
 and day. perfumes are burned, and meanwhile the chief 
 authority devolves upon the hoolonktoos, (houtouktous.) or 
 high college of lamas, whose collective sacerdotal dignity is 
 not inferior to that of the Tale I>»ma himself. Those families 
 who assume to believe that the deity is incarnated in the 
 person of their infant, send notice of the same to the con- 
 clave; this body choose.* from the number three children, 
 who are brought to the capital. After other ceremonies, 
 the names of the candidates are written on slips of paper, 
 which are placed in an urn. when the name first drawn 
 out indicates the future Grand Lama, who is then carried 
 in pomp around the capital, and installed for the rest of his 
 life in the palace of B(X)dha I/a. 
 
 All the hootooktoos. or spiritual governors of provinces, 
 who receive their investitures from the Tal6 Lama, are, like 
 him, believed to be incarnations of the deity : and the lamas 
 who are hesids of monasteries are also deemed to be "living 
 Boodlia.s." The chief of the supposed incarnations, next to 
 the Tale Lama, are the Bantchin Kemboutchi, the tiuison 
 Tamba, the Tchang-kia-fo, or grand almoner of the imperial 
 court at Peking, and the Sa Dcha-fo, whose peculiar function 
 it is, by continual piayer, to prevent the melting of the 
 snows on the Himalayas, so as to averts hostile invasion of 
 Thiliet from that quarter. The Bantchin Kemboutchi is 
 scarcely inferior in sanctity to the Tal6 I>ama. 
 
 G'Avrnment. — Although the supreme authority nomi- 
 nally rests with the Tale Lama, he is in reality supposed to 
 be occupied wholly in divine contemplation, and the civil 
 government is exercised by the naib or nomekhan, who is 
 chosen from among the lamas, and holds his office for life, or 
 during the pleasure of the Chinese emperor. Under him 
 are four kalons or ministers, not belonging to thesacerdofjil 
 tribe, and who may retain their offices for an unlimited pe- 
 riod, unless dismissed by the Tale I.,ama. The two pi"ovinces 
 of 'f hibet are subdivided into cantons, each under the su- 
 perinteudance of a hootooktoo. In each of the capitals is a 
 Chinese governor, with comm.ind over the military force. 
 The total number of troops maiatained by the Chinese go 
 vernment in Thiljet has been stated at no more than 64.(XM}, 
 most of whom are cavalry; but in addition the Chinese au- 
 thorities have power to call in troops, ammunition, and 
 supplies from the adjacent province of Se-chuen. between 
 which and Lassa several detached gaiTisons are stationed. 
 Near Lassa a large body of Mongolian horse is maintained; 
 but the armed force kept within that city, and at Teshoo 
 Loomboo, is insignificant. Other principal posts for Chinese 
 troops are at Turkepoona, towards the Laos frontier; Phari, 
 on the frontier of Bootan ; a station of considerable strength, 
 lately established at the head of the Konki River, opposite 
 Sikkim ; several posts to check the incursions of the Gorkhas 
 of Neptiul; a camp at Gortope, and some strong garrisons 
 in the W., bordering on the Ladak territory. The Chinese 
 troops and mandarins are paid by the government at Peking: 
 thoy commonly stay but three years in ThiVjet, unless on 
 special permission from the emperor; and if they form 
 matrimonial alliances there, on their return into China they 
 almost uniformly leave their wives and families behind. In 
 consequence of the rooted jealousy entertained of the Chinese 
 by the Thibetans, they are prohibited from remaining in 
 the country, except in a military or official capacity. 
 
 HUtnry. — No conqueror from the 8. ever yet possessed 
 himself of Thibet proper; Shah .lehangire. In 1640, attempted 
 the conquest of lloo-tsang; but the advance to L6h was dis- 
 astrous, and his troops retraced their steps. Jenghis Khan 
 brought Thiliet under his rule, but he afterwards esta- 
 blished the Tale Lama in the .sovereignty: Timor also con- 
 quered the country, but he interfered little in its internal 
 regulations. The Thibetans remained, with few intermis- 
 sions, guhi«/.f to their own sovereigns till the time of the 
 Chinese emperor Kang-he. whose supremacy they finally ac- 
 knowledged in 1727. Keen-lung, about 1790, after success- 
 fully repelling an invasion of the Gorkhas, who had plun- 
 dered Teshoo Ixximboo, further extended the imperial rule 
 In Thibet, which the Chinese sovereigns have ever since 
 «-tth much solicitude preserved, since their wielding the reli- 
 gious inHuence exercised by the Tale l.^ma over the Tartar 
 and Mongolian tribes is of such vital importance to them 
 thit without it they could no longer hope to maintain their 
 
 dominion in Central Asia. Adj. and luhab. Thibet.\n, tlb/- 
 
 e-tan. 
 
 TIMBODEAUX, tlVodO/. or TIIIBODEAUXVILLE, tib'o- 
 ao"vil, a post-village, capital of La Fourche Interior parish. 
 Louisiana, on Bayou La Kourche, on the New Orleans and 
 Opolousas Bailroad, about 100 miles VV.S.W. of Now Orleans. 
 Bteamers navigate the baycm from this village to New Or- 
 leans. A newsp.iper is published here. Pop. 1.3S0 
 
 TUICK'KTY CHEEK, of South Carolina, flows through 
 1914 ^ '' 
 
 TTnion district into Broad River, a few miles above the 
 mouth of Pacolet River. 
 
 TIIICKETV FORK, a post-office of Spartanburg district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TIIIKL or TIEL. teel. a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Gelderland, on the Waal, 22 miles W.S.W. of Arnhem. 
 Pop. .5166. 
 
 THIELE. teelfh, TIEL, teel, or ZTIIL, tseel, a river of 
 Switzerland, cantons of Vaud and Bern, joins the Aar 5 
 miles K. of Bienne. after a N.E. course of 6-5 miles, in which 
 it traverses the lakes of Neufchatel and Bienne. The village 
 of Thiele is sitMated between the lakes. 
 
 TillELRODE, teel'ro-deh. a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 18 miles E. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 1830. 
 
 TMIELT, teelt, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 
 on the Motbeek, 24 miles E.N.E. of Brussels. It has a 
 brewery, a distillery, and 4 flour mills. Pop. 1636. 
 
 TIIIELT, (anc. filetumf) a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 15 miles S.K. of Bruges, in lat. 51° N., Ion. 
 3° 20' E. It has a town-house, surmounted by a Gothic 
 tower, a college, a school of design, a musical society, several 
 boarding and primary schools, and benevolent institutions; 
 manufactures of cotton and linen goods, hats, leather, lace, 
 cards, tobacco, glue, oil, soap, and Prussian blue; a distil- 
 lery, breweries, roperies, brick-works, dye-works and bleach- 
 fields; and an important trade in grain, and particularly in 
 linen. Of the latter. 80,000 pieces are annually sold in the 
 weekly market. Thielt. supposed to take its name from tVia, 
 " a litne-tree." had attained a high degree of prosperity by 
 its woollen and linen manufactures, when, in 1383, it was 
 almost destroyed by fire. It never recovered the shock. 
 Oliver \^ D.ain. surnamed '-the Devil," barber to I/)uis XI. 
 of France, by whom he was ennobled, and ultimately hung 
 for his crimes, was born here. Pop. 11,497. 
 
 THIENEN. See TiRI-EMoNT. 
 
 THIEliACIIE. teeVh-rdsh', an old subdivision of France, 
 in Picardy. Guise was its capital. It is now comprised in 
 the department of Aisne. 
 
 TlIIEliACHEKN.tee'raK-em.avillnge and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton, and 14 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 2S-.'5. 
 
 THIERS, te-aiit/, (anc. OasUrum Thigirl^iim T) a manu- 
 facturing town of France, department of Puy-de-l)fline. on 
 the Durolle, 23 mites E.N.E. of Clermont, in lat. 45° 51' N., 
 Ion. 3° 33' E. Pop. in 1852, 13,964. It has a chamber of 
 arts and manufactures, a commercial college, and extensive 
 maniifactures of cutlery, paper, and candles. 
 
 TIIIEULAIN, teeH'h'lUx":', a village of Belgium, province 
 of llainaut. 24 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1134. 
 
 TIIIEUSIES, tee^uhNeo', a village of Beljjium. province 
 of Hainaut, 6 miles N.E. of Mons, with manufactures 
 of chiccory. a brewery, and a distillery. Pop. 1164. 
 
 THIEZAC, te-A*zdk'. a village of France, department of 
 Cantal. 11 miles N.E. of Aurillac. Pop. in 1852, 2050. 
 
 TIllM'BLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TIflMlSTER, tee^mees'tain/. a town of Belgium, province, 
 and 14 miles E. of Liew. Pop. 2842. 
 
 THIONVILLE, te-iN»\-eel', a fortified town in the N.E. of 
 France, department of Moselle, capital of .an arrondissement, 
 17 miles N. of Metz, on the left bank of the Moselle. Pop. 
 in 1852, 8361. It has a communal college, manufactures of 
 hosiery, gloves, and oil. and a botanic garden. It was a 
 residence of the Merovingian and Carlovingian kings, and 
 repeatedly besieged during the wars betwei'n France and 
 Austria. Near it are the mineral baths of Chaudes-Bourg. 
 
 THIRD CROSSING, a postoflice of Calaveras co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 THIRD LAKE, Wisconsin. See Four L.akes. 
 
 THIHK'LEBY, a parish of England, co. of York, Nortb- 
 Riding. 
 
 THIR'LAMERE or LEATH'ES -WATER, a lake of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Cumberland, parish of Crosthwaite, 4 miW 
 S.E. of Keswick, skirts the base of Mount Helvellyn fbi 
 about 4 miles. The shores are greatly indented, and to 
 wards the centre becomes so contracted that it is spanned 
 by a narrow bridge of 3 arches. Estimated height above the 
 level of the sea. 500 feet. 
 
 THIRSK, a parliamentary borough, town, parish, and 
 township of England, co. of York. North Biding, on the 
 York and Newcastle Railway. 9 miles S.S.E. of Northaller- 
 ton. Pop. in 1851, 5.318. The town, on both tflnks of the 
 Codbeck. an afliuent of the Swale, has a fine old church, 
 various Dissenters" chapels, and numerous schools. Manu- 
 tactures of coarse linens and .sacking are carried on. and here 
 are markets for corn and fruit. Thirsk sends 1 member tc 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 THISNES. teen, a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 
 13 miles N.W. of Huy, with 2 breweries, and a sandstone 
 quarry. Pop. 1351. 
 
 THISSELT. tis/selt, a village of Belgium, province, and 14 
 miles S. of Antwei-p. Pop. 1741. 
 
 THISTED or TISTED, tis'tJd, a seaport town of Denmark, 
 In Jvitland, stift of Aalborg, on the Vilsfiord. an arm of the 
 Lymfioid. capital of an amt, 12 miles N.W. o* Njr'ij«>l>-og 
 Pop. 2200. 
 
Tin 
 
 THO 
 
 THISTr,!: ISLAN'D. South Australia, at the entrance of 
 Speuiei- (Jul., in l;it. ^5° 0' S., lou. lao^ 11' K. Leugth. 12 
 miles, brif-idth, 2 miles. 
 
 TUi.STbKTON, a parish of Enpcland. co. of Rutland. 
 
 THIVA. a town of (iroene. See Theiiks. 
 
 TIIIV'KNKK. a po.st-offipe of Gallia to., Ohio. 
 
 TIIIVPMIVAL, ttVvgR'vSl/, a village of France, department 
 of Seine-tit-Oi.se, canton of Foissy. Pop. 658. Here are the 
 chiteau and park of Orignon, with an agricultural institute 
 having .OOO pupils, and a quiury containing an immense 
 varietj' of fossil shells. 
 
 Tlil VI ERS, tee've-A', a town of France, department of Dor- 
 dogne, on a height, 18 miles N.E. of I'erigueux. Pop. 1400. 
 It has manutjictures of earthenwares and irou goods, and 
 largK cattle and sheep markets. 
 
 TIIIZY, tee^zee/, a town of France, department of Rh6ne, 
 30 miles N.W. of Lyons. Pop. 1420. 
 
 TIILONOTO CKEKK, of Dooly co., Georgia, flows W. into 
 Flint Hirer. 
 
 TIIOCK'RINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 TIIOGJI-CIIUMO, thog/jee choo'mo, a salt lake of T.adak, 
 among the West Himalayas, 15.500 feot above sea-level, 60 
 miles S.E. of Leh. It is about ;i miles long from E. to W., 
 and has swampy shores, intensely saline, and covered with 
 saline plants, especially the Cheiiopodiacece. From a water- 
 mark, distinctly visible, about 150 feot above the present 
 level of the water, it appears to have covered a much larger 
 bpace than at present, and to have been then fi-esh, as the 
 whjle of the surrounding plain consists of clay-beds, con- 
 tiuning prodigious numbers of fresh-water shells. 
 
 THOIKY, twi^ree', a village of the Sardinian States, pro- 
 vince of Savoy Proper, 6 miles KX.E. of Chambery. Pop. 
 1351. 
 
 TIIOTSSEY, twds'see', a town of France, department of 
 Ain, on the Chalaroane, near its confluence with the Saone, 
 9 miles S. of Macon. Pop. in 1862, 17U3. 
 
 TUOLSY-LA-BERCIlI^KE, twSCiee> \i bfR^shSiR', a com- 
 mune of France, department of C6te-d'0r, 5 miles E. of Sau- 
 lien. Pop. 1110. 
 
 THOLEN or TOLE\, to^lgn, a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Zeeland, on the island of Tholen, between 
 the Scheldt and the Meuse, 4 miles N.W. of liergen-op-Zoom. 
 Pop. 2394. 
 
 TIIOLLENBEEK, tol'len-baikV a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant, on the Marcct, about 19 miles S.W. of Brus- 
 sels. Pop. 2533. 
 
 I'lIOLLON, torioN"', a village of the Sardinian States, di- 
 vision of Upper Savoy, province of Chablais, 21) miles E.N.E. 
 of fieneva, near the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 
 1210. 
 
 TIIOMAR, to-mas/, a town of Portugal, province of Estre- 
 madura. capital of a comarca, 16 miles N.W. of Abrantes. 
 Pop. 38<i0. It has a vast convent, and manufactures of 
 cotton thread and silk liibrics. 
 
 TltiJMAS. tom'as, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, 
 boTderinn; on Florida, contains 800. square miles. It is 
 drained by the head streams of the Ocklockonee River. The 
 surface is level; the soil sandy and productive. It is inter- 
 sected by the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, (unfinished.) 
 Organijed in 1825, and named in honor of General Jett 
 Thomas, of Georgia. Capital, Thomasville. Pop. 10,766, of 
 whom 4.522 were free, and 6244 slaves. 
 
 THOMAS, a post-office of Yates co.. New York. 
 
 THOMAS' POINT, on the N. side of the entrance to South 
 River, Chesapeake Bay, contains a fixed light in a tower 30 
 feet high, and aids vessels bound to Annapolis. 
 
 THOMAS' HUN, a post-office of Hartford co., Maryland. 
 
 T HOM ASTON, tom'usttin, a post-township of Knox co., 
 Maine, bounded on the W. by St. George's River, 80 miles 
 E.N.E. of Portland. It contains exten.sive beds of limestone, 
 from which a superior quality of lime is manufactured and 
 exported in large quantities. The Maine state prison is situ- 
 ated in this township on the bank of the river, and is en- 
 closed by a tract of 10 acres. The pl.in of the building and 
 system of discipline are similar to those of the Auburn pri- 
 son. The convicts are principally employed iu cutting gra- 
 nite, which is extensively quarried on the banks of the river, 
 a few miles below. When wrought into v.arious forms for 
 buildings, it is exported to different parts of the United 
 States. The village of Thomaston. situated on the E. bank 
 of St. George's River, 12 miles from the ocean, contains 2 
 banks and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 3218. 
 
 THOMA.STOX, a neat post-village, capital of Upson co., 
 Georgia, 75 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville. It has a hand- 
 some brick court-house, 2 churches. 2 academies, and 5 
 stores. There is a cotton factory on Potato Creek, one mile 
 from the village, which employs 50 operatives. Incorporated 
 in 1S25. 
 
 THOM'ASTOWM ^, BALH.YMACAN'DON.a disfranchised 
 parliaiueOtary borough, town, and parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, CO., and 8i miles 3.S.E. of Kilkenny, on the Nore. 
 Pop. in ISaii 2180. It was formerly eQclo.sod by walls, and 
 has beautiful remains of an abbey, a large Roman Catholic 
 chapel, ft branch back, and flour mills. Near it are the im- 
 
 posing remains ci ibbey Jerpoint, and of Mount Juilet 
 Castle. 
 
 TIIOMASTOWN or BALLYMACANDON, a parish of Ire- 
 land. CO. of Kild.are. 
 
 THOM'ASTOWN, a post-village of Lestke co., Mississipp', 
 56 miles N.E. by N. of Jackson. 
 
 THOMASVILLE, a post-village of Davidson co., Nrath 
 Carolina. Pop. 308. 
 
 THOM'ASVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Thomas 
 CO.. Georgia, on the Brunswick and Kloi-ida Railroad, 200 
 miles S. by W. of Milledgeville. It contains a co'irt-house 
 which is creditable to the county, and a school Tailed the 
 Fletcher In.stitute, under the direction of the Methodists. 
 Pop. about 600. 
 
 THOMASVILLE, a post-offlce of Robertson co., Tennessee. 
 
 THOMASVILLE, a village of Washington co., Tennessee, 
 290 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 THOMASVILLE, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri. 
 
 TIIOMASWALDAU, to'mis-*ill'dow, Oder, o'bgr, and NlB- 
 DER, nee'dfr, two nearly contiguous villages of Prussian Si- 
 lesi.a, government of Liegnitz, circle of Buntzlau. P. 1350. 
 
 THOMERY, to'mjh-ree', a village of F'rance. department 
 of Seine-et-Marne, arrondissenient of Fontjiinebleau, on the 
 left bank of the Seine, 3^ miles from Fontainebleiiu, with 
 which it is connected by railway. Pop. 864. It is celebrated 
 for its grapes. 
 
 THOMIGSDOR F, to'mios doRr, a village of Bohemia, circle 
 of Chrudim. Pop. 1348. 
 
 THOMP/SON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THOMP'SON, a post-village and township of Windham 
 CO.. Connecticut, 35 miles N. by E. of Norwich. The town- 
 ship is intersected by the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 
 and drained by the Quinebjiug and French Rivers, which fur- 
 nish abundant water-power. It contains several manufac- 
 turing villages, the principal of which .are Ma.sonsville, Fi.sh- 
 ersville, and Wilsonsville, on the Norwich and Worcester 
 Railroad, and New Boston, in the N.W. corner of the town- 
 ship. The manufactures comprise muslins and other cotton 
 goods, woollen goods, forks, &c. The thriving village of 
 Thomson is situated on elevated ground, about 1 mile from 
 a railroad extending to Blackstono. It contains several 
 churches, and a bank. Pop. of the township, 32:')9. 
 
 THOMPSON, a post-township of Sullivan co.. New York, 
 contains Monticello, the county-sciit. Pop. 38.34. 
 
 THOMPSON, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 697. 
 
 THOMPSON, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 20 miles E. of Montrose. Pop. 558. 
 
 THOMPSON, a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia, on 
 the Georgia Railroad, about 60 miles N.E. by E. of Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 THOMPSON, a township of Pike co., Arkansas. Pop. 548. 
 
 THOMPSON, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 870. 
 
 THOM PSON, a post-township of Geauga co., Ohio. P. 1237. 
 
 THOMPSON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1702. 
 
 THOMPSON'S, a post-offlce of Fairfield district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 THOMPSON'S CREEK, of South Carolina, rises a few 
 miles N.W. of Chesterfield Court-House. and flowing S.E. 
 enters Great Pedee River about 5 miles below Cheraw. 
 
 THOMPSON'S CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Leaf River 
 from the N.. in Perry county. 
 
 THOMPSON'S CREEK, of Loui.siana, forms the boundary 
 between East and West Feliciana parishes, and enters the 
 Mississippi about 2 miles above Port Hudson. 
 
 THOMPSON'S CR0S6-R0.ADS, a pos^office of Louisa co., 
 Virginia, 45 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 THOMPSON'S LANDING, a post-office of Rockbridge co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 THOMPSON'S LANDING, a postK)ffice of Coahoma co., 
 Mississippi 
 
 THOMPSON'S LANDING, a small village of Hancock co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 THOMPSON'S RIVER, of Missouri Territory, falls into 
 the .Missouri River in about 108° 20' W. Ion. 
 
 THOMPSON'S STAND, a post-offlce of Suffolk co.. New 
 York. 
 
 THOMPSON'S STORE, a small viUage of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 THOMP'SONTOWN, a thriving post-village of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata River, and on 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad and Canal, 37 miles W.N.W. pf 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 THOMP'SONVILLE, a manufacturing post-village of En- 
 field township. Hartford CO., Connecticut, on the E, bank 
 of the Connecticut River, at the month of the Freshwater, 
 and on the New Haven Hartford and Springfield Railroad, 
 17 miles N. by E. of Hartford. It contains a bank, and .•» 
 carpet factory employing about 500 hands. Pop. in 1840, 
 800 ; in 1860, about 2000. 
 
 THOMPSONVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co.. New 
 York, about 100 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 THOMPSONVILLE, a small post-v'illa^-e of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 1913 
 
THO 
 
 THOMPSOWTLLK. a post-Tillasre of Cnlpepper co., Vir- 
 ginia. 104 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. 
 
 THOMI'SON VIl.LE, a villaare of Racine co., Wiscon.sin, 92 
 njites .S.K. of Madison. It contains 1 store and 2 hotels. 
 
 THOMPSON WINTERBOURNE, a parish of England, co. 
 of I>orset. 
 
 THON'E. ton, or THOXEX, to^A', a town of Savoy, pro- 
 vince of Genevese, on the Fier, at the junction of three Tal- 
 !evs. 9 miles E.S.K. of Annecy. Pop. 2808. 
 
 THONG, Nether, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 THONG, Upper, a township of England, co. of York. West 
 Ridin$r. 
 
 THONON, to^nfiNo', a town of France, in the department 
 of Haute SaToie. on the S. bank of the Lake of Geneva, 20 
 miles N.E. of Geneva. Pop. 4428. Near it is the farm-house 
 (formerly chateau) of Ripaille, to which .^madeus VIII. of 
 Savoy retired, after having successively renounced the duke- 
 dom of Savoy, the papacy, and the bishopric of Geneva. 
 
 THOK. LE.lgh toR, a town of France, department of Vau- 
 cluse. 8 miles E. of Avi<_'non. Pop. in 1852. 3869. 
 
 THORDA. toR/di or THORENBURG. to'ren-Wi<5RG\ (Hun. 
 Tnrda or Thorda. toR'doh.) a market-town of Transylvania, 
 capital of a county. 17 miles S.E. of Klausenburg. Pop. 
 8112. Near it are extensive salt-mines, and the ruins of the 
 Roman fortress Sulinrr. a station of lae 7th legion, who have 
 left various inscriptions there. 
 
 THORENS, to'rdx"'. a market-town of Savoy, province of 
 Genevese. 9 miles N.E. of Annecy. Pop. 2447. 
 
 THORESBV, thors'bee. North, a pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Lincoln, 8 miles N.W. of Louth, on the Lincolnshire Rail- 
 wav. 
 
 THORESBY. South, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 THOBESW.iY, thors'wi, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 THOR'G.tNBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 THORGANBY. a parish. England, co. York. East Riding. 
 
 THORIGXY, a town of France. See ToBlONl. 
 
 TH0R1NGT0N, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 THORINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Es.sex. 
 
 THOR'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 THORLEY. a parish of England, I.'ile of Wight. 
 
 TUOR/.MANBY, a parish of England, co. of York. North 
 Riding. 
 
 THORN. toRn. a strongly-fortified town of West Prussia, 
 52 miles S.S.W. of Marienwerder. capital of a circle, on the 
 riffht bank of the Vistula, in lat. 53° N., Ion. 3° 33' E. Pop. 
 12.687. It is a place of great strength, surrounded by walls 
 and bastions, and defended by two forts. It is entered by 4 
 gates, and consists of an old and new town. It has a court 
 of law. and several public offices, 2 Protestant and 3 Roman 
 Catholic churches, one of them containing a statue of Coper- 
 nicus: a Protestant gymnasium, a nunnery, several school.s, 
 4 hospitals, and a work-house; manufactures of woollen and 
 linen cloth, hats, soap, and famous gingerbread; some ship- 
 ping, and a trade in com, wood, linen, hides, bark, and 
 ashes. It was taken by Charles XII. on the 13th of October, 
 1703. after a siege of four months by the Poles ; it derives, 
 however, its chief celebrity from Copernicus having been 
 born here in 1473. 
 
 THORN, tonn, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Limburg. 8 miles S.W. of Roermond. Pop. 1162. 
 
 THORN, a township of Perry co.. Ohio. Pop. 1737. 
 
 THORN'ABY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 THORN'AGE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THORNAPPLE. a river of Michigan, rises in Eaton co., 
 and flows W. through Barry co.. where it turns towards the 
 N.. and enters Grand River in Kent co.. about 10 miles E. 
 of Grand Rapids. Its length exceeds 80 miles. 
 
 TilOR'N APPLE, a township. Barrv co.. Michigan. P.1002. 
 
 THORN'BOROUGH, a parish, England, co. Buckingham. 
 
 THORN'BOR(}. a postrvillage of Spottsylvania co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Po River, 69 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 THORN'BDRY. a market-town and parish of England, co. 
 of Gloucester, in Berkeley Vale. 3i miles E. of the estuary of 
 the Severn, and 11 miles N.E. of Bristol. Pop. in 1851, 4614. 
 The town has an elegant church, several Dissenting chapel.s, 
 numerous daily endowed schools, alm.ahouses and other 
 charities, and the remains of a magnificent palatial castle. 
 THORN BURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 THORNBURY, a parish of England, oo. of Hereford. 
 THORN BURY, a post-township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, al)out 24 miles W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 THORNBURY, a township of Delaware co., Penngylvania. 
 Pop. 1017. 
 THORN'BY. a parish of England, oo. of Northampton. 
 THORN'COMBE, a smaU market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Devon, 6 miles E.N.E. of Axmiuster. Pop. in 
 1851. 1325. ^ 
 
 THORN CREEK, a post-office of \Vhitlev co., Indiana. 
 THORN'DIKR, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, 38 
 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 958. 
 TUORNDl KE, a pogf-offlea of Hampden co.. Maasachusetts 
 THORN'DON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 lUld 
 
 THO 
 
 THORNE. thorn, a market-town and parish of Engtland, 
 CO. of York, West Riding, in a marshy but fertile tract near 
 the Don, on the border of Lincolnshire, 7 miles S.W. ofGoole. 
 Pop. in 1851, 3484. The town has a neat church, several 
 chapels, two free schools, and an active trade in corn and 
 other goods. At Hangman Hill, 1 mile distant, coasting 
 vessels are built. 
 
 THORNE. COFFIN, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 THORNE F.tL'CON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 THORN ER, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 THORNE, ST. MAR'GARET, a parish of England, co. of 
 Somerset. 
 
 THOR'NEY. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Cambridge, 10 miles W.N.W. of March. Pop. in 1851, 2174, 
 chiefly descendants of French Protestants. 
 
 THORNEY, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 THORN EY, West, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 6^ 
 miles W.S.W. of Chichester, consisting of Thomey Island, 
 between Havling Island and the Su.ssex mainland. 
 
 THOR/NEYBURN, a parish of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 THORN'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 THORN'HAM. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 TH(1RNH.\M. a ttiwnship of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 THORNHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THORNHAM. Great, a parish of Endand. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 THORNHAM. Little, a parish of Encland. co. of Suffolk. 
 
 THORN'H AUGU. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 TIIORN'HILL. a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 5 miles W.S.W. of Wakefield, on the Calder. Pop. 
 in liSSi. 6851. Here are 4 woollen mills, places of worship 
 for Weslevans and Baptists, and 18 daily schools. 
 
 THORNHILL. a burgh of barony, in Scotland, co.,and 13 
 miles N.N.W. of Dumfries, near the Nith, on the road from 
 Ghasgow to Dumfries. Pop. in 1861, 1668. It has a neat 
 parish church, and a handsome market-cross, with manu- 
 taclures of stocking.s, leather, jtc. 
 
 THORNHILL. a small village of Scotland, co. of Perth. 
 
 THOH.\ HILL, a post-office of Onondaga co.. New York. 
 
 THORN HILL, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia. 
 
 THORN HILL, a small village of Marion CO.. .\labama. 
 
 THORN HILL, a post-office of Walker co.. Alabama. 
 
 THORN HILL, a post-office of Granger co.. Tennessee. 
 
 THORN HILL, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York, 
 on the Ontario Simcoe and Huron Railroad, 14 miles N. of 
 Toi"onto. Pop. about 500. 
 
 THORN'LEV, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 THORNLEY. a township of England, co. of I^ancaster. 
 
 THORN'LEYSVILLE, a post-village of Boone CO., Indiana, 
 7 miles S.E. of Lebanon. 
 
 THORNLIEBANK. thornMe-bank', a village of Scotland, 
 CO. of Renfrew. H miles S. of Pollockshaws. Pop. 1700. 
 
 THORN'SET. a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 THORNTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 THORNTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 THORNTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 THORNTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 THORNTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 THORNTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 THORN'TON. a post-township of Grafton co.. New Hamp- 
 shire. 54 miles N. by W. of Concord. Pop. 967. 
 
 THORNTON, a post-village ofDelawareco., Pennsylvania, 
 S7 miles E. by S. of Harrisburg. 
 
 THORNTON, a pist-village of Cook co.. Illinois, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad. 23 miles S. of Chicago. 
 
 THORNTON, BISHOP, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 
 West Ridine. 
 
 THORN'fON-iK-CRAn'EN, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. West Riding, 6 miles W.S.W. of Skipton, on the 
 North Midland Railway. The cataract of Thornton-Force is 
 in this pari.sh; it has a fall of 90 feet. 
 
 THORN'TON CURTIS, a parish of Endand. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 THORNTON DALE, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding. 
 
 TUORNTON-iN-LONS'DALE. a parish of England, co. o' 
 York, West Riding. The celebrated "Yord-i's Cave" is io 
 this parish, and near it is a quarry of black marble. 
 
 THOKNTON-LE-MOOR, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 6 miles S.W. of Caistor. 
 
 THORNT0N-IK-TUE-.MO0RS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 THORNTON'S FEIWIY. a post-village ofHillstorough co., 
 New Hampshire, on the railroad 11 miles S. of Manchester, 
 and on the Merrimac River. 
 
 THORNTON'S MILLS, a post-office of Rappahannock co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 THORNTON'S RIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia, riseg 
 from the Blue Ridge, near the W. border of Rappatannock 
 CO., and flowing S.hl. through Culpepper co., anit.ts with 
 Hedgman'g River, forming the North Fork of thi- Kappa 
 hannock. 
 
 THORNTON STATION, a post-office of Cook co., TlUnofa. 
 
 THORNTON STEWARD, a parish of England, co. of 
 York, North Riding. 
 
THO 
 
 THR 
 
 _ TIIORNTON-iNiHE-STREET, a parish of England, co. of 
 York. North Riding. 
 
 THOKi\TO\ WaT'LAS, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North UidinR. 
 
 TUORN'TOWN. a pleasant post-village of Boone CO., Indi- 
 ana, on the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad, and on 
 Sugar Creek, 3tj miles N.W. of Indianapolis. It contains 4 
 churches. Pop. of township, 1016. 
 
 THORN'VILIjE, a iKjst-viliage of Perry CO., Ohio, about 3-3 
 miles E. by S. of Colu.Tibus. 
 
 TIIOKOE. to'roVh, an island of Denmark, off the island 
 of Funen, from which it is separated by a narrow and shal- 
 low channel. It is alx)ut 3 miles long, and 2 miles broad. 
 Many vessels are built here. On the coast, in the Thorbe 
 Strait, is a winter haven of the third class, admitting ves- 
 sels whiih draw IV feet of water. 
 
 TIIOlt'OLD, a town of Canada West, on the Welland Canal, 
 and on the Great Western Railway, 4 miles from 8t. Cathe- 
 rines. It has several very extensive tiourlng mills, saw 
 and planing mills. m.anufacture8 of leather and agricultural 
 implements, 3 churches, a Roman Catholic church, a public 
 and three private schools. Pop. in 1852, 1094; in 1854, 1250. 
 
 TIIOROTOX, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 THOROUGHFARE, a post-village of Prince M'illiam co., 
 Virginia, 124 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 THORl'E, thorp, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 3 
 miles N.N.W. of Ashborne. It has an ancient church. In 
 its vicinity is the beautiful Vale of Dovedale. 
 
 THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 THORPE, a parish of England, co. of .\orfolk. 
 
 THORPE, a parisli of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 THORPE, West, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 THOKPE-AR'IiOT'S, a parish of England, co. of JSorfolk. 
 
 THORPE-A CHURCH, a parish of England, co, of North- 
 ampton, 3 miles N.N.E, of Thrapston, on the London and 
 Kortli-Western Railway, 
 
 THORPE A'CRE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 THORPE ARCH, a parish of England, co. of York. 
 
 THOli PE AR'NOLD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 THOItPE BAS/SET, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 THOKI'E BOCIIART, thorp ho/kjrt, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Nottingham. 
 
 THOKI'E CON'STANTINE, a parish of England, co, of 
 Btaltord, 
 
 TH01',PE-0N-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co., and 6 
 miles W.8.W. of Lincoln, on the Midland Counties R.nilway. 
 
 THORPE MAL'SOK, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton, 
 
 THORPE MAN/DEVILLE, a parish of England, co, of 
 Northampton. 
 
 THOKPK MAR/KET, a parish of England, co, of Norfolk, 
 
 THORPE MOUIEUX, a parish of England, co, of Suffolk, 
 
 THORPE-iJ.\DER-THE-MOUNTAIN, a township of England, 
 JO, of York, West Riding, 
 
 THOKPE-NEXT-NORnVICH or THORPE ST, ANDREW, a 
 parish of England, co, of Norfolk, 2^ miles E, of Norwich, 
 Here are many handsome villas, and the county lunatic 
 asylum, 
 
 THORPE SALVIN, a parish of England, co, of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 THOKPE-LE-SO'KEN, a parish of England, co, of Essex. 
 
 THORSENGE, an island of Denmark, See T.^asinge. 
 
 THORSHALLA, (ThorshSlla,) or TORSH.ELLA, toRshJl'- 
 la, a town of Sweden, laan of Nykopiug, on the river Eskil- 
 Etuna, near its mouth in Lake Malar, 3 miles N,W, of Es- 
 kilstuna. P, 000, Its church steeple is 30(5 feet in height, 
 
 THORSHAVN, tors-hown', the capital town of the Faroe 
 Islands, on the S.E. coast of the island of StriimBe, consists 
 of about 100 wooden huts, with an hospital, a Latin school, 
 and a fortified harbor. Pop. 720. 
 
 THOR'VERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TH0UARC15, too\aR-s.V, a market-town of F''rance, depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, 14 miles S. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 
 1600. 
 
 THOUARK, too'SYi', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire-Inferieure, 5 miles N.E. of Nantes, with which 
 't is connected by railway. Pop. 892. 
 
 THOUAKS. tooVR', a town of France, department of Deux- 
 M^vres, on the Thoue, 22 miles N.N.F:, of Parthenay, Pop, 
 in 1852, 22S7, It has a communal college, a castle on a rock, 
 and trade in grain and cattle, 
 
 THOUAKSAIS or TOUARSOIS, too^aR'sw^, a vilLige of 
 France, department of Vendee, 10 miles N.N.W, of Fontenay, 
 Pop 1312, 
 
 THOUE, tooW, a river of France, departments of Deux- 
 Sfevres and .Maine-et-Loire, after a N, cour.se of 70 miles, past 
 Parthenay and Thouars, joins the Loire near Saumur, It 
 « cavigable for its last 12 miles. Chief aiHueut, the Dive, 
 on the right bank, from the S, 
 
 THOU'IN BAY, Van Dieman's Land, Freycinet's Penin- 
 rala, Lat, 42° 15' S, 
 
 THOULODSE. See TouLOUSE. 
 
 IHOUllOUT, too'roo', a town of Belgium, provlace of 
 
 We.st Flanders, 11 miies S,W, of Bruges, on the railway to 
 Courtrai. Pop. 8405, who manufacture hats, starch, mus- 
 tard, and wooden shoes, 
 
 THOU'SAND ISLANDS, of New York, are' situated in 
 the St, Lawrence River, near Lake Ontario, and opposite 
 Jefferson county. See St, Lawrence River, 
 
 THOUSAND ISLES, the most numerous collection of river 
 islands in the world, between the United States and Upper 
 Canada, consist of about 1600 rocky islets, in an e.\pansiou 
 of the St. Lawrence, at its emergence from Lake Ontario, 
 hence called the Lake of the Thousand Isles. 
 
 THOY'DON BOIS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 THOYDON GAR'NON. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 THOYDON MOUNT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 THRACE or THKACIA, a name which appears in very 
 ancient times to have been applied generally to the almost 
 unexplored countries in the S.E. of Europe, was afterwards 
 employed more definitely to designate that portion of Tur- 
 key in Europe, bounded N. by the Danvibe; E. by the Eux- 
 ine or Black Sea; S. by the I'ropontis or Sea of Marmora, and 
 the ^Egean Sea or Archipelago; and W. by the mountain* 
 separating it from Macedonia and Thessaly. At a later 
 period it was used in a still more restricted ,s<'n.«e, as nearly 
 identical with Room-F^lee proper, or that part of Turkey lying 
 between Bulgaria on the N., and the Archipelago on the S, 
 
 THRACIUS CHERSONESUS, See Galupoli, Pemnslxa 
 
 OF, 
 
 THRAN'DESTON, a parish of England, ao. of Suffolk, 
 
 TilR APS/TON, a market-town and parish of England, co,, 
 and 18^ miles N.N.E. of Northamplon, on the railway to 
 Peterborough, and on the Nen. Pop. in 1831, 1183. Here 
 are a church. Baptist chapel, and various sch(X>ls. Drayt«n 
 House, in the vicinity, is a fine mansion, on the site of an 
 ancient castle. 
 
 THK ASIMENUS LACUS, See Perugia, Lake of, 
 
 THREC'KINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 
 THREE BKOTH'ERS, a group of mountains of East Aus- 
 tralia, 22 miles S.W, of Port Macquarie, 
 
 THKKE CREEKS, a post-ofHce of Union co,, Ark.ansas. 
 
 TIlllKK FOKIvS, a post-office of Taylor co,. W. Virsrinir, 
 
 THI{KE Fi>RKS, a post-office of Barren co,. Kentucky. 
 
 THKEK FORKS, a post-office of Wilson co,, Tennessee, 
 
 THKEE HUM. MOCK ISLANDS. See IIuxter Isl^vwds. 
 
 THRKE KINGS or MANAW.\-TAW1, a group of islands 
 in the South Pacific Ocean. N.W. of the N. island of New 
 Zealand. Lat. 34° 13' S.. Ion. 172° 10' E. They are high 
 enough to become visible in clear weather at tlie distance 
 of 25 miles, but have a b;irren aspect, and do not aliogether 
 extend over a .space of about 8 miles each «.ay. The E. 
 island, which is the largct, is .scarcely 1 mile long. 
 
 THREE MILE BAY. a post-village of .lefferson co.. New 
 York, on the bay of Litke Ontario, about 16 miles W.N.W. of 
 Watertown, 
 
 THREE RIVER POINTS, a post-office of Onondaga co,, 
 New York. 
 
 THREE RIVERS, a post-village in Hampden CO., Massa- 
 chusetts, on Chickot ee River, and the Amherst and Belcher- 
 town IJailroad, 65 miles W,S.W, of Boston. 
 
 THRtE RIVER.S. a thriving post-village of Lockport 
 township, St. Joseph county, Michigan, on the St. Joseph 
 River, near the mouths of Portage and Stoney Creeks, 86 
 miles S.W. of Lansing, The creeks furnish extensive water- 
 power, which is improved. Pop, 957, 
 
 THREE RIVERS, a post-office of Polk co,, Iowa, 
 
 THREE RIVERS or TROIS RIVIERES, trwd reVe-aiR/, a 
 town of Canada Ea,st, capit.al and district of Three Rivers, at 
 the confluence of the rivers St, Maurice and St, Lawrence, 
 90 miles from Quebec, with which it is connected by electric 
 telegraph, and on the line of the proposed railway thence to 
 Montreal, It is one of the oldest towns in Canada, and was 
 long stationary as regarded enterprise or impiovement ; but 
 recently it h.as beco^ie one of the most prosperous places in 
 the province — a change produced piincipally by the com- 
 mencement of an extensive trade in lumber on the river St. 
 Maurice and its tributaries, which had heretofore been 
 neglected, and also by increased energy in the nianfacture 
 of iron-ware, for which the St. Maurice forges, about 3 miles 
 distant from the town, have always been celebrated in 
 Canada. Three Rivers is the residence of a Roman Catholic 
 bishop, whose diocese bears the .same name; and contains a 
 Roman Catholic cathedral, a church of England, a S<-otch 
 kirk, and a Wesleyan chapel, an Ursiiline convent, with a 
 school attached, where over 200 young females ai-e educated ; 
 two public, and several private schools.a mechanics' instif ute, 
 a Canadian institute, and a Young Men's Improvement, 
 and several other societies^ It sends a member to the pro- 
 vincial parliament. Pop. in 1862, 4936 ; in 1861. 60.58. The 
 district of Three Rivers embraces both sides of the St. Law- 
 rence, .and is subdivided into four counties. 
 
 THREE ROADS, a post-office of Cambria CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 THREE RUNS, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama. 
 
 THREE SPRINGS, a post-office of Huntingdon co„ Penn- 
 svlvania, 
 'three SPRINGS, a post-officeofWashingtonco,,Virginia. 
 
 THREE SPRINGS, a post-office of Hart co,, Kentucky. 
 
 1917 
 
THR 
 
 rnUV.X'^OV, a parish of Kn^latid. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THKICK'UV, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THRING'STOXE. a township of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 THRIP'LOW, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 THROCK'ING. a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 TIIROG'.? POINT LIGHT-HOUSE, on the S.E. point of 
 rhrog's Neck. Long Island, near Hell Gate. It contains a 
 fixed light. 
 
 THRONATEESKA RIVER. See Flint River. 
 
 TUROOPSVILLE. troops'vil. a post-village of Cayuga co., 
 New York, on the Owasca outlet, 5 miles N.N.W. of Auburn. 
 
 THROOP.SVILLE. apost-office, Luxerne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 THROWLEY. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 THROWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 THRDMI'TON. a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 THRUSH'ELTON. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 THRUS'SINGTON, a parish of England, eo. of Leicester. 
 
 THRUX'TON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 THRUXTON. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 THRY'BKRGH, a parish of EngUind, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 THSIEOO-SHAN or THSIEOU-CHAN, thseeWshSn', a 
 mountain of China, province of Shen-see. lat. 32° 12' N., Ion. 
 109° 32' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 THSOONGLING, THSOUNGLING or THSDNGLINQ, 
 tBOong'ling', mountains of Chinese Tartary. 
 
 THUA tlllEN. a city of Anam. See Hl£. 
 
 THUEYTS. tii^A/. a mar'.cet-town of France, department 
 (if Ard&che. arrondissement of Largentifere. Pop. 3071. 
 
 THUILLUIS, tweeryee/ or til-eeryee'. a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of Hainaut, on the Biemele. 2t miles E.S.E. 
 of.Mons. Pop. 1324. 
 
 THUIN, tU^^N"', a town of Belgium, province of Hainaut. 
 on the Sambre, 9 miles S.W. of Charleroi. Pop. 4123. It 
 has manufactures of woollens and linens. 
 
 THUIR, tweeR', a town of France, department of Pyre- 
 nees-0rientales.8milesS.W.of Perpignan. Pop. in 1852.2033. 
 
 THCLAIN, tUMix"', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Hainaut, with a station on the Parii and Brussels Kailway. 
 2i miles E.N.E. of Qui6vrain. Pop. 1600. 
 
 THUM, toom. a town of Saxony. 20 miles S.E. of Zwickau. 
 Pop. 2100. It has manufactures of lace. 
 
 THUN, toon, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 16 miles 
 S.S.E. of Bern, on the Aar, 1 mile W.N.W. of the Lake of 
 Thun. Pop. 5000. It is highly picturesque, has a venerable 
 church, a feudal castle 700 years old, a town-hall, and m.a- 
 nufactures of silk stuffs. Being the principal starting-place 
 for travellers In the Oberland, it is thronged in summer 
 with visitors. 
 
 THUN'DER BAY', in the N.E. part of Jfichigan, on the 
 coast of .\lpena co., is an arm of Lake Huron. Length, 
 near 13 miles; ereatest breadth, about 10 miles. 
 
 THUNDER BAY RIVER, of Michigan, rises in the N. 
 part of the peninsula, and flowing E., enters the upper part 
 of Thunder Rav. 
 
 THUN'DERiDGE, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 THUN'DERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 THDXERSEE. See Thcx. Lake of. 
 
 THUNGERSHEIM, tfidng/ers-hime', a village of Bavaria, 
 In Lower Franconia. on the right bank of the Main, N.N.VT. 
 ofWUrzburg. Pop. 1475. 
 
 THUN, LAKE OF. (Ger. Thuner See, toon'er sA\) in Swit- 
 serland, 10 miles in length ; average breadth, 2 mtles. 
 Height above the sea, 1896 feet. It is traversed by the river 
 Aar from Lake Brienz, and at its W. end it receives the 
 Simmen. The shores near Thun are covered with villas and 
 gardens; farther E. they are precipitous, and strikingly 
 picturesque. Two steamboats ply on it daily. On its S.W. 
 side are the mountains of Stockhorn and Niesen. 
 
 THUNNINGEN, toon'ning-en. a village of Wiirtemberg, 
 circle of Schwarzwald, near Tuttlingen. Pop. 1844. 
 
 TIIUR, tooR, a river of Switzerland, cantons of St. Gall, 
 Thurgau, and Zurich, after a N. and TT. course of 70 miles, 
 joins "the Rhine 'i miles S.S.W. of Schaffhausen. Affluents, 
 the Sitter and the Murg. 
 
 THUR'CASTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. SJ 
 miles S.W. of Mount SorreL Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, 
 was born here in 1470; 
 
 THURl^. tii'i'd'. a village of France, department of Vienne, 
 arrondissement of Chatellerault. Pop. 1600. 
 
 TIIURET. ttiV.V. a village of France, department of Puy- 
 de-DSme, 9 miles N.E. of Riom. Pop. 2050. 
 
 THURfGARTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THUROARTON. a pari.sh of England, co.. and 9J miles 
 N.E. of Nottingham, on the Midland Counties Railway. 
 
 THURGAU. toon/irOw. (Fr. Thurgnvie, tUu'goVee'.) called 
 also TIU'RGOn'IA, a canton of Switzerland, in its N.E. 
 part, having X the Lake of Constance, the Untersee, and 
 the Rhine, separating it from Baden, and on the other sides 
 the cantons of St. Gall. Zurich, and Schaffhausen. Area, 
 270 square miles. Pop. 90,080. of whom tbui-fifths are i'ro- 
 test.ants. The surfcce is undul.iting and fertile. Principal 
 rivers, the Thur, the Sitter, and the Murg. Agriculture is 
 the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Neariy one-third 
 of the population is partiiilly engaged in cotton and linen 
 
 THtJ 
 
 Kpinnlng and -weaving. Principal towns, Frauenfeld, the 
 capital. Bischofszell, Arbon, and Steklxiru. 
 
 THUR'GOL.\ND, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 TIIURGOVIE. See THtmoAtr. 
 
 THURIA, thu-re-a. an ancient city of Greece, in the Mo- 
 rea. the remains of which, now called l'alr?ocasti-o. govern- 
 ment of Messenia. 5 miles N.W. of Kalamata, comprise 'on- 
 siderable traces of Cyclopean arehitecture. 
 
 TIIURING ER-WALD. See TiiimisoiAN Forest. 
 
 THURINGIA, thu-rin^ea. (Ger. Th&ringm. tti'ring-fn,) 
 the name of an extensive tract in the central part of Ger- 
 many, watered by the rivers Saale and Werra. and including 
 the Thuringian Forest. Its limits have varied at different 
 times, and the name is now but little used, the original 
 Thuringia having become incorporated with the territories 
 of different states. Its capital was Erfurt. Adj. Thurin- 
 gian. thoo-rin'je-an. 
 
 TIIURIN'GIAN FOREST, (Ger. Thnringfr-icald, tti'mng- 
 fr-*ilt\) a mountain range of Central Germany, in the 
 Sa.xon duchies, extends from the Frankenwald N.W., along 
 the right liank of the Werra. as far as the mouth of the 
 Horsel. near Eisenach, a distance of about (50 miles. Its cul- 
 minating points, situated to the N. of Zelle, are the Behr- 
 berg and the Schneekopf, which have each a height of about 
 32S6feet. The mountains are composed chiefly of porphyry, 
 granite, and clay-slate, and are clothed chieHy with piiie 
 The minerals include iron, copper, lead, cobalt, <tc. The 
 drainage is shared by tributaries of the Elbe, the Main, and 
 the Weser. 
 
 THURINGTSCHE, Saale. See Saale. 
 
 TllUr.a,A?^TON. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 THURL'BY. two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 THCRLEBERE, thtlr'le-beer, a parish of England, co. ol 
 Somerset. 
 
 THURLEIGH. thfirnee, a parish of England, eo. Bedford. 
 
 TIIURLES, thfirlz. a market-town and parish of Ireljind, 
 in Munster, co.. and 21 miles N.E. of Tipperary, on the 
 Suir, and on the Gre.it Southern and Western Raihvnv. 
 Pop. of town in 1851, 5908. It has a Roman Catholic 
 chapel, the ruins of sever.">l ecclesiasticil and castellattd 
 edifices, a Roman Catholic and episcopal paLace, college, and 
 school, 2 nunneries, a court-house, bridewell, barracks, 2 ( 
 branch banks, and an extensive retail trade. 
 
 THURLESTONE, thfiri'stone, a parish of England, co. of i 
 Devon. 
 
 THUR1.0W, Great, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Suffolk 
 
 TIIURLOW. Little, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 THUR1.0XT0N, a parish of Engl.«id, co. of Somers.'f. 
 
 THURLSTONE. thilri'stone, a township of England, co. 
 of York, West Riding. 
 
 TIIURLTON. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THUR.M. tooRm, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 
 11 miles S. of Chemnitz, with paper and flour mills. P. lllS. 
 
 THUR'MAN. a poMoffice of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 THUR'M.\STON, a town.ship of England, co. of Leice.ster. 
 
 TIIURNAU, tooR'nOw, a market-town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Upper Franconia, 9 miles N.W. of Baireufh. Pop. 1425. 
 
 THURN'BY, a parish of England, eo. of Leicester. 
 
 THURNE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THURNEN, tooR'nen. a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton, and S miles S. of Bern. Pop. 3945. 
 
 THURNIIAM, a township of England, co.. and 4J miles 
 S.S.W. of Lancaster. Near it are the ruins of Cocke.-staiid 
 Abbey. 
 
 THUR'NING, a parish of England, cos. of Huntingdon 
 and Northampton. 
 
 TIIURNING. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THURNS'COE, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 THURB, t'htir or tllr. or TN'DTAN DESSERT, a region oc- 
 cupying the W. part of Ilindostan, between lat. 24° 30' ai:d 
 30° N., and Ion. 70° .and 76° E.. extending from the Runn 
 of Cutch to the British Upper Provinces and the Sutlej. It 
 is a succession of saud-hill.s. interspersed with valleys from 2 
 to 3 miles in breadth, and on which scanty crops of grain 
 are raised. It comprises the dominions of .lessuhnere, .TiX)d- 
 poor. Bickaneer. Ac. and is inhabited by Rajpoots and Bhiels, 
 who are permanently settled on the soil, besides a number 
 of wandering predatory tribes. 
 
 TIIUR'ROCK. East, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 TIIURROCK, West, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 THURS'BY, ('• Thorstown,") a parish of England, co. of 
 Cumberland, 6i miles S.W. of Carlisle. The foundation cf a 
 temple to the god Thor, from whom the parish was namod, 
 were discovered here near 70 years ago, 
 
 TIIURB'CROSS, a township of England, co, of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 TIIURS'FORD, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THURS'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 THUR'SO. a burgh of barony, parish, and seaport (own 
 on the N. coast of Scotland, co. of Caithness, on Thurso li-aT, 
 at the mouth of Thurso AVater, 21 miles N.W. of Wick. 
 Pop. in 1S51. 509(3; of the burgh, 2P08. It consist of an 
 old and a new town, and has a handsome parish chur .h, 3 
 
Tim 
 
 Musjnic lodge, imbVc ball-room, banks, and manufactures 
 ot unbn and woollen goods, straw-plait, leather, and nett- 
 ing, thriving fisheries, and exports of corn. The harbor 
 In the baj' is iafe, and steamers ply regularly to Leith. A 
 pier has been erected at Scrabster, on the W. side of Thurso 
 Bay. 
 
 THURSTASTON, a parish of England, co. of Choeter. 
 
 TIIURS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 5 miles 
 E.N'.K.of Bury St. Edmund's, on the East Union Railway. 
 
 THURSTON, a county of Washington Territory, partly 
 bordering on Puget's Sound, has an area estimated at 700 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Xisqually 
 River, and also drained by the Chehalis and Black Rivers. 
 The surface is diversified; the soil is fertile. 'Wheat, oats, 
 butter and stock are the staple productions. County-seat, 
 Olynipia, the capital of the tcTritory. I'oii. 1607. 
 
 THURS'XON, a post-township of "Steuben co., New York, 
 about 7 miles S. of Bath. Pop. 1100. 
 
 THURSTON, a poat-offlce of Linn co., Oregon. 
 
 THUK'STONLAND, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 TUUR'TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TIIUKZOFALVA, toon'zo'forvoh'. a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Trentsohin, on the borders of Galicia, with mineral 
 springs. Pop. 0569. 
 
 THUSrS, tiiVee', a marketrtown of Switzerland, canton of 
 Orisons, 11 miles S.S.W. of Chur, (Coire.) Pop. 530. 
 
 THUXTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THW.\ITE, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 THWAITE, a parish of T.ngland, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 THWIXG, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 TIIYATl'I'.A, an ancient city of Asia Jlinor, the seat of 
 one of the "seven churches." See Ak-IIissar. 
 
 TIAGUANUCO. See Tiahuanuco. 
 
 TIAGUU, to-J-gtir'. a fortified town of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, district of South Arcot. 52 miles W.S.VV\ 
 of Pondicherry. It was taken by the English in 1701. 
 
 TfAIIUANUCO, te-i-wd-noo'ko, or TIAGUANUCO, te-J- 
 gw^non'ko, a village of Bolivia, department, and 38 miles 
 W.N.W. of I^ Paz. on the S. shore of Lake Titicaca. It is 
 now greatly deserted, but is remarkable for the ruins and 
 gigantic monuments that are found in great numbers in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 TI ASH A, a river of Russia. See Tesha. 
 
 TIBAGI, te-bdzhee', a river of Brazil, province of Sao 
 Paulo, joins the Parapaneina after a N.W. course of 200 
 miles, for the most part of which it is navigable. 
 
 TIB'BATTS CROSS-ROADS, a post-village of Campbell co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 TIB'RERMORE or TIP'PERMUIR, a parish of Scotland, 
 CO.. an<l immediately N.E. of Perth. Here are the remains 
 of Ruthven Castle. 
 
 TIB'BKRTOX, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 TIBBKRTON, a parLsh of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 TIBBOO (or TIBBOU, tib'boo') COUNTRY, a region of 
 Central Africa, comprising a great part of the Sahara S.E. 
 of Fezzan, and between that country and Lake Tchad. 
 
 TIB'ENH.'VM, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TIBER, ti'ber, (anc. Tl'heris, Ti'bris or Ti/'hris; It. Tevere. 
 t.Vvi-ri,) a celebrated river of Central It:ily, rises in the 
 Tuscan .Apennines, 5 miles N. of Pleve Sat.to Stefano, and 
 flows S.S.K. as far as Barberini, within 20 miles of Rome, 
 ■where it turns S.W., and, after a course of 1S6 miles, enters 
 the Mediterranean, 17 miles below Rome, by two mouths, 
 which enclose a small delta, the ancient In'sula Sikra (now 
 Isold Sacra, ee'.so-W sS'krd.) It is navigable at certain seasons 
 as far as the confluence of the Nera, 30 miles N. of Rome. 
 Principal tributaries, the Topino, the Nera, (anc. Nar.) and 
 the Teverone. {a.nc. Anio,) from the E.; and the Nestore, 
 the Chiana, and the Nepi, from the W. Its banks are not 
 picturesque; and the stream, usually sluggish, is rapid |n 
 spring, and brings down with it a colored, muddy deposit, 
 which caused it anciently to be termed the "yellow Tiber." 
 At Rome it is about 300 feet across. 
 
 TIBERIAS, a town and lake of Palestine. See Tabareeyah. 
 
 TIBERIS. See Tiber. 
 
 TIB'KRTON. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 TIBESA, a town of Algeria. See TmsA. 
 
 TIBKSTI or TIBKSTY, tee'bes'tee', a subdivision of the 
 Tibboo country, in Central Africa. 
 
 TIBKT. See Thibet. 
 
 TIBET. Little, Central Asia. See Ladakh. 
 
 TIBI, te-Bee', a town of Spain, province, and 16 miles N.W. 
 of Alicante, on the left bank of the river Ibi. Pop. 1577. 
 
 TIBISCUS. SeeTnwss. 
 
 TIBO'HTNE or TAUGII'BOYNE, » parish of Ireland, in 
 Counaught, co. of Roscommon. 
 
 TIBORE, te-bor (?) a native state of the Malay Archipelago, 
 on the N. coast of the island of Pangansaue, once a famed 
 robber-nest. 
 
 TIBRTS. See Tiber. 
 
 TIB'SHELF, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 TIBUR. See Tivou. 
 
 TIBUUON, te-B' o-ron', (" Shark" Island.) an island in the 
 Gulf of California. Ut. 29° N., Ion. 112° 26' W. Length, 
 
 TIC 
 
 30 miles; greatest breadth. 20 miles. Near its N. shore Is l 
 pearl bank. 
 
 TIBURON, a maritime town of Ilayti, at its S.W. ex- 
 tremity. 38 miles W.N.W. of Caves. 
 
 TIBURON, CAPE, in Hayli. " See Cape TiBtmox. 
 
 TICAO. te-kd'o, one of the Philippine Islands, off the S.E. 
 point of the island of Luzon, l^etween it and the island of 
 .Masbate : lat. (N. point) 12= 41' N., Ion. 123° 39' E., about 28 
 miles long, by 7 miles broad. 
 
 TICCARY, tikOt-yree, a town of British India, presidency 
 of Bengal, province, and 50 miles W.S.W. of Bahar. 
 
 TICE'HURST. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TICHAU, tiK'ow, or TYCHUW, tiK'oSv, a vilbge of Prus- 
 sia, province of Silesia, government, and 60 miles S.E. of 
 Oppeln. Pop. 2214. 
 
 TICH'BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 TICIl'FIELD-wiiH-CROF'TON, a market-town and parish 
 of England, co. of Hants, 2i mile's W. of Fareham, on a 
 sm.nll stream flowing into Southampton Water, with which 
 it communicates by a navigable canal, at the mouth of which 
 is a small roadstead. Pop. 4M30. The town has a spacious 
 church, formerly a part of an abbey in which Henry A'l. 
 espoused Margaret of Anjou. Close to the town are the 
 ruins of Tichfield House, in which Charles I. vvas concealed 
 after his escape from Hampton Court, in 1647. Tichfield 
 gives the title of marquis to the Duke of Portland. 
 
 TICII'MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Northampton 
 
 TICHVIX, a town of Russia. See TlKnvix. 
 
 TICINETTO, te-che-nSt'to. a market-town of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Piedmont, province, and 6 miles S.E. of 
 Casale. Pop. 1117. 
 
 TICINO, te-chee'no, (Fr. Tr^nn, tS.s'sSN"'; anc. Tieifnus,) a 
 river of Switzerland and Pie<.lmont. rises on the 8. declivity 
 of Mount St. Gothard, flows S.E., and having traversed l>age 
 Maggiore, and subsequently fomied the boundary between 
 Lombardy and the Sardinian States, (Piedmont,) joins the Po 
 on the left. 3j miles S.S.E. of I'avia. Total course, 125 miles. 
 It is navigable from Lago Maggiore. In its lower part it 
 forms many islands, and supplies the Canal of Naviglio 
 Grande. 
 
 TICINO. (Fr. Tessin,) impi-operly written TESINO or TE- 
 Cl NO.the southernmost canton ofSwitzerland, on the Italian 
 side of the Alps, which sepaiate it from the cantons of Uii and 
 Orisons: having S. and E. Austrian Italy, Gri.sons. and the 
 Val di Mi.socco, and S. and W. Piedmont. Area. 1037 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1^60. 116.-^43. all Roman Catholics, and 
 mostly speaking Italian. It is wholly drained by the Ticino 
 and its tributaries. Its S. part comprises the larger portion 
 of the Lake of Lugano, with the N. extremity of Lago Mag- 
 giore. The climate and products are similar to those of 
 North Italy. The princip;»l crops are wheat, maize, rye, 
 che.stnuts. wine, and .silk : cheese, calves, sheep, and hogs 
 are exported. Timber is plentiful, but of little commercial 
 value. The ni,anufacturesare insignificant: the transit trade 
 between Italy and Switzerland is considerable. The inhabit- 
 ants emigrate to neighboring countries to the number of 
 10.(X)0 annually. The government is vested in a legislative 
 council of 114 memter.s, and an executive council of 9 
 members. The principal towns are Bellinzona, the capital, 
 Lugano. Locarno, and Faido. Ticino formed part of the 
 ancient duchy of MUan; it holds the 18th place in the Swiss 
 Confederation. 
 
 TICINUM. See Pavia. 
 
 TICK'ENCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 TICK'ENHAM. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 TICK'FAW RIVER, of Louisiana, rises near the N. border 
 of St. Helena parish, and flows S. through Livingston parish 
 into Lake Maurepas. 
 
 TICK'HILL, a parish, and formerly a market-town of Eng- 
 land. CO. of York, West Riding, 4J miles W. of Bawtry. 
 The town has the remains of a castle. The church is spa- 
 cious. 
 
 TICK^MACRE'VAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Antrim, comprising the town of Glenarm. 
 
 TICK'NALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 TICONDERO'GA, a post-village and township at the S.E. 
 extremity of Essex co.. New York, 95 miles N. by E. of 
 Albany. The township extends from Lake Champiain to 
 Lake George. The village is situated on the outlet of Lake 
 George, at the Lower Falls, which here have a descent of 
 alx>ut 30 feet, affording an extensive hydraulic power; it 
 has a steamboat landing, and considerable tiade. Two oi 
 three miles below this village are the ruins of the old Fort 
 Ticonderoga, on the W. shore of Lake Champiain. .at the 
 entrance of the above outlet. The fort was surprised by 
 Colonel Ethan Allen in the Revolutionary war. Pop. of the 
 township, 2271. 
 
 TICOO (tee'koo') ISLANDS, on the W. coa.st of Sumatra, 3 
 in number, small and woody, about H miles apart. The 
 outermost island is in lat. 0° 23' S.. Ion. 99° 50' E. 
 
 TICOl'IA ISLAND. See Ti COMA. 
 
 TICUL. te-kool', a town of Yucatan, 44 miles S. of Me- 
 rida. It is large, and Interspersed with gardens. It has a 
 fine square, in which is a domed church, a convent, and 
 manufactures of earthenwares, and of hats for exportation. 
 
TID 
 
 TIG 
 
 Most of its Inhabitants are mestizos. Near it are the ruins, 
 «nd extfcosive mounds and sepulchral caverns of Ichinul. 
 
 TID-AN. (Tid-dn.) tid on, a river of Sweden, issues from 
 the N. extremity of a lake on the frontier of the Ifen of Jon- 
 kiipine. about 15 miles N.W. of the town of that name, flows 
 N., then W., expanding into Lake Osten, and, after a wind- 
 ing course of nearly 80 miles, falls into the E. side of Lake 
 Wener near Mariestad. 
 
 TID'COMBi:. a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 
 
 T1D'KNH.\M. a parish of England, co, of Gloucester, 
 
 TIUESWELL, tidz'wel, a market-town and pari.<h of Eng- 
 land, co,, and 29 miles N.N,AV, of Derby. I'op, iu 1851, 3411, 
 It has a large and handsome church, Wesleyan and Homan 
 Catholic chapels, a free grammar school, and numerous 
 other schools, 
 
 TIDIOUTE, a post-village of Warren co,, Pennsylvania, on 
 the Alleirhanv River. 20 miles below Warren, 
 
 TID'MARSH, a parish'of England, co, of Berks. 
 
 TID'.MIXQTOX, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 TIDOU or TIDORE. te-dor'. an island of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, lielonging to the Dutch, W. of the island of Gilolo, 
 and S, of Ternate. from which it is separated by a channel 
 atfording good anchoi-age. Lat, 0° 40' X,, Ion, 127° 2^' E. 
 Circumference, 18 miles. The surface is mountainous, with 
 an active volcano : it is densely wooded, and productive in 
 spices. The inhabitants are Mohammedans, It was di.s- 
 covered by Magellan, (Magalhaens.) and successiveli' be- 
 longed to the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Dutch, 
 
 TlD'WOR'ni, North, a parish of England, co, of Wilts, 2 
 miles W.S,W, of Ludgersh.ill, Here is Chidbury Camp, with 
 a causeway, numerous barrow.s, excavations, and other anti- 
 quities of British origin, 
 
 TIDWORTH, South, a parish of England, co, of Hants. 
 
 TIEDRA-VIE.TA, te-A'orA ve-A'jia, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Valladolid, 9 miles N,E. of Toro. Pop, 1695, 
 
 TIKFKNBRONN, tee'fen-bi-onn\ a village of Baden, 7 
 miles S.E, of Pforzheim. I'op, 850, Gall, the founder of 
 the science of phreuolo2r\-. was born here in 1V5S. 
 
 TIEFENOKT, tee'fen-ORf, a village of Saxe-Weimar, S.W. 
 of Eisenach, on the Werra. Near it are the ruins of the old 
 castle of Krevenberg. Pop. 12:37, 
 
 TIEFHARtMANNSDORF,teef-haKt'minns-dor,f\ a manu- 
 facturing village of Prussian Silesia, 21 miles S,W, of Lieg- 
 nitz. Pop, 1360, 
 
 TlEGENHOF.'tee/ghen-hor, a market^town of West Prus- 
 sia, 22 miles S,E. of Dautsic. on the Tiege. Pop, 2070. 
 
 TI EL. Switzerland. See Thiele. 
 
 TIEL. a town of the Netherlands. See Thiel. 
 
 TIEMBLO, El, 61 te-Jni'iilo. a town of Spain, province of 
 Avila, on the Alberche River, Pop. 1373, 
 
 TIEN, te-^n', a prefixed name of many towns of China, 
 Biostly in the S. provinces, 
 
 TIENE, tee'neh, a market-town of Austrian Italy, delega- 
 tion, and 12 miles X,N.W, of Vicenza, Pop, of the district, 
 8800, It has manufactures of woollen cloths, hats, and 
 linens, 
 
 TIEXEN, See Tiriemoxt. 
 
 TIEN-PE, te-4n*-pA/, a town of China, province of Quang- 
 tong, on the coast of the China Sea, 74 miles N,E, of Looee- 
 choo, in lat. 21° 29' N., Ion. 111° 17' E., and having a 
 spacious though shallow harbor, defended by several forts. 
 
 TIEN-T.SIN, te^nHseen', a large commercial city of China. 
 DTOvince of Pe-chee-lee, and the port of Peking, from which 
 capital it is nearly 70 miles S.E., at the confluence of the 
 Y.uen-ling and the Peking River. It is a great entrepot for 
 salt; it also imports grain, woollen stuffs, and furs, in large 
 quantities. 
 
 TIERM.VS, te-ia/mis. (anc. Therima.) a town of Spain, 
 province, and 65 miles N. of Saragossa, on the Aragon, with 
 numerous hot springs, whence its name. 
 
 TIERKA AUSTRAL DEL ESPIRITO SANTO. te-?R'Rl 
 dws-trdl' dJl ^s-pee^re-too sin'to, an isl.ind in the Pacific 
 Ocean, the largest and westernmost of the New Hebrides. 
 See New Hebrides. 
 
 TIERKA-BOMBA, te-Jp'Rl bomn)!. an isl.and in the Carib- 
 bean Seii. off the N.W. coast of New Granada, protects the 
 hartior of Carthagena. from which city it is 10 miles W. 
 
 TIERRA DEL FUEGO. See Terra del Fiego. 
 
 TIESI. te-A'see, or TIEZl, a town of the island of Sar- 
 dini.i, 16 miles S,S,E. of Sass.iri. Pop. 2700. 
 
 TIETAK. te-A-taR', a river of Spain, rises in New Castile, 
 province of Avila. flows S.W., and joins the Tagus near 
 Villareal de San Carlos. Total couiw. 90 miles. 
 
 TIETE. te-A'tA, AMIEMUY or ANHEMBI. Sn-ySm-bee', a 
 river of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, after a W. course of 
 500 miles, joins the Parani near Int. 20° 45' S.. Ion. 52° W. 
 Its principal affluents are the Pipira, Piracieaba, and Jun- 
 diahy. Its navigation is obstructed by numerous cataracts, 
 
 TIETZ. teets, a town of West Prussia, 15 miles S.W. of 
 Deutsch-Krone, Pop, 1000, 
 
 TIEZI. a village of Sardinia. See TiESI, 
 
 T^IKEUNO, a river of .Naples, See Biferxo, 
 
 TIFESIt, tee'f^sh', a town of Algeria, province, and 70 
 miles E, of Constantine, on the Hamistj. 
 
 TIFFAIJGES, teePfozh', a town of France, department of 
 1920 
 
 Vendee, on the Sevre-Nantalse, 10 mtlea E.N.E. of Mortague. 
 
 Pop. 916. 
 
 TIF'FIELD, a parish of EngUnd, co. of NoHiiampton. 
 
 TIK'FIN, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1787, 
 
 TIFFIN, a township of Defiance co.. Ohio. Pop. 915. 
 
 TIFFIN, a thriving town of Clinton township, capital of 
 Seneca co., Ohio, on the E. bank of Sivndusky River, and on 
 the Siindusky Dayton and Cincinnati Railroad, 180 milea 
 N.N.E. of Cincinnati, and 33 miles S.W. of Ssindnsky City. 
 It is situated on level ground, and is compactly built Be- 
 sides the county buildings, it contains 11 churches, 2 banks, 
 a union school-house, which cost about $40.000, 1 woollen 
 factory, and 1 iron foundry. Two newspapers are published 
 here. Titlin is surrounded by a rich and well-cultivated dis- 
 trict. Laid out in 1821. Pop. in 1860, 3992. 
 
 TIFFIN'S RIVER, of Michigan and Ohio, rises in the 
 former state, and flowing southward into Ohio enters the 
 Maumee at Defiance, It is sometimes called Bean Creek. 
 
 TIF LIS, tiflis\ or TEF'LIS, (native pron. tif-leess' or 
 tef-leess',) the capital city of Georgia, in .\siatic Russia, 
 and of all Russian Tran.scaucasia, on the Koor, lat, 41° 41' 
 4" N., Ion. 44° 50' 30" E. Pop. in IR.iR, .S7.930, Mean 
 temperature of year, 57°"4; winter, 31°-8; summer, 75°-9, 
 F'ahrenheit. It stands in a narrow valley, and is defended 
 by walls and several forts. The old quarter, on tlie bank 
 of the river, comprises numerous Armenian churches 
 and large caravanserais; it is inhabited chiefly by an -Ar- 
 menian population, and is the principal seat of trade. The 
 upper town, or Russian quarter, has broad streets and open 
 scjuares, the government ofiices, military quarters, iStc, and 
 presents to the other quarter all the contrasts of a Euro- 
 pean town. The Armenian cathedral is a large and striking 
 edifice. Tiflis has .liso several mosques, a German I'rotest- 
 ant chapel, French and German hotels, elegant shops, and a 
 flourishing hot-bath establishment, from which the Russian 
 government re.nlizes a considerable revenue. The Russians 
 have estalilished various schools in the city, the commerce 
 of which has greatly augmented since it fell under their 
 dominion. 
 
 Tl'GER, a post-office of Rabun co.. Georgia. 
 
 TIGER CREEK, a po?t-ofticeofClait>orne parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Tl'GER ISLAND, an inlet in the Canton Hiver. China, N. 
 of Tycocktow Island, in the Boca Tigris. It is situated on s 
 lofty and conspicuous rock, on which is a formidable battery. 
 
 Tl'GER RIVER, of South Carolin.i. a small stream ri.sing 
 in Greenville district, near the N.W. frontier of the state; it 
 flows south-eastward, and enters Broad Kiver at the S.E 
 extremity of Union district. 
 
 TI'GERVILLE. a post-village of Terre Bonne parish. Loui- 
 siana, on Bayou Black. It has a steamboat landing, and is 
 a shipping point for the parish. 
 
 TIGHT SQUEEZE, a post-ofiice of Dinwiddle co., Virginia. 
 
 TIGIL. te-ghil', or TIGHILSK, te-ghilsk'. a fortified town 
 of Kamtchatka, near its W. coast, on the Tighil, near its 
 mouth in the Gulf of Penjinsk. Lat. 58° X., Ion. 158° 
 16' E. 
 
 TIGLIOLE, teel-yoHA. a market-town of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, division of Alessandria, 5 miles W,S,W. 
 ofAsti. Pop, 2409, 
 
 TIGNALE, teen-yJlA, a village of Northern It.aly, pro- 
 vince, and N.E. of Brescia, on the heights which flank the 
 W. side of the Lake of Garda, Pop. 1153, 
 
 TKSNES, teeB, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Savoy, province of Tarantaise, al>out 12 miles SJE. 
 of St. Maurice, on the left bank of the Isgre. Pop. 1077. 
 
 TIGRANOCEKTA. See Sert. 
 
 TIGKE, tee'gr.AN one of the three principal states of Abvs- 
 sinia, l^>tween lat. 11° and 17° 30' N.. and Ion. 37° and 41° 
 E.. having N.E. the Danakil country, S.W. Amhara, and on 
 other sides various Galla territories. The surfijce is mostly 
 mountainous; and here are the sources of the Tacazze and 
 Mareb Rivers. The princip.il towns are .\ntalo. .\xoom. Sii-fi, 
 .\dowah, and Dixam. The chief outlet for its produce is 
 Arkeeko. on the Red Sea. See AnrssiMA. 
 
 TIGRE, tee'grA. or PEQUETfA, pj^-kAn'ya, a river of 
 Ecuador, joins the Amazon 40 miles W. of the influx of the 
 Ucayale, after a S.E. course of 350 miles. 
 
 Tl'GRIS, a river of Asiatic Turkey, in the pash.ilics of Diar- 
 bekir, Mosol, and Bagdad, rises near Arehana-Maden, flows 
 S,E., and at Korna joins the Euphrates to fom> the Shat-el- 
 .\rab. Total course estimated at 11 50 miles. At Bagdad the 
 Tigris and Euphrates approach within 30 miles of each other, 
 and hold a parallel cour.se for about 80 miles, when they di- 
 verge, being distant from 80 to 100 miles fmm each other, till 
 they unite at Ivorna. The region between the Tigris and the 
 Euphrates is the ancient Mfsopntamiri. From Mosiil to Bag- 
 dad, a distance of alxjut 220 miles, the Tigri.': may t>e con- 
 sidered as having an average width of 2iiO vMrds. with a 
 currentin March of 4J miles per hour. Its principal affluents 
 are the Great and Little Zab, Khaboor. and Diala. all finni the 
 N.E. Below Diartekir it contains sevenil islands. Its banks, 
 in the upper part of its course, are fliinh' peopled, and the 
 country about them is only partially cultivated; but the 
 pasture-grounds are rich, and well suited for the visits cf 
 j the nomadic tribes which come occasionally to the river fr')m 
 
Tin 
 
 the neifrhborinpr countries. For about 24 miles below Mosul, 
 <he country is highly cultivated on br'.h sides: but between 
 that and Tekrit all cultivation nearly ceases, and is but par- 
 tially found between the latter place and Bagdad. Between 
 Ba'.;dad and Korna the banks are steep, and overgrown for 
 the most part with brushwood, the resort of lions aud other 
 wild animals. A considerable increase of the river takes 
 place during the rains of November; subsequently it de- 
 creases, au 1 swells irregularly at intervals. It attains its 
 greatest height between the middle and the end of May, 
 when its velocity is 7'33 feet per .second, and the discharge 
 at Bagdad, in the .same time, is about 1(>4,103 cubic feet. 
 After this time the river tails, with more or less regularity 
 and inequality, till the middle of June. It brings down 
 vast quantities of deposit, and in the upper part of its course 
 is very rapid. The Tigris is navigable for rafts at certain 
 seasons, from Diarbekir to Mosul, a distance of about 296 
 miles. Below the latter place it is more or less so throughout 
 the year, and the descent to Bagdad is performed with great 
 easo and speed. Large rafts, supported by 200 or even 300 
 inflated skins, are much in use for the tran.sport of goods. 
 During the tlood-season the voyage is performed in three or 
 four days, whereas at another time it requires fourteen days. 
 The ruins of Nineveh, JSdeucia, Ctesiplwn, Opis, Ac. are on 
 its banks. 
 
 TI-IIOA, a city of Chinese Toorkistan. See Ooroomtsee. 
 
 TIJARAFE, te-ud-rd'fi, a town of the Canaries, on the N. 
 coast of the island of I'almas. Pop. 2216. 
 
 TIJOLA or TIXOL.\, te-Ho'li, a market^town of Spain, 
 province, and 27 miles N. of Almeria, with a celebrated fair. 
 Pop. 4920. 
 
 TIKAX-TEPPEH, tee'kdn' tSp'pJh, a village of North 
 Persia, province of Azerbaij,an, 15 miles S.W. of Tukhti- 
 Suleiman, and the usual halting-place for caravans going 
 between Tabreez and Hamadan. Near it are some ancient 
 excavations. 
 
 TIKUVESH, tlKVJsh', a town of European Turkey, in 
 Macedonia, on an affluent of the Vardar, 65 miles N.W. of 
 Salonica. 
 
 TIKIIVIN or TICnWIN, tiKVin', a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Novgorod, on the Tikhvinka, 108 miles N.E. of 
 Novgorod. Pop. 3600. The Canal of Tikhvin, 105 miles in 
 length, unites the Tikhvinka and Sias with the Mologa and 
 Volga, and thus connects Lake Ladoga and the Baltic with 
 the Caspian Sea. 
 
 TIKHVINKA or TICHWINKA, tlK-vink'i. a river of 
 Russia, issues from Lake Ozerskoie, in the government of 
 Novgorod, and joins the Si.is 15 miles below the town of 
 Tikhvin. Total course, 80 miles. 
 
 Tl KSA. tik'sd, a lake of Russia, government of Archangel. 
 Lat. 66° 26' N., Ion. 31° 30' E. Greatest length, from N.W. 
 to S.E., 16 miles. It is of very irregular shape, contains 
 several small islands, and discharges itself by the Chadra 
 into Ijake Pija. 
 
 TV'iU, te-koo. a town on the S.Vf. coast of Sumatra. Off 
 it are the Tiku Islands, a wooded group, on which the Eng- 
 lish and Dutch formerly had settlements. 
 
 TIL A'FAR. til i-faii/, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, 
 and 35 miles W. of Mosul, between the Tigris and Khaboor 
 Rivers. It consists of four divisions, situated on as many 
 limestone hills, rising to about 200 feet above the adjacent 
 plain, and intersected by a large rivulet. One of its qu.arters 
 is enclosed by ruined walls, and the whole comprises about 
 1000 stone houses, of which 700 are inhabited. Pop. mostly 
 Arab and Koord Mohammedans, engaged in rural industry 
 and the manufacture of coarse cotton and wotjlen fabrics. 
 
 TILANAVI, te-U-nd'vee, or LISCA-NERA, lis'k^ ni'rS, 
 one of the Lipari Islands. 
 
 TILAPA. te-ld'pd. a small town of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion, on the Pacific coast. Lat. 16° N., Ion. 97° 10' W. 
 
 TILAVEMPTUS. See Tagliame.nto. 
 
 TIL/BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 TILBURG. til'bliRO, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Brabant, 14 miles E.S.E. of Breda. Lat. 51° 33' N., 
 ion. 5° 4' E. Pop. 16,792. It has a royal palace, extensive 
 maflufactuves of woollen goods, print-works, and breweries. 
 
 TILBURY. East, a parish of England, eo. of Essex, 14 
 miles E.S.E. of Romford, on a creek of the Thames. At this 
 place the Emiieror Claudius is sujjposed to have crossed the 
 Thames in pursuit of the Britons. 
 
 , TILBURY. West, a parish of England, co. of Essex, ad- 
 joining East Tilbury. In early Saxon times it was an 
 episcopal see. Here are some traces of the camp formad by 
 Queen Elizabeth in 1588. 
 
 TIL/BURY-JUx'TA-CLARE, a parish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 TIiyBURY FORT, on the right bank of the Thames, op- 
 oosite Gravesend. is a large brick fortification, enclosed by 
 « moat in a marshy tract, which may be wholly laid under 
 water. It was originally erected by Henry VIII. 
 
 TILDEN. a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 TILDESLEY-CUM-SHAKERLY, a town.ship of England, 
 CO. of Lancaster. 
 
 TILE'HURST. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 TILES'WORTH. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 TILFF, tilf, a village of Belgium, province, and 3 miles S. 
 5 V' 
 
 TIM 
 
 of Liege, on the right bank of the Ourthe ; near it Is a vcrj 
 remarkable stalactitic grotto. Pop. 1166. 
 
 TILISCH, teeaish, or TILISKA. teeMish'koh\ a village o| 
 Austria, in Transylvania, 15 miles W. of Hermannstadt 
 Pop. 3305. 
 
 TILL, a river of England; co. of Northumberl.and. rises 3. 
 of the Cheviot Hills, flows N.. and joins the Tweed 4i milijs 
 N.F;. of Coldstream. Course, 80 miles. Afllueuts, the 
 Beamish and Beaumont, from the W. 
 
 TILLANCHONG, til-ian-chong'. one of the Nicobar Isles, 
 N. group. Lat. 8° 30' N., Ion. 93° 35' E. It is a high, oblong, 
 rugged mountain, in many parts covered with trees, and 
 inhabited only by such persons as have been banished front 
 the other islands. 
 
 TILLE, teel, a river of France, joins the Saone on the right 
 4 miles N.E. of St. Jean-de-Losne, after a course of about 50 
 miles. 
 
 TILLEDA, til'lA-dl, or TULLEDA, (TUlleda.) tul'eh-di a 
 village of Prussian Saxony, government, and 39 miles W. 
 of Merseburg. Pop. 1014. 
 
 TIIVLER'S FERRY, a post-oflRce of Kershaw district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TILLICOULTRY, til-te-kool'tree, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Clackmann.an, on the Devon, 4 miles N.E. of Alloa. The 
 village has a neat church, branch banks, and manufactures 
 of shawls and plaidings. Near it are remains of a Druidic 
 circle. 
 
 TILLIERES, teeValK^ or teePyain', a market-town of 
 France, department of Eure. 6 miles E. of ^'erneuil. P. 1304. 
 
 TILLlJlKES. a village of France, department of Maiue-et- 
 Loire, 9 miles S.W. of IJeaupreau. Pop. 1467. 
 
 TliyLINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 TIL'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TILLY'-suR-SEULLES, tee^yee (or teePyee') sUrsuI, a vil- 
 lage of France, department of Calvados, 12 miles W. of Caen- 
 Pop. 1174. 
 
 TIIVMANSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 TIiyNEY ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 TILNEY-wiTH-IS'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 TILNEY ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of England, eo. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 TILS'IIEAD. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 TILSIT, til'sit, a town of East i'russia. on the left bank 
 of the Niemen or Memel, here joined by the Tilse. and 
 crossed by a bridge of boats, 60 miles N.E. of Konigsberg. 
 Lat. 55° 4' N.. Ion 21° 56' E. Pop. 15,371. It has a gymna- 
 sium, and manufactures of woollen cloth, hosiery, arm.s, 
 leather, and hardware. It exports corn, timber, hemp, and 
 flax A treaty between' France, Russia, and Prussia, was 
 signed here on a raft in the river, on the 7th .July, 1S07, 
 
 TIL'STON, a parish of England, co, of Chester. 
 
 TIITTON. a post-village of Murray co.. Georgia, on the 
 Western Atlantic Railroad, 9 miles from Dalton. 
 
 "ril/TON-os-iHE-HILL. a parish of England, co. Leicester. 
 
 TIL/TONSVILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Ohio, about 
 16 miles S. by W. of Steulieuville. 
 
 TII/TY, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Essex. 
 
 TIM, teem, a river of Siberia, governments of Yeniseisk 
 and Tomsk, joins the Obi near Tim.sk, 90 miles N.W. of 
 Narym, after a westward course of 250 miles. 
 
 TIM, a town of Russia, government, and 38 miles E. of 
 Koorsk. on the Tim, Pop, 2000. 
 
 TIMACIIUS. See Timor, 
 
 TIMANA, te-md-ni'(?) a town of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Cundinamarca. province, and 82 
 miles S.S.W. of Neyva. on the Upper Magdaleua. 
 
 TIMAN MOUNTAINS. See Ur.\i. 
 
 TIMB.ALIER (tim-ba-leer') BAY, of Louisiana, situated 
 at the mouth of Bayou La Fourche, is partially separated 
 from the Gulf of Mexico by long and narrow islands. 
 
 TIM'BER. a post-village and township of Peoria co., Illi- 
 nois, al>ont 15 miles W.S.W. of Peoria. Pop. l.'i.'iO. 
 
 TIMBER CREEK, a small stream of Gloucester co., New 
 Jersey, falling into the Delaware below Gloucester. 
 
 TlMBElt CREEK, a post-oftice of Hunt co., Texas. 
 
 TIMBER CREEK, a post-village in Marshall co., low.i, on 
 a small creek of its own name, about 80 miles W,N,W, of 
 Iowa City, 
 
 TIMBERED BRANCH, a post-offlce of Adair co,, Illinois. 
 
 TIMBER GROVE, a post-oflice of Washington co., A'ir- 
 ginia. 
 
 TIM'BERLAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TIMBER RIDG E, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virginia. 
 
 TIMBER RIDGE, a post-vill.age of Union district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TIMBER RIDGE, a post-offlce of Greene eo. Tennessee. 
 
 TIM'BERSCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 TIM'BERVILLE. a post-village in Rockingham co , Vir- 
 ginia, about 150 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 TIMBO. TIMBOO or TIMBOU. See Tf.EMnoo. 
 
 TIMHUC'TOO. TOMBUCTOO or TOMBOOCTO; written 
 also TOMBUKTU and TEN BOCTOO, a town of Centra] 
 Africa, in Soodan, neai- the border of the Desert of Sahara, b 
 
 1921 
 
TIM 
 
 TIN 
 
 miles V. of thf Joliba. 'Xi}<er,) lat. 18° 4' N.. Ion. 1° 45' W. 
 I'eiiiii.oent pop. about 12.000. principally Negroes, with some 
 Moors. It is a very poor town, in a wretched country, 
 situated amid burning and moving sands, on the verge of a 
 morR.ss. The walled enclosure, about 3 miles in circum- 
 ference, contains some bricl!. houses, but most of the dwell- 
 ings are mere circuliir huts or wigwams of straw and earth. 
 Among its mosques are 2 with towers and walls about 16 feet 
 in height. Provisions have to be brought from Jenne, on 
 the Niger, about 300 miles S.W.; and the sole importance of 
 Timbuctoo is due to its being an entrepot for the trade be- 
 tween Guinea, Senegambia, and North Africa. Caravans 
 from Morocco and the other Barbary states here e.xchange 
 dates. Europe.tn manufactures, fire-arms, gunpowder, coral, 
 tobacco, and paper,.for slaves, gold-dust, salt, ostrich feathers, 
 gums, and palm-oil. It was twice taken and held by the 
 Moors, but is now governed by a native chieftain. 
 
 TIME, a post'Office of Pike co., Illinois. 
 
 TIM'ERYCOTTA, a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras, district, and 70 miles W. of Guntoor, on the S. bank 
 of the river Kistnah, a cataract of which here enters a basiu 
 lined with numerous Hindoo temples. 
 
 TIMIMOON or TIMIMOUN, tee'me-moon', a town of 
 North Africa, in Sahara, capital of the district of Goorara, 
 (Gourara,) oasis of TooHt. Lat. 27° 50' N., Ion. 1° 40' E. It 
 occupies a large space, consisting of frotn 500 to 600 houses, 
 separated from each other by gardens, surrounded by loop- 
 holed walls, and defended by a fortress. It is one of the 
 greiit centres of the ti-affic of the Sahara. It nominally be- 
 longs to the Emperor of Morocco, but has lately declared itr 
 self independent. 
 
 TIM'MONSVILLE, a post-ofiSce of Darlington district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TIMOK, tee'mok', (anc. TimfacJius,) a river of European 
 Turkey, forms part of the boundary between Bulgaria and 
 Servia, and joins the Danube 18 miles N.N,W. of Widln, 
 after a N.E. course of 100 miles. 
 
 TIMOK, a town of Servia, 43 miles N.W. of Nissa. 
 
 TIMOLEAGUE, tim-o-lAg', a decayed market^tovni and 
 parish of Ireland, in Munster. co. of Cork, on Courtmack- 
 sherry Bay, 7 miles S.S.W. of Bandon. Pop. about 600. It 
 has a neat church, and remains of an abbey. 
 
 TIMOK, te-mor', an island of the JIalay Archipelago, sepa- 
 rated on the W. from the island of Ombai by Ombai Strait; 
 washed N. by the Bauda Sea. and S. by the Indian Ocean. 
 Lat. (S. point) 10° 24' S., ion. 123° 32' E. Length, about 300 
 miles; breadth, 40 miles. The N.E. and S.W. extremities 
 end in promontories. It is surrounded by banks and rocks, 
 but has two safe harbors — Coepang on the S., the head- 
 quarters of the Dutch ; and Delli on the N., the chief place 
 of the small portion still held by. the Portuguese. In the 
 N. is a lofty mountain, (elevation, 6000 feet:) and high 
 mountain chains traverse the whole i.sland. These hills are 
 chietly formed of limestone, with red chalk in the lower 
 parts also, clay-slate, greenstone, sienite, and porphyry ; they 
 are generally bare and rocky, destitute of timber and un- 
 derwood, though in some places there are' forests of con- 
 siderable extent. Iron, gold, and copper are found. Every- 
 where are traces of volcanic origin, and the whole island has 
 frequently suffered from earthquakes. The .streams are 
 small, and mostly dry in summer. Around the coasts 
 every spot of ground, admitting of cultivation, appears to 
 be occupied, and the country is covered with dwellings and 
 pl.intations. Various kindsofb;tmboos. maize, toddy-palms, 
 cotton, tobacco, sweet-potatoes, indigo, bread-fruits, pine- 
 apples, melons, cocoanuts, sago, mango, lemons, papaw, 
 sandal-wood, Ac, are among the most valuable vegetable 
 products of this island. The domestic animals are bufTalws, 
 oxen, horses, sheep, pigs, and fowls; end in the woods are 
 deer and a grwit many apes. Among birds, may be men- 
 tioned the rhinoceros-bird, lories, and cockatoos. The ani- 
 mals found on the N.W. side of the central mountain chain 
 resemble those of the rest of the archipelago ; but those on 
 the S.E. are closely allied to the fauna of Au.atralia. Near 
 the river mouths crocodiles abound, and on the shores va- 
 rious kinds of turtles are found. Dangerous serpents and 
 scorpions are numerous, and insects of the most various 
 hues, and a sort of small bee are met with in great quanti- 
 ties. Pearl-oysters are obtained on the coasts; on the reefs 
 trepang is caught, and they yield besides cellepore, madre- 
 pore. Ac, and above all a kind of coral called isis, much 
 prized by the Japanese, The Timorese eat the young bees 
 and the honey, but export the wax. Agriculture is little 
 attended to. The females, as in other parts of the archipe- 
 lago, weave what cloth is required; the men engage in no 
 sort of handicraft except the constructing of proas, the 
 hammering of gold-plates, and the casting of rings and bells 
 for decorating their horses. The principal exports are san- 
 dal-wood sent to China, Iieeswax to Java, and cattle, horses, 
 maize, and sago to the Austr.alian colonies, Mauritius, and 
 Singapore, in return for muskets, gunpowder, hardwares, 
 ralicoes, and other British manufactures, which constitute 
 the chief imports, liesides rice, arrack, and other native 
 pn duce from Java and .Macassar. British ships frequently 
 vli.t Timor, chietly homeward-bound whalers, as also Dutch 
 1922 
 
 ' ships and native vessels. The natives are divided into the 
 j Timorese, inhabiting the W. part of the island, originally 
 from Ccram, and subject to the Dutch : the Belonese. inlia 
 biting the E. coast, originally from flilolo, and subject to 
 the I'ortuguese, and the independent tribes of the interior. 
 Only princes are permitted to have more than one wife, foi 
 whom a price in gold or buffaloes is paid to the father. 
 Smallpox visits the island every 10 or 12 years, and leprosy 
 ' is endemic. The Dutch possess the settlement of Coepang, 
 in the S.W., which is a free port. Dilli, on the N.W. co.-ist, 
 is a settlement belonging to the Portuguese, and is sur- 
 rounded by a very fertile territory, but unhealthy for Euro- 
 pean.s. In these settlements the natives are Said to bo 
 Christians; in the interior the great majority are idolaters. 
 Pop. 200,000. Adj. and inhab. Timorese.- tee'mo-reez'. 
 
 TIMOR LAUT, te-mor' lowt, an island of the Malay Archi- 
 POJago, between lat. 7° 10' and 8°30'S.. Ion. 131° and 131° 40* 
 E., 260 miles E. of Timor. I./ength, 90 miles; greatest breadth, 
 about 40 miles. The surface is mountainous and wooded. 
 
 TIMPANAGOS (frequently written TIMPANOGOS) 
 LAKE called now the Great Halt Lake, which see. 
 
 TIM'PEKLY, a township of England, co. of Chester, parish 
 of Bowden, on the Altringham and Manchester Railway, 1 
 mile N.E. of .\ltringham. 
 
 TIM.S'BURY, ft parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 TIMSBURY. a parish of England, co. of Il.ints. 
 
 TIM'WORTII, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 TINACORO, tena-ko'ro, or YOLCA'XO ISLAND, an un- 
 inhabited island of the South Pacific. Lat. 10° 2.3' S.. Ion. 
 165° 49' E. It consists of a cone of about 2000 feet high, 
 falling towards the sea by a rapid slope. Smoke and flame 
 have been .seen issuing from its suuimit, and on its S.W. 
 side incandescent lava has been observed flowing down. 
 
 TINAJO or TINAXO, te-nd'Ho. a town of the Canaries, 
 island of Lanzarote, and consists chiefly of scattered houses, 
 with a cliurch and primary .school. Pop. 1264. 
 
 TINCHEBRAI, tANsh'bri' or tJs»Vhfhbr,V, a town of 
 France, department of Orne, 13 miles N.N.W. of Domfront. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4174. It has a tribunal of commerce, .and ma- 
 nufactures of paper and jewelry. Here, in 1106. Henry I. of 
 England finally defeated his brother Robert of Normandy. 
 
 TIN'DALEWARD, the largest of the six wards of the 
 county of Northumberland, in England, in the AV. of the 
 count}', bordering Durham and Cumberland, and separated 
 N. from Scotland hy the Cheviot Hills. Ai-ea. 514,6€0 acres. 
 Pop. 44,233. Its centre and E. parts are highly cultivat^^d; 
 eLsewhere it consists chiefly of mountainous wilds, rich in 
 minerals. It is traversed by theTyne and its affluents, the 
 great Roman wail, and the Newcastle and C.trlise Railwiiy; 
 it contains many small lakes, and the towns Hexham, Ilalt- 
 whistle,Al]endale, Bellingham, Corbridge, and St.-imfordham. 
 
 TINDARE, tin'dd-r.i, or TINDARO, tin'dd-ro, a promon- 
 tory on the N. cofist of Sicily, 4 miles N.E. of Patti; a little 
 S.E. of it is a church, standing among the ruins of the 
 ancient TynldarU. the walls of which, as well as the theatre, 
 can still be traced. 
 
 TIN DFIELD or TINDFJELD, tind'fvild, a mountain range 
 of Norway, lat, 60° N., Ion. S° E., 4S71 feet in hei-ht. 
 
 TIND-SOE, tind'sO^fh, a narrow lake of Norway, at the 
 S.E. foot of the above mountain range, 18 miles in length; 
 at its N. end is the village of Tind. 
 
 TINEIIELY. tin-hee'iee, a market-town of Ireland, in 
 Leinster, CO. of Wicklow, ejmiles S.W. of .\ghrim. Pop. TOO. 
 Since its destruction, in 1798, it has been rebuilt by Earl 
 Fitzwilliam. whose seat (Coolattin Park) is in the vicinity. 
 
 TINEO. SAN PEDRO, Sp.ain. See San Pedro Tinko. 
 
 TING-CUOO or TING-TCHOU, tingVhoo', a city of China, 
 province of Shan-toong, capital of a department, on the 
 Yellow Sea, with a commodious harbor; lat. 37° 48' N., Ion. 
 120° 50' E. 
 
 TING-CIIOO, a city of China, province of Fokien, capital 
 of a department, 140 miles N.W. of Amoy. 
 
 TINOmviCK. a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 TING-IIAI or TING-HAE, ting'hi', the Kipital city of the 
 island of Chusan, off the E. coast of China, province of Che- 
 kiang. near the S. coast of the island, 70 miles E.N.E. of N*ng- 
 po. Lat. 30° 0' 1" N., Ion. 122° 6' E. It is enclosed by a 
 stone wall, entered by four double gates, surrounded by a 
 ditch, and connected by a canal and narrow causeway with 
 its harbor, three-fourths of a mile distant. The streets are 
 narrow and irregular, flijgged, clean, and well drained; the 
 houses are mostly of one story ; the shops are well supplied, 
 and the silversmiths and tailors of the town enjoy some 
 repute. The chief edifice is a fine Boodhic temple, and outside 
 of the walls are several barracks, formerly in occupation by 
 British troops. The harbor is sheltered by numerous i.slots, 
 and has deep water, but it is difficult of approach. Neigh- 
 boring rice-grounds and swamps render the city very un- 
 healthy to Europeans. It was taken by the British in lb40. 
 
 TIXGIS. hee Tangier. 
 
 TIN'GKITII, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 TING'WALL, WIIITK'NESS, AND WEKS'DALK, a united 
 parish of Scotland, comprising a part of Shetland Mainliiul, 
 with the village of Scalloway, and the islar^Js of O.xnor 
 Trousa, Ilildetsie, and Linga. Pop. in 1851. 2S74. 
 
TIN 
 
 TTNIAN. tee-ne-Jn', in the Pacific Ocean, one of the La- 
 drone Islands. 
 
 TI.MCCM, tiu'e-kUm, a township of Bucks co,, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2396. 
 
 TINICUM, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersected by the Pliiladelphia Wilmington and Baltimoro 
 Kailroad, U miles S.W. of Philadelphia. I'op. li«. 
 
 TINICUM ISLAND, a small island in the Delaware Kiver, 
 b<'Ionn:in!j to the above township. 
 
 TIM.SCHT, tee'uisht, a town of Bohemia, about 11 miles 
 S.K. of Koniggratz. Pop. 1688. 
 
 TINK'EK KNOB, a postoifice of Botecourt co., Virginia. 
 
 TINKKK RUN, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 gylvani.i. 
 
 TINKER'S CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Cuyahoga 
 Kiver about 12 miles from Cleveland. 
 
 TINKER'S CHEEK, a postoffice of Barnwell district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TIN'MOUTH, a postrtownship of Rutland co., Vermont, 
 70 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 629. 
 
 TINNEVELLY, tin-ne-vyiee, a maritime district of Bri- 
 tish" India, presidency of Madras, at the S. extremity of the 
 Indian Peninsula, having N. and N.W. the district of Ma- 
 dura; Wi, Travancore; and elsewhere the Gulf of Manaar, 
 separating it from Ceylon. Area, 5700 square miles. Pop. 
 1.2(i9,'216. Principal towns, Palamcotta, the chief seat of 
 trade, Tinnevelly, and Manapar. 
 
 TI.XNEVELLY, a town in the above district, immediately 
 N.W. of Palamcottii, and 88 miles S.S.W. of Madura. It is 
 unhejilthy, from surrounding rice-grounds. 
 
 TIN'NKy'S GROVE, a post-office of Ray co., Mi.ssouri. 
 
 TINO, tee'no, or TINOS, tee'nos, (anc. TJnos,) an island of 
 the Grecian Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, immediately 
 S.E. of Andros, from which it is separated by a narrow chan- 
 nel called the Bocca-Piccola. Greatest length, about 18 
 miles; mean breadth, 5 miles. It is one of the most agree- 
 able and fertile of the Cyclades, is well watered by springs, 
 has an excellent climate, and produces much Viarley, silk, 
 wine, figs, oranges, and honey. The domestic animals are nu- 
 merous, and consist of cattle, mules, asses, sheep, and goats. 
 The mountains furnish fine marble of various colors, and 
 silver-mines were once worked to some extent. The manu- 
 factures consist chiefly of silk stockings and gloves; and 
 the trade in wine, oil, and brandy is extensive. The inha- 
 bitants are very industrious, but extremely superstitious. 
 They have both a Greek archbishop and a Roman Catholic 
 bishop; and since 1820 have built a cathedral, to which nu- 
 merous pilgrimages are made. Principal towns, San Nicolo, 
 Panormos, and Oxomeria. Pop. 22,000. 
 
 TINS'LEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 P.iding. 
 
 TINTA, t«en't3, a small town of South Peru, department, 
 and 60 miles S.E. of Cuzco, capital of a province, on the 
 Upper Urubamba. 
 
 TlNTAGEIi-(tin-taj'fl)-AND-BOS/SINEY, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Cornwall, on its N. coast, 5 miles N.AV. of Camel- 
 ford. Tintagel is the reputed birthplace of King Arthur, 
 and remains of a castle he;»ring his name still exist here. 
 
 TINTJiNIAC, teenHA'ne-ik', a marketrtown of France, de- 
 partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 16 miles N.N.W. of Rennes. 
 Pop. in 1852. 2156. 
 
 TINTERN or KXNNEAGH, kin'n;!/, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Leinster, co. of Wexford. Here are remains of an abbey. 
 
 TIN'TERN AB'BEY. a celebrated ruin in England, co. of 
 Monmouth, on the W. bank of the Wye, 4} miles N. of 
 Chepstow. The abbey was founded by the Cistercian monks 
 in 1131. 
 
 TINTERNE PAE/VA, a parish of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 TIN'TINHUL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 TIN'TO, ('-The Ilill of Fire,") a mountain of Scotland, co. 
 of Lanark, at the head of Clydesdale, and between the pa- 
 rishes of Carmichael, Wiston, and Symington. Height, 
 2316 feet above the sea. 
 
 TIN'TON FALLS, a post^village of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey, on a branch of Nevisink River, 48 miles E. of Tren- 
 ton, contains a church, a furnace, 2 stores, 2 grist mills, and 
 about 25 dwellings. 
 
 TIN-TSIN. a town of China. See Teen-Tsin. 
 
 TINT'WISTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester, 9 
 miles E.N.E. of Stockport. The Manchester and Sheffield 
 Railway is here carried through a tunnel 3 miles in length. 
 
 TIN'WALD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 TIN'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 TKERN or TJORN, t«-i)Rn' or tyoRn, an island of Sweden. 
 20 miles N.W. of Gothenburg, in the Cattegat. Length and 
 breadth, about 10 miles each. Its shores are greatl}' in- 
 dented, and its fishery is important. The surface is mostly 
 in pasturage ; and on it are three villages. 
 
 TIOGA, li-o'ga, a river which rises in the N. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, and flowing in a N. direction, unites with the Con- 
 liocton, to form the Chemung, in Steuben co., New York. 
 
 TIOG.i, a county in the S. part of .\ew York, bordering 
 on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 480 square miles. It 
 is Intersected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna 
 
 TIP 
 
 River, and is drained by Jwego and Cayuta <~i'<»ek8. auc 
 some smaller streams, which furnish abundant water-po>Ner. 
 The surface is hilly, uneven, and sometimes mounlainouj. 
 The soil is generally good, and a large portion is excellent 
 farming land. The North Branch of the Susquehanna is 
 navigable through this county, and large quantities of lum- 
 ber are annually rafted down it. The New York and Erie 
 Railroad traverses the county, and the Cayuga and Susque- 
 hanna Railroad terminates at Owego. the capital. P. 28,748 
 
 TIOGA, a county in the N. part of Pennsylvania, Ixirder- 
 ing on New York, has an area of about 1100 square iniles. 
 It is drained by the sources of the Tioga River, from -n hich 
 the name is derived, and by Pine and Cowanesque Creeks. 
 The surface is uneven and hilly, and extensively covered 
 with forests. The water-courses flow in deep channels, 
 bounded by steep acclivities. The soil is mostly of slate and 
 sandstone formation, and is better adapted for pasturage 
 than tillage. Extensive mines of bituminous coal are 
 worked near Blossburg, in the S.E. part. The creeks afford 
 valuable motive-power. The county is partly traversed by 
 the Corning and Blossburg Railroad. Organized in 1804. 
 Capital, \V"eUsborough. Pop. 31,044. 
 
 i'lOOA, a post-village and township of Tioga co.. New 
 Y'ork, on the Susquehanna River. The township is innne- 
 diatoly W. of Owego a"ud is intersected by the New York and 
 Erie Railroad. It contains several manufactories. Popu- 
 lation, 3202. 
 
 TIOGA, a post- village and tpwnship of Tioga co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 15 miles S. of Corning. The village is situated 
 on the river of its own name, at the mouth of Crooked 
 Creek, and on the Corning and Blossburg Railroad. It 
 contains a bank. Pop. of the township, 152;3. 
 
 TIOGA CENTRE, a post-village of Tioga co.. New York, 
 on the Susquehanna River and the Erie Railroad, 5 miles 
 S W. of Owego. 
 
 TIOKALINSK, te-o-kS-linsk', a town of Siberia, govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk, 80 miles N.W. of Omsk. 
 
 TIONESTA, a creek of Pennsylvania. See Teonista. 
 
 TIONESTA, a new township of Forest co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 50. 
 
 TIONESTA, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Venango co., Pennsylvania, intersected by the Alleghany 
 River. Pop. 759. 
 
 TIOOMEN, TIOUMEN or TIUMEN, te-oo'mSn', a town 
 of Siberia, government, and 120 miles S.W. of Tobolsk, on 
 both sides of the Thura, here crossed by a floating bridge. 
 Pop. from 10,000 to 12.000. It is the most pleasant and 
 prosperous town in West Siberia. The streets are regular, 
 and it has numerous churches, a public school, and upwards 
 of 100 factories of Russia leather, woollen fabrics, and soap; 
 and around it much coarse carpeting, carriages, mats, and 
 wooden articles are made. Standing at the junction of seve- 
 ral great routes, it has an active export trade in tallow and 
 bristles into Russia, and of Russian and other goods to the 
 Kirgheez territory and Bokhara. It is also a depot for the 
 commerce between Russia and Chin.i. Tioomen is the 
 oldest town in Siberia, and was founded in 1586. 
 
 TIOTOE, te-o'to'^h, an island *f Norway, district of Nord- 
 land, in the Atlantic, immediately S.W. of the island of 
 Alven. 
 
 TIOUGIINIOGA (pronounced te-^H^ne-aw'ga.) a river in 
 the central part of New York, rises in Madison co.. and 
 flowing in a S. course through Cortland and Chenango 
 counties, enters the Chenango River at Chenango Forks, in 
 Broome county. 
 
 TIOUMEN, a town of Siberia. See Tioomen. 
 
 TIPAIIENUS. SeeSPEZzu. 
 
 TIP'EKAH, TIP/PERAU or TIP'RA, a district of British 
 India, presidency of Bengal, beyond the Brahmapootra, 
 having E. an independent Khyen territory, and enclosed 
 elsewhere by the districts of Dacca, Slymunsiugh. Sylhet, and 
 Chittagong. Area, 6830 square miles. Pop. 1,372,260. Prin- 
 cipal town, Odeypoor. 
 
 TIPITAPA, te-pe-ti'p2. a river of Central America, state 
 of Nicaragua, by which the Lake of Leon discharges its sur- 
 plus waters into the Lake of Nicaragua. Length, from IG 
 to 20 miles, for the latter 12 of which it is from 3 to 18 feet 
 deep, and navigable ; but in the early part of its course its 
 navigation is impeded by falls, one of which is near the 
 village of Tipitapa. 
 
 TIl''PAH, a county in the N. part of Mississippi, border- 
 ing on Tennessee, has an area of about 1050 square miles. 
 The Wolf and Tallahatchie Rivers, and Tippah Creek, rise 
 in the county: and the Ilatchie River wasihes nearly the 
 whole of the E. border. The surfece is agreeably diversified 
 with small elevations; the soil is fertile, especially along the 
 river-bottoms. The rivers afford valuable motive-power, 
 which is used in flouring mills. The route of the Memphis 
 and Charleston Railroad passes through the county, ibis 
 part of the state was ceded by the Chickasaw Indians to 
 the wliites. and divided into counties in 1836, since which 
 it has been settled rapidly, and this county is now among 
 the most populous in the state. Capital, Ripley. Pop. 
 22.550. of wliuin 16,219 wrre free, and 6331 slaves. 
 
 TIPPAH CREEK, of Mississippi, rises in Tippah co., and 
 
 1923 
 
TIP 
 
 TIR 
 
 ao-winjr S.W.. enters the Tallahatchie river at Milton, in 
 Lafayette county. 
 
 TlPl'ECANOE, tip*pe-ka-noo', a river of Indiana, rises in 
 a lake of its own name in Kosciusko co., and enters the 
 Wabash River 9 miles above Lafayette, after a very tor- 
 tuous course of about 200 miles, its general direction is 
 S.W. For more than 100 miles from its month the stream 
 is 60 feet wide and 3 feet deep at all seasons. The abori- 
 ginal name is Ketli-tip-pe-ce-nunk. 
 
 TIPPECANOK, a county in the W.N.W. part of Indiana, 
 contains about 500 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, from the latter of which it 
 derives its name. The surface is nearly level, excepting 
 numerous hills which occur along the livers. About half 
 Of the county is occupied by prairies, which have a rich, 
 black soil, 2 or 3 feet deep, with a substratum of clay. 
 Some of them are beautifully undulating. In 1850 this 
 county yielded 1,8.33,311 bushels of corn — the greatest 
 quantity produced by any county in the state. The public 
 improvements are the Wabash and Erie Canal, the Lafayette 
 and Indianapolis, the New Albany and Chicago and the To- 
 ledo and Wabash* R;iilroads. Capital, Lafayette. Popula- 
 tion, 25,726. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, on 
 Stillwater Creek, 17 miles W. of Cadiz. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, Miami co., Ohio. See Appendix. 
 
 TIPPECANOK, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. P.1085. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. 
 Pqj). 1025. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, a village of Marshall co., Indiana, 15 
 miles S.E. of Plymouth. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, a town.ship of Pulaski co., Indiana. P. 623. 
 
 TIPPECANOR, a post-township of Tippecanoe co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 1782. 
 
 TIPPERARY, tip-er-i'ree, an inland county of Ireland, in 
 Munster, extending along nearly the whole W. boundary of 
 Leinster, and King's, Queen's, and Kilken ny counties, having 
 N. and N.W. the Shannon and Lough Derg, separating it 
 from Connaught, the county of Galway, and the county of 
 Clare; and on other sides the counties of Limerick, Cork, and 
 Waterford. Area, liJ5i) square miles, or 1,001,730 acres, of 
 which 843,887 are estimated to be aralile; 23,779 in planta- 
 tions: 178.183 uncultivated; and 13,623 under water. Pop. 
 in 18-il, 435,553 ; in 1851, 331.487. On the S. it is separated 
 from the county of Waterford by Knockmeledown Mountains 
 and the river Suir, which traverses the centre of its lower 
 two-thirds ; its N. third is separated from the rest of the 
 county by the Devil's Bit and other mountains. This por- 
 tion contains a part of the great Rog of Allen ; elsewhere 
 the soil is of extraordinary fertility, yielding large crops of 
 wheat, oats, and potatoes. Agricultui-e has improved of 
 late, but fiirms are generally small, and the population is 
 very much depressed, and has long had a reputation for 
 turbulence. Grazing is imjxjrtant; large quantities of but- 
 ter and other dairy produce, with cattle, are exported. Coal, 
 copper, and lead are met with, and slates near Killaloe. 
 The woollen trade of Carriok is now nearly extinct; the 
 principal exports are the rural produce. Principal towns, 
 Tipperary, Clonmel, Nenagh, Cashel, Templemore, Thurles, 
 Clogheen, and Carrick-on-Suir. It is intersected by the 
 Great Southern and Western Railway, and several branches. 
 It sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 TIl'PKRARY, a town of Ireland, capital of the above 
 county, on the Arra, an affluent of the Suir, and on the 
 Limerick and Waterford Railway, 25 miles S.E. of Limerick. 
 Pop. in 1851, 8227. It is beautifully situated in an undu- 
 lating and fertile tract. It has a large and handsome 
 church, a spacious Roman Catholic chapel, sessions-house, 
 bridewell, work-house, hospital, barracks, savings' bank, 
 large endowed school, and an active retail trade. 
 
 TIPPERMUIR. See Tibbermore. 
 
 TIPRA. SeeTiPERAH. 
 
 TIPSA, tip/si. or TIBESA, tib'e-sl, a town of Algeria, 
 province, and 115 miles E.S.E. of Constantine. 
 
 TIPTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, on the Bir- 
 mingham and Liverpool Canal, which has here many 
 branches, 8 miles W.N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1851, 
 24,872, engaged in coal and iron-mines, iron forges, rolling 
 and slitting mills, engine, soap, and red-lead factories. It 
 has a new and handsome church, numerous Dissenting cha- 
 pels, and schools; and at Tipton Green, one of its largest 
 Tillages, are extensive wharfs. 
 
 TIP'TON, a county in the W.S.W. part of Tennessee, bor- 
 dering on the Mississippi River. Area estimated at 370 
 •quare miles. The Hatchie River, navigable by steamboats, 
 foi ms its entire N. boundary. The surface is level, and the 
 soil productive. Capital, Covington. Pop. 10,705, of whom 
 6417 were free, and 5288 slaves. 
 
 TIPTON, a county in the N. central part of Indiana, con- 
 tAining 280 square miles. It is drained by Cicero and Buck 
 Creeks. The surface is level, and the soil fertile. This 
 county, which formed part of the Miami Reservation, was 
 organized in 1844, and is settling rapidly. It is traversed 
 1924 
 
 by the Peru and Indianapolis, and by the Chicago find CIn- 
 ninnati Railroads. Named in honor of General .Ti.hn Tip- 
 ton, United States senator from Indiana. Capital, Tiptou. 
 Pop. 8170. 
 
 TIPTON, a post-office of Lenawe° co.. Michigan. 
 
 TIPTON, a township of Ca.«s co., [ndiana. Pop. 12S3. 
 
 TIPTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Tipton co., In- 
 diana, on a branch of Cicero Creek, and on the Peru and 
 Indianapolis Railroad, 40 miles N. of Indianapolis. Laid 
 out in 1845. 
 
 TIPTON, a post-village, capital of Cedar co., Iowa, 25 miles 
 N. of Muscatine. It is pleasantly situated on a high or up- 
 land prairie, having timber in the vicinity. Tipton contains 
 5 churches, 1 newspaper office, 13 stores, 3 hotels, a graded 
 school, and 1 steam-mill. P. in 1860,1190; in 1S6.S. about l.=i00. 
 
 TIP'TONSPORT, a village of Carroll co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River. 6 miles above Delphi. 
 
 TIP/TREE, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex, 3 miles E 
 of Witham, and formerly having a priory of Black Canons. 
 
 TIPUANI, te-poo-i-nee', a village of Bolivia, near La Paz, 
 on a stream of its own name. It consists of 150 houses, 
 formed of the trunks of palm trees, and is a dirty, unhealthy 
 place. It rose in consequence of important mines in its 
 vicinity, which being wrought out, the place has .sunk into 
 obscurity. 
 
 TIPUTINI, te-poo-te-nee'. a river of Ecuador, which rises 
 about lat. 1° 30' S., Ion. 76° 30' W., flows E., and joins the 
 Napo after a course of about 80 miles. 
 
 TIRA, tee'ra. or SIIAH-.JEIIANPOOR, shih je hdn^poor', 
 a town and fort of the Punjab, in Briti.sh India, on the Beas, 
 75 miles N.N.E. of Loodianah. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 TIRADE, a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 
 TIRA.IAXA or TIRAXANA, te-rd-ni/na, a town of the 
 Canary Islands, on theS. coast of the Grand Canary. P. 31/56. 
 
 TIRAN, tee'rSn', a small island in the Red Sea, off the 
 Arabian coast, at the entrance of the Gulf of Akabah. Lat. 
 27° 55' 2" N., Ion. 34° 34' E. 
 
 TIRANA, tee-ra/nd, or TERRAN. t^rVdn', a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in Albania, sanjak of Scutari, 12 miles S.S.W. 
 of Kroya. Pop. 10,000. Outside of the w.alls is a fort, the 
 residence of a pasha. The vicinity produces large quantities 
 of corn, wine, and olives. 
 
 TIRANO, te-ri/no, a town of Northern Italy, province, and 
 16 miles E. by N. of Sondrio. capital of a district, in the Val- 
 tellone, on the Adda. It is a handsome place, with a num- 
 ber of elegant mansions, and superior courts of justice, a 
 .sanctuary of the Virgin, which attracts numerous pilgrims. 
 Pop. 4828. 
 
 TIRASPOL, te-rjs'pol. a fortified town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Kherson, on the left bank of the Dniester. 53 miles 
 N.W. of Odessa. Pop. 5100. About half a mile distant is a 
 fort, commanding the passage of the river. 
 
 TIREBOLI or TIRKHBOLI. te-reb'o-le, (anc. TnynHs.) a 
 town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 50 miles W. of Trebi- 
 zond. on the Black Sea, about 3 miles W. of the mouth of 
 the Tireboli-soo. It has a ruined castle, several mosques, a 
 bath, and a Greek church. 
 
 TIREBOLI-S(X) or TIKEBOLI-SU, te-rSWo-le soo, a deep 
 and rapid river of Asiatic Turkey, passes W.N.W. of 
 Goomish-Khaneh, has, at its mouth, some silver and copper 
 mines, (anc. Argyria.) which were highly productive until 
 ruined by the intlux of water about 40 years ago. 
 
 TIRKK, tir-ee',* TIRREE, also written TIRREY, TIRY, 
 and TYREE, one of the Inner Hebrides. Scotland, co. of 
 Argyle, of which it is the westernniost portion, 20 milea 
 W.N.W. of lona. Length, 12 miles ; greatest breadth. B 
 miles. Lat. 56° 30' N., Ion. 7° W. Pop. in 1851,3709. The 
 shores are greatly indented ; surface low, having a mean 
 height of 20 feet above the sea; and it is quite destitute of 
 wood. It contains numerous small lakes, and a plain ot 
 1560 acres of rich pasture land in its centre. Barley, oats, 
 and potatoes are raised, but agriculture is in the most back- 
 ward condition. Cattle-rearing, fishing, .and the export of 
 poultry and eggs, are the chief resources of the population. 
 Tiree ^nd Coll, including the intermediate islet of Ouuna, 
 form a parish. 
 
 TIREH, Asia Minor. See Ttria. 
 
 TIRGOSHYL or TIRGUSCHIL, t66r'go-.«hil\ a town of 
 Wallachia, on the Schyl, a tributary of the Danube, 54 milt* 
 N.W. of Krajova. 
 
 TIRGU-FORMOS, t^firVoo/ for'mos\ a small town of Mol- 
 davia, .30 miles N.W. of Y'assy. 
 
 TIRHALA. See Trikiwla. 
 
 TIRHEE. tir'hee', or OOlt/CHA, a rajahship of India, in 
 Bundelcund. under British protection. Area, 2160 siiuaro- 
 miles. Pop. 192,000. Annual revenue. lOO.OOOi. Armed forca 
 4000 infantry, and 1200 cavalry. Principal town, Oorcha. 
 
 TIR^HOOT', a district of British India, presidency of Ben- 
 gal, between lat. 26° and 27° N.. and Ion. 84° and 86° E.. hav- 
 ing E., the district of Purneah; S., Boglipoor and the Gan- 
 ges, which separates it from Bahar and Patua; W., Sarun, 
 
 ' They left Lnch-Tua on their "jee, 
 Audthey wakened the men of the wild TiRis«." 
 
 Scott's Lod iiftht Mt$, canto It. 
 
TIR 
 
 TIV 
 
 from which it is partly divided by the river Gunducl< ; and 
 N.. N'epaul. Estimated area. 10,'2otj square miles. Pop. 
 alKjut ■.'.+0(1.000, of whom 2,000,000 are Hindoos. Principal 
 town, MuzufFerpoor. 
 
 TIKIIOOT, tir'hoot/, or TARUT, ti-root'. an island In 
 the (3ulf of Bahrein, Persian Gulf, opposite Kl-Katif 
 
 TIRIOLO, te-re-o'lo, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra, district, and N.\V. of Catanzaro, between the Coraci 
 and the Laniato. 
 
 TIHLKMONT.teeRrm4N«'.(Flemish,r;it«n«'nor7'/««en.tee'- 
 ngn; L. Thehue.) a town of Uelfrium. province of Bral»int, on 
 theGrande-Geete, and the railway from Louvain to JAe<fe. 25 
 miles E. of Brussels. It is surrotinded by walls which are 
 above 4 miles in circuit, but a large part of the space en- 
 closed by them is occupied by (rardens. It is entered by 
 six gates, and has generally well-laid-out streets, several 
 Bquares, including the market-square, near the centre of the 
 town, in which are the town-hnu.se. a modern edifice, and 
 the Gothic church of Notre Dame, founded at the end of the 
 thirteenth century, and rebuilt in the fifteenth century. On 
 the top of a little hill stands the parish church of St.Germain. 
 with a Komanesque tower. There are also an hospital and 
 asylum for the aged, and excellent cjivalry barracks. Tirle- 
 mont possesses a college, an academy of dei-ign, communal 
 and private schools, a reading and musical society, an orphan 
 society, and several religious confr.aternities; it has manufac- 
 tures of woollen stuffs and blankets, flannel and hosiery, 
 salt, beet-root sugar, soap, leather: also malt, oil, and flour 
 mills, gin-distilleries, and breweries, in which an esteemed 
 white beer is made; and a trade in corn, wool, horned 
 cattle, and swine, for which seven annual fairs are held. 
 Pop. 12,188. It wius taken by the French in 1035, in 1792, and 
 In 1794. and Its fortifications were dismantled in 1804. 
 
 TIR'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, on the 
 Severn, here crossed by a bridge, if miles S.AV. of Tewkes- 
 bury. 
 
 TIKLUNSCHIEX, a village of Austria. See T.\tr,<.no. 
 
 TIRMEZ, tW'miz'. or TURMUZ, tDr'maz', a town of 
 Central Asia, in Bokhar.a, on the Oxus. 30 miles N. of Balkh. 
 
 TIRNOVA, tegr'no-vi, written al.so TER.VOVA or TIR- 
 N.WA, te6r'ni-vi a town of Kuropean Turkey, in Bulgaria, 
 oa the Jantra, a tributary of the Danube, 35 miles S.E. of 
 Sistova. Pop. 8000. It is enclo.sed by a wall and trench; 
 has numerous mosques, churches, and synagogues; and is 
 the see of a Greek bishop. 
 
 TI'RO, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi. 
 
 TIRO, a post-offiee of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 TIRO, a small village of Richland CO.. Ohio. 
 
 TIROL, a province of Austria. See Tyrol. 
 
 TIRREK. See Tiree. 
 
 TIRSCIIENREUTlI,'tiR'shen-rojt\ a town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Upper Palatinate, on the Xab, 15 miles S. of Eger. 
 Pop. 2300. It has manutiictures of woollen cloths. 
 
 TIRSCIITIEGKL, te6Rsh'tee-ghel, written also TRZIEL, a 
 town of I'ru.ssian Poland, 42 miles W. of Posen. Pop. 1376. 
 
 TIRSI. tWsee or teeR'see, orORISTANO, o-ris-tl'no. (anc. 
 Tliyrhusff) the largest river in the island of Sardinia. It 
 rises in the division of Sassari, province of Ozierl. flows S.W., 
 and after a course of about 80 miles, falls into the gulf about 
 3 miles below. the town of Oristano. It becomes fordable 
 near its mouth in very dry summers, but in winter often 
 causes great damage by its inundations, from which large 
 tracts are protected bv means of expensive embankments. 
 
 TIRY. an island of'the Hebrides. See Tiree. 
 
 TI'RYNS or TIRY.N'TIIUS, a ruined city of Greece, in the 
 Moiea; its remains, 2 miles S.E. of Argos, comprise fine 
 specimens of Cyclopean architecture. 
 
 TIHZA, a post-office of York district. South Carolina. 
 
 TISBDRY, a township of Duke's co., Massachusetts, on 
 Martha's Vineyard, about 70 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. 
 Pop. 1631. 
 
 TISCIINOWITZ, tish'no-vlts\ a town of Moravia, 15 miles 
 N.W. of Briinn, on the Schwarza. Pop. 1500. 
 
 TISIIEET, tee'sheet'. written al.so TYSCHYT, a town of 
 Central Africa, in Sahara, atout lat. 18° 15' N., Ion. 8° 40' 
 W. Near it are mines of salt ; and it is an important cara- 
 van station between North .■Vfrica and Nigritia. 
 
 TISIIKMINGO, tish-e-ming'go. a county forming the N.E. 
 extremity of Mississippi, bordering on 'Tennessee and -Ala- 
 bama, has an area of about 1400 square miles. The Tom- 
 bigbee River rises in the county, the Tennessee flows along 
 Its N.E. border, and it is drained by Tuscumbia Creek. The 
 surface is diversified by small hills; the soil is fertile, espe- 
 cially in the valleys, and generally has a substratum of sand. 
 A large part of the county is covered with forests of oak, 
 hickory,^ walnut, and pine. The head streams of the Tom- 
 bigbee hiruish valuable motive-power. The Mobile and 
 Ohio Railroad intersects the Memphis and Charleston Rail- 
 road in this county. Capital, Jacinto. Organized in 1836. 
 Pop. 24.149, of whom 19,168 were free, and 4981 slaves. 
 
 TISKILWA. a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, about 
 45 miles N. by E. of Peoria, on the Chicago and Rock Island 
 Railroad. 
 
 TISMANA. tis-ma'nd, a town of LittlgWallachia, 20 miles 
 W.N.W. of Tirgoshyl. 
 
 TISSINOTOX. a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 TI.S'TED. E.\ST. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 TISTKD, Wkst, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 TISTED, a town of Denmark. See Tuisted. 
 
 TISZA. See Theiss. 
 
 T1SZ(")LCZ, a town of Ilungarv. See Teissholi. 
 
 TITCHBORNE. See Tichbourne. 
 
 TITCHKIELD. See Tichfield. 
 
 TlTCllWELL, a pari.«h of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TITICACA. (te-te-kd'ka.j LAKE, the most elevated andon« 
 of the largest lakes of South Ameiica, forming a part of tht 
 boundary between South fern and Bolivia, in the centre o, 
 an alpine valley, between two great cordilleras of the Andes 
 Lat. 15° 15' to 16° 35' S.. and Ion. 68° 40' to 70° W.; greatest 
 leng«h, from N.N.W. to S.S.E., 170 miles; greatest breadth, 
 about 70 miles. Area estimated at about 4000 square 
 miles. Height above sea-level. 12,800 feet. It is of very 
 irregular shape, having numerous large bays, encloseu by 
 projecting peninsulas. Two ofthe.se, towards the S., stretch 
 so far across the lake, from opposite directions, as to leave 
 only a very narrow channel, and thus divide it into two 
 unequ.al portions, of which the N. is by far the larger. Lake 
 Titicaca contains several islands, of which the largest bears 
 its own name, and lies near the S.W. shore. It contains 
 many ruins, and is celiibrated in Peruvian history as the 
 spot where Manco-Capac, the first Inca of the last Peruvian 
 dynasty, miraculously appeared. The depth has not been 
 accurately a.scertained. No soundings deeper than 120 
 fathoms have been taken, but these were near the shore ; it 
 is believed that towards the centre the depth is much 
 greater. The chief feeders of the lake are the Asangaro and 
 Lagunillas, both of which enter it on its \. shore; Its only 
 outlet is the Desaguadero, which issues from its S. ex- 
 tremity, and continues its course S.W. through the great 
 alpine valley between the cordilleras. On its W. shore are 
 the towns of Puno and Cbucuito. 
 
 TITIRIBI. te-te-reliee/, a town of South America, in New 
 Granada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and 40 
 miles S.S.E. of Antioquia, on an aftlueut of the Magdaleua, 
 nearly 4000 feet above the level of the ocean. 
 
 TIT'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 TITO. El, h\ tee/to, a town of Naples, province of Basill- 
 cata. district, and 7 miles S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 3400. 
 
 TIT.SCHEIN, Neu, in Moravia. See Neu-Titschein. 
 
 TIT'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 TITTEL, WCthV, a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs, near 
 the confluence of the Theiss with the Danube, 18 miles E. 
 of I'eterwardein. Pop. 2840. It is a steamboat station, and 
 has ship-building dockS( magazines, and arsenals. 
 
 TITTERI or TITERY, tifehree\ a marshy lake of Algeria, 
 SO miles S.S.W. of Algiers, and traversed by the river Shel- 
 litT. It gave name to a province now comprised in that of 
 Algiers. 
 
 TITTIBAWaS'SEE, a river of Michigan, rises in the N. 
 central part of the state, and flowing S.E., falls into the 
 Saginaw River (of which it is the largest affluent) 2 or 3 
 miles above Saginaw City. It is navigable for boats per- 
 haps 70 or 80 miles, and flows through a region which is 
 covered with dense forests. 
 
 TITTIBAWASSEE, a township of Saginaw co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 513. 
 
 TITI'LESIIALL, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TITTLIS, tif tlis, one of the Swiss Alps, on the limits of 
 the cantons of Bern, Unterwalden, and Uri, 18 miles N.E. 
 of the Wetterhorn, 10.613 feet above the sea. 
 
 TITTMONING. titt'mo-ning\ a town of Upper Bavaria. 8 
 miles S.S.W. of Burghausen. Pop. 1200. 
 
 TIT'UROY, a postofflce of Greenville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TITUS, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, contains 
 about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Sulphur Pork of Red River, on the S. by Big Cypress Bayou, 
 and is drained by White Oak Bayou. The surface is diversi- 
 fied by prairies and forests of good timber; and the soil is 
 highly productive. Titus county was establi-shed in 1846, 
 and is settling rapidly. Named in honor of James Titus, of 
 Texas, a prominent man in his section of the state. Capital. 
 Mount Pleasant. Pop. 964S, of whom 7210 were free, and 
 2438 slaves. 
 
 TI'TUSVILLE, a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey, 
 on the Delaware Kivor, and on the Belvidere Delaware Rail- 
 road, 10 miles above Trenton, has a church. 
 
 TITUSVILLE, a post-borough of Crawford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Oil Creek, 28 miles E. of Meadville, and on Oil Cretk 
 Railwa3'. It has an active trade in rock oil and contains 3 
 banks, 6 churches, 1 newspaper office, 21 oil-refineries, and 2 
 machine-shops. Pop. in 18.70, 243 ; in 1865 said to be 10,000. 
 
 TIUMEN, a town of Silwria. See Tioomen. 
 
 TIVERNO, a river of Naples. See Biferno. 
 
 TIVERTON, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 and parish of England, co. of Devon, on both sides of the Exe 
 and Loman, at their confluence, and on the Bristol and 
 Exeter Railway, 13i miles N.N.E. of Exeter. Pop. in 1!^51. 
 11.144. The town has the finest church in the county, after 
 Exeter Cathedral, with a tower 116 fett in height; there- 
 
 1926 
 
TIV 
 
 TOB 
 
 mains of a • ibMp formins a conspicuous object; a masnifi- 
 ceii* chapel, founded in tiie sixteenth century : a gramaiar 
 BcLixil, the revenue of which supjiorts 6 students at the 
 universities, .sends one to Baliol College, Oxford, and has 
 two exhibitions of 30/. a-year each : other grammar and en- 
 dowed .schot.ls, various almshouses and other charities. 
 ag.;regate annual revenue, 2600/.; a town-hall, market- 
 house, corn-market, theatre, assembly and readinp-room. 
 It ha.^ manufactures of lace, which employs many hands, 
 and there is a small manufacture of woollens. Tiverton is 
 connected with the Tone, Taunton, i-c. by a navigable 
 canal. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 TIVKRTOX. a township of Engl.ind, co. of Chester. 
 
 TIVERTON, a post-village and township of Newport CO., 
 Rhode Island, on Narraganset Bay, 28 miles S.E. by S. of 
 Providence. It contains o churches, a, towu-hall, 3 flour- 
 mills, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 1927. 
 
 TIVERTOX, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity 
 of Coshocton co.. Ohio, on the Walhoading River. Pop. $80. 
 
 TIVERTON FOUR CORNERS, a post-village of Newport 
 CO., Rhode Island. IS miles S.E. of Providence. 
 
 TIVISA, te-vee'si a town of Spain, province, and 26 miles 
 W. of Tarragona. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TITOLI, tiv'o-le* or tee'vo-le. (anc. Ti'bur,) a town of Cen- 
 tral Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca, and 18 miles 
 E.N.E. of Rome, on the left bank of the Teverone, which 
 here forms a tine cascade of 80 feet. Pop. 6200. The town 
 is situated on the slope of Monte Ripoli. in a picturesque 
 and beautiful situation, but it is dirty and ill-built, and 
 unhe.althy. It has a cathedral and convents, and in the 
 court-yard of an inn, on a rock overhanging the river, are 
 the celebrated remains of a circular temple of the Tiber- 
 tine Sybil, or of Vesta. Around Tivoli are the remains of 
 several aqueducts, and of numerous Roman villas, among 
 which is that of Cassius; and adjacent to the town are the 
 vestiges of a vast palace built by Uadfian, which has con- 
 tributed numerous antiquities to the Vatican. 
 
 TIVOLI, tiv-oOee, a post-village of Butchess co.. New York, 
 on the Hudson River, and on the railro.^d of that name, 100 
 miles N. of New York. It has a ferry across the river, and 
 cont.iins severjil mills. 
 
 TIVO'LI, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 20 miles W. 
 by N. of Dubuque. 
 
 TIVY, a river of North Wales. See Teift. 
 
 T1X'.\LL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 TIXCOCO, tix-ko'ko, an Indian town of Yucatan, 20 miles 
 S.E. of Merida, with a large church. 
 
 TIX'OVER, a pari.sh of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 TIZ, a town of Beloochistan. See-TEKZ. 
 
 TIZZANA, tit-sd'nd, a town of Tuscany, dpp.artroent of 
 Florence, on a hill forming the N. base of Mount .\lbano. 
 about 7 mUes from Pistoja. It has a trade in corn, silk, and 
 especially wine, some of which ranks as the best in Tuscany. 
 Pop. 7714. 
 
 TIZZANO, tit-si'no, (L. Titia'mim,) a village of Northern 
 Italy, about 25 miles S. of Parma, near the right bunk of 
 the torrent of Parma. Pop 2978. 
 
 TJAN JOR, ijKn^oTt, a. town of Java, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Preanper, 53 miles S.E. of Batavia. It is a neat 
 place, with straight, broad streets ; and suffered from an 
 eruption of the volcano of Gedeh, and from au earthquake 
 In 1834. 
 
 T.TAYA, tyl'J. a town of Thibet, 370 miles E. by N. of 
 Lassa. Lat. 31° 45' N., Ion. 97^ 45' E. 
 
 T.IIDANI, De, Ak tje-dd'nee. a river of Java, province of 
 Buitenzorg. rises at the foot of Mount Pangerango, and fells 
 into the Java Sea. after receiving numerous affluents. 
 
 TJIL.A.TJAP, tyee-lit-ydp', a town of Java, province of 
 Bangoemas, on the S. coast. Ill miles S.W. of Samarang, on 
 the bay of its own name, with a good haven, presenting faci- 
 lities for the shipping of produce. 
 
 TJILATJAP BAY, on the S. coast of J.iva. is formed by 
 the island of Kembangan, on which two forts are erected. 
 
 TJIM.\NOK, tyee'ml-nok', a river of Java, province 
 of I'reanger, flows N., and near Cape Indramayo joins the 
 Java Sea by two arms. It is of gre.at adv.Hntasre to the 
 inland navigation of the province, and for sending coffee, 
 Ac. to the coast for export.ation. 
 
 TJIRINGIN, tyeeViu-ghiu', a maritime village of Java, 
 province, and 30 miles S.W. of Bantam, on the Strait of 
 Sunda. It is the most flourishing place in the province. 
 Pop. ISOO. 
 
 TJORN, an island of Sweden. See Thers. 
 
 TLACOTALPAN, tli-ko-tdl-pan'. a village of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state of Vera Cruz. 50 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. 
 
 TLALISCOYAN, tia-lis-ko-yan'. a village of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state of Vera Cruz. 50 miles S. of Vera Cruz. 
 
 TLALPAN, tlil-pan', or SAN AUGCSTIN DE LAS CU- 
 E V AS, sin Ow-goos-teen' dA l3s kw.Vvis, a town of the Mexi- 
 can Confederation, state, and about 12 miles from Mexico. 
 It contains a number of beautiful villas, to which many of 
 the inhabitants of the capital retire during the warm sea- 
 
 ♦ "Awake, ye Muses of Etrurian shades. 
 
 Or sacre'd Tivou's romantio glades."— Hemans. 
 1U26 
 
 son: and is celebrated for its annual fair, which lasts three 
 davs. and attracts numerous visitors. 
 
 TLAMSEN. See Tlemcen. 
 
 TLAPA. tld'pd, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state 
 of La Puebla, on the Y'opez, 60 miles N.N.E. of its mouth in 
 tlie I'aeitic. The population are mostly engaged in raising 
 cotton and suirar. 
 
 TLAPUJAIIUA or TLAPUXAHUA.tiai-poo-Hd/wa. a min- 
 ing town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Michoacau, 
 50 miles E. of Valladolid. 
 
 TLASCALA. tlds-kjad. a town of the Mexicai. Confedera- 
 tion, state, and 10 miles N. of La Puebla. When the Spa- 
 niards took possession of the counti-y, it was a place of great 
 size and importance. Pop. now, 4000. 
 
 TLEMCEN. tlem-.sjn'. or TLEMECEX. tUm^h-s^n', writ- 
 ten also TLAMSEN. TLEMSAN, and TREMKCEN. (anc. 
 Tremisf or Tremici Colonia?) a town of Algeria, province of 
 Oran, in a commanding position, 68 miles S.AV. of Oran. It 
 is a place of consider.nble antiquity, is enclo.sed by walls, and 
 separated into 4 quarters. It has narrow streets, refreshed 
 by numerous founfciins. with houses generally of one story, 
 built of brick, stone, or clay. It contains several mosques, 
 ■with an extensive citadel: in the neighborhood are nume- 
 rous interesting remains of antiquity. It has manufactures 
 of iron, morocco-leather, carpets, and various fabrics in 
 woollen, cotton, and linen: and is the seat of considerable 
 trade, being, from its vicinity to Morocco and the desert, the 
 natural entrepSt of the caravans coming from Fez. the desert 
 furnishing ostrich feathers, wool, and ivory, in exchange for 
 groceries and manufactured articles. Tlemcen was occupied 
 by the French in 1S36, but was evacuated in 1837 in cotise- 
 quence of a treaty between General Bugeaud and .\lid-el- 
 Kader. It was again occupied by the French in 1842. Pop. 
 in 1850, 9443. 
 
 TLEMCEN. GULF OF. an inlet of the Mediterranean, in 
 •A^lgeri.a, 20 miles N.N.W. of Tlemcen. opposite Cape Gata, 
 (in Andalusia.) It is 35 miles in width at its entrance. 
 
 TLOS, tlos. a ruined city in the S. part of Asia Minor; its 
 remains are 15 miles S.E. of Makree. 
 
 TLUMATSCHAU, tloo'mdt-show\ written al.so TLUMA- 
 QOW, a market-town of Austi-ia. in Morjivia. circle of Hra- 
 disch, near the left bank of the March, 6 miles S.E. of Krem- 
 sir. Pop. 1253. 
 
 TMO'LUS, Mount, (Turk. Kinljafi Masa Tagh. kizMl-ji' 
 md'sd t Jg.) a mountain range of Asia Minor, 20 miles S.E. of 
 Smyrna, extending E. for about 70 mile.s, separating the 
 basins of the rivers Kodus (anc. Her'mns) and Cayster. It 
 is crossed by several routes, and has on its summit a plain 
 of fine pasturage, interspersed with large trees. 
 
 TMUTARAKAN. a town of Russia. See T.am.vn. 
 
 TNILAIA, tne-li'd, a river of Ru.s.^ia, rises in the W. of 
 the government of Don Cossacks, flows very circuitously 
 E.S.E.. after a course of about 120 mile.s. joins the Donets. 
 
 TOA, Alta, ai'td to'l (•' Upper Toa,") a village of Cuba, 
 near Bay.imo. with -3000 inhabitants. 
 
 TOA. B.\XA. bd'fid. to'd. ('■ Lower Toa,") a village of Cuba, 
 near Bavamo, with 2iX)0 inhabitants. 
 
 TO.\.K, a town of Turkish Koordistan. See Taook. 
 
 TOB.\CCO PORT, a post-village of Stewart Co., Tennessee, 
 on Cumberland River, 85 miles W.N.W. of Nashville. 
 
 T0B.4CC0 ROW. a post-oiflce of Amherst co., Viru'inia. 
 
 TOBACCO STICK, a postoffice. Dorchester co.. Marvland. 
 
 TOBAGO. to-b.Vgo. an island of the .British West Indies, 
 Windward group. Lat. (N. point) 11° 25' N., Ion. 60° 32' W. It 
 is 24 miles N.E. of Trinidad : 32 miles long, by 12 miles broad. 
 Area, 97 square miles, or 62.084 acres. It is one entire mass 
 of rocks, rising with a steep ascent on the N.E., and descend- 
 ing gradually towards the S.W.. with some small but pic- 
 ture.sque valleys intervening. The highest part of the rock 
 is towards the N.E. extremity, where it attains an elevation 
 of about 900 feet. The N.W. part is the least mountainous ; 
 on the S. it terminates in broken plains and lowlands. It 
 is well watered by rivulets and streams, rising in the inte- 
 rior, and passing over the lowlands to the sea. It has seve- 
 ral good harbors along the N. coast for vessels of ISO tons, 
 and a few also on the S. coast. Tobago is b*yond the range 
 of hurricanes, bht is extremely unhealthy to Europeans. 
 The produce of the island consists exclusively of sugar, mo- 
 lasses, and rum. Value of exports in 1852, 56.831?.; of im- 
 ports, 53,519/.: 56.503/. of the exports, and 17.441/. -if the 
 latt«r, was with. Great Britain. Shipping, outwards, 9296 
 tons : inwards. 8172 tons. 
 
 Tobago has a local legislature, consisting of a lieutfnant- 
 governor. a legislative council, and a house of assembly of 
 16 elected meulbers. There are 7 Episcopal churches, 6 Wes- 
 leyan. and 2 Moravian places of worship: 9 Church of Eng- 
 l.tnd schools. 6 Wesleyan, and 3 Moravian. The i.sland was 
 discovered by Columbus in 1496, and was ceded to Great 
 Britain by France in 1763. Principal town, Scarborough, 
 on the S.W. side of the island, along the sea-.shore. Pop. iu 
 1852. 14.794. 
 
 TOBARRA. to-nSn'Ri. a town of Spain, province, and .33 
 miles S.S.E. of Albacete. with remains of tbrtificatjons, and 
 a trade in fruit. Pop. 6490. 
 
 TOB'BER. a parish of Ireland, Id Leinster, co. of Dublin. 
 
TOB 
 
 TOD 
 
 TOBBER, a villatre of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tippe- 
 rary, 2i miles S.VV. of Clonmel, near the Suir. Pop. 149. 
 
 TOBBKR, a hamlet of Ireland, in Munster, King's county, 
 3 mile.s N.W. of Clare. 
 
 TOB'BKKAIIEE'XA, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Tipperary, on the Suir, 2^ miles S.W. of Clonmel. Pop. 
 
 TOB'BERCUR'UY, a market-town of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, CO. of Sligo. on the road from Boyle to Ballina, 19 
 miles E.S.E. of the latter. Pop. 700. 
 
 TOB'BERMORE\ a .small town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. 
 of Londtinderry, on the road from Dublin to Coleraine, 6 
 miles N'.W. of Magherafelt. Pop. 4.i0. 
 
 TO^BEKMO'RY, a small seaport town of Scotland, co. of 
 Argyle, on the N. E. coast of the island of M ull, 8 miles N.N.W. 
 of Toro.Siiy. Pop. in 18.51, 1547. It has a custom-house, a 
 land locked harbor with 2 quays, some boat-building and 
 general trade, steam and other communication with Skye, 
 Lewis, Inverness, and the Clyde. It is the seat of a monthly 
 juJici:il court, anii,the polling-place for the North Argyle- 
 shire Hebrides. 
 
 TDBESOFKA CREEK. See Chupee. 
 
 TO'Bl.V SPORT, a village and town.ship of Perry co., In- 
 diana, on the Ohio River, II miles below Rome. Pop. 2156. 
 
 TOBITSCIIAU, to'bit-.sh6w\ a town of Moravia, on the 
 March, 8 miles W.S.W. of Prerau. Pop. 1916. 
 
 TOBLACII, to'bldK, a village of Tyrol, circle of Bruneck, 
 district of Welsburg, with a church and an almshouse. 
 Pop. 1529. 
 
 TOBOL, to-bol', a river of Siberia, government of Tobolsk, 
 rises in the S. part of the Ural Mountain chain, and after a 
 N.E. course of ."iOO miles, joins the Irtish near Tobolsk. Af- 
 fluents, the Ooi, Mias, Toora, and Tavda, all from the W. ; 
 and from the influx of the Ooi downwards it is navigable 
 throughout three-fourths of its course. 
 
 Tt)BOLSK, to-bolsk', the westernmost government of Si- 
 beria, embracing all its width from the Kirgheez Territory 
 to the Arctic Ocean, between lat. 55° and 73"^ N., and Ion. 
 60° and 80° E., having W. the Ural Mountains, and the go- 
 vernments of Perm and Orenboorg, and E. the governments 
 of Tomsk and Yeniseisk. Area estimated at 1,000,000 square 
 miles, and pop. at 685,000. The surface is mountainous iu 
 the S. and W. ; elsewhere mostly level. It is watered by the 
 Obi and its large tributaries, the Irtish, Ishim, Tobol, &c. 
 N. of lat. 6.j° or 66°, the whole country is a mere sterile 
 moor, the soil of which is frozen during 9 months of the year. 
 A wide fore«t region of firs and birch extends between lat. 65° 
 and 58° N. ; S. of which is the most productive and populous 
 portion of the government ; this being succeeded S. by the 
 steppe of Ishim, a salt plain comprising that part of the old 
 government of Omsk, now included in Tobolsk. Rye, barley, 
 oats, and buckwheat are produced, and with other neces- 
 saries are conveyed down the Obi and other rivers to the 
 villages in the N., in return for large quantities of furs and 
 skins, which are sent to the fair of Nizhnee-N'ovgorod, and 
 to the Kirgheez country and Kiakht-a, in return for Bokhara 
 and Chinese products. Iron, copper, gold, silver, and plati- 
 num are raised in the Ural chain; and at Tioomen, and 
 gome other places are thriving leather, soap, woollen, and 
 other factories. Transit and general commerce is, however, 
 much more important than manufitcturing industry. Popu- 
 lation most thickly collected between Omsk aud Tobolsk, in 
 which tract is a succession of Tartar, Kirgheez, and Russian 
 "illages, with the towns Ishim and Tiookalinsk. Other 
 principal towns are Tioomen, Yalootrovosk, Petropaulovski, 
 Tara. Toorinsk, Demiansk, Samarova, and Berezov, all on 
 the Tobol. Obi, and their tributaries. 
 
 TOBOLSK, the capita! city of West Siberia, and of the 
 above government, at the junction of the Irtish and Tobol 
 Rivers, in lat.' 58° 12' 39" N., Ion. 68° 16' 39" E. Pop. 
 20.000. The city proper stands on the flat summit of a hill, 
 is enclosed by a strong brick wall, and has externally a fine 
 appearance. The streets are regular, and mo.stly paved with 
 wood. The principal buildings, a cathedral with 5 cupolas, 
 nearly 20 other churches, the archbishop's and governor's 
 palaces, prison, public offices, and a monument to Yermak, 
 the founder of Russian influence in Siberia. Along the 
 river are suburbs enclosed by a ditch and palisade, and in- 
 habited chiefly by Tartars, The climate is so severe in 
 winter, that mercury is sometimes frozen. The city is, 
 however, well supplied with provisions and means of public 
 entertainment and education, and its society is stated to be 
 of a superior order. Tobolsk was founded in 1587 ; it is the 
 Beat of the military governor and archbishop of West Si- 
 beria, and of a civil governor. 
 
 TOUOSO, to-Bo'so, a decayed town of Spain, in La Mancha, 
 60 miles S.E. of Toledo, celebrated in "Don Quixote." 
 
 TOBOYNE, to-boiu', a township of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 940. 
 
 TO'BY, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. P. 1419. 
 
 TOBYIIAN'NA, a creek of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Lehigh River. 
 
 TOBYHANNA, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 518. 
 
 IVB^'S RIVER, of Pennsylvania. Se« Clarion Rivee. 
 
 TOCAIMA. See Tooat.ma. 
 
 T0C.\XT1XS, to-k3n-teens', a large river of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Goyaz, formed by the union of the Almas and 
 Maranhao. nearly in lat. 14° S.; it flows .almost due N., receiv 
 iug the Paranatinga, the Manoel-Alves. the Rio do Somno, 
 and the Manoel-Alve.s-Septentrional on the right, and the Tar 
 boca and numerous small streams on the left. On reaching 
 the N. confines of Goyaz, it makes a large aud circuitous 
 bend to the W., till it reaches the town of Sao-Joao-das- 
 duas-Barras, iu lat. 6° S. Here it is joined and doubled !u 
 volume by the Araguay, after which it flows almost ai.c 
 N. across the province of Para, receiving in succession the 
 Sande on the left, and the LMoju and Guama on the right, 
 and falls into the I'ara about 70 miles S.W. of the town of 
 Belom or Para. Its course, under its own proper name, 
 is about 1000 mile.s, and at the town of Cometa, where 
 the embouchure commences, its channel Is about 8 miles 
 wide. The tide ascends to Fort Alcobaca, 300 miles from 
 the sea. 
 
 TOCANTIXS, a town of Brazil, province, and 210 miles 
 N.E. of Goyaz. on the left bank of the Bacalhao, here crossed 
 by a handsome bridge. The mines to whiih it owes its 
 existence, were at first remarkably rich, but have long 
 ceased to be productive, though many of the inhabitants 
 still persist in working them. 
 
 TOCAT. See Tokat. 
 
 TOCAYMA or TOCAIMA. to-ki'ml a small town of South 
 America, in New Granada. 35 miles S.W. of Bogota. 
 
 TOCCIA, a river of North Italy. See Toce. 
 
 TOCCO, tok'ko, a market-town of Naples, province of 
 Abruzzo Citra, 17 miles S.W. of Chieti, near the Pescara. 
 Pop. 3300. 
 
 TfX^CO, a market-town of Naples, province of Principato 
 Ultra, 17 miles N.W. of Avellino. Pop. 1300. 
 
 TOCCO A FALLS,.a post-office of Habersham co., Georgia. • 
 
 TOCCO PO'LA, a post-village of Pontotoc co., Jlississippi. 
 
 TOCE, to'ch.a, TOCCIA, tot'chi or TOSA, UM, a river of 
 the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, rises in the Alps near the 
 Simplon, and after a S. course of 50 miles, enters Lago Mag- 
 giore on its W, side, 3 miles E. of Gravellona, where it n^ 
 ceives the surplus waters of Lake Orta. Chief affluent, the 
 Anzasca. The bay of the lake which it enters is called the 
 GcLF OF Toce. Near Formazza it pre.seats one of the finest 
 series of cascades in the Alps, having an aggregate descent 
 of 1000 feet. 
 
 TOCHOCUNO CREEK. See Echacosnee. 
 
 TOCINA, to-thee'ni, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- 
 vince, and alxiut "20 miles from .Seville. Pop. 1039. 
 
 TOCKEN'BCKG, a valley of Switzerland. See Toooenbcro. 
 
 TOCK'IIOLES, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 TOCO'A, a small river of Georgia and Tennes.see, rises in 
 Union county of the former state, and fiowiug N.W. through 
 Polk county of Tennessee, enters the Hiawassee. It is some- 
 times called the Aquokee. 
 
 TOCOA, a post-otlice of Gilmer co., Georgia. 
 
 TOCUYO, to-koo/yo, a river of South America, in Vene- 
 zuela, department of Caracas, rises E. of Trujillo, flows X. 
 and N,E., and enters the Caribbean Sea N. of the Gulf of 
 Triste. Total course 200 miles, for the latter half of which 
 it is navigable. The principal affluent, the Carora. Its 
 banks are well wooded. 
 
 TOCUYO, a town of South America, on the above river, 
 near its source, 34 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo. It has several 
 churches and convents, a college, manufactures of woollen 
 fabrics and leather, and a trade in wheat and wool of supe- 
 rior qualitv, 
 
 TOD'BERE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 TODD, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 on Tennessee, contains about 350 square miles. It is drained 
 by Pond River, and by Elk, Whippoorwill, and Clifty Creeks. 
 Ihe surface is generally undulating or hilly ; the soil in 
 some parts is of limestone formation, and is fertile. Stone 
 coal abounds in the county. The county is intersected by 
 the Memphis Branch Railroad. Capital. Elkton. Named in 
 honor of Colonel John Todd, of Kentucky. Pop. 11,575, of 
 whom 6726 were free, and 4849 slaves 
 
 TODD, a post-township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 22 miles S. by W. of Iluiitingilon. Pop. 808. 
 
 TODD, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Poj). 1093. 
 
 TOD'DENH.A.M, a parish of England, co. of Gloueesttr. 
 
 TOD'DINGTON, a small market-town and parish of Knij- 
 land, CO. of Bedford. 5 miles X.N.W. of Dunstable. Pop. in 
 1851, 2438, extensively employsd in the straw-plait manu- 
 fecture. 
 
 TODDINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 2| 
 miles N.N.E. of Winehcombe. Here is Toddington Park. 
 
 TODD'S, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Virginia. 
 
 TODD'S CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Clinton county, and 
 enters the Little Miami in Warren county. 
 
 TODDS'VILLE, a post-office of Otsego co.. New York. 
 
 TODI, to'dee, (anc. Tu/der.) a town of Italy, in the Pon- 
 tifical States. 24 miles S. of Perugia. Pop. 2925. It is of 
 higL antiquity, and has Etruscan walls, and a cathedral. 
 Here, in 552, Narses defeated and killed the Gothic king 
 Totila. 
 
 1927 
 
 =J 
 
TOD 
 
 TODIBERG a stiinmit of tie Swiss Alps. See D(EDIbebo. 
 
 TOD'.MOUDfiX wiTU-WAFS'DEX, a markeMown and 
 chnpelry of EnirlMnd, co. of Lancaster, parish, and 8 miles 
 N.N.E. of Rochdale, on the Koohdale Canal, and on the Man- 
 chester and Leeds Rallwa}-. I'op. in 1851, 4532, chiefly em- 
 ployed in cotton manufactures. The town is in the pictu- 
 resque Talley of the Calder. On an eminence near its centre 
 is an old and abandoned church. It has a new chapel, va- 
 rious Dissenters' meeting-houses, and a mechanics' insti- 
 tute. Coal is abundant in its vicinitv. 
 
 TODOS OS SANTOS, BAY OF. See Ail-Saixts' Bat. 
 
 TODTMOOS, totf mos, a village of Baden, circle of Upper 
 Rhine, bailiwick, and near Sauct Blasien. Pop. 1719. 
 
 TODTNAU, totf now, a town of Baden, on the Wiesen, 4 
 miles N'.E. of Schonau. 2070 feet above the sea. Pop. 1377. 
 
 TOD'WICK, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 TOEBAN, too*hin', a maritime village of Java, province, 
 and 00 miles E. by S. of Hembang. It is large and bvisy, 
 lies on an e.xcellent bay, and has some boat-building. 
 
 TOEKOEKEMOU, too-koo^kA-raoo/, a small island of the 
 Malav Archipelago, Carimata Passage. Lat. 2° 31' S., Ion. 
 108° 36' 30" E. 
 
 TCENMNGEN, a town of Denmark. See Tonninoen. 
 
 TCEl'LITZ, a town of Bohemiiu See Toplitz. 
 
 TOFT, a parish of England, co. of Gimbridge. 
 
 TOFT, MONKS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TOFT-NEXT-NEWTOX, a parish of England, co. of Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 TOFTS or TOFT-TREES, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 TO/GAS SPRINGS, a post-office of Kennebec co.. Maine. 
 
 TOGGENBURG, tog'j:heu-KidRG\ the upper valley of the 
 rivef Thur, in Switzerland, canton of St. Gall. Length. 30 
 miles. It embraces almost all the various features of Alpine 
 scenery. 
 
 TOG I A (Wghe-J) ISLANDS, in the Malay Archipelago. 
 are an extensive group of islets in the Gulf of Tominie, on 
 the E. coast of Celebes. 
 
 TOGLIO. a village of Northern Italy. See Teguo. 
 
 TOIIICK'ON CREEK, of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, flows 
 into the Delaware. 
 
 TOIRANO, to-e-ri'no, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 6 miles N. of Albenga, on the right bank of the Barascione, 
 ■with a remarkable stalactitic grotto. Pop 1416. 
 
 TOIROS, to'e-roce, a town and seaport of Brazil, province 
 of Rio Grande do Norte, at the mouth of a small river which 
 falls into the bay of the same name, 15 miles N. of Natal. It 
 contains a church and a primary school, and carries on a 
 considerable trade in salt, leather, hides, salt pork, and, 
 above all, cotton of excellent quality. The Bay of Toiros 
 furnishes an excellent roadstead, in which vessels can lie in 
 frjm 4 to 5 fathoms, sheltered both fi-om the S. and S.W. 
 winds. Pop. of the district, 4000. 
 
 TOK. tok, a river of Russia, rises about 50 miles N.X.W. 
 of Orenboorg, flows cireuitously W., and joins the right bank 
 of the Samara a little above Bcozoolook. Length, 120 miles. 
 
 Ti;)KA, to'ki, a town of Hindostan. in the Nizam's domi- 
 nions. 25 miles S.W. of Aurungabad, and a good deal resorted 
 to bv Hindoo pilgrims. 
 
 TOK AT or TOCAT, to'kjlt'. a city of A-oia Minor, pash.ilic, 
 and 58 miles N.W. of Seevas. on the Yeshil-Irmak. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 6700 families, of which 5000 are Turkish, IbW Ar- 
 menian, and 150 Greek. It is surrounded on three sides by 
 hills, and has externally a handsome appearance, being in- 
 terspersed with trees and orchards, but it is meanly built. 
 Its commercial importance has of late greatly declined: still 
 it is a considerable depot for agricultural produce, and it 
 has manufactures of silk fabrics and calico, dyeing works, 
 and a large government establishment, at which is refined 
 :ill the copper produced by the mines of Arghana-Maden, 
 near Diarbekir, the annual average produce of which is 
 1000 ton.s. 
 
 TtiKAY, to-k.V, (Ilun. pron. to-koi'.) a town of North-east 
 Ilungarj', co. of Zeniplin, on the right bank of the Theiss, 
 at the influx of the Bodrog. 43 miles N.N.W. of Debrecziu. 
 I-at. 48° 7' N., Ion. 21° 24' E. Pop. 5712. It has a Roman 
 Catholic cathedral, Lutheran, Reformed, and Greek united 
 churches, and Piarist and Capuchin convents. It is cele- 
 brated as being the entre|:>6t for the famous Tokay wine, 
 produced in the hilly tract called the Ilegyalla. between the 
 Bodrog and Hernad Rivers. The wine of premier quality is 
 bought up for the imperial cellars, and only the secondary 
 and inferior growths are exported. See Hegtaua. 
 
 TO'KEN-BES'SEYS. a group of islands in the Malay Ar- 
 chipelago, 40 miles W. of Bootan. Lat. 6° 5' S,, Ion. 123° 
 56' E. 
 TO'KENnAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 TOKMAII. a branch of the Euphrates. See Kara Sod. 
 TOLA. See Toola. 
 
 TU'LAND'S PRAI'RIE. a post-village in Erie township, 
 W.Hshington co., Wisconsin. 50 miles E. by N. of Madison. 
 
 TOL.VP.VLCA, to-ldpil'ki. a mountain pass of South Ame- 
 rica. Lat. 18° S. Hei-lit. 14.190 feet. 
 TOLBIACUM See Zutpicu. 
 19:^ 
 
 TOL 
 
 TOLCSVA, (Nagt.) n6dj tolch'vr)h\ a village of Hungary, 
 CO. of Zemplin, 24 miles N.W. of Tokav. Pop. 3629. 
 
 TOLEDO, to-lee'do, (Sp. pron. to-U'no; anc. Tol^tum,) a 
 famous city of Spain, and its capital under the Goths and 
 Moors, now capital of the province of Toledo, in the centre 
 of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Tagus, here crossed by two 
 noble bridges, and bv which it is nearly surrounded, 41 
 miles S.S.W. of Madrid. Lat. 39° 52' 24" N., Ion. 4'^ 49' W. 
 Pop., said to have amounted formerly to 200,000. was, in 
 1849, 13.580. It is situated on a rocky height, and has an 
 excessive climate, very cold in winter, and hot in summer. 
 It is surrounded bj- a Moorish wall, flanked by numerous 
 towers, and has many steeples. The streets and squares are 
 narrow, irregular. i!!-p.aved, and dull. It is..however, clean, 
 being supplied with plenty of cisterns. The cathedral of 
 Toledo, the metropolitan church of Spain, founded in 587, is 
 404 feet in length, 204 feet in width, with a lofty tower and 
 spire. Many of its paintings have been transferred to the 
 national gallery at Madrid, and much of the wealth of the 
 cathedral, in gold, silver, and jewels, has been applied to 
 secular uses. The Alcazar, the former'^esidence both of 
 Moorish and Casfilian monarchs, is an extensive pile of 
 three stories, surmounted by a balustrade. Outside of the 
 city is a public walk, adorned with statues. Toledo has a 
 university, 4 colleges, numerous hospiuils and asylums, in- 
 cluding two for foundlings and lunatics, a handsome town- 
 hall, and a mint. Toledo has long been famous for its ma- 
 nufacture of sword-blades : and though it now employs only 
 about 70 hands, great skill is still shown in tempering the 
 blade. It has also manufactures of «>arse woollens, paper, 
 guitar strings, coarse glass, and leather. An amphitheatre 
 and some walls of the ancient Tnletum still attest its im 
 portance under the Romans. It was taken by the Goths in 
 467. and by the Moors in 714, and retained by the last till 
 lo85. when it was perniarently annexed to the crown of 
 Castile. Between the fifth and ninth centuries, it was the 
 
 seat of several general ecclesiastical councils. Inbab. To- 
 
 LEDAN, to-lee'dan. 
 
 TOLEDO, a province of Spain, in New Castile, bounded N. 
 by the provinces of Madrid and Avila, E. by Cuenca, S. by 
 Ciudad Real, and W. by Caceres. Area, 5620 square miles. 
 Pop. 330,000. 
 
 'TOLEDO, a flourishing city of lucas co., Ohio, at the 
 western extremity of Lake Erie, pleasantly situated upon 
 an elevated plain on the banks of the Maumee River, about 
 4 miles from its mouth, 134 miles N.N.W. of Columbus, and 
 112 miles W. of Cleveland. The river affords a spacious, safe 
 and beautiful harbor for the largest steamers and vessels. 
 Lat. 41° 3^ 30" N.; Ion. 83° 32' W. ; distance fiom Detroit 
 (55 miles. The average j'early arrivals and clearances at the 
 Cxistom House are now 4500, representing l,2iX),000 tons bui^ 
 den, furnishing for eight months of the year the best possi- 
 ble facilities for transporting and exchanging the vast and 
 varied productions of the East and AVest. This is the ter- 
 minus of the Miami and Erie Canal traversing the rich val- 
 leys of the Maumee and Miami, and terminating at Cincin- 
 nati ; and of the Wabash and Erie Canal, extending through 
 the fertile valle)' of the Wabash and connecting with the 
 Ohio River at Evansville, Indiana — 700 miles of canal are 
 thus, tributary to its tr.ade. The lines of completed railway 
 centered here are yet more extended. The 'Poledi) and De- 
 troit furnishes a short and direct connection with the Michi- 
 gan and Canada routes. The Michigan Southern and North- 
 ern Indiana constitute a double chain to Chicago : the one 
 througli Southern Michigan, the other through Northern 
 Indiana, each through a cultivated and flourishing country. 
 The Jackson Railroad connects with the Michigan Central, 
 and is lieing finished to Lansing, the capital. It opens up 
 the coal and salt-fields of Michigan. The Toledo and Wa- 
 bash extends through the forests of Northwl-stern Ohio to 
 Fort Wayne, down the Wabash to I^ Fayette, Indiana, and 
 thence through Central Illinois by several routes to the 
 Mississippi, forming the shortest connection between Lake 
 Erie and St. Louis. Tlie Dayton and Michigan uniting 
 Toledo with Cincinnati, is fast developing the resources 
 of Western Ohio, and opens an extensive commerce be- 
 tween the southern country and the lakes. The Cleve- 
 land and Toledo forms a strong link in tlie chain wliich 
 binds the East and the West, and is a thorouglifare, indeed, 
 connecting this young and growing city with her elder sis- 
 ters. The dep.^t and warehouse facilities are unique and ex- 
 tensive. Ten steam elevators, holding 2,632,000 bushels, af- 
 ord facilities for tntnsfer of gniin from the canals and rfiil- 
 roads to the lake vessels. The shipments for tlie last three 
 years average j'earl v in round numbers : Flour, 1,500,000 bar- 
 rels ; wheat, 7,000,000 bushels ; corn, 5,000.000 ; oats. 700.000 ; 
 rye. 35,000; barley. 50,000; pork, 170.000 barrels; beef, 
 70.000; cattle, lOO.OCk) head; hides, 10,000,OiK) pounds; ■nool, 
 2,700.000: tobacco, 30,000,000; lumber, 60,000,000 feet, be- 
 side timber and staves in immense quantities. The Board 
 of Tnule represents a liberal portion of the ability of Toledo. 
 Us members deserve the prosperity they enjoy. The whole- 
 sale trade of the city is increasing as rapidly as capifcil i« 
 invested in it: the <onntry to be supplied is rich, and the 
 facilities for reaching it abundant; the jot'belii are sound 
 
TOL 
 
 ami successful. Manufacturing is in its infancy, but grow- 
 iiij;. Tliere are numerous establisliuicnts lor working wood 
 and iron, flour, toliacco, beer, fl;)x, cotton, and chandlery. 
 The field is wide and promising for enterprise, skill, capital, 
 and work, and cannot fail to pay. More men are needed. 
 Twice the number of the present population would not fail 
 of support iu so affluent a field, but they should be of the 
 Detter sort. The retail business of Toledo is not largo, the 
 adjacent country is fertile, but it requires the strong arm 
 Dt the woodnuin to clear it; the demand for timber invites 
 labor in this direction, and comfortal)le homes are spring- 
 ing up in the forest, all of them within the sound of the 
 locomotive. There are about 20 churches, 5 banks, 2 daily 
 papers, 2 steam fire engines, a gas company, many artesian 
 wells, several miles of paved streets, and a street railroad. 
 The public schools are the idols of Toledo, the buildings are 
 the best in town ; they are open to all, and fostered by all. 
 Toledo was siqkly, it is now healthy, and its tobies of mor- 
 tality compare favorably with the older towns of the conn- 
 try. The causes of malaria are disappearing, and it is being 
 filled with the homes of a stable and prosperous population. 
 Toledo is one of the most flourishing and important entre- 
 pots in the commerce of the great lakes. The population 
 has more than quadrupled within fifteen years. Pop in 
 1840, 1322; in 1860, 3829; in 1860, 13,768; and in 1865, from 
 18,000 to 20,000. 
 
 TOLKDO, a post-village of Union co., Illinois, 144 miles 
 6. of Springfield. 
 
 TOIjEDO, the capital of Tama co., Iowa. See Appendix. 
 
 TOLEDO, MOUNTAINS OF. See Spain. » 
 
 TOLEN, a town of the Netherlands. See Tholkn. 
 
 TOLENTINO, to-l^n-tee'no, (anc. 'J'olenii'num,) a town of 
 Central Italv, situated 11 miles S.W. of Macerata, on the 
 left bank o^ the Chienti. Pop. 9437. It has a cathedral, 
 with memorials of its builders, the Visconti. Tolentiuo h.is 
 acquired some celebrity from the humiliating treaty which 
 was dictated to Pope Pius VI., in 1797, by the French, 
 headed by Bonaparte. In 1815 a sanguinary battle, fought 
 in the neighborhood, sealed the fate of .Murat, who, at the 
 head of the Neapolitans, was defeated by the Austrians 
 under Bianchi. 
 
 TOLER'S, a post-office of Amite co., Mississippi. 
 
 TO'LEKSVILLE, a post-village of Louisa county, Vir- 
 ginia, on the Virginia Central Kattroad, 45 miles N.W. by N. 
 from Virginia. 
 
 TOLESBOROUGH, tolzAjar-rah, a pos^oface of Lewis 
 countv. Kentucky. 
 
 T<JLETU.M. See TotEDO. 
 
 TOLFA, tol'ia, a market-town of Italy, Pontifical States, 
 iO miles N.E. ofCivita Vecchia. It has the most important 
 alum-wnrks in Italy. 
 
 TOLIMA, to-lee'm^, a volcano of South America, in New 
 Oranada. Lat. 4° 40' N.. Ion. 76° 37' W. Ileiirht, 18.270 feet. 
 
 TOLLING', a town of Thibet, near the Upper Sutlej, 18 
 miles S.E. of Chaprung. It has a magnificent temple. 
 
 TOLKEMIT. tol'keh-rait\ a town of West I'russia, 37 miles 
 E. of Dantzic, on the' Frische Ilafif. Pop. 2130. 
 
 TOL/LAND, a pari.sh of England, co. of .Somerset. 
 
 TOl/LAND, a county in the N.N.E. part of Connecticut, 
 has an area of about 440 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Willimantic atid Hop Rivers, and other smaller streams, 
 which furnish valuable water-power. The surface in the 
 W. part is level or slightly uneven, and the soil fertile; 
 while in the E. portions the surface is hilly and moun- 
 tainous, and the soil of inferior quality. The Eastern part 
 is generally well wooded. The New London Northern and 
 the Hartford Providence and Fishkill Railroads traverse this 
 county. Organized in 17S0, having been formed from por- 
 tions of Hartford and Windham countieu. Capital, Tol- 
 land. Pop. in 1860, 20,709. 
 
 TOLLAND, a post-township of Hampden co., Massachu- 
 setts, 112 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 596. 
 
 TOLLAND, a post-village and township, seat of justice of 
 Tolland co.. Connecticut, about 3 miles W. of the New Lon- 
 don Northern Railroad and 20 miles E.N.E. of Hartford. It 
 is pleasantly situated on an elevated plain, and contains, 
 besides the county buildings, churches of the Congregation- 
 al, liaptist, and Methodist denominations, a bank, a savings 
 institution, and an insurance companj'. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 1310. 
 
 TOr/LARD-ROY'AL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 TOLLEN, tol'len, a lake and river of Mecklenburg-Stre- 
 liti: the lake 6 miles in length, and the river leaving it at 
 Neu-Brandeuburg, and joining the Peene at Demmin, after 
 a N.W. course of 45 miles. 
 
 TOL/LEK FKA'TRUM. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 TOI/LEK PORCO'RUM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 TOVLERTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 TOLLERTON, a township of England, co., and 10 miles 
 by railway) N.N.W. of York. North Riding. 
 
 TOLLESBURY. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 TOL'LESHUNT D'-ilVCY, a parish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 TOLLESHUNT-KXIGHTS, a parish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 TOLLESirU.NT-MA'.rOR, a parish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 TOLL GATIJ, a post-office of Marion co., .\labama. 
 
 TOM 
 
 TOLLO. toWo, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo 
 Citra, 7 miles N.N.W. of Lanciano. Pop. 2100. 
 
 TOLL'S CREEK, a .small stream of Yuba co., towards the 
 N. part of California, flows into Indiana Creek about 1 mile 
 from its mouth. Gold is found on this streaui. 
 
 TOLMEZZO. tol-m6t/so, a i,mall town of Austrian Italy, 
 26 miles N.N.W. of Udine, in the Alps, on the Tagliamento, 
 1000 feet above the sea. Pop. 350O. Its vicinity is perhaps 
 the most rainy district in Europe, the result of 30 years' 
 observation giving an annual fall of lUO inches. 
 
 TOLNA, tol'nOh\ or TOLNAU, tol'nCw, a market-town of 
 South Hungary, capital of a county, on the Danube, 11 
 miles S.W. of Kalocsa. Pop. 6771, mostly Germans. It ha» 
 royal tobacco warehouses and potash-works. 
 
 IXILOAR, to-lo-aR/, the largest of the Salibabo Islands, ic 
 the Malay Archipelago, between Gilolo and Mindanao. Lat 
 4° 28' N., Ion. 126° 55' E. Circuit, about 80 miles. Surfacd 
 very varied. It is populous, and pretty well cultivated. 
 
 TOLOCZYN, a town of Ru.ssia. See ToLOTCHls. 
 
 TOLO.T or TOLOX, to-lon', a town of .-^pain, province, and 
 29 miles W. of Malaga, at the foot of the Sierra de Toloj. 
 Pop. 2151. 
 
 TOLOMETA, tfl-lo-mi'ti, (anc. PtohmaHs.) a maritime 
 town of North Africa, in Barca, on the Mediterranean. 6,'> 
 miles N.E. of Bengazi. Its extensive remains of antiquity 
 comprise portions of theatres, a temple, and sepulchral 
 grottoes. 
 
 TOLON-NOOR. See Tchao-N,\iman Soome. 
 
 TOLOSA, to-lo'sd, (anc. Iturisa t) a town of Spain, capital 
 of the province of Guipuzcoa, on the Oria and the Arages, 15 
 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 4718. It stands iu a 
 narrow defile, enclosed by a wall, entered by several gates. 
 and has two squares, (one u.sed for a bull-ring.) 2 parish 
 churches, a town-hall, hospital, prison, several fountains, 
 and 2 bridges. It has manufactures of copper and earthen- 
 wares, woollen cloth, paper, hats, leather, and a large fac- 
 tory of arms. 
 
 TOLOSA. See Toulouse. 
 
 TOLOTCHIN, to-lo-chin', written also TOLOCZYN, a mar 
 ke^town of Russia, government, and 43 miles N.W^. of Mo- 
 heelev. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TOLOX. a town pf Spain. See Toloj. 
 
 TOL'PUDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 TOLTEN, tol-tin', a river of Chili, in Araucani.t, flows from 
 the Lake of Villarica W. for lOO miles, and enters the Pa- 
 cific Oce.iu 50 miles N. of Valdivia. 
 
 TOLUCA, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois. 
 
 TOLUCA, to-loo^ki, a small town of the .Mexican Confede- 
 ration. 40 miles S.W. of Mexico, near a volcanic mountain. 
 Lat. 19° 16' N., Ion. 99° 21' W. Pop. 12,000. 
 
 TOLL', SANTIAGO DE, sJn-te-d'go dd to-loo/, a seaport 
 town of New Granada, department of Magdaletia, province, 
 and 66 miles S. of Cartagena, on the Gulf of Morro-squillo 
 It has a good harbor, and its vicinity produces large quan- 
 tities of corn, with dye-woods and the aromatic balsam of 
 Tolu. 
 
 TOLVE, tol'vi, a roarketrtown of Naples, province of Ba- 
 silicata. 12 miles E.N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3800. 
 
 TOLVISCON, tol-vees-kon/, a town of Spain, province, and 
 43 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2400. 
 
 TOLZ. tolts, a market-town of Upper Bavaria, on the I.sar, 
 26 miles S. of Munich. Pop. 3092. It has manufactures 
 of woollen cloths, and iron forges. 
 
 TOM, tom, a river of Siberia, after a N.W. course of 400 
 miles, joins the Obi 40 miles N.W. of Tomsk. 
 
 "TOM'AHAWK, a post-township of Searcy co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 296. 
 
 TOMAHAWK SPRING, a post-oflSce oi Berkeley co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 TOMANTOUL. to-man-tooP, a villaare of Scotland, co. of 
 Banff, 11 miles S.E. of Grautown. Pop. 919. 
 
 TOMASZOW, to-md'shov, a town of Poland, government 
 of Warsaw, on the left bank of the I'ilica. 2o miles S.S.W. 
 of Rawa. Pop. 5000. It was founded only in 1822, but its 
 advantageous position for comraei-ce has attracted to it many 
 enterprising settlers; and it has manufautures of woollen, 
 liuen, and cotton fabrics, and iron foundries. 
 
 TOMASZOW, a town of Poland, government, and 66 miles 
 S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 2900. 
 
 TOMBIG'BEE or TOMBECK'BEE, a river of Mississippi 
 and Alabama, rises in Tishemingo co.. which forms the N.K. 
 extremity of Mississippi, and flows S. to Columbus. It then 
 inclines to the E., and passing into Alabama, its general 
 direction is S.S.E., until it is joined by the Black Warrior 
 at Demopolis. Below this point it flows nearly S., and pass- 
 ing through fertile, alluvial plains and savannas, which are 
 mostly occupied by plantations of cotton, it unites with 
 the Alabama about 45 miles above Mobile. The river thus 
 formed is called the Mobile. The length of the Tombigbee 
 is estimated at 450 miles. The large-'t towns on its banks 
 are Aberdeen, Columbus, Pickensviile, Gainesville, and De- 
 mopolis. It is navigable for large steamboats to Columbus, 
 which is about 366 miles from the mouth of Mobile Kiver, 
 and smaller boats can ascend 40 or 50 miles further, to Aber- 
 deen. It is familiarly called the Biytite Ixivtr. 
 
 1929 
 
TOM 
 
 TON 
 
 T0'>tTiO()CT00 or TOMBUCTOO. See TnjBCCTOO. 
 
 TOMliS, Great and Little, two islands near the entrance 
 o< the Persian 'iulf, 20 miles S.S.W. of the island of Kisliim. 
 The one is fran 4 to 5 miles, and the other from 2 to 3 miles 
 In circuit. They are both low and flat, uncultirated. and 
 uninhabited. The larger one, at which Is'earchus anchored 
 durinj; his celebrated voyage, is partly covered with grass, 
 an J abounds with antelopes. 
 
 TOMBS' KUX. a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TOMBUKTU.'Central Afl-ica. Soe TiMuiCTOO. 
 
 TOilK. to'raA, a village of New .Mexico, on the left bank 
 of tile Itio del Norte, about 75 miles S.W. of Santa Fe. 
 
 TOMELLOSi), to mSl-vo'so, a town of Spain, province, and 
 60 miles EAMJ. of Ciudad Keal. Pop. 4476. 
 
 TOMFI.VLODGH, tom-fin'l^H, a parish of Ireland, in Mun- 
 ster. CO. of Clare. 
 
 TOMGll.A.N'i;Y or TOMGREXO:, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Munster. co. of Cl.are. 
 
 TOMHAN'NOCK, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New 
 York. 15 miles N.N.E. of Troy. 
 
 TOM-IIO, tom'ho/, a river of China, descends from the 
 mountains near the S. frontiers of the province of Shen- 
 see, enters the province of Se-chuen, flows S.S.W., and joins 
 tlie Kialing a little below Paoning, after a course of about 
 100 miles. 
 
 TOMINA, to-mec'nj. a town of Bolivia, department, and 
 50 miles E. of Chuctuisaca, capital of a province, on the 
 9uapev. 
 
 TOMIXIE BAY. See Goonosg-Tella. 
 
 TO-M'LTNSOXVILLE. a small village ofScott co., Missouri. 
 
 TOMcyKA CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Muskingum 
 River at Dresden. 
 
 TOMOT'LA, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North Carolina. 
 
 TOMP'KINS, a county near the centre of New York, has 
 an area of about 500 square miles. It is situated at the S. 
 extremity of Cayuga Lake, which extends nearly to its cen- 
 tre, and it is drained by Fall Creek and several smaller 
 streams, affording abundant water-power. The surface is 
 undulating, and in some parts hilly. The soil is fertile, and 
 under good cultivation. By means of Cayuga and Seneca 
 L;ikeg this county has a water communication with the 
 Erie Canal. The Cayuga and Susquelianua Railroad ex- 
 tends from the county-seat to the Erie Railroad at Owego. 
 Organized in 1817, having been formed from portions of 
 Cayuga and Seneca counties, and named in honor of Daniel 
 D. Tompkins, Governor of New York. Capital, Ithaca. 
 Pop. .31,409. 
 
 TOMPKINS, a township in the S.W. part of Delaware co., 
 New York, intersected by the Erie Railroad. Pop. 3589. 
 
 TOMPKINS, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 TOMPKINS, a post-village and township of Jackson co.. 
 Michigan. 90 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. 952. 
 
 TOMP'KINSVILLE, a post-village of Castleton township, 
 Richmond co., New York, on New York Harbor, and on the 
 N.E. side of Staten Island, 6 miles S. by W. of New York. 
 It contains a marine hospital belonging to the United 
 States, and the quarantine buildings. 
 
 TOMPKINSVILLE, a post-office of Choctaw co., ALibama. 
 
 TOMPKINSVILLE, a small village of Cumberland co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 TOMPKINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., 
 Kentucky, 140 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort, and about 10 miles 
 from Cumberland Uiver. It has a court-house, 2 churches, 
 and near 200 inhabitants. 
 
 TOMRE'OAN, a parish of Ireland, In Ulster, cos. of Cavan 
 aud Fermanaiih. 
 
 TOil'S BROOK, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Virginia. 
 
 TOM'S CREEK, a post-village of Surry co., North Carolina. 
 
 TOMSK, tomsk, a government of West Siberia, between 
 lat. 49° and 61° N., and Ion. 75° and 90° E., having S. Chi- 
 nese Toorki.stan and the Kirgheez territory, and on other 
 sides the governments of Tobolsk and Y^eniseisk. Pop. esti- 
 mated at nearly 1,000,000. Principal rivers, the Obi and the 
 [shim. In the S. it includes the larger part of the Lake 
 Tengheez, (Balkash;) on the S.E. it extends to the Little 
 Altii, iu which part, and in the district of Barnaul, are 
 some important mining establishment*. 
 
 TOMSK, a city of West Siberia, capitjil of the above go- 
 vernment, on the Tom, a tributary of the Obi. Lat. 56° 29' 
 26" N., Ion. 84° 57' 57" E. Pop. in winter, about 24,000, but 
 in summer it is reduced to 18,000, many of the population 
 being then el.sewhere engaged in gold-washings. Me.an 
 temperature of the year, 31°'9; summer, 60°-5; winter, 
 minus 4°-8 Fahrenheit. It is mostly built of wood, but has 
 substantial public buildings, comprising a cathedral, tri- 
 buuals, treasury, fur magazines, barracks, hospitals, and an 
 orphan asylum. It is the residence of the Bishop of Tomsk 
 and Yeniseisk, of a civil governor, and of the superintendent 
 of the Altai mines. Its inhabitants carry on a brisk trade 
 with tile Calmucks and Ostiaks in cattle and furs. 
 
 TOMS lUVER, in the eastern part of New Jer.sev, rises 
 In Monmouth co., and flows S.E. through Ocean CO.. into 
 Barnegat Bay. Sloops ascend to the village of Tom's 
 River, aliont 10 m''es. A creek called the South Branch, 
 unites witli the uuMxi stream 10 miles from Its mouth. 
 1930 
 
 TOM'S RIVER, a post-village, capital of Ocean co.. New 
 .Jersey, on the river of its own name, at the head of navi- 
 gation, atx)ut 40 miles S.E. of Trenton. It contains a bricK 
 court-house, 2 churches, a bank, 2 large hotels, 7 stores, and 
 1 or 2 newspaper offices. A bridge crosses the river herft 
 About 25 sloops, loaded with firewood, cranberries and lum- 
 ber, ply to New York. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 TO.MSrrOWN, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 15 
 miles S.E. of Chambersburg. It has about 150 inhabitant* 
 
 TOMSVILLE, a post-village of Chester district. South 
 Carolina. 74 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 TOMYSL, Alt, ilt to'misl, a village of Prussian Poland, 
 33 miles W.S.W. of Po.sen. Pop. 400. 
 
 Ti>MYSL, Neu, noi to'misl, a town of Prussian Poland, 
 33 miles W.S.W. of Po.sen. Pop. 800. 
 
 T0NAR.\. to-nj'rd, a market-towu of the island of Sar- 
 dinia, division of Cagliari, 12 miles E. of Bus.i(hi." P. 2255. 
 
 TONAWaN'DA. TONNEWaN'DA or TldNEWANTO. 
 a creek, in the W. part of New York, after formivig the 
 boundary between Erie and Niagara counties, falls into 
 Niagara Kiver about 12 miles N. of IJuffalo. The Erie Canal 
 enters this creek 10 miles above its mouth, and leaves it 
 again about 100 rods from Niagara River. 
 
 TONAWANDA or TONNEWANDA, a port and post-vil- 
 lage, (chiefly included in Tonawanda townsliip, Erie co.. 
 New York; a part, however, extends into Ni.agara co..) at 
 the intersection of Tonawanda Creek with the Niagara 
 River, opposite Grand Island, and on the Erie Canal, where 
 it is crossed by the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, 12 
 miles ??. of Buffalo. It is a place of considerable business, 
 and contains 8 or 10 spacious warehouses, recently erected ; 
 and 6 or 7 stores. Many of the Lake craft deposit their 
 cargoes here, to be forwarded by the canal. It contains 5 
 churches, a town-hall, and a newspaper office. This place 
 is the terminus of a railroad whicli connects it witli Lock- 
 port. Another railroad extends eastward to Batavia. Tlie 
 total value of property arriving for the year 1852, was 
 $1,988,079. Pop. abotit 3300; of township. 2489. 
 
 TONBRIDGl-., T0N*I5RIDGE WELLS. See Tunbriiksb. 
 
 TONCO, ton'ko. a village of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont, 22 miles W.N.W. of Alexandria. Pop. 1852. 
 
 TONDELLA, ton-djlli, or BESTIEROS. bfs-te-;Vroco. a 
 market-town of Portugal, province of Beira, 10 miles S.W. 
 of Viseu. Pop. 2400. 
 
 TONDERN, ton'dgrn. or TONDERE. ton'der-eh, a town of 
 Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, 25 miles W.N.W. of Flensborg. 
 Pop. 6500. It has manufactures of fringe, lace, and woollen 
 and linen fabrics. 
 
 TONDI, ton'dee. a town of British India, presidency of 
 Madras. 64 miles E. of Madura, on Palk Strait. 
 
 TONDJA, tond'j.?, or TOUNDJA, toon'ja. a river of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, rises on the S. slope of the Balkan, and 
 joins the Maritza on the left, after a course of 150 miles. 
 
 TONDO, ton'do, a province of the Philippine Islands, is 
 one of the smallest, and has only a circuit of about 80 
 miles. Pop. 215,640.' 
 
 TONDO, a townof the PWlippinp Islands, in Luzon, capital 
 of a province of its own name, on the Pasig. nearly opposite 
 to Manila. It has a governor's house, a handsome church, 
 manufactures of silk and cotton goods, a valuable fishery, 
 and a considerable trade, chiefly in the hands of Metis 
 and Chinese. Pop. 17,490. 
 
 TON'DON', a town of Slantchooria, on the .\moor. at the 
 mouth of a small river of its own name. Lat. 49° 30* N., 
 Ion. 136° E. 
 
 TONE, a river of England, co. of Somerset, ri.ses S. of Bren- 
 don Hill, flows S.E. and N.E., and joins the Parret about 
 midway between Langport and Bridgewater. Course, 30 
 miles, for the last 10 of which it is navigable. — Tau.ntos is 
 on its S. bank. 
 
 TONEDAGANA, a county of Michigan. See Emmett. 
 
 TONEWANTO. See To.nawanba. 
 
 TONG, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 TONG, a parish of England, col of Salop. 
 
 TONG. a township of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 TONGA (tong'ga'l ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, 
 composing a section of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 20° S., 
 Ion. 175° W., and comprising at least 150 islands, the prin- 
 cipal of which are — Tongataboo, Boscawen, and Keppe) 
 Islands ; Vavao, Hapai, and Eoa. with a pop. estimated at 
 18..500 united under one .sovereignty. 
 
 TONGATABOO. TONG.\TABU. ttingVtd'boo. writtf n .also 
 TONGA, or AMSTERDAM ISLAND, one of the sou'hern- 
 most of the above islands, and the residence of their sove- 
 reign, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 21° 4' S., Ion. 175° 28' W. 
 Circuit upwards of 50 miles. Estimated pop. 8000. Surfece 
 low; soil very fertile; products comprise yams, plantain.s, 
 bananas, sugarcane, tine timber, coir, exported to New 
 South Wiiles. and abundant supplies of hogs and other pro- 
 visions adapted for shipping. The iirhabitants have been 
 mostly converted to Christlnnity by English missionaries, 
 who retain important depots in the island. Principal tov> ns. 
 Moa and Nakualo. This i.<land was discovered by Tasu an. 
 in 1643. 
 
 XONGAY, tong-ghi', a town and bay of South Amei jca, 
 
TOi\ 
 
 TOO 
 
 In Chili. aTiout 200 milos N. of Valparaiso. The town ex- 
 ports oojiper to the United States. 
 
 TOXa-CIIANa, toiiRVhang', a town of China, province of 
 Shan-toons;, capital of a department, on a river flowing into 
 the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee. 55 miles S.W. of T.see-nan. 
 
 TONG-CIIOW. tongVhdw', a town of China, province of 
 Pe-chee-Iee, on the Pei-ho. 25 miles E.S.K. of Peking. 
 
 TlLVGK-wmt-HAULGH, township. England.co Ijanoaster. 
 
 TONGERLOO, tong'gr-lo' or tong^Hgr-lo', a village of Bel- 
 gium, province, and 23 miles E. of Antwerp, on the Wimpe 
 and St«enloop, near a large forest of its own name, and 
 entered by a magnificent avenue of lime-trees, some of which 
 lire 20 feet in circumference. Near it is the Abbey of Tong- 
 erloo, founded in the twelfth, and suppressed in the eight- 
 eenth century, hut recently again established. Pop. 1699. 
 
 TON'jrKllN. See Tongres. 
 
 TCNG-GIN, tong^ghin'or tong'gheen', a town of China, 
 provim.-^ of Koei-choo. Lat. 27° 40' N., Ion. 108° 55' E. 
 
 TONGIIO, tong^ho', written also TAUNGOO and TAUNGU, 
 a town of the Burmese dominions, province, 120 miles N. of 
 Pegu, on the Setang River. Near it are numerous temples. 
 
 TUNG'KOO' BAY or URM'STON IIARISOR, an anchorage 
 In the estuary of the Canton River, China, on its E. side, 6 
 miles N. of the island of Lantao, and between the island of 
 Tongkoo and the mainland. 
 
 TONGLAND or TONGUELAND, ttingland, a parish of 
 Scotland, stewartry, and N.W. of Kirkcudbright, on the 
 Dee. Here are remains of several old ecclesiastical edifices, 
 ancient encampments, and cairns. 
 
 TONGOOSKS. See TooxGOOSE.'i. 
 
 TONGRES, tAsgr, (Flemish, Ttnigem. tong'ern, or tong'- 
 ngrn; anc. TungHf) a town of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 bourg, on the Jaar, 13 miles S.S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 6180. 
 It has breweries, tanneries, manufactures of hats and chi- 
 cory, and an active trade in hogs and corn. It was ruined 
 by Attila in his retreat from Chalons. 
 
 TOiN'GSAN, tong^sin', or TUNG-SHAN, ttingVh3n', a har- 
 bor on the S.E. coast of China, province of Fokien, lat. 23° 
 40' N., Ion. 117° 30* E. It is one of the be.st harbors in China. 
 Water is readily obtained here, even during the dry season. 
 
 TONG-TCIIOO or TONG-TCUOU, tongVhoo', a town of 
 China, province of Shon-see, 60 miles N.E. o)»See-ngan. 
 
 TONO-TCHUEX, tong'choo-Jn', a town of China, province 
 of Se-chuen, near its S. boundary, and the Yang-tse-kiang. 
 It 's important as a military post. 
 
 TONG-TING-HOO or TONG-TING-HOU, tongH.ing'hoo', a 
 large lake of China, province of Iloo-pe, near the limit of 
 Iloo-nan. It receives several large rivers, and communi- 
 cates at its N. extremity with the Yang-tse-kiang. 
 
 TONGUE, tang, a maritime pari.sh of Scotland, co. of 
 Sutherland, with a village, 8 miles S.W. of Farr-Kirk. The 
 parish extends for 10 miles along the N. coast, indented by 
 the Kyle of Tongue, an inlet 85 miles in length, and con- 
 tains Ben-Hope and Moir Mountains, with many mineral 
 springs, and much fertile soil. 
 
 TOis'G U ELAND, a parish of Scotland. See Tongland. 
 
 TONGUE (tang) RIVER, of Missouri Territory, rises in 
 lat. about 42° 30' N., Ion. 106° 30' W. Flowing at first N.E. 
 and then nearly N., it falls into the Yellowstone River, aftsr 
 a course of about 300 miles. 
 
 TON'ICA, a thriving post-village of La Salle co., Illlnoia, 
 on the Central Railroad, 9 miles S. of La Salle. 
 
 TONK, tonk, a town of Hindostan, dominions, and 48 
 miles S. of Jeypoor, near the Banass. It stands in a hollow, 
 and is protected by a stone wall. 
 
 TO.N KIN, a province of Anam. See Tonqdin. 
 
 TONNAY-BOUTONNE. ton'n.V boo'tonn'.a town of France, 
 department of Charente-Inferieure, on the Boutonue, 25 
 miles S.E. of La Kochelle. Pop. 1416. 
 
 TONNAY-CHARENTE, tonhii' shIVSNf, a town of 
 France, department of Charente-Inferieure, on the Charente, 
 3 miles E. of Bochefort. Pop. in 1852, 3538. It has a port 
 on the river for vessels of (500 tons. 
 
 TONNEINS, tonVixo', a town of France, department of 
 Lot-et-Garonne, on the right bank of the Garoune, and on 
 the railway from Bordeaux to Cete, 10 miles S.E. of Mar- 
 mando. Pop. in 18-52, 7549. It has a national manufacture 
 of tobacco, and manufactures of cordage. It is the birth- 
 place of Madame Cottin. 
 
 TONNERRE. ton'naiR', a town of France, depjirtment of 
 Vonne. on the left bank of the .\rman90n, and on the railway 
 from Paris to Lyons, 19 miles E.N.E. of .\uxerre. Pop. in 
 18t2, 4672. It has a communal college, a fine hospital, with a 
 monument to Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily, and 
 manufactures of agricultural implements, mill-works, and 
 stained paper. 
 
 TONNEWANDA. See Ton.a.wanda. 
 
 TONNTNGEN or TOENNINGE.N, tSn'ning-gn, a fortified 
 town of Denmark, duchy, and 29 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick, 
 on the Eider, 11 miles from its mouth. In the North Sea. 
 Pop. 2100. 
 
 TO.NQUIN or TONKIN, ton'keen'. the northernmost priv 
 vince of Anam, South-east .\sia, between lat. 19° and 23° 
 N.. anj lofi. 102° and 108° 30' E., having N. the Chinese pro- 
 vinces Quang-tong, Quang-see, and Yun-nan ; W., the Laos 
 
 country; S., Cochin-China; and E.. thfe Gulf of Tonqulht 
 Area and population uncertain. The furface near the sea is 
 a rich alluvial plain, and the country appears to be watered 
 by numerous rivers, and /f high fertility. Rice is the chief 
 grain raised; other products are sugar, cotton, spices, tea, 
 indigo, saffron, .silk, gum.?, varnishes, the precious metals, 
 and many of the other most valuable articles of commerca 
 Elephants are numerous, and other wild animals are in 
 great variety. The inhabitants are mostly Boodhists 
 Ketcho, the capital, and Hean, on the Sang-koi River, are 
 the principal towns known to Europeans, by whom the in- 
 terior has not been explored. Tonquin was conquered by 
 the Chinese in 1406, and by the Anamese in 1790. 
 
 TONQUIN, a river of Asia. See Sang-koi. 
 
 TONQUIN, GULF OJ. an inlet of the China Sea, sur- 
 rounded by Tonquin, the Chinese province of Quang-tong, 
 and the island of Hainan. Length, 3u0 miles; average 
 breadth, 150 miles. It receives the Sang-koi and many other 
 rivers, and contains numerous island.s. 
 
 TONS, tons, a village of Spain, province, and 30 miles 
 S.W. of Valencia, on the left bank of the Jucar. Pop. 1235. 
 
 TONSBERG, tons'bjRO, a seaport town of Norway, stift 
 of Aggershuus, on an inlet of the Christiania Fiord, 47 miles 
 S.W. of Christiania. Pop. 2200. It has tobacco factories, 
 distilleries, a good harbor, and exports of timber and fish. 
 
 TONSBERG, Gulp of. au inlet of the Skager-rack, on the 
 W. side of the Christiania Fiord. 
 
 TONTOLI, ton-to'lee, a town of the Malay Archipelago, 
 on the N.W. coast of the island of Celebes, on a bay, capital 
 and state of its name. Near it are gold-mines. 
 
 TONYN (to/nin) ISLANDS, a small group in the Malay 
 Archipelago, Strait of Macassar, W. of Celebes. Lat. 5° 33' 
 S.. Ion. 118° 34' E. 
 
 TOOAREEKS, TUARIKS, TOUARIKS or TOUARYKS, 
 too-^-reeks' or too-d-riks', a people of Central Africa. 
 
 TOOAT. TOUAT, TUAT. too'lf, or TAWAT, ta-wat'. an 
 oasis of Central Africa, in Saharaj nearly equidistant from 
 Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Fezzan. Aoaiilt is its chief 
 town. 
 
 TOOBONAI, too'bo-ni'. an island of the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 
 23° 23' S., Ion. 149° 24' W.; S. of the Society Islands, and 
 6 miles in circumference. It was discovered by Cook in 1777, 
 and resorted to by the mutineers of the " Bounty," in 1789. 
 
 TOOE'LE, a county in the W. part of Utah Territory, has 
 an area estimated at above 12,000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N.E. by the Great Salt Lake, and is drained 
 by Humboldt or Mary's River, with a number of smaller 
 streams. Several lakes, of which Pyramid Lake is the moi't 
 remarkable, are included within its limits. Pop. 1008. 
 
 TOOELE, a post-office of Tooele co., Utah Territory. 
 
 T(X»GGOORT, TOUGGOURT or TUGGURT, toog'goort/, a 
 town of North Africa. Lat. 32° 46' N.. Ion. 8° 40' E. 
 
 TOOL.i, TOULA or TULA, too'lj, a government of 
 European Russia, nearly in its centre, mostly between lat. 
 63° and 55° N., Ion. 36° and 38° 40' E., having E., Riazan ; S., 
 Orlov; W., Kalooga; and N., the government of Moscow. 
 Area, 11,875 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1.092,473. It is 
 densely peopled. The surface is undulating. The Oka 
 forms all the N.E. and N. boundary. The Don and Oopa 
 rise in this government. The chief crops are corn, beans, 
 mustard, turnips, hemp, tobacco, and potatoes. Sheep, cat- 
 tie, and horses are extensively reared. About one'sixth 
 part of the surface is in forests. Some inferior coal is met 
 with, and iron-mines extend over an area of 10 sijuare miles 
 near the capital, but iron is a chief import for the manufac- 
 tures of Toola. The government has extensive breweries and 
 distilleries, leather and beet-root sugar factories, and exports 
 corn, hemp, flax, cutlery, fire-arms, hardwares, and jewelry. 
 The chief towns are Toola. Venev, Odoiev, and Novosil. 
 
 T0OL.\, TOUL.\ or TUL.\, capital of the above govern- 
 ment, is an important manufacturing town on the Oopa, 
 105 miles S. of Moscow. Pop. in 1858, 57,705. It is the 
 '•Sheffield and Birmingham" of Russia, and has a fi^ne ap- 
 pearance. It is well built, and has several L>onvents, about 
 30 churches, one of which is a very handsome structure, 
 adorned with marble columns, and a free school and gym- 
 nasium; trades, foundling, and other Lo.spitals; a house of 
 correction, prison, arsenal, theatre, mu.seum, and a vast m.i- 
 nufactory of arm.s, which owed its origin to Peter the Great, 
 but has risen to its present importance by the efforts of an 
 Englishman since 1817. In this factory, about 70,000 mus- 
 kets and 50,000 swords are made annually, besides carabines, 
 pistols, bayonets, &c. ; 7000 men and 9600 women are em- 
 ployed, exclusive of 3500 other hands in subsidiary occu- 
 pations. The articles produced are of good quality, and the 
 work-people enjoy peculiar privileges and immunities. Toola 
 has also manufactures of mathematical and scientific instru- 
 ments, jewelry, platina wares, silk.s, hats, and leather. It 
 is the residence of a military governor, a bishop's see, and 
 the seat of a chamber of manufactures. In its vicinity are 
 many gardens, orchards, and nursery-grounds. 
 
 TOOLA, TOULA or TULA, ioof\L, a river of the Chinese 
 Empire, in Khalkas country, joins the Orkhon 110 miles 
 S.S.W. of Kiakhta. after a S.W. and N.W. course of 200 miles 
 
 TOOLA, too'li, or TOLA, to'li an island on the coast 0/ 
 
 1931 
 
TOO 
 
 TOO 
 
 Ransmebar. Lat. 1^ S.. Ion. 42° 3' 30" E., belonging to the I TOORISK. TOURI SK or TURISK, too-risli' or f oo-T(«sk', 
 Juba i^roup. is lone ard narrow, and has on its shores ruins a market-town of Russian Poland, gOTernment of Yolhyuia, 
 - . ' . . ,, .^ v...,..__- ._j «■_..-_=., -_:,.-„.. lOmiles S.W. of KoTel. 
 
 TOdRKHAL, TOURKHAL, TURKTIAL. toor'kjl'. or 
 TURKHAL.L. (anc. &^a,^i"/)'o7i>.)atownof Asia Slinor. aVK)ut 
 35 miles S.E. of Amssia, on the Yeshil-Irmak. at the foot of 
 an almost perpendicular rock, surmounted by an old castle. 
 It consists of 800 or 9'JO houses, and its enTirons. as in th« 
 time of Strabo. are covered by fine vineyards cultivated by 
 Armenians and Greeks. Lat.'3f»° 68' \., Ion. 36° 48' E. 
 
 TOORKISTAX or TURKKSTAX. tooR^kis-tin', a wide 
 region of Central Asia. p;irtly included in the Chinese Km- 
 pire, and partly subdivided among several independent 
 states and hordes; its two portions being .separated chiefly 
 by the table-land of Pameer, the Bolor-tagh. and the Muz- 
 t,igh. In maps it is sometimes called Bucharia — Gre\t Uc- 
 CHARIA being a name applied to Independent or West Toor- 
 kistan. and Little BcciAria to Chinese or East Toorkistan. 
 
 CansESE Toorkista:*. (Chinese, man-s'ian-nan-loo ; i.e. the 
 "country S. of the Thian-sh.an,") is between lat. 36° and 
 43° .N.. and Ion. I'JP and 96° E.: bounded N. by the 
 Thian-shan Mountains, which separate it from Soonga- 
 ria or Thian-sh.-in-peloo. W by the table-land of I'ameer, S. 
 by the Kuenlun Mount.iius. dividing it from West Thibet, 
 S.E. and S. by the desert of Gobi, of which it includes a por- 
 tion. Length, from W. to E., atwut 1250 miles ; breadth, 
 estimated at from 300 to 550 miles. Area, 500.000 .sijuare 
 miles. It is enclosed on three sides by lofty mountain 
 ranges, and on the E. by a less abruptly elevated plateau. 
 
 (if chapels, castellated buildings, and factorial residences 
 connected with the early Portuguese settlements. The 
 Soa".lese who inhabit it. feed their cattle and sheep on its 
 low bushes and stunted grass. 
 
 TOOL.'i. or T0L.4.. a river on the aboye island, is shallow 
 at the entrance, but deep within. 
 
 TOOLCIIA, XOULTCHA or TULTCHA, tool'chj. written 
 also TULDJ.A., a town of European Turkey, near the X. ex- 
 tremity of Bulgaria, on the Danube, 40 miles from its mouth. 
 Its fortifications, and immediate proximity to the Russian 
 frontier, make it a place of great importance. 
 
 TOO'LEVS, a post-offlce of Concordia parish, Lonisiana. 
 
 TOOLS'BOIIOUGH, a pos^village of Louisa oo., Iowa, on 
 the Iowa River, about 2 miles from its mouth, and 8 miles 
 S.E. of Wapello. It has several stores. 
 
 TOO^I or TOOMn* KRIG, a parish of Ireland, In Munster, 
 CO. of Tipperarv. 
 
 TOOMAT, fOUMAT or TUM.VT, too'mif, written also 
 M.^LEG, a river of Central .\frica, in South Xubia, joins 
 the Bahr-el-Azrek. near lat. 11° -JO' X.. Ion. 34° 43' E. 
 
 TOO'.M.iVAR'RA, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of 
 Tipperary, 7 miles E.S.E. of Xenagh. Pop. 885. 
 
 TOOAiB or TOOME, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. 
 of Wexford. 
 
 TOOMBS, a post-office of Richland co.. Georgia. 
 
 TOOMBUDDR.I, toom-bttd'dra, or TiWXGABUDDRA, 
 toon-i.vbud'dra, a river of India, is formed by the junction 
 
 of the Toonga and Buddra in Mysore, flows X. and E., and ' The centre of the country forms the basin of the Lop-nor, 
 after a course of 400 miles, joins the Kistnah 15 miles X.E. ! a lake 70 miles in length, fed from the W. by the "Tarim 
 of Kurno'il. Principal affluent, the Hindry from the S. In ' and its five great tributaries, the Karakool. Kashgar. Yark- 
 parts of its course it separates the presidency of M.^dras and. Khoten. and Aksoo Rivers. The Tarim, traced from 
 
 the head of the Y'arkand River, its forthest source, has 
 total length of 1500 miles: and at its influx into the Lop- 
 nor is supposed to be more than 12*0 feet abovi! ,he level of 
 the sea. Its basin is almost wholly a sandy w.\.ite. It is 
 estim.ited that three-fourths of Chinese Toorkistan nre co- 
 vered with deserts, and the very small proportion of the 
 surface adapted to culture is eutii-ely situated around the 
 declivities and bases of the mountains in the X>, W., and S. 
 The lands here are, in some districts, very fertile: from the 
 j conformation of the country, its climate and products ap- 
 i proximate to those of much lower latitudes. The heat in 
 I summer is great : in winter, frost and snow, though com- 
 TOOXG (TOUXG or TUX6)-KIAXG, toong'ke-lng', (" East mon in the W., are rare at Khamil, (Hami.) near the E. bor- 
 River,") a river of China, rises in a mountainous district ' der. Abundant rains occur at this season in the moun- 
 near the 3, frontiers of the province of Kiang-See, enters | tains, but seldom in the lower country, where water for 
 the province of Quangtong, flows S.W. to Iloei-choo, then j irrigation is carefully preserved in reservoirs. In the 
 
 from the Bombay presidency and territory of the Xiram. 
 
 TOOMCOOR, toom'koor'. a'town of South India, in Mysore, 
 70 miles N.X.E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 TOOMEX, TOUMEX or TCJMEX. too-mJn'. a river of 
 Corea, forms a part of the boundary between it and Man- 
 tchooria. and enters the Sea of Japan near lat. 42° 30' N., 
 after a N.E. and S.E. course of-200 miles. 
 
 TOOMS'BOROUGH, a posboffice of Wilkinson co., Georgi.i. 
 
 TOOX, toon, a town of Persia, province of Yeid, 45 miles 
 E.X.E, ofTabas. 
 
 TOOXGABUDDRA, a river of India. See Toombuddra, 
 
 TOOXG IIAI. See Cri.va Sea. 
 
 nearly W.. and dividing into several branches, falls into the 
 b.iy 21 miles E.S.E. of the town of Canton, after a cotirse of 
 about 2o0 miles. 
 
 TOOXGOOSES, TOTIXGOUSES or TUNGUSES. toong- 
 goo'sez, or TOOXGOOS TART.\.RS. a wandering people of 
 Siberia, chieflv in the government of Y'eniseisk. 
 
 TOOXGOOS'KA. TOUXGOCSKA or TUXGUSKA, toong- 
 
 desert violent storms of wind are common, and very destruc- 
 tive to caravans, which, accordingly, In their transit from 
 China, traverse only its narrowest part on the route from 
 Kansoo across to Khamil. 
 
 On the declivities and borders of the mountains, rice, 
 whe-it. millet, pulses. and grains common in South Europt, 
 with sesamum and other oil-seeds, cotton. Ac. are raised in 
 
 goos'k J. three rivers of Siberia, tributarj- to the Yenisei, and j considerable quantities, besides hemp, flax, and dye-plants, 
 all flowing to it from the E, | Grape.s, melons, pomegranates, and other fruits of southern 
 
 TOOXKAT, '^^UXKAT or TUXKAT, toon^k^t', a town ; climates, come to great perfection : mulberry plantations are 
 of Independent Toorkistan, khanat of Khokan, 50 miles X. numerous, and much silk is produced. The rearing of live- 
 of Tashkend. i stock is the chief branch of rural industry. Most of the sur- 
 
 TOOXKlXSK.TOUXKIXSKorTUXKIXSK, toon'kinsk', | face, where it is rendered verdant by sufficient irrigation, is 
 a tf>wn of Siberi:i, government. 110 miles S.W. of Irkootsk. I employed in pasturing horses, yak and other cattle, camels, 
 
 T00-1*IXG-LIX6 or TOC-PIXG-LIXG, too ping ling, a 'and sheep: the horses of this region are in high repute, and 
 mountain of China, province of Kan-Soo. Lat 35° 23' N., are sent in large numbers to China, Thit-et, and several 
 Ion. 103° 55' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. adjacent countries. Wild horses, camels, and asses abound 
 
 TOORA, TOUR.V or TCR A, too'rd. a river of West Siberia, | In herds on the stony steppes of the Lop desert. The Argali 
 governments of Perm and Tobolsk, joins the Tobol 70 miles < or wild sheep, some antelopes, the tiger, wolf, jackal, lynx, 
 S.S.W. of Tobolsk, after a S. course of 300 miles. j and fox are among the other wild animals: the ranges of 
 
 TOOR.\V.4.K.4.IR.\., too-ri-vd-ki'rj. a fortified town of | the Thian-shan are the native country of the two-humped 
 South India, in Mysore, on au affluent of the Caverj-, 50 i or Bactrian camel. Two large species of eagles are con- 
 
 miles N'. of Seringapatam. 
 
 TOORBOOT. TOCRBOUT or TURBUT. toor'boof, a town 
 of Persia, province of Khorassan, 60 miles S. of Meshed. 
 
 TOORCOMANS. See Tookkomaxs. 
 
 spicuous among native birds, the number of which is not 
 great. 
 
 Gold is found in the Thi.in-shan, and in the affluents of 
 the Yurungka.rh (Khoten River): copper, iron, nitre, asbes- 
 
 TOORETS, TOURETS or TURETZ. too-rSt.s'. a market- ' tos, and agate are also met with; sal-.ammoniac and sulphur 
 town of Russian Poland, government of Grodno, 22 miles ! in greatquantities in the volcanic districts ofBogdo-oola and 
 E.S.E. of Xovogrodek. Pop. 1550. I around Toorfan. The most remarkable mineral product is 
 
 TOORK.^X, TOURPAX or TURF.iX, toor'fin', .an active j the yu or jasper, in which there is an imperial monopoly; 
 volcano in a mountain chain X. of the town of Toorfen. i it is raised from the bed of the Y'urungkash (Khoten River.) 
 
 TOOKFAX, TOURIWX or TCRFAX, a town of Chinese ', and Ktrakash, in the Yarkand province; and about 70 miles 
 Toorkistan, 180 miles W, of Khamil, It is the residence of a ] S.E. of Yarkand is a rock stated to be wholly composed of th^s 
 native prince with authority from the Chinese over Toorfan j stone. .\t all the.«e localities Chinese soldiers are stationed 
 and five .idjacent towns. to supervise the operations for procuring the jasper, and pr«- 
 
 TOORIXSK. TOURIXSK or TURIXSK, too-rinsk'. a town | vent, so far as they can. any of it from pa.ssing into privat.a 
 
 of Siberia, government and 140 miles W.S.W. of Tobolsk. 
 on the Toora. an affluent of the Obi. Pop. 4000. It has 
 iron-works in its vicinity. 
 TOORIXSK, TOURIXSK or TURIXSK, Nizhnee, nizh'- 
 
 bands; the whole of the produce being officially ■"fiir 
 Pekin. where it is employed in the manufacture i./C vase* 
 and other »'-*v-les of furniture ftir the imperial p.al,Hce, 
 Chinese Toorkistan h:is :in extensive trade, chiefly with 
 
 nee too-rinsk', a town of Asiatic Russia, government of Cashmere, Independent T<X)rkistin, the Russian Empire, 
 Perm, immediately E. of the Ural Mountains, 50 miles S,W. | China, and Thibet. The caravans from Peking to Yarkand 
 of Verkhotoorie. with valuable iron-mines. , employ from three to six months on their route, and t>riug 
 
 TOORIXSK, TOURIXSK or TURIXSK. Verkhsee. T^rK'- j tea. silver, porcelain, and numerous other manufaetured 
 nee too-rinsk', a town of .Asiatic Russia, government of . goods, taking back silk, horses, cattle, and dyes. From Ci.sli- 
 Perm, contiguous to the above. mere, by way of Yarkand, are brought shawls, kincol s. ad ' 
 
TOO 
 
 TOP 
 
 white cloth, in retnm for Russian goods, tinned leather, 
 gold and silver, embroidery, rice. China wares, and Thibet 
 phawl-wool : from Fyzabad, in T5udukh.=haii. slaves and gems, 
 in return for silver and tea. From Andad-klian, in Kbokan, 
 woollens and other manufactured goods are lirousht on 
 horses, mules, and camels to Kashirar. where they are ex- 
 changed for Chinese produce: the routes from the two latter 
 countries respectively traver.se the two main passes across 
 the lofty tablis-land of Pameer. Many merchants of Chinese 
 Toorkistan go to Tobolsk with cotton-stuffs, tea, rhubarb, 
 and sal-ammoniac, and return with broadcloth, brooades, 
 bullion, gold coin, copper, iron, steel, and furs; and the 
 same kinds of merchandise come, by way of Kelee. to Aksoo, 
 the exports from which town are chiefly cotton, silk, cotton 
 fabrics, leather, pottery, and fruit. Yarkand is the chief 
 emporium of trade, and is a large mart for Chinese gixids. 
 The other principal cities and towns are Khamil or Il.inii. 
 Pidjau, Toorfan, K.irachar, Kutche, Aksoo. and Useh. along 
 the N. route, below the Thian-shan: Kashgar, the city se- 
 cond in importance, towards the W. frontier; and Karaliash, 
 Khoten, Kiria, and Peim, in the S. 
 
 The great bulk of the inhabitants are of the Turkish race, 
 or Oozbeks ; they are superior in civilization to the Oozbeks 
 of Bokhara, and speak the purest of Turkish dialects. Tau- 
 jiks or Persians, Kleuths. Cashmcrians, Tungani. Ac, all 
 Mohammedans, are among the population ; the Taujiks carry 
 on most of the foreign trade. In the X.W. are some Kir- 
 gheez settlers; at Khamil, (Ilami.) many EleuthCalmucks; 
 and on the banks of the Lop-Xor are a few people who, al- 
 though they speak Turkish, are not Mohammedans ; they 
 are occupied in fishing, trading in furs and swans'-down, 
 and weaving flax and wild hemp. Chinese merchants in 
 the towns, a few Hindoos, Jews, and Christians, Mongols in 
 the E., and Mantchoos in the Chinese army, make up nearly 
 the rest of the inhabit.ants. The civil government is vested 
 in the hakim-beys of the districts, whose appointment rests 
 with the court of Peking: and the Mohammedans maintain, 
 with much astuteness, their freedom from interference by the 
 Chinese in their internal aff^iirs. The Chinese troops which 
 garrison the pri;.cipal cities amount in all to between 20,0U0 
 and 30,000 men, under Mantchoo officers. At all the custom- 
 house stations the officials are half Mantchoos and half Ooz- 
 beks. Europeans are interdicted from entering the country. 
 
 This region formed anciently a part of the territory of the 
 Hiong-nu; it was subjected by the Chinese in the first cen- 
 tury A. D., and from the fifth to the seventeenth centuries 
 it was successively under the dominion of Thibet. Tangoot, 
 (Tangut,) .Tenghis-Khan, Timur. the Kleuths, and the Soon- 
 garians. It was conquered by the Chinese Emperor Kien- 
 lung, in 1756-8. In 1826-7, a great insurrection took 
 place under Jehangire, one of its khodjas or princes, who, 
 with aid from Khokan, defeated an army of 6II000 Chinese 
 in three battles; but the latter finally prevailed, and the 
 chief authorities of the province were transferred from 
 Kashgar to Yarkand. 
 
 TOORKISTAN. TURKESTAN, Independent, or INDE- 
 PE.N'PENT TAKTARY. is l>etween lat. ?,o° and ol° N.. and 
 loa. 51" and 77° E., bounded E. by the Pameer table-land, 
 W. by the Caspian Sea, N. by the Russian governments of 
 Tobolsk and Tomsk, and S. by the Huzareh Mountains and 
 the Ilindoo-Koosh, separating it respectively from East 
 Persia and Afghanistan. Estimated area, 720,800 square 
 miles. Pop. supposed to be about 4,000,000. In the E. it is 
 mountainous, elsewhere generally level, with a slope towards 
 the W., and in that direction the Oxus and .laxartes rivers 
 flow through it to the Aral Sea, which is wholly comprised 
 within its limits. 
 
 TOORKISTAN or TURKESTAN, a town of Central Asia, 
 khanat, and 220 miles N.N.W. of Khokan. 
 
 TOORKOM.\NS or TURCOMANS, toor'ko-mSnz', a nation 
 of Tartars, originally inhabiting the eastern shores of the 
 Caspian Sea. hut who are now spread not only over Toor- 
 kistan, but Persia, Afghanistan, and a considerable portion 
 of Asiatic Turkey. They lead a wandering life, and live in 
 tents. They are said to be excellent horsemen, and to make 
 
 hardy and brave soldiers. Adj. Toork or TqoBC; and 
 
 Toor^koman'. 
 
 TOORON. TOURON or TURON, tooVon', a town of Anam, 
 In Farther India, capital of a province, on a river, near its 
 mouth in a fine bay. Lat. 16° 7' 3" N., Ion. 108° 13' E. Its 
 harbor is defended by two forts of European construction, 
 and it formerly exported cotton to China. 
 
 TOOROOKHANSK. TOUROUKIIA.NSK or TURU- 
 KlIANSK, too-roo-Kinsk'. a town of North Siberia, govern- 
 ment of Yeniseisk, on the Yenisei, near the influx of the 
 Toorookha River. Lat. 61° N.. Ion. 9o° 30' E. 
 
 TOOROVO, TOUROVO or TUKOVO, too-ro/vo. a market- 
 town of Russia, government of Minsk. 00 miles W. of Pinsk. 
 at the confluence of the Slootch with the Pripets. I'op. 2000. 
 
 TOORSHEEZ, TOURCHIZ or TURSIIIZ. toor'flieez', a 
 town of Persia, province of Khorassan. 76 miles S.S.W. of 
 Meshed, on the route from Herat to Astrabad. 
 
 TOOTIXG-GR.VVENEY. a parish of England, co. Surrey. 
 
 TOOTOO-ILLAII. See Maoo.va. 
 
 TOO-YAN or TOU-YAN, too'yin', a city of China, province 
 
 of Koei-choo, capital of a department, lat 20° IC y., Ion. 
 107° 22' E. 
 
 TOOZ-GOLEE or TUZ-GOLI. tooz go'Iee\ written also TUZ- 
 GHIEUL, (anc. Fti'lus To.tn'usrt a l«rge salt lake of Asia Mi- 
 nor, p.ishalic of Karamania. its centre in lat. 38° 40' N.. Ion. 
 3.3° 30' E. Length, 45 miles: greatest breadth, 16 miles. 
 Height above the sea, 2600 feet.. It receives some small 
 rivers, but during a part of the year its bed is wholly drj'. 
 
 T(X)Z-GOOL, T0UZ-<j0UU TUZ-GUL, tooz gool. {i. e. ".salt- 
 lake.") or TEMOURTOU-NOR. tA-moor-too/ nor. a lake of 
 the Chinese Empire, in Soongaria. I^at. 42° 30' N., and be- 
 tween Ion. 77° and 79° E., 100 miles S. of Balkash. Length, 
 from E. to W., 90 miles: breadth. .30 mile.s. 
 
 TOOZKOORMATY, TOUZKOURMATY or TUZKURM.\- 
 TY, tooz-koor-m3'tee, a large village of Turkish Koordistan, 
 67 miles N.B. of Samarrah. 
 
 TOOZLA or TUZLA, toozld, a river of Asiatic Turkey, 
 descends from the S.W. slope of Mount Ida. and falls into 
 the Archipelago at Ne.ssurak, after a course of 50 miles. 
 
 TOOZLA or TUZLA, a river of Asiatic Turker. joins the 
 Morad Branch of the Euphrates. Length, 50 miles. 
 
 TOPAYOS, a river of Brazil. See Tapajos. 
 
 TOP'CLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 5 miles S.S.W. of Thirsk, on the Swale, anil Great 
 Northern Railway. Here are the ruins of the -Maiden 
 Bower," a former residence of the Percies, in wliich Charles 
 I. was confined before his delivery to the Scots. 
 
 TOP'CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TOPDALS, top'djls, a river of Norway, foils into the Top- 
 dais-Fiord E. of Christiansand. Total course, 80 mile.s. 
 
 TOPE'KA, the capital of the state of Kansas, and of Shaw- 
 nee CO., is beautifully situated on the S. side of the Kansas 
 River, about 50 miles S.W. of Leavenworth and 25 miles by 
 land above Lawrence. Itishandsomely laid out with streets 
 130 feet wide, crossing each other at right angles; several 
 large blocks of buildings are being erected for stores. To- 
 peka is regarded as one of the moat promising points in the 
 state. Pop. 7.59. 
 
 TOPESFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 T0PHANI5, iofii-nk\ (•' an arsenal,") a suburb of Constan- 
 tinople, at the E. extremity of the peninsula N. of the Golden 
 Horn, and immediately N.E. of Galata. It comprises an ar- 
 senal and cannon foundry, (whence its name.) extensive 
 artillery barracks, dock-yards for l)uilding coi'/nes, a fine 
 public fountain, and a quay, which is the usual place of em- 
 barkation for Scutari. 
 
 TOPINO, to-pee'no. a river of Central Italy, joins the Ti- 
 ber from the E.. 7 miles S. of Perugia Course, ,30 miles. 
 
 TOI'L or TOPL.\. a river of Hungary. See Topoit. 
 
 TOPLICZA or TOPLITZA, to-plit/sa, a river of Servia, 
 joins the East Morava, 10 miles N.E. of the village of To- 
 plicza. 
 
 TOPLIKA, to-plee^ii. a market-town of Austrian Croatia, 
 9mile8S.S.E. of Warasdin. Pop. 808. Here are hot .springs. 
 
 TOPLITZ.TOEPLITZ. topnits. or TEPLITZ, t^pnits,a town 
 and fiimous watering-place of Bohemia, on its N.W. frontier, 
 16 miles X.W. of Leitmeritz, in a valley of the Erzgebirge. 
 Stationary pop. 2794: but in autumn it is often vi.sited by 
 10.000 strangers. It is neatly built, and consis-ts mostly of 
 inns, lodging-houses, and bathing-establishments. The chief 
 buildings are the town-house, and the mansion of Prince 
 Clary, to whom the territory belongs. The principal bath- 
 ing establishments are tlie Stadtbad, FUrstenbad. Fiirstlich, 
 Frauenzinimerbad. and Herrnhaus. all in the Baade-pluU 
 or Great Square — the first open gratuitously to the public : 
 the second comprising superior private baths ; and the last 
 royal and elite liaths, Toplitz being a place of resort for the 
 highest personages in Germany. There are in all about 90 
 public bathing-houses; and in the suburb of Schonau are 
 Steinbad, Tempelbad, Schangenbad, Neubad. Ac, with build- 
 ings equal if not superior in elegance to the town baths, 
 the waters are saline ; temperature in Toplitz from 113° to 
 119°, in Schonau from 101° to 104° Fahrenheit. Here are 
 Au.strian and Prussian military hospitals, a civil hospital, 
 and one supported by Prince Clary, the grounds of whose 
 chateau are open to the public. Here are also a theatre, 
 and other appliances of a highly fashionable watering-place. 
 
 TOPLITZ, Hungary. See Tkputz. 
 
 TOPLITZA. a river of Servia. See TOPLICZA. 
 
 TOPOLIAS, to-po-lee'ds? (anc. Oipais,) a lake of Greece, in 
 Hellas, government, and in the centre of Bceotia, miles E. 
 ofLivadia. Length in winter, 16 miles; greatest breadth, 
 8 miles; but in summer much of it is a mere reedy marsh. 
 Height above the .sea, about 1000 feet. At Orcliomenus, 
 (Skripu,) on its W. side, it receives the river Gavrios. (anc. 
 (.kpliistsus.) It contains many islands, and is famous for its 
 eels, large quantities of which are salted and exported. 
 
 TOPOLOVECZ. to-po'lo-v^ts". a village of Croatia, peneral- 
 ship of Warasdin, on .several hills, about 12 miles from Bel- 
 lovar. It is the head-quarters of a frontier regiment. P.9;!2 
 
 TOPOLY. to'p^I'. written also TOPL .and TOPLA. a rivet 
 of North Hungary, after a S.S.E. course of 6.~ miles, joine 
 the Ondava 13 miles S. of Varano. 
 
 TOPOLY.\, to'p61'y<)h\ a post-village of Hungary, co. of 
 Bacs, 8 miles N. of Hegyes. Pop. 5615. 
 
 1933 
 
TOP 
 
 TOR 
 
 TOPOZERO, to-po-iA'ro, a large lake of Russian Lapland, 
 government of Archangel, W. of the White Sea. Length, 
 60 miles; breadth. 8 miles. It contains several islands. 
 
 TOPR.\K-KULAH, to^prik' koo'li, or KALEII. kifleh, a 
 town of Turkish Armenia, pashalic, and 75 miles E.S.K. of 
 Erzroom. Pop. 200 Turkish, and 100 .Vrmenian families. 
 
 TOi>'SAIL SOUND, a postroffice of New Hanover co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 TOPSTIELD, a post^township of Washington co., Maine, 
 132 miles X.E. of Augusta. Pop. 444. 
 
 TOPSFIELD, a postrvillage and township of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, alxiut 20 miles N.E. by X.of Boston. The 
 •'ill.^ge contains several churches, and an academy. The 
 1 ahabitants are largely engaged in the manufacture of boots 
 tail shoes. Pop. 1292. 
 
 TOPS'HAM, a seaport town and parish of England, co. of 
 Devon, on the E. iKink of the Exe, at the head of its estuary 
 and the confluence of the Clist, 4 miles S.E. of Exeter, and 
 N.W. of Exmouth. I'op. in ISol, 3377 ; of the town, 2717. 
 The town is pleasantly situated, and ha* spacious wharves, 
 quays, and bonding warehouses; ship-building, and manu- 
 factures of ropes and chain-cables. Steamers ply regularly 
 to London. Near it is Powderham Castle, the seat of the 
 I'jirl of Devon. 
 
 TOPSIIAM. a post-village and township of Sagadahoc co.. 
 Maine, on the left bank of the Androscoggin River, and on 
 the Kennebec and Portland Itailroad, 32 miles S. by W. of 
 Augusto, The vill.ige contains 3 churches, a bank, and 
 half a dozen stores. Ship-building and the lumber trade 
 are carried on here. Pop. about 1200; of the township, 170o. 
 TOPSHAM, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont, 20 
 miles S.E. of Montpolier. Pop. 1662. 
 
 TOR, a petty seaport town of Arabia Petrsea, on the E. 
 shore of the Gulf of Suez, lat. 28° 19' N.. Ion. 33° 38' E., near 
 ♦.he Tor Mountains. It is a station where caravans supply 
 themselves with water, and has an old fort, and a harbor 
 sheltered by a coral bank, on which is a light-hou.se. 
 
 TOR.A., tiVri, a small town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, 24 miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 1200. 
 
 TORA, to'rd, a town of Spain, province of Lerida, 10 miles 
 S.S.W. of Solsona. 
 
 TORAL DE LA VEGA, toril' dA lA T.Vg4. or TORAL DE 
 LAS GUZMANES, to-ril' di loce gooth-mi'nSs, a town of 
 &p.iin, province, and 22 miles S. of Leon, on the right bank 
 of the Esla. Pop. 2128. 
 
 TORANO, to-ri'no, or TURANO, too-rl'no, a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., N.N.E. of Teramo. 
 Pop. 1136. 
 
 TORANO or TURANO, a town of Naples, province of Ca- 
 labria Citra, N.N.E. of Cosenza, with a convent, hospitil, 
 and almshouse. 
 
 TOMIAT' BAY. New Zealand, is on the W. ccast of Middle 
 Island. Lat. 43° 37' S., Ion. 169° 30' E. 
 
 TOR'BAY, a fine and highly picturesque bay of England, 
 an inlet of the English Channel, on the E. coast of the 
 county of Devon, between the headlands Bob's-nose and 
 Berry Head, the latter in lat. 50° 24' N., Ion. 3° 28' W. It 
 forms a semicircular sweep, bounded by limestone and 
 sienite cliffs, aiwunding in fine marble quarries, and con- 
 taining some very curious caves. It is a general rendezvous 
 for vessels during W. winds, and has important fisheries. 
 On its N. shore is Torquay, and on its W. side are Brixham 
 and Paington. Here William 111. landed in England, 5th 
 of November, 1688. 
 
 TOR BAY, a bay on the S.E. coast of Nova Scotia, 13 miles 
 W.S.W. ofCapeCanso. 
 
 TORBAY. a bay on the E. coast of Newfoundland, 8 miles 
 N. of St. John's, 
 
 TORBISCON, toR-bees-kan', (anc. Turanianaf) a town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, 43 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2303. 
 
 TOR/BIT'S STORE, a post-office of Chester district. South 
 Carol in,i. 
 TOR/BOCK, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 TOR BRY'AN, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 TORCELLO, toR-chJWo, an island in the lagoon, N.E. of 
 Venice. It was a town, with cithedml and bishops, in the 
 seventh century, but it decayed as Venice rose. It has an 
 old Byzantine church, and a cathedral of the eleventh 
 century. The climate is very unhealthy. 
 TORCH, a post-office of .\thens co.. Ohio. 
 TORD.\, toR/dl, a market-town of Transvlvania, on the 
 Aranyos, 19 miles S.S.E. of Klausenburg. Pop. 7000. 
 
 TORDEHUMOS, toR-dA-oo'moce. a town of Spain, tn Leon, 
 province, and 29 miles N.W. of Valladolid, with 3 churches, 
 a nunnery, a handsone court-house, .nnd the remains of an 
 old castle, and a trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 1200. 
 
 TORDERA, tOR-di'rd, a town of Spain, pi-ovince, and 40 
 miles S,E. of Barcelona. Pop. 1S56. 
 
 TORDl-;SILLAS,toR-dA-seel'vas.(anc.7Y<r'n>S''OT<B;)atown 
 of .<pain. 24 m lies S.W. of Valladolid. on the Dou ro. P. 2319. 
 TORDINEZE. toR/de-nA'z.l(?) a village of Slayonia, co. of 
 Eyrmia. with a Catholic church. Pop. 1272. 
 
 TOREK, to'ree\ a rajiihship of India, in Bundelcund, 
 under British protection Area. 30 s<iuare miles. Pop. 6000. 
 Aimed force, 375 men. 
 1034 
 
 TORELLA. to-rlllJ, a town of N.iples, province of Priuei- 
 pato Ultra, 3 miles N.W. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 TORELLA, a town of Naples, province of Molise. 8 mileq 
 N.W. of Campoba.<!SO, with an almshouse. Pop. 12(K). 
 
 TORENO, to-rA/no. a town of Spain, province of Leon, on 
 both sides of the Sil, 21 miles N.E. of Vill.Hfranca. Pop. 1341, 
 
 TOKFECKAN, a parish of Ireland. See TERMONFhXKAN. 
 
 TORG.\U. toa'gow, a fortified town of Prussian Saxonv, 
 on the left bank of the Elbe, 70 miles S.S.W. of Berlin. P(jp. 
 6425. It is enclosed by strong walls, and has manufactures 
 of woollen cloth, hosiery, and leather. Frederick the Great 
 took it after defeating the Austrians on the 28d of Novem- 
 ber, 1760. 
 
 TOROELOW, toF'gheh-loT^, a town of Prussia, in Pome- 
 rania, N.W. of Stettin, on the Ucker. Pop. 1086. 
 
 TORGET, toR'gbft, a small island of Norway, off the S.W, 
 coast of Nordland. alxjut lat. 65° 30' N. Its most remarkalile 
 feature is the mountain of Torgh.itt.iri, which seems to rise 
 almost perpendicularly from the water to a height esti- 
 mated by Von Buch at more than 2000 feet, terminates in 
 a Aei'p cleft, forming the basin of a small lake, and is com- 
 pletely perforated, not far from the centre, by an immense 
 cavern 6000 feet long, and 600 feet high. Tt appears to have 
 been formed by a series of convulsions, evidences of which 
 is furnished by numerous fissures which have sliattered the 
 mountain, and cleft it in one place almo.st from top to bottom 
 According to tradition common in the North, the ancient 
 kings of Norway, when crowned, used to visit this cavern, 
 and prove the vigorof their arm by hurling a javelin through 
 it. Torghattan owes its name to the resemblance which it 
 l)ears at a distance to a three-c<irnered hat. 
 
 TORIGNI or THORIGNY, toVeen^yee', (anc. Thrignnum.) 
 a town of France, department of Manche, 9 miles S Ji. of St. 
 L8. Pop. 2206. 
 
 TORINO. See TcRra. 
 
 TORINO, to-ree'no, or TURING, too-ree'no, a town of 
 Naples, province of -•VbruzzoCilra, 10 miles N.W. of II Vasto. 
 Pop. 2180. 
 
 TORITTO, to-rit'to. a town of Naples, province of Bari, 15 
 miles N.N.E. of Altamura. Pup. 2800. 
 
 TORJOK, a town of Russia. See ToRznoE. 
 
 TORK'SEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TOR'MARTON. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 TORMES. toR'mJs, a river of Spain, rises in the Santa 
 Credos. Hows N., past Alb,i-de Tormes and .Salamanca, and 
 joins the Douro on the left. Length, 150 miles. Many bat- 
 tles were fought on its banks between the French and Spa- 
 niards, from ISO** to 1814. 
 
 TOR MOR'HAM. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TORXA, toR'noh', written also TURNYA, the smallest 
 county in Hungary, bounded N. by Zips. Area, 229 square 
 miles. Pop. 27,562. 
 
 TORNA, a market-town of North Hungary, capital of 
 the above county, 18 miles W.S.W. of Kiischau. Pop. 2100. 
 
 TORNACO, toR'nS-ko, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Novara. Pop. 1339. 
 
 TORNACUS. SeeTouRNAT. 
 
 TORNARECCIO. toR-nJ-r^t/cho, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Citra, W.S.W. of II Vasto. Pop. 1240. 
 
 TORNAVACAS, toR-nd-T^'kAs, a town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, province, and 23 miles N.N.E. of Caceres. P. 1424. 
 
 TORNEA. (TorneA,) tor'tfe-o. sometimes written TORNEO,* 
 a river of Scandinavia, separates the Swedish and Russian 
 dominions, and enters tlie head of the Gulf of Bothnia at 
 Torne^, after a S.S.E. course of 2.30 miles. It is rapid, and 
 in it is the fine cataract of Julhae. It gives name to the 
 N. part of Swedi.'^h Lappmark. 
 
 TORNEA, (Torne.4.) a town of Finland, on the TorneJ, at 
 its mouth in the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. Lat. 05° 50' 
 8" N.. Ion. 24° 14' E. Pop. 700. It has an active trade in 
 stockfish, reindeer, skins, furs, iron, planks, tar. butter, 
 hemp, ((uills, and pickled salmon. Here, in 1736. the French 
 academicians made measurements to ascertain the figure of 
 'the eiirfh. TorneA was ceded with Finland to Russia in 1810. 
 
 TORNEA, OFVER. SPv^r toR^ne-o, (t. e. "Upper Torne.1"') 
 a place on the Swedish side of the TorneA River, about 30 
 miles N.N.W. of TorneA. 
 
 TOItNIMP.^RTE. toR-nim-paR'tA. a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 7 miles W. by S. of Aquila, with 
 2 almshouses. Pop. 1545. 
 
 TORNOLO, toR-no'lo. a tillage of Northern Italy, 48 miles 
 S.W. of Parma, on the right bank of the Taro. Pop. 324'5. 
 
 TORO, to'ro. a town of Spain, province of Zamora, on the 
 Douro, 29 miles N.N.E. of Salamanca. Pop. 6^97. It is en- 
 clo.sed by old walls, and has an old pal.ice or alcazar, and 
 another fiirmerly belonging to the Dukes of Berwick; and 
 manufactures of coarse woollen and linen cloths, brandy, 
 and leather. 
 
 TO'KO. a m.Trket-town of Naples, province of Molise, dis- 
 trict, and 7 miles E.N.K. of Campobasso. Pop. 2400. 
 
 T(yRO. a small island of the Mediterranean, off the S.W. 
 coast of the island of Sardinia. 
 
 • "Cold M the rocks on ToRSio's hoary brow."— CiMPBBU. 
 
TOR 
 
 TOR 
 
 TO^RO',ariverof Mongolia, joins the Nonni an affluent of 
 the Soongaree, after an E. course of 250 miles. 
 
 TO'HO. a postroffice of Sabine parish, Louisiana. 
 
 TORO, BOCA DEL, bo'ki dil to'ro, or "Bull's Mouth," in 
 Central America, one of the straits by which the lagoon of 
 Chiriqui communicates with the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 TOKOK BKCSE, toViik' bcVchA\ a marke(>town of Hun- 
 gary, CO. of Torontal, on the left bank of the Theiss, 47 miles 
 e. of Szegedin. Pop. 4920. 
 
 TOKOK KANTSA, to'riik' koh'nee/shCh', a market-town of 
 Hungary, co. of Torontal, on the left bank of the Theiss, 15 
 miles SI of Szegedin. 
 
 TOHOK KOPl'ANY, toVok' kop^piiS', a market-town of 
 Hungary, co. of Schumeg, 18 miles S.E. of Lake Balatony. 
 
 TOKOK, SZEXT M IKLOS. See Szent Miklos Torok. 
 
 TOUOXAICUS SINUS. See Cassandr.*. 
 
 TORONTAL, toVon'tdl', a county of Hungary, bounded 
 E, by Temesvar. Area, 2808 square miles. Pop. 322,246. 
 
 lORO.NTO, a postrvillage of Vermilion co., Indiana. It 
 has an iron foundry. 
 
 TORONTO, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 
 TORONTO, formerly YORK, the capital of Canada West, 
 and the most flourishing city in British America, is situ- 
 ated on a beautiful circular bay on the N.W. shore of 
 Lake Ontario, in York county, about 390 miles AV.S.W. of 
 Montreal, 165 miles from Kingston, 45 miles N. by E. of Ha- 
 milton, and 5U0 miles .N.W. of Washington, (United Stiites.) 
 Lat. 43° 39' N., Ion. 79° 21' W. Mean temperature of the 
 year44°-4; winter, 26°-4; summer, 63°-8 i'ahreuheit. The 
 bay is entered by a narrow opening, and is separated from 
 the lake by a low peninsula about 6 miles long, enclosing a 
 beautiful basin H miles in diameter, forming a safe and 
 well-sheltered harbor, capable of containing a large number 
 ofvessels. The peuinsulaiscalledtjibraltar Point. Thesite 
 of the town is low, but rises gently fi-om the water's edge — the 
 observatory Ijeing lOS feet above the sea. The streets gene- 
 rally cross each other at right angles, some running almost 
 parallel with the bay. and intersected by others which have 
 a N. and S. direction, inclining slightly to the W., the 
 whole forming nearly a parallelogram. The principal streets 
 running E. and W. in the denser portions of the city, are 
 Front, King, Richmond, Adelaide, and Queen streets; and 
 of the cross streets, Yonge, Church, Bay, and York streets. 
 King and Queen streets start from the Don bridge, in the 
 E. part of the city, and slightly diverge as they proceed W., 
 till two or three streets intervene. King and Yonge streets 
 are the thoroughfares, and contain the largest number of 
 shops. The city generally is built of light-colored brick, of 
 a soft, pleasing tint. 
 
 Pulilic Buildings. — Prominent among the public edifices 
 are the old Parliament Houses, built of brick — soon to be su- 
 perseded by new buildings; the Government House, also an 
 old, plain building, of unpretending appearance, lately used 
 for government offices; the St. Lawrence Hall, of stone, in 
 the Italian style, with a dome, and containing a public 
 hall, news-room, Ac; Osgood Hall, of the Grecian Ionic 
 order, containing the law courts and an excellent law 
 library; Trinity College University, built in the form of a 
 quadrangle, cSf which only two sides are yet completed, in 
 the latest phase of domestic Gothic; the University of To- 
 ronto, in the Doric order, at the head of College avenue — a 
 spacious avenue about h.alf a mile in length; Upper Canada 
 College, with the masters' residences on each side, of red 
 brick, erected in 1830 ; the General Hospital, a new building 
 in the form of an open quadrangle, with a massive central 
 tower upwards of 100 feet high, and with smaller towers 
 at the extreme angles, which are roofed in a manner pecu- 
 liar to the French — the general style is the old English : 
 the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, the principal fa9ade of 
 which is in the Italian style, with accommodations for but 
 200 patients, although containing, in 1855, more than 300; 
 the city-hall, devot«d to city offices, in the Italian style; the 
 mechanics' institute; the music hall, a fine building, just 
 erect<?d, and the Toronto Exchange, now being built, both 
 of the Italian order; the normal school, and model schools, 
 both in plain Italian style, grouped so as to produce a pic- 
 turesque effect ; the post-office, a new stone building of the 
 Ionic order; .several new public school-houses, just erected, 
 in a species of Italian architecture; and three markets, the 
 principal of which is the St. Lawrence, always well supplied. 
 Many of the principal private buildings and mercantile 
 houses are faced with cut stone, in a style highly creditable 
 to the place. Among the churches, tlxose most deserving 
 notice for their architectural merits, are the cathedral 
 Jiurch of St. James. (Episcopal.) in the Gothic style of the 
 thirteenth century, with a nave and aisles, an unfinished 
 tower, clerestory, chancel, and elaborate open roof, of the 
 perpendicular style; the Roman Catholic cathedral, in the 
 decorated Gothic style, with nave and aisles under a con- 
 tinuous roof; the church of the Holy Trinity, (Free.) St. 
 George's cliurch, and Trinity church, (all Episcopal.) are of 
 the perpendicular Gothic order of architecture; Knox's 
 (Presbyterian) church, in the decorated Gothic style, with 
 11 flue t-ipered spire covered with tin, enriched at the base 
 with clusters of pinnacles, and pierced with traoeried spire- 
 
 lights. Among the other public buildings are the custom 
 house, theatre, court-house, on Chun;h street, and the city 
 and county jail, a quarter of a mile W. of the Don River, 
 the E. limit of the city. The avenues leading to the univer- 
 sity are wide and spacious, and planted with trees, which, 
 when fully grown, will prove a fine shaded promenade. 
 
 Ckmeteries. — Toronto has in its viciuity four burying- 
 grounds, viz. Potter's Field, containing 6 acres; the Toronto 
 Necropolis, with 16 acres; St. James' Cemetery, with 65 
 acre.s — the latter two at the N.E. extremity of the city, and 
 the former W. of Yonge street; and the Roman Catholic 
 cemetery, in Power street. 
 
 Hospitals and Public Charities. — The Provincial Lunatic 
 Asylum has accommodation for 200 patients; the hospit.il 
 on King street usually contains 100 patients, and is en- 
 dowed with land within the city limits, besides an annual 
 parliamentary grant of 750i. ; the Eye Dispensary, the To- 
 ronto General dispensary and Lying-in Hospital, the Pro- 
 vincial Lying-in Hospital and Vaccine Institution, Mater- 
 nity Lying-in Hospital, an emigration society, a house of 
 industry, the Church Society, Methodists' Dorcas Society, 
 Toronto City Mission, Ladies' Bible Association, Catholic 
 Orphan Asylum, and the Elgin Association for the Improve- 
 ment of Colored People; be.side8 various Freema.sons', tem- 
 perance, Bible, Odd Fellows', St. George's, St. Andrew's, St. 
 Patrick's, and other associations of a l)enevoIent character. 
 
 {scientific, Educational, and Literary Institutions. — Toronto 
 has a royal magnetic observatory, a Canadian institute, an 
 athenteum, a news-room, a philharmonic society, a me- 
 chanics' institute, and a society of arts. Among the educa- 
 tional institutions are several schools of medicine; Trinity 
 College, in connection with the Established Church, with 6 
 professors of law and art, and 7 of medicine; the university, 
 with an endowment of 225,944 acres of land, and with 10 
 professors; Upper Canada CoJlege, with an endowment of 
 6;j,642 acres, and with a principal and 13 masters; St. 
 Michael's (Roman Catholic) College, Knox's College, the 
 Congregational Institute, the United Presbyterian Divinity 
 Hall, the Provincial Normal and Model Schools, Toronto 
 Academy, and a county grammar school. 
 
 A'eivsjxipers. — In 1S55 there were published in Toronto 31 
 newspapers and periodicals, viz. 4 daily, 6 semi-weekly, 12 
 weekly, 8 monthly, and 1 quarterly. 
 
 Churches. — In the same year there were more than 30 
 churches, of which 5 were Episcopal, 3 Roman Catholic, 
 4 Presbyterian, and the remainder divided among the 
 Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, and other Dis- 
 senters. 
 
 Manufactures. — Among the manvifactures may be found 
 iron and other foundries, distilleries, breweries, candle, 
 glue, axe, starch, soap, oil-cloth, paper, and planing-machine 
 manufactories, besides grist mills, rope-walks. &c. 
 
 C<»nmerce. — As before stated, the harbor of Toronto is ca- 
 pacious and well protected, admitting the largest lake ves- 
 sels, and affording great facilities for extensive traffic. Lines 
 of steamers run daily during the summer to all the lake 
 ports and ports in the river St. Lawrence; and during the 
 winter a daily communication is kept up between Niagara 
 and Wellington's Square. A railroad communication is 
 already opened from Toronto to Lake Huron, vid the Onta- 
 rio Simcoe and Huron Railroad: and a road connecting 
 Toronto with Hamilton, (and thence, through the Great 
 Western Railroad, with Detroit.) is expected to be opened in 
 the autumn of 1855. The Grand Trunk, connecting Toronto 
 with Montreal, and Portland in the United States, on the 
 E., and with Sarnia and Goderich on the W., it is confi- 
 dently believed will be opened throughout its whole extent 
 in 2 or 3 years at most. If. as has been the fact, Toronto 
 has increased more rapidly than any Canadian town pre- 
 vious to Ihe opening of railroads, what may we expect her 
 progress to be with these additional advantages? The ex- 
 ports for 1850 amounted in value to 77,829i., or nearly 
 $.350,000; in 1851, to $327,368: in 1852, to 221,490/.; in 
 18.53, to about $1,000,000; and in 1854, to 273,049?., or about 
 $1,300,000 ; consisting mostly of flour, wheat, wool, furs, and 
 skins, with some pot and pearl .ashes, lumber, butter, bar- 
 ley, oats, rye, pease, beans, malt, and flax-seed. The value 
 of the imports was $2,538,892- tor 1S50; $2,601,928 for 1851, 
 of which $1,625,620 was from the United States; 639,817i., 
 or about $3,000,000, in 1852; 1.1d5.S56J., or about $6 601,000, 
 in 1853; and to l,368,350i., or about $6,600,000, in 1854. 
 The leading articles imported were cotton, woollen, and silk 
 manufactures, hardware and other goods, tea, sugar, to- 
 bacco, coffee, and leather, besides some molasses, brandy, 
 wine, salt, fruits, spices, fur, glass, rice, seeds, coal, dye- 
 stuffs, hides, fish, Ac. The tonnage of Toronto, in 1861, ex- 
 hibited a total entered of 161,439, of which 14.3,693 was 
 steam, and 5345 United States tonnage; and cleared, of 
 124,643 tons, of which 108,347 was steam, and 5.345 United 
 States tonnage. In tlie year ending December 31, 1854, there 
 arrived — 
 
 gtenmera 1420 Tonnage 
 
 Sailiug vessels 267 " 
 
 Total 168T 
 
TOR 
 
 tV-r (he protection of the harbor against the encroachments 
 of the peninsula, embjinkments ai-e in course of construc- 
 tion. There is a light-house on the extremity of the penin- 
 sula. The city has a board of trade. 
 
 Government^ Finances. Banks, Police, <tc. — Toronto is go- 
 Terned by a mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen. 
 Each of the 7 wards elect annually 2 aldermen and 2 coun- 
 cilmen. who choose one of their number as mayor. The ex- 
 penses for 1850 were IV ..32:^., or about $80,000: and the 
 debt, 84,72"?.. or at>out $400,000. The assessment for the 
 same year yielded about lOO.OOOf.. or §480.000; but this as- 
 sessment being under an old law, is far below the real 
 value. The Bank of Upper Canada, with a capit.il of 
 l.OOO.OOOJ.. has its head oflioe at Toronto : and the Bank of 
 Montreal, the Commercial Bank, the Bank of British North 
 America, the City Bank of Montreal, the Quebec Bank, and 
 the Banque du Peuple. all have branches or agencies 
 here. There are also 2 savings l«nks. besides several build- 
 ing societies which receive money on deposit, and allow 
 from 4 to 6 per cent, interest. There are 3 tire and marine 
 insurance companies, besides a great many agencies of 
 other Canadian as well as British and American companies. 
 The Canada Company, which has about 2,000,000 acres of 
 land in West Canada tbr disposal, has also its office here. 
 The city has about 100 streets, generally wide, and with 
 good pavements, well lighted with gas, and well supplied 
 with water. The Toronto Fire Brigade, in 1850, consisted 
 of 4 engine companies, 2 hook and ladder, and 1 hose com- 
 pany. The city has telegraphic communication with Ha- 
 milton, Niagara, St. Catherine's, Montreal, and with dif- 
 ferent parts of the United States. 
 
 History, I^pulation, Ac. — This thriving and beautiful 
 city was founded as lately as 1794, and though its progre.ss 
 was not very rapid at first — having only 4000 inhabitants in 
 1S32 — it has amply compensated by its recent advance- 
 ment, fbr its earlier and slower growth. In 1S17 the popu- 
 lation was 1200: in 1830. 1677; in 1842, 15.336; in 184.5, 
 19,706; in 1852, 30.763; arid in 1861 it amounted to 44,821— 
 a rate of increass unequalled in British America, and only 
 Burpassad by some of the western cities of the United States. 
 With a more southern latitude than any other large Cana- 
 dian town, and remote from the keen winds of the ocean, 
 Toronto has more to invite a residence, all tilings con- 
 sidered, perhaps, than any other Canadian city, though it 
 lacks the picturesqueness of Quebec and Montreal. Mr. 
 Chambers, the Edinburgh author and publisher, gives it 
 the preference, as a residence, over all its sister provincial 
 cities. 
 
 TOROPA, to-K/pi, a river of Russia, issues from a small 
 lake among the Valdai Hills, in the N.E. part of the govern- 
 ment of Pskov, flows S.S.W., forming several lakes by its 
 expansion, and joins the Dwina on the frontier of the govern- 
 ment of Vitebsk. Total course, 70 miles. 
 
 TOROPETZ. to'ro-pets\ a town of Russia, government of 
 Pskov, at the influx of the Toropa into Lake Solomino, 50 
 miles S.S.E. of Cholra. Pop. 8000. It is mostly built of 
 wood, and paved with planks; it has a cathedral, several 
 schools, a dilapidated fort on an island in the Toropa, by 
 which river it communicates with Riga. 
 
 TOll-ORSAJA, toR oR-sd'yi, a market-tovm of Naples, pro- 
 Tince of Citra, 15 miles S.E. of II Vasto. 
 
 TOR'OSAY, a piaritime parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 
 comprising a part of Mull Island, and a petty village on the 
 Sound of Mull, 
 
 TOK'PENHOW. a pari.sh of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 TORPHIOHEN. tor-fiK'en, a parish of Scotland, co., and 
 4 miles S.S.W. of Linlithgow. The village was formerly a 
 place of importance, and has the remains of a preceptory of 
 Knights Templars. 
 
 TOR'POINT, a chapelry of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 TOR'QU.\Y, a market-town, chapelry, and favorite water- 
 ing-place of England, co. of Devon, most picturesquely seated 
 on the steep shore of a cove of Torbay, on its N. side, with a 
 station on the South Devon Railway, \%\ miles S. of Exeter. 
 Pop. in 1851, 7903. It consists chiefly of handsome villas 
 and terraces, interspersed with plantations and lodging- 
 hou.ses for visitors, occupying successive ranges on a steep 
 slope down to its quay, besides which is a portion of the 
 town on the strand. It has excellent hotels, a news-room, 
 library, and other appliances of a watering-place, with some 
 very superior schools, a mechanics' institute, bank, Ac. 
 Having a S. aspect, sheltered on all other sides by heights, 
 and a mild climate, it is peculiarly adapted for delicate in- 
 valids. It has a griod harbor, some timber trade, a share in 
 the Newfoundland fishery, regular steam communication 
 with Portsmouth and Plymouth, and well-supplied markets. 
 The Roman Catholic chapel occupies the refectory of an an- 
 cient abliey. 
 
 TORQUF.MADA, toR-kJ-mi'Dd, a town of Spain, province, 
 and 12 miles N.K. of Palencia, on the Pisuerga, here crossed 
 by a bridge of 20 arches. Pop. 2700. It has brandv distil- 
 leries, and manufactures of wine-skins. Torquemada. the 
 first of the great Spanish inqui.sitors. was born here in 1420. 
 I'oRQCEMADA appears to be a corruption of ToRR£quEM.\DA. 
 which see. 
 
 1936 
 
 TOR 
 
 TORR-A.LBA DE CALATRAVA. toR-Eai'Bi Al ka-Ia-tr,Vvil 
 a town of Spain, province, and 13 miles N.K. of Ciudad 
 Real, with manufactures of blonde and thre«.d-lace. P. Sol 6. 
 
 TORRAO. toR-Rowx«/. a market-town of Portug:U, province 
 of Alemtejo, 26 miles N.AV. of Beja. Pop. 1800. 
 
 TORR-5.0, a town and parish of Portugal, province of 
 Douro. 20 miles E.N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 1180. 
 
 TORRAZZA-COSTE, toR-Rlt/sa kos't.A. a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, division of Alessandria, province of Voghera. 
 Pop. 1369. 
 
 TORRE, toR'RA, an Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese 
 word, signifying '-tower,'' (from the Latin Turlrls,) and 
 forming a part of many names in Southern Europe. 
 
 TORRE, tOR/RA, a river of Italy, government of Venice, 
 joins the I.sonzo 5 miles N.E. of Aquileja, after a S.S.E. 
 course of nearly 40 miles. 
 
 TORRE, toR'RA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria 
 Ultra II., S.S.W. of Catanzaro. It suffered greatly by the 
 earthquake of 1783. Pop. 1 POO, 
 
 TORKEBLANCA, toR^RA-bian/kS, (".White Tower,") a vil- 
 lage of Spain, in Valencia, province, and 24 miles N.E. of 
 Castellou de l.a Plana. Pop. 1791. 
 
 TORRE CAMPO, toR'Rd kim'po, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 45 miles N.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2518. 
 
 TORRECILLA DE ALC.A.SIZ, toR-Ri-theelNa dA 31-kln- 
 yeeth', a town of Spain, in Aragon, province of Teruel, 70 
 miles ifrom S-iragossa. Pop. 1034. 
 
 TORRECILLA DE CAMEROS, toR-RA-theeVyS dA kl-mA/- 
 roce. a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles S.S.W. of Lc- 
 groBo. I'op. 2027 . 
 
 TORRECILLA DE LA ORDEN. toR-RA-theel'y3 dAH or'- 
 dJn. a town of Spain, in Leon, province, and 18 miles S.S.W. 
 of Valladolid. Pop. 1327. 
 
 TORRECUSO. toR-RA-koo'so. a market-town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Ultra, 20 miles N.N.W. of Avellino. 
 Pop. 1900. 
 
 TORRE DE DON MIGUEL, toR^A dA don me-ghjl/. a vil- 
 lage of Spain, in Jstremadnra. 37 miles from Caceres. P. 1972. 
 
 TORRE DE EMBARRA, tOR'nA dA em-baR^EA. a town of 
 Spain, province, and 8 miles E.N.E. of Tarragona, near the 
 Mediterranean. Pop. 1868. 
 
 TORRE DE ESTABAN AMBRAN, toR/RA dA es-tA-BAn' 
 dm-brAn'. a town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 30 
 miles N.W. of Toledo, with a handsome church, a court- 
 house with a fine colonn.ade, and a p.ilace. Pop. 1121. 
 
 TORRE DEI BUSl, toR'ni dA IxK/see, a village of Northern 
 Italv, province of Bergamo, 2 miles N,E. of Capriuo. P. 1336. 
 
 TORRE DEI PASSERI, toR/aA dA pAs-sA'ree, a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., on the Pescara, 13 
 miles S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 1400. 
 
 TORRE DE JUAN ABAD, toR'RA dA noo-An' A-bAi»', a 
 town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 45 miles S.K 
 ofCiud-adReal. Pop. 1140. 
 
 TORRE DEL CA.MPO, toR/aA dll kAm'po, a town of Spain, 
 in Andalusia, province, and 4 miles W. of Jaen. It has 
 broad and paved streets, a square, in which stands a strong 
 old castle, the ruins of an ancient castle, several old watch- 
 towers, and abundant quarries of ff\'psum. Pop. 3742. 
 
 TORRE DEL GRECO, toR'Ri defgnffco, a town of Naples, 
 7 miles S.E. of Naples, on the E. coast of the Bay of Naples, 
 at the S.W. foot of Mount Vesuvius, and on the railway 
 from Naples to Nocera. Pop. 13.000. It is well built of the 
 lava which buried most part of the previous town in an 
 eruption of Vesuvius on the 15th of June, 1794. It has 
 many hand.some villas with gardens, a collegiate church, 
 convents, and an extensive hospital. Its vicinity is famous 
 for wine and fruit,s. 
 
 TORRE DELL' ANNUNZIATA. toR'RA dMlAn-noon-ze-A'tA, 
 a town of Naples, province, and 12 miles S.E. of Naples, ai 
 the S. foot of Mount Vesuvius, and on the railway from 
 Nocera to Naples. Pop. 10,000. It is fortified, and has bar- 
 racks, a royal manufacture of arms, other macufiictures of 
 paper and woollen fabrics, a fishery, and an active coast- 
 ing trade. 
 
 TORRE DELLE NOCELLE, toR'RA dSllA no-chJllA. a 
 town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 4 miles E.S-E. 
 of Jlontefusco. Pop. 1600. 
 
 TORREDEMBARRA, toR'RA-dfm-baR'Ri a small seaport 
 of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 10 miles W.N.W. of 
 TaiTagona. on the Mediterranean, lat. 41° 11' N., Ion. 1° 34' 
 E. It has an ancient castle, and an hospital. Pop. 18C0. 
 
 TORRE DE MIGUEL SEXMERO, Ior'rA dA me-gb^l' 
 s^x-m.Vro, a town of Spain, in Estremadura. province, and 
 al)out 20 miles from Badiyos. with a church which origin- 
 allv belonged to the Templars. Pop. 970. 
 
 TORRE DE MONCORVO, toR'RA dA mon-koR'vo, a forti- 
 fied town of Portug.al, province of Tras os Montes,. capital of 
 a comarca, between the Sabor and Douro, 11 miles E. of An- 
 ciaens. Pop. 2000. It has a square citadel, a hand.some 
 church, a Latin school, and manufactures of silks and 
 woollens. Its vicinity, among the most fertile in the king- 
 dom, yields much com. oil. hemp, and flax. 
 
 TORRE DE PEROGIL, toR'sA dA pA-ro-Heel'. a town of 
 Spain, provinoe. and 28 miles N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 3444 
 
 TORRE DE SANTA MARIA. Ior'kA dA siu'tA mi ree'4. 
 
TOR 
 
 TOR 
 
 a village of Spain, in EstremaduM. province, and about 20 
 miU'S from Oaceres. Pop. 109o. 
 
 TORRK DI ANNI15ALE, toR/id dee an-ne-bdli, ("Tower 
 of Hannibal,") a small port of Naples, on the K. coast of 
 Calabria Citra. Here Uaanibal embarked on finally quit- 
 tin;; Italy. 
 
 T()RKl!: DI LUSERNA, toR'id dee loo-sju/na. a town of 
 Italv. in Piedmont. 8 miles S. of Pinerolo. Pop. 2894. 
 
 TORRK DI MARK, Ior/rA dee mi/rk. a village of Naples, 
 province of Basilicata, district, and 24 miles S.S.E. of Matera, 
 near the mouth of the IJasento in the Gulf of Taranto. It is 
 supposed to be near the site of the ancient Mitopontus, 
 which was founded many centuries before the Christian era, 
 and in which l^ythatforas tau;i;ht and died. 
 
 TORRK DI MONDOVI, toR/RA dee moii-do-vee/, a market- 
 town of Piedmont. 4 miles S.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 1675. 
 
 TORRK DON JIMKNO (orXIMENO,) toR/Rildon He-mA'no, 
 or TORRE DON GIMKNO TOSIRIA, toR/ni don He-mA'no 
 to-see're-d, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 12 
 miles S.W. of Jaen, near the Guadal(iuivir ; tolerably regu- 
 larly built, with paved and generally broad streets, and 
 several squares, an ancient dilapidated castle, 7 flour and 20 
 oil mills, an excellent and productive salt-works, 5 manu- 
 £ictories of soft soap, and more than 500 hand-looms for fine 
 linens, worked bv women. Pop. 5787. 
 
 TOHRKJONCILLO, toR-aA-uon-theel'yo, a town of Spain, 
 in Estreniadura. province, and 21 miles from Caceres. It 
 has a square with arcades, in which stands the prison and 
 town-house, and manufactures of brown cloths, hats, &c. 
 Pop. 6573. 
 
 TORRK JONCILLO DEL REY, toR-Ri-Hon-theel'yo dM rA, 
 a village of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 20 miles 
 S.W. of Cuenca, on the right bank of the Giguela. It has a 
 prison and town-house. In one handsome edifice. This is 
 the birthplace of Alphonso de Ojeda. who was the first to 
 follow in the track of Columbus, and who. accompanied by 
 Amerigo Vespucci, discovered a portion of the continent of 
 South America. Pop. 2034. 
 
 TORREJON DK ARDOZ, t0R-RA-H5n' dA aR-doth', a village 
 of Spain, province, and 11 miles E.N.E. of Madrid. P. 2016. 
 
 TORRE.J0N DE VELASCO, toR-R.A-Hon/ dA vA-lAs/ko, a 
 town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 16 miles S.W. 
 of Madrid. Pop. 1640. 
 
 TORRK LAGUNA, toR'RA IJ-goo'nJ. a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 26 miles N.N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 2049. 
 
 TORRKLLA. toR-R§11l, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra. 3 miles E. of Avellino. Pop. 3500. 
 
 TORRE MAGGIORE, ton'RA xaM-joIrk, a town of Naples, 
 province of Capitanata, 5 miles W. of San Severo. Pop. 4000. 
 
 TORRKMANZANAS, toR'RA-mAn-thA'nis, a town of Spain, 
 lu Andalusia, province, and about 30 miles from Alicante, 
 on the left bank of the Torre. Pop. 1 106. 
 
 TOHRKMILANO, tOR'oA-me-U'no, now called DOS TORr 
 RES, doce toE/R^s, (" Two Towers,") a town of Spain, in An- 
 dalu.ii.a, province, and 38 miles N.N.K. of Cordova. P. 3008. 
 
 TORRK MOCHA, toR/RA mo'chA, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 13 miles S.W. of Cacores. Pop. 1690. 
 
 TOlfRKN'S LAKE, a large salt lake of South Australia, 
 between lat. 28° and 32° S., and Ion. 136° 30' and 140° 30' E.. 
 bending in a remarkable horseshoe direction around an arid 
 and mountainous peninsula. Its inner shore was, in 1840, 
 traced for 400 miles by Mr. Eyre, and found to consist of 
 quicksands, which prevented a close approach to the lake. 
 It is from 15 to 20 miles across, and shallow: its E. and W. 
 Bides are bounded by highlands. Its level is 300 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 TOR RENTE, toR-R^n'tA, a town of Spain, province, and 6 
 miles N.W. of Valencia, situated on a small eminence beside 
 a mountain torrent. The houses are large, and in general 
 two stories, and are laid out into broad and comfortable 
 streets and regular squares, in one of which stands a large 
 tower, apparently of Saracenic construction. On a hill, near 
 the town, is a suppressed convent. In the vicinity are some 
 quarries of yellow marble, which a moderate heat changes 
 into red, adorned with beautiful clouds. It has 2 Hour 
 mills, and 70 oil railLs. The natives of Torrente are remark- 
 alily thrifty and laborious, and besides supplying Valencia 
 with bread and other articles, many of them visit the 
 principal towns in Spain, selling oil, lace, and various fa- 
 brics. Pop. 5022. 
 
 TORRENUEVA, tou'R,A-nwA/v3, (i.e. "New Tower,") a 
 town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 32 miles S.E. 
 of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1390. 
 
 TORRE PALLAVICIN.4. toR'RA pJl-M-ve-cfiee/na, a vil- 
 lage of Northern Italy, province of IJergamo, 7 miles E.S.E. 
 01 Romano, near tne i ight bank of the Oglio. Pop. 1334. 
 
 TORREQUEM ADA. toR'R.A-k.A-mA'Dd, (i.e. '• Burnt Tower,") 
 a village of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 12 miles 
 from Caceres; it has a very ancient tower, and an import- 
 ant annual cattle fair. Pop. 4040. 
 
 TORRES. toR'Rjs. a town of Spain, province, and 18 miles 
 S.W. of.laen. Pop. 2292. 
 
 TORRE SANTA SUSANNA. toR'RA san'ti soo-sln'nl a 
 town of Naples, province of Otrauto, 17 miles S.W. of Brin- 
 difll. with a convent, hospital, and almshouse. Pop. 1500. 
 6W 
 
 TOR/RE.?DALE, a village included within the limits of 
 Philadelphia City, on the Delaware River, 14 miles above tht 
 State-house. Here is a station on the Philadelphia and 
 Trenton Railroad. 
 
 TORRES NOVAS, toR'Rjs no'vis. (i. e. "New Towers,") a 
 walled town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, comarca, 
 and 15 miles N.E. of Santarem. Pop. 4250. It is defended 
 by a ca.stle. 
 
 TOR/RES STRAIT, in the East Seas, between Papua and 
 Cape York, the N. extremity of Australia, lat. 9° 20' to 10" 
 40' N., and Ion. 142° 30' E., is about 80 miles across, and on« 
 maze of shoals, reefs, and islands, the principal of which 
 are Prince of Wale.s's, Mulgrave, and Banks's Islands. In 
 its narrowest part it has seldom more than 12 or 14 fathoms 
 water, but its navigation, always thought difficult, hag, 
 from the survey of Captain King, been ascertained to be 
 quite practicable. Torres discovered it in 1606, and Cook 
 sailed through it in 1770. 
 
 TORRES VEDRAS, toR/R^s vAMrJs, a town of Portug.il, 
 province of Estremadura. capital of the comarca, on the Sizan- 
 dro, 27 miles N.W. of Lisbon. Pop. 2300. It was celebrated in 
 the Peninsular war for the lines of defence established by 
 the Duke of AVellington in 1810, to resist the approach of 
 the French. 
 
 TORR ETTA, toR-RSftl, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Nice, near Levenzo. with an hospital and the re- 
 mains of an old castle.' Pop. 1286. 
 
 TORREVIK.JA, toR^R.A-ve-.A'na, (i. e. "Old Tower,") a sea- 
 port town of Spain, in Valencia, province, 23 miles S.S.W. 
 of Alicante, on the Mediterranean, W. of Cape Cervera, lat. 
 37° 5S' N., Ion. 0° 40' W. It has straight, broad streets, and 
 three squares, but the cluster of hovels at the skirts of the 
 town detract much from its beauty and .symmetry. The an- 
 chorage is good, but much exposed. There is an extensive 
 and very productive salt lake in the neighborhood, the pro- 
 duce of which constitutes the chief export. About 386 ves- 
 sels, of 27,622 tons, annually clear from this port. P. 3876. 
 
 TORRI, toR/Ree, a village of N. Austria, government of 
 Venice, 18 miles N.W. of Verona, on the E. side of Lake 
 Garda. 
 
 TORRICE, toR'Re-chA, a market-town, of the Pontifical 
 States. 3 miles E.S.E. of Frosinone. 
 
 TORRICELLA, toR-Re-chSl'lA. a marketrtown of Naples, 
 province of Abruzzo Citra, 22 miles E.S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 
 3500. 
 
 TORRICELLA-DEL-PIZZO, toR-Re-cbJl'li djl pit'so. a vil- 
 lage of Northern Italy, province, and S.E. of Cremona, near 
 the left bank of the Po. Pop. 1528. 
 
 TOR/RIDGK, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in the 
 N.W. part of the county, flows S.E. to its confluence with the 
 Oke, and thence N.W. past Torrington, and near Appledore 
 joins the Bristol Channel by an estuary common to it and 
 the Taw. C»ur.se 40 miles, for the last 15 of which it is ti- 
 dal, and it is navigable for large vessels to Bideford. 
 
 T(JJl/RIDON, LOCH. loK tor/re-d9n, an inlet of the sea 
 on the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Ross, between Applecro.ss 
 and Gairloch peninsulas, 12 miles in length and 3 miles in 
 breadth. Its herring fishery, in 1840, employed about 3000 
 hands. 
 
 T0RRI6LIA. toR-Reel'yd, a town of the Sardinian State.s, 
 division, and N.E. of Genoa, in the centre of an amphi- 
 theatre of bills among the Apennines. It has a handsome 
 church with a lofty spire, a small convent, and an ancient 
 tower, forming the only remains of a very strong castle 
 which it once posses.sed. Pop. 4672. 
 
 TORRIGO. toR-Ree/go, a village of Spain, in Aragon, pro- 
 vince of Saragossa, on the slope of a hill above the Manu- 
 bles. Pop. 1275. 
 
 TORBIJOS. toK-Ree'noce. a village of Spain, in New Castile, 
 province, and 16 miles VV.S.W. of Toledo, in a damp valley 
 between the Tagus and a small range of hills. This much- 
 decayed place was once a walled town, and is still entered 
 by two ancient gates, and surrounded by portions of earthen 
 ramparts. It has a spacious and ancient palace of Count 
 Altamira, a small hospital for the sick poor, a nunnery, and 
 17 oil and several flour mills. Pop. 1824. 
 
 T(iR/RINGFORD. a post-village in Lichfield county, Con- 
 necticut. 25 miles W. by N. fi'om Hartford. 
 
 TORRINGTON, East, a parish of England, co. of -Lincoln. 
 
 TORRINGTON, Great, a municipal borough, market- 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Devon, on a declivity 
 on the right hank of the Torridge, 5J miles S.S.E. of Bide- 
 ford, and 30 miles N.W. of Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 3308. It 
 is united by a bridge to the hamlet of Taddyport. It ha* 
 two parish churches, Independent, Baptist, and Wesleyan 
 chapels, a blue-coat school, almshouses, and other charities. 
 A bowling-green occU))ies the site of its ancient castle. The 
 inhabitants are pilncip.ally employed in glove-making, agri- 
 culture, and retail trade. In 1643 the I'arliamentary forces 
 were defeated here, and in 1646 the Royalists by the troops 
 of Fairfax. Torrington gives the title of viscount to 0)e 
 Byng IJimily. Near it is Steventson, late the seat of Lord 
 Rolle. 
 
 TORRINGTON, Little, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TORRINGTON, West, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 
 1937 
 
TOR 
 
 TOR'RTXGTOV, a post-towuship of Lichfield county. Con- 
 neclicut, interss-ted by the Naugaluck liailroad. about 22 
 miles N.W. by W. of IlartforJ. It has some manufae- 
 tures 3t' wooUeo goods, priuts, locks, buttons, and musical 
 Instruments. Pop. 227S. 
 
 TOliKlNGTON, BLACK, a parish of England, co. Devon. 
 
 TOKKISI, toR-Ree'see, a village of Sicily, province, and 17 
 miles W.S.W. of Catania. Fluoi--spar is found here. 
 
 TOKKITA, toB-P.ee'ta, a market-town of Tuscany, province 
 of Florence. 4 miles X.N.W. of Montepulciano. Pop. 3S00. 
 
 TOKKOELLA-DE-MOXTGUI, toR-Ro-^l'yi dk mont-gree', 
 a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 16 miles E.N.K 
 of Gerona. on the Ter. -1 miles from the .Mediterranean, at 
 the foot of a hill crowned by an ancient castle. Pop. 3500. 
 
 TOKKOX or TOKROJ, toB-Roa', (anc. Cavil'cumf) a town 
 of Spain, province, and 25 miles E. of Malaga, on the Tor- 
 rox. near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3357. 
 
 TOHKUBIA-DKL-C.A.MPO, toR-Roo'De-J dSl klm'po, a vil- 
 lase of Spain, in New Castile, province of Cuenca, and 50 
 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1750. 
 
 TOR'KY, a fishing village on the E. coast of Scotland, co. 
 of Kincardine, on the right bank of the Dee, inunediately 
 opposite Aberdeen. Pop. 250. 
 
 TOll/RYBURN. a p-irish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 
 
 TOK'SA. an Island off the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Ar^ 
 gyle. E. of the islands of Seil and Luing. Length, 2 miles. 
 
 T0KSm5LL.\. a town of Sweden.' See TnoRSH.u.LA. 
 
 TORSHOK, a town of Rus-sia. See Torzhok. 
 
 TORTIIORWALD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfiries. 
 
 TORTILLON. a town of Austria. See T.^rtlau. 
 
 TORTIXGTON. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TORTOLA, tor-toHa, one of the Virgin Islands, West In- 
 dies, belonging to Great Britain, in lat. 18° 24' N., and Ion. 
 64° 32' W., between Virgin Gorda and St. John's. Length, 
 12 miles; breadth. 4 miles. Pop. S500. It consists mostly 
 of a range of hills rising to 1600 feet in elevation, and in its 
 N. part encircling a harbor, on the AV. side of which is the 
 town of Tortola. The island is very unhealthy to Europe- 
 ans. Its exports comprise sugar, molasses, rum, galls, and 
 copper ore. Tortola ha.s its governor, council, and legislative 
 assembly. It became a British possession in 1666. 
 
 TORTOLI, toR'to-le, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division of Cagliari. province, and 10 miles E.N.E. of Lanu- 
 sei, near the gulf of same name, on the E. coast. It is the 
 Bee of a bishop, has an Augustine convent, and a consider- 
 able trade in wine and cheese, chiefly with Genoa. Pop. 149S. 
 
 TORTOXA, toR-to/ul (anc. Dertolna.) a town of the Sar- 
 dinian States, in Piedmont, division, and 14 miles E.S.E. of 
 Alessandria, capital of a province, on the Scrivia, at the foot 
 of a height crowned by a ruined fortress. Pop. 10,821. It 
 has a cathedral, and manufactures of silk and other fabrics, 
 and an active trade in corn, wine, <te. 
 
 TORTtJRA. toR-to'rd, a town of Xaples. province of Cala- 
 biia Citni, and 45 miles N.X.W. of Paola, near the Gulf of 
 Pollcastro. Pop. 1580. 
 
 TORTORELLA, toR-to-rJl'lJ, a tcwn of Xaples, province of 
 Principato Citra, E.S.E. of II Vallo, on a rugged hill near 
 the left bank of the Bucento. Pop. lOtK). 
 
 TOKTORICI, toR-to/re-che. a market-town of Sicily, in- 
 tendency of Messin.>i, 12 miles S. W. of PattL Pop. 4000. 
 
 TORTOSA, toR-to'si (anc. Dtrtolsfi.) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 43 miles S.W. of Tarragona, on the Ebro, 22 miles 
 from its mouth, here cros.sed by a bridge of boats. It is 
 strongly fortified by walls and several outworks, is entered 
 by 7 gates, and has a large cathedral, a bishop's palace, town- 
 hall, hospital, public granary, a handsome college, and a 
 palace of the Vail Cabra feimily. Its manufactures comprise 
 oil. flour, soap, fine delft, cottons, leather, brandy, common 
 earthenware, cordage, linens, wax-chandlery, plain glass, 
 starch, and b;Lskets, ropes. Ac. of palm and esparto. It has 
 an important trade through its two ports. El Fangar and 
 Los Alfaques, at the raouth of the Ebro, ;is well .is directly — 
 the river being navigable by vessels of 100 tons — in the 
 w'neat of Aragon, timl>or from the Pyrenees. Aragon, and 
 Catalonii ; wine from Galera and other places in the vicinity, 
 as well as that of the country; oil, wool, alum, silk, barilla, 
 sixla, charcoal, li.iuoriee, tares, pitch, tar. tirewood, jasper, 
 fruits, Ac. This city was wrested from the Moors by Louis 
 le Debon.naire, in 811, but was soon recovered by them, and 
 became a nest of pirates, and a thorn to Italian commerce. 
 Eugenius III. therefore proclaimed a crusade against it, and 
 it was taken in 1148. In 1149 the Moors made a desperate 
 fcflbrt to regain possession of the city, but were defeated, 
 partly through the braveiy of the women, who mounted the 
 battlements, while the men s;«llied forth and routed the 
 Moors. Tortosa was tiken in 179S by the French, under the 
 Duke of Orle.ans. This bulwark of Valencia and Catalonia 
 was shamefully surrendered in 1811. by General Lilli, who 
 was afterward tried for cowardice and condemned to death, 
 but received pardon from Ferdinand VII. Pop. 20.573. Near 
 the t»)wn are jasper quarries. Here, in 1830, Xogueras put 
 to death the mother of Cabrera. 
 
 TORTi)'SA, ^anc. OyWiosui/') a seaport town of Svria, pash.v 
 lic, and 30 miles X. of Tripoli. In the Middle .\ges it was 
 a fortress of importance, but its walls are now in ruins. 
 
 TOT 
 
 TORTSVAR, toRtsV|R/. or rORZBURG. toRts'bSfijto, a Til- 
 lage of Transylvania, with a ca^^tle near the Torzburg Pas* 
 into Wallachia, 20 miles S.W. of Kronst.tdt. Pop. 6tJ90. 
 
 TORTCG.\. tor-too'ga, an island of the West Indies, in tho 
 Caribl^ean Sea, 55 miles W. of Margarita, and belonging to 
 Venezuela. Length, from E. to W.. 15 miles ; breadth, S miles. 
 
 TORTUGA. an island off the X.W. coast of Havti. Lat 
 20° X., Ion. 72° 36' W. Length, E. to W., 22 mUes ;' breartth, 
 5 miles. 
 
 ToRTUGA, an island in the Gulf of California, 85 miles 
 S. of the island of Tiburon. 
 
 TORTUG.\S, tor-toc/gls, (i. e. the " Tortoises,") a gioup of 
 islets or keys at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, 120 
 miles W.S.W. of Cape Taueha. the S. extremity of Florida; 
 about lat. 24° 37' X., and Ion. 83° W. They are 10 in num- 
 ber, very low, and partly covered with mangrove-bushes. 
 On one of them, called Bush or Garden Key, a light-house 
 has been ere>'ted. 
 
 TORTUO AS. an island of the West Indies, off the N.E. coast 
 of Cuba, from which it is only separated by a narrow channel 
 called El Savirral. Length, from X.W. to S.E., 26 miles; 
 breadth, about 6 miles. It forms the entrance to the har- 
 bor of Xuevitas. 
 
 TORTUUA. toR-too'rl. (the Jf^rpMaih of Scripture.) a mari- 
 time village of I'alestine. pashalic, 20 miles S.S.W. of Acre, 
 on the Mediterranean, at the W. foot of Mount Carmel. 
 
 TURT'WORTH. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 TO'RY or TOR'RY ISLAXD, an island off the X.W. coast 
 of Ireland, in Ul.ster, co. of Donegal. 5 miles X.X.W. of Innis- 
 boffin, with a light-house in lat. 55° 5' N., Ion. 8° 15' W 
 Length, 3 miles. 
 
 TORZBURG, a village of Transylvania. See Tortsyar. 
 
 TORZHOK, TORSHOK or TORJOK, toR-zhok', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 36 miles W.X.W. of Tver, on the 
 Tvertsa. Lat. 57° 2' X., Ion. 35° 3' E. Pop. 15.500. Since 
 its partial destruction by fire, in 1707. it has been rebuilt 
 with much regularity. Public edifices comprise a cathedral 
 and many other churches, two convents, a government- 
 hou.se, normal school, and orphan asylum. It is famous for 
 a holy spring, visited by pilgrims from all directions. Its 
 position on a navigable river, and on the road from Moscow 
 to St. Petersburg, renders it of considera'nle commercial iut 
 portance: and it has 3 large annual fairs, and extensive 
 manufactures of colored Ru.ssia leather, from which shoes, 
 gloves, and various articles are made, and beingembroidered 
 with gold and silver, are exported in large quantities. 
 
 TOS.\, a river and gulf, Sardinian States. See ToCB. 
 
 TOSA. a populous town of .lapan, island of Sikokf. 
 
 TOSC.iX.\, a couutrv of Italy. See Tuscany. 
 
 TOSC.A.XELLA, tos-kd-nJl'li, (anc. Tusoania,) a town of 
 Italy, in the Pontifical States, 23 miles X.X.E. of Civita Vec- 
 chia. on the right bank of the Marta. Pop. 3000. It is highly 
 picturesque, surrounded by fortifications, and has a cathe- 
 dral of the eighth century. It was anciently a city of Etru- 
 ria; in and around it are numerous Etruscan antiquities. 
 
 TOSCOLAXO, tos-ko-ld'no, a village of Northern Italy, 20 
 miles X.E. of Brescia, on the W. side of the Lake of Garda. 
 Pop. 3000. It has paper and oil mills. 
 
 TOSE'L.^ND. a p.arish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 TOSI A, to'seeM.(anc. Bocea f) a town of Asia Minor, in Ana- 
 tolia, 100 miles X.E. of Angora. It is st;)ted to compri.se 
 3000 Turkish, and 50 Greek dwelling.s, with some fine mina- 
 rets, and old Christian edifices. It has a trade in gi-een mo- 
 rocco leather. 
 
 TOSXA, tos'nl. a river of Russia, rises in the N.W. of th« 
 government of Xovgorod, enters the government of Peters- 
 burg, flows N.X.W., and. after a coui-se of at)Out 60 miles, 
 joins the Xeva. It is much used for floating timber to the 
 capital. 
 
 TOSS, to.ss, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 12 miles X.E. of Zurich. It contains the remains of a 
 celebrated Dominican convent, now used as a corn and salt 
 magazine. The Zurichers were defeated here in 1292, by 
 Duke Albrecht of Austri.a. Pop. 1446. 
 
 TOSS.A., tos'sJ. a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, 
 and 20 miles S. of Gerona, near a cape of the same name ia 
 the Mediterranean, at the foot of steep, lofty, and almost 
 inaccessible heights. Pop. 1C83. 
 
 TOST, tost, or TOSZEK, tos'sJk', a town of Prussiaa 
 Silesia, 15 miles W. of Tarnowitz. Pop. 10:>5. 
 
 TOSTAKH, tos-tiK', a river of East Siberia, province of 
 Yakootsk. joins the Yaua after a X.X.W. course of 200 miletk 
 
 T0S'T(X:K. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 TOSZEK, a town of Prussian Silesia, See TosT. 
 
 T0TAL.4X, to-ta-liu', a village of Spain, in AndalusiA, 
 province, and 6 miles E.X.E. of Malaga. It sends provisions 
 to Sfcilaga. Pop. 1068. 
 
 TOTAXA, to-ti'nS, a town of Spain, province of Murcia, 
 10 miles N.E. of Lorca. Pop. 8506. It has a handsome 
 public fountain, and manutactures of linen, wax candleg» 
 earthenware, brandy, and saltpetre. 
 
 TOT'KRXHOE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Bedford, 2| 
 miles W.S.W. of Dunstable. Here are rums of Totemho« 
 Castle. 
 
 TOT'HAM, Great, a parish of England, co. of E6«ex. ■ 
 
TOT 
 
 TOTITAM, IitTTLE. a parish of England, eo. of Essex. 
 
 TOT'TIILL. a parish of ?;n!rlan(l, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TOTIIILL FIELDS, a district of England, within the city 
 of We.'itrainstep, and containing a large county prison. 
 
 TOTMA. tot/md, a town of Russia, government, and 110 
 miles N.E. of Vologda, on the Sookhona. Pop. 2800. It has 
 a monastery which attracts many pilgrims. Near are ex- 
 tensive salt-works. 
 
 TOT'NE.S,S or TOT'xVES, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the 
 right bank of the Dart, 10 miles from its mouth in the 
 English Channel, and across which it commvmicates by a 
 bridge with its suburb Bridgetown, and on the South Devon 
 Railway, 22 miles S.S.W. of Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 4419. It 
 consists chiefly of a long street, extending up a hill to its 
 ruined castle. It is one of the most ancient towns in England, 
 and many houses are ornamented with colonnades. Bridge- 
 town is more modern. It has a handsome church, chapels 
 of Independents, Wesleyans, Unitarians, an endowed gram- 
 mar school, endowed blue-co.at school, a guildhall, council- 
 house, assembly-rooms, and theatre. It hjis an important 
 trade in coal. It returns two members to the House of 
 Commons. 
 
 TOTOIA, one of the Feejee Islands. See Totoua. 
 
 TOTONICAPAN, to-to-ne-kj pan', a town of Central Ame- 
 rica, state, and 100 miles N.W. of Guatemala, capital of a 
 department, in a rich plain. Pop. 12,000. (?) It covers a 
 large space with its flat-roofed houses, and has mineral 
 springs, and a few manufactures of woollen stuffs, wooden 
 articles, and hardware. 
 
 TOTOIIKAN, European Turkey. See Tuktukai. 
 
 TOTOUA, to-too/d. or TOTOIA, to-toi'i. one of the Feejee 
 Islands. South Pacific. I>at, 18° 56' S.. Ion. 179" 57' W. 
 
 TOT'TENIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 5i 
 miles N.N.E. of St. Paul's, London, and intersected by the 
 Eastern Counties Railway. The village, extending along 
 the road from London to Ware, is almost continuous with 
 suburbs of the metropolis, and has an old and ornamented 
 church, an Episcopal church, various Dissenting chapels, a 
 grammar school, blue-coat school, green-coat school, alms- 
 houses, and other charities. In the parish are several mills 
 and potteries. Near it are an old cross, and Bruce Castle, 
 an edifice of the seventeenth century. 
 
 TOT'TENIIILL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TOTTEN'8 WELLS, a post-ofiice of Obion co.. Tennessee. 
 
 TOT'TERIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 TOT/TINGTO.V, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TOTTINGTON, Higuer, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 TOTTINGTON, Lower, a chapelry of England, co. of Tian- 
 ca.ster. 
 
 TOTTY'S BEND, a post-offlce of Hickman co., Tennessee. 
 
 TOUARIKS or TOUARYKS. See Tooareeks. 
 
 TOUARSOIS, a village of France. See Thouarsais. 
 
 TOUAT. an oasis of Central Africa. See Tooat. 
 
 TOUBOUAT, too-boo-i', or AUSTRAL, a group of islands 
 in the South Pacific Ocean, S. of the Society Islands and 
 Low's Archipelago. Lat. 21° 50' to 23° 42' S., Ion, 147° 11' 
 to 155° W. The principal islands of the group are Vavitao, 
 the largest; Toubouai proper, which is not more than 5 
 miles in extent; and Oheteroa or Rourouton, which rises 
 to the height of 1300 feet, and has a numerous and inoffen- 
 sive population. 
 
 TOUCQUES, took, a river of France, departments of Orne 
 and Calvados, rises near Merlerault, and, after a N. course 
 of 55 miles, enters the English Channel 8 miles N.W. of 
 Honfleur. Chief affluents, the Orbec and Calone. 
 
 TOUC Y, tooVee', a village of France, department of Yonne, 
 13 miles W.S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. in 18,i2, 2975. 
 
 TOUDENY. a town of Africa. See Tatjdent. 
 
 TOUGH, taf. a parish of Scotland, county, and 22 miles 
 W.N.W. of Aberdeen. Here are various Druidic remains. 
 
 TOUGH, two parishes of Ireland, in Muuster, co. of 
 Limerick. 
 
 TOUL, tool, (anc. TiiVlum.) a fortified town of France, de- 
 partment of Meurthe, capital of an arrondissement, on the 
 left b.ank of the Moselle, and on the railway from Paris to 
 Strasbourg, 12 miles W. of Nancy. Lat. 48° 40' 32" N., Ion. 
 6° 5' 3" E. Pop. in 1852, 8506. it has a Gothic cathedral of 
 the fifteenth century, cavalry and infantry barracks, an ar- 
 sen.al, and manufactures of lace, calicoes, and hardwares. 
 Near it is a chalybeate spring. 
 
 TOULA, a town and government of Russia. See TooLA. 
 
 TOULON, tooMANo/, or TOULON-suR-MER, too'lA^o sUr 
 maiR. (anc. Te'lo-Marttius.) a seaport city, and. after Brest, 
 the most important naval station of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Tar, is admirably situated at the bottom of a deep 
 iouble bay formed by the Mediterranean, 30 miles S.E. of 
 Marseilles. Lat. of the observatory, 43° 7' 3u" N., Ion. 5° 
 66' E. Mejin temperature of the year, 62°-2; winter, 48°-5; 
 summer, 75°-2 Fahrenheit. Pop. in 1846, 39,243; in 1861, 
 84.987. It is built on an acclivity which rises gr.adually 
 from the sea. and terminates towards the X. in a range of 
 iOfty hills. These extend around the b.ay, and nearly land- 
 lock It, forming a roalstead aud harbor, with anchorage for 
 
 Tocr 
 
 the largest fleet, completely protected, except on the S. and 
 K.. which are somewhat expo,sed. In front of the bay is a 
 projecting tongue of land, which nearly closes its entrance, 
 along it, as well as the adjacent points, numerous torts and 
 redoubts have been erected, making a successful attack \<v 
 sea nearly impossible. In like manner, on the land side 
 the fortifications are of the most complete description. It 
 is enclosed by a double line of bastioned fortifications, and 
 strong forts and outworks occupy all the important heightj^. 
 The French consider it impregn.able. 
 
 In the town itself, if we except the arsenal and other ma- 
 rine estalilishments, which are on a scale of almost unrivalled 
 magnificence, there is not much to excite interest. The 
 hou.ses are generally well built, but the space occupied by 
 them is small compared with the extent of the population. 
 They are closely crowded together, without regularity, in 
 narrow streets or on small, insignificant squares. The only 
 edifices not connected with the marine deserving of notice, 
 are the cathedral, possessed of little architectural merit; the 
 church of Notre-Dame, with a fine facade; the church of St. 
 Louis, adorned with an elegant colonnade ; and the Hotel 
 de Ville. a handsome structure facing the hartior. The port 
 is separated from the roadstead ijy moles, which are hollow 
 and bomb-proof, and lined by batteries d-fleur-d-eau. It 
 consists of two divisions — the Port-Marcliand or Darse- 
 Vieille, on the E., appropriated to merchant ves.sels, lined 
 with a fine quay and handsome edifices; and the I'ort-Mili- 
 taire or Darse-Neuve, on the W., where are immense maga- 
 zines and arsenals, ship-building docks, rope and sail works, 
 and the hagne or convict prison, usually occupied by 4000 
 or 5000 culprits. The trade, which is chiefly in corn, flour, 
 salt provisions, wine, brandy, oil. capers, and fruit, has in- 
 creased considerably since tlie occupation of Algiers. There 
 are two annual fairs, one of which lasts eight days. Toulon 
 is the seat of a maritime prefecture, and a court of first resort 
 and commerce; and possesses a second-class school of hydro- 
 graphy, a medical naval school, academy, communal college, 
 botanical garden, museum of natural history, marine mu- 
 seum, and public library. Toulon was originally a Roman 
 colony ; it was taken by the Constable of Bourbon in 1524, 
 and by Charles V. in 1536. The most memorable and di.s- 
 astrous event connected with it took place in 1793, when 
 the British, to whom the Royalists had surrendered it, hav- 
 ing been forced to retire after a siege in which Bonaparte 
 gave the first decided proofs of his military genius, the Re- 
 publicans revenged themselves by giving up the town to 
 pillage, and the inhabitants to almost iudi.scriminate mas- 
 sacre. At Toulon, Bonaparte embarked in 179S. previous to 
 his memorable campaign in Egypt; and here assembled, in 
 18.30, the French armament destined for the conquest of 
 Algiei-8. 
 
 TOULON, toolon, a post-village, capital of Stark co., Illi- 
 nois, about 35 miles N.N.W. of Peoriti. 
 
 TOULON-SUR-ARROUX. tooVjyol sUr aR'Roo', a village of 
 France, department of Saone-et-Loire, 18 miles N.N.W. of 
 Charolles. Pop. in 1S52, 2183. 
 
 TOULOUSAIN, Ioo'Ioo'zLno', an ancient district of France, 
 belonged to the province of Languedoc, and is now in- 
 cluded in the departments of IIaut«-Garonne and Tarn-et- 
 Garonne. Toulouse was its capital. 
 
 TOULOUSE or THOULOUSK, tooMooz', Cane. TnJo'sa.) a 
 city of France, capital of the department of Ilaute-Garonne, 
 on the Garonne, the Canal du Midi, and the railway in pro- 
 gress from Marseilles to Paris, 130 miles S.E. of Bordeaux, 
 and 200 miles N.W. of Marseilles. Lat. of new observatory, 
 43° 36' 47" N., bm. 1° 27' 55" E. Pop. in 1846, 71,895 ; in 1861, 
 11.3,229. It is beautifully situated, chiefly on the right bank 
 of the river, but partly also on an island in its channel : a 
 handsome bridge across the river communicates with the 
 large suburb of St. Cyprien. Its old walls have almost en- 
 tirely disappeared to make way for extensive modern im- 
 provements. The town is mostly composed of clumsy 
 antiquated houses of red brick, badly cemented with clay, 
 and of a very gloomy aspect; the streets are narrow, 
 winding, ill-paved, and dirty. Several parts of the city, 
 however, are gradually assuming a modern and handsome 
 appearance. Among others may be mentioned the l'lac»- 
 du-Capitole, a large and well-built square, adorned with four 
 fountains, one at each angle, and the chief place of bustle 
 and traffic; and the Wace-ha-Fayette, a circus lined with 
 regular mansions, and opening on the E. into a fine pro- 
 menade, composed of three parallel alleys. The principal 
 edifices are the hold-de-ville or capitol, near the centre of the 
 town, in the square to which it gives Its name, a large struc- 
 ture, adorned in front with eight columns of red marble, 
 and including, in addition to the municipal buildings, a theai- 
 tre in the left wing; the cathedral, originally built about the 
 t)eginning of the 13th century ; the church of St. Sernin, the 
 oldest and most perfect of the ecclesiastical edifices, con- 
 structed of brick and stone, in the Romanesque style, and 
 rendered conspicuous by a lofty octagonal tower, formed by 
 five tiers of arches ; the church of St. Taur, with a remark- 
 able belfry: the church of the Jacobins, surmounted by a 
 lofty brick tower, and now converted into barracks: the 
 picture-gallery, with many bad and two or three i;ood paint 
 
 1939 
 
TOU 
 
 TOU 
 
 iiigs ; the Tnnsenm, •with a good collection of Gallic. Roman, 
 and Gotbip ftntiijuities: the Conrent de-l'-Inquisition. an 
 obscure edifice, remarkable only for the atrocities whicli the 
 tribunal to which it owes its name perpetrated within its 
 precincts: and the palais-de-justice. in wiiich the parliament 
 of Toulouse used to hold its sittings, and said to have 
 been founded in the time of Galb.a, but now so completely 
 modernized as to have lost all its ancient features. Tou- 
 louse is the see of an archbishop, the seat of an appeal court 
 for the departments of Ilaute-Garonne, Ariege, Tarn, and 
 Tarn-et-Garoune. and of courts of first resort and commerce; 
 and possesses a chamber of commerce and exchange, a mint. 
 a Protestant divinity-hall, a dioi-esan seminary, faculties 
 of law, science, and literature, a secondary school of medi- 
 cine, veterinary school, and school of artillery, an academy 
 of " floral games," the most ancient in Kurope, a national 
 college, seminary, and normal school, 2 libraries of 54,000 
 and 38.000 volumes, and an observatory, an excellent bo- 
 tanic garden, agricultural society, antirjuariau society, and 
 a national academy of science, inscriptions, and belles-lettres. 
 
 The manufactures consist of coarse woollen cloth and 
 woollen covers, silk and printed cotton goods, vermicelli, 
 paUs de-foii-de-canards, (duck-liver pies,) starch, wax- 
 candles, cutlery, stoneware, and porcelain. There are also 
 numerous tanneries, both for common and morocco leather; 
 a cannon-foundry, gunpowder and tobacco factories, dye- 
 works, distilleries, and cotton mills. Toulouse is the en- 
 trep3t for the commerce between the Interior of France and 
 Spain. Its trade is greatly favored by the situation of the 
 city, and facilitated both by water and railw.ay communica- 
 tion. The chief articles are corn and flour, wine, brandy, 
 coloni.il produce, iron and ironwares, oil. soap, and feathers. 
 Toulouse is a place of great antiquity, and rose to eminence 
 under the Romans, who embellished it with a capitol, am- 
 phitheatre, and other edifices, of which vestiges .still remain. 
 In the beginning of the fifth century the Visigoths became 
 its masters, and made it the capital of their kingdom, which 
 it continued to be till .508, when Clovis gained possession 
 of it. In 732 it was taken by the Saracens. Subsequently 
 under Charlemagne it became the capital of Aquitaine. It 
 was afterwards governed by independent counts, and in the 
 eleventh century fell a prey to the cruel bigots of the In- 
 quisition, who here established their infamous tribunal, 
 and consigned multitudes of Albigen.ses and Vaudois to 
 the flames. The battle of Toulouse, in which Wellington 
 defeated the French under Soult. was fought on the 10th 
 of April, 1814. Toulouse is the birthplace of Pope Bene- 
 dict XII., the jurist Cujas. and the engineer Kiquet. 
 
 TOULTCIIA, a town of Turkey. See Toolcha. 
 
 TOUMAT, a town of Africa. See Toomat. 
 
 TOUMEN. a river of Corea. See Toomen. 
 
 TOUMEX, a town of Siberia. See Tioomejt. 
 
 TOUXDJA, a river of Turkey. See Tonixja. 
 
 TOUNG. a river of China. See Toong. 
 
 TOUXG-HAI. See China Sea. 
 
 TOUXG-KI AXG, a river of China. See Toong-Kiano. 
 
 TOUXGOUSES, a people of Siberia. See Toongooses. 
 
 TOUXGODSKA, three rivers of Siberia. See Toonoooska. 
 
 TOUXG-TAO, an island of Japan. See Figasi-Sima. 
 
 TOUNKAT. a town of Toorkistan. See Tooxkat. 
 
 TOUXKIXSK, a town of Siberia. See Tooxkimsk. 
 
 TOU-PIXG-LIXG, a mountain of China. See Too-ping-udtg. 
 
 TOUR A. See Toora. 
 
 TOURAIXE. too'rin', an old province of France, watered 
 by the Loire, Cher, and Vienna Rivers, and now forming 
 most part of the department of Indre-etrLoire. 
 
 TOU 1! BOUT. See TooRnooT. 
 
 TOURCHTZ. a town of Persia. See Toorsheez. 
 
 TOURCOIXG, tooR'kwSx< a town of France, department 
 of Xord, on the railway from Slouscron to Lisle, arrondisse- 
 ment. and 7^ miles X.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1S52, 27,615. It 
 has a town-hall, remains of an old ch&teau of the dukes of 
 Havre, a communal college, and extensive manufactui-es of 
 cotton and worsted thread, camlets, plushes, muslins, and 
 other varieties of goods. 
 
 TOUR-D'AIGUES, La. M toon daig, a market-town of 
 Prance, department of Vaucluse, 3 miles N.E. of Pertuis. 
 Pop. 1463. 
 
 TOUR-iyAUVERGXE. La, la tooR dSVaiRii', a market- 
 town of France, department of Puy«(le-Dome, 25 miles S.W. 
 of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 2242. 
 
 TOUR-DE-FRAXCE. La, M tooR deh fr5>'ss, a village of 
 France, department of Pyrenees-Orien'tales, 13 miles W.X.W. 
 of Perpignan. Pop. 1259. 
 
 TOUR-DE-PEIL, La. li tooR dgh pAT, a small town of Swit- 
 ■erlaiid, canton of Taud, on the N. bank of the Lake of 
 Geneva, 1 mile S.B. of Vevav. 
 
 TOUR-DU-PIX, La. M tooR dil pSx'. a village of France, 
 department of Is^re. 31 miles E.S.E. of Lyons. Pop. 2572. 
 
 TOURFAX. SeeTooRFAX. 
 
 TOURIXNES-LA-GR()SSE. tooVeen' M. gross, a village of 
 Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the Xftthe, (or Xe- 
 then.) 21 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1174. 
 
 TOUKIXXE.S-LES-0UKT>OX.S-SAINT-LAMBERT-LTBEn. 
 SART, too*reen' lAz ooR'aix*' six" IdM'baiR' lee'b^R'saa'. a 
 1940 ' 
 
 rill.ige of Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the Nil, 
 24 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1702. 
 
 TOURIXSK. See Toorixsk. 
 
 TOURLAYILLE, tooR'ld'veel'. a village of France, depart 
 ment of Manche, arrondissement of Cherbourg. Pop. in 
 1852. 4877. It has stone quarries and glas.s-works. 
 
 TOURMEXTE. (tooR^mSxt/,) CAPE, a headland of Canada 
 East, on the X.W. side of the estuary of the St. l.awrence, 
 33 miles X.E. of Quebec, and rising nearly 2000 feet above 
 the level of the river. 
 
 TOURXAISIS, tooR^ni^zee', an ancient district of Belgium, 
 having Touruay for its capital. With the exception of a 
 part belonging to West Flanders, it is now included in th« 
 province of Hainaut. 
 
 TOURXAX, tooR^nSx"', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Marne, 20 miles E.S.E. of Paris. P. 1765 
 
 TOURXAY, tooR^nA', (Flem. DoomiA^dor'nik ; anc. CiViYo* 
 Nervvjirum.) a strongly fortified town of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, on the Scheldt, here crossed by several flying 
 bridges, and which divides it into an old and a new town, 
 27 miles N.W. of Mons. at the terminus of the Brussels 
 Ghent and Tournay Railway. It is entered by seven gates, 
 and consists in general of spacious streets and squares, 
 lined by well-built houses. It has superb quays, finely 
 planted so as to form excellent promenades. The principal 
 edifices are an admirably constructed citadel by Vauban, 
 the cathedral, a very ancient structure, of Romanesque and 
 Ogival architecture, with five pointed towers, a majestic 
 interior, of which the choir is particularly admired, many 
 interesting remains of antiquity, and some good paintings, 
 among which is one of the Souls in Purgatory by Rubens; 
 seven other churches, of which that of St. Brice, with the 
 tomb of King Childeric adjoining, is the most deserving of 
 notice; the ancient convent of St. Martin, and its Gothic 
 church, now used partly as a town-house and partly as a 
 museum, with a park and botanic garden adjoining; the 
 belfry, a lofty tower in the market-place, of unknown date, 
 but supposed to have formed, in the beginning of the 
 thirteenth century, the donjon of a castle; a large and im- 
 posing building in the Renaissance style, originally a cloth- 
 hall, and now convert<?d into the principal guardhouse; and 
 a concert-i-oom, with a columnar fagade supporting a dome. 
 Tournay possesses courts of first resort and commerce, supe- 
 rior, primary, and other schools, a school of arts, an academy 
 of design, painting, sculpture, and architecture; an episco- 
 pal seminary, a picture-gallery, a public library, an athe- 
 nicum, a theatre, a deaf and dumb asylum, literary and 
 musical societies, and several hospitals and similar benevo- 
 lent institutions. The manufactures, which are extensive, 
 employing about three-fourths of Uie inhabitants, consist 
 principally of woollen and cotton hosiery, carpets, which 
 have long been celebrated; porcelain, on a vei-y large scale; 
 linen and cotton tissues, leather, and liqueurs. The trade, 
 favored both by the railway and the navigation of the 
 Scheldt, includes, in addition to the manufactures, a large 
 export of lime from quarries in the vicinity; and besides a 
 daily market for provisions, a weekly market for corn, flax, 
 and linei} thread, and three weekly markets for cattle, there 
 are a number of important cattle and linen annual fairs, 
 two of which last 10 days. Pop. 31,115. 
 
 TOURXAY. a town of France, department of Hautes-Py- 
 rdnees, 9 miles S.S.E. of Tarbes. Pop. 1316. 
 
 TOURXEPPE, tooR^nJpp', a vilLage of Belgium, province 
 of South Brabant, with paper mills, on an aflluent of the 
 Sonne, 7 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 2200. 
 
 TOURXOX, tooR^nAx"', a town of France, department of 
 Ardfeche, on the right bank of the Rhone, here crossed by a 
 fine suspension bridge, 9 miles X.X.W. of Valence. Pop. in 
 1852, 4861. It has a good quay on the Rhone, an old ca.stle 
 on a neiirhboring height, and a national college. It has a 
 brisk trade in Hermitage wines, woollen and silk fabrics, 
 organzine. and timber. 
 
 TOURXOX, a village of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, on the Baudusson, 23 miles X.E. of Agen. P. 1402. 
 
 TOURXUS, tooR^ntlce'. a town of France, department of 
 Sa6ne-et-Loire, on the right of the Sa8ne, 17 miles X. of 
 Macon, on the railway from Paris to Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 
 5324. It has a chamber of commerce, manufactures of hats, 
 silks, and beet-root sugar. 
 
 TOUROX. a town of Anam. See Tooron. 
 
 TOUROUKHAXSK, a town of Siberia. See Toorookhaxsk. 
 
 TOUROVO, a town of Russia. See TooROVo. 
 
 TOURPES, tooRp. a villase of Belgium, province of Hai- 
 naut, on the Little Dendre, 18 miles X.W. of Mons. P. 1.325. 
 
 TOURS, tooR, (anc. Qesarodufnum, afterwards Tu'rones.) a 
 city of France, department of Indre-et-Loire, between the 
 left bank of the Loire and right bank of the Cher, and at 
 the termini of railways from Paris, Bordeaux, and Xantes, 
 65 miles S.W. of Orleans. Lat. 47° 24' X., Ion. 0° 42' E. Pop. 
 in 1852. 3.3.530. Tours is situated at the extremity of a fine 
 plain. The principal entrance is by a magnificent bridge 
 (one of the finest in Europe) across the Loire. It is 1 423 feet 
 long, and consists of 15 arche-s. The bridge is continued by 
 a fine street, whirh traver.'es the town throusrhnut its whole 
 length, and constitutes its principal thorowrhlaro. XUe 
 
TOU 
 
 banks of the river are enclosed by a quay, lined with hand- 
 some houses and finelj'-planted promenades. A great part 
 of the town is new, and many of the streets are spacious and 
 elegant; but the older quarters are very indifferently built, 
 and generally consist of narrow, irregular, dull, and dirty 
 streets. The principal edifice is the cathedral. Its W. front 
 consists of three lofty portjils covered with florid ornaments, 
 surmounted by a window of astonishing dimensions, and 
 flanked by two domed towers 205 feet high. The interior, 
 which is of the purest Gothic, and lighted by beautifully 
 stained glass, is 256 feet in length, and 85 feet in height; 
 among other objects of interest, it contains a fine marble 
 monument of the two only children of Charles YIII. and 
 Anne of Bretagne, by whose early deaths the succession to 
 the crown was changed. The other buildings deserving of 
 notice are two towers, forming conspicuous objects from 
 every part of the town, the one called the tower of St. Mar- 
 tin or Horloge, from containing the principal clock; the 
 other the tower of Charlemagne, because his Queen Luit- 
 garde was buried below it; and both remarkable as the 
 only relics which the revolutions of 1793 have left of the 
 vast cathedral of St. Martin of Tours, after it had flourished 
 for twelve centuries: the church of St. Julian, degraded into 
 a coach-house, but still a fine pointed edificeof the thirteenth 
 century; two circular and machicolated towers, enclosed 
 within the cavalry-barracks, forming part of the castle built 
 by Henry II. of England; the church of St. Clement, a 
 chaste and beautiful structure, with a fine portal, but now 
 used as a corn-market; the archiepiscopal palace, regarded 
 as one of the handsomest in the kingdom; the prefecture, 
 with a public library of 40,000 volumes, and several remark- 
 able manuscripts; a picture-gallery and museum of natural 
 history, the town-house, court-house, general hospital, and 
 an elegant fountain of white marble, occupying the centre 
 of the market-place. 
 
 The manufactures consist of silk stuffs, introduced by 
 Louis XI., ribtwns, broad-cloth, serge, rugs, starch, and 
 wax-candles ; the trade is in corn, wine, brandy, dried fruits, 
 wax, hemp, wool, &c. Tours is the see of an archbishop, 
 the seat of a court of first resort and of commerce, and pos- 
 sesses a chamber of commerce, a society of agriculture, 
 science, art, and belles-lettres; a diocesan seminary, a se- 
 condary ecclesiastical school, and a communal college. It 
 early acquired considerable importance, and under the Ro- 
 mans became the capital of Lugdunensis III. In more 
 modern times it had become famous for its silk manufac- 
 tures, and had so extended as to have a population of 80,000, 
 when the revocation of the edict of Nantes deprived it of 
 nearly half its inhabitants, and almost all its industry, and 
 inflicted a blow on its prosperity from which it has never 
 recovered. Tours has become a favorite residence of the 
 English, whose numbers within it have been estimated at 
 3000. In the neighborhood, about 1 mile ^A'. of the town, 
 is the castellated den of Plessis-les-Tours. of which an admi- 
 rable description is given by Scott in his Quentin Dunvard. 
 Louis XI. died here in 1483; the national powder mills are 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 TOUKTOIKAC, tootftwJV3k', a village of France, departs 
 ment of Dordogne. arrondissement of I'erigueux. Pop. 12S9. 
 
 TOUKTOUSE, tooRHooz', a village of France, department 
 of Arjege, 7 mUes N.N.W. of St. Girons. Pop. 1500. 
 
 TOURVES. tooRv, a market-town of France, department 
 of Var, 19 miles N. of Toulon. Pop. in 1852, 2567. 
 
 TOURVILLE, tooRVeel', a village of France, department 
 ef Manche, arrondissement of Coutances. It was the birth- 
 place of Admiral Tourville. Pop. 933. 
 
 TOTJRY, tooVee', a village of France, department of Eure- 
 et-Loir, on the Paris and Orleans Railway, 27 miles S.E. of 
 Chartres. Pop. 1250. 
 
 TOUSSAINT CREEK, of Ohio, flows through Ottawa 
 county into Lake Erie. 
 
 TOUTOUTLA, an island, Pacific Ocean. See Maoon.4.. 
 
 TOUVET, Le, leh tooVi/, a village of France, department 
 of Is^re, 17 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 1683. 
 
 TOU-YAN. a city of China. See Too-Yan. 
 
 TOUZ OOTJL. a lake, Chinese Empire. See Tooz GoOL. 
 
 TOUZKOORMATY, Koordistan. See Toozkoormatt. 
 
 TOVARNIK, to-vaR-neek', a market and post-town of 
 Slavonia, co., and 12 miles S.S.E. of Vukovar. Pop. 2889. 
 
 TOWALIG.\, a creek of Georgia, rises in Henry county, 
 and flowing S.E., enters the Ocmulgee 12 miles 'R.Vj. of 
 Forsyth, it furnishes excellent water-power in Monroe 
 countv. 
 
 T0\V.4.LTGA, a post-office of Butts co., Georgia. 
 
 TOWAMEN'SING, a township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 Rylvania. Pop. 1137. 
 
 TOWANIJA, a creek of Pennsylvania, joins the North' 
 Branch of the Susquehanna near the borough of Towanda. 
 
 TOWAN'DA, a postborough in Towanda township, and 
 capital of Bradford co., Penn.sylvania, is situated on the 
 right bank of the North Branch of the Susquehanna, near 
 the mouth of Sugar creek, about 120 miles N. by E. of Ilar- 
 risburg. The North Branch Canal passes through it. About 
 oiicthird of tlio houses are built of brick. Tlie town has a 
 LoUegiate institute, 6 churches, 2 banks, 2 new^spaper of- 
 
 TOW 
 
 fices, and 20 stores. Incorporated inl82S. Pop. in 1850, 1171 
 in 1860, 1622. Another report savs 1800. 
 
 TOWCESTER. tows'tgr, (anc. Lactodufrum.) a market 
 town and parish of England, co., and 8 miles S.S.W. o1 
 Northampton, on the ancient Watling Street. Pop. in 1851 
 2665. It has a church of the eleventh century, with a mo 
 nument to Archbishop Sponne, who founded the grammai 
 school ; manufiictures of silks, and bobbin-lace. 
 TO'WEDNACK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 TO'WEIi FALLS, a postoffice of .Monroe co., Tennessee. 
 TOWER HAM'LETS, a parliamentary borough of Kng- 
 land, CO. of Middlesex, comprising all that part of the me- 
 tropolis ¥j. of the city of London and Finsbury, extending 
 S. Xo the Thames, and consisting of the parishes of Shore- 
 ditch, Spitalfields, Bethnal-Green, Limehouse, Poplar, 
 Hackney, &c. Pop. in 1861, 647,585. The borough conUiinsr 
 the London and St. Katharine's docks, the mint. Trinity- 
 house, the London hospital, and numerous other charitable 
 institutions, with the terminus of the East and North-east 
 Counties Railways. The Tower of London, whence its 
 name, is at the S.W. extremity. This borough sends 2 
 members to the House of Commons. See London. 
 
 TOWER HILL, a post-village in Washington co., Rhode 
 Island, near Narraganset Bay, 25 miles S. by W. of Provi- 
 dence. 
 TOWERSEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 TOWKRSVILLE, a post-office, Chautauque CO., New York. 
 TOWERTOWN, a post-offlce of Cumberland co., Illinois. 
 TOWIE, tdw'ee, or TOWIE KINBAT/TOCK. a pari.sh of 
 Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on the Don, 8 miles W.S.W. of 
 Alford. It has a ruined castle. 
 
 TOWLESVILLE, towlz'vill, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 New York. 
 TOWMORE' or TUOMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. Mayo 
 TOWN BLUFF, a post-office of Tvler co., Texas. 
 TOWN COVE, a small village of Walker co.. Georgia. 
 TOWN CREEK, of Alabama, flows through Lawrence 
 county into Tennessee River. 
 
 TOWN/ERS, a post-village of Putnam CO., New York, 
 about 90 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 TOWN'GREEN, a township of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 TOWN HILL, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 TOWN HOUSE, a post-office of Smyth co., A'irginia. 
 TOWN LINE, a post-village of Erie co., New York, on the 
 Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, 15 miles E. of Buffalo. 
 TOWN LINE, a post-oftice of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 TOWNS'BURY. a post-office of Warren co.. New Jersey. 
 TOWNSEND, a town of Maine. See Soutiiport. 
 TOWN'SEND, a post-village and township of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 40 miles N.W. by W. of Boston, on the 
 Squanticook River, and the Peterborough and Shirley 
 Railroad. Pop. 2005. 
 TOWNSEND, a post-office of Chemung co.. New York. 
 TOWNSEND, a township of Huron co., Ohio, on the 
 Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, 7 miles from Norwalk. Pop. 
 1534. 
 
 TOWNSEND, a post-township in the E. part of Sandusky 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 1062. 
 
 TOWN'SEND BAY, the S.W. extremity of Nova Scotia, in 
 British North America. Breadth of entrance. 11 miles. 
 
 TOWN'SEND HAR'BOR, a post-village in Middle.^ex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad, 
 42 miles N.W. of Boston, contains a number of mills. 
 
 TOWN/SEND'S IN'LET, a post-office of Cape May co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 TOWN'SENDVILLE, a post-village of Lodi township, in 
 the S. part of Seneca co.. New York. It contains 2 meet- 
 ing-houses and 2 stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 TOWNS'IIEND, a post-village and township of Windham 
 CO., Vermont, on West River, 90 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 The village contains several churches, and an academy. 
 Pop. of the township. 1376. 
 TOWN'SHIP. a post-office of Albany co.. New York. 
 TOWN'STALL. a paiish of England, co. of Devon. 
 TOWN'VILLE, a post-offlce of Anderson district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TOWN-YETH'OLM, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 
 on the left bank of Beaumont Water, across which it com- 
 municates with Kirk-Yetholm. See Yetholm. 
 
 TOWSONTOWN. a post-village and capital of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland, 7 miles N. of Baltimore. 
 
 TOWtON, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, 2^ miles S. of Tadcaster. Here a great battle wiw 
 fought between the houses of York .and Lancaster in 1461. 
 
 TO'WY, a river of South Wales, rises in the co. of Ca»li- 
 gan, flows mostly S.W. through Cannarthen.shire, nearly in 
 its centre, and joins Carmarthen Ray by a wide mouth, 8 
 miles S. of Carmarthen. Total cour.se. 00 miles. It is naivi- 
 gable from the sea to Carmarthen for vessels of 200 tons 
 burden. 
 
 TO'WYN or TY'WYN. a parish and maritime village ot 
 North Wales, on its W. coast, co. of Merioneth, near Cardi- 
 gan Bay, 10 miles S.S.W. of ISarmouth. Pop. in 1851, 2769, 
 engaged in woollen mills, slate quarriei, and lead and co^)- 
 per-minos. 
 
 104:1 
 
TOX 
 
 TEA 
 
 TOXAWAT, a river of Pickens disti-lct, South Carolina, 
 is a small branch of the Kiowee. 
 
 TOXTKTH PARK, an extensive parochial district of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Lancaster, formerly the N.E. quarter of the town 
 of Liverpool. See Liverpool. 
 
 TOYNTOX, High, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TOYXTON, Low, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TOYNTOX ALL-SAIXTS, a parish, England, co. Lincoln. 
 
 TGYXTON ST. PETER, a parish of Enjrland. co. Lincoln. 
 
 TO'ZER, a town of Xorth Africa, dominions of Tunis, on 
 the W. side of Lake Sibka, (Lowdeah.) It has a large trade 
 in dat^s. 
 
 TllABEX. tri'ben, a town of Rhenish Prussi.i, govern- 
 ment, and 39 miles S.W. of Coblentz, at the foot of the Tra- 
 beiiberg. on the left bank of the Moselle, opposite to Trar- 
 bach Pop. 1226. 
 
 TRABEZH or TRABEJ, tr^-bSzh', written also TRA- 
 BE.SCH, a river of Russia, rises in the S.W. of the govern- 
 ment of Tchernigov, enter* the government of Poltava, flows 
 first S.S.W. to Pereslavl, where it receives the Alta, then 
 P.W., and joins the Dnieper on the left, after a course of 
 about 90 miles. 
 
 TRACADIE, tr3k'S-<lee\ a seaport town of Xova Scotia, co. 
 of Sydney, at the head of Pomket Harbor, formed by St. 
 George's Bay, about 11.5 miles X.E. of Halifax. The harbor 
 is capable of receiving vessels of any size, and considerable 
 quantities of timber and gypsum are annually exported. 
 
 TRACHEXBERG, trdK'en-bjKGN or STRAB0REK, stri'- 
 boo-rSk\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 26 miles N.N.W. of 
 Breslau. capital of a principality, on the Bart.sch. Pop. 2400. 
 
 TRACHSEL\yALD, traK'sel-*ait, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton, and 15 miles E.X.E. of Bern. Pop. 1628. 
 
 TRACHYS. See Zeitou.n. 
 
 TRACTOX, a parish of Irel.and. in Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 TRACY, trd'see'. several villages of France, the princip,al 
 in the department of Oise, arroudissement of Compiegue. 
 Pop. 1-127. 
 
 TRA'CY. a post-village of Huntington eo., Indiana, on 
 the Wab.ish River, 10 miles S.G. of Huntington. 
 
 TRACY'S LAXDIXG, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 TRA'CYVILLE, a flourishing village of Wayne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Honesdale and Delaware Plank-road. 1 
 mile E. of Honesdale. It contains 1 gliLss manufactory, the 
 first in which anthracite coal was successfully used. 
 
 TR.\.DATE, trd-di'tA, a market-town of Lombardy, 11 
 miles S.W. of Como. near the Olona. 
 
 TRADE, a post-offlce of .Tohnson co., Tennes.see. 
 
 TRA'DER'S HILL, a post-oflTice of Camden co., Georgia. 
 
 TJIA'DERSVILLK. a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, a 
 few miles N. of London. 
 
 TRADE'S HILL, a postK>ffice of Chatham co., Xorth Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 TRADETOWX, a maritime settlement of Liberia, in West 
 Africa, near the S. extremity of the colony. 
 
 TKADE'WATER CREKK. in the W. part of Kentucky, 
 flows N.W., and forms the boundary between the counties 
 of Hopkins .and Union on the right, and Caldwell and Crit- 
 tenden on the left, until it enters the Ohio River. 
 
 TKA'DING POINT, a post-village of Potawatamie CO., Iowa, 
 on the Missouri River. 
 
 TRADOK, a village, island of Borneo. See Mostr.vdok. 
 
 TRAF^ALGAR', a post-offlce of Johnson co.. Indiana. 
 
 TKAFALGAl!, Spain. See Cape TrapaLQ.\B. 
 
 TKAiillAX. trS'gSn', a walled town of Africa, in Fezzan, 
 40 miles E. of Moorzook. formerlv capital of East Fezzan. 
 
 TRAGDRIUM. See Trau. 
 
 TR.\HIRAS, trd-ee'rds. a town of Br.i7.il. province of 
 Goyas. on the river Trahiras, 15 miles from its confluence 
 with the Maranhao. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TitAlGUERA. tri-gA'ril, a town of Spain, province of Cas- 
 tellon do la Plana, 9 miles X.E. of San Matheo. Pop. 1916. 
 
 TRAILIXSKAIA or TRAILIXSKA.JA. trMin-ski'd, a 
 market-town of Itussi.i, in Don-Cossack Territory, on the 
 Don. 55 miles E.X.E. of Xovo Tcherkask. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TR.\ISA, tri'ni a town of Sicily, intendenoy of Catania. 
 15 miles W. of Bronte. Pop. 7400. It has the oldest mo- 
 nastery on the i.'iland. 
 
 TR.\INEL. tr4*nJl'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Aul>e. 6 miles S.S.W. of Xogent. Pop. V2>n. 
 
 TRAISKIRCHEX, tris'k66RK'en. a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, 15 miles S.S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1115. 
 
 TRAITOR'S (or VERRADEK'S, fer-rd'ders.) ISLAXD.one 
 Of the Xavigators' group, in the South Pacific Ocean; lat. 
 15° .57' S.. Ion, 173° 58' W. It hiw an elevated surface, a 
 fertile soil, and appears to be densely peopled. 
 
 TKAJAX, trd'yjn', a market-town of European Turkey, 
 In Bulgaria, on the Osma, 23 miles S. of lyjftscha. 
 
 TKA.IAXOPOLIS. European Turkey. See Orikhova. 
 
 T K A J KCTU.* A D MOS AM. See M aestricht. 
 
 TR.\.TKCTUS AD RHEXUM. See Utrecht. 
 
 TRA.TETTO. tri-y4t/to, a town of Xaples, province of 
 Terra di Lavoro, district, and 8 miles X.E. of Gaeta, with 5 
 chunhes, a convent, and 5600 inhabitants. 
 
 TRALEK,tri-lee',aparliameutaryandinunlcipal bo rough, 
 
 seaport town, and pari.sh of Irekand. hi Munster, capital of 
 the CO. of Kerry, on the l<ee. aliout 1 mile ab<_>ve tile head of 
 TraJee Bay. 59 miles W.X.W. of Cork. Pop. in 1S51, 13,759. 
 It is reguLirly and well built, lighted and cleaned, and is a 
 rapidly increasing and thriving town. The principal public 
 edifices are a handsome church, 2 large Roman Catholic 
 chapels, a nunnery with a female". school attached, several 
 other schools, a new county court-house, a fever ho.spital, 
 lunatic asylum, eounty infirmary, county jail, infantry bai^ 
 racks, union work-house, club-house, news-itwms, custom- 
 house, and market-hou.se. The port, adependenc3' of that 
 of Limerick, is the seat of a brisk trade in grain and flour. 
 Vessels of -300 tons can discharge cargoes at the town by 
 means of a ship canal; l.irge vessels anchor at Blennerville, 
 1 mile below, and at Samphire Islands, 6 miles W. It iij 
 the seat of county assizes and qu.arter ses.sions. Registered 
 shipping, 247 tons. It is the head of a poor-law union. 'The 
 borough sends 1 member to the House of Commons. In the 
 vicinity is Tralee Castle, the seat of Sir E. Denny, who owns 
 the town, and whose pleasure-grounds have been thrown 
 open to the inhabitants. In the vicinity is also a spa, a 
 good deal resorted to by invalids. 
 
 TRALEE B.\Y, in Ireland, immediately S. of the estuary 
 of the Sh.annon, 15 miles in length, and 7 miles in bi-eadth 
 at Its.entrjince. On its N. side are the bay and town of 
 Ballyheigh. 
 
 TR.4L'L0XG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 TRAM.\YE, tra'mi/, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Sa6ne-et-Loire, 11 miles W. of Macon. Pop. in 1852, 
 2630. 
 
 TRAMELAX, trd'meh-ldnV or TREMLINGEX, trfm'- 
 ling-en. a village and parish of Switzerland, canton, and 25 
 miles X.W. of Bern, near the .source of the Birse. It is well 
 built, consists of Upper and Lower Tramelan, and has m.i- 
 nufactui-es of clocks, and particularly of a kind of horse-hair 
 plait, much used by the female peasantry of the canton in 
 their headdress. Pop. 2317. 
 
 TRAM'.MEL'S CREEK rises in Sumner co.. Teiines.see, 
 and flowing X.W. into Kentucky, enters Big Barren River 
 in Warren co.. a few miles above Bowling Green. 
 
 TR.\.MOXTI, tri-mon'tee, a town of Xaples, province of 
 Principato Citra, 7 miles W. of Salerno, It consists of seve- 
 ral scattered hamlets, and contains 14 churches, a monas- 
 tery and nunnery, and several charitable establishments. 
 A great deal of charcoal is prepared here for the supply of 
 Xaples. Pop. 3300. 
 
 TRAMORE', a maritime town and bathing-place of Ire- 
 land, CO., and 6 miles S.S.W. of Waterford, on the X.W. side 
 of Tramore Bay. an inlet between two bold headlands, dan- 
 gerous to shipping. Pop. in 1851, 1882. 
 
 TR.\M'P.\S. a village in the E. part of Rio Arriba co., Xew 
 Mexico, about 40 miles X. by E. of Santa Fe. 
 
 TRAMUTOLA, tra-moo'to-H, a market-town of Xaples, 
 province of Basilicata, 2:5 miles S. of Poteuza. Pop. 4000. 
 
 TRAX, trdn, TRAXHAC, trdn^hSk', and TRAXHAXG, 
 trduMidng', towns of Anam, in Tonquin, near the Chinese 
 frontier. 
 
 TRAX A, trd'nj, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Turin, province, .and 20 miles E.S.E. of Susa. Pop, 1528. 
 
 TRAXCOSO, trjn-ko'so, a walled town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira, capital of a comai-ca, 26 miles E.X.E. of Viseu. 
 Pop. 1300. 
 
 'rR.\XCOSO, tr.^n-ko'so, a maritime town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 20 miles S. of Porto Seguro. Pop. 1500. 
 
 TRAXEKJAR, (Tranekjar.) tra'n5k-yaiR\ a village and 
 pari.^h of Denmark, in the island of Langeland, with the 
 ruins of an old castle, once a strong fortress, on an isolated 
 heiu'ht. 
 
 TR.\X'EXT, a parish ,and small town of Scotl.and, co. of 
 Haddington, on the North British Railway, 9^ miles E. of 
 Edinburgh, and near the Frith of Forth, Pop. of the town 
 in 1851, 2096, partly engaged in collieries and sandstone 
 quarries. The pari.sh contains the villages of Port .Seaton, 
 Cockenzie. and Seat<5n, with Stiell's endowed hospital. 
 
 Tit AXHAC or TRAXHAXG, a town of Anam, See Tkan. 
 
 TR.\XI, tra'nee, (anc. Turifnwn, or Traniumf) a seaport 
 town of Xaples, province of Bari. on the .Adriatic, 25 miles 
 W.X.W. of Bari. Lat. 41° 17' X., Ion. 16P 2& E. Pop. 22,382. 
 It is surrounded by a fosse and a wall flanked with bas- 
 tions, and is entered by three gates. The houses are tole- 
 rably well built, but the streets, with some exceptions, are 
 narrow, winding, and badly paved. The principal edifices 
 are the cathedral and the castle. The former is an ancient 
 and spacious structure, but its style of architecture is indif- 
 ferent. There are, besides. 20 parish churches, 6 monas- 
 teries, 2 nunneries, a large diocesan seminary, a theatre, 
 and a female orphan asylum. The harbor, which is almost 
 encircled by the town, once contained great depth of water, 
 but has so much silted up that small vessels only can enter. 
 The trade is considerable, and consists chiefly in til, silk, 
 wine, and fruit. Trani suffers much from excessi»e sum- 
 mer heats, and a great want of sprir.^water. The only 
 alternative is the collection of rain-watei by cisterns, ilino?t 
 every house being provided with one. (Jotton is git>wn in 
 the district, and partly muuulacliired into r )«rse goods. 
 
TRA 
 
 TRA 
 
 The town is an archbishop's see, and the seat of a superior 
 civil cdurt. 
 
 TRAN'MERE. a township of Enprland, co. of Chester. 
 
 TISANQUE, trdn'liA, an island of South America, forming 
 the entrance to a liay on the E. coast of the island of Chiloe. 
 A ranL'e of hills, nowhere exceedinfr 300 feet in heijrht, run 
 thn)u:j;h it from N.W. to S.E. The inhabitants appear to be 
 few in numlier. 
 
 TRANQUEBAR. tran-kwe-bar', a fortified seaport town of 
 HindoKtan, on the Coromandel coast, in the delta of the 
 Cavory, 140 miles .S.W. of Madras. Lat. 11° N., Ion. 81° 54' 
 E. It stands between two arms of the river Oavery. and is 
 surrounded by ramparts faced with masonry, and having, 
 at the S.E. angle, the castle of Dan?bor;;. with a Iight-hou.se 
 and the government oilices. The town is neatly built, and 
 the houses are wholly of European architecture, with Ore- 
 ci:iu porticos, and windows of rattan-lattices. There are 2 
 Prritestant churches, a Portuguese chapel, and Danish, 
 Enttlish. and Portuiiuese sch(X)ls. The territory. 6 miles in 
 length, with an area of 15 square miles, is sandy or marshy, 
 and partly under cultivation for rice, dry grains, and fruit- 
 trees, including vines. The temperature commonly ranges 
 between 70° and 100° Fahrenheit ; but tho heat is mode- 
 ratted by sea breezes. The bay at the mouth of the Cavery 
 is always safe for small vessels, and the surf is less violent 
 than at Madras or I'ondicherry. Some manufactures of 
 coarse cottons and handkerchiefs, oil, soap, leather, and salt, 
 are carried on ; and these goods, with rice, paddy, and skins, 
 are shipped for Madras. Ceylon and occasionally the Mauri- 
 tius and Bourbon. The trade with the adjacent British 
 t«'rritory is small, owing to heavy import dues on all goods 
 but grain at the British frontier. Pop. of tho teiritory. 
 about 250,000; of the town, about 2000. of whom about 1500 
 are Lutherans, and 500 Roman Catholics, of Portuguese 
 descent. Tranquehar belonged to Denmark till 184B, when 
 it was ceded by purchase to Klngland. 
 
 TKANC)UIf/LIA. a post-village of .Tones co., Georgia. 
 
 Tl{.\N'(iUlL'LlTY. a post-oflice of Sussex co.. New Jersev. 
 
 TRANQUILLITY, a post-office of Granville co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 29 miles N. of Raleigh. 
 
 TRANQUILLITY, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 TRANS, trSxo. a village of France, department of Var, 3 
 miles S.S.E. of Draguignan. Pop. 1317. 
 
 TRANSC A UC.\SI.\,trans-kaw-kA/she-a,a country ofAsia tic 
 Russia. S. of the Caucasus, extending between lat. 3S° and 
 4.3° N., and Ion. 41° 40' and 49° 40' E.', having E. the Ca.spian 
 Sea; S., Turkish and Persian Armenia; and W., the Rlack 
 Sea. Area estimated at 66,300 square miles. Pop. 1,625,000. 
 It is now divided into two unequal portions: 1. Tho E., 
 comprising the old Mohammedan provinces on the Caspian 
 Sea, namely, Karabagh, Talish, Shirvan, Bakoo, Kooba, Der- 
 bend. and Sheki ; 2. The \V.. comprising Grusia or Georgia, 
 with the provinces of Oooriel, Imeritia. and Ru.ssian Arme- 
 nia, divided into 10 circles and 2 independent lord.ships, 
 Mingrelia and Abkasia. The former provinces are gene- 
 rally retained in the new divisions, and their chief towns 
 are made capitals of circles. The government is chiefly mili- 
 tary, but great religious toleration exists, and the Russians 
 have est,ablished schools in the principal towns. The direct 
 taxes, payable to the Russian government, amount to 325,000 
 Bilver rubles annually. 
 
 TR.\N'SIT. a post-village of Genesee co.. New York. 
 
 TRANSIT BRIDGE, a post-office of Alleghany CO., New 
 York. 
 
 TRANSOXIANA. See Bokhara. 
 
 TRANS'PADANE REPUBLIC, a state formed in Italy by 
 Napoleon, in 1796. of part of Lombardy .and Venetia; in 
 1797. it was incorporated with the Cisalpine Republic. 
 
 TRANSPA'RENT LAKE, towards the N.E. part of New 
 York, between Hamilton and Herkimer counties, is about 7 
 miles long, and 3 miles wide. It is the principal source of 
 West Canada Crf»>k. 
 
 TRANSYLVANI.\, tran-sil-vi/ne-a, (Ger. Siebenhurgtm, 
 see'ben-booRo^f n, " the seven towns ;" Hun. ErdUy Or- 
 adg. ^RMaii' 0RV|g'; Fr. Tronsylvanie,, trSxoVsirvS'nee',) 
 a grand principality. (GrosufurstentJntm,) forming the S.E. 
 province of the .\ustrian Empire; bounded N. and W. by 
 Hungary. S. and E. by the Danubian Turkish principalities 
 of Wallachia and Moldavia, from which it is separated by 
 the Carparthian Mountains; and N.E. by the Bukowina. 
 Ijit. 49° 12' to 47° 43' N., Ion. 22° 15' to 26° 20' E. It is 
 very compact. Greatest length from E. to W., 194 miles : 
 greatest breadth, 165 miles. Area. 23,078 square miles. The 
 surface is very much diversified, but generally mountain- 
 ous; the Carpathian chain not only covers its S. and E. 
 frontier, but sends out numerous ramifications, the most 
 important of which, proceeding from E. to W.. give more or 
 less of that direction to its principal streams. The cul- 
 minating points of the moimtains are situated near the S. 
 fiontier, where Negoi, not Far from Hermannstadt, has a 
 height exceeding 8000 feet; and Butschetsch, near Kron- 
 ftadt. is .scarcely 100 feet lower. Many of the summits pre- 
 sent scenery remarkable for its grandeur. The mountains 
 Ir the S., along the whole of the frontier E. to the Burcza. 
 (Bouzn't) dre entirely composed of primitive rocks, of which 
 
 granite usually forms the basis. These rocks are succeedea 
 by graywacke. which stretches almost without interruption 
 across the country, and N. to tho sources of the Theiss. 
 Still farther E., a great trachytic chain extends from the 
 banks of the Aluta. (Aloota,) at the point where it flows 
 S.W., and thence upward to the frontiers of Bukowina. To 
 the W. of the primitive and trachytic rocks now mentioned, 
 the .sand-stones of the carboniferous system make their ap- 
 pearance, und occupy a considerable proportion of the pro- 
 vince. 
 
 The whole surface belongs to the basin of the Danube, 
 which receives a great part of its waUers by very circuitous 
 channels. A little to the N. of the centre of the province, a 
 branch of the Carparthians stretches across it from E. to AV., 
 and forms a secondary watershed. All the country S. of it is 
 drained by rivers which have a S.W. or W.S.W. direction, 
 and thus reach the Danube without many windings. The 
 chief of these are the Aluta (Aloota) and the Maros. with 
 its tributaries the Great and Little Kokel. But to theN. of 
 the above watershed the river.s. being barred by it. take 
 first a W. and then a N. direction towards the Theiss, and 
 hence the waters of the N. part oCTransylvania do not reach 
 the Danube before they have made the circuit of a great part 
 of Hung.ary. The principal rivers by which the drainage is 
 thus effected are the Szamos, by far the largest ; the Krasna, 
 and the Koriis. 
 
 The climate is very much modified by the diversity of 
 surface: the higher districts having a severe winter, which 
 not only covers the rivers witli ice, but often extends far 
 into spring, causing serious injury to vegetation ; while, on 
 the other hand, the summerheat of the lower grounds is at 
 times extreme. But, on the whole, the air is healthy, the 
 .sky clear, and the temperature well adapted to bring all the 
 more valuable plant* of Central Europe to maturity. 
 
 In .some of the loftier districts which almost Ijorder on 
 the limits of perpetual snow, vegetation is necessarily con- 
 fined within very narrow limits, but the lower altitudes are 
 clothed with magnificent forests, which furnish valuaVde 
 timber. Among the trees are several of economical value, 
 including the almond and chestnut, which are found thriv- 
 ing in the vicinity of Kronstadt at the height of 1900 feet 
 above sea-level. In all quarters, apples, pears, plums, cher- 
 ries, apricots, and peaches are to be had in abundance, 
 and the culture of the vine is general all over the country. 
 The mulberry would thrive well, but little attention, how- 
 ever, appears to be paid to it. Notwithstanding tlie 
 general ruggedness of the surface, there are many wide val- 
 leys and extensive plains, admirably adapted to the ordi- 
 nary operations of agiiculture. and on these, though much 
 more in consequence of their natural fertility than the skill 
 displayed in managing them, rich harvests are reaped. The 
 chief crops are wheat, barley, oats, rye, buckwheat, maize, 
 pulse, potatoes, fruits, tobacco, flax, hemp, saffron, and 
 wine. More corn is raised than is required for home con- 
 sumption. The rearing of horses, sheep, and other live 
 stock, is important. In the Szekler country is a breed of 
 hardy ponies, similar to the Welsh, and the horses elsewhere 
 have been much improved. Buffaloes are used for field 
 labor; the bear, wolf, and an abundance of game i-oam in 
 the forests, in which also great numbers of hogs are fed. 
 The rivers are remarkably well supplied with fish. Bees do 
 not receive much attention, but are very numerous, in a 
 wild state, yielding large quantities of honey and wax. 
 
 The most remarkable mineral product is rock-salt, a bed 
 of which extends from AYallachia. through Transylvania to 
 Galicia. covering a space of 570 miles in length, and from CO 
 to 80 miles in breadth; 1.500,000 cwt. of salt are procured 
 annually from mines ; there are. besides, 120 salt springs. 
 Gold, silver, iron, lead, copper, antimony, arsenic, mercury, 
 alum, sulphur, nitre, and marble, are among the chief 
 mineral products. Twenty-two gold mines are wrought, 
 and nearly every stream in the country is auriferous. The 
 annual produce of gold is 2,500 meiks. of which ISOO is ob- 
 tained from washings. Silver yields annually 5000 merks. 
 Crystals and fine pebbles, including garnets, chrysolites, 
 amethysts, chalcedonies, agates, carnelians, and jaspers, are 
 found in many quarters. 
 
 Manufactures have made but little progress, and are 
 chiefly in the hands of the German portion of the inhabit- 
 ants. They consist principally of woollen cloth, flannel, 
 and linen, particularly the last, which is made to some ex- 
 tent, though scarcely in sufficient quantities to meet the 
 home consumption. Other manufactures, besides those 
 connected with the working of the various metals and mine- 
 rals, are paper, gunpowder, leather, porcelain and earthen- 
 ware, glass, iron and copper-ware, furniture, and a great 
 variety of articles in wood. 
 
 The trade is in a great measure confined to the natural 
 produce of the country. The most important exports 
 are .salt, to the amount of 70,000 tons annually ; com, 
 cattle, horses, wax, honey, toljacco, wood, wool, sv,-ine, 
 hides, skins, iron, and antimony. The imports, intro- 
 duced chiefly by native merchants, who make their pur- 
 chases at Vienna and Leipsic, consist of all kinds of 
 manufacturer tissues, millinery, colonial produ:e, hats, 
 
 1943 
 
TRA 
 
 TRA 
 
 glacis, *c. The transit snd comnii=pion trade is very limited 
 In extent, anl is entirely carried on by Armenians and 
 Greeks. The Maros and Szamos Rivers serve as the chief 
 routes for the conveyance of goods. Roads are almost im- 
 pass.ible; and e.xcept in a few towns, inns are unknown. 
 
 The constitution of Transylvania is somewhat compli- 
 cated. Its powers were defined by a decree or charter issued 
 by the Emperor Leopold I., in lfi9l. According to this char- 
 ter. Transylvania is a grand principality. The sovereign of 
 Austria, as grand prince, posses.ses all the usual powers of 
 the executive, such as to confer titles, honors, and privi- 
 leges, levy troops, declare peace and war. call and dissolve 
 diets, coin money. &c. To the states or diet, (Dirvta.) be- 
 longs the right of making and repealing laws relating to 
 internal m.inagement. voting sums of money and taxes, Ac. 
 They form two chambers, (7h/>in.) and hold their sittings 
 in Ivlausenburg, which accordingly is considered to be the 
 capitHl. Besides the general rights belonging to the diet, 
 composed of the three principal nations, Hungarians, Szek- 
 lers. and Saxons, each nation has it(! peculiar territory, privi- 
 leges, and municipal constitution. In these respects the Hun- 
 garians and Szeklers. though differing in some points, are 
 nearly identical. They are both subdivided into the three 
 classes of nobles, burghers, and peasants, the last being, 
 with few exceptions, mere serfs. The Saxons, on the con- 
 trary, have no political distinction of classes. 
 
 No country in the world has, within so small a compass, so 
 great a variety of inhabitants. These comprise 14 distinct 
 races, of which the princip.al are Hungarians, Szeklers. and 
 Saxons; the others are Wallachians, German colonists, 
 Bulgarians, Armenians, Greeks. Russians, I'oles. Jews. Gip- 
 sies, and Moravians. The proportion comprised in each of 
 these are estimated as follows: — Wallachians, 1,169.000; 
 Szeklers, -262,000; Magyars or Hungarian;", 255.000; Sax- 
 ons, 2:37\000; Zigueners or Giptsies. 60.000: Armenvins, 
 9000: and Jews, 7000. Arranged according to the forms of 
 religion which they profess, there are 760.000 Non-united 
 Greeks; 580.000 United Greeks: 290.000 Calvinists: 274.000 
 Lutherans ; and 120,00() Unitarians, leaving 50,000 for other 
 denominations and persons lielonging to no creed. The 
 peasantry generally, especially those of the Greek Church, 
 are more depressed and ignorant than those of Hungary, 
 except in the Saxon land in the S. 
 
 The chief territorial division is into the land of the Hunga- 
 rians, the land of the Szeklers. and the land of the Saxons. 
 Another division is into 8 counties, 3 districts, 17 stuhls, 5 
 filial stuhls, and 115 minor districts, (Bezirken.) The inhabi- 
 tants along the E. and S. frontiers are subject to a kind of 
 military feudalism, holding their land under the tenure of 
 providing for the defence of the country against foreign 
 aggression. With this view the land occupied by them h.as 
 been divided into frontier regimental districts, defended liy 
 4 regiments of infantry, two of them Szekler, and two Wal- 
 lachian, and one regiment of Szekler hussars. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have a lyceum at Klan.senburg. and 
 9 gymnasia ; and the Protestants have 4 colleges or large 
 gymnasia, the chief of which is at Nagy-Enyed. and 9 
 smaller gymnasia; the Unitarians, a college at Klausen- 
 burg, 2 gymnasia, and several schools. Transylvania was 
 known to the Romans under the name of Dacia Om^ulai-is 
 Mcditerranea, and was conquered by Trajiin. who established 
 a colony in it. Its name of Transylvania is said to be derived 
 from the Latin words trans s;/lv^s. and was probably given 
 it by the people who lived beyond its W. frontiers, and to 
 whom it was rendered almost inaccessible by a border of 
 dense forests. Its German name of Siebenburgen or Seven 
 Ca.«tles, (Mediasch. Mllhlenbach, Hermannstadt, Klausen- 
 burg, Schenerstadt, Reussomark. and Broos or Szasvara.s.) 
 is derived from its seven walled towns, which are supposed 
 to have been originally built, and are still chiefly occupied 
 by .Saxons. The Hungarian name Erdely is a derivative of 
 Erdo. (wood,) and is equivalent to Woodland. After the 
 fell of the Roman Empire, the country was occupied succes- 
 sively by Goths. Iluns, Alans. Slaves. Avars, and Hun- 
 garians. The last long retained po«.session of it, and go- 
 verned it by princes or woiwodes. It has formed part of the 
 Austrian dominions since 1699. and though, from its proxi- 
 mity to Turkey and intern.al dissensions, its tranquillity has 
 been repeatedly disturbed, vt has made considerable advances 
 in population, civilization, and general prosperity. The 
 country, in 1S4S and 1S49, was the seat of protracted war- 
 fare, during which it is estimated that 200 towns and vil- 
 lages were burned, and 10.000 of the population perished. 
 Transylvania lately sent members to the Hungarian Diet. 
 The population of Transylvania in 1857 amounted to 
 
 1,926,727. -\dj. and inhab. Tra>'stlvanus, tran-sil-v4'ne- 
 
 Hn. See Hcnqart. 
 
 TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY. See Lexingtos, Ken- 
 tucky, 
 
 TRAN'TER'S CREEK, of North Carolina, flows along the 
 E. border of Pitt eo., and enters the Tar River a little above 
 Washington. 
 
 TRAONA, trJ-<ynJ. a village of Northern Ttalv, 15 miles 
 W. of Sondrlo, near the right bank of the Adda. Pop. 1109. 
 TRAP, a small village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, on 
 1944 
 
 the Atlantic coast, 42 miles E. of Trenton, contains 10 or lij 
 houses. 
 
 TRAP, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia. 
 
 TR.\!'.\NI, trS'p3-ne. (anc. Drep>anum : Gr. Apenavov.) 
 a fortified seaport town of Sicily, on the W. side of the 
 isliind. 46 miles W. of Palermo. Lat. 3.s° 2' N., Ion. 12^ ,31' 
 E. It has a castle, senatorial palace, cathedral, and several 
 convents, two hospitals, a college, and two seminaries. The 
 hart.ior is good, and accessible to vessels of 300 tons. It id 
 defended by two forts, which cross their fire — one on tb* 
 m.ainland, and another on the island of Columbara, ou 
 which also a lighthouse has been erected. The trade is con- 
 siderable. The exports comprise salt, coral from the coast 
 of Africa, which is cut and poiished by the inhabitants; 
 soda, alabaster vases, statues, and gems. The principal 
 manufactures are shell-work, and articles in coral, ivory, 
 and aliibaster. Fishing, particularly the tunny fi.shery. is 
 actively carried on. Trapani being the capital of the pro- 
 vince, is the residence of its chief authoritie.*, and the seat of 
 a high criminal and civil court. A short distance E.N.E. of 
 the town is Mount San Giuliano, the ancient Eryx. one of 
 the loftiest in Sicily, much celebrated by the poet.s. particu- 
 larly Virgil, who represents Anchi.ses, the father of his hero, 
 as having died here. Pop. in 1S62, 26.334. The ancient 
 town w.as early occupied by the Carthagini-ans, and was the 
 scene of a celebrated sea-fight (B. c. 237) between the Roman 
 and Carthaginian fleets. Drepanum (Gr. Sptiravov) signi- 
 fies a •• scythe,"' or '• sickle." and was given in allusion to 
 the shape of the tongue of land on which the town is built. 
 
 TRAPANO. See C.\pe Drei-.o'o. 
 
 TRAPEZUS or TRAPEZUNT. See Treeizond. 
 
 TRAP HILL, a post-office of Wilkes co.. North Carolina. 
 
 TRAPPE. La, 13 trapp. a Benedictine convent of France 
 department of Orne. near Soligny, 6 miles N. of Mortagne, 
 was famous for the austerity of its monks. It was founded 
 in 1140, suppressed at the revolution of 1789, but restored 
 to the order in 1815, 
 
 TRAPPE, trap, a post-village of Upper Providence town- 
 ship, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania. 10 miles W.N.AV. of 
 Norristown. It contains a German Lutheran church, built 
 in 1743. bv the Rev. II. M. Muhlenburg. 
 
 TRAPPE. a post-village of Talbot eo., Maryland, 9 miles 
 S. of Easton. Pop. about 300. 
 
 TRAPPE TOWN, a thriving village of Worcester co.. Mary- 
 land, on the Pocomoke River, 107 miles S.W. of Annapolis. 
 It has 1 church, and 2 stores. 
 
 TRA'QUATR. a parish of Scotland, eo. of Peebles, 
 
 TR.\RB.\CH. fraR'biK. a town of Rhenish Prussia. 36 
 miles S.W. of Coblentz. on the right bank of the Mosellt, 
 across which is a bridge of boats. Pop. i:i45. 
 
 TR.\SARTS. trls'arts', a people of Western Africa. 
 
 TR.\SEN, tri'zen. a river of Lower Austria, descends 
 from the N. slope of the Tr.asenberg. near the frontiers of 
 Styria. and joins the Danube after a very circuitous course 
 of nearlv 55 miles. 
 
 TRASIMENUS LACUS or TRASIMENO LAGO. See 
 Perugia. Lake of. 
 
 TR.VSK. a post-office of Grant co., Ind),ana. 
 
 TRA.S-OS-M0NTES, trds cce mon'tfs, (•■ Hvond the moun- 
 tains,") a province of Portugal, in the N., having N. and E. 
 Spain, S. the province of Beira. and W. Minho. Aioa. 4028 
 square miles. Pop. in 1S60, 309.631. The Douro forms all 
 its S., and most part of its E. border ; the other principal 
 rivers are its affluents, the Tamega and Sabor. Surface 
 mostly mountainons. but it contains many fertile valleys, 
 and the banks of the Douro are famous for the production 
 of port-wines. Cattle-rearing is important. Silk and wool- 
 len fabrics, and linen thread, are the chief manufactured 
 products. Principal towns, Bragan;a, Villa Real, Torre de 
 Moncorro, and Miranda. 
 
 TRASSILICO, tris-seeae-ko, (L. Trans Silicum.) a town 
 of Northern Italy, near Massa-Ducale, with a court of jus- 
 tice. Pup. 2165. 
 
 TRASTEVERE. See Rome, 
 
 TKAU. trfiw, (anc. Tragu'rium.) a seaport town of Dalma- 
 tia, 10 miles W. of Ppal.ato, on an islet in the Adriatic, be- 
 tween the island of Bua and the mainland, and connected 
 with both by bridges. Pop. 3800, who cultivate the vine, 
 olives, and figs. 
 
 TR.AUN, ti-own, a river of Upper Austria, after a N.W. 
 course of 100 miles, joins the Danube 4 miles S.E. of Lintz. 
 It flows through the small lakes of IlaUstadt and Traun, 
 and gives name to a circle of Austria. It is celebrated for 
 its ti-out. 
 
 TRAUNKIRCHEN, trCwnntWRKVu, a village of Upper 
 Austri,a. on the W..bank of Lake Traun. 
 
 TRAUN, LAKE OF. or GMUNDEN SEE, g'mUnd'en s.i, 
 an exp-an.sion of the river Traun. in Upper Austria, is ti miles 
 long, and 2 miles broad. It is traversed by a steamboat. 
 
 TRAUNSTEIN, trown'stine, a walled town of tapper 
 Biivaria, 19 miles W.N.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 2236. 
 
 TRAUNSTEIXBERG, trdwn-stin1'5R0\ in Upper \ns- 
 tria, on the E, side of the lake Traun, is 5470 feet in e.^va- 
 tion. 
 
 TRAUTENAU, trOw'tfh-n6w\ written also TKUTNOW, 
 
TRA 
 
 a town of Bohemia, 25 miles N.N.E. of KBnicrgrStz, on the 
 ri^ht bank of tho Aupa. Pop. 2405. It is the centre of the 
 linen manufacture of the Ricsengebirge. 
 
 TRAVAOLIATO, trd-Tdl-yi'to, a villaire of Northern 
 Italy, province, and W.S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 3174. 
 
 TllAVANCORK, trav^-kOr', a st.it« at the S. extremity 
 of Indi.1, tributary to the British, having VV. and S. the 
 Indian Ocean, and landward the Madras districts, Malabar. 
 Coimbafxior, Madura, and Tinnevelly. Area, including 
 Cochin. 6710 square miles. P^ip. 1,300,000. Surface moun- 
 tainous in the E. ; elsewhere varied with hiU and dale, and 
 well watered, but only about two-thirds are capable of cul- 
 tivation. The products comprise rice, almonds, cardamons, 
 pepper and other spices, betel and cocoanuts, tobacco, ivory, 
 and boes'-wax. Property of all kind.s. as in Canara, descends 
 In the female line. The inhabitants are mostly Hindoos, 
 but here are estimated to be 100,000 Syrian Christians, and 
 In some communes Christian churches are much more nu- 
 merous than pagodas and mosques. Principal towns, Tri- 
 vandrum. (the capital.) Anjenga. and Quilon. 
 
 TRAVANCOllK, a town of the above state, 50 miles 
 N.N.W. of Cape Comorin, but now In decay. 
 
 TRAVE, trS'vgh, (anc. O/ialusux. f) a river of North Ger- 
 many, in Holstein and Lubeck territory, flows E., and enters 
 the Gulf of Lubeck (Baltic) at Travemiinde, forming the 
 lagoon Binnen-see. Total course, 50 miles. 
 
 TR AV'ELLEIVS REPOSE, a post-office of Pocahontas co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 TRAVELLER'S REPOSE, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Missouri, about 50 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 TRAVELLER'S REST, a post-office of Greenville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TRAVELLER'S REST, a viUage in Dooley co.. Georgia, 
 near Flint River. 80 miles S.W. by S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 TRAVELLER'S REST, a post-office of Coosa co.. Alabama. 
 
 TRAVELLER'S REST, a post-office. Owsley CO., Kentucky. 
 
 TRAVEMU.VDE, (TravemUnde,) trd'veh-mUnMeh. (i.e. 
 " Tr.^vemouth,") a fortified town of North Germany, at the 
 mouth of the Trave, in the Baltic Sea. territory of. and 9 
 miles N.E. from Lubeck, of which it is the port. Pop. 1476. 
 It ha.s a light'house, and public baths. 
 
 TliAVENTHAL, trj'vgn-t|r, ahamlet of Denmark, duchy 
 of Holstein, on tho Trave, 18 miles W. of Lubeck. Here 
 the treaty of 1700, between Sweden and Denmark, was con- 
 cluded. 
 
 TRA.VERS, traVain/, a village of Switzerland. 13 miles 
 W.S.W. of Neufchatel. The Val-Travers, in which it stands, 
 is highly picturesque. 
 
 TRAVERSE DES SIOUX, (Fr. pron. triVaiRs/ dA se-oo'.) 
 a post-village, capital of Nicollet co., Minnesot.a, on the left 
 bank of the St. Peter's River, 50 miles in a direct line S.W. 
 Of St. PauL Pop. 524. 
 
 TKAVERSELLO. t ri-vlR-sJino, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, province of Ivrea. The district is 
 rich in mines of iron. Pop. 1447. 
 
 TRAVERSETOLO, trd-vftE-sA-tolo, a village of Northern 
 Italy, 12 miles S.S.E. of Parma, on the let't bank of the 
 Terniina. Pop. 3428. 
 
 TRAVI, trd'vce, a village of Nortliern Italy, 18 miles 
 S.S.W. of I'iacenza, on the left bank of tho Trebia. It has 
 the remains of an old castle, and a quarry which produces 
 good whetstones. Pop. 5343. 
 
 TRAVIS, a county in the central part of Texas. Area, 
 about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by the Colorado 
 Kiver. A con.siderable part of the surface is hilly. The 
 soil is very fertile, excepting the northern portion. It is 
 liberally supplied with water-power. Steamboats ascend 
 the liver as far as Austin City during high water. Named 
 In honor of Colonel Travis, massacred at Fort Alamo in 
 1S36. Austin City is the county seat and capital of the 
 state. Pop. 8080, of whom 4944 were free. 
 
 TRAVIS, a post-office of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 TRAVNIK, trdv^nik' or triv^neek'. a town of European 
 Turkey, in Bosnia, capital of a saiijak, on an affluent of the 
 Bosna, 45 miles N.W.of Bosna-Serai. Pop. 8500. all Moham- 
 medans, except a few Jews. The town is ill built : chief edi- 
 fice, an old citadel. It has a manufacture of sword-blades. 
 
 TRAW'DEN FORREST, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 TRAWS-FYNYDD, trSws fjn'iTH, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Merioneth. 
 
 TRAY'LORSVILLE. a post-village of Henry co., Virginia, 
 200 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 TRAZEGNIES, trS'zJn'vee'. a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, 19i miles E. by N. of Mons. The Castle of Tra- 
 zegnies, in the vicinity, is a noble structure of the ninth 
 century. Pop. 1521. 
 
 TREADHA'VEN CREEK, in the E. part of Maryland, 
 flows through Talbot county, and communicates with the 
 mouth or estuary of Choptank lUver. It is navigable at 
 high tide to Easton, about 12 miles. 
 
 TREALES, treels. ROSE'ACRE. and WHARLES, hwarlz, 
 a township of England, co. of Lanca.'=ter. 
 
 TREATY or PETTY'S ISLAND, vulgarly called PADDY'S 
 ISLAND, an island in the Delaware River, opposite Phila- 
 
 TRE 
 
 delplia. belonging to New Jersey. Length, about 2 miles. 
 It contains 3 ship-yards. 
 
 TREBBI.\. a river of North Itily. See Tkebu. 
 
 TREBlilN, trJb-been', a town of Prus.sia. province of Bran- 
 denburg, 15 miles S.S.E. of Potsdam, on the Berlin and 
 Leipsic Railway. Pop. 1680. 
 
 TRSbSE, trjb or trAb, a market-town of France, depart 
 mentof Aude. 4 miles E.of Carcassonne. on the Aude. P. 1871. 
 
 TREBIA, tri/be-i, orTREBBIA, \viVhh-L a river of North 
 Italy, rises on the N. side of the Apennines, 10 miles N.E 
 of Genoa, flows N.N.E. past Bobbio and Travo. and. after ii 
 rapid course of 55 miles, joins the Po on the right bank. 3 
 miles N.W. of Piacenza. On the adjacent plain, Hannibal 
 conquered the Romans, B. c. 218 ; and on .June 19, 1799. the 
 French, under Macdonald, were defeated by the Austro- 
 Russian army under Suwarrow. 
 
 TREBIGN E, trA-been'yA, or TREBIN JE, trA-bin'yd. a forti- 
 fied town of European Turkey, in Herzegovina, capital of a 
 district, 52 miles S.S.E. of Mostar. It is the see of a Roman 
 Catholic bishop, and stated to have 10,000 inh.'ibitj|nts. 
 
 TREBISACCIA, trA-be-sdfchS, a town of Naples, province 
 of Calabria Citra, 17 miles E.N.E.of Castrovillari. Pop. 1200. 
 
 TREBISOND, a pashalic of Armenia. See Trebizond. 
 
 TREBITSCH, trA'bitch. written also TRZEBICZKE, a 
 walled town of .Moravia, 18 miles S.E. of Tglau, on the Igla wa. 
 Pop. 5000. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollens. 
 
 TItEBITSCH, a village of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 4 miles S.W. of Driesen. Pop. 600. 
 
 TREBIZOND. trJVe-zond\ written also TARABOZAN, 
 (called by the Turks 2'orabesoon. t a- rj^ be-soon'; anc. I'rajj/e- 
 zus; Fr. Trebizrmde, tri'bee'zANd' ; Ger. Trapezuni. tr^-p^t- 
 siiOnt/.) an important fortified seaport city of Asiatic Turkey, 
 capital of pashalic of its own name, on S.E. coast of the Black 
 Sea, 120 miles N.W. of Erzroom. Lat.41° 1' N., Ion. 39-40' E. 
 It stands on the slope of a hill facing the sea, enclo.sed by a 
 lofty castellated barrier, and further defended by a citadel 
 on an adjacent height. Outside of the walls are deep ravines, 
 filled with gardens and crossed by long bridges; besides 
 several suburbs, in which are most of the Christian dwell- 
 ings, with the principal bazaars and khans. The hou.ses are 
 mostly of one story, built of stone and lime, roofed with red 
 tiles, and so much interspersed with gardens and plantations 
 that scarcely a house is visiV)le from the sea. It has 18 
 mosques, and about 20 Greek churches, but possesses neither 
 inns nor lodging-houses. Nearly all its mo.sques have been 
 tbrmerly Chiistian placesof worship ; that of St. Sophia, al)Out 
 1 mile distiint. is a handsome edifice. Trebizond has a forx 
 on either side of a peninsula projecting into the Black Soa. 
 
 The principal articles of trade in the bazaar are alum and 
 copper, brought from the mines in the interior. The shojis 
 are well supplied with English cotton and printed goods. 
 The copper comes in a rough state, and is here manufac- 
 tured into different articles for domestic or culinary pur^ 
 poses. From its position, Trebizond is the natural entrepfit 
 of the trade of .\rmenia, North Persia, and Georgia, with Eu- 
 rope; and owing to the establishment of steam navigation 
 on the Black Sea, and between Trebizond and Constanti- 
 nople, Its trade has recently received a remarkable exten- 
 sion. Its exports consist chiefly of silk, wool, tobacco, wax, 
 galls, oil, opium, and other drugs; honey, butter, timber for 
 ship-building, the produce of Asia Minor, and silk fabrics; 
 Cashmere shawls, carpets, saffron, cotton, camel-skins from 
 Persia, and specie forwarded to the Turkish capital. The im- 
 ports compri.se cotton goods, colonial produce, spices, and 
 iron from Great Brit.ain; hardwares and gla.ss from Ger- 
 many ; wines from F)-ance; corn from Russia : fire-arms, tin, 
 and .salt, three-fourths of all which are destined for Persia. 
 In 1852, there entered the port 88 steamers and 130 sailing 
 vessels ; of the former 17, and of the latter 3, were British ; 
 and of the former 20, and of the latter 1. were Au.strian; 
 the remainder of the steamers. 51, and 120 of the ."ailing 
 ves.sels, being Ottoman. The total imports amounted to 
 $11,200,000. In the same year. 219 steamers and vessels 
 sailed, the total exports amounting to $.5,250,000. At this 
 city, Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks reached the 
 sea in their memorable retreat. From 1203. until the sub- 
 version of the Eastern Empire. Trebizond was the capital ot 
 an independent dominion, extending from the Phasis to the 
 Halys. Pop. estimated at 40.000. of whom about 30,000 are 
 Mohammedans inhabitincr the walled city. 
 
 TREBIZOND or TREBISOND, PAsn.M.ic OF, a subdivi- 
 sion of Turkish Armenia, extending along the coast of 
 the Black Sea. between lat. 40° 30' and 41° 30' N., and Ion. 
 38° and 42° E., hiiving landward the district of Gooriel and 
 the pa.shalic8 of Akhalzikh, Kars, Erzroom, and Seevas. 
 The surface is mostly mountainous, and the coast-line, 
 clothed with dense forests, rises to from 4000 to 500<i feet 
 above the sea. Many tracts are highly fertile and well cul- 
 tivated; and it prodi\ces large quantities of wheat, barley, 
 and maize, with hemp, flax, tobacco, wool, honey, wax, 
 fruits, charcoal and timber, which, with some linen cloths, 
 carpets, leather, soap, saltM fish, wine, tar. and leeches, 
 form the chief exports. Its E. part, called Lazistan. is desti- 
 tute of towns, from being inhabited by Lazes, a rude people, 
 numbering about 50,000. The principal towns are Trebi 
 
TRE 
 
 TRE 
 
 lond, Kere-oon, Tireboli, Rezab, and Batoom, all on its 
 ooast. 
 
 TRbBXITZ, trJb/aits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 15 miles 
 N N .E. of Breelau. Pop. 2430. It lias manufactures of wool- 
 len cloths and linens, breweries, and a trade in fruits. 
 
 TIIEBXITZ, a town of Bohemia, 7 miles S.W. of Leitr 
 meritz. 
 
 TRK'BOROUGH. a parish of England, oo. of Somerset. 
 
 Ti; EBOW.\, a town of Austria. See Trubait. 
 
 T15EB0WICE. a villasre of Bohemia. See Trihitz. 
 
 TKEBSCHEX, treb'siieu, or trjp'shen. a small town of 
 Prussia, government of Brandenburg, 5bmiles S.E. of Frank- 
 fort. Pop. 428. 
 
 TKEBSEN, trJWsen. a town of Saxony, 15 miles E.S.E. of 
 Leipsic. on the Mulde. Pop. 9S9. 
 
 TKEBUJEN.^ or TREBUXENA, trJ-boo-HA/ni, a village 
 of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 26 miles N.X.E. of 
 Cadiz, surrounded bv small streams. Pop. 28SS. 
 
 TKEBUR,tr4-booR'(.?) or TRIBUR, tree'lxxiR' (?) (anc. Tn- 
 burium,) a market-town of Germany, in Hesse Darmstadt, 
 province of Starkenburg, on the Rhine, 12 miles W.N.W. of 
 Darmstadt. Pop. 1397. It was a frefjuent residence of tlie 
 German emperors, and the seat of an ecclesiastical council 
 Id S22. 
 
 TRE-CASALI, tri ki silee, (the "three villages,") a vil- 
 la2e of Northern Italy, 12 miles N.N.W. of Parma, on the 
 Ta'ra. Pop. 3182. 
 
 TRE-CASTAGXE. trA kils-tin'yi. a market-town of Sicily, 
 8 miles N.N.E. of Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna. 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 XRE/CASTLE, a district and hamlet of South Wales, co. 
 of Carmarthen. 
 
 TRECATE, tr.VkJ't.'i. a market-town of Piedmont pro- 
 vince, 6 miles E.S.E. of Novara, near the Ticjno. Pop. 5071. 
 
 TRECCHIXA. tr&k-kee'nl, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Basilicata. 7 miles S. of Latronegro. Pop. 2200. 
 
 TRECENTA.tri-chJn'ti. a market-town of Austrian Italy, 
 ou the Tartaro, 15 miles W.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop 2600. 
 
 TREDDYN, trjTB'in. a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 TREIVEGAR, a market-town of England, co. of Mon- 
 mouth. 16 miles N.W. of Newport; it is the cipital of a popu- 
 lous district, famous for extensive coal-mines and iron-works. 
 It has risen within 40 years from an insignificant hamlet to 
 a town with a population (in 1851) of I'.Gib. It has a new 
 church, Independent. Baptist, and Methodist chapels and 
 schools ; and it« district is intersected by numerous branches 
 of the Sirhowy Railway, 28 miles in length, by which, and 
 by the Monmouthshire Canal, its iron and coal are exported. 
 
 TRED'INGTON, a parish of Ensland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 TREDINGTON, a parish of England, co.. of Worcester. 
 
 TRED'NOCK. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 TREDOZIO, itrA-dod'ze-o, (L. Treudaeium,) a village of 
 Tuscany, department of Florence, in a valley, on the Tre- 
 mazzo, about 6 miles from Modigliana, with a court of jus- 
 tice and a castle. Pop. 2502. 
 
 THEDYFF'RIN, (Welsh, "town in a vallev,") a township 
 of Chester co., Penn.=ylvauia, about 18 milesN.W. by W. of 
 Philadelphia, intersected by the Pennsylvania Central Kail- 
 road. Pop. 1938. 
 
 TREENE, trA/neh. a river of Denmark, rises in Sleswick, 
 in the marshes, 3 miles S. of Flensborg. flows S.S.W., then 
 W., and joins the Eider at Frederickstadt. Total course, 
 about 40 miles. 
 
 TRE KI'ON. a parish of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 TREI-'DRAETU. a parish of North Wales, co. of Andesev. 
 
 TREFEGLWYS, trJv-6g'loo-is or figl'wis, aparish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Montgomery. 
 
 TREFF OK. tr^rtoR/, a town of France, department of Ain, 
 8 miles N.E. of Bours. Pop. in 1852. 2154. 
 
 TREFFURT, tref'fooRt, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 
 36 miles W.N.W. of Erfurt, on the Unstrut. Pop. 2061, who 
 manufacture woollea and cotton fabrics. 
 
 TREF-GAJ{N, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 TREF'ILAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardisan. 
 
 TREFLLYS, ixWUtlis, a parish of North Wales, co.'of Car- 
 narvon. 
 
 TREFRIIIW, trSf-hree'oo, a parish of North Wales, co. of 
 Carnfirvon. 
 
 TREF Y-CLAWDD, a town of Wales. See Knighton. 
 
 THE'GARE, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 TREGA'RON. a market-town of Wales, co. of Cardigan, on 
 an affluent of the Teify, 10 miles N.E. of I^ampeter. 
 
 TREGJANA, a villatre of Itilv. See Tres^na. 
 
 TREGu'NEY or TREGCNY." a market-town of England, 
 CO. of Cornwall, parish of Cuby. on the Fal, 11 miles N.E. 
 cf Falmouth. Pop. in 1851, 846. It has endowed alms- 
 houses, and exports of copper and tin; but it declined with 
 the rise of Truro. 
 
 THK'GOYAN, a prish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. 
 
 TRJiGUIER, tri'ghe-i', a town of France, department 
 Of Cotes-du-Nord. at the confluence of the Jaudy and Guindy, 
 5 miles from the English Channel. Pop. 3302. The port is 
 well sheltered and deep. 
 
 TREGYXON, tr^g-jn'oo, a parish of North Wales, eo. of 
 Mnntgomerv. 
 1946 
 
 TRETBLEVILLE. a post-oflfice. Monroe co.. Pennsvlvania 
 TREICHLEKSVILLE, trik'lers-vill(?) a small pnst-vi!!age 
 of Lohigh CO.. Pennsylvania, on the road leading from Allen- 
 town to Mauch Chunk. 
 
 TREIGNAC. trinVdk'. a town of France, department of 
 Corr^ze, on the A'ezere, 18 miles N. of Tulle. Pop. in 185^ 
 8359. It has manufactures of fire-arms. 
 
 TREIGXY, trAn'yee', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Yonne, 24 miles S.AV. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 2520. 
 TKEIS. trice, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia. 18 miles 
 S.W. of Coblentz, on the Moselle, here joined by the Diemen. 
 Pop. 1330. 
 
 TREIS-4M, tri'sJm. a river of Baden, after a N.W. course 
 of nearly 30 miles, joins the Eltz 3 miles S. of Kenzingen. 
 The old Baden circle of Treisam and Weisen is now com- 
 prised in that of the Upper Rhine. 
 
 TREIS-AX-DER-LUMBDE, trice in dJR loom'deh. a town 
 of Hesse-Cassel. in Ober-Hessen. on a peninsula formed by 
 the Lumbde. with the ruins of an old castle. Pop. 1189. 
 
 TREISHXISH (treesh/nish) ISLANDS, a cluster of small 
 islets on the W. coast of Scotl.iud. co. of .\rgyle, between the 
 X.W. part of the island of Mull and the island of Coll, about 
 lat. 66° 34' N.. Ion. 6° 24' W. 
 
 TREJ.\, a small river of It<aly, delegation of Civita Veo- 
 chia, joins the Tiber from the W. 
 
 TREJA. trk'yL a town of Central Italy, 8 miles AV. of Ma- 
 cerata. Pop. 7910. 
 
 TRELAAV'NY or LOOE. loo, a river of England, co. of 
 Cornwall, flows S., between the towns of Ejjst and AAest 
 Looe. and enters the Engli.sh Channel, after a cour.se of 16 
 mile.s. for the last 2 of which it is tidal! See Look. 
 
 TRELAZE, treh-ld'z.V, a village of France, 6j miles from 
 Angers, with which it is connected bv railway. 
 TRE'LOCK, a parish of England, co. of Jlonmouth. 
 TRELOCK AR-BETTWS, (ar b^ftoos,) a parish of South 
 Wales CO. of Carmarthen. 
 
 TRj^LOX, trAMcis"!', a market-town of France, department 
 of Xord, 8 miles S.E. of Avesnes. Pop. in 1S52. 2212. 
 
 TREM'ADOC, a small market-town of North ATales, co. 
 of Carnarvon, near the N. extremity of Cardigan I?ay. 4 
 miles E.X.E. of Crickeith. It is 3 feet below the level of the 
 sea. but is protected by emliankments. The harbor. Port 
 Madoc. admits vessels of 300 tons burden, and has a thriv- 
 ing trade. 
 
 TREMAEN, almost tre-min', a parish of South Wales, eo 
 of Cardigan. 
 
 TREMAYXE. tre-main'. a paii.sh of England. co.ComwalL 
 
 TREMBLADE, La. M triVbldd'. a town of France, departs 
 
 ment of Charente-Iuferieure. 5 miles from the sea, and 4 milet 
 
 S.S.W. of Marennes. It exports oysters to Bordeaux. Pop. 
 
 in 1852, 2712. 
 
 TRE.MBLEUR, trSM'blUR', a village of Belgium, province, 
 and 9 miles X.E. of Liege, on the BoUand. Pop. 1861. 
 
 TREMBOAVLA. tr^m-bnv'ld. a town of Austrian Galicia. 
 18 miles S.S.E. of Tarnopol. Pop. 3030. It was fonnerly the 
 capital of an independent principality. 
 
 TREMECEX, a town of Algiers. See TiEMCE?f. 
 TREMELOO, tni'mehl6\ a village of Belgium, province 
 of Brabant, on the Dyle, 16 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop 
 1658. 
 
 TR15MENTINES, trA^mSN-o'teen'. a market-town of France, 
 department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Evre. 11 miles S.E. of 
 Beaupreau. Pop. 1098. 
 
 TREAIISTIERI. trA-rais-te-A'ree. a vill.ige of Sicily, pro- 
 vince, and N. of Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna. 
 Pop. 1142. 
 
 TREMITI (trJm'e-te or trA/me-te) ISLES, (anc. I>i(m}e'<h(e 
 In'suUe.) a group of five islands in the Adriatic Sea. off the 
 co.a.st of X'aple.s. province of Capitanata. Lat. 48° 2' N.. Ion. 
 15° 30' E. The largest, S.in Domenico, is 4 miles in circum- 
 ference: San Xicolo. 3 miles in circumference, has a town 
 with a monasterv. The best port is in the i.'^Iand of Caprara. 
 TRE.MLES. tremlDs. written also TREMLITZ and STKI- 
 MILCiAV. a town of Bohemia, 29 miles S.E. of Tabor. P. 2895. 
 TREMLINGAN. a village of Switzerland. See Trameian. 
 TRE/AIONT, a township of Hancock co., Maina P. 17C8. 
 TREMONT, a thriving post-village and town.ship of 
 Schuylkill co^ Pennsylvania, 15 miles W.S.W. of Pottsville. 
 The village is surrounded by a hilly region whii h contJtins 
 abundance of an thracite coal, and the iniiabitants aiv mosti j 
 employed in the coal bu.siness. The Mine Hill Raili-aad 
 connects it with the Reading Railroad at Schuylkill Haven. 
 Pop. of the township in 1860, 1944. 
 TREMOX'T, a post-office of Union CO., Arkansas. 
 TREMONT, a post-village of Clarke co., Oliio, 50 miles W. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 TREMONT, a post-village and township of Tazewell cc, 
 Illinois, is pleasantly situated on a prairie, 57 miles N. by li 
 of Springfield. It contains several churches. Pop. 1154. 
 TREMONT. a township of Buchanan co., Missouri. 
 TREMOSINE, tr.A-mo-see'n4, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province, and N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 2080. 
 
 TREMP, trjnip, a fortified town of Spain in Oital'inia, 
 province, and 38 miles N.AV. of Lerida, on the Nog*, ra Pal- 
 iuresa. Pop. X600. 
 
. TRE 
 
 TREMPEALEAU, trSm^pa-lO', a small river of Wisconsin, 
 risii.s ill .Tiicksoii county, and flows into the Mississippi. 
 
 TRKNEGliOS. a parish of En^Mand, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 TliENITZ, a villasie of Hohuniia. See Strexicz. 
 
 TRENT, a river of England, through the centre of which 
 it Hows, ranking in importance immediately after the Thames 
 and Severn. It rises in the moorlands of Statfordshire, near 
 Burslem, about oOO feet above the sea, flows at first S.E. 
 through the centre of the county of Stafford to Croaxall, 
 and thence mostly N.E. or X. through the counties of Derby, 
 Nottingham, and Lincoln, and, a little N. of l$urton-on-Sta- 
 ther, joins the Ouse to form the estuary of the H umter. Total 
 COUPS'^, 140 miles. Its affluents are the Dove. Derwent, Idle, 
 and Tarn from the N. and W. ; the Tame, Soar, and Devon 
 from the S. From its source to Burton-onTrent it descends 
 376 feet, and it is navigable from the Humber to Gains- 
 borough for vessels of 200 tons burden, and for barges as 
 high as Burton. It is connected with all the rivers of Cen- 
 tral England by canals, the principal of which is the Trent 
 and Mersey Canal. The Trent is of high importance as a 
 means of exporting the products of the manufacturing dis- 
 tricts, coal from Derbyshire, and agricultural produce. 
 
 TRKNT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 TRENT, (It. TrevJto; Ger. Ti-ient, tre-Jnt'; Fr. Trente, 
 trSNt ; anc. Triden'tum.) a city of Austria, in the Tyrol, capi- 
 tal of a circle, on the left bank of the Adige, 13 miles N.N.E. 
 ofRoveredo. Lat. 46° 8' N., Ion. 15°30'E. Pop. 13,195. It 
 has manufactures of silks, leather, glass, and tobacco, a trafl^ic 
 in corn, wine, iron, and other produce, and a large transit 
 trade between Germany and Italy. It is surrounded by em- 
 battled walls, which, with its church-towers, palaces, and 
 ruined castle, give it, when seen from a distance, a very im- 
 posing appearance. The city is well built. The houses are 
 all in the Italian stylo, and the streets are for the most 
 part wide and commodious, with good side and centre p.ave- 
 ments. It is traversed by canals in which streams of pure 
 water constantly circulate, and contribute both to health and 
 cleanliness. It contains a handsome .square, its centre or- 
 namented by a beautiful marble fountain ; an old Gothic 
 castle of vast extent and picturesque appearance, but almost 
 in ruins; a cathedral, a noble structure entirely of marble, 
 finished in 1212, in the round or Byzantine style; three 
 other churches, one of which, Santa Maria Maggiore, a mo- 
 dernized building of red marble, is historically interesting 
 as the place where the celebrated Council of Trent held its 
 sittings, (assembled A. D. 1545, concluded a.d. 1563:) two 
 episcopal palaces, a fine court-house, a large town-house, a 
 capacious theatre, a number of elegant private palaces, 
 three convents and a nunnerj', an ecclesiastical seminary, 
 a high school and a school of design, a gymnasivim, an or- 
 phan and a foundling hospit;U. an ordinary hospital richly 
 endowed, a poor-house, and a house of correction. It was 
 taken by the French in 1796 and 1797, and was afterwards 
 capital of the department of Adige. Trent is the see of a 
 bishop, and the seat of a civil, criminal, and mercantile 
 court. It is a place of great antiquity, and is said by Pliny 
 to have been founded by the Rhcetians of Ktruria. It after- 
 wards became a Roman colony, and on the decline of the 
 empire, was successively seized by the Ceaomanui, Goths. 
 Lombards, and dukes of Bavaria. In the Middle Ages its 
 bishops made themselves independent, and sat in the Ger- 
 manic diet as princes of the empire 
 
 TRKNT, a small river of North Carolina, rises in Lenoir 
 county, flows E. and falls into the Neuse at Newbern. 
 
 TRENT, a river of Canada West, co. of Northumberland, 
 rises in Trent Lake, in lat. 45° N., Ion. 78° W., and after a 
 tortuous S. and E. course enters the B.ay of Quinte, Lake 
 Ontario, 10 miles N.E. of Newcastle. Total length, 100 miles. 
 
 TRENTE. See Trent. 
 
 TRENT'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, with a 
 village on the Trent, and on the Derby and North StafTord- 
 shiie Railway, 3^ miles S.S.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. 
 Trentham ILill, the magnificent seat of the Duke of Suther- 
 land, is in this parish. 
 
 TRENT'ISHOE. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TKENTO. See Trent. 
 
 TRENTOL.\, trjn-to/ld. a market-town of Naples, province 
 of Terra di Lavoro. 9 miles N.N.W. of Naples. Pop. 2600. 
 
 TRKN'TON, a township of Hancock co., Maine, at the 
 head of Frenchman's Bay, 75 miles E. of Augusta. Pop. 1400. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-township of Oneida co.. New York, 12 
 miles N. of Utica. It contains Trenton Falls, on West Ca- 
 nada Creek. Pop. 3504. 
 
 TRENTON, a city, capital of New Jersey, and seat of jus- 
 tice of Mercer co., is situated on the left bank of the Dela- 
 ware, at the head of steamboat navigation, 30 miles N.E. 
 of Philadelphia, and 57 miles S.W. of New York. Lat. 40° 
 14' N., Ion. 74° 46' 30" W. The Assunpink Creek separates 
 the city proper from South Trenton, which has several thou- 
 sand inhabitants. The city is regularly planned, and well 
 built, on a moderately uneven surface. Many of the finest 
 residences are situated on State street, which runs parallel 
 with the river, and is crossed at right angles by Main street, 
 the principal thoroughfare of business. The capitol. front- 
 lu|E State street, is a handsome stone building, 100 feet by 
 
 TRE 
 
 60. commanding a fine view of the river in both directlonii 
 The county court-house, in South Trenton, is built of biiok 
 and stuccoed, with a portico in the Grecian style. Tivntou 
 is the seat of the Stat« Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1S48. and 
 of the State Penitentiary. The former is a well-conducted 
 institution, situated 2 or 3 miles above the city, and has 
 about 200 patients. The number of prisoners in the peni- 
 tentiary, January 1, 1852, was 207. The city is lighted with 
 gas. It contains a town hall, a state library, 2 banks with 
 an aggregate capital of $310,000, tuid about 20 churches of 
 the Viirious denominations. 
 
 A substantial covered bridge, 1100 feet in length, crosses 
 the Delaware at the lower part of the city. A new covered 
 bridge has been constructed about a mile below. The Dela- 
 ware and Baritan Canal pa.sses through the town, connecting 
 it with New York and Philadelphia. The following railroads 
 meet at this point :— The Philadelphia and Trenton, the Cam- 
 den and Amboy branch, leading to New York ; and the liel- 
 videre and Delaware, which, when finished, will e.stend N. 
 along the river, about 60 miles, to Belvidere. The Trenton 
 Branch Railroad, 6 miles long, connects with the Camden 
 and Amboy Railroad at Bordentown. Trenton possesses 
 abundant water-power, and is becoming one of the first 
 manufacturing towns of the state. It contains 4 paper 
 mills, several iron foundries, a large manufactory of loco- 
 motives, 1 axe factory, 2 wire factories, 2 rolling milLs, one 
 of which carries on more extensive operations than any 
 other in the state, a number of flouring mills and saw mills, 
 and various other establishments. The former villages of 
 Bloorasbury, Lamberton, and Mill Hill and the borough of 
 South Trenton have recently been incorporated with 'I'lin- 
 ton. The vicinity of Trenton was settled by Phineas I'ein- 
 berton and others, about the year 1680, and the present 
 name was given about 1720 in honor of Colonel William 
 Trent, Speaker of the House of Assembly. The place was 
 selected as the capital of New Jersey in 1790, and incorpo- 
 rated in 1792. On December 26, 1777. was fought the battle 
 of Trenton, at which General Washington defeated the 
 enemy, and took 1000 Hessians prisoners. Pop. in 1840, 
 4035 ; in 1860, 17,228. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village, capital of Jones co., North Caro- 
 lina, on the Trent River, 100 miles S.E. of Raleigh. It is 
 situated in a level and sandy region, in which tar and tur- 
 pentine are procured. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village, capital of Dade co., Georgia, 230 
 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. Pop. about 200. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village of Jackson co., Alabama, 177 
 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi. 
 
 TRENTON, a thriving post-village of W.ashita parish, Lou- 
 isiana, on the W. bank of Washita River, 2 miles above 
 Monroe. It is a depot for cotton, and contains 8 stores, 4 
 warehouses, and a steam saw and grist miU. 
 
 TRENTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Gibson co., 
 Tennes.see, on Forked Deer River, and on the route of the 
 Mobile and Ohio Railro.ad, 130 miles W. of Nashville. It 
 has a bank, 5 churches, 12 stores, a newspaper otfice, and a 
 large cotton factory. Large quantities of lumber are ex- 
 ported from this place. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village of Todd co., Kentucky, ISOmiles 
 S.W. of Frankfort. It contains 1 church, and several stores. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the Cin- 
 cinnati and Davton Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Hamilton. 
 
 TRENTON, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 996. 
 
 TRENTON, a village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 Canal, 98 miles E.N.E. of Columlms. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village of Wayne CO., Michigan, on tho 
 W. bank of Detroit River. 17 miles below Detroit. 
 
 TRE.NTON, a post-office of Randolph CO., Indiana. 
 
 TRENTON, a small village of Knox co., Illinois, on Spoon 
 River, 90 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 TRENTON, a post office of Clinton co.. Illinois. 
 
 TRENTON, a township in AVill co., Illinois. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village, capital of Grundy co., Missouri, 
 near the Crooked Fork of Grand Eiver, about 150 miles 
 N.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1453. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-village in Henry co., Iowa, 45 miles S. 
 by AV". of Iowa City. Pop. of Trenton township, 1520. 
 
 TRENTON, a post-township,"Dodgeco.,Wiscon3in. P. 1895. 
 
 TRENTON, a township of Wiishington co., Wisconsin, ad- 
 joining West Bend, contains Newburg village. Pop. 1744. 
 
 TRENTON, an incorporated town of Canada West. co. of 
 Northumberland, on the Trent, at its entrance into the Bay 
 of Quinte, 62 miles W. of Kingston. It has several churches, 
 a grammar school, and three or four private schools ; manu- 
 factures of cloth, leather, and iron ; several flour and .sjiw- 
 mills, and a distillery ; and a considerable trade in export- 
 ing square and sawed timber to the United States and Great 
 Britain. Pop. 1500. 
 
 TRENTON FALLS, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, 
 on West Canada Creek, 15 miles N. by E. of Utira. Here are 
 6 falls within a course of 2 miles, with an aggregate descent 
 of 312 feet. The creek flows through a narrow ravine, be- 
 tween perpendicular walls of fine, compact limestone, which 
 in some places are nearly 150 feet high. These cascades 
 
 1947 
 
TRE 
 
 »re more remarkable for the wildness and variety of scenery 
 than for the volume of water which they present. The 
 height of the precipice fall is estimated at 100 feet. There 
 Is a good hotel in the vicinity. The Utica and Black River 
 Railroad passes very near the village. 
 
 TRKNTO.N POINT, a post-office of JIancock CO., Maine. 
 
 TRENT-PORT, a village of Canada West, partly in a cedar 
 swamp on the Trent, which is here crossed by a swing- 
 bridge, about 50 miles \y.S.\V. of Kingston. It has an 
 Episcopal and a Roman Catholic church, a tannery, a dis- 
 tiller}-, and a large trade in lumber, immense quantities of 
 which are floated down the river. Pop. about 950. 
 
 TllENTSCIIIN, trJnt-sheen'. written also TRENTSEN 
 andTREXTSIN, (Hun. Trencsin, trJnVheen',) a walled town 
 of North-west Hungary, capital of a county, on a castle- 
 crowned height, on the left bank of the Waag, 40 miles N. of 
 Neutra. Pop. 2898. 
 
 TRENZANO, trJn-zS'no. a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Brescia, 8 miles S.VV. of Ospedaletto, on the Seriola 
 Trenzana Canal. Pop. 1287. 
 
 TKBPORT. Le, leh tri'poR', a seaport town of France, at 
 the N. extremity of the department of Seine Inffirieure. 16 
 miles E.N'.E. of Dieppe, at the mouth of the Brele in the 
 English Channel. Pop. in 1852, 3131. Its harbor was 
 much improved by the late king of the French while at the 
 Chateau d'Eu, 2 miles W..\.W. 
 
 TREPPIO-m-CANT.iGALLO, trjp'pe-o dee kin-tl-gJl'lo, 
 a village and parish of Tuscany, province of Florence, 6 
 miles from Cantagallo. Pop. 1190. 
 
 TREPTOW, Ai.T, dlt trjp'tov, a town of Prussia, province 
 of Pomerania, 17 miles S.S.E. of Demmin, on the Tollense. 
 Pop. 3825. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures 
 of woollens and linens, tanneries, and distilleries. 
 
 TREPTOW, Neu, noi trSp'tov, a town of Prussia, province 
 of Pomerania, on the Rega, 16 miles W.S.W. of Colberg. 
 Pop. 5350, partly employed in manufactures of woollen cloth. 
 
 TREPUZZI, tri-poot/see, a town of Naples, province of 
 Otj-anto. N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 206S. 
 
 TREQUANDA, trA-kdn'di, a village of Tuscany, 25 miles 
 from Sienna. Pop. 29S9. 
 
 TRESANA. triV-sd'na. also written TREG.TANA, a village 
 of North Italy, situated on the Magra, with the rcmaiua 
 of an old castle. Pop. 2373. 
 
 TUES-BARRAS or RIO-DE-TRES-BARRAS, ree' di trjs 
 biR'Ris, (i. e. the " river with three bars,") a river of Brazil, 
 falls into the Tapajos near lat. 8"^ S.. Ion. 57° W. 
 
 TRES'CO or TRES'CAW, one of the Scilly Islands, in the 
 English Channel. W. of Annet Island. Pop. 430. It has 
 iibout 800 acres of fertile land, a village named Dolphin, a 
 Christian knowledge society school, and some decayed bat- 
 teries. 
 
 TRESCORRE, trJskoR/R*, a market-town of Ix>mbardy, 8 
 miles E. of Bergamo, with 2000 inhabitants, and sulphur 
 baths and marble quarries. 
 
 TRES'COTT, a township in Washington eo., Maine, on the 
 Atlantic coast. 80 miles E. of Bangor. Pop. 715. 
 
 TRESKOWITZ, trJs'ko-ftits\ or TROSKOTOWICE, tros- 
 ko-to-*eet^si, a market-town of Austria, Moravia, circle of 
 Briinn, near Diirnholz. Pop. 1156. 
 
 TRES'.MERE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 TRES-MONTES, trfe mon't^s, (i.e. the "three mountains.") 
 a large peninsula of South Anierica, W. of Patagonia, be- 
 tween the Chonos Archipelago and the Gulf of PeBas. 
 
 THES-NUK AGUES, trj.-i noo-rif ghg.«. a village of the island 
 of Sardinia, division of Sassari, province, and 9 miles N.W. 
 of Cagliari. Pop. 1324. 
 
 TRES-PONTES, trJs pon'tJs, ("Three Bridges.") a town 
 of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes. between the Rio Grande 
 and the Rio das Mortes, 25 miles E. of Lavras de Fuuil. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 TRESTENBURG, a town of Transylvania. See Tasnad. 
 
 TRES'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 TRE'TIRE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 TRETS, tri, a town of France, department of Bouches-du- 
 RhSne, on the slope of Mount Regaignas, 12 miles E.S.E. of 
 Aix. Pop. in 1852, 2656. 
 
 TRETTO, trit'to. a village of Austrian Italy, 17 miles 
 N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 2300. 
 
 TREUCHTLINGEN, troiKt/ling-fn. a market-town of Ba- 
 varia, on the Altmuhl, 13 miles W.N.W. of Eichstadt. Pop. 
 1583. 
 
 TREUEN, troi'en, a town of Saxony, 9 miles E.N.E. of 
 Plauen. Pop. 4443, mostly employed in linen-weaving and 
 cotton-spinning. 
 
 TREUENBRIETZEN, troi'gn-breet'sgn, a town of Prussia, 
 province of Bradenburg, 22 miles S.S.W. of Potsdam. Pop. 
 4960. It has numerous manufactures of linen, woollen, and 
 cotton fabrics, and leather. 
 
 TREVAL'OA. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 TREVANDRUM, India. See Trivandrum. 
 
 TREVANION, tre-va'neK)n, or GUERTA, ghSr'tl. an island 
 In the South Pacific. Queen Charlotte's Archipelago. Lat. 
 lU^ 40 S.. Ion. 165° 45' 30" E.. in a lagoon of its own name. 
 In the N.W. part of the Island of Nitendi or Santa Cruz. It 
 is nearly 10 miles la circuit. 
 194S 
 
 TRE 
 
 TREVELEZ, trd-vinJth. or ENTREVELEZ, Jn-trA-v.VlMh. 
 a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and about 35 mileH 
 from Granada, S. side of Nevada, and not far from its cul- 
 minating pejik Mulahacen. Pop. 1590. 
 
 TREVE.VNEN. one of the Marquesas I.^lands. SeeRoAP0.\. 
 
 TREV'ES, treevz, (anc. Augm'Ui Treviroffum ; Fr. Trtres, 
 traiv or trSv; Ger. Trii-r. treer,) a city of Rhenish Prussia, 
 capital of a government of its own name, in a luxuriant val- 
 ley, surrounded by low vine-clad hills, on the right bank of 
 Moselle, here crossed by an ancient Roman bridge 6U0 fee< 
 long, 57 miles S.AV. of Coblentz. Lat. 49° 47' N., Ion. 6° 38' E 
 It is considered the oldest city In Germany, and is by far the 
 richest of its cities in Roman remains, though these are more 
 remarkable for vastness than beauty, and are far outstripped 
 by tbe remains both of Italy and France. Modern Treves con- 
 sists of the town proper and of nine suburbs. It is surrounded 
 by walls with eight gates, and is indifferently built, having 
 few good public squares, and a great number of irregular 
 and narrow streets. The buildings most deserving of no- 
 tice are the cathedral, an irregular structure in the earliest 
 Romanesque style, supposed tobepartly of Roman construc- 
 tion under the orders of the Empress Helena, who, more- 
 over, is the reputed depositor of the Holy Coat, the exhibi- 
 tion of which. In 1844, attracted 1,000,000 pilgrims, and 
 brought large sums into the treasury of the citadel ; ad- 
 joining the cathedral, and far superior to it in architectural ' 
 merit, the Liebfrauenkirche. ("church of [our j dear Lady,") 
 one of the earliest and mo,st elegant specimens of pure pointed 
 Gothic: the palace of the electors and bi.shops. a handsome 
 and extensive edifice, now converted into a barrack, and 
 partly occupying the site of a vast Roman structure, of 
 which a colossal fragment still exists, under the name of the 
 Heidenthurm (" Heathen's tower;") at the extremity of an 
 open space in front of this structure, the ancient remains of 
 the Roman baths, in a very shattered state ; to the E. of the 
 baths, and outside the walls, the Roman amphitheatre, 
 scooped out of the hill of the ilarsberg. where the solidity 
 of the rock has preserved entire the form of the arena, but 
 no buildings remain except two vaulted passages and the 
 Schwarzes Thor or Porta Nigra, (Black Gate.) one of the 
 mo.st interesting monuments of the town, decorated in front 
 with rows of Tuscan columns; and presenting the massive 
 simplicity of Roman structure, but thought to be of more 
 recent origin. Other buildings and establishments worthy 
 of notice are the town library of 60.000 volumes, which be- 
 longed to its university, .s<ippressed in 1794 ; the museum, 
 gymnasium, theatre, two nunneries, episcopal seminary, 
 provincial, industrial, and numerous other schools, the 
 school of design, savings' banks, burgher hospital, poor- 
 house, house of correction, &c. Its manufactures consist of 
 woollen and linen cloth, worsted, carpets, hats, porcelam, 
 soap, glue, leather, tobacco, and refined wax; the trade, for 
 which the Jloselle affords great facilities, is chiefly in the 
 above articles of manufacture, and in fruit and wine. It 
 has docks for building small vessels, and a steamboat com- 
 pany. Treves is a bishop's see, the seat of a provincial coun- 
 cil, and tribunal of commerce. When Julius C-csar led his 
 armies info the district, it was the capital of a powerful peo- 
 ple, whom he calls the Treviri. Under Augustus it was 
 made a Roman colony, called Augusta Trevirorum; it sub- 
 sequently became the capital of Gallia Belgica. It was the 
 residence of Constantine the Great and other Roman em- 
 perors, and attained to such magnificence that the poet 
 Ausonius calls it the second metropolis of the empire. Dur- 
 ing the invasion of the Goths, IIun.s, and Vandals, it was 
 almost annihilated, but revived and rose to great splendor 
 under the archbishnp-electors, who possessed extensive do- 
 mains, often maintained large armies, and managed by their 
 union of temporal and ecclesiastical sovereignty to exercise 
 great political influence in Germany. St. Ambrose, one of 
 the fathers of the church, was born, and St. Jerome, another 
 of its fathers, studied here. In the Middle Ages it suQ'ered 
 repeatedly from wars, and in the eighteenth century it was 
 five times taken by the French, under whom it became the 
 capital of a department of Sarre. Civil population, 17,759. 
 
 TREV'ETHIN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 TRE VI AN A, trA-ved'nd, a town of Spain, in Old Casfile, 
 province, and 33 miles W.N.W. of Logroilo. Pop. 1224. 
 
 TREVICO, trA-vee/ko, (anc. Trivihum.) a town of Naples, 
 province of Principato Ultra. 10 miles S.S.E. of Ariano, with 
 a caili dral, convents, hospital, and 3000 inhabitants. 
 
 TREVIGLIO, tri-veel'yo, or TRIVIGLIO, tre-veel'yo, a 
 town of Northern Italy, province of Bergamo, 18)^ miles 
 E.N.E. of Milan, with which it is connected by railway. 
 i Pop. 6440. It stands in a rich plain between the Adda and 
 Serio; and has a large trade in raw silk collected from the 
 surrounding districts. 
 
 TREVIONO, a town of Illyria. See RoviGXO. 
 
 TREVIL'LI AN'S DEPOT, a post-village of Louisa co.. Vir- 
 ginia, on the Central Railroad, 67 miles from Richmond. 
 
 TREVISO, trev-ee'zo or tri-vee'so. (Fr. Tririse, tr.Vveez', 
 
 anc. Torvi'sium,) a walled city of Austrian Italy, government, 
 
 16 miles N. of Venice, capital of a delegation, on the Sile. and 
 
 ■ on the railway from Venice to Treviso. It is surrf>uii<led by 
 
 ! strong walls and bastions, and enclosed by a wet-ditch, sup- 
 
TRE 
 
 TRI 
 
 pTled with water from the Sile. It is entered by three prates, 
 lias spacious streets and larije squares, and a great number 
 of handsome houses, (jeneraHy lined by arcades, and often po.s- 
 Bessed of small but well-planted jrardens. which give the town 
 a Tery pleasing appearance. The principal buildings are the 
 oatheilral, a tine but unfinished structure of the Lombards; 
 the church of San Nicolo, a large Gothic edifice ; the court- 
 house and new prison, town-house, register-office, hospital, 
 library of 30,0(X1 volumes, a monte-de-pieta. two theatres, both 
 hand.some buildings: and the civil hospital. The manufac- 
 tures consist chiefly of silk and cotton goods, and cutlery ; the 
 trade is in corn, cattle, and fruit, and there i.s an important 
 annual fair of 15 days. Treviso is the see of a bishop, the 
 seat of provincial and city courts and offices; and possesses 
 a botanic garden, agricultural society, diocesan seminary, 
 and athenreum of science and literature. It was formerly 
 the seat of the celebrated university afterwards transferred 
 to Padua. It is a place of great antiquity, and is supposed 
 to have been a municipal free town under the Konians. On 
 the decline of the Empire, it was taken pos.session of by the 
 Huns, then by the Ostrogoths, and afterwards by the Lom- 
 bards, who made it the capital of their two margraviates, 
 under the name of Marca Trevigniana. During the feuds 
 between the Guelfs and Ghibeljines it formed. part of the 
 Lombardic league, and became independent. In 1344 it 
 voluntarily placed itself under the government of A'enice, 
 whose fortunes it has since followed. Totila, King of the 
 Goths, and Pope Benedict XI.. were born in Treviso. Pop. 
 in 1846, 19,484. Under the French it was the capital of the 
 department of Tagliamento. Napoleon conferred the title 
 of Duke of Treviso on Marshal Mortier. 
 
 TREVI-THEBANA, tr.Vvee t.A-bi'ni, a market-town of 
 Italy, in the Pontifical States, 16 miles N.N.W. of Frosinone. 
 Pop. 1660. 
 
 TREVI-TREBIA, tr,Vvee tri'be-a, a market-town of Italy, 
 In the statu of Umbria, 10 miles n! of Spoleto, picturesquely 
 situated on the Flaminian way. Pop. 4600. 
 
 TREVOES, trA-vo'SNs, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Beira Alta, 18 miles S.S.E. of Lamego. Pop. 812. 
 
 TKEV0RT0N,apo8t-viUagoot'ISiorthumburlandoo.,Penn- 
 sylvania, 9 or 10 miles S.E. of Sunbury. 
 
 TK(:\0VX, trAVoo/, (ane. Trivia; f) a town of France, de- 
 partment of Ain, on the left bank of the Saone. 12 miles N. 
 of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 2995. It has a palace formerly be- 
 longing to the parliament established by Francis I. ; a mint, 
 an hospital, and manufactures of woollens. 
 
 TREWEN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 TREX'LERSTOWN, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 8 miles W.S.W. of Allentown. 
 
 TREY/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TREYSA or TREISA, tri'sS, a town of Germany, Hesse- 
 Cassel, province of Ober-IIessen, 20 miles E.N.E. of Mar- 
 burg. Pop. 2549. 
 
 TREZZANO, trJt-s3/no, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince of Milan, district, and 2 nriles S.W. of Corsica, on both 
 Bides of the Naviglio Grande. Pop. 1057. 
 
 TREZZO, trjfso, a market-town of Lombardy, 19 miles 
 N.E. of Milan, on the Adda, with manufactures of silks. It 
 was formerly fortified. 
 
 TRIADEL'PIIIA, a manufacturing post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Maryland, on the Patuxent River, 50 miles 
 N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 TRIADELFHIA, a postrvillage of Ohio co., W. Virginia. 
 
 TRIADELPIIIA. a post-office of Morgan co.. Ohio. 
 
 TRIADELPHIA IRON-WORKS, a small village of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TRIADITZA. See Sophia. 
 
 TRIANA, tre-J'nd, a suburb of the city of Seville, Spain, 
 on the opposite side or W. bank of the Guadalquivir. It is 
 the residence of the gypsies, horse-dealers, and most fluctu- 
 ating population of the city. 
 
 TRIAN'A. a post-village of Madison co., Alabama, on the 
 right bank of Tennessee River, 15 mile§ S.W. of IIunt.sville. 
 
 TRI'ANGLE, a post^township of Broome CO., New York, 
 16 miles N. of Binghamton. Pop. 1693. 
 
 TRI'ANGLES, The, a group of islets in the Mal.ay Archi- 
 celago, in the Strait of Macassar, immediately between Ce- 
 lebes and Borneo. 
 
 TRIANGLES, The, a group of islets off the E. coast of 
 Yucatan, in Central America, in the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 TRIBAU. a town of Austria. See Trudau. 
 
 TRIBE'S IlILL, a post-village of Montgomery CO., New 
 York, on the Central Railroad, 38 miles N.AV. of Albanv. 
 
 TRIBITZ, tree'bits, or TREBOWICE, trA-bo-^eefsA, a 
 village of Bohemia, on the Trebowka, and on the Bohemian 
 JIailway. 6 miles from Leitomischl. Pop. 1069. 
 
 TRIBSEES, a town of Prussia. See Triebsees. 
 
 TRIBUR. a town of Germany. See Trebur. 
 
 TRIBURIUM. See Trebur. 
 
 TRIC'i.LA, a town of Thessaly. See Trikhala. 
 
 TRICALOOR', a town of British India, presidency of 
 ■rfadras. district of South Arcot. 44 miles W. of Pondicherry. 
 H«re Tippoo Saib was defeated by the British in 1790. 
 
 TRICARICO. tre-ki're-ko, a "town of Naples, province 
 Of BasiL'cata, 17 miles E. of Potenza, between the Basiento 
 
 and the Brad.ano. Pop. 5000. It is onclrsed by old wallis. 
 has a cathedral, and manufactures of silks, woollen cloths, 
 caps, leather, and tobacco. 
 
 THICASK, tre-k3's.A, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 
 23 miles E.S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 2300. 
 
 TRICASS.H. See Tkoyes. 
 
 TRICATOOR, tre-kd-toor', a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, district, and 35 miles E.N.E. of Madura, 
 with a fine tank and pagoda. 
 
 TRICATOOR, a town of British India, presidency of M.o, 
 dras. district of Tanjore, 4 miles W. of Trauquebar, also 
 with a fine pagoda. 
 
 TRICCA. a town of Thess.aly. See Trikhaia. 
 
 TRICERRO, tre-chJR'RO, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Novara, province of Vercelli. Pop. 1227. 
 
 TKICESIMO, tre-ch.Vse-mo, a market-town of Italy, go- 
 vernment of Venice, 7 miles N. of Udine. Pop. 2700. 
 
 TRICE'S STORE, a post-office ofOrange co.. North Carolina. 
 
 TRICHINOPOLY or TRICHINOl'OLI, tritch-in-op'o-le, a 
 district of British India, near its S. extremity, presidency 
 of Madras. Area, 3000 square miles. Pop. 709,196. The 
 river Cavery traverses it from W. to E. 
 
 TRICHINOPOLY or TRICIIINOPOLL a town of British 
 India, pre.sidency of Madra.s, capital of the above district, and 
 the only town of consequence in it. situated on the Cavery, 
 30 miles W. of Tanjore. Pop. (including garrison) lOO.OOO. 
 Though one of the hottest stations in the Carnatic. it is tlie 
 head-quarters of the S. division of the Madras army, which 
 has here good cantonments. The markets are well supplied, 
 and communication with Madras is facilitated by good roads. 
 The fortifications are in decty : but a citadel is seated on a 
 lofty rock in its centre, on which are also a large pagoda, a 
 powder magazine, and in one of its angles a cave temple. 
 The arsenal contains many thousand stand of arms. The 
 population manufacture jewelry, cotton cloths, and horse 
 equipments, for which, and other goods. Trichinopnly is a 
 flourishing emporium. In 1849 a vast num))er of Hindoos 
 were here trampled to death, at the celebration of a religious 
 festival. 
 
 TRlCHOOR.tre-choor'. a walled town of Ilindostan, Cochin 
 dominions, under presidency of Madras, 40 miles N. by W. 
 of Cochin. It contains a citadel and palace, a college for 100 
 Brahmins, numerous pagodas, one of which has four turrets 
 erected by as many Indian princes, good barracks, an hospital, 
 magazine, and storehouses. It is celebrated throughout 
 Malabar for its sanctity, and is the place of a large annual 
 festival; it is also tlie most important trading emporium in 
 Cochin, and the station of a regimental company of the 
 Anglo-Indian army. 
 
 TRICKUM. a po.st-office of Carroll co., Georgia. 
 
 TRICOT, tree^ko'. a village of France, department of Oise, 
 12 miles N.E. of Clermont. Pop. 1045, who weave fabrics, 
 which have hence derived their name. 
 
 TRIDENTUM. See Trent. 
 
 TRIK, tree, a town of Fiance, department of Hautes-Pyre- 
 nees. 15 miles E.N.E. of T.arbes. Pop. 1.328. 
 
 THIEBKL, tree'l>fl. a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg. 52 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort.. Pop. 15t'0. 
 
 TRIEBES, treefhis, a village of Germany, in Reu.ss-Schleitz. 
 Pop. 1254. 
 
 TRIEBSEES, treeV.».<ls. or TRIBSEES, triVsAs, a town 
 of Prussian Pomeracia, 20 miles S.W. of Stralsund. Pop. 
 2703. 
 
 TRIEL. tre-JP, a market^town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise. on the right bank of the Seine. 4 miles N.N.W. 
 of Pois.sy, on the Havre Railwav. Pop. in 1S52. 1880. 
 
 TRII^LE-CHaTEAU. tree lejfi shi'to'. a market-town of 
 France, department of Oise, 15 miles S.W. of Beauvais. It 
 was formerly of importance. 
 
 TRIENGEN, treen'ghen, a village of Switzerland, canton, 
 and 16 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 2700. 
 
 TRIENT. See Trent. 
 
 TRIER, the German name of Treves, which see. 
 
 TRrESCH, treesh, a market-town of Jloravia, 9 miles 
 S.S.W. of Iglau, with 3200 inhabitants, and manufacture* 
 of woollen and linen fabrics, 
 
 TRIEST. tre-fst/, (Fr. 'JVicste, tre-?st/; It. Trieai.e. tre-^s'td ; 
 anc. Tergealte.) the principal seaport city of the Austrian Em- 
 pire, in Illvria, capital of a government and circle, on the 
 Gulf of Trieste at the N.E. extremity of the Adriatic Sea. 73 
 miles E.N.E. of Venice. Lat. of light-house. 45° 38' 6" N.. 
 Ion! 13° 46' 5" E. Mean temperature of the year. 55°-3; 
 winter, 39°-4; summer, 71°4 Fahrenheit. A railway has 
 been completed from Venice to Laybach. and is tobe extended 
 to Triest. The city consists of an old town, built on the de- 
 clivity of a .«teep hill, crowned by a nearly ruined castle and 
 enclosed by old walls: and tlie new town, or Theresienstadt, 
 Josephstiidt, and the Franzenvorstadt. bordering the sea on 
 a plain at its fix)t. It has altogether a thriving appearance, 
 and its streets are crowded with men of all European nations 
 The new town especially is well built, and few cities on the 
 Continent can vie with it in the solidity and comfort of its 
 private dwellings. A broad canal, deep enough to float ves- 
 sels of large burden, runs up from the harbor thiiiugh this 
 part of the town, and enables the mercluiuts to receive or 
 
 1949 
 
TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 (^-•liTer cargoes at their doors. Between the old and new town 
 winds the Cnrso. a spacious thoroughlare, opening succes- 
 rirely info several handsome squares, in the principal of 
 wliic-h are a fine public fountain, the chief hotel, and the 
 column and statue of the Emperor Charles VI., to whom 
 Triest owes its modern importance. The principal public 
 buildings are the exchange, the finest edifice in Triest, 
 situated in the above square, and adorned with a Doric co- 
 lonnade, and a fine spacious portal leading to a nohle mer- 
 chants' hall, while the story imn)ediately above is employed 
 as a casino; the Dom or cathedral, of great antiquity, in the 
 Byzantine style, somewhat resembling ("t. Mark's at Venice, 
 »nd surmounted by a tower which is said to stand on a 
 t«mple of Jupiter; the church of St. Peter; the Jesuit 
 church, with a fine Corinthi.an colonnade; the Protestant 
 church, synagogue, custom-house, post-office, and old and 
 new theatres. Outside the town, on the sea-shore, is the 
 new lazaretto, one of the largest and best-arranged in 
 Europe. 
 
 The harbor is of easy access, and completely sheltered ex- 
 cept to the N.W., from which, though accidents seldom oc- 
 cur, a heavy sea is sometimes thrown in. It is deep enough 
 to admit vessels of 300 tons to its quays, and vessels of any 
 Blze to anchor safely at a short distance off in the roads. It 
 is in the form of a crescent one side of which is formed by 
 the Theresien mole, which projects N.W. into the .sea, and 
 terminates in a broad platform, occupied partly by a fort, and 
 partly by an intermittent light 106 feet above the sea. On 
 its N. side is a quarantine dock, surrounded with hotels 
 and every other convenience. Close to the harlwr are ex- 
 tensive building-docks. 
 
 Triest is the great emporium for the trade of the 
 Austrian Empire by the Adriatic. It is a depot for ware- 
 housing goods from the Black Sea, Turkey, and Egypt, and 
 of late the route through it has been successfully employed 
 for the transit of the overland mails between England and 
 India. The trade began rapidly to increase about the 
 middle of the last century, when the Empress Maria The- 
 resa made gre.at improvements on the harbor, constructed 
 the Maria Theresa Canal, and declared it a free port. The 
 principal exports are corn, rice, wine, oil, wax, flax, hemp, 
 tobacco, silk, wood, hides, marble, iron, lead, quicksilver, 
 copper, alum, vitriol, silk stuffs, printed cottons, coarse and 
 fine linens, soap, leather, glass, and liqueurs. The principal 
 imports are colonial produce, raw and spun cotton, cotton 
 goods, dried fruits, hides, salt fish, camels'-hair, &c. Triest 
 possesses a large mercantile navy, and is the head-quarters 
 of the Austrian Lloyd's Steam-packet Company, which own 
 from 40 to 50 steamers trading to Venice, Alexandria, 
 Varna, Constantinople, &c. The following tables give a 
 good idea of the extent of the trade of this rising port: — 
 
 Number of Vessels, and A mmmt o f Timnage entered and ckaruf 
 at Triest, 1849-1852. 
 
 Tear. 
 
 Arbived. 
 
 Depaktkd. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Veasels. Tons. 
 
 1849 
 
 1,992 
 2,0o7 
 2,6.'t7 
 
 2,S58 
 
 436.090 
 454.261 
 589.372 
 445,048 
 
 
 l.SSO 
 
 2,061 
 2,297 
 3,111 
 
 451,210 
 
 1851 
 
 1«I 
 
 5.'t0,920 
 
 ImporU and Exports, 1846-1851. 
 
 Year, 
 
 Impoetb. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 By Sea. 
 
 By Land. 
 
 Total. 
 
 By Sea. 
 
 By Land, Total. 
 
 1846 
 1847 
 1.848 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 
 £ 
 6.789.500 
 7.134.500 
 5.158,720 
 7.283.000 
 7,885,000 
 9,700,000 
 
 £ 
 1,879.100 
 1,880,500 
 1,475,280 
 2,040.000 
 2,199,700 
 2,500,000 
 
 £ 
 8,668,600 
 9,015,000 
 6,634.000 
 9,323,000 
 10,084,700 
 12,200,000 
 
 £ 
 
 4,846,800 
 4,890,700 
 3,437,400 
 4,9«).tl00 
 5,037,300 
 5,860,080 
 
 £ £ 
 2. ■.'95,600 7.142.400 
 2,399.800 7,290.500 
 2.003,700 5.441.100 
 2,810,000 7,793,000 
 3,456,200 8,493,500 
 3,740,000 9,600,000 
 
 Triest is a bishop's see, the seat of an imperial academy, a 
 school of navigation, and many other schools and learned 
 associations. It has mjiny banking establishments, in- 
 surance offices, newspapers, ic. and is the residence of 
 consuls of most commercial nations. Its m.anufactures are 
 numerous, and in some branc'nes extensive. The principal 
 articles are white-lead, wax-candles, soap, rosoglio, spirits, 
 earthenware, and morocco-leather. A gi-eat number of vessels 
 also are built, and an active shipping is carried on in the bay. 
 Triest existed under the Romans, but never rose to much im- 
 portance till alx)ut the middle of the last ceniury, when it 
 attracted the attention and shared largely In the enlight- 
 ened policy of the Empress Maria Theresa, who laid the 
 foundation of a prosperity which has ever since continued 
 to advance, and converted a comparatively insignificant 
 town into the first port of the Austrian Empire. In the 
 Middle .\ge8 it was the capital of an independent republic. 
 The French took it in 1797 and 1805. Pop. In 1857, (15.874. 
 
 TRIEST. a government of the .\ustrian Empire, formine 
 the 3. and W. parts of lllyria, comprises the peninsula of 
 1950 
 
 Istria. and the islands of Veglia, Cherso, Lossini, *c, in th« 
 Adriatic, and the valley of the Isonzo, It is divided into 
 the circles of Triest. Rovigno, and Goritz. Principal towns, 
 Triest. Goritz, and Pirano. 
 
 TRIEST, GULF OF, (anc. TergeslVntis SVniis.) the head of 
 the Adriatic Sea, E. of Cape Salvatore, (Istria,) and the 
 mouth of the river Tagliamento, 20 miles in length and in 
 breadth at its entrance. It receives the Isonzo, the Stella, 
 and other rivers, and contains the islands of Grado. &c, 
 
 TRIGG, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 on Tennessee, contains an area estimated at 530 square 
 miles. The Tennessee River touches its W. border, and it 
 is al.so drained by the Cumberland and Little Rivers. The 
 surface is hilly and undulating; a part of the soil is fertile. 
 Limestone, iron ore, and stone coal are found. Formed in 
 1820. and named in honor of Colonel Stephen Trigg, who 
 was slain by the Indi.-ins at the battle of Blue Lit-ks. ' Capi- 
 tal, Cadiz. Pop. 11,051, of whom 7003 were free, and 3+i8 
 slaves. 
 
 TRIGGIANO, trid-j3'no, a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince, and 5 miles S,S,E. of Bari, and 3 miles from the 
 Adriatic. Pop, 3900. 
 
 TKIGXO, treen'yo, (anc. TrinJius^ a river of Naples, rises 
 in the Apennines about 9 miles W. of Campobasso, flows 
 N.W. and N.E. past Trivento and Celenza, and after a course 
 of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic 5 miles S.E. of II Vasto. , 
 
 TRIGOLO, tre-go'lo, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Cremona, 6 miles S. of Soncino. Pop. 2087. 
 
 TRIGUEROS. tre-gwA'roce, a town of Spain, province, and 
 10 miles N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 3534, 
 
 TItlKERI, tree'k.Wee, a town of Turkey in Europe, in 
 Thessaly, at the extremity of a peninsula forming the E. 
 entrance of theGulf of Voio. 30 miles E.N.E. of Zeitoun. It 
 has one of the best-frequented harbors in this part of the 
 archipelago, and building-yards at which a great number of 
 vessels are fitted out. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 TRIKKRI, a channel leading off from the above archi- 
 pelago. It communicates with the GulfofVolo on the N., 
 and the Channel of Talanda on the S.W. 
 
 TRIKIIALA or TRICALA, treenti-ia, in European Tur- 
 kev. a small affluent of the Salembria, immediately N.AV. 
 of Trikhala. 
 
 TRIKIIALA, TRICALA, written also TIRHALA, (anc. 
 Tridca or Ti-ik>ka,) a town Of European Turkey, in Thessaly, 
 37 miles W.X.W. of Laris.sa. Lat, 39° 31' N., Ion. 21° 48' 
 E. Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000, chiefly Turks. It covers a 
 large space, and has several Greek churches and synagogues ; 
 manufactures of blankets, coarse woollen and cotton stuffs 
 and an active transit trade in corn, &c., sent through it 
 into Albania and Epirus, 
 
 TRIKH.^^LA, a province, European Turkey. See Thessaly. 
 
 TRIKKA. See Trikhala. 
 
 THILLFINGEN, trill'fing-en, a village of Germany, in 
 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, on a very bleak and elevated 
 site. Pop. 1049. 
 
 TRILLO. treel'yo. a small town of Spain, province, and 30 
 miles E. of Guadalajara, on the Tagus. Pop. 791. It has 
 well-frequented mineral baths. 
 
 TRILPORT, treerpoR',a village of France, on the Parisand 
 Strasbourg Railway, 28 miles from Paris. 
 
 TRIM, a disfranchised parliamentary borough, market- 
 town, and pai'ish of Ireland, in Leinster. capital of the co. 
 of Meath, on the Boyne. 25 miles N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of 
 the town in 1851. 6226. It is old. and was formerly en- 
 closed by walls. The principal edifices are Trim Castle, 
 founded in the reign of Henry II., the ruins of which attest 
 its former grandeur; the remains of St. Mary's Abbey, a 
 handsome parish church, a spacious Roman Catholic chapel, 
 several .schools, various charitable institutions, a coxinty 
 court-house, jail, infantry barracks, union work-house, and a 
 handsome pillar to the Duke of Wellington, It has a brisk 
 trade in agricultural products. Three miles S, of the toAvn 
 is the demesne of Dangan, memorable as the birthplace of 
 the Duke of AVellington. Several Irish parliaments have 
 been held in this town, which was taken by Cromwell in 
 1649. 
 
 TRIM'BLE, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, border 
 ing on the Ohio River, contains about 150 square miles. 
 The surface is mostly hilly, and the soil fertile. Organized 
 in 1886. Capital, Bedford.' Pop. 58S0, of whom 5049 were 
 free, and S31 slaves. 
 
 TR1.MBLE, a post-township of Athens co., Ohio. P. 1112. 
 
 TRIM'BL'CK', a strong fortres.*, in British India, province 
 of .\urungabad, near the source of the Godavery, 80 mileri 
 N.E. of Bombay. 
 
 TRIM'DOX. a parish of England. CO.. and 9 miles S.E. of 
 Durham, on the Hartlepool Branch of the York and Berwick 
 Railroad. 
 
 TKIM'LEY ST. MARTIN, aparish of EnL'Land, CO. Suffolk 
 
 TRIMLKY ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 TRIM'MINGHA.M. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TRIMMIS. trim^mee'. a village and parish of Snitzer'and 
 canton of Orisons. 3 miles from Chur (Coire.) Pup. 1105. 
 
 TRIXACIA. SeeSiniY. 
 
 TlUNCO.MAUiE, triug'ko-ms-leo', a seapurt town of Coy 
 
TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 ion. on its N.E. coast, in lat. 8° 33' 7" N., Ion. 81° 14' 7" E. 
 The small town is at the foot of a rock crowned by Fort 
 Frederick, at tlie entrance of a bay termad by Nelson •' the 
 finest harbor in the world." and on the \V. shore of wliich 
 is Fort Osterburgh, protecting an inner harbor, and having 
 extensive barracks f )r European troops; but the station is 
 decidedly unhealthy. Mean temperature of the yoar 8i)°7 ; 
 winter, 77°'3; summer, S3°-8, Fahrenheit. At a distiince 
 of 7 miles are the thermal springs of Cannia. 
 
 TRI.VE MILLS, a post-office. Guilford co.. North Carolina. 
 
 THING, a market-town .and parish of England, co. of 
 Herts, on the London and North-western Railway, 32 miles 
 N.W. of London. P. in 1851, 4746,many of whom are employed 
 in manfactures of silk, canvas, and straw-plait. Ttie town 
 is neat, and has a market-house, a L,ancasterian free school, 
 and various small charities. The pari.sh is intersected by 
 the Roman Icknild Street, and the Grand Junction Canal. 
 Tring Park House is a fine mansion built by Charles II. for 
 Nell Gwynne. 
 
 TKINGAXY, trin-gi'nee, called also TRINGANO, tring- 
 gi'no, a maritime stiite of the Malay peninsula, extending 
 along the Gulf of Siam, between lat. 5° and (i° N., and Ion. 
 102° and 103? E. ; having N. Kalantan, and S. Kemamaii. 
 Pop. estimated at 30,000. The products are ivory, pepper, 
 camphor, gambler, gold, and about 7000 piculs of tin an- 
 nually. 
 
 TRINGANY, a town of the Malay peninsul.a, on a river of 
 the same name, lat. 5° 25' N., Ion. 103° E. Pop. from 15,000 
 to 20,uu0.(?) including many Chinese. 
 
 TRINIDAD, trinVdad', or TRINIDAD CITY, a post> 
 town of Klamath co., in the N.N.W. part of California, at 
 the head of Trinidad Bay, is situated on the road from Be- 
 nicia to Klamath, 270 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. 
 
 TRINIDAD, trinVdatl'. (Sp. pron. tre-ue-Daiy; Fr. La Tri- 
 niU. U tree^nee'tA',) the largest and most valuable of the 
 British West Indi.a Islands, excepting Jamaica. It is the 
 southernmost of the Windward group, and lies immediately 
 off the N.E. coast of Venezuela, at the mouth of the Gulf of 
 Paria, opposite the N. mouths of the Orinoco. It is of an 
 oblong form, with considerable projections at all its angles 
 except the S.E. Point Galera, the N.E. extremity, is in lat. 
 10° 50' N., Ion. 60° 54' W. Length, from N. to S.. 50 miles ; 
 average breadth, about 30 miles, exclusive of its projections. 
 Area, alxjut l,53t),000 acres. Approached from the N., Tri- 
 nidad appears like an immen.se ridge of rocks; its E. and S. 
 shores are also rocky and high ; but on the S. side, or the 
 side next theGuIf of Paria, it presents one of the most beau- 
 tiful and magnificent panoramas imaginable— hills, valleys, 
 and plains being covered with a verdure that knows no decay. 
 The mountain chains run from W. to E. In the N., near 
 the sea, they attain an elevation of about 3000 feet, and are 
 broken and rugged. In the centre of the island is a less 
 elevated group of mountains, and in the S. a series of beau- 
 tiful hills and knolls, timong which occur numerous delight- 
 ful valleys. In the intervals between the ranges of moun- 
 tains above described are several extensive plain,*, stretching 
 nearly across the entire island fi-om E. to W. : they contain 
 some natural meadows or savannas, and are watered by nu- 
 merous streams, but generally terminate towards the Gulf 
 of Paria in extensive swamps. Some of them, also, still con- 
 tinue in their natural state, covered with trees. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Caroni, the Oropuche, and the Ortoire ; 
 the first two are navigable to a considerable distance inland 
 by small craft. 
 
 The nucleus of the mountains is a very dense argillaceous 
 schist, becoming laminated and friable when exposed to 
 the atmosphere, and changing to a micaceous schist in 
 the inferior layers and near the beds of rivers ; in the in- 
 terstices of the latter, particularly to the N., are found 
 great quantities of sulphureous pyrites in cubic crystals. 
 There is no granite on the isl.nnd; but blocks of milky 
 quartz of different sizes are found in every valley. Gypsum 
 and limestone are rare. Near Point Icaque, terming the 
 S.W. extremity of the island, are several mud-volcanoes, the 
 largest, about 150 feet iu diameter, has boiling mud con- 
 sUintly bubbling, but never overtlOwing. Some of these 
 volcanoes tlirow out salt water, heavily loaded with argil- 
 laceous earth. Submarine volcanoes also occur on both sides 
 of the island ; one on the W. coast, near Cape Brea. occasion- 
 ally boils up, .ind discharges a quantity of petroleum; the 
 otlier, on the W. coast, near Cape Mayero, gives, in JIarch 
 and June, several detonations resembling thunder, succeeded 
 by tlames and smoke, afterwards ejecting pieces of bitumen 
 US black and brilliant as jet. The most remarkable phe- 
 nomenon- of this kind is the Asphaltum or Pitch Lake, situ- 
 ated on the leeward side of the island, on a small peninsula 
 jutting into the sea. a little N.l>>. of Guapo Bay. It is about 
 I5 miles in circumference, and elevated 80 feet above the 
 level of the sea. The headland on which it is situated con- 
 sists of bituminous scori.ne, vitrified sand, and earth ce- 
 mented together. In some places beds of cinders are found ; 
 and a strong sulphureous smell pervades the ground to the 
 distance of 8 or 10 miles from the lake. The pitch at the 
 Bides of the lake is perfectly hard and cold, but tciwards the 
 middle the heat gradually increases, and the pitch becomes 
 
 softer and softer, until at last it is seen boiling up In s 
 liquid state. Sevei-al attempts have bet;n made to ascertain 
 the depth of the lake, but no bottom has been ever found. 
 
 The climate of Trinidad is apparently less unhealthy tiwn 
 that of many of the other West India islands, and is not 
 subject to drought.?. The beneficial and abundant dews, 
 arising from the numerous rivers of the island and sur- 
 rounding ocean, cool and invigorate the atmosphere, and 
 give an unusual luxuriance to its vegetation. The soil Jg 
 in general extremely fertile, and the elevated parts of the 
 surface are mostly covered with dense forests, which contain 
 the finest wood for ship-building and for ornamental pui • 
 poses, among which the red cedar and a great variety of 
 palms are conspicuous. The principal animals inhabiting 
 the isl.and are a species of small deer, the mangrovi; stag, 
 the paca or lapo, about the size of a hare; opo.ssums, arma- 
 dilloe.s, porcupines, lizards, ant-bears, sloths, tigei-rats, 
 peccaries, water-dogs, monkeys in great variety, land-t r- 
 toises, &e. Birds — partridges, water-hens, flamingoes, white 
 woodcocks, wild ducks, pelicans, vultures, vampires and 
 other bat.s, parrots, parroquets, and humming-birds. Only 
 one-thirtieth of the land is estimated to be under culture. 
 The settled portions are chiefly confined to the N.W. and 
 S.W. of the island. 
 
 The following table exhibits the average annual exports 
 from Trinidad for the periods specified : — 
 
 Sugar 1 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Molasses { 
 
 Rum 
 
 Siuidries 
 
 Total e.vports. 
 Total imports. 
 
 37,o68,( 
 •2,487,1 
 
 £ 1 
 £406 
 £404, 
 
 28,706,572 
 
 2,519,010 
 
 255.289 
 
 150,378 
 
 754,970 
 
 11,152 
 
 3,498 
 
 431,7.)0 
 
 460,288 
 
 4,192 
 D,196 
 3,744 
 
 0,708,278 
 
 5,168,874 
 
 137,.S31 
 
 7,349 
 
 771,160 
 
 51,316 
 
 4,078 
 
 387,3.S6 
 
 500,558 
 
 The exports in 1852, amounted in Talue to 468.851?., and 
 the imports to 493.274?. 
 
 The revenue amounted to 107,310?., and the expenditure 
 to 110.944?. 
 
 Trinidad is a crown-colony, the public affairs being admi- 
 nistered by a lieutenant-governor, assisted by an executive 
 and a legislative committee. The laws are a mixture of 
 Spanish and English; and neither coroners' inquests nor 
 trial by jury are established. The island was discovered by 
 Columbus in July, 1498. It successively belonged to the 
 Spaniards and the French, and capitulated to the British 
 under Abercrombie in 1797. Port of Spain, on the N.W. 
 side of the island, is the capital, and one of the finest towns 
 in the West Indies. Trinidad has numerous good harbors 
 on its W. and S. coasts, particularly on the former; but few, 
 and those indifferent, on its E. and N, shores. Pop. iu 1851, 
 6S,645, thus cla.ssified — Roman Catholics, 43,605: Episcopa- 
 lians, 16,246; Wesleyans, 2508; Presbyterians, 1017; Inde- 
 pendents, 133; Baptists, 448; Mohammedans, Gentoos, 
 heathens. Ac. 4088. 
 
 TRINID.\D, Brazil. Sae Trij«id.\de. 
 
 TRINID.4D. tre-ue-Djo', a river of New Granada, isthmus 
 of Panama, which joins the Chagres about 25 miles from 
 its mouth in the Caribliean Sea. It is navigable for canoes 
 from the sea to Capua, S.W. of Chorrera. Its harbor is fitted 
 only for small craft 
 
 TRI NIDADE,tre-ne-da'd!l, an island of the Atlantic Ocean, 
 10 degrees E. of Brazil, to which it belongs. Lat. of the S. 
 point 20° 31' S., Ion. 29° 19' W. 
 
 TRINID.\DE, tre-ne-dd'dA, a market-town of Brazil, pro- 
 vince, and 19 miles N.E. of liio de Janeiro. Pop. 4000. 
 
 TRINITA, tre-ne-ti', a town of the .Sardinian State.s, in 
 Piedmont, division of Coni, province, and 9 miles N.W. of 
 Mondovi. Pop, 2895. 
 
 TRINIT.A.. a village of Naples, district of Castel-a-Mare, 3 
 miles E, of Sorrento, wifh 2 churches, an abbey, and 1500 
 inhabitants. 
 
 TRINITA VITTORIO, tre-ne-ti' vit-to're-o, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, division, and 5 miles N.E, of Nice, on 
 the Paglione. Pop, 1393. 
 
 TRINITlO, L\, ij tree'neeHA', atown o'^ France, department 
 of Morbihiin, 32 miles N.N.E, of Vannes, Pop. 627, 
 
 TRINITY, L.\, Id tree'nee'tV, a market-town of Mar- 
 tinique, capital of an arrondissement, cm its E, coast. l(i 
 miles E. of St. Pierre,"' Pop. 6667. 
 
 TRINITI5. L.\, an island of the West Indies. See Trinid.id. 
 
 TRIN'ITY, a county in the N.W. part of California, has 
 an area estimated at above 3500 square miles. It is iKjuuded 
 on the W. by the Pacific, and on the E. by theCoa.sl Range, 
 and is drained by Eel Creek and several other smaller 
 streams. The surface in the K. and W. portions is uneven 
 or mountainous. Mount Linn, in the S.E. part, is the 
 princip.1l elevation; soil fertile, especially along the streams. 
 But little attention has yet been paid to agriculture — min- 
 ing ami trading being the principal occupations of the 
 inhabitants. Capital, AVeaverville. Pop, 5125. 
 
 1951 
 
TRI 
 
 TRI 
 
 TRINITY, a thriving post-Tillage of Catahoula parish, 
 Louisiaua, on the W. bank of the Black Kiver. at the con- 
 flueuce of the Tensjis and Washita Rivers, 12 miles below 
 Uarrisouburg. It contains 1 church, 4 stores besides gro- 
 ceries, 1 steam mill, and a Masonic lodge. Incorporated in 
 1850. Pop. about 500. 
 
 TRINITY, a small village of Alexander co., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio River, at the mouth of Cash River. 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE. See Hartford, Connecticut. 
 
 TRINITY CASK or TARN'LY, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Perth. 
 
 TRIN'ITY RIVER, of Texas, is formed by two main 
 branches, the Elm Fork and the West Fork, which unit« a 
 few miles above Dallas Court-IIouse. It Hows in a general 
 S.E. direction, nearlj' parallel with the Brazos, and falls into 
 the N. extremity of Galveston Bay about 40 miles N. of 
 Galveston City. The length of the main stream is estimated 
 at 550 miles. It is a fine, navigable river, affording more 
 extensive facilities for that purpose than any other in the 
 state. The navigation is always good for ste.amboats to 
 Liberty, about 90 miles from the Gulf; during the rainy 
 season, t. «. from February to May, inclusive, they make 
 regular passages to the upper part of Houston county, a 
 distance of about 350 miles, and in some ca.ses they have 
 a.scended as far as 500 miles. This river flows tlirough an 
 alluvial plain, which has but a slight declivity towards the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and presents no great inequalities of surface. 
 The valley of the Trinity is especially fertile, and is occupied 
 by plantations of cotton, maize, sugar, and rice. Timber is 
 found here in greater variety and abundance than in the W. 
 parts of the state. Branches. — The Elm Fork rises in the 
 N. part of Cook county, within a few miles of Red River, 
 and pursues a S.K. course of about 150 miles. The West 
 Fork rioes in Cook county, flows S.E. through the Cross 
 Timbers to Tarrant county, "and thence E. till it unites with 
 the other branch, after a cour.^e of nearly equal length. 
 
 TRINITY RIVER, rises in the K. part of Klamath co., 
 California, near the ifoot of the Coast Range, and running 
 first S.W., and then N.W., falls into the Klamath River in 
 about lat. 41° 20' N. Gold is found in abundance on this 
 river, miners averaging $7 per da}'. 
 
 TRINITY SPRINGS, a post-office of Martin co., Indiana. 
 
 TRINIUS. See Tkigxo. 
 
 TRINKSEIFEN, trink'sPfgn, a TUlage of Bohemia, 14 
 miles from Carlsbad. Pop. 1511. 
 
 TRINO, tree'no, a town of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont, division of Novara. 11 miles S.W. of Vercelli, near the 
 Po. Pop. 8217. It is well built, and has a large trade in 
 cattle. 
 
 TRINHDMALEE', a large and populous town of British 
 India, presidency, and 100 miles S.W. of Madras, district of 
 South Arcot, with a large pagoda, numerous other temples, 
 and a gateway of 12 stories, and 222 feet in elevation. 
 
 TRINS, HOHEN, ho'gn treens, a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 4 miles Vf. of Reichenau, 
 near the Vorder-Rhein. It has the ruins of 2 old castles. 
 The Trinser-see, ('■ Lake of Trins,") in the vicinity, contains 
 good pike. Pop. 1072. 
 
 TRI'ON, a post-ofiice of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama. 
 
 TRION, a postoffice of Jefferson co., Tennessee. 
 
 TRION FACTORY, a pst-office of Chattooga co., Georgia. 
 
 TRIORA, treVrd, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Nice, 13 miles N. by W. of San Remo. It was 
 anciently surrounded by walls, and defended by two 
 castles, of which portions still remain ; and has an ancient 
 collegiate church, an Augustine monastery, a public school, 
 an hospital, and several other charitable endowments. Pop. 
 4846. 
 
 TRIP'ATOOR/. several towns of British India, presidency 
 of Madras, districts of Salem, Madura, and Chingleput; the 
 last about 27 miles S.W. of Madras, and having some re- 
 markable Hindoo temples. 
 
 TRIPETTY, a celebrated Hindoo temple, S. of the Kistnah, 
 in South India, presidency, and 65 miles N.W. of Madras. 
 
 TRII'/LETT. a post-oflice of Fleming co., Kentucky. 
 
 TRIPOLE, tre-po'l.i, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Kiev, on the Dnieper. P. 1500. 
 
 TRIPOLI, trip^o-le, called by the natives TARABLOOS or 
 TARABLUS, ta-rd/bloos, (anc. IViprtlu*) a country in the N. 
 of Africa, forming one of the Barbary States, and. in name 
 at least, a dependency of the Turkish Empire. It is often 
 understood in an enlarged sense to include both Barca and 
 Fe2z»n, but as the.se are described under their own heads, 
 the present article is confined to Tripoli proper, which lies 
 between Ut. 28° and 33° 30' N., and Ion. 10° and 2u° E.: it 
 Is bounded, N. by the Mediterranean. W. by Tunis, S. by 
 Fezzan and the Libyan Desert, and E. by the Libyan Desert 
 and Barca. Length, from W. to E., about 700 miles ; breadth 
 varies from 100 miles near the centre, to 200 miles near the 
 extremities. Area, estimated at 105,000 square miles. The 
 coast-line stretches in an irregular but almost unbroken 
 
 • Under the Romans, the three flourishing cities of tEa, 
 fyeptis, and Sabr.ata constituted a kind of federal union, under 
 the name of Tripolis, or the " three citiei." 
 1952 
 
 course for about 800 miles, and presents so few bays and pro. 
 tecting headlands as not to furnish more than one good har- 
 bor — that on which the capital is situated ; the E. hall" forms 
 the very remarkable indentation anciently known as the 
 Greater Syrtis, and now called the Oulf of Sidra. The W. 
 half, extending from the Gulf of Cabes or i.e,sser Syrtis E. to 
 Mesurata Point, is low and sandy ; the other half is more di- 
 versified, and interrupts the monotony of its sandy beaches 
 by numerous rocky points, which were the terror uf ancient 
 mariners, though modern survey has proved that their ima- 
 ginations had greatly exaggerated the real danger. 
 
 The interior of the country is very imperfectly known. 
 The E. part being mostly a continuation of the desert, par. 
 takes of its inhospitable character, and contains large tracts 
 of almost barren sands. In the S., however, it is partly 
 traversed by the Black Mountains, an E. offset of the Atlas, 
 which, descending in successive terraces, enclose many 
 valleys and plains of considerable fertility. Farther W. the 
 surface becomes still more diversified. Two mountain ranges 
 stretch from W. to E., in directions nearly parallel to the 
 coast — the one in the S. called the Suara, .and the other in 
 the N. called the Gharijin Mountains. The latter range has 
 a width of from 12 to 15 miles, and att-iins a height of about 
 4000 feet : it is not more than 20 miles from the coast, and 
 becomes visible at sea. It is composed for the most part of 
 volcanic rocks, and many of its summits assume the form 
 of isolated conical peaks. The space between the.se is often 
 occupied by a kind of plateau. The soil upon them, produced 
 by the decomposition of lava and ba.salt. is very fertile, 
 and being in many parts under careful cultivation, produces 
 heavy crops of grain, more especially where the natural de- 
 ficiency of moisture is supplied by irrigation from large 
 tanks, in which, in the absence of running streams, the 
 rain-water is collected for that purpose. 
 
 Abundant rains fall from November to March, and are 
 collected in numerous tanks and cisterns, to provide against 
 the succeeding droughts which prevail throughout the re- 
 mainder of the year, more especially from May to September, 
 when sometimes fi)r months not a single shower falls. .\t 
 this time the heat is intense, the sirocco often blows, and 
 the thermometer rises from 90° to 92°. During the rainy 
 season the fluctuations of temperature are often very gre.at, 
 the thermometer frequently falling during the night to 40°, 
 or to the freezing point, and rising during the day to above 
 70°. The prevailing winds of summer are E.; those of win- 
 ter W. and N.W. 
 
 On the sides of hills too steep to be arable, vines, olives, 
 almonds, figs, and other fruits are often seen growing in 
 profusion. In these hilly tracts much of the surface is left 
 in natural pastures, which, more especi.illy after the heavy 
 rains, become extremely luxuriant, and rear cattle in such 
 numbers as to become an important article of export. But 
 by far the richest and most fertile tract of Tripoli is that of 
 the Mesheea. which stretches about 15 miles along the coast, 
 with a width not exceeding 5 miles, and has the capital 
 nearly in its centre. The whole of this favored district is 
 occupied with fertile fields, on which rich crops of wheat, 
 barley, millet, and Indian corn are grown; plantations of 
 productive p.alm-trees, arranged in regular rows, oliveyards, 
 vineyards, orchards, and gardens yielding in abundance, 
 among other fruits, oranges, pomegranates, lemons, figs, 
 apricots, plums, and watermelons. The other principal pro- 
 ducts of the coast are cotton, silk, tobacco, saffron, madder, 
 and castor-oil; in the interior, senna, dates, and g.alls are 
 the chief sources of wealth, and the cassob and lotus are 
 indigenous. 
 
 The surplus produce of the date and olive plantations, 
 with straw mats, earthen jars, and other domestic manu- 
 factures, are partly exported by sea, and partly disposed of 
 to Bedouin traders. Wine of superior quality might be pro- 
 duced. Cattle, sheep, and poultry are sent to Malta. Rock- 
 .salt is an important article of export. The principal manu- 
 factures are carpets, thick cloaks, and otherartides of cloth- 
 ing; camlets, articles of goats'-hair, sacking, prepared skins, 
 morocco leather, earthenwares, and potash. The foreign com- 
 merce is mostly with Malta. Tunis, and the Levant: the 
 chief trade is in the barter of European goods for those of 
 Central Africa, whence several caravans arrive annually 
 with slaves, gold-dust, ivory, senna, and natron. 
 
 The rural population consists chiefly of Arabs, and the town 
 population of Moors, but both with a considerable intermix- 
 ture of Jews. Neither Turks. Memlooks. (Mamelukes,^ nor 
 Christiansare numerous. The state religion is Mohammedan. 
 The government is an unmitigated and barbarous despotism. 
 The pasha, generally chosen from among the Turki.«h officers 
 resident in the capital, .and confirmed by a firman of the 
 sultan, sets an example of tyranny and extortion which is 
 naturally and eagerly imitated by his subordinates. A large 
 portion of the revenues was ut one time derived firom piracy, 
 since the extirpation of which the deficiency has been in It 
 great measure supplied not by developing the resources of 
 the country, but by establishing monopolies, tampering with 
 the currency, and imposing grinding Taxes. The more re- 
 gular and legitimate sources of income are direct trmute 
 from the Arabs and distnct-governors, a bmd-tax, a tax on 
 
TRI 
 
 TRO 
 
 Jews and mercliants. and export and import duties. Pop. 
 
 about 1,500,000. .\dj. and inliab. Trh'oune, trip-o-leen', 
 
 aud Tripoutax. tre-pol'e-tan. 
 
 TIUPOLI, (anc. (E'a,) a seaport town on the N. coast of 
 •Africa, capital of .the above state, 300 miles S. of the coast 
 of Sicily, and 600 miles S.E. of Algiers. Lat. (pasha's castle) 
 32° 53' 54" N.. Ion. 13° 11' E. It stand.i on a rocky pro- 
 montory washed by the sea on the N. and E., and connected 
 with the mainland on the S. and W. by a sandy plain, 
 partly under cultivation ; it is enclosed on the land-side by 
 a lofty wall flanked with bastions, and on the sea-front 
 defended by a formidable line of batteries, terminating at 
 the S.E. angle in a strong castle, in which the pasha resides. 
 The town, enclosing an area about 1300 yards long, by 1000 
 yards broad, is entered by two gates; it consists of a 
 great number of narrow and uneven lanes, lined for the 
 most part with mean houses huddled together without any 
 urder. and from the absence of front-windows, lixiking more 
 like dead walls than inhabited dwellings. The pasha's 
 castle, already mentioned, consl-its of an ancient pile of vast 
 extent, built at different times, and .so irregularly, that all 
 appearance of symmetry is lost. The great mosque, situated, 
 in the main street, is a handsome and majestic structure," 
 in which the roof, formed by a number of small cupolas, is 
 supported by Iti Doric marble columns, said to have once 
 belonged to a Christian church. The other buildings most 
 deserving of notice are 6 principal and many smaller 
 mosques, 2 or more Christian churches, a Franciscan con- 
 vent, 3 synagogues, a number of public baths, each crowned 
 with a dome, and extensive bazaars and caravansaries. 
 There are several ancient remains, among which the most 
 remarkable is a magnificent triumphal arch, erected in 164, 
 to the Roman emperors Aurelius Antoninus, and Lucius 
 Verus, consisting of huge blocks of marble, beautifully 
 sculptured on the sides and ceiling, and now used as a store- 
 house. The only manufiictures of any consequence are 
 carpets, which liave long been celebrated; mantles and 
 other woollen stuffs, ordinary and morocco leather, and 
 potash. The trade has the advantage of the only good har- 
 bor for several hundred miles along the coast. Tt is formed 
 by the E. side of the promontory on which the town stands, 
 and two long lines of reefs on the E. and N.E., furnishing 
 tolerably good shelter. Where deepest it has not more than 
 5 or 6 fiithoms, but has capacity sufficient to admit whole 
 fleets of merchant vessels: ships-of-war anchor in the outer 
 roads, which have good holding-ground in from 16 to 18 
 fathoms. with'indifTerent shelter. A great part of the trade 
 of the state, and even of the more distant interior as far as 
 Timbuctoo and Borneo, has its emporium at Tripoli, to 
 which the goods are conveyed across the desert in caravans. 
 Pop. estimated at 20,000, comprising about 15,000 of Tuikish 
 descent, 3000 Jews, and 2000 Christians. 
 
 TRIPOLI, trip'o-le,TARA15LOOS,TARA]fLOUS or TARA- 
 BLUS, tA-r^'bloos. (anc. Trip'olis.) a seaport town of Syria, 
 capital of a pashalic, on the Mediterranean, at the foot of a 
 spur of -Mount Lebanon, and at the mouth of the Kadisha, 
 46 miles N.E. of Beyroot. Lat. 34° 26' 4" N.. Ion. 35° 49' E. 
 Pop. 15.000. It is neatly built, and surrounded by fine gar- 
 dens, but the marshy character of its vicinity renders it 
 unhealthy. The houses are chiefly of stone, aud the town 
 has many remains of Medieval architecture: in and around 
 it are numerous granite columns and traces of antiquity, 
 and an old castle stands on an adjacent height. Tripoli 
 doubtless owed its name to its consisting of tiiree distinct 
 towns, while the Marina or El Mina. the principal seat of 
 trade, is a separate quarter S.W., on a projecting point of 
 land bordering the port. The harbor is small, shallow, and 
 frequently uns.ife, but the town retains some export trade 
 in silk, wool, cotton, tobacco, galls, cochineal, and soap. 
 Tripoli is a Greek bisihop's see, and the residence of several 
 European consuls. It was taken by the Crusaders in 1108, 
 at which time a large and valuable library was consigned to 
 the flames. 
 
 TRIPOLI, a ruined city of Asia Minor, near the Mender, 
 86 miles S.E. of Ak-Shehr. 
 
 TRIPOLI, a town of Turkish Armenia. See Tirbboli. 
 
 TRIP'OLI, a post-office of Tishemingo eo., Mississippi. 
 
 TRIPOLITZA or TRIPOLIZZA, tre-po-lit'sa, a town of 
 Greece, in the Morea. capital of the government of Mantinea, 
 in a plain 3000 feet above the sea. 22 miles S.W. of Argos. 
 Previously to the revolution it was the residence of the 
 Turkish pa.sha of the Morea, and h.ad 20,000 inhabitants; 
 out it was stormed and taken by the Greek insurgents in 
 «.821, and ag.iin in 1828 by the troops of Ibrahim Pasha, 
 Tho razed it to the ground. It h.as been since rebuilt. It 
 owes its name to l)eing the modern representative of the 
 Ihree cities of Mantinea. Tegea, and I'allantium, traces of all 
 which exist in its vicinity. Pop. 7441. 
 
 TRIPOLI VECCHIA. trip'o-le vtknie-L or OLD TRIPOLI, 
 a small inaritirnetownof the state of Tripoli, iu North Africa, 
 45 miles W. of the capital. 
 
 TlUPl'STADT. tripp'stltt, a village of Bavaria, in Pala- 
 tinate. IS miles V;.N.E. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1576. 
 
 TRIl'TIS. trip'ti.s. a town of Germany, in Saxe-Weimar, 5 
 miles E. of Neustadt, on the Orla. Pop. 1480. 
 
 TRISOBBTO, tre-soVbe-o. a village of the Sardinian Statef, 
 divi.sion of Alessandria, province, and 6 miles S.E. of Acqul, 
 with the ruins of an old castle. Pop. 1324. 
 
 TRISSINO, tris-see'no, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- 
 vince, and 9 miles W.N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TRISTAN D'ACUNIIA, tris-tan' di-koon'yd, the principal 
 of a group of islets in the South Atlantic, lat. 37° 6' S., lou. 
 12° 2' W. The surface is mountainous, and one peak rises' 
 to 8236 feet above the ocean. The other islands are named 
 Nightingale, and Inaccessible Island. They are claimed by 
 Great Britain, and a British garrison was maintained there 
 during the residence of Napoleon at St. Helena. 
 
 TRISTE, tris/tJ, an island of Central America, in the Gulf 
 of Terminos, off the S.W. coast of Yucatan. 
 
 TRIS'TE or POOLO MEGO, poo^o mA/go. an islet off the 
 S.W. coast of Sumatra. Lat. 4° S., Ion. 101° 10' E. 
 
 TRISTE, GULF OF, a bay of the Caribbean Sea. in South 
 America, on the N. coast of Venezuela. Lat. 10° SO' N., and 
 between Ion. 67° .30' and 08° 30' W. 
 
 . TRITII SAINT l£GER, treet siN" lilV.h.V, a village of 
 France, department of Nord, on the Scheldt, (Escaut,)arrou- 
 dis.sement of A'alenciennes. with iron forges. Pop. 1799. 
 
 TRI/TON ISLAND, the southernmost of the Paracels. in 
 the China Sea. 
 
 TRIUGGIO, tre-ood'jo, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Milan, on the Lambro, 7 miles from Carate. Pop. lUiO. 
 
 TRIUMPIIO. tre-oom'fo. a town of Brazil, province of Sao 
 Pedro. 30 miles W. of Porto Alegre. Pop. 3462. 
 
 TRIUMPIIO DE LA CRUZ, tre-oom'fi) d.'l M kroos. a bay 
 and group of islets of Central America, on the N. coast of 
 the state of Honduras, district of Comayagua. 
 
 TRl'UNE, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee. 
 
 TRIVALOOR, trivVloor', a populous town of British In- 
 dia, presidency of Madras, district, 34 miles E. of Tandore. 
 
 TRIVANDRUM, tre-vdn'drtim, written also TRIVAN- 
 DEKU.M or TREVANDKUM, a town of South llindostan, 
 capital of the Travancore dominions, on the Malabar coast, 
 50 miles N.W. of Cape Comoriu, with a fine palace aud .an 
 extensive garrison. Mean temperature of the year, 79°-2 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 TRIVENTO. tre-v?n'to, a walled town of Naples, province 
 of Molise, on the Trigno, 15 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 
 4000. It has a cathedral, and manufactures of coarse wool- 
 len cloths. 
 
 TRIVERO, tre-vA'ro, a market-town of the Sardinian 
 States, in Piedmont, division of Turin, 9 miles N.E. of Biella. 
 Pop. 3500. 
 
 TRIVICARY, tre-Te-kJ'ree, a village of British India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, district of South Arcot, 16 miles N.W. ol 
 Pondicherry. 
 
 TRIVIGNO, tre-veen'yo, a village of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, 11 miles S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TRIV'OLI, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, about 17 
 miles AV. of Peoria. Pop.of township, 1617. 
 
 TRNAW.\, a town of Bohemia. See TURN.tu. 
 
 TROAD, the plain aroujd ancient ?Voy. See Trot. 
 
 TROARN, tro^aRn', a market-town of France, department 
 of Calvados, 8 miles E. of Caen. Pop. 960. 
 
 TROBRI-iND, tro'bre-ind'. a group of islands in the Lou- 
 isiade Archipelago, in the South Pacific, extends from lat. 
 6° 47' 45" to 8° 52' 30" S., Ion. 147° 24' to 151° 10' E. The 
 islands are generally low, and of considerable extent, appa- 
 rently fertile, priducing abundance of the finest yams, aud 
 maintaining a dense population. 
 
 TROCIITELFINGEN, troK'tfl-fing'fn, a village of WUr- 
 tcmburg. circle of Jaxt. Pop. 1020. 
 
 TROCHTELFINGEN, a petty town of South Germany, 
 in Ilohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 15 miles N. of Sigmaringen. 
 Pop. 1136. 
 
 TROEDYRAUR. tro-2d-e-r5wr, a parish of South Wales, co. 
 of Cardigan. 
 
 TROENSE, tr6'fn-s?h. a village of Denmark, in the Island 
 of Taasinge, on the Thorbesund. Pop. 700. 
 
 TRtEZEN. See Dam.u..\. 
 
 TROFA, tro'fd. a tow n and parish of Portugal, province of 
 Douro. 9 miles E.N.E. of Aveiro, near the Vouga. Pop. 860. 
 
 TROGEN. tro'ohen, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 6 
 miles N.E. of Appenzell, capital of Outer-Rhodes. Pop. 2400. 
 It has an arsenal, and a trade in muslin and linens. 
 
 TROIA or TROJA, tro'yi. (anc. Vernu'ria,) an LsKand of 
 the Mediterranean, off the coast of Tuscany, province of Pisa, 
 14 miles S.E. of Piombino, about 2 square miles in extent, 
 and rising from the sea like a truncated cone. 
 
 TROIA or TROJA, tro'yj, a town of Naples, province of 
 Capitanatii, 15 miles S.W. of Foggia. Pop. 5000. It has a 
 fine catliedral, and manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, 
 and a large annual fair in August. 
 
 TROIS-MOUTIERS, Les, lAtrwd mooHe-.V, a market-town 
 of France, department of Vienne, 5 miles N.W. of Loudun. 
 Pop. in 1852, 1664. 
 
 TROIS RIVIJfeRES, a town and district of Canada. Seo 
 Three Rivers. 
 
 TROIS RIVIERES, trw^ ree've-aiR/, a market-town on 
 the S. coast of the island of Guadeloupe, 7 miles S E of 
 Basse-Terre. Pop. 3206. 
 
 1353 
 
TRO 
 
 TRO 
 
 TROITSK, troitsk, a lown of Russia, poTermnent, and 87 
 fnlles \.W. of I'enza. on the Moksha. Pop. 35(i0. 
 
 TROITSK or ZEMXINKI, zJm-nin'kt'e, a town of Asiatic 
 Russia, government of Orenboor^. on the Ooi. an afHuent of 
 the Tobol. 70 miles S.S.E. of Tcheliabinsk. Top. 5(100. It 
 is enclosed by bastioned vrnlls, and has a cathedral, custom- 
 house, barracks, and an active traffic with Bokhara. Two 
 thousand Kirgheez are said to frequent it annually with 
 their goods. 
 
 TROITZKOI, troit'skol. a market^town of Russia, gorern- 
 ment, and 42 miles X.N.E. of Mcscow. Pop. 7000. On a 
 hei;.rht immediately abore it is a vast ecclesiastical establish- 
 ment, founded in 13-37, and the richest in the empire, after 
 that nf Kiev. Within its fortified enclosures are numerous 
 churches, imperial and episcopal palaces, an ecclesiastical 
 reminary, with a library of 6000 volumes and a bell of 70 
 tons weight. 
 
 TROJ.i and TROJAN. Asia Elinor. See Trot. 
 
 TROJA, an island of the Mediterranean. See Tkoia. 
 
 TROJA, Italy. See Troi.4.. 
 
 TROKI, tro'kee, or NOVO TROKI, no'vo tro^kee, a towri 
 of Russian Poland, government, and 15 miles S.W. of Vilna, 
 on Lake Troki. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TROLH^TTA, trol-hgt'ta. a market>-town of Sweden, l«n, 
 and S miles S.S.W. of Wenersborg. Pop. 1000. It is situated 
 on the Gotha River, which here forms the Trolha^tta Falls, 
 obviated for the navigation of the Gotha Canal by the Trol' 
 haitti 0-inaU a cut 3 miles in length, and having 12 sluices. 
 
 TR0M13ETAS, trom-bi'tfc, or OKIXIMINA, o-re-she- 
 mee'nd. a river of Brazilian Guiana, rises near the frontiers 
 of British Guiana, flows S., and pa.sfes the town of Obidos. 
 and falls into the Amazon by two unequal mouths at a 
 short distance from each other. 
 
 TR05I0E, tro'mo'eh, anwsland of Xorway. amt of Nede- 
 naes, close to the S. coast, opposite Arendal. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 TUOMSOE, trom'so^Jh. a town of Norway, in Finmark, 
 on the island of Tromsoe, opposite the Island of IIvalo«. 
 Pop. 738. It has a wooden quay and a custom-house, and 
 is an outport of Hammei-fest. 
 
 TRONCHIENNES, trAN='she-?nn', or DROXGEN, drong'- 
 Hen, a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 2 miles 
 W. of Ghent, on the Lvs. Pop. 46.34. 
 
 TROXDHJEM, troud'ySm,(anc.i\W<jros? 'L.N'idrosia ;Ger. 
 Drontheim. dront/hime.) a seaport town of Xorway, capital of 
 South Trondhjem. beautifully situated on a circular bay at 
 the mouth of the Xid. in the S. side of the Trondhjem Fiord. 
 Lat. (cathedral) 6.3° 25' 48" N., Ion. 10° 23' 45" E. On the 
 land side it is commanded by a series of heights which make 
 it incapable of defence in that direction, but towards the 
 sea it possesses strong fortifications, both on the mainland 
 and more especially on the small rocky island of Munkholm. 
 It has spacious, regularly-formed, and remarkably clean 
 streets, with water-cisterns at their intersections. It was once 
 built almost entirely of wood, which, in consequence of the ra- 
 vages of repeated fires, has chiefly given place to houses of 
 stone or brick. The most remarkable edifices and establish- 
 ments are the cathedral, the greatobject of interest, much di- 
 lapidated by the ravages of early barbarians, and defaced by 
 the b.id taste displayed in more modern renovations, hut 
 still venerable from the antiquity of some of its parts, which 
 are as old as 1033, and entitled to rank, as a whole, as 
 the most remarkable ecclesiastical structure in the king- 
 dom; the palace of the old Xorwegian kings, of whom 
 Trondhjem was the capital, now converted into a military 
 and naval .%rsenal; a museum, including a picture-gallery 
 and a library with some rare manuscripts: a work-house, 
 asylums for the aged and deaf-mutes, grammar, Lancaste^ 
 rian and other schools, exchange, bank, a court-house, cus- 
 tom-house, handsome theatre. &c. The manufactures in- 
 clude excellent capes, hat-covers, &c. of goat-skin, trinkets, 
 and rifles, said to be the best in Xorway. The breweries are 
 famous for a beer whith is largely exported. The building- 
 yards fit out vessels which bear a high name for their sail- 
 ing properties. The harbor is indifferent, not admitting 
 vessels which draw more than 10 or 12 feet, and the road- 
 stead is exposed to a heavy swell from the X. and E. The 
 trade consists chiefly in exports of timber, dried and salted 
 fish, tar, and copper. The beauty of the women of Trond- 
 hjem is much celebrated, and the elegance of its societv 
 gives it much more the appearanc^e of a capital than Chris- 
 tiana, which supplanted it in this respect on the union of 
 Korway to Denmark. Pop. 1.3,818. 
 
 TROXDHJEM. a stiff or province of Xorway. comprises 
 the amts of Xorth and South Trondhjem. and Romsdal. 
 Area. 16.042 square miles. Pop. in 1845, 155.899. 
 
 TRONDHJEM FIORD, Xorway, extends from the AtUantic 
 Inland for SO miles, and at its X. extremity communicates 
 with Beitstad Fiord. It receives the Orkel, Guul, Xid, Sia- 
 ker, and Stord.al Rivers. 
 
 TRONS. trAx". or TKUXS, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Orisons, on the Rhine, 10 miles W.S.W. of Ilanz. P. 800. 
 
 TROXTAXO. tron-td'no. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Xovara. province of Pallanza, 2 miles N.X.E. 
 ol'Domo d'Os-sola. I'op. 1195. 
 
 TROXTO. trou'to, (anc. Trueti^tus,^ r river of Central Italy, 
 195-1 ■' ' 
 
 rises N.E. of Monte Reale, flows N. and W., and entem tLe 
 Adriatic 17 miles E. of Aseoli. Course. 54 miles. 
 
 TROXZAXO, tron-zS'no, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 in Piedmont, province, and 13 miles W. of Yercelli. P. 3.3<.'0. 
 
 TROOBTCHEVSK. TROUBTCIIEVSK or TRUBTSCH- 
 EVSK. troob-chjvsk', a town of Russia, government, and 88 
 miles W.S-W. of Orel, on the Desna. Pop. 4000. It has large 
 salt magazines, a manufactory of verdigris, and a trade iu 
 corn and flax. 
 
 TROO'MOX' or TARtJMAN. tJ-roohnan'. a maritime town 
 of Sumatra, on its W. coa.st. Lat. 2° 50' N., Ion. 107° 20' B. 
 It was taken by the Dutch in 1840. 
 
 TROOX, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on a small 
 bay in the Irish Channel, and on the Troon and Kilmai^ 
 nock Railway, 7i miles S-W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. in 1S51, 
 2404. It is well built, and much frequented for sea-bathing. 
 It has a good harbor, with a pier, ship-building and wet 
 docks, and a light-house, 
 
 TROPEA, tro-pA'A. a town of X'aples- province of Calabria 
 Ultra I., 12 miles W.S.W. of Monteleone, at the S. extremity 
 of the Gulf of Santa Eufemia. Pop. 4500. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and has a fine cathedral, and manufactures of coun- 
 terpanes and blankets, with an active tunny and anchovy 
 fishery. 
 
 TROPPAU. trop'pSw, a fortified town of Austrian Silesia, 
 on the Oppa, a tributary of the Oder, 36 miles N^.E. of Olmutz. 
 Pop. with suburbs, 11,651. It has a cathednal, castle, town- 
 hall, theatre, a gymnasium with a museum, and manufac- 
 tures of woollen and linen fabrics, soap, leather, arms, and 
 liqueurs. The diplomatic congress, afterwards removed to 
 Liiybach, was held here from the 20th of October to the 20th 
 'of Xovember. 1820, 
 
 TROQUEER', a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcud- 
 brisrht, comprising the burgh of Maxwelltown. 
 
 TRiyRY or SAIXT MICHAELS TKORY, a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Ulster, co. of Fermanagh. 
 
 TROSA, tro'si, a town of Sweden, la^n, and 22 miles N.E. 
 of Nykiiping, on an inlet of the Baltic. Pop. 500. 
 
 TROSACIIS, tros/aks. a picturesque valley of Scotland, co. 
 of Perth, between Lochs Achray and Katrine, It is the 
 scene of Sir AValter Scott's •' Ladv of the Lake," 
 
 TROSBERG, tros'b^RG, or TROSTBERG, trost/h5KG, a 
 market-town of Upper Bavaria, with a picturesque fortress, 
 15 miles E.S.E. of Wasserburg. Pop. 910. 
 
 TROSKOTOWICE, a town of Austria. See Treseowitz. 
 
 TROSSIXOEN, tros'sing-fn, a market-town of 'VAurtem- 
 burg, circle of Black Forest, 10 mUes X,W. of Tuttlingen. 
 Pop. 2367. 
 
 TROSTBERG, a town of Bavaria. See Trosberq, 
 
 TROSTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 TROSTREY. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 TROTTERSCLIFFK, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 
 TROT'TON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 3| mileB 
 W,N,W. of Midhurst, The poet Otwav was born here in 1651. 
 
 TROUBLE HILL, a post-office of S"cott co,, Arkansas, 
 
 TROUBLESOME, a post-office of Rockingham co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 TROUBLESOME, a post-oflice of Clinch co., Georgia. 
 
 TROUBTCHEYSK, a town of Russia, See Troobtcrevbk. 
 
 TROUP, troop, a county in the W. part of Georgia, bor- 
 dering on Alabama, contains about 370 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Chattahoochee River and its affluents. The 
 surface is broken ; the soil is generally fertile, but in some 
 parts much worn, Troup county is remarkable for the 
 general diffusion of education. Granite aud other rocks 
 suitable for building are abundant. It is intersected by 
 the Atlanta and La Grange Railroad, Organized in 1826, 
 and named in honor of George M. Troup, United States S«- 
 nator from Georgia, Capital, La Grange. Pop. 16,262, of 
 whom 62i'0 were free, and 10,002 slaves. 
 
 TROUP FACTORY, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia, 
 about 82 miles X". of Columbus. 
 
 TROUPSBURG, troop.s'burg, a post-township of Steuben 
 CO., New York. SO miles S.S.W. of Bath. Pop. 2096. 
 
 TROUP'YILLE. a post-village, capital of Lowndes co., 
 Georgia, on the Withlacoochee River, ISO miles S. of Mil- 
 ledceville. It has 2 churches. 4 stores, and 3 hotels. 
 
 TROUSVDALE. a post-office of Warren co., Tenne.s.see. 
 
 TROUT (truwt) CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters a branch 
 of Sinnemahoning Creek, in Elk county, 
 
 TROUT CREEK, a post-office of Delaware co,, New York. 
 
 TROUT CREEK, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama. 
 
 TROUT'.MAX, a pos^offlce of Cherokee co„ Texa.s, 
 
 TROUT RIYEB,- a post-office of Franklin co„ Xew York. 
 
 TROUT RUX, a post-village of Lycoming co,, Pennsvha- 
 nia, on the Williamsport and Elmira Railroad, 15 miles X. 
 of Williamsport. 
 
 TROUT RUX. a post-office of Winne.shiek co., Iowa. 
 
 TKOUYILLE, trooVeel', or TROUYILLE-SUR-.MER. 
 troo'veel' silR maiR. a .small seaport town of France, depart- 
 ment of Calvados. 7 niilt-s X.E. of Pont-rEv<que. Pop. 2118. 
 
 TRiVWAY. a township of England, co. of Derby 
 
 TROW'BKIDOE. a market-town andjiarish, J'.ngland, co.ot 
 Wilts. 11 utiles S.S.W. of Chippenham, connected ^v a branch 
 with the Great Western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 11 1 18 Ihe 
 
TRO 
 
 TRO 
 
 town stands on the decliTity of a rocky hill, beside the Wene, 
 hore crossed by a stone bridge. The parish church is a large, 
 Rtriking edifice, and Trinity Church, at the \V. end of the 
 town, is also a fine building. Dis.senters are numerous, and 
 hare many chapyls in Trowbridge, which also comprises 
 many elementary schools, almshouses, and other charities. 
 The woollen manufacture has been established here from a 
 very early period ; and some years ago there were about 19 
 woollen mills and 16.50 looms employed in the town and vici- 
 nity. Cassimeres, lierseys, and tweeds are among the chief fa- 
 brics manufactured. The Kennet and Avon Canal runs 1 mile 
 N. of the town. Trowbridge had formerly a castle, but no 
 traces of it remain. The poet Crabbe, 18 years rector of the 
 ;«iri.<h, died here in 1832. 
 
 TKOW'BRIDOK, a township in the S.E. part of Allegan 
 oo., Michigiin. Pop. 897. 
 
 TR0W15R1DGK, a post-office of Kacine co., Wisconsin. 
 
 TROW'ELIi, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 TROWSE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, IJ miles 
 S.S.E. of Norwich, on the Eastern Counties Railway. 
 
 TROY, (anc. Tro>ja or TroHa; Gr. Tpota.) a ruined city 
 of Asia Minor, rendered famous by the Iliad of Homer. Its 
 site is supposed to have been on a height at the S. extremity 
 of the Plain of Troy, 9 miles S.S.E. of the entrance of the 
 Hellespont from the J5gean Sea, close to the modern village 
 of Boonarbashi. On that heiglit are still some vestiges of 
 ancient walls and cisterns, and around it are numerous 
 artificial mounds. Adj. and inhab. Tro'jan. 
 
 TItOY, Plain op, between the above site and the Helles- 
 pont, about 10 miles in length, by 3 miles in greatest width, 
 is watered by three rivers, two of which are the Simois and 
 Scamander of antiquity. 
 
 TROY, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, 38 miles N.E. 
 of Augusta. Pop. 1403. 
 
 TROY, a post-village and township of Cheshire co., New 
 Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, 45 miles S.W. of Con- 
 cord. Pop. 761. 
 
 TROY, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, 50 miles 
 N. by K. of Montpelier. Pop. 1248. 
 
 TROY, a city, and capital of Rensselaer co.. New York, is 
 situated on both sides of the Hudson River, at the mouth 
 of the Poestenkill Creek, at the head of steamboat navigation, 
 6 miles above Albany, and 151 miles N. of New York. Lat. 
 42'' 44' N., Ion. 73° 40' W. The principal portion of the city 
 is on the E. bank of the river, over which communication 
 is kept up by a bridge and ferry-boats. The site is an allu- 
 vial plain, terminated on the E. side by an eminence named 
 Mount Ida, which rises directly in the rear of the S. part, 
 and commands a be.autiful and extensive view of the city 
 and the Hudson River, and of the neighboring towns. 
 Mount Olympus, in the N. part of the city, is a bare mass 
 of rock, about 200 feet high. The limits of the city extend 
 about 3 miles along the river, and 1 mile from E. to W. It 
 is laid out with much regularity, and is handsomely built. 
 The streets are GO feet wide, and cross each other at right 
 angles, excepting River street, which follows the curve of 
 the river, and is the principal thoroughfare of business. A 
 number of those streets which extend parallel with the 
 general direction of the river, terminate at their N. extre- 
 mity in itiver street — a circumstance which imparts variety 
 to the perspective, and increases the facilities of intercourse 
 between that street and other parts of the city. The streets 
 are gener.iUy well paved, lighted with gas. and bordered 
 with shade-trees. River street is lined with large ware- 
 houses and hotels. Congress and Ferry streets are also ap- 
 propriated to business purposes. The finest re.sidences are 
 situated on First, Second, and Third streets, and around 
 Seminary and Washington Parks. The latter park was re- 
 cently laid out in the S. part of the city. Among the public 
 buildings, the court-house, the Episcopal churches of St. 
 Paul and St. John's, and one of the Presbyterian churches, 
 deserve particular mention. St. Paul's, of blue limestone, 
 and St. John's, of brown sandstone, are Gothic structures 
 of different styles, each beautiful in its order. The Pres- 
 byterian church is of brick, stuccoed in imitation of granite, 
 In the Grecian style, massive, and of a noble appearance. 
 The court house is a fine marble edifice in the Doric style. 
 Among the principal hotels are the American, the Mansion 
 Hi)use, the Troy House, the Northern Hotel, the National 
 Temperance, Washington Hall, Union Hall, and St. Charles, 
 ali of which rank high. There are 2 substantial brick mar- 
 ket-houses; the Troy Academy, a classical institution in 
 hi;h repute, with a small but increasing library; the Rens- 
 selaer Institute, a scientific and practical school, affording 
 rtn education to young men in the exact sciences att;»inable 
 at tew other institutions in our country to the extent here 
 ivailable, with a most complete and extensive apparatus; 
 aid the Tioy Female Seminary, with a valuable library 
 tnd extensive philosophical and chemical apparatus. The 
 iast is .among the most celebrated institutions of the kind in 
 the country; averagenumberof pupils about 275; it was es- 
 tablished here by Mrs. ilmma Willard in 1821. The city con- 
 t.ains a Lyceum, with a valuable collection of natural history 
 and a good library attached. The " Young Men's -issocia- 
 tiou" annually affords a courss of lectures, and has a library 
 
 of several thousand volumes. Under the free school system 
 of the state each ward has two or more public schotls, 06 
 the density of population requires, and the Board of liduca- 
 tion have estalilished night-schools for the benefit of such 
 as are precluded the advantage of the day-schools. The 
 various denominations have over 30 churches in the city. 
 Four daily and 4 weekly newspapers are issued. Tlie 
 city has 11 banks, (aggregate capital, $3,500,000,) and some 4 
 savings' banks. It is supplied with water from a stream iu 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Troy is favorably situated for commerce. It has 3 lined 
 of tow-boats to New York city, a line of propellers and barges 
 to Philadelphia, and a line of sail-paclcets to Boston. Many 
 of the boats which arrive by the Erie and Champlain Canals 
 here discharge their cargoes on boai-d of large barges, to l)e 
 towed down the river, and receive in exchange cai-goes of 
 merchandise passing N. or W. This transhipment consti- 
 tutes the principal commercial business of the place. There 
 are 2 public hospitals, several church asylums, and several 
 infirmaries. A college is about to be erected, its foundation 
 or endowment being already secured by the Methodist 
 Church; the structure itself is soon to be commenced. Manu- 
 fectures have recently received an impulse which bids lair 
 to give Troy no mean rank in that class of productions. 
 Four railroads meet at this point, viz. the Hudson River, 
 the Troy and Boston, the Schenectady and Troy, and the 
 Rensselaer Railroads, which, with their several extensions, 
 connect it with New York, Boston, Montreal, Buffalo, &c. 
 Among the recent improvements is the Union Railroad, 
 connecting the four lines above named, and passing through 
 the back part of the city, with a large passenger station, 
 common to the four, on Sixth street. A dam across the 
 river renders it navigable for sloops to Lansingburg. Steam- 
 boats of the first class ply daHy between "Troy and New 
 York. The Hudson River and the Poestenkill and Wynants- 
 kiU furnish an .ample supply of water power, which is used 
 iu manufactories of various kinds. The city contains nu- 
 merous flouring mills, paper mills, cotton factories, woollen 
 factories, tanneries, breweries, iron foundries, machine-shops, 
 rolling mills, and forges. Nails, stoves, railway cars, brushes, 
 leather, stoneware, and other artii-ies are produced iu very 
 large quantities. There are no less than 3 car-wheel foun- 
 dries in Troy, each making from 8 to 60 wheels daily ; also, 
 2 large paper mills, on the latest improved pl,ans; 2 malle- 
 able iron-works; 2 extensive nail and rolling mills, and 
 largo rails'oad iron-works, besides woollen mills, carpet fac- 
 tories, (which turn out a beautiful article,) bleaching-works, 
 &c., giving employment to hundreds of mechanics. West 
 Troy, on the W. bank of the river, is situated in Albany 
 county, on the Albany Northern Railroad. It contains a 
 bank and a large arsenal of the United States. Population 
 in 1850, 7564; in ISfiO, 8820. The tonnage arriving and de- 
 parting from Troy during the season of navigation, amounts 
 to about 150,000 tons; and its manufactures reach all parts 
 of the Union. Green Island Village, on an island of that 
 name above West Troy, and also in Albany county, is pro- 
 perly a suburb of Troy, and mainly dependent upon it, with 
 a population of about 3000 souls. It contains the largest 
 railroad car and stage-coach factory in the state, and contri- 
 butes its quota to equip all the railroads in the Union. 
 Troy was incorporated as a village in 1801 ; as a city in 
 1816. Pop. in 1820, 52C4: in 1830. 11,405; in 1850. 28.785, 
 or, including the W. suburb, 36,349: in I860, 39,325, or, 
 iacluding West Troy and Green Island, 49, 745. 
 
 TROY, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, on the Parci- 
 pany River, 8 miles N.E. of Morristown, contains a forge 
 and 2 mills. 
 
 TROY, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 1 mile N. 
 of Pittsburg. It is pleasantly situated on a high hill, and 
 is composed chiefly of country seats. 
 
 TROY, a post-borough and township of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Sugar Creek, and on the Williamsport and El- 
 mira Railroad, about 18 miles W. of Towanda. It has seve- 
 ral stores and a newspaper ofiSce. Pop. in 1850, 480 ; of the 
 township, in 1860, 2368. 
 
 TROY, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 950. 
 
 TROY, a village of Jefferson co.. Pennsylvania, on the 
 Redbank Creek, 5 miles below Brookville. Pop. near 2(J0. 
 
 TROY, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co.. North 
 Carolina, about 80 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. It contains a 
 court-house, jail, and 1 or 2 hotels. 
 
 TROY, a post-office of Cherokee co., G«orgia, about 12 
 miles S.E. of Canton. 
 
 TROY, a village of Harris co., Georgia, on Mulberry Creek, 
 about 120 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville. It contains a 
 manufactory of wooden ware, and several mills. 
 
 TROY, a thriving post-village, capital of Pike co., Alabama, 
 near the Conecuh River, 50 miles S.E. of Montgomery. 
 
 TROY, a post-village of Y.illobusha co., Mississippi, ou 
 the Yallobusha River, 119 miles N. of .Jackson. 
 
 TROY, a post-ofllce of Freestone co., Texas. 
 
 TROY, a post-village, capital of Obion co., Tennessee, on a 
 small affluent of Obion River, 150 miles W. of Nashville. 
 
 TROY, a township of AslUand co., Ohio. Pop. 922. 
 
 TROY, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1747. 
 
 1955 
 
TRO 
 
 TRU 
 
 TRCT or HOCKINGSPORT, a Tillage of Athens co., Ohio, 
 oil tb« Ohio River, at the mouth of the Hocking, about 25 
 jDiles below Marietta, has about 200 inliabitants. 
 
 TROi", a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 900. 
 
 TKOV. a township of Geauga co., Ohio, intersected by 
 Cnyahi .ga River. Pop. 959. 
 
 TROf , a beautiful and flourishing post-village, capital of 
 Miami co., Ohio, on the W. bank of the Great Miami River, 
 and on the Miami Canal, 68 miles W. of Columbus. The 
 Dayton and Michigan Railroad passes through it. The vil- 
 lage is regularly built with broad and straight streets. It 
 contains a court-house, town-hall, 6 churches, 1 bank, a 
 union school, and 2 newspaper offices. The Miami River, 
 which affords an extensive hydraulic power at this place, is 
 a beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through a very fertile 
 and highly cultivated valley. There are 9 or 10 large ware- 
 houses on the bank of the canal, for receiving and forward- 
 ing produce. Pop. in 1850, 1956 ; in 1860, 2t>13. 
 
 TROY, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 696. 
 
 TROY, a township of Richland co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1548. 
 
 TROY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 893. 
 
 TROY, a post-township in the S.E. part of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1899. 
 
 TROY, a township of De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 491. 
 
 TROY, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 1355. 
 
 TKOY, a post-village and township of Perry co., Indiana, 
 is pleasantly situated on the Ohio, at the mouth of Ander- 
 son River, 63 miles above Evansville. First settled in 1811. 
 Pop. of the township, 1741; of the village, about 500. 
 
 TROY, a village of Fulton co., Illinois, on Spoon River, 
 44 miles W. of Peoria. It has an improved water-power. 
 
 TROY, a small post-village of Madison co., Illinois, about 
 22 miles S.E. of Alton. 
 
 TROY, a small village of Daviess co., Missouri. 
 
 IROY, a post-village, capital of Lincoln co., Missouri, near 
 Cuivre River, about 60 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. It has a 
 brick court-house, a jail, and 5 stores. Pop. about 700. 
 
 TROY, a small village of Madison co., Missouri. 
 
 TROY, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, about 90 miles 
 S.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 TROY, a post-village of Walworth co., Wisconsin, on the 
 plank-road from Milwaukee to .lanesville, 34 miles S.W. of 
 the former. Pop. of Trov township. 1238. 
 
 TROY CENTRE, a post-village of Waldo co , Mains, about 
 37 miles N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 TROY CENTRE, a post-village of Walworth CO., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 32 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 TROYES, trwi, (anc. Augustoho'na. afterwards Tricas>s(t.) 
 a city of France, capital of the department of Aube. 90 miles 
 E.S.E. of Paris, with which it is connected by railway, on the 
 left bank of the Seine. Lat. 48° 18' N., Ion. 4° 5' E. Pop. in 
 1852, 27,376. Troyes was the capital of the old province of 
 Champagne. It is partly surrounded by the Seine, which, 
 being drawn off by numerous channels, both supplies it 
 with water-power and contributes to its cleanliness. Many 
 of the streets are narrow and irregular, and lined with auti- 
 qtuated houses, but these are gradually giving way to others 
 of modern construction, and some quarters have already 
 assumed a handsome appearance. The old ramparts have 
 been almost completely thrown down, and their site is now 
 occupied by fine promenades. The principal edifices are the 
 cathedral, a splendid specimen of florid Gothic, 374 feet 
 long and 06 feet high, with a nave composed of five aisles, 
 and beautiful patterns of the richest stained glass; the 
 church of St. Urbain. somewhat dilapidated, but still re- 
 garded as a model of light, aii-y Gothic ; the church of St. 
 John, of some historical interest, as the place where the 
 marriage of Henry V. of England with Catharine of France 
 was celebrated ; the church of St. Madeline, with a stone 
 rood-loft, richly decorated, and of great beauty; the Hotel 
 de Ville, with an elegant fagade; the prefecture, occupying 
 part of the buildings of an ancient abbey ; the hospital, mu- 
 seum, padais Ur justice, aMi public library, containing 55,000 
 printed volumes and nearly 5000 manuscripts. It is the see 
 of a biHhop, the seat of a court of first resort and commerce, 
 and possesses a chamber of commerce, comseil-de-prud'/iom- 
 JHex. diocesan seminary, secondary ecclesiastical school, com- 
 munal college, and society of agriculture, science, art, and 
 X'.Uf.s-letires. It is the seat of extensive manufactures, con- 
 sisting of cotton ho.sier^^^ cotton cloths, bombazines, mole- 
 skin, calico, ticks, woollen cloth, woollen covers, prints, lace, 
 strings, soap, bone-combs, starch, &c. There are also nume- 
 rous worsted and cetton mills, oil-works, breweries, tan- 
 neries, wax-refineries, bleachfields, t;»n, fulling, and paper 
 mills. It carries on an important tr.ade. chiefly in grain, 
 wine, brandy, colonial produce, famous sausages, hemp, 
 wax. wool. wood, i-on, lead, zinc, &c. In 889 Troves was 
 burned down by the Normans: and in 1415 it was seized by 
 the Duke of Burgundy. In 1420 the marriage of Henry V. 
 of England with Catharine of France, by which ihe former 
 was ultimately to have united both crowns in his own per- 
 son, was celebrated here. Nine years after, the English 
 were finally expelled from it. by the heroism of Joan of Arc. 
 In 1814. during the last struggles of Napoleon previous to 
 ly5ti 
 
 his abdication, it was his head-quarters, and suffered severt'ly, 
 having been twice taken by the allies, and once retaken by 
 the French. Pope Urbain IV. was the son of a tailor in 
 Troves. Our troy weight takes its name from this town. 
 
 TROY GROVeI a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, about 
 80 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 TROY LAKE, a post-village of East Troy township, Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin, 54 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 TROY MILLS, a post-ofllce of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 TROY'S STORE, a post-oflaca, Randolph co.. North Carolina. 
 
 TRSCHEMESNO, tr'shi-mSsh'no, written also TRZE- 
 MESZNO, tzh.Vm6zh'no, a town of Prussian Poland, govern- 
 ment of Bromberg, between two lakes, 42 miles E.N.E. of 
 Posen. Pop. 3182. 
 
 TRSZTENNA, trshtin'nl, a market-town of North Hun- 
 gary, with a Franciscan convent, on the Black Arva, co., 
 and 18 miles N.E. of Arva. Pop. 3050. 
 
 TUUA'GO, a village of Wayne co., Michigan, on Detroit 
 River, 15 miles S.S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 TRlfB, troOb, a village of Switzerland, canton, iind 20 miles 
 E. of Bern. Pop. of parish, 2700. 
 
 TRUBAU, (Triibau,) trU'bdw, or BOHMISCH TRIBAU, 
 bS'mish trii'bow, a town of Austria, in Bohemia, circle of 
 Chrudim, on the railway, 7 miles N .E. of Leitomischel. Pop. 
 2600. 
 
 TRUBAU, a town of Austria. See JIahmsch Trubau. 
 
 TRUBAU (or TRIEBAU) MAURISCH. See Mahrisch 
 Trubau. 
 
 TRUBTCHEVSK. a town of Russia. See Troobtchevsk. 
 
 TRUCCAZZANO, troo-kat-sa'no, a village of Northern 
 Italy, province, and 10 miles from Milan, with the remains 
 of an old castle. Pop. 1526. 
 
 TRUCHAS, troo'chJs, a village of Spain, province, and 45 
 miles from Leon. Pop. 13C8. 
 
 TRUCKS'VILLE, a post-office, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TRUENTUS. See Tronic. 
 
 TRUEYRE or TRUYKrE, trUVaiR'. a river of Franco, 
 rises in the Cevennes, department of Lozfere, and joins tho 
 Lot at Enti-aigues. Total course, 81 miles. 
 
 TRUITSVILLE, a post-office of Greenup CO., Kentucky. 
 
 TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO troo-ueel'yo, (anc. Tui-'ris 
 Juflia,) a city of Spain, in Estremadura, province of Caceres, 
 130 miles S.W. of Madrid. It is a dull, miserable place. 
 The streets are narrow and ill paved, yet some of the 
 dilapidated houses mark theformer opulence of those adven- 
 turers who returned hero laden with the spoil of Peruvian 
 conquest. The city is divided into two portions ; the Villa — 
 the acropolis — is the upper and more ancient, where the 
 streets are cutout of granite, and once the seat of the aristo- 
 cracy and the garrison ; it is now abandoned, and used as a 
 buryingrplace, tho people of Trujillo preferring the lower and 
 more convenient site of the under town or Ciudad. The 
 Villa is bounded by a wall which crests the ridge ; at the N. 
 end stands a fortress, originally Roman, with fl.inkiug 
 towers of granite ; this castle has been much added to in 
 modern times. Trujillo possesses a town-house, archives, 
 granary, hospital, a small theatre, a bull-ring, several 
 schools, and five parish churches, the most remarkable of 
 which is St. Mary's, a solid Gothic edifice, with three naves, 
 which contains the tomb of the brave Garcia-de-Paredes. the 
 Spanish Samson. Almost all the conventual establishments 
 of Trujillo are totally or partially ruinous. In the neigh- 
 borhood is a mine of argentiferous lead, which does not, 
 however, repay the expense of working. It has potteries of 
 glazed and unglazed delft, chocolate-making, and flour- 
 mills. Fairs are held yearly, June 2, and December 8. At 
 the former, one of the most frequented in the kingdom, the 
 usual number of animals is about 50,000 head of sheep, 
 30,000 swine, and 10,000 horned cattle, besides horses and 
 mules. Trujillo was wrested in 1233 from the Saracens, by 
 whom it was greatly prized. I'izarro, the conqueror of Peru, 
 was born here in 1480. Pop. 6026. 
 
 TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO, troo-neel'yo, a town of North 
 Peru, capital of the department of Libertad. in the midst of 
 the valley of Chiuiu. alx)ut 1? miles E. of the Pacific Ocean. 
 Lat. 8° 7' 30" S.. Ion. 79° 9' W. It occupies the S.W. side of 
 a granite mountain ; is surrounded by a kind of mud-wall, 
 flanked with bastions; consists of regular streets, contain- 
 ing a number of good houses, built of brick, but generally 
 low; is the see of a bishop; and has a cathedral and seve- 
 ral other large churches, a college, hospital, and theatre. 
 At Iluauehaoo. which, though 8 or 9 miles N.W., is the 
 port of Trujillo, a consideral>le export takes place, chiefly 
 of rice and spice. In the vicinity of the town a vast space is 
 covered by tumuli and other ancient Peruvian remains. 
 Trujillo was founded in 1535, by Pizarro. who gave it the 
 njime of his native town in Spain. Pop. about 8i)U0. 
 
 TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO, a former department of Peru, 
 divided into the departmejits of Amazones and Libertad. 
 
 TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO, a city of A'enezuela. depart- 
 ment of Zulia. capital of a provi)ice. 90 miles S.W. of B.ar- 
 quesimeto, and N.Ji. of Merida. Pop. 4000. It was formerly 
 the handsomest town in this part of Sou'h America, and 
 earlv in the pre.sent century it had 12,1X10 inhabitantii 
 
 TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO, a seaport town of \^caln 
 
TRU 
 
 TSC 
 
 Ameilca, state of Honduras, capital of a department, on the 
 Carlbbeau Sea. and the Mosquito frontitr. Lat. (of port) 
 15"= 55' N., Ion. 85° 59' W. Pop., with adjacent hamlets, 
 4000. Its luirlior, on the hay of Trujillo, is defended by 
 several forts. Principal exports, niahosany. 
 TKULL, a parish of Kngland, co. of Somerset. 
 TRULUKON, (TrUlliUon.) trUl'le-kon\ a village and pa- 
 rish of Switzerland, canton, and N.N.E. of Zurich. In 1799 
 the French were here defeated by the Austrians. P. 1253. 
 TRU'MANSBURG, a thriving post-villau'e of Ulysses town- 
 ship. Tompkhis co.. New York, H miles N.W. of Ithaca. It 
 Is pleasantly situated 2 miles W. of Cayuga Lake, and con- 
 tains 19 stores, 4 churches, a larire Union scliool-liouse, 1 
 furnace, 1 foundry, and 2 grist-mills. Pop. about 1600. 
 
 TRUMOJAURSVILLB, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 TRUMBULL, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on Pennsylvania, contains about 625 square miles. It is 
 intei-sected by Mahoning and Grand Rivers, and also drained 
 by the Mosquito, Pymatuning, and Meander Creeks. The 
 surface is undulating, and p.irtly covered with forests. The 
 soil is good, well watered, and adapted to dairy farming. 
 Iron ore and stone coal are abundant in the S. part. The 
 streams afford extensive water-power. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, and by the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad. Capital, Warren. 
 Population 30,656. 
 
 TRUMBULL, 9 post^townshipof Fairfield CO., Connecticut, 
 intersected by the Housatonie River and Railroad, about 25 
 miles W. by S. of New Haven. Pop. 1474. 
 
 TRU.MBULL, a posfc-township in the W. part of Ashtabula 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1033. 
 
 TRUM'BULL. a post-office of Monroe co., Alabama. 
 
 TRUMBULL CORNER, a post-office of Tompkins co.. New 
 York. 
 
 TRUMBULL LONG HILL, a post-village of Trumbull 
 township, Fairfield co., Connecticut, 18 miles W. by S. of 
 New Haven, very conspicuous from the ocean. 
 
 TRUMKLLO, troo-mjl'lo. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Novara, province of Lomellina, on the Terdoppio, 
 with an oratory, a monte-de-pUU, and a small hospltiH. Pop. 
 3675. 
 
 TRUMP'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 TRUNCH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TRUN'DLE'S CROSS-ROADS, a postoflice of Sevier co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 TRUNS, a village of Switzerland. See Trons. 
 
 TRU'RO, a parliamentary and municipal borough and 
 seaport town of England, co. of Cornwall, 8 miles N.N.E. of 
 Falmouth, on the rivers Allen and Kenwin, which are here 
 crossed by stone bridges, and unite to form the creek or 
 river Truro, that opens into Falmouth Harbor. Pop. of par- 
 liamentary borough in 1851, 10,733. The town, in a hollow 
 surrounded by hills, Is the largest in the county. Its in- 
 crease and prosperity are partly owing to its being the centre 
 of an important manufiicturing district, and a principal 
 stannary town. Chief edifices, St. Mary's church, of the 
 time of Henry VII., various dissenting chapels, a town-hall, 
 coinage-hall, custom-house, county infirmary, lying-in insti- 
 tution, Ijarracks, the theatre, and union workhou.se. The 
 grammar school has two exhibitions of 30?. to Exeter College, 
 Oxford, and here Sir Humphry Davy received his early 
 education. Truro has a mining college, royal institution 
 for science and literature, a Dorcas society and other cliari- 
 ties, and a public subscription library. Vessels of 100 tons 
 come up to its quays. Imports, chiefly coal, timber, and 
 articles required in mining operations. Exports, tin, cop- 
 per, paper, carpeting, pottery-ware, and pilchard-oil. Regis- 
 tered shipping In 1848, 3016 tons. The borough is divided into 
 three wards. It sends two members to the House of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 TKURO, a post-village and township of Barnstable co., 
 Massachusetts, occupying the northern part of Cape Cod, 
 about 110 miles by land, and 55 by water, S.K. of Boston. 
 The inhabitants derive their chief support from the fisheries. 
 In 1852, 52 vessels (tons 3626) and 581 men and boys were 
 employed in the mackerel fishery. The mackerel in- 
 spected for the year amounted to 2541 barrels. In the 
 great gale of 1841, this town lost 57 men whose homes were 
 wif.hin a circuit of 2 miles: 27 of them were married, and 
 only S were more than 30 years of age. The population at 
 that time was about 1900: the number of widows, 105. 
 Pop. in 1850. 2051 ; in 1860, 1583. 
 
 TRURO, a township of Franklin co.. Ohio. Pop. 2227. 
 
 TRURO, a po.st-ofBce of Knox co.. Illinois. 
 
 TRU'RO, a Seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of the co. 
 >f Colchester, at the head of Cobequid Bay, the waters of 
 •rhich flow W. through Mines Bay to the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 TRU'SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TKUSLKY, a parish of Eng;land, co. of Derby. 
 
 TI{USS..a postroffice of .Teffer.son co., Alabama. 
 
 TKUSTHORI'E, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 TIIUTNOW, a town of Bohemia. See Tr.vute.vau. 
 
 TUU.VILLO, a city of Spain. See Tkujillo. 
 
 TRUXILLO, several towns, Spanish Aiuerica. See Trujillo. 
 
 TRUX'TCN, a pst village and town.ship of Cortland co. 
 New York, on Tioughnioga River, 28 miles S. of Syracuse 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, and several mills. Pop. of tht 
 township, 1914. 
 
 TRU.XTUN, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, about "C 
 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 TRUYJiRE, a river of France. See Truetre. 
 
 TRY'BERG, a town of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine, 
 miles S. of Hornberg. Pop. 1114. 
 
 TIIY'ON, a post-oifflce of Rutherford co.. North Carolina. 
 
 TRYON, a seaport of Prince Edward Island, co. of Queens, 
 on the S. coast, at the head of a small bay, in lat. 40° 17' N* 
 Ion. 63° 38' W. 
 
 TRYON F.\CTORY. See Trion F.ictort. 
 
 TRY'SULL. a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 TRZCIANKA, a town of Prussian Poland. See ScH»x- 
 
 LAMKE. 
 
 TRZEBOCHOWICE, Bohemia. See IIohenbruck. 
 TRZEMESZNO, a town of Pru.ssia. See TiiSCHEMESNO. 
 TKZIANKA, a town of Poland. See SchSnlanke. 
 
 TRZIEL, a town of Prussian Poland. See Tirscutiegel. 
 TSAD, a town of Central Africa. See Tchad. 
 TSADDA, a river of Central Africa. See Chadda. 
 
 TSAMPAYNAGO, tsim-pl-ni'go, a town of Burmah, at 
 the confluence of a small stream with the Irrawaddy. 76 
 miles N. of Ava. It has a custom-house, and is the limit 
 N., beyond which even native Burmese cannot pass without 
 special permission from the government. 
 
 TSANA. a lake of Abj'ssinia. See Dembea. 
 
 TSANTA, tsdn^td', a fortified city of China, province of 
 Yunnan, capital of a department on the Burmese frontier, 
 50 miles N.E. of Bhamo. 
 
 TSAO-TCHOO or TSAO-TCHOU. tsd'o choo', a town of 
 China, province of Shang-toong, capital of a department, 140 
 miles S.W. of Tsee-nan. 
 
 TSAKEVOKOKSHAISK or TZAREVOKOKSHAISK. ts,i- 
 rA-vo-kok-.shlsk', a town of Russia, government, and 72 miles 
 N.W. of Kaz.an. 
 
 TSAREVOSAXTCHOORSKorTZAREVOSANTCHURSK, 
 tsd-ri-vo-sint-chooRsk', a town of Russia, government of 
 Viatka. 33 miles S.W. of Yaransk. 
 
 TSARITSIN, TZARITZIN or ZARI'TZYN, tsi-rit-sin'. a 
 fortified town of Russia, government of Saratov, on the Volga, 
 110 miles S.S.W. of Kamishin. Pop. 4600. It was formerly 
 an important station on the line of defence between the Don 
 and Yolg.a. and is celebrated for its mineral waters. 
 
 TSARITSINO or TZARITZINO, tsi-rit-seo'no, a vill.age of 
 Russia, government, and 7 miles S. of Moscow, with a palace 
 built by Catherine II., and fine gardens in the Arabian style. 
 
 TSARSKOE-SELO or TZARSKOE-SELO, ts,aRs/kcv4 sA'lo, a 
 town of Russia, government, and 17 miles S. of St. Peters- 
 burg, with which it communicates by a railway, capital of a 
 circle. Pop. 10,233. It has a college with 14 professors, a 
 military school, and manufactures of carpets, but is chiefly 
 noted for a summer residence of the emperor ; founded by 
 Peter the Great, i» 1710, and the favorite abode of Cathe- 
 rine II. Since its destruction by fire, in 1822, it has been 
 rebuilt and furnished in a style of great m.Hgnificence : it is 
 surrounded by a large park, in which is another imperial 
 summer residence. Near it is the imperial palace of Pavlovsk. 
 
 TSATS.4K. a town of Servia. See Csatsak. 
 
 TSA-\'UEN. tsi-yoo-Jn', a town of China, province of Che- 
 kiang, S.W. of Hang-chow-foo. It is a large and important 
 place ; and has opposite to it a curiously shaped hill, com- 
 posed chiefly of granite of a be.autiful green colour, which 
 being much prized by the Chinese, is extensively quarried, 
 and largely exported. It is employed for various orna- 
 mental purposes, and more especially for building tombs. 
 
 T.SCHANC1IAL0VA. a town of Prussia. See Tarki. 
 
 T.SCHA IITORISK, a town of Rus.sia. See Tchartorisk. 
 
 T.SCHEBEN. a village of Hungary. See Czebe. 
 
 TSCHEBOKSARY. a town of Russia. See Tchedoks.4.ri. 
 
 TSCHEUABTNSK, Russia. See Tcheliaui.vsk. 
 
 TSCHENKOWITZ, tskJn'ko-«its, a village of Bohemia, 
 E. ofChrudim. Pop. 1466. 
 
 T.SCHKIillvOW. a town. European Russia. See Tcherikov. 
 
 TSCHERKASSY. a town of Ru.ssia. See Tcherka.sk. 
 
 TSCHERNEMBEL, tshjR'-nem-bftl, a town of lUyria. in 
 Carniola, 16 miles S. of Neustadtl. Pop. 1000. (For other 
 names sometimes spelt with Txch, refer to TCH or Cz. 
 
 TSCHEBXIGOFF or TSCHERNIGOW, a government and 
 town of Russia. See Tchernigov. 
 
 TSCHERNOWITZ, in Austrian Galicia. See Czbrnowitz. 
 
 TSCHETSCHKRSK. a town of Russia. See Tchetcuersk. 
 
 TSCHIRIKOFF or TSCHIRIKOW. See Tchirikov. 
 
 TSCHIRMEN, a town of Turkey. See Tchirme.v. 
 
 TSCHIRNAU, tshg&R'nOw, Gross, groce, and Nieder, neeA 
 dgr. two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province of 
 Silfsla, government, .and N.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1319. 
 
 TSCHIR.XE, tshfigR'neh. a village of Prussia, province of 
 Silesia, government of Liegnitz. circle of Buntziau. P. 1049, 
 
 TSCHISTA. tshis'til, a village of Bohemia, circle of Bids- 
 chow, capital of a district. Pop. 1388. 
 
 TSCHISTAY. chis-tl', or SISTAY, a market-town of Bo- 
 hemia, near Rakonitx. Pop. 1428. 
 
 1957 
 
TSC 
 
 TUG 
 
 TSfHOTT. a town of West Africa. See TcHOW. 
 
 TSCI) CKTSCHIS. a pe<ple of Asia. See Tchooktchkes. 
 
 TSKfrNAN or TSI-NAX. tsee^in', a city of China, capital 
 of the province of .'^han-tunsr, on the left bank of the Ta-tsin 
 River. 100 miles from the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee. It is large, 
 populous, and venerated as the residence of a former dy- 
 nasty, has manufactures of gray silks and class wares. 
 
 TSE-KEE or TSE-KI, tsA'keeA a town of China, province of 
 Che-kiang. VT. of Nin<:-po, taken by the British, March. 1842. 
 
 TSEKINOVKA or TZEKINOVKA, tsi-ke-nov'k4, a town 
 of Kutsian Poland, government of Podolia. on the left bank 
 nf the Dniester, 28 miles E.S.E. of Moheelev. 
 
 TSI.PAL. a river-island of Hunfrary. E^ee CsiPlX. 
 
 TSE-TCHOO or TSE-TCHOU, tsiVhoo/, a city of China, 
 -province of Shan-see, capital of a department, 40 miles N. of 
 the Hoang-ho. 
 
 TSIAMPA, tse-Sm'pi. or CHAMPA, a small state of South- 
 east A sia. partly situated on the E. coast of the Gulf of Siam, 
 now subject to Anam, (Cochin-China.) of which It forms 
 the most southern province. Chief town, Nluirtrang. In- 
 habitants partly Mohammedans. 
 
 TSIEKH.\NOVETS. See CifiCHAXOWlEC. 
 
 TSIEX-KIANG, tse-Jn^ke-ini:', a river of China, province 
 of Se-chuen, tributary to the Kia-liug. 
 
 TSIEX-TANG-KI AXG, a river, pi-ovineeof Che-kiang. joins 
 the sea by a wide estuary E. of the city of Hang-chow-oo. 
 
 TSIKUQOGAWA, tse-koo'go gaw/wl, (?) a river of Japan, 
 the largest in the island of Kioo-Sioo. It rises in the moun- 
 tains on the W. side of Buntro, fiows through the province 
 of Tsikugo, and after receiving the waters of a great number 
 of rivulets, forms two mouths as it fells into the Gulf of 
 Simabara, between the towns of Saga and Jana-gawa, in lat. 
 
 TSIKUZEX, tse-koo-zJn', (?) a province of Japan, occupy- 
 ing the X.E. portion of the island of Kioo-Sioo, and com- 
 prising about 56 islands and isleta. 
 
 TSI-X AN, a city of China. Se& Tseb-nan. 
 
 TSIXGHAI, Chinese Empire. See KOKO-XOR. 
 
 TSIX-TCHOO or TSIN-TCHOU, tsinVhoo', a city of China, 
 capital of a department, province of Shan-toong, 80 miles E. 
 of Tsee-nan. 
 
 TSIX-TCHOO or TSIN-CHOU, a city of China, province of 
 Quang-tong, 65 miles ^y. of Oo-tchoo, on a tributary of the 
 Hong-kiang. 
 
 TSlTSIKAR, tsit-se-kar', a town of Mantchooria. near 
 the border of Mongolia, on the Nonni River, 240 miles S.W. 
 of Saahalien-Oola. 
 
 TSiUEX-TCHOO or TSIUEN-TCHOU, tseoo-Jn'choo', a 
 maritime city of China, provmce of Eokien, 30 miles X.E. 
 of Amoy. 
 
 TSKHINVALI, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, Georgia, 
 65 miles N.W. of Tifiis. 
 
 TSX A or TZX A, tsnS, written also ZXA, a river of Russia, 
 government of Tver, after a N.E. course, joins the Msta, 
 which it connects with the Tv«rtsa and Volga by the 
 Vishnee-A'olotchok Canal. 
 
 TSXA or TZXA. written also ZNA. a river of Russia, 
 government of Tambov, joins the Moksha 38 miles SJS. of 
 Yelatom, after a N. course of 2iX) miles. 
 
 TSO, a river of Africa. See No ami. 
 
 TSO-MAPHARA. See Manasarow.ar. 
 
 TSOXG-GAN-HIEX, tsong'gln'he-en'. a town of China, pro- 
 vince of Fokien. on an affluent of the Min. Lat. 27° 47' 38" 
 X., Ion. 118° 15' E. It consists of the town proper, sur- 
 rounded by walls and ramparts, partly ruinous, and ovei^ 
 grown with weeds. Its staple trade is black tea. Through- 
 out the town are large tea-hongs, where the teas are sorted 
 and packed for foreign markets, and numerous tea mer- 
 chants from Canton and all parts of China come here to 
 make their purchases. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 TSOXG-MIXG, an island of Chins. See TsuNG-MlXG. 
 
 TSOOKASAKI or TSUKASAKI, tsoo'kj siOtee, a small 
 town of Japan, island of Kioo-Sioo, near Uresino. from 
 which it is separated by three high mountains called San- 
 saka. It is much frequented by invalids on account of its 
 hot baths of the temperature of 121° Fahrenheit. 
 
 TSOOROOKIIAITOO. TZURUKHAITU, t.soo-rook-hi-too', 
 or TZURUKHAISHEVSK, a town of East Siberia, In 
 Irkootsk, on the Argoon, and on the Chinese frontier, (Man- 
 tchooria.) 140 miles S.E. of Xertchinsk. 
 
 TS<X1SIMA or TSUSIMA, tsoo-see'ml an island of Japan, 
 Jn the Strait of Corea. Lat. cf X. extremity, 34° 40' N.. Ion. 
 129° 29' E. Length, 46 miles; breadth, 12 miles. Surface 
 mountainous and rugged. 
 
 TSOOTSI-YAMMA orTSUTSI-YAMMA. tsoot^see-yam'ml, 
 and TSOOVA, (TSUVA,) tsoo/vi, are other islands of Japan, 
 of much less size. 
 
 TSOO-TUNG or TSU-YUXG, tsooVftng', a city of China, 
 province of Yun-nan, capital of a department, 70 miles W. 
 of Yun-nan. 
 
 TSdUR. a town of Svria. See SooB. 
 
 TSCGAR, a strait of Xiphon. See Sasoar. 
 
 TSl"K.\SAKI. a town of J.ipan. See Tsookas.aki. 
 
 TSUXG-LIXG, Asia. See Karakorim. 
 
 TSUXG-MIXG. tsUug'ming', an island of China, proTince 
 
 of KLing-soo, off the W. coast, at the mouth of the Tane-t>ie 
 kiang. Its E. extremity is iu lat. 31° 28' X.. Ion. 121° 51' K. 
 Length. 36 miles: breadth, 10 miles. On its S. coast is a 
 town of the same name. 
 
 TSDX-HOA. tsfin-ho-^/. a city of China, province of Pe- 
 chee-lee, capiUil of a district, SO miles E.X.E. of Peking. 
 
 TSUX-Y, tstin ee, a city of China, province of Koei-choo, 
 capital of a department. 70 miles X. of Koei-vang. 
 
 TSU-YUXG. a city of China. See Tsoo-Ycno. 
 
 TSYPA or TZIPA, tsiiV^. a river of Siberia, government 
 of Irkootsk, joins the Vitim after a X.E. course of 230 miles. 
 
 TUA, too'd, a river of Portugal, province of Tras-os- 
 Montes. joins the Douro after a S.W. course of 70 miles. 
 
 TUAL.A.TIX, a post-office of Washington co.. Oregon. 
 
 TU'AM, an episcopal town and parish of Ireland, co., and 
 19 miles X.X.E. of Galwav, on the Clare, here crossed bv a 
 bridge. Lat. 53° 30' N., 'ion. 8° 50' W, Pop. of town 7819. 
 The town consists of five principal streets, market-place, and 
 some squalid, straggling thoroughfares ; but it has KoDian 
 Catholic and Protestant cathedrals. 2 episcopal palaces, the 
 Roman Catholic college of St. Jarlath. diocesan and other 
 public schools, a court-house, bridewell, union wcirk-hou.se, 
 barracks, market-house, reading and assembly-rooms, ruins 
 of a castle, some manufactures of linen and canvas, and a 
 large retail trade. It was the see of a Protestant archbi.shop 
 until 1839. Xinetsen-twentieths of the population are 
 Roman Catholics. 
 
 TUARIKS, a people of Africa. See Tooareeks. 
 
 TUAT. an oasis of Central Africa. See TiX)AT. 
 
 TUBAC, too-bdk', a town in the N. of Mexico. 
 
 TCBAI, too-bi'. and TUBUAI-MAXU, too-boo-i' ma-noo', 
 two of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Sec 
 Society Islands. 
 
 TUB.\L, too-BiV, a river of Chili, which has its mouth in 
 the Pacific, close to the Bav of Arauco. Lat. 37° 14' 25" S., 
 Ion. 73° 27' 30" W. It once' had depth of water sufficient to 
 allow vessels of 200 tons to pass up nearly 1 mile : but an 
 earthquake in 1835 so raised the bar, that it is now ac- 
 cessible only to boats, 
 
 TUB.*R1YEH. a town of Palestine. See Tab.areetah. 
 
 TUBBERAN, a town of Persia, province, and 100 miles 
 N.X.E. of Kirman. 
 
 TUB'BRID, a parish of Irel.ind, co. of Tipperary. 
 
 TUBBRID, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 T UBBUS. a town of Persia. See Tab.aS. 
 
 TUBIXGEX, (Tiibingen.) tU1iing-en, a walled town of 
 Wtirtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Xeckar. at the 
 intiux of the Ammer. 18 miles S.3.W. of Stuttu-art. Lat. 
 48° 31' X.. Ion. 9° 4' E. Pop. 7500. Its celebrated univer- 
 sity, which had among its earliest professors the Refoi-mers 
 Melancthon and Rauchlin. is seated in the ancient castle of 
 the counts-palatine, and has l^elonging to it an observatory, 
 botanic garden, cabinet of natural history, and a libi-ary of 
 70.000 volumes. In lS4r> it was attended by 8fi8 students. 
 The town has manufactures of woollen cloth and gunpowder. 
 
 TUBIZE. tU'beez', a market-town of Belginm. province of 
 South Br.ibant. on the railway. 13 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. 
 
 TUBXAH. tooWna. (anc. Titfbuna.) a town of Algeria, pro- 
 vince, and 120 miles S.W. of Constantine. 
 
 TUBXEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 TUBUXA. See Tubnah. 
 
 TCCAXO. too-k^no, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, 
 8 miles from the river of Itapicuru. Pop. 1200. 
 
 Tt CAPEL, a river of Chili. See Laxa. 
 
 TUCHAN, tii^shSK"^', a market-town of France, department 
 of Aude. 25 miles S.W. of Xarbonne. Pop. 1220. 
 
 TUCHEL. tCO/Kel. a town of West Prussia, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Conitz. Pop. 18S5. 
 
 TUCK, a town of Afghanistan, fee Tar. 
 
 TUCPLMIOE, tftkVhS', a creek of Xew Jersey, forms the 
 boundary between Atlantic county on the right, and Cum- 
 berland and Cape May counties on the left, and fells into 
 Great Esg Harbor Bay. 
 
 TUCKAHOE. a small river in the E. part of Mar>-land, 
 rises in Queen Anne county, and flows S., fo.-Tning the 
 boundary between Caroline and Talbot counties, until it 
 enters the Choptank River. 
 
 Tl'CKAHOE. a post-office of Westchester co.. Xew York. 
 
 TUCKAHOE. a flourishing post-vill.sge of New Jersey, on 
 the line between Atlantic and Cape May counties, and on 
 both sides of Tuckahoe Creek. 16 miles in a straight line N. 
 by E. of Cape May Court-House. It has 2 churches and 
 several stores. Pop. about 000. 
 
 TUCKAHOE. a post office of Jefferson co.. Tennessee. 
 
 TUCK'ALEE'CH K COVE, post-office. Blount co.,Tennef>9ee. 
 
 TUCKASAG.\. ttikVsaw'ca. a post-village of MeckleubuT^ 
 CO.. Xorth Carolina. 169 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 TUCK/ASA W^ CREEK, of Georgli. called al-x. TUSX^.V 
 H.4TCH'EE. enters the Ocmulgee River in PulaeH county. 
 
 TUCK'ER. a township of Clark co.. Arkansas. 
 
 TUCKER'S CABIX. a village of Henry co., J^orgi*, 8C 
 miles X.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 TUCKER'S ISLAM, a low coral island co%»red Mitb 
 cocoanut-trees. in the Xorth Pacific J»t. 7' 3i} V. lui 
 146° 48' E. Pop. 3>» 
 
TUG 
 
 TUL 
 
 TUCKER'S ISLAND or TUCKER'S BEACH, or. the inlet 
 to Little Egg Harbor liiiy. New Jersay. 
 
 TUCK'EltTON, a post-villajre and port of entry of Bur- 
 lington CO., New Jersey, on Little Egg Harbor Bay, about 60 
 miles S.S.E. of Trenton. It contains 3 churches, and several 
 stores. The shipping of the district, January 1, 1865, 
 amounted to about 10,000 tons enrolled and licensed, nil 
 of which were employed in the coasting trade. Eleven 
 Bcliooners were built here in 1864. Pop. aliout TOGO. 
 
 TUCKERTON, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TUCbl'IA, too-ko'pe-a, or TICOPIA, tg-ko'pe-d. an island 
 of the South Pacific Ocean, lat. 12° 21' 10" S., Ion. 168° 43' 
 30" E., about 7 miles in circuit. Near its N.E. end it attains 
 the height of 3000 feet, and becomes visible, in clear weather, 
 at the distance of 40 miles. It produces yams, cocoanuts, 
 &(;., and has from 400 to 500 inhabitants. It was on this 
 island that the sword-hilt and other remains of the expe- 
 dition of I^ Perouse were found, and led to the discovery 
 of the exact site of the wreck. 
 
 TUCOVIA. too-ko've-i. an island of the New Hebrides, in 
 the Pacific Ocean; lat. 12° 16' S., Ion. 108° 42' E. 
 
 TUOUMAN, too-koo-min', a province of the Argentine Re- 
 public. (La Plata,) mostly Ijetween lat. 26° and 27° 30' S., and 
 Ion. 62° and 66° W., having E. the Gran Chaco, one of the 
 vast interior plains of South America, and on other sides the 
 departments of Salta, Catamaica, and Santiago. Estimated 
 pop. 44.000. The surface in the W. is mountainous, and 
 alternately covered with forests of lofty trees and fine pas- 
 tures. Its centre is one of the richest parts of the republic, 
 yielding tine crops of wheat, maize, rice, tobacco, and sugar. 
 Many mules are exported, and the cattle are of good breeds. 
 The province contains mines of gold, silver, copper, and 
 lend; the other products are cocoa, cotton, indigo, honey, 
 wax, dyewoods, salt from mines and lakes, and a little wine. 
 The principal manufactures are leather, cotton and woollen 
 fabrics, and cheese. Principal towns, Tucuman and IMtos. 
 
 TUCCMAN or SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMAN, sHn me- 
 ghiV di too-koo-min'. a town of the Argentine Republic. 
 (La Plata.) capital of the above province, on a tributary of 
 the -VIedinas, 94 miles N.W. of Santiago del Estero. Pop. 
 from 8000 to 12,000. It has a cathedral, several convents, a 
 Jesuits' college, and a trade in oxen and mules sent into Bo- 
 livia. Here the independence of the Plata Provinces was 
 first promulgated, aud the first Congress of the republic 
 was held in 1816. 
 
 TUD.B. See Tut. 
 
 TUU'DBNIIAM, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 TUDUENIIAM, East, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TUDIIKNHAM. North, aparish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TUDKLA, too-D.Vld. (anc. Tute>la.) a city of Spain, province 
 of Navarre, on the right bank of the Ebro, here crossed by 
 a stone bridge of 17 arches, 52 miles N.W. of Saragossa. 
 Pop. 6790. It is neat, but dull. It has remains of ancient 
 fortifications. Its cjithedral contains the tomb of Blanche 
 of Castile, queen of Peter the Cruel ; and it has many other 
 churches, convents, and hospitals, a work-house, prison, 
 Latin and medical schools, manufactures of coarse woollens, 
 hair fabrics, soap, tiles, bricks, and earthenwares. The 
 celebrated rabbi Benjamin Ben Jonah (Benjamin of Tudela) 
 was born here in the twelfth century. On November 23, 
 1808, the French here gained a complete victory over the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 TUDKLA DE DUERO, too-D,Vll di dw.Vro, a town of 
 Spain, province, and 6 miles E.S.E. of Valladolid. 
 
 TUDHLEY, tood'lee. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 TUDI-;!!.. SeeTOM. 
 
 TUDOR HALL, a post-oflice of Prince William co., Virginia. 
 
 TUEDA. See Tweed. 
 
 TUEJAR or TUEXAR, too-A-nan/, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince, and 43 miles N.W. of Valencia, on a slope above the 
 Chelva. i'op. 1346. 
 
 TUERTO, tw^R'to. a village in the interior of New Mexico, 
 near the S. laase of the Placer Mountain, 30 miles S.S.W. of 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 TL'F.\KA, too-fi/r3, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 
 E.S.K. of Campob.asso, on the Fortore. Pop. 2360. 
 
 TUFFfi, tuf^fil', a market-town of France, department of 
 Sarthe. 16 miles N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. in 1852, 1818. 
 
 TUFINO, too-fee'no, a village of Naples, province of Terra 
 li Lavoro, N.E. of Nola. with a church and 2 chapels. Pop. 
 1000. '* 
 
 TUFrrON. a parish of England, co. of Southampton. 
 
 TUin'ONBOROUGIL a post-township of Carroll co., New 
 Hampshire, on the E. side of Lake Winnipiseogee, 45 miles 
 N.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1186. 
 
 TUXJALOO', a river, one of the branches of the Savannah, 
 rises near the S. frontier of North Carolina, and flowing first 
 S.W and then S.E. along the l)oundary between South Cai-o- 
 llna and Georgia, unites with the Kiowee near Anderson- 
 ville. TP" name of Chattooga is applied to the upper part 
 of thL ..ter. 
 
 TUG ALOO CREEK, Alabama. See Suckernochek. 
 
 TUG'BY. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 TUG'FORT, a parish of Knglauu, co. of Salop. 
 
 TUGGUET S«e Tooggoobi. 
 
 TUGHLTCKABAD. ttig'lik-a-bad', a fortified town of Bri- 
 tish India, presidency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, li 
 miles S. of Delhi, with some extensive ruins, and the massive 
 mausoleum of Tughlick Shah, an edifice of the tburteeutlt 
 century. 
 
 TUG LIE, tool'yA, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 7 
 miles E.N.E. of Gallipoli. at the foot of a mountain. P. 1000. 
 
 TUG RIVER, a post-oflice of McDowell co., W.Virginia. 
 
 TUINEJE. a town in the Canary Islands, in Fuerteveu- 
 tura, on a mountain .slope. Pop. 1377. 
 
 TUITUIM. See Dkutz. 
 
 TUKHTI SULEIMAN. tfiKtV S09-lA-man', or TAKHTI 
 SULEIMAN, tdK'tee sooMA-man', written also TAKHTI 
 SOULIMAN, (?'. e. "Throne of Solomon,") a remarkable hill 
 and collection of ruins in North Persia, province of Azer- 
 baijan, 115 miles S.S.E. of Tabreez, identified by Major Raw- 
 linson with the ancient Atropatenian Ecbatana, the Plira a- 
 ta, Gaza, and Canzaca of classic authors, and the SItiz of the 
 Arabians. Lat. 36° .30' N., Ion. 47° 10' E. 
 
 TUKHTI SULEIMAN, a mountain of the Suleiman Range, 
 E. of Afghanistan. Lat. 31° 35' N., Ion. about 70° E., and 
 11,000 feet above the sea. It is the name of several other 
 mountains in Central and West Asia. 
 
 TUKHTI SULKIMAN or USCH, oosh, a town of Inde- 
 pendent Toorkistan. See OoSH. 
 
 TUKUM, too'kOOm or too-koom', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Courland, near the Gulf of Riga, on the Slok, 38 
 miles AV. of Riga. Pop. 2800. It has a ruined castle, and a 
 female seminary. 
 
 TULA, a government and town of Rus.sia. See TooLV. 
 
 TULA, a river of the Chinese Empire. See T001.A. 
 
 TULA, too'ia, a town of the Mexican Confederation, the 
 ancient capit.1l of the Toltees. state, and 40 miles N.N.W. of 
 Mexico. It is upwards of 6000 feet above the sea on the 
 banks of the Tula or Montezuma, a river which, after a 
 N.E. course of 200 miles pa.st Valles and Panuco. joins the 
 Tampico River near its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 TLLANG-BAVANG. too-iang/ ba-vAng', a river and town 
 of Sumatra. The river enters the Sea of Java after an E. 
 course of 100 mile's; the town is 70 miles S.S.E. ofPalembang. 
 
 TULARE. too-lA'ree or too-li'rA, a large county in the 
 E.S.E. part of California, has an area estimat^ed at above 
 12,000 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Coast 
 Range, and is drained by King's River and several smaller 
 streams flowing into Tule Lake, and by Kern River flowing 
 into Kern Lake. The surface in the central part is broken 
 by the mountain range of the Sierra Nevada, but between 
 this and the Coast Range lies the lieautiful and fertile valley 
 of the San Joaquin. The soil of this valley is very produc- 
 tive, though but little attention has yet been paid to agricul- 
 ture. The county derived its name from the Tule' Lake, 
 which lies within its border. County-seat, Visalia. Popu- 
 lation 4638. 
 
 TUI/BAGH, a village of the Cape Colony, in South Africa, 
 division, and 37 miles N.N.W. of Worcester. 
 
 TCLDJA, a town of Turkey. See Toolcha. 
 
 TULE. too'lee or too'lA, {i.e. "a bulrush,") a lake in Cali- 
 fornia, is included within the limits of Tulare co., about 
 midway between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada. 
 Length, from 30 to 40 miles; greatest breadth, about 22 
 miles. The outlet joins San Joaquin River. Kern Lake, 
 perhaps 20 miles farther S., is sometimes called the Upjjer 
 or Smaller Bulru.sh Lake. The valley in which these two 
 lakes are situated is said to be one of the most fertile and 
 beautiful to be found on the globe. 
 
 TULE LAKE, a small lake of Yolo co., towards the N.W. 
 part of California, is about half a mile long and a quarter of 
 a mile wide. 
 
 TULIJ.\ or TULIXA. too-lee'RA. a river of the Mexican 
 Confe<leration. st.ate of Tabasco, tributary to the Usumasinta. 
 At their junction it is about a quarter of a mile in breadth. 
 
 TU'LIP, a creek of Arkansas, enters the Washita River a 
 few miles above Camden. 
 
 TULIP, a post-town.ohip of Dallas co., Arkansa.9. 
 
 TULIXA, a river. Mexican Confederation. See Titjja. 
 
 TUL'LA or TULLOH, ttil'loh, a market-town and parish 
 of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare. 9| miles NJ5. of Ennis. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 TULLA, tfil'lA. a town of Arabia, district of Yemen. 30 
 miles W.N.W. of Sana. 
 
 TULLAGH. tftllah. a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. 
 of Cork, comprising the port of Baltimore and the island of 
 Innisherkin. 
 
 TULLAGHANBROGUE. tfillah-an-brog', a parish of Ire- 
 land, in Leinster, co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 TULLAGHANOGE. taWa-nog', a parish of Ireland, co. of 
 Meath. 
 
 TULLAGHLEASE. tOl'laH-leez'. or TULLILEASE, a p,v 
 rish of Ireland, in Muuster. co. of Cork. 
 
 TULLAGHNISKEN, tftl-laH-nis'kfn, a parish of Ireland, 
 in Ulster, co. of Tvrone. 
 
 TULLAGHOBIGLY, tlil-lan-o-biglee. or RYETULLAGH- 
 OBIGI^Y, a maritime parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Donegal, 6 miles S.W. of Dunfanaghy, including: sevjCiil 
 isiauds. 
 
 1960 
 
TDL 
 
 TUN 
 
 rrLtAGHOUTOX, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, eo. 
 of Tipperarv. 
 
 TL'I-LAGUOUGHT, a parish of Irelan^J, in Leinster, co. 
 of Kilkenny. 
 
 TDL'LAH(yMA, a post-rillage and important railroad sta- 
 tion of Coflfee CO.. Teuuessee. on Rook Creek, 70 miles S.E. of 
 Kashville. The Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad here 
 Intersects the MeMinnville and Manchester Railroad, which 
 will probably render ic a place of much business. Laid out 
 !n 1S51. 
 
 TDLLAMORE, ttiria-mOr', an inland town of Ireland, in 
 Iieiuster, capital of King's co., on an affluent of the Clodagh, 
 and on the Grand Can.nl. in the centre of the Bo<r of Allen, 
 50 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. iu ISol, 40»). It has 
 risen since 1790 from a small village. It is the princip.il 
 shipping station on the Grand Canal. Charleville Forest, 
 adjacent, is the seat of Earl Charleville, who owns the town. 
 
 TULL-\RO.\X, tulMa-ron'. a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, 
 CO. of Kilkenn}-, 5 miles s>.S.\V. of Freshfbrd. Here are the 
 remains of Courtstowu Castle. 
 
 TULLE, tull. a town of France, capital of the department 
 of Correze. on the Corr^ze, at its confluence with the Soulane, 
 45 miles S.E. of Limo^;es. Pop. in 1862. 11.895. It has a 
 communal college, normal school, public library, prison, 
 barracks, and hospital; with manufactures of coarse woollen 
 cloth.s. hats, paper. wax-cand)es. and leather, and an e.tten- 
 sire national factory of fire-arms. Three miles N. are the 
 ruins of Tintignac. 
 
 TUL'LIAL'L.4N, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Perth, comprising the town of Kincardine. 
 
 TCTi'LlBOD'Y, a village of Scotland, co. of Clackmannan. 
 2|milesN.W. of Alloa. 
 
 TULLIXS. tiiriiN<^, a m.\rket-town of France, department 
 of Is^re. 13 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. iu 1852, 4618. 
 engasied in steel and copper-works. 
 •TULLN, t<5dln, a walled town of Lower Austria, 17 miles 
 N.W. of Vienna, on the right bank of the Danube, here 
 joined by the Tulner. Pop. 1788. It has manufactures of 
 woollens and tape. Here .Sobieski collected his troops for 
 the defence of Vienna in 1683. 
 
 ' TULL(3CII. ttilloK. a village of Scotland co., and 2 miles 
 N. of Perth. Pop. about 300. 
 
 TUI/LOW, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Lein- 
 ster, CO. of Dublin, on the Slaney. here crossed by an elegant 
 stone bridge. 8 miles E.S.E. of Carlow. Pop. of town, 3097. 
 It has a castle of the twelfth century. 
 
 TULLS CREEK, a post-office of Currituck co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 TULLUM. See Ton. 
 
 TUt/LY or TULLYFERNE'.a parish of Ireland, in LHster, 
 CO. of Donegal, comprising a part of the town of Ramelton. 
 
 TUL'LY or COG'LAXSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in 
 Leinster. co. of Kildare. 
 
 TUL'LY, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Dublin. 
 
 TUI^LY^, a post-village and township of Onondaga co.. 
 New Y'ork, about 20 miles S. from Syracuse. X plank-road 
 extends fit)m the village to Syracuse. Pop. of the township, 
 1690. 
 
 TULLY, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 757. 
 
 TULLY. a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Van Wert co.. Ohio. Pop. 5S4. 
 
 TULLY', a thriving post-village of I^wis co.. Missouri, on 
 the Mississippi River, 192 miles above St. Louis. A large 
 quantity of pork and other- produce is shipped at this point. 
 It contains 2 churches. 6 stores, and 2 steam mills. Laid 
 out in 1833. Pop. about 600. 
 
 TULL'YCOR/BET, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of 
 Monaghan. 
 
 TUL'LYLISH', a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. 
 
 TULLYXES/SLE-.\Ni>-FORBES, a united parish of Scotr 
 land. CO. of Aberdeen. 
 
 TUI/LYTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, 5 or 6 miles S.W. 
 of Trenton. 
 
 TUt/LY' VAVLEY, a post-village of Onondaga eo., New 
 York, about 130 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 TUiyLY'VILLE. a post-office of Monroe co.. Arkansas. 
 
 TULMARO, tool-m^'ro. orTULMERO. tool-mVro. a town 
 of South America, in Venezuela, department, and 50 miles 
 W.S.W.of Caracas, near the Lake of Valencia. Pop. 8000. It 
 has an active trade in tobacco, raised in its vicinity. 
 
 TULOLA. too-Wll, a small island of Russi.a, in Finland, 
 near the N. shore of I^ke Ladoga, at the mouth of the Las- 
 kila, which here forms a fine ca,scade. It is about 6 miles 
 in circumference, and contains fine granite quarries, the 
 Stone of which is much used for building in the capital. 
 
 TULOS or TOULOS. toolos, a lake of Russi.a. in the N.W. 
 of the government of Olonets. about 24 miles long from N.W. 
 to S.E., by 6 miles broad. Its banks are very steep, and it con- 
 tains several Islands. It has no apparent outlet, though 
 several small lakes send their wafers into it. 
 
 TUI/OUlt ISLANDS, .Malay Archipelago. See S.iun.^BO. 
 
 TULPEIKXJK'EN, a creek, of Pennsylvania, rises in Le- 
 banon CO., and Hows into the Schuylkill KivHr nSar Read- 
 lug. Its general course is E.S.E. 
 1»00 
 
 TULPEHOCKEN. a post-township of Berks co., Peiinsj-V 
 vania. about 20 miles S. by W.of I'ottsville. Pop. 1956. 
 
 TLbSK, tQlsk, a borough and village of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught. CO. of Roscommon. 
 
 TULTCHA or TULDJA. European Turkey. See Toolcha. 
 
 TULU.M'B.i, a large and populous town of the Punjab, 
 near the Ravee, 50 miles N.E. of Mooltan, with the reniaiuK 
 of a fort ruined by Timur. 
 
 TCMACO. too-nid'ko. or GORGOXILLA. gcR-go-neel'yJ, 
 an island of South America, off the W. coast of Ecuador, SH 
 miles N.E. of Esmei"ald.is. 
 
 TUM.VT or .MALKG. a river, Central Africa. See Toomat. 
 
 TUMBALA. toom-bjli, a village of the Mexican Confeder- 
 ation, state of Chiapas, 70 miles K.X.E. of Ciudad Real, and 
 picturesquely seated on i-o<;kv precipices. 
 
 TUM'BELAN' ISLANDS, a group of the Malay Arclipel- 
 ago, between Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Lat. of 
 G'leat Island, 1° N.. Ion. 107° 34' E. Principal i.sland, Tum- 
 belan. 5 miles in length. 
 
 TUMBEZ, toomOj^s or toom'b^th, a small town of South 
 America, in Ecuador, department of Asuay, on the I'eivt- 
 vian frontier, and on the Tumbez River, near the Pacific, 
 and 70 miles N.W. of Loja. Here the Spaniards first disem- 
 barked, in 1526. 
 
 TUM'BLING CREEK, in the W. central part of Tennessee, 
 flows S.W., and enters Duck River ou its right bftnk, in 
 Humphreys county. 
 
 TUMBLING CREEK, a post-ofl?ce, Tazewell co., Virginia. 
 
 TUMBLING SHOALS, a post-office of Laurens district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TUM'BO ISLAND, one of the Isles de Log. West Africa. 
 
 TUM'LINSOX, a township of Scott co.. Arkansas. 
 
 TUM'LIXSOXVILLE, a post-office of Scott co.. Arkansas. 
 
 TU-M'LOOK'. a town of British India, presidency, and pro- 
 vince of Bengal, district of Hoogly, on an afllueut of the 
 Ganges. 35 miles S.W. of Calcutta. 
 
 TU.M'XA or TOEMO'XIA, a parish of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught, eo. of Roscommon. 
 
 TU.MORE'. a p.irish of Ireland, co. of Sligo. 
 
 TUNA, to&ui, a village and parish of Sweden, Iflfn. and 
 13 miles S.S.W. of Falun, near the Dal-Elf, with a castle and 
 cinnabar-works. 
 
 TUX. A. New Y'ork. See TrNUNGWANT. 
 
 TUNAMA. a river of Brazil. See Itu.v.^ma. 
 
 TUNAMAGUOXT, too-nam\a-gwont'(?; a thriving village 
 of McKean co., Pennsylvania, on a creek of its own name, 
 al)Out 220 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. It has an active trade, 
 principally in lumlier. 
 
 TUX'BRIDGE or TOX'BRIDGE, a market-town and pari.<=h 
 of England, co. of Kent, on the Medway, and on the South- 
 eastern Railway, on which it has a principal station. 27 niiies 
 S.E. of London. Pop. in 1851, 16,548, of the town, 4539. It 
 is a quiet old town, with 5 stone bridges over so many arms 
 of the .Medway. one of which arms is called the Tun. Prin- 
 cipal edifices, the grammar school, which has 16 exhilitions 
 of 1007. each at the universities, 12 minor exhibitions, a 
 .scholarship and a fellowship at Oxford, the town hall, union 
 work-house, market-house, church, chapels, ic. and fine 
 remains of a Norman castle and of a priory. Tunbridsie has 
 been long noted for a manufactory of toys and turned wares, 
 and it has some exports of timber. 
 
 TUNBRIDGE, a post- town ship of Orange co., Vermont 
 28 miles S. by E. of Montpelier, intersected by a branch of 
 White River. It contains 3 small villages, the principal of 
 which is at the centre. The others are called the Upper and 
 Lower Villages. Pop. 1546. 
 
 TUXBRIDGE WELLS, a market-town and watering-place 
 of England, cos. of Kent and Surrey, with a station on the 
 Hastings Branch of the South-eastern Railway, 5 miles 
 S.S.W. of Tunbridge. Pop. in 1851, 10.587. The springs are 
 chalybeate. The pump-room and baths, public parade, ball- 
 rooms, libraries, theatre, and market-house, are in a small 
 valley, enclosed by sloping hills. Mounts Ephraim, Pleasant, 
 and Sion. on which are excellent hotels, and many elegant 
 villas. It has a church and elegant chapel, numerous dis- 
 senting chapels, an infirmary, dispensary, many schools, and 
 literary institutions. 
 
 TUXCHA, tfinV-hi', a town of China, province of Ngan- 
 hoei. about 20 miles from Hoei-choo-foo, to which it forms 
 a kind of port. Lat. 29° 48' N., Ion. 118° 30' E. It is a 
 Large, busy, and thriving place, arrtl carries on a very ex- 
 tensive trade, esj>eciall}- in green tea. the greater part jf 
 which is sent down the river, and thence onward to Shane- 
 hai. being shippetl here. I'op. about 150.000. 
 
 TUX'DERGARTH. a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 TUNEXUM or TUXETA. See Tunis. 
 
 TUNG, several cities of China. See Teno. 
 
 TUNG. See Too.ng. 
 
 TUNG-CH.ANG. toongVhing' or tfingVhJng', a city of 
 China, province of Shan-toong. capital of a department on the 
 river Ta-tein, near the Grand Canal, 50 miles b.W. of Tsee-nan, 
 It is large, populous, and has a flourishing trade. .Among 
 its public edifices is an octagon tower of 8 strtrics. faced with 
 porcelain. — TiNrt-CniNG. Tung-Chaw, Tuno-Yaxg. &c.. are the 
 names of Chinese cities aud towns of minor imptrtauce. 
 
TUN 
 
 TCNfl-KTANG. a river of China. See Toono-Kiano. 
 
 TUNGKI. SoeToNGRES. 
 
 TUXOUUAGUA, toonjj-j^oorl'gwi or toon-jroo-rd'wi. the 
 river Amazon, in the upper part of its course in North 
 Peru, is ctlleil the Tunjiarairua or Lauricocha. See Amazon. 
 
 TUNGUKAGUA, a volcano of South .\merica, iu Kcuador. 
 Lat. 1° :;SI' S.. Ion. 79° Hy W. Height. 10.424 feet. 
 
 TUN'OU.SKS. Pee Tooxgooses. 
 
 TIIXGUSKA, three rivers of Siberi.i. See Toonoooska. 
 
 TUXICA, a county in the N.W. part of JIis.si.s.sippi. bor- 
 derinsr on the Mississippi River, which separates it from 
 Arliansas, has .in area of about 750 square miles. It is 
 drained by Tunica and Coldwater Itivers. The surface is 
 flat, and some parts sutiject to be overflowed. Capital, 
 Austiu. Pop. 43C6, of wliom 883 were free. 
 
 TCXIS, tu'niss or too'niss, one of the States of North Afi-ica, 
 and nominally dependent on Turkey, is situated lietween lat. 
 31° and 37° .\.. and Ion. 8° and 11° E. It is bounded N. and 
 N.E. by the .Mediterranean, S.E. by Tripoli, S. and S.W. by 
 the Great Desert or Stihara, and \V. by Aljieria: greatest 
 length, from N. to S., a))out 440 miles; mean breadth, mea- 
 sured on the parallel of 3d°, 160 miles; area, estimated at 
 70,000 square miles. The coast-line is very irregular, and 
 much broken; it presents three remarkable indentations, 
 forming the Bay of Tunis on the N., and the bays of Ham- 
 mamet and Cabes, or the Lesser Syrtis, on the E. On the 
 N.W., as far as the Cape of Karina, it is bold and rocky, and 
 presents in Cape Blanco the most N. point of the African 
 continent. The shores of the Bay of Tunis are low and 
 generally swampy, but rise towai-ds its extremity, and ter- 
 minate in Cape Bon. Beyond this cape, and S., the shore is 
 generally low, hut is occasionally diversified by rocky head- 
 lands of moderate elevation. 
 
 The interior of Tunis is very imperfectly known. The 
 N.W. portion, lying between the frontiers of Algeria on the 
 W.. and the valley of Mejerdah on the S. and E.. is tra- 
 versed by a range of mountains which, entering from the W., 
 spread over the whole district. These mouutmns are estimated 
 to have an elevation of from 4000 teet to 5000 feet; they are 
 covered with fine timber, and on their lower slopes have 
 many fertile tracts, partly under culture and partly under 
 olive-plantations. Among the mountains rich veins of lead 
 are said to exist. Between these mountains and the Gulf 
 of Ilammamet on the E., stretches the extensive plain or 
 plateau of Kairwan, which is about 100 miles long, by .30 
 wide; and though elevated, is almost an unbroken flat, 
 nearly destitute of trees, and, except in the vicinity of the 
 town of Kairwan, uncultivated. Over this plain tlie Arabs 
 roam, pasturing their horses and camels. Little is known of 
 the country to the S. Its fertility was colebi-ated by the 
 ancients, but it is understood to be at present little better 
 than a desert. 
 
 The only river of any consequence Is the Mejerdah, (anc. 
 Bagradas.) already mentioned: both at its mouth, and con- 
 Bideratily to the W. of it, near the Gulf of Biserta, are nu- 
 merous large lagoons abounding with several kinds of fish. 
 The only other remarkable expanse of water is the great 
 lake of Al-Sibkah, situated far to the 8.. on the borders of the 
 Sahara. It is about 70 miles long, by 25 broad; but with 
 the exception of its S. part becomes dry in summer, when a 
 Layer of salt is found deposited on its bed. The climate is 
 one of the best in the Barbary States, the atmosphere being 
 generally pure and wholesome, and the excessive summer- 
 heats moderated by sea breezes. In the town of Tunis, the 
 thermometer, on an average of three years, showed a mean 
 of 65°-9 in winter, 71° iu spring, 83°-9 in summer, and C4° 
 iu autumn — the mean of the whole year being 69°-2. Rains 
 fall at intervals from November to April, but long continued 
 and almost uninterrupted droughts prevail during the rest 
 of the year. Most part of the surface is of high fertility, and 
 n ancient times it was one of the granaries of Home; but 
 owing to the extortions of the government, and the uncertain 
 Venure by which property is held, agriculture is very much 
 neglected, and large tracts, capable of yielding produc- 
 tive returns, remain in a state of nature. The principal 
 'rops are wheat, barley, and maize; olives also are exten- 
 Mvely raised, and date-plantations are so numerous as to 
 ♦urnish the principal subsistence of the inhabitants. To- 
 bacco is largely cultivated, and cotton, indigo, saffron, and 
 jpiuui are partially, grown. Almost all the fruits of Southern 
 Europe alx>und. and in vaiious quarters drugs and dyes form 
 special cbjects of culture. Copper, lead, silver, and salt, from 
 5ibkah. are amongst the mineral products, and near Porto- 
 Fariua is a quicksilver-mine; but mining, like agriculture, 
 Is very backward. The principal domestic animals are mules, 
 oxen, and camels: on several parts of the coast the fisheries, 
 including that of coral, are valuable. 
 
 The manufactures consist chiefly of woollen fabrics, more 
 especially the beretti ov red caps, known all over the Medi- 
 terranean; soap, both soft and hard, mjide on an extensive 
 Boaleat Soosa; dyed skins, and ordinary and morocco leather; 
 the trade, both with the interior and with different parts of 
 Kurope, is of considerable extent. Caravans come annually 
 from Central .Africa, bringing slaves, senna, ostrich-feathers, 
 gold dust, gum, and ivory, which are exchanged tor mauu- 
 
 TUN 
 
 factured goods, spices, and gunpowder. Others from Oon- 
 stantinople bring wax, dried skins, cattle, and sheop. t« 
 return for muslins and other woven fabrics. Tunis mantles, 
 colonial produce, essences, &c. The principal imports oy 
 sea are cochineal, raw silk, coffee, sugar, Spanish woollju 
 cloths, wines, and coin. The inhabitants, amounting u 
 about 2.500.000, consist of a mixture of Moors, Arabs. Turks 
 and Jews, the two first principally, with a few Christians ; 
 they rank as the most civilized in Barbary, though, as c>,m- 
 pared with the lea.st advanced of European nations, they are 
 lamentably deficient in evei-y thing that constitutes true 
 civilization. The state religion is Mohammedanism. The 
 government is exerci.sed by an hereditary bey, nominally 
 tributary to the Turkish Sultan, by whom he is confirmed 
 in his rule, and assisted by a divan of 37 members. Ilis 
 revenue is estimated at S;8.00f),000 annually, but double this 
 sum is yearly raised by taxation, customs, &c., the resilue 
 being retained by the collectors. The armed force amounts 
 to aljout 50.000 men. The naval force consi.sts of a corvette, 
 some smaller vessels, and about 32 gun-l>oats. Besides Tunis 
 the capital, the chief towns are Soosa. Ilammamet, Bizerta, 
 Stax. ('aljes. Monastir, Gafsa. Kairwan, Zoughwan, and Beja. 
 (For adj. and inhab., see end of next article.) 
 
 TU.MS. (anc. Time/turn or Tafnea ; Gr. Totii/tj or ToDftf,) 
 a seaport town of North Africa, capital of the above state, at 
 the mouth of the Jlejerdah. on the W. side of an oval lagoon 
 connected by a narrow strait with a bay of the same name, 
 and on a large and beautiful plain bounded in the distance 
 by lofty mountains, 400 miles K. by N. of Algiers. Lat. (Fon- 
 douc) 36° 48' N., Ion. 10° 24' 15" E. It is surrounded by a 
 double wall — the exterior being about 5 miles in circuit, en- 
 closing the suburbs, and pierced by four gates, and the in- 
 terior still more lofty, enclosing the city proper, and pierced 
 by six gates. It is also defended by a strong Oistle com- 
 pletely commanding the Goletta, or narrow strait already 
 mentioned, and by several detached forts in other dir-ixv 
 tions. AVhen approached, whether by land or sea. it be- 
 comes visible at a considerable distance, and rising in long 
 ranges of buildings of dazzling whiteness. pre.«ents a very 
 striking and picturesque appearance. The impression thus 
 made is not confirmed by a nearer inspinition. The strei'ts 
 are narrow, uneven, unpaved, and filthy in the extreme; 
 tile houses are of stone or brick, generally of very mean 
 appearance, consisting only of a single story without ex- 
 terior windows. The interior, however. In the form of a 
 court, with the apsirtments ranged round it, is often fitted 
 up with Oiiental magnificence. Water is abundantly sui> 
 plied, partly from cisterns placed on the flat roof of each to 
 collect the rain, and p,artly by an aqueduct carried from s 
 neighbouring spring. The public buildings include a great 
 number of mosques, several of them handsome, and one a 
 magnificent structure, adorned with columns and marbles 
 brought at an immense expen.oe from ruins in the interior 
 of the country; the bey's palace, a h.and.some modern liuilding 
 in the Saracenic .style, adorned with courts and galleries of 
 marble: several large and well-arranged barracks, one of 
 which is fitted to accommodate 40iX) men ; a Moorish college 
 for theology .and jurisprudence, many other superior and 
 elementary schools, several synairogues, a Roman Catholic 
 and a Greek church, a Roman Catholic convent, a theatre, 
 several elegant public baths, and extensive and well-fur- 
 nished bazaars. 
 
 The principal manufactures are linen and woollen cloths, 
 red woollen caps, in such extensive demand that 50.000 
 persons are said to have been at one time employed on them; 
 embroidery, ordinary and morocco It.ather, and various cele- 
 brated essences both of musk. rose, and jasmine. The trade 
 is very extensive, and includes among its principal exports 
 oil, beretii or Tunis caps, soap, grain and pulse, wool, hides, 
 cattle, tunny-fish, sponges, senna, wax, gold-dust, ele- 
 phants'-teeth, Ac; among the principal imports, cotton, 
 linen, and woollen goods, tin. lead, and iron, raw and manu- 
 factured; coffee, sugar, spices, &o. In carrying on this 
 trade, notwithstanding the admirable situation of the town, 
 considerable disadvantages are experienced. The depth of 
 water within the lagoon is not more than 6 or 7 feet, and heiice 
 even merchant vessels are obliged to lie outside the Goletta, 
 and can only load or unload by means of lighters. The place 
 of anchorage, however, formed by an inner bay off that of 
 Tunis, has in its centre a depth of from 10 to 20 fathoms, 
 and is so capacious, that the largest fleet may ride in it with 
 perfect shelter from all winds except those from the N.E. 
 
 Tunis is situated about 3 miles to the S.W. of the ruins of 
 ancient Carthage, and it is itself a place of great antiquity, 
 and has been the scene of many important historical events. 
 During the Punic wars it was repeatedly taken and re- 
 taken. In 439 it fell into the hands of the Vandals, but 
 h.aving been wrested from them about a century thereafter 
 by Belisarius. it continued to be subject to the Greek Empire 
 till the end of the seventh century, when Northern Africa 
 was overrun by the victorious arms, and became, a depend- 
 ency of the caliphs of Bagdad. In 1206, Tunis became on 
 absolute sovereignty under .\boo-Ferez, (.4ibu-Ferez.) who 
 soon added to it the greater part of Algiers and Tripioli. 
 About this time it became notorious for its piracies, and in 
 
 1901 
 
TUN 
 
 TUR 
 
 12T0, Louis TX. of France, in a chiralrotiR attempt to sup- 
 press tn<-u>. lost both bis army and his life. The last of the 
 Tunisian kings, Muley-Hassem, having been dt-prived of 
 his throne l>y the celebrated pirate chief called IJarbarossa 
 11.. in 1.531, had recourse to the Emperor Charles V., who 
 restored him, but made his kingdom tributary to Spain. It 
 so continued till 1574, when it wjis subjugated by the 
 Turks, who at first governed it by a Turkish pasha and 
 divan, with a body of Janissaries sent from Constantinople, 
 but were ultimately obliged to allow the Moors to elect 
 their own bey, only reserving to themselves the power of 
 »ufirming the election and exacting a tribute. The piracies 
 of the Tunisians subjected them to severe chastisement, 
 first from the IJritish under Admiral Blake, and afterwards 
 from France and Holland. In 1816. under threat of the 
 same punir^hment which had just been intlicted by Jyord Ex- 
 nouth on the Algerinef, they engaged forever to renounce 
 piracy and Christian slavery. Pop. variously estimated at 
 from liiO.tKK) to 2U0.000 ; of whom about "Za.uOu are Jews, and 
 .1000 Christians, the remainder being chietly Moors, Arabs, 
 *nd Negroes. — ^.\dj. and inhab. Tu.msiax, too-nee'she-an, 
 and TusisixE. too-ne-seen'. The.se terms perhaps, more 
 properly applied to the city of Tunis, may also be extended 
 to the state or regency. 
 
 Tt'NLS, GULF OF, an inlet of the Mediterranean, extends 
 inland for 30 miles, between Capes Bon and Farina. Breadth 
 at entrance, 45 miles. It everywhere affords good anchor- 
 age in from 4 to 10 fathoms of water, receives the river 
 Mejerdah, and has on its S.W. side the Goletta. or entrance 
 to the lagoon of Tunis, and the ruins of Carthage. 
 
 TUNIS. LAGOON OF, a shallow lake communicating on 
 Its E. side with the Gulf of Tunis by the Goletta. a short 
 and narrow strait. Length. 12 miles: brejidth, 5 miles. In 
 it is a fortified isl.ind. opposite the city of Tunis, on its ^^'. 
 shore, and on its N.E. side are the ruins of Carthage, of 
 whicli city it was the port. 
 
 TUN J A, toong'Hi. a town of South America. New Granada, 
 capital of the department of Boyaca, on a high table-land, 70 
 miles X.N.E. of Bogota. Pop. 7{'00. It has several convents, 
 a college, a military hospital, manufactures of woven fabrics, 
 and a large trade in tobacco. On its N.N.W. side are mineral 
 springs, and near it, in 1819, was fought the battle of Boy- 
 i<a. in which the Spaniards were routed by Bolivar. 
 
 TUNKAT. a town of Toorkistan. See Toonkat. 
 
 TUNKHAN'NOCK, a creek in the N.E. part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, falls into the North Branch of the Susquehanna 
 lliver at Tunkhannock. 
 
 TUNKHANNOCK, a thriving post-borough, capital of 
 Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, is situated on the North Brancn 
 of the Susquehanna lliver, at the mouth of Tunkhannock 
 Creek, 145 miles N.E. of Harrisburg, and about 20 miles 
 N,W. of Scrauton. The North Branch Canal passes through 
 the place, by means of which lumber, grain. Ac, are ex- 
 ported. It contains, besides the county buildings, several 
 churches, and mills of different kinds. Two newspapei-s 
 ai-e issued here. Pop. in 1860, 1019. 
 
 TUNKHAN'NOCK MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, occupies 
 the N.E. part of Wyoming county. 
 
 TUNKINSK, a town of Siljeria. See Toonkinsk. 
 
 TUNNELL, a postroffice of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 XUNNELL HILL, a posbofflce of Pickens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TUNNELL HILL, a post-vill.age of Whitfield co., Georgia, 
 
 TUNNELL'S STORE, a post-ofiice of Sussex ai., Delaware. 
 
 TUNNELLTON, a post-offtce of Preston co., W. Virginia. 
 
 TUNSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, 3 miles 
 S. of Kirkby-Lonsdale. It has an ancient church. Thur- 
 land Castle here is a moated residence. 
 
 TUNSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 TUNSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TUNSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 
 
 TUNSTALL, a parish, England, co. of York, East Biding. 
 
 TUNSTALL-COURT, a markeHown and ch.apelry of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Stafford, 4 miles N. N.E. of Newcasile-under-Lyne. 
 Pop. in 1851. 9566. The church is a handsome edifice, and. 
 here is a neat court-hou.se. In the vicinity are numerous 
 collieries, extensive potteries, large chemical works, and 
 productive veins of clay and iron ore. 
 
 TUNS'TEAl). a parish of England, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 TUNUNGWANT or TUNA, a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 oc., New York, on the Alleghany Kiver. and on the New 
 York and Erie Railroad, about 55 raile,s S.E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 TUNUYAN. too-noo-yin', a river of South America, in La 
 Plata Confederation, department of Mendoza. after an E. 
 course of 20O miles, is lost in a lake of the Llanos, a great 
 plain. Lat, 34° S.. Ion. Gti" 30' W. 
 
 TUN'VVUKTH, a parish of England, co. of Hanta. 
 
 TUOLUMNE, twol'fim-ne. a river of California, rises at 
 the foot of the Siena Nevada, in the E, part of Tuolumne 
 CO., and flowing in a general W.S.W. course, falls into the 
 San Joaquin alMut 40 miles above Stockton, It is navi- 
 gable for small steamboats to Empire City, near 30 miles 
 from its rouuth. 
 
 TUOLU.MNK, a county in the N. central part of Califor- 
 nia, has an area estimated at alxiut 2000 square miles. It 
 1962 
 
 is bounded on the N.E. by the Sierra Nevada, and partly on 
 the N.W. by the Stanislaus River, and is drained b\- the 
 Tuolumne River, and the Middle Fork of Stanislaus River, 
 which afford some water-power. The surface in the eastern 
 part is rough and mountainous; the western section is 
 more level and fertile. The gold mines of this county are 
 among the richest in the state, and especially rich in nug- 
 gets. It is stated that a nugget weighing 33 pounds wiis 
 found here in 1858. The county is among the most popu- 
 lous in the state. Named from the Tuolumne River, which 
 rises within it. Capital, Sonora. Pop. 16,220. 
 
 TUOLUMNE, a town of Stanislaus co., California, on the 
 right bank of the Tuolumne River, about 7 miles above its 
 entrance into the San Joaquin. 
 
 TUOSIST. KlLMACALOtiUE or KILMICHAELOGUE, a 
 parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerrj-, 
 
 TUPAKKO, too-pjR'RO, a river of South America, in New 
 Granada, joins the Orinoco after an E. course of 2iK) miles. 
 
 TUPISA or TUPIZA. too-pee'.s4, a town of Bolivia, depart- 
 ment, and 140 miles S. of Chuquisaca, (Sucre.) Pop. 5000. 
 Near it are silver-mines. 
 
 TUPOA URRY or NEW ALDEREY, an island of the 
 Pacific Ocean, Santa Cruz Archipelago. 
 
 TUPPKR-S PLAINS, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 TUPS^LEY', a township of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 TUPTKE, a river of India. SeeTAPTEB. 
 
 TUPUNGATO, too-poong-gS/to, one of the Chilian Andes, 
 45 miles E. of Santiago, Lat. 33"^ 10' S. Height, 15,000 feet 
 
 TURA. too'i-c"ih\ a market-town of West llungary, co. of 
 Neutra, district of Freistadtl. Pop. 048S. It has a trade iu 
 cheese with Vienna and Pesth. 
 
 TURA, a river of AVest Siberia. See Toora. 
 
 TUR'ABOO', one of the Society Islands in the Pacific 
 Ocean. Estimated pop. 2000. 
 
 TUUAN/(iA or POVERTY BAY, an inlet on the E. coast 
 of New Zealand, North Island. Lat. 38° 47' S.. Ion. 178^ 7' 
 E., extending inland tor 10 miles, with a circular basin. 
 Breadth, at entrance, S miles. 
 
 TUR ATE. too-ri'tA. a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Como, 6 miles S. of Appiauo, Pop. 2261, 
 
 TURBA. SeeT.\ui!ES, 
 
 TURBACt), tooK-nd'ko, an Indian village of South .Ame- 
 rica, in New Grenada, department of Ma'.;dalena. province, 
 and 12 miles S.E. of Cartagena. Here Humboldt resided in 
 1801. 
 
 TURBENTIIAL. tooR'ben-tir. a village and parish of 
 Switzerland. 10 miles E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Toce. Pop. 
 2250. Near it is the Castle of Landenberg. 
 
 TURBETT, a township of Juniata co., Penn.sylvania. inter- 
 sected bv the Pennsylvania liailroad, 7 miles S.W. of Mifliin- 
 town. Pop. 703. 
 
 TURBIGO, tooR/be-go, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 ot Milan, 5 miles from Cuggiono, on the Ticiuo. Popular 
 tion 1236. 
 
 TUR'BOT, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, intersected by the Sunbury and Erie Railroad, about 
 13 miles N. of Sunbury. Pop., including Milton. 3462. 
 
 TUR'BOTVILLE, a post-office of Northumberland co,, 
 Penn.sylvauia, 
 
 TURBUT, a town of Persia. See Toorboot. 
 
 TURCHIA and Ti'JW. See Turkey. 
 
 TURCKHEIM, tiiRk'Jm', a town of France, department 
 of Haut-Rhin. 3 miles W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 2879. 
 It has a trade in wine of superior quality. The Impe- 
 rialists were here defeated by the French, under Tureuue, 
 in 1075. 
 
 TVBCO. See Turket. 
 
 TURCOING, a town of France. See Toitecoino. 
 
 TURCOMANS. See Tookkomass. 
 
 TUREAUD, tu'riy, a post-ofliee of Ascension parish, Lou- 
 isiana. 
 
 TUREGANO, too-rA-g3'no, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 province, and 18 miles N.N.E. of Segovia, in a valley watered 
 by the Valseco and Mulas. It has a palace which belonged 
 to the bishop of Segovia. Pop. 1140. 
 
 TURENNE. tU'rJnn', a town of France, department of 
 Corrfeze, 7 miles S.S.E. of Brive. with ruins of the ancient 
 castle of the family of Turenne. Pop. IbOO. 
 
 TU KEN U M. See Tr ani. 
 
 TUKETZ, a town of Russian Poland. See Toorets. 
 
 TURFAN, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, See T«h.irfan. 
 
 TURI, loo'ree, a town of Naples, province of Bari, IS niilef 
 S.S.E. of Bari. Pop. 3000. 
 
 TURI, tooree', a town of Brazil, province of M.'irauhao, 40 
 miles N.N.AV. of Guimaraens, Pop. of district, 500o. 
 
 TURIA, a river of Spain. See Guabalavlar. 
 
 TURIASO. See Tarazoxa. 
 
 TURICUM. SeeZlKicH. 
 
 TURIJA. too-ree'yi. (?) a river of Rus.«ia, ri.ses in th« 
 S.W, of government" of Volhynia, flows N.N.E. through ex 
 tensive morasses, and joins the Pripets after a course oj 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 TURIN, tu'rin. (Fr. pron. tiiVSso' ; It. Tbrtno, to-ree'no ; »nc 
 Tavrasia, afterwards Aiigus'ta Tatir>nn'ium,{ a large (-tj 
 of Italy, capital ol Piedmont, beautifully situated in .m 
 
TUR 
 
 TUR 
 
 extensive and fertile plain surrounded by the Alps, at the 
 contlucuce of the Dora-Susina with the I'o. 79 miles W.S.W. 
 of Milan. Mean temperature of the year, 53°'l ; winter, 
 S'2P1; summer, 71°'5, Fahrenheit. Each river i.s here crossed 
 by a magnificent stone bridi^e. the former of five elliptic 
 arches, and the latter of a sinjrle arch, with a span of 150 
 feet. The approach from the W. is by a noble avenue, one 
 of the longest in Kurope ; and the general appearance of the 
 city and its environs is scarcely surpassed in grandeur. 
 Turin was at one time surrounded by walls and bastions, 
 and ranked as a place of considerable strength. Its large 
 and imposing citadel still remains, but all the other fortifi- 
 cations have been removed, and the site occupied by them 
 covered partly with finely-planted walks, and partly with 
 magnificent houses. The older quarters are closely built, 
 and the streets are somewhat narrow and irregular; but all 
 the modern portions have l>een built on a uniform plan, 
 in wide streets which intersect each other at right angles, 
 and thus form a series of square blocks and piles of build- 
 ing, the effect of which would be unpleasing were not the 
 monotony relieved by the loftiness of the house.s, their 
 endless variety of sculptured fronts and rich decorations, 
 and the fine bursts of scenery which are ever opening on 
 the view. Several of the principal streets are lined with 
 arcades. The finest squares are the Piazza-del-Castello, 
 which is of great extent, and surrounded by splendid and 
 lofty palaces; the Piazza-di-San-Carlo, almost entirely sur- 
 rounded by arcades, and adorned with a tine statue of Em- 
 manuel Kiliberto,by Marochetti; the Piazza-di-Sau-Giovanni, 
 and the I^iazza-dell'-Erbe. 
 
 Few cities in Italy are so poor in ancient buildings and 
 historical recollections as Turin, but its modern edifices are 
 numerous, and several of them magnificent. The ecclesi- 
 astical eiliflces most deserving of notice are the cathedral or 
 dimmn, completed in the beginning of the sixteenth century, 
 of sra.iU dimensions, but h.aving an interior which has 
 recently been richly and elaborately decorated with frescoes : 
 it contains some good paintings, and a remarkable chapel of 
 marble, called Santo Sudario, regarded as the masterpiece 
 ofOuarini; the church of San Maurizio. surmounted by a 
 handsome dome; San Filippo Neri, one of the finest edifices 
 of the city, though with an unfinished fagade : Santa Chris- 
 tina, with a facade considered to be one of the best produc- 
 tions of Juvara; Corpus Christi, remarkable for the richness 
 of its marbles, gilding, and other decorations; La Consolata, 
 formed of a combination of three contiguous churches, and 
 remarkable for the number, variety, and richness of its 
 furnishings ; Sanf Andrea, of an oval form, with numerous 
 frescoes, sculptures in bronze and marble, and some fine 
 wood-carvings ; San Rocco, in the form of an octagon, with 
 a concave facade and a well-constructed dome ; and I/a 
 Gran-Madre-di-Dio. a new unfinished church, on which v.ist 
 snms have been expended, erected in commemoration of the 
 restoration of the royal family, but merely a servile and 
 meagre imitation of the Pantheon. In addition to these, a 
 remarkably handsome church, in the old Lombard style, for 
 the accommodation of the Waldenses, and forming one of 
 the chief ornaments of Turin, was consecrated on December 
 15, 185-3. The cathedral was formerly very wealthy in plate 
 and jewels, which Napoleon sold, and applied the proceeds 
 tij embank and build the bridge over the Po. 
 
 Of the edifices not ecclesiastical, the most conspicuous is 
 the royal palace, built, like most of the other structures of 
 Turin, of brick, and remarkable only for its magnitude. 
 Under the roof of the palace are the king's private library, 
 with some cui-ious manuscripts and letters: and the royal 
 armorv. a large and curious collection, considered one of the 
 principal sights in Turin. The old palace of the Dukes of Sa- 
 voy, or Palace of Carignano, situated in the square of the same 
 name, is a large and rather imposing structure, in an extra- 
 vagant style. It has recently bean converted into govern- 
 ment offices. Other conspicuous buildings are the register- 
 otflce, or Palazzo-degli-Archivi-Reali, a vast edifice by 
 Juvara: and adjoining it the custom-hou.se. or Palazzo- 
 delle-Dogane ; the town-house, or Palazzo-di-Cittk, with a 
 lofty but unfinished tower ; the court-houses, or Palazzi-di- 
 Guistizia; the university, or Universita-lleale, a large and 
 magnificent building, by a Genoese architect; the large 
 lilirary, now attiiched to the university, and originally 
 formed by the ancient Dukes of Savoy, containing 110,000 
 volumes ; the picture-gallery, with an extensive and valu- 
 able collection; the Palazzo-dell'-Academia-Ueale, under the 
 r(K)f of which are several museums — an Egyptian, with 
 ;;'<iny curious antiquities ; a museum of natural history, 
 particularly rich iu minerals ; and a cabinet of 15,000 coins 
 ana medals ; and several theatres, one of them among the 
 largsst and most splendid in Italy. 
 
 Among the educational establishments, in addition to the 
 university, which comprises five faculties, and in 1812 had 
 42 professors, and was attended by 1120 students, are the 
 episcopal seminary, occupying an elegant structure, the 
 royal military academy, two colleges, and various superior 
 and inferior schools. Turin, as the residence of the court 
 and seat of government, concentrates all the principal offices 
 of the state, is the see of an archbishop, and has numerous 
 
 societies— economicil, literary, scientific, and artistic. The 
 charitable e.stiiblishments include numerous rich endow- 
 ments, of which the most interesting and important are the 
 Retiro-tlelle-Rosine, a kind of religious community, in which 
 400 girls are maintained, chleHy by their own htbor; the 
 general hospital or infirmary, Spedal-Maggiore ; the Ospizio» 
 di-Carita. which receives about 1500 inmates; the Reale 
 Albergo-di-Virtu. a kind of iudustri.il school; the Regicy 
 Manicomio, or lunatic a.sylum; the 8pedale-di-San-Luii;i, N 
 large and well-managed establishment, supported chiefly b> 
 voluntary contribution, and giving relief not only to nume- 
 rous inmates, but to an annual average of 120.000 out- 
 patients; and theCompagnia-di-San-Paolo,embracingagreat 
 number of objects — education, marriage-portions, and relief 
 to the poveri-vf.rgognoH, or bashful poor sufTeriug in secret. 
 
 The manufactures of Turin consist chiefly of woollen, 
 cotton, linen, and silk goods; wax, cloth, stained paper, 
 ironmongery, leather, glass, carriages, printing-types, philo- 
 sophical and mu.sical instruments ; and there are numerous 
 dye-works, and silk and other mills, distilleries, and a royal 
 gunpowder manufactory. The staple trade is in silk, which 
 has here its chief entrepot, employs a vast number of hands, 
 and forms the principal source of wealth. Other articles of 
 trade, in addition to the above articles of manufacture, are 
 corn, wine, fruit, and liqueurs. 
 
 The foundation of Turin is generally attributed to a 
 colony of Transalpine origin, called Taurini or Taurisci. 
 Shortly after Hannibal crossed the Alps, he made himself 
 master of the territory in which it is situated ; but after his 
 expulsion from Italy, the Romans resumed possession, and 
 converted Turin into a Roman colony, which took the name 
 of Colonia Julia. This name was afterwards changed, in 
 honor of Augustus, into that of Augusta Taurinornnr. It 
 was taken and sacked by the Goths under Alaric. To ward 
 off similar di-sasters, it was shortly after surrounded by 
 walls, but did not escape the ravages of the Iiongoliards. . 
 Charlemagne, into whose hands it subsequently pas-sed. be- 
 stowed it as a feudal tenure on its bishops, several of whom 
 ruled it with tyrannical sway. It was afterwards governed 
 by the Marquises of Susa, with whom it remained till the 
 heiress of that family conveyed it by marriage to the Counts 
 of Savoy. In 1118 it was declared by Amadeo V. the capital 
 of the states of Savoy, and, following the fates of his family, 
 ultimately rose to be the capital of the whole Sardinian 
 States. The environs of Turin are veiy beautiful, and pre- 
 sent many objects of interest, among which tlie church of 
 Superga, on the top. of the lofty Mount CoUina, immediately 
 overlooking the city, is conspicuous. The terrace in its 
 front commands one of the be.st views of the plains of Ijira- 
 bardy. Under the French, Turin was the capital of the 
 
 department of the Po. Pop. in 1862, 180,o20. Adj. and 
 
 jnhab., (It. Torinese, to-re-n.VsA; Fr.Tuni.vois, tU^ree'nwd'.) 
 
 TU'KIN, a post-villiige and township of the S. central part 
 of Lewis CO.. New York. The township is inter.sected by 
 Black River.' Pop. 1849. 
 
 TUItlXO, a town of Naples. See Torino. 
 
 TURINSK. See TooRixsK. 
 
 TL'RIS, too-reeee, or TURRIS. tooR-Reece'. a village of 
 Spain, province, and 20 miles W.S.W. of A'alencia. Pop. 
 3900. Marble and jasper are procured in its vicinity. 
 
 TURISK, a town of Russian Poland. See Tooni-SK. 
 
 TURIVICARY or TUKAVACARA, a fortified town of 
 South India, in Mysore, 52 miles N. of Seringapatam. 
 
 TURKA, tooR'kd, a town of Austrian Galieia, 28 miles 
 S-S.W. of Sambor, with a trade in tobacco, which is largely 
 grown in the district. 
 
 TURK-DEAN, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester 
 
 TURKESTAN In'depende.m, a region in the ceutrtj "f 
 Asia. See Toorkist.\n, Ixdepexdent. 
 
 TURKKSTAN, a town of Central A-Ma. See Toorkistan. 
 
 TURKESTAN, Chinese, a region of the Chinese Empire. 
 See TooRKiST.\N. 
 
 TUR-KEVI, tooR-kA'vee', a vill.-jge of Hungary, district of 
 Great Rumania, on the Beretyo, 15 miles S.W. of Kardzag, 
 Pop. 9400. 
 
 TURKEY, (Turk. Osmanli Vilaieti, os-m3n1ee' Te-l3-y5t'- 
 ee-th.Tur'cicumJmpe/yium; Fr.7'urquie,tU.v.'^kee';Ger.Tii)l-ei, 
 tiiR'ki; Dutch, Turkije, ttlR-kl'eh ; It. Turchia. tooR-kee'd; 
 Sp. and Port. Turquia, tooR-kee/i) or THE OTTOMAN EM- 
 PIRE, comprehending all the countries in which Turkish 
 supremacy is directly or indirectly recognised, includes some 
 of the fairest portions of the world, and several of its earliest 
 and most celebrated seats of civilization. It is not so much 
 a continuous dominion, ns a mere aggregate of governments, 
 often widely separated both by position and interest, and 
 only accidentally united by having been the subjects of a 
 common conijuest. its vast territories, consisting partly 
 of mainland, and partly of islands scattered over the bo-^om 
 or along the shores of inland seas, are situated in three 
 different quarters of the globe. ^ iz., in the S.E. of Europe, 
 the W. of .'Vsia, and the N.E. of Afrfca; they extend over 3" 
 degrees of lat. (from 11° to 48° N.,) and 41 degrees of Ion. 
 (from 8° to 49° E..) and, though scarcely admitting of l)eing 
 geographically defintHl as a common wh,>le, may be c<m- 
 sidered as bounded, N. by the Bl.:ck Sea, Russia and Au»i- 
 
 llMi3 
 
TUR 
 
 TUR 
 
 tria; W. hy Austria, the Adriatic, the Mediterranean. Al- 
 Fzria. and the African Desert: S. by the desert. Soodan, 
 Abyssinia, and the Gulf of Bab-el-Mandeh: E. by Indepen- 
 dent Arabia, the Persian Gulf, and Persia; and N.E. by 
 Transcauoasian Russia. The total area of the empire is 
 estimated at 1,895,194 square miles, and the population at 
 
 as.Sfw.ooo. 
 
 As the leading dirisions of the empire form the subjects 
 of separate articles, in which the more important details 
 ftre given, the sketch here introduced will be only of a gene- 
 ral description. To prevent confusion, the territories of 
 each continent are presented under the separate heads of 
 Turkey in Africa, Turkey iu Asia, and Turkey In Europe. 
 
 1. Turkey in Africa may be considered as an immense 
 triangle, one side of which, facing the N., is formed by the 
 S. shore of the Mediterranean, and another, facing the E., 
 by the W. shore of the Red .Seit and the Isthmus of Suez, 
 while the base or third .side is represented by an indefinite 
 line drawn across the desert in a S.E. direction, from the 
 frontiers of Algeria to those of Abyssinia. It originally in- 
 cluded Algeria, which, though now a French colony, has 
 never been formally dissevered from it, and still includes 
 the three separate governments of Tunis, Tri)X)li, and Egypt, 
 the last comprising not only Egypt proper, but also Nutiia 
 or Dt>ngola, and Senaar. The aggregate area, estimated at 
 959.05S square miles, amounts to more than one-h.-ilf. but 
 the population, only 3.810,000. falls short of one-ninth of 
 that of the whole empire. This great disproportion indi- 
 cates the nature of the territfrry. a large part of which is 
 composed of sandy deserts in the partial occupation of wan- 
 dering Arabs, though there are not wanting other regions 
 which strikingly contra.st with the general barrenness. 
 Tuni.s, belonging principally to the plateau of the Atlas, is 
 intersected by many fertile valleys, and, owing partlj' to its 
 natural resources and its maritime advantages, became the 
 seat of an empire (the Carthaginian) which long contended 
 for mastery with that of Home; and Egypt, enriched by the 
 periodical overfiowings of the Nile, continues, in spite of all 
 that barbarism has done to mar its fertility, to be one of the 
 principal granaries of the world. 
 
 The remoteness from the seat of government, rendei-s it 
 difficult for the Turkish authorities to maintain a firm hold 
 of their possessions in Africa, and at one period this portion 
 of the empire not only came near establishing its inde- 
 pendence, but it seemed as if the Ottoman rule, both in Asia 
 and Africa, were aliout to be transferred from Constanti- 
 nople to Cairo. More recently, however.the Porte has un- 
 expectedly regained her ascendency. Tunis, indeed, is ruled 
 by a bey, who holds his appointment for life, and has even 
 been expre.ssly relieved from the payment of tribute; but 
 Tripoli, which had long possessed its own hereditary chief 
 of the Caramanli family, has been compelled, by a violent 
 stretch of power, to accept of a pasha arbitrarily nominated 
 by the sultan, and maintained in his position by Turkish 
 troops; and Egypt, after maintaining open and "successful 
 war against the I'orte. has been made, by the direct inter- 
 ference of the great European powers, so complete!}' to suc- 
 cumb, that instead of being the most arrogant, it is now, at 
 least iu profession, the humblest and most submissive of 
 vassals. The hereditary sovereignty is in the family of the 
 late Mohammed Alee, but the Porte claims the right, as each 
 vacancy occurs, of selecting the particular member of the 
 family who is to fill it, draws a fourth of the gross revenue 
 in the name of trilmte, and has the uncontrolled nomina- 
 tion of all the higher offices of the government. Tiie con- 
 nection of the Turkish Empire with Africa is. therefore, by 
 no means so nominal as it is often represented to be. Its 
 possessions on this continent not only exceed all the others 
 in area, but in consequence of the almost uiiiversal preva- 
 lence of Mohammedanism, have a stronger bond of union 
 with the central government than many other territorie.s, 
 which, from their greater proximity, might seem to be more 
 closely connected with it. See Egypt, Nubia, SEN.iAR, Tums, 
 Tripoli, Fezza.v, and Barca. 
 
 2. Turkey in Asi.a, taken in its widest sense, includes 
 within Its geographical limits the long belt of Arabia which 
 lines the E. shore of the lied Sea, and consisting of the two 
 provinces of Hejaz and Yemen, now forms the eyalet of 
 Jidda, which has an area of 194.400 square miles. This 
 eyalet. however, being politically attached to Egypt, is sel- 
 dom considered as forming part of Turkev in Asia, which is 
 usually confined to that part cf theAsiat'ic continent lying 
 between lat. 31° and 42° N.. and Ion. 26° and 48° E.. and 
 bounded N. by the Black Sea, the Bosporus or Straits of 
 Constantinople, the Sea of Marmora, and the Hellespont or 
 the Straits of the Dardanelles: W. by the Archipelago and 
 the Mediterranean ; S. by Arabia, and E. by the Persian 
 Gulf. Persia, and Transcaucasian Kussia. The space de- 
 fined by these boundaries has an area of 63S.0ri8, or in- 
 cluding Jidda. 732,468 sijuare miles, and a population of 
 16.050,000. When viewed in regard either to its physical 
 features or to the wonderful events of which several of its 
 regions have at .liferent periods been the theatre, this por- 
 tion of the Turkish Empire possesses an almost unrivalled 
 luterest. It may properly be described as conBistins of two 
 
 1964 * 
 
 plateaus and of an extensive plain. The larger and morr 
 elevated of these plateaus occupies the whole of its N. por- 
 tion, stretching across it from the shores of the Archipel.ago 
 to the frontiers of Persia and Tran.scaucasia. and comprising 
 within its limits the peninsula of Asia Minor, and the high 
 land? of Armenia and Koordistan. It has an average eleya- 
 tion of from 4000 to 5000 feet, and forms the base of two 
 parallel mountain chains, the Taurus and the Anti-Taurus, 
 which increase in height as they proceed towards the E, 
 presenting many remarkable cones and peaks, several of 
 which ri.se beyond the line of perpetual snow. The other 
 plateau, that of Syria and Palestine, is also traversed by two 
 parallel ranges, which, breaking off nearly at right angles •ic 
 the Taurus, proceed S. at no great distance from the t-horen 
 of the Mediterranean, and are continued almost without in- 
 terruption across Arabia Petraea and the peninsula of Sinai 
 to the Ked Sea. This plateau is less remark.! ble for its height 
 than for the depression of one of its valleys, which, in the 
 line of the Jordan, is more than 1300 feet beneath the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 The extensive plain of Irak and Mesopotamia, forming 
 the lower basin of the Euphrates and Tigris, is bounded on 
 the N. by the Armenian, and on the Vi. by the Syrian 
 plateau, and, though now little better than a steppe, oftener 
 covered with sand than verdure, originally possessed at- 
 tractions which marked it out for the cradle of the human 
 race, and made it the earliest seat of empire. The drainage 
 cf this vast territory, divided info numerous basins by 
 the mountains which traverse it, is carried to four different 
 seas, of which the Persian Gulf receives the largest share 
 by means of the Euphrates and Tigris alieady mentioned. 
 The Black Sea receives its portion chiefly by the Yeshil and 
 Kizil-Irmak, and the Sakareeyah, while the streams which 
 flow into the Archipelago and the Mediterranean are. for the 
 most part, only mountain torrents. The only lake deserv- 
 ing of notice for its magnitude is that of Van, in the E. of 
 Koordistan, though, for other reasons, a far greater interest 
 attaches to those of Tiberias and the Dead Sea in Palestine. 
 The principal islands Mitylene. Scio, Samos, Nicaria, I'atmos, 
 Cos. lihodes. and Scarpanto, with Cyprus in the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 The soil and climate present many varieties: in the S. are 
 vast arid plains, but on the river banks and in the valleys 
 of Lebanon, the soil is extremely fertile. The summits of 
 Taurus are clad with snow, and their fianks are covered 
 with the vegetation of cold and temperate countries, while 
 the valleys have a temperature almost tropical, and produce 
 the fruits of South Asia. The climate of Anatolia is tem- 
 per.ate, and the soil is capable of producing all kinds of 
 grain and fruit. The mountains contjiius all the useful 
 metals. The chief products are oil. dye-stuffs, medicinal 
 plants, gums. wax. dried fruits, gall-nnts, cotton, silk, wool, 
 poats'-hair. leeches, and sponges. See Anatoua, Arme.m.a, 
 Syria. Palestine, Bagdad. &c. 
 
 3. Turkey in Europe, the remaining portion of the Turk-' 
 ish Empire, is of very limited extent in comparison with 
 its African and Asiatic possessions; but, from containing 
 the seat of government, and being more closely allied to 
 great European interests, is the most important of the 
 whole. It occupies the far greater part (and before the 
 kingdom of Greece was dissevered from it, comprised nearly 
 the whole) of the S.E. extremity of the continent, con.'isting 
 of an extensive peninsula in the form of an irregular tri- 
 angle, with Cape Matapan for its apex ; the E. shores of the 
 Ionian Sea and the Adriatic for one side; theW. shores of the 
 Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, and the Black Sea for the 
 other side; and the Save, the Danut)e, and the East Carps^ 
 thian Mountains for its ba.se. The only part of European 
 Turkey not contained within this triangle is Moldavia, 
 which forms an almost isolated projection, stretching N. 
 between the Austrian territories of Transylvania and Buko- 
 wina. from which it is scpaiated by the Carpathians on the 
 W., and the Russian government of Bessarabia on the E. 
 Thus defined. European Turkey lies between lat. 39° and 
 48° N.. and Ion. 16° and 29° 30' E. ; it is washed by the 
 Adriatic and the Ionian Seas on the W., the Archipelago on 
 the S.E., the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea on the E., 
 and borders N.W. and N. on Austria, N.E. on Kussia. and 
 S. on Groece. Its gi-eatest length, from E. to W., measured 
 nearly on the parallel of 45°, is 670 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 from V. to S.. from the Pruth, on the Moldavian frontier, to 
 the \ icinity of GnUipoli, 640 miles ; area, 203,628 square 
 miles. Pop. 15.350.0u0. 
 
 fbce of the Omnlry. Mountains, d-c. — In respect to phy- 
 sical configuration, European Turkey has been not inaptlj' 
 compared to a truncated triangular pyramid, which, rising 
 with more or less lapidity from a very extensive base, forms 
 at its termins^ion the lofty plateau of Ma;.=^ia. This central 
 plateau, forming a kind of common nucleus for the high 
 lands of Bosnia, Servia. Macedonia, and Albania, is of a 
 quadrilateral shape, and sends off several mountain raiiges 
 in different directions. One of the.se. proceeding N.AV. be- 
 tween Bosnia and Herzegovina, becomes linKeo with a 
 branch oftheDinaric Alps, and thus connects tl.« moun- 
 tains of Turkey with the -ilpine system. Anoth'-r ranges 
 
TUR 
 
 branching off nearly due S., attains, near its commence- 
 meut 1q Tchar Da,i,'h. the culminating heitrht of lO.lWO 
 feet, traverses the frontiers of Jiacedonia and Albania, and 
 under the name of Pindus, is continued throut,'h Thessaly 
 Into Greece. A third ranj^e proceeding K., forks on reach- 
 ing the common junction of Macedonia, Bulgaria, and 
 K(x>m-l';iee, and forms two distinct branches, one of which, 
 under the name of Balkan, Hiemus, or Emineh Dagh, ex- 
 tends K.N.E. towards the Black Sea, while the other pro- 
 ceeds S.K., under the name of Khodope or Despoto-Dagh. 
 Besides these principal (ftiains, whic-h form the great water- 
 sheds, and furni.sh the sources of the most important rivers 
 of the country, there are numerous minor ramifications 
 which often, maintaining a parallelism to the central axis, 
 form a series of descending terraces with intervening val- 
 leys, while in other directions the mountainous districts 
 aril succeeded tirst by hills, and then by wide and open 
 plains. Of these plains by far the largest is that of the lower 
 basin of the Danube, embracing the greater part of Walla- 
 chia, and considerable portions of .Moldavia and Bulgaria, 
 and finally sinking down in the latter into the lagoons and 
 pestilential swamps of the Dobrudja, the tract comprised 
 within the last great bend of the Danube, and stretching 
 S. from that river to Trajan's Wall, which strikes the shore 
 of the Black Sea at Kustendji. Other plains, far less exten- 
 sive than the former, though equalling it in fertility, and 
 surpassing it in beauty, occur in the S. of Macedonia, the 
 S.E. of Thessaly, apd the S.W. of Albania. 
 
 Geolngfi and Minerals. — The geology of the country has not 
 been fully or accurately explored. Primary fossiliferous 
 strata occur only in isolated spots, and that part of the .se- 
 condary formation in which the coal measures are usually 
 found, is believed to l)e altogether wanting. The upper part 
 of the secondary formation, including the cretaceous system. 
 Is very largely developed; the limestones, sandstones, and 
 other rocks belonging to it, compose almost the entire strati- 
 fication of extensive tracts, particularly in the W. Tertiary 
 formations also prevail both in the E. and in the basin of the 
 Danube, and along almost all the larger rivers, and at the 
 mouths, alluvial deposits of more or less thicknessare usually 
 found. Crystalline schists, composed of gnei-ss and mica, and 
 chlorite slates are, if not the most largely, the most con- 
 spicuously developed of all the rocks, inasmuch as they form 
 the great bulk of the loftiest mountain chains. In connec- 
 tion with the schists, granite also is of frequent occurrence, 
 and is sometimes seen piercing the gneiss at high elevations. 
 No evidence of active volcanic agency anywhere appears, 
 but the important part which it must have performed in 
 giving the country its final configuration is indicated, both 
 by the existence of thermal springs, and by the masses of 
 trachyte and other volcanic products, which cap some of the 
 summits both of the Pespoto and the Tchar-Dagh. Many 
 of the veins which traverse the crystalline schists have been 
 ascertained to be highly metalliferous : and lead, yielding a 
 considerable percentage of silver, has at different periods 
 been actually workeil. Iron also, of the best quality, is 
 very abundant ; but neither the government or people seem as 
 yet inclined to turn their mineral treasures to good account. 
 RivfTS. — The number and irregularity of the greater and 
 minor mountain ranges render the system of drainage very 
 complicated, dividing it into four principal, together with a 
 great number of subordinate, basins. By far the most im- 
 portant is that of the Black Sea, into which the Danube, 
 augmented on the right by the Save, with its tributaries 
 Unna, Verbas, and Drin ; by the Morava, Timok, Isker, Vid, 
 and Osma; and on the left by the Schyl, Aloota, (Aluta.) Ar- 
 gish, Jalomnitza. Sereth, and Pruth. pours the accumulated 
 Waters of more than half of the whole country. Next in 
 importance is the basin of the Archipelago, which receives 
 the Salembria from Thessaly, the Indje Kara-soo. Vardar. 
 and Struma (Kara-soo) from Macedonia, and the Maritza from 
 Koom-Elee. The Adriatic and Ionian Seas, properly re- 
 garded as only one basin, wash a large extent of the Turkish 
 coast, but owing to the proximity of the mountain chains, 
 receive from it no rivers deserving of notice, except the com- 
 paratively insignificant Albanian Drin, Scombi. and VogatKa. 
 The fourth basin, the Sea of Marmora, receives only a few 
 mountain torrents. Considering the mountainous cha- 
 racter of the country, and its numerous perennial streams 
 fed from snowy heights, it is remarkable that Turkey in 
 Europe does not possess a single lake worthy of the name, 
 with the exception of those of Ochrida in the E., and of 
 Hcutari in the X.W. of Albania. 
 
 Climate.. — The climate is more severe than might be sup- 
 posed from the geographic;iI position of the country. The 
 Danube regularly freezes, and in the recesses of the highest 
 mountains snow lies during the greater part of the year. It 
 is excessively cold in winter during N.E. winds, whii.'h are 
 then prevalent, and in the plains of Walachia and Moldavia 
 the sledge is used as in Russia. The olive will not grow in 
 the latitudes which in Spain and ItiOy are found to be most 
 congenial to it, and much hardier plants are often nipped 
 by keen frosts after the season has considerably advanced. 
 On the other hand, a great portion of Albania, protected by 
 elevated mountains from the N.E. winds, enjoys a delicious 
 
 TUR 
 
 ' climate. Even in the more exposed districts the vintage 
 becomes general before the end of July, Xo part of tlie 
 world is better adapted to the production of the ordinary 
 cereals; and the grain at present raised clearly indicates 
 the immense quantities which, under better circumstances 
 might easily be produced. In the rocky districts of the in- 
 terior, and in the maritime valleys of Albania, the summei 
 is insupportably hot. Devastating storms are frequent in 
 the S. Albania is liable to be visited by destructive earth- 
 quakes. The only exceptions to the general .salubrity ol 
 theclimate are produced by the miasma of .some low, swampy 
 tracts of no great extent, and by occasional visitations of the 
 plague. The latter, however, are attributable not so much 
 to the climate as to the complete neglect of sanitary ar- 
 rangements. 
 
 Vegelatiim, Agriculture, <fe. — In an empire where the 
 number of the inhabitants bears no proportion to the ex- 
 tent of the countries nominally occupied by them, the natu- 
 ral products form, both in amount and value, no incon- 
 siderable part of the returns yielded by the .soil. Tlie twc 
 great classes of artificial products are furnished by agri- 
 culture and manufactures. Both of the.»e. owing to the 
 insecurity of every kind of property, the natural indolence 
 of the Orientals, their pertinacious adherence to .antiquated 
 customs, the absence of means of communication, and 
 various other causes, are in a very neglected condition, and 
 yield a mere fi-action of the profitable returns which, under 
 more favorable circumstances, might e.isily l>e obtained 
 from them. In many districts, however, the natural capa- 
 bilities of the soil, and the excellence of the climate, seem 
 to surmount all obstacles, and cotton, tobacco, olives, sesame, 
 rice, maize, wheat, and other crops are raised in immense 
 quantities. The vine, cultivated extensively, e.specially by 
 Christian.s, produces the finest wines ; both the common 
 and finer kinds of fruit are grown jn almost every quarter; 
 the poppy is raised on a liirge scale for the manufacture of 
 opium; immense numbers of silkworms are reared on the 
 leaves of the muUierry. and whole gardens are employed in 
 producing flowers for the preparation of the celebrated atar 
 of roses. 
 
 A large portion of Turkey is covered with forests : the 
 best oak grows in Serviii and Lower Bosnia; the largest 
 forests of fir and pine occur in Bosnia and Upper Croatia. 
 
 Animals. — The principal wild animals are' the brown 
 bear, found in the wooded mountains between Albania and 
 Macedonia, Bosnia, and the Lower Hhodope, but seldom in 
 the Balkan ; the wolf is common : the wild boar, chamois, and 
 stag, abound in the forests: the hare is numerous in Wala- 
 chia: these are mostly hunted for their skins. The domestic 
 animalscomprise thedog. cat. and hog; sheep form the princi- 
 pal riches of the Walachian provinces, whence an inimen.se 
 quantity of wool is exported. Goats are more abundant in 
 Turkey than in any other country of Europe. Cattle are 
 extensively reared in Wallachia, Servia. and Bosnia; and the 
 buffalo is common in Wallachia, Bulgaria, and Thrace. The 
 horse of Turkey is small but active; the ass and mule are 
 chiefly employed in Thrace. Trout, kc. are plentiful in the 
 rivers; and leeches, which abound in the mar.-ihes, form an 
 important article of export. 
 
 ilanufacture.%.—'Yhe manufactures are almost entirely 
 domestic; the chief comprise saddles, copper and tin uten- 
 sils, fire-arm.s, swords, coarse woollen cloths, linen and cot- 
 ton spinning. Silks are manufactured chiefly at Salonika, 
 Sei-es, and Laris.«a. Carpets wrought by hand, in the style 
 of the Gobelins tapestry, are extensively manufactured in 
 Bulgaria and in Servia. Cotton, at one time the staple 
 branch of industry, carried on to a greater or less extent 
 in almost every town, village, and hamlet, has nearly cea.sed 
 to exist, from its inability to compete with the products 
 of the power-looms of Great Britain, and .shows .symptoms 
 of revival only at Beyroot. (in Asiatic Turkey,) where British 
 capital has been employed with some success in introducing 
 the factory system. Of the red dye, formerly an important 
 industrial branch, scarcely a vestige now remains. Emliroj- 
 dery is carried on by females in the S. provinces. Tan- 
 neries are numerous: and distilleries of brandy from prunes 
 are common throughout all the country. Printing is done 
 only at Bucharest. Belgrade. Constantinople, Cettigne, and 
 Montenegro; filigree work is made in the large towns, and 
 there are powder mills near Constantinople. 
 
 Having thus cursorily surveyed the different territories 
 more or less subject to Turki.sh sway, on the three great 
 continents of the Old World, each separately, the leniaining 
 observations will be applicable to the empire considered as 
 a whole. 
 
 Commerce., dc. — In regard to commerce, the most enlight- 
 ened stjites have only recently began to furnish full and 
 correct statistics, and hence, in Turkey, as might be ex- 
 pected, it is impossible to make even a distant approxima- 
 tion to accuracy. It is evidtmt, however, that a country 
 possessed of so many valuable products, and, in consequence 
 both of its position and the extent of its coasts and inland 
 seas, accessible at so many points either from the W. or K., 
 must, under any circumstances, command a very extensive 
 traffic, both direct and transit. The commerce of the country 
 
 1966 
 
TUR 
 
 TUR 
 
 is however, rerr tnitoh pramped by the impolitic restriction 
 or the hf.Hvy duty of^ 12 per cent, rigidly exacted on all ex- 
 perts, with the important exception of wheat, which by a 
 tirman. in 1S<37, was declared free ; while the manufac- 
 tures have hsea annihilated by the unlimited admission 
 of all imports on the payment of a duty never exceeding 5 
 per cent. The commercial emporium.s, in which the home 
 and foreign trade is chiefly concentrated, are Constanti- 
 nople, Adrianople. and Salonica, in Europe; Smyrna. Alep- 
 po. Beyroot, Bassora. Trebizond, Samsoon, Bagdad. Brusa, 
 and Damascus in .\sia; and Alexandria, Suez, Cairo, and 
 Tunis in Africa. The exports of l!So2, consisting chietly of 
 olive-oil. atar of roses, silk and silk goods, cotton, sheeps' 
 and goats' wool, grain, toiocco, drugs, opium, leeches, &.C., 
 Were estimated at $.i2.S6S,000 ; and the imports, consisting 
 chietly of cotton, woollen, and silk goods, metals, iron, steel, 
 and glas.sware, colonial produce, coals, cordage, Indian and 
 Chinese goods, fancy gooUs, Ac, at $59,099,000. The follow- 
 ing table exhibits the share which Great Britain and other 
 X)uutrie3 have in the ti-ade of Turkey : — 
 
 Foreign Trade in 1852. 
 
 1 Countri«s. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1 Great Rritala, IXaltk, and the Ionian 
 
 (12.615,000 
 
 10.875,000 
 
 5.435,000 
 
 5,685,000 
 
 4,862,000 
 
 1,321,000 
 
 2.32,000 
 
 182,000 
 
 87,000 
 
 5.435,000 
 
 4,590.000 
 
 4,565.000 
 
 1,890,000 
 
 945.000 
 
 SSO.OOO 
 
 6,.S25.000 
 
 
 10.875.000 
 
 
 11.145,000 
 
 
 9,2a'),000 
 
 
 3,710.000 
 
 
 450.000 
 
 
 103,000 
 
 
 521 ,000 
 
 P 
 
 935.000 
 
 
 3-'6,000 
 
 Switierlaud, United States, &c 
 
 2.975,000 
 4.020.000 
 
 
 1,260,000 
 
 
 630.000 
 
 
 108,000 
 
 
 
 59.099,000 
 
 52.86'<.000 
 
 
 
 The declared value of British and Irish produce and 
 manufactures imported into Turkev from the United Kins- 
 dom in 1831. was $4,440,000; in 1841, $8,235.000 ; in 1845, 
 $12,210,000; in 1S4S, $15.580.000 ; in 1849, $14,650,000. and 
 in 1850, $15,565,000. The commerce with the United States 
 in 1852, comprised imports amounting to $.310,196. and ex- 
 ports to $556,100; in 1853, imports to $287,339, and exports 
 to $727,516; and, in 1854, imports to $325,198, and exports 
 to $803,114. 
 
 In regard to means of internal transport, Turkey is still 
 In the rudest state possible, and only a few of the principal 
 roads are constructed so as to admit of wheel-carriages. The 
 different races of the population are thus kept aloof from 
 each other, cooped up within their natural barriers, and the 
 products of one district ai'e often perishing from want of 
 consumers, while the inhabitants of another district may 
 be suffering severely from inabilitj' to obtain them. Nothing 
 seems better calculated to develope the internal resources 
 of Turkey, and even further the cause of good government, 
 by fiivoring the amalgamation of its hostile races, than the 
 establishment of a system of good roads. In travelling, the 
 distance is commonly estimated by the hour. 
 
 Government. — This bears throughout, the characteristic 
 features of an Asiatic despotism, in which the arbitrary will 
 of the sovereign has the absolute force of law. and is subject 
 to no restraint, except that which may arise from the pre- 
 cepts of the Koran, from ancient traditions and customs, 
 and still more, perhaps, from actual national prejudices, 
 which must be consulted in order to avert rebellion. In 
 such a government, the existence of a constitution, in the 
 usual sense of the term, is impossible, though something 
 of the kind was attempted to be introduced in 1839. when, 
 in the presence of the great officers of the empire and the 
 representatives of the liuropean powers, the sultan issued 
 the celebrated edict known by the name of the Ilatti- 
 scheriff of Gulhane. This edict appears to have been issued 
 in perfect good faith, but owing partly to the opposition of 
 the more fanatical Turks, and partly to the corruption of 
 the ofBcials who ought to have carried it into effect, lias re- 
 mained in a great measure a dead letter, though it is not 
 to be denied that im|K)rtant improvements have taken 
 place, and that the gener.il tendency of the government is 
 towards more enlightened view? and a higher civilization. 
 The monarch, usually de.'^ignated by the titles of sultan or 
 grand-.segnior. khan, and padish,>i"h, is regarded by the 
 Turks as the caliph or head of Islam, and is addressed by 
 European courts as majesty or highness. His edicts bear 
 the name of Uatti-scheriff. and his government is generally 
 designateti as thd Sublime I'orte. (See Const.\ntinople.) 
 The sovereignty is hereditary in the family of Osman, the 
 presumptive heir being the eldest son who is born to the 
 sultan after his accession to the throne. On a new succes- 
 sion, the sultan is not crowned, but is girded with the sword 
 Of Osman in the mosque of Ejub. at Constantinople, after 
 Kwearing to defend Islam. His dignity is conceived to be 
 19ti6 
 
 too transcedent to allow him to enter into the married rela- 
 tion, and he has. therefore, no proper wives, .\mong the 
 females of his harem, however, there is a gradation of rank, 
 From four to seven, Isearing the title of kudin. take pre- 
 cedence of all the others; while a still higher place and in- 
 fluence are assigned both to the mother of the sultan and 
 to the mother of his presumptive heir. 
 
 The public officers who condi'.ct the administration undei 
 the sultan, are (li\ ided into three classes. The first class ig 
 that of law, which, being founded entirely on the Koran, 
 makes no distinction between religious and civil, and. ao 
 cordinglj', includes all persons who disch.irge either eccl©- 
 sia-ftical or judicial functions. At their head is the sheikh.- 
 ul-lslam, usually called mufti; and subordinate to him aro 
 mollahs, cadis, imams, and ulemas. The second class con- 
 sists of the officials of the pen. or the members of the ad- 
 ministration, pi-operly so called. At their head is the 
 grand-vizier or sadr-azam, who is regarded as the centre of 
 all administrative functions, domestic and foreign. Subor- 
 dinate to him are his vicegerent or deputy, (kaimakan.) the 
 reis effendi. or minister of foreign affairs, the president of 
 the council, the grand-master of artillery, the minister ot 
 police, the minister of trade, agriculture, and public works, 
 the muteschar of the grand-vizier, who acts as minister of 
 the home department, the superintendent of the civil li.st, 
 the inspector of revenue, and the minister of pious endow- 
 ments. The third class includes all the ofBcials of the 
 sword, or those who preside over the army and navy, the 
 bead of the former being the seraskier, or minister of war, 
 and of the latter, the cjtpudan pasha, or high admiral and 
 minister of marine. The sheikh-ul-Islam and the above 
 ministers of the second class, together with the seraskier 
 and capudan pasha, constitute the divan, or liighest delilie- 
 rative council in the empire. 
 
 Army ami JVin-y. — The regular army, compcsed entirely 
 of Mohammedan troops, organized on European principles, 
 consists of six ordiif or divisions, each equally divided into 
 active or nuamie, and reserve or redif ; and commanded by 
 a field-marshal or muthir. The strength of the division is 
 from 25,000 to 30.000 men, and accordingly, previous to tlie 
 commencement of the war with Russia in 1853, the regular 
 active army amounted to 138.680, of whom 100,800 were in- 
 fantry. 17.280 cavalry, and 9100 field artillery. Adding the 
 army of reserve, also 138,680. irregulars to the number of 
 61.500, compose<l partly of Tartars of the Dobrudja, Co.«- 
 sacks of Asia Minor, and soldiers employed as urban and 
 rural police, but chiefly of 50,000 Mussulman volunteers 
 the entire Ottoman force is increased to 448.860 men. The 
 qualities of the troops thus variously composed, differ ne- 
 cess-trily. according to the physical and moral characteristict 
 of the nations from whom they are raised, and the kind 
 and degree of discipline which they have received; but in 
 regard to all those of Turkish origin, it may be affirmed 
 generally that they are distingnished by great natural 
 courage, and manifest a remarkable degree of coolness in 
 the most trying circumstances. This coolness, amounting 
 to a kind of stoical indifference, iS chiefly the result of 
 fatalistic views inculcated by the Koran, .lud instilled into 
 them from their earliest years, and has often enabled them, 
 especially when placed under any kind of shelter, liowever 
 indifferent, to defend them.selves with the greatest obsti- 
 nacy and heroism. The navy, previous to 1853, consisted 
 of 16 ships of the line. 14 frigates, 6 steamers, 12 corvettes, 
 4 brigs, and alxiut 20 smaller craft, carrying about 4000 
 cannon, and manned by 25.000 sailors, chietly Greeks, on 
 whose fidelity little confidence can be placed. The only 
 naval arsenal is at Constantinople, and the principal dock- 
 yards are at Sinope and Erekli, in the Black Sea, and at the 
 islands of Mitylene and Rhodes. 
 
 Justice-. — Justice is administered according to a code de- 
 rived chiefly from the Koran, but partly also from tradition 
 and custom, by a series of courts which descend by regular 
 gradations from the arz odassi, or most supreme court, di- 
 vided into two presidencies, a European and an Asiatic, 
 to the mevleviets, or high courts, each with jurisdiction 
 over one or more eyalets : and numerous subordinate inli»- 
 rior courts, presided over by a mollah or kaili as proper 
 judge, or by a naib or deputy. In these courts the forniK 
 of process are simple, and the decision is seldom long de- 
 layed: but the judges are notoriously venal, and perjury is 
 everywhere practised almost openly. As one means of ob- 
 tainiug redress, the people have the right of naming certain 
 officers, who. in cases of grievance, are authorized to call to- 
 gether the principal inhabitants of a place, to make repre- 
 sentations to the higher powers, and even to the sultan. 
 
 Religirm. — Islamism, professed by about 20.000,000. is in 
 every sense the dominant religion, inasmuch as it is not 
 merely the only one established by the state, but affects to 
 regard all others with contempt. The leading sect is tho 
 Sunnite, which is adhejed to by the Turks proper, Turco- 
 mans, Arabs, Africans proper. .Albanians, snd a consider 
 able numlier of Slaves in Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzego- 
 vina. The Sheeite sect has its adherents chietly among flu 
 tribes E. of the Tigris: while different modificitinns of Mp. 
 hammedauism are professed by the iBhm.telltes, 'WahHbis, 
 
TUR 
 
 TUR 
 
 Motualis. and Ansarieh. The Druses and Ye^idis have 
 forms peculiar to themselves. Christianity, under the 
 Greek form, is professed by a large majority of the Greeks, 
 Wallachians, Bulgarians, and Serbs, and more partially by 
 Hosniann and Albanians. The Koman Catholic Church 
 claims a 'lonsiderable number of the last two, and also the 
 whole of the Maronit«s, part of the Armenians, and a few 
 Greeks. According to the usual estimate, the Christians 
 exceed, in European Turkey, three-fourths, and ia Asia a 
 fifth, while in Africa they fall short of a fiftieth of the whole 
 population. Notwithstanding the strong support and en- 
 couragement given by the government to Jlohammedanism, 
 it is continually losing, while Christianity is adding to its 
 adherents. One of the most hopeful signs in this respect is 
 exhibited in the fact that, within a comparatively recent 
 period, 10 Protestaot communities, counting nearly 2000 
 members, have been formed, chiefly by the labors of Ame- 
 rican missionaries in Armenia. 
 
 Educatirm. — According to a system which had long been 
 established, the Turkish educational institutions, until re- 
 cently, were only of two sorts, mekteb or elementary, and 
 medresseh or high schools, the latter intended to prepare 
 for the higher ecclesiastical and judicial functions. This 
 system was greatly improved in 1847, by the introduction 
 of a class of schools intermediate between the mekteb and 
 the medresseh, and intended chiefly for the commercial 
 cla.sses. The present educational system, accordingly, now 
 includes elementary schools, attendance at which is com- 
 pulsory on all Mohammedan children who have attained 
 their sixth year; middle schools, in which, among other 
 branches, geography, history, geometry, and composition 
 are taught; and colleges, arranged under the different heads 
 of military, naval, medical, veterinary, agricultural, &c. 
 Mo!«t, of the medressehs and colleges have libraries attached 
 to them, containing a respectable list of works in various 
 branches of literature. Those in Turkish are, like the lan- 
 guage itself, derived in a great measure from Arabian and 
 Persian sources. 
 
 Revenue. — The whole revenue is estimated at $36,540,000. 
 The sources from which it is derived, and the modes in which 
 it Is expended, may be gathered from the following table, 
 containing the budget of 1852 : — 
 
 Income. 
 
 Tithei $11,000,000 
 
 Land taxes 10,000,000 
 
 Poll tax 2,000,000 
 
 Ciistoma 4,»00,000 
 
 iDrtirect taxes 7,500,000 
 
 Tribute of Egypt 6,500.000 
 
 •' of Wallaohia.. 95,000 
 
 " of Moldavia... 50,000 
 
 " ofServia 95,000 
 
 Total $30,510,000 
 
 Expenditure. 
 Civil list of the sultan $3,750,000 
 Do. sultan.a-mother, &o. «0,000 
 Army, navy, and ord- 
 nance 18,370,000 
 
 Payof the functionaries 9,750,0^10 
 Foreign department.... 500.000 
 
 Public works 500.000 
 
 Charitable institutions 600,000 
 Interest of treasury 
 
 bonds i45,000 
 
 Life annuities 2,'200,000 
 
 Total $36,535,000 
 
 PeopU. — These, consisting of various races accidentally 
 brought into juxtaposition or political relationship by im- 
 migration and conquest, present none of the kindred fea- 
 tures which combine to form a national character. First in 
 order are the Osmaulee Turks, who, as the dominant race, 
 are diffused over the empire, though most numerously in 
 Asia Minor, Armenia, and the S.K. of European Turkey. 
 By right of conquest they are the proprietors of the greater 
 part of the soil, and fill all the civil and military offices. 
 They live generally in towns, employed in various trades, 
 and are never found as agriculturists, except in districts 
 where they have settled iu great numbers. Accustomed to 
 obtain their wives and supply their harems fi-om other 
 races, they now constitute a very heterogeneous mixture, 
 retaining few of the leading features of their ancient na- 
 tional character, though the masses are still distinguished 
 by fanaticism, ferocity, and .Asiatic indolence, as well a.s by 
 a certain degree of good-nature, frankness, and hospitality. 
 Their temper is essentially phlegmatic, and hence, except 
 on very extraordinary occasions, they never give way to 
 violent bursts of passion. Their highest enjoyment is to 
 allow the time to pass indolently .and luxuriously away, 
 and their great places of resort are baths and coffee-rooms. 
 The former, usually handsome, and often magnificent struc- 
 tures, are u.sed universally by both sexes, and all classes; 
 the latter, placed often in the vicinity of natural or arti- 
 ficial fountains, shaded by trees, and open to the sky, may 
 be .seeu crowded at all times by visitors, in all forms of list- 
 less attitudes, apparently enjoying the highest happine.ss 
 of which their nature seems capable from such simple in- 
 dulgences as a cup of coffee, or a tobacco or opium pipe. 
 The only striking contrast to such phlegmatic manifesta- 
 tions is presented by the general fondness for children, and 
 the s-trong attachment of children to their parents, particu- 
 larly to their mothers. Both of these affections are exem- 
 plified iu numerous ways, but nowhere more affectingly 
 'han in the deep grief produced by family bereavements, 
 the care liestowed on their cemeteries, and the numerous 
 mourners who are constantly resorting to their cypress 
 Kliadcs to bewail their loss. 
 
 "The personal appearance of the TurKS Is in general prp- 
 possessing; they have dark eyes, an aquiline no.se, liuibM 
 in general well proportioned, and set off to advantage Ly i 
 dress which forms a medium between the straight cloth- 
 ing of Europe, and the flowing drapery of Asia. Their gait 
 is slow and stately, and their mode of speaking, clear and 
 deliberate. The number of the Turks proper is nearly 
 12,000.000, or about a third of the whole population. To 
 the Turkish stock belong also the Toorcomans, who lead a. 
 nomadic life in Armenia and the centre of Asia Minor. 
 
 Among the Semitic races the first place is due to the 
 Arabs, who, not confined to their native Arabia, form a 
 considerable element in the population of Syria, Palestine, 
 and the lower basin of the Eujjhrates. and constitute a 
 gi'eat majority in Egypt. More or less allied to them are the 
 Maroiiites and Druses in Lebanon, and the Jebel-Uaooran, 
 (Ilauran,) the Motualis in Coelo-,Syria, the Ansarieh or Nos- 
 sairi in North Syria, the Nestorians or Chaldeans in the 
 highlands of Koordistan and .Mesopotamia, and the Jews 
 who are scattered over all parts of the empire, but have 
 their favorite seats in Syria and Palestine. 
 
 To the Caucasian stock belong the Armenians, who. be- 
 sides fonniug at least a third of the population in their 
 native Armenia, are diffu.sed as traders throughout all the 
 larger towns; the Mohammedan Koords, apparently Pel- 
 sian. though their language bespeaks a very mixed origin ; 
 the Yezidis, chiefly inhabiting the Sindjar Mountains, iu 
 the N. of Mesopotamia ; the Greeks, forming the bulk of the 
 population in Asia Minor, Thessaly, Macedonia, and the 
 islands, and constituting, to a very considerable extent, 
 the mercantile and trading community of Turkey, more 
 especially in the seaports ; the Arnauts in the S., and to- 
 wards the coasts of Albania; the Wallachians or Roumains, 
 computed at about 4,000,000. who not only occupy Wallachia 
 and Jloldavia, but are found under different names in most 
 provinces of European Turkey : and lastly, the races of 
 Slavonic origin, confined exclusively to the European part 
 of the empire, but so numerous as to form almost the entire 
 population of the territories between the Balkan and the 
 Danube, amounting, under the name of Bulgarian Slaves, 
 to about 4,000,000 in Bulgaria and the N. of Macedonia and 
 Thrace, and under the name of Serbs, to upwards of 
 •3,000,000, principally in Servia. but partly also in Monte- 
 negro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the adjacent parts of Al- 
 bania. To complete this long list of races, it is necessary to 
 add the Gipsies, widely diffused, and especially numerous in 
 Moldavia and Wallachia, where their condition is one of 
 complete slavery ; the Berbers, abounding in Tripoli, Tunis, 
 and part of Nubia; and the negro tribes of Kordofen, Se- 
 naar, and Darfooi. The following tables exhibit a summary 
 of the population of the Ottoman Empire, classified in the 
 first according to religion, and in the second according to 
 race : — 
 
 PopulatCim according to Bdigiong. 
 
 Creeds. 
 
 Xfoh.immedan 
 
 Greeks and Armeniant 
 
 Roman Cattaolies 
 
 Jews 
 
 Knrope. ! Asia. 
 
 3,800.000 .12,9oi/,000 
 
 11,370.000 ' 2,.'i60,000 
 
 ieO.OOO i 640.000 
 
 70,000 I 100,000 
 
 15,500,000 ,16,050,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 ■-H).5,W.00(1 
 
 13,7:)n.00O 
 
 900.000 
 
 180,000 
 
 35,360,000 
 
 Pirpidation according to Rates. 
 
 Races or Tribes. 
 
 Osmaus 
 
 Slavonians 
 
 Runiiinians 
 
 Arnauts 
 
 Greeks 
 
 Armenians.... 
 
 Jews 
 
 Tartars 
 
 Arabs 
 
 Syrians and Chaldeans. 
 
 Dru.ses 
 
 Koords 
 
 Toorkomans 
 
 Europe. 
 
 1,100,000 
 7,200.000 
 *,000,000 
 1,500,000 
 1,000.000 
 
 400,000 
 70,000 
 
 230,000 
 
 1.000.000 
 
 2,1X10,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 960,000 
 
 235.000 
 
 25.000 
 
 1.000,000 
 
 90.000 
 
 10,000 
 3,800,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 11.800.000 
 
 7,200.000 
 
 4,00O.0iH) 
 
 1,600.0(X) 
 
 2,000.000 
 
 2,400.000 
 
 180.000 
 
 2.10.000 
 
 4,700.000 
 
 235,000 
 
 '.'5.000 
 
 1,000.000 
 
 90,000 
 
 15,500,000 IC.050,000 1 3,810,000 35,300,000 
 
 Division.^. — The administrative division is into eyalels or 
 governments, and sanjaks or provinctis. but these have been 
 so often arbitrarily and even capriciou.sly changed, that it in 
 difficult to speak with certainty of tho.se actually subsist- 
 ing. In the subjoined table, extracted from Dieterici"s Mit- 
 ilieilungen des ,?tutistisclien Bureaus in Berlin. (1853.) the 
 territories of which European Turkey consists are classified 
 as immediate and me/liatf,. the former term denoting tho.se 
 in which all the rights of sovereignty are exercised directly 
 by the sultan, and the latter those in which the sovereign 
 rights are not only modified and restricted by others legally 
 secured to the local governments, but are also shared to u 
 large and not well-defined extent by Russia, under a name 
 of a Protectoiate. 
 
 1967 
 
TUR 
 
 TUR 
 
 Byilett and Sctnjaks of the TurJcish Empire 
 
 Ti-BKBV IN El-hope. 
 
 
 I. Immediatk Possessions. 
 
 II. Armenia and Koordistan. 
 
 1. Xfolet 0/ Room-Elee: 
 
 1. Eyalet of Erzroom. 
 
 Sanjak of Sofia. 
 
 2. " Kars. 
 
 Yanina. 
 
 3. " Van. 
 
 " Salouica or Salonlkl. 
 
 4. " Bayazeed. 
 
 " Trikhala. 
 
 5. " Moosh. 
 
 " Scutari. 
 
 Total area of Armenia and Koor- 
 
 " Montenegro. 
 
 disun, 49,095 square miles. 
 
 " Ochrida. 
 
 
 " Avlona or Valons. 
 
 m. Syria or Sham. 
 
 " Gliliist«ndil. 
 
 1. Eyalet of Haleb or Aleppo. 
 
 " Uskup. 
 
 2. " Damascus. 
 
 " Weltsoheierin (T) 
 
 3. " Acre, (with Beyroot.) 
 
 " Moaastir or Vitolia. 
 
 4. " Tripoli. 
 
 ** . Perseriu or Prisrend. 
 
 5. " Jerusalem. 
 
 " Akhissar, or Croja 
 
 6. The territory of the Druses and 
 
 Ilbessan or Elbessap. 
 
 Maronites. 
 
 Total area of the e jalet of Room- 
 
 Total area of Syria, 53,225 
 
 Elee, 61,492 square miles. 
 
 square miles. 
 
 2. Eyalet of Bosnia : 
 
 IT. Irak and Mesopotauia, 
 
 Sanjak of Bauialuka. 
 
 I. Eyalet of Oorfa. 
 
 " Travnik. 
 
 2. " Diarbekir. 
 
 " Zvornik. 
 
 3. " Bagdad and Shehri- 
 
 " Srebernik. 
 
 zoor or Turooma- 
 
 " Herzegovina or Hert- 
 
 nia. 
 
 sek. 
 
 4. " Bassora. 
 
 Total area of the eyalet of Bos- 
 
 5. " Mosul. 
 
 nia, 27,042 square miles. 
 
 Total area of Irak and Mesopo- 
 
 
 tamia, 165,748 square miles. 
 
 a.gyaUtofSUUtria: 
 
 
 SaajakofWidin. 
 
 v. Arabia. 
 
 " Nikopolia. 
 
 Eyalet of Jidda, 194,400 square 
 
 Bilistria. 
 
 miles. 
 
 " Tchirmen. 
 
 
 " Kirkkilisseh. 
 
 TtTSKsT IK Africa. 
 
 " Tiza. 
 
 Tributary States. 
 
 Territory of Constantinople. 
 
 I. Kgypt. 
 
 Total area of Silistria, 36,625 
 
 1. Eyalet of Egypt, with the Oasis 
 
 square miles. 
 
 in the Libvan Desert. 
 
 
 2. Kubia or Dongola. with Seli- 
 
 ^ Byalet ofJezayr, (Dschetair,) 
 
 meh, and other bases. 
 
 or the "Islands:" 
 
 3. Evalet of Senaar, and Meroe. 
 
 Saniak of Gallipoli. 
 
 Total area of Egypt, 579,560 
 
 The islands of Candia, Goizo 
 
 square miles. 
 
 SUndie, and the other small 
 
 
 islands in the vicinity. 
 
 II. Taipou. 
 
 The islands of Thasos. 
 
 1. Barca. 
 
 " Samothraki. 
 
 2. Fezzan. 
 
 " Imbro. 
 
 Total area of Tripoli, 300,394 
 
 " Stalimnl or Lem- 
 
 square miles. 
 
 " Strati. 
 
 III. Tdnis. 
 
 Total area of the eyalet of Je- 
 
 Tunis has an area of 79,144 
 
 Eayr, 13,106 square miles. 
 
 square miles. 
 
 II. Mbdiiti Poss«ssiox8. 
 
 
 1. Wallachia : 
 
 _. 
 
 Great Wallachia. 
 
 
 Little Wallachia. 
 
 
 Total area of Wallachia, 28,578 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 square miles. 
 
 
 
 1. TtTRKIT IN EOROPK. 
 
 2. Servia: 
 
 1. Immediate possessions. 1.18.266 
 
 Sanjak of Semendri*. 
 
 2. Mediate possessions. . . 65,362 
 
 *' Novibazar. 
 
 
 '• KruschoTatz. 
 
 Total 203,628 
 
 Pristina. 
 
 
 Total area of Servia, 21,239 
 
 II. TtjRKEY ra Asia. 
 
 square miles. 
 
 I.Asia Minor 270,000 
 
 
 2. Armenia and Koordia* 
 
 S. Moldavia, 15,S91 square miles. 
 
 tan 49,095 
 
 3. Syria or Sham 53,225 
 
 Ti^KKT IN Asia. 
 
 4. Irak and Mesopotamia. 165.748 
 
 I. Asia Minor. 
 
 5. Arabia 194,400 
 
 1. Eyalet of Anatolia. 
 
 
 2. *' Karamania. 
 
 Total. 732,468 
 
 S. " Itchelee or Adana. 
 
 
 4. " Sivas. 
 
 III. TtiKintT IN Afbica. 
 
 5. " Marash. 
 
 I.Egypt 579,560 
 
 6. " Treblzond. 
 
 2. Tripoli 300.394 
 
 T. " Jezayr, or the islands 
 
 S.Tunis 79.144 
 
 in the .lEgean Sea. 
 
 
 8. " Cyprus. 
 
 Total 959,098 
 
 ToUl area of Asia Minor, 270,000 
 
 Total area of the Tur- 
 
 square miles. 
 
 kish Empire 2,095, 194 
 
 History. — The Tuik.s appear, in the remotest periods, to 
 have been thinly scattered over extensive Asiatic tracts, 
 from the desert of Gobi to the Mediterranean, and from the 
 N. of Siberia to the Persian Gulf. Among the most power- 
 ful tribes were the Oprhoozes. (Ophuzes.) suppo.sed to have 
 been the parent race; the Seljooks, who, by their e.xtensive 
 conquests, long ranked .is the dominant race: and the Os- 
 manlees. (Osmanlis.) who. thousjh at one time threatened 
 with extinction, suddenly rose to importance, and became 
 the founders of the present Ottoman Empire. In 1224, when 
 Soliman Shah was obliged to flee before the Monjrols. they 
 formed part of a body of 50.000 men. who quitted Khora.s- 
 san, and emigrated westward. After Soliman"s death they 
 became again scattered: but about 400 families attached 
 themselves to Krtoj;hral. .Soliman's youngest son. who en- 
 tered the service of Aladdin, the Seljook sultan of Konieh. 
 In reward fbr their services against the Mongols and the 
 liyiantine Greeks, a considentble tract of Phrygia, which 
 hud been wrested from the Bvzantines.was distributed among 
 them us Seljook vassals. Towards the end of the thirtfenth 
 
 century, they found themselves strong enough to throw off 
 the vassalage, and in 12!>y, headed by Othmau, greatly e.i 
 tended their posses.«ions by brilliant successes against the 
 Greeks. Othman was succeeded by Orchan. who in lo20 took 
 Brusa, which he made his capital; in 1327, Nicomedia; and 
 in 1330, Nica^a, the strongest of the Byzantine frontier fort 
 regses,and was soon masterof.\sia Minor as far a.s the Helles- 
 pont. He assumed the title of padishah, a term of Persian 
 origin, equivalent to Ici7ig or prince, and called the gate of his 
 paliice the " High or Sublime Porte." which has since be- 
 come a common name of the empire which he founded. His 
 sou Soliman. in 1357, obtained a footing in Europe by cro.-is- 
 iug over and fortifying Gallipoli and Sestos, thereby securing 
 the command of the Dardanelles. Orchan died in 1359. and 
 was succeeded by bis younger sou, Murad 1., who, in 1362, 
 made Adrianople his capital, and, continuing his conquests, 
 was soon master of a large part of what now forms European 
 Turkey. The great victory gained in 1389 over the united 
 .Albanians and Slavonic nations of the Danube, confirmed 
 his dominion, but cost him liis life, and he was succeeded 
 by his son Bayazeed. (Bajazet.) who. in 1396. struck a blow 
 at Western Christendom, by the defeat of King Sigismund 
 iit Xicopiilis, in Bulgaria, and reduced the Greek emjieror to 
 the degradation of paying him tribute. Shortly after, Ba- 
 yazeed's career was suddenly stopped by Timur, who com- 
 pletely defeated him at Angora, in 1402, and afterwards kept 
 him prisoner for life. 
 
 Timur divided the Osmanli territories among Bayazeed's 
 sons, but they again became united, in 1413, under Ma- 
 houimed I., who, after making the empire more extensive 
 than in the prosperous days of Bayazeed, left it to his yon, 
 Murad II., whose numerous conquests and exploits were 
 crowned by the annihilation of the Hungarian host in 1444. 
 The most remarkable event in the reign of his successor, 
 Mohammed II.. was the taking of Const.intinople in 1453. 
 His grandson, Selim I., by driving back the Persians to the 
 Tigris, conquering Egypt, Syria, and Palestine, and making 
 himself master of Mecca, gave still further extent and vigor 
 to the empire, which, under his son and succes.sor, Solinuin 
 II., surnamed the Magnificent, who succeeded in 1519. at- 
 tained the summit of its prosperity. Even before his death, 
 however, symptoms of decline became apparent, and, under 
 a series of successors generally as deficient as his predeces- 
 sors had been superior in talent, the downward progress 
 has been very rapid. Unable to support its own weight, 
 torn by internal dissensions, and continually preyed upon 
 by formidable neighliors, it has lost province after province, 
 and is mainly indebted for its prolonged existence to the 
 interference of foreign powers. The first sult.Hn who, after 
 a long series of disasters, endeavored to arrest the progress 
 of decline, was Selim III. This prince introduced the Eu- 
 ropean system into the army, and commenced many inter- 
 nal ref.jrms. which, however, he was never able to complete. 
 Mohammed II., the last of the race of Osman. a.scended the 
 throne in 180S. lie possessed talents not unworthy of the 
 earlier princes of his line, and endeavored to carry on the 
 work of reform ; Imt. as if disease were too deeply seated to 
 admit of cure, his reign ranks as one of the most unfor- 
 tunate in Turkish annals. His successor, Abdul Medjid, 
 who ascended the throne in 1839, in his sixteenth year, has 
 hitherto only been enabled to preserve his empire through 
 aid derived from foreign powers. By their direct inter 
 ference, llie Pasha of Egypt,when on the eve of dismembering 
 the empire, wiis driven iVoiu his Syrian conquest, and agjiin 
 reduced to vassalage; and in the ye.ars 18.i4-o5 the power of 
 Russia was kept at bay by the anii.ed interventifm of Eng- 
 land and France. Adj! TtJRK'iSH ; (Fr. TiiRC. tuRk; femi- 
 nine. TmiQUE, tllRk; It. Sp. and Port. TcRCO, tooiiTio; Ger. 
 TuKKiscH. tiiRk'ish.) Inhab. Turk; (the same as the ad.;e<}- 
 tive, in French. Italian, Spanish, and Portugue.se; Ger. 
 TuRKE. tURk/eh.) 
 
 TL'K'KEY.'a post-office of Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 
 TUliKKV COVK, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia. 
 
 TUUKEY CKEEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., Korth 
 Carolina. 
 
 TUKK EY CREEK, of South Carolina, flows through Ches- 
 ter district into Broad Kiver. 
 
 TURKKV CKEKK. of Louisiana, rises on the W. border 
 of Madison parish, and flowina S.W., unites with Boeuf 
 Bavou at the S. extremitv of Franklin parish. 
 
 tUKKEY CREEK, of Henry co., Ohio, flows into IMau- 
 mee River. 
 
 TUUKEY CREEK, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1032. 
 
 TURKEY' CREEK, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana. 
 
 TUKKEY CREEK, a post-vill.nge of Benton co., Missouri, 
 about 75 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 TUR'KEYFOOT. a former township of Somerset co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, now divided into Upper and Lower Torkeyfoot, 
 which see. 
 
 TURKEYFOOT, a post^fflce of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TURKEYFOOT, a post-village of Scott co., Kentucky, 2a 
 miles N. of Lexington. 
 
 TLRKI.V GROVE, a post-office of Cass co.. Iowa. 
 
 TURKEY mLL,aviUage of Lancaster co., Peuu!sylTunia> 
 
TUR 
 
 TUS 
 
 TURKEY ISLANDS, in the Java Sea. See Kaikoo::?. 
 
 TURKKY LAKK, in the N.E. part of Kosciusko co., In- 
 diana, is about 12 miles in length. 
 
 IXUfKKY lUV'EK, of Iowa, is formed by two forks which 
 unite in Fayett« county, and after a S.E. course, falls into 
 the Mississippi in Clinton county. The two forks are called 
 the North and the Middle. Another stream, called the South 
 Fork, enters the river from the W., 18 miles from its mouth. 
 
 TUHKEYTOWN, a post-village of Cherokee co., Alabama, 
 near the Coosa River, 128 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 TUH/KEYTOWN CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Coosa 
 River from the right, in Cherokee county. 
 
 TUltKHAL, a town of Asia Minor. See Toobkhal. 
 
 TURKHEI.VI, tooRk'hime, a market-town of Bavaria, on 
 the Wertaeh. 25 miles S.S.VV. of Augsburg, with a castle 
 and a Capucliin convent. Pop. 1491. 
 
 TURKU EIM, (Ober, o'bgr, and Unter, oon't?r,) two con- 
 tiguous villages of Wiirtemberg, 3 miles E. of Stuttgart, on 
 the Neckar. United population, 3000. 
 
 TURKIJE. See Turkkt. 
 
 *URK ISLANDS or TURK'S ISLANDS, a group of small 
 islands among the Bahamas, the largest (called Turk's Is- 
 land) about 110 miles N. of Ilayti. Lat. 21° 20' N., ion. 71° 
 W. Thev are famous for the manufacture of salt. 
 
 TURKi.>TAN. See Toorkistan. 
 
 TURICOMANS. See Toorkomans. 
 
 TURK'S ISLAND. See Turk Islands. 
 
 TUR'LOUGII, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of 
 Mayo, 3J miles N.E. of Castlebar. In the village are the re- 
 mains of an abbey, and a verv perfect pillar-tower. 
 
 TURMA.V, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop. 1722. 
 
 TU R.MAN'S CREEK, Indian.^, flown through Sullivan 
 county into Wabash River. 6 miles aboye Merom. 
 
 TURMAN'SCREEK, a post-office of Sullivan co., Indiana. 
 
 TUKMUZ, a town of Central Asia. See Tirmez. 
 
 TUKNA, tooR'nS, a firtified town of W'allachia, on the 
 Danube, opposite Nicopolis. 
 
 TURX'.\CiAIN, an island off Russian America, at the 
 head of the more extensive part of Cook's Inlet; lat. 61° 8' 
 N., Ion. 150° 30' W. It is about 3i miles long, and scarcely 
 half that in width. The branch in which the island lies 
 diverges in a N.E. direction from the main inlet, and was 
 called by Captain Cook Turnagaiu River, under the idea 
 that it would prove to be a river. Its true character was 
 ascertained by Vancouver, who called it Turnagaiu Arm. 
 
 TUR/N ASTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 TUItXAU, tfluR'nSw, TURNOW, tooR-nov, orTURNAWA, 
 tooR-nd'vrd. a walled town of Bohemia, on the Iser, 15 miles 
 N.N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 4500. 
 
 TUKN'liAOK. a postvillage and township of Dade co., 
 Missouri, 140 miles S.W. of JefTer.son. 
 
 TL'RN'BULr>, a post-village of Monroe co., Alabama, 80 
 miles S.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 TUR^NEFF'. a group of islets in the Caribbean Sea, near 
 the coast of British Honduras ; lat. 17° 3(5' N.. Ion. 87° 46' W. 
 
 TUR'NER, a post-village and township of Androscoggin 
 CO., M.aine. on the W. side of the Androscoggin, which here 
 receives Twenty Mile Rivei", and about 27 miles W.S.W. of Au- 
 gusta. The village is situated on Twenty Mile River, which 
 here affords a fine water-power, improved for a saw mill, 
 grist mill, oil mill, chair factory, woollen factory, machinery 
 for making boxes, besides lath, shingle, and clapboard ma- 
 diinery. It has also a church, 3 stores, a tannery, and nu- 
 merous boot and slioe fectories. Besides the above, there 
 are in the township 6 saw mills, 3 grist mills, an iron 
 foundry, machinery for carriages and sleighs; also for lath, 
 shingles, and clipboards, for .sawing sash, door, and banister 
 stuff, turning wooden bowls, carding, &c. The Androscog- 
 gin, in this part of its course, is crossed by two toll-bridges. 
 Pop. 2682. 
 
 TURN ER CREEK, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TUR/NER'S, formerly CEN'TREVILLE, a post-village of 
 Orange co.. New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 
 67 miles from New York City. 
 
 TURNER'S PUDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 TURNER'S STORE, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia. 
 
 TURNERS STORE, a post-office of JIadison co., Alabama. 
 
 TUBN'EilSVILLE, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 TURNERSVILLE. a post-village of Robertson co., Ten- 
 nessee, 35 miles N.W. of Nashville. 
 
 TURN'IIAM GREEN, a hamlet of England, co. of Middle- 
 sex, 8 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. It has a new 
 cliurch. and many villas. 
 
 'TURNIIOUT, ttiRn'hSwf, a town of Belgium, province, 
 find 25 miles E. of Antwerp, in a wide heath. Pop. 13,250. 
 It has manufactures of sacking, carpets, linen cloths, cut- 
 lery, lace, paper, and oil, with bleaching, dyeing, brick, and 
 tile-works. 
 
 TURMTZ, tSOR'nits, or TWORDONICZE, tvoR-do-neeVsA, 
 ■ market-town of Moravia, 35 miles S.S.E. of BrUnn. Pop. 
 1255. 
 
 TURN'OUT, a station, Cattaraugus co.. New York, on the 
 New York and Erie Railroad, 444 miles from New iTi rk City. 
 
 TURNOW, a town of Bohemia. See TrasAU. 
 6Y 
 
 TURNPIKE CREEK, of Telfair co., Georgia, unites with 
 Sugar Creek, near its mouth. 
 "TURNS, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 TURNWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 TURON, too-ron', (anc. Turnl/>iiffa,) a village of Spain, 
 province, and 54 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2655. 
 TURON, a town of Anam. See TooROX. 
 TUROXES. See Tour.s. 
 TUIIOVO. a town of Russia. See TooROVO. 
 TUIVPENTINE, a village of Burlington co.. New Jersey, 
 about 1 mile E. of Mount IIollv. 
 TURQUIA. TURQUIE and TURQXTE. See Turkey. 
 TURQUIXb, tooR-kee'no, called also PICO TURQUINO, 
 pee'ko tooR-kee'no, the highest mountain. summit of Cuba, 
 in the S.E. part of the island. 50 miles W. of Santiago do 
 Cuba. Elevation, about 8000 feet. 
 
 TUR'RAII, a townof We.st Ilindostan, in the Baroda domi- 
 nions, 20 miles N. of Rahdunpoor, comprising 2500 houses. 
 
 TURRE. tooR'RA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, 
 and o7 miles N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 3300. 
 
 TURRl, tooR/Kee, a village of the island of Sardinia, divi- 
 sion of C.agliari, province, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Isili. 
 
 TURRI, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 
 near the Pescara, district, and 10 miles S.W. of Chieti. 
 
 TUR'RIEF. a burgh of barony, town, and p.wish of Scot- 
 land, CO. of Aberdeen, 85 miles S.S.E. of Banff. Pop. of the 
 town in 1851, 1693. It has manufactures of linens and 
 thread, and a bleachfield. 
 
 TURRITANO, toon-ne-td/no, a river of the island of Sar- 
 dinia, division of Sassari. after a general N.N.W. cour.se of 
 about 35 miles, enters the Mediterranean on the N. coast 
 of the island, 11 miles N.N.W. of Sassari. 
 TL'RSIIIZ, a town of Persi.a. See Toorsheez. 
 TURST, tooR'see, an episcopal city of Naples, province of 
 Basilicata, 39 miles E.N.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 3900. 
 TUIt'TLE, a township of Rock cc. Wisconsin. Pop. 1412. 
 TURTLE B.AY, on the W. coast of Africa, Lower Guinea, 
 in ISenguela, N. of Little Fi.-^h Bay. 
 
 TURTIiE CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Mononga- 
 hela in Alleghany county. 
 
 TURTLE CREEK, of Wisconsin, ri.ses in W.alworth county, 
 and flows into Rock River near Heloit. in Rock county. 
 
 TURTLE CREEK, a post-village of Alleghany co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, on a stream of its own name, and on the I'ennsyl- 
 vania Railroad, 12 miles E. by S. of J'itfsburg. A plank 
 road e.xtends from this place, through Braddock's Field, to 
 Pittsburg. 
 TURTLE CREEK, a township of Shelby co..01iio. P. 9-53. 
 TU RTLE CREE K, a township of Warren co., Ohio. P. 2945. 
 TURTLE ISL.VXD. one of the Feejee group, in the Pacific 
 TURTLE ISLANDS, in West Africa, W. of the iskind of 
 Sherlwro'. 
 TURTLE ISLANDS, a group of islets in the Sea of Banda. 
 TURTLE POINT, a headland of North Australia, on the 
 W. side of Port Essington. 
 TUR'TLETOWX, post-office. Cherokee co.. North Carolina. 
 TUR'TON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 4J 
 miles N.N^.E. of Great Bolton. A Roman road p.assed here. 
 TURTUKAI, toor'too-kl', a town and fort of European 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, pashalic, and 28 miles W.S.AV. of Silis- 
 tria. on the Danube. 
 TURUKHAXSK. a town. North Siberia. SeeTooROOKH.osK. 
 TURUKHA RIVER, a river of Siberia. See Toorookuansk. 
 TUR'VEY, a p.arish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 TURVILLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 TURWESTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 TURWICK. a parish of England, co. of Su.ssex. 
 TURYASSU. t«o-re-ds-.soo', a river of Brazil,, separates the 
 provinces of Maranhiio and Vaxk. and enters the Atlantic 
 at the Bay of Turyassu, after a N.W. course of 350 miles. 
 Its banks are richly wooded. On the bay are the towns of 
 Tury and Arcos. 
 
 TUSA, too'sS, a town of Sicily, near its N. coast, 6 miles 
 W.N.W. of Mistretta. Pop. 4000. 
 
 TUSAPAN, a ruined city of the Mexican Confederation. 
 See TusPAN. 
 TUSCAIIATCHEE. See Tuckasaw. 
 TUS'CAHO'IMA, a post-village of Choctaw CO., Alabama. 
 TUSCAHOMA, a post-village of Tallahatchee co., Missis- 
 sippi, on Yallobusha River, 105 miles N. by E. of .Jackson. 
 
 TUSCALAME'TA CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Pearl 
 River from the E.. in Scott county. 
 TUSCALOOSA, (River.) See Black Warrior. 
 TUS'C.ALOO'SA, a county in the N.W. central part of 
 -Alabama, has an area of 1620 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Black Warrior River, dividing it into nearly 
 equal parts, and also by Sipsey or New lUver. The surface 
 is hilly or uneven ; the ."oil is remarkably fertile. In 1850 
 thtre were raised 73,561 bales of cotton — the greatest quan- 
 tity produced in any county in the United States. Ex- 
 tensive beds of iron ore, stone coal, and carboniferous lime- 
 stone are found in it. Steamboats navigate the Black War- 
 rior River from its mouth to Tu.scaloos.a, the county seat. 
 A plank-road extends to Montgomery. Pop. 23,200, of whom 
 13,055 were free, and 10,145 slaves. 
 
 1969 
 
 
TUS 
 
 TUS 
 
 TUSCALOOSA, a thriving town, capital of Tuscaloosa co., 
 Albania, on the left bank of the Black Warrior River, at 
 the head of steamboat navigation, 125 miles N.W. of Mont- 
 gomery, and 818 miles from Washington. Lat. 33° 12' N., 
 Ion. 87° 42' W. It was formerly the capital of Alabama, 
 and is still one of the principal towns of the state, remark- 
 able for its literary institutions as well as its active trade. 
 It is the seat of the University of Alabama, founded in 
 1831, having 9 instructors. 135 undergraduates, and a 
 library of 80UO volumes. The buildings of the university, 
 which are tjeautifully situated half a mile from the river, 
 cost not less than $150,000. The president's residence cost 
 $35,000. The State Lunatic Asylum is established at Tus- 
 caloosa, which also.contains a handsome court-house, a num- 
 ber of churches, a United States land-offlce, 3 or 4 news- 
 paper offices, and several academies or seminaries. The 
 manufiicture of cotton and iron is carried on in the vicinity. 
 Large quantities of cotton are shipped here by steamboats 
 to Mobile. A plank-road connects this town with Mont- 
 gomery, and a branch railroad is projected to the Mobile and 
 Ohio liailroad. Pop. in 1860, 3989. 
 
 TUSCANIA. See Toscixzu-A. 
 
 TUS'CANY,(It. Joscana,tos-kd'nd; Fr. Tojicane, tos'kan'; 
 anc. Elru'ria or Tu^cut.) a former grand duchy of Italy, 
 lat. 42° 13' to 44° .SO' N.. Ion. 9° 12' to 12° 20' E.. bounded 
 N. by the duchies of Parma and Modena, and the Papal 
 States ; K. and S. by the Papal States; W. by that part of the 
 Mediterranean which takes the name of the Tyrrhene or 
 Tyrrhenian Sea ; and N.W. by isolated parts of Modena, and 
 the division of Genoa in the Sardinian States. In the 
 boundaries here described is included the duchy of Lucca, 
 situated in the N.W., and declared. October 11, 1847, to form 
 an integral part of the grand duchy. Tuscany also pos- 
 sesses several islands, of which by tar the most important 
 is Elba. In the S. the country terminates nearly in a point, 
 from which it gradually widens out both on the E. and W., 
 till it attains its greatest breadth in the N., thus assuming 
 a triangular form. Greatest length, from X. to S., 130 
 miles; central breadth, 100 miles; estimated area, 8586 
 square miles. Pop. in 1862, 1,801,875. 
 
 Face.ofthe Oauntry, Mountains, <Ec. — The coast has a length 
 of about 150 miles, and in the X. consi.sts of a long and 
 nearly continuous sweep, terminating in one of its most 
 conspicuous promontories, called Piombino. The S. part, 
 continued from Piombino to its termination in the still 
 more conspicuous promontory formed by Monte Argentaro, 
 is broken into a number of small bays, of which the largest 
 are those of Piombino, Grossetto. Orbitello, and Porto-Ercole. 
 The shore, though sometimes bold, is generally low, and 
 lined by extensive swamps or Mareinina. The inferior of 
 the country is finely diversified. The chain of the North 
 Apennines forms a considerable part of its X. boundarj', 
 and then turning S.S.E., traverses its N.E. portion. This 
 chain sends out numerous ramifications, which extend in 
 all directions over the country, and leave in the intervals 
 between them valleys of greater or less extent, distinguished 
 alike by their tertility and their beauty. The Arno, the 
 largest and richest of these valley.s, occupies nearly a sixth 
 of the whole surface. None of the principal heights of the 
 Apennines are situated in Tuscany, which has its culmi- 
 nating point of about 4200 feet in Bosco-Lungo, on the bor- 
 ders of Modena, S. of Mount Cimone. The other summits 
 are generally so much lower, that the average height has 
 been estimated not to exceed 1900 feet. 
 
 Geology. — The far greater portion of the strata belong to 
 the upper part of the secondary formation, and are usually 
 classed as cretaceous, being composed of limestones with 
 numniulites. and hippurites, and of intervening sandstones 
 containing numerous fucoius. These cretaceous strata are 
 very largely developed tioth in the N. and S.. but are sepa- 
 rated or rather partially overlain by a broad belt composed 
 chiefly of marls, travertine, and sandstone, belonging to the 
 tertiary formation. An earlier tertiary appears to the S. 
 and W. of Vol terra, and is penetrated in numerous places 
 by plutonic rocks, consisting for the most part of serpentine, 
 and apparently forming the great mass or nucleus on 
 which the other strata lie. The most remarkable develop- 
 ment of volcanic rocks is in Mount Amiata, and a portion 
 of the country immediately surrounding it. Ilere trachyte, 
 basalt, and volcanic tufas are common. The oldest forma- 
 tion which occurs Is near the W. coast, lietween Grossetto 
 and Castiglione. where a space nearly of an oval form is oc- 
 cupied by Silurian rocks ; and the m^ist recent formation is 
 in the plains extending along the ^ore from Leghorn to 
 Pisa, and to some distance inknd; it consists of deep beds 
 of diluvial gravel and alluvium. 
 
 Minrrals. — The minerals are more varied than valuable. 
 They in"lude copper, cinnabar, argentiferous lead, generally 
 in too small quantities to be worked to much advantage; 
 iron of excellent quality, found partly on the mainland, 
 but to a much larger extent in the Isle of Elba, where it 
 has been advantageously worked for ages : borax, obtained 
 In large quantities from a remarkable series of lagoons to 
 the S. of Volterta; salt, the produce chiefly of brine-springs 
 in the same locality: sulphur, alum, nitre, and several va- 
 1970 
 
 rieties of beautiful marble, among others that of Sleuna, 
 well known throughout Europe. 
 
 Jtiveis. — The whole surface belongs to the basin of the 
 Tyrrhene Sea, with the exception of the small corner on 
 the N^E. side of the Apennine chain, belonging to the 
 Adi'iatic. In the latter the streams are very numerous, 
 but so small as never to lose their character of mountaiu- 
 torrents within the Tuscan territory; they have all a N.E. 
 direction; in the former, a secondary water-shed formed by 
 a ramification of the Apennines, which crosses the country 
 from E. to W., sends the waters on each side of if in oppo- 
 site directions. The N. side is almost wholly drained by 
 the Arno, which, commencing its course very cireuitou-ly, 
 flows, though not without considerable deviations, nearly 
 W. ; the waters on the other side are received by several 
 independent streams, all of which, with the exception of 
 the Cecinii, whose course is nearly parallel to that of the 
 Arno, flow S. Of these latter streams, the most important 
 are the Tiber, (which, however, only commences its course 
 in Tuscany.) the Flora and Albegno, which drain fheS. ; 
 and the Oinbrone, second only to the Arno ; it rises near the 
 centre, deriving its supplies from numerous tributaries. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is on the whole one of the liest in 
 Italy. So far as the principal chain of the Apennines ex- 
 tends, the <?old in winter is often severe, and in the low fiats 
 along the shore and near it a worse evil is felt, where in 
 summer the air becomes charged with the pestiietitlal V!V 
 pors of the Maremma; but with these exceptions, there are 
 few if any countries which can boast of a milder tempera- 
 ture, and a more salubrious atmosphere. In January the' 
 thermometer marks 37°, and in August 90° Fahrenheit, 
 Cases of longevity are of frequent occurrence, and the an- 
 nual mortality, never so high as 1 in 36, often does not ex- 
 ceed 1 in 40 of the population. 
 
 VegetiHon, Agriculture, d-c. — In such circumstances, vege- 
 tation has most of the advantages which climate is able to 
 bestow. The lofty barriers of the Apennines exclude the 
 keen blasts of the north, and when heat.and drought become 
 excessive, the numerous streams afford an easy means of 
 compensating for any deficiency of natural mf)isture, by 
 means of irrigation. To these advantages. Tuscany adds 
 that of a generally fertile soil. Some of the loftier summits, 
 indeed, have a bare and arid appearance, but in general all 
 the land, which, from its elevation or ruggedness. cannot 
 be brought under cultivation, is covered with forests or 
 natural pasture. These, nearlj' equal to e.ach other in ex- 
 tent, share between them rather more than a half of the 
 whole surface. Of the remainder, nearly one-half of the 
 avaiijible land is arable, one-third in vineyards, and one- 
 sixth in olive-yards, orch;u'ds, gardens, and meadows. On 
 the arable land the favorite crops are m.aize and wheat. Of 
 the Litter, a peculiar species is cultivatt>d solely for the straw. 
 In the low fiats a good deal of rice is grown. The principal 
 subsidiary crops are barley, rye, and pulse. 
 
 The grain pi'oduced falls considerably short of the con- 
 sumption, and is supplemented partly by chestnuts, which, 
 among the lower classes, are much used for food, and partly 
 by importation, chiefly from the Black Sea. This deficiency 
 of produce, where climate and soil are so fiivorable. is mainly 
 the result of the small proportion of the land under grain- 
 crops, and of the vicious system of agriculture carried on, 
 keeping the produce greatly lower than it might otherwise 
 be. Each occupant has only a minute portion, seldom ex- 
 ceeding a few acres. This he cultivates on what is called 
 the metai/er system, under which he gives little more than 
 bis labor, and shares the produce with his landlord. The 
 inevitable tendency of such a system is to perpetuate old 
 routine. Accordingly, in Tuscany, as in other countries 
 where the same system is pursued, th» implements are of 
 the most imperfect description, the rotations generally pro- 
 ceed on the principle of deriving the largest amount of pre- 
 sent produce, without reference to future productiveness, and 
 the farmer, in regard to all his views, feelings, and habits, 
 is merely a peasant. All that persevering industry can ac- 
 complish in farming is to be seen in every part of Tuscany, 
 but the skill necessary to guide industry, and secure its most 
 valuable results, is very seldom witnessed. 
 
 The culture of the vine is the next in importance to that 
 of grain, and displays the .same combination of remarkable 
 industry and defective skill. In many parts where the hilln 
 are naturally too steep, they have been laid out in artifl.'ial 
 terraces, on which the vines thrive admiially. and yield 
 .abundant produce. Oil is also more plentiful than excel- 
 lent, though th.at of Pisa and one or two other towns is well 
 known in commerce. The rearing of silk-worms occupies 
 far less attention than it deserve.s. though the annual pro- 
 duce of silk is est im.ated .at not less than 2.W OOO pound?. 
 The grass-hu.sbandry is not carried to much perfection in 
 Tuscany. Artificial me.adows are not exten.sive, and the 
 number of cattle kept is comparatively small. 
 
 Animals. — Oxen and buffaloes are almost the only ani- 
 mals used for draught, and horses are of a very inferior de- 
 scription. Asses, on the other hand, which are kept In 
 great numbers, are considered the test in Italy. Sheep ani 
 goats are also numerous, the former very indifferent, w'tli 
 
TUS 
 
 a coarjie wool, fit only for inferior purposes ; the latter supe- 
 rior, and yielding a milk which is much ustd in makinjt<a 
 bighly-prized cheese. Large herds of swine roam at will, 
 and feed on the m.ist of the forests. In the neit^hborhood 
 of l*isa an extensive establishment and breeding-stud of 
 camels is kept. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures employ few large esta- 
 blishments in which machinery is employed, but are for 
 the_ most part the produce of manu.al labor, carried on by 
 individuals in their own homes. They consist chieHy of 
 silks, in which Tuscany maintains its celebrity; woollens, 
 which at one time employed .30,000 persons in Florence alone, 
 but which are now confined to coarse cloths; paper of e.K- 
 cellent qualKy is extensively manufactured. The making 
 of straw-hats has greatly declined, although still important, 
 especially in the vicinity of the capital, where large numbers 
 of the peasantry are employed in preparing the straw. The 
 other branches of industry comprise the manufacture of 
 glass and crystal, articles in marble, alabaster, iron, brass, 
 porcelain, coral, wax, carpet--making, and typography. 
 
 Trade. — The trade is almost wholly centered in Leghorn, 
 but is also shared to a small extent by I'iombino and Porto 
 Ferrajo. The export of manufactured goods forms a chief 
 branch of the trade of Leghorn, whence 40 or 50 barges, with 
 10 or 12 men each, are annually sent to the coral-fishery. 
 The other principal exports are "olive-oil, hides, straw-hats, 
 borax, rags, wool, hemp, potash, coral, marble, tallow, cork- 
 building timber, and paper. The imports comprise British 
 manufactures, grain, colonial goods. French, .Swiss, and Ger- 
 man manulactures, and salt-fish. The commercial shipping 
 in 1853 comprised 120 square-rigged vessels, and 911 smaller 
 craft. Of these more than one-half belonged to Leghorn, 
 and above a third to Elba. 
 
 The divisions of Tuscany, with their areas, population, &c. 
 are exhibited in the following table : — 
 
 Divisions, Area, and Population of Tuscany. 
 
 ProTS. or Deps. 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 1852. 
 
 Chief towns. 
 
 
 2,270 
 516 
 1,186 
 1,470 
 1,278 
 1,7-2S 
 40 
 
 98 
 
 700,015 
 ^60,745 
 227,719 
 1SB,J63 
 218,283 
 77,891 
 85,834 
 
 21,271 
 
 
 Lucca 
 
 
 Pisa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leghorn, with island ) 
 of Gorgona ) 
 
 Island or Klhaaud ad- > 
 jacent Islands J 
 
 Total 
 
 Leghorn. 
 PortO'Ferrjy'o. 
 
 8,586 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Governintrnt. — The government is an absolute monarchy. 
 It is divided into the five departments of the interior, jus- 
 tice, foreign affairs, ecclesiastical affairs, public instruction, 
 and war, each presided over by a minister of state, who 
 owes his appointment, and is accountable only to the grand 
 duke. Justice is administered by 14 courts of first resort, 
 who judge in all cases where the value exceeds $<)4, and 
 have a powerof reviewing all thedecisionsof inferior judges, 
 who are competent only in cases of smaller amount. The 
 supreme court or Corte-Regia sits in Florence, and has a 
 general equitable jurisdiction over the whole grand duchy, 
 as well as a direct power of review in all cases exceeding 
 $800. It consists of a president, four vice-presidents, and 
 16 councillors, and five of these, including a president or 
 vice-president, .are necessary to form a quorum. Trial by 
 jury is unknown, and in penal sentences there is no ap- 
 peal. Punishments, however, are generally mild, and crimes 
 are neither numerous nor of an aggravated character. 
 
 Religion. — Almost all the inhabitants are Roman Catho- 
 lics, who are governed by 3 archbishops and 17 l)ishop.s. and 
 form the established church; but the principles of reli- 
 gious toleration are well understood, and till lately, (1853-t.) 
 when the spirit of persecution appears to have regained its 
 ascendency, Tuscany had greatly honored herself and added 
 to her prosperity, by giving effect to them in the case of 
 Jews and others, long before they were recognised in other 
 countries. 
 
 Edwalinn, (Cc. — Elementary schools are very generally 
 established, but a large proportion of the population still 
 remain uneducated. Superior schools exist in all the 
 larger towns, and both Sienna and Pisa have universities. 
 The latter, once celebrated over Europe, is still in high re- 
 putation, though the number of students is under 600. 
 There are numerous learned societies and literary esta- 
 blishments. who.se labors are well known, and have pro- 
 cured Tuscany an honorable place in the annals of literii- 
 ture. The Italian spoken by the educated classes has long 
 been admitted tr be the standard of purity, though Rome 
 claims superiority in pronunciation. The people generally 
 have fine physical forms, and bear a high name for indus- 
 try, sobriety, and honesty. Tiie revenue, amounting in 
 1853 to $5,b49.1S4, is derived chiefly from customs, and the 
 monopolies of salt and tobacco. Nearly one-sixth is obtained 
 by a land-tax, and the lottery furnishes a considerable item. 
 The expenditure exceeds the revnue. but the amount of 
 
 TUS 
 
 debt is not accurately known The army amounts to IS.oTQ 
 men. 
 
 History. — Tuscany embraces the fir greater part of an- 
 cient Etruria, and was inhabited by a people who had early 
 made great advances in civilization. They w.jre divided 
 into 12 tribes, each headed by a king or Liictimnn, (Lucwiio.) 
 and all confederated together for mutual defence. The most 
 celebrated of these kings was Porsena, who entertxi into a 
 league with the Tarquiiis, and in order to restore them laid 
 siege to Rome. Etruria at last shared the common fate of 
 all the other Italian states, and fell under the Romans about 
 2S0 B. c. From the Romans it passed first to the Goths, 
 next to the Lombards, and then to Charlemagne, who go- 
 verned it by counts. These, under Louis-le-Debonnairo, 
 took the name of marquis, and continued to govern as vas- 
 ,«als of the empire till 1160, when the last of them. Guelf 
 VI., sold his marquisate to the emperor Frederick I. His 
 successors portioned it out into a number of small fiefs. 
 jMeanwhile the cities of Florence, Pisa, and Sienna acquired 
 importance, and became each the nucleus of a celebrated 
 republic. After numerous vicissitudes, the whole of Tus 
 cany became united, in 1557, under the Medici family, the 
 second of whom. Cosmo I., assumed the title of grand duke. 
 Under the Medici, who greatly distinguished themselves 
 by their patronage of literature and art, it rose to great ce- 
 lebrity, and possessed one of the most brilliant courts of 
 Europe. In 1";!7 the Medici became extinct, and the grand 
 dnchy passed to the Duke of Lorraine, who. bj' his marriage 
 with JLaria Theresa, succeeded, in 1743, to the throne of Aus- 
 tria. His succes.sors. among whom the Grand Duke Leopold 
 deserves special notice for the ability and wisdom with which 
 he governed, retained uninterrupted possession till 1801, 
 when Bonaparte, to compensate the Prince of Parma for 
 territories of which he had deprived him, erected Tuscany in 
 his favor, into the kingdom of Etruria, but shortly after in- 
 corporated it with his kingdom of Italy. In 1814 it returned, 
 with its old title of grand duchy, to" the Archduke Ferdi- 
 nand, a bi-other of the Emperor of Austria. Adj. and iu- 
 
 hab. Tcs'can: (It. Toscano. tos-kl'no. See Italy. 
 
 TUSCARAWAS, tus-k.a-raw'wtiss, a small river of Ohio, 
 rises in the N.E. part of the state, and uniting with the 
 Walhonding River at Coshocton, forms the Muskingum. 
 
 TUSCARAWAS, a county in the E. part of Ohio, contains 
 about 520 square miles. It is intersected by the Tuscarawas 
 River, and also drained by Sugar and Stillwater Creeks, 
 The surface is generally undulating, except some level land 
 in the vicinity of the larger stre.am.a. The soil is excellent, 
 and in many parts under high cultivation. The county 
 contains deposits of stone coal and iron, which are thought 
 to be inexhaustible, but have not yet been worked to much 
 extent. The coiil is of good quality, and easily accessible by 
 means of the Ohio Canal. The streams furnish abundant 
 water-power. The county is intersected by the Pittsburg, 
 Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, and partly hy the Tus- 
 carawas Branch Railroad. Capital, New Philadelphia. 
 Population 32.463. 
 
 TUSCARAWAS, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Muskingum Rtiilroad and Ohio Canal. 
 
 TUSCARAWAS, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 2176. 
 
 TUSCARAWAS, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, 
 108 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 TUSCARO'R A. a creek of Niagara CO., New York, falls .into 
 the W. end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 TUSC.\RORA, a creek of Pennsylvania, enters the Ju- 
 niata River a little below Mifflintown. 
 
 TUSCARORA, a creek in the N.N.E. part of Virginia, 
 flows through Berkeley county, passes by Martinsburg, and 
 falls into the Potomac, or into some small affluent of th.at 
 river. It affords fine water-power. 
 
 TUSCARORA, a post-office of Livingston CO., New Tork. 
 
 TUSCARORA, an Indian village of Niagara co., New York, 
 2J miles E. of Lewistown. 
 
 TUSCARORA. a township of Juniata co.. Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1303. 
 
 TUSCARORA. a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pennsylv.v 
 nia. on the Schuylkill River, 73 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 It is connected with Pottsville by a branch railroad, on 
 which coal is transported. 
 
 TUSCARORA, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, 70 miles S. 
 of Iowa Citv. 
 
 TUSCARORA MOUNTAIN, Pennsylv,ania, extends from 
 the Juniata River S.W. along the N.W. border of Perry 
 county, and thpnce S., under the name Sf Cove Mountain, 
 into Marvland. 
 
 TUSCTIKAU-OB-DER-MIES. toCsh'kow op d?r mees, or 
 TAUSSKOW, tOwssHiov, a town of Bohemia, 6 miles W.N.W. 
 of Pilsen, on the Mies or Missa. Pop. 1000. 
 
 TUSCIA. See Tuscaxt. 
 
 TUSCO'LA. a new county in the E. part of Michigan, ha.s 
 an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.W. by the Saginaw Bay, and intersected by Cass Kirer, 
 Capital. Vassar. Pop. 4886. See Appendix. 
 
 TUSCOLA, a post-village and township of Livingston co., 
 Michig.an, about 30 miles E. of Lansing. 
 
 TUSCULUM. See Fr-ISCAti. 
 
 1971 
 
TUS 
 
 TWE 
 
 TUSCULUIt COLLEGE. See Table of Coileoes. Appendix. 
 
 TUSCUM'BI A. a thriving post-village of Franklin co., Ala- 
 bama, is situat<?d 1 mile S. of the Tennessee Kiver. and 111 
 miles N. of Tuscaloosa. Steamboats from the Ohio River 
 can ascend to this place in the higher stages of water. Two 
 newspapers are published here. A railroad about 45 miles 
 long extends E. to Decatur, and forms part of the route of 
 the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, which is here inter- 
 sected by a branch railroad, abijut 5 miles long, extending 
 to Klorence. At Tuscunibia, there is a spring issuing from a 
 huge tissure in the limestone rock. It is s-iid to discharge 
 20,000 cubic feet per minute, forming a large stream, which 
 joins Tennessee Kiver between 2 and 3 miles below. 
 
 TUSCUMBIA, a p^st-viIlage. capital of Miller co.. Mis- 
 souri, on the right bank of the Osage River, 35 miles S.S.W. 
 of Jefferson City. 
 
 TUSK.AR, toos'kaR', or KUR.A, koo'ra, a river of Russia, 
 joins the Seim a little below Koorsk. Total coui-se, 90 miles, 
 
 TUSKE'GEE, a flourishing post-village, capital of M.icon 
 CO., -Alabama, -W miles E, by X. of Montgomery. It has seve- 
 ral flourishing seminaries. 
 
 TUSMORE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 TUSl'AX, toos-pJn', or TUSAPAN. too-sa-pSn'. a small 
 maritime town of the Mexican Confederation, st-<te. and 
 145 miles X.W. of Vera Cruz, on a river, 5 miles from the 
 Gulf of Jlexico. Pop. 1000. It has some trade with Tam- 
 pico and Campeachv. 
 
 TU.SQUITA, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North Carolina. 
 
 T0SSEKIAK. a post-office of Lunenburg CO., Virginia, 
 
 I'US'SEY'S MOU.NT.AIN, I'ennsylvania, one of the smaller 
 ridges of the Appalachian chain, traverses Bedford county 
 in its whole length from S.W. to N.E., forms the greater 
 part of the boundary between Bl.iir and Huntingdon, and 
 may be traced through Centre county towards the West 
 Branch of the Susquehann.a. 
 
 TU.STEN, a township of Sullivan co., New York, organ- 
 ized siitce 1H50. Pop. 871. 
 
 TnSTERE.V, tooster-en. an island off the W. co.ist of Noi^ 
 way. E. of Christiansund. Length, 12 miles ; bre.adth. 6 miles. 
 
 TUT'BURY, a parish and village, formerly a market-town, 
 of England, co. of StifTord. on the Dove. 4i miles W.N.W. 
 of Burton-on-Trent, on a railway. Pop. 1798. The church, 
 a large edifice, is a p-irt of an ancient priory, erected in lOSO. 
 Wool-stapling was formerly the chief trade of the town ; it 
 now has a cotton factory and glass-works, and large fairs 
 for cattle. In the ruined castle, once a .seat of the Mercian 
 kings, and afterwards of the earls and dukes of Lancaster. 
 Mary Queen of Scots was confined in 1569-70, and from 1584 
 to 158C. 
 
 TUTELA. See TnDKL.t. 
 
 TUT'IIILL, a small postrvillage in the S. part of Ulster 
 CO., New York. 
 
 TDnCOll'IN, a maritime town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, 65 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin, with a 
 share in the pearl fishery of the Gulf of Manaar. 
 
 TUT'X EL-wiTii-COB'LEY. a hamlet, England, co. Warwick. 
 
 TUTOY.A. too-tjAd. a town of Brazil, province, and 160 
 miles from Maranhao, on theTutoya. which forms the west- 
 ernmost branch of the Parnahiba. It cont.ains an old parish 
 church, and is well situated for trade, having a harbor in 
 which small vessels are completely sheltered, lying on the 
 deepest and most frequented of all the entrances to the 
 Parnahiba. 
 
 TUTSCIIAP, toofshap, or TUCAP. a village of Bohemia, 
 circle of T.nbor. with a castle. Pop. 112-3. 
 
 TUTSCIIKOW, tootch-kov', a modern town of South Rus- 
 sia, Btissarabia, on the Danube, 3 miles E. of Ismail, 
 
 TUT'TIXGTOX, a parish of Ensrland, co, of Norfolk. 
 
 TUTTLINGEN, a town of Wurtemberg, circle of Black 
 Forest, on the Danube, 20 miles W.S.W. gf Sigmaringen. 
 Pop. 5160. It hiLs m.-inufactures of woollen, linen, and 
 silken fabrics, and paper. 
 
 TUTUILA, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See Maoon.^. 
 
 TUTZ, tiitz. or TUCZNO. toots'no, a town of Prussia, 
 province of West Prussia, government of Marienwei-der, on 
 three lakes, 26 miles S.S.E. of Dramburg. Pop. 1278. 
 
 TUTZIS, a village of Nubia. See Ghyrche. 
 
 TU.VFOKD. a market-town and parish of England, co., 
 and 22 miles N.N.E. of Nottingham. Pop. in 1861. 1211. It 
 has a free grammar-school, and trade in hops, raised in the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 TUXTLA, tooxflj, a town of the Mexican Confederation, 
 fc-tate of Chiapas, near the Tabasco, 37 miles W. of Ciudad- 
 lleal. with a trade in tobacco and cocoa. Pop. 5000. 
 
 TUY, twee, (anc. Tu/da or TiiJcUe dd Fi'nes.) a walled fi-on- 
 tier town of Spain, province, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Ponte- 
 vedra, on the Minho, opposite the Portuguese town of Va- 
 len9a. Pop. 4212. It has a cathedral, and manufactures 
 of table linens, hats, leather, and liqueurs. The country 
 around it is of high fertility, but unhealthy from marshes. 
 ^ TOY, twee, a river of South America, in Venezuela, flows 
 E.. and enters the Caribbean Sea 60 miles E. of Caracas. 
 Total course, 90 miles. 
 
 TUZ^illlKOL, GiJL or GHOLI, a large salt-lake of Asia 
 Minor. See Tooz-Golee. 
 197:2 
 
 TUZ-GUL. a lake of the Chinese Empire. See Tooz-Qooi. 
 .TUZKUHMATY, a village of Turkish Toorkistan. See 
 
 TOOZKOiiRMATT. 
 
 TfZL.A. a river of Asiatic Turkey. See ToozLA. 
 
 TVEU or TWEK. tvjit or tvalR, a government of Russia, 
 
 square 
 
 miles. Pop. in 1851. 1.359.920. Surface more elevated than 
 in most parts of Russia, and here the Volga and its affluent'?, 
 the Tverts.%. Molo<:a. and Medvieditsa. rise. The N. of the 
 government is hilly; elsewhere the surface is chiefly level, 
 abounding in small lakes. The soil is generally poor: but 
 sufficient corn is produced for home consumptions Ijarge 
 quantities of hemp. flax, and beans are raised. Forests are 
 extensive, p.articularly in the N. Cattle fir consumption are 
 mostly imported. The m.anufactures comprise bricks, glass- 
 ware, woollen cloths, leathef-. dyeing materials, and spirits. 
 Commeice active. Principal towns. Tver, the capital, Rshev, 
 Torzhok, Ostashkov, and Vishnee-Volotchok. 
 
 TVER or TWEI5, a city of Russia, capital of the above go- 
 vernment, is situated on the Volga, here crossed by a 
 wiXKlen brid'ze 550 feet in length, and joined bv the Tvertsa, 
 90 miles N,W, of .Moscow, Pop. 25,260. SinVe its almost 
 total destruction by tire, in IliXi. it has been rebuilt with 
 much regularity. It comprises the town-proper, several 
 suburbs, and a citadel: an imperial palace, a cathedral, 
 numerous other churches, and a seminary. Here are also 
 numerous government oflices. barracks, inns, a theatre, a 
 college, and various schools.. The trade is considerable, and 
 facilit.ated by can.als, which establish a water communication 
 between the Baltic and Caspian Seas. Tver being on the 
 high road between Moscow and St. Petersburg, is an entre- 
 p3t for corn from the S. destined for the capital, and for 
 goods conveyed overland to and from Riga. It was founded 
 In 1182. and was capital of a principality from 1240 to 1490. 
 
 TVERTSA. TVEKTZA or TWERTZA, tw^Rt'sS. a river of 
 Russia, government of Tver, after a S.E. course of 110 miles, 
 joins the Volga on the left, at Tver. A canal joins the 
 Tvert.sa to the Msta. an affluent of L.ike Ilmen. and thus 
 forms a communication between the Caspian Sea and the 
 Baltic. 
 
 TWaI/ITY plains, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Oreiron. 
 
 TW.VRDAQOR A. a town of Prussia. See Feste^tberg. 
 
 TWEED, (anc. Tio'da.) a river of Scotland and England, 
 draining almost all the E. portion of the Scotti.sh Lowlands. 
 It rises at Tweedshaws, S. extremity of Peebles-shire, 1.500 
 feet alx)ve the sea; flows N.E. and E. through the counties 
 of Peebles. Selkirk, and Roxburgh: and then between Ber- 
 wickshire on the N., and the English counties of Northum- 
 berland and Durham on the S. ; and finally enters the North 
 Sea at Berwick, after a course of 95 mile.s. in which it tra- 
 verses a biisin estimat<?d at 1870 s^iuare miles, which is larger 
 th;in that of any other Scottish river, except the Tay. Prin- 
 cipal affluents, the Yarrow, Ettrick, Teviot. and Till, from the 
 S. ; Bigsrar, Gala, Leader, and .Adder, from the N. Before reach- 
 ing Peebles, it has completed KhIO feet of descent, and in the 
 remaining part of its course it has irenerally a verj- gentle 
 curreut. It is tidal to Norham Castle, 10 miles from the 
 sea. but navigable only in its last 6 miles for baits of 30 
 tons burden, and the traffic on its waters is mostly confined 
 to Berwick. The Tweed and Clyde take their origin in the 
 same mountain range, and flow for a considerable way very 
 near each other. The Biggar. an affluent of the Tweed, is 
 separated from the Clyde only by a level boggy tract, 6 
 miles across : they could be easily connected by a canal. 
 The salmon fisheries of the Tweed were formerly of more 
 value than at present. 
 
 TWEED, a river of Australiit, New South Wales, co. of 
 Rous, enters the Pacific near lat. 28=' 10' S.. Ion. 153° 30' E. 
 
 TWEED, a village of Canada West, co. of Hastings, 33 
 miles from Belleville. Pop. about 100. 
 
 TWEEDD.\LE. the popular name of Peebies-srire. 
 
 TWEED'.MOUTU. a p.irish and village of England, co. of 
 Durham, on the right bank of the Tweed, opposite Berwick, 
 of whirli it forms a handsome suburb, connected with it by 
 a stone bridge, and on the Newcastle and Berwick Railw.ay. 
 Pop, in 1851, 5714, It has a neat Gothic church, a large 
 iron foundry, and a thriving salmon fishery. 
 
 TWEEDSMUIK. tweeds^miir', a parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Peebles, at its S,W. extremity. Here are the remains of 
 several old baronial castles, 
 
 TWELLO, a village of the Netherlands, province of Gel- 
 derland. 3 miles W. of Deventer. Pop. 1000. 
 
 TWELVE MILE, a postHjflice of Pickens district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 TWELVE MILE, a post-office of Cass CO.. Indiana. 
 
 TWELVE MILE CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into 
 Saluda River in Lexington district. 1 2 miles above Columbia. 
 
 TWELVE MILECREEK, of Pickens di.strict. South Caro 
 lina. flows into Iviowee River 12 miles S. of tho court-house 
 
 TWELVE MILE PRAIRIE, a post-village of St. Clair co, 
 Illinois, alMiut .38 miles S.S.E. of .Alton. 
 
 TWEXTY-FOUR PERGUN'NAHS, a maritime district o» 
 
TWE 
 
 TYN 
 
 British India, presidency of Bengal, having S. the Bay of 
 Bengal, and landward the districts of Nuddea, Jessore. Cal- 
 cutta, Uoofily, and Midnapoor. The surface is a dead level, 
 intersected hy arms of the Ganges, and it comprises a part of 
 the jungly tract termed the Suuderbunds. 
 
 TVVENTY-SIXMILECREEK, of Anderson district, South 
 Carolina, flows S.W. into Kiowee River. 
 
 TWKlt. See Tver. 
 
 TWJCK'E.MIAM. a village and p.arish of England, co. of 
 Middlesex, on the W. bank of the Thames, immediately op- 
 posite Richmond, with which it is connected by a handsome 
 Btone brid^ie, and on the railway between London and 
 Staines, Hi miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 6254. 
 The village is antiquated and dull, but along the river are 
 many beautiful villas and grounds. Here was the resi- 
 dence of I'ope, the poet, also Strawberry Hill, the residence 
 of Horace Walpole. Twickenham Ait, or Eel-pie House, on 
 an island in the Thames, is a favorite resort of holiday visi- 
 tors from the metropolis. 
 
 TWKKJS. a county in the S. central part of Georgia, has 
 an area of 400 square miles. The Ocmulgee Kiver forma its 
 W. boundary, and it is drained by Big Sandy, Turkey, and 
 other creeks. The surface in the upper or northern part is 
 broken. It contains extensive beds of limestone, and burr- 
 stone is found. The Ocmulgee Kiver is navigable by steam- 
 boats, and the Central llailroad passes along the northern 
 border. Organized in 1809, and named in honor of General 
 John Twigg.'s. Capital, Marion. I'op. 8320, of whom 3002 
 were free, and 5318 slaves. 
 
 TWIGGSVILLE, a post-office of Twiggs co., Georgia. 
 
 TWIN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 TWIN, a township of Preble Co., Ohio. Pop. 1890. 
 
 TWIN, a township of Ross co.. Ohio. Pop. 2549. 
 
 TWIN' Ell AM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 TWINING, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 TWIN UIVEHS, of Miinitoowoc co., Wisconsin, are two 
 small streams which ri.'ie in the E. part of the state, and 
 enter Lake Michigan at the same point. 
 
 TWINSBUKG, a post-village and township of Summit co., 
 Ohio, 143 miles N.E. of Columbus. The village has 4 
 churches, and a flourishing seminary, with 160 pupils. The 
 township is intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg 
 Railrojid. Pop. 1141. 
 
 TWINSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 TWIS'EIi, a township of England, co. (detached from) 
 Durham, 10 miles S.W. of Berwick-upon-Tweed. The van- 
 guard of the English army crossed the river Till at this 
 place on their march to Elodden-field. 
 
 TAVISS, a county of West Australia, having N. the cos. of 
 Mellxjurne and Glenelg, E. Victoria, S. Perth, and W. the 
 Indian Ocean. It is intersected by the Moore and North- 
 cote Rivers, and by afiluents of the Swan Kiver; it contains 
 Borne gootl soil, forest land, and several fresh and salt lakes. 
 
 TWITCII'EN, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 TWIV/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on 
 the Avon, here crossed by an iron bridge, and on the Great 
 Western Railway. 2 miles W. of Bath. 
 
 TWOFOLD BAY, an inlet on the E. coast of Australia, co. 
 of Auckland, 30 miles N. of Cape Howe. Lat. of Point 
 Brierly, near the head of the bay, 37° 6' 2" S., Ion. 149° 58' 
 2" E. It receives the Towamba River, affords good anchor- 
 age, is surrounded by much fertile land, and is conveniently 
 situated for commerce, about midway between Sydney and 
 Melbourne, Launceston, and HobartTown. On the N. side 
 Is the village of Eden, and on the S. shore the new and 
 thriving port of Boydtown, which has a good jetty, a light- 
 house, Gothic church, hotel, and an active export trade, 
 and is resorted to by numerous whaling vessels, steamers, 
 and emigrant ships. It communicates with Maueroo Plains 
 by a good road, 45 miles in length. 
 
 TWO LICiC CREEK, of Indiana CO., Pennsylvania, flows 
 Into Yellow Creek. 
 
 TWO MILE BRANCH, a post-office of Smyth CO., Virginia. 
 
 TWO MILE CREEK, a post-office of Davis CO., Kentucky. 
 
 TWO .MILE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Pulaski co.. Indiana. 
 
 TWO MOUNTAINS, a county of Canada East, having the 
 Ottawa Kiver for its S. boundary. Area, 1404 square miles. 
 It is watered by the North River, RiviSre du Chene, and 
 River Range, which flow into the Ottawa. Capital, St. 
 Eustache. I'op. in 1852, 30,470. 
 
 TWO RIVERS, a post-village of Pike co., Pennsylvania, 
 near the junction of the Lackawaxen with the Delaware. 
 
 TWO RIVERS, a post-village of Manitoowoc co., Wiscon- 
 «u. on the shore of Lake Michigan, 15 miles E. by N. of 
 Manitoowoc. This place has a large trade iu lumber, fish, 
 kc. It contains a bank. Pop. of township, 1337. 
 
 TWORKAU, t*0R/k6w, a village of Prussia, province of 
 'ilesi,a, government, and S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1071. 
 
 TWO SICILIES, Kingdom of. See Naples and Sicily. 
 
 TWO T.WERNS, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TWY'CROSS. a parish of England, co. of I^eicester. 
 
 TWYFORD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 TWYFOKD. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 TWYFOKD, a pari.'ih of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 iWYi'OIlD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 TWYFORD, a chapelry, cos. of Berks and Wilts, with an 
 important station on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles 
 E.N.E. of Reading. 
 
 TWY'MAN'S STORE, a post-office of Spottsylvauia co.. 
 Virginia. 
 
 TWYN'IIOLM or TWINE/HA.M, a parish of Scotland, 
 stewartry of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 TWYWELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 TYB.4.1N, a town of Austria. See Tybeix. 
 
 T YBEE' ISLAND, in Tybee Bay. the S. sideof the entrance 
 to Savannah River. Georgia. At its N. end is a fixed light. 
 80 feet high. Lat. 32° N., Ion, 80° 52' W, 
 
 TYBEIN or TYBAIN, te-biu', (It. Duino. doo-ee'no,) a sen, 
 port town of Austria, in Illyria. 2 miles from Triest, with 
 a small harbor. It whs once walled and otherwise fortifiel. 
 
 TYBOHINE. See Taugiiisoy.vb. 
 
 TYBRIS See Tiber. 
 
 TYCOCKTOW island, in the Canton River. Chiiia, 8 
 miles long, 6 miles broad, bounds the '• inner" and "outer 
 waters" at the entrance of the Boca Tigris, Its forts were 
 taken by the British in 1841. 
 
 TYDD, ST. GILES, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 TYDD, ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Linccfln. 
 
 TYDWEILIOG, tid-wi'le-og, a parish of North AVales, co. 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 TYE RIVER, a small stream in the S.E. central part of 
 Virginia, rises at the base of the Blue Ridge, flows S.E. 
 through Nelson co., and enters James River. It furnishes 
 motive-power for mills. 
 
 TYE KIVER JIILLS, a post>office of Nelson co., Virginia, 
 128 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 TYE RIVER WAREHOUSE, a post-office of Nelson co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 TY'GARTS CREEK, a post-office. Greenup co.. Kentucky. 
 
 TY/GART'S VAL'LEY RI'VER, in the N.E. of West Vir- 
 ginia, rises in itandolph county, among the Greenbrier Moun- 
 tains, passes through Bartour and Taylor counties, and 
 unites with the AVest Fork of the Monongahela 1 mile S. of 
 Fairmont, in JIarion county. Its general direction is N.; 
 its whole length is estimated at 150 miles. It is navigable by 
 small boats in the lower part of its course. 
 
 TY-HO. See Lantao. 
 
 TYKOCZYN. te-kotch'in, a frontier town of Poland, go- 
 vernment of Augustow, on the Narew, 17 miles W.N.W. 
 of Bialystok. Pop. 1000. It has an ancient castle, and a 
 trade in corn. The Russians and Poles fought here in 18:51. 
 
 TY'LER, a county in the N. part of W. Virginia, situated 
 on the Ohio River, some 50 mile^ below Wheeling. Area, 
 390 square miles. The Ohio River forms its N.W. lioundary, 
 separating it from the state of Ohio, and it is intersected by 
 Middle Island Creek. The surface is hilly and broken, anil 
 partly covered with forests of good timber. The soil is e.x- 
 cellent, well watered, and adapted to wool growing. The 
 county contains abundance of stone-coal, iron-ore. and good 
 building-stone; limestone is one of the principal rocks. 
 Large quantities of ore resembling zinc are found. Middle 
 Island Creek is a fine mill stream. The county is inter- 
 sected by three good turnpike roads. Organized in 1814, 
 and named in honor of John Tvler, governor of Virginia in 
 1810. Capital. Middlebourn. Pop. 6517, of whom 6499 were 
 free, and 18 slaves. 
 
 TYLER, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of 
 about 1350 square miles. The Neches River forms its 
 boundary on the N. and E., and the Big Sandy Creek on 
 the S. the surface has but little elevation. Capital, Wood- 
 ville. Pop. 4525, of whom 3377 were free. 
 
 TYLER, a post-village, capital of Smith co., Texas, about 
 220 miles N. of Galveston. Pop. 1024. 
 
 TYLER, a post-village of Winnebago co., Illinois, about 
 05 udles E. of Galena. 
 
 TVLEH MOUNTAIN,post-oirirp.Kanawliaco..W.Virginia. 
 
 TYLERSBURG. a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TYLER'S MILLS, a post-office of Orangeburg district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 TYLERSPORT, post-office, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TYLERSVILLE, a post-village of Clarion co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 85 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 TYLERSVILLE, a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 10 
 miles S. bv E. of Lock Haven. 
 
 TYLERSVILLE, post-office, Laurens district, S. Carolina. 
 
 TYLOS. See Bahrein. 
 
 TYMOCIITE, a creek of Ohio, enters the Sandusky Kiver 
 in Wyandot county. 
 
 TYMOCHTE. a post-village and township of Wyandot co., 
 Ohio, on Tymochte Creek, 75 miles N. by W. of Columbus. 
 Pop. 1874. 
 
 TYNAGH, ti'n.aH, a parish of Ireland, en. of Galway, 7i 
 miles N.W\ of Po'rtumna, with the remains of 4 castles. 
 
 TY'NAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Anuagh. 
 
 TYNDARIS. SeeTiNDARE. 
 
 TYNE, tin, an important river of Engl»nd, co. of North- 
 umberland, the W. and S. parts of which it drains, is 
 formed by the junction of the .North and South Tyue 
 near Hexham, from which town it has mostly an K. ?ours««, 
 past Corbridge, Prudhoe. Newcastle, and Gateshead to the 
 
 1973 ' 
 
TYN 
 
 TYR 
 
 ITi/itli Sea, »t!fttiat eg the boroughs of North and South 
 Shields, i'otal course from Ilexbam. 35 miles, for the last 
 18 miles of which it forms the boundary lietweeu the counties 
 of Northumberland and Burham; but from the head of the 
 North Tjne, the length of its course is at least SO miles. 
 Principal alfluent, the Derwent, from the S. Its banks are 
 steep, ar d it is navigable from the sea to Newcastle for ves- 
 Bels of iA)0 to -too tons burden, and for several miles farther 
 by keel-boats. Spring tides rise at its mouth 18 feet, and at 
 Newcastle Hi feet. It is of great commercial importance. 
 lt« salmon fisheries, formerly of consequence, have been 
 mostly destroyed bj' the erection of locks at By well. 
 
 TYNE, NoKTH, rises on the border of Scotland, and runs 
 S.E. and S. past BelUugham and Chellerford. It receives the 
 Beed, from the N. 
 
 TYNE, South, rises in Cumberland, flows N. and E. p.|»st 
 Aldstone and Haltwhistle, and with the Tyne is accompanied 
 in its whole course by the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway. 
 
 TYNE, a small river of Scotland, rises iu the parish of 
 Borthwick, flows mostly N.E. through Haddingtonshire, 
 and enters the North Sea at Tynninghame, 2| miles N.W. 
 of Dunbar, after a cour.«e of 28 miles. 
 
 TYNEH.\M. West, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 TYNE'MOUTH-wiTH-NOKTII SHIELDS, a parliamentary 
 borough, parish, and two contiguous towns of England, co. 
 of Norlhumberland, on the left hank of the Tyne, at its 
 mouth in the North Sea, opposite South Shields, and on a 
 railway, 8 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1851, 30,624 ; 
 of parliamentary borough, comprising 5 townships, (18G1,) 
 33,991; of township of 'i'ynemouth, 14,650; of township of 
 North Shields, 8882. Tynemouth, at the E. angle of the 
 borough, facing the sea, is well built, has many inns and 
 lodging-houses for visitors, wlio resort to it for bathing, and 
 a castle of the eleventh century, on a lofty rock, now used 
 for barracks and military magazines, and a light-house in 
 lat. 55° 1' 3" N., Ion. 1° 25' W. North Shields, which has 
 risen up chiefly within the present century, is a flourishing 
 and well-built seaport, having a spacious market-place, gas 
 and water-works, a stone church, numerous chaptjs, a 
 marketrhouse, jail, theatre, mechanics' institution, master 
 mariners' asylum, public libraries, a Laucasteriau endowed 
 school, and other schools and charities. It is extending 
 itself rapidly into Chirton township, on the W. Its harbor, 
 bordered with quaj's. is capable of containing 2000 vessels of 
 500 tons burden. It belongs to the port of Newcastle and 
 North Shields, and has a large share iu the coal trade, ship- 
 building, manufactures of rope and naval stores, and chemi- 
 cal products, hats, gloves,*and tobacco. Tynemouth and in- 
 cluded townships sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 TYNGS'BOROUGH, a post-village and township of Middle- 
 sex CO., Mas.sachusetts, on Merrimack River, and the Nashua 
 and Lowell Railroad, 32 miles N.W. of Boston. The village 
 contains 1 or 2 churches, and an academy. Pop. of the 
 township. 026. 
 
 TY'NISII. an islet off the W. coast of Ireland, in Con- 
 naught. CO. of Galway, 2 miles W. of Lettermore. Pop. 150, 
 Piostly employed in fishing. 
 
 TYXRO.V, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries. 
 
 TYPINSAN, tipin-san', the most E., and largest of the 
 Madjieosima Islands, in the China Sea. Lat. 24° 43' N., 
 Ion. 126° 29' E. Length. 20 miles: greatest bi-eadth, 10 miles 
 at its W. end. A dangerous reef is on the N. side, on which 
 the '•Providence" was lost in 1V97. 
 
 TY'RAN.^., te-ri'nj, a city of European Turkey, in Albania. 
 15 miles N. by E. of El-Bassan. It is a wretched place, but 
 is noted for its beautiful mosques and spacious marketrplaces. 
 
 TYR AS. See Dniester. 
 
 TYRE, a maritime city of antiquity. See SOOR. 
 
 TYRE, tir, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Seneca co.. New York, on the Seneca River and the Erie 
 Canal. Pop. 1437. 
 
 TYREE or TYRY. See Tiree. 
 
 TYREE'S MILLS, a post-office of De Kalb co.. Tennessee. 
 
 TYKEE SPRINGS, a post-office of Summer co., Tennessee. 
 
 TYK'ELL'S BAY, an inlet at the S.. extremity of the 
 island of St. Vincent, in the Biitish West Indies. On it is 
 the village of Calliaqua, 2i miles S.F^. of Kingstown. 
 
 TYillA, tlr'e-l. or TIKEH. tee/reh, a town of Asia Minor, 
 near the Little Mender River, (anc. CUyt'ler.) 44 miles S.E. 
 of Smyrna, at the foot of Mount Tmolus. It lia« numerous 
 mosques. 
 
 TYRIE. a pari.sh of Scotl.ind, co. of Aberdeen. 
 
 TYRI-FIOHD. tii're feoRd'. a lake of Norway, stia. and 16 
 miles W. of Christiana. Length, 16 miles; bre.Hdth, 7 miles. 
 On the N. it receives the Beina-el^ and on the S. it gives 
 pfiHux to the Drammen River. 
 
 TV1{IXGH.\M. a post-township of Berkshire CO., Massa- 
 chusftts. 126 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 7S0. 
 
 TYRXAU, t66R'niiw, (Hun. A'tgy Szombath. nodj som^- 
 bot/.) or TEUN AVA. a town of West Hungary, co., and 27 
 miles N.E. of Presburg, with which it is connected by rail- 
 way. Pop. .5830. It has numerous fine churches, a Roman 
 Catholic college, military and other schools, a public library, 
 and manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, a consider- 
 ttble general tnide, and 8 important annual liiirs. 
 1974 
 
 TYRNATJ. avillage of .Moravia, circle, and N.W. of Olmutz. 
 
 TYROL, tir'rol, (Ger. pron. te-rOl',) and VORARLBEIIQ, 
 for-aKl'ljt-RO, (anc. i?/ia'<i«, and a \>nrt of ^'oricum.) aproTinoe 
 of the Austrian dominions, on the S.W. frontiers ^jf Ger- 
 many. Lat. 45° 40' to 47° 41' N.. Ion. 9° 30' to 12° 30' E.; 
 the W. portion, to the sources of the Stanz, forming Vo- 
 rarlberg, and the E. portion Tyrol proper. It is bounded N. 
 by Lake Constance and Bavaria, E. by Salzburg and Illyria, 
 S.E. and S. by Austrian Italy, and W. by Switzerland and the 
 principality of Lichtenstein : greatest length, from Lake Con- 
 stance to the extremity of the I'usterthal, 105 miles; great- 
 est breadth, from S.W. to N.E., 157 miles; area, 11,084 square 
 miles. It is mountainous thioughout, and in regard to 
 scenery is second only to Switzerland, of which it may be 
 regarded as a continuation. The .\lps, entering it fi-om 
 Switzerland, stretch across it fxom W. to E. in three nearly 
 parallel chains. The loftiest of these is the Rhetian Alps, 
 which, occupying the centre, divide the country into a N. 
 and S. portion. In this chain are situated Mount 0; tier, 
 the culminating point of the Austrian Empire, 12,852 feet; 
 and the Gross-Glockner, 12,500 feet. The second pjirallel 
 chain, situated in the N., not far from the frontier, forms 
 the Tyrolese or German Alps; and the third chain, to which 
 the name of the Trent Alps is sometimes given, bends round 
 from the Lake of Garda, and continues E. till it becomes 
 linked with the Carnic Alps. All these chains descend very 
 abruptly on the S. side, and form short lateral valleys, but 
 on their N. sides generally slope gradually by parallel ter- 
 races, the spaces between which are occupied by long longi- 
 tudinal valleys. Many of the summits are capped with 
 perpetual snow; and glaciers, to the number of Su, covering 
 in all a space of about 170 square miles, descend into the 
 valleys to the level of about 4000 feet. The most remarkable 
 of these glaciers are the Oesthal, Suldeu, Floiten, and Dux. 
 Notwithstanding the height of the chains, (he Tyrol h.ss 
 several of the lowest passes in the Alps. The celebi-ated 
 Brenner Pass is little more than 4000 feet above sea-level. 
 The other principal passes are the Malserheide, Timblji.ch, 
 Arll)erg, Schlossberg, Achen Pass, and the pas's near San 
 Pellegrino. The loftiest of all the passes is the Stilfser or 
 Wormserjoch. 
 
 The prevailing rock in these mountains is granite, which 
 usually forms the crest of the chain. On the S. slopes pri- 
 mitive schists and limestones overlie the granite; on the N. 
 slope the rocks are almost entiivly calcareous. At lower 
 elevations a gre.nter variety of rocks appears, and in some 
 localities, of which the Fassathal is the most remarkable ex- 
 ample, .ilmost all the great formations of Europe may be 
 .seen in miniature. The principal chains mentioned above 
 form three principal valleys — the lunthal, Etschthal or 
 Adige Valley, and I'usterthal. Into these a vast number of 
 minor valleys open, and tlius, though no proper nlains oc- 
 cur, large portions of the surface become flat enough to t)e 
 placed under regular culture. 
 
 The drainage is divided between the lasins of the Rhine, 
 the Danube, and the Po. The first, forming part of the 
 N.W. boundary, is confined to that locality, and receives 
 only the waters of the A'orarlberg, in part directly, and 
 in part by the 111 and the Bregenz; the latter, through the 
 medium of the Lake of Constance. A much larger share 
 of drainage is received by the Danube, whose important 
 tributary the Inn, traversing the celebrated valley of 
 that name, enclosed on the S. by the Rhetian. and ou 
 the N. by the Tyrolese Alps, receives from bc>th chains, 
 but especially from the former, numerous torrents and 
 streams fed by perpetual snow and glaciers. -Another 
 large supply sent to the Danube proceeds from the S. side 
 of the Rhet;ian Alps, where the waters of the E. part of the 
 Pusterthal, and of a number of lateral valleys, go to augment 
 the Drave. The Adriatic receives its share chiefly through 
 the Etsch or Adige. None of these rivers, except the Inn, 
 are of navigable importance; but their effect on the scenery 
 may be estimated from the fact that they form above 160 
 large waterfalls. 
 
 The largest lakes, the Idrio, Gard.i. and Constance, being 
 situated on the frontiers, belong less to the Tyrol than to 
 other countries. The others, though veiy numerous and 
 picturesque, are small. 
 
 The climate is generally healthy, but differs much on the 
 opposite sides of the Alp.s. In the N., and more especi.-)lly in 
 the lateral valleys, it is severe, but still not so much so aa 
 in the W., where the greatest degree of cold is felt ; in ttaa 
 S. it becomes much milder, and almost Itjilian. At Inns- 
 pruck, 1700 feet alx>Te sea-level, the mean annual tempera- 
 ture is 49°: at Botzen. 6ii0 feet ab<jve sea-level, it is 65° SO'. 
 The annual fall of rain is very nearly equal both in the N. 
 and S., and averages about 26 inches. 
 
 Alxiut one-third of the whole surface is unavailable for 
 any economical purpose, being occupied by perpetu.-il snows, 
 glaciers, and inaccessible barien roifks. Rather more than 
 another third is covered with ti>rests. The remaining portion 
 includes large tracts of commons — mo.tly in a state of na- 
 ture, though capable of cultivation — nieadown, gardens, 
 vineyards, and arable lands. The commons and nicadown 
 are employed in rearing cattle, which m all the higher dis> 
 
TYR 
 
 tricts forms the principal occupafion. Tho most numerous 
 stock are slieep and goats. In the gardens and orchards 
 vast quantities of the finest fruits are grown. The vine also 
 succeeds well, particularly in the circles of Botzen, Trent, 
 and Koveredo, where it occupies a large extent of surface, 
 and produces several wines of excellent quality. Other ob- 
 jects of subsidiary culture are olives and mulberries; the 
 former to a very limited extent, but the latter so generally 
 in the circle of Itoveredo, as to form one of the most common 
 and lucrative sources of employment. After deducting all 
 the land appropriated as above described, there still remains 
 nearly SOO^OOO acres under ordinary culture. From the 
 minute subdivision of property, farms are generally small,, 
 and the operations of husbandry are conducted with little 
 skill; but the spirit of industry is untiring, and a larfje 
 amount of produce is obtained, though it fails to meet the 
 consumption. The principal crops are maize, rye, wheat, 
 barley, aits, and potatoes. Hemp, flax, tobacco, and sumach 
 are also largely grown. The rearing of caoary-birds is pur- 
 sued on a large scale in the valley of the Inn, and most 
 parts of Europe are supplied with singing birds from the 
 Tyrol. Wolves, bears, wild boars, marmots, chamois, &c. 
 inhabit the mountain districts. The minerals, which once 
 formed the chief source of wealth, are less productive than 
 formerly, but are still worked extensively. The most impoit- 
 ant are iron and salt; but both gold and silver are obtained 
 in small quantities, and also copper and lead. 
 
 The manufactures of the Tyrol are more numerous than 
 Important. The first place belongs to the spinning and 
 weaving of silk, which lias its principal localities in Kovere- 
 do, Botzen, and Trent. The next in order is metal-ware, 
 which is made in a variety of forms: the most deserving of 
 notice are the brass manufactures of Achenrain and Lientz, 
 largely exported; articles in copper, iron, shovels, wire, 
 n.ails, and scythes. Another manufacture in which the 
 Tyrolese display considerable ingenuity, is that of articles in 
 wood, many of which are carried into other countries by 
 the makers or their children, and form a lucrative branch 
 of traffic, fiace and embroidery and glove-making employ a 
 great many persons regularly, and fill up the spare hours of 
 many others. The transit trade, owing to the many easy 
 passes through the Alps which the Tyrol presents, is of con- 
 siderable iuiportiiuce. 
 
 There are few countries in which the devotional feeling is 
 BO strong ; and though it may be often disfigured by sviper- 
 stition, it has doubtless mainly contributed to the forma- 
 tion of that simple, pure, manly, and independent charac- 
 ter for which the Tyrolese are remarkably distinguished. 
 Nearly all are Roman Catholics, under 10 bishops, suffi-a- 
 gans of the archbishop of Salzburg. Many of the inhabit- 
 ants emigrate annually as labourers into the neighbouring 
 countries. The Tyrol has its own national diet, compo.sed 
 of the nobility, clergy, deputies of the towns and of the 
 rural districts, who meet in one chamber. It is divided into 
 the 7 circles of Roveredo, Trent, Etsch, Pusterthal and 
 Eisach. Lower Inn and Wipperthal, Upper Inn and Yintsch- 
 gau, and Vorarlberg, also named from their chief towns; 
 capital, Innspruck. 
 
 Tyrol formed part of ancient lihmtia, and, after along and 
 noble struggle to maintain its independence, was converted 
 into a Roman province. It suffered much from the ini-oads 
 of the northern barbarians, and at a later period was govern- 
 ed by counts, who continued in posse.ssion till 1254, when 
 the line becoming extinct, the Count of Goritz succeeded. 
 His heirs governed till 1363, when the succession opened t<i 
 a female, who ceded it to the Archduke of Austria. It has 
 since remained in the possession of that family, with the ex- 
 ception of a short period in the beginning of the present 
 century, when Xapoleon gave it to the Bavarians. Pop. in 
 1850. 859,706. Adj. and inhab. Tyrolese, tirVleez'. 
 
 TYRONE, ti-ron', an inland county of Ireland, in Ulster, 
 having X. the co. of Londonderry. E. Armagh, S. Monaghan, 
 and W. Donegal. Area 1260 square miles, or 806,640 acres, 
 of which 450,286 are arable, 311,867 uncultivated, and 11,981 
 in plantations. Pop. 255,819. Surface hilly and ill wooded, 
 rising into mountains in the N. and S. Principal rivers, 
 the Blackwater and Foyle, with their tributaries. Lough 
 Nejigh forms part of the E. boundary. Soil in the lower 
 districts fertile, but agriculture generally very backward. 
 Principal crops, potatoes and oats, with a little bailey, flax, 
 and clover. A considerable quantity of good coal is raised. 
 The principal manufactures are those of linens, coar.se wool- 
 lens, blankets, whisky, beer, flour, meal, and coarse earthen- 
 wares. The Enniskillen and Londonderry Railway inter- 
 sects the county; and the navigation of the Tyrone Canal 
 Is wholly within its E. district. Principal towns, Strabane, 
 Dungannon, Cookstown, and Om;igh. Tyrone sends two 
 members to the House of Commons. Tho O'Xeils were kings 
 in Ireland antecedent to Christianity, and were chiefs of 
 Tyrone when the memorable rebellion of 1597 broke out 
 ander their auspices. 
 
 TYRONE, ti-rOn', a post-village and towasliip of Schuyler 
 CO., New York, 1 S milsjs E.N.E. of Bath. Tue village contains 
 several churches and stores. Pop. of tho township, 2096. 
 
 TYKON E, a thriving post-village and township of Blair co., 
 
 TZU 
 
 Pennsylvania.ontheLittle Juniata River, and on the Central 
 Railroad, 117 miles W. by X. of Harrisburg. The village, whiih 
 was commenced in 1849, is an important depOt on the rail- 
 road, and is improving rapidly. The trade and travel '~< 
 Centre and Clearfield counties meet the i«riiv,aJ at iu«s 
 point, which is the S. terminus of a railroad extending tc 
 Bellefonte 33 miles. It has 4 churches and 1 neivspapor. 
 There is a large iron forgo hero. Pop. of the township, 1766. 
 
 TYRONE, a township of A dams CO., Pennsylvania. P.9»0. 
 
 TYRONE, a township, Fayette co., Pennsylvania. P. 14S5. 
 
 TVKOXE, a township of Perry CO., Pennsylvani.a. P. 1180. 
 
 TYROXE, a village of 'VVilkes co., Georgia, 65 miles N,fi 
 by X'. of Milledgeville. 
 
 TYROXE, a post-office of Co.shocton co., Ohio. 
 
 TYROXE, a post-township, forming the N.E. extremity ot 
 Livingston co., Michigan. Pop. 1176. 
 
 TYROXE, a village of Canada West, co. of Durham, '7 
 miles from Bowmanville. Pop. about SO. 
 
 TYROXE MILLS, a post-office, Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TYROS. See Bahrei.'j. 
 
 TYRREL, tlr'rgl, a county in the E. part of North Caro- 
 lina, bordering on Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. Area 
 estimated at 320 square miles. It is intersected by Alli- 
 gator River. The surface is level, and the soil sandy. A 
 large pjirt of it is covered with swamps, and forests of 
 cypress, red-cedar, and pine. This county, one of the origi- 
 nal precincts, was formed in 1729, and named in honor of 
 Sir John Tyrrel, the proprietor of this part of the province. 
 Capital, Columbia. Pop. 4941, of whom 3347 were free, and 
 1597 slaves. 
 
 TYRRELL, a postrvlllage of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TYR'REL'S I'ASS, a market-town of Ireland, co.'of West- 
 meath, 8^ miles S.S.W. of JIullingar. Pop. fOO. It was 
 the scene of some bloody contests in the time of Klizabeth 
 
 TYRUIIEXE, tlr'reen or tirreen', or TYRKHK'XIAX 
 SEA, (anc. Tyrrhdnum Ma>re.,) is a name given by tha 
 ancients, and retained by many modern geographers, to that 
 part of the Mediterranean which extends between the coast 
 of Italy and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. 
 
 TYR'RIXOHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 TYR.^ILD, a river of Norway. See Kiar, 
 
 TYliUS. SeeSooR. 
 
 TYRY. See Tiree. 
 
 TYSMIENICA, tis-myjn-eefs3, a town of Austrian Ga- 
 licia. 6 miles E.S.E. of Stanislawow. between the Toiona and 
 Bistritza. Pop. 2900. It has Catholic, Greek United, and Ar- 
 menian churches : and a trade in wax, leather, and cattle. 
 
 TYSXOSOE, tiis'no-so'Jh, an i.<;land of Norway, stift. and 
 25 miles S. of Bergen, at the entrance of Ilardanger-Cord. 
 liength, 11 miles: breadth. 7 mile.s. 
 
 TY'SOE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 TYSON'S FURNACE, a post-office, Windsor co., Vermont. 
 
 T\''SOXVILLE, a village of Gibson co., Tennessee, 15 
 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 TYSSA. tis'sj, a village of Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz, 
 about 9 miles from Tetschen. Pop. 1456. 
 
 TYSSOWICE, tls\so-veet's.A, a town of Poland, government, 
 and 08 miles S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 24.30. 
 
 TYTHBY. t!lh1)ee, a parish of England, co. Nottingham. 
 
 TYTIIFX^ST'ON, a parish of South Wales;, co. Glamorgan. 
 
 TYTII'E!!IN(iT(»X, a parish of England, ro. of Gloucester. 
 
 TYTHEKlNtiTOX, a pari.'h of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 TYTII'ERLY, East, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 TYTHERLY, West, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 6^ 
 miles S.W. of Stockbridge. Here is the establi.shment of 
 '■ Harmony," founded on the social principles of Robert 
 Owen, 
 
 TYTH'ERTOX-KELL'AWAYS, a Sloravian hamlet of 
 Engl.and, co. of Wilts, 2\ miles N.E. of Chippenham, on the 
 Avon, and the Great Western Railway. 
 
 TYTHERTON-STAXLEY. a chapelry, England, co. Wilts. 
 
 TY-WAX-FOO, the capital of Formosa. See Taiwan. 
 
 TYWARD'RETH, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 TZAGLAIK, tsag-llk'(?) a town of European Turkey, in 
 Macedonia, sanjak, and 54 miles E, of Seres, on the Kara- 
 soo, near its mouth in the JUgean Sea. 
 
 TZAXA or Z.\XA, a lake of Abyssinia, See Dembea. 
 
 TZAREVOKOKSIIAISK. See Tsarevokokshaisk. 
 
 TZAREA'O^AXTCHURSK. See Tsarevosantchooesk. 
 
 TZARITZIX, a town of Russia. See Tsaritsin. 
 
 TZATALZE. a town of Thessaly. See Satalge. 
 
 TZEIvINOVKA, Russian Poland. See Tsekinovka. 
 
 TZERIX A, a town of Cyprus. See Cerisa. 
 
 TZIMOVA. tse-mo'yd, a largo village of Greece, in the 
 Morea, district, on the' E. shore of the Gulf of Koron, 20 
 miles X.N.W. of Cape Matapan. 
 
 TZIXTZOUTZAX, tsint-soo-tsan', a town of Slexieo, 
 state of Michoacan, 20 miles S.W. of A'alladolid, witll 
 some remains of ancient architecture, and originally capital 
 of the Indian kingdom of Michoacan. Pop. 2000. 
 
 TZIPA. a river of Sil«ria. See Tstpa. 
 
 TZIVILSK or TSIVILSK, a town of Russia, government, 
 and 62 miles W. of Kazan. 
 
 TZNA. a river of Russia. See TsXA. 
 
 TZURUKHAITU, Siberia. See Tsoobookh.otoo. 
 
 1975 
 
UAN 
 
 UFA 
 
 u 
 
 UASAPU, oo-2-n3-poo', or ANAPU, 3-u3-poo', a river of 
 Brazil, province of fant, joins the Para, S. of the 
 Island of Marajo, after a N. course of 400 miles. 
 
 UATU.MA, oo-d too'mi, a river of Brazil, province of Para, 
 joins ihe Amazon, 50 miles E.X.E. of Silves, after a S.S.E. 
 course es timatetl at 350 miles. 
 
 UAUPi;S. wow'pis, a river of South America, in Brazil, 
 joins the Rio fiegro on the right, near the equator. Lon. 
 67° 40' W. 
 
 UBA, oo'bl, a village and pari.sh of Brazil, province of 
 Minas-Oeraes, near an affluent of the I'arahiba do Sul. 
 
 UBA, oolhi, a post'OfRce of Piatt co., Illinois. 
 
 UBACII, oo'biK, a village of llhenish Prussia, government 
 and 12 miles N. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1316. 
 
 UBA III, a river of Brazil. See Itahi. 
 
 UB.iHY, a lake and river of Bolivia. See Magmlena. 
 
 UB.VTUBA. oo-ba-too/bd. a town of Brazil, province of San 
 Paulo, 100 miles X.E. of Santos. Pop. with district, 6000. 
 
 UBAYE. u'bA', a river of France, department of Basses- 
 Alpcs, after a W. course of 40 miles joins the Durance on 
 the left. 
 
 UBBESTOX, rib'ston, a parish of England, co. of SufTolk. 
 
 UBEDA, oo-bA'd^, a town of Spain, province and 26 miles 
 N.E. of .Taen. Pop. 13,809. It has remains of ancient walls, 
 a cathedral, formerly a mosque: manufactures of woollens 
 and earthenwares, and a trade in corn, fruits, oil, wine, and 
 horses. It wa-s taken from the Moors in 1212. 
 
 UBES, SAINT, a city of Portugal. See Setubal. 
 
 UIJEKAA'A, oo-bA-ri'vi, a town of Brazil, province of 
 Minas-Goracs. Pop. of the district, 0000. 
 
 UBERSDOUF. a village of Switzerland. See Uebersiwrf. 
 
 UBEKLIXGEX, a town of Baden. See Uebebungen. 
 
 UlilGAU, oo'be-gOw, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the 
 Elster, 13 miles E.X.E. of Torgau. Pop. 1250. 
 
 UIVLEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 UBOLDO, oo-boPdo, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 of Milan, 3 miles from Saronno. Pop. 1778. 
 
 UBKIQUE, oo-Bree'kA, a town of Spain, province and 46 
 miles E.X.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 5439. It has manufactures of 
 woollens. 
 
 UBSTADT, oop'st^tt. a village of Baden, circle of Sliddle 
 Rhine. 3 miles X.E. of Bruchsal. Pop. 1140. 
 
 UCAYALE. oo-kT-Sl-A, UCAYALI, oo-ki-d/lee. or PARO, pi>- 
 ro, a large river of Peru, E. of the Andes, and one of the prin- 
 cipal head streams of the Amazon. It unites witli the Tun- 
 guragua, after a X. course of 500(?) miles, near lat. 4° 25' S., 
 lon. 72'- 30' E., to form the .\mazon. It receives numerous and 
 considerable affluents, the chief being the Apurimac. It is 
 navigable from the Amazon, for large vessels, to Sarayacu, 
 lat. 7° S. 
 
 UCCLE. ilk'l, a village of Belgium, province of South Bra^ 
 bant, capital of a canton, 2 miles S. of Brussels. 
 
 UCKDA. oo-thi/ci, a decayed city of Spain, province and 
 25 miles W. of Soria. Pop. 750. In its castle Ximenes was 
 once confined. Xear it a small Christian population lived 
 independent and undisturbed throughout the Jloorish do- 
 minion. 
 
 UCII.\UD, tl'shr/, a village of France, department of 
 Gard, on the railway between Ximes and Montpellier. 
 Pop. 907. 
 
 UCIIEE, a post-village of Russell co., Alabama, about 68 
 miles E. of Montgomery. 
 
 U/CIIEE AX'.XA or EU'CHEE AX'XA, a post-village, 
 capital of Walton CO., Florida, about 120 miles W. of Tal- 
 lahassee. It contains a court-house, and several stores. 
 
 U'CIIKE CHEEK, of Columbia co., Georgia, flows into the 
 Savannah River. 
 
 UCIIIZY'. UVhee'zee', a village of France, department of 
 SaiJne-et-Loire. arrondissement of Macon. Pop. 1500. 
 
 UCH-KELEESEH, Armenia. See Utch-Kilissa. 
 
 UCUTE. ooK'teh, a village of Xorth Germany. Hanover, 
 county of IIoya,"l6 miles S.W. of Xienburg. Pop. 1200. 
 
 UCHTE. a river of Prussian Saxony, government of Mag- 
 deburg, tributary to the Elbe. 
 
 UCKER, fiok'ker, a small river of Prussian Pomerania, 
 flows into the Little Haff, at Uckermtinde, and formerly 
 gave name to the district of Uckermark. 
 
 UCKERMUXDE, (Uckermtinde,) Wk'kgr-mUn'deh, a town 
 of Prussia. Pomerania, 32 miles X.AV. of Stettin, at the 
 month of the Ucker in the Kleine-HalT. Pop. 2310. 
 
 UCK'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 UCL£S, oo-kliV, (»nc. Urcesaf) a fortified town of Spain, 
 province and 32 miUs \V. of Cuenca. at the fcKJt of a height 
 crowned by a famous monastery, founded in the 12th cen- 
 tury, on the site of a Moorish castle. Pop. 1602. It was 
 taken by the French in 1S09. 
 
 UDDKVALLA. oodMeh-vdna. a town of South Sweden, 
 Iwn and 45 miles N. of Gothenburg, on a deep inlet of the 
 Catti-gat. Pop. 3920. It has manufactures of cotton and 
 linen fabrics, tnuff, sugar, and leather. 
 1970 
 
 UD'DIXGSTOX, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, ou 
 the right bank of the Clyde, with a station on the Caledo- 
 nian Railway, 7 miles E.S.E. of Glasgow. 
 
 UDEM, a town of Rhenish Prussia. ,?ee Uedem. 
 
 UDEX, ii'den, a village of theXetherlands, Xortb Brahant, 
 14 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le-Due. Pop. 1710. 
 
 UDKXIIOUT, ii'den-huwt\ a village of the Xetherl.sndg, 
 province of North Brabant, 10 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. 
 Pop. 2084. 
 
 UDEPOOR, a town of India. See Oodeepoob. 
 
 UDIGE, a town of Italy. See Umxe. 
 
 U'DIM01{E, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 UDI'XA, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 UDIXE, oo'de-nA, or UDIGE, (anc. Veilinlum; L. VtiHutm^ 
 a town of .\ustrian Italy, capital of the delegation of Friull, 
 government and 60 miles X.E. of Venice, in an extensive 
 plain on the Canal of La Roja, between the Torre and Cor-' 
 mare. It forms a kind of double town — an outer, surrounded 
 by walls, and an inner, also surrounded by walls and ditches. 
 It was once defended by a ca.stle occupying a commanding 
 height near its centre, but now converted into a house of 
 correction. It is entered by six gates, and consists for the 
 most part of narrow and crooked streets lined with arcades. 
 Its principal square is spacious, and adorneii with a fine 
 pillar by Camolli, intended to commemorate the peace of 
 Campo-Formio. a village in the neighborhood. Immediately 
 tielow the castle is a fine promenade, laid out in planted 
 alleys, and containing a large pond with an island; and in 
 the vicinity, approached by an avenue of stately plane trees, 
 is the Campo-Santo, which, from the taste dj.'playinl in its 
 arrangements, and the number and elegance of its monu- 
 ments, ranks as one of the finest cemeteries in Europe. 
 The ecclesiastical edifices include twelve parish churches, 
 and numerous chapels, but the only one particularly deserv- 
 ing of notice is the Cathedral, distinguished Ift' its marble 
 pillars, carvings, and pictures. The other public buildings 
 and establishments are the Episcopal Palace, Theatre. Court- 
 house, the Guard-house, surmounted by a tower; the Ly- 
 ceum, Gymnasium, and several elementary schools. The 
 manufactures consist of linen, silk, and woollen goods, cop- 
 per.nnd earthenware, hats, and pajwr; and there are several 
 liqueur-distilleries, and numerous fiour-mill.s. Udine is the 
 see of an ardibishop, and the seat of a court of justice and 
 several important public offices. Pop. 25,201. 
 
 UDIXSK, a town of Siberia. See Oodinsk. 
 
 UDIPU, a town of Ilindostan. See Ood.^pek. 
 
 UD'XY'. a parish of Scotland, co. of Alienleen. 
 
 UDVARIIELY, ood\iR'hM, SZEKELY, si'kM'. (Ger. Oher- 
 /(eW.ycn, o'ber-hJl'yen,) a market-town of Transylvania, Szek- 
 ler-iand, capital of a county, on the Great Kokel, 90 miles 
 E.S.E. of Klausenburg. Pop. 2999. It has Reformed and 
 Roman Catholic churches and colleges, and a moua>terv. 
 
 UEBERLIXGEX or UBEKLIXGEX. ii/ber-ling'en. a town 
 of Baden, on an arm of the I.,ake of Constance, called the 
 Ueberlingen-See, 8 miles N. of Constance. Pop. 2700. It has 
 manufactures of linen, hosiery, and tobacco. 
 
 UEBERSDORF. ii'bers-doKr, or UEBERSTORFF, U'bgMH 
 toRf\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 8 miles N.E. of 
 Frevbnrg. Pop. 1033. 
 
 UEBERWASSER, U'ber-ftds'ser, a village and pari.sh of 
 Prussia, province of Westphalia, government and near 
 Miinster. Pop. 1012. 
 
 UECKERMUNDE, a town of Prussia. See Uckep.munde. 
 
 UEDEM or UDKM, ti'dJm, a walled town of Rhenish 
 Prussia. 39 miles X.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 170O. 
 
 UEHLFELD. til'fflt, or UHLFELD, a market-town of 
 Bavaria, 21 miles X.AV. of Xuremberg. Pop. 1012. 
 
 UKLMEN. iil'men, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles 
 W.S.W. of Coblentz. on a lake called the Uelmen-See. P. 783. 
 
 UELZEN or ULZKX, lilt'sen. a town of Hanover, 20 miles 
 S.S.E. of Liineburg. on the railway to Celle. Pop. 3US1. 
 
 UERDIXGEX, liR/ding-en, or OERDIXGEN, a town of 
 Rhenish Prussia, 11 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. on the left 
 bank of the Rhine. Pop. 3000. It has manufactures of 
 silks and cottons. 
 
 UERSPRIXGEN, UB'spring-en, or URSl'RIXGEX, a vil- 
 lage of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, district of Remliugen. 
 Pop. 1059. 
 
 UESSLIXGEX, Ue.s'ling-en, a village and p.irish of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Thurgau, 4" miles X.W.of Frauenfeld, on the 
 Thur. Pop. 1198. 
 
 UETERSEN orUTERSEX, U'ter-sen, a market-town of 
 Denmark. Holstein, on the Pinnau, 16 miles X.W. of Ham- 
 burg. Pop. 3313. It has an asylum for noble ladies, sugar 
 refineries, starch factories, and potteries. 
 
 UETIKOX, U'te-kon, a village o^ Switzerland, canton and 
 10 miles S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1100. 
 
 UETLIBERG. Ut1e-b^RG\ a summit of Mount Albi.s, W 
 of the lake. 2844 feet in h. ight. 
 
 UFA, a river of European Russia. See Oofa 
 
UFF 
 
 ULE 
 
 UFFCULME, tiff'kom, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 UFFKMIKIM, uOffen-hime', a walled town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Middle Kranconia, on the Gollach, 23 miles N.W. of 
 Ansp;ifh. I'op. 16-i(j. It has a castle, and manufactures of 
 woollen cloth and leather. 
 
 UFFIIol/rZ. oiif/holts, (Fr. pron. tif'holts',) a village of 
 France, department of Ilaut-Khin. Pop. 1852. 
 
 UFFIIOVKN, uof-bo'ven, a village of Pru.ssiaa Saxony, 1 
 mile W. of Liuigensalza. Pop. 1003. 
 
 XJF'FINGTO.N. a parish of England, co. of Berks. Here is 
 the Vale of the White-horse, so called from a figure cut on 
 the face of a chalk down. 
 
 UFF1XGT(J.\. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the 
 railway, 2f[ miles E.N.E. of Stamford. The church has a 
 fine tower. 
 
 UFFI.XGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 (JF'FIXGTO.N, a post-office of Monongalia co., W.Virginia 
 
 UF'FOKD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 UFFOKD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 UFOl'KUE, a creek of Alabama, flows through Macon 
 CO. into Tallapoosa River, about 10 miles W. by N. of 
 Tuskegee. 
 
 UFTO.V, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 UFTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 UG'liOKOUGll, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 UGEIN, a city of Central Ilindostan. See Oojei.v. 
 
 UGENTO, oo-jin'to, (anc. UxenHum.) a small town of 
 Naples, province of Otranto, li miles S.E. of Gallipoli. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 UGOESIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 UGGIAXODELLA-CUIESA, ood-jj^no dJl/li ke-.VsJ, a 
 town of Naples, province of Otranto, 23 miles S.E. of Lecce. 
 Pop. 1517. 
 
 UGGIANO-MONTE-FUSCOLI, oo-ji'no mon'til foo.s/ko-le, a 
 town of Naples, province of Otranto, E.S.E. of Taranto. 
 Pop. 500. 
 
 UGIE, oo'ghee, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises 
 at the village of Aberdour, 2J miles from the N. coast, flows 
 S.E., and enters the North Sea, 2 miles N.W. of Peterhead, 
 after a course of 21 miles. Principal affluent, the Deer. It 
 Is navigable for about 1? miles. 
 
 UGIJAll, UXIXAR or UJIJAR, oo-He-HaR', a town of 
 Spain, Andalusia, province and 50 miles S.E. of Granada, 
 on the Ugijar. It has a town-house, prison, college, a 
 school, academy, and a hospital. Pop. 3002. 
 
 UGINE, oo'je-ni, a town of the Sardinian States, province 
 of Upper Savoy, on the Arley, IS miles S.E. of Annecy. It 
 has several interesting anti(j[uities, the remains of an ancient 
 castle. Pop. 2944. 
 
 UG'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 UGhlANO, ool-yJ/no, or UGLIAN, ool-ydn', an island of 
 Dalmatia, Adriatic, opposite the city of Zara, from whi^h it 
 is separated by a channel 3 miles across. Length 14 miles, 
 breadth 2 miles. 
 
 UGLITCII, a town of Russia. See Ooglitch. 
 
 UGOCS, oo'goch/. a county in the N.E. part of Hungary, 
 bounded N. and N.AV. by the county of Beregh, S.W. and S. 
 by Szalhmar, and E. and N.E. by Marmaros. Area 479 
 wquare miles. Nagy-SzoliJs is the capital. Pop. 48,170. 
 
 UGRA, a river of Russia. See Oogra. 
 
 UGRINOVEZE, oo'gre-no-vJy8eh,(?) a village of Austria, 
 Slavonla. 32 miles S.E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 1647. 
 
 UIIAREE or UWH.^RIE, y u-hS,r'ree. a small river of North 
 Carolina, which flows through Randolph and Montgomery 
 counties, and enters the Yadkin a few miles below the 
 Narrows. 
 
 UlILERSVILLE, ulers-vil, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 UIILERVILLK, a smiill village in the N. part of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River. 
 
 UIILFELD, a town of Bavaria. See Uehlfeld. 
 
 UUKF.\IIR, ooR'fan, a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, on 
 the Drave. opywsite to Lientz. Pop. 2589. 
 
 UIIItlCKSVILLE, u'riks-vil, a thriving post-village of 
 Mill town.^hip, Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on Stillwater Creek, 
 about 100 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is at the head of slack- 
 water navigation, a few miles from the Ohio Canal. Pop. in 
 I860, 646. 
 
 UI. a river of West Siberia. See Ooi. 
 
 UIG. tig, a district comprising the W. part of Lewis Island, 
 Hebrides. Scotland, and. with the islands of Bernera, Vuia- 
 Tore, and Pabbay, forming a parish of the county of Ross. 
 Area 275 pquare miles. Pop. in 1851. 3209. 
 
 TJIST. (wist or list.) NORTH, an island and parish of the 
 Outer Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, 2j miles N. of 
 the island of Benbecula, and separated on the N.E. from 
 Harris by the Sound of Harris, 8 miles across. Shape very 
 Irregular. Length 17 miles, breadth from 3 to 12 miles, 
 fop. in 1851, 3302. Its E. part is a dreary, marshy moorland. 
 Indented by the ramifications of Lochs Maddy and Evort. 
 and containing several inland lakes. Its W. part is hilly or 
 mountainous, comprising some tracts of very fertile land, on 
 which oats, barley, and potatoes aie raised. It contains Ben- 
 Croghan. a mountain 1500 feet abo^ e the sea, and several bold 
 headlands, with gome remarkable caves. With Balighare, 
 
 Gramesay, Illery, Ronay, and other adjacent islands, it forms 
 a parish. Pop. in 1861. 3988. 
 
 UIST, SOUTH, a parish and the largest island of the Outer 
 Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, S. of Harris, separated 
 from Benbecula on the N. by a rocky strait, 1 mile across. 
 Length 22 miles, greatest breadth 8 miles. Estimated area, 
 110 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 4006. Like North Ulst, its 
 E. coast i« indented by lochs, and it confciins several lakes; 
 a band of fertile country borders its W. coast; elsewhere 
 it is an alluvial plain of peat, interspersed with mountains, 
 among which Mount. Hecla rises to 2500 or 3000 feet above 
 the sea. AVith the islands of Benbecula, Eri.skay. and Bona, 
 it forms a parish, pop. in 1851, 6173; of whom about five- 
 sevenths are Roman Catholics. The population of both 
 North and South Uist are in general miserably poor, anO! 
 chiefly engaged in fishing and rural labor. Many go annu 
 ally to Skye and other parts of West Scotland, and they 
 have emigrated largely to America and Australia. 
 
 UITE.MIAGE, oiHfU-hi'ohfh. a division of the Cape 
 Colony, South Africa, between lat. 33° and 34° S., and Ion. 
 23° 30' and 26° 30' E., having S. the ocean. Area 8960 
 square miles. Pop. 11,000. It is watered by the Camtoos 
 and Sunday Rivers. Coal, iron, argentiferous lead, and 
 copper are procurable, and near the coast are valuable salt- 
 pans. Principal towns, Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth. 
 
 UlTENHAGE, South Africa, Cape Colony, the capital of 
 the above district, is situated on the Zwartkops liiver. 18 
 miles N.W. of Port Elizabeth, with which, and with Gra- 
 ham's Town, Albany, it has an active trade. It has a Re- 
 formed church, Wcsleyan and Independent chapels, and a 
 free school. 
 
 UITGEEST. oifrHalst/, a village of the Netherlands, North 
 Holland, S. of Alkmaar. Pop. 1200. 
 
 UlTHUIZEN, oit-hoi'zen,.a village of the Netherlands, 
 province and 14 miles N.E. of Groningcn. Pop. 3238. 
 
 UlTHUIZERMEEDEN, oit-hoi/zer-moi'dgn, or UlTHUIS, 
 TEBMEEDEN, oit-hois'tfr-miMpn, a village of Holland, pro- 
 vince and 16 miles N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 2202. 
 
 UJ, oo'e, a Hungarian word signifying " new," prefixed to 
 many places in Hungary ; as Uj Vab; (t. e. " new fort,") ic. 
 For those not undermentioned, see additional name. 
 
 UJEST, oo'yJst, a village of Prussian Silesia, 28 miles S.E. 
 of Oppeln, on the railway to Kosel. Pop. 433. 
 
 UJHELY-SATORALJA, oo/e-hSr s|Ho'r('jl/yOh\ a market- 
 town of Hungary, co. and 9 miles W.S.W. of Zemplin, on 
 the Rougyva. Pop. 6548. 
 
 UJHELY VAGH, oo'e-hll* v|g, a market-town of Hungary, 
 CO. of Neutra. Pop. 5417. 
 
 UJIJ.\R, a town of Spain. See Ugijar. 
 
 UJLAK. a town of Slavonia, See Illok. 
 
 UJVAROS, oo\>-vd/rosh\ a market-town of Hungary, co 
 of Szabolez, 16 miles N.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 6719. 
 
 UJVIDEK, a town of Hungary. See NECS.tTZ. 
 
 UKRAINE, u/krane or oo-krane', (Polish Ukraina, oo-kr3- 
 ee'nd. " a frontier,") an old subdivision of Russia and South- 
 Ea.«t Poland, comprising the country now subdivided among 
 the governments of Kiev, Poltava, and Kharkov, and tra- 
 versed by the rivers Dnieper and Donets, with their afflu- 
 ents. Its capital city was Kiev. 
 
 ULAI. See Kakoon. 
 
 ULLO'A, or ULAO, Wisconsin. See Appendix. 
 
 UL.\SH. a village of Asia Minor. See Oolash. 
 
 ULCEBY, fils/bee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 7 
 miles S.E. of Barton-on-Humber, with a station on thej^in- 
 colnshire Railway. 
 
 ULCEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 85 milea 
 S.W. of Alford. A lofty hill in this parish, called the Bull's 
 Head, serves as a landmark to navigators. 
 
 UL'COFAUHACH'EE or AL'COFAUHATCH'EE. a small 
 river in the N. central part of Georgia, rises in Gwinnett 
 CO., flows southward, and enters the Ocmulgee River, on the 
 boundary between Butts and Jasper counties. It is some- 
 times called the Alcovy. 
 
 UUCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 UL'DALE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 ULE.\. oo-l.Va, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles 
 N.W. of Murcia, near the Segura. Pop. 1181. 
 
 ULEA, (Ule3,i oole-o. or ULEO, a river of Rus.sia, Finland, 
 issues from the N.W. extremity of a lake of same name, flows 
 N.W., and aftet- a course of about 180 miles falls into the 
 Gulf of Bothnia near Uledfeorg. Before it reaches its moutU 
 it divides into four branches and forms several cataracts. 
 
 ULEABORG. (Uledborg.) oo/le-o-boBgS a seaport town of 
 Finland, capital of a \wb. on a peninsula at the mouth of 
 the Vh-A in the Gulf of Bothnia, 72 miles S.S.E. of TorneS. 
 Pop. 6000. Mean temperature of year. 31°.8; .winter 8°.4, 
 summer 55°.4 Fahrenheit. Since its destruction by fire, in 
 1825. it has been rebuilt in a regular style, and it is, after 
 Abo. the principal commercial town of Finland. Chief ex- 
 ports, pitch, tar. fish, and salted provisions. It was founded 
 in 1610. and belonged to Sweden till 1809. On an adjacent 
 island is the Castle of Uledborg. built in 1590. 
 
 ULE.l-TRASK, oo'le-o tnlsk, a lake of Finland, govern- 
 ment and 50 miles S.E. of Uleilborg. of very irregular shape, 
 35 miles in length by 10 miles in average breadth. It re- 
 
 ly77 
 
ULE 
 
 UMB 
 
 eel.' i! s .Yeral rivers from the E., and discharges its surplus 
 wattTij into th'i Gulf of Bothnia by the river Uled, 75 miles 
 in leugth. 
 
 ULEO, a river of Russia. See TJlea. 
 
 ULEY, a parish of Enjjland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 ULIA. See Montemator. 
 
 ULIARUS. See Ol£ro.v. 
 
 ULTE (oo'lee) ISLANDS, a group of 13 islands in the Ta- 
 cific Ocean, forming a portion of the Carolines. 
 
 ULITEA or TJLIETA. See R.uatea. 
 
 ULLA, ool'yd, a river of Spain. Galicia, enters the Bay of 
 Arosa, after a S.TT. course of 80 miles. 
 
 UL'LAII-BUND.a mound in Sinde, 20 miles X. of Luckput, 
 thrown up by an earthquake, in 1819, across the Poorana, 
 or E. branch of the Indus, which, however, in 1826, burst 
 through it, forming a channel 35 yards wide, and 30 feet 
 deep. 
 
 Uli^L-APOOT/, a maritime village of Scotland, counties of 
 Cromarty and Ross, on the W. coast, N. of Loch Broom, 35 
 miles N.W. of Dingwall. Pop. 790, mostly employed in 
 fishing. The village was built in 1788, by the British Fish- 
 ery Society, but the failure of the herring fishery has re- 
 duced it to insignificance. Its harbor is good, and steamers 
 ply to Portree and Stornoway. 
 
 UI/LARD, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Carlow, 2^ 
 miles N.N.E. of Graigue. It has remains of a castle and 
 eome ecclesiastical edifices. 
 
 L'LLDECOXA, ooI-dA-ko'nl, a town of Spain, province of 
 Tarragona, 15 miles S.S.W. of Torto.sa. Pop. 4617. 
 
 ULLERSDORF, GROSS, groce ooUlers-doKr, a village of 
 Austria, Moravia, circle of Olmutz, with a castle. Pop. 2114. 
 
 ULLERSDORF, NEU, (noi.) or LOSINA-XOWA, lo-zee'ud 
 no'wa. a village of Austria, Moravia, circle of Olmutz. P. 819. 
 
 ULLERSDORF, NIEDER, (iree/dgr,) a village of Bohemia, 
 circle of Koiiiggratz. Pop. 1067. 
 
 ULLESKKLFE, ul.s'kjlf, a township of England, co. of 
 York, West Riding, with a station ou the Nolrth Midland 
 Kailway, 9 miles S.W. of York. 
 
 ULLESTIIORPE, tils'thorp, a hamlet of England, co. of 
 Leicester, 3 miles X.VT. of Lutterworth. Pop. iu 1851, 592. 
 It has a station on the Jlidland Counties Railway. 
 
 ULLESWATER. See Ullswater. 
 
 UL'LID, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 UI/LIN, a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, 20 miles 
 from Cairo. 
 
 UL'LINGSWICK, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 ULLOA, ool-yo'i, or ULUA, co-loo's, a river of Central 
 America, Honduras, flows first N.W., then N.. and after a 
 course of about 160 miles falls into the Gulf of Honduras. 
 It is partly navigable by vessels of 200 tons. 
 
 ULLOA, SAN JUAN DE. See San Joan de Ulda. 
 
 ULLSWATER or ULLESWATER, Qlz'wA-ter, the largest 
 of the English lakes, next to Windermere, from which it is 
 8 miles N., between the counties of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland, 5 miles S.W. of Penrith. Length 9 miles; ave- 
 rage breadth 1 mile ; depth 210 feet. Near its S.W. extre- 
 mity it is bordered by the mountai,n Ilelvellyn ; and its 
 scenery, though not equal to that of Windermere in pic- 
 turesque beauty, far surpasses it in grandeur. 
 
 ULM, film, (Ger. pron. oOlm,) a frontier town of Wurtem- 
 berg, capital of the circle of Danube, 46 miles S.E. of Stutt- 
 gart, on the left bank of the Danube, where it begins to be 
 navigable, and a station on the Augsburg and Ulm Railway, 
 66^ miles from Augsburg. Pop. 22,736. Mean temperature 
 of year 47°; winter 29^.3, summer 63°.6, Fahrenheit. It is 
 antiquated and dull, but has a fine Gothic cathedral, a town- 
 hall, government and custom-house, a corn-hall, arsenal, 
 gymnasium, hospitals, theatre ; and manufactures of tobac- 
 co, pipe-bowls, playing cards, leather, vinegar, and linen 
 fabrics; building docks, and an active transit trade. Ulm 
 was long an imperial free town, strongly fortified, and a mili- 
 tary post of much importance In the German wars. Here, 
 on the 17th October, 1805. General Mack, with near 30,000 
 Austrian troops, capitulated to Napoleon, without firing a 
 shot. As a Germanic fortress it is garrisoned during peace 
 by W Urtemberg and Bavarian troops, and a body of Aus- 
 trian artillery. In time of war one-third of the force is 
 Austrian. 
 
 ULM, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, 10 miles 
 K.E. of Offenburg. Pop. 588. 
 
 ULM, NEU, (nol,) a village of Bavaria, on the Danube, 
 opposite Ulm, being a suburb of that town. 
 
 ULMB.\CIL uolm'bilK. a village of Hesse-Cassel, province 
 of Ilanau, near Salmiinster, on a stream of same name. 
 Pop. 1282. 
 
 ULRICEIIAMN, ool-ree's.i-ham, formerly BEGESUND, 
 b4'gbJh-soond\ a town of South Sweden, la'n and 54 miles 
 S.E. of Wenersborg, on Lake Asunda. Pop. 1645. 
 
 UL/STER. the most N. province of Ireland, between lat. 5.3° 
 46' at.3 55° 26' X.. and Ion. 5° 24' and 8° 45' W., having S. Lein- 
 ster. S.W. Counaught, W. and N. the Atlantic Ocean. E. the 
 Irish Sea and the North Channel. In one part separated only 
 by 13 miles from the Mull of Kintvre, Scotland. Area 852S 
 nquiire miles, or 5,457,820 acres; of which 3,407,539 are esti- 
 mated to tie arable, 1,764,370 uncultivated, and 214,856 under 
 1878 
 
 water. Pop. in 1841. 2,286,622. and in 1851. 2.011,786, Ihema- 
 jority being I'rotestants. Shores mostly bold and rocky, and 
 on the N. and E. are remarkable basaltic cliiTs, including the 
 Oiai t's Causew.iy. Principal headlands, Malin, Teelin, and 
 Fair Heals, respectively the N.W. and N.E. extremities; 
 and l;ere are the large inlets, Donegal Bay on the W.. Loughs 
 Swilly : nd Koyle on the N., Belfast Lough and Dundrum 
 B.ay in the E. Surface very much diversified; mountainous 
 inthe W., where sever.il summits rise to upwards of 2000 
 feet; the province is more free from bosrs and plains thau 
 the other parts of Ireland. It contains the large lakes 
 called Loughs Neagh, Strangord, and Erne ; principal rivers, 
 the Bann, Foyle, Erne, and eome tributaries of the Shan- 
 non. It is traversed by the Ulster Canal, 24 miles iu length, 
 and connecting Loughs Neagh and Erne: and the Ulster 
 Railway, between Belfa.st, Armagh, and Dallymena. This 
 province is the head-quarters of the Irish linen manu- 
 facture, and of other branches of manufacturing industry 
 iu Ireland, which h.ave their chief seat at Belfast ; the 
 annual value of the linens made is estimated at 5,000,001)^, 
 and the manufactures employ 170.0(K) hands. The province 
 is divided into the counties of Donegal, Londonderry, An- 
 trim, Down, Armagh, Mouaghan, Cavan, Fermanagh, and 
 Tyrone. 
 
 ULSTER, OOl'ster, a river of Central Germany, rises in the 
 Rhiingebirge, Bavaria, circle of Lower Francouia. flows N. 
 for 30 miles past Thanu and Geysa, and joins the Werra, 
 2 miles W. of Vach. It partly forms the frontier between 
 Saxe-Weimar and Hesse-Cas.<el. 
 
 UL/STER, a county in the E.S.E. part of New York, has 
 an area of about 1150 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by the Hudson River, and is drained by Rondout, Wal- 
 kill, Neversiuk, and Shawaugunk Rivers, and by Esopus 
 Creek, which supply motive power. The surface is gene- 
 rally uneven and mountainous, the Catskill and Shawan- 
 gunk Ridges traversing the county. The soil is usually 
 productive where not too rugged for cultivation. Iron ore, 
 limestone, slate, and marl are abundant, and lead, plum- 
 bago, coal, and alum have been found. The Hudson River 
 is navigable for .ships along its entire eastern border. The 
 county is intersected by the Delaware and Hudson Canal. 
 Named from Ulster, a province of Ireland. Capital, Kings- 
 ton. Pop. 76,381. 
 
 ULSTER, New York. See Saugerties. 
 
 UI>STER, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the right bank of the North Branch of the Susquehanna 
 River, and on the North Branch Canal. Pop. 1073. 
 
 ULSTER. NEW. the N. Island of New Zeaiaxd. which see. 
 
 UL'STERVILLE, a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, 
 about 90 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 ULTIMA TIIULE, ul'te-m.a thu/lt^e, a post-office of Sevier 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 UL'TING, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 ULU.\, a river of Central America. See Ulloa. 
 
 ULUBAD, oo-loo-b3d/,(?) a village of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 
 near the W. end of Abullionte, 32 miles W. of Brusa, with a 
 large ruined Bvzantine fortress. 
 
 ULUL.\-DELCAMPO, oo-loonl dJl kim'po, a town of 
 Spain, Andalusia, province and about 30 miles from Aim©- 
 ria, on a gentle height. Pop. 1600. 
 
 UL'VA, an island of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. of 
 Argyle, separated by narrow straits from the W. coast of 
 Mull, and the E. of Gometra Island. Length 5 miles; 
 breadth 2 miles. Pop. 800. Surface mountainous and ba- 
 saltic, rising in terraces to 1400 feet in height. 
 
 UL'VERSTONE, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. and 16 miles N.W. of Lancaster, on the N.W. side of 
 Morecambe Bay. Pop. of the town in 1S51, 6433. The town 
 has various churches, dissenting chapels, and minor schools, 
 two libraries, assembly rooms, theatre, and savings bank. 
 Besides the parish church, there are six other perpetual 
 curacies. Conishead Priory is 2 miles S. A canal, 1^ miles 
 in length, connects the town with Morecambe Bay, navig.a- 
 ble for vessels of 200 tons. Manufactures of coarse cottons 
 and linens, rope, hats, and woollen yarn are carried on, 
 with some ship-ljuilding. and a coa-sting trade in iron ore, 
 pig and bar iron, limestone, slates, and corn. Port subordi- 
 nate to that of Lancaster. 
 
 ULYSSES, u-lis's4z, a township of Tompkins CO., New 
 York, on the W. side of Cayuga Lake, 9 miles N.W. of Ithaca 
 Pop. 3329. 
 
 ULYSSES, a post'township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 15 miles N.E. by E. of Coudersport. Pop. 993. 
 
 ULYSSES CENTRE, a post-oilice. Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ULZEX, a town of Hanover. See Uelzen. 
 
 UM,\N. a town of Ru.«.«ia. See Ooman. 
 
 UM'B.iGOG L.4KE, of New England, is situated partly iu 
 Oxford county, Maine, and partly in Coos county. New 
 Hampshire. Its length is about 12 miles, and its breadth 
 varies from 1 to 5 miles. The outlet unites with the Mar- 
 gallaway River to form the .Androscoggin. 
 
 UMB.AL'L.AH. a town of Hindcstan. and an important 
 station of British subsidiary troops, capit.il of a smull chiof 
 ship, in the Sikh territory, province aud 120 miles N.N.AV. 
 of Delhi, on the route to Lahore. 
 
UMB 
 
 UM'BKT;, a town of IXindostan, Nizam's dominions, 35 
 inilcx ?.K. of Auniugabad. 
 
 UMBllK or UMHKKII, oom'brA or oom'brfh, a river of 
 Africa, an affluent of the Congo. 
 
 UMliRKTK, oombri'ta, a village of Spain, Andalusia, pro- 
 Tince and 9 miles S.W. of Seville, with a beautiful palace 
 and 1,'arden belonging to the Archbishop of Seville. 1*. 1835. 
 
 UMIJIIIATICO, oom-bre-d/te-ko, a marljet-town of Naples, 
 province of Calabria Ultra I., 2i milea N.N.W. of Cotrone. 
 Pop. liOO. 
 
 U.MBKO. See Ombrone. 
 
 UJICOL'CUS, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 U.MKA, (Umed,) oo'me-o, a river of Sweden, rises on the 
 E. slope of the mountains which ."ieparate Norway from Swe- 
 den, iu hit. 66° N., flows S.E., forming several lakes by its 
 expansion, and falls into the Gulf of IJothnia by a wide 
 embouchure, a little below the town of UmeS, after a course 
 of above 250 miles. The water, which at its mouth is about 
 15 feet deep, is only 8 feet at Umed. 
 
 UMHA, (Umeil,), a seaport town of North Sweden, capital 
 of a Isen near the mouth of the UmeA Kiver. in tlie Gulf 
 of Bothni.a, 95 miles N.E. of Hernosand. Lat. 6.3° 49' 5" N., 
 Ion. 20° 18' l-;. Pop. 1410. It is mostly built of wood, and 
 has been twice destroyed by fire by the Kussians. It has 
 two ?afe harbors. 
 
 UyrKKRGIIUR'or AM^EERGHUR', a considerable town 
 of Iliiidostiin, Kajpootana, dominion and 128 miles S.K. of 
 Jiimliwor, with several temples, and a manufactory of chintz. 
 Near it is a strong fort. 
 
 lliLMENDORF, oOm'men-doRf', a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Saxony, government and W. of Magdeburg. Pop, 
 1015. 
 
 UMMERAPOORA, Burmah. See Amarapoob.4. 
 
 L'MM-ER-R'BIEII, a river of Morocco. See Morbeta. 
 
 U.MMERSTADT, oi:>m'mer-stdtt\ a town of Central Ger- 
 many, Saxe-Meiningen, principality aud 12 miles S.E. of 
 Ilildburghausen. Pop. 726. 
 
 UMPQOA, ump'quaw, a county in the W. part of Oregon, 
 has an area estimated at alwve 1500 square miles. It ig 
 bounded on the ^V^ by the Pticific. and is drained by the 
 Cmpqua River, from which it derives its name. This county 
 was formed since 1850. Pop. 1250. 
 
 UM I'QUA CITY, a post-village of Umpqua co., Oregon, on 
 the Umpqua River, a short distance above its mouth, about 
 100 miie.s S.S.W. of Salem. 
 
 U.MIMTSIR, a city of the Punjab. See AjraiTSF.ER. 
 
 UM.STADT, Oom'stdtt, a town of Germany, Hes.*e-Darm- 
 Htadt. province of Starkenburg, capital of a district ia the 
 OdenwalJ. 13 miles E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2699. 
 
 UMZIX YATI, um-zin-yd'tee, or BUFFALO RIVER, a river 
 of South East Africa, forming the N.E. boundary of the 
 British territory of Natal, rises in the Drakenburg Moun- 
 tains, flows E.S.E., and joins the Tugela, 50 miles from its 
 mouth in the Indian Ocean. 
 
 UMZIMKULU, oom'zim-koo-loo', OM'ZIMKOLO' or UM- 
 ZTMKUr,W.\NA. oomzim-kool-wi'n,^, a river of South-east 
 Afric a. forming the S.AV. frontier of Natal. 
 
 UNA, oo'nd, a river of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, flows 
 E. for 60 miles, and falls into the sea by a large mouth 40 
 miles N, of the mouth of the Iguape. 
 
 UNA, a river of Brazil, forming the boundary between 
 the provinces of Alagoas and Pernambuco, falls into the 
 ocean about 12 miles N. of the Barra-Grand, after a course 
 of 150 miles. Its mouth is wide, and admits barges, which 
 ascend to tlie forests on its banks and those of the Jacuhipe, 
 and take in cargoes of excellent timber. 
 
 UNA, a river of Brazil, province of Bahia, flows E., pass- 
 ing the town of Oliveug.a, aud about 4 miles below falls into 
 the ocean. 
 
 UNA, a small river of Brazil, province of Rio de .Taneiro, 
 falls into the sea between Cape Buzios and the mouth of 
 the Sao .loao. 
 
 U.\\\D1L'LA, a small river near the centre of New York, 
 forms the boundary between Otsego county on the left, and 
 Madi.-ion and Chenango counties on the right. It flows into 
 the lOast Branch of the Susquehanna River. 
 
 UNADIIjLA, a po.st-village aud township at the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of Ot«ego CO., New York, on the E. side of Unadilla 
 Kiver. about 100 miles W.S.W. of Albany, The village, on 
 the .Susquehanna River, contains a bank, and several mills 
 and stores. Pop. of the township. 2702. 
 
 UXADILL.*^, a post-village and township of Livingston 
 CO., Michigan, on Portjige Kiver, about 33 miles S.E. of Lan- 
 rtng. l»op. 1110. 
 
 U.VADILLA CENTRE, a postrvillage of Otsego CO., New 
 York, about 30 miles S.W. of Cooperstown. 
 
 UN.^DILLA FORKS, a post-village of Otsego co.. New 
 York, on the Unadilla Kiver. at the junction of its branches, 
 about 85 miles W. by N. of Albany, It contains several 
 niills and factories. 
 
 U'NAKA or U'NIKA MOUNTAINS, a name given to a 
 portion of the Appalachian Mountains, dividing North Ca- 
 rolina from Tennessee, and situated S.W. from the Tennes- 
 Bfce River. 
 
 UN.'VLASCIIKA. See Ooxal-^sk-V. 
 
 UNI 
 
 UNARE, oo-n3/r\ a river of South America, Tenezneta, 
 enters the Caribbean Sea, 40 miles W. of Barcelona, after a 
 N. course of 120 miles. Near iU source is the village of 
 Un.ire 
 
 UNCASTILLO, oon-ki^s-teel/yo, a town of Spain, province 
 and 43 miles N.N.W. of Saragossa, Pop. 2113. It has an 
 old castle, and remains of an ancient aqueduct. 
 
 UN'DEKBARKOW, a ehapelry of England, co. of West- 
 moreland. 
 
 UN/DERCLIFF, a maritime tract of the Isle of Wight, 
 extending along its S. coast from Niton, 5 miles eastward to 
 Boncliurch. It averages three-fourths of a mile in width, 
 and has been formed by a landslip from a range of chalk, 
 cliffs, which bound it on the land side, whiire they form an 
 abrupt wall from 90 to 120 feet in height. It is highly pic- 
 turesque. 
 
 UN'CASVILLE, a post-village of Montville town.ship. New 
 London co., Connecticut, uear the New London Williuiantic 
 and Palmer Railroad, about 6 miles N. of New London. It 
 contains a cotton-mill, dyeing establishment. &c. Name do- 
 rived from Uncas, a celebrated Indian chief. 
 
 UN'DEKIIILL, a posttownship in Chittenden CO., Ver- 
 mont. 23 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1637, 
 
 UN/DERHILL CENTRE, a postofftce of Chittenden CO., 
 Vermont. 
 
 UN'DERMILI/BECK, a township of England, co. of West- 
 moreland. 
 
 UN'DEROOT' or ANDEROT, Indian Ocean, the largest of 
 the Laccadive Islands, which see, 
 
 UN'DEK-SKID/DAW, a township of England, co. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 UNDERWALDEN. See Untekwaldes. 
 
 UN'DEKWOOD. a post-office of Hopkins co., Kentucky. 
 
 UNDERWOODS, a post-otlice of Marion co., Ohio. 
 
 UN/DY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 UNGARN, a country of Europe. See Hungary. 
 
 UNGAVA, ting-gah'va, or SOUTH BAY. a bay in the N. 
 part of Labrador, extending southward from Hudson's 
 Strait. It receives the Koksoak River, 
 
 UNGHERIA. See Hungary, 
 
 UNGIIVAR or UXGVAR, oongVdR/, a market-town of 
 North-East Hungary, capital of a county, on the Ungh, 80 
 miles N, N.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 5000, It has Roman Catho- 
 lic and Greek United churches, and a trade in wines. 
 
 UNGI, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See Tavoos. 
 
 UXGRIA. See Hu.ngary. 
 
 UNIE, oon'yi, an island in the Adriatic, 16 miles S.E. of 
 Istria. Length 6 miles, breadth 2 miles. Pop. 300. 
 
 UNIEII, a town of Asia Minor, See Unyeh, 
 
 UNIEJOW, oon-yA'yov, a town of Poland, on the Warta, 
 34 miles N.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 800. 
 
 UNION, yoon'yrm, a county In tho E. central part of Penn- 
 sylvania, contains about 300 square miles. Tlie entire east- 
 ern boundary is formed by the Susquehanna River, together 
 with its West Branch. It is partly bounded on the south 
 by Penn's Creek, and ia drained also by Buffalo and W'hite 
 Deer Creeks. The surface is diversified by minor ridges of 
 tlie Alleghany Mountains, the names of whicli are Buffalo, 
 Nittany, Shade, and Jack's Mountains. Tlie soil of the 
 valleys, especially that of Buffalo Creek, is extremely fertile. 
 Iron and limestone are the most valuable minerals. The 
 creek affords motive-power for numerous mills and facto- 
 ries. The Susquehanna Canal passes along the eastern 
 border. Formed in 1813. Capital, New Berlin. Popula- 
 tion 14,145. 
 
 UNION, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, bor- 
 dering on South Carolina: area estimated at 500 square 
 miles. It is drained by Richardson's and War.^aw Creeks. 
 The surface is undulating or hilly; a portion of the soil is 
 productive. Granite underlies a part of the surface, and 
 extensive beds of slate suitable for building Sre found in 
 other parts. Several rich gold-mines are worked, and it is 
 stated that lumps have been found worth fnini J;2000 to 
 S3000 each. Hones or whetstones of fine quality are found 
 8 miles from Monroe. According to some accounts. General 
 Andrew Jackson was born in this county, about a quarter 
 of a mile from the border of South Carolina. Formed in 
 the year 1842, from parts of Anson and Mecklenburg coun- 
 ties. Capital, Monroe. Pop. 11,202; of whom 8956 were 
 free, and 2246 slaves. 
 
 UNION, a district in the N, part of South Carolina, con- 
 tains about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the Broad Kiver, on the S. by the Ennoree, and intersected 
 by the Pacolet and Tyger Rivers. The surface is hilly, the 
 soil productive, and well watered. This district is remarkable 
 for mineral wealth: one gold-mine is worked with profit; 
 iron ore of fine quality is found in immense quantities; and 
 granite is one of the principal rocks. It is intersected by 
 the Spartanburg and Union Railroad, The streams furnish 
 motive-power for mills, &c. Capital, Unionville, Pop. 19,^5, 
 of whom 8S34 were free, and 10,801 slaves. 
 
 UNION, a county in the N. part of Georgia, bordering on 
 Noith Carolina,contains about 400 scjuare miles. It is drained 
 by the head streams of tlie Hiawassee, Notley, and Tocoa 
 Rivers, which flow northwestward to the Tennessee Rivor. 
 
 1979 
 
 
UNI 
 
 T&e county is travel sed by the Blue Ridge, serernl peaks of 
 wliicli nro distinguisheti by the names 6f Ivy Log, Coopers, 
 Track Itock. and Kouud Top Mountains. Pilot Mountain, 
 situated in the N.K. part, is said to be very difficult of ascent; 
 the N.W. side, according to White's Statistics, is 400 yard s 
 perpendicular. Union county abounds in valuable minerals, 
 particularly iron, granite, marble, and gold. Several mines 
 of gold are worked, which are said to be rich ; and a few 
 diamonds have been found. Organized in 1S32. Capital, 
 Blairsvilie. Pop. 4413, of whom 4297 wore free, and 116 
 slaves. 
 
 IJXION, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, bordering 
 on Arkansas, contains about 1000 square mile.«. It is tounded 
 on the K. by Washita Kiver. and intersected by its affluents, 
 the D'Arbonne and Lutre Bayous. The surface is diversified 
 by pine-clad hills of moderate height. The soil is sandy and 
 fertile. Extensive forests of pine, oak, and hickory are found 
 here. The Washit.a is navigated by steamboats on the bor- 
 der of the pari.'h, and the D'Arbonne is navigable to Farmers- 
 ville, the seiit of justice. Pop. 10,3S9, of whom C04i were 
 free, and 3745 slaves. 
 
 UNION, a county in the S. part of Arkansas, bordering 
 on Louisiana : area about 1000 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the N.W. by Washita Rivor, and drained by Siilphur 
 Creek and the North Fork of the Bayou D'Arbonne. The 
 surface is moderately hilly ; the soil is sandy and productive. 
 In ISoO it produce<l 7037 bales of cotton ; 93.060 bushels of 
 sweet potatoes. The quantity of sweet potatoes was the 
 greatest produced in any county of the state; and the 
 quantity of cotton greater than in any except Chicot county. 
 The Washita River is navigable by steamboats. In 1850, 
 Union was the most populous county in the state. Capital, 
 El Dorado. Pop. 12,288, ot whom 5957 were free, and 6331 
 Elaves. 
 
 UNION, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky, bonler- 
 ing on the Ohio River, which separates it from Indiana and 
 Illinois, has an area estimated at 350 square miles. The 
 Ohio River washes the whole western and part of the north- 
 ern border : Tradewater Creek forms its boundary on the 
 S.W., and Highland Creek on the N.E. The surface is level. 
 Undulating, and hilly ; the soil is good. Extensive beds of 
 bituminous coal, and several sulphur and chalybeate springs 
 are found in it. Formed in 1811. Capital, Morganfield. 
 Pop. 12,791, of whom 9t5^C were free, and 3105 slaves. 
 
 UNION, a county in the W. central part of Ohio, contains 
 about 445 S(iuare miles. It is draine<l by Darby, Mill, Rush, 
 and Boques Creeks, affluents of the Scioto River. The sur- 
 face is generally level, and heavily timbered, except some 
 prairies of small extent : the soil is very fertile. Valuable 
 limestone quarries are worked in the eastern port. Three 
 railroads traverse the county, the Springfield and Delaware, 
 the Columbus and Ui banna, and the Atlantic and Ureut 
 Western. Capital, Marysville. Pop. 10,607. 
 
 UNION, a county in the K. part of Indiana, bordering on 
 Ohio, contains 168 square miles. It is drained by the East 
 Fork of Whitewater Kiver. The surface is level in the E., 
 and undulating in the W., and the soil is unilbrmly good. 
 The underlying rock is the blue or Trenton limestone. 
 Union county is liberally supplied with water-power. It is 
 intersected by 1 or 2 railroads leading to Cincinnati. Capi- 
 tal, Liberty. Pop. 7109. 
 
 UNION, a county near the S. extremity of Illinois, has 
 an area of about 320 square miles. The Mississippi River 
 forms its western boundary, and the county is drained by 
 Clear Creek. The surface is diversified, and in some parts 
 hilly; the soil is fertile. This county is rich in minerals, 
 among which are iron, lead, stone-coal, chalk, porcelain 
 clay, alum, and coppera.s. Saltpetre caves are numerous. 
 The lead-mines have not been much explored; the beds of 
 coal and porcelain are extensive. The Central Railroad 
 passes throijgh the county. Capital, Jonesborough'. Popu- 
 lation 11,181. 
 
 UNION, a county in the S.S.W. part of Iowa, lias an area 
 of 432 square miles. It is drained by Grand River, and 
 several of its affluents, or forks, and by Platte River which 
 rises within it. The surface is rolling or nearly level; 
 the soil is fertile. Capital, Alton. Population ia ISCO, 
 2012. 
 
 UNION, a post-township of Knox Co., Maine, 28 mileM 
 S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1957. 
 
 UNION, a pos^ofBc« of Carroll co., New Hampshire. 
 
 UNION, a post-township of Tolland CO., Connecticut, 33 
 miles N.E. of Hartford. Pop. 732. 
 
 U.MON. a small village of Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 about 15 miles X. by W. of Providence. 
 
 UNION, a thriving postrvillage and township of Broome 
 CO., New York, in the valley of Nanticoke Creek, the village 
 half a mile from the Union Station of the New York and 
 Erie Railroad, 224 miles from New York City. Settled in 
 178'J, by Judge Mersereau. Pop. of the village, about 1200 ; 
 of the townsiiip, 2092. 
 
 UNION, a township of Camden Co., New Jersey. Popu- 
 lation 2^65. 
 
 UNION, a post-town.ship of Union co.. Now Jersey, about 
 46 miles N.E. of Treutou. Pop. 1812. 
 X9S0 
 
 UNI 
 
 UNION or CONNECTICUT FARMS, a post-village in th« 
 above township, abo\it 50 miles N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 UNION, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 1118, 
 
 UNION, a township of Bedford Co., Pennsylvania. P.1704. 
 
 UNION, a town.-hip of Berks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1968. 
 
 UNION, a township of Clearfield co., l'enn.-<yl vania. P. 296. 
 
 UNION, a town^liip of Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1949. 
 
 UNION, a towuship of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, coutainn 
 the county-seat. 
 
 UNION, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 8 
 miles S. from Huntingdon. Pop. 897. 
 
 UNION, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. P. 532. 
 
 UNION, a town.ship of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. P. 1590. 
 
 UN ION, a towusliip of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. P. 1029. 
 
 UNiriN, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. P. 1415. 
 
 UNION, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, inter- 
 sected by the Catawissa Rjiilroad. Pop. 1849. 
 
 UNION, a township of Tiogii co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1293. 
 
 UNION, a township of Union co, Pennsylvania, contains 
 New Berlin, the county-seat. Pop. 1492. 
 
 UNION, a small village of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 UNION, a village and township of WashingU>n co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 15 miles S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1452. 
 
 UNI<JN, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 UNION, a handsome post-village, capital of Monroe CO., 
 W. Virginia, about 200 miles S. of Wheeling. It contains 2 
 or 3 churches. Pop. about 600. 
 
 UNION, a thriving village of Randolph co., North Caro- 
 lina, on Deep River, a few miles from Ashborough. It has 
 a fine water-power and a cotton factory. 
 
 UNION, a post-office of Washington co.. North Carolina. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Greene, co., Alabama, 33 mileH 
 S.S.W. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 UNION, a small village of Jefferson co., Slissi.ssippi. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Newton co., Mississippi, 75 miles 
 E. of Jackson. 
 
 UNION, a township of Ashley co., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of Conway co., Arkan.siis. 
 
 UNION, a post-township of Fulton CO., Arkan.sas. 
 
 UNION, a township of Greene co., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of Independence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 256. 
 
 UNION, a township of Izard co., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of Lafayette co.. Ai-kansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of I<awrence co., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of Marion co., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of Newton co., .Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of Van Buren co., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a township of White co., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky. 
 
 UNION, a towuship of Belmont CO., Ohio. Pop. 1999. 
 
 UNION, a township of P.rown co., Ohio, on the Ohio River. 
 Pop., including R,ii)ley, 5650. 
 
 UNION, a township of Butler co.. Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cincinnati, Ilajuilton and Dayton Railroad. Popula- 
 tion 2056. 
 
 UNION, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 664. 
 
 UNION, a township of Champiiign co., Ohio. Pop. 16S1. 
 
 UNION, a township of CJermont,co.,01iio. Poj). 2003. 
 
 UNION, a township of Clinton co., Ohio, contains Wil- 
 mington, the county-seat. Pop. 3709. 
 
 UNION, a township of Fayette co, Ohio, contains the 
 county-seat. Pop. 2401. 
 
 UNION, a towuship of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 1G04. 
 
 UNION, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 1457. 
 
 UNION, a township of Knox co., Ohio, partly intersected 
 by the Walhonding and Vernon Rivers. Pop. 1095. 
 
 UNION, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1663. 
 
 UNION, a township of Licking co., Ohio, partly inter- 
 sected by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 2035. 
 
 UNION, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 729. 
 
 UNION, a township of Madison co.. Ohio, intersected by 
 the Columbus and Xenia Railroad. Pop. 1120. 
 
 UNION, a township of Mercer co., Ohio, intersected by 
 St. Mary's River. Pop. 1228. 
 
 UNION, a township of Miami co., Ohio, intersected by 
 Miami River. Pop. 2950. 
 
 UNION, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 UNION, a township of Morgan Co., Ohio. Pop. 1815. 
 
 UNIO.N, a township of Mu.skingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1632. 
 
 UNION, a township of Pike co., Ohio. I'oj). 766. 
 
 UNION, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 883. 
 
 UNION, a township of Ross co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Ohio Canal. Pop. 2"32. 
 
 UNION, a township of Scioto co , Ohio. Pop. 1070. 
 
 UNION, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 771. 
 
 UNION, a township of Union co.. Ohio. Pop. 1109. 
 
 UNION, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 224. 
 
 UNION, a township of Warren co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Little Miami Railroad and the Miami Canal. Pop. 1719. 
 
 UNION or UNION VILLAGE, a Shaker Village in the 
 above township, about .30 nn'los N.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 UNIO.N, a township of Washington co., Ohio, intersects* 
 by the Muskingum Kiver. Pop. 1470. 
 
UNI 
 
 TJXION, a township of Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 16S6. 
 
 UNION, a post-villiige of Cass co., Michigan, 160 miles 
 W'.S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 UNION, a townsliip of Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 703. 
 
 UNION, a townsliip of Uartholoniew co , Indiana. P. 800. 
 
 UNION, a township of Crawford co., Indiana. Pop. 921. 
 
 UMON, a township of l>e Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 1548.« 
 
 UNION, a township of Delaware Co., Indiana. Pop. 1061. 
 
 UNION, a township of EUdiart co., Indiana. Pop. 1193. 
 
 UNION, a township of Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. 976. 
 
 UNION, a township of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 UNION, a township of Hancock CO., Indiana. 
 
 UNION, a township of Johnson co., Indiana. Pop. 1343. 
 
 UNION, a township of La I'orte co., Indiana. Pup. 945. 
 
 UNION, a township of Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 859. 
 
 UNION, a townsliip of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 771. 
 
 UNION, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana. P. 4863. 
 
 UNIO.V, a township of Parke co. Indiana. Pop. 1204. 
 
 UNION, a township of Piiry co., Indiana. Pop. 1086. 
 
 UNION, a post-office of Pike co., Indiana. 
 
 U.MON, a township of Porter CO., Indiana. Pop. 867. 
 
 UNION or UNION CITY, a post-village situated partly 
 In Randolph CO., Indiana, and partly in Darke co., Ohio, on 
 the Bellefontaine Railroad Line 47 miles N.W. of Dayton. 
 It is a terminus of two other railroads, viz., the Dayton 
 and Union, and the Columbus and Union. It contains 5 
 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, 3 hotels, 7 dry-goods 
 stores, 2 drag stores, 2 steam grist-mills, 1 machine-shop, 
 and 3 warehouses for grain. The post-office is Union City. 
 Pop. about 2400. 
 
 UNION, a township of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 969. 
 
 UNION, a township of St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop.1469. 
 
 UNION, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1177. 
 
 UNION, a towuship of Union co., Indiana. Pop. 1258. 
 
 UNION, a township of Vanderburg co., Indiana. P. 791. 
 
 UNION, a township of Wells co., 1 ndiana. Pop. 1186. 
 
 UMON. a post-village of Champaign co.,Illinoi.s, 105 miles 
 E. by N. of Sjiringfield. 
 
 U.MOX, a township of Fulton CO., Illinois. Pop. 1067. 
 
 UNION, a village of McIIenry co., Illinois, on the Galena 
 and Chicago Union Railroad, 62 miles N.\V. of Chicago. 
 
 UNION, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Missouri, 
 about 5 miles S. of the Pacific Railroad, 65 miles W. of St. 
 Louis. The ISourbeuse Rivei*, which passes near the village, 
 affords fine water power. Rich mines of copper, iron, and 
 lead are worked in the county. Union has 1 church, and 
 1 flour-mill. 
 
 UNION, a township of Marion co., Missouri. Pop. 1165. 
 
 UMON, a township of Randolph co., .Missouri. Pop. 1020. 
 
 UNION, a township of St. Genevieve co., Missouri. 
 
 UNION, a township of Wasliington co., Missouri. P. 1558. 
 
 UNION, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee. 
 
 UNION, a townsliip of Van Buren co., Iowa. Pop. 1694. 
 
 UNION ,a post-village and township at the N.W. extremity 
 of Rock co , Wisconsin, 22 miles S. bv E. of .Madison. P. 1646. 
 
 UNION, a post-office of Salt Lake co., Utah Territory. 
 
 UNION, a seaport town of Central America, state and 70 
 miles E.S.E. of St. Salvador, on the W. coast of Conehagua 
 Gulf. 
 
 UNION BRIDGE, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland. 
 
 UNION BRIDGE, a post-office of Titus co., Texas. 
 
 UNION CKNTRE, a po.st-village of Broome Co.. New York. 
 
 UNION CITY, a post-village of Branch co., Michigan, on 
 the St. Joseph's River, at the mouth of Coldwater River, at 
 the head of navigation, 115 miles W. by S. of Detroit. It 
 contains an iron foundry and several mills. 
 
 UNION CITY, Randolph co., Indiana. See Union. 
 
 UNION CHURCH, a post-office of Jeffer.«on co.. Mississippi. 
 
 UNION COLLKGE. See SciiENECT.\Dy, New York. 
 
 UNION COLLEGE. See Murfreesborouoh, Tennessee. 
 
 UNION COKNERS, a post-office, Livingston co., New York. 
 
 UNION CORNERS, a village in Van Buren co., Iowa, on 
 5t. Fox River, 90 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 UNION CROSS ROADS, a small village of Gloucester co., 
 New Jersey, about 4 miles S.E. of Woodbury. 
 
 UNI(.»N CROSS ROADS, a postoffice in Union parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 UNIONDALE, post-office, Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 UNION DEPOT, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, 
 about .'30 miles N. of Harrisburg. 
 
 UNI( »N DISTRICT, a post-office, ^V.ishtenaw co., Michiiran. 
 
 UNION FALLS, a post-village of Clinton co.. New Tork, 
 on Saranac River, about 160 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 UNION FURNACE, a post-office of Iluntingfion co., Penn. 
 
 UNION FURN.VCE, a village of Union co., Penn. 
 
 UNION GROVE, a post-offlceof Prince George co., AMrginia. 
 
 UNION GROVE, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois. 
 
 UNION GROVE, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin. 
 
 UNION HALL, a post-village of Franklin co. Virginia, 200 
 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 UNION ISLAND, Grenadines, British West Indies, 5 
 miles N. of Carrittcou. 
 
 UNION LEVEL, a post^ifflce of Mecklenburg co.. Virginia. 
 
 UNION MEETING HOUSE, a postofflce of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 PNl 
 
 UNION MILLS, a post-village of Fulton co.. New Y'ork, 
 40 miles N.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 UNION MILLS, a post-village of Erie co., Pennsylvania 
 on French Creek, and on the Sunbury and Erie Railroad 
 22 miles S.E. of Erie. 
 
 UNION illLLS, a post-village in Carroll co., Maryland, 66 
 miles N.N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 UNION MILLS, a post-village of Fluvanna co., Virginia, 
 on the Rivanna River, 75 miles N.W. of Richmond. The 
 river affords water-power, which is used in a cotton factor}' 
 and several mills. 
 
 UNION MILLS, a post-office of H-eard co., Georgi.a. 
 
 UNION MILLS, a flourishing post-village of La I'orte co, 
 Indiana, 11 miles S.S.W, of La I'orte. 
 
 UNION MILLS, a thriving post-village of Mahaska co., 
 Iowa, on the Des Moines River, about 10 miles 'W. of Oskar 
 loosa. 
 
 UNION PLAIN, a post-office of Brown CO., Ohio. 
 
 UNION POINT, a post-village of Greene co.. Georgia, on 
 the Georgia Railroad, at its junction with the Athens Brancli, 
 48 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 UNION POINT, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon. 
 
 UNION POINT, a post-office of Union co.. Illinois, on the 
 Ohio, about 80 miles W. by S. of Shawneetown. 
 
 UMON I'RAIRIE. a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa. 
 
 UNION RIVER, of Hancock co., Maine, falls into the 
 Atlantic Ocean opposite Mount Desert Lsland. It has 
 numerous tributaries, and in some parts is rapid, affording 
 fine mill-seats. 
 
 UNION SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Oswego co., New 
 York. 
 
 UNION SOCIETY, a post-office of Greene co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 UNION SPRINGS, a post-village in Springport township, 
 Cayuga co.. New Y'ork, is beautifully situated on the E. shore 
 of Cayuga Lake, 10 miles S.W. of Auburn, and 6 miles from 
 the Central Railroad. It contains 1 Catholic and 6 Pro- 
 testant churches, a newspaper office, a national bank a 
 Friends' Boarding School, founded in 1859, having 140 pupils, 
 a Ladies' Collegiate Institute, with normal school, founded 
 in 1863, having 55 pupils, 12 stores, an insurance company, 
 2 flonring-mils, 2 saw-mills, 1 plaster-mill, 1 lumber-yard, 
 1 macliine-shop, 1 tannery, a large nursery, and 2 store- 
 houses for grain. Quarries of gypsum and limestone are 
 worked at this place. Steamboats plying between Ithaca 
 and Cayuga stop here daily, and a steam ferry-boat commu- 
 nicates witli the opposite shore of the lake. Here are some 
 remarkable springs which supply motive-power to several 
 mills, and never fail in seasons of the greatest drought. 
 Pop. about 1200. 
 
 UNION SPRINGS, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama, 
 on the Girard and Mobile Railroad, about 40 miles S.E. of 
 Montgomery. 
 
 UNION SPRINGS, a post-office of Union en., Arkansas. 
 
 UNION SQUARE, a post-village of Oswego co.. New York, 
 on Salmon-Creek, 12 miles E. of Oswego. 
 
 UNION SQUARE, a post-village of Jlontgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 92 miles E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 UNION STAlv, a post-office of Breckenridge co., Kentucky. 
 
 UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. See New York. 
 
 UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. See Prixce Ed- 
 ward CocNTT, Airginia. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a flourishing post-borough of Union town- 
 ship, capital of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, is pleasantiy 
 situated on the National Road, about 45 miles S. by E. of 
 Pittsburg. It is compactly built, and contains a neat courts 
 house, 7 brick churches, 1 academy, 1 female seminary, 
 Madison College, and 2 banks. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The surrounding country is fertile and popu- 
 lous, and contains an abundance of stone coal. It is the 
 S. terminus of a railroad, 72 miles long, which connects it 
 with Pittslinrsr. Pop. in lS6'i, 1^007. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a village of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Susquehanna River, 12 miles S. of Williauisport. It 
 contflined in 1851, 4 stores, and near 200 inhabitants. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, 40 
 miles N.W. of Baltimore. Pop. in 1850, 350. 
 
 UNIONTOWN. a post^villngc in Perry co., Alabama, on 
 the Alabama and Mississippi liailroad, 60 miles S. of Tusca 
 loosa. Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Union co.. Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River, 244 miles below Louisville. Pop. 1046. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a post-village cf Belmont co., Ohio, 111 
 miles E. of Columbus. Pop. about 300. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 132 miles 
 N.E. of Columbus. Pop. in 1850, 245. 
 
 UNIONTOWN. Ohio. See Fcitonh.\m. 
 
 UNIONT()WN. a poist-village of Wells co., Indiana, 114 
 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, on tht 
 Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, 26 miles W. of I'eoria. 
 
 U.MONTOWN, a post-office of Delaw.are co.. Iowa. 
 
 UNIONTOWN. a post-town of Trinity co., in the N.N.W 
 part of California, is situated on Humboldt Harbor and oc 
 the main road from Benicia to Klamath, 235 miles in a 
 straight line N.N.W. of San Francisco. 
 
 ^ 1981 
 
UXI 
 
 tJXION VALE, a township of Dutchess co^ New York, 12 
 miles 10. of Pouglikecpsie. Pop. 1502. 
 
 UNION VALLEY, a post-office of Cortland CO., New York. 
 
 UXIO.X VILLAGE, a post-village in Orange co., Vermont, 
 16 miles S.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 UNION VILLAGE, a post-village of Broome co., New York, 
 ab-iut 20 miles N. by W. of Binghamton. 
 
 UNION VILLAGE, a post-village of Washington co., New 
 York, on the Battenkill River, about 35 miles N.N.E. of 
 Albany. It contains .several churches, an academy, a bank, 
 and has manufactures of cotton, wool, iron, and other 
 articles. 
 
 UNION VILL.\GE, a post/village in Northumberland CO., 
 Virginia. 88 miles E.N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 UNION VILLAGE, Warren co., Ohio. See Umou. 
 
 UNIOXVILLE, yoon'yun-vil, a post-village of Hartford 
 CO.. Connecticut, on a branch of the New 11a von and North- 
 ampton Railroad, and on Farniington River about 14 miles 
 W. of Hartford. It contains 1 ch\nch, and 2 stores. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a post^village of Orange co., New York, 
 .»bout 120 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, formerly WKANGLEBOROUGII, a small 
 village of Atlantfc co.. New Jersey, is situated on Nacote 
 Creek, about 13 miles E.N.E. of May's Ijinding. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Centre oo., 
 Pennsylvania, is situated in Bald Eagle Valley, 6 miles W. 
 of Bellefonte. A railroad connects it witli the Central 
 Railroad at Tyrone. It contiiius several stores, 1 flour-mill, 
 and 1 tannery. The name of the post-office is Fleming. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a handsome and thriving post-village of 
 Chester co.. Pennsylvani.i, 35 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia. 
 It is well built, and surrounded by a rich and highly culti- 
 vated country. It contains 3 churches, 2 boarding-schools 
 of respectable patronage. 5 stores, and about 3U0 inhabitants. 
 
 UNION VI LLE, a small village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. 
 9 miles from .^llentown. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a post-village in Frederick CO., Maryland, 
 67 miles N \V. of Annapolis. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Union district. 
 South Carolina, 70 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. The sur- 
 rounding country is hilly, and contains an abundance of 
 granite and iron ore. The Spartanburg and Union Railroad 
 jMisses throusih it, connecting it with the Greenville and 
 Columbia Uailrosd. 
 
 UNIO.WILIjE. a post-village in Monroe co., Georgia, 55 
 miles W. hy N. of Milledgeville. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a post-office of Cass co., Texas. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a post-village in Bedford CO., Tennessee, 
 46 miles S.S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 UNIO.WILLE, a post^village of Lake co., Ohio, near the 
 Cleveland and Erie Railro.id, 184 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 It is one of the largest villages in the county. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 700. 
 
 U.NIONVILLK, a small village of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 UNIO.NVILLE. a village of Ohio, on the Columbus Piqua 
 and Indiana Railroad, 23 miles from Columbus. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, a post-vill.oge of Monroe co., Indiana, 8 or 
 9 miles N.E. of Bloomington. 
 
 UNIO.WI LLE. a post-village of Appanoose CO., Iowa, about 
 120 miles S.AV. of Iowa City. 
 
 UNIONVILLE. a post-village of Canada West, co. of York, 
 19 miles N. of Toronto. Pop. about 300. 
 
 UNIONVILLE CENTRE, a po.st-viilaee of Union co.,Ohio, 
 on Big Darhy Creek. 25 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 UNIOP'OLIS, a postroffice of Auglaize co., Ohio. 
 
 U'NISON, a post-village of Loudon ca, Virginia, 16 miles 
 S.W. of Leedsburg. contains 3 churches, and several stores. 
 
 UNISON, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 UNIT.\'RIA. a post-office of Broome co.. New York. 
 
 UNITED STATES, THE, (Fr. EtaU-Unis, A'tiz/U'ne©'; 
 Port, and Sp. Kstados Unidos, ^s-tl'dos oo-nee'dos or ka-W- 
 Doceoo-nee'Doce; It. Slati fnirt, gtd/tee oo-nee'tee; Ger. Fe- 
 reinit/te iUatilen von Nbrd-America. fer-i'ni&-teh stdtgn fon 
 noRt d-m^r'e-ki, less correctly Vereiniyte Staaten simply; 
 Dutch rereent'jde SUiaten, fer-i'nio-dgh std'ten.) a federal 
 republic in tho Western Continent, occupying more th.in 
 half the territory of the temperate zone in North America, 
 lies between 24° 30' and 49° N. kt., and between 66° 50' 
 and 124° 30' 'VV'. Ion. It is bounded on the N. by British 
 America, from which it is partly separated by the Lukes 
 Superi'ir. Huron, St. Clair. Erie, and Ontario, and by the 
 river St. Lawrence: E. and N.E. by the British province of 
 New Bruuswick and by the Atlantic Ocean; S. by the Gulf 
 of Mexico and the Jlexican Republic, from which it is partly 
 separated by the Itio Grande del Norte, and on tho W. by 
 the I'aeiiic Ocean. The territory of the United States now 
 forms nearly a parallelogram of about 2400 miles in mean 
 ength from E. to W., and about 1300 miles in average 
 breadth from N. to S. The extreme length, however, is 
 nearly 2,00 miles, and its greatest bremlth about 1600 mile.s, 
 (lie W.10I3 presenting a frontier line exceeding 10.000 miles. 
 Ihe domaui of the United States has been more than doubled 
 Mn.|e the t..rmation of the confederacy, by the acquisition, 
 Vm . , • V' *"*-' 'farritory of Louisiana; by the purchase of 
 Honda, "' 1SI9; by the annexation of Texas in 1846, by 
 
 i= 
 
 UNI'' ' 
 
 the conquest of California and New Mexico in 1848, and by 
 the purchase of a portion of Northern Mexico in 1854. The 
 whole forms an area, according to the estimate made by 
 the Topographical Bureau, at Washington, of 2.03(5.166 
 J;quare miles, nearly equalling in extent that of the conti- 
 nent of Europe. The same authority assigns 766,002 square 
 miles of this area to the Pacific slope. 1.217,562 to the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley. 514.416 to the Atlantic slope proper, 112.04't 
 to the northern lake region, aud 325,537 to the Gulf 
 region. 
 
 Face, of the. Chuntrt/. — In an extent of country reaching 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and through 24<^ of lati- 
 tude, we find, as might be expected, every variety of surface 
 — mount.iin, plain, and valley. Topographically considered, 
 tho United States are divided by the Alleghnny Mountains 
 in the E.. and the Rocky Mountains in the W.. into three 
 grand sections: 1. The Atlantic or Alleghany Slope; 2. The 
 Pacific or Rocky Mountain Slope: and. 3. 'I'he Mississippi 
 Valley. The first, lying l^tween the Alleghany Range and 
 the Atlantic Ocean, commences in the E. part of Maine, and 
 extends (with a breadth varying from 80 to .about 300 miles) 
 to Alabama. This region, ne.ar the .sea. is generally I)order- 
 ed by a belt of alluvial sand, and, where uncultivated, usu- 
 ally covered with a growth of pine and cedar. Farther in- 
 land the country becomes hilly, and gradually merges into 
 the Appalachian chain of mountains. The rivers of this 
 section mostly run in a S. or S.E. direction, with lengths 
 varying fiom 100 to 600 miles, and are ascended by the tide 
 to the hilly country, a distance of from 50 to 150 miles, 
 to which points they are generally navigated by the smaller 
 ocean craft and steamboats. In some soutli-eastern State.s, 
 steamboats ascend above tide-water, when the rivers are 
 full, in sj)ring and fall. The second section includes all the 
 country lying W. of the Rocky Mountains, aud between 
 them and tho Pacific, occupying a tract varj-ing from 600 
 to 1000 miles in breadth, intersected by several mountain 
 ranges of great elevation. The third and largest section, 
 called the Mississippi Valley, comprises that vast region lying 
 between the .Mlegliany Mountains on the E., and the Rocky 
 Mountains on the W., extending through 18° of latitude, 
 with a breadth of from about 800 to 1600 miles. A high 
 table-land terminates this valley on the N. From its high- 
 est points, alout 1900 feet, or an average of 1450 feet in el6 
 vation, the streams descend towards every point of the 
 compasi?, some seeking the ocean through Hudson's B.iy and 
 the great lakes, and others through the Missouri and ilis- 
 si.ssippi Rivers and the Gulf of Mexico. This plateau covers 
 Minnesota, and parts of Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Iowa. 
 The middle sections of the state of Ohio have an elev.ation 
 of 1000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. Outlying ridges of 
 the Alleghany chain extend into Ea*:tern Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee. The western slope of the valley ascends by an almost 
 imperceptible rise to the height of 7500 feet, forming the 
 elevated base of the more rugged prominences of the Rocky 
 Mountain.s. A low range, or rather belt, called the Ozark 
 Mountains, traverses portions of the Indian Territory, Ar- 
 kansas, and Missouri, and extends even into Wisconsin. 
 Another low range, called the Black Hills, runs through the 
 E. and S. parts of the Territory of Nebraska, forming the 
 dividing ridge between the head-waters of the Missouri and 
 its great tributary, the Yellowstone. The country adja- 
 cent to the shores of the Mississippi, below the mouth of 
 the Ohio, is mostly low and level, aud a large portion of it 
 is overflowed on every great rise of that river. Immediately 
 adjoining the Gulf of Mexico it is one great marsh. 
 
 Jlfnuntains. — The Rockj' Mountains are the mo.ot extensive 
 and important in the United States. They are, in reality, 
 a part of the great chain which extends from the Polar Sea, 
 under various names, to the Straits of Magellan, iu South 
 America. Commencing at the Pacific coast aud journeying 
 eastward, we come upon a chain of mountains stretching 
 from the Straits of Juan de Fuca to about the 34th de- 
 gree of N. latitude, where it joins the Sierra Nevada in 
 the S. part of California. These mountains are in some 
 places broken into scattered groups, some of which ex- 
 tend at right angles to the coast, but as a raiige they run 
 parallel to the Pacific. They do not generally rise to an 
 elevation of more than 20O0 or 2500 feet. Jlount Olympus, 
 however, in the N.W. part of Washington Territory, is said 
 to attain a height of 8197 feet; Mount St. Johns 8000, 
 Mount Ripley 7500, and Mount Diabolo 3780 feet all iu 
 Califwnia. Proceeding east, we come upon a lofty chain, 
 bearing the name of Cascade Range, in Washington Ter- 
 ritory and Ore|:ou. aud Sierra Nevada iu California. Tho 
 greatest ascertained heights in the United States are in this 
 chain. Mount Shast^, Mount St. Helen's, Mount Hood, and 
 Mount Rainier, rear their snowj' summits to heights varying 
 from 12,000 to 14,000 fe(*, and .some parts of the Sierra Ne- 
 vada are s.aid to attain about the height of Mount Blanc, in 
 .Savoy, (15.500 feet) This chain may be said to extend 
 from Russian America to the southern extremity of Old 
 California, at an average distance from the sea of fnmi 100 to 
 150 miles, and to have a mean elevation of 5000 or PuOO feet 
 As we extend our journey towards the Atlantic Crast. ws 
 pass irregular groups of mountains, some reaching th* suo* 
 
UNI 
 
 line, anJ! having various appellations, such as Blue, vtum- 
 boldt, and Wabsatch Mountains, and occupying the great 
 l^isin between the Cascade and Rocky ifountains. The latter 
 run also parallel to the Pacific, at distances varying from 
 450 to SoO miles, within tlie territory of the United States, 
 and attain, in Fremont's I'eak. (the highest known summit.) 
 an elevation of V.i.a'O Utet. Having crossed this, (the divid- 
 ing ridge betwei'n the waters flowing into the Pacific and 
 those ilowing into tlie Gulf of Mexico.) we descend a long slope 
 of nearly 1U!)I) miles, liy an inclination of about 6(100 feet 
 from South Pass, (on the great route to California and Ore- 
 gon.) to the Mis.«issippi River, the grand recipient of the 
 streams between the .VUeghany and the ){ocky Mountains. 
 Tlie sources of tiie Jlissouri are at about 6000 feet elevation 
 at)0Te the sea, those of the Platte at about 7500, of the Xr- 
 kansas about SSOO, and the Rio Grande 11.150 feet. Ascend- 
 ing from the left bank of the Mississippi, we come first, in 
 Kentucky and Tennessee, upon outlying ridges of the great 
 Appalachian Range, which extends, with various interrup- 
 tions, from Maine to Alabama. This is not a hi;rh range, 
 though .Mount Katahdin. in Maine. Mount Wasliington, in 
 New IL'uups'hire, Mount Mansfield, in Vermont, and Mount 
 Tahawus or Mount Marcy, in New York, reach .severally 
 the heights of 5000, 6234, 4280, and 54G0 feet. South of 
 New York this chain and its outlying ridges arc mostly 
 within an elevation of 2000 feet, though the peaks of Otter 
 and White Top, in tlie S. part of Virginia, and Black Moun- 
 tain, (the highest land E. of the Mississippi.) range fi-om 
 4000 to 6476 feet, but in no case do the summits reach the 
 line of perpetual snow. (For descriptions of the various 
 ridges, Iiearing different local names, see the several states, 
 also the articles under their respective heads.) The head 
 waters of the Ohio, Cumtwrland. and Tennessee Rivers, 
 which drain the western slope of the Alleghany range, are 
 at elevations of from 1600 to 2500 feet aljove the sea. 
 
 MineraU. — The United States contains within its limits 
 almost every variety of mineral wealth, from the gold of 
 California to the coal of the .\lleghany .Mountains and the 
 Mississippi Valley. The gold deposits in California are 
 among the richest existing on the globe ; the metal is found 
 In everj' form and position, sometimes in large isolated 
 masses, sometimes imbedded in the solid quartz rock, and 
 Bometimes diffused through the layers (placers) of allu- 
 vial strata. Gold also exists in large qnantities in Arizona, 
 Colorado, Idaho, Montana and Nevada. It is stated that gold 
 mines have been worked extensively by the Spaniards in 
 New Mexico. This precious metal occurs in a narrow belt 
 of schistose rocks, near the base of the Alleghany Range, 
 extending from Maryland to Alabama. Small quantities of 
 the ore have even been found as far N. as New Hampshire 
 and Maine ; but the richest ndues, and those which have 
 been most extensively wrought, are in North and South Ca- 
 rolina and Georgia. The invention of the quartz-crusher 
 must give additional value to the Alleghany mining region, 
 by diminishing the expense of extracting the ore. 
 
 The exports of gold from San Francisco from 1854 to 1864 
 inclusive, were iis follows : 
 
 For 1854 $52,045,633 
 
 1855 45.161,731 
 
 1856 50.697,431 
 
 1857 48,976.697 
 
 185,S 47,548,026 
 
 1859 47,640,462 
 
 1860 42,325,916 
 
 1861 40.676,758 
 
 1862 42,561,761 
 
 1863 46,071,920 
 
 1864 51,264,0'23 
 
 Adding to the last number (51,264,023) $2,136,686 the pro- 
 duct of Colorado, Montana, &c., we shall have for the pro- 
 duet of the whole United States, in lS6t, $53,400,709. The 
 product of gold from the Alleghany region amounts to about 
 $9,000,000. The tofctl product from all the gold regions of 
 the United States, between 1804 and 1805, probably does not 
 fall much short of $1,000,000,000. 
 
 Silver occurs in viirious parts of the United . States, es- 
 pecially in the state of Nevada, and the territories of Idaho, 
 Montana, and in Stanley county. North Carolina. There is 
 reason to believe that it will be found in considerable abun- 
 dance in New Mexico, tliongh the mines of this region have 
 liOt yet attracted much attention. Deposits of that metal 
 exifit near Donna (Doiia) Ana, in New Mexico, and on the 
 San Saba, in Texas. Silver is also reported to exist abun- 
 dantly near Fort Fillmore, and on the S. side of the Gila, 
 towards its mouth. The amount of silver coined at the 
 mint of the United States in 1862, w.as 83,2-31,081. Rich mines 
 of quicksilver are now worked at New Almaden, in Cali- 
 fornia; the annual product of these mines is estimated bj- 
 Ilittel (Resources of Califnrnia.) at 2,400,000 pounds, and 
 the entire product of the State at 3,700,000 pounds yearly. 
 Traces of platina have been discovered in California, Lancas- 
 ter, Pennsylvania, and in North Carolina. 
 
 Probably the richcS. and purest copper mines in the world 
 are t.< oe found iu Jlichigan, on the shores of Lake Superior, 
 wh'-re the native Ketals have been chiselled out in masses, 
 weighing 150 tons of almost unadulterated copper. These 
 
 UNI 
 
 iiiines are only in their infancy, and yet they have produced 
 6283 tons of copper in a single j-ear. Mines of this metal, 
 of great richness, are worked in the S.K. of Tennessee, 
 on the Iliwassee River, in North Carolina, and Connecticut, 
 while it exists in greater or less abundance in New Mexico, 
 Missouri, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Georgia, and various other parts of the United States. The 
 total product of copper in the United States, for 18<jO, was 
 14,432 tons. 
 
 The great lead district, occupying the north-western por- 
 tion of Illinois, and the adjoining counties in W'iscon.sin 
 and Iowa, is for richness perliaps unsurpassed on the globe. 
 The shipments from this region in the twelve years pre- 
 ceding 1854. averaged more than 43,000,000 pounds annually. 
 Mines rich in the same mineral are worked also in Miss'.uri, 
 Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania. But the exist- 
 ence of lead is not limited to the localities named, being 
 more or less abundant in other parts of the Union. The 
 entire product of the different lead regions of the United 
 States, in 1860, has been estimated at about 11,000 tons, but 
 in 1845 the yield reached 59,360,000 pounds. A' cry rich 
 mines of zinc are worked in New Jersey ; the same mineral 
 is also found largely mi.xed witli the lead ore of the Galena 
 district, in Arkansas, in Pennsylvania, and other states. 
 The product of the zinc-mines of Pennsylvania, for 1860, is 
 estimated at 11,800 tons. Bismuth, antimony, nickel, and 
 cobalt .are all found in Connecticut; cobalt is abundant; it 
 is found also in Maryland. Tin has been discovered in small 
 quantities in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The only 
 mines of quicksilver which are known to exist in the United 
 States are situated in California, abotit 12 miles from San 
 Jose. The quidcsilver is found in ferruginous clay, forming 
 part of a hill, which rises 1360 feet above tlie sea. Tht, d<> 
 posit is large, and the mine is being systematically worked. 
 
 Iron, the most important of all the American minerals, 
 is the most widely diffused. Whitney estimates the entire 
 produce of the mines of the country, in 1854, at 1,000,000 
 tons. In the census of 1860 it is stated at 2,.51i,282 tons. 
 Pennsylvania produces one-half of the whole. Ohio, which 
 holds the second rank, yields less than one-tenth. Tlvp 
 states next in importance are New York, !\Iiiryland, Ken- 
 tucky, New Jersey, and Tennessee. Missouri, from the rich 
 deposits of Pilot and Iron Mountains, is, in all probability, 
 capable of furnishing as much iron as any other country in 
 the world. Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina possess 
 inexhaustible supplies of ore, which are mostly the hydrou? 
 peroxides of iron. The iron-mines of northern New York 
 are of great extent and remarkable richness. The Sandford 
 Lake mine is between COO and 700 feet thick, and one cubic 
 yard of the ore weighs four tons. The iron mountains of 
 Lake Superior, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, ore not 
 less rich than the mines of northern New York. The brown 
 ores of East Tennessee and the hematites of Vermont are 
 very extensive, especially the former. The largest sections 
 or formations destitute of iron ores are the cretaceous aifd 
 tertiary, skirting the Atlantic coast and forming our great 
 basins and valleys. So, also, the Silurian and devonian sys- 
 tems are in a great mea.sure destitute of iron ores, with the 
 exception of the argillaceous and oolitic ores of the Clinton 
 group. The great centres of the iron interest are Philadel- 
 phia. Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Baltimore, and St. Louis. 
 
 Of the other minerals, coal, the most useful, is also the 
 most abundant. The great anthracite bed in Eastern 
 Pennsylvania already mines and sends to market more 
 than 10,000,000 tons annually, and is capable of increasing 
 the supply to any conceivable demand. Small qnantities 
 of this species of coal have been found in some of the New 
 England States and in New York, and a larger deposit in 
 North Carolina. A great bed of bituminous coal, commeno 
 ing on the western slope of the Alleghany Mountains, In 
 Pennsylvania, extends in a wide belt through the western 
 part of that state, through Ohio, West Virginia, Keu- 
 tncky, Tennessee, and into North Alabama. Insulated bitu- 
 minous coal-fields exist in the counties around and W. of 
 Richmond, Virginia, and in some of the central counties of 
 North Carolina. In the latter state the coal sometimes as- 
 sumes a semi-bituminous, and in others an anthracite cha- 
 racter. The great bituminous coal-field of the Western States 
 occupies a large portion of Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois, 
 where it exists in inexhaustible abundance. 
 
 Professor Hitchcock is of opinion that a vast coal-field ex- 
 tends from 28° 45' to 43° N. lat., and between 94° 30' anc*. 
 103° W. Ion. It is not meant by this, that the coal exisM 
 everywhere, but, in the words of the professor, •• that a 
 large part of this vast region may be underlaid by coal. 
 The greater part may be, and undoubtedly is. covered by- 
 newer deposits, but, if coal does actually exist, it may be 
 reached beneath the newer rocks, as it has been in like 
 Instances in Europe, although no trace of it exists at tho 
 surface." This mineral has also been found in extensive 
 deposits, ne.TF Puget's Sound, in Washington Territory, 
 and also in different parts of Oregon. Tlie product of anthra- 
 cite coal in East Pennsylvania, in 1864,was about 10,000,000 
 tons ; of the Pittsburg district, about 50,000,000 bushels of 
 bituminous coal; and of the state of Ohio, about 30,000,000 
 
TJNI 
 
 bashels. But onring to the abnntlant supply of -n-ood in most 
 parts of the United States, the coal trade is yet in its in- 
 fancy. Mr. Taylor, in his excellent work on the coal regions, 
 wtiniiitea the coal areas cf the United States, at 44,000 
 square miles for Illinois; 21,195 for Virginia; 1.5,437 for 
 Peniisvlvania; 13,.500 for Kentucky; 11,900 for Ohio ; 7700 
 for Indiana; 6000 for Mi^-souri ; 5000 for Michigan ; 4800 for 
 Tennessee; S400 for Alabama; 550 for Maryland; and 150 
 for Georgia— total, 133,1:52 ; exclusive of the coal-fields of 
 Iowa, and the extensive region referred to above. Coal 
 (bituminous) has also more recently been found in Califor- 
 nia, neiu- Mt. Diablo. 
 
 Copious salt springs abound in various localities in the 
 United States; in 1S60 there were produced in New York, 
 chicflv in Onondaga county, 7,521,335 bu.shels ; 2,05fi,513 in 
 Virginia, about the waters of the Kanawha: 1,011,800 in 
 Pennsylvania, mostly in the region about the Kiskemi- 
 nctas; 1,743,200 in Ohio; 69,665 in Kentucky; and small 
 quantities in several other states; making a total product 
 iu the United States, according to the census, of 12,717,200 
 bushels. Saline springs, or lakes, are abundant in Texas, 
 New Mexico, California, and Utah. Medicinal mineral 
 gprinjJTs exist in many places, but those of the greatest re- 
 pute are the Saratoga, Sharon, New Lebanon, and Avon 
 SprinfTS, in New York; the Bedford Springs, in Pennsyl- 
 vania; the different sulphur springs, in Virginia; and the 
 Blue Lick Springs, in Kentucky. Extensive beds of gypsum 
 are found in New York. Maine, Virginia, and other states ; but 
 the largest bed of this mineral in North America extends 
 from tlie Arkansas River, in the Indian Territory', to the 
 Kio Grande, in Texas, through a space of 400 miles. Build- 
 ing material.'* of an ornamental character are abundant, 
 viz., marble, fine granite, sandstone, and breccia, or conglo- 
 merates. Porphyry is found in the vicinity of Boston and 
 on the St. Croix River, between Minnesota and AVisconsin. 
 Professor Owens says : " I caused a piece of the St. Croix 
 porphyry to be cut and poli-shed ; it cuts easily, and its 
 colors show beautifully ;" it differs, he says, but little from 
 the Norway porphyry, but that it polishes unequally. Pro- 
 fessor Silliman informs us, that he found walls of porphyry 
 bounding a dyke of iron several j-ards wide, among the 
 Iron Mcmntaius of Missouri, near a place called Arcadia. 
 
 Gitlfs. Bays, Rivers, and Lukes. — In our articles on the 
 states, we have so fully described the great waters of the 
 United Stutes, that we shall confine ourselves here to such 
 as have a national importance. Perhaps no portion of the 
 globe is more favored with navigable waters, both external 
 and internal, than tlie United States. AVa.shed on the E. by 
 the Atlantic, on the S. by the Gulf of Mexico, on the W. by 
 the Pacific, and on the N. by the great Lakes Superior, Michi- 
 gan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, it presents, according to the 
 report of the officers of the Coast Survey, and of the Topo- 
 graphical Department, 12,609 miles of .shore line, exclusive 
 of bays, sounds, islands, and lakes; of which 6861 are on the 
 Atlantic; 2281 on the Pacific; 34C7 on the Gulf; besides3620 
 miles of shore line on the northern lakes, (including bays. 
 Bounds, and islands,) and 49.065 miles of river shore line, 
 (including both banks,) to the head of navigation in the 
 interior, or to the head of tide iu coast rivers; o<-ean line 
 in steps of ten miles, 6107 miles, of which 2059 are on the 
 Atlantic, 1405 on the Pacific, and 1043 on the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 The most important bays on the Atlantic coast are 
 Massachusetts. Cape Cod, Buzzard. Raritan. Delaware, and 
 Chesapeake Bays ; and on the Pacific, the Bay of San Fran- 
 cisco and the Straits of Juan de Fuca, leading into Pun-et's 
 Sound, and having one of the best harbors in the world. 
 Long Island, Albemarle, and I'amlico Sounds, varying from 
 60 to 120 miles in length, iire all on the Atlantic coast, the 
 first washing the shores of Connecticut, and the last two 
 that of North Carolina. 
 
 The interior of the United States is veined by some of the 
 grandest rivers on the globe. Almost exactly throu-h iis 
 middle, from the summit of the great table-land of .Minnesota 
 runs the Mississippi for 3000 miles, like the trunk of a "real 
 tree, with its roots in the Gulf of .Mexico, and its branches 
 extending E. to the Alleghanies, and westward to tlie J'.ockv 
 Monutains, receiving the tribute of perhaj.s 100 important 
 afliuents, some of them, such as the Missouri. Arkan.sas, and 
 Red layers from the W ., and tlie Ohio from the E.. streams of 
 the first class in point of magnitude, and the volume of watti 
 rol ..^Idoun their channels. These rivers are severally,Tn 
 he order named, about 2900, 2000, 2000, and 1000 miles iu 
 length , while many of the secondary tributaries have 
 courses 01 from 300 to lOOO miles. Tbe country drained )y 
 the Mississippi reaches from Western New York and i'ei u 
 Vlvania on the E., to the summits of the Rocky Muntai.^ 
 
 Gulf of \r "■'"* '^^w'" M'« *'»'b parallel of latitude to tie 
 (iulf of .Mexico. The rivers of the All«rrh,.„„ .i,.... 'r ., „ 
 
 ^j-rivers ..f ^^^^^:;:^'^^^-z:.^x^t^ 
 
 limore m-^ess navigable, some for vessels 'oVthe^'iargl^'^ 
 
 tTNI 
 
 class, 100 miles or more, and all emptying themselves directly 
 into tlie Atlantic, or into bays opening into that ocean. 
 The southern slope, tending to the Gull of Jlexico, has also 
 several large rivei-s independent of the Mississippi, viz., the 
 Appalachicola, Mobile, and their large tributaries on the 
 E. of the Mississippi, and the Sabine, Trinity, Jtrazos, Colo- 
 rado, and Rio Grande del Norte on tbe W. of that river. 
 These streams vary in length, including their main afilu- 
 ents, from 300 to 1800 miles, and are navigable by steam- 
 boats to various poiuts within 500 miles. The Rio Grande 
 forms the boundary between Texas and Mexico. The Pacific 
 slope has but one great river breaking through the Cascade 
 Mountains into tlie ocean. This is the Columbia, a stream 
 of 1500 miles in length, and with several important affluents 
 having courses of from 300 to 800 miles. If we except the 
 Straits of Juan de Fuca, there is but one other great opening 
 into the territory of tlie United States on the Pacific border, 
 viz., the Channel or Strait, from 1 to 2 miles in width, lead- 
 ing into the Bay of San Francisco, which receives the Sac- 
 ramento and San Joaquin Rivers, each about 300 miles in 
 length. The Color.ado of the AVest, entering tlie Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, drains the E. and S.E. and S. portions of the great 
 plateau between tlie Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains. 
 
 The whole of the United States N. of the 42d parallel 
 of latitude is dotted over with beautifully transparent 
 sheets of water of varying sizes, from a few miles in cir. 
 cult, to tho.se majestic inland seas which separate British 
 America from the United States, and which chicBy merit 
 notice in a national point of view. TJere are five of 
 these, viz., Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, and Michi- 
 gan ; the latter only being wholly within the limits of the 
 United States. These vast lakes are navigated by steamers 
 of the highest tonnage, and by sailing vessels of large capa- 
 city, affording a continuous navigation of 1100 miles, and, by 
 aid of the AVelland Canal around the Falls of Niagara, and 
 that around the Saut St. Mary, (recently completed,) furnish 
 an inland ship navigation of 1600 miles. The.se lakes cover 
 areas of from 6300 to 32,000 square miles each, or a total of 
 90.000 square miles. 
 
 CUduUc. — A region so vast as that of the United States 
 must necessarily include almost every variety of climate, 
 from the long and frigid winters of the North, to the almost 
 tropical regions of the South. It is a well-known fact that 
 the temperature of Western Europe is about 10 degrees 
 milder than in the same latitudes in Eastern North America; 
 while California has a climate as mild as tliat of Italy, indeed 
 partaking rather of the character of the tropical regions, 
 especially in the S., with its wet and dry seasons. Again, on 
 the plateaus of Utah and New Mexico, we find a climate 
 similar to that of the plains of Tartary. The summera 
 of the northern part of the United States are as warm 
 as those of Italy, while the winters are scarcely less 
 frigid than those of Sweden and Norway. N, of 42° the 
 climate is especially suited to the winter grains ; that of the 
 states between 36° and 42° favors the winter grains and 
 Indian corn as staples; and that S. of 36° produces cotton, 
 rice, sugar, Indian corn, and some of the tropical fruits. 
 The temperature of the North-Eastern States is rendered 
 disagreeable by the chilling winds from the Atlantic in the 
 spring montlie, causing pulmonary diseases, wliich swell 
 the bills of mortality in that region beyond those of any 
 section of the Union except Louisiana. Being sliielded by 
 no great chain of mountains towards the N.. the great ice- 
 plains of British America pour upon the United States, upon 
 every considerable augmentation of heat in the regions S. of 
 them, their cold blasts, causing sudden variations to be the 
 unpleasant characteristic of the climate of the Northern and 
 Central United States. Nor are the Southern States entirely 
 free from these sudden changes, when periods of unusually 
 cold weather and unseasonable frosts not unfrequently 
 destroy the orange-buds of Florida, and the cotton-blossoma 
 of the other Southern States. The Central State.s have fri>- 
 quently in the same winter a mixture of the mildness of an 
 Italian with the frigidity of a Rus.sian winter. The great 
 reservoir of cold winds at the North acts particularly unfa- 
 vorably on the fruits of the Middle and Western States, as, • 
 tempted by the early springs belonging to the latitude, they 
 put forth their blossoms in March or April, only too often 
 to have them nipped by these ice-blasts that, in the Kama 
 latitude of Kurope, would be warded off by the great moun- 
 tain barrier between them and the frigid regions. 
 
 There are local causes affecting the climate of particular 
 district.' that must always be taken into con.«ideration. Tha 
 lakes, for example, mitigate to some degree the tempcraturu 
 of the rcfgions bardering on them, while the elevated table- 
 lands of New Mexico, Utah, and Ea-stern Oregon are rendered 
 cooler and drier than the same parallels elsewhere. In con- 
 nexion with climate, it will be proper to .speak of tlie dis- 
 eases incident to the different sections of the United States. 
 In the settling of ail new countries, the breaking up of the 
 sod leads to miasmatic exhalations, producing agues and 
 fev-ers that are not to be considered climatic, as they rapidly 
 diminish as the country becomes settled. The old Romans 
 dreaded, it would appear, the agues of Spain as much as we 
 do those of the Western States : — " He had a fever when ha 
 
UNI 
 
 was in Spain, and I did mark how he did shatie." At pre- 
 sent we may say the prevailint^ diseases of tlie West are inter- 
 mittent and biliuis fevers and dysimteries: of the Snutli. 
 bilious fevers, with occanlonal desolatlnx visitations of the 
 yellow fever in the Gulf States. The cholera has irenerally 
 been more fatal in the Mississippi Valley than in other pivrts 
 of the Union. The most fatal diseases in the New Enijland 
 and .some of the Northern and Middle States are con.-ump- 
 tion and other affections of the lungs. The census tables 
 show the jrreatest ratio of deaths in tlie year ending .Tune 1, 
 ISaO, to have been in Louisiana, (about 23 to eacli 1000 per- 
 sons.) and the least in Wisconsin, (about 9 to each 1000 per- 
 sons.) In Vermoot, Iowa, Florida. r.eorf,'iR. Michigan, Ten- 
 nessee, North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina, Penn.syl- 
 viinia, Indiana, Maine, Delaware, New Jer.spy, Virginia, New 
 Hampshire, Illinois, and Arkansas, the ratio of deaths was 
 the lowest, and in the order in which they are named, viz. 
 from Vermont, about 10 to the 1000. to Arkansas, about 14i 
 to 1000 persons. The ratio of deaths was highest in the 
 order named, in the following states, viz. Massachusetts, 
 Missouri, Maryland, Connecticut. Kentucky. Khode Island, 
 Ohio, Mississippi. Texas, and New York : being from about 
 19j in Massachusetts, to about 14^ to the 1000 in New York. 
 It is proper to remark in regard to Florida, which is in winter 
 a great re.sort for invalids from the North, the catalogue of 
 deaths may Hot have fairly represented the character of the 
 state. It is estimated by competent judges to be equal in 
 healthfulness to any of the United States. 
 
 Snil and Productions. — The diver.sity in respect to soil ig, 
 perhaps, even more striking than that of climate, the ex- 
 treme on the one hand Ijeing found in the rich alluvions of 
 the great Mississippi Valley, (where the mould is often many, 
 and sometimes 25 feet deep,) and on the other, in the barren 
 plains of Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Indian Territories. 
 The agricultural capabilities of the Mississi|)pi Valley are be- 
 lieved to be unefiualled on the globe, if perhaps we except 
 the valley of the Amazon, in South America. A belt of land 
 of tertiary formation coasts the .\tlantic from Long Lsland 
 to the Gulf of Mexico, (inclusive of both.) which is about 00 
 miles in width, and mostly covered with pine and cedar, not 
 very productive in its natural state, but easily improved by 
 marl and other manures. The coasts of Massachusetts and 
 Maine are rough and unproductive, and New England 
 generally, and North-Eastern New York, are rough and 
 difficult of tillage, being better adapted t« grazing than 
 culture. The slopes of the Alleghany and the hilly region 
 at their feet are generally productive, esneii.illy in tlie 
 valleys; while the Pacific watershed has comparatively but 
 a s nail portion of cultivable land ; but in that portion W. 
 of the Cascade Mountains, as in the valleys of the AVilLamette, 
 Sacramento, San Joaquin, and other smaller rivers near the 
 coast, the fertility is great; but the slopes of the llocky 
 Mountains are generally a barren lava, throuirh which the 
 rivers cut their way to great depths, without fertile valleys 
 to border them. The census tables for 1S50 report for the 
 whole United States 1,449,075 farms and plantations, with 
 113.032.614 acres of improved land, and 180.528,000 acres of 
 unimproved land. By improved land is here meant only 
 BU'h as produces crops, or in some way adds to the produc- 
 tions of tlie farmer. According to tlie census of 1800 tliero 
 were in the United States 2,044,077 farms, with 163,110,720 
 acres of improved land, and 244,101,818 acres of unimproved 
 land. The average number of acres to each farm was 194. 
 The cash value of farms was estimated in 1860 at $3,270,- 
 733,093, and in 1860 at $6,645,045,007. The average quan- 
 tity of improved land to each person, was 3.7 acres in New 
 York, 3.6 acres in Pennsylvania, about 7 acres in Virginia, 
 6.0 acres in Kentucky, and 7.6 acres in Illinois. 
 
 Agriculture being the great interest of our country, it is 
 deemed proper, in this article, to speak of its great staples 
 somewhat more fully than has been done under the heads 
 of the respective states. 
 
 Maize or Indian Corn. — Among the olyeets of culture in 
 the United States, maize takes precedence in tlie extent 
 of its cultivation, as it is best adapted to the soil and 
 climate, and furnishes the largest amount of nutritive 
 food. When due regard is paid to the selection of varieties 
 and its cultivation in a proper soil, it may lie regarded as v 
 sure crop in almost every portion of the habitable globe, 
 between tlie 44th degree of north latitude, and a corres 
 ponding parallel south. The first successful attempt of the 
 Eiiglisli to cultivate this grain in the pre.sent territory of 
 the United States, was made in the valley of James River, 
 Virginia, in 1608. The mode adopted was tliat practised bj 
 the Indians; and this, with some modifications, has been 
 preserved ever since. The yield at that time is repre-sented 
 to have been from 200 to more than 1000 fold. The present 
 yield varies from 20 to 135 bushels to the acre. The quantity 
 rai.sed in ISoO.was 592,071,104 bushels ; 1860, s3S,792,7 40 bush- 
 els. Of all thestates Illinois produced the largest quantity— 
 115,174,777 bushels. The next in order comes Ohio, with a 
 product of 73,543,190 bushels; then Mi.isouri, yielding 
 }2,S02.1.57 bushels; then Indiana, producing 71,588,919 busli- 
 els: tiien follow in order Kentucky. Teuuesaee, Iowa, Vir- 
 ginia, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Mississippi, Penn- 
 5Z 
 
 UNI 
 
 sylvania. New York, which include all the most prominent 
 of the corii-iirodiicing states. 
 
 H7(M(;. — \V Ileal, wiu-ii the soil and climate are adapted to 
 its growth, is preferred to all other grains, and next to niaiza 
 is the most important crop in the United States, not only oa 
 account of its general use for bread, but for its safety and 
 convenience for exportation. 
 
 The whe.'it region of the United States E. of the Rocky 
 Mountains, lies cliiefly between the 30th and 50th peniUels of 
 N. latitude. W. of that barrier it extends one or more degrees 
 further N. At the liondon Exhibition very little wheat was 
 exhibited equal to that from the United States, especially 
 that from the Genesee country of New York — a soft white 
 variety — to the exhibitor of which, a prize med.il w.ns 
 awarded by the Koyal Commissioners. The wheat crop 
 of the United Stsites, accoriiing to the census of 1840, 
 ivmounted to 84,823,272 bushels ; of 1850, to 100,503,'<99 ; and 
 in 1860, to 173,104,924, In 1860, of all the states Illinois pro- 
 duced the largest amount, viz. : 23,837,023 busliels. Indiana 
 comes next, producing 16,848,267 busliels. Wisconsin fol- 
 lows, with a yield of 15,657,458 busliels. Ohio is the fourth 
 in order, having a product of 15,119,047 bushels. Virginia 
 is tlie fifth, producing 13,130,977 bushels. Pennsylvania is 
 the sixth, yielding only 13,042,165 bushels, (although she 
 stood first in 1850, wlien her product was 15,367,091 bushels). 
 The other states follow in their respective order : New York, 
 Iowa, Michigan. Kentucky, Maryland, California, Tennes- 
 see, North Carolina, Missouri, Georgia, Minnesota, New Jer- 
 sey, Te.xas, South Carolina, Alabama, Arkansa.s, Delaware, 
 Oregon, Missis.-ippi, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Kan- 
 sas, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Louisiana, Florida, Rhode 
 Island, 
 
 The quantities of wheat and flour exported from the 
 United States at different periods since 1791, are shown in 
 the subjoined Table : — 
 
 
 Years, 
 
 ■VTheat. 
 
 Flour 
 
 
 
 bushels 
 
 barrels 
 
 
 1791 
 
 1,018.339 
 
 619.681 
 
 
 v.nn 
 
 26.853 
 
 653,0.52 
 
 
 IMIO 
 
 325. »i4 
 
 798,431 
 
 
 1820-1 
 
 25.821 
 
 1,0,56,119 
 
 
 1830-1 
 
 408.910 
 
 1,806,529 
 
 
 1840-1 
 
 868,585 
 
 1,515,817 
 
 
 184f>-7» 
 
 4.399.951 
 
 4,382,496 
 
 
 18.T0-I 
 
 I,02(J,-25 
 
 2,202.335 
 
 
 1662-3 
 
 36,060,-114 
 
 4,390,055 
 
 Rye. — The culture of this grain is principally restricted to 
 the JEastern and Middle States, but in some parts it is giving 
 place to more profitable crops. The yield varies from 10 to 
 30 or more bushels per acre. 
 
 The jiroduction of rye in tlie United States increased from 
 14,188,f)37 bushels in 1850, to 21,101,380 in 1860. Although 
 the production has somewhat decreased in tlie New Eng- 
 land states since 1S50, it has increased in all the middle 
 states. It has increased more than threefold in Delaware, 
 and more than double in Maryland. Pennsylvania pro- 
 duces 5,474,788 bushels, more than any other state. New 
 York como.<4 next, yielding 4,7^6,905 bushels; then New Jer- 
 sey, with 1,439,497 bushels. Pennsylvania, New York and 
 New Jersey produce more than lialf of tiio rye raised in Jlie 
 wliole United States. There is a decided incresise in the 
 production of rye in all the Western states, which produced 
 four times as much of this grain in 1860 as in 1850. Penn- 
 sylvania, however, produces more rye than all the Western 
 states together. 
 
 Barhy. — In the Atlantic States the growth of this product 
 is confined to the tract lying between the ,30tli and 50th 
 parallels of N. latitude; on the Pacific side of the continent 
 its range is principally between the 20th and 62d degrees of 
 N. latitude. The barley chiefly cultivated is the two-rowed 
 kind, which is preferred for the fulness of its gi-ain and its 
 freedom from smut. The yield usually varies from 30 to 50 
 bushels per acre, weighing from 45 to 65 pounds to the 
 laushel. The quantity raised in the United Stiites, as re- 
 turned liy the census of 1850, Wi«s 5,167 ,016 bushels ; of 1860, 
 15,825.898 bushels; in other words, the amount produced in 
 1860, is about three times as great as that of 1850. Tliis in- 
 crease is principally due to the increased demand for barley 
 for the manufacture of beer. Barle.v has never been much 
 exported from this country; it is principally used in the 
 manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors. 
 
 Buckwheat. — Tliis grain appears not to have been much 
 cultivated in this country prior to the last century. It is 
 chiefly raised in the Middle and Now England States. From 
 30 to 45 bushels per acre is considered an average yield in 
 favorable seasons and on suitable soils, but 60 bushels are 
 not unfrequently obtained. Tlie qu.antity raised in the 
 United Sbites, according to the census of I860, was 17,571,818 
 bushels, against 8,956,916 bushels in 1850. Hitherto this 
 grain has not entered into our foreign commerce. 
 
 Oats. — Tills grain maybe regarded as constituting one of 
 the most inijiortant crops in the United States. It is so 
 
 • Famine year in Ireland. 
 
 1985 
 
UXI 
 
 hardy as to be »-iUH to climHtPS too hot and too cold either 
 for wheat or rj-e. Its growth in this country is confined 
 principally to the Northern, Middle, and Western States. 
 The vieid varies from 40 to 90 bushels per acre, weighing 
 from" 25 to 40 pounds per bushel. According to the cen- 
 sus of IS.iO, the total proiluce of the United States was 
 146.078,879 bushels; of 1860, 172,643,185. Oats, like rye, 
 have never entered largely into our foreign commerce. The 
 average of the annual exports for several ye^irs preceding 
 1S17, was 70,000 bushels; since whicJi time the amount of 
 its export has been comparatively unimportiint. 
 
 Peas and Beans. — The kidney bean is said to have been 
 extensively cultivated by the Indians of New York and 
 New England long before the whites established themselves 
 here, and both beans and peas of various hues were largely 
 cultivated by the natives of Virginia prior to the first land- 
 ing of Captiiin John Smith. The cultivation of the pea as a 
 field crop is chiefly confined to the Ejistern, Middle, and 
 AVestern States. The usual yield is from 25 to 40 bushels per 
 acre, weighing about 64 pounds to the bushel. The quantity 
 annually exported from the United States, during 20 years I 
 preceding 1S17, amountdl to alKJut 90,000 bushels of beans, ] 
 and from 30,000 to 40,000 bushels of peas. In 1850 there 
 were produced in the United States, 9,219,901 bushels of 
 peas and beans ; in 1860, 15,061, 9;J5 bushels. Mississippi pro- ! 
 duced the largest quantity, viz.: 1,954.666 bushels. The 
 other most productive sfcites in this respect were North Ca- 
 rolina, Georgia, South Carolina, New York and Alabama. 
 
 nice. — This grain, the chief food of perhaps one-third of 
 the human race, is cultivated throughout the torrid zone 
 wlierever there is a plentiful supply of water, and it will ma- 
 ture under favorable cirt umstanccs in the Eastern Continent 
 as high as the forty-fifth parallel of N. latitude. It was first 
 introtluced into Virginia by Sir William Berkeley, in 1647, 
 and into theCarolimis in 1694. Its culture in Louisiana was 
 commenced in 1718 by the "Company of the West." This 
 grain in the United States is chiefly confined to South Caro- 
 lina (which produced 119,100,528 bushels, nearly two-thirds 
 of the whole quantity niised in the United States). North 
 Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. 
 The yield per acre varies from 20 to 60 bushels, weighing 
 from 45 to 48 pounds, when cleaned. Under favorable 6ir- 
 cumgtances, as many as 90 bushels to an acre have been 
 raised. Another variety called Cochin-China, or dry moun- 
 ttin rice, from its adaptation to a dry boil without irriga- 
 tion, is cultivated to a limited extent. It will grow sever.il 
 degrees farther N. than the South Carolina rice, but yields 
 only 15 or 20 bushels to the acre. At the Industrial Kxhibi- 
 tiou in London, the Carolina rice was awarded a prize medal. 
 The total crop of the United States, according to the census 
 of 1840, was 80.841,42-2 pounds; of 1850, 215,312,710 pounds; 
 and in 1860, 187,167,03:: pounds. The following table shows 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Tierces. 
 
 IS30-t . . 
 
 . 1 I6,.il7 
 
 I&IO-I . . 
 
 . 101.617 
 
 lSoO-1 . . 
 
 . 103,309 
 
 ce$ and 3496 barrels. 
 
 
 UNI 
 
 the quantities of rice exported from the United States at 
 diflerent periods : — 
 
 Years. Tierces. 
 
 1800. , . . 112,036 
 1810. . . . 131,341 
 1820-1 . . . 88.221 
 Is 1862-3 It was only 494 tiei 
 
 Potatoes. — The common Irish (or white) potato is regarded 
 as of but little less importance in our national economy 
 than maize, wheat, or rice. It has been found, in an indi- 
 genous state, in Chili, Paraguay, Eqnador, as well as in 
 rSanta Fe de Bogota, and more recently in Mexico, on the 
 banks of the Orizaba. It was not until near the middle of 
 the seventeenth century that it became generally known 
 either in Britain or North America. In tlie United States 
 it is chiefly confined to the Northern, Middle, and Western 
 States. Its perfection, liowever, depends as much upon the 
 soil as the climate in which it grows : for in the red loam on 
 the banks of Bayou Boeuf, in Louisiana, where the land is 
 new, it is stated that potatoes are produced as large, savory, 
 and as free from water, as any raised in other X)arts of the 
 world. The yield varies from 50 to 400 bushels per acre, but 
 generally it is below 200 bushels. This is one of the four 
 crops which, in the census of 1850, appears smaller than in 
 that of 1840, The decrease is, without doubt, owing to the 
 "rot," wliich, during the la-st ten years, has prevailed to 
 such an alarming extent, not only in our own country, but 
 in Great Britain and Ireland, and has been felt more or less 
 seriously in every quarter of the globe. The quantity of po- 
 tatoes producedin the United States in 1850, was 65,796,793 
 bushels ; in 18C0, 111,148,867 bushels. 
 
 Sweet Potatoes. — This vegefcible, a native of the East In- 
 dies and of intertropical America, appears to have been 
 introduced into Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia soon after 
 their settlement by Europeans, being mentioned as one of 
 the cultivated products of those colonies as early a.s 1648. 
 It grows in excessive abundance throughout the Southern 
 Stiites, and as far N. as New Jersey and South Michigan. 
 According to the census, the potato crop of the United 
 States, (including all sorts.) was 108,298.000 bushels in 1840; 
 there were 3"<,259,196 bushels of sweet potatoes in 1850; and 
 42,095,026 bushels in 1^60. 
 
 The following Table exhibits the quantities of the forego- 
 ing articles of culture produced by eiich State in the Union, 
 as returned in the census of 1860. 
 
 Hay ami Fodder. — The hay and fodder crops, including 
 the dried blades, shucks, and tops of Indian corn, as well 
 as of the succulent corn plants, chopped straw, the haulm 
 of beans, peas, potatoes, &c., are among the most valuable 
 in the United States. The culture of liay is principally 
 confined to the Eastern, Middle, and Western States, trom 
 which the southern markets are mainly supplied, in the 
 
 Productions of Agriculture in the United States during the year ending June 30, I860.— Eighth Census. 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 .Maine 
 
 New Hampshire . . 
 Vermont .... 
 ^lassachusetts . . 
 Rhode Island . . . 
 C.innecticut . . . 
 New York . . . 
 New Jersey . . . 
 I'ennsyUauia . . . 
 Delaware . . . • 
 .Maryland .... 
 District nf Columbia 
 
 Vir|:iiii» 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama .... 
 Mississippi .... 
 Louisiana .... 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas .... 
 
 Tennessee .... 
 
 Kentucky .... 
 
 Ohio ...... 
 
 Michinn . . . . 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Mis.ouri . . . . 
 
 I.wa 
 
 Wisconsin .... 
 Minnesota .... 
 
 Kansas 
 
 California .... 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Nebraska . • . , 
 Dakota .... 
 New Mexico . . . 
 
 Wasl)in(toa . 
 
 bushels of. 
 
 Wheat, 
 bushels oC 
 
 1,546.071 
 
 1,4U,6J8 
 
 I.5'i6,411 
 
 »,137,06-.' 
 
 461,497 
 
 2,059.835 
 
 20,061.049 
 
 9,723,336 
 
 28.1968J1 
 
 3,892,337 
 
 13,444,922 
 
 80,840 
 
 38,319.999 1 
 
 30,0-8.564 1 
 
 15,065.606 
 
 30,776,293 
 
 2,834,391 
 
 JS,i26,282 
 
 29.057,682 
 
 16,853,745 
 
 16,500,70-2 
 
 17.823,5-8 
 
 52,089.926 
 
 64,043.6.?3 
 
 73.54.3,190 
 
 12,444,676 
 
 71,58S,9I9 
 
 115,174,777 
 
 72,802, 157 
 
 42,410.(W6 
 
 7,517.300 
 
 2,94],9i2 
 
 6.130,727 
 
 510,7118 
 
 76,122 
 
 460 
 
 1,482,080 
 
 '20,269 
 
 709,'>01 
 
 90.482 
 
 4,712 
 
 233,876 
 
 238,965 
 
 437.037 
 
 119.783 
 
 1,131 
 
 .S2.401 
 
 8.681.105 
 
 1,763,218 
 
 13,042.163 
 
 91A94t 
 
 6,I03,4«0 
 
 12,760 
 
 13,130,977 
 
 4,743,706 
 
 1,283,631 
 
 2,544,913 
 
 2.808 
 
 1,218,444 
 
 587,925 
 
 32.208 
 
 1,478, ■)45 
 
 9->7,601 
 
 5,439,268 
 
 7.394.809 
 
 15.119.047 
 
 8.336.368 
 
 16,84.8,267 
 
 23.837,023 
 
 4,227.588 
 
 8,449,403 
 
 15.657.458 
 
 2.186.993 
 
 194.173 
 
 5.928.470 
 
 826.776 
 
 3.631 
 
 147,867 
 
 945 
 
 4S4.S09, 
 
 S8J.iJ92 
 
 86.219 
 
 Rye, 
 
 bushels of. 
 
 123.2.«7 
 
 1-28.247 
 
 139.271 
 
 388.085 
 
 28,259 
 
 618.702 
 
 4,786.903 
 
 1,439,497 
 
 5,474,788 
 
 27,209 
 
 518.901 
 
 6,919 
 
 944.330 
 
 436.856 
 
 89,091 
 
 115,532 
 
 21,396 
 
 72.457 
 
 39.474 
 
 36,063 
 
 111.860 
 
 78,092 
 
 257,989 
 
 1,035. --W 
 
 683,686 
 
 514,129 
 
 463,495 
 
 931. -281 
 
 293,-.'62 
 
 183.022 
 
 8S-<,544 
 
 1-21,411 
 
 3.833 
 
 5-2, 140 
 
 2,704 
 
 98 
 
 1,495 
 
 700 
 
 1,300 
 
 8S8.792,:i0 173.104,9-24 21,101,380 
 
 l«2,108 
 
 121.103 
 
 79.211 
 
 134,891 
 
 40.993 
 
 20.813 
 
 4,186.668 
 
 24.915 
 
 530,714 
 
 3.646 
 
 17,330 
 
 173 
 
 68,846 
 
 3,443 
 
 11,490 
 
 14,682 
 
 8.369 
 
 15.133 
 
 1,873 
 
 2-24 
 
 87.562 
 
 3.158 
 
 25,144 
 
 270.683 
 
 1,663.868 
 
 S07.888 
 
 38-2,245 
 
 1,036,338 
 
 •2-28.502 
 
 467.103 
 
 707.307 
 
 101,668 
 
 4,716 
 
 4,413,423 
 
 . 26,234 
 
 1,597 
 
 1,I0S 
 
 00 
 
 6.059 
 
 9.976 
 
 4,621 
 
 2,988.939 
 
 1,3-29,233 
 
 3,630,267 
 
 1,180,073 
 
 244.453 
 
 1,3-2-2.218 
 
 33,175,134 
 
 4,539,132 
 
 27,387.147 
 
 1,046.910 
 
 3,959,298 
 
 -29,548 
 
 10,186.7-20 
 
 2 781.860 
 
 936.974 
 
 1,-231,817 
 
 46,899 
 
 68-2,179 
 
 221. 233 
 
 89,377 
 
 983,889 
 
 475,268 
 
 2,267,814 
 
 4.617.029 
 
 15.409,234 
 
 4.036,980 
 
 5.317 831 
 
 15.2-20,029 
 
 S.680,870 
 
 5,887.645 
 
 11,059.-260 
 
 2,176.002 
 
 88.325 
 
 1,043,006 
 
 885.673 
 
 1,082 
 
 74,502 
 
 2,540 
 
 7,246 
 
 63.21 1 
 
 134,334 
 
 Buck- 
 wheat, 
 bushels of. bushels of. 
 
 2:<9,319 
 
 89,996 
 
 2-25,415 
 
 I-23.-202 
 
 3.373 
 
 309.107 
 
 5,126,307 
 
 877,386 
 
 5,572,024 
 
 16.355 
 
 212,.338 
 
 445 
 
 478.090 
 
 33,924 
 
 602 
 
 2,023 
 
 1,347 
 
 1,699 
 
 160 
 
 1,349 
 
 509 
 14.481 
 
 18,9-28 
 2,370,650 
 529,916 
 896,989 
 S-24,117 
 182,-292 
 215,703 
 33,987 
 28,052 
 «I,5T5 
 76.8?7 
 2,749 
 
 12,224 
 
 ni 
 
 246.915 
 
 79.454 
 
 70,654 
 
 45.246 
 
 7,698 
 
 25,864 
 
 1,609,3.39 
 
 27,674 
 
 123,090 
 
 7,488 
 
 84.407 
 
 3,749 
 
 513,166 
 
 1,932,204 
 
 1,728,074 
 
 1,763,214 
 
 S63.2I7 
 
 1,482.036 
 
 1,954,666 
 
 431,148 
 
 341,961 
 
 440,472 
 
 547,803 
 
 288,346 
 
 102,511 
 
 163,128 
 
 79,902 
 
 108.0-28 
 
 107,999 
 
 41,081 
 
 99,484 
 
 18.988 
 
 9,827 
 
 165,574 
 
 34,407 
 
 15 
 
 5,0-29 
 
 286 
 
 38.514 
 
 2.3.35 
 
 I0.S50 
 
 Rice, 
 pounds of. (jy^,;; 
 
 Irish 
 Potatoes, 
 
 8,225 
 
 7,393.976 
 
 119,100,528 
 
 52,.->07.632 
 
 223,704 
 
 493,465 
 
 809,082 
 
 6JJ3I,257 
 
 28,031 
 
 16,831 
 
 40,372 
 
 .of. 
 
 6,374,617 
 
 4,137.543 
 
 5,253,498 
 
 3,201,901 
 
 542,909 
 
 1,833.148 
 
 '26,447,394 
 
 4,171.690 
 
 11,687,467 
 
 377,931 
 
 1,264,4-29 
 
 31.693 
 
 2,292.398 
 
 630.365 
 
 2-26,733 
 
 803,789 
 
 18,766 
 
 491,646 
 
 414,320 
 
 294.635 
 
 174,182 
 
 418,010 
 
 1,18-2,005 
 
 1,756.531 
 
 8.693,101 
 
 5.'261 245 
 
 3.8C6.647 
 
 5,540,390 
 
 1,690.R30 
 
 2.806,7-20 
 
 3,818,309 
 
 2,565,485 
 
 296.333 
 
 1,789.463 
 
 3C3,SI9 
 
 5.686 
 
 162,188 
 
 9.489 
 
 5.223 
 
 141.001 
 
 163.594 
 
 15,823,898 I7-2.64S.1S5 17.571,818 13.061,995 187.167,0:2 111. 148,867 42,093,0'2« 
 
 1,435 
 16 
 
 628 
 
 616 
 
 946 
 
 2,710 
 
 7,5-29 
 
 1,034,832 
 
 1113,187 
 
 142,213 
 
 236,740 
 
 5,606 
 
 1,960,817 
 
 6 140,039 
 
 4.113688 
 
 6,508.541 
 
 1.129,759 
 
 5,439,917 
 
 4.563.878 
 
 2.060,981 
 
 1.846,612 
 
 1,366,540 
 
 2,604.672 
 
 1.057,557 
 
 304,445 
 
 38,492 
 
 299.5 IB 
 
 306.134 
 
 833,102 
 
 51,. '162 
 
 -2,396 
 
 792 
 
 9.965 
 
 214,307 
 
 335 
 
 200 
 
 168 
 
UNI 
 
 form of pressed packages or bales. According to the censug 
 of 1840 the hay crop of the United States amounted to 
 10,'248-,1083ii tons : of 1850, 13,838.579 tons ; in 1860, 19,083,896 
 tons. 
 
 Tlie amount of clover-seed raised in 1850 was 468,9711 
 bushels ; in 1860, 956,188 ; and of other grass-seeds, 416,811 
 bushels in 1850 ; and 900,040 in 1860. Of the clover-seed, 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio produced nearly one-half of the 
 whole. 
 
 Hnps. — In the production of these the census of 1860 
 shows a gain of nearly 200 per cent. Almost the whole of 
 the increment, however, was in the state of New York, 
 which, from more than two and a half millions in 1850, in- 
 creased to 9,671,931 in 1860. This exceeds five-sevenths of 
 the whole crop of the United States. 
 
 Tobacco. — Tliis plant is indigenous to Central America, 
 and wjus cultivated by the aborigines in various parts of the 
 continent, previous to the discovery by Europeans. Colum- 
 bus found it on the island of Cuba in 1492, when he was 
 invited by a chief to take a cigar. Sir Hicliard Greenville 
 found it in Virginia in 1585, when the English, for the first 
 time, saw it smoked by the natives in pipes made of chiy. 
 So early as, 1610 it was extensively cultivated iu Virginia. 
 Previous to the war of Independence, nearly all Europe 
 was supplied from this country ; but at present most of the 
 sovereigns of the Old World derive a considerable part of 
 their revenues from the cultivation of tobacco. According 
 to the census of 1840 the entire crop of the United States 
 amounted to 219,163,319 pounds; of 1850, 199,762,646 pounds; 
 and of 1860, 434,209,461 pounds. The following shows the 
 quantity of tobacco and suufif exported at different periods : 
 
 Yeari. 
 
 Raw Tobacco. 
 
 Manufactured. 
 
 Snuff. 
 
 
 hhdi. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ibi. 
 
 1800 
 
 78,680 
 
 457,713 
 
 41,452 
 
 1810 
 
 84,134 
 
 495,427 
 
 46,&U) 
 
 1S20-1 
 
 66,858 
 
 1,332,949 
 
 44,352 
 
 1S30-1 
 
 86,718 
 
 3,639.836 
 
 27,967 
 
 lS.10-1 
 
 147,828 
 
 7,503,644 
 
 68,553 
 
 1850-1 
 
 95,945 
 
 7,235,538 
 
 
 Sugar.— TlXie introduction of the sugar cane into Florida, 
 Texas, and Louisiana is supposed to date back to their earli- 
 est settlement by the Spaniards or French. A perennial plant, 
 very sensitive to cold, it is necessarily restricted to regions 
 bordering on the tropics. On the Atlantic side of this con- 
 tinent it does not thrive beyond the 33d degree of N. lati- 
 tude, and the 35th parallel S. In most parts of Louisiana the 
 cane yields three crops from one planting: the first season 
 is denominated " plant cane," and each of the suiwequent 
 growths "ratoons." Mithin the tropics, as iu the West 
 
 UM 
 
 Indies and elsewhere, the ratoons frequently conhnne t« 
 yield abundantly from the same roots for twelve, fifteen, 
 and even twenty-four years. The quantity of sugar pro- 
 duced on an acre varies from 500 to 3000 pounds, averag- 
 ing perhaps from 800 to 1000 pounds. In 1815 it was 
 estimated that the sugar made on the banks of the Missis- 
 sippi alone amounted to 10,000,000 pounds. In 1818, the 
 entire crop of Louisiana was only 25,000,000 pounds. Iu 
 1860 it had rejiched the enormous quantity of 221,726.000 
 pounds, besides 13,439,772 gallons of molasses. According 
 to the census of 1840, the amount of cane and maple sugar 
 made in the United States was 15'4,101,809 pounds, of which 
 119,947,720 pounds were raised in Louisiana. The census of 
 1860 reports the cane sugar made in the United States, at 
 230,982,000 pounds, besides 14,963,996 gallons of molasses ; 
 of maple sugar, 40,120,205 pounds; of maple molasses, 
 1,597,589 gallons; and 6,749,123 gallons of sorghum mo- 
 lasses. It may be interesting to state that, althou<ih the 
 culture of the sorghum was introduced into the United 
 States but a short time before the taking of the last census, 
 we have returns of sorghum molasses from 28 out of the 34 
 states reported. 
 
 Butter and Cheese. — New York is far in advance of any other 
 state in the productiveness of its dairies, which yield nearly 
 one-fourth of all the butter, and nearly one-half of the 
 cheese iiroduced in the Union. With regard to the latter 
 article, Ohio is before all other competitors except New York. 
 Pennsylvania makes 58,000,000 pounds of butter, but pro- 
 duces less cheese than several smaller states. The total 
 quantity of butter produced in the United States, according 
 to the census of 1860, was 459,681,372 jwunds, and of cheese, 
 103,063,927 pounds. The following is the quantity expoi'ted 
 at different periods since 1820-1 : — 
 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Buller. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ibn. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1820-1 
 
 1,069,024 
 
 766,431 
 
 1840-1 
 
 3,7a5,993 
 
 1,748,471 
 
 1830-1 
 
 1,728,212 
 
 1,131,817 
 
 1850-1 
 
 3,994,542 
 
 10,361,189 
 
 In 1863, 42,045,054 pounds of cheese (valued at $4,216,804) 
 were exported from the United Stiites. 
 
 7'lie Vive. — As yet this is one of the least prominent among 
 the different objects of culture in the United States. The 
 census returns of 1860 give the entire produce of wine in 
 the United States at 1,627,242 gallons. The states producing 
 the greatest amount are California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, In- 
 diana, and North Carolina. The annual consumption of 
 foreign wines in the Unitefl States averages only about one- 
 fourth of a gallon to each person. This is almost precisely 
 the rate of consumption in Great Britain; but in France, 
 according to official returns, thera is produced and retained 
 
 Productions of Agriculture in the United States during the year ending June 30, 1860. — Eighth Census. 
 
 Hay, 
 
 tons of. 
 
 Hops, 
 pounds 
 
 Tobacjco, 
 pounds of. 
 
 Maple 
 
 Sugar, 
 
 pounds 
 
 of. 
 
 Sugar, Cane 
 
 hhd^.of Molassei 
 
 1000 gallons o: 
 
 Honey, 
 pounds 
 
 Butter, 
 pounds of. 
 
 Cheese, 
 pounds of. 
 
 Wine, 
 gallous of. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire . 
 
 Vermont'. . . . 
 Massachusetts . . 
 Rhode Island . . 
 Connecticut . . . 
 New York . . . 
 New Jersey. . . 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 Delaware . . . 
 Maryland . . . 
 District of Columbi; 
 Virginia .... 
 Nnrlh Carolina . 
 Soult Carolina . 
 Georgia . . 
 F|-rid.» . . . 
 Alabama .... 
 Mississippi . . < 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas . . . 
 Tennessee . . . 
 Kentucky . . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan . . . 
 Indiana .... 
 Illinois .... 
 Missouri .... 
 
 California . 
 
 Oregon . . 
 
 Nekrada . . 
 Nebraska 
 Dakota . 
 New Mexico 
 
 Utah . . . 
 
 I WattingtoD 
 Aggregate 
 
 975,803 
 
 64'i,741 
 
 940,178 
 
 665,.3.'!1 
 
 82,722 
 
 562,42- 
 
 3,564,793 
 
 508,726 
 
 3,245.413 
 
 36.975 
 
 191,744 
 
 3.180 
 
 445,133 
 
 181,365 
 
 87,387 
 
 46,448 
 
 11,478 
 
 62,211 
 
 32,901 
 
 52,721 
 
 11,865 
 
 9,356 
 
 143,499 
 
 158,476 
 
 1,564.502 
 
 768,256 
 
 622,4-26 
 
 1,774,354 
 
 401.070 
 
 813,173 
 
 855,037 
 
 179,482 
 
 56,232 
 
 305,655 
 
 27,986' 
 
 2,213j 
 
 24.43i; 
 
 833 
 
 1,113 
 
 19.235 
 
 4.580 
 
 102.987 
 
 130,428 
 
 638,677 
 
 111,301 
 
 .50 
 
 959 
 
 9,671,931 
 
 3,722 
 
 43,191 
 
 123 
 
 146 
 
 1,581 
 
 S.899 
 
 37.533 
 
 60.602 
 
 27,884 
 
 7,234 
 
 2,265 
 
 2.078 
 
 135,587 
 
 132 
 
 197 
 
 1.583 
 
 18,581 
 
 12.245 
 
 3,233,198 
 
 703 
 
 6.000.1,33 
 
 5.764,582 
 
 149,485 
 
 ».1«1,386 
 
 9,699 
 
 38,410,965 
 
 15,200 
 
 123.968,312 
 
 32.853,250 
 
 104.412 
 
 919.318 
 
 828.813 
 
 232,914 
 
 139.141 
 
 39.940 
 
 97.914 
 
 91-9.980 
 
 43,448,097 
 
 108.126.840 
 
 25,092 381 
 
 121.099 
 
 7,993,378 
 
 6,885,262 
 
 23,086,lE-6 
 
 303,168 
 
 87,340 
 
 38,938 
 
 20.349 
 
 3,150 
 
 403 
 
 10 
 7,044 
 
 306.742 
 2.255.012 
 
 9.897.7«1 
 1,006,078 
 
 44.239 
 
 10,816.419 
 
 3.455 
 
 2,767,335 
 
 63,281 
 
 "93'8',i63 
 
 30,845 
 
 3.077 
 
 115.620 
 
 380.941 
 
 3,345.508 
 
 4,051,822 
 
 1.541,761 
 
 134,193 
 
 142.028 
 
 315.4.36 
 
 1,584,431 
 
 370.669 
 
 8,743 
 
 221.726 
 3,099 
 
 314.685 
 
 125,142 
 
 213,150 
 
 59 125 
 
 5,261 
 
 62,730 
 
 2,369.751 
 
 185,925 
 
 1,402,128 
 
 66.137 
 
 193,354 
 
 510 
 
 1.431,591 
 
 2,055.969 
 
 526.077 
 
 953,913 
 
 113.520 
 
 47.233 
 
 708.237 
 
 2i>3.481 
 
 594.273 
 
 806,327 
 
 1.519.390 
 
 1.768,692 
 
 1,459,601 
 
 769,282 
 
 1,224,489 
 
 1,346.803 
 
 1,385,983 
 
 917,877 
 
 207,294 
 
 34,283 
 
 16.944 
 
 12,276 
 
 821 
 
 5,843 
 
 5,256 
 
 4,936 
 
 8,794 
 
 3,289 
 
 540 
 
 4,371 
 
 121.020 
 
 8,130 
 
 52,369 
 
 1,993 
 
 6,960 
 
 24 
 
 94.660 
 
 170 495 
 
 40,479 
 
 61.503 
 
 10.899 
 
 100.987 
 
 42,603 
 
 20,970 
 
 28,123 
 
 50,949 
 
 98,892 
 
 68,339 
 
 53.786 
 
 41,632 
 
 34.325 
 
 56,7.30 
 
 79,190 
 
 34.226 
 
 19,854 
 
 1,344 
 
 1.181 
 
 584 
 
 179 
 
 11,687,781 
 
 6.936,764 
 
 15,900,359 
 
 8.297.936 
 
 1,021,767 
 
 7,620 912 
 
 103.097,280 
 
 10,714,447 
 
 58.653,511 
 
 l,430.ii)2 
 
 5,263.295 
 
 18.835 
 
 13,611,328 
 
 4.735,495 
 
 3,177,934 
 
 5.439,765 
 
 408,855 
 
 6,028,478 
 
 5,006,610 
 
 1,444,742 
 
 5,850,583 
 
 4,067,556 
 
 10,017,787 
 
 11,716,609 
 
 48.543,162 
 
 15,.303.482 
 
 18,306.651 
 
 28.052,351 
 
 12,704.837 
 
 11,953,666 
 
 13.611,3(28 
 
 2,957.673 
 
 1,093,497 
 
 3,093,035 
 
 1,000,157 
 
 7,700 
 
 342.541 
 
 2,170 
 
 13,259 
 
 316.046 
 
 153,092 
 
 1.799,862 
 
 2,232.092 
 
 8,215,030 
 
 5,294.090 
 
 161,311 
 
 3,898,411 
 
 48,548,289 
 
 182,172 
 
 2.508,556 
 
 6,579 
 
 8,342 
 
 280,852 
 
 51,119 
 
 1,543 
 
 15,587 
 
 5,280 
 
 15.923 
 
 4,427 
 
 6,150 
 
 275.128 
 
 16.810 
 
 135.575 
 
 190,400 
 
 21,618,893 
 
 1,641,897 
 
 605,''95 
 
 1,848,.557 
 
 259.633 
 
 918,635 
 
 1,104.300 
 
 199,314 
 
 29.045 
 
 1,343,689 
 
 105,379 
 
 12,342 
 
 37,240 
 53,331 
 12,146 
 
 3,164 
 
 9,401 
 
 2,923 
 
 20,913 
 
 507 
 
 46,783 
 
 61,407 
 
 21,083 
 
 38,621 
 
 683 
 
 S,222 
 
 118 
 
 40,808 
 
 54,064 
 
 24,964 
 
 27,646 
 
 336 
 
 18,207 
 
 7,262 
 
 2,912 
 
 14,199 
 
 1,004 
 
 13,566 
 
 179,948 
 
 668,617 
 
 14,42> 
 
 102,895 
 
 50.690 
 
 27,827 
 
 3,369 
 
 6,278 
 
 412 
 
 583 
 
 8,260 
 
 19,083,896 i6,d91.996: 434,209.461 40,120,-205 230,9821 14,963,996' 23,366,3571 1,322 787; 4,39,681,372 103,663.927' 1,627,241 
 
 1987 
 
UNI 
 
 for consnmpti^i SOO.OOO.OOO gallons of wine, allowing 25% 
 gallons to each person. 
 
 In the preceding Table is shown the quantities of th« 
 shove commodities produced in the United States, as re- 
 turned in the census of 1860. 
 
 tWfOTi.— This plant, which admmisters so bountifully 
 to the wants of man, and to the wealth and economy of 
 countries producing It, stands pre-eminent in the United 
 States, both as regards its superior staple and the degree of 
 perfection it has attained. One or more of its species is 
 found growing wild throughout the Torrid Zone, and in 
 several countries adjacent to it. It has been an important 
 object of culture from time immemorial. Columbus found 
 it used by the American Indians of Cuba in 1492; Corti-z 
 by those of Me.xico in 1519 ; Hzarro and .\lmagro by the 
 Tnfas of Peru in 1532 ; and Cabeja de Vaca by the natives 
 of Texas and California in 1536. 
 
 The precise time of its introduction as an object of culture 
 by the American colonists is not known. The seed of the 
 Sen Island cotton was introduced from the Bahama I.«lands 
 about the year 1785. It was first cultivated on Skidawny 
 I.'land, near Savannah, and subsequently on St. Simon's 
 Island, at the mouth t^' the Altamaha, and on Jekyl Island, 
 Previous to 1794 — the year after the invention of Whitney's 
 saw gin — the amount of cotton produced in North America 
 W.1S comparatively inconsiderable; but since that period, 
 there is probably nothing recorded in the history of industry 
 (including its manufacture in this country and Europe) that 
 would compare with its subsequent increa.«e. The chief va- 
 rieties cultivated in the United States are the black seed, or 
 Sea Island, {Gossypiwn arhoreuin — a tree cotton, indigenous 
 to India.) known also by the name of "long staple," from 
 its fine, white, silky appearance, and long fibres : the green 
 seed, (Gossypium herhaceum,) called "short staple." from its 
 shorter, white staple, with green seeds, and commercially 
 known by the name of •' upland cotton ;" and two kinds of 
 Nankin or yellow. {Gossypium barbaJense ;) the Mexican, 
 and Petit Gulf. The average yield is about 500 pounds to 
 the acre. Mississippi occupies the first place as a cotton- 
 planting state, having nearly trebled its proiluution since 
 1850. In Tirgiuia and North Carolina tlie cotton crop is be- 
 coming comparatively unimportant. According to the cen- 
 sus of 1840, the amount cultivated in the United States was 
 790,479.275 pounds; of 1850, 987 ,449,(,00 pounds; and of 1860, 
 2,154.820,800 pounds, or 5,387,052 bales. Mississippi pro- 
 duced in 1860, 1,202,507 bales, more than any other state. 
 
 Wool. — Analogous in its uses to cotton, wool is destined, 
 nndonbtedly, to become a scarcely less important object of 
 naticnal industry than that great staple. In no object of 
 culture has there been a more decided improvement during 
 the past ten years than in this; for while the number of 
 theep in the United States has increasetl but 12 per cent., 
 the aggregate weight of their fleeces has augmented 46 per 
 cent. In 1840 the average weight of the fleece was 1.84 
 pounds; in 1850 it had risen to 2.43 pounds. The greatest 
 attention has been paid to sheep breeding in Vermont, 
 where especial efforts have been directed towanls obtaining 
 a breed combining the greatest weight and fineness of fleece. 
 Although the number of sheep in that state declined nearly 
 one-half in the period from the sixth to the .seventh cen.sus, 
 the yield of wool remained nearly the same. The average 
 weight of the fleece in 1840 was 2.2 pounds; in 1850,3.71 
 pounds, the gain being almost equal t« 70 per cent. In 
 Massachusetts the weight of the fleece rose from 2.5 pounds 
 to 3.1. The state of New York produced 226.000 pounds 
 more wool from 3.453.000 sheep in 18.50 than from 5.118.000 
 sheep in 1840, showiag that the weight of the fleece had 
 increased from less than two to nearly three pounds. 
 
 The total amount of wool produced in the United States 
 in 1860, was 60,264,913 pounds. Ohio is the principal 
 wool-growing state, having a yield of 10,608,927 pounds- 
 next comes New York, with 9,454,474 ponnds ; Pennsylvania 
 IB third, producing 4,752,522 pounds; Michigan is "fourth 
 yielding 3.960,888 ; the next in order are,Vernioiit,California 
 Indianii, Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri,— the produce of 
 the other states being comparatively unimportant. Ver- 
 mont produces nearly half of the total quantity raised in the 
 New England States, which is only 6.578,0t>4 pounds The 
 product of wool in the Pacific st-.teg and territories shows an 
 extrafirdinary increase since 1850, when it was onlv 77 329 
 poiirids. In l.S6(), it amounted to 3,489,350 pounds, o"f which 
 California produced 2,683,109. 
 
 The imports of wool into the United States from 1844 to 
 1851, inclusive, were as follows :— 
 
 UNI 
 
 Flax and Hemp. — During the Ia.'t half century, great 
 efforts have been made in Europe, and to some extent of 
 late in the United States, to inciea.se and improve the pro- 
 duction and niauufacture of flax and hemp. Formerly they 
 were considered as indispensable crops among our plantei-s 
 and farmers; but their use has in a me.isure been super- 
 seded by the cotton of the South. Common flax is a native 
 of Bril;un. where it has been cultivated from time imme- 
 morial. Hemp is supposed to be a native of India. Bi>th 
 these products are mentioned as growing in New England 
 prior to 1632. According to the census of 1S40. there were 
 rai.-<ed in the United States 95.251J tons of flax and hemp ; 
 of 1850, 35,093 tons of hemp, and 7,715,961 ponnd.s of flax; 
 of 1860, 74,493 tons of hemp, and 4,720,145 pounds of flax. 
 The fibre of these plants has never been produced in this 
 country in sufficient abundance to form an important articlo 
 of foreign commerce, but flaxseed was formerly shipped to 
 Eui-ope in large quantities. 
 
 Silk. — Silk appears to have been first known in Asia, 
 where it was called Surica. from the name of the country 
 (probably China) in.which its use is suppfised to iiave been 
 discovered. The Chinese claim to have manufactured H 
 2700 years before the Christiau era. The silk culture wa.« 
 agitated in the Virginia colony a.s early as 1622 ; introduced 
 into Louisiana in 1718; into Georgia in 1732; and into Con- 
 necticut in 1760. Its introduction into the latter state was 
 effected by Dr. Aspinwall of Mansfield, who succeeded in 
 forming extensive nurseries of the mullierry at New Haven, 
 Long Island. Pennsylvania, and other places. Connecticut 
 is the only state in the Union that has continued the busi- 
 ness without interruption, and has probably produced more 
 silk than all the other states together. Mansfield is still 
 the chief seat of the silk interest In 1.844 the amount 
 raised in Connecticut was 176.210 pounds, and in the United 
 States 396.790 pounds. Accortiing to the census of 1840. the 
 amount of silk cocoons produced in the United States was 
 61,552i pounds: of 1850, 10,843 pounds, from which it would 
 appear that the production of silk cocoons has decreased 
 46,789 pounds ."iuce 1840, and 382,027 ).x)unds since 1S44. 
 
 The quantities of each of the foregoing objects of culture, 
 as returned by the census of 1860, are exliibited in the 
 subjoined Table : — 
 
 Productions of Agriculture in the United States, during the 
 year ending June 30, i860. — Eighth Census. 
 
 Tear*. 
 
 18U . 
 
 ISlfl , 
 1M7 
 
 Wool in lb>. 
 U.OOH.UOO 
 
 , 'is.sa.oio 
 
 le.ai-*,.'!! 
 8,4tiO,109 
 
 Tear*. 
 IMS 
 !)<«» 
 1850 
 1851 
 
 Wool in lbs. 
 ll,841.Vi9 
 I7.««9,0.'2 
 18,fi«).-»l 
 32,548,t>93 
 
 aJII f.??*fi;'^'''-°f .*^'? imported wool came from Buenos 
 tin. ,7 ^ neighboring states on the Hio de la Plata, 
 
 
 - S-^ 
 
 
 
 
 ;• . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Statei and Terri- 
 
 =j"!| 
 
 §•3 
 
 
 
 s » 
 
 toriei. 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 h S 
 
 " = 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 
 a 
 
 jfi i 
 
 
 c — 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 M.iine 
 
 
 1,495,060 
 
 50 
 
 2,997 
 
 73 
 
 New Han)p»hire . 
 
 
 1,160,222 
 
 81 
 
 I,W7 
 
 1 
 
 Vermont. . . . 
 
 
 3,118,950 
 
 
 7,007 
 
 
 Massichusetti . . 
 
 
 377,267 
 
 
 163 
 
 
 Rhode Island . . 
 
 
 90,699 
 
 
 
 
 Connecticut. . . 
 
 
 333.896 
 
 3 
 
 1,187 
 
 18 
 
 New York . . . 
 
 
 9,454,474 
 
 3 
 
 1,518,025 
 
 239 
 
 New* Jersey. . . 
 
 
 &19,250 
 
 430 
 
 48.651 
 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 
 
 4,752,522 
 
 46 
 
 312,368 
 
 163 
 
 Delaware . . . 
 
 
 50,201 
 
 
 8,112 
 
 
 Maryland . . . 
 
 
 491,511 
 
 272 
 
 14,481 
 
 3 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 
 Virginia .... 
 
 12,727 
 
 2,510,019 
 
 is 
 
 4«7.868 
 
 ZJ5 
 
 North Carolina . 
 
 145,514 
 
 883,473 
 
 
 216,490 
 
 338 
 
 South Carolina . 
 
 333,412 
 
 427,102 
 
 1 
 
 344 
 
 20 
 
 Georfia .... 
 
 701,840 
 
 946,227 
 
 31 
 
 3,303 
 
 72 
 
 Florida .... 
 
 65,153 
 
 59,171 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Alabama .... 
 
 989,995 
 
 775,117 
 
 
 111 
 
 315 
 
 Mississippi . . . 
 
 1,202.507 
 
 663,959 
 
 
 £0 
 
 10 
 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 777,738 
 
 290,817 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 431,463 
 
 1,493,738 
 
 179 
 
 iis 
 
 27 
 
 Arkansas . . . 
 
 367,393 
 
 410.382 
 
 447 
 
 3.821 
 
 5 
 
 Tennessee . . . 
 
 296,461 
 
 1,403,236 
 
 2,243 
 
 16),291 
 
 71 
 
 Kentucky . . . 
 
 
 2.329,105 
 
 39.409 
 
 72.- iM 
 
 340 
 
 Ohio ..... 
 
 
 10 (-'-.' 2- 
 
 
 882.423 
 
 7,394 
 
 Michigan . . . 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 4,128 
 
 12 
 
 Indiana .... 
 
 
 
 
 97,119 
 
 575 
 
 Illinois .... 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 48.233 
 
 1,5451 
 
 Missouri. . . . 
 
 41,1-- 
 
 _ ^ 
 
 
 109. "-37 
 
 127 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 M.IJ.-OS 
 
 G>1 
 
 30.226 
 
 124 
 
 Wisconsin . . . 
 
 
 1,011.933 
 
 356 
 
 21,614 
 
 15 1 
 
 Minnesota . . . 
 
 
 20.388 
 
 109 
 
 1,983 
 
 62 
 
 Kansas .... 
 
 61 
 
 24,746 
 
 44 
 
 1.135 
 
 40 
 
 California . . . 
 
 
 2,683,109 
 
 
 
 
 Oregon . . . , 
 
 
 219.012 
 
 
 162 
 
 
 Nerada .... 
 
 
 330 
 
 
 
 
 Nebraska . . . 
 
 
 3,302 
 
 9 
 
 
 120 
 
 Diknta .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Mexico . . 
 
 19 
 
 492,645 
 
 
 
 
 TJlah 
 
 136 
 
 74,765 
 
 114 
 
 4,343 
 
 
 Washington . , 
 Aggregate. . 
 
 
 19,819 
 
 
 
 
 5,387,032 
 
 60,261,913 
 
 74,493 
 
 4,720,145 
 
 11,944 
 
 Fanning Implements. — In no muntry of the world has 
 such an amount of ingenuity been exercised in the produc- 
 tion of labor-saving machinery as in the United States, and 
 nowhere has it been so successfully applied to the common- 
 est operations of agriculture. According to the census of 
 1850. $151,569,675 were invested in implements and ma- 
 chines for aiding and abridging the work or the hands in 
 
UNI 
 
 cuUirating the earth, and in preparinf; its produce for 
 C'liMiinptiou. Of this amount Now York had iMvest<Kl 
 $J;i.us4.y26: Pennsylvania. JU.T'i-i.-i+l ; Ohio. .?1-2.7.'>0..')R5 ; 
 Louisiana, §11.576.938, (probably the gre.itfr part lipinfrin 
 machinery for crushing pugar cane:) Virsrinia, $7,021,772; 
 Indiana, $6,70-t.4M; Illinois, $6.4iJ5,561 ; and Georgia. 
 $5,894,150. 
 
 Domestic Animals.— For the sake of convenience it may 
 be proper to treat of these under four principal heads. 
 
 Hirrses, Asses, ami Mules. — The number of horses in the 
 United States in 1850, was 4,3;^6,719; in 18eO, it amounted 
 to 6,249,174. Ohio had more horses than any other state, 
 viz.: 625,346; Illinois, which was next in order, had 563,736; 
 Indiana was the third, having 520.677; Kew York was the 
 fourth, having 603,725; Pennsylvania came next, with 
 437,6.54.; then follow iu order, Missouri, Kentucky, Texas, 
 Tennessee and Virginia. Vermont liad more horses th.an 
 any other New England State, viz,.: 69,071. There were 
 more horses in the Pacific States, in proportion to the popu- 
 lation, than in any other section. 
 
 The number of asses and mules in the Union in 1850, was 
 5.59,:$31; and 1,151,148 iu 1860; of these, Tennessee had 
 (1M60), 126,345, (more than any other state); Kentucky had 
 117,634; Alabama, 111,687; Mississippi, 110,723; Georgia, 
 lO:, 069; and Missouri, 80,941. 
 
 fforned Cattle. — Under the general term "neat cattle" 
 were embraced, in the census of 1840, the three descriptions 
 of animals designated in that of 1850 as milch cows, work- 
 ing oxen, and other cattle. The aggregate of the three 
 chiases in 1840 was 14,971,586; in 1850, 18,3.55,287 ; showing 
 an increase between the two periods of 3,383,701, or about 
 20 per cent.; in 1860, 2.5,61 fi,0 19. They appe.-ir to be dis- 
 tributed pretty equally over the Union. The states contain- 
 ing the greatest number were (in the order named) New 
 York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Illinois. Among 
 the various races of cattle, a preference is given, when a 
 strict regard is paid to breeding, to the Durh.ams or short- 
 horns, the Ilerefords, the Ayrshires, and the Dovoiis. The 
 Darhams. from their nipid growth and early maturity, are 
 adripted only to the richest pastures of the Northern, Middle, 
 and Western States. The cows, when judiciously crossed with 
 other breeds, are regarded as the best milkers. The Ilere- 
 fonls,on the contrary, are better adapted to poororiudifter- 
 ent piistures, and regions subject to contiinied drought; 
 and lor this reason they are well suited for California, New 
 Mexico, Texas, and other parts of the South. The oxen are 
 
 UNI 
 
 good in the yoke, and the cows, when properly fed, give ai 
 abuiulanceof milk. The De.vnns are beautifully formed, poa 
 sess good tempers, and make the l)e8t teams. The cows ar» 
 fair milkers, and their flesh very good beef. They also possesi 
 great aptitude for taking on fat. Of milch cows. New York 
 had the greatest number, viz.: 1,123,634; Ohio was next, 
 having 676,585: I'entisylvania came third, with 673,.547 ; 
 then Texas, with 601,540; then Illinois, h.aving 622,6;J4. Of 
 working oxen, Texas had the l.irgest number, viz.: 172,492; 
 next came Missouri, with 166.688; then New York, with 
 121,703. Of other cattle, Texas had more than twice aa 
 many a£ any other state, viz.: 2,761,736. 
 
 Sheep. — There was an increase in the total number of 
 sheep in the United States, during the ten years ending 
 June 1, 1850, of 2.309.108. In New f^ngland. however, and 
 in the five Atlantic States — New York. New Jersey. I'enn- 
 sylvania, Delaware, and Maryland — there was a remarkable 
 decline. In New Kngland the number decrea-sed fi-om 
 3,811,307 in 1840 to 2,164.450 in 1850. or about 45 per cent., 
 and in the states named, from 7,402.851 to 5.641.391, or aljr.ut 
 22g per cent In Pennsylvania, however, there was a gain 
 of 165.000 sheep. \Vhile,'as it will be seen that the diminu- 
 tion in the alxjve state.* was 3.408,00<t. there was an increase 
 in those S. of .Maryland and W . of New York, of 6,717.608. 
 Ohio has gained the most largely, having returned, in 1840, 
 2,028,401, and in 1860, 3.942,929; an increa.se of 1,914.528, 
 or nearly 100 per cent. The number of sheep returned from 
 New Mexico in 1860 was ^30,116, or more than 6 to each in- 
 habitant, proving the soil and climate of that territoi'V to 
 be well adapted to the raising of this kind of stock. The 
 kinds of sheep most sought for are the pure-blooded Meri- 
 noes, the Saxons, the Cotswolds, the Leicest<-rshires. the 
 Oxford.shires, and the South Downs. The last-named are 
 especially esteemed for their flesh, but their wool is consi- 
 dered inferior to the others mentioned. 
 
 The total number of sheep in the United States, according 
 to the census of 1840, was 19,412,904; of 1860, 21,721,812; 
 of 1860,22,471,275. 
 
 Swine. — The whole number of swine in the United States, 
 as shown by the census of 1^60, Wiis 30,316,608; in 1*60, it 
 amounted to 33,512,867. Indiana returned tlie largest num- 
 ber, after which came Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Ken- 
 tucky, and Ohio. 
 
 The annexed Table exhibits the number of acres of im- 
 proved and unimproved land, also the number and value 
 of tiie live stock in each state iu the Union. 
 
 Area, Products, Live Stock, &c. — Eighth Census. 
 
 
 Acres of Land in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Farms. 
 
 
 
 
 Live Stock 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stitei and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value of 
 Live Stock. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Improved. 
 
 Unim- 
 
 
 Asses and 
 
 Milch 
 
 Working 
 Oxen. 
 
 Other 
 
 
 Swine. 
 
 
 
 
 proved. 
 
 Horiei. 
 
 Mules. 
 
 Cows. 
 
 Catlle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 
 
 Maine .... 
 
 2.704,133 
 
 3,023,538 
 
 60,637 
 
 104 
 
 147,314 
 
 79,792 
 
 149.S27 
 
 452,472 
 
 54,783 
 
 $15,437,533 
 
 
 New Hampthire. 
 
 2,367,034 
 
 1,377,.591 
 
 41,101 
 
 10 
 
 94,880 
 
 51,512 
 
 118,075 
 
 310,534 
 
 81.P35 
 
 10,924,627 
 
 
 Vermont . . . 
 
 2.823,157 
 
 1,451.257 
 
 69,071 
 
 43 
 
 174,667 
 
 42,639 
 
 153,144 
 
 752,201 
 
 52.912 
 
 16,24 1,S89 
 
 
 Ma8sacliu«ett« . 
 
 2,155,512 
 
 1,183,212 
 
 47,786 
 
 lOS 
 
 144,492 
 
 38,221 
 
 97,201 
 
 114,829 
 
 73,948 
 
 12.737,744 
 
 
 Rhode Island . . 
 
 335,128 
 
 1S«.096 
 
 7,121 
 
 10 
 
 19,700 
 
 7,857 
 
 11,548 
 
 32,624 
 
 17,478 
 
 2,042,014 
 
 
 Connecticut . . 
 
 1,830,807 
 
 673.457 
 
 33.276 
 
 82 
 
 98.877 
 
 47,939 
 
 95,091 
 
 117,107 
 
 75,120 
 
 11,311.079 
 
 
 New Vork . . . 
 
 14,358,403 
 
 6,616,555 
 
 605,725 
 
 1,553 
 
 1,123,634 
 
 121,703 
 
 727,837 
 
 2,617,855 
 
 910,178 
 
 103.856,2961 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 
 1.944,441 
 
 1,039,084 
 
 79.707 
 
 6,362 
 
 138,818 
 
 10.067 
 
 89,909 
 
 135,228 
 
 236,089 
 
 16,131,653 
 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 
 10,463,296 
 
 6,548.844 
 
 437.654 
 
 8.832 
 
 673..547 
 
 60.371 
 
 683,575 
 
 1,631,540 
 
 1,031,266 
 
 69,672,726 
 
 
 Delaware . . . 
 
 637,065 
 
 367,230 
 
 16.562 
 
 2.294 
 
 22.595 
 
 9,530 
 
 25,596 
 
 18,8.57 
 
 47,818 
 
 3,144,706 
 
 
 .Maryland . . . 
 
 3,002,267 
 
 1,833,304 
 
 93,406 
 
 9,829 
 
 99,463 
 
 34,524 
 
 119,254 
 
 165,765 
 
 387,756 
 
 14,667,853 
 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 17,474 
 
 16,789 
 
 641 
 
 122 
 
 639 
 
 69 
 
 198 
 
 40 
 
 1,099 
 
 109,040 
 
 
 Virginia . . . 
 
 11,437,821 
 
 19,679.215 
 
 287.579 
 
 41,015 
 
 330,713 
 
 97,872 
 
 615,882 
 
 1,043.269 
 
 1,599,919 
 
 47,803.049 
 
 
 North Carolina . 
 
 6,517,284 
 
 17.245,685 
 
 150,661 
 
 51,388 
 
 K8,623 
 
 48,511 
 
 416,676 
 
 546,749 
 
 1,883,214 
 
 31,130,805 
 
 
 South Carolina . 
 
 4,572.060 
 
 11,6-23,859 
 
 81,125 
 
 56.456 
 
 163,938 
 
 22,629 
 
 320,209 
 
 233,509 
 
 965,779 
 
 23,934.465 
 
 
 Georgia. . . . 
 
 8,062.758 
 
 18.587.732 
 
 130,771 
 
 101.069 
 
 299,688 
 
 74,487 
 
 631,707 
 
 512,618 
 
 2,036,116 
 
 38,372.734 
 
 
 Florida .... 
 
 654.213 
 
 2,266.015 
 
 13,446 
 
 10.910 
 
 92,974 
 
 7.361 
 
 287,725 
 
 30,158 
 
 271,742 
 
 5,553,356 
 
 
 Alabama . . . 
 
 6,385,724 
 
 12,718.821 
 
 127.063 
 
 111,687 
 
 230,.537 
 
 88,316 
 
 4.54,543 
 
 370,156 
 
 1,748,321 
 
 43,411,711 
 
 
 Mississippi. . . 
 
 5.065,755 
 
 10.773.929 
 
 117,571 
 
 110,723 
 
 207,646 
 
 103.603 
 
 416,660 
 
 a52.632 
 
 1,532,768 
 
 41,891,692 
 
 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 2.707.108 
 
 6,591.468 
 
 78,703 
 
 91,762 
 
 129,662 
 
 60.358 
 
 326,787 
 
 181,253 
 
 634,325 
 
 24.546,940 
 
 
 lexas .... 
 
 2,650,781 
 
 22.693,247 
 
 325.698 
 
 83,334 
 
 601,540 
 
 172.492 
 
 2,761,736 
 
 7.53,363 
 
 l,37l,.532 
 
 42,825,447 
 
 
 Arkansas . . . 
 
 1,983,313 
 
 7.590,393 
 
 140, 198 
 
 57.338 
 
 171,003 
 
 76,707 
 
 318,089 
 
 202,733 
 
 1,171,630 
 
 22,096,977 
 
 
 Tennessee . . . 
 
 6,795,337 
 
 13,873.828 
 
 290,882 
 
 126.315 
 
 249.514 
 
 102.158 
 
 413,060 
 
 773,317 
 
 2.347,321 
 
 60,211,425 
 
 
 Kentucky . . . 
 
 7,644.208 
 
 11,519,053 
 
 355,704 
 
 117,634 
 
 269.215 
 
 108,999 
 
 457.S45 
 
 938,990 
 
 2,330,.595 
 
 61,868.237 
 
 
 (Ihio 
 
 12,625,394 
 
 7,846,747 
 
 625,346 
 
 7,194 
 
 676.585 
 
 63,078 
 
 895,077 
 
 3,546,767 
 
 2,251.653 
 
 80,36-1,819 
 
 
 Michigan . . . 
 
 3,476.296 
 
 3,554,538 
 
 136,917 
 
 330 
 
 179.543 
 
 61,686 
 
 238,615 
 
 1,271,743 
 
 372,386 
 
 23,714,771 
 
 
 Indiana .... 
 
 8.242, 183 
 
 ■8,146,109 
 
 520,677 
 
 28.893 
 
 363.553 
 
 117.687 
 
 688, 144 
 
 991,175 
 
 3,099,110 
 
 41.855,539 
 
 
 Illinois .... 
 
 13,096,374 
 
 7,815,615 
 
 563,736 
 
 38.539 
 
 522.634 
 
 90,380 
 
 970,799 
 
 769,135 
 
 2,502,308 
 
 72,.50 1,225 
 
 
 Missouri . . . 
 
 6.216.871 
 
 13,737.939 
 
 361,874 
 
 80.941 
 
 34.5.243 
 
 166.588 
 
 6.57,153 
 
 937,445 
 
 2,354,425 
 
 63.693,673 
 
 
 lowa 
 
 3.792,792 
 
 6,277.115 
 
 17.5,088 
 
 5.734 
 
 189,802 
 
 56.964 
 
 293,322 
 
 259,041 
 
 934,820 
 
 22,476.293 
 
 
 Wisconsin. . . 
 
 3,746. 167 
 
 4.147,420 
 
 116,180 
 
 1.030 
 
 203,001 
 
 93.652 
 
 225.207 
 
 332,954 
 
 334,0.55 
 
 17,807,375 
 
 
 Minnesota. . . 
 
 556.2.0 
 
 2,155.718 
 
 17,065 
 
 377 
 
 40,344 
 
 27.568 
 
 51,345 
 
 13,044 
 
 101,371 
 
 3,642.841 
 
 
 Kansas .... 
 
 405.468 
 
 1.372,932 
 
 20.344 
 
 1.496 
 
 28.350 
 
 21.551 
 
 43,354 
 
 17,569 
 
 138,224 
 
 3,332,4.50 
 
 California . . . 
 
 2,468,034 
 
 6,262,000 
 
 160.610 
 
 3.681 
 
 205.407 
 
 26,004 
 
 948.371 
 
 1,068,002 
 
 456,396 
 
 85,585,017 
 
 Oregon .... 
 
 896.414 
 
 1,164,125 
 
 36.772 
 
 980 
 
 63,170 
 
 7,469 
 
 93,492 
 
 86,052 
 
 81,615 
 
 5,946,2551 
 
 Nevada. . . . 
 
 14. 132 
 
 41,986 
 
 541 
 
 134 
 
 947 
 
 620 
 
 3,904 
 
 376 
 
 3,571 
 
 17'r,&18i 
 
 Nebraska . . . 
 
 118.789 
 
 512,425 
 
 4,449 
 
 469 
 
 6,995 
 
 12,594 
 
 17,608 
 
 2,355 
 
 25,369 
 
 1,128,7-1! 
 
 Dakota .... 
 
 2.115 
 
 24.333 
 
 84 
 
 19 
 
 2S6 
 
 348 
 
 167 
 
 193 
 
 287 
 
 39,116; 
 
 New Mexico . . 
 
 149.274 
 
 1,265.635 
 
 10.066 
 
 11,291 
 
 a4.369 
 
 25,266 
 
 29.094 
 
 830,116 
 
 10,313 
 
 4.499.746] 
 
 Utah 
 
 77.219 
 
 12,692 
 
 4„565 
 
 851 
 
 11,967 
 
 9,168 
 
 12.959 
 
 37,332' 
 
 6,707 
 
 1 516,707 
 
 
 Washington . . 
 Assragate . . 
 
 81,869 
 
 284,287 
 
 4,772 
 
 1.59 
 
 9,660 
 
 2,671 
 
 16,228 
 
 10,157 
 
 6,383 
 
 l,r<J9,911 
 ei,089,329,91- 
 
 
 163,110,720 
 
 244,101,818 
 
 6,249,174 
 
 1,151,148 
 
 8,581,735 
 
 2,254,911 
 
 14,779.373 
 
 22,471,275 
 
 33,512,867 
 
 
 Firest Tree.i. — No country on the globe can boast of so ! we meet with the various speciesof oak, including the white 
 many species of noble forest trees as are found within the j and black oak, the chestnut oak. the live oak, and post oak ; 
 territory of the United States. East of the Rocky Mountains j the white and yellow pine, the former sometimes attaining a 
 
 1989 
 
UNI 
 
 height ij (wer 2iX) feet ; the chestnut ; the black walnut : the 
 tulip tree or poplar ,one of the noblest in the American fortwts, 
 not nnfrequently attaining a height of from 120 to 130 fi'it, 
 with a diameter' of from 5 to 7 or 8 feet ; the different kinds 
 of maple, among which is the sugar maple, from the sap of 
 which is obtained, by boiling, a sugar of peculiar character 
 and most delicious taste ; the elm, one species of which, (the 
 ulmus Arnericoiia ) Michaux regarded as the most magnifi- 
 cent free of the American ^ylva; the magnolia, which, when 
 in flower, gives to the forests of the South the appearance 
 of a gigantic and riagiiificent flower garden ; the red cedar, 
 remaikal'ie for its durability; the huge cyprecs, growing 
 in the swumpy and low land? of the Southern States. 
 
 The forests of California and Oregon surpass those of every 
 other region in the prodigious magnitude of their trees. 
 The red-wood (a species of cypress) of California, is sometimes 
 found 30 and nften 20 feet in diameter, and of a proportionate 
 height. The pine trees growing on the mountain slopes of 
 Oregon are said not nnfrequently to attain a height of near 
 300 feet, with diameters varying from 8 to 20 feet. For a 
 more particular enumeration of the different trees, the 
 reader is referred to the articles on the several states. 
 
 Wild Animals. — These comprise the moose and caribou 
 or reindeer, (rare,') the black bear, panther, deer, wolf, 
 and wildcat in the N. ; grizzly bear. Rocky Mountain goat, 
 sheep, and antelope on the slopes of the liocky Mountiiins; 
 buffalo, (once general on the plains of the Mississippi Valley, 
 now W. of the Mi-ssissippi,) prairie-dog, (a burrowing animal.) 
 fox, beaver, muskrat, marmot, squirrel, rabbit, weiisel. skunk, 
 opossum, racoon, and wolverine. Among birds there are 
 
 UNI 
 
 turkey-buzzards, golden and bald eagle, black vulture, wild 
 turkey, grjuse, canvassb.iek and other wild duck.'. flamingiH-s,, 
 cranes, .spoonbills, pheas.int.s, partridges or quiiils, hawks, 
 owls, pelicans, &c. Among reptiles, alligators, (in the South.) 
 rattlesnakes and various other snakes, salamanders, tor- 
 toi.«es, lizanls, Ac. Among fish, the shark, codfish, salmon, 
 salmon trout, whitefish. (the latter two in the great lakes,) 
 mackerel, shad, herring, halibut, sheepshead. trout, rock- 
 fish, bass, maskelonge, ^c; and among shellfish, oysters, 
 clams, crabs, lobsters, terrapins, and turtles. In the zoo- 
 logical department, of those peculiar to America, are. the 
 moose, grizzly bear, liocky Mountain goat and sheep, bison, 
 prairie dog, wild turkey, canvassback duck, rattlesnake, 
 salmon trout, white-fish, shad, and terrapin. 
 
 ilanufaclures. — Manufactures, in this country, compared 
 with the other two great divisions of industrial employment, 
 viz., agriculture and commerce, are fast taking the relative 
 stand they occupy in Europe. According to the census, 
 there were in the United States, in 18G0, 140,43:i establish- 
 ments, producing more than $500 each, engaged in niauu- 
 faclures, mining, and the mechanic art8,.cniidoying an 
 aggregate capital of $1.0u9,i-5o,715, and l,040,34t» male and 
 '270,897 female hands, consuming raw material woilh 
 $1,031,005.09-2, and producing manufactured articles valued 
 at f 1,885,861 ,67 6. 
 
 In the subjoined Table are exhibited the number of est*. 
 bli.shments producing goods to the value of ^1(0 and up- 
 wards, number of hands employed, raw material consumed, 
 and the value of articles piixiuoed in each state and territory 
 of the Union, as returned in the census of 1860. 
 
 Product of Manufactures, Mining, and the Mechanic Arts, — 1860. 
 
 States ind Territories. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire . . 
 Vermont . . . . 
 Massachusetts . , 
 Rhode Islaod . . . 
 Connecticut . . . 
 New York , . 
 New Jersey . . . 
 Pennsylvauia . , , 
 Delaware . . . 
 Maryland . . . , 
 District of Columbia' 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 South Carolina . , 
 
 Georeia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama . . . . 
 Mississippi . . . , 
 Louisiana . . . , 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas . . . . 
 
 Tennessee . . . , 
 KenluckT . . . . 
 
 Ohio ...... 
 
 Michi/ran . . . . 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri • . . . 
 Iowa. . . , , , 
 Wisconsin . . . . 
 Minnesota , . . . 
 Kansas . . , . . 
 California , . . . 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Nebraska , . • . , 
 New Mexico . , . 
 
 Utah 
 
 Washington . , . 
 
 Aggregate . . 
 
 3,810 
 
 »22,144.0ao 
 
 2,592 
 
 23,274.094 
 
 \,>m 
 
 9,498.617 
 
 8,176 
 
 132,792.327 
 
 1.191 
 
 24,278.295 
 
 S,019 
 
 45,390,430 
 
 22,624 
 
 172,S»3,6,i2 
 
 <,17$ 
 
 40,521,048 
 
 S2,363 
 
 190.035,904 
 
 615 
 
 5.452.887 
 
 3,0!S3 
 
 23 KW.eOS 
 
 ^iS 
 
 2.905,865 
 
 5.385 
 
 26.935,560 
 
 3,6S9 
 
 9.693.703 
 
 1,230 
 
 6.931.756 
 
 1,890 
 
 10.890.875 
 
 185 
 
 1.874.125 
 
 1,459 
 
 9.098 181 
 
 976 
 
 4,384.492 
 
 
 7,151,172 
 
 983 
 
 3,272,430 
 
 
 1.316,610 
 
 
 14.426,261 
 
 3,450 
 
 20,2-*.579 
 
 
 57.295.303 
 
 3,448 
 
 23,808,226 
 
 5,3-23 
 
 18,451,121 
 
 4,268 
 
 27,348,563 
 
 
 20,03J,220 
 
 
 7,2-;7, 130 
 
 s.oei 
 
 15,831,581 
 
 
 2,388,310 
 
 344 
 
 1.0»t.935 
 
 8,468 
 
 22.043,096 
 
 309 
 
 1,337,238 
 
 2,oos.3y) 
 
 4«..'i56 
 1,296,200 
 
 »l,009,855,715 
 
 $21,553,066 
 
 20.539.857 
 
 7.608,858 
 
 135,0,33,721 
 
 19.858.515 
 
 40.909.090 
 
 214.813.061 
 
 41.429,100 
 
 153 477,698 
 
 6,028.918 
 
 ».494,007 
 
 28»1.1S5 
 
 30 840,531 
 
 10,203^28 
 
 5,198.881 
 
 9,986.532 
 
 874.506 
 
 5.489.963 
 
 3.I4C.636 
 
 6,738,486 
 
 3,367.372 
 
 1,280,503 
 
 9.416.514 
 
 22.295,759 
 
 69,800,270 
 
 17.635,611 
 
 27.142,597 
 
 35,558,782 
 
 23,»I9,»4I 
 
 8,612,259 
 
 I7,137,.'!34 
 
 1.904.070 
 
 1.444,973 
 
 27.051.671 
 
 1,431,932 
 
 237,215 
 
 367.892 
 
 439.312 
 
 502,021 
 
 Hands employed. 
 
 Male. 
 
 24,827 
 18.379 
 8.563 
 146,268 
 20,793 
 44.002 
 176.885 
 43.198 
 182.593 
 5.463 
 21.630 
 2,653 
 S2.606 
 12.101 
 6.096 
 9.492 
 2,297 
 6,792 
 4,732 
 7,873 
 
 3.,^w 
 
 1,831 
 11,582 
 19,587 
 63,749 
 22,144 
 20,563 
 22,489 
 18.628 
 
 6.142 
 14,61 1 
 
 2,104 
 
 1.700 
 
 49,169 
 
 968 
 
 334 
 
 1,044 
 390 
 
 1,010,349 
 
 ^saSn ^n^^V^''^- ^^^ '*"*'« ""^^ rao^t extensively 
 engaged m niiinufacturing are New York I'ennsvlvnni.f 
 
 ^nStSin'ih' r -^""'r"™*- «h'-5e i"lan» 
 rreona emn^LJS -^ ^'"°"' ''*« *'»^ greatest number of 
 IH.rsons employed in manulactiires in proportion to its dodu 
 Ution ; and Connecticut stands next. ^^ 
 
 and i^n^^T^ ??i' ''*'*P!f '"?""*■'«=»»'•«« «re cottons.wooUens 
 
 lively retent origin, the fimwi f. «**'^«'-e "f 9on„^.ra- 
 e6tablishedonlySout30v.^l-. *' *'i''""? '""'nj; been 
 «us of 1860, wwUen Eool* wJr^^ According to the cei,- 
 but to a considerate «^nTn^. "!»""f"Pt'"-ed in 24 statel. 
 (nearly onc^thTrd'''; fhe w .^ H' Xe'w Wk^T^'^'T"^' 
 
 Pem.sylvania Rhode Island.'l'dN-e^HHSsh^""''"'''"'' 
 The a„,.,n^t of capital invested in 1860. ^^^^"I^.ise 954- 
 
 9.792 
 
 13,961 
 
 1,934 
 
 71,153 
 
 11.695 
 
 20.487 
 
 53 227 
 
 12.829 
 
 39,539 
 
 956 
 
 6,773 
 
 495 
 
 S..368 
 
 2,113 
 
 898 
 
 2,083 
 
 157 
 
 1,097 
 
 203 
 
 916 
 
 111 
 
 46 
 
 946 
 
 1.671 
 
 9.853 
 
 1,016 
 
 732 
 
 (8.368,691 
 
 8,110,561 
 
 3.004.986 
 
 66.!)60,913 
 
 8,760,125 
 
 19,026,196 
 
 63.J46.739 
 
 16,277.337 
 
 60,369,163 
 
 1,905.754 
 
 7,190.672 
 
 1.139,154 
 
 8,544,117 
 
 2,689,441 
 
 1,380,027 
 
 2,9-25,148 
 
 619,840 
 
 2,13-2,9«0 
 
 1.6!.«.320 
 
 3,683.679 
 
 1,162,756 
 
 .551,240 
 
 8,370,687 
 
 6,020,082 
 
 22.302.989 
 
 6.735.047 
 
 6.318.335 
 
 7.637,9-21 
 
 6.669,916 
 
 1,92-2.417 
 
 4,268,708 
 
 7IZ214 
 
 8«0,316 
 
 28,432, -JS? 
 
 633.256 
 
 103.332 
 
 341.306 
 
 231,701 
 
 453,601 
 
 Annual value of 
 products. 
 
 1378,878,966 
 
 »38,193.2i4 
 
 37,586,453 
 14,637,807 
 255,345,922 
 40,711,296 
 81,924,553 
 •T78.870.939 
 76,306,104 
 :290.121.1S8 
 
 9.892.90-2 
 41,735.157 
 
 5.412.102 
 50,652, 124 
 16,678,696 
 
 8,615,195 
 16.925,564 
 
 2,447,969 
 10,588,566 
 
 6,590.687 
 15,587,473 
 
 6,577,202 
 
 2.880,378 
 17,997,223 
 37,931,240 
 121.691,148 
 32.6.58.356 
 42.803.469 
 57,5(«,8S6 
 41,782.731 
 13.971,325 
 27.849,467 
 
 3,373,172 
 
 4,357,408 
 68,-253,-228 
 
 2,976,761 
 607,3-28 
 
 1,249,123 
 900,153 
 
 1,406,921 
 
 tl,SS5,861,678 
 
 numl)er of establishments In operation, 1.227; hands em- 
 ployeil, 24,471 males and 16,126 females, who consumed raw 
 material worth $35,652,701. The anniuU value of the pro- 
 duct was S60,6S5,190. 
 
 Inm Manufactures. — The iron manufactures, including 
 pig, ca.st,and wrought iron, next to those of cotton, are the 
 most important in the Uniti-d States. In 1860, they emploved 
 a capital of $74.579,6i-.7, and 68,108 hands, who consumed raw 
 materiiU worth $50,218,t48, in the production of pig-iron, cast- 
 inj^, bar-iron, forged iron, Ac, valued sit $96,450,744, A capital 
 ot $24,368,243 was invested in the manufacture of 'roii-cist- 
 >"f?s, yielding an annual prwluct of $36,638,073 ; $iK?,343.Cr3 
 was invested in the manufacture of iron, wrougrht, roll'il, 
 Ac, producing $36..5.37 ,259 : 824,672,824 was in vetted in the 
 manufacture of pig-iron, prodficing 1-20,870,120 yearly. In 
 1860, 908,300 tons of iron ore were mined in tlte UkLvI 
 States. Of this amount, more than half, \iz. : 50<i,100 tons 
 were mined in Pennsylvania alone. The next greatest 
 amount (130,000) w.is obtained in Michigan, Of the 987.559 
 tons of pig-iron manufactured in the United States, Penn- 
 sylvania produced considerably more than half, viz. : 580.049 
 tons. Ohio, the second state iu this respect, fvrod iced only 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 117,754 tons. Tliere worn also mantifartured, 509,084 tnns 
 of bar, sliet't and riiilruiid iron, of which iiinount I'einnyl- 
 Viiiiia produced 26ti.i^3 tons. In l^&i it is estimated that 
 142,000 car-wheels were made in the United States, and that 
 Pennsylvania produced 4.5.0)0; New York and Delaware, 
 each, 30,000; and New .lei-sey, 18,000. It is estimated that 
 470 (or upwards) locomotives were made in 1n60, Pennsyl- 
 vaHia producing 172, and New Jersey, 166. According to 
 the census of 1860. 111,363 sewing-machines were made in 
 that year. New York manufactured 24,230; Connecticut, 
 24,046; Massachusetts, 21,700; and Pennsylvania, 12,S00. 
 
 The almost entire substitution of stoves, grates, and 
 ran^e^ for the common fire-place, the unexampled extent 
 to which machinery is applied to the various operations of 
 labor, its substitution for horso-power in laud-c.;irrlage, and 
 for wind in river, lake, and oce.an navigation, have combino<l 
 with numerous other causes to render the iron manufacture 
 of the United States more InifKjrtant than in any other 
 country in the world except Kngland. Besides supplying 
 the home demand, locomotives, steam-engines, machinery, 
 and numerous other articles are extensively exported, 'flio 
 principal seats of. tlie iron manufacture are Philadelphia. 
 Pittsburg, Cincinnati, New York, Boston, Baltimore, and 
 St. Louis. 
 
 The manufjicture of boots and shoes employs a larger 
 number of hands than any other branch of American in- 
 dustry, except agriculture, and more than one-twelfth 
 of all the operatives engaged in manufactures. There 
 were in the United .^tites in 1860, 12,487 establishments en- 
 gaged in tliis manufacture, having a capital of $23,358,527, 
 consiuning raw material worth $42,729,640, and employing 
 94,515 miUo and 28,514 female hands, and yielding an annual 
 profluct vi-.lued at $9I,891,49S. Of the States, Massachusetts 
 Wius by fiir the most extensively engaged in this business, 
 with a CJipital of $9,010,977, and producing goods valued 
 at $16,230,.529 ; New York w.xs second, having a capital of 
 $.3,298,.3i3, and producing goods worth $10,925,173; Penn- 
 sylvania was third, with a capital of $:j,038.17i>, and an annual 
 product worth $8,474,127 ; Ohio was fourth, having a capital 
 of $1,199,231, producing goods to the value of $3,662,831. 
 
 TlKsre were also 399 salt works in 12 states, employing a 
 capital of $3,692,215 and 2213 hands, producing 12,717,200 
 bushels of salt, valued at $2,289,504. New York produced 
 aliout 59 per cent. (7,521,335 bushels) of all the salt manu- 
 factured in the United States. Next to New York, the largest 
 prodiict of salt was in Virginia (now West Virginia), viz.: 
 2,076,.'iT3 bushels. The next in order is Oliio, having a pro- 
 duct of 1.743,200 bushels. Pennsylvania, the fourth, maau- 
 factiu-od 1,011,800 bushels. 
 
 There were in 1860, 5040 estiiblishments for the manu- 
 facture of leathor( exclusive of the manufactories of morocco 
 and patent leather), employing a capital of $35,655,370, and 
 22,622 male and 57 female hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $ 14.520,737 ,and yielding an annual product valued 
 at $H7, 306,452. 
 
 In the subjoined Table is exhibited the number aiid class 
 of vassels built in the Unitetl States at different periods, and 
 their tonnage; compared with that of vessels built in the 
 United Kingdoms the .same years : 
 
 
 = s 
 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 x«2 
 
 E 
 
 it 
 
 t- 6 
 
 a| 
 
 E 
 
 Is 
 
 "u 
 
 J3 
 
 III 
 
 
 i> 
 
 
 i^i 
 
 >■ 
 
 186 
 
 
 ■y: 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 £- o 
 I3U 
 
 H 
 
 sSt- 
 
 1815 
 
 224 
 
 681 
 
 274 
 
 
 154,624 
 
 
 1820 
 
 21 
 
 60 
 
 31)1 
 
 152 
 
 
 534 
 
 47,784 
 
 
 18.'5 
 18;w 
 ISIa 
 
 56 
 
 •i5 
 25 
 
 197 
 56 
 50 
 
 .5:19 
 403 
 301 
 
 168 
 
 lis 
 too 
 
 35 
 37 
 30 
 
 994 
 637 
 507 
 
 114,i»97 
 58.094 
 46.2:19 
 
 
 
 
 1840 
 
 37 
 
 109 
 
 378 
 
 224 
 
 64 
 
 872 
 
 118.309 
 
 211.289 
 
 18« 
 
 124 
 
 87 
 
 822 
 
 342 
 
 16:1 
 
 lo:S8 
 
 146,018 
 
 123,230 
 
 lK.iO 
 
 247 
 
 117 
 
 547 
 
 290 
 
 1.59 
 
 i:jt» 
 
 272,219 
 
 133,686 
 
 1851 
 
 211 
 
 65 
 
 522 
 
 326 
 
 233 
 
 1367 
 
 298.204 
 
 149,6,37 
 
 ln.il 
 
 255 
 
 79 
 
 684 
 
 267 
 
 259 
 
 1444 
 
 351,493 
 
 167,491 
 
 ims 
 
 269 
 
 95 
 
 681 
 
 394 
 
 271 
 
 1710 
 
 425,572 
 
 203,171 
 
 m'>4 
 
 334 
 
 112 
 
 661 
 
 386 
 
 281 
 
 1774 
 
 5:i5.til6 
 
 
 1863 
 
 97 
 
 34 
 
 21i 
 
 1113 
 
 367 
 
 1823 
 
 310,884 
 
 
 Since the year 1855 there has been a decline, generally 
 gradual, up to 1862, inclusive. From 1858 to 1850. there 
 Wiis au extraordinary falling off, the amount of tonnage, the 
 liust n imed year being only about three-fifths of that of the 
 year previous, and scarcely more than ono-fourth of that 
 of 1855. 
 
 Of the 1774 ve-ssels built in the United States in 1854, 
 Maine constructed 348— tons 168,632; New York 300— tons 
 117.167 ; and Ma-'ssachusetts 180 — tons 92.570, from which 
 It will be perceived that these three states produce nearly 
 three-fourths of the entire tonnasie built in the Union. The 
 decided superiority which M.tine holds in respect to this 
 great branch of national industry, i.s chiefly owing to the 
 enterprise of her inhabitants, aided by the great number 
 of deep .^na secure bays scattered along the caists : for it is 
 not upon her forests that she mainly depends for her sup- 
 plies of building materials, but upon Virginia and North 
 
 Ciirolina, wWthor she sends, every autumn, vessel* with 
 men. oxen, provisions, and other things requisite for cutting 
 and haulins timber, which they return with in the spring. 
 
 Among the many other branches of mechanical industry 
 pursued in the United States, our limits will permit us to 
 mention only one. viz., book-publishing. This business, 
 though not yet a century and a h.ilf old, h.-us already become, 
 ander our system of free government and free schools, 
 more extensive in the United States than In the wealthiest 
 and most civilized countries of the Old World. Including 
 type-founding, printing, and book-binding, it absorbs a vast 
 amount of capital, and furnishes employment to a great 
 number of persons. The numl)er of books published in 
 1853 was about 730. o£ which 278 were reprints of Knglish 
 works, 35 translations of foreign authors, and 417 of native 
 production. Classified as follows: History 46; Fiction 59; 
 Theology 97; Poetry 28; Travels 29; Juvenile 49: Kdura- 
 liointl 24; Scientific 45; Law 14; Geography 6; Philology 
 5; Ethnology 5; and Miscellaneous 180. The number of 
 publishing houses in the United States is ivbout 375, some 
 of which are among the largest in the world. The number 
 of American books reprinted in Kngland, in 1853, was 119; 
 and in 1854, 185. •The three great seats of the publishing 
 bu.sincss are Philadelphia, New Y'ork, and Boston. The 
 amount of printed matter annually issued in either. one ol 
 the.'e cities probably eciuals, if it does not exceed, that pub- 
 lished either in I.,ondon or I'aris. 
 
 Internal ImprmfineyiU — Railways, Canals, Ac, — In a new 
 and sparsely-ficopled country the highways of communica- 
 tion are apt to be poor, and the inhabitants, for a time, 
 settle on the great rivers, and other navigable waters, ex- 
 tending their rough roads (often little more than paths) 
 as occasion demands; and such is still the condition of the 
 more recently and more thinly inlrabited portions of the 
 United States. The first great internal improvement in 
 this country was the Philadelphia and I'ittsburg Turnpike, 
 completc^d near the close of the last century. Pp.'vious to 
 the introduction of railways or the anticipation of tlieir 
 introduction, Congress commenced a great National Uoad 
 from Washington to St. Louis, which has been completed- to 
 Springfield, Ohio, and partially undertaken in Indiana and 
 Illinois; but, railways having superseded its nece.ssity, this 
 great work will probably never be finished. Washington 
 early urged the improvement of the navigation of the Poto- 
 mac and the .lames Kivers, and had his plans been vigorously 
 geconded by his native state, possibly Norfolk would have 
 been the commercial emporium of the United States, for 
 which it has probably greater natural advantages than any 
 other city in the Union ; but the genius of De Witt Clinton, 
 by the opening of the Krie and Hudson Canal in 1824, has 
 secured that advantage for the metropolis of his native state. 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland were little behind New Y'ork in 
 their zeal in the construction of canals, though not with 
 €>qually favorable results. Ohio and Indiana led the way in 
 the West, but the introduction of railways seems likely to 
 su]ier.«ede canals as a means of transport, and few new en- 
 terprises of that kind are. we believe, now undertaken. The 
 total length of canals in the United States in 1854 was about 
 4798 miles. 
 
 The first railroiids constructed in the United States were 
 the Quincy Kailroad. for the tran.sportalion of granite from 
 the quarries at Quincy to Neponset Kiver, Ma.ssachu.setts, 
 and the Mauch Chunk Railroad, extending from the coal- 
 mines to Lehigh Kiver, in Pennsylvania; the former opened 
 in 1826. and the latter in 1827. The wonderful rapidity 
 with which the system of internal improvemenLs, thus com- 
 menced, has been extended, is perhaps the most striking 
 feature in the progress of the United States in power and 
 civiliz.ition. The numtier of miles of railway completed, 
 up to 1848, was stated at about 6000 miles, and, according to 
 Hunt's Magazine, there were 21,528 miles in operation, Janu- 
 ary 1, 1855, and 16,738 in course of construction. In 1860 
 there were 30,793 miles of completed railroad, the constnio- 
 tion and equipment of which cost $1,151,560,829. That 
 young and vigorous giant of the West, Oliio, which had no 
 political existence till about the commencement of the 
 present century, now has the greatest nurrtber (^2999 miles) 
 of completed railway of any of the 36 United States of 
 North America; Illinois, a still more youthful member, 
 ranks next, having 2867 miles in operation ; then New York, 
 with 2701; Pennsylvania, with 2.542: Indiana 2125, and 
 Massachusetts 1272. Massachusetts has much the largest 
 amount in proportion to her area. Illinois stiuids fli-st ill 
 proportion to poiiulation. 
 
 With the exception of a few miles in Alabama, there are 
 connected lines of railway from Bangor in Maine to New 
 Orleans, the southern commercial metropolis of the Uiuon, 
 Lines of completed railroad also now connect, more or less 
 directly, the four great cities of the Atlantic seaboard, — 
 Bo-ston, New Y'ork, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, — as well 
 as- the National Capital, with the large cities and towns of 
 the upper portion of the Mississippi Valley— Detroit, Clevt- 
 land, Chicago, Mil\»-aukee, St. Louis. Louisville, Cincimiati, 
 Pittsburg, and all important intermediate places. The towiia 
 
 1991 
 
UNI 
 
 iD«nrioned all now hold unintemipt^'d intercourse by rail- 
 way with ten points on the Mississippi River, viz. : at La 
 Criigse, rnirie du Chien, Dubuque, Fulton, Quincy, Bock 
 Island, Burlington, Alton, St. Louis, and Cairo. 
 
 Cliarleston and Savannah are now connected by railway 
 with the Mississippi at Memphis ; while they have extended 
 another of these iron arms to Nashville, eagerly stretching 
 to seize the tnide of La Belle Riviere, (the Ohio;) and roads 
 are completed, which unite the (j ulf of Mexico with the Great 
 lakes, and the inhabitants of the South may exchange their 
 grateful fruits for the pure and cooling ices of tlie lake 
 streams of the North, and the people of New England pass in 
 two days from the middle of the temi)erate to the verge of the 
 torrid zone. Prominent among these roails now in course 
 of consiruction, is the Pacific Bailroajd. from the share it 
 occupies in the minds of the lea<iing men of the nation, it 
 seems highly protwible that the period is not distiint when 
 the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific will be united by rail- 
 way. The prominent lines of communication between the 
 Atlantic coast and the Mississippi Valley, now are first, by 
 the Hudson River and Central New York Railroiuls to Buf- 
 falo, through Ciinada West and South Michigan to Chicago 
 and Galena; 2, by the New York and Erie Railroad through 
 the S. counties of New York, and by the Lake Shore Rail- 
 roads — through Dunkirk, Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, and 
 Toledo— to the points named above, or to the more southern 
 towns; 3, by the Pennsylvania Central Riiilroad through 
 Pittsliurg, thence either to Cleveland, to Cincinnati, or Terre 
 Uaute. and to St. Louis direct; and, 4, by the Baltimore and 
 Oliio Railroad, to Wheeling, and thence W. to Cincinnati, 
 &c. We give below a Table of Receipts, for 1863 and IHbi, 
 of the following roads : — 
 
 New York Central . 
 New York and Erie . 
 Fenniylvania Central 
 
 ♦ 10.897,889 
 10,169,481 
 11.891,412 
 
 $12,997,889 
 13,295.619 
 14,759,037 
 
 In the southern portion of the Union, are, 1, A line through 
 Richmond and Lynchburg to Knoxville, (where it connects 
 with other lines leading south and west ;) and, 2, a series of 
 railroads connecting' Charleston and Savannah with Mem- 
 phis. 
 
 Omaha, on the Missouri River, in Nebraska, is the Eastern 
 terminus of a Northern branch oif the Pacific Railroad, which 
 is in progress of construction towards California. About 50 
 miles of it have been completed. Another branch of the 
 Pacific Railroad extends Westward from St. Louis via Kan- 
 sas City, Lawrence, Ac. 
 
 Tdegrapfis.— About the year 1832, Professor S. T. B. Morse 
 first conceived the idea of an electro-magnetic telegraph, and 
 in 1844, he erected, between Wajiiington anil Baltimore, a 
 distance of about 40 miles, the first line established in the 
 United States or in the world. This line was extended north- 
 ward through Philadelphia and New York to Boston in Dn45. 
 The telegraphic wires now in operation form a network over 
 the length and breadth of the land, from the Great Lakes to 
 the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the shores of 
 the Pacific. They also connect with the telegraph wires in 
 the British Provinces, where they have received a remark- 
 able development, and are now extended from Prince Ed- 
 ward's Island to St. John, in Newfijundland. the most eastern 
 point of America. It is also proposed to effect a telegraphic 
 comnmnication, by means of a submarine cable or otherwise 
 between this country and Europe. Two unsuccessful at^ 
 tempts have been made to accomplish that object and ener- 
 getic preparations are now being made for a third attempt 
 llie line is designed to extend from Valentia, on the Wosi 
 Bide of Ireland, to Ilearfs Content Cove, in Trinity Bay New- 
 foundland. At the commencement of 18W, the number of 
 nules of telegraphic wire in operation amounted to 41 30-' 
 erected at a cost of $6,(571,800, or about $160 per mile ' At 
 
 iiiri^rftS* *A'"tii*«^V''? ^°^^ '«"«'*> "f" "'e telegraphic 
 wires in the United SUtes is estimated at 55.000 milSf 
 
 CbwBMroe.— The commercial progress of the Unitefl Suites 
 ^u ,.?.?■ r*"'^'^ .'*!? «'»fP"«n8 than the increase of 
 T^.^^ f"'"'.^",'' *V^ growth. of its hundred cities. 
 The ofticial rei>ort for the year ending June 30, 1-63, states 
 the tonnage of the Unite! States to be 2,026.114 reKistered 
 and 3.128,941 enrolled; toUl, 5,156,0oo. Of the rSr^ 
 tonnage, 99,2-, was engaged in the whale fishery, a^ 
 
 I'^VL w f'*^" •^>'"'°°- "f the enrolled t,,^ 4e, 
 2j960,W2 was en^ged in the coasting trade, 117,289 in Uie 
 cod-flshery and 51,118 in the mackerel fishery. Tl." in! 
 crease ,n the total tonnage since 1S54, was 352,153 tons 
 
 In 1S54 there entered frx,ra foreigi ports 19,^ vetsels 
 ilSio^ ^f^^ tonnage of 5,884,;S9 tons of S 
 Ml 1038 boys; cle.-ired in the same peri-Kl, 19 073 vessel, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of 6.019,194. of which 'l^l^i 
 WM foreign tonimge, i.uinned by 239 645 men ml Kwi iL 
 
 1-henu.n^rofvesseU Which ^nt^lS^dS-lSgX'S'?,^]: : 
 
 UNI 
 
 Ing June 30, 1R63, was 21,961 with an aggregate toiii.age of 
 7,255.076, of which 2,640,378 was foreign tonniige, tlio whola 
 manned by 249.996 men and boys. The number cleartnl 
 during the same yeiar, 22,0.i7, with an aggregate tonnage of 
 7,511,284, of which 3,064,023 was foreign tonnage ; the crews 
 amounted to 247,019 men and boys. The tonnage entered from 
 foreign ports increased from 973,681 in 1825, to 7,265,076 in 
 1863; and the tonnage cleared for foreign ports, from 
 1,0.56,446 to 7,511,284 between the same years. The tonnage 
 owned, increa.sed from 1,298,958 in 1821, to 5,155,055 in l!>t>3; 
 and the tonnage of vessels built, from 55,856 in ls21, to 
 310,884 in 1863. 
 
 The tonnage (registered) employed in the whale fisheries, 
 increased from 26,070 in 1821, to 99,228 in 1863; the en- 
 rolled tonnage employed in the cod fisherj-, from 51,351, to 
 106,559 in 1S63. The tonnage employed in the mackerel 
 fishery in 1863, amounted to only 51,018. The tonnage 
 engaged in the coasting trade, increased from 659,435 in 
 1821, to 2,918,613 in 1863. 
 
 The total value of the imports for the year 1854 was 
 $304,562,384 ; for the years 1861-2-3-4 : 
 
 Iinports. 
 $3=>2.07i.,V35 
 20i,S 19,^23 
 2>2.lf7.i»7 
 32a,3 14,559 
 
 Exports. 
 t410,S56,BI8 
 i»,93f.S75 
 350,0.'>2.125 
 aiO,GI>5,5tjO 
 
 It has been thought best to retain the following table 
 (for the year 1K54) exliibiting the import and export trade 
 of the United Suites with each foreign state, as it is in some 
 respects more comi)lete than any we can furnish at the pre- 
 sent time, and it will perhaps give a more correct idea of tlie 
 "normal condition" of our commerce than any statement 
 made a decade later, when all commercial movements wer« 
 more or less influenced by the disturbing forces of war. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Foreign 
 Imports. 
 
 KuMia 
 
 Prussia , 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Swediah and West Indies 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Danish West Indies 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Uambuig 
 
 Holland 
 
 Dutch East Indie 
 
 Dutch West Indies 
 
 Dutch Guiana 
 
 Belgium 
 
 England 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 Ualta 
 
 British East Indie 
 
 British West ludies 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 
 British American Colonies • . , , 
 
 Other British Colonies 
 
 Canada 
 
 Australia 
 
 France on the Atlantic 
 
 France on the Mediterranean , . . 
 
 French Guiana 
 
 French West Indies 
 
 Spain on the Atlantic 
 
 Spain on the .Mediterranean . . . . 
 
 Teneriffe and other Canaries . . . 
 
 Manilla and other Philippine Islands 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Other Spanish West Indies .... 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Madeira 
 
 Fayal and other Azores 
 
 Cape de Terdes 
 
 IttlT 
 
 SIcMj 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 TuBcanj ] 
 
 Trieste and other Austrian port* . . 
 
 Turkej, Levant, te 
 
 HayU ; 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Central Republic of America . . . 
 
 New Granada 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Orienul Republic of Uraguar . . ', 
 
 Argentine Bepubllc 
 
 Chili 
 
 Peru \ 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 China .' . .* 
 
 Asia generally .,.',,,.', 
 
 Africa generally 
 
 South America generallv ..... 
 South .Seas and Pacific 6cean . . . 
 
 Sandwich Islands 
 
 AUantic Ocean and uncertain places 
 
 $l,a44.'2.<t5 
 47.773 
 515,178 
 22,690 
 8.097 
 286.044 
 14.643.927 
 2,3J2,97I 
 1,695,970 
 1,041,609 
 534,978 
 104,1'36 
 S.462,241 
 I40,3»!,733 
 5,820,469 
 2.'9,.335 
 59.673 
 83,695 
 5,378,.t2I 
 1,126,417 
 288,954 
 47,489 
 448.903 
 2,206,021 
 4.344 
 6,721 ,5.'!9 
 214,J02 
 82,892.021 
 J,889,371 
 29,618 
 161.085 
 5:«,504 
 1,579,074 
 39,598 
 S.?65,2«2 
 17.124.339 
 2,850,.t53 
 243,592 
 30,007 
 21,584 
 8,985 
 971,718 
 959.300 
 85,676 
 1,152,717 
 741,918 
 803,114 
 2,357,252 
 3,463,190 
 2,360,4-22 
 1,478,520 
 S.07?.649 
 14,110,387 
 457,179 
 2,144,971 
 3,332,167 
 1,005,406 
 57.5.34 
 1^506,3.-9 
 60,730 
 1,3S«..T«8 
 235.69.1 
 10.103 
 119.130 
 
 Domestic 
 Exports. 
 
 $335,521 
 
 1,085.602 
 
 1-2,741 
 
 87.870 
 
 928.924 
 
 8,3i6,077 
 
 2,-255,519 
 
 2,-299,710 
 
 109,-203 
 
 371,380 
 
 53,745 
 
 S.848,890 
 
 135.111 708 
 
 3,097,662 
 
 1,006,017 
 
 446.445 
 
 148.5.'8 
 
 567,193 
 
 4,756,398 
 
 •203.913 
 
 718.096 
 
 292.6-28 
 
 4,693,771 
 
 10,510.373 
 
 2,999,635 
 
 29,749.466 
 
 l,218,7^6 
 
 100,148 
 
 551,5-25 
 
 1,S90,.34N 
 
 3,212,36i< 
 
 19.613 
 
 27,852 
 
 8,228,116 
 
 990,8I<« 
 
 127.150 
 
 47,708 
 
 lo.aw 
 
 30.03- 
 
 1,586,327 
 
 246,151 
 
 188.305 
 11,735 
 
 ,319 
 
 219,496 
 
 1,*-«,I87 
 
 2,091,870 
 
 -2.T0.i39 
 
 855.-2,M 
 
 1,131.604 
 
 4,046,H,S7 
 
 450.855 
 
 658,7;0 
 
 1.942,330 
 
 651,707 
 
 1,293.9-25 
 
 Total 
 
 $301,494,094 I t2S2.U47,8UG 
 
UNI 
 
 Thp above stntement of exports only includes etomcstic 
 
 mcreh.Hudise sliipiieil to tins places desiirimted. The value 
 of fiirci^ii merchandise re-exported, durhig the year ending 
 
 June 30. 1854, was $23,748,514; making the total exports for 
 
 the year $27 5. 7 96,320. This includes the gold and silver 
 coin and bullion. 
 
 Of the leading articles import(;d into the United States in 
 the fi,>^cal year 1854, vfere, free of duty : — 
 
 Value. 
 
 Gold and Silver liullion $1.K10,314 
 
 Gold and Silver Ooia 4.94H.i'4.'J 
 
 Teas 6,715,726 
 
 Coffee 14,5:)6,H45 
 
 Copper, in ptatca and ore . . . . , l,4IO,0<t'i 
 
 Sheathing meul ■»8,'.'01 
 
 Guano ' 69>.01i 
 
 ArUcIes not specified, more than 3,000,000 
 
 And paying duties: — 
 Uanufactures of Wool : 
 
 Cloths and eassimerei S13.15A.5R3 
 
 Worsted stuff goods 10,S7o.f79 
 
 Blankete 1.7!«,.i!K) 
 
 Merino shawls of wool 1,476.07'i 
 
 Hosicrv and articles on frames l,*272,.So7 
 
 Carpeting 2,V68.8I5 
 
 Uanufactures of Cotton : Value. 
 
 Printed, stained, or colored $I7,4-'S.249 
 
 White or uncolored a.l9I.V17 
 
 Tamboured or embroidered 4,015.476 
 
 Hosiery and articles made on frames 3.013,664 
 
 Twist varn and thread 1,076,987 
 
 Articles not speciUed above 6,000,000 
 
 Uanufactures of Silk: 
 
 Piece good.s 825,296.519 
 
 Articles tamboured or embroidered 1.1h;i,:'99 
 
 Hosiery and articles made on frames 1,001,299 
 
 Articles not specified, nearly 9.000,000 
 
 Silk and worsted 1,594,038 
 
 Uanufactures of Flax: 
 
 Linens, bleached and unbleached ...... $9,4.17, S46 
 
 Not specified, nearly 1,500,000 
 
 Manufactures of hemp, more than $,'>00.(HX( 
 
 Clothing ready made and articles of wear .... 3,927,141 
 
 Laces, trimmings, braids, &c 1,221,951 
 
 Uanufactures of Iron, and Iron and Steel : 
 
 Firearms (6.39.584 
 
 Cutlery of various kind 2,469,249 
 
 Chain cables 429.958 
 
 Sheet Iron 1,153,662 
 
 Various articles of iron, more than 6,000.000 
 
 Bar iron 1»,278.208 
 
 Pig and scrap Iron 3.-.'38.KS2 
 
 Steel 2,477,709 
 
 Copper and manufactures of copper 2,020.560 
 
 Brass and manufactures of brass 337,700 
 
 Tin and manufactures of tin 4,H22,7.36 
 
 Lead and manufactures of lead 2,102,487 
 
 Manufactures of gold, silver, jewelry, 4o., . . . . 991,763 
 
 Watches and parts of watches 4,256,843 
 
 Clock 99,709 
 
 Glass and manufactures of glass -. • . 2,193,452 
 
 Paper and manufactures of paper 757,829 
 
 Printed books, magHzines. &a 917,044 
 
 Leather and manufactures of leather 3,661,194 
 
 China, porcelain, st^ne, and other ware 4.632,873 
 
 Furs and manufactures of fur 1,h62,222 
 
 Wood and manufactures of wood and cork .... 2.882,106 
 
 Raw hides and skins 7,620,272 
 
 Wool 2,822,185 
 
 Wine, ne,arlv S.SOO.OM 
 
 Brandv Bnd"distilled spirits 2,990,272 
 
 Molasses 3.126.293 
 
 Linseed oil 775,058 
 
 Sugar 13,706.502 
 
 Fruits 1.524,j>:ll 
 
 Spice 1,079,824 
 
 Saltpetre 1,0:17,6.30 
 
 Indigo 1,151.516 
 
 Segara 3,3h4,0:i6 
 
 Other tobacco 808.912 
 
 Manilla and other hemp 1,906.375 
 
 Riigs of all kinds 1,010,443 
 
 Salt 1.310.SS3 
 
 Wheat 2,164.091 
 
 Wlieat flour 2.443..5M6 
 
 Fish 1,061,207 
 
 The leading articles of export of domestic produce for the 
 fame period were : — 
 
 Products of fisheries $3,044,301 
 
 Products of the forest 11,646,571 
 
 Products of Agriculture: 
 
 or animals $K,325.61S 
 
 Wheat 12.4.'0.172 
 
 Flour 27,701.444 
 
 Indian corn 6,074,277 
 
 Indian meal 1,002.976 
 
 Ric:e 2,634.127 
 
 And other articles of vegetable food, making a total of {51.190,680 
 
 Cotton $93,596,220 
 
 Toducco 10.016,046 
 
 Cotton manufactures 5.5:^5.516 
 
 Iron manufactures 4,210.290 
 
 Gold and silver leaf 1,311,513 
 
 finulT and tobacco . . '. 1.550..127 
 
 Spirits of turpentine 1.0.55.720 
 
 Leather, boots, and .shoes 893,723 
 
 Tallow candfes and soap 888.557 
 
 Spiriw from molasses 809,965 
 
 Refined sugar • 370,488 
 
 Ice . . 202.118 
 
 UNI 
 
 Gold and Sliver coin and bullion 141.197,900. 
 
 The export of cotton for 1859-60, vva.s 1,752.087,640 pounds 
 valued at $191,806,555; for 1860-61, :307,51«,099 pounds 
 valued at .$34,051,483; for 1861-2,5,064,564 pounds, valued 
 at 51,180.113; for 186J-3, 11,.384,986 pounds, valued at. $6,r,52,- 
 405 ; for 1863-4, 10,840,534 jiounds. valued at .*9,044.S40 
 The amount of petroleum exported in 1864, was 1,036.915 
 barrels ; and in 1863, 1,020,747 barrels. * 
 
 The value of tobacco exported, varied between the ye.oi'ik 
 1821 and 1860, from $4,855,566 to 819,273,000 (luclndln* 
 manufiictured tobacco, snuff. &c.) ; of rice, from $1,494, iCn 
 iu 1821, to $2,567,399 in 1860; of flour, from S3,7&'5,075 in 
 1821, to $15,448,.')07 (the highest having been .$27,701,44-4 in 
 1854), and $25,458,989 in 1864; of pork, hams, lard, iin, 
 bacon, from $l.291,2:i2 in 1821, to $9,951,000 in 1800; of beet 
 tallow, hides, Ac, from .$.371,046 in 1821, to iibove $5,300,000 
 in 1860: of butter and cheese, from $96,176 in 1821, to 
 $2,709,000 in 1860; of ti,<h. from $453,010 in 1821, to $881,000 
 in 1860; of lumber, from $1,307,070 in IS.'l, to $4,120,0O;i in 
 1864, and $936,000 in 1860. Total domestic exports, from 
 $43,671,894 in 1821, to $324,092,877 in 1862-3. 
 
 Great, however, as is the foreign commerce, there is renson 
 to believe that its value bears a sjiiall proportion to the 
 domestic trade of the United States, althougli we arc nut 
 possessed of sufficient data for forming any definite estimate 
 on this head. 
 
 Among the items of domestic trade, lumber and coal form 
 a large fraction. The great sources of the former article are 
 the pineries about the head waters of the Mi.«»lsslppi Kiver, 
 in .Maine, iu Southern New York, in North Carolina. South 
 Carolina, Georgia. Florida, and Oregon and Washington Terri- 
 tories. The lumber trade of Hangor. .\lbany. the lake porUi, 
 and from the upper waters of the Mis-si.a.sippi and Susquehan- 
 na Kivers, sums up an annual total exceeding 1,400.000.000 
 feet, lie.sides great quantities of staves, shingles, laths. &c. 
 
 Tlie lake comuierc(! employeti in 1863, 1870 vessels, in- 
 cluding all classes, with an aggregate tonnage of 470,1X54 
 tons, valued at $16,720,800. The numl.«er of vessels which 
 entered the lake ports in 1863 was 7617, with a tonnage of 
 8,378,086; the number cleared, was 772 », with a tounase of 
 8,879,817. Of the former, 696 vessels I'tonnage 03,213) were 
 foreign; of the latter, 690 vessels (tonnsige 67,988) were 
 foreign. In 1861, 286 steamers, 94 barques, 75 brigs, 892 
 schooners, and lOS tugs were engaged in the lake trade. 
 
 In 1862 the surplus of cereals exported from Lake Michi- 
 gan, wore. 
 
 From Chicago 57.676,741 bushels. 
 
 " Milwaukee 18,723,000 " 
 
 Other parn (estinialed) 10,000,000 •' 
 
 Tlie total product of the basin of the lakes, for the same 
 ye,ar, is estimated at $,tOO,000,000. 
 
 Such is the outline of the commerce of the Unite<l States, 
 which has elements of increase unknown in any former 
 period, or in any other nation. A new country, a virgin 
 soil, the precious metals in unprecedented abundance, coal, 
 iron, copper, zinc, gypsum, liuie, and most of the useful 
 minerals in profusion, her coasts indented with bays, her 
 northern border washed by nearly 2000 miles of inland sea.s, 
 navig.ible by vessels of any tonnage, her great int<?ri()r tra- 
 versed from N. to S. by the Mississippi, receiving tributaries 
 from 1000 miles to the E. and to the W.; with nenrlv 
 5000 miles of canal, and more than 30,000 miles of rail- 
 way: with an eniignition now approiicliin.g half a million 
 annually ; with schools and a teeming press to spread intel- 
 ligence and quicken entt^rprise: with unbounded liberty of 
 action to stimulate exertion ; with new regions ojiened daily 
 to market by iron road.s, what is there to set a limit to the 
 extension of a commerce as far beyond present, as the pre- 
 sent has gone bt>yond past conception? The acquisition of 
 California, too, has openinl a new field to commerce on the 
 greatest ocean of the glolie. on one of whose bays a city, 
 with twice the population of i'hiladelpliia or New York at 
 the era of the Kevolution, has sprung into existence in the 
 short space of five years, and a place that, previous to 1848, 
 was known only as a refreshing station for ships, has be- 
 come a commercial town of the first rank — holding regular 
 Intercourse with China, Australia, the different ports of 
 South America, of Europe, and the isles of the Pacific, and, 
 as we have elsewhere remarked, seems destined to become 
 a second Alexandria iir the overland commerce of the East 
 to Europe. By a treaty with the Argentine Uopublic, the 
 Eio de la Plata has been opened to the commerce of the 
 United States. 
 
 There are in the United States 149 districts for the collec- 
 ton of the revenue on foreign merchandise ; of which about 
 90 on the Atlantic coast and the Gulf, 11 on the Pacific, 16 
 on the lake coast, and 29 in the Valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 Fisheries. — The fisheries of the United States are of great 
 value, and, in 1860. employed a capiul of $17.919,9.)9. The 
 total number of fisheries wms 1970. distriliuted among the 
 following states, (named in the order of their importance:) 
 Massachusetts, (considonibly more tlian one-half of the 
 whole.) Connecticut, (about one-filth,) Maine, New York, 
 North Caroliua, Virginia. Miciiigan, Khode Island, Now 
 
 1993 
 
UNI 
 
 flan {fcsuire, Ohio, Florida, and Wisconsin. The nuniher of 
 hands employed was 30,3S3, and the estimated anmiul pro- 
 duct $14,284,405. The whale, cod, and maclierel fislieries 
 are by far the most important, and, in 1863, employed 
 89,228, 117.28y, and 61,018 tons of shipping respectively. 
 filucation—OiUeffes, Academies, Pitblic Schools, &c.— The 
 general ^gstem of "education in the United States may be 
 arranged under three heads, as follows : 1. Elementary or 
 Primary Education, taught in the public schools; 2. Aca- 
 demic or Secondary Education, pursued in academies, high 
 schools, private seminaries, kc; and 3. Collegiate or Supe- 
 rior Education, acquired in such institutions as embrace a 
 course of study usually made the condition of granting 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In addition to the above, 
 the Hon. Ilenry Barnard extends the classificatioa as 
 follows : — 
 
 4. Professional or Special Edooation. 
 a. Theology, b. Law. o. Medicine, d. Engineering, e. Agri- 
 culture, f. Mechanics, g. Commerce, h. Teaching. 1. Fine 
 Arts. j. Deaf-mutes. Is. Blind. 1. Idiots. 
 6. Supplementaiv Kducation. 
 a. Kveuing Schools, b. Lyceums, c. Courses of Lectures, 
 d. Libraries of Circulation. e. Libraries of Reference, 
 r. Adult Schools, g. Mechanic Societies. 
 
 6. Beformatory Schools. 
 
 7. Orphan Houses. 
 
 8. Societies for the encouragement and advancement of science, 
 the arts, and education. 
 
 The general system of puhlic instruction in the United 
 States originated with the pilgrim fathers of New England ; 
 where, as early a.s 162S, provision was made for the educa^ 
 tion of •' every child" in the settlements. In 1637, a school 
 Iras ordered to be provided for every neighborhood of 50 
 families, and another for a higher grade of in-struction for 
 every 100 families. A sum sufticient to maiutaiu these schools 
 
 UNI 
 
 was annually raised by a town tax. voluntarily impo.«ed. and 
 each school district drew its proportion of the "whole sum for 
 its own school or schools. Thus the property of the town 
 was made liable for the education of the children. 
 
 The same system, with various moditications, has gradu- 
 ally extended it.self to most of the states in the Union, and 
 in part has been acted upon by the general government. 
 Chancellor Kent says, "It has been uniformly a part of 
 the land system of the United States to provide for public 
 schools. The Articles of Confederation, 178", the nets ad- 
 mitting into the Union. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Slissouri, 
 Louisiana. Florida, .\rkan,aas, &c., all provide for the appro- 
 priation of lands in each township for the use of public 
 schools." The amount of lands thus appropriated liy the 
 Federal Government, up to January 1, 1854, is exhibited ia 
 the subjoined Table. 
 
 States. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 I 
 
 t States 
 and Territories. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Florida .... 
 Alabama .... 
 Mississippi . . . 
 Louisiana . . . 
 Arlcausas .... 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan .... 
 Indiana .... 
 lUinoia .... 
 
 908,530 
 90^,774 
 837,584 
 786,044 
 886,460 
 704,488 
 1,067,397 
 650,317 
 978,755 
 
 Missouri .... 
 
 Iowa 
 
 ■Wisconsin . . . 
 California . . . 
 Minnesota . . . 
 Oregon .... 
 New Mexico . . . 
 Utah 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 1,199.1.39 
 905.144 
 958,648 
 6.719,3:i4 
 5,089, i!i4 
 12,140,907 
 7,493,120 
 6,681,707 
 
 
 48,909,535 
 
 The following Table exhibits the number of public schools 
 academies and colleges, with their income, as well as of the 
 pupils attending each class of institutions ; also the number 
 of libraries and volumes, of the Beveral states, according to 
 the census of 1860 : 
 
 Table exhibiting the Schools and Libraries in the United States, for 1860. 
 
 States and Terri- 
 
 
 Publ 
 
 c Schools 
 
 
 Academies a 
 
 nd other Schools. 
 
 
 
 Colleges. 
 
 Libiaries. 
 
 •5 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 
 
 •s 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 •s 
 
 
 ; lories. 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 
 J. 
 
 ». 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 *« - = 
 
 .2 
 
 — 
 
 J2 
 
 "rt * S 
 
 
 
 
 *« ** - 
 
 .o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 h = = 
 
 Z 
 
 H 
 
 a. 
 
 S-=J 
 
 z 
 
 17 
 
 ^ 
 
 a. 
 
 H = 2 
 
 Z 
 
 > 
 
 
 1,903 
 
 2,038 
 
 61,731 
 
 J489.474 
 
 206 
 
 400 
 
 10,778 
 
 1221,6.34 
 
 116 
 
 2,120 
 
 1124.894 
 
 395 
 
 |15£,275 
 
 Arkansas . . . 
 
 727 
 
 757 
 
 19,242 
 
 120.613 
 
 log 
 
 168 
 
 4,415 
 
 68,146 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 225 
 
 5.585 
 
 115 
 
 23.221 
 
 
 496 
 
 503 
 
 24,977 
 
 353,096 
 
 92 
 
 168 
 
 3,15a 
 
 140,753 
 
 10 
 
 55 
 
 524 
 
 66,000 
 
 70 
 
 149,0£4 
 
 
 1,805 
 
 
 82,530 
 
 374.954 
 
 197 
 
 367 
 
 8,749 
 
 273,281 
 
 5 
 
 66 
 
 903 
 
 100,239 
 
 490 
 
 40. ,206 
 
 Delaware . . . 
 
 236 
 
 296 
 
 11.736 
 
 67.847 
 
 40 
 
 101 
 
 1,957 
 
 47,462 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 90 
 
 9,300 
 
 114 
 
 88,470 
 
 Florida . . . . 
 Georgia. . . . 
 
 1,752 
 
 1,884 
 
 56,087 
 
 20,099 
 449.966 
 
 138 
 242 
 
 18;3 
 375 
 
 4,486 
 11,073 
 
 73,412 
 237,373 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 364 
 
 46,375 
 
 272,fl33 
 
 32 
 
 181 
 
 S.3C2 
 
 167.931 
 
 Illinoi 
 
 8,489 
 
 11.099 
 
 433,018 
 
 2,186.872 
 
 211 
 
 441 
 
 13,203 
 
 233,262 
 
 18 
 
 126 
 
 2,901 
 
 97,412 
 
 854 
 
 244,391 
 
 ludiana . . . . 
 
 
 6,9S2 
 
 
 686.1 88 
 
 261 
 
 493 
 
 22,97 1 
 
 114,050 
 
 17 
 
 99 
 
 2,460 
 
 82,450 
 
 1,123 
 
 467,062 
 
 Inwi 
 
 
 4,565 
 
 16.3. 5S8 
 
 614,975 
 
 67 
 
 183 
 
 4,94S 
 
 37.667 
 
 13 
 
 62 
 
 1,233 
 
 48,474 
 
 530 
 
 107,104 
 
 Kansa 
 
 
 
 
 22,807 
 
 29 
 
 52 
 
 1,059 
 
 17,985 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 95 
 
 10,000 
 
 46 
 
 9.733 
 
 Kentuclcy . . . 
 
 4,507 
 
 4,646 
 
 156,138 
 
 499.644 
 
 223 
 
 639 
 
 17.597 
 
 442.912 
 
 20 
 
 110 
 
 2,485 
 
 138,244 
 
 196 
 
 148,012 
 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 713 
 
 856 
 
 31,813 
 
 469,210 
 
 152 
 
 446 
 
 11,274 
 
 462,496 
 
 15 
 
 86 
 
 1,530 
 
 88,020 
 
 68 
 
 116,604 
 
 Maine . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 454,589 
 
 110 
 
 216 
 
 8,273 
 
 79,021 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 337 
 
 21,000 
 
 814 
 
 405,901 
 l,997,i5i 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 4,134 
 
 5,30S 
 
 206,974 
 
 1,545,454 
 
 819 
 
 633 
 
 14,001 
 
 490,047 
 
 8 
 
 96 
 
 1.733 
 
 195,110 
 
 1.852 
 
 Michigan . . . 
 
 
 
 
 652,477 
 
 84 
 
 184 
 
 9.683 
 
 69,090 
 
 10 
 
 79 
 
 1,631 
 
 95,099 
 
 1,120 
 
 250,688 
 
 Minnesota. . . 
 
 879 
 
 914 
 
 31,083 
 
 85,784 
 
 29 
 
 48 
 
 1,605 
 
 15,598 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 366 
 
 15.320 
 
 89 
 
 33.649 
 
 Mississippi . . . 
 
 1,116 
 
 1,215 
 
 30.970 
 
 385.679 
 
 169 
 
 430 
 
 7,974 
 
 313,522 
 
 13 
 
 ,50 
 
 856 
 
 34,420 
 
 166 
 
 178,743 
 
 Missouri . . . 
 
 
 
 
 802.836 
 
 240 
 
 625 
 
 20,143 
 
 248,830 
 
 .% 
 
 211 
 
 4,291 
 
 207,353 
 
 310 
 
 184,884 
 
 Netv Hampshire. 
 
 2,301 
 
 2,983 
 
 70..5.39 
 
 218.244 
 
 20S 
 
 331 
 
 11.444 
 
 125.331 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 390 
 
 26.370 
 
 306 
 
 237,312 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 
 1.496 
 
 1,890 
 
 110,320 
 
 536,531 
 
 251 
 
 559 
 
 12,892 
 
 262.098 
 
 5 
 
 .39 
 
 775 
 
 59,500 
 
 725 
 
 "43a 321 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.3il.0SS 
 
 910 
 
 3,019 
 
 86,563 
 
 1,576,706 
 
 17 
 
 126 
 
 2,970 
 
 140.1'7 
 
 8,360 
 
 2,436,576 
 
 North Carolina . 
 
 2,994 
 
 2,928 
 
 103,025 
 
 268,719 
 
 434 
 
 661 
 
 13, 169 
 
 387,965 
 
 Ifi 
 
 94 
 
 1540 
 
 101.760 
 
 301 
 
 190,091 
 
 Ohio 
 
 11,783 
 
 15,852 
 
 590,349 
 
 2,531,844 
 
 131 
 
 1,030 
 
 54,035 
 
 274,011 
 
 45 
 
 298 
 
 7,077 
 
 206.885 
 
 3,082 
 
 790,666 
 
 Oregon . . . . 
 
 239 
 
 243 
 
 8, 138 
 
 49.302 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 1.651 
 
 10,768 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 447 
 
 12,986 
 
 11 
 
 5,300 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.493,0,36 
 
 487 
 
 1,296 
 
 33,638 
 
 640.763 
 
 24 
 
 1.36 
 
 3,286 
 
 243,196 
 
 1,416 
 
 1,314,924 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.38,9.33 
 
 58 
 
 129 
 
 3,127 
 
 54.374 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 212 
 
 22,500 
 
 302 
 
 465,419 
 
 South Carclina . 
 
 
 
 
 204.393 
 
 226 
 
 367 
 
 8.277 
 
 293,244 
 
 14 
 
 90 
 
 1,384 
 
 192.675 
 
 257 
 
 471,^2 
 
 Terinesiee . . . 
 
 2,965 
 
 3,064 
 
 138,809 
 
 402,904 
 
 274 
 
 618 
 
 15.793 
 
 581..56I 
 
 .3.5 
 
 149 
 
 2,932 
 
 92,106 
 
 387 
 
 245,228 
 
 
 
 
 
 414,168 
 
 97 
 
 236 
 
 5.916 
 
 142 131 
 
 2.5 
 
 107 
 
 2,416 
 
 95.072 
 
 147 
 
 86.538 
 
 \ erniont . . 
 
 2,696 
 
 3.314 
 
 80,904 
 
 220,6^1 
 
 95 
 
 272 
 
 7,851 
 
 73,711 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 173 
 
 3.250 
 
 836 
 
 167,429 
 
 Vtr^inia. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 498.638 
 
 398 
 
 720 
 
 13.204 
 
 544,241 
 
 23 
 
 163 
 
 2,824 
 
 246,940 
 
 1,453 
 
 543,010 
 
 Diit. of Columbia 
 Dakota . . . . 
 Nebraska . . . 
 New Mexico . . 
 
 Ut.h 
 
 Washington . . 
 
 Total . . 
 
 
 
 
 596,975 
 
 120 
 
 290 
 
 10,031 
 
 106,991 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 1.291 
 
 66,130 
 
 599 
 
 150,559 
 
 85 
 
 17 
 
 173 
 
 46 
 
 93 
 
 16 
 220 
 
 46 
 
 3,078 
 233 
 
 6,483 
 879 
 
 4,917,352 
 
 "■"iV.eig 
 
 1,999 
 27.M8 
 16,176 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 5 
 9 
 
 &') 
 
 19;! 
 
 210 
 159 
 
 600 
 
 7,450 
 4.900 
 7.800 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■"ei 
 
 17 
 12 
 10 
 
 
 10,742 
 10.670 
 5.47( 
 11,395 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 170 
 
 3,700 
 
 
 
 
 
 106,911 
 
 130.126 
 
 $22,297,865 
 
 6,636 
 
 15,763 
 
 455,559 
 
 « 8,683,3 19 
 
 455 
 
 2,773 
 
 54,969 
 
 83,009,291 
 
 26,564 
 
 1 12,889,60' 
 
 Maine has 1 pupil at school to every 3.2 of the whole popu- 
 lation; being a greater propottion than in any other state 
 or country. In the whole United States the proportion at 
 •chools is 1 to 4.9, not including slaves, or 1 to 5.7, including 
 Blaves, either of which is greater than in any other country 
 In the world except Denmark, where the proportion is 1 
 to 4.6. ^ 
 
 A greatly increased interest In the subject of popular 
 education has been manifested within the last few vears • 
 e.'tpecially in the Northern and Western States. Public sen- 
 timent has demanded a higher standard of qualification in 
 
 the teachers; and, as a consequence, normal schools, ex 
 pre.osly designed for their instruction and training, have 
 been established in several states; besides whiih. teachers 
 meet regularly in convention, to interchange view.s i.pon 
 the best methods of teaching; thus opening a larger field 
 of comparison, and stimulating through emulation to far 
 greater efforts for improvement. These conventions we 
 believe, are now held in every free state in the Union, »ul 
 in some states they assemble twice annually in each cou;itv ; 
 the sessions generally continuing a week. The classification 
 of schools is also undergoing a thorough revision. Ud'sq 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 Behools, or what is termed the "graded system," which 
 «omprises hi);h. grammar, interm«diate, and primary 
 schools, are being established in all the principal cities, 
 towns, and villnjes. By placing the classes in the interme- 
 diiiti! and pritnjuv schools, in charge of competent female 
 instructors, school •«mmittees are enabled to secure the ser- 
 vices of rpiili teachers of the highest qualifications for the 
 more advanced pupils, without increasing the aggregate cort 
 of tuition. 
 
 The education bestowed in many of the high schools, 
 especially in the Free Academy of New York, and the Phi- 
 ladelphia High School, is, in the opinion of competent 
 judges, equal if not superior, in all that relates to the 
 ;;»ractical ourauits of life, to that of any other institution, 
 of wnatever class, in this or any other country. 
 
 For further inforr:?tion on this subject, the reader is re- 
 ferred to Mr. Barnard's work entitled "National Edvca- 
 Tio>' IN' THE United States; or Contributions to the History 
 and Improvement of Common or Public Schools, and other 
 means of Popular Education in the United States." 
 
 It should be remarked that not only in the public schools 
 (which are especially referred to in the foregoing observa- 
 tions), but also in the various private schools throughout 
 the country, renewed zeal has been manifested, and impor- 
 tant improvements have been maile. 
 
 Scientific Institutions. — The government of the United 
 States has in various ways shown a dLaposition to promote 
 the cause of science. An exploring expedition was fitted 
 out by the general government under the administra- 
 tion of Mr. Van Biiren, which sailed in August 1838, 
 visiting the coasts of South America, the coa.st of North 
 America, the islands of the Pacific, and the coa-its of Asia 
 and Africa, surveying harbors, determining latitudes and 
 longitudes, and the altitudes of mountains, making goo- 
 logical researches, collecting specimens of natural his- 
 tory in every department, &c. The collections of natunU 
 hi.-story form an extensive and valuable museum, which 
 Is dopo.sited in the Smithsonian Institute. The exploring 
 expedition added a new cohtinent to the geography of 
 the world, by the discovery of an .\ntarctic mainland. An 
 exp<>dition, sent out by the United States government, 
 under Commodore I'erry, ent<(red the bay of Yeddo, in 
 Japan, in the summer of 1853, was favorably received, 
 and a treaty concluded in 1854. opening an entirely new 
 field to American commerce and enterprise. The Smith 
 sonian Institute, at Washington, (.see W.vshingtox.) though 
 founded by the private munificence of a forei'.rner. is a 
 national institution, "for the increase and dilTn.Mon- of 
 knowledge among men." which is under the direction of the 
 government of the United States. The l.ilirary of Congres.s. 
 now numbering 50,000 volumes, the Military .\caderay at 
 West Point, and the Naval Academy at .\nnapolis, sjo the 
 other principal institutions of this class that are of a national 
 charaoier. For a notice of the last two institutions the reader 
 Is referred to the heads of their respective localities. Coast 
 surveys on the shores of both the .\tlautic and Pacific 
 Ocean,-,, and military, topographical, and geological surveys, 
 especially of the new territories, have been and are being 
 made under the direction of the competent heads of their 
 respective bureaux. The names of Professor A. D. Bacho, 
 , at the head of tiie coast survey, and of Colonel J. J. Abert, 
 of the topographical bure.iu, are well known to the scientific 
 world; as are those al.so of Colonels Fremont, Johnston, 
 Sitgreaves. Lieutenants Kmory. Simpson. Marry, Stansbury, 
 Herndon, Gibbon, and that of Captain Wilkes of the exploring 
 ei'pedition; all of whom have published valuable journals 
 of ilic>r proceedings. Professor David Dale Owens's report 
 on the geology of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, under the 
 direction of the commissioner of the land-office, is also an in- 
 valuable contribution t> science. It accords with the genius 
 of the people of this great republic to rely rather on indi- 
 vidual entirpri.se. than on governmental action ; and the re- 
 liance has been justly placed, as scarcely a week passes but 
 its journals inform us of some wealthy individual endowiisg 
 a college or professorship, or founding a library ; or, at least, 
 •nakiug liberal bequests for scientific and literary objects. 
 
 When it is considered that the United States have been a 
 nation scarcely beyond the period of an ordinary life, and 
 have not yet finished cutting down their forests and clearing 
 their lands, and that almost the entire energies of the people 
 Iiave hitherto been directed to procuring a subsistence and 
 erecting habitations; they surely have no cau.se to blu.sh 
 if their literature has not equalled that which has grown up 
 in Kurope under the fostering care of a wealthy aristocracy, 
 amid institutions which had been enriched with all the 
 choicest productions extant of ancient and modern learning, 
 long before the white man had fixed his dwelling on any 
 part of the vast domain o**he United Slates. This country 
 has indeed just ground to glorv. that in spite of all the dis- 
 advantages alluded to. it ha."- proaueed so many names illus- 
 trious in science, literatu-e. and art — names which posteritj", 
 whether in the Old or New World, will not willingly let die. 
 
 The Press, — Closely connected with the literary institu- 
 ♦'••ns of the United .States is th* public pres.s, the most effi- 
 cient instrument for the diHusiou of general intelligence, 
 
 and the most powerful engine, whether to promote or nnder- 
 mine the great interests of morality or religion. The fol- 
 lowing Table will show the number of daily, weekly, 
 montlily, and other issues for 1860 : 
 
 Nuniber. 
 
 Dailies 387 
 
 Tri- week Ties 86 
 
 Semi-weeklies '9 
 
 Weeklies 3173 
 
 Monthlies 280 
 
 Quarterlies 30 
 
 Anuals 16 
 
 Total 4051 
 
 The whole number of copies printed annually, was 
 927,951,548. Of the 4051 newspapers and periodicals, 324^ 
 w?re pcditical, '/il religious, 298 literary, and 234 miscella- 
 neous. 
 
 The number of post-ofHces on the 30th of June, 1863, was 
 29,047 ; aggregate lengtli of mail-routes, 139,098 miles (it 
 was 219.395 miles in 1854); the annual expenditures of tlio 
 department were $11,314,206, and the receii)ts, $ll,lti3.7^9; 
 leaving a deficiency of $150,417. The revenue for the year 
 ending June 30, 1865, was $14,556,158, and the expenditures, 
 $13,694,728 ; leaving a surplus of $861,430. The number of 
 postage-stamps issued during the year was 387,419,455, re- 
 presenting $12,099,787, besides 25,040,425 stamped envelopes, 
 representing $724,135. The aggregate postages, sea, inland 
 and foreign, upon the correspondence exchanged with 
 foreign countries, amounted (in 1865) to $1,819,928.56, of 
 which amount $1,449,530.76 accrued on the mails exchanged 
 with Great Britain, France, Prussia, Bremen, Hamburg, and 
 Belgium. The cost of the United States tran.satlantic ser- 
 vice performed by steamships receiving the sea-postage only, 
 was $105,479.5B. 
 
 Relvjiiius l)f:nnminations.-~TheTe is no state religion in 
 the United States, all denominations being regarded equally 
 by the government. The ministers depend for subsistence 
 upon the voluntary contributi(Jns of their congregations, or 
 upon funds approjiriattMl for this purpose. 
 
 ITie principal sects are the Adventists, Baptists, Chris- 
 tians, Congregationalista, Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, 
 Friends, German Reformed, Jews, Lutherans, Method- 
 ists, Moravians, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Sweden- 
 borgians. Unionists, Unitarians, and Universalists. Of these 
 the -Methodists are the most numerous, having according to 
 the census of 1800, 19,883 churches, and accommodations for 
 6,259,799 persons; the Baptists come next in order, with 
 11,222 cliurclies, accommodations, 3,749,553; the Presby- 
 terians are third, churches, 5,061, accommodations, 2,088,838 ; 
 (this is exclusive of the Cumberland Presbyterians,wlio have 
 820 churches, the Reformed Presbyterians, with 136, and 
 the United Presbyterian.s, with 389 churches) ; the next in 
 order are the Roman Catholics, having 2,550 churches, ac- 
 commodations, 1,404,437; the Congregationalists are fifth, 
 having 2,234 churches, accommodations, 956,351 ; then follow 
 the Episcopalians, with 2,145 churches, accommodations, 
 847,296; the Lutherans are next, with 2,128 churches, ac- 
 commodations, 767,6o7. Then come the other sects in the 
 following order: Christians, Friends, Unionists, German Re- 
 formed, Universalists. Dutch Reformed. Unitarians, Jews, 
 Adventists, Swedenborgians, and Moravians. 
 
 Public institutions, cC-c. — The United States government 
 has a Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, (which see,) and 
 Marine Hospitiils at Chelsea, near Boston, Brooklyn, Cleve- 
 land, Chicago, Pittsburg, Louisville, Evansville, St. Louis, 
 Key West, and San Francisco. There are navy yards at 
 Kittery in Maine, (opposite Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 
 of which it is a suburb,) at Boston, New York, Phila- 
 delphia, Washington, Norfolk, Penaicola, and Vallejo. 
 There is a mother Mint at I'hiladelphla, and branches at 
 Charlotte, (in North Carolina,) Dahlonega, (in Georgia,) San 
 Francisco, Denver, Carson City, and Dalles City, and an 
 assaying-house in New York City. The other principal 
 erections are custom-houses, (many of them of great archi- 
 tectural merit,) forts, arsenals, armories, post-offices, trea- 
 sury and sub-treasury offices, lighthouses, &c. ; the offices 
 of state, war, navy, treasury, general post-office, patent office, 
 and other national buildings, at Washington City, will be 
 described under that head. There were, in 1854, 24 arsenals, 
 besides national armories, at Springfield. Massachusetts, and 
 Harper's Ferry, Vii'ginia, and more than 100 forts and bar- 
 racks scattered over different parts of the Union. There are 
 now (1865) 28 permanent armories and arsenals. The navy 
 contained, in 1854, 11 ships of tlie line, mounting from 84 
 to 120 guns each ; 13 frigates, mounting from 50 to 56 guns 
 each; 20 sloojjs of war, mounting from 16 to 22 guns each; 
 4 brigs, mounting from 4 to 6 guns each ; 1 schooner, mount- 
 ing 3 guns; 6 steam frigates, mounting from 6 to 51 guns 
 each; 4 first class steamers, mounting from 1 to 10 guns 
 each; 5 less than first class steamers, 7 store-ships, and 2 
 permanent receiving vessels'. 
 
 The navy list, January, 1864, contained 6 rear-admirals 
 on the active list and 8 on the retired list; 18 commoili>re» 
 on the active list and 31 on the retired list ; 86 captaiu'> ou 
 
 1995 
 
UXI 
 
 the •ctive list, Li on the retired list, and 10 on the reserved 
 lidt; 72 commanders on theiictive list, 7 on the retired list, 
 ■nd 15 on the reserved list : 144 lieutenant-commanders on 
 the HCtive list; 96 lieutenants on the active list. 8 on the 
 retired list, and 9 on the reserved list; 58 ensigns on the 
 active list and 32 on the reserved list. 
 
 At the commencement of the year 1865 there were in com- 
 mission 530 vessels of all classes and descriptions, armed 
 with 3000 guns and manned by51,iKX) men. The number of 
 Tassels in commission, in December, lS6o, was 117, with 830 
 guns and 12,128 men. 
 
 The pay of a rear-admiral is $5000 per annum when at 
 eea, $4000 when on shore duty, and $3000 when on leave, 
 WHiting orders ; that of a commodore is $4000 when at sea. 
 $3200 when on shore duty, and S2400 when on leave, waiting 
 orders ; that of a captain $:i500 when at sea, $2800 when on 
 ■hore duty, and $2100 when on leave, waiting orders; that 
 of a commander varies from S16S0 to $2800 : that of a lieu- 
 tenant-commander, /rom $1500 to $2343; that of a lieuten- 
 ant, from $1200 to $1875 ; that of a master, from $960 to 
 $1500; that of ensigns, from $:6S to $1200: that of a snr- 
 
 teon, from $1600 to $:}000 ; that of an assistant-surgeon, from 
 SOO to $1250 : that of a paymaster, from $1400 to $3100 ; that 
 of a professor of mathematics, from $960 to $l'-00; that of a 
 boatswain, gunner, carpenter, and sailmaker, from 600 to 
 $1450 ; that of a chief-engineer, from $1200 to $2600 ; that of 
 engineers, from $900 to $1250; that of a midshipman is $500. 
 The marine-corps has its head-quarters at Washington, 
 and is comfiosed of 1 colonel-commandant, (with a salary of 
 $3186,) 1 colonel, 2 lieutenivnt-colonels, 4 majors: a pay- 
 master (with the rank of major) : a quartermaster (with the 
 rank of major), an adjut;int and inspector (with the rank 
 of major), two assistant-quartermasters (with the rank of 
 captain), 20 captains. 30 first-lieutenants, and 30 second-lieu- 
 tenants. The maximum strength of the corps is 3000 men. 
 The pay for major-general is equivalent to $4512 per 
 annum; of a brigadier or quartermaster-general, $2958; of 
 a paymaster or surgeon-general, $2500; of an adjutant, in- 
 spector, or assistant quarterm;ister-general, and of a com- 
 missary-general of subsistence, or a colonel, $2196 (but a 
 colonel of artillery and infantry receives only $1192) ; the pay 
 of the inferior officers varies from $774 to $1924 per annum. 
 
 Dix^ions. — There are in the confederacy 36 state*, and, 
 (including the District of Columbia) 11 organized territories. 
 These have been hitherto grouped as follows : — 6 New Eng- 
 land States, viz.: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- 
 
 UNI 
 
 chnsetts Rhode Island, and Connecticut, containing 6-3,273 
 square mih-.s ; 5 Middle States, viz.: New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, containing 111.796 
 square miles ; 9 Southern States, viz. : Virginia, North Caro- 
 lina, South CarolinJ^Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 
 Louisiana, and Texas, containing about 629.750 square miles ; 
 and 15 Western States, viz.: Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin. Inwa. Missouri, Ar- 
 kansas, California, Minnesota, Kansas, Oregon, and Nevsda, 
 containing 993,674 square miles. Besides these there are (he 
 10 organized territories, viz. : Nebra.ska, Indian TeiTitory, 
 New Mexico, Utih, Washington. Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, 
 Arizona, and Montana. The District of Columbia is a small 
 territory set apart as the seat of the national government 
 
 The above is the usual, but not very philosophical cla-'Sifl- 
 cation of the states. The following arrangement, (ln-lng 
 essentially the same as that suggested by Mr. Kennedv,) 
 ba.«ed on the climate and productions of the different states, 
 and on the habits and pursuits of their inhabitants, is. in 
 our judgment, far preferable to the old classification : — 1. 
 The six New Kngland States; 2. Six Middle Stat«'B. including 
 Maryland. Delaware, and Ohio; 3. Seven Coast Planting 
 States, including South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. Alabama, 
 Mississippi. Louisiana, and Texas; 4. Six Central Slave 
 States, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee. Kentucky. Mis- 
 souri, and Arkan.sas; 5. Five North- Western Agricultural 
 States, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa; 
 California. 
 
 " There are points of agreement in the general character, 
 jgtics of the states combined in the foregoing groups, which 
 warrant the mode of arrangement adopted. Maryland ij" 
 classed, as heretofore, with the Middle States, bet-ause its 
 leading interests appear to connect it rather with the com- 
 mercial and manufacturing section to which it is here as- 
 signed, than with the purely agricultural states. Ohio is 
 placed in the same connexion for nearly similar rea.ion.s 
 
 " The central ninge of states .south of the line of the Poto- 
 mac are obviously distinguishe\l from that division to whirh 
 we have given the appellation of the Coast I'lanting States. 
 In the latter, cotton, sugar, and rice, are the great staples, 
 the cultivation of which is so absorbing as to stamp its im- 
 press on the character of the people. The industry of the 
 central states is more diversified." 
 
 The area of the several states and territories, and their 
 population at different periods, are exhibited in the follow- 
 ing Table: 
 
 Area and Population of the several Sfcites and Territories of the United States. 
 
 Miiae. . , . 
 r Haropffaire 
 
 Vermont . . . 
 Musachusettt . 
 Kliode Iiland . 
 tiecticut . . 
 NewVorIc . . 
 New-Jen«y. • 
 Fennsylvaaia • 
 DeUwire. . . 
 
 Virgini* . . . 
 JCnrth Carolina 
 South Carolina ■ 
 
 Georgia . . • 
 
 Florida . . . 
 Alabama ... 
 
 Mississippi . , 
 
 Louisiana • . 
 Texas .... 
 
 Arkansas . . , 
 
 Tennessee . . 
 
 Kenluckr . . 
 
 Oliio . . . . 
 
 Michigan . . . 
 
 Indiana . . . 
 
 Illinois . . . 
 
 Missouri . , , 
 
 Iowa . . . . 
 
 Wisconsiu , , 
 
 Cslifornia . . 
 
 Kansas . . , 
 
 Nebraska . . 
 
 Minnesota , . 
 
 Ne*" Mexico . 
 
 UakoU . . , 
 
 Colorado . , , 
 
 Utah . . . . 
 
 Orecon , . . 
 
 Ne.ada . . . 
 
 Wasliingtoo . . 
 
 l'!aho .... 
 Montana . . . 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Population in 1860. 
 
 Whites. rre« ColM. Slaves 
 
 Sl,766 
 9,280 
 10,vri2 
 7,800 
 1,S0« 
 4,67-1 
 47.000 
 8.3-.'0 
 46.000 
 2,l» 
 11,124 
 60 
 61.So2 
 50,704 
 29.385 
 58.000 
 59.268 
 50.722 
 47,15« 
 41.255 
 257.504 
 52.198 
 45.600 
 37.6«^0 
 39.961 
 56.243 
 33.809 
 55.405 
 67.380 
 50.9U 
 5.3.924 
 155.980 
 78.418 
 75.000 
 81.259 
 124.500 
 240.000 
 106.475 
 108,000 
 101.400 
 83.500 
 70,000 
 121.000 
 90.000 
 153.300 
 71.0U0 
 
 626,947 
 
 3-25,579 
 
 SI<,3A9 
 
 1,221. 4:U 
 
 170.ft)9 
 
 451,504 
 
 3,831.590 
 
 646.699 
 
 2,849.259 
 
 90.589 
 
 515,918 
 
 60.763 
 
 1.047.299 
 
 629.942 
 
 291. .too 
 
 591.550 
 
 77.747 
 
 526.271 
 
 35.3.899 
 
 357,456 
 
 420,891 
 
 324,143 
 
 826.7Z2 
 
 919.484 
 
 2.302.808 
 
 736.142 
 
 I,3:t8.710 
 
 1.704,291 
 
 1,063. 4,'<I9 
 
 673.779 
 
 773,693 
 
 358,110 
 
 106.390 
 
 28.S96 
 
 169.395 
 
 82.924 
 
 2,576 
 
 34.231 
 
 40.125 
 
 62.1J0 
 
 6.812 
 
 11,138 
 
 2,987,957 26.957,471 
 
 494 
 
 709 
 
 9.602 
 
 3,952 
 
 8.627 
 
 49.005 
 
 25.318 
 
 56.')49 
 
 19.829 
 
 83.492 
 
 11.131 
 
 58.012 
 
 30.-16:1 
 
 9.914 
 
 3,500 
 
 9)2 
 
 2,690 
 
 773 
 
 18,647 
 
 355 
 
 144 
 
 7,300 
 
 10.684 
 
 36,673 
 
 6,799 
 
 11.428 
 
 7,628 
 
 3,572 
 
 1,069 
 
 1,171 
 
 4,086 
 
 625 
 
 67 
 
 259 
 
 87.189 
 .3,185 
 490.865 
 3:n.059 
 402.406 
 462.198 
 
 61.745 
 435.080 
 436.631 
 S3I.7-J6 
 182.566 
 111.115 
 275.7 1» 
 225.483 
 
 'i6172»i 
 
 [2»0»] 
 
 [S-2»] 
 
 114.931 
 
 [63»] 
 
 [10I7»1 
 
 [17.79S*] 
 
 1189»] 
 
 [6.3«) 
 
 [2-36»»] 
 
 (I0.507*] 
 
 [2.26 !•] 
 
 189*1 
 [n7»] 
 
 t426«] 
 
 Total. 
 
 628.279 
 
 326,073 
 
 315.098 
 
 1,231,066 
 
 174,620 
 
 460,147 
 
 3.8-«,735 
 
 672.017 
 
 2.906.215 
 
 112.216 
 
 687,049 
 
 75.080 
 
 1.596.318 
 
 992,622 
 
 703,708 
 
 1,057,286 
 
 140,424 
 
 964.201 
 
 791. .305 
 
 708,002 
 
 604.215 
 
 435.450 
 
 1,109,801 
 
 1,155.684 
 
 2,339,511 
 
 749,113 
 
 1,350,428 
 
 1,711,951 
 
 1,182.012 
 
 674.913 
 
 775,881 
 
 S79.994 
 
 107.204 
 
 28,826 
 
 172.0-23 
 
 93,516 
 
 4.837 
 
 34,277 
 
 40,244 
 
 52,465 
 
 6.857 
 
 11,594 
 
 583.169 
 317,976 
 314.120 
 994.514 
 147,545 
 370,792 
 
 3,097..394 
 489,5.5 
 
 2,311,786 
 91, .532 
 683.034 
 51,687 
 
 1,421.661 
 869.039 
 868.507 
 906,185 
 87.445 
 771.6-23 
 606.526 
 517,762 
 21-2.592 
 209.897 
 
 1,002,717 
 98-2.405 
 
 1,980.329 
 397.654 
 988.416 
 851.470 
 68-2,044 
 I9-2.2I4 
 305.391 
 82,597 
 
 501,793 
 284.574 
 291.948 
 737,699 
 108.8.30 
 309,978 
 2,428.921 
 373.306 
 1,7-24.033 
 
 78.0a5 
 470.019 
 
 43.712 
 1, -239.797 
 753.419 
 594..398 
 691,392 
 
 54.477 
 590.756 
 375.651 
 35-2.411 
 
 "97! 574 
 829.-2I0 
 779.828 
 
 1,319.467 
 212.-267 
 685.866 
 476.183 
 3S3.702 
 43.112 
 30,945 
 
 -399,455 
 269.3-28 
 280-652 
 610.408 
 
 97.199 
 
 297,675 
 
 1.918,608 
 
 3-20.8-23 
 
 1,348.233 
 
 76,748 
 447.040 
 
 39,834 
 1,211,405 
 737.987 
 581,185 
 516,823 
 
 ai,730 
 309,527 
 136,621 
 215,739 
 
 "sb'.38S 
 681.904 
 687,917 
 937.903 
 31,639 
 343,031 
 137,443 
 140,455 
 
 Pop. In Pop. in 
 1820. 1810. 
 
 298,335 
 244,161 
 235,764 
 525,287 
 8a059 
 275, ..'02 
 
 1,372.812 
 277,r 
 
 1,049.458 
 72.7-19 
 407,350 
 33,039 
 
 1,065.379 
 638, '•29 
 50-2.741 
 340,987 
 
 127,901 
 75,448 
 153,407 
 
 "14,273 
 
 42-2.813 
 564.317 
 581.43.3 
 8.896 
 147.178 
 55 211 
 66,586 
 
 228.705 
 214.:<60 
 217.713 
 472.040 
 
 77.031 
 262.012 
 939,019 
 245,555 
 810.091 
 
 72,674 
 SS0.546 
 
 24,023 
 974,6-22 
 555.500 
 415.113 
 232,433 
 
 40.352 
 76,556 
 
 261.727 
 406.511 
 230.760 
 4,762, 
 24,530 
 12.222 
 20.845 
 
 131.719 
 183,762 
 154.465 
 423. -243 
 
 69.1-22 
 251,002 
 5Se,756 
 211.949 
 60-2,365 
 
 64.273 
 341..546 
 
 IJ.OfS 
 
 850,200 
 
 ■ 478.103 
 
 ^5.591 
 
 16-2,101 
 
 105.602 
 220,955". 
 45,36SI 
 
 "4,875 
 
 9,638,131 7.239,814 
 
 5,305.925 
 
 • Th« numbers in brackets and marked with an 
 •t*l« uid territories as returned bv >he ce-nur < 
 
 i»»e 
 
 asterisk, indicate the Indian populations of the respective Slates. The nuiuber of Icdiansiu 'in»» 
 ru 41030 ; but this does uot appear to include auy of the wauierinj tr''»-«» 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 Pypidation. — In no repon of tho globe, ancient or modern, 
 under one government, anrt intermingling among each other 
 in the daily offlces of public and private life, was there ever 
 a population composed of such varied elements as in tho 
 United States — English, Irish, German, Scotch, French, and 
 Welsh, besides a small admixture frojn every other state in 
 Europe, from the West Indies and South America, from 
 Africa, Asia, and even from the isles of the Pacific. Though 
 the English or An?:lo-Saxon is undoubtedly the stem, and 
 that race founded the principal colonies, giving tone to the 
 customs, manners, and laws of the country, yet, so large is 
 the infusion from other stocks, (estimated at 5,000,000 by 
 Edward Everett,) as to make the national characteristics 
 essentially distinct from the English. 
 
 Tlie total population of the United States, in 1790, was 
 8,9l'>,827, of whom 697,S97 were slaves. The population of 
 the thirteen colonies, at the breaking out of the Revolu- 
 tionary War in 1775, was 2,80:5,000, (including 500,000 
 slaves;) in 1749, l,04fi,000; and in 1701, 262,000. 
 
 The ratio of increase in the population is very remarkable 
 for its uniformity, being an average of about 35 per cent, 
 for each of the six decennial periods that have occurred 
 since 1790. For the first period, to ISOO, it Wiis about 35.01 
 per cent.; from 1840 to 1850, 3.5.86 per cent.; and for the 
 last decade fi-om 1850 to 1860, 35.58. 
 
 The slave-holding states had an area of 851,508 sqiiare 
 miles, with 12,240,000 inhabitants ; and the non-slave-holding 
 states an area of 612,-597 square miles, with 19,203,(X)8 in- 
 habitants. The population of the same territory in 1790 was 
 1,961,372 in the former, and 1,968,419 in tho latter. The 
 white population of the slave-holding states rose from 
 1,271,488 in 1790 to 8,039,000 in 1860; and of the non-slave- 
 holding states, from 1,900,976 to 19,20:1,008. The mimber 
 of free colored persons in the slave-holding states increased 
 from 32,357 at the former period to 25 1 ,000 at the latter; 
 and in the non-slave-holding states, from 27,109 to 2.37,000. 
 Maryland and Virginia had the greatest number, and New 
 Hampshire and Arkansas the least. The number of slaves 
 in the United States in 1790 was R97,897 ; in 1800, 893,041 ; 
 in 1810, 1,191,364; in 1820,1,5.38,038; in 18.30, -.',009,043; in 
 1840, 2,487,455 ; in 1850, 3,204,313 ; and 3,953,760 in 1860. Of 
 the last number, 3,542,147 were black or of unmixed African 
 descent, and 411,613 mulatto. In 1860. Virginia had the 
 greatest number of slaves, and Delaware the least. In 
 South Carolina and Mississippi the slaves considerably out- 
 numbered the whites. The number of slave-holders in tho 
 United States was 347,525. 
 
 The population of the several geographical division.?, at 
 different periods, is shown in the following Table : — 
 
 
 Population 
 iu 1790. 
 
 Population 
 in 18-'0. 
 
 Population 
 in 1H5U. 
 
 I'aciflc Slope 
 
 Mississippi Valley .... 
 
 Atlautic Slope 
 
 Gulf, East of the Mis.sissippi 
 Gulf, West of the Mississippi 
 
 
 
 117.271 
 8,B41.754 
 
 l-i,7-9.S.59 
 
 1,414,098 
 
 28«,394 
 
 205,a80 
 
 S,70»,118 
 
 IB.Ml 
 
 •i,419,:«9 
 
 7,0i:j.lo4 
 
 a)1.5»6 
 
 
 The states, exclusive of the territories, have a population 
 of about 16 to the square mile. The Midille States are the 
 densest portion of the Union, being 57.79 to the square 
 mile; next come the New England States. (41.94;) then the 
 Northwestern. (16.13;) then the Southern, (15.27;) and 
 lastly the South-Western, (7 to the square mile.) The non- 
 slave-holding states (21.91 to the square mile) are nearly 
 twice as densely populated as the slavi!-holdiug states, (11.35 
 to the square mile.) The territories have only one inhabit- 
 ant to every 16 square miles. 
 
 Of the free population in 1860, 23,353,386 were born in 
 the United State.?, and 4,136,175 in foreign countries, viz.: 
 1,(511,304 in Ireland; 1,301,13>> in Germany; 431,692 in Eng- 
 land; 249,970 in British America; 103,518 in Scotland; 
 109,870 in France; 45,763 in 'Wales ; 63,327 in Switzerland; 
 27,466 in Mexico; 43,995 in Norway; 2-27,6t)l in Prussia; 
 and 28,281 in Holland. Of the white population, 11,856 were 
 deaf and dumb, of whom 1055 were foreign born. There 
 were also deaf and dumb, 808 slaves, and 157 free colored. 
 Tlie total number of whites who were blind was 10,729; in 
 atUlition to this number there were 1510 slaves, 415 free 
 colored, and 4 Indians. Tho number of insane whites was 
 23,280; of insane slaves, 406; and of in.sane free colored per- 
 sons, 360. The total number of whites who were idiotic, 
 was 16,952; of idiotic slaves, 1589; and of free colored idiots, 
 389. The numlier of free persons born in the year ending 
 June 1, 1860, was 820,071. being 3.35 per cent, of the free 
 population; of marriages, 224. 682, being .82 per cent.; the 
 whole number of deaths was 394,12.3, or 1.28 per cent. 
 
 In addition to the civilized population, it is estimated that 
 liear 400,000 Indians or aborigines exist in the United States, 
 found chiefly in the uucultivated territories. From 17,0ii0 
 to 18,000 of these are found east of the Mississippi, and above 
 100.000 along the frontiers of the Western States. 
 
 Im.mifjratinv . — The number of foreigners who arrived in 
 the United States in 1820 was 5993; iu 1830,23,074; in 1840, 
 
 8.3,504; in 1850,279,980; and in 18.53, 3P8.643. From 1851 to 
 1^60, inclusive, 2,598,214, of whom 748,740 were born in Ire- 
 land. 9u7,780 i)i Germany (not including Prussia i, 247,125 ip 
 England, 76,358 in France, 59,309 in British .America, 4::.88 
 in Prus.sia. 41,397 in China, 38,.331 in Scotland, 25,011 ir 
 Switzerland, 20,9.31 in Norway and Sweden, 10,789 iu Hol- 
 land, 10,060 in the West Indies, 9298 in Spain, and 7012 in 
 Italy. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The progress of the cities of the United 
 States, as a mass, has been without a parallel in the history 
 of the world. Some cities in tlie old world, favored by im- 
 perial caprice and power, may have had, lor a .short periotl, 
 a more rapid rise than th se of the American Confederacy; 
 but in the aggregsite, we have no example of such an 
 amazing extension and growth of towns as this republic 
 exhibits. At the first census, in 1790, there was but one 
 city (Philadelphia) numbering 40,000 inhabitants, in the 
 Union. St.IxmisandNew Orleanswere mere villages; I'itts- 
 burg was but a frontier fort; the site of Cincinnati had 
 merely been chosen, and the name of Buffalo did not exist. 
 In 1860 there were more than 70 cities and towns, with 
 poi)ulations exceeding 10.000 each, viz. : New York, 805.6i' 1 ; 
 Philadelphia, 562,529 ; Baltimore, 212,418 ; Boston, excluding 
 suljurbs, 177,812; New Orleans, 168,675; Brooklyn, 206, 61 ; 
 Cincinnati, 161,044; St. Louis, 160,773; Chicago, 109,260; 
 Huffalo, 81,129 ; Pittsburg, including Alleghany City, 77,919 ; 
 N«wark, 71.914; Louisville, 68,0:B; Albany, 62,31)7; Wash- 
 ington, 61,122; San Francisco, 56,802; Providence, 50,66'); 
 Detroit, 45,619; Milwaukee, 45,246; Rochester, 48,204; 
 Charleston, 40,-578; Cleveland, 43,417; New Haven, .39,267; 
 Troy, 39,232; Richmond, 37.910; Lowell. 30,827; Mobile, 
 29.258; Jersey City. 29,226; Hartford, 29,154; Syracnse, 
 28,119; Portland, 26,341; Roxbury, 25,137; Cambridge, 
 26,060; Worcester. 24,9i.O; Reading (Pennsylvania), Salem 
 (Massachusetts), Memphis, Utica, Savannah, Wilmington 
 (Delaware), Dayton, and JIanchester (New H.imp.-^hire), 
 between 20.000 and 25,000; Paterson, Lynn, Indianapolis, 
 Columbus (Ohio), Petersburg (Virginia), L.anc!i8ter (Penn- 
 sylvania), Bangor, Lawrence, Trenton, Kingston (New 
 York), Na.shville, Oswego, Norfolk, Newburg (New York), 
 Springfield (Massachusetts), and Tauntcm, between 15,000 
 and 20,000; Poughkeepsie, Fall River, I'eoria, Wheeling, 
 Norwioli, Harrisburg . Pennsylvania), Lockport, Dubuque, 
 Newburyport, Alexaiuiria, Augusta (Georgia), and Bridge- 
 liort (Connecticut), between 12.000 and 15,000. Sacramento, 
 Camden (New Jersey), Quincy (Illinoi.s), and New Albany 
 (Indiana), between 12,000 and 15.000; and Davenport, Au- 
 burn, New Bnmswick, Newport (Rhode Island), Fort Wayne, 
 Nashua. New London, Gloucester (Massachusetts), Evan.s- 
 ville (Indiana^ between 10,000 and 12,000 This relation is 
 now considerably altered, but sis we have no official reports, 
 and only in a few instances, a partial and local census, we 
 have taken the only one which could give a just comp.Trison 
 as to the populousness and importance of the different 
 towns. 
 
 Some twenty of the above towns might be named as bt^ing 
 distinguished even in this country for their amazing pro- 
 gress, but our limits compel us to pass tho greater part in 
 silence. We will, however, cite three or four as striking 
 ex.'imples of that rapid increase which, as we have before 
 observed, is without parallel in the history of the world. 
 Cincinnati had, in 1840, 46,:}38 inhal^itants ; in 1850, 115,4.38 ; 
 and in 1860, 161.044 — the population doubling itself about 
 every 7 or 8 years — a rate of increase which, if continued, 
 would in about 30 years from the present time, give the city 
 a population of above 2,000,000. St. Louis h.ad, in 1840, 
 16,469; in 1850,77,850; and in 1860, 160,773— the poi)ulation • 
 doubling itself about every 5 years; Chicago had, in 1840, 
 a population of 4853; in 1850, 29,9a3; in 1860, 109,2^0, 
 doubling itself about every 4 years. The progress of Cleve- 
 land and Detroit has been scarcely less rapid. 
 
 Grrvemment. — The government of the United States is a 
 confederation of various states, delegating a portion of 
 their power to a central government, whose edicts and 
 laws, so far as granted constitutionally, are always para- 
 mount to state authority; but iwll powers not expressly 
 conceded by that constitution are tacitly reserved to the 
 states. The governmental power of the American Con- 
 federacy is divided into legislative, judicial, and execu- 
 tive. The executive power is lodged m a president and 
 vice-president, elected for four years by electors chosen I'y 
 popular vote in each state; the electors being equal to the 
 number of senators and members of the House of Bepie- 
 sentatives for each state at the time of said election. For 
 example, Pennsylvania, having at the present time (1805), 
 24 members in the national House of Representatives, and 
 each state having 2 senators, is entitled to 26 electoral votes 
 tor pre.sideut and vice-president. A majority of the whole 
 number of electoral votes is necessary to a choice, and if no 
 person has a majority, then, from the three highest on the 
 list, the House of Kepre.senlatives, voting by states, (each 
 state having but one vote, and a majority of ail the states 
 being necessary to an election,) shall proceed to choose a 
 president; but if no candidate receives a majority before 
 the 4th of March next following, then the vice-president 
 
 1997 
 
UM 
 
 Miafl ict JLS president If no candidate for vice-president 
 has a minority of all the electoral votes, then from the two 
 higl^it numbers on the list the Senate shall proceed to 
 chotse the vice-president; but a niiijority of the whole 
 numter shall be necessary to a choice. The president is 
 oommapder-in-chief of the army and navy of the United 
 States, and has power of reprieve and pardon for offences 
 ai;ainst the United States, except in cases of impeachment 
 lie has power (provided two-thirds of the Senate concur) 
 to make treaties, and to nominate the memliers of his cabi- 
 net, foreign ministers, and other officers of the United 
 States, to the Senate for its approval or disapproval. Of 
 some inferior officers he has the absolute appointment The 
 president may also remove any officer subject to his appoint- 
 ment, at his pleasure. 
 
 The legislative power is exercised by a Congress composed 
 of two branches, a Senate and House of Kepresentatives. 
 The Senate is composed of two members from each state, 
 chosen by the legislature thereof, for sii years, so that one- 
 third shall retire at the close of every -second year. The 
 House of Representatives is composed of members chosen 
 every second year by the people of the several states, and 
 the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requi- 
 site for the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 
 A senator must be at leqst 30 years of age, and must have 
 been 9 years a citizen of the United States, and a representa- 
 tive be 25 years of age, have been 7 years a citizen of the 
 United States, and a resident of the state in which he shall 
 be chosen. Kepresentatives and electoral vottis for president 
 are apportioned according to the whole number of free per- 
 sons (except Indians) and three-fifths of all others. The 
 population necessary to form a constituency for a member 
 of the House of Representatives, is determined by act of 
 Congress, and is usually increased after the taking of each 
 census, being a little over 30,000 between 1790 and 1800 ; 
 but had risen to 70,680 between 1840 and 1850, and is about 
 120,000 under the 8th or last census. Those states, however, 
 that have fractions of population of more than half the 
 requisite number, send an additional member; but each 
 state, whatever its population, must have at least 1 member. 
 By a law passed in March 4, 1862, the number of represen- 
 tatives was increased to 241, besides delegates from each 
 territory to the House of Representatives, who speak, but 
 do not vote. The senate represents the states in their sov- 
 ereign capacity, and the House of Representatives (as its 
 luuue implies) the people. 
 
 Congress has power to lay and collect taxes and imposts, 
 to borrow money, to pay debts, to regulate commerce with 
 foreign nations, and among the several states, and with 
 the Indians, to coin money and regulate its value, to fix 
 a standard of weights and measures, to punish counter^ 
 feiting, to establish post-offices and post roads, to grant 
 patents for inventions and copyrights for books, &c., to 
 punl-sh piracies, &c., on the high seas, and offences against 
 the laws of nation.s, to declare war. and to proviile and main- 
 tain an army and navy, to provide for calling forth the 
 militia to execute the laws of the Union, and to suppress 
 invasions and rebellions, to exercise exclusive jurisdiction 
 over the District of Columbia, and over all places where 
 forts, arsenals, magazines, dock-yards. Ac, have been legally 
 established. .A.11 bills for raising revenue and for taxation 
 must originate in the House of Representatives. A bill 
 must have received a majority of the votes neces.sary to form 
 a quorum in each house, and have received the signature 
 of the president before it can become a law; but if the 
 president objects to a bill, or part of its provisions, he must 
 Fend his objections in writing to the house in which it ori- 
 ginated, when that house proceeds to vote on it, and if two- 
 thirds of both houses sustain the bill, it is a law, without 
 the approbaUon of the president; or if the president does 
 not return it in ten days, exclusive of Sabbaths, it is a law 
 In like manner, providetl Congress remain in session so long 
 alter the bill has been sent to the president A census of 
 the people, products, Ac, of the several states is taken by 
 order of Congress every tenth j-ear; the seventh having 
 been taken In 1850. The vice president is ex-offlcio presidenl 
 of the Senate, and, in case of the death or disability of the 
 pre.sident becomes president of the United States. In case 
 of the death or disabUity of both, the speaker (pro temptire) 
 or the Senate, who is usually elected towards the close of 
 each ses-sion, with refen-nce to such a contingency, shall be 
 the president In the event of the death, refu.sal to serve, 
 or any other disability, of all the three named above, the 
 Sf- 1 '■.'' J^" House of Representatives shall be president. 
 . K»° *•/ I"'«'"<l«s »n the popular branch, and on the 
 Msembling of every new Congress, (a Congress continuea 
 two J ears, or the period for which the members of the Hou«e 
 or Representatnes are el.-cted,) a new speaker is elected. 
 oith^?H.'i"f'jK'"'?,*' ^y""* *■'"■''''' *"»! of impeachments; 
 1^.«H,» ,r; .V''^*'^ I'resident of the United States, the chief 
 onlv ^vtl„^^''"'"■^"•*' ?**:* "'"" ^^^'^'^^- but its decisions 
 ™«l h. ^ removals from office. The territories are 
 
 .:^f th'^lrV^nTJslatr "'*' '*' '''' ^^^^"''''^ '^^ ^^^ 
 1898 
 
 UNI 
 
 Judiciary. — The United States judiciary consistg at pr«Hr4t 
 of 1 supreme court, 9 circuit, and 47 district courts. The 
 supreme court is presided over by a chief and 8 iissoeia'fl 
 justices, who hold their appointments during life or goo\ 
 behavior. The supreme court holds one session annually, 
 commencing on the first Monday in December. A circuit 
 court is held twice a year in each state, by one judge of the 
 supn-me court, and the district judge of the state or district 
 in which the court is held. The district courts arc held by 
 special judges, mostly one for each district, but sometimes one 
 judge may have two or even three districts under his charge. 
 In most cases each state constitutes a di.>trict, but New 
 York, I'ennsylvania. Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Missi.ssippi, 
 Louisiana, Arkansas, and CaJifornia are divided into two 
 and Alabama, Tennessee, and Iowa into three districts each. 
 The United States Courts have jurisdiction in all cases of 
 law and equity arising under the constitution and laws c: 
 the United States, and treaties made under their authority 
 in all cases concerning foreign ministers and agents ; in a'.- 
 cases of marine jurisdiction; in all controversies in which 
 the United States shall be a party ; in controversies between 
 states, or between a state and citizen of another state; 
 between citizens of different states ; between citizens of the 
 same, claiming lands under grants of different states, and 
 between a state and citizens thereof, and foreign states, 
 citizens, or subjects. A court of 3 judges to adjudicate 
 claims against the United States was established in 1S55. 
 In each district of the United States courts there is a prose- 
 cuting attorney and a marshal. 
 
 Sakiries. — The President of the United States receives 
 $25,000 a year, and has the use of the executive mansion 
 at Washington. The vice-president receives $8tXHJ; the 
 judges of the supreme court $6000, except the chief justice, 
 who receives $6500; members of Congress $8 a day; the 
 secretaries of state, treasury, war, navy, interior, the post- 
 master-general and attorney-general, each $8000 per an- 
 num. The various grades of foreign envoys and ministers 
 plenipotentiary receive from $6000 to $17,500 per annum. 
 Of these the envoy to Great Britain receives $17,500; the 
 ministers to France and China $15,000 each ; those to Spaiu, 
 Russia, Austria, Prussia, Brazil, and Mexico $12,000 each; 
 the envoy to Peru $10,000; and to Turkey and Cliili each 
 $9000. Ministers of the second grade receive $7500 per 
 annum: and secretaries of legation from $1500 to $2500. 
 rie commissioner to the Sandwich Islands receives $6000 
 per annum. 
 
 Revenue, Finances. <tc. — The revenue of the United States 
 has been mostly derived from imposts on foreign merchan- 
 dise, and from the sale of public lands, but direct taxes 
 have occasionally been levied. The revenue has increased 
 (with occasional depressions) with considerable regularity, 
 from $3,652,014 in 1792, to $73,549,705 in 1S55. Of the re- 
 venue for the bust nauied year, $64,224,190 were derived from 
 the customs, and $8,470,978 from the sale of public lanils. The 
 expenditures during the same period varied from $1,877-904 
 to $75,354,630, of which last $4,049,384 was for the civil 
 list; $7,726,677 for foreign intercourse; $2,609,054 for the 
 interior department; $11,733,629 for the war department; 
 $10,768,192 for the navy department; $24,336,380 for the 
 redemption of public debt; and miscellaneous $13,531,310. 
 The smallest revenue was in 1792. and the largest in 1855 ; 
 the greatest exp«'nditurcs (exclusive of the payment of the 
 public debt) were in 1847 and 1849, during, and at the close 
 of the Mexican war; and the least in 1793. The smallest 
 expenditure for the civil list, foreign intercourse, and miscel- 
 laneous was $472,450, in 1793, and the greatest $28,516,427, 
 in 1854; the least expenditure for the military establish- 
 ment was $944,958. in 1S03; the greatest (in the Mexican 
 war.) $41,281,600, in 1847; the Iciist expenditure for the 
 navy was $53, in 1792. and the greatest. $10,891,639, in 
 1853. The public debt has varied from $75,463,476. in 1791, 
 to $41,878,831. January 1, 1865. The smallest debt waa 
 $37,513, in 1836; the greatest, $127,334,934. in 1816. 
 
 The receipts of the government, exclusive of loans, &c, 
 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1865, were as follows; 
 
 Receipt, from customs $84,928,260 60 
 
 '• I»nd» 996.5t3 31 
 
 " " direct t« I.200.S73 03 
 
 " " iriternll revenue 2n9.^ftJ.2IS 25 
 
 « •* miscetlaDeous sources 5l',97S,2S4 -17 
 
 Totil $329,367,856 66 
 
 The expenditures for the same year were, 
 
 For the civil service $44,764,533.12 
 
 " Pensiousand Iiiiiiiiis H.258,573.38 
 
 " War department 1,031.323.36« 79 
 
 " Navv departuieul 122,367,776.12 
 
 " Interest on public debt 77,397,712.00 
 
 ToUl 81,290,312.982.4! 
 
 If to this we add $607,361,241.68 for the redemption of p-ib 
 lie debt, we shall havea total expenditureofSl ,897.674,240.^9 
 The public debt in the liiited States, on the 31st day of <*« 
 tober, 1865, amounted to $2,740,854,750. 
 
UNI 
 
 The coinage of Mints in the United States, from 1T93 to 
 June 30,1864 was, gold,S77V,421,471.3x ; 8ilver,Sl3;i,804,947.69 ; 
 copper, *:3,705,723.5o ; total,$9U,932,14i62. The total num- 
 ber of pieces coined amounted to §927,864,366. 
 
 According to the re)K)rt of the eighth census, there were 
 in tlie United States, 1642 banks and brandies, witli an ag- 
 gregate capital of 5>421,890,095, a circulation of $207,102,477, 
 and $83,504,528 in s])ecie. At the end of 1865 there were 
 about 1625 national banks. 
 
 Tlie a.ssesKed value of the real and personal property 
 of the United St;ites, in 1850, was $5,983,149,407 ; true or 
 estimated value, $7,068,157,779; the a-ssessed value in 
 1800, $12,084,660,005; and the true value estimated at 
 $16,159,616,068. The coinage of the United States Mint, 
 Since its establishment in 1792 up to October 1, l>-54, was: 
 gold, $350,092,954.46; silver, $100,290,026.90; aggregate, 
 $460,382,981.36. Of the gold, $247,070,977.88 was domestic 
 product; $238,061,861.88 from California. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1866 there were in the United 
 StJites, 1627 national bank.^i, with a cajtital of $408,868,943.50. 
 
 The following table exhibits the e.\i)orts and imports of 
 gold and silver from 1860 to 1864, inclusive : 
 
 I860.. 
 1861.. 
 1862. 
 1863. 
 1864. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $8,.'i50,I35 
 46,339,611 
 I6.415.0'i2 
 ■9,5ai,103 
 13, 153,706 
 
 Eiports. 
 
 866.546,239 
 
 29,791,180 
 36,887,640 
 82,361,48-2 
 103, 125,730 
 
 Histriry. — The earliest settled portion of the present terri- 
 tory of the United States was Florida, about the year 1566; 
 but as this state was not acquired till 1819, and was, more- 
 over, not an Kn^:lifh settlement, it is usual to date the com- 
 mencement of the settlement of the colonies which formed 
 the nucleus of the present confederation, from the settle- 
 ment of Jamestown, in Virginia, in 1607. The order of the 
 Settlement of the other original states (i. «. states of the Re- 
 volution) was. New York, by the Dutch, at Fort Orange, 
 (now Albany.) in 1614; Mas.sachusetts, at Plymouth, in 
 1020; New Hampshire and Maine, in 1623; New Jersey, 
 about 1624; Delaware, about 1627; Connecticut, in 1033; 
 Maryland, in 1&34-5; Rhode Island, in 1636: North Caro- 
 lina, (permanently,) between 1640-50 ; Sfmth Carolina, about 
 1070 ; Pennsylvania, 1682, and Georgia, in 17.33. These were 
 all English settlements, (though with admixtures from Ger- 
 many, Ireland, and Scotland,) except New Jersey and Uola- 
 ware; the former by Dutch, Sw '-, and English, and the 
 latter by Swedes. 
 
 For an account of the war*' rfith the Indians, and of sepa- 
 rate colonial matters, see histories of each state. The first 
 contest in which the colonies unitedly and generally took 
 part was the Old French and Indian War. as it was called, 
 which commenced so disastrously with the defeat of General 
 Braddock, in 175i near the present city of Pittsburg, and in 
 which W»-*:.'„«3on, by his prudence and bravery, saved the 
 army f-.m utti^r destruction. But the contest raged most 
 sev» ,.y in New York (which see) and in Cana/la. This war 
 wa» concluded by the Peace of Paris, in 1763; the interval 
 between which and the skirmish at Lexington. April 19, 
 1776, (the actual commencement of the Revolution,) wa.« 
 little else than a contest with the mother country concern- 
 ing disputed rights, in which the colonies contended for 
 representation in Parliament as the only terms on which 
 they would consent to taxation by that body; while the 
 imperial government maintjiined the absolute right to im- 
 pose taxes without consulting the colonies. A .■Jeries of 
 events followed the skirmish mentioned alxjve. in many of 
 which the colonial chief was frequently brought almost to 
 the verge of despair. The battle of Lexington taught the 
 British it was no mere sedition they had attempted to put 
 down, but that they had to contend with men animated by 
 a firm purpose, whom one defeat, or a series of defeats, was 
 not likely to divert from a course not undertaken without a 
 full estimate of its difficulties. The taking of Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point, by the Americans, in May; the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, near Boston, in June, in which the Americans 
 retrejited for want of ammunition ; the investment of Boston 
 by Washington, and the unsuccessful expeditions of Arnold 
 and Schuyler to Quebec, In the autumn, the former by way 
 of the Kennebec River, and the latter by way of Lake Chani- 
 plain— were the principal events of the opening campaign of 
 1775. That of 1776 commenced with the evacuation of Boston 
 by the liritish troops in March, and was followed by their 
 repul.«e from Sullivan's Island, before Charleston, in June : 
 by tlie Declaration of Independence, at Philadelphia. July 
 4; by the disastrous battle of Flatbush. on Long Island, in 
 August; by the skirmish at Whiteolains, north of New 
 York, in September; by the loss of Forts Wa.shington and 
 Lee. and of 2000 prisoners ; by Washington's retreat across 
 New Jersey, and by the succesiCal oa^saare of the Delaware, 
 and the surprise and capture '■■ Ooo IJosfjans. at Trenton. 
 an the morning "f Decembo- t&. The ptter event revived 
 
 mi 
 
 the drooping spirits of the Americans, and. following up 
 their success, W'ashington. in the early part of January, 
 opened the campaign in 1777, by driving the British from 
 Princeton, New Jersey; after which he took up his winter- 
 quarters at Morristown, in the same state. In April. Gov- 
 ernor Tryon took and burnt Banbury, in Connecticut: Bur- 
 goyne invaded New York, from Canada, and took Fc:t 
 Ticonderoga in July ; Colonel Baum is defeated by General 
 Stark, near Bennington, in .August; the Americans are de- 
 feated by Cornwalli.s. at Brandy wine. September 11. and the 
 British take possession of I'hiladelphia: Gates defeats liur- 
 goyne at the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga, September 
 19 and October 7. and on the 16th. Burgoyne surrenders 
 with 5790 men; Wa.shington is repulsed by Howe, at Ger- 
 mantown, and soon after retires to winter-quarters, at Val- 
 ley Forge, where the army suffer ;ireatly from cold, hunger, 
 want of clothing, and suitable barracks, and fnmi ciai.so- 
 quent disease. The successful defence, by the Amevicaiis, 
 of Fort Mercer, at Red Bank. C miles below Phiiiidelphl.i, 
 and the opening of the navigation by the British, at Pliila- 
 delphia. closed the campaign of 1777. February 6, 1778. 
 France formed a treaty of alliance with the United States; 
 the British army evacuates Philadelphia June 18. and i-. 
 defeated at Monmouth the 2Sth of the same month; Sulli- 
 van besieges Newport August 15. but raises the siege on the 
 2Sth. and has a skirmi.sh with Pigot, whom he routs on the 
 following day ; the massacre of Wyoming takes place in 
 July; Savannah is taken by the British December 29; in 
 the same mouth Washington goes into winter-quarters at 
 Middlebrook, and terminates the campaign of 1778; about 
 one-fourth of Lincoln's army in the South destroyed by the 
 British, in March, 1779; in May, Charleston is invested by 
 the British, who retire on the approach of Lincoln ; skir- 
 mish at Stono Ferry, June 20 ; Stony Point taken by the 
 British, June 1, and retaken by Wayne, July 15: in the 
 same month Tryon invades Connecticut, burns the shipping 
 at New Haven, and the villages of Fairfield and Norwalk; 
 August 29, Sullivan defeats the tories and savages in New 
 York; September 24, the French fleet and the American 
 army invest Savannah, but are repul.sed, October 9. Paul 
 Jones gains, in the autumn of this year, a splendid naval 
 victory in the British seas. The army goes into winterquar 
 ters at West Point and Morristown, and thus closes the 
 campaign of 1779. Charleston besieged by Sir H. Clinton, 
 in April, 1780, surrenders May 12, and Clinton becomes 
 master of the greater part of the Soutli; August 6, SumteT 
 defeats the British at Hanging Kock; but the Americans 
 are ilefeated at Camden, August 16, and at Fi.«hing Creek 
 on the 18th; Arnold attempts to betray West Point Septem- 
 ber 21, but is discovered, and flies: the Britisli defeated at 
 King's Mountain in South Carolina October 7, and Corn- 
 wallis retreats. The campaign of 1781 is opened by the de- 
 feat of the British at Cowpens, January 17, and is followed 
 by the rout of the Americans at Guilford Court-house in 
 March, and at Ilobkirk's Hill in April; Forts Marion and 
 Lee surrender in May to the Amc^ricans, and Augusta in 
 June; General Greene routs the British at Eutaw Springs; 
 an indecisive engagement takes ])lace between the British 
 and French fleets off Cape Henry, in March ; Forts Trumbull 
 andGriswold taken, (the garrison of the latter slaughtered.) 
 and New London burned by Arnold in September: and 
 finally the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, October 
 19th, 1781, puts an end to the active operations of the war, 
 and leads to an acknowledgment by Great Britain of the 
 independence of the United States, in 1783. A political 
 event of more Importance perhaps never took place on our 
 globe, or one more truly revolutionary in its effects upon 
 systems of government throughout the world, or more preg- 
 nant with promises of future benefit to the human race. 
 
 The government that carried the nation throuch the try- 
 ing scenes of the Revolution was a simple confederntion of 
 states, represented by members elected by the legislature of 
 each of the 13 separate sovereignties. This, but for the 
 patriotism and virtue of the people, would have been 
 wholly inefficient, and depended for its effectiveness on the 
 willing oliedience of the great mass of the population. This 
 government endured from 1777 to 1787, when a convention 
 of delegates, representing all the states, framed the present 
 Constitution, which went into operation March 4, 1789, by 
 the inauguration of Washington as President. An experi- 
 ence of more than 60 years, under this Con.stifution, has 
 more than realized the favorable predictions of its most 
 zealous supporters. It has proved itself the best adapted to 
 the ruling of an extensive region of any governmint ever 
 framed, inasmuch as its action is confined to matters of 
 general interest, while each region governs itself in local 
 affairs. Indeed, its wide extent has in some instances 
 proved an especial safeguard, and prevented wars and rebel- 
 lion from sectional excitement. M'hile different localities 
 have been several times agitated to the point of reliellien 
 or warfare, the rest of the nation, remote from the distiirVied 
 region, have remaiw^d calm and determined in the support 
 of the central authority. 
 
 The disturVH-d state of Europe, con.sequent upon tht 
 breaking out of the French Revolution, acted favorably for 
 
 1999 
 
the dpvelopnient of the resources of the United States, ex- ' 
 hausted hv a lonfc war. as it not only createtl a market for 
 herairicultural products, but gave her a large portion of 
 the carrying trade of the world. The principnl events fol- 
 lowing the establishment of the government of 17S9. were 
 the treaty with the Creek Indians, in 1790 : the «dmis.sion 
 „f Vermont into the Confederacy in 1791 : and of Kentucky 
 In 1792: the Insurrection in I'ennsylvania to resist the duty 
 on distiller! spirits, and the defeat of the North-West In 
 dmns by General Vavne. in 1794; Tennessee atlniitted in 
 1796: the death of Washinstou in 1799: the seat of govern- 
 ment remove<l to the District of Columbia in 1800 : Ohic 
 admitted in 1802: I-ouisiana purchaseil in 1803: Tripoli bom- 
 barded by Commodore Preble, and Hamilton .shot by Burr, in 
 1S04 : Burr tried for conipiracy in 1807 ; Harrison defeats the 
 Indians in Indiana in ISll; war declared against Great Bri- 
 tain in 1812. on account of violations of neutrality, and the 
 se.'irch of our ships for British subjects; capitol at Washing- 
 Ion burned by the British, 1814; peace concluded, February, 
 1815; and war with Algiers the same year: Indiana admit- 
 ted in 1816; Seminole war in 1817; Illinois admitted in 
 1818; Alabama admitted, and Florida ceded by Spain in 
 1819; Maine admitted in 1820, and Missouri in 1821 ; Gene- 
 ral Lafayette visits America, and is rweived with great 
 marks of respect, in 1824; cholera breaks out, and Black 
 Hawk's war occurs, in 1S32; Arkansas admitted, Wisconsin 
 becomes a teriitory. and great lire in New York, in 1835; 
 Texa-s achieves her independence of Mexico in 1836; Michi- 
 gan admitted in 1837 ; Te.xas admitted, and war breaks out 
 in consequence with Mexico, and Iowa admitted, in 1846; 
 peace with Mexico, acquisition of Upper Caiitbruia and New 
 Mexico, and ailmission of Wisconsin, in 1848; admission of 
 California, and creation of the territorie.-s of New Mexico 
 and Utah, in 1850; the reclamation by the United States 
 of .Martin KosUi — formerly an .Austrian subject — from that 
 power, which had .seized him at Smyrna; the repeal of the 
 Missouri compromise lino, (which had restricted slavery 
 below 36^ 30' N. lat. :) and the destruction of San Juan de 
 Nicaragua or Greytown by a United States naval force — 
 all in 1864. 
 
 AlKiut 1854 the Republican party was formed to prerent 
 the extension of slavery, which had become the oiuse of 
 an '• irrepressible conflict." Great excitement was pro<iuced 
 by an attempt to introduce slavery into Kansas, where, 
 after a violent and bloody contest, the friends of free labor 
 at length prevailed. In 1860 the llepublican party nomi- 
 nated for President, Abraham Lincoln, whose success was 
 -endered almost certain by the division of the Democratic 
 party. Many Southern politicians and editors no\v threat- 
 ened to dissolve tl;e Union in case of the election of Lincoln. 
 Some who had predetermined to destroy the Union proba- 
 bly desired his election, in the hope "that the Southern 
 people, morbidly sensitive in relation to slavery, could be 
 induced to reg;ird that event as a provocation to revolt. 
 On the day of election, November 6, all the free states, ex- 
 cept New Jersey, voted for Lincoln, who received 180 elec- 
 toral votes, more than those of all his competitors put to- 
 gether. These wore Stephen A. Douglas, Union Democrat, 
 John C. Breckenridge, Disunion Democrat, and John Bell, 
 who was pledged to support " the Union, the Constitution, 
 and the enforcement of the laws." Before this election 
 large numbers of muskets had been removed from Northern 
 armories to the Southern strifes by Floyd, then Secretary 
 of W.ar, to subserve the purposes of a long meditated con- 
 spiracy against the cause of liberty and the Union. South 
 Carolina, tsiking the lead, seceded on the 20th of December, 
 1860, and wjis followed by .Mississippi (January 9), Florida 
 (January 10), Alabama (January 11), Georgia (January 19), 
 Louisiana (January 25), and Texas (February 1). A conven- 
 tion, which met at Montgomery on the 4th of Febru.ary, 
 1801, adopted a provisional constitution, to continue i'n 
 operation for one year. Under this constitution Jefferson 
 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States, and 
 A. H. Stephens, Vice-President. The movements which the 
 disumonists initiated to found and fortify a Southern Con- 
 federacy (of which slavery wiis to be the chief corner-stone) 
 encountered little or no opposition from the outgoing Federal 
 admmistration. Nearly all the forts, arsenals, custom- 
 houses, Ac, belonging to the United States in the seceded 
 states were seized by the insurgents in the winter of 1S60- 
 01. Bvery department of the government was paralyzed 
 by treason. Ministers and consuls returned from foreign 
 conntnes to abet the rebellion. Even in the Northern 
 states, political combinations and secret societies were 
 formed to promote the cause of disunion. A Peace Con- 
 ference, in which all the states that had not seceded were 
 represented, met at Washington on the 4th of February 
 and endeavored to effect a compromise, but without suc- 
 cess, in V irginia, Kentucky, and other border states, were 
 rn«J,,V",°°i'"",' '■''2 •*«8t«<l. for a time successfully, the 
 attempts to nvolve those states in the rebellion. On the 
 Uth <;f Apnl the insurgents bombarded Fort .<umter, which 
 *.i» Uefeiided by a small garrison under Major Anderson 
 "■" ^"' '" '^' ^*^^ '^'^ di««u>i"uUti havtog Thus 
 
 UNI 
 
 flred the first gun, and appealed to fierce, the people of tb 
 loyal states rose with enthusiasm to defend the existence and 
 integrity of the republic. A proclamation of the President, 
 issued April 15, calletl for an army of 75,000 men to .sup- 
 press the rebellion. On the 17th of the same mouth, an 
 ordinance of secession was adopted by the Virginia Con- 
 vention by a vote of 88 to 55, though a majority of the 
 membei-8 had been elected as professed Unionists. Arkansas 
 seceded on the 6th of May, Tennessee on the 7th, and North 
 Carolina on the 21st of that month. The capital of the 
 rebel government was removed to Richmond about the 21st 
 of May. The Congress of the United States met in an extra 
 session on the 4th of July, 1861, and co-operated with the 
 President in vigorous measures for quelling the rebellion. 
 The first important battle of the war, fonght at Bull Run 
 on the 21st of July, resulted in favor of the insurgents. 
 About the end of October, the navy of the Union obtained 
 possession of Port Royal, in South Carolina. 
 
 In February, 1862, Jefferson Davis was chosen President 
 of the Confederacy for 6 years. General Grant gained an 
 important victory at Fort Donelson in February, 1862, and 
 at Pittsburg Landing on the 6th and 7th of April. The 
 Unionists also claimed the victory at the battle of Pea 
 Ridge, in Arkansas. The capture of New Orleans by Com- 
 modore Farragut, about the 26th of April, was a great loss 
 to the insurgents. 
 
 In the meantime General McClellan, who was appointed 
 commander of the Army of the Potomac in July, 1n61, and 
 had reniainetl for a long time inactive, was urged by the 
 President and the Northern people to march against Rich- 
 mond. Moving by way of the Chesapeake and the Penin- 
 sula, the Army of the Potomac reached a point about 6 
 miles from Richmond on the 2Sth of May. After a series 
 of battles at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage's Station, 
 and Malvern Hill, fought between June 26 and July 1, 
 1862, McClellan retreated, and abandoned the siege of the 
 rebel capital. Between the 27th and 30th of August, 
 several battles were fought near Mauiissas Junction between 
 General Pope and General Lee. Pope having been driveu 
 back to the defences of Washington, the rebel army under 
 Lee cro>sed the Potomac, and was repulsed at the great 
 battle of .\ntietam (September 17). Subsequently, McClellan 
 having remalne<l inactive for several weeks after the Presi- 
 dent had ordered him to advance in pursuit of Lee, was 
 removed from command Bl>out the 5th of November, 1862. 
 On the 22d of September, President Lincoln issued a memo- 
 rable Proclamation of Emancipation, in which it was an- 
 nounced that, " On the 1st day of January, 1863, all persons 
 held as slaves in any state or designated part of a state, 
 the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the 
 United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free." 
 
 The principal military events of 1863 were the repulse 
 of the rebels near Murfreesborough (January 1-3) ; the battle 
 of Chancellorsville, on the 2d and 3d of May ; the defeat 
 of General Lee at the great battle of Gettysburg, on the 
 2d and 3d of July ; the capture of the strongly fortified post 
 of A'icksburg by General Grant on the 4th of July; the 
 battle of Chickamauga, in which the rebels had the advan- 
 tage (September 19); and the decisive victory of the Union 
 army near Chattanooga about the 25th of November. Tha 
 battle of Gettysburg and the capture of Vicksburg, occurring 
 as they did at almost the same time, may be regarded as the 
 turning point of the war. A few days after the cjipture of 
 Vicksburg, the Mississippi River was opened from its sourc* 
 to its mouth, and the Confetleracy thus severed into twt 
 parts. On the 8th of December, 1863, the President issuec" 
 a Proclamation of Amnesty, offering pardon to the insurgent* 
 (with some exceptions), on condition that they should tak». 
 an oath to support the Constitution and the Union. 
 
 In the early part of March, 1864, in accordance with the 
 recommendation of Congress, Lieutenant-General U. S. 
 Grant was appointed commander-in-chief of all the armies 
 of the United States, in order to insure the co-operative 
 action of the same. The forces of the enemy were mostly 
 concentrated in two large armies; one in Virginia, com- 
 manded by Gener.ll R. E. Lee, and the other in Northern 
 Georgia, led by General J. E. Johnston. Major-General W. 
 T. Sherman commanded all the Union armies operating 
 against Johnston, and Major-General Meade had the im- 
 mediate command of the Army of the Potomac. General 
 Griint, however, was jiresent with the latter army, which 
 began to move towards Richmond on the 4th of May, and 
 fought the bloody but indecisive battle of the Wilderness 
 on the 5th and t th. By a series of flank movements, alter- 
 nating with great battles at Spottsylvania Court House 
 (May vt-12) and Cold Harbor (June 3), in which both sides 
 suffered severe losses. Grant moved his army to the south 
 side of the James River, and commenced the long siege of 
 Petersburg. 
 
 In the meantime Sherman, whose objective point wn^ 
 Atlanta, had fought several actions with sncci^ss, and 
 driven the enemy across the Chattahoochee abimt the iid 
 of July. He took Atlanta on the ■2d -^f September, and on 
 the 14th of November commenced his famous march iv 
 
UNI 
 
 wards the sea-coast, which was attended with complete and 
 brilliant success. He captured Savannah December 21, and 
 thence marching through South Carolina, induced the 
 enemy to evacuate Charleston, February 17, ISfiS. In 18&4 
 Mr. Lincoln, who had .acquired immense popularity, was 
 nominated for President, and re-elected by the Union party. 
 His only competitor was General George J!. McClellau, who 
 received but 21 votes. All the free states, except New 
 Jersey, voted for Lincoln and Johnson, who received 212 
 votes. An amendment of the Constitution, prohibiting 
 slavery, was projiosed by the House of Representatives on 
 the 31st of Janu:iry, 1865. and has since been ratified by 
 more than tliree-fourths of the states. 
 
 The armies operating against Kichmond began to move 
 about the 30th of March, 1865. By a great "battle near 
 Petersburg on the 2d of April, Lee was forced to evacuate 
 both Petersburg and Kichmond. Having been closely pur- 
 sued in his retreat towards Danville, he surrendered liis 
 army to General Grant at Appomattox Court House on the 
 9th of April. Thus ended the great rebellion. 
 
 The general joy was soon turned into mourning by the 
 death of the President, who was shot by a partisan of the 
 defeated cause on the night of the 14th of April. Although 
 at the same critical time Mr. Seward, the first Minister of 
 State, was prostrated by an almost fatal wound from the 
 hand of an assassin, the government, devolving of course 
 upon the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, moved on in 
 tlio usual order as if nothing had occurred to disturb its 
 stability. 
 
 Such is d brief chronicle of the principal events of a na- 
 tion's history, now one of the first powers on the globe ; 
 whose friendship is sought, and enmity avoided, by the most 
 potent rulers of Europe. The seventeenth president now 
 peaceably directs the national affairs of a confederacy of 
 tliirtj'-six states, reaching from the middle of the tem|)er- 
 ate to the torrid zone, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 Ocean. Our government has been tried under all circum- 
 stances, (but that of famine.) rebellion, pestilence, war, 
 strong party dissensions, and jarring sectional interests, 
 and is perhaps now stronger than ever. Disajjpointed aspi- 
 rants have sometimes endeavored to create dissension, but 
 have only sunk themselves into contempt and neglect. The 
 furests fall beneath the settler's axe, the bowels* of the 
 earth are searched for mineral wealth, railways are laid 
 down, canals opened, rivers deepened, commerce extended, 
 schools and colleges founded, books disseminated, cities built, 
 populations, invited by the freedom of our government, 
 swarm from other lands in sufficient numbers to form a 
 state almost every successive year, thus expanding and ex- 
 tending the area of truth, light and liberty; and, with the 
 blessing of Him without whom no increase is given, our 
 Institutions seem destined to revolutionize the world. 
 
 L'MTIA, a post-offlce of Blount co., Tennessee. 
 
 UNITY, yoo'ne-to. a post-township in Waldo co., Maine, 33 
 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1320. 
 
 UNITY, a post-township in Sullivan co., New Hampshire, 
 40 miles W. by N. of Concord. Pop. 887. 
 
 UNITY, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 UNITY, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 3760. 
 
 UNITY, a small post-village of Montgomery co., Maryland, 
 30 miles W. by S. of Raltimore. 
 
 UNITY, a post-village and township of Columbiana co., 
 Ohio, 35 miles N. of Steubenville. The township is inter- 
 sected by the Ohio and Pennsylvania itailroad. Pop. 2096. 
 
 UNITY, a post-village of Alexander co., Illinois, on Cash 
 River, 225 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 UNIVERSITY AT LKWISBUKG. See LEWlSBuna, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA. See Tuscaloosa. Alabama. 
 
 UNI VERSIT V OF LOUISIANA. !?e« New Orleans. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF .MICHIGAN. See Ann Aruor. Michigan. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MISSLSSIPPI. See Oxford. Mississippi. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NASHVILLE. See Nashville, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK. See New York City. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. See Chapel Hill. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. See Philadelphia. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ST. LOUIS. See St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. See Burlington, Vermont. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, a post-oUice of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. See Charlottesville. 
 
 UNKEL. dOnk'nl, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 24 miles 
 N.N.W. of Coblentz, on the right bank of the Rhine. P. 627. 
 
 UNKIAR-SKELESSL (i.e. "landing-place of the Empe- 
 ror.") a village of Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 8 miles N.N.E. 
 ■«f Constantinople, with a large paper factory, but chiefly 
 inowd for the treaty signed here June 26, 1833, between 
 Russia and Turkey. 
 
 UNLINGEN, oOngling-gn. a town of Wiirtemberg, circle 
 of Danube, bailiwick of Riedlingen. Pop. 1008. 
 
 UNNA, uon'nd, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 19 miles 
 N.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 6300. It has manufactures of cot- 
 tons, and extensive salt-works. It was formerly one of the 
 llauia Towns. 
 
 6A 
 
 UPII 
 
 UNNA, Mn'nl, a river of Turkish Croatia, after a tortuoui 
 N. course of 110 miles, joins the Save 60 miles S.E. of Agram. 
 Its chief affluents are the Unnatz and Senan, on the foI•me^ 
 of which is the village of Unnatz. 
 
 UNRUIISTADT, oon'roo-st3tt.\ (Polish Karge,) a town of 
 Prussian Poland, 50 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1879. 
 
 UNSCHA. a town and river of Russia. See Oonzha. 
 
 UNST, tinst, the most N. of the Shetland Islands, Sect- 
 land, separated from Yell on the S.W. hy Blumol .Sound, 1 
 mile across, fjcngth 11 miles, average breadth 3j miles. 
 Area 36 s(iuare miles. Pop. in 1851, 2977. Its shores in the 
 W. and N. are steep, but elsewhere are several low .«audy 
 bays. The population are chiefly employed in fishing and 
 agriculture. Unst has a village on Uyea Sound, at its S. 
 side; it contains some country mansions, and is skirted all 
 round by Scandinavian towers. 
 
 UN'STONE, a t<iwn.ship of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 UNSTRUT, oon'stroot, a river of Prussian Saxony, after 
 an E. course of 110 miles, joins the Saxon Saale near Naum- 
 burg. Its principal affluents are the Wijiper and Helme. 
 
 UNTEK, (a German word signifying '"Lower," prefixed 
 to numerous names in Central Europe.) For those not 
 undermentioned, see additional name. 
 
 UNTER-BEURKN, cwn'ter boi/ryn, a village of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Rhine, near Baden. Pop. 1148. 
 
 UNTER-GROMHACH, oon'ter grom/b^K. a village of Baden, 
 circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Bruchsal. Pop. 1600. 
 
 UNTERJE.-^SINGEN. Oon/ter-ySs^sing-en. a village of Wiir- 
 temberg, circle of Schwarzwald, near the Ammer. Pop. 
 1328. 
 
 UNTERKOCHEN, eWn'ter-ko^Ken, a village of Wiirtem- 
 berg, circle of Jaxt, on the Kocher, with gunpowder, paper, 
 and other mills, and extensive iron-works. 
 
 UNTERMIEMINGEN, Ckm'ter-mee'niing-en, a village of 
 Austria, Tyrol, circle of Imst. Pop. 1607. ' ' 
 
 UNTERMUN.STERTI1AL, (UntermUnsterthal.) Wm'tei^ 
 mlin'ster-tdP, a village and parish of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine, in a valley of the same name. Pop. 1920. 
 
 UNTERSACIISENSBERO, odn'tfr-sJk'sfn-bjKo', a village 
 of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, bailiwick of A'oitsberg. P. 1078. 
 
 UNTER-SHE, Oon'ter-sA', the W. and detached portion of 
 the Lake of Constance, between Baden and Switzerland- 
 Length 10 miles. 
 
 UNTERSEEN, Oon'tfr-sA'pn, a small town of Switzerland, 
 canton and 26 miles S.E. of Bern, in the Interlackeu Valley, 
 between tU» lakes Thun and lirieuz. Pop. lUOO. 
 
 UNTERTURKHEI.M, OOn%r-tuRk/hIme, a village of Wiir- 
 temberg, circle of Neckar, S.E. of Cannstadt, with wliioli it 
 is connected by railway, on the Neckar. Pop. 2040. 
 
 UN'TERWaL'DEN, (Ger. pron. oou>r-*ai'deu.) UPPKR 
 and LOWER, two contiguous cantons of Switzerland, in its 
 centre, having N. the Lake of Lucerne. United area 2C3 
 square miles. Pop. of Upper Unterwalden in 1860, 13,376; 
 of Lower Unterwalden, 11,526. It consists of 4 valleys, in 
 which pasturage and dairy husbandry are the chief employ 
 ments. Corn is imjiorted from Lucerne; cheese, timber, and 
 fuel are the principal exports. It formed, with Uri and 
 Schwytz, early in the 13th century, the nucleus of the Swiss 
 Confederation, in which it holds the 6th place. After Sur- 
 nen. the principal villages are Engfelherg and Stanz. 
 
 UNTERWIESENTIIAL, oon/tgr^*ee'zen-tdr, a town of 
 Saxony, circle of Zwickau, near Wiesenthal." Pop. 1778. 
 
 UNVERRE. n.Ni'vaiR', a village of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loir, 12 miles N.W.of Ch&teaudun. P. in 1852. 2442. 
 
 UNY'Ell, UNIEII or EUNIEH, yoo/ne-eh or yoo-nee'eh. a 
 maritime village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Seevas. on 
 the Black Sea, 50 miles E.S.E. of Samsoon. Near it are 
 some Greek remains, and the only iron-mines in Asia Minor. 
 
 UPA, a town of Russia. See Oop.a. 
 
 UP^ADRANG'. a town of Nepaul, North Hindostan, 35 
 miles S.W. of Khatmandoo. 
 
 UI''ARAH, an important fishing village of Hindostan, on 
 the Bay of Bengal. 16 miles N.E. of Vizagapatam. 
 
 U'PATOI' CREEK, of Georgia, Hows south-westward 
 and enters Chattahoochee River 9 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 UPATOI or L'PATOIE, a post-village of Muscogee co., 
 Georgia, on the Muscogee Railroad, about 20 miles E.N.E. 
 of Columbus. 
 
 UPA'VON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 UP/CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 5^ miles 
 E. of Chatham. The church spire serves as a landmark. 
 
 UP'DEGRAFF'S, (commonly pronounced up'teh-grJffs,) a 
 post-office of Jefferson CO., Ohio. 
 
 UPERNAVIK, oo'per-ni'vik. the most northern Danish 
 settlement in Greenland, lat. 72° 40' N., Ion. 56° W. 
 
 UPHA. a town and river of Russia. See Oofa. 
 
 UP'ilALL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow. 
 
 UP'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 2j miles 
 N.N.W. of Bishop's Waltham. It is the birth-place of Young, 
 author of " Night Thoughts." 
 
 UPIIAU'PEE, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama. 
 
 UP'HTLL. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 UP-HOL'LAND, a chapelry of England, co of Lancaster, 
 on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 4 miles W.S.VV. 
 of Wigan. 
 
 2001 
 
CPL 
 
 UP/LAN'D. k Tbriving Tillage of Chester co., Pennsylvania, | 
 38 miles W. bj S. of t'hiladt-rphia. _ 
 
 UPLAND, a post-office of MasoQ CO., W.Virginia. 
 
 Cl'LAXD, a thriving post-village of Delaware CO., Penn- 
 gylvania, on Chester Creek, about 92 miles E.S.E. of Harris- 
 burg. It has several mUls or factories moved by water- 
 power. Pop. about 500. * 
 
 UHLEA'DOX, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 UPLEATH'AM, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. - 
 
 Dl'liOWMAN. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 UP/LY.ME. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 UP'llINSXEK, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 UPOLU, oo'po-loo', or 0\iUTOOAK', one of the Samoan 
 Islands, Pacific Ocean, lat. 14° 2' S., Ion. 171° 21' W. EsU- 
 mated area 60 square miles, and pop. 25,000.(?) It is a mis- 
 gionary station, and four-fifths of the population are Chris- 
 tians. It affords a plentiful supply of fruit.'> and vegetables, 
 and is visited annuallv by English and American whalers. 
 
 UP-OT/TERY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 VPIPER. For names of places not mentioned below, Bee 
 the additional names. 
 
 UPPEK, a township of Cape May co.. New Jersey. Pop. 
 1562. 
 
 UPPER, a township of Crawford co^ Arkansas. 
 
 UPPER, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1228. 
 
 UP'PER AL'LEN, a township of Cumberland co^ Penn- 
 sylvania. Population 1275. 
 
 UP'PER AL'LO WAY'S CREEK, a post-township of Salem 
 CO., New Jersey, 72 miles S. by W. of Trenton. Pop. 2S99. 
 
 UPPER ALPS. See Hautes-Alpes. 
 
 UP'PER ALTON,- a post-village of Madison co., Illinois, 
 2i miles E. of Alton. It is the seat of Shurtleff College. 
 
 UP'PER AQUEBOGUE, (ak'we-bOg.) a post-village of Suf- 
 folk CO., New York, 75 miles E. by X. of New York City. 
 
 OP'PKR AUGUSTA, a township of Northumberland CO., 
 Pennsvlvania. Pop., including Sunbury, the co.-scat, 3715. 
 
 UPPER BERN, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelphia and Pottsville Rjiilroad. Pop. 2027. 
 
 UPPER BLACK EDDY, a postoffice of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 UPPER or NEW CALIFOR'NIA, (Sp. Alia Ctdifomia, 
 Sl'ta ki-le-foR'ne-d, or Kiieva (nwi'vi) California.) the name 
 formerly applied to the Spanish province or territory lying 
 immediately N. of Lower or Old California. From it has 
 been formed the whole of the present state of California, 
 and portions of the territories of Utah and New Mexico. 
 
 UP'PER CIIICII'ESTER, a township of Delaware CO., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 555. 
 
 UP'PERCO, a post-office of Baltimore co.. Maryland. 
 
 UPPER CROSS ROADS, a postK)ffice of Uarford co., Ma- 
 ryland. 
 
 UP'PER DAR/BY, a posfc-townsbip of Delaware CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 9 miles \V. of Philadelphia. Pop. 2571. 
 
 UP'PER DICK'INSON, a township of Cumberland CO., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 2360. 
 
 UP'PER DUIVLIN, a post-township of Montgomery CO., 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1437. 
 
 UP'PER E.MBAli'KAS, a post-office of Coles co., Illinois. 
 
 UPPER FALLS, a po.«t-office of Windsor co., Vermont. 
 
 UPPER F.ALLS, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 UPPER FALLS OF COAL, a post-office of Kanawha co., 
 W.Virginia. 
 
 UPPER FOURCHE, (foorsh,) a township of Yell co., Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 UP'PER FREE'HOLD, a township of Monmouth co.. New 
 Jersey. Pop. 3198. 
 
 UP'PER GII/MANTOX, a post-office of Belknap co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 UPPER GLOUCESTER, (glos/tgr,) a post-office of Cumber^ 
 land CO.. Maryland. 
 
 UP'PiiR IIAM/BURG, a thriving post-village of Hardin 
 CO.. Tennessee, on the left bank of the Tennessee River, 130 
 miles S.W. of Nashville. It ha.s several warehouses. 
 
 UP'PER HAN'OVER, a township of Montgomery CO., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 2125. 
 
 Ul"PER HUNT/ING CREEK, a post- village of Caroline 
 CO., Maryland, 57 miles E. of Annapolis. 
 
 UP'PER I'OWA, a small river which rises in the S.E. part 
 Of Minnesota, and pas-sing into Iowa, flows first S.E., then 
 K.E., and enters the Mississippi in Allomakee county. 
 
 UPPER JAY. a post-office of Esisex co.. New York. 
 
 UPPER KEECHI CREEK, Tex.is- See Keechi. 
 
 UP'PER LEA/COCK, a township of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 2091. 
 
 UPPER LISLE, a post-offic* of Broome co.. New York. 
 
 UPPER LOIRE. See Haute-Loire. 
 
 UP'PER MACUN'GIE, a township of I^high co., Penn- 
 sylvania, a»X)ut 10 miles W. by S. of Allentown. Poo. 2647 
 
 UP'PER MAHANTAN'GO, a post-township forming the 
 W. extremity of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvani.a. 
 
 UP'PER .MAUO'NOY, a township of Northumberiand CO., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop, 990. 
 
 UIVPER MAKFyFIELD. a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 Q'lvauia. lnt^^sected by the Delaware Canal. Pop. 1694. 
 
 UPS 
 
 rPPERMARK, 8«p'p?i^mark\ a village of Rhenish Prus- 
 sia, government of Dusseldorf, on the Dinkel. Pop. lloO. 
 
 UP'PER MARL/ROKOUGH, a post-village, capital of 
 Prince George co.. Maryland. 17 miies E.S.E. of Washington. 
 A newspaper is published here. 
 
 UP/PER MID/DLETOWN. a village, Middlesex co., Conneo 
 ticut, on Connecticut River, immediately N. of Middletown. 
 
 UPPER JIIDDLETOWX, a post-village, Fayette co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Redstone Creek, 40 miles .-^.S-E. of Pitt-burg. 
 
 UP'PER MlI/rORD, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2029. 
 
 UP'PER MOUNT BETH'EL, a township of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop. 3357. 
 
 UP'PER NAZ'ARETII, a township of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1684. 
 
 UP'PER O'KAW, a township in Coles co., Illinois. P. 657. 
 
 UP'PER O.X'FORD, a township of Chester co^ Pennsylva 
 nia. Pop. 1105. 
 
 UP'PER PAXTON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 2244. 
 
 UPPER PEXX'S NECK, New Jersey. See Penn's Neck. 
 
 UP'PER PROVIDENCE, a township of Delaware CO., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 884. 
 
 UPPER PROVIDENCE, a township of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of I'hiladelphia. Pop. 282.3. 
 
 UPPER RED HOOK, a post-village of Dutchess co. New 
 York, about 15 miles S. of Catskill. 
 
 UPPER ST. CLAIR, a post-township of Alleghany co„ 
 Pennsylvania, about 9 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg. P. 1847. 
 
 UP'PER SAI/FORD, a township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1G84. 
 
 UP'PER SANDUS'KY, a post-village, capital of Wyandot 
 county, Ohio, on the left bank of Sandusky River, and on 
 the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 63 miles N. 
 by W. of Columbus. It was formerly the chief town of the 
 Wyandot Indians. Three miles N. is the battle-ground, 
 where Colonel Crawford was defeated by the Indians in 
 1783. The village is beautifully situated. It contains 6. 
 churches, 1 national bank, 2 newspaper offices, 1 machine- 
 shop, &c. Pop. in 1850, 780 ; in 18o0, 1599. 
 
 UP'PER SAU'CON, a township of Lehigh county, Penn- 
 sylvani;i. Pop. 2943. 
 
 UP'PER STILI/WATER, a post- village in Penob.'cot co, 
 Maine, on the Penobscot River, and on the Bangor and 
 Piscataquis Railroad, 9 miles N. of Bangor. 
 
 UP'PER STRAS'BURG, a post-village in Franklin co, 
 Pennsvlvania, about 10 miles N.X.W. of Chambersburg. 
 
 UP'PER SWATARA, (swd-tah'ra.) a township of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the Pennsylvania Cana., 
 and by the Lancaster and Ilarrisburg Railroad. Pop. 1830. 
 
 UPPER THREE CREEK, of Barnwell district, South Ca- 
 rolina, Hows S.W. into the Savannah River. 
 
 UP'PER TOWAMEX'SIXG, a township of Carbon co, 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 801. 
 
 UPi'ER TRACT, a post-office of Pendleton co.,W. Virginia, 
 
 UP'PER TULPEIIOCK'EN, a township of Berks CO., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1125. 
 
 UP'PER TUK'KEYFOOT, a township of Somerset co, 
 Pennsylvania. Pop.941. 
 
 UP'i'ER TY'GART, a post-office of Carter CO., Kentncky. 
 
 UP'PERVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, 
 situated at the foot of the Blue Ridge, loo miles X. by W. of 
 Richmond. It is surrounded by a fine farming district, and 
 contains 3 churches. Pop. 398. 
 
 UP'PER YAR/MOCTII, a village in Cumberiand co., Maine, 
 35 miles S.W. by S. of Augusta. 
 
 UP'PINGHAM. a market-town and parish of England, ca 
 of Rutland. 12 miles W.S.W. of Stiimford. P. in ls51, 2068. 
 
 UP'PINGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 UPS.AL. up'sal, or UPS.ALA. up-si/iS, a lajn or province of 
 Sweden, having N.E. the Gulf of Bothnia, and S. the Lake 
 of Mielar. Area 2067 square miles. Pop. 89,323. It ex- 
 tends from Lake Maelar in the S., to the Gulf of Bothnia, and 
 its centre is traversed by the river Sala. It contains the 
 irou-mines of Dannemora, and several important smelting- 
 works. Principal towns, Ups.il and Enkj.iping, 
 
 UPSAL, a city of Sweden, capital of a lain, on the Sala, 
 45 miles N.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 9252. It is one of the 
 finest old-fashioned cities in Europe. Principal edifices, 
 governor's palace, new buildings of the university, and a 
 venerable cathedral, in which the Swe<iish kings used to bf 
 crowned, and in which are man}" of their tombs, including 
 those of Gustavus A'a.sa and of Linnaeus. The uuiver-sity, 
 founded in 1478, has a library of 100,000 volumes, and nu- 
 merous ancient manuscripts, a bot.inic garden, observatory, 
 and good museums; in 1843, it was attended by 1367 stu 
 dents. Upsal has also an ecclesiastical sihool. cosmo^jraphic, 
 and other learned societies, manufactures of silk and tobacco, 
 and a small trade by the river, on which it has ste.Mm com- 
 munication with Stockholm. It is the see of the archbishop- 
 primate of Sweden. 
 
 UPSALA, GAMLA. or OLD UPSAL.A, a town of Sweden, 
 about 3 miles N. of the present Ups.il. It is, nex' ♦o Sig- 
 tuua, the most ancient residence of the Swei'ia'- kings, but 
 
UPS 
 
 URB 
 
 is now reduced to a small Tillage. The church has been 
 built out of the ruins of old heathen temples, and its tower 
 Is understood to have forme-i part of the temple of Odin. 
 Among the tumuli in the vicinity are the graves of Odin, 
 Freya, and Thor. 
 
 UPSHIRK. up/shir, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex, 
 parish of Waltham,"l2 miles N.E. of X>ondon. Pop. 800. 
 
 UP'SIIUH, a county in the E. part of West Virginia, on 
 the W. forlc of the Monongahela Kiver. Pop. Tli'Ji. 
 
 UPSHUR, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, contains 
 about 950 square miles. The Sabiue Hiver bounds it on the 
 8.. and the J5ig Cyprus Bayou on the N. The soil is gene- 
 rally rich. Formed in 18-16, from part of Harrison county. 
 An active immigration is directed to this section of Texas. 
 Named in honor of Abel P. Upshur, secretary of state 
 under President Tyler. Capital, Gilmer. Pop. 10,(>16, of 
 whom 68.51 wore free. 
 
 UI'SIIUR, a thriving post-village of Preble co., Ohio, on 
 the Western Turnpike, about 50 miles N. by W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 UP'SON, a county in the W. central part of Georgia, con- 
 tains 38-t square miles. The Flint River bounds it on the 
 P.W., and it is drained by Potato Creek. The surface is di- 
 versified by hills, some of which rise about 800 feet above 
 the level of Flint River. The soil is mostly fertile, especially 
 near the river. The county is liberally supplied with water- 
 power. Organized in 1824, and named in IJonor of Stephen 
 Upson, an eminent lawyer of Georgia. Capital. Thomaston. 
 Pop. 9910, of whonx 5022 were free, and •1^S8 slaves. 
 
 UP'SONVILLK, a post-village in Susquehanna CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, ISO miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 Ol'TON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 Ul'TON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 UPTON, a parisli of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 UPTON, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 UI'/TON, a post-township of AVorcester co., Massachusetts, 
 83 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 1986. 
 
 UPTON, a post-village of Franklin CO., Pennsylvania, 13 
 miles S.W. of Chambersburg. 
 
 UPTON, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. • 
 
 UPrrON, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Drummond, 
 43 miles N.E. of Montreal. 
 
 UPTON BISHOP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 UPTON CRKSSETT. a parish of Kngland. co. of Salop. 
 
 UPTON GRAY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 UP/TON HE'LIONS. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 UPTON ST. LEONARD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 UPTON LOYEL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 UP'TON MAG'NA, a parish of England, co. of Salop, on 
 the railway, 4 miles E. of Shrewsbury. 
 
 UPTON NOBLE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 UPTON PYNE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 UPTON SCUDAMORE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 UPTON SXODSBURY, a parish of England, co. Worcester. 
 
 UP'TON-UPON-SEV/ERN, a market-town and parish of 
 England, co. and 9 miles S. of Worcester, on a cliff beside 
 the Severn, here crossed by a six-arched stone bridge. Pop. 
 in 1851, 2693. The town lias a harbor for river barges, and 
 an export trade in Herefordshire cider. 
 
 UPTON WARRE.V, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 UPTON WATERS, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 UP'WAY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 UP'WELL, parish of England, cos. Norfolk and Cambridge. 
 
 UP/WOOD, a pari-^ih of England, co. of Hunts. 
 
 UR OF THE Chaldees. See Oorfa. 
 
 URACH, oo'r^K, a walled town of Wurtemberg. on the Ems 
 and Elsiich, 22 miles S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2058. It has a 
 castle and a theological seminary; it is a depot for linen 
 goods, and has also bleaching and dyeing establishments, 
 gunpowder and paper mills. Near it are the ruined mona.s- 
 tery of Giiterstein, and the decaved fortress of Hohen-Urach. 
 
 URAGO-D'OGLIO, oo-rd/go diil'yo. a village of Northern 
 Italy, government of Milan, 20 miles \V. of Brescia. P. 1560. 
 
 UR.\K, a river of Turkey. See Vin. 
 
 URAL, yoo'ral, OURAL. oo-rjl', YAIK or JAIK, ylk. (ane. 
 lihymnus?) a large river of Russia, rises in the Ural 5Ioun- 
 tains, in the N. of the government of Orenboorg, near lat. 55° 
 N. ; flows S. past Verkhnee-Ooralsk toOrsk, then W. through 
 an opening in the Ural chain to Orenboorg, where it turns 
 S.W.. and then S., retaining the latter direction till it reaches 
 the N. shore of the Caspian, which it enters liy several mouths, 
 the largest passing close to Gooriev. Its whole length is esti- 
 mated at lOUO miles. Its principal affluents .ire. on the right, 
 the Kizil, Tanalik, and Sakmara; and on the left, the Sun- 
 duK. Or, lick, and Oratchi. In the upper part of its course 
 it tiows along a channel bristling with steep and lofty rocks; 
 its lower portion is throutrh extensive steppes and saline 
 marsliea. It abounds with fish, particularly towards its 
 mouth, where the Ural Cossacks have extensive fisheries. 
 its dtdta. already extensive, is rapidly increasing, and seve- 
 
 ral of its branches, which were navigalle a few years a^, 
 are now drv and overgrown with reeds. 
 
 URALorOURAL MOUNTAINS, a great mountain system 
 of the Russian Empire, forming a vast undulating region, 
 consisting of various round-backed, plateau shapetl ma-snea 
 of land, mostly of small elevation. Its central ridge is gene- 
 rally considered as separating Europe from Asia, about Ion, 
 CO^'E.; it divides the governments of Vologda and Archan- 
 gel from Tobolsk, covering with its ramifications portions of 
 the governments of Perm and Orenboorg, and separating 
 the basins of the A'olga and Obi in the middle and S. 'Ilie 
 Urals extend, in a limited sense, from tlie Arctic Ocean in 
 the N. to Orenboorg in the S., through 18° of latitude, but 
 considered as traversing the islands of Nova Zenibla, and 
 terminating in the high grounds between the Aral and Ca* 
 plan Seas, they cover an extent of 30 degrees of latitude. 
 The Obdor.sk Mountains leave the middle chain in latitude 
 62°, and trend N.N.W. 600 miles to the promontory of Kamen 
 Nos. The chief part of this chain is called the Timan M(mn- 
 tains, (first known in Europe only in 1843.) The highest 
 points are Konjakofski-Kamen, lat. 59° 45' N., Ion. 59° 20' K., 
 5397 feet ; OMorsk Mountain, lat. 67° N., 5286 feet ; Taganai, 
 lat. 55° 20' N., 3592 feet; Iremel, lat. 54° 30' N., 5075 feet. 
 In lat. 65° N., a contrefort stretches N.N.E. and joins the 
 Obdorsk Mountains and the promontory which separates 
 the gulfs of Obi and Kara. Highest point 5286 feet. 
 
 The \Y. flank of the Ural chain is approached across a low 
 undulating region, occupied by that immense development 
 of the youngest rocks of the palaeozoic era to which Murohi- 
 son has given the name of the Permian system. Rising from 
 beneath the Permian system, and hence geologically beneath, 
 though here locally above it, occur in descending series, car- 
 boniferous, old red or Devonian, and Silurian rocks, all oc- 
 casionally full of fo.ssils. The crest of the chain consists 
 chiefij of chloritic, quartzose, and metamorphic palieozoic 
 rocks, which are immediately succeeded towards the E. by 
 rocks of igneous origin. In these igneous rocks, and the 
 metamorphic strata in contact with them, occur all the 
 richest mines of gold, platinum, copper, and magnetic ircn, 
 for which the chain is renowned. On the E. flank the Per- 
 mian deposits are altogether wanting. Their place is occu- 
 pied by low hills of older granite and other eruptive rocks, 
 palaeozoic and metamorphic deposit.s, covered towards their 
 E. edges by tertiary accumulation, and detritus, in which 
 mammoth and rhinoceros bones are mixed up with the sand 
 and shingle of the gold-washings. The vegetable produc- 
 tion which may Ixj regarded as the type of the whole chain 
 is the Pinus cemhra, accompanied in the North Ural by firs 
 and birch only, but in the S. by numerous trees and iilauts 
 of warmer latitudes. In the S. also are many broad valleys 
 of remarkable fertility, with occasional belts of deep black 
 loam, covered with splendid natural crops, and rank veg© 
 tation. The Petchora, Kama. Oofa, Ural, and numerous 
 other rivers rise in the chain, but it is nowhere cros»«d by 
 any stream, and the only good carriage-road across- it is that 
 from Perm to Yekaterinboorg. 
 
 URALSK VERKIINII, two towns of Rus.sia. See Ooramk. 
 
 URAS, oo'rds, a village of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, 
 near the centre of the island. Pop. 1847. 
 
 URATEPE. a towB of Toorkistan. See Ooratepe. 
 
 URBANA, tir-bah'nii, a vill.ige of Monroe co., Iowa, 10 
 miles S.E. of Albia, the county seat. 
 
 URBANE, iir bain', a village of Jackson co., Hlinois, about 
 50 miles S.S.E. of Kaskaskia. 
 
 URBANI.\, ooit-bd'ng-l, a town of Central Italy. Marches, 
 7 miles S.W. of Urbino, on the Metauro. Pop. 3716. It was 
 founded under the name of Castel-Durante. in the 13th cen- 
 tury, near the site of the ancient Urbinium Mctaurense. 
 Bramante was born near it in 1444. 
 
 URBAN/NA, township, Steuben co.. New York. P. 1983. 
 
 URBANNA, a postrvillage of Frederick co., Maryland, 78 
 miles N.W\ of Annapolis. 
 
 URBANNA, a pos^village, capital of Middlesex co., A'ir- 
 ginia. on Urbanna Creek, 84 miles E. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 URBANNA, a beautiful postrvillage and township, capital 
 of Champaign county, Ohio, on the Sandusky Dayton and 
 Cincinnati Railroad, where it is crossed by the Atlantic 
 and Great Western Railroad, 42 miles W^ of Columbus. 
 Urbanna contains 7 churches, 2 or 3 banks, a Swedenborgian 
 college, 2 newspaper offices, 1 foundry, and 1 woollen fac- 
 tory. The Columbus and Indianapolis Railroad intersects 
 tlie above-named road at this point. The first house Wiia 
 built in 1806. Pop. of the township in 1860, 3414 ; of the 
 village, 2020; in 1860, 3429. 
 
 URBANNA, a post-village, capital of Champaign co., Illi- 
 nois, 2 miles E. of the Chicago Branch of the Central Rail- 
 road, 92 miles E. by N. of Springfield, and 128 miles firom 
 Chicago. It has 2 churches and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 URBANN.4, a small post-village of Hickory co., Missouri, 
 about 80 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 URBAU, ooR'bow. or WRBOWEC, a village of Austria, 
 Moravin. circle of Znaim. Pop. 1069. 
 
 URBENTHAL, a town of Austria. See WiiRBEjJTHAL. 
 
 UUBERACH. 00R/ber-aK\ a village of Uesse-Darmstailt 
 province of Starkenbach, ne ir Offenbach Pop. 1213. 
 
URB 
 
 rSBINO coR-bee/no, (anc. ITrhihium Horten'se,) a. dt/ of 1 
 Ceiitral "itaiy, in the Marches, capital of the ProyuKeofLT- 
 bino and Pesaro.formerl y capital of a duchy, -JO miles fe-" • M 
 Pe-;ai-o Pop. 7000. It has an old ducal palace and a cathe- 
 dral, loomed with fine works of art, a college, diocesan 
 seminary, an extensive manufactory of pins, 4 annual tairf!, 
 and the house of Raphael, who was born here in 14:?3. U is 
 also the native place of Uaroccio, Baldi, and Pope Clement XI. 
 In the loth century it was the seat of a splendid ducal court 
 URBIXO-E-PES \R0, ooK-bee'no A pd'si-ro, a lornier dele- 
 gation of the Papal States, bounded on the N.E. by the 
 Aihiatic. Area 1477 square miles. Pop. in ISoO, 241,012. 
 CKBIXUM HOHTEXSE. See Ukbino. 
 CKBS VETL'S. See Orvieto. 
 i'RCH'FONT, a parish of Enerland. co. of wilts. 
 CKCHILLA. an island of the Caribbean Sea. See Orchiixa. 
 TRCuS. ooR/koce, a town of South America, Peru, depart- 
 ment and 20 miles S.E. of Cuzco. ^„„ ,, air 
 URDA, ooR'di. a town of Spain, province and 32 mUes S.E. 
 of Toledo. Pop. 2676. ,„^ . . t, . 
 
 UKDENBACH. ooR'den-blK\ a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 government of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 1077. 
 URE. a river of England. See Yore. 
 URESIXO, oo-rA-see'no. a town of Japan, island of Kioo- 
 Sioo. celebrated for its thermal medicinal springs, which are 
 used both iuternally and as baths in cutaneous disorders, 
 cout, paralysis, rheumatism, &c. The waters are pellucid, 
 have a slight taste of sulphur, contain sulphuric and mu- 
 riatic salts, and have a temperature of 200° Fahrenheit. 
 The environs bear striking marks of violent volcanic action. 
 CRFA. a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Oorfa. 
 URFAHR, ooR'fte, a market-town of Upper Austria, circle 
 of Muhl. on the Danube, opposite Lintz, with which it is con- 
 nected by a bridge. Pop. 2.iS9. 
 
 URG.A., a city of Mongolia. See Oohga. 
 URGANTZ. See Oorguenj. 
 
 URGEL, SEO DE, a city of Spain. See Seo de TIr/jel. 
 
 URGENJ. URGHEXD.IE. or URGHENZ. See Oorghenj. 
 
 rRGHUNDAUB, ur'guu-dawb', written also IRGIIEN- 
 
 DAB, and URGHUNDAB. a river of Afghanistan, joins the 
 
 llelmund, SO miles W. of Candahar. after a S.\V. course of 
 
 about 230 miles. 
 
 URGHDNDAUB, IRGIIEXDAB, or TTRGHUMDAB, a vil- 
 lage on the above river. 66 miles N.E. of Candahar. 
 
 'JHG.'>^'V.XO, ooRn-yi'no, a village of Northern Italy, go- 
 Ternment of Milan,'9 miles S.S.W. of Bergamo. Pop. 3563. 
 TRI, oc/ree, a village of the island of Sardinia, division 
 and 7 miles S.W. of Sassari. Pop. 1039. 
 
 URI, u'ree, (Ger. pron. oo'ree.) a canton in the E. of Swit- 
 zerland, consisting of the valley of the Reuss and its afflu- 
 ents, and having on its S. frontier Mount St. Gothard, and 
 westward the Galleustock, and Sustenhorn, principal heights 
 of the main chain of the Alps. Area 422 square miles. 
 Pop. in 1860, 14,741, all Roman Catholics. Cattle rearing is 
 the chief branch of industry. Chief town, Altorf. Uri 
 united with Unturwalden and Schwytz, early in the 14th 
 century, to form the Swiss Confederation, in which it now 
 holds the 4th place. It was the theatre of war between the 
 French and the Austrians and Russians in 1799. 
 URIA, a town of Naples. See Oria. 
 URIAS SINUS. See Mantredoxia, Gotp op. 
 U'RIEVILLE. a post-office of Kent co., JIaryland. 
 URI, L.\KE OF, of Switzerland, is the S.E. extremity of 
 the Lake of Lucerne. Its shores are precipitous and path- 
 less: it receives the river Reuss. See Ldcerxe Lake. 
 URITANA, a town of Naples. See Okia. 
 URIUPINSKAIA, a town of Russia. See 00R100PErSK.UA. 
 UltJUM, a town of Russia. See Oorzhoom. 
 URK, ORk, a small island of the Netherlands, in the 
 Zuider-Zee, 13 miles S.S.E. of Enkhuysen. Pop. 1130. 
 
 UR'LINGFORD, a market-town and parish of Ireland, 
 Leinster, county and 15 miles W.N.W. of Kilkenny, on the 
 road from Dublin to Cork. Pop. of the town in 1S51, 1168. 
 URLOFFEN, ooR-loffen, a village of Badsn, circle of Middle 
 Rhine, on the railway, 7 miles N. of Offenburg. Pop. 1996. 
 URLUJAII, a city of Asia Minor. See Oorloojah. 
 URMI.\H, a town of Persia. See Oouoomeetah. 
 URM-STOX, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 URMSTON HARBOR. See Tongkoo Bat. 
 VRX. a post-otHce of Knox co., Illiuois. 
 URN.\SCI1EN, (Urnaschen,) ooR-n.V.shen, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton and 6 miles W.S.W. of Appenzell. 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 VRXEN, ooR'n^n, (Ober and Nieder,) two villages of 
 Switzerland, canton and 6 miles X.X.W. of Glarus. The 
 former possesses much frequent«i baths. Pop. 1500. 
 UH/XEV, a parish of Ireland, Ul.ster, co. of Tyrone. 
 URXEY. a parish of Ireland, Ulster, county of Cavan. 
 URXIETA, ooR-ne-A/ti, a town of Spain, province of Gui- 
 puzcoa, 9 miles S. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 1209. 
 CR/PETII, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 tRQUII.^RT, GrkOiart, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin, 
 on Moray Frith, with a village 4 miles E. of Elgin. 
 
 UHQUH.\RT and GLEX-MOR/RISTOX, a pari-h of Scot, 
 "^o. of Inverness, with a village on the W. side of Loch 
 
 DRD 
 
 Ness. 13 miles S.W. of Inverness. Her6 are extensive re- 
 mains of a famous castle, and several Druidic antiquities. 
 
 URQUIIART AND LOG'GIE-WES'TER. a parish of Scot- 
 land, counties of Ross and Nain, on Cromarty Frith, 2 milec 
 E.X.E. of Dingwall. 
 
 URR. a lake, river, village, and parish of Scotland ; the 
 lake, between the counties of Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, 
 4 miles S. of Minihive. and 2 miles in circuit. The river, 
 or Urr-water, issues from it, and after a S.S.E. course of 2C 
 miles, through the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, joins Solw.iy 
 Frith bv an estuary, 2 miles across, 10 miles E. of Kirkcud- 
 bright. ' It is navigable for 7 miles from the frith: and ou 
 its^E. banks, H niTles W.N.W. of Castle-Douglas, is the vil- 
 lage of Urr. Pop. of the village, 900. 
 
 URKAY, a parish of Scotland, counties of Ross and In- 
 verness. 6 miles S.W. of Urquhart. Here are the ruins of 
 Fairburn Tower, and various mansions. 
 
 URREA-DE-GAEN, ooe-rA'S di gS-6n', a village of Spain, 
 Aragon, province of Teruel, on the Martin, 60 miles from 
 Saragossa. Pop. 1072. 
 
 UR'SA, a small post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 114 
 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 URSEL, uR/sel. a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, Hi m'iles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2510. 
 
 UllSEL. OBER. o'bor oOR'sel, a town of Germany, Nas.«au, 
 on the Ursel. 8 miles N.AV. of Frankf rt-on-tlie-Main. P. 1952. 
 URSEREX- (ooK'se-ren) or URSEKX-TIIAL, ooR/.sem-till, 
 a valley of Switzerland,' composing the S. part of the canton 
 of Uri. 
 URSHUM, a town of Russia. See Oorzhoom. 
 URSPRIXGEX. a village of Bavaria. See Uerspringen. 
 URSWICK, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lancas- 
 ter. 3 miles S.S.W. of Ulverstone. Fox. the founder of the 
 societv of Friends, resided at Swartmoor-hall. in this parish. 
 UR'TICK, a post-ofHce of Whitesides CO.. Illinois. 
 URUBAMB.i, oo-roo-bdm'bd, a town of South Peru, de- 
 partment and -to miles N.W. of Cuzco, on the river Uru- 
 bamba. Pop. 4000. 
 
 URUBU, oo-roo-boo', or URUBU-DE-CTMA. oo-roo-boo' dA 
 see'md, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, on the right 
 bank of the Sao Francisco, 120 miles N.W. of Rio de Contas. 
 URUBU, a river of Brazil, province of Para, joins the Ama- 
 zon nearlv opposite to the junction of the Madeira. 
 
 URUBUCUARA or URUEUQUARA, oo-roo-boo-kw^/ri, a 
 river of Brazil, province of Para, rises in the Serra Veiha, 
 flows S., and expands into a lake of its own name, and 20 
 miles below joins the Amazon. 
 
 URUC-\I1I, oo-roo-ki-ee', a river of Brazil, province of 
 Piauhi. rises in the Serra Gurguea. flows N., and joins the 
 Parnahiba. nearly opposite to the junction of the Balcas. 
 
 URUCAIA. oo-i-oo-ki'S. a river of Brazil, joins the Sao Fran- 
 cisco 16 miles N. of Sao Romao, after a course of 200 miles. 
 URUCAXGA, oo-roo-kang'gl, a river of Brazil, rises in 
 the W. of the province of Santa Catharina. and flows E. 
 after passing a lake with which it communicates. It has a 
 depth of from 3 to 4 fathoms, but unfortunately its mouth 
 is almost blocked up with a sandbank, on which the wavea 
 break with such violence as to prevent the entrance of vessels. 
 URUGU.\Y, oo-roo-gwi', a river of South America, rises in 
 Brazil, on the W. slope of a Cordillera, in the N. of the pro- 
 vince of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, lat. 28° S.; and flows 
 N.W. for about 100 miles, entering the plains of Vicaria, 
 where it is joined on the right by the Pelotas, and on the 
 left by the Pepiri-Gua^u ; here turning W. it receives on the 
 left the Uruguay-Puita and the Albneni, and shortly after, 
 on the right, the Repiri, which forms the N. boundary of the 
 state of Entre-Rlos. It now proceeds S.S.W., and is aug- 
 mented by numoj-ous streams, particularly by the Ibicui, 
 and the Arapihi, which separates Brazil from the Bands 
 Oriental. In its remaining course, almost due S. for about 
 400 miles, it forms the boundary between the Banda Oriental 
 and Entre-Rios, receiving on the right, from the latter state, 
 the Aguapihi, Mirinai, Gualeguaichu, together with num- 
 berless small streams; and on the left, from the former 
 state, the Daiman, and last of all. the most important of 
 its tributaries, the Negro. About 50 miles below, in lat. 
 34° S., and Ion. 61° 40' W., it unites with the Parana in 
 forming the Rio de la Plata. The whole course of the Uru- 
 guay is about 800 miles. It is navigated by sailing barks 
 up to a great fall 40 miles below the Ibicui ; after the fall 
 is passed, large canoes ascend as far as the confluence of 
 the Pelotas, and small canoes almost to the sources both of 
 this afSuent and of the main stream. The banks of the 
 Uruguay are fertile but ill cultivated. The principal pri> 
 ducts are cotton and mate, and considerable numbers of 
 cattle are reared. The articles exported by it are chiefly 
 hides, tallow, and honev. 
 
 URUGUAY or BANDA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY, 
 b3n'dA o-re-Jn-tAl' dhi oo-roo-gwi'. a republic of South An>e- 
 rica, bounded N. and N.E. by Brazil; E. by the Atlantic; 
 S. by the Rio de la Plata; and W. by the Uruguay, separa- 
 ting it from the Argentine Republic. It is of a compact 
 shape, somewhat in the form of a cone, with a convex an.i 
 almo.it circular base in the S. and S.E.. and its apex in 
 the N.W.; greatest length, measured from the centre of lae 
 
URU 
 
 base near Maldonado, to the apex at the mouth of the 
 Guartiy, ;>oO miles; greatest breadth from S.W. to N.K., 3:i0 
 miles; area estimated at 75,000 square miles. Viewed as a 
 whole, it miiy be regarded as a vast undulating plain, 
 generally flat towards the Uruguay, the Kio de la Plata, and 
 the ^•e»-const, but broken in the interior by several ridges of 
 moderate elevation, which are composed tor the most part 
 Df clay-slate, gneiss, and gi-anitt>. and from the watersheds 
 of tlie more importjmt rivers; these are, the Negro, by far 
 the largest, which, rising on the N.E. frontier, in the Sierra 
 Xecla, flows S.W. to its junction with the Uruguay, and 
 divides the state into two nearly equal portions; the Guar 
 ray ou the N. frontier, the Arapey, Daiman, and Queguay, 
 also tribut^iries of the Uruguay; the San Lucia, and San 
 Jose, which unite their streams and fall into the Kio de la 
 Plata: the Seljollati, with its numerous affluents; and the 
 Yaguaron, the two most important feederff of the large Lake 
 of Merio, which is .situated in the N.E., partly in Krazil. and, 
 after the rivers, forms the most important hydrographical 
 feature of the country. The climate is generally humid but 
 temperate and healthy; in the winter heavy rains and cold 
 winds are prevalent, but in the lowlands frost is said to be 
 unknown. Natural pastures are very extensive and luxu- 
 riant. The extensive plains, covered with rich turf, and 
 almost destitute of ti'ees. seem a'fmirably adapted to agricul- 
 ture ; but remain for the most part in a stiite of nature, and 
 are roamed over by immense herds of horses and cattle. 
 These form the chief sources of wealth to the inhabitants, 
 supplying large exports of hides, skins, hair, horns, jerked 
 beef and tallow. Wheat, maize, beans, and melons, are pro- 
 duced, and the country is adapted to the culture of most of 
 the fruits of temperate climates. Agricultural proces.ses are 
 of the rudest kind, and at present no more produce is raised 
 than is required ffir home consumption. Monte A'ideo, the 
 capital, on the Kio de la Plata, is the centre of all the foreign 
 trade, the total value of exports thence in 1842, was estimafM 
 at S6,500.000, and of imports at $8,000,000. In 18-48 the 
 value of exports amounted to .$5,a73,'21S. of which hides 
 stood for $4,124,203. The value of exports to the United 
 States in lSo4 is stated at $457,179, and the imports from this 
 country at $512,957. 
 
 The constitution of the republic gives great facilities for 
 naturalization, and encourages foreign emigration. The 
 principal towns, besides .Montevideo, are .\Ialdonado, La 
 Colonia, Santa Lucia, San Joae, and Sau Carlos ; Camelones, 
 Soriana, and Cerro Largo. 
 
 After years of struggle between Buenos Ayres and Brazil, 
 a treaty was concluded under the mediatiou of England, 
 in 1825, by which the debatable territory was erected into an 
 independent republic, termed Cisplntina, on account of its 
 lying this side of the La Plata, (with respect to Europe.) 
 The Spaniards called the country BancUi Orientul, (i. e. E. 
 bank of the river, or E. frontier.) because it separated them 
 to the eastward from Brazil. Of late years it has had cease- 
 lessly to contend against the intrigues and hostility of 
 Buenos Ayres, who, taking an ungenerous advantage of 
 Its possession of the mouth of the Kio de la Plata, pro- 
 hibited all communication between the countries bordering 
 on this river and the ocean. In 1852, however, its naviga- 
 tion was declared open to the commerce of the world, from 
 which it is supposed the material prosperity of Uruguay 
 will be greatly increased. 
 
 UKUMI YAH. a town and lake of Persia. See Ooroomeetah. 
 UKUMPTSI, a city of the Chinese Empire. See Oouoomtsee. 
 UKUP. one of the Koorile Islands. See OoROOP. 
 URURAHI, oo-roo-ri-heo', or SANTA KITA, a village and 
 parish of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, on the river or 
 channel of same name, forming the outlet of Lake Cima, 16 
 miles from Campos. Pop. 2000. 
 URVOLGY, a village of Hungary. See Herkengiiund. 
 URZEDOW, ooR'ze-dov, a tow^n of Poland, government 
 and 20 miles S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 1900. 
 USA, a river of Russia. See OosA. 
 
 USAGRK, oo-sd/grA, a town of Spain, Estremadura, pro- 
 vince and 60 miles S.E. of Badajos. with mines of quick- 
 silver, three of which are worked. Pop. 1440. 
 
 U'SAN, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, parish 
 of Craig. 3 miles S.S.E. of Montrose. Pop. loO. 
 USBKKISTAN or OOZBEKISTAN. See Bokhara. 
 USCH. a town of Toorkestan. See OosH. 
 USCHUTZ, (Uschiitz,) OOsh'uts, a town of Prussian Po- 
 land, 54 miles W. of Bromberg, on the Netze. Pop. 1290. 
 
 USCIO, oo'sho, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, near Recco. Pop. 1902. 
 USCUP. a town of Turkey. See UsKCP. 
 USEDOM, oo/zeh-dom^ an island of Prussian Pomerania, 
 near the S. coast of the Baltic, between two outlets of the 
 Haff, 9 miles S.E. of the island of RUgen. Shape very irregu- 
 lar. Length 30 miles, greatest breadth 14 miles. Surface 
 not very fertile. The population is chiefly occupied in cattle- 
 rearing and lishing. 
 
 USEDOM, a town on the S.W. shore of the ahove island, 
 on the Kleine HafT. Pop. 1415. Remains of the ancient 
 town of Vi7teia, built A. i). 778. are said to have been seen 
 beneath the water ou the N. coast. 
 
 UST 
 
 TJSERAS, oo-si/rlg, a village of Spain. Valencia, province 
 and 17 miles N.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1900. 
 USH or USCll, a river of Ku.s.sia. See < >ozH. 
 USHAK. 09-.shak'. or HUSH AK, h«Kshdk', a town of Asi 
 atic Turkey. 138 miles E. by N. of Smyrna, and t>4 miles 
 S.W. of Kutaieh. It is built of sun-dried bricks, and is 
 noted as the place where the largest and finest Turkey car- 
 pets are made; the weaving, dyeing, Ac, of which occupy 
 the most of the inhabitants. 
 
 USHANT, fish'ant, (Fr. Ouessant. wJg'sSN"'; anc. UxaiiHis,) 
 the mostW. of the islands off the coast of Brittany, P'rance, 
 department of i'inistire. 26 miles W.N.W. of Brest. Length 
 4j miles. Lat. of lighthouse, 48° 28' 5" N.. Ion. 5° S' 2" W. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2271. It has some villages, and a small port, 
 with an active fi.shery of pilchards. Off iUs ccist. in 1759, 
 the French, under Admiral Conflans, were totally defeated 
 by the British fleet under Sir Edward Hawkes; and an in- 
 decisive action took place 27th July, 1778, between the Eng- 
 lish fleet under Admiral Keppel, and the French under Count 
 d'Orvilliers, 
 
 USIIITZ.1 or USICZA, oo-shecf.sj, a town of Servia, on 
 an affluent of the Morava, 87 miles S.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 
 4000, mostly Turks. Principal edifices, a rock fortress, seve- 
 ral mosques, and a Greek church. 
 
 USHITZA, a town of Russian Poland, government of Po- 
 dolia. on the Dniester, 25 miles E.S.E. of Kamieniec. P. 750. 
 USHNEI, a town of Persia. See Ooshjjei. 
 USHRUi'F, a town of I'ersia. See Ashruff. 
 USICZA, a town of Servia. See Ushitza. 
 USINOEN, oo'ziug-en, a town of Na.'^sau, on the Usbach, 
 17 miles N.N.W. of Frankfort-on-tlie-Main. Pop. 1953. 
 
 USK, a river of South ^Vales, enters the estuary of the 
 Severn, oj miles S. of Newport. Course 60 miles. 
 
 USKK, usk, a parish of Ireland, Leinstcr, co. of Kildare. 
 USKE.\NE, us-kain/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary 
 USKUP, oos/kup, or USKIUP, oos'ke-oop/, written alao 
 USKUB and USCUP; called also SKOPIA, sko'pi-a. (anc 
 Scupi.) a town of European Turkey. Jlacedonia, capital of a 
 sanjak, on the Uskup River, an affluent of the Vardar. loO 
 miles N.W. of Salonica. Estimated population, 10,000. It hag 
 many handsome mosques, Greek churches, a citadel, with a 
 Turkish garrieoB, and important manufactures of leather. 
 
 USLAK, oos'lar, a walled town of Hanover, 16 miles N.W. 
 of Giittingen, on the Able. Pop. 2118. 
 US.MAN, a town of Russia. See Ousman. 
 USMAS'l'UN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 US.M.A^TE, oos-md'tA, a village of .A.ustri.an Italy, province 
 and 18 miles from Milan. Pop. 1045. 
 USOP, a river of Siberia. See 1'akla. 
 USPALLATA, oos-pSl-yi/td. a tableland, with silver- 
 mines, Plata Confeder.ition, 40 miles N.W. of Meudoza. 
 
 USPANAPAN, oos-pd-nil-pdn'. a river of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state of Taba.sco. tributary to the Coatzacoalco. 
 
 U.-'QUEBAUGH, ti6'kwe-baw\ a post-offlce of Washington 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 USSAC, iis'sdk', a village of France, department of Cor- 
 reze. 3 miles N.N.E. of Brivcs-la-Gaillarde. i'op. 2100. 
 
 USSANA, oos-sd/nd, a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division and 12 miles N. of Cagliari. I'op. 1136. 
 
 USSKAUX, tis'so'. a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Turin, province of Pinerolo. near Fenestrelle. Pop. 1468. 
 USSEGLIO. oos-sil'yo, a village of the Sardinian Stares, 
 division of Turin. Pop. 2360. 
 
 U8SEL, iis'sjl', a town of France, department of Correze, 
 on the Sarsonne, 32 miles N.E. of Tulle. Pop. in 1852, 430<3. 
 It is partly enclosed by ruined walls. 
 US'SELBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 USSON, Us'sis"'. a village of France, department of Loire, 
 16 miles S.S.W. of Montbrison. Pop. in 1852, 3736. 
 
 USSON, a village of France, department of Vienne, 22 
 miles S.S.E. of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 2130. 
 
 USSON, a village of Franc*, department of Puy-de-Dome, 
 5 miles W. of Is.soire, with 840 inhabitants, and a ruined 
 castle, the residence, during twenty year.s, of Margaret, the 
 first queen of Henry IV. of France. 
 
 USSO'RA, a river of Turkey in Europe, joins the Bosna, 
 a little atiove Doboi, after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 USTARITS, lis^tdVeets/, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Basses-Pyrenees, 7 miles S. of Bayonne. I'op. in 
 1852, 2259, who manufacture woollen cloths and leather. 
 
 USTER, oos'ter, a parish and village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton and 9 miles S.E. of Zurich, with an old castle. P. 4500. 
 U.STICA, oos'te-kl, {a.nc. Etimiimn and OaterAles.) sn\ island 
 of the Mediterranean, belonging to Naples, off the N. coast 
 of Sicily, 40 miles N.N.W. of Palermo. Length 3 miles, 
 breadth 2 miles. Soil volcanic, and highly fertile. The town 
 of Santa Maria, on its S.W. side, has 1800 inhabitants, and a 
 harlx)r defended by strong batteries. 
 USTIUG VILIKI, Russia. See OosTiooa Veleekee. 
 USTTUSCHNA, a town of Russia. See Oo»tioozhxa. 
 USTON, tl8H6N'''. a town of France, department of Ariega, 
 on the Aleth, 13 miles S.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 1135. 
 USTROM, a village of Austrian Silesia. See Oostrom. 
 U.ST-SYSOLSK, a town of Russia. See Oost-Stsoi.sk. 
 UST-UISKAIA, Asiatic Russia. See O03t-0oskaia. 
 
 2005 
 
UST 
 
 IT?T VITJUSK, a town of Sibcia. See Tn.iooisK. Oosj. 
 n;:LM4SlNTA, oo-«K>ma-sin'id or oo-soo-mi seeu'td, a 
 *n4»Jrubla river of Ceutral America, rises in Guatemala 
 *paV™ n of Vera I'az, flows N.W. through Chiapas and 
 tX'"0 and aft«r a course of 400 miles, joms the 'tabasco 
 nLr lUmouth. It is also connected by a navigable channel 
 with the Lake of Terminos. 
 TJSrxCIIOBI, European Turkey. See Uzundja-Ova. 
 USDIIBIL, o.^sooR-beel/, a town of Spain, Province of 
 Guijiazeoa, 5 wiles S.W. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 1203. 
 iJSURI, a river of Mantohooria. See Oosooree 
 rSAVORTIl, a township of England, co. of Durham. 
 UT\. oo>a,\ village of the island of Sardinia, division 
 and 12 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1214. „ .^ ^ _^ , 
 
 UTAH, yoo'taw or yoo'td, a territory of the United btates 
 of North America, originally a part of the territory of 
 tipper California, ceded to tlie United States by the treaty 
 with Mexico in 1848, was erected into a separate territory 
 in 1850. It is bounded on the N. by the territory ol Idalio, 
 on the E. by Colorado, on the S. by Arizona, and on the V, . 
 by Nevada. It lies between 37° and 42° N. lat., and between 
 109= and 115° W. Ion., being about 345 miles in extreme 
 length from N. to S., and 320 miles wide from E. to W. 
 Area estimated at 108,000 square miles, or 69,120,000 acres, 
 of which 77,219 only were improved in 1860. 
 
 Face of the Countri/.— This territory is generally an ele- 
 vated, mountuinous and barren region. The central part 
 is traversed by the Wasatch mountain range, the direction 
 of which is nearly north and south. The portion of Utali 
 which lies W. of this mountain range forms part of the 
 Great or Fremont Basin, wliich has a general elevation of 
 4000 or 5000 feet above the level of the sea. This arid and 
 sterile basin has its own system of lakes and rivers, which 
 have no communication with the ocean. The eastern part 
 of the Great Basin is covered with a white incrustation of 
 saline and alkaline substances. The Wasatch Mountains 
 rise to a height varying from 4000 to 7000 feet above the 
 adjacent plains or valleys, and some of the peaks are cov- 
 ered with perpetual snow. Other ranges of mountains 
 occur in various parts of Utah. It is stated that some of 
 the valleys in the settled part of the teiTitory have an ele- 
 vation of about 6000 feet above the level of the sea. On the 
 £. side of the Wasatch Mountains is an extensive plain or 
 valley, which is said to be as sterile as that which occupies 
 the western pai-t of Utah. 
 
 Of the geology of Utah as yet very little is known. It 
 appears, however, that volcanic rocks are found In various 
 parts. Basalt occurs on the slopes of the mountains in 
 many places. 
 
 Lakes and Mivers, — Great Salt Lake is the prominent ob- 
 ject to be considered in treating of the waters of Utah. 
 This extensive and peculiar sheet of water, lying N.E. from 
 the centre of the territory, is about 70 miles long and 30 
 miles wide, with no visible outlet. The water is so liighly 
 saline that no living thing can exist in it, and by the eva- 
 poration in hot weather, leaves on its shores a thick incrus- 
 tation of salt. According to Fremont's analysis of some of 
 the salt of this lake, there were in 100 parts, 97-80 of chlo- 
 ride of sodium, or common salt; sulphate of lime, 1-12; 
 chloride of magnesium, 0-24; and sulphate of soda, 0-23. 
 About 25 miles S. of this, and communicating with it by 
 the river Jordan, is Utah Lake, a body of fresh water about 
 35 miles in length. It is stored with trout and other iish. 
 These lakes are elevated from 4200 to 4500 feet above the 
 sea. In the interior are Several small lakes, which are the 
 recipients of the streams of the interior basin, and are often 
 mere sinks or sloughs. The most important of these known 
 is Sevier Lake, in Millard county. 
 
 As before stated, the rivers of the Great Basin have no 
 apparent connection with the ocean, but all either discharge 
 themselves into the interior lakes or are absorbed by the 
 sands of the desert. The principal rivers of Utali are the 
 Colorado, the Green, the Grand River, the Sevier and the 
 Bear River. Only a small part of the Colorado is included 
 in this territory. Green River, after crossing the northern 
 border, traverses the eastern part of Utah, flowing south- 
 ward, and unites with the Grand River to form the Colorado, 
 which flows southwestward into Arizona. Grand River, 
 rising in Colorado, crosses the eastern boundary of Utah, 
 and flows southwestward until it unites with the Green 
 Kiver. The Bear River rises in the N.E. part of Utah, and 
 flows first northward into Idiiho. Having returned into 
 Utah Territory, it pursues a southwestward course and en- 
 ters Great Salt I^ake. Sevier River rises in the S. central 
 part of the territory and terminates in Sevier Lake, which 
 is about 39° N. lat. The Weber River is a small tributary 
 of the Great Salt Lake. Its general direction is nearly 
 northwestward. None of these rivers are navigiible. 
 
 Miiuralt. — lrou ore abounds in Iron county and in Bea- 
 ver county. A lead mine hits been opened near Minersville, 
 ill Beaver county. It is stated that silver, copper and zinc 
 have been discovered in Utah, but the mineral resources of 
 this territory have not yet been developed— mining enter- 
 iiri.-es being generally Oiscouraged by the leaders of the 
 Mormor.«. 
 
 2006 
 
 UTA 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Of these there is no scar- 
 city in this widely extended territory. Among the most 
 remarkable objects of this region is the Great Salt Lake. 
 In the saltness of its waters, in the circumstance of its 
 having no outlet, and being fed from another smaller and 
 fresh-water lake (with whicli it is connected by a stream 
 called the "Jordan"), and in the rugged and repulsive char- 
 acter of some portions of the surrounding region, it bears 
 a remarkable resemblance to the Dead Sea of Palestine. 
 Instead, however, of lying 1000 feet below, it is more than 
 4000 feet above the level of the sea ; its waters, moreover, 
 being an almost pure solution of common salt, are free from 
 that pungency and nauseous tiiste which cliaracterize those 
 of the Dead Sea. There is also a remarkable cataract on 
 the Prove or Timpanogos River, about 7 miles above Provo 
 City. Here the stream descending the mountain is said to 
 fall 500 feet, until it appears like a white veil or drapery. 
 Fremont describes an appearance similar to the mirages of 
 the great deserts of the Old World. In travelling over tlie 
 salt deserts of the Fremont Basin, they saw their party re- 
 flected in the air, probably, as Fremont suggests, from saline 
 particles floating in the atmosphere. Near Brown's Hole, 
 in the neighborhood of Green lliver, in about lat. 41° N., 
 Ion. 109° W., are a number of narrow caSons or gorges, 
 with nearly perpendicular walls from 600 to 800, and even 
 1500 feet in height, presenting scenes of great wildness and 
 grandeur. 
 
 Climate. — As elsewhere remarked, the climate of the great 
 plateau between the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains 
 seems to partake of the characteristics of the great Tai-tar 
 plains of Asia. According to Orson Pratt, the midsummei 
 is dry and hot, the heat ranging at midday from 90° to 105°, 
 but with cool mornings and evenings, refreshed with moun- 
 tain breezes. The winters are mild, snow seldom falling 
 more than a few inches deep in the valleys, nor does it lie 
 long. Spring and autumn, though mild, are subject to sud- 
 den changes, and the wind is vei-y variable, sliiftiug, almost 
 everyday, to every point of the compiiss. Rain seldom falls 
 between April and October; but when heavy showers do 
 come, they are generally accompanied by thunder and bail, 
 and sometimes with strong winds. Dr. Beriihisel and Mr. 
 Snow say that the climate of Great Salt Lake City, in lat. 
 40° 45' N., is milder alid drier than the same pjirallel on the 
 Atlantic coast, and the temperature more uniform, the 
 thermometer rarely descending to zero. During three 
 years, according to observation, the highest point attained 
 by the thermometer was 100° above, and the lowest 5° be- 
 low zero. The variation between the temperature of day 
 and night, in midsummer, is from 20° to 40°. Frosts in 
 Utah Valley fall as late as the last of May, and as early as 
 the first of September. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — A very small portion, compara- 
 tively speaking, of Utah, can ever be made available in pro- 
 ducing Ibod for man or beast. The few fertile spots are 
 found in the valleys watered by the pure streams flowing 
 from the neighboring mountains, and at the bases of most 
 of the mountains is a strip of fertile land. The line of 
 Mormon settlements occupy the valleys from N. to S., lying 
 near the western base of the Wasatch Mountains. These 
 are highly fertile. Irrigjition, however, is necessary even 
 here to successful husbandry ; but large portions of the val- 
 leys themselves are too remote from streams to profit by 
 irrigation. 
 
 Bear, Great Salt Lake, Utah, South, Sevier, and Land 
 Pitch Valleys, are the principal agricultural districts. The 
 upper portion of the valleys of the Green and Grand Rivers 
 is represented as "incapalile of supiKirtiug any population 
 whatever. The Uintah and Green Kiver Valleys, lying 
 lower down on the ti-ibutaries of the Colorado, are, how- 
 ever, not so sterile." 
 
 Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the gar- 
 den vegetables of the Middle States, are the products of 
 Utah. There is a fine bunch-grass, which, owing to the 
 dryness of the climate, does not decay, but furnishes fodder 
 for the cattle during winter, without being cured. The 
 Indian corn and'vines are liable to be blighted by early and 
 late frosts. The experiments in rearing fruits do not appear 
 yet to have been sufficiently tested to pronounce definitely 
 as to the congeniality of the climate with their healthful 
 production ; peaches and other fruits have, however, been 
 raised. In 1860, there wore in Utah 77,219 acres of land 
 improved in farms, producing 384,892 bushels of wheat, 754 
 bushels of rve, 30,482 bushels of Indian corn, 63,211 of oats, 
 141,000 of Irish potatoes, 2535 of peas and beans, 9976 of 
 barley, 19,236 tons of hay, 74,765 pounds of Wool, 316,046 of 
 butter, 53.331 of cheese, 545 of hops, 4343 of flax, and 25,475 
 gallons of sorghum molasses; also live stock valued at 
 11,516,707, orchard products valued at $9281 , and slaughtered 
 animals valued at $244,862. There were in Utah 4565 
 horses, 11,967 milch cows, 9168 working oxen, 12,959 other 
 cattle, and 37,322 sheep. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Timber is scarce throughout this territory, 
 except on the mountains, and is principally comixjsed of 
 pine and fir trees. There are some groves of cottonwjod 
 and box-elder in the bottoms of the piii «ipal streams, and 
 
UTA 
 
 UTI 
 
 a Bcriib cedar also in some of the valleys. Wood, both for 
 building and fuel, is scarce. 
 
 Animals. — This region is scarcely more fruitful in animal 
 than vegetable life, but elli, deer, antelopes, gilzzly bears, 
 mountain sheep, Ibxes and wolves are found. ^Va'ter-fowl 
 ara abundant in the lakes, and trout and very fine salmon 
 in the mountain streams. 
 
 Manufactures. — Much progress in manufactures is hardly 
 to be expected in so youthful a settlement; but Mr. Pratt 
 represents them as starting up with vigor, particularly the 
 manufacture of flour, and the more necessary implements 
 of hiisbandry ami housewifery, and the cheaper stuffs for 
 clothing. The great distance from supplies from abroad, 
 and tlio great cost of transport, must perforce encourage 
 home manufactures. The census of 1860 reports 148 estab- 
 lishments engaged in mining, manufactures, and the me- 
 chanic arts, producing each $500 and upwards annually, 
 employing $443,350 capital and 389 hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $439,512, and yielding products valued at 
 $900,153. Home-made manufactures were pi'oduced in the 
 same year to the value of $66,851. 
 
 Omnierce. — The trade of Utah is pretty much confined to 
 traffic with the overland emigrants to California, and with 
 the miners of Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, <fee., who obtain 
 here supplies of provisions and live stock. It is possible 
 that a trade down the Colorado River with Califoi iiia may 
 be opened at some future day, as recent explorers report 
 that river navigable for steamers of light draft above the 
 Rio Virgen in Arizona. 
 
 Educatir/n. — The American spirit seems to pervade the 
 people of Utah on the all-important sulijoct of education. 
 According to the census of ISOO Utah had 173 public schools, 
 with 5486 pupils and $27,838 income, of wliich $10,150 wiis 
 derived from taxation, $6980 from public funds; 2 academies 
 with 210 pupils, 10 public libraries with 4738 volumes, 2 
 school libraries with 738 volumes. 
 
 lidigion. — The Mormon Church is governed by a series 
 of liierarchies, the highest of which is styled the First Presi- 
 dency, composed of three persons, Brigiiam Young, Heber 
 C. Kimball and Daniel II. Wells. The next quorum in au- 
 thority is tlio Twelve Apostles. The third quorum is the 
 Seventies. The 70 members that constitute the first quorum 
 of seventies are all presidents of the first ten quorums of 
 seventies, making seven presidents to each quorum. The 
 Mormons are required to give one-tenth of tlieir property 
 to the church. According to the census of 1860, there were 
 in Utah 21 churches. Value of church property, $888,700. 
 A remarkable feature in Mormonism is that polygamy is 
 allowed and encouraged. 
 
 Cimnties. — Utah is divided into 17 counties, viz: Bearer, 
 Box Elder, Cache, Davis. Green River, Iron, Juab, Millard, 
 Morgjin, Salt Lake, San Pete, Summit, Tooele, Utah, Wa- 
 satch, VV'tishington, and Weber. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The principal city is Salt Lake City, 
 the population of which in 1800 was 8236. The other prin- 
 cipal places are Provo City, population in 1800, 2030, in 1805 
 about 3300; Ogden City, population 1464; Hrigliam City, 
 pojndation 975 ; Farniington, 591 ; Manti, 916; and Parovan, 
 526. These towns are chiefly built of adobes or sun-dried 
 bricks, and are mostly situated noMr the base of the Wasatch 
 Mountiiins. Capilal, Salt Lake City. 
 
 Pi'pulation. — The population is principally composed of 
 Mormons, who settled here in 1847, after their expulsion 
 from Missouri and Illinois. Continual accessions of this 
 new sect are arriving from all parts of the Union, and from 
 Kuiope. According to the national census of 1800, there 
 were 40,273 inhabitants, of whom 20,178 were white males, 
 19,947 white females, 13 colored males, 17 colored females, 
 29 slaves, and 89 Indians. According to an enumeration 
 made in 1853, by the Mormons themselves, the total popu- 
 lation Wius 18,200, exclusive of Indians, of whom there are 
 several tribes in a very degraded state, subsisting mostly on 
 roots, berries, fish, <Sio., and living generally in caves or 
 bushes, but sometimes in wigwams or tents, and going 
 nearly naked. Of the white population in ISOO, 15,908 were 
 born in the teiTitories of the United States, 11,522 in other 
 parts of the Union, 7084 in Enjiland, 278 in Ireland, 1228 in 
 Scotland, 945 in V\'ale8, and 1824 in Denmark. In the year 
 ending June 1st, 1860, there occurred 374 deaths, or more 
 than 9-4 in every 1000 persons. Of the entire population, 17 
 were blind, 15 insiuie, and 5 idiotic. 
 
 Gnrcrnnunt. — Tlie governor and secretary are appointed 
 by the President of the United States for a term of 4 years, 
 but their commissions are at any time revocable by the ap- 
 pointing power. The other oflicers are chosen under territo- 
 rial authority. The legislative power of the territory is vested 
 in a legislative assembly, composed of a council and house 
 . <■ representatives. The council is composed of 13 members, 
 ele<;ted by the people of the territory for 2 years; and the 
 house is comt)osed of 26 members, chosen in the same way 
 for 1 year. The legislative assembly meets annually at Salt 
 Lake City, on the 2d Monday in December, and its session 
 is limited to 40 days. The general election is held on the 
 let Monday in August annually. 
 
 The judicial power of the territory is vested in a supreme 
 
 court, district courts, probate courts, and in justices of th» 
 peace. The supreme court consists of a chief justice aucl 
 two associate justices, appointed by the President of the 
 Uniled Stiites, and they h<jld their offices for a period of i 
 years. One session of the sujireme court must be held 
 yearly at the seat of the territorial government. 
 
 History. — th.(i materials for a historv nf Utah arn v^^y 
 meagre. As has elsewhere been stated it was a pan oi the 
 territory of Upper California, acquired from Mexico by the 
 treaty of 1848, after the conclusion of the late war with 
 that country. Previous to 1847, when the Mormons com- 
 menced directing their steps thither, it had been in posses- 
 sion of the miserable tribes that gained a most precarious 
 living from its churlish soil — undisturbed except by the 
 occasional visits of exploring parties or roaming trappers 
 and hunters. Utah was organized as a territory on the 9th 
 of September, 1850. 
 
 UTAH, a county in the central part of Utah Territory, 
 has an area of abtiut 2100 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Timpanogos or Provo River, and contains Utah lake, a 
 large body of fresh water. The surface is diversified with 
 valleys and mountains, among which is the Wasatch moun- 
 tain range. The soil of the valleys is fertile. The county 
 is liberally supplied with water-power, and has some timber 
 on the mountains. Capitjil, Provo City. Pop. 8243. 
 
 UTAH, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 UT.-VII, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana. 
 
 UTAH, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois. 
 
 UTAH or YOUTA (yoo^td or yoo'taw) INDIANS; often 
 written EUTAW, a numerous tribe of Indians dwelling in 
 Utah territory. 
 
 UTAH L.\KE, in the N. central part of Utah territory, in 
 about lat. 40° 20' N., Ion. 112° W. It is the source of the 
 Jordan River. Length about 30 miles, greatest breadth 10 
 miles. The water is said to be fresh. 
 
 UTAWAS. See Ottawa. 
 
 UTCII-KILISSA, ootch ke-lis'.^a. (i. e. the " three churches.") 
 a famous convent in Turkish Armenia, pashalic and 110 
 miles S.E. of Erzroom, on the Moorad-(-hai, or E. arm of the 
 Upper Euphrates. Here is a remarkable church, said to 
 have stood nearly 1550 years, and greatly noted in Arm^ 
 nian church history. 
 
 UTCH-KILIS.«A. a name of EoriMiEDZiN, which see. 
 
 UTELLE, oo-til'LA. a market-town of the Sardinian State*, 
 province and 15 miles X. of Nice. Pop. 2136. 
 
 UTKliSEN. a village of Denmark. See Uktersen. 
 
 UTIC.\, yoo'te-ka. a handsome city of Oneida co.. New 
 York, on the Mohawk River, Erie Canal, and Central Kail- 
 road. 95 miles W.N.W. of AUmny, 50 E. of Syracuse, and 
 383 from Washington. Lat. 43° 6' 49" N., Ion. 75° 13' W. 
 It is pleasantly .situated on the S. bank of the Mohawk, and 
 is regularly laid out. The site is nearly level, with a gentle 
 declivity towards the N. The streets are wide, and the 
 houses mostly well built, of brick or stone. The greater 
 part of the public buildings and mercantile houses are sit- 
 uated on Genesee Street. Among the principal hotels are 
 Bagg's Hotel, the National, the Franklin, the Central, the 
 Eagle, and the Broad-street House. A new City Hall, of 
 Milwaukee brick, has recently been erected on Genesee 
 Street. The city contains about 20 churches, of the various 
 denominations, 2 flourishing academies, with about 1.50 
 pupils each, 1 or 2 public libraries, and a mechanics' asso- 
 ciation. Three daily and 5 weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished here, besides several monthly periodicals. There are 
 6 banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,635,000, and several 
 insurance offices. The State Lunatic Asylum, situated 1 
 mile W. of the centre of the city, consists of several large 
 and expensive buildings of stone. The number of patients 
 in November, 1863, w;u3 514; of whom 262 were males, and 
 252 females. The streets, stores, &c., are lighted with gas. 
 The Erie Canal, here 70 feet wide, and the Central Railroad, 
 pass through the centre of the city, connecting it with 
 Albany and Buffalo. The Chenango Canal, 97 miles long, 
 extends from Utica to Binghamton. Utica is also the 
 Southern terminus of the Utica and Black River Railroad 
 Plank-roads and turnpike-roads radiate towards all parts 
 of the surrounding country. Handsome bridges cross the 
 canal at several points in the city. Utica is surrounded by 
 a highly productive and populous country, and is a place 
 of extensive trade. The manufactures of the city are also 
 important and flourishing. There are 2 cotton factories, 
 several woollen mills, 1 rolling-mill, 1 manufactory of 
 locks, employing about 200 hands, 2 of organs, several iron 
 foundries and tanneries, and a manufactory of railway cars. 
 In 1794 there were only 3 or 4 houses in the place, it was 
 built upon the site of old Fort Schuyler, wjis incorporated 
 as a village in 1817, and as a city in 1830. Pop. in 1820, 
 2972; in 1830, 8323; in 1840, 12,782; in 1850,17,565; and in 
 1860, 22,529. 
 
 UilC.\. a thriving post-village of Venango county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on French Creek, and on the Franklin Branch 
 Railroad, 9 miles N.W. of Franklin. It has manufactures 
 of iron and wool. 
 
 UTICA. a post-village of Hinds co., Mississippi, 38 miles 
 W. of Jackson. 
 
 2007 
 
UTI 
 
 rnCA. » thriving post-village of Licking eo.. Ohio, on the 
 railroad between Sandusky and Newark, 12 miles N. of the 
 latter. It contains several churches and a union school. 
 Pop. about 1000. 
 
 UTICA, a thriving post-village of Macomb co., Michigan, 
 on Clinton River, 20 miles N. ol Detroit. The river furnishes 
 e.xcellent water-power for flouring and other mills.^ Utiea is 
 situated in a rich farming region, and has an active trade. 
 Pop. about 1000. 
 
 UTIC.'V, a pleasant post-village and township of Clarke co., 
 Indiana, on the Ohio River. 7 miles above Louisville, in 
 Kentucky, and ll-l miles S. by K. of Indianapolis. P. 1702. 
 
 UTIC.\. a small village of Fulton co., Illinois, about 20 
 miles S.W. of Peoria. 
 
 UTICA. a village of La Salle co., Illinois, on the Illinois 
 River and CanaL 9 or 10 miles W. of Ottawa, and on the 
 Chiiago and Rock Island Railroad, 5 miles E. of La Salle. 
 Pop. 992. 
 
 UTIC.\. a post-village of Livingston co., Missouri, on the 
 right bank of Grand Kiver, 70 miles N.E. of Independence. 
 
 UTICA., a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. 
 
 UriC.\, a post-office of Dane co., AVisconsin. 
 
 UTICA. a township of Winnebaso co., Wisconsin. P.1201. 
 
 UTICA MILLS, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland. 
 
 UTIEL, oo-te-el', a town of Spain, province of Cuenca, 9 
 miles N.W. of Requena. Pop. 5780. who manufacture 
 hempen, linen, and .silken fabrics, leather, and soap. 
 
 UTILLA, oo-teel'yi. or UTILLK. an island in the Carib- 
 bean Sea. Honduras Bay. lat. 16° 5' N.. Ion. 86° 60' W., about 
 7 miles long, and 2i miles broad in the widest part. 
 
 UTIS. See Moxtone. 
 
 UT'KIXTON, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 UTOE, u'tii^A, or ^oo-toV'h, an island of Sweden, in the Bal- 
 tic, 25 miles S.E. of Stockholm. Lat. 58° 55' N., Ion. 18° 12' E. 
 
 UTOE, an island of Finland, in the Baltic, with a light- 
 house, in lat. 59° 46' 5" X., Ion. 21° 22' E. 
 
 UTOY, a post-offlce of De Kalb co.. Georgia. 
 
 UTRECHT, yoo'trJkt, (Dutch pron. il'trjKt; anc. Ultratra- 
 jeclum or lYajectum ad Iihenum,)an important town of Hol- 
 land, capital of a province of the same name, 3-3 miles S.E. 
 of Amsterdam, with which it is connected by railway. It is 
 situated in a plea-sant district, on the Old Rhine, where the 
 Vecht branches off frr)m it. It is traversed by two canals. 
 acro.s.s which are 28 stone bridges. The old walls have been 
 levelled and planted, and now form pleasant walks ; besides 
 which, outride the walls, is the .Maliebaan, a promenade 
 planted with eight rows of lime trees, bordered with fine 
 ganlens, and having four foot and three carriage ways. 
 Utrecht is the seat of the provincial government, and of 
 superior courts, civil and military; and pnsse.*si-s a govern- 
 ment-house, court-house, pri.'^on, and house of correction, a 
 mint, a town-hsill, a fine building, with a small library, a 
 gHllery of paintings chiefly by native artists, and a rich col- 
 lection of drawings of old Utrecht houses: the buildings of 
 the society of art and science, several barracks, an arsenal, 
 and numerous remains of antiquitv. Besides the Cathedral, 
 which has a tower 388 feet high. Utrecht has 11 Protestant 
 churche.s, and 8 Roman Catholic churches, of which ." belong 
 to the Jansenists, this being the head quarters of that body ; 
 a synagogue, town hospital, several orphan hospit.-jls, and 
 numerous other benevolent institutions, besides many be- 
 nevolent, religious, and literary and scientific .societies, i 
 university, with abotanical garden, anatomical hall, labora- 
 tory, observatory, library of 50,000 volumes, and a museum 
 of natural history attached; a veterinarv school, schools for 
 drawing and architecture, and numerous other educational 
 establishments. The University in 18-17 was attended by 
 340 students. ' 
 
 Utrecht is well situated for trade, which is chiefly in grain 
 and cattle; a considerable amount of shipping business is 
 done. The manufactures of the town include cotton and wool- 
 en spinning, cloth-dyeing, silk twistingand weaving, and the 
 kind of plush called Utrecht velvet, carpets, and floorcloth, 
 metal and bone buttons, metal ca,stings, snuff and cigars 
 soap leather, ropes, salt, brandy, fluid coffee, boat-building! 
 &c. Ltr^htisthe birth-place of Adrian Kloriszoon. tutor to 
 Charles V Bishop of Utrecht, and afterwards Pope Adrian 
 M. In the audiencp-hall of the Universitv. in 1579. was 
 signal the act of confederation, declaring the seven United 
 1 rovinces independent of Spain; and in the British minis- 
 w«7 !i"°^" "''"J??''"'*?. ^J * barrack, the treaty of Utrecht 
 was signed in 1713, which ended the war of the Spanish 
 succession. Pop. in 1863, 66 921 -pauisn 
 
 N 'b^v the 7nvH'"7'°'*.°^'^.*' Netherlands, bounded on the 
 
 it>^,4.9. The I*ck or Rhine forms its S. boundarv • its other 
 
 o'rhy'han in'^th'""!^^™' J""" '-f-« ' "e^' flafa'nd 
 
 ViZ-M AmL f *•>« *"^,^''^"* provinces. Chief towns, 
 
 LTKKK * r^i'lS^^i "°"tf°?,'^- "nl Wyk-by-Durstede. ^ 
 
 agriculturists, who rear the most fcrocio^-biiisinTnda^ 
 Ul. a. It stands around a fortified enXuTe, ha a M^rfsh 
 
 2uS^ ^ '■"°°*°« streams; and here are some 
 
 uzz 
 
 remarkable churches, one resorted to by a great nonconrM 
 of devotees in September; various convents and hospitals 
 a town-hall, prison, cavalry barracks, some manufactures of 
 soap, starch, and leather; and near it are productive salt 
 springs. 
 
 UTl'EXWEILER, C<5t/ten-«rifr, a village of Wurlemberg, 
 circle of Danube, Riedlingen, on the Reuiibach. Pop. 1116. 
 
 UTTEKBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 UT/TER'S CORNERS, a post-village of Walworth co., 'Wis. 
 consin, 45 miles S.E. of Madison. It has a Methodist chur.ii, 
 1 store, and a hotel. 
 
 UTTOXETER, ux'e-tfr, a market^town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. and 12 miles N.E. of Stafford, on the railway, and 
 beside the Dove, across which it communicates with the 
 county of Derby by a bridge of six arches. Pop. in ISjI. 
 4990. It stands on a hill, and has three well built street* 
 meeting in a marketplace, and has a church with an ancient 
 tower and spire, 179 feet in height. Roman Catholic and 
 other chapels, a free sihool, almshouses, numerous iron 
 forges and hardware factories, and a large trade in agricul- 
 tural produce, facilitated by a branch of the Trent and 
 Mersey navigation. 
 
 UTl'RlGSllAUSEN, fHTiytrios-hOwVen, a vilKige in the S. 
 part of Germany. Hesse-Cassel, province of Hauau. P. 1045. 
 
 UTUS. See Vin. 
 
 UTWEIL, oofwTI, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Thurgau, on Lake Constance, 9 miles S.E. of Constance. 
 
 UVAt/DE, (Sp. pron. oo-vdl'di,) a county in the S.W. 
 part of Texas, contains about 1100 square niile.s. It is in- 
 tersected by the Rio Frio, and also drained by the Sabinal 
 River. Pop. 506. 
 
 UVELK.A., a river of Russia. See Oovkt.ka. 
 
 UWCIILAN, yook'Ian, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, now divided into Upper and Ixiwer Uwchlan. 
 
 UWHARIE, a river of North Carolina. See Ubarse. 
 
 UXANTIS. See Ushaxt. 
 
 UX'BRIDGE, a market-town of England, co. of Middlesex, 
 parish of Hillingdon, on the W. verge of the county, 17 
 miles W.N.W. of St. Paul's. London. Pop. in 1851, 3236. It 
 is well built, and has a convenient market-place, Lancan- 
 terian and other schools, and the largest corn market .n 
 the kingdom. Here are numerous flour-mills, malt-work.s, 
 and a brick-field. It communicates with Loudon by the 
 Grand Junction Canal and branch. 
 
 UX'BRIDGE, a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Blai-kstone River, and on the Provi- 
 dence and Worc«ster Railroad, 18 miles S.S. K. of Worcester. 
 It contains 6 woollen mills. 1 cotton mill, and a bank. P. ol.33. 
 
 UXBRIDGE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York, 
 42 miles X. of Toronto. Pop. about 125. 
 
 UXENTUM. See Ugexto. 
 
 UXIXAR or UJIJ.\R, oo-ne-Haii'. a market-town of Spain, 
 province of Granada, 2-i miles N.W. of Almeria. 
 
 UX.MAL. oox-mil', a ruined city of Yucjitan, 45 miles 
 S.S.W. of Merida. and presenting some of the most remark- 
 able architectural remains in America. These comprise 
 several lar^e edifices, the lanrest buiklina occupying a space 
 of 640 feet in length by 410 feet in width, and all being 
 adorned with elatorate sculptures. 
 
 UXUE, oo-Hwi'. a market-town of Spain, province and 27 
 miles S.E. of Pamplnna. 
 
 UXUE, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, on the I'y- 
 renees, 27 miles S.E. of Pamplona. Pop. 1208. 
 
 UYKA, oo-y.V.(,?) one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, 
 parish of and immediately S. of Unst. It is a chief ren- 
 dezvous of shipping for the deep sea fishing. 
 
 UYEA, one of the Shetland Islands. Scotland, 4j miles 
 from the N. extremity of Shetland Mainland, and about 2 
 miles in circumference. 
 
 UYTBERGKN. oit'b^RGVn, a village of Belgium, East Flan- 
 ders, on the Scheldt, 10 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 1073. 
 
 UZBECKS. a people of Tartary. See Oozbeks. 
 
 UZBECKI.*TAN. See Bokhar.\. 
 
 UZEL, iiVfel', a town of France, department of Cotesdn- 
 Nord, on the Oust. 9 miles N.N.W. of Loudeac. Pop. In 
 1852. 2090. It has 2 market-halls for linen cloths, in which 
 it has a large trade. 
 
 UZEX, two rivers of European Russia. See OozEN. 
 
 UZEKCHE. U^zaiRsh'. a town of France, department of 
 Correze, 15 miles N.W. of Tulle. Pop. in 18.52, 3428. 
 
 UZES, li'zAce'. a town of France, department of Gard. on 
 the Auzon, 13 miles N.N.E. of Nfmes. Pop. in 1852, 6934. 
 It has a communal college, an old episcopal palace, and a 
 turreted castle of its former dukes, with manufactures of 
 silk hosiery, common woollen cloths, and fine pasteboard, 
 and a brisk trade in silk, corn, wine, and brandy, 
 
 UZN.\CH, oots'n^K. a petty town of Switzerland, canton 
 and 24 miles S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. 1472. 
 
 UZUND.T.A-OVA, u-zun'ja o/vL written also USUNCHOBI, 
 a town of European Turkey. Room-Elee. near the Maritza, 
 56 miles W.N.W. of Adrianople, and having a large fair 
 in October. 
 
 UZZANO, oot-sd'no, a town of Tuscany, province cf Flo- 
 rence, 1 mile from PesoCa, witli a church » castle, -ind a 
 schooL Pop. 4064. 
 
VAA 
 
 VAL 
 
 V 
 
 VAAQ. a river of Hungary. See Waao. 
 VAAUKN, vd'j^hfn, (Ea8t and West,) two of the 
 Loffoden Islands, Norway, \V. of Ilindiien, each about 30 
 miles in leni^th by 16 miles across; the former having 1600 
 and the latter 24u0 inhabitants. 
 
 VAAGOK. one of the Faroe Islands. See Faroe. 
 VAAL, v^I, a river of South Africa, after a VV. course from 
 the Quathlamba Mountains, joins the Orange Kiver about 
 lat. 29° 5' S., Ion. 25° 20' E.. and forms the N. boundary of a 
 territory, partly occupied by Dutch farmers, and annexed 
 in 1848 to the Uritish colony of the Cape of Goo<l Hope. 
 
 VAALS or VAELS, v^ls, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Limburg, 16 miles E.S.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 
 2897. 
 
 VAAS, v<is, a market-town of France, department of 
 Sarthe, on t'lie Cher, 18 miles E. of La Fleche. Fop. 1872. 
 It waF formerly fortified. 
 
 VAUHK, viib'r, a village of France, department of Tarn, 
 10 miles K. of C^stres. I'op. in 1852, 2726. 
 
 V.\CAS'SAR, a small bay on the W. side of the peninsula 
 of Florida, in Levy county. 
 
 VAC'CHKLUCE, v^k-k.tloo/chi, or BASILUZZO, bd-se- 
 loofso. one of the smaller Lipari Islands, Mediterranean, 4 
 miles E. of I'anaria. 
 
 A'ACIIA, vd'Ki, a walled town of Germany, Saxe-Weimar, 
 principality and 16 miles S.W. of Eisenach, on the Werra. 
 Pop. 2239. 
 
 VACHE (vdsh) ISLAND, in the West Indies, is off the S. 
 coast of llayti, 8 miles S.E. of Ciiyes. 10 miles in length by 3 
 miles across. It has some good anchorages. 
 VACIIKA. See Vashka. 
 
 VACZ, a town of Central Hungary. See Waitzes. 
 VADAGHERY, vd-dd-ghir/ree, a town of South India, 
 presidency of Madras, district and 35 miles N.W. of Tin- 
 nevelly. 
 
 VADAGHEUY, a town of South India, district of Malabar, 
 on the coast, 25 miles N.W. of Calicut. 
 
 VAOATATE, vd-dd-vi'tA, a river of South Ilindostan, 
 rises in the West Ghauts, flows N.N.E., and after a course 
 of about 200 miles joins the Toombuddra. 
 
 VADISCO, vd-dis'ko, a small Si-aport of Naples, province 
 of Otranto. It has often been used for shelter by the 
 Barbary corsairs. 
 
 VADKElt'f, vM'kaiRf, a market-town of Hungary, co. of 
 Neograd, 26 miles S.S.E. of Karpfen. It has mineral springs. 
 Pop. 2484. 
 
 VADKKRT. a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, about 16 
 miles from Kalocsa. I'op. 3315. 
 
 VADO. vi/do, a seaport towruof the Sardinian States, on 
 the W. side of the Gulf of Genoa, 3 miles S.W. of Savona. 
 Pop. 1408. 
 
 VAD8TENA, vM-stVni, a town of Sweden, Isen and 28 
 miles W.N.W. of Linkoping, on a Imy of Lake Wetter. Pop. 
 2188, with the ancient castle of Wettersborg. 
 
 VADUZ or VADUTZ, vd/doots, a town, capital of the 
 principality of Liechtenstein, in the valley of the lihine. on 
 the frontiers of the Swiss canton of Grisons. 21 miles S.S.E. 
 of St. Gall. It contains an old castle seated on a height 
 which overhangs the town. Pop. 876. 
 
 V.\EI>S, a village of the Netherlands. See Vaais. 
 V^^iKDAL, vAR'ddl, a parish and village of Norway, 45 
 miles N.E. of Troudhjem, at the head of its fiord. Pop. 1900. 
 VAG. See Waag. 
 
 VAGA or WAG.\, vS'gd, a river of Russia, governments 
 of Vologda and Archang(^l. joins the Dwina after a N. course 
 of 250 miles. Principal afilueuts, the Uste and Kokshenga 
 from the E. 
 
 VAG AI, vi/ghi!. or WAGAI, a river in Siberia, government 
 of Tobolsk, after a N. coui-se of 150 miles, joins the Irtish, 34 
 miles S.E. of Tobolsk. 
 
 VAGII-I5ESZTE15CZE, v|g hJs'tSRfs.V. a market-town of 
 Hungary, co. and 22 miles N.E.of Trentsehin, on the Waag. 
 here crossed by a bridge. It has a handsome church, a 
 synagogue, two castles, and extensive manufactures of 
 earthenware. On the opposite side of the river stands the 
 ca.«tle of Podhragy. Pop. 2145. 
 
 VAGLIO. vdl'yo, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 
 7 miles Vj. of Potenza. Pop. 3000. 
 
 VAGNEY. vdn'yA'. a market-town of France, department 
 of Vosges. Pop. in 1852, 3419. 
 
 V.A.GOS, vS'gos, a market- town of Portugal, province of 
 Beira. 6 miles S.S.W. of Aveiro. 
 
 VAGOS. a town and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, 
 •.; miles S. of Aveiro. Pop. 3390. 
 VAHALIS. See Rhine, page 1664. 
 
 YATGATS. WAIGATZ, or VAIGATZ, vl-gdts', or VAT- 
 GATCfL vf^sitoh'. an island of Russia. Arctic Ocean, between 
 the N.E. coast of tlie government of Archangel, from whiih 
 it is separated by the Straits of Vaigats. and the Island of 
 Nova Zembla, from which it is separated by the Straits of 
 
 Karsljy ; greatest length, from N.W. to S.E., 60 miles: great 
 est breadth, 35 miles. The interior is said to be mountaiti 
 ous. and the S. and S.E. shores pre.simt deep rocky cliffs not 
 exceeding 200 feet in height. The cliffs are partly composed 
 of clay-slate, which contains cubical crystals of pyrites, and 
 yielding very rapidly to the action of the frost, the air, and 
 the water, crumbles down, and is soon worn by the sea into 
 balls of an incli in diameter, which are known by the name 
 of oreshniki. or nut-stones. All the streams of the island 
 have bars across their mouths, formed by banks of these 
 stones; which, in the case of a strong wind towards the 
 shore, sometimes accumulate so rapidly, as to choke up the 
 streams, and convert them for a time into lakes. The in- 
 habitants are chiefly Samoiedii, by whom the island is called 
 Khayodeya. Part of them, who own reindeer, remain 
 throughout the year; but others, as well as Russians, only 
 go over in summer to fish and hunt. 
 
 VAIGES, vAzh or v^zh, a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Mayenne, 14 miles E.S.E. of Laval. Pop. 1592. 
 
 VAIHINGEN, vi'hing-gn, a town of South Germany. Wtlr- 
 temberg. on the Enz, 15 miles N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3072. 
 VAl'L.4. one of tlie smaller Shetland Island.'. Scotland, 
 pari.sif of Walls, in Vaila Sound, on the W. side of the main- 
 land, 4 miles N.W. of Skeldaness. Pop. 29. 
 
 VAILATE, vi-U/td, a village of Northern Italy, 9 miles 
 from Ixidi. with the ruins of an ancient castle. Pop. 2.307. 
 VAILLY, vih'yee' or v^l'vee', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Cher, on the Saudre, 12 miles N.W. of Sancerre. 
 Pop. in 1852. 720. 
 
 VAILLY SUR AISNE, vSh\vee/s(iR An, a village of France, 
 department of Aisne. 9 miles E. of Soissons. Pop. 1700. 
 VAIL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-ofRce of Morrow co.. Ohio. 
 YAIL'S MILLS, a post-office of Fulton co.. New Y'ork. 
 V.\1MUGA, vl-moo^gd, a river of Rus.sia, government of 
 Archangel, after a course of about 70 miles joins the North 
 Dwina near the town of Emetzoe. Its banks are covered 
 with fine timber, large quantities of which are cut and 
 transported to Archangel. 
 
 VAIRANO, vT-rd'no, a town of Naples, province of I^voro, 
 7 miles N.E. of Teano. Pop. 1706. 
 
 VAIRO, vi'ro, a village of Northern Italy, 32 miles S. of 
 Purma. Pop. 3474. 
 
 V AISE, vAz or vJz, a town of France, department of Rhfme, 
 forming a N.W. suburb of Lyons, on the Saoue. Pop. 7277. 
 See LYON.S. 
 
 VAISON. tA'zAs"', (ane. Va'sio,) a village of France, de- 
 partment of Vauduse. 15 miles N.E. of Orange, on the 
 Ouvdze. Pop. in 1852, 3059. Near it are the ruins of a fine 
 quay, circus, and aqueduct, belonging to Vasin, the capital 
 city of the ancient Vrxxmtii. an important Roman colony. 
 
 V.^ISSAC, vAs'sdk', a village of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne. 
 VAITUR.\NI. a river of Hindostan. See Bttcbnet. 
 VAJCA or VA.TKA. See Vashka. 
 
 VAJDA-HUNYAD, vl/doli' hoon\v(M', a market-town of 
 Transylvania, on the Czema, 40 miles S.AV. of Karlshuri;. 
 I'op. 2000. It has Roman Catholic, Relbrmed, and Greek 
 churches. In its environs are the largest iron-mines in 
 Transylvania. 
 
 V.\KH. vdk, a river of Siberia, governments of Yenisei 
 and Tobolsk, joins the Obi. 100 miles E. of Soorgoot. Course 
 westward, estimated at 350 miles. 
 
 VAL, an Italian word signifying "valley," and forming 
 the prffix to many names in Italy, Sicily. Ac. A'al is also a 
 prefix to the names of old divisions of Sicily, as Val Demose, 
 (vdl d.A-mo'nA.) comprising the N.E. quarter, with Mount 
 Etna ; the Val di Mazzara. fvdl dee mdt-.sd'rd.) in the W.. and 
 the Val m Noto, (vdl dee no'to.) the S. parts of the island. 
 
 V.\L, Le. leh vdl. a village of France, department of Var, 
 3 miles N. of Brignolles. Pop. 1734. 
 VALACHIE. See Wallachia. 
 
 VALAIS. vdMA/, (Ger. WalUs. ■ftdllis,) a canton of Switzer- 
 land, in its S.E. part, consisting of the upper valley of the 
 Rhone, shut off N. and S. by two primary Alpine chains 
 from the canton of Bern and from Savoy. Area 1665 sqjiare 
 miles. Pop. in 1860, 90,792, all Roman Catholics, two-thirds 
 of whom speak French. It has been described as an im- 
 mense trough, 70 miles in length. H miles in depth, and 2 
 miles wide at the bottom; the mountains on each side are 
 among the highest in Europe, and it is exposed to furious 
 torrents and destructive avalanches. Cattle rearing is the 
 chief liranch of industry. Its transit trade is pretty active. 
 Chief towns. Sion. the capital, Martigny. and Vispach. It 
 hnlds the twentieth place in the Swiss Confederation. Under 
 
 the French it formed the department of Simplon. Adj. 
 
 and inhab. Valaisan,* val\A-zdn'. 
 
 * " There did she blossom till a Valaisan, 
 A townsman of Martigny, won her heart." 
 
 KooEKS'i fta/j part i. caoto V. 
 2009 
 
VAL 
 
 7/H. 1 LTA, tSI ll'ti. a Tillage of Northern Italy, jrovein- 
 mtnt of >Illan, 10 miles N.E. of Berjramo. Top. 1100. 
 ViVL4 VGIX, a village of Switzerland. See Valtjingin. 
 T.'iL.'iQrlK, VAI.AQUIA, VALAQCE. See Wallaciiia. 
 VALASZK.-i, T(5hno.«s'kcih\ or BELA, h.Vieh\ a villafre 
 of Hungary, co. of Neutra, 12 miles from Baimocz. It has 
 several saw and flour mills. Pop. 3027. 
 
 VALATIe, val'a-tee\ a post-village of ColumWa oo., \ew 
 York, in Kinderhook township, at the junction of theA'alatie 
 and Kinderhook Creeks, about 20 miles S. by E. of Albany. 
 It contains manufactures of cotton goods, machinery, and 
 other articles. 
 
 VALBEXOITE, varbeh-nwdt/, a Tillage of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire, 1 mile W. of St. Etienne, of which it forms 
 an indu.strious suburb. Pop. in 1852, 6040. 
 
 VALBONNAIS, vdrbon^ni', a vUlage of France, depart- 
 ment of r.«ere. 20 mile.s S.S.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1327. 
 
 VAL-BREGAGLIA. vdl brd-gdl'y^, a valley of Switzerland. 
 Orisons, on the Italian side of the Alps, immediately S. and 
 Vi. of Mount Septimer. and traversed by one of the main 
 roads from Italy into Switzerland. 
 
 A'ALCAKES. ETANG DE. 4H6n<=' deh TdrkaR/. a salt lagoon 
 of South France, in the island of Camargue, delta of the 
 Kb one. 
 
 VALCARLOS, val-kaRloce, a town of Spain, province of 
 Navarre, in a Talley of the same name, 35 miles from Pam- 
 plona, with manufactures of iron. Pop. 962. 
 
 VAIXJOUR (val-koor') ISLAND, New York, situatfd in 
 Lake Champlaiu, about 6 miles S. of Plattsburg. 
 
 VALDAGNO, vdl-ddn'j-o, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 
 province and li miles N.W. of Vicenza, at the foot of Mount 
 Castello, on the Agno. Pop. 3100. 
 
 VALDAI or WALDAI, vil'di, a walled town of Russia, 
 government and 80 miles S.E. of Novgorod, on the small 
 Lake Valdai, and on the road from St. Petersburg to Moscow. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 VALDAI HILLS, in the government of Novgorod, consist 
 of a series of plateaux which extend between the S. end of 
 Lake Peipus and the river Diina, with an average height of 
 «lK)ut 1000 feet, forming a dome-shaped elevation in the 
 lentre of Russia, and the watershed between rivers flowing 
 to the Baltic and Caspian Seas. 
 
 VAL-D'AJOL, Le, leh v^l diVhol', or LAITRE, lAt'r, a 
 fillage of France, department of Vosges, 15 miles from 
 Remiremont. Pop. 1031. 
 
 VALDARACETE, vai-di-ri-thA'tA, a town of Spain. New 
 Castile, province of Madrid. 21 miles from Ocaila. Pop. 1698. 
 
 VAL B'ARNO, vil-daR/no, ('• Vale of the Arno,") a valley 
 of Tuscanv, greatly renowned for rural beauty. See Arxo. 
 
 VALDEALGORFA, vdklA-ai-gOR/fa, a town of Spain, 
 Aragon, province of Teruel, 9 miles from Alcailiz, near the 
 Guadalupe. Pop. 1400. 
 
 VALDEBIMBRE. vai-di-beemnsri, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 10 miles from Leon. Pop. 1314. 
 
 VALDEFUENTES, vil-di-fwJn'tls, a scattered 'village of 
 Spain, Estremadura, province and 17 miles S.E. of Caceres. 
 It hiis many mills. Pop. 1917. 
 
 VALDKGAXGA, vil-dA-gdn'gi, a town of Spain, Murcia, 
 province and 18 miles from Albacete, on a lofty height above 
 the Jucar. Pop. 1164. 
 
 VALDELASCA, vai-d.^-iasHcl, a village of Spain, Estre- 
 madura, province and 70 miles from Caceres, near the Tagus. 
 Pop. 1095. 
 
 A'AL-DEMONE, t31 d.i-mo'ni, an ancient division in th« 
 E. of Sicily. Its capital was Messina. See V.iL. 
 
 VALDEMORILLO, vdl-di-mo-reel'yo, a town of Spain, 
 New Ca,stile, province and 18 miles W.N.W. of Madrid. It 
 has manufactures of superior stoneware. Pop. 1223. 
 
 VALDEMORO, vil-dA-mo'ro, a town of Spain, province 
 and 16 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1712. 
 
 VALDENGO, vdl-dftn'go. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, province of Biella. Pop. 1203. 
 
 V.A.LDE0B1SP0, vdld.Wbees/po. a village of Spain, Estre- 
 madura, province and 45 miles from Cacere.s. Pop 1205 
 
 VAL DE OLIVA, \il dA o-lee'vi. a town of Spain, nro- 
 Tince. and24milesN. ofCuenca. Pop. 2690. 
 
 VALDEPENAS, vdldA-pain'yJs, (i. e. '•' vallev of rocks,") a 
 town of Spain, province, and 30 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real 
 on the Jabalon. Pop. 9870. The town has no object of inte- 
 rest, but IS celebrated for its excellent wines. 
 : s H-^ fH ^*^NAS, a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles 
 s.^.^^ . of Jaen. Pop. 4209. 
 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 3o'mil?fs*F' l^^f^'^''-,". t?'^","^' ^P«'°' P^°^"<^- «"«i 
 gchS, r» hnu' . ^"\ ^* ^"^ *^^"'' ^"''"•'^■'' ^nl several 
 rnd^Carm^lu '^•^'''f''"^;;" Substantially built hospital, 
 ana a l armellte convent. Pop 3433 
 
 VALDERROBRES. vai-djR-Ro'BrJs.' a village of Spain Ara- 
 
 •^v/lDK^^e^rML'' "'-"r ^■•'^- °f Teruel"' PoprS " 
 I- tu'Sfc \.*';*1«'- an '"land on the N.W. coast of America 
 
 mo '^'^ '"'■ ^ ^■' '°''- ^2^° ^' ^ " '^ the 
 
 VAL 
 
 largest of all the islands in the vicinity, and. along w tb 
 A'ancouver's. forms the continuation of the gulf. whicL is 
 also called Discovert Pas.sage. There is a village upon it, 
 seated on the summit of a steep, sandy cliff, about 100 Wiet 
 high. 
 
 VAL DE PANTO DOMINGO, vrll ik siln'tn do-ming'go, n 
 town of Spain, 13 miles N.N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1869. 
 
 VALDEVERDEJA or VALDEVERDEXA. See Valver. 
 
 DEJA. 
 
 VALDTBLORA, vll-de-blo'rJ. a village of the Sardinian 
 States, about 12 miles N. of Nice. It has a church and .\o 
 old castle. Pop. 1179. 
 
 A'AL DT CHI AN. \, v3l dee ke-i'ni. formerly a swampy 
 tract in the E. part of Tuscany, in the province of Arezza 
 It has been drained and converted into one of the most pio- 
 ductive parts of Italv. 
 
 VALD7ERI, vdl-de-AVee, written also VANDIER. a vil- 
 lage of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, divisi- n and pro- 
 vince of Cuneo. on the Ges.ao, and on the railway from Turin 
 to Genoa. 17 miles from the latter. Pop. 2357. 
 
 VAL DI MA7.ZARA. See Val. 
 
 VAL DI XOTO. See Val. 
 
 VALDXVIA, vil-dee've-S. a river of Chili, traversing a de- 
 partment of its own name, from the Andes tc the Pacitio 
 Ocean, which it enters after a westward course cf 120 miles. 
 
 VALD1VI.\, the most S. department of Chili, on the miiin- 
 land of South America, about lat. 40° S., and Ion. 73° W., 
 enclosed, except on the Vf.. by Independent Araucaiiia 
 Estimated area 740 square miles. Pop. 6800 
 
 VALD] VIA, a seaport town or village of Chili, on the A'al- 
 divia or Calcutta River. 16 miles from its mouth. Itwaa 
 ruined by an earthquake in 1837. 
 
 VALDiVIA, PORT, at the mouth of the river Valdivi.>^ 
 Chili, lat. 39° 49' S., Ion. 73° 19' 35" W. It was formeriy one 
 of the best and most strongly fortified harbors on the Paciiic. 
 
 VALDOBBIADENE, vil-dob-be-d-dfi'nA. a village of Aug. 
 trian Italy, province and 20 miles N.N.W. of TrevL^o. 1'. 2400. 
 
 VALDCOOI.\, v3l-dood'jd. a village of the Sardinian 
 States. Piedmont, 22 miles N.N.W. of Novara. Pop. 3100. 
 
 V.ALEENE, v,vleen', a small postrvillage of Orange CO., 
 Indiana. 104 miles S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 V.\LEOGIO, vl-l5d'jo, a village of Northern Italy. 7 miles 
 S. of Pe.«chiera, on the Mincio, where it leaves the Lake of 
 Garda. Pop., including 4 adjoining hamli'ts. 4000. It haa 
 a fortified bridge or causeway, upwards of 600 yards long, 
 defended by several lofty towers. 
 
 VALE M'ILLS. a post-office of Giles CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 VAFiEN(^.\, vi-lJn'sd, a town of Brazil, province and 90 
 miles W.N.'W. of Rio de .laneiro. It is the seat of an deoloral 
 college, and the head-quarters of a body of the National 
 Guards. Pop. of the district. 5000. 
 
 VALENC.i, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia. capital 
 of a comarca. 10 miles N. of Cayru. on the right bank of 
 the Una. near its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 12<M. 
 
 VALENQA or CATINGUINHA, kd-teen-gheen'yd. a town 
 of Brazil, province of Piauhi, on the Catinguinha, 56 miles 
 N.E. of Oeiras. Pop. 3000. 
 
 VALENCA-DO-DOURO. vd-Un'si do do'ro, a town and 
 parish of Portugal, province of Beira-Alta, 9 miles S.E. of 
 Lamego. Pep. 635. 
 
 VALEN^A-DO-MINHO, vi-lJn'.«d do meen'yo, a fortified 
 frontier town of Portugal, province of Minho. capital of a 
 comarca, on the left bank of the Minho, immediately oppo- 
 site Tuy. Pop. 1100. 
 
 VALENQAY, vdM3N0^s.V, a town of France, department 
 of Indre, agreeably situated on the Nahon. 25 miles N. of 
 Chateauroux, and chiefly remarkable for a tine palace, with 
 gardens, where Napoleon retained Ferdinand VII. during 
 his own usurpation in Spain. Pop. in 18.52. 3627. 
 
 VALENCE. vS*l3>-ss', (anc. Valen'tia.) a town of France, 
 capital of the department of Drome, on the left bank of the 
 Rhone, here crossed b.v a suspension bridge, and on the rail- 
 way from Lyons to Avignon. 57 miles S. of Lvons. lat. 44'' 
 56* N., Ion. 4° 53' E. Pop. in 1852. 16,122. It is surrounded 
 by orchards, vineyards, and woods, and enclosed by walls. 
 Principal edifices, the. cathedral, with the tomb of I'ojie Pius 
 VI., barracks, citadel, court-house, prison, and theatie. It 
 has a communal college, with a public library of 10.000 vo- 
 lumes, school of artillery, chamber of manufactures, school 
 of design, docks for building river craft, cotton printing 
 and dyeing establishments, and manufactures of silk good-s. 
 
 VALENCE. vdMSsss', a small town of France, department 
 of Gers, on the Baise, 5 miles S. of Condom. Po] . in 1852, 
 1625. 
 
 A'ALENCE D'AGEN, vdMSsss' ddVhSN"'. a town ( f France, 
 department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 13 miles W. of Moissac. 
 Pop. in 1852, 3088. 
 
 VALENCIA, vMfn'she-a. (Sp. pron. vd-len/tbe-d.) an old 
 province or kingdom of Spain, on the E. coast, now forming 
 the provinces of A'alencia, Alicante, and Castellon-de-la- 
 Plana. United area 9512 square miles. Pop. 1.110,960. 
 The N.W. part of the region is covered with arid mountain*, 
 but the centre presents a fertile and well-watered pl.iin, and 
 around I-ake .Mbufera are extensive rice grounds. The soil 
 is well cultivated. The chief products comprise wine, figs, 
 
VAL 
 
 almonds, olives, and excellent oranges. The .sugar-cane, 
 lieuip. lint, ami silk, yield valuable return.i. The principal 
 mineral riche."" are salt, marble, and potters' clay. It was 
 first colonizetl by the Phoenicians or Carthaginians, who had 
 established many flourishing settlements in it, when it was 
 wrested from them by the Komans. Under them it made 
 great prot;ress in civilization, and was one of the most tran- 
 quil provinces of the empire, when it fell a prey to the Goths. 
 About the beginningof the 8th century, the Saracens became 
 its masters. In the lllh century it was erected into a sepa- 
 rate Moorish kingdom, un<ler the dynasty of the Ahmerides, 
 and retained its independence till 12.38, when Don Jaime I., 
 availing him.self of its civil dissensions, completely subdued 
 it, and incorporated it with his kingdom of Aragon. It 
 afterwards passed to the crown of Castile, and has since fol- 
 lowed its fortunes, Adj. and inhab. Valenci.4.n, vd-lJn'- 
 
 ghe-an, (Sp. VaUnciano, vd-l&n-the-^uo.) 
 
 VALENCIA, (anc. Valentia-Edetanorum; Fr. Valence, vd^- 
 16nss'; It. VaUnm, vd-lJn'zi.) a city of Spain, capital of the 
 ancient kingdom and modern province of the same name, in 
 a fine plain on the Turia, here crossed by 5 wide bridges, 
 about 2 miles from the sea, and 190 miles K.S.E. of Madrid; 
 lat. 39° 28' 46" N., Ion. 0° 24' 23" W. It is the see of an arch- 
 bishop, the residence of a captain-general, and has a supreme 
 court of justice. The city is of a circular shape, and enclosed 
 by walls, built in 1850 by I'edro IV. There are S gates, some 
 of which, with their towers and machicolations, are very pic- 
 turesque. The houses are lofty and gloomy-looking, and, with 
 few exceptiens, the streets are tortuous, and so narrow, that 
 Irhen one looks down from the cathedral-tower, the openings 
 are scarcely to be seen, amid the irregular, close-packed roofs. 
 Of the public buildings and institutions the following may 
 be mentioned : a new theatre, various hospitals, among them 
 the General Hospital, which has baths; the Poorhouse, a 
 fine edifice; the I'oundling Hospital, kc; a University, 
 founded in 1500, with chairs of jurisprudence, medicine, and 
 philosophy, for which there are 70 professors; the library 
 numbers 40,000 volumes, and the University was attended 
 in 1841 by 1600 students; a museum of natural history, 
 chemistry, and physics ; a botanic garden in the environs of 
 ihe city, a theatre, and chapel ; the seminario^imciliar, where 
 theology, Greek, and Latin are taught ; the College of Corpus 
 Christi, founded in 1580, which contains many fine paintings 
 Dy Ilibalta; a national museum in one of the suppressed 
 wnvents, containing six or seven hundred pictures, and in 
 which the great Valencian school may be studied to advan- 
 tage, especially A'icente .Tuanes, the Spanish Raphael, Ri- 
 baita, and Ribera, (Spagnoletto.) 
 
 The Cathedral, built on the site of a temple of Diana, and 
 a Moorish mosque, was raised to metropolitan rank in 1492; 
 it is unint«!rcsting in point of architecture, but is rich in 
 paintings by the great masters of the Valencian school. 
 There are, besides 14 parish churches, numerous suppressed 
 convents, the most remarkable of which was St. Dominic's; 
 21 nunneries, a Magdalen asylum, 22 hermitages; a hand- 
 some custom-house, a college for orphans of both sexes, a 
 normal school, an academy of fine arts, a school of com- 
 merce, a chair of agriculture, a college of ailvocates, a medi- 
 cal institute, with various other educational establishments ; 
 an episcop.'il palace, containing a library of 11,000 volumes; 
 the silk-hall or chamber of commerce, a V)eautiful Gothic 
 building; a noble Doric court-house, a bull-ring, a casino, a 
 hippCKlrome, fine pascos and gardens, good bath.s, prisons, 
 and penitentiaries. There is only one fountain in the town, 
 that in the great square. The citadel was built by Charles 
 v., to defend Valencia against liarbarossa, T'he Glorieta, 
 with its fountains and statues, is a delicious pi-omenade, 
 and frequented by the fashion and beauty of the place. 
 The climate, though hot, is salubrious, and the city is 
 resorted to by invalids. 
 
 Valencia is celebrated for its manufactures, the most im- 
 portant of which is spinning and weaving silk, in which 
 great numbers are employed: the rest comprise sackcloth — 
 the exportation of rice alone requiring about 50,000 sacks 
 annually — cordage, hats of wool, hair, silk, and straw; 
 gloves, fans, glass, painted tiles, which are very celebrated ; 
 ordinary and fine woollens, soap, combs, and leather. There 
 are also two foundries, a nail-work, and a tobacco-manufac- 
 tory, which gives employment to more than 3000 women. 
 The harbor of Valencia is very imperfect, and its foreign 
 commerce has greatly declined. The principal articles of 
 import are linens, ironmongery, drugs, bar-iron, planks, 
 and colonial produce; and the chief articles exported com- 
 prise corn, rice, silk, saffron, almonds, and oranges. 
 
 i'or its opposition to the French, in the war of succession, 
 it was despoiled of its liberties and wealth by Philip V. It 
 ^m» taken in 1812 by the Trench under Suchet, who held it 
 till June, 1813. Population, about 100,000; including the 
 suburbs (1867), 145.512. 
 
 VALENCIA, vd-14n'she-a, a county in the S.E. part of New 
 Mexico, bordering on Texal<= T+ >s bounded on the \V. by the 
 Rio Grande, and drained by several small atfluents of that 
 Blream. Indian corn and wheat are the staples. In 1850, 
 this county produced more corn, peas, beans, and wine than 
 any other in the territory. It yielded in that year 157,795 
 
 VAL 
 
 bu.shelii of corn ; 8115 of peas and beans; and 1973 gallons 
 of wine. Capital, Valencia. I'op. 11,.321. 
 
 VALENCIA, a village and capital of Valencia CO.. NeV 
 Mexico, on the left liank of the Rio del Norte, 80 milos 
 S.S.W. of S-inta Fe. Pop. 1101. 
 
 VALENCIA, vi-l^n'she-a, (Sp. pron. vd-lJn'the-i.) a city 
 of South .\mcrica, Venezuela, capitiil of a province, depart- 
 ment of Car.icas. with which it coomiunicates by a good 
 road. Lat. 10° 12' N.. Ion. . 67^55' W. Estimated population 
 17,000. It is finely situated, covers a large surface, and hao 
 an active commerce with Car.icas and Puerto Cabello. 
 
 VA LENCIA, a seaport town and island of Ireland. Se« 
 
 VALENCIA DE ALCANTARA, vd-ljn'the-a ah il-kln'ti-nl, 
 a fortified town of Spain, on a height, near the frontier of 
 I'ortugal, province of Caceres, 25 miles S.W. of AkantarA 
 Pop. 4700. It has a citadel, barracks, and manufactures of 
 hats, linens, and leather, and is supposed to occupy the sit« 
 of the ancient Ormtrafta. 
 
 VALENCIA DE DON JUAN, vi-lJn'the-a dA don Hoo-h\', 
 (anc. Ooiacaf) a to*n of Spain, province and 20 miles S.S.E. 
 of Leon, on the left bank of the ELsa. Pop. 1698. Near it 
 are copper-mines and marble quarries. 
 
 VALENCIA-DE-LAS-TORRES, vd-lJn'the-rl dA Us ton'Rfs, 
 a town of Spain, Estremadura, province and about 40 miles 
 from Badajos. I'op. 1230. 
 
 VALENCIA DEL VENTOSO. va-Un'the-S dM vSn-to/so. or 
 VALENCIA DEL BARRIAL, vaJSn'the-i dJl baR-Re-dl', a 
 town of Spain, province and 43 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 
 2960. It has manufactures of linens and sacking, and some 
 Roman antiquities. 
 
 VALENCIA (vd-lJn/she-a) LAKE OF, or TACARIGUA 
 td-kd-ree'gwi, is near the Caribbean Sea, 2 miles E. of the 
 alx)ve city. Length 22 miles, average breadth 6 miles. 
 Me.an depth from 12 to 15 fathoms. Shores desert on the 
 S., but on the N. well cultivated. It contains many islands, 
 and receives the river Aragua. 
 
 VALENCIANA, vd-lcn-se-ji'nd, a famous silver-mine and 
 small town of the Mexican C'onfwleration, state and a few 
 miles N, of Guanajuato. From 1771 to 1804 the mine yielded 
 an annual produce of 600,000i., but the works have been 
 subsequently destroyed. 
 
 VALENCIENNES, vdM6se'se-2nn', (anc. rakntia'na.) a for- 
 tified town of France, department of Nord, on the Scheldt, 
 (Escaut.) and on the railway from Paris to Mons. 27 miles S.E. 
 of Lille. Lat. 50° 21' N., Ion. 3° 31' E. Pop. in 1852,23.2&X It 
 has a citadel on an island in the Scheldt ; a fine town-hall and 
 belfry; several churches, a general and two military hospi- 
 tals ; asylums, barracks, an arsenal, a public library and mu- 
 seum, and a theatre. Its industry is very variou.s, comprising 
 manufactures of lace, linen and lawn, printed mu.slius, beet 
 root sugar, gold and silver tissues, toys, earthenware, and 
 leather, being the principal : and it has numerous bleaching 
 and dye works, with a brisk trade in timber, coal, and agri- 
 cultural produce. It was taken in 1793 by the English and 
 Austrians after a siege of six weeks. Ihe historian Frois- 
 sart was born here in 1337. 
 
 VALENS, vd'lSxo/, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton and 32 miles S.S.E. of St. Gall. 
 
 VALENSOLE, vdUON^^sol', (anc. Vaflens Snla>riumt) a town 
 of France, department of Basses-Alpes, 30 miles S.W. of 
 Digne. Pop. in 1852, 3151. 
 
 VALENSOLLE, vdHSNo'soll', a market-town of France, 
 department of Basses-Alpes, 22 miles S.W. of Digne. Pop. 
 in 1S52, 3151. 
 
 VALENTANO, vd-lSn-td'no, (anc. reren/lum,) a town of 
 Italy, Pontifical States, 18 miles N.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 1000. 
 
 V.\LENTIA, France. See Vaixsoe. 
 
 VALENTIA EDETANORUM. See Valencia. 
 
 VALENTIA, VALENCIA, vd-ljn/sho-a, or KENMORE/, an 
 island off the W. coast of Ireland. Munster, co. of Kerry. 3 
 miles S.W. of Cahirciveen, and separated from the mainland 
 by a strait I5 miles in breadth, and which forms the most 
 W, harbor in the British Islands; lat. 61° 55' 8" N., Ion. 
 10° 19' W. Length of island 7 miles, breadth 2 miles. It 
 gives the title of Viscount to the Annesley family. 
 
 VALENTIA or VALENCIA, a town or village at the S.E. 
 extremity of the i.sland of Valentia, Ireland, is beautifully 
 enclosed among brown mountain slopes. Pop. of town and 
 parish, 2482. The harbor is deep, capacious, and com- 
 pletely land-locked, and being the most Sv. port of Europe, 
 has lately attracted considerable attention in consequence 
 of a proposal to make it the W. terminus of railway com- 
 munication, and a principal station for Atlantic steamers. 
 
 V.iLENTIA, an island in the Red Sea. See D188EE. 
 
 VALI^N'TIA. a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 VALENTIANA. See Valencien.nes. 
 
 VALENTINE, vd'lSN'Heen', a town of France, department 
 of Haute-Garonne, 1 mile S.W. of St. Gaudens, on the 
 Garonne. Pop. 1500, who manufacture woollen,s. 
 
 VALENZ.\, vd-l^n'zd, (anc, FuVvii F')>T~um; Vcdcnti'num f) 
 a town of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 7 miles N, of 
 Alessandriii, on the Po. Pop. 7477. It is enclosed by walls, 
 entered by 4 gates, and hai= manufacturee of woollen cloth, 
 soap, and leather. 
 
 2011 
 
VAL 
 
 VAtKNZATfO, ri-lfn-z^no, a town of Naples, province 
 and S. of Bari. Pop 24S0. , „ . ^, 
 
 VALKNZUELA, Ta-lJn-thwa/ll a Tillage of Spain, >ew 
 CastUe, province and 10 miles from Ciudad-Real. Pop. 
 
 VALEXZUELA, a town of Spain, province and 28 mues 
 E.S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2224. 
 
 VALEKA-DB-ABAJO. yi-Wri-dk-i-hi'EO, a town of Spam, 
 New Castile, province and 20 mile.s from Cuenca. Pop. 109O. 
 
 VALEKA-l)I-)-ARiaBA. vd-lA'ri-dA-aK-Ree'iii, a town of 
 Spain, Xew Castile, province and S. of Cueuea. Pop. 1187. 
 
 A'ALESPIR, viU^s'peea', an ancient district of Franctj, 
 which belonged to the former province of Hous.'illon, and Is 
 now included in the department of Pyrenees-Orien tales. 
 
 VALETTA, yi-lit/ii, or LA VALETTA, Id vi-let/td, a sea- 
 port city, capital of the island of Malta, on the N.E. coa,st, 
 lat. (of palace.) 35° d-S' 48" N., Ion. 14° 31' Li" K. It is pic- 
 turesquely situated on a long neck of land called Mount 
 Xiberras, which, with the maiuland on either side of it, 
 forms two large and commodious harbors, one on the E.. 
 called the Great Harbor, and the other on the W. called 
 Marsa .Musceit. or the Quarantine Harbor. The view, on 
 approaching it from the sea, is .singularly magnificent. At- 
 tention is fi'ret attracted by the mxssiveness and strength of 
 its fortifications. The.se consist principally of Forts St. Klnio 
 and Ricasoli. guarding the grand barlior. the former an 
 enormous work of granite, with barracks sunk in its lower 
 bastions for 2000 men; Fort St. Angelo, Forts Tigne and 
 Manuel, guarding the quarantine hartx)r. and the lines of 
 Floriana, extending from harbor to harbor, across the isth- 
 mus. The unevenness of the site makes it necessary to 
 keep up the communication between the different streets by 
 flights of steps, forming one of the peculiar features of the 
 pUce. The principal street, called Strada Reale, stretches 
 across the crest of the hill, and the other leading street' run 
 parallel to it at lower elevations. All these streets are wide, 
 and well paved with lava. There are also spacious and hand- 
 some squares in different parts of the town : and in the lower 
 part, or Marina, the splendid quays, with the elegant edifices 
 which line them, are especially deserving of notice. Besides 
 the town proper, Valetta comprises a number of suburbs, 
 of which the most important are Floriana. immediately be- 
 yond the lines already mentioned ; and Sanglea. Burmola, 
 and Vittoriosa. on the E. side of the great harbor. 
 
 The ecclesiastical edifices include 20 churches, of which 
 the cathedral, built in 1-580. is. though not externally at- 
 tractive, by far the most interesting. Along its mosaic pave- 
 ment are numerous tombs of the knights of Malta, repre- 
 sented in white marble, and in full costume: other more 
 gorgeous monuments stand around in marble and bronze: 
 and among other pictures, the " Beheading of St. John." 
 r^^rded as one of the finest works of Caravaggio; in a 
 chapel are deposited the keys of Jerusalem, Acre, and 
 Rhodes. The other more remarkable buildings and estab- 
 lishments are the Palace of the Grand Master, now the go- 
 vernor's residence, with a corridor hung with portraits of 
 the knights, and an armory, which, besides eontiining 10.000 
 muskets for actual service, is rich in trophies and ancient 
 armor; the Library and Museum adjoining the Palace, the 
 University, founded towards the close of the last century, 
 and furnishing at a very moderate expense a regular etiii- 
 cation in divinity, law, meilicine. and arts : the English Col- 
 legiate Church of St. Paul, founded by Queen Adelaide at a 
 cost of IS.OOOi. ; the Exchange, theatre, the Militarv Hospi- 
 tal, occupying a noble eilifice erected by the knights: the 
 Naval Hospital, two civil hospitjils, one for males occu- 
 pying the old monastery of Maddalena. and another for 
 females founded by a lady of Sienna ; several auberges, or 
 separate knights' palaces, some of them remarkable for their 
 magnificence, and the beauty of their architecture; the 
 dockyard, capable of admitting the largest man-of-war: the 
 House of Industry, the extensive barracks, the burial- 
 grounds, formed out of the bastions of the fortifications 
 around Valetta; the great aqueduct, extending from Citta- 
 Aecchia; and the Botanic Garden, in the suburb Floriana. 
 
 The only manufactures of any consequence are carried 
 on at the Creek of Sanglea. where many excellent merchant 
 vessels are built, and fitted out at private building-yards ; 
 the trade is always important in time of war, when the 
 fctrong and central position of Malta makes it a great em- 
 porium for the traffic of the Mediterranean ; when the more 
 natural channels are open, it becomes insignificant in time 
 of peace. Having scarcely any resources within itself. Va- 
 letta depends on other countries for the chief necessaries 
 or ifc. importing corn, oil, and wine from Italy and Sicily 
 and rattle and horses, chiefly from Barbary.' and partly 
 alTO from Ori*cc and Albania. The mail-steamers for Alex- 
 andria. Constantinople. &c., call here regxvlarly. It was 
 fouud.,1 by the Grind Master. Valette, in 1566. occupied by 
 
 ilb^ut'sofm ' ""* ^^^"^ ^^ ^^^ ^"'^""•^ '" ^^"1- ^'°P- 
 
 rfVa^Til^ll^v V '*;'i**'-," ""*!^* "^ ^""'<'«' department 
 Of V a,, 4 mile, ^ j^ ^.f Toulon. Pop. 1800. 
 
 ^ALPEXERA, vil-fA-nA/ri, a village of the Sardinian 
 State-, province of Asti, near VUlanuova. Pop. 1572. 
 
 VAL 
 
 TALGANA. v3l-g3'ni, a virage of Northern Italy, provinco 
 and about 22 miles X.W. of Como. Near it are quarries of 
 alabaster, and red marble and iron-mines. Pop. 1010. 
 
 VALGORGE, vdrgoRzh'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ardeche, 9 miles W.X.AV. of Largeutiere. Pop. 1400 
 
 VALGRAXA, val-grd/nd. a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division and S miles W. of Coni. near the Grana. Pop. 2181. 
 
 VALGREGHEXTIXO, val-gr.H'hJn-tee'uo, a village 'f 
 Northern Italv, province and 18 miles E.X.E. of Como, on 
 the Adda. Pop. 1040. 
 
 VALGU.\RXERA. vil-gwaR-ni/rJ, a town of Sicily, pro- 
 vince and 25 miles W.X.W. of Xoto. Pop. 5500. 
 
 VALK or WALK, villk, a town of Russia, government of 
 Livonia. 90 miles X.E. of Riga. Pop. 1800. 
 
 VALKEXBURG, vai'ken-bt>oRG\ (Fr. FuuquemmU fo'keh- 
 mAN"'.) a town of Dutch Limburg, on the Geul, and on the 
 railway to Aix-la-Chapelle. 7 miles E. of Jlaestricht. Pop. 717. 
 
 VALKI or ■\VALK1, vilHiee, a townof Rus.sia. goveruincut 
 and 27 miles W.S.W. of Kharkov, on an affluent of the 
 Donets. Pop. 8937. It has 6 large annual fairs. 
 
 V.\LL, voU, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Stuhlweis- 
 senburg, aboi^t 16 miles from Martonvasar. Pop. 2197. 
 
 VALLABREGUES, varid'braig/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Gard, on the Rhone, 13 miles E. of Ximes. P. 1600. 
 
 VALLADA. vdl-lri/l>3, a village of Spain, province and 40 
 miles S.W. of Valencia, on the Caiiolas. Pop. 1973. 
 
 VALLADOLID. vaPla-do-lid', (Sp. prou. vdl-yS-Do-leeD'.) 
 (anc. PiiiHia.) a city of Spain, capital of a province, on the 
 left bank of the Pisuerga, at the influx of the E.«gueva. 27 
 miles S.S.W. of Palencia; laL 41° 40' N., Ion. 4° 42' W. 
 It is enclosed by old walls, entered by 6 gates, and has 
 many large and decayed dwellings, having been the resi- 
 dence of the court, prior to its removal to JIadrid, at the 
 end of the 16th century. Valladolid is subdivided into 16 
 parishes; principal edifices, an unfinished and h.alf ruined 
 cathedral, and the Palace of Philip III. : hospitals, asy- 
 lums, barracks, a museum containing paintings, sculptures, 
 and a library of 14,000 volumes. The University, one of 
 the best in Spsiin. is chiefly celebrated for jurisprudence, 
 and was attended in 1841 by 1300 students. It has manu- 
 factures of silk, cotton, and woollen stuffs; jewellery, hats, 
 linen, and cotton yarn; paper, perf urn -■^ry , earthenwares, 
 and leather ; and the city has a trade in white wines, madder, 
 silk, and olives, raised in its vicinity. It is the residence of 
 a captain-general, a military intendant, and other authori- 
 ties, and is a see suffragan to that of Toledo. Belad Waleed, 
 (or Belad-Walid.) as it was called by the Moors, was wrested 
 from them by OrdoBo II., in 920. At the begining of the 
 15th century, when it became the residence of Juau II., it 
 was already consideretl the finest town in Castile; under 
 Charles V. it was adorned with splendid eilifices, and his son 
 Philip II. favored his native place; he gnve it the title o' 
 City in 1596, having induced Clement VIII. to elevate it tc 
 a bishopric in the preceding year. On the removal of the 
 court to Madrid, it began to decline. Columbus died here 
 in 1506, and Ilernandes the great artist in 1636. Philip II. 
 was born here in 1527. Pop. 30.000. 
 
 VALLADOLID. a province of Spain, Old Cistile ; area 2984 
 square miles. Pop. 210,000. 
 
 VAL'LADOLID', (Sp. pron. v3l-yil-Do-leei)',) a city of the 
 Mexican Confederation, capital (?) of the state of Micho- 
 aean. in a fine vallev, 115 miles W'.X.'VV. of Mexico; lat. 
 19° 42' N., Ion. 100° "52' E. Estimated population 18,000. 
 It has a magnificent cathedral, and numerous other rich 
 churches. It was the birth-place of Iturbide, the short-lived 
 Emperor of Mexico. 
 
 V.\LLADOLID. the second city of Yucatan, capital of a 
 department of its own name. 90 miles E.S.E. of Merida. Its 
 appearance from a distance is verj' pretty, each house having 
 a little garden in front, filled with trees and flowers. The 
 streets are well laid out and clean, but grass grows in the 
 centre of the most frequented. The houses are principally 
 of one story, with flat roofs, large doors, and barred windows, 
 with court-yards and stone and mortar floors. It has some 
 good public buildings; a fine square, a h.andsome stone 
 church, a town-house, elegant aqueduct, which supplies the 
 town with water; and a pretty large cotton factory, built of 
 stone. The sellers in the market-place are principally In- 
 dians, squatted about upon the ground, with small pieces of 
 meat laid out iu piles, and vegetaVjles displiiyed in the same 
 mail' or upon benches be.side them in the public square. 
 Valladolid is noted throughout the peninsula for the salu- 
 brity of its climate, and is much resorted to on this account 
 by invalids from other parts of the province. P. about 15,000. 
 
 VALLADOLID DE COMAYAGUA. See Comataoua. 
 
 VALLAMARTIX, vai-yd-maR-teen', a town of Spain, 
 Andalusia, province and 44 miles N.E. of Cadiz, at the con- 
 fluence of the Sarracin with the Guadalete. Pop. 3176. 
 
 VALL.iTA. vdl-13'ti. a town of Naples, province of Priu- 
 cipato Ultrji. district and 13 miles S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 4400. 
 
 VALLAURIS, vdrio'rees', (anc. TaVlia Au'reaf) a village of 
 France, department of Var, 10 miles S.E. of Grasse. Near it 
 is a mine of manganese. Pop. 2282. 
 
 VAI^L-W, a small island of Scotland, Outer Ilebrides, on. 
 of Inverness, parish and on the N.W. coast of North Uist, 
 
"VAL 
 
 VAL 
 
 from which it is separated by a narrow sound. Length 2 
 miles. Pop. 59. 
 
 VALL-DE-UXO. a town of Spain. See Valle-de-Ujo. 
 
 VAr.,LD01?F, \dll'doRf\ a Tillage of Prussia, province of 
 We.stphalla, government of Minden. Pop. 1113. 
 
 VAijLECt'TO, a mining town of Calaveras co., California, 
 about 5 miles N. of the Stanislaus Kiver. Pop. iu 1800, 
 about 1600. 
 
 VALLECORSA, vdWi-koR/sil, a town of Italy, Pontifical 
 States, delesation and 14 miles S.E. of Frosinone. I'op. 32.S0. 
 
 VAL'LE-CRU'CIS, a ruined abbey of Wales, co. of Denbigh, 
 parish of Llangollen. It was founded by a prince of Powys 
 for Ci-'tercian monks. 
 
 VAL'LE CRU'CIS, a post-office of Watauga co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 VALLE BE ABDALA.TIS, vSl'y.i di\ ab-dd-M-Hees', a town 
 of Spain, province and 12 miles N.N.W. of Malaga. P. 3211. 
 
 VALLE-DE-GUERRA, viVyk dd ghl-rjRi, a village of 
 the Canaries, i.sland of Teneriffe. Pop. 1258. 
 
 VALLE-DE-SANTA-ANNA, vdl'yA dA sdn'tl Sn'nd. a Til- 
 lage of Spain, Estremadura, province and about 40 miles 
 from Badajos. Pop. 1406. 
 
 VALLE-DE-UJO, (or -UXO,) vil'yA dA oo'ho, or VALL-DR- 
 UJO, vdl dA oo/ho, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles 
 S.AV. of Castcllon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 6847. It has potteries 
 and distilleries. 
 
 VALLE DI FIANO-NA. See Fianosa. 
 
 VALLEDUL5I0, vSl-lA-dool'mo, or YAI^DELL'-OLMO, 
 Til-dJl-ol'mo, a town of Sicily, province and 40 miles S.E. of 
 Palermo. Pop. 3800. 
 
 VALLEGTO, v3l-lA/jo, a village of Austrian Italy, province 
 and 16 miles S.W. of Verona, near the Mincio. It has an 
 old castle, with a lofty dungeon, and a remarkable bridge or 
 causeway, about 600 yards long, battlemented on either .«ide, 
 and defended by several lofty towers. Pop., including four 
 adjacent villages, 4000. 
 
 VALLE-III'IRMOSO, vAl/yA Sn-mo'so, a town of the Cana- 
 ries, N. end of the island of Gomera. It consists of 500 houses, 
 including several hamlets. Pop. 2857. 
 
 VALLEJO, val-yA/no or val-lA'ho, the former capital of 
 California, is situated on the N. side of the entrance of the 
 fltrait connecting San Pablo and Suisun Bays. It waa named 
 in honor of General A'allejo, who agreed to give to the state 
 a quantity of liind and a large sum of money, on condition 
 of its being made the capital. It is in Solano co., 28 miles 
 N.N.E. of San Francisco. The steamboats running between 
 San Francisco and Sacramento pass Vallejo. See .Appesmx. 
 
 VALLE-LAGARINA, villA M-gS-ree/nd, is a town of the 
 Tyrol, circle of Roveredo. Pop. 2400. 
 
 VALLELONGA, vJl-lA-lon'gd, a town of Naples, province 
 cf Calabria Ultra II., E. of Monteleone. It is supposed to 
 occupy the site of the ancient Kicfphr»-a. 
 
 VALLELUNGA, vAllA-loon'ga, a town of Sicily, Intend- 
 ency and 18 miles N.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. SiJOO. 
 
 VALLENDAR. vdl'len-<laR\ a village of Rheni.^h Prnssia. 
 3 miles N.N.E. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2910. It has 
 an ancient ca.stle. 
 
 VALLENGIN, vAriSN'^zhSNo', or VALANGIN. vAMft>--='- 
 zhl\N<'', a small town of Switzerland, canton and 2 miles N.W. 
 of Neufchatel, in the fertile Val de Buz, with a castle and a 
 Gothic church. Pop. 6300. 
 
 VAL'LEXS, a post-office of Sumrilit CO.. Ohio. 
 
 VALLERAUGUH, vAPleh-rog', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Gard, on the Ilerault, 39 miles N.W. of Nimes. Pop. 
 In 1852. 4190. 
 
 VALLE-ROTONDA, vSllA ro-ton'dJ. a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, district of Sora, 8 miles 
 N.W. of Venafro. Pop. 2200. 
 
 VALLES, vdl'yfs, a town of Mexico, state and 135 miles 
 E. by S. of San Luis Potosi, on the Montezuma. Pop. 3500. 
 
 VALLET. vAlMA/. a town of France, department of Loirc- 
 Inferieure, 13 miles E.S.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 6268. 
 
 VAI/LEY, a township of Montour co., I'eunsylvania. Pop. 
 901. 
 
 VALLEY, a post-office of Tazewell co., AMrgiiria. 
 
 VALLEY, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas. 
 
 V.\LLFiY, a post>offlce of Washington co., Iowa. 
 
 VALLEY, a post-office of Mercer co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 A' ALLEY, a post-office of Stark co.. Illinois. 
 
 VALLEY FALLS, a manufacturing post-village in Smith- 
 Ce'.d township. Providence co., Rhode Island. 7 miles N. by 
 E. of Providence. It contains 5 large cotton-mills. 3 of which 
 are owned by H. & S. B. Chase. Pop. about 1(K)0. 
 
 VALLEY FALLS, a post-office of Marion co., W. A'irginia. 
 
 VALLEY FARM, a post-office of Jackson co.. Indiana. 
 
 VALLEY FORGE, a post-village on the line between CheB- 
 ter and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania, on the right 
 bank of the Schuylkill River, and on the Reading Railroad. 
 miles above Norristown. It is situated at the month of 
 Valley Creek, and contains a cotton factory. It is memo- 
 rable for the sufferings of AVashington's army, during the 
 winter of 1777-8. 
 
 VALLEY FORGE, a post-office of .Tasper co.. Missouri. 
 
 A'ALLEY FORGE, a post-office of Pulaski co.. Illinois. 
 
 VALLEY GROVE, a post-office of Monroe co.. Arkansas. 
 
 VALLEY HiiAD, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alaiinma. 
 about 200 miles N. by E. of Montgomery. 
 
 A'ALLEY HEAD, a post-office orRiuniolphco..W.A'irgiuia. 
 
 A'ALLEY PLACE, a village of Harris co., Georgia, 32 miii* 
 N.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 VALLEY i>OINT. a post-office of Preston CO., W.A'irginia. 
 
 A'ALLEY PRAIRIE, a post-office of Barry co., Missouri. 
 
 A'AI/LEYTOWN, a post-office of Cherokee co.. North Ca 
 rolina. 
 
 VALLIEVO or VALLJEVO, vil-le-A/vo, a town of Servia, 
 55 miles S.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 4500. It is reported to h»ve 
 numerous mosques and well frequented markets. 
 
 A' ALLIQUIERA'ILLE.vAriee'ke-aiB'veel'. a town of France, 
 department of Seine-Inferieure, 3 miles W. of Yvetot 
 Pop. 1600. 
 
 A'ALIA It' eel vjl/lo, a town of Naples, province of Prin- 
 cipato Citra, 41 miles S.S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 2400. 
 
 A'ALLOIRE. vdriwAa'. a village of the Sanlinian States, 
 division of Savoy, 9 miles S.S.E. of St. Jean-de-Maurieune. 
 Pop. 1826. 
 
 A'ALLON, vAPIAn"', a market-town of France, department 
 of Ardeche, 10 miles S.S.E. of Largentifere. Pop. in 1852, 
 2756. Near it is a cataract of the Ardeche above a natural 
 bridge. 
 
 A'ALLON, a town of France, department of Sarthe, K miles 
 W.S.W. of Le M»ns. Pop. 1600. 
 
 VALLON, a town of France, department of Aliier, 14 miles 
 N. of Montlucon. Pop. 1000. 
 
 A'ALLONGO, a village of Portugal. See A'.^LONOO. 
 
 VALLO'NI.\, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 74 
 miles S. of IndianapoMs. 
 
 A'ALLONIA SPRINGS, a post-office of Broome co.. Now 
 York. 
 
 VALLORBE. vArioRb'. a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of A'aud. near the French frontier, 8 miles W. of Orbsv 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 A'ALLOUISE. vArioo-eez'. a village of France, department 
 of Ilautes-Alpes. 8 miles AV.S.AV. of Brian^n. Pop. 1200. 
 
 VALLS, vMs. a town of Spain, province and 10 miles \. 
 of Tarragona, in a plain watered >py the Francoli. Pop. 
 11.084. who spin cotton and woollen yarn, di.stil brandy, and 
 manufacture leather and soap. The French under St. Cyr 
 defeated the Spaniards here in 1809, but were in their turn 
 defeated in 1811. 
 
 VALLY. vAl'lee', (anc. Ad VaVhsr) a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Savoy, province of Chablais, near Thonon. 
 It has tine marble quarries. Pop. 1165. 
 
 VALJIACCA. vAl-mdk'kA. a village of the Sardinian Shites, 
 divi.»ion of Alessandria, province of Casale,nearFrai,i>inetto. 
 Pop. 1.309. 
 
 VALMADRERA.vAl-mAdr.VrA. a village of Northern Italy, 
 province and about 15 miles from Como. Pop. 2848. 
 
 VALAIASEDA, vai-mS-sA'pA. a walled town of Spain. pr<». 
 vince of Biscay. 22 miles AV.S.AV. of Bilbao, on the S.tlcedon. 
 Pop. 1384. It has a custom-house, copper and iron works, 
 tanneries, and coal-mines. 
 
 A'ALMONT. vAPmANo'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-InfiTieure. 13 miles N.AV. of A'vetot. P. 1100. 
 
 VALMONTOXE, vAl-mon-to'nA, a village of Italy, Ponti- 
 fical States, delegation of Frosinone. 25 miles S.E. of Rome. 
 
 VALAIOZZOLA, vAl-mot/.so-lA, or P1EVF>DT-VALM0ZZ0- 
 LA, pe-A'vA dee vAl-niot'so-l A, a village of Northern Italy, 30 
 miles S AV. of Parma, on the Mozzola. Pop. 1869. 
 
 VALAIY, vAI'mee', a village of France, department of 
 Marne. arrondissement of Ste. Menehould. Here, in 1792, 
 the Pru.ssians were defeated by Kellerman. 
 
 A'ALOGNES. vA'loii'. a town of France, department of 
 Manche. on the Morderet. 11 miles S.E.of Cberliourg. Pop. 
 in 1852, 6072. It has a communal college, and manufactures 
 of bats, l.tce. and gloves. 
 
 A'ALOIS, vA'lwA'. an old district of France, now comprised 
 in the departments of Oise and Ai.sne. 
 
 A'ALOXA. a town of European Turkey. See Aviona. 
 
 A'ALONGO, vA-long'go, or VALLONGO. a large village of 
 Portugal-, province of Alinho. 7 miles E.N.E. of Oporto, and 
 where most of the breatl consumed in that city is mnde. 
 Here are some productive antimony and other mines, known 
 and wrought durini the Roman dominion. 
 
 VALONOO or VALLONGO-DO-VOUGA, vAl-long'so do 
 vfVgA. a village of Portugal, province of Douro, on the A'ouga, 
 about 10 miles from Aveiro. Pop. 2160. 
 
 A'ALOR. vA-1or'. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province 
 and about 55 miles from Granada, S. side of the Sierra 
 Nevada. Pop. 1644. 
 
 VALPARAISO. vIlpA-rl'so. (i. e. A'al de Paraiso. " A'ale of 
 Paradise" — .so named from its delightful situation.') the 
 capital of a province of its own name, and the principal port 
 of Chili, is situated on a larire bav in the I'acific. 90 miles 
 W.N.AV. of Santiago: lat. .33° 1' 5'6" S.. Ion. 71° 41' 45'' AV. 
 The Bay of A'alparaiso is of a .semicircular form, and capable 
 of accommodating a very large fleet. It is well sheltered 
 on the E., S.. and AA'.. but is entirely open towards the 
 N.: and during the prevalence of winds from this quarter 
 in the winter season, accompanied as they always are by 
 a heavy rolling sea. the shijppiug is much exposed, and 
 
 2013 
 
VAL 
 
 eerlons accidents often take place. The town has a Tery \'lc- 
 turesque situation. The part properly called the Port is built 
 on the lowerslofesof araiigeof lofty hei-hts which encircle 
 the bay. and on a narrow beach, widened here and there by 
 deep cuttings into these steep acclivities. The Almendral, 
 formerly a rural suburb, is gradually becoming the principal 
 part of the town. Here the base of the hills is farther 
 removed frt)m the .sea than it is in the W. part or Port, and 
 the intervening gp-ice being quite level, forms excellent 
 building-ground. Valparaiso cannot boast of fertile envi- 
 ri'Bs : the hiily nature of the country, but especially the 
 want of water, restrict agricultur.al operations to very narrow 
 limits, con.sequently it is chiefly indebted to other parts of 
 the country for its supplies of provisions; thus Santiago 
 furnishes cattle; Aconcagua and Quillota, fruit, vegetables, 
 and brandy; flour is obtained from different points, princi- 
 pallv from the S. A fine carriage-road, the best in the 
 couotry, connects this place with the capital. But the rail- 
 way to Santiago, passing through the rich valleys of Quillota 
 and Aconcagua, a work of great magnitude, cannot fail to 
 be of the highest benefit in a country so mountainous and 
 BO deficient in good roads. 
 
 Valparaiso is ill paved; the houses have nothing remark- 
 able ; few can be called handsome. Of the public buildings, 
 the C*stom-house. situated near the landing-place, is the 
 only one worthy of notice. It has an extended fa(;ade. sur- 
 mounted by a tower of elegant design ; the stores attached 
 to it are extensive. The merchants have an exchange and 
 reading-room, where they meet to transact business, and 
 read foreign journals, with which it is plentifully supplied. 
 The theatre is one of the best in South America, and is gene- 
 rally well attended. Valparaiso has two parish churches, 
 La-Matriz in the Port, and Los-SantosApostoles in the 
 A!mendral, besides chapels in different parts of the town; 
 also several convents for males..and one of French nuns, 
 chiefly intended for the education of poor children. The 
 Protestants have two places of worship, one ISritish Episco- 
 palian and one Inde|^>endent ; they have also a cemetery of 
 their own. There are in Valparaiso a British naval hospital, 
 two hospitals for other foreigners, and one for natives, Val- 
 paraiso possesses no public library or scientific institution; 
 the inhabitants generally are not much given to reading or 
 study. There are, however, numerous schools for both sexes, 
 in most of which the English language is freely taught, this 
 being considered by the Valparaisians to be an essential 
 branch of education, Valparaiso has 3 printing-presses, 
 and 2 daily papers. There arealso 2 clubs, chiefly frequented 
 hy foreigners. Hotels and cafes are numerous, and are 
 chiefly kept hy Frenchmen. The foreigners in Valparaiso 
 constitute no slight proportion of the population. The 
 English are the most numerous, then the Germans, French, 
 and Americans; they live in perfect harmony with the 
 natives, who here more than anywhere else in Chili have 
 experienced the benefit, and appreciated the value of such 
 a;n element of civilization. Many of the artisans are Euro- 
 pean; so are the principal houses of business, together with 
 their numerous retinues of clerks; and this gives to the 
 foreign body a standing and influence it possesses in no 
 other part of the country or the coast. 
 
 From the moment that Chili attained the rank of an inde- 
 pendent state, and was left free to hold out the hand of 
 fellowship to the nations of the earth, A'alparaiso began 
 rapidly to advance in commercial importance; indeed, with 
 the single exception of San Francisco in California, no place 
 Is to be found on the W. side of the continent that can be 
 compared with it in the rapidity of its growth. In 184-5 the 
 value of the imports of the whole country (nine-tenths at 
 least being through Valparaiso) was S9,100.tX>0: that of the 
 export*", $7,600,000. In 1851, after the gold discoveries in 
 California, the former rose to $15,8-30.000. and the latter to 
 $9,000,000; whereof $4,280,000, and $4.&42,000 res-pectively 
 were from and to Great Britain. The above finures do not 
 include the value of goods introduced in transitu, and which 
 is of considerable magnitude. In 1845 the number of vessels 
 that entered the harbor was 859: in 1851 it increased to 
 1561. In the first of these years the income derived from 
 *o'f??,^'° ■,^^'P*'"*''* **^ $1,605,000; in the second 
 $.2,435,000. Valparaiso, as a seat of commerce, possesses 
 advantages of no ordinary kind. It is the first port of any 
 note In the South Pacific. It lies ot)posite the Australian 
 colonies, and stands on the direct route of vessels proceeding 
 to California and the other countries bordering on the Pacific, 
 '»- moreover, the port of the capital, and the natural 
 outlet of large tracts of fertile land. Thus, independentlv 
 or being the centre of a very extensive local trade, it is the 
 general rendezvous of ships entering the Pacific: besides 
 being the emporium from which Bolivia, the South Sea 
 islands, and a variety of other states draw their supplies 
 of foreign commodities, and the port which chiefly provides 
 .«w "" r'"^'"^''*"'"^* "*■ **"" "^'^^ ««"" wheat, and other 
 CMnr,!f. ,*'"^";^'r- The discovery of the gold-fields in 
 bv l^Ti^f ■ t'*'''",' •""'■'' *" '^""^ importance cff Valparaiso. 
 
 ^ll-.. .J-» n u'-'*' ""' P''"^^^ *° '^y ""thing of the n.any 
 tha^^ call h«re lor supplies on their way to and from 
 
 VAN 
 
 that country. A similar intercourse has sprung tip lately 
 with Australia in consequence of like discoveries there. 
 That portion of the Argentine Provinces situated along the 
 E. base of the Andes, is chiefly dependent on Valparaiso for 
 European fiibrics and all articles not produced by its own 
 soil; this branch of trade has become more important since 
 the expulsion of Kosas from Buenos- Ayres. This also is the 
 bead-quarters of the foreign ships-of-war stationed in the 
 Pacific. During the Spanish domination. Valparaiso was a 
 place of very little note, and was scarcely known to the 
 world. In 1819 the population barely amounted to 5'JOO 
 souls; in 184", 40,000; and in 1854 (estimated at) 60,000. 
 
 VALPARAISO, a maritime province of Chih, formerly 
 included in that of Santiago, but erected into a separate 
 territorial division hy the law of October 27th, 1842. Its 
 VV. border is the Pa<ific Ocean. Pop, in 1S47, 75,962. 
 
 VALPARAISO, varpa-ri/zo, a post-village, capital of Por- 
 ter CO., Indiana, on the Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad, 
 and on .Salt Creek, 44 miles S.E. of Chicago. It contains a 
 conrt-honse. 2 or 3 churches, and a bank. Pop. 1G9S. 
 
 VALPERG.4, vdl-p^R/gi, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont, 13 miles AV.S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 3500. 
 
 VALPO, vil'po, a town of Slavonia, with a castle, near 
 the Drave, 16 miles W,N.W. of Eszek, 
 
 VALRfi.iS, T.irrA*3', a town of France, department of 
 Vauduse, 19 miles N.E. of Orange. Pop. in 1852, 4713. 
 
 VALS. vdl. a market-town of France, department of Ar- 
 d^che, 12 miles AV.S.W, of Prlvas. Pop. in 1852, 2875. Close 
 to it are 6 clialybeate springs, much frequented by visitors. 
 
 VALSEQUILLO, vil-.s.'l-keel'yo, a town of the Canary 
 Islands, on the E. side of Grand C.inary Island. Pop. 2788 
 
 VALSTAGNA, valstdu'yi, a village of Austrian Italy, 23 
 miles N.E. of Vicenza, on the Brenta. Pop. 2200. It has 
 manufactures of Tyrolese hats, and trade in charcoal. 
 
 VALSUGANA, vdl-soo-gl'nd, a market-town of Austria, 
 Tyrol, on the Brenta. and the road from Trent to the Vene- 
 tian frontiers. Pop. 2600. 
 
 VALT.\NAS, a town of Spain. See Balt.vnas. 
 
 VALTELLIXA, vai-t^l-lee/ui, or VALTELLINE, Tll-t?!- 
 leen', a former circle of the Austrian dominions, consisting 
 of the upper valley of the Adda, S.E. of the Grisons, and 
 forming the Austru-Italiau delegjxtion of Sondrio, which, 
 with Tii-ano, Cliiavenim. and Burniio, are its chief towns. 
 
 VALTIEURA. vil-te-^R/Ri, a town of Spain, province of 
 Navarre, on the Ehro, 42 miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 1181. 
 
 VALTOURN.A.XCIIE, vaPtooR^nS-Nsh/, a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, division and 18 miles N.E. of Aosta. P. 1437. 
 
 VALOOIKI, VALOUIKI or WALUJKI, va-loo-ee/kee, a 
 town of Russia, government and 115 miles S.S.W. of Voro- 
 nezh, on the Oskol. here joined by the ValooL Pop. 3200. 
 
 VALV.\, La. Id vdl'vd, a small town of Naples, province 
 of Principato Citra, 10 miles N.E. of Campagna. Pop. ISOO. 
 
 V.\LVKKDE, val-v^R'd.'i, a town of Spain, province ol 
 Badajos, near the Guadiana. 10 miles E. of Merida. Pop 
 1500, 
 
 VALVER/DE, (Sp, pron, vdl-vjR/d.i,) a village of New 
 Mexico, on the left bank of the Rio del Norte, 
 
 VALVERDE, the capital town of the island of Ferro, Ca- 
 naries. Pop. 45S0. 
 
 VALVERPE DE JUCAR, vdl-v^R'd.i dA Hoo^kar, a town 
 of Spain, province and 23 miles S. of Cuenca, near th« 
 Jucar, with a palace of its counts. 
 
 VALVERDE-DE-LA-VERA, vdl-vjR'di di \i vA'rd, a town 
 of Spain, Estremadura, province of Caceres, 12 miles from 
 Jarandilla, Pop. 1314, 
 
 VALVERDE DEL CA5IIN0, Til-v5R/d.i d6l kl-mee'no. a 
 town of Spain, province of Huelva, 38 miles W. of Seville. 
 Pop. 5239. 
 
 VALVERDE DE LEGANES, vil-vfR/d.i dil lA-gd/nos, a 
 town of Spain, province and 12 miles S.W. of Badajos. 
 
 VALVERDE-DEI^FRESNO, vdl-v^R'dA del frJs'no, a village 
 of Spain, Estremadura, 65 miles from Caceres, in a valley. 
 Pop. 1008. 
 
 VALVERDE-DE-LLERENA, vdl-T^R'd.l d.i H-ri'nd. atown 
 of Spain, Estremadura, province of Badajos, 10 miles from 
 Llerena. Pop. 1120. 
 
 VALVERDE-DElrMAJONA, vdl-vja'di dM md-Bo/nd. a 
 a town of Spain. New Castile, province and about 6 miles 
 from Segovia. Pop. 829. 
 
 VALVERDE.TA or VALVERDEXA, vdl-v^R-di/Hd. a mar- 
 ket-town of Spain, province and 50 miles W. jf Toledo, near 
 the Tagus. Pop. 2tJ87. 
 
 VAN, vdn, or WAN, wdn, (anc. Artemitaf) capital of a 
 pashalic of its own name, is a fortified city, on the E. shord 
 of the Lake of Van, 145 miles S.E, of FIrzroom; lat, 38° 30' 
 N., Ion. 43° 40' E. Pop, variously estimated at 12,000 and 
 40,000. It stands enclosed by a double line of ramparts, at 
 the S. face of an isolated rock, crowned by its citadel : it is 
 ill-built, but has several large Armenian churches, mosques, 
 baths, caravanserais. &c. ; bazaars abundantly supplied with 
 produce niisetl in the vicinitj', and some massive and remark- 
 able antiquities, which have been attributed to Scmirami.s. 
 About 500 lix)ms here are reported to be employed in maiiu 
 facturing fabrics from cotton importetl from Persia, and thest 
 goods, with rural produce, constitute its chief exi)ort8 
 
VAN 
 
 VAN, or WAN, PAsnAUC op, (anc. Armenia f) a territory of 
 Turkish Armeuia, between lat. 37° and 39° 30' N., and Ion. 
 i\° and 44° 30' B., having E. Persia, and on the other siJes 
 the pashalics of Kars, Erzroom, Diarbekir, and Mosul. It 
 consists chiefly of a lofty basin surrounded by steep moun- 
 tain.'i, and the centre of which is occupied by tlie Lake of 
 Van, the estimated area of which is 2000 square miles. The 
 corn raised is not sufficient for liome consumption; fruits, 
 ■wine, flax, tobacco, cotton, timber, gall-nuts, manna, and 
 honey are the chief products. Great numbers of live stock are 
 reared. Pop. chiefly Armenian Cliristians in the N., else- 
 where Mohammedans; Turks occupying the centre, and 
 Koord tribes the S. part of the pashalic. 
 
 VAN, LAKE, (anc. Araishaf or TMnisf) a salt lake of 
 Asiatic Turkey, intersected by the parallel 38° 30' N. lat., 
 and the 43d meridian of E. Ion. Greatest length near 70 
 miles, greatest breadth about 50 miles. Area about 2000 
 square miles. It receives the waters of a few small streams, 
 but has no outlet. The town of Van is on its E. shore. 
 
 VANA, VAN or the BHECK'XOGK-BEA'CON. the loftiest 
 mountain of South Wales, county and 5 miles S.W. of Bre- 
 con. Height alx)ve the sea, 2862 feet. 
 
 VAN BUREX, (bu'rgn,) a county in the N. central part 
 of Arkansas, contains 1260 squ.are miles. It is drained by 
 Little Red River. The soil of the river bottoms is fertile, 
 and adapted to cotton, Indian corn, and wheat. Capital, 
 Clinton. Pop. .5.'557, of whom -=1167 were free, and 200 slaves. 
 VAN BUREN, a county in the E. central part of Tennes- 
 see : area estimated at 350 square miles. It is drained by 
 tlie Caney Fork of Cumberland River. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. The county is well timbered, and contains stone- 
 coal. A railroad is projectefl through the county. Capital, 
 Spencer. Pop. 2581, of whom 2312 were free, and 239 slaves. 
 VAN BUREN. a county in the S.W. part of Michigan, 
 bordering on Lake Michigan, contains 033 square miles. 
 It is traversed by the Pawpaw River and its branches, and 
 also drained by Dowagiac River, and the South Branch of 
 Black River. The surface is nearly level, and tlie 'soil fer- 
 tile. About half of the county is heavily timbered, and 
 the remainder consists of plains, with a sparse growth of 
 oaks. Wat«r-power is abundant on the streams, and the 
 Pawpaw is navigable from its mcith to the county seat. The 
 county is intersected by the Michigan Central Itailroad. 
 Capital, Pawpaw. Pop. 15,224. 
 VAN BUREN COUNTY, Mi.ssouri. See Cass. 
 VAN BUREN, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, border- 
 ing on Jlissouri, has an area of 468 square miles. The Des 
 Moines River flows diagonally through the county in a 
 Bouth-east direction, dividing it into nearly equal parts. It 
 is also drained by Fox River, and by Indian. Choquest, and 
 Lick Creeks. The surface is diversified by prairies and forests. 
 The soil is exceedingly rich and well watered. In 1850, 
 Van Buren county produced a greater quantity of oats and 
 wool than any other of the state. There were raised 166,608 
 busliels of oats, and 40,858 pounds of wool. Valuable mines 
 of stone-coal have been opened in the county. The streams 
 afford water-power. Public works are in progress for im- 
 proving the navigation of the Des Moines. The county is 
 traversed by the Des Moines Valley Railroad, which con- 
 nects it with Keokuk on one hand and Des Moines City ou 
 the other. Capital, Keosauqua. Pop. in 1860. 17,081. 
 VAN BUREN, a postoffice of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 VAN BUREN, a post-township of Onondaga CO., New 
 York, on the S. side of Seneca River, intersected by the 
 Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, about 140 miles W. bv N. 
 of Albany. Pop. 3037. 
 
 VAN BUREX,a postofRce, Washington CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 VAN BUREN. a post-village of De Kalb co., Alabama, 150 
 miles N. of Montgomery. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a post-village of Itawamba CO., Mississippi, 
 near Tombigbee River, about 200 miles N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a flourishing post-village and township, 
 capital of Crawford co., Arkansas, 100 miles W.N.W. of Little 
 Rook, and 5 miles E. of the Indian Territory. The village 
 is finely situated on the left (N.) bank of Arkansas River. 
 It is one of the most commercial places in the whole state 
 — the annual sales amounting to more than a million dol- 
 lars. An extensive jobbing business is done here, in sup- 
 plying the .'mailer places of the surrounding country. It 
 iiiis a cotton factory in successful operation, with an engine 
 of 65 horse-power, and a steam flouring-mill making 50 
 barrels per day of the finest flour. The village contains 4 
 churches, including 1 Methodist and 1 Presbyterian, both 
 fine brick edifices. Two newspapers are published here. 
 Stone-coal is found in the vicinity. Laid out about 1841. 
 Pop. in 1860, 969. 
 VAN BUREN. a township, Newton co., Arkansas. 
 V,\N BUREN, a township. Union co.. Arkansas. 
 VAN BUREN, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennessee, 
 172 miles from Nashville. 
 VAN BUREN. a post-ofRce of Anderson CO.. Kentucky. 
 VAN BUREN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. '912. 
 V.A.N BUREN, a post-village and township of Hancock 
 CO.. Ohio, about 100 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 713. 
 VAN BUllE.V, a township, Montgomery CO., Ohio. P. 1722. 
 
 VAN 
 
 VAN BTIREN, a township forming the N.E. exueniity 
 of Putnam co , Ohio. Pop. 625. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a township in the N.W. part of Shelby co., 
 Ohio. Pop: 996. 
 
 V A N BUREN, a township, Wayno CO.. Michigan. P. 1748. 
 
 VAN BURi:N,a township of Brown co., Indiana. P. 1370. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a post-township. Clay co., Indiana. P. 14S8. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a township of Daviess co , Indiana. P. 960. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a township, Fountain CO., Indiana. P. 1266. 
 
 VAN BUREN. a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 882. 
 
 VAN BUR EN, a township, Kosciu.sko co., Indiana. P. 1111. 
 
 VA.V BUREN, a township, Madison co., Indiana. P. 672. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a township, Monroe co., Indiana. P. 1020. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a township, Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 661. 
 
 VAN BUREN. township of Shelbv CO, Indi.ana. Pop. 1108. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a post-office of De Kalb oo., Illinois. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a post-village, capital of Ripley co., Mis- 
 souri, on Current River, 140 miles S.E. by S. of Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 VAN BUREN CENTRE, a post-village of Onondaga co., 
 New York, about 150 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 VAN BUREN FUIUNACE, a post-ofiice of Shenandoah co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 VAN BUREN HARBOR, a post-village of Chautauqua co.. 
 New York, on Lake Erie, 5 miles S.W. of Dunkirk. 
 
 VAN BU'RENSBURG, a small post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 VANCE, vdxss, a village of Belf^um, province of Luxem- 
 bourg, on the Semoy, 5 miles AV. of Arlon. Pop. 1135. 
 
 VANCE'BURG, a post-village of Lewis CO., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio liiver, 20 miles above Maysville, contains several 
 stores, and about 200 inhabitants. There is a quarry of 
 slate and of limestone in the vicinity. 
 
 VANCEBURG, a post-village of Winnebago co., Illinois, 
 near the Chicago and Galena Railroad, about 15 miles W. 
 of Itockford. 
 
 VANCE'S FERRY, a post-village of Orangeburg district. 
 South Caroliua. 
 
 VANCE'VILLE, a small post-village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 VAN CLEVESVILLE, a post-ofiice, Berkeley CO., Virginia. 
 
 VANCOUVER'S, van-koo/vers, or QUADRA (kwSd'ra) aN'D 
 VANCOUVER'S, an island off the W. coast of British North 
 America : lat. 48° 19' to 50° 53' N.. Ion. 123° 17' to 128° 28' W. ; 
 length, from N.AV. to S.E., 278 miles; breadth, varying from 
 50 to 65 miles. On the E. and N.E. it is separated from tlie 
 mainland of British America by the Gulf of Georgia and 
 Queen Charlotte's Sound, and on the S. from that of the 
 United States by the Strait of Juan-<le-Fuca, on the N. and 
 W. it lies open to the North Pacific. The interior, of which 
 scarcely anything is known, is said to be fertile, well-tim- 
 bered, and finely diversified by intersecting mountain-ranges 
 and extensive prairies; the shores, most of which have 
 been carefully explored, are generally high, steep, and 
 rocky, nearly unbroken on the N.E., but presenting in 
 other directions numerous indentations, many of which are 
 60 completely land-locked, either by jjrojecting promontories, 
 or minor islands, stretching acro.ss their mouths, as to form 
 excellent natural harbors.. Among them may be mentioned 
 Nootka Sound on the W.. and Camosack or Victoria Hartor 
 in the S. The only navigable river at present known is 
 that of Nimkis, in the N.E. In the same part of the coast, 
 and it is believed to a considerable extent inland, a field of 
 excellent coal exists, and lies so near the surface, that by 
 the aid of the natives, 60 tons were obtained at an average 
 cost of about $1 per ton ; the seams, however, arc only from 
 10 inches to 18 inches thick. Fogs, remarkable both for den- 
 sity and duration, are of frequent occurrence. The winter is 
 very stormy, and heavy rains fall, particularly in November 
 and December. Frost occurs on the lowlands in January, 
 but seldom continues long, and can scarcely be said to in- 
 interrupt agricultural operations. Vegetation begins to 
 advance in February, makes rapid progre.ss in March, and 
 continues to be fostered by alternating warm showers and 
 sunshine in April .and May. The .summer heats of June 
 and July are excessive, and by the end of August, or begin- 
 ning of September, the long grass has become so thoroughly 
 parched as to lie easily ignited. 
 
 The agricultural capabilities of the island areunque.sti'on- 
 ably great, and the farming operations, carried on chiefly at 
 Victoria, near the harbor of that name, are said to have 
 succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations. The 
 principal products, in addition to those of the .soil, are furs, 
 obtained chiefly from the beaver, racoon, land otter, and 
 sea otter; and fish of the most valu.ible species aVjound on 
 all parts of the coasts. The natives, belonging to twelve 
 tribe-s, of which the Kawitohin, Quaquidts. .and Nootka are 
 the most numerous, are estimated at 11.000. They appear 
 to be industrious and friendly, though much addicted to 
 thieving. The property of the whole island was granted in 
 1849 to the Hudson's Bay Company, under the express con- 
 dition of colonizing it. Attempts with this view h,Hve ac 
 cordingly been made, but have not met with much success, 
 partly in con.^equence of the greater attr.-ictions offered V'y 
 the gold-fields of California p.'.xd Australia. Vancouver's 
 
 . :iOli> 
 
VAN 
 
 relnnd wiui supposed to form part of the mainland till 1799, 
 wh«n the cHptain of an American vessel sailed through the 
 E. channel which separates it. In 1702 it was visited by 
 Vancouver, who gave it the name of Quadra aud Vancouver ; 
 thfl former name, given in compliment to the Spanish com- 
 mandant of Nootka Sound, is now generally dropped. The 
 agents of the Hudson's Bay Company had long been accus- 
 tomed to visit it regularly for the furs and other commodi- 
 ties provided by the natives, but it attracted little attention 
 till recently, when the discussion of the Oregon question 
 brought it prominently into view. By the boundfiry treaty, 
 the entire possession of it has been formally fixed in Great 
 Britain, and there seems no reason to doubt that its posi- 
 tion, its agricultural capabilities, its excellent harbors, and 
 its coal, destine it ere long to occupy a prominent place 
 among their colonial possessions. 
 
 VANCOUVER, FOKT, is the principal settlement of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company. \V. of the Rocky Mountains, in the 
 United States, Washington Territory, on the N. side of Co- 
 lumbia River, here 1 mile acros-s 90 miles from the .«ea. and 
 at the bead of its navigation for sea-going vessels. It con- 
 sists of an oblong picketed enclosure, 600 feet in length by 
 200 feet in breadth, containing dwellings, workshops, and an 
 elementary school; here are granaries, an open village, large 
 farms, fine prairies, and woods belonging to the Company. 
 
 VANDALIA, van-dAle-j, a pos^vlllagfe of Montgomery 
 eo.. Ohio. 
 
 VANDALIA, a post-village of Cass co., Michigan, has 
 grown up since 1850. 
 
 VANDALIA, a post-office of Owen CO., Indiana. 
 
 A'ANDALIA, a post-village, capital of Fayette co., Illinois, 
 and the former capital of the state, is situated on the Kas- 
 kaskia River, where it is crossed by the National Road, 80 
 miles S.S.K. of Springfield. It w.as laid out in 1818, and re- 
 mained the seat of government till 1836, during which period 
 it continued to flourish, and the population increased to 
 2000. After the removal of the scat of government to 
 Springfield, the prosperity of Vandalia declined, and the 
 number of inhabitants was reduced to 500, or less. Since 
 the year 1^50, however, an improvement has taken place in 
 the condition and prospects of the village. It has 5 clnirches, 
 1 academy, and 1 machine-shop. At tiiis point the Central 
 Railroad (main line) intersects the National Road. Two news- 
 papers are published here. Pop. in 1860, 1999; in 1866, 
 about 2100. 
 
 VANTJALUSIA, Spain. See asd.\lcsia. 
 
 V'ANDELLOS, v3n-d^l'yoce, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 
 province and about 24 miles from Tarragona. Pop. 1175. 
 
 VAN'DKRBURG, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, 
 contains 216 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the 
 Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky. The surface 
 is mostly undulating, except the river bottoms, which occupy 
 about one-fifth of its area, and are highly productive. An 
 abundance of bituminous coal is found. The Wabash and 
 Erie Canal, 459 miles in length, terminates at Evausville, 
 and the county is traversed by the Kvansville and Craw- 
 fordsville Railroad, which extends northward to 'I'erre 
 Haute, Ac. Organized in 1818, and n.imed in honor of Henry 
 Vanderburg, who was a judge of the fir.st court formed in 
 Indiana Capital. Evansville. Pop. 20.552. 
 
 VAN'DERGRIFF'S. a post-offlce of Knox co.. Tennessee. 
 
 VAN DEUSENVILLE, van diVzen-vill, a post-village in 
 Berkshire eo., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River and 
 Railroad, 115 miles W. by S. of Boston. The Albany Branch 
 Railroad terminates at this place. 
 
 VAN DIE.MEN'S (van dee/menz) GULF, North-West Aus- 
 tralia, between Coburg Peninsula and Cape Hotham, and 
 Melville Island. It is aliout 100 miles in length from E 
 to W., and 50 miles in breadth. 
 
 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND or TASMANIA. taz-mA'ne-a, an 
 Island about 100 miles off the S.E. extremity of Australia 
 from which it is separated by Bass Strait; between lat. 40° 
 45 and 43° 35' S., and Ion. 144° 50' and 148° 20' E. It is of 
 the shape of a heart, or an irregular triangle, with its base 
 stretching in a concave curve between Cape Grim in the 
 A.W and Cape Portland in the N.E.. its sides taperin-' gra- 
 dually from those points, the one in a S.S.E., and the other 
 in a b.h.W. direction, till they meet in the apex at South 
 Cape; greatest length, from N. to S., measured on the me- 
 ridian of 14/°, 186 miles; medium breadth, measured on the 
 parallel of 42°, 165 miles; estimated area 24.000 square miles 
 ahe shores are generally bold and rocky, particulariv on the 
 «., winch present long ranges of barren cliffs of co'lnmnar 
 Dasalt, with scarcely .an opening in which a ve.ssel can find 
 TV, V V^^'l'^P* ^^"^^ "*■ ^I»<^"arie Harbor and Port Davev. 
 h.,r t\ J^^ u""^ *''°°^' ^"""y '^'<1 »"'! unprovided, 
 h.;. . -'.^^"l^ ^""""^ lo* """''y *>«aches o<-cur, we 
 
 and inThr^^l'"'^'''Y'^"- **»« ""^ ^^'"'''•y of the Tamar, 
 and ill the S.E and S. an almost uninterrupted series of 
 anchorages which, for shelter, bottom, and depth, are scareel v 
 L'FnTlr any other part of the world. In ^XSlir 
 D Entrocasteaux Channel, which stretches forabout .30 miles 
 
 ^ viZ rom aT"^* ''",'* *•?" ^^"'"" °f »■•""'• -"!> » ^^^^^^^ 
 varying from 2 to 8 miles, is a continuous line of land-locked 
 barU.rs in the midst of maKuificeut scenarv. " 
 
 2Uia 
 
 maguificuut scenery. 
 
 VAN 
 
 Facf of the Country. — The interior is remarkably rugged 
 and mountainous. The main chain, commencing in the 
 N.E. at Cape I'orlland. where its continuity with the great 
 E. chain of Australia is made apparent by peaked i.-'lnnds 
 extending across the strait, pursues a very irregular course, 
 first nearly due S., at no great distance from the E. coast, 
 till it reaches Oyster Bay, where it turns W.N.W., and con- 
 tinues in that direction more than half-way through the 
 centre of the island. It then suddenly resumes its original 
 direction, curving gradually round to the S.E., and finally 
 terminating at South Cape. This tortuous range, formini^ 
 the water-shed of the island. Laa a mean height of about 
 3750 feet, and attains its culminating point of 5520 feet in the 
 S.W.. in Mount Humboldt; lat. 43° 25' S., Ion. 146° 7' E. The 
 other most remarkable summits occur, not in the main- 
 chain, but in two lofty branches which it throws off. The 
 one of these, stretching bet^veen St. Patrick's Head on the E., 
 and Port Dalrymple on tlie N. coast, presents in succession 
 the remarltable summits of Ben Lomond. 5000 feet; Ben 
 Nevis, 3910 feet; aud Mount Arthur, 3900 feet in height; the 
 other, breaking off at Mount Humboldt, proceeds E., and 
 terminates a little W. of Hobart-Town. in Mount Wellington, 
 4195 feet high. A liue drawn from the Huon in the S.. to 
 Clarence Lake in the interior, and eontinuefi N.W. to Cape 
 Grim, would divide the island into two nearly equal parts. 
 The section to the E. and N. has been minutely surveyed, 
 and comprises the inhabited portion of the island ; that to 
 the W. aud S. is not only uninhabited, hat. from the impe- 
 netrable nature of the vegetation, and the alpine character 
 of the region, which have baffled the most intrepid explo- 
 rers, but very little of it is known. From the highlands in 
 the interior snow-capped peaks are seen in the summer, 
 skirting the horizon to the westward, and it is conjectured 
 that these mountain ranges are between 7000 feet aud 8000 
 feet high. 
 
 Geoldyy. — In all the mountain ranges, and generally 
 throughout the island, the prevailing rocks are crystalline, 
 consisting of basalt, granite, gneiss, quart/., &c., either \)t6- 
 duced directly by volcanic action, or changed and moulded 
 by it, and hence, as might be expected in svich circum- 
 stances, the scenery is often of the wildest description. 
 Enormous peaks, of the most fantastic shapes, tower into 
 the clouds, or overhang profound and tortuous abysses, 
 evidently formed by rending whole mountains asunder. In 
 these the most frightful precipices occur, among others one 
 in Ben Lomond, with a perpendicular depth of 3000 feet. 
 Beyond the range of these convulsions, however, regular 
 sedimentary strata, chiefly of sandstone and limestone, are 
 largely developed, and form gentle hills or undulating val- 
 leys, equally remarkable for beauty and fertility, and usually 
 watered by copious streams. 
 
 Minerals. — .\niong minerals, freestone, limestone, roofing- 
 slate, and coal have already been turned to good account. 
 The coal occurs in two fields, one in the S.E., at Port .Ar- 
 thur, of an inferior quality, requiring to be burned along 
 with wood to assist its combustion ; and the other in the 
 N.E., near the Douglas, of better quality ; aud, though 
 much disturbed by irruptions of trap, contains seams of 
 great aggregate thickness, and has been succe.-sfully worked 
 by pits, one of which is 60 fathoms deep. Among metals 
 which may yet be made available, are mentioned both gold 
 and silver; lead, of which a vein has been found in a moun- 
 tain-lime.stone ridge; copper, believed to exist in the same 
 quarter; and iron, both excellent and abundant. Silicified 
 wood is found here in great abundance, much of it of 
 opaline texture, and su.sceptible of a beautiful polish. 
 
 Itivers and Lakes. — The river system radiates from the 
 central portions of the island towards the coast, and issues 
 from lakes and springs, at an average altitude of 2000 feet 
 above the .sea. Of these streams by far the largest is the 
 Derwent. which, issuing from the beautiful mountain-lake 
 of St. Clair, in lat. 42° S., flows S.E., augmented by the 
 Dee, Ouse, Clyde, Jordan, Ac, aud, after forming a broad 
 estuary, pours its waters into two main channels, that of 
 D'Eutreca-steaux on the W'.. and that of Storm Bay on the 
 E. side of Bruni Island. Another river of much shorter 
 length, but, from the width and depth of its channel, of 
 scarcely less navigable importance, is the Tamar, which, 
 formed by the junction of the N. and S. Esk Rivers at the 
 town of Launceston. flows N.N.W. into Port Dalrymple. 
 The other principal streams are the Huon in the S.; the 
 Gordon, which has its mouth in Macquario Harbor, in the 
 W.; and the A thur in the N.W. The two la.st, flowing 
 through distri^.s of the most inhospitable character, are 
 very little known. Great or Clarence Lake, the largest in 
 the island, situated ne.<ir its centre, about 90 miles N.W. of 
 Hobart-Town. is 15 miles long, by 5 miles broad, but owing 
 to the numerous creeks and windings of its shores, mea- 
 sures nearly 100 miles in circuit. 
 
 Climate.. — The climate is colder and more humid than that 
 of Australia, and in respect both of vegetative power and 
 salubrity, is, on the whole, superior toit. The spring month* 
 those of September, October, and November, are usually 
 bright and clear, with occasional rain and high winds; the 
 summer heat, which averages ahont 70°, sometimes rises 
 
VAN 
 
 VAN 
 
 suddenly to 100° or 110°, partly in consequence of a stifling 1 
 anil blighting N. or N.W. wind, but is almost always tem- 
 pered by alleviatinL; land and sea breezes; autumn, by far 
 the pleasantest season, comproliending March, April, and 
 May, is generally clear and bri>;ht, and free from clouds and 
 mists; winter is never severe, except in high or exposed 
 situations, where frost is frequent, and snow often falls, 
 while in the lower grounds its moderate and genial showers 
 rather assist than obstruct the husbandman's labors. 
 
 ZiKihtgy, Agriculture, &c. — The indigenous herbivorous 
 animals are mostly of the pouched kind, common to Aus- 
 tralia, but exist in greater numbers than on the mainland; 
 so much so, that the kangaroo leather for boots and shoes, 
 and opossum furs, constitute articles of export. Here also 
 Is fiiuiid a unique animal of its kind, called the "native 
 tiger" by the colouist-s, being the largest carnivorous ani- 
 mul iu Australasia, though not larger than a wolf. The 
 principal natural productions are extensive native forests, 
 chietly of the eucalyptus pine and acacia, several of which 
 furnish timber for ship-building and cabinet work ; and 
 large tracts of rich and verdant pasture, well adapted for 
 cattle, but more especially for slieep, which form by far the 
 most important source of wealth. The arable lands lie 
 mostly in the valleys, in quality resembling the alluvial 
 lands of Scotland, and in about the same proportions to 
 unavailable land ; 45 bushels to the acre is considered an 
 average crop of wheat. In agriculture considerable pro- 
 gress has been made, and all the ordinary cereals are suc- 
 cessfully cultivated. The wheat, in particular, is so supe- 
 rior in quality, that when brought to the London market it 
 commnnded a higher price than any other grain. In 1S28, 
 the whole acres under crop were only 34.0X3, but 20 years 
 later, in 1S48, amounted to 171,540. Of these, t)4,700 were 
 under wheat, 14,042 under barley, 29,463 under oats, 3016 
 under potatoes, and 49.313 under hay. In live sto<^k, par- 
 ticularly horses and sheep, the progress has been equally 
 rapid, the former having increased in the same perioJl fi-om 
 2034 to 17,196, and the latter from 553.698 to 1,752.963: In 
 1848 the exports, consisting chiefly of wool, wheat and flour, 
 oil, and timber, amounted to490,28U. ; theimport^, of which 
 spirits and tobacco seem unfortunately to form the largest 
 items, to 594,154Z. 
 
 I'liptilati/m, G'lvernment, Ac. — The population of Van Die- 
 men's Land, in 1848, amountetl to 74,741, of whom 28,459, 
 considerably more than a third of the whole, were convicts. 
 This is unquestioual Jy the worst feature iu the social sj-stem 
 of the island. Neither the religious nor educational institu- 
 tions have been able to provide in any adequate degree for the 
 evils which it entails, but a more effectual remedy will proba- 
 Wy be found in the recent enactments of the British Parlia- 
 ment abolishing transportiition. To their labor, however, must 
 be attributed the construction of the many excellent public 
 works throu-rhout the island; especially the turnpike road 
 from Ilobart-l'own to Launceston, a distance of 130 miles, 
 which cost 50U0/. per mile, without taxing the colonists for 
 the outlay. The aboriginal population, once sufficiently 
 numei'ous and powerful to contest the superioritj' of the 
 colonists, is now all but extinct. The government consists 
 of a governor and executive council, nominated by the 
 Crown, and of a legislative council of at least 24 members, 
 of whom a third is nominated by the Crown, and two-thirds 
 obtain their seats by election. Capital, IIobart-Town. 
 
 History. — Van Diomeu's Land was discovered in 1642 by 
 the Dutch navigator Abel .Tanz Tasman, who, believing it 
 to be a part of the Australian continent, gave it the name 
 of the then Dutch governor of the East Indies. Its other 
 name of Tasmania has been given it in honor of the navi- 
 gator himself. Its next vi.sitor was Captain Cook, who Siiiled 
 along the coast in 1769. The fact of its separation from 
 Australia was first made known iu 1797. by .\Ir. Bass, a sur- 
 geon of the British navy. The first settlement on it was 
 made iu 1803, by a g\iard of soldiers with a body of con- 
 victs. The natives, after having been reduced from a com- 
 paratively dense population of several thousands to a mere 
 remnant, were removed first to Flinders Island, and then 
 to Maria Island on the S.K. coast. There, at the beginning 
 of 1849, 12 men, 23 women, and one male child, were the 
 only survivors of the unmixed aboriginal race. They have 
 siuce been removed to comfortable dwellings near IIobart- 
 Town. They were reduced, in (1854) to 28 individuals. The 
 convict stations are now almost wholly confined to Maria 
 iLilaiul and Tasman Peninsula. 
 
 V ANDIER. a village of the Sardinian States. See Valbieri. 
 
 VANDOLA, La. Id vdn-do^a, the most E. of the Admiralty 
 Islands ; lat. (centre) 2° 14' S., Ion. 148== 10' 16" £., under 3 
 miles iu circumference, densely inhabited. 
 
 VANDSBL'KG, fands'booKO, a town of West' Prussia, 13 
 miles S. of C;immin, bordering a lake, upon an island in 
 Thicli is a castle. Pop. 915. 
 
 VAN-DVKE, van-dik, (Little,) an island of the British 
 West Indies, Virgin Islands, near Tortola, of which it is a 
 dependency. 
 
 VAX-DYKE. (JosT,) an island of the British 'West Indies, 
 Virgin Lslands. 3 miles X.AV. of Tortola, of which it is a de- 
 pendency, is 3 miles in length by Ij miles iu breadth. 
 
 VANDYKE'S JITLL. a post-office of Spencer co.. Kentuckj 
 
 V.VNET'TEXVILLE, a post-village of Chemung co., >ew 
 Y'ork, 15 miles E.N.E. of Elmira. 
 
 V.iNOK. a parish of Englnnd, co. of Essex. 
 
 A'.'VN HILL, a post-ollice of Hawkins co., Tennessee. 
 
 VAN IIISE'VILLE. a post-office of Mercer co.. Xew Jersey 
 
 VAN HOOli'3 STOKE, a post-office of Person co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 VAN IIORNESVILLE, van hornz'vil. a post-office of Her- 
 kimer CO., New York. 
 
 A'ANIAMBADDY, vil-ne-3m-bad'aee, a town of Briti-sb 
 India, presidency and 105 miles AV.S.W. of M.adrjis. on an 
 island in the Palaur. It has temples of Sceva and Vishnu. 
 
 VANIKORO, vJ-ne-ko'ro, VANICOLO, .MANNICOLO or 
 PITT'S ISLAND, an i.-land of the South I'acific, lat. (Mount 
 Kapogo) 11° 36' 30" S., Ion. 166° 53' 24" E. It is 30 miles in 
 circuit, lofty, and covered with trees to the water's edge, and 
 remarkable as the .scene of the disastrous shipwreck of La 
 Perou.se. in 17S8. l>op. 1500. 
 
 VANKLUEK' HILL, a town of Canada 'West, co. of Prcs- 
 cott, 60 miles from Montreal, with 2 churches and 3 schools. 
 It has manufjictures of pot and pe.arl ashes, iron, and cloth, 
 and steam flour and saw mills. Pop. 750. 
 
 VANLU, van-loo', a thriving post-village of Hancock co.. 
 Ohio, on the Eindlay Branch Kailroad, about90 miles N.N.W. 
 of Columbus. Pop. about .300. 
 
 A'AN METER'S, a small village of White co., Arkansas. 
 
 VANNES, vdnn, formerly VENNES, vjnn, (anc. Dari- 
 nrliffum, afterwards yenfeti,) a seaport town of Friince, 
 capital of the department of Morbihan, near the liigoon 
 of Jlorblhan, on the S. coast of Brittany, 61 miles N.AV. of 
 Nantes; lat. 47° 39' 20" N., Ion. 2° 45' W. Pop. in 1852, 
 13,585. It has a massive cathetlral. an ancient castle, now 
 the prefecture, a theatre, and several other public edifices, 
 formerly monastic institutions; 3 ho.spitals, and other cha- 
 rities; a school of navigation, communal college, public 
 library of 8000 volumes, numufactures of woollens, linens, 
 cottons, liice, and leather, some ship-bnilding. and a brisk 
 coasting trade, though its port is adapted only for vessels 
 of small burden. In the vicinity are traces of the ancient 
 Darioriijum, which opposed an obstinate resistance to the 
 Roman.s. 
 
 VANNOY'S MILL, a small post-village. Pike co., 5Iissour!. 
 
 VA NN'S V AL'LEY, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia, about 
 15 miles S.W. of Rome. 
 
 VANN'S VALLEY, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 VANOSC, vd^nosk', a village of France, department of 
 Ard^che. 16 miles N.W. of Toumon. Pop. 1667. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, (rens'sfl-lgr.) a township of Ottawa 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 707. 
 
 V.\NS. Les, \k v5k", a market-town of France, department 
 of Ardeche, 12 miles S.W. of Largentiere. Pop. in 1852. 2875. 
 
 VANSIT'TART BAY, North-West Australia, is E. of Ad- 
 miralty Gulf; lat. 14° S., Ion. 126° 20' E. 
 
 VANSITTAHT HILLi?, East Australia, are N. of Liver- 
 pool Plains, near lat. 31° 1.5' S.. Ion. 149° 50' E. 
 
 VANSITTART ISLAND, British North America, is be- 
 tween Southampton Island and Melville Peninsula; lat. 65" 
 40' N., Ion. 84° W. 
 
 VANU.\-VALAVO, vil-noo/d vd-ld/vo, or SIR CHARLES 
 MIDDLETON'S ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific, 
 1)elonging to the Feejee group; lat. (N.AV. point) 17° 10' S., 
 179° 2' 50" W. It has on its W. sitle a spacious harbor, with 
 a village at its- head, and a large stream of water. Pop. 
 about lOOO. 
 
 VANVES, v3nt, or A'ANVRES. tSnvV, a village of 
 France, department of Seine, with a detached fort for the 
 defence of Paris, and a lunatic asylum. Pop. in 1852. 3862. 
 
 VA.N AVERT, a county iu the W. part of Ohio, bordering 
 on Indiana, contains about 390 square miles. It is drained 
 by the St. Mary's and Little Auglaize Rivers. The surface 
 is level, and covered with a great variety of timber. The 
 soil is a fertile loam, with a substratum of blue marl, im- 
 pervious to water. The land requires draining in some 
 parts. The Jliami Canal passes along the eastern bonier of 
 the CO., which is intersected by the Pittsburg Fort Wayne 
 and Chicago R.R. Orgsinized in 1820, and named in honor 
 of Isiuic A'an AVert, one of the militiamen who captured 
 Major Andre. Capital, Van AVert. Pop. 10.238. 
 
 A'AN AVERT, a i>ost-vil!age of Paulding county, Geor- 
 gia, on the Euharlee Creek, 150 miles N.AA'. of Milledgeville. 
 It has 1 church, 1 academy, and 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 A'AN WERT, a pa-it-village, capital of A'an AVert co.. Ohio, 
 on the Ohio and Indiana IJailroad. 136 miles N.AV. of Colum 
 bus. It is pleasantly situated on a sandy ridge extending 
 B. and AV. This riJge is raised about 20 feet above the 
 plain, and forms an excellent read. A'an AVert contains 
 1 national bank, 2 churches, 6 dry-goods stores, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Laid out in 1837. P'op. 1015. 
 
 VANZAG HELLO, vdn-zd-ghMlo, a village of Northern 
 
 Italv, province and atout 22 miles N.AV. of .Milan. P. 1064. 
 
 A'ANZ.iGO, vdn-zd'go. or AMCNZ.A.GO, vjn-zd/go, a village 
 
 of Northern Italy, province and 10 miles N.AV. of Milan, on 
 
 the Olona. Pop. 1259. 
 
 1 VAN ZANDT, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, 
 
 ■i-jlT 
 
VAP 
 
 lua an area of about 800 square miles. It is drained by the 
 roni-Cf 8 of tUe Neclies, and bounded on the N.E. by the Sa- 
 bine River Named in honor of Isaac Van Zandt, member 
 of the Texan Congress. Capital, Jordan's. Pop. 37 h, of 
 ■whoD- 3455 were free. 
 
 VAl'RIO. va'pre-o. a town of the Sardinian States, Pied- 
 mont, province and 13 miles N.M.W. of Xovara. Pop. 3000, 
 partly engaged in paper-mills. ,,„ ., 
 
 A' A PIUO, a town of Northern Italy, delegation and 18 miles 
 E. of Milan. Pop. 2000. 
 
 YAR, var, (It. Varo, vi'ro ; anc. rii/rus,) a frontier river 
 of France and Italy, rises in the Alps, flows S.. then K. and 
 S , and after a course of CO miles enters the Mediterranean 
 at St. Laurent, 6 miles N.E. of Antibes. For the last 15 
 miles it forms the boundary between the French depart- 
 ments of Var and Alpes Maritimes. 
 
 VAR, the most S. E. department of France, bordering on 
 the Mediterranean and the Sardinian States. Area 2773 
 square miles. Pop. in 1861, 315,526. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. Chief rivers, the Var, Argens, and Verdon. Olive 
 oil, oranges, lemons, dried fruits, cork, and silk, are among 
 its principal exports; the corn raised is greatly below the 
 quantity required for home consumption. The principal 
 aia'iufaitures are of perfumery, soap, paper, leather, coarse 
 woollens, earthenware, and marble goods. Var is divided 
 into the four arrondissemeuts of Draguignani Toulon, Brig- 
 poUes, and Grasse. Capital, Draguignan. 
 
 VARADES, vJ'rSd', a market-town of France, department 
 of Loire-Inferieure, on the right bank of the Loire, and on 
 the railway to Tours, 27 miles E.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 
 18o2, 3-Wl. 
 
 VARAGES, vJVJzh', a village of France, department of 
 Var, 13 miles N.W. of Brignolles. Pop. 1500. 
 
 A'ARAGGIO, a town of Italy. See Vakazze. 
 
 VARAITA, a river of the Sardinian States. See Vraita. 
 
 VARALLO, vl-rillo, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont, division and 30 miles N.W. of Novara, on the left 
 bauk of the Sesia. Pop. 2S07. It has manufactures of iron 
 and copper wares, and adjoiuing it a remarkable hill, the 
 Sacro Monte, on which are a handsome church, and about 
 50 oratories. 
 
 VAR ANGER-FIORD, v^rjng'gher fe-oRd'. a deep inlet of,' 
 the Arctic Ocean, between Russian Lapland and Norwav, 
 (Finmark,) lat. 70° N., and Ion. 28° 40' to 31° E. It receives 
 the surplus waters of the Lake Enare. 
 
 VARANO, vl-rd'no. (anc. La'cus I'yicJnusf) a lagoon of 
 Naples, province of Capitanata, on the Adriatic shore, on 
 the N. side of the Peninsula of Gargano. Length 5 miles, 
 breaith 4 miles. On its E. side is the village of Varano. 
 
 VARANO. v.^^r3'no', (Slavonian Varanov. v5-r3-nov'?) a 
 Tillage of North Hungary, co. of Zempliu, 12 miles S.E. of 
 Hanuj'falva. 
 
 V.\R.^F^DIO, a market-town of Naples, province of Cala- 
 bria Ultra L, 10 miles S.E. of Gioja. Pop. 1200. 
 
 VARANO-DE-MELEGARI, vH-r^'no dA mi-1.4-ga/ree. a vil- 
 lage of Northern Italy, 16 miles S.W. of Parma, on the 
 Ceno. Pop. 1975. 
 
 VARASDIN, a fortified town of Austria, in Croatia. See 
 Warasdin. 
 
 VARAZZE. vl-rat's-i, or VARAGGIO, vj-ridgo. a market- 
 town of the Sardinian dominions, division and 18 miles 
 S.W. of Genoa, with a harbor on the Gulf of Genoa, and 
 Bome ship-buildiug. Pop. 7779. 
 
 VARBERG, vaR'ljJRG. a seaport town of Sweden, hrn and 
 37 miles N.N.W. of Halmstad, on the Cattegat. Pop. 1690. 
 
 VARDAR, vJrMdr', (anc. jixfius.) a river of European 
 Turkey. Macedonia, after a S. course of 170 miles, enters the 
 Gulf of Salonica, 12 miles W.S.\A'. of Salonica. 
 
 VARDE or WARDE, vaRMgh. a town of Denmark, pro- 
 vince of Jutland, amt and 23 miles N.N.W. of Rlbe, on the 
 Vanie. Pop. 1400. It has manufactures of tobacco. 
 
 VARDOE (Vardiie) or WARDOE (Wardoe.) vaR'do>h. an 
 Island of Norway, in the Arctic Ocean, off Finmark. with 
 Vaediehlus. the most N. fort in Europe, lat. 70° 20' 36" N 
 Ion. 31= 10' E. 
 
 VAREDO. vj-ri/do. or VARfe, vj-ri', a village of Northern 
 lUily. about 8 miles N. of Milan, on the Seveso. I'op. 1648. 
 
 VAREL, fl'rfl, a market-town of North Germany, Oklcn- 
 buri:. near the mouth of the Jahde. in the German Ocean. 
 35 miles N.W. of Bremen. I'op. 3164. It has a harbor de- 
 fendeil by the fort Cbristiansburg. 
 
 VARELA, vd-r-i'ia. an islet in the Strait of Malacca, 60 
 miles E. of Delli. Sumatra. 
 
 VARKLLA, vd-rtlli. or AVARELLA. a-vJl-rMli. CAPE. 
 Atiam, is the most E. headland of Cochin-China. 76 miles 
 S..S.E. of Quinhone.— The False Cape Avarella is another 
 headland. 90 miles further S. 
 
 VAItENNA. vd-rJn'n-l, a village of Northern Ttalv, delp<Ti- 
 Uon of Conin. on the E. side of the Lake of Conio. Pop. 2000 
 . "^r^'^'l'^'^'l^S.Ta-r^nz', a postvillaseof Anderson district, 
 Bonth rarolina, about 100 miles N.W. by W. of Columbia. 
 
 V.^RENNES, vJV6nn'. a village and parish of Canada East, 
 ^. of \erchftres, 15 miles from Montreal. 
 
 VARENNE?-EN-AI!O0NNE. vJVJnn' zJn aR'sfonn'. a vil- 
 lage of France, department of M«use, on the Aire, 16 miles 
 2018 ' 
 
 VAR 
 
 W.N.W. of Vei-dun. Pop. in 1852, 1607. Here l/ouia XVI 
 and his family were detected and seized in their attemptod 
 flight, 20th June. 1791. 
 
 VARENNES-SAINT-SAUVEUR, vdVfnn' sSn« sO'vcr'. ■ 
 town of France, department of SaOne-et-Loire. on the Sevron. 
 arrondissement of Louhans. Pop. in 1852. 2287. 
 
 VARENNES-SOL'S-DUN, vdVun' soo dii.N". a village of 
 France, department of Saone-et-Loire, arrondissement oi 
 Charolles. Pop. 1435. 
 
 VARENNES-SOUS-MONTSOI?EATJ, Trr2nn' soo mf'S''^ 
 Bo'TiJf, a town of France, department of Slaine-et-Loire. on 
 the Tours and Nantes Railway, arrondissement of Sauriiur. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2536. 
 
 VARENNES-SUR-ALLTER, TSV^nn' sur Srie-A', a town of 
 France, department of Allier, 18 miles S. of Moulins. P. 2461, 
 
 VARESE, vd-r.Vs4. a town ot'Northern Italy, in Lombardy, 
 13 miles W. of Como, E. of the L;ikc of Varese. Pop. 8360. 
 It has thriving silk manufactures. 
 
 VARESE, a market-town of the Sardinian dominions, 
 division of Genoa, province and 14 miles N.E. of Chiavari, 
 near the Apennines. Pop. of commune, 0600. 
 
 VAKESE, LAKil OF, Northern Italy, in the province 
 of Como, 4 miles E. of Lago Slaggiore. into which it pouri 
 its surplus waters. I>ength 5 miles, greatest breadth 2 miles. 
 
 A'ARGULA, vaR'goo-l3, (Gross, groce, and Kleix, kline,) 
 two nearly contiguous villoges of Prussian Saxony, circle 
 of Langensalza. Pop. 1120. 
 
 VAR II ELY. vaR'hM', (Wallack Gradisfje, grS-disfyi, a 
 village of Transylvania, county of Hunyad, 17 miles S.W. 
 of V.ijda-IIunyad. on the site of the ancient capital of Dacia, 
 afterwards occupied by the Romans, and named Utjria Ira- 
 jana, of which some vestiges exist, consisting of defensive 
 works, <tc. Pee Udvarhely. 
 
 VARIA. a town of European Turkey. See Verta. 
 
 A'A'RICIv, a post-township of Seneca co., New Y'ork, ex- 
 tending from Cavuga Lake on the E. to Seneca I-ake on the 
 W.. abgut 165 ni'iles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1904. 
 
 VARI'ETY 51 ILLS, a post-ofBce of Nelson co., Virginia, 
 112 miles W. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 VARIGNANA, vd-reen-j'i'nS, a town of Central Italy, 
 situated 11 miles S.E. of Bolocna. Pop. 3000. 
 
 VARILLES or VARILHES, vaVeel/, a market-town of 
 France, department of Ari6ge, 5 miles N. of Foix, on the 
 Ariege. Pop. 1700. 
 
 VARINAS, vd-ree'nas, or BARTNAS, Ba-ree/nS.s, a town 
 of A'enezuela, capital of a province of its own name, on the 
 San Domingo. SO miles S.E. of Merida; lat. al«>nt 7° 40' N., 
 Ion. 70° 20' W. The river becomes navigable at Torunc. 
 about 14 miles below the town ; so that Toruno may be con- 
 sidered the port of Varinas. Pop. estimated at 12.000. 
 
 A' .\K IOC- BE, an island of Maaaga.=car. See No^Beh. 
 
 VARKIIAN. vaiOkJn', alargp village of Turkish Armenia, 
 pashalic of Van, 22 miles AV.S.W. of Bitlis. on route to Sert. 
 
 A'ARL. vaRl. a village of Prussia, province of Westphalia, 
 government of Minden. near Lubbecke. Pop. 1863. 
 
 A'AR'MINTOWN, a village of Monmouth co., New Jfersey, 
 15 miles S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 A\4RNA or AVARNA, vaR'n^, (anc. Odfs'svsf) a fortified 
 seaport town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, on the S.AV. 
 shore of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Pravadi, 47 
 miles E. of Shoomla. Lat. of the tower 43° 12' 2" N., ion. 
 27° 56' E. It occupies a gentle height on the N.W. side 
 of a semicircular bay, formed by two rocky promontories; 
 is surrounded by a stone wall, 10 feet high, which is loop- 
 holed, and defended by several batteries and other outworks. 
 It is wretchctlly built, and the whole place has an appear^ 
 .ince of decay ; the only public buildings of any note are a 
 few mo.equps with tall minarets. There is no projier harbor, 
 but the bay, though open to the E. and S.E.. affords good 
 anchorage, it being sheltered on the N. and N.E.. from which 
 blow the most dangerous winds of the Black S<>a. Imme- 
 diately AA'. of the town is the Lake Denna. formed by the 
 Pravadi and other streams from the neighboring hills. It 
 has been proposed to make a navigable cut connecting this 
 lake with the bay. AVere this effected, A'arna would h.Hve 
 one of the best harbors in the Bl.ick Sea. and might soon 
 rival Odessa as a seaport. Even at present it has a consider- 
 able trade. In 1847 its exports, chiefly of grain, poultry, and 
 eggs, amounted to .ibout ^^5,000,000. The Hungarian army of 
 Ladislaus and .Tohn II unlades w.is totally defeated at Aarna 
 by the Turks under Amurath II.. November 10, 1444. The 
 town was taken by the Russians In 1S28. A great fire, 
 August 10. 18<i4. destroyed about one-fourth of the houses, 
 and vast quantities of military stores prepared for the expe- 
 dition to the Crimea. There has recently been established 
 a submarine telegraph from A'arna to Balaclava, a distance 
 of about 300 miles. Pop. about 14,000. 
 
 A'AR'NA, a post-village of Tompkins co , New York, on Fall 
 Creek, 5 miles E. of Ithaca. It contains several mills. 
 
 A'ARNAVIN or AVARXABIN, vaR-nd-veen', a town of 
 Russia, government, and 165 miles E.S.E..of Kostroma, on 
 the A'etl'coga. Pop. 1600. 
 
 VAR/X ELL'S, a station on the Eart Tennps.see aud 
 Georgia Railroad, 9 miles N. by E. of Dalton, Geoigia 
 
 VARO, a river of France. See Vak. 
 
VAR 
 
 VAU 
 
 TARO'QTIA, a post-village, capital of Vernon co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 90 miles W.N.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches, 
 i stores, and 1 bank. Pop. of Varoqua township 1164. 
 
 VAUS, van, a market-town of France, department of Cha- 
 rente, 8 miles N. of Angouleme, on tlie Chareute. Pop. in 
 18r)2, 2076. 
 
 VAIiSAND, FAZEKAS, fd'zi'kosh' vfiR'shond', a village of 
 Hungary, co. of Arad, 3 miles from Simand. Pop. 4069. 
 
 VAKSI, a village of Italy. See Varzi. 
 
 VAKtiOVIE or VAKSOVIA, a city of Poland. See Warsaw. 
 
 VAIITA. See Warta. 
 
 VARUS. See Var. 
 
 VA'RVSBURO, a post-village of Wyoming co., New York, 
 on Tonewanda Creek, 30 miles E. by S. of BulTalo. It con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, and several mills. 
 
 VARZI, vard'zee, or VARSI. vaR'see, a village of North- 
 ern Italy, 2.5 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. 1500. 
 
 VAliZI or VARSI, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 sion of Genoa, on an affluent of the Po, 10 miles N.W. of 
 Bobbio. Pop. 2045. 
 
 Y.\RZO, vard'zo, a village of the Sardiniail States, division 
 of Novara, province of Pallanza. Pop. 2846. 
 
 VARZV, ViiR'zee', a market-town of France, department 
 of Niijvre. at the foot of a vine-clad hill, 27 miles N.N.E. of 
 Novers. Vop. in 1852. 3302. 
 
 VASA or \VASA, vi'.-id, a seaport town of Finland, capital 
 of a lajn, on a small bay of the Baltic, 60 miles N.E. of 
 Chri-xtiaiistadt. Lat. 63° 4' 3" N., Ion. 21° 43' E. Pop. 3340. 
 It was founded in 1611, by Charles XII. of Sweden. Its 
 port has become much obstructed by sand. 
 
 VAS.V-BAKRIS, v.i'.sa-b!iR-rees', or IRAPIRANO, ee-rd-pe- 
 r3ng', a river of Brazil, ri.««s in the Serra Itiuba. province of 
 Bahia, flows E. and unites with the Sergipe. The united 
 stream continues its course 8 miles further, and falls into 
 the Atlantic. 
 
 VASAKHELY, a town of Transylvania. See Maros A'a- 
 
 BARHEI.y. 
 
 VASARIIELY, IIOLD-ilEZO, hold-mA'zo^ vi'shan'hJr. a 
 large market-town of Hungary, co. of C.«ongrad, on Lake 
 Ilodos, 14 miles N.E. of Szegediii. Pop. 26,166, employed in 
 rai.sing wine and tobacco. It has several well-frequented 
 fairs. 
 
 VASAKHELY, KEZDI, kjz'dee' va'shdR^hJlN a large 
 market- town of Tran.'sylvania, Szeklerland, co. of Ilaromszek, 
 34 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. 
 
 VASARIIELY, SO.MLYO, shomlo^ va/shdit'her, a large 
 market-town of Hungary, co. and 26 miles ^V. of Veszprim, 
 on the Torna. and at the foot of the Somlyo Mountain. 
 Pop. 25.000, who raise wine and tobacco. 
 
 VASHKA. VACHKA, VASCHKA or BASHKA,* vJsh'ka, 
 written alsoA'A.lCA or V.\.IK.\, vdzh'k.i. a river of Ru.ssia, 
 rises iu the government of Vologda, lat. 62° 20' N.. flows 
 N.N.^V., and, after a coui-se of above 200 miles, joins the 
 Mezen. 
 
 VASILISIIKIorVASILICIIKT,vase-lish'kee,town,Russian 
 Poland, government of Groduo, 20 miles W.S.W. of Lida. 
 Pop. 1550. 
 
 VASILKOV or WASILKOW, vl-.':il-kov', a town of Russia, 
 government and 18 miles S.S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 8000, among 
 whom are maiiy Jews. 
 
 VASIO. See Vaisoji. 
 
 VASIOOGAN or VASIOUGAN. v^se-oo-gdn', written also 
 WASIUGAN and WASSIOUGAN, a river of Asiatic Russia, 
 rises in the E. of the government of Tobolsk, flows E.N.E., 
 and juins the Obi on tlie left, about 30 miles below Narim, 
 after a course of about 170 miles. 
 
 VA.'^KU'f, vdshlioot, a village of Hungary, co. of Biics, 4 
 miles from Baja. Pop. 3388. 
 
 VAS.S.\LBOKOUGlI, vas'sal-bur-riih, a post-village and 
 township of Kennebec co., Maine, on the E. side of Kenn(!- 
 bec River, 14 miles \. by E. of Augusta. The village is the 
 centre of an active trade, and by means of a lock and a dam 
 across the Kennebec at Augusta, vessels are enabled to 
 ascend the river to this place. Leather and cotton goods are 
 manufactured here. Population of the township, 3181. 
 
 VAS'S.\R, a post-villiige, capital of Tuscola co., Midiigan. 
 
 A'ASSOURAS, viis-sCrds. a village of Brazil, province of 
 Eio de Janeiro. Pop. of the district, 4000. 
 
 VASSY, vds'see', a town of France, department of Ilaute- 
 Mavne, on the Blaise, 28 miles N.N.W. of Chauraont. Pop. 
 in 1852. 2867. It is celebrated in history for the massacre 
 of its Protestant inhabitants by order of the I)uke de Guise 
 in 1662. 
 
 VASSY, a town of France, department of Calvados, 10 
 miles E. of Vire. Pop. iu 1852. 3250. 
 
 VAST, Le, leh vdst. a village of France, department of 
 Mauche, 11 miles E. of Cherbourg. Pop. in 1852, 1521. 
 
 V.\ST,V\. v^^tdn'. a village and ra.stle of Turkish .\rmenia. 
 pashalic of Van, at the S. extremity of the Lake of Van, on 
 which it has a small port. 
 
 VASTO. iL, eel vds'to. (anc. Istohiium?) a town of Naples, 
 prfivince of Abruzzo Citra, 31 miles S.E. of Chieti, and li 
 ffillea from the Adriatic' Pop. 9000. It is enclosed by walls, 
 
 * Sea note to Sevastopol, page 1757. 
 
 and has a spacious market square, two churches, one erected 
 on the ruins of a temple of Ceres, 8 convents, hospitals, 
 asylums, a handsome palace, and manufactures of wooller. 
 cloth, silks, and coarse earthenware, with an active lishery, 
 anil a large annual fair. 
 
 VASTO-OKRARDO, vds'to ji-raR/do, a market-town of 
 Naples, province of Molise, 14 miles N.N.E. of Lsernia. on 
 the Trigno. Pop. 1800. 
 
 VATAN, vk'tiffs^l, a town of France, department of Indre, 
 12 miles N.W.'of l.ssoudun. Pop. in 1852, 3212. 
 
 VATERSA, vdt'er-s,% or WATEliSA, wA'ter-sa, a littl* 
 island of the Outer Hebrides, .Scotland, co. of Inverntss, 
 immediately S. of Barra, from which it is separated by a 
 narrow sound. Pop. 64. 
 
 VATHI or BATIIl. vd'thee. the capit-il town of the Ionian 
 island of Ithaca, on the S. side of its gulf or harbor. 1 '. 2,'.00 
 
 VATHI, a town, on the N.E. shore of the island of Samos, 
 with 2400 inhabiUnts. 
 
 VATRENUS. See S.\NTERN-o. 
 
 VATU-LELE, vd'too lA'lA, one of the Feejee Islands. S. of 
 Viti-Levu; lat. (N. point) 18° 31' S., Ion. 177° 35' W. It is 
 surrounded by dangerous reefs. 
 
 VATZ, OBKR. o/ber vilts, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Grisons, in the valley of the Rhine, 11 miles S. of Chur- 
 Loire. Pop. S72. 
 
 VATZ, UNTER, Cfln'ter vdt.s, a village of Switzerland, 5 
 miles N. of Chur (Coire.)" Pop. 1150. 
 
 VAUBECOURT, vob'kooR/, a market-town of France, de- . 
 partment of Meuse, on the Aisne, 10 miles N. of Bar-le-Duc. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 VAUCLIN, Le. lA vo^klSx"', a town of the French West 
 India island of Martinique, on its E. coast. Pop. 4878. 
 
 VAUCLUSE, vO'kluz', (L. VaVlis CUiti/sa; It. Veil Cliiusa, 
 vdl ke-oo'sd.) a depHrtment in the S.E. of France, having S. 
 and W. the Durance and Rhone Rivers. Area 132S square 
 miles. Pop. in 1861, 268,255. Surface hilly in the E., where 
 it is traversed by ranges of the Alp.s, highest point Mount 
 Ventoux; and the soil is not generally fertile. Less corn 
 Is raised than is required for home consumption ; principal 
 proilucts wine, silk, almonds, and other fruits; madder, 
 saffron, and aromatic seeds. Chief manufactures are of^ilk 
 stuffs at Avignon and Orange; woollen fabrics, perfumery, 
 c6nfectionery, printing types, and gla.ss wares. Vaudusa 
 is divided into the arrondLssements of Apt. Avignon, Carpen- 
 tras, and Orange. Capital, Avignon. The name of VaI'- 
 CLUSB (•• enclosed valley") is derived from the fountain of 
 Vaucluse, the source of the little river Sorgues. issuing fr<jm 
 an imtnen.se cavern overhung and surrounded by rocks and 
 mountains. This fountain is celebrated for the loves of Pe- 
 trarch and I/aura. 
 
 VAUCLUSi;. FONTAINE DE, fiNo'tdn' deh vo'kUiz', a 
 village and remarkable fountain of France, department of 
 Vaucluse, 15 miles E. of Avignon. Its scenery Ls mo.-'t 
 picturesque, but it derives its chief celebrity from having 
 t)een the residence of Petrarch. (See preceding article.) 
 
 VAUCLUSE', a small village of Edgefield district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 VAUCOULEURS, vO'kooMuR', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Meuse, and 11 miles S.S.E. of Commercy. Pop. in 
 1852. 2655. It is the birth-place of the geographer Claude 
 de Lisle. 
 
 VAUD, vo, or PAYS-DE-VAUD, p,Ve-deh-vo', (Oer. Waatlt, 
 ^^t,) a canton of West Switzerland, having S. the Lake of 
 Geneva, W. France, and on the other sides Savoy and the 
 cantons of Valais, Bern, Freybourg, Neufchatel. and Geneva. 
 Area 1185 square miles. Pop. in 1860, 213,157, nearly all 
 Protestant.?. The surface in the S.E. is covered by ram- 
 parts of the Alps, and in the N.W. by those of the .lura; 
 elsewhere undulating. Principal rivers, the Cpper Rhone, 
 Orbe. and Broye ; it compri.«es'the Lake Joux and part of 
 the Lakes Neufchatel and Morat. The raising of corn and 
 wine, and the rearing of live stock, are the chief branches 
 of industry ; and the best vineyards of Switzerland are in 
 this canton. Salt from the springs of Bex, marble, coal, 
 sulphur, and a few metals are produced; manufactures 
 unimportant; transit trade into France and Germany active. 
 The government is more aristocratic than in most of the 
 Swiss cantons. Chief towns, Lausanne the capital. Vevay, 
 Morges, Nyon, and Avenches. It holds the 19th place in 
 the Swiss Confederation. Previously to 1798 it was subordi- 
 nate to Bern, under the name of the Pays-de-Vaud. 
 
 VAUDftMONT, v(Vdi'mA.N»', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, C miles S. of Vezelize, formerly fortified. 
 Pop. 400. 
 
 VAUDREUIL, (Fr. pron. voMruI',) a county of Canada 
 East, situated in the S.W. part of the province. Ik.unded on 
 the S.E. by the St. Lawrence River, and on tlie N. by tha 
 Lake of the Mountains. It is watered by the river De I'lsle, 
 and numerous other streams. Area 330 square miles. Capi- 
 tal, Vaudreuil. Pop. 21,429. 
 
 VAUGHA.NSVILLE, vawnz'vill, a post-office of Newbeixy 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 VAUGHXSVILLE, a post-office of Putnam co.. Ohio. 
 
 VAU'GINE. a township in .TefTerson co., Arkansas. 
 
 VAUGIRARD, vOVhee'raR', a,commune of France, depart- 
 
 2019 
 
TAU 
 
 VEL 
 
 at-nt of Sf'me, foinaing a guburti of Paris on the S.W., 
 tritbin Its foi-tificatioiis. Pop. in 1852, 15,615. 
 
 VACLIOX. viiUe-<j><^, a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Yaud, at the foot of Uent-de-Vaulion. Pop. 9S0. 
 
 V.\UL10.V, DENT UK, dlN" (li-h vO'le-(i>"^, a mountain of 
 Switzerland, Jora chain, canton of Vand, 4898 feet above 
 the !<ea. 
 
 VAULyXERSnOLME, a tything of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 VAU-VKS. a river of Central America. See Capk Kiver. 
 
 VAU'SIM' or B.\U'S1M', a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's 
 domiuions, 85 miles S.W. of EUicbpoor. 
 
 VAU VEKT, vOHaiR/, a market>town of France, department 
 of <jard, 11 miles S.W. of Nimes. Pop. in 1852, 4167. 
 
 VAUVILLEKS, vO'veeV^'j a town of i' ranee, department 
 of llaute-Saune, 20 miles N. of Vesoul. Pop. 1240. 
 
 VAUX, vO, a village of Prance, department of Rhone. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2280. 
 
 VAUX. a village of France, department of Aisne, 22 miles 
 ■W'.N.W. of Vervius. Pop. 1000. 
 
 V.\UX'IIALL', a suburb of the British metropolis, in 
 Surrey, W. of Kenuiugton, 24 miles S.S.VV. of St. I'auPs, 
 London, comprised in the borough of Lambeth, and con- 
 nected with Westminster by a bridge across the Thames, 950 
 feet in length. Here are Vauxhall Gardens, numerous dis- 
 ,.illerie.s, fiiotorie.'J, and gas works, chiefly along the low 
 chore of the river. It has a station on the South Western 
 Itaihvay. 
 
 VAliXHALL, a suburb and gardens of Birmingham, Eng- 
 land, at ha N.E. extremity. 
 
 V.iUXIlALL. a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 7 miles 
 W. of Newark.' 
 
 VAUX-SOL'S-CIl£VREMONT, v6 soo sh.iv'r'mA.x"/, a vil- 
 lage of Belgium, province and 4 miles S.E. of Liege, on the 
 Yesdre. I'op. 2386. 
 
 YAYAO, vd-vi'o, or YAVAU, v3-v5w', an island in the 
 Pacitic Ocean. Friendly Islands; lat 18° 39' 2" S., Ion. 17 4-^ 
 1' W. Length 10 miles. Estimated population OOOO. It is 
 of coral rock, well wooded, fertile, and has a good harbor. 
 
 YAVITOLf, vrl-ve-too/, one of the Society Islands, Pacific 
 OceAn. Lat. 23" 42' S., Ion. 147° 60' W., discovered in 1791. 
 Surface elevated. 
 
 YAVRZENCZTCI. See Wawrzencztce. 
 
 YAY'NOR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. 
 
 YAYR.\0. vA*rfk'. a villacre of France, department of Lot, 
 21 mites N.E. of Gourdon. Pop. 1700. 
 
 A'AYR ES, viR. a villaee of France, department of Gironde, 
 on the Dordosne. Pop. IfiOO. 
 
 A'AZAB.\RIU?, v.^-zS-b^R-Beece'. a river of Brazil, enters 
 the Atlantic near lat. 11° S. Length, about 300 miles. 
 
 Y.\ZEEKABAD, vd-zeeVd-bdd', YAZIKABAD or WAZEE*- 
 RABAIV, a town of the Punjab, near the Chenaub, 64 miles 
 N.W. of Lahore. It is one of the handsomest towns in 
 India, having been rebuilt in European style, and possess- 
 ing a good bazaar and a palace, erected by Runjeet-Singh. 
 
 YE.VLTOWX, veel'tOwn, a small village of Somerset co.. 
 New Jersey, about 10 miles N. of Somerville. 
 
 YKASKY, vee/so, a township in Drew co., .Arkansas. 
 
 YE AZI E, a posttownship of Penobscot co., Maine ; incorpo- 
 rated -March 26, 1853. 
 
 YECUELDE, f^K'Jrdeh, a village of Germany, duchy and 
 C miles W. of Brunswick, on the Hanover Railway. 
 
 YECIIIXGE.V, vjK'ing-en, or VECIIIOEN, v^K/ig-en, a 
 village and pari.sh of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the 
 ■« orblun. Pop. 2597. 
 
 YECHT, v^Kt, or WECIIT. «^Kt, an arm of the Rhine, 
 jn the Netherlands, branches from the Old Rhine at Utrecht, 
 and after a northward and navigable course of 18 miles 
 enters the Zuyder-Zee at Muiden. 
 
 YECIIT or WECHT, a river of Prussian Westphalia. Han- 
 over, and the Netherlands, enters the Zuyder-Zee at Gene- 
 niuiden, Overyssel, after a N.>V. course of 90 miles. 
 
 A EC'UTA, vOK'ti, a walled town of North-Mest Germany, 
 duchy and 28 miles S. of Oldenburg, Pop. 1976. It has 
 manufactures of linens. . 
 
 VECKENSTADT, fek'ken-statt\ a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Saxony, government of Magdeburg, S.S.E. of 
 Osterwick. on the Use. Pop. 1052 
 
 YECKERliAGEX, fik^kfr-ki^-hen. a market-town of 
 Germaiiy. Ilesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-IIessen. on the 
 
 V rr-ri\"n" v.^r ?'■ °i ^''V'*'- ^'°P- 1**S8. U has a castle. 
 \ l-Lfls or VECI'A. See Isle op Wight. 
 
 n,il^-"N'o0.1t''"?'„*?l!.r''''''°'^''"™"=''y'«''°"*^- 
 I ^ ''Vv'^'^.k'' ^'^^DA^O-DoLONA, viKia/no do-lo'n.i, a vil- 
 
 VKHf"'*]!""""";'"^''*" " ^'" "^'^ theOlona. Pop.1547^ 
 
 ^^tPIl■.?,Jj''e'• of Turkey. See Vode. ^ 
 
 A EDI NUM. See Ul>lXE. 
 
 YEDKIN. vAMrjN"'. a village of Belgium, province, and N. 
 
 °'^v l"1?v"^" T * "™'"" "'■ '♦" O"" "an>e. Pop. 1355 
 
 and Arrhem Railway. In the spring of 1S55, it stiffered 
 greatly from an inundation of the Rhine. Pop. 2997. 
 
 A'EFSEX. vjf'sen, a river rising in Sweden, and traversing 
 Norwav. enters the .\tlantic. Length. 90 miles. 
 
 YEERAX-SHEHR or YIRAX-SHEHR. ve-ran'sh?h'r, a 
 ruined city of Asia Minor. 5S miles E. of Kaisareey^■h. It baa 
 some remains, and excavations in the adjacent rocks. 
 
 YEG.\, v.Vgrl, a village of Spain, province of Leon, 9 miles 
 from Pouferrada. Pop. 1090. 
 
 VEHR, vaiR. formerly KAMPYEER, kjmp'vair. a mari- 
 time town of the Xetherlands. province of Zeeland, on the 
 X.E. coast of the island of M'alcheren. Pop. 1082. 
 YE'GA, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa. 
 YEGA, L.\, Id vd'gd. a town of Hayti. 78 miles N.W. of 
 St. Domingo, in an elevated region, on the site of a city of 
 same name, ruine<l by an earthquake in 1564. 
 
 YEGACERYERA, va-ga-lh^R-vA'rd, a village of Spain, 
 province of Lvon, on the Torio. Pop. 1458. 
 
 YEGA-DELrYALARCE, vA'gd dfl vd-laR'th.^ a village of 
 
 Spain, province and about 70 miles from Leon. Pop. 1080. 
 
 YEGA-DE-Rn'ADEO, vA'gd dA re-va-i>i/o, a village of 
 
 Spain, Asturiius, province and 60 miles W. of Oviedo, at th« 
 
 confluence of tlte Suaron and Eo. Pop. 1^7. 
 
 YEGA-DE-SANT.i-BRIGIDA,TA/gddA sdn/td bre-Hee'Da, a 
 village of the Canary Islands, on the Grand Canary, in the 
 centre of the island, i'op. 3382. 
 
 YEGAS-DE1.-C0XDAD(), vd'gds dJl kon-dd/do, a town of 
 Spain, province and 12 miles from Leon. Pop. 1071. 
 
 YEGEX. vA'gh^n, an Island of Norway, province of Trom- 
 stie, 15 miles off the coast, lat. 65° 44' N., Ion. 12° K, about 
 30 miles in circumference. 
 
 YEGESACK. v!l/ght'h-.sdk\ a market-town of Germany, 
 territory and 10 miles X.W. of Bremen, on the Weser. Pop. 
 2000. It has ship-building docks. 
 
 YEGLIA, v.-il'yd or v^l'yd, an island of the Adriatic, com- 
 prised in the Austrian kingdom of Illyria, government of 
 Triest, in the Gulf of Quarnero, E. of Istria. separated from 
 the Hungarian Littorale and Croatia by the Channel nf -Mop- 
 lacca, and having S.W. the island of CliersO, 3 miles distant. 
 Length 23 miles, greatest breadth 12 miles. I'op. 15.000. 
 Surface mountninou.«, sterile in the X. and E., fertile else- 
 where. It produces timber, wine, silk, fruits, marlile, salt, 
 and many live stock. Corn is imported from Croatia. The 
 fisheries are important. 
 
 YEGLIA, the capital town of the above, on ita S.W. sidej 
 has a small harbor, defended by a castle. Pop. 3600. 
 
 YEGLIE. v.'ll'yi, a town of Xaples, province of Otranto, 
 21 miles S.S.E. of Brindisi. Pop. 1350. 
 
 YEILE or WEILE, vj/leh.(?) a town of Denm.irk. Jutland, 
 capital of an amt on the Yeile, at the head of the Yeile- 
 fiord. 13 miles X.W. of Fredericifu Pop. 2000. 
 
 YjilLEFIORD. vilfh fe-oRd/, is an inlet on the E. coast 
 of Jutland, 15 miles in length and 4 miles in breadth at its 
 entrance. 
 
 YEIGY-FOXCEXXEX. vA'zhee' f6xo'sJn*nd', a village of 
 theSanlinian States, division of Savoy, province of Faucigny, 
 near the Ilermance. Pop. 1125. 
 
 YEITSHOCHEIM, (Yeitshocheim.) vTt'sho-KTme\ a village 
 of Bavaria, Lower Francocia, on the right bank of the Main, 
 4 miles X.W. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1346. 
 
 YEJER, v,i-HaiR', or BEJER DE LA FROXTERA, K-l-naiR/ 
 dd Id fron-td'rd, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles S.E. 
 of Cadiz, on the Barbate. Pop. S360. It has manufactures 
 of wooHens and sacking. 
 yEK.\ SLATIXA. a town of Hungary. See Szal.\t.\.4. 
 A'EL.\. La. Id vAld, a seaport town of Yenezuela, in the 
 Gulf of Coro, lat. 11° 25' N., ion. 69" 40' W. 
 
 A'ELAIXE, veh-lAn', a village of Belgium, province and 1 
 mile S. of Xamur, on the Sambre. Pop. 1627. 
 
 YELAIXES, Vfh-lain', a village of Belgium, province of 
 Ilainaut, 6 miles X.E. of Tournai. Pop. 2528. 
 
 YEL.\S'CO. (Sp. pron. vA-lds'ko.) a viiKage of Brazoria co., 
 Texas, at the month of the Brazos River, aljout 45 miles S.AY. 
 of Galveston, and 30 miles by water S.E. of Brazoria. It has 
 a landing for steamboats, but is said to be not improving. 
 
 Y ELATE. vA-ld'fA. avillageof Northern Italv. province and 
 16 miles X.E. of Milan. Pop. 1086. 
 
 YELAUR. ve lawr'. a river of llindostan, presidency of 
 Madras, rises in lat. 10° 28' N., Ion. 78° 21' E., f:ows E 
 through Madura and Tanjore. and falls into the Bay of Ben- 
 gal, at lat. 10° 0' X., Ion. 79° 17' E. 
 
 YELAUR. a. river of llindostan, rises in the F.ast Ghauts 
 in South Arcot, flows E. and falls into the Bay of Bengal', 
 ne."ir Porto Xovo: lat. 11° 29' X., Ion. 79° 50' E. 
 
 YEL.\Y. veh-lA', an cild province of France, now comprise*? 
 in the department of llaute-Loire. Its capital was Le Puy. 
 YELAZGHERD, vA-Idz-gherd'. a towu of Persia, province 
 of Kirman. 55 miles N.E. of Gombroon. 
 
 YELBURG. fel'boORG, a town of Bavaria, 24 miles I .W. of 
 Ratisbon. Pop. 944. 
 
 YELDEX, f^l'den, a town of Bavaria, 22 miles N.E. of 
 Nuremberg. 
 
 VELDEX. a market-town of Lower Bavari.1, 12 miles 
 S.S.E. of Landshut. 
 YELDEX, a village of Carinthia, 10 k I »s E. of YiUach. 
 
VEL 
 
 YEN 
 
 VELliAVUZELT, vlld'^i-zelt, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 irinci' of Limburg, 12 miles E.S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 1076. 
 
 VKLE. a river of France. See Vesle. 
 
 VELKIA. See Velleia. 
 
 YKLliSTINA, vA-lfs-teu'ni, a town of European Turkey, 
 Thessaly. 10 miles W. of Yolo. 
 
 VELEZ. v.Vl^s or vilJlh. a town of New Granada, province 
 ana GO miies N. of Tunja, lat. (fi 10' X., Ion. 73° nO' \V., on the 
 guare/!. The waters are bad and unwholesome. Pop. 7546. 
 
 VELEZ BL.\XCO, vMJth bldnlio, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and GO miles N.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 7546. It has 
 oil-mills, tili!-works, manufactures of woollens, linens, hats, 
 and soap, and a trade in excellent wool. 
 
 VEI-EZ DF. BEXAUDALLA, v.Wfth dk M-nciw-dai'yJ, a 
 town of Spain, province and 30 miles S.E. of Granada. 
 Pop. 3150. 
 
 VELEZ MALAGA, v,Vl?th mini-gi, (anc. .Ifcnola.) a town 
 of Spain, province and 14 miles E.N'.E. of Malaga, on the 
 river Velez. ue.ar its mouth in the Mediterranean, Pop. 
 16.000. It is situated in a fertile valley, at the foot of .oteep 
 mountains, and its spires and convents are clustered around 
 a .Moorish castle, now in ruins. It trade has greatly declined, 
 and it.-j roadstead, defended by^ a ca.'itle, is indifferent. 
 
 VELEZ itUBIO, vilfth roo'be-o, a town of Spain, province 
 and 54 miles N.X.E. of Almeria. Pop. 12,342. who manufac- 
 ture woollen fabrics. It is clustered around a castle, and 
 near it are chalybeate springs. 
 
 VElillA, vil'yd, a lofty and extensive serra in Brazilian 
 Guiana, between the Para and the Amazon. 
 
 VEIJIAS, KIO DAS, ree'o dds vjl/yis, or GUAICUIII, 
 gwi-koo-ee'. a river of Brazil, province of Minas-Gerees, 
 rises in the N. slope of the Serra Paraupeba, flows E., and 
 joins the Sao Francisco on the left. 
 
 VKLTJ, a town of Russia. See VELizn. 
 
 A'ELIK.\IA. vA-le-kI'd, a river of Russia, chiefly in the 
 government of Pslv)v, flows N. past Opotchna, Ostrov, and 
 Pskov, and enters tlie Lake of Pskov at its S.E. extremity, 
 after a course of 160 mili^s. It is large and rapid. 
 
 VELIKEE LOOKI or VELIKI-LOUKI, vi'lee'keo looTcee, 
 ("the Larin ifexidnw") a town of Ilussia, government and 
 132 miles S.E. of I'skov, on the Lovat, Pop, 4000. It has 
 7 churches, several schools, and upwards of 32 factories, 
 chietiv for leather. 
 
 VELIKI-XOVGOHOD. Sec Novgorod. 
 
 VELTKl-USTIUG. a town of liussia. See OosTiooo. 
 
 VELILLA DE EBIIO, v.Vleel'yd di .Vbro, a marketrtown 
 of Spain, province and 35 miles S.E. of Sarago.«sa. 
 
 VELILLE, v.\-leel'yd, a town of South Peru, department 
 and 70 miles S. of Cuzco. 
 
 VELIXO. vA-lee'no, (anc. Velihius,) a river of Italy, rising 
 on the X. declivity of Monte Veliuo, flows N.X.W. past Ifieti 
 to join the Xera, in the State of Umbria, 4 miles E. of Ternl. 
 Length ,54 miles, in which it has some rapid descents. The 
 fall.-i of the Velino, called the Cascata del M.VR!UORE,(kis-ki'tl 
 dJl man'mo-r.A,) near its junction with the X'era, are celebrated 
 as amongst the finest cascades in the world, and the more 
 curious as being artifici.il for drainage. They consist of 3 
 separated leaps. Total height 850 feet. 
 
 VELINO, MOXTE, mon't.i v4-lee'no. a mountain of Cen- 
 tral Italy, Xaple.s, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., N.W. of 
 Lake Fucino, is 8174 feet high, and one of the principal 
 summits of the Apennines. 
 
 VELITK.E. See Velletri. 
 
 VELIZII or VELIJ, v.i-lizWor vJ-leezhA or VELISII, (Pol. 
 Wicliz. <\e 4'lish,)a town of Russian Poland, government and 
 17 miles N.P'. of Vitebsk, on the Dwina. Pop. 6S00. It has a 
 citadel, and considerable exports of corn, hemp, and linseed, 
 to liiga. It was founded by the Russians in 1536, and taken 
 by the Poles in loSO, but it reverted to Russia in 1722.- 
 
 VELL.VXO. vJl-lJ'no, a village of Tuscany, in the Val di 
 Xievole. 4 miles N.X.E. of Pescia. Pop. 2500. 
 
 VI:LLAUX0DUXUM. see Beaune. 
 
 VKLrj.\UU. vjl-lawr', a river of British Tndi.i. presidency 
 of iladras, enters the Indian Ocean 30 miles S. of Pondi- 
 sherry, after an eastward course of 100 miles, 
 
 VELLEBITZ or VELLEBITII, a mountain range in the 
 Austrian Empire, See Morlacca. 
 
 VELLEIA, vM-lA'yd, or VELEIA, v.\-l.Vyl, a buried city 
 of nnti(juity, "the Pompeii of Northern Italj'," jiroviuce of 
 Parma, on the Nura, 18 miles S. of Piacenza. It is supposed 
 to have been submerged by the crumbling of an adjacent 
 mountain about the end of the 3d century, and it remained 
 concealed till the year 1760, when, and subsequently, an 
 am phi theatre, temples, a forum, and many dwellings were 
 discovered. 
 
 VELLETRI, vJl-lA'tree, (anc. Vditrcf.) a walled town of 
 Italy. Pontifical States, comarca and 21 miles S.E. of Rome. 
 Pop. 10.000, mostly agricultural. It stands on a heii;ht, 
 rommanding fine views of tlie Campagna di Roma and Pon- 
 tine Marshes, and has a town-hall, constructed by Bramante, 
 The Borgian Museum, now in Naples, was originally formed 
 in the Borgian Palace here. Velitra; was an important city 
 of the Volsci. and tlie original residence of the Octavian 
 family. Augustus is believed to have been born here B. c. 63. 
 
 VELLORE, vJPlOr/, a town and fort of British India, pre- 
 
 sidency of Madras, district and 15 miles "W. of Arcot. Th» 
 fort is large, and conUiins spacious barracks. handiiom<i 
 quarter.?, and a curious pagoda. The town, immediately 
 southward, and 3onnected to the fort by outworks, is also 
 large and populous. Vellore was the residence of Tippo> 
 Saib's family from 1799 to 1806, when a native revolt hei\ 
 cau.sed their removal to Calcutta. 
 
 VELSEX, vjl'sgn, a village of Holland, province of North 
 Holland, 5 miles X. of Haarlem. Pop. 862. 
 
 VELSiQUE-KUDBERSHOVEN, v61/se-keh rood'ders-ho^ 
 ven, a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, lOi 
 miles S, of Glient. Pop. 2061. 
 
 VELSK, vJUk, or VIATLSK, ve-dtlsk'. a town of Russia, 
 government and 130 miles N,E, of Vologda, on the \ aga, 
 here joined by the Vel. Pop. 1800. It has a cathedral, and 
 trade in corn, tallow, and pitch, 
 
 VELTHEM-BEYSSEM, vflt'hem bais'sem, a village of 
 Belgium, province of Brabant, 10 miles N.E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1202. 
 
 YEiyrSl'URG, a town of Lower Austria. See Feldsrepq. 
 
 VELUCIII, vA-loo'Koe, (anc. TympliresHtts,) the principal 
 summit of Mount Oita, North Greece, N.E. of the village of 
 Karpenisi, and 7657 feet in elevation, 
 
 A'ELUWE, v.A-loo'vA, a district of Holland, forming the 
 X^.W. part of the province of Gelderland, and compri-sed be- 
 tween the Zuider-Zee, the Ys.sel, and the Rhine, 
 
 VELZEX. vJIfsen, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Holland,' on the Y, 13 miles N.W. of Amsterdam. 
 Pop. 2088. 
 
 VEM'ENTKY, one of the small Shetland Islands. Scot>- 
 land, 5y miles E. of Papa-Stour, on the S. side of St. Magnus 
 Bay. It has good pasture laud. 
 
 VEX ACIIOI R or VEX X ACHAR, LOCH. loK v^n-nS-Kar'. of 
 Scotland, co. of Perth, is an expansion of the Teitli. 21 miles 
 S.W. of Callander, 3^ miles iu length by 1 mile in width, 
 and having wooded shores. 
 
 A'EX ADO, vA-nA/Do, a town of the Mexican Confederation, 
 department and 45 miles N. of San Luis Potosi. Pop. 8000. 
 
 VENAFRO, v,A-ni'fro, (anc. JVw«f/r«m.) a town of Naples, 
 province of Terra di Lavoro, district of Piedimonte, 27 miles 
 N.W. of Capua. Pop. 2800. It has a cathedral. 
 
 VEXAISSIN, Vfh-nAsV^N"', an old county of France, on 
 the E. bank of the Rlione, formerly belonging to the Pope, 
 and now comprised in the department of Vaucluse. 
 
 VEX'ANGO, ve-nang'go, a county in the N.W. part of Penn- 
 .sylvania; area 860 square miles. Alleghany liiver flows 
 throiigii the middle of the county in a S.W. direction ; F'rencb 
 Creek (called by the Indians Venango Creek) enters tha* 
 river near the county seat ; it is abso drained by Oil, Teonistiv, 
 and Racoon Creeks. The surface is broken; the streams 
 flow through narrow valleys, which are separated from the 
 uplands by steep and rugged hils. The soil of the uplands 
 is moderately fertile, and adapted to pasturage. Iron ore, 
 stone-coal, and limestone are the most valuable mineral 
 products. Immense quantities of oil are procured in tliis 
 county, by boring through the rock. The creeks furnish copi- 
 ous and permanent motive-power. Alleghany River is navi- 
 gable for steamboats. Organized in 1800, and named from 
 Venango Creek. Capital, Franklin. Pop. 25,043. 
 
 VENANGO, a village and township forming the N.E, 
 extremity of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 VENANGO, a post-township of Crawford CO., Pennsylvania, 
 intersect<!d by French Creek, 12 miles N. by E. of Meadville. 
 Pop. 1997. 
 
 A'EN.\NGO, a township of Erie co., Penn.sylvania, P. 1616. 
 
 VtlNANGO CREF;K. of Pennsylvania. See French Creek. 
 
 VEXAXS, veh-nSx"', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont, division oT Turin, 2 miles W.X.W. of Susa. 
 Pop. 1428. 
 
 VlilXASCA, vA-nJs'kd, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont, division of Coni, 8 miles S.W. of Saluzzo, on the 
 Varaita. Pop. 2650. 
 
 VEXASQUE, vA-nd.s'kA. a town of Spain, province and 54 
 miles N.E. of Iluesca, near the Pyrenees and the French 
 frontier. It has a fort, a custom-house, and medicinal 
 springs. 
 
 VEXASQUE, a market-town of France, department of 
 Vauclu.se, 6 miles S.E. of Carpentra.s. Pop. 980. 
 
 VEXCATIGHERRY, ven-kA-te-ghSr/ree, a town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, district of South Arcot, on the 
 My.sore frontier, 43 miles W. of Vellore. 
 
 VEXCE, v6nss, (anc, Vinlcium?) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Var, 11 miles N<E. of Grasse. Pop. in 1852, 3612. 
 It has manufactures of woollen cloths. 
 
 VEND.\, GRAXDE, grAn'dA vin'dA, a village on the coast 
 of Brazil, province and 8 miles from Rio de ,/aneiro. 
 
 VEXD£e or LA V£XDf-E, lA vAn^MA', a lirer of France, 
 giving name to a department, the S.E. part oi which it tra- 
 verses, rises in the Forest of Chantemarle, department of 
 Deux-Sevres, flows S.W. past Fontenay-le-Cj^mte, and, after a 
 course of 46 miles, joins the Sevre-Xiortaise, a little above 
 Marans, 
 
 VENDUE or L.A. VEXD£e. a maritime department in the 
 W. of France, having N. the Atlantic, Area 2595 square miles. 
 Pop, in 1861, 395,695, The surface is level in the X. and W. 
 
 2021 
 
TEN 
 
 nortiODS,anf marshy toward tlie const, elsewhere undulating 
 au-1 woTdeJ. More corn and wine are i-aised than are required 
 for hoTie coi sumption ; other products are hemp, flax, wool, 
 filled lattle for the Paris markets, coal, and a lew metals. 
 The mauutictures are paper, woven fabrics, le;»ther, and 
 beet-root su-ar, but unimportant. The department is divided 
 into the arrondissements of Bourbon- VeudCe, Fonienay, and 
 
 Les Sables d'OIonne. Capital, Uourbon-Vendee. Adj. and 
 
 iuhab. Vexd£.\x, v^n-dee'.Hn. , • . ± 
 
 VENDKN or WKNDEX, vJn'den (Russ. Kess, kess.) a town 
 of Kussia, government of Livonia, on the Aa, 50 miles X.E. 
 of Ki"-a. Pop. 2000. It was founded in 1205, and once con- 
 tained the residence of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic 
 order, now a ruin. j » . 
 
 VENDEUVRE. T8s°Muhv'r', a town of France, department 
 of Aube, at the .-ource of the Barse, 13 miles W. of Bar-sur- 
 Aube. Pop. in 1852, 1946. , ^ x , 
 
 VKNDEUVKE, a commune of France, department ol 
 A'ienne, arroudissemeut of Poitiers. Pop. in 1S52, 2182. 
 
 VENDOME, v6x«\lome', a town of France, department of 
 Ltar-el-Chcr, on the Loir, 39 miles W. of Orleans. Pop. in 
 1852, 9325. It has a ruined, but once strongly fortified 
 castle of the Dukes of Vendome; a communal college and 
 public library, hospital, cavalry barracks, theatre, public 
 baths, and manufactures of leather gloves, coarse cotton 
 fabrics, cotton hosiery, and paper. It was formerly capital 
 of a district cidled the VmdOmois, now comprised in the 
 departments of Loir-et-Cher and Sarthe. 
 
 VENDOTEN'A, vto-do-tA'nd, (aiic. randakt'ria,) an island 
 of the Mediterranean, belonging to Naples, 23 miles W.N.W. 
 of Ischia. It is 8 miles in circumference; fertile, well culti- 
 vated, and having a small town and fishing port. Pop. 500. 
 It was used by the Komans as a place of banishment for state 
 prisoners. 
 
 VENDRELL, v5n-drJI', (anc. Palfuriana f) a town of Spain, 
 province and 17 miles N.E. of Tarragona, near the Mediter- 
 ranean, on which it has a small port. Pop. 3982. 
 VEN'ECI.^. See A'EXtCE. 
 VEXEDTG. a city of Tt.nlv. See Ventte. 
 VEXEUIA. vA-nA-ree'3. a town of Italy. Sardinian States. 6 
 miles X.AT. of Turin, with a roval palace and sardens. P. 3000. 
 VENERIS PORTUS. See Porto Yexere." 
 VENETIA. See Venice. 
 
 VEXEV or WENEW, vA-nfT', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Tools, on the Venevka. Pop. 
 SIOO. It has a cathedral, and woollen and linen manufactures. 
 VENEZIA, a city of Italy. See Venice. 
 VENEZUELA, vjn'^iz-wee'la, (Sp. pron. v.i-nJth-wMd or 
 vto-is-wi'ld,) a republic occupying the N.E. portion of 
 South America, between l.at. 1° 8' and 12° 16' N., and Ion. 
 53° 15' and 73° 17' W. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, E. by British Quiana, S. 
 \y Brazil, and W. by New Granada. The western boun- 
 dary, according to the treaty between the two republics, 
 begins on the coast at Cape Chichibacoa, Ion. 72° 24' W., 
 runs to the sources of the Maimachi, an affluent of the Kio 
 Xegro, and is determined throughout chiefly by the junc- 
 tions and courses of rivers, its whole length being 1100 miles. 
 The S. and E. boundaries running through countries but 
 iittle known, are imperfectly determined. The former of 
 the,se, towards Brazil, from the source of the Maimachi in 
 the W., to the junction of the Rupununi and Essequibo in 
 tlie K., follows the water-bounds or ridges separating the 
 biisins of rivers which, in the present state of our geographi- 
 cal knowledge, can only be represented hypothetically. On 
 the E. the republic assumes that its boundary extends from 
 tlie river Cuyuni to the mouth of the. Moroco on the coast, 
 while the British government claims for Guiana a territory 
 N, of this line, and all the coast between the Esse<iuibo and 
 Orinoco. The area of the republic is about 400,000 square 
 miles, or double that of France. 
 
 Fact of the. Cmmtri/, Mnuntiins, &c. — In A'enezuela, the 
 mountains hold a secondary importance, and occupy but a 
 third of the whole territory. The E. Cordillera of the An- 
 des divides into two branches before it leaves New Granada. 
 The W. branch, which incloses the Lake of Maracaibo, bears 
 in its different portions the names of Sierra de Ocafia, Sierra 
 de Perija, (in the middle,) and where it reaches the coast at 
 Cape Cliichibacoa, Montes de Oca. It has but a moderate 
 elevation, rarely exceeding 4000 feet, and is nowhere culti- 
 vated. The thick forests which cover it in its whole extent 
 sliolter the independent Indian tribes, the Cucinas and the 
 Goajinw. ITie E. branch enters Venezuela much further 
 S., and stretches N.E. for about 300 miles, with a general 
 breadth of atxjut 60 miles. It is an immense pile of rocks, 
 forming ridges narrow at the summit, and rising to the 
 limits of .\lpine vegetation. The paramos, or summit-plains, 
 have generary an elevation of 12.000 feet. The Nevado 
 de Merida, the loftiest of the summits which rise above 
 them, is 15.300 fi-et in height, and always covered with 
 enow. Where cultivation has obtained a footing on the 
 slopes If these luounUiius. it succeeds to a height of 8000 
 or 900<J feet, the line which separates the cereal crops of 
 temperate climates, wheat, barley, Ac, from tropical pro- 
 ductions, maize, coffie, the ynea, *c., being at an elevation 
 20*2U 
 
 YEN 
 
 of about 4000 feet Breaking off from these mountain* 
 near Trujillo, the coast-chain runs N.E. towards the Gulf 
 of Tacarigua or Valencia, which, enclosed by mountains, 
 presents the most diversified and beautiful scenery; the 
 chain then continues onwards parallel to the sea-coast. Its 
 N. branch, known as the sierra de Mariara, terminates at 
 Cape Codera. It ri.«es in the Siila de Caracas to an elevation 
 of S600 feet, forming a conspicuous olject from the sea. 
 The S. branch, known as the Mountains of Guacjmo and 
 Yusma, sends a winding chain. Sierra de Alta Gracia S. to 
 the Orinoco ; while towards the E. and S.E., it forms the 
 chains of the Bergantin and CoioUar. The valleys and 
 table-lands of these coast-chains, which have collectively a 
 moderate elevation, are the chief seats of cultivation in Ve- 
 nezuela, and form together the most populous region of the 
 torrid zone in the New \Vorld. In the southern part of the 
 state, on the frontiers of Guiana, rises an insulated group 
 of mountain.s, between the rivers Orinoco and Amazon, 
 divisible into several chains, e.xteuding fur the most part E, 
 and W., and called collectively the Mountains of Parima. 
 This extensive mountain region still remains unexplored, a 
 wilderness overgrown with superb forests. It is known, 
 however, that the Mountains of Parima nowhere attain the 
 elevation of paramos, (12,000 feet,} so that their summits, 
 when cleared of trees, would be capable of yielding the grains 
 of Europe. 
 
 Llanos. — From the Slountains of Parima to the coast-chain 
 at Caracas, and from the mouths of the Orinoco to the foot 
 of the Andes, extends an immense plain, with an area of 
 above 150,000 square miles, having in .some places on its 
 margin an elevation of 1300 feet, though a great portion of 
 it is little above the level of the sea, and in the rainy season 
 it is flooded by the rivers to an extent equal to the surface 
 of the British I.sle.s. Such are the llanos. Id'noce, (" plains") of 
 Venezuela. They are generally de.^titute of trees, which in 
 the most favored spots occur onl}" in small clusters. The 
 mnriche (Mauritia) palm is scattered thinly over the waste, 
 which is often quite treeless. Tlie change of level is rarely 
 discernible by the eye, though in .'^ome places, patches of 
 rock, showing horizontal stratification, and occasionally 
 some square miles in extent, rise a few feet above the .sur- 
 rounding plain. In the dry season, the greater part of the 
 llanos presents to the view a bare sunburnt desert, over 
 which the least agitation of the air whirls clouds of dust. 
 The intense heat reverberated from the naked ground, the 
 w.int of landmarks, with the frequency of extensive mirage, 
 and the difflculty of finding water, then render a journey 
 through the llanos a dangerous undertaking. But no sooner 
 does the rain fall — and it pours down with the \ ioleure 
 peculiar to the tropics — than the scene changes totally; 
 vegetation springs forth and spreads itself abroad with sur- 
 prising rapidity, the arid waste becomes a rich garden, the 
 moistened earth is seen to heave and open, and forth come 
 the crocodile and the boa-coustrietor, shaking off their 
 lethargy, and releasing themselves from their temporary 
 imprisonment. The rivers, hitherto dry, are now quickly 
 filled, and their bjinks being low, the waters spread over 
 the llanos, forming great seas, which, towards the foot of 
 the Andes, penetrate even into the majestic forests. The 
 plains above the level of the inundation feed cattle and 
 horses in groat numbers. 
 
 Rivers. — The great river of A'enezuela is the Orinoco, 
 which holds the third rank among the great rivers of South 
 America. The exuberantly fertile valley of this noble river, 
 into which How above 400 other rivers reputed navigable, 
 watering a territory of 150,000 square miles, offers to ad- 
 vancing civilization all the natural conditions of an opu- 
 lent and populous state. (See Orinoco.) AVithin the limits 
 of the Venezuelan Republic, the rivers that have a course 
 of at least 100 miles, are about 60 in number; the chii:f 
 of these belong to the basin of the Orinoco: of the re- 
 mainder, few call for especial notice. The Cuyuni runs E. 
 from the Mountains of Parima, S. of the Orinoco, to join 
 the Essequibo in British Guiana. Further W. the Ouainia 
 or Rio Negro crosses the territory of Venezuela, on its way 
 from the foot of the Andes in New Granada, to the Amazim 
 in Brazil. The rivers flowing into the Caribbean Sea are 
 much inferior in magnitude to those already mentioned; 
 the most important are the Zulia, Catatuniba. and Motat.in, 
 falling into Lake Maracaybo; the Tocuyo, running N.E be- 
 tween the provinces of Coro and Carabobo; the Tuy. flowing 
 E. through the plains S. of Caracas; the Unare, 50 miles fur- 
 ther E. ; and the Guarapiche, which enters the Gulf of Paruu 
 Lakes and Harlim-s. — Above 200 lakes or lagocuis are enu- 
 merated within the territory of A'enezuela, but most of 
 these are the results of inundation, being only mar.>ihe» 
 more or less permanently covered. Only two of the whoiq 
 number, namely. Lakes .Maracaybo and Tacarigua. are de- 
 serving of notice for their extent or beauty. The chief 
 harbors are those of Cumana, at the S. side of the Gulf 
 of Cariaco, and capacious enough to receive and .shelter all 
 the fleets of Europe; and Puerto Cabello, which is also 
 roomy and secure. La Gnayra owes its imiwrtance chiefly 
 to it,< vicinity to Caracas, and to the populov sue* o) the 
 neighboring country. 
 
YEN 
 
 Minerals. — The altention of the first Spanish settlers in 
 this country was forcibly attracted by the gold ornnmeuts 
 »rorn by the Indians, and their search for mines of the pre- 
 cious metals was not wholly fruitless. The towns of Bar- 
 quesimeto and Nirj;ua owed their origin to the discovery 
 of ttold-mines in the mountains lyini; between them. In 
 1560 were discovered the mines of Los Teques. In 15S4 the 
 city of San Juan de la Paz was founded on the Tuy, and for 
 some years derived wealth and prosperity from the neigh- 
 boring gold-mines of Apa and Carapa. Several other mines 
 enjoyed a transient reputation. But owing to the rapid 
 exhaustion of the supposed treasures, and the ravages of 
 climate, these mines seem to have been all abandoned early 
 in the 17th century, and were soon forgotten. Silver-mines 
 were also discovered at Guanita between Aroa and Nirgua; 
 8.nd in the present century, silver ores have been found in 
 the Mountains of Jlerida, S. of Lake Slaracaybo, and Caras- 
 8uno, all of which are very ri(-h, but have not as yet been 
 fully developed. But the copper of Aroa has proved more 
 valuable than its silver. These copper-mines, situated in 
 the hills of San Felipe, about 70 miles W. of Puerto Cabello, 
 are extremely productive. The tin-mines of Barquesimeto 
 were worlied for many years on account of the Crown, their 
 whole produce being used in casting brass guns ; they were 
 at length sold to a private speculator, who abandoned them. 
 Coal is said to be excellent and abundant in many of the 
 coast-district.s, but chiefly in Coro. Extensive deposits of 
 coal exist on the margin of the Barcelona Bivcr, and only 9 
 miles from the port of the same name. It is bituminous 
 coal, and is said to be equal to the best English cannel. 
 Among the mineral resources of A^enezuela, salt is not 
 the least importiint. The salt-mines of Araya, facing the 
 sea. on the peninsula N. of Cumana, were discovered by 
 the followers of Columbus In 1499, and as they offered an 
 Inexhaustible supply of the purest salt, they continued for 
 some years to atfract adventurers of all nations. Asphalte 
 and petrolevun are abundant round Lake Maracaybo. At 
 Laguuillas, in Merida, is a lagoon, which, in the dry season, 
 yields a large quantity of the se.'qui-carbonate of soda, known 
 to druggists by the African name of trona. The Indians 
 use it to mix with their tobacco. At the present time vessels 
 may be laden from the immense salt deposits in the neigh- 
 borhood of La Guayra at the smallest possible cost. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Venezuela exhibits in the high- 
 est degree the equatorial character, llie change of seasons 
 Is scarcely perceptible, and vegetation goes on perpetually. 
 On the coast, the thermometer ranges from 80° to 90° Fah- 
 renheit the year round. But, notwithstanding the continu- 
 ous heat that prevails along the coast, epidemic diseases are 
 rare, and the climate is comparatively healthy. To those 
 unacclimated, however, a due amount of care is necessary, 
 IS a too great exposure and inattention to diet are often fol- 
 lowed by violent fevers. The table-land Ixirdering the coast 
 has an almost uniform range of temperature thi-oughout the 
 year, the thermometer varying only aliout ten degrees, from 
 70° to 80°. In the llanos, especially those portions subject 
 to inundation, the climate is not very salubi-ious. 
 
 Butany. — Owing to the equatorial position of Venezuela, 
 the variety of its surface, and its humid climate, the flora 
 of that country is one of the richest on the earth ; but our 
 limited space will only permit us to cast a rapid glance at 
 the several gradations of veget.ible forms from the sea-side 
 to the snows of the Andes. From the level of the sea to the 
 height of 3300 feet, extends the region of palms. Only 3 
 species floxirish above these limits, one being the wax-palm, 
 which often attains an elevation of 9000 feet; another is 
 the royal palm, remarkable for its great .size and beauty. 
 Of the palms in the lower plains, the most important is the 
 moriche, (Cncus Maurilia,) called by the missionaries the 
 bread of life, or the Indian sago. This tree thrives best on 
 marshy gi-ound; it is thinly scattered even over the llanos. 
 Every part of it is serviceable ; its farinaceous pith, called 
 yurunia. is made into bread. The berries, leaves, cortical 
 fibres of the root, and the wood itself, are all converted to 
 use by the Caribs and Guaranis. The chiquichiqtii yields 
 the fibrous tufts of which the natives make their strong 
 and elastic ropes. The yaijui supplies the place of the olive; 
 two kinds of oil. one of them extremely fine, being made 
 from its fruit. The chaguarama, a palm of most elegant 
 and majestic appearance, produce.s, in imjnense clusters, a 
 fruit equally palatable and nutritious. Mingled with the 
 palms are the cardones and cacti of candelabra forms, sensi- 
 tive mimosiB. pine-apple or bromelia; nor must we forget the 
 milk-tree, called also palo de vaca or cow-tree, which yields 
 on incision a nutritious fluid resembling milk. 
 
 Among the large timber trees may be mentioned the 
 bauhinia. of colossal size, the Bnmhax Cnba, and mahogany. 
 iSarsaparilla, copaiba, dragon's-blood, and other drugs, be- 
 Bides caucho or caoutchouc from several tilees of different 
 kinds, are all produced in the region of palms. In the 
 forests thus richly stored with useful products, the plants 
 which chiefly engross the stranger's attention and admira- 
 tion, are the arborescent grasses, (bombusa,) and tree-ferns. 
 Beginning at an ab.solute elevation of 600 (generally of 2000) 
 feet, and extending up to 9000 feet, are the febrifuge plants, 
 
 VEN 
 
 (cinchona.) sometimes forming great forests by themselves. 
 This is the native zone of many flowering plants now inti-o- 
 duced into foreign conservatories. Here also grow wild the 
 aromatic vanilla, the plantain, the strychnos or poison })!ant 
 of the Indians, and the niopo, an acacia, of the bruised 
 seeds of which the natives make snufl'. Trees grow stuiitei! 
 and rare at the elevation of 8000 feet, where all the grains 
 of tcnfperate regions attain perfection. Alpine plants shc^ 
 themselves at a height of 6500 feet, increasing upwards till 
 they approach their upper limit, between 13.000 and 14.000 
 feet. Above 11,000 feet bushes cease, and only humblo 
 plants remain. At the height of 13.700 feet, phanerogamous 
 vegetation disappears altogether, and only lichens and he- 
 paticas cover the rocks as far as the limits of perpetual 
 snow, about 1300 feet higher up. 
 
 Of the cultivated plants, subservient to the wants of the 
 country, or to the demands of commerce, the first rank is 
 due to the cacao. Owing to the remissness of the colonists, 
 however, the coasts of Venezuela, which are particularly 
 adapted for its culture, were long unable to supply the de- 
 mand of the mother-country, and in the middle of the 17th 
 century, chocolate was even imported into Caracas from tha 
 Dutch colony of Cura^oa. It was about 1728 that the cacao 
 of Caracas began to attract notice, and towards the end of 
 the century, the exportation of cocoa was very large. At 
 present it is supposed to attract less attention. Cotton, 
 coffee, sugar, and indigo are extensively cultivated, and, 
 with cocoa, form the chief articles of export. The quantity 
 of coffee exported alone amounts to about 800,000 bags an- 
 nually. The plantain* supplies the staple food of the great 
 majority of the population. The species ore numerous, and 
 some of them thrive at an elevation of 5000 feet; but lower 
 down the tree is more prolific, and continues bearing for 80 
 years, loaded with fruit at all seasons. Slaize, which at a 
 height of 6000 or 8000 feet ripens slowly, is gathered in four 
 months near the coast, and thus two crops of it are easily 
 taken in the year, each protlucing 240 fold. The yuca is 
 cultivated chiefly by the Indians, who prepare from the root 
 the farinaceous meal called manioca. The cocoa-nut is now 
 very generally cultivated along the coasts of A'enezucla for 
 the sake of its oil, and is found to be more remunerative, in 
 suitable situations, than the cacao. In 1779 the e.ftanco or 
 emporium of the royal monopoly of tobacco was established 
 in Venezuela. The privileges thus conferred were abolished, 
 however, in 1832, by the congress. The tobacco of Variuas 
 in Merida is much esteemed in Europe. 
 
 Animals. — The forests of A'enezuela are amply stocked 
 with the feathered tribes and with monkeys. Of the spe- 
 cies peculiar to this country, it will be sufficient to men- 
 tion the titi, a diminutive monkey only 6 inches in length, 
 the most elegant varieties of which are found only on the 
 banks of the Cassiquiure. AVhile the monkeys occupy in 
 families the upper region of the remote forest, the tapir, 
 the largest of the American pachyderms, wanders below in 
 solitude along the banks of the rivers. The vaquira, a kind 
 of wild hog, though much smaller than the tapir, is more 
 formidable, and when in large herds, fearlessly attacks the 
 hunter. The jaguar or American tiger, being hunted for 
 the s;ike of its highly prized skin, is growing rare. The 
 puma or lion, prefers the hills and mountain-sides to the 
 deep forests. Immense herds of wild cattle roam over the 
 plains. They are .slaughtered in vast numbers for their 
 hides and tallow. The chiguire is an amphibio\is animal re- 
 .sembling a large otter ; it is often domesticated in ponds for 
 the sake of its flesh. Besides dolphins of great size which 
 ascend the rivers, the manati, often weighing 800 pounds, is 
 found in the Orinoco and its aflBuents at the foot of the An- 
 des, as well as in Lake Maracaybo. 
 
 Islands, Ac. — AVithin the jurisdiction of Venezuela are 
 numerous islands, of greater and less extent, on the northern 
 coast, in the Caribbean Sea. The chief of these is Marga^ 
 rita, which constitutes a province in itself. The other 
 islands are mostly uninhabited, and are the re.sort of innu- 
 merable se:<-fowl. Some of the uninhabited islands, among 
 which are the Eocas, the Orchillas. the Monks, and the Isle 
 of Aves, (Birds Island,) in lat. 15° X., Ion. 64° W., contain 
 valuable deposits of guano. The exclusive privilege of 
 removing the guano has been granted by the government 
 of Venezuela to a number of gentlemen in Philadelphia. 
 The guano is of excellent quality. 
 
 Divisions, Government, &c. — The republic is divided into 
 the following 16 provinces, namely, Aragua, Guarico, Portu- 
 guesa, Caracas, Carabobo, Barquesimeto, Coro. Maracaybo, 
 Trujillo, Merida, Barinas, Apure, Barcelona, Cumana, Mar- 
 garita, (the island,) and Guayana. The last nearly equals 
 in extent all the others. In Carabobo, Apure. Margarita, 
 and Guayana. the capitals are respectively Valencia, Achar 
 guas, Asuncion, and Ciudad Bolivar. The other provinces 
 all bear the names of their capitals. The constitution de- 
 
 * The plantain tree belongs to the same species as the banana. 
 The fruit has a farinaceons tlesh, in color resembling; the finest 
 yellow butter. It sometimes attains the weight of 60 ami evea 
 80 pounds. Some varieties have an exquisite flavor, surpassing, 
 it is said, that of the finest kinds of pear. 
 
 20t» 
 
VEN 
 
 volv; i 01 A enpzuela by the parent republic of ColombL^, is 
 a, sMitlv modified copy of that of the United State?. The 
 government is vested in a Senate and House of Kepresenta- 
 tives; the executive power being in the hands of a president 
 and vice-president The iioman Catholic religion is the 
 religion of the state, but other creeds are tolerated. The 
 clergy are held to be strictly subordinate to the civil power. 
 The papal sauttion. when required, is transmitted tlKouph 
 the government, which also administers the patronage of 
 the churth. The revenue for 1S62-3 amounted to about 
 $V.0OO,(X)O. and the expenditures to $.8,248,001. At the close 
 of the revolutiun, the delit c mtraeted by loans in England 
 aloue, amounted to $33,500,000. 
 
 There are very few manufactures carried on in the repub- 
 lic. The land attracts all tl;e industry ; still, hardly a tenth 
 of the fertile territory has been reached by cultivation. The 
 commerce is mostly with i'rance. Germany, the United States, 
 Great Britain, and t>pain. The total value of exports in 
 1852 amounted to about $9,000,000, and the imports to 
 $7,000,000. Besides coffee, cocoa, sugar, indigo, and cotton, 
 before mentioned, the exports comprise annually about 
 750,000 hides, and large quantities of live stock, t\llow, 
 horns. <tc. ; sarsaparilla, dye-woods, and timber. The imports 
 compri.«e woven fabrics, chiefly cottons and linens, flour and 
 provision.", hardwares, wines, and specie. In this, as in 
 most of the South American countries, the development of 
 the internal i-esourc«s of the country is much hindered by 
 the want of gotid roads. A railwaj', however, has been sur- 
 veyed, and is about being put under contract from Puerto 
 CuLello to San Felipe, a distance of 50 miles. An American 
 company, with exclusive privileges of navigating the Ori- 
 noco, has 3 steamers plying regularly, carrying large quan- 
 tities of produce from the interior. The Lake of A'alencia 
 (40 miles long) is likewise navigated by steam. Steamers 
 run along the coast, carrying the mail and produce from La 
 Guayra to Maracaybo, touching at intermediate ports. 
 
 Population. Saoe, itc.— The population of Venezuela, like 
 that of the other Spanish American colonies, exhibits a sin- 
 gular mi.xture of the Spanish, Indian, and African races. 
 3Iore than one-third of the population are people of color, 
 that is to say, Mestizoes, Mulattoes. Zambos, and other mixed 
 breeds. The Creoles, or people of Kuropean descent, amount 
 at the utmost to a fourUi. The domesticated Indians make 
 about a sixth. The population, as shown by a census taken 
 in 1854, amounts to 1.419,289. Of the population, about 
 50.000 are independent Indians, who add nothing to the 
 gtrength or resources of the st«te. These are divided into at 
 least 100 different nations or tribes, some of them numbering 
 but 100 people, and speaking apparently different languages, 
 which are doubtless but dialects derived from a compara- 
 tively few tongues. Among the nations which may be re- 
 garded a.s parent stems of this various and alienated progeny, 
 that of the Caril.s holds the first rank. These are tall, strong, 
 couragcius, and intelligent. It is not believed that can- 
 nibalism was ever an estabhshed custom with those on 
 the continent, though it certainly existed among their 
 brethren in the Antilles. The surviving remnants of their 
 nation in the present day iuhabit a few villages in Guiana, 
 on the rivers Caroni, Cuyuni. and Mazaruni. and about the 
 lower part of the Orinoco, The delta of this river and the 
 mouths of the rivers entering the sea from the Sierra Ima- 
 taca. are inhabited by the Gnaranis. who are all boatmen 
 trading with Trinidad, and sub.^isting chiefly on the moricbe- 
 palm. Some of them, quitting their woods and marshes, 
 have .settled in villages near I'iacoa in Guiana. The Guaicas. 
 also in the neighborhood of I'iacoa, are remarkable for their 
 lair complexion and diminutive stature. Their language 
 resembles that of the Guaharibos, a savage tril«? dwelling 
 near the upper falls of the Orinoco. The Maquiritares. 
 another light-colored tribe, dwell on the banks of the Ven- 
 tuarl and Cunucanuma, and trade with Demerara. The 
 Ottom.ics. (ft tomaques.) in the plains of the Apure. area 
 wretohed tribe, remarkable for their extreme addiction to 
 InL'tv^^c '"" ?J" *'*■'""- '''^y • T^*^ Gu.njiros, on the penin- 
 Iw I." :* ' y»racayl«>, are still a considerable nation : 
 they cultivate maize, y uca. and sugar-cane, and breed horses, 
 niu es. and goats. By a decree dated March 10. 1854. passed 
 lUr\?'"''''"''\°J Venezuela, and sanctioned bv Jose Gre- 
 C V I ?^^''.,''"' ^T'i^'^nt of the Kepnblic, slavery wju« 
 Tn UiJ^unS** ' "^ '^"^ *"« '^°^ "°t '^'«t « single^lave 
 
 ȣX~i^?i?0<P^'rh''""'^^'''''""'' '"^^''^ the Lake of 
 luJ™m\ilial -^' ' ^^'^-"^ surprised to find there an 
 
 Of Tu r™ YWml ^i^'" .^'''"'^V.'T'"'' ""'''•'• ^^e Rcneral name 
 the V^mrt ?' M '« »Pl;'';.d "t the present day onlv to 
 
 tnclud.'.rt kJm "'!.''*'"'" "^ Venezuela. Tlie vici-rovaltv 
 Md hnse o7 VeV ^ terrftoneB of ,he present rep,\hli^. 
 ="- onns^he Rrr^?n,""''A-''''','''°e^''^'" of Qnito.'which 
 VM n aTin isfo "^1 « 1^ 'ir""*'?- "^^ ^'^^ settlement 
 O'sdMn^lSlO, at Santa Maria la Antiqua, on the Gulf 
 
 VEN 
 
 of Darien. It was not till near the middle of the ICtb cen- 
 tury, that the interior wa.s conquered by Bei;a!caz.ir and 
 Ximenes de Qucsneda. The country continued sulgect to 
 Spain till 1811. when it became independent. In 1819 New 
 Granada and Venezuel.i, being united into one repul.lii;, 
 adopted a constitution at the Congress of Kosario de Cucuta, 
 in 1K21. and received into the union Quito and Panama, in 
 1823. This union was dissolved in 3831. and the Republic 
 of Colombia divided into the three republics of Venezuela, 
 
 Xew Granada, and Quito or Kcnador A<lj. and inhab! 
 
 Venkzuel.\s, vJn-ez-wee'lan, (Sp. V£Xi:zol.\no. vA-nA-tho- 
 U'no.) 
 
 VEXICARLO. a town of Spain. See Br.xtcvRLO. 
 A'EMCE, T?n'iss, (It. n-vezia. v.l-nJd'ze-d: Fr. Venise, veh- 
 neez/; GKr.Venetli/j.yk-nAWo; Sp. Fc^cVa. v.vn,-i'the-i: anc. 
 Veneltia,) a fortified city of Au.strian Italy, capital of th« 
 government and delegation of its own name, and one of 
 the two capitals of the Lonibardo- Venetian Kingdom, is 
 situated in the lagoons of Venice, a sort of v.-i.-^t lake, 
 separated from the Adriatic by a long belt of low land, 
 and 2 miles from the continent, with whiih it is connected 
 tiy a stupendous bridge of 222 arches, forming jart of 
 the railway to Padua ; lat. of St. Mark 45° 2.5' 9" N., Ion. 
 12° .SC 2"E. Population in 1857, 118,172. Me.m tempe. 
 rature of year, 55°.3: vrintor 380; summer 73° Fahren- 
 heit. It is the see of a Roman Catholic primate, Creek and 
 Armenian bishops, and the residence of the viceroy during 
 part of the winter; the centre of the maritime establish- 
 ments of Austria, and the residence of the cnmmander- 
 general of the imperial marine. This city, one of the 
 finest in Eurojie. and formerly for many centuries the 
 first maritime and commeri'ial city in the world, is unique, 
 both .IS regards position and construction, being built 
 entirely on piles and occupying 82 small i.Nlands, sepa^ 
 rated by 150 canals, which are crossed by 3t50 bridges. On 
 the land side it is defended by the water, and on the sea 
 side it is defended by the land, the only ajiproach to it being 
 through narrow openings, commanded by powerful batterief 
 crossing their fire with each other, and inaking a successful 
 attack on the town impossible, till thase formidable batteries 
 are silenced. Among the canals, the first that claims atten 
 tion is the Canalazo or Grand Canal, which has a varying 
 breadth of from lt)0 feet to 180 feet, and pursues a series of 
 serpentine windings through the heart of the city, dividing 
 it into two distinct and nearly equal portiors. Both sides 
 of this canal are lined by buildings, many of them marble 
 palaces of great magnificence, and so close to the water's 
 edge as to he entered from the gondolas or water-coaches 
 which are constantly plying in all directions, and give won- 
 drous animation to the scene. The only bridge across this 
 canal is the Hi.ilto, which spans it by a single arch. It is 
 built of white marble, and has no rival in Venice. The 
 other canals branching off from the Canalazo and from each 
 other, are much narrower and shorter. The numerous 
 bridges across them, to give a free passage to the gondolas, 
 have a considerable elevation, and having been erected long 
 belnre horizontal bridges were known, are very steep, rising 
 rajiidly from both extremities towards the centre. To make 
 the ascent more easy or less dangerous, it has been formed 
 into steps, and hence, the person who attempts to thread 
 his way on foot, has no alternative but to submit to the 
 most fatiguing of all operations — a continued Widk up and 
 down stairs. 5Io.«t of the hou.ee.s. in addition to their main 
 entrance by water, have a land side communic.iting with a 
 c«ffc or lane for foot-passengers. Iliese streets or lanes are .so 
 narrow and intricate as to render the city a Ta.«t labyrinth. 
 .Most of them are only 4 feet, and but a few as much as 6 
 feet in width. There are, however, two exceptions. The fir.«rt 
 is the street Cidled the Merceria, (m?Reh.irec'ii.) situated 
 near the centre of the city, lined with handsome shops, and 
 so wide, that by careful driving two carriages meeting miiiht 
 manage to pass. The other is the Piazza of St. Mark, and 
 the Piazzetta leading to it. These form two main branches 
 at right angles to each other, and united by the Basilica of 
 St JIark and the Ducal Palace. The Piazzetta, the shorter 
 of the two, opens upon the sea. where in front of it stand 
 two magnificent granite obelisks, each formed out of a sin- 
 gle block, and crowned with a bronze figure, the one the 
 winged lion of St. Mark, and the other a statue of St l"heo- 
 dore. 
 
 Among ifj! many squares, the most remarkalle for extent, 
 regularity, and beauty of situation, is the Piazra di fiin 
 Marco, on the S. side of the city, at the entrance of the Grand 
 Canal. It is about 200 feet long, by 100 feet broad, and ia 
 by far the finest part of the city. It contains seme of the 
 most remarkable public buildings, and is lined by arcades 
 with h.indsome shops and cifils. Along with the i'iazzetta, 
 on its E. side, it is the centre of concourse, and at all times 
 presents a very gay and animated scene. In some other 
 places, where the islands are large enough to adinit of them, 
 there are a few small squares, and In similar localitie." suc- 
 cessive rows of narrow streets occur, where the houses have 
 the di.i;advantage of not being accessible by the gondola. 
 The ordinary houses are built of brick, and "have generally 
 3 or 4 stories. They are seldom lined by arcade*, but aw 
 
YEN 
 
 YEN 
 
 for the most part provided with balconies, and have a very 
 showy appearance. The larger are generally of a square 
 form, with an interior court, in which a cistern for contain- 
 ing rain-wat<<r is never wanting. This water forms the 
 main supply of the city, and in addition to the private cis- 
 terns is collected by 100 public cisterns. 
 
 Venice contains a vast number of magnificent churches 
 and palaces, adorned with the paintings of Titian and the 
 frescoes of Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. The first which 
 claims attimtion is the ancient palace of the doge, the l"a- 
 lazzo di San Marco, which dates from the 10th century, but 
 was reconstructed in 1354 by the Doge Marino Faliero, and 
 has .since received many important additions, among others 
 the beautiful entrance called the Porta della Carta. The 
 style of its architecture is Gothic, of a kind to which the 
 name of Oriental or Venetian has been not improperly ap- 
 plied, but in many of the repairs and alterations there is a 
 mi.Kture of Italian, introduced in such a manner as not to 
 impair the unity of the whole. It is in the form of an 
 irregular square, two of its sides resting on double ranges 
 of arches, the columns and tracery of which, though neces- 
 sarily massive, have been so skilfully worked, as to have an 
 appearance of airy lightness, particularly around the capi- 
 tals, which are covered over with numerous groups and 
 figures of an allegorical description. In the interior are a 
 number of licautifiil halls, among which the most remarka- 
 ble are the Sala delle Quatro Porte, so called from its four 
 symmetrical d0t>rs designed by Palladio; it has a richly 
 ornamented ceiling and walls covered with frescoes by Tin- 
 toretto, and paintings by distinguished masters, among 
 others Titian; the Sala del Collegio or presence-chamber, 
 where the doge held his court, adorned by national and his- 
 torical alle^ries by I'aul Veronese: the Sala del Consiglio- 
 dci Dieci. (si'ld del kon-seel'yo d.Ve de-A'choe — " hall of the 
 Council of Ten") where the fearful tribunal of that name 
 held its fittings; and the Sala del Maggior ConsigUo, a vast 
 apartment, 154 fce't long by 74 feet broad, occupying the 
 greater part of the upper story, adorned with splendid 
 paintings, said to be the earliest specimens of oil painting 
 upon canvas, but much injured in its appearance and gene- 
 ral etfc^ct, from having been converted into a museum and 
 a library. The celebrated Ponte de' Sos))iri (Hridge of Sighs) 
 connects the palace with the pulilic prisons, a long and gloomy 
 range on the side of a narrow canal. 
 
 The edifice next entitled to notice is the church of San 
 Marco, originally the ducal chapel, and not raised to the dig- 
 nity of a cathedral till 1817, but justly regarded as one of the 
 grandest and most interesting ecclesiastical structures in 
 Christendom. Its style is mainly Byzantine, with an inter- 
 nii.tture of Gothic and modern Italian, and its form that of a 
 Greek cross, the nave 24.5 feet, and the transept 201 feet. It 
 is surmounted by five domes, the one in the centre 90 feet, 
 and each of the others SO feet in height. The principal 
 front, 170 feet wide, has 500 splendid columns of black, 
 white, and veined marble, bronze, alabaster, verd antiq\ie, 
 and serpentine, several of them being covered with deeply 
 cut Syrian inscriptions ; it terminates in point«l arches sur- 
 mounted by numerous crosses, statues, pinnacles, and 
 spires. Over the portal of this magnificent temple were 
 replaced, in 1815, the four celebrated bronze horses which 
 were foundtHj at Corinth, and successively adorned Athens, 
 Rome, Constantinople, Venice, and Paris. In the interior, 
 everything is gorgeous almost beyond description, resplend- 
 ent cupolas above, rich and variegated jasper and por- 
 phyry pavement below, gold-grounded mosaics spread over 
 roof and wall in such profusion as to make the whole look 
 a-s if it were lined with gold. Among the multitude of pre- 
 cious objects claiming attention is the celebrated Palla 
 d'Oro, a species of mosaic in gold, silver, and enamel, made 
 at Constantinople in the 10th century. In front of St. 
 Mark are three bronze pedestals, with masts, now bearing 
 the Austrian standards, and near it the Campanile Tower, 
 where astronomical ob.servations were made by Galileo. 
 
 Among the many other edifices deserving of notice, either 
 for their architecture or the historical associations, is the 
 church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, a lofty and venera- 
 ble Gothic structure, built in the l.Sth century, filled with 
 magnificent monuments, among which the plain slab which 
 mark's the grave of Titian is not to be forgotten, and adorned 
 with paintings by Titian and Tintoretto ; the church of San 
 Giovanni e I'aolo, a solemn and majestic structure, remark- 
 able for its fine painted glass, and the monuments of nu- 
 merous doges; the church of La Madonna dell' Orto. once 
 the richest in Venice, but in a dilapidated state : the church 
 of San Piotro di Castello. with a fine campanile, and some 
 iTOod paintings and mosaics ; the church of San Francesco 
 della Vigna. ort a magnificent plan, but only partly finished ; 
 the church of the Jesuits, in the theatrical and luxurious 
 style not uncommon in churclK-s of the order; the church 
 of II Santissimo Redentore. built as a votive offering after 
 the staying of the plague in 1576, and re.'arded &:> the finest 
 of Palladio's structures; the church of Santa Maria della 
 Salute. anoth(!r votive offering, ereetefl in 1032. after the 
 ^.ssation of a still irre.tter plague, particularly distinguished 
 by the boldness uf its principal cupola, and decorated within 
 
 with many admirable works of art; the Palazzo Rcale, orl 
 ginally the Procurazie Vccchie, standing on 50 arches, auo 
 occupying one entire side of the piazza of San Marco; th* 
 Orologio, a lofty tower with a very curious clock, and a 
 number of gigantic figures in bronze ; the Palazzo dei Canier- 
 lenghi, close to the Rialto Bridge, and now converted into 
 the Tribunale d'Appello; the Dogana or Custom-house, a 
 massive structure of the early part of the Uith century, 
 with coupled arches and arched porticoes; the Ar.-;enal, a 
 vast range of buildings nearly two miles in circuit, sur- 
 rounded by battlemented walls and towers, and containing 
 an armory in which are many remarkable curiosities; the 
 Palazzo Foscari, Ca.sad'Oro, I'alazzo Grimani, now the post- 
 office; Palazzo Pisani, Palazzo Trevisano, Palazzo Manlrinl 
 with one of the best private collections of paintings in 
 Venice; various other palace.s, the Conveuto della Caritjl, 
 now occupied by the Academy of Painting; and six thea- 
 tres, the seventh and finest having been destroyed by the 
 great fire of 18.36, The old library of St, Mark occupfes a 
 magnificent hall, and in the same building is the Zecca or 
 Mint, where, in 1284, the celebrated ducat of Venice, the 
 most ancient coin in Kurope, was struck. 
 
 The chief scientific and literary institutions of Venice, are 
 the Lyceum, with a rich cabinet of natural history, and a 
 botanic garden, 2 royal gymnasia, and the Seminary of the 
 Salute, occupying the former convent of this name, with 
 valuable scientific collections, and a rich library; Normal 
 High School, Marine College, Academy and School of the 
 Fine Arts, the oldest of its kind in existence. The Library 
 of St, Mark, comprising 90,000 volumes, with a fine cabinet 
 of antiquities and medals, is one of the richest in Italy, and 
 among the largest in Europe. One of the most remarkalile 
 institutions in Venice, is that of the Archivio Generale, 
 which contains an immense mass of documents relative to 
 the history of A'enice. There are also various establi.-ihments 
 of a charitable nature, under the name of Scuole, of which 
 the most deserving of notice, both for the elegance of their 
 buildings, the beautiful paintings which adorn them, and 
 the rich endowments which they once possessed, are those 
 of San .Marco and San Rocco. 
 
 In the middle ages, Venice had a monopoly of the manu- 
 facture of glass, but this has greatly declined. The princi- 
 pal at present produced are woollen cloth, serge, canvas, 
 cord.age. cloth of gold and silver, velvet, silk hosiery, lace, 
 pearls, counterfeit gems, mirrors, colored glass, jewelry, wax- 
 work, Ac. The printing-presses of Venice, which in early 
 times iK'came celebrated over Europe for the beautiful inii- 
 tions of the classics which issued from them, are still active, 
 and send out more works than any other town in Italy. 
 
 During the middle ages, before the western nations of 
 Europe hful devoted themselves to maritime enterprise, 
 Venice naturally became the great mart for the commerce 
 lietween the East and West. The progress of discovery 
 having opened new channels, and other causes concurring, 
 the trade rapidly sunk, and has at last dwindled down 
 to a mere shadow. Even In Its own neighlxirhood it is out- 
 stripped by Triest, and the utmost which it can now claim 
 is a share in the trade of the neighboring seas, and particu- 
 larly in the Levant. Its harbor is ample beyond all possible 
 requirement, being nearly co-extensive with its lagoons; 
 but the very deepest of the openings in the belt of land 
 which follows them does not exceed 16 feet at the highest 
 rise; and at Malmocco, the most fre<}uented of them, 
 there is a bar outside on which the water is never more 
 than 10 feet. The great vessels by wliich the foreign 
 commerce of modern times is principally carried on are 
 consequently excluded, and though it has been a free port 
 since 1829, both the exports and inipiirts are very insignifi 
 cant. In 1853 there cleared 816 ves.sels, tonnage 129.811, 
 half of them in ballast, besides 3694 coasters, tonnage 
 299.883 ; and there arrived 876 vessels, tonnage 134,444, be- 
 sides 3908 coasters, tonnage 286,651. The imports include 
 colonial wares, dye-woods, wool, skins, grain, oil, liqueurs, 
 tallow, coals, iron, salt fish, &c, ; and the exports, timber, 
 rice, linen, glass, coral, white-lead, &c. 
 
 The history of Venice extends over many centuries, and 
 derives great interest from its intimate connexion with many 
 of the most Important events of which Europe has been the 
 theatre, both in early and in more modern times. Its origin 
 dates from the period of the invasion of Attila in 452, when 
 a number of the inhabllants of Venetia, and other parts of 
 Italy, taking refuge in the islands of the Adriatic, formed a 
 confkleration to oppose the barbarians. In 697 they elected, 
 as the head of their government, a doge or duke, (in Latin 
 dux, i. e. '• leader or general.") A republic was establisheil in 
 809. In 997 the Venetians took possession of the town of Na- 
 rerita, a nest of pirates, and thus commenced their maritime 
 power; they afterwards subjugateil all thetownsof Dalniatia. 
 The crusades were a source of aggrandizement for the Vene- 
 tians, giving lucrative employment to their shipping in the 
 conveyance of troops and the munitions of war. At the end 
 of the 12th century, the Venetians made themselves masters 
 of part of the Morea, Corfu. Cephalonia, and Crete. During 
 two centuries they monopolized the commerce of India by 
 the route of Egypt; but they lost this on the discovery of 
 
 2U2S 
 
V£N 
 
 the, «s80ge bj th» Cape of Good Hope. About, the middle 
 of t.e 15th ceutury was established the Council of Ten, who 
 were t^elucted from the grand council, and subsequently, in 
 1464. three state inqui.sitors were selected from the Council 
 of Ten. These imiuLsitors, in whom uU the powers of the 
 state were ab.solutely vested, formed a court whose atro- 
 cious proceedinjis have probably never been equalled by 
 those of any other tribunal. This ri^id despotism had, how- 
 over, the elTect of giving a stern unity of purpose to the 
 proceedings of government, aud doubtless contributed in 
 liome degree to consolidate tlie various accessions of territory 
 which had been made into one whole: The state attained 
 the height of its prosperity in the 16th century. It began 
 to decline at the beginning of the 16th century, aud its 
 overthrow was completed by the French in 1797. By the 
 treaty of I'resburg, iu 1805, it was made over, with the pro- 
 vinces of the continent, to the kingdom of Italy, and was 
 heU> by the I'rench till 1814, when it reverted to Austria. 
 In 1S48, the Venetians revolted against the Austrians, and 
 held the city for several months. Pop. in 1840, 127,925. — - 
 Adj. and iuhab. Venetian, ven-ee'shQn; (It. Veneziano, v4- 
 nJd'ze-a'no; Fr. V£nitiex, vA^nee'te-iN"'; Ger. adj. Venedisch, 
 vA-nfi'dish, iuhab. Venetianer, v4-nJt-se-i'ner.) 
 
 VKMCE, vJn'iss, a post-township of Cayuga cc, New 
 York, situated about 3 miles E. of Caj'uga Lake, and 16 
 miles S. of Auburn. Pop. 2012. 
 
 VENICE, a post-ofRce of VVa.shiagton co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 VENICE, a postrvillage of Erie co., Ohio, on Sandusky 
 Bay, and on the Junction Railroad, 2 miles W. of Sandusky 
 City. It ha.s water-power and large ilouring-mills. 
 
 VENICiil, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 2013. 
 
 VEXlCli, a town.ship of Shiawassee co., Michigan. P. 575. 
 
 VENICE, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois, on the 
 Mississippi Kiver. 6 miles above St. Louis. 
 
 VENICK, GOVERNMENT OF, one of the two great divi- 
 sions of the Lo>rB\RDo- Venetian Kingdom, (which see.) 
 
 VENICE, GULF OF. See Adriatic. 
 
 VENISE, a city of Italy. See Venice. 
 
 VENISSIEUX, veh-nee.s'se-uh', a town of Franco, depart- 
 ment of Isere, 60 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 2040. 
 
 VENLOO, \in-\ol, or VENLO, a fortified town of the 
 Netherlands, province of Limburg, on the Meuse, 15 miles 
 N.N.E. of Roermond; lat. 51° 22' N., Ion. G° 10' E. Pop. 
 7179, employed in brewing, tile-making, tanning, audiu tin, 
 lead, tobacco, and vinegar factories. 
 
 VENNKS, a town of France. See Vannes. 
 
 VENOSA, vA-no/si, (anc. Venu/sia.) a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of liasilieata, 23 miles N.N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 6000. 
 It has a noble cathedral, 5 parish churches, a market-hall, 
 and various Roman remains. It is the birth-place of the 
 poet Horace. 
 
 VEN-OT'TERY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 VENUAY or VENRAIJ, vJn-ri', a village of Holland, pro- 
 Tince of Limburg, 22 miles N. of Roermond. Pop. 1695. 
 
 VENTABREN, vSNo'td'hrSN'/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Itouches-du-Rhone, on a branch of the railway from 
 Avignon to Marseilles. Pop. 1600. 
 
 VENTA DEL MORO, vhi'td dil mo'ro, a village of Spain. 
 New Castile, province and about 60 miles from Cuenca, on 
 the Cabriel. Pop. 1432. 
 
 VENTANA, SIERRA, se^Rlid vln-WnL a mountain of 
 La Plata, province and 320 miles S.W. of Buenos Ayros; lat. 
 38° 5' S. It is of quartz formation, bare and jagged, and 
 attains a heiglit of 3500 feet. 
 
 VENTAS CON PENA AGUILERA, vjn/as con pAn/yJ 
 4-ghe-l.Vri, a village of Spain, New Castile, province and 
 18 miles S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1200. 
 
 VENTIMIGLIA, a town of the Sardinian States. See 
 
 VIXTIMICLIA. 
 
 VENTIl'OOR, v?n-te-poor', a village of Cashmere, near 
 the Jhylum, 10 miles S.E. of Serinagur, and having some 
 remarkable Hindoo remains. 
 
 VENT'NOR, a rapidly increasing town on the S. coast of 
 the Isle of Wight, between the villages of Bonchurch and St. 
 Laurence, and about 4 miles E. of Niton, with which and 
 with Newport, C<.>wes, and Ryde, it communicates by 
 coaches daily. It stands shelt<!red by high land on the N. 
 aud K, and it has risen since 1830 from a mere hamlet into 
 a fashionable watering-place. It has a chapel of ease, Inde- 
 pendent and We,sleyan chapels, and schools, haudsome 
 U-rraccs. and many detached villas. 
 
 VK.\T(JUX, MONT, m6N» vdN^Hoo/, France, department 
 
 ?; . w i.',":':; '^ '\^" *'"' f»°n««f of the department of Drome. 
 Uel^tit Di<i3 feet 
 
 .'KN/TIIY. a maritime parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 ivTii' ' "P-,2-*''^«- '^'he harbor of Ventry, which affords 
 i'f. '•'"'Iwase, Is divided from that of Dingle by a 
 m^nT c'l, .'"u"' °1 *'"'■'' "'•'-' ''*^«"-"'l Danish intrench- 
 
 ^rir:;;' \l.!j;;^n- -ar-^ the geog;aS 
 
 VENZO.NI-.^v^D-zoaA,a market-town of Austrian Italy, 
 
 VER 
 
 government of Venice, delegation and i8 miles N.N.W. of 
 Udine, on the Tagliamento. Pop. 3L'00. 
 
 VEPRITT or AVEl'RIT, v.A-prii/, a town of Russia, gorem- 
 ment of Poltava, 10 miles E. of GaUjatsch. Pop. 1800. 
 
 VERA, vA'rd, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, on 
 the Bidas.soa, 40 miles N. of Pamplona. Pop. 1764. 
 
 VERA, a town of Spain, province and 39 miles N.E. of 
 Almeria, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 8470. It h.is a small 
 harbor, manufactures of nitre, an active fishery, aud some 
 export and import trade. Near it are traces of the ancient 
 Ur'ci. 
 
 VERA CRUZ, vA'rd krooss, a maritime state of the Mexi- 
 can Confederation, consisting of a long and somewhat nar- 
 row belt of territory, stretching along the S.W. p;trt of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, aud bounded N. and N.W. by the states of 
 San Luis Potosi and Queretaro; W. by Mexico lyid Puebla; 
 S. by Oaj.aca; aud E. by Tabasco. It extends from lat. 17" 
 30' to 22° 15' N., Ion. 94° 30' and 99° W. Greatest length, 
 from N.N.W. to S.S.E., nearly 600 miles; bre.'vdth only 
 about 80 miles. Area 27,595 .square miles. The coasts 
 are generally low, level, and sandy, and the streams which 
 fall into the Gulf are cither obstructed by bars at their 
 mouths, or else are navigable for only a short distance. 
 The most important are the Tampico, the Pan .Tuan ot 
 Alvarado, and the Iluasacualco, separating Vera Cruz from 
 Oajaca and Tabasco. Another characteri.stic feature of 
 the coast is the number of its lagoons. One of these, 
 the Tamiagua. in the N., is about 55 miles long by 20 miles 
 broad, and communicates with the Gulf by two mouths, 
 which here form the island of Tuspan. Within the lagoon 
 are the two islauds of Juan-Ramirez and El-Toro. The la- 
 goon next in size and still farther N. is Tampico, 12 miles 
 long by 9 miles broad; the largest in the S. is that of Alvar 
 rado, subdivided into eight smaller lagoons. The interior, 
 after the low sandy belt of sea-shore is passed, rises gradu- 
 ally, and becomes either clothed with magnificent forests, or 
 covered with verdant pasture, and cultivated fields of cane 
 and corn. Its most mountainous region is near the centre, 
 to the W. of the capital, where the volcanic peak of Orizaba 
 rises to the height of 17,374 feet. The climate is almost 
 pestilential on the coast, where from May to November 
 yellow fever always more or less prevails, but becomes genial 
 and healthy in the higher and more inland districts. The 
 products embrace numerous varieties both of the temperate 
 and torrid zone, including, among others, maize, barley, and 
 wheat, tobacco, coffee, sugar, cotton, sarpa|>arilla, vanilla, 
 pine-apples, oranges, bananas, and similar fruits, dye-woods, 
 and many valuable species of cabinet-timber. The domestic 
 animals, consisting chiefiy of horned cattle, and to some 
 extent also of horses and sheep, are so numerous that their 
 value has been estimated at above $20,000,000. Through 
 this state lies the main route to Mexico from the Atlantic. 
 Vera Cruz is divided into 4 departments, Jalapa, Orizaba, 
 Acayucam, and Vera Cruz, subdivided into 12 districts. 
 Capital, A'era Cruz. Pop. in 1854, composed of mixed races, 
 chiefiy Creoles and Indians, with some Ilavanese, foreign- 
 ers, negroes, and on the coasts a considerable number ot 
 Zamlws, 274.686. 
 
 VERA CRUZ or VILLA RICA DE LA VERA CRUZ, veel^ 
 yi ree'kd dA Id v4/rl krooss, (the " rich city of the true cross,") 
 a seaport town of Mexico, capital of the above state, iu a 
 sandy, marshy, and unhealthy plain on the S.W. shore of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, 185 miles E. of Mexico; lat. (San Juan de 
 Ulna light) 19° 11' 54" N., Ion. 96° 8' 36" W. It presents an 
 imposing appearance from the sea, is defended by the strong 
 castle of San Juan de Ulua, built upon an island about 
 half a mile from the shore ; and consists of several squares 
 and regular streets, with houses of coral-limestone, some- 
 times three stories high, flat-roofed, and generally provided 
 with wooden balconies. The principal buildings are 16 
 churches, of which, however, only 6 are in use, though the 
 cupolas of all still remain, and form very con.spicuous 
 objects; the Government House, which is tolerably haud- 
 some, and some dilapidated monasteries. The harbor, a 
 mere roadstead between the town and the castle, is very 
 insecure, having neither good anchorage nor sulTiiieiit pro- 
 tection from N. winds. It is provided, however, with a good 
 stone mole, and on the island of Sau Juan de Ulua there is 
 a lighthouse showing a bi'illiant revolving light, 89 feet 
 above the sea. The tide ebbs and flows here only once in 
 twenty-four hours; the highest rise observed is 24 febt. 
 The trade, though considerable, is rather declining, iu con- 
 sequence both of the unheal thine.«s of the climate, the 
 scarcity of good water, and the superior attractions of the 
 rising port of Tampico. It ranks, however, as the fourth 
 port in the Confederation, being surpas.sed in the extent of 
 its commerce only by Afapulco, Mazatlan. and San Bias. 
 The aggregate tonnage of the arrivals in 1852 (including 7 
 steamers) was 28,203; number of pa.isengers arrived, 1429; 
 number left, 1346. In 1845, 268 ships, aggregate burden 
 30.416 toiLs. chiefly Mexican, United States. French. Briti di, 
 and Spanish, entered, with cargoes to the value of $2.341,0('0; 
 and 271 vessels, burden 31,229 tons, cleared from the port 
 The exports consist principally of bullion, cochineal, sugai', 
 flour, indigo, provisions, drugs, vauilla. loirwood and pimento 
 
VER 
 
 and imports woven fabrics, cocoa, paper, brandy, wines, 
 anil metals. Vera Cruz was founded in the latter part of the 
 null century, near the spot where Cortez first liindeil, and 
 obtained the rank and privilct^es of a city in 1615. Its cas- 
 tle, which completely commands it, was taken by the French 
 in 182y. Vera Cruz was bombarded and taken bj' the army 
 Of the United States under General Scott, in 1847. Pop., 
 once about 20.000, in lSf)4 was only 8228. 
 
 VKKA CKV'l. OLD, a village of the Mexican Confedera- 
 tion. 1-5 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz. Here Cortez disembarked 
 in 1518. 
 
 ViCRA CRUZ, a post-offlce of Wells co.. Indiana. 
 
 VERAGUA, ve-rah'gwa, (Sp. pron. \i-ri'i^v/L) or SANTI- 
 AGO DK VERAGUA. sin-te-d'go lik vk-rSi/g\f&, a town of 
 Central America, but belonging, with it.s province, to the 
 republic of New Grenada, department of Istmo, 22 miles 
 N. of Moutijo Bay, Pacific Ocean, and 125 miles W.S.W. of 
 Panama. Pop. 5000. It is well built, ancl has some trade 
 in gold-dust, copper, cotton, and dyes. 
 
 VERAGUA, the most western province of the state of 
 New Grenada, between lat. 7° 15' and 9° 40' N., and Ion. 80*^ 
 20' and 82° 50' W., extends from the Pacific Ocean to the 
 Caribbean Sea, and lias on its N. side the lagoon of Chiriqui, 
 ^nd \V. the state of Costa Rica, in Central America. Most of 
 the surface is covered with mountains and forests. The rivers 
 have short courses, but frequently inundate the country after 
 heavy rains. A'eragua is its only town of importance. 
 
 VJJRAXO, v4-rd/no, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 and 16 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 1.373. 
 
 VER/A PAZ, (Sp. pron. vA/rl pdss or pilth,) a province of 
 Contr.al America, state of Guatemala, mostly between lat. 
 16° and 18° N., and Ion. 89° 30' and 91° 40' W. Besides the 
 city of Coban, the principal places are Tactic, Salama, and 
 Kobinal. 
 
 VERAPOIil, vA-rJp'o-le,(?) a town of Ilindostan, Malabar 
 Coast. 7 miles N.E. of Cochin. 
 
 VER.4WO\V, vJrVwow', the principal town in the di.strict 
 of Parkur, Sinde, on a fresh-water lake, 3 miles in circuit, 
 lat. 24° 33' N., Ion. 70° 46' E. It comprises 350 houses, aud 
 near it are extensive remains of the ruined city Pareenugger. 
 
 VER'RANK, a post-office of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 VERHANUS. See Lago Maooiore. 
 
 VERBAS, vJr'bils', or VERBITZA, vJn-bit/sJ, a river of 
 European Turkey, Bosnia, joins the Save 13 miles E. of Ora- 
 diska, after a N. course of 100 miles. • 
 
 VEIVBKNICO, vjR-b,Vne-ko. a village and seaport of Aus- 
 tria, Illyria. on the island of Veglia. Pop. 1290. 
 
 VERBEllIE, v^R'beh-ree'. a marketrtown of France, de- 
 partment of Oise, 10 miles N.E. of Senlis, on the Oise. Pop. 
 in 18.52. 1450. 
 
 VERBICARO. v?R-be-k3/ro. a market-town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Calabria Citra, 28 miles N. of Paola, and 5 miles 
 from the Mediterranean. Pop. 4000. 
 
 VERBICZ, vfeM)its'. a market-town of Hungary, co. of Lip- 
 tau, on the Waag, 1 mile S.S.E. of Szent Miklos. Pop. 2010. 
 
 VERBINU.M. See VnRVixs. 
 
 VKRBITZA, a river of Turkey. See Verbas. 
 
 VERBOVSZKO, v^R-bovs'sko. a market-town of Austria, 
 Croatia, on the Dobra, 23 miles W.S.W. of Carlstadt. P. 1000. 
 
 VERCANA. v^K-kd'nd, a village of Italy, province and 27 
 miles N.E. of Como, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Como. 
 Pop. 1032. 
 
 VKRCEL, vJr^JII', a market-town of France, department 
 of Doubs. 17 miles K. of Besan^on. Pop. 1200. 
 
 VERCELLI, via-chi^llee, (anc. Vercelll4V.) a city of the Sar- 
 dinian States, Piedmont, division of Novara, capital of a 
 province, on the right bank of the Sesia, here crossed by a 
 hand.some bridge, 14 miles N. of Casale. Pop. 19,352. It' 
 is enclosed by boulevards, replacing its old fortifications, 
 is well built, and ha.s an appearance of prosperity. Its 
 cathedral, one of the finest in Piedmont, contains the tomb 
 of St. Amadeus of Savoy, and a valuable library of old 
 manuscripts, including a copy of the laws of. the Lom- 
 bards, and a manuscript of the gospels, written by St. Euse- 
 bius, the founder of the see, in the 4th century. It has a 
 large hospital, a royal palace, clerical seminary, manufac- 
 turiis of woollen and silk fabrics, and a large trade in rice, 
 raised in its vicinity. A canal connects it with Ivrea. 
 
 VERCELH-BORGO, vJR-chJl'lee boR/go, a town of the Sar- 
 dinian States, division of Novara. province and 4 miles N.E. 
 of Vercelli, near the Sesia. It has a palace occupying the 
 site of an okl castle. Pop. 2588. 
 
 VEItCIlERES, vJR'shaili', a town of Canada East, on the 
 right bank of the St. Lawrence, 23 miles below Montreal, 
 with a church, 2 schools, a grist and saw mill, and several 
 tanneries. Pop. 1000. 
 
 VKRDACUELLU.M. v^r-dd-chJl'lum, » town of British 
 {ndia, pre.^^idency of >railras, 96 miles S. of Arcot, and for- 
 •nerly the seat of the British courts for the S. division of its 
 colleetorate. 
 
 VERD. CAPE, West Africa. See Cape Verb. 
 
 A'ERDE, RIO, ree'o vjR'd.A. a river of Brazil, province of 
 Mmas-Geraes, rises S.W. of the town of Ajuijuoca, flows cir- 
 cuitousiy first N. and then W., and after a course of about 
 ISO miles, joins the Sapucahi. 
 
 VER 
 
 VERDE, RIO, an auriferous river of Br.Tzil, province of 
 Minas-tieraes, rises in the marshes to the W. of Sorra Grao 
 Mogor. flows N. then N.W. and then W, .md joins me SaO 
 Francisco on the right, neaily opposite to the mouths of 
 the Japore and Carinhenha. 
 
 VERDE, RIO, a river of Brazil, province of Bahia, flows 
 N., and joins the Sao Francisco, nearly opposite to the town 
 of I'ilao Arcado. 
 
 VERDE, RIO, a river of Brazil, province of Goyaz, rises in 
 the N. slope of the Serra dos Pirenneos, flows N., and joina 
 the Marauhao. 
 
 VERDE, RIO, a river of Brazil, pro\ ince of Matto-Grosso. 
 It takes a northerly direction, aud after a course nearly par 
 rallel with that of the Guapore, joins that river about 100 
 miles from the town of Matto-Grosso. 
 
 VERDELLO, vJu-dJllo, or VERDELLO-MAGGIORE, viii- 
 dJl'lo mdd-jo'rd, a village of Northern Italy, province and 9 
 miles S. of Bergamo. Pop. 1760. 
 
 VER'DEN, (Ger. pron. fSR'den,) a town of Germany, 
 Hanover, capital of a duchy, on the right bank of the Aller, 
 aud on the railway to Hanover, 21 miles S E. of Bremen. 
 Pop. 4670. It is enclosed by walls, and has an ancient cathe- 
 dral, manufactures of tobacco, breweries, distilleries, aud 
 an export trade in corn and cattle. 
 
 VER/DIERVILLE, a post-offlce of Orange co., Virginia. 
 
 VERD()N, vSrMAn"'. a river of P'rance, department of Bas- 
 ses-AIpes, rises near Colmar, flows S. to near Cast«llane, and 
 thence W. between the departments of Basses-Alpes and Var, 
 aud joins the Durance after a course of 100 miles. 
 
 VER'DON, a postrvillage of Hanover co., Virginia, on Littlo 
 River, 30 miles N. of Richmond. It has a cotton factory. 
 
 VERDU, v^R-doo/, a town of Spain, Cataloniii, province 
 and 21 miles E. of Lerida. I'op. 1514. 
 
 VERDUN, v^rMQh'^/, (anc. VermMnum,) utovm of France, 
 department of Meuse, 28 miles N. of Bar-lo-Duc, on the 
 Slouse, which here becomes navigable. Lat. 49° 9' 31" N.. 
 Ion. 5° 22' E. Pop. in 1852, 13.941. It is strongly fortifiedi 
 and has a cathedral, a Protestant chapel, military and civil 
 hospitals, a bishop's palace, clerical seminary, communal 
 college, and public library of 14,000 volumes; distilleries, 
 breweries, manufactures of wooden wares, nails, leather, 
 woven fabrics, liqueurs, and confectionary. In 1792, it waa 
 bomlmrdod and taken by the Prussians, but restored to the 
 French after the battle of A'almy. 
 
 VERDUN-SUR-GARONNE, vJrMQno' sUr gdVonn', a town 
 of France, department of Tarn-et-(iaronne, on the left bank 
 of the Garonne, 14 miles S.S.E. of Castel-Sarrasiu. Pop. in 
 1852. 4140, who manufacture leather. It was formerly the 
 cajiital of the district of Verdunois. 
 
 VERDUN-SUR-SAONE, vjR\iriN«' sliR son. a town of 
 France, department of Snone-et-Loire. on the SaOne, at the 
 influx of the Doubs. 11 miles N.E. of Chftlons. Pop. 2032. 
 
 VERDUNOIS, v^RMU'nwi', an old district or division of 
 France, now comprised in the departments of Tarn-et- 
 Garonne and HaJate-Garon ne. Its capital was Verdun. 
 
 A'ERE, a town of the Netherlands. See Veer. 
 
 VEREIXIGTE STAATEN. See Unitkd States. 
 
 VERENTUil. See Vai.entaxo. 
 
 VEREYA, VEREIA or VERE.TA. vA-r,Vyi a town of Ru.s- 
 sia, government, and 62 miles W.S.W. of Moscow, on both 
 sides of the Protva. Pop. 6000. It is enclosed by high 
 rampai-ts, and has a cathedr.il. Its inhabitants carry on 
 an active trade with the Don Cossacks. 
 
 VERFEIL, v^R'fAI', a village of France, department of 
 Haute-Garonne, 12 miles E,N.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 2342. 
 
 VERGARA, vJR-gJ'rd. a town of Spain, pi-ovince of Gui- 
 pu.scoa. 20 miles S.W. of Tolosa. Pop. 3480. A convention 
 concluded here in 1839, put an end to the war in Bisray. 
 
 VERGENNES, ver-j Jnz/, a city of Addison co., Vermont, on 
 the Otter Creek, 7 miles from its entrance into Lake Cham- 
 plain, and on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 22 miles 
 S. of Burlington. The creek is here about 500 feet wide, and 
 navigable for the largest vessels on the lake. Two i.«landa 
 opposite the city divide the stream into three channels, 
 which have three distinct sets of falls, affording an hydraulic 
 power equal to the best in the state. During the war and 
 non-intercourse with Great Britain, extensive iron manu- 
 factories were put in operation at these falls, and among 
 other things produced was 177 tons of cannon-.shot. In 1816 
 most of the iron works were suspended, and have since only 
 in part been resumed. A'ergenues enjoys admirable advan- 
 tages for ship-building. The flotilla, commanded by Com- 
 moilore McDonough. at the battle in which the British fleet 
 on Lake Champlain were captured, September 11, 1814, was 
 fitted out at this place. The city is beautifully situated, and 
 contains 3 or 4 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and 18 
 or 20 stores. A United States. arsenal, the only military 
 establishment in the state belonging to the general govern- 
 ment, was erected here in 1828. The principal edifice (of 
 stone) is 80 feet by 36, and 3 stories high, and with the others 
 is enclosed by about 28 acres of ground. Arms and other 
 munitions of war to the value of about 1^5.000. belonging 
 to the United States, and of upwards of |30,000 to the state 
 of Vermont, are constantly stored in the cuildipgs. Settled 
 in 1766, by Donald McIntoEh, who was a native of Scotland, 
 
 2027 
 
 J 
 
VER 
 
 M.- had been in the battle of Cnlloden. Incorporated as a 
 dty October 23. 17S3. Pop. 1286. 
 
 VKRGE.N'XES. a popt-township in the E. part of Kent CO., 
 Michigan, interfwted by Flat Kiver. Pop. 1344. 
 
 VKUCiENXKS. a post-rillaire of Jackson CO., Illinois, about 
 10 miles \. of Murphy.sl)Oi-ough. ' ^ j. ^ 
 
 Vf:RGEZE, vJiOzhaiz', a village of France, department of 
 Gard. 8 miles S.W. of Xlmes, on the railway to Montpellier. 
 Pop. 1300. „ 
 
 VERG HERETO, v?R-gA-rA'to, a village of Florence, on a 
 spur of the .Apennines. 5 miles from Bapmo. Pop. 2246. 
 
 V ERG I N I U M M .\ R E. See St. George's Ch.vxjiel. 
 
 VERGILI.\. Pee5IrRaA. 
 
 VERI.\. ve-ree'a, or K.\R.4 VERH. k&'rS. Te-ree'a..fnnc. 
 Bercda; Rr. Btooia. Bernta.) a town of European Turkey, 
 Macedonia, 35 miles W. of Salonica. Pop. 8000. mo-stly 
 Greeks, en-iaiied in cotton weaving, dyeing, and rai.=ing fruit. 
 The ancient town of llercea is alluded to in ,\cts xvii. 11. 
 
 VJCKKFTXEEor TERKIfXIL verK'iiee or v^RK'flee. (mean- 
 ing "Upper.") a prefixed name of mauv towns of Russia. 
 
 TERKIINEE DXIEPROVSK, v^RK'nee dne-A-provsk', a 
 town of Russia, government and 34 miles 'W.X.AV.of Yeka- 
 terinoslav. on the right hank of the Dnieper. Pop. 2800. 
 
 TERKIIXEE KOLYMSK, vJnii'nee ko-limsk', a town of 
 Russia, East Siteria, government of Y^akootsk, on the left 
 bank of the Kolyma, 165 miles S.W. of Sredne-Kolymsk. 
 
 VERKIIXEE S.A.LTOV or VERKHXII S.4LT0W. v^RK'nee 
 eil-tov', a market-town of European Russia, government of 
 Kborkov. 20 miles S.S.W. of Voltchansk. Pop. 1500. 
 
 VERKIIXEE VILIOOSK, v^RK'nee ve-le-oosk', a town of 
 Russia, province of Y^akootsk, on the Yiliooi, 175 miles N. of 
 Olekminsk. 
 
 VERKIIXEE TAXSK or VERKIIXn JAXSK, vfrK/nee 
 yjnsk', a town of East Siberia, province of Y'akootsk, on 
 the Yana: lat. 66° 45' X., Ion. 133° 10' E. 
 
 VERKIIOLEXSK. vte-Ko-l^nsk', a town of East Siberia, 
 government and 140 miles X'.N.E. of Irkootsk. on the Lena. 
 
 VERKHOTiX)RIE or VERKHOTURIE, vJR-Ko-too're-A, a 
 town of .Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, capital of a 
 circle, on the Toora, 85 miles N. of Alapaevsk. Pop. 2800. 
 It is enclosed by old walls, and has an exchange, and vast 
 corn magazines. 
 
 VERKlIOVASHKOT, v?R-Ko-v3sh-koi', a town of Rus-sia, 
 government of Vologda, on the Vaga, and on the road from 
 Vologda to Archan^rel, 18 miles S. of Velsk. Pop. 1540. 
 
 VERL.\IXE. v^R'lain', a village of Belgium, province and 
 13 miles AV.S.W. of Liege, on the Yerne. Pop. 1291. 
 
 YER'LEY'. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 VERMAXD, vJr^uiSng'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aisne, 6 miles X.W. of St. Quentin. P. in 1852, 1278. 
 
 VERM.\.XI>01S, vjR*m5s"Mwi/, (anc. Veromanfdui.) an old 
 subdivision of France, in Picardy. Its capital was St. 
 Quentin. 
 
 VERMEJO,* vjR-mA/Ho; called also RIO GRANDE, ree'o 
 gr3n'd.i, a considerable river of the Plata Confederacy, South 
 America, rises on the Bolivian frontier, flo*s S.E. and joins 
 the Paraguay, 14 miles S.W. of Xeembucu. Total course 
 estimated at 750 miles. Affluents, the Jujuy and Tarija. 
 
 VERMELH0,*T4R-mJl'yo, a river of Brazil, rises in the 
 mountains S.E. of the town of Goyaz, and, after a N.W. 
 course of about 240 miles, joins the Araguay. 
 
 VERJIENTO.X, vjR'm6x«'tA><^'. a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vonne. 13 miles S.E. of .^.uxerre. Pop. 2171. 
 
 VKRMILIOX. ver-miUyfin. a parish in the S.W. part of 
 Loui>-iana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, contains about 
 1850 square miles. It is drained by Vermilion and Mermen- 
 teau Rivers. The surface is flat, and partly occupied by 
 prairies and marshes. The soil is adapted to sugar and In- 
 dian corn. The Vermilion is navigable by steamboats. Capi- 
 tal, Vermilion Court House. Pop. 4324, of whom 3u08 were 
 free, and 1316 slaves. 
 
 VEKMILIOX. a county in the W. part of Indiana, bor- 
 dering on Illinois, contains about 290 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Wabash, and drained bv the Ver- 
 milion River. The surface is mostly level : the soil varies 
 from sandy to clayey : and is very fertile. About one-third 
 of its area is a beautiful prairie. Exten.=ive mines of coal 
 and iron ore are found. Ou the border of a prairie in Kelt 
 town^^hip there is a conical mound, which is 60 feet high, 
 and alioHt GOO yards in circuit at the base. The Wabash 
 and brie Canal passes along the E. border of this county. 
 Capital. Xowport. Pop. 9422. 
 
 VERMILION, a county in the E. part of Illinois, bordei^ 
 ing on liiiliaiia, has an area estimated at 900 square miles. 
 1 u^ "'.T' .*'y *''* "^'"rmiUon River (affluent of the Wa- 
 V. . T ,^ It* branches the Salt Fork. Middle Fork, and 
 ♦kJ I •,..",-• ■'')^ ""''* "''" "'« n"<l'Jle f>f the countv; 
 the Little \ermiiion River flows through the S. part The 
 M« Th" "?""'"'■:'">• l'^'-<^'= the soil is deep, fertile, and dura- 
 n!;tvl?f «■""." '■..r'"*"'"'' " '""■"« portion of prairie, with 
 P^ent} of timWr dirtributed aloni the streams A plank- 
 toad connects Danvil le with the Wabash River and Can^. 
 
 MmJ- "virtmlirn!^"*"'"- ■""* ^''^"■''' '" Spanish, signify the 
 
 VER 
 
 This county is intersected by the Great Western Railroad 
 Vermilion River affords vnlnablo water-power. Slone-coal 
 abounds on the banks of the river. Capital, Danville. Pop. 
 19,SW. 
 
 VERMILION, a post-office of Oswego co , New York. 
 
 VERMILION, a township of Ashland co , Ohio. Pop. 2253. 
 
 YERMILIOX, a post-vill.tge, township and shipping port 
 of Erie co., Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Vennilicn 
 River, and on the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, 21 miles 
 E. of Sanilusky City. It has 4 churches, 1 steam gri.*t-mill, 
 and 1 Mast-furnace. Total population about 1800. 
 
 V ERMILIOX, a towiiship,Vermilion CO , Indiana. P. 1678. 
 
 VERMILION BAY, in the S. part of Ix)uisiana. commu- 
 nicates through Cote Blanche Bay with the Gulf of Slexico. 
 Length about 20 miles. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, of Louisiana. ri.»es near Opelousas, 
 and flows southward through Lafayette and Vermilion pa- 
 rislips, into the hay of its own name. It is liordered by fer- 
 tile prairies, and plantations of sugar and cotton, and is 
 navigable by small steamboats for about 80 miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, of Ohio, a small stream which flows 
 into Lnkc Erie, near the N.E. extremity of Erie coniitv. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, in the N. central part of Iliinois, 
 falls into the Illinois River. 3 or 4 miles above Peru. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, of Illinois and Indiana, is formp<l 
 by three branches, the North. Middle, and South, which 
 unite near Danville, Illinois. It then flows southeastward, 
 and enters the Wabash, about 8 miles below Perryville. in 
 Indiana. It is navigable to Danville, a distance of 30 miles; 
 The Little Vermilion River enters the Waba.-h, 4 or 5 miles 
 below. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, of Dakota Territory, falls into the 
 Mis.souri, aTiout :!0 miles In a straight line N.W. of the 
 mouth of Sioux River. 
 
 VKRMIL'IONVILLE, a post-village, capit.al of Lafayette 
 parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Vermilion, aliout 60 miles W. 
 liy S. of Baton Rouge, and 20 miles S. of Opelousas. The 
 bayou is navig;ible by small steamers. A newspaper is 
 issued here. Pop. 49S. 
 
 VERMILIONVILLE, a post-ofl3ce of La Salle county, Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 VERMONT',(named from the French, Mants reHs.oT Vrrta 
 Monis,i. «., "Green Mountains," the princip.il mountain 
 range in the .state,) one of the United States of North 
 America, the faost north-western of the New England 
 States. It lies between about 42° 44' and 45° N. lat.. and 
 71° 25' and 73° 26' W. Ion., and is bounded N. by Canada 
 East; E. by New Hampshire, from which it is separated liy 
 the Connecticut River; S. by Massachnsett.o. an<i W. b"- 
 New Y^ork and Lake Champlain. Length from N. to S., 
 about 150 miles, and greatest breadth from E. to AV. aliout 
 85, or about 35 in its narrowest part at the south, includinj?' 
 an area of about 10,212 square miles, or 6,535,680 acres, ol 
 which 2,823,157 were improved in 1860. 
 
 Fiicf. of the Onintry, ifountm'ns. &c. — Tlie Green Mountain 
 Range traverses the whole extent of this state from N. to 
 S.. dividing it into nearly equal portions. These mountains, 
 which give name to the state, attain their greatest elevation 
 (43.59 feet) in .Mount Mansfield, 20 miles N.W. of Montpelier. 
 South of the capital the range separates into two ridges, the 
 higher but more broken taking a nearly N. dire<'tion. and 
 the other extending X.K.. almost parallel with the Con- 
 necticut, but at some distance from it. This ridge, though 
 lower and of easier ascent than the western, is continuous, 
 while the wi-stern is broken by the passage of the Onion, 
 Lamoille, and Mis.eisque Rivers. From the point of .sepnrar 
 tion southwan:!. the mountains are not divided by the pa.'* 
 age of any considerable stream. They approach the western 
 boundary in this direction. Ascutney Mountain. (3".20 feet,) 
 near the Connecticut River, in Wind.eor county, is famops 
 for its picturesque views. The other principal p<?nks are 
 Killingtim's. near Rutland. ."075 feet high : the Camel's 
 Rump. 17 miles W. of Montpelier. 4188 feet, and the Nose 
 and Chin, (a few feet higher than the la.st.) in Mansfield 
 Mountain, the highest peaks in the state, or in the Green 
 Mountain Range. The mountains are generally clothed 
 with the evergreen fir, spruce, and hemlock, and hence 
 their name. The southern part of the range divides the 
 rivers flowing into the Hudson from those emptying into 
 the Connecticut : a portion of the trianile between the 
 northern ridges is drainwl by Lake Memphremagog, and 
 the W. and X.W. portion by Lake Champlain. 
 
 Genlnffj/. — The greater portion of the state is of primary 
 formation, though the valleys of the rivers are mostly allu- 
 vion, and the shores of Lake Champlain transition forma- 
 tion. On the western side of the mountains the rocks are 
 principally old red sandstone, graywacke, limestone, caldfo 
 rous sandstone, and grsinular quartz, containing iron ore 
 and manganese; hornblende, mica slate, granite, and gneifa 
 form the body of the mountains: serpentine occurs both ia 
 the southern and northern part of the state, .\long He 
 Connecticut is a continuous lied of clay slate. A beil tf 
 granite crosses the Connecticut at Bellows Fails. :uiii ai*i-- 
 forms Ascutney Mountain. There is an extensi e deno*!! 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 of primitive limestone in Caledonia county. Tlie eastern 
 slope of tlie mouiitnins is composed mostly of hornblende 
 rock, gneiss, granite, and clay slate. 
 
 Mi'Krals. — Iron is found in abundance — " bog ore through- 
 out the state, but the best ores of the tertiary age are 
 found alrng the western base of the Green Mountains." 
 A bed of brown coal, in connexion with iron, exists in 
 lirandoo. Vast quantities of copperas are made from iron 
 pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, in Strafford. Of other metals 
 there are found titanium, oxide of manganese, lead, mag- 
 netic iron ore, plumbago, copper, and zinc. A lump of gold 
 was discovered in Xewfaue, in 1826, weighing 8^ ounces: 
 this precious ore also occurs in the towns of Bridgewater 
 and .Stowe. Granite suitable for building-stone in abun- 
 daiue. and vast beds of tine marble, are found. The marble 
 quarries at Middlebury are particularly celebrated. A black 
 Tariety of this beauliful building material is extensively 
 quarried at swanton, on Lake Champlain.' A fine oilstone 
 is manufactured into hones, from a small island in Luke 
 Memphremagog. Slate quarries are worked on the Con- 
 necticut. Kaolin (porcelain clay) of excellent quality, lime- 
 stone, steatite, (in great abundance iu Grafton, where it is 
 largely quarried,) talc, and marl, all exist in this st.ate. Fine 
 white marble is found all along the base of the Green Moun- 
 tains, for 50 miles above and below Rutland, at which town 
 an extensive trade is carried on in this article. Manganese 
 and slate are mined and quarried in the same vicinity. 
 
 Kivers, Ldkes, aiul Jdands. — Tlie larg(> and beautiful Lake 
 Champlain, so famous In the brief history of our country, 
 from the naval events that have taken place on it. and the 
 battles on its shores, bounds the state on the W. for 105 
 miles, (its entire length being about 115, and breadth from 
 1 to 15 miles.) separating it for that distance from New York. 
 Its shores are bold and picturesque, though inferior to Lake 
 George, whose waters it receives. It is navigable for steam- 
 boats of the largest class, and is in the main line of travel 
 from Montreal to New York. Lake M mphremagog is the 
 next in size on the N. boundary, but lies mostly in Canada ; 
 it is about 30 miles in length, and 2 or 3 in width. There 
 are several smaller lakes, and among them Dunmore, in the 
 W., Austin and Bombazine in the S W.. and Long Pond in 
 the N.W. The latter is somewhat celebrated for an irruption 
 of Its banks, in ISIO, by which a large extent of country 
 was devastated, and trees and dwellings swept away. An 
 attempt had been maile to tip the lake when this disaster 
 occurred. Vermont, though well watered, has no large 
 rivers with their courses entirely within the state; the Con- 
 ni-cticut, however, washes its eastern boundary for it.s whole 
 extent. The mountains dividing the state nearly through 
 the middle, the Connecticut Kiver receives the streams from 
 the eastern, and Lake Champlain and the lludson those of 
 the western slope, after short and for the most part rapid 
 courses. The Otter Creek, Onion, Lamoille, and Missis-que. 
 (or -quoi.) all empty into Lake Champlain, after courses of 
 from 70 to 100 miles each, and are the largest rivers whose 
 courses are within the state. The rivers, abounding in falls 
 and rapids, are well adapted for mill sites ; but are, on the 
 game account, navigable for but short distances; even the 
 Connecticut itself is only available for trafBc by means of 
 canals and locks, by which boats ascend 250 miles above 
 Hartford. This river was once famous for its abundance of 
 salmon, but they have disappeared; shad are, however, sjill 
 taken. The islands of North and South Hero, and Lamoille 
 Island, in Lake Champlain. with several smaller islands and 
 a small peninsula, constitute the county of Grand Island. 
 
 Objects of Iitt.ere.it to Tourists. — Vermont abounds in pic- 
 turesque and sublime scenery, and will well reward the 
 lover of nature for the toil and expense of peniimbulating 
 its mountains and valleys. Among the more striking ob- 
 jects, in addition to the principal mount;un summits already 
 referred to. are the Falls of the Clyde iu Charleston, descent 
 loo feet in 40 rods; Falls of the Winooski, Falls of the Mis- 
 si.-que or Missisco, in llighgate ; McConnell's Falls, in the 
 Lamoille River, in Johnson; Falls of the Passumsic in 
 Lydon; the Great Falls also on the Lamoille, in Milton, 
 descent 150 feet in 50 rods; Bellow's Falls in the Connecticut, 
 In the S.E. part of the state, is the grandest object of the 
 kind in Vermont; Black River Falls, in Springfield; the 
 Fails of the Missisco, in Troy, 70 feet perpendicular, and the 
 Falls of Otter Creek, in Vergennes, are all picturesque ol)- 
 jects. We question if any city in the Union, at least K. of 
 the Rocky Mountains, can present a grander or more beau- 
 tiful panorama than is to be witnessed from the cupola of 
 the Vermont University at Burlington. If you look towards 
 the W. you have beneath you the beautiful town of Bur- 
 lington, with the no less beautiful Lake Champlain, stretch- 
 ing X. and S. as far as the eye can reach, and laving on th« 
 W. the blue Adirondack Mountains of New York, which 
 stretch, ridge after ridge. Ijeyond the reach of vision. Turn- 
 ing to the E., you have the Mansfield Mountain (the highest 
 in Vermont) on the N.E.. and Camel's Hump to the S.E., all 
 In clear perspective, while the whole mountain range, of 
 which they form a part, shuts out the eastern horizon. Lake 
 \V'iiloughby. N. of St. Johnsbury, is becoming a fashionable 
 resort for its picturesjue scenery. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Vermont is severe %\' 'he win- 
 ters long : yet it is one of the healthiest states •<! thn Union. 
 The extremes of temperature ranged, in 18M. from 17° below 
 zero to 92^ above. The cold of winter is. bcwi ver, inorp 
 steady than in the other New England State,i. and the >pring^ 
 are not chilled by the raw winds from the ocean, especiallj 
 W. of the mountains. Frosts fall early in September, though 
 the winters do not regularly begin til! December; but 
 when they do set in, they generally continue to April with- 
 out much thaw. According to otjservations made by J. B. 
 Wheeler, at Montpelier. in 1851, there were 115 clear, 221 
 cloudy, 18 rainy, and 11 snowy d.ays. During the year there 
 fell 7.75 feet of snow. For two year.s. the most that fell in 
 any one month was 50 inches in December. 1850, and 30 
 Inches in November, 1851. Mean noon temperature of 
 January, 21°; February, 24o.2; March, 32°.4; April. 41°.3; 
 May, 51°.2; June, 5"'=.5; July, 63°.4; August, 60°.9; Sep. 
 tembcr. 57° ; October, 4S°.4 ; November, 30°.3 ; and Decem- 
 ber, 17°.9 ; mean for the year, 42°.l ; greatest average heat 
 iu July, 73°; least, 22°.6" in December; lowest average at 
 sunrise in December. 11°.7 ; warmest noon. June 30 and 
 September 10, 84°; coldest noon, January 30, 8°. 
 
 Snil and Prodioctions. — Though a mountainous state, Ver- 
 mont has a large portion of cultivable soil, and the valleys 
 of the rivers have a rich, fertile, alluvial deposit. Tho 
 rougher and mountainous portions alTonl exc-ellent pasture 
 for cattle, and especially for sheep, and Vermont produced 
 more wool, live stock, maple sugar, butter, clieese. hay, hops, 
 and Irish potatoes, in 1850, (iu proportion to population,) 
 than any state in the Union. It also produced large quan- 
 tities of Indian corn, oats, wheat, rye, pea.s. beans, fruits, 
 grass-seeds, beeswax, and honey, besides considerable barley, 
 market products, and wine, molasses, and silk cocoons. 
 According to the census of 1S60, tliere were in Vermont 
 2,823,157 acres of improved land, (1,451.2.57 being unim- 
 proved,) producing 437,037 bushels of wheat; 139,271 of 
 rye; 1,525,411 of Indian corn; 3.630.207 of oats; 70,654 of 
 pciis and beans; 5.253,498 of Irish potatoes; 79.211 of bar- 
 ley; 225,415 of buckwheat; 11,578 of jjrass seeds; 3,118,950 
 pounds of wool; 15,900.359 of butter; 8.215,030 of cheese; 
 638.677 of hops ; 9,897.781 of maple sugar; 212,150 of honey; 
 940.178 tons hay; 12,245 ponnds of tobacco; 7007 pounds 
 of flax ; and S794 pounds of beeswax ; value of live .stock, 
 $16,-i41,989; of miuket products, S21,S02; orchard products, 
 $211,693; and slaughtered aniniiils, $3,."!65,261. 
 
 Fiirest Trees. — The principal forest trees on the mountains 
 are hemlock, fir, and spruce; on the lower tracts, oak, pine, 
 hickory, sugar maple, elm, butternut, beech, basswood, and 
 birch ; and in tho swamps, cedar. 
 
 Manufactures. — Though Vermont is not so extensively 
 engageil in manufactures as most of the other New England 
 States, it has water-power enough to supply the Union. In 
 1850 there were in the state 1849 establishments engaged in 
 mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts, producing 
 each S500 and upwards annually, employing capital to the 
 amount of $9,498,617, and 10,497 hands, consuming raw ma- 
 terial worth S7,008,85S, and yielding products valued at 
 Sl4,ii37,837. Among these were 7 cotton factories, employ- 
 ing $241,200 capital, and 337 hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $121,030, and producing annually stuffs valued at 
 $274,450; 45 woollen factories, employing $1,744,800 capital, 
 and 2070 hands, consuming raw material worth $1,661,450, 
 and producing goods valued at $2,936,826 ; 18 iron foundries, 
 employing $133,600 capital, and producing castings valued 
 at $-2;il,2J0; 108 tanneries, employing $498,675 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $719,727, and producing leather 
 valued at $1,002,853 ; 50 m.irble works, employing capital 
 to the amount of $034,650, consuming raw material worth 
 $499,208, and producing marble valued at $946,235 ; 2 man- 
 ufactories of weighing scales, employing a capital of 
 $380,000, and producing scales valued at $655,000 ; 24 manu- 
 fivctories of machinery, employing a capital of $1,025,200, 
 and producing steam-engines, Ac, valued at $o01,276; 
 and 133 carriage factories, producing carriages valued at 
 $475,060. Home-made manufactures valued at $63,334 were 
 also produced in the same year. 
 
 Oiinnierce. — All the commerce connected with navigation 
 in this state is carried on by way of Lake Champlain. The 
 foreign exports of Vermont for the fiscal year 1862-3, 
 amounted to $736,663; the imports to $2,567,892. Tonnage 
 entered, 22,012 ; tonnage cleared, 23,281 ; owned in the state, 
 6067. Number of vessels built, 2; tonnage, 146. Ac- 
 cording to Andrews' invaluable report, the Canadian trade of 
 the Vermont district amonnted, in 1861. to $1,033,989, em- 
 ploying 695 vessels, with a tonnage of 91.967. There were 
 3950 vessels entered in 1851 in both foreign and coasting 
 trade. The enrolled tonnage was 3240 tons of steam, and 
 692 tons of sailing vessels. The aggregate value of the trade 
 on both shores of the lake amounted to $26,390,895. and the 
 tonnage to 197,500. As the tonnage of the vessels entering 
 ou the New York side was 4208 to 3932 on the Vermont side, 
 the inference is, that the greater moiety of the trade was in 
 the Champlain or New York district. The lumber trade 
 forms a large portion of the commerce with Canada, but this 
 probably passes mostly down to the Hudson River. The 
 
 2029 
 
TER 
 
 anmber of vessels belonging toTermont on Lake Chatnplain 
 In 1S54. was 52, tonuage tiUl. ^ . . ,- 
 
 Internal hnproi-eimnts.—y ermont Js crossed by two lines 
 of railway from Boston to Burlington; one, entering the 
 state at the mouth of the White Kiver, and traversing its 
 valley with that of the Onion, meets the more southern 
 road (which eut«rs the state at Bellow's Falls, and coasts 
 the shores of (.>tter Creek River,) about 6 miles K. of Bur- 
 lingt'n. when the united roads pass on to Kouse's Point, at 
 the''head of Lake Champlain, from whence other roads lead 
 to Montreal and Oadensburg. Branch roa<J« connect Troy, 
 Schenectady, Bennington, Saratoga, and Whitehall, with the 
 Rutland Koad, at the village of Rutland ; and the latter 
 point also is united to the towns in Western Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut. The Grand Trunk R,'iiIroad, extending 
 from Portland to Montreal, passes through the X.E. part 
 of Vermont for about 35 miles. Other roads, coasting the 
 Connecticut River below the mouth of the PaMumsic, con- 
 nect St. Johnsbury and all the lower towns on the Connec- 
 ticut with Hartford, New Haven, and New York. Accord- 
 ing to the census of ISeO, tliis state had 556 miles of com- 
 .pleted railway, the construction and equipment of which 
 cost $23,336,215. Two fine railroad bridges cross the two 
 ai-ms at the head of Like Champlain. 
 
 Education. — According to the American Almanac, Ver- 
 mont had in 1851, 9U,110 pupils attending her public 
 schools, at a cost of $217,402; of which $90,893 was from 
 the public funds; the office of Public School Superintend- 
 ent having been discontinued in consequence of the aboli- 
 tion of the school fund in 1846, there have lieen no state 
 returns since 1861. According to the census report of 1860, 
 Vermont has 3 colleges with 173 students, $:3250 income; 
 2696 public schools, having 80,9W pupils, ?220,634 income, 
 of which $143,382 was from taxation, 92,246 from public 
 funds, and $999 from endowments ; 96 colleges and other 
 schools hiiving 7851 pupils, $73,711 income, of which $8774 
 was from public funds. $4361 was from endowments, and 
 $4027 from taxation. There are also in this state 33() libra- 
 ries, embnxcing 167,429 volumes, of which 211 are public 
 containing 101,105 volumes; 8 school with 16.532 volumes, 
 98 Sunday-school with 30,842 volumes, 1 college and 18 
 church libraries, with 19,950 volumes. The National Al- 
 manac for 1864 gives Vermont 3 colleges, 1 theological 
 seminary, and 3 medical schools. 
 
 Public InstitiUiims. — .Among the benevolent institutions, 
 Etands conspicuous the Asylum for the Insane at Brattle- 
 borough. Since the opening of the asj-lnm in 1836, 3552 
 patients had been admitted in 1863, of whom 1635 had re- 
 covered. The number of patients remaining August 1, 1863, 
 was 442. Admitted during the preceding year, 98. The 
 Stiite Prison at Windsor had, Sept. 1, 1863, 74 inmates. The 
 annual expenditures for the support of the prison were 
 $8495; the total income from the labor of convicts was 
 $6725. The services of the convicts are let out to contrac- 
 tors, notwithstanding which, the expenditures exceed the 
 income by $»51. Vermont has a Historical Society at 
 Uoutpelier. 
 
 Sdigious Denominations. — Of the 697 churclies in Ver- 
 mont in 1860, the Baptists owned 98, Christians 11, Congre- 
 gationalists 178. Episcopalians 33, Friends 5, Methodists 171, 
 Presbyterians 11, Roman Catholics 27, Unionists 82, Univer- 
 salists 55, the minor sects 15; giving 1 church to 450 per- 
 sons. Totjil value of church property, $1,800,600. 
 
 Pr:rirKlicals. — There were published in A' ermont in 1860 
 2 daily and 28 weekly newspapers, 26 of which were politi- 
 cal and 4 religious; also 1 monthly magazine. The whole 
 number of copies issued annually was 2,.579.0S0. 
 
 Palliation.— 'the population, like that of the other New 
 England States, is mainly composed of the descendants of < 
 the English race. Though the figures do not show a very 
 rapid increase in Vermont, her population has had a steady 
 growth; while, at the same time, it has contributed in a 
 large ratio to peopling other states with a portion of their 
 
 1840; 314.120 in 1850; in 1860, 31.5,098; of whom 314..369 
 were whites. 907 colored, and 20 Indians. Population to 
 the squiue mile, 30 ; representative population, 315,098. Of 
 the population. 239,087 were born in the state, 43,268 in 
 other states, 32.743 in foreign countries; of whom 1632 
 
 . »i Vi- -■- •".-•"•J. • "• iiusniii, 1 lu awitzeriana, 
 . •. o ."S- ^'"^"**-. "^^ *^« population in the leading pur- 
 ■mts.38 90, were farmers, 14,022 farm laborers, 94tB ser- 
 vants. MA)0 laborers, 2739 ciirpenters, 1951 teachers, 1317 
 blacksmiths, \2M shoemakers, 1273 merchants, 1359 factory 
 hands, 8S ra.lro;«i inen, 876 clerks, 718 mechanics, 6;U cler- 
 Ruieii, 094 physicians, 478 machinists, 432 maaons, 347 
 stone and m/irble cutters, &c. In the year ending June 1st, 
 
 Th^'n. mlir'f"7'1 '■'''f ?*"";''"• "■■ ^^'^ "' every thousand 
 fc> .hL . ^ deaf and dumb was 144, (see Introdcction 
 
 IT, IV), lie.,) blind 16o, insane 693, and idiotic 203 
 
 VER 
 
 Counties. — The state is divided into 14 counties, viz., Addi- 
 son, Bennington, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, 
 Grand Isle, Ijaraoille. Orleans, Orange, Rutland, Wa.-ihiug- 
 ton, Windham, and Windsor. Montpelier is the caiiital. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Vermont has iio very lar-^re towns ; the 
 largest are Burlington, with a jKipulation. in 1860. of 7713, 
 Rutland 7577. Bennington 4389, Bnittleborougli 3S55, St. 
 Albans 3637, Woodstock 3002, Springfield 2958. Middlebury 
 2879, Castleton 2S52. St. Johnsbury 3409, Vergeunes 1286, 
 and AVindsor 1669. 
 
 Government, Finances, &c. — A governor, lieutenant-go- 
 vernor, senate, and house of representatives, are each 
 elected annually by popular vot«. The governor receives 
 a salary of $750 per annum, and the lieutenant-jiovernor, 
 who is ex-officio president of the senate. $4 per diem during 
 the sessions of the legislature. There are 30 senators and 
 230 representatives, who each receive $2 per diem during 
 the sessions of the legislature, which meets annually on the 
 second Thursday in October. Vermont is entitletl to 3 mem- 
 bers in the national House of Representatives, and to 5 elec- 
 toral votes for President of the llnited States. Every male 
 citizen of the United States, who shall have been a year 
 next preceding an election an inhabitant of the state, ig 
 entitled to a vote — if of quiet and peaceable beha\iur. The 
 judiciary consists — 1. Of a supreme court, composed of 3 
 judges, which holds a session in each county annually; 2. 
 Of county courts, which are held in 4 circuits ; and 3. ()f a 
 court of chancery, which holds two stated sessions annually 
 in each county. An appeal from the chancellor's court lies 
 to the supreme court. The circuit judges are appointed by 
 the legislature, but 2 associate judges in each county are 
 elected by the people. Salaries of judges. $1375. The 
 assessed value of real estate in 1854 was $77,001,697; esti- 
 mated value, $92.'VV^.049 in 1850. and $101,425,553 in 1852. 
 Public debt. none. Ordinary expenses, about $80,000. In 
 August, 1854, Vermont had 40 banks, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of $3,275,650 ; a circulation of $3,986,709, and $196,680 
 in specie. 
 
 History. — Vermont was first settled by some emigrants 
 from Massachu.setts. at Fort Dummer, now Krattleborough, 
 in 1724. The French erected a fort on the E. side of the 
 southern extremity of Lake Champlain. in 1731, but soon 
 deserted and destroyed it. Vermont was long claiuietl both 
 by New York and New Hampshire, which, though decided 
 by the king as belonging to New York, created difficulties 
 and troubles for the settlers until the breaking ont of the 
 Revolution, which event, gave Vermont an opportunity to 
 assume her place as an independent state, tliou^-'h- even 
 then Congress h.ad con.siderable difficulty in inducing New 
 York to relinquish her claims and acquiesce in tiie admis- 
 sion of Vermont into the confederacy as an independent 
 state; this, however, was consummated March 4, 1791. In 
 this state occurred the battle of Bennington. .Augu.st 16, 
 1777. in which the British were defeated in two engast^menfs. 
 The soldiers of Vermont were known in the Revolution as the 
 Green Mountain Boys. Vermont w.is the first new member 
 of the American confederacy added to the original thirteen. 
 
 VERMONT, a post-office of Chaiitauqua co.. New York. 
 
 A'ERMONT,. a post^village of Howard co., Indiana, on 
 Wildcat River, 6 miles E. of Kokomo. 
 
 VERMONT, a thtiving post-village and township of Ful- 
 ton CO., Illinois, about CKJ miles N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 
 1564. 
 
 VERMONT, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, about 40 
 miles W.N.W. of Jeff'erson Citv. 
 
 VERMONT MEDICAL COLLEGE. See Woopstock. 
 
 VERMONT SKTTLEMENT, a village of Will co., lUinois, 
 36 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 VERMONT'VILiiE, a post-village of Eaton co., Michi- 
 gan, on the Thornapple River, about 30 miles W.S.W. of 
 Lansing. 
 
 A'ERN, vaiRn, a village of France, department of lUe-et- 
 A'ilaine. 5 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 1700. 
 
 VEKN. a village of France, department of M.iine-ct-Loire, 
 15 miles N.W. of Angei-s. Pop. in 1852. 2079. 
 
 A'EKNAlS0N.veR'ni'z6s«', a village of France, department 
 of Rhone, on the railway to St. Etienne. Pop. 1000. 
 
 VER'N.AL. a post-village of Wyoming co.. New York, 38 
 miles E. of Buffalo. 
 
 VEK'NAL, a post-village of Greene co., Mi.sfissippl 
 
 VERN ANTE, veK-n4n'tA, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division and 10 miles S. of Coni. I'op. 3171. 
 
 VEltXANTK.S. vtR^nfiNf . a market-town of France. dep.arf- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, 13 miles S.E. of Bauge. Pop. 20o0. 
 It has the remains of a Cistercian abbey. 
 
 A'ERNAZZA, viR-ndt/s^, a village of the .Sardinian States, 
 province of Levante, on the side of a ragged rock jutting 
 into the sea. It has the ruins of an old castle. 3"he anti- 
 quary Quirino Visconti was iwrn here. Pop. 1078. 
 
 V1?RNE, fi5R nfh, a village of Prussia, pioviuce of Westr 
 phalia, government of Miuden, circle of Biii'eu. Pupiilaiiol 
 1053. 
 
 VERNEUIL, v^R'nul', a town of France, departuv n< oi 
 Eure. on the Avre. 22 miles S.S.W. of Evreu.x. P-'/. \\ 
 1852, 3904. It was formerly fortified, has a i-hurjl wjtl 
 
 \L-. 
 
VER 
 
 YER 
 
 B lofty tow-r, and manufactures of druggete, flannels, 
 meriuos, mid cotton hosiery. 
 
 VKKNK.UirA a Tilla!,'e of France, department of Haute- 
 Vienne. on the Vienne, 6 miles W.N.W. of Limoges. Top. 
 in 1802. 2216. 
 
 VKIIN'IIA.M-DKAN, a parish of Kngland, co. of Hants. 
 VKR.MiJ. vt'R'ne-o, a village of Tuscany, about 24 miles 
 from Florence, with an old castle. Pop. 3998. 
 
 A'EKNON, TcR'nix"',' a town of France, department of 
 Eure, on. the left bank of the Seine, here crossed by a fine 
 bridge, and on the I'aris and Havre jjailway, 13 miles N.AV. 
 of .Mantes. I'op. in 1852. 6463. It was formerly fortified, 
 has an antique church, a college founded by Henry IV., and 
 manufactures of cotton-cloth and velvet. Near it is the 
 forest of Vernon. 
 
 VKR'.\()N'. a new county in the W. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on the ludian Territory. It is intersected by the 
 Osage and South Urand Rivers, and also drained by the 
 Deepwator and the Miatiii Creeks. This county is not in- 
 cluded in the census of 1850. The soil and productions are 
 similar to those of Cass and Bates counties, out of which it 
 was firmed. Capital, Nevada City. Top. 48.50. 
 
 VKRNl»N', a post-township of Windham eo., Vermont, on 
 the W. side of Connecticut Kiver, 66 miles S. by \V. of Con- 
 cord, intersected by the Connecticut Kiver Railroad. 1*. 72-5. 
 VKR.NON. a post-village and township of Tolland co., Con- 
 necticut, on the Hartford Providence and Fishkill Railroad. 
 12 miles K.N.E. of Hartford. The townshii) is drained by 
 the Hockanum and the Sankerooson, which afford water- 
 power. l?l•^ides the village at the centre, it contains the 
 uianufactniing village of Ilockville, which employs an as- 
 gregate capital of $3UO,000 in the production of woollen and 
 cotton good.s. Pop. 38.38. 
 
 VKRNO.V, a post-village and township in the S.W. part 
 of Oneida Co., .New York, 111 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 The village contains 4 chtirchos, a bank, an incorporated 
 academy, boys' boarding-scliool, 4 stores, a large tiinnery, 
 a fulling-mill, and a fla.v factory. A plank-road connects 
 it with Utica. In the township are also the villages of Ver- 
 non Centre, and Oneida Castle. Between Oneida Castle and 
 Vernon, are the remains of what was once a beautiful grove, 
 known as Butternut Orchard. It was the Council Ground 
 of the Oneida Indians, whose settlements were in this town- 
 ehip. Only about 200 of the Indians are now left. Pop. of 
 the village, atout 650; of the town.'^hip, 2908. 
 
 VKR.NO;^, a post-village and township of Sus.sex co.. New 
 Jersey, 40 miles N.N.W. of Trenton ; the village contains 2 
 stores. 2 mills, and a church. I'op. of the townsl)ip, 2190. 
 
 VlOltXON, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1553. 
 
 VKRNON, a postrvillage of Kent co., Delaware, 32 miles 
 S.S.W. of Dover. 
 
 VKRNON', a post-village of Troup co., Georgia, on the 
 Chattahoochee River, 6 miles \V. of La Grange. 
 
 VKKNON, a post-village, capital of Wa.sbington CO., Flo- 
 rida, on Holmes' Creek, which flows through a fertile valley 
 of the same name, 110 miles VV. of Tallahassee. 
 
 VERNON, a village of Autauga co., Alabama, on the Ala- 
 bama River, 25 miles W. of Montgomery. 
 
 VKRNON, a postrvillage of Madison co.. Missis.«ippi, on 
 the Big Black River, 25 miles N.N.\V. of Jackson. 
 VKRNO.V, a post-oflice of Jackson parish, Ixmisiana. 
 VKRNON, a post-village of Hickman co.. Tennessee, on 
 I'iney Creek, 50 miles S.W. of Nashville. The creek affords 
 extensive water-power. 
 VERNON, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1168. 
 VERNON, a township of Crawford CO., Ohio. Pop. 1095. 
 VERNON, a township of Jackson Co., Indiana. Pop. 133'1. 
 VERNON, a post-township in the N.E. part of TrumhuU 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 954. 
 
 VERNON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Shiawassee 
 CO., Michigan, partly intersected by the Shiawa.ssee River. 
 Pop. 1089. 
 VERNON, a townsliip of Hancock co , Indiana. Pop. 1637. 
 VERNON, a post-villdgo and township, capital of Jennings 
 00^ Indiana, on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 
 0110 mile and a-half S. of the Cincinnati and St. Louis Kail- 
 road, 66 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. The village is beauti- 
 fully situated on the Vernon Fork of the .Muscatatuc Kiver, 
 by which it is almost entirely encircled. It contains 4 
 churches, 1 newsp.aper office, and several Victories. Pop. 
 about 1000 ; of the township, 3330. 
 VERNON, a township, AVashington co., Indiana. P. 1170. 
 VERNON, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, about 
 16 miles N. by W. of Vincennes, in Indiana. 
 
 VERNON, a township of Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 1219. 
 
 VERNON, A'an Buren co., Iowa. See Appendix. 
 
 VERNON, a post-village and township of Waukesha co., 
 
 Wisconsin, about 24 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. The village 
 
 contains 1 hotel and a wagon shop. Pop. of the township.1145. 
 
 VERNON, a small town of Sutter co., California, is situiited 
 
 at the confluence of Sacramento and Feather Rivers, on the 
 
 main road from Sacramento city to Shasta, about 105 miles 
 
 N.N.E. of San Francisco. 
 
 VEIVNON, a county of New south Wales; lat. 31° S., Ion. 
 
 132° E. It is traversed by the Apsley River, and the Jtacleay 
 forms its N.E. boundary. 
 
 VKRNON CENTRE, a post-village in A'ernon township, 
 Oneida co.. New York, 108 miles W. by N. of Albany. It 
 contains 2 churches. 8 stores, and a distillery. 
 
 VERNON DEPOT, a post-ofiicoof Tnll»iid co.. Connecticut. 
 
 VERNON ISLES, three islands lying in the centre of the 
 W. entrance of Clarenctj Straits, N.W. of Australia; lat. 12° 
 5' S., Ion. 13K E. 
 
 VERNON RIVER, a sm.ill stream of Ohio, which risec in 
 N. central part of the state, and flowing through Knox co., 
 enters the Walhonding Kiver in Coshocton co. It is also 
 called Owl Ckeek. 
 
 VKRNOU. v?R'noo', a town of Franco, department of 
 Indre-et-Loire, 9 miles E. of Tours. Pop. 1900. 
 
 VERNOUX, vJr'uoo', a town of France, department of 
 Ardeche, 11 miles N. of Privas. Pop. in 1852, 3251. 
 
 VKRNOUX-EN-GaTINE, vte'noo/ Sn" ga't«en/, a com- 
 mune of France, department of Deux-S6vres, 12 miles AV. 
 of Parthenay. Pop. 1400. 
 
 VEROCZ, vdVots', or VEROCZE, (Verik-ze.) viVofs^h, 
 (Ger. Wrmcitz, vA'ro-<vits,) a town of the; Austrian Empire, 
 Slavonia, capital of a county, near the boundary of Croati.o, 
 65 miles AV.N.W. of Eszek. Pop. 3200. It has ii castle. Its 
 county comprises 1772 square miles. Pop. 223.500. 
 
 VERODUNUM. See Vkkdun. 
 
 VKliOLA NUOVA, vA-ro'lJ nwo'v^, a markeMown of 
 Italy, Lombardy, 16 miles S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 4200. 
 
 VEROLA VECCHIA. vA-ro/M vfk'ke-d, a market-town of 
 Italy. 1 mile W. of Vcrola-Nuova. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VEROLKNGO, vA-ro-l4n'go, a market-town of the Sar- 
 dinian States, Piedmont, 17 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 4761. 
 
 VEROLI, v.Vri-lee. (anc. Ver>ul<T.) a town and bisliop's see 
 of the Pontifical States, delegation and 5 miles N.E. of 
 Frosinone. Pop. 3590. 
 
 VEROMANDUI. See Verm.\ndois. 
 
 VERONA, vd-ro'nd, (Fr. I'civwx, vA'ron', anc. Vero/na,) 
 a fortified city of Austrian Italy, government of A'enice, 
 capital of a delegation, on the Adige, here cros,sed by 4 
 bridges, and on the railway (in progress) from Milan to 
 Venice, 22 miles N.N.E. of Mantua; lat. 45° 26' N., Ion. 
 11° 1' E. Pop. 59,169. Situated near the gorges of the 
 Tyrol, and surrounded by the fortresses of Peschiera. 3Ian- 
 tua. and Legnano, Verona has always been considered 
 an important position for the defence of Upper Italy. It is 
 enclosed by a .series of turreted walls, and its fortifications 
 have, since 1822, been much improved. From its fine situa- 
 tion, rich historical remains, and literary institutions, it is 
 one of the most interesting cities in Italy. The principal 
 jiublic edifices are the church of St. Zeno, sup))Osetl to date 
 from thp 7th century ; the cathedral, built in the 9th cen- 
 tury ; the church of St. Anastusia, remarkable for its great 
 size and its monuments; and that of St. George, for its fine 
 paintings : two magnilicent gates ; the pa'.ace of the Grand 
 Guanlid, a modern edifice; the palace of conin'i/Jio, and the 
 custom-house. It has many noble private palaces. Ita 
 Roman anticiuities comprise the celebrated amphitheatre, a 
 building of imposing grandeur, the most perfect of its kind, 
 and the only one still used for public s|iecfacles; traces of a 
 Roman theatre and two Roman arches. The tombs of the 
 Scaliyers. a curious monument of the Middle Ages, are a 
 series of Gothic pyramids surmounted by an equestrian 
 statue of each prince. The literary institutions of Verona 
 comiirise a lyceum with fine scientific collections, episcopal 
 seminary, the royal school for 'the education of ladies, 3 
 gymnasia, a school of painting and design, academy of 
 agriculture, commerce and arts, a botanic garden, a philhar- 
 monic academy, 2 valuable public libraries, and the museum 
 >of the hipklario, with remarkable Etruscan inscriptions. 
 Verona is renowned for its dye-works. It has manufactures 
 of woollens and cottons; numerous .silk-mills moved by 
 water-power, and an extensive trade in silk and rural pro- 
 duce. It is the see of a bishop, and the seat of several 
 superior courts and public ofRces. It is sujipnsed to have 
 been founded in the 4th, and to have been subjected to the 
 Romans in the 2d century before the Christian era. It 
 afterwards rose to great importance, and was adorned with 
 numerous magnificent structures, of which the amphitheatre 
 still presents a distinguished specimen. On the decline' of 
 the Roman Empire, it was taken by the Goths, and mado 
 by Theoiloric the capital of his empire. In 774 it was taken 
 by Charlemagne, and so long as the power of the emperors 
 in Italy lasted, took a lead among the Italian cities. It 
 afterwards became an independent republic, lost its liberty 
 under lords of its name who ruled it with despotic sway, 
 passed through the hands of various masters, and at length, 
 weary of the vicissitudes to which it had been subjected, 
 voluntarily ceded itself to Venice, under which it remained 
 till 1797. A congress was held here in 1822. It was thebirth- 
 pl.ace of Cornelius Nepos, Catullus, the elder Pliny, Paul 
 A'eronese. Bianchini, the Marquis Maffei. and many other 
 distinguished men. A'erona is celebrated for the beauty of 
 
 its environs. .\dj. and inhab. Veko.nese, vJrVneez/; (It 
 
 Vebonksk. vi-ro-nA'sA.') 
 
 A'ERONA, » post-village and township of Oneida co., Ne\c 
 
 ami 
 
VER 
 
 TorTc, on the Erie Canal, 13 miles AV. by S. of Eome. Oneida 
 Lake bounds tbe township on the W., and the New York 
 Central IJailroad passes along its southern border. P. 5967. 
 
 VKKijNA, a post-village in Boone CO., Kentucky, 53 mUes 
 N. of Frankfort. 
 
 VliRiiN'A. a Tillage in A'anderburg co., Indiana, on the 
 right bank of the Ohio. 165 miles S.AV. by S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 V1:R0NA, a post-township and village of Dane CO., Wis- 
 consin, S miles S.W. of Madison. Pop. 1221. 
 
 VKKON'A DEl'OT, a post-village in A'erona township, 
 Oneida co.. Xew York, on the Centi-al Kailroad, 30 miles K 
 of Pvrai"use. • 
 
 VJJRON.^ MILLS, a postofBce of Oneida oo., New York. 
 
 TEROQUA, Wisconsin. Pee V.iroqua. 
 
 A'KIVI'LANCK'S, a post-village and station of fl'estchester 
 CO.. New York, on the Uudsoh Kiver Itailroad, about 40 
 miles from New York. 
 
 VERKKS. vJh/r^s, a town of the Sardinian States, Pied- 
 mont. 10 miles E. of Aosta. Pop. 1122. 
 
 VER'RET LAKE, Louisiana, situated in Assumption 
 parish, is connected by a short outlet with Grand River and 
 Lake Chetjmacbes. length about 10 miles. 
 
 VERi!li;RES, vfR^Re-aiR', a village of France, department 
 of Seine- etOise, arrondissement of Yersailles. Pop. 1100. 
 
 VERillfiUES, v5R-Re-aiR/. a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Neufchatel, on the French frontier, 6 miles E. of Pontar- 
 lier. Pop. 3000. 
 
 A'ERUt) or WERRO, vJr'ro, a town of Russia, government 
 of Livonia, on the Vcrro and Tuda, and on Lake 'f ammula, 
 44 miles S.S.E of Dorpat. Pop. 1600. The Canal of Verro 
 unit<?s the Gulfs of Finland and Livonia. 
 
 VElilU'A. veR'Roo-3, a formerly fortified, but now dis- 
 mantled, town of Piedmont, province and 23 miles E.N.E. 
 of Turin, on the right bank of the Po, opposite Crescentino. 
 Pop. 2*«3. 
 
 VERUUCHIO, v^R-RooTve-o, a village of Italy, state of 
 jDniilia, province of F'orli, 3 miles N.W. of San Marino. 
 
 YER.-'AILLES, ver-sAlz' (Fr. pron. vSr'sJI', or vjR'sS'ye, 
 a ci ty of France, capital of the department of Seine-et-Olse, 10 
 miles S.W. of Pari^.with which it communicates by two lines 
 of railway i lat. 48° 48' N., ion. 2° 8' E. Pop. In 1852, 35.367. 
 It is diridetl into the quarters of St. Louis and Notre Dame, 
 to which Montreuil is attached, and is remarkable for the 
 elegance and regularity of its construction. A'ersailles is 
 justly regarded as one of the handsomest towns in Europe. 
 The i^lace Hoche has a statue of General Hoche, and from 
 the Place du CliiUeau diverge the three grand avenues of 
 Paris, St. Cloud, and Sceaux, finely planted with trees. The 
 chief edifices are the Church of St. Louis, the Prefecture, 
 and the Chancery. The magnificent Palace of Yersailles 
 was restored during the reign of Louis-Philippe, and is now 
 u>ed as an historical museum : the immense galleries, freshly 
 decorated, contain a series of paintings and statues arranged 
 in chronological order from Clovis downwards. Connected 
 with the palace are a superbly decorate<i chapel and theatre, 
 an orangery, spacious flower-gardens, and a park, in which 
 are numerous statues and splendid fountains, supplietl 
 with water by the machine of :\Iarly, and at the extremity of 
 the Park the two palaces called the Great and Little Tria- 
 non. Yersailles is a bishop's see, and has a national college, 
 a normal school, many scientific and literary societies." a 
 public litirary of 48.000 volumes, and a Chamlwr of Com- 
 merce. The Palace of Versailles, built by Louis XIV., was 
 from lf.72 to 1790 the residence of the Kings of France. 
 Many treaties have been signed here, at one of which, in 
 1783. England recognised the independence of the United 
 States of America: and here, on the 20th of June, 17S9, the 
 representatives of the communes of France constituted the 
 National Assembly, and took the famous oath of the Jeu-de- 
 rauim. From 1790 to 1S37, Versailles was neariy deserted 
 but situe the opening of the Museum in the latter year it 
 hiis regained much of its former importance. It was the 
 birth-plac.. of Philip V. of Spain; Louis XV.. XVI., and 
 XVllI., and Chnries X. of France; the Abbe de I'Epee, 
 Ducis, and General Hoche. 
 
 VERSAILLES, ver-sailz/, a postofHce of Cattaraugus co.. 
 New York. ° ' 
 
 Tan-'^'^^Po^^^'^ " township of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 
 Tvl'f MI'H:^' * P^'t-^ffl'-e of Rutherford co., Tennessee. 
 » \ y . '*^' * beautiful post-village, capital of Wood- 
 ford CO. Kentucky, on the turnpike from Frankfort to Lex- 
 
 i"''i i'lP'u'r ^h ''*■ "'" '■°™<^'"- It !s surrounded by a 
 rich and highly cultivated region, and contains a hand.some 
 brick court-house, 2 banks, 4 churches, 2 eemlnariee for 
 g>rl», and 1 carriage factory. It is supplied with nnre 
 water issuing from a cave or natural conduit, which ex- 
 ttnds under the foundations of the houses 
 
 VERSAILLES a village of Darke co , Ohio, on the Belle- 
 fontaine and Indiana Railroad, about 90 miles N. of Cinciii- 
 
 D.tti. 
 
 VERSAILLES a thriving post-villago. capital of Ripley 
 
 «^;i Jn^St' r V'*"p^''.7-' ^I'^'h *''^ "'"^^ S. of the Ciucin- 
 nati and St. Louis Railroad, and 70 miles S.E. of Indiana- 
 pDhs. It 18 situated in a rich farming region, and has con- 
 
 VES 
 
 siderable trade, which is Ihcilitated by a plank-road leading 
 from Madison to Greensburg, A weekly newspaper is j;ul> 
 lished here. 
 
 VERSAILLES, a post-village in Brown cc , Illinois, 60 
 miles W. by N. of Springfield. 
 
 A'ERS.ilLLES, a post-village, capital of Morgan co., Mis- 
 souri, 40 miles W.S.W. of .Tefter.«on City. Laid out iu 1S.J6. 
 It is situated in a beautiful and fertije country. Free popu* 
 lation 22.T 
 
 VERSCIIITZ. a town of Ilungarv. See Versecz. 
 
 YERSECZ. VERSETZ. WERSCHETZ. yhilsbits\ or YER- 
 SCHITZ. vjR/shits', a fortified town of the Hungarian Banat, 
 CO. and 41 miles S. of Teinesvar. Pop. 15.7.''8. It is the see 
 of a Greek bishop, and has a college and cavalry barracks. 
 In its vicinity large quantities of wine, silk, and rice are 
 raised. 
 
 VER'SHIRE, a postrfownship In Orange co., Vermont, 2.5 
 miles S.E. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1054. 
 
 A'ERSMOLD, fi^R-s'molt, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 
 24 miles E.N.E. of Miinster. Pop. 1420. 
 
 VERSOIX or VERSOY, vJr^swI'. a village of Switzerland, 
 canton and 6 miles N. of Geneva, on tlie W. shore of its 
 lake. Pop. 800. It belonged to France previous to 1815. 
 
 VERSOYAH. vJr-so'v^ a maritime town of British India, 
 presidency and 14 miles N. of Bombay, on the W. coast of 
 the island of SalEette. 
 
 VERSOY, a village of Switzerland. See Versoix. 
 
 VF;RTAIS0N, vSk^tA'sAN^', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Pu}'-de-DGmc, 9 miles E. of Clermont-Ferrand. 
 Pop. in 1852, 2450. 
 
 VEllTEILLAC, vJR'UlVik'orvfRHi'yIk', a market-town 
 of France, department of Dordogne, 7 miles N, of Riberae. 
 Pop. 1100. 
 
 A'ERTEUIL, v?»'tul', a village of France, department of 
 Charente. at the foot of a castle-crowned height, on the left 
 bank of the Charente, 4 miles S.E. of Ruflfec. Pop. 1400. 
 
 A'ERTEUIL, a market^town of France, department of 
 Lot-ct-Oaronne, 12 miles E. of JIarmande. Pop. 1200. 
 
 VERTEUIL. a village of France, department of Gironde, 
 arrondissement of Panllac. Pop. 1010. 
 
 VERTOU, vJrHoo'. a village of France, department of 
 Loire-lnferieure, near the gevre-Nantsuse, 5 mUes S.E. of 
 Nantes. Pop. in 1852. 5.949. 
 
 YERTOA'A, vJR-to'vJ, a village of Northern Ital v. province 
 and 12 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop'. 1748. 
 
 A'ERTCS. Les, 1.4 vJrHU', a town of France, department of 
 Marne, 16 miles W.S.AV. of Chalons-sur-Mame. Pop. 2432. 
 
 A'ERUL.E. See Verou. 
 
 A^ERVICK or WERAVICQ. vjR'vik, a frontier town of Bel- 
 gium, province of AVest Flanders, ou the Lys, 9 miles S.S.E. 
 of Ypres. Pop. 5657. 
 
 A"ERA'IERS, v?R've-.V, a town of Belgium, province and 
 14 miles E, of Liege, on the railw.ay to Cologne, and on tbe 
 A'esdre. Pop. 29.284. It has celebrated manufactories of 
 woollen cloth and yam, for which various steam and water- 
 mills are employed; it has also dyeing and soap works, 
 breweries, &c. 
 
 A'ERA'INS, vJrVSn-*', (anc. Terri'nwn or TerhVnnm.) a 
 town of France, department of Aisne, 22 miles N.N.E. of 
 Laon. Pop. in 1852, 2707. It has a tribunal of commerce, 
 a communal college, and manufactures of hosiery and um- 
 brellas. In 1598 a treaty of peace was concluded here be- 
 tween Henrv lA'. and Philip II. of Spain. 
 
 A'EK'AVICK, a parish of South AVales, co. of Cardigan, hun- 
 dred of Trocdyraur. 
 
 A'ERYAN, a pari.sh of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 YERZEXAY. vfR'zeh-n.V. a village of France, department 
 of Marne. S. of Reims. Pop. 1300. 
 
 A'ERZUOLO, veR-zwoHo, a town of Pieilmont, province 
 and 3 milos S. of Saluzzo. Pop. 3901. 
 
 VERZY, vjR^zee', a market-town of France, department 
 of Marne, 8 miles S.S.E. of Reims. Pop. in 1852, 1034. 
 
 A'ESCOA'ANA, vJs-ko-vS'nS, a village of Austrian Italv, 
 delegation of Padua, 8 miles S.E. of Este. Pop. 3300. 
 
 VESCOVATO, vJs-ko-v3'to, a town of Northern Italy, 8 
 miles N.E. of Cremona. Pop. 2400. 
 
 VESCOVATO, v?s-ko-va'to, a marke^town of Corsica, 13 
 miles S. of liistia. Pop. 1025. 
 
 A'ESDRE, vjsd'r. a river of Rhenish Prussia and the Bel- 
 gian province of Liege, joins the Ourthe. 3 miles S.E. of 
 Liege, after aAA'. course of 45 miles, past Limbourg and A'er- 
 viers. Its valley is highly picturesque. 
 
 VESEGONSK, v,i-s.A-gftnsk', written al.so WESS.TEGONSK, 
 a town of Russia, government and 134 miles N.E. of Tver. 
 Pop. 2800. It has two annual fairs, attended by merchants 
 from every part of the empire. 
 
 'vKSIME, vi-see/mi, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Acqui. near Bobbio, on the Bormida. It has the 
 remains of an ancient castle. Poo. 1156. 
 
 A'ESINS, vfh-zSNs», a village of France, department and 
 14 miles N.AV. of Aveyron. Pop. iu 1852, 2040. 
 
 A'ESLE or A'ELE, vail or vjl, a river of France, depart- 
 ments of Marne and Aisne, after a N.E. course of 65 milee, 
 past Rheims, joins the Aisne 6 miles E, of Soissont. 
 
 VESONTII. See Besanjon, 
 
VES 
 
 VIA 
 
 VKSOUIi, vth-zool', a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Haute-Saone, at the foot of a Tine-clad height, 
 the Mott€-de-\'osiiul, near the Durjjeon, an affluent of the 
 SaOne, 27 miles N. of Be.«an(;on. Lat. 47° 38' N., Ion. 0° 10' 
 E. Pop. in 1852, 6621. It has a communal college, a nor- 
 mal ,«chool, and manufactures of calicoes, caps, and lace. 
 
 VES'PKll, a post-othce of Onondaga co., New York. 
 
 VES'PEUA, a small village, Tallahatchee co., Mississippi. 
 
 VESPOLATE, ves-po-ld/tA, a market-town of the Sardinian 
 States, Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.E. of NoTtra. Pop. 1840. 
 
 VESPRIM. See Veszprim. 
 
 VESTAL, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Broome co.. New York, on the Susquehanna River, about 
 145 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2211. 
 
 VESTAIi CENTRE, a post-village in the above township. 
 
 VESTAL FURNACE, a po.st-offlce, Broome co., New York. 
 
 VESTKI5AS. a town of Sweden. See WestkiUs. 
 
 VESTKRVIK. a seaport town of Sweden. See Westervik. 
 
 VESTIGNE, vJsHeenVA', a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Turin, near liorgomasino. Pop. 1.340. 
 
 VESTONK, vCs-to'nA. a village of Northern Italy, province, 
 and 20 miles N.E. of Brescia, with a ruined castle, noted in 
 the earlx Itilian wars, and extensive iron-works. Pop. 1272. 
 
 VESONNA. See PfiRiGUEUX. 
 
 VESUVIUS, (Mou.vT,) ve-su'vl-ug. (It. Vemvio, v.'l-soo've-o,) 
 a celebrated mountain of South Italy, and the only active 
 volcano of any con.eequence on the continent of Europe, on 
 the E. side of the Bay of Naples. Lat. of crater 40° 49' N., 
 Ion. 14° 26' E. It rises out of a fertile and luxuriant plain 
 to the height of 394S feet abote the sea ; the diameter of the 
 circular area occupied by it and Monte Somma Ixnng about 
 8 mile.s. Its lower part is a sloping plain, covered with 
 stones and scoria?, 3 miles in length, and rising to 2000 feet, 
 above which a cone of black stones extends to 3500 feet. It 
 is flanked on the land side by Monte Somma, an abrupt cir- 
 cular precipice. The summit of its cone Is 2000 feet in di- 
 ameter, and after the irruption of 1839, had in its centre a 
 crater 1500 feet in diameter, and 500 feet deep. Somma and 
 Vesuvius are very different in their geological formation ; the 
 former consists of leucite porphyry, tufa, and rocks contain- 
 ing shells; Vesuvius is almost wholly compo.sed of lava and 
 scoriae. Around it a larger number of simple minerals have 
 been discovered than on any other area of like dimensions ; 
 and the vegetable products on its flanks comprise euphorbias 
 and many other plants not found elsewhere in Italy. The 
 famous wine, kigrima chrisli, is raised on Its sides. The 
 earliest eruptions of Vesuvius are lost in remote antiquity, 
 and no symptoms of its activity had been evinced within 
 the memory of man, till a. d. 63, when an earthquake da- 
 maged many of the surrounding cities. In 79 it again began 
 to show symptoms of activity, and immediately thereafter, 
 gent forth the terrible irruption which buried the cities of 
 Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabire. In this irruption the 
 elder Pliuy perished. A graphical description of it is extant 
 in a letter by the younger Pliny to Tacitus. A succession 
 of eruptions followed, more especially in 203, 472, 512, and 
 993, but were not attended with any flow of lava, the 
 ejected matter consisting apparently only of stones, ashes, 
 .or volcanic sand, and fragments of older lava. The first 
 recorded discharge of liquid lava took place in 1036. Since 
 then various eruptions, some of them extremely violent, 
 have oecurred. Among others may be specified those of 
 1779, 1793, 1834, 1838, 1847, and 1850. Adj. Yesovian, ve-su'- 
 Te-.an. 
 
 VESUmUS FUR/NACE, a postofflce of Lincoln co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 VESZPRIM, VESPRIM, v^s/primS or WESPRIM, -ftSs/- 
 prim\ a town of West Hungary, capital of a county, on the 
 Sed, 60 miles S.W. of Buda. Pop. 9079. It is the see of a 
 Roman Catholic bishop, and has a fine cathedral, an epi.sco- 
 pal palace, Piarist and Roman Catholic colleges, and a brisk 
 trade in salt, corn, wine, potash, and glass. 
 
 VESZPRIJI or AVESPRIM, a county in the S,W. part of 
 Hungary. It is occupied in the S. by part of Lake Balatony. 
 Pop.. 185,167. 
 
 VET/ERAN, a township of Chemung co.. New York, 10 
 miles N.E. by E. of Elmira, intersected by the Canandaigua 
 and Elmira Railroad. Pop. 2171. 
 
 VETKA or WETKA, vjfka, a village of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Moheelev, district and 15 miles N.E. of Novo- 
 Blelitza. on the Sozh. It was formerly a considerable town. 
 
 VETLOOG A. VETLOUGA or VETLUGA, vJt-loo'gS. written 
 also BETLL\;A and WETLUGA, a river of Russia, chiefly in 
 the governments of Kostroma and Nizhnee-Novgorod, flows 
 S., past Vetlooga, and joins the Volga after a course of 300 
 miles. 
 
 VETLOOGA, VETLOUOA, VETtUGA or BETLUGA, a 
 town of Russia, government of Kostroma, on the right bank 
 of the Vetlooga, 75 miles E. of Makarlev. Pop, 1800. 
 
 VETO, a post-oflice of Washington CO., Ohio, 
 
 VETRALLA. \h-trm?L, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, 
 delegation and 7 miles S.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 4460. 
 
 VETSCHAU, fi^Vshow, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg. 44 miles S W. of Frankfort, Pop, 1700. 
 
 VEULES, vul, a market-town of France, department of 
 60 
 
 Selne-Tnferieure, on the English Channel, 13 miles W.S.W. 
 of Dieppe. Pop. 1500. 
 
 VEUHDRE, 1,E, li>h vURd'r. a town of France, department 
 of AUier, 18 miles N.W. of .Moulins. Pop. 1300. 
 
 VEURNE, a town of Iteltfium. .See Furnks. 
 
 VEVAY, ve-v.Vor veh-vA/, (Ger. Vivis, vee'vis.) a small town 
 of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 11 
 miles E.S.E. of Lau.sanne. I'op. of the Cfimmune, 48U0. The 
 church of St Martin contains the tombs of the regicides 
 Ludlow and Broughton. who died here in exile. It has 
 manufactures of leather, woollens, and jewellery, andatrade 
 in wine. 
 
 VEH'AY/, a neat and thriving post-village, capital of 
 Switzerland co., Indiana, is beautifully situated on the l>hio 
 River, 75 miles below Cincinnati, It was settled in 1813 by 
 a company of Swiss emigrants, who formerly cultivated the 
 grape extensively, but this branch of business is but little 
 attended to at present. The navigation of the river and the 
 fertility of the adjoining country render it a place of active 
 business. It contains 4 churches and 1 newspaper olhco. 
 Pop. in 1800,1198. 
 
 V KVA Y, a townslup of Ingham co., Michigan, Pop. 940. 
 
 VEYLE, vi^l. a river of France, rises in the department 
 of Ain, Hows first N. and then W., and joins the Saone, a 
 little Ih<1ow Macon, after a c-ourse of about 05 miles. 
 
 VEYNES. vain, a village of France, department of Ilautes- 
 AIpe.s, 13 miles W. of Gnp. Pop. 1900. 
 
 VEYR.\C,v.Vrak'. a village of France, department of Ilauto 
 Vienne, arrondissement of Limoges! Pop. 1550. 
 
 VEYRE, vain, a village of France, department of Puy-de- 
 Dome. 8 miles S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. in 1852, 2796. 
 
 Vi;/,KKR(orVEZTRVKOPRI, vA-zeer/ ko/pree, or KEDI- 
 KAIjAH, kA'dee k3/lA, a town of A.sia Minor, pashalic of 
 Seevas, 42 miles W.S.W. of Samsoon. Pop. 1000 Moham- 
 medan, 50 Armenian, and 20 Greek families. It is divided 
 into quarters by in tersecting walls, and has a tolerable bazaar. 
 
 A'KZEr<AY. veh-Zfli-LV, a town of France, department of 
 Yonne, 8 miles W.S.W. of Avallon. Pop. in 18.52, 1139. It wag 
 the birth-place of Theodore de Beza and Vauban. St. Bernard 
 preached the crusade to the parliament of Vezelay in 1145. 
 
 VJ^ZKLl ZE, vA'zeh-leez', a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe. at the confluence of the Breuou and Uvrv, 15 miles 
 S.S.W. of Nancy. Pop. 1600. 
 
 VfiZKNOItRES, vA'zeh-nob'r', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Gard, 5 miles S.S.E. of Alais, on the railway to 
 NImes. Pop. 1066. 
 
 VJ^ZERE, vA^zaia', a river of France, departments of Cor- 
 rfeze and Dordogue, joins the Dordogne, 20 miles E. of Ber- 
 gerao. f\fter a S.W. course of 100 miles. 
 
 Vf;ZERE, HAUTE, bOt vA'zaiR/, a river of France, depart- 
 ments of Correze and Dordogne. joins the Isle, 6 miles E, 
 of Perigueux, after a S.W. course of 50 miles. 
 
 VEZIN, veh-z^N"', a village of Belgium, pi-ovince and 9 
 miles E.N.E. of Namur. on the Meu.se. Pop. 1186. 
 
 VEZIR-KOPRI. See Vezeer-Kopri. 
 
 A'EZON, vfh-zAN"', a village of Belgium, province of Ilain- 
 ault, 24 miles W, of Mons. Pop, 1359, 
 
 VEZOUZE, veh-zooz', a river of France, departmeist of 
 Meurthe, ri.ses in the Vosges Mountains, flows W., and joins 
 the Meurthe at Luneville. Total course 45 miles. 
 
 VEZZA, vit'sA. a village of Northern Italy, province and 
 66 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Val-Grande. Pop. 1400. 
 
 VEZZA. a village of the Sardinian States, division of Coni, 
 province of Alba. Pop. 2125. 
 
 VEZZ.\NO, vJt-sA'no, a market-town of tlie Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa, 12 miles E.of Levante. Pop. 2838. 
 
 VIADANA, ve-d-dd'nA, a market-town of Northern Italy, 
 21 miles S.W. of Mantua, on the left bank of the Po. 
 
 VIADEIl'OS, ve-A-dA/e-roce, a mountain range of Brazil, 
 province of Goyaz, 
 
 VIAGRANDE, ve-3-grin'dA, a town of Sicily, 7 mile.? N.E. 
 of Catania, on the E. slope of Mount Etna. Pop. 3100. 
 
 VIA-MALA, ve-A-md/lA. ("bad or difficult way,") a deep 
 defile of Switzerland, canton of Grison.s, along the Upper 
 Rhine, between Chur (Coire) and the Splugen, about 4 miles 
 in length, and walled in by precipices, in some places 1600 
 feet in height. 
 
 A'I.\MAO, ve-i-mi5wN»'.(?) a lake of Brazil, prr)vinceof Sao- 
 Pedro-do-Rio-Grande. It stretches from N. to S. over a large 
 space between the mouth of the Jacuhi and the Lake of 
 Patos, and receives, besides the Jacuhi, a great number of 
 other streams. 
 
 VIAMAO. a village and pari.sh of Brazil, province of Sao 
 Pedro do Rio Grande, on the E. shore of the above lake, 
 about 12 miles E.S.E. of Porto-Alegre. Pop. 2816. 
 
 VIANA. ve-i'nA, a fortified seaport town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Minho, capital of a comarca, at tlie mouth of the 
 Lima, 40 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 8110. It is enclo.sed by 
 tuneted w.alls, and has a harbor defended by batteries; an 
 .active coasting trade, fishery, and a large annual fair in 
 August It surrenderetl to Admiral Sir C. Napier in the 
 revolution which dethroned Don Miguel. 
 
 VIANA, ve-A'nA, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, near 
 the Ebro, 45 miles S.AV. of Pamplona. Pop. 3146. It liaa 
 manufactures of coarse woollens and hats. 
 
 2033 
 
VIA 
 
 TIANDEX ve4rfden, a town of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince and 24 n-iles N cf liuxemburg. Pop. 800. 
 
 VIANKN vei'njn. a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of South Holf»nd, on the Leek, 7 miles S.S.W. of Utrecht. 
 Pop. iioo. ^ , 
 
 VI J XX A. Tft in'nl, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- 
 Tince of Alemtejo, 20 miles S.S.W. of ETora, near the 
 Jarama. Pop. IS**. 
 
 VIANOS. Tc-ii/noce, a town of Spain, New Castile, proTinc© 
 and about 45 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1895. 
 
 VIAK, Te-aR', a riTier of Spain, rises in the mountains of 
 Monasterio, near Montemolino, proTince of Badajos, flows 
 about 50 miles S.E. and joins the Guadalquivir at Cantillana, 
 16 miles N.E. of Seville. 
 
 A'lAREGGIO, ve-d-rWjo, a seaport town of Central Italy, 
 Tuscany, 13 miles W. of Lucca, on the Mediterranean, with 
 6!>o0 inhabitants a liarbor defended by a foit, and export 
 trade in statuary marble. 
 
 VIAKIGGf, ve-d-rid'jee, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 Piedmont, division of Alessandria, province and 13 miles 
 6.S.W. of Casale. Pop. 1V"9. 
 
 TIASMA. See Tiazma. 
 
 VIATKA or WJATKA, ve-lfki. a river of Russia, travers- 
 ing all the centre of the government, to which it gives name, 
 rises 17 N. of Glazov, flows X.W. and S.. and joins the Kama 
 in the government of Kazan, after a course of 500 miles. 
 
 VIATKA or WJATKA, a large government of European 
 Russia, in its E. part, between lat. 55° 30' and 60° N., and 
 lou. 4t>° and 54= E., having X. Aologda, E. Perm. W. Kos- 
 troma, and S. Xizhnee-Novgorod. Kazan, and Orenlx>org, from 
 which last it is separated by the Kama. Area 53,493 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,818,752, comprising many Tartar 
 tribes, and alwut 50,000 Mohammedans. Its E. part is 
 covered with the extreme ramifications of the Ural Sloun- 
 tains ; surfaf e elsewhere undulating or level. A surplus of 
 corn over home consumption is raised. Principal crops, rye, 
 barley, and oats, witn some wheat, and peas, lentils, flax, 
 and hemp. The climate is too severe for fruits to ripen, and 
 potatoes are grown only in gardens. Forests of tir, oak, elm, 
 and birch, are very extensive. Cattle rearing is of less im- 
 portance than agriculture. Furs. tar. iron, and copper, are the 
 chief protlucts. Manufactures are increasing ; there lately 
 were about 60 woollen, linen, and other factories for woven 
 goods in the government. Paper, soap, potash, leather, and 
 copper-wares are made ; fire-arms are manufactured at Sara- 
 pool, and. at Viatka, anchors, gun-carriages, and iron ma- 
 chinery on a large scale. The exports are com, timber, and 
 manufactured goods. The imports comprise salt, tea, and 
 other Asiatic produce. 
 
 VIATKA or WJATKA, a city of European Russia, the 
 capital of the above government, is s^ituated on the Viatk.-\, 
 near the influx of the Tcheptsa, lat. 5S° 24' N., Ion. 50° E. 
 Pop. 6890. It has 2 convents, diocesan and high schools, 
 gymnasium, extensive distilleries, and iron works, and it is 
 the great centre of the commerce of the government. 
 
 VIATLSK, a town of Kussi.a. See Velsk. 
 
 A"IAUR, v©<)e', a river of France, rises in the department 
 of Aveyrbn, flows circuitou.'sly S.W., forms part of the 
 boundary between the departments of Tarn and Aveyron, 
 and joins the Aveyron after a course of about 60 miles. 
 
 VHZ.MA or VI ASM A. ve-dz'mi. a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 100 miles E.X.E. of Smolensk, on the Viazma, an 
 affluent of the Dnieper. Pop. 12,000. It has 22 churches and 
 convent-;, several schools, and a trade in linen, hemp. linsee<1, 
 and hempseed. The French were defeated here, October 22, 
 1812. by the troops of Miloradovitch. 
 
 VIAZXIKI or WIASXIKI. ve-ds-nee'kee, a town of Rus- 
 sia, government and 78 miles E. of Vladimeer, on the 
 Kliasma. Pop. 1900. It has manufactures of linens and 
 leather. 
 
 VIBOLBOXE. ve-bol-do/n.^ or VICOBOLDOXE. veko-bol- 
 do'tiA. a village of Northern It.ily. province and 8 miles from 
 Milan, between the Lambro and' the Olona. It figures much 
 In early Italian history. Pop. 1297. 
 
 VIBOUG, WIBORG or WYBORG. vee'borg, VIBOURG 
 Tcc'boorg, written also MIBURG and VYBORG. (Finnish IPii- 
 piiri. «U-}x)o'ree.) a spaport town of Finland, capital of a la?n. 
 on a deep inlet of the Gulf of Finland. 74 miles X.W of St 
 Petersburg. Pop. 3500. It consists of the town proper, and 
 the St. Petersburg and Viborg suburbs. The citadel is built 
 on the site of the original town, founded by the Swedes in 
 1293. Viliorg has a college and a female school, and an 
 active export trade. In its vicinitv is the park Monrepos, 
 ft favorite holiday resort of the inhabitants. 
 
 VI BOKO or WIBOHG, veeOxiRG. a town of Denmark, capi- 
 tal of a stlft and amt, on the small lake of Vitorg. 36 miles 
 N.« . of Aarhuus. Pop. 5600. It has a cathedral, manu- 
 actures of woollen fabrics, cards, leather, and tobacco, and 
 a large fair in June. 
 
 VIBKAVK. vee^bri'. a town of France, department of 
 Barthe, 2/> miles R. of Le Mans. Pop. in 1852. 3005. 
 .i._^ ^9'J,''*'^' * '"*" ""^ France, department of Meurthe. on 
 the Seille. 18 miles E.N.E. of Xancy. Pop. in 1S52. 2884 
 It ha^ quarries of Paris plaster and rock salt, and a trade 
 in coru and wiue. 
 •JOU 
 
 VIC 
 
 VICALVARO, ve-kSl-Til/ro, a village of Spain. New Castile, 
 province and about 4 miles from Madrid, with fine alabaster 
 quarries. Pop. 1503. 
 
 VICAKELLO, ve-k3-reno, (anc. Vi'ciis Mireliif) a village 
 of Central Italy, near the N. side of the Lake of Bracciano, 
 with ruins of an imperial villa of the time of Trajan, and 
 mineral waters, (the ancient TheHmce Aure'lia'?) 
 
 VICARI. ve-ki'ree, a town ef Sicily, province and S.S.E. 
 of Palermo. Pop. 4500. 
 
 VICCIIIODEL-JIUGELLO, vifc/keK) del moo-jMlo. a walled 
 town of Tuscany, aliout 18 miles from Florence. Pop. 1197. 
 
 AIC DESSOS. veek dJsVos', a town of France, department 
 of Ariege. 14 miles S.W. of Foix. Pop. 1142. 
 
 VIC EX BIGORRE, veek 6n= bee'goR'. a town of France, 
 department of Ilautes-Pyrences, II miles N. of Tarbes 
 Pop. in 1852, 3663. 
 
 VICEXZA, ve-sJn/za or ve-chfn'zi, (anc. Tice.ntlia,) a city 
 of Austrian Italy, capital of a delegation, on the Bacchi- 
 glione. 40 miles W. of Venice, with which it communicates 
 by railway ; lat. 45° 32' N., Ion. 11° 33' E. Pop. 33,300. It 
 is enclosed by dry moats and decaying walls, but it has 
 many handsome edifices, built by I'alladio. a native of the 
 city. Its public buildings comprise a cathedral and several 
 other churches, episcoii.il and numerous other psriace.s, a 
 city-hall. Olympic theatre, built in imitation of the ancient 
 theatres; a triumphal arch leading to the Campo Marzo- 
 lyceum, clerical seminary, orphan a.sylum, and several hos- 
 pitals. It has a public library, two gymnB.«ia. and a society 
 of agriculture. Manufactures of silk, woollen, and linen 
 fabrics, hosiery, hats, paper, porcelain, and earthenware, 
 leather, gold, and silver articles, &c., with a brisk trade in 
 its manufactures of timber, corn, and other agricultural 
 produce. A'icentia, after being pillaged successively by 
 Alaric, Attila. the Lombards, and the Emperor Frederic Tl., 
 came early in the 15th century into the posses.^ion of the 
 Venetians, who held it till the downfall of their republic in 
 
 1796. Adj. and iuhab. ViceNtixe, vee'sJn-teen', (It. ViCEJf- 
 
 Tixo. ve-chju-tee'no.) 
 
 VIC FEZEXSAC, veek fil'zoNo'sdk', a town of France, de- 
 partment of Gers, on the Losse, 16 miles N-^V. of Auch. 
 Pop. in 1852. 4157. 
 
 VICH, vik, or VIQUE, veek, (anc. Ausona. afterwards 
 Viciisf) a city of Spain, province and 37 miles X.X.E. of 
 Barcelona. Pop. 10,667. It has a cathedral, with some 
 curious architecture. and which in the 10th century was the 
 metropolitan see of Catalonia ; and manufactures of linen, 
 hempen, printed cotton, and coarse woollen fabrics. It is 
 famous for its sausages. 
 
 VICIIADA, ve-chi'nd. a river of New Granada, flows E. 
 through the great N. p^iin of South America, and joins the 
 Orinoco, after a course of 260 miles. 
 
 VICIIERA, a river of Russia. See Vishera. 
 
 VlCIITE. viK'ti, a river of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders, 22 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 1359. 
 
 VICHY, vee'shee', or MOUTIERS-LES-BAINS. mooHe-A' U 
 bSs", (anc. Ahjtue CaVid<s,) a town of France, department of 
 AUier, 1 mile W. of Cusset, on the right bank of the Allier. 
 Pop. 1360. It has mineral springs, and well frequented 
 baths, hotels, and lodging-houses. The baths were known 
 to the Romans. 
 
 VICK'EUY'S CREEK, Gooi^ia, enters the Chattahoochee 
 in the N.E. part of Cobb county. 
 
 VICKERVS CREEK, a post-village of Forsyth county, 
 Georgia. 115 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 VICKS/BURG, a city and port of entry, capital of Warren 
 county, Missis.«ippi, is situated on the jiississippi River, 400 
 miles above New Orleans, and 50 miles W. of Jack.son, with 
 which it is connected by the Vicksburg and Brandon Rail- 
 road. The situation is clev.ited, the ground uneven, and 
 the city is not compactly built. It contains, be.sides the 
 county buildings. 4 or 5 churches, and several academies for 
 both sexes. Three newspapers are published here. A'icks- 
 burg is the most commercial place on the river between 
 Natchez and Memphis, and is an important mart for cotton ; 
 of which article about 100.000 bales are annually exported. 
 The greater part of this is received by railroad. Ste.'imlioata 
 ply regularly between this place and New Orleans. The 
 Vicksburg and Brandon Railroad has been extended east- 
 w^ard to Selma, in Alabama. Another railroad has been 
 surveyed from A'icksburg to Marshall, in Texas, via Shreve- 
 port. The receipts of cotton by railnmd for 3 years were 
 as follows: in 1850, 49,722 bales; in 1801,62.134: and in 
 1852, 88,732. Pop. in 1840, 3104; iu 1850, 367S;'ln 1860, 
 4591. Vicksburg was captured from the rebels, after a 
 long siege, by (ieneral Grant, on the 4th of July, 1863. 
 
 VICKSVILLE. a post-oflice of Southampton co.. Virginia. 
 
 A'IC-LE-COMTE, veekleh kist, a village ol France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-DOme, 12 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 
 1852.3151. 
 
 A'ICO. vee'ko, a town of Naples, province of Terra di 
 Lavoro, district of Xola. Pop. 1130. 
 
 A'ICO. a village of the Sardinian States, division of Turin, 
 province of Ivrea, in the valley of Bro.^so. P)p. 106S. 
 
 VICO, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, delegation and 9 
 i miles N. of Frosinone. Pop. 3000, 
 
VIC 
 
 VTCO. a town of Italy, Naples, prorince of Capitauata, on 
 Monte C.arf?nno, 14 miles W. of Viestl. Pop. 2580. It has 
 niaiiufnrturts of woollens and wax candles, and a trade in 
 wine, olives, and Faffron. 
 VICO, a town of Corsica, 17 miles N. of Ajacclo. Pop isr9. 
 VlCO DT MONDOVJ, Tee/ko do-e mon'do-vee. a town of the 
 Sardinian State.', Piedmont, division of Conl, province and 2 
 miles 8.K. of Mondo^ 1. Pop. 2584. 
 
 VICO EQUKNSK, veelio i-kwcii'^oa. (ane. Pqtia ?) a town of 
 Italy, province iind 16 miles S.K. of Naples, on a rocky head- 
 land in the Ray of Naples. Pop. 9700. It is a hishop's sec. 
 
 VICO. LAKE OF. a lake of the Pontifical States, dclefra- 
 t5on and S miles S. of A'iterlx), immediately W. of Konci- 
 glione. is 2i miles in lenjjth. and discharges its surplus waters 
 Into the Tiber. It is surrr.nnded by woods, and is apparently 
 the crater of an extinct volcano. 
 
 VICOMARINO, vee'ko-md-ree'no, a village of Northern 
 Italy, 17 miles S.VV. of Piacenza Pop. 4508. 
 
 VICON AGO, VG-ko-ni'go, a villapre of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince and 27 miles from Como, with mines of argentiferous 
 load, copper, and antimony. Pop. 1170. 
 
 VICO PISANO, vee'ko pe-sS'no. a town of Tuscany, pro- 
 vince and 9 miles E. of Pisa. Pop. 1200. 
 
 ViqOSA, ve-so/sl or COMETA, ko-mMtA. a town of Brazil, 
 province and 140 miles W. of Ceara. in the Perra-Ilibiapaba. 
 The greater part of the inhabitants are Indians. Pop. of 
 the district, 6000. 
 
 VICOVARO. ve-ko-vj/ro. (anc. Vafria\) a small town of the 
 Pontifical States, 6 miles N.E. of Tivoli, with 1010 inhabit- 
 ants, and a fine old castle. 
 
 VICQ, veek, a village of France, the chief in the departs 
 mcntof Haute- Vienne,an-ondiRsemBnt of St. Yrieix. P. 2200. 
 
 VIC-SUR-AISNE, veek siiR An', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Aisne, 10 miles W. of Soissons. Pop. in 1852, 800. 
 It has an active tratfic by the river. 
 
 VIC-SUR-CfcllE, veok sliR sain, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Cantal, on the C«re, 9 miles E.N.E. of Aurillac. 
 Pop. in 1862, 1976. 
 
 VICTOR, a post-village and township of Ontario co.. New 
 York, on a branch of the Central Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of 
 Rochester. Pop. 2404. 
 
 VICTOR, a jiost-township in the E. part of Clinton co., 
 Michigan. I'op. 662. 
 
 A'lCTORIA. vik-to'rea, a county in the S. part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 775 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Guadalupe River, bounded on the S.AV. by Coleto Creek, 
 and also drained by Garcitas Creek. The surface has but 
 little elevation above the .sea; the soil is represented to be 
 fertile. A portion of the county is prairie. Capital, Vic- 
 toria. Pop. 4171; of whom 2758 were free. 
 
 VICTORIA, a post-village in Bolivar co., Mis.sis.sippi. 
 
 VICTORIA, a post-village, capital of Victoria co., Texas, 
 on the left bank of Guadahipe River, about 120 miles S.S.E. 
 of.\ustin. It contains 1 newspaper office. Pop. 1986. 
 
 VICT(>RIA, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, about 45 
 miles N.AV. of Peoria. 
 
 VICTORIA, a post-office of Daviess co., Missouri. 
 
 VICTORIA, a county of Nova Scotia, island of Cape 
 Breton. Capital. Bedeq'ue. Pop. in ICSl, 10.000. 
 
 A'TCTORl A. a heavily-timbered county in the X. part of 
 New Brunswick. Capital. Perth. Pop. "in 1861, 5408. 
 
 VICTO'HIA, CAMVSACK' or CAM'MUSAN', a harbor at 
 the S.?j. extremity of Vancouver's Island : lat. 48° 24' 46" N., 
 Ion. 12.3° 2.'!' W. The Hudson Bay Company's settlement 
 Victoria, with the fort of that name, is in the vicinity. 
 
 VICTORIA, a town of the Slexican Confederation, capital 
 of the state of Tamaulipas, 300 miles N. by E. of Mexico. 
 Pop. 5500. 
 
 VICTORIA, yeek-to/re-a, or CONQUTSTA, kon-kees'tj, a 
 town of Brazil, province of Bahia. SO miles S.E. of Uriiba. 
 It suffers from the aggression of the wild Indians, who live 
 in the recesses of the forests. 
 
 VICTORIA, a maritime town of Brazil, c.tpital of the pro- 
 vince of Espirito-Snnto, in the Bay of Espirito-Santo. 270 
 . miles N.E. of Rio .Taneiro. Pop. 5000. It stands on the V,'. 
 side of an island about 15 miles in circuit, is neatly built in 
 the old Portuguese style, and has a governor's residence, 
 and a harbor defended by several forts. Its vicinity proiluccs 
 rice, manioc, sugar, and bananas, in which goods it has all 
 active coasting trade. Frigates can sail up to the town. 
 
 VICTORIA, a town of the Argentine Republic. (La Plata,) 
 province of Eutre Rios. on the right bank of the Uruguay. 
 
 VICTO'RIA, formerly AUSTRA'IJA PE'LIX and PORT 
 PHIiyLTl*. a British colony in the S.E. of Australia: between 
 lat. 34° and 39° S.. and Ion. 141° and 150° E. ; bounded N.E. 
 and N. by New South Wales, from which it is separated in 
 the latter direction by the river Murray; W. by .South 
 Australia: and S. by the ocean and Bass Strait, separntins; it 
 trom Van Biemen's Land ; length, from E. to W.. 500 miles ; 
 mean breadth, measured on the meridian of 144°. about 200 
 miles ; area about 90.000 square miles, nearly the same as that 
 of Great Britain. The coast is generally low and unbroken 
 In the W.. frnni the mouth of the Glenelg to Cape Otway. t)e- 
 tween 'vhich are situated the available harbors of Portland, 
 I'ort F.tiry, and Waruambcol ; and in the E., from the bar- 
 
 VIC 
 
 bor ot Port Albert, in Ion. 147°, tc Tape Tjowe. betwc-en 
 which latter points almost the only features which tend to 
 diversify its monotonous appearance are a series of lagoons, 
 of which Lake King is the largest. From Wilson I'romou 
 tory to Cape Otway the coast liecomes skirted with perpendi- 
 cular cliffs, rising from 500 feet to 1000 feet above tlie sea. and 
 indented by numerous bays. Of these the most remarkable 
 is Port Phillip, wlii'h, scarcely 2 miles wide at its entrance, 
 forms a kind of inland sea. stretching from N. to S. for atioul 
 35 miles, and expanding from E. to W., near its centre, to 
 50 miles, though its average width may not exceed 18 miles. 
 Within this capacious basin, covering an area of 875 square 
 mile.s, the largest fleet that ever went to sea might ride in 
 perfect safety. Separated from Port Phillip by a low pro- 
 mont<-iry, is the well-formed but shallow harbor of Western 
 Port, eliectually protected by Phillip or Grant Island at its 
 mouth, and divided into an E. and a W. arm by French 
 Island near its centre. Still farther E. the most remarka- 
 ble feature of the coast is Wilson I'romontory, connectea 
 with the mainland by a low sandy isthmus; it consists ot 
 a lofty mass of granite, with summits rising to the height 
 of 3000 feet, and usually enveloped in mist. On the N. of 
 this promontory is the last great indentation of the coast, 
 Corner Basin, protected S. and E. by several low sandy 
 islands, of which the largest is La Trobe. The entire sea- 
 board faces the S., and has an extent of about COO miles. 
 
 Mice of the O/urttry, Mmmtains, &c. — The interior is finely 
 diversified, both by mountains and plnins, but is chiefly 
 characterized by tfie latter, which are oft<m of great extent, 
 and so sparingly wooded and free from other obstructions, 
 that it has been said the plough could in some ])arts be 
 drawn continuously for 100 miles across tracts well suited 
 to agricultural purposes. The mountains form two princi 
 pal raiiges near the opposite extremities of the colony. The 
 E. range is a continuation of the long chain which .stretches 
 from N. to S. through New South Wales, at no great distance 
 from the coast, and nearlj' parallel to it. Shortly after at- 
 taining its culminating point of 6600 feet in Mount Ko.sci 
 usko or Wellington, this chain, under the name of the 
 Au.stralian Alp.s, enters Victoria, and proceeds S.W.. with a 
 bold outline but gradually diminishing height, to the coast 
 at Wilson Promontory, from which it is continued almost 
 visibly by the islands of Bass Strait to Portland Caiie, and 
 thence circuitously to the S. extnmity of Van Diemen'g 
 Land. This range sends out numerous ramifications, chiefly 
 N. and W., and covers an area estimated at 7000 square 
 miles. The W. range, called the Grampians, commences in 
 Mount Zero, lat. 30° 52' S., Ion. 142° 20' E.. and stretches 8. 
 for 54 miles, with a breadth of 20 miles, to its termination at 
 Mount Sturgeon, which ri.ses abruptly 1070 feet alx>ve the 
 level of the plain, in lat. 37° 38' S. It forms three distinct 
 masses or ridges — a N.. S.. and W., called respectively the 
 Grampians Proper, the Serra, and tlie Western or Victoria 
 Range — which liave their common nucleus and culminating 
 point near the centre in Mount William, the height of which 
 above sea-level is 4500 feet. The other loftiest summits 
 which occur in the N. are generally bare and rocky, but 
 have some fine timber on their slopes ; in the S. one of the 
 most remarkable summits is Mount Abrupt, a few miles 
 N.W. of Mount Sturgeon. It is 1700 feet in perpendicular 
 height; contains a crater 446 feet In breadth, and 80 feet in 
 average depth. 
 
 Geology. — The Grampians and the Australian Alps, not- 
 withstanding their position at opposite extremities of the 
 colony, are visibly connected by these ramifications, so as to 
 form parts of the same mountain system, and thus consti- 
 t\ite a continuous water-shed, sending the whole drainage 
 of the colony either N. to the Murray River or S. to the 
 ocean. It may be considered as a vast region of primary 
 and transition formations, extending E. to W. for about 
 300 miles, with breadths varying from 100 to 150 miles, 
 exhibiting numerous cones and extinct craters, apparently 
 submarine, and composed chiefly of metamorphic rocks of 
 granite, sieuite, quartz, gneiss, Ac, overlain on their slopes 
 by more recent secondary and tertiary formations. AVithin 
 this region lie all the gold-fields which have recently been 
 discovered in Victoria, and have added so suddenly and ex- 
 tensively both to its wealth and population, making it the 
 great centre of attraction for emigrants, not only from the 
 United Kingdom, but from- various other quarters of the 
 world. 
 
 Rivers and Lales. — The rivers which descend from this 
 water-shed are more numerous than important. In the 
 rainy season they fill their channels, overflow their banks, 
 and have all the appearance of magnificent streams: Ijut 
 as the summer advances they shrink rapidly in their di- 
 mensions, and ultimately, for the most part, become either 
 altogether dry, or leave only a chain of large and deep, but 
 often unconnected pools. By far the most important river 
 is the Murray, which, as already mentioned, forms the N. 
 frontier, and receives the whole of the drainage of the N. 
 .side of the water-shed. The magnitude of its volume is 
 small in proportion to its length. It was explored in ISnl 
 by the governor of the colony as far as the junction of 
 the river Darling, being the first exploration made since ita 
 
 2005 
 
VIC 
 
 (1l900Terr by Stuart, in 1830. Three .steamers were con- 
 stvucttit iu 1S53 to ply on the waters of this river, one >pith 
 *b<; view of reaching ."^wan Hill, a distance of 1300 miles, 
 and the other the villajre of Albury, in New South Wale.«, 
 upwards of 1500 miles from tlie moutli of the Murray, in 
 Kncounter Bay. Its chief feeders come from New South 
 W.ik-i. while \ ictoria .sends it only a few small stream.». as 
 the Mitta-Mitta and Ovens towards the E., and tlie Goul- 
 hurn, Campaspe, and the Loddon or Yarrayne. towards the 
 centre. On the south side of the water-shed the principal 
 rivers are, proceeding from the E., the Snowy Kiver or Mar- 
 galong. the Tumho, Nicholson, Mitchell, Avon, Macalister, 
 and La Trobe, which contribute to form a chain of lagoons; 
 the Yarra-Yarra, important from having on its banks the 
 capital, Melbourne, to which it is navii;able by vessels of 
 200 tons; and along with it the Marriburnong or Salt- 
 AVater IJfver, AVerriljee. and Little Kiver, all falling into 
 I'ort Phillip: the Mooratwol and Barwon, at the entrance 
 of I'ort Phillip; and the Glenelg, which forms part of the 
 AV, boundary, its mouth being variously laid down on the 
 inapA by the colonial surveyors. The lakes are so numerous 
 as to form one of the principal physical features of the in- 
 terior. Few of them, however, are fed by perennial streams, 
 and hence many, which at one sea.son cover large areas, 
 dwindle away at another, or become altogether dry. By far 
 the lai-gest is Lake Corangamite, situated 50 miles W. of 
 Geelong; it is of very irregular and serpentine form, about 
 90 miles in circuit, and, though fed by several fresh-water 
 streams, is perfectly salt. Lake Colac, about 8 miles E, of 
 this, though only 10 miles in circuit, is, however, the most 
 imiKirtant, from the fact of its being fresh, and affording 
 water to upwards of 200,000 sheep that feed in ita vicinity. 
 
 CUnia/e.— The climate of A'ictoria, though liable to great 
 and sudden fluctuations, is on the whole temperate and 
 eminently salubrious. Its worst feature is its hot winds, 
 which commence in November, and recur at intervals 
 throughout the summer till near the end of February. The 
 days, however, during which these winds prevail average 
 annually not more than 20. and of these only a third are 
 oppressively hot. At Port Phillip the maximum and mini- 
 mum summer temperatures are respectively 90°.6 and 4S°.8 ; 
 the maximum and minimum winter temper.itures, 69°.8 and 
 39°.6 ; the mean annual is 61°.3. nearly that of Naples. The 
 annual fall of rain at Mellwurne is abo'ut 27 inches, but this 
 is very unequally divided over the year, about a fifth of the 
 whole falling in July. 
 
 Aifriculture, Mines. Ac— The agricultural capabilities of 
 "Victoria have been very partially tested, but there cannot 
 lie a doubt that though much of the soil is of light texture, 
 it po.ssesses great natural fertility, and is capable of raising 
 cereals of the best quality, and in quantity sufficient to 
 maintain a large if not dense population. The vine also 
 thrives well, and both the ordin.iry and many of the finer 
 fruits and vegetables of the N. temperate zone have alrpadv 
 become acclimatizeti and abundant. The number of acre's 
 under crop, with the produce in the year endino- March 31 
 1853, was as follows:— Wheat, 16.823 acres, 498.704i bushels; 
 ™*'^o„^.-^'^'*' ^^ bushels; barley, -Uli acres. 9431 bushels; 
 oats, 294, i acres, 96,980 bushels; potatoes, 1978A acres 4512J 
 bushels; sown grasses, U.lOli acres: green food for cattle. 
 4C1J acres; hay, 21,280} tons. Total, 36.663| acres. The 
 same year there were 107| acres in vineyards, yielding 4500 
 gallons of wine, and 500 gallons of brandy, "in the year 
 ending December 31, 1852. the live stock numbered 34,021 
 horses, 431,380 horned cattle, and 6,551.906 sheep. 
 
 This last Item proves the vast progress which Victoria has 
 made in the production of what was. previous to the gold 
 discoveries. Its only great staple. It now furnishes one-half 
 of the whole wool imported into Great Britain. Its first 
 
 rf^Vi^..!^.if,\°*' *''f™?el"» establish the prominent claim 
 of Mctoria as a f^eld for enterprise, have recently been in a 
 
 ftrmitv oTr "'T^ ^y ^'' ""'"^-^l '^''»«"">«- The ^n 
 with L/nVM'-'*^''''l"'l "','■"''"'•'' of *he mountain ranges 
 ^nfii L"'.* \^^ ^*'' '•^'J Murchison to predict, with 
 
 mo^"n, «=c %^^.''"'^?'^'y ^'"^^^ rumo?ed. on grounds 
 more or less authentic. Its discovery, however within the 
 colony, dat*.s only from 1851. Since^then the numC of 
 
 of di"":;;: t^l'lT ^»^« «'-<^?"y >"'=--ed. and mu^tUudes 
 or diggers have been successfully at work, partly in the F 
 
 T:ZrT:^>w:\7AT^\l'^ "•"'^- «»>ong^otheVyaluaWe 
 
 ^eh vet expt,^^ i^"};;"?- v\*l' "'^ '*^«^t continuous 
 nem yei explored is that which has Mount Alexander for 
 It* centre and occupies an exten.sive area between the 
 
 MiMdes these, the diggings which have hitherto acquired 
 
 VIO 
 
 most celebrity are those of Ballarat, at the sources of i!he 
 Yarrowee or Lea, 45 miles N.N.\V. of Geelong, and those of 
 Mount Freeth, among the range of the Pyrenees, at the 
 sources of the Avoca ; but there are doubtless many others 
 of equal value only remaining to be brought to light. In 
 July, 1S54. the number of gold-fields then bi-ing worked wm 
 10. extending over uo less than 5 degrees of longitude. The 
 quantity of gold which passes by private h.iuds. and of which 
 no public return can be made, makes it difficult to f'rm even 
 an approximate estimate of the gro.^s produce. The total 
 quantity of gold obtained within Victoria up to the end of 
 1852, lias been estimated at 4,891,000 ounces, which, at 31. 
 lbs. per ounce, give.s a value of 18,341. 2C0i. The quantity 
 exported in the Siinie year was 4.263,042 ounces, valued at 
 15,986,407/. In 1853 the ascertained and estimated quantity 
 exported was 3.090.342 ounces, which, valued at 3/. 19s. 6d. 
 per ounce, the current rate of the colony, gives 12.284,110?., 
 or upwards of 30,500,000?. as the produce of lesj than 2J 
 years. The following Table gives a detailed account of the 
 gold export on the customs list for that year, (1853) : 
 
 Exported. 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Value, 
 
 To London 
 
 " Liverpool 
 
 " Southampton .... 
 
 " Glasgow 
 
 " Sydney 
 
 " Calcutta 
 
 " Singapore 
 
 " Cevion 
 
 " New York 
 
 " Callao 
 
 " Havre 
 
 1,718,318 
 
 453, -.'58 
 
 202,042 
 
 450 
 
 25,033 
 
 3,892 
 
 44,758 
 
 8J,710 
 
 10,500 
 
 6,700 
 
 61 
 
 £6,443,692 
 
 1,699,717 
 
 767,657 
 
 1,687 
 
 93,873 
 
 14.595 
 
 167,842 
 
 121,662 
 
 39.375 
 
 25,l-'0 
 
 228 
 
 Total .... 
 
 2,497,722 
 
 £9,365,448 
 
 The immen.se addition thus suddenly made to the wealth 
 of the colony has necessarily produced a complete revolu- 
 tion in its circumstances. The nece.ssity of entering into 
 detail on this subject is saved by the following Table, which 
 exhibits a summary of the most remarkable changes : 
 
 Comparative Sommasy 
 
 , 1850-1853. 
 
 
 
 1850, 
 
 1851. [ 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Revenue, general .... 
 
 i:4,4fi9 
 
 180.004 845.834 
 
 1.648,42.1 
 
 Revenue, territorial . . 
 
 136.852 
 
 199,820 730.967 
 
 I, .553,825 
 
 Total revenue 
 
 261. 3 Jl 
 
 379,824 1,576.801 
 
 3,202,248 
 
 Import* 
 
 744,925 
 
 1,056,437 4,043,896 
 
 15.842,637 
 
 
 1,041,796 
 
 1,423,909 7,451,540 
 
 11,061,543 
 
 Shipping^ Number . . . 
 
 555 
 
 6S9 1 ,657 
 
 
 inwards; Tonnage . . . 
 
 108,030 
 
 126,411 408,216 
 
 
 Bank deposits, 4tli quarter 
 
 , , , 
 
 822,254 4.834,241 
 
 6,239,297 
 
 Circulation. do. 
 
 ... 
 
 180,058il,3;7,:ill 
 
 1,919,086 
 
 Coin and gold do. 
 
 
 310,724 3,034,53s 
 
 4,335,08? 
 
 Number of Banks . . . 
 
 2 
 
 3i 5 
 
 5 
 
 Population, 31st December 
 
 75,O0O| 95,000l 200,000 
 
 235,000 
 
 It ought to be observed that gold is not the only source 
 of mineral weiUth possessed by Victoria. The copper found 
 so abundantly in .South Australia, doubtless exists here 
 also; limestone, granite, and sandstone are already worked 
 in quarries apparently inexhau.stible ; and an extensive 
 field of coal has been traced along the co."».st. though no 
 mine has yet been opened in it. The want of proper means 
 of communication has been much felt, but a railway was 
 opened, extending from Melbourne to the shipping in its 
 harbor, in 1854, and others which will bring the principal 
 diggings into connexion with Melbourne, Geelong. and Hob- 
 son's Bay, are in course of construction. Efforts are also 
 being made to establish a system of telegraphs. 
 
 Gmxrnment. Ulucation, Ac. — For administrative purposes 
 the squatting districts of Gipps I,.and. AVestern Port, and 
 Portland Bay are divided into 24 counties, of which that of 
 Bourke contains the capittl, Melliourne. The government, 
 similar to that of the other Australi.in colonics, consists of 
 a governor, an executive council, and a legislative assembly, 
 of which a third is nominated by the Crown, and twtvthirds 
 are chosen by qualified electors. The number of schools in 
 the colony, in 1853. was 115, attended by 7841 pupils, and sup- 
 ported atacost of 13,495?.. 7703/. beingderived from the gov- 
 ernment, and 5732?., the amount paid for school fees. .The 
 nuraljer of churches was 49, of which 13 belonged to the 
 Church of England, 7 to the Presbyterian.s, 17 to the Wes- 
 leyans, 3 to the Independents, 2 to the Baptists, 6 to the 
 Roman Catholics, and 1 to the Jews, Whole number of ac- 
 commodations or seats, 16,0tX). 
 
 i/<>?or^.— Port Phillip w.^s first discovered in 1802, and he- 
 came the gen«!ral name of the whole colony, which, after it 
 had been partially settled by emigrants!, chiefly from Win ^^ie- 
 men's Land, was formally recogni.sed in 1835, whc-; the first 
 .sale of crown-lands took place. It formed tlie S division of 
 New South Wales till 1851. when it was eitcftxl into a .scpa- 
 rate colony, and assumed its new name in bon<ir of Queen 
 Victoria. The rapid progress of Victoria in i'? nat«riai 
 prosperity is unparalleled in the annuls of Briti'h colonic 
 
VIC 
 
 lion. Without government aid, and in spite of local jea- 
 lousies, it hn« become by far the m'ost flourishing shoot from 
 the parent stem in the Britisli colonial empire. 
 
 VICTOKIA, a cfiunty of West Australia, mostly between 
 13° lat. nnd 31° 30' S.. and Ion. 116" and 117° E., having N. 
 the county of Glenelg. E. Durham, S. York, and \V. Twiss. 
 Principal settlements are IJejoonlong and Toodyoy. on the 
 Toodyo}' River. Numerous heights and other localities in. 
 the Austrian colonies have this name. 
 
 ■VICr()UI.\. a newly erected district of the Cape Colony, 
 South Africa, composed of what wag, before the late Kaffre 
 w^ar, deemed neutnil territory, on the E. frootiar of the 
 colony, between the Great Fish and Keiskammaltivers, by 
 which latter it is separated from liritlsh Kaffraria. In it are 
 Alice Town, and Forts I'eddie, Fitzroy. and Albert. 
 
 VICTORIA, a town of the British colony of Hong Kong, 
 stretching for 4 miles along its N. coast, and having Roman 
 Catholic and other chapels. Chinese schools, and numerous 
 storehouses and European dwellings. 
 
 VICTOHI.^, a firt in British India, presidency and 70 miles 
 S.S.E. of Bombay. 
 
 VICTORIA, a Dutch fort on the island of Amboyna. 
 
 VlCTilKIA. the modern appellation of Mah6, the capital 
 town of the .''evthelles Islands. Indian Ocean. 
 
 VICTORIA, of North Australia. See Port Essingtou. 
 
 VKT0K1.\, a river of North-East Australia, discovered 
 in 184B by Sir T. Mitchell, and found flowing westward in 
 lat 24° 14' S.. Ion. 144° »4' E. 
 
 VICTOltlA. a county in the N.W. part of Canada West, 
 near Lake Simcoe. Area 749 square miles. It contains 
 several small lakes. Capital, Metcalf Pop. 11,657. 
 
 VICTORIA or l.A VICTORIA, a town of Venezuela, pro- 
 vince and 35 miles 8.W. of Caracas. 
 
 VICTOKIA (or ALE.XANDUl'.NA) LAKE, in South Austra- 
 lia, is on the 8. K. side of the settled part of that colony, between 
 lat. 35° 6' and 35° 35' S., and hm. 139° and 139° 45' E., enclosed 
 by the counties of Hindmarsh, Sturt, and Russell, and open- 
 ing south-westwanl by a short passage into Encounter liay. 
 Length and breadth about 30 miles each. On its N.W. side 
 it receives the Mvirray River, of which it is an expansion; 
 it also receives the Bremer, .\ngus, and Finni.s Rivers, is 
 connet ted south-eastward with Lake Albert, by a strait 5 
 miles in length, and contains Hindmarsh and some other 
 islands. Its N. and \V. banks are low, and skirted with 
 plains like those around Adelaide; E. and S. -shores mostly 
 undulating, interspersed with boW headlands. Its naviga- 
 tion is safe, but access from the sea is impeded by a sand-bai 
 at the mouth of the str.ait. 
 
 VICTORIA LAKE, a lake of Central Asia, In the table- 
 land of I'ameer. 15.000 feet above the sea. 
 
 VICTORIA LAND, the name given to the supposed Ant- 
 arctic Continent discoverefl by Sir .lames Ross in 1841. Its 
 shores were seen and partly explored from lat. 70° to 79° S. 
 Near its N. extremity, in Ion. 168° 12' E., is Mount Erebus, 
 an active volcano, elevation 12,400 feet; and Mount Terror, 
 10,900 feet. The position of the S. magnetic pole was also 
 ascertained by Ross to be in lat. 75° 5' S.. Ion. 154° 8' E. 
 
 VICTORIA LAND, an insular tract of British North Ame- 
 rica, N. of lat. 68° N.. and extending from about Ion. 103° to 
 110° W. It is separated from the North American continent 
 on the S. by Dease Strait, and from Boothia-Felix on the E. 
 by A'ictoria Strait. It was discovered and named by Simp- 
 son ; and explored bv Dr. Rae in 1851. 
 
 VICTORIA RIVER, of North Australia, joins the Indian 
 Ocean by the wide estuary Queen's Channel, East Cambridge 
 Gulf. lat. 14° 46' S., Ion. 129° 21' E. ; the estuary between 
 Turtle and Pearce Points being 26 miles .in width. It has 
 been traced inland to lat. 15° 9' S., Ion. 130° 52' E.. where it 
 was found stiil flowing from S.E. to N.AV. Opposite its mouth 
 are several islands; its banks are bold and often steep; and 
 50 miles inland it rushes rapidly between rocky ranges from 
 500 to 600 feet in height; but it is said to be navigalile for 
 vessels of large burden for at least 60 miles from its mouth. 
 Ei.srhty miles from its mouth it traverses a valley 16 miles 
 wide, and of alluvial soil. The country along its banks is 
 alternately fertile and barren. 
 
 VICTORH STR.MT, a broad arm of the sea, Arctic regions, 
 separating Victoria Land and Prince of Wales Land on the 
 \\.. from Boothia-Felix and North Somerset on the E. It 
 communicates N. by Omnianey Inlet with Barrow's Strait 
 W. of the entrance to Wellington Channel. 
 
 VICTORY, a township of Essex co., Vermont, about 45 
 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 212. 
 
 VICTORY, a post-village and to\ynsliip of Caynga county, 
 New York, about 7 miles from Lake Ontario, and 22 miles 
 (J. by W. of Anburn. Pop. 2077. 
 
 VICTORY, a post-ofl[ice of Wayne co.. Tennessee. 
 
 VICTORY MILLS, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York. 
 
 VICUS SI'ACORUM. See Vioo. 
 
 VID. vet>d, or URAK.oo-r.lk'.(?) (anc. U'tus or Almr) a 
 river of European Turkey. Bulgaria, rises in the Balkan near 
 the Kourfes of the Iskerand Maritza, flows N.X.E. and joins 
 the Danube. 8 miles W. of Nicopolis. Total cour.se 130 miles. 
 
 VID.VLIA. a post-vill.ige. capital of Concordia imrish. 
 Louisiana, on the right bank of the Mississippi River, oppo- 
 
 VIE 
 
 site Natchez, and about 150 miles above Baton Ronge 
 During the Spani.«h dominion it was railed the Post of Con 
 cordia. It contains 1 tavern, and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 VI DASOA, a river of Spain. See Bidasso.*. 
 
 VIDAUBAN, veeMo'bfiN"'. (anc. P/Hum KooowWi /) a villag* 
 of France, department of Var, 7 miles S.S.W. of Draguiguaii 
 Pop. in 1852, 2150. 
 
 VIDKiUEIRA, ve-de-g.^'e-r3, a market-town of Portugal 
 province of Alemtejo, 13 miles N.E. of Beja. Pop. 2.500. 
 
 VIDIGULFO. ve-de-go<il'fo, a village of Northern Italy, pro 
 vince and 7 miles N. of Pavia, on the Lambro. I'op. 1491. 
 
 VIDIN. See Wiwn. 
 
 VIDO.MBAK, vee'dom'bok\ or WEIDENBACII. <viMen- 
 b3K\ a village of Transylvania, 4 miles from Kronstadt., on 
 a stream of the same name. Pop. 1100. 
 
 VI DOUBLE, vee'dooRl', a river of France, departments of 
 Oard and Herault. enters the lagoon de Maugio. 11 miles E. 
 of Montpellier. after a S. and W. course of 40 miles. 
 
 VIDZY or WIDZY, vid'zee, a town of Russian Poland, go- 
 vernment and 72 miles N.E. of Vilna. Pop. 4000. 
 
 VIE, vee, a river of France, department of Vendee, rises 
 S. of Belleville, and flows N. into the Atlantic, which it 
 enters at St. Gilles. after a course of 30 miles. 
 
 VIE. a river of France, departments of Orne and Calva- 
 dos, flows 30 miles N.W., and joins the Dives near Corbon. 
 
 VIECHTACH, feeK't^^K, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 
 44 miles N.W. of Pas.'^^au. Pop. 1469. 
 
 VIEILLE-VIGNE, ve-ill' veefl, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Loire-Inferleure. 18 miles S.S.E. of Nantes, on the 
 left hank of the Ognon. Pop. in 1862. 5422. It has 3 annual 
 fairs. 
 
 VI ELLA, ve-?l'y3, a town of Spain, province of Lerida, 
 in the Pyrenees, on the Garonne, near its source. Pop. 7.38. 
 
 VIELLA, ve-^rid', a village of France, department of Gers, 
 26milesN.W. of Mirande. Pop. 1811. 
 
 VIELMUR, ve-JPniiiR', a village of France, department 
 of Tarn, on the Agout. 7 miles W. of Castres. Pop. 1035. 
 
 VIEL SALM, ve-Jl' s3lm, a market-town of Belgian Luxem- 
 bourg, 12 miles N.N.E. of Ilouffiilize. 
 
 VIENNA, vS-en'na, (Ger. Wien, *een: Fr. Vienne, ve- 
 ?nn'; Sp. Vitna. ve-AHid; Dutch Weenen, ftMien; L. and It. 
 Vienna, ve-^n'nl; anc. Vindnb'Jnn.) a celebrated city of Eu- 
 rope, capital of the Austrian Empire, and of the archduchy 
 of Austria, is situated about 2 miles from the main stream 
 of the Danube, but traversed partly by an arm or branch 
 which Ijears the name of the A'iennese Danube, serving the 
 purpose of a canal, and partly by an insignificant stream 
 called the Wien or Vienna, which empties itself into this 
 arm of the river, 390 miles W.N.W. of Milan, 137 miles N.W 
 of Pesth, 340 miles S.S.E. of Beriin, 380 miles E.S.E. o. 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, and 650 miles E. by S. of Paris. 
 The site is 480 feet al>Me sea-level, lat 48° 12' .32" N., Ion. 
 16° 23' E. Like Paris, Vienna stands near the centre of a 
 tertiary basin rich in fossil shells, but of less extent, as the 
 secondary and transition rocks form conspicuous mountain 
 boundaries to the J4.W., W., and S., at average distances of 
 10 and 12 miles. With the exception of two suburbs, the 
 whole of the buildings are on the right bank of this branch 
 of the Danube, rising from it in terraces, which give a con- 
 siderable declivity to many of the streets. 
 
 A'ienna consists of the town proper, or Innere-Stadt and 
 of upwards of 30 suburbs. Its whole circuit, about 16 miles, 
 is traced for the far greater part by walls, or, as they are 
 called, lines, 12 feet in height, provided with a ditch and 12 
 gates or barriers. The Innere-Stadt. the original nucleus of 
 the town, forms a kind of circle near its centre, and except 
 on the N.E. side, where it reaches the river, is surrounded 
 by ramparts from 30 to 50 feet high, flanked with 11 regular 
 bastions, and lined by a deep fosse; it is separated from 
 the suburbs, partly by the river, but to a much greater 
 extent by a glacis or esplanade, about 600 yards wide, fur- 
 nishing ample space for relaxation. The Innere-Stadt does 
 not cover a tenth of the whole area occupied by the city, but 
 being more compactly built than the suburbs, contains more 
 than a seventh of the whole population. It is entered by 12 
 gates, is divided into 4 quarters, and consists of 127 streets, 
 generally narrow, but well paved with granite, and kept 
 clean by a very complete system of subterranean drainage. 
 It has 20 squares, the largest of which, called the Ilof. is 
 420 feet long, by 2-30 broad. The others most deserving 
 of notice are the Ilohemarkt, the Josephsplatz, the Burg- 
 platz. the Neumarkt, and the Stephen splatz, all situated 
 within the inner town, which is the court-end and centre of 
 gayety and fashion. This marks the social aspect of Vienna 
 from all the other great cities of Europe, where the noliility 
 shun the confined, olcVfashioned streets: but in A'ienn.-i, 
 although there is no (rottnir. ladies of the highest order, and 
 princely nobles, may be seen at all times of tlie day walking 
 along the streets of the Innere-Stadt. In the inner town 
 also, and nearly in the very htart of it, is the Graben. which 
 is sometimes considered as a square, but is more properly a 
 street. 540 feet long, by 160 feet broad, constituting the 
 greatest thoroughfare, and containing some of the finest 
 shops. The other principal .streets in the inner town are the 
 Herrengasse and Wallnergasse, wliere the finest mansions 
 
 2037 
 
VIE 
 
 ot thf no! ill y n £ situated ; tbe Kohlmarkt and the Bischotf- 
 •^<,'-si-. coiitiuuea by the Karuthnersti-asse on the S., and 
 U-iiaiL.ated by tL\i Kotheiithurmstrasse on the X. There 
 aiv also many elejrant street.- in the suburbs, particularly in 
 those of Schottenleld and Breitenfeld on the W., Mariabilf 
 on the S.\V., and Leopoldstadt and Jagerzeil on the N.K. 
 In the last in particular, the street of its own name is one 
 of the most 8howy and animated in Vienna. 
 
 The dnellin;;,s are usually from four to five stories high, 
 and of very large dimeujioiis, occupied by a number of 
 families, who obtain access by a common stair. Some of 
 the houses, built round court.s, and hence designated by the 
 name of Ilofen, are of enormous extent. Among others 
 may be specified the Schotten-IIof or Scotch Court, so called 
 from having been originally attached to the church of the 
 Scotch Bencdictiues, who settled here in 1 158 ; the Miilker- 
 Hof. belonging to the monastery of Mijlk ; and the Trattner- 
 Uof, situated in the Gralten. tenanted by 400 persons. From 
 ita altitude and inland position, Vienna is one of the most 
 salubrious cities in Kuropc; the atmosphere is remarkably 
 pure and balmy, and the inhabitants enjoy robust health, 
 without being much attaeketl with colds or pulmonary affec- 
 tions, while epidemic diseases pass over the city lightly. 
 Few cities are better provided with the means of relaxation 
 in the open air. The broad glacis encircling the inner town 
 has been alreai-ly mentioned, the Augarten in the- N., and 
 the Belvedere gardens in the E., are equally commodious, 
 but are all eclipsed by the Prater in the N.E., about 4 miles 
 long by 2 miles broad, situated between two arms of the 
 Danube, and so beautifully planted, laid out, and otherwi.-e 
 decorated, that it is regarded as the finest public park in 
 Kurope. 
 
 Churdiejt. — ^Tlie first in order is the Dnm-KircM or the 
 Cathedral of St. Stephen, a lofty, cruciform, Gothic structure, 
 3o0 feet long, 2.j5 feet broad, and 90 feet high. It stands in 
 the centre of Stephensjdatz, and is built of large blocks of 
 hewn limestone. The ^V. facade, 210 feet high, is adorned 
 with rich tracery and sculpture, and flanked by 2 oct.agonal 
 towers. From the centre of the S. facade rises a magnificent 
 tower, diminishing gradually from its base in regularly 
 retreating arches and buttresses, till it terminates in a |X)int 
 465 feet in height, the loftiest in Kurppe, with the exception 
 perhaps of Strasbourg. \Vithin it is a great bell of nearly 
 Jb tons weight, castof cannon taken from the Turks in 1711. 
 Besides the tower there is a dome covered with several re- 
 diarkable statues, carvings, and sculptures. The interior, 
 supjtorted by 12 pillars, remarkable for their size, is some- 
 wiiat gUioiny, but very impo.sing. It has 38 marble altars, 
 and various monuments of which that of the Emperor Fre- 
 derick IV., with a " Passion," by Sandrart, placed over it. is 
 the most gorgeous, and that of the celebrated Prince Eugene 
 ♦he most iuteresting. Near the Jo.sephsplatz is the court 
 parish church (Hofpfarr-Kirclie) of the Augustines, a finely 
 propf)rtioned edifice, founded by Fretlerick the Fair in 1330, 
 in fulfilment of avow made during his imprisonment in the 
 '.n.'tle of Trausnitz; it contains a beautiful monument to 
 fOe Archduchess Christina by Canova; in the chapel are 
 preserved the hearts of the imperial family. The Capuchin 
 church is remarkable only as coutaining the imperial hury- 
 ing-vault; and the Barnabito or St Michael's Church, for 
 being the most ancient in the city; the Church of St. Peter 
 is built on a model of the Ba.silica of St Peter at Rome. Of 
 tbe numerous other churches, notice is due to the Castle- 
 Chapel, where the music of the greatest compo.sers is re- 
 gularly performed in the best style; and the University 
 Church, with 16 richly decorated marble columns. The 
 Lutheran Church, in the suppres.sed mon.'»stery of St Doi-o- 
 thea. has an excellent organ ; and the Calvinists or members 
 of the Helvetic Confession, have a handsome church after 
 designs by Nigelli. The Jews have 3 synagogues, one of them 
 with a magnificent interior. 
 
 Palacet and Government nr Municipal .El/j/ices.— The im- 
 perial palace, (Kaiserliclie-liuiy.) on the S.W. side of the 
 inner town, near the glacis, is an ancient and irregular 
 structure of little merit consisting of three courts or quad- 
 rangles, one in the centre called the Burgplatz, another on 
 the E. side called the Amalieii-Hof. and a third on the W 
 side called the Schwetzer-Hof. The apartments of the 
 imperlil family are in the last. Immediately adjoining. 
 and on the bastion, is the palace of the An-hduke Charies, 
 a splendid structure by Fl«cher-d'Erlnoh. The other prin- 
 cipal palaces are the Belvedere, consisting of two buildings 
 one at th.^ foot and another at the summit of a gentle emi- 
 iiencc with a fine garden tetween them; the palace was 
 built by Innce Eugene, who spent the latter years of his 
 iile in It; the palace of the Prince of Liechtenstein, con- 
 spicuous both by its architecture and its enormous extent: 
 the pnlacfl of Count Schontorn, Prince Schwarzenbur", 
 Irince Auer.»perg. Prince Esterhazy, &c. The principal 
 government buildings are the hotels of the ministry the 
 innjeslic structure in which the sUtes of Lower Austria sit 
 the lown-house, the National Bank, the Mint, the Imperial 
 .ind the Civil Arsenal. Imth with collections of ancient 
 armor, and tlie former with l.iO.000 stand of arms 
 
 ruUic Jl'mununli.— These are neither numeroag'nor Tery 
 2038 
 
 VID 
 
 remarkable. Among the finest are the equestrian and 
 colossal statue of Joseph M.. by Zaunet, in the Joseplisplatz ; 
 the handsome monument of the late omperor Francis I., by 
 Marchesi, in the Burgplatz: and above all the marble statue 
 of Theseus, executed by Canova, and set up in tlie temple 
 of Theseus in the Volk.sgarten. 
 
 Kducutitnud EatubUs)iments and Lihraries. — Among the 
 former, the first place is due to the University, founded in 
 12:i7. but re-organized by Maria Theresa under the dirpctiou 
 of Van Swieten. Its average attendance of students is the 
 largest in Euroije. lieing about 5250. It has about .Si. pro- 
 fessors, who ai-e all paid by the government It is celebrated 
 for its school of medicine, which has a most valu;tble ana- 
 tomical museum, and botanic garden. The University 
 occupies a large isolated building in the form of a parallelo- 
 gram, with a facade opening upon a public square. The 
 Josephinuin, a medico-chirurgieal academy for army sur- 
 geons, has a very extensive series of anatomical preparations 
 in wax. The Polytechnic Institute, occupying a handsome 
 structure facing the glacis, instructs 600 pupils in the arts 
 and practical sciences, as well as trade and manufactures. 
 In the normal school, established by Maria Theresa, ori- 
 ginated that most important class of insstitutions, which in 
 Austria practically exemplified their utility almost half a 
 century Inifore they were thought of in Great Britain. Uther 
 important educational establishments are the Seminarium 
 or Koman Catholic Instituti;, in which tbe greater part of 
 the best educated priests of the empire finish their education ; 
 a Hungarian theological institute or Pazmaerum, a similar 
 Protestant institute; the Theresiauum, specially intended 
 for the education of young nobility ; the Academy of Oriental 
 Languages, to qiralify persons fordiplomatic appointments in 
 the East; the Military Geographical Institute, 3 gymnasia, 
 attended by 15(50 scholars ; 14 schools of design, an agricul- 
 tural, a veterinary, and a riding school ; 29 Volks or common 
 schools, 7 high, and 19 girls' schools, at which the averaga 
 attendance amounts in all to at least 30.000. 
 
 The Imperial Library, occupying a handsome edifice which 
 forms one .sideof Josephsplatz. and immediately adjoins the 
 imperial palace, is one of the largest and most valuable in Eu- 
 rope, containing 306,000 printed volumes, and 10,000 manu- 
 scripts, many of the latter being either unique or of extreme 
 rarity. Annexed to the librai-y is an almost unrivalled 
 collection of engravings, originally commenced by Prince 
 Eugene, and now containing 300.000 of the finest prints. 
 The University Library has 120.000 volumes, that of the 
 Theresianum 30,000, and that of military archives 24.000. 
 Besides these are several valuable private libraries, to which 
 access can easily be had, among others the emperor's private 
 library, 50,000 volumes; that of the Archduke Charles, 
 20.000; of Prince Liechtenstein, 50.000; of Prince Schwar- 
 zenburg. 40.000: of Prince Est«rhazy, 36,000; and of Count 
 Schonhorn-Bucheim, 20,000. 
 
 Museums, Piclure-GnUei-iei, and other Cnll^iinns. — The 
 Museum of Natural History, adjoining the Imperial Li- 
 brary, has one of the largest herbariums in existence, and 
 is particularly rich in ornithology. The Cabinet of Jline- 
 rals consists of five divisions — mineralogy, geognosy, fossils, 
 aeroliths, and pictures in mosaic — all excellent and some 
 unrivalled Tlie Cabinet of Antiquities contains about 
 80.000 coins and meilals. 12.000 Greek vases, .several cele- 
 brated cameos and intaglios, and an enormous onyx. 28J 
 inches in diameter, which formed part of the dowry of Mary 
 of Burgundy, wife of tlie Emperor .Maximilian. The Schatz- 
 kammer or treasury, contains the imperial jewels, and 
 among other remarkable curiosities the regalia of Charle- 
 magne, taken out of liis grave at Aix-la-Chapelle. The 
 Cabinet of Egyptian Antiquities is particularly rich in 
 mummies, and the ColIevSlion of Ambras. so called from a 
 castle in the Tyrol where it -va-s commenced, includes a re- 
 markable a.«semblage of antitnt and modern armor, toge- 
 ther with a series of antique sculptures, and a maseum of 
 natural objects and work.? o/ ait. Among the latter is the 
 celebrated salt-cellar made by Beuvenuto Cellini for Francis 
 I. The Imperial Picture Gallery, in the Upper Belvedere, 
 contains above 1"200 pictures. tM»icng which are excellent 
 specimens of almost all the dil.'e.-e.nt schools of painting. 
 The other principal galleries are those of Prince Esterhazy, 
 Prince Liechtenstein. Count Citeraia. and Count Schiinborn- 
 Bucheim. The Sculpture Ojkllety owts its chief attractions 
 to modern artists. Canova, Thorw aldt-en. 4c. 
 
 Sficieties. &c. — The most important are the Tienna Acoi- 
 demy of Science.s. tha Geolojjioal Instiluve of the .'Vustrian 
 Empire, the Imperial Geographical Society, t^e Polytechnic 
 Institute or Society of Arts, with a valuaWe collection of 
 implements, models, and designs; the AcaJeiAy of tlie Fine 
 .\rts, including four schools — one for painverf and sculp- 
 tors, another for architecture, a third for en^T.ivel.s, and a 
 fourth for manufacturing design!;: the Impeiial Agricul- 
 tural Society, the Philharmonic Society of the Austrian Em- 
 pire, and Conservatory of Music, and varioo* othei m'jsi'uU 
 associations. 
 
 Sanatory. Correctional, and Charitable 'is'dblish-itents.-— 
 These are very numerous, and include, a gen-ral lospltal. 
 (AUgenmn«-Krankenhaus,) an oaormous pile jc Ki] >s«d o. 
 
 =^ 
 
VIE 
 
 geven quadi-ano;les, containing 2C00 bwls, and annually 
 receiving 16,000 patients; connected with it is a general 
 lying-in and foundling hospital, greatly needeil in a city 
 in which, according to the statistics of 1849, above one-half 
 of the births are illegitimate; a lunatic asylum, recently 
 jompleted on a new plan, and regarded as a model of its 
 class; a humane society for the recovery of persons only 
 apparently dead by drowning or otherwise; a deaf and 
 dumb institute, a Jewish and various other hospitals, pai^ 
 ticularly those of the Brothers and Sisters of Charity; a 
 large bridewell, a penitentiary and house of correction for 
 the province, and an imperial penitentiary and workhouse ; 
 a blind asylum, an orphan hospital, and various establish- 
 ments of a similar description: a savings' h&nk, a, viont-<le- 
 picti, a society for the relief of widows and orphans, and 
 numerous almshouses and charitable foundations, both pub- 
 lic and private. 
 
 Amusements. — Of these the citizens of A'ienna are extra- 
 vagantly fond, and the demand thus created has not failed 
 to call tbrth a corresponding supply. In all quarters gar- 
 dens, cafes, and similar establishments, are open, where 
 e.xceilent music, much harmless and not a little vicious 
 pleasure, are easily obtained. The more systematic esta- 
 blishments for amusements are an opera-house, where 
 operas and ballets are performed in a style not surpassed 
 elsewhere ; and four theatres, one called the Ilof or Burg 
 Theatre, attached to the palace, and appropriated to the re- 
 gular drama; another, the Vienna Theatre, the largest and 
 handsomest in the city, and celebrated for melodramas and 
 spectacles; the third, in the Josepbstadt, of an intermediate 
 description ; and the fourth, in the Leopoldstadt, which is 
 the favorite resort of the middle and lower classes, and 
 furnishes, in the humor and rather coarse jokes of the 
 pieces performed, an accurate idea of the popular taste and 
 character. 
 
 Manufactures and Trade. — Vienna is unquestionably the 
 first manufiicturing town in the empire. The most import- 
 ant articles are cotton and silk goods, particularly shawls, 
 saddlery, shoes, and other articles in leather; porcelain, 
 matie chiefly at the government factory, and distinguished 
 equally by the fineness of the ware, the beauty of its de- 
 signs, and the brilliancy of its colors; sword-cutlery, fire- 
 arms, and cannon, the latter made chiefly at the govern- 
 ment foundry; tobacco, a government monopoly; meer- 
 schaum-pipes, and musical and optical instruments, cutlery, 
 hardware, white-lead, bronne and other metallic goods ; 
 paper, liqueurs, chemical products, watches, and jewelry. 
 In the arts of letter-press and lithographic printing, and in 
 the adaptation of the electrotype process to printing, the 
 nnperial office has produced specimens not surpassed any- 
 where. 
 
 The trade, notwithstanding the disadvantage of an inland 
 position, is al.so very extensive, Vienna being a central depot 
 • not only for its own provinces N. of the Alps, but for the 
 traffic between the E. and the W. of Europe. The number 
 of wealthy mercantile houses, many of them in the hands 
 of Greeks, is great, and money transactions to a very large 
 amount are carried on. The National Bank, established 
 during the Seven Years' War, and well managed, has con- 
 tributed greatly to the commercial prosperity, and its shares 
 bear a high premium. 
 
 Vienna is the centre of an extensive system of railways, 
 connecting it with Triest on the Adriatic, Pesth in Hungary, 
 and in other directions with Breslau. Warsaw. Berlin, Paris, 
 aud the other principal cities of the continent. 
 
 Hialriv}/. — Vienna appears to have been a Koman station 
 In the 1st century, and to have borne the name of Fabiana, 
 It was afterw.ards included in Upper Pannonia, and received 
 the name of Vindobona, On the decline of the Iloman Em- 
 pire it experienced the common fate, and was pillaged by 
 the Goths and Huns. It afterwards formed part of the em- 
 pire of Charlemagne, who erected it into a bishopric, and 
 contributed much to its prosperity. Under him it became 
 the capital of a margraviate, and the surrounding territory 
 received the name of Austria, or Oester-reich, the Eastern 
 Kingdom. Its first margraves were princes of the Babcn- 
 berg family, who afterwards changed their title to that of 
 Dukes, and continued to rule till the 13th century, when 
 the line became extinct. Vienna then came into the posses- 
 sion of Ottokar of Bohemia, By him it was greatly increased 
 in extent, and improved in appearance; but in consequence 
 of his refusal to acknowledge the election of the Emperor 
 Rudolph, was subjected to a six weeks' siege. Not long 
 after it passed, with Austria itself, to the hou.se of Haps- 
 burg. In 11S4. Matthias. King of Hungary, gained posses- 
 sion of it. and made it the seat of his court Under the 
 Emperor JIaximilian I. it became the capital, and has ever 
 since been the habitual residence of the head of the Au.s- 
 trian family. Under Ferdinand I. a host of Turks, muster- 
 ing 120.000 men, and 300 pieces of cannon, appeared before 
 the vails, burned the suburbs, and battered down a great 
 pai . of the citv ; but the defence, though conducted by only 
 16,0C0 regular troops, and 4000 citizens, was so valiant that 
 the Turks were forced to retire. Before the disasters which 
 thev iad caused wwr* reoaired, the plague visited the city 
 
 VIE 
 
 in 1070, and carried off 120,000 persons in 11 months. In 
 ItiSo the Turks re-appeared, with a still more formidabln 
 host than betore, headed by tlie grand-vizier Kara-Mustapha- 
 The defence was most valiantly conducted for two months 
 by Count Uudiger, of Starhemberg, but had become almost 
 hopeless, when the celebriited John Sobieski suddenly ai»- 
 peared with his Poles, and the Turkish host was almost 
 annihilated. A long period of re»t and prosperity followed. 
 The French took it in 1806 and ni 1809. The Congress of 
 Vienna, which fixeil the present limits of the countries of 
 Europe, was held hero from November, 1814, to June, 1815. 
 The city was held by the revolutionary party for a short 
 time in 1848; the barricades were raised on 6th October 
 but it surrendered to the imperial troops on 30th of saiua 
 month, having suffered severely from a bombardment. Pop, 
 
 in 18,17. 476,222. .\dj, aud inhab, Vie.nnese, veeV'U-neez', 
 
 (Fr.ViENN.iis, ve-Jn*n,V; It. Vjenxkse, ve-in-n.Vs.i ; Oer.adj. 
 WlENERiscn, wee'ni_jrish; inhab. Wienek, wee'ner.) 
 VIENNA, France, See Viesxe. 
 
 VI E\N A. vi-tm'na, a post-township in Kennebec co., Maine, 
 22 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop, 878, 
 
 VIENNA, a post-village and township in the N,W, part of 
 Oneida «o,, New York, on Oneida Lake, 120 miles W, by S. 
 of Albany. Pop. 3460. 
 
 VIENNA, a thriving village of Phelps township, Ontario 
 CO.. New York, on the Canandaigua Outlet, at its junction 
 with Flint Creek, and on a branch of the Central li.ailroad, 
 7 miles N.N.W. of Geneva. It is divided into East and West 
 Vienna, and has 3 or 4 churches, numerous stores, and 
 manufactures of fiour, iron, and other articles. I'op. esti- 
 mated at 1600. 
 
 VIENN.\, a post-village of Warren co.. New Jersey, ou 
 Pequest River, about 48 miles N. by W. of Trenton. 
 
 VIENN.4, a pc>st-vil)ag6 of Dorchester CO., Maryland, on 
 Nanticoke River, 68 miles S.E, of Annapolis. 
 
 VIKNN.t. a village in Forsyth co., North Carolina, 115 
 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 VIENN.\, a post-village, capital of Dooley co., Georgia, 
 95 miles S.W.-of .Milledgeville, is situated in a level region, 
 containing extensive pine forests. Pop. about 100. 
 
 VIENN.\, a post-village in Pickens co., Alabama, on Tom- 
 bigbee River, near the mouth of Sipsey River, 135 miles N.W. 
 by W. of Montgomery, 
 VIEXN.i, a post>ofBce of Jackson pari.sh. Louisian.a, 
 VIENNA, a post-village of Clarke co.. Ohio, 34 miles W. 
 of Columbus. The post-office is called ViEN.v.\ Cross Roads. 
 VIENNA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Trumbull 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 944. 
 
 VIENNA, a township in the N.W. part of Genesee co., 
 Michigan. Pop. lOoO. 
 VIENNA, a post-village in 5Iacomh co., Micliigan. 
 VIENNA, a post-township in Scott co.. Indiana. P, 224^., 
 VIENN.'i, a post-village of .Scott co,, Indiana, on the Jef- 
 fersonville aud Columbus Railroad, 8 miles W, of Lexington. 
 VIKNNA, a township in Grundy co., Illinoi.s. Pop. 783. 
 A'IEXN.\, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., Illinois, 
 190 miles S. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 VIEXN.\, a township of Dane co.. Wisconsin. Pop. 748. 
 VIENNA, a post-village in Spring Prairie township, Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin. 55 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 VIEXN.4. a post-village of Cana<.la West co. of Jliddlesex, 
 134 miles S,W, of Toronto, Pop, about 800, 
 VIENNA CROSS ROADS. Ohio. See Viexma. 
 VIENNE, ve4nn', (anc. Vigen'na f) a river of France, rises 
 in the N. part of the department of Correze. passes St. Leo- 
 nard, Limoges, Confolens, Chatellerault. (where it becomes 
 navigable.) Chinon, and joins the Loire on the left at Can- 
 dos. after a N. and N.W. course of 220 miles. 
 
 VIENNE, a department of France, in the N.W., formed of 
 part of the old province of Poitou. surrouniled by the 
 departments of Indre. Haute- Vienne. Charente. Deux-Sevres, 
 Maineet-Loire, and Loire. Area 2574 square miles. Pop. in 
 1861, 322,028. The surface is generally flat; it is watered 
 by the Vienne and its affluent the Clain, the Charente in 
 the S,, the Gartempe and Creuse In the N,E., and the Dive 
 in the N,W, Soil very unequal in fertility ; chief crops, all 
 kinds of cereals!, chestnuts, lint, hemp, aud maize of inferior 
 quality. Fine horses, mules, and sheep are reared. The 
 chief mineral products are iron and lithographic stones, and 
 the principal manufacture is that of arms and cutlery at 
 Chatellerault. The depcrtment is divided into the arron- 
 dissements of Poitiers. Chatellerault, Civray, Loudun, and 
 Jlontmorillon. Capital, Poitiers. 
 
 VIENNE, (anc. Vienlna.) a town of France, the capital of 
 an arrondissement in the department of Isere, 45 milej 
 W.N.W. of Grenoble, on the left bank of the Rhone, and on 
 the railway from Lyons to Avignon; lat. 45° 33' N,, Ion, 4° 
 54' E, Pop, in 18.52, 20,753, The town is situated between 
 the Rhone and the mountains, and is traversed by the river 
 Gere, It has a Gothic cathedral and numerous ancient re- 
 mains, a communal college, a tribunal of commerce, and 
 manufactures of woollen cloths, linens, silk, and paper. In 
 its vicinity are lead and silver mines; and near it, at Am- 
 puls, the celebrated wine, called Cote-Rotie. is made. Vienna 
 was the capital of the Allobroges ; it became afterwards tha 
 
 2039 
 
VIE 
 
 metropolis of Tieunois. A council was held here in 1311, 
 which abolished the order of the Templars. 
 
 .lENNOIS. Te-Jn'nwl', an ancient district of France, 
 which Iwlouged to the former province of Dauphine, and 
 had Vienne for its capital. It is now included in the de- 
 partments of DrOme and Isere. 
 
 VTEQUE. ve-.A'kA, BIEQUK. be-AIcA, or CKAB ISLAND, a 
 British West India island. 9 miles E. of Porto Rico, and S. 
 of Culebra. I^nt. of E. point. 18° 7' N.. Ion. 65° 34' W. 
 T,<>n,sfh from W. to E.. 18 miles: breadth, 4 miles. On its S. 
 side are several small harl)ors. 
 
 VIEItL.VXDt;. feea'linMfh, a small territory of North 
 Germany, between the Elbe and Bille. S.E. of Hamburg, 
 which city shares ils sovereignty with Lubeck. It comprises 
 the four villages of Altengam, Curslack. Kjrchwarder, and 
 Keuemiam. United pop. C445. 
 
 VEKLlNCiS15EEK, vju1)ug.-i-bak\ a village of the Nether- 
 land.s. province of North Brabant, 30 miles E.S.E. of Bois- 
 le-Duc. near the Meuse. I'op. 806. 
 
 VIEKNIIEIM, feeKn'hime\ a village of Ilesse-Darmstadt, 
 8 miles S.S.W. of lleppenheim. I'op. 24S3. 
 
 VIERKADEX. feeB/ulMen. a town of l'rus.sia, province 
 of Brandenburg, 25 miles S.S.W. of Stettin. Pop. ItUO. 
 
 VIERSEX, feeR'sen, a town of llhenish Prussia, T.8 miles 
 W. of Uusseldorf, oil the Niers. Pop. 3700. 
 VIEKWALDSTATTEKSEE. See Lucerne, LxKf: OF. 
 VIEKZOX, ve-iK^zdy', a town of France, department of 
 Cher, on the Yevre, near its junction with the Cher, on a 
 railway, 19 miles N.W. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 6730. It 
 has blast-furnaces and forges, steel refindl'ies, manufactures 
 of porcelain and earthenware. 
 
 VIESLY, ve-^sMee', a town of France, department of 
 Nord. 10 miles N.E. of CambraL Pop. 2715. 
 . VIESTl, ve-is'tee, (anc. Ajtenestm?) a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Capitanata, on the Adriatic, at the E. foot of Mount 
 Gargano, 23 miles N.E. of Manfredonla. Pop. 5900. It is 
 enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a cathedral, convents, 
 and bishop's palace. 
 
 VIETIll, ve-.A'tree, a market-town of Naples, Principato 
 Citra. li miles W. of Salerno. Pop. 2400. 
 
 VIETiU, a market-town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 
 15 miles W.S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 2800. 
 VIETTA. a postoffice of Grundy co., Illinois. 
 VIETZ, feets, a village of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 26 miles N.X.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1525. 
 
 VIEUX-CONDE, ve-uh' k^NoMA/, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Xord. 9 miles N. of Valenciennes. Pop. 4386. 
 
 VIEUX-GEXAPPEorVIEU.XGEXAi'P,velh'zhgh-n(ipp', 
 (" Old Genappe,") a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 
 on the Dyle, 17 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 1199. 
 
 VIF, veef. a market-town of France, department of Isfere, 
 8 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 2435. 
 
 VIG, veeg, a river of Russia, rises in the N. cf the govern- 
 ment of Olonets, expands into a lake of the same name, 
 flows about 170 mile.s, and falls into the White Sea. Its 
 current is broken l^y several cataracts. 
 
 A'IG.iX. ve-gdn', a seaport town of the Philippines, on the 
 N.W. coast of the island of Luzon, capital of a province, at 
 the mouth of an arm of the Abra, with an important trade 
 chiefly in the hands of the Chinese. Pop. 17,225. 
 
 VIG.\X, a commune of France, department of Lot, on 
 the Blnue. 3 miles E. of Gourdon. Pop. 1700. 
 
 VIG.\X. Le. leh vee'gSx"', a town of France, department 
 of Card, on the Arre, an affluent of the Herault. 40 miles 
 W.X.W. of Xlmes. Pop. in 1852. 4993. It has a communal 
 college, and manufactures of silk and cotton hosiery, cotton 
 yarn, leather, paper, and glass. 
 
 A'lGATl'ii, ve-git'to, (anc. Vicatulnf) a village of Nor- 
 thern Italy, 6 miles S. of Parma. Pop. 4488. 
 
 VIGEAX, Le, leh vee'zhftiN"', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Vienue, 18 miles S.W. of Montmorillon. Pop. 1300. 
 VIGEOIS, vee'zhwi/, a fliarket-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Correze, near the Vezere, 14 miles X.W. of Tulle. 
 Pop. 2388. 
 
 VIGEVAXO, ve-j.i/v3-no, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Lomellina, on the Mora, near the Ticino. 15 miles 
 S.S.E.ofXovara. Pop. 15.221. It has a cathedral, a bishop's* 
 palace, and manufactures of silk-stuffs, haU, soap, and 
 macaroni. 
 >IGGI.\NELLO, vld-jd-nfiao, a market-town of Naples, 
 
 has manufactures of woollens, soap, and wax candles. 
 
 MGGTU, vid-joo', or VIGIU, vee-joo'. a village of Northern 
 Italy, province and 21 miles W. of Como, with fine marble 
 quarries Pop. 2100. 
 
 VIGIA. ve-zliee'i, or SlO-JORJE-DOS-ALAMOS, sowso 
 iboR/zhil doce d'14-moce, a town of Brazil, province and 50 
 niUes N. of I'ani. on the estuary of the Para River. Pop. of 
 the dig net, 10.0f)0. It has an export trade in fine coffee, 
 grown in its vicinitv. 
 
 VIOIPAKA. Sce'BljBAHAB. 
 
 VI(i.V\CX)URT. veen^a^kooR/. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of x>mme, 11 miles from Amiens. Pop. 3851 
 
 2040 
 
 TIL 
 
 VIGNALE, veen-yAI.A, a market-town of the Sardinian 
 States, Piedmont. It) miles S. of Cas.ile. Pop. 2189. 
 
 VIGXAXKLLO. veen-yd-n^l'lo, a town of the Papal States, 
 8 miles E.S.E. of Viterbo. 
 
 AIGXEMALE, a mountain of France. See Pyrenees. 
 
 A'IGXOLA, veen-yo/ld, a town of Naples, province ot 
 Basilicata, 6 miles S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 4200. 
 
 VIGXOLA, a village of Northern lUily, on the Panaro, 
 11 miles S.S.E. of Moden.i. Pop. 2200. 
 
 VIGNOLO, veen-yo'lo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division and 5 miles S.W. of Coni, with a parish, an oratory, 
 apd a charitable endowment. Pop. 1309. 
 
 VIGXOXE, veen-yo/nA, a village of Tu.scahy, province of 
 Vienna, 5 miles S.W. of Pienza, with chalybeate and sulphur- 
 ous baths. 
 
 VIGO, vee'go, (anc. Ti'cus Spaco/rum,) a seaport town of 
 Spain, province and 13 miles S.S.W. of Poutevedra. Pop. 
 4167. It is enclosed by \*'alls and a trench, and has an 
 excellent harlor, with deep water, close in shore. It has a 
 lazaretto, a fortress, and export trade in wine, bacon, and 
 maize ; and an active pilchai-d fishery. It wa.-< much injured 
 by the attacks of the English under Drake iu 1585 and 1589, 
 and in 1719 under Lord Cobham. 
 
 Vl'GO, a county in the W. part of Indiana, bordering on 
 Illinois, contains 400 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Wabash Kiver. The surface is level or gently undulating, 
 and is mostly occupied by majestic forests and beautiful 
 prairies. The laud, with small exceptions, is highly fertile 
 and well cultivated. Tlie county contains rich mines of 
 coal, and quarries of limestone and freestone. It is inter- 
 sected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. The Terre Haute 
 and Richmond Railroad, the Evansville and Crawfordsville 
 Railroad, and Alton and Terre Haute R-tilroad, meet at the 
 county-seat. Organized iu 1818, and named in honor of 
 Colonel Francis Vigo, a native of Sardinia, and a citizen of 
 Vincennes. Capital, Terre Haut«. Pop. 22.517. 
 
 VIGO. BAY OF, Spain, iu Galicia, S. of that of Ponteve- 
 dra, is about 20 miles in length by 5 miles across at its 
 mouth, and contains the islands of Bayona and Estelas. 
 
 YIGO, (vee'go,) L.\KE, Russia, government of Olonets, 45 
 miles N. of I^ke Onega. Length, from S. to N"., 45 miles; 
 greatest breaiith 35 miles. It is tr.iversed throu;:hout by the 
 river Vig, which carries its surplus waters northward into 
 the White sea. 
 
 VIGOLEXO, ve-go-lA'no, a village of Italy, Parma, 22 miles 
 S.E. of Piacenza. Pop. 4267. 
 
 VIGOLZOXE, ve-gol-zo'nA, a village of It^ly, Parma, 10 
 miles S. of Piacenza. Pop. 3038. 
 
 YIGOXE, ve-po'nA, a market-town of the S.ardinian States, 
 Piedmont, province and 9 miles E.S.E. of Piiicrolo. P. 0203. 
 
 VIGTEX, vig'ten, IND, ind, MEL, mM, and YT, tit, three 
 parallel islands lying close to each other in a S.W. and N.E. 
 direction off the W. coast of Norway; lat. (W. extremity) 
 64° 46' N., Ion. 10° 24' E. 
 
 YIGUER.\. ve-gA'rl, a town of Spain, Old Castile, province 
 and 13 miles S. of Logroiio. Pop. 13C6. 
 
 VIGUZZOLO, ve-gofit'so-lo, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, PiedmonL 3 miles N.E. of Tortona. Pop. 2105. 
 
 VIHAR. a principlity of Hindostan. See Cooch-Bahar. 
 
 YIHIERS, vi«'e-iv, a market^town of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Loire, 23 miles W.S.W. of Saumur. Pop. 1505. 
 
 A'lJAPAR.i, a town of Cashmere. See Eudahar. 
 
 VIJAY'AXAG.\RA, a city of Hindostan. See Bijanagcr. 
 
 A'lJ.WAPOOR. ve-ji-i-poor', a town of Nepaul, 132 miles 
 S.E. of Khatmandoo. 
 
 Yl.IAYAPURA. See Bejapoor. 
 
 VIKKUR, a town of Sinde. See Bcnder Vikkab. 
 
 Y'lLAFAFELA, ve-ld-fi-fil.A, a town of Spain, Leon, pro- 
 vince and 18 miles N.X.E. of Zamora. Pop. 1158. 
 
 VILAFAMES, ve-li-fd'mSs, a town of Spain, province and 
 7 miles X.X.E. of Ca.stcllon de la Plana. 
 
 VIL.\GOS, veeUo^gosh', a town of S.E. Hungary, county 
 and 15 miles N.E. of Arad. Pop. 6186. 
 
 VILAINE, vee'lain', (anc. Jferius. T'lanoria ?) a river of 
 France, rises in the department of Mayenne. flows W., past 
 Vitre to Rennes. where it receives the llle from the X., and 
 thence has a S.S.W. course, past Redon and La Roche Ber- 
 nard, to the Atlantic at Penerf, department of Morbihan. 
 Total course 130 miles, for the last SO of which it is navigable. 
 The tide ri.ses in it as high as Redon, where it receives th« 
 Oust. Principal aflluents, the llle and Oust from the N. 
 and W.; the Cher, Don, and Isac from the E. With the 
 Hie, it gives name to the department in which its upper 
 course chiefly lies. 
 
 VILALLOXGA, ve-Ml-yon'gJ, a village of Spain. Catalonia, 
 province and about 7 miles from Tarragona. I'op. 1121. 
 
 A'lLASECA. ve-ld-s.'l'kd, a town of Spain, province and 7 
 miles S.W. of Tarragona, near the Mediterranean. P. 3364. 
 
 A'lLBEL. fil'bel, a town of Germany, Hessc-Darcsfadt, 
 province of Olier-IIessen. on the Nidda, fi miles N.E. of 
 Fraukfort-on-the-Main, with which it is connected by rail- 
 wav. Pop. 2042. 
 
 YILCABAMBA. veel-kabam'ba, YUCAY, yooki'. o QUI- 
 LABAMBA, ke-ld-bdm/l.! a river of Peru, flows N.E.. aD<J 
 joins the Apurimac to form the Ucayale. 
 
VIL 
 
 ■\^T.CA5;0TA, veel-kan-yo/tl, a river of Peru, tributary to 
 the Ucayiile. • 
 
 YILCANOTA. a preat mountain knot of the Andt's, near 
 lat. 14° 30' S.. on wLieli perpetual snow lies at the elevation 
 of 15.800 feet. 
 
 VliXHKS, veel'chSs, a town of Spain, province and 31 
 milA N.N.K. of .Taen. Pop. 1837. It has an ancient castle. 
 There are mines and quarries in its vicinity. 
 
 VILEIKA. re-lA/kd. or VILEIKI, ye-I.A/kee. a town of 
 Russia, government and 50 miles N.N.W. of >Jinsk. on the 
 Vilna. Pop. 1800, mostly Jews. In 1831, the Poles were 
 defeated here by the Uus-sians. 
 
 VILI.\ or W1L1.\, vee'le-3, a river of Russian Poland, 
 governments of Minsk and Vilna. flows W., and joins the 
 Kiemen at Kovno. Total course 250 miles. 
 
 VIIIOOI. VILIOUI or VIMUl, vire-oo/e. written also 
 BILIUI, a river of Siberia, government of Yakootsk, flows 
 ;a«terly. and falls into the Lena at Oost Viliooisk. Length 
 about 700 miles. 
 
 VILIOOISK. OosT, or OUST VILIOUISK. oost ve-le-ooMsk, a 
 town of East Siberia, government and 180 miles N.N.W. of 
 Yakootsk, at the junction of the Viliooi with the Lena; lat. 
 63° 25' N.. Ion. 125° 35' E. 
 
 VILIUI, a river of Siberia. See ViLlOOI. 
 
 V1L.IEV0, vil-yA'vo, a village of Austrian Slavonia, co. 
 of A'erocze, about 10 miles from Siklos. 
 
 VILKOMEER, VILKOMIR, viPko-meer'. or WILKO- 
 MIERZ, <»il-kom'e-aiRzh. a town of Russian Poland, govern- 
 ment and 50 miles N.N.W. of Vilua, on the Svitsa. Pop. 
 6000. It has several cliurclieH and schools. 
 
 VILLA-ALBESE, vil/ld al-bA/sA, a village of Northemltaly, 
 province and miles S. of Como. Pop. 1489. 
 
 VILLA ALKONSIX A, vil'ld dl-fcm-see'ril a town of Naples, 
 province of .\bruzzo Citra, 8 miles N.W. of Il-Vasto. 
 
 VILLA ALI'ANDO, veel'yd dl-pduMo, a town of Spain, 31 
 miles N.E. of Zamora. Pop. 24(30. 
 
 VILL.i B.\X EZ. veel'vd bd-n Jth/, a town of Spain, province 
 and 8 miles E.N.E. of Valladolid. 
 
 VILLA RARTOLOMEA, vil'ld baR-to-lo-mA'd. a town of 
 Austrian Italy, government of Venice, on the right bank of 
 the Adige, 3^ miles S.E. of Legnago. Pop. 2300, chiefly 
 engaged in the culture of rice. 
 
 VILLA BASILICA, vil/ld bd-sil'e-kd, a village of Tuscany, 
 about i miles from Pescia. Pop. OSol. 
 
 VILLA-BELLA, a town of BraziL See Matto-OrossO. 
 
 VILLA-BELL.\-1)A-PBIXCEZA, veel'ld bjl'ld dd preen-sA/- 
 zd, (or PRINCESSA, preen-stVsd.) a town of Brazil, on the N. 
 part of the; island of Sao Sebastao. province and 85 miles E. 
 o( Sao P:\ulo. with a commodious and secure harbor. P. 3000. 
 
 VILL.\-BIANCA, vil'ld be-dn'kd, a town of Sicily, 13 milbs 
 W.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 2500. 
 
 VILL.\-BO.'V^, a town of Brazil. See Gqyaz. 
 
 VILLA-BOA-DE-RODA. veel'ld bo'd dd ro/dd. a town and 
 parish of Portugal, province of Minho, comarca of Gui- 
 marSes. Pop. 1108. 
 
 VILLA-CAN AS. veel'vd kdn'yds. a town of Spain, province 
 and 43 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 3745. 
 
 VILLA-CAI'ELLO. vil'ld kd-pel'lo. a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Abruzzo Citra, 2 miles S.W. of Il-Vasto. Pop. 1500. 
 
 VILLA-CAKILLO. ve('l'yd kd-reel'yo, a town of Spain, 
 province and 42 miles N.E. of , Taen, between the riv«r6 Gua- 
 dalquivir anil Guaflalimar. Pop. 4060. 
 
 VILLA-CASTIN, veel'vd kds-teen', a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 21 miles W.S.W. of Segovia. Pop. 802. 
 
 V1LL.\CE. veel-yd'th.-i, a town of Spain, province and 5 
 miles from Leon. Pop. 1350. 
 
 VILLACII. vil'ldK\ (Illyrian Belak, b-Aldk.) a town of 
 Illyria. Carinthia. 52 miles N.W. of lyaybach, on the Drave, 
 near the influx of the Gail. Pop. 2487. It is defended by a 
 strong castle, and is the principal entrepot for the pro- 
 duets of the Carinthian mining districts, and has numerous 
 forges. marVile quarries, copper and lead mines, and a brisk 
 transit trade between Germany and Italy. 
 
 VILLA-CIDKO. vil'ld chee'iiro, a town of Sardinia, divi- 
 sion and 2fi miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 5944. 
 
 VILLADA, veel-yd'nd, a market-town of Spain, province 
 
 and 27 miles N.W.'of Palencia. on the Sequilla. Pop. 2950. 
 
 VI LL.\-D'ADDA, vil'ld ddd'dd. a village of Northern Italy, 
 
 on the Adda, with a parish church and a trade in silk and 
 
 wine. Pop. 2081. 
 
 VILLADEATI. vil-ld-dd-d'tee, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Alessandria, province and 12 miles W. of 
 Casale. Pop. 2149. 
 
 VILLADECANES, veelyd-dd-kd'n^s. a village of Spain, 
 province and 60 miles from Leon. Pop. 1071. 
 
 VILLA-DE-FUADES. veel'ld d,^ frd'dfs. a town of Portugal, 
 province of .\lgarve. 18 miles N.N.E. of Beja. Pop. 1340. 
 
 V1LL.\-DE-IGRE,TA. veel'ld de-grA'zhd. a village of Portu- 
 gal, province of Beira Alta, 12 miles S.S.W. of Vlseu. P. 1200. 
 VILLA DEL FUERTE. veel'yd diM fwJa'U, a town of the 
 Mexican Confederation, state and 76 miles N. of Cinaloa, on 
 the KiodelFuerte. Pop. 5000. Though Kidly situated, it is 
 icomnieri'ial depot for goods passing tn and from Ouaymas, 
 ind i1 is the seat of most of the chief authorities of the state. 
 VILLA, veel'yd, (or SANTA MARIA,) DEL PRINCIPE. 
 
 VIL 
 
 sdn'td ma-iee'i dJl preen'se-p4, a considerable town of Cuba, 
 140 miles N.W. of Santiago de Cuba. Pop. 30,000? 
 
 VILL.i DEL RIO, veel'yd d^l ree'o, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 28 miles E.N.E. of Cordova. Pop. 3368. 
 
 VILLA DIEGO, veel'yd de-d/go, a town of Spain, piovincw 
 and 16 miles N.W. of Burgos. Pop. 896. 
 
 VILLA-DI-'I'IRANO, vil'ld dee tt!-rd'no, a village of Nor- 
 thern Italy, ])roviuce and 12 miles N.E. of Suiidiio. at the 
 confluence of the Poschiavino with the Adda, here cro.sseo 
 by a handsome bridge. It has a parish church, and a con- 
 siderable transit trade. Pop. 3408. 
 
 VILLA DI VILLA, vil'ld dee vil'ld. a village of Austrian 
 Italy, government of Venice, delegation of Padua, 4 mi'.es 
 S.E. of Este. Pop. 2200. 
 
 VILLA-DO-BISPO, veelld do bees'po, a town and pnri.su 
 of Portugal, province of Douro. 20 miles from Opoi-to. P. 1380. 
 VILLA DO CONDE, veel'ld do kon'di\, a maritime to»_< 
 of Portugal, province of Jlinho, at the mouth of Ibe Rin 
 d'Este, 15 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 3100. Many coastinp 
 and larger vessels are built here, and it has a fishing and 
 coasting trade. 
 VILLA DO FORTE, a town of Brazil. See Fortaleza. 
 VILLA DO PRINCIPE, veel'ld do preen'se-p,4, now called 
 SERRO, s^r'ro, a town of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 
 capital of a cfimarca, 130 miles N.N.E. of Ouro Pretti. P. 4000. 
 VILLA.DO PRINCIPE, a town of Brazil, province of Sao 
 Paulo, 60 miles S.W. of Curitiba. 
 
 VILLA DO RIO PARDO, veel'ld do ree'o paR/do, a town 
 of Brazil, province of Sao Pedro do Sul, on the Jacuhy, at 
 the influx of the Pardo, 80 miles W. of Porto-Alegre. Pop., 
 with district, 6000. 
 
 VILLA DOSE, villd do'sd, a town of. Northern Italy, 6 
 miles E. of Rovigo. on the Adigetto. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILLAESCUSA-DFJ-IIARO, veel-yd-Js-koo'sd dd hd/ro, a 
 town of Spain, New Castile, 35 miles from Cuenca. P. 1356. 
 VILLA FALETTO, vil'ld fd-lJt/to, a town of the Sardinian 
 States, Piedmont, 10 miles N. of Coni, on the Maria. P. 3790 
 VILLAFAMES, veel-yd-fS'mJs. a walled town of Spain, 
 Valencia, province and 10 miles from Castellon de la Plana, 
 on the Monleon. Pop. 1973. 
 
 VILLA FELICIIE, veel'yd f^lee'ch.i a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince of Saragos.sa, 16 miles S.E. of Calatayud. It has manu- 
 factures of gunpowder and porcelain. 
 
 VILLA-FLOR, veel'ld floR, a market-town of Portugal, 
 province of Tras-os-Montes, 11 miles N.W. of Torre-de-Mou- 
 cor«o. It is enclosed by walls, entered by four gates, and 
 encircled by almond groves. 
 
 VI LLA-FL(JR. a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande Jo 
 Norte. SO miles S.E. of Natal. Pop. 2500. 
 VILLAKHANCA. See Villefrancue. 
 VILLA-FRANCA, vil'ld frdn'kd, or VILLA LEALE, vil'- 
 ld lA-dLi, a town of North Italy, situated in a plain neitf 
 the Magra, about 9 miles from Pimtremoli. Pop. .(212. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA, a town of Austrian Italy, 9 miles S.W, 
 of Verona, on the left bank of the Tartaro. It has a fine 
 castle of the 14th century. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA, a seaport town of the Sardinian States, 
 province and 2 miles E. of Nice, with a good harbor on the 
 Mediterranean. Pop. 2974. Its ports and do<'kyards are io 
 a good condition ; and it has an active tunny fishery, and a 
 trade in oranges, lemons, silk, wine, corn and hemp. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA, a town of Sicily, ^5 miles N.W. of 
 Girgenti. Pop. 2500. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA, vil-ld-frdng/kd, a town of Spain, Na- 
 varre, province and 36 miles S.W. of Pamplona, on the Ara- 
 gon. Pop. 2762. 
 
 VILL.AFRANCA, a town of Spain, province of Teruel, on 
 the Jiloca, 32 miles S. of Daroca. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA, a market-town of Spain, province and 
 29 miles W. of Avila. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA, a town of Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, 
 20 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. It is walled, and entered by 
 4 gates, and has a large annual fair. 
 
 VILLA FRANCA, veel'ld frdng'kd, a town on the S. coast 
 of the island of St. Michael, Azores, 14 miles E. of Ponta 
 J)elgada. Pop. 3000. 
 
 VILLA FRANCA, veelld frdng'kd, a town of Brazil, pro. 
 vince of Para, near the Amazon, 20 miles S.VV. of Santarem. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 VILLA-FRANCA, veel'yd frdng'kd, a small town of Para- 
 guay, on the left bank of the Paraguay, 30 miles below As- 
 gumption. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA DE LA MARISMA, veel'ydfrdng'kd dA Id 
 md-rees'md. a town of Spain, province and 15 miles S. of 
 Seville. Pop. 3527. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA DE LAS ABUJAS, veel-yd-frdng'kd dA Ids 
 d-Boo'nds, a town of Spain, province and 12 miles E.N.E. of 
 Cortlova, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3596. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA-DE-LA-SIERRA, veel-yd-frdng'kd dA 11 
 se-SR'Kd. a town of Spain, Old Castile, province and 22 milea 
 W. of Avila. Pop. 1119. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA-DEL-CID, veel-yd-frdng'kd d?l theeD, a 
 town of Spain, Valencia, province and 38 miles N.W. cf 
 Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1189. 
 
 VILLAFRANCA DE LOS BARROS, veel'yd-frdng'kd dA lo«> 
 
 2041 
 
VIL 
 
 b«R/Roce, a town of Spain, proTince of Badajos, 20 miles 
 6.\V of Merida. Pop. 5887. , , , , „ a 
 
 ■» tLLAFKAXCA DK LOS CABALLEROS, veel-y«-friinp'k.'i 
 di .n^e ki-Bdl-y.Vroce, a town of Spain, province of Toledo, 8 
 mil n X.W. of Alcazar de San Juan. 
 
 \ iLLAFUANCA DEL VIEKZO. veel-yd-fi^ng'ka AiUe-CKf- 
 tho. a town of Spain, province of Leon, 9 miles W.N.W. of 
 PoDfiTrada, on the Burl.ia. Pop. 2996. It has a Franciscan 
 convent, superior school, and a trade in wiEe. 
 
 VII.LAFKANCA DE MOXTES DE OCA, veel-ya-frtlnsr'ka 
 dA mon'us dd oTkL a town of Spain, province and 20 miles 
 E. of Bur;,'0?. at the N.E. foot of the Sierra-Oca. 
 
 AILLAFRAXCA DE PANADES, veel-ya-friliig'ki di pj- 
 nl'iws, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles N.E. of 
 Tarr.-igona.andW. of Barcelona. Pop.5516. It is enclosed by 
 ■wall?, and has manufeictures of cottons, leather, and brandy. 
 
 VILLAFBANCA DE XIRA, yeeUi-friugfki dA shee'rd, a 
 town of Portusral. province of Estremadura. on the right 
 bank of the Taigus, 20 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 4900. It 
 Is the re-sideuce of a military governor, and has salt works, 
 and an active general trade. It was founded and named 
 Cornnalla (or Cornwall) by the English settlers in 1160. 
 
 VILLAFKANCA DI PIEMONTE, vil-ia-frdng'k^ dee pe-;V 
 mon't^. a town of the Sardinian States, division and 20 
 milef S.S.W. of Turin. Pop. 8572. 
 
 VILLAFRANGA-DO-IMPERADOR, Brazil. See Fkaxca. 
 
 VILLA FKATI, villi frMee, a town of Sicily, 16 miles 
 B.S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILLAFRECIIOS, veel-vd-fri/choce. a town of Spain, Leon, 
 province and 33 miles N.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 1314. 
 
 VILL.UiARCIA, veel-yi-gaR-thee'd, a marketrtown of 
 Epain, province of Badajos, 3 miles N. of Llerena. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILLAGARCIA, a market-town of Spain, province of 
 Pontevedra, 20 miles N. of Vigo, on the S. coast of the bay 
 of Arosa, on which it has a small harbor. Pop. 1443. 
 
 VILL.4GARCI.\, a market-town of Spain, province of 
 Cueiica. 7 miles E.N.E. of Tarazona. 
 
 VILLAG.\RCIA, a marketrtown of Spain, province and 30 
 miles W.N.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 1859. 
 
 VIL'LAGE, a township in Jackson CO., Arkansas. 
 
 TILLAGE, a village in Wapello co., Iowa, 80 miles S.W. 
 of Iowa City. 
 
 VILL.AGE GREEN, a post-village of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 4 miles W.N.W. of Chester. 
 
 VILLAGE SPRINGS, a postofflce of Blount co., Alabama. 
 
 VILLAGONZALO, veel-yd-gon-thaio, a town of Spain, 
 Zstremadura, about 30 miles from Badajos, near the Guadi- 
 ana. Pop. 1120. 
 
 VILLAGORDA DE GABRIEL, veel-y^-gou'dj Ak gJ-Bre-fl', 
 a town of Spain, provin(<e and 50 miles S.E. of Cuenca. 
 
 VILLAGORDA DE JUCAR, veel-yl-gOR/di dA Hoo-kaR/, a 
 town of Spain, province of Albacete, on the Jucar, 5 miles 
 S.W. of Tarazona. Pop. 1422. * 
 
 VILL.\GR.AS.A, veel-yi-grd'sl, a town of Spain, province 
 of Lerida. 7 miles W. of Cervera. 
 
 VILLAHEKMOSA, vcelyl-fR-mo'sl, a town of Spain, 
 province and 48 miles E.S.E. of Cindad Real. Pop. 2600. 
 
 VILLAIIER.MOSA. vecl-ya-^R-mo/sl, (t. e. "beautiful 
 town,") a town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Ta- 
 basf^), on the Grijalva. 50 miles N. of Chiapas. 
 
 VILLAIXF^LA-JUIIEL. vee'yAn' 1* zhU#, a market-town 
 Of France, department of Mayenne, 29 miles N.E. of Laval 
 Pop. in 1852. -liW. 
 
 VILLAJOYOSA, veel-yJ-Ho-yo'si, a maritime town of 
 Spain, province and 20 miles N.E. of Alicante, on the Medi- 
 terranean, on which it h.ts a harbor, and some docks for 
 building vessels. Pop. 8087. 
 
 VI M.AJIAX, a town of Spain. See Sobrajt. 
 
 VI LLA LB.\, veel-yill'bS, numerous market-towns of Spain, 
 the principal being in the province and 35 miles S.E. of Ba- 
 dajos. Pop. 1630. 
 
 VILLALBA, a town of Spain, Catalonia, province and 45 
 miles from Tarragona. Pop. 1323. 
 
 VI1,I,ALBA, vil-ldl'ba, a town of Sicily, and not &r from 
 Caltanistslta. Pop. 1400. 
 
 «o^ 'm '' x,''*^'^' ^■'*'*lyi-lon'. a town of Spain, province and 
 82 miWs N.W . of Valladolid, having 3 parish churches. Pop 
 4e.4, partly employed as muleteers, or engaged in making 
 cht«s«s. Iiiu'bly esteemed at .Miulrid. 
 
 VILLALOXOA. veel-ydlong/gd. a town of Spain, Valencia, 
 province and 40 miles X. of Alicante, on the Alcoy. P. 1598 
 
 MLLALI'.\XDO, veel-ydl-pdn'do, a village of Spain, Old 
 ^tlle. province and 42 miles N.N.W. of Valladolid, on the 
 Valderadney. Pop. 2500. 
 
 VILLALI'AXDaS, veel-yai-pAnMoce, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vmce and 30 miles N.E. of Zamora. Pop. 2460. It was 
 formerly Kn important city 
 
 lro^'l;';!;!^';'tf^,'?'*^- \'^'^'-y^J-P«n''loce, a rich mine of Mex- 
 ico, adjacent to Giianajuuto. 
 
 yiLLALUEN(JA.pP,L.\.SAGRA, veel-vJ-lwJn'gd dA \i sd'- 
 
 SrL^RrTotfo'^'poJ'ToOo""'^'^""^'"^^ -""^ »^"' '' 
 ^^'l!l^^l'^*'^^^,^:^^^-^<>SARW, Teel-yd-lwJn'gd m nv 
 
 tead/r'pi ^^62^;' ^'"*'^""''' p-'°- «»^ «o -u- 
 
 2042 
 
 VIL 
 
 Tn.LALTA-DEL-ACOR, veel-ydl'vl dM d-koR/. n village 
 of Spain, Andalusia, province and 25 miles E.X.E. of lUielvo, 
 with a Gothic parish chunh, which formerly belonged to 
 the Templars, and was ei-ected on the site of an ancient 
 temple of Juno. Pop. 2.362. 
 
 VILLALVA-DEUREY, veel-ydl'vd dJl rA, a town of Spain, 
 New Castile, province and 26 miles from Cuenca. Pnp. 1149. 
 
 VILLA MAGXA, vil'ld mdn'yd, a town of .\aple«, province 
 of Abruzzo Citra, on a steep height, 3 miles S.E. of Chieti. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILL.AMALEA, veel-yd-md-lA'd, a town of Spain. Murcla, 
 28 miles from^Albacete, near the Gabriel. Pop. 1S4S. 
 
 VILLAMANAX, veel-yd-mdn-ydn', a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 16 miles S. of Leon, near the Esla. Pop. 1951. 
 
 VILLAMAXRIQUE, veel-yd-mdn-roe'kA. a town of Spain, 
 province and 18 miles S.W. of Seville. Pop. 2280. 
 
 VILLAMAXRIQUE. a town of Spain, province of Cindad 
 Real. 13 miles S. of VilLanueva de los Infantes. Pop. 1100. 
 
 VILLAMAXRIQUE-DE-TAJO, veel-yd-mdn-ree'kA dA W- 
 HO, a town of Spain, province of Madrid, on the Tagus, 20 
 miles N.E. of Ocafia. 
 
 A'lLLAMAR, a village of Sardinia. See Mara-.Arbarei. 
 
 VILLA M-\RIA. veelOd nia-ree'd. a small town of Brazil, 
 province of Matto-O rosso, on the Paraguay. 100 miles AV.S.W. 
 of Cuyaba. Pop. 1000. 
 
 VILL.\-MARTIN, veel'yd maR-teen', a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 43 miles S.E. of Seville, on the Guiidalete. P. 2740. 
 
 VILLA MASSARGIA, viind mds-.«aR'jd.(?) a town on the 
 island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, 6 miles S.E. of Igle- 
 sias. Pop. 1496. 
 
 VILLAMAYOR-DE<!AMPOS, veel-yd-mi-OR/ dA kdm^poce, 
 a town of Spain, Leon, province and about 40 miles N.W. 
 of Valladolid. near the Valderadney. Pop. 1304. 
 
 VILLAMAYOR DE SANTIAGO, veel-yd-ml-oR' dA sdn-te- 
 d/go, a town of Spain, 46 mile* W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2612. 
 
 VILLAMAYOR-DI CALATRAVA, veel-yd-mT-OR' dee kd- 
 Id-trd'vd. a town of Spain, New Castile, province and 12 
 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1115. 
 
 VILL.AMEDIANA, veel-yd-mA-ne-d'nd. a town of Spain, 
 Leon, province and 9 miles S. of Palencia. Pop. 1219. 
 
 VILL-AMI iCL, veel-yd-me-Jl', a town of Spain, Estremadura, 
 province and 55 miles from Caceros. 
 
 VII/LAMONT', a township of Arkansas co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 162. 
 
 VILLAMOR-DE-LOS-ESCUDEROS, veel-yd-moR/ dA loce 
 Ss-koo-nA'rore. a town of Spain, I/COn. province and 21 miles 
 S.E. of Zamora. Pop. 1008. 
 
 VILLANOV.\, vil-ld-no/vd. a village of Sardi"ia, division 
 and 15 miles S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3676. 
 
 VIL'LAXO'^'.A. a post-township of Chautauqua co.. New 
 York. 15 miles E.S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. 1274. 
 
 VILLA-XOVA, veelld no/vd, or VILLA-^^STOSA-DA- 
 MADRE-DE-DIOS, veel'ld vees-to/sd dd md'drA dA dee'oce, a 
 town of Brazil, province and 200 miles W.X.W. of Para. 
 
 VILLAXOV.\, veel-ld-no'vd, a village of Brazil, province 
 of Santa Catharina, on the N. shore of La Laguna, (a lagoon 
 near 20 miles long.) 60 miles S. of Desterro. It ha.« a harbor, 
 and is advantageously situated for trade and manufactures 
 of linen, from flax extensively cultivated on a large scale in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 VILLANOV.A, a town of Brazil, province and 12 miles 
 N.E. of Rio Janeiro, near the Macacu. The inhabitants are 
 partly brancns ("whites") and partly Indians. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILLANOVA DA CERVEIRA. veel-ld-no'vd dd .«eR-vA'e-rl, 
 a town of Portugal, province of Minho, 5 miles S.W. of A'a 
 lenca. Pop. 1100. It is a frontier fortress opposite Galicia. 
 
 VILLANOVA DA RAIXHA. veel-ld-no'vd dd rd-eeu'yd, « 
 town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, near the Tagus 
 5 miles E. of .Aleniquer. 
 
 VILLANOVA DA RAINHA, veel-ld-no'vd dd rd-een'yd, a 
 town of Brazil, in the Interior of the province of Bahia, 120 
 miles N. of Jaoobina. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILLANOVA DA RAINHA. a town of Brazil, province 
 of Pari, at the confluence of the Manhe and Canoma with 
 the Amazon, in a rich district. 
 
 VILLANOVA DA RAIXHA, a town of Brazil. See Cahf.te 
 
 VILLA-XOVA-DE-F'OZ-COA, veolld no'vd dA foz ko/d, a 
 town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, near 
 the Coa. where it joins the Douro, 8 miles S.S.W. of Torre- 
 de-Moncorvo. Pop. 27(K). 
 
 VILLAXOVA DE MILFONTES, veel-ld-no'vd dA meel-fon'- 
 t^s, a town of Portugal, province of Alenitejo. on the Barra 
 de Odemira, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 32 miles W. of 
 Ourique. 
 
 VILLANOVA DE PORTIMAQ, veel-ld-no'vd dA poR-te- 
 mowNo', a town of Portugal, province of .Algarve, with a 
 harbour at the mouth of the Silves, 10 miles E.X.E. of I..agos. 
 Pop. 3500. 
 
 VILLAXOVA DE PORTO, veel-ld-no/vd dA poR'to, « toirn 
 of Portugal, province of Minho, on the Douro. opposite 
 Oporto, of which it is a suburb. It has active ship^buil Jiug ; . 
 and Oporto wines, destined for England, are wai-ehoused 
 here. 
 
 VILLANOVA DE SAN ANTONIO, veel-ld-no'vd d sdn 
 dn-to'ue-o, a town of Brazil, province of Sergipe, ou the rigl t 
 
VIL 
 
 VIL 
 
 bank of ►he Sea Francisco, 20 miles N. of the Atlantic. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 VILLA?;OVA DE S aO LUIS, Brazil. See Guarattoa. 
 
 VILLANOVA DK SOUZA, veel-li-no/vd dA so/zd, a town 
 Of Brazil, province and 2S0 miles W. of Paraliiba. Pop. 5000. 
 
 VILLANOVA DO I'KINCIPE, veel-ld-no'va do preeu/se-pA, 
 a tovMi of Brazil, province of Bahia, 60 miles W.S.W. of Kio 
 de Contas. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILLANOVA BO PRINCIPE, a town of Brazil, province 
 of Kio Grande do Norte, on the Serido, 150 miles W.S.W. of 
 Natal. Pop. 3000. 
 
 VILLANOVA SOLARO. Til-li-no'vl ko-Wto, a village of 
 the Sardinian States, division of Coni, province and 8 miles 
 K.N.E. of Saluzzo, on the Vraita. Pop. 1676. 
 
 A'lL'LANMjW. a )iost-o(fice of Walker co., Georgia, 205 miles 
 N.W. of Milk'd^'eville. 
 
 VILLAXTEHIO, vil-ldn-tA're-o, a market-town of Northern 
 Italy, 10 miles E.N.E. of Pavia. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ViLLANUEVA DE ALCOLEA, veel-ya-nwA/vd di Sl-ko- 
 WL a town of Spain, Valencia, province and 17 miles from 
 Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1071. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE ALGAIDAS, vecl-ya-nw.A'vl d.i ai-jrhi'- 
 Dds, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 35 miles N. of Malaga. 
 Pop. 2102. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE CARDENAS, veel-ya-nw.VvJ di kaR/- 
 di-nSs, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 35 miles 
 from Cordova. Pop. 1388. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE CORDOVA, veel-yl-nw.VvJ di koR/- 
 do-vd, (or DE LA JARA. dA Id iid'rd,) a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 40 miles N.N.E. of Cordova, on the S. slope of the 
 Sierra llorena. Pop. 6572, who trade in cattle and hops. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE GALLEGO, veel-yd-nwA'vd dA gdl-vA'- 
 go, a town of Spain, province and 6 mile.<< N. of Saragossa^on 
 the Gallego. Servetus was born here in 1509. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE LA FUENTE, veel-yd-nwA/vd dA Id 
 fwJn'tA. a town of Spain, province and 56 miles E.S.E. of 
 CiiKlad-Real. Pop. 2070. 
 
 VILL.\NUEVA DE LA JARA, veel-yd-nwA/vd dA Id iid/rd, 
 a town of Spain, province and 42 miles S.S.E. of Cuenca. 
 Pop. 2502. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE LA REINA, Teel-yd-nwA'vd dA Id rA- 
 ee'nd, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles N.W. of Jaen. 
 Pop. 1748. It has a trade in fruit and grain. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DEL ARISCAL, veel-yd-nwA/vd m d-rees- 
 Kdl', a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 7 miles from 
 Seville. Pop. 1370. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DEL ARZOBISPO, veel-yd-nwA^vl dJl aR- 
 tho-bees'po, a town of Spain, province and 50 miles N.E. of 
 Jaen. on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3624. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE LA SERENA, veel-yd-nwA/vd dA Id 
 sA-rA'nd, a town of Spain, near the Guadiana, province and 
 6S miles E. of Badajos. Pop. 8980. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE LA SIERRA, veel-yd-nwA'vd dA Id 
 se-Jn/nd, a town of Spain,- province and 68 miles N.E. of 
 Caceres. Pop. 1500. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE LA VERA, veel-yd-nwA'vd dA Id vA'rd, 
 a town of Spain, province of Caceres, 42 miles E. of Pla- 
 seneia. Pop. 1750. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DEL CAMPO, veel-yd-nwA/vd dSl kdm'po, 
 a market-town of Spain, province and 8 miles W. of Leon, 
 with a larjre annual fair. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DEL CARDETE, veel-yd-nw.Vvd dfl kaR- 
 dA'tA. a town of Spain, province and 56 miles E.S.E. of 
 Toledo. Pop. 2156. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DEL FRESNO, veel-yil-nwA'vd dJl frSs^no, 
 a town of Spain, near the frontier of Portugal, province and 
 30 miles S.S.W. of Badajos. Pop. 2122. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE LOS CASTILLEJOS,veel-yd-nw.Arvd dA 
 loce kd.a-teel-yA'Hoce, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles 
 N.W, of Huelva. P. 2996, engaged in a trade with Portugal. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DE LOS INFANTES, veel-yd-nwA'vd dA 
 loce in-f dn'tSs, a town of Spain, province and 51 miles E.S.E. 
 ofCiudad-Real, near the Jabalon. Pop. 4975. It is agreeably 
 situated. It has several fountains and an hospital ; in the 
 neighborhood are several springs and copper-mines. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DEL RIO. veel-yd-nw.A/vd dhl ree'o, a town 
 of Spain, province and 15 miles from Murcia, on the Segura. 
 Pop. 1499. 
 
 VILLANUEVA DEL ROSARIO, veel'yd-nwA/vd dil ro-sd'- 
 re-o, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and about 20 
 miles from Malaga. Pop. 1547. 
 
 VILL.ANUEVA DE SAN JUAN, veel-yd-nwA'vd dA sdn 
 Hoo-dn'. a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 65 miles 
 from Seville. Pop. 1320. 
 
 VILLANUEVA Y LA GELTRU, veel-yd-nwA/vd e Id hJI- 
 tr^i.'. 1 town and seaport of Spain, province and 25 miles 
 6 W. of Bar^-Inna. on the Mediterranean. Pop. with Geltru, 
 10,309. It has manufacture" of hats, lace, paper, and soap, 
 and brandy distilleries, 
 provi'ice of Otranto, on the Adriatic, 4 miles N. of Ostuni. 
 
 VILLANUOVA, a viibige of Northern Italy, 29 miles 
 
 VILLANUOVA, a village of Italy, duchy and 29 miles 
 N W. of I'arma, on the Anla. Pop. 2905. 
 
 VILLANUOVA. a village of the Sardinian States, divi.Mon 
 Of Alessandria, province and 3 miles N. of Casale. P. 2582. 
 
 VILLANUOVA, a town of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, province and 4 miles VV. of Albenga. Pop. 1148. 
 
 VILLANUOVA D'ASTI. vil-ld-nooo/vd dds'tee. a town of 
 Italy, Piedmont, province and 13 miles W.N.W. of AstL 
 Pop. 3121. 
 
 VILLANUOVA DI MONDOVI, vil-ld-nwo/vd dee mon-do- 
 vee/, a town of Italy, Piedmont, province and ^ 'ailes S.W. 
 of Mondovi. Pop. 3623. 
 
 VILLA PIEDl MONTE, La, Id villd pe-A- dee-mon'ta, a town 
 of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro. Pop. 1360. 
 
 VILLA PONCA DE AGUIAR, veel'ld pon'kd dA d-ghe-aR', 
 a town and parish of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 
 33 miles E. by N. of Braga. Pop. 13G0. 
 
 VILLA PUZZU, vil'la poot-soo', a market-town of the 
 island of Sardinia, 30 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2161. 
 
 VILLAR ALMESE, vil-laR/ dl-niA'.sA, a village of the Sar- 
 dinian States, division of Turin, province of Susa. P. 1261. 
 
 VILLARAMIEL,veel-yd-rd-me-61', a market-town of Spain, 
 province of Palencia, near the Sequillo, 27 miles N. of Val- 
 ladolid. 
 
 VILLARASA, veclyd-rd'sd, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 
 province and 20 miles N.E. of Iluelva. Pop. 2011. 
 
 VILLARBASSA, vil-laR'bds/sd, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, near Rivoli. Pop. 1110. 
 
 VILLAR BOBBIO, vil-lar/ bob^e-o, a village of the Sardi- 
 nian States, Piedmont, province and 11 miles S.W. of Pinerolo. 
 Pop. 2393, 
 
 VILLARD, veePyaR'i a village of the Sardinian States, 
 province of Upper Savoy, 3 miles W. of Beaufort. Pop. 1140. 
 
 VILLAR DE CANAS, veel-yaR/ dA kd/nds. a town of Spain, 
 New Castile, province and 24 miles from Cuenca, near the 
 Zancara. Pop. 1439. 
 
 VILLAR DE CIERVOS, veel-yaR/ dA the-^R/voce, a town 
 of Spain, Leon, province and N.W. of Zamora. Pop. 1020. 
 
 VILLARD DE LANS, vee'yaR'deh l6No',a marketrtown of 
 France, department of l.^^re, near the Bourne, 11 miles 
 S.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 2597. 
 
 VILI<AH DEL ARZOBISPO, veel-yan' Ail dR-tho-bees'po, or 
 VILLAR DE BENADUF, veel-yaR/ dA bA-nd-doolT, a village 
 of Spain, province and 24 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2191. 
 
 VILLAR DEL REY, veel-yaR' d^l rA, a market-town of 
 Spain, province and 21 miles N. of Badajos. Pop. 2(X)0. 
 
 VILLAR DE SAN ANTONIO, veel-yaR/ dA sdn dn-to'ne-o, 
 a town of Spain, province of Algarve, 11 miles N.E. of Ta- 
 vira, at the mouth of the Guadiana. It is fortified seaward, 
 and has 1750 inhabitants. 
 
 VILLA REAL, veePyd rA-dl', (t. «., " Royal Town,") a town 
 of Spain, province and 5 miles S.S.W. of Castellon de la 
 Plana, on the Mijares, 4 miles from the Jlediterranean, Pop. 
 8207, It is enclosed by ruined wail.", entered by 4 gates, 
 and lias manufactories of woollen fabrics and tape, and 
 brandy distilleries, 
 
 VILLAREAL, veelld-rA-dl', a town of Portugal, province 
 of Tras-09-Montes, capital of a comarca, on the Corgo, 14 
 miles N, of Lamego. Pop. 4500. 
 
 VILLA REAL DE CONCEPCION, veel'yd rA-dl' dA kon- 
 thJp-the-on', a town of South America, republic of I'araguay, 
 on the river Paraguay, 130 miles N.N.E. of Assumption. 
 Pop. 4000, It is the depot to which the yerlta muti, or 
 Paraguay tea, is brought from the forests eastward in transit 
 to Assumption, 
 
 VILLAREGGIA, vll-ld-rfd'jd, a village of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Turin, province and about 10 miles S.S.E. 
 of Ivrea. Pop. 1377, 
 
 VILLAREJO DE FUENTES, veel-yd-rA/iio dA Iwfn'tfs, a 
 town of Spain, province and 37 miles S.W. of Cuenca. I'op. 
 2600. 
 
 VILLAREJO DE SAL VANES, veel-yd-rA/no dA sdl-vA/n?s, 
 a town of Spain, province and 26 miles S.E. of Madrid, be- 
 tween the Tagus and Tajuiia. I'op. 2700, who manufacture 
 rush wares, and trade in wines. 
 
 VILLARES, Los, loce veel-yd'rJs, a village of Spain, An- 
 dalusia, province and 6 miles S. of .laen. Near it are quar- 
 ries of limestone and gypsum. Pop. 1968. 
 
 VILLARES DE ORBIGO, veel-yd'r?s dA OR-bee'go, a vil- 
 lage of Spain, province and 18 miles from Leon. Pop. 1075. 
 
 VILLAR FOCCIIIARDO, vil-laR/ fok-ke-aR'do. a village of 
 the Sardinian States, province and 9 miles E. of Susa, on the 
 Dora-Ripaira. Pop. 2120. 
 
 VILL.\RGORDO, veel-yaR-goR'do, a village of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 12 miles N.E. of Jaen, on the Guadalquivir. 
 
 VILLARGOKDO DE JUCAR, veel-yaR-goR'do dA Hoo-kaR/, 
 a village of Spain, province of Cuenca, on the right bank 
 of the Jucar. 6 miles W.S.W. of Tarazona. 
 
 VIL'LA RI'CA, a pleasant post-village of Carroll county, 
 Georgia, 147 miles W,N,W of Milledgeville, It is a place of 
 some importance, on account of its gold-mines, and has seve- 
 ral pounding-mills in operation. The amount of business 
 done here in a year exceeds $100,000. 
 
 VILLA RICA or VILLA REAL, a town of BraziL See 
 Ocbo-Preto. 
 
 VILLA RICA, See Vera Cruz. 
 
 VILLARINO, veel-yd-ree'no, a village of Spain, province 
 and 40 miles W.N.W. of Salamanca, at the confiuenoe of th« 
 Tormes and Duuro. 
 
 2043 
 
TIL 
 
 TILLAR LUEXGO, yeel-yaii/ IwSn'go, a market-town of 
 goain, province and 35 miles NJ!. of Teruel. 
 
 VILLAUODOXA. veel-yd ro-do'nd, a town of Spain, Cata- 
 lonia, province and about 16 miles N JJ. of Tarragona, on the 
 Gaj-a. Pop. 1679. 
 
 VILLA KOSA, vUld ro'sl, a town of Sicily, intendancy 
 and 12 miles N.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 2S00. 
 
 VILLAKOY A DE LA SIERRA, veel-yi-ro'yi di Id se-?R/B4, 
 a town of Spain, province and 53 miles W. of Saragossa. 
 Pop. 1130. who manufacture woollens. 
 
 VILLAROYA DE LOS PIXARES, veel-yd-ro/yi ddloce pe- 
 ni'ris, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles X.E. of Te- 
 ruel. Pop. 1251. 
 
 VILLAR PEROSA, vil-laR' pi-ro'sd, a town of Italy, pi-o- 
 vince and 5 miles X.W. of Wnerolo. Pop. 1162. 
 
 A'ILLARR015LED.\, veel-ydR-Ro-bl.VDd, a town of Spain, 
 province and 65 miles E.X.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2070. It 
 has manufactures of coarse woollens and earthenwares. 
 
 VILLAKRUBIA DE LOS OJOS DE GUADIAXA, veel-yaR- 
 Roo'be-d dd loce o'Hoce dd gwd-De-d'nd, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 20 miles E.X.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 4710. It 
 has a palace of the Dukes of Ixar, and a trade in wines of 
 fine quality. , , , 
 
 VILLARKUBIA DE OCANA, veel-yaR-Roonje-d dd o-kdn'- 
 yd, a town of Spain, province and 35 miles E.X.E. of To- 
 ledo. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VILLARUBIA DE SAXTIAQO, veel-yd-roo'be-d dd sdn-te- 
 ifgo, a village of Spain, New Castile, province of Toledo, 32 
 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1946. 
 
 TILLAR SAX COSTAXZO, vil-laR/ sdn ko-stdn'zo. a town 
 of Italy, province and 11 miles X'.W. of Coni. Pop. 2067. 
 
 VILLASABARIEGO, veel-ydrsl-bd-re-d'go, a village of 
 Spain, province and about 8 miles from Leon, on a height. 
 Pop. 1377. 
 
 VILLA SALTU, vil'ld sdl-too', a village of the island of 
 Sardinia, 32 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1537. 
 
 VILLASAXDI^tO, veel-yd-sdn-dee'no, (anc. Desobrigaf) a 
 town of Spain, Old Castile, province and 21 miles W. of 
 Burgos. Pop. 1050. 
 
 VILLA SAN GIOVANNI, villi sin jo-vin/nee. a village 
 of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 8 miles N. of Repgio, 
 on the Strait of Messina, with manufactures of fine silks. 
 Pop. 1250. 
 
 VILLA SANTA MARIA, viiad sdn^td md-ree/i, a town of 
 Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 20 miles S.&.W. of Lan- 
 ciano, on the Sangro. Pop. 1700. 
 
 VILLASARRACINO, veel-yd-sdR-si-thee/no, a town of 
 Spain, Old Castile, province and about 30 miles from Palen- 
 cia. Pop. 1098. 
 
 VILL.VSAVARY, veeVd'sdVdVee', a market-town of 
 France, department of Aude, on the Mezuran, 8 miles S.S.E. 
 of Castclnaudary. Pop. 1800. 
 
 VILLASECA DE LA S.\GRA, veel-yd-s.Vkd dd Id sd'gri. a 
 town of Spain, New Castile, province and 12 miles N.E. of 
 Toledo. Pop. 1034. 
 
 VILLASOR, vil-ld-soB/. a village of the island of Sardinia, 
 division and 14 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1893. 
 
 VILLASTELLONE. vil-ldst^l-lo'nd, a town of the Sardi- 
 nian States, division of Turin, not far irom Caramagnola, 
 on the Stellone. It was once walled. Pop. 2402. 
 
 VILLATA, vil-Id'td, a village of the Sanlinian States, di- 
 vision of Xovara, province and near Vercelli. Pop. 1715. 
 
 VILLATOBAS, veel-vd-to'iids, a town of Spain, province 
 and 35 miles E.S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2443. 
 
 VILLAVEJA, veel-yd-vd'nd, a town of Spain, Leon, pro- 
 vince of Salamanca, 18 miles N. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Pod. 
 1290. ^ ^ 
 
 ■\aLLAVELASCO, veel-yd-vd-lis^ko, a village of Spain, 
 35 miles from Leon, on the Valderaduey. Pop. 114". 
 
 VILLA VELIIA, a town of Brazil. See Espirito-Santo. 
 
 VILLAVERDE, veel-ld-vJa/d.d, a town of Brazil, province 
 of Bahia, on the Buranhon, 20 miles W. of Porto Seguro. 
 It exports timlxT and cotton. 
 
 VILLAVERDE, a market-town of Ferro, Canary Islands, 
 on its X.E. coast. 
 
 VILLAVERDE DE LEGAXES, veel-yd-vlR/dddd Id-gd'nfs, 
 a town of Spain, 16 miles S. of Badajos. Pop. 2040. 
 
 VILLAVICIOSA, veel yd-ve-the-o'sd, a town of Spain, pro- 
 vince and 18 miles W.X.W. of Cordova, Pop. 1800. 
 
 VILLAVICIOS.K. a village of Spain, Asturia.s, province 
 and 27 miles X.E. of Oviedo, on the Linares, with a custom- 
 house. Pop. 1341. 
 
 VILLAVICIOSA DE ODON, veel-yd-ve-theo',sd dd o-DOn', 
 a town of Spain, province of Guadalajara, 53 miles N.E. of 
 Madrid. I'op. 856. Here was fought in 1710 the battle 
 which terminated the '• War of the Succession," and seated 
 Philip V. on the Spanish throne. 
 
 VILLA VigoS.V, veel'ld ve-so'sd, a town of Portugal, pro- 
 vince of Aleiiitejo. capital of a comaroa. 15 mile* S.W. of El vas 
 I op. 3600. It is enclosed by a ditch, and defended by an 
 old castle. It has a brisk tr,^ le in oil and wine. In the 
 ueighlxirliond Is a royal hunting palace, with a large park. 
 
 MLL.\ MCOg.V ve,.nd x^so'sL a town of BraziUpro- 
 Daa^'"po 50ol Ceara,amongst groves of cocoa 
 
 ■MU 
 
 VIL 
 
 VILLAVIEJA, veel-yd-ve-A/nd, a village of Spain, Valen- 
 cia, province and 10 miles X.W. of Ca.stellon de Ui Pinna. 
 chietly remarkable for its thermal springs. Pop. 1S39. 
 
 VILLA\'I EJ A. veel-yd-ve-.d/Hd. a town of Central America, 
 state of Costa Rica, 7 miles W. of San Jose. 
 
 VILLA Y LOS PALACIOS, vcel/yd e loce pd-ld'lhe-oce, a 
 town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 12 miles S. of Se- 
 ville. Pop. 3187. 
 
 VILL£, vee^yd/, or WEILER, vdMaiR', a market-town ol 
 France, department of Bas-KLin, 26 miles S.W. of Stra* 
 bourg. Pop. in 1852, 1126. 
 
 VILLEBRUMIER, veel'brii^me-d', a village of France, de- 
 partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Tarn, 18 miles S.E. of 
 Montauban. Pop. 789. 
 
 VILLECOMTAL, veerkos^'tdl', a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aveyron, on the Dourdon, 9 miles M". of Espalion. 
 Pop. 17,58. 
 
 VILLEDIEU-LES-POELES, (Poele.s.) veerde-ch' Id po'ail', 
 a market-town of France, department of Manche, on the 
 Sienne, 12 miles N.E of Avranches. Pop. 3848. It has iron, 
 copper, and bell foundries, and manufactures of hardwares, 
 buttons, buckles, parchment, lace, and clocks. 
 
 VILLEFAGXAX, veePfSu^yfe'^', a small town of France, 
 department of Charente, 5 miles W. of Rulfec, with 1004 
 iuliabitants, and 12 annual fairs. 
 
 VILLEFORT, veerfoB', a small town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lozi're, 23 miles E.S.E. of 3Ieude. Pep. 1625. Near 
 it are argentiferous lead-mines. 
 
 VILLEFRAXCI1I->DE-BELVKS, veePfrSxsh' deh bjl'vd', a 
 village of France, department of Dordogue, 20 miles S.S.W. 
 of Sarlat Pop. 1712. 
 
 VILLEFRAXCIIE-DE-CONFLEXT, veePfrS-Nsh' deh kAxo^ 
 fl6N«', a fortified town of France, department of Pyrenees- 
 Oriontiiles. 4 miles S.W. of Prades. Pop. 914. 
 
 VILLEFRANCIIE-DE-LAURAGAIS, veerfrftjfsh' deh 10'- 
 rd'gd', a town of France, department of Ilaute-Garonne, 
 near the Canal-Ju-Midi. 20 miles S.E. of Toulou.se. P. 2769. 
 
 VILLEFKAXCIIE-DE-ROUEKGUE, veerfrdxsh/ deh roo'- 
 aiRg'. a town of France, department of Aveyron, 26 milet 
 W. of Khodez, on the right bank of the Aveyron; lat. 44'" 
 23' N., Ion. 2° 2' E. Pop. in 1852, 9513. It has a communal 
 college, public library, town-hall, mu.seum. and club-rooms, 
 with numerous copper, iron, and brass work.s. and tanneriet 
 
 VI LLEFRAXCIIE-DU-QUEYRAN. veelYn^Nsh' dU k.dVo.\=', 
 a village of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, 14 miles 
 N.N.W. of Xerac. Pop. 875. 
 
 VILLEFRAXCHE-SUR-SAOXE. (Saone.) veePfr^Nsh' suR 
 son, a town of France, department of Rhone, on the right 
 bank of the Saone. and on the railway to Paris, 17 miles 
 N.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 8019. It has a chamber of 
 commerce, communal college, normal school, and manu&o 
 tures of cotton and linen fabrics. 
 
 VILLEJUIF, veerzhweef, ^i'. e. '-Jew-town,") a village of 
 France, department of Seine, 4 miles S. of Paris. Pop. 1503. 
 
 A"1LLEMUR, veermiiF.', a town of France, department of 
 Ilaute-Garonne, on the right bank of the Tarn, 19 miles N. 
 of Toulou.se. Pop. in 1852, 5314. 
 
 VILLENA, veel-yd'nd, (anc. Ttirhulaf) a town of Spain, 
 province and 32 miles N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 8224. It 
 stands near the foot of Mount St. Cristoval, which is 
 crowned with a castle now in ruins. It has an extensive 
 modern suburb, town-hall, palace, hospital, barrack.s, soap 
 factory, and brandy distilleries. 
 
 VILLEXAUXE. veePnox' or veePleh-nox', a town of 
 France, departmenfof Aube, 7 miles N.N,E, of Xogeut-sur- 
 Seine. Pop. 2553. 
 
 VILLEXAVE. veel'ndv'. a village of France, department 
 of Gironde. 6 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1535. 
 
 VILLEXEUVE, vecrnuv' or veePleh-nuv'. a town of 
 Fi-ance, department of Aveyron, 6 miles N. of Villefrauche. 
 Pop. 3723. 
 
 VILLENEUVE, a town of France, department of Lande.s, 
 10 miles E. of Mont-<le-Marsan, on the Midou, i'op. 1604. 
 
 VILLENEUVE, veel'nuv', (Gcr. ^'eusUidt. noi'stitt, sign- 
 fying. as well as the French name Villeneuve. •' new town,'') 
 a small walled town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, at tho 
 E. extremity of the Lake of Geneva, 17 miles E.S.E. of Lau- 
 sanne. Pop. 11)96. 
 
 VILLEXEUVE D'.A.GEX. See Viluekkuvr-sitr-I/)t. 
 
 VILLEXEUVE DE BERG, veePnuv' deh haiR, a town of 
 France, department of Ardeche, 14 miles' S.S.W. of Privas. 
 Pop. 2007. 
 
 VILLEXEITVE L'ARCHEVEQUE, (Archeveque.) veel^- 
 nuv' laR'shfh-vaik', a town of France, depaitment of Y'onne, 
 12 miles E. of Sens, on the Vannes. Pop. 1925. 
 
 VILLEXEUVE-LF:-R0I, veel'nuv' leh rwd, a town of 
 France, department of Yonne, 7 miles X.X.W. of Joigny, on 
 the right bank of the I'onne. Pop. in 1862. 520(i. 
 
 VI LLEXEUVI^LES-AVIGXON. veel'DUv' Idz d'veen'yAs<>', 
 a town of France, department of Gard. on the right bank 
 of the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with manufactures of 
 woollens and silks. Pop. 3723. 
 
 VILLEXEUVE-SUR-LOT, veernuv' silR lo. or VILLE- 
 XEUVE D'AOEX, veernuv/ dd'zhdx"'. (L. IWUi AVivi,.' s 
 town of France, department of Lo^et-6aroDne, 10 mi]<i6 ^' 
 
 11= 
 
VIL 
 
 of Agen. on both sides of the Lot. Part of its old fortifioa- 
 tions slill remain. It has courts of first resort and com- 
 merce, and the buildings of nn old abbey, used as a house 
 of correction for 11 departments, capaVile of receiving 1200 
 convicts, and an extensive trade in prunes. Pop. in 1852, 
 13.212. 
 
 VI(,LK PL.\TTK, reel plat, a post-office of St. Landry pa- 
 rish, Loui.-fiana. 
 
 VlLIiKKS. vei-ryi/ or vee^yk'. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Hnibant, 21 miles S.S.K. of Brussels, with the mag- 
 nificent ruins of a Cistercian abbey foumleil in 1147. 
 
 AILLEKS-BRKTONNEUX, vec^vi' breli-ton'nuh', a town 
 of Franco, department of Somnie. 10 miles E. of Amiens, 
 with manufactures of woollens and flannels. Pop. 3284. 
 
 VIM^KIiS-COTTKKETS, veeyV knt'tfh-rA', a town of 
 France, department of Aisne. 14 miles S.W. of Soissons. 
 Pop. in lSf)2. 31502. It has a castle built by Francis I., now 
 n depot of mendiiity for the department of Seine, and manu- 
 factures of wooden utensils. 
 
 VILLEKS OU I LAIN, vee'yA' pheenftN"'. a town of France, 
 deoartment of Nord, 11 miles S..S.W. of Cambrai. Pup. 2073. 
 
 ViriLEKS-OUTHEAU, vee>:\/ oo'tnV. a town of France, 
 department of .\ord. 10 miles S.E of Cambrai. Pop. 2701. 
 
 i'lLIiETTE, La, II veelUitf, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine. arrondis.«ement of St. Denis, included within 
 the fortifications of Paris on the N.E. Pop. in 1852. 18,051. 
 It contains the great terminal basins of the Canals de 
 I'Ourcq. St. Denis, and St. Martin. It has potteries, vinegar 
 works, soap-boiling houses, sugar-refineries, and numerous 
 warehouses. 
 
 A'lLLEURBANNE. veePlUR'b.Inn'. a village of France, de- 
 partment of Isfere, 15 miles N. of Vienne. 'Pop. 4000? 
 
 VILLEVEQUE, (Villeveque.) veeriVvaik', a vill.ige of 
 France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 9 miles N.E. of An- 
 gers. Pop. 1743. 
 
 VILLEVEYUAC. veePvAVSk', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of llerault. 17 miles S.W. of Monfpellier. Pop.«2137. 
 
 VILLIEKS. vil'yer.«,a county in tlie British colony of Vic- 
 toria, Australia. It contains several small lakes, and the 
 m.aritime inlet of Port-Fairy. 
 
 VILLIERS-LE-BEL, vee^A' leh bM. a village of France, 
 decartment of Seine-et-Oise, 1 mile S.E. of Ecouen. P. 1883. 
 
 ^'ILLIEKSTOU'N, vil'yers-town, a chnpelry and village 
 of Ireland, co. of Waterford. 9^ miles N. of Youghal. P. 300. 
 
 Vn.M.MPENTA, vil-Iim-pJn't,4. or VILLIMPIXTA, vil- 
 Hm-pin't,i. a village of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, 
 province and 6 miles S.E. of Mantua. In 1790. after a severe 
 contest, a body of French were here almost cut to pieces by 
 the Austrians. Pop. 1400. 
 
 VILLI NO EN, fil'ling-en, a town of Baden, circle of Imke. 
 capital of a district, in the Black Forest, 42 miles N.W. of 
 Constance. I'op. 3870. It was formerly strongly fortified. 
 
 VILLMAU. fil'maR, a market-town of Germanv. Nassau, 
 near the Lahn. 8 miles S.W.'of Weilburg. Pop. 1046. 
 
 VILLMEKGEN, vill'mi^R'ghen, tbrmeriy VILLMAUIN- 
 GEN. vill'inaR-ingen. a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton of Aargau. 9 miles E.S.E. of Aargau. Pop. 1372. 
 
 VILLDQUILAMBRE, veel-yo-kee-ldm/br-A, a village of 
 Spain, province and 4 miles from Leon. Pop. 1201. 
 
 VILLOSLADA, vee!-yo-sli'D3, a market-town of Spain, 
 province and 29 miles S. of Logroiio. Pop. 1512, who manu- 
 facture woollens. 
 
 VILLU'LA, a small post-village of Russell co., Alabama. 
 It contains 2 .stores. 
 
 VILMANSTRANDorWILMANSTRAND. vil'mSn-strand*, 
 (Finlandish Lapperanda, Idp-p.A-rdn'dii.) a town of Finland, 
 laen and 30 miles N.W. of A'iborg, capital of a district, on the 
 8. shore of lAke Saima. Pop. 308. The Russians defeated 
 the Swedes near it in 1741, when the town was taken by the 
 Russians, to whom it was ceded by the treaty of Abo. 
 
 VILX.\ or WILNA, vil'ni, a government of Russian V(>- 
 land, mostly between lat, 53° 40' and 50° 20' N.. and Ion. 
 21° 10' and 27° E., having on the S. the government of 
 Grodno. E. Minsk, N. Courland. W. East Prussia, and on 
 the S.W. the kingdom of Poland, from which it is separated 
 by the river Niemcn. Area 16.434 square miles. Pop. in 
 1851, 787,009. The surface is a wide plain, interspersed 
 with a few sand-hills, and numerous marshes and lakes. 
 Principal rivers, the A'ilia. and other affluents of the Niemen 
 in the S.. Windau and Alass in the N. Rather more corn 
 (chiefly rye) is raised than is required for home consump- 
 tion. Large quantities of hemp and flax are produceil; 
 hops ami pul.se to a less extent. The forests are very ex- 
 tensive, and tar. potash, deals. &c., are important products, 
 also honey, and skins of elks, bears, wolves, foxes, mar- 
 tens, -and squirrels. The urns, or wild bull, is here met 
 with. Manufactures have increased of late, but they are 
 not yet of much consequence. The raw produce is exported 
 down the Duua to Riga, or overland to the Baltic by way 
 of Prussia. The trade is mo.stly in the hands of .lews. This 
 government retains many of its old privileges. It is diviiled 
 Into 11 circles. Principal towns, Vilna, the capital, Kovno, 
 Troki. Hossienna, and Kieydani. 
 
 VII^N.V or WlLN.\.acity of Russian Pol.'ind. capital of the 
 government of same name, and formerly capital of Lithua- 
 
 TIN 
 
 nl.a. is situated at the confluence of the Vileika and Vilia, 9( 
 miles N.E. of Grodno. Pop. 51,154, of whom 20,000 are Jews. 
 It stands on hilly ground, enclosed by a wall, and is built 
 chiefly of timber. It has a cathedral of the 14lh century, 
 containing good paintings, and the marble chapel and tomb 
 of St. Casimir; numerous other Roman Catholic, and Greek, 
 Lutheran, and Ciilvinist churches, 2 synagogues, a mo.^que, 
 a fine town-hall, an arsenal, exchange, theatre, several hos- 
 pitals, barracks, magazines, a governor's )ia!ace, and some 
 noble residences, which are handsome buildings, and re- 
 mains of the royal castle of the Jagellons, kings of Poland. 
 Vilna is the residence of civil and military governors, the 
 see of a Greco-Russian archbishop, and a Roman Catholic 
 bishop, and the seat of a medico-chirurgica.l sdiool, with a 
 botanic garden, an ecclesiastical seminary, several gymna.sia, 
 and other high schools, and an acadc^my, replacing its uni- 
 versity, which was suppressed in 1832, and the library and 
 museums of which were chiefly removed to Kiev. It has a 
 few manufactures and a considerable trade. Vilna waa 
 founded in the beginning of the 14th century. Many ot 
 the nobility still continue to reside in it. It repeatedly 
 s\ifTer(;d from fire in the last century. 
 
 VI LS. fils, a river of Bavaria, circles of Upper and Lower 
 Bavaria, joins the Danube at A'ilshofen. nfteran E.N.E. course 
 of 70 miles. 
 
 V1I..S. a river of Bavaria, circle of Lower Franconia, after 
 a S. course of oO miles, joins the Nab. 21 miles S. of Ambcrg. 
 
 VILS, a town of the Tyrol, on the Bavarian frontier, and on 
 the Vils, a small aflluent of the Lech, 4 miles S.W. of Fussen 
 Pop. 588. * 
 
 VILSBIBURG, fils'lie-boORa\ a w.iUed town of Lower 
 Bavaria, capital of a district, on the Vils, 11 miles S.E. of 
 Landshut. Pop. 1246. It has nitre factories and breweries. 
 
 VILSECK. fil'sjk, a small town of I^wer Bavaria, circle 
 of Upper Palatine, on the Vila, 11 miles N.N.W. of Amberg. 
 Pop. 1218. 
 
 VILSUOFEN, fils^o'fen, a walled town of Lower Bavaria, 
 capital of a district, on the Danube, here joined by the Vils, 
 13 miles W.N.W. of Pa.ssau. Pop. 2150. 
 
 VILTERS, vil'ters, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton and 28 miles S.S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1700. 
 
 VILVESTRE, veel-v^s'trA. several market-towns of Spain; 
 the principal 46 miles W.N.W. of Salamanca, near the Portu- 
 guese frontier. Pop. 14(X). 
 
 A'lLVOOKDEN, vil-voR'den, (Fr. Tilvm-rle, veoPvoRd'.) a 
 town of Belgium, province of South Bi-abant, 6 miles N.N.E. 
 of Brus.sels, on the railway to Antwerp. Pop. 5200. Its 
 large old castle now serves for a penitentiary. Here Tindal, 
 who first translated the Bible into English, suffered martyr- 
 dom as a heretic in 1536. 
 
 VIMEIRA, ve-m.A'e-r3, a petty town of Portugal, province 
 of Estremadura, near the coast, 7 miles N. of Torres- Vedras, 
 famous for the defeat of the French by the Duke of Welling- 
 ton. August 21. 1808. 
 
 VIM ERCATE, ve-m jR-kd'tA, (anc. Vilais MarHius f) a town 
 of Nortliuru Itiily, al)out 14 miles N.E. of Milan. Pop. 
 2300. 
 
 VIMIEIRO, ve-me-A'e-ro, a Tillage of Portugal, province 
 of Alemtejo, 20 miles N. of Evora. 
 
 VIMIOSO, ve-me-o'so, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- 
 • vince of Tras-os-Montes, near the Spanish frontier, 14 miles 
 S.E. of Braganza. Pop. 1000. 
 
 A'IMOUTIER, vee'moo'te-A', a market-town of France, 
 department of Orne, on the Vire, 17 miles N.E. of ,\rgentan. 
 Pop. in 1852, 4078. Linen fabrics are extensively made here 
 and in the vicinity. 
 
 VINADIO. ve-nd'doo. a town of North Itiily, Piedmont, 
 21 miles W.S.W. of Coni, on the Stura. Pop. 3114. 
 
 VPNALHA'VEN, a township of Knox co.. Maine, com- 
 prising the South Island and several smaller islands in 
 Penobscot Bay, about 60 miles E.S.E. of Augusta. The 
 inhabitants have 2000 tons of shipping employed in the 
 fisheries. The island has about half its surface covered with 
 granite. Pop. 1667. 
 
 VINALMONT, vee''nirm<!iN<'', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince and 18 miles W.S.W. of Liege, on the Mehaigne. 
 Pop. 1144. 
 
 VINAROZ, ve-ni-roth', a town of Spain, province and 4C 
 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana, near the mouths of the 
 Ebro, and close to the Mediterranean. Pop. 10,000. It is 
 partly enclosed by ruined walls, ill built, but has a fine 
 parish church, hospital, ship-building yard, a coasting trade, 
 and active fisheries. 
 
 VINAY. vee^nA', a town of France, department of Isere, 
 16 miles W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 3429. 
 
 VINCA, viso^si', a town of France, department of Pyr6- 
 nees-Onentales, near the Tct, 19 miles W.S.W. of Perpignan. 
 Pop. 2021. 1 1 is enclosed by walls. In its vicinity are medi- 
 cinal spring.s. 
 
 VIXCENNES, vin-sJnz'. (Fr. pron. v^N^Wnn',) a town and 
 castle of France, department of Seine, 4 miles E. of the 
 Barriere du Trone, Paris. Pop. in 1852, 8451. The castle, 
 erected in 1339, in the midst of a forest, was used as a royal 
 residence till the time of Louis XV. It was afterwards m.ide 
 a state prison, and has a square turreted keep, is enclosed 
 
 2045 
 
YIN 
 
 l>y ilrf ^Itohea, and entered by two drawbridges. The great 
 CouAi Diderot, Minil>eau. and many other distinguished 
 rxTSor-R hare been confined in this fortress, outside of which 
 the D ike D'Knghien was shot, March 21. ISOl. It contains 
 a fine armory, depot of artillery, and the tomb of the Duke 
 D'iinii^hien. Tlie wood of A'incennes is a favorite holiday 
 resor'. of the I'arisiaus. 
 
 VI.VCKXXKS, Tin-sinz', a pleasant town, capital of Knox 
 CO., Indiana, is situated on the left bank of the Wabash 
 River, l-JO miles S.W. of Indianapolis, and 56 miles X. of 
 Evansville. Lat. 38° 43' N., Ion. 87° 20' W. Vincenues is 
 the oldest town in the state, and possesses more historical 
 interest than any other place in Indiana. It was settled by 
 a colouy of French emigrants from Canada, about the year 
 1735. For several generations they were the only tenants 
 of these vast solitudes, excepting the tribes of savages, with 
 whom they lived on friendly terms. It was the seat of the 
 territorial government until 1813, when it was removed to 
 Corydon. Many of the present inhabitants are of French 
 descent. It contains a Catholic cathedral, 9 Protestant 
 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and an orphan asylum. 
 The river is navigable by steamboats in this part of its 
 course. The Cincinnati and St. Ixiuis llailroad here inter- 
 sects the Exansville and Cn\wfords«lle Railroad. Vincen- 
 nes has 2 iron foundries, 2 woollen factories, 4 steam flour- 
 ing-mills, 1 manufactory of furniture, 2 of civixiages, and 1 
 of plows. Pop. in 18.50, 2070; in 18(j0, 3960. 
 
 TIX'CENT, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 VINCEXT, ST., an island. See S.unt Vixcext. 
 
 TIN'CEXTTOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New 
 Jersey, on the S. branch of Rancocas Creek, 5 miles S.S.E. 
 of Mount Holly. It contains 3 churches, 1 bank, 1 academy, 
 1 mill, sevoraf stores, and about 150 dwellings, which are 
 chiefly on a single street. 
 
 VJXCHI.^TUllO, vin-ke-^-too'ro, a town of Naples, pro- 
 vince of Molise, district and 6 mUes S.S.W. of Campobaiso. 
 Pop. 3000. 
 
 VIXCIIIO, vin'ke-o, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Alessandria, province of Asti. Pop. 1078. 
 
 VIXCI, vin'chee, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, province and 
 17 miles W. of Florence. Pop. 5300. 
 
 VIXDAU, WIXDAU, vinMOw, or VIXDAVA, vin-d.?'va, 
 a. river of Russia, rises near t-havli. government of Vilna, 
 flows X.X.W. past Goldingen. and enters the Baltic at Yin- 
 dau after a course of 100 miles. 
 
 VIXDAU, WIXDAU or VIXDAVA, a seaport town of 
 Russia, government of Courland, at the mouth of the Vin- 
 dau, in the Baltic. 100 miles X.W. of Mitiui. Pop. 2000. 
 It has a considerable export trade in com, timber, linseed, 
 flax, and salted provisions. 
 
 VIXDUVA (vind'yd.)or VIXDHYAX,Mnd'}-4n) SIOUX- 
 TAINS, a mountain range of Ilindostan. extending from E. 
 to W. across the peninsula of ludia, from the basin of the 
 Ganges to Guzerat. It forms the X. boundsiry of the valley 
 of the .Xerbudda, unites the X. extremities of the East and 
 West Ghauts, and extends from lat. 22° to 25° X. It is of 
 granitic formation, overlain with sandstone. All S. of this 
 range was called the Deccan under the Moguls, while all X. 
 of it was named Ilindostan. 
 
 VIXDICARI, vin-de-kJ'ree. (anc. Navstathmus f) a small 
 town and port of Sicily, 7 miles S.S.E. of Noto. 
 
 VIXDO. See Wertach. 
 
 VIXDOBOXA. SeeViENKi. 
 
 VIXDOXISSA. SeeWiNDiscH. 
 
 VIX'EGAR HILL, Ireland, Leinster. co. of Wexford, im- 
 mediately E. of Ennisoorthy. was in 1798 the head-quarters 
 and scenes of many of the atrocities of the Irish. insurgent 
 forces. 
 
 VIXEGAR HILL, a post-office of .To Daviess co., Illinois. 
 
 VINE (JROVE. a post^iflce of Washington co., Texas. 
 
 VIXEYARD, Vermont. See La Motte. 
 
 yiXiyy.tKD, a post-office of Irwin co., GeorgL<i. 
 
 VIXEYAKD, a township in Washingtou co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 7H. 
 
 VIXEYARD MILLS, a postofflce of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 VIXEYARD SOUXD. Massachusetts, separates Martha's 
 < ineyard from the Elizabeth Islands ; length about 20 miles, 
 average )>readth from 4 to 5 miles. 
 
 y}'.^!^!''/,?'*^^ •^' * Post-offit-e of Lincoln co- Tennessee. 
 
 >IXGA SOUXD. Sweden. See Wisqa. 
 
 V1NG0K/L.\, 
 
 lodian Ocwan. 
 
 VINH AES. veen-yi'Jss, a town of Portugal, province of 
 T>~M.H-Monte8, 14 miles W. of Braganza. It is walled, 
 enten-d by two gates, and has an old fort. 
 fl«J« ^^* °'/I^:"Z.A v,.„it/«l, a town of Austrian 
 ^i vk-2^-f "i-v* T' ,<^ >-^V. of VV«ra.sdin. with a castle. 
 
 \ IN K fc\ KhN. vm'kfh■vaiu^ a village of the Xetherlands, 
 ^'?M v';r Tlh ""'"^ ''"•^^- "<■ Utrecht. Pop. 903. 
 ♦„wi Jm.i"; " ^j"-''"^t'«?l>- or VIXKO'WITZ. a market- 
 town of Military Slavonia, capital of the co. of Broo., in a 
 2046 
 
 YIR 
 
 picturesque situatiouon the Boszut, (bo'8oot\)20 miles S.B. 
 of Eszek. Pop. 22IX>. It has Greek and Roman Catholic 
 churches, a Roman Catholic college, a high school, and a Ger- 
 man normal school. 
 
 VIXKOVITTS or WIXKOWITZ, vink-o-vits/, a inarUet- 
 town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 28 niiljs 
 N. of Ooshitsa. Pop. 1500. 
 
 VIX'LAXD, a post-village and township in the N. part cl' 
 Winnel«go co.. A\ iscoiisin. Pop. 962. 
 
 VIXXIXGEX, vin'ning-f n, a village of Bavaria, Palatinaf f, 
 district of Pirmasens. Pop. 1076. 
 
 VIXMTSA. WIXXITZA or WIXXICA, rin-nit'si or vln- 
 neefsi, a town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 
 capital of a circle, on the Bug, 80 miles N.K. of Kamienieo. 
 Pop. 7500. It is enclosed Ijy a deep ditch, and has a citadel, 
 Roman Catholic churches, a college, and a .synagogue. 
 
 A'lXOVO, ve-no'vo. a village of North Italy, i'iedmont, 
 province and 9 miles S. of Turin. Pop. 3007. 
 
 VIXSOBI\ES. v.^xo\sob"r', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Drome, 6 miles S.E. of Valreas. I'op. 1576. 
 
 VIXTIMIGLIA, vin-te-meol'yl or VKXTIMIGLIA, T?n- 
 te-meel'yi,. (anc. A'lbiutn. Jnlime'lium,) a fortitied town of 
 the Sanlinian dominions. 18 miles E.N.E. of Xice. on the 
 Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Roya. Pop. 5000. It 
 has a cathedral, a bishop's palace. 2 convents, a clerical 
 seminary, hospital, and castle. The surrounding district 
 is protluetive in wine, oil. and fruit. 
 
 ^^XTOX, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area of 
 about 414 square miles. It is intersected by Salt and 
 Racoon Creeks, which flow nearly southwartl. The surface 
 is undulating and well timbered; the soil is highly produc- 
 tive. Vinton county contains large dejwisits of iron and 
 stone-coal, which have not been worked hitherto, but have 
 now become easily accessible by means of the Marietta and 
 Cincinnati Railroad, whicli pjisses through them, and is 
 completed. Formed in 1850, by a division of live atljoining 
 couiiti«3. Capital, McArthurstown. Pop. 13,631. 
 
 VINTON, a village of Lowndes eo., Mississippi. 
 
 VINTON, a post-village of Gallia co., Ohio, on a branch of 
 Racoon Creek, about 00 miles S.W. of Muriettju 
 
 VIXT' »', a tow-nship of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 807. 
 
 VINTON, a post-village, capifcil of Benton co., Iowa, on 
 Cedar River. See Appendix. 
 
 VIXUESA, ve-nwA's,^, (anc. Tiscmiiium f) a town of Spain, 
 province and 15 miles N.W. of Soria, on the A'inuesa and 
 Lacrar, at the foot of the Sierra Ameros. Pop. 722. Here 
 are traces of a Roman highway. 
 
 VIXZAGLIO, vin-zil'yo, a market-town of North Italy, 
 Piedmont, 4 miles E. of Aercelli. I'op 1123. 
 
 VIOLA, ve-o'ld, a village of the Sardinian States, about 10 
 miles S.E. of Mondovi, on both sides of the Monza. P. 1365. 
 
 VHyLA. a p<ist-office of Delaware co., Iowa* 
 
 Vl'OLET, a township of Fairfield oo., Ohio. Pop. 2030. 
 
 VIo'LY, a post-office of Blount CO., Alabama. 
 
 VIOXE, ve-o'uA. a village of Xorthera Italy, province and 
 68 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 11C3. 
 
 VIQUE. a city of Spain. See Vich. 
 
 VIRANCHll'OORA, VIRAXCIIIPURA, ve-rln-che poo'rl, 
 or BKIXJEVERAM, brin-je-ve-rdm', a town of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, district of North Arcot, near Vellore, 
 and formerly importsmt. 
 
 VIRAX SHEUR, Asia Minor. See Veeran Shehh. 
 
 VIRAPELLY. ve-rd-p^l'lee. a town of British India, tex- 
 ritory and 9 miles X.E. of Cocliin. 
 
 VIR'DEN", a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois, on thq 
 Chicago and St. liOuls Railroad, 50 miles N.N.E. of Alton. 
 
 VIRE, veeR, (anc. Viria?) a river of France, departments 
 of JIanche and Calvados, after a N. course of 70 miles enteru 
 the English Channel, 15 miles N. of St. Lo. It is navigable 
 for its last '20 miles. 
 
 VIKE. (anc. Viriaf) a town of France, department of Cal- 
 vado.s, on the right bank of the Vire. 34 miles S.W. of Caen. 
 Lat. 48^: 51' X., Ion. 0° 55' W. Pop. in 1S52. 7206. It has a 
 handsome church, communal college, public library, cham- 
 ber of manufactures, tribunal of commerce, and manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloths and paper, needles, and other steel 
 goods, horn work and leather ; and in its vicinity are iron- 
 mines and forges. 
 
 VIREY'. vee^r.V, a village of France, department of Mauche, 
 9 miles S.W. of Mortain. Pop. 1485. 
 
 VIRGKX RIVER. See Rio Virges. 
 
 VIR/GIL. a post-village and township of Cortland CO., New 
 Y'ork. 40 miles S. of Syracuse. Pop. of the townsliip. 2'i23. 
 
 VIRGIL, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, about 60 
 miles W. by S. of Peoria. 
 
 VIR'GIX GOR'DA. one of the Virgin Islands. British 
 AVest Indies, in the W. part of the group, lat. 18° oO' X., 
 Ion. 64° 14' W.. is of a very irregular shai^e. Length, from 
 N.E. to S.W., 9 miles; greatest breadth 4 miles. It has 
 many inlets affording anchorage. It suffered froxn an 
 earthquake in 1830. 
 
 VIRGIL a township in Kane co.. Illinois. Pop. 1200. 
 
 VIRGINIA, ver-jin'e-a. a small market town of Ireland, 
 Ulster, CO. and 15 miles S.E. of Cavan. 
 
 VIRGINIA, (Fr. VirginU, veeR'zhee'nee/,) one of thfl 
 
VIR 
 
 original gtat'ia of the North American Confederacy, is 
 hounded on the N. by Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Mary- 
 land ; E. bv Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by 
 North Carolina and Tennessee; and W. by Kentucky and 
 Ohio. It is separated from Ohio by the river of the same 
 name; from Maryland by the Potomac Kiver; and from 
 Kentucky partly "by the Cumberland Mountains and the 
 Big Sandy Kiver. Virginia is very irregular in outline, with 
 a narrovr projection extending N. between the Ohio Kiver 
 tnd the W. boundary of Pennsylvania. It lies between 30° 
 30' and 40° 38' N. lat., and between 75° 10' and 83° 30' W. 
 Ion., being about 42.5 miles in its greatest length from E. to 
 W., (but a line through the middle would e.Ktend about 350 
 miles.) and 210 in breadth, exclusive of the projection men- 
 tioned above, or 280 miles with it, including an area of 
 about 61, .352 square miles, or 39,205,280 acres, only 11,437,821 
 of whicli were improved in ISOO. 
 
 Face nf the Omnlry and Mountains. — No state in the con- 
 federacy presents a greater variety of surface than Virginia, 
 from the mountains of the interior, and the ruggetl hills E. 
 and W. of them, to the rich alluvions of the rivers, and the 
 sandy flats on the seacoast. This state has probably a 
 greater extent of mountainous country witliin its limits 
 than any one E. of the Kocky Mounfciins, though they do 
 not attiiin so great an elevation as in New Hampshire and 
 North Carolina. White Top, in Grayson county, the highest 
 land in Virginia, is elevated about 0000 feet above the level 
 of the sea. The state is usually divided into four sections. 
 1. The tidewater district, containing 37 counties, bordering 
 on the Atlantic and Chesapeake Hay, is generally level, not 
 more than 00 feet above tide, even in its highest parts. 2. 
 Passing V\'., we come to a more elevated tract, called by some 
 the Piedmont (foot of the mountain) district, containing 32 
 counties. This is more varied, as well as more elevated iu 
 surface than the district we have just left. 3. The valley 
 district, containing 10 counties, is ent«!red by ascending the 
 Blue Ridge, (the outlier of the great Alleghany chain on 
 the E.,) which passes from Maryland into Virginia, near 
 llarper's Ferry, about 50 miles N.W. of Washington. This 
 district is crossed by the diiferent ridges of the great Appa- 
 lachian chain, known by various local names, and including 
 extensive valleys of fertile land between them; and 4, The 
 traus-.\lleghany district, containing 49 counties, and (as its 
 name implies) lying W. of the mountains. This portion is 
 mostly hilly and broken, or occupied with outlying spurs 
 of the jllleghanies. 
 
 The mountains extend across the middle of the state, in 
 a S.W. and N.E. direction, and occupy a belt of perhaps 
 from 80 to 100 miles in width. As before statetl, tlie Blue 
 Ridge forms the eastern barrier of the mountjiinous region, 
 and the Laurel, Oreenbrier, and Great Flat Top Mountains 
 the western. Between these last and the Blue Ridge lie the 
 Great North, Sliort. Mill. Jackson's, Peters', Potts', Walker".s. 
 Iron, North Branch, and Cheat ilountains. Next to White 
 Top, the highest known summit is the Peaks of Otter, be- 
 tween Bedford and Botetourt counties, about 4200 feet above 
 the level of the sea. The Cumberland Mountains are on 
 the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia. The valley 
 district is in fact a table-land, elevated from 1200 to 1500 
 feet alrave tide-water. 
 
 Gi:ol(>gij. — A tract of the tertiary formation ocsupies the 
 S.E. part of Virginia, from the .sea and bay coast to a line 
 slightly diverging S.W. from the N.W. angle of King George 
 county, on the Potomac, passing near Richmond, and leaving 
 the state near the S.W. angle of Brunswick county. This is 
 Buccee led by a wide belt of primary formation, reaching to 
 the base of the Blue Ridge Mountain.s. Two narrow belts of 
 new red sandstone, having the same S.W. trend, come to the 
 surface in several parts of this great primary bed. West of 
 the Blue Ridge, a narrow rim of Potsdam sandstone crops out, 
 succeeded by a zone of Black River, Birdseye, and Trenton 
 limestone, having near the middle of it the towns of Win- 
 chester, Staunton, and Lexington. This in turn is followed 
 by various groups, (extending in the same direction to the 
 western mountain ridge.) viz., of gray sandstone, Hamilton 
 Group, including 'fully limestone, (this group contains 
 shales of various colors, greywacke, pyrites, producing rock 
 and limestone shales,) Ilelderberg limestone. Portage and 
 Chemung Groups, (flag-stones, shales, and thin bedded sand- 
 stones.) Jlediua sandstone, (consisting of variegated sand- 
 stones and marl, and giving origin to brine springs.) and the 
 Cirboniferous limestone. The great Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 iBituniinou.< coalfield occupies the space between the western 
 slope of the mountains and the Ohio River, and the state of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 MinernU. — Virginia is rich in minerals of the more useful 
 ?ort, and some of the precious metals. Her list of mineral 
 treasures includes gold, copper, iron, lead, plumbago, coal, 
 salt, gypsum, (in vast beds.) porcelain clay, fine granite, 
 glate, marble, soapstone, lime, water-lime, and fire-clay. 
 The most productive gold-mines are in Fluvanna, Orange. 
 Spottsylvania, Goochland, and Buckingham counties, and 
 have proved rather expensive working hitherto, but recent 
 reports from that district say that by the aid of the quartz- 
 crusher, at *he Wyckoff Mine, 102i pennyweights of fine 
 
 VIR 
 
 metal was extracted from about a ton of earth and roclt 
 The .Marshall Mine, in Spottsylvania county, is said to have 
 yielded $300,000. This gold is extracted from a portion of 
 an auriferous region reaching from the Rappahannock Ifivor 
 to tlie Coosa, iu Alabama. According to the Report of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury for 1854. the gold received at thu 
 diiferent mints of the United States, the product of Virgi- 
 nia since 1792. w^as §1,420.131. The copper-mines of Vivcinia, 
 in the same district, are al.so beginning to attract attention, 
 and the ore of the .Manassas Gap Mine, Fauquier county, 
 70 miles from Alexandria, is said to yield 75 per cent, of 
 pure copper. Carroll and Floyd counties are also reported 
 as alx)uuding in this ore; but the greatest sources of 
 wealth of Virginia, as well as elsewhere, are her homelier 
 minerals, coal and iron, which e.xist in inexhaustible 
 quantities. In the valley of Virginia hematites occur iu 
 abundance, and sj^ecular and magnetic ores throughout 
 the South-We.st MounUiins. Vast fields of bituminous coal 
 abound around Richmond, on the North Potomac and W. 
 of the Alleghany Mountains. Large beds of anthracite 
 are found also beyond the Great Valley. An inexhaustible 
 supply of coal exists on the Kanawha and its tributaries, 
 and a vein of cannel coal has recently been discovered 
 near Charleston, of considerable extent. Taylor computes 
 the area of the coal regions of Virginia at 21,195 square 
 miles, which is probably below the truth. A great variety 
 of mineral springs, sulphur, warm and ehalyb(!at<!, are 
 found in the Valley district, about the middle of tlie state. 
 Copious salt-springs abound in the Kanawha and in the 
 S.W. counties, and the completion of the Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee Railroail must greatly enhance the value of these. 
 From 100 t<j 150 barrels of petroleum are annually collected 
 from a spring on Hew's River, miles from its mouth, in 
 the Little Kanawha. Extensive salt-mines occur iu the 
 same region, and are doubtless the source of the saline 
 springs, spoken of above. A deposit of this valuable culi 
 nary mineral, situated near the source of the Holston River, 
 is encased in a bed of gypsum, 220 feet beneath the surface. 
 
 livjs. Kiv.rs, and ULands. — There are no large lakes in 
 Virginia. Cliesapeake Bay, which has its outlet in tliis state, 
 though more than half its length is in Maryland, receives 
 tile waters of most of the rivers on the Atlantic slof>e of 
 Virginia, viz., the Potmnac, navigalile for the largest ships 
 to Alexandria, 100 miles from the Bay; the Rappahannock, 
 navigable to Fredericksburg for vessels of 140 tons; the 
 York and its branches, navigable to Vorktown. 40 miles, 
 for large ships; the James audits principal aflluent, the 
 Appomattox, the former navigable to Kichmond, and the 
 latter to Petersburg, for vessels of 100 tons. The Cliowau 
 and Roanoke, with their numerous affluents, rise in the S. 
 of the state, and find an outlet in Albemarle Sound, in 
 North Carolina. The Shenandoah, South and North Branch, 
 (aftluents of the Potomac.) drain the northern portion of 
 the valleys of the .\ileghanies, and the head waters of the 
 James, the central. The Monongahcla, Little Kanawha, 
 Great Kanawha, navigable 05 miles, Guyandot, and Big 
 Sandy Rivers, navigable 50 miles, drain the N.W. slope of 
 the state, and empty into the Ohio. The Great Kanawha is 
 navigable 00 miles for steamboats. The Holston and Clinch, 
 with their smaller branches, have their sources in the S.W. 
 of Virginia, and pass olf into Tennessee, to join the river 
 of that name. There are a few small but unimportant 
 islands off the S.E. coast of Virginia. 
 
 Olijccts of Interest to Tourists. — Virginia abounds in objects 
 of this class. Among the mountains of her central coun- 
 ties. l)etween the Blue Itidge on the K. and the Alleghany 
 on the W., are found the noted medicinal springs of Virgi- 
 nia, the most celebrated of which are Berkeley Springs, in 
 IMorgan county; Capon, in Hampshire; Shannoudale, in 
 Jefferson; White Sulphur, in Fauquier; Rawley'.s, in Rock- 
 ingham; Augusta, in Augusta; Bath, Alum, Warm, and 
 Hot Springs, in Bath; Alum, in Rockbridge; Dibbrell's, in 
 Botetourt; White Sulphur and lilue Sulphur, in Green- 
 brier; Red, Sweet. Salt Sulphur, and Red Sulphur, in Mon- 
 roe, and White Sulphur Springs, in Grayson, couiity. The 
 AVhite Sulphur Spring, of Greenbrier county, 'the most 
 celebrated, is strongly impregnated with carbonic and 
 nitrogen gases, and with sulphates of lime and magnesia, 
 and carbonate of lime; the principal ingredients of the Salt 
 Sulphur Springs are sulphates of lime, soda, and magnesia, 
 and carbonates of lime and magnesia, and of gaseous mat- 
 ter, nitrogen, carbonic acid, and sulphuretted hydrogen; the 
 Red Sweet Springs, sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda, 
 and carbonates of lime and magnesium, and of gaseous 
 matter, carbonic acid and nitrogen; and warm sulphui, 
 muriate of lime, sulphates of lime and m.agne.sia. and car- 
 bonate of lime; of ga.seous matter, nitrogen, cartionic acid, 
 and sulphuretted hydrogen. Temperature about 100°; tem- 
 perature of the hot springs, 100° to 107°. In all cases we 
 only give the prominent ingredients. There are also to be 
 found in this region, commencing at the north, the far- 
 famed passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, at 
 Harper's Ferry, so eulogized by Jefferson; Wyers' or Wier's 
 Cave, -Madison Cave, and the Chimneys, in Augusta county; 
 the celebrated Natural Bridge, in Rockbridge county ; PeakB 
 
 ^2047 
 
VIR 
 
 of Ottor. in Bedford, and White Top Mountain, in Grayson 
 county; the Buffulo Knob, in Floyd (wunty; the Natural 
 Tunnel, in foott county, through which a stream passes 
 under au arch of 70 feet in elevation, with twice that thick- 
 ness of superincumbent earth; Peak Knob and Ghiss ^\ in- 
 dows. (elevations of peculiar formation.) in Pulaski county ; 
 the Hawk's Nest, on New Kiver, in Fayette county, and the 
 Falls of the Potomac, a few miles above Georgetown, District 
 of Columbia, When Virginia's railroads shall have been 
 guffi<;ientlv completed to make her springs, her mountains, 
 her caves." water-falls, natural bridges, &c., as accessible as 
 those of New York, she can scarcely fail to share largely 
 with that state the prosperity that attends extensive travel 
 of wealthv pleasure-seekers and valetudinarians. Though 
 Virginia has no Niagara, yet her springs are situated among 
 mountains abounding in picturesque scenery, and are good 
 resting-places from whence to make excursions among the 
 mountains, or to visit the caves and other objects of interest. 
 AVier's Cave, one of these objects, 17 miles N.K. of Staunton, 
 extends about 2600 feet beneath the earth, and is hung with 
 gparklins stalactites. JIadison, in the same neighborhood, 
 and Blowing and Saltpetre Caves, 40 miles N.W. of them, 
 are smaller, but interesting objects. But the great natural 
 lions of Virginia are the Ilawk's Nest, 9 miles from Mhite 
 Sulphur Springs, on New Kiver, where there is a per|ien- 
 dicular clift of 1000 feet above the river, declared by Miss 
 Slartineau to have produced a greater effect on her mind 
 than Niagara itself; and the world-renowned Natural Bridge, 
 over Cedar Creek, in KockbriJge county, formed jiroliably 
 either by the action of water during the long course of ages 
 on the subjacent rock, or by some convulsion of the earth. 
 Tbe fissure is about 90 feet wide ; the height of the under 
 side of the arch 200, and of the upper side 240 feet above the 
 water. High up. on this rock, carved by his own hand, the 
 loftier name of Washington stands engraved. Though less 
 noteil, the Peaks of Otter are spoken of by Jefferson as afford- 
 ing one of the grandest views in our country. Looking 
 from its summit (4260 feet) to the E. and S.K., you have be- 
 fore you the whole extent of the country to the shores of 
 the Atlantic. In -illeghany county is the highest cataract 
 in the state, but the Ixxly of water is not great. In Giles 
 county is a small lake, elevated 3700 feet, which is 600 feet 
 deep. But we can only afford space to say, that of the nu- 
 merous springs the White Sulphur, in Greenbrier county, 
 is the most in repute, and of course the most visited. The 
 w.iters of the different springs contain lime, sulphur, soda, 
 magnesia, iron, iodine, and phosphorus. 
 
 Ciimate. — There is necessarily, from its topography, great 
 variety in the climate of Virginia. In the low country, near 
 the coast, it is hot and unhealthy in summer, and bilious 
 and intermittent fevers prevail in autumn. It is mild, how- 
 ever, in winter, but liable to be visited by long drouglits in 
 summer. The central or mountain counties have a cool and 
 salubrious temperature, with warm days, it is true, but the 
 nights are cool and refre.shing. West of the mountains, 
 though some degrees cooler than on the coast in winter, 
 the summers in parts are very hot. 
 
 Soil and I'rnductions. — Washington pronounced the central 
 counties of Virginia to be the finest agricultural district in 
 the United States, (of course, as he knew it,) and Daniel 
 Webster declared, in a public speech in the Shenandoah 
 Valley, that he had seen no finer farmiug land in his 
 European travel, than in that valley. A'irgiuia, with a better 
 system of culture, has every element of industrial greatness ; 
 a climate equally removed from the extremes of "tlie north 
 and the south ; a soil with every variety, from the light sands 
 of the south-east, (favorable to the peach, sweet potato, 
 melon, and other fruits.) to the rich alluvions of the river 
 bottoms and mountain valleys, favorable to wheat, Indian 
 corn, tobacco, and even, in some parts, to cotton and rice; 
 mountain pastures, capable of supporting large flocks of sheep, 
 and herds of cattle and swine; the finest harbor on the 
 Atlantic coast; navigable rivers, abounding in shell and 
 fin fish, furrowing: her plains and valleys on the e-ist and on 
 the west, and affording, besides, immense water-power ; and 
 with the" most useful minerals in abundance, what needs 
 she but for her people to will it, to make her the leading 
 State of the confe-Jeracy, and one of the most desirable to 
 reside in? The emigration that has commenced from the 
 North to the worn-out lands of Virginia, is a proof of her 
 ad%-antages in agriculture. According to an address of E. 
 Kuffin, Esq.. of \ irgiiiia. the tide-water lands of that state 
 have mcreasod in value $17,000,000 in 12 years. In the cul- 
 ture of tobacco, Virginia has always surpassed every other 
 state m the Union, and was also tbe first state in which its 
 eulture was practised by civilized men to any considerable 
 extent. It was even used for a Ume as the currency of the 
 country. A irginia is the lourth state in the Union in the 
 amount of Hax produced. The other great sfciules are In- 
 dian com, wheat (in which it stands filth in amount). 
 oats, live stock, and butter. She also produces larnelv 
 rye. wool, peas, beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, buckwheat, 
 fruits, market products, cheese, hay, gra*s-«eed8, flax 
 maple sugar, beeswax, and honey, besides some rice, cotton! 
 barley, wine, hops, hemp, suk.and molasses. lu 1S60 there 
 
 YIR 
 
 were in Virginiall,437,821 acres of improved land (19,679,215 
 being unimproved), producing 13,130,977 bushels of wheat ; 
 944,330 of rye; 38,819,999 of Indian corn; 10,186.720 of oats; 
 515,168 of peas and be;ins; 2.292,398 of Irish potatoes; 
 1,960.817 of sweet potatoes; 478,090 of buckwlieat ; 90,025 
 of grass seeds ; 32,691 of fla.xseed ; 123,908,312 pounds of 
 tobacco; 2,510,019 of wool; 13.464,722 of butter; 280,852 of 
 cheese; 487.808 of flax; 938,103 of maple sugar; 94,8t;0 of 
 beeswax; 1.431,591 of honey; 445,133 tons of hay; live 
 stock valued art $47,803,049; orchard products at SSOO.650; 
 market products at $589,467; and slaughtered animals at 
 $11,491,0'27. According to a state census in 1851, there 
 were produced 14,516,950 bushels of wheat; 35,538,583 
 of Indian corn; 53,.S33 of flaxseed; 66,516,492 pounds of 
 tobacco; 11,126,785 of butter; 2,850,909 of wool; 1,223,905 
 of maple sugar ; 370,117 tons of hay ; 4599 of hemp ; and 
 wood, oysters, fish, peas, beans, potatoes, garden vegeta- 
 bles, friiits, &c., worth $5,000,000, making a total value of 
 $.Sr.,000,000. 
 
 Manufactures. — As is generally the case in the Southern 
 States. Virginia is less engaged in manufactures than in 
 agriculture, though the former branch of industry is yearly 
 claiming more attention and enlisting more capital: and 
 Virginia, if true to herself in applying her vast natural 
 resources of coal, iron, copper, and abundant water-power, 
 must soon ninge herself amoni: the manufacturing states. 
 There were in this state, in lSi30, 6385 establishments, pro- 
 ducing each S500 and upwards annually, engaged in min- 
 ing, manufactures, and the mechanic arts, employing an 
 aggregate capital of $26,935,560, and 36,174 bands, consum- 
 ing raw material worth $30,840,531, and yielding products 
 valued at $50,652,125. Among these were 17 cotton fac- 
 tories, employing capital to the amount of $1,387,543, 
 and ItKJl hands, consuming raw material worth SS31,187, 
 and producing annually stuffs valued at $1,520,766; 45 
 woollen factories, employing capital to the amount of 
 $4(>3,600, and 494 hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $389,204, and producing stuffs valued at $717,*>27; 54 iron 
 foundries, employing $42:>,6S2 capital, and producing cast- 
 ings valued at $621,025: 20 rolling-mills, employing a capi- 
 tal of $1 ,047,725. consuming raw material worth $854,466, and 
 producing bar-iron, railroad-uon, ic, valued at $1,666,885; 
 13S3 flour and grist-mills, employing $o,9S6,0t:O capital, and 
 2241 hands, and producing flour and meal valued at 
 $15,851,SS6; 261 tobacco fai:torie3, employing $3,856,990 
 capital, and 11,3S2 hands, and producing tobacco valued at 
 $12,236,683; and 305 tanneries, producing leather valued at 
 $1,355,806. Home-made manufactures valued at $1,576,627 
 were also produced. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Though Virginia has not kept 
 pace with the older and larger sister states in works of 
 internal improvement, she has at length become fully im- 
 pressed with their importance, and railroads have beeu 
 projected in every direction. According to the census of 
 18011, there were in this state 1771 miles of railroad com- 
 pleted, the construction and equipment of which cost 
 J64.95S,S07. Alexandria is the northeast terminus of the 
 Orange and Alexandria Kailroiid, which extends via Manas- 
 sas Junction, Culpepper, and Chailottesville to Lynchburg. 
 .\nother railroad, 38 miles long, extends from Alexandria 
 to Leesborg. The Manassas Gap Railroad is completed 
 from ManassiiS Junction to Mount Jackson, about 95 miles. 
 The Virginia Central is in operation from Richmond to Jack- 
 son's River, 195 miles. The Great Southern Line, passing 
 from Aquia Creek, through Fredericksburg, Richmond, and 
 Petersburg, has about 1.50 miles of its track in tliis state. 
 Roads are completed which unite Winchester to Harper's 
 Ferry ; Alexandria to Strasburg and Staunton ; Petersburg 
 to City Point, Lynchburg, and Newbern, Virginia; Rich- 
 mond to Keesville, Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Staunton, 
 Danville, Lynchburg, and other points Most of these form 
 parts of one or other of the great lines crossing the state, 
 the princii)al of which are the Virginia Central, intended 
 to unite Richmond with some point on the Ohio, at or near 
 Guyandotte; the A'irginia and Tennessee Railroad, to con- 
 nect Lynchburg (and indirectly Richmond, Petersburg, and 
 Norfolk) with Knoxville, in Tennessee, and (by uniting 
 with other lines) to Memphis and intermediate points; and 
 the Southsiiie Railroad, to connect with Charlotte, North 
 Carolina, and from thence with Charleston, South Carolina. 
 A line connects Norfolk with the Great Southern Rttiiroad, 
 at Weldon, North Carolina. Virginia was, we belieye, 
 among the very first to propose opening a communication 
 with the West by canal, a project in which Washington 
 took great interest, if he was not the projector. In 1834 was 
 commenced the James River and Kanawha Canal, designed 
 to connect Richmond with the navigable waters of th« 
 Great Kanawluu This work is now completed from Rich- 
 mond through Lj-nchburg to Buchanan, a distance of 196}/^ 
 miles, and is in progress to Covington, 30 miles farther west. 
 This canal has already cost $10,714,306. Dismal Swamp 
 Canal is partly in this state. The legislature had, in 185b. 
 appropriated $4,OuO,000 and upwards lor railroad purposeii, 
 and invested $9,430,159.48 in works of internal improve- 
 ment not completed, and $1,409,986.94 in works which yield 
 
yiR 
 
 no income. Tlie Dutch GjiI) Canal is cut through a neck 
 of laiiii Ibrnu'd by the James River below Riclimond, by 
 which a distance of about 5 miles is saved. 
 
 O'mniercx,. — Compared with her advantages, both as to 
 harbors and rivers, as well as to products, Virginia's direct 
 foreign trade is small, her commerce being mainly carried 
 on through the ports and the shipping of the North. Her 
 foreign imports for the fi.scal ye.ir 1854 amounted to 
 $1,270,216, and her exports to f4.754.148; tonnage entered 
 for the same year was 90,74-3, and cleared 83,3.30; tonnage 
 owned, 84.840, of which 22,388 was registered tonnage; 
 vessels built 19. aggregate tonnage 3227, of which 6 were 
 steamers. In the years 1852-3 and '4 respectively, there 
 were inspected, in Virginia, 51,806. 50.567. and 47.802 hogs- 
 heads of tobacco; and exported, 13.771, 10,081, and 14.420 
 hogsheads; and of flour, from Richmond and Petersburg, 
 74,920, 114,706. and 167.331 barrels, in the years and in the 
 order named above. But the great trade of Virginia is the 
 coasting trade, which consists in the export of her tobacco, 
 Indian corn, wheat, coal, tlour, woml, oy.sters. kc. In 18,52 
 there were delivered at Richmond by the different public 
 works, property valued at $10,0*)0,422. of wliich more than 
 5;7.(XXl.OOO were transported by the James River and Ka- 
 nawha Canal. There were inspected at Richmond 450,000 
 barrels of flour in 1853, of which 114,766 were exported to 
 foreign ports. 
 
 JCihicatimi. — A'irginia has no general free school system, 
 but makes an appropriation for the instruction of the poor. 
 The appropriation for primary schools in 1854 was S"5,0*)0, 
 and the annuity to the Unlversitv nf Viririnia is ?15.000. 
 According to the census report of 1860, there were in Vir- 
 ginia 23 colleges, with 2824 students, 1246,940 income, of 
 which $48,800 Wiis from endowments, S15.000 from public 
 funds; 3778 public schools, with 85,443 pupils, $498,638 in- 
 come, of which ?1 04,801 was from public funds, $72,338 from 
 taxation, and $4446 was endowments; 398 academies and 
 other schools, with 1.3,204 pupils, S-544,241 income, of which 
 $33,600 was from endowments, 826,927 from public funds, 
 and $15,324 from taxation. There are also in this state 1453 
 libraries containing 543,010 volumes, 1350 of which are pub- 
 lic, 10 are school, 71 are Sunday-school, 18 are college, and 
 4 church libraries. Of the colleges, the most flourishing 
 and most numerously attendetl is the University, which 
 had, in 1854. more than 500 students. There were in Vir- 
 ginia, in 18.i4. according to the American Almanac, 10 col- 
 leges, with 1168 students; 3 theological schools, with 119 
 students; 2 law schools, with 110 students; and 3 medical 
 schools, with some 250 students. Oeneral Robert E. Leo, 
 the late commander of the confederate army, has recently 
 been elected president of Washington College at Lexington, 
 an institution of high standing, founded in 1781. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 3105 churches in Vir- 
 ginia in 1860, the Baptists owned 787, the Christians 73, the 
 Episcopalians 188, the Friends 17, the German Reformed 12, 
 the Jews 3, the Lutherans 69, the Methodists 1403, the Pres- 
 byterians 290, the Reformed Presbyterians 10, the Roman 
 Catholics 33, the Unionists 175, the various minor sects 45; 
 giving 1 church to every 533 persons. The total value of 
 church property, $5,459,605. 
 
 Periodicals. — In 1860 Virginia had 15 daily, 5 tri-wcekly, 
 11 bi-weekly, and 103 weekly newspapers ; and 5 monthly 
 magazines or reviews. The whole number of copies issued 
 annually was 26,772,568. 
 
 Public Institutions. — At Staunton are the Institution for 
 the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, and tlie Western Insane Asylum, 
 both state institutions. The Eastern Insane Asylum is ai 
 Williamsburg, and the State Penitentiary at Richmond. The 
 latter had 199 inmates in 1850, of whom 11 were of foreign 
 birth, and 69 slaves. This state had in the same year, 21 
 publit libraries, with 32,595 volumes; 17 school and Sundaj- 
 school, with 4081; 14 college, with 50.850; and 2 church 
 libraries with .330 volumes.. The Virginia Historical Socii'ty, 
 founded in 1832, had Chief Justice Marshall for its president 
 for some years. 
 
 Population. — The white population of Virginia is mainly 
 of British origin, and until a recent period was very slightly 
 affected by admixture from other sources. The Virginians 
 have always prided themselves on their purity of descent, 
 and "one of the first families of Virginia," has become 'a 
 proverb. In 1790, this state numbered 748,.308 inhabitiints: 
 880,200 in 1800; 974,622 in 1810; 1.065.379 in 1820; 1.211,405 
 in 1830; 1,239,797 in 1840; l,4iil,6til in 1850; in 1800, 
 1,590,318; of whom 1,047,299 were whites, 58,042 free 
 colored, 490,865 slaves, and 112 Indians. l'op\ilation to 
 squ.are miles, 26, Rejtresentative population, 1,399,972, Of 
 tlie free population, 1,001,710 were born in the state; 68,685 
 in other states; 35,0.58 in foreign countries; of whom 4104 
 were born in England; 16,501 in Ireland; 1386 in Scotland; 
 584 in Wales; 389 in British America; 10,512 in Germany; 
 570 in France; and 1012 in otlier foreign countries. Of the 
 fiee population in the leading pursuits, 108,958 were far- 
 mers; 44.041 laborers; 30,518 farm laborers; 11,053 servants ; 
 9482 carpenters; 5459 overseers; 6134 clerks; 4904 mer- 
 chants; 4536 seamstresses; 4224 blacksmiths; 3728 shoe- 
 makers: 3550 teachers; 2467 physicians; 2357 Btudeuts; 
 6D 
 
 VIR 
 
 2244 apprentices, Ac, &c. In the year ending June 1st 
 1864, there occurred 22,474 deaths, or 14-3 in every 1000 
 Of 816 deaf and dumb, 121 were slaves (see Introbuctiom 
 to the volume on Ptpulation of the Eightli Census, pp. liv, Iv 
 Ivi, Ac); of 789 blind, 232 were slaves; of 1179 insane, 58 
 were slaves; of 1279 idiotic, 214 were slaves. 
 Counties. — Virginia is divided into 148 counties, viz. Acco- 
 mac, Alexandria, Albemarle, Alleghany, Amherst, Amelia, 
 ApjKJmattox, AugJista, Barbour,* Bath, Bedford, Berkeley,* 
 Boone,* Botetourt, Braxton,* Brooke,* Brunswick,Buchanaa. 
 Buckingham, Cabell,* Calhoun,* Carroll, Campbell, Caroline, 
 Charlotte, Charles City, Chesterfield, Clarke, Clay, Craig, 
 Culpepper, Cumberland, Dinwiddle, Doddridge,* Elizabeth 
 City, Essex, Fauquier, Fairfax, Fayette, Fluvanna, Floyd, 
 B'ranklin, Frederick, Giles, Gilmer,* Gloucester, Goochland, 
 Grayson. Greenbrier,* Greene, Greensville, Halifax, Hamp- 
 shire,* Hancock,* Hanover. Hardj',* Harrison,* Henry, Hen- 
 rico, Highland, Isle of Wight,Jackson,James City, Jefferson,* 
 Kanawha,* King George, King William, King and Queen, 
 Lancaster, Lee, Lewis,* Logiin,* Loudon, Louisa, Lunenburg, 
 Madison, Marion,* Marshall,* Mason,* Matthews,McDowel !,♦ 
 Mecklenburg, Mercer,* Middlesex, Monongalia,* Monroe,* 
 Montgomery, Morgan,* Nansemond, Nelson, New Kent, 
 Nicholas,* Northumberland, Northampton, Norfolk, Notta- 
 way, Ohio,* Orange, Page, Patrick, Pendleton,* Pittsylvania, 
 Pleasants,* Pocahontas, Powhatan, Preston,* Piince Edward, 
 Princess Anne, Prince George, Prince William, Pulaski, 
 Putnam,* Raleigh,* Randolph,* Rappahannock, Richmond, 
 Ritchie,* Roane,* Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Rus- 
 sell, .Scott, Shenandoah, Smyth, Southampton, Spottsylva- 
 nia. Stafford, Surry, Sussex, Taylor,* Tazewell, Tucker,* 
 Tyler,* llpsluu-,* Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne,* 
 Webster,* Westmoreland, Wetzel,* Wirt,* Wise, Wood,* 
 Wyoming,* Wythe, York. Capital, Richmond. 
 
 Cities and Tnwns. — Richmond is the largest town in 
 Virginia. Popuhition in 1860, 37,910; Petersburg, 18,266; 
 Norfolk, 14,620; Wheeling,* 14,083; Alexandria, 12,7.54; 
 Portsmouth, 9496; Lvnchburg, 6863; Fredericksburg, 5023; 
 Winchester, 4:i92; Staunton, 3875; Martinsburg,* 3304; 
 Manchester, 2793; South Wheeling,* 2630; Piukersburg,* 
 2493; Lexington, 2135; Woodstock, 2113. 
 
 Government, Finances, Ac. — The executive power is vested 
 in a governor, electetl by the people for 4 years, and receiv- 
 ing a salary of $5000 per annum. The governor cannot be 
 elected for two terms successively. A lieutenant-governor, 
 who is also president of the Senate, is elected in like manner 
 and for the .«ame period, and receives $8 per day during the 
 sessions of the legi.-^laturo. The secretary of the common- 
 wealth, the treasurer, and auditor, are each elected for two 
 years by the legislature on joint ballot. Three comniissiou- 
 ers of public works, from as many districts, are elected for 
 H years, so that one shall go out every second year. The 
 Senate, apportioned on the basis of pniperty and taxation 
 combined, consists of 50 members, elected for 4 years, so 
 that one-h.ilf shall go out every second year. The IIou.se of 
 Kepresentatives, apportioned on the basis of wliite popula- 
 lation, consists of 152 memliers, cho.-ien for two years. The 
 sessions of the legislature are biennial, and meet on the 
 second Mond.ay in January. The legislature may not con- 
 tinue in s(\«8ion more than 90 days without the consent of 
 three-fifths of the members, and then but for 30 days longer. 
 A re-apportionment must take place in 1805, and every 10 
 years thereafter. The judiciary consists — 1. Of 'a supreme 
 court of appeals, compose<l of 5 judges, elected by the voters 
 of each of the 5 sections into which the state is divided, for 
 12 years; 2. Of 10 district courts, composed of the judges 
 of the circuits for each section, and the judge of the supreme 
 court for that section ; 3. Of 21 circuit courts, held twice a 
 year, each presided over by a judge, elected by the people 
 of hi« particular circuit, for 8 years. Every white miile 
 citizen, 21 years old, a resident of the state for 2 years, and 
 of the county, lity, or town in which he votes for 12 months 
 next preceding an election, is a qualified voter, excepting 
 paupers, criminals, in.sane per.sons, and officers of the United 
 States government, temporarily stationed in the state. Vir- 
 ginia is entitled to 13 members in the national House of 
 Representatives, and to 15 electoral votes for President. 
 The state debt of Virginia w,as $22,389,477, October 1, 1S54, 
 besides $3,779,732 contingent debt, consisting of guarantees 
 to corporations for purposes of internal improvement; school 
 fund, $1,153,006; prixluctive property, $8,011,668; unpi-o- 
 ductive property. $5,899,958; ordinary expenses, exclu.<ive 
 of debt and school. $600.000 ; income for 1853-4. $1,397,047 ; 
 assessed value of property in 1850, $381,376,060; true 
 valuation, $391,640,438; true or estimated value in 1852, 
 $473,771,190. There were in Virginia, January 1, 1855, 20 
 banks and 38 branches, with an aggregate capital of 
 S14,0:i3,83H, a circulation of $10,834,863, and $2,728,482 in coin 
 
 History. — Virginia is the oldest of the permanent settle- 
 ments made by the English, and the oldest of the thirteea 
 states that confederated at the Revolution. It was settled 
 by a party of English, led by the celebrated Captain John 
 Smith, in 1607, and had in its earlier career great difficulties 
 
 * These coutitiei, towus, &c., are now included in tlie State of Weftt 
 Virginia. 
 
 2049 
 
YIR 
 
 to cotitend with, in the shape of famine, disease, and the 
 hostilities of the natives, often incited to depredations by 
 worthless settlers. Bacon's rebellion, the most serious of 
 these disturbances, broke out in the autumn of 1676. A 
 party who wore discontented with Berkeley for refusing to 
 commifision Bacon to lead them against the savanres who 
 had invaded the white settlements, slaughtering and burn- 
 ing, as was their custom, chose Bacon for their commander, 
 despite the governor, who, on Bacon's return from a suc- 
 cessful foray against the Indians, declared him a rebel. The 
 people rose again, put Bacon at their head, and commenced 
 a civil war against the governor, in which Jamestown w.is 
 burut. and the total defeat of the governor's party was only 
 prevented by the death of Bacon. Berkeley put to death 
 many of the adherents of Bacon's party. In 1677, Virginia 
 obtained a new charter, depriving her of some of her former 
 privileges, as a punishment for the rebellion. It wai<, how- 
 ever, soon after annulled by Charles II. on account of the 
 discontents of the people. In 1752. AVashington, then a 
 young man, was sent bj' Governor Dinwiddle as an envoy 
 to the French commander at Fort Du Quesne, (Pittsburg.) 
 and two years after, at the head of 400 men, defeated the 
 French party at the Great Meadows, but was obliged to ca- 
 pitulate shortly after to nearly a quadruple force. In 1755. 
 Wa.<hington served as a colonel in Braddock'a army, and 
 saved it from utter ruin. Virginia took an active part in 
 the events leading to, and in the conduct of the war of the 
 Kevolution, and gave to the army and to the nation that 
 illustrious chief who.se wi.sdom and firmness not only con- 
 ducted us through the perils of a seven years' war, but also 
 contributed so greatly to establish our government on a 
 firm basis. Besides Washington, several eminent statesmen 
 ami officers were natives of Virginia; among them were 
 Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the two Lees, Patrick Henry, 
 Chief Justice Marshall, Henry Clay, and a number of others. 
 On her soil occurred several events of the Revolution; pro- 
 minent among them, the surrender at Yorktown in October. 
 1781, which in reality put an end to the war. Washington 
 died December 14, 1799. Alexandria capitulated to the Bri- 
 tish, August 27, 1814. Nat Turner headed a negro insur- 
 rection in 1831, in which a number of whites were massa- 
 cred. Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Tyler, 
 all presidents of the United States, were citizens of Virginia; 
 and President Harrison was also a native of this slate, 
 though not a citizen at the period of his election. A con- 
 stitution was formed in 1776, suited to the changed circum- 
 stances of the state as a republic, which wa« remodelled in 
 1830. and again in 1851. 
 
 VIRGINIA, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 984. 
 
 VIRGINIA, a post-village of Casa Co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois River Rjiilmad, 13 miles E. bv S. of Beardstown. 
 
 VI RGINIA GROVE, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa, about 
 40 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE. See Lkxington, 
 Virginia. 
 
 VIRGINIA ilTLLS, a postK)ffice of Buckingham co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 VIRGINIA MINES, a post-village of Franklin co., Mis- 
 souri, on the Maramec River, about 50 miles W.S.W. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 VIRGINIA SETrrLEMENT, a small village of Wayne co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 VIKGIXIE. SeeVraorxiA. 
 
 VIRGIN (vir'jin) ISLANDS, a group of about 100 small 
 islands in the West Indies, between lat. 18° 5' and 18° 50' 
 N.. and Ion. 64° 10' and 65° 40' W.. occupying a space of 
 aboiu 100 miles long by 20 miles wide. Not alx)ve a fourth 
 are inhabited and cultivated. The chief exports are sugar, 
 nmlnssi-s, rum. cotton, and salt, ginger, turmeric, tobacco, 
 pimento, and indigo. Vegetables and fruits are abundant. 
 The climate is subject to much fluctuation, and slio-Iit 
 shocks of earthquakes are occa.sionally felt. The islands are 
 exfjosed to a heavy swell, and the obstacles opposed to the 
 tidal wave between them produce some extraordinary phe- 
 nomena; the waves sometimes breaking against the shore 
 with great violence, without there being any indication of a 
 previous gale. The Virgin Islands are shared by Great 
 Britain, which has alxiut 50. the principal of which are 
 Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda. Jost van Dykes, Guano Isle 
 Beef and Thatch Islands, Prickly Pear. Camanas. Cooper's, 
 N'Ut, St Peter's, and several smaller islands: Denmark, 
 which has St. Thomas. Santa Cruz, and St. John, with a 
 ronwderable number of islets; and Spain, which has Cule- 
 hra. and several islets. Bieque or Crab Island forms a 
 nort of joint possession of the three powers. The groun 
 * vn ?m vI?!^x^J Columbus on hys second voyage, in 1494. 
 
 ^ rr^T^lv?T^'^* ^^"'^ "^ KJiand, eo. of Devon. 
 V.IJ. ^^^7^ v^^ t VOJ^J»l^ of Berks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 68 miles E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 yiRIEU, ve<'^re-ch'. a market-town of France denartment 
 
 '"vnui-rV°l"j'n^'^''^' °f «^''»°»"«- P™P im^ ° 
 MUIKL.VLFXJRAND, vee^re-uh' Ijh gVft.va. a market- 
 town of France, department of Aln, 6 miles N.N.W. of B«l- 
 |py. I op, (94, 
 
 ^'"^^'•WW ''^''^''''■^«^' * ^"'»g« of France, depart- 
 
 VIS 
 
 mcnt of Is^re, 13 miles N.N.W. of St. Marcellin. Pop. 
 
 2078. 
 
 VI RLE, veeR/lA, a Tillage of the Sardinian States, diviaion 
 of Turin, province of Pinerolo, Pop. 1747. 
 
 VIRLE or WIRLE, veeiileh, a market-town of Austria; 
 Croatia, about 10 miles from Kopreinitz. and near the Drave 
 It is the head-quarters of a frontier regiment. l>op. 3694. 
 
 VIROFLAY, vee'ro'fi.i', a village of France, department 
 of Seineet-Oise. arrondi.ssement of Versailles. Pop. 1057. 
 
 VIR(XiUA. See VABoaUA. 
 
 VIRTON, veeR^ti.No/, the most S. town of Belgian Luxem- 
 bourg. 15 miles S.W. of .\rlon. Pop. 2000. 
 
 VIRTZKRV (veeat z4rv/) LAKE, or WURZSEE, (Wiirz- 
 see,) wiiRt-'.s.V, Russia, government of Livonia, between Dor- 
 pat and Fellin, is 26 miles in length, breadth 8 miles. It is 
 an expansion of the Embach, which leaves its N.E. extre- 
 mity to enter Lake Peipus. 
 
 VIRY, veeVee', a village of the Sardinian States, divisioD 
 of Savoy, province of Genevese, 3 miles S.W. of St. Julien, 
 with a ruined castle. Pop. 1844. 
 
 VISAN, yee^zis"/. a town of France, department of Vau- 
 cluse, 16 miles N.E. of Orange. Pop. in 1852. 2136. 
 
 VISCARDO, CAPE. See Cape Viscardo. 
 
 VISCARI, a town of Sicily. See Bisc.ari. 
 
 VISCAYA. See Biscay. 
 
 VISCIIE, vi.s/kA, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Turin, province and 10 miles S.S.E. of Ivrea, on the Dora 
 Balte.i. It has an old castle. Pop. 2154. 
 
 VISCIIE(n{.\D. vish\-h-grdd/. a village of Bosnia, on the 
 Drin, 40 miles E.S.E. of Bosna Serai. 
 
 VISCHERA. a river of Russia. See Vishera. 
 
 VISCHER'S (vish'erz) FERRY, a post-village of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, about 16 miles N. by W. of Albany. 
 
 VISCHNII-VOLOTCIIOK, a town of Russia. See Vishneb 
 
 VOLOTCHOK. 
 
 VISCI.\NO, ve-sha'no, a town of Naples, province of Ter- 
 ra di Ijivoro, district and E. of Nola. Pop. 1367. 
 
 VISE, Tee'M'. (Ger. IVesel. w.i/s^t.) a town of Belgium, 
 province and 8 miles N.E. of Liege, on the right bank of the 
 Meuse. Pop. 2076. 
 
 VISEU, vee's.i-oo, a city of Portug<al, province of Eeira, 
 capital of a comarca, 46 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 9160. 
 It is ill built and dirty, but its cathedral contains some good 
 works of art. and it has a college, preparatory to the Uni 
 versity of Coiiubra. a large hospital, many Moorish and 
 Gothic edifices, Roman antiquities, and a large annual 
 fair. 
 
 VISHERA, VISCHERA, VICIIERA or WISCHERA, ve- 
 shi'rd or vish-.A-rd/, a river of Russia, government of Perm, 
 ri.ses in the Ural Mountains, flows W. and S., and after re- 
 ceiving some large affluents, joins the Kama, 24 miles N.W. 
 of Solikamsk. Cour.se 260 miles. It is navigable, and 
 traver.ses a densely wooded country. 
 
 VISHNEE (or VISHNU) VOLOTCHOK, vish'nee or vish'- 
 nyee vo-lo<hok', written also VISCHNII VOLOTCHOK and 
 WISCHNEI WOLOTSCHOK. a town of Russia, government 
 and 70 miles N.W. of Tver, on the Tsna,at thecommenc«ment 
 of the canaKwliich unites it with the Tvertsa, and on the 
 great route between Mo.s<»w and St Petersburg. Pop. 9115. 
 It has a cathedral, bazaar, and 3 annual fairs. The canal 
 between theTsna and Tvertsa, constructed uuder Peter the 
 Great, connects the navigation of the Baltic and Caspian 
 Seas, and is frequented by upwards of 2lX)0 vessels annually, 
 rendering the town a large entrepot for corn, malt, chiccory, 
 seeds, butter, tallow, and soap. 
 
 VISHNU PRAYAGA, vi.s)i/noo prj-y^'ga. aplaoeof Hindoo 
 pilgrimage, in North Hindostau, at the junction of two 
 heads of the Ganges. Lat. 30° 34' N., Ion. 79° 4' E. 
 
 yiSIAPOUR. See Bejapoor. 
 
 VISINGSO, ( Visingsii.) vee'sings-o', an island of Sweden, in 
 the S. of Lake Wett<-r. It is a narrow strip little more than 
 1 mile wide, stretching about 6 miles N. to S., with the 
 remains of two old castles of great historical interest. 
 
 A'ISIOOG.AN or VISIUGAN. ve-seoo-gdn'. a riv?r of Si- 
 beria, rises in the E. of the government of Tobolsk, lat. 58° 
 30' N., flows E.N.E., and after a course of about 170 miles 
 joins the Obi. about 30 miles below Narym. 
 
 VI SO, El, il vee'so. a village of Spain. Andalusia, province 
 and 40 miles N. of Cordova. Pop. 2704. 
 
 VISO DEL ALCOR. vee'so Ail dl-koR/, a town of Spain, 
 province and 14 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 2991. 
 
 VISO DEL .^I AKQUE.S, vee'so del maR'kJs, a town of Spain, 
 province and 28 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real, at the foot of the 
 Sierra Morena. Pop. 2010. 
 
 VISO DE LOS PEDROCHES. vee/so Ak loce p.^Bro'chSs. a 
 town of Spain, province and .35 miles N.N.W. of Cordova, at 
 the foot of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 2596. 
 
 VISOKA, Te-siAd. a town of European Turkey, BusnA. 
 on the Bosna, 17 miles N.W. of Bosna Serai. Pop, 20'j0. 
 Near it are iron-mines and me<licinal springs. 
 
 VISO, MONTK, inon'tA vee'so, a principal summit of the 
 Alps, at the junction of their Maritime and Cottiaii ditisions, 
 40 niiles S.W. of Turin, and 13.599 feet in elevation. 
 
 VISONE. ve-8o'n.i. a village of the Sardinian States, divi 
 sion of Alessaudria, province and mar Acqui. Pop. 1360. 
 
VIS 
 
 VTV 
 
 VISP, Tlsp, a Tillape of Switzerland, canton of Valais, on 
 are Visp, 6 miles W.g.W. of Urieg. 
 
 VISSKGRAD, visiiWgroJ', (Ger. Plintenhurg, plin'ten- 
 bOoRo\) a market-town of Hungary, county and 21 miles 
 N.X.AV. of I'estli, on the right bank of the Danube. It has 
 a ruined castle, formerly the residence of Matthias Corvinus. 
 
 VIS^TA, a post-village of Westchester co., New York, 
 about 120 miles S. by E. of Albany. 
 
 VISTAHKLLA DKL MAESTKAZGO, vees-ta-lijl'yj diM 
 m3,-J.-r-trdth'go, a town of Spain, Valencia, province and 27 
 miles X.W. of Castellon dc la Plana. I'op. 1239. 
 
 VIS'TA RIDGE, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana. 
 
 VISXOIUO, vis-to/re-o, a village of the Sardiniiiu States. 
 division of Turin, province and about 10 miles W.N.W. of 
 Ivrea, on the Chiusella. Pop. 1651. 
 
 VISTRE, vee.st'r, a river of France, department of Gard, 
 after a S.W. course of 30 miles joins the canal connecting 
 Beau(aire with the Mediterranean, near Aigues-Mortes. 
 
 VISTKITZ, vis'trits, or VISTRITZA, vis-irifsd. (anc. E)-'i- 
 gon.) a river of European Turkey, Macedonia, after a N.E. 
 and S.E. course of 80 miles, joins the Vardar near its mouth 
 in the Gulf of Salonica. 
 
 VISTULA, vis'tula, (Ger. Weichsel, -ftik'.sel; Polish, Wida, 
 <>ees'ld; anc. Vis'tula,) a river of Europe, riws in the Carpa- 
 thian Mountains, flows in Austrian Silesia, partly separates 
 Galicia from Poland, traverses Poland and liast Prussia, 
 forming the main channel of trade in these countries, past 
 Cracow, Warsaw, Plock, Thorn, Culm, Graudeuz, and Dant- 
 .iic,'and enters the Baltic by several mouths, of which the 
 most E., called the Nogat, enters the Frische-IIaff, N.W. of 
 Elbing. The W. branch again divides into 2 arms, one of 
 which enters the Baltic near Dant/.ic, and the other by a 
 new channel which it foree<l for itself in 1840. Total course, 
 including windings, 530 miles. Principal aflluents, on the 
 right, the Wisloka, San, Wieprz, and Bug; and on the left, 
 the Pilica and Bzura. 
 
 VISTULA, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 
 VISORGUS. See Weser. 
 
 VITA, vee'td, a town of Sicily, near the source of the 
 Birgi, S.W. of Palermo. I>op. 2800. 
 
 VIT.\.. an island on the east coa.st of Africa. See Mombas. 
 
 VITCIIEGDA, VYTCHEGD.\, VYCHEGDA, ve-ch6g'da, 
 or WITSCIIEGDA, a river of Russia, traverses the centre 
 of the government of Vologda, chiefly in a W. direction, and 
 joins the Dvina, 12 miles W. of Solvitchegodsk. Total course 
 380 miles, mostly navigable. Affluents, the Yolva, Yarenga, 
 and Sysola. 
 
 VITKBSK or WITEPSK, vo-tJbsk', a government of Rus- 
 sian Poland, mostly between lat. 54° 58' and 57° 20' N.. and 
 Ion. 25'^ 30' E.. surrounded by the governments of Moheelev, 
 Minsk, Courland, Livonia, Pskov, and Smolensk. Area 
 17,336 square miles. Pop. in 1851 ,742,811. mostly Roman 
 Catholics. Surface generally level ; soil, though interspersed 
 with sandy and marshy tracts, is pretty fertile, and more 
 cyjrn is raised than is required for home consumption, as 
 well as large quantities of hemp and flax, pease, beans, hops, 
 and fruits. Principal river, the Diina, which traverses its 
 S. part, and by which and the canals uniting it with the 
 Berezina and Lovat, its trade is greatly facilitated. Forests 
 and pasture-lands are extensive, and in the latter many 
 cattle and coarse-wooUed sheep are reared. The manufac- 
 tures comprise those of woollen cloth, leather, glass, and 
 earthenwares. The exports are mostly confined to agricul- 
 tural produce, timber and masts, hides, wool, tallow, honey, 
 and wax. The government is divided into 12 circles. Princi- 
 pal towns, Vitebsk, the CJipital, Velizh, DUnaburg, and Po- 
 Ictzk. 
 
 VITEBSK or WITEPSK, a town of Russian Poland, the 
 capital of a government of its own name, is situated on both 
 sides of the Diina, here joined by the Viteba, 95 miles N. of 
 Jloheelev. Pop. 29,8.32. It is enclosed by old walls, and 
 built mostly of wood; but has numerous Greek-United 
 and Roman Catholic churches, convents, and synagogues, 
 an old castle, a bazaar, college of nobles, a medical direc- 
 tion, and several hospitals, with manufactures of woollen 
 cloth and leather. It is the residence of a civil governor, 
 and a military governor, with authority over the govern- 
 ments of Vitebsk, Smolensk, and Moheelev. Here the Grand 
 Duke Constantiue of Rus.siadied on the 27th of June. 1832. 
 
 VITERBO, ve-tSa'bo, a city of Central Italy, Pontifical 
 States, capital of a delegation, at the foot of Monte Cimino, 
 in the Campagna di Koma, 42 miles N.N.W. of Rome. 
 Pop. 13,869. It is enclosed by turreted walls, chiefly con- 
 structed by Desiderius, the last Lombard king of Italy, 
 is generally well built of volcanic tula, and has many 
 handsome residences and public fountains. In its ca- 
 thedral, which contains the tombs of four popes. Prince 
 Henry of England, nephew of Henry III., was assassinated 
 by Guy of Montfort; and it was in its public square that 
 tK- emperor. Frederick Barbarossa, humiliated hiaiself be- 
 fore the English pope, Adrian IV. Several of the churches 
 are rich in works of art, and in one Is a masterpiece of Se- 
 b»oriau-de)-Piombo. The Bi-shops Palace and Cityhiill are 
 fine buildings, and the latter, as well .as the Museum of the 
 Academy contaius various Etru.scan antiquities. The ma- 
 
 nufactures are unimportant; alum, vitriol, and siilphui 
 abound in its vicinity, in which are al.so many niedi( inal 
 springs. This city was one of the principal in the Etru.scan 
 league; and it was, in the middle ages, the capit-d of tho 
 I'atrimony of St. Peter, bestowed in the 12th century uix)U 
 the papal see. 
 
 VITH, feet, a town of RhenLsh Prussia, government and 
 30 miles S. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Our. Pop. 808. 
 
 VITI or FID.II ISLANDS. See Feejee Islands. 
 
 VITIGUDIXO, ve-te-goo-Dee/no, a town of Spain, province 
 and 36 miles S.W. of Salamanca. Pop. 928. 
 
 VITIM. vifim' or ve-teem'. a river of East Siberia, rise.K 
 in the Vitim-Steppe, S.E. of Lake Baikal, government of 
 Irkootsk, flows N.E. and N. for nearly 900 miles, forming 
 the boundary between that government and the province 
 of Yakootsk, and joins the Lena, opposite Vitimsk. It haa 
 several large aflluents. 
 
 VITIMSK, ve-timsk', a village of East Siberia, with 300 
 inhabitants, and a mine yielding the largest sheets of talc ; 
 lat. 59° 15' N.. Ion. 112° E. 
 
 VITORIA, ve-to're-a, or VITTORIA, vit tr^re-i, a town of 
 Spain, capital of the province of Alava, 29 miles S. of Bilbao, 
 on the road from Madrid to Bayonne. Pop. 10,260. It con- 
 sists of an old and a new town, which contrast strongly with 
 each other; it has a spacious market-square, several cliurches, 
 a town-hall, custom-hou.se, orphan asylum, general hospital, 
 public library, and museum of antiquities. The manuf'ao 
 turcs comprise brass and iron wares, earthenware, ebony 
 wares, caudles, table linen, and leather; and it is an import- 
 ant entrepot between the interior of Spain, Navarre, and 
 Bilbao, especially for crude and manufactured iron, choco- 
 late, confectionery, woollen and silk fabrics, shoes, and bats. 
 Vitoria is celebrated in the annals of the Peninsular War 
 as the scene of a signal victory gained by the English over 
 the French, on the 21,st of June. 1813. 
 
 VITRi;, veeHrA'. a town of France, department of Ille-et- 
 Vilaine, on the Vilainc. 21 miles E. of Rennes. Pop. in 1852, 
 8800. It has a communal college, manufactures of cotton 
 hosiery and leather, trade in wax, honey, and cantliaridi-s, 
 and 22 annual fairs. One mile S. is the Chateau des Kochers, 
 (shd'^tT)' dA roVhA/,) celebrated as the residence of Madame 
 de Sevigne. Nicholas Savary, the French traveller and au- 
 thor, Wfis born here, in 1750. 
 
 VITRY, vee'tree', a town of France, department of Pas- 
 de-Calais, with a sbition on the North Railway, 10 miles 
 E.N.E. of Arras. Pop. in 1852. 2437. 
 
 VITRY-LI>FRANgOI.S, veeHree' leh frSNo'swd', a fortified 
 town of France, dejiartment of Marne, on the Paris and 
 Stra-sbourg Railway, 19 miles S.S.E. of Chalons, on the right 
 bank of the Marne. Pop. in 1852, 8253, It has a commmial 
 college, and manufactures of hosiery, cotton yarn, and 
 leather, with a brisk trade in corn. 
 
 VITRY-SUU-SEINE, vee'tree' siiR s.in, a town of France, 
 department of Seine, arrondissement of Sceaux, 5 miles 
 S.E. of .Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. Pop. 2559. 
 
 VITTEAUX, veet'to', a town of France, department of 
 Cote-d'Or, on the Brenne, 24 miles W.N.VV. of Dijon. P. 1888. 
 
 VITTEFLEUR. vee'tgh-fluii'. a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inferieure, 15 miles N.N.W. of Yvetot, on the 
 Dourdon. Pop. 1255. 
 
 VITTEL. veet'tJl'. a market- town of France, department 
 of ^osges. 23 miles W. of Epinal. Pop. 1426. 
 
 VlTrORI.\, vit-to/re-a, a town of Canada West, co. of \or< 
 folk, 7 miles from Simcoe. with three Protestant churches, 
 two schools, several grist and saw mills, two distilleries, and 
 manufactures of cloth, iron, and leather. Pop. about 600. 
 
 VITTORIA, vit-to're-3, a town of Sicily, intendency of 
 Syracuse, district and 14 miles W.N.W. of Modica, Pop. 
 11.000, who trade in honey and silk. 
 
 A'lTTORIA, a town of Spain. See Vitoria. 
 
 VITTORIOSA, vit>to-re-o'si, a strongly fortified town and 
 suburb of Valetta, Malta, on the S.E. side of its great hart>or. 
 See Valetta. 
 
 VITUL.\NO, ve-too-Id'no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra, district and 20 miles N.W. of Avellino. 
 Pop. 2500. It has manufactures of woollen fabrics, silks, 
 and leather, and quarries of fine colored marbles. . 
 
 VI U. vee-oo', a village of North Italy, Piedmont, 20 miles 
 N.W. of Turin, on the Chiara. Pop. 3745. 
 
 VIUZ-EN-SALLAZ, ve-uz/ 6no siVW. a village of the 
 Sardinian States, division of Savoy, province of Fauciguy. 
 It w;is nearly buried by a landslip in 1715. Pop. 2480. 
 
 A'^IVARA, ve-vd/rd, an islet of South Italy, between Procida 
 and Tsehia. at the entrance of the Bay of Naples. 
 
 VIVARAiS. SeeVwABOis. 
 
 VIVAROIS or VI-sgblAIS. veeVdVA/, an old district of 
 France, in LangnedodSpfT which Viviers was the capital. It 
 is now comprised in the departments of Ardeche and Haute- 
 Loire. 
 
 VIVEL, ve-vjl', a village of Spain, Valencia, province and 
 27 miles W. of Castellon de la Plaua. on the Palancia. P. 2087. 
 
 VI VERO, ve-vA'ro, a town of .Spain, province aud 45 miles 
 N. of Lugo, at the mouth of the Landrova in the Bay of 
 Biscay. Pop. 4606. It has a seminary and a hospital, a 
 government factory of arms, and manufactures of linens. 
 
 2051 
 
VIV 
 
 qiilltlngs, and earthenware. The port has a bar at its 
 lU'.iuth. , ^ , , 
 
 VI VKROLS, veeVeh-rol', a niarkpt-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-Dome, 10 miles S.E. of Ambert. Pop. 1325. 
 
 VIVEKONE, ve-v.Wo'nA,a village of the ijardiuian States, 
 10 miles S. of Biella, on a lake of same name. Pop. 182t3. 
 
 VIVIKRS, veeVe-A', a town of France, department of 
 Arleche. on the phone, 17 miles S.S.E. of Priras. Pop. 2714. 
 
 VIVONNE, veeS'onn'. a town of France, department of 
 Tienne. at the continence of the Clain and Voune, 11 miles 
 S.ri.W. of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 3488. 
 
 VIX. veex, a village of France, department of A'endfee, 8 
 miles S.S.W. of Fontenay-le-Comte. Pop. 2010. 
 
 VI ZA, VTS.\ or WIS.'V. vee'zJl. Cane. Byziaf) a town of 
 European Turkey. Room-Elee, capital of a saiyak, 74 miles 
 K.W. of Constantinople, on the route to Kirk-kilisseh. It is 
 enclosed by walls, and has a ruined fortress. 
 
 V1ZA0APAT.4M, ve-zd'g?-p:i-tim', a maritime district of 
 British India, presidency of .Madras, having E. the Bay of 
 Beniral. and landward the distri'ts of Rajahmundry.Ganjam, 
 aud'^the Bengal, S. ceded districts. Area, 15,300 square miles. 
 Pop. 1.254.272. 
 
 "\IZAGAPATAM, a city of British India, capital of the 
 alx)ve district, on the Coromaudel coast, 67 miles E. of 
 Golcondah; lat. 17° 42' N., Ion. 83" 24' E. It has a court- 
 house, barracks, and many good European buildings; but 
 its unhealthincss lias driven most of the British authorities 
 to reside in the ailjacent village of Waltier. 
 
 VIZCAYA, a province of Spain. See Blsc.^T. 
 
 VIZELLA, ve-z^l'ld, a village of Portugal, province of 
 Minho, 6 miles S.E. of Guimaraens, in a picturesque vale. 
 It is greatly frequented for its warm sulphur baths, known 
 to the Romans, whose tesselated pavements, and bathing 
 Bites, have been discovered here. 
 
 ViZI.\XAGKU.M, vee'ze-a-na-grum', a town of British 
 India, presidency of Madras, district and 25 miles N.E. of 
 "Vizagapatam. Though large, it is meanly built. Principal 
 edifice, a stone fort, with the rajah's palace. Near it are 
 British military cantonments. 
 
 VlZIADROliG, vee'ze-a-droog', a .seaport town of British 
 India, presidency and 165 miles S. of Bombay, with one of 
 the be.st harbors on the Malabar coast. 
 
 VIZILLE, vee^zeel', a marketrtown of France, department 
 of Isere, on the Romanche, 8 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. 
 in 1852, 2115. It ha.s a castle, in which the states of 
 Dauphine assembled in 1788. 
 
 VIZZINI, vit-see'nee, a town of Sicily, province and 29 
 miles S.VV. of Catania. Pop. 9000. 
 
 VLAANDEREN. See Flanders. 
 
 VLAARDIXGEN, vldR'diug-en, a town of the Nether- 
 lauds, province of South Holland, capital of a district, with 
 a port on the Meuse, (Maas,) miles \V.S.^V. of Rotterdam. 
 Pop. 72-54. mostlv emploved in the herring fishery. 
 
 VLA1>I-KAVKAS, vld/dee k^v-kis/, a town and fort of 
 Circassia, N. of the Caucasus Range, on the great route 
 aouthward into Georgiii, 47 miles S.S.E. of Mozdok. 
 
 VLADIMKER or VLADIMIR, vldMe-meer', written also 
 ■WLADIMIR, a government of Russia, nearly in its centre, 
 mostly between lat. 55° and 57° X., and Ion. 37° 40' 
 and 43° 20* E., surrounde<l by the governments of Mos- 
 cow. Tver. Yaroslav, Kostroma, Xizhnee-Novgorod, Tam- 
 b-n-. and Riazan. Area 18.445 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 
 1.168,303. Surface level; the Kliasma River intersects its 
 centre, and the Oka its S.E. part. Soil not fertile, and 
 the corn produced is insufficient for home consumption. 
 Princl|>al crop.«, rye, barley, oats, some wheat, hemp, 
 flax, millet, pease, apples, cherries, hops, and cucumbers. 
 Cattle rearing is of inferior importance. Forests are very 
 extensive; in that of Murom are valuable iron-mines, and 
 s<.)ine of the most extensive iron works in Russia are at 
 Yixa. on the Oka. The sterility of the soil ha.s caused the 
 inhabitants to direct attention greatly to manufactures, 
 wliuh frr.m 1830 to 1840 had doubled in extent, and in the 
 latter year employed neariy 84,000 bands. Cotton goods are 
 made at Shooya (Shuya) and Ivanova, woollens and linens 
 ore next in importance; and several years ago 4000 persons 
 were employed in iron foundries, and 1300 in glass and crys- 
 tal works, besides others in manufactures of leather, earthen- 
 wares, ic. Exports of these products are mostly sent down 
 the \ olga, or W. overiand to Moscow. The principal imports 
 are com. cotton-twist, and flax, from the N. and N.E. The 
 government is divided into 13 districts. Principal towns, 
 \ livlinieer.(the capital,) Murom, Shooya, I'ereslaVl, Suzdal 
 and \ 1,-iznikov. 
 
 VLADI MEEIl, VLADI.MIR or WLADIMIR, a town of Rus- 
 Hia. capital of the above government, on the Kliasma, 120 
 miles K.N.K. of .Moscow ; lat. 56° 10' N., Ion. 40° 20' E The 
 roa.1 to Moscow is through a succession of populous villages 
 I op. .400, comprising many Jews. It has a cathedral with 5 
 oom,^ an archbishop's palace, court-house, governor's resi- 
 dence, college, and other schools, manufactures of linens 
 and either, and a trade in fruit It wa« capital of the 
 prand duchy of Russia from 1157 to 1328 
 
 VI.Al.I.MEKR or VhADIMIlt, (Pol. \vi'diimv:rz,yloA-z^. 
 inesiiKzh .1 a town of Russia, government of Volhynia, capital 
 
 vol 
 
 of a district, 27 miles S.S.W. of Kovel. Pop. 5500. mostly 
 Jews, who trade in silks and salt, and have -1 annual fairs. 
 
 VLADSLOO. vUd-sUV, a village of Belgium. West Flandeis 
 on the Zydelink-Vaert. 16 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2:,'J7. 
 
 VLAMERTIXGIIE, vla'mer-ting'Heh, a village of Bel 
 gium, province of West Flanders, 29 miles S.W. by S. oi 
 Bruges, on the Kemmelbeke. Pop. 2730. 
 
 VLASKIM. a town of Bohemia. See WnscniM. 
 
 VLEDKNY, vla'difi', or VLADEN, vli^den', a village of 
 Austria. Transylvania, district of Kronstadt. Pop. V-i'M. 
 
 ALESENBEEK, vli'zen-l)dk\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant. 6 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1178. 
 
 YLIE. Het, het vlee, or DE VLIESTROOM. deh vlees' 
 trom, the name given to the current that flows from the 
 North Sea towards the Zuyder-Zee. through the entrance 
 between the islands of Vlielaud and Terschelliug. 
 
 VLIELAND, vlee'ldnt, an island of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Holland, off the entrance to the Zuyder-Zee, 
 between the islands of Texel and Schelling. Length 10 
 miles, greatest breadth I5 mile.s. Pop. 800, 
 
 VLIKRMAEL, vleeR/mdl, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Limbourg, 7 miles N. of Tongres. Pop. 1922. 
 
 A'LIERZELE, vleeR'zd^leh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, 12 miles S.E. of Ghent Pop. 1918. 
 
 ALISSINGEN, a town of the Netherlands. See Flcshing. 
 
 A'LOTHO, flo'to, a town of Prussian AVestphalia, 9 mile* 
 S.S.A\'. of Miuden. on the We.ser. Pop. 2200. It is enclosed 
 with walls, and has manufactures of chiccory, colors, soap, 
 tobacco, and paper. 
 
 VLY'MEN. vli'men, a village of Holland, province of Nortlr 
 Brabant, 8 miles AV. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2408. 
 
 A'OAK, vok, a post-office of Yates co.. New York. 
 
 \'OB.\RNO, vo-baR/no, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince and 20 miles N.£. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Po;>, 
 1800. 
 
 VOCKLABRUCK, (VocklabrUck,) ToknclS-bruk', a town 
 of Upper Austria, circle of Hausruck, at the confluence of 
 the Agger and Viickla, 20 miles S.W. of AVels. Pop. 1500 
 
 A'OCKL.AMARKT, vok'kl4-maRkt\ a market-town of 
 Upper Austria, 8 miles W. of Aiicklabruck. 
 
 VODE, vo/dd, or A'EDE, vA^di, a river of Turkey in Eu- 
 rope, rises in a mountainous district in Upper AVallachia, 
 flows S.S.E., and after a course of about 120 miles joins the 
 Danube on the left, aljout 7 miles below Sistova. 
 
 \'0D1NA, vo-dee'nd, or AODE/N A, (anc. Mes'sa,) a town of 
 Eui-opeau Turkey, Room-Elee. 46 miles N.AV. of Salonica, on 
 the A'istritza. Pop. estimated at 12,000, who weave cotton and 
 woollen fabrics. 
 
 A'ODLA, vod'ld, a lake and river of Russia, government of 
 Olonets ; the lake, 25 miles N.E. of Poodosh, 30 miles in length 
 by 12 miles in breadth, discharges its surplus waters by the 
 river, which enters Lake Onega, on its E. side, after a course 
 of 120 miles. 
 
 VO'EL, LOCH, (loK,) a lake of Scotland, co. of Perth, 
 parish of Balquhidder, and the source of the Balvnig, prin- 
 cipal affluent of the Teith. Length 3 miles, bi-eadth 1 mile. 
 
 A'O'GANSA'ILLE, a postoflice of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 VOGELBERG, vSg'fl-berg, (Ger. pron. fo/ghel-b^KO'.) a 
 mountain range of Germany, Hes.se-Cassel and Darmstadt, 
 between the Main and AVeser. Highest point, 2430 feet. 
 
 VOGESUS MONS. See Vosges. 
 
 VOQIIERA, vo-gA'ra, a town of North Italy, Piedmont, 
 division and 19 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria, capital of a pro- 
 vince on the Staffora; lat. 44° 59' N.. Ion. 83-^ 24' E. Pop. 
 10.706. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of 
 woollen and silk fabrics. 
 
 A'OriOONA, vo-gAu'yii, a market-town of North Italy, 
 Piedmont, division of Novara. province of Pallanza, on the 
 Tosa, 8 miles S. of Domo d'Ossola. Pop. 1056. 
 
 AOHBURG, vo/buuRG, a walled town of Upper Bavaria, 
 district and 9 miles E. of Ingolstadt, on the Danube. Pop. 
 1195. On a j-ock in the vicinity is the ruined castle of 
 A"ohburg. 
 
 . VOHEMAR, TOHEMARE, vo'he-mar', or VOUEMARO, 
 vo-hi-ma'ro. a river and bay of Madagascar. 
 
 A'uHENSTR.AlUSS, fo'gn-stR6ws\ a market-town of B.ava- 
 rai, Upper Palatinate, 20 miles E.N.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1355. 
 
 AuHL, (Vtihl,) fiil, a markettown of Germany, Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, near the Eder, 29 miles N.N.E. of Marburg, with 
 a castle. Pop. 520. 
 
 AOHUENBACU, (Yiihrenbach,) fiyrgn-bdK', a town of 
 Germany, Baden, circle of Lake, 8 miles AV. of Aillingen. 
 Pop. 940. 
 
 A'OIIRINGEN, (A'iihringen.) fi/ring-fn, a town of South 
 Germany, principality of HohenzoUern-Siginaringen, with 
 the ruins of a castle, 7 miles N. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 700. 
 
 A'OHRINGEN, a village of Germany, AVUrtemberg, circle 
 of Black Forest, 2 miles S.E. of Sulz. Pop. 1507. 
 
 A"OID, vwd, a market-town of France, department of 
 Meuse, arrondissement of Commercv. Pop. 1561. 
 
 VOIGTLAND, foigtiint. an old subdivi.sion of the king- 
 dom of Saxony, now comprised in the circle of Zwickau. 
 
 A'OIRON, vwd'rds"', a town of France, department of 
 Isere, 14 miles N.VV. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 84S0. T 
 
vol 
 
 VOL 
 
 has extensive manufactures of hempen cloth, (called totles 
 de roir'OT.) andof iron and steel good.-!, chip-hats, and paper. 
 
 VOISEY, vwa^zA/. a village of France, department of 
 Haute-Marne, 21 miles E. of Langres. Pop. 1873. 
 
 VOITSUEKG, voits'bSRO, a town of Styri!^ 13 miles W. of 
 Gratz. Pop. 1000. Near it are coal-mioes and metallic 
 
 VOKHAN, vo^sdn/, or WACHAN, wl^Kin', a town of Cen- 
 tral A.>^ia. in the Bolor-Tagh, on an afBuent of the Budukh- 
 shan Uiver. Lat. 38° 20' N. Ion. 70° 34' E. 
 
 VOLANO, vo-U'no, a market town of Italy province of 
 Ferrara, 8 miles N.N.E. of Oommachio, on the Po-di-Volano. 
 at its mouth in the Adriatic. 
 
 VOLCAN DE AGUA, vol-kSn' di ^'gwi, (t. e. "water vol- 
 cano,'') a remarkable volcano of Central America, state and 
 from 25 to 30 miles S.VV. of Guatemala. Old Guatemala, 
 (Guatemala la A'icga,) in 1541 was destroyed, it is said, liy 
 the irruption of enormous masses of water from this volcano, 
 whence iLs name. There ia al.-o a fire volcano, (Volcan db 
 FuKGO. vol-kdn' di fw.Vgo.) in the vicinity. 
 
 VOLCA'XO, a po.st-village of Calaveras CO., California, 50 
 miles E.N.E. of Stockton. 
 
 VOLiCANO, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, off the 
 N.E. coast of I'apua, lat. 5° 3' S., Ion. 145° 30' E. It has the 
 form of a truncated cone, about 2500 feet high, with a dia- 
 meter of .3700 feet at the base, and looks as if it had risen 
 directly from the depths of the ocean. When discovered by 
 Dampier, March 4. 1700, it was in a state of activity, vent- 
 ing fire and smoke; but when passed by D'Urville, in 
 August, 1827, was extinct, and clothed with an agreeable 
 verdure on tiie E, face. 
 
 VUI>CANO, a group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean. 
 The central one. Sulphur Island, lat, 24° 48' N., Ion. 141° 
 13' E.. is about 5 miles long, and evidently volcanic. 
 
 VOLCANO, an island of the North Pacific Ocean, S.E. of 
 Japan; lat. 34° 6' N., Ion. 139° 35' E. 
 
 VOLCANO, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, one of 
 the Japan Islands; lat, 30° 43' N,. Ion. 130° 17' E, 
 
 VOLCANO or BAR/REN ISLAND, an island in the Bay 
 of Bengal, one of the Audamans; lat. 12° 16' N., Ion. 93° 
 64' E. 
 
 VOLCANO, an island of the Mediterranean. See Vulcano. 
 
 VOLCIANO, vol-<'hi'no, a village of Northern Italy, pro- 
 vince and 17 miles N.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop, 1000, 
 
 VOLCONDA, vol-kon'di, a town of British India, presi- 
 dency of Madras, district and 36 miles N,E. of Trichinopoly. 
 
 VOLGA or WOLGA, vol'gi, (anc. Rha.) a river of the Rus- 
 gian Empire, and the largest in Europe, rises in Lake Seli- 
 5her, on the plateau of Valdai, government of Tver, in lat. 
 67° N,, Ion. 33° 10' E., at an elevation of 560 feet above the 
 gea, flows E,N,E,, E,S.E„ S.S.W,, and S.E., past Kiev, Tver, 
 Yaroslav, Kostroma, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Kazan, Simheersk, 
 Saratov, and Astrakhan, near which it enters the Caspian 
 Sea by 00 or 70 mouths, 83 feet lielow the level of the ocean. 
 The extent of its basin is estimated at 400.000 square mill's, 
 and Including windings), its course is 2500 miles, during 
 which its entire fall is only 633 feet. The principal affluents 
 on the right are the Oka and the Soora; on the left, the 
 Tvertza, Mologa, Sheksna, and Kama. Its affluents, which 
 are connected by several canals with the Neva, establish a 
 communication between the Caspian and the Baltic, White, 
 and Black Seas, It contains an abundance offish; and 
 salmon, sturgeon, Ac, are extensively exported. The Volga 
 forms the principal channel of commerce in Russia. It is 
 navigable by barges of 12iX( tons, but its navigation is fre- 
 quently intt^rrupted by sand-banks and the changes of its 
 channel, and it is frozen over for 170 days in the year. In 
 'ts lower cour.«e small steamboats for goods attempted the 
 navigation in 1820. In 1846. a splendid iron steamer, called 
 the ■' Volga." 400 feet long, 31 feet broad, carrying 1250 tons, 
 nnd drawing 5 feet water, was launched on its stream, and 
 performed, in 16^^ days, the voyage from Rybinsk to Samara, 
 which formerly required from 3 to 4 months, 
 
 VOL'GA Cri'Y, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa. 
 
 VOIvGSK. a town of Rus.sia, See Volsk. 
 
 VOLHYMAorWOLIIYMA,vol-hin'e-a, (Polish Wdynsk, 
 *o-leensk',) government of Russian Poland, between lat. 49° 
 25' and 52= 10' N., and Ion. 23° 30' and 29" 12' E.. having S.E. 
 Galieia, W, the kingdom of I'oland, and on other sides the 
 governments of Grodno, Minsk. Kiev, and i>odoIia. Area 
 27.742 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,469,442, mostly of the 
 Greek United Church. The surface is undulating or flat, in 
 the N. marshy. The Bug forms the W. boundary. The other 
 principal rivers are the Styr and Gorin. The soil is fertile, 
 and this is one of the most valuable agricultural provin<'es of 
 Russia : a considerable surplus of corn over home consump- 
 tion is usually produced, b'-sideg large quantities of hemp 
 and flax. The pastures are good, live stock numerous, and 
 forests extensive. The fishing is of some importance. The 
 mineral products comprise tiog iron, millstones, potters' 
 cl.iy. nitre, and flint. Leather, glass, earthenwares, paper, 
 potash, tar, and charcoal, are made in many places. The 
 I riueipal exports are corn,-cattle, and hidc^g. The trade is 
 chiefly In the hands of Jews, of whom there are about 
 40.U0U. The government is subdivided into 12 districts. 
 
 The chief towns are Zhitomeer, the capital, Kremenets. 
 Rowno, Staro-Konstantinov, Dubno, Radzivilov, and Berdit- 
 chev, which last is the .seat of a large annual fair. 
 
 VOLINIA, vo-lin'e-a, a post-township of Cass co., Michi- 
 gan, 10 miles N, by E. of Cassopolis. Pop. 993. 
 
 VOLKACH, fol'MK, a town of Bavaria, Lower Franconia. 
 on the Main, 15 miles NMi, of Wiirzburg, Pop, 1984, 
 
 VOLKERAK, vol'keh-rdkS or VOLKKAK, vol'krik. Neth- 
 erlands, the stream coming out of Hollands Diep, between 
 the i.sland.s of Overflakke and Schouwen, and separating th 
 province of South Holland from Zealand, 
 
 VOLKERMAKKT, (Viilkermarkt,) fol'ker-maRkt\ a town 
 of Austria, Carinthia, government of Laybach, 15 miles 
 E.N.E. of Klagenfurth, on the Drave. It has large cattle 
 markets. 
 
 VOLKERSHAUSEN, (Volker-shausen,) fol'kers-h^wVen, a 
 village of Central Germany, Saxe-Weimar, principality of 
 Eisenach, 5 miles S,K, of Vacha, Pop. 552. 
 
 VOLICIIOV or WOLKHOW, vol-Kov'. a river of Ru.ssia, 
 governments of Novgorod and St. Petersburg, issues from 
 Lake Ilmen, on its N. side, near Novgorod, which town it 
 intersects, flows in a very direct course N.N.E, for 130 mile-s 
 and enters Lake Ladoga at Novaia-Ladoga on its S, side. It 
 is deep and navigable, but its navigation is impeded by its 
 rapidity and by falls. 
 
 VOLKMARSEN, folk'mau'sjn, a walled town of Ilesse- 
 Cas.sel, province of Nieder-Hessen, capital of a di.strict, 18 
 miles N,N,W. of Ca,ssel, Pop, 2S1S. It has manufactures 
 of woollen cloths and leather, and 4 annual fairs. 
 
 VOLKOVISK or WOLKOWISK, vol-ko-visk', a town of 
 Russian Poland, government and 42 miles S.S.E, of Grodno, 
 on a small affluent of the Niemen, Pop. 3000, 
 
 VOLLENHOVE, voUlen-ho'veh. a town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Overys.sel, on the Zuyder-Zee. 13 miles N.N.W, of 
 Zwolle. Pop, 1318. 
 
 VOLLEZEKLE, volleh-zA'leh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant, 16 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1775. 
 
 VOLLORE, vorioR/, a town of France, department of Puy- 
 de-DOme, 6 miles S,S,E, of Thiers. Pop. 3832. It had for- 
 merly a fortress of importance. 
 
 VOLMAR or WOLMAH. vol-maR', a town of Russia, go- 
 vernment of Livonia, on the Aa, 65 miles N.E, of Riga, Pop. 
 1700, mostly of German descent. It has a church, which 
 was formerly fortified. In 1622 it was taken by GustavuB 
 .\dolphU8, who conferred it on his celebrated chancellor 
 Oxenstiern. 
 
 VOLME KDINGSEN, vol'mer-dingsVn, a village of Prussia, 
 province of Westphalia, government of Minden, Pop. 1258. 
 
 VOLNAY, voPni', a market-town of France, department 
 of Cote-d'Or, 4 miles S.W. of Beaune, Pop. 605. Some of 
 the finest champagne wines are produced in this vicinity, 
 
 VOL'N KY, a town.ship of Oswego co„ New York, on (Jswego 
 River, intersected by the Oswego Canal, 24 miles N.N.W. of 
 Syracu.se, Pop,, including Fulton Village, 8045, 
 
 VOLNKY, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky. 
 
 VOLNEY, a post-office of AUomakee co., Iowa. 
 
 VOLO, volo, a town of Europtsan Turkey, Thessalv, on 
 the N, side of Its gulf, lat, 39° 24' N,, Ion. 22^ 56' 30" K. 
 Pop. 2000, comprising many Jews. 
 
 VOLO, GutF OF, (anc. Sifnus I'elas'gieus,} an inlet of the 
 iEgean Sea, forming a part of the boundary between Turkey 
 and Greece, bounded E. by the peninsula of Zagorda, and 
 opening southward into the channel of Trikeri. Length 
 and breadth about 18 miles each. In it is the island of 
 Trikeri. 
 
 VOLOGDA or WOLOGDA, vo-log'di, a va.st government of 
 European Russia, and its largest next to Archangel, imme- 
 diiitely S. of which it lies, mostly between lat, 68° and 04° 30' 
 N,. and Ion, 38° and 60° E,, having W, the governments of 
 Olonets and Novgorod, S, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Viatka, and 
 Perm, and E, the Ural Mountains, separating it from Siberia. 
 Estimated area 148.674 square miles. Pop, in 1851, 864 268 
 Except in the E., where it is covered by ramifications of the 
 Ural Mountain.s, the surface is an undulating plain, watered 
 by the Dwina, and its affluents, the Sookhona, Ac, by which 
 it is almost wholly drained, and the Upper Petchora. Lakes 
 numerous; the principal is that of Koobinsk in tl>e W. 
 In the S. and S.W. some of the soil is fertile; elsewhere it is 
 mostly sandy, marshy, or covered with pine, oak, and beech 
 woods. Climate very severe ; rye and barlej" are the only 
 grains rai.sed, and scarcely in sufficient quantity for home 
 consumption. Other crops are hemp, flax, hops, and pulses. 
 Horses and cattle are numerous ; liears, wolves, and great 
 quantities of game afford an abundance of objects of chase. 
 Copper, iron, marble, granite, salt, and flint are the chief 
 mineral products. The government has from 150 to 200 fac- 
 tories of woollen and linen fsibrics, soap, leatner, candles, 
 glass, paper, rope, &c,, with iron foundries, brick-kilns, dis- 
 tilleries, and salt-works; and it sends furs, tallow, pitch, 
 wooden-wares, timber, masts, turpentine, and other raw pro- 
 ducts into the governments of Archangel and Tobolsk. 
 PopuKition mostly Russians, with some Finns, an 1 in the 
 N, wandering Samoied tribes, Vologda is divided Into teu 
 districts. Chief towns, Vologda, the capital, Totma, Kadin- 
 kov, Solvitcbegodsk, and Oostioog-Velikee. 
 
 2053 
 
YOL 
 
 TOLGODA or WOLOGDA. a city of Xorth Russia, capital 
 of a "OTernmen', near its W. extremity, on the Vologda, an 
 affluent of the tookhona, 110 miles X. of Yaroslav, lat. 59° 
 13' N, Ion. 40° 10' E. Pop. 14,000. It was formerly enclosed 
 by wtJls, and is chiefly built of stone ; it has 2 cathedrals, 
 aiid i;i the residence of the archbishop and governor. It has 
 nianuiactures ol' candles, woollens, soap, potash, cordage, 
 bells, ropes, leather, and spirits. Its trade is large, and fa- 
 cilitated by the Dwina. which connects it with the White 
 Sea; it has also an active trade overland with Siberia, and 
 a largo annual fair in January and February. Near it is a 
 famous convent founded in the 14th century. 
 
 A'DI.OGESIA. See Mlsjid Hosseis. 
 
 VOLOKOLAMSK or WOLOKOLAMSK, vo-lo-ko-lSmsk', a 
 town of Russia, government and 64 miles W.X.W. of Moscow, 
 capital of a circle, on the Lama, at the influx of the Goro- 
 denka. Pop. 3000. It has sustained many misfortuues, 
 having been burned in 1177, ruined by the Tartars in 1237 
 and 1293, and taken bv the Poles in 1613. 
 
 VOLOTCHOK. Russia. See Vish^jee Volotchok. 
 
 A'OLPEDO. voi-pA'do, a town of the Sardinian States, divi- 
 «ion of Alessandria, 6 miles E. of Tortona. Pop. 1070. 
 
 V(>LPI.ANO, volpe-i'no, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 division and 11 miles X.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 3663. 
 
 VctLSINlUM. See Bolsexa. 
 
 TOLSK or WOLSK, volsk, written also WOLGSK and 
 t'OLGSK, a town of Russia, government and 70 miles N.E. 
 of Saratov, on the Volga. Pop. 3000. Previous to 1780, it 
 was a mere village ; it has now an exchange, 4 churches, 
 tanneries, and brick-kilns. 
 
 VOLTA, vol'ti, a town of Austrian Italy, delegation and 
 12 miles X.N.W. of Mantua, near the Miueio. Pop. 4000. 
 
 VOLTA, vol'ta, ASM' ADA, ds-wd'da, or ADIRRI, i-<leeR/- 
 Kee, a river of Guinea, rises in the Kong Mountains, flows 
 S.E. and S. through the E. part of the Ashantee territory, 
 and enters the ocean at Adda, in lat. 5° 45' N., Ion. 0° 40' 
 E., after a course estimated at 360 miles. 
 
 VOLTAGGIO, vol-tid'jo, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Genoa, province and 24 miles S.S.E. of Novi, at 
 the foot of the Bocchetta. Pop. 2180. 
 
 VOLTAS, vol'tis. a cape of South Africa, at the S. entrance 
 of the Gariep or Orange River, lat. 28° 44' S.. Ion. 16° 32' E. 
 
 VOLTCHANSK, VOLTSCHANSK or WOLTSCHAXSK, 
 TOl-chdnsk', a town of Russia, government and 42 miles 
 NJE. of Kharkov, capital of a circle, on the Voltcha. Pop. 
 7090. It has 2 annual fairs. 
 
 VOLTERRA, vol-teE'Kd, (anc. Volaier'ne,) a town of Cen- 
 tral Italy, Tuscapy, province and 32 miles S.E. of llsa. Pop. 
 4500. It stands on a lofty rock of tertiary sandstone, is 
 enclosed by walls of curious Etruscan architecture, and has 
 2 ancient gates. Principal buildings, a citadel, divided into 
 an old and new portion, the former of which is now con- 
 verted into a criminal house of industry; a cathedral, and 
 several churches with fine paintings; a Piarist college, clas- 
 sical seminary, hospital, orphan asylum, and some hand- 
 some private palaces. The chief interest of the town, how- 
 ever, is in its Etru-ocan antiquities, its curious necropolis, 
 warm baths, amphitheatre, and Etruscan Museum in the 
 town-hall. Some alabaster manufactories are supplied from 
 the quarries at Ulignano and St. Anastasio; there are cop- 
 per-mines at Monte Catini in the vicinity; on the banks of 
 the Cecina are salt-works and brine springs. 
 
 VOLTORINO, vol-to-ree/no, a town of Naples, province of 
 Capitanata, district of i'oggia. Pop. 1560. 
 
 A'OLTOYA, vol-to'yi, a river of Spain, rises in the S.W. 
 part of Old Castile, flows N.W., then NJi.. and joins the Eres- 
 ma, 15 miles below Segovia, after a course of nearlv 60 miles. 
 
 VOLTRI, vol'tree, a town of North Italy. Sardinian domi- 
 nions, 9 miles W. of Genoa, on the G ulf of Genoa. Pop. 3000. 
 
 \OLTSCHANSK, a town of Russia. See Voltchassk. 
 
 Vl(LTL'RAR.\, vol-too-rd/rS, a town of Naples, province 
 of Priucipato Ultra, district and 14 miles W.S.W.of Sant' An- 
 gelo dei Lombard!. Pop. 1900. 
 
 VOLTURARA, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata. 
 district and 25 miles AV. of Foggia, in the Apennines. P. 2600. 
 
 VOLTURNO, vol-toor.'no, (anc. Vidturlnus,) a river of Na- 
 ples, rises in the province of Molise. flows mostlv S.E., sepa- 
 rating that province from Terra di Lavoro, to its junction 
 with the Galore, and afterwards W. past Capua, and enters 
 the Mediterranean 20 miles S.E. of Gaeta. Course 90 miles. 
 By its chief afliuent, the Caloro, it drains almost all the pro- 
 vince of Principato Ultra. 
 
 VOI/UNTOWN. a post-township of Windham oo., Connec- 
 ticut, E.S.E. of Hartford. Pop. 1059. 
 
 VOLU'SIA, a post-village of Chautauqua oo.. New York, 
 about 340 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 VOLUSIA, a village of Marion co., Florida, on St. John's 
 Kiyer a little above Lake George, about 200 miles E.S.E. of 
 
 yolAKRA, yol-vA'rl. a village of the Sardinian State.s 
 division of Turin, province of Pinerolo. near None P 1939 
 
 \OLMC, voPveek', a market-town of Fnin.-e. department 
 Of Puy-de-Di.me. 4 miles W.S.W. of IJiom. Pop. 3403. It has 
 extensive quarries of lava, of which the town is built and 
 whlcii is sent in large quantiUes to Paris for flaggln". 
 2054 " 
 
 TOR 
 
 TOMAXO, vo-m3/no, (anc. yomaJnits.) a. river of Central 
 Italy, Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., after an E 
 course of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic Sea, 17 miles X.N.W 
 of Pescara. 
 
 VOMO, vo/mo, the south-easternmost of the Asaua group 
 belonging to the Feejee Islands, in the South Pivcific Ocean j 
 lat. 17° 29' S., Ion. 177° 13' E. It is 2 uiiies in circuit. 
 
 VONITZ.\ or VONIZZA, vo-nit^sd, a town of Greece, go- 
 vernment of Acarnauia, on the Bay of Vomiza, au inlet ot 
 the Gulf of Arta, 8 miles S.E. of Prevesa. Pop. 2500. 
 
 VOORBURG, voR'btiEG, a village of the Netlierlauds, pro- 
 vince of South Holland, 2 miles E.SJi. of the Hague, with 
 2307 inhabitants. 
 
 VOORDE. voB'deh, a village of Belgium, province qf East 
 Flanders, 24 miles'S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 11U9. 
 
 V(X»RMEZEELE, voR'meh-zA'leh, a village of West Flan- 
 ders. 27 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1105. 
 
 VOORN, vuBu, an island of South Holland, between the 
 Meuse, (Maas,) and Ilaring-vliet, in the North Sea. Length 
 13 miles, breadth 6 miles. On it are the towns of Helvoet- 
 sluis and Brielle. 
 
 VOORSCHOTEN, voR/sKoHen, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of South Holland, on the railway between Leyden 
 and the Hagne. 3 miles S.S.W. of Leyden. Pop. 1432. 
 
 VOOTCHANG, VOUTCHANG or VOUCIIANG, voo'chang', 
 a city of China, province of Hoo-pe, capital of a department, 
 on the Yang-tse-kiang. at the influx of the Hau-Yang. 
 
 VOO-TCHING or VOU-TCHING, vooVhing', acity of China, 
 province of Kiang-see. 
 
 VOO-TING or VOU-TING, voo'ting', a city of China, pi-o- 
 vince of Yun-nan. 
 
 V0R.\RLBKR6, for'aiil'b?RG, a circle of the Austrian Em- 
 pire, at the W. extremity of the Tyrol, in which it is oflicially 
 included. See Tyrol. 
 
 VORAU, To'row, a market-town of Styria, 32 miles N.E 
 of Griitz. with iron-mines. Pop. 630. 
 
 A'OKCHHEIM. a town of Bavaria. See FoRcnHEiM. 
 
 VOKD.ATE, voR-dd'tA, the northernmost island of the 
 Timor-Laut group, in the Malay Archipelago. 
 
 A'ORDEN, voR'den, a village of the Netherlands province 
 of Gelderland, 5 mUes E.S.E. of Zutphen, on the Vorden, an 
 afliuent of the Yssel. 
 
 VOUDEN, foR'den, a market-town of Hanover, in a marshy 
 tract, and 14 miles N.E. of Osnaburg. Pop. 762. 
 
 VOKDEN, a village of Prussia Westphalia, circle of Min- 
 den. 8 miles N.W. of Uoxter. Pop. 760. 
 
 VORDEKNBERG, voR/deru-bSRG\ a market-town of Sty- 
 ria. 14 miles W.N.W. of Briick, with iron-mines. 
 
 VORDINGBORG or WORBINGBORG, voR/ding-boKG^ a 
 maritime town of Denniiirk, on the S. coast of the island 
 of Seelaud, opposite Falstcr. It has a ruined castie, and 
 1000 inhabiUnts. 
 
 VOllEPPE, vo^rSpp', a town of France, department of 
 Isere. 9 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 2907. 
 
 VOREY, vo*rA/, a village of France, department of Haute- 
 Loire, 10 miles N. of Le Puy. Pop. 2116. 
 
 VORIA or WORIA, vo're-d, a river of Russia, rises neux 
 Gzhatsk, government of Smolensk, flows S.S.W. and joins 
 the Oogra; total course 60 miles. 
 
 VORMS or WORMS. voRms, an island in the Baltic, be- 
 longing to Russia, government of Revel, between the island 
 of Dago and the mainland. Length 10 miles, breadth i 
 miles. Population of Swedish descent. 
 
 VORONA or WORONA, vo-ro'nd, a river of Russia, go. 
 vernments of Penza, Tambov, and Voronezh, flows S.W., and 
 after a course of 220 miles, joins the Khoper 6 nules S.S.E. 
 of Novo-Iihopersk. 
 
 VORONEZH or VORONEJ, vo-ro-nJzh'. written al.so VORO- 
 NIEJ, VORONEJE, VORONETZ. WORONKTZ and WORO- 
 NESCH, a government of South Ru.ssia, mostly between lat. 
 48° 40' and 53° N., and Ion. 37= 40' and 43° E., surrounded 
 by the governments of Tambov, Orel, Koorsk. Kharkov, and 
 Y'ekaterinoslav, Saratov, and the Don-Cossaek country. Area 
 25,878 square miles. Pop. in 1S51, 1,629,741. Surface level 
 or undulating. Principal rivers, the Don and its afliuent s, 
 which drain nearly the whole ; the Oskol in the \\'., and the 
 Donets, which forms the S. boundary. Soil fertile. Climate 
 comparatively mild, and most of the product-s of temperate 
 countries are raised, including large quantities of melons, 
 which are sent to the markets of Moscow and St. Peters- 
 burg; tobacco, poppies, hemp, flax, cucumbers, onions, 
 pulsfts, &c The vine is cultivated in some parts, and th'* .sur- 
 plus produce of corn in good j-ears, is estimated at 2,2iK),000 
 quarters. Honey, iron, limestone, and nitre, are iuii>ortaut 
 products. The cattle are estimated at 550,000, sheej) upwards 
 of 1.000,000 ; and horses are numerous, and of good bi-eeds, 
 hunting being a favorite pursuit. Manufactures of coarse 
 woollens, soap, &c., have increased verj' rapidly. Principal 
 exports, corn, cattle, skins, honey, wax, fruits, and iron 
 wares. The government is subdivided into 12 circles. I'rin- 
 cipal towns, Voronezh, (the capital.) Ostrogoisk, Pavlovsk, 
 Bogootchar, Korotaiak, and Novo-Khopersk. The erowc 
 revenue from this government amounts to about 16 mil- 
 lions of rubles annually. 
 
 VOJiONEZU or VOKUNEJ, written also \ t UIONIEJ, YO 
 
VOR 
 
 RONKJE, VOROXETZ, WORONETZ and WORONESCH, a 
 
 city of S~<)Uth Russia, capital of the al)Ove government, situa- 
 twi on the Vorona. near its confluence wicli tlie Don. 130 mile.s 
 E. of Koorsk. Lat. 61° 40' N., Ion. 39° 22' E. Pop. -40,439. It 
 Btaiids on a steep height, and is naturally strong. It con- 
 sists of an upper and lower town, and suburbs. The latter 
 are black and gloomy: but the town has many spacious 
 thoroughfares, and its principal street is lined by noble edi- 
 fices, including the governor'sand vice-governor's residences, 
 the tribunals, post-office, commissariat, academy. &c. In 
 Moscow street are the cathedral and bishop's palace, and 
 there are about 20 churches, several convents, a bazaar, and 
 many good shops, numerous superior schools, a hospital, 
 military Jrphan asylum, manufactures of soap, tallow, 
 leather, and vitriol. Peter the Great here founded a palace 
 and large dockyards and arsenals, and here was built the 
 first vessel of his fleet for the Sea of Azof; but most of the 
 naval establishments have been removed to Tuvrov and 
 Rostov. Since his time, however, Voroni'zh has become one 
 of the chief commercial towns in South Russia. It exports 
 iron, corn, flour, oil, wine, rope, siiil-doth, woollens, lime, 
 &c., and carries on a considerable trade with the Black Sea. 
 the Crimea, and Turkey; and some of its merchants travel 
 annually to Tobolsk for furs, which they afterwards sell at 
 the German fairs. 
 
 VOROSPATAK, (Voriispatak,) viiViish'poh'tok'. a vi.Ilage 
 of Austria, Transylvania, on both sides of the Viiros, 2.i miles 
 N.W. of Karlsburg. It consists of atiout 600 well-built 
 houses, and is liimous for its gold-mines, wliich have been 
 wrought from very early times and are still valuable. 
 
 VOKSELAEK, voR/seh-l4R\ a village of Uelgium, province 
 of Antwerp, 2 miles W.S.W. of Turnhout. Pop. 1500. 
 
 VORSFELDE, foRs/f^l-dfh. a market-town of Germany, 
 duchy and 19 miles N.E. of Brunswick, capital of a circle, 
 on the AUer, with 1300 inhabitants, distilleries, tanneries, 
 and an active trade in tobacco, flax, and liops. 
 
 VOHSKL.\. voRsk'ld, a river of Russia, government of 
 Kharkov and Poltava, flows S.W. past Poltava and Kobiliaki, 
 and after a course of 150 miles, joins the Dnieper, 40 miles 
 N.W. of Yekaterinoslav. 
 
 VOKST, foRst, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government 
 of Dusseldorf, (3 miles S.S.E. of Kempen. ■ Pnp. 1070. 
 
 VOK.ST, TORst, a village of Belgium, province and E. of 
 Antwerp. Pop. 1894. 
 
 VOSOES, vozh, (anc. Vngesus ^fnn^; Ger. Vngesm, fo'ghfh- 
 zen, or Wafgaugehirge. <^Js-guw-ga-b&6R'ga.) a chain of moun- 
 ] tains in the N.E. of France, the SJ'". of Belgium, and theW. 
 j of Germany. It commences in France, on the limits of the 
 departments of Haute-SaSne. Ilaut-Rhin, and Doubs, and 
 terminates in Germany on the left bank of the Rhine, near 
 Mentz. It is connected on the S.W. with the mountains of 
 the Cote d'Or, which are prolonged to the Cevennes ; on the S. 
 w!tb the Jura 5Iountains, and in the N.W. with the Ardennes. 
 The mountains often as.sume a rounded form, and are hence 
 called ballons ; the culminating points are the Ballon d'Alsace, 
 4688 feet, and the Ballon de Gwebwiller, 43U0 feet in eleva- 
 tion. Their summits are covered with vast forests, and they 
 contain silver, copper, lead, and coal; but the most valual>le 
 mineral product is rock-salt. The Vosges give rise to the 
 rivers Sa6ne, Moselle, Meuse, Marne. and Aube. 
 
 VOSGES, a department in the N.E. of France, formed of 
 the S. part of the old province of Lorraine. Area 2230 square 
 miles. Pop. in 1861, 415,485. Surface generivlly mountain- 
 ous, having the Tosges in the E., and the Faucille Mountains 
 in the S. Chief rivers, the Meurthe, Mortagne, Moselle, 
 Madon, and Meuse. One-third of the surface is covered with 
 forests. The plain in the W. and N.W. is fertile in wheat, 
 maize, hemp, and excellent flax; cherries are extensively 
 grown for the manufacture of kirschenioasser, (kSeRsh'en- 
 *^s^ser, i. e. "cherry-water.") Many cattle are reared, and 
 butter and cheese are important products. The department 
 is rich in mines of iron, copper, silver, and marble. It has 
 numerous miner.il springs, the chief of which are those of 
 Plombieres and Bains. It is divided into the arrondis.se- 
 ments of Epinal, Mirecourt; Neufchateau, Remiremont, and 
 St. Die. Capital. Epinal. 
 
 VOSKRESENSK or WOSKRESENSK, vos-kr.i-sJn.sk', a 
 town of Russia, government and 34 miles W.N.W. of Mos- 
 cow. Pop. 1500. Here is a famous monastery termed the 
 New Jerusalem. 
 
 VOSMAERSBAAI, De, deh TO.^m^Rs-br, a bay of the 
 Malay Archipelago, on the E. coast of the Island of Celebes, 
 In the Gulf of Tamaiki or Tolo, with a small fort on its N. 
 side. 
 
 VOSNESENSK or WOSNESENSK, vos-nA-s5nsk/, a large 
 market-town, the chief of the military colonies of South 
 Russia, government of Kherson, on the Bug, 85 miles N.W. 
 of Kherson. 
 
 YOSTANI, vos-ti'nee, or WUSTANEE, wfis-t^'nee. some- 
 times called MIDDLE EGYl'T, a region of Egypt, generally 
 nnderstood to extend from the nelghlxjrhood of Cairo south- 
 waiil to near 27° 30' N. lat. 
 
 VOSTIZZ.\, vostit'si, (anc. JFyghim.) a maritime town of 
 Greece, Morea. government of Achaia. on the Corinthian 
 Quit 18 miles E «.E.. of Patras. Pop. 2500. It is ill built 
 
 VUK 
 
 and unhe.ilthy, but has a good harbor, and an active com- 
 merce in currants and pine timber. 
 
 VOSTOCHNII NOS, vos-toK'ilee nos, one ot the Russian 
 names of East Cape, at the E. extremity of Siberia. See 
 C.\PE. East. 
 
 VOTKA or WOTK A, vot/ka, a town and important manu- 
 facturing district of Russia, government of Viatka, on tho 
 Ii;h, (Ij.) 12 miles from its influx into the Kama. Pop. 9000. 
 Here are extensive imperial iron-works, anchor forges, and 
 mu.sket factories; also an arsenal and hospital. 
 
 VOTTEM, vot'tfm, a town of Belgium, province, and Z 
 miles N. of Liege, on an affluent of the Meuse. Pop 1746. 
 
 YOU-CIIANG, a town of China. See Voo-tchang. 
 
 VOUCHING, a town of China. See Vootchino. 
 
 VOUGA, vo'gi. a river of Portugal, province of Boira, 
 enters an inlet of the Atlantic 5 miles N. of Avoiro, after a 
 W.S.W. course of 60 miles. 
 
 VOUILLfi, voo\yA' or voory,i'. a market^town of France, 
 department of Vienne. 10 miles W.N.W. of Poitiers. P. 14.35. 
 
 VOULTE, La, li voolt, (anc. VoVlaf) a market-town of 
 France, department of Ardeche, 10 miles E.N.E. of Privas, 
 on the ri^ht bank of the Rhone. Pop. in 1852, 3153. 
 
 VOUNEUIL-SUK-VIENNE, voo'nd' suR ve-<^nn', a village 
 of France, department of Vienne, 8 miles S. of Chatellerault. 
 Pop. 1326. 
 
 VOUTEZAC, voo'teh-zik'. a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Correze, 11 miles N.N.W. of lirives. Pop. 2537. 
 
 VOU-TING, a town of China. Sec Voo-TlNO. 
 
 VOliVRAY, vooVrA', a village of France, department of 
 Indre et-Loire, on the right bank of the Loire, and on the 
 railway to Orleans, 7 miles E. of Tours. Pi)p. 2418. 
 
 VOUZIEKS, voo^ze-4/, a town of France, department of 
 Aj-donnes, on the left bank of the Aisne, 25 miles S. of 
 Mezieres. Pop. 2862. 
 
 VOUZON, voo'zAn"', a market-town of France, department 
 of Loir-et-Cher, 27 miles N.E. of Romorantin. Pop. 1213. 
 
 A'OVES, vov, a market-town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loir. 12 miles S.S E. of Chartrea. Pop. 1256. 
 
 VOW'CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 VOYAVAD. See Boiab.ad. 
 
 VOYUSSA, TO-yoos'si, (anc. Aofus,) a river of European 
 Turkey, Albania, rises near Mezzovo, and. after a W. course 
 of 130 miles, enters the Adriatic Sea, 14 miles N. of Avloua. 
 Its affluents are the Deropuli and Desvitza. 
 
 A'OZII or VOJ, vozh, written also VOSCH and VOJE, a lake 
 of Russia, at the N.E. extremity of the government of Nov- 
 gorod. 40 miles N.E. of Lake Bielo. Length 25 miles, breadth 
 10 miles. It receives the river Vozhda, and discharges its 
 surplus waters northward by the Svid into Lake Latcha. 
 
 VRACE.N'E, vrlAs.Vnfh, a village of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders. 25 mih^s N.E. of Ghent Pop. 5300. 
 
 VRACHORI. vrit-ko/ree, a town of Greece, capital of the 
 government of J'.tolia, 25 miles N.W. of Lepanto. Five miles 
 S.E. is the Lake Vrachori, ancient Trichmiis, 6 miles in 
 length, from E. to W., by 4 miles in breadth. 
 
 VRAITA, vri/ta. or VARAITA. vi-ri'tii. a river of the Sar- 
 dinian States. ri.ses on the E. slo|>e of the Maritime Alps, 
 and joins the Po, about 3 miles above the confluence of the 
 .Maira. 
 
 VR.\NA, vrS/nd. a town of Turkey, formerly a dependency 
 of Servia, 43 miles E. of Pristina. Pop. 3,000. (?) Near it 
 are .some iron-mines. 
 
 VRANA, a village and ruined fortress of Dalmatia. circle 
 and 20 miles S.E. of Zara. on the Lake of Vrana, which is 8 
 miles in length and nearly the same in breadth. Here was 
 formerly a residence of the Grand Master of the Templans. 
 
 VR.\NA. a village and convent of Greece, government of 
 Attica, on the plain of Marathon. 20 miles N.E. of Athens. 
 
 VRANDUK or VRANDOUK. vrdnVlookCa town of Turkey, 
 in Bosnia, on the Bosna. 28 miles N.E. of Travnik. 
 
 vm^C<JUI{T, vrA'kooR', a village of France, department of 
 Vosges, 13 miles S. of Neufchateau. Pop. 931. 
 
 VRKDEN, vrMlen, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 35 
 miles W.N.W. of MUnster. on the Berkel. I'op. 2600. 
 
 VREESWYK or VREESWIJK, vrais/wik\ a village of the 
 Netherlands, province and 6 miles S.W. of Utrecht, on the 
 Leek. Pop. 1078. 
 
 VRIES, vrees, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Drenthe, 5 miles N. of Assen, with 1697 inhabitants. 
 
 VRIESEVEEN, vree'seh-vain\ a village of the Neihep- 
 lands, province of Overyssel, 23 miles E.S.E. of Zwolle. 
 Pop. 2893. 
 
 VRIESLAND, a province of .Holland. See Friesiand. 
 
 VRIGNE-AUX-BOIS, vreefl o bwd, a village of France, de- 
 partment of Ardennes, on the A'rigne, 4 miles N.W. of Sedan, 
 Pep. 1155, engaged in iron works. 
 
 VUGHTor VUGT.vuHt, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, 2 miles S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop 1018. 
 
 VUKOVAR. voo'ko-vaR', a town of the Austrian Empire, 
 Slavonia, capital of the county of Syrmia. on the right bank 
 of the Danube, at the influx of the Vuko, which divides it 
 into an old and a new town, 24 miles S.E. of Eszek. Pop. 
 5670. It is the see of a Greek protopapas. and has several 
 Greek churches, a Franciscan monastery, and a Reman 
 Catholic high school. 
 
 iJ0o5 
 
VUL 
 
 WAD 
 
 rVJjCK'SlM lySVLM. see Lipari Islands. 
 
 TL'IXANO. Tool-kd'no. or VOLCANO, vol-ka'no, (anc. Vul- 
 annut,) the most S. of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea, and 12 miles X. of the coast of Sicily ; lat. 3b° 22' 
 X.. Ion. I 4° 55' 15" E. It is about 7 mile.s in length by 3 
 miles in breadth, mountainous, and has near its centre a 
 crater about one-fourth of a mile in circumference and one- 
 fourth of a mile deep, which constantly emits vapour charged 
 with sulphur, alum, Titriol. and ammonia. The island has 
 two ports ; its interior is almost wholly sterile, but the S. shore 
 yields grapes, flax, fruit, and excellent corn. Off its N. coast 
 is the islet of Vulcaxello, Tool-ki-uJl'lo, ('• Little Vulcano,") 
 joined to it by a low rock formed of its own lava, and In 
 which are two small craters, one frequently emitting smoke. 
 
 VULSINII or VOLSIMI. See Bolse.na. 
 
 VULTERXUS. See Voltekno. 
 
 A' UNA, voo'nd. one of the principal of the Feejee Islands, 
 South Pacific Ocean; lat. 17^ 2' S.. Ion. 179° 56' E., 26 miles 
 long aud 5 miles broad. Pop. 7000. 
 
 VUOXEX, vooK)x'en, a river of Finland, flows S.S.W. 
 through nuraerou.* lakes, including Lake Saima. on emerging 
 from which it forms the grand Cataract of Imatri ; after a, 
 
 northward turn it enters Lake Ladoga at Kexholm. on its 
 W. side. Total course estimated at from 300 to 350 miles. 
 
 VUPABU^'U, Too-pd-boo-soo/, a lake of Brazil, province ol 
 Minas-Geraes, near the frontiers of the province of Babia. 
 It was once celebrated for its gold and emeralds. 
 
 VUREX. voo'rfn, a village of Holland, province of GeUer- 
 land, 24 miles W.S.W. of TieL on the Waal-dyke. Pop. 9(33. 
 
 VUSITRIX, Too-se-trin/, written also VkLTCHISTEKX, 
 a town of Turkey in Europe, in the S.W. part of Servia, on 
 the I bar. 35 miles S.E. of Novi-Bazar. Pop. 3000. 
 
 VYBORG. See Viborg. 
 
 VYXCKT. vinkt. a village of Belgium, province of Eairt 
 Flanders. 12 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 2219. 
 
 VYSERT. See Bisert. 
 
 VYTCHKGDA, a river of Russia. See Viichegda. 
 
 VYTEGUA or WYTEGRA, ve-tA/grd, a town of Russia, 
 government of Olonets, capital of a circle, on the Vytegrai 
 12 miles from Lake Onega, and 73 miles S.E of Petrozavodsk. 
 Pop. 2500. It has manu&ctures of linen and caudle.«. with 
 ship-building docks; and is connected by ils river with the 
 Lakes Onega aud Ladoga. It carries on a large trade with 
 St. Petersburg and ArdiangeL 
 
 w 
 
 WAADT. See Vaih). 
 WAAG, w|g. or VAAG. a river of West Hungary, 
 rises in the Carpathian Mouut«ins, and after a course of 200 
 miles joins the Danube at Comorn, in conjunction with the 
 Jieutra. Course S.W. and S. Chief affluent, the Arva. 
 
 WA-\00 or VAAGO. one of the Faroe Islands, which see. 
 
 M'AAL or WAUL, wil, (anc. Vahalu.) a river of the Xether- 
 Iand.<, being one of the principal arms of the Rhine. (See 
 Rhine.) 
 
 WAALHEM, a town of Belgium. See Waelhem. 
 
 WAALWYK, wil'wik, a town of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Xorth Brabunt 10 miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2750. 
 
 WAAKD, The, an island of the Netherlands. See Jan Kb- 
 
 BELLEX. 
 
 WA.\RM.\.\RDE, a town of Belgium. See Waerm.aesde. 
 
 W.\ATZEX, a town of Central tlungary. See W.aitzen. 
 
 AV ABASH, waw'bash, an important river of Indiana and 
 Illinois, rises in Mercer county. Ohio, near the W. boundary 
 of the state. It flows north-westward to Huntington, iu In- 
 diana, then pursues a westerly course to Carroll county; 
 from this point it flows south-westward, passing by Lafavette 
 and Attica, until it approaches within 8 or 10 miles from 
 the W. border of Indiana; here it turns towards the south, 
 •ud passing by Covington and Terre Haute, strikes the 
 boundary of Indiana and Illinois, a few miles below the 
 latter town. From this point its general direction is S.S.W., 
 and it continues to form the boundary between the two 
 states until it enters the Ohio, about 140 miles above the 
 mouth of the latter, in lat. 37° 50' N., and Ion. 8S° AV. It 
 If the largest river which intersects the state of Indiana, 
 and the principal affluent of the Ohio from the N. The 
 whole length is estimated at 550 miles, for more than 300 
 of which it is navigable by sU-amboats in high water. The 
 AVabash and Erie Canal follows the course of this river from 
 Huntington to Terre Haute, a distance of 180 miles. Stone- 
 coal is found nearly everywhere along its banks, below La- 
 fayette. 
 
 AVABASH. a county towards the N.E. part of Indiana, 
 contains 420 square miles. It is drained by the AVabashi 
 Salamonie, and Eel Rivers. The surface is pleasantly diver- 
 sified and the soil fertile. A large portion is covered rfith 
 heavy timber. The county is intersected by the AVabash 
 and Erie Canal, and by the Toledo and Wabash Railroad. 
 The streams furnish an extensive water-power. Capital 
 A^ ^bash. Pop. 17,647. ' 
 
 AVABASH. a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, bor 
 aenng on Indiana, is among the smallest counties of the 
 state: area 110 square miles. The Wabjish River, from 
 winch Its name is derived, forms its boundary on the E and 
 i>., and Bonpas Creek flows along the western border until 
 It enters that river. The county conUins some prairie, aud 
 Jf, P?.'-"y ^"^e.'-ed with forests ; the soil is good. The rkpids 
 of W abash River afford abundant water-power, near Mount 
 Carmel, the county-seat. Pop. 7313 
 
 vr . n » ^„ "**"*'}'P'''^''»l>pe«inoeco.,Indiana.Pop.l566. 
 „«•«••?' * ''""'"tubing post-village and township, capital 
 
 af,d nn tf. ' w^k'^:.^"'^^;!,'^ "^ ""* »"'• »f >t« own name 
 and on the AVabash and Erie Canal, 90 miles N.N E of Inl 
 
 ?rv"«5!"i Jl' . ^''«.^|"««e " situated in a rich farming coun- 
 try, which is rapidly improving. It contiins a court-house 
 and seyenU churches. The Toledo and Wab.ash RaUroad 
 comiecu it^th Fort Wayne. Lafayette, &c. Two n^w^ 
 
 papers are published here. Settled in 1835. Population 
 of the township, 1520. 
 
 AA' ABASH, a town.ship of Coles co., Illinoig. 
 
 AVABASH, a township of Cumberland co., Illinois. 
 
 WABASH, a post-village of Wayne co., Illinois, on the 
 Little Wabash River, about 70 miles S.E. of A'andalia. 
 
 AVABASH AAV, wawTja-shaw, a county in the S.E. part of 
 Minnesota, contains .about 525 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the N.E. by the Mississippi aud Lake Pepin, and inter- 
 sected by the Embarras River. The surface is undulating, 
 and the soil fertile. Capital, AVabashaw. Population 
 7228. See Appknoix. 
 
 AA'ABASH.\AA', a post-village, capital of AVabaflliaw co- 
 Minnesota, on the right bank of the Mississippi, about 87 
 miles below St. I'aul. Pop. about 2000. See Appexdix. 
 
 AVABASH COLLEGE. See Crawfordsvillk, Indiana. 
 
 WABASH VALLEY, a post-village of Clark co.. Illinois. 
 
 AV.4BERN, *d'bern. a village of Uesse-Cas?ol. province of 
 Niederhessen, on the nailway from Frankfort to Cassel, 4 
 miles E.S.E. of Fritzlar. Pop. 1035. 
 
 AVA/BEKTIIWAIT, a parish of England, co. Cumberland, 
 
 AVACAHOOTIE, a post-office of JIarion co., Florida. 
 
 AVACCAMAAV, a river which ri.ses in the S. part of Xorth 
 Carolina, and flowing S.W. tbroufih Horry district, iu South 
 Carolina, unites with the Great Pedee at Georgetown. These 
 rivers here form an estuary called AVinyaw Bay. 
 
 AVACIUX. a town of Centr.al Asia. See Aokhax. 
 
 AV.\CIIBACH. wds'bdK, a village of AVurtemburg, 3 miles 
 S. of Meriientheim. Pop. 1201. 
 
 AVACHEXHEIM. wik'gn-hime\ a market-town of Rhe- 
 nish Bavaria, 14 miles X.W. of Speyer. Pop. 2920. 
 
 AV.^CHOKO, *i-Ko'ko, a town of Poland, government 
 and 24 miles S.S.AV. of Radom, on the Kamienna, an afflu- 
 ent of the A'istula. 
 
 AVACHSTEDT. *lK/st^tt, a village of Prussian Saxony, 10 
 miles N.AV. of Miihlhausen. P. 1155. 
 
 AVACHTENDOXK, «dK'ten-donk\ a town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 25 miles X.W. of Dtisseldorf, on the Xeers. Pop. 
 2000. employed in manufactures of velvet ribbons. 
 
 AVACHTERSBACH, *aK'tv'rs-bdK\ a town of Hesse<^assel, 
 province and E.X.E. of Hanau. on the Kinzig. Pop. 1363. 
 
 AVACHUSETT (waw-chu'set) MOUXTAIX, in Princeton 
 township, Worcester co., Massachusetts, has an elevation of 
 above 2000 feet. The view from its summit is extensive, aud 
 exceedingly picture.sque. 
 
 WACHUSETT VILLAGE, a post-village of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 WACKEN. <rdk'ken. a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 20 miles S.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 2800. 
 
 AVA'CO, a post-village, capital of McLennan co., Texas, on 
 the right hank of the Brazos River. 
 
 WACOO'CIIEE, a post-village of Russell co., Alabama, 65 
 miles E. bv X. of Montgomery. 
 
 AVACOUSTA, wa-koo.s/til. a post-village of Clinton co., Mich- 
 igan, on the Looking-s;lass River, aliout 11 miles X.W. of 
 Lansing. It has 2 mills and 2 stores. 
 
 AVA'CO VIL'LAGE. a post-office of Milam co.. Texas. 
 
 AV ACTON, a parish of England, co. of Hcrefoid. 
 
 AVACTOX, MAG'XA and PAIVVA, a parish of England 
 CO. of Norfolk. 
 
 WAD. an Arabic prefix. See Wadt. 
 
 WAD-AL-KEBIR.. See Gc.adalquivir. 
 
 WADaY or WADY, wa'dl, (written in French, Ouaday,) 
 a country in the interior of Africa, S. of the Great Desert 
 and E. of Darfoor. It 5s called AA'aday ir Fezzan, in I!arh« 
 ry, and Morocco; but the natives themselves, though uim 
 
WAD 
 
 WAD 
 
 often use the name Wiiday, or Wadiday, prefer that of Dar- 
 Saleyh; while their neighbors in Darfoor, Kordofan, and 
 Bonioo, call it BargCi or Uorgoo. 
 
 The country has not been yet visited by any European, 
 and consequently very little is known of it with any decree 
 of certainty. 
 
 It is said to be a larger territory than Darfoor, which it 
 excels also in fertility and in abundance of water. The 
 hills which diversify its surface run chiefly in chains E. to 
 W., thus forming two hollows, the more southerly of which 
 is styled ISatha — that is. the valley or lowland ; the more 
 northerly. IJoteyha. the diminutive of iSatha. Through these 
 valleys How. from the highland on the E. confines of \Vaday, 
 two streams, so copious in the rainy season as to overflow 
 the adjoining plains, and in the dry sea.son they are never 
 wholly exhaust<Mi. They unite, lower down, to form the 
 river ( Bahr-el-Gazal) which periodically converts into a lake 
 the hollow plain of Fittro, about '200 miles W. of Waday. 
 According to tl\e Sheikh-el-Toonsy. another river, the Bahr- 
 Iro, far exceeding in magnitude those already mentioniid. 
 Bows N.W. through Waday from the mountains of Marrah, 
 S. of Darfoor. 
 
 The strip of desert on the E. side of Waday, separating it 
 from Darfoor, is by no means utterly inhospitable, but lying 
 within the limits of occasional rains, it affurds pasture, and 
 has in many places trees; yet it is wholly uninhabited. On 
 the X.. Waday has the mountainous and rocky desert of the 
 Tibboos. The plains on the W., towards Fittre and Beghar- 
 mi, with an extent of eight or ten days' journey, resemble 
 the desert, but are not quite arid. Towards the S., the 
 country improves continually in luxuriance of vegetation, 
 and copiousness of water, till at last the forests of baobab 
 and ebony, and numerous communities of pagan negroes, 
 mark the limits of the horse and camel-keeping Mohamme- 
 dans of Waday. 
 
 The country produces in abundance durra, dokhn, maize, 
 and the other grains as well as the fruits of the torrid zone. 
 It is often visited by violent hurricanes during the rains. 
 The cold X. winds in the winter diminish the evaporation, 
 so that the rivers in general never wholly dry up. The 
 banks of the Batha and Bot<,'yha are lined with a broad 
 seam of trees, behind which spread well cultivated plains. 
 Cattle and horses are reared in great numl)ers. and the va- 
 rious tribes and races inhabiting the countrj' find each a 
 suitable spot for its peculiar husbandry, whether pastoral or 
 a'zricultur.al. There is little manufacturing industry in 
 Waday. The people know how to spin and weave cotton, 
 and can dye their webs ; they can work iron, and can make 
 coarse implements for their own use; but the manufactured 
 articles chiefly in demand, and most prized by them, are 
 imported from Egypt or Barbary. In return they export 
 gum, ivory, ostrich feathers, tamarinds, senna, skins to 
 make water-bags, and slaves. 
 
 In manners, dress, and mode of life, the Mohammedan in- 
 habitants of Waday resemble those of Darfoor. Their houses, 
 however, are said to be superior, being often, of good mason- 
 ry; whereas in Darfoor they are constructed wholly of straw. 
 It is said that the sultan's body-guard, the Ozbau, amounts 
 to 4000 men ; and that 1000 of them, in cloaks and round 
 iron helmets, and armed with clubs, keep watch every night 
 round his palace in Wara, the population of which town does 
 not exceed 40.000. 
 
 Sultan Abd-el-Kereem, surnamed Saboon, subdued the 
 mountaineers of El Tamah, a rocky district N.E. of Waday, 
 and leading an army S.W. Into Begharmi, he deposed the 
 profligate sultan of that country in 1803. Sensible of the 
 disadvantages attending his secluded position, the road on 
 one side being commanded by Darfoor, on the other by 
 Begharmi and Bornoo, or by the powerful tribes seated 
 round Fittre, and Kanem. he resolved on exploring new 
 and more direct routes across the desert. With this view 
 he sent an envoy to Mohammed .\lee, the pasha of Egypt, 
 who met his wish»s. and despatched in return a caravan to 
 Waday. This, however, never reached its destination, being 
 seized and plundered by the Darfoorians. The experiment, 
 however, has since been frequently repeated, with- tolerable 
 
 W.\D'BOROUOrr. a hamlet of England, co. of Worcester, 
 with a station on the Birmingham and Bristol Railway, 5 
 miles S.E. of Worcester. 
 
 W.\D'DAM'S GROVE, a post-township in Stephenson co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 WAD'DELL'S STORE, a post-oflice of Charles City county 
 Virginia. 
 
 WAIVDESOX, a pari.sh of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WAD'DIXGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WAD'DIXGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WADDINGTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Kiding. 
 
 WAD/DIXGTOX, a post-village of St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York, on the St. Lawrence River, about 18 miles E.X.E. of 
 )gdensburg. Opposite the village is Ogden's Island, sepa- 
 ■ated from the mainland by a channel, which has a fall of 
 libout 11 feet in the distance of 3 miles. By the construction 
 of a dam across to the island, and a canal extending parallel 
 
 with the river in front of the village, an hydraulic-power 
 hiis l>eon obtained, of unlimited extent. There are in ope- 
 ration here 2 saw-mills, 1 flax-mill, 2 shingle-mills. 2 carri- 
 age-shops, 1 stave factory, 2 grist-mills, wool and cardiii;» 
 machines, furnace and machine-shop, trip-hammer, sash, 
 and steam machines, and 1 paper-mill. Waddington con- 
 tains 4 churches. Previous to 1818 the village bore the 
 name of Hamilton, in honor of Goneral Alexander Hamil- 
 ton, who was associated in business with the Ogdens of the 
 place. Pop. in 1855. 632; of the township in 18(30, 2768. 
 WAD'DIXGWORMI. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln- 
 WA'DEBRIDGK. a market-town of England, co. of Corn, 
 wall, on the navigable Alan, here cro.s.sed by a bridge of 17 
 arches. 6 miles E.S.K. of I'adstow. Pop. in 1851. 800. 
 
 WAD-EL-HABIDorOUAD-EL-IIABID, wdd' Jl hd-bccj', 
 a river of Morocco, flows X.W.. and. after a course of alH>ut 
 100 miles, joins the .Morbcya on the left. 
 
 WADKLIMS. wad'e-linis\ a people of Africa, occupy irig 
 the W. part nf the Great Desert. 
 
 \V.\'L)EXlIi)E, a parish of England, co. of Northampton 
 
 WADEXSOIIWYL, (Wiidenschywl.) ft.Vden-shwir, o. 
 WADENSWEIL. (Wjidensweil.) *!l/dfns-\vrr,'a village of 
 Switzerland, canton and 12 miles S.S.E. of Zurich, on the S. 
 side of the Lake of Zurich. It has a castle, and ClOO inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 WADER, B town of Afghanistan. See Wabor. 
 
 AV.VDK'S. a post-office of Bedfnrd co., Virginia. 
 
 WADEs?nOROUGU. waids'bur-ruh, a flourishing po.<:t 
 village, capital of Anson county. North Carolina. 120 miles 
 S.W. of Raleigh, and 14 miles W. of the Yailkin River. Jt 
 is surrounded by a productive cotton region, and is the 
 centre of an active trade. A company has been formed to 
 construct a plank-road from this place to Cheraw. in South 
 Carolina. 24 miles distant. The Bank of Wadesborough w.as 
 charterefJ in 1850-1, capital §200.000. Two newspapers are 
 published here. Incorporated in 1825. Pop. in 1860, about 
 1600. 
 
 WADESBOROUGH, a post>viIlage of Callaway co.. Ken- 
 tucky, about 250 miles W.S.W. of i'raukfort, was formerly 
 the county seat. 
 
 .WADESBOROUGH, a post-offlce of Livingston parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 WAUKSTOWN, walds'town. a post-village of Monongalia 
 CO.. W. Virginia, 200 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 W.^DESVILLE, a po.s^vlllage of Clarke cq., Virginia, on 
 the Winchester and Potomac RaHroad, 9 miles from Win- 
 chester. 
 
 \>^4DETZ. a town of Austria. See W.^dowice. 
 
 W.VDGIKK, one of the Arroo Islands. See Wadjier. 
 
 WAD'HAM'S MILLS, a post-village of Essex co.. New 
 York, on Boquet River, 9 or 10 miles E. of ElizabetJitown. 
 
 WAD'HUIl.ST, a parish and market-town of England, co. 
 Sussex. 6 miles S.E. of Tunbridge-Wells. Pop. in 1851, 2802. 
 
 WADI-ASH. See Gc.adix. 
 
 WA'DIXO RIVER, a small stream of Burlington co., 
 New .lersey. flows southward into Little Egg Harbor liiver. 
 
 W.-VDING RIVER, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, 
 near Long Island Sound. 
 
 WADIXOOX, wa'de-noon', (written in French OUADI- 
 XOOX or OUADY-NOUN,) a town of Soos, in Africa, near 
 the river Noon, which is called by the Arabs and Moors 
 Wadv-Xoox. 
 
 WADJIER or WADOIER, wdd'joeR', one of the smaller 
 Arroo islands, with a village of the same name, on its W. 
 side. The inhabitants are chiefly Christians, with a smaller 
 number of Mohammed.ins. 
 
 WADJ(JE, wild'joo'.(?) a native state near the middle of 
 the island of Celebes, Malay Archipelago, on the Bay or 
 Gulf of Boni. 
 
 WAD'LEY'S FALLS, a post-village of Strafford CO., New 
 Hampshire. 36 miles E. of Concord. 
 
 WAD-MEDINA or OUAD-MEDIX.A., wdd mA-dee'ni a 
 town of the Egyptian dominions, in the S. of Xubia. on the 
 left bank of the Blue River, (Xile.) about 80 miles S.S.E. of 
 Khartoom. It is of considerable importance, and was once 
 regarded as the capital of East Soodan. having for that 
 purpose been substituted for Sennaar, though it was itself 
 afterwards supplanted by Khartoom. Pop., including th» 
 garrison, nearly 4000. 
 
 W.VDOIl, wdMoR', a town of Afghanistan. 17 miles W. of 
 Dera-Ghazee-Khan. on the route to Candah.ar. 
 
 WADOWICE. wd-do-*eet sA or WADETZ, ftd'dJts, a town 
 of -Austrian Poland. Galicia, on the Skawa, 23 miles W.S.W. 
 of Cracow. Pop. 3090. 
 
 WADS/WORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 WADS'WORTH. a post-village and town.ship of Medina 
 CO.. Ohio. 12 miles S.E. of Medina. Pop. 1703. 
 
 WAD'WORTII, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 fVADl' wdd'ee, or WAD. wdd, an Arabic word signifying 
 " valley" or •' river," forming a part of many names in North 
 .■\frica and Western Asia. This root furnishes also the pre- 
 fix in such Spanish names as Guadalquivir, Guadiaua, and 
 Quadalete. 
 
 2057 
 
WAD 
 
 WADY-MOOS.A 01 WADY-MOUSA, wid'e moo'si. a valley 
 of Arabia IMnta. opening on the W. into El-Ghor, the great 
 depression between the Bead Sea and the Gulf of Akaba. 
 At its S.E. extremity are the ruins of Petra. 
 
 WAPY NOON. See WAmsnoy. 
 
 WAELn*:M or WAALHKM, *.^l'hfin, a villajre of Bel- 
 ^um. 12 iniles S. of Antwerp, on the Nethe. Pop. 1075. 
 
 WAEPJNG, a town of China. See Waipi.w. 
 
 W.iKREGHEM. wd'reh-ghC-m\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders,' on the Brus.sels and Tournay Rail- 
 way, 9 miles N.E. of Courtrai. Pop. .5000. 
 
 WAEUMAERDE or AVAAUMAAKDE, w^R/mJa'd*. a vil- 
 lage of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the Scheldt, 
 28 miles S.S.E. of Bruge.s. Pop. 1388. 
 
 WAEKSCUOOT. wjtR'sKof. a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders. 9 nliles N.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1200. 
 
 W.iERTEN, a town of Belgium. See Warnetos. 
 
 W.\EU'I"OWN. New Jersey. See Warktowx. 
 
 MAES-MUNSTEK, was/mftn'ster, a town of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, 16 miles E. by N. of Ghent, on 
 the Uui me. Pop. 5393. 
 
 ^VAES, P.\^YS-DE-, pAVe' deh vi'A', an ancient district of. 
 Belgium, province of East Flanders. It is one of the most 
 fertile tracts in Europe, and was formerly calletl the " plea- 
 sure-garden of Flanders." 
 
 WAETOUE, vSH'too', a market-town of Belgium, province 
 of ^Vest Flanders, 12 miles S. of Furnes. I'op. 2735. 
 
 WAGENFELD, w^'ghgn-f^ltS a village of Hanover, S.E. 
 of Diepholz. Pop. 279-1. 
 
 W.tGENINGEN, *d/ghenMngVn, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of Gelderland. on the Rhine, 11 miles M'. of 
 Arnhem. Pop. 2000, who trade in corn and cattle. 
 
 WAG ECO, an island of the Malay Archipelago. See 
 Waigeoo. 
 
 WAGER (wA'jer) RIVER, a large estuary or inlet of Bri- 
 ti.«h North America, W. of Southampton Island, its centre 
 near lat. 66° N., Ion. 90° W. 
 
 WA/GIIEN or WAWN, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 Fast Riding, with a village, 4 miles E.S.E. of Beverley. Here 
 are remains of Melsa Abbey, founded in the 12th century. 
 
 WAG'ONER'S REST, a post-office of Mobile CO., Alal>ama. 
 
 WaGO.NER'S ripple, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 WAG'ONTOWN, a j>ost-village of Chester eo., Pennsylva- 
 nia. 62 miles E.S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 W.\GRAM,.wd'gr.^m or wd'grim. a village of rx)wer Aus- 
 tria, on the left bank of ^he Rossbach. 11 miles N.E. of Vi- 
 enna. It is famous for the victory of Napoleon over the 
 Austrians, 6th July, 1809, which was followed by the treaty 
 of Schonbrunn. 
 
 WAG'RAM, a post-office of Accomack co., Virginia. 
 
 WAGROWIEC, a town of Prussian Poland. See Wojf- 
 
 OROWITZ. 
 
 WAGSTADT, ^-dg'stltt, a town of Austrian Silesia. 14 
 miles S.E. of Troppau, on the Waag. Pop. 433. It has a 
 castle, and manufactures of linens and woollens. 
 
 \V"AirAGIlBOU'SY, a post-office of Mills co., Iowa. 
 
 WAlIAIi. See Waal. ' 
 
 WAHAIVACK or WAIIOL'OCK, a post-village of Kemper 
 eo., .Missis.«ippi. 
 
 WAH-A-TOY-A or SPANISH PEAKS, a range of the 
 Ro<ky .Mountains, in the eastern part of Utah Territory. 
 Lilt, about 37° 25' N., Ion. 105° 10' W. 
 
 WAH'KIAC'UM or AVAK^IACU.M, a county of Washing- 
 ton Territory, bounded on the S. by the Columbia River, and 
 separated from the Pacific Ocean by Pacific county. Area 
 about 250 square miles. Capifcil, Ciithhimet. Pop. 42. 
 
 WAH'KON, a former county in the W. part of Iowa, had 
 nn area of 700 square miles. Silssouri Kiver forms its boun- 
 dary on the W., and the Little .<ioux River flows through 
 the S.E. part. This county appears to coincide with "the 
 present connty of Woodbury. 
 
 WAHLAH'GAS, a river in the N. part of Maine, has its 
 origin in a cham of small lakes in Piscataquis countv, and 
 Bowing in a general northerly course, falls into the Wal- 
 loostook River, near its union with the St. Francois 
 
 WAIILEREN. Wd'lA-ren, a village and parish of g 
 land, canton and 9 miles S.W. of Bern. Pop 4975 
 
 WAHLEUSHAtSEN, ^ilers-hOw'zen, a villa.-e ... „^,.^ 
 Cassel, Niederhe.*s«n. circle of Cas«el,with two 'castles, one 
 of them a fine old ruin. Pop. 1478 
 
 WAHLSTA-rr, ftdl/stdtt, a viilage and monastery of 
 l»rug..«ian Silesia, 4 miles S.E. of Liegnitz. Here, in 1241, 
 Henry of Liegnitz was .l.-feaU-d by the Mongols; and here! 
 .JOth August, 1813. the French were defeated by the I'rus- 
 '!!"»". "'"'er IHiieher, who thence derived hU title of Prince 
 of » iinlstadt. 
 
 W.\UOU)CK. See Wah.alack. 
 
 \\ A 1100/, a post-office of MaiJison oo., Iowa. 
 
 W AlIRENBRLX'K, (Wahrenbrtlck.) vvd'ren-brUk\ a small 
 town of Prussian Saxony, on the Black Elster, 15 miles E. 
 of rorgau. Pop. 574. 
 
 ..n^i'Vf ';"'", '■^^"'''iPf^ ?'■ ^^ARING. (W«ring.) wA/ring, a 
 »ill.Hge of Austria, adjoining Vienna on the \Y. Pop 1300 
 It gives name to a circle of Lower Austria 
 WAIPSATCUr MuUNXAlNS. a rau^e in the E. central 
 2U09 
 
 ' Switzer- 
 ! of Hesse- 
 
 WAK 
 
 part of Utah Territory, extending nearly X. and S.. imme- 
 diately W. of Greeu River. The highest 6ummit« vary fi-om 
 8OO0 to 11.000 feet in height. 
 
 WAH-T.\-W.\1I, a post-office of Adair co., Iowa. 
 
 WAHUNGEN, 'wd'hOimg-en, or WASLNGKN, wd'soong- 
 en, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Mciningen, 7 miwtt 
 N.N.AV. of Meiiiingen, on the Werra. Pop. 2400. It liaH 
 manufactures of linen fabrics and cutlery, and a trade iu 
 corn and cattle. 
 
 WAIA, wi'd, one of the Feejee Islands, South Pacific 
 Ocean, lat. (peak) 17° 7' 20" S., Ion. 177° 4' 35" E. Pop. 
 about 3000. 
 
 W.-VIBLINGEN, ■fti'bling-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, cir- 
 cle of Neckar, on the Items, 7 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 
 3100. The emperors of the Ilolienstautfen family received 
 their name of O'/iiOelliuess from this town, formerly called 
 WibeliiKjen. (See page 747, note.) 
 
 W.\IliSTADT, wilVstitt, a town of Baden, circle of Lowei 
 Rhine, 24 miles S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1854. 
 
 WAlDlluFEN, wid ho-fyn, a town of Lower Austria, on 
 the Ips, 43 miles W.S.W. of St. I'olten. Pop. 30O0. It is 
 the centre of the iron manufacture of Lower Austria. 
 
 WAIDHOFEN, BOHMISCII (Bohmisch,) bomi.*h, or BO- 
 IIE.MIAN, bo-hee'me-au, a town of Lower Austria, ou the 
 Thaya, 32 miles N.^V. of Kivms. Pop. 1400. 
 
 WAIG.\TS or WAIGATZ, an island of Russia. See Vai- 
 
 GATS. 
 
 WAIGEOO, WAIGIOU, WAYGEOU or WAYGIOU, wi^ 
 ghe-oo', written also WAGEOO ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, N. 
 of New Guinea, tbrms part of the region called Papualaud. 
 Lat. of the Bay of Offak 0° 1' 8" S., Ion. 130^ 43' E. It is 
 mountainous in the centre, and covered with vast marshes 
 on the shores. 
 
 WAl-UO and WAIKAHOUROUNGA, a river and estuary 
 of New Zealand, New Ulster. See Thames. 
 
 WAIKATO. wi-kd'to, the principal river of New Zealand, 
 North Island. (New Ulster.) rii^es in Lake Taupo, flows N., 
 and cnteFs the ocean at Waikato Harbor, on the W. coast, 
 35 miles S. of Aukland. Total course estimated at 250 miles. 
 Principal affluent, the Waipa. 
 
 WWlLS/BUROUGIl, a post-office, Bartholomew co.. Indiana. 
 
 W.\IN/FLEET, a market-town of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 15 miles N.E. of Boston. Pop. in 1851, 2082. 
 
 WAIN-GUNGA. a river of Hiudostan. See P.ayn-Ganga. 
 
 WAIPING or WAEPING. wi^ping', a walled town of China, 
 province of Che-kiang, near the frontiers of Kiang-soo, S.W. 
 of Hang-Chow. Pup. about 160,000. 
 
 W.VIRAU, wl'raw, a river of New Zealand, Middle Island, 
 enters Cloudy Bay. It is navigable to some distunoe above 
 its mouth. A massacre of English settlers took place ou its 
 banks, in April, 1843. 
 
 WAIROA, wi-ro'd, a river of New Zealand. North Island, 
 enters Kaipara Harbor, 55 miles N.W. of .\uckland. 
 
 W.\IltO.\, a bay of New Zealand. See Hawke Bat. 
 
 WAIT, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 WAITIIE, w.Ath, a parish of England, co. of Ijncoln. 
 
 WAlTi{.\, a town of Lower Austria. See Weitra. 
 
 W.VIT.S/BURG, a vilKage of Pulaski co.. Kentucky, on the 
 Cumberland River, at the head of steamboat navigation, 96 
 miles S. of Frankfort. 
 
 WAITSFIELU. a post'township in W'ashington co., Ver- 
 mont. 12 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1006. 
 
 WAIT'S RIVER, a mill-stream of Oi-ange co., Vermont, 
 falls into the Connecticut River. 
 
 WAITZE.X, wifsen, or WAATZEN, wdfiien, (Hun. T'acz. 
 vdts.) a town of Central Hungary, co. of Peslh. ou the right 
 bauk of the Danube, 20 miles N. of Pesth, with which it it 
 connected by railway. Pop. 11,271. It is theseeofa ' ishop 
 and has a tiue cathedral, an episcopal palace, a town-hall, 
 Piarist college, a militjiry school, seminary, a deaf and dumb 
 asylum, papermills, large cattle fairs, and a tra<^le in wine. 
 
 WAJEREZY, a town of Pra-^sia. See HoYtKswERDA. 
 
 WAJO, wd'yo, a kingdom of Celebes ou its W. arm, N. of 
 the state of Boni, on the Gulf of Boni. Its capital is Tesora 
 (tA-so/rd,) a large straggling town with extensive ruins. Pop 
 now reduced to about 6U0O. 
 
 WAK.\S.\S^SA, a post-office of Levy co., Florida. . 
 
 WAK'ATO.M'ICA, a post-office ol" Coshocton co., Ohio, 6J 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 W.\KE, a county in the central part of North Carolina: 
 area estimated at 950 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Neuse and Little Rivers. The surfoce is hilly; the soil i» 
 generally fertile. The rocks which underlie the surface are 
 primary, including granite and plumbago. The county is 
 intersected by the North Carolina Central Railroad, and in 
 part by the Raleigh and G,iston Railroad. Wake county is 
 the mo.st populous in the state. It was formed in 1770, and 
 derived its name from the maiden nameof Governor Tryou'H 
 wife. Capitiil, Raleigh. Pop. 28,627, of whom 17,894 were 
 free, and 10,73^3 siaves. 
 
 WAK ENFIELD, a parliamentary borough, town, parish, 
 and township of England, co. of York. West Riding, on the 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. 9 miles S. of Leeds. 
 Pop. of parish, in 1851, 33.117; ot parliamentary borough, 
 comprising the township of Waki-«ieid, with parts of some 
 
WAK 
 
 others, C2,057. The town is on the sloping N. bank of the 
 Calder. here crossed by a stone bridge of 8 arches. It is 
 well built, and has several handsome churches, an elegant 
 chapel, projecting over the K. side of the bridge, suppo.sed to 
 date from 1340, but to have been redecorated by Edward 
 IV., grammar and proprietary schools, library, and news 
 rooms, corn exchange and saloon, court-house, prison, dis- 
 senting chapels, and a Doric market-cross. The grammar 
 school, foundid by Queen Klizabeth, has a large revenue, 
 and 6 exhibitiou.s to the universities; in it Archbishop Pot- 
 ter, a native of Wakefield, Dr. KadclilTe, and Dr. Beutley, 
 were educated. Here are many charitable endowments, the 
 We.^t Hiding lunatic asylum, a fever hospital, masonic lodge 
 for the West Kidiag, literary, philosophical and horticultu- 
 ral societies, a mechanics' institution, and theatre. The 
 town was formerly celebrated for its manufactures of woollen 
 cloth and yarn, but these have declined. The chief trade 
 at present is in corn, wool, and cattle. It has also coal- 
 mines, and an active export of coal. The town is governed 
 by an officer popularly elected. It sends 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, a post-township in Carroll CO., New Ilamp- 
 Bhire, 35 miles N.E. of Concord, intersected by the Great 
 Falls and Conway Railroad, contains Lovwell's or Lovell's 
 Pond, celebrated in the early Indian wars. Pop. 1478. 
 
 WAKEFIELl), a post-village in Washington co., Rhode 
 Island, 30 miles S. by \V. of Providence, contains 1 or 2 
 churches, and 2 banks. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, a postrvillage in Carroll co., Maryland, 68 
 miles N.N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, a post-village in Wake co.. North Carolina, 
 25 miles N.E. by E. of Raleigh. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, a post-office of Outagamie co., Wisconsin. 
 
 WAKE/MAN, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Huron co., Ohio, intersected by the Vermilion River, and 
 the Cleveland Xorwalk and Toledo Railroad. Pop. 1115. 
 
 WAKERING, (wAk/ring,) GREAT, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Essex, 7 miles S.E. of Rochford. It has a small har- 
 bor at the mouth of the Thames. 
 
 WAKERING, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 M'A'KERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WAKE.SII'MA, a ix)st-township forming the S.E. extre- 
 mity of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Pop. 658. 
 
 WAKIACUM, a county of Washington Territory. See 
 Wahkiaoum. 
 
 W.\KUL'LA, a small river of Florida, flowing into an arm 
 of Appalachee Bay. 
 
 WAKULLA, a county of Florida, bordering on Appalachee 
 Bay, contains 576 square miles. The Ocklockonnee River 
 forms its W. boundary, and it is drained ))y the Wakulla 
 and St. Mark's Rivers, branches of the Appalachee. The 
 surface is somewhat uneven, and partly covered with pine 
 timber. The county is traversed by a railroad connecting 
 Tallahiwsee with St. Mark's, the county-seat. Pop. 2839, 
 of whom 1672 were free. 
 
 WALACIIIA. See Wallachu. 
 
 WALADIA. El, M wi-ld/de-3, a maritime town of Morocco, 
 with a harbor at the mouth of a river in the Atlantic, 100 
 miles N.W. of JIarocco. 
 
 WALAHMUTTE. See Willamette. 
 
 ft'AL.A..JANAGUR, wd-ld-jd-ni-gur'. a considerable town 
 of British India, presidency and 65 miles W.S.W. of Madras, 
 district of North Arcot, on the Palaur. 
 
 WALBECK, «ai'bJk, a village of Prussian Saxony, 28 
 miles W.N.AV. of Magdeburg, on the Aller. P. 1225. 
 
 WAL'BERSWICK. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WAL/BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 WAL'BRIDGEVILLE, a village of Bennington township, 
 Bennington co., Vermont, about 4 miles N.W. of Bennington 
 Centre, on the VValloomscoik River. Besides other manu- 
 factories, it has 2 or 3 extensive paper-mills. 
 
 WALCHEN-SEE, ^dlK'en si, a lake of Upper Bavaria, S. 
 of the Kochel-see, near the Tyrol. Length 4 miles, breadth 
 3 miles. It has a productive fishery. 
 
 WALCHEREN, ftdl'Ker-fn, the most W. of the islands of 
 the Netherlands, province of Zealand, between the East and 
 West Scheldt, and having W. the North Sea. Length 11 
 miles, breadth 10 miles; lat. 51° 30'.>iV., Ion. 3° 30' E. Pop. 
 45,000. It is fertile, but below the level of the sea, against 
 which it is protected by extensive dunes and dykes. Chief 
 town, Middelburg. The English, under the Earl of Chatham, 
 occupied it in 1809. 
 
 WAL'COT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WALCOT. a parish of England, co. of Somerset, partly 
 included in the city of Bath. Pop. in 1851, 27.471. 
 
 WALCOT. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WALCOT, a hamlet of England, co. of Lincoln. Pop. in 
 1851, 617. 
 
 WAL/COTT, y. post-office of Greene co.. Arkansas. 
 
 WALCuURT, wdrkooa', a town of Belgium, province and 
 27 miles S.W. of Xamur, on the Sambre and Meuse Railway. 
 Pop. 800. It has a church, with an image of the A'irgin, 
 which attracts numerous devotees. 
 
 WALCZ, a town of Prussia, See D£UTSC^-KK0^•B. 
 
 WAL 
 
 WALD, <^5lt. a town of Rhenish Prussia, governmeut of 
 Dusseldorf, circle of Solingen. Pop. 5278. 
 
 W.\LD, a village of Switzerland, canton and 7 miles IS.N.E 
 of Appeuzell. Pop. 1489. 
 
 M'ALD, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton ami 
 19 miles E.S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 4000, partly employed i. 
 cotton spinning, and in iron works. 
 
 WA LDASCH AFF, wdld'ash'dff, a village of Bavaria, Lower 
 Franconia, at the source of the Aschaff. Pop. 1324. 
 
 WALDAU, ftdl'dow, a village of Prussia, province OJ 
 Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 2233. 
 
 WALDBOCKELUEIM, (Waldbockelheim,) -ftarbiikY- 
 hinie\ a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, government oi ' 
 Coblentz, 6 miles W. of Kreutznach. Pop. 1270. 
 
 AVALDC.\PPEL. a town, Ilesse-Cassel. See Waldkappei, 
 
 A\'.\LDE'BOROUGU, a post-office of Livingston parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 WALDECK, wol'dek or <^3l'd5k, a town of Germany, pni\ 
 cipality of Waldeck, oii the Eder, 10 miles S.E. of Corba'h. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 AVALDECK, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Upper 
 Franconia, IS miles E.S.E. of Baireuth. 
 
 W.\LDECK, a town of Lower Austria, 25 miles S.S.W. oi 
 Vienna. 
 
 WALDECK-PYRMONT, w6l'd5k p66r'mont, (Ger. pron. 
 *Sl'd5k pefiii/mont.) a principality of Germany, consisting 
 of two detached portions; first, of Waldeck. lying between 
 lat. 51° and 51° 3(1' N, Ion. 8° 30' and 9° 11' E., enclosed 
 by Prussian Westphalia and Ilesse-Cas-sel ; secondly, of Pyr- 
 mont, 30 miles northwai-d, surrounded by the territories 
 of Hanover, Lippe-Detmold, and Brunswick. United area, 
 401 square miles. Pop. in 1852. 59,097, of whom 53,074 
 were iu Waldeck. The inhabitants are mostly Lutherans. 
 The surface is hilly. Both portions of territory are situated 
 in the b.-i8in of the Weser, and are watered by its tributa- 
 ries the Eder, Diemel, and Emmer. Sufficient corn it 
 raised for home consumption, with potatoes, fruits, and flax. 
 Cattle rearing, and the production of timtwr, are highly im- 
 portant ; nearly one-third of the surfijce is in forests. The 
 mineral products comprise iron, s-ilt, alabaster, marble, and 
 slates, and a considerable portion of the prince's revenue is 
 derived from the export of the waters of Pyrmont, one of 
 the chief spas of Germany. Manufactures of linen and wool- 
 len stulTs, paper, iron, leather, and cotten hosiery, are car- 
 ried on, but the principal articles of commerce are corn, 
 cattle, fine wool, honey, iron, mineral waters, Ac. The go- 
 vernment is a limited monarchy, with a diet of representa- 
 tives of the nobility, the towns, and the rural districts. The 
 territory is subdivided into 5 circles. The chief towns are 
 Arolsen, (the capital,) iu Waldeck; and Pyrmont. The pub- 
 lic revenue in 1854 was estimated at $266,813 ; public debt, 
 $80,000. 
 
 WALDEGRAVE ISLAND, South Australia, on the S. side 
 of .\nxious Bay, Eyre L.ind, and N.E. of Flinders Island; lat 
 33° 35' S., Ion. 134° 37' E. 
 
 W.\I/DEN, township of England, co. York, North Riding. 
 
 WAI^DEN. a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, 22 
 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1099. 
 
 AVALDEN, a post-village of Orange co.. New York, on Wall- 
 kill River, about 90 miles S. by W. of Albany. It contains 
 several mills and stores. 
 
 W.\LDEN. a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 AVALDENBACH, *Jld'en-bdK\ a town of AV Urtemberg, 10 
 miles S.S.AV. of Stuttgart." Pop. 1952. 
 
 AVALDEXBURG, *aid'en-bOoRG\ a town. of Prussian Sile- 
 sia, 43 miles S.W. of Breslau, on the Polsnitz. Pop. 2750. It 
 has manufactures of linens and poroelain. Near it are exten- 
 sive coal-mines. 
 
 AVALDENBURG, a town of Saxony, on the Mulde, U 
 miles AA'. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2253. It is enclosed by walls, 
 and has a fine castle. 
 
 AVALDENBURG, a town of WUrtemberg, 28 miles N.AV. 
 of EUwangen. Pop. 1060. 
 
 AVALDENBURG, a town of Switzerland, canton of Basel, 
 Oi miles S. of Liesthal. Pop. 600. 
 
 AVALDEN SAFFRON. See Saffrox Walden. 
 
 AVA L'DEN'S CREEK, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee. 
 
 AAALDENSES, wfil-dSn'isfez, a people inhaijiting a seque.s- 
 tered district of Piedmont, called the Four A'alleys. They 
 are remarkable for having been the first community in the 
 AVest of Europe that separated from the Church of Rome, 
 and for the great persecuticms and haiilshijjs which they 
 have suffered. They still exist as a distinct people, inhabit- 
 ing three of the Four Valleys, namely, Perousa, Lucerna, 
 and St. Martin; Agrogna no longer belonging to them. The 
 district of the AValdenses is situated on the French frontier, 
 about 30 miles AA'.N.W. of Saluzzo. Length about 20 miles, 
 breadth 10 miles. 
 
 AVALDKX'S RIDGE, a post-office of Marion co.. Tennessee. 
 
 AA'ALDEX ST. PAUL'S, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 AA'.\L'DEXSA'ILLE, a post-village, Schoharie CO., Xew York. 
 
 AVAL'DERSIIARE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WALDHEIM, «ait/h!me, a town of Saxony, 33 miles S E 
 of Leipsic. Pop. 3872. It has manufactures of linen and 
 woollen stufifs. 
 
 2059 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 VTALAirarM. a vflliige of Bohemia, 41 miles W. of Pilsen. 
 
 ■WALD'XXGFIKLD, GKKAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 gnffolk. 
 
 WALDINGFIELD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 WALDITZ, wil'dits, (Gross, groce, and KLEry, kllne.) two 
 nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province of Silesia, go- 
 Ternment of Liegnitz. Pop. 1397. 
 
 WALDKAPPEL or WALDCAPPEL, ^Jlt'kapVfl. a town 
 Of Germany, Hes!se-Ca.ssel, 20 miles S. K. of Cas.*el. Pop. 1304. 
 
 W.\LDKIRCU, ■ftdlt'keeRK. a walled town of Baden, on 
 the Eltz, 8 miles X.E. of Freiburg. Pop. 257(5. 
 
 WALDKIRCH, ^ilfkfeRK, a \illage and parish of Swit- 
 gerlaml. canton and W. of St. Gall, on the Sitter. Pop. 2681. 
 
 WALDKIRCHKN. *ait'kd6RKVn, a village of Saxony, 7 
 miles S.E. of Chemniti. Pop. 1182. 
 
 WALDKIRCHEN, a village of Lower Bavaria, 13 miles N. 
 of Passau. 
 
 WALDMlCHELB.ACn, «llf miK'el-biK\ a village of 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, 23 miles S.S.E. 
 erf Darmstadt Pop. 1694. 
 
 WALDMOHR. «AlfmoR. a village of Rhenish Bavaria, on 
 the Glan, 11 miles N. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1191. 
 
 W.iLDMCXCUEX, (WaldmUnchen.) «ilt'munKVn. a 
 town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Palatinate, on the Schwar- 
 Bach. 38 miles N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 2132. It has miinu- 
 factures of linens and glass, with a trade in flax and yarn. 
 
 WALDNIEL. *ilfneel, or BURGWALDXIEL, booRO- 
 ■ftilfneel. a village of Rhenish Prussia, government and 
 W. of Dusseldorf Pop. 1175. 
 
 W.IL'DO. a county in the S. part of Maine, has an area 
 of about 800 square miles. The navijable river Penob.scx>t, 
 and the bay of this name, form the greater part of its eastern 
 boundary, affording a great number of excellent harbors, 
 and invaluable advantages for navigation and for fisheries. 
 The surface is generally undulating, and the soil moderat<'ly 
 fertile. In 1850 there were 47 cod and mackerel fisheries. 
 Capital, Belfast. Pop. 38,447. 
 
 WALDO, a post-township of Waldo CO., Maine, 35 miles E. 
 by N. of Augusta. Pop. 728. 
 
 W.\LDO, a post- village of Delaware co., Ohio, on the Olen- 
 tangy River, 36 miles N. of Columbus. 
 
 W.VLDO, a post-village and township of Marion co., Ohio. 
 36 miles N. by W. of Columbus. Pop. of the village, about 
 300: of the township. 1081. 
 
 W.tLDO, a small post-village of Wright co., Missouri. 
 
 WALDOBOUOUGH, wol'do-bur-ruh. a post-town and port 
 of entry of Lincoln county. Maine, at the entrance of Mus- 
 congus River into Musoongus Bay, about 55 miles \.E. by 
 E. of Portland. The shipping of this district, (which com- 
 prises several ports.) June 30, 1854. amounted to 53.825 tons 
 registered; and the enrolled and licensed to 68,911 tons. Of 
 the latter, 60,944 tons were employed in the coast trade: 
 6045 in the cod fishery; 1094 in the mackerel fishery: and 
 399 in steam navigation. The ship-building of the district 
 the same year, both in regard to the number of vessels 
 a^lme.^surea. and their aggregate burthen, with the excep- 
 tion of New York, Boston, and Bath, exceeded that of every 
 other district in the United States. This branch of business 
 con)prised 64 vessels, with an aggregate burthen of 31,476 
 t- )ns. The tonnage of the vessels built in 1864 was 15,968 63-95. 
 The town contains 8 churches, a custom-house, from 20 to 
 30 stores, and 2 banks. Pop. of the township in 1840, 3661 ; 
 in 1850, 4199 ; and in 1860, 4,'-)&S. 
 WALD'RINQFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 W.Vl/DRON', a parish of Kngland, co. of Sussex. 
 W.ALDRON. a po.stoffice of Scott co., .Arkansas. 
 WALDSASSEX, wilt^sis'sen, a market-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Dpper Palatinate, on the Eger, 32 miles E.N E of 
 Baireuth. Pop. 1522. 
 
 WALD3EE, *iiysi\ a village of Bavaria, Palatinate, cir- 
 cle of Speyer. Pop. 1179. 
 
 WALDSEE, a town of WUrtemberg. circle of Danube. 32 
 
 miles S s.W. of Clm. Pop. 1570. It has a church resorted 
 
 •i'i°.''i '''"'"*^*' """^ * "^"^ °^*'''^ princes of Waldburg 
 
 \V ALDSIILT, ■»aits/hoot\ a walled town of Baden, circle 
 
 or Upper Rhine, on the Rhine, 20 miles W.S.W. of Schaff- 
 
 hausen. Pop. 1364. 
 
 W.VLDST.\TT, »ait'8titt. a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and 4 miles W.N.W. of Appenzell. Pop. 957. 
 J^^:''^^,^Zu'"/'^^ (Waldstiitter,) Die Vif.r, dee feeR*llt'- 
 BWtter, ('the four forest towns or cantons.") a name an- 
 ciently and still sometimes given to the four Swiss cantons— 
 Lrf. Schwytz, Unter«ralden, and Lucerne-probably from 
 
 ,rr . . i;5,:. "*''^^'^'^- See LUCERXE, L.^KE OF. 
 
 WALDT lURX, «.tlt/tooRn, a market-town of Bavaria 
 K 874 ^^' P'Jitinate, 27 miles N.E. of Amberg. 
 
 H^^r.r';"^^^:.^^''''^""-) *il'dtiRn. a town of Baden, cir- 
 8136 u'h«'^T' f '"'^"' ^^•^•^^- °f WUrzburg Pop 
 »i*J. It has a church, resorted to in pilgrimage I caatle 
 convent, and three annual fairs. P"ri"mage, a castle, 
 
 W AI.D'WIOK, a township forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Iowa CO, -W^uwn. It ha« rich lead mines. Pop.^lyS. 
 
 WALDWfMMEnSBACH, *ait-wira'mprs-hlK\ a village of 
 Bailen. 8 miles S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 621. 
 
 W.\LEXI or VALENl, vi-l.Vnee, a small town of Walla- 
 chia. 50 miles X. of Bucharest Near it are beds of salt. 
 
 W.\LE.«, wailz. ("Welsh. Ciimry. kim'ree: Fr. GaUet. trJll. or 
 Pai/f (iff GnVts. pVe dA gail: Sp. Gnhf. glljs: L. nim'bria or 
 Wtl'Iia : anc. Brit/in'ma Secun'rla.) a principality in fhf S.W. 
 part of Great Britain, givintr the title of Prince of Wales to 
 the heir apparent of the British crown: it is divided into 
 North and South Wales, each comprising six counties. Tho.se 
 of North Wales are Anglesey, Carnarvon. Denbigh, Flint, 
 Merioneth, and Montgomery : of South Wales. Brecon, Car- 
 dig.-<n. Carmarthen. Glamorgan. Pembroke, and Radnor. 
 (See EsoLAND. page a'^4.) As part of the British Empire, 
 Wales has been generally described under that head, but its 
 comi:>aratively isolated position, and Its very marked physical 
 features, demand for it a short additional notice. 
 
 Wales is composed of a peninsula, with the island of 
 .4.nglesey situated at its N.W. extremity, and separated 
 from it by the Menai Strait, now cros.«ed by two very 
 remarkable bridges, and with a numlier of smaller islands 
 chiefly at a short distance from the S.W. coast. The 
 peninsula, washed N. and W. by the Irish Sea. and S. by 
 Bristol Channel, and bounded W. by the four English 
 counties. Cheshire, Shropshire. Ilerefbni, and Monmouth, 
 is 135 miles long: where widest 95 miles, and where nar- 
 rowe.«t only 35 miles broad; and has an area of 7398 
 square miles. It is very mountainous, particularly in North 
 Wales, where Snowden. the culminating point of South Bri- 
 tain, ri.ses to the height of 3571 feet; it is intersected by 
 beautiful valleys, traversed by numerous streams, including 
 among others the Severn, which has its source within it; 
 and is rich in mineral.s. jvirticularly copper in the N.. and 
 coal and iron partially here also, but much more extensively 
 in the S. The Silurian formation, so called after the Silures, 
 the ancient inhabitants of the principality, covers more 
 than twcothirds of the whole surface, extending continu- 
 ously from the mouth of the Conway to the vicinity of St. 
 David's Head: but is succeeded in the S. by the old red 
 sandstone, above which lies, first the mountain-limestone, 
 and then the large and valuable coal-field already mentioned. 
 Besides the Severn, before alluded to, the principal rivers 
 are the Dee, which h.Hs part of it-s lower cour.se in Cheshire ; 
 the Clwyd. in Denbigh and Flint: the Conway, forming the 
 boundary between Denbigh and Carnarvon; the Dovey, 
 and the united Rheidiol and Ystwith, which have their 
 mouths near the centre of Cardigan Bay ; the Teifv, sepa- 
 rating Cardigan on the N. from Carmarthen and Pembroke 
 on the S. ; the Cleddy and Cleddeu, remarkable chiefly from 
 contributing, by their junction, to form the splendid estuary 
 of Milford Haven: the Towy and Bury, which both fall 
 into Carmarthen Bay: the Ebry and Taf, which have a 
 common estuary in Bristol Channel; the Romney, which 
 forms part of the boundary between M'ales and England ; 
 and the Usk and Wye, which, though rising in the princi- 
 pality, have only the earlier part of their course within it. 
 The lakes are numerous, but the largest, that of Bala, is 
 only 4 miles long, and scarcely 1 mile broad. The climate is 
 on the whole moderate and ei^uable, though somewhat keen 
 in the loftier districts. In all the counties, but more espe- 
 cially in the maritime, humidity is in excess, the average 
 fall of rain in the principality being 34 inches, while that 
 in England is only 22. Hence both climate and surface 
 concur in rendering Wales much better adapted to pasture 
 than agriculture. The soil seldom pos-sesses great natural 
 fertility, except in some of the vales, of which those of the 
 Clwyd in the N., and of Glamorgan in the S.. are celebrated 
 for productiveness. The latter, rather a plain than a vale, 
 is of great extent, and produces excellent wheat. The sys- 
 tem of agriculture, however, notwithstanding recent im- 
 provements, continues in a very backward state. The 
 minerals, as already observed, are very valuable; the S. 
 portion of Wales contains some of the largest coal and iron 
 works in the kingilom. as well as the smelting-works of 
 Swansea, probably the most extensive in the world. Manu- 
 factures of woollen fabrics, especially of flannel and hosiery, 
 are very generally pursued in the cottages of the peasantry, 
 particularly in North Wales, where Welshpool is the chief 
 mart for the.se products. The cotton manufacture has ex- 
 tended into some of the N. counties; and in 1847. 1860 hands 
 were i>raployed in woollen, cotton, flax, and silk factories. \ 
 manufactory of slate articles exists at Bangor. The tiade 
 con.sists principally in the export of mineral produce, cittle, 
 and woollen goods. The principal ports are Swansea, New- 
 port, Cardiff, Carnarvon, and Beaumaris, besides which 
 Holyhead is a chief packet-station for communication with 
 Ireland, and Milford is a naval port, and the .seat of a go. 
 vernment dock-yard. The roads through the principality are 
 now generally gor>d: and in the S. are several shf)rt rail- 
 ways, and a part of the Ellesmere Canal. Wales is in the 
 ecclesiastical province of Canterbury, and ilivided into the 
 4 bishoprics of Llandaff. St. David's, Bangor, tnd S*.. -tniph. 
 It contains 13 Ixiroughs. besides contributory bon'ii^hs, ojicb 
 of whi>-h sen<ls 1 member to the House of Commons aa does 
 each of its counties. 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 Wales was entitled Britannia Secunda by the Romans, 
 who conslructed many roads and stations in tlie country. 
 Tile inliai>j(ants long struggled maul'uUy, first against the 
 Romans, and afterwards against tile Anglo-.Saxons. Tliey 
 became tributary to England in the 10th eeutury, and after 
 various vicissitudes, iu which their attempts to throw off 
 the yoke only riveted it more firuily, were tinally and com- 
 pletely incorporated with the English monarchy in the reign 
 of Henry VllX. Jioth in language and manners, however, 
 they continue to be a distinct people, and give undeniable 
 evidence of a Celtic origin. Their dialect bears a marked 
 aftiiiity to the Gaelic or l-;r.se, but is much more closely allied 
 to the ancient Cornish dialect, and that which is still exclu- 
 sively u.sed by tiie peasantry in the \V. of the Erench pro- 
 vince of Rretagne. There is .strong reason to believe that 
 the Welsh are the descendants of the ancient Ctmbri, whence 
 Cyiiiri/. the name by which th^y call themselves at the pre- 
 sent day. The Cimbri, though called a German nation, ap- 
 pear to have been of Celtic origin, and quite a distinct people 
 from the Teutones, with whom they invaded Italy, about 
 lUU years li. c. It is sui)posed that after their great defeat 
 by Marius, many tied into the mountains, and that from a 
 portion of these have sprung the Waldenses. Another rem- 
 nant established themselves in Brittany, (Uretagne;) this will 
 account for the very close resemblance between the provincial 
 dialect of this part of France and the Welsh language. 
 
 The Welsh is one of the most ancient languages now 
 Bpokeu in Europe, and has also a literature, compo.sed chiefly 
 of the poetical effusions of bards, some of whom flourished 
 as early as the 6th century, but partly also of prose, of which 
 the translation of the IJible, completed in 1588, is considered 
 one of the best specimens. Among the peculiarities which 
 characterize the people, one of the most striking, at least 
 to a stranger, is the female dress, consisting generally of a 
 plain or checked gown, a mantle, a napkin of gay flaunting 
 colors around the neck and shoulders, and a black beaver 
 hat, either cylindrical, like that worn elsewhere by men, 
 or broad-brimmed and tapering to the form of a trun- 
 cated cone. All classes are distinguished by civility and 
 hospitality. Many curious superstitions, handed down by 
 immemorial custom, still retrain their hold, and even the 
 gross imposture of Mormonism has found many followers, 
 pirticularly in the mining districts; but in a«Jdition to the 
 labors of the Established clergy, those of the Methodists 
 have been signally successful in diffusing a knowledge of 
 religion, and the great body of the people belonging to what 
 are calleil the Calvinistic Methodists, find one of their prin- 
 cipal sources of enjoyment either as teachers or taught in 
 the primitive services of their church, or in the Sunday 
 school almost invariably attached to it. Hop. in 1841, 911,705 ; 
 
 in 1851, 1,005,721. Adj. Welsh; iuhab. Welshman. (See 
 
 Britain.) 
 
 WALKS, a parish of England, co. of York, East and West 
 Riding. 
 
 WA1.K.S, apost-township in Kennebec CO., Maine, 17 miles 
 S.W. of Augusta. 
 
 AVAIvES, a post-village and township in Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, 65 miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has woollen 
 manufactures. Pop. of the township. 677. 
 
 WALES, a postrtownship of Erie co.. New York, about 22 
 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo, i'op. 1710. 
 
 WALKS, a post-township in St. Clair co., Michigan. P. 903. 
 
 WALKS, a small post-village of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 WAL1']SB0110UGII. a village of Indiana, on the Jefferson- 
 ville Railroad, 46 miles from Indianapolis. 
 
 ^VALESBY, wailz'be, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WALKSBY, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 WALES CKNTKE, a post-office of Erie co., New York. 
 
 WALKS'VILLE, a manufacturing post-villaj^e of Oneida 
 CO., New York. 
 
 WALET, wA'ljy, a town of Central Africa, 260 miles W.S.W. 
 of Timbuctoo. 
 
 WaL/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WAI/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 walhain-saint-paul-saktlez-walhain, vir- 
 
 baxo' sKu" pol saRtUA' viPhiVN"', a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant, on the Nil, 22 miles S.E. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1745. 
 
 WALHAL'LA, postofSce, Pickens district. South Carolina. 
 
 WAL'HAM GREEN or ST. JOHN'S, a chapelry of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Middlesex, 5 miles W.S.W. of St. I'aul's, London. 
 
 WALHO.N'DING, a river of Ohio, also called the MOHIC- 
 CAN, and WHITE WOMAN RIVER, is formed by several 
 fork.s, which unite near Loudonville. It theu flows south- 
 easterly, and joins the Tuscarawas at Coshocton to form the 
 Muskingum. 
 
 WALHtJNDING, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 WALINCOURT, vd^l^N^'kooR/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, 9 miles S.E. of Cambrai. I'op. in 1852, 2127. 
 
 WALIUKI. a town of Russia. See V.\liooki. 
 
 W'ALKENRIED, *dl'ken-reet\ a market-town of Bruns- 
 wick, district and 20 miles S.W. of Blankeuburg, on the 
 Wieda. with 570 inhabitants, and an ancient abbey. 
 
 WALKER. waw'kt>r, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on Tennessee and Alabama, contains about 050 
 
 square miles. It is drained by the sources of the Chicka- 
 mauga River, an afiiuent of the Tennessee, an t by the 
 Chattooga River, an affluent of the Coosa; also by I'eavintu, 
 Rocky, and other creeks. The surface is traversed In- severa 
 mountain ridges, abounding in magnificent scenery. The 
 most considerable of these are called Taylor's Ridge, Pigeon. 
 White-oak, and Lookout Mountains. The soil of the valleys 
 is fertile. It abounds in mineral springs and valuable 
 minerals, including stone-coal, fine marble, limestont, gi p 
 sum, and lead. The Red Sulphur Springs and Gordoi 's 
 Springs are watering-places of some celebrity. The county 
 is intersected by the Western and Atlantic Railroad. It w^ 
 named in honor of Freeman Walker, United States senator 
 from Georgia. Capital, Lafayette. Pop. 10,082, of whom 
 8547 were free, and 1535 slaves. 
 
 WALKEU, a county in the N.W. part of Alabama, has an 
 area estimated at 800 square miles. It is traver.sed by the 
 .Mulberry F'ork of Black Warrior River. The surface is 
 mountainous, presenting many wild and picturesque gorges : 
 the highlands afford excellent pasturage, and are .separated 
 by beautiful and fertile valleys. A large part of the ci>unty 
 IS covered with forests of pine, oak, and other timber. A 
 natural bridge has been found in this county, which is said 
 to rival that of Rockbridge, Virginia. Capital, Jasper. Pop. 
 798(1, of whom 7461 were free, and 519 slaves. 
 
 WALKER, a county in the E. central part of Texas, con- 
 tains about 950 square miles. The Trinity River bounds it 
 on the N., and the San Jacinto rises within its limits. The 
 surface is an alluvial plain. Much of the soil is very fertile. 
 The Trinity River is navigable when the water is high, and 
 the produce of the county is exported by steamboats. Named 
 iu lionor of Robert J. W'alker, secretary of the treasury un- 
 der President Polk. Capital, Huntsville. Pop. 8191, of whom 
 4056 were free, and 4135 slaves. 
 
 WALKER, a post-township of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles E of Bellefonte. Pop. 1587. 
 
 WALKER, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the right bank of the Juniata River, oi)posite Hunting- 
 don. Pop. 831. 
 
 W'ALKER, a township of Juniata co.. Pennsylvania, on 
 the left bank of the Juniata River, intersected by the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, and by the Pennsylvania Canal. Pop. 1719. 
 
 WALKER, a township of McKean co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WALKER, a post-office of Wakulla co., Florida. 
 
 W.^LKEK. a township in Kent co., Michigan, intersected 
 by Grand River. Pop. 1430. 
 
 W.-VLKER, a towu.ship in Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1264. 
 
 WALKERINGHA.M. waw/ker-ing-am, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Nottingham. 
 
 WALKERN, wawkern, a parish of England, co. Hertford. 
 
 WALK'ER'S, a po'st-ofilce of Colleton district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WALKER'S, a postofRce of Crittenden co., Kentucky. 
 
 WALKER'S BRANCH, a small village of Lincoln Ok', 
 Georgia. 
 
 WALKER'S CHURCH, a post-office of Appomattox co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 WALKER'S CREEK, in the S.W. part of Virginia, rises 
 in Wythe co., flows north-eastward, and enters New River 
 in Giles countv. 
 
 WALKER'S" FORD, a small village, Randolph co., Georgia. 
 
 W^ALKER'S GROVE, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 WALKER'S I/RONWORKS, a small village of Wayne CO., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 WALKER'S LAKE, in the south-western part of Utah 
 Territory, in lat. about 38° 45' N., Ion. 118° 20' W., received 
 the waters of Walker's River, but has no outlet. Length, 
 above 30 miles; greatest breadth, about 10 miles. 
 
 WALKER'S MILLS, a post-offlce of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WALICER'S MILLS, a post-office of Coffee co., Tennessee. 
 
 WALKER'S NECK, a post-office of Brown co., Illinois, 
 about 75 miles W. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 WALKER'S RIVER rises in Cal.averas co., California, and 
 flows first north-easterly, passing into Utah 'I'erritory, then 
 taking a S.E. course, it falls into Walkers Lake. 
 
 WALKERSVILLE, waw/kerz-vil, a thriving post-village 
 of Centre co., Pennsylvania, in Half-moon Valley, 100 mileA 
 N.W. of Harrisburg, contains 4 stores. 
 
 WALKERSVILLE, a post-village in Frederick co., Mary- 
 land. 81 miles N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 WALKERSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., North 
 Carolina, 194 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 WALKERSVILLE, a post-office of Shelby co., Missmri. 
 
 WALK'ERTON, a post-office of King and Queen co., Vi^ 
 ginia, on the Mattapony River, 30 miles N.E. of Richmond 
 
 WALK'ERTOWN, a small village of Chester 'co Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 29 miles vV. 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 WALKERTOWN, & post-village of Forsyth r>.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WALK/ERVILLE, a post-office of Lycoming o^., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WALKHAMP'TON, a parish of England, co. of Ttv^n. 
 
 WALKI, a town of Russia. See Valki. 
 
 2061 
 
WAL 
 
 WAtKflNGTOX, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 
 WAl.KRIXGEX, *aik'rinp-en, a village and parish of 
 Swjtierland. canton and 8 mile's K.N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1859. 
 
 WAl/LABOUT BAY, of King's co.. Long Island. New 
 York, is a semicircular bay setting up from the Kast River, 
 on the E. side of Brooklyn. See Broosltx. 
 
 WAl/LABV ISLANDS, two small islands of the Abrolhos, 
 off the 8.W. coast of Australia. 
 
 WALLACE, a postoffice of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 WAL'LACE. a post-office of Chester co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 WALL-VCE, a post-office of Harrison co., Virginia. 
 
 WALLACE, a post-office-ofChesterdistrict. South Carolina. 
 
 WALLACE, a post-village in Jones co., Georgia, 20 miles 
 S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 WALLACE, a township in Independence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 480. 
 
 WALLACE, a post-village in Fountain co., Indiana. 
 
 WALLACE, a postoffice of Dodge co., Nebraska. 
 
 WALLACE, a county of New South Wales. Ea.st Australia, 
 bordering Victoria Colony, and surrounded by the counties 
 of Welle.sley, Beresford. Cowley, and Buccleugh. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, covered by the Australian Alps, and 
 watered by head streams of the Murray. 
 
 WAiyLACEBURG, a town and port of entry of Canada 
 West, on Big Bear Creek, 26 miles from Chatham. Pop. 
 about 800. 
 
 WAI/LACE CREEK, a post-office of Independence co., 
 Arkansas. • 
 
 WAL/LACES CROSS KOADS, a post-office of Anderson 
 CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 WALLACE'S FACTORY, a post-office of Spartanburg dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 WALL.\CE-TOWN. a modem and populous suburb of 
 Ayr, Scotland, immediately W. of Newton, and separated 
 firom the royal burgh by the river Ayr. 
 
 WAI/LACEVILLE, a post-office of Venango co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WALLACE'^TXLE, a small viUage of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 WALLACHTA or WALACHIA, wj-li'ke-a. (Ger. Walaehd, 
 *d-)d-Ki': Fr. Valadiie or Valaquie. vi^ld^kee/; Sp. Valaquia, 
 vi-li-kee'i; L. Valafchia or ITtiZa'c/iia,) c principality of Tur- 
 key in Europe, between lat. 4-3° 40' and 46° 40' N.. and Ion. 
 2-^ 30' and 28° E.. and bounded N. and N.W. by the Car- 
 pathians, separating it from Transylvania and the Banat of 
 Hungary; W., S., and E. by the Danulie. sep.irating it in 
 the first direction from Servisu and in the last two from 
 Bulgaria; and N.E. by Moldavia, from which it is chiefly 
 separated by the Sereth. and its tributary the Milkov. Aiea 
 •bout 27,000 square miles. Its surface may be regarded as 
 a vast inclinixl plane, sloping from the Carpathians towards 
 the Danube. Among the mountains of the N. and W. the 
 elevation avera:res from 3000 to 4000 feet, but rises in 
 particular summits to 7000 feet, and in Mount But-^rhetesch. 
 N. of Kimpolung, exceeds 8000 feet; but this elevation is 
 soon succeeded by a region of hills and undulating plains, 
 and finally sinks down into extensive flats, often swampy, 
 and fringed near the banks of the Danube by a chain of 
 sh.<illow lakes. Many of the loftier summits are composed 
 of gneifss and mica-schist ; in the hilly region, though the 
 lower part of the secondary formation appears to be want- 
 ing, the cretaceous system is largely developed, and is over- 
 lain by tertiary conglomerates, clays, marls, and sandstones. 
 In the S. and E. diluvial gravels, and alluvial deposits of 
 great depth, form large and fertile plains. The most valua- 
 ble mineral of Wnllachia is salt, the mines of which seem 
 alranst inexhaustible. Petroleum and asphaltum are also 
 abundant: sulphur is found in more limited quantities. 
 The only metal of consequence is copper, which has been 
 worked to some extent; gold is wa-^hed fi^m the sands of 
 several streams. The drainage belongs to the basin of the 
 Diinulw. which receives it on its left bank. Ixith directly and 
 by numerous affluents, particularly the Schvl. Aluta. united 
 Vede and Teliorman, Argisch or Ardjish," Jalomitza, and 
 Sereth. 
 
 The climate, in the more mountainous districts, is severe, 
 and even on the plains the winter continues long. The 
 Dnnulie and its tributaries are regularly frozen over for 
 ■bout six weeks. The soil is remarkable for its fertility, 
 and with few exceptions the whole principality admits of 
 bemg cultivated like a garden. With very imperfect culture, 
 wheat, barley, and maize are everywhere raised in abun- 
 dance. Tobacco, hops, and flax are also extensively grown ; 
 the vine thrives well, and there is a profusion of all the ordi- 
 nary fruit.s. Cattle, sheep, and goats are reared in va<=t 
 numbers. The manufactures .are iusignificant; the trade is 
 principally m raw pro«luce, exchanited for coffee, su'ar. 
 pepper, foreign wines, furs, and various manufactures, priu- 
 cipally from Germany. Russia, and Great Britain. The in- 
 babitants. chiefly pure Wallarhians. who are believed to 
 Uave descended without much intermixture from the 
 ancient Dacians. have lost almost all their better qualities 
 dunng long misgovernment. and have now few virtues to 
 compensate for their prevaUiug indolence, sotUshness, cun- 
 
 WAL 
 
 ning. and revenge. They belong generally to the Greek 
 church, which provides very imperfectly either for the reli- 
 gious or moral eilucntion of its adherents. Walltichia. witb 
 the adjoining principality of Moldavia, is nominally a de- 
 pendency of Turkey, to which it pays an annual tribute, 
 and till recently was under an undefined kind of Kus.sian 
 protectorate. 'The prince or hospndar is ele<-ted for life by 
 the hoyards (Jr nobles, who hold a kind of le-.r)slative diet, 
 by which the sovereign power is modified. Administralivoly 
 the principality is divided into 18 districts, 13 in Great and 
 5 in Little Wallacliia. The inhabitants speak a corrupt 
 dialect of the Latin language. This country formed part of 
 Dacia in the Roman Empire. It was afterwards under the 
 dominion of the Goths and Huns: it formed a sepjirate 
 kingdom in 1290: in 1479 it was conquered by Mohammed 
 II. : it regaine<l its independence for a short time, and after- 
 wards formed a province of yie Ottoman Empire till IS'i!'. 
 By the treaty of Ailrianople in 1830, it was placed under 
 the protection of Russia. 
 
 In 1853. Wallaohia. as well as the other northern provinces 
 of European Turkey, was occupied by the armies of Russia, 
 a circumstance constituting one of the principal c.iuses 
 of the present war. After their unsuccessful siege of Silis- 
 tria. in 1854, the Russians evacuated all the Turkish pro- 
 vinces. Pop. about 2.000.000. Adj. and inhab. Wali.a- 
 
 cniAX. w&l-l.-l'ke-an. and Wallach. wcSl'Ids, (Fr. Valaqve, 
 vi'lik'; Ger. adj. Wallachisch, <vdl1i-Kish ; inhab. Wallach, 
 Cval'WK.) 
 
 WALLAJABAD, wil-li-ji-bid', a town of British India, 
 presidency of Madras. 14 miles N.W. of Chingleput, with 
 some extensive military cantonments. 
 
 WALLAMETTE, a river of Oreu'on. See Willamette. 
 
 WAiyLAMKTTE. a post-office of Yam Hill co., Oregon. 
 
 WALLAXCHOON, wdndn-choon'. or WALLOONG. w^l^- 
 loong'. a large village of Ea-«tern Nepaul, on the Wallan- 
 choon or Tambur River, 10.385 feet above sea-level. It has 
 some transit trade with Thil>et through the Wallanchooc 
 Pass. 16.756 feet high, and alxiut two davs' journey to the N. 
 
 W.\LLAROB'B.\^ a village of New South Wal'>a,'.\ustralia, 
 CO of Durham. 12 miles N.W. of Clarence, in a fine grazing 
 district, between Paterson and William Rivers. 
 
 WALL.\ WALLA, w6ria wol'la, a river which rises in the 
 N. part of Oregon, and, flowing in a W.N.W. direction, fells 
 into the Columbia Kiver at Wallula, in Wasliington Ter- 
 ritory. The emigrants' route to Oregon City follows this 
 river for nearly-its whole course. 
 
 WALLA WALLA, a county of Washington Territory, in- 
 tersected by the Columbia Eiver. which forms part of the 
 southern boundary. It is partly bounded on the N. by the 
 Snake or Lewis River, and drained by the Y'akinia, flowing 
 from the N.W. Area estimated at 5500 square miles. 
 Capitil. Walla Walla. Pop. 1318. 
 
 WALLA WALLA or FORT WALLA WALLA, the capital 
 of Walla Walla county, ^VashingtoIl Territory, is situated 
 on the Walla Walla River, 30 miles E. of the Columtiia 
 River, and is 409 feet above the level of the sea. See Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 WAL'LAZEY, a parL«h of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 W.\LL-BOT'TLE, a township of England, co. of North, 
 umberland. 
 
 WALL'DITCH. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 W.ALLDORF. *illMoRf. a village of Germany, Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen, principality and 4 miles N. of Meiningen, on the 
 Werra. Pop. 1500. 
 
 WALLDCRN. a town of Baden. See WaldUrn. 
 
 W.\L'LED LAKE, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan. 
 
 WALLENDORF. *dI'leu-doRf\ (Hun. Olaszi. o"10s'see\) 
 a town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Hernad, 12 
 miles S.E. of Leut»chau. Pop. 3000. 
 
 WALLEXFKLS. fvdllen-f^l.s'. a market-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Upper Franconia, on the Rodach, 7 miles E.N.E. of 
 Kronach. Pop. 1121. 
 
 WAL'LENP.VU'PACK CREEK, in the N,E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, enters the Lackawaxen a few miles below Hones- 
 dale. 
 
 WALLENSTADT. ft3l'len-stitt\ a lake and small town of 
 Switzerland, canton of St Gall : the lake (in German Walles- 
 STjiDTER-SEE. *il'len-stJtHfr-sA'.) is 11 miles in length, by 2 
 miles across, 9 miles S.E. of the Lake of Zurich, with 
 which it is connected by the Linth Canal. Height above 
 the sea. 1385 feet; average depth, 500 feet. Shores moun- 
 tainous and grand, the precipices along its N. fide varying 
 from 2000 to 3000 feet in height It receives the rivers Linth 
 and Seez. The town Wallenstadt. at its E. extremity, popu- 
 lation 1800, is a depot for the transit trade between Germany 
 and Italy. 
 
 WALLENSTADTER-SEE. See preceding article. 
 
 WAt/LER, a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, 6 miles from 
 Chilicothe. 
 
 WALLERFANOEN. ftiller-fdng^en, a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, government of Treves, on the Saar. Pop. 1051. 
 
 WALLERN, ft-al'lern.a town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin, 
 30 miles S.S.W. of IMsek. Pop. 2009. 
 
 WALLERS, viriaiR', a village of France, department of 
 Nord, arroudisaement of Valenciennes, on the railway from 
 
WAL 
 
 Calais to Paris. 1 mile from Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 
 8301. 
 
 WALLERSTP:IN, «Jl'lor-8tTne\ a town of Ravaria. circle 
 of Swabia. 30 miles S.SAV. of .\nspach. Pop. 1950. It has 
 a castle, the resilience of the Princes Oettingen-Wallerstein. 
 
 WALLHAUSKN. -fvJl'hOwVen, a town of Prussian .'^axony, 
 government of Merpeburg, on the Helme, 4 miles W. of 
 Sangershausen. I'op. 1055. 
 
 WaL'LINGFOKD, a parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough, town, and parish of England, chiefly in the county of 
 Berks, on the ri;j:ht bank of the Thames, here crossed by a 
 Htone bridge of 19 arches, with 4 drawbridges, 12^ miles 
 N.W. of Reading. Pop. of municipal borough in 1861, 2819; 
 of parliamentary borough, comprising also some parishes in 
 the county of Oxford. 8064. The town has 3 churches, a 
 town-hall, market-house, small jail, various dissenting cha- 
 pels, several schools, almshouses, and on its N. side are the 
 traces of a castle demolished in 16.53. It has some trade in 
 malt, corn, and flour, and communicates by canals with IJatb, 
 Bristol, and the central parts of England. The liorough 
 sends 1 member to the House of Commons. It confers the 
 title of Viscount on the V^rl of Banbury. The Wallingford- 
 Koad Station of the Great Western Kailway, 3 miles from 
 the town, is 47^ miles N.W. of London. 
 
 WaL'LINGFORD. a post-township in Rutland CO.. Ver- 
 mont, intersected by the Western Vermont Railroad, 62 
 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It contains 4 churches, 6 stores, 
 and 11 mills and manufactories. Pop. 1747. 
 
 WALLING FORD, a post-village and township of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, on the Hartford and New Haven 
 Ruilroad. 11 miles N. by E. of New Haven. The village has 
 a beautiful situation on elevated ground, with broad and 
 straight streets, finely shaded. It contains 4 churches, seve- 
 ral stores, and several flourishing schools. Manufactures 
 have recently been intro.luced. and are now in a very thriv- 
 ing condition. Pop. of the township, 3206. 
 
 WALLINGFORD, a post-village of Will CO., Illinois, about 
 160 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 WaL'LING'S FKRRY, a iwst-oflfice of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 WAiyLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 WALLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WALLTNGTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 WALLIS, a canton of Swit7.crland. See Valais. 
 
 WALLISCIIBIRKEN, (Wiillischbirken,) *Jl'lish-b66R^- 
 keu, a town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin, about 60 miles 
 S.W. of Prague. Pop. 2142. 
 
 WaL'LIS CREEK, of New South Wales, East Australia, 
 eo. of Northumberland, flows N., dividing the lioroughs of 
 East and W^est Maitland, and joins the river Hunter. 
 
 AVAL'LTS ISLAND, of New South Wales. East Australia, 
 CO. of Northumberland, in PorMIunter, opposite KuUarton 
 Cove. lat. 10° 51' S., Ion. 142° 4' E. 
 
 WALLTS ISLAND, (native Ueu, oo-A'd.) the principal of a 
 group in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 13° 24' S., Ion. 176° 
 le'W. 
 
 WALLIS LAKE, of New South Wales, co. of Gloucester, 
 bordering the coast near Cape Hawke. Length 10 miles, 
 breadth .5 miles. 
 
 WALiyKILL RIVER, rises in the northern part of New 
 Jersey, flows in a N.N.E. course, and after receiving the 
 Shawangunk, falls into the Rondout, in the E. part of Ulster 
 CO. Tlie name Wallkill is sometimes applied to the main 
 stream below the junction with the Rondout. 
 
 WALLKILL, a township in the N.W. part of Orange co., 
 New York, intersected by the New York and Erie Railroad. 
 Pop. 6603. It contains tlie village of Middleton. 
 
 WALLO'NIA, a postrvillage of Trig CO., Kentucky, on 
 Muddy Creek. 8 miles N. of Cadiz. 
 
 W.\LLOOM'SCOIK RIVER, rises in Bennington co., Ver- 
 mont, and falls into the Iloosiick River, in New York. 
 
 WALLOOSTOOK' ItlVER. Maine, is formed by two small 
 branches, called the North-West and the South- West 
 branches, in Somerset co.. and, flowing in a general north- 
 easterly course, unites with the St. Frangois to form the St. 
 John's River. 
 
 WaL'LOP, NETHER, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WALLOP, OVER, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WALLPACK CENTRE. See Walpack Centre. 
 
 WALLS and FLO'TA, a united parish of Scotland, co. of 
 Orkney, comprising the S. half of the island of Hoy, with 
 the islands of Flota. Fara. Cava, and Gransay. 
 
 WALLS and SAND^NESS', a united parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Shetland, comprising the most W'. part of the Shetland 
 Mainland, and the islands of Foula, Linga, Papa-Stour, and 
 Vaila. 
 
 W.\LL'SEND. a parish and village of England, co. of 
 Northumberland. 4 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle, and inter- 
 sected by the Newcastle and Shields Railway, Pop. in 1851, 
 5721, chiefly engaged in collieries, but partly in lime-kilns, 
 manufactures of copperas and earthenwares, aal in ship- 
 building. The village is large and well-built. The Wall- 
 send coal is of very superior quality, and upwards of 
 i.OOO.000 tons are annually imported into London. 
 
 WALL".S ST> IKE. a po.st-olflce of ,\mite Co.. Missis,«ippi. 
 
 WALLSTADT. wdl'stdtt. (GR03b, groee, and IvLii.N, kllne.) 
 
 WAL 
 
 two contiguous market-towns of Bavaria, circle of Ijowor 
 Franconia". on the Main. 34 miles W.N.W. of WUrzburif. 
 Pop. of the former, 1317 ; of the latter. 1805. 
 
 WALLS/A^ILLE, a post-offlce of Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 WALL-TOWN, a township of Engl.and. co. of Northumber- 
 land, supposed to occupy the site of the Roman station Vin- 
 (JMnna. 
 
 WAL'LUM POND, a village in Burrillville township. Pro- 
 vidence CO.. Rhode Island, about 25 miles N.W. of Providence. 
 It contained 1 cotton-raill. with 33 looms. 
 
 WaL'MER. a parish of Fingland, co. of Kent, on the E. 
 coast. 1 mile S.S.W. of Deal, in the borough of which it i.s 
 comprised. The village of Upper Walmer adjoins Deal; 
 and separated from it on the S.E. is Lower Walmer, on rising 
 ground near the .shore, containing the church, partly of 
 Norman architecture, some good residences, and marine vil- 
 hi'.'es. resorted to for sea-bathing. Facing the sea, oppo- 
 site the Downs, is Walmer Castle, built by Henry VIII., now 
 fitted up for the use of the Lord-Warden of the Cinqueports, 
 and was the frequent residence of the Duke of Wellington 
 in that official capacity. 
 
 WaL'MEKSLEY. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WALMESGATE, w6lms/gate, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 WaL^IS'LEY, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou, on 
 Pictou Harbor, opening into Northumberland Strait, about 
 90 miles N.E. of Halifax. 
 
 W AL'NEY ISLAN D, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancas- 
 t«», between Morecambe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon, 
 Lenath of the island from N. to S.. 9 miles, average breadth 
 1 mile. At its S. extremity is a lighthouse, rising 70 feet 
 at>ove the sea. in lat. 54° 2' 9" N., Ion. 3° 10' 5" W. ; and near 
 this the " Pile of Fowdrey." a castle formerly of great 
 strength, erected in 1327 for the protection of the harbor. 
 
 WaLN'FOKD, a post-oftice of Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 
 WAL'NUT, a post-offlce of Juniata co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 WALNUT, a town.ship in Phillips co., Arkansas. .Pop. 541. 
 
 WWLNUT. a township of Fairfield co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 2130. 
 
 WALNUT, a township of Gallia CO., Ohio. Pop. 1134. 
 
 W A LNUT, a township of Pickaway CO., Ohio. Pop. 1768. 
 
 W.\ LNUT, a townshipof Montgomery Co.. Indiana. P.1301. 
 
 W'ALNUT, a post-village in Jefferson co., Iowa, 55 miles 
 S.W. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 W.4LNUT BEND, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas. 
 
 W A LN UT BOT'TO.M, a post-office of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WALNUT BOTTOM, a post-offlce of Henderson co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 WALNUT CA5IP, a small post>village of Poinsett co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 WALNUT COVE, a post-village, Stokes co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WALNUT CREEK, of Georgia, flows southward from 
 Jones CO.. and enters the Ocmuigee River at Macon. 
 
 WALNUT CREEK, of Ba.strop co., Texas, enters the Colo- 
 rado from the rittht. a few miles Ijelow the county seat. 
 
 WALNUT CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 W.VLNUT CREEK, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1278. 
 
 WALNUT CREEK, a post-offlce of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 WALNUT CREEK, a post-offlce of Copiah CO., Nebraska 
 Territory. 
 
 WALNUT FIELD, a small village. SuUiv.in co., Tennessee. 
 
 WALNUT FL.4.T, a post-village of Lincoln co., Kentucky, 
 has 1 church, and .about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 WALNUT FOR'EST. a post-village of Greene co., Missouri, 
 about 115 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 WALNUT FORK, a postroffice of Jones co., Iowa. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Morris CO., New Jersey. 
 
 WALNUT OR )VE, a post-otflce of Kanawha county, W. 
 Virginia, 3-30 miles W. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, post-offlce. Orange co., North Carolina. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-village of Spartanburg di.strict, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Walton CO., Georgia. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, post-offlce. Independence co.. Arkans.tg. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-offlce of Overton co., Tennesse*. 
 
 WALNUT GKOVE. a post-offlce of Caldwell co., Kentucky. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois, about 
 45 miles N.W. of Peoria. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Green co., Mi.ssouri. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a po.st-offlce of Scott co.. Iowa. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE MILLS, a post-offlce of Potawatamie 
 CO.. Iowa. 
 
 WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia. 
 
 W.\LNUT HILL, a post-office of Franklin co.. Georsi.i. 
 
 W.-VLNUT HILL, a pfist-office of Rapides co.. Ix>uisiana. 
 
 W.\LNUT HILL, a post-offlce of Panola co., Texas. 
 
 W.\LNUT HILL, a post-office of Lafayette CO., Arkansaa. 
 
 WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Favette eo., Kentucky. 
 
 WALNUT HILL, a post-village of Hamilton CO., Ohio. It 
 has a union school. 
 
 WALNUT HILL, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, on 
 
 2063 
 
WAL 
 
 the roail from Salem to Chester, 12 miles from the former, 
 h^ alx.iit -'110 iiiliabitants. 
 
 WALNUT HILL, a post-offlce of Buchanan co.. Missouri. 
 
 WALNUT LAKE, a postoJflce of Tunica eo.. Mississippi. 
 
 WALNUT LANE, a post-village of Yadkin co., North 
 Carolin:i. ..... . 
 
 W A LNUT PEAK, a postroffice. Tisheminsco co., Mississippi. 
 
 WALNUT I'OST. a post-offtceof LauJenlale co., Tennessee. 
 
 WALNUT UIlHJE.apost-ofBceof Washington CO., Indiana. 
 
 A\'.\LNUT SPRINGS, a post-office of Greene co., Wisconsin. 
 
 WALNUT V.\L'LEY. a post-offlce, Warren co.. New Jersey. 
 
 W ALNUT V A L LEY, a post>office of Marion CO., Tennessee. 
 
 WALNUT VALLEY, a post-offlce of -Madison CO., Kentucliy. 
 
 W.VL'I'.\CK. a townshipof Susse.x co.. New Jersey. P. 851. 
 
 WALPACK CENTRE, a post-office of Sussex co., New 
 Jersey. 
 
 WaI/POLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 W.\LPOLE. a post-village and township in Chaohire co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connerticut River, and 
 on the Cheshire Railroad, 44 miles W.S.W. of Concord. 
 The river is here crossed by a bridge. There are also 2 other 
 villaires in this township. Pop. 1868. 
 
 WALPOLE. a post-village and township in Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad. 17 miles 
 S.W. by S. of Boston. The township is watered by Neponset 
 River. It contains 5 cotton and 3 woollen mills. Pop. 2037. 
 
 WALPOLE. a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 W.ALPOLE EAST, a post-office, Norfolk co., Massachusetts. 
 
 WALPOLE ISLAND. Pacific Ocean, E. of New Caledonia; 
 lat. 22° 40' S.. Ion. 169=' 2' E. 
 
 WALPOLE ST. ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 WALPOLE ST. PETER, a parish, England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WaIVS.ALU a parliamentery and municipal borough, 
 town, and parish of England, co. of Stnffortl. on nn eminence 
 be-^iile the Tame, and on a branch of the London and North- 
 Western Railway, 8 miles N.N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. of 
 piirliiimentary and niuiiicrpal borough in 1861, 37,726. 
 Tlie town iiiis a handsome new church in a commanding 
 situation; St. Pauls chapel; two Roman Catliollc, and 
 various other chapels ; an old town-hall and jail ; a grammar 
 school, annual revenue SOOl. ; almshou.«es. national blue-coat 
 and other schools; subscription and news-rooms. Saddlers' 
 and coaohniakers' ironmongery and domestic iron utensils 
 are the staple articles of trade; it has also several brass and 
 iron foundries, extensive coal and lime works, and a consid- 
 erable trade in malt. The town was fortified bj' Ethelfleda, 
 daughter of Alfred, and was a royal demesne at the Con- 
 quest. It sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 WALSALL FOREIGN, a township of England, co. of 
 Stafford. Pop. in 1851, 18.061. 
 
 WALSCHEID, *ai'shitc. (Fr. pron. TaisVhA' or vIl'shAd',) 
 a village of France, department of Meurthe, 7 miles S.E. of 
 Sarrebourg. Pop. 1783. 
 
 WALSCHEIDT. «ai/shlte, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 government of Treves. 6 miles N. of Sarrebriick. 
 
 WaLSCHLAND. See Wklschl.\xd. 
 
 WALSCHLEBEN. ftilshl.Vben. a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Saxony, government of Erfurt. Pop. 1230. 
 
 WaLS/DEN, a township of England, co. Lancaster, 10 miles 
 £. of Haslingden. on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. 
 
 WAL'SER'S MILL, a post-offlce of Davidson co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Wa LSHAM IN THE WILLOWS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Suffolk. 
 
 WaLS'HAM, NORTH, a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Norfolk, near the river Ant, which is navigable 
 from Yarmouth to Walsham, 6 miles from the E. coast, and 
 14 miles X.N.E. of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 29U. The town 
 has a grammar school, in which Lord Nelson received a part 
 of his education, several minor charities, a theatre. &c. In 
 the parish are extensive water-mills; and 1 mile S. of the 
 town is a stone cross erected to commemorate a victory of 
 Bishop Spencer and others over a band of rebels in 1381. 
 
 Walsham, SOUTH, a village and district of England, 
 CO. of Norfolk, 11 miles W.N.W. of Yarmouth. 
 
 WaI'SINGHAM, GREAT orOLD, a parish of England, co. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 WAL/SINGHAM, LITTLE or NEW, a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the Stilfkey, 5 miles 
 8.E. of Wells. Pop. In 1851. 1207. 
 
 K-l^'^r'?.*:^'^'^^- "^ P"""'' °^ England, co. of Norfolk. 1 mile 
 N.h of V\isbeach, with a station on a branch of the East 
 Anglian Railway. 
 
 axr^H'^l"^!;'- ^^''''ro'deh. a town of Hanover, 45 miles 
 S.W. of Lilneburg. on the IJiihme. Pop. 2001. 
 
 »^ « ^l'**^'"^- " ^''l»«eof Hanover, government and S.W, 
 Of Lilneburg, near the above. Pop. 1528. 
 
 jy.^I'^'^'*- * Parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. 
 
 W ALThNBEKG. *ai'ten-b^RG\ a market-town of Transvl- 
 T«ma, CO. of Szolnok. 39 miles N.W. of Klausenburg. P6p. 
 »4.5(). inostiv agricultural. *" 
 
 Hwf I''l^''VK'n"^,?"- * P"'^^"'"?^- capital of Colleton 
 ?- u V^'""" Carolina. 99 miles S. by E. of Columbia. It 
 b situated in a level and ferUle district. 
 3064 
 
 WAL 
 
 WALTERSDORF, *(ll'tenHloRf\ a Tillage of Germany. 
 Saxonv. circle' of Bautzen, on the Bohemian frontier, 7 milei) 
 W. ofZittau. Pop. 1470. 
 
 AV.M.TERSDOKF. a village of Germany, in Saxony, circle 
 of Zwickau. S. of Freiburg. 
 
 WALTERSDORF, a village of Prussian Silesia, 40 mile!" 
 S.W'. of Breslau. Pop. 1380. 
 
 WALTERSDORF, a vill.ige of Prusssiti, province of Brau- 
 denburg. 38 miles S. of Berlin. 
 
 WALTERSDORF. a village of Germany, East P:;ussia, 
 government of Kiinigsbei-g. 
 
 AVALTERSDORF, a village of Germany, grand-duchy of 
 Saxe-Weimar. 7 miles E.S.E. of Weida. 
 
 W.A.LTE1!SD0KF, a village of Bohemia, about 30 mileu 
 from Gitschiu. Pop. 10.37. 
 
 WALTERSDORF, a Tillage of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, 
 on a small stream 10 miles from Landskron. I'op. 1509. 
 
 WALTERSDORF, a village of Austria, Moravia, about 24 
 miles from Olmutz. Pop. 1400. 
 
 WALTERSDORF, (Alt, 5lt.) a village of Pru.ssian Silesia, 
 government of Breslau. circle of Ilalberschwerdt. Pop. 1042. 
 
 WALTERSDORF. (WcsTE, Tus/teh,) a village of Pru.'sian 
 Silesia, government of Breslau, circle of Waldenburg. Pop. 
 1365. 
 
 WALTERSDORF, a Tillage of Prussia, government of 
 Liegiiitz. Pop. 1039. 
 
 ■H'ALTERSHAUSEN. ^Jl'ters-how^zgn, a town of Csntral 
 Germany, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. principality and 7 miles 
 W.S.W. of Ootha, on tlie Bodewasser. A railway connects 
 it with Frottstedt. Pop. 3148. 
 
 WALTERSHOF, «dl'ters-h6f\ a market-town of Bavaria, 
 Upper Palatinate. 20 miles E. of Baireuth. i'op. 1200. 
 
 WAL'TERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, 
 
 WALTERSVILLE, a postK)ffice of Adair oo.. .Missouri. 
 
 W.\LTH.\M, wSl'tam, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 
 4 miles S.S.W. of Great Grimsby, with a station on the East 
 Lincolnshire Railway. 
 
 WAliTHAM. a post-township in Hancock co., Maine, 25 
 miles S.E. of Bangor. Pop. 374. 
 
 WWLTIIAM, a township in Addison co., Vermont, on the 
 E. side of OtU^r Creek, 33 miles W.S.W. of Montpelier. P. 26.3. 
 
 WAl/rH.\M, a beautiful and flourishing post-village and 
 township of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on Charles River, 
 and on the Fitchburg Railroad. 10 miles W. by N. of B6ston. 
 The village is built principally on one extended street, 
 upwards of a mile in length, and contains several fine 
 churches, a bank, a savings institution, and a ga-slight com 
 pany, incorporated in 1853. JIany of the inhabitants do 
 business in Boston. Waltham has the first cotton establish- 
 ment in Massachusetts. It was the great leader in this 
 work; 500 hands are employed here in mills. Here is a 
 manufactory of watches — the largest in the Union, employ- 
 ing 500 men. Prospect Hill, nearly 500 feet in height, a 
 short distance from the village, affords an extensive view 
 of the surrounding country, with Boston and its harbor 
 seen in the distance. Pop.of the township in 1830, 1857; 
 in 1*^40, 2504; in 1850, 4464 ; and in 1860, 6397. 
 
 WALTHAM, a post-township. La Salle co., Illinois. P.96T. 
 
 WaLT'HAM-AB'BEY or HOLY CROSS, a market-town 
 and parish of England, eo. of Es.eex, on the Lea, amidst fine 
 pastures. 13 miles N.N.E. of London. Pep. of town in 1851, 
 2329. The church, partly a portion of a famous abbey, 
 founded in tlie time of Canute, and restored by Harold II., 
 is one of the earliest specimens of Norman architecture in 
 Enc-l.ind. The Lea is here diverted into several channels, 
 turning 4 powder-mills belonging to the government. Wal- 
 tham lias also corn and silk mills, a pin fiictory. and malt 
 kilns. At Enfield-lock, 2 miles S.. the government has a fao- 
 torr supplving annu.illv alx)ut 10.000 percussion miLSkets. 
 
 WALTHAM, BISHOP'S, a market-town and parish of 
 England, county and 10 miles E.N.E. of Southampton, on 
 the road between Portsmouth and Win<'hester. Pop. in 
 1851, 2266. It is neatly built, and on its S. side are the re- 
 mains of a palace of the bishops of Winchester, 
 
 WALTHAM. BRIOIIT. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 ■WALTHAM. COLD, See Cold Waltham. 
 
 WALTHAM-CROSS, a hamlet of England, co. of Herts, 
 on the W. side of the river Lea. li miles W.S.W. of Wal- 
 tham Abbey, and deriving its n.ime from a cross erected 
 here at one of the hnlting-places of the funeral pro<-essiou 
 of Eleanor, queen of Edward I., on its way to Lfmdon. 
 
 WALTHAM. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WALTHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of E.ssex. 
 
 WALTHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Hanta. 
 
 WALTHAM ON THE WOLDS, a parish of England, co, 
 of I>eicester. with a village formerly a market-town. 
 
 WALTHAM ST. LAURENCE, a p-irish of Engl.snd. co. 
 of Berks. 5 miles S.W. of Maidenhead. The Romans had a 
 station on Castleacre in the neighliorhood. 
 
 WaLT'HAMSTOW, a pari.sh of England, co, of Essex, on 
 the Fjca, which is here navigable. 7 miles N.N.E. of London. 
 The village is chiefly inhabited by wealthy raerch.tnts of the 
 metropolis, and is pleasantly situatwi on the lorders of Ep- 
 ping Forest. 
 
 WALXHAM TEM/PLE a parish ot England, co. of Kent 
 
WAL 
 
 WAN 
 
 WALTHAM, UP'PER, a parish of England, eo. of Sussex. 
 
 WALTIIAM. WKST, a hamlet of Enijland. co. of Essex. 
 
 WALTIIAM, WHITE or ABBAS, a parish of England, co. 
 Of Berks. 
 
 WALTHOURVILLE, wal-thoor'Til. a post-village of Liberty 
 CO., Georgia, about 44 miles S.W. of Savannah, is the hirgest 
 place in the county. It has 2 flourishing academies, 2 
 churches, and 2 stores. 
 
 WALTIKR, wilHeer', a maritime village of British India, 
 presidency of Madras, 3} miles from Vizagapatam. and the 
 actual residence of the British authorities of tliat station. 
 
 WALTON, a parish of England, co. of Cumterland. 3 miles 
 N. of Brampton, and containing the townships of High and 
 Low Walton. The parish contains Cnstlesteads, or Cambeck- 
 fort, a mid surrounded by a grove of oaks. 
 
 WALTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on the 
 coast. Here was formerly a castle of Kouian origin. 
 
 W^ALTON, a^arish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WAIiTOX, a parish of England, county and ainsty of York. 
 
 WALTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 
 
 WALTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WALTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Leicester, 4 miles 
 X.E. of Lutterworth. Pop. G47. 
 
 WAL/TON. a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has 
 an area of 390 square miles. The Appalachee Kiver flows 
 along its N.E. border; it is intersected by the Alcovy, (Ul- 
 cofauhachee.) a branch of the Ocmulgee, and also drained 
 by Cornish, Bay, and other creeks. The surface is elevated 
 and uneven: the soil is derived from primary rock.s, and is 
 moderately fertile, excepting the higher ridges. The county 
 contains an abundance of granite and iron, and small quan- 
 tities of gold have been found in it. It is intersected in 
 the southern part by the Georgia Kailroad. Named in honor 
 of George Walton, who was governor of Georgia in 1780. 
 Cai)ital, .Monroe. Pop. 11,074, of whom 0453 were free, and 
 4621 shives. 
 
 WALTON, a county in the N.W. part of Florida, bordering 
 on Alabama and on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 
 1250 square miles. It is bounded on the K. by IlicClioctaw- 
 liatchee River, and intersected by the Yellow-water; the 
 southern border is w.Tshed by Clioctjiwhatchee Bay, navi- 
 gable by steamboats. The surface is nearly level, and 
 partly covered with pine; the soil is generally poor. Capi- 
 tal, Uchee Anna. Pop. 3037, of whom 26y0 were tree, and 
 441 slaves. 
 
 Walton, a post-village and township of Delaware co.. 
 New York, on the Delaware River, about 90 miles W.S.W. 
 of Albany. It contains an academy. Pop. 2740. 
 
 W.\LT0N, a post-ofilice of Kaninvh!i co., W.Virginia. 
 
 '\V.\LT0N, a post-office, Newberry district. South Carolina. 
 
 W.\I/rON. a post-village of Boone co.. Kentucky, 20 miles 
 S.W. of Covington. It contains 2 tobacco factories, and about 
 200 inhaVatants. 
 
 W.\IjTON, a post-township in the S.W. part of Eaton oo., 
 Michigan. Pop. 1011. 
 
 WALTON XJAR/DIFF, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 W.\LT0N, E.\ST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WALTON, EAST, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 WAI/TONHAM. a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri. 
 12 miles N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 WALTON, INFERIOR and SUPERIOR, two townships 
 of England, co. of Chester, on the Mersey and Irwell Canal. 
 
 WALTON-IN-GORDA'NO, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 WALTON LE DALE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, on a height beside the Derwent. near the Wyre and 
 Preston Railway, 2 miles S.S.E. of Preston. Population 
 chiefly engaged in cotton manufacturi-s. 
 
 WALTON-ON-SO'KEN. a parish of England, co. of Essex, 
 on the coast, 12 miles S.E. of .Manningtree. Pop. 721. The 
 village is resorted to as a watering-place, and has a hand- 
 some terrace, hotel, and jetty. On the N»7,e is a brick tower. 
 80 feet in hei;.;ht. forming a sea-mark. The ancient church 
 was submerL'ed in the scia. 
 
 WALTON-ON-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster, 3 miles N.E. of Liverpool. Pop. 79,212, partly engaged 
 in cottou manufactures. It has several endowed schools 
 anil mansions, belonging to Liverpool merchants. 
 
 WALTON-ON-THE-WOLDS, a parUh of England, co. of 
 Leicester, 
 
 WALTON-ON-TRENT, a pari.sh of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WALTON'S FORD, a post-office, Habersham co., Georgia. 
 
 WALTON-CPON-THAMES, a parish of England, co. of 
 /urrcy, on the Thames, here crossed by a bridge, with a 
 station on the l/)ndon and South-Western Itailway. 17 miles 
 ^V.S.W. of London. The church has some fine monuments; 
 #nd in the p.irish are many elegant villas and se.its. includ- 
 ing Apps-Conrt, on the site of a mansion of Cardinal Wol- 
 sey: Pain's Hill, with fine grounds; Oatlands. the seat of 
 the late Duke of York. At the village of Hershara, Lilly 
 the astrologer died in 1681. On St George's Hill are traces 
 of an ancient camp. 
 
 WALTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 6£ 
 
 WALTON, WEST, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke, on St. Bride's Bay. 
 
 WALTON WOOD, a purLsh of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 WALT'S HILLS, a post office of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WALTZ, a township of Wabash co., Indiitna. Pop. 2234 
 
 WALUIKI. a town of Kus.sia. See V.\i.uiKl. 
 
 WALMSCH, wil'vish, {i. e. '• Whale.") or WALFISCD 
 (wSl'fish) BAY, a harbor of South Africa, extending along 
 its W. coast for 20 miles, terminated .southward by Pelican 
 Point, in lat. 22° -52' 5' S., Ion. 14° 27' E., and frequented bf 
 whaling vessels, ^whence its name.) 
 
 WaL'WORTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey, n 
 suliurb of the metropolis, 2j miles S. of St. I'aul's. London. 
 
 WaL'WORTH, a county in the S.S.E. part of Wisconsin, 
 bordering on Illinois, has an area of 576 square miles. It 
 is drained by Honey, Sugar, and Geneva Creeks, atfluents 
 of I'islitaka River, and by Turtle and Whitewater Creeks, 
 affluents of Rock River. Lake Geneva, in the S. part of the 
 county, is 8 miles long, besides which there are 23 smaller 
 lakes. The surface is undulating and diversified with 
 forests, prairies, and " oak openings." There are no steep 
 hill-s, and but little wa.stc land in the county. The soil ii 
 of limestone formation, highly productive, and well watered. 
 By the census of 1850, Walworth county produced moro 
 hay than any other county in the state, and more wheat, 
 corn, and butter than any other excepting Rrck county, 
 and more barley than any county in the United States ex- 
 cept Waukesha county, AVisconsin. There were raised in 
 that year 655.704 bushels of wheat ; 215,242 of corn ; 31,599 
 of barley ; 27,193 tons of hay ; and 333,012 pounds of butter. 
 It is intiTsected by the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien 
 Railroad, liy the Riu ine and Beloit Railroad, and has plank- 
 roads leading to Milwaukee and Racine. Capital, Elkhorn. 
 I'op. in 1,>50. 17,802; in 1S60, 26,490. 
 
 WALWORTH, a post-village and township of Wayne co., 
 New York, 18 miles E. of Rochester. It contain* an aca- 
 demv. Pop. 2096. 
 
 WALWORTH, a post-village and township in the S. part of 
 AViihvnrth co.. Wisconsin. 53 miles S.E. of Madison. P. 1403. 
 
 WAiyWYN'S-CASTLE. a ^■^^ish of Wales, co. of Pembroke 
 
 W.\ LZK.\H.4USKN, wJlt'svn-how'zfn, a village and parish 
 of Switzerland, canton of Appenzell, on a hill at the extre- 
 mity of the liheinthal, with a chun'h so commandingly 
 situated that the Tyrolese mountains are seen, and 92 
 churches counted from it. Pop. 1004. 
 
 WAMBEEK, ■fi','im'bAk\ a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, 9 miles W. of Brussels. Pop. 1481. 
 
 AVAMBERG, fiam/bjR«, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles 
 E.S.H. of Kiiniggratz. Pop. 1905. 
 
 WAMBOOL. a river of East Australia. See M.\CQrARlE. 
 
 WAMBRECHIES, v&M'l)reh-shee', a market-town cf 
 France, department of Nord", 4 miles N. of Lille. Pop. in 
 1852. 3.575. . 
 
 WAIM'BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WAMEL. *d'mel, a village of Holland, province of Gel 
 derland. on the Waal, opposite Tiel. Pop. 1453. 
 
 WAMPHItAY, wam'fr.i. a pari-^h of Scotland, co. of Dum- 
 fries, on the Waniphray, an affluent of the .\nnan. with a 
 station on the Caledonian Railwav, 6 miles S. E. of Beattook. 
 
 WAMPS/VILLE, a post-village of Madison co.. New York, 
 on the Centr.al Railroad, 23 miles E. of Syracuse. 
 
 AV.\NAS. wjl'nds, a town of Sweden, liien of Linkiiping,- 
 with an important fortress at the mouth of the Canal of 
 Gotha. in Lake Wettern. 
 
 WAX'BOROUGH. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WANCHOW, wdn-chow', or TUNGOW-CHINO, tun'gfiwV 
 ching/. written also WEN-TCHEOU-FOU, a large seaport 
 town of China, province of Che-kiang, 150 miles S. of Ningpo, 
 at the mouth of a river of its own name: lat. 28° N. Its 
 streets are intersected by canals, and expo.'ed to frequent 
 inundation, and it is esteemed very unhealthy for Euro- 
 peans. It has manufactures of silk, shamsoo. and soy. I'op. 
 200,000. 
 
 WAN'DA. a post-office of Madison co., Illinois. 
 
 WANDERSLEBEN, ftdu'ders-LVben, a market-town of 
 Prussian Saxony, 10 miles S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 1025. 
 
 W.iNDIPOOR, win'de-poor'. a town of Bootan. 18 mile? 
 E. of Tassisudon, on an isolated rock, and having many 
 ecclesiastical establishments. 
 
 WANDIWASH. wdnMe-wdsh', a town of British India, 
 presidency and 58 miles S.W. of Madras. Here, in 1760, the 
 French were defeated by the British. 
 
 W.VNDORF. -fi-Hu'doRf. a town of Hungary, co. anil about 
 2 miles from OeUenburg. In the vicinity are the extensive 
 coal-mines of Brennberg. 
 
 WANDRfi, v6xi=Mri'. a village of Belgium, province and 
 4 miles E.N.E. of Liege. Pop. 2000. 
 
 W.\NDSBEK. ftinds'bJk. a market-town of Denmark, 
 duchy of Ilolstcin, 3 miles N.E. of Hamburg, on the AVands 
 Pop. 4200. It has a royal castle and park, and 4 well-fro- 
 quented annual fairs. It is a favorite summer resort of the 
 merchants of Hamburg. 
 
 WANDSAVORTH, wonz'wtirth, a parish and large village 
 of England, co. of Surrey, on the \Vandle. near its mouth 
 
 2065 
 
WAN 
 
 In the Thamps. cr the South-Western Railway. 5 milesi S.TT. 
 of London. Pop. Iv ' 851, 961 1. The village, on and between 
 two low hills, has n amcrous manufactories for boltin<: eloth.s 
 vinegar, whivc lead, and other chemical products, di.^tilleries. 
 calico printing, and iron works, linseed oil, flour and other 
 mills, wrought by water-power. A tram-road, formed be- 
 tween it and Croydon at the commencement of this cen- 
 tury, at a cost of 60,0001., has long proved totally usele.^s. 
 Around the village are many handsome detached mansions. 
 
 WANFKRCKK-BAULET, "vftx°'f?R'sV bo'hV, a Tillage of 
 Bel^'ium. province of Ilainaut, 8 miles N.N.E. of Charleroi. 
 Pop. 25.38. 
 
 ■\VANFUIED, «ln'freet, a walled town of Germany, Hes- 
 Be-Ca.-iseI, province of Nieder-IIessen, on the Werra, 5 miles 
 a. of K.<chwege. Pop. 2045. 
 
 AVANGAXL'I, wan-gd-noo'ee, a river of New Zealand, 
 North Island, enters the ocean on its AV. coast, 60 miles 
 B.K. of New Plymouth. On it is the village of Petre. 
 
 WAXGAKT. wdn-gi'ree, a bay of New Zealand, on the E. 
 coast of the North Island. C5 miles N.N.W. of Auckland. 
 
 WANGAUUIIU, win-gj-nxyroo. a bay of New Zealand, on 
 the E. coast of the North Island, 110 m'iles N.N.W. of Auck- 
 land. 
 
 AV.\NOAROA, w3n-gl-ro'd. a bay of New Zealand, on the 
 E. coast of North Island, 140 miles N.N.W. of Auckland. 
 
 VTANGAROA, a harbor and river of New Zealand, North 
 Island, 5.3 miles S. of Auckland. 
 
 WANGEN. *3ng'fn. a town of Wiirtemburg, circle of 
 Danube, on the Ober-Argen, 50 miles S.W. of Ulm. P. 1456. 
 
 M'ANGEN, a towu of Switzerland, capital of Bern, on the 
 Aar, 5 miles W. of Aarwangen. Pop. 1710. 
 
 WANGEN, a village of AVurtemberg. circle of Neckar, 
 near Cannstadt, on the Neckar. Pop. 1339. 
 
 WANGEN, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bchwytz. at the S. foot of the Buckberg. Pop. 1014. 
 
 W.\NGERIN, -(v^ng-f h-reen', town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 24 miles N.E. of Stargard. Pop. 1450. 
 
 AVANGEROOG, «'Jng'fr-og\ or WANGEROGE, <^3n.g'er- 
 o'gheh, an island of North Germany, grand-duchy of Olden- 
 burg, in the North Sea, oflf the estuary of the .Tahde and 
 Weser. Lat. of lighthouse 53° 47' 6" N., Ion. 7° 51' 5" E. 
 Pop. 250. It has extensive oyster beds. 
 
 AVANOFOUD. two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 AA'ANGII'TOAVN, a postoflBce of Forsyth CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 AV'ANGI, i^AVangi,) fteng'ghee, a village and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton of Thurgau, on the Murg. 5 miles S.E. of 
 Frauenfeld. Pop. 1586. 
 
 AV.\N'KANEER\ a town of India, Baroda dominions, 
 peninsula of Guzerat, 70 miles N.N.E. of Joonaghur. 
 
 AVANLIN, wanMeen'. written also OUANLIN and OO.A.N- 
 LIN, a town of -Mantehooria, on the Soongaree ; lat. 475° N. 
 
 AVAN'IilP. a parish of England, co. of I.ieicester. 
 
 AA'aN'LOCK-IIEAD, a mining village of Scotland, co. of 
 Dumfries, at the head of the AA'anlock Rivulet, 6J miles 
 E.N.E. of .Sanquhar, and 1380 feet above the sea. Pop. in 
 1851. 872. employed in mines belonging to the Duke of 15uc- 
 Cleuch, which yields chiefly lead ore, but also sm.ill quanti- 
 ties of copper, manganese, and gold. The neat village, on 
 a hill-side amidst tine mountain scenery, has a new church, 
 and a miners' library of a superior character. 
 
 AVANNEHECQ, wan/neh-l)aik\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Ilainaut, on an affluent of the Dendre, 24 miles 
 N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 1098. 
 
 AA^ANNEGEM-LEDE, wJn'neh-chJm' l;Vdeh, a village of 
 Belgium. 12 miles S.AV. of Ghent. Pop. 1468. 
 
 A\'ANSEN, ftin'sen. a town of Prussi.an Silesia, 23 miles 
 E.S.E. of Bre.slau, on the Ohiau. Pop. 1570. 
 
 AVaN.S'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 
 with a Btation on the Peterborough branch of the I^ondon 
 and North-AVestern Railway, 7 miles AV. of Peterborough. 
 
 AVaN'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Essex, on the 
 Roding. 6 miles N.E. of London. It has an orphan asylum, 
 founded in 1841. 
 
 AVAX'STUOAV, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 AVaN'TAGE. a parish and market-town of England, co. 
 of Berks, in the vale of the AVhite-horse, on a branch of the 
 Ock, and of the AVilts and Berks Canal, 3 miles S. of the 
 Great A\ estern Railway, 21 miles AV,N.AA'. of Reading, pon. 
 of the town, in 1851, 2951. It has a handsome cruciforni 
 church, almshouses, and other charities, some manufactures 
 of sacking, twine, and coarse cloth.s, and an active trade in 
 malt and corn. Here, in 849, Alfred the Great wa.s born, and 
 a festival commemorating the 1000th year since his birth, 
 wag hcM 25th October, 1849. 
 
 AVa.VTAGK. a township of Susgex co., New Jersey, inter- 
 nectcl by the AValkiU River. Pop. 3682. 
 
 A^■^^-3'''?^'■'^' * P'""'*'^ "f England. CO. of Suffolk. 
 A\ANmONG or AVAXTUNG, wanHoong^ North and 
 SODIH. two islets in the Canton River, China, between the 
 f 1"« ■ . '^"""Jr'"'y an'J Ty-cock-tow, the former strongly 
 u'^il- V^", Chinese, and the latter temporarily by the 
 British in the late war. 
 
 ii-il^^/l^^'P/o' V.V.'^ va.NtV,eh-mV, a village of France, 
 department of Bas-lihln. near the Rhine, 6 miles N.N.E, of 
 Btr»sb</urg. Pop. in 1&52, 2501. 
 2060 
 
 WAR 
 
 AA'ANYANEE or AVANYANI, wan-y3/ne<j, one ot the prin- 
 cipal arms or channels by which the waters of the Indui* 
 enter the sea. Its length is near 20 miles. It is said net to 
 be navigable. 
 
 AA'.\NZLEBEN, ^dnts'l.Vben, a walletl town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 10 miles S.AV, of Magdeburg. Pop, 3010. 
 
 WaPAKONETA. wop'a-ko-n^t'ta, a post-village of Du- 
 chouquet township, capital of Auglaize co., Ohio, on the 
 Auglaize River, and on the Dayttm and Michigan Railroad, 
 95 miles AV.N.W. of Columbus. It contains 5 churches, 1 
 bank, 1 newspaper office, 2 steam flouring-mills, 2 saw-mills, 
 1 planing-mill, and a Union school. The Society of Friends 
 had a mission here for many years, among the Shawnee 
 Indians. Pop. in 1860, 900. 
 
 AA'APAN'SEE, a township of Grundy co..lllinois. Pop. 628. 
 
 AVAPATOO, a post-otBce of AV'ashington co,, Oregon. 
 
 AVAPEL'LA, a post-village of DeAVitt co,, Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 18 miles S, of Bloomiugtop. 
 
 AVAPEiyiiO, a county in the S.S.E. part of Iowa, has ai» 
 area of 432 square miles. The River des Moines flows dia- 
 gonally through the middle of the county, in a S.E. direc 
 tion ; it is also drained by Cedar and Avery's Creeks. Tho 
 surface is slightly undulating; the .soil is hiirhly productive 
 Stone-coal is found along Des Aloines River, and limestone 
 underlies a part of the surface. The river affords valuable 
 water-power at the county seat. Organized in 1S42— 3. Ca- 
 pital. Ottumwa. I'op. 14,518. * 
 
 AA'APPILLO. a post-village, capital of lyouisa county. Iowa, 
 on the right bank of the Iowa River, about 12 miles fron. 
 its mouth. 42 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City, and 5 miles AV. of 
 the Mississippi River. The Iowa River is navigable for 
 steamboats during three months in the year, and affords 
 motive power at this i)lace to a large flouring-niill. AVa- 
 pello contains a court-liouse and 3 cliurches. One neAvspa- 
 per is published here. Laid out in 1S39. Pop. in l>iiO. 992. 
 
 AV.^P'EXBURY. a parish of England, co. of AVarwick. 
 
 AA'AP/LEY. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 AVAPPANOCCA, a township of Crittenden co., Arkansas 
 Pop. 462. 
 
 AVAP'PENn A AI, a parish of England, co, of Northampton, 
 
 AA'.\PPING, wftp'ping. a parish of England, co. of AlidiUe- 
 sex, 2 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London, and forming a 
 suburb of tho metropolis, bordering the Thames, on whicb 
 are many large warehouses, and the entrances from the 
 Thames to the London Docks. It is comprised in the metro- 
 politan liorough of Tower-Hamlets. 
 
 AVAP'PINGER'.S CREEK, of Dutchess co., in the E.S.E 
 part of New York, falls into the Hudson River, 8 miles 
 below Poudhkeepsie. 
 
 AVAPPINGER'S FALLS, a post-office of Dutche.ss co., New 
 York. 
 
 AV.\P'SIPTN1C0N, a river of Iowa; rising near the N. 
 boundary of the state, it flows .south-eastward, and enters 
 the Mississippi about 25 miles above Davenport. Length 
 estimated at 200 miles. 
 
 AVAPnVALLO'PEN, a creek of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Susquehanna. 
 
 AV.\PAVALLOPEN, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsvl- 
 Tania. 
 
 AV .A. 'QUOIT, a post-offlce of Barnstable co., Massachusetts. 
 
 AVAR.A.. wA'rd, a town of Central Africa, state of Bergoo, 
 250 miles AV.S.AV. of Kobbe. 
 
 AVARADEIN. See Gross W.^rbein'. 
 
 AV.\R\V.TU' RIA'ER, in the southern part of Minnesota 
 Territory, falls into St. Peter's River, AV. of Marrah Tankah 
 Lake. Length about 80 miles. 
 
 AVARANGOL. wa-rdn-gfil', or AVARANGUL. wd-ran-gul', 
 a city of India, Deccan, Nizam's dominions, 87 miles N.E. 
 of Hyderabad. 
 
 AVARASDIN or VARASDIN, vj'ras-din\ (Hun, Varasd, 
 vSh'rCishd',) a fortificfl town of Austrian Croatia, capital of 
 the county, on the Drave. 28 miles N,N.E, of Asram. Pop. 
 9151. It lias a Roman Catholic college, a high school, manu- 
 factures of stonewares, silks, tobacco, and vinegar. In tho 
 vicinity are suliihur baths, and extensive vineyards. 
 
 AVARBERG, ^^R'bfRG. a se.iport town of .South Sweden, 
 Iren and 36 miles N.AV. of Halmstad, on the Cattegat. Pop. 
 1691. Its harbor is safe and convenient. It is much fre- 
 quented in summer for sea-bathing. 
 
 AVAR'BLETON. a parish of Enirland. co. of Sussex. 
 
 AVAR'BLINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Hants, 7 
 miles S.E. of Havant. It has an ancient church, and pictu- 
 resque ruins of a castle, 
 
 AVARB'I/»AV, a village of St. Clair CO., Missouri, about 90 
 miles S.E. of Independence. 
 
 AVAR/BOROUGH, « pari.sh of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 AV.^R'BOYS. a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 AV.ARB'STOAV. a parish of England, co, of Cornwall. 
 
 AV.4.RBURG, ft.^R'bMRG. a walled town of Prussi.an AVest- 
 phalia. 37 miles S.S.E. of Minden. on the Diemel. Pop. 3500. 
 It has manufactures of linens and tobacco. 
 
 AVAU'BURTOX. a parish of England, .o, of Chester. 
 
 AVAR'COP, a parish of England, co. of AVestmoreland. 
 
 AA'ARD, a township in Yell co.. Ark«nsas. 
 
 AiVARD, a township of Hocking co.. Ohio. Pop. 1070. 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 W.ATtl) a townsliip of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 1274. 
 WA.nn'BOROUGir, a post-office of Warren CO., New York. 
 WXkDK. a twwn ol Denmark. See Varde. 
 W'ARDEI.V, GftOSS, a town of Hungary. See Gross W.^R- 
 
 DEIX. 
 
 WARDKTN, KLKIX, kline «aR'dIne, (Ilun. Kis Varad, 
 kirih Td'n")d\) a village of North Hungary, co. of Szabolcs, 
 15 miles N.E. of Batka. 
 
 WAR/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WARDEN, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 WARDEN, OLD. a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 WAR/DEN'SVILl/E, a postofflce of Hardy co.. Virginia. 
 
 WARD'INOTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WAIiD/LEWORTH, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 cashire. 
 
 AVAKD'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 WARDOE, (Wardiie.) an island of Norway. See Vardoe. 
 
 WAItDS'liOROUGH, a post-township in Windham co., 
 Vermont, 93 miles S. by W. of Montpulier, drained by 
 branches of West River. Pop. 1004. 
 
 WARD'S GROVE, a post-village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 
 140 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 WARDS'VILLE, a town of Canada West, co. of Middle- 
 sex. ")6 miles from London, with two Protestant churches, 
 a Roman Catholic church, a public and two private schools, 
 and manufactures of cloth, iron, &c. Pop. about 750. 
 
 WAItI5, a market-town and parish of England, co. and 2J 
 miles E. N.E. of Hertford, on the Enfield Branch of the East- 
 ern Counties Railw.ay. Pop. of the town in 1851, 4882. The 
 town, on the left bank of the Lea, which here flows with 
 great rapidity, is well built, has a large cruciform church, 
 and an active trade in grain, sent to London down the Lea 
 in barges, which return with coals. In the town is preserved 
 the "great beil of Ware," 12 feet square, and of uncertain 
 oriirin and use. The town was founded by Edward the 
 Elder, at the place of a wear or dock, previously formed by 
 the invading Danes, and here are some remains of an an- 
 cient priory, and the head springs of the New River, by 
 which water is conveyed for the supply of the N. part of the 
 metropolis. 
 
 AVARE (or WEAR)-GIEFORD,a parLsh of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 WARE, a county Jn the S.E. part of Georgia, bordering 
 on Florida, contains about 800 square miles. It is traversed 
 in tlie Northern part by Santilla liiver, and also drained by 
 tlie Little Hurricane Creeli and other creeks. The surface 
 is level or flat, and extensively occupied by swamps. The 
 Okeionokee Swamp, in the S.E. part, is 30 miles lo)ig and 17 
 broad. Tlie soil is sandy and light. Cotton, sugar-cane, 
 Indian corn, oranges, and figs flourish, and the piilmetto is 
 indigenous in this region. Capital, Waresborough. Pop. 
 2200, of whom 1823 were free, and 377 slaves. 
 
 W.'VRE, a flourishing post-village and township ot Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 80 miles W. by S. of Boston. The 
 township is drahied by Ware River and branches, which 
 afford good water power. It contains 4 cotton and 2 woollen 
 mills. The former are owned by the Otis Company, who 
 employ fioO hand.^. and run 20,000 spindles. About 240 per- 
 sons lire employed in the woollen mills, consuming annually 
 about 425.000 pounds of woo!. There are two establishments 
 for the manufacture of straw bonnets, employing from 400 
 to 500 persons. Considerable buslTiess is also done in work- 
 ing tin, copper, and sheet iron. The village is delightfully 
 situated In the midst of varied and pictutesque scenery, and 
 contains a bank. 4 churches, a .«avings institution, a high 
 scho'-I, and a gaslight company; incorporated in 1853. Pop. 
 of the township in 1840, 1890; in 1860, 3597. 
 
 AVAR EAGLE, a post-township in Madison co., Arkansas. 
 Pop 9S5. 
 
 W AR E'H.VM, a parliamentary and municipal borough and 
 town of England, co. of Dorset, between the Frome and 
 Piddle, each here crossed by a bridge, aboiit 1 mile from 
 their mouths in Poole Harbor, and with a station on the 
 South- Western Railway, 15| miles E.S.E. of Dorchester. Pop. 
 of the parliamentary borough, in 18.51, 7218; of the muni- 
 cipal borough, .3078. The town is laid out with great regu- 
 larity, and surrounded by an earth rampart, between which 
 and the streets are many gardens for market produce, and 
 traces of ancient buildings. It h.is a church, a very old 
 structure, an independent free school, other endowed schools, 
 flimshousi's. and various minor charitie.«, and a union work- 
 houpe. Some manufactures of stockings, shirt-bvittons. and 
 straw plait, are carried on. .•Vbout 10,000 tons of pipe-clay 
 are annually exported, and large quantities of garden pro- 
 duce are sent to Poole; but its trade has declined with the 
 shallowing of its harbor, which is now only acce.ssible by 
 (iuiall craft. Its salmon fishery, formerly important, is at 
 present all but abandoned. With Corfe-Castle it sends one 
 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 WAREHAM, a post-village and township in Plymouth 
 10.; Massachusetts, on Buzzard's Bay and on the Cape Cod 
 Bft'iroad, 40 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. It contains a bank, 
 » savings institution, 4 manufactories of nails, 1 of steel, 1 
 paper-mill, flud 2 churches. Pop. 3186. 
 
 WARE'UOKNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WARE/HOUSE POINT, a thriving manufacturing psfc 
 village in East Windsor township. Hartford co.. Conneciicut, 
 on the E. .side of Connecticut River, and on the New Haven 
 Hartford and Springfield Railroad, 13 mik-s N. by E. of 
 Hartford. 
 
 W'AREMME, written also WAREM. vSVJm', a small town 
 of Belgium provinces and 13 miles W. of Liege, on tue rail 
 way between Brussels and Cologne. Pop. 1500. 
 
 WAREN ftd/ren, a town of North Germany, Mecklea 
 burg-Schwerin, duchy and 54 miles E.S.E. of Schw^erin, on 
 Lake Miiritz. Pop. 4861. 
 
 AVARENDORF, *r('ron-doRf, a town of Prussian AV«st- 
 phalia. 16 miles E. of Miinster, on the Enw. Pop. 42.50. 
 
 W.\R1'; RIVER, rises near the centre of Mass,achusetts. iu 
 AVorcesterco., and fiills into the Connecticut River, in Hamp- 
 den CO. 
 
 AVARESBOROUGII, wairs'bfir-rfih, a post-village, capital 
 of Ware co.. Georgia. 163 miles S.E. of Milledgeville. is situ- 
 ated on the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, and contains a 
 court house, tavern, and a store. 
 
 AVARES'LEY, a parish of Kngland, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 AVARE'TOWN or WAER'TOWN, a village of StafFonl town- 
 ship. Ocean co., New .Tersey, Is situated on the shore of Bai^ 
 negat B.iy, nearly opposite the inlet of that name, about 12 
 miies S. by E. of Tom's River. It has 2 churches. 3 stores, 
 and several elegant dwellings. The inhabitants are largely 
 engaged in navigation. 
 
 WARFFUM, waRffoom, a village of Holland, province of 
 Groningen, 14 miles AV.N.AV. of Appingedam. Pop. 1853. 
 
 AVAR/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 AVaR/FIELDBURG, a i)ost-village of Carroll co., Mary- 
 land, 55 miles N.AV. of Annapolis. 
 
 AVaR'F0I{DSBUR6, a post-village of Fulton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 85 miles S.AV. of Harrisburg. 
 
 AV,\R GAI*. a post-office of Hawkins CO., Tennessee. 
 
 AVaR'GRAA'E, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 AA'aR/II.^M, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 AV.VRHKM. vaR^Jm', a village of France, department of 
 Nord, 7 miles S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. 2571. 
 
 AV.\KIN, -fi-.i-reen', a town of North Germany, Meckleu- 
 burg-Schwerin, on a small lake, 12 miles S.E. of AVismar. 
 Pop. 1383. 
 
 AVAR HILL, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia. 
 
 AVAR/INGSTOAVN. a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. 
 of Down, G.J miles E. of Portadown. Pop. in 1851, 956, em- 
 ployed in extensive cambric and linen manufactures. 
 
 AV.\RK. a pari.sh of I)ngland, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 AVaRK'LKY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 AVaRK'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 AVaRK'AVORTH, a parish and village of England, co. of . 
 Northumberland, on the Coquet, which nearly surround.* 
 it, 1 mile from the North Sea, and here crosse<I by an an 
 cient stone bridge, with a station on the Newcastle and Be»- 
 wick Railwaj', 6^ miles S.E. of Alnwfck. Warkworth Castib, 
 on the S. bank of the Coquet, is much dilapidated, but 
 commands a magnificent view. About 1 mile distant is* 
 AVarkworth Hermitage, on the richly-wooded bank of the 
 Coquet. 
 
 AV ARKAVORTH, a parish of England, co. of Northamptou. 
 
 AVARLEO'G.A.N, a parish of England; co. of Cornwall. 
 
 AVaR'LEY, great, a pari.sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 AVARLEY, LI'lTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WARLEY AVIGORN, a township of England, co. of AYor- 
 cester. 
 
 AVaR'LINGHAAI, a parish of Endand, co. of Surrey. 
 
 AVARLOY-BAILLON, vaRMwd' bSVyAs^', a village of 
 France, department of Somme, 13 miles N.E, of Amiens. 
 Pop, in 1852, 2018. 
 
 AVARMBKUNN, ■ftaRm'broon\ a town of Prussi.m Silesia,. 
 31 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. on the Zacken. Pop. 2506. It 
 has sulphur b.aths, and manufactures of linens. 
 
 AVARM'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of York, AVest 
 Riding. 
 
 AVAHAI'FORK. a post-ofllce of Oregon co., Mis,?ouri. 
 
 AVARAIIA and AVARMIK. See Ermei,am>. 
 
 A^ARAI'INGIIAAI, a parish of Ensland, co, of Chester; 
 
 AVARM1NGH0RST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 
 
 AVARM'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 AVARMINGTON ARLESCOTE, a parish of England, co. of 
 AA'arwick. 
 
 AVaR'MINSTER, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of AVilts, at the AV. extremity of Salisbury Plain, on the 
 AVilley. 21 miles AV.N.AA'. of Salisbury. Pop. of the town iu 
 1851. 4220. Its woollen manufacture, formerly important, 
 has declined; hair-cloth weaving and mailing are the prin- 
 cipal branches of industry, and it has an active trade in corn. 
 Near it many Roman antiquities have been discovered ; and 
 a tesselated pavement, found at Pitmead, 2 miles E.. is now 
 deposited at Longleat. the magnificent seat of the Marquiij 
 of Bath, lord of the manor, 4i miles distant, on the boi-der 
 of Somersetshire. 
 
 AA'aR'MINSTER, ft township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 987. 
 
 AVARMINSTER. a post-village of Nelson co., Virginia, on 
 the James River, 100 miles AV. of Richmond. 
 
 2067 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 WARM Srra-N'GS, called also BATH COURT HOUSE, a 
 pDst-vjIiage, capital of IJath county, Virginia, 110 miles 
 W.X.W. of Kichiiiond, is situat«l iu a narrow valley, be- 
 tw«en two mountain ridges. The springs are much fre- 
 quented during the summer season by invalids and others. 
 I'he ti'mperature of the water at all seasons is 98^. without 
 the .•^li.i^lit^st change. The largest spring is 4U feet in diame- 
 ter. Fine buildings have been erected for the accommoda- 
 tion oi visitors. These improvements, together with the 
 salubrity of the air, and the romantic character of the 
 Sf^enory, render this one of the most attractive watering- 
 places in the slate. The water contains muriate of lime, sul- 
 pliate of lime, carbonate of lime, and sulphate of magnesia. 
 
 WARM SI'RINGri, a postrvjllage of Buncombe co., North 
 Carolius, on the French Broad iiiver, about 21)0 miles W. of 
 Raleigh, and near the E. base of the Ii-on Mountain. This 
 is a popular and delightful place of resort, and worthy the 
 attention of the tourist. A turnpike extends from the vil- 
 lage toward Greenville. South Carolina, pa.<siug along the 
 margin of the river, which is enclosed by 8t«ep and lofty 
 eminences. 
 
 WAIOI SPRINGS, a post-village of Meriwether co., Geor- 
 gia, 36 miles X.X.E. of Columbus. The spring at this place 
 is one of the greatest wonders in Georgia. It has a tem- 
 perature of 90°, and discharges 1400 gallons per minute, 
 i'ine bathing-houses have been erectetl here. 
 
 AVAR.Ms/\V01lTII, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riiliug. 
 
 WAKM'^'ELL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WAKXA. See Var.\.\. 
 
 WARXABIX or WARXAVIX. See V.\RSAVI.\. 
 
 AVARXBOROUGH, NORTH. See Odiham. 
 
 WARX'BOROUGH, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 WARX'DOX, a parish of England, CO., of Worcester. 
 
 W.^RXEMUXDEH, (Waruemumleh.) waB'neh-munMeh, 
 a seaport town of North Germany. Meckleuburg-Schwerin, 
 at the mouth of the Warnow, in the Baltic, 7 miles N.N.W. 
 of I'ostm^k, of which it is the outport. Pop. ll.iO. 
 
 WaR'XER. a post-vill.age and town.ship in Merrimack CO., 
 Now Iliimpshire, on the ¥*arner River and the Connecticut 
 and Merrimack River Railroad. 16 miles \V. by N. of Con- 
 cord. The village contains 5 or 6 stores, and a bank. Pop. 
 of the biwuiihip, 1970. 
 
 WAR/NER'S LANDING, a post-office of Crawford co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 WAR/XERSVILLE, a small village of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WARXERSVILLE, a post-office. Berks co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 WAIVNERVILLE, a post-vUlage of Schoharie co.. New 
 York. 
 
 W ARNERVILLE, a post-office of Meriwether co.. Georgia. 
 
 WARXEIIVILLE. a post-office, Livingston co.. Michigan. 
 
 WARXETOX, vaRu^iN"/, or WAERTEX, Ma'ten, a 
 frontier town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the 
 Lys, 8 miles S.E. of Ypres. Pop. 5983, eng.iged id manufac- 
 tures of chocolate and starch, breweries and salt refineries. 
 
 WARX'FOUD, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WARX'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Sus.'«x. 
 
 WAR/XIXO, MOUXT, Xew South Wales, East Australia, 
 on the Tweed; lat. 28° 24' S., Ion. 153° 15' E.; 3300 teet in 
 elevation. 
 
 WARXOW, *aR/now or ^au'nov. a river of Germany, rises 
 S. of Sternberg, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, flows first W., 
 then N.E., then N.. and falls into the Baltic at Warnemiinde. 
 Total course 70 miles. 
 
 WARXSDORF, Alt, dlt *aRns'doRf, a village of Bohemia. 
 i miles S.E. of Rumburg. Pop. ;i32S. t 
 
 WARNSDORF or WERMIKOWICE, ^jR-me-ro-fteefsi. a 
 village of .Moravia, circle of Prerau. Pop. 1100. 
 
 WARXSFELD, waRus'f Jit, or WARXSVELD, waRns/fSlt, 
 a Tillage of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, 22 
 miles S.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 1900. 
 
 WARP, Alt, dlt wanp, a village of Pru.ssia, province of 
 Ponierania, government and X.X'.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1064. 
 
 \V.\RP, Xeu, noi waRp. a walled town of Prussia, pitivince 
 of Pomerania. government and 25 miles N.N.W. of Stettin, 
 on a lake of it-^ own name. Pop. 1821. 
 
 WAK'l'OLE. a post-office of Wyandott co., Ohio. 
 
 M'AKPS'OIIOVE. a parish of Jingland, co. of Oxford. 
 
 W.4.RREK. wir'ree\ a town of Guinea, in the doltji of the 
 Niger, 58 miles S. of Benin. Lat 5° 32' N., Ion. 5° 28' K. 
 
 WaR'RK.X. a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 
 WaR'REX, a county in the E.X.E. part of New York, has 
 an area of about 850 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the E. by I^ike George, (the southern portion of which ex- 
 tends into it,) intersected by the Hudson River, which forms 
 part of the southern Iwundary , and also drained by Schroon 
 Kiver. These streams furnish valuable water-power. The 
 Mirface is uneven, and in manv parts mountainous, and 
 usually covered with a heavy growth of timlier. The soil 
 Is genei-ally of an inferior (lualitv. The county abounds in 
 excellent iron ore; limestone, black-lead, and marl are also 
 '''""^- .'^'■«'^'''^«*J in 1813, having previously formed part 
 of Washington cjunty, and named iu honor of GeneralJo- 
 2068 
 
 seph Warren, who lell at the battle of Bunker Hill. C»tA 
 tal. Caldwell. Pop. 21,434. 
 
 WARRltiX', a county in the N.W. part of New Jersey, ha« 
 an area of about 550 Sfiuare miles. It is bouuded on the 
 W. by the Delaware, and on the .S.E. by the .Musc<metcong 
 River, and is drained by Paulinskill and-Pequest Rivers, 
 and Poh.itcong Creek, affluents of the Delaware. The 
 streams of this county afford valuable water-power. The 
 surface is uneven and mountainous, with S<'Ott's Mountain 
 and Jenny Jump Mountain in the S.E., and the Blue .Moun- 
 tain iu the N.W. The soil is various; that of the valley ig 
 fertilized by the decomposition of limestone rock, mingling 
 with sand, loam, and clay, washed from the mountains, 
 and is usually highly productive. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 198,760 bushels of wheat, the greatest quantity pro- 
 duced by any county in the state. Magnetic iron ore. browa 
 hematite, bog iron ore, zinc, manganese, marble, soapstone, 
 and roofing slate are abuudant. The Delaware is navigable 
 for small boats along the W. border. The Xew Jersey Cen- 
 tral Railroad and the Morris Canal intersect this county. 
 Organized in 1824, having been fonnetl from part of Su.ssex 
 county. Capital, Belvidere. Pop. 28,432. 
 
 W.\RREX, a county in the N.N.W. part of Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on New York, hits an area of 800 sijuare miles. 
 It is intersected by the Alleghany River, and draineil also 
 by the Conew^ngo, Brokenstraw. Teonesta, and Ivenjua 
 Creeks. The surface is hilly, ami in some parts broken and 
 rocky; the soil is generally good in the N. part of the coun- 
 ty, and along the large streams. Lumber is the chief article 
 of export. The creeks afford abundant motive power. Small 
 boats navigate the Alleghany River. Tliis county is inter- 
 sected by the Philadeli)hia and Erie Railroad. The .Atlantic 
 and Great Western R.R. also passes through the N.W. cor- 
 ner. Organized in 1819. Capital. Warren. Pop. 19,190. 
 
 W.\RREX, a county iu the N.E. part of Virginia, has an 
 area of about 250 square miles. It is intersected by the She- 
 nandoah River, and also drained by the N. fork of the .same. 
 The county occupies part of the great valley bounded on the 
 S.E. by the Blue Ridge. The surface is hilly : the soil mostly 
 gooii and well watered. Limestone, cop^ier. iron, and snan- 
 ganese are abundant. It is amply supplied wiih water- 
 power. The weiilth of the county has recently been in- 
 creased by several public works, viz., the Manassas Gap 
 Railroad, extending to Alexandria; a plauk-road from the 
 county seat to Winchester, and two or three turnpikes. 
 Organized in 18S6. Capital, Front Koyal. Pop. 6442, of whom 
 4867 were free, and 1575 slaves. 
 
 AVARREN, a county in the \. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Virginia, area estimated at 480 .square miles. 
 Warren River forms its boundary on the N.W. ; Roanoke 
 River flows through the N.E. part. It is al-so drained by 
 Fisliiug Creek. The surface is undulating, the soil fertile. 
 Tobacco is the chief article of export. It is intersected by 
 the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, and the Roanoke Valley 
 Railroad. The county contains valuable mineral springs. 
 Formed in 1779. Capital, Warrenton. Pop. 15.726; of 
 whom 5325 were free. 
 
 WARREN, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 400 square miles. The Ogeechee Kiver forms 
 its S.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Rocky Comfort 
 Creek. The surface is uneven ; the .soil is moderately fertile. 
 Granite and soapstone are abundant The Ogeechee fui^ 
 nishes motive power for mills. The county is intersected by 
 the Georgia lUiilroad. Capital, Warreutou. I'op. 9810, of 
 wli'>m 4441 were free, and 5379 slaves. 
 
 WARREN, a county in the \V. part of Mississippi, border- 
 ing on Louisiana, has an area of about 725 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the W. by the .Mississippi River, on the S.E. 
 by the Big Black, and intersected by the Yazoo Kiver. _ The 
 surface is generally level and low. except in the vicinity of 
 Vicksburg, where the AValnut Hills ri.se several hundred 
 feet above the river. The si^il is alluvial and very fertile. 
 The county is intersected bv the Vicksburg and Brandon 
 Railroad. Capital, A'icksburg. Pop. 20,090, of whom 6933 
 were free, and 13,763 slaves. 
 
 AV.iRRKN, a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee; .irea 
 estimated at 450 square miles. Collins River Hows through 
 the County into the Cauey fork of Cumberland River, and 
 tlie Caney fork washes its N.E. border. The suiface is hilly 
 or mountainous. A railroad extends from the county-seat 
 to the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Cajiital. Mc- 
 Minnville. Population 11,147, of whom 8827 were free, and 
 2320 slaves.- 
 
 WARREN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Kentucky, con- 
 tains 560 square miles. It is drained by Big Barren River, 
 an affluent of Green River, which flows along the northern 
 border. The surface is undulating; the soil, resting on a 
 substratum of i-lay and limestone, is well adapted to farm- 
 ing. The river h:is lately been improved by the construc- 
 tion of dams and locks which render it navigable at aU 
 times. The limestone formation of this region present? 
 several extensive caverns ; and the eoxinty contains rumei^ 
 ous iponumental mounds. It is traversed by the Louisville 
 and Nashville Railroad. Capital, Bo"-"*ji» Green. Pop. 
 17,320, of wliom 12,006 were free, and o.OlS slaves. 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 WARTIEN a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area 
 of 440 Siinare miles. It is intersected by the Little iliami 
 River, and also drained by Cscsar's, Todd's, and Clear Creeks. 
 The Great Miami touches the X.W. extremity of the county. 
 The surface is rolling; the .soil is of limestone formation, 
 remarkably fertile, and hi,i;hly cultivated. The rock which 
 underlies tliis part of the state is tlie blue limestone. The 
 tstreams furnish extensive water-power. The couijty is in- 
 tersected by the Cincinnati and Dayton Kailroad, by the 
 Little .Miami Kailroad, and in part liy the Cincinnati and 
 Zanesville Kailroad. Capital, Lebanon. Pop. 26,902. 
 
 WAKI5EN, a county In the W. part of Indiana, bordering 
 on Illinois, contains about 364 square mi!es. The Wabash 
 River forms the S.K. boundary. The surface is mostly un- 
 iulatin;.;. and uearlj' half of the county is occupied by the 
 Grand i'rairie, the soil of which is a sandy loam and hij;hly 
 productive. The river Is bordered by a strip of timlter land 
 about 6 miles wide, and by bluffs which vary from 60 to 200 
 feet in heij^ht. Public improvements — the Toleilo and 
 Wal jvsh Kailroad, and the \Val)ash and Krie Canal. Organ- 
 ized in 1.S2S. Capital, Williamsport. Pop 10,057. 
 
 WAKKliX, a county in the W. part of Illinois, hag an 
 area of 540 square miles. It is traversed by Henderson 
 Kiver, and also drained by Ellison's aufl !?wan Creeks. The 
 eui'face is nearly level; the soil highly productive. The 
 county contains extensive prairies, and is liberally supplied 
 with tinil)er. Stone-coal and limestone are the most valua- 
 ble minerals of the county. It is intersected by the Cliicago 
 Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Capital, Monmouth. Pop. 
 18.3:36. 
 
 ■\\'.\KREy, a county in the E. part of Missouri, contains 
 about 400 square miles. The Jlissouri Kiver forms the 
 . boundary on the S.S.W., and the county is drained by Pe- 
 ruque, Massics, Smith's, Charette, and Rear Creek.s. A 
 range of bluffs extends along the river, leaving a fertile 
 bott<im. from 1 to 5 miles in width. Limestone and sand- 
 stone, suitable for building, are abundant. Capital, War- 
 renton. Population 8839, of whom 7805 were free, and 1034 
 slaves. 
 
 \V A Kit EX, a now county in the S. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 432 square miles. It is traversed by South 
 River, an aftluent of the Des Moines, and by the Prairie 
 branch of Middle Kiver, and also drained by Squaw, Otter, 
 and other creeks. The surface is divided between prairies 
 and woodlands; the .soil is productive. Stone-coal is said 
 to be abundant. Capital, Indianola. Pop. 10,281. 
 
 WAKKh;N, a post-village and township, of Knox county, 
 Maine, on both sides of St. George's River, 20 miles fiom 
 its mouth, and about 40 miles S E. by E. of Augusta. It 
 is situated on a bed of limestone. The St. George, which is 
 navigable to the village for vessels of a large class, lias here 
 a peri)cndicular fall of about 15 feet, affording a very valu- 
 able water-power. Warren contains an academy, 2 cliurches, 
 a public library, a powder-mill, 1 woollen-mill, 2 tiuineries, 
 and several .saw and grist-mills. One barque wius built here 
 in 1864. The inhabitants are also largely engaged in navi- 
 gation, and own considerable shipping. Pop. of the township 
 in 1850. 2428; in 18(>0, 2321. 
 
 WARREN, a post township of Grafton CO., NewIIampshire, 
 watered by the N. branch of Baker's Ifiver, and intersected 
 by the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad. Population 
 1152. 
 
 W.\RREN, a post-township in Wa.shington co., Vermont, 
 16 miles S.W. by S. of Montpelier, drained by Mud River. 
 Pop. 1041. 
 
 W.\RKEX, a post-village and township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on Chicopee Kiver, and on the Western Rail- 
 road. 73 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 2107. 
 
 W.\RKEN. a post-village and township In Bristol co., 
 Rhode Island, on the E. side of Narraganset Bay, 10 miles 
 S. by E. of Providence. It has a good harbor, and contains 
 several churches, 3 banks, an academy, and 1 newspaper 
 office. It has manufactures of oil, machinery, paper-hang- 
 ings, and other articles. Pop. of the township. 2636. 
 
 W.\RREN, a pleasant post-village and township of Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut, 40 miles W. of Hartford. The village 
 contains a church and a boarding-scliool for boys. The 
 Ranuiang I'ond, partly in this township, is a beautiful sheet 
 of water, furnishing at and below its outlet a valuable 
 water-power. Pop. of the township. 710. 
 
 W.-VRREN', a postrtownship in Herkimer co., New York, 
 about 70 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1812. 
 
 WAItREX, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2:W8. 
 
 WARHEX, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity of 
 Bradford co., I>ennsylvania. Pop. 1563. 
 
 W.\KREX,atownship, Franklin CO., Pennsylvania. P. 736. 
 
 WARREX, a thriving post-borough of AVarren co., Penn- 
 ^•ylvania. on the right bank of the .\lleghany River, at the 
 mouth of the Conewango Creek, and on the Philadelphia and 
 Erie Railroad, about 120 miles N.X.E. of Pittsburg. It is 
 handsomely situated on a small plain 40 feet above tlie level 
 »f the river. The streets are wide, straight, and rectangular, 
 tnd the houses are generally of wood. The streams above 
 lamed are navi;;able for boats, and afford extensive water- 
 
 power. It contains, besides the county buildings, 2 new? 
 paper offices, 1 national bank, 6 churches, a union school, a 
 foundrv, 2 tanneries, and several mills. Population in 1860, 
 1013; in 1860,1738. 
 
 WARREX, a post-village in Baltimore co., Maryland, 4* 
 miles N. of .\nnapolis. 
 
 WARREX, a post-village of .^Uiemarle co., Virginia, on 
 James Kiver, about 88 miles above Richmond. 
 
 WARREX, a post-village of Fannin co., Texas, on Red 
 River, about 12 miles X.W. of Bonhiim. 
 
 AV.\RR1';X, a post-village and township, capital of Bradley 
 CO., Ark.ansas, 3 miles W. of Saline River, and about 1<M 
 miles S. by E. of Little Rook. 
 
 W.\RREX, a township of Belmont CO., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 Central Railroad. Pop. 2258. 
 
 WARREN', a township of Jefferson co., Ohio, intiTsected 
 by the Wellsville and Wheeling Railroad. Pop. 17H7. 
 
 WARREN, a handsome post-village and township, capital 
 of Trumbull co.. Ohio, on the Mahoning River. 160 miles 
 miles X.E. of Columbus, and 60 miles fnim Cleveland. The 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal connects the village with Lake 
 Erie and the Ohio River. Iron ore and stone-coal are abund- 
 ant in the vicinity, and immense quantities of cheese are 
 exporte<i from the county. The village contains about 6 
 churches, 1 bank, 3 newspaper offices, 20 stores. 2 foundrii'S, 
 2 machine-sliops, I oil-inill, 1 fulling-mill, and 2 flouring- 
 mills. It is on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad. 
 Pop in 1850, •J957; in 1S60, 2402. 
 
 WARRKN, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 966. 
 
 WARREN, a township of W.ashington co.,Ohio. Pop. 2921. 
 
 WARREX. a post-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Macomb Co., Michigan. Pr^p. 1.3;i5. 
 
 WARREX, a township of Clinton CO.. Indiana. Pop. 12.35. 
 
 WARREX, a thriving post-village of Huntingdon conntj', 
 Indiiina, on the Sahimonie River, 85 miles N.E. of In(Uana- 
 polis. Pop. 750. 
 
 W.\ RR K N , a township of Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 2168. 
 
 WARREX. a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1194. 
 
 W ARRK.N'.a township of St.. Ti)seph co., Indiana. Pop. 734. 
 
 WARREX,a township of Warren CO., Indiana. Pop. 112;i, 
 
 WARREX, a thriving post^villaj^e of Henderson co.. lUi- 
 noi,s, about 120 miles X.W. of Springfield, It is the terminuj* 
 of a plank-road leading to Burlington, Iowa. 
 
 WARREX. a post-village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 145 
 miles X.W. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 WAKRKX, a township in Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 1124. 
 
 W.\RI{EX, a post-village and township in Marion co., 
 Missouri. 95 miles X.X.E. of Jefferson City. Pop. 2289. 
 
 WAliRKN, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 WARRKX, a small p<istvillage of Rock co., Wisconsin. 
 
 W.\RRKX. a township in Waushara co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 WARREX CENTRE, a post-oftice of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 AVAR'KEXHAM. a post-office. Bradford co., Penn.sylvania. 
 
 WARREX RIVER, a small stream, rises in Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, and falls into Narraganset Bay in Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 WAK'REXgBURG. a post-village and township of Warren 
 CO., Xew York, about 65 miles X. of .Albany. The township 
 is bounded on the W. by the Hudson River, and intersected 
 by Schroon River, on which the village is situated. Pop. of 
 the township. 1704. 
 
 WARRKXSIiURG, a post-village in Greene co., Tennessee, 
 on Xolichucky River, 236 mili'S E. by 8. of Nashville. 
 
 WARREXSHURG, a nost-village, capital of .Johnson co., 
 Missouri, on the Black River, and on the Pacific Itoilioad, 
 98 miles W. bv N. of Jefferson Citv. Pop. 1080. 
 
 WAR'REXSPOINT' or WAIVRENPOIXT', a market-town 
 and parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down, at the mouth ot 
 the Xewry in Lough Carlingford, 6 miles S.E. of Newry. 
 Pop. of the town, in 1851. 1769. It is well built, clean, and 
 resorted to for sea-bathing. 
 
 WARREN'S KIVER. of North Carolina, a small stream 
 which forms the boundary between Warren and Granville 
 counties, and enters the Roanoke River from the S., neat 
 the N. border of the state. 
 
 WAR/RENSVILLE, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WARREXSVILLE. a post-village of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 
 154 miles X.X.E. of Columbus. 
 
 WARRE.XSVILLE. a postrvillage in Du Page co., Illinois, 
 30 miles W. by S. of Chicago. 
 
 WARREXSVILLIO. a post-village in Mahaska co., Iowa, on 
 Skunk River, 80 miles W. bv S. of Iowa City. 
 
 WARREX TAVERN, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WAR'REXTON, a beautiful town, capital of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia, on the turnpike from Alexandria to Charlottesville, 
 100 miles N. by W. of Richmond. It is surrounded by a 
 beautiful and productive country, and has an active busi- 
 ness. ■ A branch railroad connects the town with the Orange 
 and .Alexandria Itailroad. 10 miles distant. Warrenton ('on- 
 tains a handsome court-house, 3 or 4 churches, 2 academies, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. Free pop. 604. 
 
 W'ARREXTON, a thriving post- village, capital of Warrei: 
 
 2069 
 
"WAR 
 
 « Xi'ith Ciirolina. on the Gastoi. and Raleigh Eailroad, 24 
 .ui.e«. W.ft.\V. of Gai:t'>n, and (53 niles by railroad N.X.E. of 
 Raloi"-h. It is situated near tlie oource of Fishing Creek, a 
 branch of Tar River. It has, besides the county buildings, 
 2 or 3 churches, a newspaper office, and several stores. 
 Pop. in ISoO, 124-2,in 1860. 1520. 
 
 WAKRENTON, a postrvillajie in Abbeville- district, South 
 Carolina, 103 miles W. of Columbia. 
 
 AVAKRENTON, a pleasant and flourishing post-village, 
 mpital of Warren co., Georgia, on Goulden's Creek, 42 miles 
 SV. of Auitusta. and 3 miles S. of the Georgia Railroad, with 
 vhich it is connected by a branch railroad. The court-house 
 i? built of brick, and the jail .- ,j-anite. It contains 2 or 3 
 cLurilos. 2 acatlemies. and 5 dry -goods stores. 
 
 WAKRENTON, a post-vllJage, capital of Marshall co., Ala- 
 bama, a few miles S. of Tenne-ssee River, and 135 miles N.E. 
 of Tusoaloosa. It contains a court-house and several stores. 
 
 WAKRENTON, a postrvillage of AVarren co., >Ii.«sissippi. 
 on the Mississippi River, 8 miles below Vicksburg. It con- 
 tains 4 stores. Fop. about 250. 
 
 WARRE.V'TON, a post-village of Warren co., Kentucky, 
 on Barren River, about 150 miles S.W. of Frankfort The 
 river has been rendered uavlgjible to this point. 
 
 WARKKXTOX. a postvillage of Jeffer.sou co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio River, about 11 miles below .Steubenville. 
 
 WARRENTOX, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, 14 
 miles S. of Princeton. 
 
 WARRKXTOX, a thriving post-village, capital of Warren 
 CO., Missouri, 75 miles E.X.E. of Jeffer.son City, and 14 miles 
 X. of the Missouii River. It en tains an institute, 2 churches, 
 7 ston-s. iind a steam flouriiig-miil. Free pop. 480. 
 
 WARRENTON SPRIXGS, a post-office of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 WaR'REXTOWX, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Kiskiminetas River and Pennsylvania Canal, 
 47 miles by water E.X.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 WARREXTOWX, a p-ist-office of Lake co„ Illinois. 
 
 WAR'REXVILLE, a post-office, Somerset co.. Xew Jersey. 
 
 WARREXVILLE, a post'township in Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 
 Intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad. P. 1554. 
 
 WAR'RlCk. a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, bor- 
 dering on the Ohio River, contains 336 square miles. It i.s 
 drained by Big Pigeon and Little Pigeon Creeks. The sur- 
 face is mostly undulating, and the soil productive. In the 
 vicinity of the Ohio esix>cially the land is very rich. Coal is 
 abundant, but not much used as yet. The county is tra- 
 versed by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Organized in 1S13, 
 and named in honor of Captain .lacob Warrick, who fell at 
 the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, B<X)neville. Pop. 13,201. 
 
 WAR'KIXGTOX, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 town, parish, and township of England, co. of Lancaster, 5 
 miles S. of Newton, on the Mersey, here cro.ssed by a bridge, 
 and equidistant between Liverpool and Stockport, with 
 which towns, and with Manchester and Preston, It is eon- 
 n<!cted by the Xorth-Western Railway and branches. Pop. 
 of the parliamentary Iwrough. in 1861, 26,852. The princi- 
 pal edifices are a massive church of Saxon origin, numerous 
 dissenting chapels, the Town-Hall, Ses.sions-liousc, Market- 
 House, with assembly rooms, several cloth halli?. the The- 
 atre, Infirmary. School for Orplian Daughters of the Clergy, 
 several conspicuous aucieut buildings around the market- 
 place, besides the cotton and other mills and factories which 
 employ most of the population. Its grammar school has an 
 annual revenue of between 700/. and 800/.. and is free to 
 natives of Lancashire or Cheshire: the Bluecoat School has 
 an anntial revenue of 450i. ; and here in 1757 w.hs founded 
 the Academy out of which grew the Central Unitarian Col- 
 lege, afterwards transferred to York, and now seated at 
 Manchester. A subscription library was established in 
 1758 ; and here the first newspaper in L!incii.''liire, and first 
 stage coach in England, were started. The principal manu- 
 factures are of fustians, twills, corduroys, and other cotton 
 goods, sidl-cloth. sacking, glasswares, hardwares, files, and 
 other tools of the finest quality, pens, soap, leather, and ale, 
 for which Inst Warrington is lamous. The Mersey is navi- 
 gable up to the bridge for vessels of 100 tons burden. War- 
 rington sends 1 member to the House of Commons. The 
 town is of high antiquity. In the civil wars it was the place 
 of many actions between the royal and parliamentary forces. 
 
 WAK'RINGTOX. a post-town.ship of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 6 miles X.W. of Doylestowu. Pop. 1007. 
 
 WAUKIXGTOX, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. ItiSl. ■' 
 
 M AKKIXGTOX. a post-oiSce of Escambia co., Florida. 
 
 W AURINGTOX, a small post-village of Hancock co., In- 
 diana, about 12 miles X.E. of Greenfield. 
 
 WAR'RIOR CREEK, a post-office of Wilkes CO., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WARRIOR'S BRIDGE, a small village of ChocUw co., 
 Ahibamn. 
 
 WARRIOR'S LAXDIXG, a small village of Lewis co.. 
 Kentucky. 
 
 WAltlUOR'S MARK, a posUvillage and townsliip of Hunt- 
 Insdon CO.. Pennsylvania, about 105 miles W.X.AV. of Uar- 
 nsburg. Pop. 1341. 
 2070 
 
 WAR 
 
 WARRIOR ^TAXD, a post-office of Macon co.. Alaljama. 
 
 WaII'SAW, (Polish ^yilrs^awa, vaR-shS/vJ or *dKJ,uji/wd; 
 Gcr. II aj-scAau, ^aa'show ; Fr. Tarsofi'e, vau'so'vee/; it. and 
 Sp. Varsovia. var-so've-i; L. Warsovia.) the capitsl of the 
 Kingdom of Poland, is on the left bank of the Vistula, aoross 
 which it communicates by a bridge of boats with its fortified 
 suburb of Praga. Lat. of ob.«ervatory, 52^ 13' 5" X., Ion. 2P 
 2' 9" E. Pop. in 1844, 154.078, of whom 35,000 wire Jews. 
 Pop. in 1860, 162,805. Mean temperature of ye."ir, 44°.l ; 
 winter, 24°.9; summer, G3°.2 Fahrenheit. The city, sur- 
 rounded by ramparts and trenches, and several suburbs, 
 has a fine appearance from the X. and E., but inter- 
 nally it presents striking contra.^ts of magnificence ami 
 misery, its streets being ill-paved and lighted,, and its 
 stone buildings interspersed with hovels of timW. The 
 principal edifices are the ZameJc, a vast palace of the former 
 kings of I'oland, now an imperial residence, and containing 
 the hall of the Polish diet, and archives of the kingdom ; 
 the Saxon Palace, having attached to it fine gardens open to 
 the public; the Government Palace, containing the Xational 
 Theatre, custom-house, htgh tribunals, and government 
 offices, and also having attached to jt gardens, which are a 
 fashionable place of resort; the Casimir Palace, with a sta- 
 tue of Co|)ernicus; modern palaceof the minister of finance; 
 new exchange, Briihl and Radzivil Palaces; many colos^al 
 churches, including the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. 
 John. Church of the Holy Cross, Augustine, and Alexander 
 Churches, the Church of St. Borromeo, a Lutheran church, 
 and the Citadel. The Marieville Bazaar is a large square, 
 surrounded by arcades. Warsaw has a Greek United cathe- 
 dral, Armenian and English chapels, many .synagogues, 6 
 hospitals. 5 theatres, barracks, a mint, school i^f artillery, 2 
 colleges replacing its university, (suppressed in 1834, and 
 its library of 150,000 volumes removed to St. Petersburg.) 
 a theological seminary, rabbinical college, observatory, bo- 
 tanic garden, musical conservatory. 2 gymnasia, .schools of 
 arts, numerous Russian schools, libraries, and learned asso- 
 ciations. Its public places abound with statues: the princi- 
 pal of these are the bronze statue of Sigisuiund 111., and 
 the equestrian group of Poniatowski. It is furnished "■ith 
 some of the finest promenades of any Europ<>an city, and in 
 the immediate vicinity is a villa, formerly the residence of 
 Stanislaus .Augustus, containing fine paintings, and sur- 
 rounded by public grounds, in which is an equestrian statue 
 of .lohn Sobieski. 
 
 War.saw has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, 
 hosiery, hats, gold and silver wares, saddlery, paper, and 
 tobacco, chemical and cotton-printing work.*, numerous 
 breweries, &c. It is the centre of industry, commerce, and 
 literary activity of the kingdom, and the great entrepot of 
 commerce in Poland; it is the seat of the national bank, 
 and has large fairs in May and September, frequented by 
 merchants of both Europe and .\sia. It communicates by 
 railway S.W. past Czenstochau with Cracow and the Aus- 
 trian lines of railway. A railway is also in course of con- 
 struction from Warsaw to St. Petersburg, a distance of 608 
 miles. Warsaw sucei;eded Cracow as the capital of Poland 
 in 1566. In 1807, it was made capital of the Grand Duchy 
 of AVarsaw. Since 1815, it has been capital of the Kingdom 
 of Poland, a dependency of Russia. In 1830, the Rus.siana 
 were driven from it by the Poles, but they retook it in lt>31. 
 
 WaR'SAW. a post-village and township, capital of Wyo- 
 ming CO., Xew York, on Allen's Creek, and on the BuflTalo 
 and New York City R;iilroad, 45 miles E. by S. of Buffalo. 
 The public buildings in the vilbige are neat and commo- 
 dious. It contains 5 churches, .a bank, 3 hotels, a large Union 
 scliool-lmuse, 1 iron furnace, 1 tannery, and 2 flouring-mills. 
 Two newspiii)ers are published here. Settled in 1803. Fop. 
 Dftiie township. 2K58. 
 
 WARS.\W, a township of Forest co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 W.\RS.\.W. a post-township of Jefferson co., Penn.sylvania, 
 about 7 miles X.E. of Brookville. Pop. 933. 
 
 W.ARSAW, a post-village, capital of Richmond co., Virgi- 
 nia, 70 miles X.E. of Richmond, aud about 3 miles from the 
 Rappahannock River. It contains several stores, and about 
 30 dwellings. 
 
 WARS.AW, a post-village of Duplin co., North Carolina, 
 on the railroad from Weldou to Wilmiugtou, 65 miles X. of 
 the latter. 
 
 WARSAW, a post-village of Forsyth co.. Georgia, near 
 Chattahoochee River, 90 miles X.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 WARS.\W, a post-office of Sumter co., .Maluima, 
 
 WARS.XW, a post-office of Franklin pari.<h, l>ouisiana. 
 
 WARS.iW, a plea.sant post-village, capital of Gallatin CO., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio River, 50 miles below Cincinnati. 
 It has a large flouring-mill and several tobacco factories; 
 also 3 churches aud several schools. It was formerly called 
 Fre<lericksburg. Pop. 658. 
 
 WARSAW, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, on the 
 Walhoiiding river and Canal, 83 miles E.N.K. of Columbus. 
 
 M'.\RSAVV, a thriving post-village, capitiil of Kosciusko 
 CO., Indiana, on Tippecanoe River, and on the Pittsburg 
 lort Wayne and Chicago R.R.,40 miles W.N. W.of>ort Wayne. 
 It has 1 bank, 3 churches, 2 iiews^per offices. t6 stores, 2 
 Bour-mills, 2 foundiies, and 1 macuine-shop rai'. about 2(00. 
 
 v 
 
 Ji 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 WARSAW, a flourishing river-port of Hancock county, 
 Illinois, is finely situated on tlie Mississippi Kiver, at tlie 
 foot of tlie Lower KapiAs, about 3 miles below Keokuk. 
 The site of the town is liigh and beautiful, and its jjosition 
 is favorable for trade. The largest steamers ascend the rivir 
 to the Lower Kai)ids. Warsaw does a large exporting and 
 importing business. It contains 6 churches, 1 national bank, 
 a large pul ilic school, 4 flouring-niills, 1 foundry, 1 plow fac- 
 toi-y, 15 cooper-shops, &c. It is the W. terminus of the Mis- 
 sissippi and ^^■abash Itailroad. One now»pai)er ispublished 
 here. Poji. in 18U0, 2896; in 1865, about 4000. 
 
 AVARSA W, a post-village, capital of Benton co., Missouri, 
 on the left or N. bank of Osage River, 80 miles W.S.W. of 
 Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, a number of 
 stores, Ac. 
 
 WARSAW, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Peter- 
 boro. 14 miles from Peterboro. Pop. about 100. 
 
 WARSAW l'l{AIRIK, a post-offlce of Kaufman co., Texas. 
 
 W.MtSCHAU, a city of Poland. See Warsaw. 
 
 WAR'SOl'. a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 WARSOVIA. See Warsaw. 
 
 W.A.RSTKI.\, ^^aR/stlne, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 13 
 miles K. of Arnsberg, on the Westerbach. Pop. 2100. 
 
 WAK.SZAWA, a city of I'oland. See AVarsaw. 
 
 AVARTA or WARTIIA, *aR'tj(, (anc. Var'ta.) a river of 
 Poland and Germany, its basin lying between those of the 
 Oder and Vistula, rises 36 miles N.W. of Cracow, flows \. 
 and W. throu;;h a level, and in many parts marshy country, 
 in Russia and Prussian Poland, and joins the Oder at Kus- 
 trln, province of Brandenburg, after a course of 450 miles. 
 Chief affluent, the Netze, from the K., by a canal from which 
 it is connected with the Vistula; other tributaries are the 
 Widawka and Ner from the K., Obra and Prosna from the 
 S., which last forms the boundary Iwtween Poland and 
 Prussian Silesia. 
 
 W.VRT.\.. a town of Poland, province and 24 miles E. of 
 Ealisz, -.G'j'tal if i county, on the Warta. Pop. 2000. 
 
 WAHTA, a town of Prussian Silesia, 43 miles S.S.W. of 
 Breslau, on the Neis.se. Pop. 1110. It has a church greatly 
 resorted to in pilgrimage. 
 
 WAU r.\U. waR'tow, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton and 23 miles S.S.K. of St. Call, on the left bank of 
 the Ithine. Pop. 1757. 
 
 WARTBEItU, *aRf bjRG, or SZKMPTZ, s?mpts, a market- 
 town of Hungary, co., and 12 miles from Presburg. Pop. 
 178L 
 
 WAUTBURO, a castle of Germany. See Kisesach. 
 
 WARTENBEUG, Ober, o'ber <vaR'ten-b5RG\ a town of 
 Bohemia. 22 miles N.X.W. of Bunzlau.' Pop. 1300. 
 
 WAKTENBEKG, Polmsch. pol'nish «aR/ten-bJRa\ a town 
 of Prussian Silesia, 32 miles E.N.E. of Breslau. Pop. in 
 1852, 2542. 
 
 AVARTENBUR6, *aR'tfn-bO()Ro\ a town of Ea.st Prussia, 
 <50 miles S. of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 3100. It has a castle, 3 
 Roman Catholic churches, and a hospital. Alt-Wartenburo 
 (dlt) is a village adjacent to the above, on the W, 
 
 AVARTENBURG, a village of Prussian Saxony, 8 miles 
 E.S.E. of \Vitteaberg, near the Elbe. Here, in 1813, BlUcher 
 defeated the French. 
 
 WARTK.XFKLS, waR'tpn-fMs\ a market-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Upper Francoiiia. 20 miles N. of Baireuth. 
 
 AVaRTKK, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 
 WARTIIA. See AVarta. 
 
 AVaR'TIIIi;X'S store, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Georgia, 134 miles N.W. of Savannah. 
 
 AVAKT'HILL, a parish of England, co.of York,'North and 
 East Ridings. 
 
 AVARTTylNG, a pari.sh of England, co.of Sussex. 
 
 A\'.\RTO'LA, a post-oflice of Union district, South Carolina. 
 
 AVAUrrON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 • AVAItTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WAK'TR.\CE DKPOT, a post-village of Bedford co., Ten- 
 nes.«ee, on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 55 miles 
 S, by E. of Nashville. 
 
 WaKTS'BUKG, a small village of Morgan co,, Tennessee. 
 
 AVAltUXGUL. wj-riin-gfil/, a town of Hindostan, Nizam's 
 dominions, 8t5 miles N.E. of Hyderabad, the ancient town 
 capital of Telingana, of which "now little remains but four 
 gateways of the temple of Seeva. 
 
 AVARWICK or AVAKAVICKSHIRE. wSr/rik-shir. a county 
 !n the centre of England, enclosed by the counties of Staf- 
 ford, Leicester. Northampton, Oxford. Gloucester, and AVor- 
 cester, -\rea 881 square miles, or 574,080 acres, of which 
 above 563,*40 are arable, or in meadows and pastures. Pop. 
 In 1851, 475,013. Surface elevated : its N. part was formerly 
 the extensive forest rif Arden, and is still interspersed with 
 ■woods, heaths, and moors; in the S. part is much fertile 
 soil, and the county generally is well cultivated. Principal 
 rivers, the Avon and its affluents in the S. and E.; the Tame 
 in the N The usual grain crops are raised. The county is 
 noted for its grazing and dairy husbandry. Stock of sheep 
 estimated at 350,000, and produce of wool between 8000 and 
 9000 packs annually. Coal, stone, lime, and mjirl, are pro- 
 cured. JIanufactures are important; Birmingham is the 
 SPAt of hardware manufactures, and famous for those of 1 
 
 arms, and others in great variety ; Coventry for ribbouK aue 
 other silk goods, watches, and jewellery; fish-hooks auo 
 needles are made at Alcester; hats at Atherstone; horn 
 goods at Kenilworth. In 1847, 1300 handii were employed 
 in silk, and 100 hands in cottouuiills. The countv ia 
 intersected Ijy numerous canals, and by the North-VVestern 
 Itailway and branches of the Midland and Great AVestern 
 Railways, also by the Roman Foss-way and AVatiing and 
 Icknield Streets. Principal towns, AVarwick. Birmingham, 
 Coventry, Alcester, Nuneaton, Rugby, Leamington, and 
 Stratford-upon-.\von. Excluding its boroughs, it sends 4 
 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 AVARAVICK, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and 
 town of England, capital of a county, near its centre, on the 
 right bank of the Avon, here crossed by a single-arched 
 stone bridge, and on canals connecting it witli Birmingham 
 and Napton, 2j miles W. of I<eamington, and 20 miles S.E. 
 of Birmingham. Pop. of borough in 1851, 10.973. It is 
 regularly laid out, and well built. At either end of the 
 town is a gateway, the western surmounted by a beautiful 
 ancient chapel. AVarwick hius 2 parish churches, one with a 
 tower 130 feet in height, places of worship for Independ- 
 ents, Friends, AVesleyans, Unitarians, and Baptists; several 
 remarkable monuments; a court-house, county hall, jail 
 and bridewell, marke^house, with the museum of the 
 AVarwickshire natural history and archaiologi.tal society ; 
 public library, a granmiar school, with 2 exhibitions at Ox- 
 ford University, and occasionally others at Cambridge; 
 Ijeicester's Hospital for aged brethren, annual revenue 
 2000?,; almshouses and numerous other charities, aggregate 
 revenue nearly 4500^ annually. Between the town and 
 river, on a steep acclivity beside the .\von, is AVarwick Castle, 
 seat of the Earl of Warwick, and perhaps the most perfect 
 and magnificent feudal fortress in England, still used as a 
 residence. It is suppose<J to have been founded by Ethel- 
 fleda. daughter of King Alfred, has some conspicuous portioiia 
 named Guy's and Ca'sar's ToAvers. contains a tine collection 
 of pictures, and is surrounded on both sides of the river by 
 grounds, in a part of which is kept the noble AVarwick vase, 
 found in a lake near Tivoli. Around War%vick are many 
 remains of monastic establishments. The town has several 
 banks, a manufactory of hats, a worsted and silk mill, and 
 iron foundry. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons- 
 
 AVARWICK, a parish of England, co, of Cumberland, 
 
 AVaR'WICK, a county in the S.E, part of Virginia, con- 
 taining about 50 sr(uare miles, is situated on a peninsula 
 between Chesapeake Bay and the mouth of James Itiver, the 
 latter of which washes its W, Imrder, The surface is slightly 
 diversified; th-' .«oil is alluvial. Oysters and firewood (oak 
 and pine) are important articles of export. Capital, AVar- 
 wick. Pop. 1740, of whom 721 were free. 
 
 AVARWICK, a post-townsliip in Fninklin co., Mossachu- 
 Bctts, 72 miles W.N.AV. of Boston. Pop. 932. 
 
 AVARAVICK. a largo and populous post-township of Kent 
 CO., Rhode Island, bordering on Narraganset Bay, and 
 intersected by the Stonington and Providence Railroad, 10 
 miles S. by W. of I'rovidence. It contains several manu- 
 facturing villages, 2 bank,s, and a newspaper office. The 
 fiourishing village of Apiwnaujj is situated at the head of 
 an arm of the Narraganset, which sets up nearly 5 miles 
 from the bay, and affords facilities for navigation. About a 
 mile from this village is a huge rock, ,so nicely balanced 
 upon another, that a boy can set it in motion, producing a 
 noise heard sometimes to the di.stanee of and even 8 miles. 
 From the resemblance which the noise thus proiluced has to 
 a drum, the rock has been denominated " Drum Rock." 
 Pop. of the township in 1830, 5529; in 1840, C726; and in 
 1850, 7740 : in 1860, ^916. 
 
 WARAVICK, a post-village of Warwick township, Orango 
 CO,, New York, about 110 miles S, by AV, of Albany, It con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, the AVarwick Institute, and about 500 
 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 462S. 
 
 AVARAVICK, ti township. Bui'ks co., Pennsylvania. P. 881. 
 
 AVARAVICK, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 1410. 
 
 AVARAVICK, a village and township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Conestoga Creek, about 9 miles N. by E. 
 of Lancaster. Pop. 3o56. 
 
 WARAVICK, a small post-village of Cecil co., Maryland, 73 
 miles N.E. of Annapolis. 
 
 AVABAA'ICK, a handsome post village, capital of AVarwick 
 CO., A'irginia. is situated near the mouth of James lUver, 
 about 80 miles E.N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 W.\UAVICK, a post-otfice of Dooly co., Georgia. 
 
 AA^ARWICK, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Ohio Canal, Pop. 1384. 
 
 AVARAVICK, a village of Canada AVest. co. of Lambton. 
 
 AVARVi'ICK NECK, a point of land projecting into Narra- 
 ganset Bay from Kent co., Rhode Island. Near its southern 
 extremity, at the entrance to East Greenwich Harlx>r, is a 
 lighthouse showing a fixed light. Lat. 41° 34' 12" N., lou. 
 71°27' W. 
 
 AVARWICK NECK, a post-office of Kent co., Rhode Island 
 
 WARAVICKSHIRE, a county of England. See Warwick, 
 
 AA'ARYE, wdVi', a small protected state of Hindostan, ill 
 
 2071 
 
WAR 
 
 UJe N vr. of th» province of Guzerat. Pop. about 20.000, 
 chiefly Jut«. Xlie town of its name is in lat. :W 4i -n.. 
 Ion. 71° 29'*:. 
 WASA, a town of Russia. See Tasa. 
 WASCO'l'L M, ii post-office of ClKckemas co., Oregon, Has 
 been discontinued. 
 WASELOXNE. a town of France, isee Wasselon.vb. 
 WASOAU. tlie German name ol tlie Vosges Mou.maixs. 
 WASH, an estuarv on tlie E. coast of England, between 
 the counties of Norfollt and Lincoln, 20 miles in length by 
 15 miles in breadth, and receiving the rivers W itham, « el- 
 land. Ou.«e. Xen. and Nar. Its shores are everywhere low 
 and marshy, and it contains many shoals which are left dry 
 at low water ; measures for embanking and draining have 
 lately been put in force. Its two principal channels are 
 called the " deeps"' of Boston and Lynn. 
 
 WASH or GW ASH, a river of England, chiefly in the county 
 of Rutland, joins the Welland near Stamford, after an E. 
 course of 23 miles. 
 
 WaSH'A, a lake of Louisiana, about 12 miles S.W. of New 
 Orleans, is connected by several bayous with the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Length 12 miles. 
 
 WaSH'BOUKXE, great, a. parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 WASHBOORXE, LITTLE, a hamlet of England, parish 
 of Overbury. 
 
 WaSH'BOURNE PRAIRIE, a postoffice of Barry co., JIis- 
 Bouri. about 185 miles S. by E. of Independence. 
 WaSH'BKOOK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 WaSU'BURX, a township of Scott co., Arkansas. Pop. 
 877. . 
 WASHBURN, a post-office of Marshall CO., Illinois. 
 W.\SH'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 WASH'FORD-l'YNE.a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 WaSH'I.NGBOROUGII, a parish of England, co. and 3 
 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln, with a station on the Lincolnshire 
 Kailwav. 
 WaS"1I'IXGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 WaSH'IXGTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham, with 
 a station on the York and Berwick Railway, of miles S.S.E. 
 of Gateshead. 
 WASHINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 WASHINGTON, a territory occupying the extreme N.W. 
 portion of the domain of the United Suites of North Ame- 
 rica. It is bounded on the N. by the Straits of Juan de 
 I'uca (which separate it from Vancouver's Island) and Bri- 
 tish Columbia, on the E. by Idaho, on the S. by Oregon, 
 from which it is sep,arated by the Columbia River, and on 
 the W. by the Pacific Ocean It lies between 45° 33' N. and 
 49° N. lat., and between 116° 66' and 124° 43' W. Ion., being 
 about 360 miles in its greatest length from E. to W., and 
 235 miles in width, from N. to S. Its form is nearly a 
 parallelogram. The area is estimated at 70,000 square miles. 
 Ihce. of the Oountri/. — A large part of the surface is moun- 
 tainous, the mountain ranges being continuations of those 
 which are described in Oregon. Tlie Cascade Range extends 
 across the teiiitory in a north and south direction, dividing 
 it into unequal portions, the larger of which is on the east- 
 ern side. The principiil peaks of the Cascade Range in 
 Washington are Mount Rainier, the altitude of which is 
 about 12,300 feet, Mount Saint Helen, Mount Adams, the 
 altitude of which is about 9500 feet, and Mount Baker, the 
 height of which is estimated at 10,700 feet. These peaks are 
 covered w^ith perpetujil snow. Between the Cascade Range 
 and the ocean rises the Coast Range, the highest peak of 
 which is Mount Olympus, on the line between Clallam and 
 and Jefferson counties. Its altitude is about bloO leet. In 
 the S.E. part is a range called the Blue Mountains. 
 
 Minerals. — The mineral resources have not yet been fully 
 develoi)ed. Gold is reported to have been fimiid on the E. 
 side of the Cascade Range, near the Wenatchie River, on the 
 Okanagon River, in Stevens county, and ou the Columbia 
 above the mouth of the Lewis River. Coal piines have been 
 opene<l near Bellingham Bay. The coal is accompanied by 
 new rc-d sandstone, valuable for building. Coal is also 
 found in King county, and other places. 
 
 Hirert, Bai/s. Sounds. — The principiU rivers are the Colum- 
 bia, the Clarke's River, the Li-«is or Snake River, the Spo- 
 kane, the Okanagon or Okinagan, the Yakima, the Cliehalisi, 
 the Skagit, and the Cowlitz River. The Columbia, after enter- 
 ing the N.E. part from British Columbia, flows with a very 
 circuit')US course through the entire breadth of the terri- 
 ttiry. Near the 46th parallel of north latitude it turns 
 westwani, and pursuing that general direction until it enters 
 the fariflc Ocean, it forms about three-fourths of the bound- 
 ary between Wushini;ton and Oregon. It is navigable by 
 steaiiilxMts from its mouth to the rapids at Dalles City, and 
 from Wallula downward to the sjuno. Twelve stelimers 
 navigatt'd the Upper Columbia (from the Dalles to Wullula) 
 in 1864. Clarke's Riv<Jr. an nllluent of theColumbia. crosses 
 the K. iMMiiidaiy and traverses the N.E part of the terri- 
 tory. U'wis or Snake River, after forming part of the E. 
 boundary, flows wwtward through the S.E. part of Wash- 
 ington and enters the Columbia. The Okanagon crosses the 
 northeru Iwrder, and flows southward to the Columbia. The 
 2072 
 
 WAS 
 
 Yakima rises in the central part, flows southeastward, and 
 enters the Columbia al>out 14 miles above the mouth of the 
 Lewis. The Skiigit River flows southwestward through 
 Whatcom county, and enters Puget Sound. The ChehaHs 
 rises in the S.W. part and flows through Gray's Harbor 
 into the Pacific. The navigation of ail these rivers is ob- 
 structed by falls and rapids. The rivers of Washington, 
 particularly W. of the Cascade Mountains, having their 
 sources in those snowy suniinits. are liable to sudden floods, 
 which inundate the lowlands on their shores. The rapids 
 and falls abound in 'splendid sites for mills. 
 
 The Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Washiugtoti and 
 Vancouver's Island, connects the Pacific Ocean with .Ad- 
 miralty Inlet and Puget Sound, a large bay, extending 
 alx)ut 70 miles in a S. direction from the Gulf of Georgia. 
 All these are navigable for the largest ships, which ijiay 
 moor to the very banks, such is the preciiiituusm-ss of the 
 shores. On the N.W. border is Bellingham Bay, an arm of 
 the Gulf of Georgia. 
 
 Gray's Harbor, an expansion at the mouth of the Chehalis 
 River, is about 20 miles long, and has a good entrance. 
 The water at the bar is siiid to be 20 feet deep at low tide. 
 Lake Chelan, in the N. central part, is about 33 miles long, 
 and is probably the largest in the territory. 
 
 Cape Flattery, at the entrance of Juan de Fuca Straits, and 
 Cape Disiippointment, within the entrance of Columbia 
 River, are the principal capes, Tliere are no large islands 
 on this coast. The most imporfcuit is Destruction or Isle of 
 Grief, about 40 miles S. of Cape F'lattery. In Admiralty 
 Inlet is Whidby's Island, about 40 miles long, covered with 
 fertile prairies, and noted for its deer. It hiis suflicient tim- 
 ber, but a scarcity of water. Northwest of it are the Arroo 
 Islands, so valuable for their fisheries. 
 
 Objects of interest to I'uiirisU. — Washington shares with 
 Oregon the grand scenery on the Columbia, the Cascades, 
 the Dalles, and other interesting points. Here the lofty 
 summits of Mount St. Helen, Mount Adams, Mount Rainier, 
 and Mount Baker rear their snowy peaks IVoni the Cascade 
 Range, and Mount Olympus from the Coast Mountains. Ac- 
 cording to Itev. G. Ilines, " Mount St. Helen, in the month 
 of October, 1842, was observed to be covered with a dense 
 cloud of smoke, which continued to enlarge and move 00" to 
 the eiistward, filling the heavens in that direction, and pre- 
 senting an appearsmce like that occasioned by a tri-mendoua 
 couflagratiou, viewed at a vast distance. When the first 
 volumes of smoke had passed away, it could be distinctly 
 seen from various parts of the country that an eruption 
 had taken place on the N. side of St. Helen's, a little below 
 the summit; and from the smoke that continued to issue 
 from the chasm or crater, it was pronounced to be a volamo 
 in active operation. When the explosion took place, the 
 wind was N.W., and on the same day, and extending Irom 
 30 to fifty miles to the S.E., there fell showers of ashes or 
 dust, wliich covered the ground in some i>laces so as to 
 admit of its being collected in quantities. This last phe- 
 nomenon has been of frequent occunence, and has led 
 many to suppose tliat volcanic eruptions are not uncommon 
 in this country." 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate is very similar 
 to that of Oregon, with some variations caused by difl'erence 
 of latitude and local peculiarities. The same may be said 
 of the soil. The Cowlitz Valley is the most fertile portion 
 of this territorv in which agriculture has been attempted. 
 The Chehalis Valley on the W. is siiid to have 400,000 iicres 
 of excelUnt prairie and heavily timberetl land. The country 
 immediately around Puget Sound is represented as sandy 
 and unfertile, but producing large fir and cedar trees. On 
 going, however, some distance back from the sound, you 
 come upon flue prairies and forests, and small lakes filled 
 with fine fish, and skirted with timber. Wludby's Island is 
 also very fertile, but deficient in w atcr. There are reported, 
 to be rich valleys on the streiuns flowing into Bellingham 
 Bay. The valley of the Dwamish or Duwamish, w hich flows 
 into Elliott Bay, is very fertile, and is rapidly settling. The 
 lowlands bordering on the streams are very productive, and 
 covered densely with timber. Mr. T. Winthrop, of New 
 York, who left that region in September, 1863. speaks of the 
 country between Puget Sound and the Cascade Mountjiins 
 as heavily timbered, chiefly with fir, with some scattered 
 prairies and dry barrens, the latter covered with pebbles of 
 trap-rock, and sparsely wooded,with oak. Across the moun-. 
 t-ains. the land is open prairie, well watered, with small and 
 thinly-wooded valleys. The country to the N. of this, belong- 
 ing to the Flatheads, Mr. W. reports as more aliuudant in 
 timber and well adapted to settlements. The wable land in 
 Washington Territory, W. of the Columbia River, is esti- 
 mated at 22,000 square miles. The governor of the territory 
 thus spoke of its resources in January, 1854 : " Y'ou are un- 
 questionably rightly informed as to the maritime advantages 
 of Puget Sound, in "atfording a series of hiirbors almost une- 
 qualled in the world for capacity, safety, and facility of ac.-ess; 
 nor need vou be told of their neighborhood to what are now 
 the best whaling grounds of the Pacific. It is, however, only 
 recently that tlie settlement of this part of our country has 
 commenced to develop its resources, or to show tb« auviui- 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 tagc-s whicn maybe derived from its position, nnd it Is these 
 poitUs wliicli I desire to bring to your notice. Tliat portion of 
 Wasliiiigtoii Territory lying between tlie Cascade Mountains 
 And tlie ocean, altliougli equalling in richness of soil and ease 
 of tranxpLirtation the best portion of Oregon, is heavily tim- 
 bered, and time and labor are required for clejiring its forests 
 and opening tlie earth to the production of its fruits. The 
 great body of the country on tlie other hand, stretching 
 eastward from that range to the Rocky MountJiins, while it 
 30Utains many fertile valleys and much g(X)d land suited to 
 tlie farmer, is yet more especially a grazing coiuitry, one 
 which, as population increiiaes, promises in its cattle, its 
 horses, and above all its wool, to open a new and vast field 
 to American enteriirise. But in the meantime the staple of 
 the land must continue to bo the one which nature herself 
 lias planted, in the inexhaustible forests of fir, of spruce, 
 and of cedar. Kitlier in furnishing manufiictured timber or 
 spars of the first description for vessels, Washington Terri- 
 tory is uiisuipasse<l by any jiortion of the Pacific coast." 
 
 According to the Kighth Census, there were in this terri- 
 tory, in ISGO, 284,287 acres of unimproved land ( in farms), 
 and 81,869 iicies of improved land, which produced 86,219 
 bushels of wheat, 4712 of Indian corn, 134,3:i4:Of oats, 153,.594 
 of Irish potatoes, 4580 tons of hay, 153,092 pounds of but' 
 ter. and 19,819 pounds of wool. There were 4772 horses, 
 9600 milch cows, 2671 working oxen, 16,228 other cattle, 
 and 10,157 sheep. 
 
 Fiiresl Trees. — Washington abounds in fine timber. Here 
 is the same species of gigantic tir tree wliich is found in 
 Oregon and California, attainiug a height of nearly 300 feet, 
 and from 8 to 12 feet in diameter. The forest trees around 
 Puget Sound are •especially large, and > comiiriso yellow fir, 
 cedar, maple, oak, ash, spruce, hemlock, and alder. The 
 cedar tree of this region is represented as ditfering in some 
 respects from either the red or wliito cedar of New Jing- 
 land, thougli resembling both. Chehalis county is heavily 
 timbered with fir, cediir, spruce, hemlock and maple on the 
 uplands. The bottom lands are overgrown with the ash, 
 alder, maple, balm, willow, &c. The region W. of the Coast 
 Kange is mostly occupied with dense forests. 
 
 Animals. — Tiie forests abound in game and wild animals ; 
 among the latter are the elk, deer, bear, fox, otter, beaver, 
 muskiat, and rabbit; and among birds, swans, geese, brant, 
 gulls, ducks, eagles, grouse, pheasants, partridges, wocidcock, 
 hawks, ravens, and robins. Perhaps no region on the globe 
 more abounds in fish than Washington. This is especially 
 true of, Puget Sound and the adjoining watei-s. Cod, 
 mackerel, halibut, herring, and flounders ; and of shell-fish, 
 the oyster, crab, clam, lobster, and many other species are 
 found. The salmon resort to the Columbia and its tributa- 
 ries in immense shoals. 
 
 C'immerce. — Washington has excellent facilities for foreign 
 commerce. Among the chief articles of export are lumber 
 and coal. "The finest spar and nnist-timber to be found 
 in the world," says Captain Mullan, " is here grown and 
 shipped to all quarters of the globe. This, together with 
 the great coal trade from Bellingham Bay, and the fishing 
 Interests of Puget Sound is destined to render this great 
 inland sea one of our richest possessions on the North 
 Pacific." 
 
 During the six months ending Jnne .30, 1863, there were 
 shipped from Puget Sound 65,000,000 feet of Inmber. 
 7,525,000 laths, 6,775,000 shingles, 46,000 feet of piles, and 
 431 spars. 
 
 Stlueatinn. — According to the Eiglith Census this terri- 
 tory had, in 1860, 46 public schools vnth 879 pupils, $16,176 
 income, of which $5957 was from taxation; 6 academies, 
 with 159 pupils, and $7800 income. It had also 10 libraries, 
 comprising 11,325 volumes, of wiiich 9525 volumes belonged 
 to public libraries. The government has donated about 
 46,000 acres of land for the endowment of a University. 
 The buildings are located at Seattle. 
 
 Jteliginus Denominations. — Of the 12 churches in Wash- 
 ington Territory in 1860, the Episcopalians owned 1, the 
 Methodists 8, Presbyterians 2, and Roman Catholics 1, 
 There was 1 church to 1043 persons. The value of church 
 property was $53,200. 
 
 Fopulaliim. — In 1860, the population of Washington was 
 11,594, of whom 8.225 were white males, 2913 white females, 
 ?0 free colored persons, and 426 Indians. Of tlie total popu- 
 iation 833 were born in New York, 557 in Maine, 656 in Ohio, 
 i84 in Oregon, 464 in Illincjis, 441 in Pennsylvania, 1217 in 
 /1-eland, 672 in Germany, 419 in England, and 407 in British 
 America. 
 
 O'unties. — Washington is divided into 22 counties, viz., 
 Chehalis, Clallam, Clarke, Cowlitz, Ferguson, Island, Jef- 
 Serson, King, Kitsap, Klikitat, Lewi.s, Pacific, Pierce. Sawii- 
 wish, Skamania, Snohomish, Spokane, Stevens, Thurston, 
 Wahkiakum, Walla Walla, Whatcom, 
 
 Tijwns.—tha principal towns are Olympia, Walla Walla, 
 Vancouver, Seattle, Steilacoom, and Cascades. Capital, 
 Olympia. 
 
 Ooivrnment. — The governor, secretary, receiver, and regis- 
 ter are appointed by the President of the United States. The 
 governor receives $3000 per annum. The legislature con- 
 
 sists of a council, composed of 9 members, and a house oJ 
 representatives, composed of 30 members. Washiugloi 
 was organized as a territory in March, 1853, before whicb 
 date it was a part of Oregon. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the N. part of Kansas, bor 
 dering on Nebraska, has an area of 900 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Little Blue River, by Snake Creek, and othei' 
 creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified; the soil is 
 fertile. Pop. 383. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county forming the 9.E. extremity of 
 Maine, has an area of about 2700 square miles. It is sepa- 
 rated from New Brunswick on the E. and N.E. by the St. 
 Croix Kiver, and bounded on the S. by the Atlanlie. It is 
 drained by the Sehoodicand East and West .Machias Rivers, 
 and contains numerous lakes, the most important of which 
 are Sehoodic and Bascankegun Lakes. The sea-<-oast of 
 about 50 miles extent abounds in bays and inleti, whieh 
 afford excellent harbors. The surface is undulating, and 
 the soil fertile, especially in the interior. The Calais nnd 
 Barring and the Franklin Railroads are within the county; 
 the St. Croix is navigable along its border to Calais, 28 miles 
 from the mouth of the river. Named in honor of (ieneral 
 George Washington, " the father of his country." Capital, 
 Maehia.1. Pop. 42,634. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the N. central part of Ver- 
 mont, has an area of about 580 square miles. It is watered 
 chiefly by Onion River and its branches, which furnish 
 abundant water-power. The surface is rough and uneven, 
 and in some parts mountainous. It lies chiefly between 
 the E. and W, ranges of the Green Mountains. The soil is 
 generally fertile. The railroad connecting Concord and 
 Burlington passes through this county. Organized in 1810 
 under the name of Jefferson, whirh in 1814 was exchanged 
 for that which it now bears. Capital, Montpelier. Pop. 
 27,612. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Rhode Island, has an area of about 340 square miles. It 
 Is bounded on the E. by Narraganset Bay, and S. by the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and is drained chiefly by the I'awcatuck 
 River (forming part of its western border) and its branches, 
 which furnish valuable water-power. It has several gix>d 
 harbors, which afford great facilities for navigation and the 
 fisheries. The surface is uneven, and in the W. part hilly. 
 The soil is fertile, and well adapted to grazing. The rail- 
 road connecting Stonington and Boston traverses thecounty. 
 Capital. South Kingston. Pop. 18,715. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the E. part of New York, 
 bordering on Lake Chauiplain, contains about 800 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the W. by the Hudson, and 
 on the N.W. by Lake Qiwrge. It is drained by the Hoosick, 
 Pawlet, and Poultney Rivers, with Batten Kill and Wooc 
 Creek, which all afford valuable water-power. The surface 
 in the N. part, around Lake George, is ronirh and moun- 
 tainous; in the southern portions, moderately uneve'" 
 The soil in the more level parts is generally fertile; in th* 
 N, well adap'ted to grazing. In 1850 this county produced 
 457,053 pounds of wool, the greatest quantity produced in 
 any county of the state except Ontario. 1 ron ore. slate, marble, 
 water limestone, marl, and some lead and copper, are among 
 its mineral treasures. Lake Champlain is navigable along 
 part of its border. The county is intersected by the Cham- 
 plain Canal, by the Saratoga and Washington Kailroad, and 
 the Rutland and Wa.shiugton Kailroad, Washington county* 
 received its present name in 1784, having previously been 
 called Charlotte. Capitals, Salem and Sandy Hill. Pop. 
 45,904. 
 
 WASmNGTOX, a county in the W.S.W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on A'irginia, has an area of 850 square 
 miles. The Monongahela forms its E, boundary ; Chartier's 
 and Racoon Creeks rise in the county and flow into the t>hio 
 River; the S. part is drained also by Ijranches of Wheeling 
 and Tenmile Creeks. The surtiice is elevated and traversed 
 by deep ravines, formed by the watercourses ; the uplands 
 are generally undulating. The soil is well cultivated. In- 
 dian corn, whe>it, oats, hay, wool, cattle, and pork are tlie 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 933;lti7 pounds of 
 wool, the greatest quantity produced by an)' county of the 
 United States. Bituminous coal is abundant ; limestone and 
 sandstone are the principal rocks. The county is liberally 
 supplied with w.-iter-power. The Monongahela is navigable by 
 steamboats along the border. It is intersected by the Na- 
 tional Road, and by the Ilempfield Railroad. Organized in 
 17S1, Capital, Washington, Pop, 46,805. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the N, part of Maryland, 
 bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 480 square 
 miles. The Potomac forms its S.W. boundary, and separate* 
 it from Virginia, and it is intersected by Antietim, Cone- 
 cocheague, and Licking Creeks. The surface is broken by 
 hills of moderate height, the Blue Kidge, or South Moun- 
 tain, extending along the eastern b<jraer. The sdls are of 
 limestone and slate formation ; the former is hiL^hly pro- 
 ductive. In 1850 the county produced 809,0St3 bu.shels of 
 wheat, a greater quantity than any other county in the state 
 Limestone and iron are the most valuable minerals. The 
 river and creeks furnish abundant water-power, which is 
 
 2U73 
 
WAS 
 
 Ksei n Bcveral cotton factories, erected since 1850. The 
 Chesaoetike and Ohio Canal passes along the border, and the 
 lran,.;liu Uailroad terminates at llageistown. the connty- 
 «eat Poll. 31 ,417, of whom 29.982 were free, and 14^ slaves. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county, co-extensive with the District 
 of Columbia, which see. . . 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the S.S.W. part of A irginia, 
 bordering on Tennessee, has an area of 484 sfjuare miles. It 
 t= intersected by the North, Jliddle. and ;?outh Forks of 
 Hulstou Kjver, UiviJing it into three fertile valleys, branches 
 of the great valley of Virginia. The Clinch Mountain forms 
 the N.W. boundary, and the couuty is traversed by Walkers 
 Modntain. This couuty is remarkable for its valuable mine- 
 ral-s. its fertile soil, and e.xcelleut pastures. Limestone, gyp- 
 vum. iron, and stone-coal are abundant, and large quantities 
 of salt are procured on the N.E. border. The Virginia ami 
 Tennessee lljulroail pjusses through the county. Capital. 
 Abingdou. JPop. 16,891, of whom 14,345 were li-ee, and 2547 
 slaves. 
 
 AVASniNGTON, a county in the E. part of North Caro- 
 lina, at the mouth of Hoanoko liiver : area estimated at 4(Xi 
 square miles. Albemarle ^ouud washes its N. border. The 
 surface is level, and much of it is covered by swamps, which 
 produce cypress and red cedar. Formed from Tyrrell in 
 1799. Capitul, Plj mouth. Pop. 6357, of whom 3«y2 were 
 free, and 2465 slaves. 
 
 WASIUXGTOX. a county in the E. central part of Geor- 
 gia, contains about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S.W. by the Oconee River; the Ogeechee washes its north- 
 eastern border, and it is drained b^- the Ohoopee Kiver and 
 Buffalo Creek. The surface in some parts is hilly, in others 
 level. The soil is calcareou-s, and generally fertile. Exten- 
 sive caves occur near the county seat, containing tlie remains 
 of huge ajiimals, and fossils in endless variety : opal, jasper, 
 agate, and chalcedony have been found near this locality, 
 and the county contains an abundance of limestone and 
 burrstoue. It is intersected by the Central Railroad. Caoi- 
 tal, Saundersville. Pop. 12,698, of whom 0166 were free,and 
 6532 slaves. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the W. part of Florida, bor- 
 dering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1160 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Choctaw- 
 hatchce River, intersected by Holmes' Creek, and drained 
 by the Econfena Kiver. Tl»e Bay of St. Andrew's, on the 
 southern coast, forms a good harbor. The surface is some- 
 what uneven ; the soil not very productive. Capital, Ver- 
 non. Population 2154, of whom 16S0 were free, and 474 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the W.S.W. part of Alabama, 
 bordering on the Mi,<sissippi, has an area of alx)ut 960 square 
 miles. The Tombigbee Kiver forms its entire E. boundary. 
 The surface is uneven. The soU is sandy, and rather poor. 
 The Tombigbee is navigated by steamboats on the E. bor- 
 der, and the Jlobile and Ohio Railroad passes near the W. 
 border. Capital, Old Wi^hingtou. Pop. 4609, of whom 
 2176 were free, and 2494 slaves. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the W. part of Mississii)pi, 
 bordering on the Mississippi, wliich separates it from Arkan- 
 sas, hits au area of about 1250 square miles. Sunflower 
 River flows through the county. The surface is a level 
 plain ; the soil is alluvial and fertile, but a part of it is sub 
 ject to inundation. Capital, Greensville. Pop. 15,679 of 
 • whom 1212 were free. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a parish in the E. part of Louisiana, boi^ 
 dering on >Iississippi, contains about 850 .square miles. It 
 Is bounded on the E. by Pearl Kiver, and intersected by 
 Bogue Chitto. The surface is nearly level, or undulating. 
 The soil is sandy, and protluces the pine. Capital. Frank- 
 hiiton. Pop. 470S,or whom 3018 were free,and 1690.slave8. 
 
 ^^ASIIINGTON, a county in the S.E. central part of 
 Texa-s, has an area of about 825 square miles. The Brazos 
 Kiver lK>unds it on the E. and the Yegua Creek on the N. 
 The surface is undulating; the soil is mostly a deep and fer- 
 tile loam. The live-oak and red cedar are abundant alon ' the 
 Brazos Kiver. Produce is exported by the river in steam- 
 boats, which ascend to Wa.shington. This countvis one of 
 the oldest and mo.^^t thickly settled in Texas. The indepen- 
 flence of the republic was declarini here in 1836, Capital, 
 Bmdiiim. P. 1.1.J15, of whom 7274 were free, and 7941 slaves. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the N,W,part of Arkans.is, 
 norilering on the territory of the Cherokee Nation, conUins 
 about 00(J square miles. It is drained by the branches or 
 bead streams of the White Kiver. and by the Illinois, an 
 amueiit of the Arkan.-ii»s. The surface is diversilied by hills 
 Ulid valleys. Many cattle and swine are exporte<l. In 1860 
 i!lc'"n««''7 ™.''*'* ^'^' ■'^" ^"■'^"'» Of •^0™ ; 34,472 oJ wheat; 
 136,08b of oatj., and 101.496 pounds of butter. The produce 
 of corn, oats, and wheat was greater than of any other 
 tounty in the state, and that of butter the greatest, with 
 Uie exreption of Pope county. An active emigration is di- 
 rected to t us county, which la already among the mo.st 
 populous 01 the state. Capital, FayetteviUe. Pop. 14.673. 
 of whom t3,lsO were free, and 1493 slaves. 
 
 W .^SIIINGTOX, a county in the N.E. imrt of Tennessee 
 bordenngon North Carolina; area estimated at 500 square 
 
 WAS 
 
 miles. It is intersected by the Nolichucky River, and the 
 Watauga Kivur forms its N.E. boundary. The surface is 
 finely diversified by mountains and valleys; the soil rf the 
 latter is highly productive, well watered, and much im- 
 proved. Iron is exported from the mines of the county, 
 which are very extensive. The streams furnish abundant 
 water-power. It is traversed by the route of the East Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia Railroad. Washington county is among 
 the oldest in the state, having been settled before the Revo- 
 lution, Capital, Joiiesborongh. Pop. 14,829, of whom 13,877 
 were free, and 962 slaves, 
 
 W.\SHINGTON. a county near the centre of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 4.j0 square miles. Chaplain's Fork 
 of Salt River flows through the N. part of the eounty, and 
 also forms it-) boundary on the N.W. The surface is "undu- 
 lating and well timbered : the soil is calc.ireous and fertile. 
 The underlying rock is a fine limestone, valuable for build- 
 ing. Urgitnized in 1792, Capital, Springfleld, Pop, 11,575, 
 of whom S7-i3 were free, and 2822 slaves, 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the S.E, part of Ohio, bor- 
 dering on Ohio River, which separates it fn)m Virginia, 
 contains about C50 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Muskingum and Little Muskingum Rivers, The surface is 
 finely diversified ; the soil is productive. Bituminous coal 
 is abundant, and iron ore is found. This county is inter- 
 sected by the Cincinnati and Marietta Railroad, Oil (petro- 
 leum) is exported from this county. Tlie streiuns afford 
 motive power, which is used extensively in manulactories. 
 This county has the distinction of being the oldest in the 
 state; it was settled in 1786, by natives of New England. 
 Capital, Marietta. Population in 1850, 29,540; in 'I860, 
 36.268. • 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the S. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 540 square miles. It is drained by the Blue Kiver and 
 Ix)st River, and bounded on the N. by the Muscakituck. and 
 the E, fork of White Kiver, A range of hills, called the 
 " Knobs." extend near the E, border. The other portions 
 of it are undulating, and have a fertile soil. Cavernous 
 limestone and sandstone underlie the surface. The Lost 
 Kiver of this county enters a subterranean channel, and 
 after flowing a considerable distance, returns to the surface. 
 In 1850 this county produced 215,596 bushels of oats, the 
 greatest quantity produced by any county in the state. It 
 is intersected by the New Albany and Chicago Kaiii-oad. 
 Organized in 1813, Capital, Salem. Pop. 17,9u9. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in Uie S. part of Illinois, h.is an 
 area of 626 square miles. The Kaskaskia Kiver washes itg 
 N.W, border, and the county is drained by Elk. Beaucoup, 
 and Crooked Creeks. The surface is nearly level, and con- 
 sists partly of prairie, and partly of timber land. The soil 
 in some parts is productive. The Central Itiiilroad pas.ses 
 through the county. Capital. Nashville. Pf)p. 13,731. 
 
 WASUINGTUN, a couuty in the E.S E. part of Missouri, 
 has an area of 800 square miles. The Maramec River 
 washes its N.W. border. The Big Kiver rises in the county, 
 and forms part of the N.E. boundary; it is also drained by 
 the head streams of the Big Black Kiver, and by Courtois 
 and Indian Creeks. The surface is generally hilly and 
 broken, and covered with forests. The county is chiefly 
 remarkable for its mineral resources. Iron and lead are tlie 
 most abundant. The Iron Mountain, on the S.E. border, is 
 described as " literally a mountain of magnetic iron ore," 
 rising about 300 feet above the pJain. and measuring a mile 
 and a half acro.ss the summit Numerous lead-mines have 
 been opene<l near Potosi. Silver, copper, plumbago, copperas, 
 chall^ and liiiicstoue arc also found. A i-ailroad is comple- 
 ted from St, Louis to the Iron Mountains, Capital, Potosi. 
 Pop, y723. of whom 8696 were free, and 102S slaves, 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in tlie S.E. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 570 square miles. The Iowa Kiver washes the N.E. 
 border, the Skunk River intersects tlie S.W. part, and the 
 English Kiver flows through the northern part into the Iowa, 
 The surface is diversified by rolling prairies and groves of 
 timber, which are generally distributed along the large 
 streams; the soil is good and well watered. The streams of 
 tills county afford motive-power for mills. This county is 
 wniiiected by railroad with Muscatius. CapitU, Washington. 
 Pop. 14,235. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the E.S.E. part of Wisconsin, 
 has an area of about 430 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Milwaukee Kiver, and al.so drained by Ossiu and Kubieou 
 Rivers, small affluents of Rock Kiver, and by Ceilar and 
 Sauk Creek.s, The surface is undulating or nearly level; 
 the soil is baseti on limestone, and is very productive. The 
 limestone which underlies the surface is i good material 
 for building, A mine of iron ore has been ojieued in the 
 township of Hartford. The county is copiously supplied 
 with water-power. Public Works — Milwaiil.ee and Saint 
 Paul Railroad. Settled in l^ae. In lS5u llie population of 
 the county was 19,486, but since that time t) o limits liave 
 been reduced by the formation of Ozaukee county. Capitol, 
 West Bend. Pop. in 1860, 23,622. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the E. part jf MJcnedots, 
 contains about 370 square miles. It Is I.^>unded <u the S, 
 by the Mississippi River, and on the E -jy the lit. Croix. 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 which separates it from Wisconsin. The surface is some- 
 what (Ji.iTsified, and the swl fertile. In 1850 the county 
 produced n,8;J0 hushels of corn; 23.262 of oats; 1196 of 
 barley; 9340 of potiitoes; and 755 tons of hay; the quanti- 
 ties of corn, oats, barley, and potatoes being the greatest pro- 
 duced by any one county in the territory. Capital, Still- 
 water. Pop. 6123. 
 
 WASIIINUTON, the most southern county of Utah Ter- 
 ritory, bordering on Arizona, has an area estimated .at above 
 10,iiOO square miles. It is intersected by the Rio Colorado, 
 and by the Rio San Juan and others of its tributaries. 
 This county was formed from part of Iron county since 1850, 
 and consequently the census gives us no information re- 
 specting it. Pop. 691. 
 
 "VVASlIIXGTON, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon has 
 an area estimated at 800 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.VV. by the Coast Range, and drained by the Tualitan lliver, 
 Tlie soil is generally fertile. Capital, Hillsborough, Pop, 
 2S01. 
 
 WASFIINGTON', a post-township in Knox county, Maine, 
 22 miles E.S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1662. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-township in Sullivan co., New 
 Hampshire, 29 miles W. by S. of Concord, drained by Ashue- 
 lot and Contoocook Rivers. Pop. 897. 
 
 W.\SH1NGT0N, a post-township in Orange co., Vermont, 
 IS miles S.E. by S. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of 
 castings, machinery, and cotton and woollen goods. Pop. 
 1249. 
 
 W.\SHINGTON, a post-village and township of Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, IKS miles W. 
 by N. of Boston. Pop. 948. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village and township of Litchtield 
 CO., Connecticut, 33 miles W. by S. of Hartford. Much of 
 the scenery of this township is picture.sque and beautiful. 
 The Shcpang River passes througli it, and furnislies water- 
 power for a puddling forgo at Woodville, and a woollen-mill, 
 foundry, and machine shop near tlie centre. In the N.W. 
 corner of the township is the romantic village of New Pres- 
 ton, (in the outlet of Waramaug Pond. A blast-furnace and 
 several other manufacturing establishments are here loca- 
 ted. The principal business on this stream is the sawing 
 into slabs of the pure white marble quarried from the neigh- 
 boring liills. Pop. of the township, 1659. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-township of Dutchess county, New 
 York, aliout 70 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 2685. 
 
 W.^SHINGT' iN, a township of Bergen co., New Jersey, 
 bordering on the Passaic River. Pop. 2273. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Burlington co., New Jer- 
 sey. Pop. 1723. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Camden co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1307. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey, 
 on the left bank of South River, 10 miles S.W. of Perth 
 Amboy, contains 4 stores, and about 50 dwellings. Steam- 
 boats ply between this place and New York during the 
 summer. 
 
 W.\SH1NGT0N, a township of Morris co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 2.504. 
 
 W.^f'HINGTON, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey. 
 See Gkrman V.^li.et. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village and township of Warren 
 CO., New Jersey, about 48 miles N. by W. of Trenton. Total 
 populiition, 2634. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1600. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 9M3. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, 
 intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad, and by the Alle- 
 ghany Portage Railroad. Pop. 1215. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1191. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Vo\t. 914. 
 
 WASllINGTON, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2416. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1506. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Franklin co' Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 3419. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a village and township of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania about 7 niiies N. of Waynesburg. Pop. 757. 
 
 WASHINGTON, atownship of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 roi). 1301. 
 
 VViVSHINGTON. a township of Jefferson co.,Pennsylvania, 
 intersecttHl by the Sunbury and Erie Railroail. Pop. 1079. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-borough of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the E. bunk of the Sust^uehanna River, about 
 3 miles below Columbia. It has 2 churches, and several 
 uteres. Incorporated in 1827. Pop. 639. 
 
 WASHINGTO.V, a t^iwusbip of Lehigh co.. Pennsylvania, 
 on th" lr?t bank of the Lehigh River. Pop. 2414. 
 
 W.tSHI.N'GT JN, a township of Lycoming co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, iiiteiseeted by the route of the Suuburv and Erie Rail- 
 road. Pop. 1086. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Snyder c" iPennsylvanJa. 
 Pop. 1370. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a pleas.ant ani floun.shing town, capiiai 
 of AVashington co., Pennsylvania, on thw ^'ational Road, an»; 
 on the Ilempfield Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. The 
 Ilemptield Railroad (not yet finished) extends from Wheeling 
 to the Central Railroad at Greensburg. The town is dis- 
 tinguished for its literary institutions, and the elegance of 
 its public building.s, among which are the court-house, a 
 number of well-built churches, a female seminary, a bank, 
 and the edifice of Washington College. The latter is a 
 flourishing institution, founded in 1806. Two or 3 n<wspapers 
 are published here. Incorporated in 1810. Pop. in ISOO, 3587. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1389. 
 
 WA.siIINGTON, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 764. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1407. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a city, the political metropolis of tho 
 United States, is finely located between the Potomac River 
 and a tributary called the East Branch. The Observatory 
 lies in 38° 53' 39" N. hit., and 77° 2' 48" W. Ion. from Green- 
 wicli ; it is itself a meridian, and many of our maps reckon 
 their longitude from this city. Its distances from tlie prin- 
 cipal cities' of tlie United States are, on the N. anil N.E. from 
 Baltimore, 38 miles; Philadelphia, 136; New York, 226; 
 Albany, 376; Boston, 432; and Portland, 542 miles; on the 
 N.W. and W.. from Buffalo, 376; Detroit. 526; Milwaukee, 
 700; Chicago, 763; San Francisco, about 2000, (in an air- 
 line;) St. Louis, 856; Louisville, 590; Cincinnati, 497 ; and 
 Pittsburg, 223 miles ; and on the S. and S.W., from Rich- 
 mond, 122; Wilmington, (North Carolina,) 416 ; Charleston, 
 644 ; Mobile,10:i3; New Oi-leans,1203 ; and Nashville,714 miles. 
 
 General A.'pecl. — Though not a seven-hilled city, 'Wash- 
 ington has, as well as Rome, its Capitoline Hill, command- 
 ing views scarcely less striking tlian those of the Eternal 
 City. It is situated on tho left bank of the Potomac River, 
 between two small tributaries, the one on the E., called the 
 East Branch, and the one on tlie W., called Rock Creek. 
 The latter separates it from Georgetown. The general alti- 
 tude of tlie city plot is 40 feet above the river, but this is 
 diversified by irregular elevations, which serve to give va- 
 riety and commanding sites for the public buildings. The 
 plot is slightly amphitheatrical, the President's House on 
 the W. standing on one of the sides, and the Capitol on the 
 other, while the space between, verges towards a point near 
 the river. The President's House and tho Capitol stand 
 centrally with regard to the whole, though situated at tlie 
 distance of a mile and a half from each other, the former 44 
 feet above the Potomac, and the latter 72 feet. The summit 
 of the hill on which the Capitol stands is the commence- 
 ment of a plain, stretching E., while that to the N. of the 
 President's House tends westward. When tlie streets shall 
 have been lined with buildings, few cities can ever have 
 presented a grander view than that which will be offered 
 to the spectator from the western steps of the Capitol, look- 
 ing towards the President's House, with Pennsylvania 
 Avenue stretcliing before him for more tlum a mile, with 
 a breadth of ICO feet, the view terminated on the west 
 by the colonnade of tbe Treasury. In front, towards the 
 river, (itself more than a mile in widtli,) is an extensive 
 park, enclosing the Smithsonian Institute, with its pic- 
 turesque towers, and the lofty column reared to tlie memory 
 of Washington. On the left, Maryland Avenue terminates 
 at Potomac Bridge, witli Arlington Heights in tlie distance, 
 and, looking south he sees' the Arsenal, and at a distance of 
 8 miles, Alexandria. On the rigiit he will have beneath 
 hiiB the General Post-Office, the Patent-Office, the City 
 Hall, and doubtless still more splendid public and many 
 sumptuous private dwellings, which m.'iy have been erected 
 ere another generation passes away. Nor would Washing- 
 ton lack commercial facilities, but for the still greater ad- 
 vantages possessed by its older sister cities. The natural 
 commercial advantages are probably not surpassed by any 
 capital in Europe; but our country so abounds in fine 
 localities for commercial towns, that those of Washington 
 are thrown into tlie background. Tlie plan of the city is 
 unique, and everytiiing is laid out on a scale that shows an 
 anticipation of a gi-eat metropolis; and though these antici- 
 pations have not yet been realized, tliey are entirely within 
 the probaliilities of the future. 'The city plot, which lies 
 on the W. border of the 60 square miles which now consti- 
 tute the District of Columbia, extends i],-^ miles in a N.W. 
 and S.E. and about 2}/^ in a N.E. and S.W. direction, cover- 
 ing an area of nearly 11 square miles. A veij' small portion 
 of this, however, is as yet built upon. '1 he city was planned 
 by an arcliitect named L'Enfant. Taking the Capitol Hill 
 for a centre, he laid down streets parallel thereto, and in 
 due lines from East to West. These are distinguished by 
 letters — the street immediately North of the Capitol being 
 called A Street North ; that immediately South of the Capi- 
 tal, A Street South, and so on through most of the alphabet. 
 Another set of streets running from Nortli to South inter- 
 sect .the lettered streets at right-angles and are distinguished 
 
 2075 
 
WAS 
 
 by nnmoers, the first street East of the Capitol being 1st 
 ^reet East; the first street West of the Capitol, 1st Street 
 yVest and so on to the number each way of about 30 streets. 
 The squares or building lots formed by these streets are of 
 very irregular size and shapes. This is caused by some 15 
 avenues, named after the states existing when the site of the 
 Capitol was chosen. These avenues run in a S.E. and N.U., 
 or in a S.W. and N.K. direction; often, but not always, 
 parallel to each other, and their points of section forming 
 large open spaces. Four of these avenues and North and 
 South and East and West Capitol Streets, intersect each 
 other at the Capitol Grounds, and 5 avenues and a number 
 of streets at the Pttrk around the President's House. The 
 ground taken up in streets is greater than that devoted to 
 buildings, and, as many of tlie streets are of enormous 
 width, the expense of keeping them in proper order will be 
 very great. A plan is now proposed for inclosing the cen- 
 tre or sides of the larger avenues for grass and shrubbery 
 or court-yards. Many of the spaces at the intersections of 
 the avenues and streets are enclosed and planted, and are 
 very ornamental. 
 
 The city is supplied with the greatest abundance of water, 
 which is brought from the Grejit Falls of the Potomac, 
 distant some 18 miles, by an aqueduct wliich passes through 
 11 tunnels, and over 6 bridges, one of which, crossing the 
 Cabin John Creek, is a beautiful piece of ai-cliitccture, 
 being of wliite marble, wWi a single arch of 220 fiel span, 
 the largest arcfi in tlie world. The supply from this aque- 
 duct is estimated at 3(5,000,000 of gallons a day. The source 
 of the water is 108 feet above tide-water. The highest 
 g;round in the city (Eleventh and N Street;-) is 103 feet. 
 
 Public Buildings. — In this respect alone does Washington 
 at present fulfil the ideas entertiiined of a great metropolis. 
 The Cfipitol, President's House, Treasury Buildings, Patent- 
 Office, Post-Ofiice, and Smitiisonian Institute, are structures 
 that would grace any city. First of these, in architectural 
 merit and in point of interest, is the Capitol, cont'iining the 
 halls of the national legislature, supreme court room, &c. 
 This building is situated on an eminence (looking towards 
 the W.) of 72 feet above tide-water, and consists of what is 
 known as the centre Capitol and extensions. The centre 
 building was commenced in 1792, wlien the corner-stone 
 was laid by Washington. The extension was commenced 
 In 1851, by President Fillmore. The centre or original 
 Capitol is 352 feet long by 121 feet in depth ; the extensions 
 comprehend two wings, each 238 bj' 140 feet, connected by 
 corridors 44 feet long. The whole building is 737 feet long, 
 and covers an area of 3}^ acres. The material of the centre 
 Capitol is a porous freestone of a light yellow, painted 
 white; but the extensions are of pure white marble. A 
 rotunda, 96 feet in diameter in the centre of th"e building, 
 is surmounted by a dome of iron, upon tlie top of which is 
 Crawford's bronze statue of liberty. The head of the statue 
 is 287 feet above the basement of the Capitol, and 377 feet 
 above low-tide. On the eastern front are tlxree grand por- 
 ticoes of Corinthian columns. Tlie western front projects 
 83 feet, including the steps, and is embellished with a re- 
 cessed portico of 10 columns. This front, though not so 
 imposing in itself as the eastern, commands the finest 
 view anywhere to be had in Washington, overlooking all 
 the central and western portion of the city, and all the 
 principal public buildings. On the steps of the eastern 
 central portico are groups of statuary by Persico and 
 Greenough. In the eastern part is a colossal statue of 
 Washington by Greenough. The tympani of the porticoes 
 are intended for stiituary, one being already filled by nu- 
 merous figures representing the" Progress of Ci\-ilizjition, 
 from the chisel of Crawford. The centre Capitol contains 
 the rotulldi^ which is filled with historical paintings, 8 in 
 number, four by Trumbull, the subjects of which are: 1. 1'he 
 Declaration of Independence; 2. The Surrender of General 
 liurgoyne; 3. The Surrender of Lord Corn wallis ; 4. Gene- 
 ral ^^ ashington Resigning bis Commission at Annapolis. 
 The subjects of the remaining pictures are the Embarkation 
 of the Pilgrims from Leyden, by Weir; the Landing of 
 tolurabiis, by Vanderlyn; tlie Baptism of Pocahontiis by 
 aiapman, and the Discovery of the Missis.sippi, by Powell. 
 Vi est IS the Mbrary of Congress, containing over 100,000 
 ^^''w'll' ,^"'^ "•" *■'«' rotunda the visitor ^.asse8 into Uie 
 old Hall of Representatives, now a passage-way to the new 
 Ilall and intended for a hall of statuary. This is by far 
 the finest hall m the building, being senii-cu-cular, 96 feet 
 long CO Icet high, and surroundwl by 24 columns of Potomac 
 
 . . -, . ,v - spreiid wings. In front of the 
 
 chair, aiul inimethately above the north entranc, is a ficiire 
 representing llistory Recording the Events of the Nation. 
 This 18 regarded as one of the gems of the CapitiU. The 
 north door of the rotunda leads to various halls, on the 
 right of «l|ich IS the Supreme Court of the Lnite<l States, 
 ^"'Tl'^^l ''" .^J""*" Chamber, semi-circular, 75 feet lo^ 
 and 45 high, with columns, in the rear of the judges' seats of 
 Potomac^narble. Under the Supreme Coutt Koom is the 
 
 WAS 
 
 room formerly occupied by that tribunal, now devoted to a 
 law library, chiefly remarkable for its heavy arches At the 
 entrance are the corn-stjilk columns, or, as tliey have been 
 called, the American order of aix-hitecture. In the northern 
 extension the visitor finds the new Senate Chamber; in the 
 southern, the House of Kepreseiitatives ; both con.-itructed 
 of iron, of oblong form, with fiat ceilings, and differing 
 little from each other except in size. The ornamentation 
 of these rooms is mostly gilding and painting; and, though 
 more convenient for members and spectators, far inferior, 
 in architectural beauty, to the old halls, with their domed 
 ceilings and columns, which fejitures, however.were tliought 
 to interfere with the acoustics of the old Representative 
 Ilall. The passages in the extensions are much more spa- 
 cious than in the centre building, and the staircases of 
 vaiious marbles are very imposing. The Senators' Retiring 
 Room is the most costly and cha.stely ailorned of any, being 
 entirely of marble, thu sides of gold-veined Tennespee, and 
 the ceiling of Italian. Adjoining is the room occupied by 
 the President of the United States, painted in fresco, with 
 portraits of Wa-sliington and his Cabinet ; also, a beautiful 
 room for the Vice President. The Senators' Reception Room 
 is also elaborately painted in fresco. Many of the Commit- 
 tee Rooms below are adorned with paintings, a lafresai, on 
 the hard wall. The passiiges under the Senate are, in like 
 manner, covered with the principal plants, birds and ani- 
 mals of the country, but are so dark that the painting ia 
 seen to poor advantage. Adjoining the Senate Chamber 
 are exquisite statues of Franklin, by Powers, and Hancock, 
 by Stowe. Two pairs of bronze doors were intended to be 
 placed at the doors on the poi^icos. One of these, by 
 Rogers, representing the princijial inciilents in the life of 
 Columbus, has arrived, but, by some mistake, was not fitted 
 to the entrance door, and is placed in the pa-ssage-way from 
 the old liepresentative Hall to the new — a bad ix>sitioii. 
 They cost over $20,000. Adjoining the Representative Ilall, 
 is a statue of Jefferson, by Powers; and, on the landing of 
 one great staircase is a very large and admiral >le fresco 
 painting, by Leutze, rej)resenting AVestern Progress. The 
 Speaker's Room is highly finished with gilding and paint; 
 and the room of the Committee on Agriculture is especially 
 .admired for its frescoes representing Ciiiciiinatus and Put- 
 nam leaving their respective ploughs; also the sickle and 
 mowing-machine in contrast. Under the Representative 
 Hall is a fine row of monolithic columns with capitals com- 
 posed of the tobacco and thistle. The 24 columns and 40 
 piliisters in the grand vestibules of the Senate and House 
 are entirely original, the capitals being conijiosefl of corn- 
 leaves, tobacco, and magnolias. The gilded omanientationa 
 of the ceilings and cornices of the two Houses are all 
 drawn from the natural products of the country. The 
 steam hesiting-apparatus in the basement of the building is. 
 an object of great interest. The grounds around this fine 
 building comprise about 25 acres, but are soon to be en- 
 larged to nearly double the size. On the western front 
 they were intended to extend to the Potomac, with the 
 occasional transit of city streets. That portion near the 
 Capitol was greatly abridged in size in consequence of an 
 unwise sale of portions for private purposes. What remains 
 is, however, being, by degrees, improved according to plans 
 of the late A. J. Downing, who died just as he had com- 
 pleted the part in front of the Smithsoiiian, and south 
 of the lYesident's Hou-se; his design being to carry out the 
 plan of the commissioners who laid out the city, by form- 
 ini; a connection through gardens and parks between the 
 Capitol and President's House. That part imraeiliately in 
 front of the Capitol between the Pennsylvania and Slary- 
 land Avenues is being converted into a Botanical Garden; 
 the basis being a large collection of plantn brought out by 
 the South Sea and Jai)anese Exploring Expeditions. The 
 President's House interrupts Pennsylvania Avenue at a 
 distance of 1]/^ miles N.W. of the "Caiiitol, having been 
 ]ilaced at a distance, on Washington's suggestion, that the 
 Exi-cutive and Legislative Departments ought to be so far 
 ajmrt as to insure separate hours of business for each. It 
 hiis a front of 170 fett by 8() feet deep, is 2 stories high, and 
 built of freestone painted white. The northern front ha* a 
 portico ornamented with 4 Ionic columns facing Pennsyl- 
 vania Avenue, and 3 at the sides; under tliis, carriages 
 drive to deposit tlieir visitors. The Potomac front lias a 
 circular colonnade of 6 Ionic columns. In the centre of the 
 north lawn is a statueof Jefferson, and across Pennsylvania 
 Avenue, also on tlie north side of the building, in the cen- 
 tre of Lafayette Square, is a bronze equestrian statue to 
 General Jackson, placed there in January, 1853. 
 
 The plan of the city contemplated the pHcing of all 
 executive offices near the President's, or on the level of the 
 Park before described, but this has been greatly interfered 
 with by the erection of the Treiisiiry Building on a site 
 which shuts out the view of the President's House, and 
 gives the first building a verj- cramped position. An im- 
 mense edifice, about 6".^ feet long, and about 200 feet widp, 
 is devoted to the Treasury and State Departments The eaf I 
 front (on the north bend of Pennsylvania Avenue, chuk-'' 
 by the interruption from the park around tho I'rueideut « 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 ITouso) has a colonnade of Ionic columns, 300 feet long. 
 The north and south ends of the building also have projec- 
 ting porticos. This edifice has about 500 rooms, and con- 
 tiiins, besides tlie accommodations for an army of clerks, an 
 immense engraving and printing establishment. The Navy 
 and War Department and Pension Office are very large, 
 plain brick structures, west of the President's. About half- 
 way between the Capitol and President's House, north of 
 Pennsylvania Avenue, fronting E Street, is the structure 
 occupied by the General Post-Office, one of the finest edifices 
 in Washington. It is of white marble, 20i feet long and 
 102 deep, and contains over 200 rooms.. Occupying the 
 square between Eighth, Ninth, and F and G Streets, is the 
 building of the Department of the Interior, or Home De- 
 partment, generally called (from one of its bureaus) the 
 Patent-Office. This edifice covers an entire square, and is 
 not surpassed by any structure in Washington for extent 
 or elegance, if we except the Capitol. Here are deposited 
 models of every machine or invention that is patented; 
 here also are at present the rooms of the Agricultural De- 
 partment, with large collections illustiative of the fruits 
 and cereals of the countrj'. It Is to be regretted that this 
 edifice was not placed nearer the other departments, but in 
 the erection of all the buildings, with the exception of the 
 Capitol and President's House, no attention has been paid 
 to the plans of the founders. On the ])roposed new park at 
 the angle between the President's House and Iho Capitol, 
 has also been connnenced a colossal monument to Wash- 
 ington, to be erected by voluntary contributions of the 
 people. This site was set apart by the commissioners for a 
 proposed monument to Washington, and he died under the 
 impression that here would be erected an e(iuestriaji statue 
 which had becni voted to him by the Continental Congress. 
 The plan, as finally decided upon, is an obeli.sk of white 
 marble, 55 feet square at the base, and diminishing at the 
 height of 500 feet, to 25 feet square, standing on a pedestal 
 17 feet high, which is to contain arched rooms for reception 
 of relics, &c. Every state has furnished a block of nati\e 
 stone or copper, which are to be inserted at each landing 
 of tlie inside staircase. It is now about ISO feet high. If 
 ever completed, it will be as a nionimient of the restored 
 Union. It should be mentioned that the statue ordered by 
 the Continental Congress was never erected; but, after the 
 monument Iiad been commenced. Congress ordered an 
 equestrian statue, which was erected by Clarke Mills, in 
 the Circle, near Georgetown. The statue of Jackson in 
 Lafayette Square is by the same artist. East of the monu- 
 ment, and about midway between that and the Capitol, on 
 a gently rising ground, in the midst of the new park now 
 being laid out, stands the Smithsonian Institute, one of the 
 noblest institutions and finest structures in Wiishington. 
 The edifice is 450 feet long by 140 wide, is built of red sand- 
 stone, in the Romanesque or Norman style, embellislied by 
 9 towers of from 75 to 150 feet in height, and when viewed 
 from Capitol Hill, has an imposing effect. In the building 
 is a museum for objects of natural history, 200 feet long, 
 one of the best supplied laboratories in the United States, 
 a gallery for paintings and statuary, 120 feet long, and a 
 room capable of containing a library of 100,000 volumes, 
 and actually numbering 40,000, in 1805; of which 4539 
 were copyright works. Tliis Institution was endowed by 
 James Smithson, Esq., an Englishman, who left to the 
 United States $515,169, " to found at Washington an estal)- 
 lishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among 
 men." The structure, which was commenced in 1846, has 
 been built by the interest accumulating up to that time, 
 and still leaves a surplus (in 1855) of $139,159. The fund 
 yields an annual income of more than S30,0U0. Works on 
 ethnology and antiquities have already been published by 
 the institution. The cabinets collected by the exploring 
 expedition will be transferred thither. TJie officers of the 
 institution are the President and Vice President of the 
 United States, members of the Cabinet, Chief Justice, Com- 
 missioners of the Patent-Office, and the Mayor of ^V'ashing- 
 ton, besides a Hoard of Regents, who elect a Chancellor, 
 Secretary, and Executive Committee. The active literary 
 and scientific duties of the institution fall upon the Secre- 
 tary and his Assistant Secretaries. 
 
 The National Observatory, one of the institutions most 
 creditable to the govemnient, occupies a commanding site 
 on the banks of the Potomac, S.W. of the President's House, 
 and is under the direction of Lieutenant Maury, of the 
 navy. Besides the astronomical observations constantly 
 made here, chronometers, for the use of the navy, are 
 thoroughly tested, researches made as to tides, currents, 
 &c., and longitudes determined with greater accuracy by the 
 aid of the electric telegraph. The large.^t telescope is a 14 
 feet refractor; smaller telescopes are constantly employed 
 searching the heavens for comets. Precisely at 12 o'clock 
 mean time, e:ich day, a black ball is let fall from the flag- 
 staff of the Observatory, by which the inhabitants of Wash- 
 ington may regulate tlieir time. The Arsenal, on Green- 
 leafs Point, at the junction of the East Branch with the 
 • Potomfic. is one of the principal arsenals of construction in 
 the United States. 
 
 About V/^ miles N.E. from the arsenal, atid the same dia 
 tance S.E. of the Capitol, on the East Branch, is the Navy 
 Yard, which covers about 20 acres, enclosed by a wall. This 
 )8 one of the most extensive yards in the Union, an<l em- 
 ploys more than 400 hands in the manufacture of anchors, 
 chain-cables, steam-engines and boilers, pyrotechnics, in 
 brass and iron foundries, &c., &c. On the ojiposite side of 
 the Eastern Branch, from the Navy-Yard, is the government 
 asylum for the insane of the district of Columliia and the 
 army and navy, one of the most extensive institutions of 
 the kind in the United States, .surrounded by an exten.sive 
 farm, and commanding a fine view of the city. The Con- 
 gressional burying-ground is situated about 1 mile E. of 
 the Capitol, on the Eastern Branch. Here have been de- 
 posited, for a short time at least, the remidns of some of the 
 most distinguished men in the nation, and here are erected 
 «enotaphs to all members of Congress dying while in office. 
 
 The buildings of the Coast Survey do not in themselves 
 deserve any notice, but the oi)erations carried on here imder 
 the superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache, a name well 
 known to science, are of the most important nature. Here 
 are transacted the computing, drawing, engraving, electro- 
 typing, printing, instrument-making, ic, connected with 
 the coast surveys, and the construe tion of standard weight.i 
 and measures, &c. Ou the north of the city, on extensive 
 grounds commanding a view of the PoKjmac, are handsome 
 white marble edifices, devoted to the Military Asylum, the 
 inmates of which are mostly soldiers of the war of 1812 
 and the Mexican war. One of these edifices has been lat- 
 terly api)roj)riated as the sunnner residence of the president. 
 
 Forts. — The important position of Washington during the 
 great rebellion led to the most careful jjrcparatious for its 
 defense, and the fortifications around this city and Alex- 
 andria embrace a circuit of nearlj- 40 nules. There are 56 
 large forts mounting from 10 to 50 guns each, and many 
 small batteries which mount from 3 to 12 guns each. The 
 forts and batteries are further connected by rifle-pits. A 
 fine military road through the valleys behind the works, 
 and out of observation of an enemy, connects the forts north 
 of the Potonuic. so that in case of attack troops could rapidly 
 be concentrated at any one point without marching through 
 the city. All the works are of earth and trunks of trees, 
 with secure bomb-proofs, and nearly every fort has a well 
 of excellent water. None of these works were assailed 
 during the war but Fort Stephens, on the Seventh Street 
 road, which was for a short time threatened by a band of 
 raiders, who succeeded in eft'ectiug their retreat with soma 
 loss of life, but much plunder. 
 
 Railroads, <£v. — Washington communicates with the S. 
 and S.W. by steamboat to A quia Creek, 55 nules below 
 Washington, and thence by the Fredericksburg Richmond 
 and Potomac Railroad. A branch road running N. to Bal- 
 timore connects with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Objects (if hiterest in the Vicinity. — F'ifteen miles S. of 
 Washington, on the Potomac, is Mount Vernon, once the 
 home, and now the tomb of Washington. Thirteen miles 
 above Georgetown are the Great Falls of the Potomac, 
 thought by many to equal, in wildness and picturesque 
 interest, any in the country. The Little Falls, which have in 
 all a descent of 15 feet, are only 3 miles above Georgetown. 
 
 Washington contains 6 banks, and about 14 newspaper 
 offices, 6 or 6 of which issue dailies. For manufactures and 
 commerce* see DrsiRicT of Columuia. 
 
 Population. — The resident population of Washington in 
 1860 was 60,000 ; in 1855, about 55,000 ; and including George- 
 town, 65,000. But this number is gieatly increased during 
 tlie sessions of Congress, ^y the accession not only of the 
 members and their families, but of visitors and persons 
 spending the winter or a portion of it here, for the purpose 
 of enjoying the society and gayety of the capital. Though 
 the growth of Washington has not been rapid, it has been 
 steady, and the city has increased within the past few years 
 in a considerably greater ratio than heretofore. During the 
 [For continuation, see Appendix.] 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Rappahannock 
 CO., Virginia, 120 miles N.W. of Richmond. It is beautifully 
 .situated at the S.K. foot of the Blue Ridge, and on one of 
 the branches of the Rappahannock River. It contains 1 or 
 2 churches, 1 academy, and several stores. Pop. about 400. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Beaufort co., 
 North Carolina, on the left bank of Tar River, 127 miles 
 E. by S. of Raleigh, and about 40 miles from I'amlico Sound. 
 Vessels drawing 8 feet of water ascend to this village, and 
 smaller boats to Tarborough. It h.is 2 l)anks, c.-ipital 
 $.300,000, several stores, and a newspaper office. Pop. esti- 
 mate<l at 1400. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a hand.some post-village, capital of Wilkes 
 CO.. Georgia, is situated on the dividing ridge between the 
 Broad and Little Rivers, 53 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. It 
 has an active business, and contains a court-house, 4 
 churches, 1 bank, and a newspaper office. A branch rail- 
 road about 20 miles long extends southward to the Georgia 
 Railro.id. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village in Aut-iuga eo., Alabama, 
 on Alabama River, 12 miles W. by N. of Jlontgotuery. 
 
 a)77 
 
WAS 
 
 WASHIXGIOX, a ros^vlllage of Adams co., Mississippi, 
 about SO miles W.S.W. of Jackson. It contains 2 or 3 
 diurclies, and several seminaries. 
 
 WA.SIJIXtJTOX, a thriving post-village of St. Landry 
 parish. Louisiana, on tlie Courtableau Bayou, at the head of 
 rteaml'Oat naviiration. and on the Now Orleans Opelousas 
 and Western Railroad, 7 miles N. ot Opelousas. Free pop. 536. 
 
 WA.SlllNGTON, a flourishing po.str.village of Wa.-ihington 
 CO., Texatf, on the right bank of the Brazos Uiver, at the 
 mouth of the Xavasoto, 65 miles N.W. of Houston, and 120 
 miles E. of Austin City. The Independence of Texas was 
 proclaimed in 1836. at this place, which was the capital of 
 the republic at the time of annexation to the United States, 
 and for several years previous. It is favorably situated for 
 trade, being at the head of steamboat navigation on the 
 Brazos. The river flows through a fertile planting region. 
 In which cotton, maize, and rice are produced, and the live- 
 oak and red cedar are abundant. It contained, in 1860, 
 1000 inlitiliitants. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Conway co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 325. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Hempstead co.. 
 Arkan.sa.n, 125 miles S.W. of Little Kock. It has a court- 
 hou.«e. a j.iil. a United States land-office, a male and female 
 Hcminary. and a newspaper office. Pop. in IS50, 469. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Independence co., Arlian- 
 fias. Pop. 405. 
 
 W.'VSIIINGTON, a township of Lawrence co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 519. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Sevier co., Arkansas. P. 465. 
 
 W.-VSHINGTON, a township of Washitaw co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 469. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Rhea co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the right bank of the Tennessee River, 134 miles 
 K.S.E. of Na.«hville. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Mason co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the railroad from Maysville to Lexington, 3j miles 
 S.W. of tlie former. It is beautifully situated in a rich and 
 well-improved country. It contains 3 churches. Pop. 
 (f45. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Auglaize co.,dhio. P. 980. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a townsliip in the S.E. part of Belmont 
 CO , Ohio, lias 1 bank. Pop. 1472. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a town&hip of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1229. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a townsliip of Carroll co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the CarroUton Branch Railroad. Pop. 74;t. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township.Clerniont co.,01uo. Pop. 2717. 
 
 WASHINGTON,atownshipof Clinton co..Ohio. Pop.1319. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio, in- 
 tersected by tlieClevelandaud Pittsburg Railroad. Pop.1333. 
 
 WASllINGTON.a towuship.Coshoctou co.,Ohio. P.905. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Darke co., Ohio. P. 1397. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. P. 749. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-vill:ige, capital of Fayette co..Ohio, 
 on Paint Creek, and on tlie Cincinnati and Zanesville Kail- 
 road, 77 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has 3 cliurclies, 1 
 academy, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks. 2 woollen factories, 
 and several mills. Laid out in ISU. Pop. 1035. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1420. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village of Guernsey county, Ohio, 
 on the National Road. 32 miles E. by N. of Zanesville. It is 
 situated in a fertile country, and has an active bnsine.ss. It 
 contains 1 Catholic and 4 Protestant churches, 1 bank, and 
 a woollen factory. Pop. 832. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a town.ship of Guernsey co., Ohio. P. 741. 
 
 WASllINGTON.a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 894. 
 
 WAS 1 1 INGTO \. a township of Hocking co.. Ohio. P. 1629. 
 
 WASllINGTON.a township of Holmc-s co..Ohio. P. 1433. 
 
 M .\SniNGTON, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. P. 1050. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Lawrenceco.,Ohio. P. 1019. 
 
 W ASHINGTON, a township of Licking co.. Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 140S. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Logan co.,Ohio. Pop.tSl 
 
 WASHINGTON, a townsliip of Lucas co.,OIiio. Pop. 137l! 
 
 « A SHINGTON, a townsliip of Mercer co, Ohio. Pop. 958 
 
 H ASHINGTON, a township or Miami co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Miami Canal. It contains the village of Piqua 
 1 op. 5S66 
 
 JJ!-J^STIINOTON, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. P. 1554. 
 P .>()-4 ''"^^^""^' * township of Montgomery co., Ohio. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Morrow co., Ohio, inter- 
 P^ 10i« Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati Raih-oad. 
 pJ^^"-*|^lli^'QTON, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 \^ i « f JJv'-"P?' "^ township of Paulding co., Ohio. P. 574. 
 » .\iMllNC.Ti 'N, a townsliip of Pickaway CO., Ohio. P.1068. 
 
 «• A cJ , vi,^SS' " to'^u'liip Of Preble co.. Ohio. P. 3166. 
 
 T.\ ASHING ION. a village and township of Richland CO., 
 
 ir '/i1 . T vrH^Ax,'"^'"' •""• ^'^^ ^"« Railroad. Pop. 1797! 
 
 ar" township of Sandusky co, Ohio, inter- 
 
 WAS 
 
 sected by the Cleveland Norwalk and Toledo Railroad. 
 Pop. 19'J2. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Scioto co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Ohio Canal. I'op. 956. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Shelby o., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Miami Canal. Pop. 1105. 
 
 WASHINGTON.atownship of Stark co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 2032. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Tuscarawas county, Ohio 
 Pop. 8t0. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Union co.. Oliio. Pop. 601. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio, intei^ 
 sected by tlie Miami CanaJ. Pop. 957. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 899. 
 WASHINGTON, a post-township in the N.W. part of Ma- 
 comb CO.. Michigan. Pop. 1S45. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Adams co.,Indiana. Pop.811. 
 WASHING ION, a township, Allen co .Indiana. Pop.1496. 
 WASHINGTON, a townsliip of Blackford co., Indiana 
 Pop. 7.S2. 
 WASllINGTON.a township, Brown co, Indiana. P. 1594 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Carroll co., Indiana. P. 681. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Ca-ss co., Indiana. P. 1317. 
 WASllINGTON.a township, Clarke co, Indiana. P.1169. 
 WASllINGTON.a township of Clay co.. Indiana. P. 1757 
 W\\SniNGTON, a township, Clinton co., Indiana. P. 1140. 
 W^ ASHINGTON, a post-village and township, capital of 
 Daviess co.. Indiana, on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad 
 106 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, and 3 miles E. of the Wa 
 bash and Erie Canal. The village is the principal place of 
 business in the county, and contiiiiis 3 or 4 churches, a 
 newspaper office, and a land office. Pop. estimated at 1200 ; 
 of the township in 1860, 3183. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Decatur county, Indiana. 
 Pop. 3!»:il. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Delaware co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1076. 
 WA SHINGTON, a township. Elkhart cc.Indiana. P. 1124. 
 W.\SllINiiTON, a township, Gibson co., Indiana. P. 908. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Grant co , Indiana. P. 1209. 
 W.\SIIINi; TON. a township, Greene co., Indiana. P. 736 
 WASHINGTON, a townsliip of Hamilton co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 2925. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1427. 
 WASHINGTON.atownship, Jackson co., Indiana. P. 825. 
 WASHINGTON, a townshi;) of Jay co.. Indiana. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Kosciusko co.,' Indiana. 
 Pop. 1431. 
 WASHINGTON, a town.ship. Marion co., Indiana. P. 2143. 
 WASllINGTON.a township. Miami co.. ImUana. P. 1221. 
 W'ASHINiiTON. a township. Monroe co., Indiana. P. 965. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Morgan co., Indiana. P. 2717. 
 WASIIlXGTON.atownship, Noble co.. Indiana. Pop. 940. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Owen co., Indiana. P. 1991. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Parke co., Indiana. P. 1116. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Pike co., Indiana. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Porter co., Indiana. P. 493. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Putnam county, Indiana. 
 Pop. 1958. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1798. 
 WASHINGTON, a township. Bipley co., Indiana. P. 1212. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Rusli co., Indiana. P. 1085 
 WASHINGTON.atownship. Shelby co., Indiana. P. 1357 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Starte co., Indiana. P. 302. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana 
 Pop. 1124. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Warren co., Indiana. P. 733. 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Washington co^ Indian.i. 
 Pop. 2N32. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Wayne co.. Indiana, on the Railroad from Richmond to New- 
 castle, about 12 miles N.W. of the former. Pop. in 1850, 
 283; of the township in 1860, 2171. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-viUage of Tazewell co., Illinois, 71 
 miles N. of Springfield. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a village of Woodford co., Illinois, about 
 10 miles E. by N. of Peoria. 
 
 W.tSHINGTON, a township of Buchanan CO., Missouri. 
 Pop. 3230. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a thriving post-village of Franklin co., 
 Missouri, is situated on the Slissouri River. 55 miles by rail- 
 road W. of St. Louis. It is the principal depot for the pro- 
 duce which is exported from the county. Pop. 121 o. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Lawrence co., Missouri. 
 Pop. Ifrll. 
 WASHINGTON, a township, Osage co.. Missouri. P. 1319. 
 WASHINGTON, a post-viUage of Henry co., Iowa, 60 
 S. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a thri\ing post-village, capital of Wash- 
 ington CO., Iowa, is situated on a i>rairie. about 30 miles 
 S.S.W. of Iowa City. It is connected by railroa J with Mus- 
 catine, 37 miles distant. It conUiins a court nouse, and,a 
 national bank Pop. 2755. 
 
WAS 
 
 WAT 
 
 WASTIINT.TOX. township, Greene co.. Wisconsin. P. 838. 
 \VA.SIUN<iTO\, a town of Yolo co.. California. 
 ATASIIINCiTON, a region of land in the Arctic Ocean, 
 discovered in 18.o4 by the United States Expedition under 
 Dr. Kane. It is connected to Greenland hy an immenoe 
 glacier, which, i.«suing in t'iCP W. Ion., runs nearly due N.. pre- 
 Bentind a face SOU feet in perpendicular heijiht. This gla- 
 cier was followed alond its base for a distance of SO miles in 
 one unbroken esc-M-pment. It is supposed to be the largest 
 glacier ever discovered by any navigator, and the only ob- 
 Btacle to the insularity of Greenland. 
 
 WASII'INGTON, or UAIIUGA. oo-a-hoo/pa. one of the 
 Marquesas Islands, South Pacific Ocean: lat'. 8° 50' S.. Ion. 
 139° ya' V>'. It is al)Out 9 miles lonj; and of striking appeaI^ 
 ance, formine' in the middle a mountain 2430 feet hiirh. 
 
 ■\VA.SIIIXGTOX BUTTE, (lute,) a post-office of Linn co., 
 Orejron. 
 AVASIIIXOTON COLLEGE. SeeCHF.STERTOWx. Maryland. 
 WASHINGTON COLLKGK. See LF,.xi.\(iT0\. Viririnia. 
 AVA8II1NGT0N COLLEGE, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 WA.SHINGTON nEIGIITS, a post-office of New York co.. 
 New York. 
 
 WASHINGTON IIOLOrOW, a post-villaRe of Dutchess 
 CO.. New York, 14 miles K.N.K. of Poufrhkeepsie. 
 
 WASHINGTON LAKK. of Yolo county, towards the X.W. 
 
 part of California, is alwut 3 miles longby half a mile wide. 
 
 WA.-IIINGTON MILLS, post-office, Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 WASHINGTON SOUTH YUBA, a post-office of Nev.nda 
 
 CO.. California. 
 
 WASH'INGTONVILLE, a Tillape of Orange co.. New 
 York, on the Newburg Branch Kailroad, 12 miles S.W. of 
 Newburg. 
 
 WASHTNGTONTILLE, a village of Oswego co.. New York. 
 WASHINGTONVILLE, a post-village of Montour co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 75 miles N. by E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 WASHINOTONVILLE, a postofflce of Baltimore co., Ma- 
 ryland. 
 
 WA8HINGT0NTILLE, a village of Columbiana eo., Ohio. 
 162 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 WASHITA, formerly OUACHITA. wosh'e-taw\ a river 
 formed by three branches, the North, Middle, and South 
 Forks, which unite in .Alontgomery county, in the W. pjut 
 of Arkan.eas. It flows in a general 8outh-east*r!y course 
 until it cros.ses the N. boundary of I>ouisiana. Below this 
 Its direction is nearly southward, and it falls into Red River 
 by three channels, about 30 miles from its mouth. Its 
 length is estimated at above 500 miles. The portion of this 
 river below the mouth of the Tensas is sometimes called 
 Black River. It is regularly navisated Iiy large steamboats 
 to Camden, in Arkansas, about 300 miles from its mouth, 
 and smaller boats sometimes ascend as far as Rockport. 
 The chief towns on its hanks are Camden, on the right, and 
 Monroe, on the left liank. 
 
 WASHITA, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, contains 
 735 square miles. It is intersected by Washita River, and 
 is drained by Boeuf and Bartholomew Bayous. The surlace 
 is diversified by pine-clad hills. The soil in some parts is 
 fertile, especially .along the river. The parish contains ex- 
 tensive forests of pine. oak. and hickory. All of the streams 
 above named are navigable by steamboats. A railroad is 
 projected through the parish from Vicksburg to Slireveport. 
 Capital, Monroe. Pop. 4727, of whom 1S87 were free, and 
 2840 slaves. 
 
 WASniT.\. a county in the S. central part of .\rkansa.s, 
 is intersected by the AVashifa River, navigable by large 
 stvamljoafs. The surface is diversified by hills of m(xierate 
 height! The soil is mostly sandy and fertile. Washita county 
 is among the most populous of the state, and is rapidly fill- 
 ing up with einigriiTits. Capital, Oanideu. Pop. 12,y3C, of 
 whom S4.iS weie free, and 4478 slaves. 
 WASHITA CITY. See Ouachita City. 
 WASHOUGAL, w.i'shoo-gal\ a post-office of Clark co., 
 Washington Territory. 
 
 W.ASil'TENAW\ a county in the S.E. part of Michigan, 
 has an area of 720 squ.ire miles. It is intersected by Huron 
 Kiver. and by the North Branch of the Raisin ; the East 
 Branch of Grand River (lalled by the Indians Washtenong) 
 ri.ses in the county, which is also drained by the sources of 
 Macon River, and by Saline and Stony Creek.s. The surface 
 is agreeably diversitietl with prairies, oak-openings, (plains 
 producing a scattered growth of oaks free from underbrush,) 
 and dense forests. The soil is a deep and fertile sandy loam. 
 In 1850 it produced 528.042 bushels of wheat, 40,387 tons of 
 hay. and 250.775 pounds of wool. The prtxiuce of wheat, 
 hay. and wool was greater than that of any other county 
 in the state excepting Oakland. The streams afford exten- 
 sive water-power. The county is intersected by the Michi- 
 gan Central Railroad. Capital, Ann Arlx)r. P. 36,686. 
 
 WASItrNV, viiVseen'yee', a market-town of France, de- 
 partment of Ardennes, 8 miles N. of Kethel. Pop. 1000. 
 W.\'SING. a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 WASIUOAN. See Vasioogan. 
 
 WASLUt or VASLUI. vaa-loo/ee, a town of Moldavia, on 
 the Biriat, 40 miles S.S.E. of Yatay. 
 
 W.\SMES, \Am. a village of Belgium, province of Haina«t, 
 6 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 60()4. 
 
 AVAsMi';S-ANDK.METZ-liKlFFtEII,.vamO.Nd'm.VbreerfCi^, 
 a village of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, 7 mile* E.S.E. of 
 Tournay. I'op. lO'JC. 
 
 WAS'PERTON. a parish of England, co. of AVarwick. 
 
 WA.Sl'lK. wd.s'pik. a village and parish of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Brabant, 10 miles N.E. of lireda. 
 Pop. 2418. 
 
 WAS'SAIC, a postrvillage and station of Butchess co., 
 New Y'ork. on the Harlem Railroad, 85 miles from New York. 
 
 WASSAU. See Wausait. 
 
 WASSKIGES, vds'saizh', a vill.age of Belgium, province 
 and 35 miles W. of Lie^e. Pop. 1020. 
 
 WASSELA, wd8'8.>ia\ or, more properly, WASSOOLO, 
 (WmssooIo.) written OUASSOULO in French, a country of 
 West Africa. 
 
 WASSELONNE, vSsVseh-lonn', a town of France, departr 
 ment of Bas-Rliin, 14 miles W.N.AV. of Strasbourg. I'op. in 
 1852, 4731, who manufacture woollen and cotton yarn and 
 hofiery. 
 
 WASSKLY. a town of Austria. See Wesseu. 
 
 W.\SS1;M0N KIA'ER. AVLsconsin. See Pekatonica. 
 
 AVASSI;nAAR, wJls'sch-naR\ a village of Holland, pr, 
 vince of South Holland, 5 miles W. of Leyden, and 2 niilex 
 from the Noi th Sea. Pop. 1292. 
 
 WASSl-;!UiL'l!0, fti!s'si,T-booRo\ a town of Upper Bavaria, 
 on the Inn, 31 miles E.S.E. of Jlunich. Pop. 2238. 
 
 AVAS.SKHLKBEN, wJs'ser-lA^ben, a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Saxony, government and 12 miles AV.S.AV. of Mag- 
 deburg, on tlip Use. Pop. 1150. 
 
 AVASSKROLS. a village of Prussia. See Krl'MMkjjois. 
 
 AVASSERTRUDINGEN, (AVa8.«ertrUdingen,) ftas'si.'r-trii'- 
 ding-en, a walled town of l5avaria. circle of .Aliddle Franco 
 nia. and on the railway, 19 miles S. of Anspach. Pop. 2017. 
 
 AV.\SSIG.\Y, <S'ds'seen*yee', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Aisne. 31 miles N. of Laon. Pop. in 1852. 1224. 
 
 AVAS/SONVILLE, a post-village in the N. part of AVa-sii- 
 iniiton CO.. Iowa, situated on or near the English Kiver. 
 
 WASSOOLO. See AVassela. 
 
 AVASSOTAH, was-so'td, a strong hill-fort of South India, 
 20 miles AV. of Sattarah, and taken bv the British in 1818. 
 
 AVASTnVATER, a lake of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 parish of St. Bees. It is the deepest of the Curaberland 
 lakes, being 45 fathoms in depth off the S. shore. Its bank* 
 are precipitous on that side, but elsewhere they present 
 little variety. 
 
 AVASUNGEN, <^3'80ong-fn, a town of Saxe-Meiningen, on 
 the AVerra, 6 miles N.N.AV. of Jleiuingen. Pop. 2497. 
 
 AA'ASUNGEN, a town of Central Germany. See AV.A- 
 
 HCNGEN. 
 
 AVATAB, wi'tab, a post-village of Benton co., Minnesota, 
 on the E. bank of the Mi.*sissippi. 100 miles al/ove St. 
 .\nthony. It was laid out in 1850, and has some trade with 
 tile Indians. Pop. 3.3. 
 
 AVATAUGA, (w^-taw'ga,) a river of North Carolina and 
 Tennessee, rises at the biise of the Blue Ridge, in AVatauga 
 CO., North Carolina. After passing through a mountain 
 range, which forms the AA'. boundary of that state, it flows 
 in a AV.N.W. direction, and enters the llolston River in 
 Tennessee, about 12 miles N. of Joncsborougb. It is navi- 
 gable bj' small boats from its mouth to Elizabethtown, and 
 6 miles higher. The motive power which it affords is very 
 abundant, and is employed in the manufacture of iron. 
 
 AVATAUGA, a county in the N.AV. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Tennes.see: area, estimated at 550 square miles. 
 It is drained by A\atauga River, from which it derives its 
 name. The county is a mountainous region, having the 
 Stone or Y'ellow Mountain on the N.AA'. border. Organized 
 in ls49. Capital, Boone. Pop. 4957, of whom 4853 were 
 free, and 104 slaves. 
 
 AVATAUGA BEND, a post-office of Washington co., Ten 
 nessee. 
 
 AV.\TCH'ET, a maritime town of England, co. of Somerset, 
 with a pier on a creek of the Bristol Channel, 5 miles E. of 
 Duuster. Pop. 900. 
 
 AVATCH HILL POINT, the E. side of the entrance to 
 Fisher's Island Sound, about 2 miles S.E. of Stonington, 
 Connecticut. On it is a revolving liiiht 50 feet alx)ve the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 41° 18' 12" N., ion. 71° 52' AV. 
 
 AVATEE'O, one of the Harvey Islands, Pacific Ocean. Lat. 
 19° 68' S.. Ion. 158° 6' AV. Length 8 miles, breadth 5 miles. 
 Surface hilly and fertile, and the inhabitants were partially 
 converted to Christianity by the missionary AMlliams in 
 1823. 
 
 AVaT'ENS.^AV, a post-office of Monroe co., Arkansas. 
 
 AA'.'iTERBl'^ACn, wd'ter-beech, a parish of England, co 
 and 5 miles N.N.E. of Cambridge, with a station on the East 
 Counties Railway. 
 
 AVATERBOROUGH, wA'ter-bQr-ruh, a post-town. ship in 
 York CO.. Maine, 65 miles S.E. of Augusta. It is intersected 
 bj- the York and Cumberland Railroad, and drained liythe 
 head branches of the Monsum and Little O.ssipee Riven. 
 Pop. 1824. 
 WATERBOROUOH, a post-village of Chautauqua co, 
 
 2079 
 
WAT 
 
 New York, on Conewango Creek, about 10 miles E.N.E. of 
 Jamestown. 
 
 WATJiKBOKOUGII CEXTKE, a post-office of York co., 
 Maine. 
 
 W.-kTERBURG, a post-office of Tompkins co., New York. 
 
 WATEK15URY. wa'ter-b4r-re. a tliriving post-village and 
 town.-:hip of Wasliiugton co., Vermont, near Onion River, 
 and oil tlie Vermont Central Railroad, 12 miles M'.X.AV. of 
 Montpelicr. A piank-road liere intersects the railroad. 
 Tlie village contains 4 churches, 1 bank, a large hotel, 16 
 stores, and a manufactory of vrillow-wiire. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 2198. 
 
 AVATERBURY, a beautiful and flourishing city of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, on the Xaugatuck Rjulrond, and on 
 the Hartford Providence and Fishkill Railroad, 3:i miles by 
 railroad, S.AV. of Ilartford, 21 miles N.W. by N. of New 
 Haven, and 82 mileii N.E. of New York. It i.s delightfully 
 situated in tlie Nauj^tuck Valley, the site extending east- 
 ward from the stream, up a graceful slope occupied with 
 numerous tasteful residences. The dwellings generally are 
 remarkable for tlieir neatness, and are usually adorned with 
 «hade-trees, flower-gardens, and shrubbery. In the centre 
 is a beautiful public square. There are now 7 churches in 
 the city, several of which are elegant structures. St. John's, 
 (Episcopal.) situated on the principal street, near the upper 
 part of Centre square, is one of the most splendid church 
 editices in New England. It is built of granite, in the Nor- 
 man style, and was di-dicated in 1848. A new Methodist 
 Episcopal church erected in 1853, has two towers, and 
 makes a very tine appearance. The Second Congregational 
 Society also completed iu the early part of 1854 is a 
 splendid brick edifice. Among the otlier buildings deserving 
 of notice. ni.iy lie mentioned the Scovil House, a hotel of the 
 first ela.«s. frontiog Centre square; Hotclikiss Block, an ele- 
 gant brick row, in which are seven fine stores ; and several 
 of the fjictory buildings. There are a tianks, the AVaterbury 
 Bank, with a capital of over half a million, and the City Bank, 
 receiltly e.>^taUished, also a savings institution, and 2 build- 
 ing a.s.«ociatioiis. Great attention has of late been paid to 
 the subject of education ; and by a vote of the inhabitants, 
 the pubiic schools are now free. A commodious brick build- 
 ing has been erected for a high school, with arrangements to 
 accommodate over 200 pupils. The whole number of pupils 
 in attendance upon the various schools of the city, is about 
 1100. A flourishing institution, called the Young Men's 
 Institute, now numbers 400 members, and is p.rovided with 
 regular courses of lectures, and a library of 600 volumes. 
 There are also si^veral benevolent and other societies in the 
 place. Two newspa|iers are published here, one of which, 
 the Waterbury American, is of 9 yeanj* standing. 
 
 Waterbury has long been distinguished for its varied and 
 extensive manufactures. The business of making gilt but- 
 tons was commenced here as early as 1802, by Abel Porter, 
 J)aniel Clark, and others. It wa-s not carried on to any con- 
 siderable extent, however, till after the war of 1812, when 
 the proprietors, having procured suitable machinery from 
 England, extended their operations — rolling bra.=s and cop- 
 per, and making copper and brass wire, not only for their 
 own consumption but for the general m.irket. The second 
 rolling-mill and button factory was erected in 1824. At 
 that time, the whole amount of capital employed in manu- 
 factures in the town was less than $100,000. There are 
 now in operation 7 rolling-mills, each emploving a capital 
 of from $100,000 to $300,000. There are also" alxiut 40 
 joint-stock as.-iociations in the place, 8 of which have each 
 a capital of over $150,000, the others from $125,000 down to 
 $10,000, making in the aggregate a capital of $4,400,000. 
 The raw copper annually used in the mills for manufactur- 
 ing rolled copper and brass, brass and copper wire, tubing, 
 German silver, plate bra=s, &c.. is estimated at 2300 tons, 
 and a third of that amount of spelter. The number of per- 
 sons employed in the factories is estimated at 3000. A va.«t 
 amount of metal is worked up into d.-jguerreotype plaU-s, 
 brass butts, gilt and brass buttons, brass kettles, hooks and 
 eyes, pins, umbrella trimmlncs. rinsrs. ic. The pin factory 
 here is one of the most extensive in the couutry. There 
 are^ also manufactories of India-rubber suspenders and 
 webbing, Florentine or covered buttons, felt cloth, pocket- 
 cutlery, porcelain ware, cotton gins, machinery, files, cast- 
 lugs, ic. The business prosjiefts of Waterbury are very 
 promising. Over 200 liouses were erected in 1853. Pop. in 
 
 10j1o4 "^ ^^^' ^^'*' '" "^^^'■^' ^'^^' """* '° ^^^' 
 
 Jl'^'il^P^^^'- * P"'*^^ °^ England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 «A/'ihRI)0\NN, a post. village of Canada West, co. of 
 Ilalton. , miles N. of Hamilton. 
 
 ^!'^7x."^''''' " ^'''*"^ ^'^ '^o"*^ Carolina: rising in the W 
 part of North Carolina, it flows first eastward .nnd then 
 
 rT'r: •«"'"';;'■ 'J"^ ^r'"."^ ^■••''''"■'«^' ^-^i* it retail. 
 
 umil It pa>ses RfKky Mount, near the S.E. extremity of 
 Chester district. South Carolina: then flowing SE and 
 S, It passes by Camden, and unites with the Congaree at 
 \ •^;''-- ""t'e'l'X.v of Richland district. The river formed 
 Ik called the Sairtee. Steamtx^its can ascend to Camden 
 more than 200 miles from the sea. t^amden, 
 
 20S0 I 
 
 WAT 
 
 ■SVATEREE, a creek of Fairfield district. South Caiollua, 
 enters the Materee Kiver from the right, near the S. extn.*- 
 mity of Lancaster district. 
 
 WATEREE. a post-village of Richland district. South Ctir 
 rolinn, at the junction of the South Carolina Railroad with 
 the Columbia Brancli Ruilroiid, 9 miles from Kiiigsville. 
 
 Waterfall, a parish of England, co. of Siallord. It 
 is nearly surrouudetl by the river Humps, which here tlowD 
 for 3 miles underground. 
 
 Wa/TERFOUD, a maritime county of Ireland. Munster, 
 on its S. coast, having E. Waterford Harbor, sepamiting it 
 from the county of Wexford, W. the county of Cork, and N. 
 the counties of Tipperary and Kilkenny, from both ol 
 which it is separated liy the Suir. Area 721 square miles, or 
 401.553 acres, of which 325,345 are ai-able, 2o,u4!> in plan- 
 tations, and 105.490 uncultivated, i'op. iu 1851, 164,051. 
 The KncK-kmeleUou and Cuinmcragh Mouutnius intei-sect 
 the county from \\. to E., rising in some places to 2000 feet 
 above the sea; and most part of the surface is mountainous, 
 though there is much undulating and fine level land along 
 the Suir in the N. and E., the Blackwater and Bride in the 
 W., aud skirting the coast, which is indented by Tvamoie, 
 Dungarvon, and Youghal llarlxirs. This is the principsil 
 dairy county of Ireland. Tillage is increasing, and agricul- 
 ture improving on the larger properties. Bacon and Imtter 
 are the principal exports. Lead, iron, and copper, are met 
 with, but few if any mines are now wrought. Limestone 
 and marble are tlie chief mineral products. The fisheries 
 are important. Some glass wares are mauufacturtil, and in 
 1847, 1223 persons were employed in cotton, and 135 in silk 
 factories. Waterford, Lismore, Uungarvon, Portlaw, Tal- 
 low, and Cappoquin. are the principal towns. The county 
 sends 2 meuiliers to the House ofConimous. 
 
 WATERFORD, a city aud county, parliamentary borough, 
 and seaport of Ireland, capital of a county, on the right bank 
 of the Suir. which forms its harbor, and is lined by a fine 
 quay about 1 mile in length, and cro.sscd by a wooden bridge 
 of 39 arches, connecting it with its suburb Ferrybank, 9 
 miles from the sea, 29 miles S.S.E. of Kilkenny, and 85 miles 
 S.&.W. of Dulilin. Pop. of the city, in 1S61, 23,220. It hag 
 some handsome but many miserable streets; its quay and 
 harbor are the finest iu Ireland. The principal editices are 
 the Cathedral, Bishop's Palace, Ueauery House, several 
 parish churches, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, 5 other 
 churches, and College of St. John ; many uis.-enting chapels, 
 the Town-Hall, Chamber of Commerce, County and City 
 Prisons, and Court-Houses; Artillery Barracks, Custom- 
 House, St. Reginald's Tower on the quay, an ancient for- 
 tress, now a police barrack ; the Blueioat f-diools. several 
 hospitals, the District Lunatic Asylum. Glynn's I'oor-House. 
 and the Savings Bank. Here are several remains of ancient 
 fortifications and monasteries; also various endowed schools, 
 one with an income of 1300i. a year; among the public 
 establishments, are a house of industry, mendicity institu- 
 tion, several orphan societies; the Waterford Institution, 
 with a library and museum ; literary, scientific, agricul- 
 tural, and liorticultuial scK'ielies. Waterford is the entre- 
 pot for a large extent of country, the exports of which are 
 valued at 2 millions sterling annually, chiefly consisting 
 of dairy produce, bacon, live stock, agricultural produce, 
 salmon, and cotton goods. Vessels of 800 tons can load and 
 unload at the quay. In 1851 there entered 1052 sailing 
 vessels, tonnage 110.556; and cleared. 787 ve.-^.«els, tonnage 
 80.2:^2. The same year there entered 240 steamers, tonnage 
 59.775; and cleared, 252, tonnage 68,818. Registered ship- 
 ping in 1847, "ilM vessels; aggregate burden, 27.386 tons. 
 Steamers afford the city continual communication with 
 Dublin, Liverpool, and Bristol. Waterford has a'yai-d for 
 ship-building, and some manufactures of glass, starch, and 
 blue, with distilleries and breweries. The city sends 2 
 members to the llou.eo of Commons. It gives the title of 
 Marquis to the head of the Beresford family, w hose magni- 
 ficent seat, Curraghmore, is in the vicinity, the demesne 
 comprising 4000 acres, traversed by the Clyde, and finely 
 wooded. 
 
 Waterford, a post-township in Oxford CO., Maine, 54 
 miles W. by .S. of Augusta. Cixioked River flows tluough 
 its N.E. border. Pop. 1407. 
 
 AV.\TERF0RD, a post-township in Caledonia co., Vermont, 
 bounded on the S.E. by Connecticut Kiver, and intersected 
 by the Connecticut and I'assixmsic Rivers Railroad, 45 
 miles E.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1171. 
 
 WATERFORD. a post-village and township in New Ixin- 
 don conuty. Connecticut near the coast, and on the New 
 Haven and New Ixjndon lUiiiroad, 3 miles S.W. of New 
 London. Pop. 2555. 
 
 WATERFORD, a post-village and township of Saratoga 
 county, New York, is situated on the W. bank of the Huci- 
 son liiver. a little above the mouth of the Mohawk, and 10 
 miles above Ali«ny. A bridge across the Hudson connects 
 it with Ijinsingburg. The river is navigable by mean'' of 
 IcK-kage to this point. The Albany Northern Railroad and 
 the Cliamplain Canal pass through it. Waterford contaiu.s 
 several churches, an academy, a bank, a newspaper office, 
 numerous stores, several flouring-miils, and a variety ol 
 
WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 manufactures, including cotton goods, machinery, and other 
 articles. Pop. of the township, 3260; of the village, about 
 2000. 
 
 WATERFORD, a township of Camden co., New Jersey. 
 Pop. 195.5. 
 
 WATERFORD, a flonrishing jyost-borongh and township 
 of Erie county, Pennsylvania, on tlie Philadelpliia and Erie 
 R.R., and on Le Boeuf Creek, 15 miles i«.S.H. of Erie. It 
 is surrounded by a fine grazing country, and has considera- 
 ble trade in lumber and the products of the dairy. The 
 creek furnishes water-power for several mills. A plank- 
 road connects the town with Erie and Meadville. Pod. of 
 the borough in 1850, 498; of the township, in 1860.1926. 
 
 WATKRFORD. a posi^village in .luni.itft co., Pennsylvar 
 nia. on Tuscarnra Creek, 00 miles W. of Hiirrigburg. 
 
 WATKRFijKD. a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 55 miles E. by 8. of Pittsburg. 
 
 WATERFORD, a thriving past-village of Loudon co., Vir- 
 ginia, on Kittoctan Creek, 156 miles N. of Richmond, con- 
 tains 2 churches and several mills. Free pop. 429. 
 
 W.\TERFORD, a post-village of Marshall co., Mississippi, 
 near the route of the Central Railroad, and 9 miles S. of 
 Holly .Springs. 
 
 WATKRFORD. a post-village in Gibson co., Tennessee, 121 
 miles W. by 3. of Nashville. 
 
 WATKRb'ORD, a post-ofBce of Spencer co., Kentucky. 
 
 WATKRFORD, a village of Knox co., Ohio, on a branch 
 Of Vernon River, 12 miles N.W. of Mount Vernon. It has 
 2 mills and 1 church. 
 
 WATERFORD, a post-township, forming the N.N.W. ex- 
 tremity of Washington co., Ohio, intersected by the Mus- 
 kingum River. Pop. 2019. 
 
 WATERFORD, a village of Berrien co., Michigan, on the 
 Pawpaw River, 10 miles E. of Lake Michigan. 
 
 WATERF()RD, a post-township in the central part of Oak- 
 land CO., Michigan. Pop. 1289. 
 
 WATERFORD, a thriving village of Elkhart co., Indiana, 
 on the Elkhart River, 2^ miles 8. of Goshen. The water- 
 power of the river is used in a flouring-mill, saw-mill, and 
 cardini machine. 
 
 WATERFORD, a postK)fflre of La Porte co., Indiana, 6 
 miles S. by E. of Michigan City. 
 
 WATERFORD, a post-village and township of Fulton co., 
 Illinois, on Spoon River, about 50 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 Pop. 453. 
 
 WATERFORD. a thriving post village of Racine co., Wis- 
 consin, on the Pishtaka or Fox River, 25 miles S.W. of 
 Milwaukee, with which it is connected by a railroad. It 
 has valuable water-power, and contains 3 flouring-mills, 3 
 saw-mills, a woollen factory, 6 stores, 1 paper-mill, 3 churches, 
 and 3 hotels. Pop. 780. 
 
 WATKRFORD, wa/ter-fprd. a post-village of Canada We.st, 
 CO. of Norfolk, 40 miles S.'W. of Hamilton. Pop. about 500. 
 
 WATERFORD, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Cum- 
 berland, at the head of I'ugwash Bay, 80 miles N. of Halifax. 
 
 WATERFORD CEN'TRE, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 WATKRFORD MILLS, post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 
 WAT^RFORDVILLE, a village of Camden co.. New Jersey, 
 about 5 miles fi. of Camden, on Waterford Creek, contains a 
 glass factory. 
 
 WATERFORD WORKS, a post-office of Camden co.. New 
 Jersey. 
 
 WA'TERGRASS^ HILL, a market-town of Ireland, Mun- 
 Bter, CO. and 10 miles N.E. of Cork. Pop. in 1861, 651. 
 
 WATERINGBURY, w,i'ter-iug-berV. a parish and formerly 
 a market-town of England, co. of Kent, with a station on 
 the South-Eastern Railway, 5 miles W.S.W. of Maidstone. 
 It is surrounded by hop and fruit plantations, and its 
 vicinitv has been styled " the garden of Kent." 
 
 WATERINGEN, a village of Holland, province of South 
 Holland. 12 miles N.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1260. 
 
 AVATERLAND, wd/ter-ldnt', a district of the Netherlands, 
 province of North Holland, between Amsterdam and 
 Alkmaar, which sulfered a destructive inundation in 1825. 
 
 W.Vi'ERLAND, a group of islets in the Pacific Ocean, 
 between the Solomon Archipelago and Australia. 
 
 WATERLOO, wAHer-loo', (Dutch pron. «d'ter-I(V,) a vil- 
 lage of Itelgium, province of South Brabant. 9 miles S.S.E. 
 of Brussels, famous for the victory of the allied armies, 
 commanded by the Duke of Wellington over the French 
 commanded by Napoleou, June 18, 1815. On the field of 
 battle, an artificial mound, 425 feet in diameter at its base, 
 and about 150 feet liigh, and surmounted by a colossal Belgic 
 lion of cast-iron, has been raised, from which the be.st view 
 of the scene of the action is obtained. On either side of the 
 road to Genappe, and not far from the mound. referred to. two 
 other monuments have been erecte<l— one a pillar to the 
 memory of Colonel Gordon, and the other an obelisk in 
 honor of the Hanoverian officers of the German legion, who 
 fell on tiie spot. Pop. 2756. 
 
 WA'TERLOO/,(wd'tei^loo/,) a post-village of Waterloo town- 
 
 nhip. and semi-capital of Seneca co.. New York, is pleasantly 
 
 situated on both sides of the outlet of Seneca Luke, and on 
 
 the Auburn and Canaudai.'ua Branch of the Central Rail- 
 
 6F 
 
 road, 20 miles W. of Auburn. It contains a beautiful court 
 house, an academy, 1 Catholic and 5 Protestant churches, a 
 bank, 2 public halls, 1 newspaper office, about 30 stores, 9 
 hotels, 3 foundries with machine-shops, 2 flouring and grist- 
 mills, 1 large manufactory of shawls and woollen goods. 1 
 of morocco, 1 of corn-shellers, and a dry dock and boat-yard 
 The outlet Au'nishes water-power, and is used as part of th< 
 Cayuga and Seneca Canal. Incorporated in 1824. Pop. about 
 3500; of the township in 1860, 4.594. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-office of Sussex co.. New Jersey. 
 
 WATERLOO, a village of Franklin co.. Pennsylvania, 58 
 miles S.W. of Harrisburg, has about 1.50 inhabitants. 
 
 WATERLOO, « post-village of Juniata co., I'enn.sylvania, 
 69 miles W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 WATERLOO, a small villageof A'enangoco., Pennsyhania. 
 
 WATERIjOO, a post-village of Fauquier co., Viririnia, on 
 the Rappahannock River, 6.3 miles W.S.W. of Washington. 
 It contains 2 stores and 1 mill. 
 
 WATERLOO, a small village. Guilford io., Nortli Carolina. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-village in Granville co., North Caro- 
 lina. 50 miles N. of Raleigh. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post village in Laurens district, Soutli 
 Carolina. 65 miles N.W. by W. of Columbia. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post^villa:.'e of Laudenbile CO.. Alabamn, 
 on the right bank of Tennessee River, 26 miles W. of Flo- 
 rence. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-village in Pointe CoupCe parish. Loui- 
 siana, on the W. bank of Mississippi River, 20 miles N.W. by 
 W. of Baton Rouge. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-office of Pulaski eo., Kentucky. 
 
 WATERLOO, a township in the W. part of Athens co., 
 Ohio. Pop. 1483. 
 
 WATERLOO, a vill^e of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 and Erie Canal, about 18 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 W.\TERLOO. a villaie of Fayette CO., Ohio, on Deer Creek, 
 100 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-office of Lawrence CO., Ohio. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Jackson co., Michigan. Pop. 1461. 
 
 W.\TERLOO, a post-village and town,"hip of Fayette co., 
 Indiana, on the W. fork of Whitewater River, 7 miles N.E. 
 of Connersville. Pop. 651. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., Illinois, 
 about 22 miles S. of St. Louis. It contains a court-house, 
 and a newspaper office. Pop. 1435. 
 
 WATERI>00, a post-village, capital of Clark CO., Mis.sonri, 
 about 12 miles N.W. of Alexandria. 
 
 WATERLOO, the capital of Black Hawk co., Iowa, on the 
 Cedar River, 93 miles by rail W. of Dubuque. See Appendix. 
 
 WATERLOO, a township of Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 WATERLOO, a i)ost-village and township of Jefferson co., 
 Wisconsin, 20 miles E. by N. of Madison, contains 1 church, 
 2 hotels, 4 stores, 1 manufactory of pumps, 1 of fannmg- 
 mills, and 1 of plows. Pop. of the township, 1566. 
 
 WATERLOO, a small village of Rock co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Wa'TERLOO/, a county of Canada West, situated in the 
 W. central part of the province. Area 513 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Grand River. Pop. 26,537. Capital, 
 Bedin. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post^village of Canada West, co. of Water- 
 loo, 2 miles W. of Berlin. 
 
 WATERLOO, a village and township of Canada East, 
 district of Montreal, about 60 miles from the city of Mon- 
 treal. Pop. 2500. 
 
 WATERLOO or FORT ERIE, a thriving post-village of 
 Canada AVest, co. of Welland, situated on the Niagara River, 
 and on the Buffalo Brentford and Goderich Railroad. 3 miles 
 N.W. of Buffalo. A wharf 2000 feet lonsr, and a fine brick 
 depot, have been constructed here for the accommodalii-Ti 
 of the business on the Railroad. 
 
 WATERLOO, a village situated in the township of Kings- 
 ton, Canada West, 2 miles from the city of Kingston. Pop. 
 about 250. 
 
 WATERLOO, a town or township of West .\ustralia. co. 
 of Wellimiton, on Collier River, S.E. of .\nstral)nd. 
 
 WATERLOO MILLS, a postoffice of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Watermelon, a post-office of Tatnall CO., Georffia. 
 
 WA'TER-.MIiyLOCK. a chapelry of England, cx). of Cum- , 
 berland, 7 miles S.W. of Penrith. The scenery is very pictu- 
 resque, and here is the cataract of Airv-Force. 
 
 WaTER-CVRRTON or OR'TON, a "chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Warwick, on the West Midland Railway, 7 miles N.E, 
 of Birmingham. 
 
 Wa/TERPERRY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WAT'ERPORT, a post-office of Orleans co.. New York. 
 
 Wa/TERPROOF, a flourishing post-village of Tensas pa- 
 rish, Louisiana, on the right or '\V. bank of the Mississippi 
 River, 17 miles S. of St. Joseph. It has a good landing. 
 
 WATERSA, an island of the Hebrides. See Vateksa. 
 
 Waterside, a small town of Ireland, ULster, co. of 
 Londonderry, on the Foyle. opposite Londonderry, with 
 which it is connected by a bridge. Pop. 600. 
 
 WaTBRSTOCK. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 WATER STREET, a village of Morris to.. New Jersey, 
 
 2081 
 
WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 on IJie Whlppany Ilivep, about 45 miles N.N.E. of Tren- 
 ton. 
 
 WATER STREET, a post-village of IluntingUon co., Penn- 
 fijlvauia, ou the Juaiata Rivex, 100 miles W.N.W. of Harris- 
 burg 
 
 W.aTERTOWN, a post-township in Middle-sex co., Massa- 
 chusett'!, intersected by the Fitchburg Railroad, 8 miles W. 
 by -V. of Boston. Charles River, which washes its southern 
 bordei , affords water-power, and is navigable for ve.ssel8 of 
 ei.\ feet draught. Watertowu contains various manufacto- 
 ries, a United States arsenal, and Mr. Cushiug's beautiful 
 gjirden. »mprisiug 60 acres. The arsenal is situated on the 
 N. bank of the river, near the village, and covers 40 acres of 
 ground. The village is very pleivsant, and connected with 
 the FiU-hburg Railroad at West Cambridge by the Watertown 
 Branch Railroad. I'op. in 1840, 1810 ; in 1860, 3270. 
 
 WATEUTOWN, a post-village and township of Litchfield 
 CO.. Connecticut, on the Naiigatuck River and liailroad. 30 
 miles W.S.W. of Hartford. The manufactures of silk thread, 
 umbrella trimmings, sewing machines, hooks and eyes, <tc.. 
 arc carried on to some extent. Pop. 15S7. 
 
 W.\TERTOWX. a flourishing post-borough, capit-al of Jef- 
 ferson county. New York, is situated in Watertown town- 
 ship, on the left or S. bank of Black River, and on the Rome 
 and \Vatflrt«wn Railroad, about 160 miles W.N.W. of Albany, 
 and 86 miles by railroad N.N.W. of Utica. The railroad 
 above named, extends northward to Ogdensbnrg and Pots- 
 dam, and southward to the Central Railroad. The town 
 contains a brick court-house and jail, a state arsenal, 7 banks, 
 with an aggregate capital of $650,000, 9 churches. 3 public 
 schools and an orphan asylum. One daily and 5 weekly 
 newspapers are published here. The river, which is here 60 
 yards wide, is crossed by a wire bridge and other bridges. 
 There is a fall of about 24 feet opposite the town, and rapids 
 for 3 or 4 miles below, from which almost unlimited water- 
 power may be derived with facility. The manufactories of 
 this place are various and extensive, producing woollen 
 goods, paper, flour, machinery, iron-ware, farming imple- 
 ments, leather, lumber, and other articles. Laid out in 1805. 
 Pop. of the township in 1840, 5027 ; in 1850, 7201 ; in 18tiO, 7562. 
 
 WATERTOWN, a post-township in the W. part of Wash- 
 ington CO., Ohio. Pop. 1406. 
 
 WATERTOWN, a township of Clinton co, Michigan. 
 Pop. 808. 
 
 W.\TERTOWN, a post-township in the N. part of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Wisconsin. I'op. 1734. 
 
 W.VrERTOWX, a city of Wisconsin, on the line between 
 Dodge and Jefferson counties, on Rook River, and on the 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 40 miles E. by N. of 
 Wailison. It is finely situated on both sides of the river, at 
 the Great Bend, where its course is changed from N.W. to 
 neiirly due S. The rapids above the town luive a fall of 24 
 feet, from which abundant water-power may be derived. 
 Watertown is the largest place in the connty. It contains 
 
 11 churches, 3 newspaper offices. 2 bjiuks, 2 select schools, 
 
 12 dry-goodi stores, about 20 other stores, and a variety of 
 manufiictories, among which are 3 flouring-mills, 4 saw- 
 mills, 1 iron foundry witli a machine-shop, 1 pottery, 1 
 woullen factory, 4 manufactories of fiirming implements. 6 
 of wagons, and 6 of cabinet-ware. A branch of the Mil- 
 waukee and St. Paul Railroad intersects here the above 
 named R.R. Settled in 1836. Poii. in 1850, 1451 ; in 1860, 
 6302. The post-office is in Jefferson county. * 
 
 W.\TER\ ALE. a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 
 about 13 miles S.E. of Syracuse. 
 
 WATER VALLEY, a postoffice of Erie co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 WATER VALLEY, a postroffice of Yallobusha co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 WATER VILLAGE, a. post-village of Carroll co., New 
 Hampshire, 48 miles X.E. of Concord. 
 
 WaTEKVILLE, a flourishing post-village and township 
 of Kennebec co., Elaine, on the right bank of the Kennebec 
 River, at the Ticonic Falls, (18 feet in height,) and on the 
 Maine Central Railruaxl, where it is crossed by tlie Kennebec 
 and Purtliiud R.R., 18 miles N. by E. of Augusta, and 78 
 miles N.N.E. of Portland. The township contjiins two vil- 
 higss, viz. Waterville (called also Ticonic). and West Watkr- 
 viiXE, which see. The water-power afforded by the Ticonic 
 Falls and others in the vicinity is very great, and might 
 Ciisily be made available to almost any extent. There are 
 here in operation numerous mills for grinding grain and 
 pliuster, sawing lumber, carding, &c. There are also various 
 manufactories, chiefly of edge-tools, railroad cars, shirts, 
 miicliinery, castings, and fanning implements. An import- 
 ant trade is carried on with the surrounding couuntry and 
 tlirough the Kennebec Uiver, which, by means of a dam 
 and locks at Augusta, is navigable to the foot of the falls 
 opposite. The village of Ticonic contains 4 churches, 3 
 banks, 1 newspaper office, and about 35 stores. It is the seat 
 of Waterville College, a flourishing institution, under the 
 direction of the Baptists. Pop. of the township in 1840, 
 2971 ; in 1850, 3',t6o; in 1^60,431*0. ' ' 
 
 WATERVILLE, a township of Grafton co. New HamD- 
 •hire, 54 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 48. 
 
 ^^ ATERVILLE, a post-village and township of Lamoille 
 2082 
 
 CO.. Vermont, abont 40 miles N.W. by N. of Montpelier. The 
 village contains 1 church. 1 academy, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and 
 a number of shops. Pop. of the townsiiip, 747. 
 
 WATERVILLE, a thriving po-'t-village of New Haven co, 
 Connecticut, on the Naugatuck Kivcr and Railroad, 28 miles 
 N.N.W. of New Haven. It is chiefly noted for the manufac- 
 ture of pocket cutlerj'. 
 
 WATERVILLE. a post-village in Sangerfield township 
 Oneida co.. New York, on a branch of Oriskany Creek, 4? 
 miles E.S.E. of Syracuse. It contains 5 cl nrcncs, 1 news- 
 paper office, an academy, a bank, and manufactories of flour, 
 machinery, and other articles. 
 
 AVATEKA'ILLE, a village of Delaware CO., Pennsylvania, 
 on Ridley Creek, about 4 miles S. by E. of Media. 
 
 W.\TEIiVILLE, a post-ofiice of Lycoming co., Pennsyl 
 vania. 
 
 WATERVILLE, a postrtownship in the S.W, part of 
 Lucas CO., Ohio. Pop. 1320. 
 
 W.4.TKRVILLE. a post-village of Lucas co., Ohio, on the 
 left bank of the Maumee River, and on the Wabash and 
 Erie Canal. 14 miles above Toledo. 
 
 WATERVILLE. a post-village of Waukesha CO., Wiscon 
 sin. 18 miles W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 WATERVLIET. wd*tfr-vleet/. a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the frontiers of Holland, 16 miles 
 N, of Ghent. Pop. 1831. 
 
 WATERVLIET, wAHer-vleef, a township forming the 
 N.E. extremity of Alba,-7 co.. New York, on the W. side of 
 the Hudson River, opposite froy. It is intersected by the 
 Erie Canal, and by three railroads which terminate at Al- 
 bany or Troy. Pop. 6229. 
 
 WATER V LIE T, a post-township of Berrien co.. Michigan. 
 
 WATERVLIET CENTRE, a post-village of Watervliet 
 township, Albany co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 WaT'FORD, a market- town and parish of England, co. 
 of Herts, on the ancient Watling Street, close to a ford over 
 the Colne. (whence its name.) and with a station on the North- 
 western Railway, 15 miles N.W. of London. Pop. of the town, 
 in 1851, 3800. The town has a spacious church, several 
 chapels, free schools, almshouses, and other charities. The 
 manufacturesof straw-plait and malting are important: and 
 the town is a large mart for corn and live stock. The Grand 
 Junction Canal runs on its W. side, and the railway here 
 passes throuirh a tunnel upwards of 1 mUe in length. 
 
 W.\TF0RD. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 In the vicinity are strong chalybeate springs. 5 miles N.N. 
 E. of Daventry . It is intersected by the London and North- 
 Western Railway. 
 
 WATH, a parish of England, co. of York. North Riding. 
 
 WaTH on DEARNE, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding, on tlie railway, Oj- miles N. of Rotberham. 
 
 WATKIN.S, New York, i^ee Jkfkkrson. See Appendix. 
 
 WaT'KINSVILLE. a village of Goochland CO., Virginia, 
 36 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 WaTKINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Clarke co., 
 Georgia. 64 miles N. by W. of Milledgeville. It contains a 
 court-house, 2 churches. 2 schools, and 2 stores. Pop. 8i3. 
 
 WATKINSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., Ohio, 9 
 miles from M.-irvsville. 
 
 WaT'LING-STREET, a famous Roman highway extend- 
 ing .Hcross South Britain, in a direction from S.E. to N.W. 
 Commencing at Dover, it extends past Canterbury, Roches- 
 ter, and Dartford. to the city of London, a street in which it 
 retains the name: thence it proceeds through the counties 
 of Middlesex. Herts. Bucks. Northampton, Warwick, Staf 
 ford, to Chester, and W. through North Wales to Caer-Seiont, 
 in Carnarvonshire. From Wroxeter, a branch proceeds N. 
 to Manchester, Lancaster. Kendal, and Cockerniouth, and 
 thence into Scothmd. It is supposed to have been named 
 in honor of Vitellius, the Via (or SIrata) VitdUna. of which 
 the mo<lern name is a Saxon corruption. It is in some parts 
 still an importint highway. 
 
 WaT/LI.\G S ISLAND, one of the Bahamas. British West 
 Indies, 50 miles E,S.E. of San Salvador, lat- 23" 56' 7" N., 
 Ion. 74- 28' W. Length 18 miles. Soil fertile: a lake occu- 
 pies its centre. It contests with San Salvador the distinc- 
 tion of liaving been the first land in the New World seen 
 by Columbus. 
 
 WaT'LINGTON. a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Oxford, between two roads from Oxford to London, 
 and near the Roman Ikenild Street. 6 miles S. of Tetsworth. 
 Pop. in 1851, 1884. The town has in its centre a curious 
 market cross. 
 
 WATLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WaT/ONW.W RIVER has its source in a small lake in 
 the Southern part of Minnesota, and niniiing first N.K, 
 and then easterly, empties itself into Blue 1-Jirth River, 
 near 44° N, lat., and 94° 12' W. Ion. Length estimated at 
 80 miles. 
 
 WATOU, viHoo'. a village of Belgium, province of West 
 Flanders. 35 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2975. 
 
 WaT'SON, a post-township in the K. part of Lewis co , 
 New York. Pop. 1028. 
 
 WATSON, a township of Lycoming oo, Penub-vlvauia. 
 Pop. 290. 
 
WAT 
 
 WAV 
 
 WATSON, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 902. 
 
 WATSON, a post-"ffice of Marshall co., Mississippi. 
 
 AVATSON'S BRIDGE, a po.st-office of Moore co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WATSON'S STATION, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio. 
 
 WATSONTOWN, a post-village of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 18 
 miles above Suubury. 
 
 WATSONVILLE, a postoffice of Santa Cruz, co. of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 W.\TTEN, vStH3N«', a village of France, department of 
 Nord, on the Aa, and on a railway, 6 miles N.N.W. of St. 
 Diner. Pop. 1106. 
 
 WaT'CEX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithne.ss, 9 miles 
 N.W. of Wick. In it are Toftingall and Watten Lochs, and 
 many Scandinavian antiquities. 
 
 WATTENHEIM, «dt'ten-h!me\ a village of Bavaria, Pa- 
 latinate, 9 miles S.S.E. of GrUnstadt. Pop. 1215. 
 
 WATTENSCHEIDT or WATTENSCHEID. Wdt/ten-.shTte\ 
 a town of Prussian Westphalia, fl miles W.N.W. of Arns- 
 berg. Pop. 1150. 
 
 WATTENWEIL, fi-at/ten-f^IleS a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton and 12 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 1916. 
 
 WATTESFIELD, wots/feeld, a parish of England, co. of 
 SuGfolk. 
 
 WATTISHAM, wSftis-am, a parish of England, co. of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 WATTIGNIES, a village of France, department of Nord, 
 3 miles S.W. of Lille. Pop. 2183. The French vanquished 
 the Austrians here in 1793. 
 
 WaT'TON, a marketrtown and parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk, on the border of the open tract of Filand. 21 miles 
 W.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 1353. Near it is Wayland 
 (or Wailing) Forest, the reputed scene of the tragic ballad 
 of the '• Babes in the Wood." 
 
 WATTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, 
 5 miles S.S.W. of Great Driffield. It has spacious aud im- 
 po.^ing remains of an abbey and adjoining nunnery, founded 
 in 1148, rebuilt in the Tudor era, and still in part habitable. 
 
 WATTON-AT-STONE, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 ^^■ATTRELOS, vdtH'rlo'. a village of France, department 
 of Nord, 9 miles N.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 9132. It has ex- 
 tensive manufactures of cotton aud oil-mills. 
 
 WATTS, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WaTTS/BOROUGH, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virgi- 
 nia, 97 iniles S.W. of Fdchmond. 
 
 WaTTS'BURG, a thriving post-borough of Erie co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on French Creek, 18 miles S.E. of Erie. It has 
 several saw-mills and grist-mills. A plank-road connects it 
 with Erie. Pop. 329. 
 
 WATTS MILLS, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WaTTS'VILLE, a postoffice of Carroll co.. Ohio. 
 
 WATTWILLER, vJOveer laiR', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Ilautrllhin, 24 miles N.E. of Belfort. Pop. 1854. 
 
 WATTWYL, ftatfftil, a village and pari.* of Switzerland, 
 canton and 17 miles S.W. of St. Gall, on the Thnr. Pop. of 
 puvi.<h, 4541. employed in manufactures of muslins and calico. 
 
 WAU'BESEPIN'ICON or WaP'SEI'IN'ECON, a village of 
 Scott CO., Iowa, on Wapsipinicon River, 60 miles E. by N. of 
 Iowa City. 
 
 WAUCON'DA, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois. 
 
 WAUCOUSTA, w^-koos'ta, a post-village of Fond du Lac 
 CO., Wisconsin. It has 2 mills and 30 houses. 
 
 WAUHATCH'EE, a post-village of Dade co., Georgia, 240 
 miles N.W. of MilledgevlUe. 
 
 WADKAU', a post-village and township of Winnebago CO., 
 Wisconsin, on the outlet of Rush Lake, about 60 miles N.E. 
 of Madison. The village contains 3 hotels, 7 stores, and 5 
 mills. Pop. about 500. 
 
 WAUHOO', a postroffice of Vigo co., Indiana. 
 
 WAUKEE'NAH, a post-office of Jefferson CO., Florida. 
 
 WAUKE-'GAN, formerly LITfTLEFORT, a flourishing 
 post-town, capital of Lake county, Illinois, on the W. shore 
 of Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago and Milwaukee Rail- 
 road, 35 miles N. by AV. of Chicago and 50 miles S. of Mil- 
 waukee. The lake is about 80 miles wide opposite this place. 
 The principal part of the town is built on a bluff which 
 rises rather abruptly to the height of 50 feet, from which 
 extensive- views of water scenery may be obtained. Between 
 the bluff and the shore there is" a flat tract of ground about 
 400 yards wide, which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, 
 and warehouses. Waukegan is a place of active trade, and 
 is rapidly increasing in extent and business. Steamboats 
 make frequent and regular passages from this town to Chi- 
 cago, and other ports on the lake. Grain, wool, and butter 
 are the principal articles of export. The value of the annual 
 exports and imports is estimated at about 3*00,000. It con- 
 tains 1 bank, 7 churches, 1 academy, 3 book-stores. 30 dry- 
 goods stores, 1 newspaper office, 2 steam flouring-mills. and 
 1 woollen-factory. Pop. in 1850, 2949 ; in I860.. 3433. 
 
 WAUKESHA, wd'keh-sha', a county in the S.E. part of 
 Wisconsin, contains 576 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Pishtaka or Fox River, and by the Bark River, both of which 
 else within its borders ; .and it is interspersed with numerous 
 
 small lakes, none of which exceed 4 miles in length. The 
 surface is undulating; the soil is calcareous and highly pvc-. 
 ductive. The greater part of the county consists of prairinH 
 and oak openings. By the census of 1850, this county prc- 
 duced 52,369 bushels of barley — the greatest quantity raised 
 in any county in the United States. The rock which ia 
 found near the surface is the blue limestone, an excellent 
 building material. The county is traversed by the Milwau- 
 kee and Prairie du Chien and the Milwaukee and St. Paul 
 Railroads, and hy numerous plank-roads. Capital, AAanke- 
 sha. Pop. 26,831. 
 
 WAUKESHA, formeriy PRAimiEVILLE, a flourishing 
 post>village and township, capital of Waukesha co., Wiscim- 
 sin, on the Pi.shtaka or Fox River, and o;i the Milwaukee 
 and Pridrie du Chion Railroad, 18 miles W. of Milwaukee, a'ld 
 60 miles E. of Madison. Plank-roads have been laid in 
 several directions from the village. These facilities for trade, 
 together with the water-power of the river, and the fertility 
 of the adjacent land, render this a place of active business. 
 It is situated at the extremity of a beautiful prairie. The 
 Court-house and .Tail are built of Waukesha limestone, a 
 superior article, quarried in the immediate vicinity. There 
 are 6 churches, 1 or 2 banks, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and 
 an institution styled Carroll College, incorporated in 1846. 
 The village contains 8 dry-goods stores, above 12 other stores, 
 an iron foundry, a machine shop and car factory, 4 hotels, 
 a fiouring-mill, a carding-mill, and 4 saddle; and harness 
 shops. Incorporated in 1852. Pop. of the village, 2073; of 
 the township. 1455. 
 
 WAUPAC'CA, a small river of Wisconsin, flows into 
 Wolf River in Waupacca county. 
 
 WAUP.^CC.A,, a county in the N. central part of Wiscon- 
 sin, contains 720 squans miles. It is drained by Waupacca, 
 Wolf, and Embarras Rivers. The surface is uneven, and 
 partly occupied with forests. Orgitnized in 1861. Capital, 
 Waupacca. Pop. in 1800, 8851. 
 
 WAUPACCA, capital of Waupacca co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 about 1500. See Appendix. 
 
 W.^U'PUN, a thriving post-village on the line between 
 Fond du Lac aud Dodge counties, Wisconsin, and <>a a branch 
 of the Milwaukee and Lii Crosse R.R., 68 miles N.W. of Mil- 
 waukee. It contiiins 6' churches, 1 bank. 1 newspaper office, 
 the State prison, 20 stores, and a manufactory of fai-ming 
 implements. Pop. in 1860, 1658. 
 
 WAUREKAURI, waw-re-kaw'ree, the largest of the Chat- 
 ham Lslands, Pacific Ocean, E. of New Zealand. * 
 
 WAU/SAU or WaS'SAU, formerly BIG BULL FALLS, a 
 post-village, capital of Marathon co., Wisconsin, on the Wis- 
 consin River, 175 miles N. of Mafiison. Large quantities 
 of lumber are procured here annually, and sent down the 
 river by rafts. It contains 5 stores, 4 fiour-mills, and 9 saw- 
 mills. It has a migratory population, which the census of 
 1800 states at 543. 
 
 WAUSH.AR'A, a county in the central part of Wisconsin, 
 contains about 050 square miles. It is drained by the Nee- 
 nah, While and Pine Rivers. Organized in 1852. Capital, 
 Wautoma. Pop. 8770. 
 
 W.AUSHARA, a township of Waushara co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Neenah River. 
 
 WAUSII.\RA, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin, 43 
 miles N.N.E. of Madison, contains 2 churches, 3 hotels, 6 
 stores and 2 mills. See Fox L.\ke. 
 
 WAUTHIEU-BK AINE, vo'te-A'brJn, a village of Belgium, 
 province of Brabant, on the Haiue, 12 miles S. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 121'.t. 
 
 W AUTO'MA, capital of Waushara county, Wisconsin. See 
 Appendix. 
 
 WAUHVATO'SA, a post-village and township of Milwau- 
 kee CO., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi Rail- 
 road, 5 miles W. of Milwaulcee. The village contains 3 
 chiu'ches, 2 hotels, 1 flour and 1 saw-mill, and 4 stores. Pop. 
 of the township, 3415. 
 
 WAA'E'LAND, a pleasant post^village of Montgomery co., 
 Indiana, about 15 miles S.W. of Crawfordsville. Pop. 
 about 300. 
 
 W.W'ENDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WA'VENEY, a river of England, rises near the source of 
 the Little Ouse, with which it forms nearly the whole 
 boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk, flows E. and N.E., 
 past Diss, Harloston. Bungay, and Beccles. and joins the 
 expansion of the Yare. 4 miles S.W. of Yarmouth, after l 
 course of 50 miles. It is navigable in the latter half of ita 
 course to Bungay, and by a short cut it is joined to the 
 Lothing. 2 miles W. of Lowestoft. 
 
 WA/VERLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey, parish 
 of Farnham, with the remains of a famous Cistercian abbey, 
 founded in 1128. 
 
 W.\'VERLY, a thriving post-village of Tioga co.. New 
 York, on the Chemung River, and on the New York and 
 Erie Railroad, 17 miles E.S.E. of Elmira. It is an important 
 railroad station. It contains a national bank and several 
 hotels and stores. 
 
 WAVERLY, a small village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 W.WERLY, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 See Abington Centre. 
 
 2083 
 
WAV 
 
 WAVEBLY, a small village of Troup co., Georgia. 
 
 WAVEHLY, a post-office of Chaml>er8 co., Alabama. 
 
 ■W'AVEULY, a post-office of Lowndes co., Mississippi. 
 
 ■WA\'EliLY, a post-village, capital of Iluuiphreys CO., 
 Tennessee, 66 miles W. of J^ashville. It has several stores. 
 Pop. 288. 
 
 WAVERLY, a postr-village of Peepee township, capital of 
 Pike CO., Ohio, on the Ohio Canal, and on Crooked Creek, 61 
 miles S. of Columbus. Pop. in 1850, 643; in 1860. 1057. 
 
 WAVERLV, a post-township in the N.E. central part of 
 Van Buren co., Michigan, intersected by the N. branch of 
 Pawpaw River. Pop. 614. 
 
 WAVERLY, a village of Morgan co., Indiana, on the West 
 Fork of White River, 18 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WAVERLY, a post^village of Morgan co., Illinois, about 
 30 miles S.W. of Springfield. Pop. of township, 1336. 
 
 WAVERLY, a thriving village of Lafayette co., Missouri, 
 on the right bank of the Missouri River, 23 miles below 
 Lexington. Laid out in 184;3. Pop. about 500. 
 
 WAA'ERLY, capital of Bremer co., Iowa. See Appendix. 
 
 WAVERLY HALL, a post-office of Harris co., Georgia, 
 about 10 miles S.E. of Hamilton. 
 
 WAVERLY STATION, a post-office. La Salle CO., Hlinois. 
 
 WA/VERTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WAVEUTOX. a township of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 WA'VERTREE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WAVRE, vSv'r, a town of Belgium, pi-oviuce of South 
 Brabant, on the Dyle, 15 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 5241, 
 who manufacture hats, leather, beer, and cotton yarn. Here 
 the French, under Grouchy, engaged the Prussians, June 
 18, 1815. 
 
 WAVIiE-NOTRE-DAME, vdv'r not'r d^m, a village of Bel- 
 gium, province and 13 miles S.S.E. of Antwerp. I'op. 2172. 
 
 WAVBi^SAlNT-CATHKRINE, vdv'r sis" k^tgh-reen', a 
 village of Belgium, province and 12 miles S.S.E. of Antwerp. 
 Pop. 3174. 
 
 WAVRIN, v3vV1n»', a village of France, department of 
 Nord, 9 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 2818. 
 
 WA'WARSING, a post-township in the S.W. part of Ulster 
 CO., New York, intersected by Rondout Creek, and by the 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal. Pop. 8311. 
 
 WAWBINCK (waw'bink) RIVER, Wisconsin, rises near 
 the centre of Waupacca county, and flowing S.E. enters 
 Wolf River 
 
 WinvEWANI'ET RIVER, a small stream of Plymouth 
 •JO., in*the E. part of Massachusetts, flows into Buttermilk 
 Bay. 
 
 WAWKON, Allamakee co., Iowa. See Appendix. 
 
 WAW-PE-CONO, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana. 
 
 WAWRZENCZYCE, •savVhSn-cheet/seh, a markeUown of 
 Poland, province of Kielce, 18 miles' E.N.E. of Cracow. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 AVA.VAH ACIPIE, a creek of Texas, flows S.E. through the 
 middle of Ellis co., and unites with Pecan Creek, in Navarro 
 county. 
 
 WAXAHACHIE, a thriving post-village, capital of Ellis 
 CO., Texas, about 20 miles W. of Trinity River, and 190 miles 
 N. by E. of Austin City. It contained, in 1851, a church, a 
 flourishing school, a Masonic hall, and 2 dry-goods stores. 
 Laid out in 1850. 
 
 WAX'HAM, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WAX'IIAW CREEK rises in Norvh Carolina, and flows 
 S.W. through Lancaster district of South Carolina, into 
 Catawba River. 
 
 WAXHAW or WAX'SAW, a settlement in the S.W. part 
 of Union co., North Carolina, on a creek of its own name. 
 It is the oldest and most wealthy settlement in the county, 
 and is noted as the birth-place of General Andrew Jackson, 
 who is said to have been born one-quarter of a mile from 
 the boundary between North and South Carolina. 
 
 WAXHAW, post-office, Lancaster district, South Carolina. 
 
 WAXIIOLM, ^vdx'holm, (improperly written VAXIIOLM,) 
 a strongly fortified town of Sweden, ten and 15 miles E. of 
 Stockholm, on the island of Waxii, (vix'o,) in the Gulf of 
 Bothnia. I'op. 1000. 
 
 WAX'WAY, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the 
 E. coast of Celebes; lat. 3° 33' S., ion. 123<^ 17' E. 
 
 WAY, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 WAY'BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WAY/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WAYGEOU or WAYGIOC. See Waiqeoo. 
 
 WAY'LAND, a post-village and township in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, 16 miles W. by N. of Boston. Cochifuate 
 I<ake, from which Boston is supplied with water, lies partly 
 on Its southern boundary. Pop. 1188. 
 
 W AYLAND, a township in Steuben co.. New York, inter- 
 sected by the Buffalo and Corning Railroad. Pop. 2809. 
 
 WAYLAND, a post-tnshp.ofAUegan CO., Michigan. P. 917 
 
 WAYLAND, a po8^office of Schuyler co., Illinois 
 
 ^^^H2S CE>>TRK, a post-office, Allegan co.. Michigan. 
 
 WAYLAND DEPOT, a post-vUlage of Steuben co., New 
 
 WAY/LANDSBCRG, a post-village of Culp<.pper co., Vir- 
 ginia, on Crooked Creek, 102 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. It 
 contains 2 mills. 
 2084 
 
 WAY 
 
 WAYLAND'S SPRINGS, a thriving village of Lawrence 
 CO., Tennessee, 95 miles S.S.W. of Nashville. The mi-di-jnij 
 springs at this place have lately attracted public atieuiion. 
 
 AVAY/MANSVILLK, a village of Upson co., Georgia, *j 
 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville. It has 2 cotton factories, 
 which employ above 100 operatives. 
 
 AVAY'.MART, a post-borough of Wayne co., Pennsylvania 
 on the turnpike from Easton to Belmont, 9 or lO miles W 
 by N. of Ilonesdale. Incorporated in 1861. Pop. 400. 
 
 WAYNE, wAn, a county in the N.W. central part of New 
 York, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Lake Ontario, and is drained by Clyde River, 
 with its two principal branches, Canandaigua Uutlet and 
 Mud Creek, and by several smaller streams, which afford 
 valuable water-power. The surface is undulating, and the 
 soil very fertile. Iron ore, water limestone, and gypsum are 
 found; also sulphur and weak salt springs. It has a lake 
 coast of about 35 miles, aud comprises Sodus, East, atid Port 
 Bays, which afford facilities for the lake trade. It is inter- 
 sected by the Erie Canal, *nd by the Rochester and Syracuse 
 Direct Railroad, and organized in 1823, having Ijeen lormed 
 out of iiortions of Ontario aud Seneca counties, and named 
 in honor of General Anthony Wayne. Capital, Lyons. 
 Pop. 47,762. 
 
 WAYNE, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on New York, has an area of 700 square 
 miles. The Delaware River forms its boundary on the E. 
 and N.E. It is also drained by Lackawaxen, Dyburry, 
 Starucca, and Equiuunk Creeks. The surface is elevated 
 and hilly, having a high ridge, named Moosic Mountain, 
 near the W. border, i^uraber is the chief article of export, 
 a large part of the county being covered with forests. The 
 surface rocks are sandstone and red shale. The New York 
 and Erie Railroad psissos along the E. border. The canal 
 and nvilroad of the Delaware aud Hudson Canal Company 
 traverse the county. Organized in 1798. Capital, Ilones- 
 dale. Pop. 32,239. 
 
 AVAYNE, a county in the S.W. part of West Virginia, area 
 estimat(fd at 500 square miles. The Oliio River forms its 
 boundary on the N., separating it from Ohio, and the Sandy 
 River separates it from Kentucky on the W. ; it is also 
 drained by Twelvepole Creek. The surface is broken by 
 numerous hills or ridges, aud mostly covered with forests. 
 The soil is productive. The highlands abound in stone-coal. 
 Ginseng is one of the articles of export. Formed in 1842. out 
 of part of Cabell county. Capital, Wayne Court House. 
 Pop. 6747, of whom 6604 were free, and 143 slaves. 
 
 WAYNE, a county in the E. central part of North Caro- 
 lina : area estimated at 450 square miles. It is traversed by 
 the Neuse River, navigable for steamboats, and bounded on 
 the N.N.E. by the Contentny Creek. The surface is nearly 
 level; the soil is generally sandy, and fertile near the river. 
 It is intersected by the Weldon and Wilmington Railroad, 
 and the North Carolina Central Railroad. Capital, Golds- 
 borough. Pop. 14,905, of whom 9454 were free, and 5451 
 slaves. 
 
 WAYNE, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, has an area 
 of 750 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the 
 Altamaha, navigable by steamboats, and intersected in the 
 southern part by Santilla River. The surface is nearlj' level, 
 and mostly covered with pine woods. The soil is sandy and 
 generally sterile. Capital,Wayne3ville. Pop.2268, of whom 
 1647 were free, and 621 slaves. 
 
 WAYNE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Jlississippi, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 870 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Chickasnwhay River. The 
 surface is uneven ; the soil is .sandy, and is said to be rather 
 inferior. The county contains forests of pine. It is inter- 
 sected by the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Capital. Win- 
 chester. Pop. 3691, of whom 1744 were free, and 1947 slaves. 
 
 W.AYNE, a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee, border- 
 ing on Alabama: area estimated at 750 square miles.. The 
 Tennessee River washes the N.W. border; it is also drained 
 by Cypress and Reinses Creeks. The surface is hilly, and 
 the soil productive. The surplus produce of the county is 
 exported by steamboats on the Tennessee River. The Nash- 
 ville and .South- Western Railroad is projected through the 
 county. Iron ore is found. Capital, \Vayuesborough. Pop. 
 9115, of whom 7846 were free. 
 
 WAYNE, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 on Tennessee : area estimated at 700 scjuare miles. It is 
 drained by Beaver and Otter Creeks, and South Fork, afflu- 
 ents of Cumberland River, which forms its northern 
 boundary. The surface is diversified with hills aud valleys ; 
 the latter of which have a fertile soil, ba.sed on limestone. 
 Extensive beds of coal and iron ore are found. The Cum- 
 berland River is navigable for about 8 months in the year, 
 and the county is liberally supplied with water-power 
 Organized in 1800. Capital, Munticello. Pop. 10,259, of 
 whom 9272 were free, and 987 slaves. 
 
 WAYNE, a county in the N.E. central part of Ohio, has 
 an area of 550 square miles. It is traver.-ied from N. to S. 
 by Killbuck Creek, and the Muddy Fork of the Walhonding 
 River, and also drained by Chippfwa River .nd Sugar Creek. 
 The surface is generally rolling. The soil is a deep c!ay«v 
 
WAY 
 
 lonm. remarkalily fertile, and under good cultivation. 
 Wheat, Iiniian corn, oats, hay, wool, butter, and live stock 
 are the stapli-s. By the census of 1850 this county yield- 
 ed more oats than any other county in the state, and 
 more wheat ami butter than any other county excepting 
 Stirk. There were produced in that year 571.377 bushels of 
 wheat; 427,.'U9 of oats; and 1.027,923 pounds of butter. 
 Large mines of stone-coal have been opened in the eastern, 
 and quarries of limestone in the southern part of the 
 county. It is intersected by the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and 
 Chicago Railroad, and the Atlantic and Great Western Rail- 
 road. Capital, Wooster. Pop. 32,483. 
 
 W' A YN K. a county in the S.E. part of Michigan, bordering 
 on Lake" Krie and St. Clair, and on Detroit River, which 
 separates it from Canada West : area about 600 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by Huron River, and 
 also drained by Rouge River, and its North, Middle, and 
 South Branches, and by Campbell's and Brownstown Creeks. 
 The general surface is level, excepting the western part, which 
 is rather undulating. The soil contains a large proportion 
 of claj', and is very productive. Nearly all the surface was 
 originally covered with dense forests. Limestone of fine 
 quality is procured in the S.E. part, near Detroit River; 
 sulphur springs are also found in the same vicinity. The 
 Rouge River and its branches furnish motive power for 
 mills. The county is intersected by the Central Railroad, 
 by the Detroit and Toledo Railroad, and by other rnilroada. 
 Wayne county is the most populous and important in the 
 state. Capital, Detroit. Pop. 7.5,547. 
 
 WAYNE, a county in the E. part of Indiana, bordering 
 on Ohio, contains 400 square miles. It is drained by the 
 several forks of Whitewater River. The surface is agreeably 
 diversified by gentle undulations. The soil is mostly a rich 
 loam based on clay and limestone, and is so highly culti- 
 vated that this is regarded the model county of the state. 
 Blue limestone underlies the surface. The county is abun- 
 dantly supplied with water-power, which is extensively 
 used in manufactures. The Whitewater Canal extends 
 from this county to the Ohio River. The other public im- 
 jirovements arc the Indiana Central, the Cincinnati and 
 Chicago Air-Line and the Ham)lt<m Eaton and Richmond 
 Railroads, and the National Road. Wayne county is the 
 most populous in tlie state except Marion. Capital, Rich- 
 mond. Pop. 29,558. 
 
 WAYNE, a county In the S.E. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 070 square miles. It is intersecte<l in the E. part 
 by the Little Wabash River, in the S.W. part by the Skillett 
 Fork of that river, and also drained by Elm Creek. The 
 county is ext«insively covered with forests, and contains 
 prairies of moderate size. The soil is productive. Capital. 
 Fairfield. Poi». 12,223. 
 
 WAYNE, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 750 sqviare miles. It is traversed by the St. Francis, 
 Big Bl.ick. and Castor Rivers, all of which flow south-east' 
 want, and also drained by Beaver, Brushy, and Big Creeks. 
 The soil in some parts is fertile. Capital, Greenville. Pop. 
 5G29, of whom 5368 were free. 
 
 WAY.NE. a county in the S. part of Iowa, bordering on 
 Missouri, has an area of 500 square miles. It is drained by 
 the S. fork of Chariton River, and by the sources of .Medi- 
 cine and Locust Creeks, which flow southward. This county 
 is said to be fertile and well watered, but deficient in tim- 
 tier. The S. fork of the Chariton affords motive power for 
 mills. Organized about the year 1850. Capital, Corydon. 
 Pop. 6409. 
 
 \VA YN E. a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine,12 miles 
 W. of Augusta. Pop. 1194. 
 
 WAYNE, a post-village and township of Steuben co.,New 
 York. 12 miles N.E. of Bath. The township borders ou 
 Crooked Lake. Pop. 944. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1576. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. P.576. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Crawford co . Pennsylvania, inter- 
 sected by the Pennsylvania Canal. Pop. 1320. 
 
 WAYNE, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsylvania, about 
 27 miles S.E. by S. of Erie. Pop. 128*). 
 
 WAY \ E, a township, Greene co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1443. 
 
 W.\YNE, a townsliip of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersected by the Beaver and Erie Canal, 14 miles N. of Bea- 
 ver. Pop. 988. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Sfifflin co., Pennsylvania, inter- 
 «ected by the Pennsylvania Railroad, about 19 miles S.W. 
 («f Lewistown. Pop. 1724. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1415. 
 
 WAYNE, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 11 91. 
 
 WAYNE, a townshi]) of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 907. 
 
 WAYN K, a township of Auglaize CO.. Ohio. Pop. 877. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Belmont co , Ohio. Pop. 1912. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 16.59. 
 
 WAYNE, a town.ship of Chiimpaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1313. 
 
 W.\.YNE, a township of Clermont CO., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Hillsborough and Cincinnati Railroad. Pop. 1631. ' 
 
 WAY 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1160. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 831 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1652. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 1492. 
 
 WAYNE, a town-ship of .lefferson co., Ohio, intersecliMl 
 by the Steubenville and Indiana Railroad. Pop. 1781 
 
 WAYNE, a townsliip of Knox co.. Ohio. Pop. 178.3. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Monroe CO., Ohio. Pop. 1.324. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio, intersecJ 
 ed by the Miami Canal. Pop. 1170. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 160fc 
 
 WAYNE, a town.ship of Pickaway co., Ohio, on the W. 
 side of the Scioto River, intersected by the Ohio Canal 
 Pop. 800. 
 
 W.\YNE, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 164. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1092. 
 
 WAY'NE. a townsliip of Warren co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Little Miami Railroad. It contiiins the villages of 
 Wiivnesville and Corwin. Pop. 3005. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Warren co, Ohio., bordering on 
 the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 1133. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Cass co., Michigan intersected by 
 the Michigan Central Railroad. Pop. 938. 
 
 WAYNE, a post-otlice of Wayne co., Michigan. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Alleia co.,Indiana, intersected by 
 several niilroads. It contains Fort Wayne, the county-seat. 
 Pop. 10,388. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. P. 1880. 
 
 WAYNE, a townsliip of Fulton Co., Indiana. Pop. 942. 
 
 AV AYNE, a towiisliiii of Hamilton CO.. Indiana. Pop 1426. 
 
 WAY'.NE, a townsliip of Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 2555. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 1089. 
 
 WAYNE, atownsliip of Kosciusko co.,Indiana. Pop. 2271. 
 
 W .\ YNE, a township of Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 3101. 
 
 WAYN E, a township of Montgomery Co.. Indiana. P. 1333. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 1841. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 852. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 2197. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Wayne co., Indiana, intersected 
 by the Central Riilroad and others. It contains the village 
 of Richmond. Pop. 28.34. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Buelianaii co.. Missouri. Pop. 955. 
 
 WAYNE, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa. 
 
 "WAYNK, a township of Lafayette co.,Wisconsin. Pop. 673. 
 
 W.\YNE,atownshii), Washiiigtonco., Wisconsin. P.1630. 
 
 WAYNE, a iiost-office of Dupage co., Illinois. 
 
 WAY'NE CENTRE, a post-office of Dupage CO., Illinois. 
 
 WAYNE CITY, a village of Jackson co., Missouri, on the 
 right bank of tlie Missouri river. It is the landing-place 
 for Indi iieiidcnce, which it is 4 or 5 miles distant. 
 
 WAYNE COURT-HOUSE, capital of Wayne co,; W. A'ir- 
 ginia. 275 miles in a direct line W. from Richmond. Laid out 
 in 1842. 
 
 WAYNE FOUR CORNERS, a po8tK)fflce of Steuben co., 
 New Y'ork. 
 
 WAYNESBOROTJGH, wAnz'biir-rrili, a pleasant post-bo- 
 rough of V\ ashington township, Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the turnpike from Mercersburg to Baltimore, 57 miles 
 S.W. of Harrisburg. It contains 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 news- 
 paper office, and a manufactory of steam-engines. Within 3 
 miles of the town are 9 flouring-millsand2 woollen-factories. 
 The surrounding country is of limestone formation, fertile 
 and highly cultivated. Pop. in 1860, 1233. 
 
 WAYNESBOROTJGH, a post-village of Augusta co., Vir- 
 ginia, on or near th<j Central Kailrnad, and on the South 
 River, at the W. base of the Blue Kidge, 108 miles W,N.W. 
 of Uichmond. The village contains 2 or 3 churches, and an 
 academy. Free population, 457. 
 
 WAYNESBOHOUGH. a village of Wayne co., North 
 Carolina, on' the left bank of the Neuse River, below the 
 mouth of Little River, and on the North Carolina Railroad, 
 51 miles S.E. of Raleigh, and about 1 mile W. of the Weldon 
 and Wilmington Kailroad. It was formerly the county seat. 
 Two or three newspapers are issued here. 
 
 WAYNESBOllOUGH, a post-village, capital of Burke 
 county. Georgia, 30 miles S. of Augusta. It contains, be- 
 sides the county buildings, 2 churches, an academy, and 
 several stores. A railroad extends from this village to the 
 Central Railroad at Millen, and in the opposite direction to 
 AugusUi. Pop. 307. 
 
 \V".'V\'NESBOROUGH, a post- village, capital of Wayne 
 county, Tennessee, 90 miles S.W. of Nashville, is situated 
 in a hilly and fertile country, and has several stores. 
 
 WWYNKSBUKG, waiuz'burg, a village of Che.ster CO., 
 Pennsylvania, 48 miles AY. by N. of Philadelphia, wita 
 which it is connected by a turnpike 
 
 WAYNEr^BURG, a thriving town of Marion township, 
 and capital of Greene county, Pennsylvania. 45 miles S. by 
 W. of Pittsburg. It is situated in a pleasant valley, which 
 has a fertile soil. It contains a handsome court-house, 6 
 churches, 1 seminary, 2 banks, a college under the direction 
 of the Cumberland Presbyterians, and 2 foundries. Three 
 newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1850, 852 ; in 1860 
 about 1100. 
 
 2086 
 
WAY 
 
 WATNKSBl'SO, a small village, Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. 
 WAYNESBLRG, a post-village of Lincoln co., Kentuclsy, 
 04 miles S. of frrankfort, has 3 stores. 
 
 WAYNESBUKO, a post-village of Sandy township, Stark 
 CO., Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 12 miles S.H. of 
 Canton. It is surrounded by a rich country, from which 
 large quantities of wheat are exported. Pop. estimated 
 at 700. 
 
 ■ftAYNESBUI-G, a thriving village in Congress township, 
 Wayne co.. Ohio. 18 miles N.W. of Wooster. 
 
 "■A'AYNESBURG, a village of Decatur co., Indiana, 14 miles 
 8.W. of Greenfield. 
 
 WAYNESFIELD, wainz'feeld, a post-village of Auglaize 
 CO.. Ohio. 
 
 WAYNESFIELD, a township of Lucas co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. It contains Maumee 
 City, the county seat. Pop. 1926. 
 
 WAYNESVILLE, wainz'vil, a post-village, capital of Hay- 
 wood county, North Carolina, on the Western Turnpike. 285 
 miles of Raleigh. It is situated between the Blue Kidge 
 and Iron Mountain, in an elevated and hilly region. 
 
 WAYNESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Wayne county, 
 Georgia, 176 miles S.E. of Milledgeville. It has a church, 
 academy, and 1 store. 
 
 WAYNESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Wayne town- 
 ship, Warren co., Ohio, on the Little Miami Hiver, and near 
 the railroad of that name, 37 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 It is a place of active trade, and has a newspaper office, 3 
 churches, 1 bank and several mills in operation. Laid out 
 in 1802. Pop. in 1850, 756. 
 
 WAYNESVILLE, a post-village of De Witt co., Illinois, 
 about 4 miles from the Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, 12 
 miles N.W. of Clinton. It has 8 or 10 stores. Pop. above 400. 
 
 WAYNESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Pulaski county, 
 Missouri, on a fork of the Gasconade River, 80 miles S. of 
 Jefferson City. It has an active trade in pine lumber. 
 
 WAYNETOWN, wain'town, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO.. Indiana, 10 miles W.N.W. of Crawfordsville. 
 
 WAYN/MANVILLE, a post-office of Up.ion co., Georgia. 
 
 WAY, PooLO, poo'lo wi, an island in the Gulf of Siam, 
 lat. 9° 58' N., Ion. 102° 48' E. 
 
 WAY'PORT, a village of Monroe co., Indiana, 8 miles N. 
 of Bloomington. 
 
 W.i^ZCIORZ, a town of Prussian Silesia. See Herrnstadt. 
 
 WAZEERAB.VD. a town of the Punjab. See Vazeerab.4.d. 
 
 WAZEMMES, vd^zSmm/, a town of France, department 
 of Nord, and an important suburb of the city of Lille, on 
 the S.W. Pop. in 1852, 13,086. 
 
 WEA, weo, or WEATON, wee'tpn, a village of Tippecanoe 
 CO., Indiana, near the Watiash River, on the Wabash and 
 Erie Canal, 70 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WEA CREEK, of Indiana, enters the Wabash River from 
 the S., 4 miles below Lafayette. 
 
 WEAK'LEY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee, 
 bordering on Kentucky. Area estimated at 700 square 
 miles. It is iutersected by several forks of Obion River. 
 The surface is nearly level ; the soil is .fertile. The Nash- 
 ville and North Western Railroad passes through the county, 
 and the Mobile and Ohio Railroad near the western border. 
 Capital, Dresden. Pop. 18,216, of whom 14,003 were free, 
 and 4213 slaves. 
 
 WEALD, weeld, a chapelry of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WEALD, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WEALD, SOUTH, a parish of England,' co. of Es.sex. 
 
 WEALD, The, of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey, comprises the 
 area formerly occupied by the Saxon Andredswald, (or An- 
 derida Sylvaunder of the Romans,) long a dense forest, be- 
 tween the North and South Downs, from near Farnham 
 and Petersfield, (Hants,) eastwaVd to the sea at Hythe, Rye. 
 and Eastbourne. It is still in a great part richly wooded 
 with oak and beech, and is a highly fertile agricultural re- 
 gion, interspersed only with a few small towns, the principal 
 of which are Horsham, East Griustead, Cuckfield, Cranbrook, 
 and Tunbridge-Wells. 
 
 WEAR, wcer, a river of England, co. of Durham, the 
 centre of which it traverses, rises at the W. extremity of 
 the county; flows E.S.E., past Stanhope and Wolsingham 
 to Bishop-Auckland, and thence mostly N.E. p.nst Durham 
 and Chester-le-Street to Sunderland, where it is crossed by 
 a magnificent one-arched iron bridge : and enters the North 
 Sea at Wearmouth, after a course of 67 miles. 
 
 WKAR/DALE-ST.JOHN, a market-town and chapelry of 
 England, co. of Durham, parish and 6i miles W. of Stanhope. 
 Pop. chiefly employed in lead-mines, and included in the 
 parish. 
 
 W'E.^RE, wair, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WEARE, wair, a post-township in Hillsborough co.. New 
 Hampshire, 14 miles S.W. of Concord, intersected by the 
 Merrimack and Connecticut River Railroad. It contains the 
 villages of East Ware and North Ware, both on the railroad, 
 and various manufactories. Pop. 2310. 
 
 WIOARE'S COVE, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee. 
 
 WEAR-GIFKORD; England. See Ware-Gifford 
 
 WEARMOUTH, (weer'muth,) BISHOP, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of. Durham, included in the borough of Sunderland. 
 
 WEB 
 
 WEARMOUTH, 5iONK, a parish of England, co. of Dur. 
 bam, comprised in the borough of Sunderlaud. The mona* 
 tery formerly here, and from which the parish derives its 
 name, was long the residence of the venerable Beds. 
 
 WEASEL, wee/zel, a village of Essex co.. New Jersey, on 
 the right bank of the Passaic River, 60 miles N.E. of Trenton, 
 contains about 40 dwellings. 
 
 WEASENHAM (wee/zgn-am) ALL-SAINTS, a parish of 
 England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WEASENHAM ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 WEATH'ERLY, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylvania. 
 WEATH'ERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 WEATH'ERSFIELD, a post-township in VViud.sor co., Vei* 
 mont, 65 miles S. by E. of Montpelier, on Connecticut River, 
 intersected by the Black River, which affords water-power. 
 It contains the manufacturing village of Perkinsville and 2 
 or 3 others. Ascutney Mountain is situated on its northern 
 boundary. Pop. 1765. 
 
 WEATHEKSFIELD, a township in Trumbull co., Ohio, 
 intersected by the Mahoning River. Pop. 3063. 
 
 WEATHERSFIELD, a thriving vUlage of Henry co., Illi- 
 nois. 55 miles N.N.V\^ of Peoria. 
 
 WEATHERSFIELD CENTK K, a post-office of Windsor co., 
 Vermont. 
 WEAUBLEU. wo-bloo/. a post-offlce, St. Clair co., Mis.souri. 
 WE.VVER or 'WEE/VER, a river of England, co. of Chester, 
 joins the estuary of the Mersey at Winton, after a course 
 of 45 miles, for 20 of which it has been made navigable. Prin- 
 cipal affluents, the Dane and Peover. 
 
 WEA'VERHAM, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 WEA'VERSVILLE. a post-village of Northampton CO., 
 Penn.sylvania, 100 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 W'EAVERSVILLE, a post-offlce of Fauquier CO., Virginia, 
 114 miles N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 WE A/VERTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 AVEA'VERVILLE, or WE A'VERSVILLE, a post-town, ca- 
 pital of Trinity co., California, near one of the branches of 
 Trinity River, abont 220 miles in a direct line N. of San 
 Franci.sco. Pop. in 1860, 777. 
 
 WEBB, a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on the 
 Rio del Norte River, which separates it from Mexico, has an 
 area of about 1420 square miles. The land is adapted to 
 cotton, sugar-cane, and corn, but its cultivation is hindered 
 by frequent inroads of the Indians. The chief business 
 of the inhabitants is the raising of horses and cattle. This 
 county is not included in the census of 1850. Named in 
 honor of Judge James Webb. Capital, Laredo. Free popu- 
 lation, 13S7. 
 
 WEBBER'S PRAIRIE, a post-offlce of Travis co., Texas, 18 
 miles E. by S. of Austin. 
 
 WEBB'S FORD, a postoffice of Rutherford co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 WEBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. 
 WEBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Chemung co.. New York. 
 WEBB'S MILLS, a postoffice of Ritchie CO., W. Virginia. 
 WEBB'S PRAIRIE, a postoffice of Franklin CO., Illinois. 
 WEBBS/VILLE, a small village of Newton co., Georgia. 
 WE'BER, a county in the JJortli part of Utah Territory, 
 has an area estimated at 500 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the West by the Great Salt Jiake, intersecte<l by 'Weber 
 River and drained by Ogden River. The surface in the cen- 
 tral part is mountainous. Capital, Ogden City. I'opula- 
 tion 3675. 
 
 WKBER RIVER rises in Salt Lake co., Utah, and flowing 
 first N.W. and then S.W., fells into the Great Salt Lake. It 
 forms part of the iKiundary between Davis and Weber 
 counties. 
 
 WKB'STER, a new county of Iowa, comprising the lata 
 counties of Risley and Yell. It lies a little N. and W. of the 
 central part of the state, and is 30 miles long and 24 wide, 
 with an area of 720 square miles. It is drained by the Des 
 Moines River, and the Ligard and Boone branches of the 
 same stream. The centre of the county is about 145 miles 
 N.W. of Iowa city. Capital, Fort Bodge. Population in 
 1860, 2504. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-township of Androscoggin co., Maine, 
 20 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 890. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-township in Worcester co., Massachu- 
 setts, Intersected by the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 
 55 miles W.S.W. of Boston. The principal villages ai-e 
 Webster and North Weljster, both on the railroad. The 
 streams afford excellent water-power, which is largely em- 
 ployed in manufactures. Pop. of the township in 1840, 
 1043 ; in 1850, 2371; in 1860, 2912. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Monroe co., New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2650. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-village of Westmoreland co., I'ennnyl- 
 vania, on the Monongahela River, 20 miles S.W. of Greens- 
 bui«g. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-village of Jackson co., North Carolin*, 
 on a small branch of the 'Tennessee River. 
 WEBSTER, a past-office of Winston CO., Mississippi. 
 WEBSTER, a post<>fflce of Breckenridge co., Ixuutuckj 
 
WEB 
 
 WEBSTER, a small pos(>villa!?e of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 WEBSTEH, a township in \Vo<jd CO.. Ohio. Pop. 671. 
 
 WEHSTER, a poiit-township in the N. part of Wa.shtenaw 
 CO., Micliigan, partly intersectea by the Huron River. 1M1U6. 
 
 WEBSTER, a village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on Tippe- 
 canoe River, about 120 milea N. by E. of Indiauapolia. 
 
 WEBSTER, a postoftice of Wayne co., Indiana. 
 
 WEBSTER, a pos^oftlce of Hancock co., Illinois. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-office of Oregon co», Missouri. 
 
 WEBSTER, a village of Washington co., Missouri, about 
 76 miles S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 WEBSTER, a small town of Sacramento co., California, on 
 tlie right bank of the Sacramento Kiver, about 20 miles 
 below Sacramento City. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama. 
 
 WEBSTER'S MILLS, a small post-village of Fulton co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 WECHSELBURO, <>5K'sgl-bi)euG\ a town of Saxony, at 
 the confluence of the Zwickau with the Mulde, 13 miles 
 N.N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1192. 
 
 WECIIT. See Vecht. 
 
 WECKELSUOKF, *6k'kgls-doRf \ (Oder, o'bfr, and U.vter. 
 6on'ti;r,) two nearly contiguous villages of Bohemia, circle of 
 Koniggriitz. on the Mettau. Pop. 1804. 
 
 WECKEKSDORF, •8'6k'kers-doRf\ or SKRINICE, skre- 
 neet'seh, a village of Bohemia, circle of Kiiniggrjitz, 4 miles 
 from l$raunau..Pop. 1435. 
 
 WliDDllVOrEN, *Jd'ding-en, three contiguous villages of 
 Prussian Saxony, 10 miles' S.S.W. of Magdeburg. United 
 population 3U80, mostly employed in glass-works, charcoal- 
 burning, and stone-quarries. 
 
 WED'DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WEDEL, *i'del, a village of Denmark, duchy of Ilolstein, 
 on the Elbe. 12 miles AV.N.W. of Hamburg. Hop. ISOO. 
 
 WEDG E ISLANDS, South Australia, Spencer's Gulf. See 
 G.^MDiER Islands. 
 
 WED'.MiiRE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WEDXEs^BURV, wJnz'ber-e, or WODENSBURV, (vul- 
 garly called W&lgcbury,) a market-town and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Stafford, near the source of the Tame, on tiie 
 Birmingham and Walsall Canal, and on the North-West 
 Railway, 7i miles N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. of town in 
 1861, 11,914, employed in coal and iron mines, iron-rolling 
 mills, and manufactures of muskets, coach and saddlers' 
 Ironmongery, nails, tools, and grates. The church has 
 surious monuments. 
 
 WEDNESFIELD, wSnz'feeld, a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford, 2 miles E.N.E. of Wolverhampton. Edward the 
 Klder here obtained a decisive victory over the Danes in 910. 
 
 WEE'DON-BECK or WEEDO.\-ON-THE-STREET, (so 
 called from its position on the ancient Watling Street.) 
 a parish of England, co. of Northampton, on the Grand 
 Junction Canal, and with a principal station on the North 
 West Railway, 6i miles N.W. of Blisworth. Hero is the 
 central depot in England for military arms and stores, with 
 dpacious barracks. Weedou was the royal residence of Wulf- 
 here. king of Mercia. 
 
 WEEDON-LOYS or PINKNEY, a parish of England, co. 
 of Northampton. 
 
 WEEDOAV'WEE, a post-village, capital of Randolph co., 
 Alabama, at the confluence of the Tallapoosa and l>ittle Tal- 
 lapoosa Rivers, about 150 miles E. of Tuscaloosa. The county 
 seat was located here quite recently. 
 
 WEED'S CORNERS, a post-otfice.'Walworth CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 WEEDS'PORT, a post-village in Brutus township. Cayuga 
 CO., New York, on the Erie Canal, and the Rochester and 
 Syracuse Direct Railroad, 24 miles W. of Syracuse. It con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, a bank, and several warehouses. 
 
 WEE/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 WE.EK, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WEEK ST. LAWRENCE, a parish, England, co. Somerset. 
 
 WEEK ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 WEEK'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WEEKS' MILLS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 WEELAU'NEE. a fost-office of Winnebago co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 WEELDE, wAl'deh, a village of Belgium, province and 30 
 miles N.E. of Antwerp, on the Aa. Pop. 1174. 
 
 WEIVLEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WEEM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, consisting of 
 Beveral detached districts between Lochs Tumme! and Earn. 
 Near the church, in StrathTay, is Castle-Menzies. 
 
 WEE\ or WEEXEN. See Vienna. 
 
 WEENDAM, a village of Netherlands. See Veendam. 
 
 WEENDE, wain'deh, a village of Hanover, government of 
 Hlldesheim, near Giittingen, on the Leine. Pop. 1110. 
 
 WEENER, *.Vner, a village of Hanover, 21 miles S.S.W. 
 of Aurich, on the Ems. Pop. 2600. It has a small harbor, 
 »nd a trade in horses and cattle. 
 
 WEEP/ING WIL'LOW, a post-ofl»ce of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 WEERBERG, ftaiR/b^RO, a village of Austria, Tyrol, near 
 Scbwatz. Pop. 1024. 
 
 WEERDT or WEERT, *aiRt, a town of Dutch Limburg, 
 on the Bree and the Canal of AVeerdt, 13 miles W.N.W. of 
 Boermond. Pop. 6285. It is the birth-place of the Austrian 
 general John Von Weerdt. 
 
 WEI 
 
 WEERDT, NEDER, n;\'der -ftaiRt, a village of Dutch 
 Limburg, 3 miles N.E. of the above. 
 
 ^VEEKE, wA/reh, a town of the Netherlands, province of 
 Zealand, on the N.E. coast of the island Waleheren. P. 1500. 
 
 WEERSELO, waiR'sfh-lo', a town of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Overyssel, 7 miles E. of Almelo. Pop. 5135. 
 
 WEESP, waisp, a town of North Holland, 8 miles S.E. of 
 Amsterdam. Pop. 2945. 
 
 WEE'SAW, a post-office of Berrien co., Michigan. 
 
 WEETH'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 W'Kji/Xj^CJ. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 AVEE'TON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WEEVER, a river of England. See Weaver. 
 
 WEEWAK.\T/KEE CREEK, Alabama, flows south-west- 
 ward through Coosa county into Coosa River. 
 
 WEEWA'KAVILLE, a post-village in Talladega CO., Ala- 
 bama, 107 miles E. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 WEEZE, wA'zeh, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, on 
 the Neers, 10 mi'les N.N.W. of Gelders. Pop. 800. 
 
 WEFERLINGEN, wi/fer ling'^^n, a village of Prussian 
 Saxony. 28 miles W.N.W.'of Magdeburg. Pop. 1935. 
 
 WEGATCH'IE, a post-office of .bt. Lawrence co.. New York. 
 
 WEGELEBICN, *.Vgheh-hl^bfn, a walled town of Prussian 
 Saxony, 27 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. I'op. 
 2470. It has manufactures of woollen*. 
 
 WEGGIS, w^g'glii.s, a village of Switzerland, canton and 
 on the liake of Lucerne, at the foot of the Righi Mountain, 
 which is generally ascended from hence. 
 
 WEGROW, w.A-grov', a town of Poland, province and 19 
 miles N.W. of Siedlce. Pop. 3380. It has two monasteries, 
 and an ecclesiastical seminary. 
 
 W^EGSCIIEIDjWaio'shite. a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 
 on the Austrian frontier. 15 miles E.N.E. of Pa.ssau. P. 980. 
 
 WIOGSTADT, ftaia'stdtt. or WEGSTADTEL. (Wegstiidtel,) 
 *Jg'st^ttVl, a town of Bohemia, on the right bank of the 
 Elbe, 27 niiles N. of Prague, i'op. 1042. 
 
 WEHAD/KEE, a post-oHice of Randolph co., Al.ibama. 
 
 WEIIDEN, wA/den, a vilhige of Prussia, province of West- 
 phalia. government and 21 miles N.N.W. of .Minden. P. 1410. 
 
 WEIIE, *.Veh, a village of Prus.sia. province of West- 
 phalia, government of Minden. I'op. 2057. 
 
 ■NVEHINGEN, *a/ing-eu, a village of WUrtemberg, circle 
 of Schwarzwald, S.S.W. 'of Tilbingen. Pop. 1220. 
 
 WEHLAU or WELAU, *A/low, a walled town of East 
 Prussia, 28 miles E. of Konigsberg, at the confluence of the 
 Aile and Pregel. Pop. 3580. It has nutoerous tanneries, 
 steam engine factories, and a copper foundry. The treaty 
 by which Prussia was recognised as a kingdom, was con- 
 cluded herein 1657. 
 
 WEHLEN, ■frd/len, a town of Saxony, 15 miles S.E. of 
 Dresden, on the right bank of the Elbe. Pop. 932. 
 
 WEIIO'GA, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. 
 
 WEIIR, *aiR, a village of Prussia, province of West- 
 phalia, government of Miinster. Pop. 1000. 
 
 WEHR, a market-town of Baden, on the Wehr, an aflluent 
 of the Rhine, 26 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 1517. 
 
 WEHRAU, *4/row, a village of I'russian Silesia, on the 
 Queiss, 11 miles N.W. of Buntalau. Pop. 590. It has a 
 castle, ii-ou-forges, and paper-mills. The mineralogist Wer- 
 ner was born here. 
 
 WEIIRHEIM, ftaiR/hime, a market-town of Germany, 
 Nassau, 3 miles S.S.E. of Usingen. Pop. 1429. 
 
 WEHRSDORF, firaiRs'doRf. a village of Saxony, circle and 
 not far from Bautzen. Pop. 1539. 
 
 WEICIISEL, *iK'sel, or WIS1>A. ■ftis'ld. a village of Aus- 
 trian Silesia, 11 miles S.E. of Tescheu, on the Vistula. Pop. 
 2600. 
 
 WEICHSEL, a river of Germany. See Vistula. 
 
 WEICHSELBURG, *Ik'sel-booRQ\ or WEIXELBURG, 
 f^Ik'sel-bfirg. a town of Illyria. Carnlola, 25 miles W.N.W. 
 of Neustadtl. Pop. 4000. It has iron-forges, and manu- 
 factures of woollen stuffs. The ruined castle Weichselburg 
 is on an adjacent height. 
 
 WEICHSELMUNDE, (Weichselmtlnde.) ftik'sel-mUn'deh, 
 a fortress of West Prussia, at the mouth of the W. arm of 
 the Vistula, in the Baltic. 
 
 WEICKERSIIEIM, wrk'kers-hlme\ a town of WUrtem- 
 berg, circle of Jaxt, bailiwick of Mergentheim. Pop. 1923. 
 
 WEIDA, «I'di, or WEYDA. wiMd, a town of Central 
 Germany, Saxe-Weimar, 14 miles E. of Neustadt, on the 
 Auma and Weyda. Pop. .3765. 
 
 WEIDEN, *i'den, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper P.v 
 latinate, 32 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 2280. It has a 
 castle, and a trade in corn and cattle. 
 
 WEIDiiN, (Hun. Vedeni/, va'di^fl') a market-town of West 
 Hungary, co. of Wieselburg, on the N.E. bank of Lake 
 Neusledl. 
 
 WEIDENAU. *lMeh-n5w\ a walled town of Austrian Si- 
 lesia, 45 miles J<.W. of Troppau. Pop. 1802. 
 
 WEIDENBACH, a village of Austria. See Vidomsach. 
 
 WEIDEN BERG, *i/den-b^RO^, a market-town of Bavaria, 
 circle of Upper Franconia. 7 miles E. of Baireuth, on the 
 Steinach. with 2 castles, and 1384 inhabitants. 
 
 WEIDENTHAL, *i'den-t|P, a village of Bavaria, Palati- 
 nate, canton of Neustadt. Pop. 1028. 
 
 2087 
 
WEI 
 
 WEI 
 
 •WETGELStORP, <^i'gbels-doRf\ seTwal places of Pnigfia, 
 particularly a village, proTince of Silesia, government of 
 Breslau. circle of Reicheubach. Pop. 1217. 
 
 AVEIGUTON" (wi't^n) MARKET, a market-town and pa- 
 rish of England, co. and 19 miles on the railway, E.S.E. of 
 York. Ea,st Riding, at the AV. foot of the Wolds, and con- 
 nected by a canal with the Humber. Pop. of the parish, In 
 1851. 2427. The town is small; it has in its centre a hand- 
 some church. 
 
 WEIKERSHEIM, *I'kers-hime\ a town of Wurtemberg, 
 circle of Jaxt, on theTauber, 38 miles N.X.W. of Ellwangen. 
 Pop. 2000. It has a residence of the Princes of Hohenlohe- 
 Oehringen. 
 
 WEIL. *ne, or SCBLOSSWYL, 8hloss'*il, a village and 
 parish of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles E.S.E. of Bern, 
 famous for its castle, which is seated on a height, and has a 
 very ancient tower, supposed to be of Roman construction. 
 Pop. 888. 
 
 WEIli, a village of Baderj, circle of Rhine, bailiwick of 
 Liirrach, with a parish church. Pop. 1137. 
 
 WEIlrDIE-STADT. *ile dee stdtt, a town of WUrtemberg, 
 circle of Neckar, 13 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart Pop. 1775. 
 It has manufactures of woollens and tobacco, and is the 
 birth-place of Kepler. 
 
 WEILAR. ■S'I'lar.»a village of Central Germany, Saxe- 
 Weimar. S.E. of LengsfeUl. Pop. 1125. 
 
 WEILBAOH, *na)jK, a watering-place of Nas.aau, E.S.E. 
 of Wiesljaden, with a mineral spring, from which about 
 70.000 bottles of water are annually exported. Pop. 581. 
 
 WEILBURG, fi'Il'bOORG, a town of Oerm.-jny, Nassau, 
 on the Lahn, here crossed by an iron suspension bridge, 28 
 miles X.N.E. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 2081. It has a castle, and 
 manufactures of paper. 
 
 WEILD, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WEILE, a town of Denmark. See Veile. 
 
 WEILE-FIORD. an inlet near Funen. See Vkile-Fiord. 
 
 WEILERBACH, fti'ler-hdK', a village of Bavaria, Palati- 
 B»te. canton and near Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1286. 
 
 WEILHEIM, ftrlHiIme, a walled town of Upper Bavaria, 
 on the Amper, 29 miles S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1910. It 
 has a castle, aud manufactures of leather. 
 
 AVEILHELM-AN-DER-TECK,«il'hime In dJr tSk, a town 
 of S-.iuth Germany, WUrtemberg, circle of Danube, on the 
 Lindiioh. 26 miles N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 3450. 
 
 WEILMCXSTER, (Weilmiinster,) wil'miin-ster, a village 
 of Nassau, on the Weilbach, an affluent of the Lahn, 5 
 miles S.E. of Weilburg. I'op. 1124. 
 
 WEIL-IM-DORF, »Ue im doRf. a village of WUrtemberg, 
 8 miles from Leonberg. Pop. 1346. 
 
 WEIL-IM-SCHOXBCGH, (Weil-im-Schonbuch,) *ne im- 
 shiim'bOoK,^ Tillage of WUrtemberg, bailiwick of Boblingen. 
 Pop. 2234. 
 
 WEIM.\R, fti'mar, the capital city of the grand-duchy of 
 Saxe-Weimar, Central Germany, on the left bank of the 
 Ilm. and on the railway from Gotha to Halle, 13 miles E. of 
 Erfurt; lat. 60^ 59' X.. Ion. 11=" 21' E. Pop. 13,887. Mean 
 temperature of year 51°.l ; winter 37°.6; summer 66°.3 Fah- 
 renheit. It is surrounded by hills, and is handsomely though 
 irregularly built, and no city in Germany of its size has so 
 many good public buildings and excellent public establish- 
 ments, or is a more agreeable place of residence. The grand- 
 ducal palace is in a simple but elegant style, and has an 
 extensive park which forms the favorite public promenade. 
 The principal church, with tombs of the gi-aud-dukes. has 
 a large organ, and an altar-piece by L. Cranach. The grand- 
 duoal library comprises 140.000 volumes, manu.scripts. me- 
 dals, and coins, aud is open to the public, who have the 
 privilege of borrowing the books. The opera-house is fa- 
 mous; the theatre was once under the superintendence of 
 Goethe and Schiller, who are buried in the new cemetery, 
 and besides whom. Herder and Wieland made Weimar their 
 residence. The Landes-Jndustrie-comptoir is an important 
 book-publishing establishment, known chiefly for its geo- 
 graphical and statistical works. The Geographical Institute 
 publishes excellent maps, and the Weimar .\lmanac has a 
 great circulation. Wi-imar has manufactures of metallic 
 gocKls, cards, gloves, and woven fabrics, and a trade in corn 
 and wool; but the chief resources of the inhabitants are 
 derived from the presence of the court and visitors. Kotze- 
 bue was bom here in 1761. About 2 miles S.E. is the Bel- 
 vedere, a summer residence of the grand-duke; and x,a the 
 road thither is the village of Ober-Weimar, with 650 inha- 
 bitants. The circle of Weimar, comprising more than two- 
 thirds of the grand-duchy, has an area of 973 square miles. 
 Pop. 175,596. 
 
 WEIX PELDEX, «in'fSrden, a village of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Thurgau, on the Thur, 7 miles S.S.W. of Constance. 
 Pop. 2140. 
 
 WEIXGARTEX. *In'gaKHen. a village of Baden, circle 
 of Middle Rhine, 7 miles E.N.E.of Carlsruhe, with which 
 it )S connected by railway. Pop. 3097. 
 WEIXGUNGA. See Wtse Gu.voa. 
 
 WEI.VUEIM. ftlneOiime, a town of Baden, circle of 
 Lower Rhine, on the WeschniU, and on the Baden RaUway, 
 2088 
 
 10 miles N.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 5.346. It is enclosed bj 
 walls, and has manufactures of woollens. 
 
 WEIXSBERG, ftlns'buRG, a town of Wurtemberg, on the 
 Sulm. 3 miles E.X.E. of Ileilbronn. I'op. 1S75. 
 
 WEIPERSDORF, *i'pers-doRf ', or WEIPEKTSDORF, «V- 
 pert-«-doRf', a village of Bohemia, about 28 miles from I/eit- 
 omischel. Pop. 1990. 
 
 WEIPERT or WEYPERT, fti'pgrt, a town of Bohemia, 24 
 miles X.E. of Elbogpn, near the frontier of Saxony. Pop. 
 26J0. employed in manufactures of lace and fire-arms. 
 
 WEIR'S BRIDGE, a post-vill.-vge and watering-place of 
 Belknap co.. New Hamp.shire, on Lake Winnipiseogee, on 
 the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, 30 miles X.E. of 
 Concord. 
 
 AVEISCHENFELD, «rsh'en-fJlt\ a villase of Bavaria, 
 circle of Upper Franconia, 12 miles S.W. of IJairouth. P. 700. 
 
 WEI'SEXBURG, a post-township of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 12 miles W. of AUentown. Pop. 1823. 
 
 WEISEXHEIM-A.M-SAXD, «T'zen-hime ha sSnt, a village 
 of Bavaria, Pal.atinate, canton of Durkheim. Pop. 1760. 
 
 WEI'SESBURG, a post-village in Baltimore co.. Maryland, 
 60 miles X. by W. of Annapolis. 
 
 WEISSBACH, *T.ss'bilK, a village of Bohemia, circle of 
 Buntzlau. Pop. 1550. 
 
 WEISSBACH or OBER-WEISSBACH, oOjgr *Is.s'haK, a 
 village of Bohemia, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, t>ailiwick of 
 Rudolstadt. Pop. 1716. 
 
 WEISSBAD, ftTs.s'b3t, a village and watering-place of . 
 Switzerland, canton and 2 miles S.E. of .^ppenzcU. TIm 
 bathing establishment attracts numerous visitors. 
 
 WEISSEXBERG, ftIs'sen-b^RG\ AVendish Wospor?,; «os'- 
 poRk.) a town of Saxony. 10 miles E. of Bautzen. Pop. 990 
 
 WEISSEXBURG. wi'sen-boORG\ a fortified town of Bava- 
 ria, circle of Middle Franconia, on the Rezat, 27 mile.s S E. 
 of Anspach. Pop. 4194. It is enclosed by walls, flanked 
 by towers, and was formerly a free city of the Empire. 
 
 WEISSEXBURG, a town of France. See WissE-mbourg. 
 
 WEISSEXFELS, *Is'sfn-f51s\ a walled town of Prussiau 
 Saxony. 11 miles S. of Merseburg. on the right bank of the 
 Saale, aud on the railway from Ilalle to Gotha. Pop. 8290. 
 It is well built, and has 4 suburbs, 2 churches, one con- 
 taining the remains of Gustavus Adolphu.s; 2 hospitals, 
 almshouses, a normal schoek with manufactures of pcjrc©- 
 lain, merinoes, aud other woollen fabrics, leather, and gold 
 and silver articles. In the vicinity are the castle of Angus- 
 tusburg and numerous vineyards. 
 
 WEISSEXFELS. a market-town of Carniola, 52 miles 
 W.X.W. of Laybach. 
 
 WEISSEXHORX. ftTs'.sen-hoRn\ a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Roth, an affluent of the Danube, lOmilesS.E. of Ulm. P. 1605. 
 
 WEISSE.VSEE. wls'scn-s.i\ a town of Prussian Saxony, 16 
 miles X. of Erfurt. Pop. 2634. 
 
 WEIS5EXSTADT. <vis'sfn-stdtt\ a walled town of Bavaria. 
 Up;>er Franc-onia, on the Eger, 17 miles X.E. of Bairuuth. 
 It has nail factories. Pop. 1468. 
 
 WEISSENSTEIX, <vls'sen-stine\ a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Esthoni-i, 50 miles S.E. of ReveL Pop. 3000. It 
 has a ruined castle and a district school. 
 
 WEISSE.VSTEIX. a town of W Urtemberg, circle of Danulje, 
 23 miles X.X.W. of Ulm. 
 
 WEISSEXSULZ. wis'sen-.s(5olts\ or BIEL.A, be-A/lJ, a vil- 
 lage of Bohemia, circle of Klattau. Pop. 1449. 
 
 AVEISSES }tlEER. .?.■« White Sea. 
 
 WEISSKIRCII. OTss'keSRK. or WEISSKIRCHEX. «iss/- 
 k66RsVn, a villaee of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. P. 1203. 
 
 WEISSKIRCHEX, *Iss'keeRK-en, (IIuu. FehMemplotn, 
 fi'haiR't5m"plom',) a town of the Austrian dominions, Hun- 
 garian Banat, co. of Temes, on the Xera, 63 miles S.S.E. of 
 Temesv.ar. I'op. 5585. It has Roman Catholic and Greek 
 churches, manufactures of silk and leather, and extensive 
 vineyards in its vicinity. 
 
 WEISSKIRCHEX. (Bohemian Branitze. hran-ifseh?) a 
 town of the Austruin dominions. Moravia, on the railway 
 to Kiisel, 22 miles E.S.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 5380. It Iws n 
 fine castle, aud manufactures of wot^len cloth. 
 
 WEISS.M.\IX, *iss'min, a walled town of Bavaria, circle 
 of Upper Franconia, 18 miles X.W. of Baireuth. with a castle. 
 Pop. 1014. who manufacture leather and woollen cloths. 
 
 WEISS'I'OKT, a post-village of Carbon co.. I'ennsylvania, 
 on the Lehigh Kiver, 3 or 4 miles below Mauch Chunk. 
 
 WEISSSTEIX, ■feiss'stlne, a village of Pru.ssian Silesia, go- 
 vernment of Breslau. l>op. 1143. 
 
 WEISSAVASSER. ftis.s'ftds'ser. or XEU-POZIG. noi plit'sio, 
 (Bohemian Biela, be-A/li.) a market-town of Bohemia, S miles 
 X.X.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1624. It has manufactures of 
 woollen cloth and paper. 
 
 WEISSWASSER. a market-town of Austrian Silesia, 57 
 miles X.W. of Troppau. Pop. 494. 
 
 WEISSWEIL. *iss'»ile. a village of Baden, circl* of 
 Upper Rhine, near the right bank of the Rhine, 16 miles 
 X.W. of Freiburg. I'op. 1611. 
 
 WEISSWEILER. *iss'#in?r. a village of Rhenish Prussia, 
 government, and £.:N.£. of Aii-la-Chap«Ue, ""n th« Inde 
 Pop. 1068. 
 
WEI 
 
 WEL 
 
 WEISTRITZ, ^■Igs/trits, a town and river of Prussian 
 Silecia. 
 
 Wia-TCIIOU, a city of China. See Hoei-choo. 
 
 WKTTRA or WAITUA, ■Cvi'trd, a town of Lower Austria, 
 near the border of Bohemia, 7 miles S.W. of Krems. It has 
 double massive walls. Pop. 18(10. 
 
 WKIXELIJURG. a town of Illyria. See WEicHSELBiTRn. 
 
 MKIZ. Wits, a villa-re of Styria. 13 miles N.E. of Oriitz, 
 with 826 inhabitants, wlio manufacture arms. 
 
 WKijAK'A, a post^village of Putnam co., Florida, on St. 
 Jolin's River. 
 
 WELAU, a town of Prussia. See Wehhu. 
 
 AV KUBOKN or WEI/BOURN, a township in Conway co., 
 Arlinnsas. 
 
 WEiyiiClRXE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WEr/BOURNE, a parish of Eujiland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WEL'Bl'RY, a parish, England, co. of York, North Hiding. 
 
 WEL'BY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WELCEI'ER'S JIILL, a post-office of Roan co., Tennessee. 
 
 WELCH'S MILLS, a post-office of Cabarrus co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WELCII'VILLE, a pnst-village of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 WEL'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WELD, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about 44 
 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1035. 
 
 WELDEN, *il'den, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, on the right bank of the Scheldt, 16 miles S. of 
 Ghent. Pop. 1C13. 
 
 WEL'DON, a thriving post-village of Halifax CO., North 
 Carolina, on the right bank of Roanoke River, at the head 
 of steamboat navigation, 95 miles N.E. of Raleigh. Four 
 railroads meet here, viz., the Wilmington and Raleigh, the 
 Seaooard and Roanoke, the Gastfin and Raleigh, and the 
 Petersburg Railroad. Two newspapers are published. A 
 canal has been made around the falls, by which batteaux 
 can ascend to Danville. 
 
 AV EL/DON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 WELDON, LITTLE, a hamlet of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 WEiyoON RIVER, rising In the S. part of Iowa, flows 
 southward through Decatur CO., into Slissouri, and enters 
 the Crooked Fork of Graud*iliver, In Grundy co., near 
 Trenton. 
 
 WELD'S FERRY or WELD'S LANDING, a post>village 
 of Dubuque co.. Iowa, on tlie W. bank of Mississippi Kiver, 
 12 miles N. by W. of Dubuque. 
 
 WEL'FORD, a pari.sh of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 WELFORD, a parish of England, counties of Gloucester 
 and Warwick. 
 
 WELFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WEL'II.VM. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 WELKA, 'ft^l'kd, a market-town of Austria, Moravia, 12 
 miles S.S.E. of Hradisch. Pop. 1597. 
 
 WELKERSDORF, «gl'kers-doRf\ a village of Prussian Si- 
 lesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1438. 
 
 WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 2 miles S.S.W. 
 of Alford. There are three Celtic barrows in this parish, 
 and in the vicinity 600 Roman coins were found, (1725.) 
 
 WELL, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 WEI/LAND, a river of England, rises near the heads of 
 the Nen and Avon, flows N.E., separating Northampton- 
 shire from the counties of Leicester, Rutland, and Lincoln, 
 to near Croyland. where it turns N., and divides into two 
 arms, one of which branches E. to Wisbeach, and the other 
 enters the Wash at Fossdyke. Total course 70 miles, for 
 the latter half of which it has been made navigable by 
 means of locks. 
 
 WELLAND, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 WELLAND or CHIP/PEWAY, a river of Canada West, 
 district of Niagara, flows E. and joins the Niagara shortly 
 above its Falls, after a course of 60 miles, in progress of 
 which it forms a part of the Welland Canal. It is deep, 
 300 feet wide at its mouth, and fringed by fine woods. The 
 Wei-land C.iNAL, 35 miles long, connects the I.akes Erie and 
 Ontario, avoiding the Falls of the Niagara River. 
 
 WELLAND, a county of Canada West, situated at the 
 E. end of Lake Erie, by which it is bounded on the S. It 
 is drained by the Welland River. Area 356 square miles. 
 Pop. 20.1 41. Capital, Chippewa. 
 
 WELl/BORN, a post-village, capital of Coffee county, 
 Alabama, about 70 miles in a direct line S. by E. of Mont- 
 gomery. It is a new place, and contains but few dwellings. 
 
 WELLBORN'S MILLS, a post-office. Houston co., Georgia. 
 
 WELLE, wJl'leh, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, on the Dendre, 17 miles S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 
 1258. 
 
 WELLE, wMleh, an island of the Pacific Ocean, S.E. of 
 Papua ; lat. 9° 41' S., Ion. 150° 58' E. 
 
 WELLEN, *M'lgn, a village of Belgian Limbourg, 6 miles 
 e. of Hasselt. Pop. 2044. 
 
 WELLENDINGEN, «J11en-dingVn. a villa^re of Wiirtem- 
 Uirg. circle of Schwarzwald. near Rottweil. Pop. 1367. 
 
 WEiyiiER. a township of Richland co.. Ohio. Pop. 1201. 
 
 WEl/LERSBCKG, a thriving post-village of Somerset co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, on the plank-road from Cumberland to Wes* 
 Newton, 128 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg. I'op. 466. 
 
 WEL'LERA'ILLE, a post-office of Crawford co.. Ohio. 
 
 WELLESBOURNE HASTINGS, w^llz/burn haLs'tingz, «• 
 parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WELLESBOURNE MOXTFORD, a hamlet of England, co 
 of Warwick, 5 miles N.W. of Kingston. Pop. in 1851. 728. 
 
 WELLESLEY, wMslee, a post-village of Canada West, co 
 of Waterloo. 92 miles W. of Toronto. 
 
 WELLESLEY, wjlslee, a county of New South W.iles. 
 having S.W. the Briti.»h colony of Victoria, and on othei 
 sides the counties of Auckland, Boresford, and Wallace. 
 The surface is mountainous, and covered by ramilicaliong 
 of the Australian Alps. Principal station, Bomballo. 
 
 WELLESLEY ISLANDS, a group in the Gulf of Carpen- 
 taria, North Australia. Mornington Island, the most N 
 and largest, is 40 miles in length by 15 in bn-adth; hit. of 
 N. point 16° 24' S.. Ion. 139° 37' E. The other islands arc 
 Bontinck. Sweers, Bountiful, and Pisonea. 
 
 WELLESLEY PROVINCE, British territory of the Malay 
 Peninsula. See Province Wei.i,ksi.ey. 
 
 WELiyFLEjyr. a post-village and township of Barnstable 
 CO., .Massacliusetts, on the northern part of the peninsula 
 of Cape Cod, about 70 miles by water and 100 by laud S.E. 
 fit>m Boston. The village is situated on the W. side of the 
 peninsula, at the head of Wellfleet Bay, which afi'ords good 
 anchorage for ves.eels, being protected from the sea by seve- 
 ral islands. The mackerel fishery is more e.xtensively carried 
 on here than at any other port of Massachusetts, Gloucester 
 only excepted. In 1851, 79 vessels (tons 5411) and 852 men 
 and boys were employed in the mackerel fishery aloue ; the 
 inspections for the year amounted to ll,o67i barrels. In 
 1855 about 105 vessels were owned here, employing some 
 1200 men and boys. Wellfleet has 3 churches, 22 stoics, 1 
 savings bank, and 4 wharves whore fish are put up fur iriar- 
 ket. Some sliijibuilding is ciu-ried on here. Pop. of the 
 township ill M-tH). 23_'2. 
 
 WELLINGBOROUGH, welling-bur-rilh, a market town 
 and parif^h of England, co. and lOj miles E.N.E. of North- 
 ampton, on a branch of the North-Western Railway. The 
 town has a central market-place, a handsome church, aud 
 an endowed free school. Pop. in 1851, 5001. 
 
 WEULINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WEL/LINGORE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WEI/LINGTON. a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Salop, on the Shrewsbury and Shr<*p^hiro Canal, and 
 with a station on the Shrewsbury and Stafford Railway, 10 
 miles E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 4i;ul. 
 The town, near the ancient Watling Street, is well built, 
 and has an elegant church, Roman Catholic and other 
 chapels, free and national schools, a prison, almshou.<es, and 
 a union workhou.se. Most of the inhabitants are engaged 
 in coal and iron mines, limestone quarries, smelting fur- 
 naces, nail and glassworks. Some malting and a timber 
 trade are carried on. Near the town are a chalybeate and 
 sulphureous springs, resorted to by visitors. 
 
 WEI>LINGTON, a market-town and pari.sh of England, 
 CO. of .Somerset, with a station on the Bristol and Exetet 
 (Great Western) Railway, 7 miles W.S.W. of Taunton. Pop. 
 of the town, in 1851, 3926. The town, built in modern style, 
 has a markethouse in*its centre, a handsome church, with 
 the magnificent tomb of Sir J. Popham, the founder of 
 almshouses here; an elegant chapel of ease, many dissent- 
 ing chapels, an union workhouse, woollen mills, and a 
 manufactory of earthenwares. This town successively gave 
 the titles of Viscount, Earl. Marquis, and Duke to Arthur 
 Wellesley ; and on a lofty hill. 3 miles S., is an obelisk 120 
 feet in height, commemorating his victory at Waterloo. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a township of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a postrtownship in Piscataquis co., Maine, 
 50 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 694. 
 
 WELLI.N'GTON, a post-village of Morgan co., Georgia, 
 about 110 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a post-village and township of Lorain co., 
 Ohio, on the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 36 miles 
 S.W. of Cleveland. It has a bank. Pop. 1029. 
 
 WELr.,INGTON. a post-office of Lake co.. Illinois. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a post-village of Lafayette co., Missouri. 
 on the S. bank of Missouri River, 115 miles N.W. of Jelfer 
 son City. 
 
 WEL'LINGTON, a county of Canada West, centrally 
 situated in the western part of the province. Area, 1237 
 square miles. It is drained by the Grand River and its 
 branches. Pop. 26.796. Capital, Guelph. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a post-village of Canada West, county of 
 Prince Edward, situated on West Lake, 10 miles from Pio- 
 ton. Pop. about 500. 
 
 WEL'LINGTON, a county of New South Wales, East Au* 
 tralia, bounded everywhere by aftluents of the Macquarie 
 River, which traverses its centre in a N.W. direction. Area 
 1656 squ.are miles. Pop in 1850. 2000.(?) Two mountain 
 ranges diversify the county, which has a fine dale e:^!!^) 
 Wellington Valley, and soil well adapted for grazing. Prin- 
 
 8089 
 
WEL 
 
 dpal rillages. MnJgee, the capital, Wellington, Carwell, 
 iJiimmcrhill. aud Molong. where are valuable copper-mines 
 and smelting works. With the county of Roxburgh it re- 
 turns one member to the Legislative Assembly. 
 
 WKLLIXGTON, a county of West Australia, having W. 
 the ocean. The Darling Mountains traver.se it from X. to 
 S. Principal rivers, the Brunswick, Collier, Preston, and 
 Capel. A line of lagoons borders the coast, on which are 
 Leschenault Inlet and Koombanah Bay. Principal town- 
 ships. Waterloo. Picton, Bunbury, and Australind. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a parish of Tasmania, (Van Diemen's 
 Land.) CO. of Buckingham, on the Derwent. 
 
 WKLLINGTON, a settlement of New Zealand, Ulster or 
 North Island, on Cook's Strait, and on the W. shore of 
 Port Nicholson. The houses are picturesquely situated in 
 tiers around and above the margin of the bay. The town 
 h;is Episcopal, Scotch, Wesleyan, and Roman Catholic 
 churches, a mechanics' institute, savings bank, custom- 
 house, exchange, bari-acks, -jail, and hospital; a brewery, 
 steam flour and sawing mills, &c. Pop. of township and sub- 
 urbs, in 1848, 2t349. 
 
 WELLINGTON, an island of South America, the largest 
 of the chain which stretches along the W. coast of Patagonia, 
 between lat. 47'^ 30' and 50° 20' S^, and in Ion. 75° W. ; great- 
 est length, measured along the coast from N.N.W. to S.S.E., 
 138 miles: medium breadth 35 miles. It is separated from 
 the mainland by Messier and Wide Channels, and from 
 Madre-de-Dios on the S. by the Gulf of Trinidad, and on the 
 N. forms the S. side of the Gulf of Penas. Its N. extremity 
 Is Cape San Roman. 
 
 \VELLINGTON LAKE, Victoria, South-East .\ustralia. co. 
 of Bruce, in Gipps Land. Length 20 miles, breadth 6 miles. 
 It receives La Trobe, Maeonochie, Barney, Dunlop, and 
 Perry Rivers. 
 
 WELLINGTON MOUNT, Tasmania, co. of Buckingham, 
 4 miles W. of IIobart-Town, and 4000 ifeet in height. 
 
 WELLINGTON STATION, South Australia, near the 
 head of Lake Victoria, 45 miles S.E. of Adelaide. 
 
 WELLI.XGTON SQUAKK, a post-village of Canada West, 
 county of Haltou, situated on Lake Ontario, 35 miles 8.W. 
 of Toronto. 
 
 WKI/LOW, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 WELLOW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 AVKLLOW, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WELLS, a city, parliamentary and municipal borough 
 of England, co. df Somerset, S. of the Mendip Hills, and 19 
 miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. of the city, in 1851, 4736. The 
 town is small but handsome, from its numerous ecclesias- 
 tical buildings. On its E. side is a spacious market-place, 
 with the town-hall, city and county jail, and a conduit that 
 su|)plies the city with water, communicating through an 
 ancient gateway, with the close, in which are the fine Cathe- 
 dral and bishop's palace.- The Cathedral, dating from the 
 time of Uenry 111., has a central tower 178 feet in height: its 
 interior is richly decorated, and has the tomb of Ina. King 
 of Wessex. Other principal edifices are the Episcopal Palace, 
 chapter hou.se, deanery, St. Cuthbert's parish, dissenters' 
 chapels, and almshouses. Here are a collegiate school, and 
 many other schools. The trade is chiefly retail, the former 
 silk and other manufactures have ceased, and the corn mat^ 
 ket has greatly declined, but the msS-ket for cheese is exten- 
 sive. It has quarter sessions, and a court of record, and is 
 the seat of county assizes, alternately with Taunton. Wells 
 sends 2 members to the Uouse of Commons. Its bishop's 
 see, erected in 905. and annexed to that of Bath at the end 
 of the next century, has been filled by Cardinal Wolsey 
 and Archbishop Laud. 
 
 WELLS, a seaport town and parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk, on a creek, 1 mile from the North Sea. and 4^ miles 
 N.N.W. of Walsingham. Pop. of town in 1851, 3033. The 
 town has a spacious church, built of flint, with a lofty 
 tower, a theatre, and subscription library. Vessels of 150 
 tons reach the town. The principal trade is in the ship- 
 ment of corn, malt, and oysters, and the import of coal and 
 timber. About 3 miles distant is Holkham, the seat of the 
 Earl of Leicester. 
 
 WELIA a county in the E.N.E. part of Indiana, contains 
 880 square mUes. It is intersected by the Wabash River. 
 The surface is undulating or nearly "level, and the soil is 
 fertile. There are a few small prairies in the county : the 
 other parts produce the oak. hickory, beech, ash, and sugar- 
 maple. The Toledo and Wabash Railroad passes within 3 
 miles of this county. Capital, Bluffton. Pop. 1 844 
 
 W ELLS, a post-township of York co„ Maine, bordering on 
 Uie Atlantic Ocean, and intersected by the Portland Saco and 
 Portsmouth Railroad, 28 miles W.S.W. of Portland The 
 inhabitants are engaged to a considerable extent in navi- 
 gation, ship-buildiiig and manufiictures. Pop. 2878 
 
 -, ok ,-.-'' P'^^t-tfwnship of Rutland co., Verm 
 mile« S.S.H . of Montpelier. Pop. 642. 
 
 WELLS, a post-township of Hamilton county. New York 
 about S4 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 738 
 
 W ELI.S, a village and township in the N.E. extremity of 
 Bradf<>r<l co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1159. 
 
 ^^ ^^^'aJao'^^ ■'"'"^ "^ I'ulton CO, Pennsylvania. Pop. 627. 
 
 >., Vermont, 
 
 WEL 
 
 WELLS, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, intiTsecied by a branch of the Cleveland and Pitts- 
 burg Railroad. Pop. 1482. 
 WELLS, a township of Laporte co., Indiana, Pop. 890. 
 WELLSBOROUGH, w^elz'bur-rCih, a post-borough, capital 
 of Tioga CO.. Pennsylvania, 145 miles N. by W. of Harris- 
 burg. It is neatly built and contains a stone court-house, 
 several churches, an academy, a jail, a bank, a gnwled school, 
 and a foundry. Two newspapers are issued here. Incor- 
 porated in 1830. Pop. in 1 850, e.'O ; in 1 860, 809 ; in 1865, 1050. 
 WELLS'BURG, a post-village of Chemung co.. New York, 
 on the Chemung River, and on the New York and Erie 
 Railroad, 7 miles S.S.E. of Elniini. 
 
 WELLSBUKG, a villageof Erieco., Pennsylvania, 26 miles 
 S.W. of Erie. 
 
 WELLSBURG, a post-village, capital of Brooke county, 
 West Virginia, is beautifully situated on the Ohio River, 16 
 siiles above Wheeling. It contains 6 churches, 1 academy, 
 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, 1 manufactory of cotton, 1 of 
 woollen goods, 2 of stoneware, 6 flour-mills, and 2 paper- 
 mills. Rich mines of coal are worked in the vicinity. Wool 
 is the chief article of export. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 WELLSBURG, a post-village of St. Charles co., Missouri, 
 about 38 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 MELLS' COR/NERS, a pos^oftice of Orange CO., New York. 
 WELLS' CORNERS, a post-offlce of Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 WELLS'COTT, a postoflfice of Union co., Georgia. " 
 WKLLS' DEPOT, a post-office of Y'ork CO.. Maine, on the 
 Portland Saco and Portsmouth Railroads, 28 miles S.W. of 
 Portland. 
 
 WELLS' MILLS, a thriving post-village of Appanoose co., 
 Iowa, on the Chariton River, several miles S.E. of Centre- 
 ville. 
 
 WELLS' RIVER, in the E. central part of Vermont, rises 
 in Caledonia county, and falls into the Connecticut River 
 in Orange county. It affords some fine mill-seats. 
 
 WELLS' RIVER, a thriving post-village of Orange co., 
 Vermont, on the right bank of the Connecticut, at tlie 
 mouth of Mells' River, and on the Connecticut and Pas- 
 snmpsic Rivers Railroad. o5 miles E. by S. of Montpelier. 
 The Boston Concord and Montreal Railroiid connects hero 
 with the railroad above niimed. It is a phice of active trade, 
 and contains a bank and various manufactories, for which 
 Wells River affords good water-power. 
 
 WELLS'VILLE, a post- village and township of Alleghany 
 CO., New York, on the E. bank of the G enesee River, and on 
 the New York and Erie Railroad, 358 miles from New York, 
 and 8 miles S.E. of Belmont. A plank-road connects it with 
 Coudersport in Pennsylvania. The railroad station is called 
 Genesee. Pop. of township, 2432. 
 WELLSVILLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania. 
 WELLSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Yellow Creek 
 township, Columbiana co., Ohio, on the Ohio Ifiver, 52 miles 
 belo\v Pittsburg, and on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Rail- 
 road, 102 miles S.E.T)f Cleveland. It has an active trade, and 
 contains 1 national bank, 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a 
 Union school, 2 machine-shops, 2 foundries, and large repair^ 
 shops of the railroad company. Pop. 1;'iS7. 
 
 WELL/VILLE, a post-village of Nottoway co., Virginia,' 
 
 on the Petersburg and Lynchburg Railroad, 31 miles from 
 
 Petersburg. 
 
 W EL/N KTHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 WELNETHAM. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Suffolk. 
 
 WEIANEY, a chapelry of England, cos. of Norfolk and 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 WELS, ftels, a town of Upper Austria, capital of the circle 
 of HausrUck.on the Traun. and the Budweis and Gmunden 
 Railway. 16 miles S.W. of Lintz. Pop. 4300. It has Roman 
 Catholic churches, a Lutheran ch.ipel. a vast hospital, a 
 military, high, and other schools, cotton manufactures, 
 copper foundries, and an active transit trade. The Emperor 
 Maximilian I., and Charles V.. Duke of Lorraine, died hero. 
 WELSCHLAXD or WALSCBLAND. vijlshiant. a Ger- 
 man word originally signifying any foreign country, but 
 usu.iUv applied to Italy. 
 WELSH/FIELD, a postoffice of Geauga co., Ohio. 
 WELSH/POOL or WELCH/POOL, a parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, town, parish, and township of .North 
 Wales, of which it is regarded as the capital, co. of Mont- 
 gomery, immediately W. of the Ellesmere Canal and the 
 Severn, 18^ miles W.S.W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of township 
 in 1851, 2432. 'The town leads up, on the S.. to Powys 
 Castle and Park, (seat of Earl Powys and included iu 
 the borough.) and consists of a long main street, having 
 in its centre the County-hall. It is built with great regu- 
 laritj'. neat, and cheerful; it has a spacious modern Gothio 
 church, chapels of Independents,. Wesleyaus, Calvinists, 
 Baptists, Ac; national and free schools, and almshouses. 
 It^s flannel trade, formerly important, has declined; it has 
 some woollen-mills, tanneries, and malt-houses. It uniteii 
 with Montgomery. Llanfyllin. Llanidloes. Machynlleth, and 
 Newtown, in sending 1 member to the House of 0>n.mons. 
 WELSH RUN, a post-offlce of Franklin co. Penns/lvania. 
 WELSLKBEX, *61s'li^ben. a village of Prussian Saxony, 
 goverumeut of Magdeburg, circle of Wanzleben. Pi y. 12UL 
 
WEL 
 
 WELTEN, ^6l't?n, a villase of Dutch Limburg, 11 miles 
 W.S.K. of Maestricht. Pop. 3304. 
 WKLTON, a parish of Knsrland, co. of Lincoln. 
 VVKLTOX, a parish of England, eo. of Northampton. 
 W ELTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Hiding. 
 AVELTON, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 WELTON-IN-TUJJ-MARSH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 WELTON-LE-WOLD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 AVELTONVILLE, a post-oftice of Tioga co., New York. 
 WELWAllN, #Sl'warn. a walled town of Bohemia, circle 
 of Itakonitz, on the llothenbach, 19 miles N.W. of Prague. 
 Pop. 1449. 
 WEL'WICK, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. 
 WKL'VVYN, a parish of England, co. and 7 miles W.N.W. 
 of Hertford. The endowed school, revenue bSl., was founded 
 by Dr. Young, author of "Night Thoughts," who was long 
 rector of the parish, and is buried in the church. 
 
 WELZIIEIM, ftjlts/hime, a town of WUrtemberg, circle 
 of .Taxt, on the Leine, 22 miles E.N.E. of Stuttgart. P. 1674. 
 WK.M, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Salop, 
 11 miles N.N.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of parish in 1851, 
 3747. The town, near the Roden, has a handsome church, 
 grammar school, manufactures of leather, and a malting 
 trade. It gave the title of Baron to the notorious Judge 
 Jeffreys. 
 WEMB'DOX, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 ■WEM'IiUKY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 WE.MB/WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 WEilDING, *5m'ding, a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, 
 31 miles S.S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 2171. It has an ancient 
 castle and manufactures of lire-arms. 
 
 WEMELDINGE, *Jm'el-dingVh, a village of Holland, pro- 
 Tince of Zealand, 6 miles E. of Goes. Pop. 810. 
 
 WKMMEL, wJm'mel, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, on the Moleubeek, 4 miles N.N.W. of Brussels. 
 Pop. 1353. 
 WEMSEN, a town of Bohemia. See Mseno. 
 WE'MYSS, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on 
 the Frith of Forth, N.E. of Dysart. On the rocky shore is 
 VVemyss Castle, the proprietor of which U the 29th in lineal 
 descent from Macduff, the famous lord of Fife. 
 
 WEN-CHANG or WEN-TCUANG, the N.E. district of the 
 island of Hainan. 
 
 WENDEL, wSn'del, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles 
 S.E. of Treves, on the Blies. Pop. in 1852, 2436. 
 
 WEN'DELBURY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 WEN'DELL, a post-township iu Sullivan co., New llamp- 
 Bhire, 33 miles N.W. of Concord. 
 
 WENDELL, a post-township of Franklin co., Massachu- 
 getts, intersected by the Vermont and Massachusetts Rail- 
 road, about «tO miles N. by E. of Springfield. l'op.704. 
 
 WENDELL'S DEPOT, a post-village of Franklin co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, 40 
 mil<!3 W. by N. of Fitchburg. 
 
 WENDELSTEIN, wfe'del-stine\ a market-town of Bavaria, 
 Middle Franconia, near the Ludwig Canal, S. of Nuremberg. 
 Pop. 1197. 
 WEN DEN, a town of Russia. See Vendex. 
 WEN'/DLING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the 
 East .\nglian Railway, 4 miles W. of East Dereham. 
 WEN/DON-LOFTS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 WEN'DONS-.i^MBO. a pari,sh of England, co. of Essex. 
 WEN'DOVER, a market-town, parish, and disfranchised 
 borough of England, eo. of Bucks, at the foot of the Chiltern 
 Hills,'21 miles S.E. of Buckingham. P. of parish in 1851, 19.37. 
 The town is small, and near a reservoir of the Grand Junc- 
 tion Canal; lace making occupies part of its female popula- 
 tion Hampden, in five successive parliaments, represented 
 the borough, which was disfranchised by the Reform Act. 
 VVEN'DY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 WENER, *iVaer, or WENNER. *Jn'ner, a lake in the S.W. 
 part of Sweden, and the largest in Europe after those of La- 
 doga and Onega, between lat. 58° 22' and 59° 25' N., and Ion. 
 12° 20' and 14° 12' E., enclosed by the lasns of Wenersborg, 
 Mariestad, and Carlstad. Length 94 miles, breadth from 15 to 
 50 miles near its centre, where two peninsulas extend into it 
 from N. and S., and, with a group of islands, nearly separate 
 it into Wener Lake N.E. and Dalbo Lake S.W. Estimated 
 irea 2120 square miles : average height above the sea 147 
 feet, but its level varies at different times as much as 10 feet. 
 Shores greatly indented; it receives about 30 rivers, the 
 principal of which is the Klar from the N.; and it discbarges 
 its surplus waters by the Goet,a-elf S.W. into the Cattegat. 
 Xhough deep in some parts, it is in others too shallow for 
 navigation ; it is connected by a canal with Lake Wetter on 
 the E., by which, and the Gotba Canal. Lake Roxen. Ac, a 
 continuous line of inland communication extends between 
 the Cattegat and the Baltic Sea. 
 
 WEN/ERSBORG or ELFSBURG, Jlfs'boRg, a Iren of Swe- 
 aen, has an area of 5036 square miles. Pop. 246,136. 
 Principal towns, Wenersborg, Allinggaes,Boris,Ulricchamn, 
 and Amal. 
 
 WE.NERSBORG, a town of Sweden, capital of a lasn. at 
 the S.W. eitremity of Lalte Wener, at the efflux of the 
 
 WER 
 
 Goeta-elf, has been regularly laid out since its doatruction 
 by fire in 1834, and is tiie seat of the principal govern incnt 
 establishments for the province. Pop. 2950. Near it are 
 brick-kilns and large military magazine*. 
 
 WENEW, a town of Russia. See VeneV. 
 
 WEN'FOE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 WEX/H.'VM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk- 
 
 WENHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk 
 
 WEN'HAM. a thriving post-village and township of iissex 
 CO., M.issachusetts, on tlie Eastern Railroad, 20 miles N. by 
 E. of Boston. The manufacture of boots and shoes is ac 
 important branch of business, furnishing employment to 
 some 200 persons. Four ships are owned here and employed 
 in foreign trade. In the town.ship is a beautiful slicet of 
 water called Wenham Lake, from which about 30.000 tons 
 of ice are taken annually. The village contains a town 
 house, just completetl, with accommodations for a high 
 school ; a chnrch, and 2 stores. Pop. about 500 ; of the town- 
 ship in 1860, 1105. 
 
 WEN'IIASTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WEN'LOCK, a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 town, and two parishes of England, co. of Salop, the borough 
 crossed by the Severn, and the town 12 miles S.E. of Shrews- 
 bury. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 20,588, cliictly 
 engaged in coal-mining and manufactures. The town, Mucli- 
 Wenlock, has a spacious church, a free school, and minoj 
 charities, and on its S. side are the remains of a famous 
 abbey founded in the 7th century. Wcnlock, which received 
 its franchise from Edward IV., was the first borough that 
 acquired the right of representation by charter from the 
 sovereign. It returns 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 WEN 'LOCK, a township in Essex co., Vermont, on the 
 Grand Trunk Itailroad, 55 miles N.E. of Montpelier. 
 
 \\ ENNECONNE, w6u'ne-konn/,i?) a posfroffice of Winne- 
 bago CO., Wisconsin. See Winneconna. 
 
 WENNER. See Wener. 
 
 WEN'NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WENO/NA STATION, a jxjst-office of Marshall co., Illinois. 
 
 WENS^LEY, a parish and township of England, co. of 
 York, North Riding. In Wen.slcy-Dale, an extensive tract 
 on the Ure, are Bolton-hall, and the remains of Bolton Castio, 
 which for a time was the prison of Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 WENSLEYand SNIT/TERTON, a township of England, 
 CO. of Derby. 
 
 WPJN'SUM, a river of England, co. of Norfolk, rises near 
 Fakenham, and after a S.E. course of 45 miles, joins the Yare, 
 2 miles below Norwich. 
 
 WEN-TCHOO or WEN-TCHOU, wJn-choo', a maritime city 
 of China, province of Che-kiaug, capital of a department, 
 145 miles S. of Ningpo. 
 
 WENl'/NOR, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WENT'WORTH, a parish of England, co. of C.imbridge. 
 
 WENTWORTH. a township and chapelry of England, co. 
 of York, West Riding. The church cf>ntains monuments of 
 the Fitzwilliam family, whose seat, Weutworth-hall, is in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 WENT'WORTH, a post-township in Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, intersected by the Boston Concord and Montreal 
 Railroad, 50 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1257. 
 
 WENTWORTH. a post-village, capital of Rockingham co., 
 North Carolina, 106 miles N.W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 300. 
 
 WENTWORTH, a post-village in Imke co., Ulinois, on Des 
 Plaines River, 40 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 WENTWORTH, a county of Canada West, situated at the 
 head of Lake Ontario, which forms its eastern boundary. 
 Area 426 square miles. It is drained by the head branches 
 of Welland River, and other small streams. Pop. 42,019. 
 Capit.al, Hamilton. 
 
 WENTWORTH'S LOCATION, a post-township of Coos co., 
 New Hampshire. Pop. 55. 
 
 WEOBLEY or WEOBLY, woo/blee, a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. and 11 miles N.W. of Hereford. Pop. 
 in 1851, 908. It has a free grammar school, and remains of 
 a castio famous in the wars of Stephen and the Empress 
 Matilda. The borough was disfranchised by the Reform Act. 
 
 WEGGUTKA, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama. 
 
 WEPRIT, a town of Russia. See Vepritt. 
 
 WE'QUIOC, a post-office of Jasper co., Louisiana. 
 
 WERBEN, ^Jii'ben, a town of Prussian Saxony. 54 miles 
 N.N.E. of Magdeburg, at the confluence of the Havel with 
 the Elbe. Pop. 1790. 
 
 WERB.ACH. ■ftju'bte. a village of Baden, circle of Lower. 
 Rhine, on the Tauber. 3 miles N. of Bi.schofsheim. P. 1157. 
 
 WERCHTER, w^RK'ter, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Brabant, at the junction of the Demer with the Dyle, 17 miles 
 N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1992. 
 
 WERCKEN, <T§Rk'ken, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, IS miles S.S.W. of Bruges." Pop. 1576. 
 
 WERDAU, wjR/dow, a town of Saxony, 5 miles W.N.W. 
 of Zwickau, on the I'leisse, and on the Saxon Bavarian 
 Railway. Pop. 6218. It has manufactures of woollen and 
 cotton fabrics, cotton-printing works, and dyeing establish 
 ments. 
 
 WERDEN, ftfR'den, a town of Rhenish Prussia. 16 miles 
 N.E. of Dus.seldorf, on the Ruhr. Pop. in 1852, 5605. It hai 
 
 2091 
 
TVER 
 
 rwkoullictvres of woollen and linen cloths, cotton yarn, 
 cutlery, soup, machinery, and leather, with iron foundries 
 and coal-mines in its vicinity. 
 
 WKKDEXBERG. *^R'dfn-bJRG\ a town of Ea-ot Switzer- 
 land, canton of St. Gall, near the Rhine, 7 miles N.K. of 
 Wallenstadt. with a castle and SoO inhabitanti. 
 
 WEKDKK, ^^R/der, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, government and 5 miles W. of Potsdam, on the 
 Havel. Pop. in 1852, 2.555. 
 
 WEUE'H.\M. a parish of England, co. of Norfollc 
 
 WK.KE.JA, a town of Russia. See Yekeya. 
 
 ^YERKHdTURIE, a town of Russia. See Verkhotoome. 
 
 WERL, «Jb1. a town of Pru.esian Westphalia, government 
 of Arnsberg. 9 miles W.S.W. of Soest. Pop. In 1852, 4109. 
 It has a Capuchin convent, with a greatly venerated imajre 
 of the Virgin, which attracts numerous pilgrims. Kear it 
 are important salt-works. 
 
 WERMELSKIRCHEX, *fR'mels-k66RKVn, a village of 
 Rhenish Prussia, government and E.S.E. of Dusseldorf. 
 Pop. 1126. 
 
 WERMSDORF, ^jRms'doRf, a village of Austria, Moravia, 
 circle of Olmutz. Pop. 1206. 
 
 WERMSDORF. *6Rms'doBf, a village of Saxony, 23 miles 
 E.S.E. of Leipsici Pop. 1609. 
 
 WERNE, «-^R/ngh, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 20 
 miles S. of Munster, on the right bank of the Lippe. Pop. 
 1850, mostlv employed in linen weaving. 
 
 WEKXERSREUTH. *jR'ners-roit\ a village of Bohemia, 
 on the Elster, 3 miles from Asch. Pop. 1046. 
 
 WER'XEItSVILLE, a post-ofSce. Berks co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 WER/NETH. a township of England, co. of Chester. The 
 Inliabitants are mostly employed in coal-mines and freestone 
 quarries. 
 
 WERNIGERODE. *jR^ie-ga-ro'deh, a walled town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, 43 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Ilolzemme. 
 Pop. 5600. It consists of an old and a new town, and the 
 suburb Noschenrode. It has a castle, the residence of the 
 Counts Stolberg-Wernigerode, with a library of 40.000 
 volumes; a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen 
 stuffs, Sx. 
 
 WERXITZ, ft^R/nits, or WORNITZ, •ftoR'nits, a river of 
 Bavaria, circles of Middle Franeonia and Swabia. after a S. 
 course of 60 miles joins the Danube at Donauwiirth. Its 
 affluents are the Sulz and Eger. 
 
 WERNSTADTEL. (Werustadtel.) ^-^Rn'st^tHel. a town of 
 Bohemia, 14 miles N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1453. 
 
 WEROWITZ. a town of Slsvonia. See Verocze. 
 
 WEKRA, w^r/r^, a river of Central Germany, rises in the 
 Thuringiau Forest, 16 miles N. of Coburg. flows N.W. throuiih 
 the territories of Hildburghausen, Meiningen, Weimar, 
 (Eisenach.) Hesse-Cassel. and Hanover, and at Munden joins 
 the Fulda to form the Weser. Total course, 150 miles, for 
 120 of which it is navigable. Its affluents are the Schleuse, 
 Schwarze, and Horserfrom the E., the Ulster and Soutra 
 from the S. 
 
 ^^■£I!RE. wfa/Reh, a river of Germany, after a N. and E. 
 course of 35 miles, joins the Weser, 6 miles S.W. of Minden. 
 
 WER/RIBEE\ a river of the British colony Victoria. Aus- 
 tralia, flows S.E. for 50 miles, between the counties of Grant 
 and Bourke, and enters Port Phillip, 16 miles S.W. of Mel- 
 bourne. 
 
 WEKRIXGTOX, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WERRINGXOX, a chapelry of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 WERRO. Russia. See Verro. 
 
 WEKSCHETZ. a town of Hungary. See Versecz. 
 
 WERTACH. wjR/t^K, a river of Bavaria, circle of Swabia. 
 rises on the frontier of the Tyrol, flows X.E. past Kauf beuren 
 and Turkheim, and, after a course of 70 miles, joins the Lech, 
 immediately beyond Augsburg. Its affluents are the Gen- 
 nach and Singold from the S.E. 
 
 WEUTACII. a village of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, on a 
 river of the same name, near iU source. Pop. 650. 
 
 WERTEVIBERG. Pennsylvania. See Wltitembero. 
 
 WERTHEIM, *jRt/hime, a walled town of B."\den. circle 
 of Lower Rhine, at the confluence of the Tauber with the 
 Main, 20 miles W. of WUrzburg. Pop. 34-34. It has 3 cas- 
 tles. 2 of which are residences of the Princes Uiwenstein- 
 Wertbeim; a church, which serves fo: ".wMi Roman Catholics 
 and Lutherans : a synagogue, gymnasium, and manufactures 
 of linen and cotton fabrics. 
 
 WEUTHER. «-^R'ter, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 26 
 miles S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1915. 
 
 WKRTIXGEN, wjR/ting-fn. a town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Swabia. 16 miles N.X.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1590. 
 
 WEItTSVILLE. a postofflce of Hunterdon co., Xew Jersey. 
 
 WEKWICQ. a town of Belgium. See Vervick. 
 
 WK'i>AW, a township of Berrien co.. Michigan. Pop. 755. 
 
 WES/COSVILLE, n posf>office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 W ESEL, XlEDKR. nee'der ft.Vzel. a frontier and strongly 
 rortili«l town of Rhenish Prussia. 32 miles N.N.W. of Dussel- 
 dorf. circle of Rees, on the right bank of the Rhine, here joined 
 by the Lipjie. Pop. in 1S52. 12.2S9. besides the garrison, 
 moRtly employed in the manufacture of cotton and woollen 
 Stuffs, leather, and tobacco, in distilleries, breweries, and 
 
 WES 
 
 an actjye trade on the rivers. Its port is convenient, and 
 packets ply between it and .\msterdarn. The Romans had 
 a fortified post here, and the town formerly belon_:;ed to 
 the Hanseatic League. Since 1815, its defences have been 
 strengthened by the erection of Fort BlUcher, on the W. 
 bank of the Rhine. 
 
 WESEL. Ober. o'ber *A'zel. a town of Rhenish Prussia. 23 
 miles S.S.E. of CoMentz. on the Rhine. Pop. in 18i2, 2586. 
 
 WESELY. ftA-zAleet?) a town of Bohemia, 19 mil»p N.E. 
 of Budweis. Pop. 1198. 
 
 WESELY. a town of Bohemia. See Hocb-Weselt. 
 
 WESEMAEL. wA'zeh-mdr. a village of Belgium, piovince 
 of Brabant. 4 miles X.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1362. 
 
 W'ESEX. *,A'zpn. a village of Switzeriand, c.inton. and 24 
 miles S.W. of St. Gall, at the W. extremity of the Lake of 
 Wallenstadt. Pop. 598. 
 
 WESEXBERG. «i'zen-bjRG\ a town of Mecklenhurs-Stre- 
 litz. on Lake Woblitz. 8 miles S.W. of Xeu-Strelitz. P. 1.370. 
 
 WESEXBERG. a town of Russia, in Esthonia, 60 miles 
 E. by S. of Revel. Pop. 1500. 
 
 WpySER, (Ger. pron. WA'zgr; anc. Visuriffis.) a river of 
 Germany, its basin lying between that of the Elbe on the 
 E., and those of the Ems. Rhine, and Main on the W. and 
 S.. it is formed by the union of the Fulda and W'erra at 
 Minden, (Hanover,) whence it has a N. cour.«e through 
 Hanover. Hesse-Cassel. Brunswick, Bremen, and Oldenburg, 
 and enters the North Sea in injunction with the Jahde. by 
 an estuary 24 miles acro.«s at its entrance. It drains nearly 
 all of the dominions above named, with the W. part of the 
 Saxon duchies, its affluents comprising the Leine, with the 
 AUer and Wumrac from the E., the Aue and Hunte from 
 the W. Total course 250 miles. It is navigable for boats 
 nearly to its source, for vessels drawing 7 feet water to Bre- 
 men, and for those drawing from 13 tol4 feet from the sea 
 to Vegesack. but ships of large size ascend it no further 
 than Bremershafen near its mouth. 
 
 WESET. a town of Belgium. See Visl 
 
 WESI.TEGONSK, a town of Rusisia. See Vesegoksk. 
 
 WE.S'LEY, a post-office of Washington co., Maine, 120 
 miles E.X.E. of Augusta. Pop..'}43. 
 
 WESLKY, a post-village of Veuango co., Pennsylvania, 
 60 miles X'. of Pittsburg. 
 
 WESLEY, a village of Haywood co., Tennessee, 190 miles 
 W.S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 WESLEY, a small village of Tipton co., Tennessee. 
 
 WESLEY, a post-village of Hickman co., Kentucky. 
 
 WESLEY, a post-village and township of Washington CO., 
 Ohio, 16 miles W. of Marietta. Pop. 1504. 
 
 WESLEY, a village of Fulton co., Indiana, 107 miles N. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 WESLEY, a post-offlce of Arkansas co., Arkansas. 
 
 WESLEYAX FEMALE COLIJiGE. See Maciln, Georgia. 
 
 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. See Middletown, Conneo 
 tJcut. 
 
 WESLEY CITY, a post-village of Tazewell co., Illinois, on 
 the left bank of the Illinois River. 4 miles below Peoria. 
 Produce is shipped here in steamboat*. 
 
 WE.*'LEYVILlf;, a post-village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Ridge Road. 5 miles E. of Erie, and 2 miles from the 
 lake. Pop. about 200. 
 
 WESLIXGBUREN. See Wesseibuben. 
 
 WESOBUL'GA, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama. 
 
 WESPRIM. a town of Hunearv. See Veszprim. 
 
 WESSELBUREN, *Js'sel-buVfn, or WESLIXGBUREN, 
 OJsOing-booVen. a village of Denmark, duchy of Holslein, 
 in Xorth Ditmarsch. It was anciently walled. Pop. 13tX). 
 
 WES'SEL ISLANDS, a group ofi' Xorth Australia, N.W. 
 of the Gulf of Carpentaria, extending for 60 miles from 
 S.W. to N.E. ; the principal and northernmost island being 
 30 miles in length, by 6 or 7 miles across. Lat. of Cape 
 Wessel. at its X. extremity, l6° 59' S., Ion. 136° 45' E. 
 
 WESSELI or WESSEL Y, ftfs-s.Vlee.(?) a town of Moravia, 
 8 miles S.W. of Hradi,sch, on an island formed by the March. 
 Pop. 2543. It has a castle, and sturgeon fisheries. 
 
 WESSEM, *fo's^m. a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Limburg, on the Meuse, (Maese,) 5i miles S.W. of Roer- 
 mond. Pop. 1050. 
 
 WES'.SIXGTOX. a township of England, co. of Derby, 
 
 WESS.TEGONSK, a town of Russia. See Vesegonsk. 
 
 ^VEST, for names with this prefix aot below, see aAiA- 
 tional word. 
 
 Mi,ST, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 8 
 miles N. of Huntingdon, intersected by the Pennsylvania 
 or Central Railroad. Pop. 1672. 
 
 WEST, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio, interse'.ted 
 bv the Sandv and Beaver Canal, and the Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg Railroad. Pop. 202O. 
 
 WEST-A'CRE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 5 miles 
 N.N.W. of Swaffham. It has some remains of a pri'ry, 
 founded in the reign of William Rufus. 
 
 WEST ACTON, a post-village of Acton township. Middle- 
 sex CO.. Massachusetts, on the Boston and Fitchburg Rail- 
 road. 27 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST AD'DISON. a po«t-Tillage of Steuben co., new 
 York, about 2.30 miles W. by S. of Aibauy. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 WEST All's A.NY, a village of Orleans CO., Vermont, about 
 86 miles N.E. by N. of Montpeiior. 
 
 WEST AIVBURO, a post-village of Grand Isle co., Ver- 
 mont, on Lake Champlain, opposite Rouse's Point, and ou 
 the Vermont Central Railroad, 77 miles N.W. of Montpelier. 
 WEST ALEXAN/DER, a po.st-village of Preble eo., Ohio, 
 on the Dayton Turnpike, and on Twin Creek, 90 miles W. 
 of Columbus. Tt has some water-power. 
 
 WEST ALEXAN'DRIA, a post-village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the ^National Road, and on the Henipfield 
 Ridlroad, 12 miles E. of Wheelin<>;. 
 
 WEST'ALL I'OINT, South Australia, Eyre-Land. Lat. 32° 
 62' S., Ion. 133° 59' E. A mountain named Westall, East Aus- 
 taralia, near Shoal Bay, is an important landmark." 
 
 WEST AL'MOXD, a po.st-townsUip of Alleghany county, 
 New York, about 78 miles S. by W. of Rochester. Pop. 935. 
 
 West ALTOX, a post-villa'j;e of Belknap co.. New llamp- 
 Bhire, near the Cocheco Railroad, 25 miles N.E. by N. of 
 Concord. 
 
 WEST AMBOY/, a post-office of Oswego co., Nevr York. 
 
 WEST AMESBURY, (aimz/ber-e,) a post-village of Ames- 
 bury township, Essex co., Massachusetts, near the Merri- 
 mack River, 41 miles N.N.E. of Boston. 
 
 WEST AM/WELL,, a township of Ilunterdon co., New 
 Jersey. Pop. 1089. 
 
 WEST AN'DOVER, a post-village of Merrimack co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 33 miles N.W. by N. 
 of Concord. 
 
 WEST ANDOVER, a postK)ffice of Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST AN'SON, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 WEST AR'LINGTON, a post-village of Bennington co., 
 Vermout, 100 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. 
 
 WKST ASH'KORD, a post-village of Windham CO., Con- 
 necticut, 30 miles E.N.E. of ILirttord. 
 
 WEST AU'BURN, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WEST AVON, a post-village of Hartford co., Connecticut. 
 
 WEST BAIN/BRIDGE, a post-office of Cheuango co.. New 
 York. 
 
 WEST BALDWIN, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. 
 
 WEST BAL'TIMORE, a postvillage of Montgomery co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 WEST BAR/NET, a post-office of Caledonia co., Vermont. 
 
 WEST BARN'STABLE, a post-village of Barnstable co., 
 Massachu.sotts, 65 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 WEST BAH/RE, a post-office of Orleans co.. New York. 
 
 WEST BARRE, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WEST BARRE, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST BATA'VIA, a post-village in Batavia township, 
 Genesee co. New York. 
 
 WEST BATH, a township of Sagadahock co., Maine. 
 
 WEST BATON rouge, (bat/9n roozh.) a parish in the 
 S.E. central part of Louisiana, on the W. bank of the Missis- 
 sippi River: area about 240 square miles. The surface is a 
 level plain, which is partly subject to be overflowed. The 
 arable land is mostly confined to the margin of the river, 
 which is elevated a few feet above the general surface. 
 Pop. 7.312, of whom 1972 were free, and 5340 slaves. 
 
 WEST BEA'VER, a village and township of Snyder co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1172. 
 
 WEST BEAVER, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST BECK'ET, a post-village in Becket township, Berk- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 15 miles S.S. \i. of Pittsfield. 
 
 WEST BED'FORD, a post-village of Coshocton CO., Ohio, 
 73 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It contains an academy. 
 
 WEST BEDFORD, a post-village of White CO., Indiana, 95 
 miles N.W. by N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WEST BEND, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri. 
 
 WEST BEND, a thriving post-village and township, capi- 
 tal of Washington county, Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee 
 River, and on the Milwaukee and Fond-du-Lac Plank-road, 
 about 20 miles W. from Lake Michigan, and 35 miles N.N.W. 
 from Milwaukee City. The river atlorcls fine water-power. 
 The village is situated in a rich farming district, which is 
 improving rapidly. It contains 5 churches, 2 mills, nume- 
 rous stores, 2 newspaper offices, about 200 dwellings, and a 
 large wooUon-factory employing about 400 hands. Total 
 population in 1860, 1619. 
 
 WEST'BERE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WEST BER'GEN, a post>village of Genesee eo,, New York, 
 on the Rochester and Buffalo Railroad, 22 miles W.S.W. of 
 Uochester. 
 
 WEST BERK/SHIRE, a post-office, Franklin co., Vermont. 
 
 WEST BERLIN', a post-office of Ren.sselaer eo.. New York. 
 
 WEST BERLIN, a postoffice of St. Clair co., Michigan. 
 
 WEST BETHANY, a post-office of Genesee co.. New York. 
 
 W EST BETH'EL, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, on 
 tlie Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 74 miles N.W. by 
 N. of Portland. 
 
 WEST BETH'LEHEM, a township of Washington co., 
 Peonsvlvania. about 32 miles S. by W. of Pittsburg. P. 1961. 
 
 WEST BLOOM'FIELD, a postvillago and township of 
 Ontario co., New York, on the Canandaigua and Niagara 
 Falls Railroad, 16 nules W. of Canandaigua. Pop. 1646. j 
 
 WEST BLOOMFIELD. a post-v.^lage of Essex co., Nt»w 
 Jersey, about 6 miles N.W. of Newark. 
 
 WEST BLOOMFIELD, a post-township in the S. centra* 
 pait of Oakland Co., Michigan, about 5 miles S.W. of Pou 
 tiac. Pop. 1114. 
 
 WEST BOLTON, a post-office of Chittenden co.. Vermont 
 
 WE3T'Bi)R0UGH. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WESTBOROUGH, a post-township of Worcester co.. Ma* 
 sachusetts, intersected by the Boston and Worcester RaiV 
 road, 32 miles W. by S. of Boston. The village is pleasantly 
 situated on the railroad, and contains 5 churches aud 1 na- 
 tional bank. It is noted for the manufacture of sleighs: 
 boots and shoes are also manufactured extensively. A 
 State Reform School is located in the township, on the bor- 
 ders of a beautiful sheet of water, about 2 miles N. of the 
 village. The building of the institution is a spacious brick 
 edifice, standing in tlie midst of extensive and highly cul- 
 tivated grounds. The garden comprises the slope between 
 the building and the water's edge. During the year 1852, 
 the capacity of the institution was gieiitly increased by ex- 
 tensive additions made to the main building. (See Mass.i- 
 CHUSETTS. — I'ublic Institutiims.) A cai)aciou8 water-cure 
 establishment is in operation about a mile W. of the Keform 
 School near the village. A handsome bnilding for a high 
 school has been erected here. Population in 1850, 2371 ; 
 in 1860, 2913. 
 
 WESTBOROUGH, a post-village of Clinton co, Ohio, on the 
 Cincinnati and Hillslx)rough Railroad. 
 
 WEST BOS'CAWEN, » post-office of Merrimack co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 WEST BOX'FORD, a post-office of Essex CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 WEST BOYLS'TON, a po.st-township in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, 40 miles AV. by N. of Boston, intersecteil by 
 the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad. It has some manu- 
 factures of carriages and other articles. Pop. 2.509. 
 
 WEST BRAD'FORD, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1734. 
 
 WEST BRAIN'TREE. a post-office of Orange co., Vermont 
 
 WEST BRANCH, a post-viliage of Oneida eo.. New York. 
 on a branch of the Mohawk River, 10 or 11 miles N. of Rome, 
 
 WEST BRANCH, a township of Potter Co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 207. 
 
 WEST BRAN'DYWINE, a township of Chaster eo., Peon- 
 sylvaiiia. Pop. 828. 
 
 WEST BRATTLE BORO', a post-village in Windham co^ 
 Vermont, 115 miles S. of Montpelier. It is the seat of 
 the Glenwood Liulies' Seminary. 
 
 WEST BREW'STEK, a post-office of Barnstable co., Ma* 
 sachusetts. 
 
 WEST BRIDGE'TON. a post-office, Cumberland co., Maine. 
 
 WEST BRIDGE/VVATEli, a post-township in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachuscts, on the Old Colony and Newport Railroad, 
 26 miles S. of Boston. It has several foundries, and boot, 
 shoe, and carriage factories. Pop. 1846. 
 
 WEST BRIGHTON, brl't9n, a post-offlce of Monroe co. 
 New York. 
 
 WEST'BROOK, a township in Cumberland co., Maine, 
 intersected by the Prosumpscot River, which affords exten- 
 sive water-power, employed in manufacturing. It contains 
 several villages, the principal of which is Sacarappa, on the 
 York and Cumberland Railroad, 7 miles N. by W. of Port- 
 land. The township contains a bank and several cotton- 
 mills. Pop. 5113. 
 
 WESTBROOK, a post-village aud township of Middlesex 
 CO., Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, and on the New 
 Haven and New London Railroad, 28 miles E. of New Haven. 
 It contains 4 churches, 3 stores, and an academy. Pop. 1050, 
 
 WESTBROOK, a post-office of Delaware co.. New York. 
 
 WESTBROOK, a post-office of Bladen co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WEST BROOK'FIELD, a post-township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 69 miles W. by S. 
 of Boston. Pop. 1548. 
 
 WEST BROOKFIELD, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST BROOK'VILLE, a post<)ffice of Hancock co., Maine, 
 52 miles E. of Augusta. 
 
 WEST BROOKVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co.. New 
 York, about 95 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST BROWNS'VILLE, a post village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela River, opposite Brown* 
 ville. Pop. 613. 
 
 WEST BRUNS'WICK, a township in Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Reading Railroad. Pop. 2425. 
 
 WEST BUF'FALO, a post-village and township of Union 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 24 miles S. by W. of Williarasport. 
 Pop. 1940. 
 
 WEST BUFFALO, a postoffice of Scott co., Iowa. 
 
 WEST-BURDWAN, British India. See B.iNCOORAH. 
 
 WEST BURKE, a postoffice of Caledonia co., Vermont. 
 
 WEST BUR'LINGTON, a postoffice of Otsego co., New 
 York, about 30 miles S. of Utica. 
 
 WEST BURLINGTON, a post-village and township of 
 Bradford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 902. 
 
 WEST BURLINGTON, a post-offlce of Kane co., Hlinois. 
 
 WESTBUIIY, wSsf ber-e, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, hundred, town, parish, and township of England. 
 
 :^93 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 CO. o'Wilts, on thoN."W side of Salisbury Plain, with a station 
 on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 4^ miles S.S.K. 
 of Trowbridsce. Pop. of borouirh in 18.51,7029. The town 
 Is irreiiularly built; chief edifice, a handsome town-hall. 
 The rhurch is an old cruciform structure. In the pari.^h are 
 2 chapels of ea^e, dissenting chapels, and a national school 
 endowed with lOOOi. Westbury returns 1 member to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 WKSTBURY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WKSmUKV, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WESTBURY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 WEST'BURY, a town and parish of Van Diemen's Land, 
 00. of Westmoreland, 18 miles S.W. of Launceston. 
 
 WEST'BURY. a post-office of Wavne co., Xew York. 
 
 WEST'BURY-ON-SEV'ERN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Qlou'X'ster. 
 
 WESTBORT-ON-TRIM, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 WESTBUSn. a post-ofiice of Fulton co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 WEST BUT'LEK, a post-office of Wavne CO., Xew York. 
 
 WEST BUXTOX. a pnst-offiee of York co., Maiue. 
 
 WEST'BY WITH PLU.Ml'TOXS, a township of England, co. 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 WEST CAI'RO, a post-office of .lllen co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST CALN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1290. 
 
 WEST CAM'BRTDGE, a pos^village and township of Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Mass.ichusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, from 
 which here diverges the Lexington and West Cambridire 
 Branch Railroad, 6 mile.s N.W. of Boston. Pop. in 1S40, 
 1363 , in 1S50, 2202 ; in 1860, 2681. 
 
 W EST C.\M'DEX, a postnjllice of Knox co., Maine. 
 
 WBST CAMDEX, a post-viIla<re of Oneida co., Xew York, 
 on the Watertown and Rome Railroad, 25 miles W.N.W. of 
 Rome. 
 
 WEST CAM'ERON, a post-office of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 WEST CAMP, a post-village of Ulster eo., Xew York, on 
 the W. bank'of the Hudson River, 42 miles below Albany. 
 
 WEST CAMPTON, a postrvillage of Grafton co., New 
 Hampshire, 45 miles N. by W. of Concord. 
 
 WESTCA'XAAN, a post>village of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, oa the Northern Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of 
 Concord. 
 
 WEST CANAAN, a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, 22 
 miles W. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 WEST CAN/ADA CREEK, of Herkimer co., in the N.E. 
 central part of Xew Y'ork, after forming a small part of the 
 boundary between Oneida and Herkimer counties, falls into 
 the Mohawk River at Herkimer. The noted Trenton Falls 
 are on this stream. 
 
 WEST CAX'DOR, a postrofflce of Tiosa co.. New York. 
 
 WESTCAPELLE, a village of Belgium. See West Ka- 
 
 PELLE. 
 
 WEST CAR'LISLE', a posf>village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 
 about 64 miles E.N.E. from Columbus. Population in 1860. 
 223. '■ 
 
 WEST CARLTON, a post-village of Orleans co.. New York, 
 about 30 miles N.E. of Lockport. 
 
 WEST CASTLETOX, a post-offlce of Rutland co., Vermont. 
 
 WESTCAYUTA. a post-village of Chemung co.. New 
 York, 15 miles X.X'.E. of Elmira. 
 
 WESTCIIAR/LEMOXT. a post-village of Charlemont town- 
 ship, Franklin co.. Massachusetts. It contains 3 churches. 
 
 WEST CHARLESriX)X, a post-village of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, TO miles X.E. by N. of Augusta. 
 
 MEST CHARLESTON, a postvillage of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, near Clyde River. 55 miles X.E. bv X. of Montpelier. 
 
 WEST CHARLESTOX, a post-vlUage "of Miami co., Ohio, 
 about 1 1 miles S. by E. of Troy. 
 
 WEST CHARLTOX. a post-village of Saratoga co.. New 
 York, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST CHA'ZY, a post-village of Champlain township. 
 Clinton CO., Xew Y'ork. on the Platteburg and Montreal 
 Rtilroad, 10 miles N. of Plattsburg. 
 
 WEST CIIELMS'FORD, a postrvillage of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts. 25 miles N.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST ClIESH'IRE. a post-village of New Haven CO., Con- 
 necticut, on a railroad 15 miles N. of New Haven. 
 
 ^^ EST/CHESTER, a county in the S.E. part of .Xew York, 
 bordering on Connecticut and Long Island Sound, has an 
 area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by the Hudson, and is drained by Croton. Bronx, and Har- 
 lem Rivers, which turn numerous mills. The surface is 
 hilly, and in the N.W. broken by the highlands. The soil 
 is geTierally very fertile. Large quantities of marble are 
 round in Mount Plea.caut and some copper has been disco- 
 vered. The Hudson River is navigable for ships along the 
 entire border. The Hudson River Railroad, the ILrriem 
 Railroad, and the Xew York and Xew Haven Railroad, all 
 pas.s through this county, and the aqueduct which supplies 
 the city of Xew York with water from the Croton River, 
 ^V-7 ''?'?'"^<^^.'t. Organised in 1788. SeaU of jusUce^ 
 ^^ hite Plains and Bedford. Pop 99 497 ' 
 
 r,2!'2^J^o^*'^'F-^^ t post-villaee of New London co., Con- 
 necti'sut, 25 miles S.E. of Hartford. 
 20M 
 
 WESTCHESTER, a post-village and township of West- 
 chestor co.. New York. 12 miles N.E. of the City Hall of Xew 
 York. The township is bounded on the E. and S. by Long 
 Island Sound or East River, and sloops ascend Westche.',tei 
 Creek to the village. Pop. 4250. 
 
 WEST CHESTER, a post-borough, capital of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, is finely situated on elevated ground, 22J 
 miles \V. of Philadelphiiu This place is remarkable for the 
 beauty of its situation, the excellence of its schooLs. and the 
 elegance of it* public buildings. The private houses are 
 ne.arly all built of brick, and much taste is displayed in the 
 embellishment of the adjoining grounds. The court-house 
 is a beautiful and substantial edifice, recentlv erected, in the 
 Corinthiffti style, with six noble columas in front. It con- 
 tains 2 national banks, with an aggreg;ite capital of $275,000, 
 one of these is a Doric structure of white marble, which would 
 be creditable to any city in the Union. The town also contains 
 several flue churches, a cabinet of natural sciences, and a 
 horticultural hall. Some of these are built of a kind of 
 stone found in the vicinity, which has a greenish tint, and 
 is admirably adapted to the Gothic style of architecture. 
 The educational institutions include a military academy in 
 the building formerly occupied by Bolmar s celebrated school 
 for boys (the buildings and other improvements probably 
 cost S50.0001, several boariUng schools, 3 newspaper offices, 
 1 largo public schnolhouse, 2 machine shops, and 2 nur,series. 
 The town is supplied with good water from a spring in the 
 vicinity, and is lighted with gas. Three newspapers are 
 published here. A branch railroad connects West Chester 
 with the Pennsylvania Central Railrojid, and a more direct 
 road with Philadelphia. Population in 1S50, 3172 ; in 1860, 
 4757. 
 
 WEST CHESTER, a post-village of Butler eo., Ohio, 106 
 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 WEST CHESTER, a township in Porter co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 890. 
 
 WEST CHESTERFIELD, a post-office of Hampshire co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 WEST CLARE/MONT, a post-offlce of Sullivan co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 ^VEST CLARKS'VILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co., 
 New Y'ork. 
 
 WEST-CLIFFE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WEST CLI/.M.4.X, a post-office of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. 
 
 WEST COLESVILLE, kolz/vU. a postrvillage of Broome 
 CO., New Y'ork, about 4 miles E.N.E. of Binghamton. 
 
 WEST COLUMBIA, a post-village of Mason county ,We8t 
 Virginia, on the Ohio River, 1(50 miles below Wheeling. It 
 owtss its growth and Importance to the valuable salt spring* 
 recently found here : 5 or 6 wells have been sunk, and several 
 furn.aces put in operation. Laid out about 1850. Pop. 714. 
 
 WEST COX'CORD, a post-village of Merrimack co., Xew 
 Hampshire, on the Xorthern Railroad, with a station on the 
 Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers Railroad. 3 miles X.W. 
 of Concord. It contains manufactories of cottons, Uannels, 
 and other articles. 
 
 WEST COXCORD, a post-village in Concord township, 
 Essex CO., Vermont, on Moose River, about 37 miles N.E. by 
 E. of Montpelier, and 7 miles E. of the depot at St. Johns- 
 bury. The Moose River afforils excellent water-power. This 
 vill.ige hiis risen out of the woods within the last IG years, 
 and is now the largest and most flourishing in the county. 
 It contains a town-house, a manufactory of furniture, a pail- 
 factory, shingle and clap-board machines, large grain and 
 lumber-mills, a church, and 2 stores. 
 
 WEST COXEQUENES'SING, a township of Butler oo., 
 Penn.sylvania. 
 
 WEST COXE'SUS, a post-village of Livingston eo.. New 
 York. 
 
 WEST OON'STABLE, a post-office of Franklin co., New 
 York. 
 
 WEST CORTN'NA, a post-office of Penob.«cot co., Maine. 
 
 WEST CORNWALL, a post-office, Addison co., Vermont. 
 
 WEST CORXWALL, a thriving post-village in Cornwall 
 township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the Housatonic 
 River and Railroad, about 40 miles W. by N. of Hartford. 
 It contains 1 or 2 churches, a blast furnace and a number 
 of manufactories. 
 
 WEST'COTE. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WEST CREEK, a post-office of Ocean co.. New Jersey. 
 
 WEST CREEK, a post-township in Lake co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 945. 
 
 AVEST D.\NAaLLE, a post-vilbige of Androscoggin co., 
 Maine, about 28 miles X. of Portland. 
 
 WEST DALE, a village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, on 
 CruiU Creek, and on the Philailelphia and West Chester 
 Railroad. 10 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 WEST D.\N 'BY, a post>vi!l!ige of Tompkins CO., New York. 
 
 AVEST DAX'VILLE, a post-village of Cumberland co, 
 Maine. 
 
 WliST DAV/ENPORT, a post-village of Delaware co., New 
 York. 
 
 WEST DAY, a post-village of Saratoga co.. New York, on 
 Sacondaga River, about 50 miles N. by W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST DED'HAM, a post-village in Norfolk co, Hiumr 
 
WES 
 
 cUtiKetts, OD the Norfolk County Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of 
 Bo.«lon. 
 
 WEST DEER, a township of Alleghany CO., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1865. 
 
 WliST DflN'NIS, a postrvillage in Dennis township, Barn- 
 utablo CO., Maasachusetts, near the western shore of Cape 
 Cod peninsula, about 75 miles S. by E. of IJoston. The 
 inhabitants are extensively engaged in mackerel fisheries. 
 
 WEST DEK'BY, a post-village of Derby township, Orleans 
 CO., Vermont, on the K. shore of Memphremagog Lake, and 
 on the Clyde River, about 55 miles N.E. by N. of Mont- 
 pelier. 
 
 WEST DONEGAL, don-e-gawl/, a township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Lancaster and Harrisburg Kail- 
 road. 
 
 WESTDORPE, w^sfdoR-pfh, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Zealand, 15 miles S. of Goes. Pop. 1410. 
 
 WEST DO'VER, a postoffice of Piscataquis co., Maine. 
 
 WEST DOVEK. a postHsffice of Windham co., Vermont 
 
 WEST DUES'DEN, a postofflce of Yates co.. New York. 
 
 WEST DRY'DEN, a postrvillage of Tompkins eo., New 
 York, about 170 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 ^V'EST DUIVLIN, a small village of Fulton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WEST DUM'MERSTON, a postoffice of Windham co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 WEST DUR'HAM,ap08tofficeof Androscoggin co.,Maine 
 
 WEST DUX'BURY, a post-village in Duxbury township, 
 Plymouth co., Massachusetts, 40 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 WEST EAItL, (url,) a post'township of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Conestoga Creek, about 11 miles N.E. of Lan- 
 caster. Pop. 1900. 
 
 WEST EATON, (ee't9n,) a postoffice of Madison co.. New 
 York. 
 
 W EST EATON, a posfrofflce of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WES/TECUNK, a village of Ocean co., New Jersey, on 
 Little Egg Harbor Bay, 50 miles S.E. of Trenton, contains 2 
 stores. 
 
 WEST E^DEN, a post-offlce of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 WEST ED/MESTON, a postrvillage of Otsego co., New York, 
 28 miles S. of L'tioa. 
 
 WEST ELIZ/ABETH, a post-village of Jefferson township, 
 Alleghany co., Penn.';ylvania, on the left bank of the Mouon- 
 gfthela River, 20 miles by water S. of Pittsburg, and opposite 
 Klizabeth borough. Glass is manufactured here. Pup. in 
 1800, 304. 
 
 WEST ELK'TON, a small post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 
 on Elk Creek. 
 
 WEST EL/LERY, a post-office of Chautauqua co., New 
 York. 
 
 WEST E'LY, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, about 
 »0 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 WEST EMIVDEN, a postoffice of Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 WEST END, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WEST EN'FIELD, a post-offlce of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 WEST ENFIELD, a post-office of Grafton co., New Hamp- 
 Ehire. 
 
 WEST'ENHANH>ER, a former parish of England, co. of 
 Kent, now included in the parish of Stouting, and having 
 a station on the South-East Railway, 3i miles N.W. of 
 Hythe. 
 
 WESTENHOLZ, *?s'ten-hAlts\ a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince o£ West|)halia, government of Minden, circle of Pader- 
 bom. Pop. 1093. 
 
 WEST E/NOSBURG, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont. 
 
 WESTERAS, (WesteritS,) wJs/ter-os\ written also V'K.S- 
 TERAS, a town of Sweden, capital of a la;n, 60 miles W.N 'W. 
 of Stockholm. Pop. 3345. It is the see of a bishop, and has a 
 fine cathedral, an ancient castle, and a towu-hall. Its college, 
 the most ancient in Sweden, has a library of 11,000 voliuiies, 
 and a botanic garden. It has also exten.sive ship-building 
 docks, and is an entrepot for iron, copper, brass, vitriol, &c., 
 sent to Stockhttlm. It has an important annual fair on 10th 
 Septeuib(!r. The Isen or province of Westerds has an area 
 of 2055 square miles. Pop. 92,494. 
 
 WESTEKBUUG, *fs'ter-buoRo\ a village of Germany, 
 Nassau, capital of a lordship of the Counts of Leiningeu- 
 Westerburg, 9 miles N.N.W. of Hadamar. Pop. 1367. It 
 has a castle, .several tanneries, and large coal-mines. 
 
 WEST'ERDALE, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 WEST'ERFIEBD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WEST'ERH.\M, a market-town and parish of England, 
 00. of Kent, 19^ miles W. of Maidstone, on the Darent. 
 Pop. of town, in 1851, 1247. The town has a handsome 
 church, in which is a monument to General Wolfe, who 
 was born here, and whose victory at Quebec is commemo- 
 rated by a pillar in this parish. Bishop Iloadley was born 
 here in 1670. 
 
 WESTER HAUSEN, ftJs'ter-how'zgn. a village of I'russian 
 Saxony, 4 miles N.N.W. of Quedlinburg. Pop. 1030. 
 
 WKSTEKIIEIM. «Js/tgr-hime\ a village of Wurtemberg, 
 circle of Danube, on the Rauhe-Alp Mountains, near Geis- 
 llngen. I'op. 879. 
 
 WEST'JilUClRK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, in 
 
 WES 
 
 Eskdale, N.W. of Langholm. Here are several Roman aad 
 Druidic remains. 
 
 WESTERLEIGH, w^s'ter-le, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester, 2i miles S.w! of Chipping-Sudbury. It has a 
 handsome church. A railway 9 miles in length connects 
 Coalpit Heath iu this parish with Bristol. 
 
 WESTERLOO, Wis'tHr-10\ a village of Belgium, province 
 and 25 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the Great Nethe. Pop. 
 2300. 
 
 WEST/ERLOO, a post-township of Albany co., New York, 
 about 20 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2692. 
 
 WESr'ERLY, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Washington co., Rhode Island, on the Pawcatuck River, 
 the boundary between Rhode Island and Connecticut, and 
 on the Stonington and I'rovidence Railroad. 45 miles S.W. 
 of Providence. The inhabitants are exteu.^ively engaged 
 in cotton and other manufactures. Ship-buildiug and the 
 coast trade is also carried on, for which the river ali'orda 
 facilities, being navigable for vessels of from 40 to 50 tona 
 burden. The village contains 3 or 4 chunjhes, 3 banks, and 
 about 15 stores. Pop. of the township, iu 1840, 1912; in 
 
 1850, 2763; in 1860,3470. 
 
 WEST'ER.\IAN'S MILLS, a postoffice of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 WES'TERN, a township of Oneida co,. New York, inter- 
 sected by the Black River Canal. Pop. 2497. 
 
 WEST'ERN AUSTRA/LIA, (formerly SWAN RIVER CO- 
 LONY,) a British colony occupying the S.W. angle of Aus- 
 tralia, between lat. 28^^ 15' and 35~^ IU' S., and Ion. 114^ 4c 
 and 119° 35' E.; length, from N. to S., about 485 miles, 
 greatest breadth 240 miles; extent of coast-line 800 miles. 
 Its first appearance is not very inviting, the coast being 
 bordered by dull green-looking downs. The interior is 
 traversed from N. to S. by three parallel mountain ranges, 
 which increase in height inland. The elevation of Tul- 
 banop, the culminating point, is about 500U feet. The pre- 
 vailing rocks are granitic, with claystouo and limestone. 
 Columnar ba-salt is met with around Geographe Bay, and 
 other localities. A liand of coal extends parallel witli tha 
 coast from Geographe Bay northward to Shark Bay, a dis- 
 tance of above tiOO miles. The other minerals include iron, 
 lead, copper, mercury, and zinc. A cargo ol lead was pro- 
 cured from the Geraldine mine, about 40 miles from Port 
 Gregory, and sent to Singapore iu 1853. This was the first 
 lead exported to the East. Ojpper is also exported. 
 
 The principal stream is Swan lUver, which, like »il the 
 other rivers of Australia, is subject to sudden floods, inun- 
 dating a large extent of country. In the interior are seve- 
 ral salt lakes and pools, but in general the colony is not well 
 watered. The climate is arid, but comparatively healthy ; 
 mean winter temperature 58-', summer 70"^ Fahrenheit. 
 
 The soil is light and dry, both on .the coast and iu the 
 interior, but in general it is not remarkable fur fertility. The 
 laud on which sheep have been folded yields on an average 
 about 20 bushels of wheat to the acre. Barley is extensively 
 grown, but oats do not thrive, and the climate is uusuited 
 to flax. The vine, fig, and olive, however, are cultivated 
 with success, 'i'he extent of vineyards already planted 
 exceeds 300 acres. Grapes and currants of every species also 
 thrive Well. In 1849, the number of acres of land under 
 cultivation was 0700. The year 1852 shows a large increase 
 iu the sale of land over 1851. during which the quantity of 
 land sold was nearly double that of any previous year. Agri- 
 culture, however, receives but comparatively little attention, 
 and is by no means prosperous. I'he governor's report for 
 1852 contains the fulowing observation: "It is somewhat 
 difficult to assign any very satisfactory reason for this appa- 
 rent supiueuess, in the midst of an increasing population and 
 a certain market, where breadstuffs have reached a price 
 more than double that realized previous to this having been 
 made a penal settlement." The rearing of sheep has been 
 tolerably successful, and horses and cattle thrive well. The 
 total number of live stock in 1848 was 157,618, against 
 87,938 in 1843. According to the report referred to, the live 
 stock in the colony had continued to increase up to 1852; 
 " but," says the governor, •' to look forward to any very large 
 addition to our present numbers in sheep or horned cattle, 
 unless some new and extensive pastures be discovered, is, I 
 am aware, in the opinion of many, nearly hopeless." 
 
 The commerce of Western Australia is carried on chiefly 
 with Singapore and other places in the East, and with the 
 mother country. The principal exports are' wool, live stock, 
 especially horses, and the products of the whale fishery. Lead 
 and copper are also beginning to be exported. The export 
 of sandal wood was recently important, (amounting in 1847 
 to 370j- tons,) but in 1852 had entirely cea,sed. The total 
 value of exports rose from 7088(. in 1843, to 29.59St. in 1848. 
 Their value for 1852 is not given, but the governor states 
 that there had been a falling off of 208S(. as compared with 
 
 1851. The value of imports increased from 37.480/. in 1843, 
 to 45,41 U. in 1848 ; 56,598/. in 1851, and 97,303/. iu 1852. Ton- 
 nage entered in 1852. 25.326; being an increase of S78G 
 over 1851. The colony has an available supply of ship-build- 
 ing timber, which grows quite close to the sea: it is analo- 
 gous to Honduras mahogany, is of great size, and pussesses 
 
 20^6 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 tile p<>oulinr property of resisting sea-worms. It also forms 
 a very valualile aiiiteiial for house-buildinti, beins; imper- 
 vious to the white ant. It is coufiUently expect<,'(] that when 
 the value of this timber — the jarmk of the inhabitants — 
 becomes more widely known, it will materially promote the 
 prosperity of the colony. It is more easily worked than any 
 other timber in Australia. 
 
 The colony of Western Australia is divided into about 30 
 counties, and ruled by a Governor and Legislative Council. 
 Liberal means are provided for the promotion of the reli- 
 gious instruction and intellectual culture both of the immi- 
 grant and native population. School-houses capable of 
 ftcccmmodatini; 400 pupils were in course of erection in 1852 
 at Perth and Freemantle. The estimatetl cost of these houses 
 was 1400?. In Perth there are no less than 5 public schools 
 receiving government aid; also several private ones. There 
 are also 2 public and several private schools in Freemantle. 
 In Guilford, the school is under the charge of a clergyman 
 of the Church of England, receiving government aid. 
 There are also schools at York, Bunbury. and Albany, under 
 lay masters paid by government. The revenue of the colony 
 in 1S52 was 37.021/., and the expenditures 34.777/. 
 
 The colony of Western Australia was founded in 1829 by 
 Captain Stirling, who was appointed the first governor. The 
 European population in 1832 was 1540; in 1849. 4622; and 
 in 1852, 8711 ; of whom 6645 were males, and 3066 females. 
 Of the popvilation 6574 were free, 1432 bond, and 705 mili- 
 tary. The number of the aboriginal population is estimated 
 at 1700. The capital of the colony is Perth, situated on 
 the estuary of Swan River. The principal port is Freeman- 
 tie. British mail-steamers touch at .\lbany, at the S. extre- 
 mity of the colony. 
 
 WESTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION. 
 See CoviNOTON', Kentucky. 
 
 AVESTERN COLLEGE OF HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICINE. 
 See Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 WESTERN FORD, a po.stK)ffice of Tucker co., "W. Vir- 
 ginia, 240 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 WESTERN ISLANDS, Scotland. See Hebrides. 
 
 WESTERN ISLES, a name sometimes given to the Azores. 
 
 WESTERN MILITARY INSTITUTE. See Drenkox 
 Sprixgs. Kentucky. 
 
 W KSTE R NORRL AND, a laen of Sweden. See Hernosand. 
 
 WE.ST'ERN-PORT, an inlet of the S. coast of Australia. 
 Victoria, co, of Mornington, 12 miles S.E. of the inlet of 
 Port Phillip, and separated from it by the peninsula of Ar- 
 thur's Seat. Length and breadth about 20 miles each, but 
 it is nearly filled up by French and Grant Islands, and only 
 the entrance on their W. side is adapted for large vessels. 
 It forms a secure harbor. Lat. of the N.E. point of Phillip 
 Island. 38° 26' 42" S., Ion. 145° 18' 15" E, 
 
 WEST'ERNPORT, a post-village of Alleghany co., Mary- 
 land, on the Potomac River, 24 miles S.W. of Cumberland. 
 
 AVESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE. See Hudson, Ohio. 
 
 WESTERN SARATO/GA, a post-village of Union co., Illi- 
 nois, 142 miles S. of Springfield, owes its rise to a medicinal 
 spring, which attracts numerous visitors in the warm season. 
 
 WKST'ERN STAR, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio, 122 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL. See Meadville, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 WES/TERNVILLE, a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, 
 on the Mohawk River, and on the Black River Canal, 8 or 9 
 miles N.N.E. of Rome. 
 
 WESTERVIK, «^s/ter-vik\ sometimes written VESTER- 
 VIK, a town of South Sweden, Isen and 75 miles N. of Kal- 
 mar, on a deep inlet of the Baltic, here crossed by a bridge 
 of boats. Pop. 3025. It has a fine church, safe and conve- 
 vient harbor, ship-building docks, manufactures of linen 
 faljrics. and a trade in iron, wooden wares, tar, and pitch. 
 
 WES'TERVILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, 14 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 668. 
 
 WESTERWALD, *Js'ter-*ait\ a Tiill-chaln of West Ger- 
 many, forming the boundary between Westphalia and the 
 duchy of Nassau, stretches N.E. from Coblentz for about 70 
 miles. Its principal summit, the Salzburgerkopf, is 2847 
 feet in elevation. The mountains are well wooded. 
 
 WKST KX'ETER, a post-offlce of Otsego co., New York, 
 
 WKST FAIR'FIELD, a post-village of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, 125 miles W. of Hiirrisburg. 
 
 WEST FAIR'LEE, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont, 
 29 miles S.E. of Montpielier. Pop. 830. 
 
 W KST FAIR/VIEW, a postoffiee of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 iylvinia. 
 
 WKST'FALL, a post-township of Pike co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Delaware River, about 68 miles E. by N, of'Wilkes- 
 barre. I'op. 506. 
 
 WEST FAL'LOWFIELD, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sj'lvaiiia. l>op. 1273. 
 
 WKST FALLOWFIELD, a township of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Beaver and Erie Canal. 
 Pop. 720. 
 
 WV.fiT FALLS, a postofflce of Erie co.. New York 
 
 WKST FAL'MOUTH, a post-office of Cumberland oo.. 
 Maine. 
 
 2096 
 
 WEST FALMOUTH, a post-village of Barnstable oo., Maa- 
 Siichusetts. 62 miles S.S.E. of Boston. 
 
 WEST FAR/MINGTON, a post-office of Ontario co., New 
 York. 
 
 WEST FARMS, a post-village and township of Westehe* 
 ter CO.. New York, 11 miles N.N.E. of New York City. The 
 township borders on the East River or Long Island Sound, 
 and is intersected by the Harlem Railroad. The village is 
 situated on Bronx River, at the head of sloop niivi.'ation. 
 It contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, and numerous 
 stores and ftietories. Pop. of the township, 7098, 
 
 WEST F.W'ETTE'. a post-office of Seneca-co.. New York. 
 
 WKST FELICIANA, (fij-lis-e-ah'na.) a parish of Louisiana, 
 bordering on Missis.sippi. and on the E. bank of Missis.<ippi 
 River, cont/iins 480 squai-e miles. It is intersected by Bayou 
 Sarah. The surface is gently undulating: the soil is fertile. 
 The parish is intersected by a railroad from Woodville to 
 the Mississippi River. Capital, St. Francisville. Pup. 11,671, 
 of whom 2100 were free, and 9571 slaves. 
 
 WEST'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WE.-<TFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 WEST'FII'XD. a post^township of Orleans co., Vermont, 
 44 miles N. of Montpelier. Pop. 618. 
 
 WESTFIELD. a flourishing post-village and township of 
 Ilampilen CO.. Massachusetts, on the Westfield River, and 
 on the Western Railroad, 10 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. 
 The village is delightfully situated in a plain bordered with 
 beautiful hills. In the centre is a fine public square, around 
 which are situatetl the principal stores. The village con- 
 tains about 6 churches, a town-house, 2 banks, a sjivinga 
 institution, an insurance company, and 1 newsjiaper office. 
 It is tlie seat of the Westfield Academy, incorporiited in 
 1793, and of one of the state rormal schools. The inhabi- 
 tants are engaged in various kinds of manufactures. Among 
 the principal articles produced here are whips and cigars. 
 Pop. in 1S40, 3526; in 1860, 5055. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a po.st village and township of Chautnufiua 
 CO., New York, on Chautauqua Creek, and on the Buft'alo 
 and State Lino Railroad, 57 miles W.S.W. of Buffalo. The 
 township borders on Lake Erie, The village contains 
 5 churches, an academy. 2 banks, a newspaper office and 
 several mills and factories. Pop. of the township, 3t)40. 
 See Appendix. 
 
 WhSTFIELD, a township of Richmond co., New York, 
 forms the S.W'. extremity of Staten Island, and contains 
 Richmond, the county-seat. Pop. 3985. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a village of Burlington Co., New Jersey, 
 about 22 miles S.W. of 'I'renton. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a post-village and township of Union co.. 
 New Jersey, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, 36 miles 
 N.N.E. of Trenton. Pop. 1719. 
 
 WESTFI KLD. a post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 16 miles N.W. of Wcllsbnrongh. Pop. 11.30. 
 
 tVESTFIELD, a township in Medina CO., Ohio. Pop, 1122 
 
 WESTFIELD, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Morrow co., Ohio, intersected by the E, branch of Whet- 
 stone River, and bv the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati 
 Railroad. Pop. 1432. 
 
 WE.STFIELD, a post-village and township of Hamilton co., 
 Indiana. 6 miles W. of Noblesville. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a small post-village of Qarke co., Ilinois, 
 
 WESTFIELD, a post-township in the N,E. part of .Mar- 
 quette CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 496. • 
 
 WESTFIELD. » tmvnship of Sank co..Wisconsin. Pop. 718. 
 
 WESTFIELD RIVER is fbrmed by the junction of its 
 North. Middle, and West branches, which unite in Hamp- 
 den county, in the W. part of ilassachusetts, and falls into 
 the Connecticut ne.ir Springfield. The railroad from Spring- 
 field to Albany passes along this stream for about 20 miles. 
 Branches. — The North Branch rises in Hampshire county, 
 as also does the Middle Branch, which flows into it; tha 
 West Branch rises in Berk.shire; the North Branch, after 
 uniting with the Middle, joins the West Branch in Hamp- 
 den county. 
 
 WEST FIND'LEY. a post-township forming the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of Washington co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1453. 
 
 WEST FITCH'BURG. a post^village of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Eailroad, 
 43 miles W.N.W. of Bo.ston. 
 
 WEST FLOR'ENCE. a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, on 
 Four Mile Creek, 100 miles W. by S. of Colunibu.s. 
 
 WEST'FORD, a post-township in Chitterfden co., Vermont, 
 31 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1231. 
 
 WESTFORD. a post>village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Stony Brook Railroad. 27 miles N.W 
 by W. of Boston. The village contains several churches and 
 an academy. Pop. of the township, 1624. 
 
 WESTFORD. a post-village in Windham co., Connecticut, 
 on Mount Hope River, 30 miles N.E. by E. of Hartford. 
 
 WESTFORD, a po.st-township of Otsego co.. New York, 8 
 miles S.E. of Cooperstown. Pop. 1382. 
 
 WEST FORK, a post-office of Overton CO., Tennes.«ee. 
 
 WEST FORT ANN, a post-office of Wasnington co.. New 
 York. 
 
 WEST FOWLER. \ postoffloe, St Lawrence co., New York. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 WEST FOX'DOROUGII, a postvillage of Norfolk co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 20 miles S.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST FRANKFORT, a post-office of Herkimer co., New 
 Tork. 
 
 WEST FRANK/LIN, a postK)fflce of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WKST FRANKLIN, a post-village in Posey co., Indiana, 
 on the N. bank of Ohio River, 1 70 miles S.W. of InUianapolis. 
 
 WEST FREK'DOM, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine. 
 
 WEST FItEE'MAN, a postK)ffice of Franklin co., Maine. 
 
 WEST FRIESLAND, frtes'Unt, a former district of Hol- 
 land, province of North Holland, being the seu-lxjard of the 
 Zuyder-Zee, N. of Edam. It comprehended the towns of 
 Enkhuyzen, lloorn, and Me<leniblik. 
 
 WEST FUL'TON, a post-office of Schoharie co.. New York. 
 
 WEST FULTON, a post-village, Itawamba co.. Mississippi. 
 
 WEST FURNACE, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia. 
 
 WEST GAINES, a post-office of Orleans co., New York. 
 
 WEST GAL'WAY, a post-office of Fulton co., New York. 
 
 WEST GARDINER, a township of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 Ini^orporated August 8, 1850. Pop. 1294. 
 
 WEST GAR'LAND, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 WE.ST'GATE, a township of England, co. of Northumber- 
 land, parish and forming the N.NV. suburb of the town of 
 Newcastle. Pop. in 1851, 10.477. 
 
 WEST GENESEE/, a post-villaze of Alleghany co.. New 
 York, about 70 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 WEST GENESEE, a township in Genesee co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 232. 
 
 WEST GEORGIA, jor'jj, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 WEST GILBO'A. a postofflce of Schoharie co., New York. 
 
 WEST GIL'EAD, a village of Morrow co., Ohio, on the 
 railroad which connects Cleveland with Columbus, 42 miles 
 N. of the latter. It was laid out in 1851, and contains 
 •everal warehouses. 
 
 WEST GIR.VKiy, a village of Erie ca, Pennsylvania, on 
 Elk Creek. 17 miles S.W. of Erie, and 2 miles from Lake Erie. 
 
 WEST GLI>;N'BURN, a postofflce of I'enobscot co., Maine. 
 
 WEST GLOUCESTER, (glos'ter,) a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 WEST GLOUCESTER, a manufacturing post-village of 
 Gloucester tnvnship. Providence co., Rhode Island, on the 
 route of the proposed Woousocket Union Railroad, about 22 
 miles N.W. of Providence. 
 
 WEST GLOVER, (gluv'gr,) a recently sprung up village 
 in Glover township, Orleans co., Vermont, about 35 miles 
 N.E. by N. of Montpelier. It contains a church, an unusu- 
 ally fine school-house, and several mills. 
 
 WEST GORHAM, (go'ram,) a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO.. Maine. 
 
 WEST GO'SIIEN. a po8(>village of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, about 35 miles W. by N. of Hartford. It contains a 
 Methodist church and several mills and factories. 
 
 WEST GO'SHEN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 contains or adjoins West Chester. The Philadelphia and 
 West Chcsttr Railroad terminates in it. Pop. 1067. 
 
 WEST GOULDSBOROUGH, west goolds'bur-ruh, a post- 
 Tillage of Hancock co.. Maine. 95 miles E. of Augusta. 
 
 WEST GRAX'BY. a postrvillage of Hartford co., Connecti- 
 cut, 20 miles N.N.W. of Hartford. 
 
 WEST GR.\N'VILLE, a post-village in Hampden co., Mas- 
 gachusetts, 110 miles W.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST GREAT WORKS, a postofflce of Penobscot co., 
 Maine. 
 
 WEST GREECE, a post-office of Monroe co.. New York. 
 
 WEST GREEN/FIELD, a post-village of Saratoga co.,New 
 York, 36 miles N. by W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST GREENFIELD, atownship. La Grange co.,Indiana. 
 
 WEST GREEN'VILLE, now called GREENVILLE, a 
 thriving post-borongh of jviercer county, Pennsylvania, on 
 Shenango Creek, on the Erie Extension Canal, and on the 
 Pittsburg and Erie Railroad, where it is crossed by the At- 
 lantic and Great Western R. R., 25 miles S.W. of Meadville, 
 and 85 miles N. by W. of Pittsburg. It has several churches, 
 1 national bank, and some factories. Pop. in 1860, 1101. The 
 name of the post-office has been changed to Greenville. 
 
 WEST GREENWICH, a township In Kent co., Rhode 
 Island, 22 miles W.N.W. of Newport The streams affoKl 
 water-power, employed for cotton and other mills. Pop. 1258. 
 
 WEST GREENWICH CENTRE, a post-village of Kent »., 
 Rhode Island, situated in the above township. 
 
 WEST GREENWOOD, a post-office of Steuben co., New 
 York. 
 
 WEST GRO'TON. a post-village of Middlesex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad, 39 miles 
 W.N.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST GKOTON, a post-village of Tompkins co., New 
 Vork. 55 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST GROVE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 M'E.ST HAU'LEY, a post-office of Saratoiia eo., New York. 
 
 WKXT HAL'IFAX. a post-office of Windham co., Vermont. 
 
 WEST'llALL. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WEST'H.\M a parish of England, co. of Sussex, with a sta- 
 tion on the So\ith Coast Railway, 4i miles S.E. of Ilailsham 
 6G 
 
 WESTHAM. a parish of England. Soe Ham, Wes* 
 
 WEST HAM'ILTON, a village of La Porte co., In'unna, 
 on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 4 or 5 miles N.E. of La 
 Porte. 
 
 WESTHAM LOCKS, a post-office of Henrico co., Virginia. 
 
 WEST HAMP/DEN, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 WEST HA.MP'NETT, a parish of England, co. of Sus.«ex. 
 
 WEST HAMPTON, a posl-townsliip of Hiinipshiro co., 
 Massachusetts, 95 miles W. of Bu.ston. I'op. 60S. 
 
 WEST HAN'OVER, a post-township.of Dauphin co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, about 11 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 943. 
 
 WEST UAR/PETH, a post-office of Williamson co.. Ten- 
 
 DBSSOC 
 
 WEST HARPS'WELL. a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 Maine. 
 
 WEST HART'FORD, a post-village of Windsor co., Ver- 
 mont, on the White River, which affords water-power, and 
 on the Vermont Central Railroad, 66 miles S.E. of Montpe- 
 lier. Manufacturing is carried on here to gome extent. 
 
 WEST HARTFORD, a post-village and township of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, 5 r.iiles W. of ILirtl'ord. Pop. 1296. 
 
 WE.ST H.\RT'LAND, a post-office of Somer.sot co., Maine. 
 
 WEST HARTLAND, a post-village of Hartford co., Con- 
 necticut, 25 miles N.W. of Hartford. 
 
 WEST HAR'WICK, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mas- 
 saihusetts, 75 mites S.E. of Boston. 
 
 WEST H.\'VEN. a post-township of Rutland CO., Vermont, 
 on Lake Cbamplain, 60 miles S.W. by S. of Montpelier. 
 Pop. 580. 
 
 WEST HAVEN, a post-village of New Haven co., Con- 
 necticut, on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 5 
 miles S.W. of New Haven. It contains a church and au 
 academ y . 
 
 WEST HAV/ERFORD, a postK)fflce of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WEST HAW'LEY, a po.st-village of Hawley township, 
 Franklin co., Massachusetts; contains a church and a store. 
 
 WEST HE'BKON, a po,-t-village of Washington co., New 
 York, 22 miles S. of Whitehall. 
 
 WEST HEBRON, a po.st-village of McHenry co., Illinois, 
 70 miles N.W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 WEST HKM'LOCK, a township of Montour co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 433. 
 
 WEST HE.MP/FIELD, a town.ship of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, traversed by the Philadelphia and Columbia Rail- 
 road. Pop. exclusive of Coluniliia, 3108. 
 
 WEST HEN'NEI'IN, a small village of Bureau CO., Illi- 
 nois, on the Illinois River, nearly opposite Hennepin. 
 
 WEST HENRIET'TA, a post-office of Monroe co.. New 
 York. 
 
 WEST HILL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WE.ST HILLS, a post-office of Suffolk c-o.. New York. 
 
 WE.ST HIN.S'DALE, a village of Cattaraugus co., New 
 York, about 50 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 WEST HO'BOKEN, a post-village of Hudson co., New 
 Jersey, 2 miles N. of Hoboken Landing. 
 
 WESTHOFEN. *esrho'fgn, a markeUown of West Ger- 
 many, Ilesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhenish Hessen, on the 
 Seebach, 20 miles S. of Mentz, (Mayntz.) Pop. 1838. 
 
 WESTHOFEN, a market-town of West Germany, Prussian 
 Westphalia, 7 miles S.S.E. of Dortmund, on the Ruhr. Pop. 
 1025. 
 
 WESTHOFEN, vJst'o'fftN"/, a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Bas-Rliin, 14 miles W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 
 2054, engaged in woollen-weaving. 
 
 WI';.ST'HOKPE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WEST HUR'LEY, a post-office of Ulster co.. New York. 
 
 WEST INDIES, wJst jn'diz, ANTILLES. dnHeel'. or 
 COLUM'BIAN ARCHIPEl/AGO, (L. AnUVl(T,In'dicE occiden- 
 ta'les ; Fr. lies Antilles, eel ftNo'teel' ; Spi Antillas, dn-teel'yS's ; 
 Ger. Antillen, in-tll'lgn, West Indien, *Jst in'de-^n; Dutch, 
 West Indien, wJst in'de-gn.) an extensive system of Islands in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, stretching from the N.W. of Cape Florida 
 in North America, to the Gulf of Paria, on the N. coast of 
 South America, and comprised between lat. 10° and 27° 30 
 N., and Ion. 59° and 85° W. ; having N. and E. the Atlantic, 
 and S. the Caribbean Sea, which separates them from Central 
 and South America. They are mostly disposed in three dis- 
 tinct groups, called, resjtctively, the Lesser Antilles or Ca- 
 ribbean Islands, the Greater Antilles, and the Bahama or 
 Lucayos Islands. The islands that compose the first-named 
 division form the most southerly of the.se groups; they 
 are disposed in the form of a crescent, with the convex 
 side facing the E., and are divided into the Windward 
 or Southern Caribbee Islands; and the Leeward Islands; 
 the latter terminating with the Virgin Islands. The 
 Greater Antilles comprise the four largest and finest 
 islands in the Archipelago — Cuba, Ilayti or San Domingo, 
 Porto Rico, and Jamaica, with the small islands along their 
 coasts. The Bahama Islands form the most N. portion of 
 the system, of which they are also the most numerous, but 
 the least valuable and interesting. Besides the thi-ee great 
 groups named, there are several small islands disperse! 
 along the coast of South and Central America. The .'^^irface 
 of all the Archipelago does not exceed 95,000 square miles; 
 
 2097 
 
WES 
 
 and of this area the Greater Antilles occupy nearly 8? 000 
 square miles. In the following table is giveu a list of the 
 principal islands, arranged in the groups to whi.h they 
 respectively belong; the area and population are also shown, 
 and the power under whose sway they are held :— 
 
 I Area in 
 I sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Gbkatks AKTnxu. 
 Cawnanbrack f 
 Cavman (Liule) >• 
 Cayman (Great) ) 
 Cuba 
 
 HaTti 
 
 Isle of Pine* 
 
 Jamaica •■•••• 
 Porto Rico 
 
 LesSIS AKTIU.IS. 
 
 \Windtcard Islands, or Soutk 
 I Caribbee Island* ."— 
 
 Barbadoes • • • • • 
 
 Grenada " 
 
 Grenadine! 
 
 Martinique 
 
 St. Lucia ■••••• 
 
 St. Viacent 
 
 Trinidad .••••• 
 
 Tobago 
 
 Leeward IsUmdt, or North 
 Caribbee Islaruis ;— 
 
 Anguilla 
 
 Antigua 
 
 Barbuda 
 
 Deseada 
 
 Dominica .«■••• 
 
 Guadeloupe . . , . . 
 
 Marie Galante . . • • 
 
 Montserrat 
 
 Nevis ..••••■ 
 
 Saba 
 
 St. Bartholomew . . . 
 
 St. Christopher .... 
 
 Saintes (Les) .... 
 
 St. Eustatiui . . . • 
 
 St. Mariin 
 
 Santa Crui 
 
 rirgin Island* : — 
 
 Anegada •••••• 
 
 Culebra 
 
 St. Jan 
 
 St. Thomai 
 
 Tortola 
 
 Vieque (Bieque) . . . 
 
 Virgin Gorda .... 
 Bahima Islands. 
 
 Abaco (Great and Little) 
 
 Andros 
 
 Crooked Islandl 
 
 Eleuthera 
 
 Exuma (Great and Little) 
 
 Great Bahama 
 
 Inague (Great and Little) , 
 
 Key or Cayco (Great) f 
 
 Long Island 
 
 Mariguana 
 
 Xew Providence 
 
 Procideociales 
 
 St. ib'alvador 
 
 'VTatliag Islands 
 
 SocTR AMxaiCAJt Coast, 
 
 Buen Ayre . . 
 
 Coche 
 
 Cuagua or Cabagna . 
 
 Curacoa ..... 
 
 Margarita .... 
 
 Oruba 
 
 Tcrtuga 
 
 34.mO 
 27,600 
 
 600 
 
 3,000 
 
 200 
 
 1,009,060 
 
 943,000 
 
 1.400 
 
 377,433 
 
 500,000 
 
 121.478 
 24,318 
 30.128 
 60,319 
 18,208 
 
 J.934 
 S6,405 
 1,600 
 
 22.200 
 129,050 
 
 1.'.749 
 7..H6b 
 
 lO.iOO 
 1,617 
 1.800 
 
 23.133 
 1,100 
 1.903 
 7,773 
 
 25,600 
 
 SOO 
 3.560 
 
 12.800 
 
 8,500 
 
 211 
 
 ^BritUh. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 Independent* 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 British. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 (BrlUsli. 
 French. 
 
 VBritUIk. 
 
 French. 
 British. 
 French 
 French. 
 
 /British. 
 British. 
 Swedish. 
 British. 
 French. 
 British. 
 
 French ft Dvtotu 
 British. 
 
 British. 
 Spanish. 
 Panish. 
 Danish. 
 British. 
 British. 
 British. 
 
 1,955 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 Yenezuelik 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 Besides the islands above named, there are a vast number 
 of barren rocky islets scattered over the surface of the 
 archipelago, which it is unnecessary and impossible to 
 enumerate; the Bah.ima group alone amounting, altogether, 
 to 500 in number, and the Virgin Islands to at least 50 more 
 than those given iu the table. 
 
 The Antilles are generally con.«idereJ to be the remains 
 of a mountain range, which, at some remote period, united 
 the continents of North and South America. Some of the 
 Lesser Antilles are flat, but the general character of the 
 We<t Indian Islands is bold, with a single mountain or group 
 of mountains in the centre, which slopes to the sea all round, 
 more precipitously on the E. side, which is expo-nnl to the 
 force of the Atlantic current Volcanic .iction is confined in 
 this an!hipelago to the smaller islands, which, forming a 
 line in a meridional direction, extend from 12= to 18° N. lat.; 
 ■wmmencing with Grenada, and cea-Mng with St. Kustatius. 
 Most of the intervening islands, wliich rise to great elevar 
 tions. possess craters recently extinct, that have vomited 
 ashes and lava within historical periods, while tho.«e which 
 are low, are composed of either calcareous or conil rocks. 
 The most considerable eruptions in modern timps have been 
 those of St. Vincent; but more remotely, ^an Domingo and 
 Jamaica have been the scenes of some of the most trenien- 
 doas earth'|U!ikes on record. 
 at«08 
 
 WES 
 
 The climate in the Antilles is extremely hot. but the length 
 of the uij^ht, the sea-breezes, and. in many of them, the 
 elevation of the land, tend to modify the sun's influence. 
 Hurricanes of great viuieuie are of frequent ix-curreuce. the 
 West Indies being the foi-us of tlie most de>olaling on record. 
 These hurricanes commi-nce near the Leeward i slauds, travel 
 to the \V.N.W., and then round tlie shores or across the Gulf 
 of -Mexico, and following the Gulf Mream, are lost in the 
 Atlantic, between the Bermudas and iLtlifax. They are 
 most frequent between June an i October. Navigation 
 within these islands, from \V. to K, is attended with great 
 difficulty, on account of the opposition of the passage-windg 
 and the currents, i'rom Otis cau.se, a voyage from W. to K 
 requires almost as many weeks as days iu an opposite 
 direction. 
 
 The rich and varied productions of the West Indian Islands 
 give them an important place iu the commercial world. The 
 piiucipal of these are sugar and collee. both introduced by 
 man. The first West India sugar was produced in the island 
 of Hayti. As early as 151S, the Spaniards had here numerous 
 sugar-presses in operation. I'rom Hayti the manufacttlre 
 subsequently spread to the other islands. Coffee found its 
 way to the West Indies from Ceylon and the Isle of BouriK>u, 
 about the middle or towards the latter end of the Itith cen- 
 tury. The other more important productions are molasses, 
 rum, pimento, tobacco, ctitton, logwood, indigo, cochineal, 
 mahogany, lignumvitw, various dye-woods, copper, and an 
 immense variety of tropical fruits. At the time of their 
 discovery, the S. islands of this Archipelago were inhabited 
 by a fierce and warlike race, called Caribs; the more N. by 
 a gentler race, the .^^rrowauks. Both, with the exception of 
 a few hundreds in Trinidad, are now extiuct. San Salvador 
 was the tirst land discovered iu America, on which Columbus 
 landed iu October, 1492. Under the erroneous impression 
 that the archipelago fcrmed part of Asia, it was called )(««< 
 Itulies. (I'articular descriptions are given under the heada 
 
 of the various islands.) Adj. and inhab. West Ix'dian. 
 
 WKST ISLKS, a group of islands belonging to New Bruns- 
 wick, Charlotte county, in the Atlantic Ocean, near I^tport, 
 Maine. They are noted for their fisheries, which, in 1850, 
 employed 691 men. The yield was 20.800 quintals of pol- 
 lock and hake; 3750 quintals of cod; 3500 barrels of her- 
 rings; SOO barrels of pickled cod and haddock; 450 barrela 
 of oil ; and 6000 boxes of smoked herrings. 
 
 WKST JA.S/l>El{, a post-oflice of Steuben co., Xew York. 
 WK.ST JliF'FEKS<)N, a post-village in Lincoln co., Maine, 
 16 miles S.Ji. of Augusta. 
 
 WKST JEFFERSON, a thriving post-village of Madison 
 county, Ohio, on the National Koad, and on the Columbus 
 and Xenia Railroad, 15 miles W. of Columbus. It has 1 or 
 2 churches, and 1 academy. Pop. abnut 500. 
 WEST JER'SEY, a post-ofTice of Stark co., Illinois. 
 WEST JU'NIOS, a postoffice of Seneca co., New York. 
 WEST KAl'ELLE, w^strkd-pSl/leh, or WEST KAl'ELLEN, 
 west kd-pil1en, a village of the Netherlands, province of 
 Zealand, 7 miles W.N.W. of Middelbnng, on the most W. 
 point of the island of Walchereii. Pop. 1800. 
 
 WKST KAI'i.LLEX, west kd-p^l'len, a market-town of 
 Belgium, province of West Flanders, b miles N.E. of Bruges. 
 Pop. 15O0. 
 
 WEST KAPELLEN, a town of the Netherlands. See Wiat 
 Kap.:u.e. 
 
 WEST KENOJALL, a post-village of Orleans oo. New 
 York, about 2e0 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 WESTKERKE, *Jst/kjR-keh. a village of Belgium, pro. 
 vince of West Flanders, on the canal of Bourgogne, 10 miles 
 W. of Bruges. Pop. 1228. 
 
 WEST KILL, a post-village of Greene co.. New York, about 
 60 miles S.W. of Alljany. It contains several mills. 
 
 WKST KIULINGLY or DAN'IELSONVILLE. a flourish- 
 ing post-village in Killingly township, Windham co., Con- 
 necticut, on the W. side of Quinebaug River, and on the 
 Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 32 miles N.E. by N. of 
 Norwich. It contains 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 bank, 
 with a capital of 55110.000, 5 cotton-mills, 1 woollen-mill, 1 
 batting-mill, 1 iron-foundry, 1 planing-mill. 10 dry-goods 
 and grocery stores, and 2 drug stores. Pop. about 2500. 
 WEST KIN'DERHOOK. a post-offlce, Tii^n co.. Indiana. 
 WEST LACHvAWAX'NOCK, a township of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 968. 
 WEST LAF.WKTTE', a post-office of Coshocton CO., Ohio. 
 WEST LAN'CASTER, a postrvilla^e of Fayette co., Ohio, 
 near Rattlesnake Creek, 12 miles N.\V'. of Watihiugton, the 
 countv seat. 
 
 WEST'LAND, a post-village in Halifax co., North Carolina, 
 86 miles N.E. of lialeigh. 
 
 WKSTLAND, » township in Guernsey co., Ohio ?op. 
 975.- 
 \VESTLAND. a post-ofBoe of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 WEST LAW/RENS,a post-village of Otaego co., New York, 
 about 84 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST LEIVANON. a postK)fllce of York co., Maine. 
 WEST LEB.4X0N, a post-village and important railway 
 station of Qnifcon co., New Hampshire, on the left bank of 
 i the Connecticut, 69 miles N.W. of Concord. The Northern 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 Railroad connects at this point ^nth the Vermont Central 
 and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Kivers Railroads. 
 
 WKST LEBANON, a post-villas;e of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 rnnia. 3o miles in a direct line K. by N. of Pittsb.urg. 
 
 WKST LKHANON, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 WKST LKB.VNON, a post-village In Warren co., Indiana, 
 80 miles N.W. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WK.ST Li: ROV, a post-offise of Calhoun co.. Michigan. 
 
 WE.ST't,ETON. a parish of Engl.-md, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WKST LEVANT', a postofflce of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 WEST LEX'INGTON, a post-yillage in the W. part of 
 Green co., New York, about 35 miles W. of Cafskill. 
 
 WEST LEY1)EN, a post-village of Lewis co., New York, 
 55 miles N. by W. of Utica. 
 
 WESTLEY Waterless, a parish of England, co. of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 y EST LIB'ERTY, a post-village in Ohio co.. West Vir- 
 ginia, about 10 miles N.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 WEST LIBERTY, a post-office of Liberty co., Texas. 
 
 WE.ST LIBERTY, a po.st-village, capital of Morg.an CO., 
 Kentucky, on Licking River, 107 miles E. by S. of Frank- 
 fort. It has a courthouse, 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 WEST LIBERTY, a village of Crawford co., Ohio, 66 miles 
 N. of Columbus. 
 
 WEST LIBERTY, a thriving post-village in Liberty town- 
 ship, Logan CO., Ohio, on the Sandusky, Daj'ton and Cin- 
 cinnati Railroad, 48 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. It has a valu- 
 able water-power furnislied by Mud River, and contains a 
 newspaper office, 4 churches, 1 bank, an academy, 1 or 2 
 woollen-mills, and a machine-shop. Poj). 916. 
 
 WKST LIBERTY a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa. 
 
 WEST LIMA, a township of La Grange co., Indiana. 
 
 WEST LITTLETON, a post-office of Middlesex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 WEST LOCUST, a post-office of Sullivan co., Missouri. 
 
 WEST LO'DI, a postoffice of Seneca co., Oliio. 
 
 WEST LOAV/VILLE, a post-village of Lewis co., New York, 
 about 140 miles N.W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST LU'BEC, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. 
 
 WEST'LY. a parish of England, co. of Sutfolk. 
 
 WEST-LIN/TON, a township, England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 WEST MACEDON, mas'se-dgn, a post-office of Wayne co.. 
 New York. 
 
 WEST MADAWaS^KA, a post-office. Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 WEST MAUOWING, a township of Indiana co., Penusyl- 
 Tania. Pop. Wl. 
 
 WESTMALE, wlsVmJl-leh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince and 13 miles E.N.E. of Antwerp, on the Tapelbeek or 
 Hanckbeek. Pop. 1064. 
 
 WEST MAN/CHESTER, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. See M.\N'CHESTEr. 
 
 WEST MANCHESTER, a township of York co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1532. 
 
 WEST.MAN'NA, a group of islands off the S. coast of 
 Iceland, a few of which are inhabited. Lat. of S. point 63° 
 20' N., Ion. 20° 23' W. 
 
 VV EST MA RL'BOROUGir. a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 11 miles S.W. of West Chester. Pop. 1175. 
 
 WEST MAR'TINSBURG, a post-villago of Lewis co.. New 
 York, about 60 miles E.N.E. of Oswego. 
 
 WEST.MEATH, west/meeTfl, an Inland county of Ireland. 
 Lein.'iter, surrounded by the counties of Longford, Moath, 
 , King's county, and Roscommon. Area 709 square miles, or 
 453,700 acres, of which 305,218 are arable, 8803 in planta- 
 tions, and 50,392 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851. 111,409. Sur- 
 lace undulating, diver.-iiiied with woods, lakes, and bogs, 
 comprising, however, much fertile soil and agre(!able scenery. 
 On tlie W. it is bounded by Lough Ree and the Shannon ; 
 the Inny flows through its N. part and tlie Brosna through 
 its centre, and connected with the.^e rivers here are lakes 
 Derevera;:h, Ennel, Owhel, Lane. Iron, Sheelin, &c. Graz- 
 ing and dairy-farming are the chief occupations, and cattle 
 and sheep are of superior breeds; agriculture is increasing. 
 Princi]ial crops, oats and potatoes, with some wheat ; Hour 
 and uieal are made in large quantities. The Royal Canal 
 intersects the county, and a branch of the Grand Canal pro- 
 weds to Kilbeggan. Principal towns, MulUngar the capital, 
 Moate. and a part of Atblnne. E.xcluding its boroughs, it 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. It gives the 
 title of .Maniuis to the Nugent family. 
 
 WEST MED'FOHD. a post-village of Middle.sex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, 5 miles 
 N.N.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST MED'WAY, a post-village of Norfolk co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 28 miles W.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST MEN/DON, a village of Monroe CO., New York, on 
 Honeoye Creek. 15 miles S. of Rochester. 
 
 WEST MEIi/EDlTII. a post-village of Delaware co.. New 
 York, about 75 miles W. by S. of .\lbany. 
 
 WEST MER'IDEN, a flourishing post-village of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, in Meriden township, on the Hart- 
 £ird and New Haven Railroad, 17 miles N. by E. of New 
 Haven, and hiilf a mile W. of the village of Meriden. It con- 
 tains a large and beautiful church, a high-school, with a 
 Vaudsome building, a national bank, the State Reform 
 
 School, established in 1851, and a nawopaper office. In the 
 village and ricinity are numerous niaiiufactoiies, aniotig 
 which may bo mentioned a large establishment for nuikiug 
 ivory combs, a foundry, and a machine shop. Tinware and 
 various kinds of hardware are extensively manufactureil. 
 Pop. in 1860, about 1500. 
 
 WEST'MESTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 WE.ST MID'DLEBOROUGH, a village of Plymouth ca 
 Massachusetts, about 40 miles from South Boston 
 
 WEST MID'DLEBURG, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, 
 56 miles N.W. by N. of Columbus. 
 
 WEST MID'DLESEX, a postoffice of Mercer co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WEST MTD^DLETOWN, a post^borougb of Wa«liington 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, about 13 miles N.W. of Washington, the 
 county town. It contains several stores. Pop. in 1850. 326. 
 
 WEST M1'L.A.N, New Hampshire, a station Ou the Grand 
 Trunk Railway, 40 miles from Island Pond. 
 
 WEST MIL'FORD, a post-township of Passaic co., N«w 
 Jersey, 40 miles N.W., of Jersev City. Pop. 2402. 
 
 WES'l' MILFOED, a post-office, llarri.son co., W. Virginia. 
 
 WEST/MILL, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 WEST MILL'BURY, a post-office of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 40 miles W.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST MII-L CREEK, a postK)ffice, Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WE.ST MILL GROVE, a post-office of Wood co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST MILTON, a post-office of Strafford co.. New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 WEST MILTON, a post-village, Chittenden co., Vermont. 
 
 WE.ST MILTON, a post-village of Saratoga co.. New York, 
 31 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 WEST MILTON, a small village. Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WEST MILTON, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST MINOT, a post-village in Androscoggin co., Maine, 
 on a railroad 40 miles N. of Portland. 
 
 WEST'MINSTER. CiTr and Liukkt? op, England, co. of 
 Middlesex, is the W. part of the British metropolis, hav- 
 ing on the S. and W. tlie parishes of Chelsea and Ken- 
 sington; N. the liorough of Marylebone, from which it is 
 separated by Oxford Street; E. the Thames separating it 
 from the borough of Lambeth, (with which it communicates 
 by Vauxhall, Westminster, Hungerford. and Waterloo 
 bridges;) and on the E. also tlie Strand. Pop. in 1861, 
 253,985. Its dift'erent parts preBcnt a great contrast. In 
 the vicinity of its .A.bbey is one of the worst p.arts of the 
 metropolis, but in the other parts of Westminster are the 
 finest quarters of the capital, the principal government 
 offices, and by far the larger number of the town residenctfl 
 of the pobility. Principal structures. Westminster Abbey 
 and Hail, the new and magnificent Houses of Parliament, 
 I'rivy Council Office, Treasury, aild Board of Trade, in 
 Whitehall; St. James's, Buckingham, and Kensington Pa- 
 laces; Somerset House, with King's College ; Westminster, 
 St. George's, and Charing-cross Hospitals. Westminster 
 sends 2 memb«>rs to the House of Commons. See LoNDo.v. 
 
 WEST'MINSTER, a post-township of Windhjim co., Ver- 
 mont, on the W. side of the Connecticut River, 82 miles S. 
 by E. of Montpelier. The principal village is delightfully 
 situated on the right bank of the Connecticut, and on the 
 Vermont Valley Railroad, 4 miles S. of Bellows' Falls. The 
 main street, which ii perfectly level. cros.ses a table-land 
 about a mile in diameter, considerably elevated above the 
 river. In early times the courts of justice and several ses- 
 sions of the Ipirislature were held here. Pop. 1300. 
 
 ■WESTMINSTER, a post-village of Worcester co., Mas.sv 
 chusetts, on the Vermont and Ma.'sachusetts Railroad, 48 
 miles W. by N. of Boston. It contains 3 or 4 churches and 
 several stores. Pop. of the township. 1840. 
 
 WESTMINSTER, a post-village of Windham co., Connec- 
 ticut, near Little River, 40 miles E. by S. of Hartford. 
 
 WESTMINSTER, a thriving post-village, capital of Carroll 
 CO., Maryland, is situated near the source of Patapsco River, 
 58 miles N.N.W. of Annapolis. It contains a court-house, 
 2 newsjjapor offices, 5 churches, 3 banks, a number of stores, 
 and a machine-shop. The Western Maryland Railroad con- 
 nects it with Baltimore. Population in 1850, 835; in 1S65, 
 about 1500. 
 
 WESTMINSTER, a post-village of Guilford co., North Ca- 
 rolina, 98 miles W. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 WESTMINSTER, a post-village of Allen co., Ohio, 92 
 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 WESTMINSTER, a postoffice of Shelby co.. Illinois. 
 
 WESTMINSTER WEST, a posl/village of Windham co., 
 Vermont, 95 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. ' 
 
 WEST MONROE, a post^township of Oswego co., New 
 York, on Oneida Lake, 20 miles N. by E. of Syracuse. 
 
 WEST.MORE, a township of Orleans co., Vermont, about, 
 40 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 324. 
 
 WEST'MOR ELAND, a county of England, in its N. part; 
 bordering on Yorkshire. Area 758 square miles, or 480,420 
 acres, of which only 40.000 are estimated to be in tillage, 
 and 140,000 in pasturage. Pop. in 1851, 58.287. It is. as 
 its name implies, a country of mountains and moors, inter- 
 spersed with Lakes and highly picturesque. Helvellyn, on 
 the border of Cumberland, rises to 3313 feet above the sea 
 
 209U 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 other mountains ar > Rydal Mount, Bowfell. Crossfell, and 
 a luouutain-ntiige in'>stly separates it from Yorkshire. The 
 principal lakes are Windermere on its \V., and Ulleswatcr 
 on its N.W. boriJer; its rivers are the Ken in the S., and 
 Ddeu in the N.. along which are tlie chief fertile lands. The 
 wool produced is used in the manutacture.'; of Keudal and 
 Broadfoid, (in Yorkshire,) or in hosiery manufactures at 
 Kirby-Slephen. and Ortou. Geese are reared in large num- 
 bers "on the mountains for exportation. The lake fish are 
 ext.en.>;ively exported. Slate is quarric-d in lai-ge quantities ; 
 granite, marble, copper, lead, and coal, are procurable, and 
 near Dufton are copper-mines. The Lancaster and Kendal 
 Canal, and Kendal and Windermere Railway intersect the 
 S. part, and the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway traverse the 
 county throughout from S. to N. Principal towns, Appleby 
 the capital, Ambleside, Kendal, Kirkby. Shap, and Orton. It 
 sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Under the 
 Heptarchy it formed a part of the Kingdom of Xorthiunbria. 
 It contains Roman and other ancient remains. 
 
 WJiSTMORE'LAXD, a county in the S.W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, contains about 1000 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the X.W. by the Alleghany River, and intersected by 
 the Y'oughiogheny River. The surface in the S.E. is moun- 
 tainous, and in the other parts diversified by hills of 
 moderate height A high ridge called Laurel Hill, forms 
 the S.E. boundary, and Chestnut Ridge extends across 
 the county in a N.E. and S.W. direction. Excepting these 
 ridges, the soil is nearly all amble, fertile, and well watered, 
 producing wheat of superior quality. Beds of stone-coal, 
 from 3 to 9 feet in thickness, extend over nearly the whole 
 area. Iron ore is procured in the S.E., and salt in the N. part. 
 Limestone and slate are among the principal rocks. The 
 Central Railroad passes through the county, and the Hemp- 
 field Railroad has its eastern terminus at the countj- seat. 
 The Pennsylvania Canal passes along the northern border. 
 Organized in 1773, and named from Westmoreland, a county 
 of England. Capital. Greensburg. Pop. 53,736. 
 
 WESTJIORELAXD, a county in the E. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on the Potomac River, which separates it from 
 Maryland, has an area of about 170 square miles. It occu- 
 pies part of the Northern Neck, a peninsula formed by the 
 Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers, the former of which 
 washes the county on the N.E., and the latter on the S.W. 
 It is penetrated by inlets from the Potomac, named Nomini 
 Bay, and Pope's and Monroe Creeks. The surface is some- 
 what diversified by hills, and partly covered with forests of 
 pine and cedar. The soil near the river is fertile. West- 
 moreland county is distinguished as the birth-place of two 
 presidents of the republic, Washington and Monroe, and 
 also of Richard Henry Lee. The spot on which Washington 
 was ijorn, half a mile from the Potomac, is marked with a 
 »tone liearing this inscription, " Here, ou the 11th of Feb- 
 ruary, (0. S.,) 1732, Qeorge Wa«hiugton was born." Capi- 
 til, Westmoreland Court-House. Pop. 82S2, of whom 4578 
 Were free, and 3704 slaves. 
 
 WESTMORELAND, a post-township of Cheshire co.. New 
 Ilamp.shire, on the E. side of the Connecticut River, with a 
 station on the Cheshire Railroad, about 52 miles S.W. by W. 
 of Concord. Pop. 1285. 
 
 WEST.MORELAND, a post-township of Oneida co., New 
 York, 12 miles W. of Utica. Pop. 81t)6. 
 
 WESTMORELAND, a maritime countv in the E. part 
 of New Brunswick, bordering on the Bay of Fundy and 
 Northumberland Strait, and connected with NoTa Scotia 
 by a narrow isthmus. It is drained by the Petcondiac 
 River, which is navigable for ressels of the largest class 
 for 25 miles from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy. The 
 surface of Westmoreland county is ag'reeably diversified 
 with hills and valley.s, and is heavily timbered. Shediac 
 Harbor, on its coast, is one of the finest in New Brunswick, 
 and a large amount of timber is shipped here annually for 
 England. The railway from St. John to Halifax will touch 
 the Bay of Shediiic. Capital. Dorchester. Pop. in 1851, 17.814. 
 
 WEST'MORELAND, a county of New South Wales, East 
 Australia. Area, 1592 square miles. Pop. 1575. The Blue 
 Mountains here rise to nearly 4000 feet in height. The Wol- 
 tondilly bounds the county ou the S.. and Cox's River on the 
 E. Principal town, O'Connel. With the counties of 
 Georgiana and King, it sends I member to the Legislative 
 Council. 
 
 WESTMORELAND, a county of Van Diemen's Land, com- 
 prising the S. part of what were formerly Norfolk Plains. 
 The Mersey and West Rivers, South Esk and Lake Rivers, 
 Shannon and Great Lake, form respectively its N.E. and S. 
 boundaries. Quambay's Bluff rises to 3500 feet. Lakes are 
 numerous in the S. and E. Principal towns Deloraine, 
 thudleigh, Carrick. Longford, and Westburv. 
 
 WESTMORELAND Ct)URT HOUSE, a village, capital of 
 
 ,^^,^''""'*'*°'^ •'°" ■^''rginia, 65 miles N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 Wi-STMOR EL AND DEPOT, a post-office of Cheshire CO., 
 Hew Hampshire. 
 
 WEST.MOR&LANDVILLE, a post-office of Uuderdale co., 
 
 WE.ST NANrriCOKE, a i»ost-office of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 ZIOO 
 
 WEST NANT'MEAL, usually pronounced nant'mlll. a 
 township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1032. 
 
 WEST NEED'lIAM, a post-village in Norfolk co., Massu- 
 chusetts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 15 mil(>6 
 S.W. by W: of Boston. 
 
 WEST NEWARK, a post-ofRce of Tioga co., New York. 
 
 WEST NEW'BURY, a posttownship ol Essex co., Ma9.s». 
 chusetts, on the S. side of Merrimack River, about 34 miles 
 N. by E. of Boston. Pop. 2202. 
 
 WEST NEW'FIELD. a post-oflEce of York co., Maine. 
 
 WEST NEW/PORT, a postniflice of Orleans co., Vermont 
 
 WEST NEW'STEAD, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 WEST NEWTON, a thriving pos^village in Newton town- 
 ship, Middlesex co.. Massachusetts, on the Boston and Wor- 
 cester Railroad, 9 miles W. of Boston. It contains 2 churches 
 the West Newton English and Classical School, and a town- 
 house. Pop. about 1300. 
 
 WEST NEWTON, a thriving post-borough of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Y^oughio- 
 gheny River, and on the Pittsburg and Conuellsville Kail- 
 road 32 miles S.E. of Pittsburg, ft contains 5 chuiches, 1 
 paper-mill, and several factories Pop. 949. 
 
 WEST NEW^TON, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST NILES. a post-oflice of Cavuga ca, New Y'ork. 
 
 WEST NOR/FOLK, a post-village of Litchfield CO., Oon- 
 necticut, 35 miles N.VV. by W. of Hartford. 
 
 WEST NORTH/FIELD, a post-office of Franklin co.. Ma* 
 sachusetts. 
 
 AVEST NORTHFIELD, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 WEST NORTUmOOD, a post-office of Rockingham co. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 WEST NOT'TINGHAM, a township forming the S.W. es- 
 tremit}' of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 829. 
 
 WES/TOE, a township and chapelry of England, co. of 
 Durham, parish of Jarrow, forming a large suburb of South 
 Shields. Pop. in 1851, 19..349. 
 
 WEST OG'DEN, a post-office of Lenawee co., IMichigan. 
 
 WES'TON, a parish of Eiiglantl, co. of Hertford. 
 
 WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 W'ESTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WESTON, a parish of England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 WESTON, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WES'TON, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, 135 
 miles N.E. of Augu.sta. Pop. S94. 
 
 WESTQN, a post-office of Collin co., Texas. 
 
 WESTON, a post-village and township of Windsor co, 
 Vermont, 68 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 932. 
 
 WESTON, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, 13 miles W. of 
 Boston. The township is also intersected by the Boston 
 and Worcester Railroad. It has Stony Brook on the E. and 
 Charles River on the S.E. It contains 3 churches, a town 
 library, a high-school, 3 machine-shops, and several fac- 
 tories. Pop. 1243. 
 
 WESTON, a post-village and township of Faii-field co., 
 Connecticut. 55 miles S.W. of Hartford. The village con- 
 tains .several churches and an academy. Pop. 1117. 
 
 WESTON, a post-offlce of Steuben co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 WESTON, a post-village of Somerset co.. New Jersev. on 
 the left side of Millstone River. 22 miles N.N.E. of Treiiton. 
 
 WESTON, a post-village, capital of Lewis co., W. Virginia, 
 on the W. fork of Monongahela River, about 88 miles S. of 
 Wheeling. The hills in this vicinity abound in coal. The 
 village has 1 bank. Free pop. 820. 
 
 WESTON, a post-township in the E. part Of Wood co., 
 Ohio, on the W. side of Maumee River. Pop. 1359. 
 
 WESTON, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, on 
 Apple Creek. 15 miles S.E. of Galena. It has lead-mines. 
 
 WESTON, a post-office of Nicholas co.. Kentucky. 
 
 WESTON, a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont. 
 
 WESTON, a flourishing city and river port of Platte co., 
 Missouri, picturesquely situated on the Mis.souri River. 200 
 miles by the road W.N.W. of Jefferson City, 7 miles above 
 Leavenworth, and about 30 miles by land S. of St. Joseph. 
 It is one of the most commercial towns on tlie Missouri 
 River. Its lirontier position renders it a favorable starting- 
 point for the emigrants to California, &c.; and the vast ex- 
 tent of this emigration, for a few years past, has opened a 
 ready market for cattle, provisions, &c., at excessively high 
 prices. A constant and heavy trade is carried on with Siilt 
 Lake City and Valley. The Platte County Rai'road con- 
 nects it with St. Joseph on the one hand, and Ki.nsas City 
 on the other. Weston contains several churches and a 
 branch of the Mechanics' Bank of St. I.ouis. Seviral news- 
 papers are published here. First settled in 1838. Popu- 
 lation in 1800, 1816. 
 
 WESTON, a post-office of Marathon county, Wisconsin. 
 
 WES'TON, a post-village of Canada West, co. o) York, 12 
 miles N.W. of Toronto. Pop. about 500. 
 
 WESTON BAM'FLYDE, a parish of England, ( lunty of 
 Somerset. 
 
 WESTON BEG'GARD, a parish of England, county of 
 Hereford. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 WESTON BIRT, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WESTOX COLD, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WESTON COL'VILLE, a parish of England, co. Cambridge. 
 
 WESTON CO'NEV, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WESTON COY'NEY, a township of England, co. Stafford. 
 
 WEST ONEON'TA, a post-office of Otsego co.. New Vork. 
 
 WESTON F.^'VELL, a parish, England, co. Northampton. 
 
 WESTOX-IN-GORDA/NO, a parifh of England, co. Somerset. 
 
 WESTON MAR'KET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WESTON, OLD, a parish of Kngland, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 WESTON-ON-.\.V'ON, a parish of England, counties of 
 Warwick and Gloucester. 
 
 WEST ONONDA'GA, a post-ofRce of Onondaga co., New 
 York. 
 
 WEST'ONING, a carish of England, co. of Redford. 
 
 WESTON-ON-THE-CLAY, a parish oif England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 WKSTON-ON-THE-GREEN, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 WESTON-ON-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WESTON-ON-TREXT, a parish of l';ngland, co. of Stafford. 
 
 WES'TON-ON-WEL'LAND, a parish of England, co. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 WES/TON PAT'RICK, a parish of England, co. of South- 
 ampton. 
 
 WESTON PRONG, a post-ofBce of Bladen co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 WESTON RHEN, a township of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WESTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WESTOX-SUli-EDOE, a parish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 WESTOX-SU'l'ER-MA'RE, a maritime town and parish of 
 England, co. of Somerset, en Uphill Bay, Bristol Channel, 
 with a station on the Uristol and Exeter (Great Western) 
 Railway, Si miles N.W. of Axbridge. Pop. in 1851, 4034. 
 From an insignificant village it has recently risen into a 
 favorite watering-place, of which it has all the applianci'S, 
 with good sands, bathing establishments, many new villa- 
 residences, and a view of the opposite coast of Wales. 
 
 WESTON TUK'VILLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WESTON-UXDER-LIZ'ARD, a parish of England, co. of 
 Stafford. 
 
 WESTON-UNDER-PENAYARD, a parish of England, co. 
 of Hereford. 
 
 WESTON-UNDER-WETU'ELE, a parish of England, co. 
 
 WESTON UXa)ERWOOD, a parish of England, co. Bucks. 
 
 WESTON-WITII-AL'CONBURY, a parish of England, co. 
 of Huntingdon. 
 
 WESTON ZOY'LAND, a parish of England, co. Somerset. 
 
 WEST OS'SIPEE, a post-village of Carroll co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the right bank of a small stream falling into Os- 
 Bipee Lake, 42 miles N. by E. of Concord. 
 
 WEST O'TIS. a post-village of Berkshire co., Massachu- 
 Betts, 110 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 WESTOUTRE, vJsHoot'r', a village of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, on the frontiers of France. 33 miles S.S.W. 
 of Bruges. Pop. 1228. 
 
 WES'TOW, a parish of England, co. of York. East Riding. 
 
 WEST PARIS, a post-oflice of O.xford co., Maine. 
 
 WEST PAR'SON FIELD, a post-viilage of York co., Maine, 
 80 miles S.W. by W. of Augusta. 
 
 WEST PAW'LET. a post-village of Rutland CO.. Vermont, 
 about 30 miles S.W. of Rutland. It contains a Baptist and 
 an Episcopal church. 
 
 WEST I'EXN, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of Schuylkill CO., I'ennsylvania. Pop. 2789. 
 
 WEST PENXS'BOROUGH, a township of Cumberland CO.. 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Cumberland Valley Rail- 
 road. I'op. 2175. 
 
 WEST PER/RYSBURG, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., 
 New York. 
 
 WEST PERTH, a post-office of Fulton co., New York. 
 
 WEST I'EKU'. a postroffice of Oxford co.. Maine. 
 
 WESTPHALIA. w?st-fA'le-a, (Ger. mi<lp?ialm. ftjst-fjien; 
 Fr. Weitphalie, vJst'fd'lee',) a province of Prussia, com- 
 prising the N.W. portion of its territory, W. of the Weser, 
 8. of Hanover, E. of the Netherlands, and N. of Rhenish 
 Prussia. Estimated area, 7848 square miles. Pop. in 18til, 
 1,618.065, comprising 887,420 Roman Catholics 713,231 
 Protestants. The surface is hilly in tlie S.W. but level 
 in the centre and N.W. part of the province. Chief rivers, 
 (Jie Ems, Weser, Werra. and Lippe Climate healthy, 
 soil generally very fertile, but interspersed with some 
 extensive marshes and heaths. Large quantities of corn, 
 flax, tobacco, hops, and potatoes are raised. Horses, cat- 
 tle, sheep, and hogs are numerous, and the last-named 
 furnish the celebrated Westplialian hams. The mine- 
 Tils comprise coal, iron, lead, copper, rock-salt, and it has 
 ■numerous salt-springs. The province has manufactures 
 of cottons, hardwares, paper, tobacco, and spirits. Fla.x- 
 spinning and weaving occupies many of the population, and 
 cutlery is a chief article of manufacture. The province is sub- 
 divided into 3 governments, and these again into .37 circles. 
 Principal towns. MUnster. (the capital.) Miiiden, .\rnsberg, 
 Paderborn, and Hamm. The Old CiECtB of Westphalia, in 
 
 the German Empire, situated between the Rhine and tlw 
 Weser. Lower Saxony and the Netherlands, formed the nu- 
 cleus of the KiN«DOM OK Westphalia, created by Naiioleon for 
 his brother Jerome, and dismembered in 1813. The Duch^ 
 OF Westphalia, of which Arnsberg was the capital, wiv a 
 small territory belonging succes.sively to the Archbishops 
 of Cologne and Hesse-Darmstadt, and ceded to Prussia in 
 1815. Adj. and inhab.,.WESTPHAl.iAN. w^st-fAle-an. 
 
 WESTPHA'LIA, a post-township in the W. part of Clin- 
 ton CO.. Michigan. Pop. 1089. 
 
 WESTPHALH. a pogt-village of Osage co.. Missouri, on 
 Marais Creek, about 15 miles S.E. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 WEST PHILADEL'PHIA, a former post-borough or dis- 
 trict of Philadelphia CO., I'ennsylvania. on the W. bank of the 
 Schuylkill, opposite Philadelphia, with which it is connected 
 by three bridges. The corporate limits included nearly two 
 miles of river front, and extended westward a mile or more. 
 It is now comprised within the chartered limits of I'hilar 
 delphia. The gi-ounJ is high and undulating, and afford 
 good sites for buildings. Washington or Market Street 
 extends E. and W. through the middle of the town, and 
 meets the river at Market Street Bridge. About a quarter 
 of a mile, from the river the Lancaster Turnpike and tlie 
 Darby Road diverge obliquely from Market Street, the 
 former tending towards the W.N'.W.. and the latter towards 
 the S.W. Parallel with .Market Street on the S. are Chest- 
 nut or James Street, Walnut or Andrew Street. Locust, 
 Spruce, and Pine Streets. The new Town-hall on M'ashing- 
 ton Street is a five-storied brick building, with an iron front. 
 Numerous elegant residences have been erected within a 
 few years. The town is liglited with gas, and supplied with 
 good water from the Schuylkill, raised by 2 steam-engines 
 to the top of an iron stand-pipe, situated on Blwkley or 
 Sixth Street, in the N. part of the district. The jiiyte is 5 
 feet in diameter, and 130 feet high, or 230 feet aliove the 
 level of the river, and is composed of thick twiler plates of 
 wrought iron. The works are capable of supplying 1.000.0i)C 
 gallons daily, and can raise the water 100 feet aViove the 
 highest ground in the district, and more than 200 feet above 
 the lowest. The tower is surrounded by a spiral stairway 
 of iron, in order that the public may enjoy the delightful 
 view which the summit commands. See 1'hiladelphia, page 
 1475. The depot of the West Chester Railroad is established 
 here. A variety of manufactures are produced in West 
 Philadelphia, of which the following are the principal arti- 
 cles: locomotives, iron castings, white lead, chemicals, glass, 
 and cotton goods. Pop. in 1860, 5677. 
 
 ^VEST PIERPONT, (peer/pont.) a post-office of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 WEST PIKE, a post-offlce of Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WEST PIKE'LAXD, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 905. 
 
 WEST PIKE RUN, a township of Washington eo., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WEST PITTS'FIELD. a post-village of Berkshire co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, about 50 miles X.W. of Springfield. 
 
 WEST PLAINS, a post-village of Oregon co., Missouri, 
 about 140 miles S. bv E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 WEST PLATTS'BURG, a post-office of Clinton co., New 
 York. 
 
 WEST PLYM'OUTH, a post-village of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire. 40 miles N. by W. of Concord. 
 
 WEST POINT, the site of the United States Military Aca- 
 demy, is situated in Cornwall township. Orange co.. New 
 Y'ork, on the right bank of the Hudson. .52 miles N. of the 
 city of New York. The natural strength of the place led 
 to its selection for a fortress in the Revolution, and Fort 
 Putnam, erected at that period, crowns a hill of 598 feet 
 elevation above the river, commanding a view probalily 
 equal in picturesqueness to any in the highland.'. The 
 buildings of the academy occupy a plateau elevated 188 feet 
 above the Hudson, and covering an area of about 1 mile in 
 circuit, with ample room for the necessary structures, for 
 military evolutions, and the practice of gunnery. The ap- 
 proach from the river on the E. is interrupted by a nearly 
 perpendicular bank or wall, while on the W. and S.W. the 
 place is defended by a rampart of high and rugged bills. 
 The same causes that render it so strong as a fortress make 
 this place in point of scenery, second to none in the country. 
 As the visitor sits in the piazza of the hotel which stands 
 on the brow of the third terrace, he has liefore him towards 
 the N. the finest known pass in any river in the world ; 
 while the whole N.W. and S.W. horizon is shut out from 
 the view by highlands and mountains of from COO to 1500 
 feet in height. Towards the E. are beautiful promenadei 
 on the summit of the rocks that overlook the river. The 
 view from the ruins of old Fort Putnam is perhaps une- 
 qualled in its peculiar beauties. The Catskill and other 
 mountains may command more extensive prospects, bnt 
 none have such a river as the Hudson immediately at their 
 feet, or such a pass as that through the highlands within 
 the scope of distinct vision. Fort Putnam is on a spur nf 
 the highlands, extending towards the S. or S.W., and sur- 
 rounded on three sides by deep ravines and steep descents 
 On the plateau named above, were Fort Clinton and the 
 
 2101 
 
 1 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 other works th-it constituted the fortress at the period of 
 tlic- Revolutior., defended by retloubts on the summits of 
 the hi is of winch Fort Putnam was the chief. Arnold was 
 in cousmind ol this fortress when, in 1780, he entered into 
 a base conspiracy with Major Andre to surrender it into the 
 hands of Ihe British. Here, too, the patriot Kosciusko held 
 a command, and a small plateau or ledge on the side of the 
 precipice leading down to the river is known as Kosciusko's 
 Garden. At the top of the staire descending to this garden 
 is a cenotaph to his memory, (a conspicuous object ascend- 
 ing the river,) erected by the cadets of 1828, at an expense 
 of $tWO. The Military Academy was established "by Con- 
 gress in 1802, and is wholly supported by the general go- 
 vernment. The education given is gratuitous, so far as 
 money is concerned ; but each cadet must give 8 years' ser- 
 vice to the government, unless sooner released. The corps 
 of cadets must not e.xceed 250 at any one time, and the 
 candidates for admission must not be under 16 or over 21 
 years of age. The corps must spend three months of each 
 year in encampment. The course of study, which is full 
 and thorough in the mathematics and all that pertains to 
 the military art. embraces 5 years. During the Hevolution, 
 a heavy chain was stretched across the river, which is here 
 very narrow, to prevent the passage of the enemy's ships. 
 
 WEST POINT, a post-village of Orange- co., North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 WEST POINT, a thriving posWillage of Troup co., Geor- 
 gia, on both sides of the Chattahoochee River, at the junc- 
 tion of the La Grange Railroad with the Montgomery and 
 West Point Railroad, 87 miles S.W. of Atlanta, and about 
 40 miles above Columbus. It h.is an active business, and is 
 a depot for the cotton which is exported fi-om the vicinity. 
 
 WEST POINT, a post-office of Lowndes co.. >Iississippi. 
 
 WEST POINT, a post-office of White co., Arkansas. 
 
 WEST POINT, a thriving post-village of Ijawrence CO., 
 Tennessee. 95 miles S.W. of Nashville. 
 
 WEST POINT, a post-village of Hardin co., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio, at the mouth of the Salt River, 20 miles S.W. of 
 Louisville. It has an extensive boat-yard and several stores. 
 
 WEST POINT, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 158 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 WKST POINT, a thriving post-village of Tippecanoe co., 
 Indiana, 10 miles S.W. of Lafayette. It is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on the border of Wea Prairie. Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 WEST POINT, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois, in- 
 tersected by the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 
 WEST POINT, a post-village in the above township, 135 
 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 WEST POINT, a post-village of Cass co., Missouri, about 
 24 miles S.W. of Harrisonville. It has some trade with the 
 Indians. 
 
 WEST POINT, a beautiful post-village of Lee co., Iowa, 
 on the Dubuque and Keokuk Railroad, 24 miles N. of 
 Keokuk. It is pleasantly situated in a populous and fer- 
 tile farming district, and contains an academy and 6 stores. 
 Pop. 1973. 
 
 WEST POINT, a township of Columbia oo., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 743. 
 
 \\ EST PO'LAND, a post-office, Androscoggin co., Maine. 
 
 WEST'PORT, a seaport town of Ireland. Connaugbt. co. 
 of Mayo, on a rivulet, near its mouth in Clew Bay, 10 miles 
 S.W. of Castlebar. Pop. in 1S51, 4120. It is one of the 
 neatest Uiv/us in Ireland, having been regularly laid out 
 by the first Marquis of Sligo. In its centre is a handsome 
 space termed the Mall, from which the principal streets 
 diverge at right angles. It has a pari.sh church, large 
 Roman Catholic chapel, a linen hall, court and market 
 houses, barrack.s, a bridewell, and work-house. The linen 
 trade, formerly more important, is still thriving, and it has 
 an active e.xport trade in rural produce. It gives the title 
 of Viscount to the Marquis of Sligo, whose beautiful domain 
 adjoins the town on the W. ; and besides which, the Reek, 
 a mountain celebrated in the legendary history of Ireland, 
 is in its vicinity. Westport Qu.\t, its port, 1 mile W.. is at 
 the S.K. extremity of Clew Bay, termed Westport Bay. It 
 has a fishery of some importance, and several coast-guard 
 stations. Pop. 694. 
 
 W KST'PORT, a township of Lincoln co., Maine, occupying 
 an island at the mouth of the Sheepscott River, 28 miles S 
 by E. of .\ugusta. Pop. 798. 
 
 WESTPORT. a post-village of Cheshire co., New Hamp- 
 Blnre, on the Ashuelot Railroad, 60 mUes S.W. by W of 
 Concord. 
 
 WESTPORT, a post-township of Bristol co., Massachusetts, 
 B5 miles S. of Boston. The village is situated on both sides 
 of the Acoasett River, near its entrance into the mouth of 
 Buzzard g Bay. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several 
 Btore.s. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the 
 whahng business. Pop. 2767. J b b 
 
 WESTPORT, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut, 
 on Long Island Sound, intersected by the New York and 
 New Haven Railroad, 28 miles S.W. of New Haven The 
 village is situated 1% mile N. of the railroad, and on both 
 •ides of the Saugatuok River, about 3 miles from its mouth. 
 It is the seat of an active and increasing business, and cou- 
 2X02 
 
 tains 8 churches, 1 bank, and about 25 stores. The town- 
 ship contains 10 churches. Pop. 3293. 
 
 WESTPORT, a post-village and township of Essex co. 
 New York, on the W. side of Ljike Champlain, about 110 
 miles N. by E. of Albany. It coatains 2 churchee and a 
 State Armory. Pop. 1981. 
 
 WESTPORT, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVESTPOIVT, a post-village of Oldham co., Kentucky, on 
 the Ohio River, 43 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort, was formerly 
 the county seat 
 
 WESTPORT, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 60 mUea 
 S.E. by S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WESTPORT, a small village of Parke co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River and Canal, 75 mUes W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WESTPORT, a thriving town of Jackson co., Missouri, 
 about 1 mile from the boundary of Kan.sas, 4 miles S. of the 
 Missouri River, and 175 miles W. by N. of Jefferson City. 
 It is on the road from Independence to Santa Fe and Culi- 
 fornia. 12 miles W. of Independence, of which it is the rival. 
 Pop. 1195, 
 
 WKSTPORT, a post-township of Dane co., Wisconsin, lies 
 on the Northern shore of Fourth Lake, about 5 miles N. of 
 Madison. Pop. 1095. 
 
 WESTPORT POINT, postroffice. Bristol co., Slass-ichusetts. 
 
 WESTPORT RITERi a small stream of Bristol co.. in the 
 S.S.E. part of Massachusetts, discharges its waters into the 
 Atlantic, a few miles E. of the Rhode Island boundary. 
 
 "WEST POTS'DAM, a postoffice of St. Lawrence county, 
 New York. 
 
 WEST POULTNEY, (polt'nee.) a thriving post-village of 
 Rutland co., Vermont, about 15 miles W.S.W. of Rutland. 
 It contains a bank and 3 churches, the Poultney Normal 
 Institute and Hipley Female College. Both of these have 
 a high reputation. The buildings are of brick, 4 stories high, 
 and arranged to accommodate 200 pupils in each. The pro- 
 per name of this place is simply Poultney. 
 
 WEST POW'NAL, a post-office of Cumberland county, 
 Maine. 
 
 WEST PRAIOIIE, a post- village of Stoddard co., Missouri, 
 about 28 miles W.N.W. of New M.idrid. 
 
 WEST PROVIDENCE, a township of Bedford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1106. 
 
 WEST QUOD'DY HEAD, Maine, a pointat the W. entrance 
 of Passamaquoddy Bay. 
 
 WEST RAN'DOLPH. a post-office of Onnnge CO.. Vermont. 
 
 WESTRAY, one of the Orkney Island,s, Scotland, 9^ miles 
 N.N.E. of Pomona, from which it is separated bv Westray 
 Frith. Length, 9 miles : breadth. 4 miles. Pop. in"l851. 2088. 
 The coast is rocky, but on the E. side is the secure harbor 
 Pierow ell, near which is the ruined Gothic castle of Northland. 
 With Papa I.sland it forms a parish. Pop. in 1851. 2459. 
 
 WEST RED'DING, a post«ffice of Fairfield co.. Connecticut 
 
 WEST RICH'MOND, a post-village of Ontario co., New 
 York, about 220 miles W. of All>any. 
 
 WEST RICHMOND VILLE, a post-ofBce of Schoharie co., 
 New York. 
 
 WEST RIP'LEY, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 WEST RIV/ER rises in Wind.sor co., in the S.S.E. part of 
 Vermont, and running in a S.E. course, falls into the Con- 
 necticut River. 
 
 W'EST RIVER, a small stream in New Haven co., in the 
 S. part of Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound at New 
 Haven. 
 
 WEST RIVER, a post-office, Anne Arundel co., Maryland. 
 
 WEST RIVER, a post-office of Jackson co., Michigan. 
 
 WEST RIVER, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1600. 
 
 WEST ROCH'ESTER, a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont 
 
 WESTROOSEBEKE. w^^st-riyzeh-b^'keh, a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of West Flanders, 21 miles S. of Bruges. In 
 1382. a great battle was fought here between the united 
 French and Flemings, under their Count Louis-de-Maele, 
 and the revolted men of Ghent under Philip Van .\rtevelde, 
 when the latter lost their leader and aliove 20,000 men. 
 Pop. 1928. 
 
 WEST RCSENDALE, a post-offtce of Fond-du-Lac co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 WEST ROX'BURY, a post-township in Norfolk co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, intersected by the Dedham Branch Railroad, 6 
 miles S.W. of Boston. It was taken from Roxbury in 1852, 
 and contains the villages of West Roxbury and Jamaica 
 Plains. Pop. 6310. 
 
 WEST RUM/NEY, a past-village of Grafton co., New 
 Hampshire, on the right bank of Baker's River, and on the 
 Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, 59 miles N.W. by 
 W. of Concoi-d. 
 
 WEST RU'PERT, a post-village of Bennington co., Vei^ 
 mont, on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 38 miles 
 S.W. of Rutland. 
 
 WEST RUSH, a post-village of Monroe co., V»vf York, on 
 the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, 31 miles E. of 
 Batavia. 
 
 WEST RUSH'VILLE. a post^village of Fairfl. Id co.. Ohio 
 on the Zanesville and Maysville Turnpike, ahc it 14 tmiltt 
 £.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 ■WEST'RTJTHER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, with 
 a village, " iriiles K.N.E. of Lauder. 
 
 WKST RUT/LAND, a thrivinj; post-village in Rutland co.. 
 Vermont, on Otter Creek, and on the Rutland and Washing- 
 ton Railroad, 4 mile.s VV.N.W. of Rutland. In the vicinity 
 Bre extensive marble quarries of tlie finest quality, the 
 working of which afford.s employment to about 500 person.s. 
 The annual product amounts in value to about $500,(100. 
 
 WEST RUTLAND, a post-village of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts, about 60 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 WEST SA'LEM, a post^township of Mercer co., Penn- 
 gylyania, intersected by the Beaver and Krie Canal, about 
 15 miles N.W. of Mercer. Pop. 2980. 
 
 WEST SALEM, a post-offlce of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST SALEM, a post-oflftce of Morgan co.. Indiana. 
 
 WEST SAL'ISBURY, (sawWh^r-e,) apost-ofJlce of Addison 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 WEST SAND LAKE, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New 
 VTork, about 10 miles E. of Albany. 
 
 WE.ST SAND'WICH, a post-village in Barnstable co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, 65 miles 
 S.E. of Boston. 
 
 WEST SCHUYLER, skllgr, a post-ofHce of Herkimer co.. 
 New York. 
 
 WEST SCIT'UATE, a post-village in Plymouth co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 22 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 AVEST SEDGE/WICK, a post-offlce of Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 WEST SEXE'CA. a post-offlce of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 WEST SENECA CENTRE, a post-office. Erie co.. New York. 
 
 WEST SHANDA'KEN,a post-offlce of Ulster co.. New York. 
 
 WEST SHEFFIELD, post-office, Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WE.ST SHON'GO, a post-offlce of Alleghany co.. New York. 
 
 WEST SID/NEY, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, 7 
 miles N. by \V. of Augusta. 
 
 WEST'S MILLS, a postrofflce of Franklin co., Maine. 
 
 WEST SO-M'ERS. a post-village of Westchester CO., New 
 York, about 115 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 WEST SOM'ERSET. a post-ofiice of Niagara co.. New York. 
 
 WEST SOUTH'OIiD. a post-office of Suffolk co.. New York. 
 
 WEST SPRING CREEK, a post-offlce of Warren co., Penu- 
 Bylvania. 
 
 WEST SPRINGFIELD, a thriving post-village of Hamp- 
 den CO., Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 100 miles 
 W. by S. of Boston, and 100 miles S.E. of Albany. It is 
 situated on the left bank of the Connecticut, opposite Spring- 
 field, with which it is connected by 2 bridges, Cone for the 
 Western Railroad.) The streets are broad, and finely sh.ided 
 with lofty elms. It hiis 1 cotton-mill and 2 paper-mills; 
 also 2 churches. Westfleld River affords water-i)ower near 
 tliis place. Pop. of the township, 2i05 
 
 WEST SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Erie co., Penn- 
 Bylvani■^, on the Conncaut Creek. 26 miles S.W. of Erie. 
 
 WE.ST SPRINGFIELD, a postoffice of Shelby co., Missouri. 
 
 WEST STAF'FORD, a post-village of Stafford township, 
 Tolland co., Connecticut, about 25 miles N.E. of Hartford. 
 It has manufactures of shoe-thread, machinery, &c. 
 
 WEST'S STOR E. a post-office of Wa.«hington co., Tennessee. 
 
 WEST STEPHENTOWN, (sU-e/vfn-town,) a post-office of 
 Rensselaer co.. New York. 
 
 WEST STER/LING, a post-office of Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 WEST STEW/ARTSTOWN, a post-office of Coos co.. New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 WEST STOCK/BRIDGE, a posttownship of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, bordering on New Y'ork, 160 miles by railroad 
 W. of Boston. Three railroads meet at the State-line Sta- 
 tion, viz., the West Stockbridge, the Western, and the Hud- 
 son and Berkshire Railroads. The principal village is on the 
 West Stockbridge Railroad ; it contains 3 churches, 1 iron 
 furnace, and about 1000 inhabitants. In the townsliip are 
 extensive beds of iron ore and inexliaustible quarries of 
 marble. Pop. 1589. 
 
 WEST STOCK'HOLM, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., 
 New York, about 30 miles E. of Ogdenshurg. 
 
 WEST SUF'FIELD, a post-office, Ilartford co., Connecticut. 
 
 WEST SCM'NER, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine. 
 
 W^EST SUTrrON, a post^village in Worcester co., Massa- 
 chusetts, 45 miles S.W. by W. of Boston; it contains 2 or 3 
 churches, and several stores. 
 
 WEST SWAN'ZEY, a postoffice of Cheshire co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 WEST TAGHKANIC. (ta-gan'ik,) a post-offlce of Columbia 
 CO., New York. 
 
 WEST TH ERE'S A. a post-offlce of Jefferson co.. New York. 
 
 WEST THORNTON, a post-office of Grafton co., New 
 Hanipshire. 
 
 WEST TIS'BURY, a post-vinage in Duke's co., Massachu- 
 setts. 75 miles S.S.E. of Boston, contains several churches 
 and stores. 
 
 WEST TOPS'HAM, a post-offlce of Orange co., Vermont. 
 
 WESTTOWN. a post-village of Orange CO., New York, 
 about 60 miles N.W. of New York. 
 
 WESTTO\VN. a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 23 miles W. of Philadelphia. It contains a large and 
 flourishing boarding-school for pupils of both sexes, under 
 
 the direction of the Society of Friends. Ths, buildings art 
 surrounded by grounds in the highest state of improve- 
 ment, and covering an area of about t'OO a<-res. The vii-w 
 from the summit of the principal building is remarkably 
 beautiful and pioturesijue. There are in the instilutiojj 
 accommodations for about 250 scholars. Pop. of the town 
 ship. 6.59. 
 
 WEST TOWN'SEND, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on a branch of Nashua River, and on the Peter 
 borough and Shirley Railroad. 47 miles N.W. of Boston. It 
 is the seat of a flourishing female seminary. 
 
 WEST TOWNSKND, a post-offlce of Sandusky co., Ohio. 
 
 WE,ST TOWNSHEND. a post-village of Windham co., Ver- 
 mont, about 30 miles N.E. of Bennington. 
 
 WEST TOWN'SHIP, a po.st-office of Albany co.. New York. 
 
 WEST TRENTON, a post-village of Hancock co., Maine, 
 70 miles E. by N. of Augusta. 
 
 WEST TROUPS/BURG. a post-village of Steuben co., New 
 York. 28 miles S.W. from liath. 
 
 WEST TROY, a post-village of Albany co., New York. 
 See TuoT. 
 
 WEST TU'RIN, a township of Lewis co., New York. Pop. 
 2410. 
 
 WEST U'NION, a post-office of Stenben co.. New York. 
 
 WEST UNION, a post-village, capital of Doddridge co.. 
 West Virginia, on Middle Island Creek, and on the North- 
 western Virginia Railroad, 54 miles E. of Parkersburg. 
 Lumber is exported from this vicinity by flat-boats and 
 rafts. 
 
 WEST UNION, a village of Miu-shall county, W. Virginia. 
 12 miles S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 WEST UNION, a post-village, capital of Adams co., Ohio, 
 on the Maysville and Zanesville Turnpike, 84 miles in a 
 direct line S.S.W. of Columbus. It is plea.aantly situated 
 on a ridge, several hundred feet above the level of the <Jhio. 
 The court-house is a substantial stone edifice, built by 
 ex-Governor Metcalf. of Kentucky, who bears the soubriquet 
 of "Stone Hammer," from the occupation of his early life. 
 Two newspapers are published here. I.^id out in 1804. Pop. 
 in 1850, 462. 
 
 WEST UNION, a thriving pf)st-village of Fayette CO., In« 
 diana. 65 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 Wi;ST UNION, a post-village of Knox co., Indiana, 110 
 miles S.W. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WEST UNION, a small village of Parke co., Indian.i, on 
 the Waba.sh and Erie Canal, 68 miles W. of Indiatiaiiolis. 
 
 WEST UNION, a thriving post-village, capital of Fayette 
 CO., Iowa, 85 miles N.W. of Dubuque. It has 4 churches, 
 &c. See .^PPKNDix. 
 
 WEST U'NITY, a post-offlce of Williams co., Ohio. 
 
 WEST VAN BU'REN, a post-<ifflcc of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 
 WE.ST VAN BUREN, a township of La Grange co., Indi- 
 ana. I'op. 979. 
 
 WE.ST VIENOsA, a post-village of Oneida co.. New York, 
 125 miles W.N.W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST VIEW, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, 8 
 miles \Y. of Staunton. It has 2 stores. 
 
 WEST VIEW, a post-offlce of Hamilton CO., Tennessee. 
 
 WEST'VILLE, a thriving post-village of New Haven town- 
 ship and county, Connecticut, about 2]/^ miles N.W. of the 
 State Hou-se. It is surrounded with varied and romantic 
 scenery, being situated at the southern base of West Rock, 
 which presents a steep and rugged precipice nearly 400 feet 
 in height. The inhabitiints are engaged in various manu- 
 factures. It has 3 churches, 3 large paper-mills, 3 manufac- 
 tories of hardware, &c. Pop. in 1850, 871; in 1864, about 12(i0. 
 W ESTVILLE, a township of Franklin co., New York. 
 Pop. 1635. 
 
 WESTVILLE, a post-village of Otsego co.. New York, 
 about fio.miles W. of Albany. It has several mills and stores. 
 
 WESTVILLE, a post-village of Gloucester co.. New Jersey, 
 
 WESTVILLE, a post-village, capital of Simpson co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 40 miles S.S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 WiOSTVILLE. a po.at-viilage of Champaign co., Ohio, on 
 the Columbus I'iqua and Indiana Railroad, 51 miles W. by 
 N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 WESTVILLE, a small village of Columbiana co.,.Ohlo, ]t>5 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 WESTVILLE, a thriving post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 
 on the Western Turnpike, 104 miles W. by S. of Columbus. 
 The post-offlce is New Westville. 
 
 WESTVILLE, a posfrvillage of I>aporte co., Indiana, on 
 the New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 18 miles S. of Michi- 
 gan City. 
 
 WEST VIN'CENT, a post-township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles N. of West Chester. Pop. 1407. 
 
 WESTVLETEREN, wJst-vlA'teh-rgn, a village of Belgium, 
 province of West Flanders, on the Vleterlseke, 27 miles S.W, 
 of Bruges. Pop. 1472. 
 
 WEST WaL'WORTH, a post-office of Wayne co.. New 
 York. 
 
 WEST'WARD. a parish of England, co. of Cuml)erland. 
 
 WEST WARDS'BOROUGH, a post-office of Windham co^ 
 Vermont. 
 
 WEST WARE/HAM, a post-village in Plymonth co.. Ma* 
 
 2103 
 
WES 
 
 Mchuseili!. on the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, near Buzzanl's 
 Bay. 45 miles S.S.E of Boptoa. In the village and vicinity 
 are n-jnierous manufactories of ironware. 
 
 WEST WAR'REN, a small village of Monongalia co^ W. 
 Virginia. 
 
 WEST WARREX, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WEST WASHINGTON', a post^ffice of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 
 WEST WaTERVILLE, a post-village in Kennebec co., 
 Maine, on the Maine Central Railroad, 14 miles N' . of Augus- 
 tii. It has 4 churches. Scythes and edge-tools are made here. 
 
 WEST WEIVSTER, a post-office of Monroe co.. New York. 
 
 WEST'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 WESTWELL. a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WEST WIIEEL/IXG. a village of Belmout co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, opposite Wheeling. Several railroads meet at 
 this point. Pop. in 1850, 43S ; in 1860, 326. 
 
 WEST WHEELING, a post-office of Rock co., Illinois. 
 
 WEST WHITE'LAND, a post-township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Pennsylvania Central 
 Riiilroad, and bv the Chester Valley Riiilroad, about 5 miles 
 K. of West Chester. Pop. 1214. 
 
 WEST'WICK. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WEST WIL/LIAMSBURG or MOR'RISBUKG, a post-vil- 
 lage of Canada West, co. of Oundas, situ-ited on the Williams- 
 burg Canal. 23 mil&« N.E. of Prescott. Pop. about 200. 
 
 ^V"EST WIL'LIAMSFIELD, a postoffice of A»htabula co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 WEST WII/LIXGTOX, a post-office of Tolland co., Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 W EST WILTON, a village of Franklin co., Maine, about 
 SO miles N.W. of Augusta. 
 
 WEST WIN'CHESTER, a manufacturing village of Che- 
 shire CO., New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot Railroad, near 
 Ashuelot River. 50 miles S.W. of Concord. 
 
 WEST WIXD'IIA.M, a post-office of Rockingham co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 WEST WINDHAM, a post-village of Bradford co., Penn- 
 svlvania. 152 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg. 
 " WEST WIND'SOR. a postrvillage of Broome CO., New York, 
 about 130 miles W.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 WEST WINDSOR, a township of .Mercer co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 1497. 
 
 WEST WINDSOR, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio, 67 
 miles N.N.E. of ColumlJus. 
 
 WE.*T WINDSOR, a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan. 
 
 WEST WIN'FIELD. a post-villa-e of Herkimer co., New 
 York, about 15 miles S. by E. of Utica. It has an academy. 
 
 WEST WIN.STED. roiinwticut. S(.'0 Winstbd. 
 
 ^VEST'WOOD, a parish of England, «o. of Wilts. 
 
 WEST'\VOOD, a small pos^village of Woodford co., Illi- 
 uois. about 3.3 miles E. of Peoria. 
 
 WEST WOOD'sTOCK. a pos^village in Woodstock town- 
 ship, Windham co., Connecticut, about 44 miles N.E. by E. 
 of Hartford. It contains 1 church. 
 
 WEST WOOIVVILLE, a post-vUlage of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 89 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 WEST WORTH INGTON, a post-village of Hampshire co., 
 Massachusetts, about 100 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 WKST WRENT'H.\M, a fiost-village of Norfolk co., Mas- 
 sa<-husetts. alout 30 miles S.AT. by S. of Boston. 
 
 WEST WYN/TON. a posto.-fice of Calhoun co., Florida. 
 
 WEST Y AR/.\10CTH, a post-viliagc in Barnstable co., Ma»- 
 Mobusetts, 60 miles S.E. of Boston. 
 
 WEST YORK, a post-office of St. Joseph co.. Indiana. 
 
 WEST YORKSHIRE, a post-office of CatUiraugus co., New 
 York. 
 
 WESTZAAN, wjst'zan, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 Tince of North Holland, 9 miles N.E. of Haarlem, on the Y. 
 Pop. 2252. 
 
 WEST ZANESVILLE. See Zasesvule. 
 
 WET GLAIZE, a post-office of Camden co., )Iissouri, about 
 62 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson. 
 
 WETH'ERAL, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland, 
 on the railway, 6 miles E.S.E. of Carlisle. The church is a 
 handsome edifice, built in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 WETH'ERBY, a market-town and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of York, West Riding, parish of SpolTorth, on the Wharfe, 
 with a station on the York and Harrogate Railway. 7 J miles 
 S.E. of Harrogate. I*op. in 1851, 1494. The town has a 
 market-place, in which is the old courtrhouse of the lord of 
 the manor; and an old church. 
 
 WETH'ERDEN. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WETII'ERDVILLE, a post-office of Baltimore co., Mary- 
 land. 
 
 WETH'ERINGSET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 M ETH'E1!.«FIELD. a post-township of Hartford co., Con- 
 necticut, on the right bank of the Counc-cticut River, about 
 3J miles S. of Hartford. Large quantities of onions and 
 iome tobacco are raised here for exportation. The village 
 stands in a beautiful plain bordering the river, and has 
 broad streew finely shaded with elms. It contains 3 
 churchis. an academy, and a number of handsome dwellings. 
 M'ethersfield is the seat of the Connecticut State Prison 
 (gee CojcNFCTicuT ) Pop. 2706. 
 2104 
 
 WEV 
 
 WETHERSFIELD, a post-township of Wyoming co., New 
 I'ork, 8 miles S.W. of Warsjtw. Pop. 1683. 
 
 WETHERSFIELD, a post-village of Henry co., Illinois, 
 near the Chicago and Quincy Raihoad, 110 miles N. by W. 
 of Springfield. 
 
 WETHERSFIELD Sl'RINGS, a post-village of Wyoming 
 CO., New York, about 250 miles W. from Albany. It baa 
 several churches and stores. 
 
 WETTA. wet'til, an island of the Malay Archipelago. 30 
 miles N. of Timor. Lat. of the t3wn of Sau. on the S.E. side, 
 8° 6' S.. Ion. 126^ 12' E. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 60 miles, 
 brea«lth 30 miles. 
 
 WETTER, w^ftfr, a river of Germany, Ilesso-Darmstadt, 
 after a S.W. and S. cour.se of 35 miles, joins the Niddu. 
 
 WETfEK, a town of Germany, Hesse-Ca-sSel. on an affluent 
 of the Ohm. 7 miles N.W. of Marburg. Pop. 1400. 
 
 WETTER, a lake of Sweden, is between lat. 57° .50' and 58° 
 65' N., and Ion. 14° and 15° E.. 25 miles S.E. of Lake Wener, 
 and enclosed by the Iveus of Mariestad, Jdnkoping. l.inkop- 
 ing. and Orebro. Length 80 miles, average breadth 10 
 miles. Hei,uht above the sea, 295 feet. In some places it is 
 7o fathoms deep, and it is often agitated by storms and sud- 
 den variations in its level, but it is of high utility for inter- 
 nal tnilBc, being connected by a canal with Lake Wener, by 
 which and the Motala River, serving as an outlet for its sur- 
 plus waters on the E, it completes the inland navigation 
 between the lialtic Sea and the Cattegat. 
 
 WETTEREN. wjt'teh-ryn, a market-town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of J-Jist Flanders, on the Scheldt, 8 mile8 E.S.E. of 
 Ghent, on the railway to Mechlin. Pop. 8302. It has manu- 
 factures of woollens and cottons. 
 
 WETTERHOK.S, *Jt/tvr-hoRn\ ("peak of tempests,") one 
 of the Alpine Mountains of the Bernese Oberland. Switzer- 
 land, between the valleys of Hasli and Grindelwald, N. of 
 the Schreckhorn. Height 12,162 feet. It was ascended to 
 its summit for the first time in 1845. 
 
 WETTIN. 'w^t-teen'. a town of Prussian Saxony, on th» 
 Saale. 10 miles N.W. of Haile. Pop. 33(XJ. It ha.= au aucleni 
 caistle, and manufactures of chiccory, tobacco, and oil. 
 
 WETl'INGEN, wJt/ting-^n, a villaj^e and parish of Swit- 
 zerland, canton of Aargau, in a beautiful plain, 1 mile S£. 
 of Baden. Pop. 2112. 
 
 WETTOLSUEIM. wft'tols-hime', a vill.<ige of France, de- 
 partment of Haut-Rhin. 3 mili'S S.W. of Colmar. Pop. 1392. 
 
 WETTON. a parish of Engliind. co. of Stafford, 'i miles 
 N.N.W. of .\shbourne. near the plawj where the rivers Uamp 
 and Manyfold become subterranean. Near it are lead and 
 copper mines, and excellent quarries of marble. 
 
 WETUMP'K.\. a flourishing city and river-port of Coosa 
 CO., .\lal>ama. is situated on the Coosa River, at the head of 
 navigation, 14 miles N. of Montgomery, and al)Out 10 miles 
 from the .\laliauia River. The situation is advantageous 
 both for triide and for manufactures. The .\labania is one 
 of the best streams in the Union for steamboat navigation ; 
 it is never closed by ice like the northern rivers, nor ob- 
 structed by snags and sawyers like those of the south-west. 
 The fall of the Coosa is sufficient to afford an abundant 
 water-power, which, however, has not been improved to 
 much extent. Wetumpka is the principal market for the 
 cotton produced in Coosa and several adjoining coun- 
 ties. About 30,000 bales were shipped here in 1851. The 
 city has 4 or 6 churches, several flourishing .seminaries, a 
 newspaper office, and is the seat of the Slate Penitentiary. 
 A plank-road extends from this place to the Tennessee River, 
 near Gunter's Landing, which is about 150 miles distant 
 Pop. in 1860, about 3500, 
 
 WETUMPK.A. CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Euche* 
 Creek in Russell co. 
 
 ^\ET'\VANG, a parish of England, co. York, East Riding. 
 
 WET'ZEI.,, a fjjunty in the N. part of West Virginia, 
 bordering on Pennsylvania, and on the Ohio River, which 
 separates it from the state of Ohio: area about 250 square 
 miles. It is drained by Fishing Creek and branches. The 
 surface is exceedingly hilly ; the soil of the river bottoms is 
 excellent, and of the uplands moderately fertile. The county 
 contains stone-coal. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passes 
 along the N.E. border. Formed a few years ago out of part 
 of Tyler county. Capital, New Martinsville. Pop. 6703, of 
 whom 66^3 were free, and 10 slaves. 
 
 WETZLAB, *^ts1ar. a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 42 miles E.N.E. of Coblentz, on the Lahn. Pop. in 1852, 
 6153. It has a gymnasium, and was formerly a free city of 
 the empire. 
 
 W.ETZWALDE, ftjts/ftil'deh, a village of Bohemia, circle 
 of Buntzl.iu, 3 miles from Grafenstein, Pop. 1285. 
 
 WEVELGHEM. w4/vel-gh^m\ a village of Belgium, pro 
 vince of West Flanders,'2 miles E.N.E. of Monin. "Pop. 3709. 
 
 WEVELINGHOFEN, «A'veh-ling-ho"fen. a vill.tge of Rh». 
 nish Prussia. 11 miles S.W. of Dusseldorf Pop. 1810. 
 
 WE'^VERTON, a flourishing post-village of Frederick co, 
 Maryland, is situated on the Potomac River, and on the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 80 miles W. of Baltimore, and 
 2 miles from Harper's Ferry. It stands near the foot of 
 the Blue Ridge, and is surrounded by h*"|;hly picturesque 
 scenery. The river afl'ords abundant wal <r-poviet We' er- 
 
WEX 
 
 WHA 
 
 ton containe 2 churches, 1 foundry, and 2 or 3 other fac- 
 tories. The Chesapeake and Oliio Canal passes through tho 
 place. It originated about 1848. 
 
 WEX'FOKI). a maritime county of Ireland, in the S. part 
 of I/einster. having on the E. and S. the Irish Sea and St.- 
 Georj^e's Channel. Area 901 square miles, or 57^'',640 acres, 
 of which 510.702 are estimated to be arable. 14.640 in plan- 
 tation, and 45.500 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851, 179.790. The 
 surface hilly or mountainou-i in the N.W.. declines to a level 
 plain along the coa.«t. The Slaney intersects the county in 
 its centre. Several lagoons skirt the .S. shores. Soil gene- 
 rally fertile, and property in considerable estates. The land 
 is less subdivided, and the farmers in a better condition 
 than in most other Irish counties. The barony of Forth, in 
 the S.W., is occupied by descendants of a Welsh colony, and 
 peculiarly well cultivated. Limestone is the chief mineral 
 product. The fisheries are of importance. The South-East- 
 ern Kailway is prolonged throughout the valley of the Sla- 
 ney, pa.st Wexford and Euniscorthy, which, with New Ross, 
 Gorey, and Xewtownbarry, are the principal towns. It sends 
 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 WEXFOIID, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and 
 seaport town of Ireland, capital of the above county, on 
 the right bank of the Slaney, where it expands into Wex- 
 ford Harbor, and is crossed by a bridge 733 feet in length, 
 12 miles S.S.E. of Enni.scorthy, and 64 miles S.W. of Dublin. 
 Pop. of town in 1851, 12,819. Much of the town consists of 
 narrow, crooked, and dirty lanes ; but the quay, and one or 
 two other streets, are lined with good houses. Here are .some 
 remains of ancient walls, of an abbey, and other ecclesias- 
 tical edifices; and outside of the town is a fine granite 
 column, in memory of the exploits in Egypt by the army 
 under Abercrombie. Wexford has Protestant, diocesan, and 
 other .schools, a chamber of commerce, several banks, some 
 malting establi.shuients, ship-building docks, and an active 
 export trade in cattle, dairy, and agricultural produce, tim- 
 ber, tallow, hides, cotton yarn and wool, tobacco, provisions, 
 British manufactures, and colonial goods. Registered ship- 
 ping in 1847, 113 vcs.sels; aggregate burden, 9036 tons. 
 Wexford sends 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 WE.X'FOUD, a new unorgauized county in the N.W. part 
 of Michigan, contains aliout 576 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Manistee River. The surface has but little 
 elevation above Uike Michigan. This county is not named 
 in the census of 1860. 
 
 WEXFORD, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WEXFORD, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa. 
 
 WEX'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WEXIO, (Wexiii.) wjk/she-ti, or VEXIO, (Vexli},) a town 
 of Sweden, capital of a ten, on Lake Sodre, 60 miles 
 W.N.W. of Italmar. Pop. 22*K). It has a fine cathedral, a 
 college with a library of 15,000 volumes, and cabinets of 
 medals; manufactures of carpets, and several important 
 annual fairs. — The lasn or province of WEXlii has an area 
 of 3787 square miles. Pop. 136.623. 
 
 WEY, wA. a river of England, counties of Hants and Sur- 
 rey, rises near SeUiorne, flows N.E. past Godalming, Guild- 
 ford, and Weybridge, and joins the Thiimes 2 miles S.E. of 
 Chertsey, after a course of 40 miles. It is navigable from 
 Goilalming. and from Guildford it forms part of the Wey 
 and Arun Navigation, or canal to Arundel and Chichester. 
 
 WEY, a river of England, co. of Dorset, after a S.E. course, 
 enters the English Channel between Weymouth and Mel- 
 combe-Kegis. 
 
 WEYAUWE'GO.a post-township in the S. part of Wau- 
 pacca CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 727. See Appendix. 
 
 WEYBODRNE, w4n)nrn. a parish, Eniiland. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WEYVRREAD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WEY'BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 11 
 miles N.N.E of Guildford. Oatlands. the seat of the late 
 'Duke of York, and the ancient mansion of Ham, are in this 
 parish. 
 
 WKYBRIDGE, a hamlet of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WJJY'BRIDGE, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, 
 on theS. side of Otter Creek, about 35 miles S.W. by W. of 
 Montpelier. Pop. 667. 
 
 WEYBRIDGE LOWER FALLS, a postoffice of Addison 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 WEYER, fti'gr or wire, a market-town of Upper Austria, 
 circle of Traun. Pop. 1230. 
 
 WEYER, a village of Austria, Styria, circle of Bruck. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 WEYER, (Ober, o'bgr,) a market-town of Lower Austria, 
 circle of Traun, near the Ens. Pop. 1350. 
 
 WEYERSHEIM, wl'ers-hime\ (Fr. pron. vi'yjRs'Jm',) a 
 villasre of Franca, department of Bag-Ilhin, 10 miles N. of 
 Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 2190. 
 
 WEY'HILL, a parish of England. N.W. extremity of the 
 county of Hants, 3 miles- W.N.W. of Andover. Pop. in 1851, 
 419. For six days, from October 9, annually, it is the piaffe 
 of the largest fair in South England for sheep, cattle, hops, 
 cheese, and leather, attended by dealers from all parts of 
 England 
 
 WEYMOUTH. w.Vmfith. (with MEL'COMBE-RE'GIS.) a i 
 parliamentary and municipal borough, and seaport of Eng- | 
 
 land, CO. of Dorset, comprising the town and ehapelry of 
 Weymouth, and town and parish of Melcombe. the I'ormei 
 on the S., the latter on the N. side of the mouth of tke Wey 
 which forms the port, 3 miles N. of the isle of Portland, and 
 8 miles S. of Dorchester. Lat. of Weymouth jetty-fort, 50^ 
 36' 6" N., Ion. 2«^ 26' W. Pop. of Weypiouth in 1851, 2957; 
 of Melcombe. 5273. Weymouth is old and indifferent^ j 
 built; Melcombe, on a low peninsula between the sea and 
 a wide shallow backwater, formed by the Wey. is more 
 regularly laid out, better built, and has lacing the sea a 
 fine terrace and esplanade, nearly 1 mile in length; a spa- 
 cious assembly room, neat theatre, libraries, good hotfl> 
 and lodging-houses for visitors, and bathing establishments 
 on an excellent beach. The towns communicate by a stone 
 bridge of two arches, with a swing in the centre to lulmit 
 shipping: and Melcombe is connected by a branch with 
 the London and South-Western Railway. An equestrian 
 statue of George 111. stands at the X. extremity of .Mel- 
 coml»e. About half a mile .S.W. of Weymouth is the decayed, 
 but formerly important fortress, Sandsfoot Castle, erected by 
 Henry VIll.. on a cliff facing the castle of Portland. The 
 harbor ha.s about 14 feet of water at high tides; small ves- 
 sels only can lie close to the quays, but there is good anchor- 
 age in the bay in 7 or 8 fathoms water. Someship-buildiug, 
 and rope and sail-making are carried on. Portland stone, 
 tiles, bricks, and Roman cement, are exported. Weymouth 
 is the station of the mail packets for Guernsey, to which it ii 
 the nearest English port, 70 miles distant. The markets are 
 well supplied, and the climate is very suitable for invalids, 
 being equable, and sufficiently milii for geraniums and 
 myrtles to flourish in the open air. Registered .shipping in 
 1847, 6817 tons. Weymouth is the seat of a medico-chirur- 
 gical society. It has ra'.-es and a regatta annually. The 
 united boroughs send 2 members to the llou.se of Commons. 
 
 WEY.MOUTH, wA'mftth, a post-township of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, bordering on Boston harbor, and intersected 
 by the South Shore branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 12 
 miles S.S.E. of Boston. Two estuaries or arms of Boston 
 harbor, called Fore and Back Rivers, afford facilities for 
 navigation. There are several pleasant villages in the town- 
 ship, th" principal of which are Weymouth Landing, or 
 Washington Square, and South Weymouth. The former, at 
 the he*d of Fore River, is a place of active trade, having 
 several hundred tons of shipping, and a bank with a capital 
 of $300,000. The manufacture of boots and shoes is exten- 
 sively carried on. The township contains 9 churches. 1 
 newspaper office, 2 banks, and 1 savings hank; also iron 
 works. Pop in 1850, 5369; in 1860, 7742. 
 
 WEYMOUTH, apost- township of Atlantic co.,New Jersey, 
 about 55 miles .■<. of Trenton. Pop. 823. 
 
 WEYMOUTH, a thriving post-village in Hamilton town- 
 ship, Atlantic co.. New Jersey, about 6 miles N.W. of May'g 
 Landing. It has a church, 2 mills, and about 40 houses. 
 
 WEY.MOUTH, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio. 
 
 WEYMOUTH, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Digby, 
 at the entrance of Sis-seboo River into St. Mary's Bjiy, ojipo- 
 site NtiW Edenborough, W. of Halifax. The inhabitants, 
 mostly of French origin, are principally engaged in the 
 fisheries, for which the neighboring waters are celebrated. 
 
 WEY'.MOUTH CAPE, of North East Australia, is in lat 
 12° 37' 30" S., Ion. 143° 27' 5" E. Height 300 feet. 
 
 WEY PERT, a town of Bohemia. See Weipert. 
 
 WEYRE. wir or wAr, a fortified town of llindosfan. do- 
 minions and 25 miles S.W. of Bhurtpoor, having a large 
 fort, some sculptures, and a Hindoo college. 
 
 WEZENBERG, wi/tsen-b^ro, a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Estbonia, capital of a circle, 60 miles E.S.E. of Revel. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 WEZIKON. <vJt'se-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and 12 miles E.S.E. of Zurich. Pop. of parish, 3289, mostly 
 weavers. 
 
 WHAD'DON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WH.\DDON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 WH.iDBON, a pari.'h of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WHADDON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WIIADDON WHAD'LEY, a township of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 WHALE'S BACK, a small island at the E. side of the 
 entrance to Portsmouth harbor. New Hampshire. On it is a 
 lightfiou.se 68 feet high, containing two fixed lights, one 10 
 feet above the other. Lat. 43° 2' 30" N., Ion. 70° 42' 45" W. 
 
 WHA'LEYSVILLE, a thriving post-villlage of Worcester 
 CO.. Maryland, on the Pocomoke River, 115 miles S.E. by E. 
 of Annapolis. It is a place of active business, and contains 
 3 stores. 
 
 WHAiyLEY, an extensive parish of England, counties of 
 Lancaster, Chester, and Y'ork, on the Manchester and Clithe- 
 roe Railway, contains the borough of Clitheroe and 3 market- 
 towns in the county of Lancaster. Pop. in 1851, 134.196. 
 The parish is 30 miles in length and 15 miles in breadth. 
 It is intersected by the Liverpool and Leeds Canal. The 
 church, a spacious building, with fine internal decoration, 
 formerly belonged to an abbey, established here in 1296 
 
 W HAL'LONSBURG, a post-office of Essex co.. New York. 
 
 WHAL'SAY, one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, parish 
 
 2Iua 
 
WHA 
 
 WHI 
 
 of Nestiii^. uer.^th from X.E. to S.W.. 51 miles; breiidth 2 
 niik'i. Pup. ♦ iS The shores are rocky and deeply iudented. 
 llie soil isamoug the most pro<luctive in Shetland. 
 
 WHaIjTON, a parish of Kuglaiid. co. of Northumberland. 
 
 ttllAlVLODE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WHAP'LODE DROVii. a chapelry of Kn^laud. co. Lincoln. 
 
 WlL\rvRAM-IN-TlIE-SrKiii;r, a parish of England, oo. 
 of York. Ep.st Riding. 
 
 WHAK/RAM PERCY, a parish^ of England, co. of York, 
 East Riding. 
 
 'AHAR/rOX, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WIIAR/TON. a county in the S.E. part of Texa.«, has an 
 area of lOSO square miles. It is intersected by the Colorado 
 Rirer, bounded on the X.E. by the San Bernard, and drained 
 by Mustang and Sandy Creeks. Named in honor of the 
 Wharton family of Texas. Capital, Wharton. Pop. 3380 
 of whom (U6 were free, and 2734 slaves. 
 
 WHARTON, a township of Fayette Co., Pennsylvania. 
 The National Road intersects the township. Pop. 1623. 
 
 W HARTON, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 40 miles N.W. of Lock Haven. Pop. 378. 
 
 Wn.\.RTON, a post^village, capital of Wharton co., Texas, 
 on the Coloriido River, 60 miles N. of Matagorda. 
 
 M'HARTON, a po.'St-offiee of Noble co.. Ohio. 
 
 WHARTOXSBURG, a post-village of Wyandott CO., Ohio, 
 on the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, about 60 miles 
 S.W. of Sandusky. 
 
 WHATCOM, a co. forming the N.W. extremity of Wash- 
 inicton Territory, having N. British America, E. Mount 
 Baker, a peak of the Ca.scade Mountains, and W. the Gulf 
 of Georgia, in which are numerous islands comprised within 
 the countv. See Appendix. 
 
 WIIAT'COTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WIIATE'LY^, a post-township in Franklin co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on Connecticut River, and inler.sected by Con- 
 necticut River Railroad. 88 miles W. by N. of Bo.ston. P. 1057. 
 
 WIIAT'FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WIIAT'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WIIAT'LINGTON. a pari.sh of En:;land, co. of Sussex. 
 
 WIIATTON or WIIATTON-ON-SMITE, a parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Nottingham. 
 
 WHATTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 WIHY'PAW, a sm.%11 river of Marathon co., Wisconsin, 
 which flows into Wisconsin River, on its right bank. 
 
 WHKATACRE (hweet/i-kgr) ALL-SAINTS, a parish of 
 Knp:Iand, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WIIEAT'ENHCRST, a parish of England, co. Gloucester. 
 
 WIIEAT'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of O.xford. 
 
 WIIEAT'FIELD, a township of Nia-ara co.. New York, 
 Intersected by the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, 
 and the Buffalo and Niagara Railroad, 12 miles N, of Buffalo. 
 Pop. 3484. 
 
 WIIEATFIELD, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Pennsylvania Canal. 
 
 WUEATFIELD, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, 
 Intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad and Canal, 6 miles 
 E. of Bloomfield. Pop. 749. 
 
 WIIK.\TFIELD. a post-township in the central part of 
 Ingham co.. Micliisan. Pop. 573. 
 
 WIIEATHAMP/STEAD, p.irish, England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 WIIKAlVHiLIv, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WHEATIIILL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WUEAT'L.\NI). a post^township of Slonroe co.. New Y'ork, 
 on the Genesee River, 15 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. It is 
 traver.sed by the Genesee Canal. Pop. 2560. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a post-office of Loudon CO., Virginia. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a township of Hillsdale co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1539. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 WHEATL.AND, a post-township in the N.W. part of Will 
 CO., Illinois, intersected by Des Plaines River and the Illinois 
 and Michigan Canal. Pop. 1069. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a post-village and town.ship of Kenosha 
 CO., Wisconsin, aliout 70 miles S.E. of Madison. Pop. 1095. 
 
 WHEATLAND CENTliE, a post-otfice of Hillsdale co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 WIIEAT'LEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 WHEATLEY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Not- 
 Hngham. 
 
 WHl'IATLEY. a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 M HE.\TLEV, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia. 
 
 WHEA'TOX. a post-village of Dupage co., Illinois, on the 
 Galena and Chicago R.R.. Zj inilw W. of Chicago. Pop. 645. 
 
 \\ HEAT HIDGE, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio, 
 
 W HEAT'VILLE, a post-offlce of Genesee co.. New York. 
 
 WHE.VIVILLE. a post-office of I'reble co., Ohio. 
 
 WIIEE'LKR, a postnjfflce of Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 W II EK'LERSBURG. a postrvillage of Scioto Co., Ohio, near 
 the (Jhio River, 9 miles E. of Portsmouth. Population in 
 
 WIIEE'LING, a city and port of entry, and the present 
 
 capital of W est ^ irgiuia and of Ohio county, is finely situ- 
 
 afui on the E. bank of the Ohio River, and on both sides of 
 
 WheeUug Creek, 92 miles below Pittsburg, 305 miles above 
 
 2106 
 
 Cincinnati, and about 630 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 40"^ 7' N., Ion. 80° 42' W. The site is a narrow alluvial 
 tract, overlooked by precipitous hills, and extending about 
 
 2 miles along the river. Wheeling is the most impoi-taut 
 pliice on the Ohio River between llttsburg and Cincinnati, 
 and in respect to trade, manufactures, and population, the 
 most considerable town of West Virginia. It contains a 
 fine court-house, a custom-house. 19 churches, 3 academies, 
 4 banks, aggregate capital about $2,000,000, and 3 savings 
 institutions. Four or five newspapers are published liere. 
 The town is supplied with water raised from the river by 
 machinery. The National Road crosses the river at Zane's 
 Island, opposite the city, by a beautiful wire suspension 
 bridge, the span of which is one of the longest in the world, 
 meaiijring lOlO feet. The height of the towers is 153 feet 
 above low water mark, and 60 feet above the abutments. 
 The bridge is supported by 4 wire cables, each 1380 feet in 
 length, and 8 inches in diameter. The cost of this structure 
 is estiinutt-d at $210,000. Wheeling is the western terminus 
 of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 380 miles long, finished 
 in 1853, and of the Hempfield Railroad, whicli joins the 
 Pennsylvania liailroad at Grecnsburg ; 4 miles S. is the E. 
 terminus of the Central Ohio Railroad. The Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg Railroad has been extended from Wellsville to 
 this city. In 1864, 49 stejiin boats were owned in this place, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of 7561 tons. During the same 
 year, 19 steamboats and about 20 other vessels were built 
 here. The hills wliich rise in the immediate vicinity con- 
 tain inexhaustible beds of coal, which supply fuel at a 
 small expense to the numerous manufactories of Wheeling. 
 In 1864 it contained 6 iron foundries, 3 forges, 5 manufac- 
 tories of nails, 9 of glassware, 2 or 3 of cotton goods, 3 of 
 paper, 4 of steam-engines, and 1 of silk goods. Flour, wool- 
 len goods, white-lead, leather, and other articles are also 
 produced here. Wheeling became theciipital of the county 
 In 1797. Population in 1820, 1567 ; in 1830, 5221 ; in 1840, 
 7885; and in 1850, 11,391. Free population in 1860, includ- 
 ing South Wheeling, 16,713. Pop. in 1865, about 22.500. 
 
 WHEELING, a post^village of Holmes co., Mississippi, 
 near Big Black River, 75 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 WHEELING, a township of Belmont CO., Ohio. Pop. 1425. 
 
 WHEELING, a township of Guernsey Co., Ohio. Pop. 1281. 
 
 WHEELING, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, on 
 the .Mississinewa River, about 15 miles N.N.W. of Muncie 
 
 WHEELING, a post^village of Cook co., Illinois, on the 
 Des I'laines River, about 25 miles N.W. of Chitago. 
 
 WHEELING, a post-office of Madison CO., Iowa. 
 
 WHEELING CREEK rises by two branches the North and 
 South Forks, in Pennsylvania, and falls into the Ohio River 
 at Wheeling, Virginia. 
 
 W^HEELING'S FORD, a village in Cass co.. Iowa, on Nisb- 
 nabatona River, about 200 miles W. by S. of Iowa City. 
 
 WHEELING VAL'LEY, a post-offlce of Marshall co., W. 
 Virginia. 
 
 WHEE'LOCK, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WHEE'IjOCK, a post-township in Caledonia co., Vermont, 
 29 miles N.E. of Moutpelier. Pop. 832. 
 
 WHEEIjOCK, a post-office of Robertson co., Texas. 
 
 WIIEELOCK. a post-office of Choctaw Nation, Arkan.sas. 
 
 WHEEL/TON, a township of England, co. of L-anca.ster. 
 
 WHEL/DRAKE, a parish of England, co, of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 W HEVPINGTON-KIRK, a parish of England, co. of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 WHEN'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. 
 
 WHEP'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 W^HKR'STE.\D, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WHER'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 3| miles 
 S.S.E, of Andover. A stone cross in this parish commemo- 
 rates the death of Earl A<hewold, slain by King Edgar. 
 Queen Elfrida founded a nunnery here in which she died. 
 
 WHET'STONE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 WHETSTONE, a hamlet of England, co. of l)erl)y, 
 
 WHETSTONE, a chapelry of England, co. of Middlesex. 
 
 WHET'STONE, a post-viliage of Pickens district,' South 
 Carolina, 
 
 WHETSTONE, a town.ship in Crawford co., Ohio. P. 151>1. 
 
 WHETSTONE, a post-offlce of Morrow co.. Ohio. 
 
 WHETSTONE RIVER, Ohio. See Olentangy River. 
 
 WH1CH'.\M, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. 
 
 WHICH'BURY, a parish of England, counties of Wilti 
 and H.ints. 
 
 WHICH'FORD, a pari.sh of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WHICK'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 WHIDAH. a town of West Africa. See Whvd.ah. 
 
 WHID'BYS ISLAND or WHllVBEY ISLAND, a iarg» 
 island at the N.W. extremity of Washington Territory, E. 
 of Vancouver's Island. It is near 50 miles long, and from 
 
 3 to 10 miles wide. It contains a number of extensive and 
 fertile prairie-s, and is becoming settled rapidly. M'hidby'f 
 Island is included in Island county, of which the s lat of 
 justice is at Penn-s Cove, a thriving settlement nei r the 
 middle of the island. 
 
 WHIIVDY ISLAND, Ireland, Munster. co. of Cork, neat 
 the head of Bautry Bay, opposite Bautry, is 3 miles 4ug 
 
will 
 
 will 
 
 and 1 mile broad. Pop. 400. On it are a coa-it-guard Btation, 
 and several forts for the defence of Bantry harbor. 
 
 WIIIG'VILLE, a post-office of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 WUIGVILLE, a post-office of Lapeer co., Michigan. 
 
 WHILE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, now united 
 with I'uddleston. 
 
 WIIIIVTOX, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ■yViriM'PLE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WUXN'BUKG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WHIP'PANY or WHIf'POXONG, a manufacturing Tillage 
 of Morris co.. New Jersey, on VVlJippany Kiver, about 52 
 miles N. by E. of Trenton. It contains 2 churches, 1 cloth- 
 ing, 5 cotton, and 3 paper mills, and 3 stores. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 800. 
 
 WHIP/PINGHAM, a parish of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 WHIP/PV SWAMP, a. postrTUlage of Beaufort district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 WHU»S/\ADE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 WIUPS'TOWN. a post>office of l>erry co.. Ohio. 
 
 WIIIS/KEY KUN, a township of Crawford co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1037. 
 
 WHIS/SENDINE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland, on 
 B railway, 5? miles N.N.W. of Oakham. 
 
 WlilS'SONSETT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WHIS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WUISTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 WUISTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WHISTONS, a tything of England, co., of Worcester, 
 forming a part of the city of Worcester. Pop. in 1851, 
 2998. 
 
 WIIIT'ACRE, NETH'ER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Warwick. 
 
 WIIITACRE, OVER, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WlllT'AKER'S BLUFF, a. post-office of Wayne co., Ten- 
 
 WIIIT'BECK, a parish of England, co. of Cumberiand. 
 
 WIIIT'BOUKNE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WIIIT'BURN, a parish of England, co. of Durham, on the 
 coast, 3 miles N. of Sunderland. Population employed in 
 fisheries and coal and lime works. It is resorted to for 
 Eoa-bathing, and has several chalybeate springs in great 
 re))ute. 
 
 WIIIT'BURN or WHITE/BURN, a parish of Scotland, co. 
 of Linlithgow. 
 
 WIIIT'BY, a parliamentary borough, seaport town, parish, 
 and township of England., co. of York, North Riding, on the 
 Esk, here bordered by fine piers, and crossed by a swing 
 iron bridge, 17 miles N.N.W. of Scarborough, at the termi- 
 nation of a railway from York. Lat. of liglithouse at the 
 head of the W. pier, 5-1° 29' 7" N., Ion. 0° 30' 7" E. Pop. of 
 parliamentary borough in 1861, 12,05-i; of township, 8040. 
 The older parts of the town have narrow streets along the 
 river banks ; the newer parts extend up steep aixjlivitlos ; 
 that on the E. is crowned by the church, and the remains of 
 an abbey, founded in the 7th century. The principal edifices 
 are baths, a public library, literary and philosophical society, 
 with museum; seamen's hospital, town-hall, custom-house, 
 and large warehouses. It has dry-docks and some ship- 
 "auilding, and manufactures of sail-cloth and cord.ige, an 
 active export trade, especially in alum manufactured in the 
 vicinity; and imports of Americ^an, Baltic, and Ea.st India 
 nroduce, and coal. Registered shipping 1015 vessels, aggre- 
 .^ate burden 54,590 tons. It returns 1 member to the House 
 of Commons. 
 
 WHITBY, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WHIT'CIIURCII, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Hants, on the Test, 12 miles N. of Winchester. Pop. 
 of parish in 1851, 1911. 'The inhabitants are partly engaged 
 in a silk manufactory, and a mill for the fabrication of most 
 of tile bank-note paper used by the Bank of England. 
 
 WHITCHURCH or BLANCMINSTER, a market-town and 
 parish of England, counties of Salop and Chester, 19 miles 
 N.N.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of town in 1851, 3619. The 
 town stands on an eminence crowned by its church. Here 
 are numerous dissenting chapels and schools, a public lend- 
 ing library, some cotton manufactures, and a trade in corn 
 and malt. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Somer.set. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, a parish. South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 WHITCHURCH, two parishes of South Wales, co. of Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 WHITCHURCH CANONICCRUM, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Dorset. 
 
 WHIT'COMB, a po8tK>ftce of Franklin co., Indiana. 
 
 WHIT/COMBE, a pari.-^h of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WHITCOMBE, MAG'NA, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 WHITE, e couniy eltuated in the N.E. central part of 
 Arkansas, contains 1050 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Little Red River and Bayou des Arc, affluents of White 
 
 Rirer, which forms the E. boundary of the county. White 
 River is navigated at all seasons, on the bi^rdei of the 
 county, by steamboats, in which staves and other lumbtr 
 are exported. Capital, Searcy. Pop. 8316, of whom 68Si 
 were free. 
 
 WHITE, a county in the E. central part of Tcnne8se<i 
 has an area estimated at 445 square miles. The Caney I'orh 
 of Cumberland River forms its boundary on the S. and V\ ., 
 and it is also watered by Falling Water and other ir-M^ks 
 The streams furnish water-power for mills. The South- 
 western Railroad is in progress througli the county. Capi- 
 tal, Sparta. Pop. 9381, ol whom 8236 were free, and 1145 
 1145 slaves. 
 
 WHITE, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, contains 
 about 500 square miles. It is drained by the 'Tippecanoe 
 River, which affords abundant water-power. The surface 
 is nearly level, and the soil highly productive. About two- 
 thirds of the area is occupied by prairies. It is intersected 
 by the New Albany and Chicago Railroad. Organized in 
 1834. Capital, Monticello. Pop. 8258. 
 
 WHITE, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Indiana, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Wabash River, intersected by 
 the Little Wabash, and also drained by the Skillet Fork ot 
 the Little Wabash. The county is well timbered, and has 
 several small prairies. The soil is excellent. Tlie Wabash 
 River is navigable by steamboats on the border. The Littio 
 Wabash affords valuable water-power at Carmi. A plank- 
 road extends from Graysville to Albion. Named in lionor 
 of Colonel White, who formerly resided in this section of 
 tlio state. Capital, Carmi. I'op. 12,403. 
 
 WHITE, a township of Cambria county, Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 761. 
 
 WHI'TE, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. It 
 contains Indiana, the county-seat. Pop. 3080. 
 
 WHITE, a township of Ashley co., Arkansas. 
 
 WHITE, a township of Newton co., Arlcansa*. 
 
 WHITE, a to\ynship of Pike co., Arkansas. 
 
 WHITE, a town.ship of Polk co., Arkansas. 
 
 WIHTE.\SH, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WIH'TEBREAST RIVER, a small stream of Marion co, 
 Iowa, lalls into the Des Moines River. 
 
 WHITEBREAST, a post-office of Clark co., Iowa. 
 
 WHITE CHAP'EL, a parish of England, co. of Middle- 
 sex, forming an E. suburli of the metropolis, and comprised 
 in the borough of Tower Hamlets. Pop. in 1851, 37,848. 
 
 WHITE CllIM/NEYS, a post-office of Caroline CO., Virginia. 
 
 WHITE/CHURCH, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Waterford. 
 
 WHITECIIURCH, a parish, Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork. 
 
 WHITECIIURCU GLYNN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, 
 CO. of ^Vexford. 
 
 WHITECIIURCH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. 
 
 WHITECIIURCH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin. 
 
 WHITECUURCH, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of 
 Tipperary. 
 
 \VHITECIIURCH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny. 
 
 WHITECIIURCH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare. 
 
 WHITE/CLAY CREEK, a branch of Christiana Creek, 
 rises in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and unites with the 
 other branches about 6 miles W. of Wilmington. 
 
 WHITE COLLEGE, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana. 
 
 WHITE COTTAGE, a post-office of Shelby co., Texas. 
 
 WHITE COTTAGE, a postoffice of Muskingum co., Ohio. 
 
 WHITE COTTAGE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsyt 
 vania. 
 
 WHITE CREEK, of Missouri, flows southward into the 
 river One Hundred and 'Two, near the S. border of Nodaway 
 county. 
 
 WHITE CREEK, a post-village of Washington co.. New 
 York, situated in White Creek township, and on a creek of 
 that name, 33 miles N.N.E. of Albany, It contains 2 or 3 
 churches and several stores. Pop. of the township, 2802. 
 
 WHI'TE'CROSS, a post-office of Orange co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WHITE'DAY,apost-offlceof Monongalia co., W. Virginia. 
 
 WHITED A Y G LADES,a post-ofl]ce,Marion co.,W .Virginia 
 
 WHITE/DEER, a post-village of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 78 miles N. of Harrisburg. 
 
 WHITEDEER, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania, 
 Pop. 1639. 
 
 WHITEDEER MILLS, a postoffice of Union co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WHITE EARTH RIVER, of Missouri territory, rises in 
 British America, and crossing the N. boundary of the United 
 States, joins the Missouri in about 103'^ 10' W. Ion. Length 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 WHITE EYE PLAINS, a post-office, Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 WHITE EYES, a township in the E. part of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio. Pop. 998. 
 
 WHITE/FIELD, a township of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WHITE'FIELD, a township of Lincoln CO., Maine, intep- 
 sected by Sheepscott River, which affords good watej^power, 
 12 miles S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1883. 
 
 WHITEFIELD, a post-township in Coos co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, 88 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 1015. 
 
 210T 
 
WHI 
 
 A HTTEFTELD. a post-office of Oktibbeha co., MississippL 
 
 vnilTKFlKLD, a postoffice of Marshall CO., Illinois. 
 
 WUI'f K'FOKD, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint, 
 3f mile? .N.W. of Holywell. Lead, copper, coal, and cala- 
 mine abound in this parish. Hfre are remains of a Roman 
 lighthouse and stoue cross of beautiful workmanship. 
 
 WIllTiiKOKD. a post-office of Lui-as co., Ohio. 
 
 WHITEFOKD. a township of Monroe co., Michigan, inter- 
 sected by the Krie and K.ilamazoo Railrord. Pop. 1136. 
 
 WIIITE'lJ.^TE, a parish of Eu;;land. co. of Chester. 
 
 WIIIXEG.VTE, a large fishing village of Ireland, Munster, 
 CO. of Oirk. on Cork Hiirlwr, 2^ miles S.S.K. of Queenstown. 
 Pop. in ISol, 1228. Carlisle Port is in iU vicinity. 
 
 \VHITEG.A.TE, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia. 
 
 WHITE GKOVE. a postoffice of Ja.sper CO., Indiana. 
 
 WHrrE'II.\LL. a flourishing post-village of Washington 
 county. New York, is beautifully situated in Whitehall 
 township, at the head or S. extremity of Lake Champlain. 
 and on tlie Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 77 miles X. 
 by E. of Albany. The Champlain Canal terminates here, 
 connecting the village with Troy. Five steamtioats ply 
 daily to the ports on the lake during the summer. Pawlet 
 River and Wood Creek enter the lake at this place, and fur- 
 nish extensive water-power. It contains 5 churches, an 
 academy, 3 banks, 2 newspaper-oflSces, and has an extensive 
 trade with Canada. Machinery, woollen goods, flour, lum- 
 ber, and other articles are manufactured. A railroad is 
 projected from this place to Plattsburg. Pop. of the town- 
 eliip. 4862: of the village, about 4000. 
 
 WHITEHALL. Pennsylvania, a station on the Philadel- 
 phia and Columbia Railroad, 10 miles W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 WHITEIULL. a post-oflice of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey. 
 
 WHITEHALL, a small village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WHITEH.VLL, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WHITEH.^LL, a post-office of Montour co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 WHITEH.A.LL, a postoffice and station of lialtimore co.. 
 Maryland, on the Raltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, 26 
 miles N. of Baltimore. 
 
 WHITKII.\ LL, a small post- village. Frederick co., Virginia. 
 
 WHITEH.VLL, a pi>st-vill.ige of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina. 160 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 WH1TEH.\LL. a thriving village of Wayne co.. North 
 Carolina, on the Xeuse River. Turpentine is shipped here 
 in steamboats. 
 
 WHITEH.VLL, a post-office of Madison co.. Kentucky. 
 
 WHITEHALL, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana. 
 
 WHITEH.VLL, a post-village and township of Greene co., 
 Illinois, is situated on a prairie of its own name, 24 miles 
 by railroad S.S.W. of Jacksonville. 
 
 "WUITE/UALLVILLE, a postroffice of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WHITE HARE, a post-village of Cedar -o. Missouri, 
 about 110 mil(« S.S.E. of Independence. 
 
 WHITEU.V'VKX. a parliamentary borough, a^ seaport 
 town and township of England, co. of Cumberland, on 
 the Irish Sea, near the entrance of Solway Frith, 3 miles 
 N.E. of St. Bees' Head, and 36 miles S.W. of Carlisle, 
 with which it is connected bv railway. Lat. of hght- 
 house. 54^"' 33' 11" N., Ion. .3° 35' 49" W. Pop. of the borough, 
 including the township, and a part of Preston Quarter, in 
 1851, 18.916. The town, on a creek at the mouth of the 
 Poebeck, is surrounded by heights which approach clo.se to 
 the buildings; the streets are spacious and regularly laid 
 out The public buildings comprise the churches of St. 
 Nicholas, St. James, and Trinity, and many places of wor- 
 ship for dissenters, the West Cumberland Infirmary. Town- 
 Hall, market-house. Custom-house. Library, News-room, 
 biiths, a neat theatre. Mechanics' Institute, and a county 
 House of Correction. The town has good .shops, a convenient 
 m.trket place, and beautiful environs. Immediately S.E. is 
 the Castle, the seat of Viscount Lowther. The harbor is 
 formed by two piers, on each of which is a lighthouse, and 
 from it are exported great quantities of coal, raised from 
 tbe deepest known coal-mines, which extend a long way 
 under the town and beneath the sea. Here are also iron- 
 smelting works, iron and brass foundries, extensive bonding 
 warehouses, dry docks, and slips for building and repairing 
 vessels; manufactures of sail cloth, cordage, soap, coppera.*, 
 and tobacco pipes. The exports consist chiefly of coal and 
 iron ore; the imports. West Indian. American, and Baltic 
 produce; flax and linen from Ireland, and pVl-iron from 
 Wales. Steamers maintain continual communication be- 
 tween Whitehaven and Dublin, Dumfries, and the Isle of 
 Man. Registered shipping, in 1847-8, 39,462 tons. It re- 
 turns 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 WHITE HA'VKN. a flourishing post-borough of Denison 
 township, Luzerne co.. Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River. 
 25 mile* above Mauch Chunk. A railroad 20 miles long 
 connects it with Wilkesliarre. The town carries on an act- 
 ive trade in coal and lumber. It has 4 churches, a large 
 cur-factory, and a niachin<vi^hop. Pop. 943. 
 
 WHITE HAVEX, a pos^village of Somerset co.. Mary- 
 laud, on the V> icomico Kiver, 70 miles S.E. of Annapolis 
 
 WHI 
 
 WHTTEHATEN, a harbor of Nova Scotia, British North 
 Americ.1, 12 miles W.S.W. of Cape Canso. 
 
 WHITE'HE.VD. a small isUud lying S.W. of the W. en- 
 trance to Penobscot Bay. On it is a fixed light, 58 feet aliove 
 the level of the se.i, having a bell attached to it weighing 
 1000 pounds, which is struck in foggy weathei Lat. 43° 5^ 
 N., Ion. 69^ 2' W. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, a post-office of Doniphan co., Kansas. 
 
 WHITE HILL, a village of Burlington CO., New Jersey, 
 on the Delaware, contain.s 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 WHITE HlliL, a post-office of Union co.. North Carolina, 
 
 WHITE HILL, a post-office of Giles co., Tenne.ssee. 
 
 MHITE HILU a post-office of Choctaw co., .Missis.«ippi. 
 
 WHITE'HILLS. a fishing-village of Scotland, co. of Banff, 
 41 miles E. of Portsoy. Pop. 660. 
 
 WHITEHORSE'. New Jersey, a station on the Camden 
 and .Vtlantic Railroad, 10 miles from Camden. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a post-village of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersey, on Rockaway Creek, and on the New Jersey Central 
 Railroad, about 30 miles N. by E. of Trenton, contains a 
 church, a mill. 2 stores, and an academy. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of Cumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co.. Virginia. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca- 
 roUna. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a post-offlce of Henry co., Georgia, 7 
 miles N.E. of .McDonough. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of Williamson co., Tenne.ssee. 
 
 WHITE'HOUSE ABBEY, a village of Ireland. Ulster co., 
 Antrim, on Belfast Lough, 3J miles N.E. of Belfiist. Pop. 
 iu 1851, 852. mostly employed in a large cotton-mill. 
 
 MHITE ISLAND, off^ New Zealand, North Island, in the 
 Bay of Plenty, is in Int. 37° 33' S., Ion. 177= 14' E. It con- 
 sists of an active volcano, rising to between 1000 and 1500 
 feet in height. 
 
 MHITE'KIRK .txi> TYN'NINGHAME, a united maritime 
 parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick. 
 
 WHITE-LADY-ASrrON, a parish of England, co. of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 WHITE L.VKE, a postoffice of Sullivan co.. New York. 
 
 WHITE LAKE, a post-township in the W. central part of 
 Oakland co.. Michigan. Pop. 1143. 
 
 WHITE'LETS, a village of Scotland, co. and 1^ miles N.IS. 
 of Ayr, on the road to Galston. Pop. in 1851, alxiut 900. 
 mostly employed in raising coal, conveyed by a railway to 
 Newton-upon-.Vyr. 
 
 WHITE'LEY, a post-township of Greene co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia. ab<jut 7 miles S.E. of Waynesburg. Pop. 919. 
 
 WHITELEY. a small post village. Greene CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WHITELEY'S. a post-office of Newton co„ Arkansas. 
 
 WHITE'LEYSBURG, a village of Kent co., Delaware, 10 
 miles S.W. of Dover. 
 
 WHITE'LICK CREEK. Indiana, rises in Boone co., and 
 flowing southward, enters the W. fork of White River, 7 
 miles above Martinsville. 
 
 WHITE'M.VRSH. a post-township of Montgomery CO., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by tbe Philadelphia and Norris- 
 town Railroad. 6 miles S.E. of Norristown. Pop. 3048. 
 
 WHITEM.VRSU, a postoffice of Columbus co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WHITE MILLS, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WHITE MOUN'TAINS, the name of a group in the N. 
 central part of New Hampshire, being included chiefly 
 within the limits of Coos and Grafton counties. Tlie 
 principal summit. Mount Washington, rises 6226 feet above 
 the level of the sea. The other summits are. Mount .Vdamg, 
 having an elevation of about i759 feet; Mount Jefferson, 
 5657 feet; Mount Madison, 5415 feet; Mount Monroe. 5349 
 feet; Mount Franklin, 4850 feet: and Mount I^afayette, 55C»0 
 feet. For a more particular description, see New IIampsbif.e. 
 
 WHITENESS, a parish of Scotland. See TiNaw.tLL. 
 
 WHITE OAK. a post-offlce of Ritchie CO., W. Virginia. 
 
 WHITE OAK. a small village of Polk co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WHITE OAK. a village of Fairfield district. South Caro- 
 lina, on the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, 46 miles 
 N. of Columbia. 
 
 WHITE OAK, a postvillage of CoVumbia co., Georgia, 2S 
 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 WHITE OAK. a post-office of Hopkins CO., Texas. 
 
 WHITE OAK, a township in Franklin co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 1052. 
 
 WHITE O.VK, a post-office of Humphreys co., Tennessee. 
 
 WHITE OAK. a small village of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 WHITE OAK, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 
 936. 
 
 WHITE O.VK. a post-township in the E. part of Ingham 
 CO.. Michigan. Pop. 777. 
 
 WHITEOAK. a township in Jefferson co.. Indiana. 
 
 WHITE O.VK. a post-offlce of Bladen co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WHITE OAK BAYOU, of Texa.s. flows eastward through 
 Titus CO., and enters Sulphur Fork of Red River, at the 
 N.E. extremity of that county. 
 
 WHITE OAK CREEK, of Georgia, flows through Meri- 
 wether county into Flint Kiver. 
 
WHI 
 
 Win 
 
 WHITE OAK CREEK, in the \. part of Tennes»ee, enters 
 New River on the K. bortler of Fentress county. 
 
 M'HITE OAK CRKEK. of West Tennessee, flows onstward 
 and enters Tennessee River in Harden county. 
 
 WHITE OAK CRKKK. of Ohio. rl>es in Hi^'hland county, 
 and enters tlie Ohio River atout 8 miles IkjIow Ripley. 
 
 WHITE OAIC UllOVK. a po.st-offlce of Dubois co., Indiana. 
 
 WHITE OAK GROVE, a small post-village of Ogle co., 
 niinoig. 
 
 WHITE OAK GROVE, a post-offlce of Greene co., Missouri, 
 ahout 128 miles 8.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 WHITE OAK. HILL, a post-office of Fleming co.. Kentucky. 
 
 WHITE OAK POI.NT, a post-offlce of Warren co., Iowa. 
 
 WHITK OAK SPRINGS, a small village of Sullivan co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 WHITE OAK SPRINGS, a small postrvillage of Brown 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 WHITE OAK SPRINGS, a post-village and township In 
 the S. part of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, about 60 miles S.W. 
 of Madison. The village contains 1 hotel, 4 strres, and 
 about 300 inhabitants. Lead ore abounds in its vicinity. 
 Pjp of tlie township, 513. 
 
 WHITE OAK SPRINGS, a post-office of Lee county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 WHITEPARISH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 AVHITE PATH, a post-ottice of Gilmer co., Georgia. 
 
 WHITE PIGEON, (pij'fm,) a thriving post-village and 
 township of St. Joseph co., Michigan, on the creek of its own 
 mime, and on the .Michigan Southern Railroad, 120 miles E. 
 of Chicago. It is surrounded by a pro<Juctive farming re- 
 gion, and has an active business. Pop. 959. 
 
 WHITE PLAINS, a pst-village, s<!mi-c.ipital of West- 
 chester CO., New York, situated in White Plains township, 
 «n the Harlem Railroad, 26 miles N.N.E. of New York. It 
 contains, besides the county buildings, 5 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, and several seminaries. A noted battle of the 
 Revolution was fought in the vicinity, October 28, 1776. 
 Pop of the township, 1846. 
 
 WHITE PLAINS, a postrofflce of Brunswick CO., Virginia. 
 
 WHITE PLAINS a postofflce of Cleveland co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WHITE PLAINS, a small village of Anderson district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 WHITE PLAINS, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, 
 about 30 miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville. It has a church and 
 •everal stores. 
 
 M'HITE PLAINS, a post-village of Benton co., Alabama, 
 in Chocolocco Valley, 7 miles E. by S. of Jacksonville. 
 
 WHITE PLAINS, a post-offlce of Jacksou co., Tennes-see. 
 
 WHITE POND, a post-office of Barnwell district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WHITE POST, a post-village of Clarke co., Virginia, 12 
 miles S.K. of Winchester, Is pleasantly situated a few miles 
 from the Blue Ridge. 
 
 WHITE POST, a township in Pulaski CO., Indiana. P. 522. 
 
 WHITE RIVER. See Nile. 
 
 WHITE RIVER rises in Addison co., Vermont, and flow- 
 ing in a winding course through Windsor county, falls into 
 th(i Connecticut l{iver. On the N. it receives three tributaries, 
 called the First, Second, and Third Branches, which aCTord 
 some fine mill-seats. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, of Arkansas and Missouri, Is formed by 
 three small branches which rise among the Ozark Moun- 
 tains, and unite a few miles E. of Fayetteville, .Arkansas. It 
 flows first north-easterly into .Missouri, and after making a 
 circuit of about 100 miles, returns into Arkansas, and 
 pursues a south-easterly cour.se to the mouth of Black River, 
 which is its largest affluent. From this point its direction 
 Is nearly southward, until it enters the Mississippi, 15 miles 
 above the mouth of the Arkansas. The whole length 
 probably exceeds 80O miles. It is navigable by steamboats. 
 In all stages of water, to the mouth of Black River, .350 miles, 
 and during a large portion of the year they can ascend to 
 Batesville, about 50 miles higher. The navigation is not 
 obstructed by ice In ordinary seasons. Below Batesville the 
 channel is about 4 feet deep throughout the year. The 
 i\)untry through which it flows is generally fertile, and 
 ailapted to Indian corn and cotton. Pine forests are fou;;d 
 on its banks above Batesville, and cypress swamp3.along the 
 Uwer part of its course. 
 
 Branc/ies. — James Fork rises near the E. border of Green 
 county, Missouri, and flowing south-westerly, enters the 
 White River in Taney county. Big North Fork rises in the 
 S. part of Mis.souri, and flows southward through Fulton 
 county, Arkansas, Into the main stream, liryant's Fork 
 ent.<irs the Big North Fork in Ozark county, Missouri. Little 
 North Fork ri.ses in Ozark county. Mi.^.souri. and enters 
 White River in Marion county. Arkansas. Buffalo Fork 
 rises in Newton county, Arkansas, and enters White River 
 from the right at the S.E. e.\treuiity of Marion county. All 
 of these are more properly affluents than brandies. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, of Michigan, rises in .Newaygo county, 
 and flows south-westward through Oceana county Into Lake 
 Michigan. 
 
 WlilTE RIVER, of Indiana, is formed by two branches. 
 
 called the East and West Fork, which unite at the S.W 
 extremity of Davie.-s county, 5 miles N.E. of I'etersburg. 
 After a south-westerly course of 40 or 50 miies, it falls intii 
 the Wab.ish. 100 miles (by water) from its mouth, and nearly 
 opposite Mount Carniel, Illinuis. 
 
 Branches. — The West Fork, which is the longest branch. 
 rises in Randolph county, near ^he E. border of the stat^, 
 and pursues a south-westward course of about 300 miled 
 nearly through the middle of the state. The cliief town.s 
 which it passes from its source downward are .Muncie, Ander- 
 .son, Indianapolis, .Martinsville and Bloomfield. It flows 
 through a fertile farming region, the surface of which is 
 nearly level. In high water, boats of light draught ascend 
 this branch to Martinsville, al)Out 200 miles from the mouth 
 of White River. The East Fork, called also Driftwood Fork, 
 rises in Henry county, and flowing south-westwardj passes 
 by Newcastle, Shelbyville, Columbus, and Hockford. Its 
 length is estimated at 250 miles. It is navigable by flat- 
 boats to Rockford during a few months of the year. This 
 stream is commonly called Blue River, until it passes the 
 mouth of Sugar Creek, near Edinburg. 
 
 WHITE RIVElt, of Utah, rises in San Pete CO.. and flow- 
 ing westerly, falls into Green River, in Utjih county. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township in Benton co., Arkanssa 
 Pop. 385. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a post-offlce of Desha co., Arkansas. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township in Independence co., Arkan- 
 sas. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township, Izard co., Arkansas. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township in Marion co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 261. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a town.ship, Pr.iirie co., Arkansas. 
 
 AVHITE RIVER, a townsliip in Washington co., Arkansas. 
 Pop. 695. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township. Gib.son co., Indiana. P.14.32 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township in Hamilton co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 17 1». 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township in Johnson co., iDdiann. 
 Pop. 16»4. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a post-offlce of Morgan co., Indiana. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a township in Randolph co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 3477. 
 
 WHITE RIVER JUNCmON, a post-village of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, on the right bank of the Connecticut River, 
 at the junction of the Vermont Central, the Connecticut and 
 Passumpsic, and the .Northern New Hampshire Railroads; 
 conUiins a large iron foundry, machine shop. &c. 
 
 WHITE ROAD, a post-office, Forsytli co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WHITE R<X;K, a post-offlce, Alamance co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WHITE ROCK, a post-offlce of Hill co., Texas. 
 
 WHITE ROCK, a township in Franklin co., Arkan.sas. 
 Pop. 159. 
 
 WHITE ROCK, a postTlllage in Ogle co., Illinois, 90 miles 
 W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 WHITE ROCK, a post-offlce of Bedford co., Virginia. 
 
 WHITE ROCK CREEK, of Texas, rises in Houston co., 
 and flows into the Trinity River from the left in Trinity 
 county. 
 
 WHITE ROCK CREEK, of Dallas co., Texas, enters the 
 Trinity River from the left, a few miles below Dallas Court 
 House. 
 
 WHITES'BOROUGII, a handsome post-village in Whites- 
 town township, and semi-capital of Oneida CO., New York, 
 on the Mohawk River, the Erie Canal, and on the Central 
 Railroad. 4 miles N.W. of Utica. It contains churches of 4 
 or 5 denominations, I or 2 academies, a bank, and several 
 factories. Incorporated in 1829. Pop. of the village est* 
 mated at 2200 ; of the township, 4367. 
 
 WHITES'BURG, a post-village of Madison co., Alabama, 
 on the right bank of the Tennessee River, 11 miles S. of 
 Huntsville. 
 
 WHITESBURG, a post-village, capitnl of Letcher co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the N. fork of the Kentucky River, 150 miles S.E 
 of Frankfort. It contains a court-house, and 2 churches 
 
 WHITESBURG, a postoffice of Lee co., Virginia. 
 
 WHITE'S CORNERS, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 WHITE'S CORNERS, post-offlce, Potter co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WHITE'S CREEK, a post-offlce of Bladen co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WHITE SEA, (Rusg. BieZoe Afore, he-^no^ mo'ri ; Fr. Mer- 
 Blanche, niair bldxsh; Ger. We.isses Meer, *fs'ses niaiR.) 
 called also the GULF OF ARCHANGEL, a vast gulf 
 of the Arctic Ocean, the entrance of which is formiHl by 
 Cape Sviatol, lat. 68° W N., Ion. 39° 47' E.; and Cape 
 Kanin, lat. 68° 39' 2" N., Ion. 43° 32' 5" E. It extends S. 
 and S.W. into European Russia, between Lapland and Arch- 
 angel, 380 miles ; breadth from 30 to 150 miles. Area esti- 
 mated at 45.000 square miles. On the N.W. it forms the 
 Gulf of Kandalaska. and on the S. the Gulfs of Onega and 
 Archangel. The chief affluents are, the Mezen, Dwina, 
 One.ga, and Vigo. It is deep and n.-»vigable for large ves.«els, 
 except at the mouth of the Dwina, where there are large 
 sandlianks; the greater portion is frozen over from October 
 till May. It contains the Solovetskoi IsKinds, and abounds 
 in herrings and codfish. 
 
 2109 
 
WHI 
 
 WrriTE'SrDES, » county in the W.X.W. part of Illinois, 
 ha.-; an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the \V. by the Mississippi lliver, which separates it from 
 Iowa, intersiected by Kock River, and also drained by Klk- 
 horn and Kock Creeks. The county contains extensive 
 prairies, among which groves of timber are distributed. The 
 soil is very productive. 'Rock River furnishes valuable 
 water-power. This county is intersected by a railroad 
 which extends from Chiciigo to Iowa. Organized in 1839, 
 and named in honor of General Samuel Whitesides, who was 
 distinguished as a captain of rangers in the war of 1812. 
 Capital, Sterling. Pop. 18,737. 
 
 WUITKSIDKS COli/NEKS, a posiK)ffio8 of Saratoga co., 
 N^ew York. 
 
 WHITE SPRING, a post-office. Union co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVIIITK SPRINGS, a post-office of Hamilton co., Florida. 
 
 MHITK'S SAiyiNES, a post-office of AVhite co., Tennessee. 
 
 WHITE'S STORE, a post-office of Chenango co., N. York. 
 
 WHITE'S STORE, post-office, Anson co., North Carolina. 
 
 WHITES STOKE, a .small village of York district, South 
 •Jarolina. 
 
 WIIITE-STAUN'TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WHITE'STONE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WHITE STONE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Virginia. 
 
 WHITESTOWN, Oneida co., New York. See Whites- 
 BOROuaa. 
 
 WHITESTOWN, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WHITESTOWN, a post-office of Booue co., Indiana. 
 
 WHITE SUL't'HUR, a post-office of Greene co.. Tennes-oee. 
 
 WlflTE SULPHUR, a postoffice of S<'Ott co.. Kentucky. 
 
 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS,a postrvillage of Greenbrier 
 CO., W. A'irginia, on the route of the Covington and Ohio Rail- 
 road, (unfinished,) 205 miles W. ot Riclimond. .ind 9 miles 
 E. of Lewisburg. This is the most celerated watering-place 
 in Virginia, or perhaps in any of the Southern States. It is 
 situated in a valley 6 or 8 miles W. of the top of the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, and is surrounded by highlands and 
 charming scenery. The principal stream discharges atxiut 
 IS gallons per minute, at a uniform temperature. Accord- 
 ing to the analysis of Professor Kogers. 100 cubic inches of 
 water contains 6-^.54 grains of solid matter, composed of seve- 
 ral salts in the following proportions : — 
 
 Sulphnte of lime 31.680 
 
 Sulphate of magaeslit 8.241 
 
 Sulpliat« of eoda i.060 
 
 Carbouate of lime 1.530 
 
 Carbouate of magnesia 0.506 
 
 Cliloride of magnesium 0.071 
 
 Chloride of calcium 0.010 
 
 Chloride of sodium 0."^-6 
 
 Proto.sulpliate of iron • 0.069 
 
 Sulphate of alumiue 0.012 
 
 Earthy phosphates, a trace. 
 
 Aiotized oi-gauio matter, blended with a large proportion of 
 
 sulphur, about 6 grelna. 
 
 The village contains several fine hotels and rows of cotfciges, 
 among which are Virginia Row, Baltimore Row, South Caro- 
 lina Row, Alabama Row, Louisiana Row, &c. The accom- 
 modations are sufficient for 1200 or 1500 persons. 
 
 WHITE SULl'HUR SPRIN(JS, a post-viHage of Meri- 
 wether CO., Georgia. 118 miles W. by S. of .Milled"-eville 
 
 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a postoffice of Limestone 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a small village of Lauder- 
 dale CO., Mississippi. 
 
 AVHITE SUH'HUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Catahoula 
 parish, Louisiana, about 200 miles N.W. of Baton Rouge. 
 It is a place of resort for invalids, and contains 2 large 
 boardinghou.-<es, 1 church, and 2 stores. First settled in 1846 
 
 WHITE SULPHUR Sl'RINGS, a small village of Bath co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a small village of Union 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 WHITES'VILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co.. New 
 York. 25 miles S.S.E. of Angelica. 
 
 WHITESVILLE, a postoffice of Ilalifa.T co., Virginia. 
 
 WHITESVILLE, a post-office of Racine co.. Wisconsin. 
 »T .?^^'*'^^^^^^'* Pf>st-TJllage, capital of Columbus co., 
 Nortli Carolina, 100 miles S. by W. of Raleigh. The Wil- 
 mmgton and Manchester Railroad passes through it 44 miles 
 from Wilmington. 
 
 WHITESVILLE, a small village of Effingham co., Georgia, 
 on the Central Railroad, 30 miles N.AV. of Savannah. 
 
 WHITESVILLE. a post-village of Harris co., Georgia, 27 
 miles N. of Columbus, has 150 inhabitants. 
 
 V ^l^^Vlr^u^^^- * ^'"'"Se in Duval to., Florida, 155 miles 
 h.b.tj. of Tallahassee. 
 
 io\^"7^iy/r''u "^o* ^'""Se in Wilkinson oo., Mississippi, 
 126 miles S.W. by S. of Jackson. 
 
 WHITESVILLE', a thriving post-village of Hardeman co., 
 Tennessee, about 6 miles from Hatchee River, and 12 miles 
 W.W . of Bolivar. 
 
 WMnrl:- vIM'5' * P''S*-''»'«ge of Daviess oo., Kentucky. 
 W TK^v M J^' " P°^'-«*»''o of Montgomery co., Indiana. 
 wui.ri->.\ •.'(,''' " PO't-offlce of Andrew oo.. Missouri. 
 ill ^ i'ost-offlce of Kent co.. Michigan. 
 
 WHI 
 
 WHITE TOP, a post-office of Grayson co., Virginia. 
 
 WHITE TOP, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 WHITE TOP .MOUNTAIN. See iRO.v Mou.main. 
 
 WHITE/VILLE. a small postvillage of Fayette CO., Ten« 
 nessee. 
 
 WHITE/WATER, a postofflc* of Fayette co., Georgia. 
 
 WHITKWATEK, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama. 
 
 WiriTEW.\TER, a towiishi|.i in the W. part of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio, intersected by the Miami River and WhiU;wat«i 
 Canal. Pop. 1421. 
 
 WHITEWATER, a township in Franklin oo., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1584. 
 
 WHITEWATER, a post-office of Wayne co.. Indiana. 
 
 WHITEWATER, a small post-Tillage of Cape Girardeau 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 W'HITE'WaTER, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Walworth co., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Prairie dn 
 Chien Railroad, 48 miles S.E. of Madison, and 50 miles W.S.W. 
 of Milwaukee. An affluent of Rock River furnishes waters 
 power here, which is employed in flouring and paper-mills. 
 Tlie village is situated in a rich farming tUstrict, and has an 
 active business. It has 5 churches, 2 banks, 1 newspaper 
 office, 2 potteries, and extensive nurseries. Reapers, culti- 
 vators, plows, chairs, stoves, &.C., are made here. Laid out in 
 l.'<40. Pop. of the village in 1860, 2731 ; of the township, 1006. 
 
 WHITEWATER CIIEEK, of Georgia, ilows southward 
 and enters Flint River on the W. border of I'ike co. 
 
 WHITEWATER RIVER, of Indiana and Ohio, is formed 
 by two brandies, the East Fork and the West Fork, which 
 rise in the E. part of Indiana, and flowing nearly S., unite 
 at Brodkville. After a south-easterly course of a few miles 
 it enters Ohio, and falls into the Miami 6 miles from its 
 mouth. The main stream is about lOO yards wide, and the 
 whole length, including the longest branch, near 100 miles. 
 
 WHITEWATER RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas, rises 
 in the N. part of Cape Girardeau co., Missouri, and flowing 
 first south-easterly and then southerly, divides itself into 
 two arms, called JiastandWest Whitewater; then mingling 
 its waters with those of Liake St. .Mary, it receives the Castor 
 River, and after being joined by the outlet of Lake Pemisco, 
 it falls into Big l>ake communicating with the St. Francis by 
 Little River. The entire length is estimated at above 260 
 miles. See C.\stor River. 
 
 WHITEWO.MAN RIVER, Ohio. See W.*LnoxDi!fO. 
 
 WHIT'FIELU, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WHITFIELI), a parish of England, co. of Noithampton. 
 
 WHITFIKLD, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. 
 
 AVHITFIELI), a township of Knglaud, co. of Derby. 
 
 WHIT'FIELD or WHITEFIELD, a new county in the 
 N.W. part of Georgia, it is drained by the Connas;iuga 
 River, a branch of the Oostenaula. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. Formed about the year 1852, by a division of Mur- 
 ray and Walker counties and named in honor of the cele- 
 brated George Whitefield. It is intersected by the Western 
 and Atlantic Railroad, and in part by the East Tennessee 
 and Georgia Railroad. Capital, Dalton. Pop. 10,047. 
 
 WHIl'iTELD, a post-village of Lincoln co., Maine. 
 
 WIIITKIELD, a post-office of Hickman co., Tennessee. 
 
 WHIT'FORD, a township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Monrve co., Michigan, partly intersected by the Erie and 
 Kalamazoo Railroad. Pop. 1136. 
 
 WHIT^ilFT, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding. 
 
 WHIT'HORN, (Leucopkibia, Ptolemy; V<indida Casa, 
 Bede,) a royal parliamentary and municipal borough, town, 
 and maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Wigtown, on the 
 peninsula between Luce and Wigtown Bays, the town about 
 4 miles N. of Burrow-head, and 3 miles N.W. of its port at 
 the Isle of Whithorn. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 
 1851, 1652. The town has a town-hall and jail surmounted 
 by a tower and spire with a set of bells, several churches, 
 schools, a subscription library, branch banks, and remains 
 of a priory, probably one of the earliest Christian cliurclieS 
 in North Britain. The borougli, with Wigtown, Stranraer, 
 and New Galloway, sends 1 member to the House of Com- 
 mons. The Isle of Whithorn, about 2 miles N.N.E. of 
 Burrow-head, connected to the mainland by a causeway, has 
 an area of 30 or 40 acres; a small harbor and some ship- 
 building and trade, and a village with a population of 550. 
 
 WHIA'PING. a post-township of Washington co., Maine, on 
 Machias Bay, 130 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 479. 
 
 WHITING, a post-township of AddLson co., Vermont, on 
 Otter Creek, and the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 44 
 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 542. 
 
 WHITINGHAM, a post-township of Windham co., Ver- 
 mont, 112 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. It contains a 
 mineral spring discovered in 1822, and extensive beds of 
 limestone, the burning of which affords employment to a 
 large number of pei-sons. Pop. 1372. 
 
 Wnin.'INGS. a postoffice of Baldwin co., Georgia. 
 
 WHITINSVILLE, a postvillage of Worcester co., Mass* 
 chusetts, 40 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 W IIIT'KIKK, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding 
 
 WHIT'LEY, a hamlet of England, co. of Bciks. 2 mjl«-s d 
 of Reading. Pop. in 1851. 6.39. 
 
 WHITLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of NorthumbcrUind 
 
wni 
 
 ■WHTT'LET, a county 5n the S.E. part of Kentucky, bor- 
 dering on Tennessee. Area estimated at 50iJ square miles. 
 It is drained by the Cumberland Uiver. The surface is 
 hilly and broken. Indian corn is the staple, and pork the 
 principal export. The county contains extensive beds of 
 coal and iron ore. The falls of the Cumberland Kiver in 
 this county present one of the must remarkable objects in 
 the state, having a perpendicular descent of 63 feet. The 
 county is intersected by the Danville and Kuoxville liail- 
 roiid. Capital, Williamsburg. Pop. 7762, of whom 7579 
 were free, and 183 slaves. 
 
 WHITLEY, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, con- 
 tains 326 square miles. It is drained by the Kel Uiver. an 
 affluent of the Wabash. The surfeoe varies from level to 
 undulating; the soil is mostly a fertile sandy loam. The 
 county contains several small prairies. It is traversed by 
 the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. Organ- 
 ized iiil.S42. Capital, Columbia. Population in 1850,5190; 
 in IStlO. 10,730. 
 
 WUITLKY COURT HOUSE, Kentucky. See Williamsburo. 
 
 WHITLEY COURT HOUSE, Indiana. .*oe Columbia. 
 
 WHITLEY, LOWER, a township of England, co. of York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 WHITLEY'S POINT, a small village of Cumberland co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 WHITLEY'S POINT, a post-oflice of Moultrie co.. Hlinois. 
 
 WHITLEY, Ul'I'EK, a township of .England, co. of York. 
 West Riding. Whitley-IIall, (Beaumont family.) and Denby- 
 Graiige, (Kaye family.) are in this township. 
 
 WIIITLEYVILLE, a post-office of .lackson CO., Tennessee. 
 
 WIIIT/LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WHIT'LOCKVILLE. a village of Westchester co.. New 
 York, near the Croton Kiver and Harlem Railroad, 44 miles 
 N.N.E. of New York. I'op. about 2U0. 
 
 WHIT'MELL, a po.st-offlce of Pittsylvania co., A'irginia. 
 
 WlinVMIRE'S, a postHjfRce of Newberry district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WHIT'.MORE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, with a 
 station on the London and North West Railway, 10 miles 
 S.S.E. of Crewe. 
 
 WHIT'NASH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WHIT'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WHIT'NEY'S CORNERS, a«post-office of Jeffersoa co.. New 
 York. 
 
 WHITNEY'S POINT, a post-office. Broome co.. New York. 
 
 WHITNEY'S VALLEY, a post-village of Alleghany co.. 
 New York, on the ISuffalo and New York City Railroad, 78 
 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 WHIT'NEYVILLE, a post-township of Washington co., 
 Maine. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the lumber 
 trade. Pop. 579. 
 
 WHITNEYVILLE. a pleasant village of New Haven co., 
 Connecticut, about 3 miles N. of New Haven. A stream 
 flowing through the village affords water-pf)wer, which is 
 employed for the manuliiclure of rifles, and other fire-arms. 
 It is on the New Haven and Northampton Railriwid. 
 
 WHITNEYVILIjE, a post-office of Kent co.. Michigan. 
 
 WHIT'PAINE, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 yunia. 5 miles E.N.E. of Norristown. 
 
 WHIT'SOME A.ND HIL/TON, a united parish of Scotland, 
 CO. of Berwick. 
 
 WHlT'.SONTOWN,asmall village, Franklin co.. Arkan.oas. 
 
 WHIT'STABLE. a maritime village and parish of England, 
 county of Kent, at the entrance of the Swale into the estu- 
 ary of the Thames, opposite the Isle of Sheppey, and 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Canterbury, with which it is connected by rail- 
 way. Pop. of the town in 1851. 3086. The town and harbor 
 are protected by substantial embankments from land-fioods, 
 and incursions of the se.a. It has 2 churches, one forming 
 an important landmark. From an insignificant fishing- 
 place, it is rapidly rising into some importiince through the 
 repute of its oyster beds and its vicinity to Canterbury, of 
 which it may be regarded as the port; al)Out 90,000 tons 
 annually of coal from the N., and the principal heavy goods 
 from ln^ndon, destined for Canterbury, Ac, bt'ing landed 
 here. The extensive oyster grounds are dredged by an in- 
 corporated company of w'orking fishermen, whose gross 
 returns are sometimes 40,000/. per ^nnum. Coasting and 
 fruit trade, and collecting cementstone at low water, employ 
 others of the population. In the vicinity is Tankerton 
 Castle. Whitstable was the principal scene of the exploits 
 of the religious impostor Thom, shot in 1838; and here was 
 first brought into operation the diving apparatus, invented 
 by Charles Deane. 
 
 WHIT'STON, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 WHIT'STONE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 WHIT'SUNDAY ISLAND, South Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 
 19° 24' S., Ion. 138° 36' W. 
 
 WIIIT'TERING, a parish of Kngland, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WHIT/TINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 WHITTINGHAM. a township, England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WHIXTINGIIAM. a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington, 
 6 miles E. of Haddington. Near the village are Whitting- 
 haiu Castle and Whittiugham House. 
 
 WIC 
 
 WIIITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby. * 
 miles N. of Che.5terfield. It has a chalybeate spring, wlijco 
 attracts a considerable number of visitors. The Chesterfield 
 races are annually held on Whittington Moor. 
 
 WHITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WHITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WHITTINGTON, a pari.sh of- England, co. of Salop. 3 
 miles E.N.E. of Oswestry, with a station on the Shrewsbury 
 and Chester Railway. The village has remains of a castle 
 of the Peverells, and is said to be the birthplace of the 
 celebrated Sir K. Whittington, three times lord mayor of 
 London. 
 
 A\ HITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 WHITTINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 WHITTINGTON, a post-village in Hot Springs CO., Ar- 
 kansas, about 40 miles W. bv S. of Little Rock. 
 
 WHIT/TLE, a township of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WHIT'TLEBURY, a parish, England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WHITTLE LE WOODS, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 WHIT/TLESEY or WIIIT/TLESEA, a village, formerly a 
 market-town of England, co. of Cambridge, Isle of Ely. ou 
 the Eastern Counties Railway, 6 miles E.S.E. of Peter- 
 borough. Pop. of the town in 1851, 5472. The church is 
 a handsome structure, and liere are places of worship for 
 Wesleyans, Independents. Baptists, and Calvinists. 
 
 WHITTLESEA MERE, a lake of England, co. of Hun- 
 tingdon, 4J miles S. of Peterborough, 2^^ miles in length by 
 Is miles in breadth. 
 
 WHIT'TLESEY, a post-village in Medina co., Ohio, 100 
 miles N.E. by N. of Columbus. It contains 1 steam Uour- 
 iug-mill. and several saw-mills. 
 
 VV'IUTTLESKOKD. a parish of J^ngland, co. of Cambridge, 
 on the North and East Counties liailway, 6^ miles S. of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 WHllTTLE'S MILLS, a postK)ffice of Mecklenburg co., 
 Viriiiula. 
 
 \\ HIT'TON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WHITTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WIUTTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor. 
 
 WHIT/TON'S EEKRY, a small village, Cole co., Missouri. 
 
 WHIT'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WHITWELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WHITWELL, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. 
 
 WHITWELL, a parish of England. Isle of Wight. 
 
 WHIT'VVICK. a parish of England, co. of Leicester 
 
 WHIT'WOKTH, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 WH1X'H.\LL, a chapelry of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WHl.VLEY, a parish, England, co. of York. West Riding. 
 
 WH1.\'0E, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 W HURL/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 WHYDAH or WIIIDAH, hwid'da, a district of Africa, 
 foruiiug a province of Dahomey, on the Slave Coast of Gui- 
 nea, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, in lat. 6° 30' N., Ion. '2fl 
 to 2° 30' E. It is highly fertile, and the inhabitants manu- 
 focture and dye good cloths, which, with gold-dust, palm-oil. 
 ivory, and slaves, they exchange to American and Portu- 
 guese traders for European manufactures and other produce. 
 
 WHYD'AH or WHID'AH, sometimes written JUDAIl, a 
 town of West Africa, in the above district. Dahomey, on the 
 Atlantic. 100 miles W. of Lagos ; lat. of Hagstaff, 6P 18' 9" N., 
 Ion. 2° 5' E. It was one of the largest on this part of the 
 coast, but was burned down in 1852. In the ruins were 
 found the charred remains of 150 slaves, who had been 
 chained together by the neck, ready for shipping, and had 
 Ix-en unable to escape. Palm-oil, ivory, and salt, the last of 
 which is made here, are the principal articles of trade. It is 
 one of the most notorious slave-ports on the const of Africa. 
 
 W1IYB(X>, hwiWoo. a large town of West Africa, on the 
 route inland to Abomey, about 50 miles N.N.W. of Whydiih. 
 
 WHY NOT, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Mississippi. 
 
 WIASMA, a town of Russia. See Viazma. 
 
 WIASMKI, a town of Kussia. See ViAzxtKi. 
 
 WIBLI.NGWEKDE. *iWling-*^RMeh. a village of Prussia, 
 province of Westphalia, government and 22 miles W.S.NV. 
 of Arnsberg. Pop. 1239. 
 
 WIBORG, a town of Denmark. See Viboro. 
 
 WIBORG, a town of Russia. See ViBORa. 
 
 WIBRIN,veeM)r5xo',avillageof Belgium, province of Lux- 
 embourg, 35milesN. of Arlon. Pop. 1194. 
 
 WIB'.'SEY, a chapelry of England, co. York. West Riding. 
 
 WICHELEN, wiK'eh-len, a village of Belgium, province 
 of East Flanders, on the railway between Ghent and Mech- 
 lin. 6 miles W.S.W. of Dendermonde. 'Pop. 3965. 
 
 WICH'ENFORD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 WICHFORD, GREAT, England. See Wishfori.. 
 
 WICK, a royal parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 seaport town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the* county 
 of Caithness, on its E. coast, at the mouth of the M ick. in 
 a deep bay. 16 miles S.W. of Duncan sby-head. Pop. of pa- 
 rish in 1851,11.851. Wick-proper, on the N. bank of th« 
 river, communicates N. with I.ouisburKh. and S. with Pul- 
 teney Town, a new and well-built suburb. The principal eili- 
 flees are, a Gothic parish chureh, town-hall, banking office, 
 
 2111 
 
WIC 
 
 WIE 
 
 Bohool-Louse, and several churches. Here are a gubscription 
 library, reaJinj? rooms, a chamlier of comuu-rce. brauch and 
 8ariii);s bunks, and i weekly newspapers. Two good har- 
 bors have been formed ; Wick having been for upwards of 
 half a century the headquarters of the herring fishery of 
 Scotland. Above SdO boats, manned by about 6000 men 
 »nd boys, are employed in its herring fishery. Ship and 
 boat building i? actively carried on in Wick, and inany of its 
 female inhabitants are occupied in spinning and iu making 
 nets; it has an export trade in corn, wool, and cattle, and 
 Imports of coal, timber, and colonial produce. Kegistered 
 shipping in 1!^7, (sailing vessels,) 33 ships; aggregate bur- 
 den, 1827 tons. Steamers ply to lieith, Aberdeen. Kirkwall, 
 and IjerwicK. The borough unites with Dingwall, Tain, 
 Cromarty, Kirkwall, aud Dornoch, in sending 1 member to 
 th" House of Commons. 
 
 WICK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 WICK, a post-ofBce of Tyler co., W. Virginia. 
 
 WICK'.VHOE. a small village, Lenoir CO., North Carolina. 
 
 WICK'E.V, a parish of England, oo. of Cambridge. 
 
 WICKE.W a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WICKEX BO'.NAXT, a parish of England, eo. of Essex. 
 
 WICK'ENHY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the 
 Lincoln and Hull Kailway, 4 miles 8.W. of Market- Kaisin. 
 
 WICKE.N'RODE. wik'kgn-ro'deh, a village of Ue.'^ee-Cassel, 
 Njcder-llesseu. 10 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1076. 
 
 WICKERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 WICK'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WICK'FOIID, a thriving post-village of Washington oo., 
 Rhode Island, on an arm of Narraganset Bay, about 10 miles 
 from the ocean, 20 miles S. by W. of Providence, and 2i^ 
 miles E. of the Stonington and Providence Railroad. It has 
 a good harbor, and several vessels employed in the coast- 
 ing trade. The village contains 2 churches, 2 banks, about 
 25 stores, and 3 cotton-mills running 7000 spindles. Wool- 
 len goods are also made here. 
 
 WICK'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WICKHAM BISH'OPS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WICKHAM BREAUX, bro, a parish of England, co. of 
 Kent 
 
 WICKHAM BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WICKHAM, CHILD3, a parish of England, co. of Glou- 
 cester. 
 
 WICKHAM, EAST, a parish of England, oo. of Kent. 
 
 WICKHAM MARKET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WICKHAM ST. PAUL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WICKHAM .«KEYTH. a parish of England, o. of Suffolk. 
 
 WICKHAM. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Cambiidge. 
 
 WICKHAM. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WICK'HAMFORD. a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 WICKIIAMP'TOX. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WICK'LEWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WICK/LIFFE, a post-village of Lake co.. Ohio, on the 
 Cleveland and Erie Railroad, 14 miles from Cleveland. 
 
 WICKLIFFE, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana. 
 
 WICKLIFFE, a post-ofBce of Jackson co., Iowa. 
 
 WICKLOW, wik'lS, a co. of Ireland, iLeinster, having 
 E. the sea, N.W. and S. the counties of Dublin, Kildare, 
 Carlow, and Wexford. Area 781 square miles or 499,840 
 acres, of which 280.393 are reported to be arable. 17,600 in 
 plantation, and 200,745 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851, 98,978. 
 The coast is mostly precipitous, dangerous owing to shoals, 
 and presenting only the indifferent harbors of Wicklow and 
 Arklow; the centre of the county is a maze of mountains. 
 Principal rivers, the Liffey and Slany in the W., the Ovoca 
 and Vartrey in the E., all of which nse in the county. The 
 soil is fertile in the low lands; the county is in many parts 
 well wooded and extremely picturesque. The estat&s are 
 generally large. Principal crops, oats and potatoes, with 
 Bome wheat in the E. ; in the mounUxins. grazing is the prin- 
 cipal branch of husbandry. From 10,000 to 12.000 tons of 
 copper ore. and from 1400 to 3800 tons of lead annually are 
 produced; and large quantities of sulphuret of iron, and 
 some gold, are met with. Principal towns, Wicklow, .irklow, 
 and Bray. The county sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons. At Glandalagh or Glandalough, formerly an 
 episcopal see in this county, is one of the finest collections 
 of ruins la the Unit«i Kingdom, termed the "seven 
 churches." 
 
 WICKLOW, a seaport town of Ireland, capital of the 
 above co., at the mouth of the Vartrey, here crossed by a 
 bridge of 8 arches, and at the head of a small bay, 27 miles 
 8.E. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 3141. It is resorted to for 
 sesrhathing. and has some import trade, and exports copjier 
 or»^ and corn. The harbor admits only vessels drawing 9 
 feet water at high tides. Races are held annually on the 
 coast. It gives the titles of Eari and Viscount to the How- 
 ard family. Wicklow He.vd. about 2i miles E.S.E.. is sur- 
 mi. untied hy two lighthouses, respectively 540 and 250 feet 
 in height, in lat. 52=' 57' 9" N., Ion. 6" W. 
 
 WICK'I OW, a county of West Australia, surrounded by 
 the counties of Wellington, Grantham. Peel. Goderich. and 
 Nelnon. The William traverses its X. part; the other rivers 
 aiw the Arthur, Buchanan, and Beaufort; and it contains 
 
 many salt lakes, and some fine grass lands. The Saddleback 
 Mountain, 2500 feet in height, is near its N.W. extremity 
 Principal vill«gi-s. Bannister and Williamsburg. 
 
 WICK'.MERE. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WICK ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of England, oo. of S> 
 merset. 
 
 W1CK'W.\R, a market-town, nominal borough, and parish 
 of England, co. of Gloucester, on the Birmingham Railway, 
 13 mile* N.E. of Bristol. Pop. of parish in 1851, 966. 
 
 WICOM'ICO. a small river which rises in Sussex oo., Delv 
 ware, and flows south-westward through Somerset county, 
 Maryland, into Fishiug Bay, an arm of the Chesapeake. It 
 is navigable to Salisbury. 
 
 W 1 COM ICO CH U RCH. a post-office of Northumberland co, 
 Virdnia. 98 miles N.E. of Uiihmond. 
 
 WICONIS'CO CREEK, of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, flows 
 into the SuS'juehanna River. 
 
 WICONISCO, a post-village and township of Dauphin od, 
 Pennsylvania, on Wiconisco Creek, about 33 miles .\. of Hap. 
 risburg. Large quantities of coal are taken from the liear 
 Mountain, near the village, and are transported by railroad 
 to the Susquehanna River. Pop. 2522. 
 
 WIDAWKA, *eHlav'kd, or WIDAWA, Oe-dl'vi, a town 
 of Poland, province and 44 miles S.E. of Kalisz, on the Wi- 
 dawk.i. Pop. 1610. It has manufactures of linens and 
 hosiery. 
 
 WID'CO-MBE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WUVDECOMBE-IN-THE-MOOR, a parish of England, oa 
 of Devon. 
 
 WIDDERN, «id'dern, a town of WUrtemberg, on the Jait, 
 8 miles N.N.W. of Oehringen. 
 
 WID'DIAL, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 WIDDIN, a town of Turkey. See Wiwn. 
 
 WID'DINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WID/DRINQTON or WID'RINGTON, a parochial ch.ipelry 
 of England, co. of Northumberland, on the York and Ber- 
 wick Itailway, 7i miles N.E. of Morpeth. 
 
 WIDE-BAY, an inlet of East Australia, lat. 26° S. It 
 receives the Mary River, and has opposite to it Great Sandy 
 Island. 
 
 WIDE'MAN'S, a postofflce of AbhevHle district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WID'FORD, a parish of Enaland, co. of Essex. 
 
 WIDFORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WIDFORD. a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 M'lDl N, WIDDIN, *id'din\ or VID/IN, (L. Wda,) a strong- 
 ly fortified town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, on the 
 Danulie. near the Servian Frontier, 46 miles S. of Gladova. 
 Pop. 25,000. It is the residence of a pasha and a Greek arch- 
 bishop, has numerous mosques, and some trade in rock-salt, 
 corn, and wine; but its only good building is the oflice of 
 the .Austrian Steam Navigation Company. 
 
 WID'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WID'.MERE-POOLE, a parish of England, co. of Netting, 
 ham. 
 
 WIDXAU, *id'ndw, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton of St. Gall, near the Rhine. Pop. 2052. 
 
 WID/NESS-WITH-Al'/PLETON, a township of England, 
 CO. of Jjincaster. 
 
 \^ID'WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WIDZ.Y, a town of Russian Poland. See ViDZT. 
 
 WIEBELSHEI.M, ftee/bfls-hime', a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, government of Treves. Pop. 1277. 
 
 WIED or WIED-XEW-WIED. See Nkw-Wied. 
 
 WIED.\., ■ftee'di, a village of Brunswick, circle of Blank< 
 enhurg, 4 miles N.N.W. of Walkenried. Pop. 1129. 
 
 WIEDENBRUCK. (WiedenbrUck,) ■ftee'dyn-bruk^ a town 
 Of Prussian Westphalia, 40 miles S.W. of Miuden, on the 
 Ems. Pop. 2710. 
 
 WIEDIKON, *ee'de-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and close to the Botanic-il Garden of Zurictt. Pop. 1341. 
 
 AVIEGSTADTL, (Wiegstiidtl.} Vfeeo'st^tt'l, or WICH- 
 STADEL. (Wlchstadel.) ftiK'stA'?!, a town of Austrian 
 Silesia, 12 miles S.S.W. of Troppau. Pop. 3195. 
 
 WIEGST.\DTL. a market-town of Bohemia, 36 miles E.S.B. 
 of Kijniggratz. Pop. 848. 
 
 WIEHE, *ee'eh. or WECHE, ^^fK'gh, a town of Prussian 
 Saxony. 27 miles W.S.W. of Merseburg, capital of the circle 
 of Eckartsberge. Pop. 1850. 
 
 WIEKEVOUST, wee'kfh-voRst', a vill!»ge of Belgium, 
 province and 22 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp, on the Wimpe. 
 Pop. 1030. 
 
 SviELB.iRK, a town of Prussia. See AVillenbibo. 
 
 WIELD, a parish of En'.;land, co. of Hants. 
 WIELICHOWO. *e-AMe-Ko'vo, a town of Prussiat Poland, 
 32 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1070. 
 
 WIELICZK.A.. <ve-litch'ka or vy.'i-litch'kl, a mining town 
 of Austrian Poland. Galicia, 18 miles W. of Bochnia. Popk 
 4500. It is celebrated for its salt-mine, probably the largest 
 and most productive in the world, yielding annually up- 
 wards of 700.000 cwts. of rock-salt. Within this mine are 
 a fresh-water lake, a rivulet, and a chapel hewn out of — -"k- 
 salt. 
 
 WIELIZ. a town of Russia. See TELTZft. 
 WIELSBEKE, weels'bd'k^h, a village of Belgium, pro 
 
WIE 
 
 vince of West Flanders, on the Lys, 18 miles S. of Bruges. 
 Pop. 1954. 
 
 WlKhUX, <^e-Aloon, a town of Poland, proTlnce and 44 
 miles .S.K. of Kalisz. I'op. oUOO, many of whom aro Jews. 
 It lias manufactures of woollen cloths. 
 
 WIKX, the capital city of Austria. See Vienxa. 
 
 WIKMilVNEUSTADX, a town of Lower Austria. See 
 Neustadt. 
 
 WIKNERWALD, ♦ee'ner-Odlt\ (the "Vienna Forest,") a 
 mouiUaiii-range of South Germany, a branch of the Noric 
 Alp-x. extending from the Styrian frontier N.K. to the Dan- 
 ube, near Vienna, and separating Lower Austria into the 
 clreles above and below the Wienerwald. 
 
 ■WIKl'UZ, *yjpuzh or *e-JpRzh', a river of Poland, ro- 
 vernmeut of Lublin, rises S. of Zamosz. flows N. an* W., 
 and after a course of 150 miles joins the Vistula. 
 
 WIEKDK, wecR/deh, a village of Belgium, province and 
 4 miles S.E. of Namiir, on a stream of the same name. Pop. 
 1166. 
 
 WIEItDEN, weeR'den, a village of Holland, province of 
 Overyssel, 18 miles N.E. of Deventer. Pop. 1704. 
 
 WIKKINGKN, *ee'ring-en, an island of the Netherlands, 
 province of Xortn Holland, in the Zuyder-Zee. 9 miles S.E. 
 of the Ilelder. Length miles, breadth 1 J miles. P. 1500. 
 
 AVIEKS, weeRs. a village of Belgium, province of Ilainaut, 
 on the Canal of Antoing, 22 miles \V. of Mons. Pop. 3.'J40. 
 
 WllOltt'SZOW, <ve-A-rooshov/, a town of i'oland, province 
 and 81 miles S. of Kalisz, on the Prosna. Pop. 3400. 
 
 WIi:i;ZBOLO\V, <ve-aiRzh-bo'lov, WlHBALLExN or WYn- 
 BALLtlX, *!R-bdI1en, a town of Poland, government of 
 Augustowo, 8 miles" W.8.AV. of Wilkowiszki. Pop. 20(i0. 
 
 ■\V!ESBAD1-:N, ftees/baMet, or WISBADEN, ^isMMen, a 
 town and one of the principal watering-places of Germany, 
 capital of the duchy of Nassau, on tlie Salzbach, an affluent 
 of the lUiine. and at the S. foot of the Taunus Mountains. 5 
 miles N.N.W. of Mentz. Population in lS6:i, 22.284, be- 
 sides the military. The cliief edifices aro a catliedral, 
 ducal residence, infantry and artillery barracks, mint, and 
 theatre; the Kursaal, a large edifice, contains a vast 
 saloon and many fine apartments. It has many good inns 
 and lodging-houses, an old and new castle. Koman Catholic, 
 Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, a hospital, orphan asy- 
 lum, public library with 50,000 volumes, museum of anti- 
 quities, and gallery of paintings. Its springs, the ancient 
 Aijua'-.Miittiaci, are saline, containing .silica, iron, and free 
 carbonic acid ; and the hottest, the Krichhrurm, lias a tem- 
 perature of 150° Farenheit. It is connected by railway with 
 Frankfurt and Biherich. 
 
 WIKSE. Oee/zyh, WIESEN, ftee'zen, or WTESA, wee'z.i. 
 a river of Germany, rises on the Feldberg, in the S. of Ba- 
 den, and flows about 45 miles, first S.W. then W.S.W., and 
 joins the Rhine on the right, about 2 miles below Basel. 
 
 ■NVIK-SE, ftce'zeh, or WIliSA, *ee'z3, a village of Saxony, 
 15 miles S.S.E. of Chemnitz, with public baths, and 1200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 WIESE, GRAFLICH, (Griiflich,) grJfliK ■frce'zeh, a village 
 of Prussian Silesia, government of Oppelu, circle of Neu- 
 .jtadt. Pop. 1504. 
 
 WIESKLBUUG, wee'zel-b5f>RG\ (Hun, Mosnny, mo'shoiH',) 
 a town of West Hungary, capital of a county, on an arm of 
 the Danube, 21 miles S.S.E. of Presburg. Pop. 2960. 
 
 WlK.SKLliUllG, a market-town of Lower Austria, at the 
 confluence of the Great and Little Erlaf, 23 mHes W.S.W. of 
 St. IMlten. 
 
 WIE.-^KN, <>ee'zen, a river of South-West Germany and 
 Switzerland, after a S.W. course of 40 miles, past Todtnau 
 and Scliiinau, joins tlie Rhine, 2 miles N. of Basel. It for- 
 merly gave name to a circle of the grand-iluchy of Baden. 
 
 WIE.-^EN'BRONN, *ee'zenbronn\ a village of Bavaria, 
 Lower l-'i-anconia, near Kitzingen, Pop. 1080. 
 
 WIESENSTiilG, ftee'zen-stio', a town of Wiirtemburg. cir- 
 cle of Danube, on the Fik 19 miles N.W. of Ulm. P. 1396. 
 
 WIESIiNTHAL, ftee'zen-tSr, Oder, o'ber, and Unter, 
 Ci3n'ter. two towns of Si> souy, circle of Zwickau, on the 
 Bohemian frontier, 27 miles S. of Chemnitz. United pop. 
 3040, cliii -fly engaged in mining. 
 
 WIESENTHAL, a tfjwn of Bohemia, circle and 20 miles 
 N.E. of Elbogen, in the Erzgeberge. Pop. 1670, employed 
 in .silver, copper, and tin mines. 
 
 WIESP^NTIIAL, town of Germany, grand-duchy of Ba- 
 den. 3 miles R.S.E. of Philippsburg. Pop. 1450. 
 
 AVIE.SRNTHEID, <vee'zen-tlte\ a market-town of Bava- 
 ria. 20 miles E.N.K. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1091. 
 
 WIESI^OCH. ^ees'loK, a town of Baden, circle of Lower 
 Rhine, on the Leimbach. and on the Baden Railway, 8 miles 
 S. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2721. 
 
 WIES.^ BLUFF, a post-office of .Ta.sper co.. Texas. 
 
 WIESTKTZ-KRALOWY. See KiiMCSTADTL. 
 
 WIIOWALITZ, a village of Prussia. See Lanoendorp. 
 
 WIEZE, wee'zeh, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 glanders. 18 miles E.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1603. 
 
 WIFLTSBURG, a town of Switzerland. See AvENxnES. 
 
 WIG'.VN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, town, 
 parish, and township of fingland, co. of Lancaster, on the 
 Douglas liiver, near its head, on the Leeds and Liverpool Ca- 
 
 e u 
 
 WIG 
 
 nal, and on the Xorth-We.stcrn Railway, at the intersection of 
 the I..ancashire and Yorksliire Line, loi miles S. of Preston. 
 Pop. of borough in 1861, 37,657. The town, the centre of 8 
 pi-oductive coal-field, is pretty well built and improving, but 
 it has a blackened appearance from numerous furnaces. 
 The church is a stately old edifice, containing several fine 
 monuments; and here are several dissenting chapels, a, 
 large town-hall, sessions-hall, commercial-hall for the sale 
 of manufactures, a borough jail, subscription library, me- 
 chanics' institute, dispensary, barracks, grammar school, 
 bluecoat school, and a scliool of industry fur the education 
 of domestic servants. Annual revenue of charities about 
 2000/. The population are extensively engaged in the manu- 
 facture of woollen and cotton goods and in iron works, and 
 factories for edge tools, nails, brass wares, machinery, and 
 agricultural implements. Wigau returns 2 members to 
 the House of Commons. This town zealously supported 
 the royalists in the civil war; and at its N. end is a pillar, 
 commemorating the death of Sir T. Tildosley, killed in an 
 action here, 25th .\ugnst, 1660. 
 
 AVIO'BOROUGH, GREAT, a parish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 WIGBOROUGH, Liri'LE, a parish of England, co. Essex. 
 
 SVIG'GENHALL ST. GERMAN, a parish oi England, co. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 WIGGENHALL ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 ^V■IGaENIIALL ST. MARY MAGDALENE, a parish of 
 England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WIGGENHALL ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 WKJ'GENHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 M'lGGHER, frikOier, a river oi' Switzerland, canton of 
 Lucerne, flows N., and joins the Aar on the right at Aar- 
 burg. Length 21 miles. 
 
 WIG'GINTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 WfGGINTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WIGGINTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. 
 
 ANKiGINTON, a chapelry of England, co. of StafTord. 
 
 WIG'HILL, a parish of England, county and ainsty of 
 York. 
 
 AVIGHT, ISLE OF. See LsLE OF Wight. 
 
 WIGHTON, wl'ton, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 AVIGOIORE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 VVIGRY, *ee'gree or vee'grlh, a lake of Poland, go- 
 vernment of Augustowo, about 6 miles S.E. of Suwalki ; 
 greatest length, from N. to S.. 6 miles, mean breadth about 1 
 mile. On an island in the Lake is an old monastery, now 
 the residence of the Bishop of Lithuania, 
 
 WIG'.'^TON MAGNA, a parish of England, co. of I^icester, 
 
 WKiSTON PAIVVA, a chapelry, England, eo. of Leicester. 
 
 WIGTOFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WIGTON, a market-town, parish, ""d town.ship of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Cumberland, on the Carlisle and Whitehaven 
 Railway, Hi miles S.W. of Cariisle. Pop. of town in 1851, 
 4244. The town, pleasantly situated, has an endowed gram- 
 mar school, a Friends' school for 60 boys, ai hospital for 
 widows of the clergy, several branch banks, manufactures 
 of ginghams, muslins, fustians, and cheeks. There is a 
 large horse fair held here, February 20, and 5 other annual 
 fairs. It is the birth-place of Sir R.Smirke, and of the Cum- 
 berland poet Ewan Clarke. About 1 mile S. of the town is 
 Old Carlisle, anciently a Roman st.ation. 
 
 WIGTON, a township. England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 WWrON, M'IGrrOWN or WIGTONSIURE, wig'ton-shir, 
 or WEST GAiyLOWAY, the most S.W. county of Scot- 
 land, having on the E. the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, 
 N. Ayrshire, W. the North Channel, and on the S. the Irish 
 Sea. Area 451 square miles, or 288.640 acres, of which about 
 100.000 acres are estimated to be arable ; 100.000 acres uncul- 
 tivated, and the remainder waste. Pop. in 1851, 43.389. On 
 the S. it is indented by Wigton and Luce Bays, and the latter, 
 with Loch Ryan on the N.W., nearly shut off from the rest of 
 the area, form the peninsula called the Rbinns of Galloway. 
 Surface undulating, rising towards the N. to 1500 feet above 
 the sea. Principal rivers, the Cree, which forms the E. 
 boundary, Bladeuoch, Tarf, and Luce, all flowing S. About 
 one-third of the county consists of moorlands, interspersed 
 with small lakes, the principal of which are Dowalton and ' 
 Castle Kennedy Lochs; the rest of the surface is pretty 
 well tilled, or in excellent pastures, especially in the ma- 
 chers, or " low country," between Wigton and Luce Bays, 
 and in the Rhinns, where the land is highly fertile. Prin- 
 cipal crops, oats and barley, but considerable quantities of 
 wheat, potatoes, and turnips are raised. Breeds of cattle 
 are very superior. Estates mostly large; farms of mefiium 
 size; and farm-hou.ses and roads are mostly in excellent 
 order. Principal towns. Wigton, Stranraer, and Whithorn. 
 The county .sends 1 member to the House of Commons. It 
 abounds with antiquities, chiefly those antecedent to the 
 Roman dominion. 
 
 WIGTON or WIGTOWN, a royal parliamentary and 
 municipal borough, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, 
 capital of the above county, near the mouth of the Bladenoch 
 in Wigton Bay, 9 miles N. of Whithorn. Pop. of burgh in 
 
 2113 
 
WIG 
 
 I8bj "£232. It is well built and clean, and has a town-house, 
 ritli 8 jourt and assembly rooms, a subscription library, 
 uid pvison ; custom-house, stamp-offlce, and an elegant 
 mnrket cross. The harbor, about i of a mile distant, be- 
 longs to the port of Dumfries. Steamers ply to Liverpool. 
 The burgh unites with Stranraer, AVhithorn. and New Gal- 
 loway, in sendini; 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 WIGTON HAY. an inlet of the Irish Sea, between Wig- 
 tonshire and the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, is 15 miles in 
 length, breadth at entrance 12 miles. At its head it receives 
 the Cree. 
 
 •W'lGTOXSIIIRE or WIGTOWX, Scotland. See Wigton. 
 
 WIIIKRIES, veeVh-ree', a village of Belgium, province 
 of Hainaut, 2 miles S.W. of Mons. Pop. 161-1. 
 
 WLICHKN, a village of the Netherlands. See Wtchen. 
 
 WI.THE, a village of the Netherlands. See Wthe. 
 
 WI.Tii. a village of the Netherlands. See Wyk. 
 
 WIJK-BI.I-DUORSTKDE. See Wyk-bei-Duckstede. 
 
 VMNKOOl'SBAAI, De. See Wynkoopsbaai. 
 
 WIKF;. a township of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 WIiyBARSTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 ■\ViryBKRKORCE. a town or village of New South Wales, 
 Australia, co. of Cook, on Ilawkesbury River, 30 miles N.AV. 
 of Sydney. 
 
 AVIfBERFOSS, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 WIL'BRAIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 WILBItAIIAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge, contiguous to Wilbraham. 
 
 WlLnjllAUAM. a post-village and township of Hampden 
 CO., Massachusetts, about 10 miles E. of Springfield. The 
 village is situated 2 miles from the Western Railroad, by 
 which the township is intersected, and contains 2 churches, 
 3 stores, antl the Wesleyan .\cademy, an institution of high 
 repute, founded in 1824. Pop. of tlie township, 2081. 
 
 WIL'BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 WIL'BY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WIL15Y. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WILBY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 AVILCIIIXGEN, «il'King-fn, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Schatfhausen. Pop. 1139. 
 
 WIL'COT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WIL'COTE, a parish of Englaud, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WIL'CO.K, a county in the S.W. central part of Alabama, 
 has an aiwa of 940 square miles. The Alabama River flows 
 through the county, and it is also watered by Piue Barren 
 Creek. The surface is uneven, and partly occupied by 
 prairies and forests of pine. The soil is generally fertile, 
 producing cotton and Indian corn. The Alabama River is 
 navigable by large steamboats through the county during 
 the whole year. Capitiil, Camden. Pop. 24,618, of whom 
 6821 were free, and 17.7'J7 slaves. 
 
 WILCOX, a post-office of Choctaw co.. Mississippi. 
 
 WILCOX'S STORE, a post-village of Casey co., Kentucky. 
 
 WIL'COXVILLE, a po.st-vill.ige in Schuyler CO., Illinois, 
 near the Illinois River. 66 miles N.W. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 WILDBAD G ASTEIN, a village of Austria. See Gastein. 
 
 WILDBAD, <vilt'bdt, a town of Wurtemberg, circle of 
 Black Forest, on the Enz, in a deep valley, 28 miles W.S.W. 
 of Stuttgart. Pop. 1735. It has warm baths, with a tem- 
 perature from 94° to 100° Fahrenheit, and is much fre- 
 quented by visitors in summer. 
 
 WILDBERG, ftilt'bJRG, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of 
 Black Forest, on the Nagold. 23 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. 
 Pop. 1787. 
 
 WILDBERG. a vill.-ige of Upper .\u8tria, circle of MUlil. 
 near Kirchschlag, with a mountain fortress in which King 
 Wenceslaus (Wenzel) of Bohemia was kept prisoner. 
 
 WILD CAT, a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky. 
 
 WILD C.\T, a township in Tipton co., Indiana. Pop. 787. 
 
 WILD CAT, a post-office of Carroll co., Indiana. 
 
 WILD CAT. postKifflco, Lancaster district. South Carolina. 
 
 WILD'CAT CREBK, of Indiana, rises in Howard county, 
 and flows westward into the Wabash, 4 miles above La- 
 fayette, after a course of about 75 miles. 
 
 WILDEM ANN, ftil'deh-mSDn', a mining town of Germany, 
 Hanover, in the Ilarz, 3 miles N,W, of Clausthal. Pop. 1000. 
 
 WIL'DEN, a parish of England, co, of Bedford, 
 
 WILDENFKLS, *iPdfn-f^l8\ a town of Saxony, 18 miles 
 B.W. of Chemnitz, with a noble residence. Pop. 2:374. 
 
 WILDE.NSCIIWERT or WILDENSCHWEHD, «'il'dpn- 
 shw?Rt\ a town of Bohemia, 25 miles E, of Chrudim, on the 
 Adior. and on the railway from Brunn to Prague. P. 2883. 
 
 WtiyDEUN ESS, ft post-iffice of Spottsylvariia co., Virginia. 
 
 WiLDKKXESS.a small po.st-village of Clark co,, Alabama. 
 
 M ILDERVANlv, wil'der-vdnk' or wil'der-fank\ a village 
 of the .Netherlands, province of Groningen, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Wincchoten. I'op. 3820, 
 
 WII,DESIIAUSEN, *il'dfs-h«wVn, a town of Oldenburg, 
 on the Huute. 20 miles S.W. of Bremen. Pop. 2008. 
 
 W1I.DHAU8, «ilt'hows8, a mountain village of Switzer- 
 land, canton and J5 miles S, of St. Gall, with the house in 
 which the reformer Zwingli was t)orn January 1, 1484. 
 
 WILD HAWS, a post-village of Izard co., Arkansas, about 
 80 miles N.E. of Mount Olive. 
 21U 
 
 WIL 
 
 WIL'DON, a market-town of Austria. Styria, circle of 
 Gratz, on the railway from Griitz to Marburg. Pop. 2o(X). 
 
 WILD RICE RIVER, a stream of Minnesota, ris'ng in 
 about 45° 63' lat,, and 97° 7' VV. Ion., flows N,N,E. and falls 
 into the Red River of the North. Length near 100 miles, 
 
 AVILDSCHUTZ, (Wildschutz,) frilfshuts, or WILTSCU, 
 ftiltsh, a village of Bohemia, 27 miles N.E. of Bidscnow. 
 Pop. 1266. 
 
 WILDSCHUTZ or WILTSCH, a villi^e of Jloravia, circle 
 of Troppau, in the valley of Buchberg. Pop. 1341. 
 
 WILDUNGEN. Alt, jtlt ftilMOongen, a town of Germany, 
 7 miles S.S.E. of Waldeck, on the Wilde. Pop. 400. 
 
 WILDUNGEN, Niedkr, nee'der <filMoong-en, a town of 
 Germany, S, of Alt Wilduagen, has a lyceum, and mineral 
 springs. Pop. 1780. 
 
 WILES, (wilz.) CAPE, South Australia, co. of Flinders, 
 bounds Sleaford Bay on the AV. I.at. 34° 57' S., Ion. 135° 38' E. 
 
 WI'LEY"S COVE, a post-office of Searcy co., Arkan.sas. 
 
 AVI'LEYVILLE, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas. 
 
 AVIL'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 WILHAM'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of "iieilford. 
 
 WILHELMSBURG, ^iPhflms-booRG^ a market-town of 
 Lower Austria, on the Trosen, 6 miles S. of St, Polteu, 
 
 WILHELMSBURG, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of 
 Middle Franconia, 17 miles N.W, of Nuremberg. 
 
 WILHELMSBURG, a pari.sh of Hanover, N.E. of Ilarburg. 
 
 AVILHELMSDORF, ftil'helms-doRf*, is the name of vil- 
 lages in Bavaria and Prussian Silesia. 
 
 WILHELMSTHAL, ftil'helms-tir, a town of Prussian Si- 
 lesia, near the Austrian frontier. 19 miles S.S.E. of Glatz. 
 Pop. 500. 
 
 WILHERMSDORF, «il'h5R»s-doRf\ a market-town of 
 Bavaria, W.N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1302. 
 
 AVI LI. \, a river of Russia. See A'ii.ia. 
 
 AVILKES, wilks, a county in the N.AV. part of North Cft- 
 rolina: area estimated at 550 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Yadkin River. The surface is mountainous, espe- 
 cially towards the N.W. border, which extends near the 
 summit of the Blue Ridge. The soil of the valleys is fer- 
 tile, and the land is mostly adapted to pasturage. The 
 county contains extensive beds of iron ore. Organized in 
 1777. and named in honor of John AVilkes, who, as a mem- 
 ber of the British Parliament, op))Osed the oppressive mea- 
 sures of the government towards the American colonies. 
 Capital, AVilkesborougU. Pop. 14,749, of whom 13,541 wore 
 free, and 1208 slaves. 
 
 AVILKES, a county in the N,E. part of Georgia, contains 
 390 square miles. It is drained by Broad and Little Rivers, 
 and by Dry Fork and Fishing Creeks. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and the soil is various. The county contains some 
 wornout iand. In 1860 this county produced 133,213 bushels 
 of oats, the greatest quantity produced by any county in 
 the state. AVilkes county contains iron ore, granite, quartz, 
 and other minerals of the primary formation. A branch 
 railroad extends from the Georgia Railroad to the county- 
 seat. Formed in 1777. Capital, AV'ashington. Pop. 11,420, 
 of whom 3467 were free, and 7953 slaves. 
 
 WILKESBARRE. wilks/bJr-re, a thriving post-borough 
 and township, capital of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of the North Branch of the Susquehanna, 110 
 miles N.E. from Ilarrisburg. It is situated in the beautiful 
 and fertile valley of AVyouiing, and commands a line view 
 of river and mountain scenery. The borough contains, 
 besides the county V)uildings. several churches and acade- 
 mies, 3 national banks, and 2 or 3 newspaper offices; also 
 an iron furnace, and other factories. A bridge across the 
 river connects the borough with Kingston, The Lehigh 
 and Susquehanna Railroad extends southward 20 miles to 
 AVhito Haven. The Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad 
 connects AA'ilkesliarre directly with Scranton on the one 
 hand, and Danville on the other. Another railroad is pro- 
 jected to the Delaware AVater-Gap. The trad? of the borough 
 is facilitated by the North Branch Canal, and by a plank- 
 road le;iding to Scranton. Large quantities of anthracite 
 coal are procured from the beds- which surround the town, 
 and which are among the thickest in the state. An exten- 
 sive rolling-mill was erected here about 1840, but its opei-a- 
 tion was suspended a few years since. Incorporated in 1806. 
 Pop, in 1850. 2723 ; in 1800. 4263, 
 
 WILKESBOROUGII, wilks^bur-rQh, a postrvillage. capital 
 of AVilkes co,. North Carolina, on the Yadkin Rive', near 
 its source. 170 miles AA'. by N. of Raleigh. Pop. about 200. 
 
 AVILKESBOROUGU. a post-village in McLean co., Illinois, 
 CO miles N.E. bv N. of Springfield. 
 
 AVILKESBUllG, wnks/bQrg, a postoffice of Covington co, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 AVILKESA'ILLE, wilks'vill, a small village of Gallia co, 
 Ohio. 
 
 WILKESA'ILLE, a post^village and township of A'inton 
 CO., Ohio, atx)ut 75 miles S.S.E of Columbus. The township 
 is intersected by Racoon Creek, which flows into the Ohio 
 River. Pop, 1316, 
 
 WIL'KIXS, a [lost-township of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, .about 9 miles E of Pittsburg. Pop. 2260. 
 
 AVILKINS, a post-office of Union co., Oluo. 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 WIL'KINSBURR, a post-village of Wilkins township, 
 Alleghany CO.. Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 7 miles K. of Pittsburg. It has a number of stores, and 
 nbout 700 inh.ibitants. 
 
 WliyivlNSOX, a county in the central part of Oeorgia, 
 has an area of 435 square miles. It is bounded on the N.K. 
 by the Oconee River, intersected by Commi.s.-iioner's and Big 
 Sandy Creeks, and also drained by Cedar and Turkey Creeks. 
 The surface is somewhat undulating, and extensively covered 
 with forests of pine. On the Oconee and several creeks the 
 land i.s productive, but the pine lands are not of the fir.«t 
 quality. The soil is described as a mixture of gray .sandy 
 and "mulatto land." The county is interfected by the 
 Central Railroad. It contains one sulphur and chalybeate 
 spring. Named in honor of General James Wilkinson, of 
 Maryland. Capital, Irwiiigton. Pop. 9376, of whom oisu 
 Wen- IVee, and 38S7 slaves. 
 
 WILKINSON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Slis^issippi, bordering on Louisiana, has an area of about 
 700 square miles. The Jlississippi River forms its boundary 
 on tlje W.. and the Ilomoehitto on the N. The surface is 
 uneven ; the soil is highly productive, and is mostly occu- 
 pied by plantations of cotton and Indian corn. The county 
 IS partly intersected by the West Feliciana Railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Woodville. Pop. 15,933, of whom 2801 were free, and 
 13,132 slaves. 
 WILKINSON, a township of Desha co., Arkansas. P. 205. 
 WILKINSON'S LANDING, a small village of Perry co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 WILKINSONVILLK, a po?t-village in Worcester co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 39 miles W. of lloston. 
 
 Wl LKIN.SON VILLK. a village in Chesterfield oo., A'irginia, 
 82 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 WILKINS villi;, a post-villa>:e fn Union district, South 
 Carolina. 98 miles N.W. by N. of Columbia. 
 WILKINSVILLV;, a post-office of Dyer co., Tennessee. 
 WILKOMIERZ or WILKO.MIR, a town of Russian Po- 
 land. See VlLKOMEER. 
 
 WILKOWISZKI, «iI-ko-<»ish'kee. a town of Poland, go- 
 vernment of Augustowo, 37 miles N. of Suwalki. Pop. 
 3511, of whom two-thirds are Jew.s. 
 
 WILKSBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 WILL, a county in the E.N.E. part of Illinois, bordering 
 on Indiana, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers, branches 
 of the Illinois. The .-surface is generally level, and destitute 
 of timber, excepting small groves. The soil is very fertile, 
 and much of it is under cultivation. The soil of the pr.ai- 
 ries is a deep, sandy loam, adapted to Indian corn and grass. 
 Quarries of building-stone are worked near the county seat. 
 The Des Plaines River furnishes wnt"r-power. The county 
 Is intersected by the Illinois and Michigan Canal, by the 
 Chicago Branch of the Central Ilailroail. the Chicago .\lton 
 and St. Louis, and by the Chicago and Rock Island Kailroad. 
 Named in honor of Conrad Will, for many years a member 
 of the Illinois Legislature. Capital. Joliet. Pop. •.iO.'i-il. 
 
 WILLAMETTE, wil-Iah'met, written also WALLAMETTE 
 and WAIILAMUTTE RIVER, in the W. partof Oregon terri- 
 tory, rises in Lane county, near the foot of the Cascade Range, 
 and flowing first N.W., and then in a northerly direction for 
 alKiut 150 miles, falls into the Columbia River about 8 miles 
 below Fort Vancouver. It is navigable for vessels of the 
 largest class to Portland. 15 mile.s. Above the falls, which 
 are 25 miles from its mouth, it is said to be navigable for 
 small steamboats 60 miles. Commencing at the mouth of 
 this river, and proceeding upwards, we have on the W. side the 
 Tuality. (tw6l'e-te.) Vam Hill, Rickrenl, (rick're-awl.) Lucki- 
 miute, Mary's, and Long Tom Rivers, all rising in or at the 
 base of the Callapooya Mountains. Turning and descending 
 on the right bank, we pass McKenzie's, Sexton's, Coupe, 
 Sandyam, Pudding, Clackamus, and Milwaukee Riveris, 
 having their sources on the slopes of the Cascade Range. 
 The chief towns on its banks are Marysville, Salem, Oregon 
 City, and Portland. The valley of the Willamette is exceed- 
 ingly beautiful and fertile, and is regarded as the garden of 
 Oregon. One of the most remarkable features of this valley 
 is the buttes, (pronounced bnts or butes.) high, conical hills, 
 which are generally insulated. Ne.ar the mouth of Coupe 
 River there are two buttes, called Pisgah and Siuai, which 
 are half a mile apart at their bases, and ri.se about 1000 feet 
 above the plain, with a level country all around them for 
 20 miles. From one part of Willamette Valley, ne.^r the 
 Rickreal, seven peaks of the Cascade Range, crowned with 
 everlasting snow, may be seen at once. Length about 200 
 miles. 
 WILLAMETTE FORKS, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon. 
 WlL'L.iND, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 WILL.\U'M K/,. a small island in the South Pacific, off the 
 coast of New Rritein, lat. 5° 15' 3" S., Ion. 149"= 58' 10" E. 
 WILL'BAR, a po.st-offlce of Wilkes co.. North Carolina. 
 WILLKBADESSEN, <vil'leh-bd-dJs'sen, a town of Prussian 
 Westphalia. 4^ miles S. of Minden,on thie Nethe. Pop. 1305. 
 WILLEBROEK, wil'leh-brook\ a market-town of Belgium, 
 province of Antwerp. 2 miles S. of Boom. Pop. 3000. 
 WILLEMSTAD, wil'lf m-stdt\ a fortified town of the Neth- , 
 
 erlands. province of North Brabant, en nollands-dieo V 
 miles N.W. of Breda. Pop. 1890. 
 
 WILLEMST AD, the capital town of the island of Curacoa, 
 on its S. coast. Lat. of Fort Amsterdam, V^ & 3" N., Ion. 
 68° 64' W. Pop. 7000. It has a government house, and is 
 the centre of the commerce of the Dutch We.st Indies. 
 
 WII7LEN. a parish of Kn<;land. co. of B<iekR. 
 
 WILLEXBElUi, <\il'!en-bd'r.G\ or WIELBARK. weel'l.aEk, 
 a town of Eiist Prussia, 91- miles S.S.E. of Konigsberg. Pop. 
 1820. 
 
 WIL'LENIIALL. a chapelry of England, co. of StafTord. 3 
 miles E.of W(dverhampton,on the North-Western Railwav. 
 
 WILLER, vee'yA/, or WEI LLER. v!l'y;\',a village of France, 
 department of Haut-lihin, 23 miles N.N.E. of Belfort. I'. 242t>. 
 
 WIiyLERBY, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 WIIVLERICK. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 WIL/LERSEY. a parish of Enirland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WIL'LERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WILLESBOROUGII, wills'bur-ruh, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Kent. 
 
 WIL'LESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on 
 the London and N.W. Railway. 4 miles N.W. of Paddington. 
 
 WIL'LESLEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WIL'LET, post-township. Cortland co.. New York. P. 983. 
 
 WILLET, a post-office of G'-een co., Wisconsin. 
 
 WILLET. a post-office of Indiana co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 
 WIL'LETTVILLE. a post-office of Ilisrhland'co., Ohio. 
 
 WIL'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WILLEY. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE. Se« Willi amsburq, 
 Virginia. 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY, a town of Canada. See Sorel. 
 
 WJL'LIA.M ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is between New 
 Ireland and New Brit.iin. 
 
 WILLIAM, MOUNT', the loftiest peak of Graham's Land, 
 Antarctic Oean. 
 
 WILLIAM, MOUNT, the loftiest and most E. of the Aus- 
 tralian Grampian Mountains. Victoria. Height 4500 feet. 
 
 WILLIAM RIVER, co. of Wicklow, East Auiitralia. flows 
 W. and joins Murray Itiver, 15 miles N.W. of Willianisburgh. 
 
 WILLI A.M RIVER, of New South Wales, after a S. coursa 
 of 70 miles, between the counties of Durham and Gloucester, 
 joins the Hunter near liaymond-terraco. See Fokt- Wiii.HM. 
 
 W'lL'LIAMS, a county forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Ohio, bordering on Indiana and Michigan, has an area of 
 about 4S0 square mil(^s. It is intersected by the St. .Joseph's 
 and Tiffin Rivers. The surface is level or undulating; the 
 soil is fertile. The western part consists of " o.\k openings." 
 plains which produce a sparse growth of oaks. It is traversed 
 by the Toledo and Chicago Railroad. Capital, Brvan. Pop. 
 16,633. 
 
 WILLIAMS, a township of Northampton co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, at the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, 
 immediately below Easton. Pop. 28.30. 
 
 WILLIAMS, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky, 15 
 miles N. of Ilnpkinsville. 
 
 WIL/LIAMSBOROUGH, a po.st^village in Granville co., 
 North Carolina, about 50 miles N. bv E. of Raleigh. 
 
 WILLIAM'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Westchester cc., 
 New York. 
 
 WIL'LIAMSBURG, a district in the S.E. part of South 
 Carolina, has an area of 1170 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.W. by Santee River, on the N.E. by Lvnch's Creek 
 and the Great Pedee, and intersected by the Black River. 
 The surface is level, and partly overspread with pine forests; 
 the soil is generally sandy. The most fertile land is on the 
 banks of the rivers. It is intersected by the North-Eastern 
 Railroad, (unfinished.) The Santee River is- navigable by 
 steamboats along the border of the district. Capital, Kings- 
 tree. Pop. 15,4>>9, of whom 5230 were free. 
 
 WILMAMSBUlKi, a post-township of Piscataquis co.j 
 Maine, SO miles V.N.E. of Auarusta. Pop. 182. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village and township of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 95 miles miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 It has •manufactures of iron castings, machinery, edged tools, 
 carriages, woollen goods, and other articles. Pop. 2095. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, Kings co.. New York, with the vil- 
 lage of Greenpoint, and the town of Brunswick, forms the 
 prineiiial part of the eastern district of the consolidated city 
 of Brooklyn, which includes generally that portion of tlie 
 city which lies North and East of the Wallabout Bay. The 
 site is elevated, with a surface diversified with gentle undu- 
 lations, and gradually rising as it recedes from tlie Ea.'*t' 
 River, Like the western district, it owes its growth and 
 prosperity to its proximity to the city of New York, a largo 
 portion of its residents doing business in that city d\iring 
 tlie day. Six steam ferries connect the eastern distri&t 
 with the metropolis, two running from the foot of South 
 Seventh Street, and two from the foot of Grand Street, in 
 Williamsburg, and two from the foot of Greenpoint Av(j- 
 nue, in Greenpoint. Williamsburg and Greenpoint are 
 regularly laid out, the streets being straight, and generally 
 crossing at right angles, though the pl.an is 8omel!:ues va. 
 ried to correspond with the configuration of the ground, 
 
 2115 
 
WIL 
 
 and to connect with tho streets of the ■western district. 
 Grand Street and South Seventh Street are the principal 
 thorouglifares ; First Street and Fourth Street are also ac- 
 tive business streets. The houses of the eiistcrn district are 
 neatly and well built, thouph generally not more than two 
 stories high. Many of the dwellings, however, especially in 
 the newer portions of tlie city, are large and very handsome 
 buildings. The eastern district of Brooklyn contains about 
 60 churches, among which are .12 Methodist, 6 Baptist, 7 
 Protestiint Episcopal, 6 Reformed Dutch, 5 Presbyterian, 6 
 Roman Catholic, 3 I-utheran, a Universalist, and a German 
 Church, and a Jewish Synagogue. Of these, tlie most worthy 
 of notice are the First Baptist Cliurch, at the corner of Fifth 
 and South Fifth Streets, a handsome building of fine stone, 
 in a commanding situation, with, the front facing East 
 River ; tlie Catholic Church, a fine brick building, on Second 
 street, between South Second and Soutli Third streets; and 
 the First Presbyterian, a handsome brick edifice, with a 
 steeple and clock The St. Mark's Episcopal Church, at 
 the comer of Fourth and South Fifth Streets, is a massive 
 and imposing structure, with a square tower, and enclosed 
 by grounds highly improved. Of the newer churches, the 
 niost noticeable is Christ Church (Episcopal ~i,on B<?dford Ave- 
 nue, an elegant structure of brown freestone, and one of the 
 finest churches in Brooklyn. To one approaching from New 
 York or the western district it is the most conspicuous fea- 
 ture of this part of the city. Being flanked on each side by 
 elegant brownstone houses, partially fronting a small pub- 
 lic square, it forms the centre of one of the most beautiful 
 rows in New York or Brooklyn. The Loe Avenue Reformed 
 Butch Church is another large and handsome building, be- 
 longing to a society, wliose Sunday Sghool is noted as one 
 of the largest and most flourishing in the United States. 
 The eastern district of Brooklyn contains 3 banks, 2 sav- 
 ings institutions, and one daily newspaper office. Among 
 the institutions are a Bible Society, organized in 1845 ; a 
 medical society, established in 1852, and iiii industrial school. 
 A Mercantile Library Association is now (March, 1865) being 
 formed. A medical dispensary has also been established. 
 The district has a sj'stem of water-works and two gas com- 
 panies, one for Williamsburg and one for Greenpoint. 
 Numerous manufactories of various kinds are estiiblished in 
 this district, and several ship-yards are located here, some 
 of which are among the largest in the United States. Many 
 of the manufacturing establishments are situated on the 
 East liiver, and are conspicuous objects to one approiiching 
 from the water. At the American Plate Glass Manufactory, 
 [For continuation, see Appendix.] 
 
 WILLIAMSBUKG or PENN'S NEClv, a Tillage of Middle- 
 sex CO., New Jersey, contains 2 churche.o. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, New Jersey. See Cedar Creek. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a tlourisliiiig post-borough of Blair co„ 
 Pennsylvania, on the JuAiata River, and on the I'eunsyl- 
 vania Canal. 157 miles E. of Pittsburg. It contains 4 or 6 
 churches, 1 woollen factory, and several mills. Pop. 798. 
 
 WILLIAMSBUKG, a small village of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania, alwiut 70 miles N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 WILLIAMSBUKG, a city, capital of James City co., Vir- 
 ginia, 60 miles E. of Richmond, and 68 miles N.W. of Nor- 
 folk. It Is situated on a level plain between James and 
 York Rivers, 6 miles from each. It is the oldest incorporated 
 town in the state, and is interesting in historic associations. 
 It was the seat of the royal government previous to the 
 Revolution, and afterwards capital of the state until 1779. 
 William and Mary College, founde<l at this place in 1692. is 
 the oldest literary institution in the Union, excepting llar- 
 vanl University, and is at present in a flourishing condition. 
 The library contains about 5000 volumes, and the students 
 in attendance generally number from 100 to 150. Williams- 
 burg is the seat of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, which stands 
 deservedly high for its neatness, order, and «)mf<)rtable 
 accommodations. It has about 200 patients, and a hand- 
 some edifice, with all the modern improvements in arrange- 
 ment. The town contains 3 churche.s. Episcopalian. Baptist, 
 and Methodist. First settled in 16;>2. Pop. estimated at 1500. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a po.st-village in Iredell co.^ North 
 Carolina, L')7 miles W. of Raleii;!!. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village, capital of Covington co., 
 Mississippi, on an affluent of Leaf River, 00 miles S.E. of 
 Jackson. 
 
 WILLIAMSBUKG, a post-ofRce, Henderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 WILLIAMSBUKG, a small village of Owen co.. Kentucky. 
 
 WILLIAMSBUKG, a post-village, capital of Whitley co.. 
 Kentucky, on the Cumberland River, and on the rout« of 
 tho Danville and Knoxville Railroad, 125 miles S.S.E. of 
 Frn n k fort, has 1 church and several stores. Fourteen miles 
 below, the river presents a perpendicular fall of 60 feet, 
 which is one of the most remarkable objects in the state. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village and township of Cler- 
 mont CO., Ohio, on the E. fork of Little Miami River, 28 
 miles E. of Cincinnati, was formerly the county seat. P. 2084. 
 
 WII,L1 AMSBUUG, a small village of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 
 WI 1,1,1 AMSltUUO. a thriving village of Noble co.. Ohio, 
 near the Central Ohio Railroad, about 40 miles E. of Zanes- 
 vUlo. 
 
 2119 
 
 WIL 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a pleasant village of Johnson co,, 
 Indiana, on Nineveh Creek. 8 miles S. of Franklin. 
 
 AVILLIAMSBURG, a post-village of Wayne co., Indiana, 
 on a branch of Whitewater River, about 72 miles E. by N. 
 of Indianapolis. Pop. about 300. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a post-viUage in De Kalb co., Illinois, 
 about 60 miles W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, a small village of Shelby co., Illinoia. 
 
 "WILLIAMSBUKG, a post-village in Callaway co., Miseouri, 
 40 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 W1LLI.\MSBURG, a small village of JIacon co., Missouri. 
 
 AVIiyLI AMSBUim, a village of Canada West, co. of llalten, 
 35 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. about 200. 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG, NORTH, a village of Canada West, co. 
 of Dundas, 115 miles S.W. of Montreal. 
 
 WILLIAMS CENTRE, a post-village of Williams co., Ohio, 
 171 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 WILLIAMS COLLEGE. See Wiluamstown, Massacho- 
 
 WILLIAMS COLLEGE GRANT, a township of Aroostpok 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 WILLIAMS CROSS ROADS, a small post-village of Choo- 
 taw CO., Alabama. 
 
 WIL'LIAMSFIELD, a post-township forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of Aslitabula co., Ohio. Pop. 971. 
 
 WIL'LIAMSON, a county in the central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 1150 square miles. It is traversed from 
 W. to E. by San Gabriel River, and also drained by Brushy 
 Creek. Tlie surface is diversified by prairies and woodlauds. 
 Named in honor of Judge Robert M. 'Williamson, member 
 of Congress of the republic of Texas. Capital, Georgetown. 
 Pop. 4529, of whom 3638 were free, and 891 slaves. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, a county in the central part of Tennessee. 
 Area estimated at 650 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 brandies of Ilarpeth River. The surface is uneven ; the soil 
 highly prculuctive and extensively cultivated. The county is 
 intersected by the Nashville and Decatur Railroad. It is 
 among tlie most populous counties of the sbite. Capital, 
 Franklin. Pop. 23,827, of whom 11,460 were free, and 12,367 
 slaves. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an 
 area of 390 S(iuare miles. It is intersected by Big Muddy 
 River, and also drained by the S. fork of Saline River. The 
 county consists partly of prairie and partly of timbered 
 land; the soil is productive. Stone-coal is abundant. Ca- 
 pital, Marion. Pop. 12,205. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, a post-village and town.ship of Wayne co.. 
 New York, 26 miles E. by N. of Rochester. The township 
 borders on Lake Ontario. Pop. 26S2. 
 
 WILLI.^MSON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky. 
 
 W1LLI.\MS0N, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana. 
 
 WILLIAMSON'S MILLS, a post-village of Lexington dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 WIL'LIAMSPORT, a flourishing town, capital of Lycom- 
 ing county. Pennsylvania, is beautifully situated on the left 
 liank of the West Branch of Susquehanna River, and on tlie 
 Philadelphia and Lrie Railroad, 90 miles N. of llarrisburg, 
 and 198 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. The Williamsport and 
 Elmira Railroad extends from this place to Elmira, 78 
 miles. Williamsport is a favorite place of resort in sum- 
 mer, on account of its healthy situation, and the beautiful 
 scenery which surrounds it. It contains a fine new brick 
 court-liouse, 12 churches, 2 national banks, 1 state bank, 
 2 public halls, 2 seminaries, and many handsome dwellings. 
 Six newspapers are published here. The West Branch 
 Canal, which passes through the town, affords a ready ac- 
 cess to the best markets, and large quantities of lumber and 
 grain are shipped at this place. The hills in the visinity 
 contain coal and iron ore. Hero are 3 foundries. 2 or 3 
 machine-shops, 1 blast-furnace, 1 woollen factory, 20 steam 
 saw-mills, &c, Pop. in 1850, 1615; in 1860 5664; in 1S65, 
 about 10.000 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT, Pennsylvania. See Monongahela Cut. 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT, a post-villa.ire of Washington co., Mary- 
 land, on the Potomac River, at the mouth of Coneoocheaguo 
 Creek, 9 miles S.W. of Ilagerstown. The Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal passes through the place. It contains a bank, 
 with a capital of $135,000, and numerous stores. 
 
 WILLIAMSPOItT. a post-village of Hardy Co., W. Tir- 
 ginia, about 124 miles S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT or PRUNTYTOWN, capital of Taylor 
 CO.. W. Virginia, about 1 or 2 miles from the Northwestern 
 Railroad, and 100 miles S.S.E. of Wheeling. It is the seat of 
 Rector College, founded in 1839, and contains 2 churches. 
 
 WILLI.VMSI'ORT, a i-illage of Wood Co., W.Virginia, on 
 the Ohio River, ojiposite Marietta, Ohio. Pop. about 250. 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT, a post-office of Pointe Coupee parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT, a post-village of Maury co.. Tenne.sse". 
 on Duck Kiver, about 40 miles S.W. of Nasl.tille. i-op. 
 about 250. 
 
 WILLI.'VMSPORT, a thriving village of (V'u.nbiana co., 
 Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 163 miles N.E. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT, a post- village of PicKaway co , Ohio, on 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 the rinnnnati AV'ilmington and Zanesville Railroad, 9 miles 
 W. hv S. of Ciri-lcville/ 
 
 AVlLLTAMSI'Oirr. !i smnll Tillatre of Richland cc, Ohio. 
 
 WILLIAM^rOUT, a tlirivin;; post-Tillage, capital of War- 
 ren CO.. Indiana, on the rijtht hanl< of the Waba.sh River, 
 75 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. It has an active trade, 
 which is facilitated by the Wabash and Erie Canal. The 
 Toli'ilo and Wabash Railroad also pusses throuj.'h tliis place. 
 It luis '1 cliurclies. A newspaper is published here. Popu- 
 lation 5-JO. 
 
 WILLIAMS' RIVER, in the E.S.E. part of Vermont, rises 
 In Windsor co.. and falls into the Connecticut alwut 3 miles 
 above IJellows Falls. 
 
 WILLI A.MS' STORE, a post-office of Hardeman cc, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 WIULIAMSTON, n parish of South Wales, co. Pembroke. 
 
 WIL'LIAM.STON. a post-villa,!;eof Anderson district. South 
 Carolinsu on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 19 miles 
 from Greenville. 
 
 WILLIAMSTON. a villaire of Barbour co., Alabama, 65 
 mib's S.E. t>y K. of Montjtoniery. 
 
 WI LLI.\>ISTOX, a townslnp in the central part of Dodge 
 CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 2199. 
 
 WI L'L1AM.ST()W.\, a seaport town or village of the British 
 colony of Victoria. Australia, on a headland in I'ort I'hillip, 
 5 miles S.W. of Melbourne, and opposite which vessels of 
 larire burden can anchor. I'op. 322. 
 
 W1I.'L1.\MST0WN', a township of Orange co., Vermont, 
 11 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1377. 
 
 WILIjIAMSTOWN. a pleasant post-village and township 
 of Berlishire co.. Massachusetts, about 120 miles W.N.W. of 
 Boston. It is the seat of Williams College, a flourishing in- 
 stitution founded in 1793. The institution coni])rise8 5 brick 
 buildinj^s for the accommodation of the students, a library 
 building, an astrouonncal observatory, a stone chapel, and 
 a stone g.vmnasium. Tlie two last have been completed 
 witlnii a few years. Important additions have recently 
 been made to the chemical and pliilosoplncal api>aratii8. 
 The institution is cudowtnl to tlie amount of about $75,000. 
 Williamstown haa manufactures of woollen and otlier 
 fabrics, boots and shoes, carriages, cooperage, edge tools, 
 &c. It contains 4 churches. Pop. 2iill. 
 
 WILLIAMSTOW.\, a post-village and township of Oswego 
 CO., New York, on the Watertown and Rome Railroad, 28 
 miles N.W. of Rome. Pop. 1144. 
 
 AVILLIAMSTOWN or SQUANKUM, a post-village of 
 Camden co.. New Jer.sey, 11 miles S.K. of Woodbury, con- 
 tains 2 churches. 3 stores, and several glas.s-works. 
 
 WILLI.\MSTOWN, a small village of Lancaster cc, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WILLIAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Martin co.. North Carolina, on tlie right bank of the Roanoke 
 River. 100 piiles E. of Raleigh. The surrounding country 
 is partly occupied by cypress swamps, which supply an 
 artiile of export. Pop. 616. 
 
 WILLIAMSTOWN, a post-village, capital of Grant co.. 
 Kentucky, on the turnpike from Covington to Lexington, 
 37 miles S. of Ciucinuati. It contains a brick court-hou.se 
 and 4 churches. Pop. about 450. Eree pop. 2.50, 
 
 Wl LLIAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Hancock co., 
 Ohio, about 15 miles S. of Findlay. • 
 
 WII,LIAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Ingham co., 
 Michigan, on Cedar River, about 20 mifes E. of Lansing. It 
 contains several stores, flouring-mills, and saw-mills. Pop. 
 in ISf*, about 600. 
 
 WILLIAMSTOWN, a village of Clay cc, Indiana, on the 
 National Road. 14 miles E.N.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 WILLI.\:\1ST0WN, a pos(>village of Decatur co., Indiana, 
 45 nules S.E. of Indianapoli.s. 
 
 WIL'LIAMSTOWN. a village of Canada We.st. co. of Glen- 
 garv. 70 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 400. 
 
 WIL'L1.\MSVILLK. a post-village in M'indliam co., Ver- 
 mont, on the South Branch of West Kiver. about 100 miles 
 S. by E. of Montpelier. The South Branch affords water- 
 power. 
 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., New York, 
 on Kllicott's Creek, 8 miles N.E. of . Buffalo. It contains 1 
 Roman Catboli; and 3 Protestant churches, 3 or 4 stores, 
 several flouring and saw mills. a_ carding machine, and a 
 larL'e tannery. Pop. in J800, about 1000. 
 
 WILLI.\MSVILLE, a village of Essex co.. New Jersey, 5 
 miles N.W. of Newark. 
 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-office of Elk co., Pennsylvania. 
 WILLI.\MSVILLE. a postrvillage of Kent co., Delaware, 
 22 miles S.W. of Dover. 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, a postrofflce of Bath cc, Virginia. 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-village of l^erson co.. North 
 Carolina, on an affluent of Dan River, 65 miles N.N.W. of 
 Ral.d-h. 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-office of Dickson co.. Tenne.s.see. 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-village of Delaware cc, Ohio, 
 14 miles N. of Columbus. 
 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, a village of Canada West. co. of 
 Haldimand. 35 miles .S. of Hamilton. Pop. about 100. 
 WIL'LIAN, a parish of England, co. of Herts. 
 
 WTLLTGTOWN. a small village of Greene eo., Arkansas. 
 
 WIL'LIMANSCTT. a post-village in Hampden co.. Massa 
 chu.setts, on the left bank of Connecticut River, and oh tl*" 
 Connecticut River Railroad, 75 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 WILLIM-iN'TIC. a fine mill-stream, rises in Tolland co. 
 Connecticut, and unites with Shetueket River, in Windliaas 
 county. 
 
 WILLIMANTIC, a flourishing post-borough in Windham 
 township, Windham CO., Coiniecticut, on the Willimant;e 
 River, wliere the Providence Hartford iind Fishkill Raili-oiiiJ 
 intersects the New London Northern Railroad, .'i2 nules E. 
 by S. of Hartford. It is also on the route of the Air-lino 
 Railroad from New York to Boston, about 1-0 miles N.E. of 
 the former, and 80 miles S.W.of tlie latter. The Willimar.- 
 tic is here a large stream, and has a fall of more than lOi'" 
 feet in the distance of a mile, affording an extensive hydrau 
 lie power. Here are 5 cotton-mills, 2 woollen-mills. 2 threaC 
 factories, and 1 machine-sliop, in which paper machinery 
 is made. In addition to the otlier advantages of the place, 
 is an abundance of building stone of an excellent qualitj 
 found in tlie vicinity. Tlie borough contains 4 churches, a 
 newspaper office, and upwards of 20 stores. Population 
 about 3500. 
 
 WIL'LINQ, a post-office of Alleghany cc. New York. 
 
 WIL'LINGALE DOK, a pari.sh of England, cc of Essex. 
 
 WILLINGALE Sl'AIN, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 
 contiguous to the above. 
 
 WIL'LINGBOROUGH, a township of Burlington cc. New 
 Jersey. Pop. 643. 
 
 WIL'LINGDON. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 WIL'LINGIIA.M. a parish of Engl.and, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 WILLTNGH.\M, a parisli of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 AVILLINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WILLINGHAM CHERRY, a parish of England, co. ot 
 Lincoln. 
 
 WILLINGHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 WILLINGHAM, SOUTH, a parish of England, cc of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 WIL'LINOTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 WILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. and IH miles 
 S.W. of DerViy, on the Derby and Birmingham Railway. 
 
 WILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 WILLINGTON, Piscatacjuis'co., .Maine. See Weli.ixgtov. 
 
 M'lLLINGTON. a post-village and township of Tolland 
 CO.. Connecticut. 24 miles E. by N. of Hartford. The town- 
 ship is interHccted by the New London Northern Railroad. 
 It contains 2 cluuxhes, a glass-factory, a number of cotton- 
 mills, and 1 woollen-mill. Pop. 1166. 
 
 WILIJNGTON. a post-village of Abbeville district. South 
 Cair.lina, near Savannah River, 90 miles W. by S. of Cc 
 lumbia. 
 
 .WIL'LINK, a postrvillage of Erlecc, New York, 16 miles 
 S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 WILLINK'SCREEK. of Niagara co., New York, falls into 
 the W. end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 WILLISAU, fi-ille Rdw\ a town of Switzerland, canton 
 and 15 miles W.N.W. of Lucerne, on the river A\igger. 
 Pop. llfiO 
 
 WIL'LISBITRG. a post-office of W.ashington cc, Kentucky. 
 
 WIL'LISHAM. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WIL'LIS RIVER, a small affluent of James River, Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Buckingham county. Flowing eastward and 
 north-eastward, it crosses Cumlierland county, and falls 
 into James River near Cartersville. It is navigable by boats 
 from it.s mouth to Curdsville. above 30 miles. 
 
 WILLIS'S STORE, a post-village of Appling cc, Georgia, 
 about 100 miles S.E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 AVIVLISTON, a post-village and township of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad. 30 miles 
 W.N.AV. of Montpelier. The village contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 a town-house, and an academy. I'op. of the township. 1479. 
 
 WILLISTON, a post-office of Potter cc, Pennsylvania. 
 
 WTIjLISTON, a post-village of Barnwell district. South 
 Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 99 miles W.N.W. 
 of Charle.ston. 
 
 AVILLISTON, a village of Callaway co., Kentucky, 255 
 miles S.W. by W. of Frankfort. 
 
 AVIL'LISTOWN, a township of Chester cc, Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1521. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, will^be, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY. a parish of New South Wales, co. o\ 
 Cumlx^rland. on Port-.Iackson. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, wil'lo-be, a pleasant post-village and 
 township of Lake co., Ohio, on Chagrin River, and on the 
 Cleveland and Erie Railroad, 18 miles N.E. of Cleveland. 
 The village contains a medical university, a flouidshing 
 female seminary, and several churches. The township bor- 
 ders on Lake V>ie. Pop. 1721. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY CAPE, the E. point of Kangaroo Island, 
 South Australia, lat. 35° 54' S.. Ion. 138° 15' E. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY LAKE, a post>village and fashionabls 
 resort of Orleans co., Vermont, on a lake of the same name, 
 
 2117 
 
=n 
 
 WIL 
 
 and on the great Uioroughfare just opened from Boston vid 
 St. Joliii?l)ury to .^tanstead. in Canada East. Willoughby 
 Lake is a boautifii] sheet of water, nearly 5 miU^s in length, 
 celebiftteil for its romantic scenery, about 35 miles N.E. by 
 N. of Mont|ielier. 
 
 WILLOUGIIBY-OX-TIIE- WOLDS, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Nottingham. 
 WILLOUGHBY SCOTT, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. 
 WILL()UGIIB\, SILK. See Silk Willouqhbt. 
 WILLOUGHBY WATERLESS, a parish of England, co. 
 of Leicester. 
 WIL'LOUGIITOX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 WII/LOW CREEK, a post-office of Marion district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WI LLOW CREEK, a pos(>vilIage of Lee co., Illinois, about 
 80 miles W. by S. of Chicago. 
 WILLOW CREKK, a post-office, Marr[uette co., Wisconsin. 
 WlLLi)W DALK, a post-office of Trumbull co.. Ohio. 
 WILLOW GROVE, a post-village of Jlontgomery county, 
 Peiin.aylvania, on the turnpike loading from Philadelphia 
 to Easton, 13 miles N. of the former. It contains 3 goo<l 
 hotels, 2 stores, and about 12 dwellings. The medicinal 
 springs at tills place are much resorted to during the sum- 
 mer season. 
 
 WILLOW GROVE, a post-office of Sumter district, South 
 Carolina. 
 WILLOW GROVE, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia. 
 WI1,L')W GROVE, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee. 
 WILLOW GROVE, a small village of Crittenden co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 WILLOW HILL, a post-township of Jasper co., Illinois. 
 WILLOW ISLAND, a piLst-office, Pleasant co., W.Virginia. 
 WILLOW RIVER, Wiscon.«in. See Hudson. 
 WILLOW RIVER, a small stream of St. Croix co.. Wis- 
 consin, flows south-westward, and enters St. Croi.x I..ake at 
 llu'lson. 
 WILLOW SPRING, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia. 
 WILLOW SPRING, a post-village of Claiborne co., Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 WILLOW SPRINGS, a post^village and township in the 
 N. part of Lafayette co., Wiscon.sin, near the Pekatouica 
 River. Pop. 838. 
 
 ■HILLOW STREET, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 WILLO^t TREE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania. 
 WILLS, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1267. 
 WILLSBOROUGII. wilz/biir-ruh, a post-village and town- 
 ship of E.ssex CO., New York, on Boquet River, about 140 
 miles N. by E. of Albany. The township is on the W. .side of 
 Lake Champlaiu. Iron is produced here to a considerable 
 extent. Pop. 1519. 
 
 WILLS' CREEK, of Alabama, flows south-westerly 
 through De Kalb co., thtn tu»ns to the S.K., and enters 
 Coosa River, near Gadsden. 
 
 WILLS' CREEK, of Ohio, rises in the S.E. part of the 
 state, flows north-westwanJ through Guern.sey co., and en- 
 ters the Mu.ikiugum River about 10 miles S. of Coshocton. 
 WILLS' CREEK, a postoffice of Coshocton co.. Ohio. 
 WILLSIIIRE. will/shir, a post-village and township of 
 A an Wert co.. Ohio, on the St. Mary's River, mi miles 
 >V.N.^V. of Columbus. The village contains 1 church, 2 
 store.s, and several mills. It was settled in 1822 by Captain 
 James Riley, with whose sufferings in Africa the public are 
 famihar. Pop. of the township, 1429. 
 
 WILLS MOUN'TAIN, a ridge extending from the S.W. 
 part of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, E. of \\ills' Creek, into 
 Alleghany county, in Maryland. 
 
 WILiysOX'S MILL, a village of Henry co., Iowa, on Skunk 
 River, 00 miles S. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 )J^JH"'^Ll'9l,^'^'' " Post-oflice of Benton co.. Tennessee, 
 w V J,V'^■"lT^^pT, will/stJtt, a market-town of Baden. 5 miles 
 N.N.A\. of Offenbursj. Pop. 1000. 
 ^•Jl'/Wx^-^Til^/'''^' " *"'''" "*■ '■'Inland. See Vilmanstrand. 
 w5 ^„ v-"n^w ' " P*'*"'' '''■ ^''"S^'"^^^ CO. of Kent 
 WlLMl.NtrfON, a parish of England, co. of Su&sex. It 
 ^WM ,^,'vl^'l?''"'" '"^ '•>« Marquis of Northampton. 
 : i",L -.^^'i- " PO'^t-township of Windham co.. Ver- 
 
 nnW ;. ? v""'**" ^..''^ )y- P*" iI°"tP«"er. One newspaper is 
 published here. Pop. 14-J4. '^^ 
 
 WILMINGTON, a post-township of Middlesex co.. Massa- 
 chiisetts, intersected by the Boston and lx)well. the Boston 
 and Maine, the Sa em and Ix>well Railroads, and a branch 
 
 » lLMINC.rO.V a post-village and township of Essex co 
 ^ wn v^vf",.;^!"' ^•^^'- "^ '''>'t'«'"«'^'- I'op S61, ' 
 
 lML.MIN(iT()\ nr VKW VVT I aitv/.t.^ - - *^ 
 
 Law 
 
 WIL 
 
 Baltimore Railroad passes through the place. The tipper 
 part of the city is built on the southern slope of a hill, the 
 summit of which is 110 feet above the tide level, and com- 
 mands an extensive view of the Delav/are River, and the 
 city itself. Wilmington is regularly planned, with wi<le 
 and straight streets, and is generally well built of brick. 
 The streets running parallel to the Christiana (commencing 
 near the creek) are, Water, J'ront, 2d, .3d, &c., u|) to 1.5th 
 street. The principal thoroughfare of business is Market 
 street, which extends from the Christiana to the Brandy- 
 wine, rather more than a mile, intersecting the other streets 
 at right-an.gles, and at each end terminated by a handsome 
 bridge. Kings, French. Shipley, Orange, and"other streets, 
 are parallel with Market street. Th'. city contains 29 
 
 WILMINGTON or NEW WILMINGTON, a township of 
 Awrcnre co.. Pennsylvania. Pop. 1752. 
 ■op. .^7s""'''"™''''' "* '""'"^'^'P of ^i«rcer co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WILJIINGTON. a city and port of entry of New Castla 
 CO., ^cb, ware is situated on the Christiana (or Ctetfuo) 
 
 ^(ine o'n.'.r'^'f "'^ '^^''\^. 1"" J"'"^''"" withShe Bm Sy- 
 r.i I ' , ■ "" '^^°"' "'" Delaware River, 28 miles S W of 
 PhiUidelplua. and 70 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore La "soo 
 41 N., Jen ,0° 2«' W. The Philadelphia Milmiugton imd 
 
 was built in 169S. There are, also, a town-hall, a largo 
 hospital and almshouse, situated on high ground in the 
 western part of the town, and a Catholic College, which is 
 a handsome brick edifice. The custom-house, built of 
 granite, is another prominent building. The Institute is a 
 largo brick edifice on .^larket street. It contains a spacious 
 hall, a scientific lecture-room, and a library of 7000 volumes. 
 There are 5 banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,246,000, 
 2 savings institutions, and several insurance companies. 
 Five newspapers are published here. Wilmington contains 
 4 boarding, 3 or 4 private, and 9 public schools, which are 
 well conducted, and liberally patronized. The streets, 
 stores, ^c, are lighted with gas, and the city is supplied 
 witli water from the Brandywine. There is an efficient 
 fire department, with I steam, and 5 or 6 hand fire-engines. 
 
 Wilmington is the metropolis of Delaware, and by far the 
 most important and populous town in the stat^ It is 
 remarkable for its mannfactures, of which the following 
 are some of the most imiiortant : iron steamboats, railway- 
 cars, steam-engines, milroad-wheels, locomotive and cai^- 
 springs, mill-machinery and other iron, powder, carriages, 
 flour, leather, shoes, cotton and woollen gooils, and fiirming 
 implements. There are about 5 iron foundries. 6 larjje ma- 
 chine-shops, 2 rolling-mills, 2 cotton factories, several m.\nu- 
 factoiies of woollen-goods, and 2 large saw-mills. The 
 powder-works of E. I. Diipont * Co., 2 miles from the 
 city, have long been celebrated. There are large flour- 
 ing-mills on the Brandywine here which annually gi-inr 
 about 1.000.0 )0 bushels of wheat. A city railway extendi 
 from the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad Depot, vit 
 Market street (on which there is a double track) and Dela 
 ware avenue, to the N.W. exti-emity of the town, whenct 
 it is continued 2 miles up the Brandywine. Five turnnike 
 roads radiate from the city. The Delaware Railroad, whicl 
 travei-ses the whole state from its southern extremity, tep 
 minates here. Pop. in 18.30, 6628; in 1840, 8367, in" 18.50 
 13,979; in 1853, 16,163; and in 1860, 21,258, among whom 
 there were but four slaves. It may now (1865) be estimated 
 at about 25,000, having nearly doiibletl within the last 15 
 years. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a post-village of Fluvanna co.. Virginia, 
 on the Rivanna River. 55 miles W. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a city, port of entry, and capital of New 
 Hanover co.. North Carolina, is situated on the left or K 
 bank of Cape Fear River, just below the entrance of its N.F. 
 branch. 34 miles fi-om the sea, 135 miles S.E. of Raleigh, 180 
 miles N.E. of Charleston, and 416 from Washington. Lat. 
 34° 11' N., Ion. 78° 10' W. It is the largest and most com- 
 mercial place in the state, the bnsine.ss and population hav- 
 ing been greatly increased by the construction of the Wil- 
 mington and Raleigh Railroad, which extends N. to Weldon, 
 on the Roanoke River, 162 mile.s. and forms part of the gre.at 
 highway of travel. North and South. The citv has about 
 .$500,000 invested in this work, which cost $2,500,000, and is 
 now in excellent condition. Another railroad has recently 
 been opened from Wilmington to Manchester, in Soutll 
 Carolina, where it connects with the Camden Branch Rail- 
 road. The length of this line is 156 miles, and the cost 
 $1,800,000. of which $.500,000 were subscribed by the citizen* 
 of Wilmington. A plank-road is extending from this city 
 towanls Onslow county. The town contains 3 banks, with 
 an aggregate capital of §1.150.000. Five or six newspnpers 
 are published here. More than 20 steam-engines are em- 
 ployed in the manufactories of this idace. among which are 
 7 steam saw-mills and 2 planing-mills. with a capital of 
 .•!;275.000, protlucimr annually aliout thirty million feet of 
 lumlwr: 3 rioe-mills: 10 turpentine distilleries, working 
 about 25 stills, capital estimated at $100,000; and several 
 mnchiiie shops. 
 
 Four mail steamers keep up a daily communication witlj 
 Chnrle,9ton. and 9 steamboats and 20 tow-boats ply from this 
 port to Fayetteville. The whole number ol steamboats on 
 the river in 1852 was 19. It is expected that the ej tensive 
 deposits of coal in Chatham county will, by Qieauf, of the 
 Deep River improvement, now in progress, find an outlet 
 here, and open a new source of wealth. Ihi .<hi|.f ing of 
 the district. June 30. 1854. according to the ■ uston -house 
 returns, amounted to an aggregate of IP <84 V >m registered, 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 and 9271 tons enrolled and licensed. The foreign and coast- 
 wise ai rivals for 1852, exclusive of the Charleston steanier.s 
 and Xortli Carolina coastpr.s. were 75.'!. 
 
 The f< ilIowinR Table exhibits the principal articles exported, 
 OOfistwise and foreign, in 1853 and 1854. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 Coast- 
 wise. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Coast- 1 p : 
 
 wise, jFo'-o'S". 
 
 Bpiriis of Turpentiue, bbla. 
 Crude Turpeutiue, bbU. . 
 
 Rosiu, bbls 
 
 Tar, bbls 
 
 I'ltch, bbls 
 
 Fluur. bbla 
 
 Timber, feet 
 
 Lumber, feet 
 
 Sbhiglea 
 
 Staves 
 
 Grouiid Pea» or Pea- > 
 nul8, bus. . J ■ ■ 
 
 CoCtou, bales 
 
 Cotton, sheetlns, bales . . 
 Cottou, yarn, bales • . . 
 Cotton, waste, bales . . . 
 Cotton, warp, bales . . , 
 Paper, uows, bundles . . 
 
 AVool, bales, 
 
 Hice, cbian, casks . . . 
 Rice, rough, bus 
 
 113,717 
 
 51.828 
 
 369,770 
 
 2 1, fins 
 
 5,019 
 
 1.349 
 
 1,030,441 
 
 •25,646,79-.' 
 
 69,624 
 
 7,515 
 
 2,320 
 
 2,581 
 
 317 
 
 122 
 
 2,120 
 
 182 
 
 1,724 
 
 102,917 
 
 1,457 
 
 21,454 
 
 10,679 
 
 4,521 
 
 1,904 
 
 86 
 
 85,154 
 
 12,511,1.58 
 
 5,223,750 
 
 154,782 
 
 87 
 252,4 
 
 119.308 
 
 65,102 
 
 441,692 
 
 32,919 
 
 4,624 
 
 14,431 
 
 I,.3.)0,2fi3 
 
 20,003,958 
 
 91,807 
 
 10,328 
 
 1,«SS) 
 
 1,573 
 
 236 
 
 181 
 
 2,805 
 
 39 
 
 401 
 
 137,672 
 
 1,314 
 
 12,071 
 
 11.603 
 
 7.IS8 
 
 1,001 
 
 630 
 
 206,915 
 
 11,118,180 
 
 5,l28,-259 
 
 133,819 
 
 32 
 
 164 
 
 The total value of coastwise exports in 1852 was $3,991,501, 
 foreign. $549,107. 
 
 In 1819 a great fire occurred, which consumed about 200 
 buildings, and property valued at $1,000,000. I'op. in IS.Ii). 
 alx)ut;:U00; 1840.4744; inl8o0,72t4; and in 1860,9552. Wil- 
 niiiigtdn was capturecl from tlie rebels in February, 1865. 
 In the preceding month tlie Union army and navy gained a 
 great victory at Fort Fislier. which defended ttie |MHt. 
 
 WILMINQTOX, a post-village and township of Union co., 
 Arkansas, on the Washita Kiver, about 100 miles in a direct 
 line S. of Little Hook. 
 
 WILMIMjTON, a village of McCrarkon co., Kentucky, 
 255 miles S.W. by \V. of Kriinkfort. 
 
 W1J,,MIN(jT0X. a flourishing post-village in Union town- 
 ship, capital of Clinton county, Ohio, on Todd's Fork of 
 Little .Miami lUver, 72 miles S.VV. of Columbus. It is plea- 
 santly situated on undulating ground, and is well built. 
 It is one of the principal stations on the Cincinnati Wil- 
 mington and Zanesville Railroad. Wilmington contains, 
 besides the county buildings, 5 or 6 churches, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Laid out in 1810. Pop. iu 1860, 915. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana. 6 
 miles S.W. of Lawrenceburg, was formerly the county seat. 
 It contains the county seminary. Pop. in 1850. 287. 
 
 WI L.MINGTON, a township in De Kalb co.. Indiana. Pop. 
 1499. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a post-village and township of Will co.. 
 Illinois, on the Kankakee River, and on a railroad 16 miles 
 S.S VV.of Joliet. The villagecohtains a woollen factory and 
 a national bank. Pop. of the township, 1552. 
 
 Wl LMINGTON ISLAND, of Chatham co., Georgia, at the 
 mouth of the Savannah Kiver. enclosed on the N.K. and 
 N.W. by small outlets of the Savannah Uiver. Length 5 
 miles: greatest breadth about 4 miles. 
 
 Wlh'MORE. Cambria CO., Pennsylvania. See Appe.ndix. 
 
 WILMOT. a post-township in Merrimack co., New Hamp- 
 shire. .".0 miles N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1195. 
 
 Wl L.MOT, a township. Bradford co., Pennsylvania. P.1020. 
 
 WILMOT, a post-oftice of Noble co., Indiana. 
 
 WlIiMOT, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, about 22 
 miles N.K. of Uockford. 
 
 WILMOT, a post-village of Kenosha co.. Wisconsin, on 
 Pishtaka or Fox Kiver. about 25 miles W. of Kenosha. 
 
 WII/MOT, a town of Nova Scotia, co. of Annapolis, in the 
 be.iutiful and fertile valley of the Annapolis, on the right 
 bank of the river, ahjiit 49 miles from its entrance into 
 Annapiilis Bay. and 70 miles N.W. of Halifax. 
 
 WILMOT FLAT, a post-office of Merrimack co., New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 WI LM'SLOW, a parish of England, co. of Chester, on the 
 Manchester Branch of the North-Western Railway, 7J miles 
 B.S.W. of Stockport. 
 
 AVIL'MUKT, a post-township of Herkimer co., New York, 
 about 90 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 260. 
 
 WtLN.\, a government and town of Russia. See Vlt.y.\. 
 
 WIL'.XA. a post-township of Jelferson co.. New York, 
 ^bout 150 miles N.W. of .ybany. It is drained by Black 
 River, and contains the villaire of Carthage. Pop. 3662. 
 
 WILN.V, a post-village or Houston county, Georgia, 50 
 miles S.W. by S. m Milledgeville. 
 
 WIL'XEOOTE. a hamlet of Engl.ind. co. of Warwick, pa- 
 rish And 3 miles S.S.E. of Tamworlh, on the Birmingham 
 and lierby Railway. Pop. in 1S51. 824. 
 
 WILNE. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WILNIS, wil'nis, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 aud 15 miles N.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 1041. 
 
 WTLRYK, wil'rTk, a village of Belgium, province and 4 
 miles S. of .\ntwerp. Pop. 2275. 
 
 WILS/DEN, a town.ship of England, :o. of York, Wedt 
 Riding. See Wii.LF,sr>E>f. 
 
 WlhSDRUF, *ilsMrr.of, a town of Saxony, 9 miles W. of 
 Dresden, on the Wilde-Sau. Pop. 2135. 
 
 WILSFjLE, wilVi-l^h, a village of Belgium, province ol 
 Brabant, on the Dylo and the canal from Louvain to the 
 Kupel, 15 miles E.N.E. of Bru.ssels. Pop. 1063. 
 
 WIL'SEYVILLE. a post-village of Tioga co.. New York, 
 on the railroad between Ithaca and Owego, 14 miles N. of 
 the latter. 
 
 WILS'FORD, a parish of Eniland. co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WILSKOKD. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WILS'FORD DAUNTS/EY, a parish of England, co. Wilts. 
 
 WILSNACH. ftil.s'niK. a town of Prussi.t, province of 
 Brandenburg, 60 miles N.W. of Potsdam. Pop. ISUO. 
 
 WIL'SON, a county iu the N. central part of Tennessee, 
 has an area estimated at 550 square miles. The Cumlier- 
 land River forms its entire N. boundary, and it is also 
 drained by creeks which flow into that river. The surface 
 is diversified by hills of moderate height. The soil is ex- 
 ceedingly fertile, anil extensively cultivated. In 1850 this 
 county produced 51.813 pounds of wool, the greatest quan- 
 tity produced in any eoiuUy of the state. The county is 
 intersected by a turnpike-road leading to Nashville. Cum- 
 l)erland River is navigable by steamboats along the border. 
 A large cotton factory is in successful operation at Lebanon, 
 the founty-town. Pop. 26,072, of whom 18,108 were free, 
 and 7964 slaves. 
 
 WIL.SON, a post-township in Piscataquis co., Maine, 70 
 miles N. by E. of Augusta. 
 
 WILSON, a thriving post-village, shipping-port, and town- 
 ship of Niagara co.. New York, Is situated on Lake Ontario, 
 at the mouth of Twelve Mile Creek, 15 miles N.N.W. of 
 Locki)ort. The village contains 3 churches, a hirge and 
 flourishing seminary, 5 stores, 1 steam lumber-mill, 1 hotel, 
 1 iron foundry, and numerous other mechanic shops Wil- 
 son Collegiate Institute, situated in this place, employs 3 
 teachers, and has 1.00 pupils. The library, with the philoso- 
 phical apparatus, cost 516,000. Hero is a goOd harbor, which 
 has been improved. Pop. of the township, 3372; of the 
 village, ill 1860, about 700. 
 
 WILSON, a post-offlce of Edgecombe co., Norfh Carolina 
 
 WIL.SON, a post-village, capital of Yadkin co.. North Ca- 
 rolina. It was laid out about the year 1851, when the county 
 was formed. 
 
 WILSON, a post-office of Anderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 WIli.SON, a small post-village of Marion co., Ohio. 
 
 WILSON, a town.ship iu Will co., Illinois. 
 
 WILSON, atownship. Shelmvirnn co.. Wisconsin. P. 1105. 
 
 WILSON'S CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into Saluda 
 River, near the N. extremity of Ediefield district. 
 
 WILSON'.S CREEK, a post-village of Abbeville district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 WII,SOX"S CREEK, a post-office of Graves co.. Kentucky. 
 
 WI I.SON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Williiim.son co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Wl hSON'S DEPOT. (Depot.) a post-office of Dinwiddle co., 
 Virginia, on the South Side Railroad, 28 miles \V. of Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 WILSON'S INLET, West Australia, co. of Plantagenet, 30 
 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 WILSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Oxford CO., Maine. 
 
 WILSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Veuango CO., Ponnsyl- 
 vani.t. 
 
 WILSON'S PEAK, in the Clarence River, district of New 
 South M'ale.s. on the principal dividing range of mountains. 
 
 WIL'SON'S PROM/ONTORY, a British colony of Victoria, 
 forms the S. extremity of the Continent of Australia, in 
 Bass' Strait; lat. 39° 8' S.. Ion. 140= 23' E. It is 3000 feet 
 above the sea. Around it are many small islands, and on 
 its E. side are Corner Inlet and Waterloo Bay. 
 
 WIiysON'S STATION, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio. 
 
 WILSON'S STORE, a post-office of Stokes co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WIIASONVILLE. a post-village of Pike co., Penn.sylvania, 
 on the Wallenpaupack Creek. 
 
 AVILSONVILLE, a post-village of Highland co., Virgiui.1, 
 135 miles N.W. by W. of Kiclimond. 
 
 WILSONVILLE. a post-vilLige of Shelby CO., Alabama, 80 
 miles N.N.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 AVILSONVILLE, a post-office of Cocke co., Tennessee. 
 
 WILSONVILLE. a post-village of Spencer co., Kentucky, 
 35 miles S.W. by W. of Frankfort. 
 
 WILSTER. *il'ster, a town of Denmark, duchy of IIol- 
 stein, on the Wilsttraue, 9 miles N.N.W. of GlUckstadt. 
 Pop. 2900. It has a consi.Ierable trade in corn. 
 
 WILTEN, *il'ten, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of 
 Schwatz. near Imst. Pop. 1295. 
 
 WIL'TON. a parliamentary and municipal borough and 
 parish of England, co. of Wilts. 3^ miles W.N.W. of Salis- 
 bury. Pop. of town, in 1851. 1804. The town, In a valley 
 in the peninsula formed by the confluence of the Madder 
 and the VVilj', is neat; chief edifices, the church, town-hall, 
 
 :iillU 
 
WIL 
 
 WIN 
 
 jiMtentins chapels, and the hospital of St John, the only 
 f --lie of many monastic estabiishmeuts. It lias an endowed 
 lichool and other minor charities. AVilton has long been 
 celebrated for a manufactory of carpets bearing its name, 
 but its woollen manufactures generally have de^'Iined. 
 The borou;;h returns 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 Wilton-IIoiise, the magnificent seat of the Earl of Pem- 
 broke, and containing a fine gallery of paintings, stands on 
 the site of a famous abbey founded by a sister of King 
 Egbert, A. i>. 800. 
 
 WILTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, half a 
 mile S.W. of Taunton, of which it is a suburb. It has a 
 countv house of correction. 
 
 M'lLTON. a chafielry of England, co. York. North Riding. 
 
 WIIyTON. a parish of Scotland, co. of Ko.xburgh. 
 
 WIL/TON, a post-township of Franklin co.. Maine, on the 
 8. sile of Sandy Kirer, about 30 miles X.W. of Augusta. 
 Pop. 1920. 
 
 Wir.TO.V, a post-village and township of Hillsborough co.. 
 New Hampshire, at the terminus of the Wilton Railroad, 
 and on the I'etersborough and Sbirly Railroad. 30 miles 
 S.S.W. of Concord. The inhabitants are engaged to a con- 
 siderable extent in manufactures. I'op. 1369. 
 
 WILTON, a po^t-village and township of Fairfield CO., 
 Connecticut, on the Danbury and Norw.ilk Railroad, about 
 30 miles S.W. by W. of .New Haven. The village contains 
 2 churches, an academy, and several stores. Pop. of the 
 township, 2208. 
 
 WILTON, a post-township of Saratoga co., New York, in- 
 tersected by the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, about 
 38 miles N. of .\lbany. Pop. 1499. 
 
 WILTON, a village of Granville co., North Carolina, 34 
 miles N. of Raleigh. 
 
 WILTON, a post-office of Pike co., Arkansas. 
 
 WIL'TON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Adding- 
 ton. 16 miles N.W. of Kingston. Pop. about 200. 
 
 WILTON, a village of New South Wales, co. of Camden, 
 on the river Cordeaux. 
 
 WILTON'S UPPER MILLS, a village of Wilton township, 
 Franklin co., Maine, on Wilton River, about 28 miles N.W. 
 of Augusta. It contains 2 taverns. 2 churches, 2 saw-mills. 
 1 large flour-mill, 2 starch manufactories, and a number of 
 other establishments. 
 
 WILTS or WILTSHIRE, wilt'shir, an inland county of 
 England, in its S. part, enclosed by the counties of Hants. 
 Dorset, Somerset, Gloucester, and Berks. Area 1352 Sijuare 
 miles, or 805.280 acres. Pop. in 1851, 254.221. Its centre is 
 occupied by the table-land of Salisbury Plain, in which rise 
 its principal rivers, the Somerset and Hampshire A»on. the 
 Kennet, and some affluents of the Thames, which partly 
 forms its N. border. In the N. and S. is some highly fertile 
 land, and here dairy husbandry is important. Agriculture 
 is generally well conducted ; principal crops, wheat and 
 barley, with green crops and potatoes. Sheep estimated at 
 700,000, of which number nearly six-Sevenths are pastured 
 on the Downs; annual produce of wool between 800 and 
 900 packs. Many hogs are reared, and Wiltshire is famous 
 for its bacon; its cheese and butter are also in repute. 
 There are quarries of freestone on the border of Somerset : 
 chalk is the other principal mineral. The principal manu- 
 factures are of woollen stuffs, and in 1847, 32i>5 persons 
 were employed in woollen, and 625 in silk and cotton mills. 
 Wilts is intersected by the Great Western and South-West- 
 ern Railways, and the Kennet and Avon, and Wilts and 
 Berks Canals, .\fter Salisbury, its capital, the chief towns 
 are Wilton, Devizes, Warminster. Trowbridite. Chippenham, 
 Malmsbury, Marlborough, Swindon, and Cricklade. With 
 its boroughs it sends 18 members to the House of Commons. 
 Besides Stonehenge and Avebury, it contains numerous ves- 
 tiges of antiquity, having been a frequent seat of warfare in 
 the middle ages. 
 
 WILT'S Sl'UR. a post-ofBce of Patrick co.. Virginia, 
 
 WILTZ or WILZ, wilts, a town of the Netherlands, pro- 
 Tince of Dutch Luxemburg, on the Wiltz, 10 miles N.W. of 
 Diekirch. I'op. 2500. 
 
 WILY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WILZ. a town of the Netherlands. See Waw. 
 
 WIM'BISH. a parish of England, co. of Ensex. 
 
 WIM'llLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 8i 
 mil's S.W. of St. Paul's, London, with a staOon on the 
 Soiith-Western Railway. 
 
 WIM'BLINGTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Cambridge, 
 en the Eiuitern Counties Railway, 3i miles S. of March. Pod 
 In 1851. 1158. ^ 
 
 wni'BORNE-ALL-SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of 
 Dorset- 
 
 WIMBORNE-MIN'STER, a market-town, parish, and 
 nominal borough of England, co. of Dorset, l)etween the Stonr 
 and Allen, and on the South-Western Railway, 7 miles N 
 of Poole. Pop. of the town in 1851. 2295. The town has a 
 noble minster or collegiate church, founded nirly in the 7th 
 century, but the present structure dates from about the 
 time of the Conquest. Here are several endowed schools. 
 »lin«hous.'s. and charities, having an as^Tciate income of 
 OMTly 1000/. annuaUy. Wimborne has small manufactures 
 2120 
 
 of woollen goods and stockings; its borough portion la 
 governed by two baililTs. chosen annually, and the manor 
 of the deanery by a constable. 
 
 WIMESBOTUAM, wimz^both-jm, a parish of England, oo. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 WIMKSWOULD, wimz/wood, a parish of England, co. of 
 Leicester. 
 
 WI.MILLE, Te'meel', a village of France, department of 
 Pa.«-de-CalaJ«, 2 miles N. of Boulogne. Pop. in 1852. 1S59. 
 
 WIMMIi/RA, a river of the Briti.sh colony Victoria. Aus- 
 tralia, in its W. part, flows W. into Lake Uiudmarsh.i^?) It 
 gives name to an extensive partially settled district, S. of 
 the river Murray, 
 
 WIM/MERBY. a town of South Sweden, 72 miles N.N.W. 
 of Kalmar, 32 mile.s S.W. of Westervik. Pop. 1465. 
 
 WIJIMIS. *-im'mis, a village of Switzerland, canton and 
 21 miles S.E. of Bern, on the Simme. Pop. 1169. 
 
 WIMPFEN, *inip'fen, a town of Germany, Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, province of Starkenburg, capital of a detached district, 
 between B.aden and Wiirtemberg, at the confluence of th« 
 Jaxt and Neckar. 7 miles N.N.W. of lleilbronn. Pop. 2187. 
 It is enclosed I)}' walls, and was formerly a free city of the 
 empire. It has an extensive salt-work, and five aunual 
 fairs. 
 
 WIM'POLE, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 6 miles 
 S.S.E. of Caxton. The noble seat of the Earl of Uardwicke 
 is in this parish. 
 
 WIN'AMAC/ or WINN^iMEC, a post^village, capital of 
 Pnlaski co., Indiana, is situated on the Tippecanot- River, 
 and on the Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad, 79 niiles S.E. 
 of Chicago. 
 
 WINANDERMERE LAKE. See Windermere. 
 
 WI'NA.NSVILLE, a village of Greene co.. New York, 30 
 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 WIN'C.\NTON, a market-town and pariiih of England, co. 
 of Somerset, on a declivity beside the Cale, 23 miles S. of 
 Bath. Pop. in 1851. 2488. The town h-is a spacious church 
 with an embattled tower, manufactures of linens, bed- 
 ticking, and silk. It is an important mart fur cheese, butter, 
 corn, and cattle. In 16S8, the Prince of Orange, soon after 
 his landing at Torbay, here attacked and destroyed a body 
 of royal troops. 
 
 WINCE'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WINCH'.\M. a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 AVINCII'BURGH, a village of Scotland, co. and 6 mile« 
 E.S.E. of Linlithgow, on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Rail- 
 wav. Pop. 200. 
 
 WINCII'COMBE, a market-town and pari.sh of England, 
 CO. of Gloucester, in the vale of the I.'^lip. immediately N. of 
 the Cot-swold Hill.s. 6 miles N.E. of Cheltenham. I'op. of 
 the town in 1851. 2052. It has a fine Gothic church with a 
 lofty tower, grammar school, large paper-mills, a silk-tnill, 
 and some manufactures of stockings and thread. During 
 the Saxon dynasty, the town was a county of itself, and a 
 place of importance. In 798, Kenulph, King of We.s.sex, 
 founded a famous abbey here, but of which few traces remain. 
 
 WINCH. East, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on 
 the East Anglian Railway, 5 miles E.S.E. of Lynn. 
 
 WINCH. SVest, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WINCHKLSEA, win'chi'1-.se, a parliamentary borough, 
 cinque-port, market-town, and parish of England, co. of 
 Su.ssex. near its E. extremity, 2 miles S.W. of Rye. Pop. in 
 1851, 778. The town, about 2 miles in circuit, extends into, 
 three adjacent parishes. Old Wiuclielsea, a place of im 
 portance in the Roman period, stood at the mouth of the 
 Rother. 2 miles dist.int. but »as de.stroyed by an inunda- 
 tion of the sea in 1287, after which the inhabitants removed 
 and founded the pre.sent town, which has been ruined by a 
 precisely opposite cause, the sea having retired to H miles 
 distant since the 16th century, leaving around it a salt 
 marsh. The church, formerly an elegant structure, is partly 
 in decay, but has several fine old monuments; two other 
 churches have fiillen into ruin, and Cumbre or Winchelsea 
 Castle, built by Henry VIII., is now luseless for deitnoe. 
 Winchelsea returned 2 members to the House of Commons 
 until the Reform Act included it in the Ixirough of llye. It 
 gives the title of Earl to the Finch family. 
 
 WINCH'ENDEN, Nether. apari.<h. England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WINCIIENDEN, Upper, a pari.sh of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WINCH'KNDON, a post-township of Worcester CO.. Masaa- 
 chusetts, intersected by the Cheshire Railroad. 54 mile* 
 W.N.W. of Boston. It is drained by Miller's River, which 
 affords water-power. Cotton and other manufactuiesare 
 produced to some extent. Pop. in 1840, 1754: in 1860, 2624. 
 
 WIN'CHESTER, (anc. ren'ta Bdyalrum,) a city and par- 
 liamentary and municipal borough of England, of which it 
 was long the capital, now cafAtal of the county of Hants, 
 nearly in its centre, on the right bank of the lu-hin. across 
 which it communicates with a sul>nrb by a good stone 
 bridge, on the South-Western Railway. 12 miles N.N.E. of 
 Southampton, and 62 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 
 1861, 14,784. The city is clean, well built, and paved ; it has 
 a venerable appearance. cun.sisting chiefly of a main stroet, 
 crossed at right angles by many others, which have antique 
 edifices. The ancient city was enclosed by w.ills, ut which 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 the site only is now traceable. Nearly all the S.E. quarter 
 of tli« fity is occupied by the Cathedral and its precincts. 
 The Catliedral, Bupposed to have been originally founded in 
 the 2(1 century, is a vast structure, 545 feet in length ex- 
 ternally, 208 feet in breadth at the transept, with a nave 
 851 feet, a choir 136 feet iu length, and a ponderous central 
 tower, 150 feet in height. Kxcept its beautiful \V. front, its 
 exterior is heavy, but its interior in niany respects equals 
 In magnificence and beauty that of York Minster. It con- 
 tains tlie tomb of William Rufus; and, in a series of carved 
 chests over the choir, the remains of many of the kings of 
 Wessex, and of the Saxon kings of England. Its altar-piece 
 is the celebrated " Uaising of Lazarus," by West. The see 
 of Wiiichi^ster comprises the county of Ilants, the greater 
 part of Surrey, and the Channel Islands, including 384 
 parishes, and it is the richest in England after that of Dur- 
 iiaiu. At one period, Winchester is said to have had 90 
 churches, chapels, and monastic institutions, many of which 
 were swept away by the Keforniation ; at present it has 9 
 parish churches, of which those of St. Lawrence, the Mother- 
 church, into which the bishop makes solemn entry on 
 taking the see; St. Maurice, rebuilt in 1840 ; St. Michael's, a 
 handsome new edifice; and St. Swithiu's, over a postern 
 gate, are most worthy of notice. 
 
 Winchester College, founded by William of Wykeham in 
 13S7, has tine buildings, and its instruction is preparatory 
 to that of New Coll<'ge. Oxford, alsso founded by Wykeham; 
 Sir T. Hrowne, Sir II. Wotton, and the poets Collins, Otway, 
 llayley. Young, and the two Wartons, were educated at 
 this school. iSear it are the remains of an ancient episcopal 
 palace. Other principal structures are St. John's House, 
 an elegant city cross, barracks for 2000 men, and the 
 Assize Ilall, on the site of an ancient castle; tlie Quild-ball, 
 county jail, county house of correction, county hospital, a 
 fine Roman Catholic, and other disisenting chapels, a Bene- 
 dictine nunnery, removed hither from Brussels; the market- 
 house, theatre, and a.ssembly rooms. Of 4 ancient gates, 
 only tlie W. remains. In an apartment over it, are pre- 
 served the original Winchester bushel of King Edgar, and 
 other Anglo-Saxon standards of measure. Near it is an 
 obelisk to commemorate a destructive visitation of the 
 plague in ItWiO, and a public cemetery was laid out here in 
 1840. The hospital of St. Cross, 1 mile S. of the city, but 
 now included within the borough, founded in the reign of 
 Stephen, has still a kind of monastic body of brethren, and 
 affords entertainment to the poor and travellers. It has a 
 very remarkable ancient church, and other buildings. Win- 
 chester has many almshou.ses and other charities ; also a 
 mechanics' institution, public library, and savings hank. 
 It is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 councillors, 
 is the scat of the county assizes, and has quarter and petty 
 gessions, a i-ccorder's court, and a cheney court of the bishop. 
 It sends 2 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 IlndiT the name of Cue.r-Gwcnt. Winchester was one of the 
 most important cities of the ancient Britons; it became an 
 important Roman st^ition, and having been taken by Cerdic 
 in 510, it remained the capital of the kingdom of Wessex, 
 and of England, throughout all the Saxon. Danish, and early 
 Normnn dynasties. In the time of Henry I., it had reached 
 its greatest eminence; but in the reign of Henry VI., it 
 had materially declined; it was however a principal residence 
 of the English sovereigns down to the accession of George I. 
 Henry III. was born here in 1207 ; and here also Henry 
 VIII. entertained the Emperor Charles V.; and their off- 
 spring, Mary and Philip, were married at Winchester in 1564. 
 
 WIN'CHESTEH. a thriving post-village and town.ehip of 
 Cheshire co., New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot Kiver and 
 Railroad, about 55 miles S.W. of Concord. It contains 
 several churches, 1 bank, a number of mills and factories. 
 The village of Ashuelot in this township has 3 woollen fac- 
 tories. Pop. of the township in 1850, 329t); in IStiO. 2J25. 
 
 WINCH ESTER, a new post-village and township of Middle- 
 sex co.. Massachusetts. 8 miles W.N.W. of Boston; taken from 
 Wobnrn, Medford, and West Cambridge, and incorporated 
 In 1850. It forms a beautiful place of residence to persons 
 doing business in Boston. A gaslight company was incor- 
 porated here in 1852. Pop. 1937. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-township of Litchfield county, Con- 
 necticut, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Hartford. It contains 
 the village of Winsted, the northern terminus of the Nau- 
 gatuck Railroad. Pop. 3513. See Winsted. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-office of Wyoming county, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a thriving town, capital of Frederick 
 county. Virginia, 150 miles N.N.W. of Richmond, and 71 
 miles W. by N. of Washington. It is pleas,-)ntly situated in 
 a beautiful and fertile country which tbrms part of the 
 great valley of Virginia. With the exception of W heeling, 
 tt is the largest town in the state W. of the Blue Ridge, 
 which is about 20 miles distant. It is quite regularly 
 planned ; the houses are built in a compitct and sul stanfijil 
 manner, mostly of brick and stone, and are supplied with 
 excellent water, which is brought in iron pipes from a 
 spring half a mile distant. Winchester contains about 12 
 cjiurches, 1 academy, 2 banks, (aggregate capital, $680,000,) 
 
 2 newspaper nifices, and a lyceum. This place is the tf-rmi- 
 iius of the Winchester and Potomac Railroad, 30 miles lopg, 
 which connects with the Baltimore and Ohio Railrrad ■«1 
 Harper's Ferry; and it has a number of turnpike road< 
 radiating in every direction, which attract a large amount 
 of trade and travel. Pop. in 1850, 4500; in 1860, 4392. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a small village of Lenoir county, North 
 Caiolina. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a postroffice of Union county, North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post otlice of .Macon co., Georgia. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-village, ciipitjil of Wayne co.. Mis 
 sissippi, on Chicka.sawha River, 15 miles E.S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a thriving post-village, capital of Frank 
 lin county, Tennessee, ou a small branch of Elk River, aui. 
 on the Winchester and Alabama Railroad, 2 miles S. of the 
 Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and 84 miles S.E. oi 
 Na-shvilie. A branch of the railro.Kl first named connects 
 this place with Iluntsville in Alabama. Since the com- 
 mencement of these roads, th(! population of the villa;.'0 has 
 rapidly increased. The tunnel which has been cut through 
 Cumljerland Mountain, in Franklin county, for the pas.sage 
 of the Nashville and Chattanooi;a Railroad, is one of the 
 most magnificent works of the kind in the world. It ex- 
 tends 2200 feet through the solid rock, in which there is 
 scarcely a break to be found, ^\■inchester has 1 bank, and 
 2 flourishing female schools. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-village, capital of Clarke county, 
 Kentucky, on the Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, now 
 in progress, 45 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. It has an active 
 trade, and contains 3 churches, 2 academies, and i hemp 
 
 WINCHESTER, a township of Adams oo., Ohio. Pop. 
 1558. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a thriving post-village of Adams co., Ohio, 
 80 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. about 500. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-village of Guernsey co.,Ohio, about 
 35 miles E.N.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a vUlage of Jackson co., Ohio, 83 milea 
 S.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a thriving village of Preble co., Ohio, on 
 Twin Creek, about 40 miles N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a flouri.shing post-village, capital of Ran- 
 dolph county, Indiana, on White River, and on the railroad 
 from Bellefontaine to Indianapolis, 75 miles E.N.E. of the 
 latter, and 9 or 10 miles W. by S. of Union City. It is sur- 
 rounded by a rich farming district, and is connected by 
 plank-roads witli Richmond and Fort Wayne. It cmitains 
 
 1 national bank and a number of stores. Large flouring- 
 mills and saw-mills have lately been erected here. The 
 village also contains several churches and 1 newspaper offlco. 
 Pop. in 1864, estimated at 1500. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a thriving post- village, capital of Scott 
 CO., Illinois, on Sandy Creek, 51 miles W. by S. of Spring- 
 field. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in manufac- 
 tures. Good limestone, stone-coal, and potter's clay are 
 found at this place. It contains 5 churches, 1 bank, and 2 
 newspaper offices; also a number of flour-mills, saw-mills, 
 tanneries, and potteries. Pop. estimated at 1800. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-village of Clark co., Missouri, 10 
 miles S.W. of Alexandria. 
 
 WINCHE.STER, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, 
 about 70 miles S. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-township in the N. part of Winne- 
 bago CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 855. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post^village of Umpqua co., Oregon, on 
 the left bank of the Umpqua River, about 135 miles S. by 
 W. of Salem. 
 
 WINCHESTER CENTRE. SeeWlNSTED. 
 
 WINCH'FIELD, a parish of England co. of Ilant*. 
 
 WINCK'LEV, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WIN'DALE. a decayed parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 
 
 2 miles N.W. of Beccles. now annexed to Gillingham. 
 WINDAU, a town of Russia. See Vind.\u. 
 
 WIND CREEK, a small post-village of Tallapoosa co., Al* 
 bam a. 
 
 WINDECKEN, Oin'd?k'kgn, a town of Germany, IIes.so- 
 Cassel, province and 7 miles N.N.W. of Uanau, on the left 
 bank of the Nidder. Pop. 1535. 
 
 WlNHJERilERE, a parish of England, co. of Westmore- 
 land, 8J miles N.W, of Kendal, with which it communi- 
 cates by railway. The church, an ancient structure, eon- 
 tains a curious window of stained glass. The islands of 
 Windermere Lake are in this parish. 
 
 WINDERMERE or WINANDERMERE, LAKE, one of 
 the finest of the English lakes, partly between the counties 
 of Westmoreland and Lancaster, but <;hiefly in the latter 
 county, is 14 miles in length by 1 mile in width, and dis- 
 charges its surplus waters southward by the Leven into 
 Morecambe 15ay. §hores mostly well wojde<l, especially on 
 its W. side, where Furness-fell, a steep height, is clotheil with 
 a forest of larch and fir. In its centre is a group of small 
 islands, the largest of which comprises 28 acres. Bowness 
 is on its E. side, and Ambleside near its N. extremity. 
 Among the fish talcen here is the chax, peculiar to the 
 
 2121 
 
WIN 
 
 deep lakes in this region, and which, ■when potted, is a 
 higiily esteemed delicacy. 
 
 WIND GAP, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 15 miles N.N.W, of Easton. Here is au opening 
 through the Ulue Mountain. 
 
 W'l ND'HAM, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Vei^ 
 mopt, has an area of about SoO square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by the Connecticut Kiver. and drained by the 
 Deei field and West Rivers, and other smaller' streams, 
 which afford abundant water-power. The surface is uneven, 
 and in the W. part mountainous. The soil along the Con- 
 necticut River is fertile, but in the western portions is 
 better adapted to grazing than tillage. Large quantities 
 of Ijne-gruined granite are found in this county. Along 
 the eastern border the Connecticut is navigable for .xmall 
 boats by means of canals around the different falls and 
 rapids that occur in this portion of the river. The railroad 
 connecting Hartford and Burlington pa.sses through the 
 countv. Organized in 1789, under the name of Cumberland. 
 Ca)>ital. Fayetteville. Pop. 26.982. 
 
 WINDII.\JI, a county forming the N.E. extremity of 
 Connecticut, has an area of about 620 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Quinebang, Shetucket, Willimantic. and 
 Natchaug Rivers, and other smaller streams, which supply 
 motive power to numerous mills. The inhabitants are 
 largely engaged in manufactures. The surface is uneven 
 and in some parts rough and rocky. The soil along the 
 streams is very fertile, but in other portions of the county 
 is often of an inferior quality. The county is intersected 
 by the railroads connecting Norwich with Worcester, and 
 New London with Palmer. Organized in 172G. having been 
 formed out of portions of IlartfonI and New London coun- 
 ties. Capital. 15rooklyn. Pop. in 1850, 31 ,079: in ISiJO, 34,747. 
 
 WINDHAM, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 
 intersected by the Presumpscot River, which affords water- 
 power. 48 miles S.W. of Augusta. ■ Pop. 2635. 
 
 WIXDII.^M, a post-township of Rockingham co.. New 
 Hamp.'ihire, intersected by the Manchester and Lawrence 
 Railroad. :i8 miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 846. 
 
 WIXDIIA-M, a post-township of Windham co., Vermont, 
 75 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 680. 
 
 WINDHAM, a pofst-village and township of Windham co., 
 Conneclicat, on the New London Northern Railroad, about 
 30 miles K. by S. of Hartford. The village contains 2 
 clrarclies. 1 bank, and an academy. The township contains 
 3 other villages, viz.: Willim.\jjtic, North Wixdh.vm, and 
 South Windh.\m, which see. Pop. of the township, 4711. 
 
 WINDUAM, a township of Greene co.. New York. Pop. 
 1659. 
 
 WINDHAM, a posMownship of Bradford co., Pennss'lva- 
 nia, about 14 miles N.N.E. of Towanda. Pop. 1129. 
 
 WINDHAM, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. reQ. 
 
 WINDHAM, a post^township in the E. part of Porlaee 
 CO., Ohio Pop. Xol. * 
 
 WINDHAM CENTRE, a post-village of Greene co.. New 
 York, near Schoharie Creek, about 35 miles S.W. of Albany. 
 
 WIND HILL, a post-offlce of Montgomery oo.. North Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 WINDJSCH, ftin'dish, (anc. VindonWsa.) a village of 
 Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 9 miles N.E. of Aarau. near 
 Brugg, on the Keuss. The ancient city was one of the most 
 Important .settlements of the Romans in Helvetia, and a 
 few traces of it still remain. 
 
 WINDISCHGARSTEN, «in'dish-gaRs'ten, a market-town 
 of tpper Austria, 22 miles S.S.W. of Steyer. Pop 1000 
 
 WINDISCHGRATZ, (Wlndischgratz.) win'dish-grJt.s\ a 
 town of Styria, 21 mUes N.W. of Cilly, on the MLslingbach. 
 Fop. loO. 
 
 )rPP ^'•*^''' » post-officft Of Radne co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 JUN'DLE, a township of Enjland. co. of Lancaster. 
 
 «-lx i?''"''^"'*^*'- * P*"*** °^ England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 MIND MILL, a post-office of Monit«au ca. Missouri. 
 
 w vm,l'.kl< i'*^^*"*"^' * Po^tofflc"' «rand Isleco., Vermont. 
 
 w v/,?.„^,^V ? post-office of Greene co.. Pennsvlvania. 
 «A « ''J^ xf ^"J^-^TAINS, the name given to a portion 
 Of the Rocky Mountams on the E. border of Oregon Terri- 
 
 one 
 situated 
 
 ^ .1" "^?'' ♦*'e sources of Green River. Fremont's Peak, 
 (T the highest summits of the Rocky Mountains, Is situi 
 in this range. 
 
 \vlvn!;\V??.'x''i*?'^f^ °/ Englai-J, co. of Gloucester, 
 .h! I. ? ,-^^"i *'."','''''^^' * "'^"ed town of Bavaria, on 
 
 UTvnS ?.,'V.''**'^^^-°*"'^'«'-'^">''erg. Pop. 1196. 
 V V w V r • ' *'ntsmime. a town of Bavaria. 16 miles 
 ltlU.n cli"^^'"'^ ''"P; ?^*^-. " ^"^ "'"""factures of 
 
 w vni « -/"I** '**\""^ "^ sold and silver articles. 
 h«I„V,i; .„ (*in'zf.) New, a pariianientary and municipal 
 bon.ugb, town, and parish of England, co. of Berks, on the 
 pf-m nT\ ^ u" 1 '"""«"• a'-'^* which it is connected with 
 2 m?I. s i". f 't^' * "'"t«"-h«l iron brid«e. on granite j.lers, 
 £ miles S. of the Slou-h Station of the Great Western Raill 
 
 a'^Mf,?;\'^'.f-^l^'""<'""- l"0P0fP«Hi^nentay 
 thl^.x V ; ^f^- ^^^ '°"'" ="n^i^ts chiefly of a main 
 
 Wl^^r c!i^hr- two^ofw .'"^"•'^ I*"" ^!.'- *"** ^- •''1^ ^ I Carolina, on the Cashie River, an affluent ot the lU^nolio. 
 am ' ^"^ rnncipal, and several smaller 120 miles E. of Raleigh. The river is navigaJ-<e fo. »!<»,>» 
 
 WIN 
 
 streets. It is well built, and of late years many new and 
 handsome residences have been erected on its W. side- 
 Principal edifices, the Town-hall, standing out conspicu- 
 ously in the High Street, and containing numerous portraits 
 of royal and distinguished persons; a neat market-place, 
 infantry barracks, a spacious parish church, with some fine 
 carved work, monuments, and an altar-piece presented by 
 George III.; various dis.senting chapels, a neat theatre, and 
 buildings of schools and charities. It has a public ground, 
 with an olielisk commenionitive of the jubilee of 1820; and 
 S. of the town are handsome cavalry barracks. The Charity 
 Scliool fouudt-d by Queen Anne has an annual revenue of 
 25W. ; one was founded by Queen Charlotte: George III. 
 established a hospital for invalid soldiers; and here are a 
 parish hospital for 12 poor persons, a lying-in charity, royal 
 general dispensary, almshouses, minor charities, with an 
 aggregate annual revenue of about SOOl. It has well-sup- 
 plied markets, some trade in com. and is famnus for its ale, 
 but the resources of the inhabitants are almost solely de- 
 rived from the presence of the court, and the influx of 
 visitors. 
 
 WINDSOR, Old, a parish of England, co. of Berks, li 
 miles E.S.E. of New Windsor, crossed by a Roman road 
 from Silcliester. During the Saxon dynasty a palace existed 
 here, but the royal residence was removed to the present 
 locality by William the Conqueror. 
 
 WINDSOR, win'zer, a county in the S.E. central part of 
 Vermont, has an area of about 1040 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Connecticut, and is traversed by 
 the White River and other smaller streams, which furnish 
 abundant wat«r-power. The surface is generally uneven, 
 and in the W. part mountainous. The soil is fertile. In 
 1850, the county produced 312,581 bushels of corn; 118.865 
 tons of hay, and 1,741,228 pounds of butter; the greatest 
 quantity of each produced by any county in the state. 
 Steatite and limestone are found here. The Connecticut 
 River is navigable, by means of canals round the falls, along 
 the E. border. The county is intersected by the Rutiaud 
 Railroad, and also by the railroad connecting Concord and 
 Sfontpelier. Organized in 1781. Capital, Woodstock. Pop. 
 37.193. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-township in Kennebec co., Maine, 9 
 miles E. by S. of of .\ugusta. It contains a town-house, 4 
 churches. 3 tanneries, and 1 cloth and wool-dyeing estab- 
 lishment. Pop. 1.54-S. 
 
 WIND.SOR. a township in Hillsborough CO., New Ilamp- 
 shire. 2;J miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 136. 
 
 WIND.SOR, a beautiful post-village and township of Wind- 
 sor CO.. Vermont, at the union of the Sullivan and the Ver- 
 mont Central Railroads. 77 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. Th^ 
 sceniry is exceedingly varied and picturesque, the view em- 
 bracing Ascutney Mountain, only o miles distant. Windsor 
 is the seat of the Vermont State Prison, besides which it con- 
 tains 2 banks, 2 nc\vspn()er ofticcs, a seminary, and 4 
 chui-ches. It is in the centre of one of the finest agricul- 
 tural and wool-growing sections of the state. For the pur- 
 pose of .securing an available water-power, a dam. 300 feet 
 in length and 42 in height, was constructed across Mill- 
 brook in 1835, about half a mile from its entrance into the 
 Connecticut. The entire fall is tiO feet in one-tliird of a mile. 
 WiiuUor is on the Connecticut River. It Iims an armory, 
 a machine-shop. 2 foundries, and a United States court- 
 honse. Pop. lt)6'J. 
 
 WIND.SOR, a post-village and township of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, 110 miles VV. by N. of Boston. Pop. 839. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-township of Hartford co.. Connecticut, 
 bounded on the E. by the Connecticut River, and inter- 
 sected by thj Farmington River, 6 miles N. of Hartford. 
 The first English settlement in the state was ma^le here in 
 leSJ, by Captain William Holmes and others, who cam* 
 from the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. The town- 
 ship contains three handsome and thriving ■villages, viz., 
 Wind.sor. Wind.sor Locks, and Poquannnck. Almost all the 
 Inhabitants of that portion of the township which was first 
 settled reside in Windsor Village, situated on the right bank 
 of the Connecticut, and on the New Haven Hartford and 
 Springfield Railroad. It is built principally on a single 
 street upwards of 2 miles in length, parallel with the river, 
 and beautifully shadeil. Wind.sor has been the birth-place 
 of several eminent men, among whom may be mentioned 
 Roger Wolcott. Governor of Connecticut, and Oliver Ells- 
 worth, for nearly four years Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States. Pop. in 1850, 3254; in 1860, 3!Sti6. 
 WINDSOR, a post-village and township of Broomeco.. New 
 York, on the Susquehanna Kiver. about 120 miles W.S.W. 
 of Albany. The village contains several churches and storei 
 It has an academy. Pop. of the township, 2072. 
 WINDSOR, a, post-offiee of Mercer co.. New Jersey. 
 WINDSOR, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 2784. 
 
 WINDSOR or UPPER WINDSOR, a post to's nship of York 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, about 9 miles S.E. of York. Pep. 1731. 
 WINDSOR, a post-village, capital of Bertie co.. North 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 lis hljrh as this villnge. Windsor contains 1 or 2 churches 
 and 5 stores. 
 
 WINUSOll. a pnst-villoKe of Walton co., Georgia, about 80 
 miles N.W. of MilktlKeville. 
 
 WINDSOR, a thriving post-villago and township of Ash- 
 tabula CO., Ohio, 180 miles N.E. of Columbus. The town- 
 ship is intersected liy Giand River. Pop. 11)05. 
 
 WINDSi III, a towiiship of Lawrence to., Ohio. Pop. lf)80. 
 
 WIXDsOR, a village and township in the S.E. part of 
 Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 216". 
 
 AVINDSi^R, a post-township in the E. part of Eaton co., 
 Michigan, intersected by Grand River. Pop. 820. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-village of Randolph Co., Indiana, near 
 White River, 60 miles N.K. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WINDSOR, a village of Bureau co., Illinois, 110 miles X. 
 by E. of Springfield. 
 
 WIXDSOR, a postroflice of Henry co., Missouri. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-oflice of J'ayette co., Iowa. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-village and township of Dane CO., Wis- 
 consin, on Token Creek, 10 miles N.E. of .Ma'lison. 
 
 WINDSOR, a village of Sierra co., California. P. 1021. 
 
 WINDSOR, a village of Canada East, co. of Sherbrooke, 
 14 miles N. of Slierbrooke. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Essex, 2 
 miles N.E. of Sandwich, on the Detroit River. 
 
 WINDSOR, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of 
 Hants county, on an arm of Mines Ray, whicli sets up far 
 into the interior of the peninsula, about 30 miles N.W. of 
 Halifa.x. It is rapidly becoming a place of commercial im- 
 portance in consequence of the mines of coal, plaster, lime- 
 stone, and other valuable minerals abounding in its vicinity. 
 It is the seat of the principal college in the province. 
 
 WINDSOR, a town of Canatla West, Home district, co. of 
 York, on the N. bauk of Lake Ontario, 27 miles N.E. of 
 Toronto. 
 
 WIND'SOR, a borough of New South Wales, co. of Cumber- 
 land, on the Ilawke.sliury River, at the confluence of South 
 Creek. 28 miles N.W. of Sydney. Pop. 1079. The llawkes- 
 bury is navigable from the sea to 4 miles above Windsor, 
 and the town has an active' trade by tlie river, and daily 
 communiciition by coaches with Sydney. It is the capital 
 of a hundred, pop. 3220; and with the other Cumberland 
 boroughs, Richmond, Campbelltown, and Liverpool, it sends 
 one member to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. 
 
 WINDSOR CASTLE, the principal residence of the sove- 
 reigns of Great Britain, is situated immediately K. of New 
 Windsor. This magnificent structure was originally built 
 by William the Conqueror, and has been embellished by 
 most of the succeeding sovereigns. The great park of Wind- 
 sor cumprises about 3800 acres, well stockeil with deer. W. 
 of it is WiXDSOR FoRKST, 5b miles in circumference. 
 
 WIXDSOR LOCKS, a post-village of Windsor township, 
 Hartford CO., Connecticut, on the right bank of the Connec- 
 ticut itiver, where it is cros-sed by tlie New Haven Hartford 
 and Springfield Railroad. 13 miles N. by E. of Hartford. A 
 canal, navigable for boats of 85 tons burthen, has been cut 
 around the rapids in the Connecticut at this place, at a cost 
 of about $300,000, furuisliing an immense hydraulic jK)wer 
 for manufacturing purposes. This village has come into 
 existence within the last thirty years, and contains exten- 
 ei ve paper-ini lis, iron and steel works, machiiie-sliops, cotton- 
 ^lill, fiiundrv, &c. Pop. in 1S60, about 1200. 
 
 WINDSORVILLE, a post-village of Hartford co., Con- 
 necticut, about 11 miles N.E. of Hartford. 
 
 WINDWARD ISLAND.S. See West Indies. 
 
 WINESBURO, wTnz'burg, a post-village of Holmes co., 
 Ohio, about 54 miles N.N.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 WIXE'STEAD, a parish of England, cc. of York, East 
 iliding. 
 
 WIN'FARTiriNG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WIN'FIELD, a post-village and township of Herkimer co.. 
 New York, 15 miles S. by E. of Utica. It is drained by the 
 head waters of the Unadilla River, which affords water- 
 power. It contains 3 churches, 5 stores, a bank, an aca- 
 demy, 4 grist-mills, 8 saw-mills, and 1 newspaper oftice. The 
 inhaliitants are largely engaged in making cheese, which 
 is of a superior quality. Pop. 1480. 
 
 WINVIELD, a post-oftice of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WIN FIELD, a post-ofBco of Carroll co., .Maryland. 
 
 AVINFIELD, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., West 
 Virginia, on the Great Kanawha River, 31 miles from its 
 month, and about 28 miles N.W. of Charleston. It has 
 grown up since 1848. 
 
 WIXFIELD, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia. 
 
 WIN'FIELD, a post-office of Clarke co.. Mississippi. 
 
 WIXFIELD, a post-village, capital of Scott co., Arkansas, 
 about 120 miles W. of Little Rnrk. 
 
 WIXFIELD, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. 
 
 WINFIELIV, a post-townsbin of Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 
 523. 
 
 WIXFIELL, a post-office of Dupage co., Illinois. 
 
 WINFJELD, a post-office of Henry co.. Iowa. 
 
 WIN'FORD, a parish of Ensrland. co. of Somerset. 
 
 WIXFORD EAGLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 WIN'FORTilN. a naric;.. ^; England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WIN/FRITH-NEW/BURGH, a parish oi England, oo, of 
 Dorset. 
 
 WIXG, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WING, a parish of Enu'land, co. of Rutland. 
 
 WING, a township of Lucas co.. Ohio. 
 
 WIX'GATE, a chapelry of England, co. and '{ miles E.S.E. 
 of Durham, on the Hartlepool branch of the York and Ber- 
 wick Railway. 
 
 WIN'GERWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WIXG'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WINGFIELD, North, a parish of England, co. of Derby. 
 
 WINGFIELD. South, a parish of England, co. of Derliy, 
 2 miles W. of Alfreton. on the North Midland Railway. 
 
 WIXG'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WJN'GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WING'S STATON, a post-offlcc of Dutchess co,. New York. 
 
 WING'VILLE or MOXT'FORT, a village and township of 
 Grant co., Wi.scon.sin, 18 miles N.E. of Lancaster. The vil- 
 lage contains 1 church, 2 stores, and about 30 dwellings. 
 Pop. of the townsliip, 070. 
 
 WIN'HALL, a post-township of Bennington co., Vermont, 
 80 miles S by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 741. 
 
 WINIKI, *e-nee'kee, or WINNIKI. ftin-nee'kee, a village 
 of Austrian Galicia, 16 miles N.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 2270. 
 It has an imperial manufactory of tobacco. 
 
 WIXK'BOURNE, a parish of England, co of Nottingham. 
 
 AVINKEL. <\in'kel, a market-town of Nas,sau, ou the 
 Rhine, 10 miles AV. of Meritz, with a castle. Pop. 1000. 
 
 WIXK'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 WIN'LATOX. a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 WINN, a new parish in the N. central part of Louisiana, 
 contains about 980 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 and S.W. by Saline Creek and Red River, and intersected 
 by the Dugdemona River. Ciipital, Winfield. Pop 0876. 
 
 WIN'NALL. a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WINNAMAC, Indiana. See Wix.^jwc. 
 
 WINNEBAGO. win'ne-bA'go, a county in the N. part of 
 Illinois, bordering on Wisconsin, has an area of 500 square 
 miles. Rock River fiows through the county from N. to S., 
 receiving in its passage the Pekatonica from the W., and the 
 Kishwaukee from the E. The surface is undulating. an.I 
 presents a succession of beautiful pr.niries and wootilands, 
 the prairies are highly productive, and mostly under culti- 
 vation. Limestone of good quality is abundant along the 
 banks of Rock River. The county is lilierally supplied with 
 water-iiower, which is employed in mills and factories. It 
 is intersected by the Galena and Chicago Railroad, and by 
 the Racine and Mississippi Railroad. Named from the 
 Winnebago tribe of Indians. Capital, Rockford. Popula- 
 tion. 24,491. 
 
 WINNEBAGO, a new connty in the N. part of Iowa, bor- 
 dering on Minnesota, has an area of about 43n square miles. 
 It is drained by the head waters of the Mankato and by 
 Lime Creek. This county is not included in tlie census of 
 lf>50. Pop. in 1860, 168. 
 
 WINNEBAGO, a county in the N.E. central part of Wis- 
 consin, contains about 430 square miles. Lake Winnebago, 
 from which the name is derived, bounds it on the E., and it 
 is drained by the Neenah and Wolf Rivers, navigable by 
 steamboats. There are also several smaller lakes in the 
 county. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified by 
 prairies and tracts of timber; the soil is calcareous and very 
 fertile. The rock found near the surface is limestone. A 
 canal is completed from the Neenah River to the Wisconsin, 
 which will open steam navigation from Green Bay to the 
 Mississippi. This county is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Northwestern Railroad, and by several plank-roads. Organ- 
 ized in 1842. (Japital, Osli-kosh. Pop. 23,770. 
 
 WINNEBAGO, a post-village of Winnel)ago co., Illinois, 
 on the Galena and Cliicago Union Railroad, 7 miles W. of 
 Rockford. 
 
 WINNEBAGO, a township in Winnebago co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 1027. 
 
 WINNEBAGO LAKE, Wisconsin, the largest lake in the 
 state, is comprised within the limits of Winnebago, Calumet, 
 and Fond-du-Lac counties. The line of its greatest length 
 runs nearly due N. and S., having an extent of about 28 
 miles; greatest breadth 10 or 11 miles ; area about 212 square 
 miles. The depth is unequal, but quite sufficient for pur- 
 poses of navigation. On the E. side the shore presents a 
 remarkable feature for an extent of 15 miles, consisting of a 
 wall of rocks, laid together as if placed by the hand of art. 
 This wall generally rises about 5 feet above the surface of 
 the water, and in some places extends hundreds of feet 
 below. The surface of Lake Winnebago is estimated to be 
 160 feet above that of Lake Michigan. Five steamboats 
 were employed in its navigation in 1852. The Neenah or 
 Fox River enters the lake about midway between its extre- 
 mities, and flowing from th« N. end, discharges its waters 
 into Green Bay of Lake Michigan. 
 
 WINNEB.tGO MARSH. Wisconsin, on Rock River, near 
 its source, situated principally within the limits of Dodge 
 county, is about 14 miles long, and above 5 miles wide. It 
 is perhaps the largest marsh in the state. The river, in 
 
 21:23 
 
WIN 
 
 ^inrfiig through it, is often divided into several channels, 
 wJiich it is sometimes impossible to tmce tlirough the high, 
 rank grass. It is sometimes called Lal;e Horicon. 
 
 WINN KBAGO KAPIDS, a small village of Wiuuebago Co., 
 Wiscousin. 
 
 WINN EB.iH. win'ne-ba, a town of Africa, Gold Coast. 
 Lat b'^ 12' N., Ion. 0° 36' w! The English fort was abandoned 
 In 1812. but the town has been rebuilt. 
 
 WINNKCON'N-V, a post-village and township of Winne- 
 bago CO.. Wisconsin, on Fox Kiver. near the mouth of Wolf 
 River, 14 miles N.W. of ( islikofli. It is on a branch of the 
 Milwaukee and St. I'aul Railroad. Pop. 11S4. 
 WIN'NKGANCE, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Maine. 
 WINNENDJiX, *in'nen-den. a town of W iirtenAerg, 
 circle of Xeckar, 12 miles' X.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3060, who 
 carry on a trade la corn, wool, leather, and timber. 
 WIN'.VER.SH. a liberty of England, co. of Berks. 
 WIX'XESIIIEK, a new county in the N.N.E. part of 
 Iowa, bonlering on Minnesota, h.-t' an area of about 600 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Upper Iowa and the 
 North Fork of Turkey Kiver, affluents of the Mississippi, 
 This county U represented as well watered and well tim- 
 bered; the soil is adapted to giazing. Xame<i from a Win- 
 nebago chief. Capital, Decorah Pop. in 1S60. 1:5,942. 
 Wl.N'NESIIIEK, a postofflce of Winneshiek CO., Iowa. 
 WINNICA, a town of Russian Poland. See Vi.n.mtsa. 
 WIN'NICUT, a small river of Itockingham co.. New Ilamp- 
 ghire, unites its waters with the Piscat.iqua River. 
 WINNIKI, a village of Austria. See WixiKi. 
 WINNINGEN, *in'uing-fn, a market-town of Rhenish 
 Prus<ia. with mineral springs, 4 miles S.W. of Cublentz, on 
 *iie Moselle. Pop. 1550. 
 WINNIPAUK, a post-office of Fairfield co„ Connecticut 
 WIN'NIPEG. a lake of British North .\merica, is between 
 Tat, 50° and 54° N., and Ion. 96° and 99" W. Length 240 
 miles, breadth 55 miles; shape very irregular. The shores are 
 low, and its waters are muddy. On its S. side it receives the 
 Winnipeg, the Assiniboin. and Red River; and from the 
 W. it is joined by the Saskatchewan, besides which it re- 
 ceives the surplus waters of Winnipegoos and Manitoba 
 Lakes from the W. It discharges its own surplus water 
 northward by the Nelson River, through several small lakes. 
 Into Hudson Bay. On its shores are several stations of the 
 Hudson Bay Company. — The river Winnipeg, a noble but 
 dangerous stream, has a N,W. course of 250 miles through 
 the Lake of the Woods. &c 
 
 WIN'NIPEGOOS or WINNIPIGOOSE, a lake of British 
 North America, about 50 miles W. of Lake Winnipeg, is 
 125 miles in length from N. to S., average breadth 25 miles. 
 WINNIPISEOGEE, pronounced and sometimes spelled 
 WIX'NIPESOCK'EE, (written also WINNEPESOCKET.) a 
 large and beautiful lake of New Hampshire, lying between 
 Carroll and Belknap counties. Its form is very irregular. 
 The entire length is perhaps 23 miles; greatest breadth near 
 10 miles. Its waters are remarkably pure, and very deep. 
 It is said to be fed principally by springs at its bottom. It 
 contains a multitude of islands, which, with the romantic 
 beauty of its banks and the magnificence of the surround- 
 ing mountains, render the scenery of this lake in the high- 
 est degree beautiful and picturesque. I>ake Wirinipiseogee 
 '.s 472 feet above the level of the sea. It* waters flow through 
 two small lakes into the Winnipiseogee River, which joins 
 the Merrimack. 
 
 WINNIPISEOGEE RIVER, In the central part of New 
 Hampshire, forms the outlet of the lake of the same name, 
 and running through Great Bay, in Belknap county, it 
 unites with the Pemisewasset to form the Merrimack, after 
 constituting part of the boundary between .Merrima<-k and 
 Belknap counties. It affords some excellent mill-seats, hav- 
 ing a fall of about 232 feet from the lake to its junction 
 with the Pemigewa.«set River. 
 
 WINNITZ.V. a town of Russia. See Vixxitsa. 
 WINNS'BOKOUGH. a post-village, capital of Fairfield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on the Charlotte and .South Carolina 
 Railroad, 38 miles N. of Columbia. It is situated in a fertile 
 farming district. The railroad, which has lately been com- 
 pleted, connects it with Columbia and with Catawba River. 
 The village has several churches and academies. 1 bank, and 
 is the .«eat of the Furman Theological Seminarv, under the 
 direction of the Baptists, Two periodicals are published 
 here. Free population. 355. 
 
 WINNSBOKOUGH. a post-village, capital of Franklin pa- 
 rish. Louisiana. 200 miles N.W. of Baton Rouge. 
 
 WINNWEILER. ftinn'wrier. a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 
 10 miles N.E. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1284. 
 WIXO'N.\, a post-office of Trimble co., Kentuckv. 
 >\ INOXA. a city and capital of Winona co., Minnesota, 
 on the Mississippi River, 158 miles below St Panl. It is the 
 K. terminus of the Winona and St. Peters Railway. It has 
 8 churclies, 3 banks, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop, 2464. 
 
 WIXOOS'KI, a post-village of Chittenden Co., Vermont, 
 on both sides of the Winooski River, l\^ miles N.E. of Bur- 
 lington. The stream, which is crossed at this place by a 
 substantial covered bridge, has a fall of about 20 feet. In 
 consequence of the extensive hydraulic power thus afforded, 
 
 WIX 
 
 numerous manufactories have sprung up. to which the vil- 
 lage chiefly owes its importance. 
 WINOtJSKI. a post-iiftice of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 WlXO'SKl RIVEU. Vermont See Onio.n IUver. 
 WIXSCIIOTEX, wiu'sKO*tt-n, a town of the Nelherlandg, 
 province and 20 miles E.S.E. of Groniugen, on the Wiuscho- 
 ten Canal. Pop. 3578. It has a Latin school. 
 
 WINS'COMBE. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 WIXSEX, win'.si'n. a town of Hanover, 12 miles N.W. of 
 LUnehurg. on the Lube. Pop. 1988. 
 
 WIXSEX, a vill.nge of Hanover, landrostei and 44 miles 
 S.S.W. of LUneburg. on the Aller. Pop. 1000. 
 WIXS'FORD, a jiarish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 WIN.S'II.VM. a parish of Euirland, co. of Somerset 
 WIX'SIUP'S MILL, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana. 
 WI.\'S'L.\DK, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 WINS'LEY. a hamlet of England, co. of Derby. 
 WINSLEY. a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts. 
 WINS' L<J>W. a market-town and jiarish of England, county 
 and Bf miles S.E. of Buckingham. Pop. in 1851, 1889. partly 
 employeil iii the lace manufacture. The town has an amieut 
 Gothic church. 
 
 WINS'UIW. a post-village and township of Kennebec co., 
 Maiue, on the E. side of the Kennebec Kiver, 18 miles N.X.E. 
 of Augusta. There are 3 saw-mills for cutting lumlier, and 
 a number of machines for manufacturing shingles. luths, 
 clapboards, &c. ; 1 satinet factory. The village of Winslow 
 has 4 stores and a Congregational clmrch. A bridge about 
 300 feet long, and covered, crosses the Sebasticook River, 
 connecting different parts of the township. Half a mile 
 N. of this bridge, another bridge, 9o0 feet long, crosses the 
 Kennebec River, and connects Winslow with Waterville. 
 The Somerset and Kennebec Railroad crosses the above- 
 named rivers near these bridges. The township also con- 
 tains 1 Baptist and 2 Methodist churches. Extensive wateiv 
 power is aJBbrded by the Kennebec and Sebasticook Rivers. 
 Pop. 1739. 
 
 WINS IX) W, a post-village of Camden co.. New Jersey, on 
 a branch of Great Egg Harbor River, and on the Camden 
 and Atlantic Rjiilroad. 46 miles S. by E. of Trenton, contains 
 a church and 3 glass factories. Pop. of township, IStXJ. 
 WINSLOW, a township of Jefferson co., Pcnnsylvani.i. 
 WINSlA>W, a post-village of Pike co,, Indiana, 146 miles 
 S.W, by S. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WINSLOW. a postvillage and township of Stephenson 
 CO.. Illinois, 135 miles W.N.W of Chicaco. 
 
 WINSOR AXP BROWN'S MILL, a manufacturing villajo 
 of West Gloucester township. Providence CO., Rhode Island, 
 about 20 miles V»'. by N. fif Providence. 
 
 WIN'SPE.\R. a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 WIX'S'IWNLEY. a township of England, co. of r.,anc,'»ster. 
 WIN'STED. the hu^t post-Tillage of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticnt, is situated in Winchester township, at the N. 
 terminus of the Naugatuck Railroad, 62 miles N. by E. of 
 Bridgeiwrt. Ixng I^ake, covering a surface of 1500 acres, has 
 its outlet at the W. end of the village, through which the 
 stream pursues a winding course for 2 miles, having a fall 
 in this distance of more than 200 feet, affording a succession 
 of never-failing water-iK)wer. The village contains 2 forges 
 for making iron, an iron foundry, 3 extensive scythe facto- 
 ries. 2 machine-shops. 3 tanneries, a pin factory, flouring- 
 niill, clock factoi-j-, and manufactories of fire-irons, joiners' 
 tools, cutlery, &c'. It has also 2 banks, 1 newspaper office, 
 5 churches, and about 4tt stores. Among the other edifices 
 of the place, the " Beiirdsley Hotel" and " Camp's Build- 
 ing" are worthy of notice for their size and eleg-anco. 
 There are two post-offices in the village, named " Wisstkd" 
 and " West Winstbd." The po|)ulation of Winsted is said 
 to be 3000, and tliat of West Winsted. 2000. 
 
 WIN'STER, a market-town and chapelry of England, co. 
 of Derbv, 4i miles W, of Matlock. Pop. in 1851. 928. 
 
 WIN'STER, a chapelry of England, co. of Westmoreland. 
 WIN'STON, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 WINSTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 WINSTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 WINSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke, 
 WIN'STON, a county in the E. central part of Mississippi, 
 has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by 
 the head streams of Pearl River. The surface is undulatiug 
 or nearly level ; the soil is productive. Named in honor of 
 Colonel Fountain Winston. Capital. Louisville. Pop. 9811, 
 of whom 5o!-8 were tree, and +22:5 slaves. 
 WINSTON, a post-office of Alleghany CO., Maryland. 
 WINST(«X. a thriving post-village, capital of Forsyth CO., 
 North Carolina, 120 miles W. by .\. of Raleigh. i« sejiarated 
 from Salem by a single street. It was laid out in ISoO. when 
 the county was organized. 
 
 WlXSTt^X. a postofflce of Randolph co., Alabama. 
 WINSTON, a past-office of Weakley c-o., Tennessee. 
 WINSTON, a post-office of Dent co'.. Mis.'^uri. 
 WIN'STONVILLE, a village of Winston oo., Mis.»issippi, 
 16 miles S.E. of bouisville. 
 
 WIXTERBERti, win'ter-b8RG\ a town of Bohemia, circle 
 of Praclun. 27 miles S,W'. of Pisek. Pop. ICOO, employetl iu 
 glass and paper factories. 
 
WIN 
 
 WTXTBRBMRG, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 25 miles 
 8.E. of Arnsberg. on the Orke. I'op. 1300. 
 
 WIN'TKKBOUKN, a parish of Kngland, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 Wl.NTEUBOUJlN AIVIIAS, a parish of JKngland, co. of 
 Dorset. 
 
 WIXTERBOURN BAS'SET, a pari.sh of England, co. of 
 Wills. 
 
 WINTERBOUIIN CAME, a parish, England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WINTERBOUllN CLEN'STOMi, a paHtih of Euglaud, co. 
 of Dorset. 
 
 WI.NTERBOURN DANT/SEY, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 WINTKRBOURN EARL.S, a parish, England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 Wi.NXBKBOUKN GUN'XER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Wilts. 
 
 WINTERBOUHN KINGSTTON, a parish of England, co. 
 of Dorset. 
 
 WIXTKRBODRN MONK/TOX, a parish of England, co. 
 if Dorsit. 
 
 WINTKRBOURN STEE'PLETOX, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Dorset. 
 
 WINTERBOURN ST. MAIVTIX, a parish of England, co. 
 of Dorset, 3 miles W'.S.W. of Dorchester. .Marden- Castle, 
 once ail important Roman post, is in this parish. 
 
 WIXTKRIJOURX SruKK. a parish, England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WINTKRBOURN STRICK/LAXD, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Dorset 
 
 WIXTKRBOUBN WHIT/CUCRCH, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Dorset. 
 
 WINTKRBOURN ZKL'STOXE, a p.irlsh of England, co. 
 of Dorsi't. 
 
 WIN'XERBURROUGII, a post-office of Talladega co., Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 WINTERHAM, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia. 
 
 WIN'TER IIAR'BOR, a post-office of lIanco<!k co., .Maine.- 
 
 WIXTER-IIARBOR, British North America, is on the 
 S.E. const of Mulvi.'le Island, Arctic Ocean. Lat. 74° 47' 2" 
 N.. Ion. 110° 48' 2" W. Here Sir Edward Tarry wintered in 
 1819-20. 
 
 WIN'TERINGHAM, a parish of Enijland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WIN'TERI'OCK, a post-office of Chestei-fleld co., Airgiuia. 
 
 WIN'TERROWD. a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana. 
 
 WIN'TERSEAT, a village of Abbeville district. South Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 WIX'TERSET, a post-village, capital of Madi.son co., Iowa, 
 on till- n.iid IcadiMn fr.im De.-< .Moinos to Council Blulls, alxiut 
 30 mil. ^ .S.W. of Dos Moines. I'op. Hl.5. 
 
 WIXn'ERSLOW, a parish of Kngland. co. of Wilts. 
 
 WIXTKRSVILLE. a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 
 UO mil.s E. by X. of Columbus. 
 
 WINTERSVILLE, a pfist-otlice of Decatur co., Indiana. 
 
 WINTKRSWYK, win'ts'rs-wik\ a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of OelJerland, 35 miles E. of Arnhcm, on 
 the I'russian frontier. I'op., with vicinity, 5600, partly linen 
 weavers. 
 
 WINTKRTIIUR. *in'tfr-tooR\ a town of Switzerland, 
 ainton •■iiid 12 miles N.E. of Zurich. I'op. 4000. It h,is 
 manufactures of cotton yarn and fabrics, a college, public 
 libnirv. and museums. 
 
 WINTKRTIIUR, OBEU,on)er «in'ter-tooR\ (anc. Vitodu- 
 rum?) a village of Switzerland, 1 mile N,E. of the alwve 
 town, with 2000 inhabitints, and some Roman antiquities. 
 
 WINa'ERTON. a p.irish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WINTERTOX, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the 
 ^oast, 5^ miles N.X.W. of Caistor. The church steeple serves 
 N8 a landmark. On Winterton-Xess is a lighthouse. 62 feet 
 In hei^'ht, with a fixed light, lat. 52° 43' X., Ion. 1° 41' E. 
 
 WIN''THORI>E, a pari.sh of Ensiland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WIXTIIORI'E, a pari.sh of England, co. of Notts. 
 
 WIX/TIIROP, apost-townshipof Kennebec county. Maine, 
 intersected by tlii! Maine Central Railroad, about 10 miles 
 W.S.W. of Augusta. The village of Wintlirop is situated 
 at the S. end of a large pond, the outlet of which affords 
 water-powej, and on the railroad, 53 miles N. by E. of I'ort- 
 land. It is a place of active business, and contains a bank. 
 Pop. in 1S40, 1915; in 1860, 233s. 
 
 WIXTIIROP, a post-office of Middle.'sex co., Connecticut. 
 
 ■WIXTHROP, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 WI.XTIIROP, a post-township of Suffolk co., Massachu- 
 setts, taken from Chelsea in 1S52. 
 
 WIX'TON, a contracted name of WIxchkster. 
 
 WINTOX, a post-village, capital of Hertford county. North 
 Carolina, on the riglit bank of the Chowan River, 115 miles 
 N.E. of Kaleigh. It contains a court-house, 2 stores, and 1 
 steam saw-mill. The river is navigable for sloops, in which 
 staves and tar are exported. 
 
 WINTOX. a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 AVINIIIIXGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Ridln- 
 
 WIXTZEXIIEIM, -ftin'sen-hime', (Fr. pron. v5\t'sJn'Jm',) 
 a market-town of France, department of Ilaut Rhin, 3 miles 
 W. of Colraar. Pop. in 1852, 4014, employed in manufac- 
 tures of printed cotton goods and coarse woollen cloths. 
 
 WIX'WICK, a parish of England, counties of Northamp- 
 ton and Huntingdon. 
 
 WIS 
 
 WIXWICK, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WIXWICK, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 WI.N'YAW B.W, of South Carolina, is an estuary tbrincj 
 by the eontiuence of the Pedee, Black, and Waccamaw 
 Rivers, (whicli unite a little above Georgetown.) and com- 
 municating with the Atlantic about lat. Xi^ 10' N. Leugth 
 14 miles ; mean breadth 2 miles. Large vessels can ascend 
 to Georgetown. 
 
 WIXZi-.L.N. wint'sJln, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of 
 Schwarzwald, bailiwick of Oberndorf. Pop. 1149. 
 
 WINZIG, wiut'siG. a walled town of PruRsian Silesia, 30 
 miles X.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2000. 
 
 WIO'T.\, a post-village of Lafayette CO., Wisconsin, on 
 Pekatouiia River, and 37 miles E..\.K. of Galena. It has 4 
 stores. Pop. of Wiota township. 1197. 
 
 WIl'B.\CH, a town of Austria. See Wippacii. 
 
 WU'FELD, *ip'fclt, a markeHown of Bavaria, circle of 
 Lower Francouia, on the left bauk of the Maiu, 15 miles 
 N.E. of WUrzburg. Pop. 742. 
 
 WIl'PAClI. ^ip'piK, or WIPBACII, a market-town of 
 lUyria, Carniola, with a castle, government and 3U miles 
 S.W. of Laybaoh. Pop. 1040. 
 
 WIPI'ER, Vvip'pfr, or WUPPER. (Wupper.) *Up'per, a 
 river of I'russiau Sa.'touy and Schwarzenburg, after a S.E. 
 cour.seof50 miles.joins thtiUnstrut. 7 miles S.W. of .Irteru. 
 
 WIPPKR, a river of Prussian Siixony and Anhalt-Ueru- 
 burg, after a X.E. course of 40 miles, joins the Suale near 
 Bernburg. 
 
 WIPTER, a river of Prussian AVeslphnlia, after a course 
 of 50 miles joins the Rhine on the E. bauk, S miles X. of 
 Cologne. 
 
 Wll'l'ERFUP.TII. ■ftip'perfooRt', a walled town of Rhenish 
 Prussia, 23 miles N.E. of Cologne, on the last-named Wipper. 
 Pop. 1875. 
 
 Wll*PR.\, f^ip'prd, a vilhage of Prus.<ian Saxony, on the 
 Wipper. 23 miles S.S.E. of llalberstadt Pop. lOOO. 
 
 WIRBALLKN, a town of Polaud. See WiuizuoLOW. 
 
 WIRl/roWX. a i)Ost-village of Ocean CO., Xew Jersey, 51 
 miles S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 Wl'RI.NGToN, a liamlet of England, oo. of Northampton, 
 3i miles N..\.W. of Peterborough. Pop. 629. 
 
 WlRlv.S'WORTIi. a market-town and parL-ih of England, 
 CO. and 12 miles N.N.W. of Derby, on the High Peak iiail- 
 way and Crtimford Canal. Pop. of the town in 1J>51, 2032. 
 The town consists p>°tucipaliy of two streets at right angles. 
 The church is a spacious editice, and here are places of wor- 
 ship for Wesleyans, Independents, and Baptists; a grammar 
 school, having two scholarships and two fellowships in St 
 John's College, Cambridge. The lead-mines in the vicinit^v 
 furnish employment to many of the inhabitants. Manufac- 
 tures of cotton goods, hats, hosiery, and wool combing are 
 carried on. Wirksworth forms a part of the duchy of Lan- 
 caster. The manor formerly belonged to Sir R. Arkwright 
 
 WIRLE. a market-town of Austria. See Virle. 
 
 WI R.S'W.\LL, a townsliiu of England, co. of Chester. • 
 
 WIRT, a tonnty in the W. part of West Virginia, has an 
 area e-timated at 200 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Little Kanawha River, and also drained by Hughes' 
 River and Reedy and Spring Creeks. The surface is hilly 
 and well timbered; the soil mostly fertile. The North- 
 western Virgitiia Railroad piu^ses near the northern part of 
 the county. Formed a few years ago, and named in honor 
 of William Wirt, formerly attorney-general of tlie United 
 States. Capital, Wirt Court- House or El izabethtown. Pop 
 3751, of whom 3728 were free, and 23 slaves. 
 
 WIRT, a post-township of Alleghany co., Now York, about 
 82 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. Pop. 1390. 
 
 WIRT COURT-HOUSE or ELIZAHETIITOWN, a post- 
 village, capital of Wirt CO., West Virginia, on the Little 
 Kanawlia River, about 24 miles S.S E. of Parkersburg. 
 
 WIRTEMBERG, Germany. See Wurtembkro. 
 
 WIRTEMBERG, a small village of Perry co.. Missouri 
 . WIS A. See Vr/.A. 
 
 WISB.VDEN, Germany. See Wiesbadex. 
 
 WISBEACH, wis'beech, written also WISBECH, a muni- 
 cipal borough, river-port, and town of England, co. of Cam- 
 bridge, on the border of Norfolk, in the isle of Ely, on the 
 Xen, here crossed by a one-arched bridge, 72 feet in span, 
 11 miles from its mouth in the Wash, and at the junction 
 of the Eastern Counties and East Anglian Railway, 9 miles 
 X.N.E. of .March. Pop. in 1851. 10,.594. The town is well 
 built. The princip.il edifices are St. Peter's Church, with 
 two naves .lud two aisles, and a fine tower; a chapel of ease, 
 and many dis-senting chapel.s, the Town-hall, Custom-house, 
 Corn Exchange, assembly rooms, theatre, and spacious baths. 
 The grammar school has 4 by-fellowships in Peterhouse 
 College, and & scholarships in Magdalen College, Cambridge. 
 It has ropewalks, iron works, large malt-houses, an ex- 
 tensive brewery, and several yards for building and repaid 
 ing small vessels,- The chief exports are corn, limber, wool, 
 and seeds. The imports are wine, deals, and coals. The 
 registered shipping in 1847, was 39.402 tons. 
 
 WI.'^/BOROUGII-GREEN. a parish of England, co. Sussex. 
 
 WISBY, wiz'ljee or *is'bU. a seaport town of Swe<len, 
 capital of the island of Gottlaud, ou it« W. coast, 115 miles 
 
 2125 
 
WIS 
 
 B.S E of S'xckbjlm; lat. 07° S^ X., Ion. 1S° 1& E. It is 
 enclo.-ed by »Ui5, is the see of a bishop, and has a new 
 cathedral, a gyinuwiuui. harbor, tanneries, tobacco factories, 
 and a thriving trade. l"he island of Gottlaud forms the 
 la;n of Wisby. 
 
 AVIjC.\S'.'«ETT, a post-town, port of entry, and tlie capi- 
 Ud of Lincoln county, Maine, on the right baiik of Sheeps- 
 cott Kiver. about 20 ml\ts from the ocean, and 50 ihiles E.N.E. 
 of Portland. The inijabitants are engaged in commerce, 
 ship-building, and Arming. About 40 vessels are owned ; 
 4 or 5 of which are ships gagaged iu the freighting business, 
 and the remainder in coasting. The rirer and harbor are 
 among the best in the state, t)eing accessible at all seasons 
 of the year. Four or five ih'vps and several sm.^ller vessels 
 were built here in 1853. The village contains, besides the 
 county buildings, 3 churches, a biink. a high school, about 
 24 stores, and a steam saw-mili, at which lumber and sogar 
 boxes are manufactured. The river is here crossed by a 
 bridge about a mile in length. TIao shipping of the district. 
 June 30, 1S54, amounted to au aggregate of 60t>4 tons 
 registered, and 13.628 tons enrolled and licensed — total, 
 19,692 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed tonn.ige, 6444 
 toils were employed In the c<kst trade, 6111 tons in the 
 !0d fishery, and 342 tons in the mackerel fisheries. During 
 the year, 5 ship, 3 brigs, and 2 schooners, with an aggregate 
 burthen of 4745 tons, were admeasured. I'op. of the town- 
 ship, 2.31 S. 
 
 Wl^Cn.VU, *ish'ow. or WISKOW, *is'kov, a town of 
 Moravin. 19 miles E.N.E. of Brunn, on the Hanna. P. 3264. 
 
 WISOIIERA. a river of Kussia. See Vishera. 
 
 AVISCII.N'KI WOLOTSCIIOK. See Vishnee Volotchok. 
 
 AVISCIIMTZA, «^i?h-nit'si, or WISXITZ. wis'nits, a mjir- 
 ke^towu of Austrian Poland, Bukowina, 38 miles W.S.VV. 
 of Tchernovitz, on the Czeremosz, opposite Kuty. P. 2650. 
 
 WISCOX'SI.V or WISKON'SIN, originally OUESCONSIN, 
 {Ne^kmapara of the Indians,) an important river of Wia- 
 tonsin h.is a number of small lake*. The principal of these 
 is Lake Winnebago, S.E. of the middle of tlio state. It is 
 to the Winnebago Portage, in Columbia county. Below 
 this point, which is 114 miles by land from its mouth, the 
 river pursues a south-westerly course until it enters the 
 Mississippi. 4 miles below Prairie du Chien. The whole 
 length is estimated at 600 miles. It is 60i) yards wide at 
 its mouth, and Wi yards at the pnrtnge. Shifting sandbars 
 render the navigation rather difficult, but small steamers 
 ascend as high as to Portage City, (about 200 miles by the 
 course of the river,) and a canal is in course of construction 
 from that place to the Neenah or Fo.x River, which will 
 open uninterrupted navigation from the Mississippi to Lake 
 Michigan, via Ureen Bay. The Neenah River approaches 
 within a mile and a half of the Wisconsin, at M'innebago 
 Portage. The Wisconsin is the largest river that intersects 
 the state. In the upper part of its course it is bordered by 
 (jxtensive forests of pine timber, of which large quantities 
 are sent to market. The Little Wisconsin enters tlie main 
 stream from the right, near the centi^ of Marathon county. 
 
 WISCONSIN or ^VISICONSIN, one of the recently settled 
 states of the North American Confederacy, is bounded on the 
 N. by Minnesota, Lake Superior, and the northern peninsula 
 of Michigan, (from which it is separated in part by the Meno- 
 monee and Montreal Rirers,) on the E. by Lake .Michigan, S. 
 by Illinois, and W. by the states of Iowa and ilinnesota, 
 from the former of which it is separated bv the Mississippi, 
 and from the latter (in part) by the St. Croix River. It lies 
 between 42° 30' and 46° 55' X. lat., (if we exclude some small 
 islands belonging to the state in Lake Superior,) and between 
 87° and 92° 50' W. Ion., being about 2S5 miles in extreme 
 length from N. to S.. andabout 255 in its greatest breadth 
 from E. to W., including an area of about 53,924 square 
 miles, or 34,511,360 acres, of which 3,746,167 were improved 
 in 18o0. 
 
 Face of the Cbwnfry.— Wisconsin may be described gene- 
 rally as an elevated rolling prairie, from 600 to 1200 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The highest portion of this 
 plateau is on the N., and forms the dividing ridge between 
 the waters flowing S.W. into the Mississippi, andthose tlow- 
 Ing N. into Lake Superior. The southern slope is again 
 interrupted about the middle of the state by another ridge, 
 giving origin to a second slope, drained by Rock River and 
 its branches. This sUte has no mountains, properly so 
 called. The descent towards Lake Superior is very abrupt, 
 and the rivers full of rapids and falls, which interrupt 
 navigaUon, but afford valuable mill-sites. There is a third 
 ndge or elevation in the S.E., dividing the watercourses of 
 Lake Michigan from those of Green Bay. Just below the 
 second rulge, a depression crosses the state, forming the bed 
 ot the Neen.ih or Fox River and the Lowvr Wisconsin. 
 When the rivers are unusually full, these actu.illy com- 
 tounioatf!. though running in opposite directions, the one 
 to the .Mississippi, and the other to Lake .^ichi<'an. 
 
 6?«o/«7y.— Lime.storie underlies most of the southern part 
 of the state-the cliff limestone in the mineral districts, and 
 the b.ue elsewhere. The northern part seems to be composed 
 of primitive rocks for the most part of granite, slate, and 
 sands tona Commencing a little S. of the Wisconsin, and along 
 
 WIS 
 
 the Mississippi, as fiir back as the falls of its tnbutnries. sand- 
 stone, between layers of limestone, is tlie prevailing w)ck. and 
 forms the cliffs on ttie .Missis.<ippi. below St. Anthony's Falls, 
 for 35 miles. The rivers in this region are much ohstructed 
 by shifting beds of this sand. From L.^ke Michigan west- 
 ward to the other St^ctions named, is a limestone region, in 
 many parts well timbered, while in others a considerable 
 portion is prairie. Underlying the blue limestone is a brown 
 sandstone, which crops out on the sides of the hills, but no 
 lead ha-s ever been found iu it A section through Blue 
 Mound would give the following result, descending ver- 
 tically: — llornstoue. 410 feet; maguesian lime, or lead bear- 
 ing rock, 169 feet; saccharoid sandstone, 40 feet; grindstone, 
 3 feet; lower limestime, (at the level of the Wisconsin.) 190 
 feet. The elevations of different 'parts of the southern 
 section of the state are given by Chancellor Lathrop, at Blue 
 -Mounds, 1170; head waters of the Kock River, 316; egress 
 of the same river from the state. 128, and the portage 
 between the Fox and Wisconsin Itivers, at ii^i feet above 
 the level of Luke Michigan and the Wiscon.*ln River. 
 
 Following the map accompanying the go>logical work 
 of I'rofessor Owen, on the states; of Iowa and Wisconsin, 
 and the territory of Minnesota, we should say that alx)ut 
 half the northern part of the state of Wisconsin, resting 
 on l^ake Superior, and having it« apex near the 44tb degree 
 of N. latitude, and about the middle of the state, (taken 
 in an E. and W. direction,) is covered by drift, overlying the 
 Potsdam sandstone of New Vork. and metamorphic strata, 
 with occa.-ional protrusions of granite and other igneous 
 rocks. Beyond this triangle, on the S.E. and S.W.. the 
 sandstone comes to the surface in a broad belt, having 
 between it and the Mississippi, (from the St. Croix to the 
 Wisconsin River,) a second belt of lower mstgnesian lime- 
 stone, with the sandstone occasionally laid bare in the 
 valleys of the streams. This same formation is continued on 
 the S., (following the Wisi-onsin lUver on both sides.) and 
 on the E. coa,«ting the sandstone belt to its full extent. The 
 limestone is followed in turn by another zone of white sand- 
 stone, containing beds of shells. Next succeeds the lead- 
 bearing group of upper magnesian limestone, exten^ling into 
 Illinois and Iowa on the S. and W., and on the E. running 
 up into the peninsula formed by Green Bay and Lake 
 Michigan, havinga triangle of the Niagara limestone Ijetween 
 it and Lake Michigan on the S.E. On the shores of Lake 
 Superior are two beds of red clay and marl, separated by 
 ridges of drift from 300 to 600 feet high. East of this, .and 
 just where the northern boundjiry leaves the lake, parallel 
 groups of conglomerate red sandstone and slates, trap, and 
 metamorphic slates, with beds of magnetic iron ore, granita, 
 and quartzose rocks come to the surface. 
 
 Minerals. — Part of the great lead region extending from 
 Illinois and Iowa is included in the S.W. part of Wisconsin, 
 and occupies an area of nearly 2880 square miles, alxmt 
 three-fourths of which is in the la.st^named state. This por- 
 tion is no less rich in the quantity and quality of its ore 
 than in the other states where it lies. The lead is here in- 
 termingled with copper and zinc, the latter in large quanti- 
 ties, together with some silver. In Lapointe, Chippewa. St. 
 Croix, and Iowa counties, copper is also found; iu Dodge 
 county, "at the so called Iron Ridge, is the most promising 
 locality of iron ore in the state yet discovereil ;" but on the 
 Black River and other branches of the >Iississippi, good iron 
 ore occurs. The iron ores of the I^ake Superior region ex- 
 tend from Michigan into this state, in abundant dejwsits of 
 the richest quality. The other metallic substances are 
 magnetic iron, iron pyrites, and graphite or plumbago. The 
 non-metallic earths are agate, cornelians, (found on the 
 shores of the small laki-s), bitumen, peat. Marble of a fine 
 quality, some gv-psum, saltpetre and other minerals have 
 been found. A vein of ct)pper ore was discovered in 1848, 
 near the Kickapoo River, which yields about 20 per cent, of 
 copper, but to what extent the bed runs lias not been ascer- 
 tained. Mines were also worked at the falls of Black River, 
 and in its vicinity, but they have been abandoned. Facts do 
 not justify any expectatit)n of great deposits of copper in the 
 N.W. part of the state. A great bed of magnetic iron ore lies 
 S. of Lake Superior, near Tyler's Fork of the Bad River, in 
 strata of metamoi-phic slate. The amount of lead received 
 at Milwaukee for the year 1863 was 848.625 lbs. On the 
 completion of the Southern Wisconsin Railroad to Dubuque, 
 it is estimated that 2b,000,000 of lbs. will seek an outlet at 
 Milwaukee. Beautiful varieties of marble have been re- 
 cently discovered or made known to the public in the N. 
 part of Wisconsin. According to .Messrs. Foster and Whit- 
 ney's report, they are found on the Michiganilg and Meno- 
 nionee Rivers, and afford bejiutifiil marbles, whose pre- 
 vailing color is light pink, traversed by veins or seams of 
 deep red. Others are blue and dovo-colored, beautifully 
 veined. These are susceptible of a fine polish, and some 
 on the Menomonee are within navigable distance from the 
 lakes. 
 
 Lar:es and Rivers. — Besides the great Lakes Superior and 
 Michigan, which lave its northern and eastern shores, Wis- 
 consin has a number of small lakes. The principal of these 
 is Liike Winnebago, S.E. of the middle of the state. It is 
 
WIS 
 
 ^ about 28 miles long and 10 miles wide, and communicates 
 with Gr(en Hay, (a N.W. arm of Laky Miclu>;an,) throU-'h 
 the Fox or Neenah River. These small lalies are most 
 abundant in the N.W., and are generally characterized by 
 clear water and Rravelly bottoms, often with bold picturesque 
 chores, crowned with hemlock, spruce, and other trees. 
 Tliey afford excellent fish. In the slinllow waters on the 
 margins of some of them grows wild rice, an important 
 article of food with the savages of this region. The rivers 
 which traverse the interior flow generally in a S.W. direc- 
 tion, and discharge their waters Into the Mississippi. The 
 latter river runs along the S.W. border of Wisconsin fur 
 more than 200 miles. Commencing at the S., we have, in 
 the following order, Wisconsin, Bad Axe, Black, and Chip- 
 pewa Rivers. Of these the most important is the Wiscon- 
 sin, which has a course of probably 200 mile.s, almost directly 
 S., when it flows nearly W. for about 100 more. It is navi- 
 gable for steamlwats LSO mile». The Chippewa is about 2iM). 
 and the IJlack 100 miles long. The Rock, Des Plaines. and 
 Fox River (of lllinoi.s) drain the S.K. slope of the state, and 
 pass oif into Illinois. The Fox or Neenah is the outlet of 
 Winnebago Lake, and connects it with Green Bay. The 
 Wolf, from the N.. is the main feeder of the same lake. The 
 Menomonee, em|)tying into Green Bay, and the Jlontreal 
 ■ into Lake Superior, are rapid streams, which are valuable 
 for mill-sites. They form part of the N.K. boundary. The 
 Menomonee has a descent of 1049 feet The St. Louis, (con- 
 sidered as the primary source of the St. Lawrence,) coasts 
 this state for 20 or 30 miles on the N.W., and is full of rapids 
 and falls in this part of its course. These rivers are not 
 generally favorable to navigation without artificial aid. 
 The ^V■isconsi^ may be ascended by steamtoats to the rapids, 
 where it approaches a tributary of Lake Winnebago, within 
 a mile and a half, where a eaual is being constructed, which, 
 when completed, will open an entire inland navigation from . 
 New York to the Upper Mississippi. The Rock River is 
 sometimes at high water ascended by boats to within the 
 limits of Wiscon.sin. The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and 
 St. Croix are important channels for floating timber to mar- 
 ket from the pine regions in the N.W. of the state. The 
 rivers flowing into Lake Superior are small, and though 
 unfavorable for commerce, their rapid courses make them 
 valuable for mill-sites. Colonel Long estimates that the 
 Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Kivers are respect- 
 ively capable of a steamboat navigation of 70, 60, 180, and 
 250 miles, but at present they are a good deal obstructed by 
 shifting .sands and rapids. 
 
 Ohjecls of Interest V) Thurists. — Wisconsin, though young 
 in political existence, is not behind her sister states in ob- 
 jects of interest, not merely for the utilitarian, but for the 
 lover of the picturesque, and even the antiquary. Scattered 
 over her undulating plains are found e.arth-works. modelled 
 after the forms of men and animals, that are evidently the 
 work of a race different from those who posses-sed the coun- 
 try at the periiKl of the arrival of the Europeans. At Aztur 
 Ian, in Jefferson county, is an ancient fortification, 560 yards 
 long, 275 wide, with walls 4 or 5 feet high, and more than 
 20 feet thick at the base. Another work, resembling a man 
 in a recumbent position, 120 feet long and 30 across the 
 trunk, is to be .seen near the Blue Mounds; and one resem- 
 bling a turtle, 50 feet in length, at I'rairieville. These arti- 
 ficiiU works are generally without order, but sometimes 
 have a systematic arrangement, with fragments of pottery 
 often scattered around. Some are so defaced as to make it 
 difficult to trace the animal resemblances referred to, while 
 others are distinctly visible. One is said to have been dis- 
 covered near Cassville, resembling the extinct miustodon. 
 Among the most striking natural objects are the Blue 
 Muund.s, in Dane county, the highest of which hivs an ele- 
 vation of 1170 feet above the Wisconsin, and is a prominent 
 landmark in this country of prairies. I'latte and other 
 mounds, in the S.W. of the state, have various elevations 
 of from 60 to more than 100 feet. This state shares with 
 Minnesota the beautiful Lake Pepin, an expansion of the 
 Mississippi, mostly walled in by precipitous shores, which 
 rise from 300 to 500 feet nearly perpendicular. These heights 
 are merely given as examples, not as the only ones there 
 are. Almost all the rivers of Wisconsin abound in rnplds 
 and falls. The most remarkable of these are a series of cas- 
 cades or cataracts in the St. Louis River, which have a de- 
 scent of 320 feet in 16 miles, terminating about 20 miles 
 from its mouth. Quinnes.sec Falls, in the Menomonee River, 
 have one perpendicular pitch of 40 feet, and an entire descent 
 of 134 feet in one mile and a half, besides several other 
 rapids, where the river tos.ses and dashes through narrow 
 *nd tortuous defiles. Among the other falls, are St. Croix, 
 Chippewa, and Big Bull Falls in the Wisconsin. The river 
 bluffs present grand and picturesque views in m.any places, 
 particularly at Mount Trempieau, on the MLssissippi, in 
 La Crosse county, where tlie rocks rise 500 feet perpendicu- 
 larly above the river, — in Richland county, on the Wi.scon- 
 gin, where the banks are from 150 to 200 feet high, — and in 
 Sauk county, where it passes through a narrow gorge be- 
 tween cliffs of from 400 to 500 feet elevation. Grandfather 
 Bull Falls, the greatest rapids in tha Wisconsin lUver, are 
 
 WIS 
 
 In about 4.5° N. latitude, and are a series of small casc-»-.l« 
 or rapids, breaking through a ridge of 150 feet perpendicu- 
 lar height, for the distance of one mile and a half. In thJo 
 vicinity are a number of chalybeate springs. On the same 
 river, near the 44th parallel of N. latitude, is I'etenwell Peak, 
 an oval mass of rock, 900 feiit long by 300 wide, and 200 in 
 elevation above the neighboring country, of which it com- 
 mands an extensive view. About 70 feet of this, at the top, 
 is compo.sed of perpendicular rock, split into towers, turrets, 
 &c. A few miles below this is Fortifi<-ation Rock, which rises 
 to the height of 100 feet or more above the general level, 
 being perpendicular on one side, while on the other it de- 
 scends by a succession of terraces to the common levcd. At 
 the Dalles the Wisconsin is compresse<l for 5 or miles be- 
 tween red sandstone hill.s. from 25 feet to 120 feet high, and 
 an average of 100 fc!et asunder. Between the Dalles and 
 the mouth of the river, the bluffs are of every variety of 
 height under 400 feet. 
 
 Clinuxte,. — The climate, though severe, and the winters 
 long, is more regular and more free from those frequent 
 and unhealthy changes that prevail farther south. The 
 lakes, too, exert n mitigating influence, the temperature 
 bi.'ing 65'' degrees higher on the lake than on the Missis- 
 sippi side. The lake shore is al.so more moist, but the state 
 generally is drier than in the sjime par illels farther east. 
 From records kept between 1835 and 1845, it appears the 
 Milwaukee River was closed on an avf^rage from .Vovemljer 
 22 to .March 20; and steamboats arrived at Mineral I'nint 
 from February 26 to April 10, clo.sing from November 16 to 
 Deceml)er 4. The diseases consequent upon clearing lands 
 are less fretjuent it is said, in this than other new states, 
 owing to the open nature of the country in .the oak open- 
 ings. The number of disaths in 1850 were less than 10 in 
 every thousand persons — while Massacliusetts had about 20. 
 Snil and I'nxluctinns. — The country south of the middle 
 Is a fine agricultural region, particularly. that back of Ke- 
 nosha. In the mineral district, W. of the I'ekatonica, the 
 country is broken, but, what is unusual in milling tracts, 
 generally well adapted to farming, and espwially grazing. 
 But probably the best agricultural section is that K. of the 
 Pekatouica, which has more prairie land, though even here 
 is a considerable portion of timbered land on the rivers and 
 streams. The agricultural capabilities of the northern part 
 of the state, around the head waters of the Black and Chip- 
 pewa Rivers, and the .sources of the rivers emptying into 
 Lake Superior, are small, the surface in part being covered 
 with drift and boulders, and partly with ponds and marshes. 
 In 18tiO, there were 3,i 46,030 acres of land improveu, pro- 
 ducing 15,067,458 bushels of wheat, the state being, tlie sec- 
 ond in the Union with respect to tlie production of wheat 
 (Illinois producing 23,837,000 bushels), 888,534 bushels of 
 rye, 7,565,290 of Indian corn, 11,059,270 of oats, 678,992 of 
 hurley, 1,011,915 pounds of wool, 3,848,505 bushels of pota- 
 toes, 13,651,053 pounds of butter, 1,104,459 of choe-e, 853,799 
 tons of hay, 135,587 pounds of hops, 1,584,568 of maple sngar,- 
 215,193 of beeswax. The quantities of wheat, corn and 
 butter being each almost four times as much a.s in 1850. 
 The gross proceeds of agricultural industry are as follows: 
 N alue of field products proper, $27,119,608.29 ; dairy pro- 
 il nets, .?1,311,043.99 ; orchard products, S155,.531 .05 : sorghum 
 and maple molasses, honey and wine, $206,378.43 ; slaugh- 
 tered animals. $3,742,237.55; estimated value of increase 
 of live stock, $3,702,183.00. Total value, $:J6,330,498..31. 
 
 Fbrfst Trees. — There are vast forests of pine on the Upper 
 Wisconsin, the Wolf River, and the trlbutfiries of the Mi.s- 
 fissipi, N. of the Wisconsin. The other forest trees are 
 spruce, tiimarac, cedar, oak of different species, birch, aspen, 
 basswood, hickory, elm, ash, hemlock, poplar, sycamore, and 
 sugar-maple; but forests such as are seen in Pennsylvania 
 and New York occur only in a small portion of the Kock 
 River Valley, and in a narrow border on Lake Michigan. 
 The oak openings already described form a pleasing feature 
 in the landscapes of Wisconsin. 
 
 Animals. — The wild animals are black bears, prairie wolves, 
 gray wolves, foxes, woodchucks, and the gojjher. which is 
 found only on the W. side, near the Missi.»sipi)i River. The 
 last-named animal is very destructive to the roots of fruit 
 trees. 
 
 Manufactures. — ^Thls youthful state has not yet had time 
 (nor is it yet her most profitable resource) to test her manu- 
 facturing capabilities. In 1800, there were in this state 
 3064 establishments, each producing $500 an<l upwards 
 annually, engaged in mining, manufactures, and the me- 
 chanic arts, employing an aggregate capital of .*15,831,581, 
 and 15,414 hands, consuming raw material worth .S17,137,;i34, 
 and yielding products valued at $27,849,467. Among tlieso 
 were 22 iron foundries employing $200,400 capitnl, and 221 
 hands, and producing annually castings valued at $307,785 ; 
 476 saw-mills, employing capital to the amount of $i.595,380, 
 and 4427 hands, and producing lumber valuetl at $4,377,880 ; 
 45 tanneries, employing $257,900 capital, and producing 
 leather valued at $439,985 ; 15 woollen factories, employing 
 8100,600 capital, and producing goods valued at $172,720; 
 127 breweries, employing $822,025 capital, consuming raw 
 material worth $267,157, and producing malt liquors valued 
 
 2127 
 
WIS 
 
 at $743 697; 81 mnnufiictories of agricultural implements, 
 eniplnving $403,720 capital, and 666 bauds, and producing 
 goods Valued at $735,198; 55 manufactories of Siisli, doors, 
 and blinds, the products of wUich were valued at §250,021 ; 
 22 luaniifactorios of machinery, employing $280,400 capital, 
 and producing steam-engines, &c., valued at $372,950; 374 
 flour and grist-mills, employing capital to the amount of 
 $3,526,869, consuming raw material worth $9,532,510, and 
 producing flour and nieiU valued at $11,510,8:>4; and 18 
 smelting furnaces, producing pig-lead valued at $666,062. 
 Home-made manufactures valued at $127,992 were also pro- 
 duced. The numerous rivers and streams of Wisconsin, 
 with their frequent rapids and falls, afford great facilities 
 for mill-sites of every sort, and her forests and iron for ship 
 and steamboat building. 
 
 Internal Improvemenis.— In 1860, there were in V> isconsin 
 922 miles of railroad completed, Milwaukee is connected 
 with the Mississippi River by 2 railroads, which terminate 
 re8i>ectively at Prairie du Chien and La Crosse. One of 
 these passes through Madison. These two great lines are 
 intersected by the Chicago and North Western Kailroad, 
 w^hich extends from Chicago via Janesvilie and Fond Du 
 Lac to Green Bay. Milwaukee is also conuectwi by direct 
 railroads with Kacine and Chicago on the one liand, and 
 with lioricon, Berlin, Fond du Lac, &c. on the other. Kacine 
 js the E. terminus of a railroad extending through Nortliern 
 Illinois to the Mississippi River. Other railroads connect 
 Bladison with Beloit, Janesvilie with Monroe, and Kenosha 
 with Rockford, Illinois. Mineral Point is the N. terminus 
 of a railroad which extends to the Illinois Central at War- 
 ren. A canal has been constructed from the Fox River to 
 the Wisconsin, by means cf which an uninterrupttnl navi- 
 gation for stramboats is opened Irom Lake Michigan to the 
 Mississippi River. This work \raa done under the super- 
 vision of the state, by funds arising from the sale of lands 
 appropriated by the national government. Tlie gross earn- 
 ings of the Milwaukee and Prairie Du Chien Railroad for 
 18t)3 are stated to hava been $1,247,257. 
 
 Oommerce. — Wisconsin enjoys great facilities for internal 
 trade with the lake and Eastern States, through those great 
 inland seas which bound her on the N. and E., and with 
 »lmost every part of the valley of the Mis.*is.<ippi, by means 
 of the river of that name and its numerous tributaries, and 
 even with the Atlantic ports through the Gulf of Mexico. 
 The foreign exports of this state, for 1862-3, amounted to 
 $3,323,037 ; the imports to $24,479. Tonnage entered, 98,443 ; 
 tonnage cleared, 113,715 ; tonnage owned in the state, 28,974. 
 Number of vessels built in the state, in 1862—3, 4 witli an 
 aggregate tonnage of 1148. It is stated that 603,526 barrels 
 of flour, 12,S;i7,620 bushels of wheat, and 831,e00 bushels of 
 oats were ship|)ed from Milwaukee in 186:5. The grain and 
 flour sliipped from the other lake ports iraa estimated at 
 2,900,490 bushels. The exports of the state at large consist 
 mainly of wheat, Indian corn, oats, flour, lumber, pork, beef, 
 lard, butter, lead, bricks,&c. The exports of Racine amounted 
 In 1854 to $1,381,691 ; and of Green Bay, in lumber alone, 
 to $374,435. According to De Bow's Review, there were 
 exporteil in 1851-2, from the St. Croix, Chippewa, and Black 
 Rivers, in the N.W. part of Wisconsin, 01,000,000 feet of 
 lumber; 23,000.000 feet of logs; square timber, lath, shin- 
 gles, A-c, valued at $30,000; and furs and peltries worth 
 $200,000; making the value of exports for the western part 
 of the state, $1,170,000. The ports of Wisconsin in the dis- 
 trict of JIackinac probably add at least a value of $5,000,000 
 to the trade of Wisconsin. The toUil lumber trade of 1852 
 has been given at 211,000.000 feet, viz., from Black River, 
 lo.OOn.OoO; Chippewa, 28,500.000; Green Bay, 28.000,000; 
 Manitoowoc, 24.500.000; St. Croix, 20.000.000; Wisconsin, 
 70,000.000; and Wolf River, 25,000,000. The total valuation 
 of lead exported from Galena (nine-tenths of which, accord- 
 ing to Hunt's Gazetteer of Wisconsin, was from that state) 
 and the ports on Lake .Michigan, was $3,459,075; besides 
 considerable quantities shipped from points on the Missis- 
 sippi and Wisconsin Rivers. The largest shipment of lead 
 within the 12 years preceding and including 1853 was 
 04.494.8G2 pounds; and the lowest. 28.603.960 pounds, most 
 of wliich was from the mines of ^Visconsin. 
 
 BJucaHon.—ltx 39 counties out of 45 reporting December, 
 31, lNo3, there were 1.38.279 children between the ages of 4 
 and 20 years, of whom 95,293 attended school; number of 
 school districts. 2072; school fund. $1,141,804. yielding an 
 income of-nearly $80,000; and a university fund of $93,732. 
 the income of which is devoted to the state university. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1860, Wisconsin had 12 colleges 
 with 1291 students, $56,130 income.'of which $-28,i)00 was 
 from endowments; 3795 public schools with 198,676 pupils 
 $596,975 income, of which $179,453 was public funds, $393,754* 
 from taxation, and $1826 from endowments; 120 academies 
 and other schools, with 10,031 pupils, $106,991 income, of 
 which .>1.),852 was from taxation, SS705 from public funds, 
 and J.)(iis fniin endow-ments; 599 libraries with 160 559 
 Toliiincs. It Is expected that ere long the lands appropriated 
 
 10 $a.OOO,uiW. Public instruction is under the chargeof a 
 •*"* '"P^l^nteuaent, receiving $1000 per annum. There 
 
 WIS 
 
 have been granted for the support of a state university, 
 46,080 acres of land. There are also other colleges and 
 academies supported by private subscriptions, which are 
 promising institutions. 
 
 Jieligious Vennminalions. — Of 1070 churches in Wisconsin 
 in 1800, the Baptists owned 100, Free Will Baptists 2f., Chris- 
 tians 8, Congregationalists 112, Dutch Reformed 15, Episco- 
 palians 45, Lutherans 117, Methodists 320, Presbyterians 
 So, Roman Catholics 205, Universalists 12, the various minor 
 sects 51 : giving 1 church to every 725 persons. Total value 
 of church property, 1,973,391. . 
 
 Periodicals. — In 1860 there were published in Wisconsin 
 14 daily. 5 tri-weekly, 11 bi-weekly, and 130 weekly news- 
 papers, and 3 monthly periodicals. Of these 149 were po- 
 litical, 2 literary, and 1 religious. The whole number of 
 copies issued annually was 10,798,670. 
 
 Public: Institutions. — Wisconsin has an a.sylum for the 
 blind at Janesvilie, wliich was founded in 1850, and had 50 
 pupils in 1862; a hospital for the insane (at Madison) which 
 was opened in 1860, and had 131 patients remaining Oct.l, 
 1862, during which year 89 were admitted and 25 recovered. 
 There is an asylum for tlie de;if and dumb at Delavan, wliich 
 had 89 inmates in 1862. The State Prison, located at Wau- 
 pun, contiiined 116 convicts on the SOth of September, 1862 ; 
 4 of these were females. 
 
 Popidation. — This flourishing scion of the We.'st has had 
 a growth uuexampled even in that thriving region, having 
 increased from 30,946 in 1840, to a population of 7i5,8Sl in 
 1800, of whom 773,ti93 were whites. 1171 free colored, and 
 1014 Indians. Population to the square mile. 14. Repre- 
 sentative population, 775,881. Of the population, 247,177 
 were born in the state, 251,777 in other states, 2(6,927 in 
 foreign countries, of whom 30,-'>43 were born in England, 
 49,961 in Ireland, 6902 in Scotland, 6454 in Wales, 18,146 
 in British America, 123,879 in Germany, 4906 in Holland, 
 21,442 in Norway, 4722 in Switzerland, 4617 in Belgium, 
 2634 in France, and 2691 in other foreign countries : exhi- 
 biting a greater variety than is usual even in the very di- 
 versified population of the other parts of the Union. It 
 wi;l le observed that a new element, or at lesist in much 
 greater proportion than elsewhere, has been introduced by 
 the emigration of considerable bodies of Norwegians, being 
 about two-thirds of the whole number of that nation born 
 in the United States. The emigration from Gormany and 
 Wales is also in greater proportion than in the other states. 
 Of the population in the leading pursuits, 93,859 were fiir- 
 mers, 31.472 farm laborers, 28,238 laborers, 12,289 servants, 
 6709 carpenters, 3949 teachers, 3385 shoemakers, 2976 mer- 
 chants, 2906 blacksmiths, 2812 clerks, 2439 miners, 1008 
 masons, 1522 lumbermen, 1411 coopers, 1332 millers, 1535 
 fciilors, 11:J3 lawyers, 1106 phjsicians, &c. In the year end- 
 ing June 1, 1860, there occurred 7141 dejiths, or 9-3 in every 
 thousand. The number of deaf and dumb was 313 (see Ix- 
 TRODUCTiox to the volume on Population >if the Eighth 
 Census, pp. liv, Iv, Ivi, &.C.); blind, 220; insane, 283; and 
 idiotic, 257. 
 
 Counties. — Wisconsin is divided into 58 counties, viz.: 
 Adams, Ashland, Brown, Buffalo, Burnette, Calumet, 
 Chippewa, Clark, Columbia, Crawford, Dallas, Dane, Dodge, 
 Door, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Fond du Lac, Grant, 
 Green, Green Lake, Iowa, Jackson, Jefferson, Juneau, Ke- 
 nosha, Kewaunee, La Crosse, Lafayette, Lapointe, .Manitoo- 
 woc, Marathon, Marquette,' Milwaukee, Monroe, Oconto, 
 Outagamie, Ozaukee, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Portage, Racine, 
 liichland. Rock, ^^aint Croix, Sauk, Shawano, Sheboygan, 
 Trempoaleaii,Wal worth, Washington, Waukesha, Waupacca, 
 Waushara, Winnebago, Wood. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Towns are springing up in Wisconsin 
 as if by magic, and a region that but a few years ago was 
 mostly an Indian hunting-ground, is now dotted over with 
 them. The principal of these are Milwaukee, population, 
 45,246; Rticiiie, 7822; Janesvilie, 7703; Madison, 6611; Osh- 
 kosh, 6086; Fond du Lite, 5450; Watertowu.o302; Shebovgan, 
 4262; Beloit, 4098; Kenosha, 3990 ; La Crosse, 3860; Wau- 
 wato8a,3415; Manitoowoc, 3055 ; Portage City, 2879; Platte- 
 ville, 2865; Sheboygan Falls, 2S08; Beaver Dam, 2765; 
 Whitewater, 2731; Port Washington, 2565; Green Bay, 
 about 4500 ; Mineral Point, about 3500 ; Shnllsburg, 2491 ; 
 Monroe, Prescott, Hudson. Capital Madison. 
 
 Government, Finances. Banks. &c. — The governor is elected 
 by the people for 2 years, and receives $1250 per annum. 
 Wisconsin has also a lieutenant-governor, elected for a like 
 period, who is ex officio president of the Senate, and receivel 
 $5 a day during the session of the legislature. The Senate 
 consists of 33 members, and the llonse of Represenfcitivea 
 of 10<); the former are elected by the people for 2 years, 
 and the latter for 1 year. The legislature meets on the first 
 Monday in January. Every white male of 31 years of agt, 
 who shall have resided In the state one year next preceding 
 an election ; white males of foreign birth, who shall Imve 
 declared their intention of becoming citizens in due form, 
 and civilized Indians, or Indians who have been once de- 
 clared by Congress citizens, shall be entilled toavote. The 
 judiciiiry consists — 1. Of a supreme court composed of 3 
 judges; 2. Of a circuit court, which holds two session*, at 
 
WIS 
 
 least, a year iu each county ; and 3. Of county courts nnd 
 justices of the peace. (Kxcept to issue writs of mandamus, 
 quo warranto, Ac, the supreme court Is only an appeal court, 
 and has no jury trials.) All judges are elected by the people, 
 the supreme and circuit judges for 6 years, and the county 
 judges for 4. The Supreme court and circuit judges re- 
 ceive salaries of $2500. The asseissed value of property in 
 Wisconsin for 1860 was $185,945,489. The public debt be- 
 fore the ci\il war was only .$100,000. The state debt, Jan. 1, 
 1865, was $2,105,000. Annual expenses, e.xcltisive of schools 
 and debts, about $400,000. There were 64 banks in the state, 
 Jan. 1, 1865, vnth an outstanding circulation of $2,560,673. 
 
 History. — Wisconsin was visited at a very early period by 
 the French missionaries and di.scoverers, and a settlement 
 made by the French in the latter part of the seventeenth 
 ceutury. There was no considerable influx of emigration, 
 however, till quite recently; but it i.s likely to repay amply 
 for its tardiness, by the unexampled rapidity with which 
 emigration flows thither, invited by its rich .soil, valuable 
 minerals, beautiful lakes, and rolling prairies. Wistronsiu 
 was formed into a territory in 1830, and admitted into the 
 Union as an independent state in 1848. 
 
 WISCO.N'SIN UMVEKSITY. See Mawson, Wisconsin. 
 
 WI.S'0>\', a post-offlce of Alleghany co., New York. 
 
 Wl.Sli'MAX. a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, about 
 16 milcj X.N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 WI.^KXBUHG, Pennsylvania. See WElSENBURa. 
 
 WI'.SfI.\W, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 Wl.-ll.iW, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 5 miles 
 N.W. of Carluke, at the junction of a branch of the Cale- 
 donian with tlie Wishaw and Coltne.ss Kail way, in one of the 
 most extendi r? coalfields. 
 
 WI.<irF01!D, GKEAT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WISINGSOE, ffrce'sing-soVh, an i.«land in the S. part of 
 Lake Wetter, Sweden, opposjite Orenna. Length 10 miles, 
 breadth 1 mile. Ou it are the village and harbor of 
 Wiginjjen. 
 
 WISKOXSIN. See Wisconsin. 
 
 WISKOW, a town of Moravia. See Wischau. 
 
 WI^L.\, a river of Europe. See Vistula. 
 
 WISLA, a village of Au.strian Silesia. See Weichsel. 
 
 W1S'L?'Y, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 WlSLlCA, wis-leet's.i, a walled town of Poland, province 
 and 34 miles S, of liielce, on the Xida. Pop. 2000. 
 
 WI.<[jOK, <\is'lok, a river of Austrian Galicia. rises in the 
 Carpathian Mountains, flows X. to Hzeszow, and thence E., 
 aud ji ins the San near Sienawa. Length 112 miles. 
 
 Wli^l.OKA, ^vis-lo'kd, a river of Austrian Galicia, joins 
 the \istula 10 miles S.W. of Haranov. Length lUO miles. 
 
 Wl^M.VI?, wis'mar, a fortified seaport town of North Ger- 
 many, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, capital of a lordship, at the 
 head of a deep bay of the Baltic, and the terminus of a 
 branch railway to Hamburg and Kostok, 18 miles N.E. of 
 Schwerin. Lat. 53° 5;5' 5" X., and Ion. 11° 27' 7" E. Pop. 
 13.243 It has 6 churches, 3 hospitals, several schools, an 
 orphan asylum, and manufactures of tobacco, playing-cards, 
 sail-cloth, and important breweries and distilleries. Its har- 
 bor is commodious, and nearly land-locked by the islands 
 of Poel and Wallfisch. It has large ship-building docks. 
 In 1849. 338 ves.«<els, aggregate burden 16,473 tons, entered, 
 and 343 vessels, burden 17,031 tons, cleared from its port. 
 It was founded in 1229, and for some time belonged to the 
 Ilanseatic League. 
 
 WISXICZ, fris/nitch, or WISCIIXITZ, ^ish'nits, a town of 
 Austrian Galicia, circle of Bochnia. 26 miles S.E. of Cracow. 
 
 WISNITZ. a town of Austrian Poland. See Wischnitza. 
 
 WI.'«i IWITZ, fi-ee'zo-<iitt;\ a town of Moravia, 20 miles N.K. 
 of Uralisch. Pop. 2713, who manufacture coarse woollen 
 cloths and paper. 
 
 WISOWKA, a town of Bohemia. See IIochstact. 
 
 WIS'PINGTOX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WISSAIIIC/KON or WISSAIliC/CX)N CREEK, of Mont- 
 gomery and Philadelphia counties, Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Schuylkill River about 5 miles above Fair Mount Water 
 Works. The scenery along the banks of this stream is ex- 
 3eedingly wild and romantic. It is a favorite place of resort 
 if the citizens of Philadelphia, who wish to breath the pure 
 air and enjoy the beauties of the country. 
 
 WISSAXT, vees^sSs"', a maritime village of France, de- 
 -lartmeut of Pas-de-Calais, 10 miles W.S.W. of Calais, and 
 wmjectured to be the Portiis Itius of the Romans. P. 1012. 
 
 WISSEIIRAD, a village of Bohemia. See Pragce. 
 
 WlSSmi, -ftis'sfk, a town of Prussia, province of Posen, 
 gcvernnient of Bromberg. Pop. 1145. 
 
 W1S.-^EKERKE, wis/st-h-kjR'keh, a village of the Nether- 
 Ian -Js, province of Zealand, island of North Beveland, 9 miles 
 N.W. cf Goes. Pop. 1871. 
 
 WISSEMBOURG, vees'sSM'booR', (Ger. Weissenhurg, Hiwl- 
 gen-b^iuRG ; L. AVba-Lelusiafna or Ldufsium,) a fortified town 
 of France, department of Bas-Rhin, capital of an arrondisse- 
 ment. on the right bank of the Lauter, and on the Bavarian 
 frontier, 34 miles N.X.E. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 5913. 
 It has a collegiate church of the 13th century, a Protestant 
 church containing a bust of Luther, a synagogue, town-hall, 
 biirracks, a large old tower, now forming a prison, mauu- 
 61 
 
 WIT 
 
 factures of tiles, bricks, snap, felt hats, paper hangings, anrf 
 vinegar, and a trade in wax, cattle, clotlis, iron, and agrf 
 cultural produce. In addition to its strong foi-tifications, 
 works, terniei-l the '"lines of Wiggembourg." extend from is 
 along the Lauter to Lauterburg, 9 miles S.E. It was takeu 
 by the Austrians in 1793. 
 
 WIS'SET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 AVLS'TAXSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 W1S'T.\STUX. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WISTEKNITZ, wig/ter-nit8\ a market town of Moravia, » 
 miles E. of Olmutz. with a castle. Pop. 1408. 
 
 WISTITTEN or WYSZTYTTEX, «i.s-tii/ten, a town ot 
 Poland, on the Prussian frontiers, 28 miles N.X.W. of Su- 
 walki. Pop. 1579. 
 
 WIS'TON, a borouiih. village, and parish of Wales, co. of 
 Pembroke, 5 miles E.N.E. of lIaverford-\\ est. Pop. of bo- 
 rough and parish in 1851. 774. Chief edifices, the Church, 
 and a ruined castle. It unites with Pembroke, Milfoid, and 
 Tenby, in .sending 1 member to the House of Commons. 
 
 ^V^STl).\, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WISTON. a parish of England, co. of Su8.sex. 
 
 WISTON and ROBERTOX, a parish of Scotland, co. ot 
 Lanark, on the Clyde. 
 
 WIS'TOW, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 WISTDW, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 WISTOW, a parish of England, co. of York, East and West 
 Riding. 
 
 WISWALL or WISWELL, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 WITCII'AM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 WITCH'FOKI). a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. 
 
 WITCII'IXGIIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 WITCHIXGIIAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Norfulk. 
 
 \\ ITCII'LING, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WITEPSK, government and town, Prussia. See Vitebsk. 
 
 WITIl'AM, a river of England, co. of Lincoln, rises in 
 Rutlandshire, flows N. past Grantham and Long-Benning- 
 ton to Lincoln, and then S.W. past Tattershall and Boston 
 to the Wash, which it enters N. of the mouth of Welland 
 River. Total length 80 miles, for the last 40 of which, to 
 Lincoln, it, is navigable for small steam and sailing ves.sels, 
 and for 33' miles to Tattershall, for vessels of much larger 
 burden, it having been deepened and embanked in the 
 lower part of its course. Its principal afliuents, the Bain 
 and Slea, have been made navigable to llorucastle and 
 Sleatbrd. 
 
 W1TH.\M, a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Essex, on the Maiden Branch of the Eastern Counties Rail- 
 way, 9 miles N.E. of Chelmsford. Pop. in 1851, 3;i03. The 
 town, near the confluence of the Braine with the Blackwaler, 
 has an endowed school, almshouses, and other charities. It 
 is the supposetl site of the Roman station Canmiium, and a 
 Danish camp is traceable in the vicinity. 
 
 WITU'AM-ON-THE-IIILL, a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 " WITHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WITHAM. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WITHAM FRIARY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 WITH'AMSVILLE, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 about 16 miles E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 233. 
 
 WITH'CALL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WITH'COTE. a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 M'lTH'ERIDGE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WITII'ERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, on 
 the anci(?nt Watling street. 
 
 WITH'ERXE-WITH-STAIB a parish of England, co. of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 WITH'ERXWICK, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 WITH'ERSDALE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WITH'ERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WITH'ERSTONE, a tything of England, co,t)f Dorset. 
 
 WITH'] EL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 
 
 WITH'IELI^FLOREY, a parish of England, co. Somerset 
 
 WITH'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WITHIXGTON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WITHINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WITIIINGTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WITHIXGTOX, LOWER, a township of England, co. of 
 Chester. 
 
 WITHLACOO'CHEE, a small river of Georgia and Florida, 
 rises in Irwin co., Georgia, and flowing southward into Flo- 
 rida, enters the Suwanee at the S.W. extremity of Hamil- 
 ton CO. 
 
 WITHLACOOCHEE, a small river in the peninsula of 
 Florida, forms the boundary between Marion and Levy 
 counties on the right, and Benton county on the left, until 
 it flows into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 WITH'XELL. a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WITH'YBROOK. a parish of England, co. of ^\ arwick. 
 
 WITIinrCOMBE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 WITHYCOMBE RAWLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 2129 
 
WIT 
 
 WOD 
 
 WITII'YIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 •WITII'V POOLE, a parish of Kiiglaiid, co. of Somerset 
 
 "WITKOWITZ. «it-ko'wits. a village of Bohemia, drcle of 
 Bitlscbow, in a mountain valley, about 35 miles from Gits- 
 chin. Pop. 2000. 
 
 \VITKO\VO,ftit-ko'vo, a town of Pru.ssian Poland. 10 miles 
 S.E. of Guesen. Pop. 2200. It has manufactures of woollen 
 eloth, linens, and leather. 
 
 WIT'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 WITLKY. GKEAT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. 
 
 WIT'LINGUAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 ■\V1T.MAKSUM, wifmar-soOm\ a village of the Xether- 
 lands, province of Friesland, district and 15 miles S.W. of 
 LeeuwarUen. Pop. 800. It is the birth-place of Menno- 
 Simon, founder of the sect of Mennonites. 
 
 WIT'XESIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 ■\VIT'XEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. and 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Oxford, on the Windrush, an affluent 
 of the Thames. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 3099. The town 
 has a town-hall, with an area serving for a market-place, a 
 market-cross, and a handsome blanket-hall. The church is 
 a spacious cruciform structure. Here are places of worship 
 for Independents, ^Vesleyans, Primitive Methodists, and 
 Friends; a grammar school, a free school for the sons of 
 journeymen weavers of Wituey and Ilailey, and endowed 
 almsho'u.«es. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the 
 manufacture of gloves, malt, and blankets, and various 
 woollen goods, the celebrity of AVitney for which is in part 
 due to the detersive quality of the waters of the 'Windrush. 
 The average annual number of blanket-pieces, including 
 pilot-cloths, manufactured, is about 10,000 ; average value 
 
 Q(| 1)00/ 
 
 WITSCIIE, ^ifsheh, written also WICZE. a village of 
 An.stria. in Moravia, circle of Prerau. Pop. 1350. 
 
 WITSCHEGDA. See Vitchegda. 
 
 WITSCHEIX, «if shine, or SWITSCinN.4, s^lt-shee'nj, a 
 Tillage of Austria, Styria, circle of Marburg. Pop. 1632. 
 
 WITTEX, *it'teu, a town of Prussia, \Vestphalia, 32 miles 
 W.N.W. of Arnsberg, on the Ruhr, and on the Elberfeld 
 and Dortmund Railway. Pop. 2335. 
 
 WITTKNBACII, firit/ten-haK\ a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of St. Gall. Pop. 1284. 
 
 WITTENBERG, wit/ten-b^Ro\ a fortified town of Prussian 
 Baxony, capital of a circle, 46 miles N.N.E. of Merseburg, 
 on the right bank of the Elbe, and on the railway from 
 Berlin to Leipsic : lat 51° 53' X., Ion. 12° 46' E. Pop. 8760, 
 besides the garrison. Its University was united to that of 
 Halle in ISIT; it has a gymnasium, breweries, distilleries, 
 and manufactures of woolfens. Here the Reformation com- 
 menced in 1517, and the garrison church contains the graves 
 of Luther and Melanclbon, and their portraits by I^ewis 
 Cranach. Luther's cell in the Augustine Convent and Me- 
 lancthon's house, are still preserved. The town was taken 
 by assault by the Prussians in 1814. 
 
 WITTENBERG COLLEGE. See SPBl-VGnELD, Ohio. 
 
 WITTE.VBERG, a posfroffice of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WITTENBERGE, ftit/ten-b^RO^h, a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenberg, 65 miles N.W. of Potsdam, at the 
 confluence of the Stepenitz with the Elbe, and on the Ham- 
 burg and Berlin Railway, 7 miles S.W. of Perleberg. Pop. 
 in 1852, 4676. 
 
 WITTENBERG'S, a post-office of Alexander co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WITTENBURG, fttt'tf n-booRG\ a town of North Germany, 
 grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the railway to 
 Berlin. 17 miles S.W. of Schwerin. J'op. 2705. 
 
 WIITTENUAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Berks. _ 
 
 .of Berks. 
 
 „ --- -. -orthampton. 
 
 WITTERING, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 ^^ ITTERING, WEST, a parish of England, on Chichester 
 harbor, opposite Hayling Island. 
 
 WITTEUSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 V ITTGENSTEIN (witt/ghgn-.stine) ISLAND. Low Archi- 
 pelago. Pacific Ocean, is in fat. 16° 11' S.. Ion. 146° 22' W. 
 
 WITTICHENAU, *it/tiK-eh-nf)w\ a town of Prussian 
 Bllesia, 88 miles W.N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Black (Schwarz) 
 fclster. Pop. 2100. It has manuiactures of linen and 
 hoKiery. 
 
 WriTlNOAU. «it/tin-giiw\ a town of Bohemia, 14 miles 
 E.N.E. of Budweis. Pop. 3319. 
 
 WITTINGEN, *ifting-eh. a town of Hanover, landdrostei 
 or LUneburg. 19 miles S.S.K. of Uelzen. Pop. 1225. 
 
 ■W irrLICII, *itt'liK. a town of Rhenish Prussia. 20 miles 
 
 iJ-',;'.n ''"*^*"'- "n »n affluent of the Moselle. Pop. 2900. 
 
 Wlir.MUND, ftitt/mMnt, a village of Hanover, 14 mUes 
 H.fc. of Aurich. Pop. 1800. 
 
 u-li!3if*^"^' '^ P*""*" "*' ^-ngland, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 W I U0\. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 W 1 rroN. EA.xT. a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Riding. I nnl.s S.S.E. of Middleham. Here are the ruins of 
 JerT<-a«x-abb«y. 
 
 WriTi)NGlL'RERT, a parish of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 WITTON-LE-WEAR, a parish of England, co. of Durham, 
 5 miles W.N.W. of Bishop-Auckland, on the Wear Vallej 
 Railway. Coal abounds in this parish. 
 
 WITTON, NETH'ER, a parish of England, co. of Nortb- 
 uml)er}and. 
 
 WITTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of York. North 
 Riding. 
 
 WITTON, a parochial chapelry of England, co. of Chester 
 
 WITTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WI'ITS'BURG, a post-office of St. Francis co.. Arkansas. 
 
 WITl'STOCK, «itt/stok, a walled town of Prussia, pro 
 vince of Brandenburg, on tlie Dos.-*, 60 miles N.W. of Berlin. 
 Pop. 6-100. It has a large hospital for military invalids, and 
 manufactures of li,neu and woollen fabrics. 
 
 WITZENHALSEN, ^it'sjn-how'zen, a town of Hess<^ 
 Cassel, province of Nieder-Hes.sen, cajjital of a district, on the 
 Werra, 15 miles E. of Cassel. Pop. 3235. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and has manufactures of linen fabrics, vinegar, and 
 leather. 
 
 WIVELISCOMBE, commonly pron. wils-kiim. a market* 
 town and parish of England, co. of Somerset 265 miles W. 
 of .Somerton. Pop. in 1851. 2861, partly engaged in woollen 
 manufactures. The town has a liaudsome church, and an 
 infirmary for sick poor. 
 
 WIV'ELSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 
 
 WIV/ENHOE, a maritime town and parish of England, 
 CO. of Essex, on the Colne, 4^ miles S.E. of Colchester. Pop. 
 in 1851, 1672. Here is a custom-house, subordinate to Co' 
 Chester, of which Wivenhoe is regarded a.s the port. Large 
 quantities of oysters are here shipped for the London and 
 other markets. 
 
 WIVET(JN, a pari.sh of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WIX, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WIX'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WIZNA, ^iz/na, a town of Poland, government and 50 
 miles S.S.W. of Augustowo, on the Narew. Pop. 2015. 
 
 WJATKA, a city of Rus.sia. See Viatka. 
 
 WKRA, *krd. or WRA, *rd, a river of Poland, ri.ses in East 
 Prussia, near Niedenburg, flows S.W. and then generally 
 S.E., through the government of Plock. and joins the Bug, 
 15 miles N.N.W. of Warsaw. Total course 120 mile.s. 
 
 WLADIMIR, a town and government of Russia. Sea 
 Vlammeer. 
 
 WLADISLAWOW, -ftli'dis-ia'fvov, formerly NOVE-MIAS- 
 TO, no'vd myds'to, (Ger. Rostf.rsdtutz, ros't^r-shtlls\) a town 
 of Poland, government of Augustowo, 25 miles N.W. of 
 Mariampol. on the Szezuppe. Pop. 4506. 
 
 WLADISLAWOW, a town of Poland, province and 28 
 miles N.E. of Kalisz. with Roman Catholic and Lutheran 
 churche.s, and manufactures of linen fabrics. 
 
 WLAS.A.T1CE, a towu of Jloravia. See \Vostitz. 
 
 WLASCHIM, vli/shim, a town of Bohemia. 22 miles S.S.W. 
 of Kaurzim. Pop. '2336. It has a castle, and manufacture! 
 of woollen stuffs. 
 
 WLOCLAWEK, ftlots-ll'ftJk, a town of Poland, govern- 
 ment of Warsaw, on the Vistula, 30 miles N.W. of I'lock. 
 Pop. 4000. It has manufactures of chiccory, and a trade in 
 corn. 
 
 WLOD.A^WA, fiiodi'ft^ a town of Toland, government of 
 Lublin, province and 72 miles S.E. of Siedlce. at the conflu- 
 ence of the Wlodawka with the Bug. Pop. 30C0. 
 
 WLODZIMIERZ, a town of Russia. See Al.u)imeer. 
 
 AVOAHOO. one of the Sandwich Islands. See Oauu. 
 
 WOBBELIN, ftiibnxfh-loen', a village of Mecklenburg^ 
 Schwerin, 18 miles S.S.E. of Schweriu. The poet Kiirner, 
 who fell at the battle of Rosenberg, is buried under a great 
 oak in front of this village. 
 
 WO'BIRN or OLD WOBURN, a market-town and pa 
 rish of England, county and 13 miles S.W. of Bedford, near 
 the branch between that town and the London and North- 
 western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2049. The church is a spa- 
 cious edifice, having a tower detai'Iied from its main Vody ; and 
 here are a handsome market-house, a free school, endowed 
 almshouses, and other minor charities. Population partly 
 employed in agriculture, and partly in the manufacture of 
 straw-plait and thread-lace. — ICotum AI>>Oey, E. of the town, 
 is the principal seat of the Duke of Bedford, and derives its 
 name from its being erected on the site of a Cistercian ab- 
 bey, founded here in 1145. 
 
 WOBURN, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Burks. 
 
 WOBURN, a post-township of Middlesex CO.. Massachu- 
 setts, intersected by the Basfon and Lowell Railroad, 10 
 miles N.N.W. of Boston. Horn Pond and seveiii* small 
 streams rtinning through the township, afford an abun- 
 dant and well-improved wafer-power. The inhabitants are 
 largely engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, 
 leather, &c., and in the ice business. The priiicijial village, 
 called Woburn Centre, is delightfully situated on elevated 
 ground, and contains 7 churches, a bank, 1 newspaper office, 
 a lyceimi, and \\arfen Academy, founded in 1828. A 
 branch railroad conununicates with the Boston and IjOwcU 
 Railroad at Winchester, 2 miles distant. Woburn is the 
 birth-place of Count Rumford. the philosophe>. Pop. of the 
 township, in 1840, 2993 ; in 1850, 3956 ; in 18fO, 6287. 
 
 WODA,wo'di, a village of Japan, island of Kioo Sioo,prO' 
 
WOD 
 
 WOL 
 
 vinro of Flzen, with a celebrated Idol placed In a large cam- 
 phor tree at its entrance. 
 
 WOL)XIAX, *od'ne-dn\ a fortified town of Bohemia, on 
 the Itlanitz, 12 miles S. of Pisek. Pop. 2241. 
 
 WOUZISIiAW, *od-zis'lJv, a town of I'oland, province 
 and 31 miles S.W. of Kielce, on the Wodzislawa. I'op. 2000. 
 
 WUENtjDKECHT, woons'dr^Kt, a parish of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Brabant, 5 miles S. of Bergeu-op- 
 ZcK)m. Pop. 1300. 
 
 WOKNSKL, woon'sel, a parish of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabaut, 2 miles N. of Eindhoven. Pop. 3100. 
 
 WOEKDEN, wooRMgn, a walled town of the Netherlands, 
 province of South Holland, on the Old Khine, 18 miles E.S.E. 
 of Leyden. Pop. of district, 4117. 
 
 WOERXH-SUH-SAUEIt, vo-aiRf silR so'aiR', (Ger. WJrth. 
 *oRt',) a village of B'rance, department of Bas-Khin, 12 
 miles S.W. of Wissembourg. Pop. in 1852, 1240. 
 
 ^VUESTE^', woo.'*'ten. a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, on the Kemmelbeke, 28 miles S.W. of Bruges. 
 Pop. 1204. 
 
 AVOGNOMIESTETZ, *og-no-myJs't^ts, a market-town of 
 Bohemia, 30 miles S.E. of Czaslau. Pop. 1084, 
 
 WOIILAU, fto'lOw, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, 23 
 miles N.W. of Breslau, surrounded by small lakes. Pop. 
 3000. It has manufactures of woollens, linens, and hosiery. 
 
 WOHLEN, *o1en, a town and parish of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Aargau, 11 miles E.S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 2124. 
 
 WOHLEN, a village and parish of Switzerland, 4 miles 
 W.N.W. of Bern, on the Aar. Pop. 2577. 
 
 WOIIRDEN, *0R'den, a village of Denmark, duchy of 
 Holstein, South Ditmarsch, about 20 miles W.S.^V. of Kends- 
 burg. Pop. 800, 
 
 WOK AN, wo-kin', one of the Arroo Islands, with a village 
 of the same name. 
 
 WOKEFIELD, wok'feeld, a tything, England, co. of Berks. 
 
 WO'KINO, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the 
 Basingstoke Canal, and with a station on the South- Western 
 Railw.ay, 6 miles N.N.E. of Guildford. 
 
 WO'KINOIIAM or OAK'INGIIAM, a market-town of 
 England, counties of Berks and Wilts, on the border of 
 Windsor Forest, and on the Keaxling and Keigate Hallway, 7 
 miles S.E. of Beading. Pop. in 1851, 2272, who manufacture 
 shiics, gauze, silks, malt, and flour. The town has a mar- 
 ket-hou.se and town-hall. The church is a fine old edifice. 
 
 WUiyBECK, ftol'l)^k, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 6 
 miles S.E. of Miinster. Pop. 921. 
 
 WOL'COTT, a post-village and township in Lamoille co., 
 Vermont, on lyamoille Itiver, about 25 miles N. by E. of Mont- 
 pelier. The village contains 1 church. 1 tavern, 1 woollen 
 factory, 1 grist-mill, and a number of other establishmeotg. 
 Pop. of the township. 1161. 
 
 WOLCOTT, a post-township in New Haven co., Connecti- 
 cut, 22 miles S.W, of Hartford, intersected by Mad lUver. 
 Pop, 574. 
 
 WOLCOTT, a post-township forming the N.E extremity of 
 Wayne co.. New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2034. 
 
 WOLCOTT or WOLCOTT VILLAGE, a flouri.shiug village 
 in the above township, about 160 miles W. by N. of Albany, 
 on a small stream emptying Into Lake Ontario. It contains 
 4 churilies, 9 stores, 1 academy, 2 taverns, 2 saw-mills, 2 
 grist-mills. 1 bbust furnace, and 2 tanneries. 
 
 W(;)LCOTT'S MILLS, a pos^oflice, La Grange CO., Indiana. 
 
 WOL'COTTVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Litchfield 
 county, Coilnecticut, on the Xaugatuck Hiver and Kailroad, 
 25 miles W. of Hartford, and 110 miles N.N.E. of New York. 
 It contains a Congregational, an Episcopal, and a Jlethodist 
 church. 7 stores, and numerous manufacturing establish- 
 ments, among which may be mentioned a brass foundry, 
 rolling-mill and battery, a large wooUeu-mill, a knitting fac- 
 tory, a papier-mache factory, 2 manufactories of musical 
 instruments, 1 of lock.s, and 1 of carriages. The mill of the 
 Union Manufacturing Company is a fine building, five stories 
 high. Wolcottville was foundi?d about the year 1810, by 
 the late Honorable Frederick Wnlcott. Its growth for the 
 last few years has been very rapid. Pop. in IStiO, about 
 1200. 
 
 ^VOLCOTTVILLE, a thriving village of La Grange co., In- 
 diana, on the North Fork of Elkhart Kiver. 
 
 WOI.DEGK. Wol'dJk, a walled town of North Germany, 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz. on the Prussian frontier, 22 miles N.E. 
 of Strelitz. Pop. ^ilSC. 
 
 WOLDENBERG, «'ol'den-bjRG\ a walled town of Prussia, 
 province of lirandenburg, on the railway from Stettin to 
 Posen. G6 miles S.K. of Frankfort. Pop. 3000. 
 
 WOLD'INGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 
 
 WOLD-NEW/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 WOIjF. a town.«hip, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. P. 1336. 
 
 WOLF, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 WOLFACII. <vol'fdK, a town of Batlen, on the Kinzig, here 
 joined by the Wolfach, 33 miles S.S.W. of Baden. Pop. 1653. 
 
 WOLF BAY'>II, a post-office. Independence co., Arkansas. 
 
 WOLF'BOROUGH, a post-township in Carroll co.. New 
 Hampshire. 30 miles N.E. by E. of Concord. It is inter- 
 sected by Smith "s Kiver, which falls into Winnipiseogee Lake, 
 
 bordering the township on the S.W. The village is situated 
 near the bridge, across the river, and contains a hotel. Pop 
 of the townsliip. 2300. 
 
 WOLF CREEK, in the S.W. part of Virginia, rises in Taze* 
 well county, flows north-eastward, and forms the boundary 
 between Giles and Mercer couuties, until it enters the Ka- 
 nawha or New Kiver. 
 
 WOLF CREEK, in the N, part of Tennes?.e«, rise* in Fen- 
 tress county, and enters Obed's Kiver near the N. border of 
 Overton county. It furnishes valuable motive power. 
 
 WOLF CREEK, of Montgomery co., Ohio, flows into the 
 Miami River, near Dayton. 
 
 WOLF CHEEK, of Summit CO., Ohio, is an affluent of 
 Tuscarawas Kiver. 
 
 WOLF CHEEK, of Missouri, rises in Sullivan county, and 
 flowing southward falls into the Chariton River from the 
 right, a few miles S.E. of Keytesville. 
 
 WOLF CREEK, of Iowa, flows into the Cedar River from 
 the right, in Bla<k Hawk county. 
 
 WOLF CHEEK, a post-township forming the S.E. extre- 
 mity of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 610. 
 
 WOLF CHEEK, a post-office, Pickens district. South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 WOLF CREEK, a postofflce of Choctaw co., MississippL 
 
 WOLF CltEEK, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan, 
 
 WOLF CHEEK, a post-office of Monroe co., W. Virginia. 
 
 WOLFEGG, frol'ftk, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of 
 Danube, 9 miles S.S.K. of Waldsee. Pop. 1714. 
 
 WOLFELSD0RF,wol'frls-doRf\ a village of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Silesia, government and S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 
 1530. 
 
 WOLFENBUTTEL, (WolfenbUttel,) ftoPfen-but^fl, a town 
 of Germany, duchy and 8 miles S, of Brunswick, on tha 
 railway to Hanover, and on the Ocker. Lat. 52° 9' N., ion 
 10" 32' E. Pop. 9003. It consists of a citiuiel. town proper, 
 and two suburbs, and has several fine churches, two old 
 castles, an arsenal, a large workhou.se, a hospital, orphan 
 asylum, college, and various other schools, and a library 
 containing nearly 150,000 volumes, with relics and manu- 
 scripts of Luther. The town is the seat of the superior law 
 court for the states of Brunswick, Waldeck, and Lippe, and 
 has manufactures of lacquered wares, paper-hangings, lea- 
 ther and tobacco, a trade in corn and linen yarn, and five 
 annual fairs. 
 
 WOLFENSCIIIES.S *ol'fs;n-sheess\ a. village anil parish 
 of Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, on the Aa, 7 miles 
 E.N.E. of Sarnen. I'op. 1118. 
 
 ^VOL'FEHLOW, a parish of England, co. of Ilefcford. 
 
 WOLFHAGE.W *olf'ha'ohgn, a town of Germany. Uessa- 
 Cassel, 14 miles W. of Cassel. Pop. 3187. It is enclosed by 
 walls, and has manufactures of woollens and linens. 
 
 WOLFHALDEN, Aolf'hdlMen. a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton of .'Vppenzeli. on the borders of the 
 Rheinthal, 9 miles E.N.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 2124. 
 
 WOL'FINGHA.M, a parish of New South Wales, Australia, 
 CO. of Durham, N. of the river Hunter. 
 
 WOLF LSLANDS, a group of British North America. New 
 Brunswick, in Passaoiaquoddy Bay. N. of Grand Manaa 
 Island. The most northern is iu lat. 44° 59' N., Ion. C6P 
 41' W. 
 
 WOLF ISLAND, a post-ofRce of Mississippi co., Missouri^ 
 
 WOLF LAKE, a post-office of Noble Co., Indiana. 
 
 WOLF POND, a post-office of Union Co., North Carolina. 
 
 WOLFRATSHAUSEN, ^ol'frdts-how'zpn, a marketrtown 
 of Upper Bavaria, on the Loisach, 17 mile&S.S.W. of Munich. 
 Pop. 1200. 
 
 ^VOLF RIVER, a small stream of Mississippi, flows through 
 Hancock, aad Harrison counties into the Gnlf of Mexico. 
 
 WOLF RIVER, a small stream of Mississippi and Tennes- 
 see, rises in Tippah county of the former state, and enters 
 the Mississippi River at the city of Memphis. Its general 
 course is W.N.W. Length near 100 miles. 
 
 WOLF RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in the N.E. part of tha 
 state, and flowing nearly southward, forms the W. boundary 
 of Oconto county for about 100 miles, and enters Neenah or 
 Fox Kiver in Winnebago county, A little above its mouth, 
 it expands into Pewaugan Liike, several miles in diameter. 
 The Indian name of the river is Pewaugonee. This river is 
 navigable by steamboats about 150 miles from its mouth. 
 
 WOLF RIVER, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee. 
 
 WOLF RUN, a post-fiffice of Lycoming co., Pennsvlvani.i. 
 
 WOLFSBERG, firolfs'bgRO, a town of lllyria, Cariiitbia, 30 
 miles N.E. of Klagenfurth, with a castle. Pop. 1466. 
 
 WOLF'S NEW'TON, a parish of England, eo. Monmouth. 
 
 WOLFSTEIN, <volf/stine, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on 
 the Lauter, 11 miles N.N.W. of Kaisepslautern, with mines 
 of coal and mercury. Pop. 918. 
 
 WOLFS'VILLE, a post-office of Frederirk CO., Maryland. 
 
 WOLFSVILLE. a post-village of Union CO., North Care- 
 linn, 178 miles S.W. by W. of Raleigh. 
 
 WOLGA, a river of Russia. See Volg.^. 
 
 WOLGAST, Ool/gSst, a seaport town of Prussia, Pome- 
 rania, 33 miles S.E. of Stralsund, near the mouth of the 
 Peene in the Baltic. Pop. 5200. It has manufactures of 
 soap and tobacco. 
 
WOL 
 
 WOM 
 
 tVf LC!?K. a town of iJugsia. See VoLSK. 
 
 VOLIIOIVLA, a small village of Pickens district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WOl^FIOPE. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WOLH YNIA. a government of Russia. See Volhtma. 
 
 WOLIN. f^onin, a market-town of Bohemia, 18 miles S.W. 
 of Fisek. on the Wolinka. Pop. 1570. 
 
 WOLKEXSTKIN, ^ol/ken-stlne', a town of Saxony, with 
 a castle. 14 miles S.S.E. of' Chemnitz. Pop. 1901. 
 
 WOLKEKSDOliF. ftol/kers-iloRr. a markot-town of Lower 
 Ani^tiia. 9 miles E.S'.E. of'Korneuburg. J'op. 1110. 
 
 AV(;iI>KHO\V, a river of Ru.«.<ia. See VotKnov. 
 
 WOL'I-AND. a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WOL/I-ASTON. a pari.<h of lintrland, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WOl/LASTOX-LAXD. British North .\merica, Arctic 
 Ocean, W. of Victoria Land; the E. point is in lat. 68° 45' 
 N., Ion. 113° 53' W., and separated from the mainland by 
 Dolphin and Union Strait. 
 
 VOIVLATON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 ■\VOLLERAU, ftol1t'h-row\ a village and parish of Swit- 
 lerland. canton and 12 miles N.X.E. of Schwytz. Pop. 2397. 
 
 WOLLKSCIIXITZ, Vvollesh-uits", a village of Bohemia, 
 circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1203. 
 
 WOL/LKY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 "WOLLIIAUSEX-WIGGKRN, ^olTiowVen ftig'ghern, a vil- 
 lage and pari.-h of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles \V. of 
 Lucerne, on the Emmen, hereci-ossed by a bridge connecting 
 it with Wollhauseu-im-Markt. Pop. 1381. 
 
 WOLLIN, *ol-leen', a small seaport town of Prussia, Po- 
 merauia, 29 miles N. of Stettin, on the Divenow, and on an 
 island formed by the latt<?r, at its mouth in the Baltic, con- 
 nected by bridges with the mainland. Pop. In 1852. 4591. 
 It has manufactures of woollen cloth, and ship-building 
 docks. 
 
 AVOLLIN. an island of Prussia, one of those on the N. side 
 of the Great Haff, between it and the Baltic, is of irregular 
 shape, bounded E. by the Divenow, and W. by the Ost- 
 Swine. Length 20 miles, breadth from 3 to 10 miles. 
 
 WOLLISUOFEX, fSoni.s-ho'fen. a village and pari.sh of 
 Switzerland, canton and 2 miles S.S.W. of Zurich, on the W. 
 bank of the lake. A fierce struggle took place here in 1799 
 between the French and Pru.«sians. Pop. 1047. 
 
 WOLLMIRSTADT. (Wolmirstiidt.) *oll'mlr-st6tt\ a walled 
 town of Prussian Saxony, on the Ohre. and 8 miles N. of 
 Magdeburg, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 
 in 1S52, 3652. It has a castle, manufactures of linens and 
 leather, and a trade in corn and cattle. 
 
 WOLLOMBA, «oriom1>4, a river of New South AVales, 
 CO. of Gloucester, flows S.E., and enters Wallls Lake. 
 
 WOLLONDILLY, worion-^iillee, a river of New South 
 Wales, flows X. through the centre of the county of Argyle, 
 and between the counties of Camden and Westmoreland, and 
 joins the Warragamba. after a course of 130 miles. 
 
 'WOLLOXGOXG. wol'long-gong', a maritime town of New 
 South Wales, co. of Camden. 7 miles N, of Lake Illaw.irra. 
 Pop. 515. It stands in a flue district, and is resorted to for 
 sea-bathing. 
 
 WOLLSTEIX. ftoll'stlne. a town of Prussian Poland, 37 
 miles S.W. of Po.sen, between two lakes. Pop. 2G50. 
 
 WOLLSTEIX. a town of N.W. Germany, grand-duchy 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen. capital of a 
 county on the Appelbach, 6 miles S.E.of Kreutznach. P. 1470. 
 
 WOLMAR, a town of Russia. See VoiM.\R. 
 
 WOLNZACH or WOLLXZACH, *6ln/zaK, a market-town 
 of Upper Bavaria, district and N.E. of Pfaffenhofen. Pop. 
 1023. 
 
 WOLOGDA, a government of Russia. See Vologda. 
 
 WOLOM'BI, a village and parish of New South Wales, 
 Australia, co. of Northumberland, otpital of a district on 
 the Wolumbi, an affluent of the Hunter, 25 miles S.W. of 
 Maitland. 
 
 WOLI'H'AMCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 AVOLSDORF. ftiils/doRf, or WELSDORF, ftJls/doRf, a vil- 
 lage of Bohemia, circle of Koniggratz. Pop. 1118. 
 
 WOL/SIXGHAM or WAL'SIXGHAM. a market-town and 
 parish of England, co. and 13i miles W.S.W. of Durham, 
 on the Wear Valley Railway. Pop. in 1851, 45S5. employed 
 in manufactures of woollens, linens, and hardwares, in iron- 
 blast furnaces, and in coal, lime, and lead-works. 
 
 W0L8K. a town of Russia. See VoLSK. 
 
 WOl/STAN, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WOLSTANI'OX, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, li 
 miles X.E. of Newcastle-undei^Lyne. It has a new Gothic 
 church, and a union workhouse. The Grand Trunk Canal 
 here passes through a tunnel li miles in length. 
 
 >\UI/rF.KT()X, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 WOi;rS(il.\Xi<K. See VoiTCHANSK. 
 
 W0LUWt>8AIXT-LA.MBEKT, vo'liiv/ sAsti iJM'balR', a 
 Tillage of Belgium, province of Brabant, on the Woluwe, 4 
 miles E. of Urus.«els. Pop. 1111. 
 
 WOIA WE-.<A1XT-PIEKRE, voMllv/ sJs« pe-ain'. a village 
 or B«'lgium. prt>vinceof Brabant near the above. Pop. 1164 
 \\ uL\ ERCOTE, wool'vjr-kOt, a parish of England, co. of 
 Oxford. 
 
 WorVERIlAMPATON, a market-town, municipal and 
 
 parliamentary borough of England, co. of Stafford. 12 miles 
 X.W. by W. of Birmingham. It is beautifully situated on 
 the summit of an eminence commanding a picturesque view ; 
 it is substantially but very irregularly built. During the 
 last ten years, it has made extraoniirary progress, and 
 many public buildings have been erected, and works of 
 general utility carried on. The more important wiifices and 
 objects of note are 8 churches, of whicli the principal is the 
 collegiate chunli of St. Peter, a tine stately structure, with 
 lofty embattled tower, and many features of great interest; 
 .<«veral dissenting chapels, an exchange, a capacious markot- 
 hall. a public subscription library of about lu.OtK) volumes, 
 avery elegant school of practical art, opened in 1S54; a noble 
 hospital, a town-hall, a large orph-an B.sylum, mainly found- 
 ed by Mr. .Tohn Li-os. an inhabitant and merchant ; a theatre, 
 a mechanics' institute, a free grammar school, in which Sir 
 William Congreve and .\bernethy were educated, a blue- 
 coat, ragged, national, and other schools, various charitable 
 institutions, a tinion poorbouse, a cemetery, race-course^ 
 cattle-market, sub.*cription liatlis. ic. 
 
 Situated in the heart of the great midland mining dis- 
 trict, Wolverhampton derives its wealth from the extensive 
 beds of coal and ironstone which abound in its vicinity, 
 and the working of which gives occupation to large num- 
 bers of its population. The smelting of iron ore and its 
 conversion into pig, railway, sheet, hoop, nxl, and ri.nil 
 iron, boiler-plates, iron castings, dtc. constitute its .staple 
 manufacture and trade; but it has from an early period ob- 
 tained a high name for the skill and ingenuity displayed 
 by its artisans in the manufacture of lo<'ks and keys. 
 Almost every article produced from steel, brass, and tin is 
 made here to a greater or less extent. Among other arti- 
 cles may l>e enumerated hinges, latches, bolts, axes, spades, 
 and garden-tools, vices, anvils, coffee and malt-mills, fire- 
 irons, grates. Ac. Papier-mache and japanned and tin wares 
 are very extensively made, and notice is al.-;o due to the 
 manufactures of tin-plates, enamelled culinary utensils, 
 chemicals, vaniishe.s. &c. All the goods thus proiluced are 
 justly celebrated for the beauty and sterling character of 
 their workmanship. The facilities enjoyed in carrying on 
 this important trade are very ample. The advantage of 
 canal communication has long been posses.«ed. and latterly 
 the town ha« Income the ft>cus of the London and North- 
 western. Shrewsbury and Birmingham, Oxfortl, Worcester, 
 and Wolverhampton and other railways, for which two 
 hand.<ome and commodious stations have been provided. 
 An annual fair, granted by Henry III., in 1258, is still held 
 during three days. 
 
 AVolverhanipton is of considerable antiquity, although 
 little can be ascertained of its historj- till 996. when Wul- 
 frune or Wulfruna. sister of Ethelred 11., and relict of Al- 
 thelm, Duke of Northampton, founded and endowed here 
 the church and college of St. Mary, afterwards re-dedicated 
 to St. Peter. Originally Hampton, afterwards Wolfrune's 
 Hampton, it has long since been corrupted to its present 
 name. 
 
 The municipal borough was incorporated in 1847, and is 
 divided into eight wards, bearing the names of its eight 
 churches. The parliamentary borough, which includes Bil- 
 ston, appoints 2 members to the Hou.<e of Commons. Pop. 
 of parliamentary borough, in 1S61, ]47,f46. 
 
 WOLVERLEY, woiSl'ver-le, a village and parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Worcester. plea.«antly situated on tbe Stour, and 
 the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal. 2 miles N.N.W. 
 of Kidderminster; with sfime curious hou.ees cut out of the 
 natural sandstone rock, a pari.sh and a di.strict church, a 
 Weslcyau chapel, and one of the principal depots of the 
 engines and goods of the London and Birmingham Railway, 
 consisting of a quadrangular enclosure surrounded by seve. 
 ral streets of houses for the numerous workmen. P. 2441. 
 
 WOLVERTHEM. wol'ver-t»>m\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Brabant 8 miles'X.X.E. of Bru.s.^'ls. Pop. 3301. 
 
 WOLVERTOX, wool'ver-ton. or WOLVEKSTON. a parish 
 of England, co. of Buck.'. 1 mile E.X.E. of Stony-Stratford, 
 on the London and Norlb-Western Railway. Here is the 
 central station, depot, and factory of the railway company, 
 attached to which are a church, school, library, reading- 
 room, market-place, and numerous small streets of dwellings 
 for servants. 
 
 WOLVERTOX or WOLFERTOX, a parish of England, co. 
 of -Norfolk, on the Wash. 
 
 WOLVERTOX or WOOL'AERTON, a parish of England, 
 CO. of >k>merset, 
 
 WOLVERTOX or WOOI/VERDIXG*TON, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Warwick. 
 
 WOiyVEY. a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WOL'VISTOX. a cbapelrv of England, co. of Durham. 
 
 WOLYXSK. See Volhvxia. 
 
 WOM'BOUKXE. a parish of Entrland. co. of Stafford. 
 
 WOM'BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 
 WOMB/WELL, a cbapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding. 
 
 WO.M'ELSDORF. a post-borough of Heidelberg township, 
 Berks CO., Pennsylvania, on the railroad from Reading to 
 Lebanon, U miles W. of the former. It is surrounded by 
 
 ^ 
 
WOM 
 
 WOO 
 
 fertile and well-cultivated farms, and is one of the largest 
 towns of the county. It contains an academy and a num- 
 ber of stores. Pop. in ISuO. 947 ; in 1860. 1076. 
 
 WOMENSVVOLD, a p:irish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WOM'EI{SLi;V. a parish of England, co. of Yort«, West 
 Riding. o.i railos S.E. of I'oatefract, on the railway between 
 Walfefield and Goole. 
 
 VO.M.'SELGIIEM, wom'mel ahjm\ a village of Belgium, 
 province and b miles E. of Antwerp, on the Grand Schyn, 
 (ind the Caiuil of Herrenthals. Pop. 1534. 
 
 MOXAXSQUATOCK'liT HIVEK, a mill-stream of Provi- 
 dence CO., Uhode Island, falls into Narraganset Bay. 
 
 WON'ASTOVV, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. 
 
 M'ON'CK. wiiili, a village of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 bourg, on the Goer or Jaar, 10 mileS S.E. of Ilasselt. Pop. 
 1525. 
 
 WOXDA or OUONDA, wonMd, a river of North Africa, 
 rises in the S.E. partof Senegambia, flows N.N.W., and joins 
 the Kokoro, after a course of al)out 130 miles. 
 
 WONDKLGUEM, wonWfI-Gh(im\ a village of Belgium, 
 province of East Flanders, on the Canal of Terneuzen, and 
 on the Lieve, and the Caele, 2 miles N. of Ghent. P. 1172. 
 
 WONE, won, a ruined town of Ilindostan, province of 
 Candeish, with 8 large and 4 small pagodas of hewn granite, 
 and a pyramidical form, with numerous carvings, decora- 
 tions, and colossal statues. 
 
 WOX'EIt.SII, a pari.sh of England, co. of Surrey. Iron- 
 stone abounds, and there is much flue scenery, 3} miles 
 S.S.E. of Guildford. Wo.nersh Park is a seat of Karl 
 Gniiitley. 
 
 WOXGROAVITZ, ■»on'gro-*its\ (Polish Wmgrmoiec, «on- 
 gro/ve-Sts.) or written WAGROWIKC, a town of Prussian 
 Poland, 32 miles X.E. of Po.sen, on the Welna, with a Cis- 
 tercian monastery. 
 
 WOX'STOX, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WOXTEKGIIEM, w6n'tfr-ghJm, a village of Belgium, 
 Last Flandeis, 15 miles \V..S.VV. of Ghent. Pop. 1075. 
 
 WOO-CH AXG, a large city of China. See II.\x-keoo. 
 
 ■NVoOD, a county in the N.W. part of West A'irginia, bor- 
 ders on the Ohio River, wliicli forms its boundary on tlio N. 
 and W., separating it from the State of Ohio : area about 420 
 square miles. It is intersected by tlio Little Kanawli:i, and 
 also drained by Hughes River and Frcncli and Lee's Creeks. 
 The surface is hilly and broken; the soil generally fertile. 
 Extensive beds of stone-coal are found. Rock 'oil also 
 abounds here. It is intersected by the North-Western A'ir- 
 ginia Railroad. Capital, Parkersburg. Pop. 11,046, of 
 whom lo,S70 were free, and 176 slaves. 
 
 WOOD, a new county in the N.E. part of Texas, has an 
 area of about 775 square miles. The Sabine River forms its 
 S.W. boundary, and it is intersected by the Lake Fork of 
 that river. The county contains a large proportion of 
 prairie. It is not included in the census of 1850. Named 
 in honor of Colonel Wood, second governor of the state. 
 Capital. Quitman. Pop. 4968. 
 
 WOOD, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio, cont.^ins 
 about 600 square miles. The Maumee River, navigable by 
 steamboats, forms its N.W. boundary; it is intersectetl by 
 Portage River, and also drained by Beaver and Toussaint 
 Creeks. The surface is nearly level, with a slight declivity 
 towards the X.E. The land when properly drained is very 
 prorl-.ictlve. The county is heavily timbered. It is inter- 
 sected by the Dayton and Michigan Railroad, and liy the 
 Cleveland and Toledo or Lake Shore Railroad. Capital, 
 Perrysburg. The s:ilubri(y of tliis region luis been improved 
 by the clearing and cultivation of the laud. Pop. iu 1850, 
 91.57 : in 1860, 17.886. 
 
 WOOD, a townsliip in Clarke co.. Indiana. Pop. 1009. 
 
 WOOD-BAST/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WOOD'BERR Y, a post-village of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, 
 15 miles N.X.E. oiT Bedford, contains several stores. 
 
 WOODBERRY, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop, 1279. 
 
 WOODBERRY, a post-office of Meriwether CO., Georgia. 
 
 WOODBI<:RRY, a post-office of Butler co., Kentucky. 
 
 WOODRKRHY, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 WOOD'lilXE, a post-office of Carroll co., Jlaryland. 
 
 WODDHIXE. a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky. 
 
 WOOn'BOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Xottingham. 
 
 WOODBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WOOD'BOROUGH, a postnjffice of Grayson co.. Texas. 
 
 WOOD'ROURNE, a post-village of Sullivan co.. New York, 
 on Xevcrsiiik River, about 100 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 WOODBOURXI':, a post-village of Uuion Co., Tennessee, 
 202 miles E. by S. of Nashville. 
 
 WOitD'BRIDGE, a market-town, river port, and piirish of 
 England, co. of Suffolk, on the Deben, 7j miles E.N.E. of 
 Ipswich. Pop. in 1851, 5161. The town has a spacious 
 chui'ch of black flint and freestone. Here are various dis- 
 Eenting cbapel.s, many schools, almshouses, sessions and 
 market-houses, a custom-house, bonding warehouses, a 
 theatre, and a house of correction. Ship-building is actively 
 carried on. The mouth of the river forms an excellent 
 'laven. and is navigjible 8 miles up to the town, for vessels 
 ij( 120 tons burden. Exports of corn, flour, and malt ; imports 
 
 of coal, timher, and articles for domestic purposes. Regl^ 
 tered shipping, 4172 tons. 
 
 WOl'U'BRIDGE, a township in New Haven co., Connecti- 
 cut. miles X.W. of New Haven. Pop. 872. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, a post-township of Middlesex CO., New 
 Jersey, on Staten Island Sound, about 38 miles X.E. of 
 Trenton. Pop. 3987. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, a village of Fayette co., Penn.sylvania, 190 
 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, a township in Hillsdale CO., Michigan. 
 Pop. R76. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, near 
 Cedar River, 16 miles N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 WOOD'BURN, a post-villa'.'e of Jefferson co., Georgia, about 
 70 miles E.X.E.of Milledgeville. 
 
 WOODBURN, a pnst-offico of Warren co., Kentucky. 
 
 WOODBURN, a thriving post-village of Macoupin co., 
 Illinois, on the road from Alton to Springfield, 15 miles from 
 Alton. 
 
 WOOD'BURY, a parish of Engl.and. co. of Devon. 
 
 WOOD'BURY, a post-township in Washington co., Ver- 
 mont, 14 miles N.E. by N. of Montpelier. Pop. 999. 
 
 WOODBURY, a post-township of Litchfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, about 25 miles X.X.W. of New Haven. It is drained by 
 Pomperaug River anil Ijranches, which afford water-power. 
 The vill.ige in the centre is more than a mile ia length, 
 abounding in elegant residences, and surrounded with 
 beautiful scenery. It has 3 or 4 churches, several stores. 
 and a bank recently established. Hardware, woollen, and 
 India-rubber goods are manufactured in the township, 
 which also contains the village of Hotchkissville. Pop. in 
 1840, 1918: in 1850, 2150: in 1860, 2037. 
 
 WOODBURY, a post-village, capital of Gloucester co., New 
 .Jersey, on the AVcst .IiTsey Railroad, and on Woodbury 
 Creek, 9 miles S. of Pliiladelphia. It has a court-house, 5 
 churches, 2 public lil)raric8, a newspaper office, an academy, 
 and a bank. 'I'he creek is navigable by small boats to this 
 place. Pop. 1534. 
 
 WOODBURY, a former township of Bedford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, now divided into South, Middle, and Nortli Wood- 
 bury. 
 
 WOODBURY', a post-village, capital of Cannon co., Ten- 
 nessee, 50 miles E.S.E. of Xashvillo. 
 
 WOODBURY, a small village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 WOODBURY, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio, 105 miles 
 N.W. of Columbu.s. 
 
 AVOODBURY. a post-village of Hamilton CO., Indiana, 22 
 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WOODBURY, a post-ntlice of Woodbury county. Iowa. 
 
 AVOODBURY, a post-village of Cumberland co., Illinois, on 
 one of the head branches of Embarras River, and on the 
 National Road, about 100 miles S.E. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 AVOODBURY, a post-village of AV right co., Missouri, about 
 90 miles S.S.AV. of Jefferson City. 
 
 AVOODCHES/TER. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 AVOOD'CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 AVOODCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 AVOOD'COCK, a post-township in the N. central part of 
 Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2445. 
 
 AVOODCOCK, a post-borough in the above township, and 
 8 miles N.E. of Meadville. Pop. in 1851, 300: 
 
 AVOOD'COTE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 AVOOD CREEK, of Oneida co., New York, empties itself 
 into the E. end of Oneida Lake. • • 
 
 AVOOD CREEK, of AVashington co.. New York, falls into 
 the head of Lake Champlain, at AVhitehall. 
 
 WOOD-DAI^LING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 AVOOD-EAnX)N, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 AVOOD'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 WOODFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 2> 
 miles S.AV. of Thrapston. Here are several tumuli and 
 Roman remains. 
 
 AVOODFORD, a parish of England, co. of AVilts, 5 miles 
 N.N.AV. of Salisbury. Charles II. was concealed here after 
 the battle of AVorcester. 
 
 AVOODFORD, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 A\'OOD'FORD. a county in the N. central part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 280 square miles. The Kentucky 
 River forms its entire boundary on the S.AV., and the South 
 Fork of Elkhorn washes its N.E. border. The surface is 
 gently undulating; the soil is calcareous, deep, and exceed- 
 ingly fertile. The Lexington and Frankfort Railroad passei 
 through the county, and the Kentucky River is navigable 
 by steamboats on the border. The surface rock is Trentou 
 limestone, a good material for building. The county is 
 heavily timbered with hickory, a.sh, sugar-ma|i!e. and l)laclt 
 walnut, which here attiiu a large size. Formed in 1788, and 
 named in honor of General AVilliam AVoodford, wlio was 
 taken prisoner at the siege of Charleston, in 1780. Capital, 
 A'ersailles. Pop. 11, 219, of whom 5390 were free, and 5829 
 
 WOODFORD, a county in the N. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 500 .square miles. It is bounded on the AV. 
 by the Peoria Lake, an expansion of Illinois River, and 
 drained by Mackinaw and Crow Creeks. The surface pre- 
 
 21^ 
 
woo 
 
 woo 
 
 Feufs no great Innualitios; the soil Is fertile. The prairips 
 art sai'l b) be more extensive than the forests. Stone-coal 
 is rbuKd Th<* Illinois River is navigable along the border. 
 Th«i Cemrtl Kiiilroad passes through the county. Capital, 
 Mrtamoro, Pop. 13,282. 
 
 WO JDKOKI). a post-township of Bennington CO., Vermont, 
 about ll-T miles S.W. by S. of Montpelier. It contains ex- 
 tensive deposits of iron ore and yellow paint or ochre. P. 379. 
 WOODFORD, a village of Woodford co., Illinois, SO miles 
 N. by E. of Springfield. 
 WOODFORD, a post-of5ee of Clay CO., Missouri. 
 WOOD'FORD, ST. MARY'S, a parkh of England, co. of 
 Essex. 
 
 W OOIVGROVE, a small village of Rowan co.. North Caro- 
 lina. 
 WOODGROVE, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 WOOD'HALli. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 WOOD'HAM FER'RERS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 WOODUAM MORTIMER, a parish of England, co. of 
 Essex. 
 WOODIIAM WALTICR, a pari.sh of England, co. of E.s.«ex. 
 WOOD/HAY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of H.ants. 
 WOODHAY', WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 ■n'OOIVlIEAD, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester, 16 
 miles E. of .Manchester, on the railway. 
 
 WOOD'HORX, a parish of England, co. of Northumljerland. 
 WOOD'HOUSE, a township of England, co. of Leicester. 
 WOOD/HOUSE. a post-offlce of Meriwether co., Georgia, 
 102 miles W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 WOOD'IIULL. a post-township of Steuben oo., New York. 
 25 miles S.S.W. of Bath. Pop. 2207. 
 
 WOODHULL, a past-township forming the S.W. extremity 
 of Shiawassee co.. Michisan. Pop. 546. 
 WOOD'[IUR.ST. a parish of Engl.ind, co. of Huntingdon. 
 WOOD'INGTON, a postofflce of Darke co., Ohio. 
 WOOD ISL.\ND, at the entrance of Saco River, Maine. 
 On the E. side is a revolving light, 45 feet above the level of 
 the sea. lat. 43° 27' N., Ion. 70° 15' W. 
 WOOIVLAXD, a post-office of Clearfield CO., Pennsylvania. 
 WOODL.\N'D, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky. 
 WOODLAND, a post'township forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Barry co., Michigan. Pop. !I76. 
 WOODL.WD, a post-office of Lawrence co., Indiana. 
 WOODLAND, a post-office of Esist Feliciana parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 WOODL.IND, a post-office of Schuyler co., nilnois. 
 WOODLAND, a post-offlce of Northampton co., North 
 •^rolina. 
 WOODLAND, a post-office of Ulster co.. New York. 
 WOODLAND, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. P. 751. 
 WOODLANDS, a tything of England, co. of Wilts. 
 WOODL.\NDS, a locality in England, co. of Dorset, parish 
 of Horton, near which the Duke of Monmouth was seized 
 inltiSS. 
 WOODLANDS, a post-offlce of Marshall co., W. Virginia. 
 WOOD'LAWN, a post-office of .Appomattox co., Virginia. 
 W00DL.4WX. a post-villaiie of Gaston co., North Carolina, 
 173 miles S.W. by W. of Raleigh. 
 
 WOODLAWN, a post-village of Edgefield district, South 
 Carolina. 98 mijes W. by S. of Columbia. 
 WOODLAWN, a post-village of Murray co., Georgia. 
 WO0DL.\W\. a post-office of Itawamba co., Mi.ssissippi. 
 WOODLAWN, a post-office of Dallas t-o., Alabama. 
 WOODL.\WN, a post^village of Washita co., Arkansas, 15 
 miles W. of Camden. 
 WOODLAWN, a small village of Shelby co., Illinois. 
 WOODL.AWN, a post-offlce oT Monroe co., Missouri, about 
 70 miles N. of Jefferson City. 
 WOOD'LEIGII, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 WOO'DLE ISLAND, of Gilbert Archipelago, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, is in lat 0° 17' N., Ion. 173° 27' E. 
 
 WiX)D'MANCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 WOODMANCOTK, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.* 
 WOODMANSEY, a township of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 WOOD/MAN STONE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 WOOD'NKSl JO ROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 WOOD'I'ORT. a post-office of Victoria co.. Texas. 
 WWD'RIDGE'S STOKE, a post-office of Christian co., 
 Kentucky. 
 WOOD RI'SING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 WOOD KIV'ER, a mill-stream of Rhode Island, rises in 
 Kent county, and unites with Charies River, in Washington 
 county, to form the I'awcatuck River. 
 
 AVOODRUFF"S, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South 
 Capoliria. 
 
 WOODRUFFS CREEK, of Michigan, rises in Oakland co.. 
 and Hows south-westward into Portage Lake, the water of 
 whii-h is discharged through the Huron River. 
 WOOD.«. a pf.stK>fflcc of Panola co., Texas. 
 WOODS, a post-offlce of Perrv co., Tennessee. 
 ■WOODS'liOROUGIl. a post-village of Frederick CO., Mary- 
 land. lO miles N.W. of Annapolis. 
 
 «.^''il9^i.""J'l*^"''"' » post-village of Shelby co., Alabama, 
 64 miles K. of Tuscaloosa. j . •, 
 
 21S4 
 
 WOODSBOROUGH, a post-village of Montgomery co, Illi- 
 nois, 66 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 WOOiyS CORN ERS, a post-office of Hillsdale co.. Michigan. 
 
 AVOOD'S CREEK, a small stream of Tuolumne co.. Civli- 
 fornia. rises among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, 
 and flowing in a general south-west course, falls into the 
 Tuolumne River. 
 
 WOOD'S CROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Gloucester co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 WOOD.S'DALE, a post-office of Person co.. North Carolina, 
 62 miles N.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 WOODS^FIELD, a post-village of Centre township, and 
 capital of Monroe co., Ohio, 120 miles E. of Columbus. It 
 is pleasantly situated otj high ground, and is surrounded by 
 a hilly region. It contains 1 academy, 4 churches, and a 
 printing-office. On the border of the village is a uutura) 
 circular mound, 60 feet high. Pop. 799. 
 
 WiWDS/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 WOOD'S HILL, a post-office of Roane co., T<^nncssee. 
 
 WOOD'S HOLE, a post-village in Barnstable CO., Massachu- 
 setts, at the S.W. extremity of the peninsula of Cape Cod, 
 alxiut 70 miles S. by E. of Boston. The harljor is well pro- 
 tecte-J by islands, and is of sufficient depth for ships of the 
 largest class. It is much frequented by vessels in tem- 
 pestuous weather. AYood's Hole is .i favorite place of resort 
 to invalids and persons in quest of sea air. It contains a 
 church and a good hotel. 
 
 WOOD SHOP, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama. 
 
 WOOD'SIDE. a township of England, co. of Salop. Others 
 are in the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland. 
 
 WOOD'SON VILLE, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky, on 
 Green River, opposite Mumfordsville, the county seat. It 
 has 1 church and several stores. 
 
 WOOD'S ST-AT ION, a post-village of Walker co., Georgia. 
 
 WOOD'STOCK. a parliamentary and municipal borough, 
 town, and chapelry of England, co. and 8 miles N.N.W. of 
 Oxford, on the Glynn, and on a branch of the Great Western 
 Railway. Pop. of town in 1851, 1262. It has a handsome 
 church, Wesleyan, Independent, and other chapel.s, a good 
 town-hall and market-place, two endowed schools, alms- 
 houses, chnrities, and a manufactory of doe-skin gloves. It 
 sends 1 member to the House of Commons, .\djoiuing the 
 town, on the S.. is Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of Marl- 
 borou.^h. Sec Blexheim. — Old Woodstock, a locality a little 
 N. of the town. Under the Saxon and Norman dynasties, 
 Woodstock was a royal residence, and here King Alfred 
 resided while translating Boetius. 
 
 WOOD'STOCK, a post-township in Oxford co., Maine, 
 intersected by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence IJailroad, 45 
 miles W. of Augusta. A village is springing up on the rail- 
 road, which promises to be a piace of considerable bu.«ines.s. 
 The first settlement in the township was made jn 1815. 
 Pop. 1025. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a post-village and township, capital of Graf- 
 ton CO.. New Hampshire, .50 miles N. by W. of Concord. 
 Pop. 476. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a post-village and township, capital of Wind- 
 sor co.. A'ermont. 55 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. The village 
 is sitnated on both sides of the Quechce or Ottauqnechee 
 River, at the junction of the North and South Branches 
 with the main stream. It is surronnded by a fine agricnl- 
 turjil region, for which it is the chief centre of tnide. Its 
 manufactnres are also extensive and varied. By the con- 
 struction of dams across the Quechee, the stream has been 
 made to furnish an extensive hydranlic power. The public 
 buildings are a court-house, adorned with a portico, and 
 surmounted by a lofty tower, a jail, the Vermont Medical 
 College, and churches of 5 denominations. The Medical In- 
 stitution was founded by I'r. Joseph A. Gallop, in 1827, 
 under the name of the "Clinicil School of Medicine," but 
 not incorporated until 1835, at which time it received the 
 title it now bears. This college was suspended in 1857. In 
 the centre of the village is a beiiutiful ])ark, around which 
 are situated many fine buildings. One newspaper is pub- 
 lished in Woodstock, which also contains a bank and about 
 20 stores. Pop. in 1860, about 1500: of the township, 3062. 
 
 AVOODSTOCK, a post-town.ship of Windham co., Connec- 
 ticut, about 45 miles N.E. by E. of Hartford. It is drained' 
 by ^luddy Bix)ok, which aftbrds water-power, employed for 
 cotton, woollen, and other manufactures. There are 5 
 pleiusant villagi-s in the township, viz., AVoodstock, North 
 Woodstock, South Woodstock, East Wooilstock, and AVest 
 AVoodstock. AVoodstock has a handsome green in the cen- 
 tre, and contains 1 or 2 churches, an academy, and a shoe 
 factory. Pop. .3285. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a post-village and township of Ulster co. 
 New York, 50 miles S S.AV. of Albany. Pop. 1858. 
 WOODSTOCK, a post-office of Crawford co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVOODSTOCK, a post- village of Howard CO., MarylanU. 50 
 miles N.AV. of Ann.ipolis. ^ 
 
 AVOODSTOCK, a bwiutiful post-village, capital of Shcnan- 
 doah CO., A'irginia, is situated on the A'alley 1 urnpiko, one 
 mile from the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, and 
 160 miles N.AV. of Richmond. The surrounding cou.itvy is 
 fertile, and finely diversified. The village contains 8 or 4 
 
woo 
 
 woo 
 
 churches, a newspaper office, 1 academy, a Masonic hall, and 
 numerous stores. Pop. 2113. 
 
 \VO(iLiST(^CK, a post-village of Cherokee co., Georgia, 115 
 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 WOi'DSTOCK, a beautiful village of Oglethorpe co.; 
 Georgia, about 65 miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville. It coutaius 
 1 church, a high school, »ud a steam-mill. 
 
 V\ 0(>Os>TOC'K, a post-office of Pulaski co., Kentucky. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a post-\illage of Champaign co., Ohio, on 
 the Columbus i'iqua and Indiana Kailroad, 32 miles N.W. 
 of Columbus. Pop. in 1R60, 300. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a post-township forming the N.W. extre- 
 mity of I.ienawee co., Michigan. Pop. 1158. 
 
 VVOOD.STOCK, a small village of Ca.<sco., Illinois. 
 
 WOOD.STOCK, a thriving post-village, capital of McIIenry 
 CO., Illinois, on thuCiaciigo and Northwestern K.K., 51 nn'les 
 N.W. of Chicago. It has 3 churches, a fine covu't-house, a na- 
 tional bank. 1 new.spaper office, and 2 large hotels. Pop. 1327. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a township of Schuyler Co., Illinois. P.1186. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a thriving town, capitiil of Carieton co.. 
 New Brunswick, on the left bank of the river St. John, 
 about C'O miles in a direct line N.W. of Fredericton. Kx- 
 tensive deposits of red hajmalite iron ore ai-e found a short 
 dL-itance above the town, along the banks of the Meduxne- 
 keag, at its entrance into the St. John. The ore is of a very 
 superior quality, and though so hiirhly charged with man- 
 ganese as to make while and brittle cast iron rest-mbling 
 antimony in its fractured surface, al.'iO furiii.shes the very 
 tougbi'st bar-iron, suited to the manufacture of the finest 
 cast-steel. It had been extensively wrought and exported 
 to lingland for many years previous to the glut of the Eu- 
 ropean market, but in 1850 the furnace fires at Woodstock 
 ceased. It was thought, however, that from the probable 
 rise in the price of iron, they would soon go into blastagain. 
 Ores of manganese are also tljund in the vicinity of the town. 
 A railroad about ^U mill* in length is in course of construc- 
 tion, connecting Woodstock with St. Andrews. 
 
 WOODSTOClv.a town of Canada We.st, capital of the co.of 
 Oxford, is situated in the townships of Blandford and Kast 
 Oxfiii-d, on the Great Western Kailroad, US miles from To- 
 ronto. It contains 2 banks, several churches, and numerous 
 stores and mills. Pop. 2. 00. 
 
 WOOD.^TUCK MILLS, a village of Camden co., Georgia. 
 
 WOOUSTtjCK MILLS, a post-office of Nassau co., Florida. 
 
 Woi,>I)'.>TO.\ K, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 
 AVOODS'TOWN, a post-\ illage of Salem co., New Jersey, 
 on Salem Creek, 35 miles S. W. by S. of Trenton. It contains 
 5 chur.hes, 6 stores, and 3 schools. Pop. 1036. 
 
 W(J(U»SV1LLK, Mass;ichu.setta. See Woodtillr. 
 
 AVOi iDS'VI LLK, a post-village of Mercer co.. New Jersey, 
 13 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 WOODSVILLK, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WOOD'TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WOOD'VALK, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WOOD'VIKW, a. post-office of .Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 WOv>D/VlLLK or WOODSVILLK, a post-villago of Mid- 
 dlesex CO., .Mas.sachusetts, near the Boston and Worcester 
 Railroad. 30 miles W.S.W. of Boston. 
 
 WOODVILLK, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecticut, 
 about 20 miles N.W. of Waterbury. 
 
 WOODVILLK. a post-village of Jeffei-son co.. New York, on 
 Sandy Creek, about 50 miles N. of Syracuse. 
 
 WtJODVILLK. a thriving ptistrvillage of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 20 miles N. of Pittsburg. 
 
 WOODVlLLli, a post-village of Kappahannock co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the turnpike from Sperryville to Fairfax, 115 miles 
 N.\V. of Iiichmond. Pop. in 1853. aljout 300. 
 
 WOODVILLK, a post-villageof liertie co.. North Carolina. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a post-village of Perquimans oo., North 
 Carolina. 205 miles K.N.K. of Kaleigh. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a small village of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WOODVILLE. a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, on the 
 Athens Branch of the Georgia Kailroad. 45 miles N. by E. of 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a village of Henry co., Alabama, on the 
 Chattahoochee Kiver. It has 2 stores. The post-office is 
 called •' Open Pond." 
 
 WOODVILLE, a post-village of Jackson co., Alabama, 
 near Paint Kock Hirer, about 160 miles N.E. of Tu.^caloosa. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a post^village, capital of Wilkinson county, 
 Mississippi, .35 miles S. of Natchez, and 15 miles E. of the 
 Mississippi Kiver. It is connected by railroad with St. 
 Francisville, on the river, 29 miles S., and has considerable 
 trade. There is a e/)tton factory in successful operation 
 here. Woodville contains 3 churches, 2 academies, 1 bank, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 WOODVILLK, a postrvillage, capital of Tyler county, 
 Texas. 108 miles in a direct line N. by E. of Galveston. 
 
 WOttPVILLK, a post-office of Haywood co., Tennessee. 
 
 W'DODVIIyLE, a post^village and town.ship of Sandusky 
 CO.. Ohio, on the I'ortage Hiver. and «n the Western Keserve 
 and Maumee Turnpike, 120 miles N. by W. of Columbus. It 
 contains 2 churches. I'op. of the township. 1516. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a postvillage of Jackson co., inaiaua, ab<:>ut 
 9 miles W.S.W. of Brownstown. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a village of Lawrence co., Indiana, on the 
 New Albany and Salem Railroad, 10 uiiles S. of liedloru. 
 
 WOODVILLE. .1 post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 05 milas 
 W.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 WOODVILLK, a small village of Fulton co., Illinois, aboa 
 50 miles W. of I'eoria. 
 
 WOODVILLE. a small village of Jackson co., Illinois. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a post-village of Macon co.. Missouri, on 
 the South Fork of Salt River, 80 miles N. by W. of Joffei^ 
 son City. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a post-office of Tulare co.. California. 
 
 AVOODVILLE DEPOT, (DepOt,) a post-office of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 WOOD'WARD, a post-office of Centre co.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 WOODWARD, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. .359. 
 
 VVOODWARD, a township .of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1053. 
 
 WOODWARD, a post-office of Barnwell district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 AVOODWARD'S HOLLOW, a post-office of Erie CO., New 
 York. 
 
 WOOD/WAUDSVILLE, a post-village Of Essex co.. New 
 Y^ork. about 100 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 WOODWARDSVILLE, a village of Burlington co., New 
 Jersey, contains 2 churches, 2 stores, 4 mills, and about 70 
 dwellings. 
 
 WOOD'WORTII'S. a postrofflce of Granville co.. North Ca- 
 rolina, 6l miles N. of Raleigh. 
 
 WOtJD' YARDS, a post-office of AtJjeng co., Ohio. 
 
 AViWK'EY, a parish of England, co. of Somer.set. 
 
 WOOL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the South- 
 western Railway, 5 miles W.S.W. of AVareham. 
 
 WOOl/ASTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 WOOLAV'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 WOOLAVINGTON, EAST and AVEST, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Sussex. 
 
 AVOOL'BKDDINO, a parish of England, co. of Su.>-sex. 
 
 WOOL'liOKOUUlI. a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 AVOOL'DALE, a township of England, co. of York, AVesl 
 Riding. 
 
 AVOOUER. a market-town and parish of England, co. of 
 Northumberland, on a small affluent of the Till," 46 milea 
 N.AV. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Pop. in 1851, 1911. The 
 town is situated on the declivity of the Cheviot Hills. In 
 the vicinity are remains of ancient fortifications, and a 
 stone pillar commeuKirative of the victory of the Pcrcies 
 over the Scots in the reign of Henry lA'. 
 
 AVOOLEY, a parish of England, co. of Huntington. 
 
 AVOOLFARD/ISAVORTUY, two parishes of England, co. of 
 Devon. 
 
 AVOOL'FORD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. AA'arwick 
 
 AVOOLFORD, LITTLE, a township of England, co. oi 
 AA'arwick. 
 
 AVOOLIIAAIP'TON, a pari.sh of England, co. of Berks, on 
 the Great AVestern Railway. 7 miles E. of Newbury. 
 
 AVOOLIMA, wool'e-ma\ written also VOULl.MA, a rivel 
 of AVest Africa, Mandiugo country, falls into the Ba Fing or 
 Senegal. 
 
 AVOO LING SHAN or WOU LINO CHAN, a mountain o* 
 China, province of I'e-chee-Iee ; lat. 40° 43' N., Ion. 117° 27 
 E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 AA'OOL'L.^M, a post-office of Gasconade co.. Missouri. 
 
 AVOOLL'YA, a native .settlement of South America, Terra- 
 del-Fuego, on the N.AV. shore of Navarin I.«land, lat. 55° S., 
 Ion. 68° AV. It is of pleasing appearance, rising gently from 
 the waterside into moderate hills, clothed with the finest 
 timber in the countrv, is well watered, and has rich grass. 
 
 AVOOiyPIT. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WOOLSTA.VfON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 . AVOOLS/TIIORP, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 AVOOLS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 
 
 AVOOLSTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 AVOOL.'^TON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 AA'OOLSTtJN, a town.ship of England, oo. of Lancaster. 
 
 AVOOL/TON, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 AVOOLTON, MUCH, a chapelry. England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 AVOOl/VERSTONE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WOOL'AEUTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 AVOOLAVICH, wool'ich or woOl'ij, a town, parish, and naval 
 port of England, county C)f Kent, 9 miles E.S.E. of London, 
 with which it is conn(;cted by railwiiy. Pop. in 1851, 32,367, 
 chiefiy dependent on the government establLshments. The 
 town, about one mile in length, is on an elevated site, sepa- 
 rated from the Thames by the dock-yard ; it has a conspicuous 
 old church, a new church, and several chapels; a Scotch 
 church, dissenters' meeting-houses, numerous school. ,and a 
 small thi'atre. The dock-yard, the most ancient in the king- 
 dom, has been enlarged of late years, and has some very fine 
 new docks. Here were built the Royal George, w Inch was lost 
 at Spithead, the Nelson. Trafalgar, and other fir-t-rate ships: 
 but from the comparative shallowuess of the water in the 
 
 2135 
 
"WOO 
 
 river such sliip* are mostly built at the other naval ports, ! 
 ami this yard is chiefly employed for constructing st«'amers. ' 
 Woolwich has the ;urgest arsenal in Britain, covering more 
 than 100 acres, and containing nearly 24,000 pieces of ord- 
 nance, besides other warlike materi:ils for the army and 
 nary, a royal laboratory, &c. It is the head-quarters of the 
 royal horse and foot artillery, and royal sappers and miners, 
 for whom, and other corps, here are extensive barracks; 
 on a fine parade ground, S. of the town, are a repository for 
 military models, and an observatory. It i.* the seat of a 
 royal military academy for engineering and artillery. W ool- 
 ■wich joins with Deptford and Gre<mwich in returning 2 
 members to the House of Commons. Monthly petty sessions 
 are held bv the county magistrates. 
 
 WOOLWICH, a post-township. Sn.cadahoc co., Maine, on 
 the K. side of Kennebec Kiver, 25 miles S. of Augusta. Pop. 
 1317. 
 
 WOOfWICn, a township of Gloncester co.. New Jersey. 
 Pop. 3478. 
 
 WOOXSOCK'ET, a flourishing post-village of Smithfleld 
 and Cumberlaud townships. Providence county, Rhode 
 Island, on b>^th sides of the Blackstone Kiver, and on the 
 Providence and Worcester Railroad, at the north-eastern 
 terminus of the proposed Woonsocket Union Railroad, 16 
 miles N. by W. of Providence. At present it comprises one 
 principal and several smaller villages, viz., Woonsocket, 
 Beron, Ilamlet, Jeiicksville. Globe, and Union villages, all 
 included under the general name of Woonsocket. There 
 were in operation at this point, in 1853. 19 cotton-mills, in 
 which were 73..304 spindles, and 1641 loom.s, annually con- 
 suming 6185 bales of cotton, and 11,300 gallons of oil, pro- 
 ducing 276,538 yanls of cloth per week: also 5 woollen- 
 mills, with 9770 spindle.s, 227 looms, and 22 sets of cards, 
 turning out 33.000 yards of rloth per week, and consum- 
 ing annually 600.000 bales of wool, and 10.000 gallons of 
 oil ; preparations were being made to increase the above to 
 the extent of 288 looms, and 10.000 spindles; also 8 machine 
 shops, 2 iron foundries, 1 gas manufactory, sa.sh, blind, and 
 planing works, 1 spool-thread factory, 1 manufactory of 
 sewing-silk and silk fringes, 1 of gold pencils and jewellery, 
 
 1 of musical instruments, 4 of tin-plate and stoves, 3 of 
 scj'the-stone.s, connected with an extensive quarry in the 
 immediate vicinity, and 2 marble-yards, besides uiimerous 
 other establi.^hmenUi. 
 
 There are in Woonsocket 7 churches, 1 high school, 1 
 newspaper office, 6 banks, 1 savings institution, 80 stores, 3 
 hotels, and 6 livery stables, containing about 50 horses. 
 Annual amount of freight, 19.631 tons; value of goods ma- 
 nufactured and merchandise sold, $2,292,670. An eminence 
 In the rear of Beron atfords a beautiful view of the village. 
 Many of the most elegant dwellings occupy, in groups, the 
 extensive swells of highland which extend in every direc- 
 tion above the valley of the river. Patriot Buildings (print- 
 ing) is a fine specimen of architectural beauty. M'oonsoeket 
 has telegraphic communication with Pawtucket and Provi- 
 dence. Its position on the route of the New York and Bos- 
 ton Air-Line Railroad is favorable to a rapid increase of 
 business, and before many years the village will, without 
 doubt, contain a large population. Pop. in 1860, about 
 6500. 
 
 WOOSTER, a flouri.shing post-town, capitil of Wayne 
 county, Ohio, situated on Ivillbuck Creek, and on the Ohio 
 and Penn.sylvania Raili-oad, 90 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 
 52 miles S. by W. of Cleveland. It is well built, and sur- 
 rounded by a beautiful and undulating country, of which 
 it commands an extensive view. Wooster is the centre of 
 an active trade, and is improving rapidly since the consti;uc- 
 tlon Of the railroad, which forms part of a continuous line 
 from Philadelphia to Indiana, Ac. It contains 9 churches, 
 
 2 banks, 1 female seminary, and 2 newspaper ofHces. Here 
 are several manufactories of carriages, and of reaping and 
 mowing-machines. I.,aid out in 1808. Pop. in 1840 1913- 
 in 1S50. 2797; in 1860,3361. 
 
 W(X»STKR, a flourishing village of Scott co., Indiamf, 
 about 80 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis. Pop. in 1853, 300. 
 
 WOOSTEK, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 WOOSU.N'G, a small maritime town of China, province of 
 Kiang-see. SO miles N.W. of Chusan. and strongly fortified 
 by the Chine.«e during the late war, but taken by the British 
 In 1S4;5. 
 
 WOOTTOX, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 >\OiirrON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 W OOrmN. a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 \M»orrON. a p.irish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WOOTl'O.V. a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 « Oi ilTOX, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, 
 -..^^•^'^l'''^^- n P-rl-h of England, co. of Surrey, 3 miles 
 W .S.W. of Dorking. The church stands in a picturesque 
 valley, and here is the demesne of the Kvelvn family 
 
 « Oi rrrox. a parish of England, Isle of Wight 
 
 MlN)TT<».\. SeeWin-TON. 
 
 Wwr'-r..X-ItAS'SKT. a disfranchise.! borough, market. 
 
 town, and p.yish of England, co. of Wilt*, on the Great 
 
 Ji^S U-u *y- ** •"'''*•• ^V- "*■ -Swindon. Pop. in 1861 
 
 The town baa a market-house in iu centre. The 
 
 WOR 
 
 church is an ancient structure. Here are a'so a chapel tol 
 Independents, and an endowed grammar school. 
 
 WOOTTON GLANVILLE. a parish. England, co. of Dorset 
 
 WOOTTON, NORTH, a parish of Ensland, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WOOTTON. NORTH, a parish of England, oo. of .Norfolk. 
 
 WOOrrON. north, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 W"OOTTON RIVERS, a parish of England, co. of \Vilts. 
 
 WOO'lTON, SOUTH, a parish of En^ilaud. co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WOOTTON ST. LAWRENCE, & parish of England, co. of 
 Hants. 
 
 WOOTTOX WAWEN, a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 
 2j miles S. of Henley-in-Arden. It has a handsome church. 
 Petty sessions are held here. 
 
 WOKB, woRp, a village of Switzerland, canton and 5 miles 
 E.S.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish. 2900. 
 
 WORBIS. *oR'bis. a town of Pru.«sian Saxonv. 43 miles 
 N.W. of Erfurt, on the Wipper. Pop. in 1852. 2(")44. 
 
 WORBIS-BREITEN, -woii'liis bri't^-n. a village of PrvL'sian 
 Saxony, 4 miles E.S.E. of Worbis, on the Wipper. 
 
 WORCESTER, wcos'ter. WORCESTERSHIRE, woos'te^ 
 shir, an inland county of England, with a very irregular out- 
 line, and many detatched portions, but mostly bouiided 
 by the counties of Warwick on the E., Gloucester on the 
 S., Hereford on the W.. Salop and Stafford on the N. Area, 
 738 square miles, or 472,320 acres, of wliieh alout 400,000 
 are estimated to be arable or in meadows and pastures. 
 Pop. in 1S51, 276,926. It is fertile, well watered, and 
 richly wooded. Principal rivers, the Severn, and its 
 affluents the Avon and Teme, all having a S. course. The 
 Malvern Hills in the S.W. separate it from Herefordshire. 
 The Bredon Hills in the S.E. rise to 900 feet in height 
 Wheat is extensively raised; hops are an imjiortant crop in 
 some parts; orchanis are numerous, and a great deal of 
 cider and perry is made. Cattle and sheep are fattened here. 
 Coal is found at Dudley; in a N. detached district at Droit- 
 wich are brine springs; building stone and clay are other 
 chief minerals. Carpets are made at Kiddermin.«ter, glass 
 and iron wares at Dudley and Stourbridge, gloves and porce- 
 lain at Worcester, needles and fish-hooks at Redditch and 
 Feckenhaim; and in 1847, 673 persons were employed in 
 woollen, and 500 in silk mills. Numerous canals, and the 
 Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, intersect the county. 
 Worcestershire is dividetl into 10 divisions, in the diocese o* 
 Worcester, and Oxford circuit. After Worcester, the capital, 
 the principal towns are the boroughs of Evesham. Droitwich, 
 Kidderminster, Bewdley, and Dudley. The county with 
 boroughs sends 8 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 WORCESTER, a city, parliamentary and municipal bo- 
 rough of England, a county of itself, and capital of the 
 county of Worcester, on the left bank of the Severn, here 
 crossed by a five-arched bridge, 3i miles N.W. of the 
 Spetchley station of the Birmingham and Bristol Railway, 
 '£i miles N. of Gloucester, and 25 miles S.W. of Birminuham 
 Pop. in 1861, 31.123. It stands chiefly between the Severn 
 and the Worcester or Birmingham Canal, just above their 
 junction, and sheltered on the E. by a finely wooded hill. 
 It is one of the best built and handsomest cities in the 
 kingdom. The streets are regular, wide, and well paved. 
 In the tythingof Whinstones, on its N.. are many detached 
 villa-residences. On the S. the cathedral and college precincts 
 occupy an extensive area. The city was formerly enclosed 
 by a wall, some vestiges of which remain; and the college 
 precincts were, in early Saxon times, surrounded by separate 
 fortifications, of which the Edgar tower is the chief relic. 
 
 The Cathedral was founded in 680 ; the present edifice, 
 with its appi!ndages, dating from the 14th century, Is an 
 elegant plain Gotbiic building, with a fine i-entral tower 200 
 feet in height. It,s interior is very tastefully decorated, and 
 it contains the tomb and effigy of King John, monumental 
 chapel of Arthur, son of Henry VII., monuments to Judge 
 Littleton, Bishop Stiilingfleet. Ac. Adjoining it are the 
 cloisters, with residences of the catheilral dignitaries, the 
 chapter house, with a valuable library, a large ancient hall, 
 now occupied by the King's school, and the bishop's palace, 
 on a commanding site facing the Severn. The see of Wor- 
 cester now comprises the counties of Worcester and Warwick, 
 with portions of adjacent counties. The tower and octagonal 
 spire of St. Andrews* Church, 245i feet in height, form one 
 of the most conspicuous objects in the city. The churches 
 of St. Clement and St. Nicholas are h.indsome buildings, 
 and there are chapels for Roman (,'athnlics. Independents, 
 Calvinist-s, Baptists. We.sleyans. Huntingc'on and Friemls' 
 meeting-houses. Other principal public buildings are, the 
 Guildhall, new county courts, ctmnty and city jails, maiket- 
 house, bouse of industry, county infirmary, buildings of 
 various schools and charity institutions, public sub.scription 
 library, and theatre; and here are several remains of mo- 
 nastic establishments, including a couimandery of the Hos- 
 pital of St. John. The rf)yal grammar school or "' King's 
 school," founded for 40 scholars by Henry VIII., affoids the 
 privilege of competition for 2 exhibitions at Baliol College, 
 Oxford. The free grammar school, founded by Quee'i Eliza- 
 beth, has 14 exhibitions of 30/. to the universities and scholar 
 ships at Worcester College, and Magdalen Hall. Oxford • sna 
 at this school Butler tSie author of - Uudibras," aiul the 
 
WOR 
 
 great Lord Somers, were educated. Here are national, 
 Laiicastcrian, and several other endowed schools; St. Os- 
 wald's lIoKpital for 28 old persons ; Xash's Charity for aged 
 citizens; Berl<eley's Hospital; Worficld's Charity; Shew- 
 riiig's IlospiUil; .larvis's Charity. There are also a female 
 penitentiary, lyinir-in. ophthalmic, and other medical insti- 
 tutions, a dispensary, humane and other societies; and Wor- 
 cester is the headquarters of the Provincial Medical Asso- 
 ciation of Great Britain, and. with Gloucester and Hereford, 
 the place of a triennial musical festival, the proceeds of 
 which are ap])lied to the relief of widows and orphans of 
 the clergy. 
 
 The )irincipn! manufactures are china wares of the first 
 quality, and gloves, of which latter about 250,000 pairs are 
 annually produced. Lace, spirits, leather, nails, and turned 
 wares, are maile; there are extensive Iron works on the 
 canal and river hanks; and the city is the centre of a large 
 trade in corn and hops. Good warehouses and quays border 
 the Severn, which is here navigable for large barges. Wor- 
 cester i.s the entrepot for a large and populous district. It 
 has several banks, and 4 weekly newspapers. 
 
 The borough is divided into 6 wards, and governed by a 
 mayor, 11 aldermen, and 36 councillors. It sends 2 members 
 to the House of Commons. Under the name of Gier Guo- 
 rangnn, it was one of the principal cities of the ancient Bri- 
 tons, and in the early .Saxon period became the .second 
 bishoric in Mercia. The troops of Cromwell here obtained a 
 deci.aive victory over those of Charles II., September 3, 1651. 
 Lorfl Somers was born at AV'orcester in 1652. 
 
 WORCKSTER, wiKis'ter, the largest county in Massachu- 
 setts, occupies the central part of the state, extending across 
 Its entire breadth from N. to S., and has an area of about 
 1500 square miles. It is drained by the head waters of 
 Miller's, Chicopee, Thames, Blackstone. Njusliua, and smaller 
 rivers, which afford motive-power for a great number of 
 mills. Tlie surface is undulating, and the soil strong and 
 productive. In 1S60 this county produced 41>n,928 Imshels 
 of corn, 743,216 of potatoes, 140,478 tons of hay, 1,738,704 
 pounds of butter, and 2,167,625 of cheese, a larg<T quantity 
 of these articles tlian was produced by any otlier county 
 in the state. During the same year there "were manufac- 
 tured in the county 51,915,407 yards of cotton cloth, 
 6.500,000 pairs of boots and shoes, and large quantities of 
 woollen goods and machinery. The county is traversed 
 by numerous railro.ads. among the principal of which are 
 the Western, the Boston and Worcester, the Providence and 
 Worcester, the Norwich and Worcester, the Worcester and 
 Nashua, the Fitcliburg.and the Vermont and Massachusetts 
 Railroads. Organized in 1731, and named from Worcester, a 
 founty in England. Capital, Worcester. Pop. in 1800 
 160.050. 
 
 WORCESTER, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Maryland, bordering on Delaware, and on the Atlantic 
 Ocean, has an area of about 700 square miles. It forms 
 part of the peninsula extending into the sea, between 
 Chesapiake and Delaware Bay. Sinepuxent Sound washes 
 the S.k. border of the county, which is drained by I'ocomoke 
 and St. Martin's Rivers. The surface is level. The soil is 
 moderately fertile. The I'ocomoke is navigable by sloops to 
 the county seat and St. Martin's River for a distance of 12 
 miles. (Hganizcd in 1742. Capital, Snow Ilill. Pop. 20,C61, 
 of whom 17.013 wore fiee. and 3f48 slaves. 
 
 ■WORCES I'KR, a post-township of Washington co., Vei> 
 mont, 11 miles N. of .Montpelier. Pop. 684. 
 
 WORCE.STKR, a city and seat of justice of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, is delightfully situated in the centre of one of 
 the richest and most productive agricultural regions of the 
 Btate. 45 miles W S.W. of Boston, 43 miles N.N.W. of Provi- 
 dence, 45 miles S.S.W. of Na,shua, and 53 miles E.N.K. of 
 Springfield. Lat. 42° 16' 17" N., Ion. 71° 48' 13" W. From 
 this point diverge sis. important railroads, viz., the Western, 
 which connects with the railway system of the south and 
 west; the Boston and Worcester, opened in 1835, and the 
 first built in the state: tbe Worcester and Nashua, com- 
 municating through other railroads with the valley of the 
 St. Lawrence; the Worcester and Fitchburg, opening into 
 the great northern and western routes of travel: the Nor- 
 wich and Worcester, connecting directly, and the Providence 
 and Worcester, connecting through other roads by steiun- 
 boat with New York. To this net-work of railroads Wor- 
 cester is chiefly indebted for its rapid growth in we;ilth and 
 popuLation. The city is located partly in a valley environed 
 by beautiful hills, and partly upon elevations rising on the 
 east and vfest, over which residences are rapidly extending. 
 Main street, tlie principal thoroughfare and seat of business, 
 is a broad, straight avenue nearly two miles in length, and 
 beautifully shaded with walnut and elm trees. The priu- 
 sipal churche.s, the banks, the court-houses, the leading 
 hotels, and public buildings are located on this street 
 Among the inslitutions may be mentioned the .\merican 
 
 Antiquarian Society, founded in 1812 by the mu'iificenco of 
 le late Isaiah Thomas, the editor of the first folio Bible 
 published in the United States. The society building is in 
 the Italian stylo of architecture, 60 by 80 feet in size, two 
 itories iu height, with a loggia of three arches in front. In 
 
 WOR 
 
 it is deposited the society's library, of about 35,000 volumes, 
 many of them very rare, and including numerous specimens 
 of early printing; also plaster casts of Michael Angelo'a 
 celebrated statues of Christ and of Moses. These casts were 
 procured in Rome and presented to the society by Hon. 
 Stephen Salisbury, president, and were never duplicated. 
 The Public Library was established in 1859, and contains in 
 the consultation department 13,951 volumes, and ?ii the 
 circulating department 8000 volumes. The consultation 
 library was the gift of Dr. John Green, and is regarded as 
 the best collection of its kind in New England. The State 
 Lunatic Asylum, established in 1S32, occupies an elevation 
 in tlie eastern part of the city. It comprises several build- 
 ings, the principal of which is 76 feet long, 40 wide, and 4 
 stories high, with 2 wings each 96 feet by 36, and 3 stones 
 high. Other wings are joined to these, the whole forming 
 a complete square, enclosed by spacious grounds. This 
 institution ranks with the best in the country for the treat- 
 ment of lunatics. Of the 7104 insane persons admitted 
 during 32 years, 4629 were discharged recovered or perma- 
 nently imjiroved. The number of inmates October 1, 1S64, 
 was 344. The Jlechanics' Association have a choice library 
 of 1500 volumes. Mechanics' Hall, erected by this associ- 
 ation, is one of the most spacious and beautiful in New 
 England, furnishing seats for 2500 persons, and contains 
 one of the finest organs in the country. The College of 
 Holy Cross is situated on a commanding elevation 2 miles 
 south of the city, and is under the control of Jesuits. The 
 Oread Institute, a school for girls, is situated on Main street, 
 and is the most picturesque building in Worcester. The 
 public schools of Worcester M'ere among the first to adopt 
 what is known ^ the graded system, and are very prosper- 
 ous. There are IS churches, 7 banks, and 4 savings banks, 
 1 life assurance and 5 fire insurance companies, a gas-light 
 company, and a horse-railroad company. Tliere lu-o 2 daily 
 and 3 weekly newspapeis, one of which, the Massachusetts 
 Spy, established by Isaiah Thomas, in 1770, is the oldest 
 paper in Miissachusetts, and the second oldest iu New 
 England. 
 
 The manufactures of Worcester are various and extensive. 
 Among the leading articles produced are steel and iron 
 wire, cotton and woollen goods, mechanics" tools of every 
 kind, agricultural implements, boots and shoes, fire-arms, 
 castings, railroad iron, and machinery of all varieties. The 
 largest manufacturing establishment in the city is owned 
 by Messrs. Washburn & Moen, who send out many tlious- 
 and tons of mauufivctured wire annually, including tele- 
 graph, card, reed, pianoforte, skirt, broom, buckle, and 
 spring wire. The Adriatic Mills, for tlxo manufacture o'" 
 woollen goods, situated in tlio southerly part of the citj, 
 are among the important industrial institutions of the city. 
 The rolling mills of N. Washburn & Co. and C. Washburn 
 & .Son, the foundry of William A. \\ heeler, the loom manu- 
 factury of George Crompton, and many other prosperous 
 establishments, contribute very much to the thrift and 
 enterprise of the town. A. destinictive lire in 1854 laid waste 
 an important manufacturing section of the city; but it was 
 speedily rebuilt, and the jdace has since known no abatement 
 of its prosperity. Thecommorcial facilities of Worcester have 
 been greatly increased by the numerous railways conduct- 
 ing to it. Previous to the opening of the Boston and Wor- 
 cester Railroad, the cost of transporting merchandize from 
 the seaboard to Worcester was $10 per ton, and the time 
 required two days; since that event freight has been re- 
 duced to an average of $2 50 per ton, and the time to less 
 than three hours. The valuation of projierty in Worcester 
 iu 1864 was $16,382,800t of which $11,246,450 was on real 
 estate, and $5,136,350 personal property. One hundred and 
 ten persons and firms pay a tax on $25,000 and upwards. 
 The public appropriations of the city for all purposes, in 
 1S64, amounted to $165,000, of wliich $42,500 was for the 
 support of the public schools. Worcester was settled in 
 1713. and incorporated as city a in 1848. Pop. in 18(50. 24,960. 
 WORCESTER, a ■post-village of Otsego co.. New York, In 
 Worcester township, about 55 miles W. by S. of Albany. li 
 contains several stores and mills. P. of the township. 21 H. 
 WORCliSTER, a post-township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 7 miles N. of Norristown. Pop. 16(7. 
 
 ■WORCESTER, a village in McDonough co., Illinois, 90 
 miles N.W. of Sprinafield. 
 
 WORCESTERSHIRE. See Worcester. 
 . WORDINGBORG, a town of Denmark. See VoRDixnBORO. 
 WORDL, iviind'l. a town of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, on 
 the Main. Pop. 1572. 
 WOKD'WELL. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 WOlfFIELD. a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
 WORK'INGTON, a seaport town, parish, and township of 
 England, co, of Cumberland, at the mouth of the Derwent. on 
 the railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of Whitehaven. Pop. in 1851. 
 7159. The lower part of the town is old. with narrow streets, 
 but in the upper part are many pood residences, and a square, 
 in which the corn market is held; It has a handsome church 
 and chapel, several dissenting chapels, assembly and newj 
 room, a small theatre, a harbor, with good quays and a break. 
 water, some ship-building, manufactures of sail-cloth and 
 
 2137 
 
WOR 
 
 xirdage. a valuable salmon fishery, and coal-mines in the 
 vicinity! wliich employ many of the population, large quau- 
 Ulies of roal being shipiied to Ireland auU the Isle of Man. It 
 i£ a creek of the port of Whitehaven. Registered shipping in 
 I8i8, 14,M2 tons. At Workington Ilall, tlie fine ca.stellated 
 niinsion of the Curvren family, on a wooded height above 
 the town, was a refuge of Mary Queen of Scots after her 
 flight from Langside. 
 
 WOltK'SOP, a market-town and parish of England, county 
 and 25 miles N. of Nottingham, on tl)e Kyton, at the X. 
 estremity of Sherwood Forest, and with a station on the 
 Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. Pop. in 1S51, V215. 
 The church formed part of an ancient prio^, and is one of 
 the most perfect specimens of the Anglo-Xorman style in 
 England. Worksop is celebrated for its malt. The town 
 may be regarded as the capital of the district, popularly 
 called the "dukery," from comprising Worksop-JIanor, 
 Clumber Park, and Welbeck-.ibbey. respectively the seats 
 of the Dukes of Norfolk, Newcastle, and Portland. 
 
 WORKUM, woR'ktim, a town oif the Netherlands, pro- 
 ■vinoe of Friesland, near the Zuyder-Zee, 21 miles S.W. of 
 Leouwarden. Pop. 3193. 
 
 WORKWAT, one of the Arroo Islands, containing the vil- 
 lages of Nieuw-Affara, Oud-Affara, Goor, Longar, and Tree. 
 It is noted for the productiveness of its trepang fisheries. 
 
 WOR'LABY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WOr.LD'HAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WORLDIIAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Hante. 
 
 WORLE, wtirl, a parish of England, co. of Somer.set. 
 
 WOR/LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of SufTolk. 
 
 WOR'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WORLIXGTON, EAST, a parish of Engla«d, co. of Devon, 
 8 miles £. of Chumleigh. Here are remains of an ancient 
 cross. 
 
 M'ORLTNOTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 WOR'LIXGWORTH, a pari.«h of England, co. of SufTolk. 
 
 WORLITSCIIK.A, *0R-litcb'kd, a village of Bohemi.i, cir- 
 cle of ChruJim, district of and near Landskron, on the .\d- 
 lerbach. at the foot of the .\dlerberg and Buchberg. P. 1205. 
 
 WORLITZ. *0R'lits, a town of Germany, duchy of Anhalt- 
 De.ssau, capital of a district, near the Elbe, and on a small 
 lake 9 miles E. of Dessau. Pop. 18C7. It has a ducal sum- 
 mer palace, with fine parks and gardens. 
 
 WOKMATIA. See Worms. 
 
 WORM'URIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 WORMDITT, ftoRM'dit, a town of East Prussia, 43 miles 
 S.S.W. of Konigsberg, on the Drewenz. Pop. 3470. It has 
 manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. 
 
 WORMKLDINGEN. ^oR/mel-dingV- » village of the Neth- 
 erlands, province and 12 miles E. of Luxemburg, on the 
 Moselle. Pop. 1400. 
 
 WOR>r/ENIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. 
 
 WORMER, woR/mgr, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 Tince of North Holland, 18 miles S.W. of Iloorn. Pop. 1059. 
 
 WORMERVEER, wor'mer-vaiR', a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Holland, 12 miles N.W. of Haarlem. 
 Pop. 2G88. 
 
 WORM'GAY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 W'ORMHOUDT. voR'moo', a village of France, department 
 of Nord. 11 miles S.S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. in 1852, 3869. 
 
 WORM'INGFORD, a p.arish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 WORM'INGTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 WORM'LEIGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WORM'LEY. a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 WORM'LKYSBURG, a postrvillage of Cumberiand co.. 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of Susquehanna River, about 
 1 mile S.W. of Harrlsburg. 
 
 WORMS, a town of Austrian Italy. See BoRxno. 
 
 WORMS, (anc. Bnrbetoinfagus ; L. Wormaiia,) a city of 
 West Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein- 
 Hes.sen, 26 miles S.E. of Jlentz, on the left bank of the 
 :thine. here crossed by a flying bridge. Pop. 11,399. It 
 was formerly an imperial city, and is very ancient, having 
 existed before the arrival of the Romans. It had a palace 
 in which Charlemagne often resided. In the 13lh century 
 its population is said to have amounted to 60.000. In 1689 
 It was taken and burned by the French, the Cathedral and 
 « few houses only having escaped the flames. It has a gvm- 
 nasium, manufactures of tobacco, and trade in agricultural 
 produce, and in the fine wines of its vicinity. Among many 
 diets held at Worms, the most celebrated was that of 1495, 
 convoked by Maximilian I.; and that of 1521, before which 
 Luther appe.ired. 
 
 WORMS'HILL, a parish of England, co. of Kent 
 
 W()KMS'1,EY. a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 W ORNTTZ. a river of Bavaria. See Wernitz. 
 
 WOROX RT. WOROX ETZ or WOROX KSCH. See Voronezh. 
 
 WOI!/l'l,K.«UON. a parish of England, co. of Surrey. 
 
 W ItRI NG KX. *oR/Riug-?n. (anc. Burun'cum t) a market- 
 town if Rhenish Prussia, 9 miles X.X.W. of Cologne, on the 
 teft li.ink of the Rhine, formerly fortified. Pop. 1905. 
 
 WORR.«TADT, viiR/stitt, a market-town of Germany, 
 Uesse-DarmsUdt, province of Rhein-IIessen, capiUl of a 
 county, 13 miles S.S.W. of MenU. Pop. 1630. 
 
 ais8 
 
 WOR 
 
 WORSTJOROCGH, a chapelry of England, co. ot York, 
 West Riding. 
 
 WORS'LEY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 6 
 miles S.S.E. of Great Bolton. Pop. in 1851, 10.1S9. It is 
 intersected by the Wigan and Leigh Canal, and has exten- 
 sive coal-mines, with subterranean canals and tuuuels, She 
 total extent of which is estimated at 18 mile.s. 
 
 WOR'STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WORST'HORX, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WORTEGHE.M, woR'te-Ghim\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, 15 miles S.W. of Ghent. 
 
 WORTiiL. (woR'tel,) a village of Belgium, province and 21 
 miles X.E. of Antwerp. 
 
 WORTH, wiiBt, a market-town of Bavaria, on the Main, 34 
 miles W. of WUrzburg, with a casllc. 
 
 WORTH, a market-town of Bavaria, 14 miles E. of Ratis- 
 bon. Pop. 1115. 
 
 WORTH, a village of Bavaria, on the Isar, 11 miles N.E 
 of Landshut 
 
 WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 WORTH, a township of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WORTH, a new county in the N. part of Iowa, bordering 
 on Minnesota, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is 
 drained by Lime and Shell Rock Creeks, branches of the 
 Cedar River, which rise near the northern border of the 
 county. Pop. in 1860, 756. 
 
 WORTH, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. P. 326. 
 
 WORTH, a post-township of Mercer co., Peunsylvama. 
 Pop. 1030. • 
 
 WORTH, a posfrofRce of De Kalb co., Alabama. 
 
 WORTH, a post-office of Slarion co.. .Arkansas. 
 
 WORTH, a post-office of Perry co.. Ohio. 
 
 WORTH, a postK)ffice of Tuscola co., Michigan. 
 
 WORTH, a post-office of Dubois co., Indruua. 
 
 WORTH, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. 
 
 WORTH, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 WORTll'AM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WORTII'EM, a parish of England, counties of Salop and 
 Montgomery, 8 miles N.E. of Montgomery. A line of stoneg 
 here is supposed to have marked the old boundary betweea 
 England and Wales; and lead-mines were wrought here 
 during the Roman dominion. 
 
 WORTH'EXBURY', a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint 
 
 WORTH'IX, a po.st-office of Henry co.. Indiana. 
 
 WORTU'IXG, a maritime town and chapelry of England, 
 CO. of Sussex, parish of Broadwater, on the English Chaunel 
 with a station on the South Coast Railway, 10 miles W. ol 
 Brighton. Pop. in 1851, 5370. Us rise from an insignifi- 
 cant village into a- favorite wat<?ring-place, was due to the 
 visits of George III. Its climate is mild and .salubrious, 
 and fine sands here extend along tlie sea for several miles 
 on either side. 
 
 WORTUIXG, a parish of England, co. of Xorfolk. 
 
 WORTH'IXGTOX, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicester, 
 i\ miles N.E. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, with which it is con- 
 nected by railway. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, (wGr'tning-ton,) a post-township of 
 Hampshire co., Massachusetts, 100 miles W. of Boston. 
 Pop. 1041. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a post-village of Armstrong county, 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles W. of Kittanniug, is situated in an 
 iron region, and has 1 or2furuacf.> in the vicinity. I'op. 213. 
 
 WORTHINGTON. a post-village of Marion co., W. Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. about 200. 
 
 WORTIllXGTON. a post-village of Muhlenburg co.. Ken- 
 tucky, near Greene River, 155 miles S.W. by W. of Frankfort 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a neat postrvillage of Franklin ca 
 Ohio, on the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 9 miles Jf. 
 of Columbus. It contaitis 3 cliurchea, an academy, and a 
 seminary for girls. Pop. about 500. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 
 1997. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a post-offlce of Greene co., Indiana. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a post office of Jack.sou CO., Illinois. 
 
 WORTH MATRA V/ERS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 WORTHS'VILLE, a post-village of Johnson co.. Indiana, 
 on the raih-oad from Ma!dison to Indianapolis, 12 miles S.S.E. 
 of the latter. 
 
 WORTII'VILLE. a post-village of JefTerson co., New York. 
 
 WORTHVI LLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., I'enn.sylvania. 
 
 WORTHVILLE, a post-village of Butts co., Georgia. 
 
 WORTHVI LLE, a post-office" ofCarroll co., Kentucky. 
 
 WORmiY', KINGS, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WOR'THY MARTYR, a parish of EncLind, co. of Hants. 
 
 W ORT'ING, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WORT'LEY, a township of England, co. of York. West 
 Riding, with a station on the Monchester and Sheffield 
 Railway. 8 miles N.N.W. of Sheffield. Pop. in 1851, 7896, 
 extensivelv employed in the manufacture of woollens. 
 
 WORTLEY. a chapelry of England, co. of York, West 
 Riding, 5i miles S.S.W. of Burnesley. Here are Wortley- 
 Hall and WharnclifTe Lodge. (Lord Wharncliffe.) " 
 
 WORT'ON, NETH'ER, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WORTON, OVJJR. a parish of Kngland. co. of Oxford. 
 
 WORT'WELL, a hamlet of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 J 
 
wos 
 
 ■WOSCniTZ, JUNG, yoong <^o'shitg, a town of Bohemia, 1 
 II miles N.E. of Tabor. Pop. 1820. Southward is the vil- 
 .'age of .\lt-WoKchitz. 
 
 WOSCIINIK, *osli'nlk, written also WOISCIINIK or 
 WOZXIK, a marketrtown of Prussia, government and 48 
 mik'.« K. of Oppeln. Pop. 10S3. 
 
 WOS'^-JINGEN, a market-town of Baden, 9 miles E. of 
 CarlsruUe. Pop. 1597. 
 
 WOSTIT/, «os'titt, or WL.\.SATICE. a town of the Aus- 
 trian Empire, Moravia, 19 miles S.S.VV. of Bruun. Pop. 
 IIOU. 
 
 WOTAWA, ^Q-W^L a river of Bohemia, after a N.E. 
 course of 60 miles, joins the Moldau, 11 miles N.E. of Pisek. 
 
 WOTITZ, *o'tits, a marketrtown of Bohemia, 33 miles, 
 S.E. of Prague, with a castle and 1-JOO inhabitants. 
 
 W(JT'TON, COURTNEY, a parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset. 
 
 AVOTTON FITZ-PAINE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset 
 
 AVOTTON-UNDER-EDGE, woot^gn uud'rij, a market-town 
 and parish of England, county and 17s miles S.S.W. of 
 Glouce.'iter. Pop. in 1851, 42J4, chiefly employed in woollen 
 mills and hand-loom weaving. 
 
 AVOUBHUGQE, wow-briig'ghph, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, 8 miles N.E. of Leyden. 
 Pop. 932. 
 
 WOUDENBERG, w6w'dfn-bJRa\ a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province and 15 miles E. of Utrecht. Pop. 1723. 
 
 WOUDRICIIEM, wow'driK-Jm, or WORKUM, a strongly 
 fortified town of the Netherlands, province of North Bra- 
 bant, at the junction of tbe Maas and Waal, 16 miles N.W. 
 of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1220. 
 
 WOUGIITON (wo/t9n) ON THE GREEN, a parish of Eng- 
 land. CO. of Buck.s. 
 
 WOULDIIAM, wold'am, a parish of England, co. of Kent. 
 
 VVOU LING CHAN. ' See Woo lino su.\x. 
 
 WOUMEN, wow'men, a village of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders, 20 miles S.W. of Bruges. I'op. 3157. 
 
 WOUW, wow or wOw*, a parish and village of the Neth- 
 erlands, province of North lirabant, 8 miles N.E. of Bergen- 
 op-Zoom. Pop. 2600. 
 
 WOW, wow, a town of Hindostan, province of Guzerat, 
 capital of a district E. of the Runn, and 157 miles W. by S. 
 of Odeypoor. It is fortified, but has suffered much by in- 
 cessant ravages. Since 1820. when it was placed under Bri- 
 cish protection. It has somewhat recovered. 
 
 WOYNELOW, -ft'oi'iigh-lov', a village of Austrian Galicia, 
 30 miles E.S.E. of Stry, on a small afBuent of the Dniester. 
 
 WtJYNITZ, *oi'nits, a town of Austrian Galicia, 41 miles 
 E.S. K. of Cracow. Pop. 1116. 
 
 WOYSLAWICE, ftoi-sld-fteet'si, a town of Poland, go- 
 vernment and 50 miles E.S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 2000. 
 
 WOZ.MK, a town of Prussia. See Woscu.nik. 
 
 M'RA, a river of Poland. See Wkra. 
 
 WKABNKSS, rab-n^ss^, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 
 M'RA(}15Y, rag'bee, a market-town and parish of England, 
 CO. and 12 miles E.N.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851, 610, chiefly 
 agricultural. The village is neat, and in a fertile district. 
 
 WRAG15Y. a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. 
 
 WIIAKLAWEK. See AVroclawek. 
 
 WRAMI'LINGIIAM, ramp'ling-am, a parish of England, 
 CO. of Norfolk. 
 
 WRANGEL, vrdng'el, or VRANGEL, vrang/gel, (Great 
 and Little,) two small islands of Russia, government of 
 Esthoni.a, in the Gulf of Finland, 20 miles N.E. of Revel. 
 
 WRANO EL. an island of Russia, government of Esthonia, 
 in the Gulf of Finland, 15 miles N.E. of Revel. Pop. 1100. 
 
 WRANGLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WRANGLEBOROUGII, a village of New Jersey. See 
 Unwnville. 
 . WKATII, CAPE. See Cape Wrath. 
 
 WRAT'TLING, GREAT, aparifh of England, CO. of Suffolk. 
 
 W RATTLING. LITT LE, a pari.sh of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 AVRATTLINQ, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Cam- 
 liridge. 
 
 WRAW'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WKAX'ALL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WKAXALL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 WRAXALL, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WRAYSBUilY, a parish of England. See Wyr.^Rdisbcrt. 
 
 WRAY-WITH-BOT/TON, a township of England, co. of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 WREAK or WREKE, reek, a river of England, co. of I^i- 
 cester. rises in the N.E. part of the county, flows S.W. past 
 Slelton-Mowbray, Rotherby, &c., and joins the Soar near 
 Rothley, near which junction it is united with Leicester 
 Canal, and joined by its principal tributary streams from 
 the S.E. Total course, 25 miles. 
 
 WRECKLESHAM, rJk'kgl'z-^m, a ty thing of England, co. 
 of Surrey. 
 
 WREDENHAGEN, vri'dgn-hd'ghen, a village of North 
 Germany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 38 miles S.S.E. of Gust- 
 row. Pop. 538. 
 
 WREN BURY, a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WREN'INGHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Noriblk. 
 
 WRI 
 
 WRENTHAM, a parish cf Englani, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WREN'THAM, a post-township in Ncrfolk co.. Massachu- 
 setts, intersected by the Norfolk County Raiiroad. 23 mil<«) 
 S.W. by 8. of Boston. It is drained by branches of Ch.iiles 
 and Nepouset Rivers, which alTcrd excellent water-power. 
 It has manufactures of straw bonnets and cotton goous 
 It contains the villages of Eiiglc Factury, ShepparJville, 
 and N. Wn^nth;\m, the last of which is on the niilroad. 
 Pop. in 1840, 2915; in ISCO, 3406. 
 
 WRESCHEN, vrJsh/yn, or WRYSCZYNA, vrlsh-iu'i 
 (Polish Wresziiio, vr5sh'ne-o,) a town of Prussian Poland, 40 
 miles E.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 3040. It has manufactures ol 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 WRESSEL. rJs'syl, a parish of England, co. of Y'ork, East 
 Riding, on the Derwent, across which the Hull and Selby 
 Railway is here carried by an iron bridge, 3J miies .\. of 
 Ilowden. Here are the ruins of Wre.ssel Castle, a baronial 
 residence of the Earls of Northumberland, built in the 
 reign of Itiohard II. 
 , WRESTLING WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 WRESZNIO. See Wreschkn. 
 
 WR ET/H AM, GREAT and WEST, two contiguous parishes 
 of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WRET'TOX, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 WREX'HAM, a parliamentary borough, town, parish, and 
 two townships of North Wales, chiefly in the county of Den- 
 bigh, but the parish partly in the county of Flint, with a st* 
 tion on the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, 12 miles S.W. 
 of Chester. Pop. of parish in 1851,15,520; of borough, 6714. 
 The town, consisting of several spacious streets cros.sing each 
 other at right angles, has some substantial houses. The 
 church, formerly collegiate, is a fine edifice of the time of 
 Henry VII., 178 feet In length, 72 feet in width, with a 
 highly decorated tower, 135 feet in height, a fine altar- 
 piece, and several good monuments, including two by Rou- 
 billiac. Here are iron works, paper-mills, and an active 
 trade in flannel, coal, and lead from adjacent mines. The 
 borougli, with Denbigh, Holt, and Ruthin, seuds 1 member 
 to the Hou.se of Commons. 
 
 WRIETZEN, vreef sen.WRIEZEN or BRIETZEN, a walled 
 town. of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on an arm of 
 the Oder, 33 miles E.N.E. of BeHin. Pop. 5930. It has 
 manufactures of woollen stuffs, hosiery, tobacco, and leather. 
 
 WRIGHT, a county in the S. part of Missouri, contains 
 about 725 sijuare miles. The Gasconade River and the Osage 
 fork of the same rise in the county and flow northward ; it is 
 also drained by the sources of the James. Bryant's, Finley, 
 and North Forks of White River. The surfa«w is uneven : a 
 portion of the soil is productive. The county is amply sup- 
 plieil with water-power. Lead, copper, and iron ore are 
 said to be abundant in the vicinity of Hartsville. the county 
 seat. Pop. 4508, of whom 4442 were free, and 66 slaves. 
 
 M"RIGIIT,a new county towards the N. part of Iowa, has 
 an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected in the E. by 
 the Iowa River, and in the W. by Boone River. The sur- 
 face is undulating or nearly level. Capital, Goldfield. 
 Named in honor of Silas Wiiglit. of New Y'ork. Pop. 653. 
 
 WRIGHT, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 
 WRIGHT, a township of Hillsdale co.. Michigan. P. 1139. 
 
 WRIGHT, a post-township in the E. part of Ottawa co., 
 Michigan. . Pop. 1518. 
 
 WRIGHT, a post-township. Greene co., Indiana. Pop.1193. 
 
 WRIGHT'INGTO.V. a township. England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WRIGHT'S BLUFF, a post-office of Sumter district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 WKIQHTS/BOROUGII, a postrvillage of Columbia co., 
 Georgia, on Town Creek, 40 miles W. of Augusta. 
 
 WRIGHT'S COUNER.S, a post-village of Niagara co., New 
 York, about 60 miles W. of Rochester. 
 
 WRIGHT'S CORNERS, a post-office. Dearborn co., Indiana. 
 
 WRIGHTS/TOWN, a post-village of Burlington CO., New 
 Jersey, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Trenton. 
 
 WRIGHTSTOWN. a post-township in Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 9 miles S.E. of Doylestown. Pop. 862. 
 
 WRIGHTSTOWN, a post-township forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of Brown co., Wisconsin. Pop. 463. 
 
 WRIGHTS/VILLE, a post-village of Clinton co.. New York. 
 
 WRIGHTSVILLE, a village of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, 
 about 5 miles from Allentown. 
 
 WRIGHTSVILLE, a post-village of Warren co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Little Brokenstraw Creek, 225 miles N.'NV. of 
 Harrisburg. Pop. about 400. 
 
 WRIGHTSVILLE, a flourishing postrborough of Hellam 
 township. York county, Pennsylvania, on the right (W.) 
 bank of the Susquehanna, opposite Columbia, and 11 miles 
 E.N.E. of York. A branch railiiiad extends from this place 
 to York. A fine bridge, above 1 mile lonj,'. upon which the 
 railroad is laid, crosses the river at this point. A good 
 turnpike leads to Y^ork and Chambersburg ; and the Tide- 
 water Canal extends from Wrightsville to Havre de Grace, 
 Maryland. About 10,000.000 feet of lumber are annually 
 brought hero and seasoned for market. Here is a national 
 bank. Pop. in 1860, 1360. 
 
 WRIGHTSVILLE,a post-offlce of Pontotoc co.,Mississippl. 
 
 WRIGHTSVILLE, a small village, Monroe co,, Tennessee, 
 
 '.^139 
 
WRI 
 
 ■VTRIGIITBTILLE, a post-village of Ro»ne co., Tenneasee, 
 l»4 miles E. by S. of Xasbville. 
 
 WKINGTOX, a town and parish of England, co. of So- 
 merset, 6 miles X.N.E. of AxbriJge. Pop. In 1851, 1620. The 
 philosopher Locke was born here in 1032. 
 
 M'RITH'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset 
 
 WRIT'TLE, a town and parish of England, CO. of Essex, 
 2i miles W.S.W. of Chelmsfoi-d. Pop. 2520. 
 
 WKKA, a river of Poland. See Wkba. 
 
 WUOCKWARDINK. rok'war-din, a village and parish of 
 England, co. of Salip. picturesquely situated, 2 miles W. by 
 N. of Wellington, with an ancient church of red stone. Pop. 
 in 1851, 3107. 
 
 WROCLA.WEK, vrots-li'* Jk, a town of Poland, govern- 
 ment of Warsaw, on the left bank of the Vistula, 8 miles 
 N.E. of Brzesc. Pop. UOO. 
 
 M'ROXKE. vron'keh, or WROXKI, vronk'ee, a town of 
 Prussian Poland, 30' miles N.W. of Posen, on the Warta, 
 and on the Stettin and Posen Railway. Pop. in 1852, 2338. 
 It has woollen cloth factories. 
 
 WROOT, root, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. " 
 
 WROT'HAM, a village and parish of England, co. of 
 Kent 11 miles W.N.W. of Maidstone. It has two churches, 
 the one ancient and spacious, the remains of an archbishop's 
 palace. Pop. in 1851, 8184. 
 
 WROCGHT'OX, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 WRO.X'ETER, a parish of England, co. of Salop, 5J miles 
 S.E. of Shrewsbury. Here was the Roman station, Urico>- 
 nium, many relics and traces of which remain. 
 
 AV'ROX'IIALL, a parish of England, co. and 6J miles 
 N.N.W. of Warwick. Wroxhall Abbey is the seat of the 
 descendants of Sir Christopher Wren. 
 
 WROX'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 , WROXTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 WRYSCZYNA. See Wreschen. 
 
 WSCHERAU, vsh.Vruw, or SCUERAU, shi/rOw, a town 
 of Bohemia, circle of Pilsen. Pop. 1104. 
 
 WSCHOWA, a town of Prussia. See FRArsuDT. 
 
 WSETIN or WSZETIN. vsa-teen' or vsd'tin, a town of 
 Moravia, 33 miles X.E. of Ilradisch. Pop. 3170. 
 
 WUDI), wfid, a small town of Beloochistan, province of 
 Jhalawan, in the plain of Wudd, 110 miles S. of Kelat; lat. 
 37° 19' X.. Ion. 66° 31' E. 
 
 WUD'WaN', a town and fort of British India, presidency 
 of Bombay, 54 mUes W.S.W. of Ahmedabad; lat 22° 42' N., 
 Ion. 7l°47'E. 
 
 WU'ERDALE, a town.ship of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 WUKUMOTO, woo-ko-mo'to, a town of Japan, province 
 of Fizen, island of Kioo-Sioo; hit 32° 50' N., Ion. 130° E. 
 At this place there is a coal-pit entered by an easy staircase 
 of 120 steps, and containing seams of bituminous coal. 
 
 WULKLIXGEX, (Wulflingen.) wUlf'ling-en. a village and 
 parish of Switzerland, canton and 12 miles' X.E. of Zurich. 
 It is overhung by an old castle, and has a church with in- 
 teresting tombs. Pop. 1950. 
 
 WULFR.4TII, (WUIfrath,) ftulfrat, a village of Rhenish 
 Prussia, government of Dusseldor^ 6 miles W.N.W. of Elber- 
 feld. Pop. in 1852. 1096. 
 
 WDLLERSDORF, «odWers-doEr, a market-town of Lower 
 Austria, on the Schmieda, 22 miles N.W. of Korneuburg. 
 Pop. 1700. 
 
 AVUL/UR or WUL'LER, a lake of Ca.»hmere, formed by 
 an expan.'lon of the Jhylum, 18 miles N.W. of Serinagur; 
 greatest length from W. to E., 21 miles, breadth about 9 miles. 
 It produces singara or water-nuts so abundantly as to yield 
 a rent of 12,000/. to the government, and subsist a large 
 part of the population. These nut.s, the roots of the Trapa 
 hisinmim, are obtained by dredging between two boats, as 
 for oysters on our coasts. On a small island in the lake are 
 extensive ruins of a very old Boodhist temple. 
 
 WULVEItlXGHE.M, wnl'ver-ing-Gh?m\ a village of Bel- 
 gium, province of M'est Flanders, on the canals from Loo 
 and Bersrues to Fumes, 3 miles S. of Fumes. Pop. 1077. 
 
 WUMME, (WUmme.) *Um'meh, a river in the N.W. part of 
 Germany, Hanover, after a westward course of upwards of 75 
 miles, past Rothenburg and Ottersberg, joins the Weser 10 
 miles X.W. of Bremen, the territory of which it bounds on 
 the X. Chief affluents, the Uumme and Worpe from the 
 N.. and Lesum from the E. 
 
 WU.N'UA. a small town of Slnde, on the E. branch of the 
 Indus. 75 miles S.E. of Hyderabad. 
 
 WUXNEMIERG, (WUunenberg.) *aD'nen-bjRg', a town 
 of l'ru?.«ian Westphalia, 14 miles S. of Paderborn. P. 1300. 
 
 MUXNKWVL. (WOnnewvl.) «Un'neh-*il\ a village of 
 Swltzfrland. canton and 7 miles X.E. of Freybnr". P 2000 
 
 WU.VSCIIELBERG, (WUnsehelberg.) a town of Prussiaii 
 
 Silesia. S'e IlRKDKK. 
 
 WUXSDDRF. ftWns'doRf. or WONSTORF, «60ne'toRf, a 
 town of Hanover, principality of Kalenlierg, on a railway, 
 between Hanover and Mlnden, 13 miles W.N.M'. of Han- 
 over. Pop. 1954. 
 
 WUNSIEDEL. ^Mn'seeMel, a walled town of Bavaria, on 
 the R.isRla. 20 miles E.X.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 3900. It hag 
 mnnufactures of woollen yarn and woven fabrics, and a 
 nouument to J«an Paul Rlcfater, who was born here 
 
 WUR 
 
 WUXZEN, woon'zen,(?) or WUXZEXDAKE, woon'zjn- 
 dj'ki,(?) an active volcano of Japan, island of Kioo-Sioo. H 
 ri.'es 4110 feet above sea-level, nearly in the centre of thi' 
 peninsula of Simabara. A terrible eruption from this 
 mountain took place in 1792, when the northern ]ieak ol 
 the mountain was blown into the air, and a stream of boil- 
 ing water issued from the gap and poured down to the ^ea, 
 which at the same time overtiowed its banks. The whole 
 tare of the country was changed, and 50,000 persons are 
 said to have perished. 
 
 WUPPi;K. three rivers of Germany. See Wippee. 
 
 MUKBEXTH.A.L, (Wiirbenlhal,) viuRnben-tir, or UKBEX- 
 TI1.A.L, ouR'ben-tdP, a town of Austrian SiFesia, 27 miles 
 W.N.W. of Troppau. on the Oppa. Pop. 1359. 
 
 WUR'DAU or WUR/DA, a river of India, fiows tortuously 
 S.E. through the centre of the Deccan, and joins the God»- 
 very, 12 miles E. of Chinnoor. Total course 300 miles, 
 throughout nearly all which it separates the dominions of 
 Berar and Uyderabail, receiving from the former its affluent 
 the Wjue-guuga, and from the latter on the W. the I'ayn- 
 gunga. Sirpoor is the only town of consequence on the 
 Wurdah. 
 
 WURELINQEN, (Wurelingen.) *u'rfl-ling-en, a village 
 and parish of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, C miles N.W. 
 of Baden. Pop. 1003. 
 
 WUREXLOS, (WUrenlos.) wu'ren-los\ a village and parish 
 of Switzerland, canton of -Aargau, 3 miles S.E. of Baden, on 
 an impetuous torrent which joins the Limmat, and is here 
 crossed by a handsome bridije. Pop. 763. 
 
 WURSILIXGEN, (Wlirmlingen.) wooRmling-^n, a village 
 of A^■urtemberg, circle of Si-hwarzwald, bailiwick and N.E. 
 of Rothenburg. On a neighboring height is a chapel visited 
 by numerous '.ilgrims. Pop. 1061. 
 
 WURMLIXGEN. a village of WUrtemberg, circle of 
 SchTarzwald, bailiwick of Tuttlingen, on the Elte. P. 1293. 
 
 WURM-SEE, wOciRm' s.^'. a lake of Upper Bavaria, 15 miles 
 S.S.W. of Munich. Length from S. to N., 12 miles. bi-ea<lth 
 4 miles. It discharges its surplus waters N. into the Am- 
 mer, bj' the Wiirm, 20 miles in length. 
 
 WUR/XA, a river of Hindostan, presidency of Bombay, 
 rises in the West Ghauts, lat 17° 18' N., Ion. 73° 46' E., 
 and falls into the Kistnah, total course 80 miles. 
 
 WUR/.NO, a town of Central Africa, about 17 miles N.E. 
 of Saccatoo, on the Rima. It is the residence of the Foolah 
 Emperor, and was founded by Bello in 1831. Pop. in 1853, 
 from 12.000 to 13.000. 
 
 WURTE.MBERG, (WUrtemberg.) (Ger. pron. ■ft-uR'tJm- 
 bJrG; Fr. Wurtemherg, viiR^M^baiR'; Sp. rir<«;n6«7v/, veeB- 
 t^m-bt'Rg'; It. Virtemberga. veeR-tt-m-bCR'gd,) a kingdom 
 in the S.W. of Germanj'. ranking as the sixth state in the 
 Germanic Confederation, and bounded, S.E., E., and N. 
 by Bavaria; N.W., W., and S.W. by Baden ; and S. by ISaden, 
 Uoheuzollern, (which it nearly encloses.) and the Lake of 
 Constance, which separates it from Switzerland; greatest 
 length from N. to S., 140 miles; central breadth, 100 miles; 
 area, 7554 square miles. 
 
 Except a few level tracts In the S., the surface is tlirough- 
 out hilly and mountainous. In the W., the Schwarzwald, 
 or Black Forest forms part of the boundary with some of 
 its loftiest ridges, and sends ramifications far into tlie in 
 terior. In WUrtemberg. however. It is neither so high nor 
 so steep as on the side of Baden. Its ridges arc generally 
 clothed with forests. Much steeper and more inho.-:pitable 
 are the mountains of the centre and the E., where the Alb 
 or Rauhe Alp. forming part of the Franconian Jura, covers 
 an extensive tract This mountain mass, when at its greatest 
 height spreads cut into an elevated desolate plateau. 
 Towards the N. its descent is rapid and abrupt, but towards 
 the S. it slopes very gradually. Beyond the N. slope other 
 heights liegin to ris'-, and link at last with outliers of tho 
 Odenwald. 
 
 The drainage Is shared between the basins of the Danube 
 and the Rhine, and hence, parr, of the great watershed of 
 the European continent is found in WUrtemberg: here it is 
 formed by the Alb and its plateau, the N. and W. sides of 
 which give rise to several tributaries of the llhine. while 
 those of the E. and S.E. send a much smaller portion to the 
 Danube, which in tho latter direction is the only river of 
 importance. The Rhine carries off part of the S. drain.ige 
 by the lake of Constance, and receives that of the S.W., W., 
 and N., by a number of imiKirtant streams, more espe<-ially 
 the Neckar and its tribuvarie.s, Lauter, FiLs, Reins, Murr, 
 Kocher, Jaxt, and Enz. Besides these, a small portion of 
 the N. is drained by the Tauber, a tributary of the Mam. 
 The Lake of Constance, of which only a small portion oelongs 
 to WUrtemberg. is the only lake worthy of the name. 
 
 Notwithstanding the general rugiedness and elevation of 
 the surface, the climate is decidedly temperate, though it 
 necessarily varies much with locality, and cannot be the 
 same on the ridges of the Schwarzwald and the plates 3 of 
 the Alb as in the lower valley of the Xeckar. The thi two 
 meter ranges from 77° to 86° Fahrenheit in sumra-^r, and 
 5° to 10° in winter. 
 
 In respect of vegetation, the country has been divtdod 
 into three regions — from the lowest level up to 1000 *h* 
 
WUR 
 
 WUT 
 
 trom 1000 feet to 2000 feet, and from 2000 feet upwards. All 
 of these divisions produce grain, but tlie characteristic pro- 
 ducts are — in the third, forest timber; in tlie second, tlie 
 hardier fruits; and in the first, the more delicate fruits and 
 tlie vine. This last reijion is almost confined to the northern 
 circles of the Jaxt and the Neckar, where the fig and melon 
 ripen perfectly in the open air, and tlie vine, oviltivated on 
 an extensive scale, pi-oduces several first-class wines. Here 
 the soil is generally of great fertility, and both maize and 
 wheat are raised in great abundance, hops and tobacco more 
 parti:illy, and fruit in such quantities as to be exten.sively 
 employed in maiciug cider. In the second region, the largest 
 of the three, the soil is seldom alluvial, but generally con- 
 tains a considerable proportion of vegetable mould and dis- 
 integrated trap and lime-stone. Occasionally, however, it 
 degenerates into clay.H, sands, and gravels, which yield pro- 
 fitable returns only when managed with equal industry and 
 skill. In both these qualities the inbaWtants of WUrteni- 
 berg are by no means deficient, and th(^ir agriculture, even 
 under untoward circumstances, equals that of any other part 
 of Germany. In ordinary seasons the grain produced leaves 
 a considerable surplus for export. Besides grain, potatoes 
 are grown in almost every district, and hemp and flax on 
 the spots best suited for them. Potatoes were introduceil 
 in 1710, and now form the principal food to one-fourth of 
 the population. Artificial meadows yield luxuriant crops 
 of hay for feeding or dairy purposes, and considerable atten- 
 tion is also paid to the rearing of stock. The third region, 
 though under partial cultivation, derives its chief value 
 from its natural pastures and forests; the latter, both of 
 pine and hardwood, climbing the loftiest ridges of the 
 Schwarzwald, and giving valuable returns, not only in their 
 timber, but the herds of swine which they feed. In bleak, 
 moorish districts, bees are often reared on an extensive scale. 
 
 The principal mineral products are iron and coal, which 
 are abundant, and the working of which employs about 350 
 miners. Silver, copper, cobalt, and lead are found in small 
 juantities; and there are quarries of excellent building 
 stones and marble. WUrtemberg has a great many mineral 
 springs; the best frequented baths are those of Wildbad, 
 the only thermal springs in the territory. Salt Is au im- 
 portant product, and turf is very abundant. 
 
 Manufactures have made considerable progress in recent 
 years ; they comprise linens, woollens, silks, carpets, hosiery, 
 leather, porcelain, iron and steel goods, and tobacco; brew- 
 eries and distilleries are numerous. The transit trade is 
 considerable, chiefly by the navigation of the Neckar. A 
 line of railway has been openeil from Stuttgart N. to Heil- 
 bronn. and another S.E. to Geislingen; and thence S. by 
 Ulm, Biberach, and Ravensburg. to Frii^drichsiiafcn on the 
 Lake of Constance, the latter portion of which is only in 
 progress. 
 
 For administrative purposes WUrtembcrg is divided Into 
 four circles, of which the names, area, and population are 
 given in the following Table: — 
 
 Circles. 
 
 Area | Pop. 
 in sq. m.j In lt<o2. 
 
 Pop. to 
 the sq. m. 
 
 
 1,289 
 1,850 
 2,4-25 
 
 i,vao 
 
 501, aw 
 
 443,872 
 413,444 
 374,913 
 
 888 
 239 
 170 
 180 
 
 Schwanwald, or Black Forest . 
 
 
 
 TotAl 
 
 7,55t 
 
 1,733,263 
 
 226 
 
 The government is an hereditary constitutional monarchy. 
 The executive power is lodged in the sovereign ; the legisla 
 tive. jointly in the sovereign and a parliament, composed of 
 an upper and a lower chamber — the former hereditary, the 
 latter representative, consisting of 94 members, mostly 
 elected every six years by the principal towns and rural 
 districts. Justice is administered by a supreme tribunal, 
 which sits in Stuttgart, and has jurisdiction over the whole 
 kingdom, and by inferior courts attached to each circle and 
 tlistrict. There is no properly established religion, but the 
 three great bodies of Lutherans, Calvinists, and Roman 
 Catholics, are recognised and partly paid by the state. 
 
 WUrtemberg has long been favorably distinguished for 
 the number and excellence of its educational establish- 
 ments. Kach commune and even hamlet has its primary 
 jichool, attendance at which is obligatory on children be- 
 tween the ages of 6 and 14, and the number at school is in 
 the proportion of 1 in 6 of the population. The University 
 of Tiiljiugen is one of the most celebrated in Germany ; 
 there are infant schools in the capital and several of the 
 larger towns, and an institution for young ladies founded 
 by Queen Catherine; normal schools, polytechnic and mili- 
 tary schools. The population is almost exelu.sively German, 
 except a few Jews and some colonies of French l'rot<?stants; 
 the miijority belong to the evangelical church formed by 
 the union of the Lutherans and Reformers in 182;^, and 
 only al'Ciut one-third are Roman Catholics — all sects are 
 tolerated. The army consists of 19,170 men in time of war, 
 and SOJO in time of peace ; every male subject is liable to 
 
 serve from the age of 25 to .31. The citadel of Hohenzollern 
 is the only fortress. As a member of the Germanic Confe- 
 deration, Wiirtemberg holds the sixth place, and has four 
 votes in the plenum. Its contingent of men is 1.3.955. The 
 revenue, obtained in nearly equal proiiortions by direct 
 and indirect taxation, was estimated in 1854. at $5,090,940; 
 expenditures, $4.859.4.52; public debt, 819.309.4«7. Besides 
 Stuttgart, the capital, the chief towns are Tiibingen, Hell- 
 bronn, Ellwangen. and Rottweil. 
 
 WUrtemberg is composed of a number of separate territo- 
 ries, which once belonged to the Alemanni and Franks, and 
 afterwards formed various independencies. The first inha- 
 bitants, .said lo have been Celtic, were gradually encroached 
 upon by the Germans, and finally fell with them under the 
 Roman yoke. After the decline and fall of the Roman Km- 
 pire. the country was incorporated with the kingdom of the 
 Franks, who governed it by dukes. The dukedom thus esta- 
 blished existetl till the end of the 11th century, when it 
 was broken up. and partitioned among counts, who declared 
 themselves independent. Among these was the Count of 
 Beutelsbach-Wurtemberg, who.se family gradually gained 
 the ascendant. One of its members built a castle at .Stutt- 
 gart, and another built the Castle of WUrtemberg. which 
 has given its name to the whole kingdom. In this family, 
 towards the end of the loth century, the dukedom was re- 
 stored. During the French revolution WUrtemberg became 
 the theatre of war, and was overrun l)y the French armies. 
 Ultimately, however, the duke gained the favor of Napo- 
 leon, and with it a great accession of territory, as well as 
 the title of King. In the sulisequent arrangement of the 
 European states, the territorial accessions were confirmed, 
 
 and the kingly title formally recogui.«ed. Adj. (Ger.) WUr- 
 
 TEMBKROiscH, wUR/t6m-b(i'RG"ish ; inhab. WUrtembkrger, 
 w iiR't^m-bjRoVr. 
 
 WUK/TEMB'ERG, a post-oiBce of Lawrence co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 WURTS'BOROUGH. a post-village of Sullivan co., New 
 York, on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, al)Out 90 miles 
 S.S.W. of Albany. It has several churches and stores. 
 
 WURTZBURG. See Wurzburo. 
 
 WUUZACH, ftooRt'sdK. a town of WUrtemberg, 35 miles 
 S. of Ulm. Pop. 1052. 
 
 AVURZBACH, wuRts/baK, a village of Reuss-Schleitz, 4 
 miles W. of Lol)enstein. Pop. 1400, 
 
 WLRZBURG, (WUrzburg.) or WURTZBURG, *URts/- 
 bofjRO. a fortified town of Bavaria, capital of the circle of 
 Ix)wer Friinconiii, at the terminus of the railway to Bamberg, 
 140 miles N.W. of Munich, on the right bank of the Main, 
 across which it communicates by a fine bridge with its 
 citadel on the other side. Pop. (ISlil ) .30,119, including mili- 
 tary. Among its many ancient edifices are a cathedral of 
 the 8th century, the Afarienl,irclte. and the Royal Palace, 
 formerly residence of the bishops, built on the plan of the 
 Palace of Versailles, with fine gardens. Its University, 
 founded 1403, has a library of 100,000 volumes, and had in 
 1847, 521 students. It has also a synagogue, gymnasium, 
 polytechnic school, school of music, and several hospitals. 
 It has manufactures of woollen cloths, tobacco, leather, 
 paper, surgical and mathematical instruments, boat-build- 
 ing, and an active river trade. WUrzburg, one of the most 
 ancient cities of Germany, was formerly capital of Fran- 
 conia. Its prince-bishopric was secuLarized. and the town 
 with its territory ceded to the Archduke Ferdinand of Tus- 
 cany in 1803. In 1815 it was united to Bavaria. 
 
 WURZEX, ^ooRt'sen, a walled town of Saxony. 15 miles 
 E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde. and on the Leipsic and Dresden 
 Railway. Pop. 4145. It has manufactures of linen and 
 hosiery, breweries, and bleaching establishments. 
 
 WURZSEE, (WUrzsee,) a lake of Kus.«ia. See Virtzf.rv. 
 
 WUSIIUTEE^ or MUCH, a mountain range of Beloo- 
 chlstan, province of Mekran, stretching from E. to W. about 
 lat. 2S° N., and between Ion. 62^ and 04° E. Its name of 
 Much or " date" is owing to the great quantities of excellent 
 dates produced in its valleys. 
 
 WUSTAXEE. See Vost.\ni. 
 
 WUSTEN, (WUsten,) <vU.s/tHn, O'ber and Nieder, nee'der, 
 two nearly contiguous villages of Llppe-Detmold. Pop. 2009. 
 
 WUSTENSACHSEN. (Wustensachsen.) <vU,-^/ten-sdk'sen, » 
 market-town of Bavaria, near the N. extremity of the circle 
 of Lower Franconia. Pop. 1160. 
 
 WUSTERHAUSEN, «oos'terhow'zen, a walled town of 
 Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on an island in the Dosse, 
 14 miles W.S.W. of New Ruppin. Pop. 2S00. 
 
 WUSTEKHAUSKN, a market-town of Prussia, on the 
 Notte, 18 miles S.E. of Berlin, with a hunting seat built by 
 Frederick William I. The articles of peace between Prussia 
 and Austria were concluded here in 1726. 
 
 WUSTROW, <voos'trov, a town of Germany, Hanover, on 
 the Jetze, 2j miles S.W. of Lucbow. Pop. 763. 
 
 WUSTROW, a parish of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 22 miles 
 N.E. of Rostock. Pop. 154. 
 
 WUSTWEZEL, wtistVA/zel. or WESTWEZEL, wfstV.V 
 zel, a village of Belgium, province and 14 miles N.E. of AnV 
 werp. Pop. 1700. 
 
 WUTACH, fiooltiz, a river of Baden, rises in the Fel4 
 
 2141 
 
WYA 
 
 benr. flows N.U to Xeustadt, then E.S.E., and joins the 
 Rhiiie on the right, after a course of about 45 miles. 
 
 WY ACK'N'A, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Wy'ACOX'DA. a small river, which rises in the S. part of 
 Iowa, ami flowing S.E. throujih Scotland. Clark, and Lewis 
 oounties of .Missouri, entei-s the Missis.^ippi at La Grange. 
 
 WVACOND.\., a postoffice of Scotland co., Missouri. 
 
 W V.ACOXD.V CltEtlK. of Missouri, flows eastward through 
 Carroll county, into the Missouri. 
 
 WrALU'SlXG. a creek of Pennsylvania, enters the North 
 Branch of the Susquehanna in Uradford co. 
 
 WY.ALUSIXG. a post-township of Bradford co^.Pennsyl- 
 rania. about 10 miles S.W. of Towanda. Pop. 1477. 
 
 WV.ALUSING. a post-village of Grant co.. Wisconsin, on 
 Uie Mississippi River, about 100 miles W. of Madison, has 
 an excellent steamloat laiidinir. and 1 hotel and 2 stores. 
 
 WYVAXDOT', (or W YANDOITK.) a county in the X.W.cen- 
 tral part of Ohio, cont-iins .ibout-lO') square miles. Inter- 
 sected by the Sandusky lliver. About one-third of the 
 county is prairie, and the remainder well timbered. It is 
 traversed by tlie Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Rail- 
 road, and liy another railroad. Formed in 1845. Capital, 
 Upper Sandusky. Pop. 15,-^96. 
 
 WY.ANDOT, an unorganized county in the \. part of 
 Michigan. Area, 570 sijuare miles. Traversed by Chelxjygan 
 River. The census of 1S50 gives no returns for this countv. 
 
 WYANDOT, a post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio, about 50 
 miles X. of Columbus. 
 
 WY'.AXDOT. a post-oiJice of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. 
 
 WY.ANDOT. a post-office of Linn co., Missouri. 
 
 WY.ANDOTTJi. wi\in-dotf. a post-villaire of Wa^•ne co. 
 Miihi.:an. and a station of the Detroit and Toledo Railroad, 
 on the Detroit River, 10 miles below the city of Detroit. Set- 
 tlement coninienced in the summer of 1854; it now (in 1864) 
 contains a population of about 1000; it has a blast-fur- 
 nace capable of producing 3000 tons of pig-iron annually, 
 using Lake Superior ores and charcoal : a i-olling-mill for 
 merchant iron capable of producing 3000 tons, and a rail 
 niill of the capacity of 12,000 tons annually. It has also 4 
 stores, a good school-house, and Presbyterian and Metho- 
 dist chnrciies. 
 
 WY'ATT, a post-viHape of Lafayette co., Mississippi, on 
 the Tallahatchie River, 14 miles x'.X.W. of Oxford. Wyatt 
 is the largest place in the county except Oxford. Cotton is 
 shipped here in steamboats during high water. 
 
 W V'BERTOX. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WY'RUNBURY. a parish of England, co. of Chester. 
 
 WYCHKX or WIJCILEX, wi/Keu, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, Gelderland, 6 miles S.W. of Xymwegen. Pop. 936. 
 
 AVYCLTFFE, wiklilf, a parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding, 5J miles E.S.E. of Barnard Cistle. In the 
 rectory house is a lino portrait of Wycliffe, the reformer, 
 who is believed to have been born here iu 1325. 
 
 WYCOMBE. CIIIPPIXG, or HIGH WYCO.MBE, a parlia- 
 mentary and municip,il borough, marketrtown, and parish of 
 England, county of Buckingham, 30 miles W.X.W. of London. 
 Pop. in 1851, 7179. The towu consists principally of one street, 
 e.xteuding li miles along an affluent of the Thames. The 
 church is a Large, venerable, and handsome structure. The 
 
 {)rincipal manufactures are of chairs and paper; that of 
 ace has declined. Wycombe returns two members to the 
 House of Commons. It gives the titles of Earl and Baron 
 to the -Marquis of Lansdowne; and immediately S.W. of the 
 town is Wycombe Abbey, the seat of the Lord Cariugton. 
 
 WYCOMBE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 2i 
 miles X.W. of High Wycombe. Here are a handsome church 
 In the Grecian style, and ruins of Deslx)rough Castle. 
 
 WY'DDIALL, a parish of England, co. of Hertford. 
 
 WYE. wi. a river of England and Wales, rises on the S. 
 side of I'liulimmon, county of .Montgomery, near the source 
 of the Severn, flows mostly S.E., and after separating the 
 counties of Gloucester and Monmouth, enters the estuary 
 cf the Severn, 2 miles S. of Chepstow. Principal affluents, 
 the Luff and Ithon from the N., Caerwen and Irfon from 
 the W. Total course 130 miles, for 70 of which, to Hereford. 
 It is frequently navigable for vessels of 40 toils burthen^ 
 and to Hay, 100 miles from the Severn, for small craft; but 
 Its navigation Is often interrupted by its shallowness or ra- 
 pidity. In the upper and lower parts of its course, its banks 
 are precipitous; in Herefordshire it has a very tortuous 
 course through a fertile country. It is renowned fur pic- 
 turesque beauty beyond every other river in South Britain. 
 It is connected with the Severn by a canal from Hereford to 
 Gloucester, and has a valuaMe salmon tishery. 
 
 ViYE, a email river of England, co. of Derby, after a S.E. 
 course joins the Derwent, 4 miles S.E. of Bakewell. 
 
 >N YE, a river of Van DIemen's . Land, tributary to the 
 Great Swan-port River, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 WYE. a parish and village, formerly a market>town of 
 Kngland, co. of Kent, on the Canterbury Branch of the 
 rc"i 'i-f**''"'" ""''^'■«y. ■* miles N.E. of .Ashford. Pop. in 
 ibal, 1(24. The vUlage haa a bridge of five arches over the 
 Btuur. 
 
 W]YE, NetherLinds. See Y. 
 
 WY*:, a river of Maryland, an inlet of Chesapeake Bay, 
 
 WYN 
 
 forming part of the boundary between Queen Anne and 
 Talbot counties. 
 
 WY^E MILLS, a post-office of Queen .Anne co., Maryland. 
 
 WY'ERSDALE, XETHER, a township of England, co. ol 
 Lancaster. 
 
 ^VYEKSDALE, OVER, a township of England, co. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 WYF'ORDBY, a parish of England, co. of Leioestir. 
 
 W\''H.AM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 WYHE, wi'eh, or WI.11IE. wi'eh, a village of the X'ether- 
 lands, province of Overyssel. 9 miles X. of Deventer. on the 
 Yssel. It has consider.ible mauuCictures of Bologna saur 
 sages, and a good general tnule. Pop. ll.S40.(?) 
 
 WYK, WIJK. wik, or WI.TK-BIJ-HEUSDEX, wik bl hois/- 
 dgn, a village of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant^ 
 11 miles W.X.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1229. 
 
 WY'K, ftlk, a seaport village of Denmark, duchy of Sles- 
 wick, on the S.E. coast of the island of Fiihr, 16 miles N.W. 
 of Bredsted. I'op. 800. 
 
 ^VYK or WI.JK, De. a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of Drenthe, 30 miles S.S.W. of Assen. Pop. 640. 
 
 WYK BEI DUURSTEDE, wik bf ua'stiMeh. a village of 
 the Xethcrlunds, province and 13 miles S.E. of Utrecht, on 
 the Rhine, where it gives off the Leek. Pop. 2413. 
 
 WYKE'H.AM, a parish of England, co. of York, North 
 Hiding. 
 
 WYKEHAM, EAST, a pari.sh of England, co.,of Lincoln. 
 
 WY'lvEN, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
 
 WY'KE-REGIS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 WY'lvERTOWX. a postoffice of Susse.x co., Xew Jersey. 
 
 WYKL.A, wik'li, a village and parish of Switzerland, 
 canton and 15 miles E.X.E. of Zurich. It contains a parish 
 church. Pop. 1161. 
 
 W\'L, *il. or WEIL, ■^vile. a town of Switzerland, canton 
 and 15 miles W. of St. Gall, on the Thur, with 2126 iuhabit- 
 ants, mostly linen and cotton weavers. 
 
 W\''L.AM, a township of England, co. of Northumberland, 
 parish of Avingham. on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 
 8y miles W. of Xewcastleon-Tyue. 
 
 ^V'Y'LIESBURG, a post-village of Charlotte co., Virginia, 
 18 miles S. of Marysville. ' 
 
 WY'.MERIXG, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 
 WY.MIXGTiiX, » parish of England, co. of Bedford. 
 
 WY'MOXDHA.M or WYXD/HAM, a market-town and pa- 
 rish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the Eastern Countie!" 
 Railway, at the divergence of the Fakenham Branch, 10 
 miles W.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. iu 1851, 5177, partly em 
 ployed iu manufactures of bombazines and crapes for Xoi 
 wich houses. The church formed part of an ancient abbey. 
 The grammar school ha.s a considerable endowment, and two 
 exhibitions to Cambridge University. North of the town 
 is Kimberley Hall (liOrd Wodhouse). 
 
 WYMONDHAM, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. 
 
 WY'.MUXDLEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of 
 Hertford. 
 
 WYMONDLEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of llert^ 
 ford, contiguous to the above. 
 
 WYNAAD, wiWd', or PAVAMBURT'-COTATA, (Hindoo 
 Bynadu,) a small district of British India, presidency of 
 Bombay, in lat. 11^ 30' N., Ion. 70° 20' E., comprised in the 
 collectorate of Malabar. It produces the best cardamoms in 
 India. The village of Wvnaad is 50 miles S.W. of Mysore. 
 
 WY'NAXT, a ixjstoffice of Shelby co., Qhio. 
 
 WY'XAXT'S KILL, of Rensselaer co., Xew Y^ork, falls into 
 the Ilud.son 2 miles below Troy. 
 
 WY'XAXTSKILL, a post-village of Rensselaer co.. New 
 York, on a creek of the same name, 7 miles E.N.E. of Albany. 
 
 WY'NAXTSVILLE, a postrvillage of Kensselaer co.. New 
 York. 
 
 WYNCOOP (wlne/koopj CREEK, a post-office of Chemung 
 CO., Xew Y'ork. 
 
 WYXDIIAM. See Wtmo>T)HAM, 
 
 WYNEGHEM, *i'ueh-GhJm\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince and 6 miles E. of Antwerp, on the Great and Little 
 Schyn. Pop. 1045. 
 
 W'yNE-GUXG.A. WAINGUNGA or WEINGUXGA. wln'- 
 pung-ga. a river of India, in the Deccan. in the S.E. district 
 of Bengal presidency and the Berar dominions, joins the 
 Wni-dah 20 miles S. of Chanioory. Total course 230 miles. 
 Principal affluent, the Khahauu from the N.W. It is in 
 many places half a mile across, but generally fordable dur- 
 ing the dry season. 
 
 WYNGEXE, wIng'H.l-nfh, (Fr. pron vls"'zhain',) a vil- 
 lage of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 8^ miles S.S.E 
 of Bruges. Pop. 7086. 
 
 WYNIGEX, *ee'ne-ghen, a village and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Bern, 4' miles N.E. of IJerthoud, on the 
 Oeschbach, in a narrow valley hemmed in by wooded hills. 
 Pop. 2451. 
 
 WYXKEL, wlnOcfl, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, 9 miles Ji.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2059. 
 
 WYXKEL-SAXT-ELOI, winncen s^nt-.i-loi'. a village of 
 Belgium, province of West Flanders, 21 miles S. of Bruges. 
 Pop. 2930. 
 
 WYNKOOPSBAAI or WIJNKOOPSBAAI, De, dg win- 
 
WYN 
 
 kops liJ'I. a bay on the S. coast of the island of Java, on the 
 W. side of tlie province of I'reanger, between the mouth of 
 tlie Tjibiirenok and Point Sodong-parat. Off it is an island 
 of llie same name. 
 
 WYXN, a piist-office of Franklin co., Indiana. 
 
 VVYOCK'NA, a post-villai^e and township in the central 
 part of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 30 miles N. of Madison. 
 Pop. i;«]. 
 
 WYOMING, wl-o'ming, (see Introduction, page 11, 0ns., 
 and accompanying nolH.) a county in the W. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.E. by the Genesee River, .ind drained by the head 
 waters of ^flen's, Tonnewanda, Buffalo, and Cattaraugus 
 Creeks, which turn numerous grist and saw mills. The 
 surface is undulating ; the soil is generally a moist sandy or 
 gravelly loam, adapted to either grain or grass. It is inter- 
 sected by thuGene.see Valley Canal, and by the Buffalo and 
 New York City Railroad; and in part by the Batavia and 
 Attica Branch of the Central and the Attica and Alleghany 
 Railroad. Orgaiiized in 1851, having been formed from part 
 of GcMK'.seo county. Capital. Warsaw. Pop. 31,968. 
 
 W'YOMIXG. a county in the N.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 has an area of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 North Branch of Su.^quehanna. and also drained by the 
 Mahoopeiiy, Bnwmuu's, and Tunkhannock Creeks. The 
 surface is broken by spurs of the AUejjhany Mountains, 
 forming bluffs along the river near 1000 feet in height. The 
 most considerable ridges are called Mahoopeny, Bowman's, 
 Tunkliannock, and Knob Mountains. The soil in general 
 is modorat(!ly fertile. It is ti-aversed by the North Branch 
 Canal, and by the Delaware Lackawanna and Western Rail- 
 road. Formed in 1842, out of part of Luzerne, aud named 
 from the Wyoming Valley. Capital, Tunkhannock. Popu- 
 lation, l-2,r.40. 
 
 WYOMING, a county in the S. part of W. Virginia, con- 
 tains about 7U0 square miles. Tlie Quyandotte River and 
 the Tug Fork of Sandy River rise in the county, and flow 
 westward, the latter forming its boundary on the S.W. 
 The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests. 
 A riilge, called the Great Flat-top M9untain, extends along 
 the south-eastern border. The soil is said to he good, and 
 adapted to wool-growing. Wyoming was formed out of part 
 of Logan county. Capital, Wyoming Court House. Pop. 
 2861, of whom 2797 were free, and 64 slaves. 
 
 WYOMING, a post-village of Middlebnry township, Wy- 
 oming CO., New York, on Allen's Creek, 44 miles E. of Buf- 
 falo. It contains 3 churches, a flourishing academy, C sto'res, 
 a flouring-mill, and a furnace. 
 
 WYOMING, a thriving post-village of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 ey Ivani a, on the right bank of the Susquehanna River, 4 
 miles above Wilknsbarre, is situated in the fertile valley of 
 its own name. Several new buildings have been erected 
 within a few years. It is connected by railroad with Scran- 
 ton. Danville, &c. 
 
 WYOMING, a post-village in Dinwiddle co., Virginia, near 
 Nottaway River, 50 miles S. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 WYOMING, a post-village of Bath co., Kentucky, on 
 Licking Kiver, at the mouth of Slato Creek, has 2 stores 
 aud 2 mills. 
 
 WYOMING, a town.ship of Kent co., Michigan. Pop.1237. 
 
 W YOM I NO, a village of M'hite co., Indiana, on Tippecanoe 
 River, about 12 miles N. by E. of Monticello. 
 
 WYOMING, a township in Lee Co., Illinois. Pop. 1237. 
 
 WYOMl.NG. a post-village in Stark co., Illinois, on Spoon 
 River, 95 miles N. by W. of Springfield. 
 
 WYOMING, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, on the Mis- 
 Bissippi River, 40 miles S.E. by E. of Iowa City. 
 
 WYOMING, a post-township in the N. part of Iowa CO., 
 Wisconsin. I'op. 623. 
 
 WYOMING COURT-HOUSE, capital of Wyoming co., W. 
 Virginia, about 200 miles S.S.W. of Wheeling. It is a small 
 place of recent origin. 
 
 WYOMING MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, in Luzerne 
 
 XAN 
 
 county, extends 15 or 20 miles along the S.E. bank of the 
 Susquehanna. Its heiglit is somewhat above JOUO feet. 
 
 WYUTA, Wisconsin. See Wiota. 
 
 WY'MtAGIIUR/, a town of India, in the Deccan, domin' 
 ions and 80 miles S.E. of Nagpoor, on an affluent of tlw 
 Wyne-gunga. Pop. 2000. 
 
 WYRAR'DISBURY or WRAYSBURY, rdy/ber-e, a parish 
 of England, co. of Bucks, on the Windsor branch of the 
 South-Western Railway. 2^ miles S.E. of DatcheL 
 
 WYRBALLEN, a town of Poland. See Wierzbolot. 
 
 WY'RE, a river of England, co. of Lancaster, formed by 
 many small moorland streams, flows W. and N.. expanding 
 into a navigable estuary which joins the Irish Sea at Fleet- 
 wood-upon-VVyre, a new port connected with Preston .south- 
 east-ward by a railway 20 miles in length. See Fleetwood. 
 
 WY'REKA, a post-office of Putnam co., Jlissouri. 
 
 WYRLEY, GREAT, a township of England, co. of Stafford. 
 
 WY''S.\LL, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. 
 
 WYSOKE-MEYTO, a town of Bohemia. See 1Iohkn.m.\uth. 
 
 W\''S0X, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 3 miles N.E. of Towanda. Pop. 1.359. 
 
 WYSO.N, a township of Carroll oo., Illinois. Pop. 1350. 
 
 WYSSEBKOD, a marketrtown, Bohemia. See IIoue.nfubt. 
 
 WYSTYTEN, a town of Poland. See Wistittex. 
 
 WY'SZKOW, ftish'kov, a small town of Poland, govern- 
 ment of Plock. on the Bug, S. of Pultusk. Pop. 2000. 
 
 WYS/GOROD, *ish-go/rod, a town of Poland, 27 miles 
 E.S.E. of Plock, on the right bank of the Vistula, with an 
 old convent. Pop. 1844. " 
 
 WYSZTYNIE, «i.sh-tin'y.A, or WYZAYNY, <\iz-I'nee, a 
 town of Russia, government of Augustowo, county and 30 
 miles N.W. of Seyny, on the frontier of Prussia. Pop. IGOO, 
 mostly Jews. 
 
 WYSZTYTTEN. Sec Wi.stitten. 
 
 WYTEGK.\, a, town of Russia. See Vtteora. 
 
 WYTII.AM, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 
 WYTIIE, with, (rhyming with smiUi,) a county in the 
 S.S.W. part of Virginia, has an area estimated at 520 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Kanawha or New River, and 
 also drained by Reed, Cripjilc, and Walker's Creeks, and by 
 the sources of Ilolston River. The greater part of the 
 county is an elevated valley or plateau between the Iron 
 Mountain on the S. and Walkers Mountain on the N.W. 
 Walker's Mountain is a sublime feature in the sci-nery of 
 this region. The soil is good, well watered, and particularly 
 adapted to grazing. The most abundant minerals are iron 
 ore, lead, stone-coal, limestone, and gypsum. Some silver 
 is found in connexion with the lead. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. Formed in 
 1790, and named in honor of George Wythe, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of IndeiJendence. Capital, Wytho- 
 ville. Pnp. 12,.305. of whom 10.14.'$ were free, and 2162 slaves. 
 
 WYTlIE. a post-township of Iliincock co., Illinois. 
 
 WYTIIEVILLE. with'vil, formerly EVANSIIAM, a neat 
 and thriving post-village, capital of Wythe co., Virginia, on 
 the main road from Baltimore to Nashville, 248 miles W.S.W. 
 of Richmond. It is situated In an elevated valley or plateau, 
 among the Alleghany Mountains. It has considerable trade, 
 and contains 5 or 6 churches, 1 bank, with a capital of 
 $130,000, and 2 newspaper offices. The Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee Railroad passes through the place. Po;)ulation in 
 1860.1111. 
 
 wVtIKON, *ee'te-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 and 3 miles S.E. of Zurich. The French and Austrians 
 fought here in June, 1799. 
 
 WYTOONEE, one of the Disappointment Islands, in the 
 Pacific Ocean; length 6 miles. Lat. of S.E. point, 11° 12' S., 
 Ion. 141° 12' W. 
 
 WYTSCIIAETE, wlt'sKi/tgh, a village of Belgium, province 
 of West Flanders, 6 miles S. of Y^pres. Pop. 3195. 
 
 AVYVELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 AVYVERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 WYZAYNY, a town of I'oland. See 'iVyszTYNiE. 
 
 X 
 
 XABARY. a river of South America. See jAB.iRT. 
 XABEA, a town of Spain. See J.\be.a. 
 XABUGO, a town of Spain. See Jabugo. 
 X.\CA, a town of Spain. See Jaca. 
 XADR.4.QUE, a town of Spain. See Jadraque. 
 XAEN, a city of Spain. See Jaen. 
 XAGUA, a river of Central America. See Jaqua, 
 XAGUA; a bay of Cuba. See Jagua. 
 XALACIIO, a village of Yucatan. See Jal.\cho. 
 XAL.AME, a town of Spain. See J.^lame. 
 XALAl'.A, a city of Mexico. See Jalapa. 
 XALTSCO, a state of Mexico. See Jali«co. 
 XALON, a river and village of Spain. See Jaloj». 
 X.A.M1LKNA, a town of Spain. See J.wiilena. 
 X AMILTEPEC or JAMILTEPEC, Hi-meel-tA-p^k', a town 
 Of the Mexican Confed"ration, state and 70 miles S.S.W. of 
 
 Oajaca, capital of a department of its cwn name, on the 
 Chicometepec. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 XAN.\. La, a town of Spain. See Jana, La. 
 
 XANTEN, ksdn'ten, SANTEN or SANC/TEN, a town of 
 Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, 15 miles S.E. 
 of Cleves, near the Rhine. Pop. 3080. It has manufactures 
 of woollen cloth, cassimeres, velvets, and cotton; di.<tiUerica, 
 breweries, and vinegar factories, it occupies the site of the 
 Roman Colonia Trajana. 
 
 XANTHI, zan'thee or zin'tee, a mountain of European 
 Turkey, Room-Elee, N.W. of the Gulf of Lagos, -Egean Sea, 
 and rising to 3800 feet in elevation. 
 
 XANTHUS, zan/thus, (Gr. ■EavOof ; Turkish, Elchen-c'nai, 
 AVh6n-chi',) a small river of Asia Minor, rises in Mount 
 Taurus, and falls into the Mediterranean near Patara. If 
 Is navigable for a considerable part of its course. 
 
XAN 
 
 XANTIIUS, a river of Asia Minor. Sec ScAMAyBEB. 
 
 XANTIIUS, an ancient city of Asia Minor, tlie remains 
 of'Wliich, on tlie E. bank of a river of its own name, 20 
 miles S.Fl of Makree. (Makri.) lat. 36° 21' X., ion. 29° 23; E., 
 consist of temples and tombs, having elaborate bas-reliefs, 
 many "f whicli have been recently deposited in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 XAi'ECO or CH.4PEC0, shJ-pATco, a river of Brazil, pro- 
 vince of Sao Paulo, joins the Pelotas to form the Uruguay. 
 
 XAKAVUKL. a town of Spain. See Jarafoel. 
 
 X \i; AIC WO, a- town of Spain. See J araicejo. 
 
 XAI;.A.MA or JAKAMA, ni-rd'mii, a river of Spain, pro- 
 ♦itice of Guadalajara, joins the Ilenares 10 miles E.S.E. of 
 Madrid, after a S. course of 60 miles. 
 
 XAI1AYE3, shi-ri'is. (Sp. pron. nj-ri'fs.) the name ori- 
 ginally given to certain low tracts of Brazil, situated to the 
 S. of the town of Matto-Grosso or Villa Bella, and annually 
 inundated for three months, over a space of about 240 miles. 
 Mmh of the w.iter never retires, but forms extensive lakes, 
 aboundins in fish, frequented by immenpe flifrhts of water- 
 fowl, and tenanted by the jacare, a species of crocotlile, of 
 less size than that of Egypt. The grounds not reached by 
 the water are inhabited by the Parecis Indians, from whom 
 the plains and lakes sometimes receive the name of Parecis. 
 
 X.vri VA or J.VTIVA. Spain. See San Felipe de Jatit.^ 
 
 X.\rx.\. a river and town of Peru. See Jacja. 
 
 XAVALI. a village of Spain. See Jav.ali Xdevo. 
 
 ^AVAIAJUIXTO. a town of Spain. See JAVALQaxTO. 
 
 XAVIKlt, an island of Patagonia. See Saint Xavier. 
 
 XEND.W, shJn-di'. or SEXU.W, s5n-di'. a maritime town 
 of Japan, on a bay of its own name, E. coast of Xiphon. Lat. 
 38° 30' X. 
 
 XKNI.A.. zee'ue-a, a handsome and flourishing town of 
 Xcnia township, capital of Greene co., Ohio, on the Little 
 Miami Railroad. 65 miles N.E. of Cincinnati, and 61 miles 
 W.S.W. of Columbus. The town is regularly planned and 
 well built, and contains many handsome residences. The 
 eourt-house is one of the finest buildings of its class in the 
 state. The surrounding country has an undulating surface, 
 and a fertile soil, and is liberally supplied with water-power, 
 and with excellent limestone. Xenia has an active tra/Ie, 
 and the prosperity of the place has been much augmenteil 
 by the constrnction of railroads in various directions, which 
 connect it witli Columbus, Daj-ton, Springfield. Ac. It con- 
 fciins 13 brick churches, 2 national banks, 1 otiier bank, 2 
 newspaper oflRces, a theological institute, 2 academies, and 
 a high school; also 1 steam flonring-mill.a flax-mill, a saw- 
 mill, and a manufactory of farming implements. The town 
 is lighted with gas. Pop. according to tlie census of 1860, 
 ♦658 The population, in 1865, is reported to be 6172. 
 
 XKNI.\, a small post-village of Clay CO., Illinois. 
 
 XENIIi, a river of Spain. See Gejoi. 
 
 Xl^rtKS, a city of Spain. See Jerez de la Froxtera. 
 XKKL'S, a town of Spain. See Jerez. 
 
 XEI{ES or JEREZ, H.A-rJs', a town of Central America, 
 state ot' Honduras. S. of Comayagua. 
 
 XEKES-DE-LOS-CABALLEItOS. See jEKEZ-DE-LOS-CAB.iL- 
 
 LERO.S. 
 
 XEUOS, GULF OF. See Saros, Gulf of. 
 XERXE, a town and river of Spain. See Jertb. 
 
 YAI 
 
 XERTIGXT, B?R'teenVee', a market-town of France, d» 
 partnient of Vosges, 9 miles S. of Epinal. Pop. ia 1S52^ 
 3837, partly employed in forges and blast-furnaces. 
 
 XEXUl. a river of Paraguay. See Jejut. 
 
 XILO-CASTROX. zee'lo-feasHron or xe-lo'-kils-tron, (src. 
 jEgyraf) a maritime village of Greece, government ai'd 24 
 miles W.X.W. of Corinth, at the mouth of the XiloCastron, 
 in the Gulf of Corinth. It has an active trade in currants. 
 
 XI LOCO, a river of Spain. See Jilooo. 
 
 XILOX, a river of Spain. See JiLox 
 
 XIME>i.\, a town of Spain. See Jimeiva. 
 
 XIMEX.\. a town of Spain. See Jimena de la Froxtera. 
 
 XIMERA DE LIVAR. See Jimera de Liv.vk. 
 
 XIMO, one of the Japanese Islands. See Kioo-Sioo. 
 
 XIXGU or CUIXGU, shing-goo/, a river of Brazil, pro- 
 vinces of Matto-Grosso and Para, and one of the chief tribu- 
 taries of the -Amazon, rises near lat. 15° S., Ion. 59° Vt'., and 
 after a X. course of 1300 miles, joins the Amazon, 240 miles 
 W. of Para. 
 
 XIOXZ, xee'onts, a town, Pru.ssian Poland, 28 miles S.E. 
 of Posen, with mauufactures of linens and leather. Pop. 
 1140. 
 
 XIXIM.A.XI, a suburb of the city of Cartagena, New 
 Grenada. See Cartagena. 
 
 XIXOX.\, a town of Spain. See Jijoxa. 
 
 XIZ. sheez, or SIIIZ, Arabian name of the fire-temple and 
 city of Atropatenian Ecbatana, identified by Major Rawlin- 
 son with TuKHTi Suleimax. 
 
 XOA. a state of .tbvssinia. See Shoa. 
 
 XOCIIICALCO, Ho-che-kdl'ko, a ruined pyramid, 60 miles 
 S. by ^V. of the city of Mexico. 
 
 XOCIIIMILCO, Ho-che-meel'ko, a village of the confederacy 
 and dep.irtment of Mexico, on the Lake of Xochiniilco, 8 
 miles S.S.E. of Mexico, and once an .4ztec town of import- 
 ance. 
 
 XOCniTEPEC, Ho-che-t.i-pJk', a village of the confederacy 
 and state of Mexico, nearly 60 miles S.W. of the city of 
 Mexico. 
 
 XODAR, a town of Spain. Sec Jodar. 
 
 XOKKLLA ISLANDS. See Xulla. 
 
 XOKQUER.\. a town of Spain. See Jorquera. 
 
 XORULLO or XURULLO, a volcano of the Mexican Con- 
 federation. See JORULLO. 
 
 XU.\XD.\.I, shoo-in-di'. a fine harbor of Anam. Further 
 India, province and 20 miles N.E. of Phu-yen, on the Cochin 
 Chinese coast. Lat. 13° 22' X. 
 
 XUBEK.\, a town of Spain. See Jubera. 
 
 XCBRIQUE LA XUEV.\. See Jcbrique la Nlev-A. 
 
 XUC.\R. a river of Spain. See Juc.ar. 
 
 XUC.\R.\Y, Hoo-kd-ri', a river of South America, Ecuador, 
 tributary to the .\mazon. 
 
 XUCllITAX. a town of Mexico. See Juchitax. 
 
 XULLA. zoolli. ZULLA or ZOREI/LA ISLANDS, a group 
 in the Malay Archipelago, 70 miles E. of Celebes, and com- 
 prising Taly.ibo, Mangola, and Zulla-Bessey, which last is 
 about 35 miles in length. 
 
 XUMILIi.A., a town of Spain. See Jcmilla. 
 
 XYNAH.A., xin'd-ri,(?) a village of the island of Tinos, 
 Grecian Archipelago. It has a Roman Catholic seminary, 
 and is the residence of a Koman Catholic bishop. 
 
 Y (Dutch, Hel 'y.) a branch of the Zuyder-Zee, Xether- 
 , lands, extending inland 16 miles \V. to Beverwyk; 
 average breadth 2 miles. On its S. side is the city of Amster- 
 dam, \V. of which it communicates with the Haarlem Lake 
 and the Leyden Canal. 
 
 YABLONEV, lABLONEV or JABLONEW. ya-blo•nlv^ a 
 market-town of Rnssia, government of Poltava, on the 
 Orzhitivi. 20 miles W.S.W. of Loobny. Pop. 1000. 
 
 YABLOXOI, lABLONOI or JABLONOI (yablo-noi') 
 MOUNT.\INS, a chain in East Asia, forming a part of the 
 boundary line lictween Siberia and Mantchooria, continuous 
 E. with the STA.NOVOI Mountains, which see. 
 
 YACHILIRMAKorYACHILERMAK. SeeYEsniLlRMAK. 
 
 YAIVKIN, a lar;re river of North Carolina, rises at the 
 foot of the Blue Itidge in Caldwell county. Its direction at 
 first is E.N.E. until it approaches the E. bonier of Surry 
 county, below which it Hows in a south south-<'asteriy course, 
 and, entering the state of South Carolina ab<iut 10 miles 
 above Cheraw, takes the name of the Great Pedee. (which 
 see.) The Yadkin is a beautiful and rapid stream, and rolls 
 down a large volume of water, but the current is obstructed 
 by nunu-rous shoals and rocky rapids. The Narrows of the 
 Yadkin, near the mouth of Uharee River, is one of the most 
 remarkable natural objects in the state, and worthy of the 
 ■tteiiti. .11 of tourists. The waters, which a little above were 
 spread ever a channel from 400 to 600 vards wide, are here 
 ooir>pre^H-vl within a mountain gorge, which varies from 60 
 W 100 feet in width, and is about 1 mile long, and 40 or 50 
 
 feet deep. Gold-mines are worked in several places along 
 this river. 
 
 YADKIN, a county in the N.W. part of North Carolina: 
 area estimated at 310 square miles. The Y'adkin Kiver, from 
 which it derives its name, forms its northern bound.iry. and 
 Deep Creek flows through it. The surface is diversified; 
 the soil produces Indian corn, oats, and pa.stures. Iron ore 
 is found in the county. Formed from Surry in 1850-61. 
 Capital, AVilsorf. Pop. 10,714. 
 
 YAIVKIXA'ILLE. a post-office. Yadkin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 Y'ADRIN, lADRIN or JADKIN. yil-dreen', a town of Rus- 
 sia, government and 110 miles W. of Kazan. I'op. 1750. 
 
 \'.\FA or Y'AFFA, a town of Palestine. See Jaffa. 
 
 Y.\F.\ or Y'AFFA, yl'fj, n village of Palestine, pasballc of 
 Acre, 2 miles S.E. of Nazareth, probably the Jupliia of 
 Scripture. 
 
 YAGUTIN, lAGOTIN or JAGOTTN, yS-go-teen', a larg» 
 market-town of Russia, government and 138 miles >V.N.W. 
 of Poltava. 
 
 Y'AGUA, yS'gwJ, a village of South America, New Gra- 
 nada, department of Cundinainftrca, province and 70 miles 
 S. of Neyva. 
 
 YAGUACIIE, yj-gwj'ch.i, a village of South America, 
 Ecuador, department and 18 miles N.E. of Guavaquil. 
 
 YAGUANIQUE; yd-gwi-nee'ki, a port of Cuba, on its -N 
 coast, 40 miles N.E. of Baracoa. 
 
 YAGUL See Yaqii. 
 
 YAIK, a river of Ktissia. See Ubal 
 
TAK 
 
 YAKHVA, lAKTIVA or JAKHTTA, ylk'vl a river of 
 Siberia, rises in the governmenl of Tolx)lsli, lat. til'' N., 
 Ion. ti7° E., and, flowing nearly due S., joins the Kouda at 
 Markoni. after a course of about 130 miles. 
 
 YAKOONO SEKMA or YAKOUXO SIMA, yJ-koo'no see'- 
 mS, also written JAKUNO SIMA, an island of Japan, 40 
 milesS. of Kioo-Sioo. Lat. 30" 23' N.. Ion. 1:50^ .30' E. Length 
 20 miles, breadth 8 miles. The surface is level and wooded. 
 YAK00T8K, YAKOUTSK, lAKOUTSK or YAKUTSK, 
 and J.AKUTSK, yi^kootsk', a vast province of Siberia, 0(!cu- 
 pying most of its E. half from lat. 54° N., and between Ion. 
 10.5° and 164° E., having W. the government of Yeniseisk, 
 fi. Irkootsk, and the Yablonoi Mountains separating it from 
 Mantchooria, E. the province of Okhotsk and the Tchook- 
 tchee country, and N. the Arctic Ocean, in which it com- 
 prises the islands of Kotelnoi and New Siberia. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 24S,000 Yakoots, with 5000 Russians and Cossacks, 
 half of wViom reside in the capital town. The surface is 
 mountainous in the S., and watered by the Upper Lena and 
 its affluents the Aldan and Vitim, which latter forms the 
 frontier on the side of Irkootsk. In the N. it la an immense 
 level, traversed by the Lena, Y'ana, Indighirka, and Kolyma 
 Rivers. In some parts, rye, barley, and small quantities of 
 other grains are raised, and large herds of rattle are reared 
 near Yakootsk ; but in most of its e.ttont this province is a 
 bare desert, the soil of which is frozen to a great depth. 
 Next to oattie and game, salmon and other flsh. iron, salt, 
 and tal!, are the chief products. Coal is stated to e.iist in 
 gome places on the Upper Lena. The principal trade is in 
 furs and walrus teeth. The government revenue, which 
 does not equal the expenditure, consists chiefly of .'5432,000 
 of yassac/c, and $158,400 as duty ou the sale of native spirits. 
 After Yakootsk, the capital, the principal villages are 
 Amginsk, Olekminsk, Viliooisk. and jijansk. 
 
 YAKOOTSK, YAKOUTSK, YAKUTSK or JAKUTSK, a 
 town, .ind the great commercial emporium of East Siberia, 
 capital of the above province, on the Lena. Lat. 62° N., Ion. 
 129° 44' E. Mean annual temperature 13°.5; winter. 30°.3: 
 gummer, 61°." Fahrenheit. Kstimuted population 7000, half 
 of whom are Ru.ssiaus, and the rest native Yakoots and 
 others. It stands on a plain surrounded by lofty heights. 
 The streets present a singular as|)ect, being composed of 
 houses of European structure, standing apart, while the 
 intervening spaces are occupied by winter yof/rts or huts of 
 the northern nomades, with earthen roofs, doors covered 
 with hairy hides, and windows of ice. The principal build- 
 ings are a large stone cathedral, another church, a great 
 stone market-place, and a wooden fort with four half-sunk 
 towers. The trade is of great importance. Caravans with 
 Chinese and European goods brought from Irkootsk by the 
 boats on the Lena, proceed every year over the mountains 
 to Okhotsk, and also collect the produce of the whole line of 
 coast on the I'olar Sea between the parallels of 70° and 74°, 
 from the mouth of the Lena to the farthest point inhalnted by 
 the Tchooktchees. One of the principal articles of this latter 
 trade are the skins of the polar fox. The Yookajooa ( Yukaju.s) 
 and Tchooktchees also dispose of the skins of the wild rein- 
 deer which they kill in summer. Another important article 
 is the fossil ivory, obtained from the numerous antediluvian 
 animals which are found buried' in the deep alluvium of the 
 Lena and its tributaries, and along the shores of the Arctic 
 Ocean. Much of the trade is in the hands of the .\mcrican 
 Trade Company, who have here one of their most important 
 factories. Important fairs are held four times a year. In 
 some years, furs to the value of $1,800,000 have been col- 
 lected at a single annual fair. 
 
 YAKOVA, lACOVA or JAKOVA, yi-ko^vS, a town of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey. Albania, pashalic and 67 miles E.N.E. of 
 Scutari, on the White Drin. Pop. 18.0(X). 
 
 YALDING. yawl'ding, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 
 on the Medway, and on a branch of the South-Eastern Rail- 
 way. 5J- miles S.W. of Maiflstone. 
 
 YALIO COLLEGE. See New Haves. 
 
 Y'ALB, a post-office of .Tasper co., Illinois. 
 
 YALI. yi'lee, (anc. Istros?) a sm.ill island off the S.R. coast 
 of Asia >linor, at the entrance of the Gulf of Kos, 7 miles 
 S. of Kos. 
 
 YALLOBUSII A or YALA BUSHA, yara-boo'sha, a river in 
 the N. part of Mis,si.ssippi. rising in Chickasaw county. Hows 
 first nearly westward and then soutli-westerly to Leflore, on 
 the W. border of Carroll county, where it unites with theTal- 
 lahatchee River to form the Yazoo. During high water, i.e., 
 in winter, it is navigable by steamboats to Grenada, a dis- 
 tance of 90 miles. 
 
 YALLOBUSHA, a county In the N, central part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 040 square miles. It is inter- 
 Heeted by the navigable river Yallobusha, from which it 
 derives its name, and also draiueil bj- it* affluent the Loo- 
 «ascoona. The surface is nearly level; the soil is very fer- 
 tile, especially in the swamp lands near the \V. border. In 
 1850 this county produced 65,824 bu.shels of beans and peas, 
 tlie greatest quantity produced by any county in the United 
 ctates except Hinds county. Mississippi. It is intersected 
 Vy the Mississippi Central Railroad (tonipletedi. ThiN 
 fouuty is a part of tlie tract called the Chickaaaw Cession, 
 6K 
 
 YAN 
 
 ■which was ceded by the Indians to the state, and settled hy 
 the whites about 1836. Capit.U. Coffeeville. Pop. 16,952, 
 of whom 7421 were free, and 9:')31 slaves. 
 
 Y.\LO, y.Vlo, a village of Palestine, pashalic of Gaza. uB 
 a hill 12 miles N.W. of Jerusalem, and supposed by RubiO' 
 son to occupy the site of the ancient Ajalmi. 
 
 Y.\-L0NG-K1ANG, yd long ke-dug', a river of the Chinese 
 Empire, East Thibet and China, province of Se-chuen. after 
 a generally S. course of 600 miles joins the Yang-tse-kiang, 
 near lat. 20° 35' N., Ion. 102° E. 
 
 YA-LONG-KIANG. a river of the Chinese Empire, Corea, 
 flows VV. and enters the Yellow Sea. Course, 130 mile.s. 
 
 YALOOKIANG or YA-LOU-KIANG, yd loo ke-dng', a river 
 of the Chinese Kmpire, flows S.W., separating Corea from the 
 province of Leao-tong, and enters the Yellow Sea, after a 
 course estimated at 300 miles. 
 
 YALOOTROVOSK.lALOUTROVOSKorJALUTROWOSK, 
 yd-loo-tro-vosk', written al.so lALOUTOROVSK, JALUTO- 
 ROWSK and JALUTOROVSK. a town of Siberia, government 
 and 120 miles S.S.W. oi Tobolsk, at the junction of the Iset 
 and Tobol Rivers. Pop. 2000. 
 
 YALPOOKH, lALPOUKH or JALPUCH, ydl-pooK'. a river 
 of Russia, rises in the government of Bessarabia, flows S., 
 and after a course of 80 miles, expands into a lake of the 
 same name, i'rincipal affluent, the Lunge. 
 
 YALPOOKH, lALPOUKH or JALPUCH, a lake of Russia, 
 formed by the expansion of the above river, in the S. of the 
 government of Bessarabia; about 36 miles long by 6 miles 
 broad, and communicating with the Danube by several 
 mouths. 
 
 YALTA, lALTA or JALTA, ydl'td, a small seaport town 
 of the Crimea, South Russia, circle of Simferopol. It wan 
 large and prosperous until destroyed by an earthquake in 
 the 15th century. The new town, rebuilt on the ruins, has 
 a custom-house, post-office, good harbor, and small quay. 
 It is a chief stati«Jn for the Odessa steamers, and Is improving. 
 
 YAMA, lAMA or JAMA, yd/md, a river of Siberia, rises 
 in the K. side of the Stanovoi Mountains, government of 
 Okhotsk, flows E.S.E. and falls into the Gulf of Yam.^k. a 
 part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Length 80 miles. 
 
 YAMASKA, yd-mds/kd, a county of Canada East, has an 
 area of 283 square miles. It is centrally situated, and 
 drained by the Nicolet, St. Francis, and Yamaska Rivers, 
 entering Lake St. Peter, which bounds it on the N.W. Pop. 
 14,748. Capital, Yamaska. 
 
 YAMAS'KA, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Yamaska, 
 on the Yamaska River, 86 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. 
 about 600. 
 
 YASIBIRI, a river of Peru. See Paccartambo. 
 
 YAMBO, a port of .\rabia. See Y'embo. 
 
 YA.MBOLI, lAMBOLI or JAMBOLI, ydm'bo-le, a town of 
 European Turkey, Room-Elee, 56 miles N. of Adrinnople, 
 on the Tondja. It has several mosques, and manufactures 
 of woollen cloths. 
 
 YAMBOORG, lAMBOURG or JAMBURG. ydrnTxiiiRG. a 
 town of Russia, government and 68 miles S.W. of St. Peters 
 burg, on the Looga. Pop. 1500. 
 
 YAM BILL, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has an 
 area estimated at about 780 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the Willamette River, and on the AV. by the Coast 
 Range. The soil in the E. part is fertile. It is drained by 
 the Yam Hill River oud its north fork. Capital, Lafayette. 
 Pop. 3245. 
 
 YAMINA, yd-mee'nj or yd'me-nd, a town of Central Africa, 
 state of Bambarra, on the Joliba River. Lut. 12° 40' N., Ion. 
 6° 50' W. 
 
 YAM/MIE or YAM'MY, a town of Central Africa, Ashantee 
 dominion, 70 miles N.W. of Coomassie. 
 
 YAM PARAES, a town of Bolivia, department and 20 milex 
 N.W. of Chuquisaca, capital of a province, on an affluent 
 of the Pilcomayo. 
 
 . YAMPOL, I A.MPOL or JAMPOL, ydm'pol, a town of Rus- 
 -sian Poland, government of Podolia, 75 miles E.S.E. of 
 Kamieniec, on the Dniester. Pop. 2457. 
 
 Y.\MSK, lAMSK or JAMSK, ydmsk, a maritime town of 
 East Sil«ria,*on the Gulf of Y'amsk, an iulet of the Gulf 
 of Jijiginsk, 380 miles E. of Okhotsk. 
 
 YANA, lANA or JANA, yd'nd, a river of Siberia, which 
 ri.ses in the government of Yakootsk, in the N. slope of tlie 
 Tukalan Mountains, near lat. 65° N., and after a course of 
 nearly 600 miles, falls by several mouths into the .\rctic 
 Ocean, in lat. 72° N., Ion. 137° E. Its principal affiuent,« are 
 the Adiga, Dulgalak, Shemanova, and IJootaktai, (Butjiktai.) 
 
 YAN AON, yd'nd'AN"', a village, and one of the French 
 colonial possessions in India, on its E. or Coromandel Coast, 
 at the Delta of the Go<lavery River, and accessible from the 
 .sea by vessels of 200 tons burden, 22 miles N.N.E. of Pondi- 
 cherry. Its district, extending for 6 miles along the Goda- 
 vcry, has an area of 8147 acres, about half being under 
 cultivation. Pop. 6829. 
 
 YAN BO. See Yembo. 
 
 YAN'CEY, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, 
 bordering on Tennessee : area estimated at 380 square mile* 
 It is intersected by Nolaohucky River. The county is a 
 mountainous region between the Blue Ridge ou the I^., and 
 
 2146 
 
iAN 
 
 YAR 
 
 the Iron Mot^tain on fhe N.W. Mount Mitchell, near the 
 6.E bdrdei, IS tscertair-^d to be 0-170 feet above tbe sea. The 
 soil of the lower parts is fertile. Capital, Burusville. Pop. 
 8tJ55, of V horn 8293 were free, and 3fi2 slaves. 
 
 YAXCEY'S MILLS, a post-office of Albemarle CO., Virdnia. 
 
 YAX'CjBYVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Ca.«- 
 well CO., North Carolina, on County Line Creek. 75 miles 
 N.^V. of Raleigh. It contains, besides the county buildings, 
 % bank and several stores. Pop. in 1851, about tiOO. 
 
 YANDABO or YANDABOO, y^nMa-boo', a town of Bur- 
 mah, on the left bank of the Irrawaddy, 60 miles "VV.S.W. 
 of Ava, and where the treaty of peace between the British 
 and Burmese was ratified, February 26, 1826. 
 
 YANGAIN-CHAIN-YA, ydng-ghin/ chin yl, a town of 
 Pegu, on the Irrawaddy, 45 miles X.W. of Rangoon. 
 
 YAXGEKO, a town of Norlh-East Africa. See Janjero. 
 
 YANGKSPAHO. a post-oftice of .St. Helena co., Arkansas. 
 
 YANG-HO, yang^ho', a river of China, province of Pe-chee- 
 lee, passes by the city of Siu-an-hoa, and unites with the 
 Sang-kan-ho, 25 miles S.K., to form the Iloen-ho Kiver, 
 whiih traverses the province S.W. of Peking. 
 
 YANG LING or lANG LING, y^ng ling, a mountain of 
 China, province of Koei-Choo; lat. 26° 34' N., Ion. 105° 37' E. 
 It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 YANG-'rCHOO or YANG-TCHOU, yingVhoo'. written also 
 YANG-TCHEOU, a city of China, province of Kiang-soo, 
 capital of a department, on the Imperial Canal, near the 
 Taug-tse-kiang Kiver, and 50 miles N.E. of Nanking. It 
 is stated to be 5 miles in circumference, and to have a 
 large trade in salt. Near it is an imperial residence. 
 
 YANG-TSE-KIANG, y&ng' tse ke-dug', or YANG-TSEU- 
 KI.ANG, (i. e. the " Sou of the great water," or the " Son 
 of the sea,") more commonly called by the Chinese TA- 
 KIANG. t^'-ke-ing', or "Great River," and sometimes writ- 
 ten on old maps K.IANG-KU or KIAN-KU, a large river of 
 China, its course lying S. of that of another great river, the 
 Hoaug-ho. It is formed by the junction of the Ya-long-kiang 
 and Kin-sha-kiang Kivers, which have their sources in East 
 Thibet, near those of the Me-kong and Irrawaddy, and which 
 unite on the boundary between the provinces of Se-chuen and 
 Yun-nan, near lat. 26° 30' N., Ion. 102° E. Thenceforth, the 
 Yang-tse-kiang has a very tortuous E.N.E. course, through 
 the provinces of Se-chuen. Hoo-pe, Ngan-hoei, and Kiang-soo: 
 and it joins the sea by an estuary 30 miles across, in lat. 32° 
 K., Ion. 121° E. Total course estimated at from 2500 to 3000 
 miles. Its principal branch, the Kij(-sha-kia.\o, (or Kix-cha- 
 UANr,, keen-shi-ke-ing', r. «. the "Kiver of golden sands,") 
 is estimated to have a length of near 1000 mile's. The Yarig- 
 tse-kiang receives numerous large affluents, drains all the 
 central provinces of China, and brings down great quantity 
 Of mud, which has formed several low islands at its mouth. 
 It is crossed by the Imperial Canal, by which it communicates 
 with the Hoang-ho River, and with most parts of China pro- 
 per. The tide ascends it to the Lake of I'o-yang. 450 miles 
 Irom the sea, beyond which it is navigable for 250 miles, 
 end it may be n.avigated to 200 miles from its mouth, by 
 ships of the largest class. Coal is said to be plentiful in 
 many places along its banks. 
 
 YANHAN'NA. a post-offlce of Georgetown district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 YANI, yi/nee, or NTANI, ne-3'nee, a state of West Africa, 
 Senegambia, on the N. bank of the Gambia River, between 
 lat. 13° and 14° N., and Ion. 14° and 15° W. The principal 
 towns are Pisania, Yannemaroo, Kartabar, and Kontana. 
 
 YANIK, yi'neek'. a fertile district of Asia Minor, pashalic 
 of Trebizond. immediately around Samsoon. Leeches are ex- 
 ported from it in large quantities to the markets of Europe. 
 
 YANINA.IANINA or JANNINA.ydn/ne-nd.* (improperly 
 Jbannina, probably the ancient Eurcea,) a city of European 
 Turkey, capital of the province of Epirus. on "the W. side of 
 the Lake of Yanina. 44 miles N. of Arta; laL 39° 48' N., 
 Ion. 21° E. Pop. estimated at 36.000, of whom 20.000 are 
 Greeks, and from 6000 to 7000 Jews. It was much more 
 populous before 1820. when it was burnt down by order of 
 Ali Pasha. The town, on a peninsula stretching into the 
 lake, is meanly built. Rs principal edifice is the fortress, 
 containing the palace of the pa.*ha. Yanina is the re.sidence 
 of the head collector of customs for Epirus, and of British 
 and other consuls. It had formerly a large trade with Alba- 
 nia. Iloom-Elee, <fcc..and an important annual fair, to which 
 Itiillan produce, with French and German manufjictures. 
 were brought, but its commerce has greatly declined. The 
 Irfike of Yanina is 5 miles in length, by 3 miles in greatest 
 breadth. In it. opposite the citv. is a small Wand, to which 
 All I'nsha retired from the sultan's troops, before beinenut 
 to death in February, 1S22. 
 
 Iowa, about 80 miles N. bv E. of Iowa City 
 
 YANKEE SPRINGS, a'post-township in the W. par of 
 BMrr>' CO.. Michigan. Pop. bX5. 
 
 • " Cuseen is Yanina, though not remote." 
 
 Childe Haruld, Canto II. 
 2140 
 
 TANKEETOIVN, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 Y'ANKEETOWN, a postotiiie of Warwick co., Indiana. 
 
 YANNEMAROO, YANNAMAROU or YANNEMARC, 
 ylu'ne-mS-roo', a town of Senegambia, West Africa, stale 
 of Yaui. near the river Gambia; lat. 13° 45' N., Ion. 15= W 
 
 YANOOSnPOL or YANOICHI'OL, yd-noosh-pol'. written 
 also lANOUCHPOL, lANUXZPOL and JANLTZf OL. a town 
 of Russia, government of VuUiyuia, district and 36 miles S. 
 of Zhltomeer. Pop. about 1600. 
 
 YANOPOL, lANOPOL or JANOPOL, ya-no'pol, a town of 
 Rus.-ian Poland, government of Vilnu, 14S miles NJti. ot 
 Yilua. Pop. 1500. 
 
 YANOV, lANOY, JANOW or JANOV. y^/uov. several 
 market-towns of Russian Poland, the priucipiil in the govern- 
 ment of Podolia. on the Bug, 14 miles N.E. of Li tin. P. IStH). 
 
 YAN-PHING or YEN-PING, a city of China, province of 
 Fo-kien, capital of a department, ou the Miu I'.iver, 90 miles 
 N.W. of Foo-choo, and stated to be one of the handsomest 
 cities in the empire. 
 
 YAN-TCHOO or YAX-TCHOU, yan'tchoo/, a city of China, 
 province of Shan-tooug, capital of a department, 76 miles S. 
 of Tsee-nan. (Tsi-uan.) 
 
 YAN-TCUOO or YAN-TCHOU, a city of China, province 
 of Che-kiang, capital of a department, on the Tsieu-tang- 
 kiang River. 116 miles S.W. of Ning-po. 
 
 YANTELES, y3n-ta/los, a mountain peak of the Andes, 
 in Patagonia, lat. 43° 30' S. Height 8030 feet. 
 
 YAN'TIC, a river of New London co., Connecticut, unites 
 with the Shetucket at Norwich to form the Thames. It 
 affords valuable water-power. 
 
 YANTIC, a nourishing manufacturing post-village of New 
 Loudon CO., Connecticut, on the Yantic River, at the falls, 
 and on the New London and Northern Railroad. 16 miles 
 N. of New London, and 3 miles N.W. of Norwich. 
 
 YAO-NAN, ydVnin', a city of China, province of Yun- 
 nan, capital of a department, 95 miles W.N.\\'. of Yun-uan. 
 It is stated to have a large trade in musk, and in salt pro- 
 duced from a lake in its vicinity. 
 
 YAOORI, YAOURI or YAURI. ya'oo-reeor yow'ree, a large 
 town of Central Africa, capit.il of a state, ou the left bank 
 of the Quorra, (Niger.) 65 miles N. of Boossa. It is enclosed 
 by a high and strong clay wall, and entered by eight gates. 
 Its inhabitants manufacture coarse gunpowder, .saddlery, 
 and clothing, raise- indigo and tobacco, and reiir large herds 
 of live stock. The state of Yaoori Ls reported to be exten- 
 sive, flourishing, and enclosed by the dominions of Houssa, 
 Borgoo, Cubbie, and Nuffie. 
 
 YAO-TCHOO or YAO-TCHOU, y^Vchoo', a city of China, 
 province of Kiaug-see, capital of a department, on a river 
 near its mouth, in the Lake Po-yang. 
 
 YAP, yap, OUAP, wip, or GOUAP, one of the Caroline 
 Islands, Pacific Ocean, its S. extremity in lat. 9° 26' N., Ion. 
 138° 1' E. Length 9 miles. 
 
 Y'APHANK', a post-village of Suffolk co.. New York, on 
 the Long Island Railroad, 60 miles E. of Brooklyn. 
 
 YAP'PAR, a river of North Australia, tiouing into the 
 S.E. angle of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in Ion. 140° 45' E. 
 W. of it is a tract of undulating and hilly forest land. 
 
 YAPTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the 
 Arundel and Chichester Caoal. and on the South Coast Rail- 
 way, 3i miles S.AV. of Arundel. 
 
 YAPUKA, a river of South America. See Japcra. 
 
 Y'AQUE, yd'ki, or YAQUI, yd-kee/, a mountain peak and 
 two rivers of Hayti. The mountain belongs to the Cibao 
 Chain, in the centre of the i.sland. The Grand-Yaque River 
 flows from it N.W. through the plain of Santiago, and enters 
 the Bays of Monte Christo and Manzanilla by several mouths, 
 after a total course of 100 miles. The other Yaque River 
 flows S. and joins the Neiva. 
 
 YAQUESILA, yA-k^-feeHi, or JAQUESILA, nd-ki-seeni 
 a river of New Mexico, falls into the Colorado from the left 
 near 36° N. lat. 
 
 YAQUI, ya-kee/, or HUAQUI, hwa-kee/, a river of the 
 Mexican Confetleration, state of Sonora, rises N. of lat. 32° 
 N., flows S. and S.W., and enters the Gulf of California, 25 
 miles S.E. of Guayma.s after a course of 400 miles. 
 
 YAQUIMA or YAKIMA (yd'ke-mi) RIVER, in the W. 
 central part of Washington 'Territory, rises on the slope oi 
 the Cascade Range, and falls into the Columbia Kiver, al)Out 
 15 miles above the mouth of Lewis River. 
 
 Y.AQUIMA B.AY', on the Pacific, in Polk CO., Oregon. 
 
 YAR, a river of England, in the Isle of Wight, enters the 
 Solent at Yarmouth, after a short N. course. 
 
 YARACU Y, yd-re-kwee', a navigable river of South Axae- 
 riea, Venezuela, department of Caracas, after a N.W. course 
 of 80 miles, enters the Gulf of Triste, 25 miles W. of Pwsrrto- 
 Cabello. At its mouth is the village of Yaracuy. 
 
 YARA-DZANG-BO-TSOO. See Yaroo-Dzang-i;o-Tsoo. 
 
 YARANSK, JARANSK, yi-rilnsk/, or VAREXSK, yi- 
 rlnsk', a town of Russia, government and 110 miles S.S.W. 
 of Viatka. on the Yaran. Pop. 4750. It is mostly built of 
 wood, and has several churches, and a flourishing trade in 
 furs, honey, wax, and hops. 
 
 Y.AR.APASON, yd'ri-pi-Bon', a village of Asia Jlinor, 
 pashalic of Karamania, on the Kizil-Irmak. 40 niles N.W. of 
 Mount ArgKus, and apparently the ancieLt Giiana. 
 
YAR 
 
 YAR 
 
 TAR'BOROtJGH, a parish of Enpland, co. of Lincoln. 
 
 YAltBOKOliGH, a post-office of Bossier parish. Louisiana. 
 
 YAKOJ.MBE, yar'kura. a villaire and purish of England, 
 CO. of Deron, 6 miles W. of Chard. 
 
 YARD'LEY, a parish of Knu'land, co. of Hertford. 
 
 YARDLF^Y, a pari-sli of Kni^land, co. of Worcester. Popu- 
 lation partly employed in extensive tile-works. 
 
 YARD/LEY GO'BIO.VS. a hamlet of England, co. of North- 
 ampton. 3i miles N.N.W. of .Stony Stratford. I'op. 689. 
 
 Y.VIID'LKY-HA'STIXGS, a village and parish of England, 
 CO. and 8 miles E.S.E. of Northampton. It has a very ancient 
 Norman church, with a square tower. I'op. 1210. 
 
 Y'ARD'LEYSVILLE, a post-village of Hucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Delaware Klver, 128 miles E. of Harrisburg. 
 It contains several stores. 
 
 Y'ARD'VILLE, a post-office of Mercer co., New Jersey. 
 
 YARE, (ane. Garienisf) a river of England, co. of Norfolk, 
 passt'S Norwich where it becomes navigable, and enters the 
 North Sea 2$ miles S. of Great Yarmouth, alter having ex- 
 panded into Bredonwater, which receives the rivers Bure 
 and Waveney. 
 
 YARENGA, lARENOA or .TARENGA, yl-rfn/gi, a river 
 of Russia, rises in the government of \ologda, tiuws S. past 
 the town of Y^arensk, and, after a course of nearly 90 miles, 
 joins the Vitchegda. 
 
 YARENSK, a town of Russia. See Yaransk. 
 
 YARENSK, lARENSK, JARENSK, yd-rinsk, or YA- 
 EANSK, a town of Russia, government and 3u6 miles E.N.E. 
 of Vologda. Pop. 1000. 
 
 YARKAND, yar'kind', or YARKUND, yar'kund', a flou- 
 rishing city, and the present capital of Chinese Xoorkistan, in 
 a fertile plain, on the Yarkand River, 140 miles S.E. of 
 Kashgar, in lat. 38° 19' N., Ion. 7G° 7' 45" E. It is enclosed by 
 au earthen rampart, and entered by five gates, outside of 
 which are some very striiggling suburbs, and a stone cita^Jel 
 on the S. Another and much larger citadel within the walls 
 is now all but abandoned. Its houses are built of stone and 
 cliy, and mostly of one story; its streets are intersected by 
 ctnals and aqueducts. It has two large bazaar.s, besides in- 
 ferior ones, many caravansaries and mosijues, and 10 or 12 
 large Mohammedan colleges. It is said to be more extensive 
 than Kashgar, attd is now the chief emporium of the trade 
 between the Chinese Empire and the countries beyond its W. 
 frontier. The native merchants are not permitted to pass 
 beyond its province, either toward Thibet or Independent 
 Xoorkistan ; and strict vigilance is maintained by the Chiue.se 
 to prevent Europeans from entering the territory ; but traders 
 from Bokhara, liudukshan, Kokan, &c., puss the mountains 
 to Yarkand with the produce of tho.se countries, slaves, Kirg- 
 heez horses, and European goods; these they exchange for 
 tea, silks, and other China produce, fruits, artd shawl-wool, 
 great quantities of which last are sent to the W. and S. 
 The inhabitants are chiefly Turks or Oozbcks, and Mohamme- 
 dans; among them are, however, some Eimauks or Persians, 
 C'almucks, Armenian Christians, and about 200 Chinese 
 traders ; the Mohammedans bear the character of being pei-u- 
 liarly tolerant. About 7000 Chinese troops, partly Mantchoos 
 and Jlongols, under two commandants, garrison Yarkand, 
 which is the principal military post of the Chinese on the 
 W.; they are located both in the cifcidel and in detached 
 cantonments outside of the city; and are partially recruited 
 from the Tungani, a race of people in the vicinity, who 
 enter the service, while youths, for a period of 14 or 15 
 years. The civil government is vested in a .Mohammedan 
 hakim-beg or vaug, who is always a native Oozbek. Yar- 
 kand is a great mart for horses, and horse-tle.'^h is sold in 
 its markets at the same price as mutton. The vicinity is 
 thickly interspersed with villages and mulberry plantations, 
 and it feeds large flocks of fat-tailed sheep and Cashmere 
 goats. The population of the city is probably about 100,000, 
 exclusive of troops. 
 
 YARKAND RIVER or YARKIANG, yar'ke-ing', a river 
 which rises on the N. side of the Karakorum Jlountains, 
 flows mostly N. E., and near lat. 40° N.. Ion. 80° 30' E.. unites 
 with the Kashgar, .\ksoo, and Yu-rung-kash, to form the 
 Tarim, which finally enters a lake of the desert of Gobi. 
 Total course 500 miles. 
 
 Y'ARK'IIIIjL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 YARKIANG. See Yarkand River. 
 
 YARKUND, a town of Toorki-stan. See Yarkand. 
 
 Y'.VRLESIDE. a township of England,, co. of Lancaster. 
 
 YARLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 Y'AK.M, a markel>town and parish of England, co. of York, 
 North Riding, on the Tees, 9 miles E.S.E. of Darlington. 
 Pop. in 1851, 572. Its commerce has declined with the ri.-e 
 of Stockton, but it exports .salmon and other provisions to 
 London. 
 
 Y'AR'MOUTH, Great, a parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, seaport town, and parish of England, co. of Nor- 
 folk, on its E. coast, on the Norfolk Railway, 19 miles E. of 
 Norwich. Lat. of church. 52° 3ii' 8" N., Ion. 1° 43' 7" E. It 
 islands on a narrow slip of land between the sea and the 
 river Y'are. across which it communicates by a drawbridge 
 with Sonth-Town, or Little Yarmouth, and with Gorlestone. 
 The town was formerly enclosed by au ancient wall. It cou- 
 
 sists chiefly of 4 parallel streets, and a number of cross-lanes 
 The quay, consideretl one of the finest in Britain, extends 
 along the river for about 1 mile, and here are vn,? ornt pri- 
 vate dwellings, with the Town-hall, Council Chimber. and 
 the Star Inn, once the residence of the regicide Brad.-haw. 
 The parish church of St. Nichola.s, founded in the reign of 
 William Rufus, is one of the largest in the kingdom, mid 
 contains many monuments of distinguished families : .St 
 Peter's is a new church in the Tudor style : St. George's is 
 also a fine church. Some remains exist of convents, siiji- 
 pres.sed at the Reformation; and here are chapels for AVe-5- 
 leyans. Baptists. Friends, Unitarians, Roman Catholics, and 
 a Jews' synagogue. The borough jail, theatre, custom-house, 
 large warehouses, the Nelson Column, 144 feet in height, are 
 among the other principal structures. The charities com- 
 prise a hospital for children, and grammar school, Warren's 
 general relief fund, &.c. On the coast arc several batteries, 
 barracks for 1000 men, a pier, and Victoria Suburb, with 
 several public gardens and promenade, arid a suspension 
 bridge has been constructed over the North Water. The 
 harbor is in the Yare, and is accessible by vessels of about 
 200 tons. The exports are agricultural produce, malt, her- 
 rings, and other fish, to the Mediterranean and West In- 
 dies. Yarmouth is the groat seat of the English herring 
 fishery, in which about 250 vessels, and 3000 hands belonging 
 to the port, are employed ; many hands are likewise engaged 
 in the deep-jea fishing, the produce of which is forwarded 
 daily to London by railway. In 1851 there were registered 
 at Yarmouth 329 sailing vessels under 50 tons burden, 
 aggregate tonnage 9305; 325 vessels above 50 tons, aggre- 
 gate tonnage 3,5,005; and 13 steamers, tonnage 1920. The 
 same year there entered 2642 coasters, tonnage 198,218: and 
 102 Bteamers, tonnage 28,091 ; and cleared 1017, tonnage 
 64,884, and 189 steamers, tonnage 27,677. In the coloni.il 
 and foreign trade there entered 209 vessels, tonilage 24,977 ; 
 and cleared 82, tonnage 8240. Yarmouth sends two mem- 
 bers to Parliament At a remote period, the ground on which 
 Y'armouth stands formed part of the bed of a great estuary, 
 which extended as far as Norwich. It first became firm and 
 habitable ground about the year 1008. The mouth of the 
 Yare has been, within the last five centuries, diverted alwiut 
 4 miles to the S. Immediately off Yarmouth, and parallel 
 to the shore, is a great range of sandbanks, the shape of 
 which varies slowly from year to year, and often suddenly 
 after great storms. Ship-building is extensively carried on, 
 and a manufactory of crapes and silk goods employs about 
 500 persons. Yarmouth communicates by steam-packets 
 with London, Hull, and many ports of less consequence on 
 the E. coast. Near it are the ruins of Caister Castle, and 
 the Roman station Gariarxmum. Pop. of the town, in 1^61, 
 34,803. — The Y'armouth Roads are between the coast and a 
 line of outer sandbanks, marked by buoys and floating-lights. 
 
 Y'ARMOUTH. a maritime and market-town and parish of 
 England, Isle of Wight, on its N.W. coast, at the mouth of 
 the Yar, 9 miles W. of Newport, and opposite Lymington. to 
 which it has a ferry. Pop. 572. The town is well built, and 
 has at its W. extremity a fort built by Henry VIll. on the 
 site of an ancient monastery. The trade is mostly confined 
 to the export of fine sand for glass-making, and the import 
 of coals, timber, and provisions. 
 
 YAR'MOUTU, a post-township and village of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, on the sea cost, 12 miles N. of Portland. The 
 Grand Trunk Railway here intersects the Kennel>ec and 
 Portland Railroad. Pop. 2027. 
 
 YARMOUTH, a post-township in Barnstable co., Massa- 
 chusetts, extends across Cape Cod, 70 miles S.S.E. of Boston. 
 The inhabitants are largely engaged in the manufacture ot 
 salt and in the fisheries. In 1851, 14 vessels and 169 men 
 and boys were employed in the mackerel fishery. In that 
 year 3235 barrels of mackerel were inspected here. P. 2T52. 
 
 YARMOUTH, a county at the western extremity of Nova 
 Scotia, bordering on the Atlantic, and intersected by Tusket 
 Paver. The coasts are deeply indented, and the surface is 
 extremely diversified with mountains, rivers, and lakes. 
 Capital, Yarmouth. Pop. in 1851. 13.142. 
 
 YARMOUTH, a seaport town near the S.W. extremity of 
 Nova Scotia, capital of the above county, on a small bay 
 setting up from the Atlantic, about 130 miles S.W. of Hali- 
 fax. The surrounding country is fertile, and well cultivated. 
 On Cape Fourcher, a short distance to the W. of the entrance 
 to the harbor, is a lighthouse, containing a revolving light, 
 135 feet above the sea. 
 
 YAR5I0UTH PORT, a post-village in Yarmouth township, 
 Barnstable co., Massachusetts, situated on the N. shore of 
 the peninsula. It contains several churches, a bank, and 
 a newspaper office. 
 
 YARNESCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. 
 
 YARNTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 
 YAROO-DZANG-BO-TSOO or YARU-DZANG-BO-TSU, yil- 
 mo' dzJng bo tsoo, (" Clear River of the West,") the prin- 
 cipal river of Thibet Proper, which it traverses in nearly 
 its entire length from W. to E. It rises about Ion. 82° E., 
 and between lat. 30° and 31° N., flows E., receiving in Far- 
 ther Thibet five considerable affluents from the N. and 
 as many from the S., on the last of which, near its mouth 
 
 2147 
 
YAR 
 
 Ui Ibe San-poo, (Bz* igbo.) stinds Teshoo Loomboo. Near 
 Hit towu of Sangri. in Ion. 9-'° 30' E.. the 8a n poo bejrins 
 to -rend to the S.K., and we soon afterwards lose all trace 
 of It in Chinese maps, which are our only authoritiej for 
 the E. part of its course. It has been supposed continuous 
 with either the Irrawaddy or the Brahmapootra; on the 
 vhole, the latter supposition is the more genenilly believed. 
 The principal town on its hanks is Jigagoungar or Shigst- 
 zoungar. about 60 miles S.S.W. of Lassa. 
 
 YAROSLAV, lAROSLAV, yl-TO-slivf, TAROSI-ATL, JA- 
 KO.SLAW or J.A.ROSLAVL, a government of Kuropean Rus- 
 .eia. near its centre, mostly between lat. 57" and 59° N.. and 
 ion. 38° and 41^ 30' E., enclosed by the governments of Nov- 
 gorod, Vologda, Kostroma, Vladimeer, and Tver. Area 14.120 
 square miles. Pop. in 1S51, 943,426. Surface level, and in 
 many parts marshy. It is traversd by the Volga, which 
 here receives the rivers Jlologa and Sheksna, and in the S. is 
 the Lake Nero, occupying upwartis of 20 square miles. Soil 
 not very fertile, and the annual produce of corn, estimated at 
 2 million quarters, is insufficient for the population. Rye, 
 wheat, barley, tiax, hemp, and fruits are the principal crops. 
 Timber is scarce; live stock inferior. The fishi-ries in the 
 Volga are important Tce government is chiefly noted for 
 manufacturing industry; linen, woollen, and cotton fabric.', 
 leather, silks, hardwares, and tobacco, are wrought in the 
 towns, and the peasants are almost everywhere partially 
 engaged in domestic manufactures. Principal towns, Yaro- 
 Slav, Rostov, and Ooglitch. 
 
 YAROSLAV, lAROSLAV, JAROSLAW. YAROSLAVL or 
 JAROSLAVL, a city of Russia, capital of a government of 
 its own name, on the Volga, at the inUnx of the Kotorost, 
 160 miles N.E. of Moscow. Pop. 35,096. It is eiiclo.sed by a 
 palisade, and pretty well built, though mostly of wood. It 
 has some good stone house.=. and numerous churches, which 
 give It, externally, an imposing appearance, several con- 
 vents, a citadel at the confluence of the rivers, the Demidofl' 
 Lyceum, founded in 1803, and ranking immediiit^-ly after the 
 universities of the empire, an ecclesiastical seminary, a large 
 exchange, various hospitals and asylums, manufactures of 
 cotton, silk, linens, leather, tobacco, &c., with iron, copper, 
 and bell foundries, and two large annual fairs, at which, 
 and at the fair of Makariev, large quantities of its manu- 
 factured goods are sold. It is the see of an archbishop, and 
 its foundation dates from the 11th centurv. 
 
 YAR'POLE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. 
 
 YAR/RA-YAR'R.i, a river of the British Australian colony 
 Victcria, and the principal stream entering Port Phillip, 
 which it reaches at llobson's Bay, 7 or 8 miles (following the 
 windings of the channel) below Melbourne. It is not navi- 
 gable above Melbourne oil account of falls, and that city 
 can usually be reached only by vessels of 60 tons burden, the 
 mouth of the river having a bar with only 9 feet of water at 
 high tide. Vessels of large burden load and unload at 
 Williamstown, near its mouth. At Melbourne it is com- 
 monly from 40 to 50 yards across, but greatly augmented 
 by floods in winter and spring. Its total direct course nearly 
 due E. is about 100 miles, 
 
 YAR/RIBA, a state of Central Africa. Guinea, near the 
 Niger, (Quorra.) in lat. 9° N., Ion. 3° to 6° E. Principal 
 towns, Katunga, or Eyeo, and Rakka. It has been little 
 explored by Europeans. 
 
 Y.\RRO\V, yar'rO, a river of Scotland, co. of Selkirk, rises 
 at Yarrnw-cleugh. 1^ miles E. of I.och Skene, flows mostly 
 eastward, through Lochs Lowes and St Mary, and joins the 
 Ettriok, 1|^ miles above Selkirk, after a course of 25 miles. 
 Its tributaries are at least 40, but are small. Along its 
 banks are the ruined Newark Gistle, the ducal seat of Bow- 
 hill, and many places celebrated in Scotlli'h poetry. 
 
 YARROW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Selkirk, of which 
 county it comprises more than a third, containing Ettrick 
 Forest and several petty villages. Sir Walter Scott resided 
 In the Ettrick Forest for 10 years ; and Hogg, " The Ettrick 
 Shepherd." lived and died in this pari.sh. 
 
 YAUU-DZANG-BO. See YAnoo Dwnbo-Tsoo. 
 
 YARWELIs a parish of England, co. of Northampton. 
 
 YASELDA. lASELDA, yi-s^Wd, or JASOLDA, vi-sol'da, 
 a river of Russia, rises in the government of Grodno, flows 
 E.3.E., expanding into Lake Sporovskee. and after a course 
 of about 130 mill's, joins the Pripets. a little E. of Pinsk. 
 
 YASI-KOI. yd'see koi, a large village of A.sia Minor, Ana- 
 tolia, near Zafaran-Boli. and containing 300 houses of 
 Mohammedans, and 75 hous^ of Greek Christians, which 
 uitter people miinufacture wine and opium. A good deal of 
 saffron is raised in the vicinity. 
 
 TA'SOR. a parish of Englaiid, co. of. Hereford. 
 
 YASS, a town of New South Wales, East Australia, counties 
 or King and Murray, capital of a district on Ya.ss River, an 
 ^uent of the Murrumbidgee, 46 miles W.S.W. of Goulburn, 
 Pop. 274. The Yass-Pl\ins, surrounded on every side by 
 forests, are from 9 to 12 miles across. 
 
 YASSY or JASSY, yds/see, written also JA.SCH, the 
 npital town of Moldavia, is situated on an alBuent of the 
 Froth, in a plain surrounded by low hills. 200 miles N.X.E. 
 of Bucharext Its houses cover a Urge space, being inter- 
 spersed with gardens. Pop. 20,000.(?) The modern part is 
 
 YAZ 
 
 well built and clean, but the older part is a collection of 
 ruins and hut.s, having been nearly destroyed by tire !u ls2i 
 It h.18 several remarkable churches, a collige. a supeiiol 
 .school, 3 priming establishments, a. society of natural history 
 and medicine, and an active comnieri-e in agricultural pro- 
 duce. Its fortified palace was burned in 1827. 
 
 Y.ATE. ft parish of England, co. of Gloucester. 1 mile W 
 of Chipping-Sodbury, and with a stntion on the Bristol auJ 
 Birmingham Railway, lOg miles N.E. of Bristol. 
 YATE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. 
 Y'.ATELEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants. 
 Y.\TES, yaits, a oiunty in the W. central part of New 
 York, has an area of alx)Ut 320 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by Seneca Lake, and partly on the W. by Canan- 
 daigua and Crooked Lakes, the latter of which extends into 
 it, and Is principally drained by the outlet of Crooked Lake 
 and Flint Creek, which afford valuable water-power. The 
 surface is undulating or hilly. The soil is generally a fertile 
 sandy loam. It is traversed by the Canandaigua and Elmira 
 Railroad, and in part by the Crooketl Lake Canal. Organized 
 in 1S23, having been formed from part of Ontario county, 
 and named in honor of Governor Yates, of New York. 
 Capital. Penn Van. Pop. 20,230. 
 
 YATES, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Orleans co., New York. Lake Ontario bounds it on the N. 
 Pop. 2105. 
 Y.ATE.S'BURY. a pari.sh of England, co. of WUts. 
 YATES'VILLE. a postrvillage of Yates co^ New Y'ork, 
 about 190 miles W. of -Albany. 
 Y.ATESVIIXE. a post-office of Lunenburg co.. A'irglnia, 
 YATH KYED. yath kide. (a corruption of THEYEll KYE, 
 thi'yeh or thi^'e-ygh ki,(?) i. e. " white stone" lake,) a lake cf 
 British America. 
 
 YAT'ON or Y.^T'TON, a post-village in Washington co., 
 Iowa, near English River. 16 miles S. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 Y.\TOV.A, yd-to^'d, a village of Spain, province and about 
 25 miles from Valencia, on the Juanes. Pop. 1110. 
 
 YATTAYAB'BEE CREEK, of Henry eo., Alabama, flows 
 into the Chattahoochee River. 
 YATTENDON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 
 YATTON, EAST and WEST, two parishes of England, co. 
 of Somerset. Here is the Clevedon junction station of the 
 Great Western Railwav, 12 miles W.S.W. of Bristol. 
 
 YATT'ON KEY/NELL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 
 Y.AUC<>. yow'ko, a small town of Porto liico, near the 3. 
 coast of the island. Pop. 2060. 
 
 YAUTEPEC, yow-td-p6k/, a village of the Mexican Confed- 
 ration, state and 40 miles S.S.K. of Jlexico. 
 Y.AVARI. a river of South America. See Jabart. 
 YAV'ERL.AND, a parish of the Isle of Wight, 8 miles E.S.E, 
 of Newport. ' 
 
 YAX'H.AM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 2i miles 
 S.S.E. of East Dereham, with a station on a branch of the 
 Ea.«t Counties Railway. 
 
 YAX'LEY, a village and parish of England, county and 
 13 miles N. of Huntingdon. Pop. 1445. A little E. of the 
 village is Whittlesea-mere, a sheet of water 6 miles long and 
 3 miles brcvl, abounding in fi.sh. 
 YAXLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 YAZOO, yd-zoo/, a river of Mississippi, is formed by the 
 Tallahatchie and Yallobusha Rivers, which unite at Leflore, 
 in Carroll county. It then pursues a very serpentine course, 
 the general direction of which is S. by W., and empties it- 
 self into the Mississippi. 12 miles above Vicksburg. The 
 length of the main stream is stated to be about 290 miles. 
 It is a deep, narrow, and sluggish stream, traversing an 
 alluvial plain of extreme fertility, which is mostly occupied 
 by plantations of cotton. It is probably not surpassed in 
 navigable qualities by any river of equal size. Steamboats 
 navigate it from its mouth to Its origin in all stages of 
 water, and in all seasons of the year. The Tallahatchie, 
 the largest branch, is perhaps as long as the Yazoo itself, 
 and is navigable by steamlwats more than 100 miles. 
 
 Y.AZOO, a county in the W. central part of Mississippi, 
 has an area of about 760 square miles. The Big Bhick 
 River forms its boundary on the S.E., and the Ya^oo River, 
 from which the name is derived, bounds it on the W. and 
 N.W. The surface Is a level, alluvial plain, the soil of which 
 is exceedingly fertile. The Yazoo River is navigable "oy 
 steamboats at all sea.son9. with few exceptions, through its 
 whole extent The Mississippi Central Railroad p.-i.<ses n^ar 
 the E. border. Capital, Yazoo City. Pop. 22,373, of vihom 
 5657 were free, and 16,716 slaves. 
 
 YAZOO CITY, a flourishing post-village, capital of Yazoo 
 CO., Mississippi, on the river of the same nitrae, 50 niilen 
 N.N.W. of Jackson. It is situated in a rich cotton-growiu,' 
 region, and has considerable business. About .50.000 bales 
 of cotton are received here annually and shipped to Xe.v 
 Orleans by steamboat*, which navigate the river in all staijea 
 of water. The village contains several churches and 2 
 newspaper offices. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 YAZVA, TAZVA or JASWA. yds'Td, ariver of Russia rises 
 on the W. side of the Ural Mountains, government of Perm, 
 flows generally W., and after a course of nearly 120 miii*!, 
 joins the Vish'era about 15 mUes E, of Icherdyn. 
 
TBA 
 
 YEL 
 
 YBA, ee'fil, a maritime village of the bliiud of Luzon, 
 Philippines. 80 miles N.W. of Manila. 
 YBBS, a town and river of Lower Austria. See IPS. 
 yiiUSITZ, a luarket^town of Austria. See Ipsitz. 
 YiJKRA. a lake of South America. See Ibeih. 
 YBKRO, IBEllG, ee/b^iiG, or II5KIG, ee/bria, a village of 
 Switzerland, canton and 7 miles N.li. of Schwyti!, with 
 medicinal springs. Pop. 1500. 
 
 YUICUY, e-Be-kwee'. a river of South America, Uruguay, 
 rises on the Brazilian frontier, and joins the Paraguay Kiver 
 opposite Y'apegu, aft«r a W. course of 2U0 miles. 
 YCA, a town and province of Peru. See Ic.*.. 
 
 YCACOS, e-ki/koce, CAPK, a headland on the N. coast of 
 Cuba, bounding the Bay of Matauzaf on the N.E. Lat. Zi" 
 »' N.. Ion. 81° 10' W. 
 
 YE, a town of British India,, presidency of Bengal, for- 
 merly capital of a province, on the Tenas.serim Coast. Fur- 
 ther India, on the river Ye, near its mouth, in the Indian 
 Ocean, 90 miles S.E. of Maulm.ilii. 
 
 YK, a river of Brili.ih India, has a short course, but is 
 navigable by boats for about 20 miles from the oct-an. 
 
 YEA'DON.a township. England, co. of York, West Hiding. 
 
 YKAliMPTON, yfelmp'ton, a village and parish of Eng- 
 land, CO. of Devon, on the Yealm. here navigable and cro.ssed 
 by a bridge. It has a ruin, said to have been a palace of 
 the Saxon kings. Pop. 1165. 
 
 YEBENES, yd/BA-nSs, a market-town of Spain, province 
 and 21 miles S. of Toledo. Pop. 3003. 
 
 Yl^BLIiKON, yA'bleh-r6N0', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inferieure, 8 miles N.W. of Y'vetot. P. 1187. 
 
 YEBUAII, a small and lofty island in the Red Sea, off 
 the .\rabian coast, 15 miles N.W. of Moilah. 
 
 YKCLA, yi/kld, a town of Spain, pi-ovince and 44 miles 
 N. of Mureia. Pop. 9333. It stands at the foot of a height 
 crowned by a ruined Moorish castle. It has many brandy 
 distilleries. 
 
 YED'DINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East 
 Riding. 
 
 YEDDO, YEDO or JEDDO, yfid'do, written also lEDO, a 
 city and the second capital of Japan, it being the residence 
 of the Sio-gun, or military emperor, on the Oulf of Yeddii, 
 S.t;. coast of the island of -Niphou. Lat 30° 40' N., Ion. 139° 
 40' E. Pop. 1,500,000. It is stated to be enclosed by a 
 trench, and intersected by numerous canals and branches 
 of a river, navigable for vessels of moderate burden. It has 
 a fortified palace with very extensive grounds, many noble 
 residences ornamented externally with sculptures and 
 piiinting, some large temples and other public edifices, and 
 numerous conventual establishments; but its dwellings are 
 mostly of wood, and it suffers frequently from de-^tructive 
 fires. The Imperial Library is said to contain 150.000 vo- 
 lumes. The Dutch have long had a eomuienrial mission 
 here, and both the Americans and British have recently 
 concluded treaties, from which important results may be 
 expected. Outside of the city are two large suburbs. 
 
 YEDDO, GULF 0*\ an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the 
 S.E. coast of the island of Niphon, Japan. Length, S. to 
 N., 70 miles, breadth at entrance 40 miles. At its N. extre- 
 mity arc the city of Yeddo and the mouths of several rivers. 
 
 YEE-TCHANG or YI-TCIIANG, a town of China, province 
 of Hoo-pe. 
 
 YKE-TCHOO or YI-TCIIOU, yeeVhoo'. a town of China, 
 province of Shan-toong. capital of a department, on the Y-ho, 
 140 miles S.E. of Tsee-nan. 
 
 YEFREMOV, lEFREMOV or JEFREMOW. yJfVA-mov'. a 
 town of Ru.ssia, govertmient and 78 miles S.E. of Toola. 
 Pop. 7366. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and has 
 several suburbs, numerous churches, and 4 annual fairs. 
 
 YEFXEREVSKAIA, lEFTEREVSKAIA or JKKTERBW- 
 8KA.TA, yJf-tA-r^v-ski'd, a market-town of South Russia, in 
 the Don Co.ssack country, on the Medvieditsa, 225 miles N.E. 
 of Novo-Tcherkask. Pop. aljout 1000. 
 
 YiXiEN or YEXEN, yi-fiJn', a village of Spain, Andalusia, 
 province and about 45 miles from Granada, on the S. side 
 of the Sierra Nevada. Pop. 1013. 
 
 YEGORLYK or JEGORLYK, y.i-gor-lik'. a river of Russia. 
 rises in a N. branch of the mountoins of Caucasus, near 
 the frontiers of Circassia, and joins the Manitch about 
 80 miles W. of Manitch or Lake Bol-Ilmen, after a course of 
 about 190 miles. 
 
 YEGORYEVSK or JE60RJEVSK, yi-gor-yjvsk/, or JEGO- 
 RIWEVSK, a town of Russia, government and 58 miles 
 N.W. of Riazan. Pop. 1106. 
 
 YEGUA (yjg'wa or y.Vwi) CREEK, an affluent of the 
 Brazos, is formed by three branches, the First, Second, and 
 Third Y'egua, which unite on the N. boundary of Washing- 
 ton county. It follows that boundary until it enters the 
 river, about 5 miles N.E. of Independence. 
 
 YEIA, lEIA or JEIA. yA'yi, a river of Russia, rises in 
 the W. of the government of Caucasus, near Dmitrievsk, 
 flows first N.W. and then W., and falls into a bay on the 
 N.E. side of the Sea of Azof, after a course of about 140 
 miles. 
 
 YE.TnUBT. ye-iub'bee. a large commercial town of South 
 Aliyssiuia. Amhara, district of Gojam, N. of the Abai River. 
 
 TEKATERINBOORG', lEKATERINBOURG, JEKATE 
 RINENBURG, yA-kd-tl-re-nSn-booRg/.orEKATEIilNBL'KG. 
 (t. e. -'Catherine's borough.") a town of A.-iatic Kusaia, 
 capital of the Ural mining district, on the E. side of the 
 Ural Mountains, government and 170 miles S.E. of Perm, 
 lat. 56° 50' 14" N., Ion. CO*^ 34' 44" E., on both banks of the 
 Iset, at an elevation of about 860 feet above sea-level. Tht> 
 streets are long and straight but unpaved. having, how 
 ever, planks or logs laid on each side for foot-pa-ssengerii 
 The principal street runs parallel with the river, and 
 is crossed by numerous smaller streets,, leading directly 
 to the bank of the Iset. A number of the houses are of 
 wood, but there are also a great many of stone, built in a 
 handsome and substantfcil style, and possessing as much 
 internal comfort as exterior elegance. On the S.E. bank 
 of the river, the buildings are spread over an extensive 
 plain, which is connected with the city by a haud.souie 
 bridge ; these buildings include the Govcrumimt niugaziues, 
 mills, factories, &c., and enclose an extentiive square or 
 market-place. On the opposite side the streets are spjicioug 
 and elegant, and the stone edifices, the habitutinns of mer- 
 chants and mine proprietors, exceedingly handsome. The 
 cutting, polishing, and engraving of precious stoues, forms 
 a principal branch of industry in Yekaterinboorg, and the 
 art is here brought to the greatest perfection. Parties of 
 exiles frequently pass' through the town, amounting iu 
 numt>er yearly, it is stated, to 5000. Pop. 15.000. 
 
 YEKATERININSKOI or JEKATERININSKOI, yh-]d-t.\- 
 re-oin-skoi', a market-town of Russia, government and NJ"!. 
 of Viatka. 
 
 YEKATERINODAR. lEKATERINODAR or JEKATERI- 
 NODAR, yA-ki-tA-re-no-daK', written also EKATERIXtlDAR, 
 a town of Russia, capital of the country of the Black Sea or 
 T.schernomorski Cossacks, on the left bank of the Kuban, 
 about 100 miles above its mouth, and 135 miles S. of .\zot 
 Yekaterinodar is the seat of the Ciwsack Iletman, and other 
 authorities for the district. On every side is swamp and mo- 
 rass, forming a mud defence to the town, in which carriage, 
 horse, and traveller often stick fast for many hours. P. oOOO. 
 
 YEKATERINOGRAD, lEKATERlNOGRAD or JEKATE- 
 RINOGRAD, yA-ki-til-re-nogriid/, written also EKATERI- 
 NOGRAD, a town and fortress of Russia, government of 
 Caucasus, 20 miles W. of Mo.'dnk, on the left bank of the 
 Terek, lat 43° 40' N., Ion. 43° 56' E. This is the most im- 
 portant military post of the Cossacks of the line, and '>«'aa 
 founded iu 1777 by Prince Potemkin, to whose memory ;: 
 stone triumphal arch was here erected by the Empress Ca- 
 therine II. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 YEKATERINO'POL, a market-town of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 103 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 1000. 
 
 YEKATERINOSLAV, lEKATERINOSLAV or JEK.\TE- 
 RINOSLAV, yA-kitrA-re-no-slav/, written also EKATEltl- 
 NOSLAV and EKATERINOSLAW, a government of South 
 Russia; lat 47° to 49° 20' N., Ion. S3° 30' to 39° 40' E.; 
 having a separate portion in Don Cossacks, at the mouth 
 of the Don; area 25,810 square miles, it is divided into 
 two sections by the Dnieper, about three-fourths lying E., 
 and one-fourth W. of that river. The E. portion belongs 
 to the steppe country of South Rus.sia, being Hat, mono- 
 tonous, without trees, often without water, and with a 
 lean saliferous soil. The W. portion is more undulating, 
 and more fruitfuL The minerals are granite, lime, chalk, 
 salt, and garnets. Wheat, spelt, barley, and oats are raised 
 in quantity sufiicient for local consumption ; and hemp, 
 flax, popples, peas, vegetables, and fruits are also cultivated. 
 The chief wealth of the government consists in its innu- 
 merable herds of horses, oxen, sheep, many of them meri- 
 nos, goats, and swine. Bees yield a large return ; and the 
 silk culture is carried on by the Greeks at Mariopol, and 
 the Armenians at Nakhchivan. Some cloth, leather, candles, 
 and beer are made, and some tullow-smelting carried on ; 
 and there are no less than 225 distilleries. The govern- 
 ment is divided into 7 districts. Capital, Y'ekateriuoslav. 
 Pop. 902,363. 
 
 YEKATERINOSLAV, lEKATERINOSLAV, JEK.A.TERI- 
 NOSLAV. EKATERINOSLAV or EKATERINOSLAW, a 
 fortified town of South Russia, capital of the government of 
 its own name. 820 miles S.S.E. of St. Petersburg, near the 
 right bank of the Dnieper; lat 48° 27' 50" N., Ion. 35° 6' 
 53" E. Pop. 13.500. It is the see of an archbishop,- and 
 has an ecclesiastical seminary and niauufactui-es of cloths 
 and silks. It was founded by the Empress Catherine II. fli 
 1784. 
 
 YEKATERINSKAIA, lEKATERINSKAIA or JEKATE- 
 RINSKA.TA, yA-kd-tA-rin-ski'A. a market-town of Russia, 
 Don Cossack country, on the Donets, 66 miles N.N.E. of 
 Novo-Tchc^rkask. Pop. 1000. 
 
 YEKATERINSKAIA, a market-town of Rus.sia, govern- 
 ment of Koorsk, 20 miles N.W. of Novoi Oskol. 
 
 YEKATERINSTADT, JEKATRINSTADT. yA-kl-tA-recn- 
 statt/, or YEKATERINOGRAD, a village of Russia, govern- 
 ment and 45 miles N.E. of Saratov, on the Volga. 
 
 YELABOOGA, lELABOUGA or JELABUGA. yA-lA-boo'- 
 gd, a town of Russia, government and 210 miles S.S.E. i>f 
 Viatka, ou the Kama, near a small lake. Near it are the 
 
 2149 
 
YEL 
 
 niiiis of f, Sliaman l-Mnj le, where there was long a cele- 
 brated oracle. Poj) 3500. 
 
 YELAGOOI, IKLAGOUI or JELAGUI. yA-W-goo'ee. or 
 ELAGUI ill-goo'ee. a river of Siberia, rises in lat. 63° N. 
 and Ion. 83° E., in the government of Yeniseisk, flows E., 
 :md dlTidJDg into several arms, joins the Yenisei on the 
 left, in l&t. 63° N. and Ion. 90° E., after a course of above 
 200 miles. , , 
 
 YELATOM, lELATOM or JELATOM, y.A-ld-tom'. or JE- 
 fi.^TMA, a town of Russia, government and 158 miles N. 
 nf Tambov, on the Oka. Pop. 5000. It has churches, ma- 
 nufactures of vitriol and copper wares, and a flourishing 
 export trade. 
 Y'ELDIIAM. GREAT, a parish of EngHand, co. of Essex. 
 Y'ELDIIAM. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 
 Y'ELETS. lELETS, JELKTZ, yA-lSt*', a town of Russia, 
 government and 102 miles E.S.E. of Orel, on the Sosna. It 
 is old. but regularly built : has paved streets. 12 stone and 
 2 wooden churches, 3 poor-houses, and manufactures of soap, 
 leather, ironware, and jewelry ; a bell foundry, numerous 
 locksmiths, and an extensive trade in corn. Iron abounds 
 in the vicinity. Pop. 28,504. 
 Y'EL'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. 
 YELISAVETGRAD, lELlSABETGRAD or JELISABET- 
 GRAD, yA-le-sd-vJtVrid/, written also ELISABETGRAD and 
 ELISAVETGRAD. a fortified town of South Russia, govern- 
 ment and 130 miles X. of Kherson, on the Ingool, (Ingul.) 
 Pop. 10,000. It it regularly built, has several suburbs, mili- 
 tary magazines, and a large hospital. 
 
 YELL, one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, the second 
 of the group in size, and the most N. except Unst, is sepa- 
 rated on the S. from Mainland by Y^ell Sound. Length 
 from N. to S. 17 miles, extreme breadth Vi miles. Area 94 
 square miles. Pop., including the island of Fetlar, in 1851. 
 2t)96. The surface is mountainous, and agriculture almost 
 neglected, whale and other fishing being the chief employ- 
 ment. 
 
 Y'ELL, a county situated in the W. central part of Arkan- 
 sas, contains 970 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Fourche La Fave and Petit Jean Rivers, and the Arkansas 
 washes its N.E. border. The surface is diversified; the soil 
 mostly productive. Magazine Mountain, of this county, is 
 estimated at 2000 feet high. Capital, DanvJlle. Pop. ti333, 
 of whom 5335 were free, and 998 slaves. 
 YELL, a county of Towa. See Wkbster. 
 YEI/LING, a pari.sh of England, co. of Huntingdon. 
 YEI/LOW BRANCH, a postofflco of Campbell co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 YELLOW BREECHES CREEK, in the S. part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, forms part of the boundary between York and Cum- 
 berland counties, and enters the Susquehanna River about 
 4 miles below Harrisburg. It affords permanent motive 
 power. 
 YELLOW BUD, a post-office of Ross co., Ohio. 
 YELLOW BUSH, a post-office of Chicka.saw co.. Mississippi. 
 YELLOW CREEK, of Pennsylvania, unites with Black 
 Lick Creek, in Indiana county. 
 
 YELLOW CREEK, of Alabama and Mi.ssissippi, flows 
 south-westward and enters Luxapatilla Creek, in Lowndes 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 YELLOW CREEK, in the E. part of Ohio, flows through 
 Jefferson county, and enters the Ohio River 2 or 3 miles 
 below Wellsville. 
 
 YELLOW CREEK, of Missouri, rises in Sullivan co., and 
 flowing southward enters Grand River from tlie left, on the 
 W. border of Chariton county. 
 YELLOW CREEK, a post-offlce of Lumpkin co.. Georgia. 
 YELLOW CREEK, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mis- 
 sis-'ippi. 
 YELLOW CREEK, a post-office of Knox co., Kentucky. 
 YELLOW CREEK, a township of Columbiana CO., Ohio, 
 on the W. side of the Ohio River, intersected by the Cleve- 
 land and Pittsburg Railroad. Pop., including Wellsville, 
 2085. 
 YELLOW CREEK, a post-offlce of Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 YELLOW CREEK, a viU.age of Chariton co., Missouri, 
 about 85 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 YELLOW CREEK, of Allomakee co., Iowa, falls into the 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 Y ELLOW CREEK FURNACE, a pogt-oJBce of Montgomery 
 CO.. Tennessee. 
 
 • YEMX)W HEAD GROVE, a small post-village of Will oo., 
 lUinciis. 
 
 YELLOW JACKET CREEK, of Troup co., Georgia, enters 
 the Chattahoochee River, several miles W. of La Grange. 
 
 YELLOW-KNIFE, a river of British North America, enters 
 tJie Orfcat Slave Lake, after a southward course of at least 
 i:i0 miles. 
 
 YELIjOW LAKE, of Alexandria township, Jefferson co., 
 New York, is almut 3 miles long. 
 
 YELIX)W MEDICINE RIVER, of Minnesota, hag its 
 soun e in about 44° 30' N. bit., and 96° 40' W. Ion.; flowing 
 ut «r»t easterly, and afterwards north-easterly, it falls into 
 St. Peter's River, in about 44° 44' N. lat., and 95° 26' W Ion. 
 UiUKtb about 100 miles. 
 
 ai&o 
 
 YEL 
 
 YELLOW MOXTNTAIN, a post-offlce of Yancey co.. North 
 Carolina. 
 
 YELLOW RIVER, Georgia, a branch of the Ocmulgec, 
 rises in Gwinnett co., and flowing southward, unites with 
 the other branch a few miles S. of Covington. 
 
 Y'ELLOW RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in the N. part of 
 the state, and flowing south-westwartl. falls into Chippewa 
 River, near the middle of Chippewa county. 
 
 YELLOW RIVER, a post-office of Gwinnett co., Georgia, 
 21 miles E.N.E. of Atlanta. 
 
 Y'ELLOW RIVER, a post-offlce of Marshall co.. Indiana. 
 
 YELLOW RIVER, a large river of China. See Hoaxo-Ho. 
 
 YELLOW RIVER, the name of several streams in Ireland, 
 tributaries to the Moy and Boyne. 
 
 YEL'IX)W SEA, (Chinese W)iang-hai, hwSng'hi',) an ex- 
 tensive inlet of the i»acific Ocean, on the N.E. coast of China ; 
 between lat. 33° and 41° N.. Ion. 117° 22' and 127° 10* E.: 
 having W. tho Chinese provinces Kiangsoo, Shantung and 
 Pechelee. N. Lp.aotong. and E. the peninsula of Corca ; length 
 about 620 miles; greatest breadth about 400 miles. N. and 
 N.W. it terminates in the Gulfs of Leaotong and Pechelee, 
 into the latter of which flow numerous large and important 
 rivers. Two peninsula.s project into the Yellow Sea. one in 
 the province of Leaotong, terminating in the narrow point 
 called the " Regent's Sword ;" the other in Shantung, termi- 
 nating in the promontory of the same name. On the E. 
 coast are numerous groups of islets, part of which are 
 included in the Corean Archipelago. The Yellow Sea is very 
 shallow, and obtains its name from the muddy lemon-yellow 
 color of its water near the land, arising from the nature of 
 the bottom, which is often touched by vessels navigating 
 the sea. The large quantity of alluvium continually brought 
 into it by the rivers Hoang-ho and Yang-tse-kiang. Ciiuses it 
 gradually to decrease in depth. No cities of importance 
 are on its shores. 
 
 Y'ELLOW SPRING, a post-office of Blair CO., Pennsylvania 
 
 YELLOW SPRING, a post-ollice of Hampshire oo.. West 
 Virginia. 
 
 YELLOW SPRING, a post-office of Johnson co., Indiana. 
 
 YELLOW SPRINGS. Pennsylvania. See Chester Springs- 
 
 Y'ELLOW SPRINGS, a postKjffice of Claiborne co., Tennes- 
 see, 233 miles from Nashville. 
 
 YELliOW SPRINGS, a flourishing post-village in Miami 
 township. Greene CO., Ohio, on the Little Miami Railro.id, 
 about midway between Xenia and Springfield, being 9 miles 
 from either, and 74 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati; lat. 39° 45' 
 N., Ion. 84° 15' W. It is celebrated for the beauty of its 
 scenery, the healthfulness of its climate, and the medicinal 
 and restorative charai-ter of the waters from which it t;ikes 
 its name. It contains 3 churches, viz. Methodist. Presby- 
 terian, and Christian; 10 stores, including 2 bookstores; 2 
 hotels, 3 school-houses, and Antioch College, a flourishing 
 institution incorporated in 1852. In some particulars of its 
 aim and scope, this college differs from most of the higher 
 literary institutions of the country. It recogni.ses the claims 
 of the female sex to equal opportunities of e<lucation with 
 the male, and these opportunities it designs to confer. Its 
 founders believe that labors and expenditures for the higher 
 education of men will tend indirectly to elevate the cha- 
 racter of women ; but they are certain that all wise effort* 
 for the improved education of women will speed the eleva- 
 tion of the whole human femily. The president of the insti- 
 tution is the Rev. Austin Craig, D.D. It has 9 professors or 
 instructors. During the collegiate year 1854--5, it was at- 
 tended by 397 students ; of whom 238 were males, and 141 
 females. The number of students in 1863 was 161. The 
 libraiy numbers 4(XM> volnme.s. and is constantly increasing. 
 
 The college edifices consist of one main building, a large 
 and handsome structure, and two dormitory buildings. The 
 former is in the form of a cross. 170 feet long and 110 feet 
 wide, designed for chapel, library, lecture-room, laboratory, 
 recitation-rooms, &c. The two dormitory buildings stand 
 back from the main building about 70 feet, one on the N., 
 the other on the S. side, the distance between the two beiug 
 about 350 feet. Their dimensions are 39 feet by 160 feet, aud 
 4 stories hiirh. They are situated in a beautiful enclosure, 
 20 acres in extent, and are surrounded by a street 76 
 feet in width. Adjoining the college plat on the E. in a 
 highly romantic and picturesque ravine, affording all the 
 scenic variety of overhanging cliffs, waterfalls, isol.ati'd rockii, 
 numerous gushing springs, diieply embowered amid climb- 
 ing vines and clustering evergreens, threaded with varied 
 walks, inviting the pedestrian by their cooling shade aud 
 graceful bowers. 
 
 Yellow Sprins is situated about half a mile N.E. of Antioch 
 College. It discharges, from a crevice in a limestone rock, 
 above 100 gallons of water per minute. A large aud well- 
 regulated water-cure establishment has been opentd from 
 half to three-quarters of a mile southward of the ■<iirina. 
 Valuable limestone qurfn-ies are worked in the vicinity. Tbii 
 population in 1860 was 1319. 
 
 Y'ELLOW SPRINGS, a post-vi Juge of Des Moin«n co., 
 Iowa, lo miles N. by W. of Burlii ({ton. Pop. of thu town- 
 ship in 1860, 1604. 
 YEL'LOWSTONE RIVS't, th( largest, though «v,t tho 
 
YEL 
 
 YEN 
 
 Iciiij^est. affluent of the Missouri, has its source in SuWette's 
 laka, in about 43° 40' N. lat.. and 11(1° \V. !on. Flowing in 
 H eeneral north-easterly course, it falls into the Missouri, 
 iu about 48° 5' X. lat, and 104° \V. Ion. At its moutli it is 
 about 800 yards wide. Length estimated at 1000 miles, for 
 700 or 800 of which it is said to be navitrable. 
 
 YBLLOWSTOXK, a post-office of I'auldinj,' co., Georfrfa. 
 
 y ELLOWSTilXK, a post-office of I>afayette co., Wisconsin. 
 
 YELLOVVSTORE, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee. 
 
 \ ELLOW-WATEH, a small river of Alabama and Florida, 
 rises in Covington CO., Alabama, and flows south-westward 
 through Florida into Pensacola Bay. 
 
 YELI/VILLE. a post-village, capitiil of Marion co., Arlian- 
 uas. .iltout 12.5 miles N. bv W. of Little ]?ock. 
 
 YKLNIA, lELNIA, JliLNIA, y.M'ne-(l, or YEI-NA, yfl'n.l 
 i\ town of Russia, government and 43 miles E.S.E. of Smo- 
 lensk, on the Desna. Pop. 2016. 
 
 YEL'VERTOFT, a parish of England, co. of Xorthampton. 
 
 YKL'VEKTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. 
 
 YEL'YIN'GTON, a post-village in Daviess co., Kentucky, 
 156 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. 
 
 YEMA.MAH or YEMAMKH, ySm-i'ma, a district of 
 Nedjed, with a valley (wady) of its own name, regarded as 
 the garden of Arabia. Lat. about 24° N., Ion. 47° 30' E. 
 
 YEM'BO or YAMBO, ydm'bo, a maritime town of Arabia, 
 Hejaz, on a low, sandy, and bare tract, near the I'.ed Sea, 
 130 miles S.W. of .Medina, of which city It is the port. It 
 oonsi.sts of about 1500 houses, exclosed by a wall. It has a 
 sheltered harbor, and is garrisoned l)y Egyptian troops; but 
 it is in decay. It is a place of transit for pilgrims from Egypt 
 to the holy cities of Arabia. 
 
 YJiMEX, yJm'en, a priucipal division of Arabia, occupies 
 the S.W. angle of the peninsula, adjacent to the Straits of 
 Bab-el-Mandeb. The name originally signified the country 
 (m the right hand, but the same term was also use<l tfl con- 
 vey the iiiea of good fortune, and hence, in the prosperous 
 days of this country, the secondary sense of it« name seems 
 to have been that most generally accepti^d, and Yemen was 
 known to the Romans as Arabia Fdix. the " Happy or For- 
 tunate Arabia." Yemen, in the widest sense. Is bounded 
 W, by the Red Sea, S. by the Gulf of Aden, N. by Hejaj and 
 Nejd, and E. by Hadramaut. A chain of mountains runs 
 along the W. side of the Arabian peninsula, and terminates 
 At the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, dividing the country into 
 two regions physically distinct, namely, a Tcliama or lowland 
 between the mountains and sea-sliore, ' and an elevated 
 mountainous tract to the eastward of the former. The 
 Tehama of Yemen varies in width from 10 miles to 30 miles, 
 and is a barren desert wherever it is not irrigated by streams 
 from the mountains. These streams are perennial in the 
 highlands, but in the low country they flow only during the 
 rains, and it sometimes happens that after a succession nf 
 tliree or four dry sea.sons, tlieir beds beoome overgrown with 
 Drushwood so as to be nearly oblit^irated. Banks of coral 
 line the sea-shore, and wherever they leave an opening, 
 afford secure anchorage within. 
 
 The mountains rise abruptly from the desert plain, enclos- 
 ing valleys of great luxuriance. The table-land in the in- 
 terior of Yemen has an estimated elevation of 4000 feet, and | 
 some of its mountain groups, as .'^aber, (sifbgr,) S, of Tnas, 
 Is supposed to attain a height of 7000 or k)00 feet. Granite 
 is probably the basis of all these mountains, but on the 
 road from Mocha by Zebeed to Sana, the rock which firs; 
 occurs is porphyry, fractured so regularly into columns, timt 
 the steep cliffs sometimes present the appc^arance of organ- 
 pipes; trap-rocks with basalt succeed, and at Sana the com- 
 mon building-stone is a lava. Mount Saber, likewi.se, is gn 
 immense mass of trachyte and other volcanic rocks. It is 
 said by the Arabs to nourish on its slopes all the plants of 
 the earth. It is clothed with superb forests to the summit. 
 On the almost inaccessible ledges of its rocky sides are perched 
 numerous villages, the inhabitants of which enrich them- 
 selves by the cultivation of coffee .and of khat. AVithin the 
 precincts of Saber are said to he 100 sheikhs or petty chief- 
 tains, who are virtually independent. Knsumma, too. is a 
 high mountain covered to its summit with coffee planta- 
 tions. In all these mountainous districts there are nume- 
 rous ancient families, dwelling in their almost inaccessible 
 castles, and scarcely acknowledging a political superior. 
 
 The country has long ceased to be combined under one 
 government. The frontier provinces have in several in- 
 stances become independent, and the Yemen proper of the 
 present day, or the dominion of the Imilm of Sana, does not 
 prol)ably embrace above two-thirds of the territory formerly 
 Included under the same general title. 
 
 The capital of Yemen is Sana. Aden, on ihe sea-shore to 
 the S., is now a British emporium. Shebr is a seaport on 
 the Red S.sn., W. of Makallah; the seaport of Jis.in or 
 Gasim, as it is sometimes called in Aboo-Arish, has a con- 
 siderable trade in senna and coffee. Mocha on the Red 
 Sea is also a place of considerable trade. The X. limit of 
 Yemen on this sea is generally assumed to be at Ilalee, 
 (I/aii.l in 18^^ 36' X. 
 
 Yemen, taken collectively, still bears unmistnkeable traces i 
 of its ancient superiority in wealth and civilization, the i 
 
 natural causes of which must be sought in its great exfenit 
 of elevated tableland, with temperate valleys and copious 
 springs, and in its po.sition on the route of the caravans that 
 conveyed the Indian mercliandise from the shores of Iladra- 
 maut to Plioenicia. Besides its numerous towns, which an# 
 large and well built, it is characterized by the great numlieu 
 of cjistles, many of them strong and capacious, scattered 
 over its hills, and in wliich petty eliiefs with their fimiliea 
 and retainers, like the barons of Kurope in the middle ages, 
 live in absolute independence. The dialects spoken by the 
 mount>^ineers are very numerous, and the language of the 
 Tehama is quite unintelligible on the highland, llamyaritic 
 inscriptions have been found lit Dhofnr. Cthe Saphara of 
 I'tolemy.) 12 miles S.E. of Yerim, and at llisn-Glioit'ib, (the 
 site of the ancient Cane.) on the S('.v<'t)ast, at Sana, and at 
 Mareb. Yemen has two great schools or universities, one 
 at Zebeed for Sunnites, and another at Daniar for the Ze'i- 
 dee. (Zeidi.) The latter is tlie prevailing sect in Yemen, as 
 well as among the mountains X., the Bedowin round Mecca, 
 and even the Sherif of .Mecca himself, belonging to the here- 
 tical Zeidee. Our knowledge of this extensive country id 
 too imperfect to justify any attempt at an estimate of itn 
 population. 
 
 YE.MTSA, lEMTSA. JEMTZA, y?mt'sj, or KMTZA, a river 
 of Russia, government of Archangel, joins the North Dwinu 
 on the left, after a course of about 95 miles, 
 
 YEN-CIIOW-FOO, yJn-chow'foo/, or Y EX-TCIIKOU-FOU, 
 ySnVliJ-oo'foo', a town of China, province of Che-kiang. at 
 tlie confluence of the Iloci-choo or Green River with the 
 T'.bcn-tang-kiang, about 75 miles S.W. of Ilang-chow, hit, 
 29° 37' 12'' X., ion. 119° 32' 47" E. It has walls fully 4 miles 
 in circuit, and is otherwise fortified after the Chinese man- 
 ner. It has manufactures of rough lacquered ware, which 
 is sold much cheafier than in places nearer the sea. A little 
 below the town are 2 handsome pagodas, one of them called 
 Iloo-Iung-ta, situated on a curious conical bill. Pop. about 
 200 000. 
 
 YEXDOVICHTSKA. JENDOYICIITSKA, j?n-do-veecht/- 
 skd, or EXDOVICnTCn.\. a market-town of llussia, govern- 
 n\ent and 8 miles W.N.W. of Yoronezh, near the Don. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 YEXDU.\, y?n-doo'l, one of the Fecjee Islands, South 
 Pacific Ocean, W. of Sandalwood Bay; lat. 16° 50' S., Ion. 
 178° 14' 41" W. It is about 12 miles iu circuit, and properly 
 forms two islands, with a narrow channel allowing a boat 
 to pass between them. On the S. of it is Porpoise Harbor. 
 
 YENGAX, a town of China, See Yen-noan-foo. 
 
 YENGI-HISSAR, yjng'ee his'sar', or YEXGISHAR. ySng'- 
 is-har', (" Xew Castle.") a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 85 
 miles W.N.W. of Yarkand, on the route to Kashgar, and 
 famous for its dancing girls and musicians. 
 
 YEXl, yeu'ee\ or YENGI, yJng'ee', a Turkish word signi- 
 fying '-new," forming the prefix of various names; as 
 
 YEXI-B.AZ.\R, yAn'ee^ bS-zar', a market-town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, Bulgaria, 14 miles X,E. of Shoomla. 
 
 YENl-BAZAlt. a town of Bosnia, See Novi-Bazar. 
 
 YENIDGE. YKNTB.TE. vA/nee-j.t or yjnlj ?■. or YEMDOE- 
 V.\1!D.\R, yi/nee-jA vRRMar'. a town of European Turkey, 
 In Macedonia. 25 miles W.N.W. of Salnnica. with numerous 
 mnsques and schools. Near it are the ruins of the town of 
 Pella. the birth-pla<'e of .\lexander the Great. 
 
 YENlDGE orJENlD.TE Lake, of Enrope.an Turkey, is 
 situated a few miles S. of Yenidie. Length. 8 miles. 
 
 YEXIDGE- (or JEN1DGE-) Kl'ziLAGIIAD.I. y.Vnee-j.A kiz'- 
 il-i-gSdj'. a town of Eui-opean "i.'urkey. in Room-Elee. on the 
 Tou'tja, 32 miles N. bv W. of Adrianople. Pop. 2300. 
 
 YE.MDJE KARA-S(X), (SOU or SU.) ytl'nee-ji kS'ra soo. a 
 town of European Turkey, in Koom-Elee. sanjak. and OS miles 
 W.N.W. of Gallipoli, near the Gulf of Lagos. Pop. 2.500. 
 
 YEXIJAH, y5n'e-j4\ a village of We.«t Asia, Persia, pro- 
 vince of Azerbaijan, 18 miles E. of Tukhti Suleiman. 
 
 YENIJ.\II, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic \ind 25 miles 
 N.E. of Seevas. 
 
 YENIKALE,TEXIKALE or. TENIK ALE, yJnVkaiA, writ- 
 ten also JAXIKUL, JEXIKAL or EXIKAliE, a fortified 
 town of South Russia, government of Taurida, Crimea, on 
 the X.W. point of the peninsula of Kertch, 65 miles il.S.E 
 of Kaffa. Pop. 1700. It is defended by a strong citadel, 
 and has remains of the ancient Orthmimi. 
 
 YEXIKALE, JENIKALE or EXIKALE, STRAIT OF, 
 known to the ancients as the CIMME/RIAN BOS/PORUS, 
 {Cimmejrius Bns'pnriis,) the strait connecting the Sea of 
 Azof with the Black Sea. Length 20 miles, breadth 8 to 
 10 miles. Where shallowest it is stated to be only 13 feet 
 in depth. The town of Yenikale is on its W. side. See 
 Black Sea ; Azof. 
 
 YENISEI, lEXISEI or JENISEI, ySnVsA'e or y?nVsay', 
 ENISEI, en-e-sA'e, written also JEXISEY, one of the great 
 rivers of North Asia, Siberia, its basin lying between tho.sa 
 of the Obi and Lena, and estimated to comprise an area of 
 1,045,000 square miles. It rises in Mongolia, Chinese Em- 
 pire, about lat. 51° N., Ion. 98° E.. flows at first W. to the 
 Russian frontier, and afterwards holds a northward course 
 to its wide estuary in the Arctic Ocean, lat. 72° 30' N., lou. 
 85° E., 200 miles E. of the mouth of the Obi Total course 
 
 2151 
 
YEN 
 
 Mrtimnled at 2500 miles. It traverses the centre of the 
 einemment of Yeniseisk, nearly the whole of which is 
 drained by it, as is the S. half of the goTernment of 
 Irkootsk by Its principal tributary the Angara, which 
 brings into it the surplus waters of Lake Baikal. On its 
 banks are the town.5 of Saiansk, Abakansk, Krasnoyarsk, 
 YeniFoisk, Toorookhansk, and Kantuisk. It is of great 
 breailth. and from Toorookhansk to the ocean its depth has 
 been found to vary from 2 to 8 fiithouis ; but as it flows 
 mostly through a "frozen desert, ita navigation is of little 
 
 YKXI.SEI, BAY OF, the estuary formed by the river Y'e- 
 ni«ei, at its junction with the Arctic Ocean, extends between 
 lat. 6^ 30' and 73^ N., and Ion. 85'= and 89= E. Breadth at 
 entrance 30 miles. It abounds with islands, and on its E. 
 shiire is the village of Kantaisk. 
 
 YENISEISK. lEXISEISK or .TEXISETSK, yJnVsAsk' or 
 yenVsA/isk, a va*t government of .Asiatic Ru.<sia, comprised 
 In East Siberia, between Ion. 80° and 107^ E.. and extending 
 from lat. 51° northward, having W. the governments of 
 Tomsk and Tobolsk, E. Irkoot'ik and the province of Yakootsk, 
 and S. the Khalkas country, (Chinese dominions.) from which 
 last it is separated by a lofty mountniu chiiiri connected with 
 the Altai. Its extent is nearly commensurate with the b.isin 
 of the Yenisei, which traverses its centre; but besides which 
 it comprises the courses of several minor rivers. Population 
 has b^n estimated at 210.OO0.(?) Surface mountainous iu 
 the S., where are most of Its towns and settled tr.acts. with 
 some extensive forests; it progres-slvely declines northward 
 into a desert region, peopled only by scattered Toongooses, 
 Ostiaks, Y'akoots, and Samoieds. According to Sir George 
 Simps<in, it has the reputation of being the worst governed 
 district in all Siberia ; its principal wealth is in the precious 
 metals, the country between the Yenesei and Angara being 
 the richest gold-washing tract in the E. part of Russian 
 Asia. Principal towns. Krasnoyarsk, the capital, Abakausk, 
 Atchinsk. and Yeniseisk. 
 
 YKNIi^EISK. lEMSKlSK or JENISIESK, a city of Asiatic 
 Russia, the capital of a district, on the Y^enesci, in lat. 58^* 
 27' 17"' X., Ion. 92= 16' 48" E. Pop. 6000. It is .stated to be 3 
 miles In circumference, and has several churches and con- 
 vents, a custom-house, and arsenal, with an active export 
 trade in furs, and in Chinese produce. It has an annual 
 lair, attended by persons fn'm the most distant quarters. 
 
 YEXI-SHEUR, ("New City,") several villages of .<sia 
 Miuor, two occupying the site of the ancient AiUukJiuj and 
 Mj;inf.sia ad Meandrwn. Also a name of L.^riss.^, which see. 
 
 YEXXE, yjnn. (anc. F^nn'naf) a market-town of Savoy, 
 on the Rhone. 12 miles X.W. of Chambery. Pop. 3227. 
 
 YEX-XGAX-FOO. yJnS'gln-foo', or YEVGAX'. a town of 
 China, province of Shen-see. capital of a department. 
 
 YEX-TCIIEOU-FOU. See Yex-chow-foo. 
 
 YEO, a river of England. See Ivel. 
 
 YEOMAXDOXG or AXOO-PIETOO-MOO MOUXTAINS. 
 See YiXJMADOsG. 
 
 YEOO, YEOU or YETJ. yi-oo*. a considerable river of Cen- 
 tral Africa, flows X. by E. near 300 mile.s. and falls into the 
 W. side of Lake Tchad. Where seen by Benham and Clap- 
 perton, it wa.s above 50 yards wide, with nearly perpendicular 
 banks, a fine sandy bottom, and a strong current of 3 or Sj 
 miles per hour. 
 
 YEOO or YEOr, a walled town of Central Africa, at the 
 mouth of the above river. It is of considerable size, ana 
 neatlv built of huts. 
 
 Y. b »-IJC or YEOU-LTTT, yi-oo/ lyoo. and TEOO-LUN or 
 TEOt;-LUX. yioo' IQn. two islands between Kioo-Sioo .ind the 
 Liio-fhoo Islands, respectively belong to China and Japan. 
 
 YEOVIL, yO'vil, a market and manufacturing town and 
 parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the Yeo. an affluent 
 of the Parret, here crossed bv a bridge, near the borders of 
 Dorsetshire, 6 miles W. of Sherborne. Pop. of the town, in 
 1851, 5985. It has some good houses, a church with an an- 
 cient crj-pt, and a union workhouse. Before thre!«i gloves 
 came into extensive use, it w.ts estimated that 20.000 per- 
 sons In Yeovil and it* viciiiitv wer^^ emploved in the manu- 
 ttcture of leather gloves, of which 300.000 dozens were made 
 annually. Leather-dressing and some small woollen manu- 
 ujctures are also carried on. 
 
 YEO'VILTOX. a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
 
 Y^EPES. yi'p^s, (anc. Ispi'numf) a town of Spain, province 
 and 22 miles E. of Toledo. Pop. 3065. The wines of Ycpes 
 are in much request. This is the site of the ancient IlipiK). 
 where the Celtiberians defeated the Roman prwtors 0. Cal- 
 purniup and L. Quintus. who had 6000 men slain 
 
 YKPIFAX, .TEPIFAX, yjp-e-fin'. or JEPITAX. yjp-e-tln/. 
 a town of Russia, government and 49 miles S.E. of Toola, 
 on the Don. Pop. 1900. 
 
 YERATOLOOS or YERABOLUS, yJr-J'ho.loos, a site in 
 North Syria, pash.alic and 60 miles X.E. of Aleppo, on the W. 
 UanK or the Euphrates, where various ruins are scattered 
 '"'?!i..o«?"n;^^'^,P.f'°""^ *°, in'^icate the ancient Hierap'Ms. 
 
 Y>.RBA-BUEXA, yjr^ bwi'ni or SAN FllAXCISCO 
 
 Sf ?AX I-BANCT8C0. Hitfrrty^fnge 1.S96 
 
 vbwi.-c''^'^*^^'' ' P-^'-'^hof .«c,uth Wales, co. of Pembroke. 
 itKtS y.^iR, a river of Fiance, departments of Seinenitr 
 
 21512 
 
 YEZ 
 
 Mame and Seine-et-Oise, joins the Seine at ViUeneuve, 10 
 miles S.S.E. of Paris, after a W. course of 50 miles. 
 
 YflllES. a river of France, department of Seine-Iuferieure, 
 enters the English Channel near Dieppe, after a N. course 
 of 20 miles. 
 
 Y'SrES. a Tillage of France, on a river of its own name, 
 in the department of Seiue-etOise, arrondis.semeut of Cor^ 
 beil. Pop. 978. 
 
 YERIM. yi'rim\ a small town of Arabia, district of Y'e- 
 men, 75 miles S.E. of Sana. It ha.« a strong li ill fort, 
 
 YEIf.MA, (anc. G^rinut?) a markeMown of Asia Minor, 
 Anatoli;i, on an affluent of the Sakareeyah uinc. iiartjaritir ,) 
 66 miles S.W. of Angora. It was anciently a Roman colony, 
 and it has numerous remains of antiquity, with some mine- 
 ral baths. 
 
 YER.MALOFF, an island of the Padfic. See Holt. 
 
 YEROSLAX. lEROSLAX or JEROSLAX, y.-l-ro-slin', 
 written also ERUSLA.V and .lERASLOX. a river of Russia, 
 rises iu the government and about 70 miles E.X.E. of .Sara- 
 tov, and after a course of nearly 180 miles, joins the A'olga 
 IS miles above Kamyshin. Its principal affluent is the 
 Torgun. 
 
 YERVILLE, yJr.VePl', a village of France, department of 
 Seine-Inferieure. arrondi.ssement of YvetU. P. in 1S52. 1869. 
 
 YE.>HIL-IR.MAK or YECHILrlRMAK. yJsh/il ir'inik. or 
 ir'm.ik', written also JESCIML-ER.MAK and JEKlUBr 
 M.\K. i.e. "Green River," (anc. Pris,) a river of Asia .Minor, 
 pashalic of Seevas, after a tortuous X. course of 200 miles 
 enters the Black Sea, 12 miles E. of Samsoou. On its bankM 
 are the towns of Tokat, Ainasia, and Charshumba. Cliief 
 affluent, the Kelki, (anc. Ly'cut.) from the E., which has a 
 longer course than the river to which it is tributary. 
 
 YESIIIL-KOOL or YESCUIL-KUL, (the "Green Lake.") a 
 lake of Chinese Toorkistan. 20 miles X.Fj. of Iviria; lat. 30° 
 10' X., Ion. 83° 50' E. Length, from E. to W .. 30 miles. It 
 receives several rivers, and disposes of its surplus waters by 
 evaporation. 
 
 Y'ESSO or JESSO, yJs/so. written also lESO and YEZO ; and 
 sometimes called M.VrSM.\I. mdt.s ml', one of the largest of 
 the Japanese Islands, lat. 41° 24' X., Ion. 14o° 9' E. : separated 
 on the S. from Xiphon by the Strait of S:ingar, and N. from 
 the Island of Saghalien by La Perouse Channel. Estimated 
 area 62,500 square miles. K rugged mountain chain tra- 
 verses it from N. to S., and it contains active and extinct 
 volcanoes, is well watered, and has coasts indented by nu- 
 merous bays and- harlwrs. the best of which are Volcano 
 Bay and Edermo, Its X. part is very fertile. The products 
 comprise wheat, rice, hemp, tobacco, fruits, oak, elm, and 
 birch timber, and large quantities of dried salmon and 
 other fish, which are mostly exchanged with the Japaue-so 
 for summer clothing. There are s.^id to be some valuable 
 mines of gold and silver. Yesso is not considered an in- 
 tegral part of Japan, but a dependency of which the Japa- 
 nese took possession in consequence of the extension of the 
 Russian dominions into the Koorlle Archipelago. Itsinhar- 
 bitants preserve their own religion, laws, customs, and pub- 
 lic offices, though the election to the last has to be confirmed 
 in Japan. The principal city is Matsmai. near the S. coast. 
 The .Strait of Y'esso, between this island and Koouasheer, 
 is 12 miles acro.ss. 
 
 Y'ESTE. yOs'tA, a town of Spain, province and 50 miles 
 S.W. of .Vlbacete. Pop. 5900. It has remains of a castle and 
 fortifications, and manufactures of woollens. Near it are 
 meliiinal baths. 
 
 Y' ESTER, a village of Scotland. See Gjfpord. 
 
 Y'ETIIAX, a river of Scotland. See Y'than. 
 
 Y'ETIIOLM, yJth'jm. a parish of Scotland, In the X.E. 
 part of the co. of Roxburgh, with two contiguous villages. 
 Kirk and Town-Y'etholm, connected by a bridge acros.s the 
 Beaumont, near the border of England, 8 miles S.E. of Kplso, 
 Pop. iu 1851, 1352, of whom about 1000 are in the villages, 
 many in Kirk-Yetholm being gipsies Yethulm is governed 
 by a baron-lmlie, and has a gootl school-house, several bene- 
 volent societies, and 2 annual Cairs for live stock. 
 
 Y'ETHOLM, a parish of Xew South Wales, East Australia, 
 CO. of Roxburgh. E. of Jlelrose. 
 
 Y'ETMIXSTER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. 
 
 Y'EU. an island of Fiance. See Ile D'Yeu. 
 
 Y'EVSr, lEVST, JEVST, JEAVST. yJvst, or EVST, a river 
 of Russia, which rises in the E. of the government of Livo- 
 nia, flows S.S.W., and after a cour.se of nearly 60 miles joiny 
 the right bank of the South Dwina, at the X.W. extremity 
 of the government of Vitebsk. Its chief affluent is the 
 Pedez. 
 
 YEWXDOUX, yun'doon', a town of the Burmese domin- 
 ions, on the Irrawaddy, 16 miles X.X.AV. of Prome. 
 
 Y'EWXtJBEXZA, a town of Burm.ah. See YouxaBE>ii.\ 
 
 Y'EZD, yJzd, a city of Persia, capital of a province, near 
 the E. f(X)t of a mountain range in the Persian desert liU 
 32" 10' X., Ion. 56° E. Its walls are, exclusive of a citaufl, 
 separately fortified, and surrounded by a deep trench. Tts 
 bazaars are spacious, and it h.is flourishing maniifactui-es 
 of velvets and other silk fabrics, cotton and woollen goo.l», 
 arms, and loaf-sugar. Provisions Are dear, owing to tlie 
 sterility of the country everywhere around it. and the c->rii 
 
YEZ 
 
 YOR 
 
 Cfmsumed has mostly to he brought from Tspahin. Among 
 the populatiou are many I'arsees or Gheiers, (fire-worphi|>- 
 pers.j this beiug nearly the ouly place in Persia which they 
 inhabit. 
 
 Y KZDABAD, yJzMi-b3d', a small town of Persia, province 
 of Bars. 
 
 YEZDIDI, yezMe-dee', s fort and village in Persian Ko- 
 Uistan. 
 
 YEZDIKIIAST or YEZDIKAST, yiz'de-khf. written also 
 .TE&DICUUAST or JESOIKAST, a town of Persia, province 
 of Fars, on the border of Irak-Ajemee, 75 miles S.S.E. of 
 Ispahan. Pop. 2000. It stands on a rocky height, enclosed 
 by a brick wall. A good deal of cotton and rice in raised in 
 its neighborhood. 
 
 YEZO, an island of Japan. See Yesso. 
 
 YFFINIAC, eerfee'ne-Ak', a village of France, department 
 of COtes-du-Nord, 4 miles E.S.E. of .St. IJrieuc. I', in lSo2, 22tx5. 
 
 YGHAXDE, ee^grflxd', a market-town of France, depart- 
 ment of Allier, 18 miles \V. of Moulins. Pop. U5U3. 
 
 YIC, a river of South America, Uruguay, flows VV. and 
 joins the Kio Negro after a course Of 120 miles. 
 
 YIELDEN'. a parish of England, co. of liedford. 
 
 YIMMO.NG, a river of Australia. See Paterson. 
 
 YIX-LIN-KAN, yiuMin'k.'in', a large bay on the S. side 
 of the island of Hainan, China Sea, and affording the best 
 anchorage on the coast of that island. 
 
 YKI, ik'ee, an island of Japan, in the strait of Corea, 15 
 miles -N.W. of Kioo-Sioo. Length 15 miles, breadth 8 mihis. 
 
 Y'KIMA, ik^eo'mi, one of the Madjicosima Islands, China 
 Sea, 22 miles S. of Typinsan. 
 
 YLO or ILO, ee'lo, a town of South Peru, department 
 of Arequlpa, province and 3.i miles W.S.W. of Moc^uehua, at 
 the mouth of the Ylo in the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 YLO or ILO, a small seaport town of IJolivia, at the mouth 
 of a stream of its own name; lat. 17° 37' S., Ion. 71° 23' 45" 
 W. It is a poor place, with but 300 iuhalntants, but the 
 roadstead is the best ou the ooa.st. The trade is chiefly in 
 guano. One of the peaks of the Andes behind Ylo is esti- 
 mated by Meyen at from 19,000 feet to 20,000 feet in height. 
 
 YLOE or ILOE, e-lo-4/, one of the Calamianes Islands 
 Group, Malay Archipelago, N.K. of Palawan. Area 65 square 
 miles. 
 
 Y'LOPANGO, e-lo-pjng'go, a lake of Central America, state 
 and 6 miles E. of San Salvador, about 9 miles long from E. 
 to VV.. by 3 miles broad. It is very steep and rugged on its 
 N. and S. sides, of great depth, and with all the appearance 
 of an extinct crater. The water when at re.st is of an azure 
 hue, but when agitated assumes a parrot-green color, and 
 exhales a sulphurous odor. 
 
 YLO YLO, e-lo'e-lo, a town on the S.E. coast of the Philip- 
 pine Island of Panay, opposite the island of Guimaris; lat. 
 10° 41' N., Ion. 122° 36' K. 
 
 YLST or IJLST, list, a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of Friesland, li miles W.S.W. of Sneek. Pop. 1250. 
 
 Y'NGAREN, iing'g4-r§n. a lake of Sweden, Ijen of Nykiip- 
 Ing, 20 miles long by 5 miles broad. It discharges its sur- 
 plus waters into the Baltic. 
 
 YXIKSTA, a town of Spain. See Hixiesta. 
 
 YXOUSKI. a post-ofRce of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. 
 
 YNYS-CYNIIAIAKN, in'is kinhi'arn, a parish of North 
 Wales, CO. of Carnarvon. 
 
 YOCALL.A, yo-kdl'yd, a small town of Bolivia, department 
 and 15 miles W.N.W. of Potosi. 
 
 YOCKXAPATAL'FA, a creek of Mississippi, rising near 
 the ]•;. border of Lafayette county. Hows westward and en- 
 ters the Tallahatchie Kiver, near the S. boundary of Panola 
 county. 
 
 Y't)CO'XY, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi. 
 
 VO'CUM STATION, a postoffioeof Lee co., Virginia. 
 
 ViyCU-MTOWX'. a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 miles S.s.K. of llarnslnirg. 
 
 YO'DO, a town of Japan, island of Niphon, 5 miles S.W. 
 of .Miako. 
 
 Yi>HiJGANY. See YooGHiooHEur. 
 
 YOK.^ITZ, yo-kits', a town of Japan, island of Niphon, 
 on Ovnri Bay. Pop. 4000. 
 
 YilLA.yo'ld. a city of Central Africa, capital of the kingdom 
 of .\damaua or Fumbina, 'M'i miles S. by W. of Kooka, in 
 a swampy plain, inundated during the rainy season by an 
 inlet of the IJenue or Benuel. It covers a large area about 
 2i miles from E. to W. by li miles from N. to S. 
 
 YO'LO, a county towards the N.W. part of California, has 
 an area estimated at aliout 1260 square miles. It is bounded 
 in the E. by the Sacramento Kiver, partly on the S.W. by 
 ('uta. Kiver, and on the \V. by the Coast Range Mountains, 
 and is drained by Cache Creek, which flows from Clear 
 Lake. The surface in the E. part is generally level, or but 
 slightly uneven, and in the W. rough and mountainous. 
 The soil in the level portions, especially in the valley of 
 the Sacramento, is very fertile. Gold is found in this county, 
 but is not very abundant; it is principally embedded in 
 auartz rock. "The Sacramento River is navigable along the 
 £. border. Capital, Fremont or Woodland. Pop. 4716. 
 
 YOLOM'HO, a town of New Granada, department of Con- 
 dinaiuajca, Ji.X.W. of Bogota. Pop. ItloO. 
 
 YOM'BER ISLAND, one of the Bissago.-! Islands, off tin 
 W. coast of Africa. 30 miles S. of Bulama, and separateil 
 from the mainland by a dangerous channel, 15 miles acrogv 
 
 Yi>NCAL'L.\. a post-office of Umpqua co., Oregon. 
 
 YOXGE MILLS, u post-village of C.^nadaW'est, county ol 
 Leeds, 10 miles S.W. of Brockville. Pop. about 176. 
 
 . YOXG-TCHANG, a town of China. See Yung-tchato. 
 
 YOXI, yo/nee, a village of West Africa, on Sherborougb 
 Island, 86 miles S.K. of Sierra-Leone, and where a treaty 
 between the British and some native chiefs was concluded 
 m 1825. 
 
 YOXK'ERS, a thriving post-village and township of West> 
 Chester co.. New York, on the E. bank of Hudson Kiver 
 and on the Hudson River Railroad, 17 miles N. by E. of 
 New York. The village contains y churches, 2 banks, 3 news- 
 paper offices, 1 armory, several seminnries, a good hotel, 2 
 manufactories of wool hats, and various other factories. 
 Many merchants and othei citizens of New York have fine 
 country-seats in the village and vicinity. Pop. in 1860, about 
 8000; of the township, 11,84s. 
 
 YOKMA, a town of Saxe-Coburg. See GrSpentonita. 
 
 Y'ONNE, yonn/, (anc. Jcanna.l) a river of France, rises in 
 the E. of the department of Nievre, flows N. past Clamecy, 
 departmentof Auxerre,( where it becomes navigable.) Joigny, 
 Villeueuve-Ie-Koi, Seng, Pont-sur-Y'onne. and joins the Seine 
 at Montereau. Ixingth 155 miles. Chief affluent, the Ar- 
 niangoa on the right. It is connected with the Seine by 
 theCaaal of Burgundy, (Bourgogne,) and the Loire by that 
 of Xivornais. 
 
 YONXTE, a department in the N.E. of France, formed ot 
 part of the old province of Burgundy, between the depart- 
 ments of Seine-et-Marne. Loiret, Nievre, Cote-d'Or, and 
 Aube. Area 2781 square miles. Pop. in ls61, 370,306. Sur- 
 face undulating, with rich pasture lands. Chief rivers, the 
 Y'onne, with its affluents, the Cure. Armaneon, and Vannes. 
 The soil is rich in grain, and produces excellent wino. 
 The chief mineral products are iron, lithographic stones, 
 and ochre. The department is traversed by the railway 
 from Paris to Lyons. The manufactures comprise woollen 
 and cotton cloths, and beet-root sugar. The principjil ex- 
 ports are timber, corn, and wino. The department is divided 
 into the arrondissements of Auxerre, Avallon, Joigny, Sens, 
 and Tonnere. Capital, Auxerre. 
 
 YOODO.MA, lOUDOMA or JUDOMA. joo-do/mi. a river ot 
 Siberia, rises in the Mountains of Okhotsk, in lat. 60° 30' N., 
 and ion. 140° E., flows S.S.W. and joins the Maia, after an 
 impetuous course of about 170 miles. 
 
 YOOG. lOUG. JOUO or JUG, yoog, a river of Rustsia, after » 
 N.N.K. course of about 220 miles, joins the Sookhonaa little 
 below the town of Oostioog-Velikee. 
 
 YOOGAX (lOUGAN or YUOAN) BOLSHOT, yoo-gJn/ bol- 
 shoi', a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the government of 
 Tobolsk, lat. 68° N.. and Ion. 75° E., flows N.N.W.. and joins 
 the Obi. 20 miles S.W. of -Soorgoot. Length about 228 miles. 
 
 Y(X)KHXOV, lOUKHXOV or JUCHXOW, yooK-novA a 
 town of Ku«sia, government of Smoieusk, on the Oogra, -15 
 miles S.E. of Yiazma. Pop. 1500. 
 
 YOOKHXOVKA. lOUKHNOVKA or JUCH.XOWK.A. yooK- 
 nov/ki. a town of Russia, government and N.E. of Minsk. 
 
 YOOI-OOXG-SHAN, a mountain of China. See SiUK SnA.v 
 
 YOOM'ADUNG', a mountain range of Further India, 
 stretching nearly due N. from Cape Xegrais, in lat. 16°. 
 through British Pegu, and between Aracan and Ava to lat 
 22° N. It is the S. continuation of a great mountain chiiin, 
 which commences in the S. of Assam. Its highest summit 
 has an elevation of atwut 8000 feet. 
 
 YOOXASKA or YOUXASKA, yoo-n,^s'ka. one of the Aleu- 
 tian islands, lat 52 °40' X.. Ion. 170° 15' W.. about 15 miles 
 long from X.E. to S.W.. with a high mountain in the centre. 
 
 YOOKBOORG, lOURBOURO, JUHBUIIO or YURBUKG, 
 yooR'booRg'. or GEORGKXBOURG. g.WR'ghfn-booRg\ a town 
 of Russia, government and 110 miles W.N.W. of Vilna, on 
 the Niemen. 
 
 YOORIEVKTS POVOLSKOI or JURIEVKTZ POVOI, 
 SKOI, yoo-re4v-Jts' po-vol'skoi, written al,<o JURJEVKTZ- 
 POWOLSKOI, a town of Kus.sia. government, and 84 miles 
 E.S.E. of Kostroma, on the A'olga. Pop. 2500. 
 
 YOORlEV-POLSKOIorJURlEV-POLSKOI.yoo-re-^v'pol/. 
 skoi. written also JURJEV-POLSKIJ.) a town of Kussia, 
 government, and 25 miles N.W. of Vladimeer. Pop. 2225. 
 It was founded in 1155, and has a kremlin or citadel, and a 
 trade in furs. 
 
 YOOT-SIMA, yoot^see'mi. a small island of Japan, N.W. 
 of Cape Noto, Niphon. in lat. 37° 51' N.. Ion. 130° 40' E. 
 
 YOOZGAT, YUZGAT, yooz'gdf, YUZKAT. USCAT or 
 OOS'CAT'. a town of Asia .Minor, pashalic of Seevas. in a 
 narrow valley, 55 miles S. of Tchorum. It is neat, clean, 
 and enclosed by walls. Under the patronage of the Chapan- 
 Ogloo family it rose into importance during the last cen- 
 tury, previous to which it had been only an insignificant 
 village. Principal edifices, the Citadel, and a mosque built 
 in imitation of St. Sophia's at Con-stantinople. 
 
 Y'ORE, yor. or URE, yoor, a river of England, rises among 
 the mountains, between the counties of Wefitmcreland and 
 York, flows S.E. through th<i latter county, forming part of 
 
 2153 
 
roK 
 
 the boundary betwe«n Its North and West Ridinars. and at I 
 Aldboroii i'h unites with the Swalo in forming the Ouse. ; 
 
 YOKGAX-LAUIK. See Ladik. 
 
 YOItK or YORKSHIRE, york'shir. the hirpest county of 
 En^'lsnd, is situated in its N. part, between lat, 53^ 18' and 
 51= 4.)' N., and Ion. 0= 10' E. and 2° 37' W.. having E. the 
 North Sea, and landward the counties of Durham. 'West- 
 moreland. Lancashire. Cheshire, Derby. Notts, and Linooln. 
 from "-/hich last it is mostly separated by the estuary of the 
 number. Area 5979 square miI(!S. or 3,826,500 acres, of 
 which about 2,500,000 are estimated to be productive. Pop. 
 in 1861. 1,797.995. The surface is very much diversified; 
 in the N.W. are some of the highest mountains in England ; 
 elsewhere barren moors are alternated with some of the 
 richest tracts in the kingdom. In the W. are limestone 
 and coal strata, succeetled towards the E. by lias, oolite, and 
 chalk. The rivers, including the Don, Wharfe. Aire. Yore, 
 Swale, Derwent, and Hull, are all tributaries of the Ouse 
 aud number, except the Tees, forming the N. boundary, 
 and the Ribble in the extreme W. Yorkshire is both an 
 agricultural and grazing, and a manufacturing county of 
 the first rank. Large numbers of horses are bred; and the 
 county supplies many of the cows used in the London 
 dairies. The sheep have been estimate<l at 1,200,000, and 
 the annual produce of wool at 2800 packs. Hogs are nume- 
 rous, and York is famous for its Iiams. The W. division of 
 the county is the chief seat of mining and manufacturing 
 industry. 
 
 The following Table shows the number of factories in 
 operation in the county of York, in 1850, with the number 
 of spindles and power-looms they contained : — 
 
 
 Factories. 
 
 Spindles. 
 
 Power-looms. 
 
 Cotton 
 
 ■Woollen .... 
 Worsted .... 
 
 Flax 
 
 Silk 
 
 227 
 R80 
 418 
 60 
 16 
 
 1,943,897 
 9:'5,H9 
 746,-.'81 
 82,768 
 128,S08 
 
 8,103 
 
 3,849 
 
 30,856 
 
 991 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 1,601 
 
 3,827.203 
 
 43,798 
 
 The county is divided into North, East, and West Ridings. 
 (a name said to be derived from a Saxon word siirnifying 
 thirds.) each of which sends 2 members to the House of 
 Commons; and into the Ainsty of the city of Yoi-k. It con- 
 tains one archiepiscopal city, in the see of which, and that 
 of l{ipon. it is mostly comprised; it lias 17 parliamentary 
 boroughs and 59 market-towns. It sends with its boroughs 
 19 members to the House of Commons. 
 
 The AiNSTT OF Y'ORK. immediately S.W. of the city of Y'ork. 
 comprises an area of 86 square miles, or 55.040 acre.s. Pop. 
 in 1851, 36..503. Except so far as the city is concerned, it is 
 Included in the West Riding. 
 
 The East Rimno : area 1201 square miles, or 768.640 acres ; 
 pop. in 1851. 220.983; comprising the hilly district termed the 
 Wolds, and much moorland. It is watered by the Derwent 
 and Hull Rivers, and is traversed along it.« S' extremity by 
 the Hull and Selby R.ailway. It contains the towns of Hull. 
 Beverley, Great Driffield, Market-Wejghton, Pocklington^ 
 and Bridlington. 
 
 The North Ridixg; area 2109 square miles, or 1,^49.760 
 acres: pop. in 1861, 215,214: is chiefly famous as a grazing 
 country. It contains the rich agricultural districts of Cleve- 
 land and Ryedale. and has mines of alum and lead, with 
 freestone and marble quarries. Principal rivers, the Yore. 
 Swale, and Tees ; it is traversed by the Groat North of Ens- 
 land Railway, and the lines from Y'ork to Whitby and Scarbo- 
 rough. Within it are the towns of Northallerton, (which 
 may be considered its capital.) Boroughbridge. Richmond. 
 Thirsk. Stokesley, Kirkby-Moorside, Pickering, Scarborough, 
 and Whitby. 
 
 The West RroiNO comprises all the S. and W. parts of 
 Yorkshire, and borders on six other counties. Area, ex- 
 cluding Ainsty, 2583 square miles. Pop. in 1851. 1..325.495. 
 The surfiice is very irregular ; it contains some of the best land 
 and most picturesque scenery in England. Principal rivers, 
 the Wharfe. Calder. Aire, Don, and Ribble; it is intersected 
 by numerous canals and by railways between all of its large 
 towns. About 12.000 acres of common land have been en- 
 closed and n-ndered arable. The princi|>al crop is wheat. 
 Timber is pb'ntiful. and a large part of the surface is in 
 pasture; though less attention has been paid to caUle 
 breedmg than in the other Ridinss. The valuable coal- 
 beds around Leeds. Sheffield, Bradford, and Wakefield, have 
 been a main source of the prosperitv of those towns; iron. 
 Htone, and lead, at Gras.«ington and "Patelev-bridge. are also 
 abundant. In manufa<:turintt industry, "this Riding has 
 Imiyjrtance e<iual to that of South Lancashire. I^eds, Brad- 
 ford, Hud.lprsfield. Halifax. Wakefisld, and Dewsbury, are 
 the great seats of the English woollen manufacture; flax- 
 rpinnlng is extensively carried on at Lee<1s; Sheffield has 
 nianufactures of the Iwst cutlery and hardwares; and Ro- 
 therhani posswseg large iron works. Cotton manufactures 
 have been established at Ea«ingwoM. Besides the above- 
 2154 
 
 YOR 
 
 named towns, Pontefract. Barnsley, Doncnster, Bawtrey, 
 Thorne, Goole, Selby, Wetherby, Otiey. KnaresborougU, 
 Ripley, Ripon, and Skeptou, are in this Riding. 
 
 YORK, (British, Ccier IQI'ioc ; L. ElmrvJcnm.) the second 
 city of England in point of rank, though not in size or com- 
 mercial importance, a parliamentary and municipal borough 
 and county of itself, capital of the county of York, near 
 the centre of which it stands, at the junction of the three 
 Ridings and Ainsty, on the Ouse, at the influx of the Fosk, 
 and at the meeting of the railways from Berwick. Londor, 
 and the central counties, 22 miles N.E. of Leeds; lat. 53° 
 67' 46" N., Ion. 1° 4' 34" W. Pop. of the city in 1851, 
 36,303; in 1861 it was 40.377. It consists of the city 
 proper, and of suburbs, situated chiefly across the Foss, 
 and communicating with it by several bridges. The city, 
 embracing a circuit of nearly 3 miles, is enclosed by ancient 
 walls, originally Roman, but restored by Edward I., and 
 partly repaired in recent times, and is entered by four prin- 
 cipal gates of imposing structure ; it is built for the most part 
 in narrow irregular streets, often lined with houses of very 
 antique appearance. The work of improvement, however, 
 has been rapidly carried on, and while many of the older 
 parts of the city have been modernized, many handsome 
 ranges of buildings have risen up. both within it and the 
 suburbs. By far the finest quarter is near the centre, where 
 a spacious thoroughfare, called Parliament .Street, is termi- 
 nated at one extremity by Sampson Square, and at the 
 other by the Pavement, in which the markets are held. 
 
 Among the public edifices, the great object of attraction 
 is the Minster or Cathedral, which dates from the 7th cen- 
 tury, but did not begin to assume its present form till 1171, 
 and was not completed till 1472. It is built in the form of 
 a cross, with a square massive tower rising from the inter- 
 section to the height of 2-36 feet, and two other lofty towers 
 of graceful proportion, 196 feet, flanking a gorgeous and 
 richly decorated western front. This front is divided by 
 panelled buttresses into three compartments, of which that 
 in the centre is chiefly occupied by a beautiful window and 
 a splendid portal, forming the principal entrance. Measured 
 without the walls, the whole length, from E. to W., is 524 feet, 
 and the width across the transepts, from N. to. S., 222 feet; 
 length, from the W. AooT to the choir, 264 feet ; length of 
 choir, lt)2 feet; breadth of body and side-aisles. 109 feet. The 
 impression produced by the exterior of the building is fully 
 sustained by the interior, which consists chiefly of a lofty 
 nave, separated from its aisles by long ranges of finely clus- 
 tered columns, a still loftier choir, lighted by a magnificent 
 and beautifully-painted window, and a lady-chai>el contain- 
 ing some beautiful monuments. This noble ecclesiastical 
 edifice, the largest and finest of which England can boast, 
 recently sustained serious damage, and narrowly escaped 
 total destruction from fire, caused in 1829 by an iucendiary 
 lunatic, and in 1840 by the negligence of a workmsi;. The 
 Chapter-house, entered from the N. transept of the cathe- 
 dral, is in the form of a richly decorated octagon, and near 
 it is a fine old chap«d, originally forming part ot the old 
 archiepiscopal palace, and now appropriated to the library. 
 The see of Y'ork comprises the East and West Ridings of 
 the county and the archdeaconry of Cleveland ; the autho- 
 rity of the archbishop extends over the province of York, 
 the archbi.shopric consisting of the bishoprics of Durham, 
 Carlisle, Chester, Ripon, and Sodor and 5Ian. 
 
 Many of the other chuithes are handsome edifices; St 
 Michael-le-Belfry and St. Martin's are built in the late 
 perpendicular style; All-Saints, St Mary'.s. Ca,stlegate, St, 
 Denis. St. Lawrence, St. JIargaret, and St. Mary Bishop-hill 
 the Elder, are all fine structures ; All-Saints is in part 
 built of the ruins of the ancient £fioracum. The Slanision- 
 house. with an Ionic colonnade and a fine state-room ; the 
 Guild-hall, a noble Gothic structure of the loth century; 
 the Assembly-rooms. Coucert-hall. Theatre, buildings of the 
 Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Museum. Subscription Li- 
 brary with 17.000 volumes. City Jail. Roman Catholic and 
 several other dissenting chapels, and the chief railway sta- 
 tion, are among the numerous public buildings deserving 
 of notice. Outside of the city are the County Hospital ; a 
 lunatic asylum, independent of the Retreat, another and 
 famous institution for the insane, about 1 mile distant, 
 manased by the Society of Friends; the Cavalry Barnicks, 
 and Bishopsthorpe Piilace. the residence of the archbishop. 
 A fine planted walk extends along the Ouse, and near it 
 are excellent baths. Y'ork has seve»al Roman antiq\iities, 
 the remains of an abbey founded by William Rufus, and 
 of a college founded by Henry VI. Charities are very nu- 
 merous, and have an aggregate revenue of about 4o00i. 
 annually. The city was until lately the seat of the princi- 
 pal Unitarian college, now removed to Manchester Courts 
 of assize for the city and county are held in it twice snnu- 
 ally. It has quarter sessions, a court of plea.s, and petty 
 sessions twice a week. Several commercial corpijratic is ex- 
 ist in the city; it has also 2 important banking companies. 
 Glass and iron wares, carpets, white and red lead, linens, 
 woollens, paper hangings, and many article? of Iutu "y are 
 manufactured. Y'ork has an active .rade in tho import of 
 coal, but its chief prosperity is due ( k its he ug resor^rjd Ui 
 
YOR 
 
 by the fteiitry of North England, as a kind of northern 
 met -DpolU. It communicates by the Great North of Kng- 
 l*nd Itailway with Dnrlington, Durhiim, and Newcastle; by 
 the York and North Midland Railway with Sheffield and 
 Derby ; and by otlier railways with Whitby, Hull, and Scar- 
 borough, &c. Races are held three times annually, about 
 1 mile south of the city. 
 
 The origin of York is so ancient as to be almost lost in 
 fable. Under the Romans it was the residence of Hadrian. 
 Severus, Constantius Chlorus, Conatantine, and other empe- 
 rors, and the funeral obsequies of Severus, who died here 
 A. D. 212, are supposed to have been performed on Sivers 
 Hill, W. of the city. Under the Saxons it was successively 
 the capital of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Deira. 
 Edwin, King of Northumbria, decreed it an archiepiscopal 
 see in 624. In the 8th century its diocesan school attracted 
 students not only from all parts of the kingdom, but from 
 France and Germany, and sent out scholars who afterwards 
 acquired a European fame. In after-times it makes a dis- 
 tinguished figure in almost all the great epochs and events 
 of English history. It suffered greatly for opposing William 
 the Conqueror. In the civil wars it sided actively with the 
 king, but it was equally noted for its opposition to the arbi- 
 trary decrees of James II. As a borough it is governed by 
 a lord-mayor, 12 aldermen, and 36 councillors; and sends 2 
 members to the House of Commons. Among its distin- 
 guished natives were Alcuin, the pupil of Bt-de, and tutor 
 to the family of Charlemagne ; Dr. Porteoua, Bishop of Lon- 
 don ; Sir T. Herb«;rt, the Oriental traveller; Flaxman, the 
 Bculptor; and William Etty, the painter. 
 
 YORK, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Maine, 
 has an area of about 820 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. by the Saco and Ossipoe Rivers, on the S.E. by the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and the Salmon Falls River runs along its 
 S.W. border, separating it from New Hampshire. The sea- 
 coast has mau3' goo<l harbors, and ship-building Is exten- 
 sively carried on. This county has several streams, which 
 afford valuable water-power. The surface is rough and 
 uneven, and the soil on the sea-coast rocky, but in some 
 portions of the interior it is more fertile. In 1850 the county 
 produced 511,773 bushels of potatoes, the greatest quantity 
 produced in any county in the state. It is intersected by 
 the Portland Saco and Portsmouth Railroad, and by the 
 route of the York and Gumherland Railroad, unfinished. 
 Named from York, a county in England. Capital, Alfred. 
 Pop. 02,107. 
 
 YORK, a county In the S.S.E. part of Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on Maryland, has an area of 925; square miles. 
 The Susquehanna River forms its entire boundary on the 
 N.E. ; it is also intersected by ConewagiJ and Cotlorus Creeks, 
 and bounded on the N.W. by Yellow Breeches Creek. The 
 surface is diversified by minor mountain ridges, called South 
 Mountain, Conewago, and Pigeon Hills. The soil is gene- 
 rally good, and part of it is excellent, and highly cultivated. 
 In 1850 this county produced 418,555 pounds of tobacco, the 
 greatest quantity produced by any county of the state. The 
 creeks furnish extensive motive power. Quarries of lime- 
 stone, slate, and sandstone, suitable for building, are worked. 
 York county is intersected by the Northern Central Rail- 
 road, which connects it with Baltimore. The York and 
 Wrightsville and the Hanover Branch Railroads are in- 
 cluded in the county. Organized in 1749. Capital, Y'ork. 
 Pop. 68,200. 
 
 YORK, a county of Virginia, Is situated in the S.E. part, 
 at the entranceof York River into Chesapeake Bay, which 
 together forms its N.E. boundary. The area is 70 square 
 mile.s. The surface is nearly level or undulating, and much 
 of the soil is fertile. Large quantities of oysters are taken 
 In York River, and exported to the Northern cities. Capital, 
 Yorktown. Pop. 4949, of whom 3024 were free, and 1925 
 slaves. 
 
 YORK, a district in the N. part of South Carolina, bonler- 
 ing on North Carolina, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. The Catawba forms its boundary on the E. and N.E., 
 the Broad River on the W'., and it is drained by Buffalo, 
 Allison's, King's, and Fishing Creeks. The surface is hilly 
 or mountainous. The most remarkable elevation is King's 
 Mountain, on the northern border, near which a victory was 
 gained by the American troops over the British in 1780. 
 The soil in some parts is productive. The district contains 
 iron ore of fine quality and in great abundance; gold is 
 found in one or two localities; a rich deposit of manganese 
 has recently been discovered at the foot of King's Mountain, 
 and limestone xinderlies a considerable part of the surface. 
 It is intersected by the Charlotte and South Carolina Rail- 
 road, and in part by the King's Mountain Railroad. Capital, 
 Yorkville. Pop. 21,502, of whom 11,518 were free, and 9984 
 slaves. 
 
 YORK, a post-village, township, and port of entry of York 
 county. Maine, on the N. or left bank of York River, about 
 45 miles S.W. of Portland, and 9 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. 
 Th" village is regularly laid out with streets intei-.secting 
 racn otiivt dt right angles, it has considerable commercial 
 advantasies. the hnroor being commodious, and the river 
 uaviijaDie to this point, (I5 miles from the ocean,) for vessels 
 
 YOR 
 
 of 250 tons burden. The shipping of th: district, June 30, 
 1854, amounted to an aggregate of 1865 tons enrolled and 
 licensed. York was incorponited in 1653, and for many 
 years was the capital of the county. Pop. 2825. 
 
 Y'ORK, a post-township of Livingston CO., New York, on 
 the Genesee River, 6 miles N.W. of Geneseo. Pop. 2743. 
 
 YORK, a wealtliy post-borough, the capital of York 
 county, Pennsylvania, sitiuited on Codorus Creek, 10 miles 
 S.W'. of the Susquehanna River, 28 miles S.S.E. of Harris- 
 burg, 24 miles W. by S. of Lancaster, 48 miles N. of Balti- 
 more, and 92 miles from Philadelphia, with all which towns 
 it is connected by railways. Numerous turnpikes, extend- 
 ing in various directions, connect tliis place with the princi- 
 pal towns of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Northern 
 Central Railroad connects York with Baltimore on tlie one 
 band, and Harrisburg on the other. The town is neatly 
 and substantially built, and contains many fine residences 
 and public buildings. The most remarkable among the 
 latter is the court-house, a large edifice of granite, rfsem- 
 bling a Grecian temple; it cost Sl.iOjtWO. Several of the 
 churches are adorned with lofty spires. It cont'iins 18 
 churches and 3 banks.with an aggregate capital of $1 .100,000, 
 Six newsi)aper8 are i)uliliBhed here. York is surroundi^d 
 by a populous and fertile farming region, which is well 
 watered and highly cnltivated. Here are 3 foundries, 2 car 
 factories, 2 planing-mills, a condensed milk factory, and a 
 large United States hospitaj. In 1777 the Continental C<m- 
 gress met at this place, w hile Philadelphia was occupied by 
 the British army. Laid out in 1741. Pop. of the borough 
 in 1850, 6863; in 1860, 8605. 
 
 YORK, a post-village of Fayette co., Georgia, 87 miles 
 W.N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 Y'ORK, a small post-village of Walker co., Alabama. 
 
 YORK, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1836. 
 
 YORK, a township of Belmont co.. Ohio. Pop. 1610. 
 
 YORK, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 625. 
 
 YORK, a township of Medina co,, Ohio. Pop. 1069. 
 
 YORK, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1108. 
 
 YORK, a township forming the S.E. extremity of San- 
 dusky CO., Ohio, intersected by tlie Sandusky and Dayton 
 and the Cleveland and Toledo"Railroads. Pop. 1619. 
 
 YORK, a township of Tusc-arawas co., Ohio. Pop, 979. 
 
 YORK, a post-township of Union Co., Ohio. Pop. 1324. 
 
 YORK, a township of Van Wert co , Ohio. Pop. 782. 
 
 YORK, a post-township in the S.E. part of Wiishtenaw 
 CO,, Michigan. Pop. 1573. 
 
 YORK, a post-ofHce of Gibson CO.. Indiana. 
 
 YORK, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 674. 
 
 YORK, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 6.36. 
 
 YORK, a township of Switzerland co.. Indiana. Pop. loll. 
 
 YORK, a email village of Clarke r.o., Illinois. 
 
 YORK, a postvillage of Crawford co,, Illinois, on the Wa- 
 bash River, 142 miles E,S.E, of Springfield. 
 
 YORK, a post-ofiBce of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 YORK, a county of Canada W^est, centrally situated, and 
 drained by the Humber, Rouge, and Don Rivers, flowing 
 into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the S.. and several 
 small streams entering Lake Simcoe, which forms part of 
 its northern boundary. Area 808 square miles. Pop. in 
 1852, 79,719. Capital, Toronto. 
 
 Y'ORK, an extensive county in the S.W, part of New Bruns- 
 wick, bordering on Maine. It is intersected by the St. 
 John.s, and is bounded on the AV. S.W. by the St. Croix River 
 and Grand Lake. There are also a great number of other 
 lakes in the county. Besides these .«heets of water, the sur- 
 face is agreeably diversified with mountains and valleys. The 
 soil is fertile, and .some advancement has been made in agri- 
 culture, although the county is chiefly occupied by immense 
 forests. 
 
 Y'ORK, a post-village of Canada West, co, of Haldimand, 
 on the Grand River, 19 miles S. of Hamilton. P. about 250. 
 
 Y'ORK, the former name of Toronto. Canada West, 
 
 Y'ORK, a fort of British North America, on the W. coast 
 of Hudson Bay, at the mouth of Hayes River, lat. 57° N., 
 Ion, 92° 26' W. 
 
 YORK, a village of West Africa, on the coast of the 
 peninsula of Sierra Leone, 15 miles S. of Freetown, 
 
 Y'ORK, a county of West Australia, having N. the county 
 of Victoria, E. Howick, S. Grantham, and W. Perth. The 
 river .A.von traverses it from S. to N., and on its banks are 
 the townships of Beverley. York, and Northam. The town- 
 ship of York is about 60 miles K, of Perth. 
 
 YORK, a town of Van Diemen's Land. co. of Devon, on* 
 creek of the Tamar, 8 miles S. of Port Dalrymple. 
 
 YORK, a parish of Van Diemen's Land, co. of Monmouth, 
 W. of the river Jordan. 
 
 Y'ORK. \. a post-office of Leake co., Mississippi. 
 
 YORK. CAPE, Australia. See Cape York. 
 
 YORK CENTRE, a post-office of Du Page co.. Illinois. 
 
 YORKE PENIN/SULA.a tongue of land of South -Austra- 
 lia, betwo<m St. Vincent and .Spencer Gulfs, N,W, of Adelaide. 
 Length 100 miles, greate.st breadth 30 mUes. Cape Spencer 
 is its S. extremity. 
 
 YORK H.WEN, a village of York co.. Penn.sylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna River, about 16 miles below Harrisburg. 
 
 IVob 
 
YOR 
 
 n b situated at the foot of the Conewago Falls or rapids, 
 wliich afford some water-power. 
 
 YORK MlliLS,aTillag«io toe western part of Hunterdon 
 ca. New Jeifiey. about 10 miles W.N.W. of Flemiiigton. 
 
 YORK, MOUNT, of Australia, New South Wales, co. of 
 Cook. 60 miles N.W. of SvdneT. Estimated heljrht 3300 feet. 
 
 YORK NORTH RIDGK. a post-office of Sandusky co.. Ohio. 
 
 YORK RIVER, the name given to an inlet or arm of the 
 Bea. in Y'ork co.. Maine. Length about 7 miles. 
 
 Y'ORK RIVER, in the E. part of Virginia, is formed by 
 the union of the I'amunkey and Mattapony Rivers, at the 
 S.E. extremity of King William county, and. flowing in a 
 Houth-easterly direction, fells into Chesapeake Bay nearly 
 opposite Cape Charles. It is so broad through its whole 
 course as to present rather the appearance of a bay than of 
 a river. Its whole length is about 40 miles, and at its mouth 
 it is probably not less than 3 miles in width. This river 
 divides New Kent, James City, and York counties on the 
 right, from King and Queen and Gloucester counties on the 
 left. 
 
 Y'ORKSHIRE, an inland county of England. See Y*ork. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, a post-village and township of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, on Cattaraugus Creek, about 35 miles S.S.E. 
 of Buffalo. Pop. 1844. 
 
 YORK SOUND, an inlet of British North America, in 
 Frobisher Strait. Lat. 63° N., Ion. 70° W. 
 
 YORK SOUND, an inlet on tly; N.W. coast of Australia, 
 between Montague Sound and Prince Regent River. Lat. 
 16° S., Ion. 126" E. 
 
 YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, 23 miles 8.W. of Uarrisburg. This is an 
 i^rreetible summer retreat. 
 
 YORKrrOWN, a post-township of Westchester co., New 
 York, on Croton River, id miles N. by E. of New Y'ork. 
 Pop. 2321. 
 
 YORKTOWN, a port of entry, capital of Y'ork co., Virginia, 
 Is situated on the right bank of York River, 11 miles from 
 Its mnuth, and 70 miles E.S.E. of Richmond. It was settled 
 in 1705, and was once flourishing. There are now about 40 
 houses. The shipping of the district, June 30. 1854. amounted 
 to an aggregate of 5911 tons enrolled and licensed, and all 
 employed in the coast trade. Daring the year, 2 vessels of 
 246 tons burden were built. This locality was the theatre 
 of one of the most important events in American history — 
 the surrender of Ix>rd Cornwallis to General Washington, 
 which occurred on the 19th of October, 1781. 
 
 YORKTOWN, a post-office of De Witt co.. Texas. 
 
 YORKTOWN. a thriving post-village of Delaware co., 
 Indiana, at the junction of White River and Buck Creek, 
 and on the Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroad, 52 miles 
 N.E. of Indianapolis. It contains 2 churches and several 
 mills, 
 
 YORKTOWN, a posfcoflice of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 
 Y'ORK'VILLE. a flourishing pfjstrvillage of New York co.. 
 New Y'ork, on the Harlem Railroad, 5 miles N. of the City 
 Hall, is a suburb of New Y'ork City. 
 
 YORKVILLE. a thriving post-village, capital of Y'ork dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 86 miles N. of Columbia. It is the 
 northern terminus of the King's Mountain Railroad, which 
 connects with the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad at 
 Chester»ille. The surrounding country abounds in valuable 
 minerals. Yorkville contains a court-house, several churches, 
 1 or 2 acjulemies, and a new.»paper office. 
 
 YORKVILLE, a postrvillage of Pickens co., Alabama, 186 
 miles W.N.W. of Montgomery. 
 
 YORKVILLE, a thriving post-village of Gibson co., Ten- 
 ne.asee. 145 miles W. of Nashville. It contains several stores. 
 
 YuKKyiLLB, a po,<tK)ffice of Kalam.-izoo co., Michigan. 
 
 YORKVILLE, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana, 
 about 84 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. in 1851. 300. 
 
 YORKVILLE, a village of Kendall co., Illinois, on Fox 
 River. oppo*it« Bri.stol. and 52 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 YORK\ ILLE, a post-village of Ilucine co., Wi3Consin,near 
 the railroad between Racine City and Elkliorn, 10 miles W, 
 of the former. Pup. of Yorkville ti.wusliip, 1283. 
 
 YORKVILLE. a village of Canada West, co. of York, 
 about 2 miles N. of Toronto, of which it may almost be con- 
 iddered a suburb. It h:is many good brick houses, Episco- 
 IHilian. M'esleyan. Primitive and New Connexion Methodist 
 cLurche.s, and sevenil schools. Pop. about 1750. 
 
 Y(JSID A. yo-see'dl, a town of Japan, island of Niphon, 160 
 ">'',«s S.W. of Yt^do, and reported to contain 1400 houses. 
 
 YOSYV.\HA. yo-se-vj'ri, a small town of Japan, island of 
 Niphon. 60 miles S.W. of Yeddo. 
 
 YO-TCUOU, YOO-TCHOO, YOTCHEOO. voVhoo', or YO- 
 TCHKOU. yoVhe-oo', a city of China, province of Hoo-nan, 
 capital of a department, on the Yang-Ue-kiang where it 
 leaves the lake Tong-ting. Lat. 29° 23' N_ Ion. X12° 35' E. 
 
 YOU-AN-TCUEOD. See YuEs-TcHoo, 
 
 Y'OUGAN. See Yoooax. 
 
 YOUGHAL or YOUGIIALL. (pronounced ySh^iil or vawl.) 
 a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town and 
 parish of Ireland, Munster. co. and 27 miles E. of Cork, on 
 the W. side of the estuary of the Black water, which forms 
 Itjt harbor, and is here crossed by a wooden bridge. Pop. of 
 
 YOU 
 
 the town, in 1851, 7372. It standg at the foot of a i«t<iep 
 height on the W., and was formerly enclii.-^ed by walls, 
 flanked with towers, parts of which remain, and outside of 
 which some poor suburbsextend up theacclivity. The towu 
 is antiquated; its main street is crossed mar the ceutie by 
 an old archway, besides which it^ chief structures are the 
 large Gothic pari.'h church, containing the tomb of the grtat 
 Earl of Cork, and near it the ruins of an abU'v : a chapel c.f 
 ease, Roman Catholic and other chapels, the town-house, 
 assembly rooms, court-house, custom-hou.se, savings' bank, 
 fever and lying-in hospitals. pri.-:on. si'vera! almshouses, the 
 barracks, and the house of Sir Walter Raleigh, whiih is 
 preserved nearly entire. The harbor, a dependency of that of 
 Cork, admits at highest tides ve.«,sels drawing 12 feet water 
 Youghal is the seat of an active export trade in corn, 
 live stock, and other rural produce, and imports coal, tim- 
 ber, tallow, herrings, salt, and colonial produce. It has 
 some potteries, brick-works, and a valuahlu salmon fishery. 
 It sends 1 member to the House of Commons. Here it i.t be- 
 lieved Sir Walter Raleigh first introduced the culture of the 
 potato into Ireland. 
 
 YOUGHALARRA, yfih'hal-ar'ra. a pari.«h of Ireland, co. 
 of Tipperary, 5 mjles W.N.W. of Nenah. It contains a ham- 
 let named Y'oughal, and several remains of feudal and eccle- 
 siastical edifices. 
 
 YOUGIIIOGHENY, ydh'ho-gA/nee, a river which rises in 
 Preston co., W. Virginia, lluws through M.iryliiiKl into Penn- 
 sylvania, and enters the .Monongahola 15 miles S.K. ot Pitts- 
 burg. It is made navigable by dams from its mouth to the 
 village of West Newton, a distance of 18 miles. At the 
 Ohiopyle Falls, the river h.is a perpendicular descent of 16 
 feet. Entire length about 150 miles. 
 
 YOUGHIOGUENY, a post-office of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 YOUI^GRAVE, a parish of England, co, of Derby. 
 
 YOUN.\SKA. See Y'ooN.tsK.*. 
 
 YOUNG, y&ng, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 776. 
 
 YOUNG, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1500, 
 
 YOUNG, a post-office of McDonough co.. Illinois. 
 
 YOUXGBENZA or YEWNGBENZA.yoong-b^n'zii, a town 
 of the Burmese dominions, Pegu, on the main arm of the 
 Irrawaddy, in its delta, 20 miles S.S.E. of Henzadah. 
 
 YOUNG CANE, a post-office of Union co., Georgia, 172mile£ 
 N. by W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 Y'OUNGER'S. a post-office of Boone co., Mi.«.«ouri. 
 
 YOUNG HICK'ORY'. a post-offlce of Steuben co.. New Y'ork. 
 
 YOUNG HICKORY, a post-office of .Muskingum co., Ohia 
 
 YOUNG HICKORY, a small postrvUlage of WUl co., lUi- 
 nois. 
 
 YOUNG HICKORY", a postoffice of Washington co., Wia- 
 consin. 
 
 YOUNGMANSTOWN, Pennsylvania. See JIiffu.nsburg, 
 
 YOUNG'S CROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Granville co,. 
 North Carolina, 68 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 YOUNG'S POINT, a post-office of Madision parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 YOUNG'S SETTLEMENT, postoffice of Bastrop co., Texas. 
 
 YOUNG'S STORE, a post-office of Laurens district, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 YOUNGSrrOWN, a post-village in Porter township, Nia- 
 gara county. New York, on Niagara River, near its mouth, 
 about 30 miles N.VV. by N. of Buffalo, It contains 2 churches, 
 4 stores, and 1 steam flouring-mUl. It posses.-ies the advan- 
 tages of a very fine natural harbor, (the mouth of Niagara 
 River.) which is open at all sea-^ons of the year. The seve- 
 ral lines of steamboats on Lake Ontario touch here, and a 
 considerable foreign and coasting trade is carried on at this 
 point. It is the northern terminus of the Luke Ontario 
 and Niagara Falls Railroad. Pop. about 800. 
 
 Y'OUNGSTOWN, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 11 miles E. of Greensburg, It has 2 churches. 
 Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 Y'OUNGSTOWN, a village of Adams co., Ohio, on the 
 plank-road from Locust Grove to Ripley, 21 miles from the 
 latter. 
 
 YOUNGSTOWN, a flourishing post-village of Youngstown 
 township, Mahoning county, Ohio, is beautifully situated 
 on the Mahoning River, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 Canal. 67 miles S.E. of Cleveland. It is the largest vill;ige 
 in the county, having several churches and a bank. Coal 
 and iron ore are abuiidiint in the vicinity. There are 3 iron 
 furnaces and 1 or 2 rolling-mills in openition here. It is on 
 a branch railroad wliich connects with the Atlantic and 
 Great Western Itiilroad. Pop. of the township, 2759. 
 
 YOUNGS'VILLE, a post-village ofSullivanco.,New York. 
 
 YOUNGSVII.LE. a thriving post-village of Wiu^ren co,, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Brokeiistraw Crock, and on tlie Phila- 
 delphia and Erie Railroad, 9 miles W, of Warren, Pop. 421. 
 
 YOUNGSVILLE, a post-village of Tallapoosa co.,Alul«uua, 
 50 miles N.E. of Montgomery. 
 
 YOUNGSVILLE, a post-village of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 YOUNtiSVILLE, a post-office of Box Elder co., Utiih, 
 
 YOUNG- WILLIAM, an isUiud group iu the South Pacific. 
 
YO0 
 
 TUB 
 
 belonglnft to the Caroline Islands, See MortixxtX Isles and 
 
 LOOOOONOR. 
 
 YUL'NGWO'MANSTOWN, a post-village of Clinton CO., 
 Pennsylvania, on the V\'. branch of Susquehanna Kiver, 18 
 miles N.W of Lock Haven, the county seat. 
 
 YOUNTS'VILLiK, a |io.«t-village of .Montgomery eo.,-^n(li- 
 ana, near Sugar Creek, about &0 miles W.N.W. of Indiana- 
 polis. 
 
 YOUX-ZER.\Y, yoon-ze-rA/, a town of Burmah. British 
 province of Pegu, on the IrrawaUdy, 18 miles S. by VV. of 
 i'rome. 
 
 YOUllI or YOURY, a town and state of Central Africa. 
 See Y.tooRi, 
 
 YOUTA, See Utah. 
 
 YOi:-YEOU. See Yu-Yeoo, 
 
 YOWKY. See Yaoobi. 
 
 YOX'FORD. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. 
 
 Y'O.VU.\Ll>', a parish of England, co. of .Stiifl(.rd. 
 
 Yl'ANE-GUAZU, e-pd'ni gwS-zoo', a river of I'nrajjuay, 
 South America, johis the Paraguay at Villa Real, after a 
 westward course of more than lUU miles. 
 
 YPEREN or YPERN. See Yprks. 
 
 ■YPERLEE, rper-l4', (Fr. pron. ee'pfR'li'.) a river of Bel- 
 gium, province of West Flanders, rises at ZillelK'k, flows N. 
 past Y'pres, (where it becomes navigable,) and enters the 
 North Sea at Xieuwport. Length 35 miles. 
 
 YPKES, ee'p'r, (Flemish Yperen or Yixr-n, I'pi;m,) a forti- 
 fied town of lielgium, province of West Flanders, capital of 
 an arrondissement, oO miles S.S.W. of Bruges, on the Yper- 
 lee. It is well built, but the marshes around made it so 
 unhealthy, that a "Ypres hue" became proverbial tor sal- 
 lowness. A great improvement in this respect has been 
 effected by draining. Ypres was early one of the most im- 
 portant manufacturing towns of F'landers, and in the 14th 
 century had "200,000 inhabitants and employe<l 4000 looms. 
 Its name d'Ypres is said to l>e the origin of our word diajvr. 
 Its manufacturing prosperity has long departed, but a strik- 
 ing monument of it remains in its cloth-hall, an iminen.se 
 pile erected in the 13th century, in the public Sfiuan*. in 
 the form of an irregular trapezium, and surmounted by a 
 square tower or tielfry, with a clock and chimes. One of 
 its wings i.< now used as the liOtdHk-nlU. and other parts 
 are occupied by different public establi.sliments and concert- 
 rooms; other buildings of note are the Gutliic •huroh of 
 St. Martin, one of the most remarkable religious edifices 
 in Belgium, with an altar of Carrara marble, a finely 
 carved pulpit, a painting by Van Eyck, and several inte- 
 resting monuments; the churches of St. Pett-r, St. James, 
 and St. Nicolas, all elegant and well proportioned buildings; 
 and the old Castle-ward, (GfuUdlenie.) with a richly orna- 
 mented fa(;'ade; two colleges, a .school of design and archi- 
 tecture, boarding and numerous other schools, sevj'ral 
 hospitals, fine infantry and cavalry barrack.s, &c. The 
 manufactures are lace, woollen, linen, and cotton goods, 
 ribbons, hats, leather, oil, soap, and tobacco. There are 
 also salt-works, dye-works, breweries, and distilleries. Y'pres 
 in the 9th century, when only a strong castle, was destroyed 
 by the Normans. It was rebuilt in 901 ; and was first wailed 
 in 1388. On different occasions it has been dreaijfully ra- 
 vaged by the plague. Jjouis XIV.. in 1688, made it one of 
 the strongest fortresses of the Ix)w Countries. In the great 
 European wars it seldom escaped a siege or bombardment. 
 Jansen or Jansenius, whose work Augiistinua originated the 
 controversy in which Pascal's Provincial Letters appeared, 
 was Bishop of Ypres, and is buried in the church of St. 
 Martin. Pop. 17,190. 
 
 YPSIL ANTI, ip-se-lan'tee, a thriving post-town and town- 
 slup of W'ashtenaw county, Michigan, on the Huron River 
 and the Central Railroad, 30 miles W, by S. of Detroit. 
 The town is one of the largest in the county ; it is situated 
 in a rich and populous farming district, has extensive water- 
 power, and contains 8 churches, 3 banks, 2 newspaper offices, 
 a fine Union school-house, the state normal school, and 
 manufactories of wool, iron, flour, &c. Pop. about 3500; of 
 the township, in 1860, 3955. 
 
 YPSILI, ip'se-le, an island of Greece, government of Argos, 
 in the Gulf of Nauplia, 12 miles S.E. of Nauplia. Length, 
 from W. to E., 2 miles, breadth 1 mile. 
 
 Y'RE'KA, the capital of Siskiyou county, California, on 
 an affluent of the Shasta River, about 300 miles N. of San 
 Francisco. See Appendix. 
 
 YRONDE, ee'*r6Nd', a village of France, department of 
 Puy-de-Dome, arrondissement of Clermont-Ferrand. P. 1301. 
 
 Y'SALCO, a town of Central America. See Izalco. 
 
 YSCEIFIOG. is-kl/fe-og, a parish of Wales, co. of Flint. 
 
 YSER. ee^zaiR/, a river of France and Belgium, rises in 
 the department of Nord, E. of St. Omer, and joins the Yper- 
 • i6e, 4J miles S.W. of Dixmude, after a N.E. course of 32 
 miles. 
 
 YSPYTTY CYNFYN, i8-p|t/tee kju'vin, a pari.sh of Wales, 
 to. of Cardigan. 
 
 YSPYTTY (i.s-pit/tee) EVAN, a parish of Wales, counties 
 of Denhieh and Carnarvon. 
 
 YSPYTTY RHIW-YSTWYTII, is-piftee h'reo'oo ist/with, 
 a parish of Wales, co. of Cardigan. 
 
 YSSCHE. fSK or Is'Keh. a village of Belgium, ptovinco of 
 South Brabant, 10 miles S.E. of Urus.sels. Pop. .'iSOO 
 
 YSSEL, IJsSEL, i/sel, or OVER YSSEL, (anc IsaHiX.) « 
 river of the Netherlands, fornvd at Doesburg by the union 
 of the Old Y'ssel. which ri.ses in Rhenish Prussia, and the 
 New Yssfcl, a branch of the Rhine, which separates from it 
 near Arnhem. It flows N, past Zutphen. Devener. and 
 Kampeu, and enters the Zuyder-Zee afujr a course of 80 
 miles. 
 
 YSSEL, Neder, nA'der i'sel. a branch of the Leek, which 
 passes Ys.selstein, Oudewater, and Gouda. and joins the 
 Maas or Meuse opposite Ysselmonde. Jjength 3U miles. 
 
 YSSELMONDE, (-Yssel Mouth,") or IJSSELMONDE. 
 i'sel-mAn/d«>h, an island and district of South Holland, 
 formed by two branches of the .Maas or Meuse. opposite Kot- 
 terdam and the mouth of the Yssel. Length 15 miles, 
 brewltb 5 miles. 
 
 YSSELMuNDE or IJSSKLMDNDE, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, on the above island, and 
 on the left bank of the .Maus, opposite the mouth ot the 
 Yssel, whence its name. Pop. 1291. 
 
 YSSELMUIDEN or I.JSSELMUIUEN, iV-m">'fJ?n. a vjl- 
 lage of the Netherlands, province of Overy.ssel, l^mile W. of 
 Kanipuu. Pop. 52U. 
 
 YSSEL.STEIN or IJSSELSTEIN. i/sgl-stin'. a town of 
 the Netherlands, 6 miles S.W. of Utrecht, on the Yssel. It 
 is walled, surrounded by dit^-hes, and traversed by a canal 
 called the Haven. Pop. 2249. 
 
 Y'SSI.XGEAUX, ees'si.N^'zhiy, .sometimes written YSSEN- 
 GE.iUX, a town of France, department of Haute- lioire. capi- 
 tal of a arrondissement, on a rocky height, 13 miles N.K. of 
 Le I'uy. Pop. in 1852. 7628. It has manufactures of lace 
 and ribands, and a tnide in cattle and timber. 
 
 Y.ST.\D, is'tdd or iis'tdd, (L. Uladium,) a seaport town of 
 South Sweden, laen and 36 miles E.S.E. of Malmij. on the 
 Baltic. Pop. 4118. It has manufactures of tobacco and 
 snuff, chiccory, soap, woollen cloths, and leather, and some 
 ship-building. Its new harbor is safe and spacious, and it 
 has a regular steam communication with Stralsund. 
 
 YSTRAD-DYFOUWG, i.s'trad de-vo/doog, a parish of South 
 Wiiles. CO. of Glamorgan. 
 
 YSTRAUFELLTE, KiUmd-ylthVUth, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Brecon. 
 
 YSTRAD 6YNLAIS, js/trad ghinlis, a parish of South 
 Wales, CO. of Brecon. 
 
 YST'RAD Mi'R/IC, a parish of South Wales, co. of Ca^ 
 digan. 
 
 YS/TRA'' OWEN, a parish. South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. 
 
 YST/WITH, a river of Wales, co. of Cai-digan. after a W. 
 course of •2;j miles past Y'spytty-Rhiw-Y'stwith and Llauafau, 
 enters Cardigan Bay at Aberystwith. 
 
 Y'TA1'U.\, a town of Paraguay. See Itapua. 
 
 YTH'AN, ITH'AN or YETIPAN, a river of Scotland, co. of 
 Aberdeen, flows tortuously E. pa,>it Fyvie, Methlick. Tarves, 
 and Ellon, and enters the North Sea at New burgh, after a 
 course of 20 miles. It has some salmon fisheries, and is navi- 
 gable for river craft from the sea to Ellon, and for vessels 
 of 100 tons bunien to 1 mile from its mouth. 
 
 YTON. a river of France. See Iton. 
 
 YTU or HYTU. a town of Brazil. See Itc. 
 
 YU'AB or JU'AB, a new county in the W. part of Utah 
 Territory, has an area estimated at al)Ove 12.000 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Carson and Nicollet Rivers, 
 flowing into lakes of their own names, which are included 
 within the county. The surface is broken by the Humboldt 
 River Mountains near the centre, and by the Walisatch 
 Mountains in the E. part. The census of 1850 gives us no 
 information respecting this county, which was formed since 
 that year. Capital, Nephi City. 
 
 YUAN THKE SHAN or YUAN THI CHAN, yoo-W thee 
 shdn. a mountain of China, province of Hoope; Int. 30^ 16' 
 N., Ion. 109° 4' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 YU'BA, a river of Yuba co., towanls the N. part of Cali- 
 fornia, is formed by the union of three branchi-s, viz. the 
 North, Middle, and South Y'uba, which rise among the hills 
 at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. It flows in a general S.W. 
 course nearly through the centre of the county, and falls 
 into Feather River near Marysville. The principal mining 
 operations of the county are on this river. 
 
 YUBA, a county towards the N. part of California, has 
 an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by Feather River, and partly on the S. by Bear River, 
 and is drained by the Yuba River with its North Branch 
 and several creeks, which afl'ord valuable water-power. 
 The surface in the E. part is mountainous, but in the W. 
 portion it is level, or slightly uneven. The soil in the 
 more level portions, especially along the streams, is very 
 fertile. Gold is abundant in the N.E. part of this county. 
 Quicksilver is also found, and about one ounce of the pure 
 metal is obtained from a pound of rock. A railroad ex- 
 tends from the county-seat to Oroville, 25 miles. This 
 county derived its name from the Yuba River. Capital, 
 MurysvHle. Pop. 13,668. 
 
 YUBA, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois. 
 
 YUBA CITY, a post-town of Sutter co., California, is situ- 
 
 2157 
 
YUC 
 
 fcted 01 the W. bank of Feather Eiver, nearly opposite to 
 Marysv> le, and about 150 miles N.N.E. of San i'rancisco. 
 Its proximity to several mining localities renders it a depot 
 for supplies. Pop. 778. 
 
 YXJCAT.IN, yoo-ki-tin', sometimes called MERIDA, mJr/- 
 e-dl. or CAMPEA'CHT. a state of the Mexican Confederation, 
 consisting of a peninsula, washed E. by the Caribbean Sea ; 
 N.K. by the Channel of Yucatan, about 65 miles wide, sepa- 
 rating it from the W. extremity of Cuba; and N. and \V. by 
 the Gtilf of .Mexico ; and bounded on the S. by British Hon- 
 duras and Guatemala, and S.W. by Tabasco, between lat. 18° 
 and 21° 40' N., and Ion. Si"^ 25' and 90° 30' W. Length, from 
 N. to S., about 250 mile? ; mean breadth 200 miles. Estimated 
 eirea 52,947 square miles. The coast is very little broken, 
 except on the S.W., where it is indented by the extensive 
 Lagoon of Terminos; and on the S.E., where the three bays 
 of Puerto de-Caleuturas, Bahia-del-Espiritu-Santo, and Bahia- 
 de-la-Ascension occur. It has in general a very bleak and 
 arid appearance, being not only destitute of any important 
 river, but presenting long tracts where not a spring of fresh 
 water can be found. Campeachy, the only harbor of im- 
 portance, is both shallow and insecure. The interior, in its 
 central parts, is occupied by a lofty ridge, which has the 
 character oTa desert, and often, when the rain fails, leaving 
 the natives who inhabit it almost destitute of the means of 
 subsistence, produces fearful mortality. Nearer the coast, 
 and at some elevation aliove its sands, the appearance of 
 the country greatly improves, being interspersed with 
 lofty forests, and containing many hilly and gently undu- 
 lating tracts, on which maize, cotton, rice, to^cco, pepper, 
 and sugar-cane are produced, and cattle rai.ied in such num- 
 bers as to furnish a considerable export of hides and salted 
 meat to Havana. After these the chief exports are s.*ilt-fi.«h, 
 dyewood, straw hats, wax and honey, cocoa-nuts and other 
 fruits, and a kind of hemp called jenequen, obtained from 
 the fibres of the agave, and much used in making cordage, 
 Backing, and hammocks. 
 
 About five-sixths of the inhabitants are of pure Indian 
 race, who speak the Maya language, and appear to be 
 genuine descendants of the Tulteks. Their present civili- 
 sation is very imperfect, and ha-i greatly degenerated from 
 what it must have been when the numerous towns and vil- 
 lages, now scattered in ruins over diflerent parts of the 
 country, were built and occupied. These ruins have excited 
 much antiquarian research. Many of them display great 
 architectural skill, and exhibit in their ornaments a tolera- 
 bly advanced state of art. The chief towns are Merida, 
 the capital, Campeachy, and Bacalar. After ceasing to be a 
 Spanish colony in 1821, Yucatan remained independent till 
 1824, when she joined the Mexican Confederation, to which 
 she continued to adhere more or less closely till IS40, when 
 she proclaimed herself to be an independent republic. She 
 successfully resisted the attempts of Mexico to coerce her; 
 but, in 1843, again joined the Confederation, having secured 
 peace on her own terms. In 1846 she declared herself inde- 
 pendent a second time, but five or six years afterwards she 
 resumed her place iu the Mexican Confederation. Pop. in 
 1854. 668.623. 
 
 YUCATAN, BAY OF, a name sometimes given to the sea 
 Imme<liately N. of the Bay of Honduras. 
 
 YUCATAN, CHANNEL OF, between Yucatan and Cuba, 
 is 120 miles across. 
 
 YUE FOONG SHAN or Y0E FOUNG CHAN, a mountain 
 of China, province of Hoo-nan, lat. 26° 56' N^ Ion. 109° 32' 
 E. It is covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 YUEN-CHAN. See Yde.n-su.\n. 
 
 YUEN-CHOO. See YcExV-tchoo. 
 
 Y'UEN-KIANO, yoo-en/ ke-ing'. a river of China, province 
 if Hoo-nan, enters the Lake Tong-ting on its W. side, after 
 a N.E. course estimated at 400 miles. 
 
 YCEVSHAN or YUEN-CHAN, yoo-^n/ shin, a town of 
 Chnua, jfrovince of Kiang-see, in a valley 230 miles S.W, of 
 Ningpo. It is advantageously situated on the hio^hway 
 from the black tea countrv of Fokien. 
 
 a.r^'x^l.?\^'^*^"*P- YUEN-TCHOU, yoo-ln^-choo', or YOU-AN- 
 aCHEOn, yoo in/ che-oo'. a town of China, province of Hoo- 
 nan capital of a department, on the above river, lat. 27° 
 
 YUEN-fcHOO or YOU-AN-TCHEOU, a town of China, 
 province of Kiang-see, capital of a department, lat. 27° 45' 
 «., Ion. 114° 10* K. 
 
 YUGYAKERTA. Java. See Djokjokarta. 
 
 -iU-HO, EU-HO, yoo^ho', or YUN-LIANG. yhn le-fcie/, a 
 large river of China, which ri?es in the south-eastern part 
 of the province of Shansee, from which it flows N.E., and 
 fells into the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee. In lat. 38° 59' N., Ion. 117° 
 £i h.. Its whole course is about 140 miles. 
 
 YU-HO. the Grand Canal of China. See Chiva. 
 
 ILK-SHAN or YUK-CHAN. yuk shin, a town of China, 
 province of Kiang-see. near the source of the Kin-kiane 
 Here crossed by a handsome stone bridge ; lat. 28° iV N 
 *'°' 1"*°..'*'*' ?■.,_ ^^ ^^ "" important transit trade, the 
 nierchandise of the Bohea Mountains, and of the countries 
 E of I oyang Lake, being landed here to be carried across to 
 CLang-«han by coolie* 
 2158 
 
 YLZ 
 
 YULOONG SHAN or YULOU>fQ CHAN. See Siec Shati 
 Y'UMA, yoo'mi, or YUNA. a river of Hayti, rises in the 
 mountains of Cibao; flows N.N.E., then E.S.E., and fallsinlo 
 the Atlantic by a broad estuary. Length about 70 miles. 
 YUMA, one of the Bahama Islands. See Ix)xo Island. 
 YUNGEE-KISH-LAK. a town of North Thibet, of uuce^ 
 tain po.sition, but stated to comprise 1000 houses. 
 
 YUNG-NING, yung^uing', a city of China, province and 
 230 miles N.N.W. of Yun-nan. 
 
 YUNG-PE, yting^pA', a city of China, capital of a depart- 
 ment, 160 miles N.W. of Yua-nan. 
 
 YUNG-PING, yung^ping', a city of China, province of Pe- 
 chee-lee, capital of a department, on the Lau-ho, 130 mileti 
 E. of Peking. 
 
 YUNG-TCHANG or YONG-TCHANG, ytingVhIng'. a city 
 of China, province and 210 miles Vi. of Yuu-uau, capital of 
 a department, 130 milos N.E. of Bhamo iu the Burmese ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 YUNG-TCIIOO or YUNG-TCHOU, yilngVhoo/, a city of 
 China, province of Hoo-nan, capital of a department, in lat 
 26° 10' N., Ion. 111° 30' E. 
 
 YUN-HING, yun'hing', a city of China, province of Ho- 
 nan, capital of a department, lat. 33° X., Ion. 114° E. 
 Y'UN-LIANG, a river of China. See Y^u-ho. 
 YUN-NAN, y&n'n^in', the most S.W. province of China, 
 mostly between lat. 22° and 28° N., and Ion. 98° and 106° E., 
 having on the N. and E. the provinces of Se-chuen, Koei- 
 cboo, and Quang-si, and on other sides Thibet, and the Bur- 
 mese, Laos, and Anamese dominions. Area 107,969 square 
 miles. Pop. 5,661,320.(?) The surface is broken with nu- 
 merous mountains, (several of which rise above the line 
 of perpetual snow.) causing those abundant rains to which 
 the name Yunnan (•' the Cloudy Region of the South'") 
 appears to refer. This province contains the sources of 
 many important rivers, as the Salwin, Menam, the Hong- 
 Kiang, andthe Sang-koi; and furnishes important contribu- 
 tions to the Yang-tse-kiang and the Me-kong, by both of 
 which it is traversed. It is one of the richest provinces of 
 China in mineral products, yielding gold, copper, tin, rubies, 
 sapphires and other gems, besides a variety of gums", var- 
 nishes, ivory, musk, flax, and horses. It is divided into 20 
 departments. 
 
 There is in the province of Yunnan a remarkable iron 
 chain suspension bridge, thrown acro.ss a frightful moun- 
 tain gorge, at a height (if we may credit the Chinese geo- 
 graphers) of not less than 3000 or 4000 feet. It was con 
 structed about the middle of the 1st century of the ChristiaL 
 Era. and is probably the oldest structure of the kind in the 
 world. Several other bridges of the same class are found 
 iu ditferent parts of China. They appear to have been ori- 
 ginally constructed, like the Simplon Koad of our own time, 
 iu order to furnish a short route for the passage of the im- 
 perial armies. (Pauthier's Chijie itoderne, pages 125-6.) 
 
 YUN-NAN, a city of China, capital of the above pro- 
 vince, situated on the N. side of a lake, lat. 25° 10' N., and 
 Ion. 102° 40' E. It is intersected by canals, and is reported 
 to have a flourishing trade in metals, with manufactures 
 of silk fabrics, and of the finest carpets woven in China. 
 
 YUNQUEKA, yoong-kA'rd, a town of Spain, province and 
 33 miles W.N.M'. of Malaga. Pop. 2726. It has manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloths, and brandy distilleries. 
 
 YUN-Y'ANO, yun'ylug', a city of China, province of Hoo- 
 pe. capital of a department on a tributary of the Hoang-ho. 
 Lat. 32° 50' N., Ion. 110° V)' E. 
 YUPURA. SeeJAPURA. 
 YURBUHG. See Yoorbooro. 
 
 YURUNG-KASU, yoo^rung' kish, a town of Chinese Toor- 
 kistan, E. of Khoten, and stated to comprise 1000 houses. 
 
 YURUNG-KASH or KHOTEN (Ko'tte') RIVER, Chinese 
 Toorkistan, after a northward course joins the Y'arkand and 
 Aksu Rivers, to form the Tarim, near lat. 40° N., Ion. 80° 30* 
 E. Khoten is the principal town on its banks, and the river 
 on arriving here is said to separate into three arms, each 
 named after the color of the jasper (j/u) found in its bed. 
 Total length estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 YUSTE, yoos/ti, a convent of Spain, province of Caceres, 
 near Placencia, and celebrated as the place of retirement 
 chosen by the Emperor Charles V., who died here 21st Sep- 
 tember, 1558. 
 
 YUTHIA, yoo/fhee'^, the old capital of Siam, Further 
 India, on the Menam. 40 miles N. of Bang-kok. It is large, 
 wholly enclosed by the river, intersected by canals, and has 
 a vast royal palace with several temples, hxit it was mostly 
 ruined by the Burmese in 1767, when it ceased to be of im- 
 portance. 
 
 YUTT:A, (the Jufftah of Scripture,) a town of Palestine, 4 
 miles S. of Hebron. " It has the appearance of a large 3Io- 
 hammedan town, on a low eminence, with trees around if 
 Reland supposes it to be the Juda alluded to in Luke i. 39, 
 as the birth-place of John the Baptist. 
 
 YU-YEOO. YU-YEOU or YOU-YEOU, yoo^ye-oo', a walled 
 town of China, province of Che-kiang, N.W. of Ningpo, on 
 the river of that name. It encloses « large hill, crowned 
 with manv Boodhi.at temples. 
 YUZGAT or YUZKAT. See YOOZOAI. 
 
YVB 
 
 ZAF 
 
 TVERDUN, eeVjRMQ\o',orTVERDON. (Ger. Tferten. ee'- 
 fer-ten; anc. EbroduJnum,) a town of Switzerland, canton 
 of V'aud, 18 miles N. of Lausanne, near the nioutb of the 
 Orbe, (here called the Thiele,) in the Lake of Neufchat*-!. 
 Pop. in 1850, 3619. It has an old castle, built by Conrad, 
 Duke of Zahringen, in 113o, in which I'estaloiszi established 
 his celebrated educational institute in 18U5. 
 
 YVES-GUMliZfiE, eev go'meh-zA', a village of Belgium, 
 province and 24 miles S.\V'. of Namur, on the Yves. Pop. 
 1586. 
 
 YVETOT, eevHo', (anc. Ivonist) a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inferieure, capital of an arrondissement, 20 
 miles N.W. of Kouen. on the railway to Havre. Pop. in 
 1852, 9922. It has a tribunal of commerce, and manufac- 
 tures of linen, cotton, and mixed goods, printed cottons, 
 velvets, hosiery, and hats. 
 
 YVIAS, ee've-d/, a village of France, department of Cotes- 
 du-Xord, 22 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2400. 
 
 YVKtNAC, ee^een^ydk', a village of France, department 
 of Cotes-du-Nord, 11 miles S.W. of Dinan. Pop. 1784. 
 
 YVOIR, eevVdR', a village of Belgium, province and 9 
 miles S. of Namur, on the right bank of the Meuse. Pop. 
 700. 
 
 TVOIRE, eeVwjR', a village of Savoy, on the S. bank of 
 the Lake of Geneva, 7 miles W. of Thonon. 
 
 Y'VONAND, eeVo'n6N«'. a villa)?e of Switzerland, canton 
 of Vaud, 6 miles N.E. of Yverduii. 
 
 YVURNE, ee'vofcn', a village of Switzerland, canton of 
 Vaud, 1 mile N. of Aigle, with vineyards which yield a wine 
 in high repute. 
 
 YVItE-LE-POLIN, eeVrA leh po'l^N»', a village of France, 
 department of Sarthe, 13 miles K.N.E. of La Fleche. P. 1002 
 
 YVRfi-L'fiVEQUE, ee\rA/ UVaik/. a village of France, 
 department of Sarthe, 3 miles E. of Le Mans, on the right 
 bank of the lluisne. Pop. in 1852, 2265. 
 
 YZABAL, a village of Central America. See Izabal. 
 
 Y'ZALCO, a town and volcano of Central America. See 
 
 IZALCO. 
 
 YZENDYKE, YZENDYK or IJZENPIJK, T/zfn-dTk\ 
 a town of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the 
 island of Cadsand, 10 miles E.N.E. of Sluis. Pop. 2341. 
 
 YZEKNAY, ee'zJR^n^, a village" of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Loire, arrondissenient of Iteaupreau. Pop. 1601. 
 
 YZEURES, ee^zuR', a village of France, department of 
 Indre-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Creuse, 24 mileti 
 S.S.W. of Loches. Pop. m 1852, 2088, 
 
 z 
 
 ZAAB, zJb, a district of Algeria, S. of the Great Atlas 
 Mountains, and watered by the Adjedi and Abiad 
 Kivers, which flow into Lake Melgig. 
 
 ZAAB, two rivers of Koordistan. See Zab. 
 
 ZAAMSLAG, 'iii\i\s/\iQ, a village of the -Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of Zealand. 18 miles S.E. of Middelburg. Pop. 1780. 
 
 ZAANDAM. zdn-ddm', (written also ZAARDAM, ZAR- 
 D.A.M and SAAR&.\M.) a town of the Netherlands, province 
 of .North Holland, on the Zaan, an affluent of the Y, which 
 divides it into East and West Zaandani, 5i miles N.W. of 
 Amsterdam. Pop. 12.281, chiefly engaged in ship-building 
 and seafaring occupations. In its vicinity are numerous 
 wiud-mills. The house in which Peter the Great resided, 
 while he wrought as an artisan in the dockyard, is still 
 preserved. 
 
 ZAANDYK, a village on the Zaan, 8 miles N.W. of Am- 
 sterdam. Pop. 2144. 
 
 ZAANEN or ZANEN, (zi'nen,) COST or EAST, a village 
 of the Netherlands, province of North Holland, 5 miles N. 
 of Amsterdam. 
 
 ZAANKN, WEST, a village of the Netherlands, province 
 of North Holland, 7 miles N.E. of Haarlem, near the Y. 
 
 ZAARDAM, a town of the Netherlands. See Zaan'dam. 
 
 ZAB or ZAAB, zdb. commonly called the GREATER ZAB, 
 (anc. Zabkitus and Lyhus, Zaiba, or ZaJbis,) a river of Turkish 
 Koordistan, a tributary to the Tigris, rises W. of Lake Ooroo- 
 meeyah, near lat. 38° N., Ion. 44'^ 30' E., flows very tortu- 
 ously 8.S.W. through a mountainous region, and after hav- 
 ing entered the plain of the pashalic of Bagdad, joins the 
 Tigris about 25 miles S. of Mosul. The total course may be 
 estimated at 200 miles. It passes through many precipitous 
 ravines; it is rapid, deeper than the Tigris, and when lowest 
 is nearly as broad. Joolamerk is the principal town on its 
 
 ZAli, the LESSER ZAB. or ASFAL, isYdl', (anc. Oiprtisf) 
 a river of Turkish Koordistan, tributary to the Tigris, has 
 its course S.E. of the Great Zab. and joins the Tigris 78 miles 
 S.E. of Mosul. The country between the.«e rivers is undu- 
 lating; and near its centre is the town of Arbil, ancient 
 
 ZABAKANO, za-bi-ka/no, a town of West Africa, lat. 11° 
 20' N., Ion. 2° 5' E., 250 miles N. by E. of Abomey, beauti- 
 fully situated on a commanding height. It is clean and open. 
 Pop. about 9000. 
 
 ZABATUS. See Z.ab. 
 
 Z.\BBANAGO, zdh^bi-nS/go, a town of Burmah, on the 
 W. bank of the Irrawaddy, 55 miles N. of Amarapoora. Near 
 it are some ruby-mines. 
 
 ZA'BID, a town and river of Arabia. See Zebeed. 
 
 ZABIS. See Zab. 
 
 ZABLATOV or ZABLATOW, za'bia-tov\(?) a market-town 
 of -Au.strian Galicia. 13 miles E.S.E. of Kolomea. Pop. 1500. 
 
 Z.\BLIAK or ZSABLIAK, a town of European Turkey. 
 See Tchauliak. 
 
 ZABLOODOV, ZABLOUDOV or SABLUDOW. zd-blooKlov/, 
 a market-town of Russian Poland, province and 10 miles 
 S.E. of Bialystok. Pop. 1700. 
 
 ZABOROWO, zd-l>o-ro'«o, a town of Prussian Poland, 44 
 miles S.S.W. of Po.sen. Pop. 830. 
 
 ZABRISKI. a post-office of De Witt co., Illinois. 
 
 ZACAPA, sl-ka/pi, a town of Central America, state and 
 70 miles N.E. of Guatemala, near the river Motagua. Es- 
 timated pop. 5000. It is regularly built. The principal 
 edifices are a handsome church and a court-house. 
 
 Z.4CATA, hi-kd'td, a village of South Peru, department 
 of Cuzco, province and 30 miles S.W. of Cbucuito. 
 
 ZACATAPEQUES, a town. Central America. See Sacatepec 
 
 ZACATECAS. zdk-a-tAnias or sd-kd-tA'kds, a state of the 
 Mexican Confederation, mostly between lat. 21° 30' and 24° 
 50' N., and Ion. 100* 10' and 103° 40' W., surrounded by the 
 states of Jalisco, Surango, Coh.ihuila, Nuevo Leon, and 
 San Luis Potosi. Area 30,507 square miles. Pop. in 1854, 
 305.551, who live mostly by mining and agriculture. It 
 belongs to the central table-land of the confederacy, and is 
 for the most part inhospitably arid, thougli it has a valua- 
 ble agricultural tract in the district of Aguas^^alientes. and 
 extensive pastures, on which vast herds of cattle are raised. 
 It is one of the richest mining provinces in America, hav- 
 ing 3 extensive veins of silver, upon all which nearly 3000 
 shafts have been opened, and it has been estimated that its 
 mines have produced silver to the value of 200 miilionti 
 sterling. Chief cities and towns, Zacatecas, Sombrerete, 
 and Fresnillo. N. and E. of Zacatecas, the country is divided 
 into large breeding estates, and is very thinly peopled. 
 
 Z.4CATECAS, the principal mining city and capital of the 
 state of Zacatecas. Mexico, is in a narrow valley, 160 miles 
 N.N.W. of Guanajuato. Pop. in 1854. 25.005. It is built over 
 a vein of silver, has externally a noble appearance, and it 
 contains some good residences, with various religious edi- 
 fices, a gunpowder-mill, and a mint, at which, in 1840, 
 4,066,310 dollars were coined. 
 
 ZACATLAN, sd-kdt-ldn/, or XICOTLAN, He-ko-tldn/, a 
 village of the Mexican Confederation, state and 40 miles 
 N.N.E. of La Puebla. 
 
 ZACATUL.\, sd-ka-too/Id, a market-town, confederation 
 and state of Mexico, on the Bolsas (or Zacatula) River, near 
 its mouth, in the Pacific, 180 miles W.N.AV. of Acapulco. 
 
 ZACHAN, tsd'Kdn, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 11 
 miles E.S.E. of Stargard. Pop. 1060. 
 
 ZACH'ARY, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama. 
 
 Z.ACK'VILLE, a post-office of Wirt co.. Virginia. 
 
 ZACUWLPAN, sd-kwdl-pdn', a village of the .Mexican Con- 
 federation, state and 65 miles S.S.W. of Mexico, with some 
 silver-mines. 
 
 ZACUALTIPAN, sd-kwai-te-pin', a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state and 100 miles N.E. of Mexico, on the 
 route to Tampico. 
 
 ZACYNTHUS. See Zante. 
 
 ZADONSK, zS-donsk', a town of Russia, govemAent and 
 53 miles N.N.W. of Voronezh, on the left bank of the Don. 
 Pop. 2000. It is mostly built of wood. 
 
 ZAFAR, a town of Arabia. See Dhofar. 
 
 ZAFARAN-BOLI, zd-fd-rdn' bo'lee, a town of Asia Minor, 
 Anatolia, at the junction of two small affluents of the Chati- 
 soo, (anc, I'arthehiius,) about 60 miles E.N.E. of Boli, and 90 
 miles N. of Angora. Pop. IS.OOO.CO mostly Mohammedans. 
 It has a tolerable market, 4 handsome mosques, 2 large 
 khans, several public baths, a large trade in saffron, (whence 
 its name.) and some Byzantine antiquities, from which it is 
 supposed to have been the T?ieo(lor(/p'olis adorned by the 
 Empress Theodora, the wife of .Justinian. 
 
 ZAFFARANA. (dzdf-fa-rdn/,) CAPE, a headland on the N. 
 coast of Sicily. 11 miles E. of Palermo, on the E. t^ide of its 
 bay, E. point in lat. 38° 6' 5" N., ion. 13'= .34' E. 
 
 ZAFFARANO, dzdf-fd-rd'no. a market-town of Sicily, in- 
 tendancy and 12 miles N. of Catania, on the E. declivity o? 
 Mount Etna. 
 
 ZAFFABIN, ZAFARINE, zd-fd-reen/. or ZAPHRAN (zd- 
 frdn') ISLANDS, a group in tlie Mediterranean, belonging 
 to Spain, off the coast of Morocco, near the frontier of Al- 
 geria,.and opposite the mouth of the river Mahala. W. e* 
 tremity lat. 35° 11' N., Ion. 2° 27' 7" W. 
 
 2159 
 
ZAF 
 
 ZAFPERABAD. zjrfer 3-b3d'. a consldetnWe town of Bri- 
 tinh ludia, presidt;iicy of Bengal, l/pp«r Provinces, district 
 Bud 14 miles N. of Jiiaiipoor. 
 
 ZAFFKAN, zdf-fidn', or ZAFFERAN, zSffer-dn'. a mari- 
 time town of Nortii Africa, dominions ahd 2-iO miles E.S.K. 
 of Tripoli, on the shore of the Gulf of Sidra. Lat. 31° 12' 
 10" X.. Ion. IT*^ E. 
 
 ZAFKA. tb&KrL (anc. Sefiedaf and BestitfUa ?) a town of 
 Spain, province and 37 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4894. 
 Its manufactures, once important, are now confineti to hats, 
 earthenware, and leather. It has some remains of its an- 
 cient walls and an Arab citadel, in good preservation, in 
 the centre of which is the Alcazar, erected in 14:37. and 
 Ions; inhabited by the Dukes of Feria. This town is full of 
 buildings, begun in better times, and on a grand scale, but 
 they have either remained unfini.shed, or were gutted and 
 destroyed by the French under Drouet, in 1811. 
 
 ZAGAKISE. dzd-gJ-ree'sA, a town of Naples, province of 
 Calabria Ultra, district and N.N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1100. 
 ZAGAROLO, dz.i-gi-ro'lo, a small town of Italy, Pontifical 
 States, comarca and 19 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 490. It 
 la supposed to occupy the site of an ancient Imperial villa; 
 und it has a palace of Prince Rospigliosi. 
 Z.AGERN, a village of Austria. See Zagra. 
 ZAGORA, zd-go/ri, a market-town of Albania, on the 
 boundary of Epirus, 15 miles S.E. of Piramiti. 
 
 ZAGORA, a village of European Turkey, Thessaly, near 
 the coast, 9 mile.^ n"E. of Vo1o.^<^ape Zagora is a headland, 
 2 miles N.E. of this village; and Mount Zagora is the modern 
 name of Mount Pelion, (Immediately W.,) also of the ancient 
 Mount Helicon. See Heucon. 
 
 ZAGRA, z5g'roh\ or ZAOERN, tsi'ghem, a village of 
 Austria, Transylvania, co. of Doboka, about 24 miles from 
 Bistritz. Pop. 1000. 
 ZAGRAB, a city of Austria. See Aoram. 
 ZAGROS, MONS. See Taurus. 
 
 Z.AGROS, (ii'gro.s\) MOUNT, a mountain range of Asia, 
 forming a part of the boundary between Per-sia and the 
 Turkish pashalic of Bagdad, Ion. 46° E., and between 1st. 
 33° and 35° N. 
 
 ZAGYVA, zoh'ghee'vi5h\ a river of Central Hungary, flows 
 S. past Paszta, Hatvan, and Jasz-Bereny, and joins the Theiss 
 at Szolnok, after a course of 90 miles. 
 ZAIIARA (Great Desert). See Sahara. 
 ZAHARA, thd-d/rd, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province 
 of Cadiz, on a lofty hill, crowned by an old castle. P. 1151. 
 Z.\HN A, tsA'nJ. a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Berlin 
 and Leipsic Railway. 7 miles E.N.E. of Wittenberg. Pop. 
 2140. It has manufactures of linen fabrics. 
 
 ZAHOO or ZAHU, za-hoo/, a town of Asiatic Turkey. &4 
 miles N.N.W. of Mosul, on the Khaboor, an affluent of the 
 Tigris. 
 
 2 AHRINGEN, (Zahringen.) ts4'ring-f n, a village of Baden, 
 2 miles N. of Freiburg, with the ruined castle of its former 
 dukeK. Pop. 797. 
 ZAHU, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Zahoo. 
 Z.AI or S.AI. zl, a river of Russia, rises in the N.W. of the 
 government of Orenboorg, flows N.N.W. and joins the Kama 
 on the left, near the junction of the governments of Oren- 
 boorg, Viatka, and Kazan, after a course of 120 miles. 
 
 ZAIKANY, zi'kdfi', a village of Transylvania, co. of Ilun- 
 yad, 28 miles S.S.W. of Deva. Here Trajan gained his thinl 
 victory over Decebalus a part of whose treasure is believed 
 to have been discovered here in 1543. 
 
 Z.AINAH. zi'nd\ a town of Algeria, province and 70 miles 
 S.S.W. of Oonstantine, supposed to occupy the site of the 
 ancient Ziima. 
 ZAINSK, a town of Russia. See Sainsk. 
 ZAIRE or ZAHIU, a river of South Africa. See Congo. 
 ZAISAN or ZAIZAN, zl-zan/, written also DZAISANG, 
 dzi-zdng', (Chinese Kong-ko-tn.) a lake of Chinese Toor- 
 kistan, Soongaria, lat 47° 30' N.. and between Ion. 8-3= 
 15' and 84° 40' E., near the frontier of the Russian govern- 
 ment of Tomsk. Length from E. to W. 80 miles, breadth 
 20 miles. It receives numerous rivers; the principal of 
 which, the Irtish, enters it at its E. extremity, and emerges 
 from it on its N. side. 
 
 ZAISENH.AUSEN, tsI'zgn-hOw'zpn. a market-town of 
 Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Bretten. P. 1008. 
 ZAIZAN, a lake of Chinese Toorkistan. See Zaisan. 
 ZAKALIA. See Zara. 
 
 ZAKLIKOVor ZAKLIKOW. za-klee/kov, a town of Poland, 
 government and 39 miles S.W. of Lublin, on the Sanna 
 
 Pop. leoo. 
 
 ZAKLUCZYNj zi-kloo/chin, a village of Austrian Galicia. 
 10 miles S.E. of Bochnia. On the opposite side of the river, 
 on a rocky height, are the extensive ruins of the Castle of 
 Melstyn. 
 
 • ZAKOPANA, zi-ko-pi/nJ, a village of Austrian Galicia, 
 In the Valley of the Bialka, about 7 miles S.E. of Neumark. 
 on the frontiers of Hungary. It has iron-mines, which are 
 extensively worked. 
 
 ZAKOTNAIA or ZAKOTNAJA. zJ-kot-nT/l a market- 
 town of Ruasia. government of Voronezh, 15 miles N.N E 
 of Starobielsk. Pop. 1500. 
 8160 
 
 ZAN 
 
 ZALAMEA, thi-ia-mA/1. (^anc. nijxif) a town of Spain, 
 province, and 74 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. .S9S0. >eai 
 it is a parish church, with a t^wer which is the most re- 
 markable object in the place, having belonged oricrinally to 
 a monument erected in A.l>. 10.3. in honor of the Emperor 
 Trajan. An ancient mine of argentiferous lead is in opera- 
 tion; iron ore is also found in abundance, and he.ips of 
 scoriae, ne.sr old mines, are frequently met with. Zaliimea 
 was taken from the Moors by Pedro YaHez, sixth grand- 
 master of Alcantara. 
 
 ZALAMEA LA REAL, thaia-m.A'J U rA-SI', a town of 
 Spain, province and 35 miles N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 4180, who 
 manufacture wiollens, leather, and coniage. Near it are 
 the famous copper-mines of Rio Tinto. 
 
 ZALATHXA, zOh'lOt/nOh. or ZLAKNA, (Ger. KlrinschUU 
 ten. klln-shlit'ten,) a market^town of Transylvania, on an 
 affluent of the Maros, 18 miles W. of Karlsburg. it has a 
 mining tribunal, and rich mines of gold, silver, lead, and 
 mercury. 
 
 ZALDITI.A, thdl-dee've-i, a town of Spain, Biscay, pro- 
 vince of Guipuzcoa, on the side of Mount Aralar, abont 13 
 miles from Tolof*. Pop. 1102, 
 
 ZALESCZYKY or ZALESZCZYKY. za-lJsh-ch1k'ee, a town 
 of Austrian Galicia, 26 miles S. of Czortkow, on the Dniester. 
 Pop. 5000. 
 
 ZAL^INAF', a group of islets, Strait of Macassar, W. of 
 Celebes. Lat. 5° 30' S., Ion. 118° 30' E. 
 
 ZALOSZE, zd-losh'A, or ZALOSCE, a market-town of Aus- 
 trian Galicia. on the Sered. 23 miles S.S.E. of Brody. It has 
 an ancient castle, a convent, and manufactures of flue wool- 
 len cloths. 
 
 ZALT-BOMMEL. a town of the Netherlands. See Bommel. 
 
 Z.\MHALES, sim-bi'les, a province of the Philippines, 
 on the W. of the island of Luzon, forming along and narrow 
 belt stretching about 90 miles, between the Bay of I/ingayen 
 on the N. and that of Subie or Suba on the S. Capital, iba. 
 Pop. 37.035. 
 
 ZAMBERG. a town of Germany. See Senftesbero. 
 
 ZAMBEZE or ZAMBEZI, ikm-hkltw. calle<l also CUAMA, 
 kwi/mi, a river of East Africa, enters the Indian Ocean by 
 numerous mouths, between Luabo and Quilimane. l:\t. from 
 18° to 19° S., Ion. from 36° to 37° E.. after an E. course of 
 uncertain length. Only its principal branch, the Quilimane, 
 has been a.scertained to be fit for navigation. 
 
 ZAMORA. thd-mo/rl, (anc. OcellfKliirum f) a city of Spain, 
 capital of the province of Zamora, on the Douro, 31 miles 
 N.N.W. of Salamama. Pop. 8877. It is enclosed by decayed 
 walls, and has a cathedral, hospitals. barra<-ks, a co«rt-hou.<'e, 
 public granary, bishop's palace, the remains of an ancient 
 castle in the suburbs, and manufactures of serges, hats, 
 leather, liqueurs, and gunpowder. The town is entered by 7 
 gates. In early history, Zamora was an important frontier 
 town against Moorish inva.tions. It was recovered from the 
 infidel in 748 by Alonzo El Catolico. In July. 939. it was 
 besieged bj' Abdu-r-Rahman, when a desperate battle was 
 fought for its relief by Ramiro II., and the Moslems were 
 detieated. Zamora was then enclosed by 7 lines of wall.s, and 
 the spaces between were defended by moats; 40,000 Moors 
 are said to have been killefi in these trenches. But In 985 It 
 was taken and destroyed by the great Al-Mansoor. It was 
 rebuilt by Ferdinand I. 
 
 ZAMORA, a province of Spain, Leon, bounded W. by 
 Portugal. Area 3467 square miles. Pop. 180,000. 
 
 Z.VMORA, si-mo'rS, a t«wn of South America. Ecuador, 
 department of .\suay. province and 25 miles E. of Loja, on the 
 Zamora River, an affluent of the Amazon. 
 
 Z.AMOR.A, sd-uio/rd. a market-town of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state of Michoacan, 75 miles W.N.W. of Valla- 
 dolid. 
 
 ZAMORA, sd-mo'rd, or CALCA, kaiOcS, a town of South 
 Peru, department and 20 miles N. of Cuzco. 
 
 ZAMORA, zil-mo'rd. or COMORA, a market-town of Portu- 
 gal, Estreuiadura, 20 miles N.E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Z.AMORA. zd-mo'rd or zd'mo'rd', (anc. Hnr^rea Oetia,) a 
 small town of Algeria, 105 miles S.E. of Algiers. 
 
 ZAMOSZ. zi'mosh, or ZAMOSC, id'mosts. a strongly for- 
 tified town of Poland, government and 45 miles S.E. of 
 Lublin, on the Wieprz. Pop., excluding garrison. 5*Xi0. It 
 has an ext<'nsive arsenal, which has been fortified since 1807, 
 as a bulwark on the line of the Vistula. 
 
 ZAMOSZ. STARI, std'ree zd'mosh, a town of Poland, 13 
 miles N.N.W. of Zamosz, with alyceum and 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Z.\MOT.\, zd-nio'td, a market-town of Russia, government 
 of Minsk, 47 miles W. of Disna. Pop. 1550. 
 
 ZANA. a lake of Abyssinia. See Dembea. 
 
 ZANC.ARA, thdn-kd'rd, a river of Spain, joins the Quadi- 
 ana. Total course, exclusive of windings, 114 miles. 
 
 Z.ANCLE. See Messina. 
 
 ZANDOBBIO, dzdn-dob'be-o, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province and 1 1 miles E. of Bergamo. Pop. 929. 
 
 Z.\NDVLIET, zdnd'vleet/, a fortified town of Belgium, 
 province and 10 miles N.N.W. of Antwerp, near the right 
 bank of the Scheldt. Pop. 1200 
 
 ZANEN. See Zaanen. 
 
 ZANESFIELD, zains/feeld, a, post-village of Logan county. 
 
ZAN 
 
 ZAN 
 
 Ohio, on !Mad River, and on the Ohio and Pentisylrania 
 Railroad, 50 miles jN.W. of C6lumbus. It has good water- 
 power. Pop. 328. 
 
 ZANESVILLE, zainz'vil, a handsome and flonri^hin!; 
 city of Ohio, and sejit of justice of Muskingum county, is 
 situated on the National Road, and on the Muskingum 
 River, 80 miles from its mouth, and opposite the mouth of 
 the Licking River. It is .54 miles K. of Columbus, ami 160 
 miles K.X.K. of ancinnati. Lat. 39=" 57' N., Ion. 81° 57' W. 
 It is situated on the left hank of the river, which is a fine 
 navigable stream, flowing through a beautiful, populous, and 
 highly productive valley. The plan of the town is regular, 
 the street.-^ are wide, adorned with many fine buildings, and 
 lighted with gas. The position is naturally advantageous 
 for trade, and in respect to improved means of communicur 
 tion, Zanesville is not behind the progress of the age. 
 Steamboats can ascend from the Ohio to this point, and 
 several of them make regular pas.sages between Zanesville 
 and Cincinnati. The Central Ohio Railroad connects it 
 with Columbus on one hand, and Wheeling and Pittsburg 
 on the other; the Zanesville Wilmington and Cincinnati 
 Riiilroad, about 130 miles long, terminates here, and con- 
 nects with the Cleveland Zanesville and Cincinnati Rail- 
 road, whicli is about 100 miles long, and is in course of 
 construction. The second line, as well as the first, has 
 been completed. Since the commencement of tlK-se works, 
 the value of real estate has been much increased, and the 
 city exhibits an aspect of new prosperity. The attention 
 of capitalists is attracted to the advantages for manufac- 
 turing which are presented here in the abundant water- 
 power of the river, and the rich coal-mines of the inljncent 
 hills. The water of the river is distributed through the 
 town from a reservoir, which contains about 2,000,000 gal- 
 lons. The Central Ohio Railroad Company have erected an 
 iron bridge over the Muskingum. It is 538 feet in length, 
 and contains 67 tons of wrought, and 130 tons of cast iron. 
 The city is connected by bridges with three suburbs on the 
 W. bank of the river, namely, Putnam, South Zanesville. 
 and West Zanesville. The former has a flourishing female 
 seminary, an academy, and (1860) 1793 inhabitants. Three 
 newspapers are published here. Zanesville contains aliout 
 14 churches, and a number of well organized public schools. 
 It has also a free school, supported by a fund of from 
 $:300,000 to $500,000— John Mclntire, one of the first settlers 
 of the place, having bequeathed nearly all his estate for 
 the education of the poorer children of Zanesville forever. 
 A suitable building has been erected, and the school is 
 numerously attended. The town contained, in 1864, 4 
 banks, capital $400,000. 1 cotton factory, 2 woollen factories, 
 1 nail factory, 2 glass works, 5 iron fouiidries, 2 i)aper-niills, 
 5 flouring-mills, 2 oil-mills, and 3 large manufactories of 
 Bteam-eiigines. Zanesville was laid out in 1799. The seat 
 of the state government was removed from Chilicothe to 
 this place in 1810. and transferred to Columbus about two 
 years later. Pop. in 1850, 10.355 ; in 1860, 9229. 
 
 Z.^NESVILTjK. a post-village of Montgomery co, nUoois, 
 85 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 ZANG. a town of Thibet. See Jikadze. 
 
 ZANGEIA, z3ng-gi'yi, a town of Central Africa, Honssa, 
 60 miles S.E. of Kano, and formerly of much greater extent 
 and importance than at present. 
 
 ZANGXOMANO, zjng no-m2ng', a prosperous town of the 
 Burmese dominions, province and on the river of Pegu, im- 
 mediately opposite the citv of Pegfl. See Pegu. 
 
 ZANGUEBAR, zdng''ghi-bar', a name frequently given by 
 geographers to a long tract on the E. coast of Africa. Tlie 
 word Zanguebar, (properly Zangebar, with (j hard,) is equi- 
 valent t> the Arab expression Her ez-Zing or Zinj, the land 
 of the Zinj or Zing, being derived from Zinj or Zing, 
 the ancient Arabic name of the East African negro, 
 and the Persian or Indian word Bar, "country." The name 
 Zinguebar or Zanguebar belongs therefore to the lan- 
 gu!«;e of the foreign traders from India and the Persian 
 Gulf, and is still further modified by the Banyans of l$om- 
 bay, who pronounce it Zanzibar. Zanguebar commences 
 where the indigenous black population takes the place of 
 the swarthy Somali of Semitic race, that is, at the S. side of 
 th"! river .luiia, near the equator; jt originally extended S.. 
 doubtless as far as those who used the appellation were ac- 
 quainted with the coasts, probably to Sofala, or perhaps 
 Cape Correntes; but the Portuguese, drawing a distinction 
 between Zanguebar and the coasts which they claimed or 
 occupied. fi.\ed its S. limit at Cape Delgado, so that the Zan- 
 guebar of European geographers had an extent of about IP 
 from the equator S. 'fhe name is now obsolete, the lier 
 Zing being known as Es-sawahil, or the coasts, and the 
 semi-civilized natives, who have embraced Mohammedanism, 
 repel the appellation of Zenug, or negroes, and call them- 
 selves Sawiihili, (or as they pronounce it, so-wllee,) that is, 
 "coast-people." In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portu- 
 guese had many settlements on the coast. See Zanzibar. 
 
 ZANIC.i, dzd-neHii, a village of .\ustrian Italy, province 
 lind 5 miles S.S.W. of Bergamo. It has the remains of an 
 ancient tower which figured much during the factions of 
 the Guelfs and Ghibellines. Pop. 1853. 
 6L 
 
 ZAXIE5IYSCIIL. tsl'nee-mishT or zJn'y.^-mlsh'l, a town 
 of Prussian Silesia, government and S.E. of Posen. P. 1520 
 
 ZAN NONE, the most N. of the I'onza Islands. 
 
 ZANOW, z3'nov. a town of Prussian Pomerania. 7 miles 
 E.N.K. of Ciislin. Pop. 1540. It has breweries and distilleries. 
 
 ZANSH.\USEN, tsiins'iiow'zen, a village of Prusfiian Po- 
 merania, province of Brandenburg, 9 miles N.E. of Lands- 
 berg, with iron works. 
 
 ZANS^KAB/, a river of Ladakh orMiddleTliibet, rises near 
 lat. 32° 40' N., and Ion. 78° E., flows N.W. then N.N.E. tc 
 its junction with the Indus, near lat. 34° 10' N., and Ion. 
 77° 25' E., after a total course of about 140 miles. Where 
 it joins the Indus the elevation above sea-level is about 
 12.000 feet. 
 
 ZANSK AR, an elevated region of Ladakh or Middle Thibet, 
 between lat. 33° and 34° N., and Ion. 76° 20' and 77° 30' E. 
 It is traversed from S.E. to N.W., near its S. frontier, by a 
 mountain ch.ain. about 18,000 feet high, here forming the 
 watershed between the Chenaub and the Indus. Padum ih' 
 considereil the capital. 
 
 ZANTE, zin'te or zSn'tA, or ZACYNTIIUS. zJ-sin'thtls 
 (Gr. 2.aKvvdos. ZcOcunVms.) one of the Ionian Islands, Medi- 
 terrunean, between 8 and 10 miles S. of Cephalonia. and 15 
 miles from the nearest point of the Morea. Lat. of N. point 
 37° 56' 5" N.. Ion. 20° 41' 5" E. It is about 24 miles long, 
 12 miles broad, and 60 miles in circuit; has the form of an 
 irregular oval, indented with a deep bay at its S.E. extremity. 
 The W. coast exhibits steep limestone cliffs. The E. coast 
 has a harbor, within which is situateti the town of Zante. 
 The greater part of the interior consists of an extensive 
 plain, which is extremely fertile, having the appearance of 
 one continued vineyard, with a few patches under tillage 
 or p.asture. The sides of the hills bounding the plain are 
 finely diversified. The prevaiiing rocks are calcareous : gyp- 
 sum appears in various parts, but the most remark.ibla 
 mineral fe.ature of Zante is its pitch-wells, situated aliout 10 
 miles from the town, and celebrated since the time of Hero- 
 dotus. Earthquakes frequently occur. The most destructive 
 on record took place on the night of Decemter 29. 1820, when 
 several houses were destroyed, and many persons kille<l or 
 wounded. Thestapleexportsof Zantearecurrants. to thecul- 
 ture of which 6440 acres are appropriated. The other chief 
 exportsareoil, soap, and a little wine; pomegranates, melons, 
 peaches, citrous, and other fruits are grown ; but the corn 
 raised .scarcely supplies three months' consumption. The 
 pasturage is trifling, and goats are the only live stock. Pop. 
 in 1 Sol'. 39,103. 
 
 Z.\NTE. a town of the Ionian Islands, capital of the above 
 island, on its E. .side, at the head of a bay or harbor, on 
 which it occupies a declivity sloping gently to the sea. It 
 is built chiefly in the Italian style; the houses, which are 
 white, and seldom more than one story high, have iron Ixirs 
 and lattices of woo<len framework attached to each window, 
 giving them the appearance of prisons, but are .somewhat 
 enlivened by the gay green and vermilion painting of the 
 shutters. The principal street is broad and handsome, hav- 
 ing a piazza on each side, with long ranges of shops, chiefly 
 of jewellers; all the other streets are narrow, but tolerably 
 clean. The market-place is spacious, and serves both for an 
 exchange and a public promenade. The churches are numo- 
 rou.s, generally substantial, and richly decorated within, 
 but not otherwi.se remarkable. A Lancasterian .school it 
 supported by voluntary contribution.s. Zante has a monu- 
 ment to Sir T. Maitland: its port is protected by a wall, and 
 hits a lighthouse. It is the see of a Greek protopapas and a 
 Roman Catholic bishop. It was nearly destroyed by an 
 earthquake on October 30, 1841. Pop. 20,000. 
 
 ZAN'VILLE. a post-office of Daviess co., Indiana. 
 
 ZANZIBAR. zdnVe-bar'. or ZANGUEBAR, zang'ghe-bar', 
 (anc. Menu'thias Si^nus.) an island on the E. coast of Africa, 
 belonging to the Sultan of Mu.scat. It is about 52 miles in 
 length, from Point Nangui, lat. 5° 43' S.. to Ras-Kizimkaze, 
 lat. 6° 28' S. ; and with a general brea<ilh of 15 or IS miles; 
 the chief town on the W. side, in lat. 6° 10'. S., and Ion. 39° 14' 
 E. The island is separated from the mainland by a strait 
 about 25 miles wide, thinly beset with coral reefs and islets, 
 and lies opposite to a wide bay, into which are discharged 
 the waters of the Ruvu. said to be a great river, the princi- 
 pal mouth of which is near the village of Kingani, (that is, 
 "at the bar.") The name Zanzibar has leen learned by 
 Europeans from the Banyans of Bombay, and is a modi- 
 flcation of Zingebar. which, in the mercantile language of 
 Malabar and the Persian Gulf, means Negro-land, and was 
 formerly applied to the coasts of the mainland. (See Zan- 
 guebar.) But at the present day the shores of the conti- 
 nent generally are called by the Arabic name E.s-saw;ihil 
 or Ks i^owily, (which means 'the coasts.") and the modified 
 name Zanzibar is given only to the principal island adjacent 
 to them, and is applied to it only by foreigners, for the na- 
 tive name is Uguja, (the j very soft,) or, as It is vulgarly 
 pronounced, Uguya. 
 
 The island of Zanzibar, like all the i.slands on this coast, 
 is of coral fbrmation, and comparatively low. It has. how- 
 ever, been raised abote its original level, and in some phacea 
 attains a height of perhaps 250 feet. Its E. sid(! presents a 
 
 =J 
 
ZAN 
 
 ZAT 
 
 oontlnuons and te-ieraWy unifonn wall of coral rock, often 
 80 leet or more above the sea, and OTerhan<:iug the waves. 
 Conil reefs to a distance of 1 or 2 miles protect the island. 
 The gte.it Hwell of the N.E. monsoon breaks on them with a 
 tremendous surf; a little beyond the reefs the sea is unfa- 
 thomable. On the W. side the shores are much lower and 
 much more irregular, presenting many inlets and creeks, in 
 which the mangrove grows luxuriantly, while the sheltered 
 sen in front is "dotted with small islands. The surCice of 
 Zanzibar is undulating, and the soil extremely rich, a stra- 
 tum of guano probably lying between the coral rock and 
 the subsequent accumulations resulting from decomposed 
 vegetation. It presents therefore an agreeable scene, the 
 variety and luxuriance of the vegetation compensating for 
 the monotony of the ground. It is sufiRciently watered, 
 though the rivulets are sm.ill. 
 
 The greater part of this fine island is still in a state of 
 nature, the mango, banana, papaw, plantain, and various 
 Indian fruits, growing wild, with several species of palm and 
 the stately bombax or cotton tree. The natives cultivate 
 rice, millet, which grows to a height of 10 feet; manioc, 
 batatas, ic, but the cultivated fields and gardens occupy 
 only a small area. The labor of the fields is left chiefly to 
 the women, who also make the pottery, are the stone-masons' 
 laborers, and do all other drudgery. But the rural industry 
 is destined to make rapid progress. Zanzibar is now become 
 a garden of the fine spices, the sultan's plantations contain- 
 ing not less perhaps at present than 500,000 clove trees, the 
 produce of which is excellent. lie has also planted nutmeg 
 and cinnamon trees, and has directed bis attention to the 
 manufacture of sugar, obtaining workmen from Mauritius 
 and Bourbon. 
 
 The animals of Zanzibar are few in number; wild bogs 
 occupy unmolested the thickets in the middle of the island, 
 an.d a few civetn-at*, escaped from captivity, lurk about the 
 villages; wild birds also, with the exception of guinea-fowl, 
 are few, as well as insects; fish and poultry abound. The 
 cattle of the island are small, and of the hunched or Indian 
 breed ; the ass. here the chief beast of burden, is strong and 
 handsome. Horses and camels are to be found in small 
 number. The sultan prides himself on his stud, but his 
 horses, though well bred, are generally in bad condition, 
 owing to the imperfect husbandry of the island and the 
 want of good green food. 
 
 The climate .of Zanzibar has been always dreaded by 
 Europeans, and not a few experienced seamen have de- 
 nounced the water as loaded with the seeds of fever. This 
 accusation of insalubrity it shares with many coral islands. 
 Being low and generally level, its drainage is imperfect, and, 
 as yet, art has done nothing to supply this natural defect. 
 The causes which have conduced to the great fertility of the 
 island — the decomposing animal matter within and upon 
 the coral, the extreme rankness of a. vegetation that falls to 
 decay in heaps — are still in active operation, while the care- 
 less habits of the people all favor the generation of malaria. 
 The hyenas, which on the mainland cleanse the villages of 
 all offal, are here wanting, and it is not uncommon to see 
 the dead bodies of slaves or poor people lying unburied on 
 the sea-side in front of the town. In short, pestilence is 
 easily generated in such a place as Zanzibar, where no step 
 whatever has been taken to prevent it. The principal towns 
 are Zanzibar and Uzi, otherwise called Uguj.H-ue&, (Great 
 Cguja. In travelling through the country between these 
 towns, the stranger is agreeably surprised at finding the 
 narrow roads evcrywhere,neatly fenced, like gnrdeo-walks. 
 with hedges of palma-Christi, the croton shrub, or of a 
 creeper called nipira, which yields elastic gum. A consi- 
 derable trade is carried on with Arabia, and the ports in the 
 Ked Sea. The island is the metropolis of the Sultan of 
 Muscat's possessions on the E. coast of Africa. Pop. aliout 
 150,000; consisting of Arabs, Sowily Africans, and negro 
 clavcs. 
 
 ZAP.VDXAIA-KOLIMA. See Inbighirk.v. 
 ^ Z.\l'AKA. sd-pd'ri. an island and castle of South America, 
 Vene/.ui-la. 18 miles X.E. of Mar.acavbo, opposite the mouth 
 of Lake Maracaybo. Length of the island. 12 miles. 
 
 Z.tPATEKA.sd-pi-tA/rd.one of the largest islands of Lake 
 Nicaragua. Central America. It has a mountainous surface 
 nearly 2000 feet high. 
 
 ZAPATOSA or ZAPATOZA. (zi-pi-to'sa or flL-pL-Msi; Sp. 
 J»r)n. thd-pd-UVthi.) LAKE, of South America, N ew Granada. 
 85 miles S.E. of Mompox, is an enlargement of the river 
 Bcsar before it joins the Magdalena. Length about 25 miles 
 breadth 22 miles. 
 
 ZAPlIKAN,a group of islands in the Mediterranean. See 
 Zafparin. 
 
 ZAKA. zl'rd, (It. pron. dza'rj; anc. Jadera.) the capital 
 city of Dalmatui. occupies an oval peninsula about 1^ miles 
 In circuit, joined by a narrow neck to the mainland, opposite 
 Oie island of Ugliano, in the Adriatic, 73 miles N W of 
 Spalat«. and 170 miles S.E. of Venice. Lat. (St Simeon's 
 Church) 44° C 8" N., Ion. 15° 14' E. Pop. 6850, mostly of 
 Italian descent: and the villages of its immediate vicinltv 
 Lave from 20.000 to 30.000 inhabitants. It is surrounded 
 with walls of Venetian construction, which form iu chief 
 
 public promenade, and is strongly fortified. The citj is 
 ill-drained, and deficient in water. It has a cathedral and 
 6 other churches, the chief of which is that of St. Simeon; 
 many convents and monasteries; a naval and military 
 arsenal; a theatre; barracks occupying a Roman e<iifice; 
 a lyceum; a gymnasium, and an episcopal seminary ; a mu- 
 seum, and several handsome an'hes. columns, and other 
 Roman remains. Its harbor is small, but the inhabitants 
 own upwards of 240 vessels, employed in tishei ies and coast- 
 ing trade. The principal manufactures are of maraschino 
 and leather, and a few of silk and linen fabrics. Zara is t'le 
 see of an archbishop. Xear it are remains of a fine aque- 
 duct, built by Trajan. See Z.uia-Vecchia. 
 
 ZARA. zdVd', a village of Asia Minor, pashalic and 40 
 miles N.E. of Seevas. Pop. about 300 families. It has a large 
 mosque and a neat Armenian church. 
 
 ZARA, zirrk\ (or ZERAU.) ZAKALI.4, the most S. of the 
 Kerkenna Islands, off the E. coast of Tunis, North Africa. 
 
 ZAUAGOZA, a town of Spain. See Saraoossa. 
 
 ZAR.\ISK, a town of Russia. See Sabaisk. 
 
 ZAUANSK. See Saba.nsk. 
 
 ZAR.\UZ. a town of Spain, Biscay, province of Guipuzcoa, 
 on the Bay of Biscay, 3 miles W. of St, Sebastian. P. 1369. 
 
 ZARA-VECCIIIA, zifri (or dzd'rd) vJk'ke-d, '• Old Zara," 
 (lUyrian Start Zadar or Biograd; anc. Blandohia or AVba 
 MaritHma,) a village of Dalmatia, 17 miles S.E. of Zara. It 
 was once an important place, and the residence of the Croat 
 kings, but was ruined during the wars of the Venetians with 
 the kings of Ilungarj'. Pop. about 500. 
 
 Z.\KI).\M, a town of the Netherlands. See Zaaxdam. 
 
 ZAREVOKOKSIIAISK or ZAREWOKOKSCHAISK, zS- 
 rA'vo-ko-shtsk', a town of Russia government and 70 milen 
 N.W. of Kazan. Pop. 5000, mostly agricultural. 
 
 ZAREVOSANTSCHURSK or ZARKWO-SANTSCIIURSK, 
 zd-rA/vo zdn-chooRsk,' a town of Russia, government and 
 145 miles S.W. of Viatka. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ZAKGOOX, ZARGOUN or ZAR6UN, zdr'goon', a small 
 town of Persia, province of Fars, 14 miles N.£. of Sbeeraz. 
 
 ZARIA or Z.\RIYA, zd/ree^ah. capital of Zeg-Zeg. a 
 countrv of Central Africa, near 12° N. lat, and S° E. Ion. 
 Pop. es"timated at 40,000. 
 
 ZARIASPA. See Balkh. 
 
 ZARITZYN, a town of Russia. See Ts.uiiTSis. 
 
 ZARIYA. See Zaria. 
 • Z.A.RIZYN, a town of Russia. See Ts.^ritsw. 
 
 Z.\RKI, zaR'kee. a town of Poland, government of Kielce, 
 26 miles N.N.W. of Olkusz. Pop. 1980. 
 
 ZAR/NAH. a ruined city of Persian Koocdistan. in Mount 
 Zagros. 65 miles S.W. of Kermanshah. and conjectured by 
 Miijor Rawlinson to have been the capital of Ehmais, and 
 the Hara of the Captivity. 
 
 ZARNO. dzas'no. a market-town of Austrian Galicia, 11 
 miles X.X.W. of Tarnow. Pop. 1500. 
 
 Z.\RXOW. zaR'nov. a town of Poland, province of Sando 
 mier, 12 miles W.N.W. of Konskie. 
 
 ZARNOM'ICE, zaR-no-'fteet'sd, a town of Poland, govern- 
 ment and 44 miles S.W. of Kielce, with a ruined castle, near 
 the Pilica. Pop. 1638. 
 
 ZARREXTIN, tsaR-E^n-teen', a village of Mecklenbufg^ 
 Schwerln. on the S.W. shore of Lake Schaal, 20 miles W.S.W. 
 of Schwerln. Pop. 1067. 
 
 ZARSKOE-SELO. See Tsarkoe-Selo. 
 
 ZARZA CAPILLA, than/thd kd-peeUyd, a town of Spain 
 Estremadura, province and 80 miles from Badajos, on the 
 Sujar. Pop. 1329. 
 
 ZARZA DE ALAXGE, thaR/thi dd a-ldng^nd. a town of 
 Spain, province of Badajos, on the Guadiana, 1 1 milt-'s S.E 
 of .Merida. Pop. 3127. 
 
 ZAltZA DE GRANADILLA, thaB/thI dd grd-Dd-peel'yl. a 
 town of Spain. Estremadura, province of Caceres, on a low 
 plain. Pop. 1252. 
 
 ZARZA DE MONTANCIIES, thaR'thd dd mon-tdn'chJs, a 
 town of Spain, Estremadura, province and about 20 miles 
 from Caceres. Pop. 1315. 
 
 ZARZA LA MAYOR, thaR'thd Id mlK)R/, a town of Spain, 
 13 miles N.E. of .\lcantara. This place is commonly called 
 Zarz.a-Quemada. thaR'thd kd-md/od, on account of it/ having 
 been burned twice by the Portuguese at the end of the i5th 
 century, and again in 1705, when it remained uninhabited 
 till 1713. Pop. 2313. 
 
 Z.A.RZISS, zaR/ziss^ a maritime town and castle of North 
 Africa, Tuni.s. on the frontier of Tripoli, 16 miles S.E. of the 
 island of Jerba. 
 
 ZASUIVERSK, zd-she-vaiRsk', a town or villaire of East 
 Siberia, province of Yakootsk. on the right bank of the 
 Indighirka. lat 66° 30' N.. Ion. 142° E. 
 
 ZASLAV. ZASL.A.W, zds-ldv', or IZIASLAV, a town of 
 Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, capital of a dis- 
 trict on the Gorin, 20 miles S.E. of Ostrog.' Pop. 8200, c m- 
 prislng many Jews. It has 6 large annual fairs. 
 
 Z.\SMUK, tsds'miJok or zds'mook, a town of Bohemia, 4 
 miles S.E. of Kaurzim. with two castles, a Franci.scan con- 
 vent, and some breweries and distilleries. Pop. 1.587. 
 
 Z.tTAS, zd'tis, or SORAYA, so-ri'd, a river of Portugal, 
 formed by the junction of the rivers Sora aiid Erva, joios 
 
ZAT 
 
 ZEl 
 
 the Taams 26 miles N.E. of Lisbon, after harlng formed the 
 boundary between the proyjnces of Alemtejo and Portuguese 
 KBtremsuJura. 
 
 ZATUK, tsi/tor, a town of Austrian Galicia. 9 miles 
 N.N.^V. of Wadowiee, on the Vistula, at its confluence with 
 the i*k!iwa. Pop. 1466. 
 
 ZAUDITZ, tsowMits, or SAUDICE, gow-dee'tsA, written 
 also SUDZICK, a town of Prussian Silesia, government of 
 Oppeln, 7 miles S.W. of Katibor. Pop. 1235. 
 
 ZAVATVLA, a post-offlce of Jasper co., Texag. 
 
 ZAVAXASCO, dzi-vi-nds'ko, a village of Northern Italy, 
 province and 9 miles N. of Pavia, on the Pavla Canal. 
 Pop. 118B. 
 
 ZAVATARELLO, dvAv^-tk-rMno, a town of the Sardinian 
 States, division of Genoa, province and 10 miles N.W. of 
 Bobbio. Pop. 1729. 
 
 ZAVilLSTEIN, tsl/vel-stTne^ a town of WUrtemburg, 2i 
 miles S.W. of Calw. Pop. 357. 
 
 ZAWILA. See Zueela. 
 
 ZAYI, zd'yee, a ruined city of Yucatan, 70 miles S. of Me- 
 rida, finely situated amongst a range of hills, its remains 
 comprising a vast building. 
 
 ZBAUASZ, zbi'rash, or ZBARAZ, zbi'razh, a town of 
 Austrian Galicia, 12 miles N.E. of Tarnnpol, on the Ikva. 
 Pop. 5642. It has an ancient castle, Honian Catholic and 
 Greek churches, and Bemardine monastery. 
 
 ZBO'KO*. a town and two castles of North Hungary, co. 
 of Saros, 27 miles N.N.K. of Eperies. 
 
 ZBRAZLAWITZ, zhbrrlz-M'*its. a market-town of Bohe- 
 mia, 13 miles S.W. of Czaslau. Pop. 1058. 
 
 ZDONICE, a town of Moravia. See Steimtz. 
 
 ZDUNY, (Zdiiny.) zhdU'nee.(?) a town of Prussian Poland, 
 57 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 3200. 
 
 ZEA or ZIA, zee'd, (anc. CWns ; Gr. Keof,) an island of the 
 Grecian Archipelago, belonging to the group of the North 
 Cyel.idos, 13 miles E. of Cape Colonna; greatest Icnirth from 
 N.N.E. to S.S.W., 13 miles; central breadth 8 miles; lat. 
 (Mount St. Elias) 37° 37' 18" N., Ion. 24° 21' 45" E. It is of a 
 very compact and somewhat oval form. Beyond the coasts, 
 which are generally low. the ground rises in fine terraces 
 towards the centre, where it culminates in Mount St. Elias. 
 The prevailing rock is limestone. The climate is salubrioas, 
 and the soil fertile and well cultivatcsl. producing in abun- 
 dance barley, cotton, wine, and figs. The pastures also feed 
 great numbers of cattle, and much attention is paid to the 
 rearing of silk worms. Pop. 9000. 
 
 ZEA, a town of the Grecian .\rchipelago, capital of the 
 above island, occupies the site of the ancient Carthea, on a 
 small stream, about 3 miles fi-om the N.W. shore. It is bnilt 
 on an eminence, in the form of terraces, the roofs of one 
 range of houses forming the street of the above range. It is 
 entered by a narrow pass completely commanded by the 
 citadel. Many of the houses are of massive structure, but 
 the streets are very dirty. The harbor. 3 miles distant from 
 the town, aiimits the largest vessels, and is much frequented. 
 
 ZE.Vr-A.ND, zee/land. (Dutch yM<tn(l, z.Vldnt.) the most S. 
 province of the Netherlands, between lat. 51*14' and 51° 45' 
 N., and Ion. 3° 30' and 4° V E.. having E. the province of 
 North Brabant. S. and S.W. the Belgian provinces of .\ntwerp 
 a,nd West i'landers, W. the North Sea, and N. the province 
 of North Holland. Area 664 square miles. Pop. in 1863, 
 173,1''0. Zealand proper, comprises the islands of Walche- 
 ren, Beveland, Tholen. Duiveland. and Schowen. between the 
 mouths of the Scheldt and .Maas, (or Meuso.) The surface is 
 little above the level of the sea. and protected against its 
 Irruption by dams and dykes: besides the islands, the pro- 
 vince compi-is'-s a portion of the continent S. of the Scheldt. 
 The soil is fertile, and more corn is raised than is required 
 for home consumption. The other principal products are 
 cattle, reared in large numbers in thi- polders, butter, madder, 
 seeds, potsitoes, hemp, and turnips, which compose the prin- 
 cipal exports. Linen weaving, distilling, brewing, salt-re- 
 finiiig, tile-making, and ship-building, are the chief branches 
 of mannfncturing industry. The principal towns are Mid- 
 delburg. (the capital.) Flushing, Zierikzee, and St. Goes. 
 Under the Frendi it formed the department of Bouches- 
 d'Esctiut. It suffered severely from an inundation of the 
 sea in 1825. 
 
 Zi: ALAND or ZEELAND. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of North Brabant, 17 miles E. of liois-Ie-Duc. P. 1650. 
 
 ZE.\LAND. an island of Denmark. See Seelam). 
 
 ZEALAND, NEW. See New Zealand. 
 
 ZKAL-MONACHO'RUM. a parish of England, CO. of Devon. 
 
 ZEALS, a ty thing of England, co. of Wilts. 
 
 ZKBAYER, ze-bi'er, a group of islands in the Red Sea; 
 about Lit. 15° N., aiid Ion. 42° E. It consists of Jibbel-Ze- 
 bayer. the most 13. and largest. a1x)ut 3 miles long from N. to 
 (*., 8 miles in circuit, and 600 feet high, having three remarka- 
 Me hills, one of them in the form of a cone; Saba, N.W. by 
 W. of the former, about half a mile in diameter, and nearly 
 lound. consisting of a. sandy plain, with two remarkable hills, 
 both of which have craters; C<5nnecte<l Island, a most extra- 
 ordinary hiab "igged-topped rock, joined to Saba by a reef; 
 Saddle. Table Peak. Rugired, and Haycock Islands, eacii 
 about half u mile long, and of moderate height; and Jibbel- 
 
 Teer, 34 miles N.N.TV. of .Tibbel-Zebayer, nearlr of a circular 
 shape, about 1 J miles in diameter, rising graauftriy from the 
 shore, and terminating in a range of volcanic peaks. Saddle 
 Lsland was in eruption on 14th .\ugust. 1846. 
 
 ZEBEED or ZEBID, zcb'eed' or zi-beed', (anc. Sabat,) a 
 fortified town of Arabia, district of Yemen, on the liver 
 Zebeed, 15 miles from its mouth in the Red Sea, and IIC 
 miles S.W. of Sana. Pop. 7000, excluding an Egyptian gar- 
 rison of about 700 men. It is enclosed by high wails flanked 
 with numerous towers, and is of great antiquity. It has a 
 handsome mosque, and was formerly a place of much com- 
 mercial importance; but it has declined into comparative 
 insignificance, owing to accumulations of .sand at the mouth 
 of its river. The river, sl.ated to be almost the only stream 
 in Arabia which continues to the coast, flows N. through a 
 fertile valley for about 80 miles. 
 
 ZEBENY, a town of Hungary. See Seben. 
 
 ZEBRAK. zhA'brJlk, sometimes written SCHEBRAK, or 
 BETTLERN, bftf l^rn, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles S.W. of 
 Beraun. Pop. 1278. 
 
 ZEBU, ze-boo', or CEBU, se-boo'. (Sp. pron. thil-boo/.) an 
 island of the Malay .A.rchipelago. Philippine Isles, separated 
 on the W. from the Isle of N'egros by the Strait of Taflon, and 
 having on the E. the dependent isles of Matan, and Bohol, 
 between lat. 9° 20' and 11° N., and Ion. 123° and 124° K 
 It forms a long and comparatively narrow belt, with a 
 san<ly and .somewhat stony soil, not so well adapted to cul- 
 ture as most of the other Philippine I.slands. It suffers much 
 from want of water, as rain seldom falls, and when it does 
 fall is quickly absorbed. It has. notwithstanding, many 
 fertile valleys, which yield good crops of rice, sugar, cotton, 
 tobacco, millet, and the best cocoa in the Philippines ; and 
 extensive pastures, on which great numbers of cattle, sheep, 
 and goats are fed. The climate is remarkably pleasant, the 
 excessive heat b<nng tempered by an evening and morning 
 breeze. The Town, situated near the centre of the E. shore, 
 oppo.site to the isl.and of Matan, is divided by a stream into 
 two parts, and has a fine cathedral, a handsome epi.sc-ipal 
 pal.ace, a leper's hospit.al, and an important tr.ide, chiefly 
 with Manila, Pop., including pueblo, 8S05, The capital 
 town. Zebu, is on its E. side, and on the island of platan 
 opposite the town, Magellan (Magelhaen.s) was killed in a 
 skirmish in 1521. Pop. 8805. 
 
 ZEBU or CEBU, a province of the Philippines, which in- 
 chides, in addition to Zebu, the isles of Matan, Bataj'an, 
 Sicijon. Bohol, ami Camotes, forms 41 pueldos. Pop. 256,803 
 
 ZLB'ULON. a plea.sant post-village, capital of Pike county, 
 Georgia. 50 miles N.W. of .Macon, was selected as the seat of 
 justice in 1825. It contains a court-house, jail. 2 churches, 
 and 2 academics. 
 
 ZEliULON, a post-village of Pike co., Arkansas, about 90 
 miles S.W. by W. of Little Rock. 
 
 ZEDELGUEM, zA'del-Gh5m\ a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders. 6 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2050. 
 
 ZEDENICK or ZEHDENIK, tsA'deh-nik\ a town of Prus- 
 sia, province of Brandenburg, on the Havel, 11 miles S.S.W. 
 of Templin. Pop. 2S70. 
 
 ZEDIK. zed*eek'.(?) a town of Persia, province of Ghilan, 
 20 miles W. of Reshd. It consists of about 500 houses, built 
 on a steep mountain side. 
 
 ZEDLITZ. ALT, dlt tsJdlits, or ALTCZETLICZE. Sit 
 chJt-lee'chA, a market-town of Bohemia, 3 miles N,W. of 
 Hayd, with a castle, and a trade in cotton stuffs, 
 
 ZEEL.^ND, an island of Denmark. See Seelasd. 
 
 ZEELAND, Netherlands. See Zealand. 
 
 ZEGEDIN. a town of Hungary. See Szeredix. 
 
 ZEOGERS CAPPEL, zjg'ghers kSp'pfl, (Fr. pron. zi^zhaiR' 
 kSp^M',) a village of France, department of Nord, 10 miles 
 S. of Dunkerque. Pop. 1700. 
 
 ZF.GHEN. z.4-ghfn'.(?) or ZEGHAN,(?) a town of Central 
 Africa. Fezzan, about 100 miles N,N.E. of Moorzook, enclosed 
 by palm groves. 
 
 ZEOOZIIEE, zJgVzhee', (written also ZAGOSIIL) Guinea, 
 an island in the Niger (Quorra) River, opposite the town of 
 Rabba. 
 
 ZEGWAARD, zJoVSnt', a village of the Netherlands, pre 
 vince of South Holland, 8 miles E. by S, of the Il.ague. Pop. 
 1232. 
 
 ZEGZEG, zfg^zJg', a kingdom or country of Soodan, inter- 
 sected by the 12th parallel of N. latitude, and the 10th me- 
 ridian of E. longitude. 
 
 ZEHOL. a palace of Peking. See Zhehol. 
 
 ZKHDEN, tsA'djn. a town of I'russia, province of Bran- 
 denbursr. 40 miles N. of Frankfort. Pop. 1600. 
 
 ZEHDENIK, a town of Prussia. See Zedemck. 
 
 ZEHREE, z.-l'ree* or z?H'r'ee, a town of Beloochistan, 
 capital of the province of .Thalawan, 35 miles S.E, of Kelat. 
 in a fertile district of its own n.ame. and reported to be- of 
 some importance, Lat, 28° 22' N.. Ion, 66° 34' E, 
 
 ZEIDEN, tsT'den, or FEKETEHALON, fa'kAHi'ha/lon\ a 
 market-town of 'Transylvania, Saxon-land, at the foot of a 
 mountain, county andS miles N,W. of Kronstadt. Pop. 3546 
 many of whom are occupied in cotton weaving. 
 
 ZEIJST, a village of the Netherlands. See Zeist. 
 
 ZEIL, tsile, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Frnnconia, 
 
 2183 
 
 lU 
 
ZEl 
 
 near tlie Main 4 miles S.S.E. of Ilas.afurt. Pop. 1310. In 
 5ts niailiet-place is a monument to the Emperor Maxi- 
 miliau. „ -n «■ 
 
 ZEIL, a Ti' .Mge of WUrtemberg, circle of Danube, S.E. of 
 Wilrzach. 
 
 ZEIL A or ZEILEII, a maritime town of East Africa. See 
 Zktla. 
 
 ZEISIvAM. tsTslilra, a village of Bararia, Palatinate, can- 
 ton f'f Germershuim. Pop. 1703. 
 
 ZEIST. ZEVST or ZKIJST. zist. a parish and Tillage of 
 the Netherlands, province and 5 miles E. of Utrecht. Pop. 
 3047, with a ;oloiiy of Sloravian Christians", who manufac- 
 ture lacquere-l wares, jewellery, gloves, and soap. 
 
 ZEITOON, ZEITOUX or ZKITUX. zAHoon', a place of Asia 
 Minor, on the nmte from Arabgeer to Aleppo, with mines 
 from which excellent iron ore is obtained. 
 
 ZiilTOON, ZEITOUN or ZEITUX. zd'toon', a district of 
 Persia, province of Ears, E. of Behbehan, and highly fertile 
 and populous. Its village. Ztitoon, or Cham, is in ruins. 
 
 ZEITOUN. GULF OF. See Lamia. Gulf of. 
 
 ZEITOUN or ZEITUN, a town of Greece. See Lamia. 
 
 ZEITZ. tsTts. a walK-d town of Prussian Saxony, govern- 
 ment of Meiseburg. on the White Elsler, 23 miles S.W. of 
 Leipsic. Pop. 12,296. It has. a cathedral, a Protestant 
 gymnasium, two castles, one of which, formerly the resi- 
 dence of iL< princes, now serves as a house of correction, and 
 manufactures of cotton goods, earthenware, leather, and 
 shoes, w= h breweries, distilleries, and several cotton-printing 
 establis. ^apnts. 
 
 ZKKAVOVETS or ZEKANOVETZ, written also TSIE- 
 KHAXOA'ETS or CIECIIANOWICE, a market-town of Rus- 
 sian Pol.ind. See ClEceANowiEC. 
 
 ZEIvl NOVK A, a town of Kussian Poland. See Tsekixovk.v. 
 
 ZELA. See Zilleh. 
 
 ZEL.\D.\. dzA-li'dJ, a village of Northern Italy, province 
 and S miles N.W. of Pavia, on the Ticino. Pop. 1135. 
 
 ZELAN'mA, (Dutch pron. zA-ldn'de-J.) a fort of Dutch 
 Guiana, and the residence of its governor, immediately N. 
 of the tow^n of Parimaribo, in lat. 6° 47' N., Ion. 58° 32' W. 
 
 ZEL.\NI.\. See ZnELAXiA. 
 
 ZELANZ. a town of Illyri.>». See Kuwesfukth. 
 
 ZELAYA or CELATA, .sA-lJ'yl a town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state and 35 miles S.E. of Guanajuato, on the 
 route to Queretaro and Mexico. Estimated population from 
 10.000 to 11,000. It has a fine scjuare, several convents 
 rich in works of art, two pos.sessing magnificent churches. 
 It is the scat of some cotton manufactures. 
 
 ZELE, z.Vleh, a market-town of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, 4 miles N.AV. of Dendermoude, (Termonde.) on the 
 Scheldt and Durme. Pop. 10.484. It has a hospital, several 
 tichools, and manufactures of cotton cloths. 
 
 ZELECIIOW, zA-IA'kov, a town of Poland, province and 
 30 miles S.W. of Siedlce. Pop. 2300. 
 
 ZELIIEM, zJPhSm, a village of the Netherl.ands, province 
 of Gelderland. 20 miles E. of Arnhem. P. of the pari.'h. 2600. 
 
 ZELIENO'PLE, a pleasant post- village of Butler co., Penn- 
 Kvlvia, on Conequenessing Creek, 220 miles W. by N. of 
 Uarrisburg. It has several stores. Pop. 378. 
 
 ZELL, a town of Hanover. See Celle. 
 
 ZELL, tsMl, a markettown of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles 
 S.W. of Coblentz, on the Mo.selle. Pop. 2200. 
 
 ZELL. a town of the grand-duchy of Baden, 2i miles E. 
 of Offenburg. Pop. 880. 
 
 ZELL, a market-town of the grand-duchy of Baden, on 
 the Wiesen. 20 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 1207. 
 
 ZELL, a vilKige of Switzerland, canton and 18 miles N.W. 
 of Lucerne. Pop. 1102. 
 
 ZELL. a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles 
 E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Toce. Pop. of the parish. 1300. 
 
 ZELl.rAM HARMEKSBACK, tsSl am haE'mers-baK\ a 
 town of Riden. circle of .Middle Rhine, on the Kinzi", 10 
 miles S.E. of Orenburg. Pop. 880. 
 
 ZELLA ST. BLASII. See Blasiex-zelle. 
 
 ZELLE. a town of Hanover. See Celle. 
 
 ZELLEHFELDorCELLERFELD, tsM'ler-ftMt\ a town of 
 Hanover, district and opposite Klausthal.' from which town 
 It is separated by the Zellerbach. Pop. 454b. It has a gym- 
 na.sium and a mint. 
 
 ZELL, OKOSS.grocetsJll, a village of Switzerland, canton 
 of Lucerne, 3 miles W.N.W. of Willisau. Pop. 1400. 
 
 ZELLIN, tsM-Ieen', a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 
 denburg, government aed 23 mUes N.N.W. of Frankfort, on 
 the Oder. Pop. 1S20. 
 
 ZELLIXE, dzJl-lee/n.*. or ZELLIXA, dz5l-lee'nj, a river 
 of Austrian Italy, risi-s in Mount Mauro, in the X. part of 
 the province of Friuli, flows S.E.. and a little below the town 
 or .Monreale is lost in extensive swamps. 
 
 ZELUNGEN ts|ming-fn, a village of Bavaria, on the 
 
 ^Cr? " * ^-^^y- of WUrzburg. Pop. 19S5. 
 . it o ■^'^'^ ^^- *>et*''«en the Swiss canton of Thureau 
 and the S. part of the grand duchy of Baden, is 12 mile! in 
 length, and 4 miles in breadth. It is traversed by the Rhine, 
 which enters It from the Lake of Constance, 2 miles eastward 
 M.ores undulating and fertile. In it Is the island of Reiche- 
 uau, with a monastery, where the Emperor Charles the Fat 
 
 ZER 
 
 died in 888 ; and on the shores of the lake are the towns o( 
 Radolfszell and Steckborn. 
 
 ZELTIXGKN. tsilfiug-en, a village of Rhenish Prussia. 
 22 miles N.E. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 14i0. 
 
 ZKLVA, zel'vi or ZELWIA, z^l'vu-d. a river of Russia, 
 government of Grodno, after a course of 70 miles joins the 
 Niemen. 
 
 ZELVA or ZELWIA, a town of Russia, government and 
 52 miles S.E. of Grodno, on the above river. 
 
 ZEIjZ.VETE, zJl-zi'tA, a village of Belgium, province of 
 Ea.st Flanders. 12 miles N. by E. of Ghent. Pop. 3194. 
 
 ZEMBIX, zJm-biu' or zSm-beeu', a market-t-nvn of Ruiria, 
 government of Minsk, 22 miles N.W. of Borisov. Pop. 
 about 1500. 
 
 ZEME, dzi'mi, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Novara. province of Lomellina, about 6 miles from Mortara. 
 It is an ancient place. Pop. 1S2I. 
 
 ZEMLIX. a town of Austria. See Semlin. 
 
 ZEMPELBURG, tsim'peI-tK>oRg\ or ZEMPLEX, tsJmpOfn, 
 a town of West Prussia, 61 miles W.S.W. of Marieuwerder. 
 Pop. 3450. It has Roman Catliolic and Lutheran churches, 
 and manufactures of woollen doth and linens. 
 
 ZE.M'PLIX, (Ilun. pron. zem^piin' or zem'pleen'.) a county 
 of Hungary, Hither Thelss, bounded N. by Galicia; length, 
 from X.X.E. to S.S.W^ 100 mile.s. mean breadth 30 mUes. 
 Ujhely is the capital. Pop. 277,494. 
 
 ZE.MPLIX. a market-town of North-East Hungary, on the 
 Bodro.', 8 miles E.N.E. of Ujhely-t^atoralja. 
 
 ZE'XAS, a post-village of Jennings co., Indiana, 65 miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ZE.X.VSCO. dz.A-nis'ko, a village of the Sardinian States, 
 division of Novara, province of Lome'dina, near Cava, and 
 on the left bank of the Po, from whose inundations it often 
 surfers. It consists of an old and a new qu.'irter. Pop. 33t)7. 
 
 ZEXDAROOD, ZENDARUD or ZENDAH-RUD. zJnMI- 
 rood', (i. n. '• living stream,") written also Z.WENDEII-ROOD, 
 a large river of Persia, province of Irak-.\jemee. rises in the 
 Zardahkuh Mountains, near the sources of the Karoon, 
 flows E. past Ispahan, and is lost in the sands of the Persian 
 Desert, about 150 miles E. of that city. 
 
 ZEXGG or ZEXG, zeng or z5nk, written also SEXY and 
 SZENY, (It, .SB(//J<i, sjn'yd; anc. &'nia,) a forlifled seaport 
 town of Military Croatia. 48 miles S.W. of Carl.stadt, on the 
 Adriatic, at the termination of the .Josephine Road, and 
 opposite the island of Veglia. Pop. 5000. It is the see of a 
 Roman Catholic M.-hop. and has a Franciscan convent. Its 
 harlx>r is unsafe, but it has a considerable export of corn from 
 Hungary. 
 
 ZEXGIII, zfng'ahee, or ZEXGUE, zSng'gJh, a river of 
 Georgia. Russian Transcaucasia, province of Erivan. conveys 
 the surplus waters of Lake Sevan into the Aras, after a S. 
 course I if 60 miles. 
 
 ZEXGIIIAX or ZEXGAN, Persia. See Zexjan. 
 
 ZEXIT'ZA or SIEXITZA. se-.A-nit/sl a town of European 
 Turkey, Bosnia, 30 miles N.W. of Novi-Bazar. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ZEXJ.\X, zen-jdu', a river of Persia, joins the Kizil-Oozen, 
 (Sefeed-Rood.) after a X.W. course of 90 miles. 
 
 ZENJAX or ZEXGAN. zCn-gds', written al.so ZENGHIAN, 
 a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, on the river 
 Zenjan. and the route from Tabreez to Ilamadan, about 133 
 miles N. of Ilamadan. Pop. 15,00U.(?) It is enclosed by 
 walls, has a handsome palace, and is the seat of an active 
 trade in carpets, woollen cloths, arms, lead, and gunpowder. 
 
 ZENKOV, a town of Rvissia. See Sen'Kov. 
 
 ZEN'NOli, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 4i miles 
 W.S.W. of St. Ives. Population partly engaged in tiu-mineiL 
 
 ZiyXO. a post-ofBoe of York district. South Carolina. 
 
 ZEN'T.\ or SZE.NT.4, sJn'tOh'. a market-town of Hungary, 
 CO. of Bacs, on the right bank of the Tbeiss. 24 miles S. of 
 Szegedin. Pop. 13,653. It is celebrated for the victory of 
 Prince Eugene over the Turks in 1696. 
 
 ZEX'TA or ZETTA, a river of Albania, Montenegrin Con- 
 federacy. flows through the Berda districts, and joins the 
 Moratsha at Spuss. 
 
 ZEPITA or SEPITA, s,Vpee'ti, a town of Bolivia, depart- 
 ment and 74 miles N.W. of La Paz, on a headland in the 
 Lake of Vinamarca, a branch of the Lake Titioaca. 
 
 ZEPPEKEN, zi^p'pjr-en, a village of Beli;iimi, province 
 of LiralKiurs;. 9 miles'S.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 1332. 
 
 ZER-AFSIIAN or ZER-AFCHAN, zJr Sf-shdn'. a river of 
 Independent Toorkistan, Bokhara, rises in the highlands E. 
 of Samarcand. flows westward past that city and Bokhara, 
 and enters I>ake Denghiz, after a total course estimated at 
 400 miles. It supplies many amals. and is the great fertilizer 
 of the country it traverses. See *>aHD. 
 
 ZERAIX, a village of .\siatic Turkey. See Zereex. 
 
 ZEUA.M, an island of the Malay Archipelago. See Ceram. 
 
 ZERB.\, dzJa'bd, a village of the Sardinian States, division 
 of Genoa, province of Bobbio, near Oltone, on the Trebbia 
 Pop. 1'275. 
 
 ZEHBA, an Island of North Africa. See .Terda. 
 
 ZERBOLO, dzfiR'bo-Io, a village of the Saplinian Stales, 
 division of Novara. province of Lomellina. neai- the Ticino, 
 from the inundations of which it often suffers. I'op. 1985 
 
 ZERBST, ts^Epst, a town of North Germany, prliioipalit; 
 
ZER 
 
 ZIM 
 
 of AiiLalt-Dfssau. on an affluent of the Elbe, 22 mlTes S.E. 
 ■)f Mitjrdoburg. Hop. 8449. It is enclosed by walls, and has 
 xn ancient <astle; tlie fine church of St. Nicholas, a high 
 school, a pulilic lifcrary, an orphan a.syluni, a house of cor- 
 rection, manufactures of jewellery and earthenwares, and 
 breweries. Catherine II. of Russia, born in 1729 at Stettin, 
 of which her father was governor, was a princess of Zerbst. 
 
 KEHKEN or ZKHIN. zg-reen', written also ZKR.\IX, (ane. 
 Jiihejrl.) a small village of Asiatic Turkey, Palestine, pasha- 
 lic of Damascus, about 52 miles N. of Jerusalem, on the road 
 to Nazareth. 
 
 ZKKKU or ZKHREII. See ZcRUAn. 
 
 ZHItERK, zi-r,Vr<i, a small river of Brazil, province of 
 Matlo-Orosso, rises in the Serra de Santa Barbara, flows 
 N.E. and joins the Embntetiu or Slondego. 
 
 ZERT. dzri'rep, or OERRI. chf^R'Ree. a village of Tuscany, 
 on a heiglit about 7 miles from PontremoH, with a ruined 
 castle. Pop. 4598. 
 
 ZKRIN, a town of Palestine. See Zerken. 
 
 ZERK.\, a river of Asiatic Turkey, See Jabok, 
 
 ZERKOWO, zSR-ko'*o, a town of Prussian Poland, 38 
 miles S.E. of Posen, Pop. 1435. 
 
 ZERMATT, ts^R-mitt/ or zh^mh.^). a hamlet of Switzer- 
 land, canton of Valais, in a remote situation at the head of 
 the Visp Valley, 9 miles N.E. of Mount Cervin, (Matterhorn,) 
 of which it commands a magnificent view. 
 
 ZERNAGORA, dzJR-nd-go'rl, (Turkish Kara-ta(jh. kiva^- 
 tdg. "black mountains,") a mountain region of Turkey, 
 chiefly in North Albania, between lat. 42° and 43° N., and 
 Ion. 19° and 19° 30' E., and nearly commensurate with the 
 Independent teiTltory of Montenegro. 
 
 ZERNAdORA or CERNOGORA. See Monteneoro. 
 
 ZERNETZ or ZEKNEZ, a village of Switzerland, gee 
 Cernetz, 
 
 ZERNILOW, t8?R'ne-lov\ a village of Bohemia, about 4 
 miles from Smiritz, Pep. 1314, 
 
 ZERXITZ, DEUTSCII, doitch tsjn'nits, a village of Prus- 
 sian Silesia, government of Oppeln, Pop. 1032. 
 
 ZE'RO, a post-office of .Tasper co., Illinois, 
 
 ZERil. a post-nflflce of Lauderdale CO., Mississippi. 
 
 ZHRRAH. See Zurrah. 
 
 ZESK.\. a river of Asiatic Turkey. See .Tabok, 
 
 ZETHAN, tsA'tin, a village of Saxony, 25 miles S.S.W, of 
 Dresden, I'op, 1311, 
 
 ZETLAND ISLANDS, Scotland. See Shetland, 
 
 ZETRUD-LUMAY-AUTGAERDEN, 2.Vtrlld lil-mi' Swt- 
 gaR'di'n,(?) a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, on the 
 Grande Geete, 30 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1488. 
 
 ZETTA, a river of Albania, See Zenta, 
 
 ZEULA, tsoi'Li or MARKT-ZEULA, maRkt tsoili a mar- 
 ketrtown of Bavaria, on the Main, 4 miles E.N,E, of Llchten- 
 fels, P, 1000, 
 
 ZEULENRODA. tsoiMen-ro'da, or ZEULLNRODE, tsoil'n- 
 ro'deh, a town of Germany, principality of Reuss-Greitz, 
 lordship and 9 miles S.W, of Greitz, Pop. 48S1, It is en- 
 closed by walls, and has a cathedral, manufactures of wool- 
 len stuffs, hosiery, and watches, 
 
 ZEUTERN. tsoi'tem, a village of Baden, 6 miles N,E. of 
 Bruchsal. Pop, 1499, 
 
 ZEVEN, ts.Vven, a town of Hanover, 24 miles S,'W. of 
 Stade, on an affluent of the Oste, Pop, 2098. 
 
 ZE VENA.VIl, zAVen-dtt', a small town of the Netherlands, 
 province of Gelderland^ capital of a canton, 8 miles S.E. of 
 Arnhem. 
 
 ZEVENBERGEN, zA/vgn-bJR'ahen.a village of the Nethep- 
 lands, province of North Brabant, 9 miles N.W. of Breda, 
 intersected by a canal of its own name. Pop. 2467. 
 
 ZEVEN EEKEN. a village of Belgium. See Seveneeckex, 
 
 ZEVENHUIZEN, zA/ven-hoi'zen, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, 9 miles N N,E, of Rotter- 
 dam, Pop, 1693. 
 
 ZEVIO, dzA've-o, a markettown of Austrian Italy, dele- 
 gation and 7 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop, 2400. 
 
 ZEYLA, ZEYLAH, ZETLA or ZEILEH, zA/ld or zileh, a 
 seaport town of Adel, North-East Africa, on the Sea of Bab-el- 
 Mandeb, near the frontier of Abyssinia. Lat, 11° 17' N., Ion. 
 43° E. Pop. 500. It stands on alow sandy cape, bounding E. a 
 harbor which has 15 feet of water at low tide. It is enclosed 
 by ruined walls mounting a few guns, and is garrisoned 
 and governed by a chief, subject to the Pasha of Egypt, 
 
 ZEYRINO.ORER, o'ber tsT'ring, and ZEYRING PROB- 
 8TEI, tsT'ring prop'slT, two nearly contiguous places of Aus- 
 tria, Styria, 9 miles N,W, of Judenburg^ Pop. 3.300. 
 
 ZEYST, a village of the Netherlands. See Zeist. 
 
 ZEZERE. zA-zA'rA. a river of Portugal, provinces of Beira 
 and .\lemtejo, joins the Tagus at I'unhete, after a S.W, 
 course of 100 miles. Affluents, the Meimoa, Nabao, and 
 Pera, from the E, 
 
 ZHEIIOL, GEHOL, lEHOL or ZEIIOL, zh.Vhol', (written 
 also .TEIIO or GEHO, zhA^ho', a celebrated imperial palace 
 120 miles N.E. of Peking. Chin.a. 
 
 ZHELANIA or JEL^NIA. zhA-lI/ne-a. or JELANII. zhA- 
 lan'ye. a cape forminsr the N. extremity of Nova Zembla, 
 near lat 77° N., Ion. 76° 40' E. 
 
 ZHITOMBER, JITOMIR, JYTOMIR, ZYTOMIR, zhitK> 
 
 mecr', or ZYTOMIERS, a town of Russian Poland, capitiil 
 of the government of Volhynia, on an affluent of th« 
 Dnieper, 80 miles S.W, of Kiev, on the left bank of th» 
 Tcherov, Pop. 3:5,717. It has Russo-Greek, Lutheran, and 
 Roman Catholic churches, a gymnasium, theological semi- 
 nary, government lihr.ary, manufactures of hats audleather, 
 and a flourishing trade in wooUen.s, silk, and linen fabrics, 
 salt, and agricultural produce. 
 
 ZinZDRA or JIZDRA, zhL^'drl, written al.so SCHISDRA, 
 a town of Ru.'isia. governmeut and 80 miles S.W. of Kalooga, 
 capital of a circle, on the Zhizdra. an affluent of the Oka. 
 Pop, 8000. It has niauufactures of woollen cloth, and glajw 
 and iron works. 
 
 ZIA. S<!e Zea. 
 
 ZIANDdWITZ, tse-an'do-«its\ or ZANCIIWITZ, tsJnK'- 
 *its, a village of Pru.ssian Silesia, government and 24 miles 
 from Oppeln, Pep. 1192. 
 
 ZIBELLO, dzebil'lo, or GIBELLO, je-bJllo, a village of 
 Northern Italy, 27 miles N.W, of Parma, near the Po. 
 Pop. 4035. 
 
 ZIBKOV or ZIBKOW, NOVO, no'vo zib-kov', a town of 
 Russia, government and 77 miles N.N.E. of Tchernigov. 
 Pop. 1500. 
 
 ZICAVO, dze-ki'vo. a market-town of Corsica, 19 miles E. 
 of Ajaccio. Pop. 1249. 
 
 ZIEGELHAUSEN, isec'ghel-how'zen. a village of Baden, 
 on the Neckar, 2 miles E.N.E. of Heidelberg, Pop. 1471. 
 
 ZIEGENHAIN, tsee'ghen-hin\ a fortified town c ,|Oerm.v 
 ny, Hesse-Cassel, province of Ober-Hessen, on the Sthwalm, 
 23 miles E.N.E. of Marburg. Pop. 1727. It has an ancient 
 castle, 
 
 ZIEGENHAIJ?, t.see'ghen-h3ls\ a town of Prus.sian Sile- 
 sia. 34 miles S.W. of Oppeln, on the Biela. Pop. 3500. 
 
 ZIEQE.NORT, tsee'ghfn-0Rt\ (Gross, groce, and Kletn', 
 kiln,) two contiguous viilage.s of Prussian Pomerania, 15 
 miles N. of Stettin, ivt the mouth of the Oder, in the Great 
 Half. Pop. 1140, 
 
 ZIEGENRUCK. (Ziegenrtlck,) tgee'gen-rak\ a town of 
 Prussian Saxony, government of Erfurt, capital of a de- 
 tached circle, on the Saale, enclosed by the Saxon duchies, 7 
 miles W.N.W. of Schleitz. Pop. 950. 
 
 ZIELENZIG, tsee/li'n-tsio*, a walled town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg, 20 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 
 4400. It has manufactures of linens, hosiery, leather, hats, 
 and gloves. There are coal-mines in Its vicinity, 
 
 ZIEMETSHAUSEN, tsee'mfts-hfjw'zen, a market-town of 
 Bavaria. 18 miles W.8.W. of Augsburg, Pop, 849, 
 
 ZI ERENBERO, tsee'rjMi-bJKo', a walled town of Germany, 
 Hesse-Cassel. province of Nieder-He.ssen, on the Warme, au 
 affluent of the Diemel, 10 miles W.N.W, of Cassel. P. 1601. 
 
 ZIERIKZEE, zee/rik-z-A', a fortified town of the Nethe- 
 lands, province of Zealand, on the island of Schouwen, neai 
 the East Scheldt. Lat. 51° 38' 2" N., Ion. 3° 56' E. Pop. 
 6890. It has salt refineries, and a large oyster fishery. It 
 is the oldest town in Zealand, and formerly belonged to the 
 Hanseatic League. Its fine old cathedral was burnt down 
 in October, 1832. 
 
 ZIES.\R. tsee'zar, a town of Prussian Saxony, 29 miles 
 E.N.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2750. It has manufactures of 
 woollen cloth, linens, and hosiery. 
 
 ZIEZ.\, a town of Spain. See ClEZA. 
 
 ZIGET. a town of Hungary. See Sziqeth. 
 
 ZIONAGO, dzeen-yA'go, a village of Northern Italy, Sardi- 
 nian States, division of Genoa, 10 miles N.E. of Levante. 
 Pop. 1287. 
 
 ZTHL, a river of Switzerland. See TntELE. 
 
 ZlHLSCllLACHT, tseel'shldKt, a village of Switzerland, 
 canton of Thurgau, near Bischofszell. Pop. 1423. 
 
 ZILAII. See Waltenbero. 
 
 ZILITEX, zilVt^n/, or ZLITOUN, zlee'toon', a maritime 
 town of North Africa, on the Gulf of Sidra, 86 miles E.S.E. 
 of Tripoli. 
 
 ZILLEBEKE, zilleh-b.A'keh, a village of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of West Flanders, 30 miles S.S.W, of Bruges, P. 1494 
 
 ZIL'LEH, (anc, ZeJla or Zida,) a town of Asia Minor, pask- 
 .alic of Seevas, 36 miles W,S,W, of Tokat, Pop, 2000 fami- 
 lies,(?) who manufacture coarse cotton cloths, &c. It has a 
 fortress on the site of an ancient temple, large khan.s, good 
 shops, and an annual fair. This faii" lasts for fifteen or 
 twenty days from the middle of November, and is often fre- 
 quented by from 40,000 to 50,000 persons from all the com- 
 mersial towns of Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 ZILLERTHAL, tsillgr-tdP, a valley of the Tyrol, on the 
 right bank of the Inn, which receives the Ziller, by which 
 it is watered, about 2 miles below Innspruck. Pop. about 
 14,000. 
 
 ZILWAU'KIE, a flourishing post-village of Saginaw co., 
 Michigan, on the Saginaw^ River, about 6 miles below Sagi- 
 naw. It has 4 steam saw-mills, K plank-road, 35 miles 
 long, connects this place with Flint, in Genesee county. 
 Pop, about 500. 
 
 ZIMAPAN, 8e-m3-p3n', a village of the Mexican Confede- 
 ration, state and 95 miles N. of Mexico, 
 
 ZIMATLAN, se-m2-tldn', a village of the Mexican Con- 
 federation, state and 25 miles S, of Oajaca. 
 
 2165 
 
ZLM 
 
 ZIMBAO, zeem-lia'o or zim-bow', or ZIMBAOE, a town of 
 EJtetAfrUa. 
 
 ZIMBO. ze-m'bo, a promontory of Brazil, province of 
 Banta Catiiarii a, 40 miles X. of Desterro; breadlh about 4 
 miles. 
 
 ZIMTTE. se-mee'ti » town of South America, New Gra- 
 nada. department of Magdalena, 90 miles S.S.E. of Mompox. 
 
 ZIM'MKR:MAX. a post-ofBce of Greene CO., Ohio. 
 
 ZIM'MERMANSTOWX, a small village of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 16 miles W. of Pottsville. 
 
 ZIMJIERX, GROSS, groce tsim'mgrn, a market-town of 
 Germany. Ilesse'Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, 9 miles 
 E. of Darmstadt Pop. 2930, mostly employed in linen 
 weaving. 
 
 ZIMMERWALD, tsim'mgr-«llt\ a Tillage and pari.sh of 
 Switzerland, canton and o miles S.S.E. of Bern, on the Lan- 
 genberg. Pop. 1752. 
 
 ZIMONY, a town of Austria. See Semun. 
 
 ZIN/DER, a town of Central Africa, Bornoo, capital of a 
 province of its own name, called also Damagram, 300 miles 
 W.N.W. of Kooka. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 ZINDER, a province of Central .Africa, forming the N.W. 
 frontier o£,the territory of Bornoo. is between lat. 13° 20' and 
 U'^ N., and Ion. 4° 30' and 10° 60' E. 
 
 ZIXGST, tsingst, an island of Prussian Pomerania, 10 
 miles N.W. of Stralsund. in the Baltic, immediately off the 
 German coast. Length 14 miles ; breadth 2 miles. On it is 
 tbe village of Zingst. 
 
 ZINJI, zin'jee, a large village of Turki-sh Koordistan, 
 pa.'ihalic and 40 miles E.X.E. of Mosul. 
 
 ZINKOV or ZINKO\V', zin-kov', a town of Russia, govern- 
 ment of Podol.'sk, 35 miles N.N.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 1790. 
 
 ZIXXA, tsin'ni, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- 
 burg, 27 miles S. of Potsdam, on the railway from Berlin to 
 ■yVitteuberg. Pop. 1760. It has manufactures of woollen 
 cloth, cotton stuffs, and leather. 
 
 ZIXTEX, tsin'ten, a town of East Prussia, 20 miles S.S.W. 
 of Konigsberg. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ZIXTl, a town of Bolivia. See CiNTl. 
 
 ZIXWALD, tsin'*alt, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.W. 
 of Leitmeritz, on the Red Weiserifz. Pop. 1149. 
 
 ZIOX, a hill of Palestine. See SlON. 
 
 ZI'OX, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, in Nit- 
 tany Valley, 5 miles X.E. of Bellefonte. 
 
 ZIOX, a postroffice of Cecil co., Maryland. 
 
 ZIOX, a post-village of Iredell co., North Carolina, 155 
 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 ZIOX, a post-ofSce of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 ZIOX, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois. 
 
 ZIOX III LTj. a post-office of Amite co., Mississippi. 
 
 ZIOX HILL, a post-office of Hamilton co.. Tennessee. 
 
 ZIOX SEMIXAliy, a postroffice of Covington co., Mis- 
 mssippi. 
 
 ZI'OXSVILLE, a village of Indiana, on the Lafayette and 
 Indianapolis Railroad, 15 miles from Indianapolis. 
 
 ZI'OXSVILLK. a post-office of Boone co., Indiana. 
 
 ZI'OXVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 40 miles X.X.U". of Philadelphia, contains 2 chun-hes. 
 
 ZIPAQUIRA, se-pJ-kee/rS, a small town of South .America, 
 New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, 20 miles N.N.E. 
 of Bogota. 
 
 ZIPII, zif, a ruined town of Palestine, pashalic of Damas- 
 cus; its remains, 2 miles S.E. of Hebron, consist of walls 
 and cisterns. 
 
 ZIPOAV, a village of Hungary. See IszEP. 
 
 ZIPPEZERBST or ZIPPERZORDIG, a town of Prussian 
 Saxony. See Zorbio. 
 
 ZIl'S. zipsh, a county of Hungary. Hither Theiss, bounded 
 on the N. by G.alicia; greatest length, from X.W. to S.E.. 65 
 miles, mean breadth 24 miles. Capital, Leutschau. Pop. 
 
 ZIPS, a village of Hungary, in the county to which It 
 gives name, near Kirehdort It has impo.«ing ruins of the 
 ancient royal castle of Zips. 
 
 ^ZIR.AXKA, ze-rdn'kJ. a river of East Siberia, rises in the 
 N. part of the government of Yakootsk. in lat. 65° N., flows 
 E., and joins the Kolyma at Verkhnee Kolymsk, after a 
 course of about 170 miles. 
 
 ZIRCZ. a town of Hungary. See Zirtz. 
 ,,-^»?'?.?^*'' t'^^^^liyli, a town of PruiJsian Poland, 38 miles 
 VV .N.« . of J'osen, on the Warta. Pop. 2070. 
 
 /\^u^^^"I' "'■ CZIRKXICZ. t<«6Rk'nits, a market-town 
 of lllyria, Carniola, 8 miles E. of Adolsberg. on the X 
 side of it. lake. Pop. 1300. The Lake of Zirknitz, 6 miles 
 long, and 3 miles bmad, is remarkable for the great vari;>p 
 tion in the height of its waters. The bottom, which is 
 formed of limestone rock, is full of clefts and fissures. 
 tUrough which the water passes at about forty different 
 openings, into subterraneous channels and caverns, and 
 goes to supply the neighboring streams. It is frequently 
 dry in fummer Sometim-s. during tbe dry .season, the 
 bottom of the lake is «.vered with luxuriant hertw^e. which 
 U made into hay. Some parts are .sown with millet and 
 bucKwheat The depth of the Uke of Zirknitz. in the 
 deepest pirt is only about 56 feet In January, 1834, the 
 2166 
 
 ZOB 
 
 waters left the lake, and did not return till March, 1835; lui 
 occurrence which, for the long cessation of the waters, ui 
 said to }>e unprecedented. 
 
 ZIRMIE. zir'inee^ or zeer'mee', a town of Central .\frica, 
 Xigritia. Houssa, on a peninsula in the Quarrauia, a tribu- 
 tary of the Niger, 60 miles W. of Kashna. 
 
 ZIRXDORF, tsfieun'doRf, a town of Bavaria. 4 miles W. 
 of X'uremberg, with an old ruined castle. Wallenstein had 
 here an intrenched camp, which Gustavus Adolphus in vain 
 attempted to force. Pop. 1689. 
 
 ZIROX.\. dze-nyni. a small island of Dalmatia, in the 
 Adriatic, 14 miles S.W. of Spalato. 
 
 ZIRTZ or ZIRCZ, zeeats, a small town of Hungary, co. 
 and 11 miles N. of Veszprim, with a Cistercian abbey, and 
 breeding stud. 
 
 ZISTERSDORF, t.sis'ters-doRf S or ZISTERDORF. tsj.^f/tfr- 
 doRf \ written also ZISSERSDOKF, a town of Lower Austria, 
 32 miles X.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1605. 
 
 ZITTAU, tsit'tow, a town of Saxony, 26 miles S.E. of 
 Bautzen, on the left bank of the Mandau, at the bead of a 
 branch railway to Dresden and Giirlitz. Pop. in 1861, 13,06.3» 
 It is the centre of the linen manufactures of Lusatia, and 
 has numerous churche.s, a gymnasium, a municipal library 
 of 12,000 volumes, theatre, hospitals, and manufactures of 
 cotton and woollen cloth.s, and piano-fortes. Near it are the 
 miueial springs and baths of Aw/ustusUiU. 
 
 ZITUIIET, ze-too-rJl/, a village of Turkish Armenia, 
 pashalic of Trebizond, on the Tehoruk, near tbe Artvin. 
 
 ZIZ, ziz or zeez, a river of Morocco, province of Tafilet, 
 rises S. of the Atlas Mountains, and after flowing S.E. past 
 Talilet, is lost in the sands of the Sahara. Course estimated 
 at upwards of 200 miles. 
 
 ZIZEL.ITZ, tsits'eh-lits\ a market-town of Bohemia, on 
 the Cydiina, 38 miles S.S.E. of Xew Bid.^chow. Pop. 1094. 
 
 ZIZEliS, tsits/frs, a market-town of Switzerland, canton 
 of Grisons, near the Upper Khiue, 7 miles N. of Chur. Pop. 
 1018. 
 
 ZLABIXG.S, tsld'bings, a town of Moravia. 29 miles S.S.W. 
 of Iglau. Pop. 2176. 
 
 ZL.\KNA, a town of Trunsvlvania. See Z.^l.^thna. 
 
 ZL.4.T00SK, ZLATOUSK. ZLATUSK or SLATOUSK. zl5 
 toosk', written al.so SLATOUS1"OFSK or KLIUCIII, a villatre 
 of Russi.a, government of Orenlxx)rg, on the Ooi, among tlie 
 Ural Mountain.s, 140 miles E. by X. of Oofa. H is the 
 centre of the S. imperial mines, and has an exten.«ive manu- 
 factory of damasked scimetars and articles cf inlaid and 
 embossed steel. 
 
 ZLEB, zhUb or tsljb, written al.so ZLEBV or SCIILEB. a 
 market-town of Bohemia. 4 miles E.X.E. of Czaslan. P. 1065. 
 
 ZLIX, zblin,(?) a town of Moravia, 14 miles X.E. of Hra- 
 disch, on the Drewniza. Pop. 2630. 
 
 ZLITOUX. a town of North Africa. See Ziutex. 
 
 ZLOCZOW, zhlo'chov, a town of Austrian Ualicia, 45 mile.'S 
 E. of Lemberg. Pop. 4000. It has an ancient castle. 
 
 ZLOTOWO. a town of Prussia. See Fl.\tow. 
 
 ZMKIXOGORSKOI, a town of Silieria, See Smfixogorsk. 
 
 ZMIEV or SMIEVV, a town of Russia. See Sliltv. 
 
 ZMIGROD, zhmee'grod, a market-town of Austrian Galicia, 
 about 9 miles S. of .laslo. on the Pembowka. 
 
 ZX.\. a river of Russia. See Tssa. 
 
 ZX.\IM or ZXAYM, znime or tsnime, a town of Moravia, 
 on the left bank of the Thaya, 36 miles S.S.W. of Briinn 
 Pop. 5010. It has a gymnasium and a school for the educa- 
 tion of the children of the military : its barracks were for 
 merly the castle of the Mai^raves of Moravia. The vine is 
 cultivated in its vicinity, and it has manufivrtures of wool- 
 lens, toliacoo, and mustard, A combat took place here, be- 
 tween the French and Austrians. 14th June, 1SU9. 
 
 ZXIN, tsueeu, a town of Prussian Poland, 23 miles S.S.W. 
 of Bromberg. Pop. 1351. 
 
 ZO.^GIJ, dzo-Jl'yee. a market-town of Xorth Italy, Sar- 
 dinian States, on the Gulf of Genoa, province and 4 miles 
 W. of Chiavari. Pop. 3873. 
 
 ZOAX, a city of Egypt. See Sax. 
 
 ZO.tR, a post-office of Erie co.. New York. 
 
 ZOAR. a post-office of Gonzales co., Texas. 
 
 ZO.AR, a thriving post-village of Tuscarawas county. Ohio, 
 on the Ohio Canal, and on the Cleveland and Pittsburg 
 Raili-oad, 111 miles E.X.E. from Columbus, was settletl in 
 1SI8 by a community of Germans. They are noted for 
 industry and morality, and liave a community of property. 
 The village, which is remarkable for simplicity and neat- 
 ness, contains a store, a woollen tactory, 2 furnaces, and 
 several mills. They also own 91100 acres of land. The affairs 
 of the community are managed by an agent and 3 trustees, 
 who are elected by |x>puliir vote. 
 
 ZO.\R BRIDGE, a po.strvillage of Xew Haven ~>., Gmnec- 
 ticut on the Housatonic River, 18 miles X.W. by W.cC New- 
 Haven. 
 
 ZOBEIR, zo'b.Ar', a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of 
 Bagdad. 8 miles S.W. of Bassorah. 
 
 ZOBLITZ, tsoMitz, a town of Saxony, 19 n.llor I.K of 
 Chemnitz. Pop. 15Jo. 
 
 ZOBTKX. tsob'teu. a town of Prus.«ian files'*. A. mites 
 S.W. of Breslau, at the foot of the Z^^iite iiiEsa Voitntaui, 
 
20B 
 
 ZUL 
 
 which is surmounted by a chapel resorted to in pilgrimage. 
 Pop. ] 620. 
 
 ZOKLEX, zoo/len, a village of Holland, province of Gt'l- 
 derland, 2 miles N. of Tiel, with an old castle and a church. 
 Pop. 918. 
 
 ZOERSEL, zooR/Bel, a village of Belgium, province and 15 
 miles K. of Antwerp. Pop. 1025. 
 
 ZOEST. a village of the Netherlands. See SoEST. 
 
 ZOFIXGEN or ZOFFINQEN, tsof'Sng-en, (anc. TriOinutm f) 
 a town of Switzerland, canton and 9 miles S.S.W. of Aargau, 
 on the Wigger. Pop. in 1850, 3559. It has a public library, 
 und manufactures af cotton, linen, and .'ilk fabrics. 
 
 Z<X1^' 1, dz6n'yo, a village of Northern Italy, in Lombardy, 
 6 miles N. of Bergamo, on the Brembo. Pop. 2000. The 
 historiaa Tiraboschi, and the painter Giacomo Palma were 
 born here. 
 
 ZOri.^B, zo'hdb', a town of Persian Koordistan, capital of 
 a district, 66 miles W.N.W. of Kermanshah. It once con- 
 sisted of 1000 houses enclosed by an earth rampart, but has 
 now decaved. 
 
 ZOIIHliil or ZOHETII, a river of Persia. See T.\b. 
 
 ZOLDER, zol'der, a town of Belgium, province of Lim- 
 burg, on the Jlangelbeek, 6 miles N.N.W. of llasselt. Pop. 
 2455. 
 
 ZOLKIEW. zol/ke-Jv\ or ZOI-KIEV, zoIk'ySv\ a town of 
 Austrian Galicia, capital of a circle, on an affluent of the 
 Bug, 16 miles N. of Lemberg. Pop. 3927. It hag manufac- 
 tures of coarse M'oollens, Icatlier, and porcelain. 
 
 ZOL'LARSVILLE, a small i)ost-village of \Vashington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 ZOLiIj-KNGERS, a village of Prussia. See Enoers. 
 
 ZOLLVEREIN, tsoll'fer-Ine\ or '* Customs-Uniox." a com- 
 mercial league formed in Germany for the purpose of esta- 
 blishing/a uniform rate of customs. It includes Prussia, 
 Bavaria. Baden. W Urtemberg. Saxony, Hanover, and most 
 of the sin.aller states. See Germany, page 747. 
 
 ZOLOTOIOSTROV. zo-lo-toi' os-trov', an island of Russia, 
 In the X. part of the Caspian Sea, formed of alluvial deposits, 
 by the two arms into which the Ural divides at its mouth. 
 
 ZOLOTONOSIIA or ZOLOTONOCHA, zo-lo-to-no'sba, a 
 town of l{u.s.«i!in Poland, government and 105 miles W. of 
 Poltava, capital of a district. It has two convents, and an 
 active trade in cattle. 
 
 ZOLOTCVPOIj, a market-town of Russia, government of 
 Kiev. 42 miles S.E. of Svenigorodka. Pop. 1500. 
 
 ZOLOTCIIEV 01 SOLOTSCIIEW, zo-lo-cliSv/, written also 
 80LOTCHEI, a town of Russia, government and 25 miles 
 N N.W. of Kharkov, on the Ooda, with remains of ancient 
 tbrtificHtions, and 6 annual fairs. Pop. 5000. 
 
 ZO.M'BlJR or SOM'BOR, (anc. Zmnborinumr) a town of 
 South Hungary, capital of the county of Bacs, 27 miles 
 N.N.W. of I'esth. Pop. 22,000. It is situated near the Fran- 
 cis Canal, by which it communicates with the Danube, 
 and has a normal school, manufactures of silks, and trade 
 in grain and cattle. 
 
 ZO.NHO'VEN or SONIIO/VEX, a village ot Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Liml>ourg, 4 miles N. of Hasselt. Pop. 2776. 
 
 ZOXNKBEKE. zon'neh-bi'keh, a village of Belgium, AVest 
 Flanders, 25 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2432. 
 
 Z0X0M.4, a town of California. See Sonoma. 
 
 ZOXS, tsons. (anc. Smitinumf) a walled town of Rhenish 
 Prussia. 8^ miles S.S.E. of Dusseldorf, near the left bank 
 of the Rhine, and the ancient Roman fort Gf.nosia, which, 
 as is supposed, was its original site. Pop. 868. 
 
 ZOXZOXATE, a department of Central America. See 
 
 SONSOXATE. 
 
 ZOOGA, a river of Africa. See NoA>n. 
 
 ZOPTAX. a village of Austria. See Sobotje. 
 
 ZORBIG. tsoR'bio. KLEIXZERBST. klin't-sjRpst, ZIPPE- 
 ZERBST. tsip/peh-tsjKpst', orZI PPERZORDIG, tsip'pfi^tsoR^- 
 dis. a town of l^russian Saxony, on the Strenkljach and 
 FUhne. 12 miles N.N.E. of Halle. Pvp. 2360. 
 
 ZOllGE, tsoE'oheh, a village of Brunswick, district and 
 18 miles S.W. of Blaukenburg. Pop. 1454, partly engaged 
 in iron works. 
 
 ZORITA. tho-ree'td, a village of Spain, Estremadura, pro- 
 vince and 37 miles S.E. of Caeeres. Pop. 2903. 
 
 ZORX", zoRn, (Ger. pron. tsoRn.) a river of France, depart- 
 ments of Jleurthe and l?a,s-Rhin, rises iu the Vosges Moun- 
 tains, ilows E., p.ast Saverne and Brumath, and joins the 
 Moder on the right, 8 miles S.E. of Hagueuau. Course 45 
 lui'es. 
 
 ZORX'PORF. (Ger. pron. t.sonn'doRf.) a village of Prussia, 
 province of Brandenburg. 5 miles N. of Kiistrin. 
 
 ZOSSEN. tsos'sen. a walled town of Prussia, province of 
 Brandenburg, 22 rniles S. of Berlin. Pop. 1919. It is sun- 
 rounded by small lakes, and has manufactures of linens. 
 
 ZOTES BEL I>ARAMO, tho't^s dtM pi'rd-mo, a village of 
 Spain, prf/ince and aoout 24 miles from Leon, on a plain. 
 Pop. 1368. 
 
 ZOUBTZOV. See Soobtsov. 
 
 ZOUOKS'VILLE, a.po«t-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 ZOU<iA. a river of South Africji. See Xgami. 
 
 ZOUTL.^, a tnwn "' '•'ezzan See Zdeel.a. 
 
 ZSABiiIA.K, a t»-*o of European Turkey. See Tch.abliak. 
 
 ZS.\MBEK, sSm'bJk'. a market-town of Ilung.iry, co. anl 
 15 miles W.X.W. of I'esth, with the remains of an old Gothic 
 church, and of several Turkish mosques, and baths. Pop. 
 3509. 
 
 ZSCHOPPAU, tshop'pOiw, a river of Saxony, rises in the N. 
 slope of the Fichtelgebirge, on the frontier of Bohemia, flow.s 
 circuitously X., and, after a course of nearly 60 miles, joius 
 the Mulde. about 5 miles below Diibein. 
 
 ZSCHOPPAU. a town of Saxony, on the Zschoppau, P 
 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 6169. It has manufacturtjs 
 of woollen and cotton fabrics, fringe, and howery ; printing 
 and bleaching establishments, breweries and potteries. 
 
 ZSCHOKLAU, tshoR/low, a village of Saxony, circle of 
 Zwickau, to the S. of Schneeberg. I'op. 2065. 
 
 ZSOLXA, a town of Xorth-West Hungary. See Szoi.na. 
 
 ZUBI.\, La, Id soo'Bed, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 
 province and 3 miles S. of Granada, on the skirts of the 
 Sierra Nevada. It has the ruins of a convent founded by 
 Ferdinand and Isabella. Pop. 2939. 
 
 ZUBIEXA, dzoo-be-A'ud. a town of North Italy, Piedmont. 
 6 miles S.S.W. of Biella. Pop. 2452. 
 
 ZUCAPA, soo-kd/pi.. a town of Central Americi, state of 
 Guatemala, between the coast and Old Guatemala. 
 
 ZUCARELLO, dzoo-kd-rJl'lo. a town of Nortli Italy, Sardi- 
 nian States, 7 miles N.W. of Albenga. Pop. 912. 
 
 ZUCKMANTEL, tsook'mdn'ttd, a frontier town of Aus- 
 trian Silesia. 32 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 4181. It ban 
 manufactures of cotton and linen fabrics, and rosoglio. It 
 was at one time called Edelstadt. 
 
 ZUEELA. ZUELA or ZUUILA, zo^-eelS, or ZAWILA, zj- 
 wee'la. a town of Fezzan, Africa. 
 
 ZUERA, thwA'rd. a town of Spain. Aragon. province and 
 11 miles N.X.E. of Saragossa, on the Gallego, with a very 
 ancient church. Pop. 13.i0. 
 
 ZUEROS, thwi'roce, a town of Spain, province and 28 
 S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2024. 
 
 ZUFFEXUAUSEN, tsoOffen-hfiw'zgn, a village of Wiir- 
 temberg, 6 miles from Ludwigsburg, on the Friedrichshafen 
 Railway. Pop. 1568. 
 
 ZUG, zoog or tsooo, a central canton of Switzerland, and 
 the .smallest in the Confederation, surrounded t>y the can- 
 tons of .^ihwytz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, .\argau. and Zurich. 
 Length 15 miles, greatest breadth 9 miles. Area 85 square 
 miles. Pop. in I860, 19,608; all but 6U9 are Roman Catho- 
 lics, and speak German. Surface mountainous in tlie 
 S. and S.E. ; highest point, the Kaiserstock, 825S feet in ele- 
 vation; the principal portion lies in the Imsin of the Reuss, 
 and is watered by the Reuss and the SihL The greater part 
 of the Lake of Zug. and the whole of Lake Egeri is within 
 the canton. Soil fertile; thewineisofinferiorquallty ; butter 
 and cheese are extensively made; cattle rearing and fishing 
 are important. The other branches of industry comprise 
 paper making, tanning, silk and cotton spinning. Zug 
 joined the Swiss Confetleration in 1352. 
 
 ZUG. (anc. Tugium. t) the capital of the above canton, i» 
 situated on the Y.. sliore of the Lake of Zug, at tlie foot of the 
 Zugerberg, 52 miles E.N. E. of Bern. Pop. in 1850. 3302. It 
 has a gymnasium, a public library, tanneries, manuftctures 
 of paper, and commerce in cattle, kirachenwasser, cider, and 
 dried fruits. 
 
 ZUGERSEE or LAKE OF ZUG. a lake in the S.W. of the 
 canton of Zug, and l)Ounded E. and S. tiy the Zugerberg and 
 Righi Mountains, which separate it from the cantons of 
 Schwytz and Lucerne. It is 9 miles long, and 2 to 3 miles 
 broad, and 1361 feet above the sea. The chief affluent is the 
 Lorze. from the Lake of Egeri. which enters it on the north. 
 
 ZUIIEItOS, thoo-A'roce. a village of Spain, Andalusia, pro- 
 vince and 28 miles S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2024. 
 
 ZUIDERZEE. See Zuyder-Zee. 
 
 ZUIDUORN, zoid'horn. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince and 6 miles W.X.W. of Groningen. Pop. 948. 
 
 ZUIDL.VXD, zoid'ldnt. a village of the Netherlands, pro- 
 vince of South Holland. 8 miles S.E. of Briel. Pop. 1338. 
 
 ZU1DL.\REN, zoid-ld/ren, a pleasant, prosperous village 
 of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 9 miles E.N.E. of 
 Afsen. Pop. 960. 
 
 ZU1DZ.4.XDE, zoid'z^nd'eh, a village of the Netherlands, 
 province of Zealand, 15 miles S.W. of Middelburg. P. 997 
 
 ZU.TAR. thoiVHar, (anc. Hcetera?) a town of Spain, province 
 and 58 miles N.E. of Granada, near the Baibata. Pop. 1655. 
 It has mineral springs and copper-mines. 
 
 ZUJAR, a river of Spain. See Sujar. 
 
 ZUJ-IA, soo'lea, or SULTA, a river of South America, 
 rises in the N. part of New Granada, flows N.N.W. into 
 Venezuela, turns gradually N.E , and dividing into three 
 branches falls into Lake Mararaybo ; total cour.se 180 miles. 
 
 ZULI.\, a department of Venezuela, South America, be- 
 tween lat. 8° and 12^ N., and Ion. 68° and 73° W., having 
 on the S. and W. the republic of New Granada, and on the 
 N. tlie Caribbean Sea. Pop. 154.000. It surrounds the I^kc 
 of Marac»ybo, to which most of its rivers are tributary, 
 including the Zulia, wlience its name. It is sulidivided 
 into the provinces of Maracaybo. Coro. Merida. and Trujillo, 
 named after their chief cities, and of which the first-meu- 
 tioned is the capital. 
 
 2167 
 
ZDL 
 
 ZUZ 
 
 ZULI-A. Jlalay Archipelago. See Xclia. 
 ZULLICHAU. (ZiiUichau,') tsU11e-kow\ a walled town of 
 Prussia, Brandenbur;?. 60 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. It haa 
 a castle, a gymnasium with 7 professors, an orphan asylum, 
 »nd manufactures of woollens, linens, and leather. P, 4898, 
 ZULPICII, (^Ziilpich.) tsiil'piK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
 22 miles S.\V, of Cologne. Pop. 1188. It is believed to be 
 the aiK-ieat Ihlhiacum, near which CIotIs defeated the Ger- 
 mans in the year 496. 
 
 ZULTK, ziil'teh, a village of Belgium, province of East 
 Flanders, 16 miles S,\V, of Ghent Pop. 2042. 
 
 ZULZ, (Zulz.) tsUIts, BIALA. he-i'lL or BIALO. be-I/lo, a 
 town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S.S.W. of Oppein, on the 
 Biala. I'op. 27S9. 
 
 ZUMAKR.\GA, thoo-raaR-Ra/g3,orZUJIAR.4.GA,atownof 
 Spain, province oif Guipuzcoa, 7 miles VV.N.W, of Villafranca. 
 Pop. 969. 
 
 ZUMPANGO, soom-p3ng'go, a market-town of the Mexican 
 Confederation, state and 30 miles N. of Mexico, on the bor- 
 der of the small lake of Zumpango, Pop. 1500. 
 
 ZUXDERT, GROOT. grOt zun/df rt, a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of North Brabaut, 10 miles S,W, of Breda. 
 Pop. 1217. 
 
 ZUXGOLI, dzocn-golee, a town of Naples, province of 
 Principato Ultra, 6 miles S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 1800. 
 
 ZUNI, zoon-yee/ or soon-yee'. a puebla, or Indian town of 
 Socorro county. New Mexico, 120 miles W. of the Rio Grande, 
 and 170 miles S,W. of Santa Fe, lat. 36° 2' N., Ion. 107° 50' 
 W. It is on a small river of the same name, which tiows 
 into the Chiquito Colorado, (i. «.. " Little Colorado,") a tri- 
 butary of the Colorado of the West. The hou.ses are built 
 of stone, plastered with mud. They are terrace-shaped, each 
 story, of which there are generally three, being smaller late- 
 rally, 60 that one answers in part for the platform of the one 
 above. There are no doors or windows in the lower story : 
 the ascent is on the outside by means of ladders, which may 
 be drawn up so as to cutoff all commuuication from below. 
 This is a common moiie of building here, affording security 
 against the attacks of enemies. The inhabitants, near 2000 
 in number, cultivate the country in the vicinity to a consi- 
 derable extent, and have large herds of sheep and droves 
 of horses. Business transactions are carried on by barter, 
 there being no money in use. There is in the town a Catho- 
 lic church, built of adobes, 100 feet long and alx)ut 28 feet 
 wide. The interior of the church is nearly destitute of fur- 
 niturg^or ornament of any kind. 
 
 ZUNI MOUNTAINS, a deUched range in the central part 
 of New Mexico, in lat. about 36° N., Ion. 108° 20' W. 
 
 ZURGEXA or ZURXENA, thooR-HA'ni, a town of Spain, 
 province and 38 miles N.E. of Almeria, on the right bank 
 of the Almanzor. Pop. 12,336, who manufacture linens, 
 woollens, and nitre. It has 10 flour, and 4 oil mills. 
 
 ZURI, dzoo/i-ee, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 12 
 miles S.W. of Sebenico. Length 7 miles. On it is a vilLige of 
 the same name, and off it* coast a coral fishery is carried on. 
 ZURICH, zu'rik. (Ger. Ziiridi, tsu'riK,) a canton in the N. 
 part of Switzerland, bounded E. by the cantons of Thurgau 
 and St. Gall, S. by Sehwytz and Zug, W. by Aargau, N. by 
 Schaffhausen and the grand-duchy of Baden. Area 687 
 square miles. Pop. iu isr,0. 266,2(i5, nearly all Protestants, 
 and using the German language. Surface undulating, moun- 
 tainous in the S.E., where the Schnebelhorn is 429S feet, 
 and in the S.W. the Albis Mountain, 4623 in elevation. It 
 is watered by the Rhine, the Thur. Tiiss, Glatt, Limraat, 
 Sihl. and Reuss. It jjossesses a great portion of the Lake 
 of Zurich, besides which it has the Griefensee and the Pfiffl- 
 kersee, and several smaller lakes. The climate is mild, 
 though subject to sudden changes. The soil is not fertile, 
 but well cultivated. The corn raised is insulficient for home 
 consumption; potatoes and fruit* are important crops; the 
 best wine b grown on the E. shore of the Lake of Zurich. 
 It has numerous mineral springs. Zurich is one of the most 
 industrious cantons in Switzerland; the chief manufac- 
 tures are cotton, silk, and ribbons ; most of the rural popu- 
 lation are employed in silk and cotton spinning. Schools 
 are numerous, and attendance is compulsory on children 
 from 6 to 12 years of age. Zurich holds the first rank among 
 the cantons of the Swiss Confederation. Contingent to the 
 federal army is 6726 men, 461 horses, and 92,640 francs. It 
 is a democratic representative republic, governed by the 
 Constitution of 1837, and several subsequent decrees. The 
 chief towns are Zurich, (the capital,) Eglisau, Wadenschwv-l, 
 and \\ interthur. ° > j > 
 
 ZUUICH or ZURICH, (anc. Tx^ricum ; L. Tigurium,) a. c\ty 
 of Switzerland, capital of the above canton, is situated on the 
 Limmat, at lU exit from the N.W. extremity of the Lake of 
 Zurich. 60 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. in 18(0, 19,768, nearly all 
 Protestants. The Limmat divides it into two parts, which 
 communicate by 3 tine bridges. It is surrounded by old walls, 
 and has an arsenal with a fine collection of armory. Chief nub- 
 ile buildings, the Cathedral, the churci of St. Peter of which 
 Lnvater wa-s minister for 2:1 years: Town-house. Post-office 
 Orphan AsyUim.and the Tower of Wtilteuberg, IthasaUni- 
 ▼ersity, established in 18.32. attended by above 200 studeute 
 a cantonal school, and many other polytechnic schools.- a 
 
 public library of 45,000 volumes, cabinet of metlals and 
 natural history, botanic garden, and many learned societies. 
 It has important manufactures of silks, cotton fabrics, and 
 ribbons, dye-works, and tanneries, Zurich is the birtli-placc 
 of Gessiier, Zimmerman. Lavater, and Pestalozzi. Near it 
 the Swiss defeated the .\ustrian.s, on the 22d of July. 1443, 
 and the French defeated the Russians and Austrians on the 
 26th of August, 1799. 
 
 ZURICH, LAKE OF, (Ger. Zuricher-See, tsu'riK-fr s,A,) a. 
 lake of Switzerland, and celebrated for it,s picture.«quo 
 beauty, is mostly situated within the canton of Zurich, but 
 is enclosed at its E. end by the cjintons of Sehwytz and St. 
 Gall. Length 23 miles, breadth from half a mile to 2i miles, 
 height of surface above the sea 1342 feet. Iti^ chief .-ifBuent 
 is the Linth, which it receives on the S.E. frvui Lake 
 Wallenstadt. It is divided into the upper lake, extending 
 from Schmerikau to Rapperschwyl, and the lower lake, about 
 3 times its extent, from Rapperschwyl to Zurich. At its 
 narrowest point it is crossed by a woeden bridge, nearly 
 half a mile long. The upper lake Is frozen over almost 
 every winter, but this Ls seldom the case with the lower lake. 
 In summer its water is sometimes raised by the melting of 
 the snow to 18 feet above its ordinary level. The lake is 
 traversed by steamboats. 
 
 ZUli.MIE, zoor'mee\(?) a town of Central Africa, Houssa, 
 on an affluent of the Niger, between Saccatoo and Kashna. 
 Lat. 12° 55' N., Ion. 7° 38' E. 
 
 ZURRAII. zur'ra, or DUR'RA, written also ZEREII and 
 ZERREII, a large bracki.''b lake of Afglianistan. province of 
 Seistan ; lat. 32° N.. Ion. 62° E. ; about 1(50 miles in circum- 
 ference, and containing an island on which is a stronghold 
 called the Fort of Rustain or Rustau, iu which the chiefs 
 of Seistan used to take refuge when their country was 
 invaded. The shores are overgrown to a consideraljle dis- 
 tance with rushes and reeds, interspersed with pools of 
 standing water. The lake is nearly dried up. 
 
 ZURU.MA. soo-roo'md, a river of Brazilian Guiana. Macusi 
 territory, after a south-eastwai-d c urse of SO miles, joins the 
 Takutu, in lat. 3° 22' N., ion. near 60° Vt'. At their junction, 
 it lias been found 290 yards across. 
 
 ZURUMA, soo-rcK/mi, a town of Ecuador, department of 
 Assuay. in a mining district, on the \V. declivity of the 
 Andes. 2S miles N.W. of Loxa. Pop. 6000. Its gold and silver 
 mines rendered it formerly very populous, but its importance 
 has greatly declined. 
 
 ZURUMILLO, soo-roo-meel'yo, a village of Peru, province 
 and N.W. of Pataz, on the right bank of the Amazon. 
 
 ZURXENA. See ZURCEN.t.. 
 
 ZURZACII, tsooR'ts^K, a small town of Switzerland, canton 
 of .\argau, on the left bank of the Rhine, 16 miles N.N.E. 
 of .\arau. Pop. 904. It is the seat of a large fair. 
 
 ZUS.\.M, tsoo'sdm, a river of Bavaria, after a course of 40 
 miles, joins the Danube opposite to Donauwiirth. 
 
 ZUSCUEN, tsoOsb'en, a town of Germany, principality of 
 Waldeck, 15 miles S.W. of Cassel, on the E'lbe. Pop. 769. 
 
 ZUS.MARSHAUSEN, tsoos'mars-how^zen, a market-town 
 of Bavaria, Swabia. ou the Zusam,an uftluentof the Danube, 
 14 milas ^V.N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. Sol. 
 
 ZUTKUERQUE, ziit'kweBk', a village of France, depart- 
 ment of Pas-de-Calais, 10 miles N.W. of St. Omer. Pop. 
 1800. 
 
 ZUTPHEN, zut'ffn,fL. Zidphania,) a, town and fortress of 
 the Netherlands, province of GeUlerland, on the Yssel, and 
 on its affluent the Benkel, (which traver.ses the centre of 
 the town.) 17 miles N.N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. in 1863. l.i,246. 
 It has an ancient cathedr.il, a town-house, and manufactureg 
 of cotton, paper and glue; and taunerie.s. It formerly be- 
 longed to the Uauseatic League. It was taken by Don Frede- 
 rick of Toledo in 1572, by Prince Maurice in 1591, and by 
 the French in 1672, when its fortifications were dismantled. 
 
 ZUURBRAAK, zur'brdk', a village of Soutii Africa. Cape 
 Colony, district of Zwellendam, 140 miles E. of Cape Town, 
 on the Buffeljagts. It is a station of the London Missionary 
 Society, and Las a mission-house, chapel, school-house. &c. 
 
 ZUVI.\. thoo've-l, a town of Spain, province and 4 miles 
 S.E. of Granada, on the left bank of the Genii. Pop. 3095. 
 
 ZUYDER- (or ZUIDER-) ZEE, zi'der zee, (.Dutch prou. zoi'- 
 der zi; anc. Fyvus La/cus,) a gulf of the German Ocejin, 
 in the Netherlands, between the provinces of Over-Ys-sel 
 and Frie.sland in the E., Utrecht and Gelderland in the 
 S., and North Holland in the W. On the N. It is nearly 
 enclosed by the islands of Texel, Vlieland, Ter-Sclielling, 
 and Ameland. Length, from N. to S., 45 miles, cieatest 
 breadth 35 miles. On the S.W. it forms the inlet called the 
 Y, on which Amsterdam is situated, and which communi- 
 cates with the Lake of Harlem. It contains 4 small islands. 
 Chief affluents, the Zwarte Water and several branches of 
 the Rhine. Its fisheries are important. The Zuyder-Zee, 
 formerly a lake, was united to the German Ocean by an in- 
 undation in 1282. Under the French, the provinces of N nrtU 
 Holland and Utrecht formed the department of Zuyder Zee. 
 Capital, Amsterdam, 
 
 ZUYDHORN, a town of the Netherlands, See 'InnnoRN. 
 
 ZUYDLAND. a town of the Netherlands, See Zi innND. 
 
 ZUZ, tsoots, (anc. TtUiumf) a market-town of Switzerland, 
 
zuz 
 
 ZYW 
 
 canton of Grisons, in the Upper Engadine, 29 miles S.E. of 
 Cliiir, (Coire.) Pop. 393. 
 
 ZUZWEIL, tsoots/wlle, a villaRe and parish of Switzer- 
 land, canton and 11 miles W.N.W. of St. Gall, with the re- 
 mains of an old castle. Pop. 1059. 
 
 ZVENIGOROD, a town of Russia. See Svenigorod. 
 
 ZVENIGORODKA or ZWENIGOKODKA, zv^n-e-go-rodlsa, 
 a town of Russia, government and 98 miles S.S.E. of Kiev. 
 Pop. 1000. 
 
 ZVERINGOLOVSK or SWERTNGOLOWSK, zv4-rin-go- 
 Iov.«k', a town of Siberia, government of Orenboorg, on 
 the Ooi, an affluent of the Tobol, 130 miles E. of Troitsk. 
 
 ZVOR/MK or ZWORNIK, (Turk. UwtrniUI or 7z'»or»!ee7c',) 
 a fortified town of European Turkey, Bosnia, capital of a san- 
 jak, on the Drin, 30 miles from its mouth in the Save. Pop. 
 15,00().(?) It has two castlss, several mosques, and Greek 
 and Roman Catholic churches. 
 
 ZWART-BKRG, zw^Rt bJRO, or the "Black Mountain," 
 two mountain ranges of South Africa, Cape Colony, districts 
 of Zwellendain and George, bounding the Little Karroo Plain 
 and the upper valley of Olifant's lUver. The more N., or 
 Great Zwart-Berg Range, is rugged, and in some places 4000 
 feet in height. 
 
 ZWART-DOORX, zwiat donn, a river of South Africa, 
 Cape Colony, district of Clanwilliam, enters the Atlantic in 
 lat. 31° S., Ion. 17° 40' E. 
 
 ZWARTESLUIS, a town of the Netherlands. See Zwabt- 
 
 8LDIS. 
 
 ZWARTEWAL, zwiii/teh-ftaiN a village of the Nether- 
 lands, province of South Holland, 3 miles S. of Briel, on the 
 Nieuwe-Meuse. Pop. 1006. 
 
 ZWARTKOPS, zwtafkops*, a river of South Africa, Cape 
 Colony, tributary to the Little Doom River, which it joins 
 after "a W.S.W. course of 100 miles. The Zwaktland is a 
 fertile tract of the same colony, districts of Cape and Stel- 
 lenbosch. 
 
 ZVVAKTSLUIS, zwaRt'slois\ or ZWARTESLUIS, zwaR/teh- 
 slois'. a town of the Netherlands, province of Over-Ygsel, on 
 the Zwarte-W'ater, an affluent of the Vecht, near its mouth 
 in the Zuyd(;r-Zee, 9 miles N. of ZwoUe. Pop. 3650. 
 
 ZWEIRRUCKKN (ZweibrUcken) or ZWEYBRUCKEN, 
 ts^i-brQk'kgn. See Deux-Ponts. 
 
 ZWELSIMMEN, ts*i'sim'men, a village and parish of 
 Switzerland, canton and 27 miles S.S.W. of Bern, agreeably 
 situated in a valley, at the junction of the Great and Little 
 Simmen. Pop. 1970. 
 
 ZWELLENDAM, zwMMgn-dam', or SWEL'LENDAM/, the 
 most S. division of the Cape Colony, South Africa, termi- 
 nating in Cape Agulhas, bounded on the S. by the ocean, K. 
 by the district of George, N. by Worcester, and on the W. 
 by Stellenbosch. Area 7616 square miles. Pop. 19,847. It 
 is traversed on the N. by the Zwart-Berg Mountains, and 
 watered by the Breede River. Chief products, corn, soap, 
 butter, tallow, brandy, and wine of Inferior quality; good 
 horses are reared. Principal towns, Zwellendam, Caledon, 
 and Port-Beaufort. 
 
 ZWELLENDAM, a town of South Africa, Cape Colony, 
 capital of the division of same name, 110 miles E. of Cape 
 Town, has a church, jail, and public reading-room. Pop. 
 about 2000. 
 
 ZW EXIGORODK A, a town of Russia. See Zveniqorodk A. 
 
 ZWENKAU. ts*cnk'ow, a town of Saxony, 9 miles S.S.W. 
 of Leipsic, on the Elster. Pop. 2612. 
 
 ZWESTEN, ts*Jst/fn, a village of Ilesse-Cassel, Nleder- 
 hessen. circle of Fritzlar. on the Wetzelbach. Pop. 1156. 
 
 ZWETTEL, zwgt'tel, (Ger. pron. tsweftel.) written also 
 ZWKTL, a town of Lower Austria, on the Kamp, at the 
 mouth of the Zwettel, 24 miles N.W. of Krems. Pop. 21.W. 
 It has manufactures of woollen cloths, linens, and ribbons. 
 Near it is a Cistercian abbey with a rich library. 
 
 ZWICKAU, ts^ik'Ow, or ZWIKK, ts*ik, a town of Bo- 
 hemiu, N.W of Buntzlau, near Keichstadt. Pop, 3558. 
 
 ZWICKAU, ts^iklsfiw, a town of Saxony, on the left 
 bank of the Mulde, and on the Saxon and Bavarian RiUl- 
 way, 60 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. in 1861, 20,492. It 
 has a church, with a lofty tower, a gymnasium, with u 
 library of 30,000 volumes, and manufactures of woolleD 
 cloths, cotton goods, and chemical products. In its vicinity 
 are extensive coal-mines. 
 
 ZWICKAU, a town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, 19 
 miles W. of Keichenberg. Pop. 3835, mostly empkyed in 
 manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. 
 
 ZWIESEL. tsftee'zel, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, on 
 the Regen, .32 miles N.N.W. of Passau. Pop. 1245. 
 
 ZWIJNDRECHT, a village of the Netherlands. See Zwtn- 
 
 BRECHT. 
 
 ZWIKK, a town of Bohemia. See Zwickau. 
 
 ZWINGENBERG, ts*ing'en-b?RG\ a town of Germany, 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, at the foot of 
 the Melibocus Mountain, and on the Frankfoj't and Mann- 
 heim Railway, 10 miles S. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1445. 
 
 ZWITTAU, t8*it/t0w, or ZWITTAWA, zftiUd/vi. a river 
 of Moravia, after a S. course of 55 miles joins the Schwarza 
 at Briinn. 
 
 ZWITTAU or ZWITTAWA, a walled town of Moravia, 
 circle of Olmutz, near the Bohemian frontier, on the rail- 
 way to Prague, 40 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 3699. It haa 
 manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, and an active 
 trade in wool and flax. 
 
 ZWITTAWKA, zftit-tav^kJ, a market-town of Moravia, 
 on the Zwittawa, 22 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 672. 
 
 ZWOLLE. zwol'leh, a fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 capital of the province of Over-Yssol, 52 miles E.N.E. of Am- 
 sterdam, on the Zwarte- Water. Pop. 19,959, including 388 
 military. It was formerly a free imperial city, and belonged 
 to the Ilanseatic League. It hag a cathedral, town-hall, a 
 tribunal of commerce, and manufactures of woollen and 
 linen cloths, sugar and salt refineries, and an active trade 
 with Germany. Near Zwolle there formerly stood an Au- 
 gustine priory, the residence 'of Thomas-i-Kempis in the 
 15th century. 
 
 ZWOLLEN, zwol/lfo, a town of Poland, government of 
 Sandomier, 19 miles E.S.E. of Kadom. Pop. 2026. 
 
 ZWOMITZ, (Zwiimitz.) tsftiVmits, a town of Saxony, 15 
 miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz, on the Zwcimitz. Pop. 2012. It 
 has manufactures of linens, cottons, and lace. 
 
 ZWORNIK, a town of European Turkey. See Zvornik. 
 
 ZAVRATAUCH, a village of Bohemia. See Swratauch. 
 
 ZWYNDRECHT or ZWIJNDRECHT, zwIuMr^Kt, a vil- 
 lage of tlxe Netherlands, province of South Holland. 10 
 miles S.E. of Rotterdam, on the Meuse, opposite Dordrecht. 
 Large quantities of vegetables are seirt over to. Dordrecht 
 and supplied to passing ve.ssels. Pop. 2016. 
 
 ZWYNDRECHT, a market-town of Belgium, province of 
 East Flanders, 17 miles N.E. of Dendermonde. (Termonde,) 
 on the Scheldt, on which it has a steamboat station. P. 2200. 
 
 ZYDACZOW, zid-dtch'ov or zid'd-chov*, a town of Austrian 
 Galicia. 16 miles N.E. of Stry, near the mouth of the Stry, 
 in the Dniester. Pop. 2141. 
 
 ZYDOWO. zid-o'*o, a town of Prussia, province of Posen, 
 6 miles S. of Gnesen. Pop. 530. 
 
 ZYGHUR, zrgur', or JAYGHUR, jrgQr/, a town of Ilindos- 
 tan, province of Bejapoor, district of Concan, about 14 miles 
 above the mouth of a river In the bay of its own name, 118 
 miles 8. by E. of Bombay. The river at its entrance, about 
 three-fourths of a mile broad, is defended by a fort, and 
 lined by straggling villages up to the town, which is a place 
 of considerable size, and also defended by a fort. On the 
 bay there is a haven, inside of which vessels of large size 
 may lie completely sheltered at all season.s. 
 
 ZYORY, a town of Prussian Silesia. See Sohrau. 
 
 ZYTOMIR or ZYTOMIERS, a town of Russia. See Zra- 
 
 TOHEER, 
 
 ZYWIEC, a town of Austrian Galicia. See Setbusch. 
 
 21Q9 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL YOCABULAEY. 
 
 1^ In the followJng Vocabulary, *he names cited as examples, if printed in small capitals, -will be found in the Gazetteei 
 tinder their own head; but if in Italic or Koman, under the name which immediately follow!. Thuf:. Bahia HomiA will 
 be found under its own head: while Boa Bahia is given under Bomeav, (see Bahla in this Vocabulary.) 
 
 When the explanation of the name is printed in small capitals, the reader is referred to the latter IVr a notice of the 
 
 flace or object in question ; as Met- Blanche, " AVuite Sea," (see Blauc 5) Kui-a Divgis, "Black Sea,'' (see Dengis.) 
 n these instances, as well as in those above cited, the description w ill be luucd under the name printed in small capilais. 
 
 A, 5, Sw a "river." It forms the affix to many names, 
 as 1 orneA, LuLEi, Ac. See next article. 
 
 Aa, d. a contraction of the old German Ahha, and the 
 same with Aach or Adi, signifying ••flowing water." It is 
 probably from the same root as the Latin Ariua, the Italian 
 A:qua. the Spanish Agua, the Portuguese Agoa. the French 
 E'.u, the Swedish A, the Persian Ab, the Celtic J.6cr, Ac. 
 (A A. Ais-la-Chapi;lle, ic.) 
 
 Aaclit See preceding article. 
 
 Aar or Ar, in, Celtic, a " watercourse" or " current." 
 From this root is probably derived the name of the Swiss 
 river Aar. (i.e. tjie "stream" or the "river;") and also Arar, 
 the ancient name of the Sao.ne, Isara, (Isere,) Samara, 
 (SOMME.) Arve, &c. 
 
 Ab, 3b, Persian, "water," "river," Ac; as Doab or 
 PoOAB. literally "two waters" or "two rivers," the space be- 
 twetMi two rivers : Punjab or Penjab. the " five rivers." 
 
 Abad, d-bid', Persian, '• house," ••abode," ••residence ;" 
 as SruHABAD, the ••king's abode"' or "royal residence." 
 
 Abbas, iliyiiis^ Persian, " father;" also a name, as 
 Shau-Aueas, "King Abbas;" Abbasadad, the •'abode" or 
 ••citv of Abbas." 
 
 Abbe, ab'bd', Fr. « abbot," (L. Abbas. Al>batis; Get. Abt,) 
 as Abbeville, (L. AbtxitisvilSi,) •' Abbotsville." 
 
 Aber, Celtic, an " estuary" or - mouth of a river." a pre- 
 fix to numerous towns, indicating their j)Ositidn, as Aber- 
 rsTwiTH. (i.e. a town on the "'estuary of the Vstwith.") 
 
 Abiad, Arab, "'white;" as Bahr-el-Auiad. the "white 
 river," one ot the main hnmches of the Hile; Kas-el-Abiad, 
 " white cape' or •■ white promontory." 
 
 Aboo, Abon or Abn, Ai-ab. '• father.'' a title given to 
 chiefs or princes, as Aboo Arish, Aboo Girgeh. 
 
 Ac, a French affix derived from the I-atin Aqiut, denotes 
 B positif>n near some water ; as Biberac, Riderac, &c. 
 
 Ac. Saxon, "oak;" as Acton, '•Oaktown." 
 
 AcU. See Aa. 
 
 Acqua, dk'kwj, It. "water;" as Acqcabella. "beauti- 
 ful wa ter ;'' AcciUANKORA. " black water." See Aa» 
 
 Adel, d'dfl, Ger. " noble;" as Adelssorf, " the village of 
 tho nible." 
 
 Adler, i'dler, Ger. "eagle;" as Ablebsbero or Arlbero, 
 "e»gl • nii'Untain.'' 
 
 Agadj, d'gdj'. or Agatch, d'gdtch', Turk. " tree;" as 
 Agalih-Deiigis, "sea of trees," (Anatolia.) the name of an 
 extensive fjrest in the central part of Asia Minor; KlziL- 
 AOAn.i. '-red tree." the Turkish name for the "alder." 
 
 Agoa, i'go-S, Port. " water" or " spring ;" as Ago.i- 
 QlKME. "hot spring." 
 
 Agna, S'gwd, almost d/wd, Sp. "water" or "spring;" as 
 AoL'A-i CaU!-:ntes. " warm springs." See Aa. 
 
 Alcb or Kich, ik, Ger. "oak;" as Alchstedt or Eich- 
 STAnr. ••Oaktown." 
 
 Aigle, A'a'l. Fr. " eagle;" as L'Aigle, (Cape.') "eagle cape." 
 
 Aij^iie, Aigues, Ag, or Aix. Ax, old French,( L. A'qua 
 or A'ltia:.) "water," "waters," or "springs;" as Aigue- 
 BEI.LE, '• beautiful water;" Aigues Vives, (L. Aiqua Vilvo',) 
 "liviDg w.iters," a town of France with a distillery of tau- 
 de-rie. ("water of life.") See Aix-uv-Chapellb. 
 
 Aln, Arab, -fountain;" Ayoon, '•fountains:" as Ain- 
 MoiJSA, -Moses' fountain;" Ayoon-iloosa, the "fountains 
 of .Moses." 
 
 Aird. See Arde. 
 
 Aix. See Algue. 
 
 AK, ik, Turk, or Tartar, " white;" aa Ak-Shehr, "white 
 city;' Ak-Taoh, "white mountain;" ^A-Z)en^i«. " white 
 Sea," the Turkish name of the Mediterranean Sea,given in 
 contradistinction to the Black Sea. 
 
 Akaba, Arab, a "pa8s"or "pas.sage." Ak.aba is a vil- 
 lage of Arabia, situated on the Red Sea. near a difflcult 
 mountain pass, on the route of the pilgrims travelling to 
 Mecia. It gives name to the Gulf of Akaba. 
 
 Al, the Arabic article. See El. Al, Ilun. See Also. 
 
 Alb. See Alp. 
 
 A I bo,* dl'bo, Alba,* ilfhi. It. and Sp. (L. Alfbus,) 
 "white;" aa ViLLALiu, "white village" or "white town " 
 
 Aldea, dl-d.i'd, Sp. and Port, "village;" as Aldea del 
 Rev. -king's village;" Aldea Velh.a, -'old village." 
 
 Allab, dl'ldu', Arab. " God;" as Allah Ab.u), the •' citv 
 of God." •* 
 
 Almaden. See DIadeii. 
 
 Alaiueda, dld-mA/Dd, Sp. a "walk with rows of trees," 
 from Alamo, a -poplar-tree:" as Alajseba. 
 
 Alp or Alb, Celtic, a ''hill" or -mountain;" as Alps. 
 
 Also, ol'shO', Uun. "lower;" as Also Klbin, '-Lower 
 Kubin." 
 
 Altjdlt, Ger. "old;" as ALTDORror Altorf, "old village." 
 
 Alta, dl-tif. or Allan, dl-tdn', Mongolian. - gold;" ad 
 Alt.u or .\i.TA TKEN OoLA, the "golden mountain." 
 
 Alto,* dl/to, or Alta,* dl'td. It. and Sp. (L. AVlws.) 
 "high;" as Altomoxte or Altamont, '• hij^h mountain;" 
 Altii Oxlifiiritia, the Spanish name of Upper Cai.ifoknia. 
 
 Altoon or AltuUjdrtoon'. Turk, "gold" or -'goldon;" 
 as Altoon Kupree. -golden bridge." 
 
 Augeles, dug'iiA-K's. Sp. ••angels;" as Pueblo be 103 
 Ax'itLES, "town or city of the angels." 
 
 Angra, dng'grd. Port, "creek," "bay." or "station for 
 ships;" as Angk.\, Danger. 
 
 Anti, dii'tee, Gr. -'opposite to;" as Antip.aros, an island 
 "opposite to Paros." 
 
 Aqua or Aquoe, L. "water," "waters," or "springs." 
 See Aigue and Aa. 
 
 Ar. .^ee Aar. 
 
 Aral, drdl', Ivirgheez Tartjir, '-island;" as Aral Sea, 
 " i.slaud sea." 
 
 Arai»y, Oh'roB', Hun. "gold;" as Ara;s-I06, "golden" 
 river. 
 
 Arde, aR'deh, Dutch, "earth" or "land;" as Oddenardk, 
 "old land." 
 
 Arl. See Adler. 
 
 Arroyo, Ib-ro'vo, Sp. " brook" or " rivulet ;" as Arroto 
 del MoLiNO. -mill-brook." 
 
 Atesh, d'tish', Turk, "fire;" as Atesu Jah, the "field 
 of fire." 
 
 All, Ger. "island" or "peninsula;" perhaps the same au 
 Aiie, which see. 
 
 Aude. See Oiide. 
 
 Ane, ow'fh, Ger. - laud." "field," "meadow;" as Batau. 
 See Bat. 
 
 Av'en or Av'on, 'Welsh, "water" or "stream;" as 
 Avi.xiiiKV, "town on a stream." 
 
 Ayoon. See Aln. 
 
 Azrelt, d-/.'r{,'k, Arab, "blue;" as Bahr-el-Azrek, " blue 
 river." See Balir. 
 
 Ba, in the l.nnguage of Soodan, "water," "stream," or 
 "river;" probably the same as the Persian Ab; as Joliba, 
 "great river;" Ba Fjno, the '-river Fing," &c. 
 
 Bab, Arab, '-gate:" as Bah-el-M.andeb, - gate of tears." 
 
 Bach, bdK, or PacU, pdK, Ger. -brook;" as 1...ACTER- 
 BACH. '-clear l)rook:" Anj-I'.vch. '-on the brook." 
 
 Bad, bdt, plural, Baden, bd'den. Ger. " bath" or 
 "baths;" as Carlsbad, " Ch;irles's Bath;" Bidenweileb, 
 " bath village." 
 
 Baere, (Bare,) ba'reh, or Bteren, "bear" or " bears ;" 
 whence probably Bern, the '-country of bears." 
 
 Bagn, Ijdil, a French prefix from the Italian Bagvi, 
 signifying "baths," forms a part of varioui? i An»eg; as 
 
 B.\Gn£re.S, B.AGNOIJIS. 4c. 
 
 Bagno, lidn'yo, It. (L. BaVneum.) plunl, Ba^nl, 
 bdn'yee. '-bath," baths;" as Bagni della I'oriie". ta, Paosi 
 m LcccA. 
 
 Babr, bdh'r, or Babar, bdOiar, Arab. " great v^tr," 
 "sea," or "river;" as Bahr-el-.\zrek, "river the blu ," or 
 "blue river," the principal branch of the Nile, which se* 
 
 Babla, bd-ee'a. Sp. and Port. " bay ;" as Bahia. the '- Biy" 
 or " Hariyir" par exccllrnce ; Bahia Hond.i, '• deep bay ;" Boa 
 Bahia. (Bombay.) '-good harbor." 
 
 Baktr, bd'keer\ Turk, '-copper;" as Bakib Cii.ai, "cop- 
 per river." 
 
 Ball or Bally, Celtic, "town;" as Bali.indoon, a 
 "town in the downs;" BaLlycoxxell. Bali.y.shannox, &c. 
 
 Banya, bdn'yah\ Ilun. '-mine;" as Nagy Banya, the 
 "great mines." 
 
 Bar, Sanscrit. " land ;" as Maiab.ir. 
 
 Barra, bai-'rd, Hindoo, "great;" as Barr.oi.ahl, "great 
 fortress." 
 
 Bas, bd, Fr. "low-." as PatsB-^S. the "low c»)untries." 
 
 Basso, bds'so, It. " low ;" as Campob.isso, the • low pla'ii" 
 
 2170 
 
 • See note on page 2174 of thii Vocabulary. 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL YOCABULARY. 
 
 Bat, 'Or. Ba9wr. hathus,) old Oerman, '• low," same as the 
 French Bas ai.d Italian Basso ( as Batwu, {liaUxue,) 
 the '■ low plain." 
 
 Baum, Wwin, Ger. ''tree," Ac; as Bacmoarteh, "tree- 
 garden" or "orchard." 
 
 B«zaar, I'er.Man and Turk, "market" or "fair." 
 
 Beau, bo. or Bel, b^l, and Belle, bi-ll, Fr. "beauti- 
 ftil:" as liEAULnx', "beautiful place;" Belmont, "beautiful 
 mount ;" Belleville, " beautiful town." See Bello. 
 
 Beck. See BacH. 
 
 Beer. See Blr. 
 
 Bein. See Ben. 
 
 Beit, bit or bit. Arab, "house;" as Beit-evFaeir, the 
 "house of the .saint." 
 
 Bel or Belle. See Beau. 
 
 Bela. See Blela. 
 
 Beled, be-Itd'. or Belad, be-lSd', Arab, "country;" as 
 BELED-tL-jERFED, the '-country of dates." 
 
 Bello, b^no, Bella, Willi, It. and Port., and Bello, 
 li?l'yo. Bella, b<^l'yd, Sp. (from the Latin IkPlns,) " beau- 
 tiful" or "fine;" as IsoLA Bella, "beautiful island;" Villa 
 Bella, "beautiful town;" Pierto Bello, "tine harbor." 
 
 Ben, bin, or Bein, Celtic, "hill" or "mountain;" as 
 Ben .More, the "great mountain." 
 
 Bender. See Bunder. 
 
 Benee or Beul, bJiwe', Arab, "sons" or "children." 
 The prefix forms a part of the designation of numerous 
 Arabian tribes, as Be.nee Alee, (Beni Au,) the "children 
 of -Vlee." 
 
 Beresa, bA-rA'zi, or Bereza, Russian, "birch;" as 
 Beresi.va, "birch" river. 
 
 Berg, b^Rg, Ger. "hill" or "mountain,"" hill-fortress ;"(?) 
 as AiiLEKBERO, "eagle mountain;" Ko.\iasnERO, the "king's 
 hill-fortress." 
 
 Bermejo. Sec Vermcjo. 
 
 Beth, Hebrew, a "house;" the same as the Arabic Bkit. 
 
 Blaly, be d/lee or Vjyii/iee, " white ;" the same as Biela, 
 whiili see. 
 
 Bianco, be-3n'ko, or Bianca, be-Jn'ki, Tt. "white;" 
 as HiANCA VriLA. "white villa or villaap." See Blanco. 
 
 Bielo, beiWo or byiUlo. or Biela, be-a/ld, Iluss. 
 "wliit.-;'' as Bielo-0/.f.ro, "white lake." 
 
 Blr or Beer, Arab. " well." 
 
 Bl sell of, bish'of, Ger. "bishop;" as BiscnoFSnEiM, 
 "bishop's abode." 
 
 BInnc, blix", or Blanche, bl^Nsh. Fr. "white;" as 
 Mont-Hla.vc, " white mountain ;" Mur-Blanche, " White 
 Sk\" 
 
 Blanco, bling'ko, Sp. "white;" as Rio Blanco, "white 
 rivri-:' Cave (Cabo) Blanco, "white cape." 
 
 Blei, bli, Ger, "lead;" as Bleiberq, "lead mountain;" 
 Blkiimch, "lead brook." 
 
 Bloent, bloom, Dutch, " flowpr"or " bloom ;" as Bloeme.\- 
 DAAL. " valley of flowers." See Daal. 
 
 Boden, bo'den, Ger. "bottom;" as an adjective, "deep;" 
 as B'idtn-set — the German name of Lake Constance, " deep 
 lake.-' 
 
 Boli. See Polls. 
 
 Bor, Polish, a "forest of fir-trees;" as Medziror. 
 
 Bor, boR, or Boros, bc/rosh', Hun. "wine;" as Bor- 
 benk. " wine mount.ain." 
 
 Borg, boRG, Sw. and Dan., the same as Bitrg, 
 will h see. 
 
 Borgo, boR'go, It. "castle" or "town," (from the Ger- 
 ni.Tii Huito;) as Borooforte, "strong castle." 
 
 Boros. See Bor. 
 
 Borough, Knu'lish. originally a " fortified city or 
 town :" the same as Burg. 
 
 Bourg, booR, Fr. "castle;" the same as Burg, 
 which See. 
 
 Br ItH, Gaelic, "parti-colored or painted;" as Brittoks, 
 tht- -painted people.'' See Picts. 
 
 Brl'va, ancient Gallic, "bri.V^e;" as Sumarahriva, the 
 ancient name of Amiens, the " bridge of the Samara or 
 
 SOMMK." 
 
 Brod, Polish, "ford;" as Brodt. 
 
 Broeli,br06k, Dutch, "brook;" asQROOTEBROEK, "great 
 broi.k." 
 
 Bronn. See Brunn. 
 
 Briick or Brucke, sometimes written Pruck, 
 " bri Ije:" .as Inn'sprl'CK. the "bridge of the Inn." 
 
 Brugge, braa'Gheh, Dutch, "bridge;" as Brugge, 
 (BRr.;Ks.) 
 
 Brunn or Bronn, a "fountain;" as SciiSNnRirNN, 
 " IvHutiful fountain;" IIeilrronn, "fountain of health." 
 
 Bude, boo'deh, or Bud, Ger. "hut" or "dwelling;" as 
 BuiAviiss, "white dwelling." 
 
 Bueno, bwA'no, or Buena. bw.Vnl, Sp. " good" or 
 "fine;" as Buenos Atkes, "good or fine air;" Bcena Yist.\, 
 "fine view." 
 
 BuluU- boo-yook', Turk. "' great." It is a prefix to va- 
 riiii;% uniiEportant Joules in Asiatic and European Turkey. 
 
 Bnk, book, Si.avonic. "t>eech:" as Bukowisa, "beech 
 country" or "country of beech-trees." 
 
 Bunder, biln'd^r, or Beu'der, written also Ban- 
 
 der, Turk, and Persian, " port;" as Bunder Abassi, " port 
 of .At bas." (Gomhroon.) 
 
 Burg, bOi'.RG, Ger. a "castle" or "fortified tovin." It ;•• 
 the root of the I'rench BouRO, Italian Borgo, Scotch BuKoa, 
 and Knglish Borough and Burt. 
 
 Bnrgli. See Burg. 
 
 Burn, b&rn, Saxon, --brook" or stream;" as Bannock, 
 DURN. the "stream of the Bannock." 
 
 Bury. See Burg. 
 
 By, bii, or Bye, Dan. and Sw. "town" or "village;" at 
 Karlebt, "Charlestown;" hence also in Knglish, Thursiiv, 
 the "town of Thor;" and perhaps D.U.RY, "Daletown;" 
 ASHBT, " Ashtown or Ashton ;" Kjkkuy, " church town," &c, 
 
 Caho. See Capo. 
 
 Cacer. See Kasr. 
 
 Caer, a "camp." "castle," or "fortified town;" as Caeb 
 LE()><the "camp or station of the (Roman) legion." 
 
 Cfiesar. See Kaiser. 
 
 Cafr or Caft're. See Kafir. 
 
 Calat. See Kalat. 
 
 Cant, Celtic, a " corner;" perhaps the root of the Latin 
 Qintium. (Kent.) 
 
 Capo, kd'po. It.; Cabo. kJ'Bo, Sp. and Port, (from the 
 Latin (.i(7>i/t,) a "head," "headland," or "cape," (see Kas;) 
 as Capo D'Istria, the "cape of Istria;'.' Cabo Frio, "cold 
 cape." 
 
 Cartlia. See Cirta. 
 
 Casa, kj/sd. It., Sp., and Port., a "house;" as Casa Mas- 
 si.ma, tit.) the "great house;" Cabas Granofj), (Sp.) the 
 " great houses:" Casa Bl.\nca, (Port.) " white hou.se," Ac. 
 
 Casale, kisi^i, or Casal, ki-sdl', a "village;" as 
 Casal Maogiore. the "large village." 
 
 Casar. See Kasr. 
 
 Casas, kS'sis. Sp. "houses." See Casa. 
 
 Castel, kds-tc-1'. It. (from the Latin OxsfeWum,) a "castle;" 
 as Castel Nuovo, "New Castle." 
 
 Caster. See Cester. 
 
 Castra or Castrum. See Cester. 
 
 Cazar. See Kasr. 
 
 Cerro, s?r/uo. .<p. a "hill" or "mountain." (no/ a moun- 
 tain cliaiu;) as Cerro de Pasco, " mountain of Pasco." 
 
 Certa. Sw Cirta. 
 
 Ces'ter, Ceaster, or Chester, Saxon, (L. CaHra,) 
 a '• camp" or •' station ;" as Gloucester : (L. Glen Qistra,) the 
 "station of Glevum;" Dorchester. (Saxon, JJoni Ceaslo;) 
 (L. Diirini Oastra.) the "station of Durinum." 
 
 Chai or Tchai, chi, Turk, and Persian, "rivei;"aii 
 Bakh!-Ciiai, ''co))per river." 
 
 Chan. See Shan. 
 
 Chateau, sh&'to', and Chatel, shfi^tjl', Fr. "castle" 
 or "palace;" as ChAteau lioux, "red castle;" CuXteau-bc- 
 Loire, "castle of the Loire:" Necfcuai'el. -'New-castle." 
 
 Chaud, sho, or Chaude, shod, Fr. "warm," (from 
 the Latin CuVidus ;) as CnACDE»-.\ieD£d, "warm waters;" 
 CHAfivFoNTAiNE. -' Warm spring." 
 
 Chan-ve, shSv, Fr. "bald;" as Chaumont, (L. QxI/vus 
 M'inf.) "bald mountain." See Kahl. 
 
 Chehr. See Shehr. 
 
 Chester. See Cester. 
 
 Chip'ping, English, (from the Swedish KjSpivg or 
 Kl/i>inii. pronounced cho'iiing.t a "market" or "mart;" aa 
 Chti'pino-Norton. See Koping. 
 
 Cho\v. See Tcheoo. 
 
 CIdade, se-dd'd;l. Port. " city;" as Cidade do Recife, the 
 "city of the reef." (Recife.) 
 
 Cien, se-Jn', Sp. "hundred;" as Cien-Pozuelos, a "hun- 
 dred fountains or wells." 
 
 Cir'ta, Cer'ta, or Car'tha, Phosniclan, " town" or 
 "city;" as Cirta, (Constantine ;) Tigranocerta. the "city of 
 Tigranes." Carth.\ge appears to be derived from the same 
 root. 
 
 Cltta. SeeCivita. 
 
 Ctndad, the-oo-uai)' or se-oo-dJi>', Sp. "city:" as Ciitdad 
 Boi.ivAK. •• Bolivar citv ;" Ciudad Real. " royal city." 
 
 Civita, cheo've-ta, or Cltta, chit/tl', It (from the 
 Latin Civitas,) "town" or ''city;" as CiviTA Veuchia, "old 
 town;" CiTTA NuoVA, "new town." 
 
 Costa, ko.s'ti, Sp. and Port, "coast" or "region;" as 
 Costa Kica. "rich coast." 
 
 Cote, kot, Fr. " coast" or " region ;" as COte-d'Or, " gold 
 coast" or " region of gold." 
 
 Croce, kro'chA, It. "cross;" as Santa Croce, "holy 
 cross." See Cruz. 
 
 CroiT, krwS, Fr. "cross;" as Sainte Croix, " holy cross." 
 See Cruz. 
 
 Cruz, krooth or kroos, Sp. and Port, (from the Latin 
 Crux.) "cross;" as Santa Cruz, "holy cross;" Vera Cruz, 
 " true cross." 
 
 C"»vm, koom, Welsh, "valley," properly a " narrow val- 
 ley :" as CwMDO, the " black valley." 
 "Czerny. See Tcherno. 
 
 Daal, Dutch, "valley" or "vale;" as Bloemendaal, 
 "valley of flowers;" " Bloomingdale." See Thai. 
 
 2171 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 i>agli, d3g, Persian, (Turk. Tagh,) " mountain ;" as 
 Dac.iu;.s r.vs, the " mtjuntain country." 
 Dalr. See Delr. 
 
 Dal. Seo Tlial. 
 
 Dam, dim, Dutch, "dam;" as Amsterdam, (Amsteldam.) 
 i.e. the •■ town situated at the dam of the Amstel;" SCIUE- 
 DAM. the " dam of the Schie." 
 
 Dar, dar, Ai-ab. "country;" as Dar Foor, (Bar Fcr,) 
 the -country of Foor," (or Fur.) or the " country of the 
 Foorians." 
 
 Darla, dil'ree'i, or Deria, djr'ee% Tartar, "river;" 
 as Am.o Uaisia. the "river Am.jo." 
 
 Deev or Div. See Dib. 
 
 Delr or Dalr, ddr or dir, Arab, "house," "abode," 
 "niiiiiastery:'' as Ueir-el-Kamer. 
 
 Denilr, dJni'eer\ Turli. " iron ;" as Dbmir-IIissak, " iron 
 castle." 
 
 Dengls, Deiiglilz, deng'is^ or dSng'ij\ or T«ng- 
 liees, i'ui-k. or Tartar, -sea" or "lake:" as Kara Dengis, 
 '• Black Sea ;" Aral Tunghuz, " sea of islanda," the Kirgheez 
 name nf the Aral Sea. 
 
 Derla. See Darla. 
 
 Desaguadero, di-sl-gwi-DA'ro, Sp. " outlet ;" as 
 IJesaouadero. 
 
 Dlia-wala, d"hd-w3/lil or di-w3li, Sanscrit, "white;" 
 as Dhaw.UuWIRI, ".white mountain." 
 
 Dim, Gaelic, " black." See Dw. 
 
 Dlb, Dlv or Deev, Malay, " island;" as Serendih, (an 
 old name of Ceylos,) M.ujediveJ Laccadive, &c. , 
 
 Djebel. fee Jebelt 
 
 Doce, do'sA, Port. " sweet ;" as Rio Doce, " sweet river," 
 i e. " river of sweet water." See Dnlce. 
 
 Don, Celtic, " deep" or " low." From this root perhaps 
 the name of the Don and Danube (Qer. Donau, from Don, 
 '• low," and Au or Aue, " plain" or " meadow") are derived. 
 Both streams are remarkable for the low, marshy country 
 through which they flow, particularly in the latter part of 
 their course. Denmark, (Danemark,) " low country," is 
 supjiospd to be derived from the same root. 
 
 Dorado, do-ri'oo, Sp. " gilt," " covered with gold," 
 " golden :" as El Dorado. " the golden" country. 
 
 Dorf, Ger. "Tillage;" as Dusseldoef, "village on tlie 
 Diissel." 
 
 Dtt, dee, Welsh, "black:" as Cwmdu, "black valley." 
 
 Dulce, dool'thA or dool'si, Sp. (from the Latin DuPcis,) 
 " sweet :" as .^gija Dulce, " sweet water." 
 
 Dun, Celtic, "castle;" as Dux Edin, the "castle of 
 Bdiua" or KDnrsuBOH. 
 
 El or Ey, i, Dutch, an "egg:" pinral, Eljeren or 
 Eyereu, i'er-gn; as Eijbrlasd, "egg land." 
 
 JSlseu, I'zen, Ger. "iron;" as Eisenbero, "iron moun- 
 tain :" Eisenerz, " Iron-ore," the name of a fomous mining 
 town of .Styria. 
 
 El, ^1, or Al, 31, Arab, and Sp^ the article " the;" as El 
 DoKADO. "the golden" country. 
 
 Elf, Jlf, Sw. " river;" as Gotha Elp, " Gotha Uiver." 
 
 Entre, ^n'tr.i, Sp. and Port. Sn'trA, and Fr. Entre, 6Nt'r, 
 "between:" as Entre Rigs, "between the rivers;" Entre 
 Donto s MiNHO, "between theDouroand Minho," &0. 
 
 Erdii, Jit/dS*, and Erdely, JuMil', Uun. "wood" or 
 "fi>rest:" as Eiddy-Orszaij, the "forest country," the Uun- 
 gariiin name of Transylvania. 
 
 ErmaU. See Irmak. 
 
 Erz, fiRts, Ger. "ore;" as Erzoebiroe, "ore mountainE." 
 
 Eskee or Eskl, Js'keeS Turk. " old;" as J^skeb-Shehr, 
 "old city." 
 
 Etanla, Basque, "abode" or "country;" as Lusit.vnia, 
 the "country of the Lusi." 
 
 Ey, Scandinavian, "island;" as Angleset, tlie "island 
 of the Angles." 
 
 Ey, Dutch. SoeEl. 
 
 Fal ra, fai'v(jh\ Hun. " village ;" as Mihalyf.u.ta, 
 
 ".Michiiel's village;" (in German, MiclieUclorf.) 
 
 Feher, fa'haiR/, or Pejer, fii^yaiu', Hun. " white;" as 
 Femervxr, " white fort." 
 
 Feld, f^lt, Ger. (Dutch. Veld,) "field;" as Wkixfeldex, 
 " wlnetieldi)" or " vineyards." 
 
 Pels, fils, Ger. ".rock;" as DBAOHElfFKM, "dragon's 
 ro*k." _ 
 
 Felso, fjrshy, Hun. "upper;" as Felso BAjnr.i, the 
 " upper mines." 
 
 Per, fiR or falR, Fr. " iron." See Ferro. 
 
 Ferro, fia/ao, (L. F<n-irum.) " iron;" as Fbrro, the 
 " iron" isle ; called In Spanish Hierro. (" iron ;") and in 
 French lU de f^r, ("isle of iron";) names which appear to 
 have been given to this island on account of its iron-bound 
 oast, presenting, as it does, to the sea on all sides, a wall 
 of bold and craggy rocks. 
 
 Ferte, f.Wt4', Fr. "fortress," (apparently a corruption 
 of the Litin Firmitas, "flrmnasa" or "strength;") as i'BKtk- 
 Saint-Auhin. Ac. 
 
 FIcHtel, fiK'tel. Ger. (from Flohte.) "pine;" as 
 FicarELUEUiRiie, " pine mountains." 
 217a 
 
 Fjeld or Field, fySld, Dan. and Norw. a "mountain 
 I range;" as Doverkwlo, the " Dovre mountain range" 
 I DovRE or Da.\vre is a village situated on the side of the 
 mountains, and gives name to the chain. 
 
 Fjord or Fiord, fyoRd, Dau. and Xorw. an "e.stuary," 
 " inlet." or " bay ;" as Ltmfiord, (Liimfiord,) " clay inlet" 
 I or " muddy inlet." 
 
 i Font, fix", (L. fons,) a "fountain" or "spring:" aa 
 ; FONTCOUVERT, "Covered fountain;" FoNTL-vim'LT, (L. /><«* 
 i Ehrahli,) the "fountain of Ebridd." Ebrald ibuLded u 
 famous abbey at Fnntevrault in 1117. 
 
 Fontaine, t'ANo't^n' or fd.vHAn', Fr. "fountain;" as 
 FoNTAiNEiiLEAU, (FoNT.UNE BELLE Eau,) " fountain of beauti- 
 ful wat<?r." 
 
 Foutana, fon-tl'ni. It. "fountain" or "spring;" as 
 FoNTANA FRKDriA. "cold Spring." 
 
 Foo or Fou, foo, Chinese, a "city of the first chiss;" 
 as Hano-chow-foo. the " great city of Hang-chow." 
 
 Forraoso, foR-mo'so. Formosa, foR-mo's3, Poi-t, 
 (Tj. fhrmo'su.<.) " beautiful :" as For.mo.sa, (i.e. IVia l\irmosa.) 
 "beautiful island;" Rio Formoso, (Benin River,) "beauti- 
 ful river." 
 
 Fort, foR, or Forte, foRt, (from the Latin forltis.) 
 " strong ;" as Villefort, •• strong town ;" 1{ochefort, " strong 
 rock" or "strong fortress." Hence also the French and 
 English word /or<, (i. «. lieu fort.) " strong place." 
 
 Forte, foR/tA, It. "strong"' or "fortified;" as Borgo 
 Forte, " fortified town." 
 
 Pen. See Foo. 
 
 Frau, frfiw, Ger. " woman" or " ladj' ;" as Fraitsrunn, 
 the " fountain of [our biassed] Lady," or " Virgin's foun- 
 tain." 
 
 Frel or Frey, fri, Ger. "free;" as Freislvpi and 
 FREYiiURf!, " free town." 
 
 Freudc, froi'deh, Ger. "joy" or "pleasure;" as Freu- 
 DENTHAL, the "Valley of pleasure." 
 
 Frey. See Frel. 
 
 Frlede, free'deh. Ger. " peace ;" as Friedland, the " land 
 of peace:" Friedeburo. the 'Jtown or city of peace." 
 
 Friedrlcli, free/driK, Ger. "Frederick;" asFKicpRiCH- 
 STADT. " Frederick.stown." 
 
 Frltli, Scotch, (from tlie Latin Prelum, a " strait" 
 or " narrow sea,") an " estuary ;" as the " Frith of 
 Forth." 
 
 Fuente, fw?n'tA or foo-f n'tA, Sp. "fountain;" as Fientb 
 u Pe.\a, " rock fountain ;" Fukntes de Ebbo, " fountains of 
 [the] Ebro." See Font. 
 
 Fuerte, fwjR't.^ or foo-^R/tA, Sp. " strong," also a " fort," 
 (i.e. "strong place;") as Villa del Fuerte, "town of the 
 fort." See Fort. 
 
 Fitrst, fuKst, Ger. " prince;" as Fltjstenw.vlde, " prince's 
 forest." 
 
 Fnrt or Furtli, fooRt, Ger. "ford;" as Frajil./wt, 
 (Frankfort,) the " furd of the Franks." 
 
 Gammal, gdm'rail, or Ganila, gdmli, Sw. "old;" 
 asGAMLA KARLEiiV, "Old Charleston." 
 
 Cratt, gdtt, Dutch, "hole," "passage," or "strait;" as 
 HnrUgatt, (Hurlgate or Hellg.\tk.) " whirlpool strait :" from 
 the same root, doubtless, is Cattegat, perhaps the " strait 
 or sea of the Catti," (an ancient and numerous nation dwell- 
 ing in the S.^V. part of Europe.) 
 
 Gan, gOw, Ger. "country;" as A.^rgau, the "country 
 of the Aar." 
 
 Geblrge, ga-b66R/ghfh, Ger. "mountains" or "uioun 
 tiin range;' as Erzoewrge, "ore mountains." 
 
 GHant or Gtiants, Hindoo, a "landing-place" or 
 "flight of steps." a ■• mountain pass;" as Ghauts, a moun- 
 tain range of Hindostnu named from its " passes ;" liAL.^- 
 0HAUT3. -above or beyond the Ghauts." 
 
 Ghlrl, ghee'ree, ghiWee. or ghiir'ree, Sanscrit, " moun- 
 tain:" as Diiawalaoiiiri, "white mountain." 
 
 Glbel. SeeJebel. 
 
 Gobi or Cobl, Mongolian, "desert." 
 
 Gool, Gul, gool, Klooi, Koul or Kul, kool, 
 Tartar, " lake :" as To iz Gool, " salt lake." 
 
 Goomlslii, Gountlsh orGumlsU, goo/misb\ Turk. 
 "silver;" as Goomish Kiianeh, " place of silver." 
 
 Gora, go'ri. Slavonic, "mountain;" as Txriwfjora or 
 TchTHngrira, (Montenegro,') " bUick mountain." 
 
 Gorod, go rod', or Grad, grid, Slavonic, " town" or 
 "city:" as .N'ovooorod and No\nGR.iD, the "new city." 
 
 Gonmlsb. See Goomlsh. 
 
 Grad. See Gorod. 
 
 Graf, grdf, Ger. a, "count;" as GR.iFENH.iuSEN, iho 
 "counfs hou.ses," or the "count's town." 
 
 Grand, gi-^N". or Grande, grSNd, Fr.; Gran, grin, or 
 Grande, grin'di. It. and Sp. "great;" as Grand Champ, 
 " great field ;" Gean CAN.iRLi, " Great (or Grand) Canah { " 
 Rio Grande. " great river." 
 
 Griin or Groen, gron, Dan. and Xorw. "green;" as 
 GriJiihiul. "Gre/;nland." 
 
 Groote, grft'tf h, or Groot, grOt, Dutch, " great" or 
 "big:" as Groots Evlasd, " Great island; Gboote Bkogk, 
 " big brook." 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 Gros, gro, or Grosse, gross, Fr. '-thick" or "large;" 
 as Guos liUDERSTOFF, -Great Bliderstoff." 
 GrosS) groce, Ger. "great;" as Gross Glogau, "great 
 
 G!og:.U." 
 
 Grosse. See Gros> 
 
 Gros'so, It. and Port, "great;" as Monte Grosso, 
 " great hill ;" Matto Grosso. " preat f )regt" or •■ thick forest." 
 
 Grube, groo'lwh, or Grub, groop, Ger. "miue;" as 
 Sal/.ghub, '-siilt mine." 
 
 Guad, gwdD or w2d. or Guadl, gwa'jie or wd'oe, Sp. 
 (friiui the Arabic Wad. wM, or M'ady. wd'dee.) "river;" as 
 iiUAiiAUjuiviR, (Arab. }Vadral-Kd>e.er,) the "great river." 
 
 Gul. Sre Gool. 
 
 Gumlsh. See GooniisH. 
 
 Gur or GHur, gur, Hindoo, "hill fort;" as Ztohur (or 
 Jauihlr,) perhaps tlie "fortre.ss of the Jains." The .Jains 
 are a .<mall sect of Hindoo religionists; they are charged 
 with offering human sacrifices to their deities. 
 
 Hafen, hi'fgn, Ger. " haren;" as Fbiedrichsh.ipen, 
 " Frederickshaven." 
 
 Hai or Hay, hi, sometimes written Hae, Chinese, 
 ".sea:"' as Tumighai, "Fastern Sea," (China Sea;) Wliang- 
 luii. •■ Yellow Sea." 
 
 Ham, (from tlie same root as " home,") English, " dwell- 
 ing-liouse," " hou.se," or "village;" as W.\ltham, '■Wood- 
 house" or " Woodville." 
 
 Hainn, hdm, Sw. "haven" or '-port;" as Chbjstineh.a.mn, 
 "Christina's Port." 
 
 Hard, haRt, or Hart, Ger. a "mountain forest." 
 
 Hatis, hOw.ss, or Hansen, how'zgn, Ger. -Iiouse" or 
 "dwellinir;" as Grafenhausen, -count's dwelling." 
 
 Havii, h6wn, Dan. "haven" or "port;" as AjobenJiUvn, 
 (C'li'ENHAiSEX.) " (■(immercial port." 
 
 Hay. See Hal. 
 
 Hegy, hjdj, Hun. "mountain." 
 
 Heitie, hi'deh, Ger. "heath;" as Heidbnfeld, "heath- 
 field." 
 
 Heil, hile, Ger. "health" o/ "safety;" as Ueilbronn, 
 '•fountain of health." 
 
 Heilig, hi'liu, or Heiligen, hi'le-ghfn, Ger. "holy;" 
 is IjEai'iK.vsTADT, "holy town;" Ueliuuenkreutz, the 
 '• hilly cross.'' 
 
 Helm, hime, Ger. "home" or "abode;" as Bisciiofs- 
 HEiM. - bishop's abode." 
 
 Hely, hM, Hun. "place;" as Uj-Helt, "new place." 
 
 Ilieii, he8n', Chinese, a "town of the third class." 
 
 HIerro, e-liB/ao or ySa'Ro, Sp. " iron." See f erro. 
 
 HIma, hee'md\ Sanscrit, "cold" or ''snowy;' as 
 Ui>:\i.ATA, the '-abode of snow." 
 
 Hlii'ter, Ger. "back'' or "behind;" as Hiotf.r Rheijj. 
 the •• back Khine," that branch of the Ithhie farthest from 
 tiormauy, and from the thickly inhabited portions of 
 Switzerland. 
 
 His'sar', Turk, "castle;" as Kara Hissar, "black 
 caslle." 
 
 Ho, Chinese, "canal" or "river;" as H0.4.NO-HO, "yellow 
 river:'" Ho-nan, "south of the river," (i.e. south of the 
 HoMig-ho.) 
 
 Hoaug, ho-ing', or Wliang, hw;lng, Chinese, " yel- 
 iow;' as U0.ANG-110, '-yellow river;" Whang-hai, •• Y ELLoyf 
 sea." 
 
 Hocli, hoK, Ger. " high ;" as Hochheim, " high dwelling.'" 
 
 Hof, hof, Ger. "court;" as Hofheim, the -abode of the 
 court." 
 
 Hoh.e, ho'fh, or Holieii, ho'gn, Ger. "high;" as 
 IIoiiKNHL'RO, '-high castle; ' Uohexfeus, "high rock." 
 
 Holm or Holme, Dan. and Sw. a " small island;" as 
 Hoi.MESriiAN'D, "island coast.'' 
 
 Hondo, on'do, Honda, on'dd, Sp. "deep;" as Rio 
 HoNii I, '• deep river ;" Hahia IIonpa, " deep bay." 
 
 Hoo or Hou, Chinese. '"lake;" as Hoo-pe, "north of 
 the lake, " (the name of a Chinese province.) 
 
 Hoog, lioH or hotj, Dutch, '• high ;" as Hoooevees, 
 "hi.rh turf;" Hoookerk, " high church." 
 
 Hou. See Hoo. 
 
 Hrad, hrdd, Bohemian, (doubtle.ss the same as GRAD,)a 
 "tnwii; "■ as IIradisch or Hraditz, a -'little town." 
 
 Hnus, hoos, Dan. and Norw. "house" or '-town;" as 
 
 A.^RHUUS, AGGERSBUUS. 
 
 He or Isle, eel, Fr. "island" or "isle;" as Ile bes 
 RociiKS, "Isle of Kocks;" Belleisle, "beautiful island." 
 See Isola. 
 
 HUa, eel'yd, Port, "i.sl.ind;" as Ilha Grande, "Great 
 I.'iland;' Ilua do Govern.\dor, "Governor's Island." See 
 Isle and Isla. 
 
 Incli, intch, Celtic, "island;" as Inch Kennet, the 
 "island Kennet." 
 
 In'nis, Celtic, "island:" as iNNlSBEfi, " Little Island." 
 
 IrmaU, ir^mdk', or EIrmak, 6rm Jk'. Turk. " stream" 
 jr '- river;" as Yesuil Irmak, "'green river." 
 
 Isla- ees'li, Sp. "island;" as Isla Mayor, "greater 
 island : ' Isla del Key, " kings island." See Isola. 
 
 Isle. ,^ee lie. 
 
 Isola, ee'so-ld, It. (from the Latin In'sula,) " Island;" as 
 I.«0L\ Bella, "beautiful island;" Isola Grossa, "great 
 island." 
 
 Jar. See Yar. 
 
 Jebel, -' mountain ;" as Jedei.-Ximeood, " mountain of 
 Nimrod." 
 
 Jenl. See Ifenl. 
 
 Jezeereb, Jezeera, Jeztra, jez-ee'ra. or Jczep« 
 ret, Arab, -island'" or --peninsula;"' as El-Jczcera, -the 
 island." <Mf.sovotamia.) 
 
 Jbknll or Jokiil, Icelandic, "mountain;"' as Orafa 
 
 JiiKLLL. SK APTAK .liiKLLL. 
 
 Jug. See If cog. 
 
 Jung, ydJng, Ger. "young" or "new;" as JxNO Bunts- 
 L.\f,/"'- >ew Buntzlau;" Jukgfrau, "young woman" oi 
 " vi^-gin." 
 
 Katlr, kd'flr or kd'fgr, written also Catt're and 
 Kaffre, Arab. - infidel ;" as Kaf ikistan, the - land of the 
 infidels." 
 
 Kalil, kdl, or Kahlen, kd'lgn, Ger. " bald ;" as 
 KAHT.ENiiEKG, " bald mountain." 
 
 Kaiser, ki'zer, Ger. (from the Latin C(Tsar. Gr. Kaioap.) 
 "Ca?sar." -■empiror:" as KaISirstuhl. -- Cwsar's seat.' 
 
 Kalali, Kale, ICelat, Kalat, Calat, ^c, Arab, 
 and Turk, a -'cist In." 
 
 Kand or Kend, Sanscrit, a '-fortress" or "king- 
 dom :"' as Ta.s(;hkend, '-.stone fortres.s." 
 
 Kara, kd'ri', Turk, and Tartar, - black ;" as Kara Denyis, 
 '• Black Ska.'' 
 
 Kasr, kd.x'r, Arab.: Cacer. kd'.ser, Port. ; Cazar, kd'thar, 
 Sp. "castle:"' as Al-Cazar, -the ca.-itle." 
 
 Kebeer, (Kebir,) kp-beeR/, Arab. " great;" as Me- 
 hai.lf.tkl IvEiiEKR. the -tireat place." 
 
 Kelat. See Kalali. 
 
 Kt-nd. See Knnd. 
 
 Kerke, k^Rk'^h, or Kerk, k?Rk, Dutch, "church;*' 
 as OUDERKhRK. "lid church." 
 
 Keben or Keven, Celtic, "mountain;" as CfvENNES. 
 
 Keul, kJ'oo^), or Kevl, Turk, "village" or "town;" 
 as Ykxi Kkui. " new village" or '• new town." 
 
 KUo. See Koli. 
 
 Kiang, ke-dng', Chinese, "river;" as Ta-kianq, "great 
 river."' 
 
 Kll or Kill, Dutch, "channel" or "creek;" as 
 Sciii;vLKiLL. "hidden creek." 
 
 Kill, Celtic, -'cell"' or "religious residence;" as IcoLM 
 Kii.i.. the -island of (St.) Columlia"s cell." 
 
 Kin, kin or keen, Chinese. - metal," •' gold," or " golden ;" 
 as i\iN-STiAKl\Ni''. the "river of golden sands." 
 
 King'ir Kin, king, Chinese, -capital'' or "residence;" 
 as Xanki-.Q or N\nkin, -'southern capital." 
 
 Klrclie, k66i:'keh, Ger. " church ;" as FuNFKiRcnEX, 
 " five churches." 
 
 Kirk, old English and Scotch, (from the German 
 Kirc.'ie.) "church;'' as Kirkuy, '-church town." See By'' 
 
 Kis, kish, Hun. " little" or " small ;" as Kis Kunsag, 
 "Little CuMA.viA." 
 
 Klzil, kiz'ilorkiz'fl, Turk, "red;" as Kizn/-lRMAK, " red 
 river:'" KizilAgadj, -r.'d tree." See Agadj« 
 
 KJiiping. See Koping. 
 
 Klein, kline, or Klelneu, kll'nen, Ger. "little;" as 
 Ki.KiNKXDouF, "little village."' 
 
 Knock, Celtic, "niounti\iu" or "hill." 
 
 Koh, ko or kori, Koo or Kuli, koo. Persian. " moun- 
 tain" or -liill:" as Koiustan, -'country of mountains;" 
 Hindoo Kooh, (Hindoo Koosh,) -Hiiidio Mountitiu.'' 
 
 Konlg, k^nig, Ger. "king;" as KoNiaswALDE, "king'a 
 forest." 
 
 Konlgln, kij'nig-in, Ger. "queen;" as KOninginhop, 
 "q\ii-en's court." 
 
 Koo. See Kob. 
 
 Kool, Koul or Kul, Tartar, "lake;" ths same aa 
 Gool, which see. 
 
 Koord, Kourd or Kurd, Persian, "strong" or 
 "fierce;' as Koordistan. the --land of the strong or fierce." 
 
 Kopf, kopf. Ger. ''head." often applied to a mountain 
 peak : as .Schnkekopf, " snow peak" or - snow mountain." 
 
 Kopiikg or KJoplng, both pronounced cho'ping. 
 Sw. a -- mirt," " place of trade," '- town," or '• Iwrough;" as 
 Nyf.opino. -' new mart" or " New Town." 
 
 Kottati, Hindoo, a "dwelling" or "town;" as Palam- 
 
 COTTA. 
 
 Koul. See Kool. 
 
 Kourd. See Koord. 
 
 Krasnoe, krds'no-i. Russian, "red" or "handsome;" 
 as Krasno-selo, '-handsome village." 
 
 Kreis, kris, Ger. '•circle;" as Regirungs-kreU, " govern- 
 ment circle." 
 
 Kreml, Tartar and Russian, a "fortress" or "citadel." 
 
 Krone, kn^neh. Kron or Cron, kron, Ger, 
 "crown:"' as IvRONST.iDi or Cronstadt, a '"town belonging 
 to the crown." 
 
 KuU. SeeKoli. 
 
 2173 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 Knl. See Kool. 
 
 Knpfer, kiiop'f^r, Ger. "copp«r;" as Kcpfkrbebg, 
 *• lOpper mountain." 
 
 Kapree or Knprl, koo'pree or ku'pree, Turk. 
 "l'rid.:e:"' as Altoon Kupkee, -'golden bridge." 
 
 Kurd. See Koord. 
 
 Knreii, kUVfii, tier. ■• to choose'" or "to elect:" ICnr, 
 kooR, •• choice" or "election;" as Kur-Hessen., "Electoral 
 Hesse," I He--8e-Cassel.) 
 
 Ladron, li-Di-ou', Ladrones, 13-Dro'nSs, Sp. (from 
 the Latin lalro.) "thief," "thieves;" as Islas de. l/)S La- 
 iroiies. •■ islands of the thieves." (Ladrones.) 
 
 IjtigO, \i'go. It. and Sp. "lake," (L. La'cus;) a? L.400 be 
 tos I'ATis, "Duck Ijke;" Laoo Negro. "Black Lake." 
 
 Lang^e, ling^fa, or Ijangen, llng'en, Ger. "long;" 
 as Laxgk.vberg, ■•long hill;" Laxge.vdorf. -long village." 
 
 Lauter, low'ter, Ger. "clear" or "pure;" as Lauter- 
 BACH. "clear brook:" Lactebbruxx, "clear fountain." 
 
 I^iclit,liKt,orHclitei»,liKt/gn, Ger. "light," "clear;" 
 as LiciiTE.wvALP, "light forest." 
 
 JLlebe, lee'beh, Ger. "love;" as LiEBESTn.iL, the "v.ile 
 of love." 
 
 liien, le-rh', Fr. "place;" asBEACxrEU, "beautiful place." 
 
 Lilie, leele-eh, Ger. " lily :" as LiUE.vrElJ), " field of lilies." 
 
 Lliuau, le-min', Russian, (from the Greek Aifiiji',) a 
 "li<^o.in ' or "harbor," mostly at the mouth of a river. 
 
 I^ing, ling, Chinese, "mountain chain:" as N.iyuNG, 
 the " southern chain ;" Pe-uxo, the " northern chain ;" the 
 names given by the Chinese to two great mountain chains 
 ar systtms, situated respectively in the .S. and X. of China. 
 
 lilau, fcUun, Welsh, " enclosure" or "church;" as Llax- 
 DAFF, •• church on the Taf." 
 
 Liocli, loK, Scotch, "lake" or "ana of the sea;" as Loch 
 Katkixe, " [,ake C.itherine." 
 
 XiOTkg, lAxg, or Liougue, lANg, Fr. " long ;" as Loxoue- 
 ni.lE. '■ long tiiwn." 
 
 Iioong, Iioung or LiUttg, loong. Chinese, " dra- 
 gon;" a-- iULOoxu-sH.iX, the "mountain of the dragon of 
 Jasper." 
 
 Iiongh, Iftn, Irish. " lake :" as Locgh Derg. Loct.h Nea. 
 
 Loive, liVweh, or Lib'weu, l&'*gn, Ger. a "lion;" as 
 Lo'VEXBERO, " li n mountain." 
 
 liimg. See Xjoong. 
 
 XiHitgo, loou'go, Iiiiuga, loon'gi, It. " long." SeeVal. 
 
 Maden, md'd^n. Arab, "met.al," "mines;" hence Al- 
 UADEX DEL Azooi'E. ill Spain, the " mines of quicksilver ;" 
 Almadex de la I'LATA, the " mines of silver." 
 
 Magy^ar, mCd'yoR', Hun. " belonging to the SL-jgyars." 
 (the principal race of Hungary.) " Hung;iri;in ;" as Magyar 
 drgrag, "Hungarian country," {i.t. Hcxu.ary.) 
 
 Maiil or MaUal, Hindoo, "fortress;" as B.u.u(.iHAL, 
 "prince's fortress." 
 
 Malol, miOoy, or Maloe, mjlo-.i, Russian, "little;" 
 as -Maloi .\rchaxgelsk, "Little .\rchangelsk." 
 
 Mare, vaMrk, It. "sea;" as Mare Grande, "great sea," 
 (Taraxto.) 
 
 Marit, maRk, Sw. "field," "ground," or "territory;" as 
 Lappmark, the " territory of the Lapps." 
 
 Mark, maRk, Ger. "limit" or " boundary;" as Mark- 
 DOKF. " village on or ne.ir the boundary." 
 
 Marlct, maRkt, Ger. "market;" as Xeu-Markt, "New 
 Market." 
 
 Medina or Medeena, mf-dee'na. Arab, "city:" as 
 Medixa, the " City" par excellence ; in other words, the " city" 
 of the prophet. 
 
 Meer, malR. Dutch and Ger. "sea" or "lake;"" as Hax- 
 lEMMEK .Meer, " Sea of Hariem." 
 
 Men, Chinese, "gate" or " haven ;" as Hoo-men, " Tiger 
 Gate." 
 
 Mer, maiR, Fr. " sea ;" as Mer-Xnire, "' Black Sea." 
 
 Mesto, mJs'to, or Mlesto, me4s/to, Slavonic, - place;" 
 M NovEMiESTO, NovEMKSTo, " new place" or " new town." 
 
 Midi, meeMee', Fr. (from the Latin meditis rfi>.s, "mid- 
 day,") " midd;iy" or " noon ;" hence the " South," (t. e. the 
 region of " noon" or "of the noonday sun;" in the same 
 manner as the Kast si^ifies the region of the " rising sun;"i 
 as CiXAL i>u Midi, " Cinal of the South." 
 
 Miesto. !<ee Mesto. 
 
 Miu'ster, Engli.«h. (from the Latin MonoftfJritim, a 
 "monastery,") originally the "church of a monastery;" 
 Kimi'times a "cathedral church;" as York Minstbr. 
 
 Mit'tel, Ger. ." middle:" as Mittelwalde, "middle 
 for.'st ' or " in the middle of the forest" 
 
 Mo, Chinese, "sea;" as Shamo, "sea of sand," (one of 
 the names of the desert of Goni.) 
 
 Mond, m6nt, Dutch, "mouth;" as Roermoxb. "Roer- 
 mouth." the " town at the mouth of the Roer." (UuHR.) 
 
 Mout, mAx», Fr. (from the Latin Mons.) a "mountain;" 
 as MoxT Ulaxc, " white mountain." 
 
 Monte, mon'tA, It. "mountain;" as Moxteneoro and 
 MoxTEXKR.1. "black mountain;" Moste Verde, "green 
 mountain." 
 
 Monte, mon'tijor Mont, Sp. "mountain;"' as Mont- 
 2iT4 
 
 ERET, " king's mountain"' or " royal mountain ;" MoxTSERrj.T, 
 "j:ijged mountain." See Mont. 
 
 More, mor, Celtic, "great;" as Bex Moke, "great 
 mountain."' 
 
 Montiers, moo'te-i', Fr. "monastery;" as Noirmoc 
 TiER.^J.^ the " Mack monastery." 
 
 Mulil, mill, Ger. " mill;" as MrLHAUSEN, " miilhouso' 
 or " mill-town." 
 
 Mund, mCCnt ; plural, Miinde, mtin'dv'h, Ger. 
 " mouth" or "mouths:" as Travemixl'E, " Traveniouth," 
 the " town at the mouth of the Trave."' 
 
 Munster, mUn'stfr, Ger. "monastery;" the same as 
 Minster, which .see. 
 
 NaeS; (Xfis,) n.^s, Korw. and Sw. ("fi-om xV"ae.ef or i>'S*f, 
 ni'sj, a " nose,") a " cape" or " promontory ;" as Lixdesmas. 
 See Nes8. 
 
 Nagnr, ni-^tir', Nagor or Kng'g^nr, Hindoo, a 
 "fortiiiid town or city;' as Buax.auik, the -city of 
 triumph :"' .^ iiMEDxrcora. the " town or fortress of .^.hmed." 
 The same root occurs in C'HAXDF.RX.VfiORE. 
 
 Bfagfyj nOdj. Hun. "great:" as N.aoy B.iST.i, the "great 
 mines; ' JN'ac// Kunfag, "Great Ccmaxia." 
 
 jValir, nln'r, Arab, a "stre;im;" as Nahr-el-Kebeer, 
 the '• large stream." 
 
 Nan, c3n, Chinese, " southern ;" as Naxkixo, the 
 •• .southern capital," as distinguished from PtKixo, tlw 
 " northeiu capital." 
 
 Xas. Ste Kaes and Ness. 
 
 Naze, an i)n^li~h corruption of the Scandinavian IVaes, 
 a "c-^ie"' or " promontory." 
 
 Jf eder, nA'd^r, Dutch, (Ger, Nieper.) " low," " lower." 
 or "nether;" as Neberhasselt, "Lower Hasselt ;" Seder- 
 hiiifhti, the "Netherlaxds." 
 
 Negro,* ni'gro. Kegra,* nA'gri, It,, Sp_ and Port, 
 (from the Latin yiger,) "black;" as Moxtesegro, "black 
 mountain:" Oibo Negro, (Capb Negro,) "black cape;" Rio 
 NE'iRO. "bl.ick river:" Acql'a Nkgra, "black water."' 
 
 Nentetli, nA'met', Hun. "German:" as Nemeth Cj- 
 VAR, the "new GiTman fort" or "German new town;" 
 NenitcheH in Turkish, and Nenita in Slavonic, also 
 signify "German." 
 
 Neos,* Nea,« {ytoi. vea.) Gr. "new;" as Neocastro, 
 "new camp;" Neograd, "new town;" Neapniis, "new 
 citv." the ancient n:nne of Napixs. 
 
 Nero,* n.i'ro, Nera,* nA'ri, It. "blick;" as Rioxebo, 
 " black rivulet." See Negro. 
 
 Ness, nfcs. Scotch, (from the Norwegian and Swedish 
 -Yos or yaes. n As or n Js, orlgi nallythesameas SU»' or Xaue, 
 a "nose,") a "cape" or " promontory ;"■ as FlPE-XES^, the 
 "promontory of Fife." 
 
 Neu, noi. Ger. " new :" as NErcuRG. '• New-castle." 
 
 Nenf,*nrf, and Nenve,*ruv, Fr. (from the Latin JW- 
 rvs.) •• new:" as Neifch.ateal", " new castle;" Villexecve, 
 "new town." 
 
 Nevado,* nA-vA'do, Nevada,* nA-v3'd3. Sp. (from 
 Xi-var, to " snow" or " make white with snow,") literally 
 " snowed on" or " made white with snow," hence " covered 
 or clad with snow:" .as Sierra Nevada, the "snow-claa 
 mountain chain." Net ADO, (t.«. Mnntt .Vctwdo,) the "snow- 
 clad mnuntiiin," is a general name in Spanish for any 
 mciuntain covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 Nicder, nee'der. Ger. "low," "lower," or "nether;" a« 
 Niederhesse.n, "Lower Hesse;" Xifderlande. the "Nether- 
 LAxns." 
 
 Nien"w, nytl. sometimes written Nlen, Dutch, " new;" 
 as J\Ve«we Diep, the " new ship canal ;" Nieuwpoori or Nieo- 
 POORT. " Newport." 
 
 Nije. See NlzH. 
 
 Nijnl. 8ee Nizlinee. 
 
 Ni'schnei or N{.«clinii. See Nizhnee. 
 
 Nizli, Nlz orNlje, nizh or neezh, Russian, the same 
 as Nizuxee; as Nizhgoeod, another name for Nizhxek 
 .Novgorod. 
 
 Nizlinee or Nljni, nizh'nee. written alsoNIzlmei, 
 Nizui, Nislmei, and Nisclinli, "lowerf as Nizu- 
 XEE-Xovc.OROD. "lower Novgorod." 
 
 Nolr,* Noire,* nwiR, Fr. "black:" as Cape (or Cap) 
 NoiR, " black cape :" Mer-Xaire, " Black Sea." 
 
 Nor, nor, or Noor, Tartar, "sea" or "lake;" .is Koko 
 Nor, (or KoKE Nor.) " blue sea." 
 
 * It may be proper to observe, for the sake of those who arc 
 unacquainted with foreipa languajres, that the adjective cifteu 
 varies to suit the supposed gonder of the noun to which it in 
 joined; thus, Villa, "town," being considered as fcniiuine. We 
 must s.iy Villa Nova, Villa Nvova or Villa Nueva, (" new 
 to»n,")'ftnd not Villa Novo. Nrovo or Ncevo. Ou the other 
 hand, PoKTO or Puerto being masculine, we must sav Porto 
 Novo or Ncovo, or Pcf.rto Nuevo. ("new port,) and not 
 POHTO Nova or- Puerto Hveva, Ac. Hence, also, we say Pobto 
 Veccuio and Civita VECcniA, the former being mjisculiiiej t!ie 
 latter feminine. Thus, also, in French we sayCu»rE.>c Netf 
 (or Nelfchateau) and Villk.neive, NorvEAP Jiemqie and 
 NorvEiLE Caledo.me, the former being considered masnnline, 
 the latter feminine. In the above articles, the first w. i-.* maikud 
 with an asterisk is masculine, the second feminine. 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 IVoril, noR or uoRt, Fr. and Ger. " north ;" as Depart- 
 m(nt'du-i\"'W), '• department of the north;" Kordhausen, 
 " north tow u." 
 
 ]Vorr, noK, Sw. and Norw. "north" or "northern;" as 
 NoKnKJcii'iNG, "'nonbern mart" or "North Town." 
 
 Norte, DOR'tA, 8p. and Port, "north;" as Kiodel Norte, 
 (Rio Gra.m.e,) "river of the north;" Rio Grande do Norte, 
 ' i<io Grande of the north." 
 
 IV OS, Huss. "cape;" as Vostokhnoi (or Vosiochnii) Nos, 
 "east cape." 
 
 Nouvcaii,* nooVo', and Kouvelle,* noo'vMl', Fr. 
 "new;" as JVoveau-Mexirjue. "Ni:\v Mexico;" JVoumUe-Or- 
 linm, " Xkw Orlea.vs." See Neuf. 
 
 Novala, Russian. See Novoi. 
 
 Ko-» e or BToive, ne'vi, Slavonic, "new;" as NovB- 
 MiK.sTO or NowjiMiE.STo. '' ni'w town." 
 
 Novo, It. See IViiovo. 
 
 Kovo,* no'vo, Bfo-va,* nc/vS, Port, (from the Latin 
 Nd'rji,;,) ■• new :" as Villa Xova, " new town." 
 
 Novol or ]VoT«-oi, no-Toi', BTo'vo and Novala, 
 no-vi'd, ituss. 'Miew:" as Novoi (or Nowoi) Oskol, "New 
 Oskol ;" Novo Tcherkask, "New Tcherkask;" Novaia Zem- 
 Uu. rNovA Zemdla,) "new country." 
 
 Bf owe. See '!So-ve» 
 
 Nuevo,* nwiVvo or noo-A/vo, or Nueva,* nw.Vvl, Sp. 
 "new;" as Nuevo Santaxder, "New Santauder;" KUEVA 
 Serovia. " .New Segovia." See NllOVO. 
 . Niigger. SeeKagur. 
 
 Wviovo, noo-o'vo, IVuova,* nooo'vo, orNTo'vo, It. 
 (from t lie Latin JVifvus,) "new;" as CaSTELNUovo, "New 
 Castle;" Yili.a Nuovo, " new town." 
 
 ]Vy, nil, Dan. and Sw. " new ;" as Ntborg, " new castle;" 
 Nykoping, " new mart." 
 
 O, 5, Hun. "old;" as Arad, "Old Arad;" Buda, 
 "Old Buda.".. 
 
 O, 6, or Oe, o'eh ; plural. O'er, Dan. and Norw. 
 "island;" as Andoe' or Anuoen, "duck island;" Sandoe, 
 "sand island." 
 
 O, i), Sw. " island." See preceding article. 
 
 O'ber, Ger. "upper;" as Ouerhessen, " Upper IIes.se." 
 
 Oest. SeeOst. 
 
 Ola, cAi,, or Oo'la, Mongolian, " mountain" or " moun- 
 tains;" as .\LTA TEEx OOLA, "golden mountains," one of the 
 names of the Altai Mountains. 
 
 Oola, Oula or Via, oo'ld, Mantchoo, " river;" as 
 Saghaliex OciLA, a town situated on the " river Saghalien," 
 (or Amoor.) 
 
 Ooral, (Vral,) oo-rJl', Rnss. " girdle." The Ural 
 Mountains appear to have been so named from their belting 
 or encircling the empire of Hnssia in the east. 
 
 Oost,6st, or Ooster,os'ter, Dutch, "east" or "eastern;" 
 as OosTBURO, "east castle;" Oostbruout, "eastern wood." 
 
 Oost, Oust or TJst, oost, Huss. (probably from the 
 L;itiu OJtiiim, or Os'tiii, "mouth," "mouths,") the "mouth 
 of a river;" as OosTioan, (OosTTOOO,) " Yoogmouth," i./. 
 " town at the mouth of the Yoog." 
 
 Orszag, oR'sSir', Ilun. "count.-y" or "kingdom;" as 
 Magyar Ors'.aq, (the Hungarian name of 1Iunu.\uy,) the 
 " country of the Magyars or Hungarians." 
 
 Ort, oRt. Ger. "place;" as Tiefenort, " deep place." 
 
 Oscro. See Ozero. 
 
 Ost or Oest, iist, Ger. "east" or "eastern;" as Oder- 
 re'ch. (.Austria.) the "eastern kingdom." See 0str.4..sia. 
 
 Ostrog, os-trog'. Huss. a " palisaded fort." See Ostroo. 
 
 Ostrov or Ostro^v, os-trov', Russ. an "island." See 
 Ostrov. 
 
 Oude, liw'deh. or Oiiden, ow'dgn, Dutch, "old;" as 
 Oitde, Maas, "Old -Maai or Meu.se;" Oude Schild, " old 
 shield;" OuDEXKOscir. "old grove." 
 
 Oiila. See Oola. 
 
 Oiiral. See Ooral. 
 
 Oust. See Oost. 
 
 Ozero or Osero, o'zi-ro, Russ. "lake;" as Biw.o-' 
 OzsivO, " white lake." 
 
 Pach. See Bacli. 
 
 Paralso, pi-ri'so, Sp. and Port, "paradise:" as Val- 
 paraiso, yi.e. ValU 'U Paraho.) " vale of paradise." 
 Patam' or Patiiam', Hindoo, a " fort" or "town;" 
 
 as VlZAGAPATAM, SeRI.VGAPATAM Or S£RIN'GAP.\TN.OI. 
 
 Pe, pjh or pA. Chinese, " northern ;" as Peking, " northern 
 capital;" Peuxg. "northern mountain chain." 
 
 Pel, piorpA'e, Chinese, "white;" as Pei-ho, " white river." 
 
 Pen, pJn, Celtic, (probably the same as Bex, a " hill" or 
 "mountain peak:") hence Apexxixes and Pexxixe Alps. 
 The Spanish Pefia and Portuguese Penha are perhaps 
 iTom the same root. 
 
 Pena, pAn'yd or pfn'y3, Sp. "rock;" as Onho de, Pifias, 
 (Cape I'enas,) " cape of rocks" or " rocky cape ;" Pexiscola, 
 the "dweller on the rock." The termination coi'a is from 
 the Latin olo, to '-till," to "inhabit;" hence the Latin 
 words Agricola, CasHcola, &c. See Pen. 
 
 Penlia, p.ln'vj or p?n'yd, Port, a "rocK;" as Pkxha. 
 See Peiia and Pen. 
 
 Penj, p^nj, or PunJ, ptinj, Persian, " five:" a.s Penjao 
 or PixjAii. "five rivers,' i.e. the country watered by the 
 five [great] ri'vers, namely, the Ixdus, the Jhylum, the 
 Chen ADR, the Ravee, and the Sutlej, (with the Giura or 
 Ifi/pfi'aKi.-!.) See Punjab. 
 
 Pequefto,* pa-kan'yo, Peqiiefiia,* pA-kAn'y3, Sp., 
 and Pequeno,* p.i-kA'no, Peqiiena,* pil-ki'uj. Port 
 "little:" as Akora Peqvexa, "little bav." 
 
 Petit, p^h-tee', or Petite, peh-teet', Fr. "little;" «s 
 J'MiT-KxGiiiEX, "Little Knghien ;" Petite-Pierf^e. "little 
 stone." 
 
 Piccolo,* pik'ko-lo. Plccola,* pik'ko-ld, It. '• small;" 
 as 1 sola I'iccola, '• little island." 
 
 Plctl, L. "painteil;" as iVc/,?, the " painted" people. 
 Polls, Pol, Poll or Boll, and pie or l>le, " city ;" 
 as Nicoi'OLis, the " city of victory ;" Sevastopol, the " city 
 of Augustus;" Tripoli or Tireuou, (Tripolis,) "three 
 cities :" Grexoble, (Oratiaturpnlis,) the "city of Gratian." 
 
 Pont, pin", Fr. (from the Latin Pons,) a "bridge;" &» 
 PoxT-LK-lf ov, " king's bridge." 
 
 Ponta, pon'ti, Port. " point ;" as Poxta Deloaba, 
 " sharp point." See Pwnta. 
 
 Ponte, pon't.A, It. and Port, "bridge;" as Ponte di 
 Legxo, "bridge of wood;" Poxte do Soro, "bridge of the 
 Soro:" Tres-Pontes, "three bridges." 
 
 Poolo, Poulo or Piilo, poo'lo, Malay, "island;" as 
 PooLo I)ATOi\ "I>ato<> Island." 
 
 Poor, Poo'ra or Pore, por, Hindoo, " village" or 
 "town;" as Aiimedpoor, the "town of Ahmed;" Ammera- 
 pooha, Sixgapore, &c. 
 
 Pootra, Pontra or Putra, Sanscrit, "son;" as 
 Brahmapootra, the "son of Brahma." 
 
 Pore. See Poor. 
 
 Porto, poR/to, It. and Port, (from the Latin Pir'tus,) a 
 "port" or "iiaveu;" as Porto Ercole, (L. Herciilis Partus,) 
 ■• port of Ilcrc-ules:" Porto Skgcro, "secure haven." 
 
 Poiilo or Pulo, pool'lo, modern Gr. "little" or 
 "small ;■' as Amoroo Poulo, "little Amorgo." 
 
 Pour or Poiira. See Poor. 
 
 Pontra. See Pootra. 
 
 Poza, po'thd, Sp. a " puddle" or " pool ;" as Poza dl la 
 Sal. " salt pool." 
 
 Pozo, po'tho. Sp. a "well" or "pit," or Pozuelo, po- 
 thw.A'lo. a "well" or "little well;" as Pozo IIoxdo, "deep 
 well:" PozuELO del Ret, "king's well." 
 
 Praya, Port, "shore" or "coast;" as Poni'o Pkat.\, 
 " port on the coast." 
 
 Pucbla, pwJb'la or poo-Jb13, or Pueblo, pwjb'lo, a 
 " town ' or " city ;" as Pueula de los Angeles, " city of the 
 angels." 
 
 Puente, pwJn'tA or poo-Jn'tA, Sp. "bridge;" as Puentb 
 DE Gkxil, " bridge on the Genii ;" Puexte Naciox.vl, " na- 
 tional bridge." 
 
 Puerto, pwju/to or poo-Sn/to, Sp. "port;" as Puerto 
 Rico, (I'oRTO Kico,) "rich port;" Puerto Bello, "beautiful 
 port." See Porto. 
 
 Pulo. See Poulo. 
 
 Punj. See PenJ. 
 
 Punta, poon'ti. It. and Sp. (from the Latin Pundtum,) 
 "point;" as Puxta de Pledr.a, "stony point;" Puxta D3 
 Stii.o. " point of a style." 
 
 Putra. See Pootra. 
 
 Q,uang, k wing, Chinese, "extent," "terri tor}-." "pro- 
 vince:" as (ijuAXG-SEK, "western province;" QUAXG-Toxuor 
 Qua.ng-tooxg, " eastern province." 
 
 Q,uatre, kdfr, Fr. "four;" as Quatre Bra.s. " foui 
 arms," (or four hands to point the way); Qu.wre Fr£rks, 
 " four brothers." 
 
 Q,uente, kJn'tA, Port, "burning" or "hot;" as Agoa 
 QuEXTE, " hot spring." 
 
 Rajah or Raja, ri'j3, Sanscrit, "prince" or "royal;" 
 as IIajax.\gur, the " royal fortress or city." 
 
 Ras, rds, Arab, "head," "headland," "cape," or " pro- 
 montorv:" as Ras-eIz-Abiad, "white promontory." 
 
 Real, rA-il', Sp. and Port, (from the Latin Re^a'lis,) 
 '■ royal ;" as Ciudad Re-u,, " royal city ;" Villa Real, " royal 
 town." 
 
 Reale, rA-dl.A, It. "royal;" as Moxtere.ale, "royal 
 mountain" or " Mount Royal." See Real. 
 
 Relcb, riK. Ger. "kingdom;" as Frankreich, (Fbasck,) 
 the " Frank kingdom" or "kingdom of the Franks." 
 
 Reicli, riK. or Relclicn, riK'jn, Ger. "rich;" ua 
 (Reichexau, " rich island" or " rich 'land ;" Reichenth.u, 
 " rich valley." 
 
 Reka, rA'kd, Rus.s. " river." 
 
 Rlco,"^ ree/ko, Rica,"!" ree'kd, Sp. and Port, "rich:" 
 as Costa Rica. " rich coast" or " rich region ;" PoRio llico or 
 Pwrto Rico. ■• rich port." 
 
 Riese, ree'zgh, Rlesen, ree'zgn, Ger. "giant." "giants;' 
 
 * See note on preceding page. 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 as RiESENGEBiKGE, " giant mountains ;" RiESESBCRG, "giants' 
 
 Itio, lee'o, Sp. and Port, "river;" as Rio Grande, 
 "preat river." 
 
 llio, ree'o, It. "rirulet;" as Riowero, "black rivulet." 
 
 lllviere, reeVe-aiR', Fr. "river;" as Rivi£re SaiJe, 
 " salt river;" Trots Mivieres, " Three Rivers." 
 
 Rocca, rokliJ, It. (and Latin of the Jliddle Ages.) 
 "rock" or "fortress;" as Rocca Bianca, '■ wliite fortre.ss :" 
 Rocca Nova, " new fortress." From the same root are de- 
 rived the KngJish word rock, the French word roche, and the 
 French name Kocrot, " kind's fortress." 
 
 Rocchetta, rok-kfet/td, It. " little rock" or " little 
 fortress." t-e« Rocca. 
 
 RocUe, ro.sh, Fr. a '• rock" or " fortress ;" as Rochefokt, 
 '•strou 2 fortress." See Rocca. 
 
 Rood, Rond or Rud, Persian, "river;" as Sefeed 
 Rood. ■• white river." 
 
 Ros'so, It. •■ red:" as CisTEL Rosso, "red ca.stle." 
 
 Roth, rot. orRotlien, ro'tgn, Ger. "red;" as Roth- 
 Mrrn.E. -'red mill;" Rothemhurm, "red tower." 
 
 Roiid. See Rood. 
 
 Roiix, roo. Rouge, roozh, Fr. "red;" as ChAteac- 
 Boux. •• red c;istle ;"' Mer-Rouge, " Red Sea." 
 
 Rnd. See Rood. 
 
 Rulie, roo'eh, or Ruh', roo, Gar. "rest;" asC.iRLSRUH, 
 " Charles's Rest." 
 
 Sajo, shSh'jo', and So, sho, Hun. "salt;" as S.uo, 
 « Salt River." 
 
 Salado, sJ-li'Do, Sp. (from th« Latin Sal, " salt,") 
 " salted," " salt," or " impregnated with salt ;" as Rio S.a- 
 LAno. " s;ilt river." 
 
 Sale or Salee, si'li', Fr. "salt;" as RiviiRE S.^iix, 
 " salt river." 
 
 Salina, sd-lee'nd, Sp. a " salt work," " salt mine," or 
 " salt iKiol," any place where salt is procured; as Sauxas de 
 Anaxa, the " salt works of Anana." 
 
 Salz, sSlts, or Saltz, Ger. "salt;" as Salzbuim}, " salt 
 castle:'' S^lzcrud, "saltmine." 
 
 Saiiiok, Russ. "castle." 
 
 Sail, sin. (feminine, Santa, s3n't3.) It. and Sp. 
 " saint :" as San JU.VS, " St. John." See page liU2. 
 
 Saiict, sSnkt, Ger. "saint:" as Sa>xt IlnBEwr, "St. 
 IluViert;" Sasct Johans, " St. John." 
 
 Saiita. See San. 
 
 Sarai. See Serai. 
 
 ScUa. See SUa. 
 
 SoUan. See Slian. 
 
 Sclien. See Slirn. 
 
 Scliloss, .shloss, Ger. "castle;" as Schlossberg, " Castle 
 Ilill." 
 
 Sclinee, shni, Ger. "snow;" as Schxeebero, "snow 
 mountain." 
 
 Schon, shiin, Ger. "heautiful" or "handsome;" as 
 ScHONKEitG. "beautiful hill" or '-be-iutiful mountain." 
 
 Scliuylen, sKoWgn, Dutch, to " hide;" as Schuylkili, 
 "hidden creek." 
 
 Scll^varz or Scli-wartz, shwSRts, Ger. "black;" as 
 SciiWARzwAi.u, •• black forest." 
 
 Se or Sse, sj or s\, Chinesie, "four;" as SE-cnuE\ (or 
 BSE-TciiouAN.) " four rivers," the name of one of the Chine.se 
 provinces watered by four principal tributaries of the Yang- 
 tse-kiang. 
 
 Seco, s.i'ko, Sp. (from the Latin Sic'cus.) "dry;" as Rio 
 Seco, •• dry river." 
 
 See or SI, see. Chinese, " west" or " western ;" as Shan- 
 see, the " mountainous west." 
 
 See, sIl, Ger. " lake:" also " sea;" as Thcxer See, " Lake 
 of Thun ;" Seeland, {Zetland. Zealand,) " sea land," i.e. land 
 surr niiided by the sea. See Zee. 
 
 Sefeed or Sefld, sef-eed', written also Snffeed, 
 Sufleid and Sufeld, Persian, "white;" as Sefeed 
 Ki>)t). •■ white river;" Suffeed Koh, "white mountain." 
 
 Selo, sA'lo, Russ. "village;" as Tsarskoe Selo, (Oer. 
 Kaisej-fiiorf,) •• emperor's village." 
 
 Seinlia, sJm'le-S. Slavonic, "land;" us Kovaxa Semlia, 
 (XovA /.KMBLA,) " new land." i. e.. land newly found. 
 
 Serai, ser-i', or Saral, sa-ri', Turk, and Tartar, a 
 "pala.-e:' as BoHNA Ser.ai. the " Boisnian palace." 
 
 Serra, s5k/k3, Port, a "mountain chain;" the same as 
 Sierra, whioh see. 
 
 Sever, si-vaiR/, or Severe, sA-vi'ro, written also 
 Slevero or Sle^vero, syA-vA/ro, Russ. "north" or 
 " uorlliern ;" Severo Vostochxoi. " Northeast" (Cape.) 
 
 Sex, Knglish. (from the German Sachi, " Saxon,") a ter- 
 mination equivalent to "Saxon kingdom or territory;" as 
 Sl'SSEX. the -'kingdom or territory of the South Saxons;" 
 E8.SEX. the "kingdom of the East Saxons," &c. 
 
 Sha, Scha or Cha, shl Chinese, "sand;" as Ki\- 
 BHA-KIANO, " river of golden sands;" Shamo, "sea of sand" 
 (Gobi.; 
 
 Shan, Schan or Chan, shSn, Chinese, "moun- 
 tain;" also " Island," i.e. a mountain in the sea; as Thian- 
 l<HAX, the "celestial mountains;" KiN-sauc, " irolden 
 2176 
 
 island" or "golden mountain;" Tcheoo-sban, (Chusak.) 
 " island in the form of a ship.' 
 
 Shen, Schen or Chen, Chine."*, "frontier;" as 
 Shex-see. 'western frontier." 
 
 Sidl, .\rab.. a title of respect, like "Mr." or "lord." 
 
 Sierra, se-Jn/Rit. Sp. : Serra. sJ-R'Rd. Port, and I,atin, 
 originally a "saw." This term is often employed to denotes 
 niouiitnin ridge, which, from its notched appeaianci' n hen 
 seen from a distance, has naturally suggesti;d the idea of a 
 saw: e.q. Sierra Blanca. the •■ white mountain ridge." 
 
 Siene, Chinese, "snow;'' as T.a-si£UE-shas, the "gieat 
 snow mountain." 
 
 Slever or Slevero. See Sever. 
 
 Silber, silber, Ger. "silver:" as Siiberrach, "silver 
 brook:" Siirerberg. '-silver mountain." 
 
 Sj6. .syo, or Sjon, syiin, Sw. "lake;" as Stob-sjBs, 
 •'great lake." 
 
 Sk, Skoe or Skala, Russ., an adjective termination 
 generally denoting '-town," "village," or 'settlement:'' as 
 Tobolsk, the '- town on the Tobol;'' Loooaxskue, the " town 
 on the Loogan." &c. 
 
 Slav or Slaw, sldv or .slaf, Slavonic, a termination de- 
 noting the haliitation of Slaves or Slavonians, as YarosIjIT. 
 
 Sloboda, slo/bo-d3, Russ. a •• village.". 
 
 Slot, slot. Dutch, "castle:" as Sloiex. 
 
 Snee, sni, Dan. and Norw. " snow ;" as Sxeehaettax, 
 " snow cap.'' 
 
 Snecw»v, sniift, Dutch, "snow;" as Sneeuvvbergex, 
 "snow mountains." 
 
 So. See Sajo. 
 
 Soo, Sou or Su, soo, Turk, and Tartar, "river;" as^ 
 kz. Soo, "white river;" Kara Soo, "black river." 
 
 Sse. See Se. 
 
 Stad, stSd, Dan. and Sw. (Dutch, Snrf. st^t,) .-> "town;" 
 as Ciir.iSTiASST.tn. "Christian's Town;" St.\d a-n'* H.\iuno- 
 VLIET, the '-town on the Ilaringvliet." 
 
 Stadt, stdtt, Ger. "town;" as K.\ri,stadt, "Charles- 
 town." 
 
 Stan, stJn, Persian, "country;" as TIixdostax, " Hin- 
 doo country" or the "country of the Hindoos;" Beloo- 
 CHI.STAX, the "country of the Beloochees." 
 
 Stanltsa, std-nit'sil or std-neet'sd. Russ. a "vllLige." 
 
 Stara, stA'rJ. Staro, stii-'ro. or Starol, stj'roi, 
 SlavoTiic. "old;" as Stani Tcherkask, "Old Tcherkask." 
 
 Stark, stitRk. or Starken, stank'en, Ger. "'strong;" 
 as Starkexbl'Rg, "strong castle;" Stakkstadt, " strong 
 town," t.e. a "fortified town." 
 
 Stavro, stSv-ro'. (from the Greek trravfios, ttauros,) a 
 "cross;" as iSTAVHopoi. the "city of the cros.s." 
 
 Steen, stain. Dutch, "stone;" as Steexkerke, "stone 
 church." See Stein. 
 
 Stein, stine. Ger. "stone;" as Steisbach and Steisach, 
 " stone brook" or '■ stonj' brook."' 
 
 Strasse, strJs'seh, or Strass, stress, Ger. a "street" 
 or '-public highway;" as Slrasxltourfj. (Strasboi'ho.) a 
 "castle or town on the public highway." This name ap- 
 pears to owe its origin to the circumstance of the place 
 beinir situated on an important road or highway used since 
 the time of the Itomans. 
 
 Strat, old English, (probably from the Latin Slrafta ; 
 German S'rafse.) "street;" as Stratford, "street ford." 
 See Sti'asse. 
 
 Strath, strith. Celtic, "valley" or "vale;" as Strath- 
 EARX. the " vale of the Karn;" Str-athmore, " great valley." 
 
 Sii. Sec Soo. 
 
 Slid. See Sur. 
 
 SiilTeed, SuflTeid or Sufeld. Hee Sefeed. 
 
 Snl, sool. Port, -south;" as Rio Graxde do Sil, the 
 " Kio lirande of the south.'' 
 
 Siiud, soont or soond. Ger., Dan., and Sw., a "sound" 
 or " strait ;" as Str.alsuxd, the town on the " sound of 
 :Strale,'' (Daxholm.) 
 
 Sur, sooR, or Snd, soon. Sp. "south;" as Sax Jcan 
 del Sl'b, or San Juan del Sud, " San Juan of the south." 
 See Sul. 
 
 Svtatol or S-»vlatol, sve-3-toi', Russ. "saint" or 
 '■ holy ;" as Svhtoi Nos, " holy cape." 
 
 Sza8Z, sSs, Hun. "Saxon;" as Sz.asz Varos, "Saxon 
 town." 
 
 Szent, sJnt, Hun. ".saint;" as Szext Mm.uT, "Saint 
 Michael ;" Szent Jaxos, " Siiint John.'' 
 
 Szlget, see'ghfef or sig'?t\ Hun. •' island ;" as Sziqetv.4R, 
 " island fort." 
 
 Ta,- tl. Chinese, "great;" as Ta-Uang, "great river," 
 (Yaxo-tse-kiang.) 
 
 Tagh, tig. (same as Dagh,) Tartar, "mountain:" as 
 Mu^bijjh, "snow mountain." a mountain ridge of Central 
 Asia connected with Bolor Tagh. 
 
 Tal, ti, Chine.-'e. -'great;" as T.u-PE-snAN, the "great 
 white mountain;" Tai-hoo, "great Like.'' a considerauio 
 lake of China, in lat. 31° 30' N.. Ion 119° 30' K. 
 
 Takht or Takhtl. See Tukht. 
 
 Tash or Tasch, iish. Turk, and Tartar. " stone:" an 
 Tashkend, " -itone fortress •" Tash Kdpeee, '• stone bridge.'' 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 Tchal. See dial. 
 
 Tclian§^, chdng, Chinese, "middle;" as Tchako-tchoo, 
 
 "Middle-town." 
 
 Tcheoo, Tclteou, chj-oo', written also Tcboo, 
 Clkoo or TcUou, and CliiO'»v, a Chinese word, signify- 
 ing properly a "town of the second class," but very fre- 
 quently joined with FoOf (a "city of the first class,") in 
 the same name, as Hang-chow-foo. 
 
 Tclierno, Czeruo, chjR/no, or Tclierny, 
 (C*ern.y,) chSn/nee, Slavonic, "black;" as Tchernomore, 
 •■ IJ1.ACK Sea ;" Xchernomorsky, " belonging to the Black 
 Sea." 
 
 Tellings, ching, Chinese, "wall" or "town;" asTcHlNO- 
 KIANO. '-river town." 
 
 Tehama, te-h^ra3, Arab, "low plain," (Yembs.) 
 
 Tell, Arab, "hill." 
 
 Terra, t^R/ad, It. "land ;" as Terra m Lavoro, literally 
 '• land of labor or cultivation ;'' that is, " cultivated or culti- 
 vable land." See Tlerra. 
 
 Tlial, tfl, Ger., and Dal, ddl, Sw. a "valley," "Tale," 
 or "dale;" as Simmenthal, the " vale of the Simmen;" Elf- 
 DAL. " river valley." 
 
 Thurm, tooam, Ger. "tower;" as Kothenthurm, "red 
 tower." 
 
 Tlerra, te-^R'Rj, Sp. (from the Latin Ter'ra,) "earth" 
 or "land;" as Tierra del Fiugo, (Terra del i'uEao,) "land 
 of fire." 
 
 Toong, Toungf, Tung, toong, or long, Chinese, 
 " ea.st"' or " ea.stern ;" as I'omtg-hai, '• ea.stern seji," (China 
 Sea:) Quaxg-tono or Quano-tuono, the "e.ist«rn province," 
 as contradistinguished from Quano-see, the " western pro- 
 Tince." 
 
 Tooz, Touz or Tuz, tooz, "salt;" as Tooz 600L, 
 " salt lake." 
 
 Torblc, Hun. "Turkish." 
 
 Torre, toR/Ri, It., Sp., and Port., (from the Latin 7'ur'- 
 m.) a "tower;" as Torre Mahoiore, the "great tower;" 
 Torre Quemada, "burnt tower;" Torres ^0VA8, "new 
 towers." 
 
 Tras, trjs, Sp. and Port. " behind ;" as Teas 08 Monies, 
 "behind [or beyondl the mountains." 
 
 Treclit. See Trlcht. 
 
 Tres, trJs or trds, Sp., Port., and L., "three;" as Tres 
 MoNTES, " three mountains;" Trb.s Pontes, " three bridges." 
 
 TrlcHt, triKt, or TrecUt, trJKt, Dutch, (fi-om the 
 Latin Trajecftus,) passage;" as Maestkicht, (L. Jlosce Tra- 
 jtctus,) the " passage of the Meuse;" Utkei ht, (L. Ulira Tra- 
 jectiim.) 'beyond the passage" [of the lihine.j 
 
 Tsclieriioi. See TcKeriiy. 
 
 TKclieu or Tsclneon. See Tclieoo. 
 
 Tiiklut, tuKt, or Taklit, t^Kt, Per.-iau, a "throne;" 
 as TuKUTi (or Xakhti) Slleiman, (see Introduction, XVI.,) 
 " throne of Solomon." 
 
 Tung. See Toong. 
 
 Tuz or Touz. See Tooz. 
 
 Uj, oo'e, Ilun. " new ;" as Uj Arab, " new Arad." 
 
 Ula. See Oola. 
 
 IJuter, Ciiu'ter, Ger. " lower," " under," and also 
 "among;" as Uxter Turkheim, '• Lower Turkheim ;" Unter- 
 WALDEN, perhaps " under the forests." or else " among the 
 forests," from its position in tlio valleys under the shadow 
 of the forests. 
 
 Ural. See Ooral. 
 
 Vst. See Oost. 
 
 Val, v3l, or Valle, v3l1i. It. "valley" or "vale;" as 
 Val d'Arno, " valley of [the] Arno ;" Valleluno-V " long 
 valley." 
 
 Valle, vil'yA, and "Val, vil, (from the Latin ValUs,) 
 6p. " valley ;" as Vallb IIermoso, " beautiful valley ;" Val- 
 TERUE. " green valley." 
 
 Var, v|r, Hun. "fort" or "fortified town;" as Uj Var, 
 " new fort." 
 
 Varos, va'rosV, llun. "town;" as Uj V.iros, "New 
 Town." 
 
 Vecchlo, vJk'ke-o, Veccllla, v6k'ke-4. It. "old;" 
 as Porto Veccuio, " old port ;" Civita Vecchu, " old 
 town." 
 
 Vellio, vM'yo, Velha, TJl'yi, Port, "old;" as VnjA 
 Velua, " old town." 
 
 Veliki, Veleekee or Wellkl, vA-loo'kee, Russ. 
 "gieiit;" as Velikee Oosxiooo, the "great Oostioog." 
 
 Verklmee or Verklinll, vjiik'nee or vSRK'Hee, 
 written alsoVerkHnel or Werchnel, Russ. "upper;" 
 as Veekh.yee Kolymsk, "Upper Kolymak." 
 
 6M 
 
 Verniejo, v?R-mA/Ho, or Berniejo, n?n-mA'no, "ver- 
 milion" or '■ red;" as Vermejo (Itio,) " red river ;" ifar Ber- 
 mejn, " Ked Se.v." 
 
 Vermellio, v5R-m?-l'yo, " TermlUon" or " red ;" as 
 Teemkliio (Kio), "red river." 
 
 Vero, vA/ro, or Vera, T.Vr3. Sp.. Port, and It. (from 
 the Latin Yefrus,) " true ;" as Vera Cruz, " tiue cross ;" 
 Vera Paz, " true peace." 
 
 Vetere, vAtl-rA, It. (from the Latin Veltus ; in thfl 
 genitive, Ve/teris,) "old:" as Castel A'httere, "old castle" 
 
 Viejo, ve-4/Ho, or Vleja, ve-A'id. Sp. " old ;" as Puerto 
 ViE,io, "old port;" Villa ^ lUA, "Old Town." 
 
 Vleux, ve-uh', or Viellle, ve-Al', Fr. "old;" as Viecx- 
 Coxnfi. " old Cond6;" Vieille-Vione. "old vine." 
 
 Villa, vil'U or veelll, It. and Port.; Sp. Villa, veel'vl, 
 (from the Latin Villa, a ''country seat" or "village,") a 
 "town;" as VnxA NuovA, Villa Kova, and Villa Nueva, 
 " new town." 
 
 Vllle, veel or vill, Fr. a "town;" as Villenecve, "new 
 town." See Villa. 
 
 Vllet, fleet, Dutch, a "brook" or "small river;" aa 
 IIaringvlibt, " Ilerringbrook." 
 
 Wad, wAd, or Wady, wA'dee, Arab, a "vallev" or 
 "river;" as Wadt Moosa. the "valley of Moses;" Wad-el- 
 Kel frr. (flu.\DAi.(iurviR.> Pee Gxiad. 
 
 VTald, *Alt, or Walde, frAl'dvh. Ger. "forest:" aa 
 ScHWARZWALD, " Black Forest;" Bohmerw.uj), "Bohemian 
 Forest." 
 
 "War, Hun. See Var. 
 
 Vl'^ar or Ward, Saxon, a " fortress." 
 
 Warm, *ARm, Ger. '-warm;" as Wakmbrunn, "warm 
 spring." 
 
 W'asser, ftis'sgr, Ger. "water;" as Scdwarzwasser, 
 " black water." 
 
 "WeUr, w.Ar, Ger. " defence" or " fortification ;" aa 
 VVehrsdorf, the " village of defence ;" Landwhr, the 
 "country's defence." 
 
 Welile, *i'dfh, or Welden, *I'df n, " willow ;" aa 
 Weifieniiacu, '• willow brook." 
 
 Vl^'eller, fti'l^r. Ger. " hamlet" or " village;" as Basen- 
 WEii.KR. •• bath village." 
 
 Wein, «ine, Ger. "vine" or "wine;" as Weinfeldex, 
 "vine fields' or "vineyards;" Weinsbeko, "wine moun- 
 tain" 
 
 "Weiss, ■ *Tce. (ftiss,) or "Weisgen, Oi'sgn, Ger 
 "white;'' as ■\Vei.'<skir(H, "wliite church;" Weisskirchejt, 
 "white churches:" AVkissf.nfklh, "white rock." 
 
 "Wellkl or "Welikol .Sv VclllLee. 
 
 "Werclinel. S.e Verklinee. 
 
 "WUang. See Iloaug. 
 
 "Wlcli or "Wick, (from the Latin Vicuf,) a " village" 
 or 'tiHvn:" as Ndrwich. "north town." 
 
 "Wlese, ftee'zeh. Wlesen, *ee'sfn. Ger. "meadow" 
 or '•meadows:" (is AViesenthal, "meadow v.illey." 
 
 "Wyk or "Wljk, wik, Dutch, " district" or "quartur:" 
 heuct;, perhaps, '• village" or " town." See "Wlclu 
 
 Vanta, yA'md, Japanese, "mountain;" as Foosi Yama, 
 "Mount Foosl." 
 
 Yang, ying, Chinese, " male" or "masculine;" hence 
 "strong"' or "influential;" as Vang-tseurk-iang. (Yang-tsb- 
 KiANG.) the "male child of the great water," (t. e. '-son of 
 the ocean.") 
 
 Yar or Jar, Russ. "chasm" or "ravine;" and hence, 
 perhaps. " valley" or " stream." 
 
 Y'enl, yJu'eeN or "Yengl, yJng'ee', Turk, and Tartar, 
 "new;" as Yeni-Shehs, ''new city." 
 
 Yu, y66. Chinese, "Jasper." See Itoong. 
 
 Yuen, Chinese, " country." (?) 
 
 Yun, yttn, Chinese, "cloudy:" as Yun-nan, "cloudy 
 south" or " cloudy region of the south." 
 
 Zand, z3nt, Dutch, "sand;" as Zandvliet, "sand 
 brook" or " sand creek." 
 
 Zee, zA, Dutch, "sea;" as Zeeland, (Zealand.) "sea 
 land," i.e.. land nearly or quite surrounded by the sea; 
 hence ZteJand is also the Dutch name of Seeland, the prin- 
 cipal island of Denmark. 
 
 Zemlla. See Semlla. 
 
 Zuyd, xoit, or Zuyder, zoid'^r. Dutch, "south:" aa 
 ZUYi'ER Zee, " south sea," as contradistinguished from th« 
 North Sea. 
 
 Z'warte, zwaE'teb,or Zwurt, zwaRt, Dutch, " black ;" 
 as ZwARTEWAL, " black wall ;" Zwaetbero, " black moun- 
 tain." 
 
 2177 
 
 :J 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ABB 
 
 ABBEVILLE, a post-viUivge, capital of Wilcor co., Geor- 
 gia, oil the right bank of t)ie Ocmulgee River, about 
 145 miles AV. of Savaiiniili. 
 
 ABltOTT, a township of Potter CO., Pennsylvania. Pop.377. 
 
 ABEIIDKEN. a post-village of Ilarfonl co., Maryland, on 
 the Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, 5 
 miles S.W. of Havre de Grace. 
 
 ABERDEEN, a post-village of Monroe co., Arkansas, on 
 the W. bank of White River, about 60 miles E. by S. of 
 Little Rock. 
 
 ABERDEEN, a post-village of Ohio co., Indiana, about 27 
 miles E.N.E. of Madison. 
 
 AHIIjE.VE, a post-village, capital of Dickinson co., Kansas. 
 
 ABINGDON, or ABINGTOX, a po3^village of Knox CO., 
 llliucjis. on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 10 
 miles S. of Galesburg. 
 
 ABIQUA, a township or precinct of Marion co., Oregon. 
 Pop. 302. 
 
 ACASTO, a post-village of Clark co., Missouri, about 32 
 miles N.W. of Keokuk, Iowa. 
 
 ACOMA, a township of McLeod co., Minnesota. Pop. 93. 
 
 ACTON, a post-village of Marion Co., Indiana, on a rail- 
 road 12 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 ACTON, a post-village and town^hip of Meeker CO., Min- 
 nesota, about 90 miles W. bv N. of St. Paul. Pop. 104. 
 
 ACUSHNET, a township of Bristol Co., Massachusetts, 
 incorporated in 1860. Pop. 13.S7. 
 
 ADA, a county in the S.W. part of Idaho, includes Boiseo 
 Valley. It is intersected by the Boisee or Boise Rivnr, and 
 bounded on the 8. by the Lewis or Snake River. The surface 
 is hilly or mountainous. Tlie soil of the river bottotnsis said 
 to be fertile. Gold is found in this county. Boisee City is the 
 county seat and also the capitiil of Idaho. Organized in 1864. 
 
 ADA, a post-village and township of Kent co., Michigan. 
 The village is on Grand River, at the mouth of the Thorn 
 Apple, and on the Detroit and Mihvaukeo Railroad, 10 miles 
 E. by S. of Grand Rapids. Tot^il pop. 1116. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 8t 6. 
 
 AD.\MS, a village of Defiance co., Ohio, on the Toledo and 
 Wabiish Railroad, 42 miles S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 ADAMS, a post-village in Adams township, Decatur co., 
 Indiana, on the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad, 6 
 miles N.W. of Greensburg. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 1836. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of La Salle CO., Illinois. Pop. VIHG. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 318. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 502. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Muhaska co., Iowa. Pop. -535. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Wapello Co., Iowa. Pop. 1.345. 
 
 ADAMS, a township of Adams co., Wisconsin, formerly 
 called Friendship. Pop. 462. 
 
 ADAMS, a post-township of .Mower co.,Minnesota. Pop.177. 
 
 ADAMSV'ILLE, a post-village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, 
 about 10 miles E. of Minwal Point. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-village of Gallia co., Ohio, in Addison 
 township, and on the Obio River, about 7 miles N.E. of 
 Gallipolis. 
 
 ADDLSON, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, about 25 
 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, about 
 20 miles W.N.W. of Adrian. It has 1 mill. 
 
 ADDISON, a post-village of Dakota co., Nebraska, about 
 20 miles W. of Sioux City, luwa. 
 
 ADEL, or A-DELL', a post-village, capital of Dallas co., 
 Iowa, on the Racoon River, about 24 miles W. of Des Moines. 
 It is on or near the route of the Mississippi and Missouri 
 Railroad. Pop. of Adel township in 1860, 1969. 
 
 ADEL, >i post-village in the S. part of Sheboygan co., 
 Wiicipi*... 
 
 ADELINE, a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, about 24 
 miles N. of Dixon. 
 
 ADELPIII, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on the Des 
 Moitit"' K'vor, ftbf't 14 miles K.S.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 ADRIAN, a post-village of Steuben co.. New York, on the 
 Erie Railroad, 32 miles W.N.W. of Corning. 
 
 ALA 
 
 ADRIAN, a post-village of Seneca co., Ohio, on the Sun- 
 dusky Dayton and Cincinnati Railioad, 45 miles S.W. of 
 Sandusky. 
 
 ADRIAN, a township of Monroe co., Wisconsin, 12 miles 
 E. of Sparta. Pop. 340. 
 
 .EMILIA, e-niU'e-a, a state in the N. central part of Itsily, 
 extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the Adriatic, and 
 hag an area of about 8,60n square miles. It comprises the 
 former duchies of Modena and of Parma, and the Rouiagna. 
 The river Po forms its N. boundary. The surRtce in the S. 
 part is mountainous. The soil is generally fertile. 
 
 AFTON, a post-township in the S E. part of Chenango 
 CO., New York, on the Siisijuebanna River. Pop. 177o. 
 
 AKTON, a township of De Kalbco., Illinois. Pop. 616. 
 
 AFTON, a post-village, capital of Union co., Iowa, is situ- 
 ated on the route of the Burlington and Missouri River 
 Railroad, about 60 miles S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 AFTON, a post-village in Rock township, Rock co., Wis- 
 consin, on theBeloit and Madison Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W. 
 of Beloit, and 6 or 7 miles from Jaiiesville. It has 3 hotels. 
 4 stores, a warehouse, and about 7.') houses. Pop. about oiiO. 
 
 AFTON, a post-township of Wa-bington Co., Minnesota, 
 on the W. side of Lake St. Croix, about 3 miles below Hud- 
 son, Wisconsin. Pop. in iHijO, 379. 
 
 AFTON, a post-village in the above township, situated on 
 the W. shore of Lake St. Croix, 11 miles from the Missis- 
 sippi River, and about 20 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul. It lias 1 
 church, 1 or 2 flour-mills, and several steam saw-mills. 
 Large steamboats can ascend the St. Croix River and Lake 
 to this point. 
 
 AGENCY, a village of Blue Earth co., Minnesota, about 
 12 miles S.K. of Mankato. 
 
 AGNES CITY, a post-village of Lyon co., Kansas. Pop.149. 
 
 AGUA FRIA, ah'gwa free'a, a post-village of Mariposa 
 CO., California, 5 miles W. of Mariposa. It has several stores. 
 Two quart/.-niills were in operation here in 1^62. 
 
 AllNEPEE, a thriving post-village and township of Ke- 
 waunee CO., AVisconsin, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of 
 Ahnepee River, about 32 miles E. by N. of Green Bay. It 
 contains 2 churches. 3 hotels, 4 stures, 1 tannery, 1 grist- 
 mill, and 1 saw-mill. Pop. alx)ut 400; of township, 1152. 
 
 AIKEN, or AIIKEN, a county in the N.E. central part 
 of Minnesota, has an area of about 720 square miles. The 
 Mississippi River forms part of the northern boundary of the 
 county, which is also drained by Snake River, and bounded 
 on the S.W. by Lake Mille Lacs. The surface is undulat- 
 ing. Pop. 2. 
 
 AIKEN, a post-village of Barnwell district. South Caro- 
 lina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 17 miles E. by N. of 
 Augusta. 
 
 AIKEN, or AKEN, a post-township of Richland co., Wis- 
 consin, about 12 miles W. of Kichland Centre. Pop. 341, or 
 according to another statement 763. 
 
 AINSWORTII, a post-village of Washington co., Iowa, on 
 a railroad 3i) miles W.S.W. of .\Iu8C4itine. 
 
 AIR, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. Poj). 1154. 
 
 AKRON, a post-village of Erie go.. New York, on the Can- 
 andaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, Iti miles W. of Batavia. 
 
 AKRON, a post-township of Tuscola co., Michigan, about 
 24 miles E. of Bay City. Pop. 1S7. • 
 
 AKRON, a post-village of Fulton co., Indiana, about 30 
 miles N.E. of Logansport. 
 
 AKRON, a post-township of Peoria co., Illinois, about 16 
 miles .\. by W. of Peoria. Pop. 1107. 
 
 ALABAMA, a post-village of Houston co., Texas, on the 
 Trinity River, about 17 miles S.W. of Crocket. 
 
 ALAMEDA, dl-a-mjl'da, a county in the W. part of Cali- 
 fornia, has an area of about 820 square miles. It is bouiuU^d 
 on the W. by San Francisco Bay, and drained by Alameda 
 and Calaveras Creeks. The surface in the E. part is moun- 
 tainous, being occupied by the Coast Range. Among the 
 forest trees of this county is the live oak, or evergreen oak. 
 The soil of the lowlands is generally fertile. This county 
 produced in 1860, ti85,042 bushels of wheat, and 82K,015 of 
 barlev, more of each article than any other county in the 
 
 2179 
 
ALA 
 
 ALM 
 
 state. It is stated that gold, copper, iron, mercury, and 
 CLiiil nave been found in small quantities. It is partly trav- 
 ersed by the Sau Francisco and Alameda Railroad, and the 
 San Jose and Stockton Railroad (in progress). Capital, 
 San Leandro. Pop. S927. 
 
 ALAMEDA, a post-village of Alameda co., California, on 
 the E. shore of the Bay of San Francisco, about 9 miles E.S. 
 E. of San Francisco. It is on the San Francisco and Ala- 
 meda Railroad. It contains 1 church. Pop. about 400. 
 
 .ALAMEDA, a township of Alameda co., California. Pop. 
 400. I 
 
 ALAMEDA CREEK, Alameda co., CaliforjUa, <oijrs West- 
 ward and enters the Bay of San Fraucis»o,/ ,, ' ', 
 
 A I/AMO, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ind., about 
 65 miles W. by N. of Indianapolis and H miles S.W. of 
 Crawfordsville. 
 
 ALAMO, a post-village of Contra Costa co., California, 13 
 miles S.E. of Martinez. It contains an academy and sever- 
 al stores. 
 
 ALBA, a township of Henry co., Illinois. Pop. 75. 
 
 ALBA, a post-village of Jasper co., Missouri, about 11 
 miles N.W. of Carthage. 
 
 ALBA, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, about 20 
 miles W.S.W. of Preston. 
 
 ALBANY, a village of Athens co., Ohio, about 44 miles 
 E. by S. of ChUUcothe. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-village, capital of Gentry co., Missouri, 
 is pleasantly situated on the W. Fork of Grand Kiver, 45 
 miles N.E. of St. Joseph and 35 miles N. of the Hannibal 
 and St. Joseph Railroad. It is surrounded by a fertile coun- 
 try, which is supplied with timber. It contains a court- 
 house, 2 churches and 1 newspaper olBce. Pop. in 1860, 476 ; 
 in 1865, about 600. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-viUage of Appanoose co., Iowa, about 
 16 miles S.W. of Ottumwa. 
 
 ALBANY, a village of Fayette co., Iowa, on the Volga 
 River, about 9 miles S. by E. of West Union. 
 
 ALBANY, a township forming the N.E. extremity of Po- 
 pin CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 104. 
 
 ALBANY', a post-village of Nemaha co., Kansas, 75 miles 
 N.W. of Leavenworth. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-office of Napa co., California. 
 
 ALBANY, a post-village, capital of Linn co., Oregon, is 
 situated on the right (E.) bank of the Willamette River, at 
 the mouth of the Calapooya, 25 miles S. of Salem. It is 
 accessible for small steamers about 9 months in the year. 
 The situation is said to be picturesque and beautiful. Ai- 
 biiuy contidns a fine brick court-house, 3 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 10 dry goods stores, 2 grist-mills and 2 saw- 
 mills. It is the principal market of a large extent of fertile 
 prairie, and is improving rapidly. Pop about 800. 
 
 ALBAYILLE, a post-office of Hall co., Nebraska. 
 
 ALBERT LEA, a post>-village, capital of Freeborn co., 
 Minnesota, situated at the head of a small lake of the s.-ime 
 name, 100 miles S. by W. of Saint Paul. The site is said to 
 be about 900 feet above the level of the Mississippi River. 
 It contains 2 hotels, 4 dry goods stores, 1 drug store, 1 cab- 
 inet shop, &c. Pop. about 250. 
 
 .\LBION, a village of Fsurfield district. South Carolina, 
 on the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, about 3a 
 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 ALBION, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 339. 
 
 ALBION, a township of Howard co., Iowa. Pop. 392. 
 
 -ALBION, a post-village of Jlarshall co., Iowa, near the 
 Iowa River, about 52 miles N.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 ALBION, a township of Jackson co., Wisconsin, about 44 
 wiles N.E. of La Crosse. Pop. 675. 
 
 ALBION, a post-township of Wrijiht co., Minnesota, about 
 65 miles W.N.W. of St. Paul, is traversed by the Crow Riv- 
 er. Pop. 78. 
 
 ALBION, a post-village of Lancaster co- Nebraska, about 
 
 00 miles W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 ALBION, a post-village of Mendocino co., California on 
 or near the Pacific Ocean, 43 mUes W.N.W. of Ukiah. Pod 
 in 1863, about 100. ^' 
 
 ALBRIGHT, a village of Scott co., Minnesota, on the right 
 
 . r ^{ }^S Minnesota River, about 22 m. S.W. of .^hakopee. 
 
 ALCATRAZ, al-ka-ti-a.ss', or AIX3ATRACES I.^LAND 
 Cahloinia, a small island in the bav, about iU miles N of 
 San Francisco. Length, 1650 feet;' height, 140 feet. It is 
 tortified, and commands the entrance of the Golden Gate 
 It IS sometimes called Pelican Isljind. 
 
 ALDEN, a post-village and township of Hardin co., Iowa, 
 riie village is on the Iowa River, about 70 miles N. by E. 
 
 01 Des Moines. Pop. 193. •' 
 ALpEN. a township forming the S.E. extremity of Polk 
 
 CO., w isconsin. Pop. 157. 
 
 ALDERLEY, a thriving pout-village of Dodge co.. Wis- 
 coiiMn, on the Asliijipun River, about 32 mil»s W N W of 
 -Milwaukee. It has 1 store, 1 grist-mill and 1 saw-mill 
 
 ALE'DO, a po8^^^!lage. capital of Mercer co., Illinois is 
 w- v'*,^' H S?"'^ ^- *"' "'" ^Ji^-'-^sippi Kiver and about 75 m. 
 M .N .W. of Peona. It contains 2 churches, a college, a good 
 puldic school-house and 1 newspaper office. Coal is abuu- 
 duut m this vicinity. Pop, 565. 
 2160 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, a post-village, capital of Douglas co., 
 Minnesota, about 65 miles W.N.W. of Saint Cloud. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, a township of Leavenworth co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 726. 
 
 .4LGANSEE, a post-township of Branch co., Mieh^ about 
 7 miles SJi. of Coldwater. Pop. 1121. 
 
 ALGOMA, a post-township of Kent co., Michigan, about 
 12 miles N. by E. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 993. 
 
 ALGOT^A, a post village, cipital of Kossuth co., Iowa, 
 on the Des Moines River, about 120 miles N. by W. of the 
 Qity of De^ Moines. It is the seat of the Algon'a Collegiate 
 Institute, fhe river affords water-power here. Pop. 216. 
 
 ALGQNQCIN, a post-village or township of Ontonagon 
 CO.. Michigan, about 12 miles E. of Ontonagon. Copper 
 mines have been opened here. Pop. 77. 
 
 ALGONQUIN, a post-village of Butler co, Iowa, about 
 28 miles W. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 ALIMEDA (ALAMEDA?), a village of Louisa co., Iowa, 
 on the Iowa River, at the mouth of the Red Cedar, about 
 20 miles S.W. of .Muscatine, with which it is connected by 
 railroad. 
 
 ALISAL, a village or township of Monterey co., Califor- 
 nia, about 30 miles E. by S. of Monterey. Pop. 752. 
 
 ALLANDALE. a villageof Goodhue to., Miuuesotii, about 
 15 miles W.S.W. of Redwing. 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. SSI. 
 
 -4lLLEGH.^NY, a post-village of Sierra co^ California, on 
 Kanaka Creek, about S luUes S. of Downievilleand60mile8 
 E.N.E. of Marysville. It contains 1 church. 1 school and 3 
 stores. Here are productive gold mines. Pop. about 400. 
 
 ALLEMANCi;, a post-village of Guilford co., North Caro- 
 lina, on or near the North Carolina Railroad, about 70 miles 
 W.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 ALLEN, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, has an area 
 of 720 square miles. It is inter.-iected by the Neosho River 
 and dmined by Deer, Elm and other creeks. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil is fertile. This county contains a 
 large proportion of prairie, and is said to be well supplied 
 with timber, which is distributed along the Neosho River, 
 and the creeks. Alien county is well aduptetl to the rais- 
 ing of stock. Cotd is the most valuable mineral found in 
 it. Capital, Humboldt. Pop. 3120. 
 
 ALLEN, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 635. 
 ALLEN, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 642. 
 ALLEN, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 17SS. 
 ALLEN, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 391. 
 ALLEN, a township of Polk co , Iowa. Pop. 485. 
 ALLEN, a township of Warren co , Iowa. Pop. 510. 
 ALLEN, a post-village of Randolph co., Missouri, on Iho 
 North Missouri Railroad, 147 miles W>X.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 ALLEN, a post-village of Lyou co., Kansas, about 40 
 miles S.W. of Topeka. 
 
 ALLENDALE, a post-village of Worth co^ Missouri, about 
 18 miles N. of Albany. 
 ALLEND.\LE, a post-office of Johnson co., Kans,as. 
 ALLEN'S I'RESH, a post-village of Charles co., 3Iary- 
 land, about 40 miles S. by E. of Washington. 
 
 ALLEN'S GROVE, a post-township of Scott co., Iowa, 
 about 14 miles N.N.W. of Davenport. Pop. 501. 
 
 ALLENSA'ILLE, a village of Randolph co, Indiana, about 
 8 miles N. by W, of Union City. 
 
 ALLENTON, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 on or near the Southwest Branch of the Pacific Kailroad, 
 about 30 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 j\.LLISON, a post-township of Lapesrco, Michigan, about 
 60 miles N. of Detroit. Pop. 315. 
 ALLISON, a township of Lawrence co., Illinois. P. 874. 
 ALMA, a post-township of Alleghany co., New Y'ork, 
 about 10 miles S. of Belmout. Pop. 578. 
 
 ALMA, a post-village of .Marion co., Illinois, on the Cen- 
 tral Rjiilroad, about '20 miles N.N.E. of Centralia. 
 
 ALMA, a post-village, capital of Buffalo co., Wisconsin, 
 is situated on the .Mississippi River, just below the mouth 
 of the Buffalo River, 70 miles above La Crosse and 8 miles 
 below Wabasha, Minnesota. It has a court-house, a news- 
 paper office, 2 hotels, <fec. 
 
 ALMA, a township of Buffalo co., Wisconsin, contsiiulug 
 Alma, the county-seat. Pop. in 1860, 2i53. 
 
 ALMA, a township of Jackson co., AVisoonsin, on Black 
 River. It contains 6 saw-mills. Pop. 699. 
 
 ALM.\, a post-village and township of Wabaunsee cb., 
 Kansas, about 36 miles W. by S. of Tojieka. Pop. 285. 
 ALMA, a post-office of Chehalisco.,WasljingtonToriitory. 
 ALMA, or ALMY, a post village of Gratiot co., Michigan, 
 on Pine River, about 7 miles N.N.W. of Ithaca. 
 
 ALMADEN', a township of Santa Clai-a co., California. 
 Pop. 744. 
 
 .\LMANDA, a village of Crawford co., Missouri, near the 
 Southwest Blanch Railroad, about 23 miles E.N.E. of RoUa. 
 ALMEIDA, or ALMEDA, a post-village of Newton co., 
 Missouri, about 50 miles W.S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 ALMENA, a post-township of Van Buren co., Michigan, 
 about 50 miles S. by W. of Qi-and Rapids. Pop. 749. 
 
ALM 
 
 AND 
 
 ALMER, or ALMA, a township of Tuscola cc, Michigan. 
 Pop. 265. 
 
 ALMOND, a post-village and township of Portage co., 
 Wisconsin, about 58 miles N.W. of Fond du Lac. Pop. -191 ; 
 population of village, about 150. 
 
 ALMORALi, a post-village of Delaware CO., Iowa, about 
 34 miles W. of Dubuque. 
 
 ALPE'NA, a post-vjUage, capitiil of Alpena co., Michigan, 
 situated on Thunder Bay, of Liike Ihiroii, at the mouth of 
 Thunder Bay Elver. Lat. 45° 5' N. 
 
 ALPHA, a post-village of Greene CO., Ohio, on the Dayton 
 and Xenia Railroad, about 9 miles K.S.E. of Daj'ton. 
 
 ALPHA, a post-village of Nevada co., California, 18 miles 
 E. of Nevada City. 
 
 ALPHAKKTTA, a post-village of Milton co., Georgia, 
 about 28 miles N. by E. of Atlanta. Free population 201. 
 
 ALPINE, a new county in the E. part of California, bor- 
 dering on Nevada. Area estimate<l at 1000 square miles. 
 It is drained by Carson River, by the North Fork of the 
 Mokelumne, and the Noith Fork of the Stiinislaus River. 
 The surface ifi mountainous, being traversed Ijy the great 
 Sierra Nevada. This county contains rich mines of silver on 
 the E. side of the Sierra Nevada. It was formed in 18t34 out 
 of portions of Amador, Cabivei-as, El Dorado, and Mono coun- 
 ties. Capital, Markleeville. 
 
 ALPINE, or ALPINA, a post-township of Kent co., Mi- 
 chigan. The S.E. corner of it is 4 or 5 miles N. of Grand 
 Kapids, and about J^ mile W. of Grand River. Pop. 1249. 
 
 ALPINE, a post-village of Wapello co., Iowa, on the Des 
 Moines River and the Des Moines Valley Railroad, about 9 
 miles S.E. of Ottnmwa. 
 
 ALPINE CITY, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, about 16 
 miles N. of Provo. Pop. in 18(X), 135. 
 
 ALSEYA RIVER, a small stieiuji of Benton co., Oregon, 
 which flows westward into the Pacific Ocejin. 
 
 ALSTON, a post-village of Fairfield district, South Caro- 
 lina, on Broad River, and on the Greenville and Ojlumbia 
 Railroad, at the junction of the Spartanburg and Union 
 Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 AL'TAMONT, a station on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, in Alleghany co.. Maryland, 224 mdes W. of Baltimore. 
 It is on or neiir the summit of a mountain, about 27 UO feet 
 higher than Baltimore. 
 
 ALTAVILLK, a village of Calaveras co., California, 21 
 miles S. of .Mokelumne Hill. Pop. in 1803, about 100. 
 
 ALTENBURO) a post-village of Perry CO., Missouri, about 
 20 miles S.E. of Perryville. 
 
 ALTIIOUSE, a village of Josephine co., Oregon, 14 miles 
 S.E. of Kerbyville. Pop. about 200. 
 
 ALTO, a township of Leo co , Illinois. Pop. 301. 
 
 ALTON, a post^village, capital of Oregon co., Missouri, 
 about 170 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 ALTON, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, about 
 15 miles N. of Bangor. Pop. 531. 
 
 ALTON, a post-village of Crawford co.. Indiana, on the 
 Ohio River, about 40 miles by land W S.W. of New Albany. 
 
 ALTON, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 627. 
 
 ALTON, a postrvillage of Dallas Co., Iowa, on the Racoon 
 Eiver, about 36 miles N. V\^ of Des Moiuea. 
 
 ALTON, a township of Howard co , Iowa. Pop. 293. 
 
 ALTO'.NA, a post-township of Clinton Co., New York, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of Plattsburg. Pop. 1665. 
 
 ALTON A, a station on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy 
 Railroad, in Knox co., Illinois, 16 miles N.E. of Galesburg. 
 
 ALTON .1, a small village of Buffalo co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Winona. 
 
 ALTONA, a village of Calumet co_ Wisconsin, about 24 
 miles N.E of Fond du Lac. It has 1 church and 3 stores. 
 
 ALTONA, a post-village of Platte co., Nebraska, on or 
 near the right bunk of the Platte River, about 60 miles W. 
 by N. of Omaha City. 
 
 ALTU'RAS, a county in the S. part of Idaho, lies E. of 
 Boisee county. It is intersected by the South Fork of the 
 Bbisee River, and also drained by the Feather River. The 
 surface is generally mountainous. It is said to be well tim- 
 bered. Gold and silver are found in this county in quartz 
 rock. Capital, Rocky Bar. IVip. in 1864, 1374. 
 
 ALVARA'DO, a post- village of Johnson co., Texas, about 
 88 miles S.W. of Dallas. 
 
 A liVARA'DO, a post-village of .Alameda co.. California, on 
 Alameda Creek, about 27 miles S.E. of San Francisco, and 
 3 miles N.E. of the Bay of San Francisco. Pop. in 1864, 
 about 300. 
 
 ALVISO, al-vee'so, a post-village and township of Santa 
 Clara Co., California, on or near the Bay of San Francisco, 8 
 miles N. by W. «f San Jose. It has 1 or 2 stores, and is the 
 port of San Jos6. Pop. of the township, S31. 
 
 AMADOK, am-a-dor', a county in the E. central part of 
 California, has an area of at>out 1000 square miles. It is 
 X)unded on the N. by the Cosumne River, on the S. and S.E. 
 ^y the Mokelumne, and also drained by the Dry Creek and 
 Sutter Creek. The surface is hilly or mountainous. The 
 county contains mines of gold and copper, which are worked 
 with success. Marble and quartz are abundant. The soil in 
 Kouie of the valleys is productive. Capital,Jacksou. Pop.l0,9o0. 
 
 AM.ADOR, a post-village in Amador township, Chicago 
 CO.. Minnesota, on the St. Croix River, about 60 miles N.N.K. 
 of Saint Paul. Pop. of township in 1S60, 61. 
 
 AMADOR, a Tillage of Lander co., Nevada, 7 miles N. of 
 Austin. 
 
 AMADOR CITY, a mining post-village of Amador co., 
 California, on .\mador Cieek, 8 miles N.W. of Jackson. It 
 has 1 public school and 3 quartz mills. Pop. al>ont 400. 
 
 AMA.NA, a township of Iowa CO., Iowa, ou the Iowa 
 River. Pop. 542. 
 
 AMBOY, a post-village of Ashtabula co.. Ohio, on or neai 
 the Lake Shoru RiiilroaU, about 30 miles W.S.W. ot the Cit> 
 of Erie. 
 
 AMBOY, a post-village and township of Hillsdale Co., 
 Michigan. The village is on Silver Creek, and on the S. 
 line of the state, about 35 miles W.S.W. of Adrian. Total 
 population 756. 
 
 AMBOY, a thriving post-town of Lee co., Illinois, situated 
 on Green River near its source, and on the Central Railroad 
 (main line), 98 miles S.E. of Galena, and 100 miles W. by S. 
 of Chicago. It contains 4 churches, 2 large public sclio<4 
 houses, 1 newspaper office, a town-hall, and extensive re- 
 pair shops of the Central Railroad Company, in which uliout 
 200 men are employed. A largeamountof produce is shipped 
 here. Pop. in 1860, 1615; in 1865, aljout 2800. 
 
 AMBOY, a post-village of Washington co., Iowa, about 32 
 miles W.S.W. of .Muscatine. 
 
 AMBROSE, a village of Jackson co., Oregon, on Rogue 
 Eiver, about 10 miles N.N.W. of Jacksonville. 
 
 AMERICA CITY, a jiost-village of Nemaha co., Kansas, 
 about 66 miles W.N.W. of Leavenworth. 
 
 A.MERICAN, a township in the N. part of Sacramento 
 CO., California. Pop. 629. 
 
 AMERICAN FORK, a post-town of Utah co., Utah, on or 
 near Utah Lake, 13 miles N.W. of Provo. It has several 
 stores. Pop. said to be 1000. 
 
 AMERICUS, a post- village and township of Lyon co, 
 Kansas, 9 or 10 miles N.W. of Emporia. Pop. 477. 
 
 AMUERST, a post-village and township of Portage co., 
 Wisconsin, about 12 miles E. of i^tanton. The village has 2 
 stores and 20 dwellings. Pop. of t<.)wnship, tiOO. 
 
 AMHERST, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota. Pop 
 520. 
 
 AMISn, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, about 17 
 miles S.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 AMITY, a post-town-ship of Livingston co., Illinois, about 
 50 miles E.N. K. of Peoria. Pop. 595. 
 A.MITY, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 689. 
 AMITY, a post-village and township of Y'am Hill co., 
 Oregon, 11 miles 8. of l^afayette. Pop. of the village, about 
 100; of the township in I860, 317. 
 
 ASISTERDAM, a village of Ottawa co., Michigan, on Lake 
 Michigan, about -Mi miles W.S.W. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 AN'AHEI.M, a post-village of Los Angeles CO., California, 
 on or near the Santa Anna River, 25 miles S.E. of Los An- 
 geles. It has several stores. The residents are Germans, 
 employed in cultivating grapes for wine. Pop. in 1864, 
 about 300. 
 
 ANADARCO, a village of Eusk co., Texas, about 17 miles 
 S. of Henderson. 
 
 ANCONA, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, about 
 22 miles S. of Ottawa. 
 
 ANDALUSIA, a post-village, capital of Covington co., 
 Alabama, on the Conecuh River, about 115 miles E.N.E. of 
 Mobile. 
 
 ANDERSON, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, has an 
 area of 576 squai'O miles. It is drained by the three lorks 
 of the Pottawattomie Creek, which rise within its limits, 
 and by Sugar Creek. The surtace is undulating, the soil ia 
 fertile. This county is said to contain numerous groves of 
 good timber. Capital, Garnett. Pop. 2400. 
 
 ANDERSON, a post-village of Franklin co., Tennessee, on 
 the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 103 miles S.S.E. 
 of Nashville. 
 
 ANDERSON, a village of Sequatchee CO., Tennessee, about 
 20 miles N. by W. of Chattanooga. 
 
 ANDIIRSON, a townshii) of Perry CO., Indiana. Pop. 1104. 
 
 ANDERSON, a township of Warrick co., Indiiina. Pop. 
 
 686. 
 
 ANDERSON, a township of Clark co., Illinois. Pop. 726. 
 
 ANDERSON, a post-village and township of Mendocino 
 
 CO., California, about 130 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. 
 
 Pop. of the township, 293; of tlie village in 1863, about 100. 
 
 ANDERSON, a village on the line between Nevada and 
 
 Placer counties, California, about 10 miles N. of Auburn. 
 
 ANDERSONVILLE.a post-village of Sumter co., Georgia, 
 on the Southwestern Railroiul, about 65 miles S.S.W. of 
 Macon. Here was the prison in which Union soldiers were 
 confined, under the infamous Captjiin Wirz. 
 
 ANDOVER, a post-village and township of Henry CO., 
 Illinois, about 26 miles S.E. of Davenport, Iowa. Pop. 902. 
 ANDY JOHNSON, a new county in the W. part of Min- 
 nesotii, bordering on Dakota, has an area of about 900 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Ked River of the North, 
 which also forms a large pai-t of its W. boundary, and it ia 
 
 2181 
 
AXG 
 
 j»ur' }■ bovfided on the W. by the Sioux Wood River. Tlie 
 bvrface is i early level and mostly pniiiie; the soil is fertile. 
 
 AXGEL ISLAND, Caliloraia, "is in the Buy of San Fran- 
 cisco, 5 miles X. of San Francisco. It contains 8uO acres, 
 and has extensive quarries of brown sandstone valuable tor 
 building. Batteries have been placed on this island for the 
 defenje of tae harbor. 
 
 AXGELO, a post-village of Monroe co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, about 2S miles E.N.E. 
 of La Crosso. It has 1 hotel, several shops, and 25 dwellings. 
 Pop. of Angelo township, 447. 
 
 ANGELS, or ANGKL'S CAMP, a post-village of Calaveras 
 CO.. Cilifoinia, '22 miles S. of Mokelumne Hill. It contains 
 about 5 stores, and a number of quartz mills. Pop. in 18(54, 
 about 600. Gold is found here. 
 
 ANGUIL'LA, a village of Clay co., Indiana, on the Eel 
 River, about 20 miles S.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 AN'IMAS CITY, a village of Conejos co., Colorado, about 
 245 miles S.W. of Denver. 
 
 ANNALY, or ANALY, a township of Sonoma co., Cali- 
 fornia. Pop. 1564. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, a village of Crawford co., Ohio, about 70 
 miles X. of Columbus. Pop. 177. 
 
 AXXAWAN. a post-village of Henrv Co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago and Rock Island Riilroad, 146 miles W.S.W. of 
 Chicago, and 36 miles E. by S. of Rock Island. Pop. of 
 Anna wan township, 916. 
 
 AXX VILLE, a post-village of Lebanon co., PennsylTania, 
 on the Lebanon Valley Railroad, 6 miles W. of Lebanon, 
 and 20 miles from Harrisbnrg. 
 
 ANO'KA, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of Pvbout 420 squwe miles. It is bounded on the S.W. 
 by the Mississippi River, and intersected by Rum River. It 
 contains a number of small lakes, and is well wooded, 
 .imong the forest trees is the sugar-maple. The surface is 
 diversified; the soil is fertile. Capital, Anoka. Pop. 2106. 
 
 ANOKA, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, on the Chi- 
 cago and Great Eastern Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Logansport. 
 
 ANSON, a township of Chippewa co., Wisconsin. Pop. 80. 
 
 ANSONIA, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, on the Belle- 
 fontiiine and Indiana Railroad, about 50 miles W. by S. of 
 Bellefontaine. 
 
 AXSOXVILLE, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 16 miles S.S.W. of Clearfield. 
 
 ANTELOPE, a township of Tehama co., California. Pop. 
 516. 
 
 ANTELOPE, a post-oflBce of Yolo co.. California. 
 
 ANTELOPE CREEK, Tehama co., Ciilifornia, flows S.W. 
 and enters the Sacramento River. 
 
 ANTHONY, a post-ofiice of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 about 20 miles N. of Flemington. 
 
 ANTIOCH, a post-village of Troup co., Geoi^a, about 12 
 miles W.N.W. of La Grange. 
 
 ANTIOCH,a village of Davidson co..Tennessee,on the Xash- 
 Tllle and Chattanooga Riiilroad. 9 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 ANTIOCH, a post-village of Huntington co., Indiana, on 
 the 'Wabash River and Canal, 6 miles W. of Huntington. 
 
 ANTIOCH, a post-village of Contra Costa co., California, 
 at the month of the San Joaquin River, and at the E. end of 
 Suisun Bay, about 40 miles by land or 60 miles by water 
 E.N.E. of San Francisco. Steamers plying between San 
 Francisco and Stockton stop here daily. Antioch contains 
 1 church, 5 stores, 3 hotels, and large copi)er smelting works. 
 Stone-coal, mined 6 miles from Antioch, is shipped here to 
 the amount of .il)Out 300 tons daily. Pop. about 500. 
 
 ANTRIM CITY, a post-office of Antrim co., Michigan. 
 
 ANTWERP, a post^village of Paulding co., Ohio, on the 
 Manmee River, and on the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 22 
 miles EN.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 APPANOOSE, a township of Hancock co., Illinois, on 
 the Mi.<sissippi River. Pop. 835. 
 
 APPLEGATE, a post-village and township of Jackson co., 
 Oregon. Pop. 514. The village is on Applegate Creek, 
 about 12 miles ^\ . or S.W. of Jacksonville. Pop. in 1S64 
 about 260. ' 
 
 APPLE RIVER, a small stream in W.N.W. part of Wis- 
 consin, rises in Dallas co., flows S.W. through Polk and St. 
 Croix counties, and enters the St. Croix River about 6 miles 
 above Stillwater. 
 
 APPLE RIVER, a township of Jo Daviess co., Illinois 
 Pop. 508. 
 
 APPLKTON, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, about 31 
 miles N.E of Columbus. 
 
 APPOMATfOX, a station on the Petersburg and Lynch- 
 burg Railroad, in Appomattox co., Virginia, 24 miles E, of 
 Lynchburg. 
 
 API'OMATTOX DEPOT, a post-office of Powhatan co 
 Virginia, on the Appomattox River, where it is crossed bv 
 the Ri( hmond and Danville Riiilroad, 27 miles W S W of 
 Richmond 
 
 AQUA SCO, a po«t-\illage of Prince George co., Maryland 
 on the Patuxent River, about 30 miles S.K. of Washington' 
 
 ARACty*! A. a small village of Ix>gun co.. West Virginia 
 
 on Ouyandotte River, about 48 miles S.S.W. of Charleston' 
 
 Free population 104. 
 
 2182 
 
 ARI 
 
 AR.4Q0, a post- village and township of Richardson co., 
 Nebraska, on the Missouri River, about 24 miles S.S.E. of 
 Brownville. Pop. 193. 
 
 AK'AGK), CAPE, Coos co,. Oregon, is on the Pacific Ocean, 
 about 3d miles N. by E. of Cape Blanco. 
 
 ARAP'AHOE, a county in the N.E. part of Colorado, has 
 an aiea estimated at 4600 square miles. It is drained by 
 the South Fork of Platte River, and by Beaver, Bijou, and 
 Terrapin Creeks. The surface in some parts is liilly or 
 mountainous. The eastern part is a ban-en sandy plain. 
 The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining gold, which 
 abounds in the western pai-t. Capital, Denver. 
 
 ARAPAHOE, a mining village of Jefferson co., Colorado, 
 about 14 milts W.N.W. of Denver. Pup. in 1860, 80. 
 
 ARBE'LA, a township forming the S.W. extremity of 
 Tuscola CO., Michigan. Pop. 527. 
 
 ARCA'DA, or ARCADE, a township of Gratiot co., Mi- 
 chigan. Pop. 375. 
 
 ARCADA, a township in the central part of Lapeer co., 
 MichigJin. Pop. 199. 
 
 ARCADA, or ARKADA, a post-village of Sawamlsh co., 
 Washington Territory, 9 miles E. of Oakland. Pop. 162. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-village of Bienville parish, Louisiana, 
 on the route of the Vicksburg and Shreveport Railroad, 
 about 50 miles E. of Shreveport. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-village of Hancock co., Ohio, on the 
 Fremont Lima and Union Rwlroad, about 10 miles N.E. of 
 Findlay. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana, on 
 the Indianapolis Peru and Chicago Railroad, 31 miles N. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-village and township of Morgan co., Illi- 
 nois, about 40 miles S.W. of Springfield. Pop. 629. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-village of Iron co., Missouri, situated 
 about 4 miles S. of Pilot Knob, and 90 miles by railroad S. 
 by W. of St. Louis. Pop. of Arcadia township, 2724. Ii-on 
 is abundant in the vicinity. 
 
 ARCADIA, a post-village and township of Trempealeau 
 CO., Wisconsin, on Ti-empealeau River, about 10 miles from 
 the Mississippi, at Miuoua. The village has 2 stores and 20 
 dwellings. Pop. of township, 247. 
 
 ARCA'NCM, apost-villiige of Darke co., Ohio, on the Day- 
 ton and Union Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 ARCATA, a post-village of Humboldt co., California, 
 situated on the N. shore of Humboldt Bay, 7 miles from the 
 sea, and 8 miles N.E. of Eureka. It contains 2 churches, 5 
 or more stores, 1 grist-mill, 1 saw-mill, and 1 town librai-y. 
 Pop. in 1864, about 500 or 6lK). 
 
 ARCHBALD, a post-village of Tulton co., Ohio, on the 
 Toledo and Chicago Railroad, 41 miles W.S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 ARCHER, a new county iu tho N. part of Texas, has an 
 area of about 900 square miles. It is drained by the little 
 Wichita River. The census of 1860 furnishes no infonna- 
 tion respecting this county. 
 
 ARCHER, a post-village of Richardson co., Nebraska, on 
 Muddy Creek, about 4 miles from the Nemaha River, and 
 24 miles S. by E. of Brownville. 
 
 ARCO'L.-i, a post-village of Allen co., Indiana, on the Pitts- 
 burg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 8 miles W.N.W. 
 of Fort Wayne. 
 
 ABCOLA, a township of Douglas co., Illinois. Pop. 3t)3. 
 
 ARCOLA, a village of Washington co., Minnesota, on the 
 St. Croix River, about 8 miles above Stillwater, it has 2 
 or more saw-mills. 
 
 ARCOLI, a post-village of Saline co., Nebraska, about 85 
 miles W. of Nebntska City. 
 
 ARE'XA, a post-village and township of Iowa co., Wis- 
 consin; The village is on the S. bank of the Wisconsin 
 River, and on the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Rail- 
 road, 30 miles W. by N. of Madison. It has 1 church. Pop. 
 of the township, 1295. 
 
 ARENAC, a post-village of Bay co., Michigan, on Saginaw 
 Ba.v, about 30 miles N. of Bay City. 
 
 ARKNUAHL, ar-en-dil', a post-township of Fillmore co., 
 Minnesota, about 20 miles S.W. of Winona. Pop. 239. 
 
 ARGOS, a post-villiige of Marshall co., Indiana, about 9 
 miles S.S.E. of Plymouth. 
 
 ARIANA, a township of Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 383. 
 
 ARIZONA, arM-zo'na, a territory of the United Stat<«, 
 bounded on the N. by Nevada and Utah Territory, on tho 
 E. by New Mexico, on the S. by Mexico, and on the W. by 
 Califoi-uia. It lies between 31° 20' and 37° N. lat., and be- 
 tween 109° and 117° W lon.,.and is about 400 miles in ex- 
 tent from N. to S. Area estimated at 121,000 square miles. 
 
 Pacfnftlie Country. — Arizona is traversiKl by numerous 
 mountain ranges, the general direction of which is N.W. and 
 S.E. Among these are the Mogollon Mountains in the E. part, 
 the Sierra del Carrizo in the N., Mount San Francisci> in the 
 N. central part, and the Pinaleno Mountains in the S.E. p;ut. 
 The surface is generally e!evat«d and mountainous. A large 
 part of the territory is said to be of volcanic origin. Exten- 
 sive prairies or plains, without trees, occur in it. 
 
 Bivers. — The principal rivers are the Colorado, the Gila, 
 the Rio de Lino or Flax River, the Si'nta Cm;., the Williams' 
 Fork of the Colorado, the Rio Verde, he R u San Pedro, and 
 
Aftt 
 
 the Rio Salinas. The Colorado, after traversing the N.W. 
 part of Arizona, pursues a southerly course along its W. 
 boundary. Steamboats navigate the river for a distance 
 of 300 miles or more along the border of Arizona. The 
 rapidity of the current and tlie frequent changes in the 
 channel, render the navigation difficult to the unskilful and 
 inexperienced. The Gila River, flowing from E. to W., tra- 
 verses the southern part of Arizona, and enters the Colorado 
 near the S.W. extremity of the territory. The S. and S.E. 
 parts are drained by the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers. 
 Minerals. — Gold, silver, copper, mercury, and lead are 
 found iu various parts of Arizona. Recent explorations 
 confirm the belief tliat the precious metals e.iist here in 
 large quantities. Gold and silver mines have been opened 
 at different places on the Colorado and Gila Rivers, also 
 in Yavapai CO., central Arizona. A letter from the secre- 
 tary of the territory contains the following passage : " Pres- 
 cott, the capital, is in the heart of a mining district, second, 
 in my judgment, to none on the Pacific coast." "At tlie 
 ledges is an abundant supply of wood and water, and near 
 at hand are grazing and farming lands." 
 
 SmI, Productifms, (£c. — A large part of the soil is sterile. 
 Tlie valleys of the Gila, Santa Cruz, San Pedro, and some 
 other rivers, contain e.xtensive tracts of good arable land. 
 The Indians residing in the valley of the Gila cultivate 
 wheat, nuiize, cotton, beans, &c., by means of Irrigation. 
 In consequence of the long drotTghts which prevail, irriga- 
 tion is necessary to agriculture in most parts of the terri- 
 tory. The road from the Colorado River to Prescott is 
 descriliod by a recent traveller, as iiassing for over 100 miles 
 through "a prairie country that would compare with the 
 best in the world for grazing, and with most of the western 
 Stiites for agriculture." This territory is not generally well 
 wooded. A large forest of yellow pine, interspersed with 
 oak, extends from Prescott to Mount San Francisco Cot- 
 tonwood is generally found on the margins of the streams. 
 A low tree c<illed the Mezquit grows in the S.E. part. It 
 is too hard and crooked for building, but is said to be valu- 
 able for mining purposes. It has a pod full of sweet nour- 
 ishing beans, about the size of the common white bean. — 
 {Hitter s California, p. 102.) The adobe, or sun-dried brick 
 is the favorite material for building in this region. 
 
 Objects of Interest tn Tourists. — The cailons or deep ravines 
 through which the Colorado flows, are remarkable for gi-an- 
 deur of scenery. At the Black Caiton the narrow river is 
 enclosed between rocky walls which, it is said, rise to the 
 height of about 1000 feet. Extensive ruias of cities, aqui!- 
 duct«, canals, &c., are found in Yavapai county, near the 
 Rio Verde and Rio Salinas. 
 
 Popul-atinn. — A large portion of the inhabitants of Arizona 
 are domesticated or partly civilized Indians, who are peace- 
 able and well disposed towards the white immigrants. The 
 S.E. part Is infested by the Apaches, who persist in hostility 
 to the wliite population. The census of 1S60 furnishes no 
 statistics of this territory, which was organized since that 
 date. The white inhabitants are mostly employed in min- 
 ing. Capital, Prescott. 
 
 Counties and Towns. — Arizona Is divided into 4 counties, 
 viz.: Pima, Yuma, Mohave, and Yavapai. The principal* 
 towns are Prescott, La Paz, Tucson, Gila City, Olive City, 
 and Castle Dome. 
 
 History. — Arizona was organized as a territory on the 
 24th of February, 1863. Before that date it formed part of 
 the territory of New Mexico. The settlement of this region 
 ia progressing rapidly. 
 
 ARIZONA, a township of Burt co., Nebraska. Pop. 89. 
 
 ARIZONA CITY, a village of Yuma co., Arizona, on the 
 Colorado River, at the mouth of the Gila. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a post-village of Hancock co., Ohio, about 
 11 miles S. of Findlay. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a village of Montgomery co., Ohio, about 
 15 miles N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a post-township of Van Bnron co., Michi- 
 gan, about 24 miles W. of Kalamazoo. Pop. 854. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a village of Montgomery co., Iowa, near 
 the Nodaway River, about 20 miles N. of Clarinda. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a post-township of Columbia co., 'Wiscon- 
 sin, about 15 miles N. of Madison. Pop. 760. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a post-village and township of Sibley co., 
 Minnesota, about 62 miles W.S.W of St. Paul, and 11 miles 
 N.W. of Henderson. Pop. 367. 
 
 ARLINGTON HKIGHTS, a ridge or range of hills in Fair- 
 fax CO., Virginia, on the right bank of the Potomac, opposite 
 Washington. They were strongly fortified during the civil 
 war. 
 
 ARMENIA, a post-township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 
 about 16 miles N. of New Lisbon. Pop. 361. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, a township of Vanderbcrg co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1053. 
 
 ARNO. a post-office of Taney co., Missouri, about 40 miles 
 E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 ARNO, a village of Cole's co , Illinois, on the Central 
 Railroad, 5 or 6 miles N.E. of Mattoon. 
 
 ARNOr.P. a village of Rush CO., Indiana, about 30 miles 
 W.S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 ASS 
 
 ARNON, a post-village of Will co.. Illinois, about 36 miles 
 S. of Cliicago. 
 
 ARO'MA, a post-village of Kankakee co., Illinois, on the 
 Kankakee River at ornear the mouth of the Iroquois, aboui. 
 40 miles S.S.E. of Joliet. Pop. of Aroma township. 788. 
 
 ARKINGTON, a post-village of Nelson co., Virginia, on 
 the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 24 miles N. by E. of 
 Lynchburg. 
 
 ARTESIA, ar-tee'zhe-a, a post-village of Lowndes co., 
 Mississippi, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 219 miles N. 
 by W. of Mobile. A branch railroad, 14 miles long, exteniis 
 from this place to Columbus. 
 
 ASIIBORO', a post-village of Clay co., Indiana, about 19 
 miles E. by S. of Terre Haute. 
 
 ASIIBURN, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri on the 
 Mississippi River, about 17 miles S.K. of Hannibal. 
 
 ASHFORD, a post-townj-hip of Fond du Uic oo., Wisconsin, 
 about 14 miles S.S.E. of Fond du Lac. Pop. 1721. 
 
 ASHGROVE, a post-township of Iroquois co., Illinois, 
 about 65 miles E. by N. of Bloomington. Pop. 633. 
 
 ASIIGROVE, a township of Slielbyco., Illinois. Pop. 9W. 
 ASIIIPPUN, a post-township of l>odge co.. Wisconsin, on 
 Rock River, 35 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1634. 
 
 ASUKUM. a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Raiiroiwl, 73 miles S. by W. of Chicago. Pop. of Ash- 
 kum township, 628. 
 
 ASHLAND, a county in the N.W. part of Wi.sconsin, \\aa 
 an area of 2150 square miles. It is botinded on the N. by 
 Lake Superior, and drained by the sources of Chippewa 
 River. The surface is tmeven or hilly, and extensively 
 covered with forests. It contains abundance of iron ore ol 
 fine quality, found in a ridge called the Iron Mountains. Uie 
 highest points of which are said to bo 1200 feet above l.,ake 
 Superior. The soil is generally fertile. Capital, Ashland 
 Pop. 515. 
 ASIIL.^ND, a township of Aroostook co., Maine. Pop. 606. 
 ASHLAND, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 732. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-villase of Hanover co., VirgiuU, on 
 the Richmond Fredericksburg and Potomac Riiilroad, about 
 16 miles N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 ASHLAND, a jiost-village of Wayne co., Tennessee, about 
 76 miles S.AV. of Nashville. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-village of Boyd co., Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio River, at the E. terminus of the Lexington and Big 
 Sandy Railroad (in progress), 10 miles above Iroiiton, Ohio. 
 ASHLAND, a post-village of Henry Co., Indiana, on the 
 Cliicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 3 miles E. by S. of 
 Newcastle. 
 
 ASHLAND, a village of Wabash co., Indiana, about 48 
 miles S.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-township of Newaygo co., Michigan, 
 about 28 miles N. by W. of Grand Riipids. Pop. 304. 
 
 ASHFjAND, a post-village of Cass Co., Illin<iis, on the To- 
 nica and Petersburg Railroad, about 16 miles N.E. of Jack- 
 sonville. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, about 
 18 miles N. by W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-village, ca]iital of Ashland co., Wis- 
 consin, situated on the S. shore of a bay of Ijake Superior, 
 about 55 miles E. by S. of Superior City. The adjacent 
 country is fertile, and contains iron ore. Laid out in 1856. 
 ASHLAND, a post-village in Ashland township. Dodge 
 CO., Minnesota, about 24 miles W. of Rochester, and 28 miles 
 S.S.E. of Faribault. Pop. of township, 240. 
 
 ASHLAND, a small post-village of Davis CO., Kansas, on 
 the right (S.) bank of the Kansas Jiiver, and on a branch of 
 the Pacific Railroad (in progress), about 7 miles S.W. of Man- 
 hattan. Pop. 35. 
 
 ASHLAND, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, about 3 
 miles S.AV. of the Platte River, and 28 miles W. of the Mis- 
 souri at Plattsmouth. 
 
 ASHLAND, a township in the S.E. part of Jackson co., 
 Oregon. Pop. 327. 
 
 ASHLAND, or ASHLAND MILLS, a post-village of Jack- 
 son CO., Oregon, 18 miles S.E. of Jacksonville. It has 1 store. 
 ASHLEY, a post-village of Washington co., Illinois, in 
 Ashley township, and on the Central Railroad, 13 miles S. by 
 W. of Centralia. Pop. of township, 629. 
 
 ASHLEY, a post-village of Pike co.. Missoiu-i, about .58 
 miles S. by E. of Hannibal. Pop. of Ashley township, 992. 
 ASH POINT, a post-village of Nemaha co., Kansas, about 
 70 miles N. N.W. of Topeka. 
 
 ASHTOX, a village of Manona co., Iowa, about 5 miles 
 E. of the Missouri River, and 2 miles N. by W. of Onawa, 
 the county-seat. Pop. 52. 
 
 ASPINW.\LL, a post-village of Nemaha co., Nebraska, 
 situated on the Missouri River, about 10 miles below Browu- 
 ville. 
 
 ASSANTINK CREEK, a small stream of New Jersej-, 
 which flows through Trenton into the Delaware. It sepa- 
 rates South Trenton from the city proper. 
 
 ASSUMPTION, a post-village of Assumption township, 
 Christian co., Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 23 miles Jl. 
 of Decatur. Pop. of township, 791. 
 
 2183 
 
ASS 
 
 ASSYRIA, a post-township of Barry cc, Michigan, about 
 to miles S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 9+S. 
 
 ASTORIA, a post-village and township of Fulton CO., Il- 
 linois, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. Total popu- 
 lation, 1279. 
 
 AST0RI.4, a post-village and port of entry, capitil of 
 Clatsop CO., Orejjon. on the left (S.) bank of the Columbia 
 Biver, about 10 miles from its mouth, and 70 miles in a 
 direct line N.W. of Portland. It contains 5 general stores. 
 Pop. in 1864, about 2o0. 
 
 ATALIS'SA. a post-village of Muscatine co., Iowa, on the 
 Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Musca- 
 tine. It has 1 church and a public hall. Pop. about 350. 
 
 ATASCO'SA.a county in the S.part of Texas, has an area 
 of about 1200 square miles. It is intersected by the Atas- 
 cosa Creek, and also drained by the Rio San Miguel and La- 
 guna Creek. Pop. 1578, of whom 107 were slaves. 
 
 ATCHISON, a county in the N.E. part of Kansas, bor- 
 dering on Missouri, has an area of about 400 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, intersected 
 by Grasshopper Creek, and also drained by Stranger Creek. 
 The surface is pleasantly diversified ; the soil is highly pro- 
 ductive. The streams are bordered with forest trees. This 
 county is liberally supplied with building stone. Capital, 
 Atchison. Pop. 7729. 
 
 ATCHISON, a city of Kansas, and capital of Atchison co., 
 is situated on the right (W.) bank of the Missoiu-i River, 
 about 25 miles by land above Leavenworth, and 20 miles by 
 the road S.W. of St. Joseph, Missouri. Lat. 39° 34' N.; Ion. 
 95° 10' W. The situation i^ described as very picturesque. 
 The city is connected vrith St. Joseph by railroad, and is 
 the E. tenninus by the great Overland Stage Route to Cali- 
 fornia. It is also the E. terminus of a branch of the Pacific 
 Railroad (in progress). It contains 5 churches, a Catholic col- 
 lege, a state bank, and 2 newspaper offices. It is stated that 
 more than 16,000,000 pounds of freight were received here by 
 railroad in 1864. Pop. in 1860, 2616; in 18' 5, about .".JiOO. 
 
 ATH KNS, a village of Cook co., Illinois, on the Des Plaines 
 River and on the Illinois Canal, about 25 miles S.W. of 
 Chicago. 
 ATHENS, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. "Pop. 241. 
 ATHENS, a village of Dakota co., Minnesota, situated 
 about 14 miles S. of St. Paul, and 2 or 3 miles W. of the 
 Mississippi River. 
 ATHENS, a post-office of Richardson co., Nebraska. 
 ATKINSON, a post-village and township of Henry Co., 
 Illinois, on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 30 miles 
 E. of Rock Island. Pop. 240. 
 
 ATLANTA, a thriving post-village of Logan co,, Illinois, 
 is pleasantly situated in a high i)rairie, on the Chicago and 
 St, Louis Railroad,40 miles N..V.E. of Siiringfield, and 20 miles 
 S,W, of Bloomington, It has an active trade in grain and 
 stock, and contains 4 churches, 1 bank, a graded school, and 
 a newspaper office. Pop. about 1300. Pop. of Atlanta 
 township, 2379. 
 
 ATLANTA, a post-village of Harrison co., Missouri, about 
 70 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 ATLANTA, a post-village of Buchanan co., Iowa, near the 
 Wai)sipinicon River, aliout 58 miles W.S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 ATLAS, a post-township of Genesee co., Michigan, about 
 10 miles S.E. of Flint. Pop. 1481. 
 
 AT'LKE'S, a station ou the Virginia Central Riiilroad, 9 
 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 ATSIO.V, a post-village of Burlington co , New Jersey, 
 on the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, 28 miles E.S.B. 
 of Camden. 
 
 ATTICA, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, about 42 
 miles S.K. of Des Moines. 
 
 ATWATER, a post-office of Dodge co.. Wisconsin, and a 
 station on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 61 miles 
 W.N.W. of Milwaukee, and 4 miles S. of W.aupun. 
 
 AUBBEENAUBBEE, or AUBBKEN0BBEE, a post-vil- 
 lage of Fulton CO., Indiana, in a township of the same name, 
 and on the Tijjpecanoe River, about 32 miles N. by W. of 
 Logansport. Pop. of township, 679. 
 
 AUBREY, a village and township of Johnson co., Kan- 
 sas, al>ont 36 miles E,S,E. of Lawrence, I'op. 286. 
 
 AUBRY, a village of Mohave co., Arizona, on the Colo. 
 railo River, at the mouth of Williams Fork. 
 
 AUBURN, a township in the S.W. part of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Pop, 2164. 
 
 AUBURN, a post-village of Wake co., North Carolina. 
 
 about 11 miles S.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 AUBURN, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop 1413 
 
 AUBURN, a township of Clarke co., Illinois. Pop 4.37 
 
 ,„-*^,^^i^'^' * post-village of Lincoln co., Missouri, about 
 
 12 miles N. of Troy, and HO miles N.W, of St. Ix)uis 
 
 AUBURN, a village and township of Fayette co,, Iowa, 
 2? ^^'■''^JlR'/l'"' "l"*""* 5 miles N.W. of West Union, and 
 88 miles W. of Praine du Chicn, Wisconsin. Pop. 980 
 
 AUBURN, a post-village and township of Shawnee co., 
 Kansas, on Wakarnsa Creek, about 13 miles S S W of To- 
 peka Pop. 583. 
 
 AUBURN, a post-village, capital of Placer co., California. 
 Is situatMl un or near the American River, and on the Cen- 
 
 AUS 
 
 tral Pacific Railroad, 35 miles N,E, of Sacramento. It con- 
 tains several cluirches, 2 newspaper offices, "J book stores, 2 
 drug stores, &c. Gold-mines are worked in the vicinity. 
 Pop. in 1860, 811 ; in 1864, alwnt 1200, 
 
 AUBURN, a post-village, capital of Baker co., Oregon, on 
 Blue Gulch Creek, about 2 miles from its entrance into 
 Powder River, and 300 miles E. of Salem. It had, in 18o3, 
 2 or 3 general stores. Gold is found in the vicinity. 
 
 AUBURN CEXTRK, a post-village, of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 16 miles S,W. of Montrose. 
 
 AUBURN STATIi >N, a post-village of Placer co., Cali- 
 fornia, on a railroad 6 miles from Auburn. 
 
 AUDUBON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, 
 about 48 miles S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a post-village of Houston co., Texas, about 20 
 miles S. by W. of Rusk. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a post-village of St. Charles co., Missouri, on 
 or near the Missouri River, about 40 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 AUGUSTA, a post-village of Ean Claire co., Wisconsin, 
 on Otter Creek. It has 3 stores and 2 mills. Pop. 125. 
 
 AUGUSTA, a mining camp in Summit District, Union co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 AUGUSTA ST.ATION, a post-village of Marion co., Indi- 
 ana, on a railroad 10 miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 AURARIA, a post-village of Arapahoe co., Colorado, on the 
 South Fork of Platte River, about 6 miles above Denver. 
 
 AURE'LIUS, a post-township of Ingham co., Michigiin, on 
 Grand River, about 12 miles S. of Lansing. Pop. 1167. 
 
 AURO'RA, a village of Jefferson co., Te.xas, on the W. 
 shore of Sabine Lake, about 70 miles N.E. of Galveston. 
 
 AURORA, a flourishing city of Kane co., Illinois, is situ- 
 ated in Aurora township, on Fox River, and on the Chicago 
 Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 40 miles W,S.W. of Chi- 
 cago, 170 miles from Burlington, and about 24 miles N.W. 
 of Joliet. Lat. 41° 47' N., Ion. 88° 23' W. It contains 14 
 churches, 2 banks, 1 of which is national, a city hall which 
 cost about $75,000, 1 college, 2 graded schools, and 1 news- 
 paper office; also 3 large flouring mills, 1 machine shop, 
 1 or 2 woollen mills, and a large manufactory of wagons. 
 Here are located the extensive workshops of the above 
 named railroad, which emjiloy about 700 men. The chief 
 articles of export are giiiin, wool, and pork. Pop. in 1860, 
 6011; in 1864, 8750. 
 
 AURORA, a post-village of Keokuk co., Iowa, about 27 
 miles E.N.E. of Oskaloosa. 
 
 AURORA, formerly Sacramento, a township of Waushara 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 687. 
 
 AURORA, a post-township of Steele co., Minnesota, about 
 55 miles S.S.W. of Red Wing. Pop. 154. 
 
 AUROKA, a village of Osage co., Kansas, about 45 miles 
 S. by W. of Lawrence. 
 
 AURORA, or AUR0R.4. MILLS, a post-village of Marion 
 CO., Oregon, about :>0 miles N,N.E. of Salem. 
 
 AURORA, a post-town, cajiital of Esmeralda co., Nevada, 
 is situated on a level spot at the junction of two ravines 
 which extend between Silver, Middle, and Last Chance 
 Hills. It is about 100 miles S.K. of Carson City. Its alti- 
 tude is about 7450 feet above the level of the sea. The rapid 
 growth of Aurora is owing to the rich silver mines which 
 have been opened here. In 18C3, it had 9 quartz mills in 
 operation, one of which cost about S150,O0iJ It is stated 
 that more than 40 brick buildings were erected in this place 
 in that year. Two newspapers are published here. Thfi 
 Directory of Nevadii, for 18i?3, enumerates about 1200 resi- 
 dents of Aurora. Pop. in 1865, estimated at 3500, 
 
 AURORA CENTRE, a post-office of Steele co., Minnesota, 
 about 27 miles S. by E. of Faribault. 
 
 AURORAVILLE, a post-village of Waushara co., Wiscon- 
 sin, 16 miles E. bv S. of Wautoma. 
 
 AU SABLE, or AUX SABLE, a post-township and village 
 of Iosco CO., Michigan. The village is on Lake Michigan, 
 at the mouth of Au Sable River. Pop. 175. 
 
 AU SABLE or AUX SABLE, a township of Grundy co., 
 Ulinois. Pop. 857. 
 
 AUSTERLITZ, a pos^vinage of Kent co., Michigan, on 
 Grand Kiver, at the mouth of Rouge River, about 10 miles 
 N.N.E. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 AUSTIN, a post-village, capital of Tunica co., Mi.isissippi, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 50 miles by land S.W. of 
 Memphis. 
 
 AUSTIN, a township of Sanilac co., Michigan, on or near 
 Lake Michigan. Pop. 302. 
 
 .\USTIN, a post-village of Scott co., Indiana, on the Jef- 
 fersonville Railroad, 33 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 AUSTIN, a village of Cass CO., Missouri, about 60 miles 
 S.S.E. of Kansas City. 
 
 AUSTIN, a post-township of Mower co., Minnesota, con- 
 fciins Austin, the couiitv-seat. Pop. in 1860. 462. 
 
 AUSTIN, a thriving post-village, capital of Mower co., 
 Minnesota, is pleasantlv situated on the Red Cedar River, 
 about 90 miles in a direct line, or 110 by the road S. of St. 
 I'nul. and 4ii miles S.W, of Rochester. It contains 2 churches, 
 and 1 newspaper office. It is on the route of a railroad which 
 is projected from t=t. Paul to Cedar Falls, Iowa. Pop. about bi/C 
 AUSTIN, a post-office of Clay co., Nebraska- 
 
AUS 
 
 BAR 
 
 AlISTTTiT, a mining town, capital of Lander co., Nevada, 
 •n the overland mail route about 160 miles in a direct lino 
 E. of Virginia City, and about 10 miles E. of Reese Kiver. 
 It is situated at the E. base of the Toiyabe Mountain, in tlie 
 midst of rich silver mines. It contained in 18t4, 8 general 
 stores, 2 bookstores, etc., and had 3 quartz mills in opera- 
 tion; 1 daily newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1864, 
 estimated at 2.500. 
 
 AUSTIN VILLS, a post-village of Bradford co.. Pennsyl- 
 vania, alx)ut 18 miles S. by W. of Elmira, New York. 
 
 AUSTiNVILLE, a post-%illage of Wi'tho CO., Virginia, on 
 the New liiver, about 15 miles E.S.E. of Wytheville. 
 
 AVALON, a post-village of Baltimore co., Maryland, on 
 Ihe Patapsco River, about 10 miles W.S.W. of Baltimore. 
 
 AVERY, a post-office of Berrien CO., Michigan, and a 
 station on the Central Railroad, 19 miles E.N.E. of Michi- 
 gan City. 
 
 AVERY, a post-village on the line iDetween Phelps 
 and Maries counties, Missouri, about 10 miles N.N.E of 
 RoUa. 
 
 AVERY, a township of Hancock co., Iowa. Pop. 99. 
 
 AVILLA or A VILA, a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, 
 about 24 miles N by W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 AVOCA, a post-village and township of Livingston co 
 Illinois, about 10 miles S.E. of Pontiac. Pop. 758 
 
 AVOCA, a small post-village of Iowa CO., Wisconsin, on 
 the Milwaukie and Prairie du Chien Railroad, 43 miles W 
 by N. of Madison, and about 1}^ miles S. of the Wisconsin 
 River. 
 
 AVON, a township of Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 1120. 
 
 AVON, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on the right 
 bank of the Des Moines River, about 8 miles below Des 
 Moines City. 
 
 AVi IN, a post-village of Dodge co., Minnesota, about 25 
 miles W. by N. of Rochester. 
 
 AVON, a township of Coffey co., Kansas. Pop. 528. 
 
 AVONDALE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the l^hiladelphia and Baltimore Central Railroad, 38 
 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 AYLETTS, a post-village of King William co., Virginia, 
 on the Mattapony River, about 2o miles N.E. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 B. 
 
 I) AT) AXE, a post-village of Vernon co., Wisconsin, 40 
 > miles N.N.E. of Prairie du Chien. It hits 1 store and 
 9 dwellings. 
 
 BADGER, a small post-village of Portage CO., Wisconsin, 
 15 miles S.E. of Stanton. Pop. about 50. 
 
 BAGDAD, a post-village of Shelby co., Kentucky, on the 
 Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, 13 miles W.N.W. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 BAHAL.A., a post-village of Copiah co., Mississippi, on the 
 New Orleans and Jackson Railroad, about 60 miles S. of 
 Jackson. 
 
 BAILEYSBI7RQ, a post-village of Perry co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Juniata River and on the Central Railroad, 23 
 miles N.N.W. of flarrisburg. 
 
 BAILEY'S HARBOR, a post-township of Door co, Wis- 
 consin, on Lake Michigan. 
 
 BAINBRIDGE, a township of Schuyler co., Illinois. 
 Pop. l.".;:}. 
 
 B AIRDSTOWN, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Conemaugh River, nearly opposite Blairs- 
 villo, and about 44 miles E. of Pittsburg. Pop. 286. 
 
 BAKER, a county in the E. part of Oregon, bordering on 
 Idaho. It is partly bounded on the E. by the Lewis or 
 Snake River, and also drained by the Powder, Malheur, and 
 Owyhee Rivers. The surfiico is hilly or mountainous. The 
 soil of some of the valleys is Siiid to be fertile. Gold is found 
 on the Powder and Malheur Rivers. Timtier is scarce in 
 many parts of the county. Capital, Auburn. 
 
 BAKER'S CORNERS, a small village of Walworth co., 
 Wisconsin, 10 miles N.E. of Elkhorn. 
 
 BAKERS VILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Mary- 
 land, about 12 miles S. of llagerstown. 
 
 B.A.LDWIN, a post-township of Chemung co.. New York, 
 6 miles E. of Elmira. Pop. 918. 
 
 BALDWIN, a post-village of Duval co., Florida, at the 
 v-ossing of the Florida Riiilroad ami the Florida Atlantic 
 fcnd Gulf Central Railroail, 20 miles W. of Jacksonville. 
 
 BALDWIN, or HALDWYN, a post-village of Itawamba 
 00., Mississippi, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 31 miles 8. 
 01" Corinth. 
 
 BALDWIN, a township of Sherburne co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 1.38. 
 
 BALDWIN CITY, a thriving post-village of Doiiglas co., 
 Kansas, on the railroad from Leavenworth to Fort Gibson 
 (in progress). It has 2 churche.s, an institution called Baker 
 Univer.'^ity, 2 newspaper offices, 7 stores, etc. Pop. said to 
 be about 700. 
 
 BALDWIN\^LLE, a post-village of Edg,ar co., Illinois, 
 about 24 miles N.W. of Torre Haute. 
 
 BALLAHAC, a mining camp of Sierra co., California, 
 about 25 miles Y. of Downieville. Pop. about .300. 
 
 BALL'S BLUFF, Loudon co., Virginia, is on the right 
 bank of the Potomac, about 33 miles N.W. of Washington. 
 Here Colonel Baker was killed and his troops defetited, Oct. 
 21, 1861. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a post-township of Barry co., Michigan, 
 about 40 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 611. 
 
 BALTIMORE, a tovvn.ship of Henry co., Iowa. Pop. 768. 
 
 BANCROFT, a post-township of Freeborn to., Minnesota, 
 about 45 miles S.E. of Mankato. It contains a small village 
 named Bancroft, on the Shell Rock River near its source. 
 Pop. 414. 
 
 B.\NnERA, a county in the S. central part of Texas, has 
 an area estimated at 1000 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Medina River, and also drained by Hondo Creek. Capi- 
 tal, Bandera. Pop. 399. 
 
 BANDERA, a small poKt-village, capital of Bandera oo., 
 Texas, on the .Aledimi River, about 45 miles W.N.W. of San 
 Anlouio. 
 
 BANFIELD, a small village of Grant co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Wisconsin River, about 6 miles from its mouth. 
 
 BANGO, a township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 702. 
 
 BANGOR, a village of York co., Pennsylvania, about 24 
 miles S. of Lancaster. 
 
 BANGOR, a township of Bay co., Michigan, on Saginaw 
 Bay. Pop. 907. 
 
 BANGOR, a village of Bay co., Micliigan, on the left bank 
 of the Saginaw River, nearly opposite Bay City. 
 
 BANGOR, a village of Oakland co., Michigan, about 7 
 miles N. of Pontiac. 
 
 BANGOR, a post^township of Van Buren co., Michigan, 
 about 30 miles W. of Kalamazoo. Po]i. 672. 
 
 BANGOR, a post-village and township of Marshall co., 
 Iowa, about 60 miles N.N.E. of Des Moines. Pop. 640. 
 
 BANGOR, a post-village and township of La Crosse co., 
 Wisconsin. The village is on the La Crosse River and on 
 the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, 15 miles E.N.E. of 
 La Crosse. Pop. of township, 787. 
 
 BANGOR, a post-village of Butte co., California, 14 miles 
 S.S.E. of Oroville. It has several stores. 
 
 BANKS, a new county in the N.E. part of Georgia, has a 
 an area estimated at 280 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of Broad River. The surface is hilly or uneveu 
 Pop. 4707, of whom 3621 were free. 
 
 BANKSrON, a post-village of Saline co., Illinois, about 
 65 miles N.E. of Cairo. 
 
 B.\NNER, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 1026 
 
 BANNER CITY, a mining village of Boisee co., Idaho 
 about 35 miles N.N.E. of Idaho City. Gold and silver are 
 found here. 
 
 BANNOCK CITY, Idaho. See Id.iho City. 
 
 B.\NNOCK CITY, a mining town of Montana Territory, 
 situated on the Jefferson Fork of the Missouri River, near 
 its source in the Rocky Mountains, about 44 miles W. of 
 Virginia City. Here are rich silver mines. Gold is also 
 found in the vicinity. 
 
 BAR^ABOO', or BARRABOO, a post-villago, capital of 
 Sauk CO., Wisconsin, is situated on the Baraboo River, 15 
 miles (by laud) from its mouth, and about 40 miles N.N.A> 
 of Madison. It is ab<jut 900 feet above the level of the sea. 
 It has a fine brick court-house, 6 churches, 1 collegiate in- 
 stitute, 1 large union school, 1 bank, 1 printing-oifice, 1 
 flouring-mill, 2 woollen factories, and about 600 dwellings. 
 First settled about 1847. Pop. in 1860, 1360 : in 1865. about 
 2500. 
 
 BARBERS, a village of Sutter co., California, about 18 
 miles W.N.W. of Marvsville. 
 
 BAHBERSVILLi:, "or BARBOURSVILLE, a post-village 
 of Jefferson co., Indiana, about 14 miles N.N.E. of MadisuTi. 
 
 BARCLAY, a village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 16 
 miles S.W. of Towanda, with which it is connected by tho 
 Barclay Railroad. Here are some coal mines. 
 
 BARCL.\Y, a post-township of Black Hawk co., Iowa, 
 about 7 miles E. of Waterloo. Pop. 340. 
 
 BARDOLI'H, a post-village of McDonough co., Illinois, 
 on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 67 miles 
 N.E. of Quincy. 
 
 BARKLEY, a township of Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 675. 
 
 BAKNESVILLE, a small post-village of Bourbon co., 
 Kansas. 
 
 BARNET, a township of De Witt co., Hlinois. Pop. S04. 
 
 BARR, a township of Daviess co., Indiana, traversed by 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. Pop. 2342. 
 
 B.-VRRACKSVILLE, a post-village of Marion co.. West 
 Virginia, near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, about 70 
 miles S.E. of Wheeling. Free population 91. 
 
 B.\R'RE or BARIiEE, a township of La Crosse co.. Wis- 
 ""onsiu, about 7 miles N.E. of La Crosse. Pop. 1099. 
 
 2185 
 
BAR 
 
 BAintBiT, ii township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Poji. "OJ. 
 
 BARRETT'S STATION, a post-office of St. Louis co., Mis- 
 gouii. on the Pacific Railroad, 17 miles AV.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 IJARRIXOTON STA I ION, a post-office of Cook co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 32 miles 
 N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 B.4RRY, a village of Jackson co., Michigan, on the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 6 miles W. of Jackson. 
 
 B.\RTOX, a pO!>t-village of Orleans CO., Vermont, on Bar- 
 ton River, and on the Connecticut ami Pasaumpsic Rivers 
 tlailroad, 26 miles N. by W. of St. Johnsbury, and 6 or 7 
 miles 3.E. of Irasburg. 
 
 BARTON, a township in the N.E. part of Newaygo co., 
 Michipm. Pop. 38. 
 
 BARTON, formerly NEWARK, a post-village of Barton 
 township, Washington co., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee 
 River, 3 miles N. of West Bend. It has 2 churches, 3 stores, 
 
 1 mill, and 30 dwellings. Pop. about 150 ; pop. of township, 
 1242. 
 
 BARTON, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Kansas, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 It is drained bj' the North Fork of Spring River, which 
 flows southward, and b3' an affluent of the Little Osage 
 which flows northward. The greater part of the county is 
 prairie. The surface is somewhat diversified. Coal is found 
 in this connti', and limestone is abundant. It has groves 
 of oak, hickorj', walnut, locust, linn or linden, Ac. Capital, 
 Lamar. Poj). 1817. 
 
 BARTONSA'ILLE, a post-village of Vermont, on the line 
 between Windham and Windsor counties, and on the Rut- 
 land and Burlington Railroad, 43 miles S.E. of Rutland. 
 
 BASCOM, a post-village of Seneca, co., Ohio, al>out 40 
 miles S. by E. of Toledo. 
 
 BASS, a Tillage of Shasta co., California, on the Sacra^ 
 men to River, about 10 miles N.E. of Shasta. 
 
 BASTRESS or BASTROSS, a post-township of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 8 miles S.W. of Williamsport. 
 Pop. 294. 
 
 BATAVH, a post-township of Branch co., Michigan, 
 About 5 miles W. of Coldwater, is traversed bj' the Michi- 
 ^n Southern Railroad. Pop. 1189. 
 
 B.A.TAVIA, a village of Jefferson CO., Iowa, on a railroad 
 12 miles W. of Fairfield. 
 
 BATCHELDER or BATCHELLER, a post-village of Riley 
 CO., Kansas, on the Republican River, about 20 miles W. of 
 • Manhattan. 
 
 B.\.'rEHAM, a post-village of Sullivan co., Indiana, about 
 28 miles S.S.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 BATESVILliE, a post-village of Ripley CO., Indiana, on 
 the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Rjiilroad, 54 miles W.N.W. 
 of Cincinnati. 
 
 B.\Tn, a post-village and township of Clinton co., Michi- 
 gan, on the Amlx)y and Lansing Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of 
 Lansing. Pop. 577. 
 
 BATH, a post-office of Woodson co., Kansas. 
 
 BATH, a post-village of Placer co., California. It has 
 gold mines. 
 
 BATTLE CREEK, California, a small affluent of the Sac- 
 ramento River, forms part of the boundary between Shasta 
 and Tehama counties. 
 
 BATTL&OROtJND, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., Indi- 
 ana, on the railroad, 6 miles N. by E. of Lafayette. 
 
 B.^Y, a county in the N.E. part of Michigan, has an area 
 of about 750 square miles. It is bounded in the E. by Sag- 
 inaw Bay, and drained by the Saginaw, Rifle, and Saganin 
 Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and is mostly covered 
 with forests. The soil is fertile. Lumber is the chief arti- 
 cle of export. a-ipitiU, Bay City. Pop. 3164. 
 
 B.4.YARD, a post-village" of Columbiana co.. Ohio, on the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 69 miles S S E. of Cleve- 
 land, and 12 miles S. of Alliance. It is the N.E. terminus 
 of the Tnscarawaa Branch Railroad. Pop. 480. 
 
 BAY CITY, a post-village, capital of Bay co., Michigan, 
 situated on the right (E.) bank of the Saginaw River, about 
 6 miles from its mouth, and 112 miles N.N W. of Detroit. 
 It contains a number of churches, 1 national bank, and sev- 
 eral saw-mills. A large quantity of pine lumber is shipped 
 here. Pop. in 1860, 1583. 
 
 BAY CITY, a post-village of Pierce co., Wisconsin, on 
 Lake Pepin, an expansion of the Mississippi, about 7 miles 
 below Red Wing. It was formerly called Saratoga. It has 
 
 2 mills. 
 
 BAYFIELD, a post-village and township, capital of La 
 Pointe CO., Wisconsin, on the W. shore of Lake Superior 
 abou) 80 miles by water, or 60 miles by land, E. of Supe- 
 ri(jr City. It has a good harbor and a pier 400 feet long. 
 It contains several churches, 1 large hotel, 1 steam saw- 
 mill, etc. The adjacent country is said to be rich in mine- 
 rals. Pop. 353. 
 
 B.4YmR, a new county in the N. part of Texas, has an 
 area of 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos 
 River, and by the Big Wichita. The census of 1800 furnishes 
 no information respecting this county. 
 
 BAYPORT, a post-village, capital of Hernando co., Plori- 
 
 BEE 
 
 da, situated on the Qulf of Mexico, about 170 miles S.S.E. 
 of Tallahassee. 
 
 BAYPORT, a township of Ashland co., Wisconsin, en 
 Lake Superior. Pop. 196. 
 
 BAYTOWN, a township and village of Washington co., 
 Minnesota, on Lake i^t. Croix, about 16 miles E.N.E of St. 
 Paul. The villageisabout4miles below Stillwater. Pop. 420. 
 
 BAZAAR', a post-township of Chiise co., Kansas. Pop. 
 156. 
 
 BEACH HAVEN, or BEECH HAVEN, a post-village of 
 Luzerne co.. Pa., on the N. branch of the Susquehanna 
 River, 27 miles by railroad E.N.E. of Danville. 
 
 BEALETON, a post-village of Fauqtiier co., Virginia, on 
 the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of Ma- 
 nassas Junction. 
 
 BEAL'S BAR, a village of Sacramento co., California, 
 about 20 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. 
 
 BEAR CRKEK, a township of Emmet co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 213. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, a township of Hancock co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1121. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, a township of Pepin co., Wisconsin, inter- 
 sected by the Red Cedar Kiver- Pop. 427. 
 
 BEAR CREEK, a township of Sauk co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 611. 
 
 BE.^R CREEK, a post-township of Wanpaca co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 38 miles AV. of Green Bay. Pop. 205. 
 
 BEAR VALLEY, a post-village of Mariixisa CO., Califor- 
 nia, about 10 miles N.W. of Mitriposa. It has several stores 
 and 2 quartz mills. Pop. about 400. Here are rich quarta 
 gold-mines. 
 
 BE.ATRICE, a post-office of Gage co., Nebraska. 
 
 BEAUFORT, or BEAUFORD, a post-village of Franklin 
 CO., Missouri, about 56 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 BEAVER, a large county, in the S. part of Utah, border- 
 ing on Nevada and on Colorado. It is about 245 miles in 
 length. It is drained by Beaver River. The ceuti'al part is 
 mountainous ; the soil is generally sterile. Lead is found 
 in the county. Capital, Beaver. Pop. 785. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Iroquois Co., Illinois. Pop. 763. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 546. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 111. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 300. 
 
 BEAVER, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 327. 
 
 BEAVER, a post-village of Winona co., Minnesota, on 
 Whitewater River, about 22 miles W.N.W. of Winona. 
 
 BEAVER, a post-village, wipital of Beaver co., Utah, 215 
 miles S. by W. of Salt Lake City. It is situated on Beaver 
 River, in a valley surrounded by motmtains, in which lead, 
 iron, and copper are said to be found. Here are several 
 grist-mills and saw-mills. Pop. about 700. 
 
 BEAVER, a post-village of Thurston co., "Wiishington 
 Territory, 6 miles 8. of Olympia. 
 
 BEAVER DAM, a post-village of Allen co., Ohio, on the 
 Fremont Lima and Union BaUroad, about 10 miles N.E. of 
 Lima. 
 
 BEAVER D.\5I. a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, 
 about 14 miles S.W. of Warsaw. 
 
 BEAVKR DAM DEl'OT, a post-office of Hanover co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Central Railroad, 40 miles N.N.W. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 BEA'ST5R HEAD VALLEY, a mining district in the S.W. 
 part of Montana Territory, is a few miles-S.E. of the Rocky 
 Mountains. It is traversed by the Wisdom River, and the 
 Jefferson Fork of the Missouri. It contains gold. 
 
 BEAVER RIVER, a township of Renville co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 64. 
 
 BEAA'ERTON, a post-village of Boone co., Hlinois, on or 
 near a railroad, about 12 miles N.E. of Rockford. 
 
 BE.WINS GULCH, a mining district or camp of Monfcma 
 Territory, a few miles N. of Virginia City. 
 
 BECKER, a county in the W.N.W. part of Minnesota, 
 has an area estimated at 1400 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Buffalo River and the Red River of the North, which 
 rises within its limits, and it contains a number of small 
 lakes. The surface is elevated. The county contained in 
 1860, 77 white persons, and 309 Indians. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-township of Calhoun co., Michigan, on 
 the Central R;iilroad, 122 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. 1210. 
 
 BEDFORD, a jiost-village of Pike co., Illinois, on the Il- 
 linois River, about 54 miles S.E. of Quincy. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-village of Livingston CO., Missouri, on 
 Grand River, about 85 miles E. by S. of St. Joseph. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-village, capital of Taylor co., Iowa, is 
 pleasantly situated on a prairie, and on the river One Hun- 
 dred and Two, about 100 miles S.W. of Des Moines. It ron- 
 Uiins a court-house, 1 church, 6 drygoods stores, 1 news- 
 paper office, 1 flouring-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. alr)ut 
 450. 
 
 BEDFORD, a post-village of Wright co., Minnesrta, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 33 miles N.W. of St. An- 
 thony. 
 
 BEE, a county in the S. part of Texas, area estimated at 
 1000 square miles. It is drained by the Araiisas River, and 
 
BEE 
 
 BEN 
 
 by Medio Creek. The surface is nearly lerel. Pop. 910, of 
 whom 79 were slaves. 
 
 BEECH CliEKK, a township of Clinton co.. Pennsylra- 
 nia. Pop. 94ii. 
 
 BBEVILLE, a post-village of Bee co., Texas. 
 
 BELDEV, a post-village of Wabash co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River, an<l on the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 34 
 miles W.S.W. of Fort AVayne. 
 
 BELDENVILLK, a post-village of Pierce co., Wiscon.sin, 
 14 miles E. of Prcscott. It has a saw-mill and 20 dwellings. 
 
 BELFAST, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio, about 24 
 miles E.N.K. of Cincinnati. 
 
 BELFAST, a township of Aroostook co., Elaine. Pop. 287. 
 
 BELGRADE, a township of Nicollet CO., Minnesota. Pop. 
 184. 
 
 B KLIND.A., a post-village of Lucas co., Iowa, about 42 miles 
 8.S.H of Des Moines. 
 
 BELKNAP, a post-village of Armstrong co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 1.3 miles N.E. of Kittanning. 
 
 BELKNAP, a post-village, capital of Young CO., Texas, on 
 the Brazos River, about 100 miles W. of Uenton. 
 
 BELL, a township of Jefferson co., Peimsylvania. Pop. 
 792. 
 
 BELLAIR, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 6.34. 
 
 BKLLBUCKLE, a post-village of Bedford co., Tennessee, 
 on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 51 miles S.S.E. 
 of Nashville. 
 
 BELLCKNTRE, a post-village of Crawford co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Kickapoo fiver, about 25 miles N.E. of Prairie du 
 Chien. It has a saw-mill and 2 hotels. Pop. 50. 
 
 BELL CRfcEK, a post-townshii) of Goodhue co., Minne- 
 sota, about 12 miles S.W. of Red Wing. Pop. 151. 
 
 BKLLE CKEEK, a post-township of Washington co., Ne- 
 braska. Pop. 42. 
 
 BELLEFONTAINE, a post-village of Scott co., Minne- 
 ■ota. on Spring Lake, about 2S miles S.W. of St. Paul. 
 
 BELLEFiJNTE, a village of La Clede co., Missouri, on the 
 Gasconade River, about 65lniles S. by W. of JcfTorson City. 
 
 BELLEMONTE, a post village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 about 12 miles N. of St. Louis, and 4 miles S. of the Mis- 
 souri River. 
 
 BELLE PLAIN, or BELLE PLAINE, a post-village of 
 Benton co., Iowa, about 34 miles by railroad W. of Cedar 
 Kapids. 
 
 BELLE PLAIN, a post-township of Shawana co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 34 miles W.N.W. of Green !$ny. Pop. 198. 
 
 BELLE PLAIN, or BELLK PLAINK, a post-township of 
 Scott CO., Minnesota, about 40 miles S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. 
 927. 
 
 BELLE PLAINE, a post-village of Scott co., Minnesota, 
 on the right bauk of the Minnesota River, about 22 miles 
 above Shakopee, and S8 miles N.W. of Faribault. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 600. 
 
 BELLE PRAIRIE, a township of Livingston co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 317. 
 
 BELLE PRAIRIE, a post-village and township of Morri- 
 son CO., Minnesota, on the E. bank of the Mississijipi River, 
 about 40 miles N. by W. of St. Cloud. I'op. 228. 
 
 BELLE VALLEY, a post-oflice of Erie co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelphia and Krie Railroad, 7 miles S.K. of Erie. 
 
 BEf^LEVIEW, a post-village of Rusk co., Texas, about 
 13 miles N.X.W. of Henderson. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Wood co.. West Virginia, 
 near the Ohio River, about 18 miles S.S.W. of Parkersburg. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Cumberland co., Tennes- 
 see, about 60 miles W. of Knoxvillo. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a villftge of Zapata co., Texas, on the Rio 
 Grande, about .50 miles N.W. of lUo Grande City. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Wayne CO., Michigan, on 
 Huron River, about 27 miles W.S.W.' of Detroit. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, apost-village of llendricksco., Indiana, on 
 the Terre Hauto aud Richmond Railroad, 19 miles W.S.W. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Dane co., Wisconsin, ia 
 pleasantly situated on Sugar River, and in Jlontrose town- 
 ship, 20 miles S.S.W. of Mudison It has 1 church and 1 
 flour-mill, moved by water-power. Pop. about 300. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a small village of Jefferson co., Wiscon- 
 sin, near ROck River, about 8 miles N. by E. of Jefferson. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Fillmore CO., Minnesota, 
 about 22 miles S.E. of Preston. 
 
 BELLEVUE, or BELLVIEW. a township of Brown Co., 
 Wisconsin, on the E. side of Fox River, adjacent to the 
 town of Green Bay. Pop. 439. 
 
 nEt.LF.VUR. o- BELLVIEW, a township of Morrison co., 
 Minnesota, oa tne Mississippi River. Pop. 99. 
 
 BELLEVUE, a village of Jackson Co., Kansas, about 24 
 miles N. of Topeka. 
 
 BELLEVC E, a post-village, capital of Sarpy co., Nebraska, 
 Is situated on the Missouri River, about 7 miles above the 
 mouth of the Platte, and 19 miles below Omaha City, which 
 is about 12 miles distant by land. It contains sevenil 
 churches and hotels, a newspaper office, and numerous 
 stores. Here is a steam-ferry crossing the river. Pop. in 
 1660, 929. 
 
 BELLFIELD, a station -.a the ppt-jTsburg RailroaC ia 
 
 Sus.-'ex CO., Virginia, 40 miles S. of i'etersburg. 
 
 BEI.LMORE, or BELMORE, a post-village of Parke co , 
 Indiana, about 8 miles E. of Rockvillo. 
 
 HELLO'NA, a village of Chesterfield co., Virginia, on the 
 James River, about 14 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 BELLVILLE, or BELLEVILLE, a poht-village. cnpital of 
 Au.stin CO., Texas, about 60 miles W.N.W. of Houston, ana 
 25 miles N.E. of Cohmibus. 
 
 BELLTON, a post-village of Marshall Co., West A'irginia, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 35 miles S.8.E. of 
 Wheeling. 
 
 BELLWOOD, a village of Dakota co., Minnesota, 8 or 9 
 miles S. of Hastings. 
 
 BELMOND, a post-village of Wright CO., Iowa, on the 
 Iowa River, about 42 miles N.E. of Foit Dodge. 
 
 BELMONT, a jK>st-township of Middlesex Co., Massachu- 
 setts, 5 or 6 miles N.W. of Boston. Poj). 1198. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-village, capital of Alleghany CO., New 
 York, on the Genesee River, an<l on the Erie Railroad, 92 
 miles W. by N. of EIniira, and 94 miles E.8.E. of Dunkirk. 
 It was formerly called Phillii)sville. It contains a court- 
 hou.se, a jail, numerous stores, and several barrel factoiies. 
 The river affords gf)od wattr-powcr here. Pop. abotit 1400. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-village of Newberry district, South 
 Carolina, about 65 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-village of Gonzales co., Texas, about 
 52 miles S. of Austin Citv. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-village of Bullitt co., Kentucky, on the 
 Loiiis\ille and Nashville Railroad. 25 miles S. of Louisville. 
 
 BELMONT, a township of Iroquois CO., Illinois. Pop. 
 968. 
 
 BELMONT, a small village of Mississippi co., Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi Hiver, opposite Columbns, Kentucky, A 
 battle was fought here between the Unionists and rebels on 
 November 7, 1861. 
 
 BELMONT, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pop. 383. 
 
 BELMONT, a township, forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Portage co., Wisconsin. Pop. 405. 
 
 BELMONT, a village of Jackson CO., Minnesota, on the 
 Des Moines River, about 66 miles W.S.W. of Munkato. 
 
 BELMONT, a post-village and township of Woodson co., 
 Kansas, about 100 miles S. by W. of Topeka. Pop. 236. 
 
 BELMONT, a thriving post-village of San Mateo co., 
 California, on the railroad which connects San Francisco 
 with San Jose, 24}/^ miles S. of the former. It has 3 stores 
 and 3 brick-yards. Popi about 250. 
 
 BELPASSI, a thriving post-village of Marion co., Oregon, 
 15 mile-s N.E. of Salem. It has 1 church, 1 academy or 
 school, 1 cabinet shop, Ac. Pop. about 150. 
 
 BELTON, a i)ost-village of Anderson district. South Caro- 
 lina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 27 miles S. 
 by W. of Greenville. A branch railroad, about 10 miles 
 long, extends from this place to Anderson. 
 
 BELTS VILLE. a post-village of Prince George co., Mary- 
 land, on the Washington Branch Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of 
 Washington. 
 
 BELVIDERE, a post-village of Manona co., Iowa, on Ma- 
 ple River, 7 or 8 miles E. of Onawa. 
 
 BELVIDERE, a townsliip of Buffalo CO., Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River. Pop. 368. 
 
 BEMENT, a post-village of Bement township, Piatt co., 
 Illinois, on the Great Western Railroad, 21 miles E.N.E. of 
 Decatur. Pop. of the township, 727. 
 
 BENNER, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1193. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a post-village of Shiawassee co., Michi- 
 gan, on the Amboy and Lansing Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of 
 Lansin?;. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a township of Marshall co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 041. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a township of Black Hawk co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 178. 
 
 BENONA, a post-township of Oceana co., Michigan, about 
 40 miles N. of Grand Haven. Pop. 270. 
 
 BENSON, a post-village of Franklin co., Kentucky, on the 
 Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, 5 miles W.of Frankfort. 
 
 BKNSON, a village of Sacramento co., California, on tlie 
 Cosumne River, about 30 miles N. of Stockton. 
 
 BENTON, a post-township of Columbia co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 14 miles N. of Bloomsburg. Pop. 893. 
 
 BENTON, a village of Harrison CO., Texas, on Ferry 
 Lake, about 14 miles N E. of .Marshall. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Hocking co.. Ohio. Pop. 1349. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Monroe CO., Ohio. Pop. 1072. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 473. 
 
 B KNTON, a township of Des Moines co., Iowa. Pop. 1157. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Fremont co., lowii, on the Mis- 
 souri River, opposite Nebraska City. Pop. 344. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Keokuk Co.. Iowa. Pop. 773. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Lucas CO., Iowa. Pop 408. 
 
 HENTON, a post-villiige of Mills CO., Iowa, about 27 mile* 
 S.E. of Council Bluffs. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Taylor Co., Iowa. Pop. 246. 
 
 BENTON, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 743. 
 
 2187 
 
BEN 
 
 BKNTON', a post-township of Carver co., Minnesota, ] 
 about 3-2 miles S.W. of Minneapolis. Pop. 534. 
 
 KENTON, a village of Sherburne CO., Minnesota, on the 
 E. bank of the Mississippi River, neai-ly opposite St. Cloud. 
 
 B ENTON'S KERU Y, a post-office of Marion co.. West Vir- 
 ginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 6 miles S. of 
 fairmoat. 
 
 BKN'J'ONVILLB, a post-village of Johnson co., North 
 Carolina, about 17 miles W.of Goldsborough. Here a battle 
 was fought between General Sherman's army and the rebels 
 in the spring of 1865. 
 
 BEN\V(JOD, a popt-village of Marshall co.,West Virginia, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and on the Oiiio River, 
 4 miles S. of Wheeling. 
 
 BENZIK, a new county in the N.W. part of Michigan, has 
 an area of about 440 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 
 and W. by Lake Michigan. Capital, Beuzonia. 
 
 BENZO'XIA, a post-village, capital of Benzie co., Michi- 
 gan, about 110 miles N. of Muskegon, and 10 miles E. of 
 Lake )Iichigan. 
 
 BERGEN, a post-townsliip of Vernon co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 14 miles below La Crosse. 
 Pop. 349. 
 
 B ERG KN, a township of McLeod co., Minnesota. Pop. 133. 
 
 BERGEN IRON WORKS, a po~t-village of Ocean co., New 
 Jersey, on the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, 40 miles 
 S. by W. of New York. 
 
 BERGER, a post-village of Franklin co,, Missouri, on the 
 S. bank of the Missouri River, and on the Pacific Railroad, 
 60 miles E. of Jefferson City, 
 
 BERKLEY, a village of Benton co., Iowa, on the Cedar 
 Rapids and Missouri River. Riiilroad, about 15 miles W.S.W. 
 of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 BERLIN, a post-village of Southampton co., Virginia, 
 about 44 miles W. of Norfolk. 
 
 BERLIN, a village of Marshall co., Tennessee, about 50 
 miles S. of Nashville. 
 
 BERLIN, a post-village of Ottawa co., Michigan, on the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 9 miles W.N.W. of Grand 
 Rapids. 
 
 BERLIN, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 1211. 
 
 BERLIN, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 226. 
 
 BERLIN, a post^village of Hardin co., Iowa, on the Iowa 
 River, about 70 miles N. by E. of Des Moines. 
 
 BERLIN, a township of Marathon co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 654. 
 
 BERLIN, a post-village and township of Steele co., Min- 
 nesota, about 33 miles S. by W. of Farilxiult. Pop. 232. 
 
 BERMUDA HUNDRED, Chesterfield co., Virginia, is on 
 the right bank of the James River, just above the mouth of 
 the Appomattox, about V/^ miles N. by W. of City Point. 
 
 BERREYESA VALLEY, Napa co., Califoinia, is about 20 
 miles long by 2 wide, and has a rich soil. It is drained by 
 Putah Creek. 
 
 BERRIEN, a county in the S. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the AUapaha, and on the W. by the Little River, and also 
 drained by the Withlaeoochee River. The surface is nearly 
 level : the soil is sandy. Capital, Nashville. Pop. 3475. 
 
 BERRY, a post-township of Dane co., Wisconsin, tra- 
 versed by the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Railroad, 
 about 14 miles W. by N. of Madison. Pop. 673. 
 
 BERRYMAN, a township of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. Pon. 
 415. 
 
 BERWICK, a post-village of St. Mary's Parish, Louisiana, 
 on the W. bank of the Atchafalaya, where it is crossed by 
 the New Orleans and Opelousas Railroad, 80 miles W. by S. 
 of New Orleans. 
 
 BERWICK, a village of Marion co., Ohio, on the Atlantic 
 and Great Western Railroad, and on the Scioto River, about 
 6 miles S.W. of Marion. 
 
 BERWICK, a post-village of Seneca co., Ohio, on the San- 
 dusky, Dayton, and Cincinnati Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of 
 Tiffin. 
 
 BKRWICK. a post-village and township of Warren co.. 
 Illinois, alx)ut 15 miles S.S.W. of Galcsburg. Pop. 997. 
 
 BERTKAM, a post-township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 808. 
 
 BERTRAND, a village of Mississippi co., Missouri, on the 
 Cairo and Fulton Railroad, IS miles .S.W. of Cairo. 
 
 BETHALTO, a post-village of Madison CO., Illinois, on the 
 St. Louis, Alton and Xerre Haute Railroad, 10 miles E. of 
 Alton. 
 
 BE IIIANY, a post-village of York district. South Caro- 
 lina, about 10 miles N.N.W. of Yorkville. 
 
 BETHANY, a township in the N. part of Gratiot co. 
 Michigan. Pop. 93. 
 
 BETHEL, a post-township of Branch co., Michigan on 
 the Southern Railroad, about 60 miles W. of Adrian. Pop. 
 1185. ^ 
 
 BETH EL, a township of McDonough co., Illinois. Pop.985 
 
 BETHEL, a post-village of Fayette co., Iowa, about 48 
 miles W. of the Mississippi River at McGregor. 
 
 BETHEL, a township of Anoka co., Minnesota. Pop 128 
 
 BETHEL, a village of Polk co., Oregon, 12 miles N.E of 
 Dallas. 
 
 21S8 
 
 BLA 
 
 BEVANA, or BEVANS, a post-village of Sussex CO., New 
 Jeriioy, about 14 miles N.N.W. of Newton. 
 
 BEVIER, a post-village of Macon co., Missouri, on the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 75 miles W. of Hannibal, 
 and 5 miles W. of Macon City. 
 
 BIANCA, a post-village of Wright co., Minnesota, about 
 44 miles N.W. of St. Anthony, and 9 miles W. of the Missis- 
 sippi River at Monticello. 
 
 BIDWELL, a township of Butte co., California. Pop. 1097. 
 
 BIDWELL, or BIDWELL' S BAR, a post-village of Butte 
 CO., California, on the Middle Fork of Feather River, 9 miles 
 E.N.E. of Oro>ille. It has several stores, and is suppoi-ted 
 by the gold-mines of the vicinity. 
 
 BIELER, a village of Sonoma co., California, on the sea 
 coast, about 45 miles W.N.W. of Santa Rosa. 
 
 BIG BAR, a township of El Dorado co., California. Pop. 
 1157. 
 
 BIG BAR, a post-village of Trinity co., California, 20 miles 
 W. of Weaverville. 
 
 BIG BEAVER, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 975. 
 
 BIG BETHEL, a village of York co., Virginia, near the 
 Northwest Branch of Back River, about 10 miles N.W. of 
 Fortress Monroe. A battle, in wiiich Msyor Winthrop was 
 killed, was fought here June 10, 1861. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a township of White co., Indiana. Pop. 648. 
 
 BIG CREEK, a township of Black Hawk co., Iowa. Pop. 
 513. 
 
 BIG EAU CLAIRE, (o'klair',) a small river in the N.E. 
 central part of Wisconsin, flows through the E. part of Ma- 
 rathon county, and enters the Wisconsin River about 6 
 miles below Wausau. 
 
 BIG EAU PLAINE, (o^plain',) a river of Marathon co., 
 Wisconsin, flows soutlieastward, and enters the Wisconsin 
 River near tlie S. border of the county. 
 
 BIG FLATS, a post-township of Adums co., Wisconsin, 
 about 10 miles N. of Friendship. Pop. 56. 
 
 BIG GROVE, a township of Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1847. 
 
 BIG GROVE, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 387. 
 
 BIG GROVE, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 954. 
 
 BIG LAIvE, a township of Sherburne co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 186. 
 
 BIG OAK FLAT, a post-villnge of Tuolumne co., Califor- 
 nia, 16 miles S.E. of Sonora. It has a number of stores and 
 1 quartz-mill. Gold is found here. Pop. about 400 or 500. 
 
 1$IG PRAIRIE, a post-township of Newaygo co., Michi- 
 gan, about 90 miles N W. of Lansing. Pop. 275. 
 
 BIG RAPIDS, a post-village, capital of Mecosta CO., Michi- 
 gan, on the Muskegon River, about 60 miles N. by E. of 
 Grand Rapids. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a townsliip of Shelby co., Illinois. Pop. 711. 
 
 BIG SPRING, a post-village of Douglas co., Kansas, about 
 12 miles E.S.E. of Topeka. 
 
 BIG TIIOM I'SON, a post-village of Larimer co., Colorado, 
 on the Big Thompson River, 45 miles N. of Denver, and o 
 miles E. ot the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 BIG WOOD RIVER, see Boisf;E Rivkr. 
 
 BIXGH.\M, a post-township of Huron co., Michigan, 
 about 110 miles N. of Detroit. Pop. 326. 
 
 BINGHAMTON, a post-office of Outagamie co., Wisconsin. 
 
 BIRCH RUN, a post-village of Saginaw co., Michigan, on 
 the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, 15 miles N. by W. 
 of Flint. 
 
 BIRCH RUN, a post-township of Saginaw co., Michigan, 
 about 15 miles S.E. of Saginaw. Pop. 662. 
 
 BIRD'S POINT, or BIRDSVILLK, a post-village of Mis- 
 sissippi CO., Missouri, on the Mississippi River, just above 
 the month of the Ohio, and on the Cairo and Fulton Riiil- 
 road, 1 mile S.W. of Cairo. 
 
 BISIIOPVILLE, a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, about 
 33 miles S. of Zanesville. 
 
 BITTER ROOT RIVER, in the W. part of Montana, rises 
 in the Rocky Mountains, flows northward and enters 
 Clark's River. Red sandstone and slate are found on its 
 banks. 
 
 BLACKBIRD, a county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, 
 bordering on Iowa. It is bounded on the E. by the Mis- 
 souri River. The surface is undulating ; the soil is fertile. 
 The census of 1860 furnishes no information respecting this 
 county. 
 
 BLACKBIRD, a post-village of Blackbird co., Nebraska, 
 on the Missouri River, about 65 miles by land N. by W. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 BLACK CREEK, a township of Outagamie co., Wiscon- 
 sin, 12 miles N. of Appleton. 
 
 BLACK EARTH RIVER, a small stream of Wisconsin, 
 rises in Dane county, flows in a W.N.W. direction, and en- 
 ters the Wisconsin in Iowa county. 
 
 BLACK EARTH, a post-village and township of Dan» 
 CO., Wisconsin. The village is on the Milwaukee and Prai 
 rie du Chien Railroad, 19 miles W. by N. of Madison. Pc- 
 701. 
 
 Br.ACK HAJIMER, a township of Houston co.. Minne- 
 sota. Pop. 271. 
 
BLA 
 
 BOI 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a township of Black Ilawk co., Iowa. 
 Pop. -251. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a townahip of Jefferson co , Iowa. Pop. 
 719. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a township of Kock Island co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1004. 
 
 BI A.CK HAWK POINT, a post-town of Gilpin CO., Colo- 
 rado, situated high up in the Snowy Range of Mountains, 
 abou* 40 miles AV. of Denver. It has rich gold-mines in the 
 vicinity. The population is said to be several thousand. 
 
 BLACK .TACK, a post-village of Douglas co., Kansas, about 
 17 miles S.S.E. of Lawrence. 
 
 BLACK LICK, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. t).56. 
 
 UL.VCKMAN, a township of Jackson co., Michigan, on 
 the Central Railroad, immediately N. of Jackson, the coun- 
 ty-se^t. Pop. 1266. 
 BLACK OAK, a township ofMahaska CO., Iowa. Pop. 736. 
 BLACK RIVER FALLS, a. po.^t-vilhige, capital of Jack- 
 son CO., Wisconsin, on the right (W.) bank of Black River, 
 27 miles N. of Sparta, and about 45 miles N.N.E. of La 
 Crosse. It has 12 stores, 2 hotels, 9 saw-mills, 2 grist-mills, 
 and about 75 dwellings. Pop. 570. 
 
 BLACKSHKAR, a post-village, capital of Pierce CO., 
 Georgia, on Hurricane Creek, and on the Savannah, Albany 
 and Oulf Railroad, 86 miles S.W. of Savannah. 
 
 BLACK WOLF, a village and township of Winnebago co., 
 Wisconsin, on Winnebago Lake, 8 or 9 miles N. of Fond du 
 Lac. Pop. 69.3. 
 
 BLAIN, a post-village of Perry co., Pennsylvania, about 
 40 miles W. by N. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 BLAIRSTOWN, a post-village of Benton co., Iowa, on a 
 railroad, 24 miles W. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 BLAKEVILLE, a post-village of Blivck Hawk CO., Iowa, 
 about 8 miles N.E. of Waterloo. 
 
 BLANCO, a new county near the central part of Texas, 
 has an area estimated at 1200 S(iuare miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Guadalupe and Pedernales Rivers, and also 
 drained by the Rio Blanco. Pop. 1281. 
 
 BLANCO, a post-village of Blanco co., Texaa, about 50 
 miles W.8.W. of Austin City. 
 
 BLAND, a new county in the S.W. part of Virginia, has 
 an area estimated at 3o0 sqiiare miles. It is drained by 
 Walker's and Wolf Creeks, and by the North Fork of Hols- 
 Bton River, which rises within its limits. The surface in 
 some parts is mountainous. A range called AValker'g Moun- 
 tain extends along the S.E. border. Capital, Mechanics- 
 burg (?) The census of 1800 furnishes no information respect- 
 ing tills county. 
 
 BLANDITORD, a village of Prince George co., Virginia, 
 about IW miles E. of Petersburg. 
 
 BLANDINSVILLB, a posMownship of McDonough co., 
 
 Illinois, about 3:i miles E.N.E. of Keokuk, Iowa. Pop. 149». 
 
 BI-ANDON, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, on 
 
 the East Penn.sylvania Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of Reading. 
 
 BLENDON, a post-township of (tttawa CO., Michigan, 
 
 about 16 miles W.S.W. of Grand Rapids. I'op. 332. 
 
 BLOOM, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 294. 
 
 BLOOM, a post-village and township of Cook co., Illinois, 
 on a branch of the Michigan Central Railroad, 26 miles E. 
 of Joliet. Pop. 1228. 
 
 BLOOM, a township of Richland co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 526. It contains 6 mills. 
 
 BLOOM KK, a township of Montcalm co., Michigan, about 
 40 miles N.N.W. of Lansing, contains a post-offlce, named 
 Bloomer Centre. Pop. fi2s. 
 
 BLOOMER'S PRAIRIE, a posfc-township ot Chippewaco., 
 Wisconsin, about 60 miles E. by N. of Hudson. Pop. 200. 
 
 BLOOMKIKLI), a village of Muskingum co., Ohio, about 
 18 miles E.N.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 BLOOM FIELD, a village of Spencer co., Indiana., about 
 30 miles K. l>v N. of Evansville. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a village of Oakland co., Michigan, on the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. 5 miles S.E. of Pontiac. 
 BLOOMFIELD, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 840. 
 BLOOMFIELD, a post-village, capital of Davis co., Iowa, 
 is pleasantly situated on a high prairie, 1 mile S. of Fox 
 River, 70 miles W.N.W. of Keokuk, and 110 S.E. of Des 
 Moines. It contains 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, 2 brick 
 school-houses, 2 hotels. 13 stores, besides groceries, and sev- 
 eral grist-mills and saw-mills. Pop. in 1860,940; in 1865, 
 reported to be 1500. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 320. 
 BLOOMFIELD. a township, forming the N.E. extremity 
 of Waushara co.. Wisconsin. Pop. 516. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 460. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, a towniship of Nevada co., California, 
 about 11 miles N.E. of Nevada, contains the village of North 
 Bloorafield. Pop. 927. 
 
 BLOOMWELD. a post-village of Sonoma co., California, 
 16 miles S.W. of Santa Rosa. It has several stores. Pop. 
 in 1804, about 150. 
 BLOOM GARDEN, a post-village of Maries co., Missouri, 
 
 on the Gasconade Biver, about 35 miles S.S.B. J< J.>tfi»i"»Mi 
 City. 
 
 BLOOMINODALE, a post-township of Van Buren co, 
 Michigan, 45 miles S. by W. of Grand Rapids Pop. 627. 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE, a post-village of Vernon co., Wiscon 
 sin, about 27 miles E.S.E. of l-a Crosse. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a township of Dana CO., WiBconsin, 
 about 3 miles E. of Madison. Pop. 710. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a township of Waseca co., Minne- 
 sota. Pop. 345. 
 
 BLOOMING GROVE, a post-office of Linn co., Kansas, on 
 the Osage River, about 66 miles S.S.E. of Lawrence. 
 
 BLOOMING I'ORT, a pos^village of liandolph co., Indi- 
 ana, about 17 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 BLOOMINQTON, a village of Clearfield co^ Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 8 miles S.W. of Clearfield. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, about 
 33 miles E.S.E. of Dayton. Pop. 114. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a post-village of Hcnnejrfn co., Minne- 
 sota, in Bloomington township, and on the Minnesota River, 
 about 16 miles S.S.W. of Minneapolis. Pop. of township, 424. 
 BLOOMINGTON, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 
 145. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a township of Muscatine co., loira. 
 Pop. 1556. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a village of Douglaa co^ .Kansas, on 
 Rock Creek, 8 or 9 miles S.W. of Lawrence. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, a post-village of Polk co., Oregon, on 
 the Luckamute River, about 14 miles S.E. of Dallas. 
 
 BLOUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, 
 abont 13 miles N.E. of Newcastle. 
 
 BLUE EARTH, a county in the S. part of Minnesota, has 
 an area of about 760 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the N. by the Minnesota River, intersected V)y the Blue 
 Earth River, and also drained by the Maple, the Watonwan, 
 and other streams. The surface is undnlating, and diversi- 
 fied by numerous small lakes. The soil is highly produc- 
 tive. A large proixirtion of the county is occupied liy prai- 
 rie, among which woodlands are profusely distribjiteJ. 
 Limestone is found in the county. Capital, Mankato. Pop. 
 4803. 
 
 BLUE EARTH CITY, the capital of Faribault co.. Mil. 
 nesota, is situated on the Blue Earth River, about 42 mUeir 
 S. by W. of Mankato, and 100 miles in a direct line S.S.W . 
 of St. Paul. Pop. in 1860. 317. 
 BLUE GK A.«S, a township of Scott co' Iowa. Pop. 1039. 
 BLUE MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Calaveras or Alpine 
 CO., California, 42 miles E. of Mokelumne Hill. 
 
 BLUE RAPIDS, a post-village of Marshall co., Kansas, 
 
 on the Big Blue Kiver, abont 13 miles S. of Marysville 
 
 Pop. of Blue Rapids township, (>.'i9. 
 
 BLUE RIDGE, a township of Piatt CO., Illinois. Pop. WT' 
 
 BLUE RIVER, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 
 
 1060. 
 
 BLUE RIVER, a township of Harrison co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1069. 
 
 BLUE RIVER, a township of Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 
 866. 
 
 BLUE RIVER, a township in the N.E. part of Grant co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 444. 
 
 BLUE SPRING CITY, a post-village of Gage co., Ne- 
 braska, on the Big Blue River, about 65 miles S.W. of Ne- 
 braska City. 
 
 BLUFF CITY, a post-village of Scott co., Hlinois, on the 
 Great Western Railroad, 51 miles W. of Springfield, and 4 
 or 5 miles K. of the Illinois River. 
 
 BLUFF CITY, a post-village of Gase co., Nebraska, near 
 the Big Blue River, abont 65 miles S.W. of Nebraska City. 
 BLUFF CREEK, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 
 675. 
 
 BLUFFTON, a post-village and township of Winneshiek 
 CO., Iowa. The village is on the Upper Iowa River, about 12 
 miles N.N.W. of Decorah. Pop. 466. 
 
 BLUMFIKLD, a post-township of Saginaw co., Michigan, 
 about 8 miles E. of Saginaw City. Pop. 557. 
 BLUNT, a township of Vermilion co., Illinois. Pop. 1349. 
 BOARDMAN, a township of Clayton co., Iowa, contains 
 El Kader, the county-seat. Pop. 840. 
 
 BOARDMAN, a small post-village of St. Croix co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 BOAZ, a small post-village of Richl.and co., Wisconsin, on 
 Eagle River, 8 miles W. of Richland Centre. 
 
 BODE'GA, a post-village and township of Sonoma co., 
 California, on or near the ocean, about 60 miles N.W.of San 
 Francisco. It has several stores. Pop. of the township, 924. 
 BODIE, or BODIE'S BLUFF, a mining district or village 
 in Mono co., California, about 9 miles W. of Aurora, Ne- 
 vada. Gold and silver are found here. 
 
 BOGARD, a post-township of Daviess Co., Indiana, abont 
 24 miles E.N.E. of Vincennes. Pop. 917. 
 
 B >IS1^;E. or B0IS15, a county in the S. central or S.W. 
 part of Idaho. It is drained by the Payette Rivei' and sev- 
 eral creeks. The surfai-e in some parts is mountainous. 
 The county contains forests of pine. The inliabitants are 
 mostly employed in mining gold. There are about 8 quartz- 
 
 2189 
 
BOl 
 
 BRA 
 
 mills in operation In this county. The principal mining 
 towns are Idaho Citv, Placerville, Centreville and Pioneer 
 City. Capital, Idaho City. Pop. in lS6i, 16,168. Since 
 tliat date its limitii liave been reduced by the formation of 
 Ada count V. 
 
 BOISEE, or BOISK CITV, the capital of Idaho, and 
 county seat of Ada county, is situated on the N. bauli of 
 the Boisee River, about 30 miles W.8.W. of Idaho City, 
 and about 370 miles in a direct line .N.N.K. of Carson City, 
 Nevada. Lat. 43° 34' N ; Lon. about 116° W. It became 
 the capital of the territory in the latter part of 18t>4. 
 Gold and silver are found in the viciuity. One newspaper 
 is published here. l*op. in 1866 about IJOO. 
 
 BOrsfiE. or BOISfi BIVKR, sometimes called BIG WOOD 
 RIVER, rises in the Salmon Mountains, in the 8. central 
 part of Idaho ; flows westward through Ada county, and 
 enters the Lewis or Snake River on the W. border of the 
 territory. (See next article.) 
 
 B01S15e BASIJ*, a mining district of Idaho, near the 
 Boisee River, contains placer gold mines and quiU-tz lodes, 
 which are among the richest in the territory. It includes 
 the towns of Idaho City, Placerville and Pioneer City. It 
 is said to be well timbered. 
 
 BOISFORT, or BOISXiORT, a post-village of Lewis co., 
 Washington territory, 10 miles S. W. of CUiquato. 
 
 BOLINaS, bo-lee'uas, a post-village and township of 
 Marin co., California. The village is on or near the sea, 10 
 mileii W. of San Rafael. It has several stores. Pop. of the 
 township, 60S. 
 
 BOLIVAR, a village of Jefferson co., West Virginia, near 
 the Shenandoah River, about 1 mile S.W. of Hiirpei'"s 
 Ferry. Pop. 1130. 
 
 BOLIVAR HEIGHTS, Jefferson co.. West Virginia, on 
 the right bank of the Potomac, adjacent to Harper's Perry. 
 
 BOLLINGER, a county in the S.E. part of Slissouri, has 
 an area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Whitewater or Little River, and Castor Creek. The sur- 
 face is broken or hilly; the soil is said to be fertile and 
 well wooded. This county contiiins iron ore and extensive 
 beds of Kaolin. Capital, Kalliis. Pop. 7371. 
 
 BOLTOX, or BOLTON'S DEPOT, a post-village of Hinds 
 CO., Mississippi, on the Vicksburg and Jackson Railroad, 27 
 miles E. of Vicksburg. 
 
 BOLTOWILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Wis- 
 consin, ti miles \.K. of West Bend. It has 3 milhi, several 
 stores, and 30 dwellings. Pop. about 160. 
 
 BOND, a township of Lawrence co., Illinois. Pop. 925. 
 
 BONDVILLE, a post-office of Bennington co., Vermont, 
 about 30 miles N.E. of Bennington. 
 
 BONHOMME, a post-village of Jayno co., Dakota, on the 
 Missouri River, about 36 miles E. by S. of Yankton. 
 
 BOXITA, a village of Otter Tail co., Minnesota, situated 
 at the S.W. end of Otter Tail Lake. 
 
 BO.VNER, or BOXNERVILLE, a post-village of Jackson 
 parish, Louisiami, about 70 miles E. of Shreveport. 
 
 BOOMER, a township of Pottawattomie co., Iowa. Pop. 
 275. 
 
 BOON'E, a township of Harrison co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River. Pop. 1614. 
 
 BOONE, a post-township of Dallas co., Iowa, 12 miles W. 
 of Des Moines City. Pop. 577. 
 
 BOONE, a township of ILtmilton co., Iowa. Pop. 463. 
 
 BOONE HILL, or BOON HILL, a post-village of Johnson 
 CO., North Carolina, on the North Carolina Railroad, 12 miles 
 X. \V. of Oold^boruugh. 
 
 BOONESBORO, or BOONSBORO. a post-village of Wa.sh- 
 ingtori CO., .Aj-kaiis;ia. alxiut 20 miles S.W. of Fayetteville. 
 
 BOONESBOROCGH, or BOOXSBOROUGH, a post-vil- 
 lage, capitiil of Boone co., Iowa, is situated about 2 miles 
 E. of the Des Moines River, and 40 miles N.X.W. of Des 
 Moines City. It is on the Cedar Rapids and the Missouri 
 River Riulroad, which is completed to this point. 
 
 B >OXEVILLE, a posi-village of Tishuuiingo co., Missis- 
 *'*iPVA'^ the Mobile and i )hio R;iili oad, 20 miles S. of Corintli. 
 
 BOO.W ILLE, a mining village of Owvhee co.. Idaho, on 
 Jordan Lreek, about 2 miles below Ruby City. It has 2 
 general stores. 
 
 BOS'COBEL, a thriving post-village of Giant co. Wis- 
 consin, on the left (S.E.) bank of the Wisconsin Kiver, and 
 °? w"*,-^ '^^""'"^ '""^ Prairie du Cliien R;iilroad, 70 mil^ W. 
 ot Madison. It has several stores and is a depot for oro- 
 duce. The river is navigable by steamboats. 
 
 B. )8C0BEL, a fracUonal township of Grant co.. Wiscon- 
 Bln, contains the village of Boscobel. Pop 665 
 
 BOSQUE, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the Brazos River, and intersected by the Bosque River. 
 ^t,'Ki^av"'^'M|- P^F- 2006, of whom 293 were slaves. 
 
 BOSTON, a vilL-ige of Halifax co„ Virginia, on the Rich- 
 mornl and p...,ville RaiIroad,and on the Dan River, 31 mUes 
 Jv. by N. of Danville. 
 
 BOSTON', a posM illage of Nelson co., Kentucky, on the 
 
 ^ imi^i^r.v-'"*"-?*,,'^'''''"*^ ^ "'"'-8 S. of Louisville. 
 
 JiOSTON. a village of Kalamazoo co., Michigan about 16 
 mile* S.E. of Kalamazoo. i^^^gau, aoout lo 
 
 219C 
 
 BOSTON, a post-village of Wayne co., Indiana, in Boston 
 
 township, 8 or 9 miles S. by E of Richmond. 
 
 BOULDER, a county in the N. part of Colorado, has an 
 area of about 600 square miles; It is drained by B<julder 
 Creek. The Rocky Mountain chain extends along the 
 western border of the county. The soil is said to be fertile. 
 Productive gold mines are worked in the western part of 
 this county, which also contains iron ore and roofing slate. 
 Capital, Boulder I'ity. 
 
 BOULDER, a post-township of Linn co., Iowa, about 22 
 miles N.E. of Ce«bir Rapids. Pop. 600. 
 
 BOULDER CITY, a post-town, capital of Boulder co., 
 Colorado is situated on Boulder Creek, at the E. base of 
 the Rocky Mountains, 25 miles N.W. of Denver City. It 
 contains 2 churches, 3 stores, and 2 hotels. There are rich 
 gold mines about 12 miles W. of this town. Pop. about 9(.t0. 
 BOULUER CREEK, in the S W. part of .Montaii.i, is an 
 aflluent of the Madison Fork of the Missouri. It flows 
 northeastward. 
 
 BOUNTIFUL, a village of Davis co , Utah, about 10 miles 
 N. of Salt Lake City. It has several stores. Pop. in 1860, 86S. 
 BOURBON, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, border- 
 ing on Missouri, liiw an area of 720 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Little Osage and Marmaton Rivers. The 
 surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. It 
 contains a large portion of prairie and lias timber dis- 
 tributed along the streams. Capital, k'ort Scott. Pop. 6101. 
 BOUItBOX, a post-village in Bourbon townslWp, Marshall 
 CO., Indiana, on the Pittsburg Fort M'ayne and Chicago 
 Railroad, about 13 miles E.S.E. of Plymoutii. Pop. of town- 
 ship, 1767. 
 
 BOURBON, a post-village of Crawford co.. Missouri, on 
 the railroad which connects St. Louis with Rolla, 77 miles 
 S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 BOURBONNAIS. a township of Kankakee co., Illinois, 
 on the Kankakee River. Pop. 2205. 
 
 BOVINA, a township of Outagamie co., Wisconsin, about 
 15 miles N.N.W. of Appletun. Pop. 214. 
 
 BOWDEN, a station in North Carolina, on the Wilmington 
 and Weldon Railroiui. 60 miles N. of Wilmington. 
 
 BOWDON, or BOWDEX, a ijost-village of Carroll co., 
 Georgia, about 56 miles W. by S. of Atlanta. Frei popula- 
 tion, 304. 
 
 BOWERBANK, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Mainn, 
 about 7 miles N. of Lover. Pop. 101. 
 
 BOWLING, a township of RtJck Island co., Illinois. Pop. 
 755. 
 BOWNE, a township of Kent co., Michigan. Pop. 743. 
 BOX ELDER, a large county firming the N.W. ex- 
 tremity of Utah, bordering on Idaho and Nevada. It i» 
 drained by the Beiir River and Holmes' Creek. It contain» 
 but little arable land. The northern half of Great Salt 
 Lake is included in this county. Capital, Brigham City. 
 Pop. 160S. 
 
 BOYD, a coiinty In the N.E. part of Kentucky, bordering 
 Ohio and West Virginia ; hiis an area of about 230 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by tlie Ohio River, and 
 on the E. by the Big Sandy. The surface is uneven ; the 
 soil in some parts is productive. Pop. 6044. 
 BOYER, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 443. 
 BOYKRSTOWN. or BOYERTOWN, a post-village of 
 Berks co., l\!nnsylvaiii.i, about 18 miles E. of Reading. 
 
 BOYXTON, a post-township of Tazewell co., Illinois, 
 about 24 miles S.S.E of Peoria. Pop. 686. 
 
 BRACEVILLE, a post-township of Grundy co., IlliAois, 
 about 20 miles S.S.W. of Joliet. Pop. 607. 
 
 BRACKEX, or BRACKETT(?), a village of Kinney co., 
 Texas, about 125 W. of San Antonio. 
 
 BR.^DFORD, a station on the Louisville, New Albany 
 and Chicago Railroad, in White co., Indiana, 31 miles N. of 
 Lafayette. 
 BRADFORD, a township of Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 1253. 
 BRADFORD, a post-village and township of Chickasaw 
 CO., Iowa, about 30 miles N. of Cedar Falls, Pop. 898. 
 
 BRADFORD, a village of Jefi'ersou CO., Colorado, about 20 
 miles S. W. of Denver. 
 
 BRADSHAW, a post-village of Giles Co., Tennessee, 
 about 70 miles S. of Nashville. 
 
 BRADY, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 701. 
 
 BR.\^Dy, a post-township of Kalamivzoo co., Michigan, 
 about 70 miles S. W. of Lansing. Pop. 1011. 
 
 BRADY', a township of Saginaw co., Michigan. Pop. 278. 
 
 BR.iNDOX, a post-village of Bucliaiuin co., Iowa, about 
 
 10 miles N. of Vinton. 
 
 BR.\NDOX, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 1022. 
 
 BRANDON, a small post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wi« 
 
 consin. on the railroad which connects Berlin with Waupun, 
 
 20 miles S. by E. of Berlin, and 18 miles W.S.W. of Fond 
 
 du Lac. 
 
 BKAXDONVILLE, a pos^village of Preston co. West 
 Virginia, about 15 miles N. ol Kingwood. Pop. 165. 
 
 BRANDY' CITY', a mining camp of Sierra co., California 
 Pop. 125. 
 BRANDY STATION, a post-offlce of Culpepper co., Vir 
 
BRA 
 
 BRO 
 
 •inia, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 66 miles 
 B.W. of Alexandria. 
 
 BRANT, a township of Saginaw co., Michigan. Pop. 88. 
 
 BKASIIEAR, a pust-village of St. Mary's Parish, Louisi- 
 ana, on the Atchaialaya lUver, and on the New Orleans and 
 Opelousas Railroad, 80 miles W.S.W. of New Orleans. 
 
 BRATTON, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 
 ro2. 
 
 BRECKENRIDGE, a post-village of Caldwell co., Mis- 
 souri, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 61 miles E. 
 of St. Joseph. 
 
 BRECKENRIDOE, a post^village of Andy Johnson co., 
 Minnesota, on the Red River of the North, at the mouth of 
 the Sioux Wood River, about 125 miles W. of Crow Wing. 
 
 BRECKENHIIHjE.apost-village of Summit co., Colorado, 
 la situated near the base of the Rocky Mountains, about 70 
 miles W.S.W. of Denver. 
 
 BREMEN, a post-village of McLean Co., Kentucky, about 
 40 miles N. by E. of Hopkinsville. 
 
 BRK.>JEN. Cook co., Illinois, a station on the Chicago and 
 Rock Island Railroad, 23 miles S. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 BRKNTON, a village of Anoka co., Minnesota, abont 24 
 miles N. of St. Anthony. 
 
 BRENTWOOD, a post-village of Williamson co., Tennes- 
 see, on a railroad, 9 miles S. of Nashville. 
 
 BKIOKTON, a post-oftice of Cook co., Illinois, on a rail- 
 road, ^'■i miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 BlilDAL VEIL FALLS, CaUfornia. See PonoNO. 
 
 BRIOGEBOROUGII, a post-village of Burlington co., New 
 jersey, on Rancocfis Creek, 2 miles from its mouth, and 
 about 12 miles E.N.K. of Camden. 
 
 BRIDGE CREEK, a townsliip in the E. part of Eau Clair 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 4S0. 
 
 HRIDGEIIAMPTON.a township of Sanilac co., Michigan. 
 Pop. AU. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Saginaw co., Michigan, 
 on Cass River, and on the Flint and Pere Marquette Rail- 
 road, 26 miles N.N.W. of Flint. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, on 
 the Terre Ilaute and Richmond Railroad, 9 miles W.S.W. 
 of Inilianapolis. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Lawrence CO., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio and Missis-sippi Railroad, 14 miles W. of Vincennes. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a station on the Chicago and St. Louis 
 Riiilrciad, 4 miles S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Crawford co.. Wisconsin, 
 on the Wisconsin River, and on the Milwaukee and Prairie 
 du Chien Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Prairie du Chien. It has 
 2 warehouses. Pop. 75. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Mono co., California, 
 about 260 miles 8.K. of Sacramento. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a village and township of Nevada co., 
 Calif(Jrnii^ about 7 miles W.N.W. of Nevada. Pop. 2686, 
 mostly engaged in gold-mining. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a post village and township of Polk co., 
 Oregon, 8 miles S. of Dallas. Total population, 228. 
 
 BRIDGETON, a post-village and township of Newaygo 
 CO., Michigan. The village is on the Muskegon River, 
 about 3i miles N.N.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 225. 
 
 1!RIDGEWATKR, a post-township of Aroostook CO., 
 Maine, about ViO miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 491. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, a township of Rice co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 474. 
 
 BRIGGS, a township of Sherburne co.. Minnesota. Pop. 51. 
 
 BRIGGSV'ILLE, a post-village of Marquette co., Wiscon- 
 sin, at the S.W. extremity of the county, about 11 miles 
 N.W. of Port.-ige City. It has 1 church, 3 stores, and 1 saw- 
 mill. Pop. about 200. 
 
 BRIGIIAM CITY, a post-village, capital of Box Elder co., 
 Utah, near Bear River, about 60 miles N. of Salt Lake City. 
 Pop. in 1860, 975. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-village of Polk co., Missouri, about 
 24 miles N. of Springtield. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 73. 
 
 BRIGHTON, a post-township of Sacramento co., Califor- 
 nia, on the S. side of the American River, and on the Sacra- 
 mento Valley Railroad, about 5 miles E. of Sacrameuto. It 
 contains 2 churches and 2 stores. Pop. 762. 
 
 BRILLION, a post-township of Calumet co., Wisconsin. 
 It is situated about 13 miles E.S.E. of Appleton. Pop. 
 800. 
 
 BRISTOB, or BRISTOE STATION, a post-village of Prince 
 William co., Virginia, on the Orange and Alexandria Rait 
 road, 4 miles W.S.W. of Manassas Junction. 
 
 BRISTOL, a post-villageof Sullivan co., Tennessee, on the 
 line between Tennessee and Virginia, 15 miles W.S.W. of 
 Abingdon, and 130 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville. The Vir- 
 ginia and Tennessee Railroad connects here with the East 
 Tennessee and Virginia Railroad. 
 
 BRISTOL, a poBt-vi"<ige aud township, capital of Worth 
 CO., Iowa, about 128 miles in a direct line N. by £. of Des 
 Moines. It has 1 store, 1 steam saw-mill, and 1 schooL 
 Pop. about 100 ; of the township, in 1860. 372. 
 
 BRISTOL, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota, borders 
 on the Stat* of Iowa. Pon .'i77. 
 
 BRISTOL CENTRE, a post-office of Fillmore CO., Mliin^ 
 sota, about 40 miles S. S.E. of Rochester. 
 
 BRISTOW STATION, a post-office of Warren co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 5 miles 
 E.N.E. of Bowling Green. 
 
 BRO ADFORD, post-village of Fayette co.,Pennsyl vania, on 
 
 the Pittsburg and Connellsville R.R.. 2 m. N. of Connollsville. 
 
 BROADWAY, a post-village of Warren co.. New Jersey, 
 
 on the Pohatcong Creek and the Morris Canal, about 8 
 
 miles S. of Belvidere. It has 1 woollen mill and 1 grist-mill. 
 
 BROADWAY, or HROADWAY DEPOT, a post-village of 
 
 RcM-kin'.;ham co.,\ irgini;i,alKiut 34 miles N.N.E. of Staunton. 
 
 BRO.\DWELL,a post-village of Harrison co., Kentucky, 
 
 abf)ut 22 miles N.N.E of Lexington. 
 
 BROADWELL,a post-village of Ix)gan co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Rjiilroad, 21 miles N.N.E. of 
 Springfield. 
 
 BRODHEAD,or BROADIIEAD,a flourishing post-village 
 of Green co., Wisconsin, on Sugar River, and on the rail- 
 road from Janesville to Monroe. 18 miles W. liy S of Janes- 
 ville. It has several churches, 3 stores, a large grist-mill, a 
 steam planing-mill, and about 100 houses. 
 
 BliONSON, a post-village in Bronso'n township. Branch 
 CO., Mi<higan, on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 66 miles 
 W. of Adrian. 
 
 BRONSON, a post-village of Levy co., Florida, on the Flo- 
 rida Railroad, about 140 miles S.E. of Tallehassee. 
 
 BROOKDALE, a post-village of Siisijuehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 4 or 5 miles W. of Great Bend. 
 
 BROOKKIELD, a post-township of Eaton co., Michigan, 
 about 24 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 821. 
 
 BKOOKKIELD, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, on 
 the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 BROOKFIELD, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 
 876. 
 
 BROOKFIELD, a flourishing post-village of Linn co., 
 Missouri, situated in a fertile prairie, on the Hannibal and 
 .St. Joseph Railroad, 104 miles W. of Hannibal, and 102 miles 
 E. of St. Joseph. It is one of the princii)al stations between 
 the cities just named. It contains an engine-house and 
 machine-shopof the railroad, 1 or 2 churches, 2 hotel8,about 
 5 general stores. 1 tobacco-factory, Ac. First Settled about 
 1859, mostly by eastern people. Pop. about 550. 
 
 BROOKFIELD, a post-village and township of Clinton co., 
 Iowa, about 36 miles S. of Dubuque. Total popnlation,643. 
 
 BROOKFIELD JUNCTION, a village of Wankesha CO., 
 Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Rail- 
 road, where it connects with the Milwaukee and Watertown 
 Railroad, 14 miles W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 BROOKING, a county in the E S.E. part of Dakotah, bor- 
 dering on Miimesota, has an area of about 2500 square 
 miles. It is drained l)y the Big Sion.x River, and the Lao 
 qui Parle River. The surface is diversified. The census of 
 1860 furnishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 BROOKLIN, or BROOKLYN, a township of Hennepin 
 CO., Minnesota, on the Mississippi River. Pop. 608. 
 
 BRUOKLIN, a township of Mower Co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 189. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a post-village of Morgan co., Indiana, about 
 24 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a township of Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 1324. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a thriving post-Village of Poweshiek co., 
 Iowa, on the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, 110 miles 
 W. of Davenport. It is situated in a rich prairie, 1 mile 
 from good timber. It contains 2 churches, 4 or 5 stores, 
 and a steam-mill. Pop. about 500. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a post-township, forming the N.E. extremitj 
 of Green co., Wisconsin, on Sugar River, about 18 miles ? 
 of Madison. Pop. 1060. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a township of Green Lake co., Wisconsin, 
 contains the village of Dartford, and includes about half of 
 Green Luke. Pop. 962. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a village of Douglas co., Kansas, about 11 
 miles S. of Lawrence. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a post-office of Linn co., Kansas. 
 
 BROOKLYN, a township of Alameda co., California, con- 
 tains the village of Brooklyn. Pop. 1341, 
 
 BROOKLYN, a post-village of Alameda co., California, on 
 the E. side of the Bay of San Francisco, opposite the city of 
 that natne, which is 10 miles distant. It is connected with 
 San Francisco by railroad and steamboats. It has 4 
 churches and several schools. Pop. about 300 or 400. 
 
 BROOKS, a new county in the S. part of Georgia, bor- 
 dering on Florida, has an area of about ri50 square miles. 
 It is partly bounded on tlie E. by the Withlacoochee River, 
 and intersected by the Ocopilco River. The surface is level, 
 aud the soil sandy. Pop. t 356. 
 
 BROOKS, a township of Newaygo co., Michigan; Pop. 571. 
 
 BROOKVILLK, a post- village of Noxubee co., Mississippi, 
 on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 27 miles S.S.W. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery CO., Ohio 
 on the Dayton and Western Railroad, 13 miles W.N.W. o* 
 Dayton. 
 
BRO 
 
 BUF 
 
 BROOKVILLE. a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, Sot 
 I miles W.N.W of Fairfield. 
 
 BROOKVILLE, a post-rillage of St. Croix co., Wiscon- 
 «in, on the Eau Galle River, about 27 miles E. by S. of 
 Iludson. 
 
 BROTHERTOWX, a post-township of Calumet co., Wis- 
 'cusin, on Winnebago Lake about H miles N.E. of Fond 
 du Lac. Pop. 1367. 
 
 BROWN, a new county in the central part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. by the Colorado River, and intersected by the Pecan 
 River. Pop. 244. 
 
 BROWN, a county in the S. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on tlie N.E. 
 by the Minnesota lUver and intersected ))y the Big Cotton- 
 wood River. The surface is diversified and the soil fertile. 
 The sugiir maple is found in this county. Capital, New 
 Elm. Pop. 2339. 
 
 BROWN, a county in the N.E. part of Kansas, bordering 
 on Xebraska, has an area of .about boO square miles. It is 
 drained by the S. Fork of the Nemaha, and by the Grass- 
 hopper and Wolf Rivers. The surface is soiiiewliat diversi- 
 fied: the soil is fertile. It contaims a number of prairies. 
 Capital, Hiawatha. Pop. 2007. 
 
 I5R0WN, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 874. 
 
 UROWN, a township of Manistee co., Michigan. Pop. 220. 
 
 BROWN, a townsliip of Hendricks co., Indiana. Pop. 
 214S. 
 
 BROWN, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 995. 
 
 BROWNS VALLKV, a post-village of Yubf* co., Califor- 
 nia, 12 miles N.E. of Marysville. Here are several quartz 
 mills. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a village of Cabell co., West Virginia, 
 on the Oliio River, about 24 miles above Ironton, Ohio. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, about 
 14 miles W.N.W. of Cadiz. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, about 27 
 miles N.E. of Marietta. 
 
 BR0WNSVIL1>E, a village of Kent co., Michigsm, on the 
 Thorn Apple River about 55 miles W. by N. of Lansing. 
 The name of the post>-office is North Brownsville. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a village of Lenawee co., Michigan, on 
 Raisin River, about H miles N.N.E of Adrian. 
 
 BROWNSVILLK, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, 
 on Lamine River about 40 miles W. of Booneville. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-village in Brownsville township, 
 Houston CO., Minnesota, on the W. bank of the Mississippi 
 River about 11 miles below the city of La Crosse, and 33 
 miles S.S.E. of Winona. It has several stores and ware- 
 houses for <rrain. Pop. of the township in 1800. 842. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Yuba co., California, 30 
 miles N.N.E. of .Marysville. 
 
 BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on 
 lie Calapooya River, 22 miles S.E. of Albany. It has 4 
 general stores, a grist-mill, a woollen-mill, and a sash and 
 blind factory. Pop. aliout 3.50. 
 
 BROWNTOWN,atownshipof Josephine CO., Oregon. Pop. 
 
 BROWNVILLE, a flourishing post-town, capital of Ne- 
 maha CO,, Nebraska, is situated on the Missouri River, 
 about 125 miles below Omaha City, and 124 miles above 
 &unt Joseph, Missouri. It contains i,lS64) 3 churches, 1 
 bank, 2 printing offices, a United States Land office, 21 
 stores, 1 flour-mill, and 2 saw-mills. The site is 30 or 40 
 feet above the water, and enclosed on all sides except 
 the East by blue's which approach very near to the river. 
 Brownville was incorporated as a city in 1664. Pop. in 
 1860,425. ^ 
 
 BROWNWOOD, a post-village of Brown co., Texas. 
 
 BRUCE, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 1239. 
 
 BRUCK, a township of Benton co.. Iowa. Pop. 193 
 
 BRUCEPORT, a post-village of Pacific co., Washington 
 Territory, on Shoal water Bay, 50 miles in adirect Une W S.W 
 of Olympia. It has 2 or 3 stores 
 
 M ^^^^-^^9^^* l>08'-^i"»ge of Wayne co., Missouri, about 18 
 miles N.N.W. of Greenville. 
 
 ^.?^o^^'^'5' t '°^*ns'''P of Eau Clair co., Wisconsin, 
 on the S. side of the Chippewa River. Pop. 288 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a post-village, capital Kanabec co., Blin- 
 nesota, on Snake River, about 64 miles N. of St. Anthony. 
 Pop. in looO, .JO. ' 
 
 BRUSH CREEK, a vill.ige of Van Buren co., Michigan 
 on the Paw Paw River, about 27 miles W. by S. of KaJa^ 
 
 maZOO. ^-^ar 
 
 BRUSH CBBEK, a township of Faribault co., Minnesota. 
 
 IrOp. "to. 
 
 asS^'.^ETo^otir*-^"^*' "' "^"^ ccCaUfornia, 
 
 24!,^KE%fS"r:e-:i"Ba'^.'%:;.°^^^ 
 
 BUOUANA.X, a county in the W. part of Virginia, boi^ 
 deri:,^ on Kentucky, has an area of about 500 square miles 
 It is drained by the Louisa Fo.k and the Russell Fork of 
 Jhe Sandy River, and bounded on the N.W. bv the Cum- 
 berland Mountain. The surlace is hUly. Pop ■•>793 
 
 BUCHANAN, a new county in the N. central part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 9u0 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Clear Fork of the Brazos River, and also 
 drained by Caddo and Hubbard Creeks. Pop. 230. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a post-village, capital of Haralson co., 
 Georgia, about 50 miles W. by N. of Atlanta. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a post-village of Johnson co., Texas, about 
 50 miles S.W. of Dallas. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa, Pop. 
 12.34. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a township of Page co.. Iowa. Pop. 857. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a township of La Crosse co., Wiscon.^in. 
 Pop. 546. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a post-township of Outagamie co., Wiscon- • 
 sin, on the right bank of Fox River, about 4 miles E. of 
 Appleton. Pop. 334. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a township of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin 
 Pop. 1130. 
 
 BUCH.\NAN, a village of Dodge co., Minnesota, on a 
 branch of the Zumbro River about 20 miles N.W. of Ro- 
 chester. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a village of Lake co., Minnesota, on the 
 N.W. shore of Lake Superior, about 25 miles N JS. of Supe- 
 rior City. 
 
 BUCHANAN, a post-village of Platte co., Nebraska, near 
 the N. bank of the Platte River, about 02 miles AV. by N. 
 of Oinalia City. 
 
 BL'CK. a township of Edgar co., Illinois. Pop, 740. 
 
 BUCK CREEK, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1659. 
 
 BUCKEYE, a village of Shasta co,, California, about 6 
 miles N.E. of Shasta. 
 
 BUCKEYE, a post-village of Yolo co., California, 13 miles 
 W.S.W. of Woodland. 
 
 BUCKHART, a township of Fulton co^ Illinois. Pop. 
 1274. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 196. 
 
 BUCKLIN, a post-village of Linn 00., Missouri, on the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph R;iilroad. 94 miles AV. of Hannibal. 
 
 BUCKNER, a village of Sacramento co., California, about 
 10 miles S. E. of Sacramento. 
 
 BUCK RANCH, a post-village of Plumas co., California, 
 16 miles W. of Quincy. 
 
 BUCKTON, a post-village of AVarren co., Virginia, on the 
 Manassas Gap Railroad, 5 miles W. of Front Royal. 
 
 BUDA, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois, on a railroad 
 12 miles W.!«.AV. of Princeton. 
 
 BUEUa post-township of Sanilac co., Michigan, about 8 
 miles AV. of Lexington. 
 
 BUENA AISTA, a new county in the N.W. central part 
 of lowii, contains 576 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Racoon and Little Sioux Rivers, the latter of which is an 
 aiHuent of the Missouri. Pop. 57. 
 
 BUEN.\A'ISTA, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 751. 
 
 BUENA A'ISTA, a post-township of Port<ige co., AA'iscon- 
 sin, about 7 miles S.E. of Stanton. Pop. 428. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a township of Richland co., Wisconsin, 
 on the right bank of the Wisconsin River. Pop. 96:5. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, a village of Amador co., California, 13 
 miles S.AV. of Jackson. 
 
 BUENA VISTA BAR, a mining village of Boisee co, 
 Idaho, on Moore's Creek about 1 or 2 miles below Idaho City. 
 Here are gold mines. The Directory for 1865 enumerates 
 250 adult residents of this place. 
 
 BUFFALO, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin, bor- 
 dering on Minnesota,ha8 an area of about 650 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S.AA'. by the Mississippi River, on th» 
 AV. by the Chippewa, intersected by the Buffalo, and also 
 drained by the Trempealeau and Eagle Rivers. The sur- 
 face is diversified; the soil is productive. Capital, Alma. 
 Pop. 3864. 
 
 BUFFALO, a county in the central part of Nebraska, has 
 an area of about 2000 square miles. It is bounded on tho 
 S. by the Platte River, and intersected by the Loup Fork, 
 and by the South Branch of that stream. The surface is 
 somewhat diversified: the soil in some parts is productive. 
 Pop. 114. 
 
 BUFFALO fcontinued from page 3121. 
 name of commerce. The completion of the Erie Canal gave 
 the first impulse to trade which has been gradually aug- 
 mented to its present extent. The completion of the 
 enlargement of the canal has made it with the lakes the 
 great water highway between the AA'est and NorHiwest and 
 the seaboard market. The capacity of this canal when first 
 completed was only sufficient to pass boats of 40 to 60 tons, 
 but now it is navigable for vessels of 250 tons. A still fur- 
 ther proposed enlargement of the locks will give it a capa- 
 city to pass vessels of 600 tons burthen. Since 1840, import- 
 ant lines of railway have been completed, opening commu- 
 nication with the East and the West, and with all the im- 
 port;int pbices in the British Provinces of Canada. The Buf 
 lalo and Lake Huron Railway unites Buffalo .ind Goderich ou 
 Lake Huron, and its connections with the' Great AVestern and 
 Grand Trunk Railroad in Canada unite it with Montreal, 
 Portland, Quebec, Toronto, Sarnia and Detroit. The New 
 
BUF 
 
 BUF 
 
 York Central unites it with Aibanj'. The extensive means 
 of communication with the seaboard cities, tlie IJritisli Pro- 
 vinces and tiie fertile valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 have secured to Buffalo an important rank among the great 
 sommercial cities of tlie interior. The opening of tlie Buf- 
 falo Brancli of tlio Atlantic and Great Western Itailroad will 
 give rail communication with the coal and iron mines in 
 MfKean county and the oil regions in Pennsylvania. Tlie 
 enlargement of the Erie Canal locks, when completed, will 
 augment the commercial facilities of Buffalo fully 200 per 
 cent. This is an important point for sliip-building, and a 
 large nimilier of mechanics are employed at the vari(jU3 ship- 
 yards in this branch of trade. The enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage in the District of Buffalo from 1S60 to 1863, inclu- 
 sive, was as follows : 
 
 Steamers 
 
 Propellers.... 
 
 Tu's 
 
 Barks 
 
 Brijr 
 
 Schooners.... 
 
 Sloops 
 
 Scows 
 
 Barges 
 
 Tr.fali 
 
 1860. 
 
 . 1861. 
 
 1862. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 57 
 
 48 
 
 67 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 66 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 135 
 
 118 
 
 134 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 265 
 
 239 
 
 307 
 
 Class. 
 
 Steamers. 
 
 Propellers... 
 
 Tugs 
 
 Barks 
 
 Brigs 
 
 Schooners... 
 
 Sloop 
 
 Scows 
 
 Barges 
 
 TnUh 
 
 90,159 
 
 7,S98 
 28,565 
 2,613 
 4,261 
 5,6;i3 
 29,454 
 
 7,674 
 5.090 
 34,334 
 
 96,106 
 
 The first vessel registered in the District of Buffalo Creek 
 was under date of May, 1817. In 1S49 there were registered 
 in this district 163 vessels of all classes with an aggregate 
 tonnage of 42,265 tons. The following will show the en- 
 trances and clearances of foreign and American vessels with 
 their tonnage at this port for the year 1SC3: 
 
 8UMM.4RT FOR THE YEAR 1863. 
 
 i No. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Crew. 
 
 
 1 S8-t 
 
 1,381,096 
 
 68,243 
 
 l,9-.'8,747 
 
 3,378,086 
 
 1,358,751 
 
 67.933 
 
 1,953.133 
 
 14,954 
 3.616 
 60,188 
 
 78,758 
 
 14.887 
 
 Foreign vessels entered 
 
 6»3 
 5,370 
 
 7,647 
 
 1,630 
 690 
 
 5,409 
 
 7,729 
 
 Total entered for the year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,379.817 
 
 78,657 
 
 Grand Total, 1863 
 
 15,376 
 
 6,757,903 
 
 157,415 
 
 
 The tot.al number of arrivals and departures was in 1823, 
 236; in 1827, 672; in 1S41, 6290; in 1851, 9050; in 1853, 
 8298. ■ 
 
 The value of imports from the West by lake and rail in 
 1863 is estimated at $125,000,000. The value of the imports 
 from Canada during the same year was $2,957,021, which is 
 included in the previous amount. The exports to Canada 
 were $007,709. The value of the canal imports is $56,214,614, 
 and the estimated value of the imports from the East by rail 
 is equal to $75,000,000, making the total trade $256,214,614 
 for the year 1863 against $125,000,000 in the year 1853. The 
 valiie of the exports by canal in 1863 was $56,644,792. The 
 duties collected on imports from Canada at this port were 
 in 1843, S4546; 1846. $12,389 ; 1 849, $i0,939 ; 1851, $t2,357 ; 
 1852, $69,623 ; 1S63, $84,943 ; 1863, under Reciprocity Treatv, 
 f 6,509.63. There were collected at this port on property lirst 
 eleared by canal in 1853, $695,897 : I860, .$1,137,315; 1861, 
 $2,101,ft35: 1802, $3,0.S4.O82; 1 86;j, $2,682,335. There were 
 received at this port grain and flour estimated as wheat in 
 1836, 1,239,351 bushels ; 1846, i 3,366.167 bushels; 1856, 25,753,- 
 907 bushels; 1862. 72,872,4.")4 bushels; 1863, 64,735,510 bushels. 
 
 There are in Buffalo 9 banks with an aggregate capital of 
 $2,140,000, 5 savings institutions and upwards of 75 fire, ma- 
 rine, and other insurance companies and agencies. The as- 
 sessed value o<" real estate in Buffalo including Black Kock, 
 with which it was incorporated Jan. 1st, 1S54, is $25,210,815', 
 6N 
 
 and personal 56.528,045. The funded debt of the citv Dec. 
 31, 1864, was $654,600. There are within the city limits 29<! 
 miles of streets, of which 53 miles are jiaved at a cost of 
 Sl,.541,G93; 64 miles of stone side-walks costing $284,872; 
 21 1 miles of plank side-walks costing $218,561, and 55 miles 
 of sewerage costing $441,561. A Water Company with » 
 capital stock of $4uO,000 supplies the city with exi-ellent 
 water from the Niagara liiver; it is also well lighted with 
 gas in all of its principal streets. Among the hotels are tht. 
 Mansion House and Tifffs new hotel on Main street ; th« 
 \Vestcrn Hotel on the Terrace ; the Genesee House on Gene- 
 see street; the Courter House on Erie street; the Bevere 
 House near Niagtira Dep5t ; Bonny's Hotel, corner ^Vashing- 
 ton and Carroll streets, and Blumer's Hotel on Eagle street 
 An incorporated company has been formed for the purpose 
 of building a large first-class hotel to take the place of the 
 American and Clarendon, both of which were burnt, and the 
 St. .lames which is now occupied by the Young Men's Asso- 
 ciation. The spacious passenger depots of the New York 
 Central Railroad and the immense freight depots of the Cen- 
 tral and Erie Riiilroads are particularly worthy of mention- 
 There are 6<J steam propellers each ranging from (iOO to 10<X) 
 tons burthen and a large fleet of sail vessels engtiged during 
 the season of navigation in the trade Ijctweeii tliisand West- 
 ern Lake ports. It is not unusual to sec a fleet of 150 ves- 
 sels itnd steamers arrive here from the West during a period 
 of 24 hoiu's. 
 
 The following table will show the receipt and value of a 
 few of the leading articles at this port from the West and 
 Canada for the years indicated : 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Flour, bbis 
 
 Wheat, bushels.... 
 
 Woof, bales 
 
 Corn, bushels 
 
 Lumber, feet 
 
 I'ork, bbl 
 
 Oats, bush 
 
 Beef. bbIs 
 
 Whisky, bbb 
 
 Catlle,No 
 
 Bacon, lb 
 
 Leather, rolls 
 
 Oil, bbIs 
 
 Butler, lbs 
 
 Lard, lbs 
 
 Cheese, lbs 
 
 Tallow, lbs 
 
 Hides.No 
 
 Copper, Ions 
 
 Ashes, casks 
 
 Tobacco, hhds 
 
 Tobacco, boxes.... 
 
 IIo's. No 
 
 Seeds, lbs 
 
 1853. 
 
 1863. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value. 
 
 9a3,837 
 
 $6,394,940 
 
 2,978,089 
 
 817,868.534 
 
 5,424,043 
 
 6,671,672 
 
 21,240.348 
 
 21.240,000 
 
 45,8:» 
 
 3,668,800 
 
 25,098 
 
 1,882..350 
 
 8,66 1,793 
 
 2,199,475 
 
 20,086.952 
 
 10,043,476 
 
 89.:i9l.789 
 
 1,3:19,421 
 
 107,527.698 
 
 2,075,270 
 
 102,548 
 
 1,031,573 
 
 303, 5W 
 
 S,O:«.840 
 
 l,4K0.6Bi 
 
 .508,252 
 
 7.322,187 
 
 2.928,874 
 
 69,776 
 
 69-.7W 
 
 151,605 
 
 1.516,050 
 
 66,707 
 
 667.070 
 
 111.805 
 
 1,341,660 
 
 20,466 
 
 1,227.960 
 
 27.181 
 
 1,902,670 
 
 23,075,645 
 
 1,8)6.051 
 
 28,541.150 
 
 2,851,115 
 
 7.991 
 
 199.775 
 
 4.643 
 
 116,070 
 
 7,965 
 
 238,950 
 
 12.525 
 
 501,000 
 
 6,589.784 
 
 988,467 
 
 3,721,840 
 
 558.276 
 
 8,1 85.500 
 
 818,550 
 
 29,849.939 
 
 2,981,993 
 
 5,877.800 
 
 430,224 
 
 22:t.S48 
 
 22,.335 
 
 762.810 
 
 91.537 
 
 5,396,466 
 
 C74.588 
 
 98,009 
 
 281,027 
 
 193.257 
 
 G95.725 
 
 1,068 
 
 504.000 
 
 8.270 
 
 4,135.1)0(1 
 
 11.553 
 
 288,8-'5 
 
 3,l->9 
 
 95.776 
 
 
 142,5.32 
 
 5,748 
 
 2,875.000 
 
 
 5.0:)0 
 
 l.'6.250 
 
 10.495 
 
 3,50,000 
 
 120.130 
 
 1,228.380 
 
 68,890 
 
 688.900 
 
 37,018 
 
 370,iai 
 
 1.5.500 
 
 124,000 
 
 Buffalo originally laid out by the Holland Company in 
 1801, became in 1812 a military post. It was burnt in Dec. 
 181.3, when, of the 200 houses composing the then village, 
 all but 2 were destroyed by the British and Indians. By act 
 of Congress $80,000 was voted to compensate the sufferers for 
 the loss feu.'Stained. In April, 1832, it was incorporated as a 
 city and in 1852 the charter was amended so as to include 
 Black Rock. The act of the Legislature w.is ratified by the 
 people in 1853 and on the first dayof January, 18.54, it went 
 into operation. The city united is divided into 13 wards and 
 is governed by a mayor and 26 aldermen. Pop. in 1810, 
 1508 : 1820, 2095 ; 1830, 8653 ; 1S40, 18.213 ; 1850, 42,261 ; 1860, 
 85.500, and in 1865 about 140,000. 
 
 BUFFALO, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1002. 
 
 BUFFALO, a village of Randolph co.. North Carolina, on 
 Deep River about 65 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-village of WrigUt co., Minnesota, in 
 Buffalo townshiji. about 44 miles W.N.W. of St. Paul. Pop, 
 of the township 600. 
 
 BUFFALO, a township of Rock Island co., Illinois. Pop, 
 1220. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post village, capital of Dallas co., Mi.^isouri, 
 is beautifully situated on a mound or eminence 4 miles W. 
 of the Niangua River, and 35 miles N. by E. of Springfield. 
 It contains a court-house, a jail, and 1 church. It has a 
 fertile prairie on all sides except the east. Pop. iibout 200. 
 
 BUFFALO, a village and township of Scott co., Iowa, on 
 the Mississippi River, 12 miles below Davenport. Pop. 
 1129. 
 
 BUFFALO, a p"st-township of Buffalo co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River, opposite Winona, and about 5 miles 
 below Fountain City. Pop. 615. 
 
 BUFFALO, a post-village of Dodge co., Nebr.iska, near 
 the S. bank of the Platte River, about 40 miles W.N.W. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 BUFFALO CITY, a small village of Buffalo co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Mississippi River, about 8 miles below Alma. 
 
 2193 
 
BUF 
 
 BYR 
 
 1»CFFAL0 RIV^R. a river in the W. part of Wisconsin, 
 risM near the N. border of Jackson county, flows first we.<t- 
 ward and then southwestward, and enters the Mississippi 
 at or near Alma. 
 
 BUFFIXGXOX, a station on tlie Cairo and Fulton Rail- 
 road, on or neiir the line between New Madrid and Stod- 
 dard counties, Missouri. 37 miles W.S.W. of Cairo, Illinois. 
 
 BDNKARA, a river of Colorado, called also the Blue 
 River, rises in the Rocky Mountains, flows southwestward, 
 and unites with the Gunnison liivor, in Lake county. The 
 stream thus formed is the Grand River. 
 
 BUXKER HILL, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 9 or 
 10 miles W. by N. of Hamilton. 
 
 BUXKKRHILL, a post-village of Miami CO., Indiana, on 
 the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, 6 miles S. by W. of 
 Peru. 
 
 BUREAU, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 936. 
 
 BUREAU JUNCTION, a post-village of Bureau co., Illi- 
 nois, at the junction of the I'ooria and Bureau Valley Rail- 
 road with the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 47 miles 
 N.N.E. of Peoria, and 30 miles V>'. of Ottawa. 
 
 BURGAW DEPOT, a post-office of New Hanover co.. 
 North Carolina, on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 
 23 miles N. of Wilmington. 
 
 BURGESS, a post-village of Clinton co^ Iowa, about 38 
 miles S.S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 BURtiir HILL, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, on 
 the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, 17 miles E.N.E. 
 of Warren. 
 
 BURKK, a post-township of Dane co., Wisconsin. One 
 corner of it is about 2 miles N.E. of Madison. Pop. 102.5. 
 
 BURLINGAME, a post-village, capital of Osage co., Kan- 
 sas, on the Santa Fe Road, 22 miles S.S.W. of Topeka. It 
 contains a court-house, 3 churches, 2 hotels, 4 stores, and 1 
 ateam grist and saw-mill. Pop. about 150. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a township of Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 
 452. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a village of Clay co., Minnesota, on the 
 Red River of the North, about 46° 50' N. latitude. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a post-township of Coff'ey co., Kansas, 
 contains the village of Burlington. Pop. 461. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a thriving post-village of Coffey co., Kan- 
 sas, on the right (W.) bank of the Neosho River, 60 miles 
 in a direct line S.S.W. of Lawrence. It contains 1 newspa- 
 per office. 1 woollen factory, 1 or 2 grist-mills, and several 
 sawmills. Pop. about 400. 
 
 BURLINGTON, a village of Linn co., Oregon, about 11 
 miles S.S.W. of Albany. 
 
 BURNETT, a county in the N.W. part of Wisconsin, bor- 
 dering on Minnesota, has an area of about 1100 square 
 miles. It is boundetl on the X.W. by the St. Croix River, 
 and also drained by the Namekagoii, Shell, and Yellow 
 Rivers. The surface is uneven, and partly covered with 
 forests of pine ; the soil is fertile. Capital, Gordon. Pop. 12. 
 
 BURNETT, a post-township of Dodge co.. Wisconsin, on 
 the W. shore of Horicon Liike, about 5 miles N. of Jnnean. 
 The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad crosses the Mil- 
 waukee and Berlin Railroad in this township. Pop. 1034. 
 
 BURNETT, a post-township of Santa Clara co., California. 
 Pop. 220. 
 
 BURNETT STATION, a post-village of Dodge co., Wis- 
 consin, at the intersection of the Chicago and Northwestern 
 Railroad with a branch of the Milwaukee and St. Paul 
 Railroad, 25 miles S.S.W. of Fond du Lac, and 22 miles N. 
 of Watcrtown. 
 
 BURNS, a post-tillage and township of La Crosse co., 
 Wisconsin, about 15 miles N.E. of La Crosse. Pop. 505. 
 
 BURN SIDE, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 4:54. 
 
 BURXSIDE, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, al«ut 30 miles N.W. of Altoona. 
 
 BURNSIDE, a post-township of Lapeer co., Michigan, 
 about 05 miles N. of Detroit. 
 
 BURXSIDE, a township of Goodhue co., Minnesota, on 
 the Mississippi liiver, about 6 miles above Red Wing. 
 
 BURNSVILLK, a post-village of Bartholomew co., Indi- 
 ana, about 11 miles E. by S. of Columbns. 
 
 BURXSTILLE, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 214. 
 
 BUUXT RANCH, a post-village of Trinity co., California. 
 35 miles W. of Weaverville. 
 
 BURR1:LL, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 12.51. •' 
 
 BURRILL, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 563. 
 
 BURR OAK, a post-office and railroad station of St Jo- 
 Bcph CO., Michigan, on the Southern Railro-id, 73 miles W 
 of Adrian. 
 
 BURR OAK, a post-township of Winneshiek co., Iowa, 
 about 12 miles N.N.W. of Decorah. Pop. 591. 
 
 BURR OAK, a township of Doniphan co., Kansas. Pop. 
 746. 
 
 BURT, a county in the E.N.E. part of Nebraska, border- 
 ing on Iowa, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, and also drained 
 by Logan's Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil is 
 fertile. Hard timber is produced in the vicinity of the 
 streams. Sandstone is said to be abundant in this county. 
 Pop. 388. 
 
 BURT, a post-township of Sheboygan co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 91. 
 
 BURTON, a post-office of Wetzel co., West Virginia, on 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, about 47 miles S.S.E. of 
 Wheeling. 
 
 BURTON, a township of Genesee co., Michigan, imme- 
 diately E. of Flint. Pop. 12(55. 
 
 BURTON, a post>-village and township of Adams co., Illi- 
 nois. 10 miles E. by S. of Quincy. Pop. 1430. 
 
 BURWOOD, a small post-village of San Joaquin co., Cali- 
 fornia, 25 miles S.E. of Stockton. 
 
 BUSH CREEK, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pod. 
 1423. 
 
 BUSHNELL, a township of Montcalm co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 639. 
 
 BUSHNELL, a post-township of McDonough co., Illinois, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 71 miles 
 N.E. of Quincy. Pop. 667. 
 
 BUSSERON. a post-village of Knox co., Indiana, on the 
 Evansville and Crawfords\'ine Riiilroad, 12 miles N.N.E. of 
 Vincennes. Pop. of Busseron township, 1172. 
 
 BUTLER, a county in the S. part of Kansas, has an area 
 of 720 square miles. It is drained by AValnut Creek and 
 other small streams. The surface is undulating : the soil is 
 fertile. The bottom lands aloug the creeks are said to be 
 well timbered. Capital, Chelsea. Pop. 437. 
 
 BUTLER, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is partly bounded on the X. by 
 the Platte River, and also drained by the Big Blue River. 
 The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is pro- 
 ductive. The county contains a large proportion of prairie. 
 Pop. 27. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-village, capital of Taylor co., Georgia, 
 on the Muscogee Railroad, about 44 miles E. by N. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-village of De Kalb co., Indiana, on the 
 Northern Indiana Railroad, 71 miles W. by S. of Toledo. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, on 
 the St. Louis Alton and Teixe Haute Railroad, 63 miles 
 N.E. of St. Ixiuis. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-village, capital of Bates co., Missouri, is 
 situatid in a rich prairie, about 75 miles S.S.E. of Kansas 
 City, and 8 miles N. of the Osage River. It has a brick 
 court-house, and 1 church. Pop. about 500. 
 
 BUTLER, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 894. 
 
 BUTLER, a post-village of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 8 
 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has a steam saw-mill, and 1 
 or 2 stores. 
 
 BUTLER CENTRE, a post-village of Butler co., Iowa, on 
 or near the W. Fork of Cedar River, about 24 miles N.W. 
 of Cedar Falls. 
 
 BUTTE, or BUTTE CITY, a mining village of Amador 
 CO., California, about 42 miles N.E. of Stockton. 
 
 BUTTE, a township of Sutter CO., California, Pop. 870. 
 
 BUTTE B.A.R, a mining camp of Plumas co., California, 8 
 miles from La Porte. Pop. about 100. 
 
 BUTTEIJFIELD, a village of Ashland co., Wisconsin, on 
 Lake Superior, about 6 miles N. of Ashland. 
 
 BUTTERNUT VALLEY, a post-village of Blue Earth co, 
 Minnesota, on Little Cottonwood River, and in a township 
 of its own name, about 20 miles W. by N. of Mankato. 
 Pop. of the township, 156. 
 
 BUTTE VALLEY, a post-village of Butte co., California, 
 18 miles N.W. of Oroville. 
 
 BUTTEVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, on 
 the Willamette River, 28 miles N.X'.E. of Salem. 
 
 BUXTON CENTRE, a post-village of York co., Maine, on 
 the York and Cumberland Railroad, 10 miles W. of Portland. 
 
 BYR AM, a post-village of Hinds co., Mississippi, on the 
 Pearl River, and on the New Orleans and Jackson liiiilroad, 
 about 13 miles S. by W. of Jackson. 
 
 BYRON, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio, about 11 miles 
 E. by N. of Dayton. 
 
 BYltON, a township of Buchanan co., To'na. Poi). 435. 
 
 BYRON, a township in the S. part of Wa*.ca co.-'ilimia- 
 •Ota. Pop fW 
 
 21M 
 
CAB 
 
 CAL 
 
 c. 
 
 CABLE, or CABLETOWV, a vilage of Champaign co., 
 Ohio, on the Coliimbns and iTidianapolis Rjiilroad, 38 
 miles W.N.W. of Colnnibus. Pop. 131. 
 
 C.ACHK. kash, a county in the N. part of Utah, bordering 
 on Idalio, has an area estimated at 20(K) square miles. It is 
 drained by Bear River. The Wasatcli Slountains extend 
 along tlie W. border. Timber is said to be abundant in it. 
 The county produced in 1860, 29,.341 bushels of wheat, which 
 appears to be the staple production. Capital, Logan. Pop. 
 2605. 
 
 CACHE CREEK, a township of Yolo co., California, on a 
 creek of the same name. Pop. 1995. 
 
 CACHE C15EEK, a post-village of Yolo co., California, 12 
 miles W. of ^Voo(^laIld. It lias 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 CACIIEVILLE, a village of Yolo co., California, 5 or 6 
 miles N.W. of Woodland. 
 
 CADET, a post-village of Washington co., Misouri, on the 
 St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 57 miles S.S.W. of 
 St. Louis. 
 
 CADIZ, a post-village and township of fireen co., Wiscon- 
 sin. The village is about 9 miles S.W. of Monroe. Pop. of 
 village, about 150. Total poi>uliition 920. 
 
 CADOTT'S, or CADOTTE PASS. Montana Territory, is a 
 pass through the Rocky Mountains, about 47° X. lat., and 
 112° 10' W. Ion. 
 
 C^SAR, a township of Dearborn co., Indiana. Pop. 546. 
 
 CAHOKA, a post-village of Clark co., Missouri, about 20 
 miles W. of Keokuk, Iowa. 
 
 CAIIOLA, a township of Lj'on co., Kansas. Pop. 136. 
 
 CAHTO, a post-village of Mendocino co., California, 44 
 miles N. of Ukiah. Pop. about 150. 
 
 CAIRO, a post-village of Ritchie co., West Virgiriia, on 
 the Northwestern Raili-oad, about 30 miles E. of Parkers- 
 burg. 
 
 CAIRO, a village of Allen co., Ohio, on the Dayton and 
 Michigan Railroad, 6 miles N. of Lima. 
 
 CAIRO, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, 6 or 7 miles W. 
 of Wapello, and about 30 miles N.N.W. of Burlington. 
 
 CAL.VIS, a village of Crow Wing co., Minnesota, about 12 
 miles E. of the Mississippi River, at Crow Wing. 
 
 CAL'AMINE, a post-village of Ljifayetto oo., Wisconsin, 
 on the Pecatonica River, and on the Mineral Point Railroad, 
 9 or 10 miles S. of Mineral Point. 
 
 CAL'.^MUS, a township of Dodge co., Wisconsin, 11 miles 
 Vt. of Juneau. Pop. 9ys. 
 
 CALAPOOYA, or CALAPOOIA (also written CALA- 
 PUYA) RlYliR, a small stream of Linn Co., Oregon, rises 
 near tlio S. border of the county, and flowing nortliwest- 
 ward enteis the Willamette at Albany. 
 
 CALAPOOYA, a post-oflico of Douglas co., Oregon. 
 
 CALAPOOYA, a village of Linn co., Oregon, on the Cala- 
 pooya River, about 24 miles S. by E. of Albany. 
 
 CALAVERAS, kal-a-vi'ras, a comity in the central part 
 of California, has an area estimated at 1000 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N.W. by the Mokelumne Rivef, on the 
 S.E. b3' the Stanislaus, and also drained by the Calaveras 
 River, which rises within its limits. Tlie surface is beauti- 
 fully diversified by mountains, valleys, and hills. A large 
 part of the county is covered by dense forests of oaks, pines, 
 and other coniferous trees, which grow to a great height. 
 Near the St-anislaus River, in tlie eastern part of this county, 
 is the famous " Mammoth Tree Grove," in which was found 
 a specimen of tlie Stquoiu giyantea, 2S or 30 feet in diameter, 
 and 300 feet in height. This county is very rich in minerals. 
 Mines of gold are worked in several places, and largo quan- 
 tities of copper are procured in the S. part. The rocks 
 wliich underlie the county are gr.anite, slate, and limestone. 
 Capital. San Andreas, or Mokelumne Hill. Pop. 16,299. 
 
 CALDWELL, a post-village, capital of Noble co., Ohio, 
 about '1-1 miles N. by W. of Slarietta. 
 
 CALDWELL, a post-village and township of Appanoose 
 CO., Iowa. The village is on or near Chariton River, about 
 36 miles S.S.W. of Ottumwa. Pop. 804. 
 
 CALDWELL, or CALDWELL PRAIRIE, a post-village 
 of Racine CO., Wisconsin, about 25 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 CALDWELL, a village of Sacramento co., California, about 
 22 miles E. bj' S. of Sacramento. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-village of Rusk co., Texas, about 24 
 miles S.E. of Henderson. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-township of Kent co., Michigan, on 
 both sides of the Thorn Apple River, about 12 miles S.E. of 
 Grand Rapids. Pop. 763. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, at the 
 intersection of the Kenosha and Rockford Railroad with the 
 Beloit and Madison Branch, 13 miles E.N.E. of Rockford, 
 and 12 miles S.S.E. of Beloit. Pop. of Caledonia township 
 1181. The name of the post-office is Caledonia Station. 
 
 C.\LEDOXIA, a village of Dulmque co., Iowa, on a rail- 
 roan, about 9 miles W ''v S. of Dubuque. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-village of Ringgold co., Iowa, about 
 60 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 CALEDONI.\, a township of Columbia co., Wiscim.-iij. on 
 both sides of the AVisconsin River. Pop. 936. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a townsliip and small village of Trempea- 
 leau CO., Wisconsin, on Black River, 5 miles S. of Uales- 
 ville. Pop. 337. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a township of Waupaca co., Wisconsin, 25 
 miles N.W. of Oshkosh. Pop. 396. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-township of Houston co., Minnesota, 
 containing Caledonia, the c<mnty-seat. Pop. in 1860, 791. 
 
 CALEDONIA, a post-village, capital of Houston CO., Min- 
 nesota, is situated on high ground, 14 miles W. of the Mis- 
 sissippi River and 20 males S.W. of La Crosse, AVisconsin. 
 It contains a court-house, 2 churches, 2 stores, 1 plow fac- 
 tory, and alioiit 50 houses. 
 
 CALEDONIA CENTRE, a post-oflice of Racine co., Wis- 
 consin, about 18 or 20 miles 8. of Milwaukee. 
 
 CALHOUN, a county in tlie central part of West A'irginia, 
 has an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Little Kanawha River. The surface is hilly or un- 
 even. Capital, Lowman. Pop. 2.502. 
 
 CALHOUN, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of about 300 square miles. It is iutei-sected by Icha- 
 waynochaway Creek, an affluent of Flint River. The sur- 
 face is level; the soil is productive. Capital, Morgan. 
 Pop. 4913. 
 
 CALHOUN, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, has an 
 area of about 680 scpiare miles. It is bounded on tlie E. by 
 the I'latte River, and al.«o drained by the Cottonwood Creek. 
 The surface is diversified by undulating j)rairies and bottom 
 lands, which produce the cottonwood and other deciduous 
 trees. The soil is calcareous and fertile. Pop. 41. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-village of Madison co., Mississippi, on 
 the Mississippi Central Railroad, about 16 miles N. by E. 
 of Jackson. 
 
 CALHOUN, a post-village, capital of McLean co., Ken- 
 tucky, situated on Green River, about 40 miles S.S.E. of 
 Evansville, Indiana, and 110 miles AV.S.W. of !feouisvi11e. 
 Pop. .Jll. 
 
 CALHOUN, a township of Calhoun co., Iowa. Pop, 147. 
 
 CALHOUN, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 408. 
 
 CALIFORNIA [continued from page 340 J. 
 county judges try all criminal suits save murder cases, and 
 hear appeals from justices of the peace, who have civil ju- 
 risdiction under ^00 and criminal jurisdiction over misde- 
 meanors. The taxable property of the stitte was in 1861 
 8180,484,949. The mines on public land are not taxable. 
 The expenditures of the state for the fiscal year ending 
 June 30, lSr,3, were S2,097,2G8 ; the receipts during tlie sam« 
 period were §1,626,278. Of the receipts §175,000 came from 
 the foreign miners' tax ; $120,000 from state stamps ; $40,000 
 from licenses, and .'?35,0C)O from poll-taxes. .The state tax on 
 real estate for the year ending June 30, 1864, was S1.15 on 
 the SlOO of taxable property. The state debt was $4,839,543 
 on the 30th of June, ISfS, and since then liabilities as yet 
 unliquidated have been incurred for at least f500,000 more. 
 
 HUt'iry. — \\ hen the peninsula (now known as Lower Cali- 
 fornia) was discovered in 1634, the name " California " wag 
 applied to it, and for more than 200 years that was the Cali- 
 fornia known to Europeans, although the name was also 
 extended to the coast farther north. In 1542 the present 
 state of California was seen for the first time by a white 
 man, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in 
 the service of Spain. In 1769 a party of Franciscan friars, 
 under the command of Junipero Serra, came from the pe- 
 ninsula and estalilished missions for tlie conversion of the 
 Indians, and thus made a permanent white settlement. 
 From this time the country north of San Diego was called 
 Alta (Upper) or New California, while the peninsula was 
 styled Old or Lower Califomiiv, In 1821 Calitbniia became 
 a portion of independent Mexico, and aftcrwjirds a territory 
 under the republican government. On the 7tli of July, 1846, 
 the American navy siezed Monterey, the capital of Upper 
 California, and from that day the American authority dates. 
 On the 19th of January, 184S, the gold-mines of the Sierra 
 Nevada were discovered by James W. Marshall, an American, 
 and a month later Upper California was by treaty ceded to 
 the United States. The mines astonished the world by the 
 vast amount of their production, and within 15 months af- 
 ter their iliscovery 100,000 people had started for the new El 
 Dorado. On the 31st of March, 1849, the first ocean steamer 
 arrived at San Francisco, and from that time California had 
 regular mail communication with the Atlantic states. Low- 
 er California was forgotten; tlie only California before the 
 eyes of the world was the new land of gold, which thus 
 usurped the name which had once belonged exclusively to 
 the peninsula. The constitution of the state was signed on 
 the 30th October, 1849, and on the 9th September of the fol- 
 lowing year California was admitted into the (hiion. The 
 state sided with her sister free states during the great re- 
 bellion and (contributed both men and money to the causa 
 of freedom and national unity. 
 
 2195 
 
CAL 
 
 CAN 
 
 CALIFORITIA, a townsliip of Coffey co., Kausas. Popu- 
 lation 369. 
 
 C \LIFOB,!."IA C fTY. a post-village of Otoe CO., Nebraska, 
 C or 7 iiiiK-.s W.S.W. of Nebru^ka City. , 
 
 CALLAHAN", or COLLEIIAX, a new county of Texas, 
 situated about 160 miles N.N.W. of Austin City. Area esti- 
 iiiHtoil at 900 square miles. It is drained by the Pecan 
 Uiver and Jlubbard's Creek, both of which rise witliln its 
 limits. The census of 1860 furnishes no information re- 
 BpectiuR tills couniy. 
 
 CALLAHAN S RANCH, a post-village of Siskiyou co.. 
 Oaliforniii, -10 mil&s S. by W. of Yreka. It has 1 or 2 stores. 
 CALLAO. a thriving post-village of >Iacon co.. Missouri, 
 on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Ifailroad, 79 miles W. of 
 Hannibal, and 9 miles W. of Macon City. It contains 2 
 churclios. 4 dry-goods stores, 2 drug stores, and 1 tobacco 
 lactory. Pop. about 300; pop. of Callao township 1547. 
 ' CALLIOPK, a post-village, capital of Sioux co., Iowa, on 
 the left bank of the Sioux lliver, about 36 miles N. by \V. 
 of Sioux City. 
 
 CALMAR, a post-village and township of Winneshiek 
 CO.. Iowa. The village is on the Mcliregor Western Rail- 
 road, about 45 miles W.N.W. of McGiegur, and S or 9 miles- 
 S.S.W. of Decorah. with which it is conneutiHl by a branch 
 of the above-named railroad. Total population 877. 
 
 CALMUS, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on the rail- 
 road which connects Cedar Rapids w^ith Clinton, about 33 
 miles W. of the latter. 
 
 CALPELLA, a post-village and township of Mendocino 
 CO., (California, 6 miles N. of Ukiah. Pop. of the town- 
 ship 800. 
 
 CALUMET, a station on the Jlichigan Southern Railroad, 
 in Porter co., Indiana, 41 miles E.S.E. of Chicago. 
 
 CALUMET, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, where it connects with the Mi- 
 chigan Central Railroad, 14 miles S of Chicago. 
 
 CALUMET, a p<ist-village and townsship of Fond du Lac 
 CO., Wi.sc(m3in. The village is on the E. shore of Winnebago 
 Lake, about IJ miles X.E. of Fond du Lac. Total popiila- 
 tion, 1454. 
 
 CALVEY, a post-villaie of Franklin co., Missouri, on the 
 South West Branch of the Pacific Railroad, 43 miles S.W. 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 CaMANCHE, a village of Calaveras co., California, 22 
 miles S.W. of Mokelunine Hill. It has several stores. 
 
 CAMANO ISLAND, Washington Territory, is a part of 
 Island CO., and is separated fr^m the main land by a nar- 
 row channel communicating with Puget Sound or Admi- 
 ralty Inlet. It is about 12 miles long. 
 
 CAMARGO, a pust-vilUige of Douglas co., Illinois, about 
 22 miles S. of Urbanna. 
 
 CAMBRIA, or CAMBRA, a post-village of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 25 miles N'.E. of Danville. 
 
 C.\MBRIA, a post-village of Wayne co., Iowa, about 60 
 miles S. by E. of Des Moines. 
 
 CAMBRIA, a thriving post-village of Columbia co., Wis- 
 consin, on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, 18 miles 
 E. of P.)rtage City. It contains 4 churches. 12 stores, 1 
 flour-mill, 1 wooUen factory, 5 warehouses, and about 100 
 dwellings. Pop. about 700. 
 
 CAMBRIA MILLS, a post-village of nillsdide co , Michi- 
 gan, on Palmer Creeks aix>ut 37 miles W. by S. of Adrian. 
 
 CAMRRIDGE, a post-township of Lenawee CO., Michigan, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of Adrian, contains several small lakes. 
 Pop. 1148. 
 
 C \ MBRIDQE, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, on 
 the right bank of the Missouri River, about 50 miles in a 
 direct line E. by N. of Lexington, and 38 miles above 
 Booneville. 
 
 C.\MBRIDGE, a village of Cedar co., Iowa, about 27 miles 
 N.W. of Davenport. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a po.-t-village of Story co., Iowa, on the 
 South Skunk River, about 22 miles N. by E. of Des 
 Moines. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a post-village, capital of Isanti co., Minne- 
 sota, on Rum River, about 40 miles N. of St. Anthony. It 
 contains a United Stiites Land Office. 
 
 CAMDEN, a county in the central part of Missouri. [See 
 page 345 ] The surface presents a succession of hills and 
 fertile valleys, on which grow large forcets of oak, walnut, 
 cherry, and other trees. There is but little prairie in the 
 county. Iron and lead are found in it. The streams afford 
 abundant water-ix)wer. 
 
 C.\M))EN, a village of Lorain CO., Ohio, and a station on 
 the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, 7 miles W. of Oberlin. 
 
 CAM DEN, a post-village of Ray co., Missouri, situated on 
 the N. hank of the Missnnri River, 7 miles S.S.W. of Rich- 
 mond. (>nd 325 miles by water from .«t. Louis. It contains 
 1 church, 5 stores, 1 steam grist-mill, and 3 tobacco fsicto- 
 ries. Large qnantities of grain, hemp, and tobacco are 
 Bliippcd here in steamboats. Pop. about 800 : pop. of Cam- 
 den tc A n.-iliip, 2083, 
 
 CAMDEN, a po^t-village of Story co., Iowa, on the South 
 gkunk Bivcr, about 8 miles W.N.W. of Nevada. 
 CA.MDEN, a village in Qamden township, Carver co.. 
 
 Jlinnesota, on the S. Fork of Crow River, about 40 miles 
 W.S.W. of -Minm-apolis, and 11 miles N.E. of Glencoe. Pop. 
 of the township, UK). 
 
 C.\MDEN, a post-village of Greene co., Nebraska, about 
 75 miles W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 CAMERON, a new county in the N.W. central part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is 
 drainc-d by Sinnemahoning Creek and the Eiist Fork of 
 that stream, '1 he surface is hilly and mostly covered M'ith 
 forests. It is intei-sected by the Philadelphia and Erie Rail- 
 road. Capital, Shippen. The census of 18lX) furnishes no 
 information respecting this county. 
 
 CAMEl;ON, a post-village of Cameron co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. 5 miles S. by E. of 
 Shippen. and 68 miles W.N.W. of Ijock Haven. 
 
 C.\MERON.a township of Northumberland CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Poji. 402. 
 
 CAMERON, a station on the Winchester and Potomac 
 Railroad, in Jefferson co.. West Virginia, 14 miles \V S.W 
 of Harper's Ferry. 
 
 CAMERON, a post-village of Marshall Co., West Vivginia, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 28 miles SJf.E. of 
 Wheeling. 
 
 CAMERON, a post-village of McDonough co., Ilh'nois, on 
 the Chicago and Burlington Railroad, 8 miles ei.W. of 
 Galesbuig. 
 
 CAMERON, a post-village of Clinton co., MissouH. on the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, ito miles E. of St. .loseph. 
 
 C.VMILLA, a post-village, capital of Mitchell co., Georgia, 
 about .30 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 CA5IP. a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 1251. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a post-township of Iowa CO., Michigan, about 
 38 miles W. by N. of Lfinsing. Pop. 519. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a township of La Crosse co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River, just above the city of La Crosse. 
 Pop. 91K. 
 
 CAMPBELLSBUBG, a post-village of Washington co., 
 Indiana, on the Louisville, N-ew Albany and Chicago Rail- 
 road, 45 miles N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 CAMP DOl GLAS, a military post of Salt Lake co.,Utah, 
 3 miles E. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 C.VMPi) SECO, a post-village of Calaveras co.. California, 
 near the Mokelunine River, 12 miles S.W. of .Mokelumne 
 Hill. It contiins several .stores. .Many of the inhabitants 
 are engaged in mining gold. Pop. in 1864, about 500. 
 
 CAMP POINT, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago and Quincy Riiilroad, where it connects with 
 the Quincy and Toledo Railroad, 22 miles E.N.E. of 
 Quincy. 
 
 C.iMPTI, a post-village of Natchitoches parish. Louisiana, 
 on Red River, about 65 miles by land S.S.E. of Shrevepoit. 
 . CAMPTON, or CO.MPTON, a post-village of Wolfe CO., 
 Kentucky, about 56 miles E.S.E. of Lexington. 
 
 CAMPTON, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, about 
 50 miles W. bv N. of Dubuque. 
 
 CAM I'TONVILLE, a post-village of Yuba co., California, 
 nejir the North Yuba River, 41 miles N.E. of Marysville. 
 It contained in 1864 aliout 6 general stores. Here are 
 golilniities. Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 CAMPTOWN, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Wyalusing Creek, about 13 miles E.S.E. of Towanda. 
 
 CANA.4N. a post-village of Gasconade co., Missouri, about 
 44 miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 CANAAN, a township of Henrv CO., Iowa. Pop. 317. 
 
 CANADIAN BAR, a village of Trinity co.. California, on 
 the Trinity Uiver. about 20 miles W.N.W, of Weaverville. 
 
 CANANDAIGUA, a village of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 about 38 miles N. by W. of Detroit. 
 
 CANADENSIS, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 16 miles N. of Stroudsburg. 
 
 CANAL GULCH, a mining pl.ice of Shoshone co., Idaho, 
 adjacent to Pierce City. Here are placer gold-mines. 
 
 CANASER.4.GA, a post-village of Alleghany co.. New 
 York, on a branch of the Erie liailroad, 12 miles N.W. of 
 Ilornellsville. 
 
 CANEMAII, or CAN?EMAH, a i>ost-village of Clackamas 
 CO., Oregon, on the Willamette River, about 2 miles above 
 Oregon City. 
 
 C.\NF1EI.,D, a village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna River, about 4 miles E. of Towanda. 
 
 CANFIELD, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of 
 Chicaco. 
 
 CANFIELD, a.post-villag* of Fillmore co., Minnesota, 
 about 16 miles S.W. of Preston, and 3 miles from the state 
 of Iowa. 
 
 CANISTER, a township of Dodge co., Minnesota. Pop. 360. 
 
 CANNON, a town.--hip of Rice co., Minnesota, is inter- 
 sected by the Cannon River, and contains or adjoins Fari- 
 bault, the countv-seat. Pop. (XK). 
 
 CANNONSUUBG, a village of Carp)ll co., Ohio, about 27 
 miles S.E. of Massillon. 
 
 CANN0NSBUR6. a post-village ol Hancock co., Ohio, 
 about 12 miles S.-'^.W. of Findlay. 
 
 CANNON CITY, a post-village M Rice co., .Minnesota, 
 
CAN 
 
 CAS 
 
 idtuutccl on or noar Cannon River, abo ut 3 miles N.E. of 
 Fariliiuilt. 
 
 CANNON FALLS, a post-township of G(X)dhue CO., Min- 
 nesota, on Cannon Kiver, about 15 miles S. of Ilastings. 
 Pop. 231. 
 
 CAXO, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 266. 
 
 CANOE, a post-township of Winneshiek co., Iowa, about 
 30 niili'8 VV. of Lansing. Pop. 724. 
 
 CANON (kiin-yOn' or kan'yon) CITY, a small mining post- 
 vilhige of Trinity co., California, a few miles N. of Weaver- 
 ville.^ 
 
 CANON CITY, a village of Umatilla co., Oregon, on or 
 near the Middle fork of John Day Hiver, IHO miles S.K. of 
 tlie Dalles. It had in 1864 about 8 general stores. Tlie ad- 
 jacent hills contain gold-mines, whicli are worked with 
 success. Cop. in 18G4, from 1200 to 1500. 
 
 CASON city, a post-village of Lander co., Nevada, near 
 Reese Itivcr, about ISO miles E, of Carson City, and 12 miles 
 S. of 4u8tin. Pop. in 1864, about 200. 
 
 CANON CITY, a post-villagi^ capital of Fremont co., 
 Colorado, situated on the Arkansas River, about 100 miles 
 S. by W. of Denver. It is near the E. base of the Rocky 
 Mountains. Gold is found in the vicinity. 
 
 CANOSIA, or CANOSA, a village of St. Louis co., Minne- 
 sota, about 12 miles N.W.of Du Luth. 
 
 CANSEMAII, Oregon. See Caxkmaii. 
 
 CANTON, a post-village, capital of Van Zandt co., Te,\as, 
 about 27 miles N. of Atliens, and 27 miles E. of Kaufman. 
 
 CANTON, a post-townsliip of Wayne co., Michigan,on the 
 Cer.tral Railroad, about 20 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. 1547. 
 
 CANTON, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 906. 
 
 CANTON, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota, bor- 
 dering on the state of Iowa. Pop. 600. 
 
 CANTON, a post-ollice of Mower co., Minnesota. 
 
 CANTON, a post-village of Anderson co., Kansas, about 
 48 miles i*. of Lawrence. 
 
 CANYONVILLE, a post-village of Douglas co.. Oregon, 
 on the S. Fork of the Umpqua River, 2ti miles S. of Rose- 
 burg. It has several stores and a flouriiig-mill. Pop. of 
 Canyonville township, in 1860, 322. 
 
 CAPE AU ORIS, a post-village of Lincoln co., Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi River, 67 miles above St. Louis. 
 
 CAPE ELIZAUllTH, a township of Cumberland co., 
 Maine, on the sea-coast, about 2 miles S. of Portland, from 
 which it is separated by Portland Harbor. Pop. 3278. 
 
 CAPE ELIZABETH DKl'OT, a post-village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine, on the Portland S;ico and Portsmouth Rail- 
 road, 2 miles S. of Portland. 
 
 CAPIOMA, or CAPIOXA, a post-village of Naniaha co., 
 Kansas, about 44 miles W.N.W. of Atchison. Pop. 154. 
 
 CAPOLI, a post-village ofAUomakeo co., Iowa, on the 
 Mississippi River, a mile or two below Lansing. 
 
 CAPRON, a post-ollice of Boone co., Illinois, on the Ke- 
 nosha and Kockford Railroad, 21 miles N.E. of Rockford. 
 
 CARBON, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1512. 
 
 CARBON, a village of Macon co., Missouri, on the Han- 
 nibal and St. Joseph Railroa<l, 3 miles K. of Macon City. 
 
 CARBONDAI.E, a post-village of Jackson co., Illinois, on 
 the Central Railroad, 5.') miles S. of Centralia. 
 
 CARDIFF, a post-village of Warren co., Mississippi, on 
 tlie K. side of tlio Yazoo River, about 13 miles N. by E. of 
 Vieksburg. 
 
 CAREY, a township of Lucas co, Ohio. Pop. 753. 
 
 CAUEY (or GARY) STATION, a post-office of McIIenry 
 lo., Illinois, on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 38 
 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 CAREY'S MILLS, a post-village of Aljiine co., California, 
 75 E. of Placerville, 
 
 CARIMOXA. a post-village of Fillmore CO., Minnesota, 
 situiited in Cariniona township, about 5 miles W. of Pres- 
 ton, and 15 miles S. of Chattield. Pop. of the township, 677. 
 
 CARL, a post-township of Adams CO., Iowa, about 65 
 miles S.W. of Des Moines. Pop. 85. 
 
 CARLIN, a station on the Frelnont Lima and Union Rail- 
 road, in Seneca CO., Ohio, 11 miles S.W. of Fremont. 
 
 CARLISLE, a post-village of Eaton CO., Michigan, about 
 22 miles N. of Marshall. 
 
 CARLISLE, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, about 36 
 miles S.S.W. of Omalra City, and 10 miles S. of Platte River. 
 
 CARLTON, a county in the E.N.E. part of Minnesota, 
 containing about 860 square miles. It is drained by the St. 
 Louis and the Kettle River, the latter of which rises in it. 
 The surface is uneven and partly covered .by forests of pine 
 and sugar maple. Capital, Twin Lakes (?). Pop. 51. 
 
 C.A.RLTON, a post-township of Barry CO., Michigan, about 
 35 miles W. of Lansing. Pop. 678. 
 
 Carlton, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 354 
 
 CARI>TO.\, a post-village and township of Kewaunee co., 
 Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan, 8 miles S. of Kewaunee. 
 Ine village has 2 mills and 2 stores. Total population, 731. 
 
 flARLTON, a township of Freeborn Co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 
 tJARLYLE, a post-village of Allen co., Kansas, 3 miles 
 from the Neosho River, and about 75 miles S. of Lawrence. 
 
 C.\RNATIAN, a village of Clatsop co., Oregon, about 14 
 miles S.S.E. of Astoria. 
 
 CARPENTARIA, a village of Santa Barbara co., Califor- 
 nia, on the Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles E. by S. of Santa 
 Barbara. 
 
 CARQUINEZ, kar-kee'nes, California, a strait connecting 
 the bay of San Pablo with Sulsun Bay. It is about 1 mile 
 wide and has 16 feet of water at low tide. Benicia, situ- 
 ated on this strait, is the most eastern point which is ac- 
 cessible lor largo vessels from San Francisco, or from the sea 
 
 CARR, a township of Clark co , Indiana. Pop. 929. 
 
 CARROLL, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 about 56 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 470. 
 
 CARROLL, a post-village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania 
 about 15 miles E.S.E. of Lock Haven. 
 
 CARROLL, a township of Vermilion co., Illinois. Poo. 
 1957. 
 
 CARROLL, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 86. 
 
 CARROLLTON. a village of Saginaw co., .Alichigan, on the 
 Saginaw River, about 12 miles above Bay City. 
 
 CARRUI.LTOX, a post-village, capit;il of Carroll co., Iowa, 
 about 70 miles W.N.W of Des Moines. It is on the Middl* 
 Fork of the Racoon River. 
 
 C.4.RH0LLT0N, a town.-hip of Fillmore co., Minnesota 
 imnu'diately N.E. of Preston, the county-seat. Pop. 396. 
 
 CARRSVILLE, a post-village of Isle of Wight co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, 32 miles 
 W.S.W. of Norfolk. 
 
 CARSON, a post-village of Brown co., Kansas, about 38 
 miles N.W. of Atchison. 
 
 CARSON CITY, the capital of the State of Nevada, and 
 county-seat of Ornisby co., is situated on the E. slope or at 
 the E. base of the Sierra Nevada, about 4 miles W. of Car- 
 son River, 170 miles in a direct line (or 250 by the roadi N. 
 E. of San Francisco, and 15 miles S. by W.of Virginia City 
 Lat. 39O10'N. Lon. 119° 45' W. The site is a fertile plain 
 or pbiteau surrounded by grand and picturesque scenery 
 It contained in l.-<64,4 dry-good stores, 3 book stores, 2 drug 
 stores, 9 general stores, and a seminary for gills. One daily 
 newspjiper is published here. It has silver mines which 
 yielded in 1864 $1,994,884. Carson City was founded in 
 1858. Pop. in 1860, 714 ; in 1865, estimated at 2500. 
 
 CARSON PASS, Calilbrnia, a pass through the Sierra 
 Nevada in Alpine county, 7972 feet high. 
 
 CARSONS, a mining village of Calaveras co., California, 
 25 miles S. of Jlokelumne Hill. It has several quartz-mills 
 and stores. 
 
 CARTER, a new county in the S.E. part of Missouri, lias 
 an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Current River, which flows southward. The surface is di- 
 versified with hills and valleys, and is heavily timbered. 
 Copper and iron are found in it, also limestone. Capital, 
 Van Biiren. Pop. 12.35. 
 
 CARTER, a township of Spencer co., Indiana. Pop. 1188. 
 
 CAll'l'IIAGE, a post-village of Campbell co., Kentucky, 
 on the Ohio River about 24 miles atiove Cincinnati. 
 
 CARTH.\GE, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, about 
 6 miles E. of Iowa City. 
 
 CARTLAND, or COURTLAND, a township of Nicollet co., 
 Minnesota. Poj). 305. 
 
 CARVER, a county in the S.E. central part of Minnesota, 
 has an ana of about 375 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S.E. by the Minnesota River and also drained by the 
 S. Fork of Crow River. The surface is undulating, and the 
 soil fertile. The woodlands of this county are-more exten- 
 sive than the prairies. Among the forest trees is the sugar 
 maple. Capital, Chaska. Pop. 5106. 
 
 CARVER, a post-village of Carver co., 5Iinnesota. situ- 
 ated in a township of the same name, on the left bank of 
 the Minnesota River, about 33 miles S.W. of St. Paul. It 
 has 3 hotels and about 60 houses. Firewood is sliipped 
 here in steamboats. Pop. of township 724.' 
 
 CARY STATION, Illinois. See Carev. 
 
 CASCADE, a post-village of Pittsylvania co., Virginia, 
 about 16 miles W. of Danville. 
 
 CASCADE, a post-village and township of Kent en., 
 Michigan. The village is on the Thorn Apple River about 
 11 miles S.E. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 892. 
 
 CASCADE, a village of Adams co., Wisconsin, on Whito 
 Creek, about 32 miles N.W. of Portage City. 
 
 CASCADE, a township of Olmstead Co., Minnesota, im- 
 mediately N. of Rochester. Pop. 427. 
 
 CASCADE.-', a post-village, capital of Skamania co., Wash- 
 ington Territory, situated on tlie right bank of the Colum- 
 bia River about 50 miles W. of Dalles City, Oregon. Steam- 
 boats navigate the river as high as this point. Pop. in 
 1861, about 200. 
 
 CASCO, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 296. 
 
 CASCO, a post-township of Saint Clair co., Michigan, 
 about 33 miles N.K. of Detroit. Pop. 1084. 
 
 CASCO, a post-townshiii of Kewaunee co., Wisconsin, 
 about 14 miles E. of the town of Green Bay. Pop. 941. 
 
 CASEVILLE, a post-village of Huron Co., Michigan, on 
 Saginaw Bay at the mouth of Pigeon River, about 66 miles 
 N.E. of Saginaw City. 
 
 2197 
 
CAS 
 
 CASRYVILl^E, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 9 or 10 miles E. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 CASS, a county on the E. part of Nebraska, has an area 
 of about 570 square miles. It is bounded, partly, on the 
 N. by the Platte lliver, on the E. by the Mit^souri, and also 
 drained by the Saline, 'Weeping 'Water and other creeks. 
 The greater part of this county is undulating prairie. The 
 (roil is calcareous and fertile. The cottonwood, oak, black 
 walnut and other trees grow neai- the rivers and creeks. 
 Limestone is fonnd in several pai'ts of the county. Capital, 
 PlattsmoHth. Pop. 3369. 
 
 CASS, a township of Muskingum co , Ohio. Pop. 1191. 
 
 CASS, a township of Greene CO., Indiana. Pop. 645. 
 
 CASS, a township of Ohio co., Indiana. Pop. 873. 
 
 CASS, a township of Sullivan CO., Indiana. Pop. 1018.. 
 
 CASS, a township of 'White co^ Indiana. Pop. 443. 
 
 CASS, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 300. 
 
 CASS, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 045. 
 
 C.\SS, a township of Cedar co., Iowa. I'op. 493. 
 
 CASS, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 934. 
 
 C.\SS, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 945. 
 
 CASS, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 277. 
 
 CASS, a township "of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 112. 
 
 CASS, a township of AVapello co., Iowa. Pop. 562. 
 
 CASSEL, or CASSELL, a post-village of "Wright co., Min- 
 nesota, on the N. Fork of the Crow Kiver, about 33 miles 
 W. by N. of Minneapolis. 
 
 CASSVII/1,E, a village of Wayne co., 'West Virginia, on 
 the Big Sandy Kiver, ai)out 20 miles S. of Ceredo. 
 
 CASSVILLE, a post-village of Howard co., Indiana, on a 
 railroad 5 miles N. of Kokomo. 
 
 CASTIXE. a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, about 14 
 Tiilcs S. of Greenville. 
 
 CASTLE DOMK, a mining village of Yuma co., Arizona, 
 on the Colorado River, about 150 miles in a direct line S.W. 
 'f Pre.scott. 
 
 CASTLE GROVE, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 
 65<*. 
 
 CASTLE PEAK. California, is a peak of the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, about lat. 38° 10' N. Its altitude is estimated at 
 ] 3,000 feet. 
 
 CASTLE ROCK, a small post-village of Grant co., "Wis- 
 omsin, on Blue Kiver, about 22 miles N.W. of Mineral 
 Point. 
 
 CASTLE ROCK, a post-township of Dakota co., Minnesota, 
 about 22 miles S. of St. Paul. Pop. .399. 
 
 CASTLE ROCK, a post-village of Cowlitz co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, 13 miles N. of Monticello. It is on or near 
 the Cowlitz River. 
 
 C.VSTLETOX, a post- village of Marion co., Indiana, on 
 the Indianapolis and Peru Railroad, 11 miles N.N.E. of 
 Indianajwlis. 
 
 CASTKOVILLE, a post-village, capital of Medina co., 
 Texas, on the Medina River, about 28 miles W. by S. of 
 San Antonio. 
 
 CATARACT, a postoffice of Owen co., Indiana, on Mill 
 Creek, about :54 miles E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 C.\TAR.\CT, a post-village of Monroe CO., 'Wisconsin, on 
 Big Creek, 10 miles N. of Spartii. It has 2 mills, and about 
 60 dwellings. Pop. about 300. 
 
 CATAWB.^.a post-village of Pendleton co., Kentucky, 
 on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 3b miles S.S.E. of Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 CATAWBA, a post-village of Clark co., Ohio, 11 or 12 
 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 CATAWBA STATION, a post-office of Catawba co.. North 
 Carolina, on a railroad, 38 miles W. of Salisbury. 
 
 CAT.A.W1SSA, a post-village of Franklin co., Missouri, 
 on the South West Branch of the Pacific Railroad, 41 miles 
 S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 CATHEDRAL PKAK, California, a peak of the Sierra 
 NevadH, in the X.E. part of Mariposa co. 
 
 CATHLAPOOTLE, a river of Washington Territory, is 
 fonned by the North and South Forks, which rise in Skami- 
 ania co., flow westward through Clark co., and unite about 
 6 miles E. of St. Helens. The main stream enters the 
 '^iluuibi I River, about 3 miles from the junction of its 
 forks. 
 
 C.^TLETT, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia, on the 
 Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 11 miles S.W. of Manassas 
 Junction. 
 
 CATLIN, a ])ost-village of Parke co., Indiana, about 25 
 miles N..N.E. ol Terre Haute. 
 
 CATLIN, a post-village in Catlin township, Vermilion 
 CO., Illinois, on the Great Western Railroad, 7 miles W S.W. 
 of Danville. Pop. of township 1793. 
 
 CATO, a i>08t-town>(hip of Montcalm CO., Michigan, about 
 65 mil. s N.W. of Lansing. Pop. 191. 
 
 CATO, a township of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin. It con- 
 talus the villages of Harrington and Lyonsville. Pop. 
 
 CATOOS.V, a new county in the N.W. part of Georgia 
 bordering on Tenne.s8ee, bis an area estimated at 17;) stiuare 
 miles. It i.H drained by Chickamauga Creek- The surface 
 
 CEN 
 
 is hill,v and partly covered by forests. It is intersected by 
 the Western and Atlantic Railroad. Capital, Ringgold. 
 Population 5082. 
 
 CAVE CITY, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky, on 
 the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 85 miles S. of Louia- 
 ville, and aliont 6 miles from the Mammoth Cave. 
 
 .CAVE CITY, a village of Calaveras co., California, about 
 12 miles E. of San Andreas. Here is a remarkable cave. 
 
 COYOTE CHEEK. Calaveras co., California, is an affluent 
 of the Stanislaus River. It has two natural bridges over 
 it, which attract many visitors. 
 
 CAYUGA, a post-office of Livingston co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of 
 Pontiac. 
 
 CAZENOVIA, or GASNOVIA, a post-village and township 
 of Muskegon co., Michigan, about 22 miles N.N.W. of Grand 
 Rapids. Pop. 604. 
 
 CAZENOVIA, a township of Woodford co., Illinois. 
 Population 954. 
 
 CAZENOVIA, a post-village of Richland co., Wisconsin, 
 on Little Baraboo River, aViout 40 miles W. of Portage City. 
 It has 2 stores, 1 mill, and 12 dwellings. 
 
 CECILVILLE, a mining village of Klamath co., Cali- 
 fornia, about 20 miles S.E. of Orleans Bar. 
 
 CEDAR, a [county in the N.E. past of Nebraska, border- 
 ing on Dakota, has an area of about 650 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. by the Missouri River and also 
 drained by the Big Row, and other creeks. The surface is 
 diversified : the soil is productive. Pop. 246. 
 CED.^K, a township of Knox co , Illinois. Pop. 790. 
 CED.\R, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 567. 
 CEDAK, a township of Black Hawk co , Iowa. Pop. 311. 
 CEDAR, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 125. 
 CED.\K, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 866. 
 CEDAK, a township of Johnson co., Iowa Pop. 789. 
 CEDAR, a township of Lee co., Iowa. Pop. 977. 
 CEDAR, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 600. 
 CEDAK, a townshij) of Mahaska cti., Iowa. I'op. 919. 
 CEDAR, a township of Jlitchell co , Iowa. Pop. 320. 
 CEDAK, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 565. 
 CEDAK, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 413. 
 CEDAR, a township of Van Buren co., Iowa. Pop. 950. 
 CED.\I!, a township of Washington co., Iowa. Pop. 772. 
 CEDAR CITY, a post-village of Iron co., Utah, 18 miles 
 S.AV. of Parcvan. Pop. said to be 300. 
 
 CEDAR CREEK, in the N. part of Virginia, rises in the 
 W. part of Shenandoah co. It enters the North Fork of 
 the Shenandoah about 4 miles below Strasburg. Here Gen. 
 Sheridan gained a great victorv over Earlv, Oct. 19, 1864. 
 
 CEDAR FALLS, a pos^vi'llage of Black Hawk co., 
 Iowa, situated on Cedar River, and on the Dubuque and 
 Sioux City Railroad, 100 miles W. of Dubuque, and about 
 100 miles N.E. of Des Moines. It contains 2 banks, 4 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 Union school-house, 3 flonr- 
 ing-mills, 3 saw mills, and a sash and door factory. The 
 river, which is here crossed by a bridge, affords abundant 
 water-power. I'op. in 1860. 1503 ; in 1865, about SOOO. 
 
 CEDAIt ISLAND, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, 
 on the S. bank of the Platte River, 5 or 6 miles WJJ.W. of 
 the village of Plattsmouth. 
 
 CEDAR LAKE, a post-township of Scott co., Minnesota, 
 about 30 miles S.S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. 132. 
 CEDAR POINT, a post-office of Chase co., Kansas. 
 CED.\R RAPIDS, a i^ost-village of Linn co., Iowa, on 
 the Cedar Kiver, and on the Cedar Rajiids and Missouri 
 River Railroad, about 80 miles W.S.W. of Dubuque, and 6 
 niiles S.W. of Marion. It has direct railroad communica- 
 tion witli Chicago, 219 miles distant. Another railroad is 
 nearlj- completed from Dubuque to this i)lace. It contains 
 1 or 2 national banks, and several churclies and Cictories. 
 Pop. in 1860, 1830. 
 
 CEDARTuWN, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Georgia, 
 situated about 22 miles S. by W. of Rome. 
 
 CEDAR VALUiY, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, 40 
 miles W.N.W. of Prove. 
 
 CED.\RA'ILLE, a village of Allen co., Indiana, on St. 
 Joseph's Kiver, about 11 miles N.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 CEDARVILLE. a post-village of El Dorado co., California, 
 on the j^outh Fork of the Cosuinne River, 24 miles S.S.E. 
 of Placerville. Pop in 1863. about 100. 
 
 CEDARVILLE, a post-village of Chehalis co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, about 30 miles S.E. of Montesano. 
 
 CELILO, a village of Wasco CO.. Oregon, on the Columbia 
 River, 14 miles E.N.E. of the Dalles, wiih which it is con- 
 nected by a railroad. It has a steamboi't-landing, and a 
 largo railroad warehouse of the Oregon Steam Navigation 
 Company. 
 
 CELINA, a post-village of Jackson co., Tennesse-e, on the 
 Cumberland River, about 82 miles E.N.E. of Nashville. 
 
 CENTRAL, a post-office of Linn oo., Oregon on the Soiifh 
 Fork of the Santiiim River, alx'ut 10 miles S.E. of Albany. 
 CENTRAL CITY, a post-vill.tge of Marim co., Illinois, 
 on the Central Railroad, about 2 miles N. of Centialia. 
 CKNTRAL CITV,asm:illviIla-e of Anderson CO., Kansas. 
 CENTRAL CITY, a post-village of Nemalji co., Kansasi 
 
CEN 
 
 cnA 
 
 on or near the Nemaha River, about 66 miles N. by W. of 
 Toi'ekii. 
 
 CENTRAL CITY, a post-village of Burt co., Nebraska, 
 on tlie Missouri River, about 50 miles by land N. by W. of 
 Omaha Citv. It has a good landing on a rock-bound shore. 
 Pop. in ISiio, 11. 
 
 CENTRA!. CITY, formerly Mountain City, a post-town, 
 capital of (iilpiu co., Colorado, is situated in the midst of 
 the Rocky Mountains, about 35 miles W. by N. of Denver. 
 It is the commercial centre of the Gregory gold mines. It 
 contains many line stone and brick buildings, 3 churches, 
 and 3 banking offices. One daily and 1 weekly newspaper is 
 issued here. It has a number of quartz-mills. The in- 
 habifcmts import everything they use ciioept gold-<lust. 
 The first house was built here in 1859. Pop. in 1?60, 840 ; 
 in ISGo, estimated at .5000. 
 
 CENTRA L HOUSE, a post-village of Butte co., California, 
 12 miles S. of Oroville. 
 
 CENTR ALIA, a post-town of Marion co., Illinois, situated 
 on tlie C< iitr.al Itailroad, at the junction of the Chicago 
 Branch with the Main Line, 2.J3 miles S.S.W. of Chicago, 
 112 miles N. of Cairo, and about 05 miles E. by S. of St. 
 Louis. It contains 5 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 nar 
 tional bank, and several public schools; also, m.ichine-shops 
 and repair shops of the Central Railroatl Company. It is 
 reported to be improving. Pop. in ISGo, about 2600. 
 
 CENTRALIA, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, on the 
 North Missouri Railroad, 121 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. . 
 
 CENTRALIA, a post-township of Wood CO., Wisconsin, 
 on the Wisconsin River, about 4 miles below Grand Rapids. 
 Pop. 4S4. 
 
 CENTRALIA, a post-office of Nemaha co.. Kansas. 
 
 CENTRAL POINT, a post-village of Ooo.lhuo co., Minne- 
 ■■ota, on Luke Pepin, an expansion of the Mississippi River, 
 about 15 miles below Red Wing. It haa 2 stefun saw-mills. 
 
 CENTR l"], a township of Camden co.. New Jersey. Popu- 
 lation 1305. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Noble co., Ohio, contains S;irahs- 
 ville. Pop. 1S52. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Boone co., Indiana, contains or 
 adjoins Lebanon, tlio countj'-seat. Pop. 1^55. • 
 
 CENTRH, a township of Deiirborn co., Indiana. Pop. 
 836. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 1766. 
 
 CENTRE, a post-township of Howard co., Indiana, con- 
 tains Kokorao, the county-seat. Total population 20.'$4. 
 
 CENTRIO, a township of Marshall Co., Indiana. Pop., in- 
 cluding I'lymouth, the county-seat, 2959. 
 
 CENTR K, a township of Posey CO., Indiana. Pop. 800. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 1279. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Stark CO., Indiana. Pop. 241. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Union CO., Indiana. Pop., in- 
 cluding Liberty, the county-seat. 1881. 
 
 CENTRE, a townsliip of Vanderbnrg co., Indiana, about 
 2 tniles N. of Evansville. Pop. 1359. 
 
 CENTItE, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 1153. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of AUomakee co., Iowa. Pop. 620. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 509. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Cedar co., Iowa, contains Tipton, 
 the county-seat. Pop. 1816. 
 
 CENTllE, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 755. 
 
 CiONTRE, a townsliip of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 1219. 
 
 CENTRK, a townshig of Dubuque CO., Iowa. Pop. 1109. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Fayetto co., Iowa. Pop. 213. 
 
 CENTKE, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 458. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Henry co., Iowa, contains Mount 
 Pleasant, the county-seat. Pop. 1706. 
 
 CENTK E, a township of Madison Co., Iowa.. Pop. 2269. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Pop. 866. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Outagamie co., Wisconsin. Popu- 
 lation 384. 
 
 CENTRE, a township of Atchison co., Kansas. Pop. 848. 
 
 CENTKE, a township of Doniphan co., Kansas. Popu- 
 lation 1343. 
 
 CENTRETON, a post-village of Morg.an co., Indiana, about 
 25 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 27 miles N. of Pliiladelpliiiu Here is Buckingham 
 post-office. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village, capital of Leon co., Texas, 
 about 48 miles N.N.W'. of Huntsville. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Morgan co., Ohio, about 20 
 miles NN.W. of Marietta. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a township of Leelenaw co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 651. 
 
 CENTIIEVILLE, a village of Jennings co., Indiana, about 
 22 miles N.W. of Madison. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village, capital of Reynolds Co., 
 Missouri, on the W. Fork of Black River, about 40 miles S. 
 by W. of Poto.si. 
 
 CENTll K VI LLE, a township of Manitowoc CO., Wisconsin, 
 on Lake Michigan. Pop. 1131. 
 
 CENTIIEVILLE, a village of Saint Croix co., Wisconsin, 
 15 miles S.E. of Hudson. It hius 1 flour-mill. Pop. 150. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of Anoka co., Minnesota, in 
 
 Contreville township, about 16 miles N. by E. of Saint Paul 
 Pop. of the township 351. 
 
 CENTREVILLIO, a village of Stearns CO., Minnesota, 
 about 17 miles S.S.W. of .Saint Cloud. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-township of Linn co., Kansa» 
 Pop. f«6. 
 
 C ENTREVILLE, a post-village of Alameda co,, California, 
 about 32 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco, and 15 miles S.E. of 
 Sail Leandro. Pop. in lf>64, about 250. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a village of El Dorado co., California. 
 See Pilot Hill. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Davis co., Utah, 12 
 miles N. of Salt Lake City. Pop. about 300. 
 
 CENTREVILLE, a mining village of Boiseo CO., Idaho, on 
 Grimes Creek, about 8 miles N. or N.W. of Idaho City. It 
 is situated in the Boi>eo Basin, in the midst of rich placer 
 gold mines. Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 CENTKOPOLIS, a townsliip and village of Franklin Co., 
 Kansas, about 40 miles S.S.\V. of Lawrence. Pop. 737. 
 
 CERALVO, a post-village of Carroll co., Mississippi, about 
 80 miles W. by S. of Columbus. 
 
 CERE'OO, a post-village of Wayne co.. West Virginia, 
 situated on the Ohio River about 2 miles above the nioutli 
 of the Big Sandy, 150 miles above Cincinnati, and 12 miles 
 S.S.E. of Iron ton, Ohio. It was settled by emigrants from 
 New England. It contained in 18ti0, 1 churcli, 1 nijwspaper 
 office, 1 manufactory of ghiss bottles, 1 of friction malclies, 
 and 1 of carriages. Pop. about 600. Iron and stone coal 
 abound here. 
 
 CERES, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, about 5 miles 
 W. of the Mississippi River and 16 miles S. of McGregor. 
 
 CERESCO, or CRESCO, a township of Blue Earth co., 
 Minnesota. Pop. 230. 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a post-village of Piatt co., lUinois. on 
 the Great Western Railroad, uO miles E. of Springfield. 
 Pop. of Corro Gordo township 5;i3. 
 
 CHALMERS, a post-village of White Co., Indiana, on the 
 New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 17 miles N. of Lafayette. 
 
 CHALMERS, a township of McDonough co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1046. 
 
 CHAMBERS, a new county in the S.E. part of Texas, 
 bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay. It is 
 intersected by Trinity River, which eutera Galveston Bay 
 in this county. Pop. 150s. 
 
 CHAMBERSBURG, or CHAMBERSVILLE, a post-village 
 of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. olliiihana. 
 
 CHAMBEliSBURG, a fractional post-towusliip of Pike 
 CO., Illinois, on the Illinois River, 56 miles W. of Spring- 
 field. Pop. 603. 
 
 CHAMIJIS, a post-village of O-sage co., Missouri, on the 
 S. bank of the Missouri River, and on the Pacific Railroad, 
 lOU miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, a thriving post-village of Champaign co., 
 Illinois, on the Chicago Brunch of the Central Railroud, 128 
 miles S.S.W. of (Chicago, and 2 miles W. of Urbana. It con- 
 tains a churches, 1 national bank, and 1 newspaper office, 
 and has a horse railroad to Urbana. Pop. in 1860, 1727 ; in 
 1805, about 3300. 
 
 CHAMPION HILLS, a locality in Hinds co., Mississippi, 
 W. of Jackson. At this place General Grant defeated Gene- 
 ral Pemberton, on the Kith of May, 1863. 
 
 CHAMl'LIN, a post-village and fractional township of 
 Hennepin co., Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, nearly 
 opposite .\uoka, and about lb miles above St. Anthonv. 
 Pup. 198. 
 
 CIIAMPOAG, a post- village and township of Marion co., 
 Oregon. The village is on the Willamette River, 25 miles 
 N. by E. of Salem. Total population 398. 
 
 CHANCEFORD, a post-villiigeof York co., Pennsylvania, 
 in Chanceford township, aljout 10 miles S.E. of Yoik. 
 
 CHAXDALLEIl, a po.-'t-viUage of Keokuk co., Iowa, about 
 28 miles S.W. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 CHANIIASSON, or CHANHASSAN, a post-village and 
 township ol Carver CO., Minnesota. Tlie village is about 28 
 miles W. by S. of Saint Paul. Tlie trjwnship is within a 
 mile of the Minnesota River. Pop. 566. 
 
 CHANTILLY, a post-village of Fairfax co., Virginia, 
 about 20 miles W. of \Va8hington. 
 
 CHAPEL IIILL, a post-village of Lafayette CO., Missouri, 
 about 25 miles S.S.W. of Lexington. 
 
 CHAPIN, a post-village of Franklin co., Iowa, about 100 
 miles N. by E. of Des Moines. 
 
 CIIAPPARAL IIILL. a village of Butte co., California, 
 about 40 miles N. of Oroville. 
 
 CHARITON, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 567. 
 
 CU.4.RIT0N, a post-village, capital of Lucas co., Iowa, on 
 or near the Chariton River, about 48 miles S.S.E. of Des 
 Moines. It is situated in a fertile country, on the Burliug- 
 ton and Miss<iuri River Railroad. Pop. in 1860, 1199. 
 
 CHARLES CITY, a post-village, capitiil of Floyd CO., 
 Iowa, on Cedar River, 150 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque, and 
 30 miles N. by W. of Waverly. It contains a court-house, 4 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and several mills The sur- 
 roumling country is a fertile rolling prairie. The river 
 affords a valuable water-power. Pop. about 050. 
 
 2199 
 
CIIA 
 
 .HABLESTON, a village of Doniphan co., Kansas, on 
 ^t' Missouri Kiver, about 12 miles NAV. of St. Joseph, Mis- 
 souri. „ ,., 
 
 CII.ARLESTOX, a post-village of Yolo CO., California, on 
 the Sacramento Uiver, 10 miles X.E. of Woodland. It lias 
 1 or - stores. 
 
 CUAULESTOWN, or CHARLESTON, a post-village and 
 township of Calumet co., Wisconsin. The township is im- 
 m'^diatelv E. Of Chilton. Pop. 932. 
 
 OHAKLEVOIX. a post-village and township of Emmet 
 CO., Michigan. The village is on Gretne Kiver, about 2 
 miles from Lake Michigan, and about aO miles N.N.E. of 
 Grand Traverse City. Pop. 176. 
 
 CllAliLOTTE, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, about 
 17 miles W.N.W. of Ljons. 
 
 CHARLTON, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, border- 
 ing on Florida, has an area estimated at 1000 square miles. 
 It is partly bounded on the E. by the Siitilla and .^aint 
 Mary's Rivers. The surface is level and the soil sandy. 
 Pop. 1780. 
 
 CHASE, a county in the E. central part of Kansas, has 
 an area of 570 square miles. It is intersected by the Cotton- 
 wood River, and also drained by the Neosho. The surface 
 is undulating; the soil is fertile and adapted to the raising 
 of stock. Tlie streiims are bordered with groves of decidu- 
 ous trees. CapitiU, Cottonwood Falls. Pop. S0<. 
 
 CHASE, a township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Trempealeau CO.. Wisconsin. 
 
 CllASEVlLLE, a post-village of Otsego co., New York, 
 aliout 10 miles S.S.E. of Cooperstown. 
 
 CHASKA, a post-village, capital of Carver co., Minnesota, 
 on the left bank of the Minnesota River, navigable by 
 steamboats, aliout 22 miles !«.W. of Minneapolis, and 4 
 miles above Shakopee. Pop. in 1860, 552. 
 
 CHATFIELD, a post-township of Crawford co., Ohio, 
 about 8 niile<» N. by E. of liucyrus. Pop. 1430. 
 
 CHATFIELD, a postrvillage of Fillmore co., Minnesota, 
 in Chatfield township, and on Root River Valley Railroad, 
 about 22 miles S.E. of Rochester, and 30 miles in a direct 
 line from the Mississippi River at Winona. It contains 
 several churches, 1 bank, and an academy, incorporated 
 about 1855. Root River passes through the township. 
 Pop. of township in 1S60, 1327 ; of the village in 1865, esti- 
 , mated at 1000. 
 
 CHATHAM, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, about 9 
 miles N.N.W. of Newark. 
 
 CH.\TUAM, a post-village of Buchanan co., Iowa, near 
 the Wapsipinicon Kiver, about 24 miles E. of Cedar Falls. 
 CH.VrU.^M, a post-olHce of Wright co., Minnesota. 
 CHATSWOilTlI, a ixist-village and township of Living- 
 Eton CO., Illinois, on the Toledo Peoria and Warsaw Rail- 
 road, 71 miles E. of Peoria. Pop. 310. 
 
 CHATTAHOOCHEE, a county in the W. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 250 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the ^y. by the Cliattahoochee River, and 
 on the N.W. by the Upatoi Creek. The surface is some- 
 what diversified. Capital, Cusseta. Pop. 5797. 
 
 CHATTANOOGA, a post-village of Dallas Co., Iowa, near 
 Bacoon River, about 25 miles W. of Des Moines. 
 
 CHEATHAM, a county in the N.W. part of Middle Ten- 
 nessee, has an area estimated at 350 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Cumberland River and also drained by 
 Uarpeth River. The surface is undulating. This county is 
 traversed by the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad. 
 Pop. 7258, of whom 1SS2 were slaves. 
 
 CHEBANSE, a post-village and township of Iroquois CO., 
 Illinois. The village is on the Central Railroad, 64 miles S. 
 by W. of Chicago. ToUil population, 974. 
 
 CHECAUQUA, a village or station of Henry co., Iowa, 
 on the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, 7 miles W. 
 of Mount Pleasant. 
 
 CUElIAbEM VALLEY, a township or precinct in the 
 N.E. part of Yam Hill county, Oregon, on the Chehalem 
 Creek. Pop. 3b7. 
 
 CIIEHA'LIS, a river of Washington Tenitory, rises in 
 Lewis county on the E. side of the Coast Riinge, flows 
 through Chehalis county and enters Gray's Harlior. Its 
 general direction is W.N.W. It is i^ of a mile wide at its 
 mouth. Length about 125 miles. The valley of this river 
 Is extensive and fertile. 
 
 CHEHALIS, a county in the W.part of Washington Ter- 
 ritory, bordering on the Pacific Ocean. Area estimated at 
 1550 square miles. It is intersected by the Chehalis River 
 and also drained by the Siitsop, Hoquium, North, Wynou- 
 chee and Wliishkah Rivers. The surface is diversified by 
 hills and ftrlile valleys. It is heavily woo«led with the fir 
 cedar, spruce, hemlock, maple, ash, &c. The bottom lands 
 are very fertile. Capital, Moiitesano. Pop. 285. 
 
 CHEHALI.S. ft iK)st-village of Chehalis co., Washington 
 Territory, on the Pai^ific Ocean and on the S. side of Gray's 
 Harlior, 32 miles \V. by S. of Montesano. 
 
 CHELSEA, a post-villiige, capital of Butler co., Kansas 
 on ^^ alnut Creek about 48 miles S.W. of Emporia. 
 
 CHELTENHAM, a jiost-village of St. Louis co., Missouri 
 on the I'aiifl.i liailroud b miles VV. of St. Louis 
 22U0 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHENGWATANA, a village, capital of Pine co.. Minne- 
 sota, on Snake River, about 70 miles N. of Saint Paul. Pop. 
 92. 
 
 CHENOA, a post-village of McLean co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago and Saint Ix)uis Railroad, where it is crossed by 
 the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw Railroad, 49 miles E. of 
 Peoria. Pop. of Cheiioa townsliip, 545. 
 
 CHEQUEST, or CHEQUISH, a township in the W. part 
 of Van Buren co., Iowa. Pop. 800. 
 
 CHEROK KE, a new county in the S.E. part of Kansfus, bor- 
 dering; on Missouri. It is not noticed in the census of 1860. 
 CHEKOKEE, a jjost-villiige, capitid of Cherokee co., Iowa, 
 on the Little Sioux River, 50 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of 
 Sioux Cit}'. 
 
 CHEROKEE, a post-village of Butte co., California, on 
 the N. Fork of Feather liiver, 10 miles N. of Oroville. It 
 has 4 stores. Pop. in 1864 aliout 350. 
 
 CHEKOKEE, or P.\TTERSON, a mining village of Ne- 
 vada CO., California, near the Middle Yuba River 12 miles 
 N. of Nevada City. Here is a post-office named Patterson. 
 Pop. estimated at 500. 
 
 CHERRY GROVE, a township of Goodhue co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 32S. 
 
 CHERRY HILL, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1768. 
 
 CIIE.-^HIRE, a post-township of Allegan co., Michigan, 
 
 about 21 miles W.N.W. of Kalamazoo. Pop. 676. 
 
 CHESNOT, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. 1268. 
 
 CHESSANING, or CHISSANINQ, a post-village and 
 
 township of Saginaw co., Michigan, on the Shiawassee 
 
 River, about 45 miles N.E. of Lansing. Pop. 538. 
 
 CHEST, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 617. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village of Chesterfield co., Virginia, on 
 the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, 13 miles S. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 CHESTER, a village and township of Howard co., Iowa, 
 on the line between Iowa and Minnesota. Pop. 153. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-township of Dodge co., Wisconsin, on 
 Lake Horiconand on the Horicon Branch of the Milwaukee 
 and Saint Paul Railroad. Part of the large village of Wau- 
 pun is included in this township. Totiil population, 1803. 
 
 CHESTER, a townshil) of Wabasha co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 333. 
 
 CHESTER, a post-village of Ijincaster co., Neliraska, on 
 Saline Creek, about 62 miles S.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 CHESTEKFIELD, a post-village of Madison co.. Indiana, 
 on White River and on the Bellefontaine Railway Line, 41 
 miles N.K. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CHESTER STATION, a post-oflHce of Chester township, 
 Dodge CO., AVisconsin. on the Chicago and Northwestern 
 Riiilroad, 17 miles S.W. of Fond du Lac. 
 
 CHETCO. or CHETCOE, a post-village of CuiTy co., 
 Oregon, on Chetco River, about 1 mile from the ocean, and 
 40 miles S. of Ellensburg. Pop. 80. 
 
 CHEWTOWN, a village of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Beaver River, about 10 miles S. of Newcastle. 
 
 CHEYENNE, a post-village of Dodge co., Nebraska, on 
 the right bank of the Platte River about 36 miles W.N.W. 
 of Omaha City. 
 
 CHICAGO, a post-village of Marion co., Kentucky, on the 
 Lebanon Branch Railroad, 55 miles S.S.E. of Louisville. 
 CHICAGO [continued from page 4^]. 
 The trade in hides is very large. In 185S, there were re- 
 ceived 11,606,997 lbs. ; and in 1864 the receipts had increased 
 to -20,052,235 lbs. of hides. 
 
 As a whiskey market Chicago now ranks higher than any 
 other in the West. In 1853 the receipts amounted to 8,4^7 
 barrels ; and in 1863 the trade had increased to 137,947 bbls. 
 In 1864 the receipts were 102,032 barrels. 
 
 The city is provided with water from the lake ; but owing . 
 to the fact that the water close to the shore is polluted by 
 the filth which runs out of the river, a tunnel has been cut 
 under the bed of the lake, extending two miles from the 
 shore, so as to supply the city with pure water. This tunnel 
 is now (1865) nearly eonii)loted. It is 5 feet in diameter, is 
 cut 38 feet below the bed of the lake, with a dip landward 
 of 4 feet. A shaft is sunk at the shore, 87 feet deep, and an 
 iron shaft, 9 feet in diameter, will be sunk in the lake at the 
 extreme f nd of the tunnel, with an immense crib around it, 
 of heavy timbers. This is one of the greatest pieces of en- 
 gineering known in the West. The contract for the entire 
 work was let at $315,139, but it will probably cost more be- 
 fore it is finished. 
 
 At present much time is lost by the public in waiting at 
 the bridges across the river, for vessels to pass, and a con- 
 tract has been let to cut a tunnel under the river, at Wash- 
 ington street. The price at which it was let was .S200,000, 
 and the work will be finished within a year. If this tunnel 
 is a success, more will be cut, and the use of bridges will 
 be abandoned. 
 
 Chicago has 17 public schools and a High School , tne at- 
 tendance at which ranges from 700 up to 2000. Th»>T are 
 considered the best in the West; so much are they ].iiznd. 
 that it is a difficult niattei to sustain a private schoul Tn* 
 
CHI 
 
 University of Chicago is situated in Cottage Grove, just on 
 the outskirts of the city. It is uikIlt tlie ausijices of tlio 
 Baptist Jenoinination, and is in a flourisliing condition. 
 Besides tlie usual collegiate course, it has a law-school at- 
 tached, wliich is a valuable auxiliary to law-students. 
 
 The Northwestern University, at Kvanston (9 miles N.of 
 Chicago, on the lake shore), is under the care of the Meth- 
 odists, and is also in a flourishing- condition. 
 
 The Chicago Board of Trade is an association of merchants, 
 numbering ISOO momliers, who meet daily on 'change and 
 transact business. This is perliaps the most importjint 
 commercial association W. of New York city. Besides oc- 
 cupying a prominent position Jis a commercial body, the 
 Board of Trade has ever been foremost in aiding the Gov- 
 ernment with both money and men. During thie progress 
 of the rebellion, this institution recruited and raisetl i regi- 
 ments of infantry and a battery of artillery, at its own 
 expense.. The Boiird of Trade has a history of which its 
 members and the citizens generally are proud. It has just 
 completed a new building, called the ''Chamber of Com- 
 merce," the dimensions of whicli are 93 by 181 feet, and 100 
 feet high. It is built of Athens stone, and cost about 
 $400,000. It is one of the finest buildings in the West. 
 
 CmCA(iO, a post-office of Uouglas co., Nebraska. 
 
 CHICllKSTEU, a village of Muskegon co., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles K. of Muskegon. 
 
 CHTCKAMAUGA, or CUICAMAUGA, a post-office of 
 Ilaniiltou co , Tennessee, and a station on the Chattanooga 
 and Atlanta Railroad, 8 miles K.N.K. of Chattanooga. A 
 severe action, but without decisive results, was fought near 
 this place between the federal troops, commanded by Gen. 
 Kosecrans, and the rebels under Gen. Bragg, on the I9th 
 and 20th of Seiitemlier, 1S6.3. 
 
 CIIICKAMING, a post-township of Berrien co., Michigan, 
 on Liike Michigan, about 15 miles N.K. of Michigan City. 
 Pop. 311. 
 
 CHICKASAW, a township of Chickasaw co., Iowa. P. 589. 
 
 CHICO, chee'ko, a creek of Butte co., California, rises in 
 the N. part, (lows S.W. and enters tlie Siicramento Kiver. 
 
 CIIICO, a thriving post-village and township of Butte co., 
 California, on Chico Creek, miles E. of the Sacramento 
 River. The village is 25 miles N.W. of Oroville. It con- 
 tains 2 di'ug stores, several other stores, 1 flouring-mill, 2 
 schools, &c. It is in a rich farming country, i'irst settled 
 in 1861. Pop. 1071; jKipulation of township in 1860, 1-182. 
 
 CHILUOWEE, or CIIILOWEE, a post-village of Blount 
 CO., Tennessee, on the Little Tennessee lUver, about 30 miles 
 S. by W. of Knoxville. 
 
 ClIILl, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, on Eel River, 
 about 9 miles N.N.K. of Peru. 
 
 Cllllil, a post-village and township of Hancock co., Illi- 
 nois, about 30 miles N.E. of Quincy. Pop. 1028. 
 
 CHILI, a post-village of Calaveras co., California, 4 
 miles S. of Mokelumne Hill. It has several stores. Pop. 
 about 250. 
 
 CHILTON, a township of Calumet co., Wisconsin, is 
 about 3 miles E. of Lfike Winnebago, and contains Chilton, 
 the connty-seat. Pop. 1125. 
 
 CHILTON, a post-village, capital of Calumet co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Manitowoc River, about -4 miles N.E. of Kond 
 du Lao and 20 miles E.of Oshkosh. It has extensive water- 
 power and is situated in a rich farming country. Pop. in 
 1864, about 400. 
 
 CHILTONSVII.LE, a small village, capital of Shannon 
 CO., Missouri, about 00 miles S.W. of Ironton. 
 
 CHINESE CA.MP, a post-village of Tuolumne CO., Cali- 
 fornia, 10 miles S. of Sonora. It has about 5 stores. Gold 
 is found in the vicinity. Pop. about 560. 
 
 CHIPI'EWW, a township of Isabella Co.. Michigan. P. 127.' 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a village of Chisago cq., Minnesota, about 2 
 niles W. of St. Croix Kiver, and 55 miles N. by E. of St. 
 Paul. 
 
 CHIPPEWA, a county in the N.E. part of Dakota, bor- 
 dering on Minnesota. It is bounded on the E. by the Red 
 River of the Norih, and drained liy the Shyenne and Goose 
 .Uivers. The surface is nearly level. 
 
 CllIPPEAVA CITY, a post-village of Chippewa co.. Wis-- 
 consin, on the Chippewa River, about 90 miles N. of La 
 Crosse. It has 1 saw-mill and about 50 dwellings. 
 
 CHISAGO, or CHISAGO CITY, a post-village of Chisago 
 >D., Minnesota, situated on a small lake about 33 miles N. 
 N.E. of Saint Paul. 
 
 CHISAGO LAKE, a post-township of Chisago co., Min- 
 nesota, about 24 miles N. of Stillwater and 5 miles W. of 
 Taylor's Falls. Pop. 347. 
 
 CHOCOLAY, a township in the E. part of Marquette co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 213. 
 
 CHOCONUT, a post-villago and township of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 14 miles S.W. of Binghamton. Pop. 
 866. 
 
 CIIOLOOK, Califqrnia. See Yosemite F.ti.i.s. 
 
 CHRISTIAN, a new county in the S.W. part of Missouri, 
 has an area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by 
 Tames River, Swan Creek and other streams. The surface 
 il nadulating or hilly. The soil of the valley is fertile. 
 
 CIN 
 
 Iron, copper and lead are found here, The county Is well 
 supplii'd with timber. Organized in 1859. Capital, Ozark. 
 Pop. .5491. 
 
 CHRISTIANA, a post-office of Tennessee, near the Una 
 between Rutherford and Bedford counties, and on the Nash 
 ville and Chattanooga Railroad, 42 miles S.K. of Na.shville. 
 
 CIIRISTI.4.NA, a township of A'ernon co., Wisconsin, 8 
 miles N. of Viroqua. Pop. 675. 
 
 CHRISTIANA, a post-village of Dakota co., Minnesota, 
 30 miles S. of Minneai)olis and 22 miles N. of Pivribault. 
 
 CHRISTINA, a small village of Dane co., Wisconsin, 17 
 miles W. of Matlison. 
 
 CHULA DKPOT, a post-office of Amelia CO., "Virginia, on 
 the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 30 miles W.S.W. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 CHULASKY, a post-villageof Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad, 3 
 miles W. of Danville. 
 
 CHURCHILL, a county in the W. central part of Ne- 
 vada, has an area estimated above 8000 square miles. The 
 western part is traversed by Carson River. The surface is 
 mountainous; the soil is generally sterile, or unproductive 
 without irrigation. The streams are small, and are ab 
 Borbed by the sauces of the desert. The county contains 
 silver-mines. In 1S63 a large deposit of good salt wiis founa 
 in the N.E. part. The census of 1860 furnishes no informa 
 tion respectiu'.; this county. 
 
 CHURCHILL, FORT. See Foet Chdrchill. 
 
 CHURNTOWN, a post-village of Shasta co., California, T 
 miles N.K. of Shasta. 
 
 CHURUBUSCO, a post-village of Whitley co., Indiana, 
 about 16 miles N.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 CICKRO, a township of Tipton Co., Indiana, contains Tip- 
 ton, the county-seat. Pop. 2215., 
 
 CICEUO, a township of Cook co., Illinois, .about 3 miles 
 W. of Chicago. Pop. 1272. 
 
 CINCINNATI [continued from page 454]. 
 
 Oimmerce. — The total imports for the year ending August 
 31, 1804, amounted to $389,790,.')37, an increase over the pre- 
 vious year of.S245,ii01,324, largely attributable to the advance 
 in prices, though there was a solid general Increase in the 
 commerce of the city. The total value of exports for the 
 year 1863-4 was $239,079,825, against §102,397.171 for 1S62-0 
 The excess of imports over exports for 186;j--4 was ?1 50,7 10,712. ' 
 The most valuable imports were merchandise, 8213,104,000; 
 cotton,#;56,439,925 ; tobacco,Sl 9,824,865 ; whiskev,$15,953,400; 
 sugar, .S9,510,t.90; coffee, $9,356,925 ; horses, §9,025,968 ; hard- 
 ware,.§6,341,400; boots and shoe8,$3,2oS,(l44;cattle,|2,740,tU0; 
 hemp.!62,910,710! flour, $2,468,691; wheat, S2,393,00U; hides, 
 $2,339,244. The most valuable exports were merchandise, 
 $85,973,400; cotton, $34,973,840; tobacco, $22,286,485; whis- 
 key, $10,520,500; horses, $8,523,847; sugar, ,$6,790,054; oil, 
 $5,610,580; candles, $3,043,768; sundry liquors, $3,781,470; 
 flour, $2,556,242; hemp, $2,.363,760; furniture, ,S2,1 54,075. 
 
 Manufaclureg. — Cincinnati has e-xtensive and important 
 manufactures. By river and railway she has speedy and 
 easy access to the rejjions that supply cotton, lumber, iron, 
 wool, coal, and other raw materials necessary to sustain 
 her manufacturing interests. The more important branches 
 of iier productive industry are iron foundries, machine-shops, 
 floin-ing-mills, furniture manufactories, lard-oil, stearine, 
 and candle fiictories, and bout-yards. She also has several 
 pulilishing houses, paper-mills, brass foundries, distilleries, 
 wine factories, &c. There are many and extensive vine- 
 yards in the vicinity, and the culture of the grape here has 
 become an important interest. Since the progre.ss of the 
 war her manuftictories of clothing, wagons, and tobacco, 
 which previously had been extensive, have been very largely 
 inci-eased, employing respectively a heavy capital, and giving 
 employment to thousands of her people. 
 
 Oiti/ Iinprovemenls. — Cincinnati is supplied with water 
 from the Ohio River, forced by steam-power into a limestone 
 reservoir of suflicient elevation for the water to flow to 
 all parts of the city. The city is abundantly lighted with 
 gas, furnished by the Cincinnati Gas and Coke Comi)any. 
 There are four street railways in openition ; their combined 
 length is more than 20 miles; they connect the eastern, 
 western, and northwestern portions of the city with the 
 central business portions ; another road is projected to reach 
 the northern portion, which will comi)lete the system. 
 Cincinnati Is connected with the towns and villages on the 
 opposite bank of the Ohio by 5 steam-ferries. A suspension 
 bridge, designed to span the Ohio between Cincinnati and 
 Covington, projected some years ago, is now being pushed 
 forward with much energy; the innnense freestone towers 
 are already nearly completed. Cincinnati is greatly de- 
 ficient in parks tlirough the mistake of her earlier ]iro- 
 prietors, but latterly an effort is being made to remedy this 
 defect as far as practicable, and already three considerable 
 spaciBS have been appropriated, and two of them, Washing- 
 ton and City Hall Parks, improved and thrown open t« the 
 public. An extensive system of subterraneous drainage 
 lias been projected, several miles of which have been coin- 
 plete<l, and the work is being carried forward rapidly. The 
 cemeteries are now all located beyond the city limits, and 
 
 2201 
 
CIN 
 
 CLA 
 
 tho ilead neaf f all removed from those that were within 
 the c;t.y. Oik of them was converted into tlie Washington 
 Purt There are 10 cemeteries in the vicinity of the city, 
 inclf ling the public and those tliat lielong to religions 
 ■ocieties. The two principal ones are the Spring Grove and 
 Wesljyan, both situated in Mill Creek valley; the latter 3 
 and the former 4 miles from the city. Spring Grove Ceme- 
 tery is the most beautiful, and on account of its flue loca- 
 tion, its tiisteful decorations of tlowers, shrubs, and trees, 
 »nd its costly and elaborately wrought vaults and monu- 
 ments, is one of the points of especial interest to those who 
 visit the city. During the past two years two of the finest 
 and most commodious pa-ssenger depots in the West have 
 been built within the city, one by the Cincinnati Hamilton 
 and Dayton Kail road Company, the other by the Indian- 
 apolis and Cincinnati Railroad C<->mpany. The former, (the 
 union depot of the Cincinnati Hamilton and Dayton, and 
 the Atlantic and Great Western Railways,) will compare 
 favorably in architectural style and finish, and all its 
 Appointments for the comfort and convenience of travellers, 
 (rith any structure of the kind in America. 
 
 (yrmoM.— Cincinnati, when first settle*! (December 26, 
 17SS), was called Losantiville, from its location opposite the 
 nouth of the Licking. It was incorporated as a city in 
 1819. In ISOO it contained 750 ; in 1820, 9602 ; in 1830, 24.830; 
 In 1840, 46,338; in 1850, 115,438; in 1800, 171,000; in 1864, 
 taking the school census as a basis, 186,000. Notwithstand- 
 ing the high price of all kinds of building materials and 
 labor during the past years, substantial impTovements have 
 never gone on more rapidly. During this time some of tho 
 largest and best finished business houses and the most 
 magnificent residences in the city have been built, and 
 others of similar style are in course of construction, and 
 everywhere there is evid«nce of a solid prosperity. 
 
 CINCINNATI, a post-village of Pawnee co., Nebraska, on 
 the S. Fork of the Nemaha River, about 38 miles S.S.W. of 
 Brownville. 
 
 CINCINNATUS, a post-village of Hendricks co.,Indiana, 
 on the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, 27 miles W. by 
 8. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CINNAMINSON, a post-township of Burlington co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware River, about 5 miles above Cam- 
 den. It is intersected by the Camden and Amboy Railroad. 
 Pop. 27(11. 
 
 CIRCLEVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Kansas. 
 
 CITY OK ROCKS, a village of Idaho, on or near the south- 
 ern boundary, alK)ut 166 miles S.S.E. of Idaho City. 
 
 CLACKAMAS, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has 
 an area of aliout 16(X) square miles. It is intersected in the 
 N.W. part by the Willamette River, and al.io drained by the 
 Clackamas and Molalla Rivers, and by Butte and Sandy 
 Creeks. The surface is hilly and mountainous. The Cas- 
 cade Range extends along the K. border of the county. The 
 Boil of the M'illamette Valley is very fertile. Iron ore is 
 found in the county. Capital, Oregon City. Pop. 3466. 
 
 CLAIBORNE, a iwst-villago of Jasper co., Mississippi, 
 about 80 miles E.S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 CLALLAM, a county in the N.W. part of Washington 
 Territory, has an area estimated at 1750 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and on 
 the W. by the Pacific Ocean. It is drained by the Dunge- 
 ness and Ohahlat Rivers, and other small streams. The 
 surface is hilly or mountainous. Mount Olympus, a peak 
 of the Coast Range, rises on the S. border of the county to 
 the height of 8100 feet. Pop. 149. 
 
 CLAQ0ATO, a post-village, capital of Lewis co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, on the Xewaukum River, 35 miles S. by W. 
 of Olympia. It has an academy, a church, &c. 
 
 CLAHEMONT.astiUion on the Camden Branch Railroad, 
 In Sumter district. South Carolina, about 20 miles S. of 
 Camden. 
 
 CLAKEMONT, a post-village of Richland co., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi It-iilroad, 123 miles E. of St. Louis. 
 
 CLAREMONT, a post-village and townsliij) of Dodge co., 
 Minnesota, on the Winona and St. Peter's Railroiui (in pro- 
 gress), alK)ut 27 miles W. of Rochester. The village is on a 
 branch or affluent of Zunibro Kiver. Pop. 277. 
 
 CLARENCE, a post-village of Shelby co., Missouri, on the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroatl. 59 milee W. of Hannibal. 
 
 CLARENCE, a post-vUlage of Cedar Co., I.iwa, on the Ce- 
 dar Rapids and Missouri River Railroad, 35 miles E.S.K. of 
 Cfdar Rapids. 
 
 CLARENDON, a district in the E. central part of South 
 Carolina: area estimated at 700 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S. and W. by the Santee Kiver, navigable by steam- 
 boats, and also drained by Black River and Lvnch's Creek 
 The surface is level or undulating; the soil in some parts 
 Ifl ferti 8. Capital,. Manning. Pop. 13,095, of whom 4529 
 were free. 
 
 CLARENDON, a post-village of Monroe co., Arkansas, on 
 H hite River, about 60 miles E. of Little Rock. 
 
 CLARIN'DA, a thriving post-village, capital of Page co_ 
 jilWl^ on the Nodaway River, 75 miles N. of St. Joseph 
 Missouri, and about 45 miles E. of the Missouri River. It 
 oontaios a court-house, 3 churches, a graded school, 7 dry- 
 
 goods stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 newspaper office, and a 
 plow factory. Pop. about 700. 
 
 CLARION, a post-township of Bureau co., Illinois, tra- 
 versed by the Chicago and Quincy Riiilio;id, about 15 milea 
 N.E. of Princeton. Pop. 1053. 
 
 CLARK, a county in the N.W. central part of Wisconsin, 
 has an area of 1548 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Black River, and also drained by the Eau Claire and Little 
 Eau Plaine Rivers. The surfaceis uneven or hilly; the soil 
 is productive. Capital, Neillsville. Pop. 789. 
 
 CLARK CITY, or CLARK'S CITY, a post-village of Mon- 
 roe CO., Michigan, on Swan Creek, about 28 miles S.W. of 
 Detroit. 
 
 CLARKS GROVE, a post-village of Freeborn co., Min- 
 nesota, about 40 miles S. of Faribault. 
 
 CLARK'S MILLS, a post-village of Manitowoc CO., Wis- 
 consin. It h;is 4 mills. 
 
 CLARK'S STATION, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana, on 
 the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 24 milea 
 S.S.E. of Chicago. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana, 
 about 25 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLARKSVILLK, a post-village of Butler CO., Iowa, on 
 the Shell Rock River, about 24 miles N.W. of Cedar Falls, 
 and 12 miles W.N.W. of Waveriy. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE. a village of Le Sueur co., Minnesota, on 
 the Minne.'iota River, opposite Hendei-son. 
 
 CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of El Dorado co., Califor- 
 nia, on the railroad which connects Sacramento witii Pla- 
 cerville, 18 miles W. liy S. of the latter. 
 
 CLAKNO, a township of Green co., Wisconsin, about 2 
 miles 8. of Monroe. Pop. 1372. 
 
 CLARVILLE, or CLAIRVILLE, a po.st-office of Sonoma 
 CO., California, is at Geyserviile, which see. 
 
 CLAT.SOP, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Ore- 
 gon, has an area estimated at 1080 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Colum)>ia River, on the S. Ijy the 
 Nehalem, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. The surface 
 in some parts is mountainous ; the soil is generally fertile. 
 Capital, Astoria, Pop. 498. 
 
 CLAWSON. a small village of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin, 
 12 milea W. of Manitowoc. 
 
 CLAY, a county in the central part of West Virginia, hag 
 an area estimated at 400 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Elk River, and also drained by Big Buffalo and Sycamore 
 Creeks. The surface is diversified. Capital, Marshall. Pop. 
 1787, of whom 21 were slaves. 
 
 CLAY^, a county in the W.S.W.part of Georgia, Ixirdering 
 on Alalmma, from which it is separated by the Chattahoo- 
 chee River. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is produc- 
 tive. Capital, Fort Gaines. Pop. 4s93. 
 
 CLAY, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, has an area 
 estimatetl at 550 square miles. It is liounded on the E. by 
 St. Jolin'g River. The surface is nearly level. Pop. 1914. 
 
 CLAY, a new county in the N. part of Texas, bordering 
 on the Indian Territory, area estimated at 1100 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Red River, and also 
 drained by tho Big and Little Wichita Rivers. Pop. 109. 
 
 CLAY, a new county in the W.N.W. part of Minnesota, 
 bordering on Dakota, has an area of about 1080 sqrare 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Red River of the 
 North, and also drained by Buifiilo River. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil is alluvial, resting on drift and lime- 
 stone, and is very fertile. The prairies are more extensive 
 than the woodlands. The census of 1860 furnishes no in- 
 formation respecting this county. 
 
 CLAY, a county in the N.N.K. jiart of Kansas, has an area 
 of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the Rejiub- 
 lican River, which divides it into two nearly eqiial parts. 
 The surface is somewhat diversified; the soil is productive. 
 Pop. 163. 
 
 CLAY', a county in the S.E. part of Nebra.ska, has an area 
 of 576 square miles. It is intersected in the S.W. part by 
 the Big Blue River, and also drained by the Big Nemaha, 
 which rises within its limits. The surface is undulating ; 
 the soil is fertile. The rock which underlies it is limestomv 
 A large part of this county is prairie. Capital, Clayton. 
 Pop. 165. 
 
 CL.tY, a toivnship of Butler co.. Pennsylvania. Pop. 1044 
 
 CLAY, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. Pop 
 1438. 
 
 CLAY, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 696. 
 
 CL.\Y, a township of Dearborn Co., Indiana. Pop. 1516, 
 
 CLAY'', a township of Hecatur co., Indiana. Pop. 1944. 
 
 CLAY, a township of Hamilton co., Indiana. Pop. 1161. 
 
 CLAY, a township of Spencer co., Indiana. Pop. 1201. 
 
 CLAY, a township of llardin co„ Iowa. Pop. 723. 
 
 CLAY, a township of Hjirrison co., Iowa. Pop. 140. 
 
 CLAY, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 633. 
 
 CLAY, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 1120. 
 
 CLAY, a township of Washington co.. Iowa. Pop. 741. 
 
 CLAY, a townsliip of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 219. 
 
 CLAY BANK, a post-village and township, oipital of 
 Oceana co., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, about 60 milet 
 N.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 271. 
 
=lt 
 
 CLA 
 
 CLAY T^ANK, a small post-township of Door co., "Wiscon- 
 rin, i.n T,alce Michigau, 5 or 6 miles S. of Sturgeon Bay. 
 Pop. 56. 
 
 Cl.AYMONT, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware, 
 near the Delaware River, and on the Philadelphia, Wil- 
 miu^ton and Baltimore Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Wil- 
 ffiingtou,' 
 
 CI-AY'S BAR, a post-village of Calaveras co., California, 
 17 miles S.W. of Mokelumne Hill. 
 
 CLAYSVILLl'l, a village of Wood CO., West Virginia, on 
 the Northwestern Railroad, 7 miles ."».£. of Parkersbiirg. 
 Free population 114. It has several mills, moved by water- 
 power. 
 
 CXjAYTON, a small county in the N.W. central part of 
 Georgia. It is drained by the Flint River. The surface is 
 somewhat diversified, and the soil in some i)arts fertile. 
 The county is intersected by the JIacon and Western Rail- 
 road. Pop. 44(j«). 
 
 CLAYTON, a township of Gloucester co., New Jersey, 
 contains the village of Glassborough. Pop. 2490. 
 
 CLAYTON", a village of Adams co., Ohio, about 9 miles 
 S.W. of West Union. 
 
 CLAY rOX, a post-village of Lenawee CO., Michigjin, on 
 the Michigan Southern Railroad, 11 miles W. by S. of 
 Adrian. 
 
 CL.iYTON, a post-village of Hendricks co., Indiana, on 
 the Terre Ifauto and Kichmond Railroad, 20 miles W.S.W. 
 of ludiauaivjlis. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township of Woodford co., Illinois. Pop. 
 449. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 3-14. 
 
 CLAYTON, a township of Crawford Co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 827. 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-village of Contra Costa co., California, 
 about ;52 miles E.N.E. of San Francisco. It has 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 CLAYTON, a village of Yuba co., California, about 40 
 miles N.N.K. of Marysville. 
 
 CLAYTON, a post-village, capital of Clay co., Nebraska, 
 about 48 miles W. by S. of Nebraska City. 
 
 CLAY^TijN VILLE, a post-village of Henderson Co., North 
 Cai'olina. about 2S mikis S. by W. of Ashville. 
 
 CLAY'TONVILLK, a post-village and township of Brown 
 CO., Kansas, about 00 miles N. by K. of Topeka. Poj). S95. 
 
 CLK.Ml CRliKK, a county in the N. central part of Colo 
 radti, haa an area estimated at 375 square miles. It is 
 drained by Clear Creek, an ufHuont of the South Platte 
 River. The surface is mount^iinous, forming [lart of the 
 elope of the Rocky Mountains, covered with perpetual 
 Biiow. The inhabitants are mostly eng-.vged in mining. The 
 goM and silver mines of this county are said to be very 
 rich. Capital, Idaho. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1J24. 
 
 CLEAR CRKEK, a township of Jasi)er co., Iowa. Pop. 
 631. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 
 475. 
 
 CLEAR CREKK, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 
 761. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK, a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. Pop. 
 151. 
 
 CLEARFIELD, a township of Juneau co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 215. 
 
 CLEAR LAKE, Lake co., California, is .about 20 miles 
 long, and from 2 to 6 miles wide. Gold and copper have 
 been found near it. 
 
 CLEAR LAKE, a post-township and village of Sherburne 
 CO., Minnesot;!, on the left bank of the Mississippi River, 
 about 10 miles below Saint Cloud. Pop. 115. 
 
 CLEAR LAKE, a township or precinct of Lake CO., Cali- 
 fornia. Pop. 965. 
 
 CLEAR WATER, a post-village of Wright Co., Minnesota, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 17 miles N.W. of Monticello. 
 It is just below the mouth of Clear Water River. Pop. of 
 Clear Water township, 240. 
 
 CLEAR WATER RIVER, of Idaho, rises in the Rocky 
 Mountains, Hows westward, forming the N. boundary of Nez 
 Perce CO., and enters the Lewis Fork of the Cohimbia River 
 at Lewiston, Limestone is found on its banks. This river 
 is sometimes ciilled the Kooskooskia. 
 
 CLEONA, a township of Scott Co., Iowa Pop. 347. 
 
 CLERMONT, a village of Warren CO., Tennessee, about 
 60 miles S.E. of Nashville. 
 
 CLEHMONT, a post-village of Marion Co., Indiana, about 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLERMONT, a post-village and township of Fayette co., 
 Iowa, on Turkey River, about 28 miles W. of Prairie du 
 Chien and 36 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 877. 
 
 CLEVELAND [continued from page 464]. 
 
 Among tlie most important public works of the city are 
 the water-works, erected at a cost of $550,(!00. The water is 
 drawn from the lake about half a mile above the mouth of 
 the river, and forced to the top of a lofty tower by 2 powerful 
 Cornish pumping-engines, whence it is carried to a reservoir 
 ou the W. side of the river. From the top of this reservoir, 
 
 CLE 
 
 which Is laid out as a promenade, a fine view of a consJiIerable 
 portion of the city is obtained. The v/»ttar '^ di-triniied 
 through 27)^ miles of pipe, the average daiiy oistribunon, in 
 1S63, lieing l,152,Sol gallons. A large number of private 
 fountains are sui>plied from the water-works. A paid steam 
 fire-department has been established, at a cost of §03.000, 
 having 5 second-class rotary steam-angines, with hose-carts, 
 hook and ladder, &c., and the necesoary equipment of horses. 
 The current and incidental expenses for the maintenance 
 of the fire-depitrtment, in 1803, waonnted toS22,603. A fire- 
 alarm telegraph, with 25 sign',) boxes, was erected in 1864. 
 There are 7 miles of sewer and a tnilcs of paved streets com- 
 pleted, and more in progress. The giis-light and coke com- 
 pany have 30 miles of gas-pipo laid in the streets. Three 
 street railroads traverse the principal streets, one of them 
 connecting the E. and W. divisions of the city. There are 
 6 omnibus lines connecting the city and suburbs. The 
 river is crossed by 4 swing-bridges, owned by the city, 2 of 
 them being iron, 2 railroad bridges, and several smaller 
 bridges. The river affords extensive harbor facilities for 
 the largest vessels on the lakes, and an important aildition 
 has been made by the dredging out of a comn'odious ship 
 channel branching from the river near its raou th. The harbor 
 mouth is formed by 2 piers, 200 feet apart, acd stretchiug200 
 feet out into the lake. On the end of the E. pier is a light- 
 house, and another stands on the bluff above, on the E. side. 
 
 Cleveland is noted for its superior educational facilities. Its 
 public school system is thoroughly organized and rauk4 
 among the best in the country. A Hoard of Education, 
 comprising 11 members, one from each ward, is elected 
 annually by the people, and hokis fortnightly meetings. 
 Tlie schools are diviiled into 5 grades, viz., primary, second- 
 ary, intermediate, grammar, and high-schools, into which all 
 resident pupils are admitted. The number of primary schools 
 is 20; secondary, 20; intermediate, 2.3; grammar, 9: high- 
 schools, 2; making a total of 74 schools, with 90 teachei> 
 and one superintendent. The limit of the ago of admission i% 
 from 6 to 20, inclusive. The course of study prescribed fits 
 the graduate of the high-school to enter college without far. 
 ther preparation. The number of scholars enrolled in 1864 
 Wi»s about 7000, with an average daily attendance of 4000. 
 There are 16 school-houses, most of them large brick build- 
 ings, 3 stories high. The two high-schools are liandsome edi- 
 fices of stone and brick. Partly connected with the school sys^ 
 tem,and partly supported by voluntary subscription.i.^ the In- 
 dustrial School, Children's Aid Society, and Home, where the 
 little >3utcii8ts of the city are taught the common branches 
 of education, sewing, domestic labor, and brush-making All 
 the scholars are given their dinners daily, and the homeless 
 children are sheltereil initil homes are found for them in re- 
 spectable families. The number of scholars averages oOO.with 
 a daily attendance of about 150. The current expenditure 
 for the public schools in 1863 was $07,220. Besides the public 
 schools there are a number of Bele<:t schools, a Female Semi- 
 nary, the Cleveland Institute, 2 Convent IScliools, 2 Roman 
 Catholic Theological Seminaries, 9 Roman Catholic schools, 
 and 2 (ierman Pix)testant schools. The Cleveland Medical Col- 
 lege,Charity Hospital SledicalCollege.and Cleveland Homoeo- 
 pathic College, are all flourishing institutions. There are 42 
 churches, classed as follows: Itaptist. 3; Congregational, 3; 
 Episcopal, 4; Jewish, 2; Lutheran, 3; Methodist, 9; Pres- 
 byterian.6; Roman Catholic, 5; ISethel,!; United Bretliren,!; 
 Disciples, 1 ; German Evangelical, 2 ; German Relbrmeil, 1 ; 
 BibleChristian, 1; besides several mission chapels. Cleveland 
 is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric. There are 51 Sun- 
 day schools, of which 37 are associated into a Sunday-school 
 Union. The number of scholars enrolled is 8200 : teachers, 
 900. There are 32 benevolent societies, a Bible society, a hor- 
 ticultural society, and an agricultural society. The Boldiers' 
 Aid Society of Northern Ohio, has its headquarters here, and 
 has proved itself one of the most efficient branch-es of the 
 SanitaryCommission for the welfare of United Staten soldiers. 
 Connected with this society is the Soldiers' Home, near the 
 Union railroad depot, where sick soldiers are lodgod. fed. and 
 kept until able to proceed on their journey, and where all 
 soldiers passing through are invited to a good meal, free of 
 expense. 
 
 A United States Military General Hospltjil has been 
 established on University Heights. The U. S. Marine Hos- 
 pital is located on the bank of the lake. The Cleveland Or- 
 phan Asylum is a large building, containing, in 1864, about 60 
 ori)hans. The institution is supported by voluntary contribu- 
 tions, and by an endowment fund of about S54,00l). There are 
 3 Roman Catholic orphan asylums; a homo for sick and 
 friendless widows, belonging to the Episcopalians, is con- 
 nected with Trinity Episcopal parish, and a liee chapel ig 
 attached. Cleveland City Infirmary is a fine building, 5 stories 
 hisih. costing $25,000, to which a good farm is attached. 
 Here the city cares for its sick and homeless poor, the farm 
 being worked by the inmates of the Infirmary. A house of 
 refuge for destitute children is attached, where the children 
 are taught, and provided for until of age to maintain them- 
 selves. A female house of coiTection is in the sjime building. 
 A fine building was built in 1864 as a Charity Hospital. It 
 was erected partly by the city and partly by voluntary kuU 
 
 2203 
 
CLE 
 
 CLl 
 
 K,i Iption, and is to be attended by the Sisters of Charity and 
 tho Faculty of the Cliarity Hospital Meilical Colleire. There 
 is a small hospital connected witli the Convent of the Sisters 
 of Cliarity, on Monroe street. There are J Convents, that of 
 the Ursuiine Xuns, and of the Sisters of Charity of tlie Ini- 
 maculatf Conception. The expenditures of tlie city for in- 
 firmary purposes and outdoor relief, in 186:i, amounted to 
 $6063. The number of interments in all the cenieteries, 
 during 1863. was lo2o. of which three-fifths were children. 
 
 The Cleveland Library Association hiis a library of about 
 8000 volumes to which consUint accessions are made; also a 
 rooiling-room. supplii-d with all the leading newspapers and 
 periodicals, and an annual course of lectures. There aro 2 
 national banks; 3 l>anks under state charters, with an ag- 
 gregate capital of $iOO,000 ; a savings bank, and 7 private 
 bankers. The city lias three insurance comp;inies. ^Tlie 
 Western Union Telegraph Company have their chief office 
 in Cleveland ; the United St-ites Telegraph Company also 
 have an office. Tliere are 4 daily papers published; 3 tri- 
 weekly, and t> weekly. Besides the principal post-office,tliere 
 is a branch post-office on the W. side, and a regular system of 
 free delivery of mail matter by airriers has been introduced. 
 The military organizations consist of the 29th Infantry, Ohio 
 National Guiirds. numbering 800 men, and a field battery of 
 Bix 12-pound guns.- The U. S. District and Circuit Courts for 
 the Northern restrict of Ohio, are held in Cleveland; also 
 the State District Court, and the Court of Common Pleas. 
 \rith 3 judges. There are also the Probate Court and Police 
 Court, together with 7 justices of the peace. The Collector 
 of Internal Kevenue and U. S. Assessor for the IStli District 
 have their offices in Cleveland. 
 
 From its position on the lake and its artificial advantages. 
 Cleveland has become an important railroad centre and dis- 
 tributing j)oint. The railroad lines are the Cleveland and 
 Toledo, to ToUkIo, 112j^ miles; Northern Division, to San- 
 dusky,61i/^ miles ; Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati.to Co- 
 lumbus, loS miles; Cleveland and Pittsburg, to Pittsburg and 
 Wlieeling, 228 miles ; Cleveland and Erie, to Krie. 95}^ miles ; 
 Cleveland and Mahoning, to Youngstown; 07 miles; Atlantic 
 and Greiit Western, to Salamanca and Dayton, 473 miles. 
 These lines connect with others, affording two or more inde- 
 pendent lines to nearly every important point in the United 
 States. The opening of the Atlantic and Great Western Kail- 
 way in 1864, Wivs an important event in the history of the 
 city, connecting it witli an extensive territory hitherto in- 
 accessible, and communicating directly with the oil regions 
 of Pennsylvania, thus creating a new and iniport;uit Irranch 
 of business. It also opened a direct and unbroken wide- 
 gauge connection between Cleveland and New York, on the 
 E., and St. Louis on the W. The Cleveland and Pittsburs;, 
 and Cleveland and Mahoning Itailroads connect the city witli 
 the coal-fields of Ohio. The Ohio Canal from Cleveland to 
 the Ohio River at Portsmoutli, and a branch to the Ohio 
 Eiver at Beaver, also passes thnmgh the coal-fields as well 
 as through the ricli wheat and corn districts of the state. 
 There are 19 transportation lines connected with the port, 
 giving daily steamboat and propeller conimunicjUiou with 
 everypon of importance on the line of lakes. A regular line of 
 Bail-vessels runs between Cleveland and Liveri)ool, Kngland. 
 via the lakes. Welland Canal, and river St. Lawrence. A 
 very large and important trade is carried on with the Lake 
 Superior country. During the season a daily line of lai-ge 
 passenger steamers runs between Cleveland and the Lake 
 Superior ports; thirteen steamers and propellers being em- 
 ployed in tlie trade in 1864. The custom-house valuation of 
 the copper brought from Lake Superior to Cleveland, in l!>6:5 
 \eas $595,290, and of iron ore over $1,000,000. A large num- 
 ber of sail-vesselg are kept employed during the summer in 
 transporting the ore. In 1864, over 300 cargoes of iron ore 
 were received from Lake Superior. The totiil receipts of 
 iron ore and pig iron, by lake, Irom all sources, in 1S63, were 
 130.500 tons. aL'Hi list ^(ifi-in t/ma ii. iSnS ti,.. -^ ,•.,»„ .,.■ 
 
 were 210,101 tons. The lake business of tile port, in 1853 
 and 1863, is thus shown : 
 
 18.-i3. 
 
 Import! 154,971,782 
 
 EiporU 32,717,730 
 
 Totil 187,689,512 »2 17,672,063 « 129,982,.-., . 
 
 Tlie number of vessels cleared in 1863, was 3109, with a ton- 
 nage of ] ,1 1 2,696 tons. The gross receipts of railroad, steam- 
 boat, and insurance companies, returned to the internal 
 revenue offices, for the month of September, 1864, were 
 
 Cleveland is celebrated as a ship-building port; vessels 
 bnilt at this port being engaged in trade not only on the 
 lakf«, but on the Atlantic coast, in South America, and in 
 the European seas. Tliere are 5 ship and boat-yards. Dur- 
 ing 18ti3, there were built 11 steamers and propellers 5 
 barques, 1.'. schooners, 10 kcows, and 3 tugs, representing a 
 tonna-e ot lo,:!,2 toiu. The shipping owned in Cleveland, 
 to 1804, were 2 steamers, 21 propellers, 15 baniues. 4 brigs 
 &i school^. 20 scows, and 16 tugs, making4u all, 42,135 toSs^ 
 
 Within a few years Cleveland hns become important as a 
 manufacturing centre, for which it is peculiarly fitted by its 
 proximity to the coal fields, its large receipts of iron directly 
 from the mines, and its great facilities lor lUstributiug the 
 manufactured articles to all points. Among the more no- 
 ticeable manufacturing establishments, most of which are 
 but a few years old. and many gone into operation since 1>62, 
 there are, besides tlie railroad works alresidy noticed, a cop- 
 per-smelting works, 3 iron rolling-mills, a rolling and ham- 
 mer-mill; an iron and nail works.with aciipital of $100,0u0; 
 a boiler-plate works, with a capital of S25,0tK) : the Cleveland 
 City forge, started in 1864; the Northern Ohio Iron Com- 
 pany, starti-d in 1864, with a capital of $200,000. for the 
 manufiicture of iron in all its stiiges from the ore to the 
 finished bar; the Cuyaboga Steiuu furnace Company, with 
 a capital of $100,000; 3 boiler-makers, 3 agricultiirul imple- 
 ment factories, 11 iron foundries, 2 wooden-ware manufacto- 
 ries, 1 barrel factory, 2 paper-mills. 1 iwwder-mill, 2 bridga- 
 building works, 4 furniture works, Cleveland Woollen-mills, 
 Cleveland Worsted Factory, a biUmoral-skirt factory ; ga»- 
 light and coke works, with a capital of $240,0' 0; 5 large 
 flouring-mills, 13 breweries, and a large number of othe' 
 nianufactories of various kinds. The total value of manu- 
 factures for 12 months of 1863-4, estimated on the U. 8. 
 Assessors returns, was $18,000,000. The following figures 
 from the Internal Revenue returns of September, 1864, will 
 show the amounts, for tliat month, of some of the leading 
 chisses of manufactures : Iron nianufactures,$651,4.S7; wood, 
 $132,7 13; leatlier,(iucludiug boots and shoes.) $t0,0U0 ; w'ool, 
 (including ready-made clothing.) $113,900; coj)per, $101,000; 
 paper, $19,650; brick, $18,^52. There are 20 coal-oil distil- 
 leries, and more in course of erection. The total annual 
 value of the oil (coal and lafd) manufactured in Cleveland, 
 is about Jvi,OO0,O00. A large amount of beef and jiork of 
 choice reputation is packed here. In the season of 1863-4, 
 40,000 head of cattle and 55,000 hogs were packed. As a 
 wool depot Cleveland is very important ; the quantity of wool 
 shipped ill the season of 1»64, being over 5,000,000 pounds. 
 The lumber trade is also extensive, the receipts by hike for 
 tlie different yjirds, in 18t)3, being 37,000,000 feet, besides 
 16,500,000 shingles. The rich dairy region of the Western 
 Reserve sends its products to Cleveland as a distributing 
 point. The wliolesjile produce trade of the city is large, 
 and engages a considerable number of firms. 
 
 The priucii>al hotels are the Weddell, Angler, American. 
 Johnson, Burnett, and Kussolls Forest City. There are 
 numerous second-class hotels. The government of the city 
 is vested in a Mayor and 22 members of the City Council, 2 
 from each ward. The members are elected for 2 years, onr 
 half retiring annually. Tho city accounts in May, 1>64, 
 showed the assets to be$l,390,10o, being an excess of $464,y3i 
 over liabilities. The assessed value ofpropert.v in the city, 
 in 1864, w;is $22,497,592. Cleveland was settlc-il in 1796, and 
 inc-orporated in 1836. The popiihition. in 1840, was 6ii71 
 in 1850, 17.034; in 1852, 41.196; in 1860, 43,417. In 1862, u 
 rapid increase of population commenced, consequent on tl»« 
 great extension of its manufacturing business, and, in 1865, 
 the population was not less than 60,000. 
 
 CLEVEL.\ND, a post-village of Ilancock co., Indiana, or. 
 the Indiana Central Railroiul, aS miles E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLEVELAND, a township of Whitley co., Indiana. Pop 
 1379. 
 
 CLEVELAND, a post-township of Le Sueur co., Minne 
 sotii, about 7 miles E. of Saint Peter, and 12 miles N.E. ol 
 Mankato. Pop. 546. 
 
 CLIF'DEN, a mining-village of Alturas co., Idaho, on oi 
 near Fejither River, about J^j a mile from Rocky Biir. 
 
 CLIFFORD, a post-village of Bartholomew co., Indiana, 
 on or near Flat Rock Creek, about 8 miles N. by E. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 CLIFTON, a village of Richmond co.. New Y'ork, on New 
 Y^ork Bay, about 7 miles S.S.\V. of New York City. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 16 miles S.E. of Scranton. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Branch of the Central Railroad, 69 miles S. by W. 
 of Chicago. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-village of Louisa co.. Iowa, on a railroad 
 22 miles S.W. of Muscatine. 
 
 CLIFTON, a township in the E. part of Grant co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 961. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-township of Monroe co., Wisconsin, about 
 22 miles E.S.E. of Sparta. Pop 202. 
 
 CLIFTON, a township of Pierce co., Wisconsin, on tho 
 Saint Croix River, 5 miles above I'rescott. Pop. 'Ub. 
 
 CLIFTON, a village of St. Louis Co., Minuusota, on Ijika 
 Superior, altont 12 miles N.E. of Du Lutli. 
 
 CLIFTON, a post-village of Washington co., Kansas, about 
 50 miles N.W. of Manhattan. 
 
 CLIKTON, a jiost-village of Lander co., Nevada, situated 
 on the Toiyabo Mountain range, in Reese River mining dis- 
 trict, 1 mile W. of Austin. It has numerous hotels, stores, 
 &c. Pop. in 1863, about 500. 
 
 CLINCII, a county in the S. part of Georgia, bordering 
 on F'loridii, has uu area estimated at 1000 square milcd. It 
 
eLi 
 
 COL 
 
 is bounded on the W. by the Allapaha River. The surface 
 is IfveJ, and paitly covered with swamps. Capital, Mag- 
 noli:'.. Pop. 30(53. 
 
 CLINTON, a county in the S. central part of Michigan, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by the Maple, 
 Grand and Looking-glass Rivers, and Stony Creek. The 
 surface is nearly level, and mostly covered with dense forests, 
 in which the sugar-niaple abounds. The soil is fertile. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, butter and maple-sugar are the staple 
 productions. In 1S60 this county produced 445,401 potinds 
 of m;iplo sngiir — more tlian any other county of the state. 
 It is traversed by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. 
 Capital, Saint John. Pop. 13,916. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, on tho 
 Sebasticook River and tho Maine Central Railroad, 27 miles 
 N.N.K. of Augusta. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 lOJl. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. syi". 
 
 CLINTON, a village of D.avie co.. North Carolina, on the 
 i'adkin Hiver, about 105 miles W. of Raleigh. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village of Laurens district. South Caro- 
 lina, about 70 miles ^V'.N.W. of Columbia. Free population 
 197. 
 
 CLINTON, a village of Huron co., Oliio, about 14 miles 
 S.S.E. of NorwaJk. 
 
 CLINTON, a village of Wayne co., Ohio, in Clinton town- 
 Bhiji, and on the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Kail- 
 road, about 9 miles S.S.W. of ^Vooster. Pop. of township, 
 1310. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Boone co., Indi.ma. Pop. 969. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Decatur co., Indiana. Pop. 673. 
 
 CLI.NTON, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. I:i62. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 544. 
 
 CLINTON, a thriving post-village and township of Clinton 
 CO., Iowa, on the Mississi|)pi River, about 42 miles above 
 Davenport. The village is on the niilroad which e.xtends 
 westward from Chicago through Central Iowa, 137 miles 
 from Chicago, and is nearly opposite Fulton, Illinois. It is 
 ft place of active business, and has a national bank. Pop. 
 :8I6. 
 
 CLINTON, a town.ship of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. IGl. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Linn co.. Iowa. Pop. 647. 
 
 CLINTON, a village of Madison co., Iowa, about 37 miles 
 S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 390. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-township of Rock CO., Wisconsin, bor- 
 dering on Illinois, contains the village of Clinton. The 
 greater part of the rich and beautiful Jefferson piairie is 
 included in it. Pop. 1554. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village in Clinton township. Rock co., 
 Wisconsin, situated at the intersection of tlie Chicago and 
 Northwestern with the Racine and Mississippi Railroad, 14 
 miles S.E. of .lanesville, dO miles W. by S. of Racine, and 
 10 miles E.N.E. of Beloit. It contains 3 churches, 4 large 
 stores, several warehouses for grain, a fine graded school- 
 house, and various manufactories. 
 
 CLINTON, a township of Vernon co., Wisconsin, about 
 10 miles N.K. of Viroqua. Pop. 335. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-office of Steams co., 5Iinnesota. 
 
 CIjINTON, a village of Steele co., Minnesota, about 12 
 miles S. of Faribault. 
 
 CLINTON, a post-village and township of Doughvs co., 
 Kansas, near the Wakarusa River, 11 miles W.S.W. of Law- 
 rence. It lias 2 churches, and 1 steam grist-mill. Pop. ti55. 
 
 CLINTON, a mining village of Amador co., California, 
 about 50 miles N.E, of Stockton. It has 2 quartz-mills. 
 
 CLINTON, a mining village of Lander Co., Nevada, in the 
 Smoky Valley district, 15 miles S.E. of Austin. 
 
 CLINTON FALLS, a post-township of Steele Co., Minne- 
 sota, 2 or 3 miles N. of Owatonna. Pop. 176. 
 
 CLINTONIA, a township of Dewitt co., Illinois, contains 
 Clinton, the county-seat. Total population 19S4. 
 
 CLINTONVILLE, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois, on 
 Galena and Chicago Railroad, 39 miles W. by N. of Chicago. 
 
 CLINTONVILLK, a post-village of Cedar co., Missouri, 
 about 65 miles N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 CLIPPER GAP, a village of Placer CO., California, on the 
 Central Pacific Railroad, 43 miles N.E. of Sacramento. The 
 railroad is completed to thi-. point. 
 
 CLIPPER MILLS, a post-village of Butte co., California, 
 SO milesE. of Oroville. 
 
 CLOVER, a township of Henry co„ Illinois. Pop. 724. 
 
 Cl.OVERDALE, a post-village of Sonoma CO., California, 
 on Russian River, 34 miles N.N.A\'. of Santa Rosa. Popu- 
 lati<m of Cloverdale township, 334. 
 
 CLOVER DEPOT, a post-office of Halifax Co., Virsinia, on 
 the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 46 miles E.N.E. of 
 Danville. 
 
 CLYDE, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 74. 
 
 CLYDK, a post-township of Iowa co., Wisconsin, on the 
 S. side of the Wisconsin River, about 44 miles W. by N. of 
 Madison. Pop. 610. 
 
 CLYMAN, a post-township of Dodge co., ^Visconsin, has 
 
 a station on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 7 
 miles S. of Juneau, and 8 miles N. of Wati-rtown. Pop. 1461. 
 
 CLYMER, a township of Tioga co., I'ennsylvania. Pop. 
 1054. 
 
 CO.A.L B.\NK, a post-village of Thurston co., Washington 
 Territory, 16 miles from Olympia. 
 
 COAL MIN KS, a village of Contra Costa co., California, 
 15 miles E. of Martinez. The most productive coal miuen 
 of the state are in this vicinity. 
 
 COALSMOUTII, a post-village of Kanawha co.. West Vir- 
 ginia, on the.Kauawluv River, about 16 miles below Char- 
 leston. 
 
 C0.4L VALLEY, a township of Rock Island co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1.507. 
 
 COALVILLE, a post-office of Summit co., Utah, about 35 
 miles E. by N. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 COATESVILLE, a post-village of Hendricks co., Indian.i, 
 on the Terre Haute and Richmond Riiilroad, 11 miles E.N. K. 
 of Greencastle. 
 
 COATSBURO, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, on a 
 railroad 17 miles N.K. of Quincy. 
 
 CitBDEN, Union co., Illinois, a station on the Central 
 Railroad, 42 miles N. of Cairo. 
 
 COBIIAM, a post-village of Albemarle co., Virginia, on 
 the Central Railroad, 14 miles E. of Charlottesville. 
 
 COCIIR.AN, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio and Mississipi)i Railroad, 2 miles W. of .Aurora. 
 
 COCOMUNGO, a post-office of San Bei-nardiuo co., Califor- 
 nia, about 20 miles W. of San Bernardino. There is a 
 large vineyard (havii)g 160,000 vines) in which excellent 
 wine is made. 
 
 COE, a township of Isabella co., Michigan. Pop. 322. 
 
 COESSE, ko-iss'. a post-village, of Whitley co., Indiana, 
 apout 15 miles W.N.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 COEUR D'ALKNE (kur di-lain'), a range of mounbiins 
 in the N. part of IdaJio, between Clark's River and tho 
 Coeur D Alene River. 
 
 COEUR D'ALENE, a small river in tho N. part of Idaho, 
 flows westwaril and enters a lake of tho same name. This 
 lake is about 80 miles N.N.E. of Lewistowu, and is neurlj 
 20 miles in length. 
 
 COEUR D'ALENK MIS.«ION, Idaho, is on the Coeur 
 d'.\lene River, and on the wagon road from Walla AValla to 
 Fort Benton. Here is a Catholic Church and a Mission for 
 the Indians. 
 
 COIIOCT.\II, a post-township of Livingston co., Michigan, 
 about 28 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. 850. 
 
 COFFACIllQUE, or COFACIIIQUI, kof-a-chik'we, a post- 
 village of Allen CO., Kansas, on the Neosho River, about 6 
 miles N. of Humboldt. 
 
 COFFEE, a county in the S. part of Georgia, has an area 
 estimated at 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N.by 
 the Ocmulgee River, on the S.W. by the Allapaha, and also 
 drained by the Satilla River. The surface is nearly level 
 and the soil sandy. Capital, Douglas. Pop. 2879. 
 
 COFFEY, a county in the S.H. part of Kansas, has an ara 
 of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Neosho River, 
 which divides it into two nearly equal parts, and also 
 drained by several creeks. The surface is undulating; the 
 soil is very fertile. This county contains extensive jiniiries 
 and has a growth of timber distributed along the streams. 
 Coal and limestone are abundant in it. Capital, Hampden. 
 Pop. 2842. 
 
 COFFIN'S GROVE, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 503. 
 
 COKESBURY, a post-village of Abbeville District, South 
 Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 50 miles 
 S. of Greenville. 
 
 COLCHESTER, a post-office of McDonough Co., Illinois, 
 on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 53 milea 
 N.E. of Quincy. 
 
 COLD HARBOR, a village of Hanover co., Virginia, about 
 10 miles N.E. of Richmond. A battle was fought here 
 June 3, 1864, between Gen. Grant .and Gen. Lee. 
 
 COLD SPRING, a post-township of Shelby co., Illinois, 
 about 25 miles N. by E. of Vandalia. Pop. 1017. 
 
 COLD SPRING, a post-village of Stearns co., Minnesota, 
 on Sauk River, about 16 miles S.W. of Saint Cloud. 
 
 COLD SPRING, a post-village of El Dorsulo co.. Califor- 
 nia, 5 miles W. of Placerville. It has 1 or 2 stores. Pop. 
 in 1860, 120. 
 
 COLEM.^N, a new county in the W. central part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S. by the Colorado River, and also drained by Jim 
 Ned Creek. The census of 1860 furnishes no information 
 respecting this county. 
 
 COLERAIN, a post-village of Bertie co.. North Carolina, 
 on the Chowan River about 22 miles N. of Plymouth. 
 
 COLESBURG, a village of Hardin co., Kentucky, on the 
 Rolling Fork and Salt River, about 37 miles S. of Louis- 
 ville. 
 
 COLESBURG, a neat post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, 
 on the stage-road from Dubuque to St. Paul, 35 miles W.N. 
 W. of Dubuque. It has 4 churches, 4 general stores, a 
 steam flour-mill and a saw-mill. Pop. about 550. 
 
 2205 
 
COL 
 
 COM 
 
 COLFAX, a post-village of Clinton co., Indiana, on the 
 r>afayette and Indianapolis Railioad, 21 miles S.B. of La- 
 fayette. 
 
 COLLAMER, a post-village of Whitley co., Indiana, on 
 Eel River, about ;?0 miles W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 COLLEGP;. a township of Linn Co., Iowa. Pop. 858. 
 
 COLLEGE FARM, a post-office of Story Co., Iowa. Here 
 Is the State Agricultural College and Model Farm. 
 
 COLLEIIAX CO., Texas. See Caliahax. 
 
 COLLINOWOOD, a post-village of Simcoe co., Canada 
 West, on Nottawas-saga Bay, 95 miles N.N.W. of Toronto. 
 It is the terminus of the Northern Railway of Canada. 
 
 COLLINS, a township of Story CO., Iowa. Pop. 136. 
 
 COLLINSVILLE, a post-village of Solano co., California, 
 on the N. E. shore of Suisun Bay, about 60 miles by water 
 N. K. of San Francisco. 
 
 COLMAR, a post-village of >fcDonough co-., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 4.5 miles N.E. 
 of Quincy. 
 
 COLCKMA, a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 
 miles S. of Centralia. 
 
 COLOMA, a post-village of Carroll co., Missouri, about 12 
 miles N. of Carrollton. 
 
 COLOM.\, a village of Marion co., Iowa, about 34 miles 
 S.S.E. of D.-S Moines. 
 
 COW.MA, the most southwestern township of Waushara 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 34S. 
 
 COLCKMA, a post-village and township of El Dorado co., 
 Californiii, on the South Fork of the American River, 10 
 miles N.W. of Placerville. It has several churches and 4 
 or more stores. Manj' of the inliabitants are employed in 
 mining gold. Pop. of the village in 1864, about 700. The 
 census of 1860 states the population of Coloma at 888, and 
 in another place at 7.i8. 
 
 COLON, a post-village and township of St. Joseph co., 
 Michigan. Tlie village is about 32 miles S.W. of Marshal, 
 and ]4 mile S. of the Saint Joseph River. Total popula- 
 tion, 1269. 
 
 COLON A, or COLONA STATION, a post-village of Henry 
 CO., Illinois, on a railroad 12 miles E. of Rock Island. Pop. 
 of Colona township. 471. 
 
 COLONY, a post-village of Knox co., Missouri, about 36 
 miles W.S.W. of Keokuk. 
 
 Ci)LORADO, col-o-rah'do, a territory of the United States 
 of North America, is bounded on the N. by Dakota and 
 Nebraska, on the E. by Nebraska and Kansas, on the S. bv 
 New Mexico, and on the W. by U^ah. It lies between 37° 
 and 41° N. Ut., and 102° and 109° W. Lon., being about 
 375 miles long from K. to W. and 275 miles wide from N. to 
 S. Area about 106,475 sijuare miles. 
 
 Face of the Omnlry and Snil. — The surface is generally 
 mountainous. Within this territory are included some of 
 ".he liighest peiiks of the Rocky Mouufciin range which ex- 
 tends through the middle of it in a N. and S. direction. 
 Pike"s Peak, near the centre of Colorado, hi»s an altitude of 
 11,497 feet. It is stilted that the summits of some of these 
 mountains are covered with perpetual snow. In the east- 
 ern and nortliwestern parts are elevated jilains. The ranges 
 or branches of the Ra-ky Mountains in Colorado enclose 
 large fertile valleys or plains called the North Park, Middle 
 Park and South Park. The South Piirk, which is about 60 
 miles long, contains many thousand acres which produce 
 good natural pasture. At present the cultivation of the 
 soil is mostly confined to the valleys near the streams and 
 some favored localities which do not require irrigation. 
 
 i<!trer«.— The esistern part of Colorado is (hrained by the 
 Arkansas River and the South Fork of the Platte, both of 
 which rise near the centre of this territory. From the 
 Western slopes of the Rocky Mountiiins flow the Yampa or 
 Bear River, the Buiikara and the Gunnison Rivers. The 
 latter two rivers unite in the W. part to form Grand River 
 which js a branch of the Colorado. The Rio Giuude also 
 rises in the territory and flows southward. 
 
 Mineral llesources.—QoH and silver are abundant in the 
 ^I'^n- '"""*^ °^ Colorado among the mountains. In May, 
 18o9, rich placer gold mines were discovered on Clear Creek 
 an affluent of the South Fork of the Platte. According to 
 the Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Oflice. 
 dated December 1863, Colorado contains also copper, iron 
 coal, salt, limestone and gj-psum. None but gold mines 
 have been worked to much extent. A branch mint of the 
 United bUtes has been established at Denver. Rich silver 
 mines have been discovered on the western slope of the 
 Snowy Mountains. The amount of Colorado gold coined 
 $2,130 m ^'*'"" "'** $2,893,337; that of 1863-4 was 
 
 Pnrtst Tree f Animals, rffc.-This territory is generally de- 
 ficient >n timber. In the E. part occur extfnsive sindy 
 plains covered with the wild sage and prickly pear. Among 
 he T'l"'/"'""'"! "Jf "'" ^"'Sion, are the bi'son (or buffLloX 
 the elk, deer, antelope and bear. The lakes and niiushes 
 are frequented by wild ducks and geese. m,u»ne8 
 
 The territory was organized in March 1861. Denver is the 
 most populous town of Colorado. Cayital, Gcldon City. 
 
 A State Constitution having been formed and submitted 
 to the jiopular vote in 1865, a'majority voted in favor of it. 
 COLORADO, a mining village of Mariposa co., Caliloruia, 
 6 miles N. of Mariposa. It hiis 2 stores. 
 
 COLORADO CITY, a ^-illage of Yuma co., Arizona, on the 
 left bank of the Colorado River just above the mouth of the 
 Gila. Gold is found in this vicinity. 
 
 COLORADO CITY, a post-town, capital of El Paso co., 
 Colorado, is situated on a small affluent of the Arkansas 
 River, at or near the E. base of Pike's Peak, and about 75 
 miles S. of Denver. It is supported by gold mines which 
 are worked in the vicinity. Here is a flouring-mill. 
 
 COLQUIT, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an 
 
 area of about 600 scpiare miles. It is bounde<l on the E. by 
 
 Little River, and drained by the Ocklockonee River. The 
 
 ! surface is nearly level. Capital, Moultrie. Pop. 1316. 
 
 COLQUIT, a post-village, capital of Miller co., Georgia, 
 
 situated about 100 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 COLUMliI.4, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, bor- 
 dering on Washington, has an area of about 6U0 square 
 mileis. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Columbia 
 River, and also drained by the Kla^kanine and Scappooso 
 Rivers. The streams of this county afford extensive water- 
 power. The surface is diversified by fertile valleys and 
 mountains which iire covered with dense forests of fir, cedar, 
 hemlock and maple. Iron ore is found in the county ; also 
 salt springs. Capital, Saint Helen. Pop. 532. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a village of Lickiug co.,uhio,on the Central 
 Railroad, 16 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a village of Ingham co., Michigan, on Grand 
 River about 12 miles S. by AV. of l^nsing. 
 
 COLUMBIA, or COLU.MBIAVILLE, a pos^village of La- 
 peer CO., Michigan, on Flint River about 40 miles N. by W. 
 of Pontiac. 
 
 COLUMBI.i, a township in the N. part of Tuscola co., 
 Michigjin. Pop, 94. 
 COLUMBIA, a township of Martin co., Imhana. Pop. 718. 
 COLUMBIA, a township of Whitley co., Indiana. Pop., 
 inchuUng the village of Columbia, 1903. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a intst-office of Marion co., Iowa, about 40 
 miles S.E. of Des Moines. 
 C0LUM15I.\, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 352. 
 COLUMBIA, a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Pop. 
 782. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a post-town of Tuolumne co., California, 
 situated near the left bank of the Stanislaus River, 4 miles 
 N. of Sonora. It contains 4 churches, 1 banking office, 1 
 newspaper office, 2 drug stores, about 10 dr}--goods and 
 general stores; it has also 2 quartz-mills. Here are rich gold 
 mines. Two of the largest mining dit<;hes in the state sap- 
 ply water to the miners of S<->nora and Columbia. Poj). in 
 1860, 2062 ; in 1865, about 2500. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village, capital of Polk co., North 
 Carolina, alxiut 90 miles W. of Charlotte. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village and township of Adams co., 
 Illinois, about 15 miles E. by N. of Quincy. Pop. 882. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village of Louisa co.. Iowa, about 22 
 miles S.W. of Muscatine, and al>out 3 miles S.W. of tho 
 Iowa River. The census of 1860 states the population of 
 Columbus at 1285. and of Columbus City at 530. 
 
 COLUMBUS CITY, or COLUMBUS, a post-township of 
 Louisa CO.. Iowa, on the right bank of the Iowa River, 
 about 7 miles N.W. of Wapello. It contains the village of 
 Columbus. Total population 1815. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village in Columbus township, Anoka 
 CO., Minnesota, about 22 miles N. of St. Paul. Pop. of 
 township 119. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village of Doniphan co., Kansas, on 
 the Missouri River, about 10 miles N.N.W. of St. Josei)h, 
 Missouri. 
 
 COLUMBUS, a post-village of Platte co., Nebrask.% on 
 the Loup Fork of Platte River, about 86 miles ^V. by N. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 COLU'SA, or COLUSI, a post-village, capital of Colusa 
 CO., California, on the right bank of the Sacramento River, 
 50 miles in a direct line, or 75 miles by legal distance, 
 N.N.W. of Sacramento. Pop. about 250; pop. of Colusa 
 township in 1860, 348. 
 
 COM.^NCUE, a new county in the central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is iiitor.sected 
 by Leon River, and also drained by Buckeye and IJi!#h 
 Creeks. Capital. Cora or Comanche. Pop. 709. 
 COMANCHE, a i)ost-village of Comanche co., Texas. 
 COMMERCE, a post-village of Commerce township Oak- 
 land cc Michigan, on or near Huron River, about 32 miloB 
 N.W. of Detroit. 
 
 COM.MERCE, a post-village, capital of Scott co.,Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 35 miles above Ciiiro, Hli- 
 nois, and 170 miles below St. Louis. Pop. in 1860, 790. 
 
 COMO, a mining village of Lyon co., Nevada, 10 miles 
 S.E. of Dayton. It has 2 stores, audi quartz-mill for silver 
 ore. Pop. about 300. 
 COMO, or COMO DEPOT, a post-village of Do Soto co , 
 
COM 
 
 COS' 
 
 Mississippi, on the railroatl wliicli connects Memphis with 
 Granada, about 44 miles S. of Mempliis. 
 
 COMPETINE, a post-township of Wapello .co., Iowa, 
 alwjnt S or 9 miles N.K. of Ottumwa. Pop. 677. 
 
 COiLSTOCK, a post-office and station of Wapello co., 
 Iowa, on tlie Des Moines Valley Railroad and on the Des 
 Moines Kiver, 8 miles N.W. of Ottumwa. 
 
 CONCHO, a new county in the W. central part of Texas. 
 It is bounded on the N.E. by the Colorado River, and also 
 drained by tlie Rio Concho. The census of 1860 furuislies 
 no statement of the population. 
 
 CONCORD, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 655. 
 
 CONCORD, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, in Concord 
 township, and on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, 
 6 miles W.S.W. of CoiTy. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village of Knox co., Tennessee, near 
 the Tennessee River, and on the Chattanooga and Knox- 
 ville Railro.ad, 13 miles W.S.W. of Knoxville. 
 
 CONCORD, a village of Clark co., Ohio, about 8 miles 
 S.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 CONCORD, a village of Licking co., Ohio, about 27 miles 
 N.K. of Columbus. 
 
 CONCORD, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 9S2. 
 
 CONCORD, a townshipof Iroquois co., Illinois. Pop. 1156. 
 
 CONCORD, a township of Dubuque co , Iowa. Pop. 1061. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village and township of Louisa co., 
 Iowa. The village is on the left bank of the Iowa River, 
 about IS miles S.W. of Muscatine. Pop. 577. 
 
 CONCORD, a post-village in Concord township. Dodge co., 
 Minnesota, on a branch of Zumbro River, about 22 miles 
 W.N.AV. of Rochester. Pop. of the township 400. 
 
 CONCOUD, a village of Cedar co., Nebraska, on the Mis- 
 souri River, aliout 44 miles bv the road W.N.^V. of Dakota. 
 
 CONCORD DEPOT, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia, 
 on the Petei'sburg and Lynchburg Railroad, 13 miles K. of 
 Lj'nchburg. 
 
 CONDIT. a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, 12 miles 
 6.E. of Saiem. 
 
 CONEJOS, ko-nATioceC?), a county forming the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of Colorado. Area estimated at 6000 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Rio Grande del Norte, and 
 nlso drained by the Rio San Juan and several afHuents of 
 the same. The county is traversed in the central part by a 
 mountain range called the Sierra La Plata. The census of 
 1860 furnislies no information respecting this county. 
 
 CONESVILLE, a post-village of Cosliocton co., Ohio, on 
 the Muskinjagn River, 7 or 8 miles by railroiid S. by W. of 
 Coshocton, ^f 
 
 CONEWAfiO, a village of York co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Northern Central Railroad, 10 miles N. of York. 
 
 CONNEQXIENESSING, a township of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1098. 
 
 CONO. a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 242. 
 
 CONOTTEN, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, on 
 the Pittsburg and Columbus Railroad, about 32 miles W. of 
 Steubenville. 
 
 CONOVER. a post-village of Miami co., Ohio, on the 
 Columlnis and Indianapolis Railroad, 10 miles E. of Piqua. 
 
 CON YNGHAM, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1320. 
 
 COOK, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1043. 
 
 COOKSTOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New 
 Jersev. about 18 miles E. by S. of Burlington. 
 
 COOKSTOM'N, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the right bank of tlie Monongahela River, 30 
 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg. It contains 3 churches, 14 stores, 
 and 1 glass factory. A large quantity of stone coal is pro- 
 ctired in the vicinity and shipped here by boats. Pop. 
 about 1000. 
 
 COOK'S VALLEY, a post-office of Wabasha co., Minne- 
 sota, on the Zumbro River, 5 or 6 miles S. of Wabasha. 
 
 COOKSVILLE, a post-village of Howard co., Md., about 
 22 miles W. of Baltimore. 
 
 COON, a township of Vernon Co., Wisconsin. Pop. 382. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a post-township of Brown co., Illinois, 
 on the Illinois River, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Jackson- 
 ville. Pop. 1483. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN, a post-village and township of Mani- 
 towoc CO., Wisconsin, about 20 miles S.E. of the town of 
 Green Bay. Pop. 1222. 
 
 COOPERSVILLE, a post-village of Ottawa co., Michigsin, 
 on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railro.id, about 15 miles 
 W.N.W. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 COOS, or COOSE RIYEH, a small stream of Coos co., 
 Or?gon, flows westward and enters a bay of the same name. 
 
 COOS, a county in the W.S.W. part of Oregon, bordering 
 on the Pacific Ocean, has an area estiznated at IfiOO square 
 milos. It is drained by the Coquille and Coos Rivers. The 
 The surface is mountainous and partly covered with forests. 
 Gold and stone coal are found in the county. Large quan- 
 tities of coal and lumbT »--e exportod. Capital, Empire 
 «"ity. Pop. 445. 
 
 COOS RIVER, a post office of Coos co , Oregon. 
 
 COJ'I, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, on the Missis* 
 sippi and Missouri Railroad, 11 miles W.N.W. of Iowa City. 
 
 COPLEY, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. lOlO. 
 
 COl'PEI. a post-village of Walla Walla co., Washington 
 Territorv. lo miles N. of Walla Walla. It has 1 store. 
 
 COPPER HARBOR, a post-village ^nd township of Ke- 
 weenaw CO., Michigan, on Lake Superior, about 45 miles 
 N.E. of Houghton. Pop. 193. 
 
 COPPER HILL, a small post-village of Hunterdon co.. 
 New Jersey, 2J/^ miles S. of Flemington. It has 2 or 3 
 stores. 
 
 COP'PEROP'OLIS, a flourishing post-village of Calaveras 
 CO., California, is 38 miles E. by N. of Stockton, and 18 
 miles W.N.W. of Souora. It has 2 churclies, 1 newspaper 
 office, numerous stores, 2 quartz-mills, and about 200 dwell- 
 ings. The Union Copper Jline at this [dace is the riche*. 
 in the state. About 80 tons of copper ore are shipped Ixers 
 daily. Gold is found 3 miles from this village. Pop. abo>5t 
 1500. 
 
 COQUILLE RIVER, a small stream of Coos co., Oregon, 
 rises in the S. part, and flowing westward enters tlie Paciflo 
 Ocean. • 
 
 CORA, a post-village of Comanche co., Texas, about 12d 
 miles N.N.W. of Austin City. 
 
 CORA, or CORY, a post-village of Fremont co., Iowa, 
 about 12 miles E.N.E. of Sidney. 
 
 CORCORAN, a post-township of Hennepin co., Minnesota, 
 altout 16 miles N.W. of Minneapolis. Pop. 358. 
 
 CORDOVA, a post-village in Cordova township, Lc Sueni 
 CO., Minnesota, about 22 miles W. by N. of Faribault, and 
 16 miles E. of St. Peter's. Pop. of township 200. 
 
 CORFU, a post-village of Genesee co.. New York, on the 
 Central liailroad, 2:-, miles E. by N. of Buffalo. 
 
 CORFU, ft p<jst-office of AVanshara co., Wisconsin. 
 
 CORINTH, a post-village of Tisheniingo co., Mississippi, 
 on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, where it is 
 crossed by the .Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 93 miles E. by S. 
 of Memphis. Here General Rosecrans gained a victory 
 over the rebels Oct. 3-5, 1862. 
 
 CORNELIA, a post-villnge of Johnson co., Missouri, about 
 11 miles S. of Warrensburg. 
 
 CORNWALL, a township of Henry co., Illinois. Pop. 689. 
 
 CORNWALLIS, a post-village of Ritchie co.. AVest Vir- 
 ginia, on the Northwestern Railroad. 32 miles E. of Parkers- 
 burg. 
 
 CORO, a village of Santa Barbara co., California, on the 
 sea-coast, about 44 miles W. of Santa Barbara. 
 
 CORRY, a post-village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, where it is crossed by the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, 37 miles .'^.E. of Erie, 
 38 miles N.E. of Meadville, and26miles S.W. of Jamestown, 
 It is also the N. terminus of tlie Oil Creek Railroad. It 
 Contains 3 or 4 churches. 2 national banks, 6 hotels, 1 news- 
 paper office, about 20 stores, 2 niacliine-sho])s, 2 oil refineries, 
 4 oil warehouses, 1 tannery, 3 steam saw-mills, Ac. The 
 chief business of this place is refining and dealing in oil. It 
 has grown up since 1860, and is increasing rapidly. Pop. 
 in .Tanuary 1865,3131. 
 
 CORTLAND, or COURTLAND, a post-village of Jackson 
 CO.. Indiana, about 9 miles N.E. of Brownsto^n. 
 
 CORTLAND, or COURTLAND STAIION, a post-village 
 of DeKalb Co., Illinois, on the railroad which connects Chi- 
 cago with Dixon, 65 miles AV. of Chicago. 
 
 CORUNN.\, a post-village of DeKalb co., Indiana, on the 
 Northern Indiana Railroad, 87 miles AA'. by S. of Toledo. 
 
 CORVALLIS, a post-village, cajiital of lienton co., Oregon, 
 situated on the left bank of the Willamette River, 40 miles 
 S.S.AV. of Salem. It contained in 18(54, about 8 general 
 stores. The adjacent country is fertile. Pop. in 1860. 531. 
 
 CORA'ALLIS,a townsliiporprecinctofBenton co., Oregon. 
 Pop. exclusive of the village of Corvallis, 700. 
 
 CORAVIN, Tippecanoe, co , Indiana, ii station on the New 
 Albany and Chicago Railroad, 14 miles S. of Lafayette. 
 
 CORAVIN, a township of Ida co., Iowa. Pop. 43. 
 
 CORYELL, a new county in tlie central part of Texas, 
 lias an area of about 950 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Leon River, and also drained by Cowhouse and Coryell 
 Creeks. Capital, Gatesville. Pop. 2666. 
 
 CORYA''ILLE, a post-townsliip of Kewaunee co., AViscoa- 
 sin, on Lake Michigan, and about 2 miles AV. of Kcm auaee. 
 Pop. 240. 
 
 COSMOPOLIS, a post-village of Chehalis co., AVasliingtoa 
 Territory, on Gray's Harbor, at the mouth of the Cheiialig 
 River, 10 miles AV. of Montesano. 
 
 COSO, a mining district in Tulare co., California, ahont 20 
 miles S. by E. of Owens' Dike, and near the E. ba.se of the 
 Sierra Nevada. Silver is found here. 
 
 COSTII.L.\, a county in the S. part of Colorado, has an 
 
 area estimated at above 4800 square miles. It is bounded 
 
 on the E. by the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, and 
 
 j partly on the AV. by the Rio Grande del Norte. It is drained 
 
 I by the Rio Costilla and other small streams. The principal 
 
 ■ resources of the inhabitants are mines of gold and silver. 
 
 220" 
 
COS 
 
 CUM 
 
 COSUMNE, or COSUMNES, a township of El Dorado co., ' 
 Cnlifoniia. Pop. 792. 
 
 COSUMNE, or COSUMNES, a post-villago and township 
 of Sacramento co.. California. The village is on or near 
 Ihe Cosnmne lUver, 20 miles S.E. of Sacramento. Tottil 
 jiopulation, 1215. 
 
 COTTAGE GROVE^a po8t-village and township of Wsuih- 
 iogton CO., Minnesota. The village is about S miles N. of 
 Hastings, and 15 miles S.E of St. Paul. The township is on 
 the left bank of the Mississippi River. Pop. 359, 
 
 COTTAGE GROVE, a post-oflice of Lane co., Oregon, 20 
 miles S. of Kugene City. 
 
 COTTAGK GROVE, a post-oflSce of Henry co., Iowa, about 
 21 mites N.W. of Burlington. 
 
 COTTONM'O ID, a county in the S.W. part of .Minnesota, 
 has an area of 720 square miles. It is drained by the Little 
 Cottonwood and Watonwan Rivers, which flow eastward, 
 and by the West F< irk of the Des Moines, which flows south- 
 ward. The surface is undulating; the soil is productive. 
 Pop. 12. 
 
 COTTONWOOD, a township of Cumberland co., Illinois. 
 Pop. -ISO. 
 
 COTTONWOOD, a township of Brown co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 519. 
 
 COTT'>N WuOD, a township of Chase co., Kansas. Pop. 103. 
 
 COTTONWOOD, a post-village and township of Tehama 
 CO.. California, on Cottonwood Creek, 16 miles N. of Red 
 Bluff. Pop. 160. 
 
 COTTONWOOD CREEK, California, an affluent of the 
 Sacramento River, flows ea.stward and forms part of the 
 boundary between Shasta and Tehama counties. 
 
 COTTONWOOD FALLS, a post-village, capital of Chase 
 CO., Kansas, on the Cottonwood River, about 22 miles W. of 
 Empfiria. 
 
 COTTONWOOD, or BIG COTTONWOOD RIVER, of Min- 
 nesota, rises in the S.W. part of the state and flowing east- 
 ward enters the Minnesota in Brown co., about i miles 
 below New Ulra. 
 
 COTTONWOOD RIVER, in the E. central part of Kansas, 
 rises in Marion co., flows eastward through Chase co., and 
 unites with the Neosho in Lyon co., after a course of about 
 100 miles. 
 
 COULTKRTILLE, a village of Mariposa co., California, 
 
 21 miles N. or N.W. of Mariposa. It has about 6 general 
 stores and several quartz-mills. The name of the post-oflice 
 is Maxwell's Creek. Pop. including Chinese, about 500. 
 
 COUPEVILLE, or COUPERVILLE. a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Island co., Washington Territory, situated on the 
 Xi.K. shore of Admiralty Inlet, about 112 miles N. ofOlympia. 
 
 COURTLAND, a township of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 
 contains or adjoins the village of Cambria. Pop. 1219. 
 
 COVE CREKK, a post-village of Millard co., Utah, 35 
 miles S. by W. of Fillmore City. 
 
 COVELAND, a post-village of Island co., Washington 
 Territory, near the straits of Juan de Fuca, about 112 miles 
 N. of Olympia. 
 
 COVENTRY, a post-village of Orleans co., Vermont, on 
 the Connecticut and Piissumpsic Rivers Railroad, 5 miles S. 
 of Newport, and 5 miles N. by E. of Irasburg. 
 
 COVINGTON, a post-village of Hill co., Texas, about 13 
 miles N.N.W. of Hillsbonmgh. 
 
 COVINGTON, a post-village or township of Dakota co., 
 Nebraska. Pop. 55. 
 
 C<:)A\'.\N, a ix)st-village of Franklin co., Tennessee, on the 
 Na-hville and Chattanooga Railroad, 87 miles S.S.E. of 
 Nashville. 
 
 COWLITZ, a post-village of Lewis Co.. Washington Ter- 
 ritory, on the Cowlitz River, about 45 miles S. of Olympia. 
 It has 1 or 2 stores. Pop. about 150. 
 
 COWLITZ RIVER. Washington Territory, rises in the 
 E. part of Lewis co. It flows first westward and then sonth- 
 ward. intersecting Cowlitz county, and enters the Columbia 
 River at Monticello. 
 
 COX CREEK, a post-township of Clayton co., Iowa, about 
 
 22 miles S.W. of Prairie du Chien. Pop. 724. 
 
 COXS BAR, a mining village of Trinity co., California, on 
 the Trinity River,about 18 miles W. by N. of Weaverrille. 
 
 CRAIGHEAD, a county in the N.E. part of Arkansas, has 
 an area of about 960 square miles. It Is intersected by the 
 St. Francis River, which here expands into a lake, "it is 
 also drained by Anguille and Cache Rivers. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil in some parts is productive. Pop. 3066. 
 
 CRAIGSVILLE, a post-village of Augusta co., Airginia, 
 on the Central Railroad. 23 miles W.S.W. of Staunton. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 478. 
 
 CKAWFOKD, a township of Pottawattomie co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 535. 
 
 CRAWFORD, a township of Washington co- Iowa. 
 Pop. 1133. 
 
 CREDIT RIVER, a township of Scott co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 129. 
 
 CRESCENT, a township of Pottawattomie co„ Iowa 
 Pop. 535. 
 
 CRESCENT CITY, a post-village of Pottawattomie co., 
 Iowa, on the Missouri River, 7 miles above Council Bluffs. 
 2208 
 
 CRESCO, a post-village of Kossuth co., Iowa, on the East 
 Fork of the Des Moines River, about 5 miles S. of Aliiona. 
 Pop. 27. 
 CRESCO, Minnesota. (See Ceresco.) 
 CRESCO, a post-village of Anderson co., Kansas, about 
 52 niili-s S. by W. of Lawrence. 
 
 CRKSSKILL, a post-office of Bergen co., New Jersey, on 
 the Northern Railroad of New Jersey, about 16 miles N.N.S. 
 of Jersey City. 
 
 CRE?SON, a post-village and summer resort of Cambria 
 CO., Pennsylvania, beautifully situated on the Central Bail- 
 road, and on the top of tlie Alleghany Mountain, 258 miles 
 AV. by N. of Philadelphia, and 102 iniles E. of Pittsburg. 
 It is about 30tK) feet above the level of the sea. Here are 
 2 spacious hotels, which, with a number of cottages, will 
 accommodate about 2000 persons. Cresson is commended 
 for the purity of its air, and is a fashionable place of resort 
 for invalids and others. Two and a half miles E. of Cresson 
 is a greiit tunnel % of a mile long, through which the rail- 
 road trains pass. 
 
 CRESSO'NA, a post-township of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 876. 
 
 CRIMEA, kri-niee'.j. a post-village of IMuskegon co., 
 Michigan, on Lake Slichigiin, about 7 miles S.S.W. of 
 Muskegon. 
 
 CRITTENDEN, a post-village of Daviess co., Missouri, 
 al)Out 60 miles E.N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 CROOKElJ CREEK, a township of Houston co., Minne- 
 sota, on the Mississippi River. Pop. 347. 
 
 CROSS, a township in the S. part of Buffalo co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Pop. 306. 
 
 CROSS KEYS, a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia, 
 about 22 miles N.E. of Staunton. Near this place General 
 Fremont attacked General Jackson, June 8, 1862. 
 
 CROSSVILLE, a post-village of Cumberland co., Tennes- 
 see, about 66 miles W. of Knoxville. 
 
 CROTON, a post-village of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey, 4 
 or 5 miles W. of Flemington. 
 
 CROT. iN, a village of Lawrence CO., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Neshauoc Creek, about 2 miles E. of Newca.stle. 
 
 CROTON, a post-village and township of Newaygo co., 
 Michigan. The village is on the Muskegon River, about 36 
 miles N. of Grand Riipids. It has 1 or 2 mills. Total popu- 
 lation, 537. 
 
 CROTON, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, on the Des 
 Moines River, and on the Des Moines A'alley Railroad, 25 
 miles N.W. of Keokuk. 
 
 CROW WING, a county in the N. central part of Minne- 
 sota, contains about 640 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N. and W. by the Mississippi River, and partly on the E. by 
 Lake Mille I^cs, and drained by the N okay River. The sur- 
 face is diversified and partly covered with forests of pine. 
 Capital, Crow Wing. Pop. 269. 
 
 CROW WING, a small village, capital of Crow Wing co., 
 Minnesota, sittiated on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, 
 opposite the month of the Crow AVing River, 100 miles in a 
 direct line N.N.W. of St. Anthony. It has a steiim saw- 
 mill. Pop. 200. 
 
 CROYLE, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 795. 
 
 CBCGER, a post-office of Woodford co., Illinois on the 
 Tohdo Peoria and AVarsaw Railroad, 18 miles E. of Peoria. 
 
 CRYST.^L, a post-township of Montcalm co., Michigitn, 
 about 40 miles N.N.AV. of Lansing. Pop. 222. 
 
 CRY'STAL, a post-village and township of Tama co., 
 Iowa, about 10 miles N. of Toledo. Pop. 145. 
 
 CRYSTAL LAKE, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois, 
 at the intersection of the Chicago and Northwestern Rail 
 road, with the Fox River A'alley Railroad, 43 miles N.W 
 of Chicago. 
 
 CRYSTAL LAKE, a township of Marquette co., AVis- 
 consin, about 10 miles N. of Montello. Pop. 586. 
 
 CRY'ST.KL LAKE, a post-township of Hennepin co., 
 Minnesota, on the AV. bank of the Mississippi River, about 
 4 miles alx)ve Minnea]K)lis. Pop. 417. 
 
 CRY'STAL A'ALLEA', a village of Trempealeau co^ Wis- 
 consin, on Dutch Creek. 
 
 CUBA, a post-village of Fulton cOt Illinois, about 40 
 miles AV.S.W. of Peoria. Pop. 348. 
 
 Cl'BA. a post-village of Crawford co., Missouri, on tht 
 South AVest Branch of the Pacific Railroad, 90 miles S.AV 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 CULA'ERS STATION, a post-office of Tippecanoe cc, 
 Indiana, on the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad, 8 
 miles S.E. of Lafayette. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a county in the E. central part of Ten- 
 nessee. Area estim.ated at 700 square miles. It is drained 
 by Obed's River and Daddy's Creek. The surface is hilly or 
 mountainous. Capital, Crossville (?) 'Pop. 3460, of whom 1'21 
 were slaves. 
 
 CUMBERL.tND, a township of Fayette co., Illinois. Pop. 
 619. 
 
 CUMBERLAND GAV, a narrow pai^s through the Cum- 
 berland Mountain, on the line between Tennesseo and 
 Kentucky, at the W. extremity of North Carolina, and 
 
CUM 
 
 DAL 
 
 about 50 miles N.N.E. of Knoxville. It is an important stra- 
 tegic point. Cumberland Gap post-office is in Claiborne co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 CUMING, a county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, has an 
 area of about 400 .square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Elkhorn Kiver, and also drained by Plum and I'ebble Creeks. 
 The surfice is diversified by undulating prairies and bottom 
 lands which produce timber. The soil is fertile, and is 
 bas.d on limestone. Pop. 07. 
 
 CUMING CITY, a po.st-viltage of 'SVashington co., Ne- 
 braska, is situated near the Missouri River, about SO miles 
 N.N.W. of Oiuahii City. Pop. 1.32. 
 
 CUMMINGS POINT, at the entrance of Cliarleston har- 
 bor. South Carolina, is the N. extremity of Morris Island, 
 Slid is about 1 mile 8.S.E. of Port Sumter. 
 
 CURUAN, a post-village and township of Sangamon CO., 
 Illinois, on the Great Western Railroad, 8 or 9 miles W. by 
 S. of Springfield. 
 
 CUKKAN, a post-village of Stone co., Missouri, about 21 
 Kiles S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 CURKY, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Oregon, 
 bordering on California. Area estimated at l.iOO square 
 miles. It is lounded on the W. by tlie Pacitlc Ocean, Inter- 
 Bected by Rogue River, and also drained by Elk and Chotcoe 
 Rivers. The surface is hilly or mountaiuous ; tlie soil of 
 the valleys is fertile. Capital, EUensburg. Pop. 393 
 
 CURRY, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop 
 1434. 
 
 CURRYSVILLE, a village of Sullivan co., Indiana, oi 
 the Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad, 19 miles S. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 CURTIS, a post>-village of Madiscm co., Indiana, on the 
 Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 18 miles N.N.W. of 
 Anderson. 
 
 CURTISVILLE, a post-village of Tipton co., Indiana, on 
 the Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of 
 Kokonio. 
 
 CURVETON, a poft-village of Cass co , Indiana, on tlie 
 Toledo Logansport and Burlington Railroad, and neai- the 
 Wabash River, 7 miles W. of Logausport. 
 
 CUSSETA, a post-village, capital of Chattahoochee co., 
 Georgia, 18 or 20 miles S.E. of Colnnibus. 
 
 CUTTl NGSVILLK, a post-village of Rutland co.. Vermont, 
 on the Rutland and Burlinirtou Railroad, 9 miles S.S.E. of 
 Rutland. 
 
 CUYIiER, a post-township forming the northeastern 
 extremity of Cortland county, New York. Population 
 1658. 
 
 CYLOX, a post-township of St. Croi.x co., Wisconsin, 25 
 miles E.N.E. of Iludsou. Pop. 227. 
 
 CYNTIIIAN, a village of Clermont co., Ohio, about 30 
 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 D. 
 
 DADETILLB. a post-village of Dade co. Miasonri, about 
 34 miles AV.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 UAKO'TA, a territory of the United States of North 
 America, bounded on the N. by the British Possessions, on 
 tlie E. by Minnesota and Iowa, on the S. by Xebiaska, 
 Colorado, and Utah, and on the W. liy Montana, Idaho, and 
 Utah. It lies between 41° and 49° N. lat.. and liotweeu 96° 
 25' and 111° 00' W. Ion. The length from E. toW. is about 
 "V) miles. Area estimated at 240,000 square miles. It was 
 urg.'inized as a territory, March 2, IStU. 
 
 Face of the Oiuntry, — This extensive region presents a 
 great variety of surface. The western part is very moun- 
 taiuous. The Rocky Mountain range extends along the W. 
 "boundary, and here rises to an altitude of 13,570 feet in 
 Fremonfs Peak. A portion of DakoUi is traversed, by a 
 branch of tlie Rocky Mountains called the Black Hills. The 
 highest point of tliis extensive range is Laramie's Peak, 
 which rises about 8(100 feet above the level of the se.a, and is 
 situated about 42° 10' N. hit., and 105° W. Ion. JProm this 
 point the range extends northward nearly 300 miles. The 
 eiistern and northeaatorn part of Dakota is more nearly 
 level. In the S.E. is a plateau or range of higlilaiids called 
 the Coleau ties Prairies. 
 
 Jia-erit and Lakes. — The principal rivers are the Missouri, 
 the Red River of the North, the North Fork of the Platte, 
 and the Big Horn. A largo part of the territory is drained 
 by tlie Missouri River, which, after Ibrming part of the 
 Bouthern boundary leaves Dakotti at its S. K. extremity, 
 which is about 5o0 miles in a direct line from the point 
 where the river euters the territory. A great part of the 
 IS. boundary is formed by the Red River of the North. 
 
 The western portion of Dakota is drained by the North 
 Fork of the Platte, by the sources of the Yellowstone, and 
 the Big Horn and Powder Rivers, affluents of the Y'ellow- 
 stone. The Dakota or liiviere il Jacques rises iii the N.E., 
 flows southward, and enters the Missouri after a course of 
 about 600 miles. Dakota contains a number of lakes, the 
 largest of which is Mini Wakan or Devil Lake, in the N.E. 
 part. Its length is about 40 miles. 
 
 Sail, Timber. <fc.— Tlie valley of the Red River of the 
 North is very fertile. Some districts adjacent to the Black 
 Hills are also said to be highly productive and well wooded. 
 Timber is scarce in the S.E. district which lies between the 
 Missouri Kiver and the E. boundary of Dakota. A great 
 portion of this territory is prairie. Among the forest trees 
 the pine, cedar, and cottonwood are found. In some parts 
 the soil is rendered unproductive by a deficiency of rain. 
 
 Animals. — Among the animals indigenous to this region 
 are the buffalo or bison, elk, antelope, deer, grizzly bear, 
 black bear, wolf, raccoon, and muskrat. 
 
 Ptipulalinn. — According to the census of 1860, Dakota 
 contained 4837 inhabitants, including 2261 Indians. Capital, 
 Yankton. 
 
 DAKOTA, a county towards the S.E. part of Minnesota, 
 has an aresi of about 570 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. and N.E. by the Missis>jppi River, and on the N.W. 
 by the Minnesota, and also drained by the Vermilion and 
 Cannon Rivers. The surface is undulating, or nearly level; 
 the soil is calcareous and highly productive. Wheat is the 
 staple production. Dakota county contains a large extent of 
 yrairie, but is also well wooded. The rock which underlies 
 this county is magnesian limestone. The route of the pro- 
 jected Minneapolis and Cedar Valley Railroad passes 
 throuch this county. Capital, Hastings. Pop. 9093. 
 60 
 
 DAKOTA, a county in the extreme N.E. part of Nebraska, 
 bordering on Iowa. Area estim.ited at 400 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N.E. and E. by the .Missouri Hiver, 
 and also drained by Elk Creek. The surface is diversified 
 by rolling liraiiies, bottom lauds, and groves of hard tim- 
 ber. Tlie soil is very fertile. Wheat, corn, and oats are 
 the stajiles. Wood and stone are said to be abundant here. 
 It is stated that this county is more thickly woudcd thau 
 any other in Nebraska. Capitjil, Dakota. Pop 819. 
 
 DAKOTA, a post-village of Stephen.son Co., Illinois, on 
 the Racine and Mississijipi Railroad, 8 miles E. by N. of 
 Ereeport. 
 
 D.ilvOTA, a post-village, capital of Iluniboldt co., Iowa, 
 on the Des Moines River, 1 mile above the mouth of tiie 
 West Fork, and 15 miles N. of Fort Dodge. It is situated 
 on a high prairie, which contains beds of coal and iron ore. 
 Pop. about-350. 
 
 DAKOTA, a post-village and township of Waush.ira CO., 
 Wisconsin. The village is 8 miles S.S.W. of Wautonia. 
 Total population 479. 
 
 DAKOTA, .a village of Dakota co., Minnesota, on Ver- 
 milion River, iibout 24 miles S. of St. Paul. 
 
 DAKOTA, a village of Winona co., Minnesota, on the 
 Mississippi River, about 11 miles above La Crosse, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 D.^KOTA, a thriving post-village, capital of Dakota co., 
 Nebraska, situated on the W. bank of the .Missouri Kiver, 
 95 miles (by land) N. by W. of Omaha City. The Missouri 
 is about half a mile wide near this place. It contains one 
 church, 1 large hotel, 2 or three stores, a Uniti^d States 
 Ijand Office, So dwellings, and 1 pottery in which stone- 
 ware is made. Pop, in 1860, b^. 
 
 DAKOTA RIVER, or RIVIERE A JAQUES, sometime* 
 called JAMES RIVER, rises in the N.E. part of Dakota, 
 flows southward and enters the Missuui-i River on the S. 
 border of the territory. Its whole length is estimated'at 
 6ii0 miles. 
 
 DALE, a township of McLean co., Illinois. Pop. 950. 
 
 DALE, a township of Outagamie co., A\isconsin, about li 
 miles W. of Appletou. Pop. 668. 
 
 DALEVILLt;, a post-village of Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 15 miles S.E. of Scranton. 
 
 DALEVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, 
 on the Bellefontaine Railway Line, 9 miles W.S.W. of 
 Muncie. 
 
 DALLAS, a county in the N.W. part of Wisconsin, has an 
 area of, about 1200 square miles. It is drained by the Red 
 Cedar (or Menomonie), Vermilion. Hay, and Apple Rivers, 
 all of which, except the first, rise within its limits. The 
 surface is elevated and mostly covered with forests. The 
 county contains numerous lakes. Pop. 13. 
 
 DALLAS, a post-village in Dallas township, Clinton co., 
 Michigan, on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 28 miles 
 W. of Owosso, and 22 miles N.N.W. of Lansing. Pop. of 
 township. 907. 
 
 DALLAS, a township of Huntington co.. Indiana, on the 
 Waba.sh River. Pop. 1154. 
 
 DALLAS, a post- village, capital of Bollingerco., Missouri, 
 about 100 miles S. by. E. of St. Louis. 
 
 DALLAS, a village of Holt co., Missouri, on tlio Missouri 
 River, 32 miles above St. Joseph. 
 
 DALLAS, a post- village of Webster co., Missouri, about 
 18 miles E.N .E. of Springfield. Pop. of Dallas township, 953. 
 
 DALLAS, a township of Dallas CO., Iowa. Pop 191, 
 
PAL 
 
 DALLAS, a ptst-vilLiKe .ami township of Marion co., 
 Iowa, about 10 n.ilcs S.W. of Knoxville. Pop. siO. 
 DALLAS, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 251. 
 DALLAS, a post-village and township, capital of Polk CO., 
 OreiTon, on the Rickreal River, 15 miles W. of S.aleDi, and CO 
 miles .^.S.W. of Portland. It hiw a court-house, .-> general 
 stores, 1 drng-store. 1 grist-mill. 1 tannery, &c. Pop. about 
 250 ; total population in ISUO, 450. 
 
 DALL.^SBURG, a post village of Owen co., Kentucky, on 
 Eagle Creek, about 34 miles N. of Frankfort, and 4 miles E. 
 of the Kentucky Kiver. Pop. 2217. 
 
 DALLASBUHO, a post-village of Warren CO., Ohio, near 
 the Cincinnati and M;iriett;i Railroad, about 12 miles S. by 
 E. of Lebanon. 
 
 D ALL.\S CITY, a post-tillage of Hancock co., Illinois, on 
 the Mississippi River, 15 mileti below Burlington, Iowa, and 
 74 miles above Quincy. 
 
 DALLASTOWN, a iwst-vilhige of York co., Pennsylvaniii, 
 7 or S miles S.E. of York. 
 
 DALLES CITY, or TIIE DALLKS, dilz, a post-village, 
 capital of \V;isco co., Oregon, on the left (S.) bank of the 
 Columbia River, about 120 miles by water E. of Portland. 
 It has a large trade with the miners of the interior, and is 
 the \V. terminus of a railroad 13 miles long. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 public school, 1 newsjiaper office, and about 15 
 dry-goods ami general stores, besides groceries. The Direc- 
 tory for 1865 enumerates about 400 adult residents of Dalles 
 City. Pop. in 1860, 804; in 1865 estimated at 2000. The 
 river is here confined between yasaltic rocks in a channel 
 about 100 yards wide or less. 
 
 DALM.A.XUTIIA, a post-village of Guthrie co., Iowa, on 
 or neiir the Mississippi and .Missouri Railroad, about 50 miles 
 W. of Des Moines. 
 
 DALTON, a township of Muskegon co., Michigan. Pop. 
 258. 
 
 DALTON, a post-village and township of 'Wliyne co., In- 
 diana, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Richmoml. Pop. 789. 
 
 DAM.\SCUS, a village of Columbiana co, Ohio, near the 
 Pittsburg Fort Wavne and Chicago Railroad, 6 miles W. of 
 Salem. Pop. 120. 
 
 DAMASCUS, a small post-village of Placer co.,Califoruia, 
 3S miles E.N.E. of Auburn. 
 
 D.iXBY, a post-village of Du Page CO., Illinois, on the 
 Galena and Chicago Railroad, 23 miles W. of Clncago. 
 
 DANE.MORA, a post-township of Clinton co., New York, 
 10 miles W. by N. of Plattsburg. Fop. 1271. 
 
 DANFORTH, a township of Washington co., Maine. Pop. 
 28*J. 
 
 DANFORTH, a post-village of Tazewell co., niinois, on 
 Mackinaw River, about 21 miles S. by E. of Peoria. 
 
 D.iNKOltTH, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa, about 19 
 miles N.W. of Iowa City, 
 D.VNTERS. u township of McLean co., Illinois. Pop. 1375. 
 DANYILLE, a post-village and township of Des Moines 
 CO., Iowa, on the i-ailroad, 13 miles M'.N.W. of Burlington. 
 Pop. 1615. 
 DANVILLE, a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin. 
 DANVILLE, a township of Blue Earth co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 156. 
 
 DANVILLE, a post-village of Contra Costa co., Califomi;i, 
 16 miles S. of Martinez. 
 DANVILLK, a post-office of Clackamas co., Oregon. 
 DANVILLE, a post-village of Tisheniingo co., Mississippi, 
 on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, about 7 miles S. of Corinth. 
 DANVILLE, a iwst-village, capital of Gage co., Nebniska, 
 on or near the Big Blue River, about 65 miles S.W. of Ne- 
 oraska City. 
 
 D.A.HD.A.NELLES, a post-village and township of Jackson 
 CO., Oregon, 10 miles N.W. of Jacksonville. Pop. 331. 
 
 DARUENNE, a village of St. Charles co., Missouri, on the 
 North Missouri Railroad, 29 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 Pop. of Dardenue township, 2463. 
 
 DARIEN, a post-office of Clark co., Illinois, about 28 miles 
 S.W. of Terre Haute. Indiana. 
 DARIN DA. See Deri.nda. 
 DARLING. FORT. See Fort Darlixo. 
 DARLINGTON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Indi- 
 ana, on Sugar Creek, alKJUt 25 miles S. by E. of Lafayette. 
 
 DARLINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Lafay- 
 ette CO.. Wisconsin, situated on the Pitcatonica River and 
 on the ilineral Point Railroad, 15 miles S. by E. of Mineral 
 Point and about 50 miles S.W. of Madison. It has a stone 
 conrt-honse, 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 flouring-uull 
 moved by water-power. 10 stores, and several factories. A 
 large amonut of grain, jrark and cattle is shipped here. 
 iirst settled in 1850. Pop. in 1865, from 12iiO to 1400. 
 
 DAVIDSON, or DAVISON, a village of Genesee co., Mich- 
 igjiu, al>out 10 miles E or S.E. of Flint. 
 DAVIDSON, MOUNT. See Mount D.ivrosoy. 
 DAVIES, a village of Ifolo CO., California, about 10 miles 
 n. by S of Sacramento. 
 
 DAVIS, a cimnty in the N.E. central part of Kansas' it 
 ha« an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Kansas Rivor, and also drained by the Republican River 
 which enters the Kansas in this county. The surtaie is 
 
 DEA 
 
 undulating; the soil is good. Tlie land is gcniTally not 
 wooded, except on the margins of the streams. Building 
 stone is said to be aliuudaufiu this county. Capital, Junc- 
 tion City. Pop. 1163. 
 
 DAVIS, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 609. 
 
 DAVIS, a township of Stark co., Indiana. Pop. 59. 
 
 DAVIS, a ptist-villago of Stephenson Co., Illinois, on the 
 Racine and Mississippi llailroad, 14 miles E. by N. of Free- 
 port. 
 
 DAVISBURG, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 on the Detroit and Milwaukee Ifcdli'oad, 15 miles N.W. of 
 Pontiac. 
 
 DAWN, a post-villago of Livingston co., Missouri, about 
 42 miles N.N.E. of Lexington. 
 
 DAWSON, a coruity in the N. part of Georgia, has an 
 area estimated at 200 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Etowah River. The surface is hilly. The soil in some 
 parts is fertile. Capital. Dawsonville. Pop. 3S56. 
 
 DAWSON, a new county of Texas, about 15 miles from 
 the Rio Grande. Area estimate<l at 1100 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Nueces River. Pop. 281. 
 
 DAWSON, a county in the central part of Nebraska, haa 
 an area of about 1450 square miles. It is boundeil on the 
 S. by the Platte River, and intersected by the South Braucli 
 of the Loup Fork. The surface is nearly level; the soil in 
 some parts is said to be sterile. Pop. 16. 
 
 DAWSON, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 50 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 DAAVSON. a post-vilhige. cjipital of Terrell co., Georgia, 
 on the Southwestern Railroad, about 24 miles N.W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 DAAVSON, a post-office of Sangamon co., Illinois, on the 
 Great Western Railrt«ul, 12 miles E. of Springfield. 
 
 D.\WSONVILLE. a post^village, capital of Dawson co., 
 Georgia, about 48 miles N.E. of Marietta. 
 
 DAYTON, a village and township of York co., Maine, ol 
 the Siico River, about lb miles S.W. of Portland. Pop. 701. 
 
 D.4YT0N, a post-village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 18 miles E.N.E. of Kittanniug. 
 
 DAYTON, a post-villsige of Rockingham co., Virginia, 
 about 20 miles N.N.E. of Staunton, 
 
 DAYTON, a i>osl-village of Berrien co., Michigan, on tlie 
 Central liailroad, 2ul miles W. by S. of Detroit. 
 
 DAYTON, a township of Newaygo Co., Michigan. Pop. 
 281. 
 
 DAYTON, a township of Tuscola co., Michigan. Pop. 1 28. 
 
 D.4YT0N, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 1188. 
 
 D.\YTON, a village of Cass co., Missouri, about 60 miles 
 S.S.E. of Kansjis City. 
 
 DAYTON, a village of Appanoose co., Iowa, abont 27 
 miles S.W. of Ottumwa. 
 
 DAYTON, a jKist-township of Bremer co , Iowa, about 65 
 miles S.W. of J>ansing. Pop. 162. 
 
 D.A.YTOX, a township of Chickasaw co., Iowa. Pop. 187. 
 
 DAYTON, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 579. 
 
 D.4YT0N, a village of Webster co., Iowa. See Wesi 
 Dayton. 
 
 DAYTON, a township of Webster co.. Iowa. Pop. 208. 
 
 DAY'TON, a jKwt-village of Green oo., Wisconsin, on Sugar 
 River, about 20 miles S.S.W. of Madison. 
 
 DAYTON, a township of Green Lake co., Wisconsin, about 
 30 miles W. of Fond du Lac. The W. part of Green Lake 
 is included in it. Pop. 703. 
 
 DAYTON, a township of Richland co., Wisconsin, 5 miles 
 W". of Richland Centre. Pop. 494. 
 
 DAYTON, a township of Waupacca co., Wisconsin, abont 
 n miles S.W. of Waupacca. Pop. 733. 
 
 D.\Y10X, a i>ost-township of Hennepin CO., Minnesota, 
 on the right liank of the Mississii)pi River, 3 or 4 miles W. 
 of Anoka. Pop. 540. 
 
 D.A.YT0N, a post-village of Minnesota, situated on the 
 right bank of the Mississippi River, at the mouth of the 
 Crow River, on the line between Hennepin and Wright 
 counties, alwut 22 miles N.N.W. of St. Anthony. 
 
 D.4YT0N, a post-office of Bourbon co., Kansas. 
 
 DAYTON, a village of Shawnee co., Kansas, about 11 
 miles S.S.E. of Topek.a. 
 
 DAY rON, a post-village of Nemaha Co., Nebraska, on the 
 Little Nemaha River, about IS miles S.S.W. of Nebraslia 
 City. 
 
 DAYTON, a post-town, capital of Lyon co., Nevada, situ- 
 ated on Carson River, 12 miles E.S.E. of Virginia City and 
 about 22 miles N.E. of Carson City. It contains 8 general 
 stores, 1 newspaper office, and haa about 8 quartz-mills (for 
 silver ore). Pop. in 1864. about lOoO. 
 
 DAYTON, a village of Butte co., Oilifornia, 22 miles W. 
 by N. of Oroville. It has several stores. The name of tha 
 post-office is Greenland. 
 
 D.4.YT0N, a post-village of Yam Hill co., Oregon, on th« 
 Y'am Hill River, 21 miles N. of Salem and Z miles S.E. of 
 Lafayette. It has 1 or 2 churches. Pop. in 1864, about 
 150. 
 
 D.4YT0N, a township or precinct of Yam Hill co., Oregon. 
 Pop. 426. 
 
 DEANSVILLE, or DKANVILLE, a post-village of Dane 
 
DEB 
 
 CO., 'Wisconsin, on a railroad 22 miles TV. of AVatertown and 
 15 miles E.N.E. of Madison. 
 
 DK BUUIX, a post-vlUiige of Pulaski co., Missouri, about 
 33 miles W.S.W. of Rolla. 
 
 DKCATUR, a post-village of Wise co., Texas, about 60 
 miles W.N.W. of Dallas. 
 
 Di:CATUR, or DECATURVILLE, a post-village of Cam- 
 den CO.. Missouri, about 5l> miles W. of Rolla. 
 
 DECATUR, a post-village and township of Decatur Co., 
 lowii. about .5 miles W. of Leon, the county-seat. Pop. 9.32. 
 
 DECATUR, a post-village of Burt Co., Xebra.ska, situated 
 on the Missouri River, about 60 miles by the road N. of 
 Omalia City. Lat. 42° N. Tt is the AV. terminus of the 
 Cedar Rapids and Mi.ssouri River Raili'oad (in progress). 
 Tlie site is a plateau % of a mile wide between the river and 
 the bluffs. It contains 1 ciiurch and several steam saw- 
 mills. Coal is found in the vicinity. Pop. in 1800, 106. 
 
 DECTIEIJD, a post-village of Franklin co., Tennessee, on 
 the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroivd, 83 miles S.S.E. of 
 N.ishvllle. 
 
 DECKKR, a township of Knox co., Indiana. Pop. 63S. 
 
 DECKER, or DKCKER'S, Indiana, asfation on the Evans- 
 ville and Crawfor<lsville Railroad, where it crosses White 
 River, 11 miles S. of Vincennes. 
 
 DIJCK KR, a town.ship of Richland CO., Illinois. Pop. 719. 
 
 DECOR.AH, a post-village, capital of Winneshiek co., 
 Iowa, is situated on the right bank of the Upper Iowa 
 River, 37 miles from its moutli/and on or near the McGregor 
 Western Kailroad, about 50 miles N.W. of JIcGregor. It 
 contains i churches. 1 college, 3 hotels, 1 national bank, 1 
 newspaper office, 4 flouring-mills, 2 saw-mills, and several 
 niacIiin(!-shops. Pop. in 1860, 1920; in 186.>, about .3700. 
 
 DI';DH.VM, a post-village of Houston Co., Miunesotii, on 
 the Houston River, about 28 miles S. of Winona. 
 
 DEKP BOTTOM, Henrico co., Virginia, is on the left bank 
 of the James River, about 12 miles S. by E. of Richmond. 
 
 DKEP CREEIC, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 
 667. 
 
 1>EI-'P RIVER, a post-township of Poweshiek co., Iowa, 
 8 mill's E.S.E. of Monte/.unia. Poji. 41S. 
 
 DI'IER CRIiEK, a township of Carroll co., Indiana, con- 
 tains or adjoins Delphi, the county-seat. Pop. exclusive of 
 Delphi, 141)0. 
 
 DEER CRKEK, Tehama co., California, flows southwest- 
 waril and enters tlie Sacrami'iito River. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a post-village of Carroll parish, Louisiana, 
 on the Viclisbnrg and Shreveport Railroad, about 40 miles 
 W. of Vicksburg. 
 
 DEERFIELD. a township of Lapeer co., Micliigan. Pop. 
 109. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a township of Van Buren co., Micliigan, on 
 Lake Miihigan. Pop. 207. 
 
 HEERFIliLD, a post-village and township of Vernon co., 
 Missouri, on the Marmiton River, about 14 miles E. of Fort 
 Scott, Kansas. Pop. 461. 
 
 DEERFIELD. a post-township of Chickasaw co., Iowa, 
 about 40 miles X. of Cedai- Falls. Pop. 2tj9. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a township of Waushara CO., Wisconsin, 
 about 5 miles W. of Wuutouia. Pop. 188. 
 
 DEERFIELD, a village of Sibley CO., Minnesota, about 
 8 miles S.W. of Henderson. 
 
 DEERFIELD. a post-township of Steele co., Minnesota, 
 about 10 miles S.S.W. of Faribault. Pop. 184. 
 
 DEER LODGE VALLEY (or PRAIRIE),a mining district 
 In the S.W. part of Montana, is near the W. base of the 
 Rocky Mountains. It is traversed by a small river of the 
 same name. 
 
 DEER P,\RK, a post-village and township of La Salle co., 
 Illinois. The township is on the Illinois River, about 7 
 miles below Ottiiwa. Pop. 1032. 
 
 DE GRAFF, a post-village of Logan CO., Ohio, on or near 
 the Miami River, 9 miles by railroad W.S.W. of Bollefon- 
 taine. 
 
 dp; KALB. a post-village of Gilmer CO., West Virginia, on 
 the Little Kanawha River, about 45 miles S.E. of Pai'kers- 
 burg. 
 
 DE KALB, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, in a 
 township of the same name, and on the Dixon Air Line 
 Railroad, 58 miles W. of Chicago. Pop. of township, 900. 
 
 DELANTI, a post-village of Hardin co., Iowa, on Iowa 
 River, 9 or 10 miles S. of Eldora. 
 
 DELAWARE, a township of Sanilac co., Michigan, on 
 liake Huron. Pop. 436. 
 
 DELAAVARE, a township of Delaware co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1071. 
 
 DEL-\W.\RE, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, on 
 Ihfe Ohio and Mississippi Riiilroad, 47 miles W. of Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 DEL A.WARE, a township of Delaware co., Iowa, contains 
 the village of Manchester. Pop. 1058. 
 
 DELAWARE, a township of Folk co.. Iowa. Pop. 465. 
 
 DELAWARE, or DELAWARE CITY, a post-village of 
 Leavenworth co., Kansiis, on the Missouri River, 5 miles 
 below Leavenworth. Pop. in 1860, 830, which perhaps in- 
 cluded a small township. 
 
 DEN 
 
 DELAWARE, a post-village of Otoe co., Nebraska, about 
 
 II miles S. by W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 DELHI, a village of Carroll parish, Louisiana. Pop. 175. 
 
 DELHI, a post-township of Hairdlton co., Ohio, <m tha 
 Ohio River about 6 miles belo* Cincinnati. Pop. 2700. 
 
 DELHI, a post-village and township, capitjil of Delaware 
 CO., Iowa. The village is on the N. side of the Ma(iuoketa 
 River, 40 miles W. by S. of Dubuque, and 2]/^ miles S. of 
 the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad. Pop. about oUO; 
 of the township in 186), 1063. 
 
 DELHI, a township of Wright co., Blinnesota. Pop. SO. 
 
 DELISLE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, on the Day- 
 ton and Union Railroad, 2S miles N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 DELLO'NA, or DELOXA, a post-township of Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin, about 10 miles N.W. of Baraboo. Pop. 610. 
 
 DELMAR, a station on the Peninsula Railway,ln Sussex 
 CO., Delaware. 97 miles S. of Wilmington. 
 
 DEL NORTE, a county forming the N.W. extremity of 
 California, bordering on Oregon. Area estimated at 155C 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, 
 and intersected in the E. part by the Klamath River, whicl 
 also drains the S.W. part. Other portions of the countj 
 are drained by Smith's River. The surface is mountainous 
 and partly covered with dense forests of redwood auil spruce. 
 It is estimated thiit more than one-third of this county is 
 prairie. Gold and copperare found in the county. Capital, 
 Crescent City. Pop. 1993. 
 
 DELPHI, a village of Huron co., Ohio, about 17 miles S. 
 of Norwatk. 
 
 DELFIII, a village of Giisconade co., Missouri, about 44 
 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 DF:LL prairie, a post-villiigo and township of Adams 
 CO., Wi.sconsin. on tlie E. side of the Wisconsin River, about 
 20 miles W.X.W. of I'ortage City. Pop. 1290. 
 
 DELTA, a post-village of Fulton co., Ohio, on the railroad, 
 which connects Toledo with Chicago, 25 milea W. by S. of 
 Toledo. 
 
 DEMENT, or DEMENT STATION, a post-village of Ogle 
 CO., Illinois, on the Chicago Fulton and Iowa Railroad, 70 
 miles W. of Chicago. Pop. of Dement township, 538. 
 
 DEMING, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana, about 
 28 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 DEMMIT, or DIM. MIT, a new county in the S. part of 
 Texas, h.as an area of about 1000 square nnles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Nueces River. The census of 1860 does not 
 state the population of this county. 
 
 DEMOSVILLi;, a post-village of Pendleton CO., Kentucky, 
 on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 25 miles S. of Cincinnati. 
 
 DEXISON, a township of Lawrence co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1104. 
 
 DFINISON, a post-village, capital of Crawford co., Iowa, 
 on Boyer River about 06 miles N.E. of Council Bluffs. Pop. 
 160. 
 
 DENMARK, a village of Morrow co., Ohio, about 17 milea 
 S. by E. of Biicyrus. 
 
 , DION.MARK, a post-township of Tuscola CO., Michigan, 
 dhont 16 miles E. of Saginaw City. Pop. 3U9. 
 
 DENMARK, a township of Washington co., Minnesota, 
 on the W. side of the St. Croix River, and on the ilississippi 
 River. Pop. 334. 
 
 DENNIS, a post-office or village of Appanoose co., Iowa, 
 on Chariton River, about 5 miles N. of Centreville. 
 
 DENTON, a village of Hanover co., Virginia, about 20 
 miles N.AV. of Richmond. 
 
 DENTON, a post-village, capital of Denton co., Texas, 
 about 40 miles N.N.W. of Dallas. 
 
 DENTON VILLE, a village of Wayne co., Michigan, on the 
 Central Railroad about 24 miles W. by S. of Detroit. 
 
 DEN VER. a post-office of Hancock Co., Illinois, on a rail- 
 road 22 miles E.S.E. of Keokuk. 
 
 DENVER, a township of Richland co., Illinois. Pop. 691. 
 
 DENVER, a post-office or village of Bremer co., Iowa, 7 
 or 8 miles S.E. of Waverly. 
 
 DEN'VER, the principal city and commercial emporium 
 of the territory of Colorado, is situated on the right bank of 
 the South Platte River, 580 miles W. of the Jlissouri River, 
 and 15 miles E. of the eastern foot of the Rocky Mountiiiiis. 
 Lat. about 39° 45' N. Lon. 104° 50' W. The site is advan- 
 tageous, pleasant and beautiful ; occupying a series of pla- 
 teaus rising in benches or steps by gentle and slight ascenta 
 from the river. It faces the great mountain chain, the 
 lofty peaks of which are covered with eternal snow. Tha 
 climate is peculiarly dry, bright and salubrious. The alti- 
 tude 5375 feet above tide-water. The first settlement was 
 made in the fall of 1858, and a municipal government first 
 organized by People's law in the winter of 1859 and 1860. 
 
 III 1861 the territory was organized, and in the fall of that 
 year the first session of the legislative assembly granted a 
 charter to the city. Works for lighting the streets with 
 gas are under way, and a canal 20 miles long, from the 
 South Platte River, near its debouchure from the moun- 
 tains, supplies every part of the city with water. All the 
 offices of the Territorial Government, Surveyor General's 
 and Land offices, the head-quarters of the military districts 
 and depots of arms and supplies, are located here. The 
 
 2211 
 
DEN 
 
 DON 
 
 fm.-)l)c tuililings are the Colorado Seminary, costing $20,000, 
 Oitliolic Academy, 5 churches, 1 costing $24,000, and 3 
 others from JyOOO to .$IO,iO0 each, and United States branch 
 mint, rostinv; STd.i 00. Here are also 3 private and 2 public 
 schools, 6 blinks, and 1 daily and weekly newspaper. Stage 
 lines diverge to every important point in the greiit \Vest. 
 The Union Pacific Railroad will probably iiiiss through it. 
 Manufactures are not yet very extensive, and are confined 
 mainly to flo»iring-mills, breweries and tanneries. Mer- 
 chandise is all conveyed overland from the Missouri River 
 in wagons drawn by horses, mules or oxen. This class of 
 commerce reiches an aggregjite of many million dollars per 
 annum. Pop. in 1861, 4749 : in 1865, about 10,000. 
 
 DENVKRTO.V, a post-village of Solano co., California, 9 
 miles £. of Suisun City. 
 
 DEN'VILLK, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey, on 
 the Morris and Kssox Hailroad, 7 miles N. of Morristown. 
 
 DERIXDA. or DARINDA, a township of Jo Daviess co., 
 Illinois. Pop. 818. 
 
 DERRIXANE, or DERRYNANE, a post-village of Du- 
 buque CO.. Iowa, about 11 miles S.W. of Dubuiiue. 
 
 DERRY, a township of Pike co., Illinois. Pop. 1229. 
 
 DERRYXANE, a township of Le Sueur co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 457. 
 
 DES CHUTES, a post-office or village of Wasco co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 DES MOINES, a township of Dallas co., Iowa. Pop. 585. 
 
 DES MOINES, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1215. 
 
 DES MOINE?, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 
 T.3ti4. 
 
 DES MOINES, a township of Lee co., Iowa. Pop. 1099. 
 
 DES .MOI.NES, a township of Mahaska co., Iowa. Pop. 
 598. 
 
 DES MOINES, a township of Van Buren co., Iowa. Pop. 
 951. 
 
 DE SOTO, a post-village of Clarke co., Mi-isi8si])pi, on the 
 Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 104 miles N. by W. of Mobile. 
 
 DE SOTO, a village of Madison Parish, Louisiana, on the 
 Mississippi River opposite Tieksburg. 
 
 DE SOTO, a post-office of Jackson co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 302 miles S. by \Y. of Cliicago. 
 
 *>E SOTO, a thriving post-village of Ji'fferson co., Mis- 
 souri, on the Iron Mountain Railroad 42 miles S.S.W. of 
 St. Louis. It contiiins 3 churches, 1 steam-mill, and a num- 
 ber of stores. Lead mines have been opened in the vicinity. 
 Pop. abo\it 500. 
 
 DE SOTO, a Aillage of St. Croix Co., "Wisconsin, on Willow 
 River, about 6 miles N.E. of Hudson. 
 
 DESOTO, a small post-village of Vernon co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Mississippi River, 6 or 7 miles above Lansing. Iowa. 
 
 DESOTO, a village of Todd co., Minnesota on Osakis 
 Lake aliout 55 miles W.N.W. of Saint Cloud. 
 
 DE SOTO, township of Blue liirth co., Minnesota, inter- 
 sected by the Blue Earth River. 
 
 DK SOTO, a post-village of Johnson co., Kansas, on the 
 right bank of the Kansas Rivef, about 14 miles K. of Law- 
 rence. Pop. 156. 
 
 DESOTO, a post-village and township of Washington co., 
 Nebraska, on the Jlissouri River about 6 miles N. of Fort 
 Cadioun. Pop. 336. 
 
 DETROIT [continued from page 563]. 
 
 The manufactures of Detroit are extensive and important 
 consisting of locomotives, iron machinery, sash and blinds^ 
 cabinet-ware. Ac. There are also numerous tanneries brewer- 
 ies, brass and iron foundries, saw-mills, &c. Six newspapers 
 are piiblished in Detroit, two dailies in the English langiiago 
 and one in German ; the remainder are weclOy. The Detroit 
 Copper Smelting AVorks, situ.ited on the border of the river 
 just below the city, aimually smelt over $2,000,tX)0 of copper 
 ore Into ingot copper. Above the city is a similar large estab- 
 lishment, engaged in manufacturing iron, from the iron ore 
 of Lake Superior. 
 
 Total rtotij)ts at Dttmit nf hreadsluffs, fnr i years. 
 I8S9. Tout bL.,l,el., 4,J77,8W. Average price per bu.hel, "$1 25 
 
 •861. " " tO,5l4'.2i<6. " •• <i 
 
 •862. " " 11,827,000. " " i 
 
 I 19 
 
 1 12 
 
 TataZrtcapU at Detroit of oats, for 4 years. 
 \m. Total bu.hels n3,^4. Average price per b«.l,el. .40 
 
 !^.'; ;: :: ^ig^m » '.i i -i 
 
 >86'.i. " " 407,247. " .. » ;5^ 
 
 Toial raxipis qfbutttrfor 4 years. Bngspacked at Detroit 
 
 8200. 
 
 I8i9. Total poinidi, 1,116,306. 
 I860. " " 3.0S4.067. 
 
 1^'- ;; " 3,327,672. 
 
 Ils62. " " 5.343,360. 
 
 i&iS. 
 
 1860. 10 000. 
 
 1861. I8,n00. 
 
 1862. 33,000. 
 TUal receipts at DelroU of wool, fin- 4 years. 
 
 law. Total pound!, 3.720.810. 
 J^- " " 4.54i,.W5. 
 
 \^l- . ' S,453.83l. 
 
 1662. " ** 6 915 193 
 
 1>KTR0TT. a post-township of Pike 'co ', Hlinois, on the 
 nUuois Riv-r, about 8 miles £. of PittsBeld. Pon V'O 
 2212 ^' ~ ' 
 
 DETROIT, a village of Becker co., Minnesota, on Detroit 
 Lake.about .32 miles N.N.W. of Otter Tail City. 
 
 DE WITT a post-village, capital of Aikunsaa co., Arkan- 
 sas, on the left bank of the Aikansas River, about 70 miles 
 S.E. of Little Rock. 
 
 DEWITT, a township of Dewitt co., Illinois. Pop. 1018 
 
 DE WITT, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Iowa, is 
 on the Cedar Rapids and Missouri River Railroad, 21 miles 
 W. by S. of Lyons, and about 22 miles N. of Davenport. It 
 has several churches, ix. Pop. 2201. 
 
 DEWITT, a township of Cuming co., Nebraska. Pop. 14. 
 
 DEXTER, a post-township of Wood co., Wisconsin, 20 
 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 256. 
 
 DIAMOND BLUFF, a post-village and small townsWp of 
 Pierce co., Wisconsin, on the Mississippi River, about 10 
 miles below Prescott. Pop. 157. 
 
 DIAMOND CITY, a post-village of Morris CO., Kansas, 
 about 18 miles W. bv S. of Council Grove. 
 
 DIAMOND CREEK, a township of Chase co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 17ti. 
 
 DIAMOND HILL, a post-village of Linn co, Oregon, 23 
 miles S. E. of .Mbrtn.v. 
 
 DIAMOND SPRINGS, a post-office of Morris co., Kansas. 
 
 DIAMOND SPRINGS, a post-village and township of El 
 Dorado co., California. The village is 3 miles S. of Placer- 
 ville, and 45 miles E. by N. of Sacramento on the railroad 
 which connects these towns. It contains 3 hotels, o stores, 
 and about 500 inhaliitant^. Gold, lumber, and wine are 
 among the chief articles of export. Pop. of the township 
 in 18t.O, 2142. 
 
 DICKINSON, a county in the E central part of Kansas, 
 has an area of about 750" square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Kansas River, and also drained by Chapman's and Camp 
 Creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified; the soil is 
 fertile. The county contains extensive prairies. Capital, 
 Abilene. Pop. 378. 
 
 DILLON, !i post-village of Phelps co., Missonri, on the 
 Southwest Branch Railroad. 5 miles N.E. of Rolla. 
 
 DlMMICK.a township of Lii Salle co., Illinois. Pop.1081. 
 
 DIMMIT, Texas. See Demmit. 
 
 DISCO, a jiost-village of Macomb co., Michig-.m, about 27 
 miles N. of Detroit. 
 
 DISPUTANTA, a post-office of Prince George co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, 13 miles S.E. 
 of I'etersbiirg. 
 
 DIXBOROUGri, a village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 
 about 33 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 DIXON, a county iu the N.E. part of Nebraska. Area 
 estimated at 700 square miles. It is drainefl by siffluonts of 
 the Elkhorn River. The surface is undulating; the soil is 
 fertile. The rock which underlies this county is limestone. 
 Pop. 217. 
 
 DIXON, a post-village, capital of Webster co., Kentucky, 
 about 62 miles E N.E. of Paducah. 
 
 DIXON, a post-villageof Van Wert co.,OIiio, on the Pitts- 
 burg Fort Wayne aud Chicago RaiIro;id, 19 miles E.S.E. of 
 Fort Wa\ ne. 
 
 DIXON, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, about 20 miles 
 N.W. of Davenport. 
 
 DIXON, a ijost-office of Dixon co., Nebraska. 
 
 DOBSON, a post-vill.ige, capital of Surry co.. North Caro- 
 lina, about 55 miles W.N.W. of Greensborough. 
 
 DOOGE, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of 432 squ.nre miles. It is drained by the Sontli branch 
 of the Znmbro River, and by the Red Cedar River, which 
 rises ■ttithin its Lniits. The prairies of this county are 
 stated to be much more extensive than tlie woodlamls. The 
 surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is calcareous 
 and fertile. It is intersected by the Winona and St. Peters 
 Railroad I in progress). Capital, Mantorville. Pop. 3797. 
 
 DODGE, a township of Boone co, Iowa. Pop. 555. 
 
 DODiiE, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. 611. 
 
 DODGE, a post-township of Guthrie co , Iowa, abcut 55 
 miles W.X.W. of Des Moines. Pop. 248. 
 
 DODGE CITY, a post-village of Steele co., Minnesota, 
 about 10 miles S.S.E. of FarilMiult. 
 
 DODSON, a ix)st-village of Montgomery co.. Ohio, on the 
 Dayton and Unic.n Railroad. 15 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 DOLPHIN, a village of Minnesota, on the line between 
 Ramsey and Washington counties, about 6 miles E. of St. 
 Paul. 
 
 DOLSON, a township of Clark co., Illinois. Pop. 1264. 
 
 DONGOLA, a post-village of Union co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 28 miles N. of Cairo. 
 
 DONIPHAN, a county forming the N.E. extremity of 
 Kansas, bordering on Siis.sonri, has an area of about" oitO 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. and E. by the Jlis- 
 souri River, and also dj-ained by Wolf River. The surface 
 is di vereified 1> y Muffs, bottom-lands, and u ndulat ing prai ri es ; 
 the soil is very fertile. This county contain-s abundance of 
 coal. The bluffs and bottom-lands are generally wooded. 
 Capital. Troy. Pop. 8083. 
 
 DON IPHAN. a post-village, capital of R ipley co , Missonri, 
 situated on Current River, about 150 miles "S. by W. of St. 
 Louis, and 10 miles from the S. boundary of the stati. 
 
DON 
 
 DRA 
 
 DOXIPIIAX. a post-village of Doniphan co., Kansas, on 
 the Missouri River, ti miles above Atchison, and 18 miles 
 liy land S.W. of St. Josejih. It contains 1 church, 1 steam 
 flo\iring-mill, and 1 saw-mill. A large quantity of grain is 
 shipped- here. 
 
 DONNA ANA, or ANNA, a county forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of New Mexico, bordering on Te.xas. Area esti- 
 mated at above 15,000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the Rio Grande del Norte, and intersected in the E. 
 part by the Rio Pecos. The county is traversed by several 
 mountain ridges. The soil produces wheat, Indian corn, 
 4c. Capital, lionna Anna. Pop. 6239. 
 
 DONNA ANA, a villajre, capital of Donna Ana co., New 
 Mexico, situated on the Rio Grande, about 48 miles N.N.W. 
 of El Paso, Texa-s. Pop. in 1860, (5f.7. 
 
 DON PEDKO'S BAR, a post-villageof Tuolumne co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Tuolumne River, 20 miles S.W. of Sonora. It 
 has sseveral stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 . DONTLIN, a village of Montana, on the Hell Gate River, 
 about 130 miles N. of Bannock City. 
 
 DOHA, a post-village of Waba.sli co., Indiana, on the Sala- 
 monie River, alwut 8 miles E. of Wabash. 
 
 DOKAN, a post-office of Mitchell en., Iowa 
 
 DOKClIESTER, a post-village of Macoupin co,, Illinois, 
 on I he St. Limia Alton and Terre Haute Riiilroad, about 2i 
 miles N.E. of Alton. 
 
 DORCHESTER, a post-village of Allomakee co., Iowa, 
 about 18 miles W.N.W. of Lansing, and 3 miles S. of the 
 state of Minnesota. 
 
 DOXY'S ISLAND, AVinnebago co., Wisconsin, is an island 
 in Fox River at the outlet of Lake M'innebago, V^ a mile S. 
 of .Menasha. If contains 760 acres of good lauiu 
 
 DOUGHERTY, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has 
 an area of about 300 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Flint River. The surface is ne;ir!y level ; the soil fertile. 
 Capital Albany. Pop. 8295. 
 
 DOUGHERTY STATION, a post-village of Alameda co., 
 California, 18 miles S.E. of San Leandro. 
 
 DOUiiLAS, a new county in the E. part of Illinois, h.as an 
 area of about 375 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Emliarras and Kaskaskia Rivers. The surface is nearly 
 level; the soil fertile. The county is traversed by the Chi- 
 cago Branch of the Central Railroad. Capital, Tuscola. 
 Pop. 7140. 
 
 DOUGLAi=, a new county in the S. part of Missouri, has 
 an area of aliout 60" square miles. It is intersected by the 
 North Fork and Bryant's Fork of 'White River. The sur- 
 face in some parts is hilly, and covered with forests of pine, 
 oak, walnut. &c. It Is state<l tliat lead has been found in 
 this county. Capital, Vera Cruz. Pop. 2414. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a county forming the N. \V. extremity of Wis- 
 consin, borderinjj on Minnesota, has an area of about 1500 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Superior, 
 and on the N.W. by the St. Ixiiiis River. It is drained by 
 the St. Croix River, which flows southwestward, and the 
 Bois Brule and Aniinicon Rivers, which flow northward to 
 Lake Superior. The surface is hilly and extensively covered 
 with forests of pine, hemlock, oak, sugar-maple, &c. The 
 county is traversed by a ridge called Mineral Range, in 
 which copper mines have been opened. The soil of the 
 river bottoms is said to be fertile. Organized in 1854. Capi- 
 tal, Superior City. Pop. 812. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a county in the W. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of 720 square miles. It is drained by Long Prairie 
 River, the outlet of several lakes, which are included in this 
 county. The surface is somewhat diversified. It is re- 
 markable for the beauty of its scenery, iu which groves, 
 prairies, and lakes are intermingled. Capital, Alexandria. 
 Pop. 195. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a county in the E. part of Kansas, has an 
 area of about 500 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the N. by the Kansas River, and intersected by the Wa- 
 karusa River. The surfiK'O is plesisantly diversified ; the 
 soil is highly productive. Limestone is abundant in this 
 county. The Pacific Railroad connects it with Kansas 
 City and other towns of Missouri. Groves of timber grow 
 along the margins of the streams. This county in 186u was 
 the most populous in the state, except Leavenworth. Capi- 
 tal, Lawrence. Pop. Sti37. 
 
 l)OUGLAS,a township of Jackson co., Kansas. Pop. 513. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a county in the S.W. part of Oregon, border- 
 ing on the Pacific Ocean; area estimated at above 5000 
 square miles. It is drained by the Umpqua River and its 
 North and Soiith Forks, which rise in the E. part of the 
 county. The Siuslaw River forms part of the northern 
 boundiiry. ' The surface is mountainous. The Cascade 
 Range extends along the E. border of the county, other 
 parts of wliich are occupied by the Umpqua Mountains, or 
 Coast Range, and Calapooya Mountains. The great Ump- 
 qua Valley has a very fertile soil, and is bordere<l by ranges 
 of grassy liilts, on which many sheep find good pasturage. 
 Vhe streams atford abundant water-power. Lumber is 
 t sported from the county. Silver and copper are said to 
 have been found in it. Capital, Boseburg. Pop. in 1800, 
 J203; iu 1665, about 6000. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a county in the S.AV. p.art of Nevada, border- 
 ing on Calilornia; area estimated at 1000 square miles. I*- 
 is bounded on the W. by Lake Talioe, and intersected bj 
 Carson River. The surface is elevated and mountainous 
 A mountain of granite, called Job's Peak, ri.ses to the height 
 of about t'fli feet. The soil is not adapted to agricidture, 
 except Carson Valley. The Sierra Nevatla, which occupies 
 the W. part, is covered with forests of good timber. Pro- 
 ductive mines of gold and silver have been opened iu tliia 
 county. Capital, Genoa. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, border 
 ing on Iowa; has an area of about 350 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, and on the W. by 
 the Platte River. It is also drained by the Elkhorn and 
 Papillon Rivers. The surface is undulating; the soil is very 
 productive. A large part of the county is prairie. The 
 streams are bordered with trees, among which the cotton- 
 wood is the most abundant. Tne county is liberally sup- 
 plied with limestone and water-power. Douglas county 
 was in 1860 the most populous in Nebraska. Capital, 
 Omaha. Pop. 4328. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a county in the E. part of Colorado, border- 
 ing on Kansas. It is bounded on the W. by the South Fork of 
 the rlatte Kiver, and also drained by the Republican Fork 
 of the Kansas River, and by Bijou and Beaver Creeks. The 
 snrfac-e in the W. part is mountainous; the eastern part is 
 a sterile, sandy plain, covered with wild sage. Gold is found 
 in the W. part of this county. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a ]wjst-villaie. capital of Coffee CO., Georgia, 
 about 130 miles W.S.W. of Sjivannah. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a township of Clark co., Illinois. Pop. 536. 
 
 DOUGLAS,a township of Iroquois CO., Illinois. Pop. 521. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a post-oftico of Knox co., Illinois. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a village of Pike Co., Illinoi.s, on the Missis- 
 sippi River, opposite Hannibal. It is the W. terminus of a 
 railroad, which is in progress, towards the Illinois River. 
 
 DOUGL.AS, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop, 398. 
 
 DOUtiLAS, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 129. 
 
 DOUGL.\S, a post-village of Payette CO.. Iowa, about 40 
 miles W. of the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien, and 4 or 5 
 miles N.W. of West Union. 
 
 1)0L"GL.\S, a township of Montgomery co., Iowa. Pop. 
 212. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 146. 
 
 DOUG LAS, a township of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 402. 
 
 DOUG L.\S, the most southwestern township of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. C5n. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 120. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 320. 
 
 DOUGL.AS, a village of Polk co., Minnesota, on the Red 
 Lake River. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a township of San Joaquin co., California. 
 Pop. 60;l. " 
 
 DOUGL.\.S, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, about 37 
 miles S.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 DOUGLAS, a post-village of British Columbia, situated at 
 the N.W. extremity of Harrison Lake, about 54 miles in a 
 direct line N.E. of New Westminster, and 24 miles W. of 
 Praser River. It had in 1804, 5 stores. 
 
 DOUGLAS CENTRE, a post-office of Marqnette Co., Wis- 
 consin, about 44 miles N. by W. of Madison. 
 
 DOUGLAS CITY, a village of Phelps co., Missouri, on the 
 Southwest Branch of the Pacific Railroad, about 6 miles 
 E.N.E. of Rolla. 
 
 DOUGLAS CITY, a post-village of Trinity co., California, 
 on the Trinity River, 6 miles S. of Weaverville. It has about 
 4 stores. 
 
 DOUGLAS FLAT, one of the principal mining villages of 
 Calaveras co., California, near the Stanislaus Rivex", about 
 10 miles N. of Sonora. Gold is found here. 
 
 DOVER, a township of Fayette co., Iowa. Pop. 761. 
 
 DOVER, a township of Olmstead CO., Minnesota. Pop. 314. 
 
 DOVER, a townshij) of Steele co., Minnesota. Pop. 233. 
 
 DOVER, a poBt-olfico of Shawnee co., Kansas. 
 
 DOWNIEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Sierra co., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on the North Y'uba River, 62 miles N.E. 
 of Marysville, about 18 miles W. of the summit of the Si- 
 erra Nevada, and 2930 feet above the level of the sea. it is 
 surrounded liy high mountiins, and has productive gold- 
 mines, both quartz and placer mines. It contains a court- 
 house, 1 newspaper office, 3 churches, 1 banking-house, 1 
 foundry, 2 book stores, and about 3u0 dwellings. Here are 
 2 quartz-mills in operation. Pop. in 1S60, 134;3. 
 
 DOWNIEVILLE BUTTE, Sierra Co., California, is a 
 mountain peak, about 12 miles E.N.E. of Downieville. It is 
 said to be 8800 feet high. Gold is found on its sides. 
 
 DOWNSVILLE, a village of Dunn co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Menomonie River, 7 or 8 miles S. of Menomonie. 
 
 DOYLE, a township of Clark co., Iowa. Poj). 808. 
 
 DRAPER or DRAPERSVILLE, a po.st-village of Salt 
 Lake co , Utah, 18 miles S. of Salt l^ke City. Pop. said to 
 be 500. 
 
 DRAYTON, a township of Codar co., Iowa. Pop. 470. 
 
 22ia 
 
DRA 
 
 DRATTO V ri.ArVft, a village of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 on tho Detioit iiiid JJilw-iuUee R;iilroad, 5 miles N.W. of 
 Pontiac;. 
 
 • DRESBACH CITY, a post-village of Winona co., Jlinne- 
 gota, OQ the Mississippi River, about 20 miles below \Vi- 
 nona. 
 
 DRESDEN', a post-village of Navarro co., Texas, about loO 
 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. 
 
 DRESDEN, a post-village of Pettis co., Missouri, on the 
 Pacific Railroad, 71 miles W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 DRESDEN, a township of Chickasaw co., Iowa. Pop. 222. 
 
 DRESDEN, a village of Poweshiek co., Iowa, 10 miles E. 
 of Montezuma. It has 2 stores and 1 steam saw-mill. Pop. 
 150. 
 
 DRtJRT, a township of Rock Island co., Illinois. Pop. 1211. 
 
 DRURY'S BLUFF, Chesterfield co., A'irginia, is on the 
 right bank of the James River, about 7 jnilcs below Rich- 
 mond. „ 
 
 DRYDEN, a township of Sibley co., Minnesota. Pop. 2i 0. 
 
 DRYTOWN, a post-village of Amador co., California, on 
 Dry Creek, 11 miles N.N.W. of Jackson. It contains 2 
 churches, 1 public school, and about 6 stores. There are 3 
 quartz-mills (for gold) in the vicinity. Pop. about 550. 
 
 DUBLIN, a post-village of Pulaski co., Virgini.a, on the 
 Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, 105 miles W. by S. of 
 Lvnchburg. 
 
 "duck CREEK, a post-township of Madison co., Indiana, 
 about IS miles N.N.AV. of Anderson. Pop. 498. 
 
 DUi'K RIVER, of AVisconsin, rises in Outagamie Co., and 
 flowing northeastward through Brown co., empties itself 
 into Green Bay. 
 
 DUDLEY, a post-village of Waj-nc co., North Carolina, on 
 the Wilmington and Weldou Railroad, 76 miles N. of Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 DUDLEY, a post-village of Edgar Co., Illinois, on the St. 
 Louis Alton and Terre Iluuto Railroad, 27 miles W.N.W. 
 of Terre Haute. 
 
 DUDLEY, a village of Mitchell co., Iowa, about 57 miles 
 N.N.W. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 DUEL, a county in the E. part of Dakota, bordering on 
 Minnesota. It is bounded on the E. by Big Stone Lake, 
 Traverse Lake, and Sioux Wood River. It is partly drained 
 by the Izuza or Whetstone River. 
 
 DUFFIELD, a post-office of Jefferson co.. West Virginia, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Hiu-- 
 per's Ferrj'. 
 
 DU LUTII, a post-village, capital of St. Louis co., Minne- 
 sota, situated on Lake Superior, and in Du Luth township, 
 about 9 miles N. by W. of Superior City, Wisconsin. Pop. 
 in 1S60, 80. 
 
 DUXB.iR, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Pittsburg and Connellsville Railroad, 5 miles S. of Con- 
 nell.-iville. 
 
 DUNCAN, a post-rillage, capital of Sheboygan co., Michi- 
 gan, on the Straits of Jlackinaw, about 230 miles N. of 
 Lansing. Pop. 134. 
 
 DU.\C.A.NNON, a post-village of Perry co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Susquehanna River and the Central Railro.id, 15 
 miles N.W. of Harrisburg, and about 1 mile below Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 DUND.\S, a post-village of Rice co., Minnesota, on Cunnou 
 River, about 10 nn'les N.N.E. of Faribault. 
 
 DUNDEE, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin. 
 
 DU.VGANNON, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 
 dOout 70 miles S.S.E. of Cleveland. Pop. 158. 
 
 DUN GLEN, a mining village of Ilumboldt CO., Nevada, 
 30 miles N.E. of Unionville. Pop. about 150. 
 
 DUNII.\M, a post-township of Wiishington co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio Uiver, about 8 miles below Marietta. Pop. 6S7. 
 
 DUNKIRK, a post-village of Hardin co., Ohio, on the 
 Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 26 miles E. by 
 N. of Lima. 
 
 DUNLAP, a post-village of Seqnatchee co., Tennessee, 
 about 28 miles N. by.W. of Chattanooga. 
 
 DUNN, a county in the W.p.irt of Wisconsin, has an area 
 of 864 square miles. It is traversed by the Monomonie or 
 
 EAR 
 
 Red Cedar River, which flows southward, and the Chippewa 
 pasi-es through the S E. part of the county, wliicii is also 
 drained by the Hay and Kau Galle Rivers. The .surface ig 
 Tineven. and extensively covered with forests of hard tim- 
 ber. The soil is fertile, and adapted to the cultivation of 
 wheat. Sandstone underlies this p.art of the state. Dunn 
 county contiiins some prairie land. Capital, Meuomouie. 
 Pop. 2704. 
 
 DUNN, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin, about 6 miles 
 S.E. of Madison. Tlie First and Second of the Four Lakes 
 are partly included within it. Pop. 1055. 
 
 DUNN, a township in the S.part of Dunn co., Wiscoij.sin, 
 on the Menomonie River. Pop. 447. 
 
 DUN.WILLE, a post-village of Dunn co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Menomonie or Red Cedar River, about 13 miles S. of 
 Menomonie. It has 1 saw-mill and several stores. 
 
 DUNTO.V, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on the Chi- 
 cago and Northwestern Railroad, 21 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 DUQUOIN, a post-office of I'erry co., Illinois, on the Cen-' 
 tral Railroad, ob miles S of Centralia. 
 
 DURAND, or DURANT, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, 
 on the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, 19 miles W.N.W. 
 of Davenport. 
 
 DURAND. a post-village of Pepin co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Cliipp<'wa River, about 16 miles N.N.E. of Pepin. It is a 
 thriving place of business. 
 
 DURAND STATION, or DURAND, a post-village of Win- 
 nebago CO.. Illinois, on the Racine and Mississippi Railroad, 
 16 miles S W. of Beloit. 
 
 DURANGO, a post-village of Dubuque co, Iowa, about 
 
 10 miles N.AV. of Dubuque. 
 
 DURANGO, a village of Olmstead co., Minnesota, about 
 
 11 miles N.W. of Rochester. 
 
 DURHAM, a post-village of Strafford co.. New Hampshire, 
 in Durham township, and on tho Boston and Maine Rail- 
 road, 6 miles S.W. of Dover. Pop. of township, 1534. 
 
 DURHAM, or DURHAM'S, a post-office of Orange co., 
 North Carolina, on the North Ciuoliua Railroad, 26 oiiles 
 N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 DURHAM, a post-township of Hancock co., Illinois, about 
 14 miles S. of Burlington, Iowa. Pop. 1007. 
 
 DURK SEVILLE, a post-viilago of Nez Percu co., Idaho, 
 ."0 miles E. of Lewiston. 
 
 DUi;OC, a post-villiige of El Dorado co., California, on the 
 Sacramento and Placerville Railroad, about 36 miles E. by 
 N. of Sacramento. 
 
 DUSTON VILLE, a small village of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 
 3 miles E. of Mauston, 
 
 DUTCH CREEK, a post-township of Wa.«hington co., 
 low.o, about 45 miles W.S.W. of Muswitine. Pop. 1021. 
 
 DUTCH FL.'V.T, a post-village of Placer co., California, on 
 the route of the Central I'acific Railroad, 32 miles N.N.E. 
 of Auburn. It contained in 1804 about 8 general stores, 
 and 1 or 2 banking offices. It is one of the principal min- 
 ing villages of the county. Pop. estimated at 1500. 
 
 DUTCH GAP CANAL, a canal about 14 of a. mile long, 
 cut by the army of General Butler througli a neck of land 
 formed by the James River, about 15 miles below Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 DU VAL, a new county in the S. part of Texas. The Nue- 
 ces River touches tho N.W. extremity of this county, which 
 is also drained by the Tarancahuas or Jarancahua.x Creek. 
 The census of 1860 furnishes no information resi)ecting this 
 county. 
 
 DWAMISII, a post-village of King co., Washington Ter- 
 ritory, on the Dwamish River, about 25 miles S. of Seattle. 
 
 DWIGIIT, a township of Huron co., Michigan. Pop. 573. 
 
 DWIGIIT, a post-township of Livingston co., Illinois. It 
 has a station on the Chicago Alton and tt. Louis Railroad, 
 37 miles S.S.AV. of .Toliet. Pop. 532. 
 
 DYER, a post-village of Lake co., Indiana, on a branch 
 of the -Michigan Central Railroiid, 30 miles E. of Joliet, Il- 
 linois. 
 
 DYERSVILLE. a post-offlco or village of Dubuque co., 
 Iowa, on the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad, 30 miles 
 W. of Dubuque. 
 
 E, 
 
 17 AG AN, Minnesota. See 'Er,\y. 
 _J EAGLE, a township of Boone CO., Indiana. Pop. 1680. 
 
 EAGLE, a post-village and township of La Salle co., Illi- 
 nois, about 15 miles S.S.W of Ottawa, ^op. 1218. 
 
 EAGLK,a township of Richland co.. Wisconsin, on tho N. 
 bank of the Wisconsin River. Pop. 719. 
 
 EAGLE, a village and township of Sibley co., Minnesota, 
 about 20 miles M'.by S. of Henderson. 
 
 EAGLE CITY, a village of Washington co~ Minnesota, 
 about IS mil(« N.K. of Saint Paul. 
 
 EAGLE CITY, a mining camp or village of Union co., 
 Oregon, in the Eagle Creek mining district, which is about 
 66 miles from La Grande. It is about 5 nules W. of Eagle 
 Creek and hsu 3 or 4 stores and 12 or 15 hotises. 
 22U 
 
 EAGLE CREEK, passing through Dnion co., Oregon, N. 
 and S.,is about 50 miles long,andemptie«itsclf into Powder 
 River 50 miles K. of La Grande. 
 
 EAGLE CREEK, a village and township of ."^cott CO., 
 Minnesota, on the right bank of the Minnesota River, 
 about 22 miles S.W. of Saint Paul. Pop. 536. 
 
 EAGLH MILLS, a township of Buffalo CO., Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River. Pop. 187.' 
 
 EAGLE POINT, a township of Chippewa co., Wisconsin, 
 Pop. 54.i. 
 
 EAGLE RIVER, of Wisconsin, a small stream whiciv 
 rises in Richland county, and flows soutliwai-d into tho AVis- 
 cousin River. 
 
 EARL, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. P. 2S76i. 
 
EAR 
 
 EARLAaLLE, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago aud Quiucy Riiilroad, ob miles W.S.W. of Au- 
 rora. 
 
 EARLVILLE, a post-village of Delaware CO., Iowa, on a 
 railroad 37 miles W. of Dubuque. 
 
 EAS i', a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 907. 
 
 EAST Bi:ADKORD,apost-vilIageof Penobscotco., Maine, 
 ahout 24 miles N. by AV. of Bangor. 
 
 EAST bltUNSWICK, a township of Middlesex co., Nevi? 
 Jersey, on the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Pop. 2436. 
 
 EAST CENTRE, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1018. 
 
 EAST CORIXTir, a post-village of Penobscotco., Maine, 
 about 25 miles N.W. of Bangor. 
 
 EAST EARL, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2303. 
 
 EASTERN, a township of Greene co., Illinois. Popula- 
 tion 1228. 
 
 EA.-^T GALENA, a township of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1045. 
 
 EAST HAMBURG, a post-village and township of Erie 
 CO., New York, about 12 miles S.E. of Bufl'alo. Total popu- 
 lation 2136. 
 
 EASTLAND, a new county in the N. central part of 
 Texas, area estimated at 850 square miles. It is drained by 
 Leon Itiver. Pop. 99. 
 
 EAST LIBERTY, a post-village of Allen CO., Indiana, 
 about 22 miles E.S.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 EASTMAN, a post-townsliip of Crawford co., Wisconsin, 
 about 8 miles N.E. of Prairie du Cliien. Lead mines have 
 been opened and worked with success in this township. 
 Pop. 798. 
 
 EASTMANSVILLE, a post-village of Ottowa co., Mi- 
 chigan, on Grand River about 18 miles W. by N. of Grand 
 Rapids. 
 
 EAST MAUCII CHUNK, a township of Carbon co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pup. 833. 
 
 EAST OAKLAND, a township of Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1318. 
 
 EASTON, a post-township of Ionia co., Michigan, about 
 28 miles E. of Grand Riipiils, is traversed by the Detroit and 
 Milwaukee RailVoad. Pop. 836. 
 
 EASTON, a post-village of Buchanan co., Missouri, on the 
 Hannibal aud Saint Joseph Railroad, 12 miles E. of Saint 
 Joseph. 
 
 EASTON, a township of Adams co., Wisconsin, about 7 
 miles S. of Friendship. Pop. 349. 
 
 E.iSTON, a post-village and township of Leavenworth 
 CO., Kansas, on Stranger Creek about 12 miles W. by N. of 
 Leavenwortli City. Pop. 925. 
 
 EAST OTTO, a township in the N. part of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York. Pop. 1300. 
 
 EAST KEADFIELD, a post-village of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, about 8 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. 
 
 EAST SAINT LOUIS, a village of St. Clair co., Illinois, 
 on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis. It is the AV. 
 terminus of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. 
 
 EAST WHEATFIIiLD, a township of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1231. 
 
 EAST WILTON, a post-village of Franklin co., Maine, on 
 the Androscoggiu Railroad, 4 miles S.S.W. of Farmington. 
 
 EATON, a township of Aroostook co., Maine. Pop. 320. 
 
 EATOX, a township of Brown Co., Wisconsin, about 8 
 miles E.S.E. of Green Bay. Pop. 151. 
 
 EATON, a post-township of Manitowoc co , Wisconsin, 
 about 16 miles W.S.W. of Manitowoc. Pop. 802. 
 
 EATON, a township of Monroe co , Wisconsin. Pop. 116. 
 
 EATON VILLE, a post office of Howard co., Iowa. 
 
 EAU CI.AIRE, o'klair', acounty in the W. part of Wiscon- 
 sin, has an area of 648 square miles. It is intersected on 
 the N.W. part by the Chippewa River, and also drMned by 
 the Eau Claire River and Otter ('reek: Tlie surface is un- 
 even. The soil is productive. Capital, Eau Claire. Pop. 
 3162. 
 
 EAU CLAIRE, i. e. "Clear Water," a river in the AV. part 
 of AVisconsin, rises in the N. part of Clark county, flows first 
 Bouthwestward and then westward until it enters theCliip- 
 pewa River at tlie village of Euu Claire. 
 
 EAU CliAIRE, a thriving post-village and township, 
 capital of Eau Claire county, AVisconsin, on the Chippewa 
 River at the mouth of the Eau Cliiire River, about 42 miles 
 N.E. of tlie Mississippi River at Wab.asha, and 70 miles N. 
 by AA". of La Qrosse. It has 3 churches, 15 stores, 4 mills, 
 4 warehouses, &c. The Chippewa River is navigjible for 
 small steamers to this point. The census of 1860 states the. 
 population tlius: Eaii Claire 636; and Eau Claire City 628. 
 
 EAU CL.AIRE a vilbige of Eau Claire co., Wisconsin, on 
 the AA'. bank of Chippewa River, ojiposite Euu Claire, the 
 county-seat. It has 6 steam saw-mills, 2 shingle-mi I I.s, 5 
 fc;ores, 1 church, and a school called the Eau Chiire Wes- 
 leyan Seminary. 
 
 EAU GALLE, a post-township of Dunn Co., Wisconsin, 10 
 miles S.AV. of Menomonie. Piqi. 302. 
 
 EAU GALLE, a village of Pepin co , AVisconsin, on the 
 Kail Galle River, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Pepin. 
 
 EGG 
 
 EAU GALLE, a township of St. Cr^'K co. '^'woiiiln 
 Pop. 160. 
 
 EAU PLEINE RIVER, Wisconsin. See Bi5 Eau Pleink 
 
 EAU PLEINE, OYlain', a post-township of Portage CC, 
 Wisconsin, about 12 miles N.W. of Stanton- Pop. 181. 
 
 EBEYS LANDING, a village of Island co., AVashingtoc 
 TeiTitor}'. 
 
 ECIIuLS, a new county in the S. pari of Georgia, border- 
 ing on Florida, hi^s an area of al>out 400 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Allapaha River. The surface is level 
 and the soil sandy. Pop. 1491. 
 
 ECKLEY. a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 12 miles N.AV. of Mauch Chunk. 
 
 EDDYA'ILLE, a ix)st-village of Armstrong co., Pennsyl 
 vania, on Mahoning Creek, about 18 miles N.E. of Kittau 
 ning. 
 
 EbEX, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. Pop 
 1072. 
 
 EDEN, a village of Delaware co., Ohio, about 28 miles N 
 of Columbus. 
 
 EDKN, a village of Daviess co., Indiana, on the AV. Fork 
 of AVhite River, about 16 miles by railroad E. of A'incennes 
 
 EDEN, a post-village of Hancock co., Indiana, on Sugiu 
 Creek, about 26 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 EDEN, a township of La Salle co , Illinois. Pop. 1437. 
 
 EDEN, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 3:^1. 
 
 EDEN, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. C70. 
 
 EDEN, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 791. 
 
 EDEN, a post-village and township of Fayette co , Iowa, 
 10 miles AV.N.AV of West Union. Pop. 700. 
 
 EDEN, a township of Marshall co., Iowa. Pop. 285. 
 
 EDEN, a post-office of Atchison CO., Kansas. 
 
 EDEN, a township in the W. part of Ahimeda co., Cali- 
 fornia, near San Leandro. Pop. 2lo0. 
 
 EDEN, a precinct of Jackson co., Oregon. Pop. 417. 
 
 EDEN PRAIIUE. a post-township of llenne]iiu county, 
 Minnesota, on the N. side of the Minnesota River, about 16 
 miles AV.S.VV. of Saint Paul. I'op. .304. 
 
 EDENTON, a post-villuge of Clermont CO., Ohio, about 30 
 milcti E N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 EDFOIID, a township of Henry CO., Illinois. Pop. .364. 
 
 EDGAK, a townshii) of Edgar co , Illinois. Pop. 1452. 
 
 EDdERTON, a post-village of AVilliains co., Ohio, on tho 
 Toledo and Chicago Haihoad, 64 miles W. by S. of Toledo. 
 
 EDGERTON, a post-village of Rock CO., Wisconsin, on the 
 Milwaukee and Prairie du Cliien Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of 
 Madison, about 11 miles N. of Janesvillo, and 2 miles N. of 
 Rock River. It has 3 hotels, 4 stores, 1 steam saw-mill, 1 
 grist-mill, 5 warehouses, and about 100 dwellings. Cream- 
 colored bricks of sujierior quality are made here. Pop 
 about 500. 
 
 EDQEWOOD, a station on the Philadelphia AVilmiugton 
 and Baltimore Railroad, 24 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. 
 
 EDGEWOOD. a post-office of Eftingliam co., Illinois, on 
 the Central Railroad, 42 miles S S.AV. of .Mattoon. 
 
 EDGEWOItTH, a post-village of Sullivan co., Tennessee, 
 about 16 miles N. of Jonesborough. 
 
 EDGINGTON, a iiost-village and township of Rock Island 
 CO., about 5 miles S. of the Mississippi River. Pop. 1143. 
 
 EDINBUKG, a post-village of Mercer co.. New Jersey, 
 about 9 miles E N.E. of Trenton. 
 
 EDINBURG, a post-village of Grundy co., Missouri, about 
 68 miles E.N.E. of Saint Joseph, and S"or9 W. of TrenCon. 
 
 EDINBUKG, a post-village, capital of Hidalgo co., Texas, 
 on the Rio Grande, about eo miles in a direct line above 
 Brownsville. 
 
 EDMONDS, a post-village of Brunswick co., Virginia, 
 about 40 miles S.W. of Petersburg. 
 
 EDMONDSON, a post-village of Crittenden co., Arkansas, 
 on the route of the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, 
 about 14 miles AY. of Memphis. 
 
 ED.MONTON, or EDMUNTON, a post-village, capital of 
 Metcalf CO., Kentucky, about 50 miles E. of Bowling Green. 
 Pop. 70. 
 
 EDNA, a post-township of Cass co., Iowa, about 15 miles 
 E.S.E. of Lewis. Pop. 162. 
 
 EDWARDS, a new county in the S.W. part of Texas, 
 area estimated at 1400 square miles. It is drained by the 
 GuadaUipe River and the Rio Frio. The census of 1860 
 furnishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 EDAVARO'S DEPOT, a post-office of Hinds co., Missis- 
 sippi, on the A'icksburg and Jackson Railroad, 18 miles E. 
 of A'icksburg. 
 
 EEL RIVER, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1002. 
 
 EEL RIVER, of California, rises in Mendpcino county, 
 flows northwestw.ird through Humboldt county, and falls 
 into the Pacific Ocean, about 15 miles N.E. of Cape Mendo- 
 cino. 
 
 EEL RIA'ER, a post-village and township of Humboldt 
 CO., California, on Eel River, 20 miles S. of Eureka. Pop. 416. 
 
 EG AN, or EAGAN, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota, 
 on the Minnesota River. Pop. 665. 
 
 EGG HARBOR, a post-village and township of Door M- 
 Wisconsin, on the S E. shore of Green Bay. 
 
 2215 
 
EGG 
 
 ELM 
 
 EGG HARBOR CITT, a post-village of Atlantic co., New 
 Jersey, on the Camdeu and Atlantic Uailroad, 42 miles S.B. 
 of Camden. It has a large hotel, 1 newspaper office, 4c. 
 Pop. 789. 
 
 EGG LESION, a township of Muskegon co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 93. 
 
 EGOTA, or EQEOT.\, a township of Olmstead Co., Min- 
 nesota. Pop. 513. 
 
 ELB.\, a post-village, capital of Coffee co., Alabama, situ- 
 ated on Pea River, about 75 miles S. by E. of Montgomery. 
 
 ELBA, a township of Gratiot co., Michigan. Pop. 78. 
 
 ELBA, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. 797. 
 
 ELBA, a post-township of Dodge co., Wisconsin, and a 
 station on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Itjiilroad, 69 miles 
 W.X.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 16jp. 
 
 ELB.4. a post-village and township of Winona co., Minne- 
 sota, on the Miniieska Itiver, about 20 miles W. by N. of 
 Winona. Pop. 1C4. 
 
 ELBRIDGE, a township of Oceiina co., Michigan. Pop. 
 235. 
 
 ELDON, a post-village of Pottawattoniie co., Kansas, about 
 8 miles N.E. of Manhattan, and 3 miles N. of the Kansas 
 River. 
 
 ELDORA, a post-village and capital of ILirdin co., Iowa, 
 in Eldoni towuship, and on the Iowa River, about 70 miles 
 N.N.E. of Des Moines. It has a court-house and several 
 churches. Pop. of township 1097. 
 
 EL DORADO, Jl-do-rdh'do, a connty of California, bor- 
 dering on Nevada, has an area of about 1850 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. and N.W. by the Middle Fork of 
 the American River, and on the N.E. partly by Lake Tahoe. 
 It is drained by the South Fork of the American, by the 
 North and South Forks of the Cosumne River, and by 
 Weber and Silver Creeks. The eastern part is mountainous, 
 being occupied by the Sierra NevadiU Among the forest 
 trees are the white oak, bl.ick oak, and pine. The inhabi- 
 tants of this county are mostly eniployetl in mining gold. 
 Limestone, alabaster, and slate are found here. The county 
 ia connected with S;icramento by the Siicramento Valley 
 Riiilroad. In 1860, El Dorado county was the third in the 
 Bt;ite ill amount of population. Organized in 1849. Capital, 
 Placervilb'. Pop. 20,562. 
 
 EL DOR.\DO, a post-village of Preble CO.. Oliio, on the 
 Dayton and Western Railroad, 27 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 EL DOR.\DO, a towuship of McDonough co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1018. 
 
 EL DORADO, a post-village of Saline co., Illinois, about 
 70 miles S.S.E. of Salem. 
 
 EL DOR.\DO, a township of Benton co., Iow.a. Pop. 105. 
 
 EL DORADO, a post-village of Fayette co., Iowa, on 
 Turkey River, about 8 miles X. of West Union. 
 
 EL DORADO, a post-township of Fond du Iac co., Wis- 
 consin, alxmt 5 miles N.W. of Fond du Lac. Pop. llso. 
 
 EL iX)RADO, a post-village of El Dorado Co., California, 
 on the railroad which connects i^iicramento with Placer- 
 ville, 6 miles S.W. of the latter. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 and about 8 general stores. Several quartz-mills are in 
 operation here. Pop. in 1860. 558 ; in 1864, about 700. 
 
 EL DORADO, a mining district of Humboldt co., Nevado, 
 about 12 miles N.N.W. of Unionvillc. 
 
 EL DOK.\DO, a vill.age of Ciiss co., Nebraska, on the S. 
 bank of the Platte River, about 17 miles S.S.W. of Ouialui 
 City. 
 
 EL DORADO, a post-offlce of Platte co., Nebraska. 
 
 ELDRED, a township of Lycoming co^ Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 653. 
 
 ELDRED, a townsliip of Monroe co , Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 960. 
 
 EDDRED, a township of Schuylkill co., PennsylTania. 
 Pop. 943. 
 
 ELDRKD, a village -of Jackson co., Michigan, on the 
 Jackson Branch Railroad, about 6 miles S.E. of Jackson. 
 
 ELEROY, a post-village of Steiihenson Co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Itailroad, 8 miles W.X.W. of Freeport. 
 
 KIAJIN, a post-viIla?e of Fayette CO., Iowa, on Turkey 
 River, about 6t) miles N.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 ELGIN, a post-village and township of Wabasha co., 
 Minnesota, on the Minueska River, about 14 miles E.N.li. 
 of Ri>cht-8ter. Pop. »«). 
 
 ELIDA. a post-village of Allen co., Ohio, on the Pittsburg 
 Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, about 7 miles N. W. of 
 lima. 
 
 ELIOTA, Minnesota. See Eluotv. 
 
 EL1Z.\, a village of Yuba Co., California, on the Feather 
 River. 4 or 5 miles S. of Marysville. 
 
 KLIZ.VBKTUTDWN, a post-offlce of Anderson cq., Kansas. 
 
 ELIZAVILLi:, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, about 
 7 miles N.E. of Lelranon, 
 
 ELK, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Pop.1027. 
 
 ELK, a townsliip of Siinilac co., Michigan. Pop. 229. 
 
 ELK, a town.sbipofClaytouco., Iowa. Pop. 510. 
 
 ELK. a towuship of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 877. 
 
 KLK CAMI». a post-village of Klamath co., California, 40 
 miles i^.W. of Orle.ins Bar. 
 
 ELK CITY, a village of Todd co., Minnesota, on the W. 
 
 bank of the Mississippi River, about 11 n'iil(« S. of Fort 
 Ripley. 
 
 ELK CITY, a village of Sherburne Co., Minnesota, neai 
 Elk River, 4 or 5 miles N.W. of llumboldt. 
 
 ELK CITY, a post-village of Nez Perce Co., I<laho, is 
 situated on the South Fork of the Clearwater River, about 
 140 miles E. by S. of Lewiston. Here are gold mines. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 • ELK CREEK, a township of Ja.sper co., Iowa. Pop. 665. 
 
 ELK GROVE, a post-township of Cook CO., Illinois, about 
 22 miles N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 1*89. 
 
 ELK GROVE, a ])ost-village of Sacramento co.. California, 
 18 niilos S.E. of Sacramento. 
 
 ELKHART, a township of Logan co., Illinois. Pop. 91*?. 
 
 ELKHART, small i)ost-viIlage of Sheboygan CO., Wis- 
 cousin, 12 miles N.M". of Shebovgan. 
 
 ELKHART, or ELKHART CITY, a post-vUlage of Logan 
 CO., Illinois, on the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 
 11 miles S.W. of Lincoln, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Spring- 
 field. 
 
 ELKHORN, a township of Brown co., Illinoia. Pop. 1121. 
 
 ELK HORN, a towuship of San Joaquin co., California. 
 Poj). 20:)9. 
 
 ELKHORN, a river of Nebra.=ka, flows in a southeasterly 
 direction through the counties of Pierce, Izard, Cuming, 
 Dodge, and Dougla.s, and enters the Platte, on the W. bor- 
 der of &ii-iiy county. Its length is estimated at 200 miles. 
 
 ELKHORN CITY, a post-village of Douglas co., Ne- 
 braska, on the Elkhorn River, about 24 miles WJi.W'. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 ELKL.V.VD, a post-township of Tascola co., Michigan, 
 about 40 miles E. of Bay City. Pop. 51. 
 
 ELK POINT, a post-village of Dakota, about 20 miles N. 
 W. of Sioux City, Iowa. 
 
 ELK RAPIDS, post-village of Antrim co., Michigan, on 
 the East Arm of Grand Traverse Bay, about 17 miles N.E. 
 of Grand Traverse Cit}': 
 
 ELK RIVER, a post-village and township of Clinton 
 CO., Iowa. The village is about 40 miles N.N.E. of Davea- 
 port. Total population 1320. 
 
 ELK RIVER, a post-towusliip of Sherbyrne co., Minne- 
 sota, on Elk River. Pop. 233. 
 
 ELKTON, a small village of Dunn Co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Chippewa River, about 17 miles S.E. of Menonionie. 
 
 EFyKTON, a village of Carlton Co., Minnesota, about 40 
 miles S.W. of Superior City. 
 
 ELKTON, a jiost-village of Douglas co., Oregon, on the 
 Cnipqiia River. 36 miles N.N.W. of Roseburg. 
 
 ELL.A.A'ILLE, a post-village, capital of Schley co., Georgia, 
 about 44 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 ELLENBORO', a post-village and township of Grant co., 
 Wisconsin, about 20 miles N. of Dubuque. The township 
 is traversed by J^latte River. Pop. 801. 
 
 ELLEN BOROL'GH, a post-village of lUtchie co.. West 
 Virginia, on the Northwestern Railroad, 37 miles E. of 
 Parkersburg. 
 
 ELLENSBURG, a post-village, capital of Curry co., Ore- 
 gon, situated on the S. bank of Rogue River, at its entrance 
 into the ocean, about 350 miles S. by W. of Salem. Pop. in 
 1804 about 2.50. 
 
 ELLETTSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Indiana, 
 on the New Albany and Chicago Riiilroad, 7 miles N.W. of 
 Bloomington. 
 
 ELLINGTON, a post-township of Tuscola co., Michigan, 
 on both sides of Cass River, about 95 miles N. of Detroit. 
 Pop. 92. 
 
 ELLINGTON, a post-office of Hancock co., Icwa, about 
 80 miles N.W. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 ELLINGTON, a post village and township of Dodge co., 
 Minnesota, about 16 miles S.E. of Faribault. Pop. 120. 
 
 KLLIOTT, a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 263. 
 
 ELLIOTT, a post-village and township of San Joaquin 
 CO., California, about 22 miles N. by E. of Stockton. Pop. 
 517. 
 
 ELLIOTTA, or ELIOTA, a post-village of Fillmore co., 
 Minnesota, about 14 miles S.E. of Preston, and about 1 
 mile from the state of Iowa. 
 
 ELLISON, a township of Warren co., Illinois. Pop. 1121. 
 
 ELLISTON, a station on the Cinciiiuati JIamilton and 
 Dayton Railroad, in Hamilton co., Ohio, 17 miles N. of Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 ELLISTOWN, a post-village of Pontotoc co., Mississippi, 
 about 44 miles S.E. of Holly Springs. 
 
 ELLISVILLE, a post-village and small township of Fulton 
 CO., Illinois, on Spoon River, about 44 miles W. by S. of 
 Peoria. Pop. (.04. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, a post-village of Madison co., Iowa, about 
 9 miles E. by N. of Winterset. 
 
 ELLWOOD, or ELWOOD, a post-village of Will cc , 
 niinois, on the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad. S< 
 miles S. by W. of Joliet. 
 
 ELMA, a post-township of Erie co., New York, about 10 
 miles K.S.E..of Buffalo. Pop. 2091. 
 
 ELMA, a v>ost-village of Chehalis Co., Washington Terri- 
 tory, near the Chehalis River. 14 milvs E. of Montesano 
 
ELM 
 
 ERI 
 
 ELMENDARO, a post-village of Lyon co., Kansas, about 
 15 miles S.K. of Emporia. 
 
 ELM GROVE, a township of Lonisa CO., Iowa. Pop. 573. 
 
 ELM GROVl*;, a post-offioe of Waukesha co., Wisconsin, 
 jn the Milwaukee and Saint Jfaul Railroad, 10 miles W. of 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 ELMIRA, a post-office of Eitton CO., Michigan. 
 
 ELMIRA, a village of Goodhue co., Minnesota, about 10 
 miles S.S.W. of Red Wing. 
 
 EliMI RA, a township of ( Hmstead co., Minnesota. Pop. 472. 
 
 EL MONTK, el inon'tA, a post-village and township of Los 
 Angeles co., California, 13 miles E. of Los Angeles. Pop. 1004. 
 
 EIjMOKE, a post-village of Ottawa co., Ohio, on Portage 
 River, ami on the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, 17 miles 
 S.E. of Toledo. 
 
 ELMOHE, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, about 30 
 miles N.W. of Peoria. 
 
 ELMORB, a post-township of Faribault CO., Minnesota, bor- 
 dering on the State of Iowa, about 6 miles S. of Blue Earth 
 City. 
 
 ELMWOOD, a post-township of Tuscola co., Michigan, 
 about 22 miles N.E. of \'assar. 
 
 ELMWOOU, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, on the 
 Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, 27 miles W.N.W. of Peoria. 
 Pop. of Elmwood Township, 1178. 
 
 ELMWt lOl), a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, about 
 30 miles E.S.E. of Lexington. 
 
 EL PASO, a county in the E. central part of Colorado, 
 has an area of about 2500 square miles. It is dr.iined by 
 SquiiTel Creek and other small affluents of the Arkansas 
 River. The surface in the W. part is mountainous. Pikes 
 Peiik, which js in this county, rises to the height of 11,497 
 feet. It contains rich gold mines. Capital, Colorado City. 
 
 EL PASO, a post-villiige of El Paso co., Texas, on the Rio 
 Grande, in Lat. Jjl*^ 42' N. Pop. 428. 
 
 EL PASO, or Eh PASSO, a post-village of Woodford co., 
 Illinois, on the Central Railroad, where it is crossed by the 
 Toledo Peoria and Warsaw Railroad, 18 miles N. of Bloom- 
 ington, and 34 miles E. of Peoria. 
 
 •EL PASO, a post-village of Atchison co., Missouri, about 
 75 miles N.N.W. of St. Joseph, and 4 miles E. of the Mis- 
 souri River. 
 
 EL PASO, a post-village and township of Pierce co., Wis- 
 consin. The village is on Rush River, about 22 miles E. of 
 Prescott. Pop. 93. 
 
 ELItOV, a post-village of Juneau co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Baraboo Kivor, about 70 miles N.W. of Madison. 
 
 ELSTON STATION, a post-office of Cole co., Missouri, on 
 the Pacific Railroad, about 11 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ELVASTUN. a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois, on 
 the Illinois and .southern Iowa Railroad, about 10 miles E. 
 by N. of Keokuk. ' 
 
 ELVIRA, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, 8 or 9 miles 
 W. of Lyons. 
 
 ELWOOU, a township of Vermilion CO., Illinois. Pop. 2000. 
 
 ELWOOI), a post-village of Doniphan co., Kansas, on the 
 Missouri River, opposite St. Joseph, Missouri. It is sur- 
 rounded by the river on all sides except the west. Pop. of 
 Elwootl Township, 584. 
 
 ELYSIUM or EI.YSIAN, a post-village and township of 
 Le Sueur co.,' Minnesota, about 15 miles E.N.E. of Mauluito. 
 Pop. 406. 
 
 EMBAKRAS, a township of Edgar co., Illinois. Pop. 965. 
 
 EMBARRAS, the most northwestern townsliip of Outa- 
 gamie CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 248. 
 
 EM E LINE, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, about 27 
 miles S. by W. of IJubuque. 
 
 EMERALD, a village and township of Paulding co., Ohio, 
 on the loledo and Wabiish Railroad, 61 miles W.S.W. of 
 Toledo. Pop. 499. 
 
 EMERALD, a township of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, 30 
 miles N.E. of Hudson. 
 
 EJIERALD, a township of Faribault co., Minnesota, about 
 6 miles E. of the countj--seat. Pop. 76. 
 
 EMER A I,D G 110 V E, a post-vil lage of Rock CO., Wisconsin, 
 about 9 miles K. by S. of Janesville. It has 15 dwellings. 
 
 EMERSON, a township of Gnitiot co., Michigan, contains 
 or adjoins Ithaca, the eonnty-seat. Pop. 206. 
 
 EMERSON, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, abotit 
 24 miles N.W. of Hannibal. 
 
 EMERSON, a post-village of Dodge CO., Nebraska, on the 
 N. bank of the Platte River, about 60 miles W.N.W. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 EMIGSVILLE. a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Northern Central Railroad, about 6 miles N. of Y'ork. 
 
 EMINENCE, a post-village of Morgan co., Indiana, about 
 34 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 EMINIJA, a village of Minnehaha co., Dakota, on or near 
 the Big Sioux River, about 95 miles N. of Sioux City, Iowa. 
 
 EMLENTON, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Alleghany River, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Franklin. 
 
 EMMETT, a township in the N.W. part of Saint Clair co., 
 Michigan Poj). 646. 
 
 EM.METf. a townsliip of McDonough CO., Illinois. Pop. 838. 
 
 £MMI'iTSBUKG,a postrvillage, capital of Palo Alto co., 
 
 Iowa, on the W. Fork of the Des Moines River, about 5S 
 miles N.N.W. of Fort Dodge. 
 
 ESIitRY, a township of Stanislaus co., California, about 
 24 miles S.E. of Stockton. Pop. 771. 
 
 EMPIRE, a township of McLean co., Illinois. Pop. 486 
 
 EMPIRE, a post-township of Fond du Lac co., AVisconsin, 
 about 4 miles E. of Fond du Liic. The N.W. angle of it 
 touches Lake Winnebago. Pop. 805. 
 
 EMPIRE, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota, about IC 
 miles W.S.W. of Hastings. 
 
 EMPIRE, or EMPIRE CITY, a post-village of Empire 
 Township, Dakota ci>., Minnesota, on the Veimilion River 
 about 20 miles S. of Saint Paul. Pop. SO. 
 
 EMPIRE CITY, a village of Stanislaus co., California, 
 about 40 miles S.K. of Stockton. Pop. 288. 
 
 EMPIRE CITY, a post-village, capital of Coos co., Oregon, 
 is situated on Coos Bay, about 5 miles from the Pacific 
 Ocean, and 128 miles in a dirtct line S.S.W. of Salem. It 
 contains a conrt-house, 2 steam saw-mills, and 3 or more 
 stores. Stone-coal is found about 3 miles from this place. 
 Pop in 1S60, 176. 
 
 E.MPIHE CITY, a village of Ormsby co.,. Nevada, on Car- 
 son River, about 3 miles E. by N. of Carson City. It has 3 
 stores, and 2 quartz-mills. Pop. about 250. 
 
 EMPIRE CITY, a mining town of Clear Creek co., Colo- 
 nido, is situated in a broad and beautiful valley, amidst tlie 
 Rocky Mountains, on tlie stage-road from L'euver to Salt 
 Lake, 48 miles W. of Denver. It is about 6000 feet above 
 the level of the sea, and is surrounded by mountains whoso 
 summits are covered with perpetual snow. The veins of 
 gold and silver in this vicinity are said to be very rich. 
 Clear Creek which passes near this town affords good water- 
 power. Empire City contains about 200 dwellings. 
 
 EMPIRE RANCH, California. See Sm.^rtsville. 
 
 E.MPORIA, a post-township of Lyou co., Kansas, contains 
 the village of Emporia. Pop. 843. 
 
 liJU'ORIA, a flourishing post-village, capitiil of Lyon co., 
 Kansas, is situated on or near the right bank of the Neosho 
 River, about 2 miles N. of the Cottonwood River, and u5 
 miles S.S.\V. of Topelta. It is one of the most imjiortant 
 places in Southern Kansas. It ct)ntaiu8 the State Normal 
 School, 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, 5 dry-goods stores, 
 &c. Pop. about 500. 
 
 ENCINAL, or ENSINAL, a new county in the S. part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 1400 square miles. '1 he Nueces 
 River touches the N.E. part of this county, which is also 
 drained by the Salado. Pop. 43. 
 
 EN DION, a village of Saint Louisco., Minnesota, on Lake 
 Superior, about 8 miles N. by W. of Superior City. 
 
 ENGLESBURG, a small village of Milwaukee co., WiS" 
 consin, 6 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 ENGLESIDE, a village of Oregon co., Missouri, on Eleven 
 Points River, about 100 miles W. of New Madrid. 
 
 ENGLEWOOD, a post-village of Bergen co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Northern liailroad of New Jersey, about 13 miles N. 
 N.K. of Hudson City, and 1 mile from the Hudson River. 
 
 ENGIJSH, a township of Iowa Co., Iowa. Pop. 1370. 
 
 ENGLISH, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 1031. 
 
 ENGLISH, a township of Lucas CO., Iowa. Pop 521. 
 
 ENGLISH LAKE, a post-office of Stark co., Indiana, on 
 the Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 44 miles N.N.W. 
 of Logjinsport. Here is a lake of the same name. 
 
 ENGLISH lUVER, a township of M ashuigton co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 1381. 
 
 ENSLY, a township forming the S.E. extremity of Ne- 
 waygo CO , Michigan. Pop. 123. 
 
 ENRIQUE'TA, or HEN RIQUITA, a village of Santa Clara 
 CO., California, on Guadalupe Creek, 434 '"'les from New 
 Almaden. Here is a quicksilver mine in which 100 men or 
 more are employed. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, a post-village of Volusia co., Florida, on 
 the Saint John's River, about 75 miles S. by E. of Pilatkt 
 
 ENTERPRISE, a post-village of Clarke co., Missis.-ippi, on 
 the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 120 miles N. by W. of Mobile. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, a post-village of Spencer co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio River, about 30 miles above Evansville. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, a post-village of Winona co., Minnesota, 
 about 16 miles W.S.W. of Winona. 
 
 EOLA, a post-village of Polk co., Oregon, on the Rickreal 
 River, 4 or 5 miles W. of Salem, and 11 miles EN.E. of 
 Dallas. Pop. in 1864, about 150. 
 
 EPHRAIM, a post-village of San Pete co., rtah, 8 miles 
 N. of Manti. Ptip. in 1860, 910, which, perhaps, included 
 the precinct. 
 
 EPWORTH, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, on the 
 t)ubuque and Sioux City Rai'road, 19 miles W. of Dulmque. 
 
 ERATH, a new county in the N. central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Bosque River and Paloxy Creek. Capital, Stevensville, 
 Pop. 24-25. 
 
 ERIE, a post-village of McDonald co., Missouri, about 70 
 miles S.W. of Sijringfield. . 
 
 ERIN, a station on the Ch.attanooga and Knoxville Rail- 
 road, in Knox co., Tcnnes.see, 5 miles S.W. tif Knoxville. 
 
 ERIN, apost-villageiu the S.E. part of Buchanan co.jIowOi 
 
 2217 
 
n 
 
 ERI 
 
 EBtl' a township of Rice co., Minnesota. Pop. 307. 
 ERIN PKAIHIK, a township of" St. Croix CO., Wisconsin, 
 U mile! B.N.E: of llvidson. Pop. 323. 
 
 ERWI.N, a post- village of Schujler co., Illinois, about 44 
 inilea K.X.E. of Quiiicy. 
 
 ESCOIIOL, or ECIIOL, a village of St. Joseph co., Michi- 
 gan, on the St. Joseph River, about 7 miles above Cou- 
 stantine. 
 
 ESCONAWB.\, or ESCONAB.X, a river of Michigan in the 
 Upper Peninsula, rises in Marquette co., flows in a S.S.E. 
 direction and enters the Little Bay de Noquet. 
 
 ESCONAWBA, a post-village, capital of Delta co.. Michi- 
 gan, is at tlie inoutli of the Escouawba River, and on the 
 W. shore of Little Bay de Noquet. A railroad extends from 
 this place northward to Marquette, which is about 60 miles 
 lUstant. 
 ESMEN, a township of Livinirston co., Illinois. Pop. 457. 
 ESMKRAL'DA, a county in the S. part of Nevada, bor- 
 dering on Ciilifornia, Utih and Arizona. The N.W. part is 
 drained by AValker River, and contains a lake named Walker. 
 The western pwt of the county is mountainous. lu the E. 
 and S. parts are vast elevated and sterile plains forming 
 part of the Great Biisin. Silver mines are worked in the 
 ■\V. part near the Sierra Nevada mountains. The county 
 also contains gold, lead, iron, coal and salt. In 1864, 9 
 quartz-mills were in operation in this county. Capital, 
 Aurora. 
 
 ESMERALDA, a mining camp and district of Mono co., 
 California, is about 6 miles S.W. of Aurora, Nevada. Here 
 are rich silver mines in porphyry and trap-rocks. 
 
 ESMER.iLDA, a mining village of Alturas co., Idaho, 
 about 70 miles E. of Boisee City. 
 
 ESl'ER.INZA. a mining village of Calaveras co., Califor- 
 nia, about 65 miles E.N.K. of Stockton. 
 
 ESSEX, a village of Union co., Ohio, about 44 miles N.N. 
 W. of Columbus. 
 
 E^SEX, a post-village of Clinton co., Michigan, on Tlay- 
 worth's Creek about 25 miles N. by W. of I.^nsing. It has 
 1 mill. 
 
 ESSEX, a post- township of Kankakee co., Illinois, about 
 22 miles S. by W. of Joliet. Pop. 501. 
 ESSEX, a town>hip of Stark co., Illinois. Pop. 1198. 
 ESTELLA, a post-office of Ringgold co., Iowa, about SO 
 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 ESTUERVILLE, a ijost-village, capital of Einmett co., 
 Iowa, on the W. Fork of the Dea Moines River, about 40 
 miles N.W. of Algoiia. 
 
 ESTRKLLA, ii village of San Luis Obispo co., CiUifornia, 
 about 40 miles N.N.E. of San Luis Obispo. 
 
 ETNA, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Alligliany Kiver, about 4 miles above Piitsburg. 
 ETNA, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pop. 547. 
 ETNA, a post-village of Scotland co., Missouri, about 33 
 miles W. of Keokuk, Iowa. 
 ETNA, a township of Hardin co., Iowa. Pop. 330. 
 ETNA, a post-village of Lafayette Co., Wisconsin, 15 miles 
 S.W. of Darlington. It has 1 church, 1 flour-mill and 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 ETN X, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, about 15 
 miles AV.S.W. of Preston. 
 
 ETNA, a post-viliage of Polk co., Oregon, 8 miles N.E. of 
 Dalliw. 
 
 ETNA MILLS, a post-village of Siskiyou co., California, 
 SO miles S. of Yreka. Pop. estimated at 300. 
 
 ETl'AVILLE. a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, 
 on the Upper Iowa River, about 40 miles S. by E. of Ro- 
 chester. 
 
 ETTRICK, a post-township of Trempealeau co., Wiscon- 
 8in, about S miles N.E. of Galesville. 
 
 EUDO'RA, a post-township of Douglas co., Kansas, con- 
 tains the village of Kudora. Pop. in 1860, 599; in 1865, 
 said to be 1 500. 
 
 EUDORA, a post-village of Douglas co., Kansas, on the 
 right (S.) bank of the Kansas River, IJ^ miles S. of the 
 Union Pacific Railroad, ;ind 8 miles E. of Lawrence. It 
 contains 2 churches, 1 flouring-mill, 1 saw-niill and 1 pot- 
 tery. Pop. about 3r.O. 
 
 EUGENE: a post-village in the N.W. part of Ringgold co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 EUGENE CITY, a post-town, capital of Lane co.. Oregon 
 •ituated on the Willamette River, 72 miles S. of Salem. It 
 
 FAI 
 
 contains several churches, 1 high-school, about 10 general 
 stores, 1 flouriug-niili, &c. Two newspapers are published 
 here. It is surroundetl by a fertile farming couniry. Pop. 
 in 1864 estimated at 650; pop. of the precinct in ISiiO, 1183. 
 EUREKA, a townsliip of Montcalm Co., Michigan, con- 
 taining GKEtNVILLE, which soe. Pop. 988. 
 
 EUREK.\, a village of Spencer co., Indiana, about 10 
 miles \V. of Rockport and 2 miles from the Ohio lUvcr. 
 
 EUREKA, a post-village of M ooiU'ord Co., Illinois, on the 
 Toledo Peoria and Warsaw Railroad, 20 miles E. of Peoria. 
 Pop. of townsliip, 604. 
 
 EUREKA, a post-village of St. Louia co., Missouri, on the 
 Pacific Railrwid, 30 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. 
 
 EURKKA, a post-township of Dakota co., Minnesota, 
 about 25 miles S. by W. of Saint Paul. Pop. 480. 
 
 EUREKA, a viUage of Nicollet co., Minnesota, on the 
 Minnesota River, altout 15 miles S.AV. of Saint Peter. 
 
 EUREKA, a small post-village, capital of Greenwood CO., 
 Kansas, about 100 miles S.W. of Lawrence. Pt)p. of Eureka 
 township, 494. 
 
 EUREKA, a post-village, capital of Humlx)ldt co., Cali- 
 fornia, situated on Humboldt Bay, 7 miles from the sea, 
 and about 225 miles by water from San Francisco. It has 
 a safe harbor with 15 feet of water at low tide. It contains 
 3 churches, 1 librai-y and 1 newspai>er office. About 20 
 million feet of lumber (fir, redwood and spruce i ai'e shipped 
 here annually. Pop in 1860, 617 ; in 1^64, about 800. 
 
 EUREKA,a township of Nevada co., California, contains 
 a village named Eureka South, and h:i8 rich gold mines. 
 Pop. 2080. 
 
 EUREK.A, a village of Vuma co., Arizona, on the Colo- 
 rado River, about 170 miles S W'. of Prescott. 
 
 EUREKA NORTH, a mining village of Sierra co., Cali- 
 fornia, about oil miU's N.E. of Marysville. Pop. about 400. 
 
 EUREK.A. SOUTH; a village of Nevada co., California, in 
 Eureka township, 28 miles N.E. of Nevada. It has 2 stores. 
 Pop. in 1864, about 100. 
 
 EVANS, a township of Marshall co., Illinois. Pop. 1204. 
 
 EVANSTON, a post-village and small townshij) of Cook 
 CO., Illinois, on Lake Michigan, and on tlie Chicago and 
 Milwaukee Railroad, lo miles N. of Chicago.. It is the seat 
 of the Northwestern University, which is under the care of 
 the Methodists, and of the Northwestern Female College. 
 Both these institutions were founded in 1855. l^ip. 831. 
 
 E VANSVILLE, a village of Douglas co., Minnesota, about 
 22 miles W.X.W. of Alexandria. 
 
 EVANSVILLE, a mining village of Butte CO., California, 
 about 28 miles N.N.E. of Marysville. 
 
 EYERETT,atown8hipof Newaygo CO., Michigan. Pop. 156. 
 
 EVERETT, a post-village of Cass co., Missouri, about 44 
 miles S. by E. of Kansas City. 
 
 EVERETTSVILLE, a post-village of AVayiie co., North 
 Carolina, on tbe Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 6 miles 
 S. of GuUlsborough. 
 
 EVERGREEN, a township of Montcalm co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 89. 
 
 EV ERTOX, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, about 
 25 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. I'op- 239. 
 
 EWING, a post-village of Hocking co., Ohio, about 32 
 miles E.N.E. of Chillicothe. 
 
 EXCELSIOR, a post-township of Sauk co., Wisconsin, 
 about 6 miles W. by .N. of Baraboa. It is traversed by the 
 Baraboo River. Pop. 787. 
 
 EXCELSIOR, a post-township of Hennepin co., Minne- 
 sota, about 22 miles W'. of Saint Paul. It borders on Lake 
 Minnetonka. Pop. 317. 
 
 EXCELSIOR, a mining district of Esmeralda co., Nevada, 
 about 45 miles £. of Aurora. 
 
 i;XCELS10R, a postK)ffice of Calhoun co., Nebraska, on 
 the right ^W.) bank of the Platte River, about 27 miloj W. 
 of Omaha City. 
 
 EXETER, a post-village and township of Green co., Wis- 
 consin. The village is about 22 miles S. by W. of Madi«on. 
 Total population, 1040. 
 
 EXIRA, a post-village, capital of Audubon co., Iowa, on 
 the E. Fork of the Nishuabatona River, about 70 miles W. 
 of Des Moines. It is on the route of the Mississippi and 
 Missouri Riiilroad. 
 
 E.XTON, a post-village ot Chester co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Chester Valley Railroiui, where it crosses the Lancaster 
 Turnpike, about 28 miles from Philadelphia. 
 
 1;^ ABTUS, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 1242. 
 - J'AIRBURO, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, 
 on the railroad connecting Peoria with Logansport, 60 miles 
 X.. of Pciiriii. 
 
 FAIRFAX, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, about 55 
 nules E. ofCinciiin.iti. 
 
 «^^'^''i^-^' " ^''l'"«® of Wayne CO., Indiana, about 8 miles 
 N.W. of Richmond. 
 2218 
 
 F. 
 
 FAIRFAX, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, on a railroai 
 about 10 miles S.W. of Cwlar Rajiids. 
 
 FAIRFAX ST.VriON, a iiost-.ttico of Fairfax co., Virg! 
 nia, on the Orange and Ale.\audria Railroad, IS miles W. oi 
 Alexandria. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 22 miles S. by E. of l..anca.ster. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-village, caiiitid of Freestone CO., 
 
FAI 
 
 FAR 
 
 Texas, alioiit 155 miles N.E. of Austin, and 36 miles "W. of 
 Palestine. Pop. 6ii9. 
 
 FAIRKIELD, a village of Somerset co., PennsylTania^ 
 about 18 miles S. by H. of Somerset. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a town.ship of WusUington co., Ohio. Pop. 
 841. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a village of Howard co., Indiana, on the 
 Indianapolis Peru aud Chicago Railroad, 5 miles S. of 
 Kakonio. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a township of Shiawassee co., Michigan. 
 Pop. .'«7. 
 
 F.AIRFIELD, a township of Fayette Co., Iowa. Pop. 935. 
 
 FAIKFI ELD, a town.ship of Grundy co., Iowa. Pop. 220. 
 
 FAIKKI ELD. a township of Jackson co., Iowa, Pop. 606. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a township of Sauk Co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Baralioo River, about 3 miles N.E. of Raraboo. Pop. 598. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a village, cajiitjil of Solano co.. California, 
 on the San Francisco and Marysville Railroad (unfinished), 
 about 50 miles N.N.E. of San Fraiicisco, and 1 mile N. of 
 Suisun City. It contains a court-house. Pop. in 1863, 
 about 500. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, a post-village of 5tarinn co., Oregon, on the 
 ■Willamette River, about 12 miles N. of Salem. I'op. of 
 Fairfield precinct. 824. 
 
 FAIRKIELD CENTRE, a post-office of Do Kalb co., Indi- 
 ana, aliout 30 miles N. of Fort ^Vayne. 
 
 FAIROROVE, a post-township of Tuscola co., Michigan, 
 about 78 miles N.E. of Lansing. Pop. 367. 
 
 FAIRHAVEN, a post-village in Fairhaven township, 
 Stearns co., Minnesota, on Clear Water River, about 22 
 miles W. of Monticello. 
 
 FAIRHAVEN, a township of Olmstead co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 42:3. 
 
 FAIRLAND, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, on the 
 Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad, 19 miks S.E. of In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 FAIRLAND, a post-office of Marshall co.. Kansas. 
 
 FAIRMONT, or FAIRMOUNT. a small village, capital of 
 Slartih CO., Minnesota, about 50 miles S.S.AV. of Mankuto. 
 Pop. 112. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a post-village of Hunterdon co.. New Jer- 
 sey, about 4'« miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a village and township of Grant co., In- 
 diana, aliont 10 miles S. of Marion. Pop. 1306. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a township of Pike co , Illinois. Pop. 1044. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT. a post-vfllage of Clark co., Missouri, about 
 4t mills N.W.of Qiiinry, Illinois. 
 
 FAIiniOUNT SPRING, a post-oflfice of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylv.inia, in Fairmoiint township, about 27 miles W. of 
 AVilkesbarre. 
 
 I'.tIR OAKS, a locality in Henrico co., Virginia, on the 
 Richmond an.i York River Railroad, about 7 miles E. of 
 Richmond; noted for a battle fought hero on the 31st of 
 May. 1 St. 2; 
 
 FAIRPLAINS, a post-township of Montcalm co., Michi- 
 gan, aiiout 44 miles N.W. of Lansing. Pop. 491. 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a i>ost-village of El Dorado co., California, 16 
 miles S.E. of Placerville. It has 2 stores. 
 
 FAIRPLAY, a post-village of Park co., Colorado, is situ- 
 ated amon,' the Rocky 5Iountains in the W. part of the 
 South Park, about 80 miles S.W. of Denver. 
 
 FAIR PORT, a village of Allen co., Indiana, on tlie Mau- 
 mee River, and on the Wabasli and Erie Canal, about 14 
 miles E. by N. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 FAIR VIEW, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 899. . 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a township of Fayette co., Indiana. Pop. 
 662. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a village and township of Clinton CO., Illi- 
 nois about 13 miles S.W. of Yandalia. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a village of Randolph CO., Missouri, on the 
 North Missouri Railroad, about 16 miles S. of Macon City. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a township of Allomakee co., Iowa. Pop. 
 270. 
 
 FAIRVTEAV, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 1048. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village and township of Jones co., 
 Iowa, 3 or 4 miles S.W. of Anamosa. Pop. 1249. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a small village of Crawford Co., Wisconsin, 
 about 27 miles N. by E. of Prairie du Chien. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, 
 about 13 nules W. of Preston. 
 
 FAIRVIEW, a ])ost-village of Sarpy CO., Nebraska, on the 
 N. bank of the Platte River, about 11 miles W.S.W. of 
 Bellevne. 
 
 FAIR WEATHER GULCH, a mining place in the S.W. 
 part of Montana, is a few miles from Virginia City. 
 
 FALKLAND, a post-village of Pitt co., North Carolina, 
 on the Tar River, about 70 miles E. by S of Rjileigh. 
 
 FALLASBURG, a post-village of Kent co., Michigan, on 
 Flat River, about 22 miles E. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 FALL CITY, or FALI-S CITY, a post-village of Dunn co., 
 Wisconsin. alMiut 15 miles N.E. ot Diiuville. 
 
 FALL CITY, a small village of Marathon co., AVisconsin, 
 on the Wisconsin River. 
 
 FALLS, a township of Cerro Gordo co., Iowa. Pop. 253. 
 
 PALLSBURQ, a post-village and township of Licking oo., 
 Ohio, about 16 miles N.E. of Newark. Pop. 9X6. 
 
 FALLS CITY, a post-town, capital of Richardson v-o., 
 Nebraska, is situated on elevated ground 10 miles W. of 
 the Missouri River, 2 miles N. of the Nemaha, and about 50 
 miles N.W. of St. Joseph, Missouri. It contains a 'M)\irt- 
 house, 2 hotels, 2 dry-goods stores, 1 printing-t)fficb, and 
 about 45 dwellings. The population in 18C0 Was 473, which 
 perhaps included a township. 
 
 FALLS CHURCH, a post-village of Fairtax co., Virginia, 
 about 10 miles W. of Washington. 
 
 FALLS OF ST. CROIX, Polk co., Wisconsin. See Saint 
 Croix Fai.i..s. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a post- village of Lancaster co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Susquehanna River, 13 miles S.E. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a village of Lincoln co., Missouri, on the 
 Mississip))i River, about 18 miles N.E. of Troy. 
 
 FANCY CREEK, a small post-village of Richland co., 
 Wisjonsin, on a creek of the same name, about 46 miles 
 N.E. of Prairie du Chien. 
 
 FANDON, a post-ofHce of Allomakee co., Iowa. 
 
 FANNIN, a county in the N. part of Georgia, bordering 
 on Tennessee and North Carolina, has an area of almut 425 
 square miles. It is drained by the Tocoa and Connasauga 
 Rivers. The surface is mountainous. Capital, Morganton. 
 Pop. 5139. 
 
 FARIBAULT, i3rV-bo', a county in the S. part of Minne- 
 sota, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Blue Earth or Mankato River and its 
 branches, and by Maple River. The greater part of the 
 county is prairie. The surface is undulating or level; the 
 soil is fertile. Capital, Blue Earth Citv. I'op. 1335. 
 
 FARIIIAULT, a post-village, capital of Rice Co., Minne- 
 sota, situated on the Cannon River, at the moutli of the 
 Stniight River, and on the Minnesota Central Railioad, 40 
 miles S.S.W. of Hastings, aud 50 miles S. of St. Paul. It 
 contains 5 churches, 1 newspaper office, the state asylnui 
 for the deaf and dumb, an Episcopalian college with a 
 large stone building, 3 banking offices, 4 flouring-mills (3 
 of which are moved by water-jiower), 1 steam saw mill, 1 
 foundry, and other factories. Timber and stone are abun- 
 dant in the vicinity. Pop. in 1860, 1508 ; in 18i 5, about 2400. 
 
 FARI'N.4, a post-olfico of Fayetto co., llUuois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of Centralia 
 
 FARLEY, a post-village of Platte co., Missouri, about 7 
 miles E. Ijy S. of the city of Leavenworth. 
 
 FARLEY, a post-village of Dubuque co.. Iowa, on the 
 Dubuque and Siou.v City Railroad, 23 miles W. of Dubuque. 
 Another railroad extends from this point southwcstward to 
 Marion. 
 
 FARMERS, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 957. 
 
 FARMERSBURG, a village of Sullivan co., Indiana, on 
 the Evansville aud Crawfordsville Railroad, 15 miles S. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 FARMERS' CREEK, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa, 
 about 22 miles S. of Dubuque. 
 
 FAR.MEliS' GROVE, a post-village of Fillmore co.,Minne- 
 sota. near Root River, about 5 miles S. of Chatfield. 
 
 FARMKRSVILLE, a village of Ross co., Ohio, about 11 
 miles S S.W. of Chillicothe. 
 
 FARMERSVIIJjE, a post-village of Posey co.. Indiana, 
 about 19 miles W. of Evansville. 
 
 FARMING DALE, a post-village of ^lonmouth co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, 35 milea 
 S. of New York. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a village of Butler co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 20 miles S. of Franklin. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1048. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post-villaie of Cecil Co., JIaryland, 
 about 45 miles N.E. of Baltimore. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a p^t-vill.ige of Marion co.. West Vir- 
 ginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 10 miles W. of 
 Fairmont, and 67 from Wheeling. Pop. 89. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 7 
 miles W.N.W. of Wheeling. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a village of Grant co., Indiana, about 8 
 miles S.E. of Marion. 
 
 F.\RMINGTON, a village of Jacks<m co, Indiana, on the 
 Jeffersonville lUiilroiid, 20 miles S. of Columbus. The name 
 of the post-office is New Farinington. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a township of Cedar co., Iowa. Pop. .500. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a township of La Crosso co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 908. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a township in the S.W. part of Polk co., 
 Wisconsin, on the St. Croix River. Pop. 337. 
 
 F-\RM1NGT<)N, a township of Waupacea Co., Wisconsin, 
 immediately W. of Waupacea, the county-seat. Pop. 582. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a township of Olmstead co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 1S6. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a post-office of Dickinson co.. Kansas. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a village of Nemalia co., Kansas, about 
 9 miles N. of Seneca. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a village of Washington co., Oregon, 
 about 16 miles S.W. of Portland. 
 
 2219 
 
FAR 
 
 Jf ARMINGTOX, a post-officeof San Joaqnin co., California. 
 
 rARSlINOTON, a post-villaRe, capital of Davis co., Utah, 
 ig 16 miles N. of Salt Liike City, and about i miles E. of 
 thf lake of that name. Pop. in 18C0, 591. 
 
 FARMLAND, a post-village of Raudolph co.. Indiana, on 
 the Bellefontaine Railway Line, 17 miles W. of Union City. 
 
 FAR.M RIDGE, a post-village and township of La Sallo 
 CO., Illinois, about 8 miles S.S.W. of Ottawa. Pop 1021. 
 
 FARMWELL, a post-offlce of Loudon co., A"ii-ginia, on 
 the Alexandria and lK)udon Railroad, 7 miles S.SJi. of 
 Leesburg. . 
 
 FARNHAM, a post-village of Richmond CO., Virginia, 
 about 5-5 miles E.N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 FARTIir.R POINT, a projection into the St. Lawrence 
 from Rimouski co., Canaiia East, near the mouth of Ri- 
 mouski River, in lat. about 49° N., Ion. 68° 45' W. British 
 steamers for Quebec communicate with that city by tele- 
 giaph from this place. 
 
 FAWN, a township in the N.E. part of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1654. 
 
 FAXON, a po.st-townsliip and village of Sibley co., Minne- 
 sota, on the left bank of the Minnesota I'.iver, about 8 
 miles N.E. of Henderson. Pop. 439. 
 
 FAYETTE, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 13 mika W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 FAYETTE, a post-village, capital of Fayette co., Alabama, 
 about 110 miles N.N.W. of Selma. 
 
 FAYETTE, a village of Fulton co., Ohio, about 44 miles 
 W. of Toledo. 
 
 FAYETTK, a post-township of Green co., Illinois, about 
 30 miles N. of Alton. Pop. 480. 
 
 FAYETTE, a thriving post-village of Fayette co., Iowa, 
 on the Volga River, about O'* miles AV.N.W. of Dubuque. 
 It contains a seminary and several churches. Pop. reported 
 to be alK)ut 1300. 
 
 FAYETTE, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 682. 
 
 FAYETTEVILLE, a post-village of Johnson co., Missouri, 
 about 22 miles S. by K. of Lexington. 
 
 FAYSVILLE, a village of Genesee co., Michigan, on the 
 Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, 9 miles N. of Flint. 
 
 FE.vniEK RIVER, of Idaho, is a small stream which 
 flows southwestward and enters the South Fork of the 
 Boisee River in Alturas county. 
 
 FEATIIERSTONK, a post-village in Featherstone town- 
 ship, Goodhue CO., Minnesota, about 9 miles S.W. of Red 
 VTing. 
 
 FELIX, a township of Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 605. 
 
 FELIX, a township of Grundy co., Iowa. Pop. 232. 
 
 FENELON, a village of :^tark Co., Ohio, on the Ohio and 
 Erie Canal, aliout 8 miles N.N.W. of Massillon. 
 
 FENNIMOIIE, a post-township of Grant co., Wisconsin, 
 about 72 miles W. of Madison, and 12 miles S. of Boscobel. 
 Pop. 1392. 
 
 FENTON, a township of Genesee co., Michigan, contains 
 the village of Fenton. I'op. 1443. 
 
 FENTON, or FENTONVILLE. a post-village of Genesee 
 cOt Michigan, situated on the Shiawassee River, and on the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 52 miles N.W. of Detroit. 
 It contains 4 or 5 churches, 1 national bank, 1 Union 
 school, a seminary for girls, 4 hotels, 1 large flouring-niill, 
 1 plaster-mill, 1 steam foundry. 1 woollen-factory, 1 oil-mill, 
 &c. The river affords water-power. It is stated that 
 $250,000 was paid here for wool in 1864. Pop. in 1800, 735 ; 
 in 186.5, about 1400. 
 
 FENTONVILLE, a villageof Jackson co., Michigan, about 
 10 miles S. of Jackson. 
 
 FEN WICK, a post-offlce of Perry co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FliRGUSON, a county in the S. central part of Washing- 
 ton Territory. It is partly bounded on the E. by the Col- 
 umbia River, and on the N.E. by the Wenatchee River. It 
 is drained by the Yakama or Yakima River, and by tlie 
 Pisco River. The Cascade range of mountiiins extends 
 along the W. border. Gold is found in the north part of 
 this county. Organized in 1863. 
 
 FERGUSON, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, on the 
 Korth >tis.-;ouri Railroad, 10 miles N.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 FERNDALE, a post-village of Humboldt co.. California. 
 18 niile.s S.E. of Eureka. 
 
 FERRIS, a post-township of Montcalm co., Michigan, 
 about 50 miles W. of S.igiuaw City. Pop. 184. 
 
 FERROMONT, a village of Morris co.. New Jersey, about 
 10 miles W.N.W. of Morrist<iwn. 
 
 FERRYSBURG, a v>ost-village of Ottawa co., Michigan, 
 on the right bank of Grand IJjver about 2 miles from Lake 
 Micliigjin. and 29 miles W. by N. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 FERRY POINT, a post-village of Del Norte co , Cali- 
 fojnia, i'^ miles E. of Crescent City. 
 
 FEfJTlXA.a iwst-offlce of Winneshiek co., Towa. 
 
 FliTTERM AN. a post-village of Taylor co.. West Virginia, 
 on tlxe Baltnnore and Oliio Railroad, 98 miles S.E. of 
 WheeliDK. 
 
 FIDDLKTOWN. a post-village of Amador co., California, 
 1(5 miles N. of Jackson. It has 1 church, 1 public sclitwl 
 and several stores. The a<ljacent country abounds in rich 
 placer mines of gold. Pop. about 700. 
 2220 
 
 FLO 
 
 FIDELITY, a post-village of Jasper co., Missouri, abont 
 8 miles S. of Carthage. 
 
 FILLMORE, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, l)or- 
 dering on Iowa, has an area of 86i square mibs. It is 
 intersected liy the Hokali or Root River, and also drained 
 by the Houston and Upper Iowa Rivers, the latter of 
 which touches it on the S. border. The suifaco is undu- 
 lating ; the soil is calcareous and highly productive. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the st^iplo productioua. 
 The woodlands of this ctmnty are more e.Mensive than the 
 prairies. It is traversed by the route of the Root River 
 Valley liailroad. Capital, Preston. This county, in ISGO, 
 w;ui the most populous in the state. Pop. 13.512. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-village and township of Fillmore co., 
 Minnesota, about 26 miles S.iS.E. of Rochester. Pop. 556. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 FII>LMORE, a post-village of Andrew co., Missouri, about 
 17 miles N. by W. of St. Joseph, 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana, on the 
 Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 FILLMORE, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, about 
 20 miles S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 FILLMORE, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 737. 
 
 FILLMORE, a township or precinct of Plumas co., Cali- 
 fornia. Pop. 605. 
 
 FINLEY, a post-village and township of Webster co., 
 Missouri, about 24 miles E S.E. of Springfield. Pop. 642. 
 
 FISH CREEK, a post-offlce of Door co^ Wisconsin, oi 
 the shore of Green Biiy. 
 
 FISHER, a fown.ship of Fremont co., Iowa. Pop. 277. 
 
 FISHERMAN'S BAY, a post-village of Sonoma co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the seashore, 50 miles N.W. of Sant^i Rosa. 
 
 FlSUERSliURG, a post-village of Madisou CO., Indiana, 
 about 28 miles N.E. of Iudiaua()olis. 
 
 FISHERS LANDING, a post-village of Clarke county, 
 Washington Territory, 8 miles above Vancouver. 
 
 FI;^HERSV1LLE, a post-village of Augusta Co., Virginia, 
 on the Central lUiilroad, 7 miles S.E. of Maunttm. 
 
 FISK'S CORN ERS. a small post-village of Winnebago CO., 
 Wisconsin, 8 miles from Oshkosh. 
 
 FISLEIIVILLE, a post-village of Gloucester co.. New 
 Jersey, on the railroad which connects Camden with Slill- 
 ville, about 22 miles S. of Camden. 
 
 FITSHENRY, a post- village of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Pittsburg and Connellsvillu Raihoud, 37 
 miles S.S.E. of I'itt.sburg. 
 
 FLANDRE.\U, flan-tlro', a village of Minnehaha co., 
 Dakota, on the Big Sioux River, about 125 miles N.E. of 
 Yankton. 
 
 FL.AT RIVER, of Michigan, rises near the N. border of 
 Montcalm cotinty, flows southward through Ionia county, 
 and enters the Grand River at Lowell, Kent county. 
 
 FLEMING, a village of Licking co., Ohio, about 9 miles 
 E. by N. of Newark. 
 
 FLEMINGTON, a pos^village of Clinton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Bald Eagle Creek, about 1 or 2 miles W. of Lock 
 Haven. 
 
 FLEMINGTON, a post-village of Taylor co.. West Vir- 
 ginia, on the Northwestern Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of 
 Giafton. 
 
 FLINT, a small post-township of Pike co., Illiijois, on the 
 Illinois River, 8 or 9 miles N.E. of Pittsfielil. I'op. 378. 
 
 FLINT, a post-office of Mahaska co., Iowa, about 12 miles 
 N.N.W. of Oskaloosa. 
 
 FLINT HILL, a small post-village of Rappahannock co, 
 Virginia, abont 34 miles S. of Winchester. 
 
 FLINT RIVER, a townsliip of Des Moines co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 1287. 
 
 FLINTSTONE, a post-village of Alleghany co., Maryland, 
 about 12 miles E. of Cuml>erland. 
 
 FLORA, a township of Boone co., Hlinois. Pop. 1294. 
 
 FL0R.4, a post-village of Clay co., Illinois, on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi Riiilroad, 24 miles E. of Siilem. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-village of Darlington District, South 
 Carolina, on the North Eastern Railroad, where it is crossed 
 by the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 102 miles N. 
 of Charleston and about 100 W. of Wilmington. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-village of Willianuon co., Texiis, 
 abfmt 44 miles N. by W. of ,\ustin Citj'. 
 
 FLORENCE, a village of Madison co., Ohio, on the Colum- 
 bus and Xenia Railroad. 30 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 FLORENCE, or WEST FLORENCE, a village of Pieblo 
 CO., Ohio, on the Hamilton and Richmond Railroad, 10 niilea 
 K.S.E. of Richmond, Indiana. The name of the post-tfficft 
 is West Florence. 
 
 FLORENCE, a post-village of Switzerland Co., Indiana, 
 On the Ohio River, about 10 miles above Vevay. 
 
 FLORENCE, a township of Will co.. Illinois. Pop. 691. 
 
 FLORENCE, a village of Montgomery co., Missouri, ou 
 the North Missouri Railroad, 76 miles W. by N. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 FLORENCE, a small post-village and township of Benvi* 
 CO., Iowa, on the Cedar Rapids an<l Missouri River RaihoaC 
 about 15 miles W. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
FLO 
 
 FOR 
 
 FLORENCE, a post- village, in Florence township,Goodhue 
 CO., Miiimsotii, on Lake Pepin, an expansion of tlie Missis- 
 aippi lUvir, alioiit ^2 miles below Ueil Wing. 
 
 FLOKKNCE, a township of Carver co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 305. 
 
 FLORENCE, a po-st-village of Donglas co., Nebraska, 
 Bitiuiteil on the Mis-sonri liiver, miles l)y the road and 10 
 miles by water N. of Omaha. It has a good hotel, '2 stores, 
 and 1 saw-mill. First settled in 1S57. I'op. in lf<64 about 
 400. 
 
 FLOUENCE, a post-village, capital of Idaho co., Idaho, is 
 situated about 7 miles N. of the Salmon River, and about 
 120 miles- N. of Idtilio City. It has productive gold mines. 
 FLC»RIDA, a township of I'arke co., Indiana, ou the Wa- 
 bash River. Pop. 15.59. 
 
 ¥W]<ID\, a station on the Chicago and Great Eastern 
 Railroad, in Madisou co., Indiana, 6 miles N.W. of An- 
 derson. 
 
 FLOURNOY, a village of Cedar co , Towa, on the Cedar 
 Rapids and Missouri River Railroad, about 30 miles E. by S. 
 of Cedar liajiids. 
 
 FLOWERY, a mining-\-illage of Storey co., Nevada, about 
 6 miles from Virginia City. 
 
 FLOYD, a county in the N.N.E. part of Iowa, has an area 
 of 501: square miles. It is intersi-cted by the C<'dar and 
 Shell Rock Rivers, which flow southeastward. The surface 
 is undulating; the .soil is excellent. The county contains 
 a large proportion of prairie, but is said to have plenty of 
 timber. Capital, Charles City. Pop. 3744. 
 
 FLOYD, a post-village of Carroll i)arisli, Louisiana, about 
 190 miles N. of Baton Rouge. Pop. 2i)8. 
 
 FLOYD, a township of Warren co., Illinois. Pop. 1115. 
 
 FLOYD, a post-village and township of Floyd co., Iowa. 
 The village is ou the Red Cedar River, about 6 miles N.W. 
 of Charles City, Total population 863. 
 
 FOLSOM, fiil'sum, a post-vilhige of Sacramento co., Cali- 
 fornia, situated on the left (S.E.) bank of the American 
 River, 22 miles E.N.E. of Siicramento. It has 1 bank, 1 
 ...ewspaper office, 1 Roman Catliolic and 3 Protestant 
 churches, I seminary, 1 public school, and 1 flouring-mill, 
 ■which cost about $100,000. It is the N.E. terminus of the 
 Sacramento Valley Railroad. Another railroad extemls 
 northward to Lincoln. &c. Here are immense quarries of 
 granite, which furnish building-stone for San Francisco; 
 and beds of cobble-stones, from which that metropolis is 
 chiefly supplied. Gold, silver and cojiper are found in the 
 vicinity. Pop. in 1864 about 1200, or according to another 
 statement, ISOO. 
 
 FOND DU LAC, a township of Tazewell co., Illinois. Pop. 
 613. 
 
 FOND DU LAC, a post-village and township of St. Louis 
 CO., Minnesota, on Saint Louis River, about 13 miles S.W. of 
 Du Lnth. Pop. 102. 
 
 FONT.ilNE, a post-office of Ilardin co., Iowa, 15 miles N. 
 of EMora. 
 
 FONTANELLE, a post-village, capital of Adair Co., Iowa, 
 50 miles in a direct line W.S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 FONTENELLK. or FONTANELLE, a post-village, capital 
 of Dodge CO., Nebraska, on the K. bank of the Elkliorn 
 River, about 37 miles N.W. of Omaha. It is situated in a 
 fertile farming country, and is improving. 
 
 FOOTEVILLE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Beloit and Jladison Railroad, 32 miles S. by E. of Madi- 
 son, and 8 miles W. of Janesville. 
 
 FORRESTOM'N, a jKist-village of Butte co., California, on 
 the Oroville and Woodvillo turnpike, 20 miles E. by N. of 
 Oroville. Gold and rosin are procured in the vicinity. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 FORBUSII, a post-village of Yadkin co.. North Carolina, 
 about 40 miles N. by W. of Salisbury. 
 
 FORD, a new county in the N.E. central part of Illinois, 
 has an area of alwut 4.50 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Middle Fork of Vermilion River. The surface is nearly 
 level; the soil fertile. It is intersected by the Chicago 
 Branch of the Central Railroad. Capital, I'axton (?) Pop. 
 197H. 
 
 FORDIIAM, a post-village of Adams co., Wisconsin, about 
 37 miles N N.W. of Portage City. 
 
 FORD RIVER, or FORT RIVER, in the Upper Peninsula 
 of Michig.an, rises in Marquette co., flows southeastward 
 through Delta co., and enters (!reen i!aj'. 
 
 FOREST, a post-village of Hardin Co.. Ohio, on the Pitts- 
 burg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, where it is crossed 
 by the Sandusky Dayton and Cincinnati Railroad, 36 miles 
 N. by E. of Bellefontaine, and 29 miles W. of Bucyrns. 
 
 FOREST, a post-township of Richland co., AVisconsin, 
 about 15 miles N.W. of Richland Centre. Pop. 565. 
 
 FOREST, a township in the N.E. part of Vernon co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 2*i3. 
 
 FOUEST, a township of Rice co., Minnesota. Pop. 208. 
 
 FOREST BAY, a post-office of Sanilac co., Michigan. 
 
 FOREST CITY, a post-village of Mason Co., Illinois, on 
 the Illinois River Railroad, about 30 miles S.S.W. of Peoria. 
 
 FOREST CITY, a post-village of Holt CO., Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, about 68 miles by water above St. Jo- 
 
 seph, and 4 miles above Iowa Point, Kansas. Pop. in 1860, 
 350. 
 
 FOREST CITY, a township of Howard co., Iowa, border- 
 ing on Minnesot.i. Pop. 8-54. 
 
 FOREST CITY, a post-village, capital of Meeker co., Min- 
 nesota, situated on Crow River, 70 miles in a direct line W. 
 N.W. of Saint Paul. It has a United States Land Office 
 Pop. 271. 
 
 FOltEST CITY, a mining post-village of Sierra co., Cali 
 fornia, on Oregon Creek, 6 miles S. of Downierille. It ll 
 surrounded by high mountains. It contains 2 churclies, 1 
 school, 1 bank, 1 masonic hall, 1 drug store, &c. Pop. about 
 250. 
 
 FOREST COVE, a post-village of Baker co., Oregon, 55 
 miles N.W; of Auburn. Pop. in 1863, about 100. 
 
 FORESTER, a post-township of Saiu'lac co.. Michigan, on 
 or near l..ake Michigan, about 85 miles N.N.E. of Detroit 
 Pop. 375. 
 
 FOREST GROVE, a post-village of Cumberland co., New 
 Jersev, on the lailroad connecting Camden with Millville 
 29 miles S. bv E. of Camden. 
 
 FOREST GROVE, a post-village of Washington co., Oro. 
 gon, 6 miles W. of ilillsboi-o. It has 2 stores and 2 or S 
 churches, and is the seat of the Pacific University. 
 
 FORE.ST HILL, a post-village of Lyon co., Kansas, on the 
 Neosho River, 7 or 8 miles E. of Emporia. Pop. of Forest 
 Hill township. .541. 
 
 FOREST HILL, a post-village of Placer co., Californi.% 
 about 22 miles N.E. of Auburn. It has several stores, and 
 is snrrounded by gold mines. Pop estimated at 600. 
 
 FOREST IIOSlE, a post-village of Union township, Powe- 
 shiek CO., Iowa, 6 miles S.W. of Montezuma. Pup. about 
 200. 
 
 FOREST HOME, a post-village of Amador co., California, 
 18 miles N.W. of Jackson. Pop. about 200 
 
 FOREST HOUSE, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wis- 
 consin, on the Milwaukee and Prairie du Cliien Railroad, 
 about 4 miles N.N.E. of Waukesha. 
 
 FOREST MOUND, a post-village of Wabasha co., Minne- 
 sota, aliout 16 miles N.E. of Rochester. 
 
 FORESTON, a jiost-village and township of Ogle co., Illi- 
 nois, ou the Central Railroad, 12 miles S. of Freeport. Pop. 
 1095. 
 
 FORESTON, a pos^village of Howard co., Iowa, on tho 
 Upper Iowa River, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Decorah. 
 
 FOREST STATION, or FORESTVILLE. a post-village of 
 Livingston co., Illinois, on the Toledo Peoria and Warsaw 
 Railroad, 66 nnles E. of Peoria. The post-office is called 
 Forest Station. 
 
 FORESTVILLE, a village of Forest township, Genesee co.; 
 Michigan about 16 miles N.E. of Flint. 
 
 FORESTVILLE, a post-village of Sanilac co., Michigan, 
 on Lake Huron, abotit 32 miles N. of Lexington. 
 
 FORFjSTVILLK. a post-village of Madison CO., Indiana, 
 about 20 miles N. bv AV. of Anderson. 
 
 FORESTVILLE, Illinois. See Forest St.wjox. 
 
 FORESTA'IIjLE, a post-township of Doi>r co., AVisconsin, 
 2 or 3 miles W. of Lake Micliigaii and about 8 miles S.W. 
 of Sturgeon Bay. Pop. 85. 
 
 FORESTVILLE, a post-townsTdp of Fillmore co., Mmne- 
 sota. about 7 miles AV. by S. of Preston. Poj). 511. 
 
 FORIvS OF SALMON, a post-village of Klamath co., Cali- 
 fornia, on Salmon River, 20 miles E. of Orleans Bar. 
 
 FORRESTER, Alichigan. See Forester. 
 
 FORSYTH, a village of .Macon Co., Illinois, on the Central 
 Railroad, 6 miles N. of Decatur. 
 
 FORSYTH, a post-village, capital of Taney CO., Missouri, 
 situated on AVhito River, about 40 miles S.S.E. of Spring- 
 field. 
 
 FORSYTH, a township of Green Lake co., AA'isconsin. Pop. 
 823. 
 
 FORT ABERCROMBFE, a military post in Shyenne co, 
 Dakota, on the Hod River of the North. 
 
 FOItT BENTON, Montana Territory, is on the Missouri 
 River, about 40 miles below tiie Great Falls, and at tho 
 liead of steamlioat navigation. It is about Lat. 47° 50' N. 
 and Lon. 110° 3(y W. 
 
 FORT B0IS1^:E, a military post in Boiseo A'alley, Idaho, 
 on or near the river of the same name. It was established 
 in 1863. 
 
 FORT BUIDGER, a military post, and a post-office cf 
 Green River co., Utah, on the Great Overland Route, 123 
 miles E.N.E. of Salt Lake Citv. 
 
 FORT CALHOUN, a post-village of AVashington co., Ne- 
 braska, is pleasantly situated near the Missouri River, 18 
 miles N. by AA'. of Omaha. It has several stores and mills, 
 and al)Out 40 houses. Pop. in 1860, 306. 
 
 FORT CHURCHILL, a military post and a post-office of 
 Churchill co., Nevada, on Carson River, and on the Overland 
 Mail Route. 33 miles N.E. of Carson City. 
 
 FORT CLARK, Dakota, a military post on the Missouri 
 River, about 47° 10' N. Lat. 
 
 FORT COLA'ILLE, a post-office and military post of Spo- 
 kane CO., AA'ashington Territory, is about 12 miles E. of the 
 Columbia River, and adjacent to.,Piuckuey City. 
 
 2221 
 
FOR 
 
 FORT CROOK, a military post in Shasta co., ColifornJa, 
 about 145 miles N. of Miirvsville. 
 
 FORT DALLES, a military post of the United States, on 
 the Columbia River, wijacent to Dalles City, Wasco CO., 
 Ore^c n. 
 
 FORT DARLING, Virginia, a fort built by the rebels on 
 the right bank of the James River, about 7 miles below 
 Ricliniond. 
 
 FORT DEFIANCE, a post-office near the border of New 
 Mexico, about 1»50 miles in a direct line AV. by N. of Santa Fe. 
 FORT DODGE, a post-village, capital of Webster co., Iowa, 
 is pleasantly situated on the De^ Moines River, and on the 
 Dubuque and Pacific Railroad (in progrc^s), 182 miles W. 
 of Dubuque. It contains a stone court-house, 5 churches, 1 
 newspaper office. 2 drug stores, 9 dry-goods and grocery 
 stores, 2 grist-mills, 2 nurseries. <tc. Coal and limestone are 
 found in the vicinity. The river, which is here about 250 
 feet wide, affords water-power. Pop. in 1860, 672; in 1865, 
 about 1200. 
 
 FORT DONELSON, a fort built by the insurgents in 
 Stewart co., Tetmessee, on the lett bank of the Cumberland 
 River, about 1}/^ miles below Dover, and about 70 miles 
 W.N.W. of Nashville. Here General Grant captured about 
 13.000 of the enemy in February, 1862. 
 
 FORT DUNCAN, a village or inilit;iry post of Maverick 
 CO., Texas, on the Rio Grande, at or near Eagle Pass. 
 
 FORT FAIRFIELD, a post-village and township of Aroos- 
 took CO., Maine. The village is on the Aroostook River, 
 about 160 miles N.N.E. of Rtngor. Total population, 901. 
 FORT FISHER, a strong earthwork on the E. side of 
 Cape Fear River, at its numtli, about 20 miles in a direct 
 line S. of Wilmiugton, North Caroliniu It was taken by 
 Btorm by the Union army and navy in January, 1865. 
 
 FORT GARLAND, a post-village of Costilla co., Colorado, 
 is situated nciir the W. base of the Rocky Mountains, al>out 
 100 miles S. by W. of Pike's Peak. Here is or was a mili- 
 tary i)ost. 
 
 FORT GASTON, a military post of the United States, on 
 the Trinity River, in Klamath co., California, about 25 miles 
 S. by M'. of Orleans Bar. 
 
 FORT HALL, Idaho, is on the Lewis or Snake River, 
 about 133 miles in a direct line E.S.E. of Idaho City. 
 
 FORT HENRY. Stewart co., Tennessee, on the right bank 
 ►f the Tennessee River, near the N. boundary of the state, 
 and 7 or 8 miles W. of Fort Donclson. 
 
 FOUT IIOSKINS, a military post in Benton co., Oregon, 
 about H miles W.N.W. of Corvallis. 
 
 FORI' JACKSON, a military jwst on the right bank of 
 the Mississippi River, about 80 miles below New Orleans. 
 An inii)ort;int action occurred between this fort and the 
 Federal navy in April. 1862. 
 
 FORT JONES, a po.st-village of Siskij-ou co., California, 
 on Scotfs River, 18 miles S.W. of Yreka. It has several 
 stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 FORT KLAMATH, a military post in Wasco co., Oregon, 
 near Lake Klamath, 88 miles E.N.E. of Jacksonville. 
 
 FORT I/E.MHI, a military post of Idaho, on the B. Fork 
 of the ."^almon River, about 105 miles in direct line N.N.E. 
 of Idaho City. 
 FORT LINCOLN, a post-office of Bourbon co., Kansas. 
 FOKT LYON, a post-office of Huerfano co., Colorado, on 
 the Arkansas River. 
 
 FORT MOTTE, a post-office and station of Orangeburg 
 district. South Carolina, on or near the Congaree River, and 
 on a railroad, 30 miles S.E. of Columbia. 
 
 FORI" MOULTRIE, (inoo'tree,) one of the defences of 
 Charleston Harbor, South Carolinti, on the W. shore of Sul- 
 livan's Island, about a miles E.S.E. of Charleston. 
 
 FORT PILLOW, Lauderdale co., Tennessee, is situated on 
 the Mississippi River, about 40 miles by land N. of Mem- 
 phis. It Wiis erected by the secessionists. 
 
 FORT POINT, California, is on a point of land, on the S. 
 side of the Gidden Gate, about 3 miles N.W. of Sjin Fran- 
 cisco. Here is a strong tbrtification, commenced in 1854, 
 and for which S1,S00,000 has been appropriated. It is 
 capable of mounting 160 guns. 
 
 FORT R.\NDALL, a post-village of Todd co., Dakota, on 
 the Missouri River, about 42° 50' N. lat., and 98° 20' W. Ion. 
 FORTRESS MONROE, a strong military post of the 
 United States, situated in Elizabeth Citv co.. Virginia, at 
 the entrance of Hampton Roads, about 13 miles N. of Nor- 
 fork. It comnuiuds the approach by sea to Norfolk and 
 Richmond. It is nearly surrounded by water, and is con- 
 nected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Adjacent 
 to the fort is Old Point Comfort, a fashionable watering- 
 place. This fortress is the largest military work in the 
 United States, and during the civil war was an importiint 
 naval rende:;vous. The walls are built of granite. Its arma- 
 ment coiisis/s of about 370 guns. 
 
 FOKT RIDGELY, a post-t>ffice and military post of Min- 
 nesota, sitiiateil on the Minnesota River, at the N W ex- 
 tremity iif Nicollet CO., about -12 miles W. of Le Sueur. 
 
 FOKT KITXER, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana, 
 on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 78 miles E. of Vin- 
 
 FRA 
 
 FORT RUBY, a military post in Lander co.. Nevada, on 
 the Overland Mail Route. Here is Ruby Valley Post- 
 Office. 
 
 FORT SIMCOE,a military post in Ferguson cc, Wash- 
 ington Territory, 65 miles N.N.E. of Dalles City, Oregon. 
 
 FORT 8TANT0N, a post-office of Donna Ana or S'^corro 
 CO., New Mexico. 
 
 FORT SUMTER, a famous fort, situated on a small island 
 in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, Z14 or 4 miles ijx>m 
 Cbavleston. It was built of stone and brick. The bombard- 
 ment and capture of this place by the insurgents, April 12 
 and 13, 1861. was the beginning of the grejit civil war 
 During the siege of Charleston by the Union forces. Fort 
 Sumter wa.s reduced to a ruinous condition in the summer 
 of 18(13, but the rebel garrison continued to hold it until 
 Febnwry 18, 1865. 
 
 FORTU'NA, a village of Pine co., Minnesota, on Kettle 
 River, about 100 miles N. by E. of St. Paul. 
 
 FOUT UNION, a post-office and military post of Taos co., 
 New Mexico, alxuit 65 miles E.N.E. of Santa Fe. 
 
 FORT WAGNER. South Carolina, is near the E. shore of 
 Morris Island, about 6 miles S.E. of Charle-ston. 
 
 FORT WINNEBAGO, a township of Columbia co., Wis- 
 consin, immediately N. of Port»ge City. Pop, 747. 
 
 FORT WORTH, a post-village of Tarrant co., Texas, on 
 the W. Fork of the Trinity River, about 32 miles W. of 
 Dallas. 
 
 FORT YAM HILL, a post-village of Yam Hill co., Oregon, 
 at the E. base of the Coast Range, 30 niikM S.W. of Lafay- 
 ette. Pop. in 1863, about 100. 
 
 FORWARD, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1020. • 
 
 FOSDICK, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio, on a rail- 
 road, about 16 miles N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 FOSTER, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1204. 
 
 FOSTER, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1331. 
 
 FOSTER, a township of Faribault co., Minnesota. Pop. 26. 
 
 FOSTER'S BAK,a post-village an^ township of Yuba co., 
 Californiii, on the North Yulift-ltn'er, 3.i miles N.E. of 
 Marvsrille. Pop. of the vllhige, about 150 ; of the town- 
 ship", in 1860, 898. 
 
 FOSTORIA, a post-village of Seneca co., Ohio, on the E. 
 branch of Portage River, and on the Fremont Lima and 
 Union Rjiilroatl, 35 miles S. by E. of Toledo, and about 18 
 miles N.E. of Fiudlay. It contiiins 4 hotels, 6 stores, 3 
 grist-mills, 2 saw-mills, and 2 iron foundries. Pop. in 18C0 
 10-27 ; in 1865, about 1800. 
 
 FOUNTAIN, a post-township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of Mauston. Pop. 345. 
 
 FOUNTAIN, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 500. 
 
 FOUNTAIN CITY, a flourishing post-village of Buffalo 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the Mi^sissi|)pi Iviver, 8 miles alx.vc Wi- 
 nonii, Minnesota, and about 35 miles N.W. of La Crosse. It 
 contains 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, 10 stores, 2 flonr- 
 ing-mills, and several steam saw-mills. The river here is 
 alwut half a mile wide, and sufficiently deep for the largest 
 steamers. Pop. in 1865, about 2o00. 
 
 FOUNTAIN CITY, a post-village of Pueblo CO., Colorado, 
 situatetl on the Arkansas River, about 100 miles in a liirect 
 line S. of Denver. 
 
 FOUNTAIN GREEN, a post-village and township of Han- 
 cock CO., Illinois, about 25 miles E. by N. of Keokuk. Pop. 
 1410. 
 
 FOUNTAIN GREEN, a post-village of S;»n Pete co., Utah, 
 28 miles N. of Manti. 
 
 FOURTH CliOSSING, a post-village of Calaveras co., 
 California, 14 niik-s S. of Mokelumne Hill. 
 
 F0WL1-;R"S STATION, a post-office of .4dams co., Illinois, 
 on the railroad. 11 miles N.E. of Quincy. 
 
 FOWLEKVILLK, a iwst-village of Livingston Co.. Miclii- 
 gan, on the Red Cedsu- River, about 27 miles E. by S. of 
 Lansing. 
 
 FOXON. a village of Santa Barbara co., Californiai about 
 40 miles N.W. of SiintJi Biirbara- 
 
 FOXVILLE, a sm.ill village of Dane co, Wisconsin, 15 
 miles W. of Madison. 
 
 FRAMPTON, a post office of Clarion CO., Pennsyhania. 
 
 FRANCES\ILLK, a post-village of Pulaski co., Indiiuia, 
 on the Louisville New Albany and Chicago Railn«d, 39 
 miles N. of Liifavette. 
 
 FRANCISCO, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash and Erie Canal, 25 miles in a direct liue N. by E. 
 of Evansville. 
 
 FRANCONIA. a township of Chisago co., Minncsc**, on 
 the Siiiut Croix Kiver. Pop. 261. 
 
 FRANKEN LUST, a post-village of Saginaw CO., Michigan, 
 about 6 miles N. of Saginaw City. 
 
 FRANKENMUTH, a post-village and township of Sagi- 
 naw CO., .Michigan. The village is on Cass River, alx ut 25 
 miles N. of Flint. It has 2 mills. Total population, lOSU. 
 
 FRANKENTRUST, a village of Sagimiw Co., Michiga^ 
 about y miles E. of Saginaw City. 
 
FRA 
 
 FRANKFOKD, or FllANKFORT, a village of Beaver co., 
 Pennsylvania, aljoiit 28 miles AV. of Pittsburg. Pop. 207. 
 
 FllAXlvtOIU), a post-villiige of Sussex co., Delaware, 
 about 55 miles S. by E. of Dover. 
 
 FRANKFOKD, a post-village and township of Mower Co., 
 Minnesota, about 'Zi miles S. of Kocliester. Pop. 485. 
 
 FRANKFOliT, a post-village of Franklin Co., Alabama, 
 about 76 miles W. by S. of lluutsville, and 10 miles S. of 
 Tennessee River. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a post-village of Leelenau or Benzie co., 
 Michigan, on Lake Michigan, about 110 miles N. of Muske- 
 gon. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a village of Will co., Illinois, and a station 
 on the Joliet Branch of the Michigan Central Railroad, 13 
 miles K. of Joliet. 
 
 FRANKFiiRT, a village of Webster co., Missouri, about 
 24 miles i; by S. of Sprinjjfieia. 
 
 FRANKFORT or FRANKFOKD, a post-village, capital 
 of .Montgomery CO.. Iowa, about 4S miles E.S.E. of Council 
 Blufls, and 37 miles' N.W. of Bedford. Pop. in IsOO, 29ti. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a village of Webster co., Iowa, on the Des 
 Moines River, aliout 20 miles below Fort Dodge. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a post-township of Pepin Co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Chippewa River, about 7 miles N.N.E. of Pepin, the 
 county-seat. Pop. 251. 
 
 FRANKFORT, u township of Wright co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 400. 
 
 FRANKFORT, a post-village of L'Kau qui Court CO., 
 Nebraska, on the S. bank of tlje Missouri River, about 75 
 miles W.N.W. of Dakota. 
 
 FRANKMN, a connty in the E. part of Kansas, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Marais 
 des Cygnes or Osage River, and also drained by Middle 
 Creek, The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. This 
 county contains extensive prairies. Capitiil, Ohio City. 
 Pop. oO.;0. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 about miles N.W. of Flemington. Pop. 1552. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a town»liip in the S. ixirt of Chester Co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 974. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1624. 
 
 FR.\NKLIN, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 5i!o. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Snyder co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1351. 
 
 F'RANKLIN, a township of Washington co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1109. 
 
 I'RANKLIN, a station on the Seaboard and Roanoke 
 Railroad, in Southami)ton CO., Virginia, 37 miles W.S.W. 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 FRAN K LIN, a township of Summit co., Ohio. Pop. 1820. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township in the N. part of Tuscamwas 
 CO.. Ohio. Pop. 1174. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, about 34 
 miles W. of Hamilton. Ohio. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Harri.«on co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1616. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 
 878. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 
 174. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of Franklin co, Missouri, situated 
 on the Maramec River, and at the junction of the Pacific 
 Railroad wilh the Southwest Branch of the game, 37 miles 
 W.S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 F'RANKLIN, a post-village of Howard co., Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River nearly opposite B<X)neville, and about 
 60 miles above Jefferson City. Pop. of F'ranklin township, 
 2419. 
 
 FR.^NKLIN, atownship of Allomakeeco., Iowa. Pop. 752. 
 
 FR A N K LIN, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 6u8. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 296. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a townsliip of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 463. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of Decatur Co., 
 Iowa, about 6 miles N.E. of Leon. Pop. 317. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Des Moines co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1483. 
 
 FR.ANKLIN, a township of Fremont co.,Iowa. Pop. 605. 
 
 FK.^^NKLIN, a township of Linn CO., Iowa. Pop. 969. 
 
 FI'.VN K I.IN, a township of Manona co., Iowa. Pop. 301. 
 
 FKANKLIN, atownship of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 321. 
 
 FKAMvLIN, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 373. 
 
 FItANKI.IN, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 174. 
 
 F'RANKLIN, a township of Story co., Iowa. Pop. 321. 
 
 F'RANKLIN, a township of Washington co., Iowa. Pop. 
 670. 
 
 FKANKLIN, a township of Kewaunee co., Wiscotsia 
 about 10 miles S.W. of Kewaunee. Pop. 673. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 774 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of Pierce co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Trimbelle Kiver, abcjut 4 miles N. of Ked Wing, Minnesota. 
 
 F'RANKLIN, a township of Sauk co., Wisconsin, 14 miles 
 B.W. of Baraboo. Pop. 669. 
 
 FRE 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of Herman township, Sheboygan 
 CO., Wisconsin. It has 3 stores and 2 mills. 
 
 F'RANKLIN, a township in the S. piu't Of Veruou co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 918. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a villagrfof Steele co., Minnesota, about 14 
 miles S. by E. of FarilSult. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Wright Co., Minnesota, about 
 27 miles W. of St. Anthony. Pop. 353. 
 
 FK.ANKLIN, a post-village of Douglas Co., Kansas, about 
 
 4 or 5 miles Fl.S.E. of LawTence. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of *ackson co., Kansas. Pop. 509. 
 
 FRANKLIN, or GEUROETOM N, a post-village of Sacra- 
 mento CO., California, 14 miles S. of Sacramento. It has 1 
 store and 6 dwellings. 
 
 F'RANKLIN, a township of Sacramento co., California. 
 Pop. 1103. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village of Lane co., Oregon. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village of Dodge co., Nebraska, on the 
 N. bank of the Platte River, about 54 miles W.N.W. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a township of Richardson co., Nebraska. 
 Pop. 2;;7. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a mining village of Alturas co., Idaho, in 
 the Volcano district, about 60 miles E. of Boisee City, (jold 
 is found here. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a post-village of Pierce co., Washington Ter- 
 ritory, 10 miles F!. of Steilacoom. 
 
 FRANKlylNDALE. a ^ost-village of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, ab.mt 9 miles S.W. of 'I'owanda. 
 
 FRANKLIN GROVt!, or FRANKLIN, a post-village of 
 Lee CO., Illinois, on the Chicago F'ulton and Iowa Railroad, 
 88 miles W. of Chicago. 
 
 FRANKLIN VJLLE, a post-village of Gloucester co., New 
 Jersey, on the Millville and Glassboro' Railroad, about 25 
 miles S. of Camden. 
 
 FRANKSTOWN, or FRANKTOWN, a post-village of 
 Douglas CO., Colorado, about 28 miles S.S.E. of Denver. 
 
 FRANKTON, a post-village of Madison co.. Indiana, or 
 the Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 10 miles N.N.W 
 of Anderson. 
 
 FRANKTOWN, a post-village of Washoe co., Nevada, 6 
 miles S. of Washoe City. It has 1 store and a quartz-mill, 
 or reduction woiks. 
 
 FKANKVILLE, a post-township ofWinneshiek CO., Iowa. 
 Pop. 902. 
 
 FREDKRIC, a village of Macomb co., Michigan, on the 
 Clinton River, alxiut^iO miles N.N.E. of Detroit. 
 
 FREDERIC'S II ALIv, a post-<jflice of Louisa co., A'irginia, 
 and a station on the Central Railroad, 50 miles N.AV. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 FRFJOON, a small post-village of Sussex co., New Jersey 
 
 5 or miles W. of Newton. 
 
 FREOONIA, a ix)st-vill.ige of Rusk co., Texas, on th« 
 Sabine River, about 20 miles N. of Henderson. 
 
 FI!F;UONlA,a post-villageof Montgomery CO., Tennessee, 
 about 3s miles N.W. of Nashville. 
 
 FKEDONIA, a post-township of Ozaukee co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee River, about 32 miles N. of Milwaukee. 
 
 FREEBORN, a county in the S. part of .Minnesota, bor- 
 dering on Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. It is 
 drained by the t^hell Rock River, which rises within its 
 limits and flows southward, and by several aflluents of the I'.ed 
 Cedar and Mankato River.s. The surface is diversified by 
 prairies, woodlands, and numerous small lakes. The soil is 
 fertile. Capital, Albert Lea. Pop. 3;i(J7. 
 
 FREEBORN, a post-villageof i'reeborn co., Minnesota, on 
 a snndl lake of the same name, about 40 miles S S.E. of 
 Mankato. Pop. of Freeborti township, 193. 
 
 FREEBUKO, a post-village of Houston co., Minne-sota, 
 about 4 miles W. of the Mississippi River, and 17 miles S. 
 by W. of La Crosse, Wisconsin. 
 
 FREKDOM, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 792. 
 
 FKEEDOM, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 971. 
 
 F'REEDOM, a .village of St. Joseph Co., Michigan, near 
 the .Michigan Southern Railroad, about 75 miles W. of 
 Adrian. 
 
 F'REEDOM, a post-township of Outagamie co., Wisconsin, 
 about 6 miles N.E. of Appleton. Pop. 690. 
 
 FREEDOM, a township of Sauk Co., Wisconsin, .ibout 5 
 miles W.S.W. of Baraboo. Pop. 526. 
 
 FREEDOM, a post-vilUige of Lane co^ Oregon, 16 miles 
 N. of Kugene City. 
 
 FREELAND, a post-vill;ige of Lucas co., Iowa, about 48 
 miles S. by E. of Des Moines. 
 
 FREEM.\N, a township in the N.W. part of Crawford co., 
 Wisconsin, on the Mississippi River. Pop 779. 
 
 I'REEMAN, a township of F'reeborn co., Minnesota, bor- 
 dering on Iowa. Pop. ViH. 
 
 FitEFlPORT, a village of Wood co., Ohio, about 27 miles 
 S. by E. of Toledo. 
 
 FREE PORT, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, about 22 
 miles S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 FREEPOKT, a post-village of Winneshiek co., Iowa, on 
 the Upper Iowa River, about 3 miles E. of Decorah. 
 
 2223 
 
FRE 
 
 GAL 
 
 F^EESOrti, a post-township of Mason co., Michigan, 
 65 miles X. of Muskegon. Pop. 60. 
 
 *'RKLINGHDYSEN, a township of Warren co.. New Jer- 
 sey. Pop. 1297. . 
 
 FRKMONT, a county in tlie S.Ventnil part of Colorado, 
 has an area estimated at 2200 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected l>y tlie Arkansas River, and also drained by the Huer- 
 fano River. Tlie surface is very niountiinons, the county 
 being traversed by the range of the Rocky Mountains 
 covered with perpetual sno»v. Gold and silver are found in 
 this county. Capital, CaBon City. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-townsliip of Rockingham co.. New 
 Ilampsliire, -5 miles AV. of Exeter. Pop. 579. 
 
 FREM()XT, a township of Steuben co., New York, 15 
 miles W. of Bath. Pop. 1117. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-township of Sullivan CO., New York, 
 on the Delaware River and the Erie Railroad. Pop. 1728. 
 
 FRKMONT, a township of Alpena, co., Michigan, on 
 Tliunder Bay. Pop. 290. 
 
 FRI-jMONI", a township of Newaygo co., Michigan. Pop. 
 250. 
 
 FREMONT, a township in the W. part of Saginaw co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 62. 
 
 FREMONT, a township in the S. part of Sanilac co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 222. 
 
 FREMONT, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Michi.^an. 
 
 FR EMONT. a township of Tuscola co., Michigan. Pop. 90. 
 
 FREMONT, a townsliip of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. l^o. 
 
 FREMONT, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 235. 
 
 FREMONT, a township of Butler CO., Iowa. Pop. 90. 
 
 FREMONT, a township of Cedar co., Iowa. Pop. 371. 
 
 FREMONT, a townslnp of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 358. 
 
 FREMONT, a township of Fayette Co., Iowa. Pop. 188. 
 
 FREM' 'NT, a townsliip of Johnson co., Iowa, Pop. 59S. 
 
 F'REMONT, a townsliip of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 107. 
 
 FREMONT, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 441. 
 
 FREMONT, a small village of Dodge co., Wisconsin, 10 
 miles S.K. of Iloricon. It has 1 mill and 20 dwelliuirs. 
 
 FREMONT, a village of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, on Wil- 
 low River, about 15 miles N.B. of Hudson. 
 
 FREMON r, a thriving post-vilhige of Waupacca eo., Wis- 
 consin, on Wolf River, about 25 miles W. of Applcton, and 
 40 miles N.N.W. of Fond du Ljic It has 3 steam-m-ills. 
 Steamboats ply between this phice and Oshkosh. Pop. 
 about 400. 
 
 FREMONT, a village of Goodhue co., Minnesota, about 17 
 miles N.E. of Faribault. 
 
 FREMONT, a village of McLeod co^ Minnesota, about 60 
 miles W. of Siiint Paul. 
 
 FKEMONT, a townsliip of Winona co., Minnesota, about 
 15 miles S.W. of Winona. 
 
 FRE.MONT. a vilhige of Wright co., Minnesota, on the 
 Mississipiii River about 10 miles alwve Monticello. 
 
 FRE.MONT, a village of Merced CO., California, about 20 
 miles S.W. of Mariposa. 
 
 FREMONT, a township of Santa Clara co., California, 
 contains the village of Mayfield. Pop. 10S5. 
 
 FREMONT, a i>ost-towuship of Lyon co., Kans.ts, 5 miles 
 N. of Empoi'ia. It contains a small village named Fremont. 
 Pop. 358. 
 
 FRKMONT, a post-village of Dodge co., Nebraska, situ- 
 ated near the left bank of the I'latte River, about 36 miles 
 W.N.W. of Omalw City. 
 
 FltEMONT'S HANCII, Mariposa co.. California, about 90 
 miles S.E. of Stockton, is an esf«ite of 4s,000 acres. It is 
 iiiid to be tlie most valuable miner.il estate in California. 
 It abounds iu quartz gold mines, and has 4 quartz-miils in 
 operation. 
 
 FRENCH CAMP, a post-village of San Joaquin co., Cali- 
 fornia, 5 miles .■^. of Stockton. 
 
 FRENCH CORRAL, a jjost-village of Nevada co., Califor- 
 nia, on the Yuba River, 12 miles N.N.W. of Nevada. Pop. 
 in 1864 about 250, 
 
 FRENCH CREEK, a township of AUcmakee co_ Iowa. 
 Pop. 436. 
 
 FRENCH OULCIT, a post-village of Shasta co., California, 
 15 miles N.W. of Sluista. It has 3 stores. 
 
 FRENCH RAPIDS, a village of Crow Wing co, Minne- 
 sota, on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles N.E. of Crow 
 Wing. 
 
 FRESNO, a county in the S. central p,-irt of California, 
 has an area estimated at above 7C00 square miles, extend- 
 ing from the Sierra Nevada op the N Ji. to the Coast Range 
 of mountains on the S.W. It is drained by the F'resno, San 
 Joiujuin, Chowchiila and King's Rivers. The soil is gene- 
 rally not very fertile. Some parts of it aflbrd good pas- 
 turage for sheep. I^arge tracts of barren sand occur in the 
 S.W. piirt. The inhabitants are mostly einployeil iu mining 
 gold and in raising stock. In 1S60, there were 30,885 sheep, 
 and 20,300 cattle. It is stated that the heat in this county 
 sometimes rises to 120° Fahrenheit in the shade. Capital, 
 Millerton. Poji. 4605, of whom 3924 were Indians. 
 
 FRESNO CITY, a village of Fresno co., California, 40 
 miles S.W. of Millerton, is iu a sandv region. 
 
 FREYBUHG, or FRYBCRG. a post-village of Clarion co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 17 miles E.S.E. of Oi! City. 
 
 FRIBURG, or FRYBURG, a village of Stark co., Ohio, 
 about 14 miles E. by N. of Canton. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, a jiost-vilhige, capital of Adams co., Wis- 
 consin, on a small afiluent of the Wisconsin River, about 
 8 miles E. of the latter, and 72 miles N.N.W. of Madison. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, a township of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin, 
 on Winnebago Lake, immediately N. of the city of Fond du 
 Lac. I'op. 6;i7. 
 
 FRIO, free'o, a new county in the S. part of Texas, has an 
 area of about lOOO square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Rio Frio, and also drained by the Rio Leona and Seco Creek. 
 Pop. 42. 
 
 FRITZTOWN, a p<wt-vinage of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Reading and Columbia Railroad, 9 miles W.S.W. cf 
 Reaiiing. 
 
 FRONTENAC, a post-office of Goodhue co., Minnesota. 
 
 FRVBURG, a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio, on the 
 Dayton and Michigan Railroad, about 18 miies N.of Sidney. 
 
 FUGIT, a township in the N.E. part of Decatur co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 1749. 
 
 FULLENS, a post-office in Greene co^ Tennessee, on the 
 Eiist Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of 
 Greenville. 
 
 FULTON, a county towards the N.W. part of Georgia, 
 has an area of about 200 square miles. Ii is bounded on 
 the N.W. by the ChattJihoochee River. The surface is di- 
 versified; the soil fertile. It is intersected by several im- 
 portant railroads which meet at Atlanta, the county-seat. 
 Pop. 14.427, of whom 2955 were slaves. 
 
 FULTON, a township in the S. part of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 2026. 
 
 FULTON, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 22 miles S E. of Pittsburg, 
 
 FULTON, a village of Ohio co.. West Virginia. Free 
 population, 311. 
 
 FULTON, a township of Gratiot co., Michig-an. Popula- 
 tion 599. 
 
 FULTON, a post-village of Fulton co., IniUana, about 15 
 milesj N.N.E. of Logansport. 
 
 FULTON, a post-vilbige of Jackson co., Iowa, about 2S 
 miles S. of Dubuque. 
 
 FULTON, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 535. 
 
 FU I/TON, a post-township of Rock co., Wisconsin, on both 
 sides of Rock River, about 7 miles N. of Janesville. It con- 
 tains the village of Edgertoit, which see. Pop. 1890. 
 
 FULTON CENTRE, a post-village of Fulton township. 
 Rock CO., Wisconsin, aljont 27 miles S.E. of Madison. 
 
 FUNKS GKOVE.a township of McLean co., Illinois, and 
 a station on the Chicago Alton and St. Louis lUilroad, 11 
 miles S.W. of Bloouxiogton. Pop. 486. 
 
 G. 
 
 GABILAN MOUNTAINS, California, ard a branch of the 
 Coast Range. It is a long ridge extemling through 
 San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties and the N. part of 
 Monterey county. 
 
 GADSDEN, a post-vin!^ce of Richland district South Ca- 
 roliiyi, on the railroad which connects Charleston with 
 Cohimbia. 20 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. 
 
 GADSDEN, a |iost-viUage of Madison CO., Tennessee, on the 
 Memphis and Ohio R.R., 77 miles N.E. of Memphis. 
 
 OAOE, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, bordering 
 on Kan.»as, has an area of 576 S()nare miles. It is inter- 
 jected by the Big Blue River. The surface is somewhat 
 Oiycrsiatti ; the soil is fertile. Capital, Danville. Pop. 421. 
 «i D ^^t'' ^''''''' Iliinover co., Virginia, is about 10 miteg 
 « J), of Richmond. One of the "seven days'" l>attles was 
 fcught here Juno 27. 1862. • r- ; 
 
 GAINES STATION, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan! 
 2224 
 
 on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 63 miles N.W. of 
 Detroit. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, a post-village of Prince AVilliam co., 
 Virginia, on the .Manassas Gap R;iilroad, 35 miles W. of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, a post-village of Alachua co., Florida, on 
 the Florida Railway, about 70 miles S.S.W. of Jacksonville. 
 Pop. 269. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Cook co., Texas, 
 situatetl about 6 miles S. of Red River and 60 miles W. of 
 Bonham. 
 
 GAINESVILLE,a post-office of Kent CO., Michigan, about 
 13 miles S. bv B. of Gnind Rapids. 
 
 GAINESVILLE, a post-village, capiUI of Ozark CO., Mis- 
 souri, al)Out 70 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 GALE, a township of Trempeiileau co.,_ Wisconsin, con- 
 taining Qalesville. the county-seat. Pop. 789. 
 
GAL 
 
 GIA 
 
 GALENA, a post-village of Kent co., Maryland, about 40 
 miles E. of JJalUmoie. 
 
 GALENA, a post-village of Floyd CO., Indiana, 8 milea AV. 
 N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 GALENA, a township of La Porto co., Indiana. Pop. 
 829. 
 
 GALENA, a post-village, capital of Stone co., Missouri, 
 situated on the James River, about 33 miles S. by VV. of 
 Springfield. Lead is found in the vicinity. 
 
 GALENA, a mining village of Washoe CO., Nevada, 3 
 miles W. or N.W. of Washoe City. It has a tiuartz-mill in 
 operation. Lead, copper and iron are found here. 
 
 GALESBURG. a post-village of Jasper co., Iowa, about 36 
 miles E. of Dos Moines. 
 
 GALESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Trempealeau co., 
 Wisconsin, situated on Beaver Creek about 8 miles N.E. of 
 the Mississippi River, and 16 miles E. by N. of Winona, 
 Minnesota. It contains a court-house, 1 or 2 churche.s, 2 
 mills and several stores, and is the seat of Galesville Univer- 
 sity, to which Judge George Gale gave in 1^69 an endowment 
 of about $30,000. In 1805 it had i professors and about 50 
 students. 
 
 GALESVILLE, a small post-village of Douglas co., Ore- 
 gon, 32 miles S. of Roseburg. 
 
 GALIEN, a post-township of Berrien co., Michigan, on 
 the Central Railroad, about 14 miles W.S.W. of Niles. Pop. 
 645. 
 
 GALLATIN CITY, a village of Montana Territory, situ- 
 atud at the point where the Jefferson Fork and the Gallatin 
 River, unite to form the Missouri, about 100 miles N.N.E. 
 of Virginia City. 
 
 GAI/LAUDET', or GALLAUDETT, a post-village of Ma- 
 »^n CO., Indiana, on a railroad 8 miles S.E. of Indiauaiwlis. 
 
 jALLITZIN, a post-village of Cambria co., Pennsylvar 
 nia, on the Central Railroad 12 milea S.W. of Altoona, and 
 3 miles N.E. of Cresson. 
 
 GALVA, a post-village and township of Henry co., Illinois, 
 on the Chicago BmOington ami (^nincy Railroad, 23 miles 
 N.E. of Ualesburg. It has a National Bank. Pop. 10o5. 
 
 GALVESTON, a post-village of Cass Co., Indiana, on the 
 Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Lo- 
 gansport. 
 
 GANIER, a township of Kankakee co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1110. 
 
 GARCIA, gar-see'a, a small river or creek in the S.W. 
 part of Mendocino co., California, flows northwestward, 
 and enters the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 G.4.RDEN CITY, a post-village of Blue Ejvrth co., Jlinne- 
 Bota, on the Watonwan River, about 12 miles S.W. of 
 Maukato. 
 
 GARDEN GKOVB, a post-township of Decatur co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 531. 
 
 GARDEN VALLEY, a post-vilhige of El Dorado co., 
 California, 11 miles N. of Placerville. Pop. in 1S64 about 
 250. 
 
 GARDENVILLE, a post-offlce of Bucks co^ Pennsylvania, 
 about 30 miles N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 G.4RDINER, a township in the S. part of Ulster co.. 
 New York, intersected by the Wallkill River. Pop. 2096. 
 
 GARDNER, a post-office of Grundy co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 65 miles S.W. of 
 Chicago. 
 
 GARDNER, a post-village and township of .Johnson co., 
 Kansas, about 22 miles E.S.E. of Lawrence. Pop. 443. 
 
 GARDNER'S MILLS, a village of S*Ut Lake co^ Utah, 
 15 miles S.W. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 GARIBALDI, a post-office of Keokuk co., Iowa, about 27 
 miles N.E. of Ottuniwa. 
 
 GARLAND, a post-village of Warren co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelpliia and Erie Railroad, 50 miles S.E. of 
 Erie. 
 
 GABNETT, a post-village, capital of Anderson county, 
 Kansas, situated on the South Fork of Pottawattomie 
 Creek, 50 miles in a direct line S. of Lawrence. It contains 
 several stores, &e. Pop. in ISW about 30() or 400. 
 
 GARROTE, gdr-ro'tl, a post- village of Tuolumne co., 
 California, 17 miles S.E. of Sonora. It has 2 stores. 
 
 GASCONADE, a post-village of Gasconade co., Missouri, 
 on the Gasconade River, near its mouth, and on the Pacific 
 Railroad, S8 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 GASKILL, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 320. 
 
 GASTON, a post-village of Fremont co., Iowa, on or near 
 the Missouri River, about 6 miles above Neliraska City. 
 
 GATESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Coryell co., 
 ro.tas, on Leon River, 80 miles in a direct line N. of Austin 
 "itv. 
 
 GAYSPOBT, a village of Muskingum co., Ohio, on the 
 Muskingum River, about 14 miles S.S.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 GEARY, a post-village of Doniphan Co., Kansas, on the 
 Mis'souri River, about 13 miles above .Atchison. 
 
 GEBIIARD, or GEBIIART, a post-village of Cass co., 
 Indiana, on the Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 5 miles 
 N.W. of Logansport. 
 
 GEDDES, a village of Washtenaw CO., Michigan, on the 
 6P 
 
 Central Railroad, and on Huron River, 4 miles E.S.E. ol 
 Ann Arbor. It has several mills. 
 
 GEN A, a post-village of Delta co., Michigan, on the LittU 
 Bay of Noquet, about 13 miles N.E. of Esconawba. 
 
 GE.\ESEE, a county in the E. central part of Michigiin. 
 [See page 736.] This county is intersected by the Detroit 
 and Milwaukee Railroad, the Flint and Pere Marquette 
 Railroad, and the Flint and Holly Railroad. The staple 
 productions are wheat, maize, wool, butter, itc. 
 
 GENESEE, a village of Kandiyohi co., Minnesota, about 
 16 miles VV. by S. of Forest City. 
 
 GENESEE, a mining distnct and village of Douglas co., 
 Novadii, situated on the E. side of Carson Valley, opposite 
 Genoa. Silver and copper are found here. 
 
 GENESEE DEPOT, a post-village in Genesee township, 
 Waukesha co., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Prairie du 
 Chien Railroad, 28 miles W. by S. of Milwaukee. P.. p. 
 about 300. 
 
 GENESKO, a post-office of Cerro Gordo co., Iowa, about 
 13 miles S. of Ma,sou City. 
 
 GENESEO, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 210. 
 
 GKNEVA, a village of Fairfield co., Ohio, about 32 miles 
 S.W. of Zanesville. 
 
 GENEVA, a village of Ca-ss co., Michigan, on Diamond 
 Lake, about 2]4 miles E. of Cassopc lis. 
 
 GENEVA, a post-office of Lenawee CO., Michigan. 
 
 GENEVA, a township of Tuscola co., Michigan, on Sag- 
 inaw Bay. Pop. 45. 
 
 GENEVA, a township in the N.W. part of Van Buren 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 240. 
 
 GENEVA, a village of Shelby co.. Indiana, on Flat Rock 
 Creek, about 11 miles S. E. of Slielbyville. 
 
 GENEVA, a j)ost-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Iowa, .about 7 miles S.E. of Hampton. Pop. 160. 
 
 GENEVA, a post-village of Geneva townsliip, Freeborn 
 CO., Minnesota, on VValnut Lake, about 30 miles S. of Fari- 
 bault. Pop. of township 240. 
 
 GENEVA, a post-village of Allen CO., Kansas. It contains 
 1 store and 1 saw-mill. 
 
 GENEVA, a mining village of Lander co., Nevada, in 
 Smoky Valley District, 20 miles, S.E. of Austin. 
 
 GENOA, a post-village of Ottawa co., Ohio, on the Cleve- 
 land and Toledo Railroad, about 15 miles S.E. of Toledo. 
 
 GE.NOA, a village of Pickaway Co., Ohio, about 14 miles 
 S. by W. of Columbus. 
 
 GENOA, a post-village of Wayne co., Iowa, on the line 
 between lowaand Missouri, about 16 miles S.E. of Corydon. 
 
 GENOA, a township in the W. part of Vernon co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 GENOA, a post-village, capital of Douglas co, Nevada, is 
 pleasantly situated on Carson River, at or near the E. base 
 of the Sierra Nevada, 14 miles S. of Carson City. It has 6 
 or more stores. Pine timber is abundant in the viciniiy. 
 The overland mail route passes through it. Pop. in 1!564 
 about 500- 
 
 GENOA, a post-office of Platte co., Nebraska. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Clay co., Minnesota, on or 
 near the Red River of the North, about 80 miles N.W. of 
 Otter Tail City. 
 
 GEORCiETOWN, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia, is pleasantly situated among the numntains, about 
 
 15 miles N. of Placerville. It contains 1 church, about 7 
 general stores, and a town hall, and has rich gold mines in 
 its vicinity. Pop. in 1864 variously estimated from 500 to 
 .1200; population of Georgetown township in 1^60, 1400. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, Sacramento county, Californio. See 
 Pr.\nklin. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a mining village of Clear Creek co., 
 Colorado, situated among the Kocky Mountains, about 45 
 miles W. of Denver. Gold is found here. 
 
 GEORGIA, a post-office of Lawrence co., Indiana, on the 
 Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 60 miles E. of Vincennes. 
 
 GEORGIANA, a township of Sacramento co., Californiii, 
 in the S part. Pop. 509. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Marshall co., Indiana. Pop. 1442. 
 
 GERMAN, a township of Richland co., Illinois. Pop. 865. 
 
 GERM.AN, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. luOO. 
 
 GERMANNA, or GKKMANIA, a post-offlce of Oranji^ 
 CO., Virginia, on the Rapidan River, about 22 miles W. of 
 Fredericksburj:, and 17 miles N.W. of Spotsylvania Court- 
 House, Here is a ford across the river. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a village of Washington co., Ohio, abont 
 
 16 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a post-villiige and township of Juneau 
 CO., Wisconsin. The village is on the Wisconsin River, 
 about 10 miles E. of New Lisbon. Totiil population 680. 
 
 GERRY, a post-township of Chautauqua co.. New York, 
 abont 6 miles N. of Jamestown. Pop. 1315. 
 
 GETTYSBURG a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, on the 
 Columbus and Indianapolis Railroad, 14 miles W. of Piqua. 
 
 GEYSERVILLE, gi'ser-vil, a village of Sonoma co., Cali- 
 fornia, on Russian River, 23 miles N.N.W. of Santa Rosa. 
 It has 2 stores. Hero is Clarville or Clairville post-office. 
 
 GIARD, a post-township of Clayton co., Iowa, 5 milea 
 W. of the Mississippi River at McGregor. Pop. 927. 
 
 222a 
 
GIB 
 
 GIBSON, a post-vill liW, capital of Glascock co., Georgia, 
 about 4n miles W.S.W. of Aujnista. 
 
 GIBSON", a township of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin, 12 
 miles N. of Manitowoc. Pop. 904 
 
 GIBSON'S STATION', a post-office of Guernsey co.. Ohio, 
 ou the Central Kailroad, 11 miles E.S.K. of Cambridge. 
 
 GIBSON'S STATION, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana, 
 
 on the Micliigan Central Hailroad, -U miles S.S.K. of Chic.-\go. 
 
 GIBSOXViLLE, a i>ost-village of Guilford co.. North 
 
 Carolina, on the North Carolina Railroad 15 miles S.S.W. 
 
 of Greenboroufrh. 
 
 GIBSONYILLE. a post-village of Sierra co., California, 
 28 miles N. of Downieville, is situated in a mountainous 
 region. It has 1 church, several stone stores, and 3 mining 
 ditches. Pop. about 3U0, or. according to another statement, 
 1200. 
 
 GIL.'V CITY, a villajre of Yuma co., Arizona, on the Gila 
 River, about 24 miles i by land) from its mouth. 
 GILBERT, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa. 
 GILE.A.D. a post-village of Lewis CO., Missonri, about 20 
 miles AV.N.W. of Quincy. Illinois. 
 
 GILFORD, or GUILFORD, a township of Tuscola co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 113. 
 
 GILFORD, or GUILFORD, a township of Wabasha co., 
 Minnesota. Pop. 357. 
 
 OILMAN, a postrvillage of Iroqnois co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Branch of the Central Rjtilroad, where it is crossed 
 by the railroad which connects Peoria with Logansport, 81 
 niiles S. by W. of Chicago, and 86 miles E. of Peoria. 
 
 GILMANTON, a post-township of IJuffalo CO., Wisconsin, 
 on both sides of the Buffalo River, 12 miles N.E. of Alma. 
 Pop. 203. 
 
 GILMORE, a township of Greene co., Pennsylrania. 
 Pop. 638. 
 
 GILMORE, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, about 
 40 miles N.E. of Zanesville. Pop. 125. 
 
 GILPIN, a small county in the N. central part of Colo- 
 rado, has an area estimated at 150 square miles. The sur- 
 face is occupied by high mounUiins of the Rocky Mountain 
 chain. The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining 
 gold, which is found in the quartz-rock. The county also 
 contains silver, copper, and lead. It is stated that about 
 100 quartz-mills were in operation in this county in 1865. 
 Capital, Central City. 
 
 GILROY, a post-village and township of .'anfai Clara co., 
 California. The village is 30 miles S.S.E. of San Jom5. It 
 contains 3 churches, 3 stores, 1 fine hotel, 1 steam flouring- 
 mill, and more than 25 dwellings. Ijarge beds of asphaltum 
 and coal-tar are found in the vicinity. Gilroy township is 
 traversed by the New Almaden quicksilver range; it is 
 noted for its dairies. Pop. 1206. 
 
 GIRARD, a post-village and township of Biranch co., 
 Michigan, 7 miles N. of Ci>ldwat«r. Pop. 1128. 
 
 GIRARD, a post-tt)wnship of Macoupin co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 25 miles 8. by W. 
 of Springfield. Pop. 592. 
 
 GLAD TIDINGS, a posf>village of Clackamas co, Oregon, 
 18 miles S. of Oregon Citv. 
 
 GLASCOCK, or GLASSCOCK, a small county in the E. 
 part of Georgia. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Ogeechee 
 River, and also drained by Rocky Comfort Creek. Capital, 
 Gibson. Pop. 2437. 
 
 GLASGOW, a village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, near 
 the W. boundary of the state. Pop. 160. 
 
 GLASGOW, a post-village of Colnmbiana co., Ohio, 6 or 6 
 miles N.W. of Wellsville. 
 
 GLASGOW, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, about 12 
 miles E.S.E. of Fairfield. 
 
 GLASGOW, a post-township of Wabasha co., Minnesota, 
 about 2 miles from the Mississippi River at W.abaslia. 
 
 OLASNEVEN, a village of Dubuque co., Iowa, about 24 
 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 GLATFELDERS, or GL.ITFELTEBS. a station in York 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Northern Central Railroad, 9 
 miles S. by W. of York. 
 
 GLEN ARBOR, a post-village and township of Leelenaw 
 CO., Michigan. The village is on l>ake Miclugan, about 160 
 miles N. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 2.53. 
 
 GLENBEULAH, a post-village of Sheboygan co., Wiscon- 
 Bin, on the Sheboygan and Fond dn Lac Kailroad, 20 miles 
 E. of Fond du Lac. It haa 2 mills, 3 stores, and 1 stave fac- 
 tory. Pop. about 275. 
 
 GLEN CARRIE, a village of Anoka co., Minnesota, about 
 IS miles N. of St. Anthony. 
 
 GLENCOE, a village of Hampshire co., West Virginia, on 
 the Great Cacapon River, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Win- 
 chester. 
 
 GLENCOE, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the 
 Central Railroad, 9 miles W. of the Ohio River at Bellair. 
 
 GLENCOE, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on Lake 
 Michigan, and on the Cliicago and Milwaukee Railroad, 19 
 miles N. by W. of Chiciigo. 
 
 GLENCOE, a jK.st-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, on 
 Uie Piicific Railroad, 27 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. It is on 
 or near the Maramec River. 
 2226 
 
 GOO 
 
 GLENCOE, a post-village, capital of McLeod co., Minne- 
 sota, situated in Glencoe town>liip, and on Buffalo Creek, 
 about 60 miles W.S.W. of Siiint Paul. i'op. 2:37. 
 
 GLENCOE, a post-townsliip of Buffalo co., Wisconsin, 16 
 miles E. of Alma. Pop. 277. 
 
 GLEND.\LE, a post-village of TIardin CO.. Kentucky, on 
 the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 50 milea S. of Louis- 
 ville. 
 
 GLEND.4LE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 15 
 miles by railroad N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 GLENDALE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa, nbont 40 
 milea W.N.W. of Burlington. 
 
 GLENDALE, a post-township, forming the S.E. angle of 
 Monroe co., Wisconsin, 42 miles K. of Lii Crosse. Pop. 327. 
 
 GLKNDALE, a village of McLeod co., Minnesota, about 
 40 miles W. of Shakopee. 
 
 GLENDALE, a township of Scott co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 186. 
 
 GLENT).\LE, a post-office pf Cass co., Nebraska. 
 
 GLEN HAVEN, a township of Grant co., Wisconsin, 
 contains the villages of Glen Haven and Mendota. Pop. 
 923. 
 
 GLEN HAVEN, a post-village of Grant co„ Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River, 20 niiles below Prairie dn Cliien. It 
 has a good steamboat landing. Pop. about 2i)0. 
 
 GLENMORE, a township of Brown co., Wisconsin, about 
 
 8 miles S. of tireen Biiv. Pop 251. 
 GLENROCK, a post-office of Nemaha co., Nebraska. 
 GLENROY, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 GLENWOOD, a post-village of Erie co.. New York, abont 
 
 22 miles S.E. of Buffalo. 
 
 GLENWOOD, a post-village of Snsqnehanna co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Tunkliannock Creek, about 24 miles N. of 
 Scranton. 
 
 GLENWOOD, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 
 848. 
 
 GLENWOOD, a thriving and handsome post-town, capi- 
 tal of Mills CO.. lowti, on Keg Creek, 6 miles E. of the Mis- 
 souri River, and abont 20 miles S.S.E. of Omaha City. It 
 has a stone or brick court-house, 3 churdies, 1 newspape' 
 office, and a large school-house. It is on or near the route 
 of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. Pop. in 
 18^X), 014; in 1865, about lO'JO. 
 
 GLENWOOD, a village of Wright co., Minnesota, about 
 
 28 miles S.W. of Monticello. 
 
 GODWINVILLE. a post-village of Bergen co.. New Jer- 
 sey, about miles N. of PatersOn, and 1 mile W. of the Erie 
 Railroad. Here are several cotton-mills. 
 
 GOLD, a precinct of Polk co., Oregon. Pop. 428. 
 
 GOLD CANON, a mining camp of Sierra co., California, 
 about 28 miles N. of Downieville. Pop. abont 250. 
 
 GOLDEN CITY, the cajiital of the Territory of Colorado, 
 is situated in Jefferson co., near the B. base of the Rocky 
 Mountains, about 16 miles W. of Denver. It is on a small 
 affluent of the South Platte River, and on the stage-road 
 from Denver to Salt Lake City, about 39° 45' N. lat., and 
 105° 10' W. Ion. It owes its rapid growth and prosperity 
 to the gold mines of the vicinity. Here is a United States 
 Land Office. Pop. in 1860, 1014. 
 
 GOLDEN GATE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Colorado, 
 is situated about 4 miles N. of Golden City. 
 
 GOLD FIELD, a post-village, capital of Wright co.,Iowa, 
 near Boone River, 20 miles N.B- of Fort Dodge. 
 
 GOLD HILL, !i mining village of El Dorado co., Califor- 
 nia, about 100 miles in a direct line N.E. of San Francisco. 
 Pop. in I860, 160. 
 
 GOLD HILL, a mining camp in Grass Valley township, 
 Nevada co.. California, about 6.3 miles N.E. of Sacramento. 
 
 GOLD HILL, a mining village of Placer co., Califoraia, is 
 about 7 miles W. of Auburn, and is adjacent to Virginia. 
 
 GOLD HILL, a post-town of Storey co., Nevada, is situ- 
 ated high in the Washoe Range of the Sierra Nevada, ad- 
 joining Virginiii City, and 14 miles N.N.E. of Carson City. 
 Altitude above the level of the sea about 7000 feet. It 
 contains 2 churches, 2 banking offices, and about 15 stoi'es. 
 One daily newspaper is published here. The princip.il 
 silver mines of the state are at this place. It liad in 1864 
 about 10 quartz-mills in operation. It is stated that the 
 gold and silver minns of this vicinity produce % of the 
 quantity obtained from all the rnini^ of Nevada. The num- 
 ber of votes polled at Gold Hill in November, 1S64, was 1360. 
 Pop. in 18*XI, 638. 
 
 GOLD RIVER, a mining village of Placer co., California, 
 
 29 miles N.E. of Auburn. Hern is a post-olfice, named 
 Mountain Springs. 
 
 GOLD SPRINGS, or GREEN SPRINGS, a mining village 
 of Tuolumne co., California, 1 inUe N.W. of Columbia. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 GOMER. a post-village of Allet eo., Ohio, about 10 miles 
 N.N.W. of Limii. 
 
 GOMERSAL, a post-office or village of Benton co., Iowa, 
 7 or 8 miles S.\V. of Vinton. 
 
 QOODALE, a township of Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 5W. 
 
 GOODHUE, a township of Goodh<»o on., Minnesota, about 
 
 9 miles S.S.W. of Red Wing. 
 
GOO 
 
 GRA 
 
 GOODrrtTB CJ5NTRE, a post-office of Goodhue cc, Min- 
 nesota, about 50 miles S.S.K. of ."^aiiit Paul. 
 
 GOODLAND, a po8t-townsliip of Lapeer co., Michigan, 
 about 55 miles N. of Detroit. I'op. 447. 
 
 GOODLAND, n post-village of Newton co., Indiana, on 
 the Toledo Logansport and Burlington Railroad, 48 miles 
 W. of Logansport. 
 
 GOODLAND, a post-office of Knox co., Missouri, about 50 
 miles W. of Quincy, Illinois. 
 
 GOODLETTSVILLK. a post-village of Davidson co., Ten- 
 nessee, on a railroad, 13 miles N. by W. of Nashville. 
 
 GOODRICH, a post-village of Genesee co., Michigan, about 
 13 miles S.E. of Flint. It hiis a mill. 
 
 GOODWIN, a village of Sonoma CO., California, on Rus- 
 sian River, about 28 miles N.N.W. of Santa Rosa. 
 
 GOODYEAR'S BAR, a post-village of Sierra co.. Califor- 
 nia, 4 miles S.W. of Downieville. It has several stores. 
 Gold is found here. 
 
 GORDON, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GORDON, a post-village, capital of Lewis co., Tennessee, 
 about 62 miles S.W. of Niisliville. 
 
 GORDON, a post-village of Daike Co., Ohio, on the Dayton 
 and Union Railroad, 21 miles N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 GORDON, a post-village, capital of Burnett co., Wiscon- 
 sin, ou the Saint Croix River, about 55 miles S. by W. of 
 Superior City. 
 
 GORDON, or GORDON'S, a village of Yolo co., California, 
 on Cache Creek, about 35 miles W.N.W. of Sacramento. 
 
 GORMAN, a village of Le Sueur co., Minnesota, about 10 
 miles N.E. of Mankato. 
 
 GOSHEN, a post-village of I^ncaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 25 miles S. by E. of Jjincaster. 
 
 GOSHEN, or GOSHEN BRIDGE, a pos^village of Rock- 
 bridge CO., Virginia, on tlie Central Railroad, 32 miles 
 W.S-W. of Staunton. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, contains 
 New Philadelphia, the county-seat. Total population. 4111. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township of Stark co., Illinois. Pop. l'0:«. 
 
 GOSHEN, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 1230. 
 
 GOSHEN, a village of Utah co., Utiih. at the S. end of 
 Utah Lake, about 28 miles S.S.W. of Provo. 
 
 GOWER, a township of Cedar CO., Iowa. Pop. 721. 
 
 GRAFTON, a flourishing post-village of Taylor co., West 
 Virginia, on the Monongahela River, and on the B;>ltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad at its junction with the Northwestern 
 Railroad, 100 miles S.E of Wheeling, 104 miles K. of Park- 
 ersburg, and 279 miles from Baltimore. Free population, 
 in IStXt, 891. 
 
 GRAFTON, a post-office of Yolo co., California, is at the 
 Tillage of Knight's Lanwng, which see. 
 
 GRAHAM, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 563. 
 
 GRAHAM, a po8t->illage of Independence co., Arkansas, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of Butesville. 
 
 GRAHAM, a post-township of Jetferson co., Indiana, about 
 12 miles W. by N. of Madison. Pop. 1442. 
 
 GRAHAM, a post-village of Nodaway co., Missouri, on 
 the Nodaway River, about 36 miles N. by W. of St. Joseph. 
 
 GRAHAM, a township of Johnson Co.. Iowa. Pop. 751. 
 
 GRAllAMTON, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 10 miles E. of Clearfield. 
 
 GRAHAM VILLE, a post-village of Beaufort district. South 
 Carolina, on the Charleston and Savannah Railroad, 34 miles 
 N. by E. of Savannah. 
 
 GRANBY, a post>village and township of Newton co., 
 Missouri, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Springfield. It has rich 
 lead mines. Total population, 2327. 
 
 GRANBY, a post-township of Nicollet co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 314. 
 
 GRAND BAY CITY, a village of Schoolcraft co., Michigan, 
 on Grand Isle Bay of Lake Superior, about 44 miles E. by 
 S. of Marquette. • 
 
 GRAND CITY, a mining village of Summit co., Colorado, 
 is situated on the Bunkara or Blue River, and in the Mid- 
 dle Park, about 75 miles W.N.W. of Denver. The great 
 overland route passes through it. 
 
 GRAND COTEAU, ko'tO', a post-village of St. Landry 
 parish, Louisiana, about 8 miles S. of Opelousas. 
 
 GRAND ECORE, a post-village of Natchitoches parish, 
 Louisiana, on or near Red River, about 60 miles in a direct 
 line N.W. of Alexandria. 
 
 GRANDE PRAIRIE, a post-village of Lane co., Oregon, 
 on the Willamette River, about 11 miles N.N.W. of Eugene 
 City. 
 
 GRANDE RONDE, a river in the N.E. part of Oregon, 
 f "ws northeastward through Union county, and enters the 
 Lewis River. The Grande Ronde valley is said to be fertile. 
 
 GRANDE RONDE, a post-office in the N.W. part of Polk 
 X)., Oregon. 
 
 GRANDE RONDE LANDING, a village of Umatilla co.. 
 Oregon, on the Columbia River, about 90 miles E. of The 
 Dalles. 
 
 GRAND ISLAND, a post-village and township of Colusa 
 CO., California, on or ne>»r the Sacramento River, 12 miles 
 8. of Colusa. Pop. K' 
 
 GRAND ISLAND CITY, a post-village o. riaTI co Ne- 
 braska, near the Platte River, about 145 miles W. by S. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 GRAND ISLE, a township of Aroostook co., Maine. 
 Pop. 545. 
 
 GRAND JUNCTION, a post-village of Hardeman co., 
 Tennessee, on the Memphis and Charleston liailroa<l, wliere 
 it connects with the MissLssippi Central Railroad, 62 miles 
 E. of Memphis. Pop. 311. 
 
 GRAND MEADOW, a post-office of Mower CO., Minnesota, 
 about 22 miles S.S.W. of Rochester. 
 
 GRAND MOUND, a i>ost-vilIage of Thurston Co., Wash- 
 ington Territory, about 13 miles S.S.W. of 01.^ mpia. 
 
 GRAND PRAIRIE, a post-village of Lewis Co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, 16 miles S. of Claquato. 
 
 GRAND RAPIDS, a township of La Salle CO., Illinois 
 Pop. 1426. 
 
 GRAND RAPIDS, a post-village of Cass CO., Nebraska, 
 about 4 miles S. of the Platte River, and 28 miles S.S.W. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 GRAND RIVER a township of Adair CO., Iowa. Pop. 222. 
 
 GRAND RIVER, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 
 277. 
 
 GRAND RIA'ER, a post-township of Wayne co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 454. 
 
 GRAND TRAVERSE, a county in the N.W. part of 
 Michigan, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is 
 partly bounded on the N. by Grand Tniverse Bay, and in- 
 tersected by a river of the same name. Thb surface is un- 
 even and partly covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, 
 and other trees. The county contains several small lakes. 
 Cai)ital, Grand Traverse City. Pop. 1286. 
 
 GRAND TRAVERSE CITY, a post-village, capital of 
 Grand Tniverse co., Michigan, at the head or 8. end of 
 Grand Traverse Bay, 125 miles in a direct line N. of Grand 
 Rajiids. Pop. 494. 
 
 GRAND VIKW, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana, on 
 or near the Ohio River. 
 
 GRANITE, a township of Morrison co., Minnesota. Pop. 17. 
 
 GRANITE, a township of Sacramento co., California, con- 
 tains the village of Folkom, which see. Pop. 1960. 
 
 GRANITE CITY, a post-office of Morris(m co., Minnesota, 
 in Gi-anite township, and on a small affluent of the Missis- 
 sippi River, about 20 miles E. by N. of Little Falls. 
 
 GRANITE CREEK, Umatilla co., Oregon, flows westward 
 and enters tiie North Fork of John Day River. Gold mines 
 are worked on this creek. 
 
 GRANITE HILL, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 GRANT, a villageof Grant co., Wisconsin, on Grant River, 
 about 12 miles N.N.W. of Poto.si. 
 
 GRANT CITY, a post-village of Sac co., Iowa, on Racoon 
 River, about 44 miles S.W. of Fort Dodge. 
 
 GRANTSVILLE. a post-village of Alleghany co., Mary- 
 land, about 25 miles W. of Cumberland. 
 
 GRANTSVILLE, a village of Tooele co., Utah, about 35 
 miles W. by S. of Salt Lake City. Pop. of tlie precinct, 460. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-village of Jackson co., Tennessee, 
 on the Cumberland River, about 60 miles E. by N. of Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, on 
 the Wabash and Erie Canal, about 9 miles W. by 8. of La- 
 fiiyette. 
 
 "GRANVILLE, a township of Jasper CO., Illinois. Pop. 1150. 
 
 GRANVILI-E, a post-village of Monroe CO., Missouri, 
 alxmt 38 miles W. by S. of Hannibal. 
 
 GRAN VILLE, a post^village of Maha.ska co., Iowa, about 
 16 miles N.N.W. of Oskaloosa. 
 
 GRANVILLE, a post-township of Milwaukee co., Wiscon- 
 sin, is traversed bj- the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. 
 The centre of it is about 10 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 
 2603. 
 
 GRANVILLE SUMMIT, a post-village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Williamsport and Eimira Railroad, 30 
 miles S. of Elniira. 
 
 GRAPELAND, a post-village of Faribault co., Minnesota, 
 about 27 miles S. of Mankato. 
 
 GRASS, a township of Spencer co., Indiana. Pop. 1427. 
 
 GRASSHOPPER, a township of Atchison co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 446. 
 
 GRASSHOPPER FALLS, a thriving post-village of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Kansas, on Grasshopper CreeK, 221.^ miles S.W. 
 of Atciiison, and about 24 miles N.N.E. of Topeka. It has 
 a valuable water-power, which is employed in grist and 
 saw-mills. It contains 2 churches and 5 stores, with stone 
 buildings, and many stone dwelling houses. One news- 
 paper is published here. This place is on the route of a 
 railroad which is to extend from Atchison to Topeka, &c. 
 Pop. of the township in 1860, 937 ; of the village in 1865, 
 about 500. 
 
 GRASS VALLEY, a post-town of Nevada co., Californiis 
 is situated in a valley at the base of a hill, 4 miles S. W. of 
 Nevada, and about 30 miles E. of Marysville. It contains 
 7 churches, 1 Chinese temple, 2 banking offices, 2 public 
 schools, 3 book stores,&c. Two daily newspapers are published 
 
 2227 
 
GRA 
 
 iiere. It is the largest town in tlie county except Nevada, 
 wliich is nearly equal to it. The prosperity of this town 
 di-pcnns on the quartz mines (of gold) whiih seem to be in- 
 exhHUt.'ible. The Allison mine, which is sjiid to have the 
 richest lode in the state, is in Grass Valley. Some of the 
 hotels, and nearly all the stores, are substoDtial structures 
 of stone or brick. Alx)ut 20 quarts-mills are in openition 
 ■within a radius of 2 miles from the centre of the town. 
 Settled in 1849. Pop. of the township in 1800, 3840; of the 
 town or precinct in 1864, about 4000. 
 
 GRASSY FORK, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1086. 
 
 GRATTAN, a post-township of Kent eo , Michigan, about 
 18 niiies E.N.E. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 1127. 
 
 QRAVESVILLE, a small post-village of Calumet co., Wis- 
 consin, about 74 miles N. by W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 GRAY CLOUD, a village of Washington co., Minnesota, 
 on the Mississippi River, 7 or 8 miles above Hastings. It 
 has a steam saw-mill. 
 
 GRAY'S HARBOR, a bay of the Pacific Ocean, in Cheho- 
 lis CO., Washington Territory, receives the Chehalis River. 
 i It is about 20 miles long from E. to W., and extends 17 
 miles from N. to S. Vessels drawing 20 feet of water can 
 pass over the bar at the entrance. 
 I GRAYSON, a village of Stanislaus co.. California, on the 
 San Joaquin River, about 37 miles S. of Stockton. 
 
 GREEN, a township of Mecosta co., Michigan. Pop. 203. 
 
 GREEN, a township of Osceola co., Michigan. Pop. 27. 
 
 GREKN, a township of Woodford co., Illinois. Pop.770. 
 
 GREEN, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 646. 
 
 GRKENBALE, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 302. 
 
 GREEN BAY, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop, 404. 
 
 GREEN BAY, a township of Brown co., Wisconsin, on 
 the S.E. shore of Green Bay. 
 
 GREENBUSH, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio., about 
 22 miles S.W. of Dayton. 
 
 GREENBUSH, a post-villa?e and township of Warren co., 
 Illinois, about 50 miles W. of Peoria. Pop. 1271. 
 
 GREENCASTLE. a post-village of Sullivan co., Missouri, 
 about 50 miles N.E. of Chillicothe. 
 
 GREENDALE. a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Rjiilroad, 82 miles E. of St. Louis. 
 
 GRKENE, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Blue 
 River, and also drained by Plum and other creeks. The 
 surface is undulating; the soil is productive. Pop. 16. 
 
 6REKNE, a post-village of Androscoggin Co., Maine, on 
 the Maine Central Railroad, 42 miles N. by E. of Portland. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1266. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 824. 
 
 GREKNE, a postrtowuship of Jay co., Indiana, about 3 
 miles W. of Portland. Pop. 734. 
 
 GREENE, a township ot Marshall CO., Indiana. Pop. 798. 
 
 GREENE, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop, 835 
 
 GREENE, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 
 890. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-village of Craighead cOt Arkansas, 
 about 00 miles E. by X. of Batesville. 
 
 GREKNFIELD, a village of Logan co, Ohio, about 44 
 miles N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-township of Wayne co., Michigan, 
 about 4 miles N.W. of Detroit, is traversed by the Detroit 
 and Milwaukee Railroad. Pop. 2174. 
 
 GREKNFIELD, a township of Lagrange co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1232. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-village, capital of Dade co., Mis- 
 souri, situated on or near the VV. Fork of Sac River, about 
 34 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-office of Adair co.. Iowa, about 50 
 miles AV.y.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Jones co., Iowa, Pop, 836, 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pou. 
 812. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township in the S. part of La Crosse 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 701. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Monroe CO., Wisconsin, and 
 a st^itiou on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Riiilroad, 39 
 miles E.N.E. of La Crosse. Pop. 611. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Sauk co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wisconsin River, about 3 miles S.E. of Baraboo. Pop. 608. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a post-village of Olmstead co., Minnesota, 
 •bout 12 miles E. of Rochester. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Washington co,, Minnesota. 
 Pop. i:i4. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a township of Greenwood co.. Kansas. 
 Pop. 75. 
 
 GREEN GARDEN, a post-township of Will co., Illinois, 
 about 12 miles E.S.E. of Joliet. Pop. 0*5. 
 
 GREEN ISLE, a township of Sibley co., Minnesota, Pop. 
 274. 
 
 MREEN L.\KE, a county in the central part of Wisconsin. 
 hna an area of about 360 square miles. It is iiitereectwi by 
 the Fox River, and alao drained by Gi-aud and >Vhito Rivers. 
 2228 
 
 GRO 
 
 it contains two lakes named Green Lake and Pacawa. each 
 of which is about 9 miles long. Tlie surface is undulating; 
 the soil is very productive. Cai)ital, Marquette, or Berlin. 
 Pop. 12.6f3. 
 
 GREEN LAKE, a post-office of Monongalia co., Minno- 
 80ti\. al>out 105 miles W. by N. of Saint Paul. 
 
 GREENLAND, a post-office of Lanciister co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 GREENL.iND, a post-township of Ontonagon co., Michi- 
 gan, about 9 miles S.E. of Ontonagon. Copper is found in 
 it. Pop. 336. 
 
 GREENLAND, a post-office of Butte co^ California, is at 
 the village of Dayto.n, which see. 
 
 GREENLEAF, a township of Meeker co., Minnesota. 
 Po)!. 99. 
 
 GREEN OAK, a post-township of Livingston co., Michi- 
 gan, about 12 miles N. of Ann Arbor, is traversed by the 
 Huron River. Pop. 940. 
 
 GREENPARK, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GREEN RIDfiE, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 GREENS15URG, a township of Putnam co,, Ohio, Pop. 
 754. 
 
 GREENSBURO, a village of Stark co.,. Ohio, about 11 
 miles N. by K. of Massillon 
 
 GREENSBURG, a small post-village and township of Knox 
 CO., Missouri. 10 miles N. of Ediuu, the county-seat. Total 
 population 719, 
 
 GREENVILLE, a township of Orange co,, New York, 
 about 12 miles W. of Goshen, Pop. 1198. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a village of Stark co,, Ohio, about 6 miles 
 W, of Massillon. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a beautiful post-village of Montcalm co., 
 Michigan, is situated on a plain and on Flat River, about 
 28 miles N.E. of Grand Rajiids. It contains 2 churches, 1 
 bank, 1 newspaper office, 1 union school, 2 flouring-mills. 3 
 saw-mills, 1 woollen factory, 1 foundry with a macliiue- 
 shoj), &c. Pop. about 700. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 
 687. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a village of Greene co., Nebraska., on the 
 Big Blue Rivor, about 84 miles W.S.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, has 
 an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersei-ted bj- the 
 Verdigris River. The surface is undulating; the soil is pro- 
 ductive. Capital, Eureka. Pop. 759. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-township of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 10 miles N. by W. of Bloomsburg, Pop. 
 1470. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-office and station of Abbeville 
 district. South Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia 
 Railroad, 85 miles W. by N. of Columbia. 
 
 GREE.NWOOD, a post-village, capital of Sebastian co^ 
 Arkansas, about 18 miles S.E. of Fort Smith. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-township of Oceana co., Michigan, 
 on both sidejj of White Kiver, about 108 miles W.N.W, of 
 Lansing. Pop. 100. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a township of St. Clair co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 583. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-village and township of McIIenry 
 CO., Illinois, about 60 miles N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 1048. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a township in the E. part of Vernon co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 442. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-village and township of Hennepin 
 CO., Minnesota, on the Crow River, about 27 miles AV.N.W. 
 of Minneapolis. Pop. 215. 
 
 GREENWOOD, a post-village of El Dorado co., California, 
 18 miles N. by AV. of Placerville. Pop. about 150. 
 
 GREGG, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 995. 
 
 GREGGSPORT, a township of Otoe co., Nebraska. Pop- 
 ulation 69. 
 
 GRENADA, a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. Pop. 2.33. 
 
 GRIDLEY. a post-toxniship and station of McLean co., 
 Illinois, on the Toledo Peoria and Warsaw Railroad, 41 
 miles E. of Peoria. Pop. 793. 
 
 GRIER, a township of Warrick co., Indiana. Pop. 735. 
 
 GRIFFIN, a post-village of Cherokee co., Texas, about 17 
 miles N. by E. of Rusk. 
 
 GRINNELL, a thriving post-village of Poweshiek co., Iow.t, 
 on the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad (which is opened 
 to this point), 120 miles AV. of Davenport, and about 55 miles 
 E. by N. of Des Moines. It is situated in a rich undu- 
 lating prairie, and is the seat of Iowa College, formerly 
 located at Davenport. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 1 book- 
 store, 2 drug-stores, and several drj'-goods and hardwiire- 
 stores. Pop. from 800 to 1000. 
 
 GRIZZLY BEAR, a post-office of Placer co., California, 10 
 miles N.E. of Auburn. 
 
 GRIZZLY FLAT, a post-village of El Dorado co., Califo-- 
 nia, 20 miles S.E. of Placerville. It has 3 or more stortw 
 Two quartz-mills were in operation here in l^C^ 
 
 GR0S3E POINTE, a township of AVayne co., Michigan, 
 on Lake St. Clair, about 7 miles N.E. oi Detroit. Pop. 
 2086. 
 
 GROVE, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop, 1106. 
 
 GROVE Clir, a post-village of Tehama co, Californl*, 
 
GRO 
 
 HAM 
 
 near the Sacramento River, 22 miles S.S.E. of Red Bluff. It 
 huH 1 store. 
 
 GROVELAND, a post-village and township of Ta/.owell 
 CO., Illinois. The village is about 8 miles S.S.E. of Peoria. 
 
 Pop. i:;7i. 
 
 GROVERTOWN, a post-office of Stark co., Indiana, on the 
 Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 11 miles W. 
 N.W. of Plymouth. 
 
 GROVETON, a post-village of Prince William co., Virgi- 
 nia, near the Manassas Gap Rjiilroad, about 30 miles W. of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 GROW, a township of Anoka co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 830. 
 
 GRUNDY CENTRE, a post-village, capital of Grnndy co., 
 Iowa, situated in a prairie about 75 miles N.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 GUADALUPE, or GUADALUPITA, a village of Conejos 
 CO., California, about 115 miles S.S.W. of Canon City. 
 
 GUALALA, a post-village of Mendocino co., California. 
 
 GUILFORD, or GUILFORK STATION, a po.st-village of 
 Loudon CO., Virginia, on the Alexandria and Loudon Kail- 
 road, 11 miles S.E. of Leeslmrg. 
 
 GUILFORD, Michigan. See Gilford. 
 
 GUILFORD, a post-township of .Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 
 about 6 miles E. of Galena. I'op. 10*J3. 
 
 GUILFORD, a post-village of Nodawaj' co., Missouri, on 
 Platte River about 32 miles N. by E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 GUILFORD, or GUILDFORD, a postrvillage of Freeborn 
 CO., Minnesota, about 6 miles W. of Austin. 
 
 GUILFORD, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 'W 
 
 Gl ILFORD, Waliasha Co., Minnesota. SeeGitFOKD. 
 
 GUITAR D, a township of Marshall co., Kansas, "op. 
 280. 
 
 GULIC, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Vol 
 509. 
 
 GULLION"S BAR, a mining place of Klamath CO.. Cali- 
 fornia, on Salmon River, about 8 miles E. by S. of Orleans 
 Bar. 
 
 GUNNISON, or FORT GUNNISON, a post-village of San 
 Pete CO., Utah, 15 miles S. by W. of Manti. Population said 
 to be 400. 
 
 GUNNISON RIVER. Lake co., Colorado, rises in the 
 Rocky Mountains, flows northwestward and unites with 
 tiio Bunkara or Blue River, to form the Grand River. 
 
 GUSTAVUS, a post-village of Greene co., Tennessee, on or 
 near the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, about 60 
 miles E. by N. of Knoxville. 
 
 GUTHRIE, a village of Lawrence co., Indiana, on a rail 
 road about lU miles N. of Bedford. 
 
 GUTHRIE, a township of Faribault co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 88 
 
 GUTHRIE CKNTRK, a post-village of Guthrie co., Iowa, 
 near the South Fork of Racoon River, about 50 miles W. by 
 N. of Des Moines. 
 
 GWYNEDD, a post-township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, has a station on the North I'enusylvauia Railroad 
 18 miles N. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1976. 
 
 II. 
 
 H ADDON, a township of Camden co.. New Jersey, inter- 
 sected by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad, con- 
 taining the village of HaiMonfleld. Formal in 1865. 
 
 HADER, a post-village of Goodhue CO., Minnesota, about 
 22 miles S.W. of Ited Wing. 
 
 H ADLEY, a post-township of Lapeer Co., Michigan, about 
 16 miles S.E. of Flint. Pop. 1351. 
 
 HADLEY, a village and township of Pike co., Illinois, 
 about 20 miles E. of Hannibal, Missouri. Pop. 1J62. 
 
 H.\DLEY,a station on the Ohio and .Mississippi Railroiid, 
 in Richland co., Illinois, 21 miles W. of Vincennes. 
 
 HAGAR, or HAGER, a township of Berrien co., Michi- 
 gan, on Lake Michigan. Pop. 43S. 
 
 H.\INES' BLUFF, Warren co., Mississippi, is on or near 
 the Yazoo River, about 9 miles N. by E. of Vicksburg. 
 
 H.AINE8BUKG, a post-village of Warren co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Paulinskill. about 11 miles N of Belvidere. 
 
 HAINKSPORT.a small post-village of Burlington co., 
 New Jersey, on the S. Branch of the Rancocas Creek, 7 
 miles S of Burlington. 
 
 H.\INESV1LLE. a post-village of Sussex co.. New Jer- 
 sej', about 15 miles N. bv W. of Newton. 
 
 IIAINESVILLE. or HAYNESVILLE, a post-village of 
 Clinton co., Missouri, about 40 miles S.E. of St. .To.s<'ph. 
 
 HALCOTT, a township of Greene Co., New York. Pop. 
 504. 
 
 HALD.A.NK. a post-office of Ogle CO.. Illinois, on the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 17 miles S. of Freeport. 
 
 HALE, a township of Wan-en Co., Illinois. Pop. 1133. 
 
 HALE, a township of .Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 570. 
 
 HALE, a township of McLeod Co., Minnesota. Pop- 
 ulation 83. 
 
 HALF MOON, or HALF MOON LAKE, a township of 
 Eau Claire co., Wisconsin. Pop. 279. 
 
 HALF MOON BAY, or SPANISHTOWN, a post-village 
 of San Mateo Co., California, on the sea-coast, about 25 
 miles by land S. of San Francisco. It has several stores. 
 
 HALL, a county in the Central part of Nebraska, has an 
 area of about 1000 srjuare miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. by the Platte River, and intersected by the Loup Fork 
 and by I'rairie Creek. The soil is fertile. The valley ot 
 the Platte is well wooded, and is said to abound in coal. 
 Capital, Grand Island City (?) Pop. 116. 
 
 HALL, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 892. 
 
 HALLOCK, a post-township of Peoria co., Illinois, 15 
 miles N. of Peoria. Pop. 1060. 
 
 IIALLSVILLE, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, 
 about 40 miles N. of .Jefferson City. 
 
 HAMBURG, a village of Clinton CO., Pennsylvania, about 
 C miles S. of Lock Haven. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-village of Franklin co., Mississippi, 
 about 20 miles E. of Natchez. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-village, capital of Ashley co., Arkan- 
 sas, about 75 miles E.S E. of Camden. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-village of Hardin co., Tennessee, on 
 Ihe Tennessee River, about 15 miles S. of Savannah, and 15 
 miles N.E. of Corinth, Mississippi. 
 
 HAMBURG, a village of Fairfield co., Ohio, about 28 miles 
 B.8.K of Columbus. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, about 30 
 oiilt', W.N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-village and township of Livingston 
 
 CO., Michigan, about 26 miles S.8.W. of Fenton. It has 1 or 
 2 mills. Pop. 963. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-village of St. Charles co., Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, about 30 miles W. of St. Ix>ui8. 
 
 HAMBURG, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa, about 11 
 miles S. of Sidney. 
 
 HAMBURG, a township of Vernon co., Wisconsin, about 
 10 miles S.E. of La Crosse. Pop. 766. 
 
 HAMDEN, a post-village of Vinton co., Ohio, on the Ma- 
 rietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 70 miles W.S. W. of Marietta, 
 and 30 miles E.S.E. of Chillicothe. It is the N. terminus 
 of the Portsmouth Branch Railroad. 
 
 HAMILTON, a new county in the Central part of Texas. 
 Area estimated at 860 square miles. It is intersected by 
 I>eon River, and also drained by Cowhouse Creek. Pop. 
 489. 
 
 HAMILTON, a county in the Central part of Iowa, has ar 
 area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Boone River, 
 and drained by Skunk River, which rises within it. Tlio 
 surface is undulating and the soil good. Capital, Webster 
 City. Pop. 1699. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township of Lawrence co., Oliio. Pop. 
 1102. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township of Gratiot co., Michigan. Pop. 49. 
 
 HAMILTON, a village of Allen co., Indiana, on the Saint 
 Joseph River, about 14 miles N.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 HAMILTON, a village of Madison co., Indiana, on the W. 
 Fork of White River, about 6 miles W.N.W. of Anderson. 
 
 HAMILTON, a uost-villago of Hancock co., Illinois, on 
 the Mississippi River, 41 miles above Quincy, about 2 miles 
 E. of Keokuk, and at the terminus of the Ulinois and South- 
 ern Iowa Railroad. Pop. 785. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village of Caldwell co., Missouri, on 
 the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 50 miles E. of St. 
 Joseph . 
 
 HAMILTON, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 750. 
 
 HAMILTON, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 234. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village of Marion Co., Iowa, about 16 
 miles S.E. of Knoxville. 
 
 HAMILTON, a village of Lafajette CO., Wisconsin, about 
 20 miles S.E. of Mineral Point. 
 
 HAMILTON, a small village of Ozaukee co., Wisconsin, 
 on Cedar Creek, about 3 miles W. of Lake Michigan, and 
 10 miles S.S.W. of Ozaukee. 
 
 HAMILTON, a village in Hamilton township, Houston 
 CO., Minnesota, on Root River about 22 miles S.of Winona, 
 and 20 miles W. by S. of La Crosse. Pop. of township, 230. 
 
 HAMILTON, a village of Mower co., Minnesota, about 22 
 miles S. of Rochester. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village and township of Butte co., 
 California, on the Feather River, 8 miles S.W. of Oroville. 
 Pop. 699. 
 
 HAMILTON, a village of Nebraska nearthe line between 
 Otoe and Nemaha counties, about 12 miles S. by W. of Ne- 
 braska City. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village of Park co., Colorado, is 
 lileasantly situated in the N.W. jiart of the South Park, 8 
 miles E. or S. of the summit of the main Rocky Mountain 
 range, and about 100 miles S.W. of Denver. It has gold 
 mines. Pop. about 100. 
 
 HAMILTON, a post-village of Ii-on co., Utali. about 30 
 miles S.S.W. of Parovan. 
 
 2229 
 
HAM 
 
 HAMILTON SQUARE, a post-village of Mercer co. New 
 Jersey, about 6 miles E. by N. of l-reutou. It has 2 or 3 
 churches. »- -.r i 
 
 HAMLET, a post village of Chautauqua co., New York. 
 Pop. 240. 
 
 HAMLET, a post-village of Mercer co., Illinois, about 18 
 miles S.S.W. of Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 HAMLIN, a post-office of Lebanon CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HAMLIN, a township of Mason co., Michigan, on Lake 
 Jlichig-.vn. , . „ 
 
 HA MLIN, or HAMLIN CITY, a post-village of Brown co., 
 tausas, about 37 miles N.AV. of Atchison, and 5 or 6 miles 
 \.W. of Hiawatha. 
 
 HAMLIN GROVE, a post-office of Audubon co., Iowa, 
 about 70 miles W. of Des Moines. 
 
 HAMMOND, a post-villago and township of Saint Croi.x 
 CO., Wisconsin, 10 miles K. of Hudson. Pop. of the village, 
 about 150; of the townsliip, 320. 
 
 HAMMOND'S CREEK, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn- 
 Bvlvania, 
 
 HAMMONTON, a post-village of Atlantic co., New Jer- 
 sey, on the Camdon and Atlantic Railroad, 30 miles S.S.E. 
 of Oiiuden. 
 
 HA MORTON, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 32 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia. 
 
 HAMPDEN, a post-village, capital of Coffey co., Kansas, 
 on the Neosho River, about 100 miles S.S.W. of Leaven- 
 worth, and nearly opposite Burlington. It confcuns a court- 
 house, 2 churches, 1 newspaper office, 2 steam grist and 
 saw-mills, and about 100 houses. 
 
 H.iMPSniKE. a township of Clinton co.,Iowa. Pop. 796. 
 
 HAMPTON', a township of Bay co., Michigan, on the S»-' 
 ginaw River, at or near its mouth. Pop. 314. 
 
 HAMPTON, a post-village and township of Rock Island 
 CO.. lUiuois, on the Mississippi River, 12 miles above Daven- 
 port, Iowa. Pop. 1898. 
 
 H.\MP'rON. a station on the Chicago,Alton and St. Louis 
 Railroad, in Will co., lUiuois, 12 miles S.S.W. of Joliot. 
 
 HAMPTON, a post-village of Platte co., Missouri, about 
 14 miles E.S.E. of Leavenworth (Kansas), and 60 miles W. 
 by N. of Lexington. 
 
 HAMPTON, a post-village, capital of Fi-auklin co., Iowa, 
 obowt 90 miles N.N.E. of Des Moines, and 42 miles W. of 
 Waverly. 
 
 H.IMPTON, a post-village and township of Dakota co., 
 Minnesota, alx)ut 11 miles S.W. of Hastings. Pop. 476. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-village and township of Houghton CO., 
 Michigan. The village is about 1 mile N. of Houghton, the 
 county-seat, from which it is separated by a river or inlet 
 of Lake Superior. Here are rich copper mines. Total pop- 
 ulation, 1618. 
 
 HANCOCK, a township of Hancock co , Illinois. Pop. 720. 
 
 HANCOCK, a post-township of Waushara co., Wisconsin, 
 about 12 miles W. by X. of Wautoiiia. Pop. 370. 
 
 HANEY, a township of Crawford co., Wiscon.sin. Pop. 
 462. 
 
 HANGING GROVE, a township of Jasper co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 427. 
 
 HANNA, a township of Henrv co., Illinois. Pop. 418. 
 
 HANNA (or HANNAH) STATION, a post-office of U- 
 porte CO., Indiiuia. on the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chi- 
 cago Railroad, 59 miles S.E. of Chicago. 
 
 HANOVER, a station on the Cinciiuiati and Indianapolis 
 Junction Riiilroad, in Butler Co., Ohio, about 7 miles W. by 
 N. of Hamilton. 
 
 HANOVER, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, near the 
 Ohio Canal, and on the Pittsburg and Columbus Itailruad, 8 
 miles E. of Newark. 
 
 IIANOVKR, a post-township of Jefferson co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio River, about 5 miles below Madison. Pop. 1042. 
 
 HANOVER, a township of Lake CO.. Indiana. Pop. 849. 
 
 HANOVER, a villasro of Ohio co., Indiana, on Laughory 
 Creek, about 4 miles S.W. of Aurora. 
 
 HANOVER, a post-village and township of Jo Daviess co., 
 Illinois. The village is on Apple River, about 16 miles 
 S.S.K of Galena, and hag several mills. Total population. 
 969. 
 
 HANOVER, a township of .\llomakee oo., Iowa. Pop. 355. 
 
 H.\NOVER. H post-village of Rock co.. Wisconsin, on the 
 railroad which connects Janesville with .Monroe, 7 miles 
 S.W. of the former. 
 
 HANOVER, a village of Mille Lacs co^ Minnesota, about 
 40 miles N. of Princeton. 
 
 HANOVER JUNCTION, a post-office of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Northern Centnd Railroad, wliere it con- 
 nects with the Hanover Branch Railroad, 11 miles S. by W. 
 of York. 
 
 HANOVER TOWN, a small village of Hanover co., Vir- 
 gin la, on the I'arannkey River, about 15 miles N.N. B. of 
 Kiclimond. 
 
 HANSFORD, a village of Kanawha co., W(»st Virginia, on 
 the Kanawha River, about 18 miles S.E. of Charleston. 
 
 HANSON VILLE, a mining village of Yuba CO.. California, 
 •bout 24 miles N.N.E. of MaryaviUe. It had 2 or 3 quartz- 
 miUs in 1859. 
 
 a3» 
 
 HAR 
 
 HAPPY CAMP, a post-village of Del Norte co., California, 
 on the Klamath River, about 40 miles al»ve Orleans Bar. 
 
 H.APPY CAMP, a mining vill.ige of Altuitis co., Idaho, 
 on Feather River, about 3 uiiloa from Rocky Bar. Here are 
 placer gold mines. 
 
 HARALSON, a county in the W.N.W. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 325 square 
 miles. It is drained bj' the Tallapoosa River. The surface 
 is hilly or undulating. Capital, Bucliunan. Pop. 3039. 
 
 H.\BDEEVILLE,a post-village of Beaufort district. South 
 Carolina, on the Charleston and Savannah Railroad, 20 
 miles N. of Savannah. 
 
 HARDENBKRO, a village of Jennings co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 79 miles W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 HARDIN, a new county in the S.E. part of Texas, has an 
 area estimated at 800 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by the Neches River, and also drained by Cyprus Creek 
 and Pine Island Bayou. Capital, Hardin. Pop. 1353. 
 
 HARDIN, a post-village, capital of Hardin co., Texas, 
 about 80 miles E.N.E. of Houston. 
 
 HARDIN, a post-villago of Shelby Co., Ohio, on or near 
 the BellefonUiine Railroad, 6 miles W. of Sidney. 
 
 HARDIN, a township of Pike co., Illinois. Pop. 1-258. 
 
 HARDIN, a post-village of Riiy co., Missouri, about 9 
 miles E. of Richmond, and 8 miles N. by E. of Lexington. 
 
 HARDIN, a post-village on the line between AUomakee 
 and Clayton counties, Iowa, about 66 miles N.W. of Du- 
 buque. 
 
 HARDIN, a village and township of Hardin co., Iowa, on 
 Iowa River. Pop. 737. 
 
 HARDIN, a township of Johnson co^ Iowa. Pop. 312. 
 ■ HARDIN, a township of Webster CO., Iowa. Pop. 189. 
 
 H.ARDIN, a precinct of Clackamas co., Oregon. Pop. 199. 
 
 HARDIN6VILLE, a post-village of Gloucester co.. New 
 Jersey, on the West Jersey Kidlroad, 24 miles S. of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 HARDYVILLE, a village of Mohave co., Arizona, on the 
 Colorado River, above 150 miles in a direct lino N.W. of 
 Prescott. It has an extensive trade with the miners of the 
 interior. 
 
 H.\KEWOOD, a post-village of Baltimore co., Maryland, 
 on the Philadelphia and Baltimore liailroiul, 14 miles E.N.E. 
 of Biiltimore. 
 
 n.\RL.\N, a township of Fayette co., Iowa. Pop. 102. 
 
 HARLAN, a post-village, capital of Shelby co., Iowa, on 
 the W. Fork of the Nishuabatona River, about 48 miies N.E. 
 of Council Bluffs. 
 
 1I.\RLEM, a village of Carroll co., Ohio, about 27 miles 
 W.N.W. of Steubenville. 
 
 HARLEM, a post-village of Winnebago co., Illinois, in 
 Harlem township, and on the Kenosha and Rockford Rail- 
 road. 6 miles N.E. of Rockl'ord. Pop. of township, 871. 
 
 HARLEM JUNCTION, a railroad stjition in Cook Co., Il- 
 linois, on the Galena and Chicago Railroad, 9 miles W. of 
 Chicago. 
 
 HARMONY, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Alleghany River. Pop. 413. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-village and township of Clark co., 
 Ohio, about 7 miles E. by S. of Springfield. The township 
 is traversed by the Springfield and Columbus Railroad. 
 Pop. 1929. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-village of Clay co., ludiiina, on the 
 Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, 19 miles E.N.E. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 HARMONY, a township of Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1315. 
 
 H.\RMONY, a township of Union co., Indiana. Pop. 851. 
 
 H.4.RMONY, a township of Hancock co., Illinois. Pop. 
 846. 
 
 HARMONY, a village of Pike co., Missouri, about 30 
 miles S. of Hannibal. 
 
 H.\RMONY, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, about 
 45 miles W.N W. of Burlington. 
 
 HARMONY, a postr-village and township of Vernon co, 
 Wisconsin, on Bad Axe River, about 10 miies W. by N. of 
 Viroqua. Pop. 386. 
 
 HARMONY, a township of Eillmore co., Minnesota, bor- 
 dering on Iowa. Pop. 440. 
 
 H.\RMONY, a village of Hennepin co., Minnesota, 5 or 6 
 miles S. by W. of Minneapolis. 
 
 HARMONY, a post-village of Washington co., Utah,about 
 40 miles N.E. of ('aint George. Pop. al>out 20ii. 
 
 HARNETT, a county in the central part of Nortl. Caro- 
 lina, has an area estimated at 675 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Cape Fear River, and also drained by Lit- 
 tle River. The surface is hilly or uneven ; the soil ii» some 
 parts is productive. Capital, Toomer. Pop. 8039, of whom 
 54.'>5 were free. 
 
 HARNEY, a post-village of Platte co., Nebraska. < boat 
 70 miles W.N.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 HARP, a township of Dewitt CO., Illinois. Pop. 743. 
 
 H.\KPER, a past-village of Logitn oo., Ohio, on the Bel- 
 lefontaino Railroad. 6 miles N. by E. of Bellefontaine. 
 
 HARRINGTON, a post-village of Kent co., DeUwaie, o» 
 the Peiunsalar Railroad, 16 miles S. of Dover. 
 
IIAR 
 
 HAY 
 
 HARRINGTON, a small villago of Manitowoc cc, 'Wis- 
 consin, 10 miles W.N.W. of Manitowoc. 
 
 HARRIS, a township of Fiiltou co., Illinois. Pop. 90S. 
 
 HARRIS, a township of Marquette co., Wisconsin, con- 
 tains Harrisvii.le. wliich see. Pop. i'M. 
 
 H ARRISBURG, a village of Cabumis co.. North Carolina, 
 on the North Carolina Rfiilroad, 13 miles N.K. of Charlotte. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post-village of Pontotoc co., Missisippi, 
 about 37 miles N. by \V. of Aberdeen. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a viUage of Gallia co., Ohio, about 10 
 uiilee N.W. of Gallipolis. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a village of Stark co., Ohio, about 11 
 miles N.E. of Canton. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post-villajcc, capital of Saline co., 
 Illinois, about 05 miles N.E. of Cairo. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a township of Van Buret) co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1140. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a village of Pierce co., 'Wisconsin, on 
 Lalie Pepin, near the mouth of Rush River, about 12 miles 
 E. of Red WinR. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a small village in Troy townsliip, in the 
 S. part of Sauk co^ Wisconsin. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post-village of Hennepin, co., Minne- 
 sota, on the right bank of the Mississipiii River, about 13 
 miles above Mlnueapolis. It has a steiun saw-mill. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post^village of Liuii co., Oregon, on the 
 Willamette River, 27 miles S. of Albany. It has 3 stares, 
 an academy, <Stc. Pop. in 1864 about 160. 
 
 HARRISBURG, a post-village of Iron CO., Utah, about 14 
 miles N'. of St. Georgo. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Gloucester co., New Jersey, 
 about 16 miles S. of Philadelphia, confciius MuUica Hill. 
 Pop. 2544. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio, on the 
 Great Miami River, just above Dayton. Pop 2477. 
 
 HARRISON, a village of Portage co.. Ohio, on the Cuya- 
 hoga River, about 33 miles E.S.E. of Cleveland. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Boone co., Indiana. Pop. 895. 
 
 HAI'RISON, a post-township of Delaware co., Indiana, 
 about 4S miles N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 11-13. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Dubois co., Indiana. Pop. 
 ..272. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Harrison co., Indiana, con- 
 tains Corydou, the county-se.at. Total population 2992. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Knox co., Iiidiiina. Pop. 1705 
 
 HARRISON, a village or station of Crawford co, Mis- 
 Bouf i, on the South West Branch Railroad, 31 miles E.N.E. 
 of Holla. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Adair co., Iowa. Pop. 138. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 416. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of liCe co , Iowa. I'op. 978. 
 
 HARRISON, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, on the 
 left (N.E.) bank of the Iowa River, 2 or 3 miles N.B. of 
 Wapello, and 4 miles W. of the Mississippi River. 
 
 HARRISON, a township of Mahaska Co., Iowa. Pop.958. 
 
 HARRISON, a township in the N.W. part of Calumet co., 
 '^iscon.sin, on Winnebago Lake. Pop. 813. 
 
 H.^RRISON, a townsliip of Grant co., Wisconsin, about 5 
 miles W. of Platteville. Pop. 903. 
 
 HARRISON, a post-village of Monongalia co., Minne- 
 BOta, about 20 miles W. of Forest City. 
 
 HARRISON'S LANDING, Charles City CO., Virginia, is 
 on the left bank of the James River, al)f)ut 5 miles below 
 City Point. The Union army retreated to this point after 
 the battles of the seven days, neiir Richmond, July 1, 
 1862. 
 
 HARRISVILLE, or HARRISONVILLE, a post-village 
 and township of Alcona co.. Michigan, on Lake Huron, 
 about 90 miles N.N.E. of Bay City. Pop. 185. 
 
 HARRISVILLE, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, 
 on the Bellefontaine Railway Liue, 4 miles W. of Union 
 City. 
 
 HARRISVILLE, a post-village of Marquette co., Wis- 
 consin, on Montello River, 8 miles N.W. of Montello. It 
 has an excellent water-power. 
 
 UARRODSBURG, a post-village of Monroe co., Indiana, 
 on the New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 12 miles S. of 
 Bloomlngton. 
 
 HART, a new county in the N.E. part of Georgia, bor- 
 dering on South Carolina, has an area estiinateil at 3.30 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Savannah 
 River. The surface is uneven, or hilly. Capital, HartwoU. 
 Pop. 6137. 
 
 HARTFORD, or HARTFORD CITY, a post^-village of 
 Mason co.. West Virginia. Pop. 915. 
 
 HARTFORD, a village of Allen co., Ohio, about 11 miles 
 ■W. of Tiima. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-township of Van Buron co., Michigan, 
 aboMt 14 miles W. of Paw Paw. Pop. 1073. 
 
 HARTsORD, a village of Crawford co., Indiana, about 13 
 miles N.W. of Leavenworth 
 
 HARTFORD, a village of Vigo CO., Indiana, on the Evans- 
 villc reuQ Crawfordsville Railroad, 11 miles S. of lerre 
 Haut:. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-village of Putnam co., Missouri, situ- 
 
 ated on an affluent of Chariton River, about 100 miles in a 
 direct line N. of Booneville. 
 
 HARTFORD, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 278. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-office or village of Warren CO., Iowa, 
 about 15 miles S.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 HARTFORD, a village of Sibley CO., Minnesota, about 10 
 miles W. S.W. of Henderson. 
 
 HARTFORD, a post-village and township of Lyon co, 
 Kansas, on or neiir the Neosho River, about 13 miles S.B 
 of Emporia. Pop. 186. 
 
 HARTLAND, a post-village of Somerset co., Maine, near 
 Moose Pond, about 28 miles N.N.E. of WatervCIe. 
 
 HARTLAND, a post-village and township of McHenry 
 CO., Illinois, about 66 miles N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 978. 
 
 HARTLAND, a post-township of Worth Co., Iowa, bor- 
 dering on Minnesota. Pop. 208. 
 
 HARTLAND, a township of Pierce co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 158. 
 
 HARTLAND, a township of Shawana co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 21. 
 
 HARTLAND, a township of Freeborn co., Minnesota, 
 Pop. 154. 
 
 HARTSTOWN, a post-village of Crawford co., Pennsyl- 
 vaiiia, on the Pittsbui'g and Erie Canal, about 15 miles 
 W.S.W. of M<)advil!e. 
 
 II ARTWELIi. a post-village, capital of Hart co., Georgia, 
 about 50 miles N.E. of Athens. 
 
 II ART WOOD, a post-office of Stafford co., Virginia, about 
 65 miles N. of Richmond. 
 
 HARVARD, a post-village of Delaware CO., New York, 
 on the East Branch of the Delaware River, about 21 miles 
 S. by W. of Delhi. 
 
 HARVARD, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois, at 
 the intersection of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad 
 with the Kenosha and Rockford Riiilroad, 63 miles N.W. of 
 Chicago, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Rockford. 
 
 HARVEY, a village of Hardy to.. West Virginia, about 
 48 miles S.W. of Cumberland. Maryland. 
 
 HARVEY, a post-village of Marquette CO., Michigan, on 
 Lake Superior, 4 or 5 miles S.E. of .Marquette. 
 
 HARWICH, a village of Delaware co., Iowa, about 9 
 miles W. of Delhi. 
 
 HASBROUCK. a post-village of Sullivan co.. New York, 
 on Neversink River, about 1- miles N.N.E. of Montlcello. 
 
 HASKELL, a new county in the N.W. part of Texa.s. It 
 is drained by a branch of the Brazos River, and by Paint 
 and Miller's Creeks. The census of 1860 furnishes no in- 
 formation respecting this county. 
 
 HASKELL, a post-office of Laporte CO., Indiana, on the 
 Louisville New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 17 miles S. of 
 Michigan City. 
 
 HASSAN, a village and township of Hennepin co., Min- 
 nesota, on the right bank of Crow River, about 25 miles 
 N.W. of St. Anthony. Pup. 276. 
 
 HASTINGS, a flourishing post-town, capital of Dakota 
 CO., Minnesota, situated on the S. bank of the Mississiiipi 
 River, about 25 miles below St. Paul, and 3 or 4 miles above 
 the mouth of the St. Croix River. It has 1 national bank, 
 2 other banks, 4 churches, and an institution called the 
 Hastings University; also 2 large stone flouriug-mills, 5 
 steam saw-mills, 6 large warehouses for grain, 1 manufac- 
 tory of furniture, aud 1 of fanniug-mills. Two newspjipors 
 are published here. The Vermilion River affords a good 
 water-power 1 mile from this town, where it falls about 80 
 feet. It is stilted that 1,000,000 bushels of wheat were 
 shipped here in 1864. Pop. inl^60, 1653; in 1865, about 3000. 
 
 HATFIELD, a post-village of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, in Hatfield town.ship on the North Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, 25 miles N. of Philadelphia. Pop. of township 
 1310. 
 
 HAUBSTADT, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, on 
 the Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad, about 18 miles 
 N. of Evansville. 
 
 HAVANA, a post-village of Cass co., Texas, about 32 
 miles N. by E. of Jefferson. 
 
 HAVANA, a post-village of Huron co., Ohio, on the San- 
 dusky Mansfield aud Newark Riulroad, 23 miles S. of 
 Sandusky. 
 
 HAVANA, a village of Greene co., Iowa, on the Racoon 
 River, about 37 miles S.S.W. of Fort Dodgo. 
 
 HAVELOCK, a village of Craven co.. North Carolina, on 
 the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, 17 miles S.S.E. 
 of Newbern. 
 
 HAW CREEK, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1537. 
 
 HAW CREEK, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. 8.39. 
 
 HAWKINS' B.4R, a mining camp of Tuolumne Co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Tuolumne River, 15 miles S. cf Sonora. 
 
 HAW RIVER, a post-office of Alamance co., North Caro- 
 lina, on the Haw River, where it is irossed by the North 
 Carolina Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 HAYFORK, a post-village of Trinity co., California, 23 
 miles S.W. of Weaverville. 
 
 HAYMOND, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana, 
 about 10 miles S.W'. of Brookville 
 
 22-il 
 
HAY 
 
 IIIG 
 
 HAYTON, a small village of Calumet co., Wisconsin, 4 or 
 6 miles E. by S. of Chilton. 
 
 HAYWARD, a towusliip of Freeborn co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. llo. 
 
 HAYWOOD, sometimes called HAYWARD, and formerly 
 SAN LORKNZO, a post-village of Alameda co, California, 
 is about 20 miles E.S.E. of San Francisco, and 6 miles S. by 
 H. of San Leandro. It is on San Lorenzo Creek. Large 
 quantities of wheat and barley are shipped here. It con- 
 tains 1 church and 1 school. Pop. of the vicinity about 700. 
 HAZEL GREKN, a post-township of Dclawai-e co., Iowa, 
 about 7 miles S.W. of Delhi. Pop 293. 
 
 HAZELTON, a post-office of Buchanan co., Iowa, about 
 10 miles N. of Independence. 
 
 HAZELTON, a post-village of Douglas CO., Nebraska, on 
 the Little Papillon River, 10 or 11 miles S.W. of Omaha. 
 
 HAZELWOOD, or HAZLEWOOD, a post-village of Rice 
 CO., Minnesota, about 16 miles N. of Kanbault. 
 
 IIAZLEIIUKST, a post-village of Copiah co., Mississippi, 
 on the New Orleans and Jackson Railroad, about -lO miles 
 S. by W. of Jackson. 
 
 HAZLETON, a post-township of Shiawassee co., Michi- 
 gan, about 40 miles N.E. of Lansing. Pop. 350. 
 
 HAZLETON, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, on 
 White River, and on the Evansville and Crawfordsville Rjiil- 
 road, 13 miles S. of Vincennes. 
 
 HAZLEWOOD, a post-village and township of Webster 
 CO., Missouri, about 22 miles E. by N. of Springfield. Free 
 population, 9U3. 
 
 HAZLEWOOD, a village of Minnesota, on the Minnesota 
 River, about 70 miles W. of Gleucoe. 
 
 HEALDSBURG. a post-village of Sonoma CO., California, 
 near the Russian River, 16 miles N.N.W. of Santa Rosa. It 
 has several churches and stores, and 1 flour-mill. Pop. 600. 
 HEART'S CONTENT, or HEART S CONTENT COVE, a 
 small bay or cove projecting from the E. side of Trinity Biiy, 
 in Newfoundland. Lat. 47° 60' N., Ion. 53° 20' W. It is the 
 contemplated western terminus of the Atlantic cable. 
 
 HEATH, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 214. 
 HEATH, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 382. 
 HE.4THVILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Red Bank Creek, abdut 8 miles S.W. of Brookville. 
 
 HEBER or HEBER CITY, a post-village, capital of Wa- 
 satch CO , Utah, 45 miles S.E. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-village of Porter co., Indiana, about 14 
 miles S.W. of Valparaiso. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois, on the 
 Kenosha and Rockford Railroad 39 miles E.N .E. of Ro<'k- 
 ford. Pop. of Hebron township 900. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-village of Adair co., Iowa, about 45 
 miles S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 HEBRON, a post-village of Nicollet co., Minnesota, on 
 the left bank of the Minnesota River, about 14 miles S.M'. 
 of St. Peter. 
 
 HEGINS, a post^township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1102. 
 HELEN, a township of McLeod co., Minnesota. Pop. 190. 
 HELKNA, a post-village, capital of Karnes co., Texas, on 
 the San Antonio River, about 56 miles S.E. of San Antonio. 
 Pop. 165. 
 HELENA, a post-officoof Johnson co.. Nebraska. 
 HEF^ENA, a post-office of Tama cq., Iowa. 
 HELEN .\, a post-\'illage and township of Scott co., Min- 
 nesota, about 15 miles S. of Shakopee. Pop. 104. 
 
 HELL GATE RONDE, a village of Montana Territory, 
 on Hell Gate River at or near ita mouth, about 170 miles 
 N.N.W. of Virginia City. 
 
 HEMATITE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Missouri, on 
 the St. Louis and Iron Mouutiiin Railroad, 36 miles S. by 
 W. of St. Louis. 
 
 HEMLOCK, a post-township of Wood co., Wisconsin, 10 
 miles W. of Grand Rapids. Pop 119. 
 
 HEMPFIELD, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 777. 
 
 HEMPSTEAD, a post-village of Anstin co., Texas, on the 
 Texas Central Railroad, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Houston. 
 HEMPSTEAD, a village of Merced co., California, on the 
 Merced River, about 5 miles above Suelliug. 
 
 HENDERSON, a post-village and township of Knox co., 
 Illinois, about 7 miles N. of Galesburg. Pop. Illy. 
 
 HENDERSON, a post-village, a capital of .<ibley co., Min- 
 nesota, situated on the left (W.) bank of the Minnesota 
 River, about 65 miles S.W. of St. Paul and 18 miles below St. 
 Peter. It contains a court-house and several churches. 
 The river is navigable for steamboats in high water. Pop. 
 of Henderson tfiwufdiip in 1860, 878. 
 
 HENLY, a post-village of Siskiyou co., California, on the 
 Klamath River. 21 miles N. of Yreka. Pop. in 1864 about 
 160. 
 
 HENNEPIN, a village of Hennepin co., Minnesota, near 
 the Minnesota River, about 2J miles S.W. of St. Paul. 
 
 HKNRIETTA, a post-towusUlp of Richland co., Wiscon- 
 •in, about 12 miles N. of Richland Centre. Pop. 431. 
 HENRIQUriA, California. See Ehrihukta. 
 223Z 
 
 HENRY, a village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, abont 9 
 miles S.E. of Preston. 
 
 HENRY STATION, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee 
 on the Memphis and Ohio Railroad, 9 miles S.S.W. of 
 Paris. 
 
 HENUYSVILLE. or HENRYVILLE, a post-village of 
 Monroe co., Pennsylvania, on the lielaware Lackawanna 
 and Western Railroad, 8 miles N. of Stroudsbiir)-:, and 45 
 miles S.E. of Scranton. 
 
 HENRYVILLE, a post-villnge of Riley co., Kani^na, on 
 the Bi^' Blue River, about 14 miles N.N.W. of Manhattan. 
 
 HEPBURN, a village of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, in 
 Hepburn township, and on the Northern Central Railroad, 
 about 6 ndles N.N.W. of Williamsport. 
 
 HERBERT, a post-village of Kemper co., Mississippi, 
 about 90 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 HERMAN, a township of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, 5 
 miles W. of Lake Michigan. Pop. 1928. 
 
 HERMITAGE, a post-office of Mendocino co., California 
 ai miles S.W. of Ukiah. 
 
 IIERMON POND, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 on the Maine Central Rjiilroad, 10 miles AV. of Bangor. 
 
 HERNANDO, a county of Florida, in the W. part of 
 the peninsula, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Area esti- 
 mated at 2000 square miles. It is bounded on the E. and 
 N. by the Withlacoochee River. The surface is level. Capi- 
 tal, Bjiyport. Pop. estimated at 12<''0. 
 
 HERNDON, a post-office of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 HERNDON, a post-village of Fairfax co., Virginia, on 
 the Alexandria Loudon and Hampshire R.iilroad, 23 miles 
 N.M". of Alexandria. 
 
 HERNDON, a post-office of Montgomery CO., Illinois, 
 about 31 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 HEKSEYVILLE, a i)Ost-villHge of Monroe co.,Wisconsln, 
 on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, 4 miles W. of 
 Sparta. 
 
 HERSMAN, a past-office of Brown co., Illinois, on the 
 Quincy and Toledo Rjiilroad, 42 miles E. of Quincy. 
 
 HE6PER, a piwt-village and township of Winneshiek co., 
 Iowa. The village is 14 miles N. by K. of Decorah. Pop. 729. 
 HESTER, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, 10 milea 
 N. of Palmyra, and 7 or 8 miles W. bv S. of Quincy, Illinois. 
 HESTONVILLE, a suburb of Philadelphia, on the Cen- 
 tnil Railroad, 1 mile W. of the Schuylkill River, and about 
 434 miles from the State House. 
 
 HETH. a township of Hariison co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River. Pop. 1590. 
 
 HEYWORTH, a post-office of McLean co., Hlinois, on the 
 Central Ruilroad, 12 miles S. of Blooniington. 
 
 HIAW ASSEE, a post-village, capital of Towne co., Geor- 
 gia, on the Hiawassee River. 85 miles N. by W. of Athens. 
 HIAWA'TIIA, hi'-a-waw'tlia, a post-viilage, capital of 
 Brown co., Kans.-iS, 40 miles W. by N. of Siiint .losejdi, Mis- 
 souri, and about 18 miles from the Missouri River, at Iowa 
 Point. It contains a hotel and several stores, and is im- 
 proving. Pop. about 300. 
 
 HICKORY, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 954. 
 
 HICKORY, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 465. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a township of Scott co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1003. 
 
 HICKORY GROVE, a township in the N.E. part of Grant 
 CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 590. 
 
 HICKSVILLK, a post-village of Sacramento CO., Califor- 
 nia. 20 miles S.E. of .»acramento. 
 
 HIDALGO, a new county near the 8. extremity of Texas, 
 bordering on Mexico, has an area of about 2300 squaro 
 miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Bio Grande. Capi- 
 tal. Edinburgh. Pop. 1192. 
 
 HIGH FORE.^T, a post-township of Olmstead CO., Minne- 
 sota 6 miles S. of Itochester. Pop. 598. 
 
 HIGH HILL, a pcwt-village of Montgomery CO., "Missonri. 
 on the North Missouri Railroad, 72 miles N.W. <if St. Louis, 
 HIGHLAND, a township of Sullivan co.. New York, on 
 the Delaware River and Erie Railroad. Pop. 99:^. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a township of Chester cu.. Pennsylvania, 
 about 42 miles W. of Philadelphia. Pop. H»94. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a post-village of Tishemingo co., Missi8sipi>i, 
 about 32 miles S.S.E. of Corinth. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a township of Franklin co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1988. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a post-township of Clayton co., Iowa, about 
 6 miles W. of El Kader. Pop. 478. 
 HIGHLAND, a tow nship of Union co., Iowa. Pop. 235. 
 HIGHLAND, a township of Wapello co.. Iowa. Pop. 526. 
 HIGHLAND, a township of Washington CO. Iowa. Pop. 
 376. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a township of Winneshiek CO. Iowa. Pop. 
 568. 
 
 HIGHTi AND, a post-village of Madison co., PUnots, about 
 34 miles E. by N. of St. Louis. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a post-village of Fillmore co , Minnesota, 
 about 30 miles S.S.W. of Winona. 
 
HIG 
 
 HOP 
 
 HIGHLAND, a village of St. Louis CO., Minnesoti, about 
 17 miles W.N.W. of Du l.ntli. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a post-village of Doniphan co.. Kansas, 25 
 ■niles W.N.W. of St. Joseph, Missouri, and 6 miles 8.W. of 
 the Missouri River. It is pleasantly situated on a high 
 prairie. It contains 1 church, and a high schcx)l, called the 
 Highland Academy, with an endowment of about $10,000. 
 I up. about i;00. 
 
 HI'iULAND PARK, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 
 on Lalie Miohig-an, and on the Chicago and Milwaukee 
 Railroad, 24 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 HIGH POINT, a post-office of Guilford co., North Caro- 
 lina, on the North CHirolina Railroad, IS miles N.E. of Lex- 
 ington. 
 
 HIGH POINT, a post-village of Moniteau co., Missouri, 
 about 28 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HIGH POINT, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop.6.i0. 
 
 HIKA, a post-village of Manitowoc co^ Wiscont,in, 15 
 miles N.VV. of Manitowoc. 
 
 HIL^LEGASS', a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 20 miles S. of AUentown. 
 
 IIILLIARD, a post-village of Kranklin CO., Ohio, on the 
 Columbus and Indianapolis Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 HII,LSBORO, a village of Wayne co., Indiana, abont 11 
 miles N. by K. of Riclimond. 
 
 HI LLSBORO', a post-village and township of Vernon co., 
 Wisconsin, about 33 miles W.N.W. of Baral)00. Pop. 5.35. 
 
 HILLSBORO, a thriving post-village, capital of Wash- 
 ington CO., Oregon, on the Tualatin River, 18 miles W. of 
 Portland. It luis 1 church, 2 hotels and 3 stores. It is situ- 
 ated in a fertile and undulating district. It is stated that 
 over 400,000 bushels of wheat were raised in this county in 
 1864. Pop. about 200. 
 
 UILLSBOROUQH.a post-village, capital of Hill co.,Texa8, 
 about 140 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. Pop. 236. 
 
 HILLSDALE, a post-office of Indiana CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HIIjIjSUALE, atownship of Winona co., Minnesota, about 
 6 mile.s W. of Winona. Pop. 194. 
 
 HILL SIDE, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Central Railroad, 19 miles E.N.E. of Greens- 
 burg. 
 
 IIILO. a post-village of Nicollet co., MinnosotA, near the 
 Minnesota River, about 16 miles W.S.W. of Saint Peter. 
 
 HILTON, a townsliip of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 200. 
 
 IIIL'I'ON HEAD, South Carolina, an island forming part 
 of Bo;«ufcirt District, at the mouth of ISroiui River. It is 
 bounded on the N.E. by Port Royal Entrance, and on the S. 
 E. by the Atlantic. Length, about 15 miles. On the N.E. 
 shore is a militiiry post. Here occurred an important navtil 
 action in 1862. 
 
 HILTONS, a post-village of Sullivan co., Tennessee, on the 
 Ilolston River, about 10<J miles E.N.E. of Knowille. 
 
 HINTON, a post-township of Mecosta co., Michigan, about 
 24 miles N. of Greenville. Pop 155. 
 
 HIXTON, a post-township of Jackson co., Wisconsin, 
 abut 40 miles N. by E. of La Crosse. Pop. 397. 
 
 HOCK FARM, a large vineyard in Sutter co., California, 
 on the Sacramento River, about 10 miles S. of Maiysville. 
 Wine of high reputation is made here. 
 
 HOCKINGPURf. or TROY, a post-village of Athens co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Hocking, about 
 27 miles below Marietta. 
 
 HOCKLEY, a post-village of Harris co., Texas, on the 
 Texas Central Railroad, about 40 miles W.N.W. of Houston. 
 
 HOGAM, Idaho; see Pioneer City. 
 
 H0i;.4N, a townshipofDeiirborn CO., Indiana. Pop. 1026. 
 
 HOGAN, a village of Ripley co., Indiana, about 18 miles 
 N.W. of Aurora. 
 
 HOGHEM, a mining camp, 17 miles N.W. of Eagle Creek, 
 Oregon. / 
 
 noK.\H, a post-village of Houston co., Minnesota, on the 
 Hokah, or Root River, about 7 miles S.W. of La Crosse, 
 Wiscon.sin. 
 
 UOK^ENDAU'QUA, a post-village of Lehigh co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the Lehigh River, 1 mile 
 above Catasauqua, and 4 miles N.N.W. of Allentown. Here 
 are several very large blast furnaces. It is stated that one 
 stark produced here 362 tons of pig iron in a week. Pop. 
 lOUO. The Lehigh Valley Railroad passes through it. 
 
 HOLCOLMB VALLEY, a village and valley of Si»n Ber- 
 nardino CO., California, about 40 miles E.N.E. of San Ber- 
 nardino. 
 
 HOLDEN. a post-village of Johnson co., Missonri. on the 
 Paiitic Railroad, about 36 miles S. of Lexington, and 48 
 miles S.E. of Kansas City. 
 
 UOLUEN,a township of Goodhue co.,Minnesota. Pop. 633 
 
 HOLLAND, a post-village of Dubois co., Indiana, about 38 
 miles N.E. of Evansville. 
 
 HOLLAND, a post-township of Shelby co., Illinois, about 
 30 miles N.E. of Vandalia. Pop. 818. 
 
 HOLLAND, a post-township of Brown co., Wisconsin, on 
 Fox River, about 12 miles E. of Appleton. Pop. 1 50. 
 
 HOLLAND, a tt)wnship of La Crosse co., Wisconsin, on 
 Black River, 3 or 4 miles from the Mississippi. Pop. 615. 
 
 HOLLAND, a township in the S.E. part of Sheboygan 
 CO., Wisconsin, within a mile of Lake Michigan. Poj. 
 2233. 
 
 IIOLLIS, a village and township of Peoria eo., Illinois. 
 The township is on the Illinois River, about 6 miles below 
 Peoria. Pop 716 
 
 HOLLISTERVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 HOLLY, a post-village of Holly Township, Oakland co., 
 Michigan, situated on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 
 47 miles N.W. of Detroit. It is the South tenninus of the 
 Flint and Holly Railroad, 17 miles long. Pop. of Holly 
 township, 1062. 
 
 HOLLYWOOD, a township of Carver co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 166. 
 
 HOLMDELL, or HOLMDEL, a post-village and township 
 of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, about 35 miles E.N.E. ot 
 Trenton. Pop. 1334. 
 
 HOLMES, a township of Michilimackinac co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 1293. 
 
 HOLMES, a station on the Lafayette and Indianapolis 
 Riiilroad, in Boone co., Indiana, 24 miles N.W. of Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 HOLMES CITY, a village of Douglas co., Minnesota, aboui 
 11 miles S.W. of Alexandria. 
 
 HOLME.-*VILLE. a village of Marion co., Ohio, about 48 
 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 HOLSTEIN, a post-village of Warren co., Missouri, on or 
 near the Missouri River, about 50 miles in a direct lino W. 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 HOLT, a post-office of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HOLT, a post-office of Taylor co., Iowa, about 13 miles N. 
 by W. of Bedford. 
 
 HOLTON, a post-vlllnge of Ripley co., Indiana, 58 miles 
 by railroad W. of Cincinnati, Oliio. 
 
 HOLTON, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Kans.-»)i, 
 30 miles N. of Topeka, and 35 miles W. by S. of Atchison. 
 It contains a stone jail, 3 dry-goods stores, 1 steam flotiring 
 mill, and about 40 houses. Pop. in 1S60, 154. 
 
 HOLTSBL'RG, a post-village of Davidson co., North Oar 
 olina. near the Yadkin River, and on the North Carolina 
 Riulroad, 8 miles N.E. of Salisbury. 
 
 HOME, a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. Pop. 1*5. 
 
 HOMER, a post-village of Banks co., Georgia, about 3C 
 miles N. of Athens. 
 
 HOMER, a post-village of Angelina co., Texa-s, about 60 
 miles S. of Henderson, and 220 E.N.E. of Austin. 
 
 HOMER, a post-village of Homer township, Calhoun co., 
 Michigan, about 13 miles S.E. of Marshall. 
 
 HO.MER, a post-village of Champaign co., Illinois, on the 
 Great Western Railroad, 93 miles E. by N. of Springfield. 
 
 HOMER, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 172. 
 
 HOMER, a post-village of Hamilton co., Iowa, about 2C 
 miles S.E. of Fort Dodge. 
 
 HOMER, a post-village of Homer township, Winona co., 
 Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, 5 or 6 miles below Wi- 
 nona. Pop. 96. 
 
 IIOMEWOOD, a post-village of Beaver CO., Pennsylvania, 
 at the junction of the Newcastle and Beaver Valley Itti' 
 road with the Pittsburg Ft. Wayne and Chicago Railroaa, 
 35 miles N.W. of I'ittsburg. 
 
 HONCUT, a post-village of Califbrnia, about 16 miles N. 
 of Marvsville. 
 
 HONEY CREEK, a township of White co., Indiana. Pop. 
 370. 
 
 HONEY CREEK, a township of Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1201. 
 
 HONEY CREEK, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 
 889. 
 
 HONEY CREEK, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 592 
 
 HONFIY GROVE, a post-village of I'annin co., Texas, 
 about 16 miles E. of Bonham. Free population, 2W. 
 
 HONEY LAKE, in the N.E. part of Lassen co.. California,, 
 Is in a fertile valley of the same name, and in a high plateau 
 between the Sierra Nevada and a branch of that range. It 
 is about 25 miles long and 10 miles wide. It has no outlet. 
 It is said that this lake was dried up in 1860. 
 
 HONEY LAKE, a township of Lassen co., California, on 
 a lake of the same name. Pop. 476. 
 
 HOOD RIVER, a small stream of Wasco Co., Oregon, 
 flows northward and enters the Columbia River about 21 
 miles W. of Dalles City. 
 
 II.10D RIVER, a post-offlce of Waaco co., Oregon, on th» 
 Columbia River, 25 miles W. of Dalles City. 
 
 HOOD'S CHANNEL, or CANAL, Washington Territory, 
 is a narrow inlet, which extends southwestward fioin Ad- 
 miralty Inlet. It is bounded on the S.E. by Kitsap county, 
 and on the N.W. by Jefferson and Sawamish counties 
 Average width, 2 or 3 miles. 
 
 HOOPKR VALLEY, a post-office of Klamath co., Califor 
 nia. 30 miles S. of Orleans Bar. It is on or near the Trinitj 
 River, and in a valley of its own name. 
 
 HOPE, a township of Im Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 1022 
 
 HOPEDALE, a post-township of Tazewell Co., Illinois, 
 about 15 miles S.S.E. of Peoria. Pop. 719. 
 
 2233 
 
HOP 
 
 HOPBFIELD, a post-village of Crittenden co., Arkansas, 
 on the Mississippi Kiver, opposite Memphis. Pop. 154. 
 
 HOPEVILLK. a post-village of Clarke co., lowii, about 60 
 miles S.S.^V. of Des Moines. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1005. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-village of Jennings co., Indiana, 
 about 20 miles N.W.of Sladison. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a township of Marshall co., Illinois. Pop. 
 667. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a ppst-village of Mississippi co., Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 14 miles S.E. of Cliarleston. 
 
 HOPEWELL, a post-village of Mabaska CO., Iowa, on the 
 N. Skunk River, about VI miles E.N.E. of Oskaloos.i. 
 
 HOPKINS, a post-township of Allegan CO., Michigan, 
 about 24 miles S. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 587. 
 
 HiyQUATTOX, or UO'QUATON, a village of Tillamook 
 CO., Oregon, on Tillamook Bay, near the sea, 50 miles S. of 
 Astoria. It has 1 store. 
 
 HO'QUIUM RIVER, a short but deep stream of Cheha- 
 lis CO., Washington Territory, flows southwestwnrd, and 
 enters Gray's Harbor, about 6 miles W. of the mouth of the 
 Chelialis. 
 
 HORICON, a flourishing post-village of Dodge co., Wis- 
 consin, situated on Rock River, at the S. extremity or out- 
 let of Horicon Lake, .iO miles N.W. of Milwaukee, and 46 
 miles E.N.E. of Madison. The Milwaukee and St. Paul 
 Railroad connects here with the Milwaukee and Horicon 
 Railroad. It has an excellent water-power, and contaiu.i 4 
 churches, 1 large public school, 2 flouring-raills, 2 foun- 
 dries, 1 sash and blind lactory, I chair factory, kc. Pop. in 
 1S65, about 1800. 
 
 HORICON LAKE, formerly called Winnebago Marsh, is 
 in Dodge co., Wisconsin. Rock River enters it from the 
 East and flows out at the S. extremity. Its length N. and 
 S.is about 14 miles, and its width about 6 miles. 
 
 HORNITOS, hor-nee'toce, a post-village of Mariposa co., 
 California, is situated in a hilly country, 78 miles S.E. of 
 Stockton, and 18 miles N.N.W. of Mariposa. It contains 
 lumerous stores, and is supported chietly by operations in 
 quartz-mines of gold, and by trade mtli miners ; 3 quartz- 
 mills are in operation in the immediate vicinity. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 600. 
 
 HORSETOWN, a post-village of Shastii co., California, on 
 Clear Creek, 8 miles S. of Shasta. It has several stores. 
 Pop. in 1864, about 450. 
 
 HORTON. a post-village of Bremer co., Iowa, about 14 
 miles N. of Waverly. 
 
 HORTONI.^, a township of Outagamie co., Wisconsin, on 
 both sides of Wolf River, cont;iius Hobtosville, wliich see. 
 Pop. 649. 
 
 HORTONVILLE, a post-village of Outagamie co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on or near Wolf River, about 16 miles W N.W. of Ap- 
 pleton. It has 1 church and 3 mills. Pop. 100. 
 
 HOUGHTON, ho'fon, a post-village, capital of Houghton 
 CO-, Michigan, is situated on the south bank of a river or 
 inlet, which communicates with Keweenaw Bay. It is 
 about 46 miles N.N.E. of Ontonagon. Lat. 47° 8' N.; Ion. 
 88° 40' W. It contains a court-house, 3 churches, 1 news- 
 paper ofliee, 1 national bank, &c. Here are productive cop- 
 per mines. Pop. in 1860, 2145. 
 
 HOUSTON, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Min- 
 nesota, bordering on Iowa, hiis an area of about 570 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the B. by the Mississippi River, 
 which separates it from Wisconsin, intersected by Boot 
 River, and also drained by Houston River. The surface is 
 undulating ; the soil rests on magnosian limestone, and is 
 very fertile. The greater part of this county is or was 
 covered \rith forests, the prairie land being estimated at 
 100 square miles. It is intersected by the Root River Val- 
 ley Railroad (unfinished). Capitjil, Caledonia. Pop. 6645. 
 
 HOUSTON, a post-village of Suwannee co.. Florida, on the 
 Florida Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad, 78 miles W. of 
 Jacksonville. 
 
 HOUSTON, a post-village of Shelby co., Ohio, on the Bel- 
 lefontiine Railroad, 10 miles W. of Sidney. 
 
 HOUSTON, or HUESTOX, a post-village of Bourbon co- 
 Kentucky, on the Central Railroad. 4 miles S.W. of Paris. 
 
 HOUSTON, a post^township of Houston co., Minnesota, 
 on Root River, about 14 miles W. of La Crosse, Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 555. 
 
 HOWARD, a post-village of Centre co., Ponn.sylvania, on 
 the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, about 10 miles" N.N.E. of 
 Bellefonte. 
 
 HOWARD, a township in the N.E. part of Parke co.. In- 
 diana. Pop. 653. 
 
 IIOWARD, a township of Washington co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1068. 
 
 uflw"^^"' ^ <*^''"s'"P of Fayette co., Illinois. Pop. 641. 
 
 HOWARD, a post-township of Howard Co., Iowa. Pop. 67. 
 
 HOW ARD, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 486. 
 
 How ARD. a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 400 
 
 1MW.\RDS GROVE, a post-village of Shebovgan co„ 
 Wisconsin, ab.jul 7 miles N.W. of Sheboy-aa. "it has 2 
 ■tores and 1 steam saw-mill. 
 2234 
 
 HUM 
 
 HOWARDSVILLE, a post-village of Albemarle co Tit- 
 ginia. on the James River, about SO miles W. by N. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 HOWELL, a new county in the S. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Arkansas, has an area of about 900 square iiiik«. 
 It is drained by Spring River, which rises within its limit». 
 The surface is hilly and unbroken. Tlie soil of the valleys 
 is said to be fertile. The county contains large forests of 
 pine. Capital, West Plains. Pup. 3169. 
 
 HOWLAND FLAT, a post-village of Sieri-a co.. California, 
 24 miles N. of Downieville, is situated among high mooa- 
 tiiins. It coftaius 1 church, 2 dry-goods stores, &c. It 
 has productive gold mines, and 6 water ditcb<^ Pop. 
 estimated at 1200. 
 
 HUBBLETON, or HUBBELLTON, a post-village of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Wisconsin, on Crawfish River, and on tlie Mil- 
 waukee and St. Paul Rjiilroad, 10 miles W. of Watertuwii. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-township and village of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, about 14 miles N. by W. of Bangor. Poj). 771. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-town, capital of Ilu<lson co.. New Jersey, 
 is situatetl near the New York and Erie Railroad, alKiut 2 
 miles W. of the Hudson River, and 2 or 3 miles N.W. of 
 Jersey City. It contains 1 bank and several churuhea. 
 Pop. in IStiO, 7229. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-village of Caswell co.. North CaroUna, 
 about 60 miles N.W. of Rivleigh. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-village of McLean Co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 9 miles N. of Bloomington. Pop. of Hud- 
 son township, 841. 
 
 HUDSON, a village and township of Macon co., Missouri, 
 about 55 miles N. by E. of Boonsville. Pop. 771. 
 
 HUDSON, a post-village of Black Hawk co., Iowa, al^out 
 10 miles S.W. of Waterloo. 
 
 HUDSON, a township of Walworth Co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Racine and Mississippi Railroad. It contains the village of 
 Lyons. Pop. 1338. 
 
 HUDSON, a small village of Polk co., Oregon, about 9 
 miles W. of Dallas. 
 
 HUERFANO RIYER, Colorado, rises in Fremont co., 
 flowg through Huerfano co., in a N.E. direction, and euters 
 the Arkansas River. 
 
 HUERFANO, a large county, forming the S.E. extremity 
 of Coloriido, bordering on Kansits and New Mexico. It is 
 partly bounded on the N. by the Arkansas River, and on 
 the W. by the Rocky Mountain range. It is dniined by the 
 Huerfano, Cimarron and Purgatory Rivers. The soil is 
 generally unproductive. 
 
 HUFF, a township of Spencer co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River. Pop. 1339. 
 
 HULL, a township of Portage co., Wisconsin. Pop. 229. 
 
 HULTON, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 12 iniles N.Fi. of Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a connty towards the N.W. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Des Moines River, and its Kast and West J'ork, which unite 
 in the S. part of the county. The surface is somewhat 
 diversified ; the soil is fertile. Extensive beds of iron or(, 
 coal and g.vpsum are found in it. The county is li' erally 
 supplied with limestone, valuable for building. Capital, 
 Dakota. Pop. 332. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a county in the N.W. part of California, 
 has an area of about 2880 square miles. It is liounded on 
 the W. by the Pacific Ocean, intersected by the Eel River, 
 and also drained by Mad, Mattole and Elk Rivers. The 
 surface is diversified, and extensively covered with forests 
 of red wooii, pine, Ac, which grow to an enormous size. The 
 soil is fertile. The rock which underlies the county is sand- 
 stone. Petroleum is found in the south part. The inhkbi- 
 tants of this county are principally engaged in farming, and 
 in the lumber business. About 30,000,000 feet of lumber are 
 exiKirted annually. Capital, Eureka. Pop. 2694. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a connty in the N.W. part of Nevada, hor- 
 deringon Oregon. It is intei-sected by the Himiboldt River, 
 which affords extensive water-power. The surface is nioun- 
 tjiinous ; the S. central or S.E. part is tniversed by a 
 range, called the Humboldt Mountains, which extend in u 
 N. and S. direction. A portion of the soil is said to be 
 adapted to agriculture and pasturage, but the principal re- 
 sources of the county are its veins of silver and gold-bear- 
 ing quartz, which are worked in several places, ."'olphur 
 is abundant here. The part of this county which has been 
 explored is said to be a waste of barren mountains and 
 burning sands. Capital, Unionville. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a post village of Gibson co., Tennessee, 82 
 miles N.E. of Memphis, and about 20 miles N. of Jackson. 
 The Mobile and ( )liio Railroad here intersects the M- mphis 
 and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 HUMHOLDT, a town.ship of Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 692. 
 HUMBOLOT, a ]iost-village of Pulaski co., Misson-i, about 
 45 miles S. of Jefferson City. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a village of Hnmlwldt co. Iowa, on the Des 
 Moines River, 4 or 5 miles S. of Dakota. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a township of Brown CO., Wisconsin, 7 miles 
 E. of the town of Green Bay. Pop. 640. 
 
HUM 
 
 IDA 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a small post-village, capital of Shorbumo 
 CO., Minnesota, on or near the loft bank of the Mississippi 
 River, about 37 miles K.W. of St. Anthony, and about 4 
 miles E. of Monticello. 
 
 UUMBOLDT, a post-village, capital of Allen co., Kan- 
 sas, is plea,saiitly situated \^ a mile K. of the Neosho River, 
 and 44 miles Wt of i'ort Siott. It contains 2 churches, 1 
 printing office, a United States Laud office, and about 25 
 huusfs. 
 
 HUMBOLDT, a post-office of Richardson co., Nebraska. 
 
 HUMBOLDT CITY, a post-village of Humboldt co., Ne- 
 vada, is situated on the W. side of the Humboldt Mountain 
 Range, about 170 miles N.N.K. of Carson City. Here are 
 silver mines. It has about 8 general stores. Pop. in 1864, 
 about .oOO. 
 
 HUMBUG CITY, a mining village of Nevada co., Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 HUMBUG CREEK, a post-office of Siskiyou co., Califor- 
 nia, 8 miles W. by N. of Yreka. 
 
 HUME, a township of Huron co., Michigan. Pop. 196. 
 
 HLMPTOLIPS, hump-to'lips, a river of Washington Ter- 
 ritory, rises in Sawamish county, flows in a S.S.W. direction 
 through Chehalis county, and enters Gray's Harbor at its 
 N. extremity. It is a swift stream. ■ 
 
 HUNNEWELL, a post-villnge of Shelby co., Missouri, on 
 the Hannibal and St. Joeeph llailroad, 37 miles by railroad, 
 or 25 miles in a direct line W. of Hiinnibal. 
 
 HUNTER, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio, about 55 
 miles E. of ZanesviUe. 
 
 HUNTER'S MILL, a post-office of Fairfax co., Tirginia, 
 on the Alexandria Loudon and Hampshire Railroad, 18 
 miles N.W. of Alexandria. 
 
 HUNTERS A'ALLE'if, a mining village of Mariposa co., 
 California, 15 miles N. of Mariposa. Ricli mines of copper 
 and gold have recently been opened here. This village is 
 surrounded by hitch mountains. Pop. about 300. 
 
 HUNTINGBURG, a post-office of Dubois co., Indiana, 
 about 44 miles N.E. of Evansville. 
 
 HUNTIKGTON, a post-township of ILunpshire co., Massa- 
 chusetts, about 12 miles W. of Northampton. Pop. 1216. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, a post-village of St. Croix co., AViscon- 
 sin, in the .N.W. part. It has 2 mills and 25 dwellings. 
 
 HUNT'S STATION, a post-village of Kenosha co., 'Wit- 
 cousin, on a railroad which extends westward from Kt> 
 nosha. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a village of Whitley co., Indiana, on th« 
 Pittsburg fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, about 8 miles 
 ■W.N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-village and township of Schnylei 
 CO., Illinois, about 80 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. Pop 
 1061. 
 
 HURON, a county in the E. part of Michigan, has an 
 area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 
 and E. by Lake Huron, on the N.W. by Saginaw Bay, and 
 is drained by Pigeon and Willow Rivers. Tlie surface is 
 nearly level; and mostly covered with forests, in which 
 pine is found. The soil produces wheat, oats, potatoes, kc. 
 Capital, Sand Beach. Pop. 3165. 
 
 HURON, a township of Huron co., Michigan, containing 
 Huron City. Pop. 524. 
 
 HURON CIT'V, a post-village of Huron co., Michigan, on 
 Lake Huron, about 135 miles N. of Detroit. 
 
 HURON STATION, a post-office of Wayne co., Mielngan, 
 on Huron River, and on the Detroit and Toledo Railroud, 
 28 miles S.S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota. It 
 is intersected by the Dakota River. The surface is some- 
 what diversified; the soil is productive. The census of 
 1860 furnishes no information resjiecting this county. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, or HUTCHER.-ON, a post-village and 
 township of McLeod co., Minnesota, on the S. Kwk of Crow 
 River, about 14 miles N.W. of Glencoe. Pop. 94. 
 
 HUTTON, a post-township of Coles co., Illinois, about 15 
 miles E.S.E. of Mattoon. Pop. 1727. 
 
 HYATT, a post-village of Anderson co., Kansas, about 55 
 miles S. of Lawrence. 
 
 HYATT'S RANCH, a village of Marin co., California, at 
 or near Novato Point, 12 nules N. of San Rafael. 
 
 HYATTSVILLE, Miami co., Ohio. See Tippecanoe. 
 
 HYDK PARK, a post-village of Wabasha Co., Minnesota, 
 about 18 miles W.S.W. of Wabasha. 
 
 HYDESVILLE, a post-village of Humboldt co., Califor 
 nia, in Eel River Valley, 25 miles S. of Eureka. It has 1 
 church, 1 school, and a Masonic hall. 
 
 I. 
 
 TATAN, or JATAN, a post-village of Platte co., Missouri, 
 on the Missouri River, and on the .\tchison and Weston 
 Railroad, about 6 miles N.W. of Weston. 
 
 IDA, a new county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of about 4.30 square miles. It is intersected by Maple 
 Creek, an affluent of the Little Siou.x, which touches the 
 northwestern part of the county. Capibil, Ida. Population 
 in 1860, 43. 
 
 10 K, a post- village and township of Monroe co.. Micliigan. 
 The village is on the Southern Railroad, 9 miles W. of Mon- 
 roe, and 23 miles E. of Adrian. Total population 673. 
 
 IDA, a post-village, capital of Ida co., Iowa, on the 
 Maple River, about 124 miles W.N.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 I'D.VIIO, a Territory of the United States of North Ame- 
 rica, is l)ounded on tlie N. by the British Possessions, on the 
 E. by Montana and Dakota, on the S. by Nevsida and Utali, 
 and on the W. by Oregon and Washingtcm Territory. It 
 lies between 42° and 49° .\. lat., and between 110° and 117° 
 W. Ion. Its greatest length is about 4S0 miles from N. to 
 S., and its greatest breadth is about 340 miles. Area esti- 
 mated at about 90,000 square miles. It w;ib organized as a 
 Territory on the 3d of March, 1863, sitice which its limits 
 have been reduced by the formation of Montana Territory. 
 According to some "writers, the word Idaho signifies "gem 
 of the mountains." 
 
 Face of the Country, Soil, and Timber. — The surface is 
 generally mountainous. Tlie liocky Mountain Range ex- 
 tends along the eiistern and northeastern border for a dis- 
 tance of about 250 miles. Fremont's Peak, which is the 
 highest peak of this range in the United States, having an 
 altitude of 13,w70 feet, is on tht boundwy between Idaho 
 and Dakota. A part of the eastern boundary is formed by 
 the curvilinear range of the Bitter Root Mountains. Minor 
 ridges of mountain occur in different parts of the territoiy. 
 The scenery in the vicinity of Salmon River, and in other 
 p.irts of Idaho, is grand and impressive. In the S.E. part 
 are high mountain peaks called the Three Tetous. It is 
 reported that the Boisee Basin is well timbered and well 
 watered. "All through the Bitter Root and Rocky Moun- 
 tains," says Captain Mullan, " the finest white and red cedar, 
 white pine, and red fir, that I have ever seen, are found." 
 T'lis region appears to be destitute of deciduous trees and 
 hard timber. The soil of the valleys and lowlands is said to 
 be fertile. Governor Lyon, in his late message, s;iys, " The 
 fertile bottom-lands of the St. Joseph, Coeur d'AIene, La-toh, 
 Palouse, Lapwai, Kooskooskia. Na.sso P»yette, Weiser, 
 Bo.see, Malade, and their tribiitaiies, would alone sustain, 
 properly cultivated, a population larger than most of the 
 
 Atlantic states, while ranges of nutritions ' bunch grass,' 
 suitable for herds, cover millions of acres." 
 
 Rivers. — The principal rivers of Idaho are CIarke'8 
 River, the Lewis or Snake, the Salmon, the Clearwater, tho 
 Boisde, the Green, the Palouse, the Malade, the Payette, 
 and Lapwai Rivers. The northern part of Idaho is inter- 
 sected by Clarke's River. The southeastern part is drained 
 by Bear River and the sotirces of Green River, a branch of 
 the Colorado, and the central jiart by Salmon River, which 
 flows westward and falls into Snake or Lewis River. 
 Lewis River, which is one of the affluents of the Columbia, 
 rises in the Rocky Mountains, and traverees the southern 
 part of Idaho with a great curve which is nearly a semi- 
 circle. Afterwards puisuing a northerly course, it forms 
 the W. boundary of the territory for 200 miles or more. 
 The N. central part is drained by the Clearwater, or Koos- 
 kooskia River. The Boisee River flows westward, and 
 enters Lewis River. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold and silver are found in large quantities 
 in Idaho; especially in the vicinity of the Salmon, Boisee, 
 and Clearwater Rivers, in tlie counties of Boisfie, Ada, Idaho, 
 Nez Perce, Owyhee, and Shoshone. Mining operations are 
 now in active progress in various parts of the territory. 
 According to an official report, gold from Idaho was assayed 
 and coined at New York and Philadelphia in the fiscal 
 year 1S63-4, to the value of $1,049,070. "Tho estimated 
 production of the territory last year," says the editor of 
 the -'Alta California," of January 7, 1865, "was six mil- 
 lions of dollars, tlius placing it among the principal gold 
 fields." The following passage is extracted t'rom the mes- 
 sage of Governor Lyon : " The vast unmeasurable struc- 
 tural wealth embodied within our confines, so nicely bal- 
 anced of mineral, farming, and grazing interests, with 
 mountain forests of timber land, and water-power of every 
 description, eminently adapt us for a self-supporting com- 
 munity." Limestone is found on the Clearwater River and 
 other places, and valuable gray sandstone in the Bitter 
 Root Mountains. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is cold and stormy in winter, and 
 dry and serene in the summer and autumn. According to 
 Governor Lyon, it is " a glorious climate, with Syrian sum- 
 mers and Italian winters." 
 
 Population and Tmvns. — The census of 1860 furnishes no 
 information respecting this territory, which at that time 
 contained few inhabitants except Indians. The chief 
 towns are Idaho City. Lewiston, Placerville, Boisee City, 
 and Pioneer City. The last legislature passed an act to 
 remove the seat of government from Lewiston to Bois^o 
 
 2236 
 
IDA 
 
 City. The population, according to a census taken in 1864, 
 was about 25,000, who are mo^^tly eniploj-ed in mining. 
 
 IDAHO, a county in the central part ol' Idalio, bounded 
 on the W. by Lewis or Snalce Kiver. It is also dniined 
 by the Salmon River. The sur£ice is direi-sifled by Viillcys 
 and mountains, among which aire the Salmon Kiver Moun- 
 tains. The soil in the valleys is productive. Gold is found 
 in the E. part near Florence, which is the county-seat. 
 I'op. in 1864, 9.1^5. 
 
 IDAHO, a post-town, capital of Clear Creek co., Colorado, 
 is situated on the X. bank of Clear Creek, and on the Den- 
 ver and Pacific Wagon Koad, 35 miles W. of Denver, and 26 
 miles W. of Golden City. It is about 14 miles E of the 
 summit of the Rocky Mountiiins. It contains a court-house, 
 1 church, 1 school, 3 hotels, and several (luartz-mills for 
 separating gold from the quartz-rock. Here iire boiling 
 soda springs which are much frequented in summer. Pop. 
 in September, 1864, about 500. 
 
 IDAHO CITY, a post-town, capital of Boisee co., Idaho, 
 formerly called Bannock City, is situated at the confluence 
 of Elk and Moore's Creeks, and in the Boisee Ba.sin, about 
 30 miles E.N.E. of Boisee City. Lat. about 43° 50' N., Ion. 
 115° W. It is the largest town in the territory, and owes 
 its rapid growth to its rich placer mines of gold. Gold and 
 silver are also found in quartz ledges near this place. It 
 contained in 1S64, 36 dry-goods and general store>, 4 drug 
 8t*ires, 4 clothing stores, 2 lumber yards, 4 breweries, 3 
 cabiuet shops, &c. One newsi)aper is published here. The 
 adjacent country is hilly, ami partly covered wiih forests 
 of pine or other coniferous trees. The Directory of Idaho 
 Territory, 4c., for 1865, enumerates about S25 residents of 
 Idaho City. I'op. estimated at 4000. A great fire occurred 
 here about the 20th of May, 1865. It is stated that a the- 
 atre and all the hotels were consumed. 
 
 IDAVILLE, a post-village of White co., Indiana, on the 
 Toledo Logansport and Burlington Railroad, 14 miles W. 
 of Logansport. 
 
 IL'IOX, a post-village of Herkimer co.. New York, on the 
 S. side of the Mohawk River, ou the Central Railroad and 
 the Erie Canal, llj^ miles E. of I'tiea. It cont.iins 3 
 churches, 1 bank, 1 newspaper office, an armory which em- 
 ploys about SOO men, and a manufactury of agricultural 
 implements. Pop. in 1865, about 3000. 
 
 ILKUMEN, a post-office of Thurston co., Washington 
 Territory. 
 
 ILLINOIS RIVER, Oregon, a small stream which rises 
 in the S. part of Josephine Co., flows northwestward, and 
 enters Rogue River iu Curry county. 
 
 ILLIXOIiSTOWN, a post-village of Placer co., California, 
 near the X. Fork of the Aniericjin River, audou the Central 
 Pacific Rjiilroad, 18 miles X.E. of Auburn. Pop. about 300. 
 
 ILLIOPULIS, a township of Sangiunon co., Illinois, about 
 18 miles E. of Springfield. 
 
 ILLIOPOLIS STATIOX, a postoffice of Sangamon co., 
 Illinois, on the Great Western Railroad, 22 miles E. by N. 
 of Springfield. 
 
 ILLVRH. a post-township of Fayette co., Iowa, about 8 
 miles S.E. of \>est Union. I'op. 800. 
 
 IML.\.Y, a post-township of Lapeer co., Michigan, about 
 50 miles X'. of Detroit. Pop. 654. 
 
 IXDEPEXDEXCE, a village of Richland CO., Ohio, on the 
 Sandusky Mansfield and Newark Railroad, 20 miles S. by 
 E. of Mansfield. 
 
 IXDEPEXDEXCK, a township of Washington co., Ohio. 
 Pop. 1507. 
 
 INDEPEXDENCE, a village of Indiana, on the line be- 
 tween Gnuit and Madison counties, about 15 miles S.S.W. 
 of Marion. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 747. 
 
 IN I lEPENDENCE, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop.476. 
 
 I.VDEPENDENCE, a township of Hennepin co., Minne- 
 sota. I'op. 223. 
 
 INDEPEXDENCE. a post- village of Polk co., Oregon, 
 near the Willamette River, 10 miles SJl. of Dallas. It con- 
 tains 2 stores. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE, a mining village of Umatilla co., Ore- 
 gon, at the confluence of Granite Creek and Bull Run, about 
 104 miles S. by E from Umatilla City. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE FLAT, a village of Calaveras co., Cali- 
 fornui, about 30 miles N. by E. of t^onora. 
 
 INDIANA, a township of -Marion CO., Iowa, Pop. 910. 
 
 lNl'I.VNAPOLIS,a small post-villageof Miami co^Kansas. 
 
 1ND1.\.\ B.VR, a mining village of Plunuis co., California. 
 
 INDl.A^N CREEK, a township of Morgan co., Illinois 
 Pop. 17 WJ. ' 
 
 INLtlAX CREEK, a township of Mills co.,Iowa. Pop. 244. 
 
 IN 1»I.\N CRKEK, a township of Story co., Iowa. Pop. 676. 
 
 INDIAN DIGGINGS, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia, 2o miles S.S.E. of Placerville. It is one of the prin- 
 cipal mining villages of the county, and has several stores. 
 INDIAN FIELDS, a township of Tuscola co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 128. 
 
 INDIAN GUIXJII. a post-village of Mariposa co., Cali- 
 Totuhi, 25 wiles W. of Maripo»a. It has 2 or 3 stores. 
 2236 
 
 low 
 
 INDIANOXA, a post-village, capital of Warren co., Iowa, 
 situated 18 miles S. of Des Moines, and IJ-sJ miles N.of t: uth 
 River It contains 2 churches, 1 newspaper offlre, 1 l.irge 
 seminary (male and female), 2 public schools, 1 floiiriug- 
 mill, &c. The surrounding country is fertile and well tim- 
 bered. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 INDIANOLA, a post-village of Shawnfee co., Kansas, 
 about 4 miles N.W. of Topeka. 
 
 INDIAN POINT, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1195. 
 
 INDIAN SPRINGS, a post-village of Nevada co., Cali- 
 fornia, 10 miles S. of Nevada City. 
 
 INDIANTOWN, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1010. 
 
 INDIAN VILLAGE, a township of Tama co., Iowa, on 
 both sides of the Iowa River. Pop. 619. 
 
 INDIOLA, a village of Wright co., Minnesota, on Crow 
 River, about 46 miles W. of Anoka, and 15 miles below 
 Forest City. 
 
 INDUSTRIANA, a post-village of Hennepin co., Minne- 
 sota. It hiis a steam saw-mill. 
 
 INDUSTRY, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, about 22 miles below Wheeling. 
 
 INUUSIRY, a post-Village and township of McDonough 
 CO., Illinois, about 55 miles K.N.E. of Quincy. Pop. 1263. 
 
 INciERSOLL, a township of Midland co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 111. 
 INGHAM, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. 138. 
 INGLEFIELD, or INGLE, a railroad station in Vander- 
 burg CO., Indiana, 10 miles N. of Evansville. 
 
 INLAND, a post-township of Cedar Co., Iowa, about 24 
 miles N.W. of Davenport. Pop. 457. 
 
 INSKIP, a post-village of Butte co., California, 43 miles N. 
 of Oroville. It has 1 store. 
 
 INVER GROVE, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota, on 
 the Mississippi River. Pop. 536. 
 
 INVERNESS, a township of Shebo3'gan co., Michisran. 
 Pop. 292. 
 
 INWOOD, a post-village of Marshall co., Indiana, on the 
 Pittsburg FoFt Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 5 or 6 miles 
 E.S.E. of Plymouth. 
 
 lOKA, a post-ottice or village of Keokuk co., Iowa, about 
 17 miles N.W. of Fairfield. 
 lOLA, a post-office of Columbia CO., Pennsylvania. 
 IOL.\, or JOLA, a post-office of Marion co , Iowa, on Des 
 Moines River, 7 or 8 miles N.E. of Kuoxville. 
 
 IOL.\, a post-village and township of Waupaca co., Wis- 
 consin. The village is on the S. branch of Little Wolf River, 
 about 12 miles N. of Waupacii Falls. It has 1 flour-iuill, 2 
 saw-mills, and 2 stores. 'Total i>opulation, 465. 
 
 lO'LA, a post-village of .411eii to., Kansas, situated on the 
 the E. bank of Neosho River, 40 miles W. of Fort Scott 
 and 76 miles S. of Lawrence. It contains 1 church, 1 floui^ 
 ing-mill, 1 saw-mill, a chair factory, and several stores, 
 lola is on the route of tlie Leavenworth and Fort Gibson 
 Railroad (unfinished). It is stated that the county-seat hua 
 been removed to this place. Pop. about 550. 
 
 ION, a post-oflice of Allonuvkee CO., Iowa, about 10 miles 
 N.W. of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. 
 
 lONE, a post-village, capital of Nye co., Nevada. One 
 newspaper is publi.-<heil here. 
 
 lONE CITY, or lONE VALLEY, a post-village of Amador 
 CO., California, is sitated in a valley on Sutter Croek, 40 
 miles S.K. of Sacramento, and 11 miles W of Jackson. It 
 has 3 churches, 1 school, 6 stores, and 2 fiouring-mills. 
 Copper mines have been found here. The name of the post- 
 oflice is lone Valley. Pop. about 500. 
 
 IONIA, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois, about 11 miles 
 N.W. of Ualesburg. 
 
 IOSCO, a county in the E. part of Michigan, bordering on 
 Lake Huron, has an area of about 575 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Au Sable River, and also drained by the 
 Au Gres River. The surface is nearly level, and partly 
 covered by forests of pine. Capital, Tawas City. Pop. 175. 
 IOSCO, a post-village of Livingston co., Michigan, in Iosco 
 township, and on Red Cedar River, about 32 miles E.S.E. of 
 Lansing. 
 
 IOSCO, a village and townsliip of Waseca co., Minnesota, 
 about 20 miles K. of Mankato. Pop. 388. 
 
 IOWA, a township of Allomakee co., Iowa. Pop. 164. 
 IOWA, a (ownship of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 542. 
 IOWA, a township of Cedar co., Iowa. Pop. 877. 
 IOWA, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. SOT. 
 IOWA, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 463. 
 IOWA, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 1008. 
 IOWA, a township of Marshall co., Iowa. Pop. 10^6. 
 IOWA, a townsliip of Washington co.. Iowa. Pop. 837. 
 lOAVA CENTRE, a post-village of Story co., Iowa, about 
 7 miles S.S.E. of Nevada. Pop. about 300. 
 
 IOWA HILL, a post-village of Placer co., California, 28 
 miles N.E. of Auburn. It has productive gold mines, and 
 contains several stores. Pop. in 1864, about 500. 
 
 IOWA POINT, a post-village of Doniphan CO., Kansas, 
 situated on the Missouri River, 120 miles by water "•• 65 
 miles by land above Leavenworth, and 30 miles by Utiid 
 
IPA 
 
 JAC 
 
 N.W. of St. Joseph, Missouri. It is the largest village or 
 town in the county, and hus a good steamboat landing on a 
 rotk-liound shore. It contains a flne liotel built of stone 
 and brick, 1 or 2 churches, 1 large steam tlour-mill, 1 steam 
 saw-mill, 1 newspaper office, 4 drv-goods stores, 2 drug 
 stores, and 125 houses. It has a steam lerry-boat by which 
 a great number of emigrants cross the river. Pop. about 
 600; population of Iowa Point township in 18C0, 1686. 
 
 IPA VI A, or IPAVA, a post-village of Fulton Co., Illinois, 
 about 50 miles W.S.W. of Peoria. 
 
 IRON, a county towards the S.E. part of Missouri, has 
 an aiea estimated at 500 square miles. It is drained by Big 
 Creek, an affluent of the St. francois River, and by the 
 Middle Fork of the Black River. The surface is liilly and 
 mountainous. The remarkable Pilot Knob and Iron Moun- 
 tain are situated on its N.E. Ixjrder. Tlii.-* county abounds 
 in iron of excellent quality. It is stated that gold, platina, 
 nickel, lead, granite and marble are found here. It con- 
 tains large forests of oak, hickory, ash, walnut, pine, cedar, 
 &c. It is connected with St. Louis by the St. Louis and 
 Ii-on Mountain Railroad. Capital, Ironton. Pop. 68i2, of 
 whom 313 were slaves. 
 
 IRON BLUFF, a post-village of Sarj'y co., Nebraska, on 
 the Klkliorn River, about 22 niilus W. of BeUevue 
 
 IRONUALE, a post-village of Washington co., Missouri, 
 on the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 70 miles S. 
 by W. of St. Louis. 
 
 IRON IIILI,S, a [X)3t office of Jackson CO., low^a. 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN, a post-village of St. Francois co., Mis- 
 souri, on the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, >Sl 
 miles S. by W. of St. Louis, and 6 miles N. of Pilot Knob. 
 Here is a hill about 225 feet high containing iron. 
 
 IRON RIDGE, a post-village of Dodge eo., Wisconsin, on 
 the railroad which connects Milwaukee with Uoricon, 45 
 miles N.W. of the former, and 7 miles S.E. of Horicon. 
 
 IRONTON, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 IRONTON, a post-village, capital of Iron co., Missouri, on 
 the Iron Mountain Railroad, 00 miles S. by W of St. Louis, 
 ind about 2 miles S. of Pilot Knob. Here is a United 
 States Land Office. 
 
 IRONTON, a village of Ashland co., Wigconsin, on Lake 
 Superior, about 24 miles E. of Ashland. 
 
 IRONTON a township of Sauk co., Wisconsin, contains 
 the village of Ironto.n, which see. Iron ore is found in it. 
 Pop. 943. 
 
 IHONTON, a thriving post-village of Sauk co., Wisconsin, 
 situated about 22 miles W. by N. of Baraboo, and 20 miles 
 S. by W. of Mauston. It has sevenil stores, a grist-mill, 
 a saw-mill, a machine shop, and a large furnace for smelt- 
 ing iron ore. Pop. about 450. 
 
 IRONVILLE, a village of Beaver co., Utah, 8 miles W. of 
 Beaver. Here is an iron furniice. 
 
 IROQUOIS, a township of Newton co.. Indiana. Pop. 434. 
 
 IRVING, a new county in the S. central part of Kansas. 
 Area estimated at 700 square miles. It is drained by Wal- 
 nut Creek and other streams. The soil is generally fertile. 
 The census of 1800 furnishes no information respecting this 
 county. 
 
 IRVING, a village of Pendleton co., Kentucky, on the 
 Kentucky Central Railroad, 33 miles S. by E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 IRVING, a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, on 
 the St, Louis Alton and Terre Haute RailrofwJ, about 60 
 miles E.N.E. of Alton. 
 
 IRVING, a township of Jackson co., Wisconsin, on the 
 W. side of Black River. Pop. 4139. 
 
 IRVING, a small village, capital of Monongalia co.. Min- 
 nesota, on the E. shore of Green Lake, and on or near Crow 
 River, about 21 miles W. by N. of Forest City. 
 
 IRVING, a township of Brown co., Kansas. Pop. 657. 
 
 IRVING, a post-village of Marshall CO., Kaunas. It has 
 • steam Baw-tuill and several stores. 
 
 IRVINGTON, a post-village of Essex co., New Jersey, 
 about 14 miles W. of New York City. 
 
 IRVINGTON, a p<ist-office of Washington Co., Illinois, OB 
 the Central Railroad, 5 miles S. of Centralia. 
 
 IRVINGTON, a post-village of Kossuth co.. Iowa, on the 
 East Fork of the Des Moines River, about 6 miles below 
 Algona. 
 
 IRWIN, a post-village of Union co., Ohio, about 30 miles 
 W.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 ISABEL, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa, about 48 miles 
 N. of Muscatine. 
 
 ISABEL, or ISABELLE, a township of Pierce co., Wis- 
 consin, on Lake Pepin. Pop. 92. 
 
 ISABELLA, a county in the central partot Michigan, has 
 an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Chip- 
 pewa River, and also drained by the Pine and Salt Rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level and mostly covered with ibrests 
 of pine, sugar-maple and other trees. The soil is produc- 
 tive. Pop. 1443. 
 
 ISABELLA, a post-village, capital of Worth co., Georgia, 
 situated about 20 miles E. of Albany. 
 
 ISABELLA, a township of Isabella co., Michigan, con- 
 tains or adjoins Isabella City. Pop. 994. 
 
 ISABKLLA, a iiost-village of Ozark co^ Missouri, about 
 64 mile.s S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 IS.\BELLA CITV, a post-village of Isabella co., Michigan, 
 on or near the Chippewa River, about 76 miles N.E. of 
 Grand Rapids, and 50 miles W. of Bay City. 
 
 IS.IlBELLE river, a small stream of Pierce co., Wis- 
 consin, flows southward and enters Liike Pepin. 
 
 ISANTI, or ISANTO, a county in the E. part of Minne- 
 sota, has an area of about 450 stiuaro miles. It is inteisected 
 by the St. Francis or Rum River, which flows southward. 
 The surface is somewhat diversified. Several kinds of de- 
 ciduous trees grow along the banks of Rum Miver. Capi- 
 tal, Cambridge. Pop. 284. 
 
 ISCHUA, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., New York, 
 about 7 miles N. of Olean. Pop. 986. 
 
 ISLAND, a small county in the N.W. part of Washington 
 Territory, consists of two islands named Canuino and 
 and Whidby. The latter is about 50 miles long and froii) 
 3 to 10 wide. It is bounded on the W. by the Strait of Juan 
 de Fuca and Admiralty Inlet, and on the E. by a narrow 
 channel which separates it from the mainland. The soil is 
 fertile. Capital, Ooupeville. Pop. 294. 
 
 ITASCA, a village of Anoka co., Minnesota, on the left 
 bank of the Mississippi River, and on the Minnesota and 
 Pacific Railroad, or 7 miles above Anoka. 
 
 ITHACA, a post-village, capital of Gratiot co., Michigan, 
 about 42 miles N. of Lansing, and 38 miles W. by S. of 
 Saginaw City. 
 
 ITHACA, a post-township of Richland co^ Wisconsin 
 about 4S miles W.N.W. of Madison. Pop. 952. 
 
 lU'KA, a post-village of Tishemingo co., Mississippi, on 
 the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 22 niilos E.S.E. of 
 Corinth. 
 
 IVOR, a post-village of Southampton co., Virginia, on the 
 Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, 36 miles S.E. of Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 IVY DEPOT, a post-otfice of Albemarle county, Vir- 
 ginia, on the Central Rjiilroad, 7 miles W. of Charlottes- 
 ville. 
 
 IXONIA, a post-township of Jefferson co., Wisconsin, on 
 both sides of Rock River, and a station on the Milwaukee 
 and St. Paul Railroad, 37 miles W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 
 1SU9. 
 
 IZARD, a new county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, has 
 an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Elk- 
 horn River, and also drained by Maple Creek. The surface 
 is undulating ; the soil is fertile. The census of 1860 fur- 
 nishes uo information respecting tliis county 
 
 J. 
 
 JACINTO, a post-village of Colusa co., California, on the 
 Sacramento River, 26 miles N. of Colusa. 
 
 JACK, a new county, in the N. part of Texas, has an area 
 of about 850 square miles. It is drained by the West Fork 
 of the Trinity River. Pop. 1000. 
 
 JACKSBORO', a post-village of Jack co., Texas, about 226 
 miles N. of Austin City. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the S.E. central part of Kentucky. 
 Area estimated at 426 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of Rock Castle River, which flow soutliwe.<tward, and 
 by an affluent of the Kentucky, flowing northward. The sur- 
 face is hilly. Capital, McKee. P. 3087, of whom 7 were slaves. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the W.part of Wisconsin, has an 
 area of about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by Black 
 River, aad also drained by the sources of the Trempealeau, 
 and by Hall's and Morrison's Creeks. The surface is di- 
 versified and e.xtensively covered with forests. The soil is 
 productive. A large quantity of lumber is exported from 
 this cci:niy. Capital, Black Ri-'or Falls. Pop. 4170. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the S.S.W. part of Minnesota, 
 bordering on Iowa, has an area of 7-0 square miles. It is 
 inter8e<;ted by the West Fork of the Des Moines River, and 
 also drained by the Chanyuska, an affluent of the Blue 
 Earth. It contains several lakes, the largest of which, 
 called Heron Lake, is about 10 miles long. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil is fertile. Capital Jackson. Pop. 181. 
 
 JACKSON, a county in the N.K. part of Kansas, has an 
 area of about 700 square miles. It is drained by Soldier, 
 Straight and Bill's Creeks. The Kansas River touches the 
 S.W part of the county. The surface is diversified ; the soil 
 is very productive. This county was at first called Calhoun. 
 Capital, Ilolton. Pop. 1936. 
 
 JACKSON, a comity in the S.S.W. part of Oregon, border- 
 ing on California. Area estimated at 3000 square niiles. It 
 is drained by Rogue River (which rises in the N.E. part) 
 and by numerous creeks, among which are Antelope and 
 Big Butte Creeks. The E. jioiti<m of the county is moun 
 taiuous, forming part of the W. slope of the Casc;ide Range. 
 
 2237 
 
JAC 
 
 JEP 
 
 Jfo int Pitt, a peak of this rantre, abotjt 11,000 feet high, is 
 111 «liis county. The valley nt Rogue Kivor is very fertile, 
 proJucing various kinds of Rrain and fruits. Iron ore is 
 ]il»vufliint in this county, which iilso contains placiT and 
 •lOditz gold mines, and bituminous coal. Capital, Jat-ksou- 
 vill*. Pop 3736. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village of Camden co., New Jersey, on 
 tlie Raritan and Delaware IJay Railroad, about 1 mile E. of 
 its junction with the Camden and Atlantic Kailroad, and 
 20 miles S.K. of Camden. Here is a manufactory of win- 
 dow glass, 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Ocean co., New Jersey. Pop. 
 1606. , „ 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 814, 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Snyder co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 709. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1421. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 802. 
 
 JACKSON, a village of Malioning co^ Ohio, about 37 
 miles E. of Akron. 
 
 J ACKSON, a township of Monroe co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River. Pop. 1477. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 93. 
 
 JACKSDN, a township of Boone co., Indiana. Pop. 1624. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Decatur co., Indi.-uia. Pop. 1650. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Harrison co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1362. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1718. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 738. 
 
 JACKSON, a village of Tipton co., Indiana, on a railroad 
 about 4 miles N.N.W. of Tipton. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Newton co., Indiana. Pop. 412. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Spencer CO.. Indiana. Pop. 805. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Stark co„ Indiana. Pop. 84. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of White co., Indiana. Pop. 1104. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Benton CO., Iowa. Pop. 485. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 207. 
 
 J-4.CKS0N, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. I'op. 672. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Butler Co., Iowa. Pop. 78. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 391. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Des Moines CO., Iowa. Pop. 123. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 557. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Hai-din CO., Iowa. Pop. 346. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 149. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Henry co., Iowb. Pop. 1081. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 762. 
 
 J.VCKSON, a township of Jones co., Iowti. Pop. 551. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Keokuk Co., Iowa. Pop. 1170. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Lee co., Iowa. Pop. 1276. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Linn Co., lowiu Pop. 667. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 243. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 319. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 414. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 626. 
 
 JACKSON, a townsliip of Sac co., Iowa. Pop. 151. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 231. 
 
 J.\CKSON, a townr^hip of Van Buren co., Iowa. Pop 1170. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Wsirren co., Iowa. Pop. 19S. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Washington co., Iowa. i'op. 645. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in the S.B. part of Adams co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 528. 
 
 JACKSON, a township in the N.W. part of La Crosse co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 788. 
 
 JACKSON, a small village of Monroe co., Wisconsin, 15 
 miles E. of Sparta. 
 
 JACKSON, a small village, capital of Jackson co.. Minne- 
 sotii, on the West Fork of the Des Moines River, about 70 
 miles S.W, of Mankato. 
 
 JACKSON, a post-office of Linn co., Kansas. 
 
 JACKSON, a village of Sierra co., Calitbrnia, about 33 
 miles E.N.E., of Nevada. 
 
 JACKSON, a township of Anderson co., Kansas. Pen. 
 304. ^ 
 
 JACKSON, a post-village, capital of Amador co., Califor- 
 nia, on Jackson Creek, about oO miles S.E. of Sacramento. 
 It contains a substantial court-house and jail, built of stone 
 and brick ; 1 church, 1 public school, and numerous stores. 
 Two newspapers are published here. The houses in the 
 business part of the village are mostly built of brick. The 
 surrounding country is rich in auriferous quartz. Pod. in 
 lb.65 about 1400. ^ 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Cherokee co., Texas 
 about 16 miles N.N.W. of Rusk. 
 
 J ACKSO.WILLK, a post-villageof Randolph CO., Missouri 
 on the North Missouri Itailro-ad, 11 miles S of Macon Citv 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-villasre of Wabasha co., Minne- 
 •ota, about 15 miles W. by S. of Wabasha. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Tuolumno co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Tuolumne River, 12 miles S.W. of Sonora. 
 Pop about 200. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, a precinct or township of Jackson co., 
 Oregon, contains Jacksonville, the county-seat. Pop. 892. 
 
 JACKS0NV1J>LE, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., 
 Oregon, is situated in the valley of Rogue River, on the 
 stage road from Sacramento to Portland, 240 miles S. o* 
 Salem, and 60 miles N. by W. of Yrcka, Calilomia. It con 
 tains a court-house, 2 churches, 1 banking office, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and about 12 stores. Gold is fonud in the 
 vicinity. Pop. in 1864, about 500. 
 
 J.\COBSVIIJjE, a post-village of Lander co., Nevada, on 
 the overland mail-route, near Reese River, and about 6 miles 
 W. of Austin. It has 2 stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 JAL.\PA, a post-office of Lander co., Nebraska. 
 
 JAMES', a village of Colusa co., California, 65 miles N.W. 
 of Colusa. Pop. about 150. 
 
 JAMESBURG, a village of Berkeley co., West Virginia, 
 about 18 miles N. of Winchester. 
 
 JAMES RIVER, Dakota. See Dakota River. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, about 40 
 miles N.E. of Marietta. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-township of Ottawa co., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 517. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 
 587. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a village of Andrew co., Missouri, on a 
 railroad 5 or 6 miles N. of St. Joseph. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a township forming the N.E. part of Blue 
 Earth co., Minnesota. Pop. 230. 
 
 JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Tuolumne co., California, 
 5 miles S W. of Sonora. It is one of the principal mining 
 villages in the county. Pop. in 1865, about 500. 
 
 JAMISON CITY, a post-village of Plumas co.. California, 
 on the Middle Fork of Feather River, about 50 miles N.N.E. 
 of Nevada City. It is supported by gold mines, and has 
 several stores. 
 
 JANESVILLE, or JAYNESVILLE, a post-village of 
 Bremer co., Iowa, on Cedar River, al>out 5 miles S. of 
 Waverly. 
 
 JANESVILLE, a village of Todd co., Minnesota, on the W. 
 bank of the Mississippi River, about 35 miles above St. Cloud. 
 
 JANESVILLE, a post-village in Jane.sville townsliip, 
 Waseca CO., Minnesota, on an affluent of the Blue Earth 
 River, about 14 miles E. by S. of Manitato. Pop. of the 
 township, 260. 
 
 JANESVILLE, a village of Lassen co., California, in 
 Honey Lake Valley. 
 
 JANESVILLE, a post-village of Shasta co., California, 20 
 miles S. by W. of Shasta. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the central part of Iowa, has an 
 area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by the Skunk 
 River and the North Fork of the same, and also drained by 
 Indian Creek. The surface is somewhat diversified; the 
 soil is very fertile. Grain and stock are the staple produr- 
 tions. The prairies of this county are probably more es- 
 tensive tlian the Woodlands. It contains an abundance of 
 stone coal. It is traversed by the Mississippi and Missoui' 
 Railroad. Capital, Newton. Pop. 9883. 
 
 JASPER, a county in the W.S.AV. part of Missoim, bor 
 dering on Kansas. [See page 932.] About two-thirds of tlio 
 surface is undulating prairie, and one-third woodland. The 
 Soil of the prairies is fertile. The southern part rests on 
 mountain limestone, in which extensive deposits of lead 
 and zinc are found. 
 
 JASPER, a post-village, capital of Pickens co., Georgia, 
 situated about f)5 miles N. of Atlanta. 
 
 JASPER, a township of Fayette CO., Ohio. Pop. 1761. 
 
 J.'^SPER, a township of Jasper CO., Illinois. Pop. 1453. 
 
 J.\Sl*ER, a post-village and townsliip of Jasper co., Mis- 
 souri, about 55 miles W. by S. of Springfield. Pop. 824. 
 
 JASPER, a township of Adams co., Iowa. Pop. 209. 
 
 JASPER, a township of Carroll co.. Iowa. Pop. 143. 
 
 JAY HAWK, a post-village of El Dorado co., California, 
 12 miles W. of Placerville. It has several stores. 
 
 JEDDO, a post-vil lage of Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, about 
 82 miles S. of Wilkesbarre. 
 
 JEDDO CITY, a post-office of Harrison co., Iowa, about 
 10 miles E.S.E. of Magnolia. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the N.E. part of Kansas, has 
 an area of about 52ti square miles. It is bounded on the 
 8. by the Kansas River, and intersected by Grasshopper 
 Creek. The surface is undulating ; the soil is very fertile. 
 The staple products are cattle and other stock. The county 
 is liberally sujiplied with timber and limestone. Coal has 
 been found in several parts of it. The Union Pacific Rail- 
 road passes along the S. border of this county. Capital, 
 Oskaloosa. Pop. 4459. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a new county in the S. part of Nebraska, 
 bordering on Kansas, has an area of about 550 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Little Blue River. Tlie soil is fertile. 
 The census of 1860 furnishes no information respecting this 
 county. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a county in the central part of Colorado, 
 has an area estimated at 800 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.E. by the South Platte River and also drained by 
 Bear and Clear Creeks. The surlace is hilly or mouu tainotu. 
 
JEP 
 
 The princfpfil resources of this connty are gold mines. It 
 contains Golden City, which is tlie capitul of Colorado. 
 
 .TKKFERSON, a county in the N.W. piirt of Washington 
 Territory, bordering on the Pacific Ocean. Area estimated 
 at 16IM) square miles. It is lx)uniled on the E. l>y Admiralty 
 Inlet and Hood's Canal. The surface is mountainous, the 
 countv being traversed by the Coast Uringe or Olympic 
 Mountains. The soil of the valley is fertile. Capital, Port 
 Townseiid. Pop. 631. 
 
 JEKFKRSON, a township of Berlvs co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1122. 
 
 JKKl'ERSON, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. U.^7. 
 
 JEFKERSOX, a township of "Washington co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 984. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-villnge of Jefferson pariiih, I^ouisiana, 
 on the left bank of the Mississippi River, about 1 mile above 
 New Orleans, of which it may be regarded as a suburb. 
 Pop. in 1S'.0, .0107. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Brown Co., Ohio. Pop. 1311. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Greene Co.. Ohio. Pop. 1278. 
 
 JEFFiCRSON, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, about 20 
 miles W. bv N. of Steubenville. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a village of Madison co., Ohio, on the Co- 
 lumbus and Xenia Railroad, 14 miles W. of Columbus. The 
 name of the post-office is West Jefferson. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Noble CO., Ohio. Pop. 1.397. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a village of Licking co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 Canal, about 18 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-township of Hillsdale co., Michigan, 
 on the Southern Railroiwl, 2.t miles W. of .Adrian, contains 
 Uie village of Osseo. Pop. 1452. 
 
 JEFFER.SON, a village of Jackson co., Michigan, on the 
 Itaisin River and Clark's Lake, about 12 miles S.S.E. of 
 /ackson. It has 1 or 2 mills. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1061. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Boone co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1831. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-village of Clinton co., Indiana, about 
 20 miles E S.E. of L-afayette. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1021. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Newton co., Indiana. Pop. 
 S04. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 
 192. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1319. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Washington co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 13i)e. 
 
 JEFFKRSON, a township of Whitley co., Indiana. Pop. 
 871. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago aud Northwestern Railroad, 9 miles N.W. of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a village of Jefferson CO., Missouri, and a 
 station on the St. lx)uis and Iron Mountain Railroad, and 
 on the Mississippi River, 18 miles S. of St. Louis. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Adair CO., Iowa. Pop. 94. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of AUomakee CO., Iowa. Pop. 
 1018. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Bremer CO., Iowa. Pop. .508. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 
 714. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 241. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Clayton CO., Iowa. Pop. 
 13S6. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-township of Dubuque co., Iowa, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 10 miles N.W. of Dubuque. 
 Pop. 1414. 
 
 JE FFERSON, a township of Favette co., Iowa. Pop. 357. 
 
 JEFFERSON, or NEW JEFFERSON, a post-village, ca- 
 pital of Greene co., Iowa, on or near Racoon River, about 55 
 miles N.W. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches, 4 stores, and 
 about 30 houses. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 
 349. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Henry CO., Iowa. Pop. 1395. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Johnson CO., Iowa. Pop. 703. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a townsliip of Lee CO., Iowa. Pop. 904. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Ijouisa co., Iowa. Pop. 635. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of M.idison Co., Iowa. Pop. 160. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Mahaska co., Lnva. Pop. 599. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a townsliip of Marshall co., Iowa. Pop. 320. 
 
 JEFFER!»ON, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 553. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 
 863. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 419. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Warren CO., Iowa. Pop. 562. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 427. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township In the'S. part of Green co.,Wis- 
 consin, contains the village of Juda. Pop. 1466. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a townshi]! of Monroe co., Wisconsin, about 
 18 miles E. of La Crosse. Pop. 339. 
 
 JiOH 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Vernon co., Wisconsin, about 
 4 miles W. by N. of Viroqua. Pop. 025. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Houston co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 112. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a jwst-township of Winona co., Minnesota, 
 about 12 miles W. of Winona. Pop. 189. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Jackson co., Kansas. Pop. 
 760. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a township of Jefferson co., Kansas. Pop. 
 839. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a village of Nevada co., California, on th« 
 South Yuba River, about 24 miles E.N.E. of Nevada. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, is 
 pleiisantly situated on the Santiam River, 16 miles S. of 
 Siilein. It has 1 church, an academy, a large flouring-mill. 
 2 saw-mills, 3 stores, &c. Pop. about 200. 
 
 JEFFERSON, a village of Park co., Colorado, situated 
 about 70 miles S.W. of Denver. 
 
 JEFFERSON FORK, of the Missouri River, rises in Mon- 
 tana Territory near its S.W. extremity, flows northeast- 
 ward and unites with the Gallatin F'ork at Gallatin City. 
 Its length is estimated at above 250 miles. 
 
 JEFFERSONVILLE, a village of Tuolumne co., Califor- 
 nia, 3 miles W. of Sonora. Pop. about 200. 
 
 J KFTON, a township of Fayette co., Illinois. Pop. 699. 
 
 JENKINS, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1581. 
 
 JENKINS, a township of 5f itchell co., Iowa. Pop. 226. 
 
 JENNINGS, a station on the North Missouri Railroad in 
 St. Louis CO.. Missouri, 6 miles N.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 JENNINGS VILLE, a post-oflice of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. • 
 
 JENNY, a post-village and township of Marathon co., 
 Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River, about 18 miles N. of 
 Wausau. Pop. 168. 
 
 JENNY LIND, a post-village of Calaveras co., California, 
 24 miles S.W. of Mokelumne Hill. It has several stores. 
 Many of the residents are Chinese. 
 
 JENNYOPOLIS, a post-village of Benton co., Oregon, 
 about 11 miles S. of Corvallis. 
 
 JERICHO, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, about 12 
 miles W. by S. of Aurora. 
 
 JEROME, a township of Midland co., Michigan. Pop. 
 114. 
 
 JEROME, a post-oflSce of Appanoose co., Iowa, about 42 
 miles S.W. of Ottumwa. 
 
 JERSEYTOWN. a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 12 miles N. of Danville. 
 
 JES8EN LAND, a township of Sibley co., Minnesota, im- 
 mediately N. of Henderson. Pop. 5.55. 
 
 JESSUP, a post-village of Buchanan co., Iowa., on the 
 Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad, 22 miles E.S.E. of Cedar 
 Falls. 
 
 JESUS MARI.4^, Hay^-soos' mS-ree'J, a mining-village of 
 Calaveras co., California, about 6 miles S.S.E. of Mokelumne 
 Bill. 
 
 JETERSVILLE. a post-village of Amelia co., Virginia, on 
 the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 43 miles W.S.W. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 JO DAVIS, a township of Faribault CO., Minnesota. Pop. 44. 
 
 JOHN DAY CITY, a mining-village of Umatilla co., Ore- 
 gon, on John Day River, l]/^ mile from CaRon City. 
 
 JOHN DAY RIVER, Oregon, rises in the Blue Mountains, 
 Umatilla county. It flows first westward, and then nearly 
 northward through Wasco co., and enters the Columbia 
 River about 50 miles above the Dalles. 
 
 JOHNSON, a county in the E. Central part of Georgia, 
 has an area estimated at 260 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Oconee River, and also drained by the 
 Great Ohoopee. The surface is undulating. Pop. 2919. 
 
 JOHNSON, a new county in the N.E. central part of 
 Texas. Area estimated at 850 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Brazos River, and also drained by Noland's 
 Creek. Capital, Buchanan, or Wardville. Pop. 4305. 
 
 JOHNSON, a county in the E. part of Kansas, bordering 
 on Missouri, has an area of about 500 sq\i,are miles. It is 
 bounded on the N.W. by the Kansas River, and also drained 
 by the Blue River and Cedar Creek. The soil is deep and 
 very fertile. It is stated that timber and limestone ate 
 abundant in this county. It cont.-iins prairies of moderate 
 extent. Capital, Olathe. Pop. 4364. 
 
 JOHNSON, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, has an 
 area of about 375 square miles. It is intersected by the iJig 
 Nemaha River, and also drained by the S. Fork of the Little 
 Nemaha. -The county contains extensive fertile prairies, 
 and has good timber distributed aling the streams. Coal 
 and limestone are abundant in this coiinty. It is liberally 
 supplied witii water-power by the Nemaha River. Capital, 
 Tecumseh. Pop. 52S. 
 
 JOHNSON, a post-office of Barnwell District, South Caro- 
 lina, and a station on the South Carolina Railroad, 22 miles 
 E. of Augusta. 
 
 JOHNSON, a township of Knox co.. Indiana. Pop. 1035. 
 
 JOHNSON, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa, 14 or 16 milt* 
 £. of Auauiusa. 
 
 2239 
 
JOH 
 
 .rOHXSON'S PASS. California, a pass through the Sierra 
 Nevada, in the E. part of El Dorado county. 
 
 JOHNSON'S R.4NCH, a post-village of Sutter CO., Cali- 
 fornia, 17 miles S.E. of Marjsville. It has 2 stores. 
 
 JOHXSOXVILLK, a village of Tennessee, on the Nash- 
 ville and Northwestern Kailroad, 78 miles from Nashville. 
 
 JOUNSONVILLE, a thriving village of Lassen co., Cali- 
 fornia, in Honev Lake Valley. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a village of Hardin co., Ohio, on the 
 Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chicago llijilroad, 16 miles E. 
 of Lima. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a post-township of Cumberland co.,Illinols. 
 about 12 miles S.S E. of Mattoon. Pop. 635. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a po3^town8hip of Appanoose co^ Iowa, 
 about 70 n)iles S.S.E. of Des Moines. Pop. 698. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN, a vilhige of Sibley co., Minnesota, near 
 the left bank of the Minnesota River, about 15 miles N.E. 
 of Henderson. 
 
 JOHNSVILLE. a postrvillage of Montgomery co., Ohio, 
 about 14 miles W. of Davton. 
 
 JOIINTOWN, a village of El Dorado co., California, about 
 10 miles N. of Placerville. 
 
 JOLIET, a village of H.amilton co., Indiana, about 22 
 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 JOLIET, Indiana. See Juukt. 
 
 JONES, a new county in the N. central part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 1200 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Clear Fork of the Brazos Kiver. The census of 1860 fur- 
 bishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 JONES, a new county in the S. part of Nebraskit, border- 
 ing on Kansas, has an area of 576 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Little Blue River. The soil is feiitile. Pop. 
 122. 
 
 JONES, a post-oiflce of Vermilion co,, Indiana, about 22 
 miles N. by W. of Terre Haute, 
 
 JONESBUKG, a village and station on the North Mis- 
 souri Railroad, 67 miles W,N,W, of St. Louis. 
 
 JONESTOWN, a village of Meeker co., Minnesota, about 
 15 miles S.W, of Forest City. 
 
 JONESVILLE, a post-village of Bartholomew co,, Indi- 
 ana, on the Jeffersouville Railroad, 10 miles S. of Co- 
 lumbus, 
 
 JOPPA, a post-village of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, 25 
 miles S. by E. of Boston. 
 
 JORDAN, a township of Lycoming co^ Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 502. 
 
 JORDAN, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 960, 
 
 JORDAN, a township of Ja-sper co., Indiana. Pop. 410. 
 
 J0RD.4N, a township of Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 778. 
 
 JORDAN, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois. 
 
 JORDAN, a post-township of Green co., Wiacousin, about 
 6 miles W. of Monroe. Pop. 869. 
 
 KAN 
 
 J0RD.4N, a village of PortJige co., Wisconsin, on Plover 
 River. 8 or 9 miles N.N.E. of Stanton. 
 
 JORDAN, a village and township of Fillmore co., Miiine- 
 sofci. about 21 miU« S.S.E. of Rocliester. Pop. 636. 
 
 JORDAN CREEK, Montana, flows through Owyhee co., 
 in a southwest direction, and is a tributary of the Owyhee 
 River. Gold is found along its banks. 
 
 JOSEPHINE, a county in the S.W. part of Oregon, border- 
 ing on California, has an area of about 1360 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Rogue River, and also drained by the 
 Illinois River. The surface is mostly occupietl by mounr 
 tains and deep ravines. The soil of Rogue River Valley is 
 productive. It is stated that gold, copper and iron arfl 
 abundant in this county. Capital, Kerbyville. Pop. 1623. 
 
 J CAB, or YUAB, a county in the S. central psirt of Utah, 
 has an area of aliout 950 square miles. It is drained by 
 Sevier River.' The surface is mountainous; the soil ia 
 mostly unproductive. Mount Nebo rise« to the height of 
 about 12,000 feet in the N.E. part of the county. Capital, 
 Nephi. Pop. 672. 
 
 JUDSON, a post-village in Judson township. Blue Earth 
 CO., Minnesota, on the right bank of the Minnesota River, 
 about 11 miles W, of Mankato. Pop. of the township, 234. 
 
 JULESBURG, a village of Weld Co., Colorado, on the 
 South Fork of Platte River, about 150 miles in a direct liue 
 E.N.E. of Denver, 
 
 JULIET, or JOLIET, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Louisville, New .\lbauy and Chicigo Railroad, 
 65 miles N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 JUNCTION CITY, a post.village, capital of Da'vis co., 
 Kan8a£,situated on the left (N.) bank of the Kansas River.near 
 the mouth of the Republican, about 65 miles W. of Topeka. 
 It is a place of active business, and contains 1 newspaper 
 office, a United States Land Office, and a number of stores. 
 It is about 4 miles S.W. of Fort Riley. 
 
 JUNCTION CITY, a post-village of Trinity co., California, 
 on or near the Trinity River, 9 miles W. of Wesiverville. It 
 has 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 JUNEAU, a county in the central part of Wisconsin, 
 has an area of about SOO square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the Wisconsin River, intersected by the Lemon- 
 weir, and also drained by the Yellow and Baraboo Rivers. 
 The surface is undulating; the si>il is very productive. 
 The county is liberally supplied with water-power and tim- 
 ber. Among the forest trees is the sugar-maple. It is tra- 
 versed by the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad. Capital, 
 Mauston. Pop. 8770. 
 
 JUNIATA, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 4.'>5. 
 
 JUNIATA, a township of Tuscola co., Michigan, on the 
 Cass River. Pop. 644. 
 
 JUNIATA, a post-village of Pottawattomie co., Kansas, 
 on the Big Blue River, about 7 miles N.N.W. of Manhattan. 
 
 K. 
 
 KALMAR, a post-township of Olmstead co., Minnesota, 
 alx)ut 6 miles W. by N. of Rochester. Pop. 691. 
 
 KALM.A.R, a post-village of Olmstead co., Minnesota, on 
 a branch or affluent of the Zumbro River, about 10 miles 
 W.N.M'. of Rochester. 
 
 KANABEC, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of about 525 square miles. It is intersected by Snake 
 River, and drained by Fishing mid other creeks. The sur- 
 face is uneven and partly covered by forests of pine. Capi- 
 tal, Brunswick. Pop. 30. 
 
 K.\NAKA B.A.R, a mining camp of Butte co., California, 
 on the Middle Fork of Feather River, about 22 miles N.E. 
 of Oroville. 
 
 KANAWHA, a post-village of Wood co.. West Virginia, 
 on the Northwestern Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of Parkersburg. 
 
 K.\NDIYOHI, a county in the central part of MinuesoUt, 
 has an area of 432 squ.are miles. It contains numerous 
 small lakes, one of which is named Kandiyohi. The sur- 
 face is undulating or nearly level ; the soil" is productive. 
 Pop. 76. 
 
 KANDOTT.\, a post-village of Steams co., Jlinnesota, on 
 Sauk River, about 50 miles WJf.W. of St. Cloud. 
 
 K.4.NE, a station of McKean co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, 95 miles E.S.E. of Brie. 
 
 KANE, a post-village and township of Greene co, Illi- 
 nois, about 75 miles S.W. of Springfield. Pop. 1166. 
 
 KANE, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 112. 
 
 KANE, a township of Pottawattomie co., Iowa. Pop. 862. 
 
 5 "^S J^,i^.^^^ * township of Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 76. 
 
 KANO'SHA, or KENOSHA, a post-vilhme of Ca.ss co., 
 I(ebra8k:^ on the Missouri River, alK)ut 30 miles above Ne- 
 braska City. It has a good steamboat landing and a ferry 
 It contains 1 store. Good limestone is abundant here. Pon 
 about 100. *^' 
 
 KAN.SAS [continued from page 9551. 
 
 mucntum—Esi,ei:iia attention has been paid to this sub- 
 ject. In 1^ there were 814 school dislricu, with 37,582 
 
 children ; of these 22.429 attended thepublic schools. There 
 were 731 teachere employed. There are 33 select schools, 
 with 50 teachers, and 1786 students; four colleges, with six- 
 teen professors, and 451 students ; and the state agiicultw- 
 ral college, with 4 professoi-s, and 107 students. The endow- 
 ments are very liberal. The agricultural college has an en- 
 dowment of 90,000 acres of land. Ijesides a fine building, and 
 100 acres of land adjoining, in the town of Manhattan, where 
 the college is located The state university has 46,0(X) acres 
 of land as an endowment, besides 40 acres in Lawrence as a 
 site for building, and $15,000 in cash deposited with the state 
 treasurer. The state normal school has an endowment of 
 3!i,380 acres of salt lands, and a site of 20 acres in Eaiporia. 
 Sections 16 and 36 in every township of public lands have been 
 donated to the state for school purposes. This gives l-18th 
 of the stiite for educational j)ui7>oses. Besides this, 
 495,552 and 21-100 acres liave been confirmed to the state for 
 school purposes. 
 
 Papers and Periodical!. — There are 8 daily, 4tri-weekly, 
 and 28 weekly pajiers published in the state ; also 4 monthly 
 I>eriodicals. 1 educational, 1 agricultural and 2 religious. 
 
 HUUrry. — Kansas formed port of the great Louisiiina pur- 
 chase acquired from France in 1803, and was subsequently in- 
 cluded in the Missouri.Arkansas and Indian Territories. fVom 
 which last it wiu-,in May,1854,erected into a sejiarate territory, 
 after a stormy debate in the national Congress, as to wliethci 
 the ^lissouri Compromise (an act jiasscd in 1820, forbidding 
 slaverj- N. of 36° 30' N. lat.) should be repealed. The rejieal 
 was carried by a largo majority in the Senate, and a decided 
 onein the House. Inime<iiately thereafter emigration poured 
 rapidly in from the North and South.the one determineil to ex- 
 clude, the other to introduce slavery. The first struggle was 
 in the election of members of the first legislature. 'J he pro- 
 slavery party seized the polls by force ; Missourians. in largo 
 bodies, openly came over and voted. The Legislature, thus 
 frandulently and forcibly electetl, passed a " lilack n-n^" " 
 Backed by the influence of the iiatiunal adiuicistraUoD, and 
 
KAN" 
 
 KEW 
 
 assisted by the "Border Ruffians" of Missonrl. the pro-sla- 
 very party attenuated to drive o>it the free-state men. Tlie 
 latter resisted, and a bitter stnijrglo ensued, culminating in 
 actual war. Ossawattomie, Black Jack, and other places be- 
 came battle-fields ; Lawrence was sacked and btirued ; the 
 free-state men finally triumplied. The constitution under 
 which Kansas was admitted into the Union, the 4th in her his- 
 tory, prohibited slavery. Since her ailmission our great civil 
 war has given shape and chiiracter to her history; she has 
 led the radical sentiment of the country ; she has furnished 
 V! white, 2 colored and 2 Indian regiments to the army of 
 the Union ; she raised the first company of negro soMiers, 
 and gave tlie first negro officer to the army. Lying on the 
 borders of Missotiri, she has sutTered from several guerilla 
 /aids, in one of which Lawrence was burned, and 14H persons 
 butchered in cold blood ; her motto, " Ad astra per aspera," 
 has been well illustrated in her history. Her iieopio are 
 flioroughly loyal and intensely radical ; notwithstandingthe 
 drain ol the war, her growth has been steady and rapid. 
 
 KANSAS, a post-township of Kdgar co., Illinois, and a 
 station on the St. Louis Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, 1-t 
 miles W. I)y S. of Paris. Pop. 1231. 
 
 KANSASVILLE, a post-offlco of Racine co., Wisconsin, 
 and a station on the Kacino and Mississippi Railroad, 18 
 miles W. of Racine. 
 
 KANWA'KA, a post-village and township of Douglas co., 
 Kansas, aliout 7 miles W. of Lawrence. I'op. 6":!. 
 
 KAPIOMA, or KAPPAOMA, a village or township of 
 Atchison co., Kansas, about 25 miles W. by S. of Atchison. 
 Pop. 236. 
 
 KAPPA, a post-village of 'Woodford co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 14 miles N. of Blooniingtcn. 
 
 KARNES, a new county in the S. p.art of Texas, has an 
 area of about 8.50 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 San Antonio River, and also drained bj* the Cibolo. The 
 surface is somewhat diversified ; the soil Is sandy. Capital, 
 Helena. Pop. 2171. 
 
 K ASK ASKIA, a township of Fayette co., Illinois. Pop. 690. 
 
 KASOTA. a post-township of Le Sueur co., Jlinnesota, on 
 the Minnesota River, oppo-ite St. Peter. Pop. 4t)0. 
 
 KASOTA, a post-village of Le Sueur co., Minnesota, on 
 the right (S.E.) bank of the Minne.sota River, about 9 miles 
 N. of Mank.ato, and 2 miles S. of St. Peter. 
 
 KASSOX, a post-office of McKean co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KASSO>f. a post-offlce of Madison co., Iowa, about 42 
 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 KATEVILLK, a village of Sacramento co., California, 
 about 25 miles E.S.E. of Sacramento. 
 
 KAW, a township of Jefferson CO., Kansas. Pop. 327. 
 
 KAW CITY, a post-oftice of Jefferson co., Kansas. 
 
 KAYSVILLE, a post-village of Davis co., Utah, 4 miles 
 N. of Karmington. 
 
 KEARXEY, a county in the S. part of Nebraska, border- 
 ing on Kansas. Area estimated at 22(K) sqiuire miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. by the Platte River, and intersected 
 by the Republican Fork of the Kansas River. A largo por- 
 tion of the county is prairie. Capital, Kearney City. Pop. 
 474. 
 
 KEARNEY CITY, a post-village, capital of Kearney co., 
 Nebraska, situated on the Platte River, and on the great 
 Overland Route, about 200 miles W. by S. of Omaha City, 
 and 2 miles W. of Fort Kearney. It has 2 hotels and 
 several stores. 
 
 KE.iRXEY CITY, a post-village of Otoe co., Nebraska, on 
 the Missom i River, about 1 mile below Nebraska City. 
 
 KEATING, a post-township of Clinton co , Pennsylvania, 
 on the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, 40 miles W.N.W. of 
 Lock Haven. Pop. 271. 
 
 KEELERSBURG. a post-village of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, im the N. branch of the Susquehanna, about 15 
 miles W.N.W. of Scranton. 
 
 KEENE, a township of Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 1150. 
 
 KEKX E. a village of Michig.an, on the line between Hills- 
 dale anil Lenawee counties, about 18 miles W. of Adrian. 
 
 KEEXVILLE, or KEENSVILLE, a small village of 
 Snyder co., Pennsj'lvania, on the Susquehanna River, 3 or 4 
 miles below Sunbury. 
 
 KEEZLETOWN, a post-village of Rockingham co., A'ir- 
 ginia, about 5 miles S.E. of Harrisonburg. 
 
 KEGOXSKA, a lake in Dane co , Wisconsin, sometimes 
 called First Lake. [See FooR Lakes, iiage 696.] 
 
 KEITH'S FURNACE, a station on the Old Colony and 
 Newport Railroad, in Plymouth co., Massachusetts, 24 miles 
 S. of Boston. 
 
 KEKOSIvEE. a post-village of Dodgo co., Wisconsin, 7 
 miles N.X.E. of Horicon. It has 1 grist-mill, 1 manufactory 
 of lookiufi-lasses, and several breweries. Pop. about 2U0. 
 
 KELLditG'S, a post-village of Douglas co., Oregon, 10 
 miles X.W. of Roseburg. 
 
 KELLOGSVILLE, a post-village of Kent co., Michigan, 
 ^bout S miles S. of Grand Rapids. It has 1 mill. 
 
 KELLY, a township of Warren co., Illinoig. Population, 
 1144. 
 
 KELL\"S FORD, Virginia, is on the Rappahannock River, 
 About 14 miles E. of Culpepper Court-Houae. 
 6Q 
 
 KELSET, a post-village and township of El Dorado co, 
 California, 7 miles N. of Placerville. Pop. 1319. 
 
 KELSO, a post-village and township of Dearborn co., In- 
 diana, about 14 miles X.N.W. of L.awrenceburg. Pop. 2lWl 
 
 KELSO, a village of Huntingdon co., Indiana, about 30 
 miles S.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 KELSO, a post-village of Scott CO., Missouri, about 9 
 miles S. of Cape Oirarcjeau. 
 
 KELSO, a post-township of Sibley co., Minnesota, abou! 
 7 miles W. by S. of Henderson. I'op. 240. 
 
 KEMPERSVILLE, a village of (izaukee co., Wisconsin, 
 on Lake Michigan, about 18 miles N. of Milwaukee. 
 
 KENDALL, a post-village of Clay Co., Mi.ssouri, about 11 
 nu'les X. by E. of Liberty, and 40 miles S.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 KEXDRICK, a iK>st-village and township of Greene co., 
 lowii. on Racoon River, about 65 miles W.N.W. of Des 
 .Moines. Pop. .377. 
 
 KEXNEBEC, a post-village and township of Manona co., 
 Iowa. The village is on the Little Siou.\ River, about 8 
 miles N.E. of Onowa City. Pop. 65. 
 
 KEN'NEKUK,or KINNEKUK. a post-village of Kansas, 
 on the line between Atchison and Brown co., about 24 
 miles W.N.W. of Atchison. 
 
 KKXNER, a post-village of Jefferson parish, Louisiana, 
 on or near the N. bank of the Mississippi, about 12 miles 
 Vi'. of New Orleans. 
 
 KENNONSBURO, a post-village of Noble co., Ohio, about 
 37 miles E. of Zanesville. 
 
 KKNOCKEE, a post-township of St. Clair co., Jticbigan, 
 on both sides of Mill Creek, about 14 miles W.N.W. of Port 
 Huron. Pop. 778. 
 
 KENOSHA. Nebraska. See K.vnosiia. 
 
 KENSINGTON, a village of Isanti CO., MinnesotJi, about 
 40 miles N. by E. of St. Paul. 
 
 KENT, formerly FRANKLIN MILLS, a post-village of 
 Portage, co., Ohio, on the Cuyahoga River, and on the At- 
 lantic and Great Western Railroad. 7 miles W. of Ravenna, 
 and 10 miles N.E. of Akron. It has a goo<l water-power, 
 anil contains various manufactories, and 4 or 5 churclies. 
 
 KENT, a post-village, capital of Newton co., Indi.ana, on 
 the Tfdedo Loganspurt and Burlington Railroad, 56 miles 
 W. of Logansport. The post-olfice is Kent Station. 
 
 KENT, a post-village of Newton co., Missouri, about 62 
 miles S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 KENTON, a post-village of Kent CO., Delaware, about 11 
 miles N.W. of Dover. 
 
 KENTUCKY, a township of Jefferson co.,Kansas. Pop. 588. 
 
 KENYON, a post-village of Jackson co., Arkansas, on the 
 Big Black River, about 28 miles E. by N. of Batesvillo. 
 
 KENYON, a post-village and township of Goodhue co., 
 Minnesota, about 14 miles E. by S. of Faribault. Poji. ISl. 
 
 KEOKUK, a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Poji. 4.SIV 
 
 KEOKUK, a village of Linn co., Kau.sas, about 55 miles 
 S. by E. of l^iwrence. 
 
 KERBYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Josephine co., 
 Oregon, on the Illinois River, about 250 miles S. by W. of 
 Salem, and 48 miles N.E. of Crescent City, California. It 
 has a court-house, 2 stores, and a large flouring-mill. The 
 adjacent county is mountainous, and contains gold mines. 
 Pop. about loo. 
 
 KERR, a new county in the S. central part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 1100 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Guadalupe River. Capital, Kerrsville(?) Pop. 634. 
 
 KERRSVILLE, a post-otKce of Cumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 KERRSVILLE, a post-village of Kerr co., Texas, on the 
 Guadalupe River, about 100 miles W. by S. of Austin City. 
 
 KESHENA, a post-township of Shawana co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 43. 
 
 KESWICK, or KESNICK, a post-village of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia, on the Central Railroad, 7 miles E. of Char- 
 lottesville. 
 
 KETCH.\M, a post-offlce of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 KETTLE RIVER, of Minnesota, rises in Carlton CO., and 
 flowing southward through Pine county enters the St. Croix 
 River. The region through which it passes is covered with 
 forests of pine. 
 
 KEWASKUM,apost-viHage and township of Wa.shington 
 CO., Wisconsin, 6 miles N. of West Bend. The village has 1 
 church, 4 stores, 1 mill and 15 houses. Total population, 
 1056. 
 
 KEWAUNEE, or KEWANEE, a post-village and town- 
 ship of Henry CO., Illinois, on the Chicago Burlington and 
 Quincy Railroad, 32 miles N.E. of Galesburg. Pop. 1461. 
 
 KEWAUNEE, a post-village, capital of Kewaunee co., 
 Wisconsin, situated on Lake Michigan at the mouth of a 
 river of the same name, about 27 miles E. of the city of 
 Green Bay. It contains a court-house, 2 churches, 5 stores, 
 3 hotels and 2 saw-mills. Pop. of Kewaunee township in 
 1860, 799. 
 
 KEWEEN.\W, a county of Michigan forming the N. ex- 
 tremity of the Upper Peninsula, has an area estimated at 
 330 square miles. It is a penins\ila surrounded by Lake 
 Superior on all sides except the S.W. The surface is hilly 
 or uneven. Sandstone underlies pai't of the county. The 
 
 2241 
 
KEY 
 
 KOK 
 
 iiibal ifuntj ire moBtlj engaged in mining copper, -vvhichis 
 abutUant h...re. Ciipital, Kagle River. The census of 1860 
 furiiislies no inforniati'm respecting this county. 
 
 KEYSVILLE, a post-village of Charlotte CO., Virginia, on 
 tlie Kichmond and Danville Railroad, 73 miles S.W. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 KKY3VILLE, a post-villago of Tulare co., California, 
 about 90 miles S.S.K. of Visalia. It has several stores. 
 
 KI.\NTO.\E, a small post-township of Chautauqua CO., 
 New Ycrk, i or 5 miles S.E. of Jamestown. Pop. 652. 
 
 KICKAPOO, a post-village and township of Vernon Co., 
 Wisconsin,. on Kickapoo River, about 12 miles S.E. of Vlro- 
 qua. Pop. 82.5. 
 
 KIDDVILLE, a post-village of Ionia co., Michigan, on 
 Flat River, about 6 miles S.E. of Greenville and 28 miles E. 
 N.E. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 KIKL, a small post-village of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Sheboygan River about 25 miles E..N.E. of Eond 
 du Lao. 
 
 KILBOXJRN, a post-village of Van Bnreu co., Iowa, on 
 the Des Moines Valley Railroad, about 48 miles N.W. of 
 Keokuk. 
 
 KILBOURN CITY, a thriving post-viUage of Columbia 
 CO., \\isconsin, on the left (E.) bank of tlip Wisconsin River, 
 and on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, 105 miles 
 W.X.W. of Milwaukee. It has 6 stores and several grist 
 and saw-mills. The river is crossed h^re by a railroad 
 bridge which is one of the finest in the atate. Pop. about 
 400. 
 
 KILDARK, a post-township of JuneflP co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Wisconsin River, about 6 miles E. o) jiauston. Pop. 552. 
 
 KILtJORE, a ijost-office of Venango ">., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KILGOKK, a post-village of Carroll co^ Ohio, about 25 
 miles AV.N.W. of Steubeuvillo. 
 
 KILKENNY, a post-village and tow^ship of Le Sneur co., 
 Minn.sota, iilxiut I'J miles W. of EariUault. Pop. 333. 
 
 KILMXGER, a post-office of Dauphin CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KIM KALL. a townsliip of Saint Clnir CO., Michigan, about 
 6 milts \V. of Port Huron. Pop. 83». 
 
 KI.MBLE, a new county near the central iiart of Texas. 
 Area estimated at 1300 s(iuare milts. It is drained by the 
 Llano River, and its North and Siuth Forks. The census 
 of 1860 furnishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 KIMMSWICK, a post-village if Jefferson co., Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi River and tie Iron Mountain Railroad, 
 21 miles S. bv W. of St. Louif. 
 
 KLMSIIAW, or KIMSHEW, t township of Butte co., Cali- 
 fornia. Pop. 1580. 
 
 KINDERHOOK, a village of Knox co., Ohio, about 9 miles 
 E. of Mount Vernon. 
 
 KINDERHOOK, a post-v'llage and township of Pike co., 
 Illinois. The village is about 12 miles E. by S. of Hannibal 
 (Missouri), and 22 miles S.S.K. of Quincy. The township 
 borders on the Mississippi Hiver. Pop. 1398. 
 
 KINfJ, a county in the W. central part of Washington 
 Territory, has an area of about 2000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Admiralty Inlet, and drained by the 
 Dwaniish, Cedar, and Snoqualmie Rivers. The Ca.scade 
 range of mountains extends along the E. boundary of the 
 county. Capital, Seattle. Pop. 302. 
 
 KINGSBURY, a village of Lassen co., California, about 115 
 miles N.N.K. of Marysville. 
 
 KINCSLEY, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. -189. 
 
 KING'S RITER, CaliPjrnia, rises In the E. part of Fresno 
 county, and. flowing southwestward, enters Tulare Lake in 
 Tulare c^ unty.. 
 
 Ki;,'GSTO.V, a post-village of Madison co., Kentucky, 
 about 44 mile.s S. by E. of Lexington. 
 
 KING.STON, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, about 5 
 miles N. by E. of Urbanna. 
 
 KI.XGSTON, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, about 
 6 miles N.E. of Greensbnrg. 
 
 KINGSTON, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 397. 
 
 KINGSTON, a post-village of Meeker co., Minnesota, on 
 the Crow River, about 8 miles E. of Forest City. Pop. 120. 
 
 KINGSTON, a small post-village cif Fresno Co., California, 
 on King's River about 30 miles S.S.E. of Millerton. 
 
 KIN6SVILLE, a village of Johnson co., .Missouri, on or 
 near the Pacific Railroad, al»out 44 miles S.E. of Kansas 
 City. 
 
 KINGWOOD, a post-offlce of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KINMUNDY, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, on the 
 Centriil Uailroad, 24 miles N.K. of Centralia. 
 
 KINNKKUK. Kansas. See Kexnekik. 
 
 KINNICKINICK, or KINNICKINNIC RIVER, a small 
 stream of Wisconsin, rises in St. Croix Co., flows southwestr 
 Ward, and enters Lake Saint Croix, in Pierce county. 
 
 KINNIKINNIC, a po.st village of Saint Croix co., Wis- 
 consin, on a river of the same name and in Malone town- 
 ship. 
 
 KIRBY, a post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio, on a railroad 
 8 or y miles \V. of Upper Sanilnsky. 
 
 KIIIKLAND, a post-township of Adams co.. Indiana. 
 Pop. 322. 
 
 2242 
 
 KIRKVTLLE, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa, about 10 
 miles N.N.W. of Ottumwa. 
 
 KIRKWOOl), a post-village and township of Broome co^ 
 Ne\^ York, on the Susquehanna River. The village is on 
 the Erie Railroad, 9 miles S.S.E. of Binghamton. Pop. 
 1389. 
 KIRKWOOD,a post-office of Ijincaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 KIRK\VOOD, ii village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River. 1 or 2 miles W. by S. of Wheeling. 
 
 KIRKWOOl), a post-village of St. Louis co.. Missouri, on 
 the Pacific Railroad, 14 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. 
 
 KIRKWOOl), ft post-village of Polk Co., Iowa, near the 
 Des Moines River, 7 or 8 miles N.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 KITSAP, a county towards the N.W. part of Washington 
 Territory, has an area estimated at 400 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by Admiralty Inlet, and on the N.W. by 
 Hood's Canal, or Channel, being surrounded by water on 
 all sides except the S. Capital, Port Madison. Pop. 544. 
 
 KITSON, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Dakota, 
 bordering on Slinnosota and the British possessions. It ig 
 bounded on the E. by the Red River of the North, and also 
 drained by the Pembina, Park and Salt Rivers. The sur- 
 face is nearly level. 
 
 KLIKIT.\T, a small river of Washington Territory, 
 rises in Skamania county, flows nearly southward and 
 enters the Columbia in Klikitat county, about 12 miles 
 below the Dalles. 
 
 KLIKITAT, a county in the S. part of Washington Ter- 
 ritory, has an area of about 1900 square miles. It is bound- 
 ed on tiie S. by the Columbia River, and also drained by the 
 Klildtat and Wowunehee Rivers. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. Mount Adams, a peak of the Cuscad«( Range, 
 about 9570 fe<!t high, is on or near the N.W. bolder of the 
 county. Capital, Rockland. Pop. 230. 
 
 KNIGHTSja station on the Michigan Southern Railroad 
 in Lenawee countv, Michigan, 11 miles S.E. of Adrian. 
 
 KNIGHTS BRIDGE, a village of Plumas co., California, 
 about 30 miles N.W. of Quincy. 
 
 KNIGHTS FERRY, a post-village, capital of Stanislaus 
 CO., California, situated on the left or east bank of the 
 Stanislaus River, 36 miles E. by S. of Stockton, and 26 miles 
 S.W. of Sonora. It has abundant water-power and a good 
 bridge across the River. It contains 3 stores, 1 fionring- 
 mill and 2 hotels. Gold is found here. Pop. about 450. 
 
 KNIGHT'S LANDING, a village of Yolo co., California, 
 on the Sacramento River, where it is crossed by the San 
 Francisco and.Marysville Railroad, about 25 miles S. by W. 
 of Marysville. It lias 5 or more stores. Tlje name of the 
 post-otfice is Grafton. Pop. in 1864, about 400. 
 
 KNOB VIEW, a i)ost-village of Crawford co., Missouri, 
 on the Soutliwest Branch Railroad, 97 miles S W. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 KNOWLTON, a post-township of Marathon co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 115. 
 
 KNOX, a county in the S. part of Maine, bordering on 
 the Atlantic Ocean. Area estimated at 330 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by Penobscot Bay, and intersected 
 by the Saint George and Medomac Rivers. It contains a 
 number of small lakes or ponds. The soil is jjroductive. 
 The staple productions are Indian corn, hay, potJitoes and 
 butter. Many of the inhabitants are employed in navigar 
 tion and the fisheries. Formed out of parts of Lincoln and 
 Waldo counties. Capital, Rockland. Pop. 32,716. 
 
 KNOX, a township of Clearfield co., Peunsvlvania. Pop. 
 422. 
 
 KNOX, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 637. 
 
 KNOX, a new county towards the N. part of Texas. It 
 is intersected by the Brazos River. The census of 1860 fur- 
 nishes no information respecting this county. 
 KNOX, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. 785. 
 KNOX, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 546. 
 KNOX, a township of Pottawattomie co., Iowa. Pop. 154. 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Cowani'sque Creek about 20 miles N.N.W. of Wollsbo- 
 rough. Pop. 313. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-vill.age of Cherokee co., Texas, about 
 18 miles W. by S. of Henderson. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a village of Dubois co., Indiana, on Patoka 
 Creek, about 48 miles E.S.E of Viiicennes. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a post-village and township of Ray co., 
 Missouri, situated about 55 miles E.S.E. of St. Joseph, and 
 20 miles N. of Camden. It has several stores, &c. Total 
 population, 195:5. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a mining post-village of Lake co., Cali- 
 fornia, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Saciameuto, and 20 miles 
 S.E. of Clear Lake. Silver is found here. 
 
 KOCHVILLK, a townsliip in the N. p;irt of S;iginaw co., 
 Michigan Pop. 658. 
 
 KO'KOMO, a thriving post-village, capital of Howard co., 
 Indiana, on Wild Cat Creek, and on the Indianapolis Pern 
 and Cliicago Railroad, where it is crossed by the Chiiago 
 and Great Eastern Railroad, 54 miles N. of Indianapolis, 
 and JS miles S.S.E. of Logansport. It contains 3 churches, 
 1 national bank, the Indiana State Normal School, 1 news- 
 
KON 
 
 paper ofB;e, and several mills and factories. Pop. in 1860, 
 1040; in 1S6.5, about 2000. 
 
 KONIGSHKRG, a post-office of Alpine co., California, is at 
 the vilbigc of SavKR Mou.ntaix, wliicli see. 
 
 KOMl^KA, a village of McLeod co., Minnesota, on the 
 Hassan Hivcr. about :. miles N. of Olencoe. 
 
 KOOSKOOSKIA RIVER. Idaho. See Clearwater River. 
 
 KOOTENAI, or Ki»OTKN'AY, an unorganized county in 
 the N. part of Idaho, intersected by a river of the same 
 name. It borders on Montana and British America. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a po>t-vma.j:e of Anglaize co., Ohio, on the 
 Miayii Canal, about 40 miles N. bj' \V. of Piqua. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a village of Clay co., Indiana, situated on or 
 
 LAK 
 
 near the Wabash and Erie Canal about 20 miles S.K. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a post-office of Des Moines co.. Iowa, about 
 15 miles N. of Burlington. 
 
 KOSSUTH, a village and township of Manitowoc co., 
 Wiscon.sin. The village is 10 miles N. by W. of Manitowco. 
 Total Population, 1708. 
 
 KOYLTON, a township forming the S.E. exiremny U 
 Tuscola CO., Michigan. Pop. CO. 
 
 KULPSVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 gylvania, about 12 miles N. of Norristown. 
 
 KUNKLE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 12 miles N.W. of Wilkesbarre. 
 
 L. 
 
 TABADIE, a post-village of Franklin co., Missouri, on 
 J the Jlissouri River, and on tlie Pacific Kailrfjad, 45 
 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 LABARGE CITY, a village in the W. part of Montana 
 Territory, on tlie Deer Lodge River, about 100 miles in a 
 direct line N. of Bannock City. Gold is found in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 LACELLE, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa, about 50 
 miles S. by W. of Des Moines. 
 
 LA CLEDE, a post-township of Fayette CO., Illinois, about 
 18 miles E by S. of A'andalia. Pop. 406. 
 
 L.\ CLEDE, a flourishing post-village of Linn co., Mis- 
 souri, situated on the llapnibal and St. Jo.><eph Railroad, 
 98 miles E. of St. Josei)h, and 39 miles \V. of Macon City. 
 It is one of the most important stations between Hannilial 
 and gt. Joseph, and is the shipping point for a large extent 
 of fertile country. It contains 1 church, 4 hotels, 1 news- 
 paper office, and about 10 stores. Stone coal is abundant 
 here. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 LA CLKDE, a village or station of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 on the Pacific Railroad, 8 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 L.\CON, a post-village of Maries co., Missouri, about 28 
 miles S. by E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LACONA, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa, about 30 
 miles S. by E. of Des Moines. 
 
 L.\CONIA, a post-village and township of Belknap co.. 
 New Hampshire on or near Lake Winiiipiseogee. The vil- 
 lage is on the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, 27 
 miles N. of Concord. Total population 1800. 
 
 L.\ CRESCENT, a post-village of Houston CO.. Minnesota, 
 on the Jlississippi River, about 2 miles above La Crosse, 
 Wisconsin, and 26 miles S. E. of Winona. A considerable 
 iiuantity of wheat is shipjied here. This place is the E. 
 terminus of the Root River Valley Railroad. 
 
 LA CRESCENT, a post-township of Houston co., Minne- 
 sota, on the jNHssissippi River, opposite La Crosse. Pop. 461. 
 
 LA CROIX, a township of Enimett co., Michigan, on 
 Lake Michigan. Pop. 484. 
 
 hX CROSSE, a co\inty in the W. part of Wisconsin, bor- 
 dering on Jliunesota, has an areaof about 470 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, on the 
 N.W. by the Black River, and intersected by the La Crosse 
 River. The surface is uneven, and diversified by woodlands, 
 prairies, and oak openings ; the soil is fertile and deep. 
 The county is traversed by the Milwaukee and La Crosse 
 Railroad. About 8,700,000 feet of lumber were produced in 
 this county in 1860. Capital, La Crosse. Pop. 12,186. 
 
 1,A CROSSE, a railway station in Lsiporte CO., Indiana, 
 on the Louisville New Albany and Chicago Railroad, where 
 it is crossed by the Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 55 
 miles S E. of Chicago. 
 
 LADO'GA, a post-village of ^Montgomery co., Indiana, on 
 a railroad 39 miles S. of Lafayette. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a county in the N. part of Florida, bor- 
 iering on the Gulf of Jlexico, has an area estimated at 1100 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. and N.E. by the 
 Suwannee River. The surface is level. Pop. 2068. 
 
 LAl'AYETTE, a post-village of Upshur co., Texas, about 
 54 miles N. of Henderson. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a village of Allen co., Ohio, on the Pitts- 
 burg Fort Wayne and Chicago Itailroad, 8 miles E. of Lima. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a village of Ashland CO., Ohio, about 10 
 miles E.N.E. of Ashland. 
 
 L.4^KAYETTR, a village of Richland co., Ohio, about 13 
 miles N. by E. of Mansfield. 
 
 LAFAY'ETTE, a post-township of Gratiot CO., Michigan, 
 about 7 miles E. of Ithaca. Pop. 123. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township of Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 735. 
 
 LAF.4YETTE. a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 317. 
 
 LA FAYETTE, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 406. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a township of Story co., Iowa. Pop. 426. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-townsliip of Chippewa CO., Wiscon- 
 sin, 10 miles E. of Chippewa City. Pop. 158. 
 
 LAF.A.YETTE, a township of Monroe CO., Wisconsin, and 
 a station on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, 7 miles 
 N.E. of Sparta. Pop. 342. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a village of Clay CO.. Minnesota, on the 
 Red River of the North, about 47° N. lat. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village and township of Nicollet 
 CO., Minnesota, near the Minnesota River, about 26 miles 
 W. of St. Peter. Pop. 215. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Doniphan co., Kansas, on 
 the Missouri River, about 18 miles by land W.N.W. of St. 
 Joseph, Missouri. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Contra Costa co., Cali- 
 fornia, about 22 miles E.N.E. of San Francisco, and 11 miles 
 S. liy AV. of Martinez. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, a post-village, capital of Yam Hill co., 
 Oregon, situated on the Yam Hill River, 24 miles N. by W. 
 of Salem, and about 30 miles S.AV. of Portland. It con- 
 tained, in 1864, 4 or 5 general stores, 1 book store, <ic. Pop. 
 about 250. Population of the precinct in 1860, 417. 
 
 LA GRANDE, a thriving jiost-village, capital of Union 
 CO., Oregon, situated in the Grand Rondo Valley, 60 miles 
 N.W. of Auburn. It contains a newspaper office and numer- 
 ous stores. The Directory for 1865 contains tlie names of 
 104 residents of La Grande. Pop. estimated at 450. 
 
 LA (jRAXGF:, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa, about 36 
 miles S.W. of Oskaloosa. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a township of Harrison CO., Iowa. Pop. 178. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a post-village of Stanislaus co., California, 
 on the Tuolumne Uiver, abtuit 22 miles S. by W. of Sonora. 
 It had, in 1S63, 4 stores. Poji. about 300. 
 
 LAKE, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Minne- 
 sota, bordering on the British Possessions, has an area 
 estimated at over 3500 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N. by a chain of small lakes, on the N.E. by Arrow River, 
 and on the S.E. by Lake Supeiior. It is di-ained by Maniton 
 River and other small streams. The surface is broken bv 
 rugged ranges of drift hills called HauUurs-des Terre^ 
 Copper and Iron are found in this county, which also con- 
 tains granite and other i)riuiaiy rocks. Pop. in 1860, 248. 
 
 LAKE, a county in the W.N.W. part of California, has 
 an area estimated at 750 square miles. It is drained by 
 Putah Creek, and contains Clear Lake which is more than 
 2U miles long. The surface is mountainous, the county 
 being occupied by the Coast Range of mountains. It is 
 stated that gold, silver, and coppei' have been tbund near 
 Clear Lake. Capital, Lakeport. The census of 1800 fur- 
 nishes no iuforniiition respecting this county. In October, 
 1863, it polled 378 votes. 
 
 LAKE, a county of Nevada. The name of this county has 
 been changed to Roop. 
 
 L.\KE, a liirge county in the W. part of Colorado, bor- 
 dering on Utah. It is drained by the Grand, Arkansas, 
 Gunnison, and Buukara (or Blue) Rivers, and by Rio San 
 Jliguel. The Rocky Monntain Range exteifds along the E. 
 border. The southern part of the county is occupied by 
 another range of mountains. Gold is found in the E. part. 
 Capital, Oro City. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 589. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Allegan co., Michigan, on Lake 
 Michigan. Pop. 267. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Berrien co^ Michigan, on Laka 
 Michigan. Pop. 557. 
 
 LAKE, a township of Newton co., Indiana. Pop. 173. 
 
 LAKE, a townsliip of Cerro Gordo- co., Iowa. Pop. 103. 
 
 LAKE, a townsliip of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 703. 
 
 LAKE, a post-office of Washington co., Iowa. 
 
 LAKE CHARLES, a post-village, capital of Calcasieu 
 parish, Louisiana, on the Calcasieu River, about 140 miles 
 W. of Baton Rouge. 
 
 LAKE CITY, a post-village of Columbia CO., Florida, on 
 the Florida Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad, GO miles 
 W. by S. of Jacksonville. Pop. 059. It was formerly called 
 Allegator. 
 
 LAKE CITY, a post office of Stark co., Indiana. 
 
 LAKE CITY, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., Iowa, 
 about 8U miles N.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 LAKE CITY, a villa^'e of Rjce co., Minnesota, on a small 
 lake 5 miles S.W. of Faribault. 
 
 LAKE CITY, a post-village of Wabasha co., Minnesota, 
 situated on the S.W. shore of Lake I'epin, an expansion of 
 the Mississippi River, about 72 miles below St. Paul, and 
 13 above Wabasha. It lias 2 or more steam saw-mills. A 
 large quantity of grain is shipped here. Pop. in IStO, 86S. 
 
 2243 
 
 Ik 
 
LAK 
 
 LAP 
 
 LAR/) CITY, a post-township of Wabasha co., Minne- 
 o-jta, (iv Liike Pepin, contains the village of Lake City. 
 
 LAKE KOKKST, a posl-villase of Lake co., Illinois, on or 
 ne;ir Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago and Milwaukee 
 Kailroiid, 28 miles X.N.W. of Cliiciigo. 
 
 LAKK KOKK, a township of Logan CO., Illinois. Pop.l2S3. 
 
 LAKELAND, a post-village of Washington co.. Minnesota, 
 on tlie AV\ bank of the St. Croix River, nearly opposite Hud- 
 son, 'Wisconsin, and about 17 miles E. of St. Paul. It haa 
 Beveral stejim sj>w-mills. Pop. 475. 
 
 LAKEPOUT, a post-village of St. Clair co., Michigan, on 
 L;ike Uuron, about 12 miles N. of Port Huron. 
 
 LAKbPOKT, a post-village, capital of Lake co., Califor- 
 nia, on the W. shore of Cleai- Lake, about 90 miles in a direct 
 line N. by W. of San Prancisco. 
 
 LAKE PKAIRIE, a township of Kicollet co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 411. 
 
 LAKE EIVER, a post-village of Clarke co., Washington 
 rerritoiy, about 12 miles N.W. of Vancouver. 
 
 LAKE STATION, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana, on 
 the Michigan Central Railroad, 36 miles S.K. of Chicago. 
 
 LAKE XAllOE, formerly talleU LAKE BlGLER,is about 
 10 miles W. of Carson City, Nevadiu About half of it is in- 
 cluded within Placer co.." California, and the other half in 
 Ormsby Co., Nevadii. Its length from X. to S. is 21 miles, 
 and its breadth 10 miles. The adjacent scenery is exceed- 
 ingly picturesijue and grand. 
 
 LAKETOWX, a post-township of Carver co^ Minnesota, 
 borders on Liike Minuetonka, and is about 30 miles VV.S.W. 
 of St. Paul. Pop. t>48. 
 
 X.AKE VALLEY, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia, near the S. end of Lsike Tahoe, 60 miles E. by Ji. of 
 Placerville. 
 
 LAKE VIEW, a township of Cook co., Illinois, on Lake 
 Michigan, about 6 miles N. of Chicago. I'op. 5S7. 
 
 LAKE VILLAGE, the capital of Chicot co., Arkansas, on 
 a small lake about 12-5 miles S.S.E. of IJttle Rock. 
 
 LAKEVILLE, a post-township of Plymouth co., Massa- 
 chusetts, about S miles S.E. of Taunton. Top. IICO. 
 
 LAKEVILLE, a post-village of St. Joseph Co., Indiana, 
 about 14 miles S. by. W. of South Bend. 
 
 LAKEVILLE, a post-village and township of Dakota co., 
 Minnesota, about 22 miles S. by W. of St. Paul. Pop. 598. 
 
 LAKE\ILLE, a post-village of Sonoma co., California, on 
 Petaluma Creek, abi'UtSo miles N. by W. of San Francisco, 
 with which it haa daily communication by steamboat. 
 
 LAMAR, a post-village, Citpital of Barton co., Missouri, 
 situated on Muddy Creek, about 65 miles W.N. W. of Spring- 
 field. Pop. of Litmar township, 673. 
 
 LAMOILLE, a post-village of Winona co., Minnesota, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 10 miles below Winona. 
 
 LAMOINE, a township of McDouough co_ Illinois. Pop. 
 898. 
 
 L.\MONT, a post-villa^ce of Ottawa co., Michigan, on 
 Grand River, about 14 miles W. by N. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 L.\MONTE, a post-village of PettLs ci>., Missouri, on the 
 Pacific Railroad, about 75 miles W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 LAMP.\S.\S, a new county in the central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by the Colorado River, and also drained by the Lam- 
 pasas River. Capital, Litinpasas. Pop. 1028. 
 
 LAMPASAS, a post-village, capital of Lampasas co^ Tex- 
 as, about 65 miles N.X.M'. of Austin City. 
 
 L.\N.\RK, a post-office of Lehigh CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LANARK, a post-village of Carroll co., Illinois, on the 
 railroad which connects Beloit with Savaimah, 20 miles 
 W.S.W. of frebport. 
 
 LANARK, a township in the E. part of Portage co., Wis- 
 cousiu. Pup. 435. 
 
 LANCASTER, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, has 
 an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Saline or 
 Salt Creek, and also drained by several aRlueuts of the same. 
 T ho surface is somewhat diversified ; the soil is fertile. This 
 couuty has valuable salt springs. I'op. 153. 
 
 L.VNl'ASTER, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1130. 
 
 L.\NCASTER, a post-village of Dallas co^ Texas, about 
 15 miles :^. of Dallas. 
 
 L.WC.iSTER, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1213. 
 
 LANCA.<TER, a village of Orange co., Indiana, 52 miles 
 by railroad N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 L.tNCASTER, a post-township of Cass co., Illinois. Pop. 
 
 LANCASTER, a post-village and township of Atchison 
 CO., Kansas, al>out 11 miles W. of Atchison. Pop. 622. 
 
 LANCASTER, a village in Lancaster mining district, 
 Ilunibuldt CO., Nevada, 30 miles N. of Uniouville. Pop. 100. 
 
 L.\NC1H PLANA, a post-village of Amador Co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Mokelumne River, about 30 miles N.K. of 
 Stockton. It is supported by gold mines, and has several 
 stores. Pop. about 300. 
 
 LANDER, a county in the N.E. part of Nevada, bordering 
 on Idaho and Utah, is about 200 miles long and 100 wide. 
 It ia partly drained by Uumboldt River, the branches of 
 
 ■which rise within its limits, and by Reese River. Tlio siir* 
 face is broken by several ridges of mountains. In the S.W, 
 piirt is a long range called the Toiyabe Mountains, the direc- 
 tion of which is nearly N. and S. Among these mountains 
 are the Reese River silver mines, from which So00,U00 in 
 silver were obtained in IbOl. Organized in 1862. Capital, 
 Austin. 
 
 LANDER CITY, a small village of Lander co., Nevada, 
 near Reese River, about 18 miles S. by W. of Austin. 
 
 LANU1S\ ILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Central Railroad, where it is crossed by the 
 Reading and Columbia Railroad, 8 miles W.N.W ot JLaa- 
 caster. 
 
 LANDSDALE, or LANSDALE, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania, on the North Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road at the junction with the Doylestowu Branch. 22 uiilea 
 N. by W. iif Philadelphia, and 10 miles W.S.W. oi' Doyles- 
 town. It has a national bank. 
 
 L.'VNE, a county in the W. part of Oregon, bordering on 
 the Pacific Ocean. Area estimated at 3500 square Uiiles. 
 It is drained by the Willamette lliver and its branches, 
 called the McKenzie's I'ork, the Middle Fork, and the Coast 
 Fork. The Siuslaw River forms part of its S. boundary. 
 The surface is mountainous. The Cascade Range extends 
 along the E. border of the county, alid the west part is tra- 
 versed by the Coast Range. The toil of the Millamette 
 valley i& fertile. Gold quartz lodes have been found in the 
 eastern psirt of the couuty. Capital, Eugene City. Pop. 
 47^0. 
 
 LANE DEPOT, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois, on the 
 Dixon Air-Line Railroad, 75 miles A\ . of Chicago. 
 
 LANESBLRG, a post-township of Le Sueur co., Minne- 
 sota, about 20 miles N.A\'. of Faribault. Pop. 310. 
 
 LANESVILLE, a post-village of Litchfield CO., Connecti- 
 cut, on the liousatouic River and Rjiilroad, 32 miles N.N.W. 
 of Bridgeport. 
 
 L.iNESVILLE, a post-village of Floyd co., Kentucky, on 
 the West Fork of Big Saudy River, about 9 miles below 
 Piketon. 
 
 LANG DON, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois, on a rail- 
 road 18 miles N.W. of Peoria. 
 
 LANGDON, a small village of Crawford co., Wisconsin, 
 15 miles N. of Prairie du Cliien. 
 
 LANGOLA, or LONGULA, a post-village of Benton co., 
 Minnesota, situated about 1 mile E. of the Mississippi River, 
 and 18 miles N. by W. of Sauk Rapids. 
 
 LANG WORTHY, a po.st-village of Jones co., Iowa, on the 
 Dubuque Southwestern Railroad, 6 or 7 miles N. of Aua- 
 niosa. and 47 miles S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 ■L.\NSDALE, Pennsylvania. See L.^ndsdalb. 
 
 LANSING, a post-village, capital of AUomakee CO.. Iowa, 
 is situated in Umsing township, on the Mississippi River, 
 33 'miles above Prairie du Chien, and 44 miles below La 
 Crosse, Wisconsin. It contains a stoue court-house, 1 na- 
 tional bank, 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a large union 
 school house, 14 warehouses, and several factories. Large 
 quantities of grain are shipped here. Pop. in 1660, 1197 ; 
 in 18i)5, about 2uii0. 
 
 LANSING, a post-village in Lansing township. Mower 
 CO., Minnesota, on Red Cedar River, about 5 miles N. of 
 Austin, and 33 miles S.W. of Rochester. Pop. of town- 
 ship, 358. 
 
 LANTZ MILLS, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 LAONA, a post-village and small township of Winnebago 
 CO., Illinois, about 22 miles N.W. of Rockford. Pop. 717. 
 
 LA PAZ, a mining town, oipital of Yuma co., Arizona, is 
 situated on the Colorado River, about 150 miles above the 
 mouth of the Gila. It is built of adobes, conUiins a num- 
 ber of stores, and has a large trade. Steamboats navigate 
 the river above and below this point. Gold and quicksilver 
 are found here. 
 
 L.4.PU.\M, a village of Otter Tail CO., Minnesota, on or 
 near the Outlet of Otter Tail Lake, about 25 miles W.S.W, 
 of Otter Tail City. 
 
 LA PLAT.A., a post-village of Macon co., Missouri, about 
 18 milei N. of Bloomiugton. 
 
 LA PLATTE, a post-village of Sarpy co.. Nebraska, on 
 the Missouii River, jnst above the mouth of the Platte River, 
 and 30 miles below Omalia. 
 
 hA. POINTE, a township of Ashland co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 319. 
 
 LA PORTE, a village of Macon co., Missouri, about 8 milea 
 E. of BliMjmington. 
 
 LA PORTE, a post-village of Clarke co., Iowa, about 37 
 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 LAPORl'E, a post-village of Sierra co , California, about 
 58niilesN.N.E.of Marysville,i8 situated among high moun- 
 tains. It is one of the principal mining villages in the 
 county, having 10 water ditches. It contains 2 churches. 8 
 brick stores, 2 stone stores, 2 hotels, 1 uewspai)er office, and 
 2 bookstores. Population variously estimated at from 900 
 to 1400. 
 
 LAPORTE, a small post-village, capital of Larimer co., 
 Colorado Territory, is ou the Cache la Pov.dro River, at iitm 
 
LAP 
 
 LEA 
 
 E. base of the Rocky Mountains, 60 miles N. of Denver, and 
 and 4 miles N.W. of Fort Collins. 
 
 LA I'RAIKIE, a townsliip of Marshall cc, Illinois. Pop. 
 1270. 
 
 liAREDO, a posf-offico of Mahaska cc, Iowa, about 10 
 miles N.AV. of (Jskaloosa. 
 
 I-AIUMKR, a county in the S. part of Colorado Terri- 
 toi'y. liurdetlng on Dakota, has an area estimated at ISOO 
 g(junre miles. It is drained by the Cache la Poudre River 
 and Big Thompson Creek. The surface is mountainous, the 
 Ilocky Mountain range extending along the W. border. 
 Capital, Ijjiporte. 
 
 LAUlMliK, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 478. 
 
 I,AR0NE, or VVINSLOWS MILLS, a post-village of Somer- 
 set CO., Maine, about 28 miles, N. of Augusta. 
 
 L.VliUE, a post-village of Marion co., Ohio, on the Belle- 
 foutaine Railroad, 14 miles W. of Marion. 
 
 LA S.VLLK, a new county in the .''. part of Texas, has an 
 area of about 1400 srpiare miles. It is intersected by the 
 Nueces River, and by tlie Rio Frio. The census of IStiO 
 furnishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 LASSKLLE, a village of Douglas co., Wisconsin, on Lake 
 Superiiir, about 22 miles E. by N. of Superior City. 
 
 LASSEN, a new county in the N.E. part of California, 
 bordering on Nevada. Area estimated at 3200 square miles. 
 It is drained liy the Susan River, Willow Creek, and several 
 affluents of Pitt River, and contains Honey Lake. The sur- 
 face is diversified by mountains and valleys. The S. part is 
 traversed by the Sierra Nevada. The soil of Honey Lake 
 Valley and other valleys is fertile. The inhabitants are 
 mostly engaged in agriculture and pa-storal pursuits. Gold, 
 silver, and copper have been found in this county. Lassen 
 county was fornuvl out of portions of Sluista, and Plumas 
 counties, and organized in 1*64. Capital, SusanviUe. 
 
 LASSEN, a mining village of Humboldt co., Nevada, 20 
 miles N. of Unionville. 
 
 L.\SSENS, a village and township of Tehama co., Cali- 
 fornia, near the E. bank of the Sacramento lUver, about 22 
 miles S.E. of Red Bluff. Pop. 474. 
 
 LASSEN'S PEAK, ShastJi co., California, Is a peak of the 
 Sierra Nevada Range, about lat. 40° 2S' N. Its altitude is 
 about 11,000 feet, or according to another statement, 9000 
 feet. 
 
 LATII.^M, a post-village of Pike co., Ohio, about 24 miles 
 S.S.W. ofChillicothe. 
 
 LATHROP, a tliriving village of Lassen co., California, in 
 Honey l.ijike Vallej'. 
 
 LATIMER, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa, about 24 
 miles S. of Des Moines. 
 
 LATONA, a village of Shiista co., California, on the Sac- 
 nunento River, about 15 miles S.E. of Sh;ista. 
 
 L.^TSHAW S MILLS, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon, 
 about li.'i miles S. of Alljany. 
 
 LATTA'S, or LATTAVILLE, a post-village of Ross co., 
 Ohio, about 15 miles W. ofChillicothe. 
 
 LAUREL, a post-village of Clermont cc, Oliio, about 25 
 miles E.S.E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 130. 
 
 LAUREL, a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon, about 10 
 miles N. by W. of Roseburg. 
 
 LAUREL GAP, a post-office of Greene cc, Tennessee, 
 about 13 miles N. of Greenville. 
 
 L.VUREL HILL, a post-village of Richmond co., North 
 Cariilina, on the Wilmington Cliarlotte and Rutherford 
 Ilailroad, about 95 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington. 
 
 LAURELTON, a post-village of Union co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Penn"s Creek, about 24 miles W. of Sunbury. 
 
 LAURETTE, or LAURET, a post-village, capital of Park 
 CO., Colorado, is situated on the W. side of the South Park, 
 near the base of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, 
 about 100 miles W.S.W. of Denver. Its altitude above the 
 level of the sea is said to be 10,500 feet. It is surrounded b.y 
 many gold-bearing quartz veins, and its residents are mostly 
 employed in mining. It contains 1 church, about 10 quartz- 
 mills, and loo houses. First settled in 1861. 
 
 LAURIN15URG, a post-village of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina, about 38 miles W.S.W. of Fayetteville. 
 
 LA VALLE, a post-village and township of Sauk co., Wis- 
 consin, on both sides of the Baraboo River, about 20 miles 
 W.N.W. of Baraboo. The village h;is 2 stores and 20 houses. 
 Total population, 468. 
 
 LAVERGNE, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennessee, 
 on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 16 nnles S.E. 
 of Nashville. 
 
 LAURYS STATION, a post-village of Lehigh co.. Penn- 
 iylvatiia, on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 9 miles N.N.W. of 
 AUentown. 
 
 LAWN ARBOR, a post-village of Polk co., Oregon, 18 
 miles N.W. of Dallas. 
 
 L.\WNDALE, a post-village of Logan co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 35 miles N.E. of 
 Springfield. 
 
 LAWND.il.r:. a township of McLean co., Illinois. Pop. 361. 
 
 LAWRKNCK A. po^f-viUage of Monroe co., Mississippi, 
 *buut 14 milej N.W, of Aberdeen. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a village on the line between Clark ana 
 Champaign counties, Ohio, about 7 miles N. of SpringlieM. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a village of De Kalb co., Indiana, on ot 
 near the Toledo and Chicago Railroad, about 6 miles N. by 
 W. of Auburn. 
 
 L.iWRENCE, a post-village of McIIenry CO., lllinoia, on 
 the Chicago and North Western Railroad, 66 miles N.W . of 
 Chicago, 
 
 LAWRENCE, a post-township of Marion co., Indiana, 
 about 7 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 2216. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a village of Marquette co., Wisconsin, about 
 27 miles N. by W. of Portage.City. 
 
 LAWRENCE, a city of Kansas, and the capital of Doug- 
 las CO., situated on the right (S.) bank of the Kansas lliver, 
 about 32 miles S.S.W. of Leavenworth, and 25 miles E. by 
 S. of Topeka. Lsit. 38° 56' N., Ion. 95° 15' W. It was 
 founded in the summer of 1854, by the Massachusetts Aid 
 Society, and settled by the opponents of slavery. During 
 several ensuing years it was the scene of violent contest* 
 between this party and the -'Border Ruffians." In lbti(J 
 the population liadincreiisod to 1645. The stjite University 
 was located here in the winter of 1862-3. On the mornin;^ 
 of the 21st of August, 1863, this town was surprised by a 
 party of rebels under Quant.rell, who massacred about 150 
 persons, and burned some 75 dwellings, and nearly as 
 many other buildings occupied as stores, workshops, &c. 
 Lawrence has recovered rapidly from this calamity. Be- 
 tween the date of the mjissacre and December 1, 1864, 53 
 places of busines were erected on Massachusetts and Ileiiry 
 streets. At the latter date it contaiced 12 churches. 2 banks, 
 11 dry-goods stores, 2 drug stores, 3 hardware stores, 4 flour- 
 ing-mifls, 3 brick yards, 1 foundry with a machine-shop, 1 
 tannery, 1 planing-mill, and about 350 dwellings, besides a 
 number on the N. bank of the river. One daily and 2 
 weekly newspapers are issued here. A bridge has been 
 built across the river at a cost of about .Sla.OOO. Lawrence 
 is connected by the Union Pacific Railroad with Kansjis 
 City, and other towns of Missouri. 
 
 LAWRENCEBUUG, a post-olHce of AVarren cc, Iowa, 10 
 miles S. of liidianola. 
 
 LAW SONHA.M, a post-village of Clarion co., Penn.syl- 
 vania, on Red Bank Creek, about 16 miles N. of Kittanning. 
 
 LAWTON, a post-village of Van Buren co., Michigan, on 
 the Central Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of Kalamazoo, and 125 
 miles Irum Chicago. Pop. 426. 
 
 LA VERBA, a post-office of Hardin CO., Iowa, about 10 
 miles N. of Eldora, the county-seat. 
 
 LEA.NDER, a post-village of Gasconade Co., Missouri, 
 about 70 miles W.S.W. of St. Ltmis. 
 
 LE ANSE, a township of Houghton co., Michigan. Pop. 
 582. 
 
 LEASBURG, or LEESBURG, a post-village of Crawford 
 CO., Missouri, on or ne;ir the South West Branch Railroad, 
 about 85 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 LEAVENWORTH, a county in the E. part of Kansas, 
 bordering on .Missouri, has an area of about 450 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by the Missouri 
 River, is bounded on the S. by the Kansas lliver, and inter- 
 sected by Stranger Creek. The surface is undulating; the 
 Boil is excellent. It contains a number of prairies, and is 
 reported to l)e liberally supplied with timber and limestone. 
 This county is intersected by the Leavenworth Lawrence 
 and Fort Gibson Railroad (in progress). Leavenworth 
 county is tlie most i«)pulous in the state. Capital, Leaven- 
 worth. Pop. 12,600. 
 
 LEAVEN WORTH, a village of Brown co., Minnesota, on 
 the Big Cottonwood River, about 42 miles W. by N. of 
 Mankato. Pop. 92. 
 
 LEAVEN\VORTH, the largest city and the commercial 
 emporium of the state of Kansas, is beautifully situated on 
 the west bank of the Missouri River, 2 miles S. of Fort 
 Leavenworth, about 30 miles in a direct line S. of St. Jo- 
 seph, and 45 nnles E.N.E. of Topeka. Lat. 39° 16' N., Ion. 
 about 95° W. It occupies a higldy advantageous geogra- 
 phical position, and is surrounded by one of the richest 
 agricultural regions in the valley of tlie Missouri. The 
 river flows here with a swift, deep current, and is bordered 
 on the Kansas side by a natural levee of rock, extending 
 along the entire river front of the city. The city is laid 
 out in rectangular blocks, with streets extending north and 
 south and east and west. The principal streets are macad- 
 amized and lighted with gas. There are 17 churches in the 
 city, belonging to the different religions denominationa. 
 The i)ublic schools are well organized upon the <riaded 
 system and in a flourishing condition ; 12 teachers are em- 
 ployed, with an average attendance of 800 scholars. There 
 are besides 2 academies and 2 commercial colleges, 1 female, 
 seminary, and several private schools. Leavenworth con- 
 tains 5 banks, 5 book-binderies, and 4 printing offices, from 
 which are issued 4 daily, 3 tri-weekly, and 4 weekly papers, 
 and 2 monthly periodicals. Leavenworth communicates 
 with the east by way of the Missouri River, and the Platte 
 county, and Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroads. The Mis- 
 souri Pacific Railroiid will be completed to this point during 
 the present year. The North Missouri Railroad has (.Marc> 
 
 2245 
 
 LL= 
 
LEA 
 
 1, 1805) jii t received aid from the state of Missouri suffi- 
 cient to ex. end their road to Lciivenworth. 
 
 The folli ftiiig is a careful e^tilll:lte of the amount ol 
 business ti-ansacVod during the year 18«>4 : 
 
 Amount paid for freight by rail at cityand fort *^-^ 
 
 i. " " " " United Slates Expresa. BU.woo 
 
 Total paid for freights 81,098,374 
 
 Liquors, drugs, baidwire, &.C 2,000,000 
 
 loui $18,000,000 
 
 Leaven»i>rth Is the headquarters for outfitting govern- 
 ment supply trains for western forts, and also of an immense 
 trade with the territories. In transporting goTeriinient 
 freight during IS&i, were employed 3000 wagons with 30,000 
 liead of cattle, and SOO wagons with 3000 head of mtiles and 
 liorses. The ami'iint of freight was 20.8u0,000 pounds. The 
 amount of private freight transported during the same time 
 was 21,500.000 pounds. There are in the city 5 saw-mills, 
 4 flouring-mills, 8 lumber yards, 5 brick yards, 1 foundry 
 and machine-shop, and 4 breweries. Letivenworth was laid 
 out in tlie fall of 1864. has grown with iistonishitig rtipidity, 
 and p;-omises to become one of the liirgest cities in the 
 West. The amount of taxiible real and personal estiitc in 
 1864 wiis $4,103,502.14. Pop. in ISCO, 7429; iu 1865, about 
 18 000 
 
 LeaVITT, or LEAVITTSVILLE, a post-village of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio, S or 9 miles S.W. of CarroUton. 
 
 LKAVITTSBUKG, a village of Trumbull Co., Ohio, on the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Kailroad, 3 miles \V. of ^Va^ren, 
 and 60 miles K S.E. of Cleveland, with which it is connected 
 by another railroad. 
 "lKAU qui Court, lO-kee koor, a county in the N.N. 
 E. part of Nebraska, boidering <m Dakota, has an urea of 
 about 700 squiire miles. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Missouri River, and iilso drained by the L'Eau qui Court, or 
 Rapid River. The soil is fertile. I'op. 162. 
 
 LEBANON, a post-village of Milton Co., Georgia, about 
 24 miles N. by E. of Atlanta. 
 
 LEBANON, a village of Miami co., Ohio, about 20 miles 
 N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 LEBANON, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, about 18 miles 
 N.N.E. of Jlariettiv. 
 
 LKB.\NON. a post-village, capital of Laclede co.. Missouri, 
 situated about 80 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City. It con- 
 tains a court-house and sevenil stores. Pop. of Lebanon 
 township, 1169. 
 
 LEBANON, a township in the E. part of Waupaca co., 
 ■f^'isconsin. Pop. 329. 
 
 LEBANON, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 HO. 
 
 LEBANON, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on the 
 South Fork of the Santiam River, 12 miles S. E of Albany. 
 It contains 1 academy and 3 stores. It commands a grand 
 view of Mount Jefferson, about 60 miles distant. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 LE CLAIRE, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, on the 
 Mississippi River, at the head of the U|)per Rapids, 15 miles 
 above Davenport. It contaiifS 3 churches, and has a valu- 
 able quarry of stone. Steamboats are built and repaired 
 here. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 LEE. a township of Allegan CO., Michigan. Pop. 43. 
 LEE, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 308. 
 LEE, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 407. 
 LEE, a township of McLeod co., Minnesota. Pop. 56. 
 LEE, a township of &icrainenf o co., California. Pop. 397. 
 LEEDS, a post-township of Columbia CO., Wisconsin, 
 about 16 miles N. by E. of Madison. Pop. 1111. 
 
 LEEDS COKNERS, a small village iu the S. part of Co- 
 (lunbia co.. Wisconsin. 
 
 LEEDSVILLE, a post-village of Monmouth co., New 
 Jersey, about 11 miles E.N.E. of Freehold. 
 
 LEEM.tN, a post-village of Pawnee CO., Nebraska, abont 
 60 miles S.S.W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 LEESBURO, apost-village of Cumberland co.. New Jersey, 
 on Maurice River, about 11 miles S. of Millville. 
 
 LEESBL'RG, a village of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 17 miles S.W. of Carlisle. 
 
 LEKSBURO, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 
 about S miles !«. of Mercer. 
 
 LEESBURtJ, a village or station of New Hanover CO., 
 North Carolina, on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 
 34 miles N. of Wilmington. 
 . LEE.SBURG. Crawford co., Slissouri. See Leasburo. 
 LEESVILLE, a post-village of Henry co., Missouri, about 
 65 miles S.S.W. of Booneville. 
 
 LEFEVElt, or LKFEVRK, a village of Bartholomew CO., 
 Indiana, 5 miles W. of Columbus. 
 LBORAND, a post-township of Marshall co., Iowa. Pop. 
 •560. ^ 
 
 LEIGIITON, a post-township of Allegan co., Michigan, 
 »bout 16 miles S. of Uraud Rapids. Pop. 676. 
 2246 
 
 LES 
 
 LEIGIITON, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, on the 
 Des Moines Valley Railroad, 7 miles N.W'. of Oskaloosa, and 
 ubcut o2 miles E.S.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 LEIGIITON, a po»t-village of llennepii> co., Minnesota, 
 on the Minnesota and Pacific Rjiilroitd, (in progress,) about 
 20 miles W'. by N. of Saint Anthony. 
 
 LEIPSIC, a post-village of Putnam co., Ohio, on the Day- 
 ton and Micliigan Railroad, 44 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 LELAND, a post-village of I.eelenaw co., Michigan, on 
 Liike Michigan, al>out 22 miles N. by W. of Traverse City. 
 
 LELAND. a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicjigo Burlington and Quincy Riiilroad, 68 miles W.S.W. 
 of Chicago. 
 
 LELAND, a post-village of Josephine co., Oregon, 40 miles 
 N.N.E. of Kerbyville. Pop. 53. 
 
 LEMON, a post-towuship and village of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 6 miles N. of Tunkhannock. Pop. 404. 
 LEMON D, a post-township of Steele co., Minnesota, about 
 22 miles S. by W. of Faribault. Pop. 102. 
 
 LEMONT, a post-village of Cook co.. Illinois, on the Chi- 
 cago Alton and St. l^ouis Railroad, 26 miles S.W. of Chi- 
 cago. Pop. of Lemont township, 1389. 
 
 LEMON WEIR, a j>ost-township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 
 contains Mauston, the county-seat, and a village named 
 Lemonweir. Pop. 836. 
 
 LEMON WEIR, a post-village of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee and La Crotise Railroad, 3 miles .S.E. of 
 Mauston. The l.emomveir River at this place affords good 
 water-power. It contains a grist-mill and 40 houses. 
 
 LENA, a post-villiige of Stephenson co., Illinois, on the 
 Centnil Kailroad, 13 miles N.W. uf Freejiort. 
 
 LENOIR, a post-village of Roane co., 'i'ennessee, near the 
 Tennes.seo River, and on the Chattanooga and Knoxville 
 Railroad, 22 miles W.S.W. of Knoxville. 
 
 LENOliA, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, about 
 13 miles S.E. of Preston. 
 LENOX, a township of Warren co., Illinois. Pop. 868. 
 LENOX, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 331. 
 LENSBURG, a postoflice of St. Clair CO., Illinois, about 
 18 miles S.S.E. of Belleville. 
 
 LEO, a post-office of Fayette CO.. Iowa, about 11 miles E. 
 S.E. of West Union. 
 
 LEOLA, a township in the extreme N.E. part of Adams 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 165. 
 
 LEON, a post-village, capital of Decatur co., Iowa, about 
 65 miles S. by W. of Des Moines. 
 
 LEON, a post-township of Monroe co., Wisconsin, 3 or 4 
 miles S. of Sparta. Pop. 799. 
 
 LEON, a township in the E. part of Waushara co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 678. 
 LEON, a township of Goodhue co . Minnesota. Pop. 411. 
 LEONARD, a i)ost-township of Mecosta Co., Michigan, on 
 the Muskegon River. Pop. 313. 
 
 LEON DA, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, on a rail- 
 road, 6 or 7 miles S. of Peni. 
 
 LKROY, a post-village of Bradford co, Pennsylvania, 
 about 18 miles W.fS.W. of Towanda. 
 
 LEROY, a iiost-village of Medina co., Ohio, about 37 miles 
 S.S.W. of Cleveland. 
 
 LEROY, a village of Trumbull CO., Ohio, on or near the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, about 9 miles N E. of 
 Warren. 
 
 LEROY, a township of Oceana co., Michigan, on Lake Mi- 
 chigan, 36 miles N. by W. of Grand Haven. It has 2 saw- 
 mills, and 2 flour-mills. Pop. about 400. 
 
 LE ROY, a post-to wnshi]> of McLean Co., Illinois, about 
 55 miles E.S.E. of Peoria. Pop. 654. 
 LE ROY, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 395. 
 LE ROY, a post-township of Bremer co., Iowa, about 25 
 miles N.N.K. of Cedar Falls. Pop. 217. 
 
 LE ROY, a township of Monroe CO., Wisconsin, has a sta- 
 tion (named Le Roy,) on the Milwaukee and La Crosse liail- 
 eoad, 23 miles E. of Sparta. Pop. 246. 
 
 LE ROY, a post-village in Le Roy township. Mower CO., 
 Minnesota, 36 miles in a direct line S. of Rochester. It is 
 on or very near the N. boundary of Iowa. Pop. of town- 
 ship, 365. 
 
 LE ROY', a post-township of Coffey co., Kansas, contains 
 the vill.age of Le Roy. Pop. 621. 
 
 LE ROY, a post-village of Coffej' CO., Kansas, on the Neo- 
 sho River, about 11 miles S.E. of Hampden, and 75 miles S. 
 of Topeka. It contains several stores. Pop. estimated at 400. 
 LESTER, a post-township of Black Hawk CO., Iowa, about 
 10 miles N.E. of Waterloo. Pop. 507. 
 
 LE SUEUR, le-soo'er, a county in the S. part of Minre- 
 sota. has an area of abotit 450 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Minnesota River, and is drained by the 
 Cannon River and the outlets of several small lakes which 
 are included in its limits. The surface is undulating: the 
 soil is calcareous and very fertile. Sedime.ntiiry rocks un- 
 derlie the county. Nearly all of the surface wa-s originally 
 covered with a dense forest of deciduous trees, among which 
 are the oak, sugar-maple, elm, ash, whIuuI, .ic. The Minne- 
 sota Valley Railroad is in progress throi.^h tuis county. 
 Capital, Le Sueur. Pop. 5318. 
 
 z:J> 
 
LES 
 
 LIN 
 
 LE SUEUR, a thriving post-village, capital of Le Sueur 
 CO., Miuiicsotii, situated on the rigiit (3.E.) bank ol' the 
 iliunesota Kiver, 60 miles from its montii, about ti miles S. 
 of Ilendersim, and 50 miles in a direct Hue S.W. of St. Paul. 
 It contains 3 churches, and 1 newspaper otlico. Wheat is 
 shipped here in steamboats. Pop. in 1860, 218; in 1865, 
 about 500. 
 
 LEVIS, a township of Clark co., Wisconsin, 10 miles S. 
 of Neillsville. Pop. 93. 
 
 LEWIS, a township of Lewis CO., New York, about 18 
 miles N. of Rome. Pop. 1407. 
 
 LEWIS, a towuship of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 897. 
 
 LEWIS, a township of Union co., Pennsylvauia. Pop. 658. 
 
 LEWIS, a i)ost-village, aipital of Cass co., Iowa, on the 
 Nishnubatona Kiver, 50 miles E. of Council Bluffs. It is 
 situated in an undulating prairie. It contains o churches, 
 1 ne\vs|ia|»r olfice, 3 general stores, 3 hotels and 1 griot -mill. 
 Pup. al.out uOO. 
 
 LEWISUUIIG, a village of Dallas co., Missouri, about 44 
 miles N. by E. of Springfield. 
 
 LEWISBUKG, a post-village of Wayne co., Iowa, about 
 12 miles W. of Corydon. 
 
 LEWIS IJURU, a post-ofBce of Dodge co., Nebraska. 
 
 LEW ISl'UKT, a village of Doddridge Co., AVest Virginia, 
 on till' Noi thuestern Railroad, 57 miles E. of Parkersburg. 
 
 LEWISTON, a village of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky, on 
 Green Kiver. about 44 miles W.N.W. of Howling Green. 
 
 LEW ISTUN, a post-village of Trinity CO., California, on 
 Trinity Kiver, 255 miles N.N.W. of Siicranieuto, and about 
 12 miles E. of Weavervillo. It is situated in a valley en- 
 closed on two sides by high mountains. It has 1 church, 1 
 school, and 2 stores. Gold is found in the vicinity. Pop. 
 about 300. 
 
 LEWISTON, a post-town, capital of Nez Perce co., Idaho, 
 is situated on the Lewis Fork pf the Columbia River, just 
 above the mouth of the Clear Water, about 400 miles by 
 water from Portland, Oregon. Lat. about 46° 30' N. It 
 Wivs the capital of Idaho from September, 1863, until the 
 autumn of 1804. It has an extensive trade with the miners 
 of the interior. In 18<'3 it contained about 12 general stores. 
 One newspuper is publi.-lied here. Pop. about 800, or ac- 
 cording to another stiitenieut, 1500. 
 
 LEW ISTOWN, a post-village of Dacota CO., Minnesota, 
 on Cannon Kiver, about 22 miles S.W. of Hastings. 
 
 LEUISTOWN, or LKWISTON, a post-village of Cass co., 
 Nebraska, near the Missouri Kiver, about 13 miles S. of 
 Plaltsmoiith. 
 
 LEWIS VILLE, a village of Coshocton co., Ohio, about 70 
 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. ICO. 
 
 LEWISVILLK, a village of Ross co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 Canal, abnut 9 miles N. by W. of Cliillicothe. 
 
 LE.VINGTON,a township of Sanilac co ,Michigan,contains 
 Lexington, the county-seat. Pop. in 1860, 2064. 
 
 LKXINGTON, a post-village, port of entry, and capital of 
 Sanilac co., Michigan, situated on Lake Huron, about 22 
 miles N. by W. of Port Huron, and 80 miles N.N.E. of De- 
 troit. It contains a court-house, 2 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, &c. Steamboats ply daily between this place and 
 Detroit. Large (luautities of lumber are shipped here. Pop. 
 in 1865. about 2000. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a village of Lagrange co., Indiana, about 
 50 miles N. by W. of Port Wayne. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village of McLean Co., Illinois, in 
 Lexington township, and on tlie Cliicago and St. Louis Kiiil- 
 road, 15 miles N.K. of liloomington. Pop. of townsliip, 948. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village of Taylor co., Iowa, 4 or 
 miles N.B. of Bedford. 
 
 LKXINGTON, a post-township of Johnson co., Kansas, 
 about 12 miles E. by S. of Lawrence. Pop. 358. 
 
 LE.KINGTON, a post-village and township ' of Le Sueur 
 CO., Minnesotii, about 10 miles E. of Le Sueur. Pop. 21U. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village of Santa Clara CO., California, 
 12 miles S.S.W. of San Jose. It h:is 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 LEXINGTON, a post-village of Clatsop co., Oregon, about 
 miles S.W. of Astoria. It is on or near the ocean. 
 
 LEYDEN, a post-township of Cook co., lUFnois, inter- 
 sected by the Des Plaines River, about 12 miles W.N.W. of 
 Chicago. Pop. 1505. 
 
 LIBIiKTY, a county towards the N.W. part of Florida, 
 contains about 475 square miles. It is bounded t)n the K. 
 by the Oeklockonnee River, and on the W. by the Appala- 
 chicola. The surface is level and the soil sandy. Pop. 
 1457. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Mercer co., Penasylvania. Pop. 
 726. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 1451. 
 
 LIBERTY, a village of Johnson co., Indiana, on a rail- 
 road about 8 miles S.W. of Franklin. 
 
 LIBEKIY. a village of Liiwrence co., Indiana, on tho 
 East Fork of White River, about 5 miles S.W. of Bedford. 
 
 LIBKliTV, a village of Wabash Co., Indiana, on Eel River, 
 about 30 miles W. by S. rf Fort Wayne. 
 
 LIBKKTY. a township of White co., Indiana. Pop. 756. 
 
 LIBERTY, a towuship of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 1098. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-village and township of Clarke co., Iowa, 
 about 33 miles S. of Des Moines. Pop. 541. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop 576. 
 
 LIBKRTY, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. 1185. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Jetferson co., Iowa. Pop. 9.=il. 
 
 LIBEKTY', a township of Johnson CO., Iowa. Pop. o5ft. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Poj). 399. 
 
 LIBERTY^, a township of Marion Co., Iowa. Pop. 1071. 
 
 JJBERTY, a township of MarsUall co., Iowa. Pob ."^O". 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Scott co., Iowa. Pop. boO. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Warren co., Iowa. I'op. 399. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Wright Co., Iowa. Pop. 127. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township in the E. part of Grant CO., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 644. 
 
 LIBEKTY, formerly BUCHANAN, a township of Mani- 
 towoc CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 1130. 
 
 LIBKRTY', a township in the W. part of Outagamie co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 176. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Vernon co., Wisconsin, about 7 
 miles S.E. of Viroqua. Pop. 201. 
 
 LIBKRTY, a post-village of Blue Earth Co., Minnesota, 
 about 22 miles S. by W. of Mankato. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Liini Co., Kansas. Pop. 127. 
 
 IJBERTY, a township of Woodson co., Kansas. Pop. 191. 
 
 LIBERTY, a post-village of San Joaquin co., California, 
 on the railroad (unftnislied) which is to connect Sacra- 
 mento with Stockton, 20 miles N. of the latter. 
 
 LIBERTY, a township of Klamath co., California. Pop. 
 537. 
 
 LIBERTY FURNACE, a post-office of Shenandoah co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 LIBKRTY GROVE, a township of Door co., Wisconsin, on 
 Green Bay. Pop. 120. 
 
 LIBERTY HILL, a village of Nevada co., California, about 
 12 miles E. by N. of Nevada City. 
 
 LICKING, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylviuiia. Pop. 
 1009. 
 
 LIGONIER, a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, on Elk- 
 hart River, and on the Toledo and Chicago Railroad, 15 
 miles S.E. of Goshen and 108. from Toledo. 
 
 LILIAN, or LILLIAN, a township of Goodhue co., Min 
 nosota, on the right bank of Cannon Kiver. Pop. 265. 
 
 LILLOOET, a post-village of British Columbia, at the S. 
 end of Lillooet Lake, about 60 miles in a direct line N. by 
 E. of New Westminster. Gold is found in tho vicinity. Pop. 
 said to be 1000. 
 
 LIMA, a post-village in Lima township, Lagrange co., In- 
 diana, on Pigeon River, about 32 miles E. of Elkhart, and 5 
 or 6 miles S. of the Michigan Southern Railroad. It has 
 several stores and a bank. Pop. of township, 1064. 
 
 UMA, a post-village of Fayette co., Iowa, about 33 miles 
 S.W. of Prairie du Chieii, Wisconsin. 
 
 LIMA, a township in the E. part of Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 872. 
 
 LIMA, a township in tho N.E. part of Pepin co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Pop. 175. • 
 
 LIMA, a township of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, 4 miles 
 W. of Lake Michigan. Pop. 1792. 
 
 LIMA, a post-ollice of Allen co., Kansas. 
 
 LIMA CENTRE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chieu Railroad, 56 miles W. 
 S.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 LIME, a towuship of Cedar CO., Iowa. Pop. 409. 
 
 LIME, a township of Blue Earth co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 232. 
 
 LIME CREEK, a township of Washington co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1112. 
 
 LIME POINT, Marin co., California, is on tlie N. side of 
 the Golden liate. The narrowest part of this strait or 
 channel is botween Lime Point and F'ort Point. 
 
 LIMESTONE, a post-townsliip of Aroostook co., Maine, 
 about 50 miles N. of Houlton. Pop. 161. 
 
 LIMESTO.N'E, a pist-township of Kankakee CO., Illinois, 
 about 60 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. Pop. 616. 
 
 LIMESTONK, a township of Peoria co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois River. Pop. 1663. 
 
 LINCOLN, a post-o.'Rce of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LINCOLN, a post-village, capital of Mason co., Michigan, 
 on Lake Michigan, at ttie mouth of Little Sable River, 
 about 60 miles E. of Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Lat. 44° N. 
 
 LINCOLN, a thriving i)Ojt-village of C;iS3 £0., Indiana, on 
 the Chicago and Groat Eastern Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of 
 Logansport. It has 2 stores and 1 steam saw-mill. 
 
 LINCOLN, a flourishing post-town, capital of Logan co., 
 Illinois, is situated on Salt CresU and on the Chicago Alton 
 and St. Louis Railroad, 28 miteJ N.N.E. of Springfield, and 
 125 miles N.N.E. of St. Louis. It contiins a court-house, 
 several churches; and 1 or 2 newspspsr offices. This place, 
 the origin of which is quite recent, was named in honor of 
 President Abraham Lincoln.. Pop. ol' Lincoln townsliip, 
 5700. 
 
 LINCOLN, a iiost-village of Polk co., Iowa, near tho Des 
 Moines River, about Itt miles N.W. of I>e.^ .Moii>e«. 
 
 LINCOLN, a township of Adams co., Wiccv'nsin, in tho E. 
 part. Pop. 427. 
 
 2247 
 
LIN 
 
 iilNCOLX, a township of Eau Claire co., Trisconsin, 15 
 miles E. of Eau Claire. 
 
 LIXOOLX, a post-township in the N. part of Kewaunee 
 CO.. Wisconsin. 
 
 LINCOI.X, a township of Monroe co., Wisconsin, imme- 
 diately N. of Toraah. 
 
 LINCOLN, a post-office of "Wabasha co., Minnesote. 
 
 LINCOLN, a post-village of Nemaha CO., Kan8;is, about 5 
 miles S.E. of i^enecA, and 00 miles W.N.W. of Atchison. It 
 h;is 1 grist-mill and 1 saw-mill. 
 
 LINCOLN, a thriving post-villase of Placer co , California, 
 on the California Central Kailioad (completed to this point), 
 about IG miles W. of Auburn and 30 miles bj- rail N.N.E. of 
 Sacramento. It contains 2 churches, 2 schools, 5 stores, and 
 a macliine-shop of the railroad company. Gold is found 6 
 miles from this village. Top 250 or 300. 
 
 LINCOLN, a mining post-town of Summit Co., Colorado, 
 situated on the W. slope of the Snowy Range of mount lins, 
 and on a small affluent of Blue River, 90 miles W.S.W. of 
 Denver, and 85 miles S.W. of Central City. It contains 
 about 100 houses and 1 quartz-mill. Gold is found in quartz 
 lodes in the vicinity. Lincoln commands a beautiful view 
 of mountains covered with perpetual snow. The name of 
 the post-office is Lincoln City. 
 
 LIND, a post-township of Waupaca co., Wisconsin, about 
 22 miles N. by W. of Berlin. It contains (1865) 10 schools. 
 Pop. in 1860,850. 
 
 LINDA, a township of Yuba co., California. Pop. 657. 
 
 LINDEN, a post-village of Warren CO., Virginia, on the 
 Manassas Gap Railroad, 8 miles E. of Front Royal. 
 
 LINDEN, a post-village, capital of C;vss Co., Texas, about 
 20 miles N. of Jefferson, and 48 miles N.W. of Shreveport. 
 
 LINDEN, a post-village of Genesee co., Michigan, on the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 55 miles N.W. of Detroit. 
 It has 1 or 2 mills. 
 
 LINDEN, a post-village of Montgomery co., Indiana, on 
 the Louisville New Albany and Chiciigo Railroad, 18 miles 
 S. of Lafayette. 
 
 LINDEN, a village of Warren co., Illinois, on a railroad 
 about 7 miles W.S.W. of Monmouth. 
 
 LINDEN, a township of Brown co., Minnesota. Popula- 
 tion 95. 
 
 LINDEN, a post-village of San Joaquin co., California, 12 
 miles E. of Stockton. Pop. about 150. 
 
 LINDINA, a township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 2 or 3 
 miles W. of Mauston. Pop. 1385. 
 
 LINDLEY, a post-village of Grundy co., Missouri, abont 
 25 miles N. by E. of Chillicotho. 
 
 LIN DON, Sheboygan Co., Wisconsin. See Lyndon. 
 
 LINDON, or lA'NDON, a township of Freeborn co., Min- 
 nesota. Pop. 111. 
 
 LINEVILLE. a post-village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 16 miles E.S.E. of Oil" City. 
 
 LINN, a county in the E. part of Kansas, bordering on 
 Missouri, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected 
 bf the Osage River, and also drained by Sugar Creek and 
 other creeks. The surface is diversified by pi-airies and 
 groves, which are distributed along the streams. The soil 
 is highly productive. Coal and good building-stone are 
 abundant in this county. Capital, Mound City. Pop 63:16. 
 
 LINN, a county in the W. part of Oregon, lias an area of 
 about 2-tOO square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Willamette River and also drained by the Calapooya, and 
 the North and South Forks of the Santiam River. The sur- 
 face is diversified by mountains and valleys, prairies and 
 ■woodlands. The Cascade Riinge, covered with perpetual 
 Bnow, extends along the eastern border of this county. 
 The soil of the valleys is highly productive. Linn county 
 includes a greater extent of fertile prairie than any other 
 in the state, and is noted for its large flocks of sheep and 
 herds of cattle. The Willamette River is navigable for 
 steamboats from its mouth to Albany, the county-seat. 
 Gold has been found in the S.E. part of the county. Pop. 
 6772. 
 
 LINN, a township of Woodford co., Illinois. Pop. 548. 
 
 LINN, a township of Dall.is CO., Iowa. Pop. 521. 
 
 LINN, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 993. 
 
 LINN CITY, a village or precinct of Clackamas co., 
 Oregon, on the W. bank of the Willamette River, opposite 
 Oregon City. Pop. 225. 
 
 LINN CREEK, a beautiful post-village, capital of Camden 
 CO., Missouri, on the right (S.) bank of the Osage River, 120 
 nides from its mouth, and about 50 miles S.S.W. of Jeffer- 
 son City. It contains a court-house, an academy, 5 stores, 
 ji gnst-mills, 1 steam saw-mill, 1 foundry and 1 tannery. 
 The riy.T is navigable above and below this place. Pop. 
 about 2000. *^ 
 
 LINN OUOVE, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop.632. 
 
 T x-.p.w^'^'''^'"^^' California. See Lv.vn's Valley: 
 
 T Tv.r/! t' " *'"'"8''iP of Allomakee co., Iowa. Pop. 660. 
 LIN TON, a village of Multnomah co., Oregon, on the Wil- 
 Uniette River, 5 or (i miles below Portland. 
 
 -..V'O;^?-'^^; c *■'""'''" "'■ Lincoln co., Missouri, abont 60 
 mllCH N.t\ . of St. Louis. 
 
 LINWOOD, a post-township of Portage co., Wisconsin, on 
 
 LOA 
 
 both sides of the Wisconsin River, about 4 miles W. of 
 Stanton. Pop. 274. 
 
 LINWOOD STAl:iON,a post-office of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, 
 4 miles S.W. of Chester. 
 
 LISBON, a village of Venango co., Pennsylvania, about 
 14 miles S. of Franklin. 
 
 LISBON, a village of Clarke CO., Ohio, about 11 miles E. 
 S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 LISBON, a post-village of Kent co., Michigan, about 16 
 miles N.N.W. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 LISBON, a post-village of Lafayette co., Missouri, rti the 
 Jlissouri River, about 13 miles by land W.S.W. oi Lex- 
 ington. 
 
 LISBON, a township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, and a 
 station on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, 5 miles 
 N.W. of Mauston. Pop. 987. 
 
 LISBON, a post-village of Placer co., California, 14 miles 
 N.E. of Auburn. 
 
 LISLE, a post-township of Du Page co., Blinois, imme- 
 diatel3' W. of Napierville, and 3 or 4 miles K. of Aurora. 
 Pop. 12*'.6. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, 
 is pleasantly situated in a higli and fertile prairie on the St. 
 Louis Alton and Terre Haute Riiilroad, 55 miles N.N.E. of 
 St. Louis, 30 miles N.E. of Alton, and about 46 miles S. of 
 Springfield. It contains 5 churches, 3 public schools, 2 steam 
 flouring-mills, 1 foundry, and the principal work-shops of 
 the railroad above named. Pop. about 2800. 
 
 LITTLE BETHEL, Elizabeth City co., A'irginia, is about 
 8 miles W.N.W. of Fortress Monroe. 
 
 LITTLE COMPTON, a post-village of Carroll co., Mis- 
 souri, on Grand River, about 18 miles S.S.W. of La Clede. 
 
 LITTLE EAU CLAIRE (o-klair') RIVER, a small stream 
 of Marathon co., Wisconsin, flows southwestward into the 
 Wisconsin River. 
 
 LITTLE FALLS, a township of Monroe co., Wisconsin, 
 8 miles N. of Sjtarta. Pop 397. 
 
 LITTLE FALLS, a post-village, capital of Morrison co., 
 Minnesota, on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, about 
 35 miles H. by W. of Saint Cloud, and 46° N. Lat. It has 
 water-i)ower and a saw-mill. Pop. 274. 
 
 LITTLE L.\KE, a post-village and township of Mendo- 
 cino CO., California, 22 miles N.W. of Ukiah. Pojiulation 
 440. 
 
 LITTLE SABLE, a township of Mason co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 300. 
 
 LITTLE STURGEON, a post-village of Door co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the S.E. shore of Green Bay, about 10 miles W. of 
 the village of Sturgeon Bay. 
 
 LITTLE SU.4MIC0, a river of Oconto co., Wisconsin, 
 flows eastward into Green Bay. 
 
 LITTLETON, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, 
 about 115 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 543. 
 
 LITTLETON, a post-villiige of Sussex co., Virginia, on the 
 Nottoway River about 55 miles W. of Norfolk. 
 
 LITTLETON, a post-village and township of Schuyler CO., 
 Illinois, about 6 miles N.W. of Rushville. Pop. 1102. 
 
 LITTLE TRAVERSE, a post-village, capital of Eramett 
 CO., Michigan, on the North shore of Little Traverse Bay, 
 about 35 miles S.W. of Duncan, and 215 miles N. of Lan- 
 sing. Pop. 270. 
 
 LITTLE WOLF, a post-township of Waupaca co., Wis- 
 consin, about 10 miles N.E. of Waupaca. Pop. 249. 
 
 LITTLE WOLF RIVER, Wisconsin, rises in M^irathon 
 CO., flows southeastward and entei-s Wolf River in Waupaca 
 county. 
 
 LITTLE YORK, a post-village of Nevada co., California, 
 about 40 miles B. of Marysville. Pop. of Little York town- 
 ship, 1035. 
 
 LIVE OAK, a county in the S. part of Texas, h.is an area 
 estimated at 1200 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Nueces River and also drained by the Rio Frio and the San 
 Miguel. Capital, Oakville. Pop. 593. 
 
 LIVERMORE, a post-village of McLean co., Kentucky, 
 near Green River, and about 22 miles S. of Owenboro. 
 
 LIVERMORE. a village of Alameda co., Californiii, about 
 30 miles N. by E. of Sati Jose. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, a post-village of Appanoose co, Iowa, 
 about -16 miles S.W. of Ottiimwa. 
 
 LL.\NO, a new county near the central part of Texas, has 
 an area of&bout 750 square miles. It is bounded on the K. 
 by the Colorado River, and intersected by the Rio Llano. 
 The surfiice is undulating or uneven. Capital, Llano. Pop. 
 1101. 
 
 LLANO, a river of Texas, rises near the W. boi-der of 
 Kimble county, flows eastward, and enters the Colorado 
 River in Llano county after a course of abont 150 miles. 
 
 LLANO, a post-village, cnx)ital of Llano co., Texas. 
 
 LLOYD, or LOYD, a post-village of Richland co., Wis- 
 consin, about 10 miles N.N.E. of Richland Centre. 
 
 LO.\G, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania, about 18 
 miles S. by E. of Reading. 
 
 LO.A.MI, or LAOMI, a post-village and township of San- 
 gamon CO., Illinois, about 15 miles S.W. of SpringlioltL 
 
LOC 
 
 LOW 
 
 LOCK, or LOCKE, a post-township of Ingham co., Michi- 
 gan, about 17 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. 8(i3. 
 
 LOCKEFOHD, a post-vilhige of San Joaquin co., Califor- 
 nia, on tlie Miikcluinne River 16 miles X. l>y E.of Stocliton. 
 LOCKIIAIiT, a township of Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 1117. 
 L0<'KN1\, a town.sliip of Brown co., Kansas. Pop. 389. 
 LOCKPOIIT, a village of Wa.vne co., Indiana, on White- 
 water Canal, about 16 miles W.S.W. of Riciiniond. 
 
 LuCKPOH r, a village of Andy Johnson co., Minnesota, 
 about 3.3 miles VV.S.^V. of Otter Tail City. 
 
 LOCUST, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1S97. 
 
 LOCUST GROVE, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 1129. 
 
 LOCUST CrRO"\'K. a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon, 
 about 24 miles N. of Roseburg. 
 
 LODA, a townsliip of IiTjquois co., Illinois, and a station 
 on tlie Central Railroad 99 miles S. by W. of Chicago. Pop. 
 906. 
 
 LODI, a post-office of Abbeville district. South Carolina, 
 about fio miles N. of Augusta, Georgia. 
 
 LODI. a post-township of Washtenaw co., Michigan, about 
 6 miles S.W. of Ann Arbor. Pop. 1319. 
 
 LODI, a sniiill village of Calumet co., Wisconsin, 2 or 3 
 miles E. of ChiltciU. 
 
 LODI STATION', a post-office of Kane co., Illinois, on the 
 Di.xon Air Line Railroad, 50 miles W. of Chicago. 
 LODOMILLO,a township of Clayton co.,Iowa. Pop. 770. 
 LOGAN, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 2638. 
 
 LOGAN, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana, about 24 
 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati. 
 LOGAN, a township of Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 839. 
 LOGAN, a post-village of Dakota CO., Nebraska, on the 
 Missouri River about 6 miles above (and S.W. of) Sioux 
 City, Iowa. It is 3 or 4 miles W. of Dacota. 
 LOG.\N, a township of Washington co., Nebraska. Pop. 78. 
 LtXJAN, a post-\ illage, capital of Cache co., Utiih, on a 
 small allluint of Bear River, about 92 miles N. by E. of 
 Salt Lake Cily. Pop. e.-'timated at 1000. 
 
 L0GAN>I'(|R'I', a station on the Alleghany Valley Rail- 
 road, in Armstrong county, Pennsylvauiii, 6 miles S.8.W. 
 of Kittaniiliij;. 
 
 LOGAN.SI'ORT, a post-village of De Soto parish, Louis- 
 iana, on the Sabine River, about io miles S.S.W. of Shreve- 
 port. 
 
 LOGANSPORT, a i>ost-viIlage of Hamilton co., Illinois, 
 about uO miles S.E. of Salem. 
 
 LOGTOWN, a mining^village of El Donulo co., California, 
 about 10 miles S. by \V. of Placerville. It had 2 quwtz- 
 mills in 1859. 
 
 LOMIRA, a post-township of Dodge co., Wisconsin, about 
 12 miles S. of i'ond du Lac, is drained by Rock River. Pop. 
 1781. 
 
 LONDON, a township of Merrimack co.,New Hampshire. 
 Pop. 16:38. 
 
 London, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, 15 miles 
 S.E. of Indianapolis, with which it is connected by rail- 
 road. 
 
 LONE ROCK, a post-village of Richland co., W'isconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee and Prairie du Cliien Railroad, 43 miles 
 W. by. N. of Madison, and about 1 mile N. of the Wisconsin 
 River. 
 
 LONE STAR, a post-village of Placer co., California, 6 
 miles N. of Auburn. 
 
 LONG BAR, a jiost-village and township of Yuba co., 
 California. The village is on the Yuba River 14 miles E. by 
 N. of Marysville. It has 2 stores and about 200 inhabitants. 
 Pop. of the township 1324. 
 
 LONG CREEK, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 
 642. 
 
 LONG LAKE, a township of Crow Wing co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 40. 
 LONGOLA. Minnesota. See L.ixgola. 
 LONG POINT, a post-township of Livingston co., Illinois, 
 24 miles S of Ottawa. Pop. 564. 
 
 LONG PRAIRIE RIVER, of Minnesota, rises in Douglas 
 county, and flowing first eastward and then northward, 
 enters the Crow Wing River in Todd county, after a course 
 of nearly a hundred miles. 
 
 LONG TOM, a ])ost-<)ffice and precinct of Lane co., Oregon, 
 about 14 miles \\. of Eugene City. Pop. 240. 
 
 LONGVILLE, a post-village of Plumas co., California, 34 
 aiiles N. of Quincy. 
 
 LONGWdod, a i)ost-village of Pettis co., Missouri, about 
 27 miles W.S.W. of Booneville. 
 
 LOOGOO'TEK, a post-village of Martin co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 34 miles E.of Vincennes. 
 It contains 2 churches and 1 mill, and is improving. Wheat 
 is exported from this place. Pop. about 700. 
 
 LOOJIIS, a villiige of Whitley co., Indiana, about 26 
 a.<lP8 W.N.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 LOR.A.I\B, a township of Henry co.. Illinois. Pop. 396. 
 
 LORETTO, a post-village of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, 
 
 nbout 11 miles W. of Aitooua, and 4 milei N. by W. of Cres- 
 
 Bon. It contains a large Roman Catholic seminary. One mils 
 N.K. of this village is Loretto Springs, a place of summer 
 resort. Pop. in 1860, 256 ; in 1865, reported to he about 600. 
 LORET ro, a post-village of Marion co., Kentucky, abtut 
 60 miles S.S.E. of Louisville. 
 
 LORETTO, or LORETTA, a post-village of Ilou-^ton co., 
 Minnesota, about 10 miles W. of La Crosse, AVisconsin. 
 
 LOS ANGELES, loce an'j?h-18z, a post-town, ca^-ital ol 
 Los Angeles oo., California, is situated on a river c' the 
 same name, about 10 miles from the Pacific Ocean, ana 444 
 miles by the road S.E. of San Francisco. It is the larg^ist 
 town in' the southern part ol the state. Tlie old houses are 
 built of adobe: the new of wood and brick. This place is 
 noted for the amenity of its climate, the beauty of its g.-ir- 
 dens, and tlie extent of its vineyards. Delicious fruits in 
 great variety abound here. Two newspapers are jiublished 
 here. Los Ansreles was founded in 1780. Pop. about 4000. 
 LOSANTVILLE, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, 
 about 25 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 LOSTANT, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, on ths 
 Central Railroad, 14 miles S. of La Salle. 
 
 LOST KIVER, a township of Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 
 596. 
 
 LOUDON, a post-village of Roane co., Tennessee, on th« 
 Tennessee River, where it is crossed by the Chatianooga 
 and Knoxville Railroad, 28 miles W.S.W. of Knoxville. 
 LOUDON, a township of Fayette co., Illinois. Pop. 800. 
 LOUDON, or LOWDEN, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, 
 on the Cedar Ra])ids and Missouri River Railroad, 42 milci 
 E.S.E. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 I-0U1SIAN.\, a post-town of Pike co., Missouri, situated 
 on the W. or S.W. bank of the Missi.ssippi River, 115 miles 
 above St. Louis, and 27 miles below Hannibal. It con- 
 tains 6 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, several 
 schools, 2 steam flonring-mills, 1 steam saw-mill, 10 dry- 
 goods stores, 2 drug stores, 1 engine shop, 5 tobacco facto- 
 ries, 3 steam planing-mills, Ac. The staple articles of export 
 are tobacco, wheat, flour, pork, cattle and mules. It has a 
 steam ferry-boat crossing the river. Pop. in \^G0, 2436; in 
 1865, about 3000. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a township of Scott co., Slinnesota, on the 
 
 Miiine.-iofci River, about 4 miles above Shakopee. Pop. 174. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a post-village of Scott co., Minnesota, on 
 
 the Minnesota River, about 28 miles S.W. of Minneapolis, 
 
 and IJ,^ miles above Carver. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Potta- 
 wattomie co., Kansas, is situated on Rock Creek, about 38 
 miles W.N.W. of Topeka, and 4 miles N. of the Kansas 
 River. It contains several stores, and mills moved both by 
 steam and water-power. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, on 
 the right bank of the Platte River, about 22 miles S.'W. of 
 Omaha City. 
 
 LOVELAND, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on the 
 Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, at its junction with the 
 Little Miami Railroad, 23 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 LOVELL'S STATION, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, 34 miles S.E. 
 of Erie. 
 
 LOVELTON, a post-village of Wyoming co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 15 miles W. by S. of Tunkliannock. 
 LOWDEN, Iowa. SeeLounos. 
 LOWKLL [continued from page 1095]. 
 Among the literary and educational institutions of Lowell 
 jnay be named the Mechanics' Association, having a large list 
 of members and a library of 9000 volumes ; under its auspices 
 a series of popular lectures are given every winter. 'I he As- 
 sociation was incorporated in 1825, witli a fund of $25.0(X). 
 The City Library,which is accessible to any one paying 50 cts. 
 annually, has 12,000 volumes. The press consists of 2 daily 
 and 3 weekly newspapers. Lowell has an excellent system 
 of public instruction, and employs a special superintendent 
 of schools. It has 45 primary, 8 grammar, and 1 high school. 
 For the maintenance of schools. $50,733 were expended in 
 1863. The total number of pupils in 1864 was about 5500— 
 smaller than before the war. There are also several private 
 schools. 
 
 The name of Lowell is derived from Francis C. Lowell, a 
 gentleman of Boston, who first interested himself in the en- 
 terprise of introducing cotton manufacturing into the Uni- 
 ted States in 1811-14. It was incorporated as a town (set 
 off from Chelmsford) in 1826 and chartered as a city in 1>^36. 
 Portions of Tewksbury and Dracut have been annexed to 
 Lowell since it was incorporated as a town. The Sixth Massa- 
 chusetts Regiment, principally from Lowell, was tlie first to 
 enter the field in response to the call of President Lincoln 
 (April 15th, 1861) for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment left 
 Lowell on the 16th; on the 19th was attacked by a mob in 
 Baltimore and two of its members — Ladd and Whitney — 
 both of Lowell,were killed. A monument to the memory of 
 these first martyrs of the great American rebellion, has been 
 erected in a public square in the heart of the city. Lowell 
 furnished the army and navy under the various calls for vol- 
 unteers to put down the rebellion, upward of 5000 men. In 
 1822, the population v 'thin what is now the citv limits wa« 
 
 2249 
 
LOW 
 
 about 200; a 1830, it was 6474; in 1S40, 20,796; in 1850, 
 83,385; in 1t560, 36,827. 
 
 LOWEi.L a post-village of Johnson co., North Carohna, 
 about 37 Diiles E.S.E. of Kaleigh. 
 
 LOWELL, a post-villago of Kent CO., Michig-an, is situ- 
 ated on Gra id River, at tlie month of the Flat River, and 
 on the Detr'.it and Milwaukee Railroad, 18 miles E. by S. 
 of Grand Rapida. 
 
 LOWKLL, a post-village of <Garrai-d co., Kentuckj', on 
 Paint Litk Creek, about 38 miles S. of Lexington. 
 
 LOWELL, a village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, on 
 iluion River, and on the Central Railroad, about 5 miles E. 
 by S. of Ann Arbor. 
 
 LOWELI^, a village of St. Joseph co., Indiana, on St. 
 Josepli's River, nearly opposite South Bend. 
 
 LOWELL_, a post-village of La Salle CO.. Illinois, on A*er- 
 milion River, about 13 miles S.W. of Ottawa. 
 
 LOWELL, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin, on 
 Beaver Dam River, about 9 miles S. of Beaver Dam, 36 miles 
 E.N.E. of Madison, and 2 miles N.E. of the Milwaukee and 
 St. Paul Riiilroad. It contains 3 churches, a graded school, 
 and several mills. A large quantity of lumber is made 
 here. The river affords abundant water-power in this 
 Vicinity. Population reported to be from 800 to 1000. 
 
 LOWELL, a township of Renville co., Minnesota. Pop. 78. 
 
 LOWELL, a village of Nevada co., California, about 10 
 miles N.E. of Nevada City. 
 
 LOWELL MILLS, a post-office of Bartholomew eo., In- 
 diana, on the Jefferson ville Riiilroad, 3 miles N. of Col- 
 ambus. 
 
 LOWER ALLOWAY'S CREEK, a township of Salem co.. 
 New Jersey. Pop. 1471. 
 
 LOWER HEIDELBERG, a township of Berks co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 2398. 
 
 LOWER LAKE, a post-village of Lake co., California, at 
 the S.E. end of Clear Lake, about 20 miles S.E. of Lake- 
 port. 
 
 LOWER MILFOHD, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1653. 
 
 LOWER PENN'S NECK, a township of Salem co., New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware River. Pop. 1506. 
 
 LOWER TOWAMENSING, a township of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1409. 
 
 LOWER UWCIILAN, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 Bylvania. Pop. 810. 
 
 LOW MOOR, a post-village of CUnton co., Iowa, on a 
 lailroad 9 miles E. of De Witt. 
 
 LOi'D, Wisconsin. See LixivD. 
 
 LUCAS, a post-villa.i;e of Richland co., Ohio, on the Pitts- 
 burg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of 
 Mansfield. 
 
 LUCAS, a post-village of Henry co., Missouri, about 50 
 miles S. of Lexington. 
 
 LUCEIJNE, a post-villago of Wayne co., Iowa, about 60 
 miles S. by £. of Des Moines. 
 
 LUCKANOMA, a valley of Lake co., California. Gold 
 and silver have been found here. 
 
 LUDLOW, a village of Kenton co., Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio River. 2 or 3 miles below Covington. 
 
 LUDLOW, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on a rail- 
 road 5 miles N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 LUDI^OW, a township of AUomakee co., Iowa. Pop. 638. 
 
 LUDWICK, a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 2'J9. 
 
 LDKENS, a township, of Lawrence co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1290. ^ 
 
 LURA, a township of Faribault co., Minnesota. Pop. 20. 
 
 LYLE. a i)Ost-township of Mower CO., Minnesota, ou both 
 Bides of the Red Cedar River, about 10 miles S. of Austin. 
 Pop. 1^6. 
 
 LYNCHBURG, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, on or 
 near the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, about 15 miles 
 W. by S. of New Lisbon. 
 
 \YNCHBURG, a post-village of Jefferson co., Illinois, 
 *Dout 28 miles S.E. of Centralia. 
 
 LYNCHBURG, a village of Butte co., California, on or 
 near the Feather River, about 27 miles N. of Marysville. 
 
 LYNDEN, or LYNDON, a village of Juneau co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Riiilroad, 112 miles 
 n .N.W. of Milwaukee. It has 2 warehouses, a plow-fac- 
 tory, &c. 
 
 MCG 
 
 LYNDEN, a township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, contains 
 the village of Lyndeu. Pop. 448. 
 
 LYNDON, a post-township of Ai-oostook co., Maine, on 
 the Aroostook River, about 165 miles N. by E. of Bangor. 
 Pop. 297. 
 
 LYNDON, a post-village of Caledonia co., A'ermont, on the 
 Passumpsic River, and ou the Counecticut and Passunipsic 
 Rivers Railroiid, 7 miles N. of St. Johusbury. Pop. of Lyn- 
 don towiisliip, 1695. 
 
 LYNDON, or LYNDEN, a township of Sheboygan co^ 
 Wisconsin, about 44 miles N. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1489. 
 
 J/YNDO.V, Freeborn co. Minnesota. See Lindon. 
 
 LYNDON STATION, a post-office of Ross co., Ohio, on 
 the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 20 miles W. of Chilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 LY'NN, a post-township of St. Clair co., Michigan, about 
 90 miles N. of Detroit. Pop. 225. 
 
 LYNN, a village of Adams co., Indiana, on the Wabash 
 River, about 33 miles S. by E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 LYNN, a township of Knox co., Illinois". Pop. 960. 
 
 LYNN, a post-village of Warren co., Iowa, near the North 
 River, about 14 miles S.S.W. of Dos Moines. 
 
 LYNNS VALLEY, or LINN'S VALLEY, a postofBceof 
 Tulare co , California, 62 miles S.E. of Visalia. 
 
 LYNXVILLE, a post-village and simiU township of 
 Criiwlbrd co., Wisconsin, on the Mississippi River, about 12 
 miles below Lansing, Iowa. Pop. 262. 
 
 LYON, a county in the W. piirt of Kentucky, has an area 
 of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on tlie W. by the 
 Tennessee River, and intersected by the Cumberland. The 
 surface is somewhat diversified; the soil is productive. 
 Capital, Eddyville. Pop. 5307. 
 
 LYON, a new county, forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Iowa, bordering on Minnesota. Arcii estimated at 600 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by tire Sioux River, 
 and intersected by Rock River. The census of 1860, fur- 
 nishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 LYON, a county in the E. central part of Kansas, (for- 
 merly called Breckinridge,) has an area of about 860 squiire 
 miles. It is intersected by the Neosho River, and also 
 drained by the Cottonwood River and several creeks'. The 
 bottoms or valleys of these rivers are covered witli a heavy 
 growth of timber. The soil is very fertile and adiipted to 
 the production of wheat. The rocks which underlie this 
 county are limestone and sandstone. It is liberally sup- 
 plied with oak iind walnut timber. Lyon county is traversed 
 by the route of the projected Neosho Valley Railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Emporia. Pop. 3197. 
 
 liYON, a countj' in the S.W. part of Nevada, has an area 
 estimated at 400 square miles. It is intersected by Carson 
 River. The surtiice is mountainous. The soil near Carson 
 River is said to be fertile. This county contains silver 
 mines Which have been worked with success, and some 
 gold. About 30 quartz-mills were in openition in this 
 county in 1863. Capital, Daytoh. 
 
 LYONS, a post-town of Clinton co., Iowa, on the W. bank 
 of the Mississippi River, 78 miles below Dubuque, 40 miles 
 N.E. of Davenport, and 136 miles W. of t'hicago, with 
 which it is connected by a direct riiilioad. It is nearly op- 
 posite Fulton. Illinois. It contains 1 nationiil bank, 1 state 
 bank, 7 churches, a femsile college, and a fine griided school 
 building. Three newspapers aie published here. Lyons 
 has also several manufiictories. A division of the Chiciigo 
 and Northwestern Railroad crosses the river 2 miles below 
 Lvons, and extends westward through the centre of Iowa. 
 Pop. in 1860, 2703 ; in 1865, about 4000. 
 
 LY'ONS, a township of Mills co., Iowa. Pop. 447. 
 
 LYONS, or LYONSVILLE, a post-village of Cook co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Des Plaines River, and on the Cliicago and 
 Quincy Railroad, 13 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. 
 
 LYON'S STATION, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the East Pennsylvania Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of 
 Reiiding. 
 
 LYONS STATION, a post-office of Fayette co., Indiana, 
 on the Cincinnati and Indianapolis Junction Itailroi.d, about 
 5 miles E. of Connersville. 
 
 LYONSVILLE, a village of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Manitowoc River, about 40 miles N.E. of Fond du Liic. 
 
 LYTTON,a mining villageofBriti,4i Columbia, oi. Fraser 
 River, about 90 miles in a direct line N.E. of New West- 
 minster. 
 
 M. 
 
 McCAMERON, a post-township of Martin co., Indiana, 
 "bout 40 miles E.N.E. of Vincennes. Pop. 915. 
 McCAMMISH, a township of Johnson co., Kansas. Pop. 
 
 McCANDLESS, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1482. 
 
 Mccartys VILLE, a post-village of Santa Clara co., Cali- 
 fornia, 10 mile,'* S.W. of Shu .Jose'. It has 2 stores. 
 
 McCLAINSVILLE, formerly HOOKTOWN, a village 
 22o0 " 
 
 of Humboldt co., California, situated at the S. end ct 
 Humboldt Bay, about 12 miles S. by W. of Eureka, ara 
 4 or 5 miles Irom the sea. It has facilities for shipping 
 produce. 
 
 McCLURE, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 1365. 
 
 MtCULLOCH, a new county in the AV. central part of 
 Texiis, hiis an area of about 900 square miles. It is hounded 
 on the N. by the Colorado River, aud also di-aNid by Brady'i 
 
MCD 
 
 Creek. The surface is diversified. Tlie census of 1S60 
 furnishes no information respecting tliis county. 
 
 McDowell, a county forming tlio S.W. extremity of 
 West Virginia, luw an area of aliout 625 square utilus. It is 
 diiiiued by tlie Tug Fork of Sandy River, and by Camp 
 Creek. The surface is liilly. Pop. 1.535. 
 
 McFARLAND, a post-village of Dane Co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Milwaukee and X'rairie du Chien Ilailroad, 7 miles S.E. 
 of Mailison. 
 
 McUllKOOU. a thriving post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, 
 on the Mississippi Hiver, opposite Prairie du Chien, and 01 
 miles above iJubuiiue. It is the S.E. terminus of the 
 McGregor Western Ilailroad, which extends to Minnesota. 
 It contains 1 or 2 national banks, and several churciies. 
 Pop. in 1860, 1989. It is Bometimes called McGregor's 
 Lauding. 
 
 McKEE, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Kentucky, 
 about 60 miles S.S.E. of Lexington. 
 
 McKEK, a township of Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 946. 
 
 McKPiNZlK, a post-village of Lane co , Oregon, aliout 4 
 miles N.E. of Kngene City. 
 
 McLKAX, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, has an 
 area estimated at 325 square miles. It is intersected liy 
 Green lliver, and also drained by Pond Kiver. The surface 
 is somewhat diversified ; the soil is generally i)ruductive. 
 Capital. Calhoun. Pop. 6144, of whom f-88 were slaves. 
 
 McLEAN, a post-village of McLean co,, Illinois, on the 
 Chicago and St. Louis Kailroad, 15 miles &.Vf. of Bloom- 
 ington.' 
 
 JIcLE.\N. a township of Riimsey co., Minnqsota, on tha 
 Mississiijpi River, below St. Paul. Pop. 124. 
 
 McLEOD, a county in the central part of Minncsotji, has 
 an urea of about aOO square miles. It is intersected by Has- 
 san River and Buffalo Creek, which flow e.ostward. The 
 surface is undulating; the soil is very productive. The 
 N.K. part is densely covered with forests of hard timber. 
 The county contains numerous small lakes and a large ex- 
 tent of prairie. Capital, Glencoe. Pop. 1286. 
 
 McMlNNVILLE, a post-village of Yam Hill co., Oregon 
 on tlie South Fork of the Yam Ilill River. 5 miles S.W. of 
 Lafayette. It contains an institution called McMinnville 
 College. Pop. in 1864, about 300; 
 
 McMULLIN, a new county in the S. part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 1100 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Nuices Kivor and the lUo Frio. 
 
 M.\Ci:i)ON, a post-village of Mercer co., Ohio, about 37 
 miles N.W. of Piqua. 
 
 J[ AC ED! >NI .\. a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 J1ACI\."<VILLE, a post-olfice of Guthrie co., Iowa. 
 
 MACivlNAW, a po.--t-village and township of Ta/.ewell 
 CO.. Illinois, about 21 miles K.S.E. of Pi-oria. Pop. IIOS. 
 
 MACKINAW CITY, a village of Enunet Co.. Michigan, 
 on the S. side of the Straits of Mackinaw, about 230 miles 
 N. of Lansing. 
 
 M.\CON, a post-village of Powhatan co., Virginia, about 
 38 miles \V. of Richmond. 
 
 MACON, a post-village of Macon co., Illinois, on the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 10 miles S. of Decatur. 
 
 JIACON, a village and township of Buieau co., Illinois, 
 about 44 miles N. of Peoria. Pop. 689. 
 
 5IAC0N CITY, a post-village, capital of Macon co., Mis- 
 souri, situated on the Hannibal and St. Josei>li Railroad, at 
 its junction with the North Missouri Railroad. 70 miles \V. 
 of Hannibal, and 168 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 MACOUl'IN, a village of Macoupin co., Illinois, on tlie 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Itailroad, 27 miles N.N.E. of 
 Alton. 
 
 MADA, or MAID.\, a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa, 
 about 60 miles W. by N. of Des Moines. 
 
 MADEIRA, or MADERA, a post-village of Clearfield co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Clearfield Creek, about 25 miles N. of 
 Altoona. 
 
 JIADELIA, or MI'DELTA, a small village, capital of Wa- 
 tonwan CO., Minnesota, on tile Watonwan River, about 27 
 miles W.S.W. of Mankato. Pop. 194. 
 
 M.iDISilN, a county in the E. part of Nebraskiv, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is drained by the Elkhorn 
 River. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1860. Madison and Platte counties 
 together contained 782 inhabitants. 
 
 5IADIS0N, a post-township of Carroll co., New Hamp- 
 shire, about 50 miles N.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 826. 
 
 M.iDISON, a post-village, capital of Madison co., Florida, 
 situated on the route of the Florida Atlantic and Gulf Cen- 
 tral Railroad, about 60 miles E. of Tallahassee. Free popu- 
 lation, 423. 
 
 M.\DISON, a post-village, capital of Orange co., Texas, 
 on the right bank of the Sabine River, about 112 miles E. 
 bj N. of Houston. 
 
 MADISON, a post-village, capital of St. Francis co., Ar- 
 kansas, on the St. Francis River, and on the route of the 
 Memphis and Little Rock Riiilroad, about 40 miles W. by S. 
 of ilemplils. 
 
 MADISON, a village of Hamilton co., Ohio, about 8 miles 
 E.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 « MAI 
 
 MADISON, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 844. 
 
 MADISON, a villaje of Jlercer co.. Ohio, on St. Mary's 
 River, about 10 miles N. by E. of Celina, 
 
 MADISON, a township of Richland co., Oliio. Pop. 1686. 
 
 MADIS »N, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1583. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 782. 
 
 M.^DISON, a township of Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 9tiG. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Wasliington co., Indiana. Pop. 
 607. 
 
 MADISON, a villaee of Macon co., Illinois, about9 milea 
 S.W. of Decatur. 
 
 M.\DISON, a post-village and township of Madison co., 
 Illinois on the Mississippi River, opposite the mouth of th* 
 Missouri, about 5 miles below Alton. 
 
 M A DISON. a township of Richland co., Illinois. Pop. 1046. 
 
 MADISON, a townshiji of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 449. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 158. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Fremont co., Iowa. Pop. 492. 
 
 MADLSON, a township of Hancock CO., Iowa. Pop. 80. 
 
 MADI.SON,a post-village and township of Jones co., Iowa, 
 on Bear Creek, 12 miles E.S.E. of Anamosa. Pop. of village 
 about 100; of township, 565. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Madison Co., Iowa. Pop. 476. 
 
 MADISON, a town.ship of Mahaska co., Iowa. Pop. 427. 
 
 MADISON, a townsliip of Polk Co., Iowa. Pop. 1308. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 2-38. 
 
 MADISON, a township of Winneshiek CO., Iowa. Poji, 434. 
 
 MADISON, a post-village of Greenwood Co., Kansas, on 
 the Verdigris River, about 20 miles S. of Emporia. 
 
 MADLSON BRIDGE, a village of Somerset co., Maine, on 
 the Kennehec River, about 38 miles N. of Augusta. 
 
 MADISON BURG, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, 4 or 
 
 5 miles N. of Wooster. 
 
 MADISON FORK of the Missouri River, a river in tho 
 S.W. part of Montana, rises in the Rocky -Mountains, Hows 
 northward and unites with the other branches nesir Galla- 
 tin City. The land through which it flows is described as 
 a fertile prairie. 
 
 MADISONVILLE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 MADISONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Madison co., 
 Texas, about 145 miles N.N.W. of Galveston. 
 
 .MAD RIVER, Califorin'a, rises in Trinity CO., flows north- 
 westward through Humboldt co., and enters the Pacific 
 Ocean on tho boundary between Humboldt and Klamath 
 counties. 
 
 M.AG.\LIA, a post-village of Butte co., California,'24 miles 
 N. of Oroville. It has several stores. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a post-village of Harford co., Maryland, on 
 the Gunpowder River, and on the Philadelphia and Balti- 
 more Railroad, 19 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a post-village of Duplin CO., North Carolinii, 
 on the Wilmington and Weldon Riiilroad, 49 miles N. of 
 Wilmington. 
 
 M.AGNOLIA. a post-village, capital of Columbia co., Ar- 
 kansas, alMUit 40 nales S.W. of Camden. Pop. 424. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a post-village of Pike co., Mis.sissippi, on 
 the New Orleans and Jackson Railroad, about 88 miles S. 
 by W. of Jackson. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a post-village of Crawford co., Indiana, 5 or 
 
 6 miles N.W. of Jievenw(jrth. 
 
 .M.\GNOLIA, a post-village and township of Putnam co., 
 Illinois, about 28 miles S.W. of Ottawa. Pop. 1250. 
 
 .MAGNOFjIA, a post-village, capital of Harrison CO., Iowa, 
 on Willow Creek. 36 miles N.by E. of Council Bluffs. It 
 contains a court-house, 2 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 
 public school house, and 3 stores. It is situated in a rich 
 tract of land which is said to be well wooded. Pop. 3(10. 
 
 MAGNOLIA, a station on the Beloit and Madison Rail- 
 road, in Magnolia township. Rock co., Wisconsin, 20 miles 
 N.W. of Beloit. 
 
 MAGOFFIN, a county in the E. part of Kentucky. Area 
 estimated at 425 square miles. It is intersected by Licking 
 River. The surface is hilly; the .soil of the valleys is pro- 
 ductive. Capital, Salyersville. Pop. 3485. 
 
 MAHANOY CITY, a new post-town of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh and Mahanoy R.R., 35 miles 
 from Mauch Chunk, and about 13 miles N. by E. of Pottsville. 
 It has grown up since 1859. Pop. in 1865 said to be 7000. 
 
 MAHON, a post-village of Huntington CO., Indiana, on 
 the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 17 miles S.W. of Fort 
 Wayne. 
 
 MAHONING, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1446. 
 
 MAHONING, a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 191 1. 
 
 MAHOPAC, a post-village of Carmel township, Putnam 
 CO., New York, is situated about 12 miles E. of the Hudson 
 River, and 50 miles N. by E. of New York. It is a place of 
 summer resort which is visited by a great number of per- 
 sons. Here is a small lake of the same name. 
 
 MAIDEN ROCK, a post-office of Pierce (or Pepin) co., 
 Wisconsin, on the shore of Lake Pepin, about 10 miles above 
 the village of Pepin. Here is a rocky bluff which is about 
 400 feet high. 
 
 2251 
 
MAI . 
 
 MAINE, a post-townsliip of Cook co.. Illinois, intersected 
 by the Dea Plaines River, about 12 miles N.W. of Clucago. 
 Pop. 1142. 
 
 MAINE, a township of Linn CO., Iowa. Pop. 710. 
 
 MAINE I'R.ilRlE, a post-township of Stearns co^ Min- 
 nesota, about 12 miles S.S.W. of St. Cloud. 
 
 MAINE PRAIRIE, a post-village of Solano co., Califor- 
 nia, 18 miles N.E. of Suisun City. Pop. in 1863, about 1CH3. 
 
 MAINSBURG, or MAINESBURG, a post-village of Tioga 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 42 miles N. of Williamsport. Pop. 
 114. 
 
 MAINVILLE, a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, about 
 25 miles N.E. of Cinciunivti. 
 
 MAKANDA, or M.\.KK.4^NDA, a post-village of Jackson 
 CO., Illinois, on the Central Hailroad, 4S miles N. of Cairo. 
 
 MA LADE RIVER, a small stream in the S. part of Idaho, 
 is an affluent of the Lewis River. Its direction is S.S.W. 
 
 MALCOLM, a post-township of Poweshiek co., Iowa, 
 about 52 miles E. by N. of Des Moines. Pop. 234. 
 
 MALDEN, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Burlington and Quincy Riiilroad, 16 miles S.W. of 
 Mendota. 
 
 MALDEN, a post-office of Polk co., Wisconsin. 
 
 M ALLOR V, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 930. 
 
 MALONE, a townsliip of Tazewell co., Illinois. Pop. 915. 
 
 M.'V^LONE, a township of Saint Croix CO., Wisconsin, about 
 15 miles N Ji. of the Mississippi River, at Prescott. Pop. 
 358. 
 
 MALTA, a post-village and township of De Kalb co., 
 niiuois, on the Dixon Air Line Railroad, 64 miles W. of 
 Chicago. Pop. 620. 
 
 MALVERN HILLS, Henrico co., Virginia, are near the 
 James River, about 12 miles S.S.E. of Richmond. Here the 
 Union army victoriously repulsed an attack of the enemy, 
 July 1, 1862. 
 
 MAMMOTH LEDGE, a post-village of Douglas co., Ne- 
 vada, 20 miles S.E. of Genoa. Pop. about 100. 
 
 MANADA HILL, a pt)st-oflRce of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, about 12 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. 
 
 M.\NALAPAN, a post-village and township of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersej', intersected by the Agricultural Railroad, 
 about 25 miles E.N.E. of Trenton. Pop. 2:574. 
 
 MANANAII, or MANANNAH, a post-village of Meeker 
 CO., Minnesota, on or neiu: Crow River, about 11 miles N.W. 
 of Forest City. Pop. 98. 
 
 MANASSAS, or MAN ASSES, a post-office of Prince Wil- 
 liam c<f., Virginia. 
 
 MANASS.\S GAP, Virginia, is a pass through the Blue 
 Ridge, on the lino between Fauquier and Warren counties. 
 The Manasses Gap Railroad extends through this gap from 
 Alexandria to the Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 MANASSAS JUNCTION, a railroad station in Prince 
 William co., Virginia, on the Orange and Alexandria Rail- 
 road, where it connects with the Manassas Gap Riiilroad, 
 27 miles W. of Alexandria, and about 4 miles S.W. of Bull 
 Bun. 
 
 MANAWAII, a village of Waupaca co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Little Wolf River, about 40 miles N.N.W. of Oshkosh. 
 
 MANCHAC, a post-village of East Raton Rouge parish, 
 Louisiana, on ths Mississippi River, about 14 miles below 
 Baton Rouge. 
 
 MA.NCHAC, a station on the New Orleans and Jackson 
 Rjiilroad, where it crosses Pass Manchac, in Livingston 
 parisli. Louisiina, about 42 miles N.W. of New Orleiuis. 
 
 MAXCHKSTKR, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 about 4 miles W. of Augusta. Pop. 813. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-village of Ocean co., New Jersey, 
 on the Riiritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, 58 miles E. by 
 N. of Camden, and about 12 miles W.N.W. of Tom's River. 
 
 MANCHKSTER, a village of Lorain co., Ohio, on Ver- 
 milion River, about 22 miles E. by S. of Sandusky. 
 
 MANCIIESTEK. a village of Stark co., Ohio, about 12 
 miles N. by W. of Massillon. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a village of Wabash co., Indiana, on Eel 
 Biver, about .17 miles W. by S. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a township of Boone co., Illinois. Pop. 
 
 M.ANCHESTER, a post-village of Scott co., Illinois, on 
 the railroad wliich extends from Jacksonville towards St. 
 Louis, about 2u miles S. by W. of the former. 
 
 M.VNCHESTER, a thriving post-village of Delaware co., 
 Iowa, on tlie Maijuoketa River, and on the Dubuque and 
 Sioux City Railroad, 50 miles W. of Dubuque. It contains 
 2 churche.s, 1 newsi)aper office, a public hall, 12 variety and 
 grocery stores, 2 drug stores, and 2 jewelry stores. Pop 
 about I UK). 
 
 MANCHESTER, a post-township of Green Lake co., Wi.s- 
 coiisin, about 31 miles W.S.W. of Fond du Lac. Pop. 1048. 
 
 MANCIIESTEK, a township of Jackson co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 2.-)9. 
 
 M.ANCHESTER, a village of Sauk c«., Wisconsin, on the 
 Baraboo River, near Baralx)o. It has 2 mills and 1 woollen 
 factory. Pop. about 100, 
 
 MANCHESTER, a township of Freeborn co., Minnesota 
 Pop. 325. 
 
 2252 
 
 MAN 
 
 MANDEVILLE. a post-village of Carroll co., Missouri, 
 about 28 miles N.N.E. of Lexington. 
 
 M ANHATT.\N, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 514. 
 
 >I.\M1ATTAN, a village of W^ right CO., Minnesota, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 4 miles below Mouticello. 
 
 MAN 1 1 A TTAN, a post-village, capital of Riley co., Kans-as, 
 situated .at the confluence of tlie Big Blue with the Kansas 
 River, on the \\ . bank of the former and the N. bank of 
 the Kansas, about 50 miles W. Iiy N. of Topeka. It con- 
 tiiins 5 churches. 2 flouring-mills, and 1 saw-mill, and is 
 the seat of the State Agricultural College. The Rig llluo 
 River affords water-power here. Manhattan is on the rout* 
 of the Union Pacitic Railroad. Pop. about 800. 
 
 MANHATTAN, a post-village of Dodge co., Nebraska, op 
 Logan's Cr.'ck, about 60 miles .S'.AV. ot Omaha City. 
 
 M.VNILLA, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, on a raii- 
 roiul, 10 miles W.S.W. of Rushville. 
 
 MANIS'TEE, a county in the W.N.W. part of Michiiiun, 
 has an area of abont 550 square miles. It is bouiuled on 
 the W. by l>ake Michigan, intersected by the Mauisteo 
 River, and also drained by I'ine Riverand Bear Creek. The 
 surface is undulating or nearly level, and extensively covered 
 with forests of pine. Capital, Manistee. Pop. 975. 
 
 MANISTEE, a post-village, capital of Manistee co., Mi- 
 chigan, on the Manistee River, at its entrance into Luke 
 Midiigan, about 75 miles N. by W. of Muskegon. Pop. of 
 Manistee township, 649. 
 
 MANITO, a post-village of Mason co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois River Hailroad, 16 miles N.E. of Havana. • 
 
 MANKA.TO, a post-village, capital of Blue Earth CO., 
 Minnesota, situated on the right bank of the Minnesota 
 River, about 1 mile below the niouih of the Mankato, or 
 Blue h^th River, abont 11 miles S. of St. Peter, and 70 
 miles in a direct line S.S.W. of Saint Paul. It contains a 
 court-house, several churches, and an institution called the 
 University of Southern Minnesota. Pop. of Mankato town- 
 ship in 1860, 1559. 
 
 M.\NLIUS, a to^v■n8hip of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 611. 
 
 MANLIUS, a post-township of La Salle co., Illinois, on 
 the Illinois River, about 8 miles E. of OtUiwa. Pop. HJ08. 
 
 MANLIUS, a village of Carroll co., Missouri, about 8 
 miles E. of ("anoUton. 
 
 MANNING, a post-village, capital of Clarendon district, 
 South Carolina, about 70 miles N. by W. of Charleston. 
 
 MANNINGsVILLE, a village of Kaiuiwha co.. West Vii> 
 ginia, on Coal River, about 10 miles W.S.W. of Charleston. 
 
 MANOMIN, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, has 
 an area of 16 square mile.3. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Mississippi River. The surface is somewhat diversified, 
 and the soil is fertile. Capital, Manomin. Pop. 136. 
 
 MANOMIN, a post-village, capital of Manomin CO., Min- 
 nesotiv, situated on the E. bank of the Mississij)pi River, 
 and on the Saint Paul and Pacific Riiilroad, about 17 miles 
 by land or 21 miles by water N.W. of Saint Paul. It con- 
 tiiins 1 church, 2 hotels, 1 store, and 1 mill. Rice Creek 
 affords fine water-power here. Pop. about 200. 
 
 MANOR, a township of Armstrong co., Peunsylviinia. 
 Pop. 1210. 
 
 MANORVILLE, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Alleghiiny River and Alleghany Valley Riiilroiid, 1 
 or 2 miles S. of Kittanniug. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Tioga River, and on the Corning and Blossburg liail- 
 road. about 2s miles S.S.W. of Elmii-ii, New York. Here 
 is a Stjite Normal School. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a post-village of Louisa co., Virginia, about 
 52 miles N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, about 
 25 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a township of Freeborn co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 38. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a village of Linn co., Kan.sas, about 30 
 miles N. by \V. of Fort Scott. 
 
 MANSON, a post-village of Warren co.. North Carolinii, on 
 the Raleigh and Gitston Railroad, 64 miles N.N.^V. of 
 Baleigh. 
 
 M ANSU'RA, a post-village of Avoyelles parish, Louisana, 
 on Red River, near its mouth, about 66 miles N.\\'. of Bat- 
 on Rouge. 
 
 M.\NTENO, a post-village of Kankakee co., lUinoi.s, in 
 Manteno township, and on the Centiiil Railroad (Chicago 
 IJranch), 47 miles S. by W. of Chicago. Pop. of towiijlip, 
 861. 
 
 MANTKNO, a post-office of Shelby co^ Iowa, about 17 
 miles N.W. of Harlan. 
 
 M.\NTI, or MUNTI, a post-village of Fremont co., Iowa, 
 about 14 miles E. by S.of Sidney. 
 
 MANTI, a post-village, capital of San Pete co., Utah, 
 about CO miles E.N.E. of Fillmore City. It has several 
 stores. It is stated that copi)er ivnd iron hiive be.-n found 
 in the mountains near this place. Pop. of Mauti preciu<;t 
 in 1860. 916. 
 
 MANTORVILLE. or MANTERVILLE. a post-office, capi- 
 tal of Doilge CO., Minnesota, on the south branch of the 
 Zumbro River, and on the \Vinoua and Saint 1 eter's Rail- 
 
MAN 
 
 MAR 
 
 road (in progress), about Ifi miles W. by N. of Rocheater 
 Pop. of Maiitoiville township, 700. 
 
 MANTUA, a townsliip of Gloucester co., New Jersey, tra- 
 rersed by tlie West Jersey Railroad. Pop. 1742. 
 
 MANTUA, a post-village of I'ortage co., Ohio, on the 
 Cuyahoga River, and on the Cleveland Branch of tlie At- 
 lantic aiid Great Western Railroad, 30 miles E.S.E. of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 JI.WTUA, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 841. 
 
 MANTUA, a post-village of Collin co., Texas, about 30 
 miles S.W. of Bonham. 
 
 MAPIiE GROVK, a township of Saginaw co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 201. 
 
 MAPLK GROVE, a post-township of Manitowoc co., W"is- 
 :onHln, in the N.W. part. Pop. 6D6. 
 
 MAl'LE GROVE, a township of Hennepin co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 443. 
 
 M.\I'LE LAKE, a post-village and township of Wright 
 30., Minnesota, about 40 miles M'.N.W. of St. Anthony. 
 Pop. 111. 
 
 MAPLE RIDtjE, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 M.APLES, a jjo.st-village of Allen co., Indiana, 10 miles by 
 railroad S.K. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 MAPLES, or MARPLE, a township of Faribault co., Min- 
 nesota. Pop. 31. 
 
 MAPLEToN, or MAPLETON DEPOT, a post-village of 
 Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River and 
 Central Railroad, 43 miles E.S.E. of Altooiia. 
 
 MAP I. ETON, a post-village of Manona Co., Iowa, on Ma^ 
 pie Cn.ek, about 40 miles S.E. of Sioux City. 
 
 M APUCTON, a post-village of Blue Eartli Co., Minnesota, 
 on tlie .Maple River, 18 or 20 miles S. by W. of Mankato. It 
 has 1 churcli and a steam saw-miil. Pop. about 80. 
 
 MAPLKTON, a township of Blue Earth co., Minnesota, IS 
 miles S. of Mankato. Pop. .11.5. 
 
 MAPIiETON,a small post-village of Bourbon co., Kansas, 
 about 17 miles N.W. of Fort Scott. 
 
 MAl'LE VALLEY, a township af Sanilac co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 132. 
 
 MARAMEC, or MERAMEC, a village of St. Louis co., 
 Missouri, on tlie Maraniec River and the Pacific Railroad, 
 19 miles W.S.W. of 8t. Louis. 
 
 MAKAMEC IRON WORKS, a post-village of Phelps co., 
 Missouri, on tli(! Maraniec River, about 1.6 miles E. of Rolla, 
 It contiuns an iron furnace, several forges, 1 grist-mill, and 
 
 1 saw-mill. Here is a l.irge spring, which affords extensive 
 water-power, witli a fall of 12 feet, and drives seven water- 
 wheels. Iron is found here in abundance. 
 
 M.\RATIION,a large county in the N.part of Wisconsin, 
 bordering on the upper peninsula of Michigan. Area alioiit 
 5450 square miles. It is intersected by the Wisconsin 
 River, wliich rises near the N. border, and Hows southward, 
 and it is also drained by the Big Eau Pleiiie, Little Eau 
 Plcine, and Plover Rivers. The surtiioe is elevated. The 
 northern half of the county has never been surveyed, and 
 is an unexplored wilderness. Extensive pine forests grow 
 along the Wisconsin River and its tributaries. It is stated 
 that in 1800, 15,500,000 feet of pine lumber were nianulac- 
 tured in this county. Capital, Wansau. Pop. 2S92. 
 
 MARATHON, a post village of Lapeer CO., Michigan, on 
 Flint liiver, about 7 miles N.N.AV. of Lapeer. It has a mill. 
 
 .MAR.\TIION, a township of Marathon CO., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 174. 
 
 MARCELLINE, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 
 about 14 miles N. of Quincy. 
 
 MARCELIiUS. a post-township of Cass co., Michigan, 
 about 22 miles S.S.W. of Kalaniazoo. Pop. 753. 
 
 MAUCY, a post-village of Lagrange co., Indiana, about 
 40 miles N. by W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 MARCY, a i)ost-village and township of Boone co.. Iowa, 
 about 38 miles N.N.W. of Des Moines. The village is about 
 
 2 miles W. of the Des Moines River. Pop. 363. 
 
 MARE ISLAND, California, is in the Bay of San Pablo, 
 and is separated from tlie main land of Solano county by 
 the harbor of Vallejo. Here is a United States Navy Yard. 
 
 MARENGO, a post-village of Calhoun en., Michigan, on 
 the Kalamazoo River, and on the Central Rjiilroad, 6 miles 
 E. of Jlarshall. It has 1 mill. 
 
 MAR1:NG0, a village of Faribault Co., Minnesota, about 
 40 miles S. by E. of M.inkato. 
 
 M.1R0.\RETTA, a village of Lanca.ster co., Nebraska, on 
 Saline Creek, about 50 nides S.W. of Omaha Citv. 
 
 M.\UGARETVILLE, a post-village of Delaware CO., New 
 York, about 11 miles S.E. of Delhi. 
 
 MARIES, a county in the central part of Missouri, has 
 an area of al>out 550 square nules. It is intersected by the 
 Gasconade River, and also drained by the sources of Bour- 
 beuse Cre^k. The surface is uneven or hilly. Copper, lead 
 and iron .-■•« found in this county. Indian" corn and stock 
 are the sta^'es. Capital, Vienna. Pop. 4y01. 
 
 MARIETTA, a post-village of Itawamba CO., Mississippi, 
 about 33 miles S. of Corinth. 
 
 MARIi'VTA, a -illage of Holt oo., Mis.sonri, on the Mig- 
 BOnri Rivei, about 45 miles by land N.^V. of St. Joseph. 
 
 MARIETTA, a v/llage of Worth co., Missouri, situated 
 
 about eo miles N.N.E. of the town of St. Josej h. 
 
 MARIETTA, a post-village, capital of Marshall CO., Iowa 
 on or near the lowa River, about 50 miles N.E. of Dea 
 Moines. A division of tlie Chicago and Northwestern Rail 
 road passes through it, or about 1 mile south of it. Pop. 
 760. 
 
 M.\RIE'rTA, a post-township of Crawford co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Kickapoo River, about 16 miles E.N.E. of Prairie da 
 Chien. Pop. 6S0. 
 
 MARIETTA, a village of Marshall CO., Kans-is, on th« 
 Big Blue River, about "J miles below MarysviUe. 
 
 MARIETT.\, a post-village of Otoe co., Nebraska, on the 
 Missouri River, about 3 miles below Nebraska City. 
 
 M.\RILLA, a post-village and township of Erie co.. New 
 York, about 18 miles E. by S. of Buffalo. Pop. 1596. 
 
 MARIN .4, a township of Marathon co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 331. 
 
 MARINE, a village of Washington co., >linnesota, in 
 Marine township, and on the \V. bank of St. Croix River, 
 about 11 miles alwve Stillwater. It has 1 or 2 saw-mills. 
 Ileie is a post-office, called Marine Mills. Pop. of town- 
 ship, 451. 
 
 MARION, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, bordering 
 on ivouisiana. It is bounded on the S. by the Big Cypress 
 Bayou and Caddo Lake or Soda Lake. The surface is un- 
 dulating; the soil is fertile. This county was formed out 
 of the south p;u't of Cass county. Capital, Jefferson. Pop. 
 3977. 
 
 M.\RIOX, a new county in the central part of Kansas, 
 has an area of about 850 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Cottonwood River. The surface is undulating, and the soil 
 productive. Pop. in 1S60, 74. 
 
 M.\RION, a county in tbe N.W. part of Oregon, has an 
 area estimated at 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the \\ lllamette River, and also drained by the .North 
 Fork of the Sautiani. and by Butte, Silver and Mill Creeks. 
 The surface in some parts is mountiunous. Tbe Cascade 
 Range, covered with perpetual snow, extends along the E 
 border of the county. The soil of the valleysj is fertile 
 Gold, silver, copjrer and iron are found in the Cascade 
 Range, which also produces abundance of timlier. Wheat, 
 oats and wool are the staple productions. According to the 
 census of 1860, Marion county was the most poptilous in the 
 state, and produced mora wheat than any other county of 
 Oregon. The quantity of wheat was 146,031 bushels. Capi- 
 tal. Salem. Pop. 70S8. 
 
 MARION, a post-township of Plymouth co., Massachu- 
 setts, on Buzzard's Itay. Pop. 918. 
 
 MARION, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. Pop 
 471. 
 
 JIARION, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop 
 789. 
 
 MARION, or MARIONVILLE, a post-village, capitiil of 
 Forest co., Pennsylvania, about 80 miles S.E. of Erie. The 
 name of the post-office is Maiionville. 
 
 MARION, a post-village of Union Parish, Louisiana, about 
 18 miles N.E. of Farmersville. 
 
 MARION, a village of Owen co., Kentucky, on or near the 
 Kentucky River, about 55 miles E.N.K. of Louisville. 
 
 MARION, a village of Scott co., Kentucky, about 12 miles 
 N. of Lexington. 
 
 MARION, a township of Noble co., Ohio. Pop. 1578. 
 
 M.4RI0N, a township of Saniliic CO., Michigan. Pop. 197. 
 
 MARION, a township of Boone CO., Indiana. Pop 10-58. 
 
 MARION, a township of Decatur co., Indiana. Pop. 2050. 
 
 M.\RION, a township of Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 756. 
 
 MARION, a village of Dewitt co., Illinois, about 26 miles 
 S.S.K. of Bloomington. 
 
 MARION, a township of Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 397. 
 
 MARION, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 556. 
 
 M.\RION, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 8(X). 
 
 MARION, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 194. 
 
 M.ARION, a township of Henry co., Iowa. Pop. 1420. 
 
 M.\RION, a township of Lee Co., Iowa. Pop. 1151. 
 
 MARION, a township of Marshall co., Iowa. Pop. 484. 
 
 MARION, a township of Washington co., lowa. Pop. 819. 
 
 M.A.RION, a township of Grant co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wisconsin River. Pop. 508. 
 
 MARION, a township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wisconsin River. Pop. 2S2. 
 
 MARION, a township in the S. part of AVanshara co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 520. 
 
 M.ARION, a post-village in Marion township, Olmstead 
 CO., Minnesota, on the Root River Valley Railroad (in pro- 
 gress), about 9 miles S.E. of Rochester. Pop. of townsliip, 
 795. 
 
 MARION, a township of Doniphan co., Kansas. Pop. 665. 
 
 MARION, a post-village and township of Doughis co., 
 Kan.sas, about 16 miles S.S.W. of Lawrence. Pop. 416. 
 
 MARIPO'S.\, a post-village, capital of JIariposa co., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated in a mountainous region, 91 miles S.E. of 
 Stockton, and about 50 miles S.S.E. of Sonora. It contain* 
 2 newspaper offices, and 2 quartz-mills, and is supported by 
 gold mines, which are worked in the vicinity. Near this 
 village is the well-known Fremont Grant, said to be the 
 
MAR 
 
 ticliest mineral estate in California. Pop. in 1864, varionsly 
 estimated IVom 700 to 1200. 
 
 MAKK, a townsliip of Defiance CO., Oliio. Pop. 391. 
 MAKK.A.NDA, Illinois. See M^K^nba. 
 M.AR'KK.SAX, a post-village of Green Lake co. Wiscon- 
 sin, on GraiiJ Rivor, about 20 miles S. of Berlin. It lias 2 
 chii dies, 1 Krist-mill. and about 8 stores. Pop. about 450. 
 SI ARKHAJI STATION, a post-office of Fauquier CO., Vir- 
 gini ^ on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 13 miles E. of lYont 
 Roval. 
 
 MARKLEEVILLK, a post-village, capital of Alpine co , 
 California, 60 miles E.N.K. of Jackson. It had in 1863 
 about 7 general stores. One newspaper is published here. 
 Pop. about 400. 
 
 M ARKLEVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, 
 about 35 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 M ARLIN, a post-village, capital of Falls co., Texas, situ- 
 ated about 3 miles N.E. of tlie Brazos River, and 95 miles 
 N.N.E. of Austin Citv. 
 
 SIARMATA, a village of Lake co., Minnesota, on Lake 
 Superior, about 32 miles N.E. of Superior City. 
 
 MARMATOX, a post-villiige of Bourbon co., Kansas, on 
 Marraaton Creek, about 10 miles W. of Fort Scott. 
 
 MAR5I0NT, or MARMOT, a post-village of Marshall 
 CO., Indiana, about 12 miles S.W. of Plymouth. 
 
 MAROA, a post-village in Maroa township, Macon co., 
 Illinois, on tlie Central Railroad, 13 miles N. of Deeatur. 
 
 MAKQUETTE, a county of Michigan, in the Upper Pe- 
 ninsula, bordering on Lake Superior. Area estimated at 
 3400 square miles. It is drained by the Michigamig, Esco- 
 nawba, Mequacumecum and Sturgeon Rivers. The surface 
 Is hilly, or uneven; the soil is geneniUy not adajited to 
 agriculture. The rocks which underlie the county are 
 granite, slate and marble. Iron is abundant in the N.E. 
 part. About 3^ of all tlie iron made in the United States is 
 obtained from tins county. It contains extensive forests 
 of pine. It is traversed by a railroad extending from Mar- 
 quette to Green Bay. Capital, Marquette. Pop. 2821. 
 
 MARQiIeTTE, a post-village, capital of Marquette co., 
 Michigan, .situated on the South shore of Lake Superior, in 
 about lat. 46° 30' N., Ion. 87° 40' W. It owes its prosperity 
 to the iron mines, which are worked in tlie vicinity. It is 
 a terminus of the Peninsular Railroad which extends south- 
 ward towards Green Bay. Here is 1 national bank. Pop. 
 in isro. 1664. 
 
 MARRINETTE, or MARINETTE, a postvillage and 
 township of Oconto co., Wisconsin, on the Menomonee River, 
 1J4 miles from its entrance into Green Bay. Pop. 474. 
 
 jIARRIOTTSVILLE.a post-village of Howard co., Mary- 
 land, on the Baltimore aud Ohio Railroad, 27 miles W. of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 MARRON, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 30 miles N.N.AV. of Altoona. 
 
 M.A.RRS, or MARS, a township of Posey co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1740. 
 
 MARSEILLES, a village of Sherburne oo., Minnesota, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 17 miles S.E. of St. Cloud. 
 
 MAUj'HALL, a county in the N.N.E. part of Kansas, 
 bordering on Nebraska, has an area of 900 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Big Blue River, and also drained bj' 
 the Vermilion and other creeks. The surface is somewhat 
 diversified: the soil is liighly productive. The county con- 
 tains abundance of coal and gypsum. The Big Blue River 
 affords a copious supply of water-power. Capitiil, Marys- 
 Ville. Pop. 2280. 
 
 MARSHALL, a small village, capital of Clay co., We.st 
 Virginia, on Elk River, about 35 miles E.N.K. of Charleston. 
 MARSHALL, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana. Pop. 
 790. 
 
 MARSHALL, a post-village, capital of Saline co., Mis- 
 souri, situated 16 miles W. of the Missouri River, and about 
 30 miles W.N.W. of Booneville. It contains 3 churches and 
 4 or 5 stores, besides groceries. Stone coal abounds liere. 
 Marshall is surrounded by fertile prairie fiirms. Pop. about 
 350. 
 
 MARSH AI,L, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, about 40 
 tniUs S.W. of Musciitine. 
 MARSIIALIj,a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 728. 
 JIARSHALL, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 130. 
 MARSHALL, a post-village of Sledina township. Pane 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the railroad which connects Madison 
 with Wittertown, 20 niili-s \V. of the latter, and 20 miles E. 
 by N. of JIadison. 
 
 MARSHALL, a to^vnship of Richland co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 529. 
 
 MAKSHALLTOWN, a post-village of Marshall co.,Iow!s 
 near the Iowa River and on the Cedar Rapids and Missouri 
 River Ri.ilroad, 69 miles W. of Ced;ir Rapids. It has 1 na- 
 tional bank. Pop. of Marshall township, 981. 
 
 MAliSlIAM, or MARSUAN, a township of Dakota co., 
 Minnesota. Pop. 275. 
 
 MARSIIFIELD, a township of Washington co., Maine, on 
 the JIacliias River, near its mouth. Pop. 32S. 
 
 M ARSHKIELD. a post-village of Athens co.. Ohio, on the 
 Marietta and Cii'ciuuati Railroad, 7 miles W. of Athens. 
 
 MAS 
 
 MARSIIFIELD, a village of Scott co., Indiana, on the 
 Jeffersonvillo Railro.ad, 31 miles N. of Jeffersonville. 
 
 MARSIIFIELD, a post-village of Warronco., Indiana, on 
 the Toledo aud Wabash Railroad, 33 miles S.W. of Lafay- 
 ette. 
 
 MARSHFIELD, a post-village, capital of Webster co., 
 Missouri, about 30 miles N.E. of Springfield. Free popular 
 tion. 408. 
 
 MARSIIFIELD, a village of Jones co., Iowa, about S8 
 miles S.S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 MARSIIFIELD, a township in the N.E. part of Fond du 
 Lac CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 140.'5. 
 
 MARS IIILL, a post-village and township of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine, about 135 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 201. 
 
 MARSTON, a township of Sauk co., Wisconsin. Pop. 468. 
 
 MAKTELL, or MARTELLO, a post-township of Pierce 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 24 miles E. by N. of Prescott. Pop. 
 534. 
 
 MARTIN, a county in the S. part of Minnesota, border- 
 ing on Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Clianyuska River, a small affluent of the Blue Earth 
 River, and contains several small lakes, one of which is the 
 source of the East Fork of the Des Moines •River. The sur- 
 face is nearly level ; the soil is productive. Capitiil, Fair- 
 mont. Pop. 151. 
 
 MARTIN, a i)ost-office of Ottawa co., Ohio, about 13 miles 
 E.S.E. of Toledo. 
 
 MARTINEZ, mar-tee'nfz, a post-town, capital of Contra, 
 Costa CO., California, is situated in a small valley on the S. 
 side of the Straits of Carquinez, opposite Benicia, and about 
 30 miles N.E.. of San Francisco. The straits here are about 
 2 miles wide. It contains a court-house, 2 churches and a 
 Masonic hall. It is suiTounded on all sides except the N. 
 by high hills, and has a pleasant climate peculiarly favor- 
 able to fruit. Pop. about 500. 
 
 MARI'INSBURG, a post-village of Washington co., In- 
 diana, fibout 17 miles N.W^. of New Albany. 
 
 MARTIXSBURG. a post- village and township of Pike co, 
 Illinois, about 45 miles S.E. of Quincy. Pop. 1472. 
 
 MARTIN'S FERRY, a post-office of Klamath co., Califor- 
 nia, 20 miles N.E. of Orleans Bar. ' 
 
 51ARYLAND. a township of Ogle co.,I11inoi8. Pop.l22T. 
 
 MARYSBURG, a post-village of Le Sueur co., Minnesota, 
 about 10 miles E.N.E. of Mankato. 
 
 MARYSVILLE, a post-village of Vermilion co., Illinois, 
 about 18 miles N.N.W. of Danville. 
 
 MARYSVILLE, a village and township of Wright co., 
 Jliniiesota, on Crow River, about 16 miles S.S.W. of Mon- 
 ticello. 
 
 MARYSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., 
 Kansas, is pleasantly situated on an eminence, on the Big 
 Blue River, about 95 miles in a direct line W. of Saint. Jo- 
 seph, Missouri, and 90 miles N.W. of Topeka. It contains 
 a court-house, a jail, 2 churches, 2 printing-offices. 2 gooa 
 schools and a large flouring-inill. A substantial bridge 
 crosses the rivor here. The overland travel from the Mis- 
 souri River to California, Ac, pjisses through this place. 
 The Big Blue River affords abundant water-power in this 
 vicinity. Pop. in 1860, 481 : in 1865, about 1000. 
 
 M.-VRYSVILLE, a township of Miami co., Kansas. Pop. 
 507. 
 
 MARYSA'ILLE, a handsome town, capital of Yuba co., Ca- 
 lifornia is situated in a large valley on thek-ft(E.)bankof the 
 Feather River just above the mouth of the Yuba, 70 miles 
 bv water or 45 miles bv the stage road N. of Sacramento, 
 and about 34 miles W. of Nevada. Lat. 39° 10' N., Ion. 121° 
 32' W. It is at the head of navigation, and is the point from 
 which the counties of Nevada, Butte, .'^ierra, Plumas and 
 Yuba obtain their supplies of inqiorted goods. The Cali- 
 fornia Nortliern Railroad is completed from this place to 
 Oroville. Another railroad is in progress towards San 
 Francisco. Marysvillc is the third town in the state in 
 population. It contains 8 churches, 2 boarding-schools for 
 ladies, 1 graded public school, 2 banking-offices, a fine 
 Masonic hall, a fine Odd Fellows' hall, 3 or 4 steam fiouring- 
 mills, 1 foundry with a machine-shop, &c. 2 daily and 2 
 weekly newspapers are published liere. It contained in 
 1863, 8 drug-stores, 3 book-stores, 6 hardware-stores, and 9 
 forwarding and commission houses. Steamboats ply daily 
 between Marysvillc and Sacramento. Pop. in 1860,4740; 
 in 1 865. estimated at 6500. 
 
 MASON, a new county near the central part of Texas, 
 has an area estimated at 900 square miles. It is intei-sected ' 
 by the Llano River, and also drained by the San Saba. 
 Capital, Mason. Pop. K!0. 
 
 MASON, a county in the W. part of Micln'gan, bordering 
 on Lalte Jlichigan, has an area of about 500 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Notipeskago or Marquette and Great 
 Sable Rivers, and also drained bj' the Little Sable River. 
 The surface is somewhat diversified, and partly covered 
 with forests. Cajiital, Lincoln. Pop. 831. 
 
 MASON, a post-villiige or township of Mason co., Wp«t 
 Virginia. A large quantity of salt is made liere. Poj). 1016. 
 
 MASON, a post-village, capital of Mason CO., Texas, about 
 105 miles W.N.W. of Austin City. 
 
MAS 
 
 MEL 
 
 MASON, a p<3st-vniage in Mason township, Kfflnghamco., 
 Illinois, on the Central Uailroad, 39 miles S. by W. of Mat- 
 tt)on. 
 
 MASON, a township of Cerro Gordo co., Iowa. Pop. 430. 
 
 MASON, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 305. 
 
 MASON CITY, a post-village of Slasou co., Illinois, about 
 82 miles N. of Springfield. 
 
 MASON CITY, a post-village, capital of Cerro Gordo co., 
 Iowa, near Lime Creek, about 66 miles N.W. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 MASdNVIIjLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, on 
 the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad, 61 miles W. of Du- 
 buque. 
 
 MASSASOIT, a post-office of Shawnee co., Kansas, about 
 18 miles \\'.S.\V. of 'I'opeka. 
 
 M.iSSIE, a township of Warron co., Ohio. Pop. 1300. 
 
 MASSILLON, a post-village of Allen co., Indiana, about 
 17 miles S.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 MASSILLON, a small post-village and township of Cedar 
 CO., Iowa, on the Wapsipinicon Kiver, about 15 miles N.E. 
 of Tipton. Total population, 645. 
 
 MAtA.MOKAS, a iiost-village of Greene co., Indiana, 5 or 
 6 milea E. by N. of BhKimfield. 
 
 M ATA WAN, or MATAVAN, a township of Monmouth 
 CO., Now Jersey, on Uaritan Bay. Pop. 2u72. 
 
 MATIIERTON, a post-village of Ionia co., Michigan, on 
 Fisli Creek, about 2S miles N.N W. of Lansing. 
 
 M.4TTEN, a village of Kanawha Co., West A'irginia, on 
 the Kanawha River, about 5 miles above Charleston. 
 
 MATTESON, a township of Shawaua co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 100. 
 
 MATTESON, a township of Waupaca co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 91. 
 
 -MATTISOX, or MATTESON, a thriving post-village of 
 Cook CO., Illinois, situated on the Chicago branch of the 
 Central Ituihoad, where it is crossed by the Joliet Branch 
 Railroad, 'is miles S. by W. of Chicago". Pop. al)<)ut 1000. 
 
 M.\TTOLE, a post township of Humboldt co., California, 
 on Mattole River and on the Ocean, .about 40 miles S. of 
 Eureka. Coal oil is found in the Mattole valley. Pop. 282. 
 
 MATTOLE RIVER,a smallstream of Humboldt co., Cali- 
 fornia, flows northwestward and falls into the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 M.\TTOON, a flourishing post-village of Coles ro., Illinois, 
 situated in Maltoon township, on the Chicago branch of the 
 Central Railroad, where it is crossed by the St. Louis Alton 
 and Terre Haute Rjiilroad, 173 miles S. by W. of Chicago, 
 80 miles N.N.E. of Centrali.a, and 56 miles W. of Terre 
 Haute. It contains several chlirches and numerous stores, 
 and is one of the princijial railway stations between Chicago 
 and Cairo. Pop. of township 1965. 
 
 JIAURICE, a village of Decatur co., Indiana, about 50 
 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 MAUSTON. a thriving post-villago, capit.il of Juneau co., 
 Wisconsin, situated on the Lemonwoir River, and on the 
 Milwaukee and La Ciosse Railroad, 127 miles W.N.W. of 
 Milwaukee, and 68 miles E.of La Crosse. It has abundant 
 water-power, which is employed in grist and saw-mills, and 
 contains 3 churches, an academy, and a newspajier oifice. 
 Pop. about 800. 
 
 MAUVAISETERRE, mO-viz-tair', a township of Morgan 
 CO., Illinois. Pop. 1440. 
 
 M.^VEKIC, a comity of Texas, bordering on Mexico. It 
 is bounded on the S.W. by the Rio Grande. Capital, Eagle 
 Pass, or Fort Duncan. Pop. 726. 
 
 M.\XFIELD, a jiost-township of Bremer co., Iowa. See 
 MavfieiI). 
 
 M.4XVILLE, a post-township of Buffalo co., Wisconsin, 
 on the E. bank of Chippewa River, about 14 miles N. of 
 Alm.a. Pop. 3:!5. 
 
 M.\XWELL'S CREEK, California. Se* Coulteeville. 
 
 M.\Y, a township of Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 680. 
 
 M.\YFIELl),or M.\XFIELD. a post-village and township 
 of Bremer co., Iowa. The village is about 8 miles E. of 
 Wiiverly. and 15 miles N.E. of Cedar Falls. Pop. 257. 
 
 M.\YFIELD, a i)ost-village of Washington co., Wisconsin, 
 on Mequon River, 5 or 6 miles S. ot West Bend. 
 
 BIAY'KIELD, a post-village of Santa Clara Co.. California, 
 near the railroad which connects San Jose with San Fran- 
 cisco, about 38 miles S.S.E. of the latter. 
 
 MAYLARDVILLE, or MAYBARDVILLE, a post-village 
 of Le Sueur co., Minnesotsi, about 6 miles E. by S. of Le 
 Sueur. 
 
 MAYNARDSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., Ten- 
 nessee, about 25 miles N.N.E. of Kno.xville, Free popula- 
 tion, 188. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, a township of Aroostook co., Maine. Pop. 
 865. 
 
 MAYSTILLE. a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 25 miles S.W. of Meadville. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, a post-village of Columbiana CO., Ohio, on 
 the Cleveland and Pittsburg Uailroad, about 75 miles S.E. 
 of Cleveland. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, or MARYSVILLE, a village of Vermilion 
 CO.. Illinois, about 15 miles N.W. of Danville. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, a j)ost-office of Cedar co., Iowa. 
 
 MAYSVILLE, or MAYVILLE, a township of Huustoo 
 CO., Minnesota, is immediately E. of Caledonia. Pop. 271. 
 
 MAZEPPA, a post-village of Wabasha co., Minnesota', on 
 the Zunibro River, about 18 miles N. by W. of Rochester. 
 
 MAZEPPA, a post-township of Wabasha co., Minnesota, 
 about 22 miles W.S.W. of ^\■abasha, is intersected by th* 
 Zunibro Kiver. Pop. 534. 
 
 M.\ZOMANIE, a flourishing post-village of Dane c<i_ 
 Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Railroad, 
 Z't miles W. by N. of Madison, and about 3 miles S.E. ot the 
 Wisconsin River. It has a large trade, and contains 3 
 churches, 7 ptoii-s, 4 hotels, a fine 8clu«)l-house, and several 
 factories. The Black Earth Creek here affords a tine water- 
 power. Pop. in 1805 said to be 1200. 
 
 MAZON, a post-township of Grundy co., Illinois, about 7 
 miles S. of Morris. Pop. 896. 
 
 ME.iD, a post-township of Warren co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the S. bank of the Alleghany River, about 3 miles S.E. of 
 Warren. Po]). 473. 
 
 MECAN, a township in the E. part of Marquette CO., Wis 
 cousin. Pop. 711. 
 
 MECAN RIVER, a small stream which rises in Wau.shara 
 CO., ^Visconsin, anil flows southeastward through Marquette 
 county into i'o.x River. 
 
 MKCCA, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, about 11 
 miles N.N.E. of Warren. 
 
 MECHANICSBURCJ, a village of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, al)Out 38 miles W. of Altoona. Pop. 189. 
 
 MECH.ANICSBURG, a post-village, capital of Bland co., 
 A'irginia, is situated near the N.W. base of Walkei's Moup 
 tain, about 100 miles "in a direct line W.by S. of Lynchlmrg. 
 
 MEtMIANICSBURG, a village of Boono co., Indiana, on 
 Sugar Creek. 7 or 8 miles N. of Lebanon. 
 
 MECHANICSBURG, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, 
 about 40 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 MECHANICSVILLE, a village of Hanover co., Airginia, 
 about 7 miles N.N.E. of Richmond. 
 
 MECHANICSVILLE, a jiost-village of Vanderburg co., 
 Indiana, about 3 miles N. of Evansville. 
 
 MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Cedar CO., Iowa, on 
 the Cwlar Rapids and Missouri River Railroad, 25 miles B. 
 by S. of Cedar Rapi<ls. 
 
 MECOSTA, a county in the W. central part of Michigan, 
 h;i.s an area of 576 or 720 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Muskegon River, and also drained by the Chipiwwa 
 River and the South Branch of the Muskegon. The surface 
 is nearly level; tlie soil is productive. The county contains 
 forests of pine, sugar nuiple, &c. Capital, Big Rjtpids. Pop. 
 1017. 
 
 MEDARY, a village of Minnehaha co., Dakota, on the Big 
 Sioux River. 
 
 MEDARVSVILLE, a post-village of Pulaski co., Indiana, 
 on the Jyouisville New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 46 
 miles .\". of Lafayette. 
 
 MEDELIA, .Minnesota. See M.WELl.t. 
 
 MEDFuRD, a poet-township of Piscataquis co., Maine. 
 Pop. 353. 
 
 MEUFORD, a small post-township of Steele co., Minne- 
 sot.i. contains the village of Medford. Pop. 333. 
 
 MEDFORD, a post-villitge of Steele co., Minnesota, plea- 
 santly situate<I on Straight River, and on the Central Rail- 
 roa<I, 9 miles S. of Faribault. It has 1 church, several 
 stores, and 1 saw-mill. Pop. in ls65 about 300. 
 
 MEDINA, a township of Peoria co., Illinois. Pop. 930. 
 
 MEDINA, a township in the E. part of Dane co., Wis- 
 consin, contains the village of .M.^ushall, which see. Pop. 
 1008. 
 
 MEDINA, a township of Hennejun co., Minnesota, con- 
 tains the village of Leighton. Pop. 374. 
 
 MKDO'RA, a flotirishing post-village of Jackson co., In- 
 diana, situated near the East Fork of White River, and on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 106 miles W. by S. of 
 Cincinnati. It contains 3 storesj 2 tanneries, and 1 large 
 flouring-mill. Pop. about 600. 
 
 MEDORA, a post-village of Osage co., Missouri, on the 
 Missouri River and the Pacific Railroad, about 106 miles W. 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 MEEKER, a county in the central part of Minnesota, has 
 an area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Crow River, and contains numerous small and beautiful 
 lakes, one of which is the source of Clearwater River. The 
 surface is nearly level, and the soil highly productive. In 
 the N.E. part are dense forests of hard wood, which origi- 
 nally covered nearly one-half of the county! Capital, For- 
 est City. Pop. 928. 
 
 MEGEREE, a township of Antrim co., Michigan. Pop. 
 179. 
 
 MEHERRIN, a station on the Richmond and Danville 
 Railroad, in Prince Edward co., Virginia, 65 miles W.J^.AV. 
 of Richmond. 
 
 MEIR, Indiana. See Mier. 
 
 MELBOURNE, a small village, capital of Plymouth co., 
 Iowa, on Willow Creek, about 14 miles N.E. of Sioux City. 
 
 MELMORE. a post-villaae of Seneca co., Ohio, about 8 
 miles S.S.E. of Tiffin. 
 
MEL 
 
 MES 
 
 MELROSE, a post-village of St. Louis cc, Missouri, about 
 28 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 iiELROSE, a post-townsbip of Jackson co., Wisconsin, on 
 Bliick River, about 24 miles N.N.E. of La Crosse. Pop. 671. 
 
 .MELROSE, a post-village of Stearns co., Minnesota, on 
 SauK River, about 38 miles W.N.W. of Saint Cloml. 
 
 MELVlLbE.a post-village of Dade CO., Missouri, about 18 
 miles S.W. of Rolivar. 
 
 MEMORY, a post-office of Taylor co., Iowa, about 11 miles 
 W.N.W. of Becliord. 
 
 MEMPHIS, a post-village of Saint Clair <;o., >Iichigan, on 
 Belle River, about 44 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. It bas 1 mill. 
 
 MEMI'HIS. a post-village of Clarke co., Indiana, on the 
 Jeft'ei-^onville Railroad, 15 miles N. of Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 MEMPHIS, a post-office of Appanoose co., Iowa, about 40 
 miles W.S.W. of Ottumwa. 
 
 MENARD, a new county, near the central part of Texas, 
 has an area estimated at 800 square miles. It is drained by 
 the San Saba River. The census of 1860 furnishes no infor- 
 mation respecting this county. 
 
 MENDOCINO, m6n-do-see'no, a county in the AV.N.W. 
 part of California, has an area estunated at 3600 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the \V. by the Pacific Ocean, and 
 on the E. by the Coa-st Range of mountains. It is drained 
 Ijy the Eel, Russian, Big, Novarro, and Garcia Rivers. The 
 surface is generally mountainous. In the E. part are seve- 
 ral fertile valleys. The W. half is covered with dense for- 
 ests of redwood, a coniferous tree, which gTows to an enor- 
 mous size, and is said to resemble the Cedar of Lebanon. 
 Many of them are 20 feet in diameter, and 300 feet high. 
 Lumber aud stock are the staple prodnctions of this county. 
 The quantity of lumber (chiefly redwood) produced iu 1864 
 was estimated at 40,000,000 feet. Organized in 1850. Capi- 
 tal, XJkiah City. Pop. 3967. 
 
 MENDOCINO, a post-village and shipping-port of Men- 
 docino CO., California, situated on the Pacific Ocean, at the 
 mouth of Big River, 130 miles N.N.W. of San i'rancisco. It 
 has a commodious harbor, with water deep enough tor large 
 vessels. It contains 1 church, 3 hotels, 2 drug stores, 3 
 other stores, and one of the largest steam sawdnills in tlie 
 State. Redwood lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. 
 about 450. 
 
 MENDOCINO, a township of Sonoma co., California. Pop. 
 1193. 
 
 MENDON, a post-village of 'Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 Tania, about 14 miles S.W. of Greensburg. 
 
 MENDON, a post-village of Mendon township, .4Ldam.s co., 
 Illinois, is situated in a fertile, undulating prairie, 17 miles 
 N.N.E. of Qyincy. It contains 3 churches, and 1 flouring- 
 mill. Pop. about 6uO ; population of township, 1758. 
 
 MENDON, a township of Clayton Co., Iowa, on the Mis- 
 sissippi River, opposite Prairie" du Chien. It contains or 
 odjoins McGregor. Pop. 653. 
 
 MENDON, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, 10 miles S.W. 
 of Logan. 
 
 MENDORA, La Crosse co., Wisconsin. See Minboro. 
 
 MENDOTA, a flourishing post-village of La Salle co., Il- 
 linois, is pleasantly situated iu an undulating prairie, at the 
 intersection of the Central Railroad with the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington and Quincy Railroad, So miles W.S.W. of Chicago, 
 16 miles N. of La Salle, and 114 miles S.E. of Galena. It 
 contains 8 churches, 2 colleges or seminaries, a union school, 
 1 newspaper office, 1 national bank, 2 flouring-mills, 1 foun- 
 dry, aud 3 manufactories of farming implements. It com- 
 mands an extensive view of the prairie, including several 
 groves of timber. Pop. of Meudota township iu I860, 1934; 
 population of the village in 18C5, reported to be 3000. 
 
 MEXD0T.4, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 JIENDOTA, a village of Grant CO., Wisconsin, on the Mis- 
 Bij^sippi River, about 18 miles W. of Lancaster. 
 
 MEXDO'T.V, a post-village, and fractional township of 
 Dakuta co., Minnesota, situated on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi, just below the mouth of the Minnesota River, 
 opposite Port Snelling, and 6 or 7 miles S.W. of St. Paul. 
 It has a steam saw-mill, and several stores. Pop. in 1860 
 454. 
 
 MENDOTA LAKE, formerly called Fourth Lake, is in 
 Dane co., Wisconsin, immediately N.W. of Madison. See 
 TocR Lakes, page 696. 
 
 MENNON, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa. 
 
 MENOMONEE, a county of Michigan, in the S. part of 
 the Upper Peninsula. It is bounded on the S.E by Green 
 Bay, aud on the W. and S.W. Iiy the Menomonee River. It 
 is also drained by Cedar and Eord Rivers. The surface is 
 uneven, and mostly covered with forests. Among the 
 rocks, which underlie this county, are granite and sand- 
 stone. The census of I860 furnishes no information re- 
 specting this county. 
 
 MENOMONEE, a post-village of Menomonee co., Michi- 
 gan, >ituated on Green Bay, at the mouth of the river of its ■ 
 own name, about 52 miles N.N.E. of the city of Green Bav 
 
 MENOMONEE, or MENOMINEE, a village and township 
 of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. The village is on the Missisippi 
 Kiver, and on the Central Railroad, 9 miles W.N.W. of Ga- 
 lena. Total population, 850. 
 2260 
 
 MENOM'ONIE, or MENOMONEE, a river in the N.W. 
 part of Wisconsin, also called Red Cedar Ri%tr, rises near 
 the N. border of Dallas co., flows southward, and enters the 
 Chippewa River at Dunnville. in the S. part of Dunn coun- 
 ty. Its whole length is estimated at 140 miles 
 
 MENOMONIE, a township of Dunn CO., Wisconsin, con- 
 tains Menomonie, the countj-seat. Pop. 955. 
 
 MENOMONIE, or MENOMONEE, a po^t-village, capital 
 of Dunn co., Wisconsin, is plea-sautly situated on the Meno- 
 monie River, 75 miles E. of Saint Paul, in Minnesota, and 
 about 40 miles N. of the Mississippi River at A\ abasha. It 
 contains 4 churches, 1 newsjjaper office, 6 stores and a large 
 Baw-uiill which turns out about lOO.uOO feet of pine lumber a 
 day. The river affords extensive water-power here. Meno- 
 monie has an undulating prairie on the E., and a large forest 
 of iiard timber on the west. Pop. about 800. 
 
 MENON.\, or MONONA, a small lake of Dane co., Wis- 
 consin, adjacent to Madison, was formerly called Third Lake. 
 See Four L.\kes, page 696. 
 
 MENTOR, or MENT. IN, a post-village of Bremer co., Iowa, 
 about 20 miles N.E. of Waverly. 
 
 MERCED, or MERCEDE, mer-sid', a county in the cen- 
 tral part of California, has an area of about 1750 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the San Joaquin River, and also 
 drained by the Merced aud Mariposa Rivers. The surface 
 in some parts is mountainous. The Cotist Range extends 
 along the t?.W. border. The soil of the lowlandG near the 
 rivers is fertile. The inhabitants of this county are sup- 
 ported by agriculture and the raiding of stock. Organized 
 in 1855. Capital, Snelling, Pop. 1141. 
 
 MERCED FALLS, a iwst-village of Merced co., California, 
 on the Merced River, 6 miles E. of Snelling. It has 2 
 stores. 
 
 MERCER, a post-village of Mercer co., Ohio, about 9 miles 
 N. of Celina. 
 
 MERCER, a post-village of Mercer co., Missouri, about 
 100 miles N.E. of St. Joseph, and 6 miles from the N. bound- 
 ary of the State. 
 
 MERCERVII,LE, a post-village of Gallia co., Ohio, about 
 44 miles E. of Portsmouth. 
 
 MEltCll ANTVILLE, a village of Camden co.. New Jersey, 
 4 miles E. of Camden. It has a number of handsome 
 villas. 
 
 MERCURY, a post-office of Madison co., Indiana, about 
 48 miles N.N.E. of Indiauapolis. 
 
 MERIDEN, a post-village of Sullivan co., New Hamp- 
 shire, about 44 miles W.N.W. of Concord. 
 
 MERIDEN, a i)OBt-township of La Salle Co., Illinois, 5 
 miles E. of Mendota, is traversed by the Chicago Burlington 
 and Quincy Railroad. Pop. 738. 
 
 MERIDEN, a post-township of Steele Co., Minnesota, 3 or 
 4 miles W. of Owatonna. Pop. 233. 
 
 MERIDEN, a post-village of Steele co., Minnesota, on the 
 W. line of Meriden township, about 22 miles S. by W. of 
 Faribault. 
 
 MERIDIAN, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Mississippi. 
 96 miles E. of Jackson. The Southern Railroad intersects 
 the Mobile and Ohio Railroad at this place, 134 miles from 
 Mobile. 
 
 MICRIDIAN, a post-village, capital of Bosque co., Texivs, 
 on Bosiiue River, about 120 miles N, of Austin City. 
 
 MERIDIAN, apost-village of Sutter co.,California, 16 miles 
 W. of Yuba City. 
 
 MERRICK, a county in the E. central part of Nebraska. 
 It is bounded on the S.E, by the Platte River, and inter- 
 sected by the Loup Fork and I'rairie Creek. The soil is 
 fertile. Timber is produced on the borders of the streams. 
 Pop. in 1860. 109. 
 
 MERRIMAC, or MERRI>IACK, a post-village, and small 
 township of Sauk co., Wisconsin. The village is on the 
 Wisconsin River, 28 miles N.W. of Madison, and 16 miles S. 
 W. of Portage City. It has severiU stores, &c. Total pop- 
 ulation, 734. 
 
 MERRIMAC, a village of Dakota co., Slinnesota, on the 
 W. bank of the Mississippi River, about 10 miles below St. 
 Paul. 
 
 MERRIMAC, a village of Mar.shnll co., Kansas, on tlie 
 Big Blue River, about 20 miles S S.E. of Mar.vsville. 
 
 MERTON, a post-village of Waukesha Co., Wisconsin, on 
 Bark River, about 11 miles N.N.W. of Waukeslia. 
 
 MERTOX. a jiost-township of Steele Co., Slinnesota, about 
 10 miles S.S!E of Faribault, and 6 miles N.E. of Owatonna. 
 
 MESIIANNON, or MOSIIANNON, a post-village of Cen- 
 tre CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N.W. of Bellefonte. 
 
 MESHOPPIN, a township of Wyoming eo., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 948. 
 
 MBSILLA, a large county in the S.W. part of New Mex- 
 ico, bordering on Arizona and Mexico. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the Rio Grande, and also drained by the Gihi Ri- 
 ver. The surface is diversifietl by valleys and mountains 
 of the Sierra Madre range. The soil in some parts is jjio 
 ductive. The county contains copper mines. 
 
 MESILLA. a post-village of Mes'Ua CO., New Mexico, sil^ 
 nated on the Rio Grande, abou* 12 miles S. of Donna Ana. 
 The census of 18C0 states the population oi Mesilla at 242a 
 
MES 
 
 MIL 
 
 MESTJMA, or NESUMA,. a post-village of Otoe co., Ne- 
 braska, about 35 miles W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 METAMORA, a post-village of Fulton CO., Ohio, on the 
 line between Ohio and Michigan, about 20 miles AV. by N. 
 of Toledo. 
 
 METAMOliA, a post-township of Franklin co., Indiana, 
 about 6 miles \V. of Brookville. Pop. 107(i. 
 
 METCALFE, or METCALF, a county in the S. part of 
 Kentucky. Area estimated at 400 scjuare miles. It is drained 
 by the South and East Forks of the Little Barren River. 
 The surface is somevfhat diversified. Capital, Edmunton (?) 
 Pop. 674.5, of whom 7S1 were slaves. 
 
 MIAMI (formerly LYKENS), a county in the E. part of 
 Kansas, bordering on Missouri, liiis an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Osage, or Marais des Cygnes 
 Iviver, and also drained by AV'ea, Bull, Mound, and other 
 creeks. The surface is undulating; the soil is based on lime- 
 stone, and is highly productive. The prairies of this coun- 
 ty are more extensive than the woodlands. Salt is obtained 
 here by boring, and coal has been Ibund about 70 feet below 
 the surface. Capital, Paola. Pop. 4980. 
 
 MIAMI, a township of Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 804. 
 
 MIAMI, a post-village of ::!aline co., Missouri, situated on 
 the Missouri Kiver, about 45 miles N.W. of Booneville, and 
 56 miles by water below Lexington. Pop. of Miami town- 
 ship, 1780. 
 
 MIAMI, a village of Goodhue co., Minnesota, about 16 
 miles N.E. of Faribault. 
 
 MIAMI,'a township of Miami co., Kansas. Pop. S48. 
 
 MIAMI CITY, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 
 situated on the right (W.) bank of the Great Miami River, 
 at the mouth of Wolf Creek, and on the Dayton and West- 
 ern Railroad, % of a mile S.W. of Dayton. It contains 4 
 churches and 2 public-schools. Pop. in lh60, 797. 
 
 MIAMI PllAIRIE, a post-village of lliurston co., Wash- 
 ington Territory, 16 miles S.W. of Olympia. 
 
 MIAMI VILLAGE, a post-ollice of Miami CO., Kansas. 
 
 MICANOPY, a post-village of Alachua Co., Florida, situ- 
 ated about 66 miles S.W. of St. Augustine. Free popula- 
 tion, 251. 
 
 MICIIICOTT, Wisconsin. See Misiticott. 
 
 MICHIGAN BAR, a post-village of Sacramento co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Oosumnes River, 28 miles E. by S. of Sacra- 
 mento. It had, in 186.3, 4 stores. Pop. about 450. 
 
 MICHIGAN BLUFF, a post-village of Pbicer CO., Califor- 
 nia, on the Middle Fork of the American River, about 25 
 miles S.E. of Nevada City. It is oiio of the principal mi- 
 ning-villages in the county. Gold }s found in the vicinity. 
 Pop. in 1863 variously estimated at from 700 to 1200. 
 
 MICHIGAN CENTRE, a post-village of Jackson co., Mi- 
 chigan, on the Central Railroad, about 4 miles E. by S. of 
 Jackson. 
 
 MICKELVILLE, or MICKLEVILLE, a post-village of Sa- 
 ginaw CO., Michigan, on the Shiawassee River, about 40 
 miles N.E. of Lansing. 
 
 MIDDLE, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1175. 
 
 MIDDLE BRANCH, a village of Chisago co., Minnesota, 
 about 33 miles N. by E. of St. Paul. 
 
 MIDDLEBROOK, a poSt-village of Iron co., Missouri, on 
 the Iron Mountain Railroad, 4 miles N. of Pilot Knob, and 
 83 miles from St. Louis. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a post-village of Casey Co., Kentucky, 
 abcmt 22 miles S. by W. of Danville. 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, a village of Noble CO., Ohio, about 20 
 miles N. by E. of Marietta. 
 
 MIDDI>EBURG, a village of Ottawa Co., Michigan, on 
 Grand River, about 14 miles W. by N. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 MIDDLEBUKY, a post-village of Elkhart co., Imtiaua, on 
 the Michigan Southern Railroad, 14 miles E.N.E. of Elk- 
 hart, and about a mile S. of St. Joseph's River. 
 
 MIDDLEBUKY, a post-village of Merper co., Missouri, 
 about 4.') miles N.N.W. of Laclede. 
 
 MIDDLE CREEK, a township of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 575. 
 
 MIDDLE CHEEK, a township of Miami co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 254. 
 
 MIDDLEFIELD, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 217. 
 
 MIDDTiE FORK, a township of Vermilion co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1270. 
 
 MIDDLE PARK, Colorado Territory, is a large tract of 
 iand in the S.E. part of Summit co., surrounded on all 
 Bides by ranges of mountains, some of which are covered 
 with perpetual snow. It is watered by Blue River and 
 ither streams. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a township of Cumberland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1520. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a village of Oceana co., Michigan, on Lake 
 Michigan, about 24 miles N. of Clay Bank. 
 
 MIDDLETON, or MIDDLETOWN, a village ofChampaign 
 CO., Ohio, on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, about 
 12 miles N.E of Urbanna. Pop. 126. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a village of Perry Co., Ohio, about 44 miles 
 E.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 6R 
 
 MIDDLETON. a village of Van Buren co., Michigan, on 
 the I'aw Paw River, about 16 miles W. of Paw Paw. 
 
 MIDDLETON, or NEW MIDDLETON, a post-village of 
 Marion co., Illinois, on the Ohio and Missi.ssippi Railroad, 
 9 miles E, of Siilem. The post-office is called New Mid- 
 dleton. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a village of Wayne co., Illinois, about 3-1 
 miles E.S.E. of Centralia. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a post-township of Dane co., Wisconsin, 
 about 5 miles W. of Madison, borders on I^ake Meudota. 
 Pop. 1315. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a post-village or station of Dane co., M'is- 
 consin, in Mlddleton«township, and on the Milwaukee and 
 Prairie du Chien Railroad, 6 miles W. of Mailisou. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a village of Douglas co., Oregon, on the 
 Umpfjiia River, about 10 miles from the sea. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a township of Richmond co.. New Yoi k. 
 Pop. 6243. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Jefferson co., Kentucky, 
 about 14 miles E. of Louisville. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Columbiana Co., Ohio, 7 or 8 
 miles N.E. of New Lisbon. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Alleji CO., Indiana, about 11 
 miles S. by E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Owen CO., Indiana, about 33 
 miles E.S.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Shelby CO., Indiana, 7 miles 
 S.E. of Shelby ville. 
 
 MIDDLETO\VN, a post-village and township of Logan co., 
 Illinois. The village is near Salt Creek, 22 miles N. by E. 
 of Springfield. Total population, 1474. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Franklin co., Kansas, about 
 38 miles S. bv W. of Lawrence. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, a village of Shasta co., California, about 
 3 miles S. of Shasta. 
 
 MIDDLEVILLE, a post-village and township of Wright 
 CO., Minnesota, about 42 miles W. by N. of St. Anthony. 
 Pop. 120. 
 
 MIDLAND, a post-village of Charlotte co., A'irginia, near 
 the Staunton River, about 48 miles N.E. of Danville. 
 
 MIDLAND, a post-village, capital of Midland co., Michi- 
 gan, on the Titibawiissee River, about 24 miles N.W. of 
 Saginaw City. Pop. of Midland township, 562. 
 
 MIDLAND, a station on the Milwaukee and La Crosse 
 Railroad, in Columbia co., Wisconsin, 9 miles E. of Portaga 
 City. It is in Pardeeville, which see. 
 
 MIDWAY, a post-village of Spencer Co., Indiana, about 
 27 miles E. by N. of Evansville. 
 
 MIER, or MEIR, a post-village of Grant co., Indiana, 
 about 20 miles S.E. of I'eru. 
 
 MIFFLIN, a post-village of Crawford co., Indiana, about 
 44 miles W. of New Albany. 
 
 MILAN, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna River, about 12 miles above Towauda. 
 
 MILAN, Tennessee. See Milan Depot. 
 
 MILAN, a village of Livingston co., Michigan, about 25 
 milts E.N.E. of Jackson. 
 
 MILAN, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 786. 
 
 MILAN, a post-village, capital of Sullivan co., Missouri, 
 situated on the dividing ridge between Main and East Lo- 
 cust Creeks, about 2 miles from each, and 31 miles N. of La 
 Clede. It contains a court-liouse, 1 newspaper office, the 
 " Dewitt Female Institute," 1 steam-grist-mill, &c. Pop. 365. 
 
 MILAN DEPOT, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee, on 
 the Memphis and Ohio Railroad, 94 miles N.E. of Memphis. 
 
 MILE CREEK, a township of Washington co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 63. 
 
 MIFjFORD, a village of Harrison co.. West Virginia, on 
 the West Fork of the Mouongahela River, about 7 miles S. 
 by W. of Clarksburg. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village of Ellis co., Te.xas, about 150 
 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village of Bracken co., Kentucky, about 
 20 miles W.S.W. of Mayaville. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village and township of Iroquois co., 
 Illinois on Sugar Creek, about 10 miles S. of Middleport. 
 Pop. 834. 
 
 MILFORD, a village of Appanoose co., Iowa, on Chariton 
 River, 7 or 8 miles S.E. of Centreville. 
 
 MILFORD, a post-village of Clarke co., Iowa, about 50 
 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 MIl-FORD, a township of Crawford co., Iowa. Pop. 150. 
 MILFORD, a township of Story co., Iowa. Pop. 145. 
 MII.1FORD, a township of Brown co., Miiyiesota. Pop. 405. 
 MILITARY, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa. Po^. 
 754. 
 
 MILK RIVER, an affluent of the Missouri, rises in Biit- 
 ish America, crosses the N. boundary of Montana and enters 
 the Missouri, about 48° N. lat., and 106° 25' W. Ion. Its 
 direction is nearly E.S.Ei. 
 
 MILL, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa, about 24 miles 
 N.E. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 MILLARD, a large county in the W. part of Utah, bor- 
 dering on Nevada. It is about 160 miles long, and 62 miles 
 wide. It is partly di-aiued by Sevier River, which termin- 
 
 :£Sq7 
 
MIL 
 
 MIN 
 
 «tw in SeTierTakt. The Burface is mostly occupied by- 
 mountains and barren deserts. Capital, Jt'illmore City. 
 Pop. 715. 
 
 MILLARD, a post-village of Walworth co., 'Wisconsin, 7 
 njiles N.W. of Klkhorn. It has 1 church, 1 store, and 15 
 houses. 
 
 MILLARD, a post-village of Riley co., Kansas, on the 
 Kanssis Kiver, about 9 miles S.W. of Fort Riley. 
 
 MILL ARli, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana, about 21 
 miles N.E. of Logausport. 
 
 MILLBROOK, a township of Peoria co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1024. 
 
 MILLBURG, a post-village of Berrien co., Micliigan, about 
 14 miles N. of Beirien, the county-seat. 
 
 MILLBURN, a. post-village and township of Essex co.. 
 New Jersey. The village is on the Morris and Essex Kail- 
 road, 10 miles W. of Newark. Pop. I(5o0. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a township of Fountiiin co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1014. 
 
 MILL CREEK, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 
 460. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 15 miles .S. Iiy E. of Meadville. 
 
 MILLE LACS, mil^ik', i. e. a thousand lakes, a county 
 in the E. central part of Minnesota, contains about 550 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Mille Lacs, 
 wliich has a nearly circular form and is about 15 miles in 
 diameter. It is drained by Rum River. The surface is 
 diversified and partly covered by forests of pine. Capital, 
 Princeton. Pop. 73. 
 
 MILLE LACS, a village of Aiken co., Minnesota, on the 
 N.E. shore of Lake Mille Lacs, about 70 miles N.N.E of St. 
 Cloud. 
 
 MILLER, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of about 300 square miles. It is intersected by Spring 
 Creek. The surface is nearly level. Capital, Colquitt. 
 Pop. 1791. 
 
 MILLER, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 761. 
 
 MILLER, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana, on a 
 railroad 6 miles N. of Lawrenceburg. 
 
 MILLER, or MILLKR'S, a station on the Michigiin 
 Southern Railroad, in Lake co., Indiami, 29 miles S Ji. of 
 Chicago. 
 
 MILLERAY, or MILLERY, a post-village of Dubuque co., 
 Iowa, aljout 10 miles S.SVV. of Dubuque. 
 
 MILLERSBURG, a post-village of Elkhart co.. Indiana, 
 on the Northern Indiana Rjiilroad, 8 miles S.E. of Goshen. 
 
 MILLERSBURG. a village of Orange co., Indiana, about 
 87 miles N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 MILLERSBCRG, a post-village of Rice co^ Minnesota, 
 about 10 miles N.N.W. of b'aribault. 
 
 MILLERSBURG, a mining village of Nez Perce co., Ida- 
 ho, about 120 miles N. of Idaho City, and 6 miles N. of Sal- 
 mon Kiver. Gold nnues are worked here. 
 
 MILLER'S RANCU, a post-village of Butte co., Cali- 
 fornia, 16 miles S.E. of t)ri>ville. 
 
 MILLERSTOVVN, or MILLSTOWN. a village of Butler 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 10 miles N.E. of Butler. Pop. 181. 
 
 MILLEKSTOWN, a post-village of Champaign CO., Ohio, 
 about 11 miles W.N.W. of Urbanna. 
 
 MILLEKTON, a post-villiige, capital of Fresno co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the San Joaquin River, about 130 miles S.E. of 
 Stockton. Gold is found in the vicinity. Fort Miller, a 
 military post is about 1 mile N.E. of this village. Pod. 
 abcnit 200. 
 
 MILLERTOWN, a village of Placer co., California, about 
 6 miles N.E. of Auburn. 
 
 MILL HAVEN, a post-village of Juneau co.. Wisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, about 7 miles 
 N.W. of Mauston. 
 
 MILLINGTON, a post-village of Franklin co., Massachu- 
 setts, about 24 miles N.E. of Northampton. 
 
 MILLINGTON, a post-village of Albeniiirle Co., Virginia, 
 about 25 miles E. of St<iunton. 
 
 MILLINGTON, a post-township of Tuscola co., Michigan, 
 about 25 miles S.E. Saginaw City. Pop. 286. 
 
 MILL POINT, a post-village of Ottawa Co., Michig-an, on 
 the right (N.) bank of Grand. River, 2}^ miles above Grand 
 Haven. 
 
 MILLPORT, a post-village of Knox co., Missouri, on 
 Middle Fabiua River, about 50 miles N.W. of Quincy 
 Illinois. 
 
 MILLSTADT. a post-village and township of St. Clair co. 
 BliiKJis, about 10 miles S.W. of Belleville. Pop. 915. 
 
 MILLSTONE, a post-village of Fore«t co., Pennsylvania, 
 on or near Clarion Kiver. Pop. 85. 
 
 MILLVILLB, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pop. ias3. ' 
 
 MILLVILLE, a village of Delaware ro., Ohio., on the 
 BcioU. Kiver, about 27 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
 
 MILb\ ILLE, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, on the 
 CliK ago and Great Biistern Railroad, 6 miles E. by S. of 
 New Castle. 
 
 .MILLVILLE, St. Charles co, Missouri, a station on the 
 North Mis*.un Kiiilioad, 48 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis 
 
 2258 ' 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-township of Grant co, Wisconsin, 
 about 14 miles E.S.E. of Prairie du Chien. Pop. 1097. 
 
 MILLA'ILLE, a village of Lassen co., California, is in 
 Honey Lake Valley. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-village of Shasta co., California, 20 
 miles E. of Shasta. Pop. about 150. 
 
 MILLVILLE, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, 4 or 5 
 miles S.S.E. of LiOgan. 
 
 MILLWOOD, a village of Kosciusko- co., Indiana, about 
 14 miles N.W. of Warsaw. 
 
 MILMINE, a postvillage of Piatt w., Illinois, on the 
 Great Western Rjiilroad, 55 miles E. by N. of Springfield. 
 
 MILO, a post-township of Bureau co., Illinois, about 35 
 miles N. of Peoria. Pop. 1028. 
 
 MILO, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 503. 
 
 MILPITAS, a post-village of Santa Clara co., California, 
 8 miles N.N.E. of San Jose. It lias several stores. 
 
 MILROY, a post-village of MitUin co., Pennsylvania, about 
 10 miles N. of Lewistown. 
 
 MILTON, a county in the N. part of Georgia, has an area 
 estimatedat 160 square miles. It is bouiided on the S. by the 
 Chattahoochee River. The surface is hilly or undulating. 
 Pop. 4602. 
 
 MILTON, a post-village of Morris co.. New Jersey, about 
 20 miles N. of Morristown. 
 
 MILTON, a post-office of Laurens district. South Carolina, 
 about 65 miles W.N.W of Columbia. 
 
 MILTON, a township of Grand Traverse co, Michigan. 
 Pop. 88. 
 
 MILTON, a post-office of Slacomb co., Michigan. 
 
 MILTON, a township of Dodge CO., Minnesota. Pop. 600. 
 
 MILTON, a township of Goodhue co., Minnesota, l'op.65. 
 
 MILTON CENTRE, a post-village of \Vood Co., Ohio, oi. 
 the Dayton and Michigan Railroad, 30 uiiles S.S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 MILTON MILLS, a village of Wasliingtou co., Minnesota, 
 on the St. Croix River, about 18 miles E. by S. of St. Paul. 
 It has 2 saw-mills. 
 
 JIILTO.N" STATION, a post-office of Coles co., Illinois, on 
 the Central Railroad, 9 miles N.N.E. of .Mattoon. 
 
 MILWAUKEE, a post-village of Clackamas co., Oregon, 
 on the Willamette River, 7 milts N. of Oregon City. It 
 contains the Spencer Hall Boarding School, lor guls, and a 
 mill. Pop. in 1860, IbO. 
 
 MINDEN, a postr-village of Lawrence co., Missouri, about 
 40 miles W. S.^V'. of Springfield. 
 
 MINDO'RO. or MENDO'llA, a post-village of La Crosse 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 18 miles N. by E. of La Ciosse. 
 
 MINERAL, a post-township of Bureau co., Illinois, about 
 55 miles W. of Ottawa, is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Rock Island Railroad. Pop. 852. 
 
 MINERAL, a townshij) of Plumas CO., California. Pop. 480. 
 
 MINERAL CITY, a mining village of Yuma co., Arizona, 
 on the Colorado River. 
 
 MINERAL POINT, a post-village of Cambria co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on or near the Central Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of 
 Johnstown. 
 
 MINERAL POINT, a pos^village of Tuscarawas co., 
 Ohio, on Sandy Creek, about 17 miles S.S.E. of Massilion. 
 
 MINERAL POINT, a post-village of Wasiiin,!;ton co., 
 Mi>souri, on the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 61 
 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. A branch railroail, about 4 miles 
 long, extends from this point to Potosi. Here are rich lead 
 mines. 
 
 MINERAL POINT, a small mining village of Humboldt 
 CO., Nevada, about 135 miles N.E. of Carson City. 
 
 MINERAL SPRING, a post-office of Mower CO., Minne- 
 sota, on Red Cedar Kiver, 8 or 9 miles S. of Austin. 
 
 MINERSVILLE. a village of Jasper CO., Missouri, about 
 70 miles W. of Springfield. Lead is found in this vicinity. 
 
 MINERSVILLE, a post-village of Trinity Co., Calitbrnia, 
 on the Trinity River, about 15 miles E.N.E. of Weaverville. 
 It lias 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 MINERSVILLE, a village of Beaver co., Utiih, about 18 
 miles S. by W. of Beaver. Here is a lead mine. 
 
 MINElCVA, a post-village of Marshall co., Iowa, about 9 
 miles W. by N. of Mai-iettii. 
 
 MINET'TO, a post-village of Oswego co.. New York, on 
 the Oswego River, and on tiie Oswego and Syracuse Bail- 
 road, about 5 miles S.S.E. of O.swego. 
 
 MINING PORT, or MINING POINT, a post-village of 
 Moigjin CO , Missouri, on the Osage River, aliont 45 miles 
 S.W . of Jefferson City. Lead is fouud in tlie vicinity 
 
 MINNEAP'OLIS, a city of Minnesota, and the capital of 
 Hennepin county, is situated on the right (W.) bank of the 
 Mississippi River, opposite the town of St. Aniliony, aud 
 at the Falls of St. Anthony. It is 7 or 8 miles W.N.W. of 
 St. Paul. Lat. 45° N., lou. 93° 20' W. It is on the St. Paul 
 and Paciiic Railroad, and is the north terniinus of tlie Minne- 
 sota Central liailroad (in progress). This town couraiiis a 
 court-house, about 10 churches, 2 national banks, a United 
 States I^anil oifice, 4 hotels, 3 flouring-mil's, 2 foundries, 1 
 woollen factory, and 6 saw-mills. It is stated tl.at 70,000,000 
 feet of himber are sawed here annually. The river alfoids 
 immense water-power here. Two bridges across the river 
 connect this city with St. Anthony. Pop. in 1860, 2564; 
 1S65, about 5000. 
 
Mm 
 
 MON 
 
 MINNEHAHA, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota Ter- 
 ritory, bordering on Miunesotu. Area estimated at 3iiOO 
 gquare niilea. It is intersected by the Uij; Sioux River, and 
 also drained by tlie Vermilion River. The surface is elevated, 
 the county being partly occupied by the Coteau des I'rairies. 
 The soil is productive. 
 
 MINNKilAIIA, a post-village of Burt co., Nebraska, 
 about V2 miles W.S.W. of the .Missouri River, at Decatur. 
 
 MINNEO'LA, a post-township of lioudhue Co., Sliunesota, 
 about 24 miles K. of i'aniiault. I'op. 232. 
 
 MINNEOLA, a post-village of Franklin co., Kansas, 
 about 20 miles S. by W. of Lawrence. It was formerly the 
 county-seat. 
 
 MINNESKA, or MINNEISKA, a small stream of Minne- 
 Bota, rises in Oluistead co., and passing through the N.E. part 
 of Winona co., enters the Mississippi at Minneskii. 
 
 MINNESKA, or MINXISKA, a post-village of Wabasha 
 CO., Minnesota, on the Mi.<8issippi Kiver, at the mouth of 
 the Minneska, about 22 mines above Winona. A considera- 
 ble quantity of wheat is shipped here. It has a steam saw- 
 mill. 
 
 MINNESOTA, a township of Wabasha co., Minnesota, 
 pop. 225. 
 
 MINNESOTA, a mining village of Sierra co., California, 
 about 25 miles N.E. of Nevada. 
 
 MINNESOTA JUNCTION, a post-village of Dodge co., 
 Wisconsin, 3 miles W. of Horicon, 6 miles E of Ueaver 
 Dam, and 18 miles N. of Watertown. The Chicago and 
 Northwestern Railroad here intersects the Milwaukee and 
 St. Paul Railroad. 
 
 MINNESOTA LAKE, a post-oflice of I'aribault co., Min- 
 nesotii, about 27 miles S. by E. of Mankato. 
 
 MINNETONKA, a post-township of Hennepin CO., Min- 
 nesota, on the E. shore of Miunetonka Lake, about 17 
 miles W. of St. Paul. Pop 293. 
 
 MINNETONKA, a post-village of Hennepin co., Minne- 
 sota, about 10 miles W. by S. of Minneapolis, and 3 or 4 
 miles £. of the Miunetonka Lake 
 
 MINNETRISTA, a post-township of Hennepin CO., Min- 
 nesota, about 20 miles W. by S. of Minneapolis. Pop. 212. 
 
 MINNIE, a village of Yolo co., California, about 17 miles 
 W. by N. of Sacramento. 
 
 MINONK, a post-village and township of Woodford co., 
 Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 30 miles N. of Blooming- 
 ton. Pop. 548. 
 
 MINOOKA, a post-village of Grundy co.. Illinois, on the 
 Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 11 miles W.S.W. of 
 Joliet. 
 
 MIRANDA, a post-village of Rowan co.. North Carolina, 
 about 10 miles S.W. of Salisbury. 
 
 MISllICOTT, a post-village and township of Manitowoc 
 CO., Wisconsin. The village is on Misliicott River, 12 miles 
 N. of Manitowoc, and has a fine water-power and mills. 
 Pop. about 160; of the township, 1258. 
 
 MISSION, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 1601. 
 
 MISSION CREEK, a township of Wabaunsee co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 132. 
 
 MISSION SAN JOSfi, a post-village of Alameda CO., Cali- 
 fornia, about 30 miles S.S.E. of San Eraucisco. Pop. in 
 1864, estimated at 300. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI, a township of Jersey CO., Illinois. Pop. 557. 
 
 MISSOURI, a township of Brown "co.. Illinois. Pop. 911. 
 
 MISSOURI CITY, a post-village of Clay CO., Missouri, on 
 the N. bank of the Missouri River, about 7 miles E. of 
 Liberty, and 60 miles S.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 MITCHELL, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, con- 
 tains about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. 
 bv the I'lint River. The surface is level ; the soil fertile. 
 Capital, Camilla. Pop. 4308. 
 
 MITCHELL, a post-village of Lawrence oo., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, where it is crosse<l by 
 the Louisville New Albany and Chicjigo Railroad, 127 miles 
 Vf. S.W. of Cincinnati and 10 miles S. of Bedford. 
 
 MITCHELL, a post-village and township of Mitchell CO., 
 Iowa, on the Cedar River, about 90 miles W. of Lansing. 
 Pop. 6.57. 
 
 MOAWEQUA, or MOWEAQUA. a post-office of Shelby 
 CO., Illinois, and a station on the Central liailroad, 15 miles 
 S. of Decatur. 
 
 MODAIL, a post-office of Harrison co., Iowa. 
 
 MODKN.\, a post-village of Stark co., Illinois, about 33 
 miles N.N.W. of Peoria. 
 
 MODENA, a post- village of Mercer co., Missouri, about 
 80 miles E.N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 MODENA, a post-office of Buffalo co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MOHAVE, or MOJAVE, a county in the N.^V. part of Ari- 
 zona, bounded on the N. by Nevada and Utah, on the E. bv 
 the line of 113° 20' W. Ion., on the S. by Williams' Fork and 
 the Santa Maria, and on the W. by California and the Colo- 
 railo Kiver. The surface is mountainous : a large part of 
 the soil is sterile. This county contains mines of gold and 
 silver, which are said to be rich. Capital, .Mohave City. 
 
 MOHAVE CITY, the capital of Mohave co , Arizona, on 
 the Colorado River, about l.'o miles above La Paz, and 1 
 mile from Eort Mohave or Mojave. 
 
 MOHAWK, a post-office and precinct r i Lane co., Oregon. 
 Pop. lUO. 
 
 MOKELUMNE or MOQUELUMNE (mo kcl' am-ne) HILL, 
 a post-village, and county-seat of Calaveras co., California. 
 Situated on a high hill about l]^ miles from the Mokelumae 
 River, and about 60 miles a.K. Irom Sacramento. It liar i. 
 churches, 2 schools, 1 newspaper, a branch of Wells, Eaigo, 
 & Co.'s Express, court-house, and jail, lour stage lines 
 leave it each morning on dilferent routes. It was once a 
 very rich mining place, but the mines have to a great ex 
 tent given out. It has at present a population of about 1500. 
 
 MOKELUMNE CITY, a small post-village ->f San Joaquin 
 CO., California, on the Mokelumne River, 23 miles N. by W 
 of Stockton. • 
 
 MOLALLA RIVER, a small stream of Clackamas co., 
 Oregon, which flows northwestward and enters the Willa- 
 mette. 
 
 MOLDROP, a village of Washington co., Oregon, about 22 
 miles W.S.W. of Porthind. 
 
 MOLINO, mo-lee'no, a post-village of Tippah co., Mis- 
 sissippi, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Holly Springs. 
 
 MOMENCE, a post-village of Kankakee Co., Illinois, on 
 the Kankakee River, about 60 miles S. of Chicago. Pop. of 
 Momence township, 943. 
 
 JIONA, a post-village of Mitchell co., Iowa, on the Red 
 Cedar River, about 60 miles N.N.W. of VVaverly. 
 
 MONAOAN, or MOXEGAN, a post-village and township 
 of St. Clair co., Missouri, about 28 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw. 
 Pop. 1311. 
 
 MONDCVIA, a post-village of Buffalo co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Buffalo Uiver, about 24 miles N.E. of Alma. 
 
 MONEE, a post-vilRlge and township of Will co., Illinois, 
 on the Central Railroad, 34 miles S. by W. of Chicago. Pop. 
 872. 
 
 MONE'KA, a post-village of Linn co., Kansas, about 26 
 miles N. by W. of i'ort Scott. 
 
 MONITOR, a post-village of Alpine co., California. One 
 newspaper is published here. 
 
 MONMOUTH, a village of Butler co., Iowa, near the Shell- 
 rock River, about 12 miles N.W. of Waverly. 
 
 MON.MOUTII, a post-village and township of Jackson co., 
 Iowa, about 35 miles S. by W. of Dubuque. Pop. 989. 
 
 MONMOUTH, a township of Shawnee co., Kansas. Pop. 
 310. 
 
 MONMOUTH, a post-village of Polk co., Oregon, 7 miles 
 S.E. of Dallas. Here is an institution called the Monmouth 
 University. Pop. in 1864, about 150. 
 
 MONO, a county in the E. part of California, bordering 
 on Nevada. Area estimated at 3200 square miles. It is 
 drained by Owen's River and a few other small streams, and 
 contains Mono Lake, which is about 18 miles long and 10 
 miles wide. The surface is mountainous. The snow-covered 
 Sierra Nevada extends along the S.W. border of the county. 
 Silver and gold are found in the N. part. The census of 
 1860 furnishes no information respecting this county, which 
 was organized in 1861. 
 
 MONOCACY, a post-village of Frederic co., Maryland, on 
 the Monocacy River, where it is crossed by the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad, .10 miles W. of Baltimore. 
 
 MONO L.\KE, Mono co., California, is at the N.E. base 
 of the Sierra -N evada, about 12 miles S.W. of Aurora, Nevada. 
 Its form is roundish, and its greatest length about 18 miles. 
 Tho water is so strongly alkaline that no fish can live in it. 
 
 MONON, or MONONO, a post-village of Monon township. 
 White CO., Indiana, on the New Albany and Chicago Rail- 
 road, 30 miles N. of Lafayette. Pop. of township 740. 
 
 MONO'NA, a post-village of Monona township, Clayton 
 CO., Iowa, on the McGregor Western Railroad, 13 miles W. 
 of McGregor. Pop. about 350 ; of township, 1035. 
 
 MONONA, Wisconsin. See MknOXA. 
 
 MONONG.\HELA, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1135. 
 
 MONONGA'LIA, a county in the central part of Minne- 
 sota, has an area of 432 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Crow River, and contains a number of small and beautiful 
 lakes. The surface is undulating or neai'ly level ; the soil 
 is fertile. Capital, Irving. Pop. 350. 
 
 MONOVILLE, a village of Mono co., California, near 5Iono 
 Liike, 26 W.S.W. of Auroraj Nevada. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin, has an 
 area of 900 square jnilos. It is drained by the La Crosse, 
 Lemonweir, and Kickapoo Rivers, all of which rise within 
 its limits. The surface is pleasantly diversified ; the soil is 
 generally fertile. Pine lumber is procured in the N. p^rt 
 of the county. Monroe county is intersected by the Mil- 
 waukee and La Crosse Railroad. Capital, Sparta. Pop. 8410. 
 
 MONROE, a county in the E part of Nebraska, has an 
 area of 676 square miles. It is drained by Shell Creek, an 
 affluent of Platte River, which touches the S.E. extremity 
 of the county. The surfiice is undulating; the soil is fer- 
 tile. The census of 1860 furnishes no information respect- 
 ing this county. 
 
 .MONROE, a post-towuship of Grafton co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the Connecticut River, about 15 miles N. of llavei- 
 iiill. Pop. 619. 
 
 2259 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 MONROE, a township of Camden CO., New Jersey. Pop. 
 1417. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 13!t5. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1021. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Snyder co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1092. 
 
 MONROE, a village of Southampton co., Virginia, on the 
 Nottoway River, alKSUt 45 miles W.S.W. of Norfolk. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 352. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 1070. 
 
 Ml ).\ ItO K, a township of Kosciusko oc., Indiana. Pop. 772. 
 
 Mi)NKO£, a township of Washington co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1029. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Cass co., Illinois. Pop. 797. 
 
 MONROE, or MONROE CITY, a post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Missouri, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 16 
 miles S.W. of Palinvra. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Fremont co., Iowa. Pop. 295. 
 
 MONROE, a post-village of Jasper co., Iowa, about 14 
 S. ofN'-wton. 
 
 MONUOH, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 499. 
 
 Mi).\ UOE, a township of Monroe CO., Iowa. Pop. 545. 
 
 MONROK, a townsliip of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 476. 
 
 MONROE, a township of Anderson co., Kansas. Pop. 794. 
 
 MONROE, atmall village of Benton co., Oregon, 17 miles 
 S. of t'orvallis. It lias 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 MONROE CITY, a post-office of Monroe co., Uliuois. 
 
 MONROE, FORTRESS. See Fortress Moxrob. 
 
 MONKOETON, a post-village of Rockingham co., North 
 Carolina, about 16 miles N. of Greensl>oro. 
 
 MONROEVILLE, a post-village of .^llen co., Indiana, on 
 the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 14 miles 
 S.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 MONRO'VIA, a pobt- village of Atchison co., Kansas, on 
 the rout« of the Atchison and Pike"s Peak Railroad, 13 
 miles W. by S. of the former. It contains 2 churches, a 
 large school-house, and 1 saw-mill. Pop. about 100. 
 
 MONROVIA, the capifcil of the Republic of Liberia, is 
 situated on the Atlantic Ocesm, about 7 miles S. of the 
 mouth of Saint Paul's River. It is nejir 6° 18' N. lat., and 
 1U° 48' W. Ion. It contains several churches and semin- 
 ari»s, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. estimatetl at 3000. 
 
 MONTAGUE, a county in the N. part of Texas, bordering 
 on the Indian Territory, has an area estimated at 800 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Red River, and also 
 drained by Belknap and S;tline Creeks. Pop. 849. 
 
 MONTAGUE, a post-village, capital of Montague co., 
 Te.Yiis, about 100 miles W. of Bonham. 
 
 MONTANA, a territory of the United States of North 
 America, bounded on the N. by the British Possessions, on 
 the K. by Dakota, on the S. by Dakota and Idaho, and on 
 the W. by Idaho. It lies (e.xcei)t a small projection in the 
 S.W.) between 45° and 49° N. lat, and between 104° and 
 116° W. Ion. The length from E. to W. is abont 560 miles ; 
 the breadth about 275 miles. Area about 153,.300 square 
 miles. Montana was organized as a territory in May, 1864, 
 before which date it formed part of Idaho. 
 
 FUce. of the Oiuntry, Soil, i£a. — The surface is generally 
 mountainous. The great Rocky Mountain range extends 
 across the territory. Commencing at the north<irn houndar}- 
 this range extends for a distance of about 200 miles in a y. 
 S.E. direction, and then describes a great curve towards the 
 W., until it touches the border of Idaho. From this point it 
 extends along the S.W. boundary of Montana for a distance 
 of nearly 200 miles. The Bitter Root Mountains also form a 
 part of the western boundary. Minor chains of mountains 
 occur in different parts of the territory. The long valley 
 of the Yellow Stone River, in the eastern pai-t of Montana, 
 is reported to be fertile, and to be bordered on one or two 
 sides by grand walls of mountain. The valleys of the ex- 
 tensive region between the Yellow Stone and "the Missouri, 
 are said to be liberally supplied with running water and 
 forest trees, among which the pine and cedar are found. 
 The pine, fir, and cedai- also abound on the Rocky Jlonn- 
 taiua and Bitter Root Mountains. "The country bordering 
 on the Jefferson Fork, the Gallatin Fork, and the Madison 
 Fork of the Missouri," says Cal)tain Mullan, "is among the 
 most beautiful to be found west of the Mississippi. The 
 country is a gently undulating prairie, dotted here and 
 there with clumps of timber. All the streams are beau- 
 tifully fringed with forest gi-owth, the soil is rich, climate 
 mild and invigorating, and all the elements for happy homes 
 are here to be found." 
 
 Rivers. — The principal rivers of Montana are the Mis- 
 Boiu-i, the Yellow Stone, and Clark's Fork of the Columbia. 
 The Missonri rises near the S.W. border of Montana, tra- 
 verses its whole extent with a very circuitous ccnirse, and 
 makes its exit at the eastern boundary. The Yellow Stone, 
 with its tributaries Big Horn, Powder River, Ac, drains the 
 southern and eastern portions of this territory, in which 
 nearly the whole of its course is include.!. The northern 
 part is drained by the Milk and Marias River, aflluents of 
 the Minsonri. Clarke's River rises among the Rockv Mouu- 
 2200 
 
 tains, in the W. part of Montana, and is formed by severi»l 
 branches nameil Bitter Root River, Hellgate River, &c. It 
 flows northwestward and crosses the W. boundary. 
 
 MineraU. — Gold has been found on the head watei-s of 
 the Slissouri and Yellow Stone Rivers, and nesir the Kocky 
 Mountains. Rich mines of silver exist near Bannock City 
 and other places. Iron ore is found along the Bitter Root 
 River. It is reported that coal has been discoverinl in this 
 territory. The valley of the Yellow Stone exhibits signs 
 of volcanic action. 
 
 Objects of Intfrest to Tourists. — In the W. central part of 
 Montana are the Great Falls of the Missouri, which are re- 
 garded iu> the grandest in North America, except the Falls 
 of Niagara. .Kt this place, which is 500 miles from its 
 source, the river has a perpendicular fall of 87 feet, and de- 
 scends by a succession of cataracts and nipids 357 feet in 
 161^ miles. 
 
 Animals. — Among the animals of Montana are the bison 
 and buffalo, the grizzly beiir, the ovis JUoiUana or Rocky 
 Mounfciin sheep, and the antelope. 
 
 Populalinn and Tmons. — The census of 1860 furnishes no 
 information respecting the population of Montana, which 
 at that date contained few if any inhabitants except sav- 
 ages. Within the last 3 years the settlement of this regiou 
 has progressed rapidly. The principal towns are Biinuock 
 City, Labarge City, Nevada, Gallatin City, and Virginia 
 City, which is the cai>ital of Montana. 
 
 MONTANA, a village of Arapahoe co., Colorado, on the 
 
 South Fork of the Platte River, 8 miles N. by E.of Denver. 
 
 MONTANA, a yiining-village of Montana, in Beaver Head 
 
 Valley, and on Rattlesnake Creek, about 12 miles N. by E. 
 
 of Bannock City. Here are rich gold and silver mines. 
 
 MONTCALM, mont-kdm', a county in the central part of 
 Michigiin, has an area of 576 or 720 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Flat and Pine Rivers and Fish Creek, and 
 contains a number of small lakes. The surface is nearly 
 level ; the soil is very fertile. WlicAt, oats, Indi.an corn, 
 and lumber are the staple productions. A large portion of 
 the county is covere<l with forests of pine, sugar-maple, and 
 other trees. These forests are said to abound with bears, 
 deer, and wolves. Capital. Stanton. Pop. 3963. 
 
 MONTCLAIR, a post-village of Essex ca., New Jersey, on 
 the Newark and Bloomfield Railroad, 6 or 7 miles N.W. of 
 Newark, and 15 miles W.N.W. of New York. 
 
 MONT CLARA, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 MONTEBELLO, a village of Porter co., Indiana, on the 
 Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 51 miles S.E. of Cliicago. 
 MONTEBELLO. a township of Hancock co., Illinois, ou 
 the Mississippi River. Pop. 694. 
 
 MONTE CRISTO, a mining village of Sierra co.. Cali- 
 fornia, 4 miles W. by N. of Downieville. It is surrounded 
 by a rich mining district. Pop. about 200. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village of McNairy CO., Tennessee, 
 on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, about 8 miles N. of Co- 
 rinth. Mississippi. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, about 
 26 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-town.ship of Allegan co., Michigan, 
 about 7 miles N. of Allegan. Pop. 927. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, about 13 
 miles S.W. of Bloomfiefi. 
 
 MONTEREY, a post-village of Waukesha co.. Wisconsin, 
 on Ashippun Creek, about 14 miles E. by S. of Watertown. 
 
 -MONTEREY, capital of Monterey co^ California, 125 miles 
 by water S. by E. of San Francisco. (See page 12J9.) It 
 contains (I860) a court-house, a jail, 2 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, and 1 manuftvctory of soap. Pop. about IJOO. 
 MONTESANO, moii-te-za'no. a post-village, capital of 
 Chehalis co., Washington Territory, situated on the S. bank 
 of the Chehalis River, 12 miles from its mouth, and about 
 35 miles in a direct line W. by S of Olympia. It has 1 store. 
 MONTEVALLO. a post-village of Vernon co., ^Missouri, 
 about 17 miles E.S.E. of Nevada City. 
 
 M0NTKZU5IA, a post-village of Mercer CO., Ohio, about 
 32 miles N.N.W. of Piqua. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a post-village, capital of Poweshiek co., 
 Iowa, is situated on an undulating prairie, about 05 miles 
 E. of Des Moines, and 10 miles S. of the Mississippi and Mis- 
 souri Railroad. It has a fine brick court-house, 3 churches, 
 1 bank, 1 newspaper office. 4 dry-goods stores, 2 drug stores, 
 &c. Pop. in 186<J, 564; in 1865, about 800. 
 
 MONTEZUMA, a iX)8t-villageof Tuolumne co., California, 
 8 miles S.W. of Sonora. Pop. about 350. 
 
 MONTGOM KRY, a township of Gibson co., Indiana, on 
 the Waba>h River. Pop. 2398. 
 
 MONTlHI.MKRY, a post-vill.age and township of Jennings 
 CO., Indiana, about 22 miles N.\V. of Madison. Pop. 1321. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a village of Fulton co., Illinois, about 25 
 miles S.W. of Peoria. 
 
 MONTGO.MERY, a township of Woodford co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 872. 
 
 MONTGOMKRY, or MONTGOMERY CITY, a postrvilla;io 
 of Montgomery co., Missouri, on the North Missouri Kofi 
 road, 82 miles "W.N.W. of St. Louii. 
 
MON 
 
 MOS 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a township of Le Sueur co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. '201. 
 
 MONTGOMEIty, a post-village of Davis co., Kansas, about 
 5" miles W. of Topekiv. 
 
 MONTGOMKRY, or MONTGOMERY CITY, a post-village 
 of Park CO., Colojado, about 90 miles S.W. of Denver. Gold 
 uiines are worked in the vicinity. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Lewis co , Mis- 
 gouri, on the North Fabius River, 26 miles N.W. of Quincy, 
 lUiaois, and about 28 miles S.W. of Keokuk. It contains 
 2 churches, and 2 schools. Pop. about 3.^0. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village of Jones co., Iowa, on tho 
 Duljnque Southwestern Railroad, 4:< miles S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Wright co., Min- 
 nesota, on the right l)ank of the Mi.-^sissippi River, about 45 
 miles N.W. of St. Paul, It has a steam saw-mill. It is 
 situated in a rich farming country in which hard viood is 
 abundant. Pop. in 1865, estimated at 500. Pop. of Monti- 
 cello tiiwnsliip in 1800, 753. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a jjObt-village and township of Johnson 
 CO., Kansas. The village is about 3 miles S.K. of the Kan- 
 sas River, and 2,i miles ;?. of Leavenworth. Pop. 287. 
 
 MONTPELIER, a post-village of Hanover to., Virginia, 
 on the South Anna River, 24 mile^ N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 MONTPELIER, a pos^village of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina, about 32 miles W.S.W. of Fayetteville. 
 
 MONTPEIvIER, a post-villago of Bl.ackford co., Indiana, 
 on Siilaiiionie River, about 42 miles S. by W. of I"'ort Wayne. 
 
 MONTPELIER, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 
 804. 
 
 MONTPELIER, a post^township of Kewaunee co., Wis- 
 consin, about 15 miles K. by S. of Green Bay Pop. 160. 
 
 MONXRE.^L, a village of Texas co., Missouri, about 62 
 E. of Springfield. 
 
 MONTROSE, a post-village of Jasper co., Mississippi, 
 about W miles E. by. S. of Jackson. 
 
 MONTROSE, aj)ostrvillage of Summit co., Ohio, about 27 
 miles S. of Cleveland. 
 
 MONTROSE, a post-township of Genesee Co., Michigan, 
 on liuthsidesof Flint River, 14 miles N.W. of Flint. Pop. 389. 
 
 MONTROSK, a post-office of Wright co., Minnesota. 
 
 MONUMENT, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois. 
 
 MON VN AGON, or .Mi >NTG U AGON, a township of Wayne 
 CO.. Michigan, on Detroit River. Pop. 1384. 
 
 MOOERS PRAIRIE, a post-township of Wright CO., Min- 
 nesota, about 50 miles W. by N. of St. Anthony. 
 
 MOONS RANCH, a post-office of Tehama CO., California, 
 25 miles S. of Red Bluff. 
 
 MO"RE'S CREEK, Bois^e co., Idaho, is an affluent of the 
 Boisee River. It flows nearly southwestward. 
 
 MOORE'S FLAT, a post-village of Nevada co., California, 
 18 miles N.N.E. of Nevada City. It has rich gold mines. 
 Pop. in 1863, about 500. 
 
 MOOREVILLE, a post-village of Itawamba co., Missis- 
 sippi, about 35 miles N. of Aberdeen. 
 
 MOORLAND, Michigan. See M0REL.1.NI). 
 
 MOOSUP, a post-village of AVindham co., Connecticut, on 
 M00.SUP River, and on the Boston and Erie Rjiilroad, 3 miles 
 N.E. of Plaiiifield, and 33 miles from Providence. 
 
 MOREUE.\U. a post-village, capital of Rowan co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 56 miles E.N.E. of Lexington. 
 
 MORKHEAD CITY, a post-village of Carteret co., North 
 Caroliiui, on the sea-coa.st, 36 miles S.S E. of Newbern, and 
 about 3 miles W.S.W. of Beaufort. It is the S.E. terminus 
 of the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad. 
 
 MORELAND, or MOORLAND, a township of Muskegon 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 105. 
 
 MORKNCI, a post-village of Lenawee CO., Michigan, on 
 Tiffin's River, about 16 miles S.AV. of Adrian. It hiis 2 mills. 
 
 MORGAN, a small county in the N.E. part of Utah, is in- 
 tersected by Weber River. Capitiil, Weber City. The 
 census of 1860 furnishes no items respecting this county. 
 
 MORGAN, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., Georgia, 
 about 28 miles W. by S. of Albany. Free population, 187. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Harrison CO., Indiana. Pop. 1418. 
 
 M0RG.4N, a village of Laporte co., Indiana, on the Pitts- 
 burg Fort Wayne and Chicago Raikoad, 56 miles S.E. of 
 Chicago. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 624. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. I'op. 392. 
 
 MORGAN, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. 101. 
 
 MORGAN, a post-office of Winneshiek co , Iowa. 
 
 MORGAN CITY, a village of Morgan co., Illinois, on the 
 Great Western Railroad, 11 miles W. of Jacksonville. 
 
 MORGANTON, a post-village, ca|)ital of t'aunin CO., Geor- 
 gia, near the Tocoa River, 50 miles E. by N. of Dalton. 
 
 MORGANZIA, a post-village of Point Coupee parish, 
 Louisiana, on the right bank of the Mississippi River, about 
 45 or 50 miles above Baton Rouge. 
 
 MOBLETTE, or MARLETTE, a township of Sanilac co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 187. 
 
 MORMON, a post-village of Salt Lake co., Utah, 10 miles 
 B. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 MORMON BAR, a mining village of Mariposa co., Cali- 
 fornia, 2 uiileg S. of M.u'iposa. 
 
 MORMON BASIN, a mining village or district in Bako< 
 CO.. Oregon, ahout tW miles S. of Auburn. 
 
 MORMON ISLAND, a post-village of Sacramento CO., 
 California, on or near the American River, 25 miles N.K 
 of Sacramento. Pop. said to be 400. 
 
 MOKO, a post-village of Madison CO., Illinois, on the Tern 
 Haute and St. Louis Railroad, about 10 miles E. by N . ox 
 Alton. 
 
 MOROCCO, a post-village of Newton co., Indiana, about 
 54 miles N.W. of Lafayette. 
 
 MORONI, a post-village of San Pete CO., Utah, on San 
 Pete Creek, about 05 miles S. of Provo. Pop. of Sloron 
 precinct, 7(KJ. 
 
 MORRILL, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, about 5 
 miles W. of Belfast. Pop. 029. 
 
 MORRIS, a county in the central part of Kansau, has an 
 area of about 580 square miles. It is drained by the Neo- 
 sho River, which rises within its limits, and by Diamond 
 Creek. The western part of the county is a plain, destitute 
 of timber. The soil in some parts is fertile. Capitid, Coun- 
 cil Grove. Pop. 770. 
 
 MORRIS, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, 25 miles 
 by railroad N.W. of Lawrenceburg. 
 
 MORRIS, a post-village of Woodbury CO., Iowa, on Maple 
 Creek, about 44 miles E.:>.E. of Siou.x City. 
 
 MORRISHURG. a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa. 
 
 MORRIS ISLAND, of South Carolina, is on the South 
 side of the entrance of Charleston Harbor, and borders on 
 the Atlantic ocean. Its N. extremity is about 1 mile S.S.K. 
 of Fort Sumter. 
 
 MORRISON, a County In the central part of Minnesota, 
 has an area of about 620 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by tho Mississippi River, and also drained by Platte 
 River. The surface is diversified, and the soil productive. 
 Capitiil, Little Falls. Pop. 618. 
 
 MORRISON, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 12 miles N. by W. of Mauch Chunk. 
 
 MORRISON, a post-village of Wliitesides Co., Illinois, on 
 the Dixon Air-Line Railroad, 14 miles W. of Sterling. 
 
 MORRISON, a post-township of Brown co., Wisconsin, 
 about 14 miles S. of Green Bay. Pop. 401. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a post-village of Jefter.son co., Tennes- 
 see, on the Ea.st Teiinesst<e and A'irginia Railroad, 42 miles 
 E.N.E. of Knoxville. It is situated in a fertile valley. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, on 
 or near the Big Blue River, about 12 miles N. by E, of Shel- 
 by ville. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a post-village and township of Rice co., 
 Minnesota, on Cannon River, about 11 miles W.a.W. of 
 Faribault. Pop. 437. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a mining village of Sierra co., Californi.i. 
 13 miles N.W. of Downieville. It has 2 mining ditches, 1 
 hotel, &c. I'op. variously estimateti from 200 to 600. 
 
 MORRISVILLE, a post-village of Wake co.. North Caro- 
 lina, on a railroad 13 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 MORRISVILLE,a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio., about 
 
 37 miles S.S.E. of Dayton. 
 
 MORTON, a post-village of Scott co., Mississippi, on the 
 Southern Railroad, 35 miles E. of Jackson. 
 
 MORTON, a post-village and township of Tazewell co., 
 Illinois, about 10 miles S.E. of Peoria. Pop. 1187. 
 
 MORTON, a village of Ray co., Missouri, about 11 miles 
 N. of Lexington. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on 
 a railroad 13 miles S.E. of Scranton. Pop. 116. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village of Polk CO., Texas, about 100 
 miles N.N.E. of Houston. 
 
 MOSCOW, a villige of Licking co., Ohio, 8 or 9 mile's S.S. 
 W. of Newark. 
 
 MOSCOW, a village of Lucas co., Ohio, about 20 miles S. 
 W. of Toledo. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village of Muscatine co., Iowa, on Red 
 Cedar River, and on the Mississippi and Missouri Raih'oad, 
 
 38 miles W. by N. of Davenport, and about 12 miie« Is. of 
 Muscatine. Pop. of Moscow township Ssiy. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-township forming the S.E. angle of Iowa 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 12 miles E. of .Mineral Point. 
 
 MOSCOW, a post-village and township of Freeborn co., 
 Minnesota, 8 or 9 miles W.N.W . of Austin. Pop. 258. 
 
 MOSELLE, a small village of Hampshire CO., West Virgi- 
 nia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, about 20 niil'is S 
 W. of Cumberland. 
 
 MOSELLE, a village or st.ation of Franklin co., Missouri, 
 on the South West Branch of the Pacific Railroad, 49 miles 
 S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 MOSELLE, a township of Sheboygan co , AVisconsin, on 
 Lake Michigan, 5 miles N. of Sheboygan. Pop. 977. 
 
 MOSHANNON, Pennsylvania. See Mkshannon. 
 
 MOSHER VILLE, a pos^village of Hillsdale co., Michigan, 
 about 55 miles S. of Lansing. 
 
 MOSINEE, a post-village of Marathon co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Wisconsin River about 15 miles S. by W. of Wausau. 
 
 MOSSVILLE, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, on the 
 W. side of Peoiia Lake, 10 miles by railroad N.N.E. of 
 Peoria. 
 
 2261 
 
MOT 
 
 MJTTirCLLE. or MOTTVILLE. a village of Douglas co., 
 Nevaila, o) Carson Kiver, about IS miles S. of Carsou City. 
 
 MOULTOX, a post-village of Lavaca co., Texas, about 28 
 miles S.S.W. of Lagrange. 
 
 MOULTRIE, a post-village, capital of Colquitt CO., 
 Georgia, about 4-1 miles S.S.E. of Albany. 
 
 MOUND, a village and township of Warren co., Indiana, 
 on the W. side of the Wabash River, about 4 miles above 
 Covington. Pop. 1067. 
 
 MOUND, a township of McDonough co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1001. 
 
 MOUND, a township of Miami co., Kansas. Pop. 220. 
 
 MOUND CITY, a post-village of Critt'eiideu co., .■Vrkansas, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 7 miles above Mempliis. 
 
 MOUND CITY, a post-village of Pulaski co., Illinois, on 
 the Ohio River, 7 or 8 miles above Cairo. It contains a 
 number of stores, warehouses, &c. Pop. in 1860, 898. 
 
 MOUND CITY, a village of Holt co., Missouri, about 13 
 miles N.N.W. of Oregon. 
 
 MOUND CITY, a post-village, capital of Linn co., Kansas, 
 situated about 24 miles N.N.W. of Fort Scott, and 95 miles 
 S. of Leavenworth. It has several stores, &e. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 450. Pop. of Mound City township, 1165. 
 
 MOUND PRAIRIE, a township of Houston co., Minne- 
 sota. Pop. 409. 
 
 MOUND STATION, a post-offics of Brown co., Illinois, 
 on the Quincy aud Toledo Railroad, 33 miles E. by N. of 
 Quincy. 
 
 MOUND TIEW, a township of Ramsey co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 99. 
 
 MOUND VILLE, a village of Blue Mound township, Dane 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 24 miles W.S.W. of Madison. 
 
 MOUNDVILLE, a post-village and township of Mar- 
 quette CO., Wisconsin, on the Fox River, about 10 miles N. 
 of Portage City. Pop. 406. 
 
 MOUNTAIN CITY, Colorado. See Central City. 
 
 MOUNTAIN SPRINGS, California. See Gold Run. 
 
 5I0UN1AIN VIEW, a post-village of Santa Clara eo., 
 California, on the railroad which connects San Jose with 
 S;in Francisco, 12 miles N.W. of the former. It has several 
 stores. 
 
 MOUNTAIN WELL, a small post-village of Nevada co., 
 California, 9 miles E. of Nevada. 
 
 MOUNT ARRINGTON, Oregon, a peak of the Coast 
 Range or Umpqua Mountains, is on the line between Coos 
 and i)ouglas counties. 
 
 MOUNT AUBURN, a village and township of Christian 
 CO., Illinois, about 22 miles E. by S. of Springfield. Pop. 
 2498. 
 
 MOUNT AYR, a post-village, capital of Ringgold co., 
 Iowa, about 75 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. Pop. in 1860, 386. 
 
 MOUNT BETHEL, a small post-village of Warren co., 
 New Jersey, about 11 miles E. of Belvidere. 
 
 mount" bullion, a post-village of Mariposa co., Cali- 
 fornia, 5 miles E. of Maiiposa, and near a mountain of the 
 same name. 
 
 MOUNT CARMEL, a post-village of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Shamokin Valley aud Pottsville Rail- 
 road, 30 miles E.S.E. of Sunbury. 
 
 MOUNT DANA, California, a peak of the Sierra Nevada, 
 about lat. 37° 53' N., hits an altitude of about 13,500 feet. 
 
 MOUNT DAVIDSON, Nevada, is on or near the Une be- 
 tween Storey and Washoe counties, and belongs to the 
 Washoe Range of the Sierra Nevada. Airginia City is built 
 on the E. slope of this mountain, in which rich silver mines 
 have been opened. 
 
 MOUNT DIABLO, de-S'slo, Contra Costa co., California, 
 about 30 miles E. of San Francisco, h.os an altitude of about 
 3S00 feet. It is a i>eak of the Coast Range, and is the great 
 central landmark of the state. It is of the primitive for- 
 mation, and has metamorphic limestone of good quality at 
 its )>ase. 
 
 MOUNT EDEN, a post-village of Alameda co., California, 
 7 miles S.E. of San Leandro. It has 2 or 3 stores. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 MOUNT EPHRAIM, a small post-village of Camden co., 
 New Jersey, about 6 miles S. by E. of Camden. 
 
 MOCNl' ETNA, a post-office of- Adams co., Iowa, 6 or 7 
 miles N.N.E. of Quincy. 
 
 MOUNT FLORENCE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Kan- 
 Bas, about 13 miles N.E. of Topeka. 
 
 MOUNT 6ILEAD, a small post-village of Anderson co., 
 Kansiis. 
 
 MOUNT HAMILTON, Santa Clara co., California, is a 
 peak of the Coast liange, about 22 miles E. of San Jose. 
 Height 4449 feet. 
 
 MOUNT HAWLEY, a post-village of Peoria co^ Illinois, 
 about 10 miles N. of Peoria. 
 
 MOUNT HOPE, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, 
 about 15 miles N.W. of Delhi. 
 
 MOUNT IDAHO, a post-village of Nez Perce co., Idaho, 
 65 miles E. by S. of Lewiston. 
 
 MOUNT LASSEN, California. See Lasskn's Pr.\k. 
 
 MOUNT LYELL. California, a peak of the Sierra Nevada, 
 •bont lat. 37° 45' N., has an altitude of about 13,500 feet. 
 2202 
 
 MOW 
 
 MOUNT 3I0RRIS, a post-township of Genesee co^ Michi- 
 gan, on Flint River, about 68 miles N.N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 
 735. 
 
 MOUNT 3I0RRIS, a post-village of Genesee co., Michigan, 
 on tlie FUut and Pere Marquette Railroad, 7 miles N. of 
 Flint. 
 
 MOUNT MORRIS, a post-township of Waushara co, 
 Wisconsin, about 4 miles E. by N. of Wautoma. Pop. 491. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 279. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Wayne co.. North Caro- 
 lina, on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 71 miles N. 
 of Wilmington. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 about 30 miles S.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a post-village of Mills co., Iowa, about 5 
 miles S.E. of Glenw'ood. 
 
 MOUNT OPIIIR, a post-village of Mariposa co., California, 
 7 miles W. of Mariposa. It has 1 quartz-mill for extracting 
 gold. 
 
 MOUNT PLE.\?ANT, a village of Wayne co., Michigan, 
 on Huron River, about 22 miles S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a village of Delaware co., Indiana, 
 about .33 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a village of Miller co., Missouri, 
 about 28 miles S.W. of Jefferson Citv. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a township of Green co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 8 miles N.K. of Monroe. Pop. 1240. 
 
 MOUNT PLE.ASANT, a village of Scott co., Minnesota, 
 about 27 miles S.W. of Saint Paul. 
 
 MOUNT PLE.^SANT, a post-township of Wabasha co., 
 Minnesota, about 11 miles S.E. of Red Wing. Pop. 3-31. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village and township of 
 Atchison co., Kansas. Pop. 1096. The village is about 10 
 miles S. of Atchison, and 5 miles W. of the Missouri River. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, 
 about 32 miles S. of Omaha City, and 6 miles W. of the 
 Missouri. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of San Pete co., Utah, 
 22 miles N.N.E. of Manti. Pop. in 1S60, 746. 
 
 MOUNT RIPLEY', California, a peak of the Coast Range, 
 in on the E. border of Lake county, about lat. 39° 8' N. Its 
 altitude is about loW) feet. 
 
 MOUNT SAN BERNARDINO, in the S. part of Califor- 
 niii, about 75 miles E. of Los .Angeles, is a mountiiin peak 
 which rises to the height of 8500 feet. 
 
 MOUNT SCOTT, a post-office and precinct of Dougl.asco., 
 Oregon. Pop. 294. Also, a mountain peak about 15 miles 
 E. by N. of Roseburg. 
 
 MOUNT SHASTA, California,adetachedpeakin Siskiyou 
 CO., about 30 miles S.E. of Yreka, is considered the highest 
 mountain in California. The summit is covered with snow 
 at all seasons of the year. Its altitude is variously esti- 
 mated from 14,400 feet to 17,500 feet. This mountain is an 
 extinct volcano. It is visible in every direction for 100 
 miles or more. 
 
 MOUNT TYNDALL, Tulare co., California, is a Peak of 
 the Sierra Nevada, about lat. 36° 40' N. Its height is esti- 
 mated at 14,200 feet. 
 
 MOUNT VKRNON, a village of Preston co., West Vir- 
 ginia, about 7 miles N.N.E. of Kingwood. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-village of Monroe co., Tennes- 
 see, about 48 miles S.S.AV. of Knoxville. 
 
 MOUNT A'ERNON, a villase of Wabash co., Indiana, on 
 the Mississinewa River, 10 miles S. of Wabash, the county- 
 seat. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a village of Moniteau co., Missouri, 
 on the Missouri River, about 20 miles below Rooneville. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a township of Black Hawk co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 349. 
 
 MOUNT A'ERNON, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, is 
 situated in a rich prairie on the Cedar Rapids and Missouri 
 line of the Chicago aud North Western Railroad, 16 miles 
 E.S.E. of Cedar Rapids, and 202 miles from Chicago. It 
 contains 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 steam flouring*' 
 mill, aud an institution called Cornell College. Pop. in 
 1860, 748. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-village and township of Winona 
 CO., Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, about 16 miles N. 
 W. of Winona. Pop. 144. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a post-village of Kemaha co., Ne- 
 braska, on the Missouri River, about 9 mili s above Brown- 
 ville. 
 
 MOUNT A'ERNON, a post-village of Jefierson «o., Colo- 
 rado, about 15 miles W.S.W. of Denver. 
 
 MOUNT YONAH, a post-village, capita), of WHite co., 
 Georgia, about 60 miles N.N.W. of Athens. 
 
 MOUNT ZION, a post-office of A'an Buren co., Iowa. 
 
 MOWER, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, border- 
 ing on Iowa, contains about 700 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected in the W. part by the Red Cedar River, .ind also 
 drained by the Upper Iowa River, which rl^es w ithin it. 
 The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the loil in fertile. 
 More than two-thirds of this county is prairie, rapitaj, 
 Austin. Pop. 3217. 
 
MOW 
 
 MOWER CITY, a post-villasre of Mower co., Minnesota, 
 about 32 miles S.W. of Rocliester. 
 
 MUDDY, a po't-village of Yam Hill co., Oregon, 12 miles 
 S.W. of X.,afayette. 
 
 MUHLENBURG, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1676. 
 
 MUIR, a post-village of Ionia co., Michiiran, on Grand 
 River, and on the Detroit and .Milwaukee Railroad, 40 miles 
 E by N. of Grand Riipids. and about 1 iiiile N.E. of Lyons. 
 
 MUKIIiTEO, a post-village, caiiital of Snohomish co , 
 Washington Territory, 95 miles N.Ji. of Olympia. It has 2 
 or 3 stores. 
 
 MULBERRY, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana, about 
 13 miles E.S.E. of Lafayette. 
 
 MULTNO'M.'VH. a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, 
 bordering on Washington Territorj. Area cstimatid at 400 
 square miles. It is bounded on the X. by Columbia River, 
 and intersected by the Willamette River. The surface is 
 somewhat diversified; the soil is generally productive. 
 Capital, Portland. Pop. 41.50. 
 
 MUNESIXG, or MUNISSING, a village of Schoolcraft 
 CO., Michigan, on Grand Isle Bay. about 6 miles N.E. of 
 Grand Bay City. 
 
 MUNISSING, a township of Schoolcraft co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 35. 
 
 MUNSON, a post-township of Henry co., Illinois, about 
 22 miles E.S.E. of Rock Island. Pop. 6>a. 
 
 MURAT, apost-village of Pauldini; co., Ohio, on the Miami 
 Canal, about 40 miles E. by S. of Fort Wayne, Indiana. 
 
 MURONE, a ixist-offico of Fond da Lac co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MURPHY'S, a post-village of Calaveras co.. California, is 
 pleasantly situated in a hilly country, on the main road to 
 Stockton, about 15 miles N. of Sonora. . It has a number of 
 stores, and a hotel which is called first-class. Hei-e are 
 gold mines which are or have been very rich. About 15 
 miles N.E. of this village is the famous grove of mammoth 
 trees. Pop. in 18ft4, about 800. 
 
 MURRAY, a new county in the S.W. part of Minnesota, 
 has au area of 720 square miles. It is drained by the West j 
 
 NEL 
 
 Fork of the Des Moines River, which rises within it, and it 
 contains several small lakes. The surface is nearly level. 
 Pop. in 1860. 29. 
 
 MURRAYSVILLE, MURRYSVILLE, or MURRAY, a 
 post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, 12 miles by railroad S. 
 by W. of Jacksonville. Pop. of township, IIGO. 
 
 MUSCOTAII, a post-village of Atchison co.. Kansas Jibout 
 21 miles W. of .\tchison. 
 
 MUSCOTINK, or MUSKOTINK, a po^t-village of Chisago 
 CO., Minnesotii, about .33 miles N. of Stillwater; 
 
 MUSKE'GON, a county in the W. part of Michigan, l>or- 
 dering on Lake Michigan, has an are;i of about 525 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Muskegon and White Rivers, 
 and also drained by Cedar and Crockery Creeks. The sur- 
 face is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is productive. 
 The county contains extensive forests, in which the pino 
 and sugar-maple are abundant. Pino lumber is the chief 
 article of export. Capital, Mu.skegon. I'op. 3947. 
 
 MUSKE'GON, a post-village, capital of Muskegon co., 
 Michigan, is situated on the S. shore of Muskegon Lake 
 (wliich is an expansion of the river of the same name), 5 
 miles from Lake Michigan, 1 5 miles N. of Grand Haven, and 
 112 miles by water N.E. of Chicago. It contains 5 churches, 
 1 Union school, 1 bank, and 1 newspaper office, also 1 flour- 
 ing-mill. and 2 foundries. The principal resmirce of this 
 village is the lumber business. It is stated that about 100 
 million feet of lumber are made here annually, giving em- 
 ployment to 20 large steam saw-mills. The Muskegon Lake 
 forms a safe hai'bor. Pop. in 1860, 1450; in 1805, about 
 2800. 
 
 MUSQUITO, a post-village of Calaveras co., California, H 
 miles E. of Mokelumne Hill. 
 
 MUSSY, a township of Saint Clair co., Michigan. Pop. 
 
 438; 
 
 MYERSBURG, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Wvso.x Creek, 5 or 6 miles N.E. of Towanda. 
 
 MYRTLeViLLE, or MYRTLE CREEK, a iiost-viUage 
 and ))recinct of Douglius co., Oregon, on (he South Fork of 
 the Umpqua River, 16 miles S. of Roseburg. Pop. 213. 
 
 N. 
 
 NACHUS.4, a post-village of Lee co., Illinois, on the rail- 
 road which connects Chicago with Dixon, 5 miles E. of 
 Dixon. 
 
 NAMEKA'GON, a river in the N.W. part of Wisconsin, 
 rises in Ashland county, flows first southwestward and 
 then northwestward, and enters the Saint Croix iu Burnett 
 county. 
 
 NAMEO'KA, a station on the Chicago Alton and St. 
 Louis Railroad, in Madison co., Illinois, about 12 miles N. 
 N.E. of St, Louis. 
 
 NAPA, or NAPA CITY, the capital of Napa co., Califor- 
 nia, is on Napa Crock, about 45 miles N. by E, of San Fran- 
 cisco, and 14 miles N. of Vallejo, Small steamers ascend 
 the creek to Snscol (6 miles below Napa) in all stages of 
 water, Napa contains several churches, I collegiate insti- 
 tute, 1 seminary for girls, 1 banking office, &o. Three 
 newspapers are issued here. Pop. of Napa township, 2378; 
 of the viUago in 1864, about 1200. 
 
 NAPLES, a village of Allegan CO., Michigan, on Lake 
 Michigan, at the mouth of the Kalamazoo River, about 38 
 miles S.W, of Grand Rapids. 
 
 NAPLES, a township in the N. part of Buffalo co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 377. 
 
 NAPOLEON, a village of Holmes co., Ohio, abotitSO miles 
 S.E. of Mansfield. 
 
 NASHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Berrien co., Geor- 
 gia, about 1--j5 miles W.S.W, of Savannah, 
 
 NASHVILLE, a village of Barton co.. Missouri, about 20 
 miles N.W. of Carthage. Pop. 131, 
 
 N.\SHVILLE, a post-village of Coffey co., Kansas, about 
 6 miles E. of tlie Neosho River at Hampden. 
 
 NASHUA, a village of Vanderbnrg co., Indiana, on the 
 Evansville and Craw fords ville Railroad, about 16 miles N. 
 of Evansville. 
 
 N.ASHUA, a post-village of Chick;waw co., Iowa, on the 
 Red Cedar Uiver, about 30 miles N, of Cedar Falls. 
 
 NAS3AAVA 1>U, or NASEWAPKE, a township of Door co., 
 Wisconsin, about 3 miles W. of Sturgeon Bay. Pop. 196. 
 
 NATCHEZ, a post-village of Martin co., Indiana, about 
 65 miles E, of Vincennes. 
 
 N.ATCHEZ, a mining-village of Butte co., California. 
 
 NATIONAL, a post-village of Ontonagon co., Michigan, 
 on the Ontonagon River, about 14 miles S, by E, of Ontona- 
 gon Copper is found here. 
 
 NATIONAL, a post-oflRce of Clayton co., Iowa, about 10 
 miles S.W. of Prairie au Chien, Wi.sconsin. 
 
 KATIVIDAD, a post-village of Monterey CO., California, 
 25 miles E.N.E. of Monterey, 
 
 NATOMA, California. See Notom.i. 
 
 NATRO'NA. a post-office of AUeirhany co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KAUTRILLE, uaw-trill', a posi-oflice of Bremer co., Iowa, 
 
 about 8 miles S.E. of Waverly, and 10 miles N. of Wa- 
 terloo. 
 
 N.\UVOO, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, about 
 30 miles N. by W. of William.sport. 
 
 NAVARRO, or NOVABRO, a river, California, a small 
 stream which rises in the .S. part of Mendocino county, 
 flows northwestward, and enters the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 NAVARRO, a post-village of Leon co., Texas, on the 
 Trinity River, about CO miles N. of lluntsville. 
 
 NEBO, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, about 13 miles 
 S. by E, of Pittsfleld, 
 
 NBCeDA, or NECEDAH, a post-vill.age and township of 
 Juneau co,, Wisconsin, on Yellow River, about 20 miles N. 
 of Mauston. Pop. .592, 
 
 NEEDY, a post-village of Clackamas co., Oregon, 15 miles 
 S.E. of Oregon City. It has 1 store. 
 
 NEE\.4.H, a township of AVinnebago Co., Wisconsin, on 
 the W. shore of Lake Winneliago, contains the village of 
 Neenah. Pop. 1296. 
 
 NEENAH, a post-village of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, 
 situated on the left bank of the Fox or Neenah River at the 
 outlet of Lake Winnebago, nearly opposite Memusha, which 
 is about 1 mile distant. It is also on the Chicago and North- 
 western Railroad, 30 miles N, of Fond du Lac, and 7 miles 
 S W, of Appleton. It contains 2 printing offices, 15 stores, 
 4 flouring-mills, 3 saw-mills, &c. The river affords water- 
 power here. Pop, estimated at 1000, 
 
 NEEN.MI, a post-village of Stearns co., Minne.sota. about 
 7 miles S. of St. Cloud, and 3 miles W. of the Mississippi 
 River. 
 
 NEOAUNEE, a post-village and township of Marquette 
 CO., Michigan, The village is about 14 miles W. by S. of 
 Marquette, with which it is connected by railroad. Here 
 are rich iron mines. Pop. 944. 
 
 NEGRO FLAT, amining camp of Klamath co,, California, 
 about 17 miles S,E, of Orle.ins Bar, 
 
 NEILLSBURG, a post-village of Placer co., California, 6 
 miles N.E. of Auburn. 
 
 NEILLSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Clark co., Wis- 
 consin, on Black River, about 06 miles N.N.E. of La Crosse. 
 
 NELSON, a post-village and township of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Cowanesque Creek, about 19 miles S.W. of 
 Corning, New York. Pop. 517, 
 
 NELSON, a post-township of Kent co., Michigan a1x)ut 21 
 miles N.N.E, of Grand Rapids, Pop 462. 
 
 NELSON, a post-village and township of Portage co., 
 Ohio, about 16 miles N.E. of Ravenna. Pop. 1301. 
 
 NELSON, a post-village of Lee co., Illinois, on Rock River, 
 and on the Dixon Air Line Railroad, 6 miles W. by S. of 
 Dixon. I'op. 362. 
 
 NELSON, a post-office of Mitchell co., Iowa. 
 
 2263 
 
N£L 
 
 NEV 
 
 NET>SO!?, a post-township of Buffalo co., ■Wisconsin, on 
 the Chippewa River, about 7 miles N. of Alma. Pop. 2S2. 
 
 NELSON, a Tillage of Marion CO., Oregon, on Butte Creek, 
 aliout 17 miles N.E. of Salem. 
 
 NELSON'S POINT, a mining village of Plumas CO., Cali- 
 fornia, on the middle fork of Feather River, about 75 miles 
 N E. of Jliirysville. Pop. about 300. 
 
 NELSONVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, 
 shout 31 miles N.W. of Hannibal. 
 
 NEMADJL a township of Douglas co., 'VTisconsin. on the 
 Saiut Louis River. 9 miles S.W. of Superior City. Pop. 6. 
 
 NEJIAIIA, nee'ma-haw\ or Big Nemalia, a river in the 
 S.E. piirt of Nebraska, rises in Clay co., and flowing south- 
 eastward through Johnson, Pawnee, and Richardson coun- 
 ties, enters the Missouri River about 3 miles from the S.E. 
 extremity of Nebraska. Its length is estimated at 150 miles. 
 NEMAHA, nem'j-haw, a county in the N.E. part of Kan- 
 sas, bordering on NebraskiU has an area of 720 square miles. 
 It is drained by fhe Nemaha and Grasshopper creeks which 
 rise within its limits. The surface is undulating; the soil 
 is very productive. It contiins prairies of moderate e.\tent, 
 and forests or groves, in which the oak, walnut and hickory 
 are found. The rocks which underlie this county are lime- 
 stone and sandstone, which are good materi;ils for building. 
 It is lit)erally supplied with spring water and with timber. 
 Capit.^l, Seneca. Pop. 243ti. 
 
 NEMAHA, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, border- 
 ing on Missouri, has an area of al>out 410 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, intersected by 
 the Little Nemaha River, and also drained by JIuddy and 
 Honey Creeks. The surface is diversified by undulating 
 prairies, bluffs, "bottoms'" and groves of oak. hickory, wal- 
 :i\it, &.C., which are found on the borders of the streams. 
 The soil is very fertile. The rocks which underlie this 
 county are limestone and sandstone. Timber is said to be 
 abundant here. Capital, Brownville. Pop. 3139. 
 NEMAHA, a township of Nemaha CO., Kansiis. Pop. 217. 
 NEMAHA CITY, a post-village of Nemaha co., Nebiiiska, 
 on the Little Nemaha River, about 2 miles from its entrance 
 into the Missouri, and 6 miles S. of Brownville. 
 
 NENAGH, or NEENAH, a post-village of Platte co., 
 Nebraska, about 3 miles N. of the Platte River, and 70 miles 
 W. by N. of Omaha City. 
 
 NEO'CA, a village of Winona co., Minnesota, about 18 
 miles S.W. of Wiuonju 
 
 NEOGA, a post-village and township of Cumberland co., 
 Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 12 miles S. by W. of Mat- 
 toon. Pop. 799. 
 
 NEO'SHO, a river in the S.E. part of Kansas, rises in the 
 central part of the .-tate, flows first sou thcastward and after- 
 wards nearly southward, and enters the Arkansas River in 
 the Indian Territory, at Fort Gibson. Its whole length is 
 estimated at 450 miles 
 
 NEOSHO, a new county in the S.E. part of Kansas, lior- 
 dering on the Indian Territory. It is intersected by the 
 Neosho River. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; 
 the soil is productive. The census of 1860 furnishes no in- 
 formation respecting this county. 
 
 NEOSHO, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Rubicon River, about 14 miles N.E. of Watertown. and 12 
 miles S.E. of Juneau. It h.is an excellent water-power, and 
 contains 2 churches, 4 stores, and 2 mills. 
 
 NEOSHO, a village and township of Coffey co., Kansas, 
 about 7 miles S. of Hampden. Pop. a31. 
 
 N EOSHO, a township of Morris co., Kansas. Pop. 235. 
 NEOSHO FALLS, a post-village, Civpital of Woodson co., 
 Kansas, pleii.santly situated on the Neosho River, about 75 
 miles S. by W. of Lawrence. It has a court-house and a 
 large flouring mill. The falls of tlie river here afford a 
 valual)le water-power. Pop. of the township 532. 
 
 NEOSHO R.iPIDS, a post-village of Lyon co., Kansas, on 
 the Neosho River, 12 miles E. by S. of Emporia. 
 
 NEPHX, a post-village, capital of Juab co., Utah, is near 
 
 Salt Creek. 92 miles S. of Salt Lake City. Pop. in i860, 672. 
 
 NEPONSET, a post-village of Bureau CO., Illinois, on the 
 
 Chicago BurUngton and Quincy Railroad, 40 miles W.S.W. of 
 
 Mendota. 
 
 NEPTUNE, a postrvillage of Richland co., Wisconsin, on 
 Willow Creek, about -52 miles W.N.^V. of Madison. 
 
 NESEEMA, a post-rillage of Otoe co., Nebraska, about 18 
 milas W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 NESHANIC, a post-vilbige of Somerset co.. New Jersey. 
 on the railroad which connects Flemington with Somerville 
 9 or 10 miles S.W. of the latter. 
 
 NESHONOC, a post-township of La Crosse co., Wisconsin 
 about 10 miles N.E. of La Crosse. Pop. 619. 
 
 NETTLE CREEK, a township of Grundy co_ HUnois. 
 Pop. 702. ^ 
 
 NEVADA, ne-vah'da, one of the Western or Pacific states 
 of the North American Union, is bounded on the N. by 
 Oregon and Itlaho, on the E. by Utah, on the S. by Arizona, 
 on the S.W. and W. by California. It extends from 37° to 
 42^ N. lat., and from 115° to 120° W. Ion. The length N. 
 pnd 8. is about US miles. : the greattst breadth is about 265 
 miles. Area estimated at s3,d00 square miles. 
 2261 
 
 Face of thf. Cnuntry, Soil, <fc.— Nevada is an elevated, 
 mountainous, and semi-desert region, the western p;u't of 
 which is on the eastern slope of the Sierfa Nevada. The 
 surface is broken by a suciession of mountiiin ranges and 
 intervening valleys and sandy plains, the waters of wbiuh 
 never reach the sea. In the N. central part is a range 
 called Humboldt Jlountains, and in the eastern part of tbo 
 state a range called the liist Hunibuldt Mount.ains, which 
 ext«nd in a N. and S. direction. Westward from the latter 
 is a long parallel metalliferoas range called the Toiyabe 
 Mountjiins. \ large jiart of the Greiit Bii.>in, or Fremont's 
 Basin, is included in Nevada. This basin hjvs an elevation 
 of about 4000 leet above the level of the sea. The soil is 
 generally sterile, and in manj- parts covered with wild sage. 
 Nevada is not well wooded, in fact is almost destitute of 
 timber, except scrubby pines and cedars. "Two-tliirds, and 
 perhaps three-foui ths of it," says Senator Stewart of Nevada, 
 " is a desert, and cannot be inhabited, and cannot support a 
 population " 
 
 Hirers and Lnlces. — This region is remarkable for its 
 aridity, and h.is no groat rivers. The largest is Iluiuboldt 
 River, which rises neivr the N.E. extremity of Nevada. It 
 flows westward in the greater part of its couise, dniins the 
 northern part of the stjite, and empties itself into Uuml>aldt 
 Lake. In the S.W. part is a small stream named Walker 
 River, which flows into Walker Lake. Carson River rises 
 in the S.W., and enters Carson Lake after a course of about 
 100 miles. Some streiims of Nevada are absorbed by the 
 sands. The state contains a number of lakes which have no 
 outlet. Humboldt Lake, about 40° N. hit., and 118° 4l)' W. 
 Ion., is nearly 20 miles long, and 8 miles wide. Near th» 
 W. border of the state is Pyr.iiidd T.Ake, iibout 35 miles 
 long, anil 15 miles wide. Its water is bracki.-li. Walker's 
 Lake, in the S.W. part, is about 33 miles long, and 10 miles 
 wide. 
 
 Minerals. — This state is remarkably rich in the precions 
 
 metals. The silver mines of Storey county are said to bo 
 
 the richest in the United States. G(dd, quicksilver, copjur, 
 
 leiid, iron, and other metals are also found in Nevada. The 
 
 principal mining districts are Virginia, Gold Hill, Reese 
 
 River, Esmeralda, Humboldt, Clan Alpine, Walker River, 
 
 and Palmyra. These are mostlv situatetl in the S.W. part 
 
 of the state in the counties of Storey, Orm>by, Lyon, and 
 
 Washoe. Large quantities of silver were discovered here in 
 
 1859. The silver mines of Nevada yielded 312,4."J3,9I5 in 
 
 1863 ; and $15,900,000 iu 1S64. The receipts of silver from 
 
 the various localities in 1864 were as follows : 
 
 Virginia City, $10,425,350 Aurora, f960.00>l 
 
 Gold Hill, l,4ii2,3v»6 Reese River, a00,i>00 
 
 Ciirson City, 1,994.884 Davton, 220,iX)0 
 
 Silver City, 229,000 Humboldt, 90,000 
 
 It is stated that the Ophir Mine is opened by shafts and 
 
 tunnels to the depth of 200 feet. In Some parts of the 
 
 state quartz boulders, containing silver, are found on the 
 
 surface. Among the minerals of Nevada are bituminous 
 
 coal, salt, and cinnabar. 
 
 Objects of lulereMUi Tourists. — Under this head the Pyra- 
 mid Lake, situated near the W. border, deserves notice. It 
 is enclose*! by precipitous walls of rock which rise to a great 
 height, and derives its name from a pyramidal mount 
 which hiis an altitude of about 600 feet. A remarkable 
 boiling spring occurs about 39° N. lat., and 117° 30' W. 
 Ion. Tlie temperature of the water is about 206° Fahrenheit. 
 Climate. — The climate is dry. and similar to that of Utah. 
 Rain seldom falls between April and October. 
 
 Animals. — Among the animals of Nevada are the elk, 
 antelope, bear, wolf, and fox. 
 
 Ojunties and Tinmu. — Nevada is divided into 10 counties, 
 viz: — Churchill. Douglas, Esmeralda, Ilumlioldt, Lander, 
 Lyon, Ormsliy. Roop, Storey and WaslK)e. The chief towns are 
 Virginia City, Cai-son ( ify,' Gold Hill, Silver City, Ophir, 
 Aurora, Dayton, &c. Capital, Carson City. 
 
 Pi'pukili'm. — Nevada conUiined. in 1 860. 6857 inhabitants. 
 The population in 1865 is estimated at 60,000. 
 
 History. — Nevada was organized as a teiritory in March 
 1861, before which date it was a part of the territory of Utah. 
 It was admitted into the Union as a state in October, 1864. 
 During the great rebellion, the people of Nevada contri- 
 buted to the Sanitary Commission $51,500, transmitted in 
 the form of silver bricks weighing aliove 100 pounds each. 
 
 NEVADA, a county in the N. E. part of Ciilifomia, bor- 
 dering on the State of Nevada, has an area of about 14iX> 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Middle 
 Yuba River, and also draine<lby the South Y'ulia, Bear River 
 and Deer Creek. The surface is generally mountainous, 
 the eastern piirt being traversed by the Sierra Nevada or 
 Snowy Range. The soil of the valleys is fertile. The in- 
 habitants are principally employed in mining gold. Silver 
 and copper ai'e also found in it. Nevada county is not sur- 
 pikssed by any county in the state in mineral resources. It 
 is noted for the extent of hydraulic diggings. In 1859 there 
 were 28 mining ditches, with an aggiegate lengti^ of 3'4 
 miles. This comity has aliove 30 quartz-mills tor crushing 
 the gold-bearing qiiai-tz. Organized iulSql. Capital, Nevada 
 City. Pop. 16,446. 
 
NEV 
 
 NEVADA, a post-viUnge of Wj'andot co., Ohio, on a rail- 
 roaJ, nbout & miles W. of IJucyrus. 
 
 NEVADA, a post-village of Tipton CO., Indiana, on the 
 Chicago and Great Eastern Kailroad, 31 miles S.S.E. of 
 Logansport. 
 
 NEVADA, a township of Livingston co., Illinois. Pop. 
 297. 
 
 NEVADA, a post-village of Grundy co., Missouri, about 
 22 miles N.W. of La CU-de. 
 
 NEVADA, a post-village, capital of Story co., Iowa, is 
 pleitsantly situated on an undulating praiiie, near Indian 
 Creek, and on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 
 (Cedar Kjipids and Missouri River Line). 318 miles W. of 
 Chicago, and about 33 miles N.N.E. of Des Moines. It con- 
 tains a court-liouse, 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 several graded schools. Po|i. in 18(K), 858; in 1865, about 
 1000. The railroad is opened to this point. 
 
 NEVADA, a post-oJflce of Vernon co., Wisconsin. 
 
 NKVADA, a post-village and township of Mower co., 
 Minnesota, about 12 miles S.S.K. of Austin. 
 
 NEVADA, or NEVADA CITY, a post-town, capital of 
 Nevada Co., Califiirnia, is situated in a hilly region, i 6 miles 
 N.N.E. of Sacramento, about 33 miles E. of Marysville, and 
 
 12 miles N.W. of the Central Pacific Railroad. It has been 
 from the first one of the principal mining towns in the 
 state. The ditch and hydraulic power were first applied to 
 placer mining in this vicinitj'. Nevada has i cliurches, 1 
 high-school, and several graded-schools, 2 first-class hotels, 
 1 large foundry with a machine-shop, and about 15 quartz- 
 mills. Two daily newspapers are published here. The 
 sn-eets are lighted with gas. The parts of the town appro- 
 priated to business iire mostly built of brick. Nevada was 
 first settled in September, 1S49. It once had about «000 
 inhabitants. In 1863 it waS nearly destroyed by fire. Pop. 
 In 1866, about 4000. 
 
 NEVADA, a post-town of Gilpin co., Colorado, situated on 
 a branch of North Cleiir Creek, and near the summit of the 
 Rocky Mountains, 40 miles W. liy N. of Denver, and 10 miles 
 K. of the Middle Park. It has an altitude of sibout 8500 feet 
 above the level of the sea. It contains 1 public-hall, 1 pub- 
 lic-school, and several quartz-mills with an aggregate crush- 
 ing power of 300 stamps. The surrounding hills are rich in 
 auriferous quartz. 'Pop. in 1805 stated at 1000. 
 
 NEVADA, or NEVADA CITY, a mining-village in the S. 
 W. part of Montana, 5 or 6 miles W.N.W. of Virginia 
 Citv. 
 
 NEVADA CITY, a post-village, capital of Vernon CO., Mis- 
 souri, situated about 80 miles N.W. of Springfield, and 22 
 miles E. of Fort Scot,t, Kansas. 
 
 NEVINS, a township of Vigo co., Indiana. Pop. 996. 
 
 NEVINVILLE, a post-office of Adams co., Iowa, about 60 
 miles W.S.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 NKWAGO. SeeNEWAVGO. 
 
 NEW ALDA, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa, about 
 19 miles S.W. of Decorah. 
 
 NEAV ALBANY, a township of Story co., Iowa Pop. 319. 
 
 NEW ALMADEN, a villiige of Santa Clara co., California, 
 
 13 miles S. of San Jose, noted for its mines of quicksilver. 
 The mines are in a hill near the head of the beautiful and 
 fertile valley of San Jose. They were sold, in 1863, to the 
 New York Quicksilver Company, for $l,7.i0.0(X). The annual 
 Iiroduot of these mines is about 2,600,000 pounds. Pop. of 
 the village, about 600. 
 
 NEW AMSTERDAM, a post-village of La Crosse CO., Wis- 
 consin, on Bbick River, about 14 miles N. of La Cross«. 
 
 NEW ANTIOCII, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, about 
 37 miles S.K. of Davton. Pop. 120. 
 
 NEWARK [continued from page 1294]. 
 and runs to the Delaware River, with a branch to Bloom- 
 field. Horse-Railroads run to Belleville, Clinton, Orange, 
 ami other adjoining places, and others are constructing. 
 Newark also has communication with the mctro)iolis by 
 steamboats plying on the river, and by a plank-road comple- 
 ted in 1852. It is likewise the eastern terminus of the Slor- 
 ris Canal. At the entrance of the latter into the western 
 suburb is a very steep inclined plane, over which loaded 
 boats are passed and re-passed by the application of water- 
 power furnished by the canal. Newark was settled in 1666, 
 by a company from New llaven and other towns in Connec- 
 ticut. Pop. in 1830, 10.950; in 1840, 17,290; in 1850,38,983; 
 in 1855, about 50,000; in 1860, 71,914; in 1864, 80,000. 
 
 NEWARK, a post-village of Wirt co,. West Virginia, on 
 or near the Little Kanawha River, about 14 miles S.S.E. of 
 Parkersburg. 
 
 N KWARK. a post-township of Gratiot co., Michigan. The 
 N.E. corner of it is adjacent to Ithaca, the county-seat. Pop. 
 395. 
 
 NEWARK, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, about 33 
 miles E.S.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 NEWAliK, (WHISKEY DIGGINGS,) a mining-village 
 of Sierra co., California, 34 miles N. of Downieville. Pop. 
 iaid to be 500. 
 
 NEW AUBURN, a post-village and township of Sibley 
 CO., Minnesota, about 65 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. 
 182. 
 
 NEW 
 
 NEWAUKUM, a post-village of Levris co , Waal -ngton 
 Territory, near Newaukum River, 6 miles E. of Cl?.'i'v»to. 
 
 NEWAUKUM RIVER, a small stream of Lewis co., Wash- 
 ington Territory, flows westward into the Chelwlis Ri\ r. 
 
 NEWAYGO, or NEVVAGO, a county in the W. pan of 
 Michigan, has an area of 8ti4 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Muskegon River, and also drained by the White a.id 
 Marquette (or Pere Marquette) Rivers. The surface is 
 nearly level, and is mostly covered with foresits of pine, fu- 
 gar-maple, Ac. The soil is productive. Marl is found in 
 the South part. Capital, Newavgo. Pop. 2760. 
 
 NEWAYGO, or NEWAGO, a post-viUago, capital of Ne- 
 waygo CO., Michigan, is situated on the Muskegon Kiver, 
 about 33 miles N. by W. of Grand Rapids, and 28 miles E.N 
 E. of Muskegon. It has several stores iind mills. 
 
 NEW B A LT I MORE, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, about 
 
 16 miles N.N E. of Canton. 
 
 NEW BALTIMORE, Michigan. See Ashley Citt, page 
 116. 
 
 NEW BALTIMORE, a station on the Grand Trunk Rail- 
 road, In Macomli co., Michigan, 34 miles N.N E. of Detroit. 
 
 NEW BERLIN, a village of Ionia co., Michigan, on the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 30 miles E. of Gmnd Ra- 
 pids. 
 
 NEWBERN, a post-village of Shelby co., Ohio, 7 or 8 
 miles N. of Piqua. 
 
 NKWBERN. a post- village of Jersey co., Illinois, about 16 
 miles N.W. of Alton. 
 
 NEWBERN, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, about 36 
 miles S.S.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a post-villngc of Clermont co., Ohio, about 
 25 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop 357. 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a post-village of Spencer CO., Indiana, 4 
 or 5 miles from the Ohio River at Maxville. 
 
 NEW BKITTON, a post-office of Hamilton co., Indiana, 
 on a railroad, 17 miles N.N.E. of Indiannpolis. 
 
 NEW BROOKFIKLD, a village of Vernon co., Wisconsin, 
 4 miles S. of Viroqua. 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, a village of Cottonwood co., Minne- 
 sotji. about 70 miles W. of Mankato. 
 
 NEW BUD.\. a jiost-village of Decatur CO., Iowa, on Grand 
 River, about 10 miles S.S.VV. of Leon. Pop. 321. 
 
 NEWBUR6, a village of Jefferson co., Kentucky, about 
 11 miles S. by E. of Louisville. 
 
 NEWBURG, a village of Noble co., Ohio, about 19 miles 
 N. of Marietta. 
 
 NEWBURG, a post-township of Cass co., Michigan, about 
 8 miles N.W. of Constiintine. Pop. 861. 
 
 NEWBURG, a village of Lenawee Co., Michigan, on Raisin 
 River, about 12 miles N. by E. of Adrian, and 2>^ miles S. 
 of Clinton. 
 
 NEWBURG, a station on the Terre Haute and Richmond 
 Railroad, in Clay co., Indiana, 14 miles E.N.E. of Torre 
 Haute. 
 
 NEWBURG, a post-villiige and township of Pike co., Illi- 
 nois, about 44 miles S.K. of Quincy. The township is about 
 2 miles W. of the Illinois Hiver. Pop. 1357. 
 
 NEWBURG, a post-village of Macon co., Missouri, about 
 
 17 miles N. of Bloomington. 
 
 NEWBURG, a pt)st-village of Mitchell CO., Iowa, on the 
 Cedar River, about 27 miles N.N.W. of Charles City. 
 
 NEWBURG, a post-village and township of Fillmore co., 
 Minnesota, about 50 miles S.E. of Rochester, and 16 miles 
 E.S.E. of Preston. The village contains 1 church, 1 store 
 and about 60 persons. Pop of township, 714. 
 
 NEW BURLINGTON, a post-village of Cfinton co., Ohio, 
 on Cajsars Creek, about 20 miles S.S.K. of Dayton. Pop. 191. 
 
 NEW CANADA, a township of Ramsey co., Minnesota, is 
 about 2 miles N.E. of Saint Paul. Pop. 511, 
 
 NEW CASSEL, a village of Fond du Lac co,, Wisconsin, 
 about 18 miles S.S.E, of Fond du Lac, 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a post-village of Lincoln co., Maine, on the 
 W. bank of the Damariscotta River, about 8 miles E.N.E. of 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a post-village of Wilkes co.. North Caro- 
 lina, about 45 miles N.N.W. of Salisbury. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, about .36 
 miles N,E. of Marietta, 
 
 NEWCASTbE, a post-village of Gentry co,, Missouri, 
 about 37 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 NEW CENTREVILLE, a village of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 10 miles S.W. of Somerset. Pop. 165. 
 
 NEW CHAMBERSBUR6, a post-village of Colunibiana 
 CO., Olxio. Pop. 120. 
 
 NEW COLUMBUS, a post-village of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 30 miles W.S.W. of Wilkcsbarro. Pop. 240. 
 
 NEW DENMARK, a township of Brown co., Wisconsin, 
 in the S.E. part. Pop. 424. 
 
 NEWELL, a to wn^<hip of Vermilion CO., Illinois. Pop. 1600. 
 
 NEW ERA. a post-village of Bradford CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about 15 miles S.S.E. of Towanda. 
 
 NEW EL'REKA, a post-village of Jackson co., Kansas, 
 about 38 miles N. of Topeka, 
 
 NEW FARMINGION. See F.uimixgton, Jackson co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 2265 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 K£W FRAXKLIX, a post^village of Wayne co^ Illinois, 
 alviut 28 miles E.S.E. of Salem. 
 
 NEW GOSHEN, a post-village of Vigo co., Indiana, about 
 10 miles N. by W. of Terre Haute. 
 
 NEW GUILFOKD a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 
 about 18 miles W. of Coshocton. 
 
 NEW HAMPTON, a post-village of Hunterdon co.. New 
 Jersey, is situated at the junction of the New Jersey Cen- 
 tral lijiilroad with the Delaware Lackawanna and A\ estern 
 Railroad, 16 miles E. by N. of Eastou, and 26 miles S.S.E. 
 of tlie Delaware Water Gap. 
 
 NEW HAMPTON, a post-village, capital of Chickasaw 
 CO.. Iowa, about 112 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque, niid 27 miles 
 N.N.E. of Waverly. Pop. in 1860, 303. 
 
 NEW HARTFORD, a post-village of Butler CO., Iowa, on 
 Beaver Creek, about 10 miles W. of Ced:ir Falls. 
 
 NEW HARTFORD, a township of Winona CO., Minnesota, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 7 miles above La Crosse. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a township of Gratiot co,, Michigan. Pop. 
 216. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a post-village of Allen co , Indiana, on the 
 Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 6 miles E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 NEW HAVEN', a post-village of Franklin co., Missouri, 
 on the Missouri River, about 70 miles by Railroad W. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a post-oflRce of Washington co., Iowa, 8 
 or 9 miles W. of Wiishingt«n. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, ii post-township of Olmstead co., Minne- 
 sota, about 11 miles N.W. of Rochester. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, a small village of Douglas co., Kansas, 
 about 10 miles S. by W. of Lawrence. 
 
 NEW HEBRON,"a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, 
 12 miles S.W. of Palestine. 
 
 NEW HOLLAND, a post-village of Wabash co., Indiana, 
 on the Salamonie River, about 38 miles S.W. of Fort 
 Wavne. 
 
 NEW HOLSTEIN, a post-township of Calumet co., Wis- 
 consin, 24 miles E.N.E. of Fond du Lac. It coufcuus a vil- 
 lape, named Altotia. Pop. 1126. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a post-township of Union co., Iowa, about 
 45 mile^ S.S.W, of Des Moines. Pop. 149. 
 
 NEW HOPE, a post-township of Portage co., Wisconsin, 
 about 12 miles E.N.E. of Stanton. Pop. 484. 
 
 N KW IBERIA, a post-village of St. Martin's parish, Lou- 
 siana. on Bayou Teche, about 28 miles N.W. of Franklin. 
 
 NEW IDRH, a village of Fresno co., California, about 76 
 miles W.S.W. of Millerton. Here is a quicksilver mine. 
 
 NEW JASPER, a post-village and township of Greene 
 CO., Ohio, about 22 miles S. of Springfield. Pop. 893. 
 
 NEW JEFFERSON, a post-village, capital of Greene co„ 
 Iowa, near the Racoon River, about 55 miles N.W. of Des 
 Moines. It contains a court-house, 2 churches, 4 stores, and 
 aliout 30 houses. 
 
 NEW LANCASTER, a post-village of Tipton co., Indiana, 
 about 10 miles E, by S. of Tipton. 
 
 NEW LEBANON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 
 about 12 miles W. of Dayton. 
 
 NEW LEXINGTON, a post-village, capital (?) of Perry 
 CO.. Ohio, on the Cincinnati and Zanesville Railroad, 21 miles 
 S.S.W. of Zanesville, and 50 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. It 
 contains several churches, &c. Pop. 812. 
 
 NEW LISBON, a pos(>village of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Lemonweir River, and on the Milwaukee and Saint 
 Paul R,iilroad, 62 miles E. of La Crosse, and 10 miles N.W. 
 of Mansion. It has 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 several flouring-niills and saw-mills. It is surrounded with 
 picturesque scenery. The Twin Bluffs at this place attract 
 many visitvnrs. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland, 
 8 or 9 miles E. of Frederick City. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a village of Sanilac co., Michigan, on 
 Lake Huron, aliout 11 miles N. of Lexington. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a thriving post-village of Henry co., Iowa, 
 on the Burlington and Mis.stmri River Railroad. 19 miles 
 W.N.W. of Burlington. It contains 2 churches, 1 large 
 brick school-house, and 1 steam flour-mill. Pop. about 700; 
 population of New London township, 19;t4. 
 
 NEW LONDON, a post-village of Waupaca Co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Wolf River, just below the mouth of the Erabarnis 
 River, about 22 miles N.W. of Menasha, and 48 miles N. by 
 W. of Fond du Lac. It has several stores. 
 
 NEW LOTS, a township of Kiugs co., New York, on Ja- 
 maica Bay. about 6 miles S.E. of lirooklvn. Pop. 3271. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a post-village of Middlesex co.. New Jer- 
 sey, on the Central Railroad, 9 miles E. of Somerville. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a post-village of Randolph co.. North 
 Carolina, about 80 miles W. of Rjxleigh. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a village of Clarke Co., Indiana, about 
 23 miles S.S.W. of Madison. 
 
 NEW MARKET, a township of Scott co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 127. 
 
 NEW MIDDLETOX, Illinois. See Middleton. 
 
 NEW MI:nICH, a village of Sac co., Iowa, on or near the 
 Racoon River, about 80 miles E. of Sioux City. 
 
 NEW OREGON, a post-village, capital of Howard co., 
 
 I Iowa, on the McGregor Western Railroad, and the Turkey 
 River, about 20 miles W. by N. of Decorah. Pop. of New 
 Oregon township, in 1S60, 850. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine, situ- 
 ated on Newport I'oud, and on the Maine Central Railroad, 
 27 miles W. of Bangor. Newport Pond is about 4 miles 
 long, and 3 wide. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village of Orleans co., Vermont, at the 
 N. terminus of the Connecticut and Passumjisic Rivers Riiil> 
 road, 65 miles N. of Wells liiver, and about 12 miles N. of 
 Irasbnrg. 
 
 NEWPORT, a village of Marion Co., West Virginia. Pop. 
 72. 
 
 NEWPORT, a village of Madison co., Ohio, about 27 milos 
 W.S.W. of Columbus. 
 
 NEWPOR T, a viUage of Portage co^ Ohio, on the canal, 
 about 12 miles E. of Rjivenna. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village and township of Johnson co., 
 Iowa. The village is about 8 miles N.E. of Iowa City. To- 
 tal population, 538. 
 
 NEWPORT, a decayed post-village of Sauk co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Wisconsin River, 3 miles below Kilbourn City. 
 Some of the houses have been removed to other ]>laces. 
 
 NEWPORT, a small township of Washington co., Minne- 
 sotii, on the Mississippi River, contains the village of New- 
 port. Pop. 117. 
 
 NEWPORT, a post-village of Washington co., Minnesota, 
 on the left bank of the Mississippi River, about 9 miles be- 
 low Saint Paul. 
 
 NEWPORT, a village of Dickinson co., Kansas, on the 
 Kau.ias Kiver, about 16 miles W.S.W. of Junction City. • 
 
 NEWPORT NEWS, Virginia, a point of laud near the 
 mouth of James River, about 7 miles above Fortress Mon- 
 roe. It is on the N. or N.W. side of Hampton Roads. 
 
 NEW READING, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 
 662. 
 
 NEW RICHMOND, a post-village of Montgomery co., In- 
 diana, about 17 miles S.S.W. of Lafayette. 
 
 NEW RICHMOND, a post-office of St. Croix co., Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 NEW RIAER, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, bor- 
 dering on Georgia, has an area estimated at 1200 square 
 miles. The surface is nearly level. It is intersected by the 
 Florida .•Vtlantic and Gulf Central Railroad. Pop. 38;*). 
 
 NEWRY, a townslup of Freeborn co., Alinnesota. Pop 
 148. 
 
 NEW SALEM, or SALEM, a post-village of Harrison co., 
 West Virginia, on the Northwestern Railroad, 14 miles W. 
 of Clarksburg. 
 
 NEW SALEM, a post-village of Randolph co., North Caro- 
 lina, about 10 miles N. of Ashboro'. 
 
 NEW SALEM, a township of McDonough co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 10.^2. 
 
 NEW SALEM, a post-village and township of Pike co., 
 Illinois, about 34 miles E.S.E. of Quincy. Pop. 1455. 
 
 NEW SHARON, a post-office of Mahaska co., Iowa, about 
 12 milos N. of Oskaloo.sa. 
 
 NEW SOMERSET, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio, 
 about 13 miles N.N.W. of Steubeiiville. 
 
 NEWSO.MS DEPOT, a post-ofSce of Southampton co., 
 Virginia, on the Seaboard and Roanoke Riiilroad, 50 miles 
 W.S.W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 NEWTON, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, border- 
 ing on Illinois, ha« an area of about 420 square miles. It 
 is bovnded on the N. by the Kankakee River, and inter- 
 sected by the Iroquois River. The surface is nearly level. 
 The Toledo Logansport and Burlington Railroad passes 
 through the county. Pop. 2360. 
 
 NEWTON, a village of Allen co., Ohio, about 16 miles 
 S.E. of Lima. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 529. 
 
 NEWTON, a township of Carroll co., Iowa. Pop. 138. 
 
 NEWTON, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Iowa, on 
 the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, 35 miles E. by N. of 
 Des Moines. It contains .a large court-house, 1 national 
 bank, 5 churches, 2 newsptvper offices, 3 public schools, and 
 3 hotels. A mine or bed of coal has been opened about 2 
 miles from Newton. Pop. in 1860, 1617 ; in I860, reported 
 to be 2000. 
 
 NEWTONIA, a post-village of Newton co^ Missouri, about 
 11 miles E. of Neosho. 
 
 NEWTONVILLK, a post->illage of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 about 28 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a township of Livingston co., Illinois. Pi p. 
 981. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a post-village of Putnam co., Missouri, about 
 50 miles N. by W. of La Clede. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a post-village cf Pottawattomie co., Iowa, 
 on Nishnabatona River, about 37 miles E.N.E. of OniaUa 
 City. 
 
 NEWTOWN, a post-office of El Dorado co., California. 
 
 NEWTRIER, a township of Cook co., lUiuols, on Lakn 
 Michigan. ' Pop. 912. 
 
 NEW ULM, a post-village, capital of Browi. co., Minne- 
 sota, situated on the right (S.W.) bank of tl e Miunesoto 
 
NEW 
 
 NOR 
 
 River, about 24 miles in u direct lino W. of Saint Peter. It 
 Ua« a uiitiouiil bank. I'op. of New Ulni townsliip, 035. 
 
 NKVV VERXOJl, a post-townsliip and villase of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 18 miles S. of Moadville. Pop. 
 700. 
 
 NEW VIENNA, a post-villa;?e of Dubuque cc, Iowa 
 about 25 miles W. by N. of Dubuque. 
 
 NEW WAVERLY, or WAVERLY, a post-village of Cass 
 CO., Indiana, on th's Toledo and Wabaah Railroad, 8 miles E. 
 of LoRangport. 
 
 NEW WESTMINSTER, a post-town, capita of British 
 Columbia, situated on Fniser River, about 10 miles from Us 
 mouth, and 70 miles N.N.E. of Victoria. It has a bank, a 
 newspaper office, &c. Pop. estimated at 1500. 
 
 NEW WINE, or NEW WIEN, a township of Dubuqueco., 
 Iowa, about 20 miles W. of Dubuque. It contains the vil- 
 lage of New Vienna and Dyersville. Pop. 1595. 
 
 NEW YORK, a poatoffice of Wayne co., Iowa, about 50 
 miles S.W. of Oskaloosa. 
 
 NEZ PEUCfi, a county in the N. central part of Idaho, Is 
 partly bounded on the N. by the Clearwater River, and is 
 bounded on the W. by the Lewis Fork or Snake River. Tlie 
 surface in some parts is mountainous. Gold is found in the 
 E. part. Capital, Lewistou. Pop. in 1804, 1403. 
 
 NI ANTIC, a post-village of Niantic Township, Macon Co., 
 Illinois, on the Great Western lUiilroad, 27 miles E. of 
 Springfield. 
 
 NICOLAUS, a post-village of Sutter co.. California, on the 
 Sacramento River, 17 miles S. of Marysville. It has several 
 stores. Pop. in 1863, about 200. 
 
 NICOLLET, nik'o-lA', a county in the S. part of Minneso- 
 ta, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. and S.W. by the Minnesota River, and contains 
 several small and beautiful lakes. The surface is undulating 
 or nearly k-vel ; the soil is calcareous and very fertile. The 
 prairies of this county are much more oxteu.sive than the 
 woodlands. A limestone resembling marble is found near 
 St. Peter's, the county-seat. Pop. 3773. 
 
 NICOLLET, a post-town.ship of Nicollet co., Minnesota, 
 on the left bank of the Minnesota River, about 10 miles 
 above Mankato. Pop. 300. 
 
 NICOLLET, a post-village of Nicollet co., Minnesota, in 
 Nicollet township, near the >Iinuesotti River, about 12 miles 
 S.W. of St. Peter. 
 
 NIDAY, a village of Josephine co., Oregon, about 50 miles 
 S. of Roseburg. 
 
 NILES, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 192. 
 
 NILWOOD, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 29 miles S. by W. 
 of Springfield. 
 
 NINEVEH, a post-village of Adair co., Missouri, on Cha- 
 riton River, about 30 miles NN.E. of I<aCledo. 
 
 NININGER, a post-township of Dakota co., Minnesota, 
 on the right (S.) bank of the Mississippi River, about 3 
 miles W. of Hastings. Pop. 469. 
 
 NIOliBA'RA, a river of Nebraska, called also RUNNING 
 WATER RIVER, or L'EAU QUI COURT, rises among the 
 Black Uills in Dakota, and flowing eastward through the N. 
 part of Neliraska, enters the Missouri River at Niobrara 
 near the N.W. extremity of L'Eau Qui Court county. Its 
 whole length is estimated at 450 or 500 miles. 
 
 NIOBRARA, or NIOBRAR.IH, a post-village of L'Eau Qui 
 Court 00., Nebraska, on the Missouri River at the mouth of 
 the L'Eau Qui Court. 
 
 NIOGA, Illinois. See Neoo.4. 
 
 NIPOMA, or NAPOMA, a village of San Luis Obispo co., 
 California, about 18 mil&s S. by E. of San Luis Obispo. 
 
 NISQUALLY, or NESQUALLY, a post-village of Pierce 
 CO., Washington Territory, on Puget Sound, noiir the Nis- 
 qually River 9 miles S. of Steilacoom. 
 
 NISQUALLY RIVER. See Nesqually, page 1285. 
 
 NIVEN. a post- village of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 14 miles S. of Montrose. . 
 
 NIXON, a township of Dewitt co.. Illinois. Pop. 337. 
 
 NOBLE, or NOBLES, a new county in the S.W. part of 
 Minnesota, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 720 square 
 miles. It contains several lakes which are sources of the 
 West Fork of the Des Moines River. The surfiiee is nearly 
 level. This county is not noticed in the census of 1800. 
 
 NOBLE, a township of Auglaize co.. Ohio. Pop. 826. 
 
 NOBLF, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1655. 
 
 NOBLE, a post-village and township of Richland co., 
 Illinois on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 38 miles W. 
 o/'^'"ncennes 
 
 NOBLETON, a village of Newton co., Missouri, 5 or 6 
 miles E. of Neosh:>. 
 
 NOHLEVILLK, a village of Noble CO., Indiana, about 24 
 miles N.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 NOD.\WAY, a township of .^dams co.. Iowa. Pop. 184. 
 
 NODAWAY, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 1373. 
 
 NODAWAY, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 181. 
 
 NOKOMIS, a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, on 
 the St. Louis Alton and T'^^re Haute Railroad, 27 miles E. 
 N.E. of Litchfield. 
 
 KOLIN, or NOLENSVIILE, a post-village of Hardin co., 
 
 Kentucky, on the Louisville and Na-shville Railroad, 53 
 miles S. of Louisville. 
 
 NORA, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 NORA SPRINGS, a post-village of Floyd co.. lown, on 
 Shell Rock River, aboiit 20 miles W.N.W. of Charles City. 
 
 NORMA, a post-village of Webster co., Missouri, about 
 32 miles E. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 N0RM.4L, a post-village of McLean co.. Illinois, situated 
 in Normal township on the Central Railroad, 2 miles N. of 
 Bloomington and 61 miles N.E. of Springfield. The Chicago 
 Alton and St. Louis Rjiilroad hero intersects the above- 
 named road. This place is the seat of the Illinois State 
 Normal University, a large and prosperous institution 
 which is attended by about 450 students. The building is 
 stated to have cost $200,0i)0. The University also has an 
 endowment of $200,000. Normal contains 1 or 2 churches. 
 Pop. about 800. The population of the township in 1860 
 was S47. 
 
 NORMAN, township of Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 363. 
 
 NORMANDA, or NORMANDY, a post-village of Tipton 
 CO., Indiana, about 40 miles N. of Indianapolis. 
 
 NORMANDY, a post-village of Bedford CO., Tennessee, on 
 the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 62 miles S.S.E. of 
 Nashville. 
 
 NORMANDY, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 
 about 10 miles N.W. of St Louis. 
 
 NQRRIS, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, on the 
 Lewiston Branch Railroad, 33 miles S.E of Galesburg. 
 
 NORTH, a township of Boone CO., Iowa. Pop. 369. 
 
 NORTH, a township of Marshall co., Indiana. Pop. 
 992. 
 
 NORTH ACTON, a pist-village of York co., Maine, on a 
 small lake about 38 miles W. of Portland. It has 2 mills. 
 
 NORTH ALMOND, a post-village of Alleghany CO., New 
 York, about 20 miles N.E. of Belmont. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a township of Somerset co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 633. 
 
 NORTH APPLE CREEK, a township of Greene co., Illi- 
 nois. Pop. 604. 
 
 NORTH AUBURN, a post-village of Androscoggin co., 
 Maine, on or near Wilson Pond, about 5 miles N.N.W. of 
 Auburn. 
 
 NORTH BELGRADE, a post-village of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, on the JIaine Central Railroad, about 15 miles N. 
 of Augusta, aiul 1 mile E. of the threat Pond. 
 
 NORTH BEND, a post-village of Stark co., Indiana, on 
 Tippecanoe River, about 35 miles N.N.W. of Logiinsport. 
 
 NORTH BEND, a post-village of Jackson co„ Wisconsin, 
 on Blaek River, about 22 miles N. by E. of La Crosse. 
 
 NORTH BEND, a post-office of Dodge co., Nebraska, 
 about IH miles W. of Fontenelle. 
 
 NORTH BEND, a post-village of San Pete CO., Utah, 22 
 miles N.N.E. of Manti. 
 
 NORTH BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Nevada co., 
 California, near the South Y'uba River, 12 miles N.E. of 
 Nevatla. Pop. estimated at 400. 
 
 NORTH BRANCH, a jw.st township of Lapeer CO., Michi- 
 gan, about 62 miles N. by W. of Detroit. Pop. 240. 
 
 NORTH BRIDGETON, a post-village of Cumberland co., 
 Maine, on Long Pond, about 44 miles N.W. of Portland. 
 
 NORTH BROWNSVILLK, Michigan. See Brownsvilus, 
 Kent county. 
 
 NORTH CARMEL, a post^village of Penobscot co^ Maine, 
 about 14 miles W. bv N. of liangur. 
 
 NORTH CLAY'TON, a pos^village of Miami co., Ohio, on 
 the southwest Branch of the Miami River, about 9 miles 
 W. by N. of Piqua. 
 
 NORTH COLLINS, a township of Erie co.. New York, 
 about 20 miles S. of Buflalo. Pop. 1948. 
 
 NORTH COLUMBIA, a post-village of Nevada co., Cali- 
 fornia, 9 miles N. of Nevada. It hiis several stores. 
 
 NORTH DORSET, a post-village of Bennington co., Ver- 
 mont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 22 miles S. of 
 Rutland. 
 
 NORTH EAU CLAIR R, a township of Eau Claire co., 
 Wisconsin, on the N. side of Eau Clain^ River. Pop. 308. 
 
 NORTHFIELD, a township of Washington co., Maine. 
 Pop. 262. 
 
 NORTHFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Jackson 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 81. 
 
 NORTHFIELD, a thriving post-village and township of 
 Rice CO., Minnesota. The village is on both sides of the 
 Cannon River, and on the Minnesota Central Railroad, about 
 14 miles N. by E. of Faribault, and 37 miles S. of St. Paul. 
 A large forest bounds it on the W. and a rich prairie on the 
 other sides. It has 3 Protestant churches, 1 large flouringi- 
 mill moved by water-power, 1 saw-mill, 1 foundry with 
 machine shop, and numerous stores. Founded in 1850. 
 Total population in 1800, 867 ; pop. of the village in 1865, 
 about 800. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 
 584. 
 
 NORTH FORK, a village of Trinity co.. California, on or 
 near the Trinity River, 13 miles W'. of Weaverville. Her* 
 is Trinity post-office. 
 
 2267 
 
NOR 
 
 OAK 
 
 VOKTH GALVESTOX, a post-village of Kosciusko cc, 
 Indiana, about 8 miles N.W. of Warsaw. 
 
 NORTH GARDKN, a post-village of AHiemarle co., Vir- 
 Ifinia. on the Orange and Alexandria Kailroad, 11 miles S. 
 W. of Cliarlottesville, 
 
 NORTH GRKEXBUSH, a township of Rensselaer co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson River, 4 miles below Troy. Pop. 
 2170. 
 
 NORTHINGTON, a post-village of Harnett co.. North 
 Carolina, about 33 miles S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 NORTH JAY, a post-village of Fraiiklin co., Maine, on 
 the Androscoggin Railroad, about 12 miles S.S.AV. of Farm- 
 ington. 
 
 NORTH LESLIE, a jKist-office of Ingham co., Michigan, 
 ahout 20 miles S.S.E. of Lansing. 
 
 NORTH MONMOUTH, a post-village of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, about 15 miles \V. by S. of Augusta, and 1 mile W. of 
 the Maiue Central Railroad. 
 
 NORTH LEWISBURG, a post-village of Champaign co., 
 Ohio, on the Atlantic and Grciit Western Railroad, about 
 15 miles N.E. of Urbanna, 
 
 NORTH LIBERTY, a post-village of St. Joseph co.. In- 
 diana, about 15 miles S.W. of South Bend. 
 
 NORTH LIBERTY, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa, 
 about 9 miles N.W. of Iowa Citv. 
 
 NORTH MUDDY, a townsliipof Jasper CO., Illinois, fop. 
 625. 
 
 NORTH OGDEN, a post-village of Weber co., Utah, 7 
 miles N. by E.of Ogden Citv. 
 
 NORTH P.ARK, Colorado, is a large tract of land in the 
 N.E. part of Summit county, surrounded on several sides 
 by ranges of high mountains. It is drained by the North 
 Fork of the Platte. 
 
 NORTH PENN, a postoffice of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 NORTH PITTSTON, a post-village of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, altout 8 miles S.S.E. of Ang\ista. 
 
 NORTHPORT. a post-village of Leelenaw CO., Michigan, 
 on the W. shore of Grand Traverse Bay, about 3 miles E. 
 of Lake Michigan, and 28 miles N. of Grand Traverse 
 City. 
 
 NORTHPORT, a post vill.ige of Waupaca co., Wisconsin 
 on the Wolf River, 60 miles above Oshkosh. It has 2 stores 
 1 gri-it-mill, 2 warehouses, &c. Pop. about 100. 
 
 NORTH S.ALEM, a post-village of Linn CO., Missouri, 
 about 24 miles N. by E. cf I^i CU-de. 
 
 NORTH SALEM, a precinct of Marion co., Oregon. Pop. 
 625. 
 
 NORTH SAN JUAN, a post-village of Nevada co., Cali- 
 fornia situated near the Middle Yuba River, 12 miles N.W. 
 of Nevada City. It contains 1 church, 2 schools, 1 news- 
 paper office, and 1 theatre. The Ilenness Pass Turnpike 
 passes through this place. Its principal resources are gold 
 mines, which are worked by the hydraulic process. Grapes 
 are cultivated here for wine with success. Pop. including 
 Chinese, about 1500. 
 
 NORTH SEARSMONT, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, 
 about 11 miles W. ot Belfast. 
 
 NORTH SEARSPORT. a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, 
 8 or 9 niiles.N. bv E. of Belfast. 
 
 NORTH SEDGWICK, a post-village of Hancock co., 
 Maine, on or near an inlet of the sea, about 20 miles S.S.W. 
 of Ellsworth. 
 
 NORTH SHADE, a post-township of Gratiot co., Michi- 
 gan, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Lansing. Pop. 413. 
 
 NORTH SIDNEY, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 neiir the Kennebec River, about 14 miles N.N.E. of Augusta. 
 
 NORTH STAR, a post-township of Gratiot Co., Michigan, 
 about 37 miles N. of Lansing. Pop. 400. 
 
 NORTHU.MBKRLAND.aUnvashipof Wyoming, co.,Penn- 
 •yhrania. Pop. 836. 
 
 NORTH UNION, a township of Fayette co., Pei)nsy]T» 
 nia. Pop. 1749. 
 
 NORTH UNITY, a post-village of Leelenaw co., Michigan, 
 on Lake Michigan, about 19 miles N.W. of Grand Traversa 
 Citv. 
 
 NORTH VASSALBORO', a post-village of Kennebec co, 
 Maiue, about 16 miles N.N.E. of .Augusta, and 2 miles K. of 
 the Kennebec River. 
 
 Ni iRTHVILLE, a post-offico of Greene co., Iowa, about 
 
 12 miles N.W. of New Jefferson. 
 
 NORTH WATERKORD, a post-village of Oxford co., 
 Maine, about 15 miles W. by S. of Paris. 
 
 NORTH WAYNE, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maiue, 
 about 16 miles W.N.W, of Augusta. 
 
 NORTH WINDHAM, a post-village of Cumberland co, 
 Maine, near the E. shore of Sebago l.iike, about 17 miU« 
 N.W. of Portland. 
 
 NORTUWOOD, a post-township of Worth co., Iowa, aboul 
 42 miles N.W. of Charles City. Pop. 170. 
 
 NORTH YAM HILL, a post-village of Yam Hill co., Ore- 
 gon, 7 miles N.W. of Lafayette. 
 
 NORTON, a township of Muskegon co., Michigan. Pop.197. 
 
 NORTON, a township of Kankakee co., Illinois. Pop. 251. 
 
 NORTON, or MORTON, a township of Tazewell co., Illi- 
 nois. Pop. 1187. 
 
 NORTONSVILLE, a post-village of Albemarle co., "Vir- 
 ginia, about 30 miles E. of Staunton. 
 
 NORVAL, or NORVEl.L, a post-village of Jackson co., 
 Michigan, on or near the Jacksou Branch RiiilroaU, about 
 22 miles N.N.W. of Adrian. 
 
 NORWALK, a post-village of W^arren co., Iowa, about 12 
 miles S.W. of Des Moines, and 2 or 3 miles S. of Racoon River. 
 
 NORWAY', a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, about 
 
 13 miles E.N.E. of Ottawa. 
 
 NORWAY, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 152. 
 
 NORWAY', a township of Fillmore CO., Minnesota. Pop.756. 
 
 NORWAY', a post-village of Goodhue Co., Minnesota, about 
 16 miles E. of Faribault. 
 
 NORWOOD, a post-village of Stanley co., North Carolina, 
 near the W. bank of the Y'adkin River, about 90 miles 
 W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 NORWOOD, a village of Putniun Co., Ohio, about 10 mileg 
 N. by W. of Kalida. 
 
 NOTOMA or NATOMA, a township of Sacramento co., 
 California. Pop. 654. 
 
 NOTTINGH.AM.a post-village of Marshall co., Kansas, on 
 the Big Blue River, about 16 miles below Marysville, 
 
 NOVARRO RIVER. See N.w.vero. 
 
 NOVATO POINT, in Miirin co., California, on the Bay of 
 San Pablo. 
 
 NOY'O (no'yo) RIVER. California, is a small stream which 
 rises in the centi-al part of Mendocino co., flows northwest- 
 ward, and enters the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 NOYO RIVER, a village of Mendocino co., California, on 
 or near the ocean, 50 miles N.W. of Ukiah. It has sevenU 
 stores. 
 
 NUGEXT'S GROVE, a po.stoffice of Linn co., Iowa, about 
 50 miles W.S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 NUMA, a post-office of Appanoose co., Iowa, about 40 
 miles S.W. of Ottumwa. 
 
 NUNDA. a township of McUenry co., Illinois, on Fox 
 River. Pop. 1321. 
 
 NUNDA, a post-township of Freeborn co., Minnesota, bor- 
 dering on Iowa, about 6 miles S.W.of Albert Lea. Pop. 203. 
 
 NUNDA STATION, a post-office of McHenry co., Illinois, 
 in Nunda township on the Fox River Valley Railroad, 48 
 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 NUNICA. a post-village of Ott.iwa co., Michigan, near 
 Crockery Creek, and on the Detroit and Milwaukee Rail- 
 road, 22 miles W'.N.W. of Grand Rapids, and 10 miles E. of 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 O. 
 
 OAK, a township of Mills co., lo^ra. Pop. 412. 
 OAKDALE. a post-township of Washington CO., Min- 
 nesota, about 7 miles E. by N. of St. Paul. Pop. 215. 
 
 OAKDALE, a post-village of Izard Co., Nebraska, about 
 76 miles N.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 OAKFIELI). a post-village of Perry co.. Ohio, about 24 
 miles S. by W. of Zanesville. 
 
 OAKFIELI), a post-township of Kentco., Michigan, about 
 20 miles N.E. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 1078. 
 
 0.\KFIELD, a post-office of Audubon CO., Iowa, 4 or 5 
 miles S.W. of Exlra. 
 
 OAKFIELI), a post-village .and township of Fond du Lac 
 CO.. Wisconsin. The village Is on the Chicago and North- 
 wosti^rn Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Fond du Lac. Total 
 population. 1146. 
 
 OAKKIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., 
 W iseonsin. on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 12 
 miles S.W. of Kond du Lac. 
 
 OIK GLEN, a poBt-village and township of Steele co.. 
 2268 ' 
 
 Minnesota, about 32 miles W. by S. of Rochester. Pop. in 
 1860, 9. 
 
 OAK GROVE, a township of Benton co.,IniUana. Pop. 1209. 
 
 OA K GROVE, a township of Pierce Co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Mississippi River, 4 miles E. of Prescott. Pop. 370. 
 
 OAK GROVE, a post-village in Oak Grove township, 
 Anoka co., Minnesota, on Rum River, about 10 miles N. of 
 Anoka. Pop of the township, 231. 
 
 OAK HARBOR, a village of Island CO., Washington Ter- 
 ritory, on an inlet of the seii, 10 miles N.E. of Coupeville. 
 
 0.\KLAND, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 919. 
 
 OAKLAND, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 522. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village of Alleghany co., Maryland, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 54 miles W.S.W. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village of Morgan co., West Virgiuia 
 about 28 miles N. of Winchester. 
 
OAK 
 
 OIL 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-office of Chutliam co., North Carolina, 
 on Deep liiver. about 3t< miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, about 16 
 miles S. of Xenia. 
 
 OAKLAND, a village of La Clede co., Missouri, on the 
 Gasconade River, about 48 niijea S.W. of RoUa. 
 
 OAKLAND, a township of Schuyler co., Illinois. Pop. 
 831, 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-ofBce or village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 
 about 20 miles W. by N. of Dubuque. 
 
 OAKLAND, a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 432. 
 
 OAKLAND, a township of Freeborn co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 132. 
 
 OAKLAND,a city of Alameda co., California, is plea.santly 
 situated on the E. shore of the Hay of Siin Francisco, oppo- 
 site tlie metropolis, which is 7 miles distiint, and on the San 
 Francisco and Alameda Railroad. It contains about ti 
 chnrche.s, an institution, called the College of California, the 
 Oakland Seniinarj' for Ladies, and a public school. One 
 neH.spai)ei' is published here. Large quantities of riispber- 
 ries are raised in the vicinity. Poj). in 1860, 1543 ; in 1864, 
 about 2000. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village of Douglas co., Oregon, on Ca- 
 lapooya Creek, 18 miles N. of Rosoburg. It contains a 
 flouring-niill, and haa some trade. 
 
 OAKLAND, a precinct of Douglas co., Oregon, contains 
 the village of Oakland. Pop. 357. 
 
 OAKLAND, a post-village, capital of Sawamish co., Wash- 
 ington Territory, on an inlet of Puget Sound, 25 miles N'.W. 
 of Olympia. It has 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 OAKLEY, a post-offlce of Macon co., Illinois, and a sta- 
 tion on the Great Western Railroad, 9 or 10 miles E. of 
 Decatur. 
 
 OAK POINT, a post-village of Cowlitz co., Washington 
 Territory, on the right bank of the Columbia River, about 
 75 miles S. of Olvmpia. 
 
 OAK STATION, a post-offlce of Knox co., Indiana, on the 
 railroad which connects Tiucennes with Terre Ilaute, 15 
 miles N. of the former. 
 
 OAKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Live Oak co., Texas, 
 situated on the Nueces River, about 88 miles S. by E. of San 
 Antonio. 
 
 OCEAN.\, a post-village of Wyoming co., West Tirginia, 
 about 58 miles S. of Charleston. 
 
 OCEANA, a township of Muskegon co., Michigan, on Lake 
 Michigan. Pop. 214. 
 
 OCEANPORT, a post-village of Monmouth co.. New Jer- 
 oey, on an inlet of the Atlantic, and on the Long Branch 
 7unct»on Railroad, 3 miles W. of Long Branch. 
 
 OCKOLA, Pennsylvania See OscEOL.\. 
 
 OCEOLA, or OSCEOLA, a post-village of St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana, on the St. Joseph's River, and on the Michigan 
 Southern Railroad, 8 or 9 miles E. of South Bend. 
 
 OCEOLA, Iowa. See Osceola. 
 
 OCEOLA, or OSCEOLA, a post-township of Fond du liac 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 12 miles S.E. of Fond du Lac. Pop. 881. 
 
 OCONEK STATION, a post-office of Shelby CO., Illinois, 
 on the Central Railroad, 22 miles N. of Vaudalia. 
 
 OCONTO, a post-village, capital of Oconto co., Wisconsin, 
 is situated on the river of the same name, 2 miles from its 
 entrance into Green Bay, and 30 miles N. by E. of the city 
 of Green Bay. It contains a court-house, a jail, 2 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 9 stores, 2 graded schools, and 4 large 
 Bteam saw-mills. The manufacture of pine lumber is tlie 
 principal business of the place. It is stated that about 100 
 million feet of lumber is shipped here annually. Pop. about 
 800. 
 
 OCONTO, a township of Oconto co., Wisconsin, contains 
 the village of the same name. Pop. in 1860, 887. 
 
 OCOYA, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 23 miles N.E. of 
 Blooniington. 
 
 ODELL, a post-village and township of Livingston co., 
 Illinois, on the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 45 
 toiles S.W. of Joliet. Pop. 318. 
 
 ODES'SA, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, on the 
 Upper Iowa River, and on the S. boundary of the st;ite, 
 about 11 miles S. of Preston. 
 
 ODIN, a post-village of Marion CO., Illinois, at the inter- 
 section of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad with the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, (Chicago Branch), 65 miles E. of St. Louis, 
 and 9 miles N.N.E. of Centralia. 
 
 O'FALLON, a post-office of St. Charles co., Missouri, and 
 a station on the North Missouri Railroad, 34 miles W.N.W. 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 O'FALLON DEPOT, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois, 
 and a station on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 18 miles 
 E.of St. Louis. 
 
 OGDEN,a post-offlce of Dubuque co., Iowa, about 15 miles 
 S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 OGDEN. a post-village of Riley co., Kansas, on the left 
 (N.) bank of the Kansas River, about 12 miles S.W. of Mau- 
 hattun. 
 
 OGDEN CITY, a post-town, capital of Weber co., Utah, 
 I tuated on Weber River, 40 miles N. of Salt Lake City, and 
 
 near the W. base of the Wasatch Mountains. It contains 
 several schools and stores. Pop. in 1860, 1464. 
 
 OGDENSBUKG, a post-village of Sussex co. New Jersey, , 
 about 10 miles E. by N. of Newton. 
 
 OGDENSBURG, a post-village of Waupaca co., Wisconsin, 
 about 45 miles N.W. of Oshkosh. 
 
 0(iDENSI!URG, a village of Winona Co., Minnesota, or 
 the Mississippi River, about 13 miles above Winona. 
 
 OGLE STATION, a post-office of Lee co , Illinois, on th* 
 railroad which connects Chicago with Dixon, 15 miles E. of 
 Dixon. 
 
 OHIO, a township of Crawford co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River. Pop. 1110. 
 
 OHIO, a township of Spencer co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River, adjoining Rockport. Pup. 2t>39. ^ 
 
 OHIO, a post-township of Bureau co, Illinois, about 10 
 miles N. of Princeton. Pop. 107S. 
 
 OHIO, a post-township of Jlivdison co, lovra, about 30 
 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. I'op. 476 
 
 OHIO, a township of Franklin co.. Kansas. Pop. 561. 
 
 OHIO CITY, a post-village of Franklin Co., Kansas, 35 
 miles S. of Lawrence. It has 2 hotels, and aboat 12 dwelling 
 houses. 
 
 OIL, a township of Perry co., Indiana. Pop. 922. 
 
 OIL CITY, a post-town of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Alleghany River, just below the mouth of Oil Creek, 
 8 miles E.N.E. of Franklin, and 36 miles S.E. of Meadville. 
 It is the E. terminus of the Franklin Branch of the Atlantic 
 anil Great Western Railroad, and may be denominated the 
 eajiital or principal market of the Venango County Oil 
 Region. Immense quantities of oil procured in this vici- 
 nity are shipped here by steamboats which ply regularly 
 between this town and Pittsburg. It contains 4 churclies, 
 1 national bank, 2 other banks, 8 or more oil refineries, 12 
 hotels, several commission warehouses, 7 dry-goods stores, 4 
 diug-stores, 3 lumber-yards, and 2 machine-shops. Here 
 are several oil-wells, one of which, it is stated, has been 
 flowing since Octol)er, 1S61. The growth of Oil City has 
 been remarkably rapid. Before 1860 the place contained 
 only a store and 1 or 2 taverns. It was incorporated a bo- 
 rough in 1862. Pop. in 18&5 estimated at 12,000. 
 
 OIL REGIONS.— The attention of the public has within 
 a few years been particularly excited by the discovery of 
 certain tracts of land, the underlying strata of which con- 
 tain more or less extensive deposits of oil, generally known 
 as I'etroleum. The greater part of these dejKjsits lie at a 
 depth varying from 300 to 1200 feet. The districts in the 
 United States known as containing oil, are the following: 
 
 1. The oil region of Northwestern Pennsylvania princi- 
 pally contained in Venango, Cniwtbrd, Clarion, and Warren 
 counties. 'I'liis, from Venango county being the great cen- 
 tre, is often called the Venango County Oil Region. The 
 first discoveries of oil in this region were made on Oil 
 Creek, which flows through the most productive portion of 
 the oil region. This stream rises on the northern b(jrder of 
 Crawford county, and running in a southerly direction, 
 enters the Alleghany River near the centre of Venango. 
 All along that part of its course which is included in Ve- 
 nango county, a distance of about 20 miles, oil wells are 
 !ibun<lant, and all the tribiitaries of Oil Creek abound in 
 oil. The section on French Creek, which enters the Alle- 
 ghany River in Venango county, and its tributary, Sugjir 
 Creek, is now attracting much attention. Just below the 
 entrance of Oil Creek into tlie Alleghany River is Oil City, 
 a thriving town which may be said to owe its existence to 
 the discovery of oil in this region, of which it is the groat 
 shii>ping point. See Oii. City. 
 
 2. Oil has also been discovered in considerableal)undanco 
 in the southwest part of Pennsylvania in Fayette and 
 Green counties. This section of the state has as yet been 
 but imperfectly exploretl. There is indeed reason to believe 
 that oil will be found in many other parts of Western Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 3. The Western Virginia Oil Region. It is not improba- 
 ble that the oil region of Southwestern Pennsylvania may 
 be found to be continuous with that of West \ irginia. In- 
 dications of oil are said to have been found in the Panhandle 
 and other places South of the Pennsylvania line ; but the 
 great oil territory of West Virginia lies on the little Kana- 
 wha and Hughes River and their numerous affluents in Plea- 
 sants, Ritchie, Wirt, and Wood counties. This oil region is 
 but very imperfectly explored, although the existenc/> of 
 oil in this vicinity has been known for more than 50 years. 
 There is reason to believe that it will be found not inferior 
 in productiveness to any other oil territory that has yet 
 been discovered. The oil found in West Virginia is of a 
 superior quality. Most of the shallow wells yield a luiiii 
 eating oil very heavy and of great value. 
 
 4. There is also an oil region in the Southern part of 
 Ohio apparently continuous with the West Virginia oil 
 tract, en>l)racing Washington, Meigs, Athens, Morgan, and 
 Noble counties, of the trade of which Marietta is the great 
 centre. 
 
 Many other oil territories are found in different paYts o( 
 the United States; among these we mav mention particu- 
 
 2268 
 
OKA 
 
 »T\y fi»«f In Eastern Ohio, on the Mahoning and the Big and 
 I ittl.j i<e.iver Rivers, and the Cumberland River district in 
 I tfte South part of Kentucky, extending into Tennessee, the 
 Variceijurg district in Lewis county, Kentucky, opposite to 
 Adams and Scioto counties in Oliio, and the Green River 
 district in McLean county, in the W. part of Kentucky. 
 The oil tract in the Big Sandy River, on the E. border of 
 the state, appears to lie a continuation of the oil region of 
 West Virginia. A statement of exports of Petroleum for 
 the last 2 or 3 years will be found in the article on the 
 Umted States, page 1093. (For a more particular account 
 of the various oil regions in the United States, the reader is 
 referred to a little work by J. II. A. Bone, Esq., entitled 
 "Petroleum and Petroleum'Wells," Philadelphia, 1866.) 
 
 0KAM.4N. a pcfrt-village of Waseca co., Minnesota, on a 
 imall lake. IS or 20 miles E. of Mankato. 
 
 OKANAGON or OKINAGAN RIVER, rise.s in British 
 Columbia, Hows southward through Stevens, co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, and enters the Columbia River about lat. ib° 
 y N., Ion. 119° 65' W. 
 
 OKAW, Douglas co., Illinois, a station on the Central 
 Bailroad, 15 miles N. of Mattoon. 
 
 OKAW, a township of Shelby co., Illinois. Pop. 160. 
 
 OKAW SOUTH, a township of Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 902. 
 
 OKE.\NA, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, about l-l 
 miles W.S.W. of Hamilton. 
 
 OKEMOS, a post-village of Ingham co., Michigan, on the 
 Red Cedar River, 7 miles E. of Lansing. 
 
 OLA, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa, about 48 miles N. of 
 Oskaloosa. 
 
 OLA'THE, o-lA'the, a post-village, capital of Johnson co.. 
 Kansas, about 22 miles S.W. of Kansas City, and about 33 
 miles S. by E. of Leavenworth. It is situated in an exten- 
 Bive prairie. 
 
 OLDENBURG, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana, 
 »bout 13 miles S.W. of Brookville. 
 
 OLDHAM, a post-village of Crittenden co., Arkansas, on 
 the Mississippi River, about IS miles above Slemphis. 
 
 OLD LYCOMING, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 1041. 
 
 OLDTOWN, a township of McLean co., Illinois. Pop. 663. 
 
 OLEAN', a village of Todd co., Minnesota, on the W. 
 bank of the Mississippi River, 5 or 6 miles l>elow Little Falls. 
 
 OLKMA, a post-village of Marin co., California, is plea- 
 santly situated on Olema Creek. 1}^ miles from the head of 
 Tomales Bay, and 18 miles W.N.W. of San Rafael. It has 2 
 hotels, 1 store, and 1 school. Pop. about 250. 
 
 OLENA. a post-village of Huron co., Ohio, about 8 miles 
 S.S.E. of Norwalk. 
 
 OLENA, a post-village and township of Henderson co., 
 Illinois, about 8 miles E. by S. of Burlington, Iowa. Pop. 
 of the village 104. 
 
 OLIO, a township of Woodford co., Illinois, about 20 miles 
 E. of Peoria. Pop. 1379. 
 
 OLIO, a post-village of Union co., Iowa, about 10 miles 
 S.E. of Afton. 
 
 OLIVE, a post-village of Noble co., Ohio, about 26 miles 
 N. of Marietta. 
 
 OLIVE, a township of Clinton co., Michigan. Pop. 627. 
 
 OLIVE, a township of Ottawa co., Michigan. Pop. 315. 
 
 OLIVE, a township of St. Joseph co., Indhina. Pop. 
 1446. 
 
 OLIVE, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 786. 
 
 OLIVE CITY, a mining-village of Yuma co., Arizona, on 
 the Colorado River, abojitloO miles W.S.W. of Prescott. 
 
 OLIVER, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1060. 
 
 OLMSTEAD, a comity in the S.E, part of Minnesota, has 
 an area of about 6.'>0 sqiuire milea. It is drained Ity the 
 Zumbro, Root and Minueska Rivers. The surface is undu- 
 lating, or nearly level ; the soil is based on sedimentary 
 
 ONT 
 
 OMAHA, a post-village of Putnam co., Missouri, about 75 
 miles W. by N. of Keokuk, Iowa. 
 
 OMAHA, a township of Cuming co., Nebraska. Pop. 35. 
 
 O.MAHA, o'ma-haw\ or O.MAHA CITY, the capital of Ne- 
 braska, and seat of justice for Doughis co., is pleiisantly sit- 
 uated on the W. bank of the Missouri, opposite the town of 
 Council Bluffs, 18 miles by land above the mouth of the 
 Platte, 125 miles W. by S. of Des Moines, and 1-50 miles by 
 land, or about 250 miles by the river above St. Joseph, Mis- 
 souri. Lat. 41° 16' N. ; Ion. about 96° W. The site is a pla- 
 teau, or undulating ground, between the river and the bluffs, 
 which rise by gentle slopes, and the summits of which com- 
 mand a beautiful view of the wide and undulating prairie. 
 The streets cross each other at right angles, and are well 
 paved with stone and brick. The principal public buildings 
 are the ciipitjil, the court-house, and 10 churchL's. The city 
 contains 3 banks, 3 newspaper offices, a female seminary, 
 called Brownell Ilall, and a number of other schools. The 
 principal business of the people of Omaha is the sale and 
 transportation of goods to the plains, mines and forts of the 
 far West. A great number of emigrants from the East cross 
 the river here, and procure their outfit. The Missouri is 
 navigable for large steamboats above and below this place. 
 It is the E. terminus of a gi-eat military road, extending 
 to Fort Kearney, and of a branch of the Pacific Railroad 
 (unfinished). The name of Omaha is derived from a tribe 
 of Indians. Limestone of good quality is found in the vici- 
 nity. The growth of Omaha has been rapid. Pop. in 1860, 
 1883 ; in 1865, about 4500. 
 
 OMAR, a village of Seneca co., Ohio, 18 miles E. of Tiffin. 
 
 OME'GA, a post-village of Nevada co., Ciilitbrnia, 20 miles 
 E.N.E. of Nevada City. Pop. said to be POO. 
 
 OMRO, or OMRI, a post-village of Omro township, Win- 
 nebago CO., Wisconsin, situated on Fox River, 11 miles W. 
 of Oshkosh, and 32 miles N. of Waupun, with which it U 
 connected by railroad. It contains 3 churches, and several 
 mills. One newspaper is published here. Pop. about 140O ; 
 population of Omro township, in 1860, 2012. 
 
 ON"ALAS'KA, a post-village of La Crosse co., Wisconsin, 
 on Black River, 6 or 7 miles N. of La Crosse. It contains 3 
 steam saw-niills, and about 8 stores. 
 
 ON ALASKA, a township of La Crosse co., Wisconsin. Its 
 S. line is about 8 miles N. of La Crosse. Pop. 840. 
 
 ONARGA, or ONARGO, a post-village of Iroquois co., Il- 
 linois, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 86 miles S. by W. 
 of Chicago. It contains 3 churches and a seminary under 
 the direction of the Methodist Church, which has about 150 
 students. Onarga is surrounded by rich prairie farms, of 
 which corn (maize) is the staple product. Pop. about lOOO ; 
 population of Onarga township, 1423. 
 
 UN'AWA, a post-village, cnpital of Manona co., Iowa, 
 about 7 miles E. of the Missouri River, and 55 miles N. of 
 Council Bluffs. It is on the route of the Cedar Rapids and 
 Missouri River Railioad. 
 
 ONEIDA, a village of Carroll co., Ohio, on the Tuscarar 
 was Branch Railroad, about 16 miles S.E. of Canton. 
 
 ONEIUA, a post-township of Eaton Co., Michigan, on 
 Grand River, 10 miles W. of Lansing. Pop. 1382. 
 
 ONEIDA, a thriving post-village of Knox co., Illinois, 
 on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
 N.E. of Galesburg. It contains 3 churches, 1 largo brick 
 graded school-house, and numerous stores and warehouses. 
 Grain and stock are shipped here. Pop. estimated at 1500. 
 ONEIDA, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 546. 
 ONE'KA, a village of Washington co., Minnesota, about 
 20 miles N.N.E. of Saint Paul. 
 
 ONEOTA, a post-village and township of St. Louis co., 
 Minnesota, on the St. Louis River, near its entrance into 
 Lake Superior, about 5 miles S.W. of Du Luth. Pop. 161. 
 ONION VALLEY, a post-village of Plumas co., California, 
 
 riK-ks. and is highly productive. It is estimated that the near the Middle Fork of Feather River, 17 miles S. by W. 
 
 prairies of this county are equal in extent to about two- of Quinry. 
 
 thirds of its area. The margins of the streams are over- ONISBO, a post-village of Sacramento co., California, 18 
 
 grown with deciduous trees. Wheat is the chief article of miles S. of Sacramento. 
 
 export. The county is inteisected by the Winona and St. ONONDAGA, a jtost-township of Ingham co., Michigan, 
 
 Pejt^cr Railroad. Capital^ Roche.^ter. Pop. 9524. about 17 miles S. of Lansing, is intersected by Grand River. 
 
 OLMS TEAD, a post-office of Harrison co.. Iowa, about 44 
 miles N.N.E. of Council Bluffs. 
 
 OLYMPI.\, a post-town, capital of Washington Territorv. 
 and connty-seat of Thurston co., is beautifiillv situated at 
 the head of stcam-navigjition on Puget Sound, about 150 
 miles from the Pacific Ocean. It contains a state-house, a 
 territoriiil library, 3 churches, and a Masonic liall. Three 
 newspapers are published here. The residents are mostly 
 engaged in tbe lumber business and in traUe. The climate 
 in the summer is delightful. The winter is a rainy season 
 of about five months in duration. Ovsters and fish abound 
 In the vicinity. Pop. about 350. 
 
 i^i.^^^^l"'^^' * post-office of Overton co., Tennessee, on 
 Obey s River, about 100 miles E. T>y N. of Nashville. 
 
 OMADI, a post-township of Dakota co., Nebraska, on the 
 Missouri River, atx)Ut 10 miles S. of Sioux City. Hero was 
 • Tillage of several hundred inhabitants, which was nearlv 
 destroye.1 by a flood, which caused the bank to cave in in 
 1862. Poj). in 1860, 46. 
 2270 
 
 Pop. 1188. 
 
 ONONWA, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, on a rail- 
 road, 12 miles S.W. of Muscatine. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio, near the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, about 8 miles W. of 
 Mansfield. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-village of Lagrange co., Indiana, on 
 Pigeon River, aliout 32 miles E. of Elkhart. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-township of Knox co., Illinois, contains 
 the villages of Ontario and Onwda, which see. Pop. 1467. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-village in the above township, about 45 
 miles N.W. of Peoria, and 12 miles N.N.E. of Galesburg. It 
 has 2 churches. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-office of Vernon co., Wisconsin. 
 
 ONTARIO, a post-office of Nemaha CO., Kansas. 
 
 ONTEl.AUNEE, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1398. 
 
 ONTON.\GON, a township of Ontonagon co., Michigan, 
 contains the village of same name. Pop. 1188. 
 
ONT 
 
 OSC 
 
 ONTONJ.'UON, on^ton-mi'gon, a post-village, capital of 
 Ontonagon co., Michigan, is sitnated on tlie S. sliore of Lake 
 Superior, at the nioutli of a rivr of its own name, itbont 45 
 mik'S W.S.W. of Houghton. It contains 4 clmiches, 1 fine 
 public scliool building, 1 large hotel, 1 newspaper office, and 
 a copper-smelting furnace. It is the shipping-i)oint for the 
 copper mines of the Ontonagon district. It is st;ited that 
 the. receipts of freight hero iu 18(>t were over 10,000 tons. 
 I'op. in ISCo, about 1000. 
 
 OOLTAWAH, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee, on 
 the Chattanooga and Knoxville Railroad, 15 uiilos N.E. of 
 Ehattanooga. 
 
 OI'HIR, a township of Butte co., California. Pop. 635. 
 
 Ol'IIIK, a post-village of Washoe co., Nevada, is situated 
 high in a mountainous region, 3 mika S. of Washoe City, and 
 about 12 miles N.N.W. of Carson City. Here is a rich mine 
 of one of the precious metals, and a large quartz-mill which 
 crushes 40 tons of rock in a day. Pop. in 1864, estimated at 
 500. 
 
 OPHIRA'ILLE, a small post-village of Placer co., Califor- 
 nia, 3 miles W. of Auburn. 
 
 OHAN, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, about 6 
 mik'S N.W. of Warsaw. 
 
 OKAN, a post-township of Fayette co., Iowa, about 20 
 miles N.E. of Waterloo. Pop. 401. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 11 miles N. of Wilkesbarre. 
 
 ORANGE, a village of Cuj-ahoga Co., Ohio, near the Cha- 
 grin River, about 18 miles E. by S. of Cleveland. 
 
 ORANGE, a village of Delaware co., Ohio, on the Cleve- 
 land and Columbus Railroad, 14 miles N. of Columbus. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-township of Ionia co., Michigan, about 
 27 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. Pop. 801. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-township of Fayette co., Indiana, about 
 25 miles S.W. of Richmond. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Clark co., Illinois. Pop. 710. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. 876. 
 
 ORANGE, a village of Benton co., Missouri, about 70 
 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Wack Hawk CO., Iowa. Pop. 301. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-towuship of Clinton co., Iowa, about 18 
 miles N.of Davenport. Pop. 304. 
 
 ORANGE, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 101. 
 
 ORANGE, a post-village in Orange townshi]), Juneau co., 
 Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad, 11 
 miles N.W. of Mansion, and o7 miles E. of La Crosse. Pop. 
 of the township, 233. 
 
 ORANGEVILLE, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, 
 about 70 miles E. by S. of Cleveland. 
 
 ORCUTT, a township of Grundy co., Iowa. Pop. 56. 
 
 OREGON, a post-village of Chautauqua co.. New York, 
 about 20 miles S. of Dunkirk. 
 
 OREGON, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 863. 
 
 OREGON, a post-villago of Warren co., Ohio, about 24 
 miles S.S.E. of Dayton. 
 
 OREGON, a post-township of Clarke co., Indiana, about 
 20 miles S.W. of Madison. Pop. 1253. 
 
 OKEGON, a township of Stark co., Indiana. Pop. 392. 
 
 OREGON, a post-village, capital of Holt co., Missouri, 
 situated about 25 miles N.W. of St. Joseph, 6 miles N.E. of 
 Iowa Point, Kansas, and about 4 miles from the Missouri 
 River. Pop. of Oregon township, 720. 
 
 OREGON, a township of Washington CO.. Iowa. Pop. 737. 
 
 OREGON, a post-village and townshiii of Dane co., Wis- 
 consin. The village is on the Beloit and Madison Railroad, 
 11 miles S. of Madison. Total pojMilation, 1251). 
 
 OREGON, a township of Butte co., CMlifornia. Pop. 1389. 
 
 OREGON HOUSE, a post-village of Yuba co., California, 
 23 miles N.E. of Miuysville. 
 
 ORFORD, or ORFORDVILLE, a post-village of Rock co., 
 Wisconsin, on the railroad which connects Janesville with 
 Monroe, 12 miles W.S.W. of the former. 
 
 URIIIULA, or ORIBULA, a township forming the N.W. 
 extremity of Winnebago CO., Wisconsin, on Wolf River. 
 Pop. 233. 
 
 ORION, a post-township of Oakland co., Michigan, 6 miles 
 N. of I'ontiac, contains the villaije of Bangor. Pop. 1292. 
 
 ORION, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 823. 
 
 ORI'ON, a township of Olmsteiid co., Minnesota, 12 miles 
 S.E. of Rochester. I'op. 276. 
 
 ORION, a townshi|i of Steele co., Minnesota. Pop. 291. 
 
 ORKNEY SPRINGS, a post-office or village of Shenan- 
 doah CO., Virginia. 
 
 ORLAND, a post-township of Cook co., Illinois, about 20 
 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. Pop. 104 t. 
 
 ORLANDO, a village i)f Wayne co., Iowa, about 5 miles 
 W. of Corydon. 
 
 ORL.A.NbO, a post-village of Sherburne co., Minnesota, on 
 the left (N.) liaiik of the Mississippi River, about 40 miles by 
 land N.W. of St. Paul. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-village of Alleghany co., Maryland, 
 near the Potomac River, about 24 miles E. by S. of Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-village and township of Orange CO., In- 
 
 diana. The village is on the Louisville rfew Albany and 
 "Chicago Railroad, 15 miles S. of Bedford. Pop. of tow nship, 
 1790. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, on the 
 Great Western Railroad, 8 miles E. of Jacksonville. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-office of Appanoose co., Iowa, about 13 
 miles W. of 151oomfield. 
 
 ( (RLEANS, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 417. 
 
 ORLEANS, a post-village of Lyon co., Kansas, on the 
 Neosho River, about 60 miles S.S.W. of Topeka. 
 
 ORLEANS, or ORLEANS BAR, a post-vilhige, cjipital of 
 Klamath co., California, on the Klamath River, about 60 
 miles S.W. of Yreka, and 60 miles N.E. of Eureka. It is 
 sitnated iu a rugged and mountainous coimtry, and has gold 
 mines. Pop. in 1860, 174. 
 
 ORLEANS, a small village of Linn co., Oregon, on the 
 Willamette River, about 11 miles S.AV. of Albany. 
 
 ORMSBY, a county in the S.W. part of Nevada, has an 
 areji of about 240 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 Lake Tahoe, and intersected by Carson River, which aflorda 
 durable water-power. The surface is mountainous, forming 
 part of the E. slope of the Sierra Nevada. Gold and silver 
 mines have been opened in this county, .and mining is th« 
 chief business of the inhabitants. Pine forests grow on tho 
 Sierra Nevada, from which a large quantity of lumber is 
 procured. Granite and limestone are abundant in this 
 county, which also contains copper and iron. Capital, Car- 
 son City. 
 
 ORG, a township of Butte co., California. Pop. 641. 
 
 ORO CITY, a post-village, capital of Lake co., Colorado, 
 is situated on or near the Arkansas River, and on the W. 
 slope of the Rocky Mountuins, about 90 miles iu a direct 
 line S.W. of Denver. 
 
 ORO FINO (" Fine Gold"), a post-village of Siskiyou co., 
 California, 25 miles S.W. of Yreka. 
 
 ORO FINO, a post-village of Shoshone co., Idaho, is on 
 Oro Fino Crc>ek, 2 miles E. of Pierce City. Gold is found 
 here. 
 
 ORO FINO CREEK, Shoshone co., Idaho, is an afiluent 
 of the Clearwater River. 
 
 ORO'NO, a post-village of Muscatine co., Iowa, about 15 
 miles W. by S. of Muscatine. Pop. 191. 
 
 ORONOCO, a township of Olmstead co., Minnesota, 64 
 miles S.S.E. of St. Paul, contains Oronoco village. Pop. 488. 
 
 ORONOCO, or ORINOCO, a post-village of Olmstead co., 
 Minnesota, on the South Fork of the Zumbro River, about 
 10 miles N. by W. of Rochester. 
 
 OROVILLE, a post-town, capital of Butte co., California, 
 situated on the Featlier River, 75 miles N. of Sucranientc, 
 and about 25 miles N. of Marysville. The California North- 
 ern Railroad, which is completed to this point, connects it 
 with Marysville. It has productive gold mines, and con- 
 tained, in 1863, 7 dry-goods stores, 5 general stores, 2 drug 
 stores, 2 banking offices. &c. One newspaper is issued here. 
 Pop. in 1804, about-2000. 
 
 OHRVILLE, a post-village of Mecklenburg CO., North 
 Carolina, about 14 miles S.E. of Charlotte. 
 
 ORRVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, on the 
 Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, where it is 
 crossed by the Cleveland Zanesviilo and Cincinnati Rail- 
 road, 11 miles E.N.E. of Wooster, and 64 miles S. of Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 OSAGE, a county in the E. part of Kansas, has an area 
 of about 800 S(iuare miles. It is drained by the Osage or 
 Marais des Cygnes River. The surface is somewhat diver- 
 sified; the soil is fertile. Large deposits of good coal have 
 been fouud in it. The county has some timber growing on 
 tlie margins of the streams. Capital, Burliugame. Pop. 
 1113. 
 
 OSAGE, a post-village of Franklin co., Illinois, about 50 
 miles S. of Centralia. 
 
 OSAGE, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 675. 
 
 OSAGE, a post-village of Crawford CO., Missouri, on the 
 Maramec River, about 22 miles W. of Potosi, and 38 miles 
 E. of Rolla. Pop. of Osage township, 98i5. 
 
 OSAGE, a post-village, capital of Mitchell co., Iowa, on or 
 near the Red Cedar River, about 60 miles N. by W. of Cedar 
 Falls. Pop. of Osage township, 816. 
 
 OSAGE, a township of Miami co., Kansas. Pop. 446. 
 
 OSAGE CITY, a post-village of Osage co., Missouri, on 
 the Missouri River, at the mouth of the Osage with a sta- 
 tion on the Pacific Riiilroad, 8 miles E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 OSAWKEE, Kansas. See Ozaukie. 
 
 OSBORN, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio, on the San- 
 duskv Dayton aud Cincinnati Railroad, 10 or 11 miles N.E. 
 of Dayton. Pop. 423. 
 
 OSBORN, a village of De Kalb CO., Missouri, on the Han- 
 nibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 29 miles E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 OSBORN, a post-village of Howard co., Iowa, about 25 
 miles N.W. of Decorah. 
 
 OSBORN, or OSBORNE, a township in the N.E. part of 
 Outagamie co., Wisconsin. Pop. 135. 
 
 OSCEOLA, or OCEOLA, a post-village of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Cowanesciue Creek, about 20 miles N. of Wells- 
 borough. Pop. of Osceola township, 460. 
 
 2271 
 
osc 
 
 OTT 
 
 OSCEOT.A, Indiana. See Oceola. 
 
 OSCKOLA, or OCEOIiA, ii post-township of Stark CO.* 
 Illinois, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Peoria. Cop. 1000. 
 
 OSCEOLA, ii post-village, capital of Clarke co., Iowa, on 
 the Burlington and Missouri Kiver Kailroad (in progress), 
 about 40 miles S. by W. of Des Moines. Pop. of Osceola 
 township, 950. 
 
 OSCEOLA, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. 161. 
 
 OSCEOL.\, Fond du Lac co., AVisconsin. See Oceola. 
 
 OSCEOLA, a township of Polk co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Saint Croix River. Pop. 479. 
 
 OSCEOLA, a post-village in the W. part of Multnomah 
 CO.. Oregon. 
 
 OSCEOLA MILLS, a post-village of Polk co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Saint Croix River, 27 miles by the road N. of Hudson. 
 
 OSCOW, or OSEROW, a township of Henry co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 576. 
 
 OSGOOD, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi Railroad, 62 miles W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 OSH'AWA, a township of Nicollet co., Minnesota, on the 
 W. hank of the Minnesota River, just above St. Peter. It 
 contains the village of Oshawa, wlxich is about 6 miles S.W. 
 of St. Peter. Pop. 980. 
 
 OSHKOSH [continued from page 1407]. 
 factured products. There are in the city 17 saw-mills, cut- 
 ting over 50,000,000 feet of lumber annually, besides lath 
 and pickets, 6 shingle-niills, maldng 6,500,000 shingles, 3 
 planing-mills, 3 sash and door factories, 1 fence factory, 3 
 flour and grist-mills, 3 grain warehouses, 2 foundries and 
 machine-shop?, 1 railroad machine-shop, 2 tanneries, 3 
 breweries, 3 printing offices, publishing 2 weekly and 1 
 daily paper, and 1 monthlj- German magazine,l bookbindery , 
 ■■l churches, and 3 public halls. 'I he county court-house 
 and jail is a very fine edifice. Tlie number of dealers 
 licensed under the TJ. S. Revenue Ijiws, is 161. By means 
 of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers,and the works of the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Improvement Company.it is connected with Green 
 Bay and the waters that flow into the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 •^n the one hand.and with the Mississijipi on the other. Steam- 
 boats have come here from Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and 
 several that were built here are now running on the Missis- 
 sippi and its tributaries. A ship-yard is established to build 
 boats and barges for the Mississippi. The Wolf River is 
 navigiible for small steamboats iip into the pine lumber 
 region for 100 miles. Most of the Inniber and shingles manu- 
 factured goes south over the Chicago and Northwestern 
 Railway to find a market. This road will soon form a con- 
 tinuous line to Lake Superior, it being completed except a 
 link of water cunimunication on Green Bay. Pop. about 9000. 
 
 OSK.\LOOSA. a township of Jefl'erson co., Kansas, con- 
 tains the villaixe of Oskaloosa. Pop. 965. 
 
 OS K ALOO'S .\, a post-village, capital of Jefferson CO., Kan- 
 sas, situated in a pniirie 25 miles W.S.W. of Leavenworth, 
 ami 22 miles X. by W. of Lawrence. It has 1 church and 
 5 stores. A newspaper is published here. Pop. about 400. 
 
 OSKAUKAS, a village of Columbia co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wisconsin River, 9 or 10 miles S. of Portage City. 
 
 OSSAWATTOMIE, a post-village and township of Miami 
 CO., Kansas, on the Osage River, about 38 miles S.S.E. of 
 Lawrence. Salt is made here of brine obtjiined by boring 
 o the depth of 120 feet. This place was the residence of 
 the famoiis John Brown. Steps have been fciken towards 
 establishing an insane asylum at this place. Pop. of the 
 township, 894. 
 
 OSSEO, a village of Trempealeau co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Buflalo River, about 55 miles N. of La Crosse. 
 
 OSSEO, a post-village of Hennepin co., Minnesota, about 
 14 miles N.Ji.W. of Minneapolis. 
 
 OSSIAN, a post-village of AVells co., Indiana, about 16 
 miles S. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 OSSIAN, a post-village of Allomakee co., Iowa, on the 
 McGregor Western Railroad, 40 miles W. by N. of McGregor. 
 
 OSTE.MO, or OSHTEMO, a post-village and township of 
 Kalamazoo co., Micliigan. The village is on the Central 
 Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Kalamazoo. Total population 
 1239. 
 
 OSTEND, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, 
 aboiit 32 miles N.X.W. of Altoona. 
 
 OSTEND, a i>ost-village of Washington co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio River, about 16 miles by land E. by N. of Marietta. 
 
 OSTRANOEU, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, on 
 the Springfield and Delaware Railroad. 9 miles W.S.W. of 
 Delaware. 
 
 OSWEGO, a post-village of Clackamas co., Oregon, on the 
 Willamette River. 6 miles N. of Oregon City. 
 
 OTHO, a post-village of Webster co., Iowa, 8 or 9 miles 
 S.S.E. of Fort Dodge. Pop. 1.36. 
 
 OTIS, a township of Washington CO., Minnesota. Pop. 272. 
 
 OTIS'CO, a township of Waseca CO., Minnesota, contiiins 
 a villaire named Otisco, which is about 30 miles S. by W. of 
 Faribault. Pop. 267. 
 
 OTOE, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, bordering 
 on Missouri and Iowa, has an area of about 630 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, in- 
 tersected by the Little Nemaha River, and also drained by 
 2Zi2 
 
 Honey Creek and other streams. Tlie surface is undulating; 
 the soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indi.m corn, and oats are 
 the staple products. The eastern part of the county it 
 mostly prairie : the western part is said to be abundantly 
 supplied with timber — oak, walnut, hickory and cotton- 
 wood. The rock which underlies this county is limestone. 
 Valuable salt springs are found in the N.W. part. A gallon 
 of this saline water contains about 5 troyounces of Solid 
 salt, of which 95 per cent, is chloride of sodium. Capital, 
 Nebraska City. Pop. 4211. 
 
 OTOE, a new county in the central part of Kansas, haa 
 an area of 576 square miles. Pop. 238. 
 
 OTOE, or OTOE CITY, a post-village of Otoe co., Nebraska, 
 on the Missouri River, about 11 miles below Nebraska City, 
 
 OTOPOLIS, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, on Weep- 
 ing Water Creek, about 15 miles S. by W. of Plattsmouth. 
 
 OTSEGO, a village of Wood co., Ohio, near the Maumee 
 River, about 20 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 OTSEGO, a post-village of Allegan co., Michigan, on the 
 Kalamazoo River, about 14 miles N.N.W. of Kalamazoo. 
 It has 2 or 3 mills. 
 
 OTSEGO, a iwst-village of Fayette co., Iowa, about 20 
 miles S. by W. of West Union. 
 
 OTSEGO, a iK)st-villago of Otsego township, Columbia co^ 
 Wiscon.sin, on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 30 milea 
 N.W. of Watertown. 
 
 OTSEGO; a post-village and townshij) of Wright co.. Min- 
 nesota, on the Mississippi River, about 28 miles N.W. of St. 
 Anthony. Pop. 320. 
 
 OTTAWA, a new county in the N. central part of Kansas, 
 has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Solomon Fork of the Kansas River. The surface is undu- 
 lating : the soU is productive. 
 
 OTTAWA, a village of Putnam co., Ohio, near Blanch- 
 ard's Fork, and on the Dayton and Michigan Railroad, 20 
 miles N. by E. of Lima. 
 
 OTTAWA, a jiost-village of Clarke co., Iowa, about 9 
 miles E. of Osceola. 
 
 OTTAWA, a small township of Le Sueur CO., Minnesota, 
 contains the village of Ottawa. Pop. .336. 
 
 OTTAWA, a post-village of Le Sueur co., Minnesota, on 
 the right (E.) bank of the Minnesotii River, between Le 
 Sueur and Siiint Peter, about 5 miles from each. 
 
 OTTAWA, a village of Douglas co., Kansas, about 15 
 miles S. of Lawrence. 
 
 OTTAWA, a post-village and townsliip of Franklin co., 
 Kansas, on the Osage River, 25 miles S. of Lawrence. Pop. 542. 
 
 OTTAWA, formerly BYTOWN, the capitiil of Canada, and 
 of Carleton county, is situated on the right (S.) bank of the 
 Ottawa River. I>iit. about 46° 22' N., Ion. about 75° 40' W. 
 A niilroad 54 miles long connects it with the Saint Lawrence 
 River at Prescott. [See Bytown, page 325.] This city has 
 recently been designated as the capital of Canada. It ha.s a 
 the.atre and several fine new public edifices. Pop. in 1801, 
 14,696. 
 
 OTTAAVA CENTRE, a post-village of Ottawa co., Michi- 
 gan, on Grand River, 22 miles W.N.W. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 OTTAWA CREEK, a post-office of Frsinklin co., Kansas. 
 
 OTTER, a township of Lucas CO., Iowa. Pop. 439. 
 
 OTTER, a township of Warren CO., Iowa. Pop. ti35. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a station on the Detroit and Toledo 
 Railroad, in Monroe CO., Michigan, about 16 miles N.NJi. 
 of Toll-do. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a township of Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1604. ' 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a township of Jersey co- Illinois. Pop. 
 653. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 
 893. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 1017. 
 
 OTTER CREEK, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 436. 
 
 OTTER TAIL, a county in the AV. part of .Minnesota, has 
 an area of 2016 sijuare miles. It is dr.iined by the Red 
 River of the North, which flows westward, and by Leaf 
 River, which flows eastw ard. It contiiins numerous Lakes, 
 one, which, nanu'd Otter Tail, is about 10 miles long. The 
 region around Otter Tail Lake is thus described by a recent 
 writer: "To the W.N.AA'. and N.E. the whole country is 
 heavily tiujbered with oak, elm, ash, sugar-maple, &c. * * 
 The fine scenery of lakes and open groves of oak on the 
 prairies, of winding streams connecting them and rolling 
 country on all sides, renders this portion of Minnesofci the 
 garden-spot of the Northwest." CapiUil, Otter Tail City 
 Pop. 240. 
 
 orfER TAIL CITY, a post-village, capital of Otter Tail 
 CO., Minnesota, is situated at the N.E extremity of the lak* 
 of the same name, about 155 mile^in a direct line N.AV. o« 
 Saint Paul. It is surrounded by a beautiful and fertiis 
 country. It has a United States Land Oftice. 
 
 OTTERA'ILLE, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, ov 
 the Pacific Railroad, 51 miles W. by N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 OTTO, a township of McKean co., Pennsylvania. Poi). 
 338. 
 
 OTTO, a township of Oce.ana co., Michigan. P. p. 119. 
 
 OTTO, a township of Kankakee co., Illinois. I'op. 500, 
 
OTT 
 
 PAL 
 
 OTTUilWA, a post-village of Ooffey co., Kansas, on the 
 Neoslio JUver aboit 25 miles K.S.E. of Emporia. Pop. 37 li. 
 
 OVERFIELD, a township of Wyoming co., I'ennsylvania. 
 Pop. 374. 
 
 OVERTON, a pnst-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles S.W. of Towanda. I'op. 407. 
 
 OVERYSSEJC, or OVEKLSAIi, a post-township of Allegan 
 CO., Michigan, about 22 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 
 489. 
 
 OVID, a post-village in Ovid township, Clinton Co., Mich- 
 igan, on Maple Kiver, and on the Detroit and Milwaukee 
 Railroad, 10 miles W. of Owosso, and 09 miles E. of Grand 
 Rapids. Pop. of the township, 9:i6. 
 
 OVID, a village of Cass co., Missouri, about 40 miles S.S. 
 E. of Kansas City. 
 
 OWATON'XA, a post-village and township, capital of 
 Steele co., Minnesota. The village is on Straiglit River, about 
 16 miles S. of Faribault, and 40 miles W. of Rochester. The 
 Winona and St. Peter Railroad here intersects the Minne- 
 sota Central Railroad (in i)rogre3s). Pop. estimated at 600 ; 
 pop. of the towusliip in 1.SG0, 609. 
 
 OWKGO, a township of Livingston co.. Illinois. Pop. 270. 
 
 OWEN, a township of Warriclc co., Indiana. Pop. 1440. 
 
 O^VEN, a township of Winnebago co., Illinois. Pop. S71. 
 
 OWENSBURG, a post-village of Greene co., Indiana, 
 about 15 miles E.S.E. of Bloonifield. 
 
 0\VENSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Roljertson CO., 
 Texas, about 100 miles N.E. of Austin City. 
 
 OWENSVILLE, a post-village of Gasconade CO., Missouri, 
 about 28 miles S. of Hermann. 
 
 OWOS'SO, or OWAS'SO. a fiourisJiing post-town of Shia- 
 wassee CO., Michigan, is situated on botli sides of tlie Shia- 
 wassee River, and on the Detroit and ililwaukee Railroad, 
 78 miles N.\V. of Detroit, and 80 miles E. of Grand Rapids. 
 It is the most important depot on tlie railroad lietween the 
 cities just named, with perhaps one exception. The Amboy 
 Lansing and Traverse Bay Itailroad connects Owosso with 
 Lansing, 28 miles distant, and is to be extended northward. 
 Owosso is pleasantly situated on undulating, sandy ground. 
 It contains 6 churches. 1 national bank, 1 newspaper office, 
 1 union school, and 1 public library. Tha river aflbrds 
 
 never-failing water-power, which gives movement to 1 grist- 
 mill. 1 saw-mill, 1 planing-mill and other mills. Here are 
 the machine shops of tlie Amboy and Lansing Railroad. 
 The chief articles of export are wheat and wool. Incorpo- 
 rated in ls59. Pop. aliout 2000. 
 
 OVVSL i-;Y'S BAR, a post-village of Yuba co., California, 12 
 miles E. of Marysville. ¥o\>. about 200. 
 
 OWYHEE, a county in the S.W. part of Idaho, bordering 
 on Oregon. It is bounded on the N. by the I^ewis Fork or 
 Snake River, and also drained by Jordan Creek. The sur- 
 face is mountainous. The inhabitants are mostly engaged 
 in mining gold. The county contains extensive placer 
 mines. Silver quartz lodis are also found near Silver City. 
 Timber is said to be abundant in the county. Capital, Ruby 
 City. Pop. in 1864, 17^5. 
 
 OXFORD, a village in Oxford township, Coshocton co., 
 Ohio, on the Pittsburg Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, 
 79 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 OXFOIIIJ, a post-village in Oxford township, Oakland co., 
 Michigan, about 14 miles N. of Pontiao. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-village and township of Henry co., Illi- 
 noi.s, about 18 miles N. of (ialesbnrg. Pop. 839. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-township and viUage of .Johnson co., 
 Iowa. The villag<! is on the Mississippi and Missouri Rail- 
 road, 15 miles W.N.W. of Iowa City. Total population 535. 
 
 OXFORD, a post-township of Marquette co., Wisconsin, 
 about 15 miles N. by W. of Portitgo City. Pop. 625. 
 
 OXFORD, a township of Johnson co., Kansas. Pop. 386. 
 
 OYSTER VILI.E, a post-vill.ige, capital of Pacific co., 
 Washington Territory, sitnatotl on the \V. shore of Shoal- 
 water Bay, about 1 or 2 miles from the Ocean, and 100 miles 
 S.W. of Olynipia. It has 2 stores. 
 
 OZ.ARK, a post-village, capital of Christian co., Missouri, 
 about 15 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. Free population, 119. 
 Lead is found in the vicinity. 
 
 OZARK, a post-township of Anderson co., Kansas. Pop. 80. 
 
 OZAU'KIE, OZAW'KIE, or OSAW'ICEE, a post-village 
 of Jefferson co., Kansas, on the Grasshopper River, 35 miles 
 W. b}' S. of Leavenworth, and 8 miles N. of the Union 
 Pacific Railroad. It contjiins 2 churches and several stores 
 and mills. Pop. about 200. 
 
 P. 
 
 PACHECO, a post-village of Contra Costa co., California, 
 is on the Pacheco slough, 4 miles from its entrance 
 into Suisun Bay, 5 miles E. of Martinez, and about 30 miles 
 by land N.E. of San Francisco. It is at the head of Naviga- 
 tion. About 1SO,000 sacks of grain have been shipped here 
 in a year. Founded in 1S58. Pop. in 1864 about 500. 
 
 PACHECO PEAK, California, a peak of the Coast Range, 
 about lat. 37° N. 
 
 PACIFIC, a post-village of Fr.anklin co., Missouri, on the 
 Pacific Railroad, and near the Maramec River, 37 miles W. 
 S.W. ofSt. LouLs. 
 
 PACIFIC, a post-township of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Wiscon.sin River, immediately S. of Portage City. 
 Pop. 297. 
 
 PACIFIC, a post-township of Humboldt co., California, 
 on the Pacific Ocean about 20 miles S.S.W. of Eureka^ 
 Pop. 350. 
 
 PACIFIC CITY, a post-village of Mills co., Iowa, on or 
 near the Missouri River, about 20 miles below Omaha City 
 and 5 miles W. of Glenwood. It is tlie W. terminus of the 
 Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. 
 
 PACKER, a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 357. 
 
 PADONA, or PADORIA, a post-village of Crawford co., 
 Indiana, about 50 miles W. by N. of New Albany. 
 
 PADl^NIA, a post-village of Brown CO., Kansas, about 40 
 miles W.N.W. of St. Joseph, Missouri. 
 
 PADXJCAII, a village of Greene CO., Iowa, on the Racoon 
 Elver, about 40 miles W.N.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 PAGE CITY, a post-offlce of Page co., Iowa, about 62 
 miles S.E. of Council Bluffs. 
 
 PAGOSA, a village of Conejos co., Colorado, about 135 
 miles S.S-.W. of Canon City. 
 
 PAINT, a township of Madison CO., Ohio. Pop. 770. 
 
 PAINT CREEK, a township of Allomakee co., Iowa. 
 Pop. S59. 
 
 PAINTERSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Oliio, 
 about 25 miles S.E. oi' Dayton. 
 
 PA.TARO (Sp. pron. pih'ud-ro), a township of Monterey 
 CO., California. Pop. 593. 
 
 PALAFOS, a village of Webb CO., Texas, on the Bio 
 Grande about 40 miles above Laredo. 
 
 PALATINE, a post-village and township of Cook co., 
 Illinois, on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 26 
 miles N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 1462. 
 
 PALERMO, a township of Grundy CO., Iowa. Pop. 135. 
 
 PALERMO, a i)ost-village of Doniphan co., Kansas, on or 
 near the Missouri River, about 8 miles below Siunt Joseph, 
 Uis£ouri. 
 
 63 
 
 PALESTINE, a village of Adams co., Ohio, about 36 miles 
 S.W. of Chillicothe. 
 
 PALESTINE, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, about 22 
 miles W. of Hamilton, Ohio. 
 
 PALESTINE, a township of Woodford co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1354. 
 
 PALESTINE, a post-offlce of .Tohnson co., Iowa. 
 
 PALESTINE, a township of Story co.. Iowa. Pop. 295. 
 
 PALLAS, a post-village of Greene CO., Missouri, about 10 
 miles S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 PALMER, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1377. 
 
 PALM ER, a township of Wa.shington co., Ohio. Pop. 618. 
 
 PALMETTO CITY, a post-village of Marshall Co., Kansas, 
 on or near the Big Blue River, about 50 miles N. of Man- 
 hattan. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-village of Simpson co., Kentucky, 
 about 25 miles S. of Bowling Green. 
 
 PAL.MYRA, a village of Kno.x co., Ohio, about 16 miles 
 S. of Newark. 
 
 PALMYRA, a township of Knox co., Indiana. Pop. 1021. 
 
 PALMYRA, a township of Lee Co., Illinois, on the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, about 1 mile N.W. of Dixon. Poji. 1055. 
 
 PALMYR.\, a post-village and township of Warren co., 
 Iowa, 10 miles S.E. of Des Moines. Total population 1020. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-village and township of Douglas co., 
 Kansas. The village is about 15 miles S. by E. of Lawrence. 
 Total population 1516. 
 
 PALMYRA, a mining-district of Lyon co., Nevada, in the 
 Pine Nut Jlountains, 10 miles S.E. of Dayton, contains a 
 village of the same name. 
 
 PALMYRA, a post-village of Otoe co., Nebraska, about 33 
 miles AV.S.W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 PAIjO. a post-village of Ionia co., Michigan, on Prairio 
 Creek, about 36 miles N.W. of Lansing. 
 
 PALO ALTO, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1108. 
 
 PALO ALTO, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 234. 
 
 PALOMA, a post-village of Adams CO., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago andQuincy Railroad, 14 miles N.E. of Quincy. 
 
 PALO PINTO, a post-village of Palo Pinto co., Texas, 
 about 190 miles N. by W. of Austin City. 
 
 PALO PINTO, pah'lo pin'to, a new county in the N. cen- 
 tral part of Texas, has an area estimated at 1100 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Brazos River, and also 
 drained by the Palo Pinto River. Pop. 1524. 
 
 PALOS, a post^township of Cook cl, Illinois, on the Chi- 
 cago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, about 15 miles S.W. of 
 Chicago. Pop. 1019. 
 
 2273 
 
PAL 
 
 PEK 
 
 PALOUSE (pah-looz') RIVER, rises in the Bitter Root 
 Mountains, Govt'i "btward tlirougli Idaho into Wiishington 
 rerritorv,and falls into tho Lewis Fork, in Spokane countj'. 
 
 PAMPLIN'S J>EPOT, a post-village of Prince Edward 
 CO., \'irginia, ou the South Side Railroad, 87 miles W. of 
 Petersburg. 
 
 PANA, a thriving post-village of Christian co., Illinois, 
 at the intersection of tlie Central Railrojul and Terre Ilante 
 Alton and St. I<ouis Riiilroad, 29 miles N. of Vandalia, and 
 9t miles N.K. of St. Louis. It contains 4 churches and 2 
 flounng-niills. Pop. in 1860, 716; in 1865, about 1000. 
 
 PANAMA, a post-villajie of Chautauqua co.. New York, 
 on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, li miles W.S. 
 W. of Jamestown. 
 
 PANIIAXDLE, a name sometimes applied to the narrow 
 strip of land belonging to West Virginia, and lying between 
 the western line of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River. 
 
 PANOLA, a township of Woodford Co., Illinois, traversed 
 by the Central Railroad. Pop. 524. 
 
 PANOLA ST.4TI0N, a post-village in Panola township 
 Woodford Co., Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 22 miles N. 
 of Bloomington. 
 
 PANO'KA, or PENOTIA, a post-village, capital of Guth- 
 rie CO., Iowa, near the Middle Fork of Racoon River, about 
 44 miles W. by N. of Des Moines. 
 
 PANXIIER, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Arkansas, 
 about 70 miles 8. of Van Buren. 
 
 PAO'LA, or PAOLI, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Miami Co., Kansas, is pleasantlj' situated on high land 
 on Bull Creek, about 55 miles S. of Leavenwortli. It con- 
 tains several chunhes, stores, &c. It is surrounded by rich 
 prairie farms. Pop. about 700; of Paola townsliip in 1860, 
 777. 
 
 PAOLI, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 PAPILLON, pa-piryun(?), or BIG PAPILLON, a river in 
 the E. part of Nebraska, rises in Washington co., flows in a 
 S.S.E. direction through Douglas co., and enters the Mis- 
 souri in Sarpy co., about 2 miles above the mouth of the 
 Platte. 
 
 PAPILLON, a post-village of Sarpy co., Nebraska, on the 
 Little Papillon River, 9 or 10 miles S.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 PARADISE, a post-township of Coles CO., Illinois. 5 miles 
 S. of Mattoon, is traversed by the Central Railroad. Pop. 795. 
 
 PARADISiJ, a post-office of Crawford co., Iowa, on Boyer 
 Kiver, about 11 miles S.W. of Dcnison. 
 
 PARALLEL, a post-office of Ciiss co , Nebraska, on Saline 
 Creek, about 2 miles S.W. of the Platte River, and 30 miles 
 S.W. (if Omaha City. 
 
 PARDEE, a small post-village of Atchison co., Kansas, on 
 the mail route from Atchison to Topeka, 10 miles S.AV. of 
 the former. 
 
 PARIS, a post-villago of Wasliington co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 34 miltti \V. by S. of Pittsburg. 
 
 PARIS, a post-village of Jennings co., Indiana, about 16 
 miles W.N.W. of Madison. 
 
 PARIS, a township of Howard co., Iowa. Pop. 194. 
 
 PARIS, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, near tlie M'apsi- 
 pinicou River, about 16 miles N. of Marion. 
 
 PARIS, a township in the S. part of Grant CO., Wisconsin, 
 on the Mississippi River. Pop. 682. 
 
 PARIS, a post-village and township of Linn co., Kansas, 
 about tX) miles S.S.E. of Lawrence. It is situated in a rich 
 farming country. Pop. 1230. 
 
 PARISH GROVE, a post-township of Benton co., Indiana, 
 about 30 miles W.N.W. of Lafayette. Pop. 186. 
 
 PARK, a county in the central part of Colorado, has an 
 area estimated at 2200 S(juare miles. It is drained by the 
 South Fork of the Platte lUv«r, which rises within its 
 limits, and by a small affluent of the Arkansas Rivei'. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the main range of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and includes all the celebrated South Park, in which 
 are many thousand acres of good natural pasture. Pine or 
 fir trees grow on the monntjiins. Gold is found near Lau- 
 rette, in the N.W. part. See South Park. Capital, Laurette. 
 
 PARKER, a new county in the N. part of Texas, has an 
 area of 900 square miles. It is intersected by the lirazos 
 Biver. Capital, Weatherford. Pop. 4213. 
 
 PAUKER, a post-township of Clark CO., Illinois, about 22 
 miles E.S.E. of Mattoon. Pop. 757. 
 
 PARKEliSBUUG, a village of Boone co., Iowa, about 6 
 miles S.K. of Bounsboro. 
 
 PARKEKSBUKG, a post-village of Butler co., Iowa, on 
 the Dubuque and Siou.x City Railroad (unfinished), about 
 18 miles W. of Cedar Falls. The railroad is opened to this 
 place. 
 
 PARKVILLE, a mining-village of Summit co., Colorado, 
 situated on the South Branch of Swan River, on the W. 
 slope ot the Snowy Range, about 88 miles W. of Denver. It 
 is now (U'populated. 
 
 PARNASSUS, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 19 miles N.E. 
 of Pittsljurg. 
 
 PA KNASSUS, a post-office of Marlborough district, South 
 Carolina, about 20 miles S.E. of Cheraw. 
 
 2.i74 
 
 PAROVAN, or PAROWAN, a post-yillago, capital of Iron 
 CO., Utah, about 265 miles S. by W. of Salt Lake City. Pop. 
 in I SOD, 62i). 
 
 PARTRIDGE, a township of Woodford co., Illinois. Pop. 
 940. 
 
 PASCO, a post-village of Dallas co., Missouri, about 20 
 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 PASKACK. a post-village of Bergen co.. New Jersey, on 
 the Paskack Creek, about 12 miles N.N.E. of Patersou. It 
 has several mills. 
 
 PASS.\IC, a post-village of Passaic co.. New Jersey, on 
 the Passaic River, where it is crossed by the Erie RailVoad, 
 5 miles S.S.E. of Paterson. 
 
 PATASKALA, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, on the 
 Central Railroad, 17 miles E. of Columbus. 
 
 PATfUI GROVE, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin, 
 about 11 miles S.E. of Prairie du Chien. 
 
 PATOKA, a township of Crawford co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1379. 
 
 PATOKA, a post-township of Gibson co., Indiana, con- 
 tains Princeti>n, the county-seat, and the village of Patoka. 
 The latter is on Patoka Creek, where it is crossed by the 
 Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad, 20 miles S. of Vin- 
 cennes. Pop. excluding Princeton, 3041. 
 
 I'ATOKA, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 14 miles S. of Vandalia. 
 
 PATRIOT, a jiost-office of Union county, Iowa. 
 
 PATTERSON, Nevada co., California. See Cherokee. 
 
 PATTON, or PATON. a post-village of Bollinger co., 
 Missouri, al. out 65 miles S.E. of Potosi. 
 
 PATTONI.\, AVarren co., Pennsylvania, a station on the 
 Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Warren. 
 
 PATTON S BURG, a post-village of Daviess co., Missouri, 
 about 50 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 PATTONVILLE, a i>ost-vilIage of Hocking CO., Ohio, on 
 the Hocking River and Canal, about 38 miles E.N.E. ol 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 PAULDING, a post-village, capital of Paulding co., Ohio, 
 situated about 74 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, and 30 miles E. 
 by N. of Fort Wayne. Pop. 217. 
 
 PAULINA, a post-villago of Wan-en co.. New Jersey, on 
 the Paulinskill, about 15 miles N.E. of Belvidere. 
 
 PAULVILLE, a post-office of Adair co., Missouri, about 
 60 miles W.N.W. of Quincy, Illinois. 
 
 PAUPAC, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 578. 
 
 PAWNEE, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, bor- 
 dering on Kansas, has an area of 432 square miles. It is 
 intersected by tlie Great Nemaha River, and by its South 
 Fork. The surface is diversified ; the soil in some parts is 
 fertile, especially near the rivers and creeks. The northern 
 part of the county is rocky. It contains valuable quarries 
 of limestone and beds of bituminous coal. Capital, Pawnee 
 City (?) Pop. 882. 
 
 PAWNEE, a i)ost-township of Sangamon co., Illinois, 
 about 14 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 PAWNEE, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, on the S. 
 bank of the Platte River, about 10 miles W. of its entrance 
 into the Missouri. 
 
 PAWNEE CITY, a post^village of Pawnee co., Nebraska, 
 about 38 miles S.W. of Brownville. It is on or near the S. 
 Fork of the Nemaha River. 
 
 PAW PAW, a post-village of Monongalia co.,West Virginia, 
 about 48 miles S.E. of Wheeling. 
 
 PAW PAW, a post-village of Miami co^ Indiana, ou Eel 
 River, about 13 miles N.E. of Peru. 
 
 PAXTON, a post-village of Ford co.. Illinois, on the Cen- 
 tral Railroad (Chicago Branch), 103 miles S. by W. of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 PAYETTE RIVER, Idaho, flovifs westward, and enters 
 the Lewis Fork or Snake Itiver, about 14 miles below the 
 mouth of the Boisee River. 
 
 PAYNESVILLE, a post-village of Stearns co., ^linne.sota, 
 on the N.Fork of Crow River, about 32 miles W.S.W. of 
 Saint Clond. 
 
 PAY SON, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, 18 miles S. by 
 W. of Provo City, and near the S. shore of Utah Lake. Pop. 
 in 1860, 831. 
 
 PEA. RIDGE, a post-office of Benton co., Arkansas, about 
 8 miles E. of Bentonville. A great battle was fought in 
 this vicinity on the 7th and Sth of March, 1862. 
 
 PEA RIDGE, a township of Brown co., Illinois. Pop. 891. 
 
 PEARL PRAIRIE, a township of Pike co., Illinois. Pop. 
 440. 
 
 PEARSON, Michigan. See Piersox. 
 
 PEA VINE, a post-village of Butte co., California, 26 miles 
 N.E. of Oroville. 
 
 PEA A'INE, a miiu'ng-vlllage of Washoo co , Nevada, 
 about 40 miles N. of Wa.shoc Citv. 
 
 I'EBBLE, a township of Pike'co., Ohio. Pop. 1438. 
 
 PEEVLY, Missouri. See PEVEi.r. 
 
 PEKETON, a new county in the central part of Kansas. 
 It is bounded on the N. by Saline co., and on ths E by Mtk- 
 rion CO. It is not noticed in the census of 1860. 
 
PEK 
 
 PET 
 
 PEKI?T, a village cf Jefferson co., Pennsj-lvania, about 6 
 miles N.N.E. of Brookville. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-office of Montgomery CO., North Carolina, 
 about oti miles E. of Charlotte. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-village of Putnam co., Tennessee, about 
 64 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-village of Washington CO., Indiana, 23 
 miles by railroad N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 PEKIN, a post-village of Clarke co., Washington Terri- 
 tory, %bout 25 miles N. of Vancouver. 
 
 PELH.\M, a post-village of Grundy CO., Tennessee, about 
 40 miles N W. of Chattanooga. 
 
 PELICAN ISLAN'I), California. See Alcatraz Island. 
 
 PELtiA, a post-village of Marion Co., Iowa, in Pella town- 
 ship, and on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, 15 miles N.W. 
 of Oskaloosa. It contains several stores. I'op. of town- 
 ship 1644. 
 
 PEMAQUID, or PEMAQUII) FALLS, a post-village of 
 Lincoln CO., Maine, is situated near the sea, about 18 miles 
 E. of Bath. 
 
 PENCADER, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PENDLETON, a post-village of Putnam co., Ohio, about 
 ■ 58 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 PENDLETON, a post-village of Warren co., Missouri, on 
 the North Missouri Railroad, 63 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis, 
 and 6 miles W. of Warreiiton. 
 
 PENFIELD, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 18 mile.s N.N.W. of Clearfield. 
 
 PEN FIELD, a post-township of Calhoun Co., Michigan, 
 about 10 miles N.AV. of Marshall. Pop. 1002. 
 
 PENINSULA, a township of Grand Traver.se co., Michigan, 
 is a long and narrow portion of land between the E. and W. 
 arms of Grand Traverse Bay. Pop. 441. 
 
 I'ENLLYN, or PENN'LYN, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 17 
 miles N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 PENN, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 614. 
 
 PENN, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1054. 
 
 PENN, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 679. 
 
 PENN, a township of Westmoreland CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about 15 miles E.S E. of Pittsburg. Pop. 2109. 
 
 PENN, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 1447. 
 
 PENN, a township of Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 943. 
 
 PENN, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa, about 22 miles 
 N.E of Waterloo. 
 
 PENN, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. SOfi. 
 
 PENN, a township of .Tefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 1314. 
 
 PENN, a township of .Tdhnson CO., Iowa. Pop. 1170. 
 
 PENN, a township of McLeod co., Minnesota. Pop. 133. 
 
 PENN HAVEN, a post-villa;;e of Carbon co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Lehigh River, and the Lehigh Valley lUiilroad, 
 7 miles N. of M.aucli Chunk. 
 
 PENNSBOROUtill, a post-village of Ritchie co.. West 
 Virginia, on the Northwestern Rjiilroad, 42 miles E. of 
 Parkerslmrg. 
 
 PENNSVILLE. a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, 
 about III miles S.E of Pittsburg. 
 
 I'ENNVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., Missouri, 
 about 17 miles N.E. of Milan. 
 
 PENOKEE, or PENOKIE,a village of Ashland co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 25 milles S.S.E. of Ashland. Iron ore is found 
 here. 
 
 PENORA. Iowa. See P.inora. 
 
 PENSAUKEE, a post-village and township of Oconto co., 
 Wisconsin, on the W. shore of Green Bay, at the month of 
 the Peusaukee River, about 6 miles S.W. of Oconto. Pop. 
 364. 
 
 PENT WATER, a post-village and township of Oceana co., 
 Michigan, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Pent 
 Water River, about 24 miles N. of Clay Bank. Pop. 253. 
 
 PEORI.'V, a post-village of \Vyoming CO., New York, 11 or 
 12 miles N.E^of Warsaw. 
 
 PEORIA, a village of .Miami co., Indiana, on the Missis- 
 siiiewa River, about 8 miles E.S.E. of Peru. 
 
 PE0UI.4, a post-village of Mahaska CO., Iowa, about 15 
 miles N.N.W. of Oskaloosa. 
 
 PEORIA, a post-village and township of Franklin co., 
 Kansas, about 24 miles S. by E. of Lawrence. It contains 
 several stores, &c. Total population, 723. 
 
 PEORIA, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on or near 
 the Willamette River, 16 miles S.S.W. of Albany. It has 3 
 stores. 
 
 PEOSTA, a post- village of Dubuque co., Iowa, on the Du- 
 buque and Sioux City Railroad, 15 miles W. of Dubuque. 
 
 I'EOTONE, a post-township of Will co., Illinois, and a 
 station on the Central Railroad, 40 miles S. by W. of Clii- 
 Ciigo. Pop. 301. 
 
 Pin^IN, a county in the W. p.art of Wisconsin, bordering 
 on Mini;esota, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is 
 bonn<le«l on the S.W. by Lake Pepin, and intersected by the 
 Chippewa River, navigable by steamboats. The surface is 
 beauliiiilly diversified by bluffs and woodlands and undu- 
 
 lating prairies ; the soil is very fertile. Capital, Pepin. Pop. 
 2392. 
 
 I'EPIN, a township of Pepin co., WiscoHiim, aontaliis the 
 village of the same name. Pop. 807. 
 
 I'EPIN, a post-village, capitJil of Pepin CO., Wisconain, ll 
 beautifully situated on the N. shore of Lake Pepm, an ex- 
 pansion of the Mississippi River, 3 miles above the mouth 
 of the Chippewa, and about 82 miles below St. Paul. It 
 contains 2 churches, 1 bank, a good school, 5 stores and I 
 machine-shop. It has a good steamboat landing. Pop. 
 about 500. 
 
 PEPPERTOWN, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana 
 about 45 miles W.N.^V. of Cincinnati. 
 
 PEQUEA, a jiost-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 6 miles S. (^f Lancaster. Pop. 1168. 
 
 PERA, or PERA STATION, a post-village in Pera town- 
 ship. Champaign CO., Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 109 
 miles S. by AV. of Chicago. 
 
 PERE MARQUETTE, pair mar-kett', a post-village and 
 township of Mason co., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, at the 
 mouth of the Pere Marquette River, about 66 miles N. by 
 W. of Muskegon. It is the W. terminus of the Flint and 
 Pere Marquette Railroad (unfinished). Pop. 356. 
 
 PERRUQUE, per-rook', a station on the North Missouri 
 R.ailroad, in St. Charles CO., Missouri, 37 miles W.N.W. of 
 St. Louis. 
 
 PERRV, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 849. 
 
 PERRY, a post-village in Perry township, Allen co., Indi- 
 ana, about 13 miles N. by W. of Fort Wayne. Pop. of the 
 township. 1180. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Boone co., Indiana. Pop. 864. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 1036. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Bucluman co., Iowa. Pop. 389. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 786. 
 
 PEIiRY, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. I'op. 1076. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Marion CO., Iowa. Pop. 283. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 297. 
 
 PERRY, a post-township of Dane co., Wisconsin, abont 
 22 miles S.W. of Madison. Pop. 837. 
 
 PERRY, a township of Pierce co., Wisconsin, about 18 
 miles E. of Prescott. Pop. 158. 
 
 PERRYMANS VILLE. a post-village of Harford co., Mary- 
 land, on the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, 27 mites 
 E.N.E. of Baltimore. 
 
 PERRYSBURG, a village of Ashland co., Ohio, about 45 
 miles S.S.W. of Cleveland. 
 
 PERSONVILLE, a post-village of Limestone co., Texas, 
 about 75 milas N.AV. of Iluntsville. 
 
 PERU, a post-villiige of Haywood CO., North Carolina, 
 about 4 miles S.W. of Waynosville. 
 
 PERU, a village and township of Dubuque Co., Iowa, on 
 the Mississippi River, 7 miles above Dubuque. Poj). 833. 
 
 PERU, a post-village of .MmUson co., Iowa, about 10 milea 
 S.S.E. of Winterset. 
 
 PERU, a township of Dunn co., Wisconsin. Pop. 140. 
 
 PESCADERO, (Sp. pron. p6s-kd-Da'ro), a post-village of 
 Santa Cruz co., California, on the Pacific Ocean, abont 30 
 miles W.S.W. of San Jose. It has 2 stores. 
 
 PESH'TIGO, a post-village of Oconto Co., Wisconsin, situ- 
 ated ou the Peshtigo River, 7 miles (by land) from its en- 
 trance into Green Bay, and about 16 miles N.N.E. of Oconto. 
 It has 1 church, several large saw-mills which turn out 
 about 15,000,000 feet of lumljer annually, and 1 flouring- 
 mill. A railroad extends to the mouth of the river, where 
 spacious docks have been built. Pop. in 1860, 564; in 1865, 
 about 1000. 
 
 PESOTUM, a post-village of Champaign co., Illinois, on 
 the Central Railroad, 14 miles S. of Champaign. 
 
 PETALUMA, pJt-a-loo'ni3, a city of Sonoma co., Califor- 
 nia, is situated on P'etahima Creek, at the head of naviga- 
 tion, 10 miles from Sa!i Pablo Bay, 45 miles N. by W. of 
 San Francisco and 20 miles from tlie ocean. It is the prin- 
 cipal town and port of Sonoma county. It contains 6 or 7 
 churches, 1 banking office, 1 newspaper office, a large pub- 
 lic graded school, att(a)ded by about 300 pupils, many large 
 stone and brick warehouses and 3 steam flouring-mills. 
 Steamboats ply daily between this place and San Francisco. 
 Wheat barley and dairy-products are the chief articles of ex- 
 port. It is stated that Petaluma sends more butter and 
 cheese to market than any other town in the state. Laid 
 out in 1851. Pop. in 1860, 1505 ; in 1805, from 2500 to 3000. 
 
 PETEUSBURG, a village of Ashland co., Ohio, 8 or 9 
 miles E. of Mansfield. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village of Monroe co., Michigan, 
 on the River Raisin, and on or near the Southern Railroad, 
 16 miles E. of Adrian. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a village of Crawford co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Kickapoo River, about 22 miles N.E. of Prairie du 
 Chien. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-office of Tulare co,, California, 78 
 miles S.E. of Visalia. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a post-village of Millard co., Utah, 14 
 miles S. of Fillmore City. 
 
 PETROLEUM, a post-village of Ritchie co., West Virginia 
 
 2276 
 
PET 
 
 on the Xoifhwestorn Railroad, 23 miles E. by S. of Parkers- 
 bur". It is in a ricli oil region. 
 
 PETROLEUM CliNTRE, a village of Venango CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Oil Creek, about 7 miles N. of Oil City. Here 
 a? e several oil wells. 
 
 PEVELY, or PEEVLY, a post-village of Jefferson co^, 
 Missouri, on the Iron Mountain Railroad, 28 miles S. by W. 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 PKWABiC. pe-vrau'bik, a village of Ontonagon co., Michi- 
 gan, on Lake Superior, about 16 miles W. by S. of Ontonagon. 
 Pop. 109. 
 
 PEWAMO, pe-wau'mo, a post-village of Ionia co., Michi- 
 gan, on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 34 miles \V. 
 of Owosso, and 45 miles K. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 PHELPS, a new county in the S.E. central part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of about 600 square niib'S. It is drained 
 by the Gasconade, Piuey, and Maraniec Rivei-s, and Bour- 
 beuse Creek. The suifiice is hilly or uneven. Copper, iron, 
 and lead are found in this county. Indian corn and stock 
 are the staple products. It is intersected by theSoutlnvest 
 Branch of the Pacific Railroad. The valleys are heavily 
 timbered with oak, hickory, black walnut, &c. Capital, 
 Roll.i. Pop. 57U. 
 
 PHELPS, a post-village of Lawrence co., Missouri, about 
 34 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 PIIEXIX,or PHtENIX, a townsliip of Henry co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 79J. 
 
 PHILANDER, a post-village of Gentry co., Missouri, 
 about 8 miles N.E. of Albany. 
 
 PIIILL'S CREEK, a township of Jersey co., Illinois. 
 Pop. i:>iO. 
 
 PHILO, a post-village of Champaign co.. Illinois, in Philo 
 township, and on the Great "Western Railroad, 84 miles E. 
 by N. of Springfield. 
 
 PIItENIX, a post-village of Jackson co., Oregon, 8 miles 
 S.E. of Jacksonville. Pop. in 1S63 about 100. 
 
 PIATT, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 463. 
 
 PICKAWAY, a post-oflRce of Benton co., Iowa, about 28 
 miles W. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 PICKENS, a county in the N. part of Georgia, has an area 
 of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the Etowah 
 River. The surface is hilly or mountainous. Capitivl, Jiis- 
 per. Pop. 4951. 
 
 PICKEREL LAKE, a township of Freeborn co., Minne- 
 sota. Pop. 74. 
 
 PIERCE, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, contains 
 about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Satilla or 
 Santilla River, and also drained iiy Hurricane Creek. The 
 surface is level; and the soil sandy. Capital, Blackshear. 
 Pop. 1973. 
 
 PIERCE, a county in the W. part of Washington Teri'itory, 
 has an area of about 2250 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S. by the Nisqually River, intersected in the W. by 
 I'uget Sound, and other inlets, and dr.iined by the White 
 and Puyallop Rivers. The surface iu the E. part is moun- 
 fciinous, and mostly covered with forests. Mount Rainier, 
 a peak of the Cascade Riinge, about 12,000 feet high, is in 
 the S.E. part of the county. Wheat, oats, wool, and lum- 
 ber are the staple productions. Capital, Steilacoom. Pop. 
 1115. 
 
 PIERCE, a township of Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, about 16 miles above Cincinnati. Pop. 1784. 
 
 PIERCE, a township of Washington CO., Indiana. Pop. 
 1044. 
 PIEUCE, a township of De Kalb CO., Illinois. Pop. 945. 
 PIERCE, a township in the N. part of Kewaunee co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 260. 
 
 PI::RCE CITY, a post-village, capital of Shoshone co., 
 Idaho, on the Oro Fino Creek, at the mouth of Canal Gulch, 
 90 miles E. of Lewiston. Here arc gold mines. First set- 
 tled in TSfil. 
 
 PII;RCE POINT, a pcst-ofRce of l)all;is CO., Iowa, about 
 27 milo> W.N.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 PIERCETON, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on 
 the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, about 9 
 miles E.S.E. of Warsaw. 
 
 PIKRCEVILLE, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 45 miles W. of Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 PIERMONT, a post-village of Piermont township. Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Connecticut River, and on the 
 Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, about 5 miles 
 S. of Haverhill. 
 
 PIKRSON, or PEAR«ON, a post-township of Mecosta co., 
 Michigiiii, about 28 miles N.N.E. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 
 
 PIK E, a township of Ohio co., Indiana. Pop. 676. 
 
 PIKE, a township of Livingston co..IIlinois. Pop. 247. 
 
 PIKK, a post-township of Muscatine co., Iowa, about 38 
 miles W. by S. of Davenport. Pop. 415. 
 
 PIKE, a town.ship of Lyon CO., Kansas. Pop. 327. 
 
 PIKE VILLE, a post-village of Wayne co.. North Carolina, 
 nn the \\ ilmington and Weldon Railroad, 8 miles N. of 
 tioldslioro'. 
 
 PILOT, a township of Kankakee co., Illinois. Pod. 464 
 2276 ^ 
 
 PIN 
 
 PILOT, a post-village of Vermilion co., Illinois, about 10 
 miles W. of Danville. 
 
 PILOT GROVE, a post-township of Hancock co., Illinois, 
 about 20 miles N. E. of Keokuk. Pop. 1121. 
 
 PILOT GROVE, a township of Faribault co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 27. 
 
 PILOT HILL, a post-village of Fulton co., Arkansas, 
 about 52 miles N. of Batesville. 
 
 PILOT HILL, or CENTRE VILLE, a post-village of El 
 Dorado co., California, about 16 miles N.W. of Placerville. 
 About 4 miles from this place is the Alabaster Cave. Pop. 
 estimated at 250. 
 
 PILOT KNOIJ. a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana, 
 about 30 miles W. of New Albany. 
 
 PILOT KNOB, a post-village of Iron co., Missouri, situ- 
 ated on the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 87 miles 
 S. by W. of St. Louis. Here is a remarkable hill, called 
 Pilot Knob, about 450 (or, according to another statement, 
 580) feet higb, containing iron of superior quality. It is 
 almost a solid mass of iron. Its summit is said to be about 
 1100 feet higher than the Mississippi River. 
 
 PILOT MOUND, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 
 175. 
 
 PILOT MOUND, a post-village and township of Fillmore 
 CO., Minnesota, about 26 miles S.W. of Winona, and 10 miles 
 E. of Chatfleld. Pop. 46;>. 
 
 PILOT PEAK, Plumas co., California, is a peak of the 
 Sierra Nevada, in lat. 39° 55' N. It is about 7300 feet 
 high. 
 
 PIMA, pee'ma, a county in the S.E. part of Arizona, is 
 bounded on the N. by the Gila River, on the E by New 
 Me.xico, on the S. by Sonora, and on tbe W. by the line of 
 113° 20' W. Ion. Tbe surface in some parts is mountainous; 
 the soil of the valleys is fertile. Pine forests are found in 
 the S. part on the Santa Rita Mountains, and the cotton- 
 wood usually grows on the borders of the streams. This 
 county is drained by the Santa Cruz and the San Pedro 
 Rivers. Rich mines of silver and cojiper have been opened 
 in it. Capital. Tucson. 
 
 PIMOSA, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 239. 
 
 PINE, a county in the E part of Minnesota, bordering 
 on Wisconsin. It is bounded on the S.E. by the St. Croix 
 River, intersected by the Kettle River, and also drained by 
 the Snake and other rivers. The surface is uneven, and 
 extensively covered by forests of coniferous trees. Pine 
 lumber is the chief article of export. Capital, Chengwatana. 
 Pop. 92. 
 
 PINE, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 555. 
 
 PINE, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 564. 
 
 PINE, a township of Mercer co, Pennsylvania. Pop. 1222. 
 
 PINE, a townsliip of Benton co., Indiana. Pop. lilO. 
 
 I'lNE, a township of Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 240. 
 
 PINE, a post-village of lAnn co., Oregon, 36 miles S. by 
 E. of Albany. 
 
 PINE BEND, a post-village of Dakota co., Minnesota, 
 on the right bank of tbe Mississippi River, about 15 miles 
 below St. Paul. It has a steam saw-mill. 
 
 PIXEBOG, or PINNEBOG, a post-village of Huron co., 
 Michigan, on Lake Huron, at the mouth of Partridge River, 
 about 31 miles N.W. of Sand Beach. 
 
 PINE GROVE, a post-village of Wetzel co.. West Vir- 
 ginia, about 40 miles S. of Wheeling. 
 
 PINF] GROVE, a township of Van Buren co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 496. 
 
 PINE GROVE, a township in the S.W. part of Portage 
 CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 298. 
 
 PINE GROVE, a post-village of Amador co., California, 9 
 miles N.E. of Jackson. Gold is found in tbe vicinity. 
 
 PINE GROVE, a mining village of Sierra co., California, 
 about 65 miles N.E. of Marysville, and 1 mile from How- 
 land Flat. Pop. about 2(X). 
 
 PINE ISLAND, a post-\iIl,<»ge and township of Goodhue 
 CO., Minnesota, about 16 miles N.N.W. of Rochester. 
 
 PINE LAKE, a post-village of Waukesha •co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 26 miles W.S.W. 
 of Milwaukee. 
 
 Pl.Vi! LOG, a mining village of Tuolumne co., California, 
 about 12 miles N.N.E. of Sonora. 
 
 PINE NUT MOUNTAINS, a range extending along tlv3 
 E. border of Dougla.s and Ormsby counties, Nevada, nearly 
 parallel with the Sierra Nevada, from which it is sepjirated 
 by Carson Valley. These mountiiins produce scrubby piue 
 trees. 
 
 PINE PLAINS, a post-township of Allegiin CO., Michigan, 
 on both sides of the Kalamazoo River, about 4 miles Vi'. of 
 Allegan. Pop. 103. 
 
 PINE RIVER, a township of Gratiot co.. Michigan. Pop. 
 406. 
 
 PINE ROCK, a post-township of Ogleco., Illinois, about 
 16 miles S. by W. of Rockford. Pop. 905. 
 
 PINE RUN, a post-village of Genesee co., Michigan, on 
 the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad. 11 miles N. of Fliii^ 
 
 PINE VALLEY, a township of Clark co., Wiacousin 
 Pop. 488. 
 
PIN 
 
 PLE 
 
 PINEVILLB. a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, | 
 about 7 miles from Doylestown. 
 
 PINBVILLE, a village of Rapidea parish, Louisiana. 
 Pop. 393. 
 
 PINEVIIiLE, a post-village and township, capital of 
 McDoniild CO., Jlissouri, on Elk River, about 80 miles S.W. 
 of Springfiold. Pop. 796. 
 
 riNKNEY (or PINCKNEY) CITY, a village, capital of 
 Spokane co., AVashlngton Territory, is about 200 miles N. 
 of Walla \\alla. It has 2 stores. Here is a post-office, 
 nameil Foit Colville. 
 
 PIONKER, a township of Cedar co.. Iowa. Pop. 773. 
 
 PIONKl.R CITY, formerly HOGE.M, or IIOG.\M, a min- 
 ing village of Boisi'e CO.. Idaho, situated in the Hoisee Basin, 
 about 12 miles N.N.W. of Idaho City. It contiiincd in 1804, 
 11 dry-goods and general stores, 2 drug stores, &c. Pop. 
 estimated at 600. 
 
 PIPESTONE, a county in the S.W. part of Minnesota, 
 bordering on Daliota, contains about -^30 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Pipestone Creek and Redwood River. 
 The surface is nearly level. A mineral, called pipestone, is 
 found here. Pop. '2S. 
 
 PIPESTONE, a post-township of Berrien co., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles N. of Niles. Pop. 1032. 
 
 PIQUA, or PEQUEA, a township of Lancaster co., Penn- 
 sylvania. See I'EQUEA. 
 
 PIQUA, a village of Stark co., Indiana, about 40 miles 
 N.N.W. of Logansport. 
 
 PISCi), a small river of Ferguson Co., Wa.shington Terri- 
 tory, rises in the Cascade Range, flows eastward, and en- 
 ters,the Yakama. 
 
 PISGAH, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri, about 17 
 miles S.by E. of Booneville. 
 
 PISIIO.N'S FKRRY, a post-village of Somerset co., ]\Ialne, 
 on the Kennebec River, and on the Portland and Kennebec 
 Railroad, U miles N. of VVaterville. 
 
 PISHTF;G0. Wisconsin. See Peshtigo. 
 
 PIT HOliK CITY, a new town of Venango CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Pit Hole Creek, about 12 miles S.S.f!. of Titusville, 
 10 miles N.E. of Oil City, and 5 miles N. of the Alleghany 
 River. It has several banks and large hotels, 1 daily news- 
 paper, and numerous oil wells, which discharge from 6000 
 to 8000 barrels of oil a day. Its growth has been very rapid. 
 Pop. reported to be about 10,000. 
 
 PITT, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 3084. 
 
 PITT, a township of Wyandot co., Ohio. Pop. 957. 
 
 PITTSRORO. a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., Mis- 
 Bissii'pi, about 55 miles W. by N. of Aberdeen. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a ])ost-village of Upshur co., Texas, about 
 50 miles N.W. of Marshall. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a post-village of Johnson co., Arkansas, on 
 the N. hank of the Arkansas River, about 70 miles by land 
 E. of Fort Smith. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, about 25 
 miles N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 PITTSUURG, a post-office of Shi.■v^v,^ssee Co., Michigan. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a post-village of Carroll co., Indiana, on the 
 right (W.) bank of the Wabash River, about 1 mile W. of 
 Delphi. It has water-power and several mills. 
 
 PITTSBURG, a village of Shasta CO., California, 25 miles 
 N.E. of Shasta. Here are gold mines. 
 
 PITTSBURG LANDING, a locality in Hardin CO., Ten- 
 nessee, on the W. bank of the Tennessee River, about 10 
 miles above Savannah and 20 miles N.N.K. of Corinth, Mis- 
 sissippi. Here was fnight a great battle between General 
 Grant and General A. S. Johnston, in April, 1S62. 
 
 PITTSFORI), a village of Hillsdale co., Michigan, on the 
 Southern Railroad, 22 miles W. by S. of Adrian. 
 
 PITTS FORD, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 246. 
 
 PITTSTOWN, a post-village of Salem co.. New Jersey, at 
 the junction of the Salem Railroad with the West Jersey 
 Railroad, 28 miles S. of Camden, and 16 miles E. of Salem. 
 It has 1 church, 2 stores, and 2 taverns. 
 
 PLACER (Sp. pron. pld-saiR', or plS-thaiRO, a county in 
 the E. part of Northern California, bordering on Nevada, 
 hiis an area estimated at 1400 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by Lake Tahoe, on the N.W. by Bear River, and 
 on the S. and S.E. by the Middle Fork of the American River. 
 It is also drained by the North Fork of the American River. 
 The surface is diversified by high mountains and valleys. 
 The eastern part is traversed by the Sierra Nevada. The 
 inhabitants are mostly employed in mining gold. The 
 county is intersected by the Central Pacific Railroad (in 
 progress). Organized in 1854. Capital, Auburn. Pop. 
 13,270. 
 
 PLACERVILLE, a post-town, capital of El Dorado co., 
 California, is situated 1 or 2 miles S. of the South Fork of 
 American River, and on the great overland mail route, 50 
 miles E. by N. of Sacramento. It is surrounded by a hilly 
 or mountainous country, in which are productive gold 
 mines. It contained in 18fi3, 4 or 5 churches, an academy, 
 lalled the Placerville Institute, 9 dry-goods stores, 5 gene- 
 ral stores, 2 drug stores, &c. One daily and 1 weekly news- 
 paper are published here. A railroad, which will connect 
 
 Sacramento with Placerville, is nearly completed. Pop. in 
 1864. about 4000. 
 
 PLACERVILLE, a town.ship of El Dorado co., Californ"> 
 contains or adjoins the town of Placerville. Pop. in ISi G 
 1754, or 2466 ; each of these nunibei's is given in the censu* 
 tables as the population of Placerville. 
 
 PLACERVILLE, a mining village of Boisee Co., Idaho 
 situated on the Boisee Basin, 14 miles N.W. of Idaho City. 
 It has 9 dry-goods and general stores, 2 drug stores, 2 jew 
 elry stores, 2 hotels, &c. Gold is found in the vicinity. 
 Pop. about 700. 
 
 PL.'VIN FIELD, a post-village of Cumberland CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, 7 miles W.by S. of Carlisle, and near the Cumber- 
 land Valley Railroad. 
 
 PLAIN I'lELD, a village of Kent co , Michigan, on Rouge 
 River, near its mouth, about 10 miles N.N.E. of Grand 
 Rajiids. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a post-township of Waushara co., Wiscon- 
 sin, aiiout 80 miles N. of Madi.son. Pop. 837. 
 
 PLAINS, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 842. 
 
 PLAINVIEW, a post-village of Macoupin CO., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, 4S miles N. by E. 
 of St. Louis. 
 
 PLAIN VIEW, a post-village and township of Wabaslia 
 CO., Minnesota, about 17 miles S. by W. of Wabaslia. Pop. 
 549. 
 
 PLAINVILLE, or PLAINWELL, a post-village of Alle- 
 gan CO., Michigan, near the right bank of the Kalamazoo 
 River, about 14 miles N. by W. of Kalamazoo. 
 
 PLAINVILLE, a post-village of Adams co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Wisconsin River, about 55 miles N.N.W. of Madison. 
 
 PL.ANO, a post-village of Kendall co,, Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 14 miles W,S,W. 
 of A\irora, 
 
 PLANTSVILLE, or PLANTVILLE, a post-village of 
 Hartford co., Connecticut, on the Quinipiac River, and on 
 the New Haven and Northampton Railroad, 21 miles N, of 
 New Haven, and 20 miles S,W. of Hartford. It contains 1 
 church, 4 stores, a graded school, 2 manufactories of car- 
 riage hardware, and 1 of machinery and tools. 
 
 PLATEAU, a village of Nebraska, on the line between 
 Dodge and Douglas counties, near the W, bank of the Elk- 
 horn River, about 27 miles W.N,W. of Omaha. 
 
 PL.\TO, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on the Iro- 
 quois River, about 75 miles S. by AV. of Chicago. 
 
 PLATO, a post-village of Te.xas to., Missouri, about 44 
 miles S.S.W. of Rolla, • 
 
 PLATO, a post-villiicre of IMcLeod co., Minnesota, on Buf- 
 falo Creek, about 50 miles W.S,W. of St, Paul, and 7 miles 
 below Glencoe, 
 
 PLATTE, a county in the E, part of Nebra.ska, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is intersected in the S,E, by 
 the Platte River, which forms part of the southern boun- 
 d.ary; it is also drained by Maple Creek. The surface is 
 nndul.ating, and diversified by prairies and woodlands, 
 which are mostly found on the borders of the streams. 
 The soil is generally fertile. According to the census of 
 1860, Platte and Madison counties h.ad together 782 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 PLATTE, a township of Ringgold co , Iowa. Pop. 182, 
 
 PL.\TTE, a township of Union co., Iowa, Pop. 322. 
 
 PLATTEVILLE, a township of Mills co., Iowa, on the 
 the Mississippi River. Pop. 406. 
 
 PLATTEVILLE. a post-office of Taylor co., Iowa, 9 or 10 
 miles E. by S. of Bedford. 
 
 PLATTFORD, a post-office of Sarpy co., Nebraska. 
 
 PLATTSBURG, a village of Clark CO., Ohio, about 11 
 miles E. by S. of Springfield. 
 
 PLATTHMOUTH. or PLATTESMOUTH, a post-village, 
 capital of Cass Co., Nebraska, is situated on the Slis.sourf 
 River, about ly^ miles below the mouth of the Platte, and 
 20 miles by land, or 38 miles by water, S. of Omaha City. 
 It is built on a site which is about 25 feet higher than the 
 river, and it has a good landing for steamboats. It con- 
 tains several churches, stores, &c. Pop. in 1860, 474. 
 
 PLATTSVILLE, a post-village of Shelby co,, Ohio, about 
 37 miles N. of Dayton. 
 
 PLATTVILLE, a post-village of Cambria co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 24 miles W.N.W. of Altoona. 
 
 PLATTVILLE, a post-village of Kendall co., Illinois, 
 about 17 miles W. by N. of Joliet. 
 
 PLE.^SANT. a village of Genesee co., Michigan, on Long 
 Lake, about 11 miles S. of Flint. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Steuben co , Indiana, contains 
 the village of Angola, Pop. 1222. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 1397. 
 
 PLEAS.iNT, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 
 10.58. 
 
 PLE.\SANT, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 269. 
 
 I'LE.\SA\T, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 942. 
 
 PLE.\S.\NT, a township of Poweshiek co,, Iowa. Pop, 20T 
 
 PLE.\SA\T, a township of Union co,, Iowa, Pop. 377. 
 
 PLEASANT, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 
 658. 
 
 2277 
 
PLE 
 
 PLEASAXT GROVE, a township of Coles co., Illinois. 
 Pop. liSo. 
 
 PLE.A.SAXT GROVE, a township of Des Moines co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 1081. 
 
 PLEASANT GROVE, a township of Mahaska co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 547. / 
 
 PLEASANTGROVE, a post-village and township of 01m- 
 Btead CO., Minnesota. The village is about 13 miles S. by E. 
 of Rochester. Total population, 676. 
 
 PLE.A.S.\NT GROVE, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, 
 near tlie N.E. shore of Lake UtiUi, 10 miles N.W. of Piovo. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of De Soto parish, Loui- 
 eiana, about 50 miles S. of Shreveport. Here the ai-my of 
 (Jen. Banks waa defeated April 8 and 9, 1861. 
 
 PLEASANT HILL, a post-village of Lane co., Oregon, 
 near the Middle Fork of the Willamette River, 12 miles 
 S.E. of Eugene City. It has a flouri<ig-milI, and 1 or 2 
 stores. 
 
 PLKAS.'V.NT HILL, a post-village and township of Pike 
 CO., Illinois, about 45 miles S.E. of Quincy. Pop. 1270. 
 
 PLEASANT PRAIRIE, a post-village of Wabasha co., 
 Minnesota, about 15 miles N. of Rochester. 
 
 PLE.4.3ANT RIDGE, a townshij) of Livingston'co., Illi- 
 nois. I'op. 336. 
 
 PLEASANT RIDGE, a township of Lee co., Iowa. Pop. 
 e95. 
 
 PLEASANT A'ALE. a post-village and township of Pike 
 CO., Illinois, about 18 milea E.S.E. of Hannibal, Missouri. 
 Pop. lies. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-township of Jo Daviess co.^ 
 Illinois, about 22 miles E.S.E. of Galena. Pop 767. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a township of Eayette CO., Iowa. 
 Pop. 923. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a township of Eau Claire co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 118. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a township of Pierce co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Pop. 388. 
 
 PLEASANT VALLEY, a township in the S. part of Saint 
 Croix CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 240. 
 
 Pl-EASANT VALLEY, a township of Mower co^ Minne- 
 sota. Pop. 78. 
 
 PLEASANT VIEW, a poat-oflico of Jasper co., Iowa. 
 
 PLUMAS, ploo'uias. a county in the N.E. part of Califor- 
 nia, has an area estimated at 2300 square miles. It is 
 drained by the North Fork and the Middle Fork of the 
 Feather River, and by the Susan River. The surface is vex'y 
 mountainous, forming part of the S.W. slope of the Sierra 
 Nevada, which is covered with perpetual snow. The iulinr 
 bitants are mostly engaged in mining gold, which is found 
 in the S. part, near the Middle Fork of Feather River. Or- 
 ganized in 1854. Cnpitiil, Quincy. Pop. 4363. 
 
 PLU'MER, or PLUMMER, a post-village of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Cherry Run, about 7 miles N.E. of Oil 
 City. Here are some oil wells and 1 national bank. 
 
 PLUM VALLEY, a small village of Polk co., Oregon, 12 
 miles N.E. of Dallas. 
 
 PLVMOUTII, a post-village and township of Chenango 
 CO., New York, about 5 miles N.W. of Norwicli. The town- 
 ship borders on the Chenango Canal. Pop. 1668. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a village of Washington co., Ohio, about 16 
 miles W. of Marietta. 
 
 PLY.MOUTH, a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago Lurlington and Quincy Railroad, 41 miles N.E. 
 of Quincy. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-village of Cerro Gordo co.,Iowa, about 
 60 miles N.E. of Dakota. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a township of Plymouth co., Iowa. Pop. 
 105. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a township in the S.W. part of Juneau co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 517. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a township of Hennepin co., Minnesota, 
 about 8 mites W. of St. Anthony. Pop. 393. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a village of Brown co., Kansas, about 44 
 miles N.W. of Atchison. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a post-village of Lyon co., Kansas, on the 
 Cottonwood River, 9 or 10 miles W. of Emporia. 
 
 POCAHONTAS, a village of Chesterfield co., Virginia, on 
 the Appomattox River, opposite Petersburg. 
 
 POCAHONTAS, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennes- 
 see, on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 75 miles E 
 of Memphis. 
 
 POCAHONTAS, a post-village of Baker co., Oregon, in the 
 Tallcy ol Powder River. It has some trade. 
 
 POCKET FLAT, or POKER FLAT, a mining village of 
 Sierra co., California, about 60 miles N.E. of Marysville 
 
 POHO'NO, or BRIDAL VEIL FALL, a cataract in the 
 Xosemite A alley, Mariposa Co., California. Here a small 
 affluent of the Merced PJver, about 40 feet wide, has a ver- 
 tical (all of nearly 900 feet. 
 
 POINT ARENA, a post-village of Mendocina co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Pacific Ocean, about 125 miles N.W. of San 
 Francisco. 
 
 ^'^^^J.^^^^^, a post-village of Adams co , Wisconsin, 
 •"^/^r^^.i"*'""^'" ^'^''^'■' "■^^'- 10 ">''es E. of Mauston. 
 POINT^ONITA is the 3. extremity of Marin co., Call- 
 
 POX 
 
 fori !a. and is on the N. side of the Golden Gate, about 3).^ 
 milts N. of Point Lobos. 
 
 POINT LOBOS, i.e. "Wolves' Point," California, is on 
 the S. side of the Golden Gate, about 6 miles Sv. of San 
 Francisco. 
 
 POINT LOOKOUT, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Mary- 
 land, on the W. sliore of Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of 
 the Potomac River, about 50 miles S. of Annapoli*. 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a township of Warren co., Illinoifl. 
 Pop. 681. 
 
 POINT PLEASANT, a po.st-viliage and township of Har- 
 din CO., Iowa, about 5 miles AV. of Eldora. Pop. 412. 
 
 POINTVILLE, a small post-village of Burlington CO., 
 New Jersey, about 11 miles E. of Mount Holly. 
 
 POKAG'ON, a post-village of Cass co., Michigan, on the 
 Central Rjiilroad, 7 miles N.E. of Niles. 
 
 POKEG AMA, a township of Douglas co., Wisconsin. Pop, 
 272. 
 
 POLAND, a post-village of Clay co., Indiana, 25 miles in 
 a direct line E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 POL.\Nl). a village of Washington CO., Wisconsin, about 
 28 miles W.N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 POL.iND. a village of Chase co., Kansas, on the Cotton- 
 wood River, about 27 miles W. of Emporia. 
 
 POIi.\ND, a post-office of San Joaquin co., California. 
 
 POLK, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, bor- 
 dering on Soutli Carolina, has an area estimated at 300 
 scjuare miles. It is di-.iinod by the Green River and the 
 North Pacolet River. The surface is hillj'. Capital, Colum- 
 bus. Pop. 4043, of whom 620 were slaves. 
 
 POLK, a county in the W.N.W. part of Georgia, bordeiyng 
 on Alabama, contains about 350 square miles. It is drained 
 by Euharlee Creek. The surface is diversifiwi; the soil 
 generally fertile. Capital, Cedar Town. Pop. 6295. 
 
 POLK, a new county in the N.W. part of Minnesota, hor- 
 dering on Dakota, has an area estimated at 6500 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the \Y. by the Red River of the 
 North, on the S.E. by the Mississippi, and also drained by 
 the Red Lake River, and other streams. The greater part 
 of Red Luke, which is about 35 miles long, is included 
 within this county. The surface in some parts is nearly 
 level. The valley of the Red River consists mostly of rich 
 prairies or sparsely wooded plains. Tho Red River is navi- 
 gable on the border of this county. Poj). 240. 
 
 POLK, a county in tiie N W. part of Oregon, has an area 
 of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Willamette River, navigable for steamboats, and on the W. 
 by the Coast Range, or (as one resident of the county says) 
 by the Pacific Ocean. It is drained by tho Rickreal ami 
 Luckamute Rivers, and the South Fork of the Yam Hill. 
 The surface is mostly occujiied by grassy hills, adapted to 
 pasturage, and high mountains covered with forests of flr 
 trees. Tlie county contains some good arable land in the 
 Willamette valley. It is stated that there were 20,000 sheep 
 in this county in 1864. Capital, Dallas. Pop. 3625. 
 
 POLK, a post-village of Asliland co., Ohio, on the Atlan- 
 tic and Greiit Western Railroad, 25 miles N.E. of Mansfield. 
 
 POLK, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. Pop. 756. 
 
 POLK, a township of Marshall co., Indiana. Pop. 8S0. 
 
 POLK, a township of Washington co , Indiana. Pop. 1056. 
 
 POLK, a township of lienton co., Iowa. Pop. 916. 
 
 POLK, a town.-ihip of Bremer co., Io*va. Pop. 506. 
 
 POLK, a township of Jetferson co., Iowa. Pop. 1130. 
 
 POLK, a township of Marion CO., Iowa. Pop. 641. 
 
 POLK, a township of Taylor CO., Iowa. Pop. 331. 
 
 POLK, a township of Wapello co Iowa. Pop. 846. 
 
 POLK CITY, a post-village of Poik co., Iowa, on or near 
 the Des Moines River, about 16 miles N. by W. of De« 
 Moines. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey, 
 about 10 miles N. by E. of Belvidere. 
 
 POLKVILLE, a small post-village of Columbia co., Penn~ 
 sylvanin, about 18 miles N. of Bloomsburg. 
 
 POLLOCK, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania 
 Pop. 2096. 
 
 POLO, a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, on the Central 
 Railroad, 22 miles S. of Freeport. 
 
 I'OMARIA, a post-village of Newberry district. South 
 Carolimi, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 32 miles 
 N.W. of Columbia. 
 
 POMONA, a mining village of Boisee CO., Idaho, is situ- 
 ated between Idaho City and Centreville, and about 33 miles 
 N.E. of Boisee City. 
 
 PONCAH, a post-township of Dixon co., Nebraska. Pop. 
 101. 
 
 PONTIAC. a post-village of Erie co., New York, about ii2 
 miles S. by W. of Buftalo. 
 
 PONTIAC, a post-village of Huron co., 0^,=-^. nn the San- 
 dusky Mansfield and Newark Railroad, 19 .lalet S. of San- 
 dusky. 
 
 P0NTI.4C, Ohio, a station on the Dayton an-^ Michigan 
 Railroad, 6 miles N. of I'iqua. • 
 
 PONTIAC, a po.st-town, capital of Livingston CO., Illinois, 
 situ.ited on the Vermilion River, and on the Chi.'flgo Alton 
 and St. Louis Rjxilroad, 90 miles S.W. of Chicago. I., con- 
 
POO 
 
 tains a court-house, 4 chnrcheg, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and several flouring-mills. Pop. in 1860, 733; in 1865, about 
 1800. 
 
 POOL, a post-village of Midland co., Michigan, on the 
 Tittibawassee Kiver, about 33 miles W.N.W. of Bay City. 
 
 POPE, a county in the N.W. central part of Arkansas, has 
 an area of about 900 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the S. by the Arkansas P.iver, and also drained by tlie Big 
 Piney and Illinois Creeks. The surfrice is somewhat diver- 
 sified. Capital, Norristown. Pop. 7S83, of whom 978 were 
 slaves. 
 
 POPE, a new county in the W. central p.art of Minnesota, 
 has an area of 720 square miles. It is drained by the Med- 
 icine Bank or Chippewa River, and contains numerous 
 small lakea. The surface is nearly level; the soil is fertile. 
 Pope county contains extensive prairies, and probably no 
 dense forests. The census of 1860 furnishes no information 
 respecting this county. 
 
 POPLAR BLUKF, a post-village, capital of Butler CO., 
 Missouri, on Big Black River, about 130 miles in a direct 
 line S. of St. Louis. 
 
 POPLAR GROVE, a station on the Indianapolis and Cin- 
 cinnati Railroad, in Marion co., Indiana, 5 miles S.E. of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 POPLAR GROVE, a post-village of Boone co.. Illinois, on 
 the Kenosha and Rockford Railroad, 16 miles E.N.E. of 
 Rockford. 
 
 PORTAGE, a township or mining district of Houghton 
 CO., Michigan, on Portage Lake, contains copper mines. 
 Pop. 171.3. 
 
 PORT ALLEN, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, on the 
 Iowa River, about 6 miles above the mouth of the Red 
 Cedar River, and about 19 miles W.S.W. of Muscatine. 
 
 PORT ANGELOS (an'jenloce), a post-village of Clallam 
 CO., Washington Territory, on tlie S. side of the Strait of 
 Juan de Fuca, about 100 miles N. by W. of Olympia. The 
 custom-house at this place was swept away by a flood in 
 December, 1863. 
 
 PORT AUSTIN, a post-village of Huron co., Michigan, 
 on Lake Huron, about 60 miles E.N.E of Bay City. 
 
 PORTER, a township of Freeborn co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 141. 
 
 PORTERSVILLE, a post-village of Dubois co., Indiana, 
 on the East Fork of ^Vhite River, about 37 miles E.S.E. of 
 Vincennes. 
 
 PORT HOPE, a post-village of Huron co., Michigan, on 
 Lake Huron, about 8 miles N.N.W. of Sand Beach. 
 
 PORTLAND [continued from page 1622]. 
 of tirst-<:liiss steamers from I'ortland to New York, Boston, 
 Bangor, and St. John. New Brunswick; also a weekly line 
 in winter to Liverpool. Total valuation of estates in the 
 city, 1864, $20,954,000. Annual average of deaths. 1 to 47 
 of the population. Principal articles of exportation, sugar- 
 box shocks, deals and all kinds of lumber, hoops, heading 
 and hogshead shooks. Fish purchased in 1804, 50,000 bar- 
 rels mackerel, 10,000 barrels herring, 65,000 quintals dry 
 fish, 130,000 boxes smoked herring, halibut, salmon, cod, 
 &o. ; pork and beef, potatoes, hay, butter, cheese, dried 
 apples, and other produce. The city is lighted with gas, 
 and abundantly supplied with pure water. The city is con- 
 sidered remarkably hetilthy, never having been visited by 
 the cholera, even when thiit disease raged fearfully in other 
 neighboring cities. 
 
 Portland was settled by an English colony in 1632. Its 
 Indian name was Machigonne. During the wars in which 
 the colonies were involved with the Indians, the Frtnch, 
 and the mother oounti-y, this town sulfored the severest 
 disasters: three times it was entirely destroyed. Since tiie 
 Revolution, it has steadily increased in wealth and popula- 
 tion. The city charter was granted in 1832. I'op. in 1830, 
 12,601 ; in 1840, 15,218 ; in 1850, 20,815 ; in 1860, 26,342. 
 
 PORTLAND, a village of Jackson CO., Ohio, on the Ports- 
 mouth Branch Railroad, about 30 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. 
 PORTLAND, a post-village of Meigs Co., Ohio, on tlie 
 Ohio River, about 16 miles E. of Pomeroy. 
 
 Portland, a post-township of Dodge CO., Wisconsin, 
 about 25 miles E.N.E. of Madison. Pop. 1313. 
 
 PORTLAND, a township in the S. part of Monroe CO., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 227. 
 
 PORTLAND, a post-village of Houston co., Minnesota, 
 about 40 miles S. of Winona, and 1 or 2 miles from the N. 
 line of Iowa. 
 
 PORTLAND, a village of St. Louis co., Minnesota, on the 
 W. shore of Lake Superior, about 7 miles N. of Superior 
 City. 
 
 I'ORTLAND, the most populous and commercial town 
 of Oregon, and capital of Multnomah county, is situated on 
 tne left (W.) bank of the Willamette River, 15 miles from 
 its mouth, 50 miles N. by E. of Salem, and 642 miles by sea 
 N. from San Francisco. Lat. 45° 30' N.,lon. 122° 27' 30" W. 
 It is at the head of ship navication. Three steamers per 
 montt ply between this place and San Francisco. It con- 
 tains several churches, j academy, an asylum for the insane, 
 1 national baiik, u nuiabe- of wholesale stores, 3 book stores, 
 
 POT • 
 
 2 assay offices, and the Oregon Iron Works. One daily ant 
 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1800 
 2874 : in 1864, about 4500. 
 
 PORT LOUISA, a post-village and township of Louisa co., 
 Iowa. The village is on the Mississippi River, 6 miles N.E. 
 of Wapello, and 15 miles below Muscatine. Pop. C()7. 
 
 PORT LUDLOW, a post-village of Jefferson CO., Washing- 
 ton Territory, on Admiralty Inlet, 16 miles S. of Port 
 'Townsend. Pop. in 1860, 124. 
 
 PORT MADISON, a post-village, capital of Kitsap co., 
 Washington Territory, situated on the W. shore of Admiralty 
 Inlet, 77 miles N.N.E. of Olympia. It has 2 saw-mills, and 
 1 found.-y. Pop. 188. 
 
 POUT MERCER, a post-village of Mercer co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Raritan Canal, and on the New Jersey Railroad, 
 about 4 miles S.W. of Princeton. 
 
 PORT MONMOUTH, a post-village of Monmouth co.. 
 New Jeisey, situated on the Karitan Bay (or Lower Bayi, 
 21 miles S. of New York city, and at the N. terminus of the 
 Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, which extends to Phi- 
 ladelphia. It contains 2 churches, and several stores, and 
 is improving. Pop. about 400. 
 
 I'ORT ORCHARD, a post-village of Kitsap co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, on Admiralty Inlet, about 65 miles N. by E. 
 ofOIymiiia. It ha.s 1 saw-mill. Pop. 47. 
 
 PORT ORFORD, a post-village of Curry co., Oregon, on 
 the Pacific Ocean, 30 miles N. of Ellensburg, and 338 miles 
 by sea from San Francisco. It has 1 or 2 stores, and a saw- 
 mill. P»p. in 1^60, 146. 
 
 PORT PERRY, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Monougahela River, and on a railroad 11 miles 
 S.E. of I'ittsburg. 
 
 PORT RICHMOND, or RICHMOND, a post-village of 
 Wapello CO., Iowa, on the right bank of the Des Moines 
 River, nearly opposite Ottumwa. The name of the post- 
 office is Port Richmond. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, Pennsylvania, a station on the Pittsburg 
 and Connellsville Railroad, 37 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, South Carolina, an entrance or channel 
 by which Broad River communicates with the Atlantic, 
 between the islands of Hilton Head and St. Helena. Hei-o 
 is a good harbor for large vessels. Port Royal is also the 
 name of an island which forms part of Beaufort district, and 
 contains the town of Beaufort. It is about 10 miles N.N.W. 
 of Port Roval entrance. 
 
 PORT SANILAC, a post-village of Sanilac co., Michigan, 
 on Lake Huron, about 24 miles N. of Lexington. Accord- 
 ing to one map it is only 12 miles from Lexington. 
 
 PORT SHELDON, a village of Ottawa CO., Michigan, on 
 Lake Michigan, .about 12 miles S. of Grand Haven. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, a village of AUegan CO., Michigan, on 
 Lake .Michigan, at the mouth of Black River. 
 
 PORT SULLIVAN, a post-vilhigeof Milam co., Texas, on 
 the right bank of the Brazos River, about 80 miles E.N.E. 
 of Austin City. 
 
 PORT TO \VNSEND, a post-village, port of clearance, and 
 capital of Jefferson Co., \Vashington Territory, is situated 
 on Port Townsend Bay, about 100 miles N. of Olympia. 
 Lat. 4S° 7' N. It has 1 church, and 4 or 5 general stores. 
 Pop. 264. 
 
 PORT TREVERTON, a post-village of Snyder co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna River and Caual, 42 miles N. 
 of ILirrisliurg. 
 
 PORT WALTHALL, a village of Chesterfield CO., Virgi- 
 nia, on the Api)oniattox River, about 7 miles below Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 PU!!T WILLIAM, a post-village of Atchison CO., Kansas, 
 on the Missouri River, about 15 miles by land N.W. of 
 Leavenworth. 
 
 PORT WINE, a mining post-village of Sierra co., Califor- 
 nia, 16 miles N. of Downieville. It has 1 church, 2 stone 
 stores, 2 hotels, &c. Pop. variously estimated from 350 to 750. 
 
 POSEY, a township of Harrison co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River. I'op. 1740. 
 
 POSTON, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, on the 
 Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 56 miles W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 I'OTOSI, a post-township of Linn co., Kansas, 20 miles N. 
 of Fort Scott, and 3 miles W. of the State of Missouri. Pop. 
 1156. 
 
 POTOSI, a mining-camp of Sierra CO., California, 1 mile 
 from Howland Flat, and about 25 miles N. of Downieville. 
 It hiis 1 church, and 2 mining-ditches. Pop. 300. 
 
 POTTAWATTOMIE, or POTAWATOMIE, a county in 
 the N.E. part of Kans;is. Area estimated at 750 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Kansas River, and 
 on the W. by the Big Blue River. It is drained by the 
 Vermilion and Rock Creeks. The surface is somewhat 
 diversified, the soil is fertile. Timber is produced in the 
 vicinity of the creeks above named. Capitiil, Louisville. 
 Pop. 1529. 
 
 POTTAWATTOMIE, a township of Coffey co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 156. 
 
 POTTAWATTOMIE, a township of Franklin CO., Kansas. 
 Pop. 467. 
 
 2279 
 
• POT 
 
 POTTER, a village of Calumet co., Wisconsin, about 24 
 miles W. of Manitowoc. 
 
 POULTXEY, pOlt'nee, a post-village of Delaware co., 
 Iowa, about 33 miles W. by N. of Dubuque. 
 
 POVERTY BAR, a post-village of Calaveras co., Califor- 
 nia, on me Mokelumne River, about 32 miles N.E. of 
 Stockton. 
 
 POWDER RIVER, a small river in the S.E. part of Mon- 
 tana, is an affluent of the Yellowstone. Its direction is 
 northward. 
 
 POWELL, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky. 
 It is intersected by the Red River. The surface is hilly. 
 Capital, Stanton. Pop. 2257, of whom 125 were slaves. 
 
 POWELLTON, a post-village of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina, about 95 miles AV.S.AV. of Riileigh. 
 
 POWESHIEK, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 875. 
 
 POWHATAN. Virginia, a station on the Richmond and 
 Danville Railroad, 22 miles W. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 POWIIATTAN, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, about 
 SS miles N.K. of Dayton. 
 
 PO^VHATTAN, a post-village of Brown co., Kansas, about 
 •15 miles N. of Topeka. 
 
 POAVHOCCO, a post-village of Calhoun co., Nebra-ska, 
 near the right bank of the Platte River, about 33 miles W. 
 by N. of Omaha City. 
 
 POYGAN, or POYGAM, a post-town-ship of "Winnebago 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the South side of Pauwaicuu Lake, about 
 28 miles N.W. of Fond du Lac. Pop. C13. 
 
 POYNER, a township of Black Hawk co., leva. Pop. 
 391. 
 
 POYSIPPI, a township of Waushara co., Wisconsin, on 
 Pauwaicuu Lake, about 20 miles W. by N. of Oshkosh. 
 Pop. 3>i4. 
 
 POYSIPPI, a post-village of Waushara co., Wisconsin, on 
 Pine River, about 12 miles N. of Berlin. It has 1 saw- 
 mill, 1 rakt^factory, and 15 houses. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1075. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a post-township of Tipton co., Indiana, about 
 42 miles N. of Indianapolis. I'op. 1247. 
 
 I'RAIRIE, a township of Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 564. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township of White co., Indiawi. Pop. 659. 
 
 PR.^IRIE, a township of Edgar co., Illinois. Pop. 711. 
 
 PR.AIRTE, a township of Hancock co., Illinois. Pop. 575. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township of Shelby co., Illinois. Pop. 399. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 538. 
 
 PRAIRIE, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 131. 
 
 PRAIRIE,, a post-village of Yolo Co., Cahforuia, 10 miles 
 N.W. of Wooilland. 
 
 PRAIRIE CITY, the capital of Cumberland co., Illinois, 
 situated about 16 miles S.S.E. of Mattoou, and 100 miles E. 
 S.E. of Springfield. Pop. 1199. 
 
 PRAIRIE CITY, a post-township nnd village of McDo- 
 nough CO.. Illinois, on the Chicago Burlington and Quiucy 
 Railroad, 23 miles S. by W. of Galesburg. Pop. 77u. 
 
 PRAIRIE CITi'. a village of Bates co., Missouri, about 15 
 miles S.S.E. of Butler. 
 
 PR.4.IRIE CITY, a post-village of Douglas co., Kansas, 
 about 15 miles S. of Lawrence. 
 
 PRAIRIK CllEliK, a post-township of Vigo co., Indiana, 
 on the \Vabash River, about 15 miles below Terre Haute. 
 Pop. 1343 
 
 PRAIRIE CREEK, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. 
 Pop. M5. 
 
 PRAIRIE DU SAC, a post-village of Sauk co., Wisconsin, 
 situated on the right bank of the Wisconsin River (here 
 crossed by a bridge 1430 fc^et long), 25 miles W.N.W. of 
 Madison, and 14 miles S. of Baraboo. It has I church, 1 
 academy, 5 dry-goods stores, and 1 steam flour-mill. Pop. 
 about 600. Pop. of Prairie du Sac township 1878. 
 
 PREBLE, a post-township of Brown co., Wisconsin, is 
 immediately E. of the City of Green Bay, and at the mouth 
 of Fox River. Pop. 560. 
 
 PREBLE, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota. Pod 
 400. ^ 
 
 PRENTICE, a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, on the 
 railroad connecting Jacksonville with Petersburg, 12 miles 
 N.E. of the former. 
 
 PRENTISS, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine 
 about 60 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 226. ' 
 
 PREXTIS-*, a post-village of Bolivar co, Mississippi, on 
 the Mi.Missippi River, about 126 miles N.N.W. of Jaclvson 
 
 PRESCOTT, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, about 
 Smiles S.S.W. of Shelby ville. 
 
 PRESCOTT, a post-to'wn, capital of Pierce co., Wisconsin 
 situated on the N. bank of the Mississippi River, just below 
 the mouth of the St. Croix, al)Out 30 miles below' S;iint Paul 
 and 18 miles N W. of Red Wing. Minnesota. It contains i 
 bank, numerous mills, warehouses, and manufactories. A 
 large quantity of wheat is shipped here in steamboats Pod 
 in l-ii'iO. 10:U. ^' 
 
 PRESCOTT, a post-township of Faribault co., Minnesota, 
 about 32 miles S. by W. of Maukato. Pop. 8. 
 
 PRE.SCOTT. a post-village, cai)ital of Ariaona, and seat 
 of justice for Yavajjai co., is picturesquely situated among 
 
 PRO 
 
 the Pine Mountains, about 140 miles E. of the Colorado 
 River, and 500 miles S. of Salt Lake Citv. Lat. about 34° 
 7' N , Ion. about 112° 20' W. It is built of wood, and in- 
 habited mostly by persons who removed from California 
 and Colorado. There are mines of gold and i-ilver in the 
 vicinity. The first house in Prescott was built ia June, 
 1864. 
 
 PRESIDENT, a village nnd town.ship of Venaneo co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left (S ) bank of the Alleghany River, 
 about 15 miles above Oil City. It contiiins 1 large hotel. 
 Here are several oil wells. Total population, 512. 
 
 PRE-^QUK ISLE, a post-village and township of Aroo- 
 stook CO.. Maine, neiir the Aroostook River, about 150 mileg 
 N. by E. of Bangor. Pop. 723. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village, capital of Webster co., Georgia, 
 about 4o miles >.S.E. of Columbus. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village of Yallobusha co., Mississippi, 
 about l.'i miles N.N.W. of Grenada. 
 
 PRESTON, a village of Whaitoa co., Texas, about 77 
 miles W. of Galveston. 
 
 PRESTON, a village of Muskingum co.. Ohio, on tha 
 Muskingum River, about 17 miles N. by E. of Zanesville. 
 
 PlfESTON, a post-village of Randolph co., Illinois, about 
 32 miles S. by E. of Bellville. 
 
 PRESTON, a township of Richland co., Illinois. Pop. 887. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village of Jasper co., Missouii, on 
 Muddy Creek, about 65 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 PRESTON, a township in the E. part of Trempealeau co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 206. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village and township, capitjil of Fill- 
 more CO., Minnesotii, situated on a small afl[luent of Root 
 River, about 33 miles S.E. of Rochester, and 44 miles from 
 the Mississippi ]{iver, at La Crosse. It is surrounded by a 
 rich larming country, in which timber is abundant. Pop 
 in 1860, 751. 
 
 PRESTON, a post-village of Marin co.. California, on oi 
 near the sea, 30 miles N.W, of San Ralael, 
 
 PRICKLY PE.AR, a mining district of Montana Ten-itory, 
 near the E. base of the Rocky Mountains, a few miles W 
 of the Missouri River, and about 130 miles N. of Vii-ginia 
 City, Gold is found here on Prickly Pear Ireek. 
 
 PRIMROSE, a post-village of Lewis co,, Missouri, about 
 27 miles W,N.W. of Quincy, Illinois. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-village of Lawrence co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 8 miles K,S E, of Newcastle. 
 
 I'RINCETON, a village of Coshocton co., Ohio., about 34 
 miles N. bv W. of Zanesville. 
 
 PRINCETON, a township of White co., Indiana. Pop. 659. 
 
 PRINCETON, a township of Scott co., Iowa, is bounded 
 N. by the Wapsipinicon River, and E. by the Mississippi. 
 Pop., including the village of Princeton, 1423. 
 
 J'RINCETON, a post-villa;re of Scott CO., Iowa, is plea- 
 s.intly situated on the Mississippi River, 21 miles above 
 Davenport. It contains 2 churches, several stores, 1 flour- 
 ing-mill, 2 saw-mills, &c. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 PRINCETON, a thriving post-village of Green Lake co., 
 Wisconsin, on Fox River, about 90 miles N.W. of Milwau- 
 kee, and 13 miles S.W. of Berlin. It has a good water- 
 power, 1 flouring-mill, and several stores. Pop. about 600; 
 pop. of Princeton township, 1489. 
 
 PRINCETON, a small village, capital of Mille Lacs co., 
 Minnesota, on Rum River, about 60 miles in a direct line 
 N.W. of Saint Paul. 
 
 PRINCETON, a village of AVinona co., Minnesota, 10 or 
 11 miles W.N.W. of Winona. 
 
 PRiNCETON, a post-village of Johnson co., Kansas, 
 about 32 miles S. of Leavenworth. 
 
 PRINCETON, a post-village of Colusa co., California, on 
 the Sacramento River, 15 miles N of Colusa. 
 
 PRINCEVILLE, a post-villago in Princeville township, 
 Peoria Co., Illinois, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Peoria. Pop. 
 estimated at 600; of the township in 1860, 1234. 
 
 PROMISE CITY, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa, 9 or 
 10 miles E. of Corydon. 
 
 PROSPECT, a village of York Co., Pennsylvania, near the 
 Susqueh.inna RiviT, about 13 miles K. of York. 
 
 PROSPECT, a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, about 
 44 miles N.E. of 1 ndianapolis. 
 
 PROSPECT DEPOT, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee, 
 on the Niishville and Decatur Railroad, 91 miles S. of Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 PROSPECT HILL, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa, about 25 
 miles N.N.E. of Iowa City. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a township of Lancaster co., Penusvlvania, 
 about 8 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster. Pop. 1810. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a iwst-village of Mecklenburg co., North 
 Carolina, about 15 miles S.S.E. of Charlotte. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a village of Fayette CO., Kentucky, on a 
 railroad, 7 miles S, bv W, of Lexington, 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a village of Clarke co., Indiana, 18 miles 
 by railroad N.N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 PROVI DENCE, a township of Hardin Co., Iowa. Pop. 695. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, 'i miles 
 S. of Logan. 
 
 PROVISO, a post-township of Cook co., Illinoii, about 10 - 
 
PRO 
 
 KAN 
 
 miles 'W. of Cliicagro, is intersected by the DesPlalnes River. 
 Pop. T26S. 
 
 PKOVO CITY, a post-town, capital of Utah CO., Utah, is 
 gituated on the Timpanogos, or Piovo River, 2i^ miles E. 
 of its entrance into Utjih Lake, 45 miles S.S.E. of Salt Lake 
 City, and aliout 2 miles W. of the base of the Wasatch 
 Mountain Range. It contains 1 church, 1 seminary, 1 the- 
 atre, 1 town-hall, 3 flouring mills, 2 saw-mills, 3 tanneries, 
 &c. The river affords aliundant water-power here. Pop 
 in 1860, 2030; in 1865, about 3300. 
 
 PUEBLO, pweb'lo, a county in the S.E. central part of 
 Colorado, has an area of about 1400 square mile.'!. It is inter- 
 sected by the Arkansas River, and also drained by Squirrel 
 Creek, and other small streams. 
 
 PUEBLO, or PUEBLA, a post-village of Pueblo co., Colo- 
 rado, situated on the Arksmsas River, about 120 miles S. of 
 Denver. 
 
 PULASKI, a post-village and township of Lawrence co , 
 Pennsylvania. The village is on Beaver River, and on the 
 Erie aiid Pittsburg Railroad. 9 or 10 miles N.N.W. of New- 
 castle. Total population 1270. 
 
 PUL.\SKI,a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, about 8 miles 
 S.E. of Bloomfleld. 
 
 PUNJ.\B, or PUNJAUB, a post-ofSce of St. Genevieve 
 CO., Missouri, about 50 miles S. of St. Lotus. 
 
 PURGATORY RITER, Huerfano co., Colorado, is au 
 nfiluent of the Arkansas. Its direction is nearly northeast 
 ward. 
 
 PUSIIETA, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 1280 
 
 PUTAII, Solano Co., California. See Silveyville. 
 
 PUTAH CREEIi, California, an affluent of the Sacrar 
 mento, rises in Lake co , ilows southeastward through Napa 
 county, and forms the boundiiry between Solano and Yolo 
 counties. 
 
 PUTNAM, a post-village and township of Windham co., 
 Connecticut. The village is on the Quinebaug liiver, and 
 the .Norwich and Woicester Railroad, 34 miles N.N.E. of 
 Norwich. It contains 4 churches, 1 national Umk, 1 news- 
 paper office, 3 cotton factories, and 2 woollen factoriei'. 
 Pop. fif township 2722. 
 
 PUTNAM, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1026. 
 
 PUTNAM, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa, about 5C 
 miles N. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 PUTNAM, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 5S0. 
 
 PUTNAM, a post-village of Winona co., Minnesota, oi 
 Minneska River, about 16 miles S.S.E. of Wabasha, and 5 
 miles from the Mississippi River. 
 
 PYRMONT, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, about 
 16 miles W. by N. of Dayton. 
 
 Q. 
 
 QUARTZBURG, a mining village of Mariposa co., Cali- 
 fornia, about 40 miles S. by E. of Sonora. It has 1 
 quartz-n)ill. 
 
 QUEBEC, a post-office of Ilardin co., Iowa, about 68 miles 
 N.N.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 QUEEN CITY, a post-village of Adams co., Iowa, about 
 26 nnl.'s N. of Bedford. Pop. 212. 
 
 QUEKNSTOWN, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 18 miles N.N.W. of ICittanning. Pop. 119. 
 
 QUEENS VIJjLK, a post-office of Jennings co., IndianiU, 
 on the Indianapolis and Madison Railroad, 28 miles N.W. 
 of Madison. 
 
 QUINOY, a post-office of Lewis co., Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio River, 9 or 10 miles below i'ortsmouth, Ohio. 
 
 QUINCY, a station on the Chicago and Great Eastern 
 Railroad, on the line between Madison and Tipton counties, 
 Indiana, 43 miles S.E. of Logansport. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-village of Owen co., Indiana, on the 
 Louisville New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 25 miles N. 
 N.W. of Bloomington. 
 
 QUINCY. a post-village of Hickory co., Missouri, about 
 20 miles S. by W. of Warsaw. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-village, capital of Adams co., Iowa, on 
 or near a branch of the Nodaway River, about 90 miles S. 
 
 W. of Des Moines. Pop. in 1865, about 225. Pop. of Quincy 
 township in 18C0, 451. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-village of Adams co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wisconsin River, about 70 miles N.N.W. of Madison. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-village in Quincy township, Olmstead 
 CO., Minnesota, about 20 miles E. of Rochester. Pop. of 
 township 576. 
 
 QUINCY, a post-village, capital of Plumas co., California, 
 is situated in American Valley, which is surrounded by 
 high mountains, about 250 milejs N.N.E. of Siin J-'rancisco. 
 It contains a court-house, a school, a newspaper office, and 
 about 100 dwellings. Gold is found here. Pop. in 1S60, 192. 
 
 QUINDAUO, a post-village and township of Wyandot 
 CO., Kansas. The village is on the Mis.souri River, about 6 
 miles above Kansas City, and 20 miles below Leavenworth. 
 Total population, 689. 
 
 QUITMAN, a county in the W. S.W. part of Georgia, bor- 
 dering on Alabama, contains about 175 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the Chattahoochee River, and inter- 
 sected by Pataula Creek. The surface is nearly level, and 
 partly covered by forests of pine. Pop. 349.». 
 
 QUITMAN, a post-village of Nodaway county, Missouri, 
 on the Nodaway River, about 46 miles N. by W. of St. 
 Joseph. 
 
 E. 
 
 RACELAND, a post-village of Lafourche Parish, Loui- 
 siana, on the New Orleans and Opelousas Riulroad, 40 
 miles W.S.W. of New Orleans. 
 
 RACINE [continued from page 1560]. 
 sippi Railroad liaving its lake terminus at this place, extends 
 142 miles to the .Mississippi River at S;ivanna, Illinois. This 
 company builds all its cars at Racine, employing a large 
 numiior ofmechanics. The Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad 
 passes through this city. First settled in 1835, incorporated 
 as a city in 1848. Pop. in 1850, 5111 ; in 1860, 7822 ; iu 1865, 
 about 10.000. 
 
 RACINE, a post-village of Meigs Co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, about 8 miles S.E. of Pomeroy. 
 
 RACINK, a township of Mower co., Minnesota. Pop.S61. 
 
 R.\CINE, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, Pop. 
 1050. 
 
 RACOON, a township of Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 1144. 
 
 RACOON RIVER, Wisconsin, a small stream which 
 flows through the N.W. part of Vernon county into the 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 R.\DNOR, a township of Peoria co., Illinois. Pop. 1109. 
 
 RAGLAN, a township of Harrison CO., Iowa. Pop. 284. 
 
 RAir.RO.A.D, a township of Stark co., Indiana. Pop. 231. 
 
 RAINIKK, a poi-t-villaire of Columbia co., Oregon, on the 
 Coliunbia River, about 20 miles below St. Helen. It has a 
 steam saw-mill. Pop. 85. 
 
 RAlSINVILt.E, a village of Lenawee co., Michigan, on 
 the Raisin River, 5 or 6 miles N.E. of Adrian. 
 
 RALKIGH, a village of Monroe co., Michigan, about 36 
 Viiles S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 RAMESSA. a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on or near 
 the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, about 24 miles 
 N. by E. of Davenport, and 8 miles W. of the Mississippi 
 River. 
 
 RAMSEY, a post-village and township of Favette co., 
 Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 13 miles N. of Vandalia. 
 Poi). 1086, 
 
 RAMSEY, a township of Anoka co.. Minnesota, on the 
 Mississippi River. Pop. 192. 
 
 RAMSEY, a village of Isanti co., Minnesota, on Rum 
 River, about 20 miles N. of Anoka. 
 
 RAND.iLL, a post-office of Hamilton co., Iowa, about 50 
 miles N. of Des Moines. 
 
 RANDALL, a township in the W. part of Kenosha co., 
 Wisconsion. Pop. 662. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-village of Bibb co., Alabama, on the 
 Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad, 40 miles N. of 
 Selma. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-village of Houston co., Texas, about 
 120 miles N. of Houston. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-village of Metcalf co., Kentucky, 
 about 44 miles E. of Bowling Green. 
 
 R.\NDOLPH, a township of Ohio co., Indiana, on thg 
 Ohio River, just below Rising Sun. Pop. 1.583. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-village in Randolph township, Mc- 
 Lean CO., Illinois, on the Central Rjiilroad, 10 miles S. of 
 Bloomington. Pop. of township, 1386. 
 
 RANDOLPIL a village of Clay CO., Mi-ssouri. on the N. 
 bank of the Missouri River, 6 or 7 miles, below Kansas 
 City, and 30 miles by land S.E. of Weston. 
 
 KANDOLl'H, a post-village of Columbia CO., Wisconsin, 
 on the Ilor-con and Portage City Riulroad, 24 miles E. of 
 Portage City. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a sm.all township of Dakota co., Minnesota, 
 on Cannon River, about 16 miles S. by W. of Hastings 
 PcJj), ISfi. 
 
 RANDOLPH, a post-village of Riley co., Kansas, on or 
 near the Big Blue River, about 22 miles N.N.W. of Man- 
 hattan. 
 
 R.\NDOLPII, a post-village of Coos co., Oregon, on the 
 Pacific Ocean, 15 miles S. by W. of Empire City. Pop. of 
 Randolph Precinct, 110. 
 
 RAN(iELY. a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about 
 36 miles N.W. of Farmingtoa. Pop. 238. 
 
 2281 
 
RAN 
 
 RANSOM, a post-village and township of Hillsdale co., 
 Miclilfrai , about 30 miles W. S.W. of Adrian. Pop. 1154. 
 
 RAXTOUL, a post-village in Rantoul township, Cliam- 
 paign CO., Illinois, on the Central Railroad (Chicago Branch), 
 114 miles S. by AV. of Chicago. 
 
 KAXTOUL, a township in the E. part of Calumet co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 378. 
 
 KANTOUL, a post-office of Franklin co., Kansas. 
 
 RAPIDAN STATION, a post-office of Culpepper Co., 
 Virginia, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, where it 
 crosses the lUpidan River, 5 miles N. by E. of Orange 
 Court-IIouso. 
 
 RAPIOS, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 85^. 
 
 RARITAN, a post-village of Henderson CO., Illinois, about 
 20 miles S.K. of Burlington, Iowa. Pop. 42. 
 
 RATHBONE, a township of Steuben co.. New York, in- 
 tersected liy the Canisteo River, and the Erie Railroad, con- 
 tains P.athboneville. Pop. loSl. 
 
 RATTLESNAKE BAR, a post-village of Placer co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Middle Fork of the American River, 7 miles 
 S. of Auburn. It has 2 stores. 
 
 RAVENNA, a post-village and township of Muskegon 
 CO., Michigan. The village is on Crockery Creek, about 23 
 miles N.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 367. 
 
 R.\.VEXNA, or RAVANNA, a post-village and township 
 of Mercer CO., Missouri, about 95 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 Pop. i'oO. 
 
 RAVENNA, a mining village of Los Angeles co., Cali- 
 fornia, 45 miles N. of Los Angeles. 
 
 R.4.VENNA, a post-village of Cass co., Nebraska, about 22 
 miles N.W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 RAVENSWOOD, a village of San Mateo co., California, 
 on the Bay of San Francisco, about 10 miles E. of Redwood 
 City. 
 
 RATVLINSVILLE, a post-village of Lanovster co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 15 miles S. of Lancaster. 
 ' R.4WS0N, a village of Hancock co., Ohio, about 10 miles 
 S.AV. of Findlay. 
 
 RAAVSONVILLE, a po.«t-village of VTayne co., Michigan, 
 on Huron River, about 28 miles W. by S. of Detroit. It 
 has 2 mills. 
 
 RAY, a post-village of Macomb co., Michigan, on the N. 
 Fork of Clinton River, about 35 miles N. by E. of Detroit. 
 
 R.A.Y, a township of Morgan CO., Indiana. Pop. 1374. 
 
 RAYiMOND, a post-village of Black Hawk co.. Iowa, 
 on the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad, 6 miles E. of 
 Waterloo. 
 
 RAYSVILLE, a post-village of Jackson co., Ohio, on the 
 Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 19 miles S.E. of Cidllicothe. 
 
 READ, a post-township of Clayton co., Iowa, about 3 
 miles E. of El Kader. Pop. 734. 
 
 READFIELD DEPOT, a post-village of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, on the Maine Central Railroad, 9 or 10 miles W.N.W. 
 of Autrusta. 
 
 READING, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, about 11 
 miles W. S.W. of Salem. 
 
 READING, a post-village of Hillsdale co., Michigan, about 
 43 miles W. by S. of Adrian. 
 
 RE.\DING, a village of Shasta co., California, on the 
 Sacramento River, about 18 miles N. of Red Bluff. 
 
 READING VILLE, a village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 
 on Stony Creek, about 35 miles S.W. of Detroit. 
 
 READSTOWN, or REED'S TOWN, a post-village of Ver- 
 non CO., Wisconsin, on the Kickapoo River, about 11 miles 
 S.S.W. of Viroqua. 
 
 READSVILLE, or REEDSVILLE, a post-village of Calla- 
 way CO., Missouri, about 33 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 RECTORVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., IlUnois, 
 about 90 miles S.S.E. of Vandalia. 
 
 RED BLUFF, a township of Tehama Co., California, con- 
 tains or adjoins the village of Red Bluff. Pop. 1391. 
 
 RED BI.UFF, a post-village, capital of Tehama co., Cali- 
 fornia, situated on the Sacramento River, at the head of 
 navigation, 240 miles above Sacramento. The leg-al distance 
 from the same city by the road is 145 miles. Steamboats 
 ascend the river to this point in all seasons of the year. 
 Red Bluff contains one fine church, an academy, a news- 
 paper office, 1 sash and door factory, &c. Grain and wool 
 are shipped at this place which is surrounded by a country 
 adapted to wool-growing. Pop. in 1865, about 1500. 
 
 RED BUD. a post-village of Randolph co„ Illinois, about 
 24 miles S. of Belleville. 
 
 RED BUD, a post-village of Ozark co., Missouri, on a 
 branch or fork of While River, about 55 miles E S.E. of 
 Bprincfield. 
 
 REDDING, a post-village of Ringgold co., Iowa, on the 
 We>t Fork of Grand River, about 7 miles W. of Mount A j^r. 
 
 RED DOG, a post-village of Nevada co., California, about 
 40 miles R. of Marysville. It has 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 REDFIELD, a post-village of Dallas co., Iowa, on the 
 South Racoon River, about 33 miles W. of Des Moines. 
 
 RKD.MAN, a post-village of Tama co., Iowa, on Salt 
 Creek, about 87 miles W. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 RED OAK, a |iost-village and township of Cedar co 
 Iowa, about 6 miles N. of Tiptou. Pop. 553. ' 
 
 21:82 
 
 REN 
 
 RED OAK, a township of Montgomery co., Iowa. PrOk. 
 
 207. 
 
 RED ROCK, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 900. 
 
 RED KOCK, a township of Mower co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 222. 
 
 REDSTONE, a village of Nicollet co., Minnesota, en the 
 Minnesota River, 4 or 5 miles below Ntw Ulm. 
 
 RED VERMILION, a township of Nemaha CO., Kansas. 
 Pop. 272. 
 
 RED WING, a post-village, capital of Goodhue co., Min- 
 nesota, is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi 
 River, just below the mouth of the Cannon River, 6 miles 
 above Lake Pepin, and 45 miles by land, or 55 by water, be- 
 low St. Paul. It is the scat of an institution named Uani- 
 line University, and contains 7 churches, 1 bank, 2 news- 
 paper offices, a fine court-house, 3 steam saw-mills, 2 cabinet 
 shi^ips, kc. A large quantity of whejit is shipped here. Red 
 Wing is on the Milwaukee and St. Paul lUiilroad. The 
 bluff at this place is about 300 feet high. Pop. in 1S60, 1251. 
 
 REDWOOD, a new county in the W.S.W. part of Minne- 
 sotii, bordering on Dakota. It is bounded on the N.E. by 
 the Minnesota River, and also drained by the Redwood, 
 Cottonwood, and Yellow Medic:ine Rivers. The surface is 
 nearly level or undulating; the soil is fertile. The greater 
 piirt of it is destitute of tinjber or spai'sqj^' woodeil. The 
 census of 1860 furnishes no information respecting this 
 count}-. 
 
 REDWOOD, a township of Brown co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 140. 
 
 REDWOOD CITY, a thriving post-town ar.d capital of 
 San Mateo CO., Ciilifornia, situated near the Bay of San 
 Francisco, and on the railrojid which connects San Joso 
 with San Francisco, 2i5 miles S. of the latter. It contains a 
 court-house, 1 church, 1 newspaper office, 1 public library, 
 6 stores, several warehouses, 1 tlouring-mill, and about 200 
 dwellings. Lumber, lire-wood, gr.iin, &c., are shipped here 
 in small vessels which approach the town by inlets of the 
 bay. Many wealthy citizens of San Francisco have country- 
 seats here. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 REED, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 7S1. 
 
 REEDEK, a post-township of Anderson co., Kansas. Pop. 
 334. 
 
 REEDER, a village of Dickinson co., Kansas, on the Kan- 
 sas River, about 125 miles W. of Lawrence. 
 
 REED RIVER, or RED RIVER, a township of Kewaunee 
 CO., Wisconsin, on Green Bay. Pop. 674. 
 
 REED'S CORNERS, a post-village of Fond du Lac co 
 Wisconsin, ou the railroad which connects Horicou with 
 Berlin, 26 miles N. by W. of Horicon. 
 
 REED'S TOWN, Wisconsin. See Re.\dstown. 
 
 REEDSVILLE, or REEDVILLK, a post-village of Meigs 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio, IS miles by laud N.E. of I'omeroy. 
 
 REEDSVILLE, Missouri. See" Re.idsvii.le. 
 
 REEDVILLE, or REEDSVILLE, a post-village of Mani- 
 towoc CO., Wisconsin, about 16 miles W. by N. of Manitowoc. 
 
 REELSVILLE, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana, on 
 the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, 26 milws E.N.E. 
 of Terre Haute. 
 
 REESE RIVER, a small stream wliich rises near the S.W. 
 extremity of Lander co., Nevada, at the W. b;t8e of the 
 Toiyabe Mountains. It flows northward about 100 miles, 
 and sinks or is absorbed in the sands of the desert iu Lau- 
 der county. 
 
 REESE VILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Central Railroad, 18 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 REESEVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co.. Ohio, on th» 
 Cincinnati and Zjiuesville Railroad, about 10 miles E.N.l^ 
 of Wilmington. 
 
 REEVE, a township of Franklin co.. Iowa. Pop. 394. 
 
 REEVESVILEE, a post-office of Colleton district. South 
 Carolina, on the South Carolina Riiilroad, 52 nules N.W. of 
 Charleston. 
 
 REIDS VILLE, reodz'vil, a post-village of Rockingham 
 CO., North Carolinii, IS miles N. by E. of Greensborougb. 
 
 RlilLLY, a township of Schu»-lkill co., Pennsylvaai*. 
 Pop. 2900. 
 
 REIMERSBURG, or RIMERSBURG, a post-village of 
 Clarion co., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N. of Kittannin^ 
 Pop. 346. 
 
 REIMERSVILLE, or REMERSVILLE, a post-village of 
 Morgiin CO., Ohio, about '25 miles N.N.W. of Marielfci. 
 
 REINDEER, a post-office of Nodaway co^ Missouri, about 
 40 miles N. of St. Joseph. 
 
 REMERSVILLE, Ohio. See Reimerswlij;. 
 
 REMINGTON, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennsyl 
 vania, a few miles W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 REMINGTON, a post-village of Jasper CO., Indiana, on 
 the Toledo Logansport and Burlington Railmad, 40 miles 
 W. of Logansport. 
 
 RENICK, a village or station of Randolph co., Missouri, 
 on the North Missouri Railroad, 140 miles W N.W. of St 
 Louis. 
 
 RENO, a new town of Venango co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Alleghany River, 3 or 4 miles below OU Citj-. Here are 
 several oU wells. 
 
EEN 
 
 RENOVO, a post-village of Clinton cc, Pennsylvania, on 
 the Philailt'lphia and Erie Railroad, 27 miles N.VV. of Lock- 
 haven, and 196 miles from Erie. 
 
 RENSIIAW, a village in the N. part of Minnehaha co., 
 Dakota, on the Big Sioux Kivcr. 
 
 RENSSELAER FALLS, a post-villago of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, on the Rome Watertown and Ogdensburg 
 Baili'oad, 12 miles S.E. of Ogdensburg. 
 
 RENVILLE, a county in Wie S.W. central part of Minne- 
 sota. Area estimated at 1150 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S.W. by the Minnesota River, and also drained by the 
 South Fork of the Crow River. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is calcareous and fertile. It contains a largo ex- 
 tent of prairie laud, and probably no dense forests. I'op. 245. 
 
 REPUBLIC, a village of Sullivan co., Missouri, about 46 
 miles N. of La Clede. 
 
 REI'UBLICAN FORK, or REPUBLICAN RIVER, a 
 branch of the Kansas River, rises in the N.E. part of Colo- 
 rado Territory, flows eastward throujjh Nebraska, and 
 crossing the N. boundary of Kansas pursues a southeiisterly 
 course and unites with the Smoky llill Fork at Fort Riley. 
 Length estimated at 450 or aOU miles. 
 
 RESERVE, a township of Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 733. 
 
 RESERVE, a township of Ramsey co., Minnesota, on the 
 Mississippi iiivei^ just above St. Paul. Pop. 249. 
 
 RETREAT, a post-oflice of Jackson co., Indiana, on the 
 Jeifersonville Railroad, 4U miles N. of Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 REYNOLDS, a post-village of White co., Indiana, at the 
 intersection of the Tuledo. Logansport and Burlington Rail- 
 road witli the Louisville New Albany and Chicago Railroad, 
 24 miles N. of Lafayette. 
 
 REYNOLDS' FERRY, a post-office of Calaveraa co., Cali- 
 fornia, ou the Stanislaus River, about 10 miles W. of Sonora. 
 
 RHINKLAND, a post-village of Montgomery co., Mis- 
 souri, on the .Missouri River, about 76 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 RIB RIVER, of -Marathon CO., Wisconsin, flows in an 
 E.S.E. direction and enters the Wisconsin River, about 2 
 miles S. of Wausau. 
 
 RICE, a county in the S.K. part of Minnesota, contains 
 about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Cannon 
 River, and also drained by one of the sources of the Zumbro. 
 It is sprinkled with many small axid beautiful lakes. The 
 surface is undulating; the soil is calcareous, deep, and 
 aighly productive. The staple productions are wheat, 
 maize, oats, &c. The county contains some iirairies, but it 
 is estimated that two-thirds of it is covered with Ibrests 
 of deciduous trees, including the sugar-maple. It is inter- 
 sected by the Minuesota Central Railroad. Capital, Fari- 
 bault. Pop. 7543. 
 
 RICE, a township of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. Pop. 539. 
 
 RICE CITY a village of Meeker co., Minnesota, about 10 
 miles S. by E. of Forest City. Pop. (55. 
 
 RlCEFoRD, a post-villago of Uouston co., Minnesota, 
 about 34 miles S. of Winona. 
 
 RICE LAKE, a post-village of Dodge co., Minnesota, about 
 20 miles S.E. of Faribault. 
 
 RICEL.4ND, a township of Freeborn co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 125. 
 
 RICES DEPOT, a post-ofBce of Prince Edward co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the South Side Railroad, CI miles W. of Petersburg. 
 
 RIOEVILLE, a post-village on theE. boundary of Mitchell 
 CO., Iowa, about 24 miles W. of New Oregon. 
 
 RICH, a township of Lapeer Co., Michigan. Pop. 153. 
 
 RICH, a township of Cook Co., Illinois, contains the vil- 
 lage of Matteson. Pop. 1143. 
 
 RICHARDSON, a county forming the S.E. extremity of 
 Nebraska, bordering on Kansas and Missouri, has an area 
 of about 570 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Missouri River, intersected by the Great Nemaha, and also 
 drained by the South Fork of the latter, and by Muddy 
 Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil is deep and 
 fertile. This contains extensive prairies .and numerous 
 groves of trees, among which the oak, walnut, Cottonwood, 
 elm, hickory, and ash are found. Limestone of good quality 
 is abundant. Capital, Falls City. Pop. 2S35. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a post-village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 37 miles N. by W. of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a post-village in Richfield township, Gene- 
 see CO., Michigan, on Flint River, 11 miles N.E. of Flint. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a post-oflice of Fayette co., Iowa, about 42 
 miles N.E. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a post-viliage and township of Wiishington 
 CO.. Wisconsiu, on the Milwaukee and Iloiicon Railroad, 23 
 miies N.W. of Milwaukee. The village has 6 churches, 3 
 stures. and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 1920. 
 
 RICHFIELD, a pos'-towuship of Hennepin co., Minne- 
 sota, on the right bank of the Mississippi River, about 6 
 miles W tiv *: of St. Paul. It contiiins or adjoins Fort 
 gne'.::ug. Pop. 866. 
 
 RICHFOIID, a post-township of Waushara co., Wisconsin, 
 about 3 i miles N. of Portage City. Pop. 459. 
 
 RICH GROVE, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 
 170. 
 
 RICH GULCH, a pos* "inage of Calaveras co., California, 
 i miles E. of Mokeluiune Hill. 
 
 EIC 
 
 EICITLAND, a county in tho S.W. part of Wisconsin, has 
 an areii of about 675 square miles. It i*. bounded ou the 
 S. by the Wisconsin River, and also drained by the Pine 
 and Eagle Rivers. The surface is undulating; the soil is 
 fertile. The Wisconsin River is navigable for steiunboata. 
 Richland county is liberally supplied with timber and lime- 
 stone. Among the forest trees of this county are the sugar- 
 maple and pine. It contains a remarkable natural bridgi^ 
 see Rockbridge. Capital, Richland Centre. Pop. 9732. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-village of Onslow co., Noilh Carolina, 
 about 65 miles N.E. of Wilmington. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-village of Russell Co., Virginia, about 
 24 miles N. of Abingdon. 
 
 RICHLAND, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 14 
 miles W. of Wheeling. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 1406. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-viliage of Richland co., Ohio, about 
 16 miles N. by W. of Mansfield. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Whitley co., Indiana. Pop 
 1257. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Fayetteco., Illinois. Pop. 656. 
 
 RICIlLAND,atownshipof Marshall co.,Illinoi3. Pop. 832 
 
 RICHL.AND, a township of Chickasaw co., Iowa. Pop. 270. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 467 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Fayette co., Iowa. Pop. 189 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 992 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 297. 
 
 RICIILAN D, a township of Jones Co., Iowa. Pop. 862. 
 
 RICHLAND, a post-village and township of Keokuk CO., 
 Iowa, about 15 miles N. of Fairfield. Pop. 1440. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Mahaska co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1029. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 361. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Pop. 1017. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pop. 1150 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Rice CO., Minnesota. Pop. 313. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Waseca co., Minnesota, Pop 
 163. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Miami co.. Kansas. Pop. 4S8 
 
 RICHLAND, a i)ost-olKce of Shawnee co., Kansas, about 
 15 miles S.E. of Topeka. 
 
 RICH LAND, a post- village of Sacramento co., California, 
 15 miles S. of Sacramento. It hiia 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 RICHLAND, a township of Washington co., Nebraska. 
 Pop. 95. 
 
 RICHLAND STATION, a post-oflice of Sumner co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 15 miles 
 N.N. W. of Gallatin. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village of Itawamba co., Mississippi, 
 about 30 ntiles N. of Aberdeen. 
 
 RICHMOND, a village of Ross co., Ohio, about a mile E 
 of the Scioto Uiver, and 14 miles S.E. of Cliillicotlie. 
 
 RICHMOND, a village of Allegan co., Michigan, on tho 
 Kalamazoo River, about 17 miles N.W. of Allegan. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop, 
 633. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 184, 
 
 RICHMOND, Wapello Co., Iowa. See Port Richmond. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village of Wa.sliington Co., Iowa, about 
 30 miles W. of .Muscatine, and lO miles N. of Washington. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township of Saint Croix co., \\ isconsiu, 10 
 miles N.E. of Hudson. Pop. 251. 
 
 RICHMOND, a township in the W. central part of Sha- 
 wana CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 220. 
 
 RICHMOND, a village of Stearns co., Minnesota, on Sauk 
 River, about 22 miles W.S.W. of St. Cloud. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village and fractional township of 
 Winona co., Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, 18 miles 
 below Winona. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village and township of Nemaha co., 
 Kansas, 3 or 4 miles N. of Seneca, and about 36 miles E. of 
 Marysville. Pop. 469. 
 
 RICHMOND, a mining village of Boisee co., Idaho, about 
 75 miles N. by E. of Idaho City. 
 
 RICHMOND, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, about 8 
 miles N. of Logan. 
 
 RICHMONDVILLE, a post-village of Sanilac co., Michi- 
 gan, on Luke Huron, about 25 miles N. of Lexington. 
 
 RICHTdN, Cook CO., Illinois, a station ou the Central 
 Railroad, 29 miles S. of Chicago. 
 
 RICH VALLEY, a township of McLeod co., Minnesota, 
 Pop. 116. 
 
 RICIIVIEW,a post-village of Washington co., Illinois, on 
 the Central Railroad, 10 miles S. of Centralia. Pop. 045. 
 
 RICHVILLE, the capital of Tooele Co., Utah, is situated 
 about 3 miles S. of Great Salt Lake, and 20 miles W.S.W. of 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 RICHWOOD, a township of Peoria co., Illinois. Pop. 997. 
 
 RICHWOOD, a village of Dodge co.. Wisconsin, on the Mil- 
 waukee and St. Paul Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of AVatertown. 
 
 RICHWOOD, or RICH WOODS, a post-village and town- 
 sliip of Washington CO., Missouri, about 50 miles S.W. of St. 
 Louis. Pop. 1077. 
 
 RICHWOODS, a township of Jersey co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1134. 
 
 2283 
 
RIG 
 
 JtrCKRFAL. rikVe-awl', a small riTcr of Polk Co., Ore- 
 gon, rises in the Coast Range, flows eastward, and enters 
 the Willamette, 2 or 3 miles above S.alem. 
 
 RIDGFELEY, or RIDGLEY, a post-village of Platte co., 
 Missouri, about 28 miles N. of Kansas City. 
 
 RIDGEVTLLE, a post-village of Randolph CO., Indiana, 
 about 14 miles N.W. of Union City. 
 
 RIDGEVILLK, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, about 33 
 miles N.E. of Marietta. 
 
 RIDiiEWAY, a village of Ohio, on or near the line be- 
 tween Hardin and Logan counties, and on the Bellefoutaine 
 Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Bellefoutaine. 
 
 RIPGEWAY, a post-village of Fairfield district. South 
 Carolina, on the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, 24 
 miles N. of Columbia. 
 
 RIDGEWAY. a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles N.E. of Adrian. 
 
 RIDGEW.iY. a post-village of Guthrie co., Iowa, about 
 48 miles W. of Des Sloines. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, a post-village and township of Osage co., 
 Kansas. The village is about 17 miles S. by E. of Topeka. 
 Total population, 1113. 
 
 RILEY, a connty in the N.E. part of Kansas, area esti- 
 mated at 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by 
 the Kansas River, on the E. by the Big Blue River, and in- 
 tersected in the S.W. part by the Republican. The surface 
 is diversified by valleys and uplands; the soil is very rich, 
 especially in the valleys. Limestone and sandstone of good 
 quality are said to be abundant in this county. It is libe- 
 rally supplied with water-power by the Big Blue River. 
 Capital, Manhattan. Pop. 1224. 
 
 RILEY, a post-township of Vigo co., Indiana, about 6 miles 
 S.E. of Terre Haute. Pop. 1356. 
 
 RILEY, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa, about 8 miles 
 S.W. of Osceola. 
 
 RILEY CITY, a post-village of Davis co., Kansas, on the 
 right bank of the Kansas River, nearlj' opposite Fort Riley, 
 and about 6 miles N.E. of Junction City. 
 
 RIMEUSBURG, Ppnnsvlv.mia. See RElMEn.snURS. 
 RINGGOLD, a post-village of Pittsylvania co., Virginia, 
 on the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 5 miles B. of Dan- 
 ville. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-village, capital of Catoosa co., Geor- 
 gia, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad (now called the 
 Chattanooga and Atlanta Railroad), 21 miles S.E. of Chat- 
 tiinooga. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, about 33 
 miles W.N.W. of Marietta. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a post-village of La Grange co., Indiana, 
 about 44 miles N.N.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 RINGGOLD, a village of El Dorado co., California, about 
 7 miles E. of I'liicerville. 
 
 RINGWOO!). a post-village of McTIenry co., Blinois, on 
 the Fox River Valley Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of Chicago. 
 
 RINSONES, or RIXCONE.-J, a village of Conejos co., Co- 
 lorado, about ."^5 miles S.W. of Fort Garland. 
 RIO, a township of Knox co., Illinois. Pop. 822. 
 RIO, a post-village of Columbia CO., Wisconsin, on the 
 Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of PorUge 
 City. 
 
 RIO SAN JUAN, an affluent of the Colorado, rises in Co- 
 nejos CO., Colorado, flows through the N.W. part of New 
 Mexico, and enters the Colorado River, in the S. part of 
 Utah. Its general direction is westward. 
 
 RIO SECO (Sp. pmn. ree'o s.i'ko), t. «. " Dry River," a 
 post-village of Butte co.. Californiii. 10 miles W. of Oroville. 
 RIO VISTA, a post-village of Solano co., California, on the 
 right bank of tlie Sacramento River, about 70 miles by 
 water N.E. of .«an Francisco. It has several stores. Large 
 quantities of salmon are shipped here. 
 
 RII'LEY, or RIPLEYS, a post-village of Tyler co.. West 
 Virginia, on Middle Island Creek, about 50 miles S. of 
 Wheeling. 
 
 RIPLEY, a station on the Chicago and Great Eastern Rail- 
 road, in In<liana. 4 miles N.W. of Winamac. 
 
 RIPLEY, a post-vilbigeand small township of Brown co., 
 Illinois, on Crofiked Creek, about 48 miles E. by N. of 
 Quincy. Pop. :137. 
 RIPLEY, a township of Butler CO., Iowa. Pop. 151. 
 RIPLEY, or RIPPEY, a post-village of Greene co., Iowa, 
 about 44 miles N.W. of Des Jloines. 
 
 RIPLEY, a township of Dodge co., Minnesota. Pop. 160. 
 ifi * township of Meeker co., Minnesota, Pop. 
 
 RLSDON, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, about 22 
 miles S. by E. of Belleville. 
 
 RI^JNG SUN, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, about 10 
 miles K. of Des Moini'S. 
 
 RISING SUN, a village of Jefferson co., Kansas, on the 
 Kansas Iliver, opposite Lecompton. 
 
 RITCHIE, a village of Napa CO., California, about 65 
 mib'R N. of San Francisco. 
 
 RIVER D.\LE. a posl-oflice of I,awrence co., Indiana, on 
 the E. Fork of White River, 25 miles by railroad S.W. of 
 Seymour. 
 
 32S1 
 
 ROC 
 
 RIVER FALLS, n post-village and township of Pierce 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 10 miles N.E. of Prescott. Pop. 412. 
 
 KIVEliSIDE, a village of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Pekatonica River, and on the Mineral Point Railroad, about 
 7 miles S.E. of Darlington. 
 
 RIVERTON, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 341. 
 
 RIVERTON, a post-village in Riverton townshij), Floyd 
 CO., Iowa, on the Red Cedar River, about 8 miles below 
 Charles Citv. 
 
 RIVESVILLE, or RIVERSVILLE, a post-village of Ma- 
 rion CO., West Virginia, on the Monongahela River, 3 or 4 
 miles N. of Fairmont. Pop. 54. 
 
 RI VOLT, or RIVOLA, a post-township of Mercer co., Illi- 
 nois, about 12 miles E. of Aledo. 
 
 ROANE, a county in the W. central part of West Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Pocotalico River, and the W. Fork of the Little Ka- 
 nawha. The surface is hilly or uneven. Capital, Califor- 
 nia!?) Pop. 5381. 
 
 ROANOKE, Virginia, a station on the Richmond and 
 Danville Railrofid, where it crosses the Stiiunton Rivei, 50 
 miles E.N.E. of Danville. 
 
 RO.ANOKE, a post-village of Martin co.. North Carolina, 
 on the Roanoke River, about 82 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh. 
 
 ROANOKE, a post-village of Huntingdoij co., Indiana, on 
 the Toledo and Wabash R.R., 16 miles S.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 ROANOKE, a post township of Woodford co., Illinois, 
 about iO miles E.N.E. of Peoria. Pop. 805. 
 
 ROANOKE ISLAND, in the E. part of North Carolina, lies 
 between Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. Bounded on the 
 E. by Roanoke Sound. Length about 13 m. It was taken by 
 a Union armament under Gen. Burnside about Nov. 7, 18tJ2. 
 
 HOARING CKEEK, a township of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 509. 
 
 ROBERTS, a township of Marshall oo., Illinois. Pop. 723. 
 
 ROBEUTSVILLE. a post-village of Litchfield co.Conneo 
 ticut, on the Farmington River, about 28 miles N.W. of 
 Hartford. 
 
 ROBERTSVILLE, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, about 
 11 miles E.S.E. of Canton. 
 
 ROBESON, or ROBESONIA, a post-village of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lebanon Valley Railroad, 12 miles W. 
 of Reading. 
 
 ROBINA, or ROBINIA, a post-office of Panola co., Mis- 
 sissipiii. on a railroad, about 7 miles S. of Panola. 
 
 ROBINSON, a post-township of Ottawa co., Michigan, on 
 the S. bank of Grand River, about 20 miles W. of Grand Ra- 
 pids. Pop. 128. 
 
 ROBINSON, a post-village of Brown co., Kansas, about 
 26 miles N W. of Atchi.scm. 
 
 ROCHE A GRIS, rosh'd gre', a smalf river of Adams co., 
 Wisconsin, flows southwestward into the Wisconsin River. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a village of San Suba co., Texas, on the 
 San Saba River, .about 100 miles N.W. of Austin City. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a post-village of Butler co., Kentucky, on 
 Green River, about 30 miles N.W. ol Bowling Green. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a village of Noble co., Ohio, about 30 miles 
 E.S.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a post-township of Cedar co., Iowa, about 
 14 miles N. by W. of Muscatine, contains a village named 
 Rochester. Pop. 771. 
 
 HOC It ESTER, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, on the 
 left bank of the Cedar River, about 7 miles S. of Tipton, and 
 20 miles E. of Iowa City. It has several stores. Pop. esti- 
 mat<^ at 350. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a flourishing post-town, capital of Olmstead 
 CO., Minnesota, situated on the Wih<ma and St. Peter's Rail- 
 road, on the line between Cascade and Rochester township.s 
 44 miles W. of Winona, and 70 miles in a direct line S.S.B 
 of St. Paul. It is the most important station on the above- 
 named railroad W. of Winona, and is surrounded by rich 
 farms of which wheat is the staple product. Rochester has 
 a court-house, several churches, 1 national bank, &c. It is 
 on the S. branch of the Zumbro River. Pop. in li-60, 1424. 
 
 ROCHES'I'ER, ft post-village of Anderson co., Kansas, 
 about 45 miles S. by W. of Lawrence. 
 
 ROOK BLUFF, a posi-village of Cass co., Nebraska, situ- 
 ated i:i a, valley enclosed on two sides by steep hills, 1 mile 
 or less from the Missouri River, 45 miles below Umaha, and 
 about 6 miles S. by E. of PInttsmouth. 
 
 ROCKBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Richland 
 CO., Wisconsin, on Pine River, 33 miles W. of Baraboo. Pop. 
 of township, 646. It is named from a natural bridge at the 
 mouth of the W. branch of Pine River. Here is a tunnel 
 from 15 to 20 feet wide and 12 feet high, through a rocky 
 hill, the altituile of which is about 80 feet. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1048. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1295. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a post-township of Carroll co., HHnois. 
 Pop. 699. 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a township of Hancock co.. Illinois. Pop. 
 512. 
 
 ROCK CR£EK,a township of Dunn co., Wisconsin. Pop.147. 
 
 y= 
 
ROC 
 
 ROCK CREEK, a township of Jefferson co., Kansas. Pop. 
 881. 
 
 KOCK CREEK, a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. Pop. 
 S55. 
 
 KOCK CREEK, California, an affluent of the Sacramento 
 River, flows scmthwestward, and forms tlie boundary between 
 Tehama and Butte counties. 
 
 ROCKDALE, a village of Chester CO., Pennsylvania, about 
 40 miles \V. by N. of I'liiladelphia. 
 
 ROCKDALE, a post-office of Dubuque Co., Iowa. 
 
 ROCK DELL, a post-town-.hip of Olnistead co., Minnesota, 
 about 10 miles .S.W. of Rochester. Pop. 431. 
 
 ROCK FALLS, a post-vill;ige of Dunn co., Wisconsin, on 
 the Cliippuwa River, about 16 miles S.K. of Menoniouie. 
 
 ROCKFIELD, a post-village of Carroll CO., Indiana, on 
 who Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Delphi. 
 
 ROCKFISII, a post-village of Nelson co., Virginia, on the 
 Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 36 miles N.N.E. of Lynch- 
 burg. 
 
 ROCKFISII GAP, Virginia, a pass through the Blue 
 Ridge whore the latter is crossed by the Central Railroad, 
 about 16 miles S.K. of Staunton. 
 
 ROCKFORD,a post-village of Blount co., Tennessee, about 
 10 miles S. by W. of Knoxville. 
 
 R0CK1''(>RD, or ROCKSFORD, a post-village of Tuscara- 
 »vas CO., Ohio, about 40 miles W. by N. of Steubeuville. 
 
 ROCKFORD, a post-village of Cass co., Missouri, about 50 
 miles S..S.E. of Kansas City. 
 
 ROCKFOKD, a post-village and township in the W. part 
 of Floyd CO., Iowa. The village is on Shell Itock River, 
 '''otul population, "299. 
 
 ROCKFORD, a townshipof Pottawattomie co., Iowa. Pop. 
 260. 
 
 ROCKFORD, a post-township of Wright co., Minnesota, 
 on the left bank of Crow River, about 20 miles W.S.W. of 
 Anoka. Pop. 237. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM, a post-village and township of Pottawat- 
 tomie CO., Kansas, on Rock Creek, about 11 miles N.E. of 
 Manhattan. Pop. 32;»i 
 
 ROCKLAND, a post-village and township of Ontonagon 
 CO , Michigan, about 13 miles S.S.E. of Ontonagon, llere 
 are rich copper mines. Pop. 2263. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a post-village of Lake CO., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad, and on Lake Michigan, 
 30 miles N. by W. of Chicago. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a town.ship of Brown co., Wisconsin, on the 
 right bank of Fox River. Pop. 419. 
 
 ROCK L.\ND, a township in the W. part of Manitowoc co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 584. 
 
 ROCKLAND, a post-village, capital of Klikitat co., Wash- 
 ington I'errittpry, on the N. bank of the Columbia River, op- 
 posite the Dalle3,and about 100 miles E. of Portland, Oregon. 
 
 ROCKPOINT, a post-village of Jackson co., Oregon, 13 
 miles N.W. of .Tacksonville. It has 1 store. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a post-village of Knox co., Maine, near the 
 W. shore of Penobscot Bay, about 7 miles N. by E. of Rock- 
 land. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a post-village, capital of Atchison co., Mis- 
 souri, situated al>out 8 miles E. of the Missouri River, and 
 60 miles N.W. of St. Joseph. Pop. 305. 
 
 ROCKPORT, a post-village of Jones CO., Nebraska, about 
 88 miles S.W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 ROCKTON, a post-village of Clearfield CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about 14 miles W.N.W. of Clearfield. 
 
 KOCK VALE, a township of Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 772. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Railroad which connects Downingtown with Waynes- 
 burg, abipiit 45 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 ROCKVIIjLE, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna River, and on the Central Railroad, 5 miles 
 K. of Harrisburg. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post- village of Rowan qo., North Caro- 
 lina, about 10 miles S.E. of Salisbury. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a village of Muskingum co.,Ohio, about 17 
 miles S.S.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-village in Rockville township, Kan- 
 kakee co., Illinois, on the Kankakee River, about 22 miles 
 6. of Joliet. Pop. of township, 944. 
 
 ROCK VILLE,a post-village in Rockville township. Stearns 
 CO., Slinnesota, on Sauk River, about 11 miles S.W. of Saint 
 Cloud. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-oflRce of Miami co., Kansas. 
 
 ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Solano co., California, 
 about 9 miles N. by E. of Vallejo. 
 
 ROCK WOOD, a post-village of Fulton co., New York, 
 about 40 miles E. of Utica. 
 
 ROCKWOOD, a village of Hardin co., Iowa, on the Iowa 
 River, about 44 miles W. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 ROCKY B.\R, a mining-village, capital of Alturas co., 
 Idaho, situated near Feather River, at the confluence of 
 Bear and Steel Creeks, about 60 miles E.N.E. of Idaho City. 
 It hiis 4 general stores, 1 drug store, 1 quartz-mill and 1 
 paw-mill. Pop. about 300. 
 
 RODNEY, a post-village of Gallia co., Ohio, about 7milos 
 W.N.W. ofGallipolia. 
 
 ROS 
 
 ROOERSTILLE, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, 
 about 9 miles N. by E, of Newcastle. 
 
 ROGUE RIVER, in the S.W. part of Oregon, rises in the 
 Cascade Range, in the N.E. part of Jackson co., and pur- 
 suing a very tortuous course (the general direction of which 
 is westward,) through Josei)hine and Curry counties, enters 
 the Pacific Ocean at EUensburg. It alTords extensive wa- 
 ter-power. 
 
 ROKEBY, a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, on the Mus- 
 kingum River, about 24 miles below Zanesville. 
 
 ROLAND, a post-village of White co., Illinois, about 14 
 S.S.W. ofCarmi. 
 
 ROLETTA, a village of Pettis co., Missouri, about 36 
 miles S.E. of Lexington. 
 
 ROLFE, a post-village, capital of Pocahontas co., Iowa, 
 on the W. Fork of the Des Moines River, about 30 miles N. 
 N.W. of Fort Dodge. 
 
 ROLLA, a thriving post-village, capital of Phelps co., Mis- 
 souri, on the South West Branch of the Pacific Railroad, 
 113 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It is the present terminus of 
 the railroad, and is one of the most important stations on 
 the same. It contains a court-house, several churches, &o. 
 Pop. of RoUa township, 1439. 
 
 ROLLEY, a postnitlice of Jackson co., Iowa, about ^ 
 miles N.W. of Lyons. 
 
 ROLLIN, a post-vilI,age in Rollin township, Lenawee co., 
 Michigan, on Tiffins River, about 17 miles W. by N. of 
 Adrian. 
 
 ROLLING PRAIRIE, a post-office of Dodge co., Wi.won- 
 sin, and a station on the railroad which connects lloricon 
 with Portiige City, 5 miles W. of Horicon. 
 
 ROLLINGSTONE. a post-township of Winona co., Minne- 
 sota, on the Mississippi River, about 6 miles above Winona. 
 Pop. 243. 
 
 ROME, a post-village of Clark co., Arkansas, on tho 
 Washita River, about 78 miles S.3.W. of Little Rock. 
 
 ROME, a village of Delaware co., Ohio, about 22 miles N. 
 by E. of Columbus. 
 
 RO.ME, a post-township of Lenawee co., Michigan, about 
 8 miles W.N.W. of Adrian. Pop. 1612. 
 
 ROME, a village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 9 miles E. by N. 
 of Madison. 
 
 RO.MK, a station on the Northern Indiana Riiilroad, ii: 
 Noble CO., Indiana, 96 miles W. by S. of Toledo. 
 
 ROME, a village of Boone co., Missouri, about 13 miles N. 
 by E. of Columbia. 
 
 HOME, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, on Skunk 
 River, about 13 miles E. by S. of Fairfield. 
 
 ROM K, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 844. 
 
 RO.ME, a post-village of Sutter co., California, about 20 
 miles S. of Jlarysville. It has 2 stores. 
 
 ROMEO, a post-village of Greene co., Tennessee, about 14 
 miles N.W. of Greenville. 
 
 ROOK'S CREEK, a post-township of Livingston co., Illi- 
 nois, 3 or 4 miles W. of Pontiac. Pop. 428. 
 
 ROOl', formerly called LAKK, a county in the N.W.part 
 of Nevada, bordering on California and Oregon. Area esti- 
 mated at above 30U0 square miles. It contains several 
 lakes, the largest of which is the famous Pyramid Iiake in 
 the South part. The surface is mountainous, forming part 
 of the eiistern slope of the Sierra Nevada. The census of 
 1860 furnishes no information respecting this county, 
 which hiis few inhabitants. 
 
 ROSAMOND, or ROSEMOND, a post-village of Christian 
 CO., Illinois, on the St. Louis Alton and Terre llauto Rail- 
 road, 5 miles W.S.W. of I'ana. Pop. 200. 
 
 ROSCOE, a village and township of Davis co., Iowa, 
 about 12 miles S.E. of Bloomfield. Pop. 432. 
 
 ROSCOE, a post-village and township of Goodhue CO., 
 Minnesota, about 22 miles N.W. of Rochester. Pop. 378. 
 
 ROSE, a post-village and township of Oakland CO., Michi- 
 gan, on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, about 18 miles 
 N.W. of Pontiac. Pop. 1166. 
 
 ROSE, a township of Shelby co., Illinois. Pop. 505. 
 
 ROSE, a township in the N. part of Waushara co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 104. 
 
 ROSE, a township of Ramsey co., Minnesota, about 2 
 miles N.W. of St. Paul. Pop. 499. 
 
 ROSEBURQ, a village of Union co., Indi.ana, about 19 
 miles S. liy W. of Richmond. 
 
 ROSEBURG, a thriving post-village, capit.al of Douglas 
 CO., Oregon, is on the South Fork of the Umjiqua River, 8 
 miles above its confluence with the North Umpqua, and 150 
 miles S. of Salem. It is on the main stage-road from Port- 
 land and Salem to California, and is the principal market of 
 the hirge and fertile Umpqua Valley, from which wool and 
 grain are exported. It contains a court-house, 1 or 2 
 churches, 1 academy, 4 general-stores, 1 flouring-mill, &c. 
 Pop. of Roseburg precinct in 1860, 835. 
 
 ROSED ALE, a post-village of Parke CO., Indiana, on a 
 railroad 13 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 ROSEDALE, a station on the Chicago and Great Eastern 
 Railroad, in Pulaski co., Indiana, 88 miles S.E. of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 ROSEFIELD, a post-township of Peoria co., Illinois, 
 
 2285 
 
EOS 
 
 »bont 14 miles X.W. of Peoria, is traversed I)y the Peoria 
 anu Oquawka R:i(Iroad. Pop. 1090. 
 
 R' iSEMOND, Illinois. See Rosamond. 
 
 ROSEMOUXT, a post-village and township of Dakota CO., 
 >tinne80ta, on the Central Railroad, 15 miles S. of St. Paul. 
 I'op. 295. 
 
 ROSENDALE, a township of Ontonagon co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 595. 
 
 ROSETTE, a post-oflRce of Cedar co., Iowa, ahout 32 miles 
 N.W. of Davenport. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, contiins 
 the village of Augusta. Pop. 1514. 
 
 ROSS, a post-village of Lake co., Indiana, on the Joliet 
 Branch of the Michigan Central Railroad, 37 miles E. of 
 Joliet. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Edgar co., IlUnois. Pop. 668. 
 
 ROSS, a township of A'ermiliou co., Illinois. Pop. 1820. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Fremont co., Iowa. Pop. 678. 
 
 ROSS, a township of Taylor CO., Iowa. Pop. 311. 
 
 ROSSE.A.U. r<is''so', a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio, ahout 
 150 miles W.N.W. of JIarietfci. 
 
 ROSSTOX, a poft-village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Alleghany A'alley Railroad, 4 miles S. of Kittan- 
 iting. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a post-village of Vermilion co., Illinois, 
 ahout 20 miles N. of Danville. 
 
 ROSSVILLE. a post-village of Allomakee co., Iowa, about 
 13 miles S. bv W. of Lansing. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a post-office of I,ake co., California. 
 
 ROUGH AND RE.ADY, a post-«llage of Nevada CO., Ca- 
 lifornia, 8 miles S. by W. of Nevada City. Here are rich 
 goldmines. Pop. in 1864 about 300. 
 
 ROUND GROVE, a township of White co., Indiana. Pop. 
 106. 
 
 ROUND GROVE, a post-village of 'Whiteside co., Illinois, 
 on the Dixon Air Lifte Railroad, 21 miles W. of Dixon. 
 
 ROUND PRAIRIE, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 1049. . 
 
 ROUND VALLEY, a post-village of Plumas co., California, 
 
 17 miles N. of Qnincy. Pop. about 150. 
 ROUSEVILLE, a post-village of Venango co.. Pennsylva- 
 nia, on Oil Creek, about 5 miles above Oil City. It hiis 
 several oil wells. 
 
 ROWAN, a county in the N.E. part of Kentuckj', has an 
 area estimated at 375 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 8.W. by Licking River, and also drained by Tri|)let Creek. 
 The surface is hillj-, and extensively covered with forests. 
 Capital, Morehead. Pop. 2282, of whom 142 were slaves. 
 
 ROWE'NA, a post-office of Russell co., Kentucky, on the 
 Cumberland River, about 66 miles S.by W. of Danville. 
 
 ROWLEY, a township of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin, on 
 Lake Michigan. Pop. &0. 
 
 ROXABEL, a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, on the Mari- 
 etta and Cincinnati Railroad, about 13 miles W.N.W. of 
 . Chillicothe. 
 
 ROXANA, a post-township of Eaton co., Michigan, ahout 
 
 18 miles W. of Lansing. Pop. 790. 
 
 ROYAL CENTRE, a post-village of Ca.ss co., Indiana, on 
 the Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of 
 Iiogansport. 
 
 SAG 
 
 ROYALTON, a village and township of Berrien co., 
 Michigiin. The village is on the St. Joseph's River, about 
 2U miles S. of St. Joseph. Pop. 962. 
 
 KOY.\LTON, a post-township of Waupaca co., Wisconsin, 
 on Wolf River, about 28 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. 402. 
 
 RUlilCON, a township of Huron co., Michigan, on Lake 
 Huron. Pop. 283. 
 
 RU'BICON, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin, in 
 Rubicon township, on a branch of the Milwaukee and St. 
 Paul Railroad, 39 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has 5 stores, 
 
 1 steam saw-mill, and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 RUBY, a post-villajre of Saint Clair Co., Michigan, at the 
 confluence of Black River with Mill Creek, about 12 miles 
 W.N.W. of Port Huron. It has 2 or 3 mills. 
 
 RUBY CITY, a mining-village, capital of 0\*'}'hee co., 
 Idaho, is situated on Jordan Creek, about 60 miles S.W. of 
 Boisee City. Here are gold placer mines, and silver-bearing 
 quartz-lodes. It had in 1864, 6 dry-goods and general-stores, 
 
 2 hotels, and 1 brick-yard. Pop. alK)ut350. 
 HUDOLPH, a township in the E. part of Wood co., Wis 
 
 consin. Pop. 256. 
 
 RULO, a post-village and township of Richardson co., 
 Nebraska. The village is on the Missouri River, about 75 
 miles above St. Joseph, Missouri, and 14 miles N.W. of 
 Iowa Point. Kansas. Pop. 440. 
 
 RUNNELS, a new county in the AV. central part of 
 Texas. Area estimated at 1200 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Colorado River, and also drained by Spring 
 and Oak Creeks. The census of 1860 furnishes no inforniar 
 tion respecting this county. 
 
 RUN.M.NG WATER KIVER, Nebraska. See Niobrar.i 
 
 RURAL, a post-village of Waupaca co., Wisconsin, about 
 40 miles N.W. of Oshkosh. 
 
 RUSH, a township of Shiawassee co., Michigan, on the 
 Shiawa.ssee River. Pop. 346. 
 
 RUSH, a township of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. Pop. 951. 
 
 RUSHEB.^, or RUSHEBY, a post-village of Chisago co., 
 Minnesota, about 55 miles N. of St. Paul. Pop. 179. 
 
 RUSHFORD, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, 
 on Root River, and on the Root River Valley Railroad, 
 about 28 miles W. of the Mississippi River at La Crosse. 
 Pop. 477. 
 
 RUSH LAKE, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on a railroad 22 miles N. of Waupun. 
 
 RUSHVIhLE, a post-village of Buchanan co., Missouri, 
 situated on or near the Missouri River, and on the Atchison 
 and St. Joseph Railroad, about 17 miles S.W. of St. Joseph. 
 
 RUSSELL, a township of Lawrence co., Illinois. Pop. 
 973. 
 
 RUSSELL, a post-township of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, 
 about IS miles E. by N. of Fond du Lac. Pop. 656. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a mining-village of Douglas co., Colo- 
 rado, about 36 miles S.S.E. of Denver. 
 
 RU.SSI.AN RIVER, a township of Sonoma co., California, 
 on Russian River. Pop. 656. 
 
 RUTLAND, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop 
 1029. 
 
 RUTLAND, Livingston co., Illinois, a station on the Cen- 
 tral R:iilroad. 25 miles S. of La Salle. 
 
 RUTLEDGE, a township of Dewitt co., Illinois. Pop. Mflb 
 
 \ 
 
 s. 
 
 SABATHA or 8ABETHA, a post-village of Nemaha co., 
 Kansas, about 48 miles N.W. of Atchison.- 
 
 SABATTUS, or SABATUS. a post-village of Androscoggin 
 CO., Maine, situated at the S. end of Sabattus Pond on the 
 Androscoggin Railroad, al)Out 61/^ miles E by N. of Auburn. 
 
 SABATTUS POND, Androscoggin co., Maiiie, lies between 
 Green and Wales townships. It is about 4 miles long and 
 1 mile wide. The Sabattus River issues from this pond and 
 enters the Androscoggin River. 
 
 SABINE PASS, a post office of Jefferson co., Texas, on or 
 near the Gulf of Mexico, at the point where the outlet of 
 Sabine Lake enters the Gulf, about 65 miles E.N.E of Gal- 
 veston. 
 
 SACCATON,or SAC.ATON.a village of Pima co, Arizona, 
 on or near the Gila Kiver, about 90 miles S. by E. of Pres- 
 cott. Pop. in 1S60, 144 Indians. 
 
 SAC CITY, a post-village, capital of Sac CO., Iowa, on or 
 near the Rilco.on River, about 90 miles N.W. of Des Moines 
 and 45 miles W. by S. of Fort Dodfje. 
 
 SACRAMENTO, a river of Northern California, rises in 
 Siskiyou county near the base of Moimt Shasta. It flows 
 wuthward, forms the boundary between Colusa, Yolo and 
 Solano couuties on the right hand, and Sutter and Sacra- 
 mento counties on the left, and empties itself into the east 
 end of Suisun Bay. It is the principal river of the state, 
 Bnd IS navig;ilile for small steamers to Red Bluff, about 300 
 mi es from its mouth. Its whole length is estimated at 400 
 mi cs. The valley or basin of the Sacramento is about 50 
 
 o?,^'!^.nim')f'y ^^^■'''•'"*^ is almost destitute of forests. 
 2286 * '^^^^y in the N. central part of CaU- 
 
 fornia, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the S;»cramento River, on the S. by the San 
 Joaquin and Mokelumue Rivers and Dry Creek. It is in- 
 tersected by the American and Cosumno Rivers. The 
 American River affords abundant water-power. The sur- 
 face is diversified ; the soil is generally fertile. AVheat, bar- 
 lej-, potatoes and cattle are the staple productions. In the 
 year ending June, 1860, this county' produced 514,715 bushels 
 of barley. Large quarries of granite are worked at Folsom. 
 Gold is found in the northern Itnd northeastern parts of the 
 county. This county is intersected by the Central Pacific 
 Railroad and the &icrameuto A'alley Railroad. Capital, 
 Sacramento. Pcip. 24,142. 
 
 SACRAMENTO, a post-village of AVliiteco.,niinois, about 
 12 miles AV. of Carmi. 
 
 S.ACRAMENTO, a post-village of Dodge co., Minn^ota, 
 about 20 miles W. by N.of Rochester. Pop. 120. 
 
 SACRA>IENTO, a small village of Humboldt co., Nevada, 
 14 miles S.E. of Unionville. 
 
 S.ADORUS. Illinois. See Sodorcs. 
 
 SAGADAHOC, a county in the S. part of Maine, border- 
 ing on the Atlantic Ocean, has an area estimated at 270 
 square miles. It is partly bounded on the S.W. by the 
 Androscoggin River, and is intersected by the Kennebec 
 River, and by the Portland and Kennebec Railroad. Capi- 
 tiil. Bath. Pop. 21,790. 
 
 SAGANIN, or SAGENIN, a village of Bay co., Mi- 
 chiirau, on or nejir Saginaw Baj', about 25 miles N. of Bay 
 City. 
 
 SAGATUCK, Michigan. See Sacgatuck. 
 
SAG 
 
 SAl 
 
 SAGEVrLLrt, a post-ofRce of Dubnqne co., Iowa, 6 or 7 
 miles N.N.AV. of Dubuque. 
 
 SAINT ALBAN S, a post-township of Hancock co., Illinois, 
 about 10 niik'S S.E. of Warsaw. Pop. 1099. 
 
 SAINT ALBANS, a village of Franklin co., Missonri, on 
 the Missouri River, about 32 miles W. of St. Ix)ui». 
 
 S.4INT ALBANS, a village of Hennepin CO., Minnesota, 
 on Lake Miinietonka, about 24 miles W. by S. of St. Paul. 
 
 SAINT ANNE, a post-township of Kankakee co., Illinois, 
 about 38 miles 8.E. of Joliet. Pop. l.Slti. 
 
 SAINT ANSGAR, a po^t-village of Mitchell co., Iowa, on 
 Rod Ceilnr River about 95 miles \V. of Lansing. 
 
 SAINT AUBERT, a post-village of Callaway co., Missouri, 
 on the Missouri River, about 24 miles below Jefferson City. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTA, a post-village of Stearns co., Minne- 
 sota, on the right bank of the Mississippi River, about 6 
 miles below Saint Cloud. 
 
 SAINT AUGUSTINE, apost-villageof Fulton CO., Illinois, 
 on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 16 miles 
 S. of Galesburg. 
 
 SAI^T CATH.A.RINE, a post-village of Linn CO., Missouri, 
 on the Uaiinibal and St. ,Tosepli Railroad, 9 miles E. of La 
 Clide and 100 miles W. of Hannibal. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES, a post-village of De.sha co., Arkans.as, 
 on White River, about 12 miles E. of Arkan.sa.f Post. 
 
 SAINT CII.\RLES, a post-village and township of Sagi- 
 naw CO., Michigan. The village is on Bad River about 14 
 nnles S.W. of Saginaw City. It has several mills. Pop. 
 603. 
 
 SAINT CH.4.RLES, a township of Floyd co., Iowa, on both 
 Bides of Red Cedar River, contains Charles City. Pop 891. 
 
 SAINT CHARLES, a post-village of Madison co., Iowa, 
 about 25 miles S.S.W. ofDes Moines. 
 
 SAINT CHAR f.ES, a post-village and township of Winona 
 CO., Minnesota. The village is near the Winona and Saint 
 Peters Railrfiad, about 24 miles W. by S. of Winona. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a post-village of Kranklin co., Missouri, 
 on the S W. branch of the Pacific Railro;id, 55 miles S.W. of 
 St. Louis. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a township of Benlon co., Iowa. Pop. 170. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a post-village of Manona co., Iowa, on 
 Soldier Creek, 20 miles E; of Onawa. 
 
 SAINT CLAIR, a village of Carver co., Minnesota, on the 
 S. Fork of Crow River, about 44 miles W. by S. of Saint 
 Paul. 
 
 SAINT CLOUD, a thriving post-village, capital of Stearns 
 CO., Minnesota, situated on the right (\V.) bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi River, about 80 miles by the road N.W. of i^aint 
 Paul, with which it is connected by the Saint Paul and 
 Pacific Railroad. It is built on a. high bluff 2 miles below 
 the mduth of Sauk River. It contains a court-house, 6 
 churches, 1 bank, 2 flouring-mills, 2 saw-mills. &c. Two 
 newspapers are published here. The railroad is opened 
 from St. Paul to a point 40 miles S.E. of St. Cloud. Pop. in 
 1805, about 2400. 
 
 SAiNT CLOUD, a village of Kansas on the line between 
 Saline and Dickinson counties, at or near the confluence of 
 Solomon'.s Fork with the Kansas River, about 33 miles W. 
 S.W. of Junction City. 
 
 SAINT DONATUS, a post-ofBce of Jackson co., Iowa, 
 about 13 miles S.S.E. of Dubuque. 
 
 SAINT FRANCIS, a post-township of Anoka co., Minne- 
 sota, about 32 miles N.W. of Saint Paul. Pop. 163. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a small post-village, capital of Tucker 
 CO., AVest Virginia, on the Cheat River, about 100 miles S.E. 
 of Wheeling. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a post-village of Pottawattomie co., 
 Kansas, on the Kansas River, about 12 miles below Man- 
 hattan. Pop. 189. 
 
 S.\INT GKOBGE, a post-village of Nemaha co., Nebraska, 
 on the Little Nemaha River, 10 or 11 miles W. of Brown- 
 ville. 
 
 SAINT GEORGE, a post-village, capital of Washington 
 CO., Utah, on or near the Virgin River, 345 miles S. bj' W. 
 of Salt Lake City. It has several stores. Pop. said to be 
 600. 
 
 SAINT IIEIjEN, a post-village, capital of Columbia co., 
 Oregon, is on the left (W.) bank of the Columbia, 30 miles 
 below Portland. The river is here about a mile wide, and 
 forms a fine harbor for ships. This point is accessible at 
 all seasons of the year by large sea-going vessels. Saint 
 Helen is pleasantly situated on a rocky bluff. It contains 
 a court-house, 1 church, and 1 school-house. Pop. about 
 100. 
 
 SAINT HELENA, a post-village of Napa co., California, 
 about 60 miles W. of Sacramento, and 18 miles N. of Napa. 
 It contains an academy, 1 flour-mill and several stores. Pop. 
 estimated at 400. 
 
 SAINT HELENA, a post-township of Cedar co., Nebras- 
 ka. Pop. 6D. 
 
 SAINT IGNACE, a township of Michilimackinac co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 401. 
 
 SAINT JAMES, a post-village of Manitou co., Michigan, 
 on Beaver Island, a small island near the N. end of Lake 
 Michij^au. 
 
 SAINT JAMES, a post-office of Phelps co., MlR'OTirl, ou 
 the ."Southwest Branch of the Pacific Railroad, 10 miles N. 
 E. of Rolla. 
 
 SAINT JAMES, a post-village of Cedar Co., Nebraska, on 
 the S. bank of the Missouri River, about 48 miles by the 
 road W.N.W. of Sioux City. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Mich- 
 igan, on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 98 miles W. 
 N.W. of Detroit, and 20 miles W. of Owosso. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 union school, 2 banking-olHces, 1 iron-lbundry, 
 1 steam grist-mill, 1 steam saw-mill, 3 hotels, &c. Laid out 
 in l-'ioS. Pop. in I86.1, about 1500. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, on ths 
 Central Railroad, 79 miles N. of Cairo. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a post-village and township of Harrison 
 CO., Iowa, on Boyer River, 5 miles from its mouth, and 22 
 miUis N, of Council Bluffs. The vilhige has abcmt 20 houses. 
 Total population 440. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a village of Pine co., Minnesota, on the 
 St. Croi.x River, about 9i) miles N.N.E. of Saint Paul. 
 
 SAINT JOHN, a post-village of Dakota Co.. Nebraska, 
 on the Missouri River, about 9 miles W.S.W. of Siou.\ City. 
 Pop. 44. 
 
 SAI.VT JOSEPH, a vill.age of Stearns co., Minnesota, on 
 Watab River, about 10 miles AV. of St. Cloud. 
 
 SAINT JOSEPH, a township in the W. part of Saint 
 Croix county. Wisconsin. Pop. 18S. 
 
 J^AINT JULIEN, a village of Clay co., Kansas, on the 
 Republican River, about 18 miles N.W. of Junction City. 
 
 SAINT LAWRENCE, apost-villageof Chatham co.,North 
 Carolina, about 50 miles W. of Raleig<li. 
 
 SAINT LAWKENCE, a township in the W. central part 
 of Waupaca co., Wisconsin. Pop. 516. 
 
 S.4INT LAWRENCE, a post-village and sm.all township 
 of Scott CO., Minnesota, on the Minnesota River, about 40 
 miles S.W. of Saint Paul. Pop. 205. 
 
 SAINT LEGER, a post-oftice of Ozark co., Missouri, on 
 the N. Fork of White River, 3 or 4 miles from the State of 
 Arkansas. 
 
 S.ilNT LOUIS, a county in the N.E. part of Minnesota, 
 bordering on the British possessions, has an arcii estimated 
 at 6000 square miles. Lake Superior washes its S.E. bor 
 der. The county is drained by the St. Louis River and its 
 aftluents. The surface is elevated, and presents rugged 
 ranges of drift hills called Hauteurs des Terres. The soil of 
 these hills is sterile. Copper and iron are found near Lake 
 Suiicrior. Cajutal, Du Luth. Pop. 406. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, a post-village of Gratiot co., Michigan, 
 on Pine River, about 36 miles W. of Saginaw City, and 9 
 miles N. of Ith.ica. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, a post-village of Sierra co., California, 21 
 miles N. by W. of Downieville. Gold is found in the vicinity. 
 It hiis 1 church, 2 stone stores, 2 hotels, &.c. Pop. said to be 
 100. 
 
 SAINT LOUIS, a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, near 
 the Willamette River, 12 miles N. of S;ilera. It has several 
 stores. 
 
 SAINT MARIE, a post-township of Jasper co., Illinoia, 
 about 60 miles E. by S. of A'andalia. Pop. 937. 
 
 SAINT MARIE, a township of Green Lake co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on Fox River. Pop. 630. 
 
 S-\1NT MARY'S, a post-village, capital of Pleasants co. 
 West Virginia, on the Ohio River, about 64 miles by land S. 
 S.W. of Wheeling. 
 
 SAINT MARYS, a township of Mills co., Iowa. Pop, 
 276. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S, a post-village and township of Waseca 
 CO., Minnesota, about 22 miles S.E. of Mankato. Pop, 
 349. 
 
 SAINT MARY'S, a small mining village of Humboldt cc, 
 Nevada. 40 miles N. of Unionville. 
 
 SAINT MORAN, a township or village of Michilimackinac 
 CO., Michigan. Pop. 244. 
 
 SAINT NAZIAN, a village of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin, 
 about 33 miles E.N.E. of Fond du Lac. 
 
 SAINT OMER, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 
 about 11 miles N.W. of Greensburg. 
 
 S AIN T PAUL, a post-oftice of Robeson co.. North Carolina, 
 about 20 miles S.S.W. of Fayetteville. 
 
 SAINT P.AUL, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 35 
 miles S.E. of Indianapolis, with which it is connected by 
 railroad. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, a station on the Pacific Railroad, and on 
 the Maramec River, in St. Louis co., Missouri, 24 miles AV, 
 S.AV. of St. Louis. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, a post^village of Webster co., Missouri, 
 about 25 miles E. of Springfield. 
 
 SAINT PAUL, a post-otfice of Lee co., Iowa, about 22 
 miles AV. by S. of Burlington. 
 
 SAINT STEPHEN, a post-village and township of Rich- 
 ardson CO., Nebraska, on the Missouri River, about 25 milea 
 below Brownville. Pop. 404. 
 
 SAINT THOMAS, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri, near 
 the Osage River, about 15 miles S. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SAINT VRAIN, a post-village, capital of Weld co., Colo- 
 
 22S7 
 
SAL 
 
 SAN 
 
 rado, on the Sonth Fork of the Platte River, about 50 miles 
 N. by E. of Denver. 
 
 SALAMANCA, a post-village of Cattaraiigns co., New 
 York, on the Erie Kailroati, and at the N.E. terminus of the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, 45 miles S.E. of Dun- 
 kiik and 61 miles K.N.E. of Corry.- 
 
 SALAMONIE, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. 
 Pop. IStU. 
 
 SALEJI, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 848. 
 
 SALEM, a village of Guernsey co., Ohio, about 30 miles 
 N.E. of Zanesville. 
 
 SALE.M, a village of Montgomery co., Ohio, about 12 miles 
 N.W. of Dayton. 
 
 SALEM, a villasre of Washington co., Ohio, about 14 miles 
 N. by E. of Marie'^tta. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Allegan CO., Michigan, in the N. 
 part. Pop. 4.30. 
 
 SALEM, a township of Knox co., Illinois, contains Yates 
 City. Pop. 1311. 
 
 SALEM, a thriving post-town, capital of Marion co., Illi- 
 nois, situated on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 71 miles 
 E. of St. Louis, about 5 miles E. of the Central Railroad, 
 and 14 miles N.E.of Centnilia. It contains 3 or 4 churchts, 
 1 newspaper office, a court-house, and the Southern Illinois 
 Female College ; also 8 dry-goods stores, 1 flouring-mill. 1 
 saw-mill, 4 wagon shops, &c. It has a city charter. Pop. 
 about 1800. 
 
 SALEM, a thriving post-village, capital of Dent co., Mis- 
 souri, situated on Spring Creek, 2.5 miles S.S.E. of Rolla, 
 and 110 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It contains 2 churches 
 and several stores. 
 
 SALEM, a post-village of Linn co., Missouri, about 20 
 «niles N.N.E. of La Clede. 
 
 SALEM, a post-village and township of Henry co., Iowa. 
 The village is on an undulating jirairie, 25 miles W. of Rur- 
 lington. It contains 3 churches, 2 good public-school build- 
 ings, 1 steam flour-mill, and 1 saw-mill. Pop. about 500. 
 The township contiuns stone coal and has water-power. 
 Pop. 138C. 
 
 SALEM, or WEST SALEM, a post-villag» of La Crosse 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 12 
 miles N.E. of La Crosse and about 1 mile S. of La Crosse 
 River. It contains 3 churches, 5 stores, 2 wagon shops, and 
 about 50 houses. The name of the post-office is West 
 Salem. 
 
 SALE5I, a post-village and township of Olmstead co., 
 Minnesota, about 9 miles W.S.W. of Hochester. Pop. 502. 
 
 SALEM, a city, (mpital of the state of Oregon, and coun- 
 ty-seat of .Marion co., is situated in a rich prairie, on the 
 right (E.) bank of the Willamette River, 50 miles S.S.W. of 
 Portland, and 710 miles N. of San Francisco. Lat. 44° 56' 
 N., Ion. 12:3° 1' W. It has telegraphic communication with 
 the -Atlantic States and California, and is accessible for 
 small steamers during high water, or about 9 months in the 
 • year. It contains 6 churches, the Willamette University, 1 
 Catholic academy, 4 hotels, 1 theatre, 22 stores, 1 woollen 
 factory, 1 lurge flouring-mill, 3 saw-mills, 2 machine shops, 
 and 1 foundry. Two newspapers, 1 of which is H daily, are 
 published here. The census of 1S60 states the population 
 thus : North Salem, 625 ; South Salem, 902. Pop. in 1S65 
 about 2500. 
 
 SALE.M, a post-village of Richard-son co., Nebraska, is 
 pleasantly situated on liij^h ground, on the Great Nemaha 
 River, at the mouth of the South Branch of that river, 00 
 miles W.N.W. of St. Joseph, Missouri, and about 24 miles S. 
 of Brownville. It has 3 stores, a chair factory, a cabinet 
 shop, and several grist and saw-mills. Pop. about 450. 
 
 SALKM, a township of Richardson Co., Nebraska, con- 
 taiiLS a village of the same name. Pop. in 1860, 694. 
 
 SALESVILLE, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, on 
 the Cential Railroad 41 miles E. of Zanesville. 
 
 SALINA, a village of Venango Co., Pennsylvania, about 
 6 miles S. of Oil City. 
 
 t^ALI.VA, a village in Harrison co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River, about 13 miles below New Albany. 
 
 SALINA, a township of Kankakee co., Illinois. Pon 
 699. ^ 
 
 SALINA, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, 8 or 9 miles 
 E.N.E. of Fairfield. 
 
 SALINA, a post-village, capital of Saline co.. Kansa.s, sit- 
 uated on the Smoky Hill Fork of the Kansa-s River, and on 
 a military road 175 miles W. by S. of Leavenworth. Pon 
 about 300. * 
 
 SALINAS, sah-lee'nas, a post-village of Monterey co., 
 California, on the Salinas River. 16 miles E. of Monterey. 
 It has 2 or 3 stores. Pop. about 300. 
 
 SALINE, a new county in the central p.art of Kansas, 
 has an area of 720 square miles. It is drained by the Saline 
 Fork, the Smoky Hill Fork, and Solomon's Fork, which 
 unite in the E. part of the county. The soil is fertile, and 
 the county is said to be adapted to the raising of stock. 
 Timber is pn)duced in the vicinity of the streams. This 
 county contains salt springs. Capitiil, Salina. 
 
 SALIN E. a county in the S E. part of Nebraska, has an 
 
 area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Bine 
 River, and also drained by Turkey Creek. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil is fertile. Pop. in 1860, 39. 
 
 SALINE, a post-village of Mercer co., Missouri, about 90 
 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 SALINE, a village and township of Ralls co., Missouri, 
 about 17 miles \\ .S.W. of Hannibal. Pop. 1431. 
 
 t^ALINE. a village of Cass co., Nebraska, on Saline Creek, 
 about 30 miles W. of Plattsmouth. 
 
 SALINE, a township of Saline co., Nebraska. Pop. 29. 
 
 SALISBURY, a village of Somerset co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 20 miles W..\.W. of Cumberland, Miiryland. 
 
 SALISUURY, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennessee, 
 on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 58 miles E. of 
 Memphis. 
 
 S.-VLISBURY, a postrvillage of Greene co., Indiana, about 
 11 miles E.N.E. of Bloomfield. 
 
 SALISBURY, a post-village of Sacramento co., California, 
 10 miles E. of Sacramento. 
 
 SALMON, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, about 26 
 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. ♦ 
 
 SALMdN liROOK, a post-township of Aroostook co., 
 Maine. Pop. 318. 
 
 SALMON FALLS, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia, is in a beautiful valley on the South Fork of the 
 American River, about 32 miles N.E. of Sacramento. It 
 has gold mines, and contains 5 stores and 3 hotels. The 
 river here falls about 25 feet. Pop. about 450. 
 
 SALMON RIA'ER, a small stream of Klamath CO., Call- 
 forniii, flows northwestward and enters the Klamath River, 
 about 5 miles above Orleans Bar. 
 
 SALMON RIVER, of Idaho, rises in the S. central part 
 of tlie territory by two branches called the East Fork and 
 South Fork, which flow northward. The main stream flows 
 nearly westward, and enters the Lewis or t^nake River 
 about 50 miles S. of Lewiston. Gold is found near the 
 Salmon River. 
 
 SALONA, a post-village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Fishing Creek, about 5 miles S.S.AV. of Lock Haven. 
 
 SALT CREEK, a township of Davis CO., Iowa. Pop. 985, 
 
 SALT CREEK, a post-olBce of Polk co., Oregon, 10 miles 
 N. of Dallas. 
 
 SALT CREEK, a post-office of Juab co., Utah, is at or 
 near the village of Nephi. 
 
 SAI/ni.LO, a post-village of Itawamba co.. Mississippi, 
 on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 41 miles S. of Corinth. 
 
 SALTILLO, a post-village of Holmes co., Ohio, about 28 
 miles S.W. of Mtujsillou. 
 
 SALTILLO, a village of Perry co., Ohio, about 14 miles 
 S.S.W. of Zanesville. 
 
 SALTILLO, or SALTILLO VILLE, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO.. Indiana, on the Louisville New .\lbany and Chi- 
 cago Railroad, 47 miles N.W. of New Albany. 
 
 SALTILLO, a post-office of Clay co., Nebraska, about 60 
 miles W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 S.\LT LAKE, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 268. 
 
 SALUDA, a post-village of Middlesex co., Virginia, about 
 42 miles E. by N. of Richmond. 
 
 SALUDA, or SAI,UD.\ MILLS, a post-village of Newberry 
 district. South Cai-olina, on the Saluda Piiver, about 55 miles 
 W. by N. of Columbia. 
 
 SALUDA, a post-township of Jefferson co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio River, about 9 miles below Madison. Pop. 1531. 
 
 SALYERSVILLE, a ])Ost-village, capital of Magoffin co., 
 Kentucky, on the Lickiug River, about 100 miles E.S.E. of 
 Lexington. 
 
 SAMANTHA, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, about 
 37 miles W. by S. of Chillicothe. 
 
 SAN ANDREAS (Sp. pron. shi dn-drA'Ss), a post-village 
 of Calaveras co., California, situated on the Calaveras River, 
 about 42 miles E. by N. of Stockton, and 1(35 miles E. of San 
 Francisco. It is surrounded on all sides by high mountains. 
 Gold mining is the principal business of its residents. It 
 contains 2 clmixhes, 2 schools, 1 newspaper office, 1 largo 
 brick hotel, 8 stores kept by Americans, and .about as many 
 kept by Chinese; also about 3(J0 dwellings. A miyority 
 of the people of the county have voted that the county-seat 
 shall be removed to Siin Andreas. Pop. about 12iX). 
 
 S.\N ANTONIO, a village of Conejos co., Colorado, about 
 115 miles S. by W. of Canon City. 
 
 S.AN ANTONIO, a post-village of Monterey co., California. 
 85 miles S.E. of Monterey. 
 
 SAN BERNARDINO (ber-nar-dee'no), a largo county in 
 the S.E. part of California, bordering on Arizona. It is 
 partly bounded on the E. by the Colorado River, and alse 
 drained by the Mohave or Mojave, the Amargoza and the 
 Santa Anna Rivers. The surface is divereitied by high 
 mountains, valleys and plains. Mount San Bernardino, in 
 the S. part, is about 8500 feet high. The soil of some of the 
 valle.vs is said to be fertile. Gold and silver are found in 
 Holcomb Valley and on the Coloriulo River. Thu tin mim.'S 
 of Temescal are in the S.W. uait of th) county. Capital, 
 San Bernardino. Pop. 5551 
 
 SAN BERNARDINO, a post-village, capital of San Ber 
 nardiuo co., California, is situated in a fertile valley about 
 
SAN 
 
 &.\.N 
 
 60 miles E. of Los Angeles. It was originally settled liy 
 Mormons. It coiit.ains a coiirt-liou.se, 2 churches, 2 hotels, 
 2 public schools, the San BeniartUiio Seminary, and i flour- 
 mills. About 20 miles E. of this village is a mountain 8500 
 feet high. Pop. in 1860, 940; in 1865, about 2000. 
 
 SAN BUEN VENTURA, a post-village of Santa Barbara 
 CO., California, on or near the ocean, aO miles E. of Santa 
 Baibara. It has 2 stores. 
 
 SAND BE.VCU, a post-village and township, capital of 
 Huron co., Michigan, is situated on Lake Huron, about 40 
 miles N. of Lexington. Pop. 176. 
 
 SAXD BROOK, a small post-village of Hunterdon co., 
 New Jersey, about 5 miles S.W. of Flemingtou. ' 
 
 SAND CREEK, a post-township of Scott Co., Minnesota, 
 on the S.E. bank of Minnesota River, about 30 miles S.W. 
 of St. Paul. Pop. 701. 
 
 SAND CREEK, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. Pop. 
 221. 
 
 SANDFOllD, a post-village of Vigo Co., Indiana, on the 
 Tevre Haute and Kichuiond Railroad, 8 miles E.N.E. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 SAN DIEGO, s3n de-^'go, a county forming the S.E. ex- 
 tremity of California, bordering on Arizona and Me.xico. 
 Area estimated at above 15,000 scjuare miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by tlie Colorado River, and on the W. by the 
 Pacific ocean. It is drained by the San Diego, San Louis 
 Rey, Santa Margarita, and other small streams. Some or 
 all of these sink in dry seasons before tliey reach the sea. 
 The coast range traversing the county north and south, 
 divides it into two entirely different regions. The eastern 
 region, which is the larger of the two is the Colorado desert, 
 a bare, waterless, sandy waste, in wliich intense heat pre- 
 vails. Gold is found near the Colorado River. On the west 
 Bide of tlie coast range the soil is more fertile. Pine trees 
 grow on the mountains, and tlie olive flourishes at San 
 Diego, on the sea-coast. The principal occupation of the 
 people is breeding horses, cattle, and sheep. Capital, San 
 Diego. Pop. 4324, of whom 3067 were Indians. 
 
 S.\NDOVAL, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, at the 
 intersection of the Central Railroad (Main Line) with the 
 Ohio and Jljssissippi Railroad, 6 miles N. of Centralia, 61 
 miles E. of St. Louis, and 25 miles S. of Vandalia. 
 
 S.-VND PUAIRIE, a township of Tazewell CO., Illinois. 
 Pop. -275. 
 
 SAND SPRING, a post-office of Delaware co.. Iowa, on 
 the Dubuque Southwestern Railroad, 37 miles W.S.W. of 
 Dubuque. 
 
 SANDSTONE, a post-township of Jackson co., Michigan, 
 about 32 miles S. of Lansing, is traversed by the Central 
 Railroad. Pop. 1395. 
 
 SANDUSKV, a post-village of Addison oo., Vermont, on 
 the Vermont Central Railroad, about 22 miles W.S.\V of 
 Montjielier. 
 
 S.'VNDUSKY, a post-ofllce of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 SANDUSKY, a post-office of Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 
 SANDWICH, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Riiilroad, 18 miles W.S. 
 W. of Aurora. Pop. 952. 
 
 SANDY, a post-village of Multnomah co., Oregon, on the 
 Cohnnbia River, 15 miles E. by N. of Portland. Pop. of 
 Sandy precinct, .332. 
 
 S.VnDY HOOK, a post-village of Washington co., Mary- 
 land, on the Potoniac River, about 1 mile E. of Harper's 
 Ferry. 
 
 S.\NDY hook, a post-village of Rappahannock or Fau- 
 quier CO., Virginia, about 28 miles S. of VVinchester. 
 
 SANDY RIVER. Oregon, a small stream which rises in 
 Clackamas co., and flows northwestward through Multno- 
 mah CO., into tlio Columbia River. 
 
 SANEL. a small post-village of Mendocino co., California, 
 14 miles N. of IJkiah. 
 
 SAN ELIZARIO, a post-village of El Paso co., Texas, 
 near the Rio Orande, about 20 miles below El Paso. Pop. 
 1052. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO [continued from page 1696]. 
 
 The following table shows the value and destination of 
 treasure shipments from this port duriug the past 11 yeai's — 
 1854 to 18«>4, inclusive: 
 
 
 Eastern 
 ports. 
 
 England. China. 
 
 Panama. 
 
 Other 
 Ports. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1854 
 ISoo 
 183fi 
 1857 
 18,5S 
 1859 
 1S«0 
 18G! 
 18<i-.' 
 
 Ii8ta 
 
 '1864 
 
 «46.533.166 
 38.730,564 
 3il,895.294 
 35.531.778 
 35.891, V!36 
 40,146,437 
 35.719,296 
 32.6J8,011 
 26, I94,0.i5 
 10,389.330 
 12,316,122 
 
 $3,781,080 
 5,182,156 
 3/Jt)fi.289 
 347.743 
 265,739 
 3.910,9:10 
 2.672,936 
 4.061.779 
 I2,9')0.I40 
 28,467.256 
 34.436.423 
 
 $965,887 
 889,675 
 1,308.852 
 2,993,264 
 1,916,007 
 3,100.756 
 3,374,680 
 3,541,279 
 2,660,754 
 4,206.370 
 7.888,973 
 
 $204,592 
 231,207 
 233,268 
 410,929 
 299. 26 > 
 279.949 
 300.819 
 349.769 
 434.508 
 
 2.503.296 
 378.795 
 
 $560,908 
 128.129 
 573,732 
 692.978 
 175.779 
 202.390 
 258,185 
 95,920 
 322,324 
 505.667 
 686,888 
 
 ^2,045,633 
 45.161,731 
 50,697,434 
 4S,976,692 
 47.548,026 
 47.640,462 
 42.325,916 
 40 676,758 
 42,561,761 
 46.071,920 
 55,707,201 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 353,975,269 
 
 122,742,471 
 
 32,846,497 
 
 5,646,397 
 
 4,202,900 
 
 519.413,534 
 
 have been sent ont of the country ; as, however, no very in- 
 considerable amount may reasonably bo supposed to be re 
 tained in California for the use of tlwe inhabitants, the to 
 tal product of the California gold mines since their disco- 
 very to the present time (1865) may safely be estimated a* 
 near a thousand millions of dollars; of which amoun, 
 rather more than half has been obtained during the last 10 
 years. 
 
 Of the treasure exported in 1S64, $12,316,121 went to New 
 York, $34,4:36,422 to EngUmd, $7,888,073 to Chini^ Sl50,135 
 to Manilla, $378,794 to Panam.i, $175,245 to Mexico, $130,603 
 to the Hawaiian Islands, S;35,C31 to Japan, .$8000 to Havana, 
 $16,951 to Tahiti, $45,321 to Punta Arenas, and $125,000 to 
 Victoria. The exports exclusive of treasure in 1804 were 
 valued at $13,271,752, of which $3,399,143 went to New York, 
 $1,532,021 to Boston, $235,000 to New Bedford, $955,858 to 
 Great Britain, $579,746 to Australia, $1,510,639 to British 
 Columbia, $2,2l.=i,614 to Mexico, $247,128 to Peru,$l,374,lii6 
 to Cliina, $659,485 to the Hawaiian Islands, 49,3.37 to Japan, 
 and .5")13,t)78 to other countries. Among the articles export- 
 ed were 2,000,000 lbs. of barley, 344,0011 bricks, 11,000,000 
 feet of lumber, 2,400,000 lbs. of oats, 550,000 gallons of 
 whale iind sperm oil, 14,000 tons of copper ore, 6:i00 sacks 
 of silver ore, 37,252 fla.^ks of quicksilver, 117,000 bbls. of 
 flour, 4,.300,000 ll.s. of wheat, 338,000 hides, 214,000 lbs. of 
 whalebone, 20,000 gallons of California wine, and 6,000,000 
 lbs of wool. 
 
 The arrivals of tonn.ige from all quarters during the past 
 four years, have been as follows : 
 
 Years. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 .... 
 
 1861 
 lb«2 
 
 1980 
 18<)9 
 
 S(I9.2.33 
 0.34,769 
 
 1863 
 
 1 1864 
 
 1899 
 
 2096 
 
 634.769 
 739,190 I 
 
 Pnpulatinn. — There is so large a m.ass of floating popula- 
 tion in San Francisco, that it would be impossible, even by 
 taking a census, to state the number with any e.xactness. 
 Tlie following statement will give some idea of the immense 
 influx of strangers that took place soon after the marvel- 
 lous richness of the California gold region became generally 
 known, as well as of the instability of the population at that 
 time: — The total number of passengers by sea that arrived 
 at San Fi"ancisco, from January 1st to August 27th, 1853, was 
 26,722, of whom 21,886 were males, 4138 females, and 698 
 children. The total number that left within the same time 
 was 18,083, nearly all males. The addition to the popula- 
 tion from abro.'id amounted, therefore, during the first 8 
 months of the same year, to only SftJO. 
 
 Within the last few years the population has not been so 
 fluctuating, but it is still less permanent than perh.aps that 
 of any other large city in the world. Pop. according to the 
 census of 1860, 56,802; it may be stated in 1865 at about 
 90,000, though some estimate it as high as 120,000. Inclu- 
 ded in the poi>ulation are about 3000 Chinamen, who have, 
 almost exclusive possession of certiiin blocks. 
 
 Ilislnrii. — The first settlement at San Francisco was made 
 by the Spaniards about the year 1778. The place was then 
 called Yerba Buena, or " good herb," because an herb of this 
 name, supposed to possess great medicinal virtues, was 
 found gr.owin^ abundantly on the neighboring hills. Tlie 
 first houses were built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks. In 
 1839 it was laid out as a town, the few houses having pre- 
 viously been scattered without regularity. It contained in 
 1845 about 150 inhabitants. About this time it began to 
 attract the attention of some adventurous Americans, and 
 tlie population increased in two years to nearly 500. It re- 
 tained the name of Yerba Buena until it was occupied by 
 the Americans. The first discovery of gold was made at 
 Sutter's settlement, then called New Helvetia, in Decem- 
 ber, 1847. Early in 1848 the news spread to the four quar- 
 ters of the globe, and immediately adventurers from every 
 latid came tlironging to this new EI Dorado. The magnifi- 
 cent harbor of San Francisco made this port the great ren- 
 dezvous for the arriving vessels, and from this period dates 
 the extraordinary increase and prosperity of the Californian 
 metropolis. In the first two months of the golden age, the 
 quantity of precious dust brought to San Francisco wiis 
 estimated at $250,000, and in the next two months at 
 $600,000. In February, 1849, the population of the town 
 was about 2000; in August it was estimated at 5000. From 
 April 12, 1849, to January 29, 1850, there arrived at this 
 port by sea 39,888 emigrants, of whom 1421 were females. 
 In the year ending April 15, 1850, there arrived 62,000 pas- 
 sengers. In the fii-st part of 1860, San Francisco became a 
 city, and in 1864 its assessment roll amounted to more tkan 
 $80.000,000 ! 
 
 S.VN FRANCISCO, a village and township of Carver Co., 
 Minnesota, on the left bank of the Minnesota River, about 
 35 miles S.AV. of St. Paul, and about 9 miles above Shako- 
 pee. Pop. 608. 
 
 SAN GABRIEL, a post-village of Los Angeles co., Cali- 
 fornia, 8 miles E. of Los Angeles. Pop. about 250. 
 
 SANGAMO, Macon co., Illinois, a station situated on 
 
 2289 
 
 J 
 
SAN 
 
 fhe Greal Western Railroad, and is 5 mfles E. of Decatur. 
 
 BANG A MON, a township of Piatt cc, Illinois. Pop. 1068. 
 
 SAN GORGONIO, MOUNT, California, is a peak of the 
 coast rang.;, in lat. 33° 48' N. Its height is about 7000 feet. 
 
 SA.MLAC, a county in the E. part of Michigan, boriiei^ 
 ing on Lake Huron, has an area of about 950 square miles. 
 It is drained by Cass and Black Rivers, which rise within 
 it, and by the North Fork of Cass River. The ^urface is 
 gently undulating; the soil is moderately fertile. The 
 county is mostly covered with forests of pine, sugtir-maple, 
 and other trees. Lumber and wood are the chief articles 
 of export. Capit.al, Lexington. Pop. 7509. 
 
 SANILAC, a township of Sanilac co., Michigan, on T..ake 
 Huron. Pop. 1205. 
 
 S.\N J0Sl5, a township of Santa Clara Co., California, 
 Pop. including the city of San Jose, 4579. 
 
 S.4.N JOSfi, a city, capital of Santa Clara co., California, 
 Is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley ,.and on the right 
 bank of the Guadaluiie River, 51 miles S.S.E. of San Fran- 
 cisco, with which it is connected by a railioad. [See page 
 169S.] Lat. 37° 24' N., Ion. 121° 54' 30" W. The streets 
 cross each other at right angles, are wide and well graded. 
 8nn Jose contains 7 churches, 3 newspaper offices (from one 
 of which a daily paper is issued, a seminary for girls called 
 the College of Notre Dame, attended by about 200 pupils, a 
 city hall, an elegant Odd Fellows' Hall, and an excellent 
 hotel called the Auzerais House, which is built of brick 
 and cost about Sl30,000. The town is lighted with gas, and 
 supplied with water by Artesian wells. It is noted for its 
 excellent fruit and beautiful gjirdens. The port of San 
 Jose is at Alviso, about 7 miles distant. Pop. in 1S65, about 
 4500. 
 
 SAN JUAN, a township of Monterey co., California. Pop. 
 In 1S60, 1400, of whom 148 were Indians. 
 
 SAN JUAN, a post-village of Monterey co., California, on 
 the San Benito River, about 2 miles from its junction witli 
 the Pajaro, and 42 miles S.J'.E. of San Josi. It contains 4 
 churches. It is situated in a fertile valley, and is noted as 
 a market for cattle and sheep. Pop. including Indians, 
 about 650. 
 
 SAN JUAN, a post-village of Whatcom co., Washington 
 Territory, on San Juan Island, which is in the E. part of 
 the Straits of Juan de Fuca, about 120 miles N. of Olympia. 
 
 SAN LEANDRO, a post-village, capital of Alameda co., 
 California, is situateii on San Leandro Creek, IJ^ miles E. 
 of the Bay of San Francisco, and 20 miles E. by 8. of San 
 Francisco. It is also on the Alameda Valley Railroad, and 
 is surrounded by a rich farming country. It contains a 
 court-house, 1 public school, and a Masonic hall. Pop. 
 about 500. 
 
 SAN LORENZO. California. See Haywood. 
 
 SAN LORENZO, a post-village of Alameda co., California, 
 S miles S.E. of San Leandro. 
 
 SAN LUIS OBISPO, san loo'es o-bees'po, a post-village, 
 capital of San Luis Obispo co., California, is about 250 miles 
 S. by E. of San Francisco, and 9 miles N. of the nearest point 
 on the Pacific Ocean. It has 1 church. Pop. about 300. 
 
 SAN MATEO (Sp. pron. sdn mi-tA'o), a county in the W. 
 
 Eart of California, ha,s an area of 307 square miles. It is 
 ounded on the E. and N.E. by the Bay of.San Francisco, 
 and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. The surliice.is diversi- 
 fied by high hills, valleys, and deep ravines, and abounds in 
 beautiful picturesque scenery. Tlie soil of the valleys is 
 fertile. Wheat, hay, lumber, and cattle are the staple pro- 
 ductions. Tlie main supply of water for San Francisco is 
 derived from several creeks in this county. The redwood 
 tree, from which excellent lumber is made, is abundant. 
 Tertiary coal or lignite is found here. The climate is mild 
 and siilubrious. The county is traversed by the San Finin- 
 cisco and San Jos6 Railroad. Organized in 1856. Canital 
 Redwood City. Pop. 3214. ' 
 
 SAN MATEO, a post-village of San Mateo co., California, 
 on or near the Bay of i^an Francisco. 10 miles N. of Red- 
 wooil City. 
 
 SAN PABLO, a post-village ofContra Costa CO.. California 
 Is about 15 miles N.N.E. of San Francisco, and 1 mile from 
 the Bay of Sun Francisco. Pop. about 350. 
 i.T^'*^.?'^*^''^^''} JJ P08t-"ffice of SUrk Co.. Indiana, on the 
 p'w Albany and Chicago Railroad, 30 miles S. of Michigiin 
 
 SAN QUENTIN. a post-village of Marin co., California 
 ison the strait which connects the Bay of San Francisco 
 with the Bay of San Pablo, about 15 miles N. of San Fran- 
 cisco, and 4 miles E. of San Rafael. Here is the state prison 
 which, in December, 1862. contained 577 prisoners 
 
 SAN RAFAEL, a township of Marin co., CaUfornia. Pop. 
 Inclu'J^ng the village of same name, 636. 
 
 SAN RAFAEL, a post-village, capital of Marin co., Cali- 
 fornia, 18 situated in a small valley on the W. side of San 
 Pablo straits, about 16 miles N. of San Francisco. It ha^ 1 
 newspaper office, 1 hotel, 2 stores, and 2 saw-mills The 
 adjacent country is hilly and adapted to grazing. Pop. 
 
 At (Oil t o()i>. 
 
 SAN SABA, a new county in the central part of Texas, 
 
 SAR 
 
 has an area of about 925 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. and E. by the Colorado River, and intersected by thfl 
 San Saba River. The surface is undulating or hilly. Capi- 
 tal, San Saba. Pop. 913. 
 
 SAN SABA, a post village, capital of San Saba co.,Texaa, 
 on the river of the same name, about 92 miles N.W. of 
 Austin City. 
 
 SANTA ANNA, a post-township of Dewitt co., Illinois, 
 about 16 miles E. of Clinton. Pop. 833. 
 
 SANTA BARBARA [continued from page 1704]. 
 for bathing. Temperature, about 100° Fahrenheit. Salt ia 
 abundantly supplied from the Salinas, where it is gathered 
 in August and September by cartloads. There .are thou- 
 sands ot mineral tar springs and asphaltum deposits in the 
 county, and it is thrown up by the sea everywhere along 
 the shore. The county is an immense focus or centre of 
 asphaltum or mineral-pitch deposits. The hard asphaltum 
 for [laving and roofing is also found near the sea, 9 milea 
 from the town of .^'anta Barbara, and is extensively used 
 since 1854 in San Francisco. The islands on the sea-coast 
 are a rendezvous of otters, seals, sea-elephants, &c. Capital, 
 Santa Barbara. Pop. 2131. 
 
 SANTA CLARA, a county in the W. part of California, 
 has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is draincnl by 
 the Guadalupe and I'ajaro Rivers, and Coyote Creek, and is 
 partly bounded on the N. by the Bay of San Francisco. The 
 surface is diversified by mountains and valleys. A ridge 
 called the Gabilan or Santa Cruz mountains, extends along 
 the S.W. border of the county. Mount Hamilton, in the 
 N.E. part, is 4449 feet high. The soil is generally very fer- 
 tile and adapted to whejit and fruit. The vicinity of San 
 Jose is said to be the best or principal fruit district of the 
 state. Among the indigenous trees is the redwood, from 
 which durable lumber is made. The rich quicksilver mine 
 of New Almaden is in this county, which also contains 
 cop])er, alum, asphaltnm, and metamorphic limestone. 
 There are more than 300 Artesian wells in the county. 
 Organized in 1850. Capital, .San Jose. Pop. 11,912. 
 
 SANTA CLARA, a townshii) of Santa Clara co., Califor- 
 iiia, contains the town of same name. Total i)opulation, 
 2o59. 
 
 SANTA CLARA, a post-town of Santa Clara co., Califor- 
 nia, is on the railroad which connects San Jose with San 
 Francisco. 3 miles from the former, and 46 miles S.S.E. of 
 the latter city. It is the seat of Santa Clara College, which 
 is under the direction of Jesuits, and had in 1864 about 210 
 students. It also contains 5 churches, a collegiate institute 
 for girls, 2 public halls, Ac. The mission of Santa Clara was 
 founded here in 1777. Between this town and San Jose is a 
 well-shaded avenue, called the alameda, which is celebrated 
 as a pleasant i)Iace for caiTiage drives. Carriages, bricks, 
 lime, leather, &c., are manufactured here. Pop. about 
 2500. 
 
 S.\^NTA CLARA, a mining village of Humboldt Co., Ne- 
 vada, 13 miles N. of Unionville. Pop. about 100. 
 
 8.4NTA CLARA, a post-village of Washington co., Utah, 
 6 miles W. or N.W. of Saint George. Pop. said to be 300. 
 
 SANTA FE, a post-village of Craighead co., Arkansas, 
 about 44 miles E. of Batesville. 
 
 SANTA FE, a village of Spencer co., Indiana, about 40 
 miles E.N.E. of Evansville. 
 
 SANTA FE, a mining district of Lander co., Nevada, 
 about 30 miles S.E. of Austin, contains a village, named 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 SANTA MARGARITA (san'tah mar-g-ah-ree'tah), a vil- 
 lage of Conejos co., Colorado, about 110 miles S.S.W. Of 
 Pueblo. 
 
 SANTAQUIN, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, 24 miles 
 S. by W. of Provo City. Pop. 158. 
 
 S.^NTA ROS.\, a township of Sonoma co., California. 
 Pop. including Santa Rosa, the county-seat, 1623. 
 
 SANT.\ ROSA, a post-village, capital of Sonoma Co., Cali- 
 fornia, on Santa Rosa Creek, 60 miles N.of San Francisco. 
 It is situated in one of the finest agricultural valleys of the 
 state, and has a delightful climate, like that of Italy. It 
 contains a court-house, 1 academy, 4 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and a hospital. Wine and grain are the chief articles 
 of exjiort. Pop. estimated by one resident at 800, by another 
 at 2000. 
 
 SANTIAGO, a village of Sherburne co., Minnesota, about 
 20 miles E. of St. Cloud. 
 
 SANTIAM, a small river of Oregon, is formed by two 
 branches, called the North Fork and South Fork of Sautiam, 
 which unite on the boundary between Linn and Marion 
 counties. Flowing westward it enters the Willamette about 
 6 miles below Albany. The North Fork rises in the K. part 
 of Marion county, and flows westward. The South Fork 
 rises in Linn county, and pursues in general a uorth^.'!8t 
 course. 
 
 SANTIAM, a precinct of Marion co., Oregon. Pop. 412. 
 
 SARANAC, a post-village of Ionia co., Michigan, on tho 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, and od Grand River, 25 
 miles E. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 SARATOGA, a post-village of Wils">ncf . North Carolina, 
 about 58 miles E.of Raleigh. 
 
SAR 
 
 SAKATOOA, a post-township of Marshall cc, Illinois, 
 «bout 2S miles N. of Peoria. Pop. 005. 
 
 SARATOGA, a post-towiisliip of Ilowarrt Co., Iowa, about 
 60 miles \V. of the Mississippi River at Lansing. Pop. 4.3. 
 
 SARATOGA, a post-township of Wood co., Wisconsin, 
 about 8 miles S. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 310. 
 ■ SAR.A.TO'jA, a post-village in Saratoga township, Winona 
 CO.. Minnesota, about 7 miles N.E. of Cliatfield, and 25 miles 
 W.S.W. of Winona. 
 
 SARA'I'OGA, a post-village of Douglas CO., Nebraska, 
 finely situated on the Missouri River, about 2 miles above 
 Omalia Citv. 
 
 . SARDIXIA, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana, about 35 
 miles N.N.W. of Madison. 
 
 SARDIS, a post-village of Panola CO., Mississippi, on the 
 railroad which connects Memphis with Grenada, about 54 
 miles .'^. of Memphis. 
 
 SAIiDIS, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, about 36 miles by land E.N E. of Marietta. 
 
 SARGEANT, Minnesota. See Skrge ^kt. 
 
 SARPY, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, bordering 
 on Iowa, has an area of about 245 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Missouri River (navigable by 
 large steamers); on tlie S. and W. by the Platte; and inter- 
 sected by the Elkhorn and Papillon Rivers. The surface is 
 beautifully diversified by high prairies, bottom and table 
 lands. The soil is deep and very fertile. A valuable blue 
 limestone is abundant in this county, along the Platte. 
 The Cottonwood abounds near the streams ; the oak, hickory 
 and walnut are also found, but less numerous. Capital, 
 Bellevue. Pop. 1201. 
 
 SAKS FIELD, a township of Aroostook co., Maine. Pop. 
 473. 
 
 SATSOP RIVER, a small and rapid stream of Washington 
 Territory, rises in Sawamish county, flows southward, and 
 enters the Cbehalis River, 22 miles from its mouth. 
 
 SAUCKLITO, a village of Marin CO., California, on the Bay 
 of San Francisco, about 9 miles N. by W. of San Francisco. 
 Here is a station for shipping. Pop. in 1S60, 94. 
 
 SAUGATUCK, a post-village of Allegan co., Michigan, on 
 Lake Michigan, at tlie mouth of tlie Kalamazoo River, about 
 40 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids. 
 
 SAUK CKNTRE. a post-village of Stearns Co., Minnesota, 
 on Sauk River, about 45 miles W.N.W. of Saint Cloud. 
 
 S.\yK CITY, a post-village of Siiuk co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Wisconsin I'iver, about 16 miles S. of IJaraboo, and 24 miles 
 W.N.AV. of Madison. It has 1 church, 7 stores, 4 breweries, 
 1 iron foundry, &c. A bridge, 1020 feet long, crosses the 
 river liere. 
 
 SAUK CITY, a village of Stearns co., Minnt'sota, on the 
 Mississippi River, just below the mouth of the Sauk, 2 or 3 
 miles above Saint Cloud. 
 
 SAUK R.M'IDS. a township of Renton co., Minnesota, 
 contains the county-seat. Pop. in 1860, 167. 
 
 S.\UK RA PIDS. a post-village, capital of Benton co., Min- 
 nesota, on the left bank of the Jlississippi River, opposite 
 the mouth of Sauk River, about 80 miles N.W. of St. I'aul, 
 and 3 miles above St. Cloud. It is on the St. Paul and Pa- 
 cific Railroad (in progress). It contains a court-house, 2 
 churches, and a saw-mill. The river affords water-power 
 here. Pop. about 200. 
 
 SAUNEMIN. or SAUNEMAN, a township of Livingston 
 CO., Illinois. Pop. 228. 
 
 SAUNTEE, a i)ost-vilIage of Sarpy co., Nebraska, on the 
 left bank ol the I'latte River, 28 miles S.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 S.WAGES STATION, a station on the Richmond and 
 York River Railroad, in Henrico co., Virginia, 10 miles E. 
 of Richmond. One of the " seven days' " battles occurred 
 here June 29, 1862. 
 
 SAVANNAH, a post-village of Red River co., Texas, 
 about 14 miles E.S.E. of Clarksville, and 80 miles N. by W. 
 of Marshall. 
 
 SAVANNAH, a villase of Athens co., Ohio, on the Hock- 
 ing Kiver. about 27 miles W.S.W, of Marietta. 
 
 SAVANNAH, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, about 10 
 miles S. of Bloomfield. 
 
 SAVEIiTON, a post-village of Ralls co., Missouri, on the 
 Mississippi River, about 12 miles below Hannibal. Pop. of 
 Saverton township, 1195. 
 
 SAVO'NA, a post-village and township of Stenben co., 
 New York. The village is on a branch of the Erie Railroad, 
 6 miles S.E. of Rath. Total population, 1394. 
 
 SAWAMISH, a county in the W. part of Washington 
 Territory, bordering on the Pacific Ocean, has an area of 
 about 1600 square miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by 
 Hood's Canal, and several inlets of Puget Sound. It is 
 drained by the Hnmptolips, Satsop and Skokomish Rivers. 
 The surface is diversified by valleys and mountains of the 
 Coast Range. Capital, Oakland. Pop. 162. 
 
 SAWMILL FLAT, a mining village of Tuolumne co., 
 Calit'orui':'- 1 mile E. of Columbia. Pop. about 250. 
 
 SAW-PIT Flat, a mining village of Plumas co., Califor- 
 nia, aliout 55 miles N. of Nevada. It has 2 water-ditches, I 
 r>veral stores, and about 230 houses. 
 SAWYER'S BAR, a post-vuiage of Klamath co , Califor- ' 
 
 SCO 
 
 nia, on Salmon River, about 25 mile? B. by 3. of Orleaui 
 Bar. 
 
 SAXTON. a post-village of Bedford CO., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Huntingdon and Broad Top Railroad, 24 miles S.S.W. 
 of Huntingdon. 
 
 SAXTON, a village of Lake co., Minnesota, on Lake Su- 
 perior, about 95 miles N.E. of Superior City. 
 
 S-VYLOR, a township of Polk CO., Iowa. Pop. 76S. 
 
 SCALES MOUND, a post-village and township of .To Da^ 
 viosa CO., Illinoi.s, on the Central Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of 
 Galena. Pop. 89fi. 
 
 .■^CANDINA'VI.\. a post-township of Waupaca CO., V> is- 
 cousin, about 7 miles N.W. of Waupaca. Pop. 653. 
 
 SCANTIC, a village of Hartford co., Connecticut, sn pean- 
 tic River, about 10 miles N.N.E. of Hartford. 
 
 SCAPPOOSE, a precinct in the S.E. part of Columbia co., 
 Oregon. Pop. 93. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH, a village of Pulaski co . Indiana, on the 
 Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, S-5 miles S.E. of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 SCHENLEY STATION, a post-office of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 13 miles 
 S.S.W. of Kittanning. 
 
 sen LKSWIG, a township of Manitowoc co., Wisconsin, 
 in the S.W. part. Pop. 699. 
 
 SCHLEY, a small county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia. 
 It is drained by Muckaloe and Cedar Creeks. The surface 
 is nearly level. Capital, Ellaville. Pop. 4633. 
 
 SCHWARTZBURG, a village of Wayne co., Michigan, on 
 the West Branch of Rouge River, atiout 19 miles W . of 
 Detroit. 
 
 SCIO, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, 15 miles E.N.E. 
 of Albany. It has 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 SCIOLA, or SCIOTA. a post-village of Montgomery co., 
 Iowa, on the Nodawav River, about 8 miles E. of FrankfV^rd. 
 
 SCIOTA, or SCIOTO, a jKist-village of Clinton Co.. New 
 York, on the Plattsburg and Montreal Railroad, 15 milos 
 N.N.W. of Plattsburg. 
 
 SCIOTA, a township of McDonough co., Illinois. Pop. 
 643. 
 
 SCIOT.I, a township of Dakota co., Minnesota, coutaitg 
 the village of Lewiston. Pop. 255. 
 
 SCIOTO, a township of Pike Co., Ohio. Pop. 696. 
 
 SCIPIO. a village of Franklin CO., Indiana, 15 miles W. 
 of Hamilton, Ohio. 
 
 SCOOBA. or SCOOBER, a post-office of Kempw co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 42 miles N.N.E. 
 of Meridian. 
 
 SCOrCH GROVE, a post-township of .Tones co., Iowa, 
 about .34 miles S.W. of Dubuque. Pop. 796. 
 
 SCOTLAND.a townshii)of McDonongh Co., Illinois. Pop. 
 919. 
 
 SCOTT, a county in the S.E. centra? part of Minnesota, 
 has an area of about 375 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. and N.W. by the Minnesota River, navigable by 
 steamboats, and contains several snuill lakes. The surface 
 is undulating; the soil is calcareous and very fertile. This- 
 county was originally nearly all covered with forests of 
 deciduous trees, among which are the eak, ash, elm, and 
 maple. Capital, Shakopee. Pop. 4595. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. Pop, 
 1562. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. Pop, 
 914. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Harrison co., Indiana. Pop. 906. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Ogle CO., Illinois. Pop. 752. 
 
 SCOTT, a station on the Pacific Railroad of Missouri, 7 
 miles W.N.W. of .TefTerson City. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Fayette Co., Iowa. Pop. 76. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Fremont co., Iowa. Pop. 653. 
 
 SCOT r, a township of Henrv co., Iowa. Pop. 769. 
 
 SCOTT, a township of Johnson Co., Iowa. Pop. 694. 
 
 SCOTT, a post-township of Mahaska co., Iowa, about 7 
 miles W. of Oskaloosa. Pop. 1036. 
 
 SCOTT, a township in the N.E. part of Brown co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 1053. 
 
 SCOTT, a township in the E. part of Crawford CO., ATig- 
 consin. Pop. 331. 
 SCOTT, a township of Linn co., Kansas. Pop. 1014. 
 SCOTT BAR. or SCOTT RIVER, a mining village of 
 Siskiyou co., California, on Scott River, .30 miles Sv. of 
 Yreka. It contains several stores. Pop. in 1S63. about 350. 
 Here is a post-office called Scott River. 
 
 SCOTT RIVER, or SCOTT'S RIVER, a small stream of 
 Siskiyou co., California, flows northward and northwest- 
 ward, and enters the Klamath River, near the W. border of 
 the countv. 
 
 SCOTTSRURG, a post-village of Halifax co., Virginia, on 
 the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. of 
 Danville. 
 
 SCOTTSRURG, a post-village of Fresno co., California, ou 
 King's River. 25 miles S. bv E. of MiUerton. 
 
 SCOTTSRURG, a post-villa-e of Douglas co., Oregon, on 
 the Umpqua River, at the head of navigation, about 50 
 miles N.W. of Koseburg. It has several stores. 
 
 2291 
 
bCO 
 
 SUA 
 
 SCOrrSVILLE, a pnst-village of Wyoming CO., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about :12 miles W.N.W. of Scranhm. 
 
 SCOTT.S\'II....E, a post-village of Claiborne Parish, Loui- 
 giina, alKiiit 2f. miles N.E. of Homer. 
 
 SCOTTSYILLB, a village of Nodjiway CO., Jlissouri. about 
 SO miles N. of St. Joseph. 
 
 SCOTTVILLE, a post-village of Ashe co., N. Carolina, 
 about SO miles N.W. of Salisbuiy. 
 
 SCOTTVILLE, a station on the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Eailroad. and on the E. Fork of White River, 71 miles E. of 
 Vincennes. 
 
 SEABECK, a post-village of Kitsap co., 'Washington Ter- 
 ritory, on Hood's Canal, about 50 miles N. of Olympia. It 
 has a saw-mill. 
 
 SEAFIKLD, a post-village of White co., Indiana, 32 miles 
 W. of Loiransport, with which it is connected bv a railroad. 
 
 SEAHuME, or SEllOME, a village of Whatcom co., 
 Washington Territory, on Bellingham Bay, about 5 miles 
 S. of W hatoom. Pop. 80. 
 
 SEARSVILLE. a. post-village of San Mateo co., California, 
 about 20 miles W. of San Jose. It hiis 1 or two stores. 
 
 SiEAVILLE. a post-othce of Cape May co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Cape May and Millville Kailroad, about 25 miles S.E. 
 of Millviile, 
 
 SEBASTO'I'OL, a post-village of Trinity co., Texas, on 
 the left bank of the Trinity Kiver, about 22 miles N.E. of 
 Huiitsville. 
 
 SEBA8T0P0L. a post-village of Napa co., California, on 
 Nirpa Creek, 9 miles N. by ^y. of Napa City. 
 
 SEBASTOl'OL, a mining village of Sierra co., California, 
 about 5o miles N.E. of Marvsville. 
 
 SEBEWAING, SIBBEWAING, or SEBAWANING, a 
 post-village and township of Huron co., Michigan, on Sag- 
 inaw Bay, about 28 miles E.N.E. of Bay City. Pop. 555. 
 
 SECOIl, a post-village of Woodford co., Illinois, on the 
 Toledo, Peoiia, and Warsaw Railroad. 27 miles E. of Peoria. 
 
 SECRET RATINE, a post-village of Placer co., CaUtbrniis 
 7 miles S.W. of Auburn. 
 
 SEDALIA. a post-village, capital of Pettis co., Missoyri, 
 on the Pacific Railroad, 64 miles W. of Jefferson City, and 
 about 92 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. 
 
 SEtiWIN, or SEGWUN. a village of Kent co.. Michigan, 
 on Grand River, opposite Lowell, and IS miles E. of Grand 
 Rapids. 
 
 SEIAD, California. See Sun. 
 
 SELBY, Illinois. See Shelby. 
 
 SELKIRK, a post-village of Marion District, South Caro- 
 lina, about -tS miles S.E. of Cheraw. 
 
 SELLERSVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 32 miles N. of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 SELMA, a post-village of Clark co., Ohio, on the Colum- 
 bus and Xenia Railroad, 14 miles E.N.E. of Xenia. 
 
 SEMINARY, a township of Fayette co., Illinois. Pop. 
 689. 
 
 SENATOBIA, or SINATOBA, a post-village of De Soto 
 CO., Miasissijjpi, on the railroad from Memphis to Grenada, 
 aliout 40 miles S. of Memphis. 
 
 .■^ENECA, a village of La Salle CO., Illinois, on the Chicago 
 and Rock Island Railroad, 12 miles E. of Ottawa. 
 
 SENECA, a ix)st-village and township of Crawford co., 
 Wisconsin, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Prau-ie du Chien. Pop. 
 229. 
 
 SENECA, a township in the N. part of Green Lake co., 
 Wisconsin, on Fox River. Pop. 409. 
 
 SENECA, a post-village, capitjil of Nemaha co., Kansas, 
 on the Nemaha River, about eO miles N.N.W. of Topeka, 
 and 32 miles E. of Marysville. It has several stores, &c. 
 Pop. in 1864, about 500. 
 
 SEN EX, a post-village of McLean co., Illinois, about 16 
 miles E bv S. of Blooniington. 
 
 SENTINEL, or SENTINEL PRAIRIE, a post-village of 
 Polk CO., Missouri, abi.ut 40 miles N. by W. of Springfield 
 
 SEQU.VrCHIE. or SEQUATCUEE, a county in the S.E. 
 part of Tennessee, has an area (jf about 225 square miles. 
 It i.s intersected by the Sequatcliie River. The surface is 
 hilly : the soil of the valleys is productive. Pop. 2120. 
 
 SEUE'NO. a post-village of Columbia CO., Pennsylvania, 
 about 14 miles E.N.E. of Danville. 
 
 SEKGEANT, or SARGEANT, a township of Rice co., 
 Minnesota. Pop. 550. 
 
 SEVASTOPOL, a post-village of Muskegon co., Michigan, 
 on lake Michigan, about 5 miles W. of JIuskegon. It hiis 
 1 or 2 mills. 
 
 SEV A.STOPOL, or SEBASTOPOL. a township of Door co., 
 Wisconsin, extending from Lake Michigan to Green Bav' 
 Pop. 199. ■' 
 
 SEVENMILE CREEK, a township in the S. part of 
 Juneau CO., W i.-^consin. I'op. 578. 
 
 SEVENTY-SIX, a township of Muscatine co„ Iowa. Pod 
 
 SEVENTY-SIX, a township of Washington co, Iowa 
 Pop. 287. 
 
 SEVILLE, A township of Gratiot co,, Slichigan. Pop. 
 1C9. 
 
 2292 
 
 SEWARD, a new county on the S. boundary of Kansas. 
 Area estimated at 1200 square miles. It is drained by 
 afliuents ot the Verdigris River. The soil is generally fer- 
 tile. Timber is produced in the vicinity of the strejims. 
 The census of ISoO furnishes no information respecting this 
 county. 
 
 SEWARD, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pon. 
 1228. ^ 
 
 SEWARD, a township of Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 958. 
 
 SEWAltD, a post-village of Brown co, Kansas, about 25 
 miles N.W. of Atchison. 
 
 SEWELL MOUNTAIN, a post-village of Favette co., 
 West Virginia, about 24 miles W. by N. of Lewisburg. 
 
 Si;\VEi.L S (ur SEWALL S) POINT, Virginia, is on th« 
 S. side of HampU)n Roads, about 4 miles S. of Fortress 
 Monroe. 
 
 SEWELLSVILLE. a post-village of Belmont co,, Ohio, 26 
 miles in a direct line W. of Wheeling. 
 
 SEWICIvLEY, a village and township of Alleghanv co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Ohio River, 13 miles by railroad N.W, 
 of Pittsburg. It contains several stores and schools. Pop, 
 1586. 
 
 SEYMOUR, a thriving post-village of Jackson co., In- 
 diana, situated 50 miles N. of Louisville, Kentucky, and 87 
 miles W. by S. of Cincinnati. The Jellersonville Railroad 
 here intersects the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. Pop. in 
 1860, 96ti; in 1865, about 1200. 
 
 SHABOMER, or SHEliONIER, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 6 or 7 miles S. of 
 Vandalia. 
 
 SHACKELFORD, or SHACKLEFORn, a new county in 
 N."W. central part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Clear Fork of Brazos River, 
 and also dndned by Hubbard's Creek, Pup. 44. 
 
 SIIADEVILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, on 
 the Scioto River, about 9 miles S. of Columbus, 
 
 SlIADWELL, a post-village of Albemarle Co., Virginia, 
 on the Central Railroad, 4 miles E. of Charlottesville. 
 
 SHAFFER, or SlIAFER, a village of Venango co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Oil Creek, 7 miles S. of Titusville, with which 
 it is connected by the Oil Creek Railrcad. and about 12 
 miles N.N.E. of Oil City. Oil wells have been opened here. 
 
 SHAK'Ol'EE, a post-village, capital of Scott co., Minne- 
 sota, situated on the right bank of the MinnesoDi River, 
 about 28 miles W.S W. of Saint Paul. It is surrounded by 
 a rich farming country, in which hard timber is abundant. 
 The river is navigable for steamboats above and below this 
 place. Pop. 1138. 
 
 SHAKOl'Eii. or SHAKAPEE. a station on the Chicago 
 and (ireat Eastern Railroad, in Stark co., Indiana, C9 inTles 
 S.E. of Chicago. 
 
 SH.\LLOTTE, a post-village of Brunswick co., North Ca- 
 rolina, about 30 miles S.W. of Wilmington. 
 
 SHAMUNG, a post-village and township of Burlington 
 CO., N ew Jersey, on the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, 
 40 miles E.S.E. of Camden. Pop. 1008. 
 
 SHANESVILLE, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 10 miles E. by N. of Rejiding. 
 
 SHANGHAI, a small mining camp of Union co., Oregon, 
 about 2 miles N. of Eagle City. 
 
 SHANNON, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, about 
 11 miles N.N.W. of Zanesville. 
 
 SHANNON, a post-village of Carroll co., Illinois, on the 
 Racine and Mississippi Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Freeport. 
 
 SHANNON, a township of Atchisou co., Kansas, Pop, 
 633, 
 
 SHANNON, a village of Anderson co., Eaus.is, about 50 
 miles S. of L<awrence. 
 
 SH.\NNON, a township of Pottawattomie co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 109. 
 
 SH.4R0N, a village of Hamilton co., Ohio, about 15 miles 
 N.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 SHARON, a post-village of Noble co., Ohio, about 27 miles 
 N. by W. of .Marietta. 
 
 SHARON, a township of Favette co., Blinois, about 4 
 miles N.W. of VandaliiU Pop. 998. 
 
 S11-\R0N, a township of .4ppanoose CO., Iowa. Pop. 425. 
 
 SHARON, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 678. 
 
 SHARON, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 724. 
 
 SHARON, a post-ofhce of Warren co., Iowa, about 25 
 miles S. of Des Moines. 
 
 SII.\RON, a station on the Chicago and North Western 
 Railroad in Sharon township, Walworth Co., Wisconsin, 20 
 miles S.E. of Janesville. 
 
 SHARON, a township of Portage co., Wisconsin, about 5 
 miles N.E. of Stanton. Pop. 4.54. 
 
 SHARON, a township of Le Sueur co., Minnesota, is im- 
 mediately S.E. of Le Sueur, the couutj'-seat. Pop. 453. 
 
 SHASTA, or SHASTA CITY, a post-town, capital of 
 Shasta Co., C'llifornia, is situated near the right (\V.) bank 
 of the Siicramento River, about 40 miles N..N,W. of Red 
 Bluff, and ISO mHes from Sacramento. It Inid in 1864 u 
 court-house, 1 newspaper otfice, 4 dry-good stores and 5 
 general stores. Gold mines are worked in the vicinity. 
 Pop. estimated at 1000. 
 
SUA 
 
 SHAU5IBUR0, a post-township of Cook co., Illinois, about 
 25 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. I'op. 907. 
 
 SIIAWANA, or SHAWANO, a county In the N.E. part 
 of Wisconsin, has an area of 1332 square miles. It is iiiter- 
 gected by the Wolf Kiver. and also drained by the Oconto 
 and Emluarras Rivers. The surface is extensively covered 
 with forests of pine ainl other trees. The soil in some parts 
 Is prodHctive. Cipital, Shawano. Pop. S2M. 
 
 SHAWANO, or SHAWANAW, a post village and. town- 
 ship of Shawana co.. Wisconsin, on the Wolf Kiver, about 
 38 miles W.N.W. of Green Bay, and 58 miles N.of Oslikosh. 
 Pop. in ISOO, 71. 
 
 SH\WnAN, a post-office of Bourbon co., Kentucky, on 
 the Kentucky Central Railroad, 25 miles N.N.E ofLex- 
 infrtnu. 
 
 S[IAWNEE,acountyin the E. part of Kansas, has an area 
 of about 425 square miles. It is intersected by the Kan.sas 
 River, and also drained l>y the Wakarusa River. The sur- 
 face is undulating or nearly level; the soil is fertile. The 
 county is reported to be well timbered in the vicinitj' of the 
 streams. It contains abundance of limestone, valuable for 
 building. Coal has been found in several parts of the 
 county, which is traversed lij- the Pacific Railroad1[in pro- 
 gress). Capital, Topeka. Pop. 3513. 
 
 SHAWNEE apost-village of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Kelaware River, ahout 30 miles above Easton. 
 
 SH.\WNEK, a post-village and township of Johnson co., 
 Kansas, about 11 miles S.W. of Kansas City, and 3 or 4 miles 
 8. of Kansius River. Pop. 9S7. 
 
 SHAW'S FLAT, apost-villagc of Tuolumne CO., California, 
 2 miles W. of Sonora. It has 1 church and 1 school. Pop. 
 said to be 400. 
 
 SIIAWSVILLE, apost-village of Montgomery co., Virgi- 
 nia, on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad,77 miles W. by 
 S. of Lyndiburg. 
 
 SHAYKNNE, a village of Clay Co., Minnesota, on the 
 Red River of the North, is nearly in lat. 47° N. 
 
 SHKASVILLK. a post-village of Morgan CO., Indiana, 
 about :>6 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 SHEBONIER, Illinois. See Sh.\bonier. 
 
 SHKKPSCOT BRIDGE, a post-village of Lincoln co , 
 Maine, on the Sheepscot River, about 5 miles above Wis- 
 ca-sset. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1629. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a post-village of Bureau CO.. Illinois, on 
 the Chicago and. Rock Island Railroad, 38 miles W. of La 
 Salle. Pop. 706. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a villa<*o of Cape Girardeau co., Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 16 miles N.K. of Jackson. 
 
 SHKFKIKLK, a post-village of Story co., Iowa, about 14 
 miles N.N.W. of Nevada. 
 
 SIIELBINA. a post-village of Shelby co., Missouri, on the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 47 miles W. of Hannibal. 
 
 SHELBY, a county in the W. part of Iowa, hivs an area 
 of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the W. Fork of 
 the Nislinabatona River, and is drained by several branches 
 or affluents of that stream, and by Keg Creek. The surface 
 is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. This county 
 is traversed by the route of the Mississippi and Missouri 
 Railroad. Capital, Harlan. Pop. 818. 
 
 SHELBY, a vilbige or station of Shelby county, Tennes- 
 see, on the Memphis and Ohio Railroad, 19 miles E.N.E. of 
 Memphis. 
 
 SHELBY, a village of Macomb co., Michigan, near Clinton 
 River, about 22 miles N. of Detroit. 
 
 SHKI.BY, a township of Ripley CO., Indiana. Pop. 1926. 
 
 SHELBY, or SELBY, a township of Bureau co., Illinois, 
 on the Illinois River. Pop. 1673. 
 
 SHELBY, a township of Shelby co , Illinois. Pop. 531. 
 
 SHELBY, a post-village of Clarke co., Iowa, about 50 
 miles S. of Des Moines. 
 
 SHELBY, a township of Blue Earth co , Minnesota, con- 
 tains Shelbyville. Pop. 315. 
 
 SHELBY VILLE. a post-village of Blue Earth co., Min- 
 nesota, on the Mankato or Blue Earth River, about 28 
 miles S.S.W. of Mankato. 
 
 SHELDON, a post village of Iroquois CO., Illinois, on the 
 railroad, which connects Peoria with Logansport, 109 miles 
 E.^of Peoria and 2 miles from the E. line of Illinois. 
 
 SHELDON, a post-township of Monroe co., Wisconsin, 
 about 34 miles E. of La Crosse. Pop. 343. 
 
 SHELDON, a post-township of Houston CO.. Minnesota, 
 about 12 miles W. of the Mississippi Kiver at Brownsville. 
 Pop. 5.55. 
 
 SHELDON, a post-village of Sacramento co., California, 
 16 miles S.E. of Sacramento. It has 2 stores. 
 
 SHEXX ROCK, a post-village and township of Butler co., 
 Iowa. The village is on Shell Rock River, about 8 miles 
 \V. of Waverly Total population, 438. 
 
 SHELL KOCK, a village and township of Freeborn co., 
 Minnesota, on Shell Rock River, about 7 miles S.E. of 
 Albert Lea. Pop. 179. 
 
 SHKLLSBUIiG, a post-office of Benton co.,Iowa. about 10 
 miles K.S.E. of Vintoa. 
 
 SIB 
 
 SIIELTON, a post-village of Fairfield district, South Ca- 
 rolina, near Broad Biver, and on thr Spartanburg and Unio»- 
 Railroad, about 66 miles N.N.AV. of Columbia. 
 
 SHKNANGO, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, OEi 
 the Shenango River, about 8 miles N.W'. of Mercer. 
 
 SHEKBURNE, a county in the E. central part of Minne 
 sota, lias an area of about 420 square miles. The Missi.ssippt 
 Hiver forms its Ijoundaryon the S.W. for a distance of abor.1 
 50 miles. The county is also drained by the Elk River 
 The surface isdiver.sifled.and the soil fertile. It is traversed 
 by the St- I'aul and I'acitic Railroad. Capital, Humboldt 
 Pop. 723. 
 
 SHERWOOD, apost-village of Jasper co., Missouri, about 
 80 miles W. of Springfield. 
 
 SHIAWAS'SEE, a county in the S.E. central part of 
 Michigan, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Detroit and Milwaukee Kailroad, and the 
 Amboy Lansing and Traverse Bay Kailroad. The staple 
 productions are wheat, wool, butter and maple sugar. See 
 page 1770. 
 
 SlIIELD.S, a township in the S. part of Dodge co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 1110. 
 
 SHIELDS, a township of Marquette CO., Wisconsin, about 
 3 miles N. of Montello. Pop. 642. 
 
 SHIELDSVILLE, a village and township of Rice co., 
 Minnesota, about 10 miles N.W. of Faribault. Pop. 313. 
 
 SHILOII, a locality in Hardin co., Tennessee, about 2 
 miles W. of Tennessee River at I'ittsburg Landing. A bat- 
 tle was fought here about the 7th of Ai)ril, 1862. SeePiTxs- 
 
 BURO L.WBIXG. 
 
 SHILOII, a village of Richland co., Ohio, on the Cleve- 
 land Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, 14 miles N.N.E. of 
 Crestline. 
 
 SHILOII, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, about 7 
 miles N.E. of Belleville. 
 
 SHIMERVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 30 miles N.E. of Reading. 
 
 SHIOCTON, a post-village of Outagamie co., Wisconsin, 
 on or near the Wolf River, about 16 miles N.W. of Appleton. 
 
 8HIPMAN, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois, on 
 the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Riiilroad, 19 miles N.N.B. 
 of Alton. 
 
 SHIPPEN, a post-village, capital of Cameron co., Penn- 
 aylvania, on the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, and on the 
 Driftwood or Sinnemahoning Creek. 150 miles E.S.E, of Erie, 
 and about 100 miles W.N.W. of Williamsport. 
 
 SHIRLAND, apost-village of Winnebago co., Illinois, on 
 the Racine and Mississippi Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Be- 
 loit. Pop. 461. 
 
 SHIRLEY, a post-village of McLean co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, about 6 miles S.W. of 
 Bloomington. 
 
 SHIKLEY, a new county in the N. part of Kansas, con- 
 tains 720 square miles. It is intersected by the KepuMican 
 Fork of Kansas Kiver. Solomon's KorU passes through the 
 S.W. part of the county. The census of 1860 furnishes no 
 information resjiecting this county. 
 
 SHOAL CREEK, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 473. 
 
 SHOHOLA, or SOHOLA, a post-township of Pike co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River and on the Erie Rail- 
 road. It has a station 9 miles above Port Jervis. Pop. 
 672. 
 
 SlIOKAN, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, onEso- 
 pus Crei'k. about 15 miles W. of Kingston. 
 
 SHOSHONE, a county towards the N. part of Idaho, bor- 
 dering on Montana Territory. It is bounded on the S.W. 
 l)y the Clearwater River, and also drained by tlie North 
 Fork of that river, and by Oro Fino Creek. The surface in 
 some parts is mountainous. The Bitter Root Mountains 
 extend along the N.E. border. Forests of pine, cedar, &c. 
 grow on these mountains. Gold is found in this county, on 
 Oro Fino Creek. Capital, Pierce City. 
 
 SIIREVE, a post-otHce of Wayne co., Ohio, and a station 
 on the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Kailroad, 10 miles 
 N.E. of Wooster. 
 
 SHYENNE, SlIAYENNE, or SIIIENNE RIVER, rises in 
 the N. part of Dakota, and flows in a general soutiieast di- 
 rection to a point near the middle of Shyenne county. From 
 this point it flows northeastward and then northward, and 
 enters the Red River of the North in Stevens county. Its 
 length is estimated at 300 miles. 
 
 SIIYENNE, a county in the E. part of Dakota, bordering 
 on Minnesota. Area estimated at 3000 square n)iles. It is 
 partly bounded on the E. by the Bed River of the North, 
 and intersected by the Sliyenne River. The surface is nciir- 
 ly level ; the soil is productive. 
 
 SHYJ;NNE, a village of Stevens CO., Dakota, on the Shy- 
 enne River, near its mouth, about 47°, 6^ N. Lat. 
 
 SIAD, a post-village of Siskiyou co., California, 40 miles 
 S W. of Yreka. Pop. abovit 100. 
 
 SIBLEY, a county in the S. central part of Minnesota, 
 has an area of about 600 square miles. It 's bounded on tlie 
 E. by the Minnesota River, and contains numerous beauti- 
 ful lakes. The buriace is undulating; the soil is calcareous 
 
 ?293 
 
SIC 
 
 SMI 
 
 nnd lijiil'- productive. It is estimated that this county 
 coiii/.ins alnit 150 square miles of woddland and 450 of 
 pr:inie. Capital, Henderson. Pop. 3609. 
 
 SICK CU EEK, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 1026. 
 
 SIDNEY, a post-village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 about 11 miles N. by U. of Fleniington. 
 
 SIDNEY, a village of Augusta co., Virginia, about 11 
 miles N.N.E. of Staunton. 
 
 SIDNEY, a post-township of Montcalm co., Michigan, 
 about 35 miles N.E of Grand Rapids. Pop. 172. 
 
 SIDNKY, a post-village of Fulton CO., Indiana, about 30 
 miles N. by E. of Logansport. 
 
 SIDNEY, a post-village of Champaign co., Illinois, in Sid- 
 ney township, and on the Great Western Railroad, 48 milis 
 E.by N. of Decatur. 
 
 SIDNEY, a post-village of Ralls co., Missouri, about 15 
 miles AV.S.W. of Hannibal. 
 
 SIDNEY, a post-village, capital of Fremont co., Iowa, is 
 pleasantly situated on a high prairie, 12 miles E.N.E. of 
 Nebraska City, and 40 miles S. of Council BlnfTs. It con- 
 tains a fine court-house, 3 churches, an academy, 4 dry- 
 goods stores and 2 drug stores. Pop. about 600. Pop. of 
 Sidney township, 1730. 
 
 SIERR.A, se-^r'ra, a county in the N.E. part of California, 
 bordering on Nevada. Area estimnted at 1100 sqnare miles. 
 It is ( artly bounded on the S. by the Middle Y'uba River, 
 and also drained by the North Yuba River, and by Canon, 
 Kanaka, Sierra and Oregon Creeks. The surface is very 
 mountainous. The great Sierra Nevada extends along the 
 E. border of the county, and the Downieville Buttes near 
 the centre rise to the height of 8800 or 8500 feet. Tlie prin- 
 cipal resources of this county are the gold mines, in which 
 it is said to be richer (in proportion to the extent of its mi- 
 ning-ground,) than anj- other county in the state. In ISCO 
 about 11 quartz-mills were in operation in this county. 
 Granite and quartz are abundant in it. Capital, Downieville. 
 Pop. 11,387. 
 
 SIERRA VALLEY, or SIERRA CITY, a post-village of 
 Sierra co., Caliibrniii, 30 miles E. of Downieville. ' It hits seve- 
 ral stores. Gold is found here. Pop. about 300. 
 
 SIGEL, a post-oftice of Clayton Co., Iowa, about 5 miles 
 N.E. of El Kader 
 
 SIKESTON, or SIKiOSTOWN, a post-village of Scott co., 
 Mis.--ouri, on the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, 26 miles S.AV. 
 of Cairo. 
 
 SILVER CITY, a post-town of Lyon co., Nevada, 2 miles 
 N.AV. of Dayton, and about 8 miles S.E. of A'irginia City. 
 It contains a number of hotels and a theatre. Gold and 
 silver are found here. In 1863 Silver City had about 5 
 quartz.-mills in operation. This place is situated near the 
 Eastern base of the Wa.->hoe range of the great Sieri'a Ne- 
 vada. The du-ectory of Nevada for 18C3 enumerates about 
 600 residents of Silver City. Pop. la 1864, estimated at 
 2000. 
 
 SILVER CITY, a mining-town of Owyhee co., Idaho, on 
 Jordan Creek, about 1 mile above Ruby City. It has 1 
 newspaper office and several quartz-mills. Silver is found 
 here in quartz-rock. The Directory for 1S65 enumerates 
 73 male residents of Silver city. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a township of Mills co., Iowa. Pop. 
 637. 
 
 SILVER CREEK, a post-township of "Wright co., Minne- 
 sota, on the Jlississippi River, about 7 miles above Monti- 
 cello. Pop. 240. 
 
 SILVER HILL, a mining-district of Boisee co., Idaho, 
 between the Payette and Crooked River, about 40 miles N. 
 of Idaho City. It includes Banner City. 
 
 SILVER MOUNTAIN, a village of Alpine co., California, 
 situated near the E. base of the Sierra Nevada, about 56 
 miles in a direct line E. of Placerville. It has 4 or more 
 stores and 1 newspaper office. Here is a post-office named 
 Konigsberg. I'op. in 1864, about 300. 
 
 SILVERTON, a post-village of Marion CO., Oregon, on 
 Silver Creek, and on a state road 15 miles E. of Salem. It 
 has one grist-mill, 3 stores, 1 school and 1 tannery. Pop. 
 or Silverton precinct in 1860, 616. Pop. of the village about 
 260. 
 
 SILVERVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana, 
 about lo miles \V. of Bedford. 
 
 SILVEYVILLE, a village of Solano co., California, 20 
 miles N.E. of Suisun City. Here is a post-office named Pu- 
 tah. Pop. about 150. 
 
 SIMMS, a township of Edgar co., Illinois. Pop. 1237. 
 
 SIMPSO.N', a post-office of Adams co., Iowa, about 6 miles 
 S. of Quincy. 
 
 SI.MS, a township of Grant CO., Indiana. Pop. 768. 
 
 SIMSVI LLE, a post-village of Union district. South Caro- 
 lina, on the Spartansburg and Union Railroad, about 75 
 miles N.N.VV. of Columbia. 
 
 SIN.\TOH.\, Mississippi. See Senatobia. 
 
 SINCLAIR, a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, on a 
 railroad, 6 miles N.K. of Jack.sonvillc. 
 
 SINSINIWA MOUND, a post-office of Grant co., "Wiscon- 
 ■lll, iu the south part. 
 221)4 
 
 SIOUX, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 306. 
 
 SIOUX -AGENCY, a post-ottice of Renville co., Minnesota, 
 on the Minnesota River, about 33 miles above New Llm. 
 
 SIOUX CITY, a post-village or town, capital of Wood- 
 bury CO., Iowa, is situated on the Missouri, about 3 miles 
 below the moutli of the Sioux River, 220 miles above Onuiha, 
 and 175 miles W.N.AV. of Des Moines. It is the W. termi- 
 nus of the Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad (iu progress), 
 and is about 320 miles from Dubuque. It is tlie Iwgest 
 town on the Missouri River above Council Bluffs and Omaha. 
 Pop. 767. 
 
 SISKIVOU, a large county, forming the N.E. extremity 
 of California, bordering on Oregon and Nevada. Area esti- 
 mated at S500 miles. It is drained by thf Klamath, Pitt, 
 Sacramento, .'cott and Shasta liivers, which all rise within 
 its limits. The surface is diversilied by valleys and high 
 moiintains, among which is Mount Shasta, over 14,000 feet 
 high. The county contains several lakes, one of which. 
 Goose Lake, is about 20 miles long. Large forests of pine 
 and other coniferous trees occur in this county. Among 
 the rocks wliich underlie this jiart of the state, are granite, 
 quartz, basalt and nietaniori)hic limestone. A large major- 
 ity of the inhabitants are employed in mining gold. The 
 mines ai-e jill in the western part of the county. Capital, 
 Yrc-ka. Pop. 7629. 
 
 SISLEY'S GROVE, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, about 
 
 7 miles W. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 SIUSLAW RIA'ER, a small stream of western Oregon, 
 rises in the Coast Range, in l>ane county, and tlowing west- 
 ward forms the boundary between Douglas and Lane coun- 
 ties, and enters the Pacilic Ocean. 
 
 SIUSLAW, a post-village of Lane co., Oregon, 16 miles S, 
 W. of Eugene City. Pop. in 1860, 79. 
 
 SKAGIT RIVER, rises in British Columbia, flows south- 
 westward through AVhatcom co., 'Washington Territory, 
 and enters Puget Sound near its N. extremity. It is over 
 100 miles long. Much timber is floated down this river. 
 
 SK.A.MANIA, a county in the S. part of Washington Ter- 
 ritory, bordering on Oregon, has an area of about 250 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Columbiiv 
 River, and also drained by the Klikitat, Cathlapootle, and 
 White Salmon Rivers. The surface is diversifietl by valleys 
 and mountains of the Casctide Range, among which is Mount 
 St. Helen, which has an altitude of 9750 feet. Capital, Cas- 
 cades. Pop. 173. 
 
 SKOKOMISII, a post-village of Sawamish co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, 10 miles N.W. of Oakland. 
 
 SKoKO.MiSH RIVER, a small stream of Sawamish co., 
 Wa-hington Territory, flows southeastward, and empties 
 itself into Hood's Canal. 
 
 SKOOKUMCIIUCK, a po.st-village of Lewis co.. AVashing- 
 ton Territory, on or near the Chehalis River, 8 miles N. of 
 Claquato. 
 
 SI>.\TE CREEK, a post-office and precinct of Josephine 
 CO., Oregon, 16 miles N.E. of Kerbyvillo. Pop. 54. 
 
 SLATlNGTON. a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Lehigli River, 16 miles by railroad N.N.W. of 
 Allentown. Here are some slate quarries. 
 
 SLIPPERY FORI), a post-village of El Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the great Overland Route, on or near the Sierra 
 Nevada, about 45 miles E. by N. of Placerville. 
 
 SLOCUM,a town.'jhip of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 209. 
 
 S.MALLWOOD, a township of Jasper co., Illinois. Pop. 
 521. 
 
 SMARTSVILLE, a village of Yulia co., California. 18 
 miles E. of Marysville. The name of the post-office is Em- 
 pire Ranch. Pop. said to be 200. 
 
 SMITH, a township of Whitley co., Indiana. Pop. 1064. 
 
 SMITH, a township of Mahoning co., Ohio, about 2 miles 
 N.E. of Alliance. Pop. 1-198. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a township of Fayette CO., Iowa. Pop. 
 410. 
 
 SMITHFIELD, a post-village of Wabasha co., Minnesota, 
 about 12 miles N. of Wabiisha. 
 
 SMITIIFIKLD, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, about 6 
 miles N. of Logan. 
 
 SMITHLAND. a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, about 
 
 8 miles .S.W. of Shelbyville. 
 
 SMITHLAND, a post-village of Woodbury co., Iowa, on 
 Little Sioux River, about 34 miles S.E of Sioux City. 
 
 SMITH'S EAR, or SMITIIVILLE, a mining village of 
 Placer CO., Cdifornia, on the American River, about 24 
 miles N.E. of Sacramento. 
 
 SMITH'S CREEK, a post-village of Saint Clair CO.. Michi- 
 gan, on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 11 miles S.W. of Port 
 Huron. 
 
 SMITH'S RANCH, a post-village of Sonoma co., Califor- 
 nia, 17 miles W. by S. of .Santa Rosa. It has 2 stores. 
 
 SMITH'S RIVER, California, a small river of Del :Jort8 
 county, flows westward and enters the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 SMiTHTON. a post-village of Dod'lridge co.. M c>* Vir- 
 ginia, on the Northwestern Ra' toai 58 miles E. c- ?ar- 
 kersburs. 
 
SMI 
 
 SOU 
 
 SMITHTON. a station on the Pacific Railroad, in Pettis 
 CO., Missotiri. 57 miles W. of Jefferson City, 
 
 SMITHTON, a post-village of ^Vorth Co., Missouri, about 
 58 miles N.N.E. of St. Joseph, 
 
 SMITIIVILLE, a post-villuge of Monroe co., Indi.ma, on 
 a railroad, 8 miles S. hv E. of Bloomington. 
 
 SMOKY HILL FORK, a branch of the Kansas River, 
 rises in the E. part of Colorado, flows eastward and unites 
 with the •Reimblicau Kork to form the Kansn.s River near 
 Fort Kiley, Kansas. Estimated length 400 miles. 
 
 SMYRNA, a post-township of Aroostook CO., Maine, about 
 110 miles N. by E. of Rangor. Pop. 16.i 
 
 SMYRNA, a post-village of Ionia co., Michigan, on Flat 
 River, about 25 miles E. by N. of Grand Rai>ids. 
 
 SMYRNA, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, about 40 
 miles N. C)f Madison. 
 
 SMYRNA, a village of Vanderburg co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash and Erie Canal, 5 miles E.N.E. of Evansvillo. 
 
 SNACIIWINE, a post-village and township of Putnam 
 CO., Illinois. The village is on the Peoria and Bureau Valley 
 Railroad, 23 miles S.W. of La Salle. Total population, 609. 
 
 SNELLINO, a post-village, cajiital of Merced co., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on the right bank of the Merced JUver, 
 about 35 miles from its junction with the San Joaquin, and 
 35 miles S. of Sonora. It containsni court-house, I news- 
 paper office, 1 hotel, and 3 stores. Pop. about 200. 
 
 SNIHAR, or SNIABAR, a post-village and township of 
 Lafayette co., Missouri, about 20 miles S.S.W. of Lexington. 
 Total population, 1416. 
 
 SNOHOMISH, a county in the N.W. part of Washington 
 Territory, has an area of about 1400 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Puget Sound or Admiralty Inlet, and 
 drained by the Skikomish, Snohomish and Steilaquamish 
 Rivers. The Cascade Range of mountains extend along the 
 E. border. Capital, Mukilteo. 
 
 SNOQUALMIE RIVER, Washington Territory, rises in 
 King CO , flows northwestward, and enters Puget Sound, in 
 Snohomish co. 
 
 SOAP CHEEK, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 851. 
 
 SOCORRO, or SOCORRA, a village or settlement of El 
 Paso CO., Texas, on the Rio Grande, about 15 miles below 
 El Paso. Pop. 753. 
 
 SODA SPRINGS, a village of Idaho, about 220 miles E.by 
 S. of Hoisee City. 
 
 SODORUS, or SADORUS, a post-village of Champaign co., 
 Illinois, on the Great \Vestoru Railroad, 33 miles E. by N. 
 of Decatur. 
 
 SODUS, a post-township of Berrien co.. Michigan, on both 
 sides of Saint Joseph's River, about 5 miles N.W. of Berrien. 
 Pop. 675. 
 
 SOLANO, a post-office of Solano co., California. 
 
 SOLDIER, a township of Shiwuee co., Kansas. Pop. 349. 
 
 SOLOMON'S FORK, a river of Kansas, rises in the N.W. 
 part of the state, and flowing southeastward, enters the 
 Smoky Hill Fork near the E. border of Sivline T;ounty, after 
 a course of about 200 miles. 
 
 SOLON, a township in the N. part of Kent co., Michigan. 
 Pop. 303. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-village of Wabash co., Indiana, on the 
 Mississinewa River, about 10 milesS. of Wabash, the county- 
 seat. 
 
 SOMERSKT, a village and township of Mercer co., Mis- 
 Boiiri, aliout 60 miles N. by W. of La Clede. Pop. 809. 
 
 SOMERSET, a post-village and township of Saint Croix 
 CO., Wisconsin. The village is on Apple River, about 11 
 miles N.N.E. of Hudson. Pop. 319. 
 
 SOMERSET, a jiost-villago and township of Steele CO., 
 Minnesota, about 25 miles S. of Faribault. Pop. 234. 
 
 SOMKRSVILLE, a post-village of Contra Costa CO., Cali- 
 forni.i, 18 ndles E. of Martinez. Pop. about 200. 
 
 SOMERVILLE, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, 
 abont 16 miles E. of Augusta. Pop. ('06. 
 
 SOMKRVILLE.a post-village of Tolland CO., Connecticut, 
 on Scantic River, about 10 miles N.^V. of Tolland. 
 
 SONO'MA, a county in the W. part of California, has an 
 area of about 1500 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. 
 by the Pacific Ocean, intersected by the Russian River, and 
 also drained by the Gualala (or AValhalla) River, and by 
 Sonoma. Santa Rosa and Petaluma Creeks. The S.K. ex- 
 tremity touches San Pablo Bay. The surface is finely diver- 
 sified by valleys and hills, and it is inclosed on the E. and 
 N.E. by the rugged Coast Range. The soil is vei-y fertile. 
 The staple producfions are wheat, barley, potatoes, cattle, 
 butter and wine. The climate and soil of the southern part 
 are peculiarly adapted to the production of grajies. The 
 Sonoma Valley, the soil of which is a warm, sandy loam, is 
 the chief grape district in the northern half of the state. 
 The county contains large forests of the redwood, Se.r/iwia 
 semj>etru>'na, i tree of great size, and excellent for lumber. 
 Auiong the minerals of this county are mngnesian lime- 
 stone, tertiary sandstone, cinnabar and chalk. Organized 
 la 18,50. Capital, Santa Rosa Pop. 11,867. 
 
 SONOMA, a township of Sonoma co., California. Pop. 
 697. 
 
 60QUEL, a post-village and township of Santa Cruz co.. 
 
 California, on the sea coast, 3 miles E. of Sanf a Cruz. Total 
 poi)ulation, 651. 
 
 SONO'R A, a post-village of Steuben co.. New Y'ork, about 
 8 miles E.by S.of Bath. 
 
 SONORA, a post-office of Hardin co., Kentucky, c^ th* 
 Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 55 miles S. of Loui.sville. 
 
 SONORA, a post-village of Muskingum CO., Ohio, on tha 
 Central Raili-oad, 7 miles N.E. of 7-anesville, 
 
 SONORA, or WEST SONORA, a village of Preble co 
 Ohio, on the Dayton and Western Railroail, 21 miles W.N.W, 
 of Dayton. The name of the post-oflice is AVest Sonora. 
 
 SONOR.\,a post-township of Hancock co., Illinois, on the 
 Mississippi Kiver, about 12 miles above Warsaw. Pop. 1054. 
 
 SONORA, or SONOMA, a village of Atchison CO., Mis- 
 souri, on the Missouri River, about 70 ndles by land, and 
 139 by water, N.W. of St. Joseph. Pop. 309. 
 
 SONORA, a post-village of Pettis Co., Missouri. 
 
 SONORA, a post-office of Nemaha CO., Kansas. 
 
 SONO'RA, a post-town, capital of Tuolumne co., Califor- 
 nia, is about 50 miles in a direct line, or 65 miles by«he 
 road E. of Stockton. See Sonora, page 1800. It contains a 
 court-house, a jail, 4 or 5 churcbes, 2 newspaper offices, 3 
 hotels, 1 banking oflfire, about 12 dry-goods and general 
 stores, 1 quartz-mill. &c. Its piincipal resources are tha 
 gold nnnes in the immediate vicinity, which are among ths 
 richest in the state. A nugget of gold, weighing over 30 
 pounds, was found in this district in 1858. Pop. in IStJO, 
 1960: in 1865. about 2400. 
 
 SONORA PASS, a pass through the Sierra Nevada, in Al- 
 pine CO., California, in lat. 38° 15' N. It is said to be 10,100 
 feet alwve the level of the sea. 
 
 SOUTH, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 832. 
 
 SOUTllAMPl'ON, a township of Burlington co.,New Jer- 
 sey, contains Vincent Town. Pop. 255S. 
 
 SOUTH REND, a post-township of Blue Earth co., Minne- 
 sota, contains the village of South Bend. Pop. 4.52. 
 
 SOUTH BE.Vn, a post-village of lllue Earth co.. Minne- 
 sota, is pleasantly situated on the right bank of tlie Minne- 
 sota River, at the mouth of the Blue Earth, 2 or 3 miles 
 above Mankato. At this point the Minnesota River changes 
 its course, and turns northward. South Bend contains 2 
 churcbes. Pop. about 500. 
 
 SOUTH liOISftl'l, a mining district in Alturas co.. Idaho, 
 on the South Fork of the Bfusee Kiver, includes Rocky Bar. 
 Gold and silver are fonnd in quartz-roek in this district. 
 
 SOUTH BOSTON, a post-village of Washington Co., Indi- 
 ana, about 24 miles N. by W. of New Albany. 
 
 SOUTH CANAAN, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Pop. 1231. 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO, a township of Cook co., Illinois, on 
 Lake Michitcan, immediately S. of Chicago. Pop. 20.53. 
 
 SOUTH CHINA, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, 
 at the S. end of China Lake, about 13 miles E.N.E. of Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 SOUTH DRESDEN, a post-village of Linctdn co., Maine, 
 about 7 miles N.W. of Wiscasset, and 1 mile E. of the Ken- 
 nebec River. 
 
 SOUTH EAST, a township of Orange co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1494. 
 
 SOUTH FORK, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1203. 
 
 SOUl'H FORK, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 
 780. 
 
 SOUTH FORK, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop 
 421. 
 
 SOUTH GARDINER, a village of Kennebec co.. Maine, or. 
 the Kennebec River, and on the Portland and Kennebei. 
 Railroad. 5 miles S. of Gardiner. 
 
 SOUTH HAVEN, a post-village of Van Buren co., Michi- 
 gan, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Black River, about 
 26 miles W.S.W. of Allegan. 
 
 SOUTH HOPE, a post-village of Knox co., Maine, about 
 10 miles N.N.W. of Rockland. 
 
 SOUTH MANHEIM, a township of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1078. 
 
 f;OUTII MILFORD, a post-village of La Grange co„ Indi- 
 ana, :d)out 3" miles N. ot Fort Wiivne, 
 
 SOUTH NEWBURY, a post-vil'lage of Orange CO., Ver- 
 mont, on the Connecticut River, and on a railroad about 3 
 miles N. of Haverhill. 
 
 SOUTH NORRIDGKWOCK, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, about 27 miles N. of Angiftta, Pop. 1184. 
 
 SOUTH OTSELIC, a post-village of Chenango co.. New 
 York, about 16 miles N.W. of Norwich, 
 
 SOUTH OTTAWA, a township of La Salle co., Illinois, on 
 the Illinois River, opposite Ottawa, Pop. 10'.'6. 
 
 SOUTH PARK, in Park co., Colorado, is a tract of land 
 consisting of a beautiful and fertile prairie, bounded on tha 
 W. by the main range of the Rocky Mountains and drained 
 by the South Platte River. This park is about 60 miles in 
 length. It contains many thousand acres of land, which 
 produces good natural pasture, and abounds with bisons, elks, 
 deer, antelopes, and other wild animals. Coal and salt are 
 found in considerable abundance ; also gold, copper and silver. 
 
 SOUTH POINT, a station on the Pacific Railroad, and ou 
 
 2295 
 
sou 
 
 the MissoTiri River in Tranklin co., Missouri, 52 miles W. | 
 of St. Louis. i 
 
 SOUTH PORT, a village of Owen CO., Indiana, on the West 
 Fork of White River, about I mile S. of Spencer. 
 
 SOUTH SAIiEM, Marion co., Oregon, is a precinct or 
 suburb of t'alem, the capital. Pop. in ISiO, 902. 
 
 SOUTH UNION, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop.-97S. 
 
 SOUTH WEHER, a post-village of Davis co., Washington 
 Territory, on the Weber River, about 30 niiles N. of Salt 
 Lake City. 
 
 SOUTH WHEELING, a village of Ohio co.. West Tir- 
 giniii, on the Ohio River. Free popnbitiou, 2630. 
 
 SOUTH WOODSTOCK, a post-village of Windham co., 
 Connecticut, about 3S miles N. by E. of Norwich, and 1 or 
 2 miles S.E. of Woodstock. It has i cotton factories. 
 
 SPADE'S DEPOT, a post-office of Ripley CO.. Iniliana, on 
 the Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad, 48 miles from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 SPALDING, a county in. the W. central part of Georgia, 
 contains about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by the Flint River. The surface is somewhat diversified ; 
 the soil is fertile. The county is traversed by the Macon 
 and Western Railroad. Capital, Griffin. Pop. 8099, of 
 whom 4880 were free. 
 
 SPALDING, Michigan. See Sp.vulmno. 
 
 SPANAWAY, a post-village of Pierce CO., Washington 
 Territory, about 10 miles S.E. of Steilacoom. 
 
 SP.VN ISH BAR, a post-village of Lake co.. Colorado, on 
 the Arkansas River, about 110 miles S.W. of Denver, and a 
 few miles from the summit of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 SPANISH FLAT, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cali- 
 fornia, 10 miles N. of Plaeerville. Here is a gold mine. 
 
 SPANISH FORK, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, 12 
 miles S. of Provo City. Pop. in 1860, 773. 
 
 SPANISH PEAK, a mounfciin peak of Plumas co., Cali- 
 fornia, aliout 14 miles W. of Quincy. 
 
 SPANISH RANCH, a post-village of Plumas co., Cali- 
 fornia, 6 miles W. of Quincy. It bas 1 or 2 stores 
 
 SPAXISHTOWN, California. See Half Moon Bat. 
 
 SPARKSVILLE. a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 
 on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 22 miles S.W. of 
 Seymour. 
 
 SPARLINVILLE, a post-village of Newton co., Missouri, 
 about 10 miles W. of Neosho. 
 
 SPARTA, a post-village of Caroline co., Virginia, about 
 33 miles N.N.E. of Riehmo'nd. 
 
 SP.iRTA, a village of Noble co., Indiana, about 35 miles 
 N.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 SPARTA, a township of Knox co , Illinois, about 6 miles 
 by railroad N.E. of Galesburg. Pop. 153S. 
 
 SPARTA, a township of Monroe CO., Wisconsin, contains 
 the village of Sparta. Pop. 1284. 
 
 SPARTA, a post-village, capital of Monroe Co., Wisconsin, 
 on the La Crosse River, and on the Milwaukee and St. Patil 
 Railroad, 26 miles E..\.E. of La Crosse, and about 175 miles 
 from Milwaukee. It contains 4 churches, 1 or 2 banks, 2 
 newspaper offices, 25 stores, 2 grist-mills, 1 foundry, and 2 
 barrel factories. The valley of the La Crosse is very pro- 
 duotive. 
 
 SPARTANSBURG, a post-village of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the(Jil Creek Railroad, 9 miles S S.W. of Corry. 
 
 SPAULDING, a post-township of Saginaw co., Michigan, 
 about 4 miles S. of Saginaw City, is traversed by the Shia- 
 wassee and Cass Rivers. Pop. 216. 
 
 SPEAKER, a township in the S. part of Sanilac co., 
 Michigan. Pop. 327. 
 
 SPENCER, a post-village of Roane co., West Virginia. 
 Free population, 196. 
 
 SPENCER, a township of Harrison co.. Indiana. Pop. 1049. 
 
 SPENCKR, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, on a branch 
 of the MIcliigaii Central Railroad, 8 miles E. of Joliet. 
 
 SPENCEK, a small village of Clay co., Iowa, on Little 
 Bioux River, about 90 miles .\.E. of Sioux City. 
 
 SPENCER, a post-village of Goodhue co., Minnesota, on 
 the Cannon River, about Hi miles S. of Hastings. 
 
 SPENCER, a post-office of Atchison co.. Kansjis. 
 
 SPENCER, a pastKjffice and precinct of Lune co., Oreeon 
 Pop. 120. " 
 
 SPERRY, a township of Clavton co., Iowa. Pop. 854. 
 
 Inri^^l"' '^ '""'"^'IJP of Richanlson co.,Nebraska. Pop.394. 
 
 bl IChLAND, a post-village and township of Henrv co 
 Indiana, about 30 miles W. of Richmond. The Central 
 
 about 
 
 Riillroad passes through the township. Pop. 1425. 
 
 SPILLVILLE.apost-office of Winneshiek CO., Iowa 
 <2 miles W..S.W. of Lansing. 
 
 SPIRIT LAKE, a post-village, capital of Dickinson co., 
 i?«'V.?" '"■ "•""■ * ''^'^« "•" '•'" 8"™« I'lme, about 90 miles 
 N.N.W. of Fort Dodge. Pop. l.!3. 
 
 SPOKANE, a large county in the E. part" of Washington 
 Territory, bordering on Idaho. It is bounded on the N and 
 W. by the Columbia River, on the S. by Lewis or Snake 
 R)''«T,and also drained by the Palousean'd Spokane Rivers. 
 The surface in some parts is mountainous. Capital, Pink- 
 ney City. Pop. 996. 
 2296 
 
 SPR 
 
 SPOKANE RIVER, rises in Coeur d'Alene Lake In 
 Idaho, flows westward, traverses Spokane county, Wash- 
 ington Territory, and enters the Columbia River, after a 
 course of about 100 miles. 
 
 SPRAGUE, a towns ip of New London co., Connecticut, 
 intersected by the Shetucket River, 5 miles N. of Norwich. 
 
 SPR.^GUEVILLE, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, 
 about 48 miles N. by B of Davenport. 
 
 SPRING, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 2001. 
 
 SPRING ARBOR, a post-village of Jackson co., Michigan, 
 about 11 miles W.!^.W. of Jackson. 
 
 SPRING BAY, a post-village and small township of V\'ood- 
 ford CO., Illinois, on the E. shore of Peoria Lake. The vil- 
 lage is about 13 miles N.N.E. of Peoria. Pop. 515. 
 
 SPRING BROOK, a township in the E. part of Dunn co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 653. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a township of Black Ilawk co., Iowa. 
 Poi). 5i>4. 
 
 SPRING CREEK, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 132. 
 
 SPRINGDALE, a post-offico of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SPRINGDALE, a post-village of Lafayette co.,Missi.ssii)pi, 
 on the Mississippi Central Railroad, about 15 miles S. by 
 W. of Oxford. 
 
 SPRINGDALE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, about 
 14 miles N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 SPR1NGD.\LE, a post-village and township of Cedar co., 
 Iowa, about 13 miles E. of Iowa City. Pop 963. 
 
 SPRINODALE,a villageof Houston co., Minnesota, about 
 
 5 miles W. of the Missis-sippi River, at Hiownsville. 
 SPR1NGD.\LE, a ixist-office of Leavenworth co., Kansas. 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pop. 1143. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Fairfax co., Virginia, on the 
 Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 9 miles W. of Ale,xandria. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-township of Oaklanil co., Michi- 
 gan, about 12 miles N.W. of Pontine, is traversed by the 
 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. Pop. 1425. 
 
 8PRINGKIELD, a village of Noble co., Indiana, near the 
 Northern Indiana Rivilroad, about 22 miles E.S.E. of Goshen 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a village of Callaw.ay co., Missouri, about 
 46 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Cedar co., Iowa. Pop. 914. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa- 
 Pop. 842. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township in the W. part of Jackson 
 CO., Wi.sconsin. Pop. 379. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Mar- 
 quette CO., Wiseonsin. Pop. 310. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Walworth co., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Racine and Mississippi Railroad, 34 miles W. of 
 Racine, and 6 miles E. of Flkhorn. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Olmstead Co., Minne- 
 sota, on the Winona and St. Peter's Railroad, about 10 miles 
 E. by S. of Rochester. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Tuolumne CO., California, 
 3 or 4 miles N. of Sonora. It has 1 church and 1 school. 
 It is one of the principal mining villages of the county. 
 Pop. about 300. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and precinct of Lane co., 
 Oregon. It has 1 flouring-mill. Total pojjulation, 398. 
 
 SPRING GARDEN, a post-office of Pettis co., Missouri, 
 about 32 miles W. of Booneville. 
 
 SPRING GREEN, a post-village of Sauk co., Wisconsin, 
 on the Wisconsin River, and on the Milwaukee and Prairie 
 du Chien Railroad, 36 miles W. of .Madison. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a post-township of Warren co., Illinois, 
 
 6 miles N. of Monmouth. Pop. 961. 
 
 SPRING GROVE, a post-township of Houston co., Min- 
 nesota, about 36 miles S. of Winona. Pop. 617. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village of Mecklenl)urg co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Meherrin River, about 56 miles S.W. of Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village of Navarro co., Texas, 
 about 145 miles N.N.K. of Austin City. 
 
 SPRlNci HILL, a post-village of Champaign co., Ohio, 
 about 13 miles N.N.VV. of Urbanna. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 
 about 00 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 SPRING HILL, a post-village and township of Johnson 
 CO., Kan.sas, about 28 miles E.S.E. of Lawrence. Pop. 328. 
 
 SPRIN(i LAKE, a township of Ottawa co., Michigan, on 
 Lake Michigan, and on Grand Kiver, opposite Grand llaven. 
 Pop. 745. 
 
 SPRING LAKE, a post-township of T.aze well co., Illinois, 
 on the Illinois River, about 7 miles below Pekin. Pop. 783. 
 
 SPRING LAKE, a township of Scott co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 236. 
 
 SPRING LAKE VILLA, a post-village of Ut'xh co., Utah, 
 21 milrs S. of Provo City. 
 
 SPRINGPORT, a post-township of .lackson cq., Michigan, 
 about 14 miles N.W. of Jackson. Pop. 1114. 
 
 SPRING ROCK,a township of Clinton CO., loH-.a. Pep. 721 
 
 SPRINGVALJi, or SPRINGDALE, a p^ot-villa^o of 
 
SPR 
 
 Sampson co., North Carolina, about 58 miles N. of Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a post-villape and township of Fill- 
 more CO., Minnesota, aUout 27 miles S. by E. of Rochester. 
 Pop. of the township in 18C0, 723; of the village in 1865, 
 about 400. 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, a village and precinct of Polk co., 
 Oregon, about 10 miles N.N.W. of Salem. Pop. 348. 
 
 SPRINOVILLE, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, on a 
 railroad 9 miles E. of Marion. 
 
 SPRING VILLE. a post-vilbige of Multnomah co., Oregon, 
 on 01- near tlie Willamette Kiver, 6 miles N. of Portland. 
 
 SPRING VILLE, a post-village of UUh co , Utah, 6 miles 
 6. of Provo City. It liii.s 4 or more stores. It is on or near 
 the E. shore of Utah Lake. Pop. of Springville precinct, 
 1357. 
 
 SPRING WATER, a post-township of Waushara co., Wis- 
 consin, about 45 miles N.W. of i'ond <lu Lac. Pop. 443. 
 
 SPURLOCK, a post-village, capital of Harlan co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Cumberland River, about 124 miles S.S.E. of 
 Lexington. 
 
 SPUYTEN DUYVIL, a post-village of Westchester co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River 
 Railroad, about 9 miles N. by E. of New York. 
 
 SQUIRESVILLK, a post-village of Johnson Co., Kansas, 
 about 32 miles E.S.E. of Lawrence. 
 
 STAFFORD, a i)ost-village of Monroe co., Ohio, about 25 
 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. 
 
 STANISLAUS, a county in the central part of California, 
 has an area of about 1450 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Siin Joaquin River, and also drained by the Tuo- 
 lumne and Stanislaus Rivers, the last of which forms part 
 of the N.W. boundary. The surface is diversified. The 
 Coast Ran^e of mountains extends along the S.W. border. 
 Few forest trees are found in this county, except on the 
 margins of the rivers and on the mountains. Gold and cop- 
 per are found in the N.E. part of the county. Capital, 
 Knighfs Ferry. Pop. 2245. 
 
 STANISLAUS CITY, a village of Stanislaus co., Califor- 
 nia, on the San Joaquin River, at the mouth of the Stanis- 
 laus River, about 24 miles S. of Stockton. 
 
 STANLEY, a post-office of Monroe co., Wisconsin. 
 
 STANTON, a post-village of Hunterdon co^ New Jersey, 
 about 30 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 STANTON, a post-village, capital of Powell co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 42 miles E.S.E. of Lexington. 
 
 STANTON, a post-village, capital of Montcalm co , Michi- 
 gan, situated on or near Fish Creek, about 42 miles N JS. of 
 Gi'and Ra|iids, and 24 miles N. of Ionia. 
 
 STANTON, or STAUNTON, a village of Franklin co., 
 Missouri, on the Southwest Branch of the Pacific Railroad, 
 65 miles S.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 STANTON, a post^village and township of Miami Co., 
 Kansas, on the Osage River, about 33 miles S. by E. of 
 Lawrence. Pop 4H3. 
 
 STANTON DEPOT, a post-office of Haywood co., Ten- 
 nessee, near the Hatchee River, and on the Memphis aud 
 Ohio Railroad. 45 miles N.E. of Memphis. 
 
 STANTONSBURG, a post-village of Wilson CO., North 
 Carolina, on Moccasin Creek, about 50 miles E.S.E. of 
 lUiIeigh. 
 
 STAPLE'S RANCH, a post-office of San Joaquin co., 
 California, 12 miles N.E. of Stockton. 
 
 ST.\PLETON, a post-township of Chickasaw co., Iowa, 
 about 90 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. Pop. 269. 
 
 STAR CITY, a post-village of Humboldt co., Nevada, 12 
 miles N. of Unionville, and near the E. base of the Hum- 
 boldt Range of mountains. It contained, in 1863, 10 general 
 stores, and 3 dry-goods stores. Mining silver and gold is 
 the jirincipal business of its inhabitants. Pop. in 1864, said 
 to be 1000. 
 
 STARK, a township of Vernon co., Wisconsin, about 12 
 miles E. of Viruqua. Pop. 304. 
 
 STAR PR.A.IRIE, a township in the N. part of St. Croix 
 CO., Wisconsin. Pop. 2S0. 
 
 STARR'S POINT, a post-village of Benton co., Oregon, 
 about 20 miles S. of Corvallis. 
 
 STATE LINE, a post-office of Warren co., Indiana, on 
 the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, where it crosses the W. 
 boundary of the state, 40 miles S.W. of Lafayette. 
 
 STAUiSITON, a post-village of Clay co., Indiana, on the 
 Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, 12 miles E. by N. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 STEADY RUN, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 
 966. 
 
 STEAMB UT CREEK, a small stream of Washoe co., 
 Nevada, rises in the S. part of the county, and flows north- 
 ward into Truckee River. 
 
 STE.\RNS, a county in the central part of Minnesota, 
 bas an an^a of about 13>0 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the Mississipj)! River, intersected by Sauk River, 
 and contains niimei-ous small lakes. Tlie surface is undu- 
 lating: the st)il is said to be excellent. A large jxirt of the 
 county is covered with forests of hard wood. os])i'cially in 
 the N.£. The Sauk River, which is a beautiful stream. 
 
 STO 
 
 forms generally the line of demarcation between the woou 
 lands and the naked plains that extend to the Minnesoto 
 River. Capital, St. Cloud. Pop. 4505. 
 
 STEKLK, a county in the S.K. part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of 432 square miles. It is drained by Straight Rivtr, 
 a branch or affluent of Cannon River. The surface is un- 
 dulating; the soil is calcareous and highly productive. Th<i 
 county is abundantly supplied with hard timber, and con- 
 tains a large portion of prairie land. It is traversed by the 
 Minnesota Central Railroad, and the Winona aud St. Peter 
 Railroad (in progress). Capital, Owatonna. Pop. 2S63. 
 
 STEE.V, a township of Knox co., Indiana. Pop. 776. 
 
 STELAPOI.IS, u post-office of Iowa CO., Iowa. 
 
 STEPIIENSBURG, a village of Frederic co., Virginia, 8 
 or 9 miles S.S.W. of Winchester. Pop. 603. 
 
 STEPHEN'S LANDING, or STEVEN'S LANDING, a 
 post-village of Sanilac co., Michigan, on Lake Huron, 5 or 6 
 miles S. of Lexington. 
 
 STKPHENSVILLE. or STEVENSVILLE, a post-village 
 capital of Erath co., Texas, about 150 miles N. by W. of 
 Austin City. Free population, 120. 
 
 STERLING, a post-village of Phillips CO., Arkansas, on 
 or near the Mississippi River, about 9 miles N. of Htlena. 
 
 STERLING, a village of Brown co., Ohio, about 33 miles 
 E. by N. of Cincinnati. 
 
 STERLING, a post-town of Whiteside co., Illinois, is 
 beautif\illy situated on the right (N.) bank of Rock River, 
 and on the Air-Line Branch of the Chicago and Northwest- 
 ern Railroad, 110 miles W. of Chicago, and 26 miles E. of 
 Fulton. It contains 7 churches, 1 national bank, 1 news- 
 paper office, 2 public halls, 1 insurance office, 2 good hotels, 
 several flotiring-mills, a foundry with machir.e-shop, and a 
 manufactory of farming implements. A large quantity of 
 grain and other produce is shipped here. The river at this 
 place affords abundant water-power, which has been im- 
 proved by a stone dam. I'op. of Sterling township in 1800, 
 2428 ; in 1865. about 4000. 
 
 STERLING, a village of Lincoln co., Missouri, on tl^ 
 Mississippi River, about 50 miles N.N.W. of St. Louis. • 
 
 STERLING, a township of Polk co., Wisconsin. Pop. 73. 
 
 STERLING, a township in the S.W. part of Vernon co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 550. 
 
 STERLING, a post-township of Blue Earth co., Minne- 
 sota, about 20 miles S. by W. of Mankato. 
 
 STERLING CITY, a post-village of Park co., Colorado, 
 situated near the E. base of the main range of the Rocky 
 Mountains, about 90 miles S.W. of Denver. Gold is found in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 STERLING HILL, a post-village of Windham co., Con- 
 necticut, about IS miles N.E. of Norwich. 
 
 STETTl N, a township of .Marathon co.,\Visconsin. Pop.240, 
 
 STKVENS, a county in the E. part of Dakota, bordering 
 on Minnesota. Area estimated at 2400 siiuare miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Red River of the North, and inter- 
 sected by the Shyenue River. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is fertile. 
 
 STKVENS, a large county in the N. part of Washington 
 Territory, bordering on British Columbia. It is bounded 
 on the K. and S. by the Columbia River, on the S.W. by the 
 Weiia tehee River, and intersected by the Okanjigon River. 
 The Cascade Il;inge of mountains extends along the W. 
 border. It is stated that gold has been found on the Okan^ 
 gon River. Organized in 1863. 
 
 STEVENSON, or STEPHENSON, a post-village of Frefleric 
 CO., Virginia, on the Winchester and Potomac Railroad, 28 
 miles W.S.W. of Harper's Ferry. 
 
 STEVENSON, a post-village of Jackson co., Alabama, 
 near the Tennessee Itiver, and on the Nashville and Chat- 
 tanooga Railroad, 38 miles W. S.W. of Chattanooga. An- 
 other railroad extends from this place to Huutsville a»»d 
 Decatur. 
 
 STEVENSON, a village of Merced co., California, on the 
 Merced River, about 30 miles W.S.W. of SniOling. 
 
 STEYENSTOWN, a post-village of La Crosse Co., Wis- 
 consin, on Black River, about 20 miles N. of La Crosse. 
 
 STEWART, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 995. 
 
 STEWARTSVILLE, a post-village of De Kalb co., Mis- 
 souri, on the lEinnibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 21 miles 
 E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 STEWARTSVILLE, a post-village of Olmstead co., Min- 
 nesota, on Root River, about 13 miles S. of Rocljoster. 
 
 STILES, a post-township of Oconto co., Wisconsin. Pop. 
 652. 
 
 STINESVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co.. Indiana, on 
 the West Fork of White River, 14 miles by railroad N.N.W. 
 of Bloomington. 
 
 STIRLING, a village of Mille Lacs co,, Minnesota, on the 
 S.E. shore of Lake Mille Ijucf. about 60 nules N.N.E. of Si. 
 Cloud. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGK, a post-village of Calumet CO., Wisconsin, 
 of the E. shore of Winnebago Lake about 22 miles N.N.E. 
 on Fond du Lac. 
 
 STOClvDALE, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, on 
 Eel lUver, about 12 miles N.\V. of Wabash. 
 
 2297 
 
STO 
 
 STOCKHOLif, a post-Tillage of Pepin co, Wisconsin, on 
 Lake P»pin, about 15 miles above Wabasha. Pop. 209. 
 
 STOCKTON, a post-village and township of Waldo CO., 
 Maine, on the W. bank of Penobscot River, at its mouth, 
 Rbout 12 miU'S E.N.E. of Belfast. Poji. 1595. 
 
 STOCKTON, a township of Camden co-, New Jersey, on 
 the Del -.ware River, just iibove Camden. Pop. 1473. 
 
 STOCKTON, a p.>st-office of Hunterdon co., New -Jersey. 
 
 STOCKTON, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 STOCKTON, a post-township of Jo Daviess co., lUiuoiB,- 
 about 21 miles E.S.E. of Galena. Pop. 1044. 
 
 STOCKTON, a post-village, capital of Cedar co., Missouri, 
 situated about £0 miles N.N.W. of Springfield, and 2 or 3 
 miles W. of Sac River. 
 
 STOCKTON, a village of Macon co., Missouri, on the 
 Hannibal ami St. Joseph Riiilroad, about SG miles V,'. of 
 Hannil-al. and 23 miles E. of La Clede. 
 
 STOCKTON, a post-township of Portage co., Wisconsin, 
 about 4 miles E. of Stanton. Pop. 592. 
 
 STOCKTON, a post-villiige of Winona co., Minnesota near 
 the \Vinona and St. Peter's Riiilroad, 6 or 7 miles W. of 
 Winona. 
 
 STOCKTON, a city of California, and capital of San 
 Joaquin co., is situated 3 miles E. of the San Joaquin River, 
 with which it is connected by a navigable creek or slough, 
 80 feet wide and S feet deep. It is about 5u miles S. by E. 
 of Sacramento. L^t. 37° 37' N., Ion. 121° 14' 26" W. The 
 site is low,ilat land, in the midst of an extensive and fertile 
 plain. Many of the houses are neatly built and surrounded 
 with fine gardens. Stockton is supplied with fresh water 
 by meiins of about loO windmills, which pump it up through 
 pipes which are inserted in the ground. It is sometimes 
 called the City of Windmills. A railroad is in progress 
 which will connect it with San Jos6 and Sacramento. A 
 steamboat plies daily between this place and San Francisco. 
 Stockton contains about 8 churches, the State Asylunj for 
 the Insane, the Stockton Seminary, a Female Institute, and 
 
 «3veral ptiblic schools. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers 
 re published here. At this place is an artesian WfU 1000 
 feet deep, which is said to be the deepest in the state. In- 
 rx)rporated in 1850. Pop. in 1860, 3679 ; in 1865, about 6500. 
 
 STOCKWELL, a post-village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, 
 on the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of 
 Lafayette. 
 
 STOKER, a post-office of Davis co., Utiih, is at the village 
 of Boi'XTlFUL, which see. 
 
 STONE, a new county in the S.W. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Arkansiis, has an area of about 500 square miles. 
 It is intersected by White River, and also drained by the 
 James Fork of White River. The surface is somewhat 
 diversified. Forests of pine, ash. hickory and walnut grow 
 in this county. Iron and lead are found in it. Indian corn 
 is the staple production. CiipiUil, Galena. Pop. 2400. 
 
 STONEIIAM, a village of Washington co., .Minnesota, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 5 miles above Hastings. 
 
 STOMNGTON, a post-village of Chiistian co., Illinois, 
 about :'>4 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 STOXO, a post-village of St. Francois co^ Missotiri, about 
 22 miles S.B. of Potosi. 
 
 SXOXY BAR, a village of Calaveras co., Californiiv, on the 
 MokeluniT- River, about 4 miles N. of Mokelumne Hill. 
 
 SrO.NY POINT, a post-office of Sonoma co., California, 9 
 miles S.W. of Santa Rosa. 
 
 STOREY, a county in the W. part of Nevada, has an area 
 estimated at 250 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. 
 by 1 ruckee River, and partially occupied by the Washoe 
 Kiinge of the Sierra Nevada. Almost the entire county 
 consists of barren hills or sandy deserts. It is nearly des- 
 titute of trees except scrubby pines and cedars. Yet it is 
 considered the most important county in the state on ac- 
 count ot its rich mines of silver and gold. M'ithin its 
 limits are included the celebrated Comstock Ledge, and tlie 
 rich quartz-mound of Gold Hill. The Comstock Ledge was 
 first discovered in June. 1859. According to a census taken 
 in 1861, the population of this county was 4581. Ciipital 
 Virginia City. • ' 
 
 STORY, a county near the centre of Iowa, has an area of 
 676 square miles. It is intersected by the South Skunk River, 
 and also drained by Walnut, Bear and Indian Creeks. The 
 Burfate is undulating: the soil is very fertile and adapted to 
 the production of Indian corn, wool, &c. The greater part 
 of the county is prairie. Timber grows in the vicinity of 
 the streams. St«jry county is traversed by the Cedar Rtipids 
 and Missouri River Railroiid. The State Agricultural Col- 
 lege and Model Farm are in this county. Capital Nevada 
 Pop. 4051. 
 
 8T0UY CITY, a post-village of Story co., Iowa, about 18 
 miles N.N.W. of Nevaila. 
 
 STOUTS VI LLK. a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio on 
 the Cincinnati and Zanesville Riiilroad, 14 miles S w' of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 STRANGER, a township of Leavenworth co Kansas 
 Pop. 9-14. 
 
 STRATTON, a township of Edgar co., Illinois, about 5 
 Uules E.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 1946. 
 
 SUM 
 
 STRAWBERRY VALLEY, a post-village of Tuba co, 
 Caliroriiia, 45 miles N.N.K. of Marysville. It has 2 stores. 
 
 STRAWBERRY VALLEY, a mining camp of Tuolumne 
 CO., California, about 24 miles N.E. of Sonora. 
 
 STKICIvLAND'S FERRY, a po.-t-village of Androscoggin 
 CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin River and Railroiul, aboat 
 22 miles W. by N. of Augustii. 
 
 STRONACH. a township of Manistee co.. Michi^n. Pop. 
 106. 
 
 STUMPTOWN, a village of Gilmer co.. West Virginia. 
 Pop. 100. 
 
 STURGEON, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, on the 
 North Missouri liailroad, 129 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 STURGEON B.AY^, a post-village and town?hii , capital of 
 Door CO., Wisconsin, on the inlet of Green Bay, about 44 
 miles N.E. of the city of Green Bay, and 3 or 4 miles W.of 
 Lake Michigan. Pop. 222. 
 
 SUAMICO, a post-township of Brown co., Wisconsin, on 
 the AV. bhore of Green Bay, about 7 wiles N. by W. of the 
 town of Green Bay. Pop. 384. 
 
 SUAMICO, a township in the S. part of Oconto co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 16;5. 
 
 SUAMICO (RIVER), a small stream in the E. part of Wis- 
 consin, rises in Shawana co., and flows eastward through 
 Brown county into Green B:iy. 
 
 SUBLETTE, a i)ost-village and townsliip of Lee co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Central Railroad, 20 miles S.E of Dixon and 8 
 miles N.W. of Mendota. It contains several stores. &c. 
 Pop. 1123. 
 
 SUBLIMITY, a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, is sittt- 
 ated on an eminence commanding a sublime view of moun- 
 tain scenery, 15 miles S.E. of Salem. It ha.s 2 churches, 2 
 stores, and an institution called Sublimity College. 
 
 SUCARNOCHEE, a post-village of Kemper co., Mississip- 
 pi, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 35 miles N. of Meri- 
 dian. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Boone co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1.381. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Logan co., Illinois. Pop. 
 957. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Cedar co., Iowa. Pop. 
 704. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 
 471. 
 
 SUGAR CREEK, a township of Miami co., Kansas. Pop. 
 361. 
 
 SUGAR GROVE, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 508. 
 
 SUGAR GROVE, a township of Dallits CO., Iowa. Pop. 252. 
 
 SUGAR PINE, a mining camp of Tuolumne co., Califor- 
 ni.a, 16 miles from Sonora. 
 
 SUGAR RIDGE, a township of Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 
 637. 
 
 SUISUN, a township of Solano co., California, contain! 
 Suisun City. Pop. 1394. 
 
 SUISUN, or SUISUN CITY, a post-village of Solona co- 
 California, on the navigable Suisun Slough. 65 miles by 
 water N.E. of San Francisco, and 1 mile S. of Fairfield. It 
 is built on low level ground covered with tules or rushes, 
 which are overflowed by the high tide. It has advantages 
 as a shipping point, the Slough being navigable for vessels 
 drawing 9 feet of water. It contains 2 newspaper offices, 
 nnmerons stores and 1 flotir-mill. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a post-village of Franklin co., Missouri, on 
 the Southwest Branch of the Pacific Rjiilroad. 71 n)iles S. 
 W. of Saint Louis. It has 1 church and about 50 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 SULPHUR HILL, a pcst-office of Shelby co., Indiana, 
 about 10 miles S. of Slielbyville. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINGS, a village of Hopkins co., Texas, 
 about 3 miles S. by W. of Tarrant. Pop. 621. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Henry co., In- 
 diana, on the Chic.igo and Great Eaistern Railroad, 7 miles 
 N.W. of Newcastle. 
 
 SULPHUR SPRINGS, a township of Morgan co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 972. 
 
 SUXM.\N, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, on the 
 Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad, 46 miles M'.N.W of 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 SUM.VIERFIELD, a post-village of Saint Cl.ur co., Hlinois, 
 on the Ohio and Mississippi R;iilroad, 27 miles E. of Saint 
 Louis. 
 
 SUMMIT, a large county forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Colorado, bordering on Utah and Dakota. Arejv esti- 
 niMti-d at 18.500 square miles. It is dniined by the Yampah 
 or Bear River, and by the White and Blue Rivers. The E. 
 part is mountainous, being traversed liy the Hocky Moun- 
 tain range, which extends nearly N. ami S. Long's Peak 
 on the E. l>order rises to the heigiit of about 12,000 feet. 
 Extensive fore.sts of Pine grow on the mountains of tnis 
 county. The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining 
 gold Summit county includes the North Park and Middle 
 Park. 
 
 SUMMIT, a county in the N J!, part of Utah, has aii »reA 
 
SUM 
 
 TAL 
 
 wtimaterl at 1350 square miles. It is drained by tlie 'Weber 
 River and it3 brandies or affluents. Tlie surfi'ice is inoun- 
 taiiions, and partly covered with forests of pine. CapiUil. 
 ■WaiisUip. Pop. 19S. 
 
 SUMMIT, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 939. 
 
 SUMMIT, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1038. 
 
 SUMMIT, 11 townsliip of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1070. 
 
 ijUMMIT, a township of Jackson co., Michigan, on tlie 
 Central I{;iilro;ul, imnieiliately S. of Jackson. Pop. 800. 
 
 SUMMIT, a township of Mason Co., Micliigan. Pop. 115. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-vilbige of Oakland co., Michigan, about 
 Uiiiilrs N E. of Ann Arbor. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on the Chi- 
 cago ,\l!oii and St. Louis Kailroad, 12 miles S.VV. of Chicago. 
 
 SUMMIT, a station on the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, 
 in Knox county, Illinois, 'JO Miles E.S.E. of Calesburg. 
 
 SUMMIT, a post-oflice of Macon CO., Missouri. 
 
 SUMMIT, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 769. 
 
 SUM.VIIT, a township in tlie S. part of Juneau co., Wis- 
 consin. I'op. 3S2. 
 
 SUMMIT, a township of Steele co.. Minnesota. Pop. 73. 
 
 SU.MMITVILLE, a past-village of Columbiana CO.. Ohio, 
 on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 20 miles W.N.W. 
 of Wellsville. 
 
 SU.MMITVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, 
 about 18 miles N. of Anderson. 
 
 SUMNER, a township of Gratiot co., Michi;ian. Pop. 253. 
 
 SU-MNER, a townsliip of Kankakee co., Illinois. Pop. 
 444. 
 
 SUMNER, a post-village of Lawrence co., Illinois, on the 
 Oliio and Mississippi Railroad, 19 miles W. by N. of Vin- 
 cenncs. 
 
 SU.MNER, a post-villago and township of Bremer co., 
 Iowa. Tlie village is about 21 miles N.E. of Waverly. Pop. 
 212. 
 
 SUMNER, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 158. 
 
 SU-MNER, a township of Iowa Co., Iowa. Pop. 27'.'. ' 
 
 SU.M.V Ell, a townsliip of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 97. 
 
 SU.MX KR, a townsliip of 'Winneshiek co., Iowa. I'op. 684. 
 
 SI'MNEH, a post-township in the N. part of Trempealeau 
 CO., W isconsiii, about 32 miles N. of Galesville. Pop. 130. 
 
 SUMNER, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 745. 
 
 SUMNER, a post-village of Atchison co.. Kansas, on the 
 Missouri River, 4 or 5 miles below Atchison. 
 
 SU.Ml'TER, a post-village, capital of Trinity co., Texas, 
 about 40 miles N.K. of Huntsville, and 135 miles N. of Gal- 
 veston. 
 
 SUNAPEE, a post-township of Sullivan co.. New Ilami)- 
 Bhire, on the W. side of Sunapee Lake, about 6 miles E. of 
 Newport. Pop. 778. 
 
 SUNBURY, a post-township of Livin;;ston Co., Illinois, 
 about 12 niile.s N. of Pontiac. Pop. 422. 
 
 SUNKIELD, a post-township of Eaton Co., 5Iicbigan, 24 
 miles W. of Lansing. Pop. 607. 
 
 SUNN'V SIliE, a post-office of Buchanan co., Iowa. 
 
 SUN PRAIRIE, a jKist-village and township of Dane co., 
 Wisconsin. Tlie village is on a branch of the Milwaukee 
 and Saint Paul Railroad, about 11 miles N.E. of Madison, 
 and 70 miles W. of Milwaukee. It contains 1 bank and u 
 number of stores. Vop. of the township, 1159. 
 
 SUNRISK, or SUNRISE CITY, a post-village of Chisago 
 CO., Minnesota, on Sunrise River, about a mile from its en- 
 trance into the Saint Croi.t River, and 37 miles N. of Still- 
 water. Pop 202. 
 
 SUN'\"ILLE, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 14 miles N. of Franklin. 
 
 SUPERIOR, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 
 614. 
 
 SUPERIOR, or SUPERIOR CITY, a post-town, port of 
 entry, and capital of Douglas co., Wisconsin, is situated at 
 the W. e.xtremity of Lake Superior, and on a bay of the 
 same name, at the mouth of the Nemadji River. Lat. 46° 
 38' 31" N., bin. 92° 3' 28" W. It is 658 feet above the level 
 of the sea. The harbor is large and secure. The site is 
 
 nearly level, and is elevated about 34 feet above the lake. 
 It contains 6 churches, 1 newspaper office, a large hotel, 
 and several steam saw-mills. Regular lines of steamboats 
 ply between this place and Detroit, t'liicago, &c. Large 
 quantities of lumber, fur, and fish are shipped here. Copper 
 is found in Douglas county. Pop. in 1860, 534; in 1865, 
 about 800. 
 
 SUSAN RIVER, California, a small stream which rj.'ies 
 near the N. border of Plumaa county, flows eastward and 
 enters Honey Lake in Lassen county. 
 
 SUS.4^NVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lassen co., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on Susan River, at the head of the Honey 
 Lake Valley, 45 miles N.E. of Quincy. Altitude 4180 feet. 
 It contained, in 1864, 5 or 6 stores. Pop. about 5U0. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA, a township of Juniata co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 820. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, a post-villago of Dinwiddle co., Virginia, 
 on the Petersburg and Lynchburg Railroad, 10 miles W. by 
 S. of Petersburg. 
 
 SUTTER, a township of Sacramento co., California. Pop. 
 856. 
 
 SUITER CREEK, the principal mining town of Amador 
 CO., California, is situated on Sutter Creek, 4 miles N.W. of 
 Jackson, and about 28 miles S. of I'lacerville. It has 2 
 churches, 1 public school, and 4 quartz-mills for separating 
 gold from quartz. Pop. in 1865 about 900. 
 
 SUWANEE, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, has 
 an area estimated at 6.'i0 square miles^ It is bounded on 
 the N., the 'W. and S.'W. by the Suwanee River. Pop. 
 2303. 
 
 SWAN CITY, a post-village of Nicollet co., 5Iinnesota, on 
 a small lake about 12 miles W.S.W. of Saint Peter. 
 
 SWAN RIVER, a post-village of Morrison co., Minnesota, 
 on the E. bank of the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of 
 Swan River, and about 3 miles below Little Falls. 
 
 SWANTON. a post-village of Alleghany co., Maryland, on 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, about 40 miles W.S.W. of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 SWANTON, a post-office of Butler co., Iowa, about 18 
 miles W.N.W. of Cedar Falls. 
 
 SWAVESEY^, a post-othce of Waseca or Steele co., Minne- 
 sota, about tiO miles S. by W. of Saint I'aul. 
 
 SWEETLAND, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1270. 
 
 SWEETLAND, a post-village of Nevada co., California, 8 
 miles N.X.W. of Nevada City. It has several stores, and is 
 situated .among rich gold mines. 
 
 SYLVAN, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 28 miles S.W. of Chambersburg. 
 
 8YLV.AN, a post-office of Dent co., Missouri, about 40 
 miles S.E. of Rolla. 
 
 SYLVAN, a jiost-township of Richland co., Wisconsin, 
 about 70 miles W.N.W. of Madison. Pop. 361. 
 
 SYLVAN CENTRE, a village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 
 on the Central Railroad, 20 miles W. of Ann .Arbor. 
 
 SYLVANIA, a post-village of Bradford Co., Pennsylvania, 
 abcmt 24 miles S. of Elmira, New York. 
 
 SYLVANIA, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 208. 
 
 SYLVANIA, a post-village in Sylvania township, Lucas 
 CO., Ohio, on the Slichigan Southern Railroad, 11 miles W. 
 N.W. of Toledo. 
 
 SYLVANIA, a village of Dade co., Missouri, about 48 
 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. 
 
 Sl'RACUSE, a post-village of Meigs co., Ohio, on the Ohio 
 River, about 6 miles above Pomeroy. Pop. 720. 
 
 SYRACUSE, a post-village of Morgan co., Missouri, on 
 the Pacific Railroad, 43 miles W. of Jelferson City, and 115 
 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. Pop. 569. 
 
 SYRACUSE, a post-villiige of Bremer co., Iowa, on or 
 near the W. bank of the CSlar River, about 12 miles above 
 Waverly. 
 
 SYRACUSE, a post-village, capital of Wilson co., Kansas, 
 on Fall River, 142 miles S. of Topeka. It contains 2 stores 
 and 10 houses. Laid out in September, 1864. 
 
 SYRACUSE, a village ot Otoe Co., Nebraska, on the Little 
 Nemaha River, about 25 miles W. of Nebraska City. 
 
 T. 
 
 TUBLE BLUFF, a post-township of Humboldt co., Cali- 
 forniii, on the Pacific Ocean, about 12 miles S.S.W. of 
 Eureka. P(ip. 177. 
 
 TAIiLF M0UXD,atown.5hipof Dubuqueco..Iowa. P.1112. 
 
 Table .MOUXTAIN, Mann co.. California, called also 
 Taiiiel Pais or Taiiial Pais, is a few miles N.W. of the Golden 
 Gate. Its altitude is abonf 2600 *„«-. 
 
 TABLE MOUNTAIN, Tuolumne Co., California, is a ba- 
 aaltic elevation about 30 miles long, 500 feet high on an 
 Hveiage, and 400 yards wide. The top is flat. It' contains 
 gold iiiinos. 
 
 TABLE ROCK, a post-office of Sierra co., California, is at 
 ttxo village of IIowland Flat, which see. 
 
 TABLE ROCK, a post-village of Pawnee co., Nebraska, on 
 the Great Nemaha River, about 32 miles S.W. of Brownville. 
 
 TABOR, a post-village of Fremont co., Iowa, about' 12 
 miles N. of Sidney. 
 
 TACUSAH, a village of Christian co., Illinois, on the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, about 20 miles S. of Decatur. 
 
 TAFTON, a post-village and township of Grant co., Wis- 
 consin, about 18 miles N.N.W. of Potosi. Pop. 996. 
 
 TAIIOE. a post-office of El Dorado co., California, on or 
 near Lake Tahoe. about 50 miles E.N.E. of Placerville. 
 
 TAHOE, LAKE. See Lake Tahoe. 
 
 TALBOT'S, a station on the Jeffersonville Railroad, in 
 Clarke co., Indiana, 11 miles N. of Jeffersonville. 
 
 2299 
 
TAL 
 
 TALBOTVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 
 TALLAHOMA. a post-village of Lucas co., Iowa, 7 or 8 
 miles W. ol Chariton. 
 
 TAIiLKYRAXD, ii iiost-offlce of Keokuk co^ Iowa, about 
 20 miles X. of Fairfield. 
 
 TALLMADGU, a post-Tillage of Summit CO., Ohio, on the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, 5 miles K.X.E. of 
 Akron. 
 
 TALL5IAX, a post-office of Rockland co., Xew York. 
 
 TALLULA, a post-village of Menard co^ Illinois, on the 
 railroail from Petersburg to Jacksonville. It is the first 
 station S.W. of Petersburg. 
 
 TAMAROA, a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 'iV miles S. by W. of Centriilia, 
 
 TAM A VILLE, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa, 5 or 6 miles 
 E. bv S. of Toledo. 
 
 TAMOLA, a ttiUion on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, in 
 Lauderdale co., Mi>sissippi, 2-t miles N.E. of Meridian. 
 
 TAMPICO, a post-village of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi, 
 about 30 miles W.S.U'. of Aberdeen. 
 
 TAMPICO, a post-village of Greene or Taylor co., Ken- 
 tucky, on i^reen River, about 40 miles S.W. of Danville. 
 
 TAMPICO, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, about 9 miles 
 S.W. of Greenville. 
 
 TAMPICO, a village of Howard CO., Indiana, on the Chi- 
 cago and Great Eastern Railroad, 4 or 5 miles S.S.E. of 
 Kokonio. 
 
 TAMPICO, a poflt-village of Jackson co., Indiana, about 
 34 miles \V. liv N. of Madison. 
 
 TANTALLOX, or TAXTALON, a station on the Nashville 
 and Cliattanooga Railroad, in Franklin co., Tennessee, 94 
 miles S.S.W. of Xasliville. 
 
 TAOS, a post-village of Cole oo., Missouri, abont 8 or 9 
 miles 8.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 TARA, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa, about 18 miles 
 S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 TARKEO, or TARKIO, a post-village of Holt co., Mis- 
 Bouri, about o miles E. of the Missouri River, and 48 miles 
 N.M". of St. Joseph. 
 
 TARKEO, or TARKIO, a post-township and village of 
 Page CO., Iowa, on the E. Branch of Tarkeo River, about 11 
 miles W. of Clarinda. 
 
 TASSIXOXO, or TASSINONG GROVE, a post-village of 
 Porter co., Indiana, about 10 miles S. by E. of A'alparaiso. 
 
 TA\yAS CITY, a postrvillage, capital of Iosco co.. Michi- 
 gan, situated on the X.W. shore of Saginaw Bay, about 54 
 miles N. by E. of Bay City. 
 
 TAYLOR, a county in the N. part of Florida, bordering 
 on the Gulf of Mexico. Area estimated at 1200 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Ocilia (or Aucilla) River. The 
 surface is nearly level ; the soil sjindy. Pop. 1384. 
 
 TAY'LOR, a new county in tlie X.W. central part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 10<X) square miles. It is draineil by 
 the Clear Fork of the Brazos River. The census of 1860 
 furnishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 TAYLOR, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1391. ^ 
 
 TAYLOR, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 
 TAYLOR, a township of LawTence co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 552. 
 
 TAYLOR, a township of Harrison co., Indiana. Pod. 
 1217. 
 
 T.\YLOR, a post-township of Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 461. 
 
 T.A.YLOR, a township of AUomakce co., Iowa. Pop. 806. 
 
 TAYLOR, a townsliip of Appanoose Co., Iowa, Pop. 850. 
 
 T.AYLOR, a township of Benton Co., Iowa. Pop. 1510. 
 
 TAYLOR, a township of Dnbvique co., Iowa. Pop. 1134. 
 
 TAYLOR CREEK, a township of Hardin co., Oliio. Pop. 
 
 531, r m 
 
 TAYLORS PALLS, a post-township of Chisago co., Min- 
 nesota, contains a village of the same name. Pop. 4.t3. 
 
 TAYLORS VILLE. a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 3S miles X.W. of Altoona. Pop. 120. 
 
 TAYLuRSVILI.E, a village, capitiil of Wise co_ Texas on 
 the W. Fork of Trinity River, about 100 mUes W.S.W. of 
 Bonham. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE, a post-village of Bartholomew co., In- 
 diana. 7 miles N. of Columbus, with which It is connected 
 by railriKid. 
 
 TAYLORSVILLE. a post-village of Favette CO., Iowa, 
 about 60 miles W.X.W. of Dubuque. " 
 
 TAYLORVILLE. a post-villagu of Plumas co., California 
 In Iiidian Valley, 12 miles X. by E. of Quincy. Pop. said to 
 
 ^''^^^.^P^.'^'^i* post-township of Saginaw oo., Michigan, 
 about ! 2 miles S. of Saginaw Citv. Pop. 305 
 
 TEAGARDEN, or TEEGARDIN, a post-village of Picka- 
 way CO.. Ohio, about 17 miles S,S.E. of Columbus. 
 ...''^•?*^V^'^'''"' » township or Stearns co., Minnesota, on the 
 Missigsippi River, al>ont 3 miles above St. Clond. 
 
 TECOMSKir, a p<i8t-vlllage of Shawnee co., Kansas on the 
 right (S.) bank of the Kansas River, about 6 miles Ojy the 
 roa4) E. of Topek.^ and 22 mUe» W.X.W. of Lawrence. It 
 
 THE 
 
 I has a bridge across the river which is here abont 200 yarda 
 I wide, and contains 2 brick churclies, 2 stores, 2 cabinet 
 I shojw, and abont 40 houses of brick and stone. Pop. of 
 I Tecuniseh township, in 1860, 607. 
 
 TECCMSEII, a post-village, capital of J(;hn8on co., Ne- 
 braska, on the Big Xemaha River, 33 miles S.W. of Ne- 
 braska City. The river affords abundant water-power here. 
 Tecumseh contains 2 stores, 2 hotels, a grist-mill, and about 
 26 houses. 
 
 TEKKALET, a post-village of Kits.ap co., Washington 
 Territory, on Puget Sound, about 85 miles N. of Olympia. 
 It lias 1 flouriug-mill and 2 saw-mills. Pop. in 1860. 202. 
 
 TEHAMA, a county in the X. part of Csilifornia. h.is an 
 area of about 2600 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Sacnimento River, bounded in the X. by Battle and Cotton- 
 wood Creeks, on the S.E. by Bock Creek, and also drained 
 bj' the Antelope, Beaver, Deer and Elder Creeks, The sur- 
 face is diversified by valleys and mountains. Mount Linn, 
 a peak of the Coast Range, is on the W. lK)rder of this county. 
 The soil in some parts is fertile, and adapted to wool-grow- 
 ing. Wheat, bailey and wool are the sUiple productions. 
 Organized in 1856. Capital. Re<l Bluff. Pop. 4044. 
 
 TEHAMA, a township of Tehama co., Calii'oruia, contains 
 a village of the same name. Pop. 6;56. 
 
 TEHAMA, a post-village of Tehama Co., California, on 
 the Siicramento River, 12 miles S.S.E. of Red Bluff. Ithaa 
 several stores. Pop. about 30o. 
 
 TEKAMAH, or TEKAMA, a post-village of Burt co., Ne- 
 braska, about 42 miles X. by W. of Omaha City. 
 
 TEKOXSH A, a post-village and township of Calhoun co., 
 Michigan. The villaj:e is on the St. Joseph River, about 14 
 miles S. of Marshall. It has 1 or 2 mills. Total population, 
 1035. 
 
 TELEGRAPH CITY, a post-village of Calaveras co., Cali- 
 fornia, 30 miles S.W. of Mokelumne Hill. Pop. said to b« 
 300. 
 
 TELL CITY, a post-village or township of Perry co., In- 
 diana. Pop. 1030. 
 
 XEMECULA, a post-village of San Diego co., California, 
 on the Margarita River, 65 miles X. of San Diego. ■ 
 
 TEMESC.IL, a village of San Bernardino co., California, 
 aliout 28 miles S.S. W. of San Bernardino. Here are valuable 
 tin mines. 
 
 TEMPLE, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the East Pennsylvania Railroad, 6 miles X.X.E. of Reading. 
 
 TE.MPLEVILLK, a post-village of Queen Ann co., Mary- 
 land, about .^5 miles E. by S. of Baltimore. 
 
 TEX ANTS (or TEXXAXTS) HARBOR, a post-village of 
 Knox CO., Maine, on the Atlantic Ocean, abont 14 milea 
 S.S W. of Rockland. 
 
 TEXHASSIX. a pogt-office of Martin co., Mmnesota. 
 
 TEXXESSEE, a post-village in Tennessee township, 
 ]MrDonough Co., Illinois, on the Chicxgo Burlington and 
 Quincy Railroad, 61 miles N.E. of Quincy. Pop. of town- 
 ship, 1719. 
 
 TEPEKOTAH, a post-village of Wabasha co., Minnesota, 
 on the .Mi.ssis.sippi River, 6 or 7 miles below Wabasha. 
 
 TERRE U.\^UTE. a post-village and township of Hender- 
 son CO., Illinois, about 14 miles S.S.E. of Burlington, Iowa. 
 Pop. 127. 
 
 TERRE H.4UTE, a post-village of Putnam co., Missouri, 
 about 50 miles X^.of Lii Cle<le. 
 
 TERRELL, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, contains 
 about ;i50 square miles. It is drained by the Ichawaynock- 
 awav Creek. The surface is neai-ly level. Capital, Dawson. 
 Pop. 6-2.'32. 
 
 TER RY, a township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 1055. 
 
 TERRY'TOWX, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Susquehanna River, about 12 miles S-E.cf 
 Towanda. 
 
 TETE DES MORTS, a township of Jackson co., Iowa, on 
 the .Mississippi River. Pop. 975. 
 
 TEXAS, a post-village of Henry CO., Ohio, on or near the 
 Maumee River, about 30 miles S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 TEX.\S, a township of Dewitt CO., Illinois. Pop. 893. 
 
 TEX.\S, a townsliipof Marathon oo., Wisconsin. Pop. 161. 
 
 TEXAS BAR, a mining village of Yuba co., California. 
 
 THAIRSBURG, a village of Manitowoc co.. Wisconsin, 
 on the Manitowoc River, aliout 8 miles W. of Manitowoc. 
 
 TIIAXTOX'S. a post-village of Bedford co., Virginia, on 
 the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, 30 mile* W. of Lynch- 
 burg. 
 
 TH-VYER, a village of Linn co., Missouri, on the Hanni- 
 bal and St. .Toseph Rjiilroad. 90 miles W. of Hanni>>al. 
 
 THE BUTTES, a remarkable group of j)orphyritic monn- 
 tains in Sutter Co., California, II miles W. of Marysville. 
 There are three prominent peaks, the highest of which is 
 about 1500 feet in elevation. The group is about 30 miles in 
 circuit. The Buttes are covei'ed with a luxuriant growth 
 of wild oat^. 
 
 THERESA, a post-village of . Dodge co., Wisconsin, on 
 Bock River, about 22 miles S. of Fond du I^ac. 
 
 TIIETFORD, a post-township of Genesee oo., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles N. by £. of Flint. Pup. 934. 
 
Tni 
 
 TOP 
 
 THIKNSVILIiE, a village of Ozaukee co.. Trigcoiisin, ou 
 the Milwiiiikee Kiver, iil)out 15 miles N. of Milwaukee. 
 
 THOMASTON, a township of Sasinaw CO., Michigan. 
 Pop. 443. 
 
 TIIO.MASVILLE, a post-village of Davidson co., North 
 Carolina, on the North Carolina Kailroad, 28 miles N.K. of 
 Salisbury. 
 
 THOilASVILLK, a post-village of Oregon co., Missouri, 
 about 90 miles S. of Rulla. 
 
 XaOMASVILLE, a village of Randolph CO., Mi.ssouri, 
 about 40 miles N.of Boonviile. 
 
 TIIOMl'SON, a township of Jo Daviess co., Illinois. Pop. 
 647. 
 
 THOMPSON, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 200. 
 
 THOMl'SO.N'S FLAT, a post-village of Butte CO., Califor- 
 nia, 2 miles N. of Oroville. It has Several stores. 
 
 THOMPSON'S STATION, a post-office of Williamson co., 
 Tennessee, on the Nashville and Decatur Riiilroad, 28 miles 
 S. of Nashville. 
 
 TIIORN CKKEK, a township of TVhitley co., Indiana. 
 Pop. 1037. 
 
 TUOHNDIKE, a post-village of Hampden co., Massachu- 
 setts, on or near VVare Kiver, about 18 miles E.N.E. of 
 (Springfield. 
 
 TlIOliN HILL, a post-village of Orange co., A'irginia, 
 about .') miles .S.E. of Orange Court House. 
 
 THORNTON, a post-viliage and township of Ccjk co., 
 Illinois. The village is ou the Ceutral Kailroad, 24 miles S. 
 of Chicago. Pop. 1033. 
 
 THORNTON'S liEPOT, a post-office of Fairfax co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Alexandria Loudon and Hampshire Kailroad, 
 21 miles N.VV. of Alexandria. 
 
 THOROUGHFARE, a post-office of Prince M'illiam co., 
 Virginia, and a station on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 41 
 miles \V. of Alexandria. 
 
 THREE OAK.-*, a post-township of Berrien co., Michigan, 
 about 22 miles VV. of Niles. Pop. 538. 
 
 THROCK.MORTON, a new county in the N.W. imrt of 
 Texas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is intersected in 
 the N.E. part by the Brazos River, and in the S. part by the 
 Clear Fork of that river. Pop. 124. 
 
 THROOP, troop, ii township of Cayuga co.. Now York, 
 about 3 miles N.W. of Auburn. Pop. 134S. 
 
 THUR.MAN, a post-township of Warren CO., New York, 
 about 7 miles N.W. of Caldwell. Pop. 108-i. 
 
 THUKbf ON, a village of Linn Co., Oregon, near the Wil- 
 lamette Kiver, about 30 miles S. of Albany. 
 
 TIGKFAW. a post-village of ijivingston parish, Louisiana, 
 on the New Orleans and Jackson Kailroad, about 60 miles 
 N.N.W. of New Orleans. 
 
 TICOXIC, Maine. See W.iTERVHl.E, page 20S2. 
 
 TIFTON, a village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, about 33 
 miles S. of Rochester. 
 
 TILLAMOOK, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, is 
 bounded on the E. by the Coast Range of mountains, and on 
 the VV. by the Pacific Ocean. It is drained by the Tilla- 
 mook River, and other small streams. This county has 
 abundance of fir, spruce and cedar timber. Pop. 95. 
 
 TI.MBER CITY, a post-village of Pottawattomie co., Kan- 
 sas, on the left bank of the Big Blue River, al)Out 24 miles 
 N. by W. of Manhattan. 
 
 TIMBER COVE, a post-village of Sonoma co., California, 
 on the Pacific Ocean, 45 niilas Vv. by N. of Santa Rosa. 
 
 TIMBER CREEK, a post-office of Marshall co., Iowa, 
 about 50 miles E.N.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 TIMBUCTOO, a post-village of Yuba co., California, is J^ 
 mile S. of the Yuba River, and 18 miles E. of Marysville. 
 It has 1 church, 1 school, and 3 stores. Here are gold mines 
 which are or have been rich. Pop. about 200. 
 
 TION ESTA, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the left bank of the Alleghany River, just above the 
 mouth of the Tionesta Creek, about 13 miles in a direct line 
 E. by N. of Oil City. Pop. of Tionesta township, 759. 
 
 TIPPECANOE, a thriving village of Miami co., Ohio, on 
 the W. side of the Great Miami River, and on the Dayton 
 and Michigan Railroad, 14 miles N. of Dayton. It is built 
 on level ground. It contains 1 national bank. 4 churches, 
 a union school-houso. 2 flouring-mills, 1 oil-mill, 1 planing- 
 mill and 3 warehouses. The Miami and Erie Canal passes 
 through it. Tlie name of the post-office is Hyattsville. 
 Pop. in 18-60. 949 ; in 18t>o, reported to be 2000. 
 
 '1IPPEC.\N0J5, a township forming the S.E. extremity 
 of Marshall co., Indiana. Pop. 824. 
 
 TIPl'EC ANO K, a township of Henry co , Iowa. Pop. 1440. 
 
 TIPTON, a post-village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Central Railroad, 10 miles N.N.E. of Altoona, and 122 miles 
 W.N.W. of Harrisbiirg. 
 
 TIPTON, a post-village of Moniteau co., Missouri, on the 
 Pacific Kailroad, 38 miles W. by N. of Jefferson City. 
 
 TISKILWA, or TISKILOA, a post-village of Bureau CO., 
 Illinois, on the Chicago and Kock Island Railroad, 23 miles 
 W. of La Salle. Pop. 559. . 
 
 TIVIOT, a village of Montgomery co., Missouri, about 60 
 tniles E.N.E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 J.TVOLI, tiv'o-lee, a post-village of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 
 sylvania, on Muncy Creek, about 20 miles E. by N. of Wll- 
 liamsport. 
 
 TIVOLI, a station on the Toledo Logansport and Bnr- 
 lington Railroad, in Newton co., Indiana, about 50 milea 
 W. of Logansport. 
 
 TI VOLI, a post-village of Blue Earth CO., Minnesota, about 
 6 miles S.E. of Mankato. 
 
 TOBACCO RIVER, Michigan, is a small stream which 
 rises in Clare county, flows south-eastward, and enters th« 
 Tittii awassee near the 8. boundary of Gladwin county. 
 
 TOBOSCO, or TOBOSO, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 
 on the Licking River, about 10 miles E. of Newark. 
 
 TOBOSO, (Jhio. See ToBOsco. 
 
 TOCCOl'O'LA, orTOCAPO'LA, a post-village of Pontotoc 
 CO., Mississippi, about 5.i miles N.W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 TODD, a county in the central part of Minnesota, has an 
 area of about 1460 scjuare miles. It is bounded on the E 
 by the Mississippi, and partly on the N. by the Crow Wing 
 River, and interseote(J by the Fjong Prairie River. The soil 
 is fertile. Tlio eastern part of this county is overgrown 
 with extensive forests of deciduous trees. I'op. 430. 
 
 TODD, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. Pop, 
 570. 
 
 TODDS, a post-office of Spotsylvania co., Virginia, about 
 6 miles N.W. of Spotsylvania Court-House. 
 
 TODDS VALLEY, a post-village of I'lacor CO., California, 
 near tlie Middle Fork of the American River, 20 miles N.E. 
 of Auburn. Pop. about 3(X). 
 
 TOIYABE MOUNTAINS, Nevada, a long range which 
 traverses the S.W. part of Umder co„ and the N. part of 
 Esmeralda county. The direction of this range is nearly N. 
 and S. The noted Reese Kiver Silver Mines are among these 
 mountains, near Austin, in Lander county. 
 
 TOLEUO, a post-village, capital of Tama CO., Iowa, is situ- 
 ated on rolling ground, 3 miles N. of the Iowa River, about 
 65 miles E.N.E. of Des Moines, and 2^ miles S. of the Cedar 
 Rapiils and Missouri River Railroad. It contains 4 or 5 
 churches. Pop. about 500; of Toledo township, 954. 
 
 TOLEDO, a post-village and township of Chase or Lyon 
 CO.. Kansas, on or near the Cottonwood River, about 13 
 miles W. of Emporia. Pop. 175. 
 
 TOLLE^TON, a post-village of Lake co., Indiana, abont 
 30 miles 8.E. of Chicago, with which it is connected by rail- 
 road. 
 
 Ti )LONO, or TOLONA, a thriving post-village and town- 
 ship of Champaign co., Illinois, at the crossing of the Great 
 Western Railroad with the Chicago Branch of the Central 
 Railroad, 137 miles S. by W. of Chiciigo, and about 10 miles 
 S.."».W. of Urbana. It contiiins 2 or 3 churches. Pop. of the 
 village, about 800. 
 
 TOMAH. a township of Monroe co., Wisconsin, immedi- 
 ately S. of the village of Tomah. Pop 641. 
 
 TO.MAH, a thriving pdst-village of Monroe CO., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad, 40 miles E. 
 N.E. of La Crosse, and 26 miles N.W. of Mauston. It has 2 
 churches and several stores. I'op. about 350. 
 
 T0M.4.LE;!, a township of Marin Co., California, on To- 
 mal(!S Bay. Pop. 668. 
 
 TO.M ALES, a post-village of Marin co., California, situated 
 on a navigable slough, 3 miles E. or N.E. of Tomales Bay, 
 and 15 tiiiles W. of Petalunia. It contains 3 stores, 3 ware- 
 houses for grain, which is shipped here in schooners, and 
 about 30 dwellings. Pop. about 250. 
 
 TOMALES BAY, California, extends from the ocean south- 
 eastward into Marin county, and is about 14 miles long, by 
 2 miles wide. It is about 12 feet deep. 
 
 TOMOTLA, a post-village of Cherokee CO., North Caro- 
 lina, about II miles N. by E. of Murphy. 
 
 TOMPKINS, a township of Warren co., Illinois. Pop, 
 1363. 
 
 TONICA, a post-village of La Salle co„ Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 9 or 10 miles S. of La Salle. 
 
 TONTI, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, on the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, 14 miles N.E. of Centralia, aud about 4 miles 
 N.W. of Salem. 
 
 TONTOGANY, or TONTOGENY, a post-village of Wood 
 CO., Ohio, on the Dayton aud Michigan Railroad, 20 milea 
 S.S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 TOOELE, a county in the W. part of Utah, bordering on 
 Nevada, is about 140 miles long, and lOS miles wide. It is 
 bounded on the N.E. by the Great Sivlt Lake. The surface 
 is mostly occupied by mountains and arid deserts, destitute 
 of wood and water. Capital. Richville. Pop. 1008. 
 
 TOOELE, a post-village of Tooele co., Utah, about 30 miles 
 S.W. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 TOOMER, a post-village, capital of Harnett co.. North 
 Carolina, on the right bank of Cape Fear River, about 28 
 miles S. by W. of Raleigh. 
 
 TOPE'KA, a post-village of Mason co., Illinois, on the 
 Illinois River Riiilroad, 7 miles N.E. of iiavaniwi. 
 
 TOPE'KA, the capital of Kansas, and seat of justice of 
 Shawnee county, is situated on the right (S.) bank of the 
 Kansas River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, about 48 
 miles W.S.W. of Leavenworth, and 25 miles by land W. by N. 
 of Lawrence. It is in about 39° 6' N. lat., and 95° 40' W. Ion. 
 
 2301 
 
TOP 
 
 Topota !s ni3morable as the place where the first free- 
 state constiU tion of Kansas was formed. It contains 1 or 
 2 newspaper jflices and a United Stat-es Land Office. Pop. 
 in 1860. 7dy ; in ISGo, about 2400. 
 
 TOPTOX, ti post-village of Uerks CO.. Pennsylvania, on 
 Uio Kast Pfniisvlvamu Railroad, I'J miles N.E. of Reading. 
 
 TOQUERVJI^LK, or TOCQUETILLE, a post-village of 
 W.ishicgton co., Utah, about 50 miles S. oif Parovan. Pop. 79. 
 
 TORO.NTO, a Ullage of Oimden co., Missouri, about 48 
 miles S. by \V. of Jefferson City. 
 
 TDRONTO, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on the 
 AVap^il'inioon lliver, about 34 miles X.N.AV. of Davenport. 
 
 TOliREY, a townsliip of Yates co., New York, on Seneca 
 Lake. I'op. 1364. 
 
 TOTTENVILLE, a post-village of Richmond co., New 
 York, on Staten Island Sound, opposite Perth Amboy, and 
 about 20 miles S.W. of New Y'ork. 
 
 TOUTLE, or TOOTLE RIVER, of Washington Territory, 
 rises near the N.E. corner of Clarke county, flows west- 
 ward, and enters the Cowlitz River in Cow litz countj'. 
 
 TOWANDA, a post-village and township of McLean co., 
 Illinois, on theChicjigo Alton and St. Louis Railroad," miles 
 N.E. of Bloomington. Pop. 751. 
 
 TOWER HILL, a iiost-village and township of Shelby co., 
 Illinois, on the St. Louis Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, 
 about 12 miles W. by S. of Shelbyville. Pop. 312. 
 
 TO\VEI{ HILL, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa, about 
 4S mik« W..S.\V. of Uuburiue. 
 
 TOWKRVILLE,a post-village of Crawford co., Wisconsin, 
 about 12 miles S. of Viroqua. 
 
 TOWNE, or TOWNS, a county in the N.E. part of Geoi^ia, 
 bordering on North Carolina. Area estimated at .SOO square 
 miles. It is drainetl by tiie Hiawassee River. The surface 
 is partly mountainous. Capital, Hiawassee. Pop. 2459. 
 
 TOWXSKND. a post-village of New Ctistle co., Delaware, 
 on the I'eninsular Railway. 29 miles S. by W. of Wilmington. 
 
 TRACY CITY, a post-village of Marion co.. Tennessee, 
 about 95 miles S.S.E. of Nashville. A branch railroad about 
 14 miles long connects it with the Nashville and Chatt;i- 
 no<iga Railroad at Cowan. 
 
 TRAVERSE, a new county in the W. p,irt of Minnesota, 
 bordering on Dakota, lias an area of about 775 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by Sioux Wood River and Lake Tra- 
 verse. The surface is nearly level. The census of 1800 
 furnishes no report for this county. 
 
 TR.\ VERSE, a township of Grand Traverse co., Iirichigan. 
 
 Pop. in. ^ 
 
 TRAVERSE CITY, Michigan. See Grand Traverse 
 City. 
 
 TREMPEALEAU, trJm^a-lo', a county in the W. part 
 of Wisconsin, has an area of about 738 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S.W. liy the Mississippi Hiver, interset ted 
 by the Trempealeau (which forms part of tlie W. Imundarv), 
 and also drained by the Buffalo and Black Rivers, aiid 
 Beaver Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil is very 
 productive. Orgiinized in 1854. Capital, Galesville. Pop. 
 2560. ' ^ 
 
 TREMPEALEAU, a township of Trempealeau co., Wis- 
 consin, contains a village of the same name. Pop. 791. 
 
 TREMPKALK AU. a i)08t-village of Trempealean co., Wis- 
 consin, on tlie Mississippi River. 20 miles above La Crosse. It 
 has a good landing for steamboats, and contains 2 churches 
 and 1 liand,><onie school-house. It is the principal market or 
 shipping place for the prcKluce of the county. Pop. about 
 450 or 500. 
 
 TRKN'TON. a village of Cumberland co., Virginia, about 
 60 niib-s W. of Richmond. 
 
 TRENTON, a village of .Jefferson Co., Ohio, about 11 miles 
 N.V . of \\ heeling. West Virginia. j 
 
 TREXTON. a village of Blackford co., Indiana, about 33 i 
 miles N.W. of Union City. | 
 
 TREXTOX, a village of Bureau co., Illinofs, on the Illi- 
 nois Kivcr, and on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad ' 
 26 miles W. of Ottawa. I 
 
 TREXTOX, a p<ist-village of Clinton co , Illinois, on the 
 Ohio and Mississippi Rjiilroad. 30 miles E. of St. Ixjuis. 
 
 TREXTOX, a post-village and township of Pierce co , 
 ^^ isconsin, on the Mississippi River, about 18 miles below 
 Prescott. and 1 mile below Red Wing. Pop. 119. 
 
 TREXTOX, a village of Carleton co., Minnesota, about 120 
 miles X.E. of St. Cloud. 
 
 TREXTOX, a post-village of Freeborn co., Minnesota, 
 about 40 miles S.S.W. of Faribault 
 
 TREZEVAXT, a post-village of Carroll co , Tennessee, on 
 
 TPi'Tii'iT.;'.')'.' *^'"" Rail'-"'"!. IW miles N.E. of Memphis. 
 
 TRIADELP ll.\, a post-village of Ohio Co., West Vlrrinia 
 '^DT«'S'i?T''i;"''"'h<*li"g- Free population. 2.=>S. 
 
 TRIMBLLLE, a post-township and village of Pierce co 
 Wisconsin. Tlie village is on the Trimbelle River ]•' milee 
 K. of Pre«eott. It has 1 store, 1 grist-mill, and several saw- 
 mills. Total population, 403. 
 
 TRIMBELLE RIVER, a small stream of Pierce co Wi*. 
 consm, flows southward and enters the Mississippi River 
 
 TRIMBLE., a post-village and township of Athens co 
 Ohio, about 35 miles S. of Zanesville. Pop 1112 '' 
 
 2302 
 
 TUN 
 
 TRINIDAD, a post-village of Kaufman co., Texas on the 
 Trinity River, about 33 miles S.S.K of Dallas. 
 
 TRINIDAD, a post-village of Klamath co., California, on 
 the Pacific Ocean, 65 miles S.W. of Orleans Bar. It has 1 
 store. 
 
 TRINITY, n county in the S E. part of Texas, has an 
 area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. 
 by the Neches River, and on the S.W. by the Trinity River. 
 The surface is undulating or level ; the soil is fertile. Capi- 
 tal. Sumpter. Pop. 4392. 
 
 TRIXITY, a iK>st-otlice of Trimty co., California, is at the 
 village of Xoi:th Fork, which see. 
 
 TRINITY' CENTRE, a post-village of Trinity co., Cali- 
 foruia, on the Trinity River, 28 miles NJi. of Wesiverville. 
 It has 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 TKII'OLI. a post-village of Bremer co., Iowa, about 14 
 miles N.E. of Waverly. 
 
 TRIVOLI, a post-village in Trivoli town.ship, Peoria co., 
 Illinois, 17 miles W. of Peoria. It lias 2 churches and 1 
 store. Pop. about 100; of the township, 1617. 
 
 TROUP, or TROOP, a post-village of Smith CO., Texas, 
 about 32 miles N. of Rusk. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE, a post-township of Allegan co., Michigan, 
 on the Kalamazoo River, aliout 4 miles S. of Allegan. Pop. 
 897. 
 
 TROY, a post-village of Freestone co., Texas, on the right 
 bank of the Trinity River, about 11 miles E.N.E. of Fairfield. 
 
 TROY, a village of Berrien co., Michigan, on Galien River, 
 about 14 miles W.S.W. of Berrien. 
 
 TROY, a post-village in Tioy township, Oakland co, 
 Michigan, about 21 miles N. of Detroit. 
 
 TROY, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 867. 
 
 TBOV, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 146. 
 
 TROY', a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 520. 
 
 TROY', a township of Mimroc co., Iowa. Pop. 694. 
 
 TROY, a townsliip of Wright co., Iowa. Pop. 133. 
 
 TROY', a township of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, on St. 
 Croix Lake, 3 miles S. of Hudson. Pop. 4;36. 
 
 TROY, a township in the S. part of Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 811. 
 
 TROY, a village of Goodhue CO., Minnesota, about 12 niilea 
 S.W. of Red Wing. 
 
 TROY, a post-village of Winona co., Minnesota, about 25 
 miles S.E. of Rochester, and 5 or 6 miles E. of Chatfield. 
 
 TROY, a post-village, capital of Donijibau co.. Kansas, 
 situated 15 miles W. by N. of St. Joseph, Mis.souri, and about 
 16 miles N. of Atchison. It has 1 church, and 1 uewsp-ij/er 
 office. Coal is abundant here. Pop. about .'.00. 
 
 TROY GROVE, a post-villi^e and township of La Sallo 
 CO., Illinois, about 11 miles N. of La Salle. The village is 
 about 2 miles E. of the Central Railroad. Pop. 1262. 
 
 TRUCKEE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Iho 
 Siena Nevada, near the W. border of Nevada. It flows 
 through M'ashoe CO., first northeastward, and then uesirly 
 northward until it entere Pj'ramid Lake. 
 
 TRURO, a post-township of Knox co., Hiinois, about 12 
 miles E. of Knoxville. Pop. 713. 
 
 TRUXTON, a post-village of Lincoln Co., Missouri, about 
 65 miles N.W. of St. Louis. 
 
 TRYON. a post-village of Polk co., North Carolina, al)Out 
 100 miles W. of Charlotte. 
 
 TUBAC, a village of Pima co., Arizona, about 45 miles S. 
 of Tucson. Pop. in 1860. 353. 
 
 TUCKER, a county in the N.E. part of AVest Virginia, 
 bordering on Maryland, has an area of about 360 square 
 miles. It is draiiie<l by the Cheat River. The surface is 
 hilly, the county being bounded on the S.E. by the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains. Capital, St. George. Pop. 1428. 
 
 TUCKERVILLE. a village of Camden co., Missouri, on 
 the Osage River, about 18 miles N.W. of Linn Creek, the 
 county-seat. 
 
 TUCSON, a post-village, capital of Pima co., Arizona, is 
 situated on the Santa Cruz River, about 175 miles S.S.E. of 
 Prescott. Rich mines of silver are worked near this place. 
 A large portion of the inhabitants are Spanish. The cen- 
 sus of 18i;0 states the population of Tuscon at 915, of whom 
 87 were Imlians. 
 
 TUM WATER, n post-village of Thurston co.. W.ishing- 
 
 ton Territory, 2 miles S. of Olympia. It has 2 stores and 1 
 
 flour-mill. 
 
 TUN BRIDGE, a township of Dewittco., Illinois. Pop. 666, 
 
 TUNXEL, a post-village of Washington co , Ohio, on the 
 
 Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 6 niiles S.W. of Marietta. 
 
 TUNNEIj, or TIJXXELTOX, a station on the Iron Moun- 
 
 tain Railroad, in Jefferson co., Mi.s8ouri, 47 miles S.S.W. of 
 
 St. Ixiuis. 
 
 TUX X EL CITY, a post-village of Monroe co., AVisconsin, 
 on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, about 14 miles 
 E.N.E. of Sparta. 
 
 TUNNELTON. a post-village of Preston CO., West Vir- 
 ginia, or^ the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 119 miles S.E. 
 of Wheeling. 
 
 TUNNELTON. a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana, on 
 the East Fork of White River, and on the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi Railroad, 74 miles E, of Vinceunes. 
 
 lU 
 
TUN 
 
 TtJNSTALLS, a post-office of New Kent co., Virginia, on 
 till) Richn-.oiid and York Kiver Railroad, 20 miles K. of KicU- 
 mond. 
 
 TUPELO, a post-villase of Itawamba co.. Mississippi, on 
 the Moliilu and Ohio Kailroad, 49 miles S. of Corinth. 
 
 TUUKEY CREEK, a townsliip of Ciinibcrland co., Illi- 
 nois. Pop 480. 
 
 TUSCAROUA, a township of Steuben co.. New York. 
 Pop. l.'iOe. 
 
 TUSCAROR.\, a township of Bradford co., I'ennsylvania. 
 Pop. 948. 
 
 TUSCARORA, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 767. 
 
 TUSCO'LA, a county in the E. part of Michigan, border- 
 ing on Saginaw Bay, lias an area of about 825 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Cass River, and also drained by the 
 Sebewaning River and White Creek. The surface is undu- 
 lating or nearly level, and mostly covered witli forests. 
 Among tlie iruhjjenous trees of tliis county is the sugar- 
 maple. Lumber is one of the chief articles of export. Capi- 
 tal, Vassar. Pop. 48S6. 
 
 TUSCOLA, a village and township of Tuscola CO., Michi- 
 gan. The village is on Cass River, about 24 niiles N. of 
 Mint. Total population, 930. 
 
 TUSCO'L.\, a post-village, capital of Douglas co., Illinois, 
 on the Central Riiilroad (Chicago Branch), 150 miles S. by 
 
 UNI 
 
 W. of Chicago, and 75 miles E. of Springfield. It cont^iins 
 4 churches,! bank, 2 newspaper offices, a brick court-house, 
 1 flouring-mill, &c. It is surrounded by lertile prairie 
 farms. Large quantities of grain and stock ai-e shipped 
 here. Pop. in 1800, 350 ; in 18* 5, reported to be lOOO. 
 
 TUTTLi-.TOWN, a mining village of Tuolumne co., Calj 
 fornia. 4 miles W. of Sonora. It had in lSo2, 4 quartz-mills. 
 Pop. about 200. 
 
 TWIN LAKES, a post-village, capital of Carleton CO., 
 Minnesota, about 22 miles W.S.W. of Lake Superior and Supe- 
 rior City. 
 
 TWIN MOUND, a post-village of Douglas co., Kansas, 
 about 15 miles S.W. of Lawrence. 
 
 TWIN SPRINGS, a post-village of Linn co., Kansas. 
 
 TWO CREEKS, a post-village of Manitowoc co., Wi.scon- 
 siii, on Lake Michigan, about J8 miles N.N.E. of Muui- 
 towoc. 
 
 TYNER CITY, a post-village of Marshall co., Indiana, 
 on the Cincinnati Peru and Chicago Railroad, 8 miles N.W. 
 of Plymouth. 
 
 TYRO, a post-offlco of Poweshiek co.,Iowa, about 48 miles 
 E. of l)es Moines. 
 
 TYRONE, a township forming the N.W. extremity of 
 Kent CO., Michigan. Pop. 172. 
 
 TYRONE, a township of Le Sueur co., Minnesota, imme- 
 diately N.E. of the village of Le Sueur. Pop. 502. 
 
 u. 
 
 UDELL, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 843. 
 UDOLPIIO, a township of Mower co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 101. 
 
 UKIAII, a township of Mendocino co., California, con- 
 tains Ukiah City. Pop. 624. 
 
 UKIAII CITY, a post-village, capital of Mendocino co., 
 California, situated on the right (W.) bank of the Russian 
 Kiver, 80 miles N.N.W. of Petaluma, and 90 miles in a 
 direct line W. of Marysville. It cnutains a brick court- 
 house, 2 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 6 stores. Pop. 
 about 200. 
 
 ULAO, or ULLOA, a post-village of Ozaukee co., Wis- 
 consin, on Lake Michigan, about 22 miles N. of Milwaukee. 
 
 ULLIN, a i)ost-village of I'ulaski co., Illinois, on tlie 
 Central Railroad, 20 miles N. of Cairo. 
 
 ULSTER, a post-village of Bradford CO., Pennsylvania, in 
 Ulster township, on the W. Iiink of the Susquehanna River, 
 about 7 miles above Towanda. 
 
 ULSTER, a post-township of Floyd Co., Iowa, about 8 
 miles W. of Charles City. Pop. 137. 
 
 UMATILLA, a small stream in tlie N.E. part of Oregon, 
 rises in Umatilla county, flows nearly westward and falls 
 Into the Columbia at the village of Umatilla. 
 
 UMATIL'LA, a large county in tlie N.E. part of Oregon, 
 bordering on Washington Territory. It is partly bounded 
 on the N. by the Columbia River, and also diained by the 
 Umatilla and John Day Rivers. The surface is mountain- 
 ous, the E. part being occupied by the Blue Mountains. 
 Gold is found in the south part. A large part of tlie soil is un- 
 productive. Capital, Umatilla. The census of 1860 fur- 
 nishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 UM.\TILLA, a post-village, capital of Umatilla CO., Ore- 
 gon, on the Columbia River, at the mouth of tlie river of 
 its own name, about 100 miles E. by N. of Dalles City. It 
 was first settled in 1863. It has 4 hotels, 12 dry-goods and 
 general stores, 2 lirng storps, &c. Pop. about 400. 
 
 UMBRIA. a sttite of Central Italy, bounded on the N.E. 
 by the Marches, on the S.E. by Naples, on the S.W. by the 
 river Tiber, and on the N.W. by Tuscany. Area about 
 3500 square miles. It is drained by tlie Velino and Nera 
 Rivers. The ridge of the Apennines extends along the 
 N.E. border. 
 
 UMPQUA, ump'quaw, a river of Douglas co., Oregon, is 
 formed by two branches, called the North Pork and tlie 
 South Fork, which rise in the Cascade Mountiiins, and 
 unite about 8 miles N.W. of Roseburg. The main stream 
 flows northwestward in a very tortuous course, and enters 
 the Pacific Ocean at Umpqua City. Vessels drawing 10 feet 
 of water can ascend this river about 20 miles. The valley of 
 the Umpqua is remarkable for fertility, and for bold and 
 beautiful scenery. 
 
 UMPQUA CITY, a post-village and port of entry of Doiig- 
 las CO., Oregon, on the N. bank of the Umpqua River, 1 
 mile from the ocean, and 58 miles in a direct line W.S.W. 
 of Eugene City. The river here forms a commodious har- 
 bor for large vessels. The village has 1 store and 15 
 dwellings. 
 
 UNA, a post-office of Wayne CO., Iowa, 5 or 6 miles N. of 
 Corydon. 
 
 UNCLE SAM, a post-village of Lake co., California, on or 
 near Clear Lake, 6 miles S.E. of Lakeport. 
 
 UNION, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee, has 
 an area of about 230 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.W. by Powell's River, and intersected by Clinch Kiver. 
 
 The surface is hilly or mountainous. Pop. C117 of whom 
 182 were slaves. 
 
 UNION, a new county in the N.E. part of Oregon, bor- 
 dering on Idaho. It was formed out of the noitli part of 
 Baker county. It is boundeil on the E. by Lewis or Snake 
 River, and also drained by the Grande Ronde River. The 
 surface is hilly or mountainous. Gold mines are worked in 
 this county. Capital, La Grande. 
 
 UNION, a township of Monroe co., New York, on Lake 
 Ontario. Pop. 2460. 
 
 UNION, a townsliip of Hunterdon co., New Jersey. Pop. 
 1217. 
 
 UNION, a township of Ocean co., New Jersey, on Barne- 
 gat Bay. Pop. 1918. 
 
 UNION, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 848. 
 
 UNION, a township of Lawrence co., Penn.sylvunia. 
 Pop. 920. 
 
 UNION, a post-oilico of Boone co., Kentucky, about 15 
 miles S.S.W. of Cincinnati. 
 
 UNION, a township of Auglaii^e co., Ohio. Pop. 1430. 
 
 1;NIUN, a township of Boone co., Indiana. Pop. 977. 
 
 UNION, a township of Clarke co., Indiana, on the Ohio 
 River. Pop. 902. 
 
 UNION, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1147. 
 
 UNION, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop.1379. 
 
 UNION,a township of Huntington co., Indiana. Pop.SiiO. 
 
 UNION, a township of Marshall co.. Indiana. Pop 1208. 
 
 UNION, a township of Ohio co., Indiana. Pop. 597. 
 
 UNION, a township of White co., Indiana. Pop. 895. 
 
 UNION, a township of Whitley co., Indiana. Pop. 1105. 
 
 UNION, a township of Jasper co., Illinois. Pop. 757. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Mcllenry co., Illinois, on the 
 railroad which connects Chicago with Galena, 30 miles E. 
 of Rockford. 
 
 UNION, a township of Adams co., Iowa. Poi). 62. 
 
 UNION, a townslii]) of Appanoose CO., Iowa. Pop. 022. 
 
 UNION, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 134. 
 
 UNION, a township of B<.>one co., Iowa. Poi). 130. 
 
 UNION, a township of Dallas co., Iowa. Pop. 685. 
 
 UNION, a township of Davis CO., Iowa. Pop. 1193. 
 
 UNION, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. p23. 
 
 UNION, a township of Des Moines CO., Iowa. Pop. 1157. 
 
 UNION, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 502. 
 
 UNION, a township of Hardin CO., Iowa. Pop. 711. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Hardin co., Iowa, on the Iowa 
 River, about 11 miles below Eldora, and 30 miles E.N.E. of 
 Nevada. 
 
 UNION, a township of ILirrison co., Iowa. Pop. 72. 
 
 UNION, a township of Jackson Co., Iowa. Pop. 619. 
 
 UNION, a township of John.son co., Iowa. Pop. 398. 
 
 UNION, a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 432. 
 
 UNION, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 451. 
 
 UNION, a township of Mah.-iska CO., Iowa. Pop. 621. 
 
 UNION, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 415. 
 
 UNION, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 960. 
 
 UNION, a township of Poweshiek Co., Iowa. Pop. 669. 
 
 UNION, a township of Story co., Iowa. Pop. 407. 
 
 U.MON, a township of Union co , Iowa. Pop. 562. 
 
 UNION, a township of Warren CO., Iowa. Pop. 770. 
 
 UNION, a township of Wayne CO., Iowa. Pop. 594. 
 
 UNION, a township in the E. part of Vernon co., Wl* 
 cousin. Pop. 193. 
 
 2303 
 
UNI 
 
 TAN 
 
 UNTOTr, a township of Waupaca co., Wisconsin. Pop. 89. 
 
 UNIt>X, a post-to\vns.liip of Houston co., Minnesota, 
 tbout 10 miles S W. of La Crosse, Wisconsin. Top. 200. 
 
 UNION', a township or village of Johnson co., Kansas, 
 about IS uiiUs S.E. of Lawrence. Pop. tU. 
 
 UNION, a township of Humboldt co., California, contains 
 Abcata, which see. Pop. 5o4. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Bilker or Union co., Oregon, is 
 gituated at tlie S. end of Grande Ronde Valley. It has gold 
 mines in the vicinity. First settled in the spring of 18(54. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Chehalis CO., Wiisliington Ter- 
 ritory, 35 miles S.K. of Monte.-ano. 
 
 UNION, a post-village of Salt Lake CO., Utah, 12 miles S. 
 by E. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 UNION CENTRE, a post-village of Juneau co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 60 miles N.W. of Madison. 
 
 UNION CITY, a post-vilhige of Union co., Iowa, about 15 
 miU^s S.W. of Afton. 
 
 UNION GROVE, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin, 
 and a station on the Racine aud Mississippi Riulrotid, 15 
 miles AV. of Racine. 
 
 UNION HILL, a post-village in the N.E. part of Ringgold 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 UNION POINT, a village of Linn co^ Oregon, about 27 
 miles S. Iiv E. of Albany. 
 
 UXlONPi tllT. a post-village of Jeflerson co , Ohio, on the 
 JHtisburg Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, 20 miles W. 
 of Steubenvillo. 
 
 UNION RIDGli a post-village of Franklin co., Iowa, on 
 the We>t Fork of Cedar River. 
 
 UNIONTOAVN, a post-viilage of Delaware co., Iowa, 7 or 
 8 miles "S. of Delhi. 
 
 UNIONTOWN, a village of Shawnee co., Kansas, on the 
 Kansas Kiver, about 16 miles above Topeka. 
 
 LNIONTOWN, a village of El Dorado Co., Califoniia, on 
 the South Fork of the American River, about 8 miles N.W. 
 of Placerville. Pop. 320. 
 
 . UNIONVILLE. a post-village of Cass co., Texas, about 22 
 miles N.W. of Linden. 
 
 UNIONVILLE. a village of Ohio co., Indiana, on Laugh- 
 ery Creek, abotit 6 miles S.W. of Aurora. 
 
 UNIONVILI^. a post-village, capital of Ilnmlioldt Co., 
 Nevada, is situated on the E. side of the range of Humboldt 
 Mountiiins, 165 miles (by the road) N.E. of Carson City. 
 It contained in IHK!, 7 general stores, 2 drag stores, and 1 
 newspaper office. Tlie iiihabibuits are extensively engaged 
 in mining. Pop. in ISft!, about 600. 
 
 UNIOP'OLIS. a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio, about 
 27 miif> N.W. of B.-llefontiiiue. 
 
 UNITY, a township of Piatt CO., Illinois. Pop. 375. 
 UNI r\'. a ])ost-village of lieuton Co., Iowa, about 6 miles 
 S.S.E. of Vinton. 
 
 UPPER FAIRFIELD, a township of Lycoming co.,Penn- 
 svlvania. Pop. 'b'i. 
 
 UPPEI! GLOUCKSTER, a po.xt-village of Cumberland co., 
 Maine, about 25 miles N. of Portland, and 1 mile W. of tbe 
 Maine Central Railroad. 
 
 Ul'PER GROVE, a post-village, capital of Hancock Co., 
 Iowa, about 42 miles N.E. of Fuvt Dodge. 
 
 UPPKR L.\KE, a post-office of Lake co., California, on the 
 N. shore of Clear Lake, 10 miles .V. of Lakeport. 
 
 UPPER MEKION. a township of Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuylkill River, opposite Norristown. Pop. 
 &127. 
 
 UI'PER PITTSGROVE, a township of Salem co., New 
 JersfV. Pop. 2<iS2. 
 
 UPPER SA(JINAW, a village of Saginaw co., Michigan, 
 at the confluence of the Cass and Shiawassee River, about 3 
 miles S. of Siigiiiaw City. 
 
 UI'PER TRACT, a post-village of Pendleton co., West 
 Virginia, on the Soutli Branch of the Potomac River, about 
 13 miles N. of Franklin. 
 
 UI'PER UWCIILAN, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl-, 
 vania. Pop. 836. 
 
 UPTON, a township of Oxford CO., Maine. Pop. 219. 
 
 UPTON,apost-otliceandst:itionof Larue CO., Kentucky, on 
 the Tyouisville and Nashville Railroad..59 miles S.of Louisville. 
 
 URBANA, or URBANNA, a post-village of Wabash co., 
 Indiana, about 40 miles W.S.W. of Fort SVavne. 
 
 URBANA. or URBANNA, a village of St. Clair co., Illi- 
 nois, about 8 miles S.S.E. of Belleville. 
 
 URBANA, a post-village of Dall,-.s or Hickory co., Mis- 
 souri, about 50 miles N of Springfield. 
 
 URBANA. or URBANNA, a post-village of Benton CO., 
 Iowa, 8 or 9 miles E.N.K. of Vinton. 
 
 URBANA, or URBANNA, a township of Monroe co., 
 Iowa. Pop. 743. 
 
 URSA, a post-township of Adams co., Illinois, cm the Mis- 
 sissippi River, about 8 miles N. ofQnincy. Pop. 1421. 
 
 UTICA, a town,«hip of Chicka.saw co., Iowa. Pop. 466. 
 
 UTICA. a township in the N. part of Crawford co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 625. 
 
 UTICA, a post-village and township of Winona co., Min- 
 nesota. Tlie village is on the Winona and St. Peter RaiK 
 road, about 17 miles W. bv S. of Winona. 
 
 UTICA STATION, a village of Macomb co., Michigan, on 
 theGrand Trunk R.iilrond, abont 15 miles N.N. K. of Detroit. 
 
 UTSAL.\DY. a post-village of Island co., Washington Ter- 
 ritory, alxiut 90 miles N. of Olympia. 
 
 UVAL'DE, a p<vst-village, capital of Uvalde CO., Texas, 
 about 80 miles W. by S. of Sau .\ntonio. 
 
 UVVCHLAN (yook'lan), or LOWKR UWCIILAN, a post- 
 township of Chester CO., Pennsvlvania, about SO miles 
 W.N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. SIO. 
 
 Y. 
 
 VAC.WILLE, a township of Solano Co., California. Pop. 
 1831. 
 
 VAC.WILLE, a post-village of Solano co., California, is 
 situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, 8 miles N.N.E. of 
 Suisun City. Here is an institution, called the Pacific Me- 
 thodist College (for both sexes), which has about 150 stu- 
 dents. Pop. about 300. 
 
 VALDOSTA, a post-village of Lowndes co.. Georgia, on 
 the Savannah and Gulf Railroad, 157 miles S.W. of Savan- 
 nah. Pop. 166. 
 
 VALEVILLE, a village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, about 
 10 miles S. by W. of Preston. 
 
 VALLECI'TO, vjl-yi-see'to, a post-village of Calaveras 
 CO., California, about 10 miles N. by W. of Sonora. It has 
 about 5 stores, and is supported by gold mines. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 500. 
 
 VALLEJO. a township of Solano co., California, contains 
 the town of Vallejo. Pop. 1431. 
 
 VALLE.IO. vil-y.A'Ho, a post-town of Solano CO., Califor- 
 nia, is situated at. the mouth of Napa Creek, on the north- 
 east side of San Pablo Bay, 28 miles N.N.E. of San Fran- 
 cisco, and 18 miles S.W. of Suisun City. It has a large and 
 safe harbor, and is accessible for the largest se.i-going shi|>s. 
 Adjacent to the liarlKir is Mare Island, on which is the Uni- 
 ted Sfcttes Navy Yard. A'allejo is built on the slopes of hills 
 which ri.--e gently from the water to the height of 100 feet 
 or more, and has a good site for a city. It contains several 
 churches and numerous stores. Pop. estimated at 1600. 
 
 A'ALLEY, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1552. 
 
 V.\LLEV. a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Central Railroad, 40 miles W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 2125. 
 
 ■\ ALLKY, H township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 831. 
 
 A'ALLEY, a post-township of Stark co., Illinois, about 24 
 miles N. by W. of l>eoiia. Pop. 876. 
 
 V.ALLEY, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 270. 
 
 A'.\LLKV. a township of Linn co., Kans-as. Pop. lOOS. 
 
 VALLEY, a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. Pop. 380. 
 2304 ^ 
 
 V.4LLEY FARAI. a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 A'ALLONIA, or VELOMA. a post-village of Jackson CO.. 
 Indiana, on the Ohio and Alississippi Railroad, 14 miles 
 S.W. of Seymour, and 17 miles N. of Salem. 
 
 A'ALPAR.A.1S0, a post-village of Sullivan co., Missouri, 
 abont 45 miles N of BrookfteW. 
 
 VALPAKAISO, a post-village of Calhoun CO., Nebraska, 
 about 55 miles AV.S.W. of Omaha City. 
 
 VANATTA, or VANATTASBUKG.a post village of Lick- 
 ing CO., Ohio, on a niilroad, 6 miles N.of Newark. 
 
 A^\N" BUREN, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, 
 on the St. John's River. Pop. 616. 
 
 A' AN BUREN, a.post-village of AVa<hington oo., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 36 miles S.S.W. of Pittsburg. 
 
 VAN BUREN. a village of Coshocton co., Ohio, about 65 
 miles N.E. of Columbus. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a post-township of Clay co., Indiana, 17 
 miles E.N.E. of Terre Haute. Pop. 14S8. 
 
 A"AN BUREN, a township of Lagrange co., Indiana. Pop. 
 979. 
 
 VAN BUREN, a post-village, capital of Carter co., Mis- 
 souri, on Current River, about 72 miles S. by AV. of Potosi. 
 
 V.\N BUREN, a post-township of Jackson CO., Iowa, about 
 40 miles N.N.E. of Davenport. Pop. 840. 
 
 A'AN BUREN, a township of Keokuk CO., Iowa. Pop. 710. 
 
 A'A.V BUREN, a township of I..ee co., Iowa. Pop. 1101. 
 
 Van BUREN, a township of Aan Buren co., Iowa. Pop. 
 2244. 
 
 A'.tNCR. a township of Vermilion co., Illinois. Pop. 1589. 
 
 V ANCOUA'ER.van-koo'vf r, a post-village, capital of Clarke 
 CO., AA'ashington Territory, on the right bank of the Colnm- 
 bia River, 90 miles from its month, and about 10 miles N. o' 
 Portland, Oregon. Lfirge sea-going vessel^ can ascend to this 
 point. It contains several churches. Pop. estimated at 650. 
 
 VANDALIA, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 
 about 10 miles N. of Dayton. 
 
 A'ANDALU, a post-village of Owen c-' , Indiana sbont 
 34 miles E. by 8. of Terre liauto. 
 
 -} 
 
VAN 
 
 VIO 
 
 VANDALIA, a post-village of Jasper CO., Iowa, about 16 ; 
 miles K.S E. of Dcs Moines. 
 
 VAXDEltUILT, a x)o.st-ofTice of Linn co., Iowa, on a rail- i 
 road, 8 or 9 miles S.^V'. of Cedar Rsipids. I 
 
 VANDYKE, a post-oflRce of Des Sluines CO., Iowa, about 6 i 
 miles W.S.W. of Burlington. 
 
 VAN 0YNP3, a statioif on thn Chicago and Northwestern [ 
 Railroad, in Koud du Lac co., Wisconsin, 7 miles N. of I'ond 
 du Lac. 
 
 VAN ETTEN, a post-village and township of Chemung 
 CO., New York, on Cayuta Creek, about 18 miles E.N.E. of 
 Elmira^ Pop. 1508. 
 
 VANNOY'S SIILL, a post-offlce of Pike co., Missouri, 
 about 35 miles S. of Hannibal. 
 VASA, a township of Goodhue co., Minnesota. Pop. 436. 
 VASSAR, a township of Tuscola co., Michigan, contains 
 the Tillage of Vassar. Pop. 249. 
 
 VASSAR, a post-village, capital of Tu.scola co., Michigan, 
 situated on the right bank of Cass River, about '2'2 miles E. 
 by S. of Saginaw City, and 75 miles N.Ei of Lansing. 
 
 VEGA, a iiost-offico of Henry co., lowu, about 36 miles 
 V.N.W. of Burlington. 
 VELONIA. See V.\i.LOMit, Indiana. 
 VENICE, a village of Bntler co., Ohio, on the Great Miami 
 River, about 10 miles below llaiuilton. 
 
 VERA CRUZ, a post-village, capital of Dongla-i CO., Mis- 
 BOuri, situated about 55 niiU« E.S.E. of Springfield. 
 
 VERDIERVILLE, a post-tillage of Orange CO., Virginia, 
 about '25 miles W. of Fredericksburg. 
 VERDIGRIS, a township of Lyon co., Kansas. Pop. 256. 
 VERDIGRIS, a township of Woodson co., Kansas. Pop. 
 387 
 
 VERDIGRIS RIVER, rises in the S.E. central part of 
 Kansas, flows southward into the Indian Territory, and 
 then flows nearly southeastward until it enters the Arkan- 
 sas River, about 10 miles above Fort Gibson. Its length is 
 estimated at 200 miles. 
 
 VERMILION, a post-village of Edgar co., TlMnois, on the 
 Terre Haute and St. Louis Railroad, about 11 miles N.W. 
 of Terre Ilanto. 
 
 VERMILION, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 
 604. 
 
 VERMILION, a township of Dakota CO.. Minnesota. Pop. 
 205. 
 
 VERMILION, a village of Dakota CO., Minnesota, on the 
 Minnesota Central Railroad, about 20 miles S. of St. Paul. 
 
 VERMILION, a village and township of Marshall CO., 
 Kansas, on Vermilion Creek, about 20 miles S. by E. of 
 Marysville. Top. 880. 
 
 VERMILION, a post-village of Daliota, on tbo Mis.souri, 
 at the mouth of Vermilion River, about 30 miles below 
 Yankton. It has a United States Land Office. Pop. about 
 200. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, of Dalla-s co., Wisconsin, is a small 
 affluent of the Meiiomonie or Red Cedar River. 
 
 VERMONT, a township in the W. part of Dane co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 925. 
 
 VERMONTVILLE, a post-township of Eaton co., Mlchi- 
 ^n. about 10 miles N.W. of Charlotte. Pop. 875. 
 
 VERNER, a village of Alleghany co., on the Alleghany 
 Biver, 10 miles by railroad E.N.E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 VERNON, a county in the S.W. part of Wisconsin, boi-- 
 dering on Minnesota and Iowa, has an area of about 800 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi 
 River, intersected by the Kickapoo, and also drained by the 
 Bad Axe and Racoon Rivers. The surface is undulating, 
 and is diversified with prairies and woodlands; the soil is 
 fertile. Capital, Viroqua. Pop. 11,007. 
 
 VERNON, a post-village, capital of Jackson parish, Louis- 
 iana, about 75 miles E. by S. of Shreveport. 
 
 VERNON, a post-villago of Trumbull co., Ohio, on the 
 Pymatuning River, about 65 miles E. by S. of Cleveland. 
 
 VERNON, a post-vill.age of Shiawassee co., Michigan, on 
 the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of De- 
 troit, and 5 miles S.E. of Corunna. 
 VERNON, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. 1145. 
 VERNON, a post-village and township of Van Bnreh co., 
 Iowa. The village is on the right bank of the Des Moines 
 River, 6 miles S.E. of Keosauqua. It has 1 flour-mill, 1 
 woollen factory and several stores. Pop. about 300; of 
 township 1253. 
 VERNON, atownship of Wright co., Iowa. Pop. 2S. 
 VERNON, a village of Vernon co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Mississippi River, about 17 miles by land S. of La Crosse. 
 
 VERNON, a township of Blue Earth co., Minnesota, iti- 
 teisected by the Blue Earth River, about 15 miles S.W. of 
 ■Mankato. I'op. 4G2. 
 VERNON, a township of Dodge CO., Minnesota. Pop. 240. 
 VERNON, a village and township of Gutter CO., Califor- 
 nia, at the mouth of EeKither River, about 18 miles N.W. of 
 Sacramento. Pop. 199. 
 
 VERNON CENTRE, a post-office of Blue Earth CO., Min- 
 nesota, about 18 miles S.W. of Mankato. 
 
 VERONA, a post-village of Itawamba co., Mississippi, on 
 the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. 13 miles N. of Okolona. 
 6U 
 
 VERONA, a village of Calhoun co., Midiigan, on Battla 
 Creek, about 12 miles W.N.W. of Marshall, and 1 mile N.of 
 the Central Railroad. 
 
 VERONA, a post-village of Lawrence co., Mi.ssouri, about 
 38 miles S.W. of Springfield. 
 
 VEROXA, a post-township of Faribault Co., Minnesota, 
 on the Blue Earth River, about 33 miles S. by W. of Man- 
 kato. Pop. 2t>8. 
 
 VERSAILLES, a post-^^llago of Rutherford or William- 
 son CO., Tennessee, about 34. miles S. bv E. of Nashville. 
 
 VERSAILLES, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, on the 
 Bellefontaino Railroad, 17 miles E. of Union City. 
 
 VERSAILLES, a post-village and township of Brown co., 
 Illinois. The township is on the Illinois River. The vil- 
 lage is on the Quincy and Toledo Rjiilroad, 48 miles E. of 
 Qnincy. Total population 1221. 
 
 VEKS.\ILLE,S, a village of Osage co., Kansas, about 21 
 miles S. of Topeka. 
 VICTOR, a township of De ICalb co., Illiriois. Pop. 74*5. 
 VICTOR, a post-village of Poweshiek co., Iowa, on tho 
 Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. of Ma- 
 rengo. 
 
 VICTORIA, a post-village of Holivar co., Mississippi, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 95 miles N.N.W. of Yazoo City. 
 VICTORIA, a post-township of Knox co., Illinois, about 
 20 miles E.N.E. of Gale.sburg. Pop. 1120. 
 
 VICTORIA, a post-village of Daviess co., Missouri, about 
 40 miles E. by N. of St. Joseph. 
 
 VICTORIA, a village or station of Jefferson eo., Mis.souri, 
 on the St. Ijouis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 39 miled S. 
 by W. of St. I>ouis. 
 
 VICTORIA, a flourishing town, capitiil of tho British 
 colony of Vancouver Island, is situated on the N. side of 
 tho strait of Juan de Fuc;i, and on the S.E. end of A'ancouvcr 
 Island. Lat. about 48° 27' N., Ion. 123° 25' W. It has 
 several churches and seminaries. Two daily newspapers 
 lire ptibiished here. It contained in 1864, 7 drug stores, G 
 dry-good stores, 8 general stores, &c. Pop. estimated at 
 5000 or 6000. 
 
 VICTORY, a township of Saratoga co.. New York. Pop. 
 63G. 
 
 VICTORY, apost-village of Vernon co.,AVisconsin, on the 
 Missis.-^ippi I liver, about 25 miles by the road S. of La Crosse, 
 which is 32 miles distjint by the river. 
 
 VIENNA, a post-village of Kiiirfax CO., Virginia, on the 
 Alexandria Loudon and Hampshire Railroad, about 13 miles 
 W. of Washiiigton. 
 
 ; VIENNA, a post-village of Forsyth co.. North Carolina, 
 'about 37 miles N. of Salisbury. 
 
 VIENNA, a post-village of Jackson parish, Louisiana, 
 about 70 miles E. by N. of Shreveport. 
 
 VIENN.4, a post-village of Vienna township, Trumbull 
 CO., Ohio, about 10 miles E. of AVarren. 
 
 S'IENN.\, a village of Monroe Co., Michienn, on the De 
 troit and Toledo llailroad, about 11 piilos N. by E. of To- 
 ledo. 
 
 VJENNA, a village of De Kalb co., Indiana, on Saint 
 Jos(5ph's River, about 25 miles N.E. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 VIENNA, a village of Macon co., Missouri, about 14 miles 
 T?. by E. of Macon City. 
 
 VIENNA, u post-viilage. capital of Maries co., Mi-ssouri, 
 situated about 32 miles S;S.E. of Jefferson City, and 3 miles 
 W. of the Gasconade River. Copper and iron and found in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 VIEN.X A, a post-township of Marshall co., Iowa, about 32 
 miles S.W. of Cedar Falls. Pop. 147. 
 
 VIENNA, a post-township of Pottu,wattomie co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 752. 
 S'IGO, a township of Knox co., Indiana. Pop. 1622. 
 A'lLLA RIDGE, a post-office of Pnlaski co., Htinoi.4, on 
 the Central Railroad, 12 miles N. of Cairo. 
 VINCKNNES, a po.st-offlce of Lee Co., Iowa. 
 VINCENT, a post-villa-e of Washington CO.. Ohio, on 
 the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 13 miles W. by S. of 
 Marietta. 
 
 VINELAND, a flourishing post-village of Cumberland co.. 
 New Jersey, on the MiHville and Glassboro' Railroad, 32 
 miles S. by E. of Philadelphia. It contains 3 churches, 1 
 academy, 1 public hall, 25 stores, 4 manufactorie.s, Ac. The 
 settlement of this place commenced in 1.S61. The cultiva- 
 tion of fruit employs many of the people of Vineland. The 
 population of Vineland township (which contains over 30,000 
 acres), is estimated (1865) at 5000. 
 
 VI N LAND, a post-village and township of Winnebago CO., 
 Wisconsin. The township borders on Winnebago Lake 
 and Fox River, about 3 miles N. of Oshkosh. Pop. 962. 
 
 A' INTON, a po.st-village, capital of Benton CO., Iowa, on 
 the Red Cedar River, al)Out SO miles AV.S.W. of Dubuque, 
 and 25 miles N.W. of Cedar Rapids. It contains several 
 churches and the Stiite Institution for the Blind, which had 
 in 1803 .about 65 pupils. I'op. about 1500. 
 
 VIOLA, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, on the Dubuque 
 Southwestern Rjiilroad, 13 miles E. by N. of Marion. 
 
 A'IOL.\, a pust-village of Kiehland co., AVisconsin, on or 
 near the Kickapoo River, 40 miles S.E. of La Crosse. 
 
 2305 
 
VIO 
 
 WAL 
 
 VIOLA, a post-township of Olmstead co., Minnesota, about 
 9 miles E. by X. of Rochester. Pop. 422. 
 
 VIOLA, a post-villiige of Sacramento CO., California, 22 
 miles E. of Sacramento. 
 
 VIRGIX CITY, a post-village of Washington co., Utah, 40 
 miles E N.E. of Saint George. 
 
 VIRGINIA, a post-village of Cass co., Illinois, on the 
 Peoria Pekin and Jacksonville Railroad. 15 miles N. of 
 Jacksonville and 20 miles S. of Bath. It has a national 
 bunk. Pop. of Virginia township, 1438. 
 
 A'lRGINlA, a township of Warren CO., Iowa. Pop. 227. 
 
 VIRGINIA, a jiost-village of Placer co., California, 7 
 miles W. of Auliurn. Here ai-e goldmines. Pop. including 
 Gold Hill, said to be .iOO. 
 
 VIRGINIA CITY, the commercial metropolis of Nevada, 
 and capital of Storey county, is situated among rocky ledges 
 and ravines on the eiistern slope of Jlount Davidson, 15 miles 
 N.N.E. of Carson City, and about 274 miles N.E. of San 
 Francisco. It is 6J0b feet ^bove the level of the sea, in about 
 39° 22' N.lat. and 119° 35' W. Ion. The principal streets are 
 level, having been in many places graded through the solid 
 native rock. The business streets are lined with blocks of 
 substiiutial stone ;ind brick fire-proof buildings, tliree, four 
 and five stories high. The environs are adorned with many 
 beautiful private residences, which cost from $10,0tX> to 
 $50,000 each. The city contains 4 fine chuiches, costing 
 from $30,000 to $60,000 ejich, 1 public-school, 2 theatres, 5 
 banking offices and 3 assay offices where crude silver bullion 
 is moulded and assayed. Pour daily and 1 or 2 weekly news- 
 papers were published here in 1864. 
 
 This city owes its rapid growth and prosperity to the rich 
 veins of silver discovered here in the famous Corastock 
 Ledge in June, 1S59. These mines, including Gold llill, 
 which is 1 mile from Virginia, are the richest in the state. 
 It is stated that silver amounting to $10,425,350 was ob- 
 tained here in 1S64. In that year it had about 6 quartz- 
 mills in operation, besides a number at Gold Hill. The city 
 is lighted with gas, and well supplied with spring-water 
 conveyed through the streets in pipes. Good wagon roads 
 extend from this place in various directions. Pop. in 1860, 
 2345 ; in 1S65, about 15,000. 
 
 VIRGINIA CITY, a nuning town, capital of the territory 
 of Montauii, is situated on a tributary of Jefferson's River, 
 about 225 miles E.N.E. of Idiiho City, and a few miles from 
 the Rocky Mountains. Lat. about 45° N., Ion. 111° 45' W. 
 
 It has productive gold mines. The adjacent county is said 
 to be well supplied with wood. It is sUited that 672 votM 
 were polled here in 1863. 
 
 VIROQUA, or VAROQUA, a post-village, capital of Ver- 
 non CO., SVisconsin, is about 28 miles S.li. of La Crosse and 
 20 miles E. of the .Mississippi River. It contains a court- 
 house, 1 bank, 2 or 3 churclies, and 4 stores. Tliis village 
 was greatly dajiiaged by a tornado in tho summer of 
 1865. 
 
 VIliOQUA, a township of Vernon co., AVisconsin, is im 
 mediateU- N. of the village of Viroqua. Poj). 1164. 
 
 VISALIA. a post-village of Kenton co., Kentucky, os 
 Licking River, about 15 miles S. by E. of Cincinnafi. 
 
 VIS.4LIA, a post-village, capital of Tulare co.. California 
 is situated about 18 miles N.E. of Tulare Ljike.and 200 mile* 
 S.E. of Stockton. It contains several churches, 1 academj, 
 and 10 or more stores. It commands the trade of a large 
 extent of country. One newspaper is published here. IVp. 
 in ISlO. 548; in 1865, estimated at 1000. 
 
 A'lVIAN a post-township of Waseca co., Minnesota, about 
 22 miles S.S.W. of Mankat<^>. Pop. 115. 
 
 VOLCA'NO, a post-village of Amador co., California, on 
 Sutter Creek, 12 miles N.E% of Jackson. It owes its 
 j)ro.<perity to gold mines, which are very rich. It contains 
 2 churches, 1 public-school and 1 banking-oflice. There are 
 in the vicinity 4 quaitz-milla and also extensive placer mines 
 Pop. about 1100. 
 
 VOLCANO, a mining district of Alturas co., Idaho, oon- . 
 tains the village of Volcano. Gold is found here in quarts- 
 rock. 
 
 VOLCANO, a mining village of Alturas co., Idaho, is 
 situated nejir the Volcano Mountains, about 80 miles E. by 
 S. of Boisee City. Here are gold mines. 
 
 VOLGA, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 7S9. 
 
 VOLGA CITY, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, near 
 the Volga River, al)out 28 miles S.W. of McGregor. 
 
 VOLINA, or VOLINIA, a post-village of Cass co., Michi- 
 gan, about 28 miles S.W. of Kalamazoo. 
 
 VOLN EY, a post- village of AUomakee co^ Iowa, about 16 
 miles N.W. of Prairie du Chien. 
 
 VOLUSI.A, a county in the E. part of Plorida, bordering 
 on the Atlantic Ocean. Area estimated at 2000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the St. John's River. 
 The surliice is level and partly covered by swamps. Pop. 
 1158. 
 
 w. 
 
 w 
 
 AB.^Sn, a township of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 734. 
 WAB.\SU, a township of Paike co., Indiana. Pop. 
 am. 
 
 WAB.\SU, a township of Clark co^ Illinois, on the Wa- 
 bash River. Pop. 2251. 
 
 WABASHA, waw^ba-sliaw', a county in the S.E. part of 
 Minncsotii, bordering on Wisctmsiu, has an area of about 
 640 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Liike Pepin 
 and the Mississippi River, and intersected by the Znmbro 
 River. The surface is undulating; the soil is calcareous, 
 and very productive. Wheat is the staple jiroduct. The 
 county contiiins large tracts of forests of deciduous trees, 
 and some prairie land. Below Lake Pepin the bluffs rise 
 300 and 400 feet above the Mississippi River, exposing 
 strata of magnesiiin limestone, broken by ravines into grey 
 peaks and craggy mural turrets, crowned with trees, and 
 pres<-ntiug a combination of grand and picturesque scenery. 
 Capital, Wabasha. Pop. 7228. 
 
 WABASHA, a thriving post-town, capital of Wabasha CO., 
 Minnesota, is situated on the right (S.W.) bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi River, about 2 miles below the foot of L<ike Pepin, 
 36 miles N.E. of Rochester, 87 miles by water and 75 miles 
 by land E.S.E. of St. Paul. It is built on sloping ground 
 between the river and the high bluff, which is about ]^ a 
 mile from the shore. It contains a fine conrt-Iiouse built 
 of brown stone, 3 churches, 1 academy, 1 Union school, 14 
 stores, 2 banks, 1 printing office, 1 public library, 1 flour- 
 iug-mill, 5 large warehouses for grain, and 1 lumber-yard. 
 Pop. about 2200. 
 
 WABAUNSEE, a county in the N.E. part of Kansas, has 
 an area of about SSO square miles. It is liounded on the N. 
 by the Kansas River, and drained by Mill Creek, which 
 atlc.rds water-iKjwer, and by other creeks. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil is fertile. The county contains a large 
 proi>oition of prairie, and has some timber growing near 
 the streams. It is abundantly supplied with good limestone 
 and b;indstone, valuable for building. Capital, Wabaunsee. 
 Pop. 102:3. 
 
 WABAUNSEE, a pf«t-village, capital of Wabaunsee co., 
 Kansas, on the south bank of the Kansjis River, about 13 
 miles E. of Manhattan. It contains a stone church, a hotel, 
 a school-house, &c. Pop. about 300. 
 
 WACONDA, a post-office of Marion Co., Oregon. 
 
 WACO'NIA. a poet-village and township of Carver co., 
 Minnesota. The village is on Clearwater Lake. 11 miles N. 
 2306 
 
 W. of the Minnesota River at Chaska. It has 2 churches, 2 
 steam saw-mills, and 1 giist-mill. Total population 466. 
 
 WACOOTA, or WACOUTA, a post-village of Goodhue CO., 
 Minnesota, on Lake Pepin, about 5 miles below Red Wing'. 
 It hius a steam saw-mill. 
 
 WACOUSTA, a post-office of Humboldt co., Iowa. 
 
 W.\DESVILLE, a post-village of Posey CO., Indiana, about 
 15 miles N.W. of Evansville. 
 
 W.\GNER, a post-township of Clayton co., Iowa, about 
 30 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 662. 
 
 WAHALAK, a post-village of Kemper co , Mississippi, on 
 the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, about 20 miles S. by E. of 
 Macon. 
 
 WAJAMEGA, or WAHJAMEGA, a post-village of Tus- 
 cola CO., Michigan, on Ciiss River, about 10 miles N.E. of 
 Vass;ir. 
 
 W.iKARUS.i, a post-village of Elkhart co., InHana, 
 about 12 miles S. by W. of Elkhart. 
 
 WAKEFIELD STATION, a post-office of Sussex co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Norfolk and Peteiisburg Railroad, 23 miles S. 
 E. of Petersburg. 
 
 WAKOKEE, or W.iUKOKEE, a post-village of Fillmore 
 CO., Minnesota, 4 or 5 miles S. by W. of Preston. 
 
 W.\LCOTT, a post-village of Greene co., Arkansas, about 
 70 miles E.N.E. of Batesville. 
 
 WALCOTT, Iowa. See Wolcott. 
 
 W.\LCOTT, a jiost-village in Walcott township. Rice co., 
 Minnesota, on Straight River, about 5 miles S. of Faribault. 
 Pop. of township, 513. 
 
 WALDENSVILLE, a post-office of Schoharie co.. New 
 York. 
 
 WALDO, a post-village of Josephine co., Oregon, 50 miles 
 N.E. of Crescent City, California. It has 3 or more stores. 
 Here are copper mines, which are worked with success. 
 Pop. of Waldo i)recinct, 266. 
 
 AVALDRON, a post-village of Scott CO., Ai'kansas, about 
 42 miles S.S.E. of Fort Smith. 
 
 W.\LES, a post-township of St. Clair co., Michigan, about 
 12 miles W. of Port Huron. Pop 903. 
 
 WALESBOROUGU, or WAILESBoRO', a post-village or 
 Bartholomew Co., Indiana, on a railroad 4 miles S. of Col- 
 umbus. 
 
 'ft'ALKER, a township of Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 135. 
 
 WALKER, a township of Hancock Co., Illinois. Pop. 1529. 
 
 WALKER, a township of Anderson co., Kansas. Pop. t>J3. 
 
WAL 
 
 WAS 
 
 •WALKERSVTLLE, a post-vniagi. )f Shelby co., Missouri, 
 about 40 miles S.W. of Ciuiucy, Illi.,<ji8. 
 
 WALKERTON, a post-village of St. Joseph co., Indiana, 
 on the Cincinnati I'c-ru and Chicago Kailroad, 16 miles S.E. 
 of Laporte. 
 
 WALIi, a township of Monmouth Co., New Jersey, on the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Pop. 2283. 
 
 WALLACE, a pi i.st-townsliip of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 abont 12 miles N.W. of West Chester. Pop. 758. 
 
 WALLACE, a post-otliee of Dodge CO., Nebraska. 
 
 WALLACKVILLE, a post-Tillage of Venango co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, abuut 15 miles N. of Franklin. 
 
 WALLA WALLA, a post-town, capital of Walla Walla 
 CO., Washington Territory, situated in a valley about 150 
 miles E. by N. of Dalles City, Oregon, and 30 miles E. of 
 the Columbia River. It contains 17 general stores, 5 drug 
 stores, 2 book stores, 3 hotels and 1 newspaper office. The 
 adjacent country is fcTtile. Here is a military post allied 
 Fort Walla Walla. Pop. in 1800, 722; in 1865, about 1100. 
 
 WALLED LAKE, a i>ost-vilIage of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 about 2H miles N W. of Detroit. Uere is a lake about IJ^ 
 miles long of the same name. 
 
 WALLULA, a post-village of Walla Walla co., Washing- 
 ton Territory, on the Columbia Uiver, about 10 miles below 
 the nioutli of Lewis River, and 30 miles W. of Walla Walla. 
 It has 2 stores. 
 
 WALMORE, a post-office of Niagara co.. New York. 
 
 WALNUT, a towushii) of Marsliall co., Indiana. Pop. 
 949. 
 
 WALNUT, a post-township of Bureau co., IlUuoia, about 
 11 miles N.N.W. of Princeton. Pop. 799. 
 
 WALNUT, a township of Appanoose CO., Iowa. Pop. 5.30. 
 
 WALNUT, a post-towuship of Jefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1040. 
 
 WALNUT, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 591. 
 
 WALNUT, a township of Waj'ne co., Iowa. Pop. 347. 
 
 WALNUT, a township of Atchison co., Kansas. Pop. 
 1232. 
 
 WALNUT CREEK, a township of Brown co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 666. 
 
 WALNUT CREEK, a post-office of Contra Costa co., Cali- 
 forni:i, 10 miles S. of Martinez. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-village of Morris co., New 
 Jersey, about 6 miles W.N.W. of Morristown. It haa 2 
 churclies. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-township of Knox co., Illinois, 
 about 14 miles N.E. of Galesburg. Pop. 1120. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a township of McDonough co., Illi- 
 nois. Pop. 889. 
 
 WALNUT GROVE, a post-village of Sacramento co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Cosumne River, 32 miles S. of Sacramento. 
 
 W.\LNUT LAKE, a post-township of Faribault co., Min- 
 nesota, about 33 miles S. by E. of Maukato. Pop. 46. 
 
 WALNUT SPRING, a post-office of Green co., Wiscoasin, 
 about 33 miles S.W. of Madison. 
 
 WALOUPA, a village of Nevada co., California, about 7 
 miles E. of Nevada. 
 
 WALTIIAM, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa, about 13 
 miles E. of Toledo. 
 
 WALTON, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, on the 
 Chicago and Great E;isteru Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Lo- 
 gansport. 
 
 WALTON, a post-office of Shawnee co., Kansas. 
 
 WANAMINGO, a post-township of Goodhue co., Minne- 
 sota, contjiins the village of Wanamingo. I'op. 739. 
 
 WANAMINGO, wau ua-ming'go, a small post-village of 
 Goodhue CO., Minnesota, on the North Fork of the Zumbro 
 River, 24 miles S.W. of Red Wing, and 20 miles E. of Fari- 
 bault. 
 
 WANATAII, a post-village of Laporte co., Indiana, on 
 the Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, where it 
 is crossed by the Louisville New Albany and Chicago. Rail- 
 road, 20 miles S. of Michigan City, 
 
 WANSIIIP, a small village, capital of Summit co., Utah, 
 about 50 miles E. of Salt Lake City. 
 
 W.VPATO, a post-office of Wasliington co., Oregon, about 
 40 miles N. of Salem. 
 
 WAPELLA, a post-village and township of Dewitt co., 
 Illinois, on the Central Railroad, 18 miles S. of Blooming- 
 ton, and 4 or 5 Jniles N. of Clinton. Pop. 1016. 
 
 VVAPSINONOC, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1071. 
 
 WARD, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York, 4 
 miles E. of Belmont. Pop. 877. 
 
 WARO, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 663. 
 
 WARD, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 289. 
 
 WAKDENA, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa. 
 
 WARDS VILLK, a post-village of Samson co.. North Caro- 
 lina, about 44 miles N. by W. of Wilmington. 
 
 WAROVILLE a village of Johnson co., Texas, about 150 
 miles N. nf Au.stin City. 
 
 WARM SPRIN«S,'f>rn>«by co., Nevada, IV miles E. of 
 Carson City. Uere is a public house for the reception 
 «f visitors. 
 
 WARNER'S LANDING, a post-Tillage of Yernon co.. 
 
 Wisconsin, on the Mississippi River, about IS miles below 
 La Crosse. 
 
 W.\RREN, a village of Warren co., Virginia, near the 
 South Fork of the Shenandoah River, about 2S miles S. of 
 Winchester. 
 
 WARREN, a Ihriving post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Central Railroad, 27 miles E.N.E. of Galena. 
 It is the S. terminus of the Mineral Point Railroiul. It has 
 4 churches, 1 national bank, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. 
 in 1860, 825; in 1865, about 1300. 
 
 WARREN, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 169. 
 
 WARREN, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 529. 
 
 WARREN, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, about 22 miles 
 N.N.W. of Keokuk. 
 
 AVARRE-N, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 523. 
 
 WARREN, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa, intor- 
 sc'cted by the Mi-'isissijipi and Mis.souri Railroad. Pop. 551. 
 
 WARRKN, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, about 
 10 miles N.W. of Janesvjlle. 
 
 WARREN, a post-township of Saint Croix co., Wisconsin^ 
 about 8 miles E. of Hudson. Pop. 80. 
 
 WARREN, a township in the S.E. part of Waushara co., 
 Wi:-consin. Pop. 424. 
 
 WARREN, a post-villago'in Warren township, Winona co., 
 Minuesotii, about 12 miles S.W. of Winona. 
 
 WARREN, or WARRENS DIGGINGS, a mining camp 
 of Idaho or Boisee CO., Idaho, about 65 miles N. by E. of 
 Idaho City. 
 
 WARREXIIAM, a post-vilhvge of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 14 miles S.E. of Owego, New York. 
 
 WARRENSVILLE, a post-village of Lycoming co^ Penn- 
 sylvania, about 7 miles N.N.E. of Williamsport. 
 
 WARSA^V, a post-village of Jefferson co., Pennsylvaniii, 
 about 10 miles E.N.E. of Brookville. 
 
 WARSAW, a post-villagi; of Coshocton co., Ohio, on the 
 Walhouding River, about 30 miles N. of Zanesville. Pop. 
 184. 
 
 WARS.\W, a village of Lenawee co., Michigan, on Wolf 
 Cre.ek, about 5 miles W.N.W. of Adrian. 
 
 WARSAW, a village of St. Joseph co., Indiana, about 17 
 miles S.W. of South Bend. 
 
 WARSAW, a township of Goodhue co., 5Iinnesota. Pop. 
 286. 
 
 WARSAW, a post-village of Rice co., Minnesota, on Can- 
 non River, al>out 9 miles W.S.W. of Faribault. 
 
 WASATCH, a county in the N.E. part of Utah, bordering 
 on Colorado. Area estimated at 0460 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Green River, and also drained by the Uintih 
 and White Rivers. The surface in some parts is moun- 
 tainous. Capitiil, Heber City. 
 
 WASCATA, or WASEATA, a village of Otter Tail co., 
 Minnesota, on the Red River of the North, about 33 miles 
 W.S.W. of Otter Tail City. 
 
 WASCO, a large county in the N. part of Oregon, border- 
 ing on W.ishingtou. It is bounded on the N. by the Co- 
 lumbia River, and also drained by the John Day, and Des 
 Chutes or Fall River. The surface in some parts is moun- 
 tainous. It is bounded on the W. by the Cascade Range, 
 which at Mount Hood, on the Itorder of this county, rises 
 to the height of 14,000 feet. The soil is generally unpro- 
 ductive. Capital, Dalles City. Pop. 1089. 
 
 WASECA, a county in the S. part of Minnesota, contains 
 432 square miles. It is drained by the Le Sueur River. 
 The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. It is esti- 
 mated that this county contains about 300 square miles of 
 prairie land. The Winona and St. Peter Railroad, when 
 finished, will pass through this county. Capital, Wilton. 
 Pop. 2601. 
 
 WASHBURN, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin, 
 about 16 miles E. of Lanciister. and 7 miles N. of Platteville. 
 
 WASHINGTuN, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, 
 has an area estimated at 800 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Tualatin River anil Dairy Creek. The surface is diver- 
 sified by mouufciins, valleys and plains. The Coast Range 
 of mountains extends along the N.W. border. The soil of 
 the valleys and plains is very productive. It is stated that 
 this county produced, in 1864, 400,000 bushels of wheat. ' 
 Dense forests of good timber grow on the mountains. Cap- 
 ital, Hillsboro'. Pop. 2801, of whom 21 were Indians. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a county in the K. part of Nebraska, 
 bordering on Iowa, has an area estimated at 350 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, and 
 also drained by the Papillon River and Fish Creek. The 
 surface is undulating; the soil is very fertile. Hard timber 
 is produced on the margins of the streams. This county 
 contains large quantities of sandstone. Pop. 1249. 
 
 WASHINGTON (City) [continued from page 2077]. 
 war the population has not been less than 150,000, and tin re 
 can be no doubt that the permanent residents will so^n 
 amount to that number, as it is becoming a favorite place 
 for the winter residence of wealthy citizens. 
 
 Jffiiels. — In a city thronged as Wasliington is with visitors 
 and a floating population, hotels and boarding-houses must 
 be numerous, and the inducements are to make thenx of tho 
 first class; but heretofore they have not equalled those ia 
 
 2307 
 
WAS 
 
 other citiis Willard's is the largest. The Metropolitan is 
 a fine wnite marble structure. The National, Gudsby's, the 
 United States, Potomac, Irving, Kirkwood, and Clarendon 
 Hotels, all of which are on Pennsylvania Avenue. The 
 Ebbitt House on F Street. 
 
 lliit'/n/. — The site for ihe capitiil was selected at the ori- 
 ginal suggestion of President Washinj,'ton, but not without 
 great opposition. The debates in Congress at the sessions 
 of 1789-90 involved the whole suliject of the principles upon 
 which a seat of government sliould be selected for a nation. 
 An interesting review of them may be found in Varnum's 
 address before the New York Hi.storical Society, on the seat 
 of government of the United States; also in the Washing- 
 ton Sketch Book, publislied by JIahan & Kbbs, New York. 
 "What made the discussion especially bitter and exciting 
 was the fact that a measure was at tlio same time pending 
 for the assumjition by the government of tlio state debts, 
 and it was finally settled by a compromise, the South voting 
 for assumption, the Nortli for the Potomac. The act was 
 passed July, 1790, and in 1800 the government was removed 
 hither. The census of 1800 gave the p<jpulation at 3210, 
 which had increased to 8208 in 1810. In 18U the city WiXs 
 taken by the British, when the Capitol, President's House, 
 and the library of Congress were either wholly destroyed 
 or gresitly injured by fire, and other public works defaced. 
 In 1820 the iiopulation was 13,247 ; 18,827 in 1830 ; and 23,361 
 in 1840. Until the invention of the telegraph, doubt was 
 entertained whethei- the government would continue here, 
 but no question about remov;il lias since been entertained. 
 The city was greatly retarded in growth also by an enor- 
 mous debt, contracted for the canal for connecting the 
 waters of the Ohio Kiver and Chesapeake Bay, which debt 
 was assumed by Congress. 
 
 Gfuvrnment. — The city has a mayor and common council 
 elected by the people; but the iuliabitants have no other 
 elective franchise, a provision adopted in order to prevent 
 its being the subject of periodical election excitements, and 
 make it a more agreeable meeting ground for all political 
 parties. 
 
 Tlie Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is now only completed 
 to Cumberland, in Maryland, beyond which it will never be 
 extended. Its principal termini are at Georgetown and 
 Alexandria, and a large amount of coal and flour are trans- 
 ported to those points to be shipped north. But the work 
 hits cost 80 mtich as to render the prospect of its ever pay- 
 ing any interest e.xceedingly distant. Washington, which 
 expended the largest proportional amount, has thus far 
 derived no benefit whatever. 
 
 Libraries and Educational InsHfiitinns. — The National 
 Academy of Science, incorporated by Congress, is composed 
 of 50 members, from those in all parts of the country most 
 distinguished in their respective specialties. To this is re- 
 ferred most of the seientifio questions arising in the depart- 
 ments. It nxeets here, at the Capitol, annually. Peter 
 Force, Esq.. has a private library of 50,000 volume-;; a rare, 
 if not the only, instance of so large a iirivate collection of 
 books in our country. Mr. Corcoran, the wealthy banker, 
 has a fine gallery of paintings, which is open to the public 
 on Tuesdays and Fridays. Ho has foun<led an extensive in- 
 stitution for the promotion of art, for which a costly edifice 
 has l>een erected by him at the comer of Pennsylvania 
 Avenue and Seventeenth Street. The war suspended the 
 woik; but it is presumed he will now complete his design. 
 The National Medical College, estiiblislied in 1823, is a flour- 
 ishing Institution, with a liiculty of 7 professors. The Co- 
 lumbia College is located on high ground, just without the 
 city limits, and directly N. of the President's House, com- 
 manding a magnificent view of the city, the Potomac, and 
 the surrounding country. This college was incorporated 
 ill 1821, and had in 1S50 for its faculty, besides the presi- 
 dent, 12 professors and tutor.s, and 100 students on ils lists. 
 Tliere were in 1805, public scliools in every ward, and a large 
 number of academies. 
 
 C/mrc/i«s.— There were, in 1865, about 40 churches in 
 
 ored churelies, 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Mercer co.. New Jersev 
 Pop. 1279. , •'■ 
 
 VVASHINGTON, a township of Armstrong co.i Fennsvl- 
 Tania. Pop. 9S8. " ' ■' 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Lawrence co.. Ponnsvl- 
 vania. Pop. 562. ■' 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Northumberland co.. 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 870. * 
 
 Tanl^^ Pop.Tm' " '"^''^^'P °f Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- 
 
 ledotr! 1 u^'?'^'?^'^»*7^"^^''<.°^ "^"•■y ""■' O'"". on the To- 
 ledo anil \\ abash Railroad, 26 miles S.W. of Toledo 
 
 p- 1 l!f } vl'^^v^i'' " '<^"""<'"P *>*■ Highland CO., Ohio." P. 906. 
 y, AMIINGION, a township of Warren co., Ohio, about 8 
 miles h. of Lebanon. Pop. 1410. 
 
 Po^ le"^"'^^''^^^' * *"'^"'''»'P Of Gratiot co., Michigan. 
 
 2308 
 
 WAS 
 
 WASIIINaTOJI, a township of Sanilac co., Ml.ihigun 
 Pop. 173. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Booua co., Indiana. Pop 
 1.306. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Dcaiborn co., Indiana 
 Pop. thiO. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Uan-ison co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio Kiver. Pop. 1008. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Knox co., Indiana. Pop. 
 1411. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Newton co., Indiana. Pop. 
 536. 
 
 WASHINGTO.V, a township of Whitley co., Indiana. Pop 
 974. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 
 488. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village in Washington township, 
 Tazewell co., Illinois, on the Peoria and Logansport Uail- 
 road, 13 miles E. of Peoria. Pop. of township, 1578. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Will co., lUinoia. Pop. 
 578. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Adair co., Iowa. Pop. 263. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Adams co., Iowa. Pop. 257. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 
 821. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Black Hawk co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 358. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 
 1090. 
 
 AVASHINGTON, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 
 601. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Chickasaw co., Iowa. Pop. 
 192. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 373. 
 
 '\\'ASUINGTON, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 
 560. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a townsliip of Dallas co., Iowa. Pop. 168. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. 
 879. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Fraukliu co., Iowa. Pop. 
 185. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Greene co., Iowa. Pop. 
 492. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 
 857. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 
 649. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 1C48 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Keokuk CO., Iowa. Pop. 
 903. 
 
 WASinNGTON, a township of Lee co., Iowa. Pop. 1146. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Linn Co., Iowa. Pop.^09. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Lucas CO., Iowa. Pop. 254. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 
 815. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Montgomery co., lowa. 
 Pop. 210. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 200. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Poweshiek co^, Iowa. Pop. 
 356. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. Pop. 
 614. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 356. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Van Bureu co., lowa. Pop. 
 1196. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Pop, 
 1301. 
 
 1VASHINGT0N, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pop. 
 
 184;. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop.440 
 
 WASHINGTON, a towuslup of A\ ebster co., Iowa. .Pop. 
 311. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa. 
 Pop. 1125. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-town, capital of Washington co., 
 Iowa, is situated in a prairie 40 miles W.S.W. of Muscatine, 
 with which it is connected by a brancli of the Mississippi 
 and Missouri Railroad. It contains 9 churches, 1 academy, 
 
 I or 2 newspaper offices, 1 bank, 2 book stores, 1 steam-mill, 
 a niachine-shop,anil several manufactories. It is surrounded 
 by a rich agricultural district. The census of 1860 states 
 the population at 2755, wliich probably included a township 
 of the same name. Pop. of tlie town in ls65, about 3000. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township of Door co., ^Msconsin, is an 
 island between Green Bay and Lake Micliigau. Pop. 632. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a township In the W. part of Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 708. 
 
 AVASHINGTON, a township of Anderson co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 235. 
 
 \VASHINGTON, a township of Doniphan co., Kansas. 
 Pop. 1083. 
 
 VVASHINGTON, a village of Shawnee co., Kansas, about 
 
 II miles E.S.E. of Topeka. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a village of Chisago co., Minnesota, about 
 40 mUes N. by E. of Saint PauL 
 
WAS 
 
 "WAU 
 
 TTASnrXOTON', a post-village of Fillmore co., Minnc- 
 lota, abonf 20 miles S. liy E. of Rochester. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a small township of Le Sueur co., Min- 
 nesota. Pop. 193. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-township of Washington co., 
 Kansas. I'cip. 820. 
 
 WASHI\(tTON. a post-village and township of Nevada 
 CO., Ciiliruniia, aliout 22 milas K.N.E. of Nevada. Total 
 population in 1800, 4'-0; population of the village in 1863, 
 about 2.50. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a village and township of Yolo co., Cali- 
 fornia. The village is on the Sacramento River, about 2 
 miles below Saeriimento. Total jiopulation 728. 
 
 WASHING ION, a mining village of Idaho, on Rock 
 Creek, aliont 8,5 miliis N. bv E. of Id.aho City. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a post-village of Washington Co., Utah, 
 6 miles N.K. of Saint George. Pop. 196. 
 
 WA.S1IIN(; TON LAKE, a township of Sibley co., Minne- 
 sota. Pop. .398. 
 
 W.^SHOK, a county in the W. part of Nevada, bordering 
 on California, h.os an area of about 12.50 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Trnckee River, which also forms part of 
 the E. boundary, and it is partly liounded on the N. by 
 Pyramid Lake. The surface is occnjned by the Washoo 
 Range of the great Sierra Nevada, and by a number of val- 
 leys, among which are AVashoe, Steand)ont and TrucUoe 
 Valleji!, the soil of wliich is said to be fertile. Extensive 
 forests of vjiliiablo timber grow on the E. slope of the Sierra 
 Nevada. TIjo inhabitants are mostly engaged in working 
 mines of gold and silver, and sawing lumber. Deposits of 
 copper, lead and iron have been found in this county. The 
 name of W'aslioe was derived from a tribe of aborigines who 
 lived in tins vicinity. Capital, Washoe City. 
 
 WASHOE CITY, a thriving post-village, capital of Washoe 
 CO., Nevada, is situated in a valley near the E. base of the 
 Sierra Nevada Mountains, 14 miles N.N.W. of Carson City. 
 It contained, in 1864, about 7 general stores, 3 hardware 
 stores, 1 book store, 1 newspaper office, and 1 steam saw- 
 mill. Pop. in 1864 estimated at 700. 
 
 WASHOUGAL, a post-village of Clarke co., Washington 
 TcriTtorv, 20 miles E. of A'^anconver. 
 
 WASIOJ.\, a post-township of IJodgo co., Minnesota, con- 
 tains the village of Wasioja. Pop. 480. 
 
 WASIOJA, a post-village of Dodge co., Minnesota, on a 
 branch of the Zumbro River, and on the Winona and St. 
 Peter Railroiul, alxmt 21 miles W. by N. of Rochester. 
 Here is an institution called the "Northwestern College." 
 
 WASONA, a village of Fillmore co., Minnesota, on Root 
 River, aliont 25 miles S.W. of Winona. 
 
 W.'VSTEDO, a post-village of Goodhue Co., Jlinnesota, 
 about 22 miles E.N.E. of Faribault. 
 
 W'ATAGA, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, on the Clii- 
 cago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Gales- 
 burg. 
 
 AVATERRURY, a village of Perry co., Indiana, about 5 
 miles N.W. of the Ohio River at Rome. 
 
 AVATERKORl), a post-village of Oakland co., Michigixn, 
 situated on a small lake .about 5 miles N.N.AV. of Pontiac, 
 and 1 mile N.E. of the Detroit and Mihv.'iukeo Railroad. 
 
 AVATERFOUD, a village of AVayne co., Michigan, on the 
 AV. Blanch of Rouge River, about 25 miles AV.N.AV. of De- 
 troit. It has 1 or 2 mills. 
 
 AVATERFORD, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 
 580. 
 
 AV.VTERFOllD. a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa, about 
 33 miles S. of Dubuque. 
 
 AV ATERFOKD, a post-township of Racine CO., Wisconsin, 
 contains the village of AA'aterford. [See page 2081.] Pop. 
 14.50. 
 
 AVATERFORD, a post-village and small township of Da- 
 kota CO., Minnesota, on or near the Central Railroad, and 
 on the Cannon River, about 16 miles N. by E. of Faribault. 
 Pop. 263. 
 
 AVATERLOO, a post-office of Sussex co.. New Jersey, 
 and a station on the Morris and Essex Railroad, 24 miles 
 AV'.N.W. of Morristown. 
 
 AVATERLOO, a post-village and township of Jackson 
 CO.. Alichigiin. The village is on Portage Creek, about 17 
 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. It has 1 or 2 mills. Total popu- 
 lation, 1401. 
 
 AVATERLOO, a township of Tuscola CO., Michigan. Pop. 36. 
 
 WATERLOO, a post-village of De Kalb CO., Indiana, on 
 the Northern Indiana Railroad, about 6 miles N. by E. of 
 Auburn. The name of the post-office is AA'aterloo City. 
 
 AA'ATERLOO, a township of Allomakee co , Iowa. Pop. 
 406. 
 
 AVATERLOO, a post-village, capital of Black Hawk CO., 
 Iowa, on the Red Cedar River, and on the Dubuque and 
 Sioux City Railroad, 93 miles AV. of Dubuque, and 7 miles 
 E.S.E. of Cedar Falls. It contains several churches and 1 
 national bank. Pop. in 1860, 1205. 
 
 AVATERLOO, a post-village and township of Lyon co., 
 Kansas, about 16 miles N.N.E. of Emporia. Pop. 366. 
 
 AVATERMAN, a post-viUage of Parke CO., Indiana, on 
 the Wabash River and Canal, about 15 miles S. of Covington. 
 
 W.^TERTOWN, a township in the S. part of Tuscola c«, 
 Michigan. Pop. 207. 
 
 AVATERTOA\'N, a post-office of Floyd co., Iowa, on Cedar 
 River, about 11 miles above Charles Citj'. 
 
 AVATERTOAVN, a township in the N. part of Grant conn 
 ty, AVisconsin, on the AVisconsin River. Pop. 723. 
 
 AVATERTOWN, a post-village of Carver co., Minnesota, 
 on the S. Fork of Crow River, about 32 miles AV. of Minne- 
 apolis. Pop. of AA'atertown township, 437. 
 
 AVATKlt'i'oAVN, a mining-village of Lander CO., Nevada 
 12 miles S. of Austin. 
 
 AVATERVILLE, a post-village and township of Le Sueur 
 CO., Minnesota, on C.innon River, which here expands to 
 form 2 lakes (Saka'tah and Teton'ka\ lietween whicii is a 
 valuable water-power. The village is 17 miles W. by S. of 
 Faribault. Pop. 484. 
 
 AVATERVLIE'I', a post-township of Berrien co., Michigan, 
 on both siiles of the I'aw Paw River, about 3 miles E. of 
 Lake Miclngan. Pop. 1016. 
 
 AVATHENA, a post-village of Doniphan co., Kansas, near 
 the Mis.souri River. 5 or 6 miles AV. of Saint Joseph, Mi.ssouri. 
 
 AVATKINS, or JEPFERSON, a post-village ot Schuyler 
 CO., New York, is situated at the head or S. end of Senecf. 
 Lake, and on the Canandaigua an.-! Elmira (branch of the 
 Erie) Railroad, 21 miles N. of Elmira. The name of the 
 post-office is AN'atkins. and that of the railroad station is Ji:f- 
 ferson. It contains 5 churches, 1 academy, 2 newspapei 
 offices and 2 national banks. Steamboats ply between 
 AVatkins and Geneva, and a large quantity of coal is shipped 
 here. Pop. about 3(X)0. 
 
 AVAT'ONAVAN, a new county in the S. part of Minnesota, 
 has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by'tlio 
 Watonwan River, and also drained by the Porcli River. The 
 surface is undulating or nearly level. The census of ISOO 
 furnishes no report respecting this county. 
 
 AVATONAVAN, a post-township of Blue Earth CO., Minne- 
 sota, on both sides of the A\atonwan River, about 10 miles 
 S.W. of Mankato. Pop. 393. 
 
 AVATOl'A, or WATONA, a village and township of AVa- 
 basha co., Minnesota. The village is about 3 miles AV. of 
 the Mississippi River, and 13 miles S.S.E. of AVabasha. 
 
 WATROUSVILLE, a post-village of Tuscola co., Michi- 
 gan, about 35 miles N. bv E. of Flint. 
 
 AVATSOWILLK, a post-village of Santa Cruz co, Cali- 
 fornia, on till' Pajaro River, 2 or 3 miles from the ocean, 
 and about 40 miles S, of San Jose, It is situated in a fertile 
 valley and has an active trade. It contained, in 1864, 9 or 
 10 general stores, 1 drug store and 1 book store. One iiews- 
 pajier is published here, I'op. about 1100. 
 
 AVATTSVII,LE. a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, 8 or 9 
 miles E of Carrollton. 
 
 AVAUBECK, a post-village of Linn co,, Iowa, on the AA'ap- 
 sipiniron River, about 11 miles N.E. of Marion. 
 
 AVAUBKCK, a post-township of Pepin Co., Wisconsin, 
 about 12 miles N. by E. of Pepin. Pop. 359. 
 
 WAIJBONSKE, Kansas. See AVabaunsee. 
 
 MAUCEDA, a village of Juneau co., Wisconsin, on the 
 Lemonweir River, 7 or-8 miles E. of Mauston. 
 
 AVAUCOMA, or AVAUCONA, a post-office of Fayette co.j 
 Iowa, about 22 miles S.AA'. of Decorah. 
 
 AVAUCONDA, a post-township of Lake CO., Illinois, about 
 42 miles N.W. of Ctiicairo. Pop. 1045. 
 
 AVAUHOO. or WAUIIOE, a post-office of Vigo CO., Indi- 
 ana, abovit 10 miles E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 AVAUKECHON, a township of Shawana co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 86. 
 
 AVAUKOKKE, Minnesota. See Wakokee. 
 
 AVAUKON, or AVAWKON, a post-village, capital of Allo- 
 makee CO., Iowa, is pleasantly situated in a rich farming 
 district, 18 miles from the >Iississippi River, at Lansing, 
 and about 18 miles E. of Decorah. It contains a court- 
 house, about 10 stores and an institution called Allomakee 
 College. Pop. about 1000. 
 
 WAUM.\N'D.\, a post-township of Buffalo CO., Wisconsin, 
 about 8 miles E. by N. of Alma. Pop. 467. 
 
 WAUPACA, or AVAUPAC'CA, a county in the N.E. cen- 
 tral part of AA'isconsin, has an area of 720 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Wolf, Little AVolf and AVaupaca Rivers, 
 and contains several small lakes. The surface is uneven ; 
 the soil is very productive. A large part of the county ia 
 occupied by forest. AVolf River is navigiible by steamboats. 
 Capital, Waupaca. Pop. 8851. 
 
 WAUPACA, a township of Waupaca co., AVisconsin, con- 
 tains the village of the same name. Pop. in 1860, 532. 
 
 AVAUPACA, or AVAUPACOA, a post-village, capital of 
 Waupaca co., AVisconsin, situated on a river of the same 
 name, 50 miles in a direct line N.N.AA\ of Fond du Lac. 
 It c<intains several clmrches, &c. Pop. in 1860, about 1500. 
 
 AVAUPATON, a jtost-village of Dubuque Co., Iowa, on the 
 Mississippi River, 20 miles above Dubuqife. 
 
 AVAUSEON, a post-village of Fulton Co., Ohio, on the To- 
 ledo and Chicago Railroad, 32 miles W. by S. of Toledo. 
 
 AVAUSHARA, a county in the central part of AVisconsin, 
 has an .area of 648 square nnles. It is drained by Pine and 
 Mecan Rivers, and AVillow Creek. The surface is somewhat 
 
 230& 
 
WAU 
 
 aivcrsifioT; thesoilisprodiictiYe. Organized in 1852. Capi- 
 tal, Wantomii. Pop 8770. ^, r 
 
 WAUXO'MA, a post-village nnd to\\Tiship, capital of 
 Wausliaia co., Wiscousin, about 50 miled U-N-W. of Fond 
 du Lac, and 75 miliss N. of Madison. It contains a court- 
 house, sevi-ral cburclits, 1 newspaper otlice, i dry-good 
 stores, 1 mill, &c. Pop. in ISCO, 718. 
 
 W.\UZEKA, a township of Crawford co., 'Wisconsin. Its 
 K. border is contiguous to the vilhige of Wuiueka. Coi)per 
 is found in the vicinity. Pop. 677. 
 
 W.\L'ZE'KA, a post-village of Ci-awford- CO., Wisconsin, 
 on tiie right (S.) bank of the Wisconsin River, at the mouth 
 of the Ivickiipoo. and on the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chieu 
 Railroad, 17 miles E. of Prairie du Chicu. It contains 
 sevf-ral stores and 1 steam saw-mill. Pop. about 450. 
 
 WA Vi:i.A.\0, a post-offi.e of Shawnee co., Kansas. 
 
 WAVKKhV, or W'AVKliLY STATION, a post-village of 
 «ussex co.,Virginia, on the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, 
 il miles S.E. of Petersburg. 
 
 WA'\ KFJjY, a post-viUage of Lowndes co., Mississippi, on 
 thi- Tonibiitbce River, about 9 miles above Columbus. 
 
 WAVJiliLY, a post-village of Walker co., Texas, about 
 IS miles S.E. of Uuntsville. 
 
 WAVEKLY, C;iss co., Indiana. See New Waterlt. 
 
 "WAVERLY, a jiost-village of Morgan co., Indiana, on 
 the West Fork of the AVhite River, about 18 miles S.S.W. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 WAVERLY, a vilhige of Henry co., Missouri, 50 niQes in 
 a direct line S. of Lexington. 
 
 "WAVERLY, a flourishing post-village, capital of Bremer 
 CO., Iowa, nituated on the Red Cidiir River, 15 mile* N. of 
 Ced;u- F:dl.i, and 115 miles W. N.W. of Dubuque. It has a 
 biidge across the river, and contains 2 churches, 1 bank, 1 
 newspaper oflice, 15 stores, and 2 saw-mills. It is on the route 
 of the Cedar Falls and Minnesota lUiilroad. Pop. reported 
 to be iOOO. 
 
 WAVERLY, a post-township of Martin co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 39. 
 
 WAVERLY, a village of Wright co., Minnesota, about 40 
 miles W. of St. Anthony. 
 
 WA\' ERLY, a past-village of Otoe co., Kebraska, about 20 
 miles W. N.W. of NeUra.ska City. 
 
 ^VAAVAKA, a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, on the 
 Toledo and Chicago R;iilroad,20 miles E.S.E. of Goshen. 
 
 WAWKON, Iowa. See W.\lkox. 
 
 WAWPECONG, a post-village of Miami CO., Indiana, about 
 14 miles S. of Peru. 
 
 WAYA WANDA, or WAWAYAXDA, a township of Or- 
 ange CO., New Y'ork, 5 miles W. of Goshen. Pop. 2uS5. 
 
 WAYLAND, a post-village and township of xiUegan CO., 
 Michigan, about 25 miles S. of Grand lUipids. Pop. 917. 
 
 ■WAYLAND, a post-village of Winona CO., Miunesota, 
 about 6 miles S.S.W. of Wiiioua. 
 
 WAVNE, a township of Passaic co.. New Jersey. Pop. 
 1.3.5:5. 
 
 W.\YNE, a post-village of Phillips co., Arkansas, on the 
 St. I'rancis River, about 100 miles E. of Little Rock. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Noble co.,.Ohio. Pop. 1011. 
 
 WAYNE, a post-village of Wayne co., Michigan, on the 
 Central Riiiiroad, and on the South Branch of the Rouge 
 River, 17 nJles W. by S. of Detroit. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Huntington co., Indiana. Pop. 
 600. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Stark co., Indiana. Pop. 267. 
 
 WAYNE, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, on the 
 Wabash River. Pop. lt'.57. 
 
 WAYNE, a post-township of Du Page co., Illinois, and a 
 etatiun.on the Galena and Chicago Railroad, 35 miles W. by 
 N. of Chicago. Pop. 1028. 
 
 WAYNE, a postrtownship of llenry co., Iowa, about 35 
 miles S.W. of Muscatine. Pop. 7S9. 
 
 WA YNIi, a township of Doniphan co., Kansas. Pop. 1262. 
 
 WAYNlCSBOKOUGH,apo8t-village of Wayne Co., Missis- 
 sippi, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 83 miles N.N.W. of 
 Mobile. 
 
 WAYNESBCRG, a village of Chester co.. Pennsylvania, 
 62 miles by railroad W. by N. of Philadelphia. It is the 
 northwestern ternnnus of a railroad, 18 miles long, which 
 tdiincits witli thp Central Railroad at Downingtown. 
 
 WAYNESBURG, a village of Crawford Co., Ohio, about 
 \.i mil. » N. by W. of Crestline. Pop. 55. 
 
 WAYNESBURG, a post-village of Decatur CO., Indiana. 
 )«i)out 40 miles N.N.W. of Madison. 
 
 WAYNESVILLE, a post-village of Bartholomew co., In- 
 Oiana. on a railroad 5 miles S. of Columbus. 
 
 WAV.NESVII.LE, a post-township of Dewitt CO., Illlnoia 
 about 16 miles S. by W. of Bloomiugton. Pop. 872. It 
 •x)ntHin8 the village of Waynesville. See page 2086. 
 
 WEA, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, about 3 
 miles S. of liJifayette. Pop. 1120. 
 
 WEA, a township of Miami Co., Kansas. Pop. 272. 
 
 AVEH 
 
 WEARE, a township of Oceana co., Michigan. Pop. 105. 
 
 WEATIIERF'ORD, a poat-village, capital of Parker to, 
 Texas, about ISO miles N. of Austin City, and 11 miles NJi. 
 of the Brazos River. 
 
 WEAVERVILLK, a niiniug village of Yavapai co., Ari- 
 zona, 40 or 50 miles S. of Prescott. 
 
 WE.\yEUVILLI-;, a post-village, capital of Trinity co., 
 California, is situated in a mountainous region, about 3 
 miles N. of Trinity River, and It^O miles in a direct line 
 N.N.W. of Sacramento. It contains several churches, 1 
 banking office, 1 iK-wspapcr oflice, &.c. It has gold mines 
 which are worked with .success. Pop. in 1S60, 777 ; in 1S65. 
 about 1.500. ^ 
 
 A\ EBBERYILLE, a post-village of Travis co., Texas, on 
 the Colonido River, about 15 miles E. by S. of Austin City. 
 
 WEBER CITY, a post-village, capital of Morgan co, 
 Utah, on or near the W eber River, 28 miles N.E. of Salt 
 Lake City. 
 
 WEBEliVILLE, a village of El Dorado co., California, 4 
 or 5 miles S.E. of Placerville. 
 
 WEBSTER, a new county in the E. central part of West 
 Virginia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Elk River, and its branehes, and the Gauley 
 River. The surface is hiliy, and mostly covered with forests. 
 Pop. 1.555. 
 
 AVEBSTER. a county in the W. S.W. part of Georgia, has 
 an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Kicafoonee River. The surface is nearly level; the soil ia 
 fertile. Capital, Preston. Pop. 6030. 
 
 AVEBSTEK, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, lias an 
 area estimated at 280 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.E. by Green lUver, and also drained by .Deer Creek. The 
 surface is diversified ; the soil is mostly productive. Capital, 
 Dixon. Pop. 7533, of whom 10S3 were slaves. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a new county in the S.AV. part of Missouri, 
 hiis an iu-ea of about 650 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Niangua, the Osttge Fork of the Gasconade River, and the 
 James Fork of AA'hite River, all of which rise within its 
 limits. The surface ii- broken with hills and valhys; the 
 soil of the latter is fertile. It is well wooded with the pine, 
 oak, hickory, maple, &r.. Lead and iron are found in this 
 county. Indian corn and stock are the staple productions. 
 It is traversed liy the route of the Southwest Branch of the 
 Pacific Jlailroad. Capital, Marshfleld. Pop. 7oyy. 
 
 WEBSTER, a county in the N.AA'. central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Des Moines River, and also drained by the Lizard River. 
 The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is deep 
 and fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, and stock ai-e the staple 
 productions. The rocks which underlie this county are 
 limestone and sandstone. Cannel coal, bituminous coal, 
 and gypsum are abundant near Fort Dodge, the county- 
 seat. This county is traversed by the route of the Dubuque 
 and Pacific Railroad. Pop. 2504. 
 
 AVEBSTEK, a post-village of Taylor CO., West A'irginia, on 
 the Northwestern Railroad 4 miles S.AV. of Grittton. 
 
 AVEDSTER, a post- village, capit;tl of Jackson co.. North 
 Carolina, on the Tuckaseege River, about 60 miles W.S.AV. 
 of Ashville. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a post-office of Winston co., Mississippi, about 
 44 miles S.AV. of Columbus. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a post-village of Darke Co., Ohio, about 37 
 miles N.N.AV. of Dayton. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a township of Harrison co., Indiana. Pop. 
 960. 
 
 AV1';BSTER, a village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, about 11 
 miles N .E. of AVarsaw. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois, about 
 10 miles N.E. of Carthage. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a post-village of Oregon co., Missouri, about 
 
 9 miles S. of Alton, the county-seat. 
 
 WEBSTER, a post-office of -Keokuk Co., Iowa, about 30 
 miles E.N.E. of Oskaloosa. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 23a 
 
 WEBSl'Eli, a township in the E. central part of A'ernoa 
 CO., AA"isconsin. Pop. 440. 
 
 AVEBSTER, a vilhige of Pottawattomie CO., Kansas, on 
 the Kansas River, opposite AVabaunsee. 
 
 AVEBSTER. a township of Rice co., Minnesota. Pop. 210. 
 
 AVEBSTER CITY, a post-village capital of Hamilton co, 
 low a, situated on the AV. bank of the Boone River, 60 miles 
 in a direct line N. of Des Moines, and on the Dubuque and 
 Sioux City Railroad, about 180 miles AV. of Diibuque. It 
 contains 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, a fine school-house, 
 
 10 stores, and 1 steam grist-mill. Pop. in IfcCO, 300; in 
 1865, about 700. 
 
 AVEEPING AVATEB, a creek of Nebra..jka, rises in the 
 AV. part of Cass Co., flows iietu-ly eastward and enters the 
 Missouri at tlie S.E. extremity of that county. It is a 
 rapid stream flowing over a rocky bed; and afibrds exten- 
 sive water-power. 
 
 AVEESAW, a post-township of Berrien co., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles AV. of Niles, contains the village of Troy. 
 Pop. 755. 
 
 AVKUAAVKEN, or WEEUAAVKEN, a post-village of Hud- 
 
WEI 
 
 WES 
 
 •on CO., New Jersey, on the Hudson Hirer, about 2 miles 
 above Hoboken. Pop. 2S0. 
 
 WEISER RIVER, a small river of Idalio co., Idaho, flows 
 Bouthwestwaid and enters Lewis River. 
 
 WJiITSPEClC,a mininj;villageof Klamath CO., California, 
 on Khiinath River, about 20 miles S. by W. of Orleans JJar. 
 
 WELD, a large county in the N.E. part of Colorado, bor- 
 derina: on Nebraska. It is intersected by the South Fork 
 of Platte River, and also drained by the Beaver, Bijou, 
 Pawnee, and Crow Creeks. 
 
 WELLER. a post-office of Monroe co., Iowa. 
 
 WELLER a township of Henry co., Illinois. Pop. 10.55. 
 
 WELLINGTON, a post-township of Monroe CO., Wiscon- 
 sin, alrtjut 40 miles E. of La Crosse. Pop. 245. 
 
 WELLINGTONS ST.A.TION, a village of Esmeralda co., 
 Nevada, on Walker's River, 55 miles N. of Aurora. 
 
 WELLS, a township of Kicoco., Minnesota, about 3 miles 
 W. of Faribault. Pop. 457. 
 
 AVELLS, a township of Tuscola Co., Michigan. Pop. 72. 
 
 WKLLSV'ILLE, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 20 miles S. of Ilarrisljurg. 
 
 WELLSVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co.. Mis- 
 souri, on the North Missouri llailroad, 89 miles W.N.W. of 
 St. Louis. 
 
 WKLLSVILLE, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, 9 miles 
 S.S.W. of Losan. 
 
 WKLLSVILLE. a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, 
 on the Southern Railroad, miles E. of Adrian. 
 
 WELTON, a post-village of Clinton co.. Iowa, about 32 
 miles N. of Davenport. 
 
 WEN'EWOC, or WONEWOC, a post-township forming 
 theS.W. extri-mttv of .Juneau co., Wisconsin. Pop. 477. 
 
 WEXONA STATION, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois, 
 on the Ccntial R-iilroad, 20 miles S. of La Salle. 
 
 WKXTWORTU, a post-otllce of Mitchwll Co., Iowa. 
 
 WEXT7.VILLE,a post-village of St. Cliarles co., Missouri, 
 on the North Missouri Railroad, 42 miles W.N.W. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 AVESLEY, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 544. 
 
 WEST, a township of Marshall co., Indiana. P(jp. 913. 
 
 WEST ALRAX Y, a post-village and township of Wabasba 
 CO., Minnesota, about 24 miles N.N.E of Rochester, and 7 
 miles S.W. of Lake Pepin. 
 
 WEST' AUBUIIX, a post-village of Androscoggin co., 
 Maine, about 4 miles N.AV. of Auburn. 
 
 WEST AVON, a post-village of Hartford CO., Connecticut, 
 about 13 miles W. liy N. of Hartford. 
 
 WE.ST BALTIMORE, a post-village of Montgomery co., 
 Ohio, about 20 iwilcs N.W. of Davton. 
 
 WEST BLOOMFIELD, a post-township of Oakland co., 
 Michigan, nbout 22 miles N.W. of Detroit, contains numer- 
 ous small lakes. Pop. 1114. 
 
 WESTBOROUGII, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 44 
 miles )>y railroad E.N.E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 200. 
 
 WEST BRANCH, a post-office of Cedar co., Iowa. 
 
 WEST BURLINGTON, a post-village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvutii:!, about 1.5 miles W. of Towaijda. 
 
 WESTI5URV, a post-village of C:iyaga co, New York, 
 about 25 miles N.X.W. of Auburn. 
 
 WEST BUXTON, a post-village of York co., Maine, on 
 the Saco River, about 18 miles W. of Portland. 
 
 WEST CHESTER, a village of Tuscar.awas co., Ohio, 
 about :JS miles N.E. of Zanesville. Pop. 203. 
 
 WEST CHICAGO, a township of Cook co., Illinois, ad- 
 joining the city of Chicago. Pop. 859. 
 
 WEST COCALICO, a township in.the N. part of Lancas- 
 ter CO.. Penn.sylvania. Pop. 2057. 
 
 W^EST CORINXA, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine, 
 about 40 mdes N. of Belfast. 
 
 WEST D-A-YTON, a post-village of Webster co., lov/a, 
 about 20 miles S. of Fort Dodge. 
 
 WEST DELHI, a post-office of Ingham co., Slichigan, 
 about 6 miU's S. by W. of Lansing. 
 
 WEST DURHAM, a post-village of Androscoggin co., 
 Maine, about 25 miles N. by E. of Portland, 
 
 WESTERN^, a township of Henry CO., Illinois. Pop. 858. 
 
 WESTERN COLLEGE, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa, 
 about S miles S. of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 WESTERV KLT, a post-village cf Goodhue co., Minnesota, 
 on Lake Pepin, about 10 miles below Red Wing. 
 
 WESTEllVILLE, a post village of Decatur Co., Iowa, on 
 Grand River, .about 15 miles N.W. of Leon. 
 
 WEST EXETER, a post-village of Otsego CO., New York, 
 about 2.5 mile.s S. of Utica. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a neat post-village of Chautauqua co., New 
 York, situated 1 mile S. of Barcelona harhor on Lake Erie, 
 and on the Lake Shore Railroad, 57 miles S.W. of Buffalo, 
 and 17 miles S.W. of Dunkirk. It contains 5 churches, I 
 academy, 1 newspaper office, 1 national bank, 1 other bank, 
 3 hotels, 3 flouring-mills, 1 paper-mill, several saw-mills, 1 
 niaiHifactory of mowing-machines and steam-engines, 1 of 
 malleable iron, &c. Chautauqua Creek affords abundant 
 water-power here. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a village of Lewis co., West Virginia, on the 
 West Fork of the Mouongahela River, 7 miles N. of Weston. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a post-village of Westfield township, Mo» 
 row CO., Ohio, about 35 miles N. of Columbus. 
 
 WESTf'"IEi..D,a post-township of Clark co., Illinois, abon* 
 22 miles E. by S. of Mattoon. Pop. 807. 
 
 ■WESTFIELD, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1148. 
 
 WESTFIELD, a township of Favette co., Iowa. Pop. 1215. 
 
 AVESTFIELD, a village of Plymouth CO., Iowa, on the 
 Sioux River, about 22 miles N.N.W. of Sioux City. 
 
 WE.STFIELD, a post-village and township of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 58 miles W. of Fond du Lac, Pop. 
 496. 
 
 WKSTFIELD, a township and village of Sank co., Wis- 
 consin, about 45 miles W.N.W. of Madison. The village 
 has 2 stores and 2 mills. Pop. about 250; population of 
 the townshiji, 718. 
 
 WEST FLORENCE. See Fi.orencf:, Preble co., Ohio 
 
 AVESTFORD, a township in the N.E. part of Richland co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 409. 
 
 WEST FRAXKLIN, a post-village of Bradford co.,Penn- 
 sylvaidii, on Towanda Creek, about 44 miles N.N.E. of Wil- 
 lianisport. 
 
 WEST GALENA, a township of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 
 on the Mis-issippi River. Pop. 601. 
 
 WEST GROVE, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa, 7 or 8 
 miles W. by S. of Bloomfield. 
 
 WEST HAMPDEN, a post-village of Penobscot county, 
 M.iine, about 9 miles S.W. of Bangor. 
 
 WEST KINDERHOOK, a post-villag« of Tipton co., In- 
 diana, about 5 miles S.S E. of Tipton. 
 
 WEST JERS1';Y, a post-townsliip of Stark co.. Illinois, 
 about 2S miles N.W. of Peoria. Pop. 1100. 
 
 WF:ST LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Coshocton co., 
 Ohio, on the Pittsburg and Columbus Railroad, 6 udles E. 
 of Coshocton. 
 
 WEST LAMPETER, a township of Lancaster CO., Penn- 
 sylvania, top. 1771. 
 
 WEST LEBANON, a post-village of York co., Maine, 
 about l.T miles N. of Dover. New Hampshire. 
 
 AVEST LEBANON, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, 
 about 11 miles S.W. of Massillon. 
 
 WEST LEBANON, a post-villiige of Warren co., Indiana, 
 on the Toledo and Waba.sh Railroad, 29 miles W. S.W. of 
 Lafayette. 
 
 WKST LEVANT, a post-village of Penobscot co., Slaine, 
 about 36 miles N. of Belfast. 
 
 WEST LIBERTY, a post-village of Liberty co., Texas, 
 about 6 miles AV. of Liberty. 
 
 WEST LIBERTY, a village of Jay co., Indiana, about T 
 miles N. of Portland. 
 
 ■ AVESr LIBERTY, a post-village of Muscatine co., Towa, 
 on the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, 3S miles W. of 
 Davenport, and alxmt 18 miles N.W. of Mnsscatine. 
 
 AVEST M.^NHKIM. a township of York CO., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 24 miles S.S.W. of York. Pop. 978. 
 
 AVEST NEAVFIELD, a post-villago of York co., Maine, 
 about .'56 miles AA'. of Portland. 
 
 AVEST NEWTON, a post-township of Nicollet co., Min- 
 nesota. Pop. 540. 
 
 AVEST NEAVTON, a village of Wabasha co., Minnesota, 
 on the Mississippi River, about 13 miles below Wabasha. 
 
 AVESTON, a iiost-village of AA'ood co., Ohio, in Weston 
 township, and on the Dayton and Michigan Railroad, 26 
 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 AVESrON, a post-township of Marathon co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 214. 
 
 AVESl" PITTSBURG, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the left bank of the Ohio Kiver, at the confluence 
 of its two branches, immediately below Pittsburg. Pop.1201. 
 
 AVEST PITTSTON, a village of Luzerne co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the N. branch of the Susquehanna River, opposite 
 Pittston. Pop. 599. 
 
 WEST PL.4INS, a post-village, capital of Howell co., 
 Missouri, situated about 90 miles S. of ibilla. 
 
 AVEST POINT, a post-village of King AVilliam co., Vir- 
 ginia, on York River, and on a point of land formed by the 
 confluence of the Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers, C!0 miles 
 in a direct line E. of Richmond. 
 
 AVEST POINT, a post-village of Lowndes co., Mississippi, 
 on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, about 17 miles N.AV. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 AVEST POINT, a village of Bates co., Missouri, about 55 
 miles S. of Kansas City. 
 
 AVEST POINT, a post-township of Columbia CO., Wiscon- 
 sin, on the AVisconsin River, about 22 miles N.W. of Madi- 
 son. Pop. 743. 
 
 WEST POINT, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 111. 
 
 AVEST POINT, a po.st-village of Calaveras Co., California, 
 17 miles N.E. of Mokelunine Hill. It has 4 stor'js and 2 
 quartz-mills. Pop. including Chinese, said to be 600. 
 
 WEST POIN I', a post-office of Clatsop co., Orego.i. 
 
 AVEST POINT, a post-township or village of Ci»mming 
 CO., Nebraska. Pop. 14. 
 
 WESTPORT, a post-village of Clinton co., Pennf /Ivania, 
 on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on th« 
 
 2311 
 
WES 
 
 Pliiladelpliia and Erie Ballroad, about 31 miles N-W. of 
 
 WESTPORT a post-townsbip of Dane co., Wisconsin, on 
 the north shore of L:ike Mendota, about 4 miles N. of Madi- 
 
 WEST R AXDOLPH, a post-villag:e of Orange co-Vermont. 
 en the Vermont Ceutml Bailroad, 30 miles S. by W. of 
 Montpelier. 
 
 WESTON RAPIDS, a post-office of Clark co , « isconsin, 
 on the Black River, 3 or 4 mile.s above Ncillsville. 
 
 WEST SAINT PAUL, a post-village and township of 
 Dakota CO., Minnesota, on the right b.aukof the Mississippi, 
 opposite St. Paul. Pop. 622 _ 
 
 WEST SALEM, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, on the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, 14 miles N.E. of 
 Ashland. 
 
 WEST S.^LEM, a post-village of Morgan co., Indiana, 
 about 36 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WEST SALEM. Wisconsin. See Saix.m. 
 WEST SENECA, a post-township of Erie co., New York, 
 about 6 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 2784. 
 WEST SONORA. See Son'OKA, Preble co., Ohio. 
 WEST SPARTA, a township of Li\ingston co^ New York, 
 about 12 miles S. of Geneseo. Pop. 1501. 
 
 WEST SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Shelby co^ Mis- 
 souri, about .33 miles N.W. of Hannibal. 
 
 WEST TUALATIN, a village of Washington co., Oregon, 
 18 miles S.W. of Ilillsboro. 
 
 AVEST UNION a iwst-village and township of Steuben 
 CO., New York, about 50 miles W. of Elmira. Population 
 1392. 
 
 WEST UNION, a post-\illage, capital of Fayette co., 
 Iowa, is beantifVilly situated on a high or undulating prairie, 
 85 miles N.W. of Dubuque, and 36 miles W. of the Missis- 
 sippi River, at SIcGregor. It contains a court-house, 4 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, a handsome high school build- 
 ing, and 16 stores. Plows and wagons ai-c made here. Good 
 timber is said to be abundant on the Otter Creek, in the 
 ^^cinity. Pop. about 1400 ; pop. of West Union town.<ihlp, 
 1936. 
 
 AVESTVILLE, a post-village of Chariton co., Missouri, 
 about 14 miles S.E. of Brookfield. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA, one of the United States of North 
 America, is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania and M:iry- 
 land, on the S.E. by Virginia, on the S.AV. b}- Virginia and 
 Kentucky, and on the N.W. by Ohio. Excepting a small 
 portion forming the northern extremitv. and called the 
 Panhandle, it lies between 37° 6' and ^9° 44' N. lat., and 
 between 77° 40' and 82° 35' W. Ion. Its outline Is very 
 irregular. The greatest length from N. to S. is about 250 
 miles. The area is estimated at 23,000 square miles. 
 
 Fuce of tin O'unlry. — The surface is generally hilly and 
 mountainous. The northeastern part is traveled by the 
 main ridge of the Alleghany Mountains, which also forms 
 part of the boundary between this state and Virginia. The 
 direction of this ridge is nearly N.E. and S.W. Nearly 
 parallel with this are several ranges of monntains called the 
 Greenbrier Mountains, the Cheat Mountains, Ac. The aver- 
 age altitude of the sumniifs of the Alleghanies in this 8t;ite 
 is about 2500 feet above the level of the sea. The average 
 elevation of the Greenbrier A'alley (which is more than 100 
 miles long) is sfcited ta be 1500 feet. Of the scenery of 
 West Virginia, the historian Bancroft observes, " It liiu a 
 character of grandeur of its own ; and in the wonderful va- 
 rieties of forest and lawn, of river and mountain, of nature 
 in her savage wildncss, and nature in her loveliest forms, 
 presents a series of pictures which no well educated Ameri- 
 can should leave unvisited. We cross the Atlantic in quest 
 of attractive scenes ; audio! we have at home, alongside of 
 the great central iron pathway, views that excel anything 
 that cjin be seen among the mountains of Scotland, or in 
 the passes of the Apennines." 
 
 Mineral Resnurcfs. — Iron, coal, salt, petroleum, and lime- 
 stone are abundant in this state, which is also said to con- 
 tain copper, lead, nickel, antimony, ix. Immense beds of 
 bituminous coul are found in the Paiihandle,in the Kanawha 
 Valley, on the banks of the Monongahebi, below Clarks- 
 burg and ne:u- Clieat River. The iron of West Virginia is 
 almost co-extensive with its coal. Rich mines of iron have 
 been opened in Preston county, in the Kanawha Valley, and 
 in other parts of the stiite. Liirge quantities of salt are 
 procure<l near Charleston on the Kauawha, and in Mason 
 county. Limestone is found in many parts of the stijte, and 
 is often associated with iron and coal.. Petroleum alwnnds 
 in the counties of Wood, Wirt, Braxton, Ritchie, etc., on the 
 Little Kanawha, and its tributaries. On McFarlandsRun, 
 a tributary of the South Kork of Hughes' River, is a large 
 deixwit of asphaltum, or solidified rock pil, known as the 
 6reat Vertical Asphaltum Lode. 
 
 Rirers.—TUe Ohio Riv-t i;rms (he entire western boun- 
 dary of this state, which is also interst-cted by the Great 
 Kanawl>:u and drained by the sources of the Gn'enbrier the 
 MononL-nhcla, the Clieat River, the Gnyan<l.jtte, the Elk, 
 the Gauley, and the Little Kiuiawlia. The Big Sandy River 
 form* the boundary betweou tliis stale and Kentucky. The 
 y3u 
 
 WES 
 
 Great Kanawha, after crossing fhe soathcrn i-C'rsdary 
 flows in a northwest direction, and enters the Ohio at Point 
 Pleiisant. It is navigable for stciimboats for nearly 100 
 miles from its month. In the upper part of its course it ig 
 calletl the New River. Its principal tributarits are the 
 Greenbrier, the Gauley, and the Elk. The Greenbrier rises 
 in the eastern part, flows southwestward, and enters the 
 Kanawha or New River at the S.W. extremity of Green- 
 brier county. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is mild and salubrious. The mean 
 annual temperature of West Virginia is said to be lower than 
 that of any other region in the same latitude east of the 
 Missouri River. The isothermal line, indicating the mean 
 temperature of 52°, would pass near the centre of this state. 
 The following table exhibits the temperattire at Lewisburg 
 for the several months of 1859 ; — 
 
 
 '«*« 
 
 ll 
 
 go. 
 
 
 
 e 1? 
 
 si 
 
 January.... 
 February... 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 «z 
 
 £4 
 
 Tl 
 85 
 82 
 90 
 
 t 
 
 IS 
 
 so 
 
 25 
 48 
 S8 
 
 S2.55 
 a8.40 
 47.68 
 51.96 
 68.03 
 69.93 
 
 July 
 
 Auensi 
 
 September . 
 Oclnber...*. 
 November.. 
 December... 
 
 92 
 92 
 79 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 
 50 
 CO 
 84 
 iO 
 14 
 5 
 
 75. 9S 
 74.3S 
 61.29 
 48.35 
 44.23 
 33.33 
 
 The amotmt of rain which falls in a year in this stat« is 
 between 32 and 36 inches. 
 
 Siiil and Productitins. — The soil is generally proiluctive, 
 not only in the Talleys, but even on the sides and tops of 
 the hills, whicli arp especially adapted to pasture and the 
 growing of wool. This stjite is abundantly supplied with 
 timber, including the oak, walnut, hickory, ash, wilil cher- 
 ry, tulip tree, sugar maple, &c. Tlie staple productions are 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and butter. I.arge quan- 
 tities of wool, petroleum, tobacco, buckwheat, maple sugar, 
 &c., are also produced. According to the census of 1S60, the 
 territory now included in West Virginia contaii)e<l 2,:i46,137 
 acres of improved and 8.550,2-57 acres of unimproved land. 
 It produced in 1S60, 2,.302,5G7 bushels of wheat, 7.858.647 
 of Indian corn, 1,649.090 of oats, 746,C06 of Iri.sh potatoes, 
 2.180,316 pounds of tobacco, 1,073,103 of wool, and 4,700,779 
 of butter. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — The northern part of this state 
 is traversed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which con- 
 nects Wheeling with Baltimore, &.c. The Northwestern 
 Virginia Railroiid extends from Parkersburg. on the Ohio 
 River, to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Grafton. 
 Wheeling is the western terminus of the Hempfield Rivil- 
 road. which is completed for a distance of 35 miles, and is 
 to be extcnde4 to meet the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 
 at Greensburg. X railroad, extending from Covington to 
 the Ohio River, was commenced before the civil war, but is 
 not yet finished. 
 
 Education. — By the constitution of this state the legisla- 
 ture is required to establish an efficient system of free 
 schools. A considerable portion of the income of the state 
 is set apart for a school fund. A stjtte superintendent is 
 placetl at the head of the system. There is a college at 
 Bethany, which in 1863 was attended by 124 students. 
 
 Pupulatvm. — .According to the census of 1800, the conn- 
 ties now included in West Virginia had a population of 
 376,688, of whom 358.317 were free, and 18,371 were slaves. 
 Of the former, 181.A45 were white males, 173,^99 white 
 females, and 2773 free colored persons. 
 
 Counti/'s. — West Virginia is divided into 50 counties, viz.: 
 Barbour, Berkeley. Botme, Braxton, Brooke. Cabell. Calhoun, 
 Clay, Dod<Iriilge, Fayette, Gilmer, Gceenbrier, Hampshire, 
 Hancock. Hardy, Harris<in. Jackson, Jeffirson. Kanawha, 
 Lewis, Logan, McDowell, Marion, Marsliall, Mason, Mercer, 
 Slonongalia, Jlonroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Ohio, Pendleton, 
 Plea.-<ant8, Pocahontas, Preston, Putnam, Raleigh, Randolph, 
 Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upsliur, Wayne, 
 Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood and Wyoming. 
 
 Cities an'l Ti'wns. — The principal towns are Wheeling, 
 population in 1860, 16.713; Parkersburg. population in 
 1S65, about 6000; Martinsbiu-g, 3364; Charleston, 1520; 
 Lewisburg. 9C9 ; Clarksburg, 895; Fairmont, 704; Grafton, 
 891 ; and Wellsburg. Capital, Wheeling. 
 
 Go-rrrnmenI, Finances, d-c. — Tlie governor of this state is 
 elected by the peo])le for two years, and receives .S2000 per 
 annum. The legislative power is veste<l in a senate and a 
 house <if delegates — the former consisting of 22 senators, 
 elected for 2 vears; and the latter of 57 delegates, elected 
 for 1 year, "the legislature meets annually on the third 
 Tuesday of January. The judiciary consists,!, of a supreme 
 court of appeals, pre.sided over by 3 judges, who a:e elected 
 b.v the pei.>plo for 12 yeiu-s : 2, of circuit couits. comiX)8ed 
 of 11 judges, electetl for 6 years; and 3, of iuferivr couits. 
 The balance in the treasury, October 1. 1S(U, wss .5179,029. 
 Receipts Irom October 1, 18'64, to January 1, 1SG5, $144,653^ 
 
WES 
 
 WIL 
 
 In September, 1865, there were in this state 8 national 
 banks, with an aggregiite capital of $1,910,400. 
 
 Hislnrif. — Tliis state iorraed part of Virginia tmtil the 
 latter seceded from the Union, April, 1861. On tlie 11th of 
 June. 1S61, loj'al representatives from 40 counties ai?seinbled 
 lit Wheeling, protested against tlie act of secession, and 
 took measures to form a provisional government. A con- 
 vention met at Wlieeling on the 26th of November, 1861, 
 and framed a constitution for a new state, which was 
 adopted by the vote of tlie people on the 3rd of May, 1862. 
 An act of Congress for tlie admission of the state of West 
 Virginia into the Union, was approved by the President on 
 the Slst of December, 1862. A large majority of the West 
 Virginians actively supported the cause of the Union in the 
 civil war. According to the report of the adjutant-general 
 this state furnished 26,.')-t0 men to the armies of the United 
 States, from an enr olmen t of 33,774 men. Slavery was abol- 
 ished in this state by the legislature on the 3rd of February, 
 186.1. A political antagonism or jealousy had long existed 
 between the people of West Virginia and those residing in 
 the eastern part of the former state of Virginia. Tlie latter, 
 having control of the legislation, employed it in favor of 
 their own section, by compelling the West to pay pro rata 
 for internal improvements in Eastern Virginia, and taxing 
 only nominally the property in slaves, wliicli were much 
 more numerous in the East than the West. 
 
 WEST WARKEN, a post-village of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 15 miles S. of Owego. 
 
 WEST WUEATFIELD, a township of Indiana co., Penn- 
 Bylvanla. Pop. 1408. 
 
 WEST WIXDSOH, a post-offlce of Eaton co., Michigan, 
 about 12 miles S.W. of Lansing. 
 
 WEST WINSTED, a post-village of Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut, situated on the outlet of Long Lake, about }/^ of a 
 mile W. of Winsted, and 30 miles by railroad N. of Water- 
 bury. It contains 2 churches. 1 or 2 banks, about 20 stores, 
 and several factories. About 12,000 dozen scythes are made 
 here annually. The outlet called Mad Hiver furnishes im- 
 mense water-power at this place. The lake above-named is 
 3 miles long. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 WETAUO, a post-village of Pulaski co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 24 miles N. of Cairo. 
 
 WEY^AU WE'GA, a post-village and township of Waupaca 
 CO., Wisconsin. The village is on the Waupaca River, 234 
 miles from its entrance into Wolf River, and about 3o 
 miles N.W. of Oshkosh. It contains 3 churches, 1 flour- 
 mill, 2 saw-mills, 9 stores, &c. It has abundant water- 
 power. Pop. about 700; population of the township, in 
 1860, 727. 
 
 WHATCOM, a county in the N.W. part of Washington 
 Territory, bordering on British Columbia; area estimated 
 at 3000 square miles. It is boundetl on the W. by the Gulf 
 of Georgia, and intersected by the Skagit River. The sur- 
 face is diversified by valleys and mountnins of the Cascailo 
 Range, including Mount Baker, which has an altitude of 
 10,700 feet. The county contiiius extensive forests of good 
 timber. Capital, Whatcom. Pop. 352. 
 
 WHATCOM, a post-village, capital of Whatcom co., Wash- 
 ington Territory, situated on the N.E. shore of Belliugham 
 Bay, 150 miles N. of Olympia. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a station on the Jeffersonville Railroad, 
 in Johnson co., Indiana, 15 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a township of Bureau co., Illinois. Pop. 
 497. 
 
 WHEATL.\ND, a township of Fayette co., Illinois. Pop. 
 767. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a village of Morgan co., Missouri, about 
 33 miles S. of Boonville. 
 
 WHEATLAND, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on 
 the Chicago Iowa and Nebraska Railroad, 16 miles W. of 
 Do Witt. 
 
 WHKATLAND, a township in the W. part of Vernon co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 734. 
 
 WHKATLAND, a post-village and township of Rice co., 
 Minnesota, about 20 miles N.W. of l-'aribault. Pop. 192. 
 
 WHEATON, a township of Chippewa co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 150. 
 
 >VIIEKLER. a post-township of Steuben co.. New York, 
 6 miles N. of Bath. Pop. 1376. 
 
 WHEELER, a post-village of Porter co., Indiana, on the 
 Pittsburg Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, 37 miles S.E. 
 of Chicago. 
 
 WHEELING, a village of Carroll co., Indiana, about 14 
 miles S. of liOgansport. 
 
 WHEELING, a post-village and township of Cook co., 
 Illinois, on the Des Plaines River, about 25 miles N.W. of 
 Chicago. Pop. 1669. 
 
 WHEELING, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, about 26 
 miles S.E. of Des Moines. 
 
 WHEELING, a township of Rice co., Minnesota, 6 miles 
 E. of Faribault. Pop. 564. 
 
 WHISKEY CREEK, a post-village of Shasta co., Califor- 
 nia, 5 miles W. liy N. of i^hasta. Pop. about 150. 
 
 WHITBY, a village of Mecklenburg co., Virginia, on the 
 Roanoke River, about 00 miles S.W. of Petei-sburg. 
 
 WHITE, a cotinty in the N. part of Georgia ; has an area 
 estimated at 200 square miles. It is drained by the Ch.it" 
 tahoochee and Chestatee Rivers, which rise in it or near its 
 borders. It has a mountain ridge on the north border. 
 Capital, Mount Yonah. Pop. 3315. 
 
 WHITE BEAR, a township of Ramsey co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 2fi7. 
 
 WHITE BEAR LAKE, a post-ofRce of Ramsey co., Min- 
 nesota, about 11 miles N.E. of St. Paul. 
 
 WHITE CLOUD, a post-village of Nodaway co., Missouri, 
 about 50 miles N. of St. Joseph. 
 
 WHITE CLOUD, a post-village of Mills Co., Iowa, on the 
 Nishn.abatona River, about 14 miles K.S.E. of Glenwood. 
 
 WHITE CLOUD, a thriving post-village of Donij.ban CO., 
 Kansas, on the Jlissouri River, .35 miles above Saint Joseph, 
 Mis.souri. It has a steam ferry, and contains 2 hotels, 2 
 steam saw-mills, 1 flour-mill, 1 printing office, and 1 woollen 
 factory. Pop. about 350. 
 
 WUITEFIELD, a post-township of Marshall co., Illinois, 
 about 7 miles N. of Liicon, and 1 mile W. of the Illinuia 
 River. Pop. 1163. 
 
 WUITEFIELD, a village of Kandiyohi co., Minnesota, 
 about 36 miles W.S.W. of Forest City. 
 
 AVHITEHALL, a post-villageof Montour co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 12 miles N. of UanviTte. 
 
 AVHITEHALL, or WHITEHALLVILLE, a post-village 
 of Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, on tlie Doy Icstown Branch Rail- 
 road. 4 or 5 miles W. of Doylestowri. 
 
 WHITEHALL, a post-villago of Frederick co., Virginia, 
 8 or 9 miles N. of Winchester. 
 
 WHITE HALL, a post-<ifiice of Owen co., Indiana, about 
 11 miles N.W. of Bloomington. 
 
 W^HITEIIALL, a post-village of Trempealeau co., Wis- 
 consin, 25 miles N. of Oalesville. It has 1 grist-mill. 
 • WHITE 1IE.\D, a post-village of Atchison co., Kansas, 
 about 25 miles W. by N. of Atchison. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a village of New Kent co., Virgini.a, or 
 the Pamunkey River, and on the Richmond and York River 
 Railroad. 24 miles E. of Richmond. It was the liase of sup- 
 plies of the Union army in the campaign of 1862. 
 
 WHITE HOUSE, a post-offlce of Lucas co., Ohio, on the 
 Toledo and Wabash Railroad, 17 miles S.W. of Toledo. 
 
 WHITE LAKE, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 about 11 miles W. of Pontiac, is adjacent to several small 
 lakes. 
 
 WHITE OAK, a township of Mahaska co., Iowa. Pop. 
 896. 
 
 WHITE OAK, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pop. 
 326. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, of Washington Territory, rises in Pierce 
 county, flows northwestward, and enters Puget Sound, in 
 King county. 
 
 AVHITE RIVER, a post-village and township of Muske- 
 gon CO., Micbigsin. The village is on Lake Michigiin, at tiie 
 mouth of White River, about Mi miles N.W. of Muskegon. 
 It has 2 mills. Total population, 374. 
 
 WHITE RIVER, a post-village of Tulare co., California, 
 50 miles S. by E. of Visalia. It has 1 store. 
 
 WHITE ROCK, a post-village and township of Huron co., 
 Slichigan, on Lake Huron, about 36 miles N. of Lexington. 
 Pop. 342. 
 
 WHITE ROCK, a post-township of Ogle co., Illinois, aUmt 
 15 miles S. of Rockford. Pop. 792. 
 
 WHITE SALMON RIVER, a small stream of Skamania 
 CO., Washington Territory, flows southeastward into the 
 Columliia River. 
 
 WHITESTOWN, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, 
 about IS miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis. 
 
 WHITESTOWN, a township in the N. part of Vernon 
 CO.. Wisconsin. Pop. 221. 
 
 WHITESVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Indi- 
 ana, on a railroad, about 6 miles S.S.E. of Crawfordsville. 
 
 WHITESVILLE, a post-village of Ainlrew co., Mis^ou^i, 
 on Platte River, about 25 miles N. by E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 WHITEWATER, a township of Grand Traverse co., Mi- 
 chigan. Pop. 2(53. 
 
 WHITE WATER, a township of Winona co., Minnesota, 
 about 4 miles from the Mississippi River. Pop. 274. 
 
 WHITE WATER FALLS, a post-village of Winona co., 
 Minnesota, on a small stream, about 22 miles W. by N. of 
 Winona. 
 
 WICHITA, a new county in the N. part of Texas, bor- 
 dering on the Indian Territory; has an area of about 650 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Reil River, and 
 intersected by the Wichita River. The census of 1S60 fur- 
 nishes no information respecting this county. 
 
 WIDENEU, a township of Knox CO., Indiana. Pop. 1290. 
 
 WILBARGER, a new county in the N. border of Texas, 
 has an area of about 860 square miles. It is boumled on 
 the N. by the Red River, and also drained by Beaver Creek 
 The census of 1860 furnishes no information resi)ectiiig this 
 county. 
 
 WII/BUR. a post-village of Douglas co., Oregon, 8 mile* 
 N. of Rosebnrg. 
 
 WILCOX a county in the S. central part of Georgia, cob 
 
 2318 
 
WIL 
 
 tains about 500 sqnare miles. It is bonnded on the N.E. 
 bj the Ocomulgee River, and also drained by the Allapaha. 
 The surface is nearly level. Capital, Abbeville. Pop. 2115. 
 ^'ILCOX, a small township of Hancock co., DlincHS, ad- 
 joining Warsivw. Pop. 165. 
 
 WILDERNESS, a post-oiBce of Spotsylvania co., Vir- 
 ginia, about 2 miles S. of the Rapidan River, and IG miles 
 W. of Fredericksburg. A great battle was fought near 
 tliis point between General Grant and General Lee, May 5 
 and 6, 1864. 
 ATILL, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 244. 
 WILLAM'ETTE, a post-village of Lane co., Oregon, 12 
 miles N. of Eugene City. It has 2 stores. 
 
 WILLAMIN.i, a post-village of Yam Hill co., Oregon, on 
 the South Fork of the Yam Hill River, 20 miles S.W. of 
 Lafayette. 
 
 WILLARD. a post-village of Greene co., Missouri, about 
 16 miles X.N.W. of Sjn-ingiaeld. 
 
 WILLARD. a post-village of Box Elder eo., tltah, about 
 50 miles N. of Salt Lake City. Pop. said to be 400. 
 
 WILLETTVILLE, or WILLETTSVILLE, a post--i-illage 
 of Highlanil co., Ohio, about 48 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. 
 WILLIAMS, a township of Bay co^ Michigan, 11 miles 
 W. of Bay City. Pop. 11.3.^ 
 
 WILLI.\MS, a post-ofiSce of Benton co., Iowa, about 15 
 miles S. of Vinton. 
 
 A\T[LLIA5ISBtJRG* [continued from page 2116]. 
 tlie buildings of which were commenced February 1, 1855, 
 was cast. May 10, the fii-st great plate ever manufactured in 
 America. The company have furnaces and other appurte- 
 nances for casting plates 20 feet long, 10 wide, and from 
 the foxu-th of an inch to two and a half inches thick. A line 
 of street railroad runs throtigh the whole district, connect- 
 ing it with the W(.*stern district, and tlie Fulton Ferrv; 
 other railroads connect the different sections of the district. 
 Several well laid out cemeteries are located near the borders 
 of the district. AVilliamsbnrg was incorporated as a village 
 in 1.S27, at which time there was but one ferry commnnica- 
 ting with New York; in 1851 it was chartered" as a citv, and 
 in 1S55 was included within the consolidated citv of Brook- 
 lyn. Pop. in 1840, 5094; in 1845, 11,338; in 18"o0, 30,780; 
 and in 1853. from 45,000 to 50,000. 
 
 WILLIAMSIiURG, a village of Annstrong co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Alleghany River, opposite Kittanning. 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT, a village of Allen co., Indiana, on St. 
 Mary's River, about 12 miles S. of Fort Wavne. 
 
 WILLIAMSPORT. a post-village of Shawnee co., Kansas, 
 on the Wakarnsa River, 12 miles S. of Topeka Pop 1^13 
 
 WILLIAJISVILLE, or WILLIAMSTOWN, a post-village 
 of Cass CO., Michigan, 12 miles W. by N. of Constantine. 
 
 WILLI.\MSVILLE, a post-village and township of San- 
 gamon co., Illinois, on the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Bail- 
 road, 11 miles N.N. E. of Springfield. 
 
 WILLING, a township of Alleghany co., New York 12 
 miles S.S.E. of Belmont. Pop. 1238. ' 
 
 WILLOP.\, a ]iost- village of Pacific Co., Washington Ter- 
 ritory, on the Willopa River, about 8 miles from its en- 
 trance into Shoalwater Bay. and 50 miles S.W. of Olympia. 
 M'lLLOUGHIJY, a post-village of Butler co.. Iowa, on the 
 W. Fork of the Cedar River, about 13 miles N.W. of Cedar 
 Falls. 
 WILLOW, a post-office of Potta'mittomie co., Iowa. 
 M ILLO^V , a township in the E.part of Richland co^ Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 44«. ^ 
 
 WILLOW CREEK, a post-township of Lee co., HUnois 
 about 25 miles E. by S. of Dixon. Pop. 729. ' ' 
 
 WILLO^V CREEK, a post-township of Blue Earth co 
 Minnasota, 25 miles S.AV. of Mankato. '' 
 
 WILLOW HILL, a post-township of Jasper co., HUnois 
 about 5 miles E. of Newton. Pop. 1045 
 WILLOW RI\ER, of Richland co., Wisconsin, is a small 
 wVTrTli'.-^c^rr^Tlf^S"'''''*''''' ""'' "^"fers the Pine River, 
 WILLO\V SPRINGS, a post-village and township of 
 
 Pop^9?/°'' """"' ''^""^ ^^ '""''' ^- ^^ ^'- of I^a^rence, 
 on the Ohio and MissLssippi Riiilroad, 50 miles E. of Vin- 
 
 1309. 
 
 wn ifrvrrnv ^'? "*" ^f r^'-*?^"-. Indiana. Pop. 890. 
 "^II.MINGTON, a township of Greene co., Hlindis. Pop. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a post-township of Houston co., Afinne- 
 sota, bordering on Iowa, is about 22 miles S.W. of lA Crosse 
 Wisconsin. Pup. 520. ' 
 
 ^^TH'V^^'^*-^,' '^ post-village and township of Wabaun- 
 Wti-miv^'^.^A'^^""* -~* "'"•^ S.S.W. of Topeka. Pop. 19S. 
 ,u ir I ^'1^ V ? P"8t-village of Los Angeles co., Califor- 
 
 otan.' 't^. ^bofit'^S)^"^^'^-^'' "'"^ "'^''"* ' '^'"^^ ^--^ «- 
 .,n^\he Ce^^r'^'lV'-f "^i'-'r "*" ^''"'''"'' '""■• Ponnsvlvani:,. 
 
 23U 
 
 ! note 10 riTTsBt-EG, on pije IJ92 
 
 WIN 
 
 WILMUTH, a village of Adair co., Missouri, about 6* 
 miles W.N.W. of Quincy, Illinois. 
 
 WILSON, a county in the E. central part of North Caro- 
 lina: has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Contentny and Moccasin Creeks. The surface il 
 nearly level, and partly covered with forests of pine. The 
 county is intersected by the Wilmington and Weldon Rail- 
 road. Capital, Wilson. Pop. 9720; of whom 3496 were 
 sluves. 
 
 WILSON, a new county in the S.S.E. part of Kansas, bor- 
 dering on the Indian Territory, area about 1400 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the A'erdigi-is River, and also 
 drained by Fall and Elk Rivers. The bottoms of the rivers 
 are wide and very fertile ; on the high prairies the soil is 
 thin, but produce-s good pasture. It is well wooded with 
 the bl.ack walnut, white ash, hickory, burr oak, &c. The 
 county contains valuable beds of coal and salt springs. 
 Capital. Syracuse, Pop. in ISOtl, 27 ; in January, 1865, 1242. 
 WILSON, a post-village, capital of AVilsori co.. North 
 Carolina, on the AVilinington and Weldon Railroad, 53 miles 
 S. of Weldon, and 24 miles N. of Goldsborough. It is on 
 Contentny Creek. Pop. in 1860, 960; of whom 400 were 
 slaves. 
 WILSON, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 985. 
 ■WILSON, a village of Placer co., California, about 24 miles 
 8.E. of Marysville, Laid out in 1863. 
 
 WILSONBURG, a post-village of Harrison co., AVest Vir- 
 ginia, on the Northwestern Railroad, 4 miles W. of Clarks- 
 burg. 
 
 WILSON CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Missouri, 
 about 10 miles S.8.W. of Springfield. 
 
 WILTON, a post-village of Granville co.. North Carolina, 
 about 33 miles N. of Raleigh. 
 WILTON, a town.*hip of Will co., Hlinois. Pop. 845. 
 AMLTON, a post-village of Muscatine co., Iowa, is sitn- 
 ated in Wilton township, on the Mississippi and Missouri 
 Railroad, 26 to 28 miles M', by N, of Davenport, and 12 
 miles N, of Muscatine, with which it is connected tiy a 
 branch of the above-named railroad. It contains 4 churches. 
 Pop. a' -lut COO; of the township, 1224. 
 
 WILTON, a post-township of Monroe co., Wisconsin. 
 Pop. 400. 
 
 WILTON, a post-village, capital of Wsiseca co., Minne- 
 sota, on Le Sueur River, .about 28 miles E.S.E. of Mankato 
 and 2S miles S.S.W. of Faribault. Pop. of Wilton township. 
 in 1860, 425, ^' 
 
 WIMAR, or WEIM.\R, a "village of Leavenworth co,, 
 Kansas, on the Missouri River, about 12 miles below Leav- 
 enworth. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a village of Columbia co., Ohio, on the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 6 miles S, by E. of Alli- 
 ance. Pop, 157. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-village of Jefferson co., Kansas, 
 22 miles W, of Leavenworth. It has 2 dry-goods stores, 1 
 hotel, 1 church, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. about 100. 
 
 WINCHESTER, a post-village of Douglas Co., Oregon, on 
 the North Fork of the Umpqua River, 5 miles N. of Rose- 
 burg. Pop. of the precinct, 412. 
 
 WINDFALL, a post-village of Tipton co , Indiana, on the 
 Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 139 miles S.E. of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 WINDHAM, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, about 16 
 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City, 
 
 WINDHAM, a i>ost-village of Windham township. Port- 
 age CO., Ohio, on the .Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, 
 41 miles E.S.E, of Cleveland. 
 
 WINDHAM, a poi-t-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, 
 about 12 miles S. of Owego, New York. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-village of Barnwell district. South Ca- 
 rolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 30 miles E. of Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 WINDSOR, a village of Richland co., Ohio, on the Atlan- 
 tic and Great Western Railroad, 8 miles N.E.of Mansfield, 
 WINDSOR, a post-village of SheU>y co., Illinois, on the 
 Terre Haute and St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles E. of Shelhy- 
 ville. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-village and township of Fayette co., 
 Iowa, 6 or 7 miles N.W. of West Union. Pop. 539. 
 
 WIND.-^OR, a village of Racine co., Wisconsin, on the Ra- 
 cine and Mississippi Railroad, 10 miles W. of Racine. 
 
 WINDSOR, a post-village of Sonoma co., California, in the 
 valley of Russian River, 10 miles N.AV. of Santa Rosa. It 
 has 2 stores. 
 
 WINDSOR STATION, a post-office of Isle of Wight co^ 
 Virginia, on the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, 33 miles 
 W. of Norfolk. 
 
 WINFIELD, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 1140. 
 
 MINKIELD, a post-office of Union co., Pennsylvania, on 
 or near the W. branch of the Susquehanna River, 4 or 5 
 miles below Lewisburg. 
 
 WINFIELD, a village of Dinwiddle co,, Virginia, 6 or 7 
 miles S.W, of Petersburg, 
 
 WINFIELD, a post-village and township of Du Page co., 
 Illinois, on the railroad whiih connects Chicago with Ga- 
 lena, 28 miles W. of Chicago. Pop. 1782. 
 
WIN 
 
 WOO 
 
 WIN FIKLD, a post-villaga of Henry co., Iowa, about 30 
 miles V.AV. of Burlinston. 
 
 WIS FIELD, a township of Scott CO., Iowa. Pop. 194,3. 
 
 WINHELD, a township in the N. part of Sauk co., Wis- 
 consin. I'op. 591. 
 
 WINl'IKLD, a village of Houston co., Minnesota, about 
 16 miles W. of La Crossf, Wisconsin. 
 
 WTNN, a post-township of I'enobscot co.. Maine, on the 
 Penobscot River, about 50 niilos N.N.E. of Bangor. 
 
 WINNKB.iGO, a township of Winnebago co., Illinois. 
 Pop. 1278. 
 
 W^INNEBAGO, a township of Houston co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 297. 
 
 WINXEBAGO, a village of .*tearns co., Minnesota, on the 
 Mississippi River, about 10 miles above S:iint Cloud. 
 
 WINNEBAGO CITY, a post-villago anil township of Fa- 
 ribault CO., Jlinnesota, on the Blue Earth River, about 33 
 miles S. bv W. of Mankato. Pop. 2.38. 
 
 WINNEIiAOO VALLEY, a post-village of Houston co., 
 Minnesota, about 15 miles S.S.W. of Brownsville, and 8 or 
 9 niilt'S W. of the Missi3.sipi>i River. 
 
 WINNETKA, or WYNETKA, a post-office of Cook co., 
 Illinois, on Lake Michigan, 16 miles bj- railroad N. of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 WINO'NA, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, bor- 
 dering on Wisconsin, has an area of 6.3S square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi River, and also 
 drained by the Minneska, or Wliitewater River. The sur- 
 face is undulating; the soil is calcareous, and "very fertile. 
 This county contains extensive forests of deciduous trees, 
 the area of the woodlands being estimated at about oDO 
 square miles. The blufls of the Mississippi, formed of lime- 
 stone, here rise 300 feet or more above the level of tlie river, 
 ancf present imposing and beautiful scenery. The county 
 is intersected by the Winona and Saint Peter Railroad. 
 Capital, Winona. Pop. 9208< 
 
 WIXONA, a post-village of Carroll CO., Mississippi, on the 
 Mississippi Central Railroad, about 25 miles S. of Grenada. 
 
 WINONA, a flourishing rity, capital of Winona Co., Min- 
 nesota, situated on the right (S.W.) bank of the Mississippi 
 River, about (U5 miles above St. Louis, 105 miles by land 
 below St. Paul, 28 miles N.W. of La Crosse, Wisconsin, 
 and 44 miles E. of Rochester. Lat. 44° 4' N.; Ion. 91° 2o' 
 W. It is the E. terminus of the Winona and St. Peter's 
 Railroad. It contains a court-house, 8 churches, a normal 
 school, 1 national bank, 2 other banks, 2 newspaper offices, 
 sevural steam saw-mills, a plow factory, Ac. A large quan- 
 tity of wheat and other grain is shipped here. Timber and 
 limestone are abundant in Winona county. The Milwaukee 
 and Saint Paul Railroad passes along the opposite bank of 
 the river. Pop. in 1860, 2464 : in 1865, about 6000. 
 
 WINSTED, a village and township of McLeod CO., Min- 
 nesota, about 50 miles W. of Saint Paul. Pop. 151. 
 
 WINSTON, a post-yillage of Dent co., Missouri, about 38 
 miles S. E. of Rolla. 
 
 WINTERPORT, a post-village and township of W.aldo 
 CO., Maine, on the W. bank of the Penobscot River, 11 miles 
 below Bangor. The village is on the river nairly opposite 
 Bucksport. It contains 2 churches and 15 stores, and has 
 great facilities for ship building. Total population, 2381. 
 
 WINTERijVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., Missouri^ 
 about 40 miles N. by W. of La Clede. 
 
 WINTHROP, a post-village of Buchanan co., Missouri, 
 on the Missouri River, and on the Atchison and St. Joseph 
 Railroad, .iliout 22 miles S.W. of St. Joseph, and nearly op- 
 posite Atchison, Kansas. 
 
 WINTHROP, a post-village of Buchanan co., Iowa, on the 
 Dubuque .and Sioux City Railroad, 61 miles W. of Dubuque. 
 
 WINTHROP, a post-village of Pope co., Minnesota, on 
 White Rear Lake, about 70 miles W. of Saint Cloud. 
 
 WIRT, a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana, 5 or 6 miles 
 N.N.W. of Madison, with which it is connected by railroad. 
 
 WISCONSIN HILL, a mining village of Placer co., Cali- 
 fornia, 34 miles N.E. of Auburn. 
 
 WISCOY, a post-township of Winona co., Minnesota, 
 about 10 miles S. of Winona. 
 
 WISE, a county in the S.W. part of Tirginia, bordering 
 on Kentucky, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N.W. by the Cumberland Mountain, and 
 drained by Clinch River. The surface is hilly. Pop. 4508. 
 
 WISE, a new county in the N. part of Te.xas, has an area 
 of 900 s juare miles. It is intersected by the West Fork of 
 Tiinity River, and al.so drained by the Denton Fork of that 
 river. Capital, Decatur or Tavlorsville. Pop. 3160. 
 
 WITTENBERG, or WITTEMBERG, a post-village of 
 Perry co., Missouri, on the Mississippi River, about 30 miles 
 N. of Cape Girardeau. 
 
 WOLCOTT, a post-village of White co., Indiana, on the 
 Toledo Logansport and Burlington Railroad, 35 miles W. of 
 Logansport. 
 
 WOLCOTT, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, on the rail- 
 road, 12 miles W. of Davenport. 
 
 WOLFE, a new county in the E. part of Kentucky, h.as 
 an area of about 250 square miles. It is drained by Red 
 River and by the North Fork of the Kentucky River. The 
 
 surface is uneven. The census of 1860 furnishes no Info^ 
 mation respecting this cotinty. 
 
 WONEWOC, a post-township of Juneau co., Wisconsin, 
 is drained by the Baraboo River, and is about 65 miles N. 
 W. of Madison. Pop. 477. 
 
 WOOD, a county in the central part of Wisconsin, has an 
 area of 828 square miles. It is intersected in the S.K. part 
 by the Wisconsin River, and al.so drainetl by the Yellow 
 River and Mill Creek. The surface is somewhat diversified • 
 the soil in some parts is productive. A large quantity of 
 pine lumber is procured in this county. Capital, Grand 
 Rapids. Pop. 2425. 
 
 WOODBERRY, or WOODBURY, a post-village of Butler 
 CO., Kentucky, on Green River, about 20 miles N.W. of 
 Bowling Green. 
 
 WOODBINE, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, on 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, about 37 miles W. of Bal 
 timore. 
 
 WOODBINE, a post-village of Harrison co., Missouri 
 about 55 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. 
 
 WOODBINE, a township of Jo Daviess co., Hlinois. Pop 
 935. 
 
 WOODBINE, a post-office of Harrison co., Iowa, on th« 
 Boyer River, about 37 miles N. by E. of Council Bluffs. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, a post-village of San Joa«iuin Co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the Mokelumno River, 14 miles N. of Stockton. 
 It is on the route of the railroad which is in progress from 
 Stockton to Sacramento. Pop. about 250. 
 
 WOODBURY, a county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa, bor- 
 dering on Nebraska, has an area of about 850 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W'. by the Mi.ssoiiri River, and inter 
 sected by the Little Siou.v, and by the West Fork of the 
 same river. The surface is moderately diversified; the soil 
 fertile. Capital, Sioux City. Pop. 1119. 
 
 WOODBURY, a post-village of Hancock co., Indiana, on 
 the Bellefontaine Railroad Line, 18 miles N.E. of Iniliaua- 
 polis. 
 
 WOODBURY, apost-village ofWebsterco., Missouri, about 
 40 miles N.E. of Springfield. 
 
 \VOODBURY, a post-office of Woodbury co., Iowa. 
 
 WOODBURY, a township of Washington co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 350. 
 
 WOODINGTON, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, about 
 7 miles N.N.W. of Greenville. 
 
 WOODLAND, a post-village of St. Joseph co., Indiana, 
 9 or 10 miles S.S.E. of South Bend. 
 
 WOODLAND, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 
 1446. 
 
 WOODLAND, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 
 595. 
 
 WOODLAND, a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin, and a 
 station on the Milwaukee and Horicon Railroad, 43 miles 
 N.W. of Milwaukee. 
 
 WOODLAND, a township in the N.W. part of Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 417. 
 
 WOODLAND, a post-office in Wabasha co., Minnesota. 
 
 WOODLAND, a township of AVriglit co., Minnesota. Pop. 
 197. 
 
 WOODLAND, a post-village, capital of Yolo co., Califor- 
 nia, is situated in a beautiful and fertile agricultural dig- 
 trict, 18 miles N.W. of Sacramento, and 3 miles S. of Cache 
 Creek. It h:»a a fine court-house, 2 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, 2 dry-good stores, 1 flouriiig-mill and 1 m.achine-shop. 
 Here is an institution called Hesperian College, in a com- 
 modious brick building. Pop. about 300. 
 
 WOODLANDS, a post-village of Marshall co.. West Vir- 
 ginia, on the Ohio River, about 25 miles by land S. by W. 
 of Wheeling. 
 
 WOODMAN, a post-office of Grant co., Wisconsin, and * 
 station on the Milwaukee and Prairie du Cliien Railroad, 8 
 miles S.W. of Boscobel. 
 
 WOODMANSIE, a post-villaga of Ocean co.. New Jersey 
 on the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad, 30 miles in a 
 direct line, or 45 by Railroad E. of CanuUn. 
 
 WOODS CREEK, a mining village of Tuolumne co., Ca- 
 lifornia. It has 2 quartz-mills. 
 
 WOODSIDE, a post-village and township of Sangamoi 
 CO., Illinois. The village is on the Chicago and St. Louis 
 Railroad, 6 miles S. by W. of Springfiekl. > 
 
 AVOODSIDE, a post-villago of Oregon co., Missouri, about 
 95 miles S. by E. of Rolla. 
 
 WOODSIDE, a post-village of San Mateo co., California, 
 5 miles W. of Redwood City. 
 
 WOODSON, a county in the S.E. part of Kansa-s, has an 
 area of 720 square miles. The Neosho River flows through 
 the N.E. part, and the Verdigris River through the S.W. 
 part of the county. The soil is productive. The county 
 contains a large proportion of prairie, and is liberally sup- 
 plied with timber growing along the streams. Limestone 
 of fine quality is abundant, and some coal has been found. 
 Capital, Neosho Falls. Fop. 14S8. 
 
 WOODSON, a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, on a 
 railroad .about 10 miles S. of Jacksonville. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a post-vill.ige of Richland CO., Wisconsin, 
 about 12 miles N. of Richland Centre. 
 
 2315 
 
woo 
 
 WOODSTOCK, a village of Steams co., Minnesota, on the 
 Sauk RiviT. about 10 miles S.W. of Saint Cloud. 
 
 WOODVILIiE. a post-village of Haj-wood CO., Tennessee, 
 about 60 miles N.N.E. of Memphis. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a village of Jackson CO., Michigan, on the 
 Central Railroad, about 2 miles W. of Jackson. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a township in the N. part of Calumet co., 
 Wisconsin. Pop. 424. 
 
 WOODVILLE, a township of Waseca co., Minnesota. 
 Pop. 191. 
 
 ■NVOODVILLE. a post-village of Burt co., Nebraska, on 
 the Missouri River, about 40 miles N. by W. of Omaha City. 
 
 WOODWARD, a to wuship of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 764. 
 
 WOOSTER, a post-village of Kosciusco co.. Indiana, on or 
 near a railroad about 9 miles S.E. of Warsaw. 
 
 WOOSTER. a post-village of Jefferson co^ Iowa, & or 9 
 miles S B. of Fairfield. 
 
 WOOSUNO, a po.s(>village of Ogle co., Illinois, on the 
 Central Railroad, 7 miles N.N.W. of Dixon. 
 
 WORTH, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an 
 area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 
 W. by Flint River. Tlie surfoce is level, and the soil sandy. 
 Capital, Isabella. Pop. 2763. 
 
 AVORTir. a new county in the N. part of Missouri, bor- 
 dering on Iowa, hasan areaof about 27-5 square miles. It is 
 drained by Grand River and several of its branches or af- 
 fluents. The surface is undulating; the soil is generally 
 fertile. It is estimated that about two-thirds of it are 
 prairie land. The timber consists of the oak, walnut, 
 hickory, ash, elm, maple, ic. Organized since 1860, having 
 previously formed part of Gentry county. 
 
 WORTH, a township in the S. part of Jefferson co.. New 
 York. Pop. 634. 
 
 WORTH, a township of Bntler CO., PennBylvania. Pop. 
 828. 
 
 WORTH, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 246. 
 
 WORTH, a post-township of Sanilac co., Michigan, on 
 Lake Huron. The N.E. corner of it is 1 mile S. of Lexing- 
 ton. Pop. 1244. 
 
 WORTH, a township of Cook co., Illinois, about 9 miles 
 S. by W. of Chicago. Pop. 2330. 
 
 WORTH, a post-village of Winona co, Minnesota, about 
 22 miles W.S.W. of Winona. 
 
 WORTHINGTOX. a post-village of Greene co., Indiana, 
 on the W. Fork of White River about 38 miles S.S.E. of 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 WORTHIXGTON, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 
 on the Dubuque Southwestern Railroad, 30 miles W. by 8. 
 of Dubuque. 
 
 WRIGHT, a township of Schoharie co., New York, 24 
 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1717. 
 
 WRIGHT, a county in the central part of Minne.sota, has 
 an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N.E. by the Mississippi River, and intersected by the Crow 
 
 YEL 
 
 River, which also forms part of the eastern boundary. The 
 county contains numerous small ami beautiful lakes. The 
 surface is undulating; the soil is excellent. Wheat, maize 
 and oats are the staple productions. This county was 
 nearly all overgrown with forests of deciduous' trees, 
 among which are found the oak, a.sh, elm and sugar-maple. 
 Capital, Monticello. Pop. 3729. 
 
 WRIGHTS FERRY, a post-village of Crawford co., Wis- 
 con-iin, on the Wisconsin River, about 10 miles E. of Prairie 
 du Cliien. 
 
 AVURTE5IBERG, a post-village of Lawxence co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Slippery Rock Creek, about 13 miles S.E. of 
 Newcastle. 
 
 WYACONDA, a post-village of Scotland co., Missouri, 
 about 44 miles W.N.W. of Keokuk, Iowa. 
 
 WYALUSINO, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of the Wya- 
 lusing Creek, about 12 miles in a direct line S.E. of Towanda. 
 
 WYANDOT, or WYANDOTT, a county in the E. part of 
 Kansas, bordering on Missouri. Area estimate<I at 170 
 square miles. It is boiinded on the N.E. by the Missouri 
 River, and intersected by the Kansas River. The soil ia 
 very fertile. It is abundantly supplied with timber. The 
 Union Pacific Railroad passes through the county. Capitiil, 
 Wvandot. Pop. 2609. 
 
 WYANDOT, or WYANDOT CITY, a po.ot-town, capital of 
 AVyandot co., Kansas, is situated on the W. bank of the 
 Missouri River, just above the moutli of the Kansas River. 
 alKJUt 3 miles above Kansas City, and 24 miles by land S.i 
 of Leavenworth. It is on the Union Pacific Railroad, and 
 is a place of active trade. First settled in 1857. Pop. in 
 1860. 1920 ; in I860, 2500 or 3000. 
 
 WYANDOTTE, a post-village of Linn co., Missouri, about 
 12 miles E. by N. of I^ Clede, and 3 or 4 miles N. of flie 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. 
 
 WYANDOTTE, a post-village and township of Butte co, 
 California, miles S.E. of Oroville. Pop. 639. 
 
 WYANET. a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, on the 
 Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 6 miles M'.S.W. 
 of Princeton. Pop. 343. 
 
 WYNETKA. Illinois. See Wixnetka. 
 
 WYNOOCHEE, or WYNOUCHEE, a small river of Che- 
 halis CO.. Wai-hington Territory, flows southward and enters 
 the Chehalis River at Montcsano. 
 
 WYOMING, a post-village and township of Chisago co, 
 Minnesota, about 30 miles N. of St. Paul. Pop. 240. 
 
 WYOMING, a vill.ige of Jackson co., Kansas, about 10 
 miles N.N.E. of Topeka. 
 
 WYOMING, a postoflSce of Marshall co., Kansas. 
 
 ■\VYOMING, a post-village of Otoe co., Nebraska, on the 
 Misscuri River, about 38 miles by the road S. of Omaha City, 
 and 11 miles by the river above Nebraska Citj-. Pop. 99. 
 
 WYSOX. a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the West Branch of the Susquehanna, about 3 miles E. of 
 Towanda. 
 
 WYTHE, a township of Hancock co., Illinois. Pop. 1289. 
 
 X. 
 
 XENIA, a post-ofRce of Nodaway co., Missouri, about 55 
 miles N. of St. Joseph. 
 XENIA, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, about 19 
 miles S.E. of Peru. 
 
 XENIA, a post-village of Clay co, Illinois, on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi Railroad, 16 miles E. of Salem. 
 
 XENIA, a jiost-village of Dallas co., Iowa, about 27 miles 
 N.W. of Des Moines. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YAKIMA^or YAKAMA RIVER, Washington Territory, 
 rises in the N. part of Ferguson co., flows southeast- 
 ward through >Valla Walla county, and enters the Columbia 
 River about 10 miles above the mouth of the Lewis River. 
 
 YALR, a mining village of British Columbia, on Eraser 
 River, about 90 miles E.X.E. of New Westminster. Gold is 
 Sound here. 
 
 YALEVILLE, a post-office of Chenango co.. New York. 
 
 YANKEE BLADE, a mining village of Lander co, Ne- 
 vada, 4 miles N.K. of Austin. 
 
 YANKEE HILL, a post-village of Butte co, California, 
 16 miles N. of Oroville. 
 
 YANKEE IIII.L, a mining village of Tuolumne co., Cali- 
 fornia, 2 miles N.E. of Columbia. 
 
 Y.A.NKEE JIMS, a post-village of Placer co, California, 
 22 miles N.E. of Auburn. It has several stores. 
 
 YANKEK SPKI.NGS, a post-village of BaiTj co., Michi- 
 gan, on Glas:s Creek, about 26 miles .V.N.E. of Kalamazoo. 
 
 YANKEE TOWN, a post-villas-e of Crawford co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 40 miles S.S.E. of La Crosse. 
 
 YANKTON, or YANCTON, a jiost-village, capital of the 
 territory of Dakota, is situated on the left liank of the Mis- 
 souri River, about 7 miles almve the mouth of the Dakota 
 or James River. Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 YANKTON, or YANCTON, a post-village of Richardson 
 2:J16 
 
 CO., Nebraska, on the Missouri River, about 10 miles E. of 
 Falls City, the county-sejit. 
 
 YAQUINA RIVER, a small stream of Benton co., Oregon, 
 flows nortliwestward and falls into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 YATES CITY, a post-village of Knox Co., Illinois, on the 
 Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, at the N. terminus of the 
 Lewistown Branch Railroad, 23 miles E.S.E. of Galesburg, 
 and 30 miles N. of Lewistown. 
 
 YATTON, a post^village of Washington co, Iowa, on the 
 English River, about 30 miles W. of Muscatine. 
 
 YAVAPAI, a county of Arizona, bounded on the N. by 
 Utah, on the E. by New Mexico, on the S. by the Gila liiver, 
 and on the W. by the line of 113° 20* W. Ion. It is di-.iined 
 by the Rio de Lino, the Rio Venle, the Rio Salinsis, and 
 other rivers. The surface is diversified by mountains and 
 valleys. The soil of the valleys is sai<l to be fertile. 'J'here 
 are large forests of yellow pine in the county. Gold and 
 silver alionnd in it. Capitjil, Prescott. 
 
 YAZOO, a post-ofiice of Harrison co., Iowa, on the ft»is- 
 souri River. 
 
 YELL, a township of Boone co, Iowa. Pop. 324. 
 
 YELLOW RIVEH, of Wisconsin, rises near the E. herder 
 of Clark co., flows southward through Wootl county, and 
 enters the Wiscousin River at Germantown, .lunttau cou Bty 
 
 YELYEllXON, a i)OBt-village of Hardin co, Ohio, on tli« 
 
 li=r= 
 
YOD 
 
 Baudnsky Dayton and Cincinnati Railroad, 8 miles S-W. of 
 Kenton. 
 
 YODKR, a townsliip of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 IS-tl. 
 
 YOLO, a post-village of Gentry co., Missouri, about 33 
 miles N K. of St. Joseph. 
 
 YOLO, a post-village of Yolo co., California, near Cache 
 Creek, 5 milus N.W. of Woodland, ia sometimes called 
 Cachevillo. Pop. about 150. 
 
 YONCAL'LA, a post-village of Douglas co., Oregon, 30 
 miles N. of Roseburg. It hiis 1 church and 1 store. Yon- 
 calla precinct includes a series of small fertile valleys, di- 
 Vidcil by grassy hills, in the N. part of the Umpqua Valley. 
 
 YORK, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, has an area 
 of about 570 square miles. It is drained by the sources of 
 the Big Blue River. The surface is undulating; the soil is 
 fertile. Tlie census of 1860 furnishes no information re- 
 specting this county. 
 
 YORlv, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 1615. 
 
 YOKK, a townsliip of Dearborn co., Indiana. Pop. lO&i. 
 
 YORK, a township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 599. 
 
 YORK, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 1012. 
 
 YORK, a post-township of Clark co., Illinois, on the Wa- 
 bash River, about 22 miles S.W. of Terre Hauto. Pop. 984. 
 
 YORK, a township of Du Page co., Illinois. Pop. 1525. 
 
 YORK, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa, about 45 miles 
 W.N.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 YORK, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 389. 
 
 YORK, a post-towuship of Dane co., Wisconsin, about 18 
 miles E.N.E. of Madison. Pop. 1028. 
 
 YORXi, a township in the N.W. part of Green co., Wis- 
 consin. Pop. 904. 
 
 YORIC, a township of Fillmore co., Minnesota, bordering 
 on Iowa. Pop. 526. 
 
 YORKTOWN, a township of Henry co., Illinois. Pop. 
 667. 
 
 YORKVILLE, a post-village of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, 
 on Gull Lake, about 12 miles N.E. of Kalamazoo. 
 
 YOSEM'ITE (yo-sem'e-te) FALLS, Mariposii co., Califor- 
 nia, about 24 miles E.N.E. of Mariposa. This is i)erhaps the 
 highest cataract in North America. The Yosemite Creek, 
 which is about 80 feel wide, here descends 2000 (or, as some 
 Bay, 2500) feet in three cataracts, the first of which is about 
 1300 feet high. The Indian name of this waterfall is Cholook. 
 
 YOSEM'ITE VALLEY, Mariposa Co., California, is about 
 
 ZWI 
 
 50 miles S.E. of Sonora, and is near the S.W. base of tl> • 
 Sierra Nevada. The Merced River, or its main branch, iu>tS 
 through it in a westward direction. The valley is about 10 
 miles long and 2 miles wide, and is enclosed between pre- 
 cipitous cliffs of granite, which are from 2000 to 4000 feet 
 high, and in some places perpendicular. The scenery ia 
 gnmd and beautiful in the highest degree, comprising 
 several cataracts, one of which is said to be 2000 feet or 
 more in height. This valley attracts more visitors than any 
 natural scenery in the state, except perhaps two ether 
 places. 
 
 YOUNG, a new county in the N. part of Texas, has an 
 area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Brazos River. The surface is diversilied. Capital, Belknap. 
 Pop. 592. 
 
 YOUNG AMERICA, a post-village of Warren co., IHinois, 
 on the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 7 miles W. 
 of Monmouth. 
 
 YOUNG AMERICA, a post-village of Carver co., Minne- 
 sota, about 45 miles W.S.W. of Saint Paul. 
 
 YOUNGSYILLB, a post-village of Adams co., Ohio, about 
 9 miles N. by W. of West Union. 
 
 YPSILANTI, a post-village of Wright co., Minnesota, on 
 the Mississippi River, about 7 miles above MouticoUo. 
 
 YREKA, a post-town, capital of Siskiyou co., California, 
 is in the valley of Shasta River, about 30 miles N.W. of 
 Mount Shasta, and 125 miles N. of Red Bluff. It is on the 
 main road from Sacramento to the Willamette Valley, and 
 is surrounded by mountains. The principal resources of 
 Yreka and of the adjacent country are gold mines. It con- 
 tains 1 academy, 1 seminary, 1 banking office, &e. Two 
 newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1800, 1631; in 
 1865, estimated at 2400. 
 
 YUBA, a post-village of Richland co., Wisconsin, about 
 52 miUiS W. of Portage City. 
 
 YUBA CITY, a mining village of Alturas co., Idaho. 
 
 YUCATAN, a post-township of Houston co., Minnesota, 
 about 22 miles S. of Winona. Pop. 167. 
 
 YUMA, a county in the S.W. part of Arizona, bordering 
 on Mexico and California. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Colorado River, intersected by the Gila River, and partly 
 bounded on the N. by Williams' Fork of the Coloi-ado. The 
 surface is mountainous ; the soil is generally steiile. Pro- 
 ductive mines of gold and silver are worked in several parts 
 of the county, which also contains cojjper. Capital, La Paz. 
 
 z. 
 
 ZALESKI, a post-village of Vinton co., Ohio, on the Ma- 
 rietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 41 miles E. of ChlUi- 
 cothe. 
 
 ZANI!. a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 075. 
 
 ZANESVILLE, a post-village of Wells co., Indiana, about 
 17 miles ^i.W. of Fort Wayne. 
 
 ZAPATA, a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on 
 Mexico. It is bounded on the W. by the Rio Grande. The 
 surface is nearly level. Pop. 1248. 
 
 ZAVALA, or Z.A. VALLA, a new county in the S. part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the River Nueces and the Rio Leona. Popula- 
 tion 26. 
 
 ZEANDALE, a post-village and township of Wabaunsee 
 CO., Kansas, near the Kansas River, about 6 miles E. by S. 
 of Manhattan. Pop. 152. 
 
 ZEELANO, or ZEALAND, a post-viUage and township 
 of Ottawa CO., Michigan, on Black River, about 22 miles 
 8.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 1466. 
 
 ZEIGLEBSVILLE, a post- village of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. It 
 contains 1 hotel, 1 mill, and several stores. 
 
 fERBE, a township of Northumberland CO., PenngTlT*. 
 BiA Pop. 1132. ' 
 
 ZILLO, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Iowa, about 22 
 miles S.W. of Decorah. 
 
 ZINSBURG, a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, on 
 the West Fork of White River, 8 or 9 miles W. by N. of 
 Anderson. 
 
 ZIONSVILLE, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, on 
 the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad, 15 miles N.N.W. 
 of Indianapolis. 
 
 ZUM A, a township of Rock Island co., Illinois. Pop. 644. 
 
 ZUMBRO, a river in the iS.E. part of Minnesota, is formed 
 by two branches, which unite in the S.W. part of Wabasha 
 county. Flowing eastward it enters the Mis.sissippi a few 
 miles below the town of Wabasha. In the latter part of 
 its very sinuous course it flows through deep ravines cut in 
 strata of magnesian limestone. 
 
 ZUMBRO, a post-village of Olmstead co., Minnesota, on a 
 branch of Zurabro River, 3 or 4 miles N.W. of Rochester. 
 
 ZUMBROTA, a post-village of Goodhue co.. Minnesota, on 
 the N. branch of the Zumbro River, about 21 miles S.S.W. 
 of Red Wing, and 30 miles E. of Faribault. 
 
 ZURICH, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa, about 27 milei 
 S.W. of Dubuque. 
 
 ZWINGLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa, about 10 
 mj'es S of Dabuque. 
 
 2317 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
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